bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
XXVI. An Inscription to Lucius Aurelius Verus; explained by Mr. Bowman.
Authors: Bowman
Published: December 2015

About the end of July, 1732, in looking at the reparations of the cathedral of Narbonne, I observed an inscription to L. Aurelius Verus, on a great marble, whose back had been wrought into the ornaments of Gothic architecture, for the portal of the church; while the characters themselves stood inwards upon the mortar of the wall: but when the.portal was taken' down in order to be re-built, the Roman Letters, by purging off the lime, appeared distinctly in the following inscription, never yet published:
XXXII. Extracts (from several Letters) relating to a Statue of Venus, lately found at Rome
Authors: Rogers Cha.
Published: December 2015

Mr. Wray informed the Society, that Mr. Mackinlay, in a letter to the Earl of Morton, dated Rome, January 9th, 1761, gives an account, that in September last, a Venus, of most exquisite workmanship, was dug up in the Mons Coelius, near the Clivus Scauri, at Rome. It is in the possession of the Marquis Carnovallia, who gave fifty scudi to the workmen, their full demand, on the half of the value, according to agreement; though it is worth some thousands. It is full six feet high, in the same attitude as the Venus of Medicis, with this difference, that she holds her right hand before her breast and her left supports a light drapery before.
XXXV. Extract of a Letter from Mr. J Booth to Mr. Joseph Ames, concerning some Arabic and Roman Numerals found on a Stone, in the Foundation of the Black Swan Inn, in Holborn
Authors: Booth J
Published: December 2015

As the workmen (May 4, 1756) were digging up part of the old foundation of the Black Swan Inn, in Holborn, they met with a stone, which was so strongly cemented with bricks, chalk, and other stones, like those they call ragg stones, that it was with great difficulty the pick-ax could make any impression, or separate them. This stone was at the bottom of a great pile of this rubbish, if I may so call it, and was about eighteen inches long, (but accidentally broke in the middle by some blow of the pick-ax) nine inches broad, and four inches thick, and thereon now stand these Arabic numerals cut into the stone, in the form and manner here described as near as I could imitate the same; some of which are about one inch ¾, and some about two inches tall; and under them there are the Roman numerals XII, the meaning of which, I will not at present even guess at.
XXXVI. An Account of Saint Peter's Church in the East, Oxon, from an old MS. Communicated by Mr. James Theobald
Authors: Theobald James
Published: December 2015

Saint Peter's church in the East, Oxo˜n, was founded by Saint Grymbald, a Monk, about 814 years since, viz. anno Christi DCCCLXXXVI. according to the most credible account we find recorded in the annals of our English nation. This Saint Grymbald was a person of a sharp wit and immense knowledge, and therefore was by King Alfred (deservedly surnamed the Great, on a double respect, both for his noble atchievments in martial affairs, and his assiduous promotion of learning) elected one of the first professors of divinity in this most flourishing university of Oxon.
XXXIX. An Historical Dissertation upon the antient Danish Horn, kept in the Cathedral Church of York; by Samuel Gale, Esquire.
Authors: Gale Samuel
Published: December 2015

Though many of the antiquities of Britain have been so accurately described and illustrated by the learned of our nation, that we have as large and valuable a treasure of this kind as any of our neighbours; yet, in so vast a field, it is impossible but some things must have slipped by unregarded, or have been but transiently mentioned; a nearer and more particular view of which, as well as a further enquiry into their origin, I presume, would not be altogether unacceptable; so that what at first might seem to have had but a slender foundation, would become settled upon the immoveable basis of Reason and Truth.
XL. A Dissertation on Julius Caesar's Passage over the River Thames; by Samuel Gale, Esquire
Authors: Gale Samuel
Published: December 2015

The passage of Julius Caesar over the river Thames to attack the famous Cassivellaun, and the army of Britons under his command, who were drawn up on the opposite bank to hinder his crossing there, is a matter of so great antiquity, that, though it has been in general well attested by several historians, yet, as to the particular place where this remarkable event happened, there have been various opinions and conjectures; which for brevity omitting, I shall endeavour to set this affair in as clear a light as possible, by laying before you the most authentic evidences.
XLV. An Account of a Roman Station lately discovered on the Borders of Yorkshire; by the Rev. Mr. Watson, Minister of Ripponden, Yorkshire
Authors: Watson
Published: December 2015

