bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A pooled subgroup analysis of glucarpidase treatment in 86 pediatric, adolescent, and young adult patients receiving high‐dose methotrexate therapy in open‐label trials
Authors: Janeway Katherine A. , Gros Luis , Schwartz Stefan , Daugherty Claire , Gallardo Eva , Hill Christon , Thomas Emma , Ward Suzanne , Rizzari Carmelo
Published: June 2023

Background

Delayed methotrexate elimination can occur in patients undergoing high‐dose methotrexate cancer treatment. Effectiveness of glucarpidase for rapidly reducing methotrexate concentrations was shown in compassionate‐use trials in patients aged 0–84 years.

Methods

We performed post hoc analyses of infants (≥28 days to <2 years), children (≥2 to <12 years), adolescents (≥12 to <15 years), and young adults (≥15 to <25 years) from four multicenter, open‐label, single‐arm, glucarpidase compassionate‐use trials. Patients had toxic methotrexate levels due to delayed methotrexate elimination and/or renal dysfunction, and received glucarpidase (50 U/kg). The primary endpoint was clinically important reduction (CIR) in plasma methotrexate (methotrexate ≤1 μmol/L at all post‐glucarpidase measurements) based on high‐performance liquid chromatography.

Results

Among 86 patients included in efficacy analyses, CIR was achieved by zero of one infant (0.0%), five of 16 children (31.3%), seven of 24 adolescents (29.2%), and 26/45 young adults (57.8%). Median methotrexate reduction was 98.7% or higher in each group 15 minutes post‐glucarpidase. Patients with pre‐glucarpidase methotrexate less than 50 μmol/L (35/42, 83.3%) were more likely to achieve CIR than those with methotrexate 50 μmol/L or higher (1/37, 2.7%). The most common treatment‐related adverse event was paresthesia, occurring in three adolescents (4.5%) and six young adults (5.2%). No other treatment‐related adverse event occurred in 5% or higher of any age group.

Conclusion

After accounting for pre‐glucarpidase methotrexate levels, glucarpidase efficacy at inducing CIR in pediatric/young adult patients was consistent, with efficacy observed in the overall study population (i.e., patients aged 0–84), and no unexpected safety findings were observed. These findings demonstrate glucarpidase (50 U/kg) is an effective and well‐tolerated dose for pediatric, adolescent, and young adult patients.
Influence of extrusion pressures on shape memory properties of carbon fiber/basalt fiber hybrid composites with graphene oxide fabricated by the vacuum infiltration hot pressing system
Authors: Xu Yi , Ma Yuqin , Li Puda , Zhang Yuyang , Guo Haiyin , Xu Wei , Song Chen , Lv Jinshu
Published: June 2023

This work investigated the extrusion pressure‐microstructure‐shape memory properties relationship of carbon fiber/basalt fiber hybrid composites with graphene oxide (GO‐CF/BF hybrid composites), and the associated mechanism was systematically discussed. GO‐CF/BF hybrid composites were fabricated by the vacuum infiltration hot pressing system (VIHPS). The critical infiltration pressure of the composite was calculated according to the dynamic infiltration model, and it was 0.09 MPa. The microstructure and shape memory properties were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a shape memory testing system. The results showed that the shape fixation ratio first decreased and then increased, but the shape recovery ratio and the shape recovery force tended to initially increase and subsequently decrease with the increase in extrusion pressure. This was mainly determined by void defects. When the extrusion pressure was 0.5 MPa, the shape memory properties of the composite were excellent. Furthermore, with the increase in cycle times, GO‐CF/BF hybrid composites were damaged, and the shape memory properties all decreased. When the extrusion pressure was 0.7 MPa, fiber fracture and delamination appeared in composites, and the shape memory properties deteriorated significantly. However, when the extrusion pressure was 0.5 MPa, the fiber was fractured slightly, and the shape memory properties degenerated vaguely.
Editing of rice (Oryza sativa L.) OsMKK3 gene using CRISPR/Cas9 decreases grain length by modulating the expression of photosystem components
Authors: Qing Dongjin , Chen Weiwei , Huang Suosheng , Li Jingcheng , Pan Yinghua , Zhou Weiyong , Liang Qiongyue , Yuan Jinghua , Gan Dongmei , Chen Li , Chen Lei , Huang Juan , Zhou Yan , Dai Gaoxing , Deng Guofu
Published: June 2023

Grain size is one of the most important agronomic traits for grain yield determination in rice. To better understand the proteins that are regulated by the grain size regulatory gene OsMKK3, this gene was knocked out using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, and tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling combined with liquid chromatograph‐tandem mass spectrometry analysis was performed to study the regulation of proteins in the panicle. Quantitative proteomic screening revealed a total of 106 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) via comparison of the OsMKK3 mutant line to the wild‐type YexiangB, including 15 and 91 up‐regulated and down‐regulated DEPs, respectively. Pathway analysis revealed that DEPs were enriched in metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and photosynthesis. Strong interactions were detected among seven down‐regulated proteins related to photosystem components in the protein‐protein interaction network, and photosynthetic rate was decreased in mutant plants. The results of the liquid chromatography‐parallel reaction monitoring/mass spectromery analysis and western blot analysis were consistent with the results of the proteomic analysis, and the results of the quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the expression levels of most candidate genes were consistent with protein levels. Overall, OsMKK3 controls grain size by regulating the protein content in cells. Our findings provide new candidate genes that will aid the study of grain size regulatory mechanisms associated with the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway.
Hybrid porous polymers based on double‐decker and cage‐ype silsesquioxanes for the high‐efficiency removal of neonicotinoid insecticides and dyes
Authors: Zhao Xiaohan , Liu Hongzhi
Published: June 2023

