bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Rising Sea Levels on Historical Sites Old City Semarang
Authors: Putri Kirana Anindita Parama , Hasibuan Hayati Sari , Tambunan Rudy Parluhutan
Published: November 2021

The phenomenon of climate change causes cities in coastal areas to be threatened by rising sea levels. Semarang is one of the coastal cities in Indonesia which is threatened by sea level rise. One of the consequences is tidal flooding in coastal areas of Semarang. Semarang as an old city has a cultural heritage area with historic buildings. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the current condition of the Semarang Old City National Cultural Heritage Area and the impact experienced by the tidal flood. The method used in this research is to conduct a literature study and field observations which are analyzed by spatial analysis of buildings in historical areas and descriptive analysis. This study shows that tidal flooding is a threat to cultural heritage buildings. The condition of the land in the city of Semarang, which is decreasing due to land subsidence and rising sea levels, has made the potential for damage to buildings in the old city area even greater.
Semarang Flash Flood 1990
Authors: Widodo Sutejo K. , Pasaribu Nia Lavenia
Published: November 2021

This article entitled "Semarang Flash Flood 1990" is a historical study of the environment. This research using historical method. This approach uses environmental history that refers to the impact of floods that are natural events that occur in an area that cause the impact of both casualties. From the research shows that the cause of flash flood disasters in Semarang is the environmental damaged in the Kaligarang River flow and the reduction of the recharge areas resulting from the development. Floods will have social impacts in the community that cause loss and loss of life. On January 27 the death toll was 47 deaths and on January 29, 1990 the number of victims increased by 76 people. The government launched a strategy to quickly help flood victims to disaster preparedness posts. The government's response set a relocation resettlement area in Sadeng Village, Gunungpati District, and the location will be used as a reforestation area for the surrounding community.
What We Can Learn from Vernacular House and COVID-19 Infection? A Review of Mbaru Niang, Flores, Indonesia
Authors: Pinassang Jeanny Laurens , Harsritanto Bangun I.R. , Sari Dany Perwita
Published: November 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that the current ventilation design, especially in residential buildings, may not provide healthy air exchange. Since current buildings in tropical climate only focused on cooling, its have become sites of rapid COVID-19 transmission. In order to avoid indoor SARS-Cov-2 transmission, some studies recommended an increase in air supply with a higher air exchange rate and to reduce the usage of the air conditioner. Flores has been designated one of the top Indonesian tourism destinations. However, access to transportation is still tricky. Analysis of local materials, culture, and weather can reduce the building cost and preserved local value to become the area's identity. Vernacular housing in Indonesia has adapted well to climatic conditions in different locations by using natural ventilation that ensures thermal comfort. We propose a ventilation design with natural ventilation from Mbaru Niang's traditional house. It was found that raised floor, verandah, and sun shading can reduce the hot temperature from solar radiation and hot wind from the sea breeze. This modern building concept can become a practical, healthy, and environmentally friendly solution for building in Flores, Indonesia. Introduction
Parents’ Feeding Style on the Adequacy of Energy and Protein in Children with Stunted Nutritional Status
Authors: Afiatna Puji , Maryanto Sugeng
Published: November 2021

Stunting in children occurs within a certain time; its incidence is closely related to the quantity and quality of food intake, especially the adequacy of energy and protein. Parents with various models of feeding style influence the fulfilment of food intake in children. This study was conducted to analyze the correlation of feeding style with adequate energy and protein levels in stunted children aged 6-9 years. The design in this study was cross-sectional in 91 stunted children aged 6-9 years at West Ungaran, Semarang, who was selected by consecutive sampling. The data was collected using anthropometric measurements and parental feeding style, and the data were analyzed using the Spearman rank test. Parents feeding style was authoritative (37.2%), authoritarian (13.2%), permissive (20.9%), and neglect (28.6%). The highest energy adequacy level in children was found in parents with neglect feeding style in the deficit category (73.1%). Children’s highest protein adequacy level was found in parents with authoritative feeding styles, in the over the category (50.0%). Parental feeding style correlated with the adequacy of energy and protein levels in children and impacted the incidence of stunting in children aged 6-9 years.
Instant Porridge with Red Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) and Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) as A Complementary Feeding
Authors: Purbowati  , Kartika Wening Dyah , Afiatna Puji , Maryanto Sugeng , Nasifah Isri
Published: November 2021

Complementary feeding is used for infants aged 6-24 months to meet nutritional needs other than breast milk. The addition of local food ingredients could increase the nutritional value of instant baby porridge, such as red beans and oyster mushrooms, as a source of protein and fiber. This study was conducted to evaluate instant porridge preference and nutritional contents with red beans and oyster mushrooms. Quasi-experiment completely randomized method was used in this study. There were 3 formulations of porridge based on the composition of rice flour and red bean (60:40, 70:30, and 80:20). All formulas were added with 1 gram of dry oyster mushrooms. Based on an organoleptic test conducted by 25 infant mothers, the ratio of 70:30 was the best formula. This formula contained 39.2 grams of carbohydrates, protein 6.1 grams, 1 gram of fat, and 1.1 grams of fiber per serving. Instant porridge formula 2 fulfils the nutritional needs of infants aged 6-12 months of carbohydrates, protein, fat and fiber, respectively 37.3%, 40.1%, 2.9%, and 10%.
Characteristics of COVID-19 Cases in Central Java as the 5th Most Populous Province in Indonesia
Authors: Sutiningsih Dwi , Azizah Azzahra Nur , Prabowo Yulianto , Sugiharto Aris , Agung Wibowo Mufti , Istirochah  , Sri Lestari Endah , Aurorina Estri , Pratiwi Maharani Eka
Published: November 2021

Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) cases are still increasing, while the epidemiology data is still limited. This study’s purpose is to delineate characteristics of 31,407 COVID-19 patients in Central Java. This research involved secondary data acquired from the Health Office of Central Java, which was analysed univariately. The majority of the patients were 19-44-year-old (43.57%), females (50.81%), and private employees (10.53%). The most frequent symptoms were fever (18.85%), cough (18.19%), and shortness of breath (13.71%). Most of the cases were from Semarang City (17.2%), Kudus (6%), Jepara (6%), Demak (5.5%), and Kendal (4.3%), with an Incidence Rate (per 10,000) of 42.79; 14.53; 14.99; 14.90; and 13.84 respectively. Furthermore, most of the patients had no transit history (87.11%), while out of 25 of the foreign transit histories, the United States of America and China contributed 24% and 20%, sequentially. Three-fourths of the domestic transit history was in Central Java, whereas the Special Capital Region of Jakarta, South Sulawesi, and East Java shared 9.79%, 5.99%, and 3.08%. The most common transit history in Central Java was in Semarang City (19.28%) and Kudus (13.91%). In conclusion, the characteristics of COVID-19 cases were varied, and local transmission has occurred, which has spread to 35 cities/districts.
Web of Environment and Trading Networks Through the Circulation of Currencies in the 19th Century East Coast Sumatera
Authors: Barus Saparudin , Sulistiyono Singgih Tri , Rochwulaningsih Yety , Susilowati Endang
Published: November 2021

This article seeks to address how networks of trade can help explain the changing of complex environment of the commercial centres which mainly relied on ports. East Coast Sumatera, as a coastal area had hosted the power dynamics and contestations between capitalists during the colonial times. In addition to that, East Coast Sumatera was also regarded as a vital sea lane for commercial vessels and, hence, emerged into urban trading centres. This article employs historiography as the research method. Data presented in this article comprises of primary data, such as coin collections that were accessed from The Sumatran Numismatic Museum, as well as secondary data including published books and scholarly articles. This research shows that currencies found in East Coast Sumatra has demonstrated that currency was situated as the highest authority, meaning that it was not only understood as a tool of exchange in economy and monetary sense but also a tool for political legitimacy (money power) for territorial expansion, in competition for wealth. Aside from that, the produced space of maritime culture represented an environment and networks of trade that produced power.
Selected Webliographies on Indonesian Cultural Heritages
Authors: Krismayani Ika , Jumino  , Wasisto Joko
Published: November 2021

Indonesia is a country rich in cultural heritage. The diverse cultural heritages demand promotion through various media, such as the web, aimed primarily at the younger generation. This paper aims to present various links and descriptions of web-shaped information sources that participate in promoting the cultural heritage of the Nusantara. The method used is a qualitative descriptive method by searching websites through a search engine using predetermined keywords. The results showed that various websites were found to provide information and promote cultural heritage to the broader community. Dissemination was not only carried out to the Indonesian people but also to the international community. This can be seen from two things, namely the nature of web pages that can be accessed globally and the existence of websites using bilingual, namely Indonesian and English.
Waste Banks Management Information System Using K-Means Cluster Approach Based On Geographic Information System
Authors: Irfan Muhammad , Warsito Budi , Suryono Suryono
Published: November 2021

Natural disasters due to climate change can cause thousand tons of waste and the loss of human life, environmental damage and also economic losses each year. One of the ways to increase the effectiveness of waste management is by conducting waste banks activities as a community based environmental governance. Here, waste banks can be considered as a valuable economic commodity and savings. The supporting factor for the success of waste banks activity is through a technological instrument as a community based management which encourage the innovations for developing waste banks to be more effective and integrated. The method applied to the waste banks management system is a combination of the k- means cluster and the geographic information system (GIS) to identify groups of waste banks that have identical types of waste and also their distribution. The waste banks information system is able to provide information of the distribution of waste, waste production, the selling price of waste, and also groups of waste banks that have identical types of waste. The data used are 50 waste banks over a period of 8 months. The waste banks information system is able to perform classification in order to evaluate the distribution of waste.
Prediction Meaning of Words with Word2Vec on Whatsapp Data for Disaster Topic
Authors: Subowo Edy , Soeprobowati Tri Retnaningsih , Widodo Aris Puji
Published: November 2021