On the trace of the great Roman military way from York to Manchester, in the township of Saddleworth, within the county of York, and diocese of Chester, at a place called Castleshaw, are the remains of a double camp, or station, of a Roman form, as will appear from the following representation of it:
XLVI. On the antient Campodonum; by the Rev. Mr. Watson, Minister of Ripponden, Yorkshire
Authors: Watson
Published: December 2015

In Smith's edition of Bede's Ecclesiastical history of England, p. 96. are the following words: “Attamen in Campodono, “ ubi tunc etiam villa regia erat, fecit (Paulinus) basilicam, quam “ postmodum pagani, à quibus Aeduini rex occisus, cum tota “ eadem villa succenderunt.” This Campodonum Camden, and others on his authority, have thought was the same as the Cambodunum mentioned in the second Iter of Antonine, which they have placed at Castle Hill near Almonbury, in the West-Riding of Yorkshire.
XLVII. A Roman Inscription upon a Rock at Shawk Quarries, in Great Dalston, Cumberland; explained by Bishop Lyttelton, in a Letter to the Society
Authors: Carlisle Cha.
Published: December 2015

The drawing I now lay before you, contains a Roman inscription on a rock, situated at a place called Shawk Quarries, near Rose Castle in Cumberland, which has hitherto been overlooked by all our antiquaries, even by my famous predecessor Bishop Nicholson, though so near to his own mansion, and within his own manor of Dalston: I read it thus
LII. An Account of some Remains of Roman and other Antiquities in and near the Town of Brecknock, in South Wales: By John Strange, Esq. In a Letter to the President, Council, and Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries
Authors: Strange John
Published: December 2015

It seems at present generally received among the learned, that the principality of Wales supplies very few remains of Roman antiquities. Some of the inscriptions collected by Camden have scarcely been admitted as genuine by succeeding antiquaries. Upon considering, however, that the second Augustan legion had indisputably their head-quarters at Caerleon in Monmouthshire; that there were other Roman stations (as Maridunum, Luentium, and Segontium) in the more remote parts of the country; and that the eleventh and twelfth Iter in the Itinerary of Antoninus skirted the North and East sides of it; I was hence persuaded, that the intermediate provinces might afford more traces of the Romans than have hitherto been observed; and a late tour through Wales gave me an opportunity of making some enquiries relative to this subject. Little new may, perhaps, be expected after such distinguished writers as Leland, Camden, and the ingenious author of the Archaeologia. But as the former only proposed an Itinerary through the country; as it does not appear that Camden visited every part himself; and as Lhwyd sometimes depended on the relations of others; sufficient scope yet remains for the researches of the inquisitive. As, therefore, these researches formed one principal object of my tour, I esteem myself obliged to communicate the fruits of them to the judgment of this learned Society; and have endeavoured to merit their indulgence, by confining myself to a mere narration of facts.
LIV. Explanation of an Inscription on a Roman Altar found at Brough on the Sands, in Cumberland: By the late Bishop Lyttelton
Authors: Lyttelton
Published: December 2015

The drawing, or rather sketch, I now lay before you, was made from a Roman altar lately dug up in the vicar's garden at Brough on the Sands in Cumberland, which is supposed to have been the Axelodunum of the Notitia, but certainly was a Roman station, close adjoining on Severus's wall.

It is of a course red stone, adorned only with plain mouldings, as represented in the sketch. The inscription is complete, but the letters very rude and meanly cut, though very legible, consisting but of two words, viz.

which certainly stands for Belatucadro, and is, I think, the fifth inscription which has been discovered in Great Britain addressed to this Local Deity, for such I am inclined to pronounce it with Camden and Gale; or at least another name for Apollo, with Dr. Ward, and not a cognomen of Mars, or another appellation of him as has been conjectured.
LVI. A Letter to Daniel Wray, Esq; on the Introduction, Progress, State, and Condition, of the Vine in Britain: By the Rev. Samuel Pegge
Authors: Pegge Samuel
Published: December 2015

The culture of the vine in England having been lately under contemplation; I thought it might be worth while, and by no means mal à propos, to examine minutely into the cultivation of it more antiently amongst us; and I here beg leave to present you with the result of my enquiries, as a testimony of that inviolable regard I have so long entertained for your undeserved friendship.
LVIII. Observations on a Deed in Latin and Saxon, of Odo, Bishop of Baieux, half Brother of William the Conqueror: by the Rev. Samuel Pegge
Authors: Pegge Samuel
Published: December 2015

