bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, spectroscopic and Hirshfeld surface analysis and fluorescence studies of (2E,2′E)-3,3′-(1,4-phenylene)bis[1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one] N,N-dimethylformamide disolvate
Authors: Kwong Huey Chong , Sim Ai Jia , Chidan Kumar C. S. , Quah Ching Kheng , Chantrapromma Suchada , Naveen S. , Warad Ismail
Published: May 2018

In the bischalcone molecule of the title compound, C24H18O4·2C3H7NO, the central benzene and terminal hydroxyphenyl rings form a dihedral angle of 14.28 (11)° and the central C=C double bond adopts a trans configuration. In the crystal, the bischalcone and solvate molecules are interconnected via O—H...O hydrogen bonds, which were investigated by Hirshfeld surface analysis. Solid-state fluorescence was measured at λex = 4400 Å. The emission wavelength appeared at 5510 Å, which corresponds to yellow light and the solid-state fluorescence quantum yield (F
f) is 0.18.
Crystal structures of 4,4′-(disulfane-1,2-diyl)bis(5-methyl-2H-1,3-dithiol-2-one) and 4,4′-(diselanane-1,2-diyl)bis(5-methyl-2H-1,3-dithiol-2-one)
Authors: Trentin Ivan , Schindler Claudia , Schulzke Carola
Published: May 2018

The two title compounds, C8H6O2S6 and C8H6O2S4Se2, are isotypic with very similar cell parameters. The complete molecules constitute the asymmetric units, despite being chemically perfectly symmetric. The most prominant differences in the metrical parameters arise from the distinct sizes of sulfur and selenium in the dichalcogenide bridges, with C—S—S—C and C—Se—Se—C torsion angles of 70.70 (5) and 68.88 (3)°, respectively. The crystal packing is determined by weak non-classical hydrogen-bonding interactions. One carbonyl oxygen but not the other participates in C—H...O interactions zigzagging along the b axis, forming infinite chains. This is complemented by an intramolecular C—H...S interaction and further intermolecular C—H...S (C—H...Se) interactions, resulting in a three-dimensional network. The interactions involving the bridging chalcogenides form chains protruding along the c axis.
Crystal structure of a zwitterionic azaallyl zirconiumamide complex bearing a Zr+-μ-CH3—B− moiety and one equivalent of n-hexane as a solvent
Authors: Frerichs Nils , Adler Christian , Schmidtmann Marc , Beckhaus Rüdiger
Published: May 2018

The zirconiumamide complex [(cyclohex-1-enyl)cyclohexylamido]bis(dicyclohexylamido)[methyltris(pentafluorophenyl)borato]zirconium(IV) hexane monosolvate, [Zr{N(C6H11)2}2{N(C6H11)(C6H9)}{BCH3(C6F5)3}]·C6H14, is zwitterionic and bears a Zr+—μ-CH3—B− moiety. The reaction of tris(dicyclohexylamido)methylzirconium with the strong Lewis acid tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane results in the formation of an azaallyl zirconium motif by the loss of H2 in one dicyclohexylamido ligand, as shown by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The ZrIV cation is coordinated to the N atoms of two dicyclohexylamido ligands, the π-system of one azaallyl ligand, and to the μ-CH3—B unit, resulting in a distorted tetrahedral coordination environment. The Zr—N distance to the azaallyl ligand is elongated, whereas the Zr—C distance to this moiety is found to be shortened in comparison with those to the two Cy2N groups (Cy is C6H11).
Volume effects in the London housing market
Authors: Cook Steve , Watson Duncan
Published: May 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to extend existing research in relation to both the importance of volume effects within housing markets and the specific behaviour of the London housing market. A detailed borough-level examination is undertaken of the relationships between volume, house prices and house price volatility. Support for alternative housing market theories, the degree of heterogeneity in house price behaviour across boroughs and the extent to which housing displays differing properties to other financial assets are examined.

Design/methodology/approach

Correlation analyses, causality testing and volatility modelling are undertaken in extended forms which synthesise and extend approaches within the housing, economics and finance literatures. The various modelling and testing techniques are supplemented via the use of alternative variable transformations to evaluate housing market behaviour in detail.

Findings

Novel findings are provided concerning both volume effects within housing markets generally and the specific properties of London housing market. Evidence concerning bubbles, the volatility-reducing effects of volume, the importance of geographical and price-related factors underlying the relationship between volume and both house price growth and volatility and the presence of asymmetric adjustment in the London housing market are all provided. The extent and nature of the support available for alternative housing market theories are evaluated.

