bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sex Differences in Contraception Non‐Use Among Urban Adolescents: Risk Factors for Unintended Pregnancy
Authors: Casola Allison R. , Nelson Deborah B. , Patterson Freda
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUND

Contraception non‐use among sexually active adolescents is a major cause of unintended pregnancy (UP).

METHODS

In this cross‐sectional study we sought to identify overall and sex‐specific correlates of contraception non‐use using the 2015 Philadelphia Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) (N = 9540). Multivariate regression models were used to examine mental health, sexual activity, substance use, and violence indicators on reported contraception non‐use among sexually active youth.

RESULTS

Marijuana use among boys and girls was a statistically significant risk factor for contraception non‐use. Availability of illegal drugs on school property in the past year was also significantly related to contraception non‐use among boys.

CONCLUSIONS

These results may inform overall and sex‐specific adolescent programs to promote consistent contraception use among urban youth within school‐based communities.
Flavored Milk Consumers Drank More Milk and Had a Higher Prevalence of Meeting Calcium Recommendation Than Nonconsumers
Authors: Nicklas Theresa A. , O'Neil Carol , Fulgoni Victor
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUND

Some schools are removing flavored milk because of the perception that it negatively impacts children's overall diet. This study assessed the contribution of flavored milk to their diets.

METHODS

Individual usual intakes (IUI) were calculated from 24‐hour dietary recalls of children 2‐18 years (N = 20,329) participating in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001‐2012. IUI of >0.25 cup equivalent of flavored dairy milk defined consumers (N = 3564; 56% boys). Covariate‐adjusted regression analyses using appropriate sample weights were calculated. Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) and Adequate Intakes (AI) determined the relation to dietary recommendations. Consumers were compared to nonconsumers (p ≤ .001).

RESULTS

Flavored milk consumers consumed more milk. Consumers aged 2‐3 years had higher mean added sugars intakes. Consumers aged between 2‐3 and 9‐13 years had a higher saturated fat (SFA) intake. Consumers aged 14‐18 years had higher percent energy from SFA. Consumers had a lower mean percentage of children meeting AI for fiber and a higher percentage meeting the EAR for calcium. Consumers aged 4‐8 and 9‐13 years had a higher mean percentage of children meeting the EAR for magnesium.

CONCLUSIONS

Consumption of flavored milk has the potential to increase milk consumption and reduce the percentage of children below the EAR for calcium; the percentage meeting AI for fiber was lower.
Acceptability of School‐Based Health Centers for Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Visits: A Mixed‐Methods Study
Authors: Hansen Caitlin E. , Okoloko Edirin , Ogunbajo Adedotun , North Anna , Niccolai Linda M.
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUND

Countries with high human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination rates have achieved this success largely through school‐based vaccination. Using school‐based health centers (SBHCs) in the United States, where HPV vaccine remains underutilized, could improve uptake. In this mixed‐methods study, we examined acceptability, facilitators, and barriers of HPV vaccination visits at SBHCs from the perspectives of adolescents and parents.

METHODS

We conducted qualitative interviews and structured surveys with adolescents and parents recruited from an urban, hospital‐based clinic. Interviews with parents (N = 20) and adolescents (N = 20) were audio‐recorded and transcribed for analysis using an iterative thematic approach. Quantitative measures for a survey administered to parents (N = 131) were derived from the qualitative findings. Survey results were analyzed by chi‐square tests.

RESULTS

Many participants expressed favorable opinions of HPV vaccination at SBHCs in qualitative interviews. Facilitators included convenience, ease of scheduling, and not missing work or school. However, barriers were noted including concerns about obtaining care outside the medical home, fragmentation of medical records, and negative perceptions about SBHCs. Quantitative findings revealed that a higher proportion of parents with experience using SBHCs were willing to use a middle school (59.5%) or high school (80.5%) SBHC for HPV vaccinations compared with those who had not used SBHCs (p < .05 for both comparisons).

CONCLUSIONS

HPV vaccination visits at SBHCs were acceptable, and SBHC users expressed more favorable attitudes. Barriers to HPV vaccination at SBHCs can be addressed through more education about SBHCs' role, and improvement of systems to coordinate care.
Chronic Childhood Trauma, Mental Health, Academic Achievement, and School‐Based Health Center Mental Health Services
Authors: Larson Satu , Chapman Susan , Spetz Joanne , Brindis Claire D.
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUND

Children and adolescents exposed to chronic trauma have a greater risk for mental health disorders and school failure. Children and adolescents of minority racial/ethnic groups and those living in poverty are at greater risk of exposure to trauma and less likely to have access to mental health services. School‐based health centers (SBHCs) may be one strategy to decrease health disparities.

METHODS

Empirical studies between 2003 and 2013 of US pediatric populations and of US SBHCs were included if research was related to childhood trauma's effects, mental health care disparities, SBHC mental health services, or SBHC impact on academic achievement.