Different ratios of octavinylsilsesquioxane (OVS) reacted with phenyl‐substituted double‐decker silsesquioxane (Ph‐DDSQ) via the simple Friedel‐Crafts reaction provides several innovative silsesquioxane‐based porous polymers (PCS‐ODs). The hybrid polymers show adjustable porosity (specific surface areas of 1235 m2 g−1 and large pore volumes >1.07 cm3 g−1). FTIR, SEM, BET, TGA, solid‐state 13C and 29Si MAS NMR spectra were employed to fully characterize these hybrid materials. They display good adsorption capacities for neonicotinoid insecticides (imidacloprid [IMI], acetamidine [ACE] and thiamethoxam [THI]), with capacities up to 117 ± 2, 70 ± 1 and 61 ± 4 mg g−1, respectively. Dyes (Congo red [CR] and rhodamine B [RB]) can also be sufficiently removed, the adsorption capacities are 1822 ± 4 and 912 ± 3 mg g−1. In addition, PCS‐ODs can be cycled at least five times.
Water‐Stable Fluorous Metal–Organic Frameworks with Open Metal Sites and Amine Groups for Efficient Urea Electrocatalytic Oxidation
Authors: Wang Jinhu , Abazari Reza , Sanati Soheila , Ejsmont Aleksander , Goscianska Joanna , Zhou Yingtang , Dubal Deepak P.
Published: June 2023

Urea oxidation reaction (UOR) is one of the promising alternative anodic reactions to water oxidation that has attracted extensive attention in green hydrogen production. The application of specifically designed electrocatalysts capable of declining energy consumption and environmental consequences is one of the major challenges in this field. Therefore, the goal is to achieve a resistant, low‐cost, and environmentally friendly electrocatalyst. Herein, a water‐stable fluorinated Cu(II) metalorganic framework (MOF) {[Cu2(L)(H2O)2]·(5DMF)(4H2O)}n (Cu‐FMOF‐NH2; H4L = 3,5‐bis(2,4‐dicarboxylic acid)‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)aniline) is developed utilizing an angular tetracarboxylic acid ligand that incorporates both trifluoromethyl (–CF3) and amine (–NH2) groups. The tailored structure of Cu‐FMOF‐NH2 where linkers are connected by fluoride bridges and surrounded by dicopper nodes reveals a 4,24T1 topology. When employed as electrocatalyst, Cu‐FMOF‐NH2 requires only 1.31 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) to deliver 10 mA cm−2 current density in 1.0 m KOH with 0.33 m urea electrolyte and delivered an even higher current density (50 mA cm−2) at 1.47 V versus RHE. This performance is superior to several reported catalysts including commercial RuO2 catalyst with overpotential of 1.52 V versus RHE. This investigation opens new opportunities to develop and utilize pristine MOFs as a potential electrocatalyst for various catalytic reactions.
Isostructural Synthesis of Iron‐Based Prussian Blue Analogs for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Liu Yijie , Fan Siwei , Gao Yun , Liu Yang , Zhang Hang , Chen Jian , Chen Xiaoyang , Huang Jiaqi , Liu Xiaohao , Li Li , Qiao Yun , Chou Shulei
Published: June 2023

Rechargeable sodium ion batteries (SIBs) have promising applications in large‐scale energy storage systems. Iron‐based Prussian blue analogs (PBAs) are considered as potential cathodes owing to their rigid open framework, low‐cost, and simple synthesis. However, it is still a challenge to increase the sodium content in the structure of PBAs and thus suppress the generation of defects in the structure. Herein, a series of isostructural PBAs samples are synthesized and the isostructural evolution of PBAs from cubic to monoclinic after modifying the conditions is witnessed. Accompanied by, the increased sodium content and crystallinity are discovered in PBAs structure. The as‐obtained sodium iron hexacyanoferrate (Na1.75Fe[Fe(CN)6]0.9743·2.76H2O) exhibits high charge capacity of 150 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C (17 mA g−1) and excellent rate performance (74 mAh g−1 at 50 C (8500 mA g−1)). Moreover, their highly reversible Na+ ions intercalation/de‐intercalation mechanism is verified by in situ Raman and Powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD) techniques. More importantly, the Na1.75Fe[Fe(CN)6]0.9743·2.76H2O sample can be directly assembled in a full cell with hard carbon (HC) anode and shows excellent electrochemical performances. Finally, the relationship between PBAs structure and electrochemical performance is summarized and prospected.
Ni Single Atoms Embedded in Graphene Nanoribbon Sieves for High‐Performance CO2 Reduction to CO
Authors: Zhang Shilei , Yue Pengtao , Zhou Yue , Li Jun , Zhu Xun , Fu Qian , Liao Qiang
Published: June 2023