The community’s need for conditions that are safe from disasters is the basis for the problems of the system to be created. The system that will be created is able to detect the meaning of words from Whatsapp data obtained from the public. The data used is Whatsapp social media data, systematics of data processing starts from pre-processing and ends with an extended factorization matrix Word2Vec analysis, which is called Continuous Bag-of-Word (CBOW) to get the meaning of sentences as early detection of disaster locations. The system can extract 43% required Whatsapp data in the total of data processed by the system, and total accuracy on Word2Vec is 79%.
Geospatial Modeling to Assess The Land Suitability of Mangrove Restoration at Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Suraningsih Kanti , Purnaweni Hartuti , Helmi Muhammad
Published: November 2021

The geo-position of Bantul Regency, which has open seas directly facing the Indian Ocean, is very vulnerable to tsunami and abrasion hazards, therefore disaster mitigation is needed in the form of restoring mangrove forest ecosystems. The purpose of this study was to assess the land suitability of mangrove restoration. The method used in this research is geospatial modelling that utilizes field surveys and interviews. The parameters tested consisted of maximum inundation, inundation frequency and land use. The results showed the potential for mangrove restoration as disaster mitigation at the Opak river estuary in Tirtohargo Village Kretek District and Rejosari Village in Sanden District. The Progo River estuary is also a mangrove restoration area in Poncosari Village, Srandakan District. After doing the geospatial analysis, it was found that the potential for mangrove forest restoration with a very suitable class was 168 ha and a suitable class was 181 ha. This mangrove forest is highly recommended because it physically has a coastal defence, protecting beaches and river banks, and prevents seawater abrasion.
Chronic Kidney Disease Diagnosis System using Sequential Backward Feature Selection and Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Noor Chotimah Siti , Warsito Budi , Surarso Bayu
Published: November 2021

The number of factors that can be categorized into the diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) at an early stage makes information about the diagnosis of the disease divided into information that has many influences and has little influence. This study aims to select diagnoses in medical records with the most influential information on chronic kidney disease. The first step is to select a diagnosis with much influence by implementing the Sequential Backward Feature Selection (SBFS). This algorithm eliminates features that are considered to have little influence when compared to other features. In the second step, the features of the best diagnoses are used as input to the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) classification algorithm. The results obtained from this study are information in the form of the best diagnoses that have much influence on chronic kidney disease and the accuracy results based on the selected diagnoses. Based on the study results, 15 features are considered the best of the 18 features used to achieve 88% accuracy results. Compared with conventional methods, this method still requires consideration from the medical staff because it is not a final diagnosis for patients.
Adrenocortical Cancer: A 20-Year Experience of a Single Referral Center in Prognosis and Outcomes
Authors: Zografos George , Kassi Eva , Parianos Christos , Kyriakopoulos Georgios , Kostakis Ioannis D. , Nasiri-Ansari Narjes , Aggeli Chrysanthi , Dimitriadi Anastasia , Angelousi Anna , Papavassiliou Athanasios G. , Kaltsas Gregory A.
Published: November 2021

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare but very aggressive endocrine malignancy with poor survival. Histopathology is important for diagnosis, while in some cases immunohistochemical markers and gene profiling of the resected tumor may be superior to current staging systems to determine prognosis. We aimed to present the 20-year experience at a tertiary hospital in patients with ACCs and correlate the immunohistochemical characteristics of ACCs with the clinical and morphological characteristics of the tumors and the survival of the patients. Forty-five patients with ACC were included in the study. All the resections were R0. The tumor size and weight, the disease stage (ENSAT classification), Weiss score and Helsinki score were examined along with immunohistochemical expression of inhibin-A, melan A, calretinin, Ki67, synaptophysin, p53, vimentin, CKAE1/AE3. The male to female ratio was 1:1.37. The median age at diagnosis was 55.5 years (IQR 19–77). The median size of ACCs was 9 cm (IQR 3.5–22 cm) and the median weight 127 g (IQR 18–1400 g). The median follow up period was 18 months (IQR 1–96). Ki67 varied from<1% to 75% (median: 16.4%). The expression of melan-A and lower expression of Ki-67 (≤4) were independently associated with longer OS time (p=0.01 and p=0.04, respectively). In multivariable analysis, tumor volume>400 cm3 (p=0.046), Weiss score>5 (p=0.007) and overexpression of p53 (p=0.036) were independent risk factors for shorter survival. Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare and very aggressive endocrine malignancy. The most important factors that determine long-term prognosis of ACC are the disease stage at diagnosis, the Weiss score, and the Ki67 index. Immunohistochemical markers such as melan A could also serve as prognostic factors.
Fundamentals of metal oxide/oxyfluoride electrodes for Li-/Na-ion batteries
Authors: Campéon Benoît Denis Louis , Yabuuchi Naoaki
Published: November 2021