RESULTS

Eight studies show a significant risk of mental health disorders and poor academic achievement when exposed to childhood trauma. Seven studies found significant disparities in pediatric mental health care in the US. Nine studies reviewed SBHC mental health service access, utilization, quality, funding, and impact on school achievement.

CONCLUSION

Exposure to chronic childhood trauma negatively impacts school achievement when mediated by mental health disorders. Disparities are common in pediatric mental health care in the United States. SBHC mental health services have some showed evidence of their ability to reduce, though not eradicate, mental health care disparities.
Nutrition Education and Body Mass Index in Grades K‐12: A Systematic Review
Authors: Price Cayla , Cohen Deborah , Pribis Peter , Cerami Jean
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUND

Overweight and obese body mass index (BMI) status affects an increasing number of children in the United States. The school setting has been identified as a focus area to implement obesity prevention programs.

METHODS

A database search of PubMed, Education Search Complete, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) was conducted for peer‐reviewed articles published between January 2005 and December 2015 pertaining to programs offered in the school setting to grades K‐12 in the United States with a nutrition education component and measured BMI percentile or BMI z‐score as an outcome.

RESULTS

Seven studies focused on elementary (K‐5) populations and 2 studies focused on grades 6‐8. Among the 9 identified studies, those with long‐term (greater than 1 year) implementation showed more pronounced results with positive impact on reducing overweight/obese BMI measures.

CONCLUSIONS

This set of studies suggests that long‐term nutrition education delivered in the school setting can provide children with tools to attain a healthy weight status. Additional studies examining participants' BMI status years after the initial study, and studies examining programs in grades 9‐12 are needed to determine the most effective delivery time and methods.
Prevalence, presentation and treatment of lower limb pathologies in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: A narrative review
Authors: Fellas Antoni , Hawke Fiona , Santos Derek , Coda Andrea
Published: August 2017

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is a chronic, autoimmune, inflammatory joint disease. It is the most common arthritis in children and adolescents. This paper reviews the presentation and treatment of lower limb pathologies in juvenile idiopathic arthritis from an allied health perspective. Common lower limb pathologies include: synovitis causing swelling, tenderness and pain; persistent inflammation leading to flexion contractures; limb length discrepancies; muscle atrophy; enthesopathies such as plantar fasciitis and Achilles tendonitis; and tenosynovitis. Allied health professionals may use a range of non‐invasive therapies, including hydrotherapy, strengthening and stretching exercises, massaging, taping and foot orthoses to manage lower limb pathologies in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Early detection and treatment of these common and potentially disabling lower limb pathologies are fundamental to achieving gold standard care for children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
Emerging, Emergent, Emergence: Boundary Maintenance, Definition Construction, and Legitimation Strategies in the Establishment of a Post‐Evangelical Subculture
Authors: Cooper Travis Warren
Published: August 2017

Extending social anthropologist Mary Douglas's theory of purity and danger, this article employs a form of textual and discourse analysis and draws on subcultural identity theory. The article argues that one central aspect of social formation occurs through definitional battles or arguments situating theological boundaries and setting the socioreligious parameters of an inchoate group. The Emerging Church Movement (ECM) offers a clear example of discursive scrimmaging. In the late 1990s and 2000s, insiders sought to legitimate the movement through a series of strategies. Published definitions and descriptions worked to establish the normative agenda of the movement and in applying methods of hyper‐specification and internal categorical nuance vied with one another over criteria lists and theological validity. Critical outsiders attempted to discredit the nascent ECM through an inverse set of gate‐keeping strategies. This article underscores the centrality of language, print text, and media in the production of new subcultural identities and suggests that the ECM's effective problematization by gatekeepers has marked the movement as dangerous to evangelicalism's traditional boundaries, thus compelling the emergence, via textual discourse, of a quasi‐ or post‐evangelical identity.
Distinctiveness Reconsidered: Religiosity, Structural Location, and Understandings of Racial Inequality
Authors: Frost Jacqui , Edgell Penny
Published: August 2017

Are conservative Protestants distinct in their support for individualistic explanations of racial inequality in America? Past research has generated contradictory findings on this question, along with debates about the best measure of evangelicalism and the factors that moderate religious influences on racial attitudes. Using data from the nationally representative Boundaries in the American Mosaic Project (2014), we examine how structural location interacts with religious commitment to influence understandings of and preferred solutions to African‐American disadvantage. We show that religious beliefs, involvement, and centrality influence adherents differently, depending on their age, gender, education, income, and race. We find that measures do matter, and that denominational affiliation is less predictive than the orthodoxy and centrality of religious belief. We also find that straightforward talk about distinctiveness can mask the strong and pervasive effects of structural location on racial attitudes. We call for more research that makes the interaction between religiosity and structural location a central focus of analysis.
Constance Naden: A Critical Overview
Authors: Stainthorp Clare
Published: August 2017