Ni single‐atom catalysts (SACs) are appealing for electrochemical reduction CO2 reduction (CO2RR). However, regulating the balance between the activity and conductivity remains a challenge to Ni SACs due to the limitation of substrates structure. Herein, the intrinsic performance enhancement of Ni SACs anchored on quasi‐one‐dimensional graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) synthesized is demonstrated by longitudinal unzipping carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The abundant functional groups on GNRs can absorb Ni atoms to form rich Ni–N4–C sites during the anchoring process, providing a high intrinsic activity. In addition, the GNRs, which maintain a quasi‐one‐dimensional structure and possess a high conductivity, interconnect with each other and form a conductive porous framework. The catalyst yields a 44 mA cm−2 CO partial current density and 96% faradaic efficiency of CO (FECO) at −1.1 V vs RHE in an H‐cell. By adopting a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) flow cell, a 95% FECO and 2.4 V cell voltage are achieved at 200 mA cm−2 current density. This work provides a rational way to synthesize Ni SACs with a high Ni atom loading, porous morphology, and high conductivity with potential industrial applications.
Low‐dimension confinement effect in COF‐based hetero‐photocatalyst for energy‐conversion application
Authors: Yang Yafei , He Dong , Feng Xiaobo , Xiao Xiangheng
Published: June 2023

Covalent organic framework (COF) materials have aroused tremendous interest in photocatalytic applications due to their tunable pore structure and photoelectric properties. The regular nanopore of COF itself presents a strongly confinement effect, which provides a unique regulatory effect for photons, electrons, protons, and other quantum‐scale reaction groups. However, due to the weak surface electron coupling and transfer ability between the reactive groups and basic elements of its structural units, the activity of pure COFs photocatalyst is still not satisfactory. Therefore, the confinement modification strategy of confining low‐dimension entities within COFs has been proposed, thus realizing new active sites construction and band structure regulation has been intensively studied, but yet to be summarized systematically. In this paper, the semi‐conductivity of COFs is discussed dialectically based on photocatalytic thermodynamics, and the influence of internal linkage motifs and stacking behaviors on the band structure is collected. Then, the basic understanding of confinement characteristics and their influence on photocatalytic performance in dynamics is further explained according to the spatial dimension classification of low‐dimension entities. And the application and mechanism of these COF‐based confined catalysts in energy conversion reactions are discussed in detail. Lastly, the current challenges and development prospects of COF‐based confined hetero‐photocatalysts are discussed.
Triple‐network‐based conductive polymer hydrogel for soft and elastic bioelectronic interfaces
Authors: Chen Yan , Chen Liangpeng , Geng Bowen , Chen Fan , Yuan Yuan , Li Deling , Wang Yi‐Xuan , Jia Wang , Hu Wenping
Published: June 2023

Conductive polymer hydrogels have greatly improved the compatibility of electronic devices with biological tissues for human–machine interfacing. Hydrogels that possess low Young's modulus, low interfacial impedance, and high tensile properties facilitate high‐quality signal transmission across dynamic biointerfaces. Direct incorporation of elastomers with conductive polymers may result in undesirable mechanical and/or electrical performance. Here, a covalent cross‐linking network and an entanglement‐driven network with conductive poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) have been combined. The triple‐network conductive hydrogel shows high stretchability (with fracture strain up to 900%), low impedance (down to 91.2 Ω·cm2), and reversible adhesion. Importantly, ultra‐low modulus (down to 6.3 kPa) and strain‐insensitive electrical/electrochemical performance were achieved, which provides a guarantee for low current stimulation. The material design will contribute to the progression of soft and conformal bioelectronic devices, and pave the way to future implantable electronics.
iRGD‐Targeted Physalis Mottle Virus Like Nanoparticles for Targeted Cancer Delivery
Authors: Barkovich Krister J. , Zhao Zhongchao , Steinmetz Nicole F.
Published: June 2023

Nanomedicine provides a promising platform for the molecular treatment of disease. An ongoing challenge in nanomedicine is the targeted delivery of intravenously administered nanoparticles to particular tissues, which is of special interest in cancer. Herein, the conjugation of iRGD peptides is shown, which specifically targets tumor neovasculature, to the surface of Physalis mottle virus (PhMV)‐like nanoparticles, leading to rapid cellular uptake in vitro and tumor homing in vivo. It is then shown that iRGD‐targeted PhMV loaded with the chemotherapeutic doxorubicin shows increased potency in a murine flank xenograft model of cancer. The results validate that PhMV‐like nanoparticles can be targeted to tumors through iRGD‐peptide conjugation and suggest that iRGD‐PhMV provides a promising platform for the targeted delivery of molecular cargo to tumors.
Precision Localization of Lipid‐Based Nanoparticles by Dual‐Fluorescent Labeling for Accurate and High‐Resolution Imaging in Living Cells
Authors: Huang Wen-Qiu , Burgers Peter C. , Amin Mohamadreza , Luider Theo M. , ten Hagen Timo L. M.
Published: June 2023