Originality/value

The volatility-reducing effects of volume within housing markets, along with volume effects and the presence of asymmetric adjustment within the London housing market are examined for the first time. New empirical evidence on the support for alternative housing market theories and the differing empirical characteristics of housing relative to other financial assets are presented.
3D P‐wave traveltime computation in transversely isotropic media using layer‐by‐layer wavefront marching
Authors: Hu Jiangtao , Cao Junxing , Wang Huazhong , Wang Xingjian , Tian Renfei
Published: May 2018

Subsurface rocks (e.g. shale) may induce seismic anisotropy, such as transverse isotropy. Traveltime computation is an essential component of depth imaging and tomography in transversely isotropic media. It is natural to compute the traveltime using the wavefront marching method. However, tracking the 3D wavefront is expensive, especially in anisotropic media. Besides, the wavefront marching method usually computes the traveltime using the eikonal equation. However, the anisotropic eikonal equation is highly non‐linear and it is challenging to solve. To address these issues, we present a layer‐by‐layer wavefront marching method to compute the P‐wave traveltime in 3D transversely isotropic media. To simplify the wavefront tracking, it uses the traveltime of the previous depth as the boundary condition to compute that of the next depth based on the wavefront marching. A strategy of traveltime computation is designed to guarantee the causality of wave propagation. To avoid solving the non‐linear eikonal equation, it updates traveltime along the expanding wavefront by Fermat's principle. To compute the traveltime using Fermat's principle, an approximate group velocity with high accuracy in transversely isotropic media is adopted to describe the ray propagation. Numerical examples on 3D vertical transverse isotropy and tilted transverse isotropy models show that the proposed method computes the traveltime with high accuracy. It can find applications in modelling and depth migration.
Intergenerational teen pregnancy: a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Liu N , Vigod SN , Farrugia MM , Urquia ML , Ray JG
Published: May 2018

Objective

To estimate the intergenerational association in teenage pregnancy, and whether there is a coupling tendency between a mother and daughter in how their teen pregnancies end, such as a termination of pregnancy (TOP) versus a live birth.

Design

Population‐based cohort study.

Setting

Ontario, Canada.

Population

A total of 15 097 mothers and their 16 177 daughters.

Methods

Generalised estimating equations generated adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of a daughter experiencing a teen pregnancy in relation to the number of teen pregnancies her mother had. Multinomial logistic regression estimated the odds that a teen pregnancy ended with TOP among both mother and daughter. All models were adjusted for maternal age and world region of origin, the daughter's socio‐demographic characteristics and comorbidities, mother–daughter cohabitation, and neighbourhood‐level teen pregnancy rate.

Main outcome measures

Teen pregnancy in the daughter, between ages 15 and 19 years, and also the nature of the daughter's teen pregnancy, categorised as (1) no teen pregnancy, (2) at least one teen pregnancy, all exclusively ending with a live birth, and (3) at least one teen pregnancy, with at least one teen pregnancy ending with a TOP.

Results

The proportion of daughters having a teen pregnancy among those whose mother had zero, one, two, or at least three teen pregnancies was 16.3, 24.9, 33.5 and 36.3%, respectively. The aOR of a daughter having a teen pregnancy was 1.42 (95% CI 1.25–1.61) if her mother had one, 1.97 (95% CI 1.71–2.26) if she had two, and 2.17 (95% CI 1.84–2.56) if her mother had three or more teen pregnancies, relative to none. If a mother had at least one teen pregnancy ending with TOP, then her daughter had an aOR of 2.12 (95% CI 1.76–2.56) for having a teen pregnancy also ending with TOP; whereas, if a mother had at least one teen pregnancy, all ending with a live birth, then her daughter had an aOR of 1.73 (95% CI 1.46–2.05) for that same outcome.

Conclusion

There is a strong intergenerational occurrence of teenage pregnancy between a mother and daughter, including a coupling tendency in how the pregnancy ends.

Tweetable abstract

Strong intergenerational association for teenage pregnancy between mother and daughter.
Protein‐Based Delivery Systems for the Nanoencapsulation of Food Ingredients
Authors: Fathi Milad , Donsi Francesco , McClements David Julian
Published: May 2018

Many proteins possess functional attributes that make them suitable for the encapsulation of bioactive agents, such as nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. This article reviews the state of the art of protein‐based nanoencapsulation approaches. The physicochemical principles underlying the major techniques for the fabrication of nanoparticles, nanogels, and nanofibers from animal, botanical, and recombinant proteins are described. Protein modification approaches that can be used to extend their functionality in these nanocarrier systems are also described, including chemical, physical, and enzymatic treatments. The encapsulation, retention, protection, and release of bioactive agents in different protein‐based nanocarriers are discussed. Finally, some of the major challenges in the design and fabrication of protein‐based delivery systems are highlighted.
Extraction from Food and Natural Products by Moderate Electric Field: Mechanisms, Benefits, and Potential Industrial Applications
Authors: Gavahian Mohsen , Chu Yan‐Hwa , Sastry Sudhir
Published: May 2018

Several extraction techniques have been proposed recently as the food industry is seeking alternatives to tedious classical methods. Moderate electric field (MEF) extraction at low and high temperatures offers several advantages such as enhancing product quantity and quality as well as saving time and energy. This method has gained interest as a preferred extraction technique among researchers. This review is devoted to introducing the principles, mechanisms, and recent progress in the MEF extraction technique. The parameters influencing MEF treatment are also discussed and performances are compared to conventional extraction methods. Considerations for industrial development of MEF as well as its drawbacks are also discussed. MEF extraction is applicable to a wide range of food materials and offers several benefits such as reducing extraction time and energy and also enhancing the extract's quality and yield. Optimizing process parameters, such as treatment time and temperature, electric field intensity, and frequency, along with raw material selection and preparation can boost the performance of a MEF system. Further investigations on safety and sustainability of this novel technique are required prior to commercial applications.
Effect of Canning and Freezing on the Nutritional Content of Apricots
Authors: Adkison Erin Claire , Biasi William B. , Bikoba Veronique , Holstege Dirk M. , Mitcham Elizabeth J.
Published: May 2018