Constance Naden (1858–1889) occupies a uniquely interdisciplinary position within Victorian studies: she was a scientist and a philosopher, as well as a poet, and viewed these roles as interlinked and reciprocal. She is best known for her ‘Evolutional Erotics’ (comic poems about Darwinian sexual selection), but her poetic corpus is much more diverse, spanning sonnets about the natural world, dramatic monologues about faith and doubt, and narrative poems about philosophical ideas. Naden studied botany, chemistry, physiology, geology, physics and zoology in Birmingham and published essays on both natural and social sciences. Her scientific interests underpinned her atheist philosophy, called Hylo‐Idealism, about which she wrote many essays and letters in periodicals. Alongside Naden's published poetry and prose of the 1880s, the recent discovery of three notebooks dating from 1875 to 1879 has thrown new light on the development of her interdisciplinary ideas. This article provides an insight into Naden's diverse writings alongside an overview of existing studies of her intellectual pursuits and suggests avenues for future research into her life and works.
The double bind of validation: distant reading and the digital humanities' “trough of disillusionment”
Authors: Hammond Adam
Published: August 2017

The digital humanities (DH) is currently in the phase of the “hype cycle” known as the “trough of disillusionment.” Franco Moretti, perhaps the most prominent practitioner of the most prominent discipline of DH—“distant reading,” the computational analysis of large quantities of literary texts—recently expressed his exasperation with the state of DH, reflecting “our work could have been better” and asking why, “considering the amount of energy, talent, and tools, going into [DH], that we have such difficulty producing great results.” Surveying leading recent work in distant reading by Moretti, Matthew L. Jockers, Laura Mandell, Ryan Heuser, Long Le‐Khac, and Joanna Swafford, this paper provides a twofold explanation to the field's failure to produce “great results.” Both explanations relate to “validation,” the process by which quantitative results are shown to be reliable and trustworthy. Many distant reading projects have produced disappointing results because they have been more interested in validating their tools—showing that their computational methods are able to confirm existing stereotypes—than in pursuing genuine discoveries. Many others, meanwhile, produce provocative results that cannot be meaningfully validated. Although the double bind of validation is real, I propose collaboration and “interdisciplinary adaptation” as promising solutions.
To Keep this Disease from Killing You: Cultural Competence, Consonance, and Health among HIV‐positive Women in Kenya
Authors: Copeland Toni
Published: August 2017

The HIV/AIDS crisis continues in sub‐Saharan Africa, where nearly 70% of infections are found. Despite recent efforts to supply antiretroviral therapy to those infected, most are not receiving medication and are forced to rely on self‐management to remain healthy. In Kenya, many of those infected are women living in extreme poverty. This article presents the findings of research among poor women in Nairobi that examined the relationship between knowledge of a cultural model of self‐managing HIV/AIDS, cultural consonance, and health. This biocultural study expands on earlier findings showing that knowledge of the model (competence) is a significant predictor of health by examining here how behavior consistent with that knowledge (consonance) affects health outcomes, as measured by CD4 counts, perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and recent illnesses.
Japanese sibling cases of multiple sclerosis presenting with different clinical phenotypes
Authors: Sato Kota , Ohta Yasuyuki , Yamashita Toru , Tsunoda Keiichiro , Deguchi Kentaro , Takemoto Mami , Hishikawa Nozomi , Abe Koji
Published: August 2017

Unlike in Western countries, only a few familial multiple sclerosis cases have been reported from Asian countries. Herein, we report on the characteristics of siblings with multiple sclerosis. Their parents were consanguineous, and the siblings showed different first symptoms of gait disturbance or double vision, with a clinical phenotype of primary progressive multiple sclerosis or relapse–remitting multiple sclerosis. Their human leukocyte antigen showed unique subtypes of DPB1 (0501/0901 or 0901/0901) and DRB1 (0406/1502 or 1502/1502).
Correlation between activated partial thromboplastin time and anti‐Xa activity in patients who received low‐molecular weight heparin as anticoagulation for haemodialysis
Authors: Wong Steve Siu‐Man , Lau Wai‐Yan , Chan Ping‐Kwan , Wan Ching‐Kit , Cheng Yuk‐Lun
Published: August 2017

Plasma anti‐Xa activity, the recommended test to monitor low‐molecular weight heparin (LMWH) therapy, is not readily available in many laboratories. In our clinical trials on the use of LMWH as anticoagulation for haemodialysis, a consistent prolongation of APTT in addition to the elevated anti‐Xa activity was observed in the patients after LMWH administration. Hence, the paired anti‐Xa activity and APTT data were re‐analyzed. The APTT ratio, which was the proportional change in APTT from the baseline value after LMWH administration, was found to have a strong correlation with anti‐Xa activity (coefficient of determination, R
2 = 0.72, P < 0.001). In the receiver operating characteristic analysis, the APTT ratio was also found to be an excellent predictor of therapeutic anti‐Xa activity ≧0.5 IU/mL (area under curve = 0.93, P < 0.001). The sensitivity was 88% and the specificity was 83.3% when an APTT ratio ≧1.4 was used as the cut point to predict the achievement of therapeutic anti‐Xa activity. Our results illustrated that APTT is a potentially useful screening test to assess the degree of anticoagulation achieved by LMWH during haemodialysis, if the testing for plasma anti‐Xa activity is not available.
A Unified Account of the Moral Standing to Blame
Authors: Todd Patrick
Published: August 2017