In nanomedicine, lipid‐based nanoparticles (NPs) such as liposomes (LPs) have established an important position. Precise delineation of NP interaction with cells and detailed characterization of activity are becoming essential, which mainly rely on labeling with lipophilic fluorescent molecules and assuming stable association with NPs. However, because of label separation from NPs in (biological) media, or when processed by cells, fluorescence‐based detection of an NP incorporating a single label may not necessarily indicate the actual presence of an NP but may be from the dissociated label, rendering results unreliable. Herein, flow cytometry and confocal microscopy are employed to demonstrate that to verify the localization of LPs in a cell with perfect accuracy, dual‐labeling, and contemporaneous detection of both fluorescent signals in one pixel are required. This is combined with size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and mass spectrometry measurements to indicate factors involved in label dissociation, which helps to understand the possible conditions of dissociated label and NP. It is shown that determining label colocalization with, and label dissociation from, dual‐labeled NPs are needed to provide accurate spatiotemporal insight into targeting destination (colocalized signals) and disintegration (separated signals) of NPs during intracellular processing and in studying payload delivery with precision in nanomedicine.
Perspective: Performance Loss Rate in Photovoltaic Systems
Authors: Deceglie Michael G. , Anderson Kevin , Fregosi Daniel , Hobbs William B. , Mikofski Mark A. , Theristis Marios , Meyers Bennet E.
Published: June 2023

Photovoltaic systems may underperform expectations for several reasons, including inaccurate initial estimates, suboptimal operations and maintenance, or component degradation. Accurate assessment of these loss factors aids in addressing root causes of underperformance and in realizing accurate expectations and models. The performance loss rate (PLR) is a commonly cited high‐level metric for the change in system output over time, but there is no precise, standard definition. Herein, an annualized definition of PLR that is inclusive of all loss factors and that can capture nonlinear changes to performance over time is proposed. The importance of distinguishing between recoverable and nonrecoverable losses which underly PLR is highlighted.
Construction of Magnetic S‐Doped CoWO4 Composite for Efficient and Selective Recovery of Gold from Wastewater via Adsorption–Reduction Pathway
Authors: Zhao Minghu , Zhang Yuefeng , Yang Ruijie , Wang Chen , Xiong Chao , Li Hao , Zhu Rongshu , Wang Shixing , Zeng Zhiyuan
Published: June 2023

The design and synthesis of efficient adsorbents for the recovery of precious metals from secondary resources are of great environmental and economic significance. Herein, a magnetic sulfur‐doped composite CoFe2O4@S–CoWO4 (CF@S–CoWO4) is developed through a hydrothermal synthesis method, which is used to selectively recover gold in aqueous media. Significantly, CF@S–CoWO4 exhibits the best overall performance with gold ions adsorption capacity (Qmax) and distribution coefficient (Kd) are 1049 mg g−1 and 4.4 × 106 mL g−1, respectively, which are much higher than those of other gold adsorption materials. The selectivity coefficients (K) toward other metal ions (Pd2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cd2+, Al3+, Li+, Ni+) are also higher, which suggests that CF@S–CoWO4 had a preferential selectivity for Au3+ in coexisting ion solutions. Moreover, the antianion interference of the composite follows the order: SO42− > PO43− > NO3− > CO32−, and it also shows very good reusability with adsorption efficiency at 81.78% after four repeated cycles. Based on characterizations and calculation, it is found that Au(III) mainly undergoes chelation and reduction reactions in the S sites in CF@S–CoWO4, which indicates the important role of S sites. Hence the CF@S–CoWO4 composite demonstrates a promising application for the recycling of gold ions from electronic wastewater.
Otolaryngology residency program factors associated with female resident representation
Authors: Canick Julia E. , Campbell James C. , Woodard Charles R. , Grimm Lars J. , Collins Alissa M.
Published: June 2023

Objective

Female representation in the field of otolaryngology is lacking. Residency is the first point at which medical school graduates specialize in a chosen field and thus represents an opportunity to recruit and train more female otolaryngologists. This study sought to identify program factors associated with greater female representation among resident physicians.

Methods

Departmental websites of all 124 otolaryngology residency programs in the United States and Puerto Rico were examined for a list of residents. For programs with a resident roster available, the genders of residents, faculty, program directors, and chairpersons were recorded. Location and city population for each program was also recorded, as was female resident representation. Programs were compared using Pearson Chi‐squared univariate tests.

Results

1,632 residents and 2,605 faculty were included in the analysis of 109 programs. The median female resident representation was 40%. Programs with larger faculty sizes, more female faculty, and urban location were associated with an above‐median female resident representation. Programs with a larger residency cohort approached significance regarding above‐median female resident representation. Higher female faculty representation, program director gender, chairperson gender, and US region were not associated with variation in female resident representation.