This deed, which is copied from a fine Chartulary in Sir Edward Dering's library, is curious both for the instrument itself, and the seal. It was perused by our famous Kentish antiquary Mr. John Philipot, who tells us, in his account of Wickam-Brews, that, “in the twentieth year of “Wil- “ liam the Conqueror, Odo, bishop of Baion, and earl of Kent, held this place of the gift of his half brother, which was “that prince; and Trendley Park, adjoining there, was a composition between the archbishop and this man, for certain land “of the said archbishop, to be inclosed, and included within the “said park at Trendley: which signifies thus much unto us, “that Woodstock, which boasts itself to be the first inclosed “park of England, was not so ancient as this at Trendley.”
I. Some Observations on the Antiquity and Use of Beacons, more particularly here in England. By Mr. Professor Ward, of Gresham College
Authors: Ward
Published: December 2015

In the year 1740, as I was viewing, with a friend, the church at Burton Dasset in Warwickshire, we happened to observe a painted board, placed over the entrance into the chancel, but so covered with dust, that neither we nor the sexton, who attended us, knew what to make of it. But as it seemed to represent something uncommon, we desired we might inspect it something more nearly: And when the sexton had taken it down, and washed it, we perceived it was the picture of a coat of arms, with a Beacon for the crest, as represented in Fig. I. and upon further enquiry we found that by tradition, there had been formerly a Beacon upon the north side of the hill where the church stands, erected by one of the Belknap Family, who was then lord of that manor. The board which contains this picture, is nineteen inches and a half in height, and fourteen in breadth. The draught here given of it, is reduced to the size of one fourth of the original.
IV. Extracts from the Church-wardens Accompts of the Parish of St. Helen's, in Abington, Berkshire, from the first Year of the Reign of Philip and Mary to the thirty fourth of Q. Elizabeth, now in the Possession of the Reverend Mr. G. Benson, with some Observations upon them. By J. Ward
Authors: Ward J.
Published: December 2015

The church-wardens accompts of a particular parish may in themselves be justiy thought a matter of no great consequence, and not worthy of much regard. But these seem to deserve some consideration, as they relate to a very remarkable period in our history, and prove by facts the great alterations that were made in religious affairs under the successive reigns of Q. Mary and Elizabeth, together with the time and manner of putting them in execution; and may therefore serve both to confirm and illustrate several things related by our ecclesiastical historians.
V. Observations upon Shrines, by John Loveday, of Caversham, Esquire
Authors: Loveday John
Published: December 2015

Dr. Stukely has accurately distinguished two kind of shrines, both equally made for receiving the reliques of saints: but with this difference, that one sort was portable, and used in processions; and the other fixed, as being built of stone, marble, and other heavy materials.
VI. A Letter from Mr. Smart Lethieullier to Mr. Gale, relating to the Shrine of St. Hugh, the crucifyed Child at Lincoln
Authors: Lethieullier Smart
Published: December 2015

In my journey into the north the last summer, [1736], I passed some days at Lincoln, on purpose to view the remains of antiquity, which that city affords; and indeed none in England can boast of more, or better deserves the labour of a judicious pen.
XII. Part of a Letter from Smart Lethieullier, Esq; to Mr. Gale; concerning the old Roman Roads
Authors: Lethieullier Smart
Published: December 2015

Dr. Stukely, in his seventh Iter, speaking of a hill a little above Ambrosbury, says, “The Icening-street runs between “this hill and the Bourn river coming from Newbury, as I sup “pose, through Chute forest, where, vulgarly called Chute Cause-“way, at Lurgishall, it makes a fine terras-walk, in the garden “of Sir Philip Meadows; then passes the Bourn River about Tud-“worth, and, so by this place, to the eastern gate of old Sarum, the “Roman Sorbiadunum.”
XIX. Part of a Letter from Smart Lethieullier, Esq, to Mr. G. Vertue, relating to some Antiquities at Bourdeaux, in France
Authors: Lethieullier Smart
Published: December 2015