Recently, philosophers have turned their attention to the question, not when a given agent is blameworthy for what she does, but when a further agent has the moral standing to blame her for what she does. Philosophers have proposed at least four conditions on having “moral standing”: 1. One's blame would not be “hypocritical”. 2. One is not oneself “involved in” the target agent's wrongdoing. 3. One is warranted in believing that the target is indeed blameworthy for the wrongdoing. 4. The target's wrongdoing is some of “one's business”. These conditions are often proposed as both conditions on one and the same thing, and as marking fundamentally different ways of “losing standing”. Here I call these claims into question. First, I claim that conditions (3) and (4) are simply conditions on different things than are conditions (1) and (2). Second, I argue that condition (2) reduces to condition (1): when “involvement” removes someone's standing to blame, it does so only by indicating something further about that agent, viz., that he or she lacks commitment to the values that condemn the wrongdoer's action. The result: after we clarify the nature of the non‐hypocrisy condition, we will have a unified account of moral standing to blame. Issues also discussed: whether standing can ever be regained, the relationship between standing and our “moral fragility”, the difference between mere inconsistency and hypocrisy, and whether a condition of standing might be derived from deeper facts about the “equality of persons”.
Religion and body weight: a review of quantitative studies
Authors: Yeary Karen Hye‐cheon Kim , Sobal Jeffery , Wethington Elaine
Published: August 2017

Increasing interest in relationships between religion and health has encouraged research about religion and body weight, which has produced mixed findings. We systematically searched 11 bibliographic databases for quantitative studies of religion and weight, locating and coding 85 studies. We conducted a systematic review, analysing descriptive characteristics of the studies as well as relevant religion‐body weight associations related to study characteristics. We summarized findings for two categories of religion variables: religious affiliation and religiosity. For religious affiliation, we found evidence for significant associations with body weight in both cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies. In particular, Seventh‐Day Adventists had lower body weight than other denominations in cross‐sectional analyses. For religiosity, significant associations occurred between greater religiosity and higher body weight in both cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies. In particular, greater religiosity was significantly associated with higher body weight in bivariate analyses but less so in multivariate analyses. A greater proportion of studies that used a representative sample, longitudinal analyses, and samples with only men reported significant associations between religiosity and weight. Evidence in seven studies suggested that health behaviours and psychosocial factors mediate religion–weight relationships. More longitudinal studies and analyses of mediators are needed to provide stronger evidence and further elucidate religion–weight relationships.
Differential impact of amino acids on OXPHOS system activity following carbohydrate starvation in Arabidopsis cell suspensions
Authors: Cavalcanti João Henrique F. , Quinhones Carla G. S. , Schertl Peter , Brito Danielle S. , Eubel Holger , Hildebrandt Tatjana , Nunes‐Nesi Adriano , Braun Hans‐Peter , Araújo Wagner L.
Published: August 2017

Plant respiration mostly depends on the activity of glycolysis and the oxidation of organic acids in the tricarboxylic acid cycle to synthesize ATP. However, during stress situations plant cells also use amino acids as alternative substrates to donate electrons through the electron‐transfer flavoprotein (ETF)/ETF:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETF/ETFQO) complex to the mitochondrial electron transport chain (mETC). Given this, we investigated changes of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system in Arabidopsis thaliana cell culture under carbohydrate starvation supplied with a range of amino acids. Induction of isovaleryl‐CoA dehydrogenase (IVDH) activity was observed under carbohydrate starvation which was associated with increased amounts of IVDH protein detected by immunoblotting. Furthermore, activities of the protein complexes of the mETC were reduced under carbohydrate starvation. We also observed that OXPHOS system activity behavior is differently affected by different amino acids and that proteins associated with amino acids catabolism are upregulated in cells following carbohydrate starvation. Collectively, our results support the contention that ETF/ETFQO is an essential pathway to donate electrons to the mETC and that amino acids are alternative substrates to maintain respiration under carbohydrate starvation.
Hazard Analysis and Safety Requirements for Small Drone Operations: To What Extent Do Popular Drones Embed Safety?
Authors: Plioutsias Anastasios , Karanikas Nektarios , Chatzimihailidou Maria Mikela
Published: August 2017