Conclusions

Greater female otolaryngology residency representation was associated with programs having an urban location and greater numbers of female and total faculty. It was also likely that a larger resident cohort size may affect female resident representation. The proportions of female faculty, program director, and chairperson gender, as well as the US region, were not associated with variation in female resident gender representation.
Simulation and Experiment Revisited: Temporal Data in Astronomy and Astrophysics
Authors: Abelson Shannon Sylvie
Published: June 2023

The ongoing debate in philosophy of science over whether simulations are experiments has so far operated at too high a level of generality. I revisit this discussion in the context of simulation in astronomy and astrophysics, arguing that a specific subclass of simulations that include a significant amount of empirically obtained temporal data count as experiments. This subclass will be a small one, as the majority of simulations in astronomy and astrophysics will still suffer from a sparseness of data. But it remains the case that there exist examples of simulations that are experiments.
What’s in a Survey? Simulation-Induced Selection Effects in Astronomy
Authors: Gallagher Sarah C. , Smeenk Chris
Published: June 2023

Observational astronomy is plagued with selection effects that must be taken into account when interpreting data from astronomical surveys. Because of the physical limitations of observing time and instrument sensitivity, datasets are rarely complete. However, determining specifically what is missing from any sample is not always straightforward. For example, there are always more faint objects (such as galaxies) than bright ones in any brightness-limited sample, but faint objects may not be of the same kind as bright ones. Assuming they are can lead to mischaracterizing the population of objects near the boundary of what can be detected. Similarly, starting with nearby objects that can be well observed and assuming that objects much farther away (and sampled from a younger universe) are of the same kind can lead us astray. Demographic models of galaxy populations can be used as inputs to observing system simulations to create “mock” catalogues that can be used to characterize and account for multiple, interacting selection effects. The use of simulations for this purpose is common practice in astronomy, and blurs the line between observations and simulations; the observational data cannot be interpreted independent of the simulations. We will describe this methodology and argue that astrophysicists have developed effective ways to establish the reliability of simulation-dependent observational programs. The reliability depends on how well the physical and demographic properties of the simulated population can be constrained through independent observations. We also identify a new challenge raised by the use of simulations, which we call the “problem of uncomputed alternatives.” Sometimes the simulations themselves create unintended selection effects when the limits of what can be simulated lead astronomers to only consider a limited space of alternative proposals.
Institutional Theory and Green Legitimation
Authors: Bengtson Erik , Mossberg Oskar
Published: June 2023

This chapter introduces legitimation studies and the institutional paradigm. It provides a conceptual framework for analyzing legitimation practices and corporate image management.
Revisiting the Rhetorical Tradition and Acquainting Ourselves with the Virtuous Orator
Authors: Bengtson Erik , Mossberg Oskar
Published: June 2023

This chapter starts taking inventory of the building blocks for a virtue perspective, by drawing on the classical tradition. The view of rhetoric as an integral part of public life is introduced and the rhetorical teachings of Isocrates, Quintilian, and Cicero are discussed, with particular focus on the virtue ethics they develop and how they can aid constructive analysis of present-day issues.
Exploring the Virtue Framework: Environmental Labels, Clean Clothes, and Green Energy Capitalism
Authors: Bengtson Erik , Mossberg Oskar
Published: June 2023

This chapter is the most extensive chapter in the book. It uses the presented framework of virtue critique to examine the role of environmental labels in green marketing and explore how green rhetoric is used in the marketing of clothes, as well as within the Energy Sector. Themes developed include standardized forms for sustainability communication, communicative efficacy, moral legitimacy, temporality, transparency, and the value of rhetorical spaces for prudent corporate communication on complex matters.
Migration in South Asia: Old and New Mobilities
Authors: Rajan S. Irudaya
Published: June 2023

The topic “Migration” is considered as a bedrock of South Asian Civilization. It has the largest Diaspora among the World, with India as a lead. Majority of these workers migrate for either low or semi–skilled jobs. This reader is an attempt to cover some of the important themes including Phenomenon of non- traditional migration in South Asia, Temporary labour migration and caste system, Feminization in the South Asian Migration, Climate and environmental change induced migration that concerns the Migration in South Asia. This reader has also pointed out the impact of migration governance for safe, legal and orderly migration for the future migration in South Asia.
Internal and Forced Migration and Economic Development in South Asia
Authors: Chowdhury Mehdi , Wadood Syed Naimul
Published: June 2023

This chapter looks at the current human migration scenario of all the eight South Asian countries (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka) by country, origin and destination through the analysis of available data and recent publications. The aim is to provide a description of internal migration, the role of human migration in economic development and also of forced migration. Following this aim the chapter first looks at the incidence of internal migration inside the countries of South Asia. The chapter then addresses the issue of migration and development in South Asia. The penultimate section covers forced or involuntary migration and specifically addresses occurrences of forced migration in South Asia. The chapter concludes with some observations.
International Migration in Bangladesh: A Political Economic Overview
Authors: Mahmud Hasan
Published: June 2023

This chapter presents a political-economic analysis of migration from Bangladesh. Based on a review of available literature, it discusses the role of the state in migration out of Bangladesh to various destinations. It locates the origin of this migration in its history of population movement during the colonial era and recognizes the role of the late-colonial state in managing migration. It presents a brief overview of contemporary migration in Bangladesh classifying them in terms of composition of the flows, their stated goals and observed consequence both in the destination and origin countries. Finally, it explores the role of the state in Bangladesh by discussing particular laws and policy instruments with their effectiveness and challenges to make those more efficient in achieving the expected policy outcomes. It concludes with a brief overview of the response of Bangladesh government and also by reiterating the need for more research exploring the role of the state in migration origin and its potential benefits.
Labour Migration from Nepal: Trends and Explanations
Authors: Adhikari Jagannath , Rai Mahendra Kumar , Baral Chiranjivi , Subedi Mahendra
Published: June 2023