Lithium-ion batteries provide the development of a clean and sustainable society based on renewable energy resources. To further enhance energy density and reduce the cost of batteries, innovations on electrode materials and high-performance nickel-/cobalt-free materials are necessary. In this review, lithium-excess manganese-based electrode materials with layered/rock salt oxides/oxyfluorides are emphasized because of their potential ability to be utilized as advanced and low-cost lithium-ion batteries in the near future. For these emerging electrode materials, higher energy density is realized, compared with traditional layered materials based on nickel/cobalt ions, relying on anionic and/or cationic redox as multi-electron reactions. Although, currently, anionic redox suffers from degradation of reversibility on continuous cycles, significant progress on theoretical understanding and material design concepts has been made in the past several years. Recently, as alternatives to traditional layered materials, many disordered rock salt oxides, including metastable and nanosized oxyfluorides, have been also found as a new class of high-capacity electrode materials with anionic/cationic redox. In the later part, these new trends for the material design are also extended to the development of electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries. By reviewing the fundamental and recent research progress in metal oxide/oxyfluoride electrodes, a valuable guide for materials scientists in the field of batteries is provided to accelerate the industrial development of high-performance nickel-/cobalt-free electrode materials.
Transverse thermal energy conversion using spin and topological structures
Authors: Boona Stephen R. , Jin Hyungyu , Watzman Sarah
Published: November 2021

Conversion of thermal to electrical energy has been a subject of intense study for well over two centuries. Despite steady progress throughout the past several decades, solid-state thermoelectric (TE) energy conversion devices remain adequate only for niche applications. One appealing option for circumventing the limits of conventional TE physics is to utilize phenomena where flows of heat and charge are perpendicular, the so-called “transverse” geometry. In this Tutorial, we discuss recent advances behind new ways to generate large transverse thermoelectric voltages, such as the spin Seebeck and Nernst effects, as well as Weyl physics. We provide suggestions for how these mechanisms might be enhanced and implemented into high-efficiency, next generation transverse TE devices. We also discuss best practices for accurate measurement and reporting of transverse thermoelectric material properties, including a case study of a round robin spin Seebeck coefficient measurement.
Nonlinear dynamics of geodesic-acoustic-mode packets
Authors: Poli E. , Bottino A. , Maj O. , Palermo F. , Weber H.
Published: November 2021

The dynamics of finite-amplitude, undamped geodesic-acoustic-mode (GAM) packets is shown to be well described by a nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The GAM is supposed to be generated through an appropriate initial perturbation, and its coupling with other possible modes in the plasma is disregarded. However, the nonlinear modifications of the dispersion properties of the plasma due to the GAM itself are retained. A theoretical approach based on the variational method is shown to compare successfully with the nonlinear particle-in-cell simulations. Typical nonlinear phenomena, as known, e.g., from nonlinear optics, like nonlinear phase shift, nonlinear phase-front shape, and wave breaking are analyzed. Depending on the electron-to-ion temperature ratio and hence on the dispersion regime (normal or anomalous), synergy or competition between dispersive and nonlinear packet broadening takes place. In the latter regime, the existence of “GAM solitons” is reported.
Modeling and analysis of a high-Tc superconducting polarization-manipulating single-sideband mixer for terahertz communications
Authors: Gao Xiang , Li Huanxin , Song Jinpeng , An Jianping , Bu Xiangyuan , Liu Heng
Published: November 2021

This paper presents systematic modeling and performance analyses of a 340-GHz dual-polarized antenna-coupled single-sideband (SSB) high-Tc superconducting (HTS) mixer for terahertz (THz) communication systems. The mixer features a fully monolithic-integrated circuit layout, which enables both sensitive heterodyne detection and high image rejection by appropriate polarization-manipulating operation. To predict the comprehensive performance of such a HTS mixer with relatively complicated network architecture and polarization relationships, an innovative modified three-port modeling approach is presented and developed by theoretical derivations. Using the measured Josephson junction parameters of our previous experimentally demonstrated HTS mixer module at the same band, the best conversion gain and SSB noise temperature of the presented mixer are predicted to be around −5 dB and 1200 K at the operating temperature of 40 K, respectively. In addition, the mixer exhibits a flat frequency response over a wide intermediate-frequency range from 15 to 25 GHz and high image rejection of more than 17 dB over the radio frequency operation range. The SSB HTS Josephson mixer will be useful for THz wireless communication applications.
Multi-dimensional Vlasov simulations on trapping-induced sidebands of Langmuir waves
Authors: Chen Y. , Zheng C. Y. , Liu Z. J. , Cao L. H. , Xiao C. Z.
Published: November 2021

The temporal evolution of Langmuir waves is presented with two-dimensional electrostatic Vlasov simulations. In a muti-wavelength system, trapped electrons can generate sidebands including longitudinal, transverse, and oblique sidebands. We demonstrated that oblique sidebands are important decay channels of Langmuir waves, and the growth rate of oblique sidebands is smaller than that of longitudinal sidebands but higher than that of transverse sidebands. When the amplitudes of sidebands are comparable with that of a Langmuir wave, vortex merging occurs following the broadening of longitudinal and transverse wavenumbers, and finally the system is developed into a turbulent state. In addition, the growth of sidebands can be depicted by the nonlinear Schrödinger model [Dewar–Rose–Yin (DRY) model] with non-Maxwellian Landau damping. The theoretical results show the significance of nonlinear frequency shift in the evolution of Langmuir waves. The growth rates of sidebands in the DRY model are in qualitative agreement with Vlasov simulations.
Tailored nano-electronics and photonics with two-dimensional materials at terahertz frequencies
Authors: Viti Leonardo , Vitiello Miriam Serena
Published: November 2021