Currently, published risk analyses for drones refer mainly to commercial systems, use data from civil aviation, and are based on probabilistic approaches without suggesting an inclusive list of hazards and respective requirements. Within this context, this article presents: (1) a set of safety requirements generated from the application of the systems theoretic process analysis (STPA) technique on a generic small drone system; (2) a gap analysis between the set of safety requirements and the ones met by 19 popular drone models; (3) the extent of the differences between those models, their manufacturers, and the countries of origin; and (4) the association of drone prices with the extent they meet the requirements derived by STPA. The application of STPA resulted in 70 safety requirements distributed across the authority, manufacturer, end user, or drone automation levels. A gap analysis showed high dissimilarities regarding the extent to which the 19 drones meet the same safety requirements. Statistical results suggested a positive correlation between drone prices and the extent that the 19 drones studied herein met the safety requirements generated by STPA, and significant differences were identified among the manufacturers. This work complements the existing risk assessment frameworks for small drones, and contributes to the establishment of a commonly endorsed international risk analysis framework. Such a framework will support the development of a holistic and methodologically justified standardization scheme for small drone flights.
Examining Factors that Influence the Existence of Heinrich's Safety Triangle Using Site‐Specific H&S Data from More than 25,000 Establishments
Authors: Yorio Patrick L. , Moore Susan M.
Published: August 2017

In the 1930s, Heinrich established one of the most prominent and enduring accident prevention theories when he concluded that high severity occupational safety and health (OSH) incidents are preceded by numerous lower severity incidents and near misses. Seventy‐five years of theory expansion/interpretation includes two fundamental tenets: (1) the ratio of lower to higher severity incidents exists in the form of a “safety‐triangle” and (2) similar causes underlie both high and low severity events. Although used extensively to inform public policy and establishment‐level health and safety priorities, recent research challenges the validity of the two tenets. This study explored the validity of the first tenet, the existence of the safety triangle. The advantage of the current study is the use of a detailed, establishment‐specific data set that evaluated over 25,000 establishments over a 13‐year time period, allowing three specific questions to be explored: (1) Are an increased number of lower severity incidents at an establishment significantly associated with the probability of a fatal event over time? (2) At the establishment level, do the effects of OSH incidents on the probability of a fatality over time decrease as the degree of severity decreases—thereby taking the form of a triangle? and (3) Do distinct methods for delineating incidents by severity affect the existence of the safety triangle form? The answer to all three questions was yes with the triangle form being dependent upon how severity was delineated. The implications of these findings in regard to Heinrich's theory and OSH policy and management are discussed.
Measuring the Adequacy of Retirement Savings
Authors: Burnett John , Davis Kevin , Murawski Carsten , Wilkins Roger , Wilkinson Nicholas
Published: August 2017

This paper introduces four metrics for quantifying the adequacy of retirement savings, taking into account all major sources of retirement income. We then apply them to projections of expected future retirement income streams of a representative sample of the Australian population aged 40 and above. We find that omitting one or more pillars of savings significantly biases estimates of retirement savings adequacy. We also find that the four metrics are only weakly correlated with key commonly used indicators of financial well‐being, in particular current income and net worth. Our analysis also points to several shortcomings of the widely used income replacement ratio as an indicator of savings adequacy.
Peer Networks and Tobacco Consumption in South Africa
Authors: Mukong Alfred Kechia
Published: August 2017

This paper deepens the empirical analysis of peer networks by considering their effects on both smoking participation and smoking intensity in South Africa, a country where majority initiate smoking at adolescent age. Peer networks are key in determining the smoking behaviour of youths, but the magnitude of the effects is still debated, questioned and inconclusive. I used a control function approach, a two‐stage least square and the fixed effect method to address the potential endogeneity of peer network. The results suggest positive and significant peer effects on smoking participation and smoking intensity. While the network effects are consistently positive and significant, the magnitude of the estimates varies across methodological approaches with the instrument variable estimates generally lower. Including older adults in the peer reference group increases the peer effect estimates. Finally, using clusters as an alternative measure of network size in wave one, I show that peer effects are independent on network size but rather on network quality. Relative to the results of this paper, previous literature has documented larger peer effects on the decision to smoke. The findings suggest that policies (excise tax) that directly affect the decision to smoke and the smoking intensity of the peer reference group are likely to affect own smoking behaviour.
Feedback and Mediation in Causal Inference Illustrated by Stochastic Process Models
Authors: Aalen Odd O. , Gran Jon Michael , Røysland Kjetil , Stensrud Mats Julius , Strohmaier Susanne
Published: August 2017

The concept of causality is naturally related to processes developing over time. Central ideas of causal inference like time‐dependent confounding (feedback) and mediation should be viewed as dynamic concepts. We shall study these concepts in the context of simple dynamic systems.

Time‐dependent confounding and its implications are illustrated in a Markov model. We emphasize the distinction between average treatment effect, ATE, and treatment effect of the treated, ATT. These effects could be quite different, and we discuss the relationship between them.

Mediation is studied in a stochastic differential equation model. A type of natural direct and indirect effects is considered for this model. Mediation analysis of discrete measurements from such processes may give misleading results, and one needs to consider the underlying continuous process.