This chapter argues that a combined impact of both global and national political economies has propelled out-migration in the last two centuries in Nepal, which also calls for revisiting migration theories. In the past, Nepal’s out-migration was linked to British colonial interest to expand territory under its control. National governments at that time also created conditions – for their own political interests – that forced people to work for the British expansionist interest. This forced migration led to circumstances creating networks for other types of migration. Even at present, Nepal’s high level of migration for long-term contract work in other countries, especially to Malaysia and Gulf countries, are linked to the migration drivers that are rooted in present political-economic situation like conflict, climate change, disasters, and global forces that make local livelihood opportunities like farming precarious. On the other hand, livelihoods supported by migration and remittances further beget more migration. This situation means that traditional labour migration theories that give more attention to differences in wage rates or economic circumstances in different geographical locations need to be revisited. Networks among the migrating families or individuals and trans-national families, institutions and policies, and perceived status that come from migration explain why migration is continuing. This paper also reveals that a single theory cannot explain migration from Nepal as a whole because of different types of migration to different destination.
Navigating Between Nation and Civilization: Regimes of Citizenship and Migration Under Bharatiya Janata Party
Authors: Das Samir Kumar
Published: June 2023

This paper seeks to understand the complicated nature of the relation of ‘nation’ to ‘civilization’ and vice versa and most importantly the implications that these relations have for the evolution of official migration regimes in India since Independence. While civilization continues to be one of the abiding elements of Indian State’s world-view in general and foreign policy in particular, the country is still grappling as it were with the reality of the nation(-state) and its twin imperatives of territorial enclosure and restriction on free movement of people across borders. The paper concentrates on how Indian State’s self-understanding as a ‘civilizational nation’ in the immediate aftermath of Independence gives way to the present stage when the nation is understood as a self-contained civilization itself. It proposes to view the evolution with reference to a few stages and focuses mainly on how the evolving nature of our State ideology might help explain the variation in State’s responses to cross-border migration over the decades.
Exploratory Analysis of Building Stock: A Case Study for the City of Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg)
Authors: Marvuglia Antonino , Laib Mohamed
Published: June 2023

One of the main steps in developing urban building energy models (UBEM) is the classification of the building stock according to building archetypes. Different approaches have been proposed to accomplish this task, some based on the application of clustering techniques, or a combination of expert knowledge, deterministic classification, and data driven approaches. This paper proposes the utilization of a hybrid approach where exploratory data analysis is combined with feature extraction and feature selection to support clustering. The proposed methodology was applied to the building stock of the city of Esch-sur-Alzette (Grand Duchy of Luxembourg). The used data set includes buildings’ geometrical and physical characteristics, preassigned occupancy estimates, and final energy use simulated with a quasi-steady-state model. According to the variables’ combination and deterministic building stock fragmentation schemes used, the number of archetypes identified varied between 12 and 89. The paper shows the potential of clustering techniques for the development of archetypes, even though this must be combined with other (deterministic) fragmentation methods because clustering alone does not allow for the differentiation of building use typologies and construction periods, both of which must be considered to characterize buildings properly.
Methodologies for Sustainable Development of TEN-T/RFC Corridors and Core Ports: Economic Impacts Generated in Port-Related Areas
Authors: Russo Francesco , Musolino Giuseppe
Published: June 2023

Container ports were born with the container revolution in the last decades of the 20th century. Their evolution is represented by the third-generation ports, playing a crucial role in the global supply chain, becoming generators of value added. One of the measures that facilitates the increase of value added in a third-generation ports is the Special Economic Zone (SEZ). The economic impacts of SEZs is amplified in smart ports, where the three pillars of smartness (ICT, Transport and Energy) are present, and in a core ports connected to TEN-T/RFC corridors. The paper describes the method and the application to quantify the indirect and induced economic impact of a SEZ inside a third-generation port in terms of employment by means of an aggregated model. A case study is reported considering a SEZ in an undeveloped UE region. The results are obtained from a comparative analysis of representative case studies of port impact studies, estimated by means of a specific class of econometric (input-output) models.
Methodologies for Sustainable Development of TEN-T/RFC Corridors and Core Ports: Workers Mobility between Urban and Port-Related Areas
Authors: Rindone Corrado , Panuccio Paola , Sgro Domenico
Published: June 2023

This paper concerns the passenger mobility generated by a SEZ area near to a core port connected to Trans European Network-Transport (TEN-T) and Rail Freight Corridors (RFC). The SEZ area and the port represent the places where workers perform their daily activities. Transport connections between the port and the corridor can be a bottleneck that produces externalities for the areas around. This paper examines spatial and temporal connections identifying strategies to achieve sustainability according to the UNs Agenda 2030.
Methodologies for Sustainable Development of TEN-T/RFC Corridors and Core Ports: The Role of Governance in the Export Time Optimization
Authors: Russo Francesco , Pellicanò Domenica Savia
Published: June 2023

Ports are a key element of the economic development of a country but have to face with many problems of different nature, above all, linked to the governance process. In particular, some ports, due to a slow and complex bureaucracy, find difficult to become competitive on a European and international level.