I promised to send you some account of what remains of our English princes I was able to observe, during my stay at Bourdeaux, in France, once the capital of the large dominions they possessed in that Country; but you will soon perceive, how trifling and insignificant they are; pride and revenge having exercised all their fury against them. However, as I know the pleasure you take, and the indefatigable pains you have bestowed, in collecting and preserving whatever relates to any part of our English history, or antiquities, I shall make the less scruple of sending you them just as I found them.
XXV. Remarks on the foregoing Narrative, by Mr. Bowman
Authors: Bowman
Published: December 2015

In the parish-register of Lisburn, in the county of Antrim, I found the foregoing account, &c. which not being taken notice of by any historian, I present the Society with a faithful copy of it, in the hand-writing of the Reverend Mr. Anthony Rogers, present rector of that parish.
XXIX. Observations on the Brass Equestrian Statue at the Capitol in Rome, occasioned by a small Brass Model, shewn the Society, by Martin Folkes, Esquire
Authors: Folkes Martin
Published: December 2015

The brass equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius, now in the area of the Capitol, was found in a vineyard, near the Scala Santa, at Saint John's Lateran, where it lay neglected for many years upon the ground, till Pope Sixtus iv. (soon after the year 1470) set it upon a handsome pedestal, with an inscription, in the open place before the Lateran church; and there it remained till the Pontificate of Paul iii. who, about 1538, caused it to be removed to the place where it now stands, on a pedestal adorned by the hand of Michael Angelo: The marble whereof it is made having been brought from the Remains of Trajan's Forum. These particulars are related by Flaminius Vacca the sculptor; and he further adds, that as the statue was found in the ground belonging to the Lateran church, the members of the same went to law with the people of Rome about it; and he intimates this suit was not determined in his time; but that he had heard the gentlemen of the church made a demand of it, in writing, every year.
XXX. Notes on the Walls of ancient Rome. Communicated by Mr. Wray
Authors: Wray
Published: December 2015

The measure of the walls of antient Rome, is a point whereupon antiquaries have widely disagreed. The passage in Pliny's Nat. Hist. lib. iii. c. 5. to which they all refer, stands thus. “Moenia ejus collegere ambitu, Impp. Censs.que Vespasianis, anno “conditae dcccxxvi, passus xiii.m.cc.” Lipsius adds another x, and makes the circuit ten miles larger: But this insertion has with very good reason been rejected by the succeeding critics.
XLI. An ancient Indenture relating to a Burgess in Parliament. Communicated by Brown Willis, from the Original, to Dr. Ducarel, and by him to the Society of Antiquaries, June 12, 1755
Authors: Willis Brown
Published: December 2015

Thys bill indentyd mead the viii day of Aprille in the thridde yer of Kyng Edward the fowrte betwyn Thomas Peers and John Scheelyng Balyffs of Donewych and John Strawnge of Brampton Esquyer.
XLIX. Ogmius Luciani ex Celticismo illustratus, auctore Frid. Samuel Schmidt Helvet Bernas
Authors: Schmidt Frid. Samuel
Published: December 2015

Qui veritatis indagandae studio ea, quae de Mercurio vetustas prodidit, diligentius animo volvit, is non modo Gallorum deum, verum etiam, nisi me fallit animus, primum hujus gentis ducem reperiet, quem Galli ut fuum heroem, fuum ducem, quinimo fuum Herculem caeteris gentibus opposuerunt, utpote non minus strenuum et facundum.
LIII. An Inscription, from a Roman Altar found at Brough on the Sands in Cumberland: By the late Lord Bishop of Carlisle
Authors: Carlisle Cha.
Published: December 2015

The drawing, or rather sketch, I now lay before you, was made from a Roman altar lately dug up in the Vicar's Garden at Brough on the Sands in Cumberland, supposed to have been the Axelodunum of the Notitia, but certainly was a Roman station, close adjoining on Severus's wall.
LVI. Copy of a Letter relating to an antient Greek Inscription, from Mr. Thomas Blackwell, Greek-Professor, in Marishall College, Aberdeen, to Mr. J. Ames
Authors: Blackwell Thomas
Published: December 2015

Yours of the 11th of July, inclosing an antient Greek inscription, and honouring me with a request of its explication, came not to my hands till the other week in the country; and as it is now vacation, I am just about setting out on a tour through the west of Scotland. This hurry allows not the leisure requisite to investigate the dark parts of the inscription; but I will chearfully give you my conjecture at first sight.
Plague and crime: Bologna, 1348–1351
Authors: DEAN TREVOR
Published: December 2015