The dynamic and time‐continuous view of causality and mediation is an essential feature, and more attention should be payed to the time aspect in causal inference.
Retrieving the religion in racialization: A critical review
Authors: Husain Atiya
Published: August 2017

Scholars across disciplines have argued that race and religion are co‐constituted in part because of their historical relationship. The concept of racialization, particularly as it is housed in racial formation theory, is the way that most empirical research in sociology has approached analysis of this co‐constitution. Such analysis however is often at the expense of empirically accounting for the historical relationship between race and religion. In this article, I argue for stronger empirical consideration of this historical relationship in research on racialization. I discuss what is at stake in deeper empirical analysis and what scholars gain by using religion as a starting point to understand racialization today.
The participants as objects: Variation And Meaning Of First‐ And Second‐Person Object Encoding In Spanish
Authors: Aijón Oliva Miguel A.
Published: August 2017

Syntactic functions are best conceptualized as prototypical associations of features at a variety of formal and semantic levels, which elements in actual clauses will match to different extents. In Spanish, the prototypical (accusative) object has a third‐person, inanimate, non‐autonomous entity as its referent. The encoding of the direct participants, i.e. the first and second persons, as syntactic objects will entail a displacement from the prototype that can have significant functional and meaningful effects. Based on a corpus of oral and written Peninsular Spanish, the study addresses the main patterns of quantitative variation and contextual choice of first‐ and second‐person object encoding. Both the differences across syntactic functions, persons and numbers and the main features of formal variability within the clause—explicit formulation vs. morphological indexation, as well as preverbal vs. postverbal placement when formulated—are taken into account. It is concluded that the cognitive salience associated with first‐ and second‐person objects makes them functionally and cognitively similar to syntactic subjects. In turn, the different choices related to their formal configuration can be used to modulate the degree of involvement attributed to their referents in the content of discourse.
Microparticles from stored red blood cells enhance procoagulant and proinflammatory activity
Authors: Fischer Dania , Büssow Julian , Meybohm Patrick , Weber Christian Friedrich , Zacharowski Kai , Urbschat Anja , Müller Markus Matthias , Jennewein Carla
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUND

The pathomechanisms of morbidity due to blood transfusions are not yet entirely understood. Elevated levels of red blood cell–derived microparticles (RMPs) are found in coagulation‐related pathologies and also in stored blood. Previous research has shown that RMPs mediate transfusion‐related complications by the intrinsic pathway. We hypothesized that RMPs might play a role in post‐transfusion thrombotic complications by enhancing procoagulant activity also through the extrinsic pathway of coagulation.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

In this laboratory study, blood from 18 healthy volunteers was stimulated with microparticles from expired stored red blood cells. Various clotting parameters were recorded. Flow cytometry, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays, and real‐time polymerase chain reaction were used to investigate possible mediating mechanisms.

RESULTS

The addition of RMPs shortened the clotting time from 194 to 161 seconds (p < 0.001). After incubation with RMPs, there was increased expression of tissue factor (TF) on monocytes and in plasma. TF messenger RNA expression increased in a time‐dependent and concentration‐dependent manner. There was a significant induction of interleukin‐1β and interleukin‐6. After stimulation with RMPs, there was a significant increase in the number of activated platelets, an increased percentage of PAC‐1/CD62P (procaspase activating compound‐1/platelet surface P‐selectin) double‐positive platelets, and an increased number of platelet‐neutrophil duplets and platelet‐monocyte duplets, indicating enhanced interaction of platelets with neutrophils and monocytes. Levels of CXCL‐8 (C‐X‐C motif chemokine ligand 1) and interleukin‐6 were significantly higher after treatment with RMPs.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that RMPs trigger coagulation through TF signaling, induce the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, and induce cell‐cell interaction between platelets and neutrophils. Thus, under certain conditions, RMPs could play a role in post‐transfusion complications through these mechanisms.
Effects of parenteral fish oil on plasma nonesterified fatty acids and systemic inflammatory mediators in dogs following ovariohysterectomy
Authors: Tsuruta Kaoru , Backus Robert C. , DeClue Amy E. , Fritsche Kevin L. , Mann Fred A.
Published: August 2017

Objective

To evaluate the effects of intravenous (IV) infusion of fish oil (FO) emulsion following ovariohysterectomy (OVH) on inflammatory mediators and plasma omega‐3 nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentrations in dogs.

Design

Prospective clinical study.

Setting

University teaching hospital.

Animals

Twenty‐nine privately owned dogs undergoing routine OVH.

Interventions

Postoperative 3‐hour IV infusion of saline (n = 9), FO (Omegaven, n = 10), or soybean oil (SO, intralipid, n = 10) emulsion and blood collected before, 5 and 24 hours following OVH for plasma NEFA and RBC membrane fatty acids (FAs) concentrations, leukocyte cytokine production capacity, and C‐reactive protein (CRP) measurement.