The effect of commercial canning and freezing on the nutritional content of fresh apricots was investigated. Processed samples were analyzed post‐processing and after 3 months of storage and compared directly to fresh apricots from the same source. Vitamin C, beta‐carotene, total phenols, and antioxidants were quantified. Compared to fresh, canned apricots initially exhibited similar levels of antioxidants, a 17% increase in beta‐carotene, and a 48% increase in phenols, while vitamin C was reduced by 37%. After 3 months of storage, antioxidant levels were 47% higher than fresh. Vitamin C did not change significantly following storage and beta‐carotene decreased by 15%. The canned apricot fruit packed in light syrup did not have higher total soluble solids (TSS) levels indicating no increase in fruit sugar content. Frozen apricots exhibited large increases in antioxidants (529%), beta‐carotene (35%), vitamin C (3,370%), and phenols (406%) compared to fresh. After 3 months of storage, frozen apricots decreased in vitamin C (29%) and phenols (17%), but remained 2,375% and 318% higher than fresh, respectively. Beta‐carotene increased during storage, reaching levels 56% higher than fresh while antioxidant activity was unchanged. This study demonstrates that key nutrients in canned and frozen apricots are retained or amplified upon processing, with the exception of vitamin C in canned apricots. The routine addition of citric and ascorbic acid to fruit prior to freezing resulted in significantly higher antioxidants, vitamin C, and phenols. Consumers eating canned or frozen apricots can feel confident of similar or superior nutritional content as compared to fresh apricots.

Practical Application

The apricot industry is limited by the short shelf life of the fruit and consumer belief that processed produce is not as nutritious as fresh. Assessing the nutritional content of canned and frozen apricots and determining that processed apricots can deliver nearly comparable nutrient levels to fresh apricots provides the evidence needed to dispel these misconceptions and potentially increase demand for processed apricots among consumers.
Isolation and Characterization of Wheat Derived Nonspecific Lipid Transfer Protein 2 (nsLTP2)
Authors: Bosi Sara , Fiori Jessica , Dinelli Giovanni , Rigby Neil , Leoncini Emanuela , Prata Cecilia , Bregola Valeria , Marotti Ilaria , Gotti Roberto , Naldi Marina , Massaccesi Luca , Malaguti Marco , Kroon Paul , Hrelia Silvana
Published: May 2018

Numerous studies support the protective role of bioactive peptides against cardiovascular diseases. Cereals represent the primary source of carbohydrates, but they also contain substantial amounts of proteins, therefore representing a potential dietary source of bioactive peptides with nutraceutical activities. The analysis of wheat extracts purified by chromatographic techniques by means of HPLC‐UV/nanoLC‐nanoESI‐QTOF allowed the identification of a signal of about 7 kDa which, following data base searches, was ascribed to a nonspecific lipid‐transfer protein (nsLTP) type 2 from Triticum aestivum (sequence coverage of 92%). For the first time nsLTP2 biological activities have been investigated. In particular, in experiments with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), nsLTP2 displayed antioxidant and cytoprotective activities, being able to significantly decrease reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and to reduce lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, generated following oxidative (hydrogen peroxide) and inflammatory (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin‐1β, and lipopolysaccharide) stimulation. The obtained promising results suggest potential protective role of nsLTP2 in vascular diseases prevention.

Practical Application

nsLTP 2 peptide is resistant to proteases throughout the gastrointestinal tract and exerts antioxidant and cytoprotective activities. These characteristics could be exploited in vascular diseases prevention.
Development of a Chlorine Dosing Strategy for Fresh Produce Washing Process to Maintain Microbial Food Safety and Minimize Residual Chlorine
Authors: Chen Xi , Hung Yen‐Con
Published: May 2018

The residual free chlorine level in fresh produce wash solution is closely correlated to the chemical and microbial safety of produce. Excess amount of free chlorine can quickly react with organic matters to form hazardous disinfection by‐products (DBPs) above EPA‐permitted levels, whereas deficiency of residual chlorine in produce wash solution may result in incompletely removing pathogens on produce. The purpose of this study was to develop a chlorine dosing strategy to optimize the chlorine dosage during produce washing process without impacting the microbial safety of fresh produce. Prediction equations were developed to estimate free chlorine needed to reach targeted residual chlorine at various sanitizer pH and organic loads, and then validated using fresh‐cut iceberg lettuce and whole strawberries in an automated produce washer. Validation results showed that equations successfully predicted the initial chlorine concentration needed to achieve residual chlorine at 10, 30, 60, and 90 mg/L for both lettuce and strawberry washing processes, with the root mean squared error at 4.45 mg/L. The Escherichia coli O157:H7 reductions only slightly increased on iceberg lettuce and strawberries with residual chlorine increasing from 10 to 90 mg/L, indicating that lowering residual chlorine to 10 mg/L would not compromise the antimicrobial efficacy of chlorine‐based sanitizer. Based on the prediction equations and E. coli O157:H7 reduction results, a chlorine dosing strategy was developed to help the produce industry to maintain microbial inactivation efficacy without adding excess amount of free chlorine.