The discovery of graphene and its fascinating capabilities has triggered an unprecedented interest in inorganic two-dimensional (2D) materials. van der Waals layered materials such as graphene, hexagonal boron nitride, transition metal dichalcogenides, and the more recently re-discovered black phosphorus (BP) indeed display an exceptional technological potential for engineering nano-electronic and nano-photonic devices and components “by design,” offering a unique platform for developing new devices with a variety of “ad hoc” properties. In this Perspective article, we provide a vision on the key transformative applications of 2D nanomaterials for the development of nanoelectronic, nanophotonic, optical, and plasmonic devices at terahertz frequencies, highlighting how the rich physical phenomena enabled by their unique band structure engineering can allow them to boost the vibrant field of quantum science and quantum technologies.
Electrohydrodynamics of dielectric droplet collision on different wettability surfaces
Authors: Sahoo Nilamani , Samanta Devranjan , Dhar Purbarun
Published: November 2021

In this article, we report the experimental and semi-analytical findings to elucidate the electrohydrodynamics (EHD) of a dielectric liquid droplet impact on superhydrophobic (SH) and hydrophilic surfaces. A wide range of Weber numbers (We) and electro-capillary numbers (Cae) are covered to explore the various regimes of droplet impact EHD. We show that for a fixed We ∼ 60, droplet rebound on a SH surface is suppressed with increase in electric field intensity (increase in Cae). At high Cae, instead of the usual uniform radial contraction, the droplets retract faster in an orthogonal direction to the electric field and spread along the direction of the electric field, inducing large electrical stresses at the liquid rim facing the electrodes. This prevents the accumulation of sufficient kinetic energy to achieve the droplet rebound phenomena. For certain values of We and Ohnesorge number (Oh), droplets exhibit somersault-like motion during rebound. Subsequently, we propose a semi-analytical model to explain the field induced rebound phenomenon on SH surfaces. Above a critical Cae ∼ 4.5, EHD instability causes a fingering pattern via evolution of a spire at the rim. Further, the spreading EHD on both hydrophilic and SH surfaces is discussed. On both wettability surfaces and for a fixed We, the spreading factor shows an increasing trend with increase in Cae. We have formulated an analytical model based on energy conservation to predict the maximum spreading diameter. The model predictions hold reasonably good agreement with the experimental observations. Finally, a phase map was developed to explain the post impact droplet dynamics on SH surfaces for a wide range of We and Cae.
Droplet splashing during the impact on liquid pools of shear-thinning fluids with yield stress
Authors: Peng Xiaoyun , Wang Tianyou , Sun Kai , Che Zhizhao
Published: November 2021

The impact of droplets on liquid pools is ubiquitous in nature and many industrial applications. Most previous studies of droplet impact focus on Newtonian fluids, while less attention has been paid to the impact dynamics of non-Newtonian droplets, even though non-Newtonian fluids are widely used in many applications. In this study, the splashing dynamics of shear-thinning droplets with yield stress are studied by combined experiments and simulations. The formation and the propagation of the ejecta sheet produced during the splashing process are considered, and the velocity, the radius, and the time of the ejecta sheet emergence are analyzed. The results show that the non-Newtonian fluid properties significantly affect the splashing process. The ejecta sheet of the splashing becomes easier to form as the flow index reduces, the large yield stress can affect the thickness of the ejecta sheet, and the spreading radius collapses into a geometrical radius due to that the inertia force is the dominant factor in the ejecta sheet propagation.
Euler–Lagrange study of cavitating turbulent flow around a hydrofoil
Authors: Wang Ziyang , Cheng Huaiyu , Ji Bin
Published: November 2021

This study presented a multi-scale Eulerian–Lagrangian approach to simulate cavitating turbulent flow around a Clark-Y hydrofoil to study the bubble dynamics. A large eddy simulation was coupled with the volume of fluid method to capture the large vapor volumes in an Eulerian analysis. Micro-scale Lagrangian bubbles were then tracked by solving compressible the Rayleigh–Plesset equation and a bubble motion equation. A Gaussian kernel function was used to model the interactions between the flow field and the vapor bubbles in a coupled two-way algorithm. The predictions give satisfactory agreement with experimental data for the bubble size oscillations, bubble motion, and cavity shedding characteristics. Further investigations analyzed the influence of various parameters on the transformation between the Euler and Lagrange models. The numerical results provide detailed information about the influence of the cavitating turbulent flow on the bubble behavior, especially how the reentrant jet significantly affects the bubble generation and motion. The calculations also capture the bubble size oscillations caused by the surrounding liquid pressure variations and how these generate very high local pressures near the surface. The results show that the pressure wave released as a bubble is compressed reaches 107 Pa, which may cause cavitation erosion of the hydrofoil surface. This research provides a promising method to better investigate the bubble motion characteristics in macroscopic flows and demonstrates that the cavitation erosion caused by bubble size oscillations is significant and deserves attention.
A predictive model of the drag coefficient of a circular cylinder
Authors: Jin Dohyun , Wu Zhi , Choi Haecheon
Published: November 2021