Measurements and Main Results

Plasma omega‐3 NEFA, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and total long‐chain omega‐3 FA significantly increased shortly after FO infusion (8.8 ± 3.3 μM, 13.6 ± 5.6 μM, and 25.1 ± 9.6 μM, respectively) compared to SO (0.7 ± 0.9, 2.3 ± 1.8, and 4.2 ± 3.0 μM, respectively) and saline infusion (1.6 ± 2.5, 2.6 ± 3.1, and 5.9 ± 6.4 μM, respectively). Plasma CRP concentration significantly increased after OVH, but with no significant group differences. A weak negative correlation occurred between post‐OVH CRP and postinfusion total long‐chain omega‐3 FA concentrations (r2 = 0.21, P = 0.014). Stimulated leukocyte interleukin (IL) 6 production capacity increased (P = 0.001) after OVH in all groups; SO infusion resulted in reduced leukocyte IL‐6 production capacity (1048.1 ± 277.7 pg/mL) compared to FO (1299.9 ± 302.1 pg/mL, P = 0.048) and saline infusions (1499.0 ± 363.1 pg/mL, P = 0.01). No significant group difference was observed in leukocyte IL‐10 and tumor necrosis factor α production capacities.

Conclusions

Postoperative administration of FO emulsion increases plasma omega‐3 NEFA concentrations promptly, but does not significantly attenuate CRP production or leukocyte cytokine production capacity. FO infusion at the dosage used in the present study can be safely used in dogs, but it was not clearly beneficial in decreasing post‐OVH indices of inflammation.
An Analysis of Educational Policies for School-aged Syrian Refugees in Turkey
Authors: Alpaydın Yusuf
Published: August 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyse the educational policies for Syrian school-aged refugees in Turkey. In this study, we identified the policy priorities for refugees by first examining the theoretical approaches to refugee education and the common problems observed for refugee education in different countries. Using this framework, we assessed refugee students’ access to education and the studies on providing quality education to school-aged refugees through an examination of the relevant legislation and research reports. This study draws attention to both the progress in this area (the development of school facilities, financial support for teachers and the provision of school supplies) and its deficiencies (the exclusion of students from outside the camps from education, staff shortages, problems preparing appropriate curricula along with special trainings and events to promote students’ socio-cultural adaptation and the shortage of psycho-social support services for traumatized students).
Reciprocity relationships in vector acoustics and their application to vector field calculations
Authors: Deal Thomas J. , Smith Kevin B.
Published: August 2017

The reciprocity equation commonly stated in underwater acoustics relates pressure fields and monopole sources. It is often used to predict the pressure measured by a hydrophone for multiple source locations by placing a source at the hydrophone location and calculating the field everywhere for that source. A similar equation that governs the orthogonal components of the particle velocity field is needed to enable this computational method to be used for acoustic vector sensors. This paper derives a general reciprocity equation that accounts for both monopole and dipole sources. This vector-scalar reciprocity equation can be used to calculate individual components of the received vector field by altering the source type used in the propagation calculation. This enables a propagation model to calculate the received vector field components for an arbitrary number of source locations with a single model run for each vector field component instead of requiring one model run for each source location. Application of the vector-scalar reciprocity principle is demonstrated with analytic solutions for a range-independent environment and with numerical solutions for a range-dependent environment using a parabolic equation model.
Effective wavenumbers for sound scattering by trunks, branches, and the canopy in a forest
Authors: Ostashev Vladimir E. , Wilson D. Keith , Muhlestein Michael B.
Published: August 2017

Sound propagation in a forest is often represented as propagation in free space with an effective complex wavenumber, which accounts for scattering and absorption. In this paper, the effective wavenumbers due to sound scattering by trunks, large branches, and the canopy are determined and analyzed based on three-dimensional multiple scattering theory. Trunks and branches are modeled as vertical and slanted finite cylinders, while the canopy is modeled by diffuse scatterers. The results are compared with two-dimensional effective wavenumbers previously used in the literature, which were obtained by approximating the trunk layer as infinite vertical cylinders.
FolamiRs: Ligand-targeted, vehicle-free delivery of microRNAs for the treatment of cancer
Authors: Orellana Esteban A. , Tenneti Srinivasarao , Rangasamy Loganathan , Lyle L. Tiffany , Low Philip S. , Kasinski Andrea L.
Published: August 2017

Folate-conjugated microRNAs are specifically taken up by tumor cells and inhibit tumor progression in mice.
Burn injuries cast their nets in blood vessels
Authors: Levi Benjamin
Published: August 2017

Neutrophil extraceullar traps (NETs) cause secondary expansion of tissue necrosis in local and remote tissues due to microvascular hypercoagulation.
Methane-Fueled Syntrophy through Extracellular Electron Transfer: Uncovering the Genomic Traits Conserved within Diverse Bacterial Partners of Anaerobic Methanotrophic Archaea
Authors: Skennerton Connor T. , Chourey Karuna , Iyer Ramsunder , Hettich Robert L. , Tyson Gene W. , Orphan Victoria J.
Published: August 2017