Practical Application

The chlorine dosing strategy can be used for fresh produce washing process to enhance the microbial food safety and minimize the DBPs formation potential.
Gender‐Specific Effects of Selection for Drinking in the Dark on the Network Roles of Coding and Noncoding RNAs
Authors: Iancu Ovidiu Dan , Colville Alex M. , Wilmot Beth , Searles Robert , Darakjian Priscila , Zheng Christina , McWeeney Shannon , Kawane Sunita , Crabbe John C. , Metten Pamela , Oberbeck Denesa , Hitzemann Robert
Published: May 2018

Background

Transcriptional differences between heterogeneous stock mice and high drinking‐in‐the‐dark selected mouse lines have previously been described based on microarray technology coupled with network‐based analysis. The network changes were reproducible in 2 independent selections and largely confined to 2 distinct network modules; in contrast, differential expression appeared more specific to each selected line. This study extends these results by utilizing RNA‐Seq technology, allowing evaluation of the relationship between genetic risk and transcription of noncoding RNA (ncRNA); we additionally evaluate sex‐specific transcriptional effects of selection.

Methods

Naïve mice (N = 24/group and sex) were utilized for gene expression analysis in the ventral striatum; the transcriptome was sequenced with the Illumina HiSeq platform. Differential gene expression and the weighted gene co‐expression network analysis were implemented largely as described elsewhere, resulting in the identification of genes that change expression level or (co)variance structure.

Results

Across both sexes, we detect selection effects on the extracellular matrix and synaptic signaling, although the identity of individual genes varies. A majority of nc RNAs cluster in a single module of relatively low density in both the male and female network. The most strongly differentially expressed transcript in both sexes was Gm22513, a small nuclear RNA with unknown function. Associated with selection, we also found a number of network hubs that change edge strength and connectivity. At the individual gene level, there are many sex‐specific effects; however, at the annotation level, results are more concordant.

Conclusions

In addition to demonstrating sex‐specific effects of selection on the transcriptome, the data point to the involvement of extracellular matrix genes as being associated with the binge drinking phenotype.
How Francisco Franco governs from beyond the grave: An infrastructural approach to memory politics in contemporary Spain
Authors: RUBIN JONAH S.
Published: May 2018

Four decades after the end of the Franco dictatorship, many Spaniards continue to question their country's claims to full democracy. Although Spain is now governed by popularly elected governments, citizens still experience the coercive effects of the dictatorship's policies in their daily interactions with the built environment, state institutions, and even their fellow citizens. These heterogeneous sites through which the dictatorship makes its presence felt constitute an infrastructure of memory that facilitates and impedes the circulation of past experience. In this context, people enact memory politics not only by contesting narratives of the past but also, first and foremost, by dis‐ and reassembling the physical, institutional, and social entanglements that undergird democratic politics. [infrastructures, cultural memory, democratic politics, forensic exhumations, archives, Spain]
Religion overcoming religions: Suffering, secularism, and the training of interfaith chaplains in Japan
Authors: BERMAN MICHAEL
Published: May 2018

Interfaith chaplains responded to the suffering caused by the 2011 earthquake and tsunami in Japan by providing “care for the heart” in municipal funeral halls, temporary housing units, and hospitals. To gain access to those government‐run spaces, however, chaplains had to suppress outward signs of their particular religious traditions, including prayers and Buddhist robes. They were neither remunerated for their labor nor allowed to proselytize. Gathering around suffering, suppressing religious differences to recognize suffering, and sharing suffering led chaplains to create a form of religion that they called “religion overcoming religions.” Ironically, this form of public religion exhausted the particular religions that formerly sustained their compassionate work, thus reproducing the alienation that their engagement with suffering is meant to overcome. [suffering, alienation, compassion, secularism, liberalism, capitalism, Japan]
The gospel of self‐help: Born‐again musicians and the moral problem of dependency in Uganda
Authors: BOYD LYDIA
Published: May 2018

Churches in Uganda have found success promoting a message of economic self‐sufficiency—a gospel of “self‐help”—that diverges sharply from alternative frameworks of moral‐economic behavior in Uganda that emphasize reciprocity and the social value of dependency. A notable effect of self‐help has been to change what adherents consider socially productive work and who has an obligation to pay for it. As a result, gospel musicians, who make most of their money through patronage and other forms of sponsorship, struggle to make a living. Their difficulties compel us to consider how moral sentiments and religious practices give shape to the terms of market‐based inequality, in part by marking dependent recipients of economic aid and charitable “gifts” as passive, rather than agentive, subjects.
Hot money, cold beer: Navigating the vanilla and rosewood export economies in northeastern Madagascar
Authors: ZHU ANNAH
Published: May 2018