The historiography of epidemics and crime suggests that we might find effects of plague on criminal behaviour in the years of the Black Death and its aftermath, yet this question has not been systematically investigated by late medieval historians. For the first time, a continuous series of trial records covering the 1340s – for the city of Bologna – is here analysed, and the issue of a ‘breakdown in law and order’ is addressed. The particular patterns of criminal prosecution are revealed and explained, including unusual and unexpected features of continuity in 1348, and surprising developments in the years following, with changes in political context and judicial procedures outweighing any ongoing effects of plague.
Urban environmental degradation and the standard of living: the case of the Spanish mining industry (1870–1930)
Authors: ESCUDERO ANTONIO , PÉREZ DE PERCEVAL MIGUEL Á. , SÁNCHEZ-PICÓN ANDRÉS
Published: December 2015

This paper analyses the consequences of urban environmental degradation on the well-being of Spanish miners. It is based on analyses of differences in mortality and height. The first part of the paper examines new hypotheses regarding the urban penalty. We take into consideration existing works in economic theory that address market failures when analysing the higher urban death rate. We explain the reduction in height using the model recently created by Floud, Fogel, Harris and Hong for British cities. The second part of the paper presents information demonstrating that the urban areas in the two largest mining areas in Spain (Bilbao and the Cartagena-La Unión mountain range) experienced a higher death rate relative to rural areas as a consequence of market failures derived from what we term an ‘anarchic urbanisation’.
CONTINGENT ACTS OF REMEMBRANCE: ROYAL ANCESTORS OF CLASSIC MAYA COPAN AND QUIRIGUA
Authors: Ashmore Wendy
Published: December 2015

Classic Maya history is deeply political, and religious and political activities frequently inseparable. This essay advocates directly comparing mortuary practices over time for rulers at politically and economically linked centers. Most specifically it outlines an experimental model of how acts of remembrance in royal ancestor veneration articulate with local and regional politico-economic dynamics, and to do so with respect to acts attested in archaeological, bioarchaeological, textual, and iconographic sources. The particular case here pairs Classic-period Copan and Quirigua, where for centuries, the former was overlord to the latter. The evidence suggests that while treatment of royal ancestors draws on a set of established Maya practices, scale, elaboration and choice among those practices was contingent on the role each of the decedents held at particular points in political history, and the temporal orientation of those who commissioned remembrance acts.
PERSONAL ART IN TEOTIHUACAN: THE THIN ORANGE GRAFFITI
Authors: Spence Michael W.
Published: December 2015

In the Classic period Teotihuacan imported large quantities of Thin Orange ware from the Tepexi de Rodríguez area of Puebla. Thin Orange bowls were widely distributed in the city, many of them with post-firing graffiti inscribed on their walls or bases. Although not highly visible, the graffiti seem to have served as owner's marks. Some of the images, particularly in the city's central zone with its high concentration of elite residences and public structures, were drawn from the formal iconography of Teotihuacan. Most, however, seem to have been idiosyncratic expressions of personal identity or simply marks with no wider meaning. This general disinterest in the formal iconography as a source of personal imagery suggests that the ideology of the state may not have penetrated deeply into the daily lives of most Teotihuacanos and may even have stimulated some resistance.
LA INVESTIGACIÓN Y LA CONSERVACIÓN DEL PATRIMONIO ARQUEOLÓGICO EN TEOTIHUACAN: PROBLEMAS, PERSPECTIVAS Y PROPUESTAS
Authors: Chávez Sergio Gómez
Published: December 2015

Teotihuacan es reconocido mundialmente como uno de los sitios arqueológicos más importantes para la investigación de las sociedades complejas, sin embargo, y a pesar de estar incluido desde 1987 en la lista de Patrimonio Cultural de la Humanidad por la UNESCO, en la actualidad enfrenta severos problemas que inciden directa y desfavorablemente en la conservación de los vestigios arqueológicos. Diversas situaciones de carácter administrativo también afectan los acervos que se resguardan de manera muy precaria en las instalaciones, bodegas y los dos museos ubicados dentro de la zona de monumentos.