We suggest a predictive model of the drag coefficient of a circular cylinder using the information of the mean streamwise velocity and Reynolds normal stresses at a streamwise location in the wake. The boundary layer approximation in the wake and Bernoulli equation in the inviscid region are used to model the contribution from the pressure distribution at the streamwise measurement location. To examine the accuracy of the present model, unsteady three-dimensional numerical simulations are conducted at various Reynolds numbers from laminar to critical regimes. The drag coefficients predicted from the present model agree very well with those from the present numerical simulation.
Closed microbial communities self-organize to persistently cycle carbon
Authors: de Jesús Astacio Luis Miguel , Prabhakara Kaumudi H. , Li Zeqian , Mickalide Harry , Kuehn Seppe
Published: November 2021

Significance

Life on Earth depends on ecologically driven nutrient cycles to regenerate resources. Understanding how nutrient cycles emerge from a complex web of ecological processes is a central challenge in ecology. However, we lack model ecosystems that can be replicated, manipulated, and quantified in the laboratory, making it challenging to determine how changes in composition and the environment impact cycling. Enabled by a new high-precision method to quantify carbon cycling, we show that materially closed microbial ecosystems (CES) provided with only light self-organize to robustly cycle carbon. Studying replicate CES that support a carbon cycle reveals variable community composition but a conserved set of metabolic capabilities. Our study helps establish CES as model biospheres for studying how ecosystems persistently cycle nutrients.
A near-infrared AIE fluorescent probe for myelin imaging: From sciatic nerve to the optically cleared brain tissue in 3D
Authors: Wu Ming-Yu , Wong Alex Y. H. , Leung Jong-Kai , Kam Chuen , Wu Kenneth Lap-Kei , Chan Ying-Shing , Liu Kai , Ip Nancy Y. , Chen Sijie
Published: November 2021

Significance

The high spatial resolution of three-dimensional (3D) fluorescence imaging of myelinated fibers will greatly facilitate the understanding of 3D neural networks and the pathophysiology of demyelinating diseases. However, existing myelin probes are far from satisfactory because of their low–signal-to-background ratio and poor tissue permeability. We herein developed a near-infrared aggregation-induced emission-active probe, PM-ML, for high-performance myelin imaging. PM-ML could specifically image myelinated fibers in teased sciatic nerves and mouse brain tissues with high contrast, good photostability, and deep penetration depth. PM-ML staining is compatible with several tissue-clearing methods. Its application in assessing myelination for neuropathological studies was also demonstrated using a multiple sclerosis mouse model.
Monitoring RNA dynamics in native transcriptional complexes
Authors: Chauvier Adrien , St-Pierre Patrick , Nadon Jean-François , Hien Elsa D. M. , Pérez-González Cibrán , Eschbach Sébastien H. , Lamontagne Anne-Marie , Penedo J. Carlos , Lafontaine Daniel A.
Published: November 2021

Significance

Transcription of DNA into RNA is crucial to life, and understanding RNA polymerase (RNAP) function has received considerable attention. In contrast, how the nascent RNA folds into structures that impact transcription itself and regulate gene expression remains poorly understood. Here, we combine single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer and site-specific fluorescent labelling of transcripts within native complexes to enable real-time cotranscriptional folding studies of a metabolite-sensing riboswitch from
Escherichia coli
. By monitoring the folding of riboswitches stalled at RNAP pausing sites and during active elongation, we reveal a crucial role for RNAP, which directs RNA folding to allow thiamin pyrophosphate sensing within a precise, transcriptional hotspot. Our approach offers a unique opportunity to unveil cotranscriptional processes in eukaryotic and bacterial systems.
A reactive center loop–based prediction platform to enhance the design of therapeutic SERPINs
Authors: Sanrattana Wariya , Sefiane Thibaud , Smits Simone , van Kleef Nadine D. , Fens Marcel H. , Lenting Peter J. , Maas Coen , de Maat Steven
Published: November 2021

Significance

Serine protease inhibitors (SERPINs) regulate vital physiological processes. Considerable research effort has gone into the development of SERPINs as therapeutic agents. One of the development goals is SERPIN modification for improved specificity toward desired target(s). The specificity and potency of SERPINs can be altered by changing their reactive center loop (RCL). Currently, predicting these properties of a RCL sequence is almost impossible. By characterizing 160 α1-antitrypsin RCL variants with single–amino acid substitutions, we developed a SERPIN RCL-based platform that predicts the inhibitory behavior for SERPIN variants with compounded RCL mutations. This platform was applied to design a next-generation SERPIN against activated protein C and provides evidence for its value in the treatment of hemophilia A.
Nonderived environment blocking and input-oriented computation
Authors: Chandlee Jane
Published: November 2021