Since 2000 northeastern Madagascar's subsistence‐based communities have registered record profits thanks to a boom in vanilla and rosewood exports. Yet, rather than saving or investing these returns, much of the local earnings were spent in “hot money” sprees on cold beer, gambling, and other forms of immediate consumption. Far from being illogical or unproductive, hot‐money spending and other practices associated with export economies help local communities navigate the volatility of global markets and domesticate foreign demands. Although these tactics come from the margins of global capitalism, they represent an acute cultural expression of some of the most sophisticated dynamics found at its core. [export economies,money,tactics,globalization,consumption,vanilla,rosewood,Madagascar]
Reconnaissance of the Hannibalic Route in the Upper Po Valley, Italy: Correlation with Biostratigraphic Historical Archaeological Evidence in the Upper Guil Valley, France
Authors: Mahaney W. C. , Somelar P. , West A. , Dirszowsky R. W. , Allen C. C. R. , Remmel T. K. , Tricart P.
Published: May 2018

Controversy over the alpine route taken by the Hannibalic Army from the Rhône Basin into Italia in 218 bc (2168 cal bp) has raged amongst classicists for over two millennia. Because Hannibal crossed the Alps, the significance for identifying the route taken by the Punic Army lies more in its potential for identifying sites of historical archaeological significance than a resolution of one of history's most enduring questions. While compelling stratigraphic, geochemical and microbiological evidence has been recovered from an alluvial floodplain mire in the upper Guil Valley, located below the Col de la Traversette (about 3000 masl) on the French–Italian border, it potentially identifies the invasion route as the one originally proposed by Sir Gavin de Beer in 1974. The dated layers in several sections, termed the MAD (mass animal deposition) beds based on disrupted/churned bedding and key/specialized biological components strongly supports de Beer's thesis that Hannibal chose the highest transit col into Italia. In addition to other physical evidence, we present here new physical, geomorphological and stratigraphic evidence, all calibrated by radiocarbon dating, that suggests Hannibal's imprint on the landscape exists in coalescing alluvial fans in the upper Po catchment of northern Italy.
When and How Do Interactive Digital Media Help Children Connect What They See On and Off the Screen?
Authors: Kirkorian Heather L.
Published: May 2018

Understanding screen media—even television—can be a challenging task that requires substantial cognitive effort, especially for young children with relatively limited cognitive resources. Toddlers are less likely to transfer information across contexts (e.g., from video images to actual objects) than within the same context. Interactivity, such as that afforded by video chat and touchscreen mobile applications, may promote this transfer. However, some types of interactivity may be more beneficial than others, and the optimal conditions for learning differ across children. In this article, I describe what we know and what we need to understand more fully about children's transfer in the context of interactive digital media. I emphasize the extent to which cognitive constraints and the complexity of tasks likely moderate the effects of digital media on early learning and development.
A Comparison of Two Alternate Scaling Approaches Employed for Task Analyses in Credentialing Examination Development
Authors: Fidler James R. , Risk Nicole M.
Published: May 2018

Credentialing examination developers rely on task (job) analyses for establishing inventories of task and knowledge areas in which competency is required for safe and successful practice in target occupations. There are many ways in which task‐related information may be gathered from practitioner ratings, each with its own advantage and limitation. Two of the myriad alternative task analysis rating approaches are compared in situ: one establishing relative task saliency through a single scale of rated importance and another employing a composite of several independent scales. Outcomes regarding tasks ranked by two practitioner groups are compared. A relatively high degree of association is observed between tasks ranked through each approach, yielding comparable, though not identical examination blueprints.
An Arabic expert system for voice synthesis
Authors: Tebbi Hanane , Hamadouche Maamar , Azzoune Hamid
Published: May 2018

In this paper, an efficient Arabic Expert System for Voice Synthesis, referred to us as AESVS, is proposed. This system, which is based on the Standard Arabic language, consists of 3 phases. The first phase is responsible for the automatic acquisition of human expert knowledge. The acquired knowledge consists of Arabic language pronunciation rules along with the required domain dictionary, to be used by the system. The second phase is concerned with the creation of the sound base that contains the acoustic units needed during the voice generation step. The third phase, which represents the speech synthesis operation, allows the generation of a phonemic sequence for any given word. All words in the input text are converted into their corresponding phonemes sequence by using orthographic phonetic transcription that takes into account their adaptation to the Arabic Language. To ensure this conversion from text to speech, we used approximately 350 predicates created by using the PROLOGUE inference engine, which are stored in a knowledge base that can be used upon request, during both the orthographic–phonetic transcription and the voice generation steps.
Analysis of data trust through an intelligent–transparent–trust triangulation model
Authors: Habib Sami J. , Marimuthu Paulvanna N.
Published: May 2018