En los últimos años la exigencia de las cada vez más pobladas comunidades aledañas a la zona arqueológica por tener y mejorar los servicios públicos tanto como el crecimiento de la mancha urbana, ha provocado graves afectaciones al patrimonio arqueológico. Aunado a los problemas económicos del país, la ausencia de una política institucional, la falta de planes de trabajo a mediano y largo plazo encaminados a la preservación de los bienes arqueológicos del sitio, así como de programas dirigidos a las comunidades para concientizarlas e involucrarlas directamente en la conservación, han generado una actitud hostil y de desprecio de los pobladores para con los restos arqueológicos. Sin una estrategia institucional y alternativas viables para los habitantes de las comunidades, la mayor destrucción es ocasionada por los propios pobladores del valle o peor aún, por las instancias de gobierno estatal y municipal encargadas de dotar de los servicios a las comunidades.

En este artículo se analizan algunos de problemas que afectan el patrimonio arqueológico de Teotihuacan. Se hace hincapié en la carencia de planes y programas de trabajo con objetivos a largo y mediano plazo, que ayuden a la preservación de los bienes arqueológicos, así como de la información que constituye los distintos acervos.
Geochronology: It's About Time
Authors: Harrison Mark , Baldwin Suzanne , Caffee Marc , Gehrels George , Schoene Blair , Shuster David , Singer Brad
Published: December 2015

Chronology is at the heart of all geosciences, but its ubiquity has given it an image of a useful tool rather than a foundational discipline of its own.
Synthesis, structure, and tunable white light emission of heteronuclear Zn2Ln2 arrays using a zinc complex as ligand
Authors: Jia Rui , Li Hong-Feng , Chen Peng , Gao Ting , Sun Wen-Bin , Li Guang-Ming , Yan Peng-Fei
Published: December 2015

White light emission was realized by codoping Eu(iii) ion in the Dy(iii) complex for the first time.
D–A copolymers with the benzo[1,2-b:4,5-c′]dithiophene-4,8-dione acceptor unit for polymer solar cells
Authors: Zhao Xiaojuan , Qian Liu , Cao Jiamin , Yan Shouke , Ding Liming
Published: December 2015

D–A copolymers with the benzo[1,2-b:4,5-c′]dithiophene-4,8-dione acceptor unit and the thiophene or thieno[3,2-b]thiophene donor unit were developed. PThBDTD:PC71BM and PTTBDTD:PC71BM solar cells gave PCEs of 6.32% and 6.00%, respectively.
A conformational locking strategy in linked-acceptor type polymers for organic solar cells
Authors: Xia Benzheng , Lu Kun , Yuan Liu , Zhang Jianqi , Zhu Lingyun , Zhu Xiangwei , Deng Dan , Li Huan , Wei Zhixiang
Published: December 2015

The concept of introducing intramolecular noncovalent conformational locks into the polymer main chain was implemented to improve the coplanarity of the linked-acceptor polymers. As a result, the novel polymer shows the best power conversion efficiency of 8.18%.
Ti(iv) nanoclusters as a promoter on semiconductor photocatalysts for the oxidation of organic compounds
Authors: Inde Ryota , Liu Min , Atarashi Daiki , Sakai Etsuo , Miyauchi Masahiro
Published: December 2015

Ti(IV) clusters act to accelerate the photocatalytic oxidation of organic compounds.
An inversion formula for recursion operator of KP hierarchy
Authors: Tu Guizhang
Published: December 2015

An inversion formula is established for the recursion operator Ψ of the KP hierarchy. The formula explains in part how operators {(∂/∂y)i} are cancelled each other in certain combination of Ψi(∂/∂y)j that is essential for generating the KP hierarchy.
A uniform area law for the entanglement of eigenstates in the disordered XY chain
Authors: Abdul-Rahman Houssam , Stolz Günter
Published: December 2015

We consider the isotropic or anisotropic XY spin chain in the presence of a transversal random magnetic field, with parameters given by random variables. It is shown that eigenfunction correlator localization of the corresponding effective one-particle Hamiltonian implies a uniform area law bound in expectation for the bipartite entanglement entropy of all eigenstates of the XY chain, i.e., a form of many-body localization at all energies. Here, entanglement with respect to arbitrary connected subchains of the chain can be considered. Applications where the required eigenfunction correlator bounds are known include the isotropic XY chain in random field as well as the anisotropic chain in strong or strongly disordered random field.
Climate challenges, vulnerabilities, and food security
Authors: Nelson Margaret C. , Ingram Scott E. , Dugmore Andrew J. , Streeter Richard , Peeples Matthew A. , McGovern Thomas H. , Hegmon Michelle , Arneborg Jette , Kintigh Keith W. , Brewington Seth , Spielmann Katherine A. , Simpson Ian A. , Strawhacker Colleen , Comeau Laura E. L. , Torvinen Andrea , Madsen Christian K. , Hambrecht George , Smiarowski Konrad
Published: December 2015