This paper presents a computational account of nonderived environment blocking (NDEB) that indicates the challenges it has posed for phonological theory do not stem from any inherent complexity of the patterns themselves. Specifically, it makes use of input strictly local (ISL) functions, which are among the most restrictive (i.e., lowest computational complexity) classes of functions in the subregular hierarchy (Heinz 2018) and shows that NDEB is ISL provided the derived and nonderived environments correspond to unique substrings in the input structure. Using three classic examples of NDEB from Finnish, Polish, and Turkish, it is shown that the distinction between derived and nonderived sequences is fully determined by the input structure and can be achieved without serial derivation or intermediate representations. This result reveals that such cases of NDEB are computationally unexceptional and lends support to proposals in rule- and constraint-based theories that make use of its input-oriented nature.
The computational unity of Merge and Move
Authors: Graf Thomas
Published: November 2021

Based on a formal analysis of the operations Merge and Move, I provide a computational answer to the question why Move might be an integral part of language. The answer is rooted in the framework of subregular complexity, which reveals that Merge is most succinctly analyzed in terms of the formal class TSL. Any cognitive device that can handle this level of complexity also possesses sufficient resources for Move. In fact, Merge and Move are remarkably similar instances of TSL. Consequently, Move has little computational or conceptual cost attached to it and comes essentially for free in any grammar that expresses Merge as compactly as possible.
Tubulin isotypes optimize distinct spindle positioning mechanisms during yeast mitosis
Authors: Nsamba Emmanuel T. , Bera Abesh , Costanzo Michael , Boone Charles , Gupta Mohan L.
Published: November 2021

Microtubules are dynamic cytoskeleton filaments that are essential for a wide range of cellular processes. They are polymerized from tubulin, a heterodimer of α- and β-subunits. Most eukaryotic organisms express multiple isotypes of α- and β-tubulin, yet their functional relevance in any organism remains largely obscure. The two α-tubulin isotypes in budding yeast, Tub1 and Tub3, are proposed to be functionally interchangeable, yet their individual functions have not been rigorously interrogated. Here, we develop otherwise isogenic yeast strains expressing single tubulin isotypes at levels comparable to total tubulin in WT cells. Using genome-wide screening, we uncover unique interactions between the isotypes and the two major mitotic spindle positioning mechanisms. We further exploit these cells to demonstrate that Tub1 and Tub3 optimize spindle positioning by differentially recruiting key components of the Dyn1- and Kar9-dependent mechanisms, respectively. Our results provide novel mechanistic insights into how tubulin isotypes allow highly conserved microtubules to function in diverse cellular processes.
Angiotensin 1–7 prevents the excessive force loss resulting from 14- and 28-day denervation in mouse EDL and soleus muscle
Authors: Albadrani Hind , Ammar T. , Bader Michael , Renaud Jean-Marc
Published: November 2021

Denervation leads to muscle atrophy, which is described as muscle mass and force loss, the latter exceeding expectation from mass loss. The objective of this study was to determine the efficiency of angiotensin (Ang) 1–7 at reducing muscle atrophy in mouse extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus following 14- and 28-d denervation periods. Some denervated mice were treated with Ang 1–7 or diminazene aceturate (DIZE), an ACE2 activator, to increase Ang 1–7 levels. Ang 1–7/DIZE treatment had little effect on muscle mass loss and fiber cross-sectional area reduction. Ang 1–7 and DIZE fully prevented the loss of tetanic force normalized to cross-sectional area and accentuated the increase in twitch force in denervated muscle. However, they did not prevent the shift of the force–frequency relationship toward lower stimulation frequencies. The Ang 1–7/DIZE effects on twitch and tetanic force were completely blocked by A779, a MasR antagonist, and were not observed in MasR−/− muscles. Ang 1–7 reduced the extent of membrane depolarization, fully prevented the loss of membrane excitability, and maintained the action potential overshoot in denervated muscles. Ang 1–7 had no effect on the changes in α-actin, myosin, or MuRF-1, atrogin-1 protein content or the content of total or phosphorylated Akt, S6, and 4EPB. This is the first study that provides evidence that Ang 1–7 maintains normal muscle function in terms of maximum force and membrane excitability during 14- and 28-d periods after denervation.
Well-tempered Minkowski solutions in teleparallel Horndeski theory
Authors: Bernardo Reginald Christian , Levi Said Jackson , Caruana Maria , Appleby Stephen
Published: November 2021

Well-tempering stands among the few classical methods of screening vacuum energy to deliver a late-time, low energy vacuum state. We build on the class of Horndeski models that admit a Minkowski vacuum state despite the presence of an arbitrarily large vacuum energy to obtain a much larger family of models in teleparallel Horndeski theory. We set up the routine for obtaining these models and present a variety of cases, all of which are able to screen a natural particle physics scale vacuum energy using degeneracy in the field equations. We establish that well-tempering is the unique method of utilizing degeneracy in Horndeski scalar-tensor gravity—and its teleparallel generalisation—that can accommodate self-tuned flat Minkowski solutions, when the explicit scalar field dependence in the action is minimal (a tadpole and a conformal coupling to the Ricci scalar). Finally, we study the dynamics of the well-tempered teleparallel Galileon. We generate its phase portraits and assess the attractor nature of the Minkowski vacuum under linear perturbations and through a phase transition of vacuum energy.