Computing sensor systems are involved in making vital decisions based on sensed data. Thus, the data need to be trustworthy. We have made a novel attempt to analyse the trustworthiness of computing sensor systems outcomes by modelling trust as an association triangle between intelligence, transparency, and trust. Intelligence represents the computing algorithm, which makes the vital decisions, and transparency represents completeness by explicitly specifying the decision‐making process. We propose a triangulation model as a framework for assessing the trust, and we have selected 2 trust factors analogous to transparency and intelligence: the deviation of malfunctioning sensor data from its neighbours and the deviation from its own history. We have derived a set of relationships between the trust factors and their outcomes, and we have associated them with the proposed triangulation model. We also have formulated the generation of a trust subspace as an optimization problem with an objective function to maximize the trust. We have employed Tabu Search combined with Simulated Annealing to search for the best possible weighted combinations of trust factors. We have projected the experimental results onto a 3‐coordinate equilateral triangle to validate the decision analysis by displaying a definite trust or untrustworthiness of data.
Parental Denigration Boomerangs Versus Alienates: Parent–Child Closeness, Reciprocity, and Well‐Being Using Multiple Informants
Authors: Rowen Jenna , Emery Robert E.
Published: May 2018

Objective

To assess parental denigration, parents demeaning each other to or in front of their children, and whether denigration is one‐sided or reciprocal, related to distance or closeness between parents and children, and associated with measures of children's well‐being.

Background

The parental alienation hypothesis argues that denigration is one‐sided and distances children from the denigrated parent. Parental conflict research suggests that denigration is reciprocal and distances children from both parents, particularly the more frequently denigrating parent.

Method

Convenience samples totaling 994 young adults and including 157 sibling pairs completed a structured measure of denigration as well as several measures of parent–child relationship quality and individual well‐being.

Results

Parental denigration was measured reliably over time and between siblings. Denigration was highly reciprocal, linked to children feeling less close to both parents—particularly the one denigrating more often—and associated with a variety of measures of ill‐being. Results held both within and between siblings and in the 1% of cases of unilateral denigration.

Conclusion

Normatively, denigration appears to boomerang not alienate. Children consistently report feeling less close to parents who denigrate more than to parents who are the target of denigration.

Implications

Parents, and the professionals who work with them, must recognize the damage denigration does to denigrating parents' own relationship with their children. Findings also raise questions about alienation claims, which appear to be rare exceptions to the boomerang rule.
Renewable jet fuel supply scenarios in the European Union in 2021–2030 in the context of proposed biofuel policy and competing biomass demand
Authors: de Jong Sierk , van Stralen Joost , Londo Marc , Hoefnagels Ric , Faaij André , Junginger Martin
Published: May 2018

This study presents supply scenarios of nonfood renewable jet fuel (RJF) in the European Union (EU) toward 2030, based on the anticipated regulatory context, availability of biomass and conversion technologies, and competing biomass demand from other sectors (i.e., transport, heat, power, and chemicals). A cost optimization model was used to identify preconditions for increasedRJFproduction and the associated emission reductions, costs, and impact on competing sectors. Model scenarios show nonfoodRJFsupply could increase from 1 PJin 2021 to 165–261 PJ/year (3.8–6.1 million tonne (Mt)/year) by 2030, provided advanced biofuel technologies are developed and adequate (policy) incentives are present. This supply corresponds to 6%–9% of jet fuel consumption and 28%–41% of total nonfood biofuel consumption in theEU. These results are driven by proposed policy incentives and a relatively high fossil jet fuel price compared to other fossil fuels.RJFreduces aviation‐related combustion emission by 12–19 Mt/yearCO2‐eq by 2030, offsetting 53%–84% of projected emission growth of the sector in theEUrelative to 2020. IncreasedRJFsupply mainly affects nonfood biofuel use in road transport, which remained relatively constant during 2021–2030. The cost differential ofRJFrelative to fossil jet fuel declines from 40 €/GJ(1,740 €/t) in 2021 to 7–13 €/GJ(280–540 €/t) in 2030, because of the introduction of advanced biofuel technologies, technological learning, increased fossil jet fuel prices, and reduced feedstock costs. The cumulative additional costs ofRJFequal €7.7–11 billion over 2021–2030 or €1.0–1.4 per departing passenger (intra‐EU) when allocated to the aviation sector. By 2030, 109–213 PJ/year (2.5–4.9 Mt/year)RJFis produced from lignocellulosic biomass using technologies which are currently not yet commercialized. Hence, (policy) mechanisms that expedite technology development are cardinal to the feasibility and affordability of increasingRJFproduction.
A Simulation Study on Specifying a Regression Model for Spatial Data: Choosing between Autocorrelation and Heterogeneity Effects
Authors: Harris Paul
Published: May 2018

In this simulation study, regressions specified with autocorrelation effects are compared against those with relationship heterogeneity effects, and in doing so, provides guidance on their use. Regressions investigated are: (1) multiple linear regression, (2) a simultaneous autoregressive error model, and (3) geographically weighted regression. The first is nonspatial and acts as a control, the second accounts for stationary spatial autocorrelation via the error term, while the third captures spatial heterogeneity through the modeling of nonstationary relationships between the response and predictor variables. The geostatistical‐based simulation experiment generates data and coefficients with known multivariate spatial properties, all within an area‐unit spatial setting. Spatial autocorrelation and spatial heterogeneity effects are varied and accounted for. On fitting the regressions, that each have different assumptions and objectives, to very different geographical processes, valuable insights to their likely performance are uncovered. Results objectively confirm an inherent interrelationship between autocorrelation and heterogeneity, that results in an identification problem when choosing one regression over another. Given this, recommendations on the use and implementation of these spatial regressions are suggested, where knowledge of the properties of real study data and the analytical questions being posed are paramount.
Origin of the intermediate phase in lead zirconate, PbZrO3
Authors: Liu Hongbo
Published: May 2018