The paper investigates the critical issues related to port nodes and proposes a model that allows to understand which variables at governance level, can be modified to intervene in order to improve the competitiveness of a port and therefore encourage the economic development of his country. A European comparison is presented in which the individual components of the costs are analyzed.
Präoperative Nüchternheit bei Kindern – Erfahrungen bei Einführung eines liberalen Nüchternheitsgebotes
Authors: Gerth Mathias Alexander , Mußmann Yannick Maximilian , Büchler Britta , Hartmann Erik Kristoffer , Wittenmeier Eva
Published: June 2023

Hintergrund

Das traditionelle präoperative Nüchternheitsgebot für Kinder („6‑4‑2-Regel“) führt häufig zu langen Nüchternzeiten mit unerwünschten Ereignissen (Unwohlsein, Hypoglykämie, metabolische Entgleisungen und Agitation/Delir). An unserer Universitätsklinik wurde daher eine liberale Nüchternheitsregelung mit klarer Flüssigkeit bis zum OP-Abruf („6‑4‑0“) eingeführt.

Fragestellung

Evaluation der realen Nüchternzeiten (Erfolg und Nachhaltigkeit der Umstellung) sowie Einfluss auf verschiedene Parameter wie Zufriedenheit, Agitation, Hypotension und postoperative Übelkeit und Erbrechen (PONV).

Material und Methode

Retrospektive Analyse aus QM-Daten einen Monat vor bis 6 Monate nach Einführung (Juni bis Dezember 2020). Anwendung von deskriptiver Statistik, Odds Ratio und Chi-Quadrat-Test.

Ergebnisse

Es konnten 216 Bögen (44 vorher, 172 danach) ausgewertet werden. Die Nüchternzeit konnte signifikant von 6,1 auf 4,5 h reduziert werden (p = 0,034). Bei 47 % der Patienten wurde eine Nüchternzeit ≤ 2h erreicht. Bei zunehmenden Nüchternzeiten im Verlauf war eine erneute Erinnerung nötig. Die Zufriedenheit konnte mit kürzerer Nüchternzeit verbessert werden (Schulnote 2,8 auf 2,2; p = 0,004), und präoperative Agitation nahm ab (mod. PAED Skala 1–2 in 34,5 % vs. 50 %, p = 0,032). Hypotension trat nichtsignifikant seltener auf (7 % vs. 14 %, p = 0,26), während PONV insgesamt zu selten auftrat für statistische Analysen.

Schlussfolgerung

Unsere Auswertung zeigt, dass mit Einführung eines liberalen Nüchternheitsgebots die effektiven Nüchternzeiten reduziert und die kindliche bzw. elterliche Zufriedenheit gesteigert werden können. Ein Monitoring der Nüchternzeiten ist jedoch ratsam, da nach 5 Monaten erneut an die Änderungen erinnert werden musste, um den Erfolg zu bewahren.
Two-scale optimization of graded lattice structures respecting buckling on micro- and macroscale
Authors: Hübner Daniel , Wein Fabian , Stingl Michael
Published: June 2023

Interest in components with detailed structures increased with the progress in advanced manufacturing techniques in recent years. Parts with graded lattice elements can provide interesting mechanical, thermal, and acoustic properties compared to parts where only coarse features are included. One of these improvements is better global buckling resistance of the component. However, thin features are prone to local buckling. Normally, analyses with high-computational effort are conducted on high-resolution finite element meshes to optimize parts with good global and local stability. Until recently, works focused only on either global or local buckling behavior. We use two-scale optimization based on asymptotic homogenization of elastic properties and local buckling behavior to reduce the effort of full-scale analyses. For this, we present an approach for concurrent local and global buckling optimization of parameterized graded lattice structures. It is based on a worst-case model for the homogenized buckling load factor, which acts as a safeguard against pure local buckling. Cross-modes residing on both scales are not detected. We support our theory with numerical examples and validations on dehomogenized designs, which show the capabilities of our method, and discuss the advantages and limitations of the worst-case model.
Assessing attention and impulsivity in the variable stimulus duration and variable intertrial interval rodent continuous performance test schedules using dopamine receptor antagonists in female C57BL/6JRj mice
Authors: Klem L. , Nielsen M. M. , Gestsdóttir S. B. , Frandsen S. L. , Prichardt S. , Andreasen J. T.
Published: June 2023

Rationale

Dopaminergic dysfunction is implicated in disorders of impulsivity and inattention. The rodent continuous performance test (rCPT) has been used to quantify changes in attention and impulsivity.

Objective

To examine the roles of dopamine receptors in attention and impulsivity behaviours measured in the rCPT variable stimulus duration (vSD) and the variable intertrial interval schedules (vITI) using DA receptor antagonists.

Methods

Two cohorts of 35 and 36 female C57BL/6JRj mice were examined separately in the rCPT, vSD, and vITI schedules, respectively. Both cohorts received antagonists of the following receptors: D1/5 (SCH23390, SCH: 0.01, 0.02, 0.04 mg/kg) and D2/3 (raclopride, RAC 0.03, 0.10, 0.30 mg/kg) in consecutive balanced Latin square designs with flanking reference measurements. The antagonists were subsequently examined for effects on locomotor activity.