‘The effort to understand the Universe is one of the very few things that lifts human life a little above the level of farce, and gives it some of the grace of tragedy.’-Steven Weinberg
Performance of aluminum nitride-based piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers under different readout configurations
Authors: Shi Lei , Jia Licheng , Liu Chongbin , Yu Hongbin , Sun Chengliang , Wu Guoqiang
Published: November 2021

In this paper, a low noise amplification circuit is designed for aluminum nitride-based piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers (PMUTs) with three different sensing configurations. The acoustic pressure sensitivity and noise resolution of PMUTs corresponding to different readout configurations are analyzed and characterized. With the differential readout configuration, the acoustic pressure sensitivity of the PMUTs is improved by 5.76 dB (re: 1 V µPa−1) on average, and the noise resolution is reduced by about 8 dB at 500 Hz (re: 1 µPa (Hz

1
/
2

)−1). Compared to the conventional readout configuration, both theoretical analysis and measurement results show that the output voltage of PMUTs is doubled with the differential readout configuration and thus the acoustic pressure sensitivity is improved. Moreover, the noise resolution of PMUTs is reduced and thus the signal-to-noise is improved. This work offers new insight on improving the receiving performance of PMUTs.
The superexchange mechanism in crystalline compounds. The case of KMF3 (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) perovskites
Authors: Pascale Fabien , D’Arco Philippe , Lacivita Valentina , Dovesi Roberto
Published: November 2021

The ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic wavefunctions of four KMF3 (M = Mn, Fe, Co and Ni) perovskites have been obtained quantum-mechanically with the CRYSTAL code, by using the Hartree–Fock (HF) Hamiltonian and three flavours of DFT (PBE, B3LYP and PBE0) and an all-electron Gaussian type basis set. In the Fe and Co cases, with d6 and d7 occupation, the Jahn–Teller distortion of the cubic cell is as large as 0.12 Å. Various features of the superexchange interaction energies (SIE), namely additivity, dependence on the M–M distance, on the

M
F
M

̂

angle, and on the adopted functional, are explored. The contribution to SIE by the Coulomb, exchange and kinetic energy terms is analyzed. It is shown that, when using density functionals, SIE clearly correlates with the amount of exact (Hartree–Fock) exchange in the functional. The effect of SIE on the equilibrium geometry and volume of the unit cell is discussed, and it is shown that the key quantity is the spin polarization of the (closed shell) F ions along the M–F–M path. The effect of this magneticpressure is evaluated quantitatively for the first time. The superexchange coupling constant J, evaluated at the HF level and through the Ising model, underestimates the experimental values by about 60%–70%. The more sophisticated Yamaguchi model (that takes into account the contamination of the FM and AFM spin states) does not reduce the discrepancy. The B3LYP hybrid functional overestimates the experiments. These last are bracketed by HF and PBE0. For PBE, the overestimation is huge. Finally, Mulliken population data, charge and spin density maps and density of states are used to illustrate the electronic structure.
Preliminary tests of dosimetric quality and projected therapeutic outcomes of multi-phase 4D radiotherapy with proton and carbon ion beams
Authors: Lis Michelle , Newhauser Wayne , Donetti Marco , Wolf Moritz , Steinsberger Timo , Paz Athena , Graeff Christian
Published: November 2021

Objective. The purpose of this study was to perform preliminary pre-clinical tests to compare the dosimetric quality of two approaches to treating moving tumors with ion beams: synchronously delivering the beam with the motion of a moving planning target volume (PTV) using the recently developed multi-phase 4D dose delivery (MP4D) approach, and asynchronously delivering the ion beam to a motion-encompassing internal tumor volume (ITV) combined with rescanning. Approach. We created 4D optimized treatment plans with proton and carbon ion beams for two patients who had previously received treatment for non-small cell lung cancer. For each patient, we created several treatment plans, using approaches with and without motion mitigation: MP4D, ITV with rescanning, static deliveries to a stationary PTV, and deliveries to a moving tumor without motion compensation. Two sets of plans were optimized with margins or robust uncertainty scenarios. Each treatment plan was delivered using a recently-developed motion-synchronized dose delivery system (M-DDS); dose distributions in water were compared to measurements using gamma index analysis to confirm the accuracy of the calculations. Reconstructed dose distributions on the patient CT were analyzed to assess the dosimetric quality of the deliveries (conformity, uniformity, tumor coverage, and extent of hotspots). Main results. Gamma index analysis pass rates confirmed the accuracy of dose calculations. Dose coverage was >95% for all static and MP4D treatments. The best conformity and the lowest lung doses were achieved with MP4D deliveries. Robust optimization led to higher lung doses compared to conventional optimization for ITV deliveries, but not for MP4D deliveries. Significance. We compared dosimetric quality for two approaches to treating moving tumors with ion beams. Our findings suggest that the MP4D approach, using an M-DDS, provides conformal motion mitigation, with full target coverage and lower OAR doses.