The so‐called intermediate phase of pure PbZrO3 was investigated on a series of specimens by dielectric measurements and X‐ray diffraction. The results indicate that neither defects nor impurities are the origin of the phase. Only in specimens with a low content of pseudocubic [0 0 1]c domains does the intermediate phase appear on cooling. This preferred orientation suppresses the effect of out‐of‐phase oxygen octahedral rotations, which stabilize the antiferroelectric phase. As a result, the intermediate phase is present competitively in a narrow temperature range during cooling before the antiferroelectric phase transition.
LABOR UNIONS AND CORPORATE CASH HOLDINGS: EVIDENCE FROM INTERNATIONAL DATA
Authors: Tong Zhenxu , Huang Hui
Published: May 2018

Firms in countries with higher union membership have less corporate cash holdings. This negative relation is stronger for firms in countries with weak employment protection legislation, firms in countries with a high degree of labor bargaining centralization, and financially constrained firms. Moreover, the market value of corporate cash holdings is lower for firms in countries with high union membership. The number of strikes and lockouts is higher in countries with more corporate cash holdings. We conclude that firms strategically choose corporate cash holdings to gain a bargaining position with labor in an international setting.
Motherhood Penalties and Living Arrangementsin China
Authors: Yu Jia , Xie Yu
Published: May 2018

Past research on the “motherhood wage penalty” has been based on data from nuclear families, leaving open the possibility that the motherhood wage penalty may be lower or even absent in multigenerational families. In this article, the wage gap between mothers and nonmothers is examined in nuclear and multigenerational families in the context of contemporary China, which has a long tradition of patriarchal families. Using 1993 to 2006 China Health and Nutrition Survey data, the magnitude and variation of motherhood penalty is explored with fixed effects models among 1,058 women. The results show that each additional child lowers hourly wages by about 12%. In addition, the motherhood penalty is largest for women living with their husbands' parents, smaller for women not living with parents, and nil for women living with their own parents.
A new phylogenetic tribal classification of the grape family (Vitaceae)
Authors: Wen Jun , Lu Li‐Min , Nie Ze‐Long , Liu Xiu‐Qun , Zhang Ning , Ickert‐Bond Stefanie , Gerrath Jean , Manchester Steven R. , Boggan John , Chen Zhi‐Duan
Published: May 2018

Vitaceae (the grape family) consist of 16 genera and ca. 950 species primarily distributed in tropical regions. The family is well‐known for the economic importance of grapes, and is also ecologically significant with many species as dominant climbers in tropical and temperate forests. Recent phylogenetic and phylogenomic analyses of sequence data from all three genomes have supported five major clades within Vitaceae: (i) the clade of Ampelopsis, Nekemias, Rhoicissus, and Clematicissus; (ii) the Cissus clade; (iii) the clade of Cayratia, Causonis, Cyphostemma, Pseudocayratia, Tetrastigma, and an undescribed genus “Afrocayratia”; (iv) the clade of Parthenocissus and Yua; and (v) the grape genus Vitis and its close tropical relatives Ampelocissus, Pterisanthes and Nothocissus, with Nothocissus and Pterisanthes nested within Ampelocissus. Based on the phylogenetic and morphological (mostly inflorescence, floral and seed characters) evidence, the new classification places the 950 species and 16 genera into five tribes: (i) tribe Ampelopsideae J.Wen & Z.L.Nie, trib. nov. (47 species in four genera; Ampelopsis, Nekemias, Rhoicissus and Clematicissus); (ii) tribe Cisseae Rchb. (300 species in one genus; Cissus); (iii) tribe Cayratieae J.Wen & L.M.Lu, trib. nov. (370 species in seven genera; Cayratia, Causonis, “Afrocayratia”, Pseudocayratia, Acareosperma, Cyphostemma and Tetrastigma); (iv) tribe Parthenocisseae J.Wen & Z.D.Chen, trib. nov. (ca. 16 spp. in two genera; Parthenocissus and Yua); and (v) tribe Viteae Dumort. (ca. 190 species in two genera; Ampelocissus and Vitis).
Evidence for horizontal gene transfer and separation of effector recognition from effector function revealed by analysis of effector genes shared between cape gooseberry‐ and tomato‐infecting formae speciales of Fusarium oxysporum
Authors: Simbaqueba Jaime , Catanzariti Ann‐Maree , González Carolina , Jones David A.
Published: May 2018