The anaerobic oxidation of methane by anaerobic methanotrophic (ANME) archaea in syntrophic partnership with deltaproteobacterial sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) is the primary mechanism for methane removal in ocean sediments. The mechanism of their syntrophy has been the subject of much research as traditional intermediate compounds, such as hydrogen and formate, failed to decouple the partners. Recent findings have indicated the potential for extracellular electron transfer from ANME archaea to SRB, though it is unclear how extracellular electrons are integrated into the metabolism of the SRB partner. We used metagenomics to reconstruct eight genomes from the globally distributed SEEP-SRB1 clade of ANME partner bacteria to determine what genomic features are required for syntrophy. The SEEP-SRB1 genomes contain large multiheme cytochromes that were not found in previously described free-living SRB and also lack periplasmic hydrogenases that may prevent an independent lifestyle without an extracellular source of electrons from ANME archaea. Metaproteomics revealed the expression of these cytochromes at
in situ
methane seep sediments from three sites along the Pacific coast of the United States. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these cytochromes appear to have been horizontally transferred from metal-respiring members of the
Deltaproteobacteria
such as
Geobacter
and may allow these syntrophic SRB to accept extracellular electrons in place of other chemical/organic electron donors.

IMPORTANCE
Some archaea, known as anaerobic methanotrophs, are capable of converting methane into carbon dioxide when they are growing syntopically with sulfate-reducing bacteria. This partnership is the primary mechanism for methane removal in ocean sediments; however, there is still much to learn about how this syntrophy works. Previous studies have failed to identify the metabolic intermediate, such as hydrogen or formate, that is passed between partners. However, recent analysis of methanotrophic archaea has suggested that the syntrophy is formed through direct electron transfer. In this research, we analyzed the genomes of multiple partner bacteria and showed that they also contain the genes necessary to perform extracellular electron transfer, which are absent in related bacteria that do not form syntrophic partnerships with anaerobic methanotrophs. This genomic evidence shows a possible mechanism for direct electron transfer from methanotrophic archaea into the metabolism of the partner bacteria.
Key Role of the Scavenger Receptor MARCO in Mediating Adenovirus Infection and Subsequent Innate Responses of Macrophages
Authors: Maler Mareike D. , Nielsen Peter J. , Stichling Nicole , Cohen Idan , Ruzsics Zsolt , Wood Connor , Engelhard Peggy , Suomalainen Maarit , Gyory Ildiko , Huber Michael , Müller-Quernheim Joachim , Schamel Wolfgang W. A. , Gordon Siamon , Jakob Thilo , Martin Stefan F. , Jahnen-Dechent Willi , Greber Urs F. , Freudenberg Marina A. , Fejer György
Published: August 2017

The scavenger receptor MARCO is expressed in several subsets of naive tissue-resident macrophages and has been shown to participate in the recognition of various bacterial pathogens. However, the role of MARCO in antiviral defense is largely unexplored. Here, we investigated whether MARCO might be involved in the innate sensing of infection with adenovirus and recombinant adenoviral vectors by macrophages, which elicit vigorous immune responsesin vivo. Using cells derived from mice, we show that adenovirus infection is significantly more efficient in MARCO-positive alveolar macrophages (AMs) and in AM-like primary macrophage lines (Max Planck Institute cells) than in MARCO-negative bone marrow-derived macrophages. Using antibodies blocking ligand binding to MARCO, as well as gene-deficient and MARCO-transfected cells, we show that MARCO mediates the rapid adenovirus transduction of macrophages. By enhancing adenovirus infection, MARCO contributes to efficient innate virus recognition through the cytoplasmic DNA sensor cGAS. This leads to strong proinflammatory responses, including the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), alpha/beta interferon, and mature IL-1α. These findings contribute to the understanding of viral pathogenesis in macrophages and may open new possibilities for the development of tools to influence the outcome of infection with adenovirus or adenovirus vectors.

IMPORTANCEMacrophages play crucial roles in inflammation and defense against infection. Several macrophage subtypes have been identified with differing abilities to respond to infection with both natural adenoviruses and recombinant adenoviral vectors. Adenoviruses are important respiratory pathogens that elicit vigorous innate responsesin vitroandin vivo. The cell surface receptors mediating macrophage type-specific adenovirus sensing are largely unknown. The scavenger receptor MARCO is expressed on some subsets of naive tissue-resident macrophages, including lung alveolar macrophages. Its role in antiviral macrophage responses is largely unexplored. Here, we studied whether the differential expression of MARCO might contribute to the various susceptibilities of macrophage subtypes to adenovirus. We demonstrate that MARCO significantly enhances adenovirus infection and innate responses in macrophages. These results help to understand adenoviral pathogenesis and may open new possibilities to influence the outcome of infection with adenoviruses or adenovirus vectors.