Results

SCH showed similar effects in both schedules, and the effects were reference-dependent in the vITI schedule. SCH reduced responding, but improved response accuracy, impulsivity, discriminability, and locomotor activity. RAC showed mixed effects on responsivity, but improved accuracy and discriminability. The discriminability improvement was driven by an increase in hit rate in the vITI schedule and a reduction in false alarm rate in the vSD schedule. RAC also decreased locomotor activity.

Conclusion

Both D1/5 and D2/3 receptor antagonism reduced responding, but the outcome on discriminability differed, stemming from individual effects on hit and false alarm rate, and the weight of omissions within the calculation. The effects of SCH and RAC suggest that endogenous DA increases responding and impulsivity, but reduces accuracy and shows mixed effects on discriminability.
Warm to neutral white light emissions from Dy3+–Eu3+ co-doped glass ceramics containing NaBSiO4 crystalline phase for W-LEDs applications
Authors: Monisha M. , Saravanan M. , Mazumder Nirmal , Sayyed M. I. , Almuqrin Aljawhara H. , Aloraini Dalal Abdullah , Kamath Sudha D.
Published: June 2023

This paper reports on the structural, optical and luminescence studies of Dy3+–Eu3+ co-doped glass ceramics that are obtained via thermal treatment method. The initial confirmation on glass ceramics with the formation of NaBSiO4 crystalline phase was made through XRD study. The FTIR study showed the vibrations of network formers (B2O3, SiO2) and other functional groups. The quantity of non-bridging oxygens (NBOs) are increased in the glass ceramics with increase in annealing temperature. The absorption spectra (UV–visible-NIR) showed the possible transitions of Dy3+ and Eu3+ ions in the glass ceramics. A red-shift in the absorption band-edge and reduction in the optical band gap values were obtained for glass ceramics owing to their heating temperatures. Photoluminescence studies showed the excitations of Dy3+ and Eu3+ ions under 575 nm and 613 nm emission wavelengths. The obtained NaBSiO4 crystalline phase in the glass ceramics has enhanced the luminescence intensity, and lifetimes of Dy3+ and Eu3+ ions compared to unheated precursor glass when excited under 350 nm and 393 nm. Color chromaticity diagram and correlated color temperature (CCT) values showed a shift in the color of light from warm white of precursor glass to neutral white of glass ceramics. The overall results justify the possibility of considering the Dy3+-Eu3+ co-doped glass ceramics as efficient materials for solid-state lighting applications like W-LEDs.
Are sleep disorders associated with the risk of gastrointestinal cancer?—A case–control study
Authors: Loosen Sven , Krieg Sarah , Krieg Andreas , Leyh Catherine , Luedde Tom , Vetter Céline , Kostev Karel , Roderburg Christoph
Published: June 2023

Purpose

Sleep disorders are among the most common health problems worldwide and are linked to a variety of physical and mental health problems. Recently, there has been increasing evidence of an association between sleep disorders and cancer risk. We aimed to investigate this association specifically for cancers of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

Methods

Using the DA database (IQVIA), adult patients diagnosed with GI cancer between January 2010 and December 2022 were retrospectively compared to a 1:1 propensity score-matched cohort of patients without cancer. The outcome of the study was the association between sleep disorders and subsequent diagnosis of GI cancer. To determine whether sleep disorders were more common in patients with GI cancer than in patients without GI cancer, logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).

Results

After matching, 37,161 cases with GI cancer and 37,161 controls without cancer were available for analysis. No association with cancer was found for sleep disorders in the overall history before the index date (OR 1.04; 95% CI 0.96–1.12), but considering sleep disorders documented within 1 year before the index date showed a positive association with GI cancer overall (OR 1.20; 95% CI 1.08–1.34). Stratified analyses by cancer site revealed higher odds of sleep disorders prior to diagnosis of gastric, pancreatic, and colorectal cancer.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that sleep disorders might be indicative of short-term health outcomes, including GI cancer, suggesting a role for sleep disorder screening in the context of cancer prevention efforts.
Behavioral and Electrophysiological Study on Eight Japanese Papilio Species with Five Hostplant Volatiles and Linalool
Authors: Inoue Takashi A. , Suetake Mami , Nishidzu Narumi , Yokohari Fumio , Niihara Kinuko , Fukuda Tatsuya
Published: June 2023

An electroantennogram (EAG) technique compared the antennal olfactory responses by both sexes of eight Japanese Papilio species with known host plants in laboratory experiments. Papilio species were collected from Honshû and Kyûshû (Japanese islands). The behavioral responses to volatile leaf substances from Citrus deliciosa, Zanthoxylum ailanthoides, Phellodendron amurense, Orixa japonica, and Foeniculum vulgare were examined in laboratory experiments. Individual EAG reactions were recorded. The results were very similar to the empirical field observations. The electrophysiological results of both sexes showed that the volatile substances released from non-preferred plants mainly elicited more significant EAG responses than the volatile substances from preferred host plants. Moreover, we performed behavioral experiments using eight female butterflies and their responses to five host plant species. An association between host plant selection behavior and taxonomical classification exists within the Papilio genus. The EAG responses were small when exposed to the plants with high scores in the behavioral experiments. Host plant preference patterns seem to be related to the volatile substances within the host plants. The butterflies responded to Linalool in both the behavioral and electrophysiological experiments.