RNA sequencing (RNAseq) reads from cape gooseberry plants (Physalis peruviana) infected with Fusarium oxysporumf. sp. physali (Foph) were mapped against the lineage‐specific transcriptome of Fusarium oxysporumf. sp. lycopersici (Fol) to look for putative effector genes. Homologues of Fol SIX1(designated SIX1a and SIX1b), SIX7, SIX10, SIX12, SIX15 and Ave1were identified. The near identity of the Foph and Fol SIX7, SIX10 and SIX12genes and their intergenic regions suggest that this gene cluster may have undergone recent lateral transfer. Foph SIX1a and SIX1bwere tested for their ability to complement a SIX1 knockout mutant of Fol. This mutant shows reduced pathogenicity on susceptible tomato plants, but is able to infect otherwise resistant tomato plants carrying the I‐3 gene for Fusarium wilt resistance (SIX1 corresponds to Avr3). Neither SIX1a nor SIX1b could restore full pathogenicity on susceptible tomato plants, suggesting that any role they may play in pathogenicity is likely to be specific to cape gooseberry. SIX1b, but not SIX1a, was able to restore avirulence on tomato plants carrying I‐3.These findings separate the recognition of SIX1 from its role as an effector and suggest direct recognition by I‐3. A hypervariable region of SIX1undergoing diversifying selection within the F. oxysporum species complex is likely to play an important role in SIX1 recognition. These findings also indicate that I‐3could potentially be deployed as a transgene in cape gooseberry to protect this emerging crop from Foph.Alternatively, cape gooseberry germplasm could be explored for I‐3homologues capable of providing resistance to Foph.
Children's experiences and expectations of kidney transplantation: A qualitative interview study
Authors: Walker Rachael C. , Naicker Derisha , Kara Tonya , Palmer Suetonia C.
Published: May 2018

Aim

Kidney transplantation offers improved quality of life and life expectancy compared with dialysis for children. This study aims to understand the experiences and expectations of children during the kidney transplantation process to inform clinical care.

Methods

Face‐to‐face, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 13 children and adolescents aged between 7 and 17 years in New Zealand who had received a kidney transplantation. Findings were conceptualized using thematic analysis with inductive coding.

Results

Three major themes were identified: transplant as the goal (the only real treatment and escaping dialysis); dealing with negative emotions (coping with anxiety and fear, guilt for siblings and burden of parent as donor); and enhancing understanding and knowledge (individualised education and reassurance from peer support).

Conclusion

Children and adolescents view transplantation as freedom from dialysis and return to a more normal life. Children focus on the positive aspects of transplantation to reduce anxiety and be reassured in the face of uncertainty. Complex emotions arise when thinking about their donor. Children recognize transplantation is not a return to full health and actively seek out ways to self‐manage their care, while remaining anxious about their future.
Testing the roles of vertical transmission and drought stress in the prevalence of heritable fungal endophytes in annual grass populations
Authors: Cavazos Brittany R. , Bohner Teresa F. , Donald Marion L. , Sneck Michelle E. , Shadow Alan , Omacini Marina , Rudgers Jennifer A. , Miller Tom E. X.
Published: May 2018

Beneficial inherited symbionts are expected to reach high prevalence in host populations, yet many are observed at intermediate prevalence. Theory predicts that a balance of fitness benefits and efficiency of vertical transmission may interact to stabilize intermediate prevalence.

We established populations of grass hosts (Lolium multiflorum) that varied in prevalence of a heritable fungal endophyte (Epichloё occultans), allowing us to infer long‐term equilibria by tracking change in prevalence over one generation. We manipulated an environmental stressor (elevated precipitation), which we hypothesized would reduce the fitness benefits of symbiosis, and altered the efficiency of vertical transmission by replacing endophyte‐positive seeds with endophyte‐free seeds.

Endophytes and elevated precipitation both increased host fitness, but symbiont effects were not stronger in the drier treatment, suggesting that benefits of symbiosis were unrelated to drought tolerance. Reduced transmission suppressed the inferred equilibrium prevalence from 42.6% to 11.7%. However, elevated precipitation did not modify prevalence, consistent with the result that it did not modify fitness benefits.

Our results demonstrate that failed transmission can influence the prevalence of heritable microbes and that intermediate prevalence can be a stable equilibrium due to forces that allow symbionts to increase (fitness benefits) but prevent them from reaching fixation (failed transmission).
Do Monetary Policy Announcements Affect Exchange Rate Returns and Volatility of Returns? Some Evidence from High‐Frequency Intra‐Day South African Data
Authors: May Cyril , Farrell Greg , Rossouw Jannie
Published: May 2018

This paper examines the temporal effect of domestic monetary policy surprises on both returns and volatility of returns of the South African rand/U.S. dollar exchange rate. The analysis in this “event study” proceeds using intra‐day minute‐by‐minute exchange rate data, repo rate data from the South African Reserve Bank's scheduled monetary policy announcements, and market consensus repo rate forecasts. A carefully selected sample over the period August 2003 to November 2017 ensures that the change in monetary policy is exogenous to the exchange rate. We find statistically and economically significant responses in intra‐day high‐frequency South African rand/U.S. dollar exchange rate returns and volatility of exchange rate returns to domestic interest rate surprises, but anticipated changes have no bearing on exchange rate returns and their volatility. The empirical results also indicate that there is an instantaneous response of the rand/dollar exchange rate to monetary policy surprises and that monetary policy news is an important determinant of the exchange rate until at least 42 minutes after the pronouncement – suggesting a high degree of market “efficiency” in its mechanical sense (although not necessarily in the deeper economic‐informational sense) in processing this information. Essentially, the asymmetric GARCH results exhibit no leverage effects – positive and negative information shocks have symmetric effects on conditional variance.