Significance

Climate-induced disasters are impacting human well-being in ever-increasing ways. Disaster research and management recognize and emphasize the need to reduce vulnerabilities, although extant policy is not in line with this realization. This paper assesses the extent to which vulnerability to food shortage, as a result of social, demographic, and resource conditions at times of climatic challenge, correlates with subsequent declines in social and food security. Extreme climate challenges are identified in the prehispanic US Southwest and historic Norse occupations of the North Atlantic Islands. Cases with such different environmental, climatic, demographic, and cultural and social traditions allow us to demonstrate a consistent relationship between vulnerability and consequent social and food security conditions, applicable in multiple contexts.
Whole-brain calcium imaging with cellular resolution in freely behaving
Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Nguyen Jeffrey P. , Shipley Frederick B. , Linder Ashley N. , Plummer George S. , Liu Mochi , Setru Sagar U. , Shaevitz Joshua W. , Leifer Andrew M.
Published: December 2015

Significance

Large-scale neural recordings in freely moving animals are important for understanding how patterns of activity across a population of neurons generates animal behavior. Previously, recordings have been limited to either small brain regions or to immobilized or anesthetized animals exhibiting limited behavior. This work records from neurons with cellular resolution throughout the entire brain of the nematode
Caenorhabditis elegans
during free locomotion. Neurons are found whose activity correlates with behaviors including forward and backward locomotion and turning. A growing body of evidence suggests that animal behavior is sometimes generated by the collective activity of many neurons. It is hoped that methods like this will provide quantitative datasets that yield insights into how brain-wide neural dynamics encode animal action and perception.
Genetic contributions to circadian activity rhythm and sleep pattern phenotypes in pedigrees segregating for severe bipolar disorder
Authors: Pagani Lucia , St. Clair Patricia A. , Teshiba Terri M. , Service Susan K. , Fears Scott C. , Araya Carmen , Araya Xinia , Bejarano Julio , Ramirez Margarita , Castrillón Gabriel , Gomez-Makhinson Juliana , Lopez Maria C. , Montoya Gabriel , Montoya Claudia P. , Aldana Ileana , Navarro Linda , Freimer Daniel G. , Safaie Brian , Keung Lap-Woon , Greenspan Kiefer , Chou Katty , Escobar Javier I. , Ospina-Duque Jorge , Kremeyer Barbara , Ruiz-Linares Andres , Cantor Rita M. , Lopez-Jaramillo Carlos , Macaya Gabriel , Molina Julio , Reus Victor I. , Sabatti Chiara , Bearden Carrie E. , Takahashi Joseph S. , Freimer Nelson B.
Published: December 2015

Significance

Characterizing the abnormalities in sleep and activity that are associated with bipolar disorder (BP) and identifying their causation are key milestones in unraveling the biological underpinnings of this severe and highly prevalent disorder. We have conducted the first systematic evaluation of sleep and activity phenotypes in pedigrees that include multiple BP-affected members. By delineating specific sleep and activity measures that are significantly heritable in these families, and those whose variation correlated with the BP status of their members, and by determining the chromosomal position of loci contributing to many of these traits, we have taken the first step toward discovery of causative genetic variants. These variants, in turn, could provide clues to new approaches for both preventing and treating BP.
Biochemical evidence of a role for matrix trimerization in HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein incorporation
Authors: Tedbury Philip R. , Novikova Mariia , Ablan Sherimay D. , Freed Eric O.
Published: December 2015

Significance

The HIV matrix domain of Gag is known to play a key role in the incorporation of the envelope glycoprotein into viral particles. Here we provide evidence that matrix is organized as a trimer in HIV-1 particles, and that the ability of matrix to form trimers is essential for the packaging of the envelope glycoprotein. The requirement for matrix trimerization depends on steric constraints between matrix and the cytoplasmic tail of envelope and matrix. This represents a novel model of envelope incorporation in this family of viruses, and suggests that the matrix trimer interface may represent a novel drug target to inhibit the production of infectious viral particles and combat the spread of AIDS.
Protein carbamylation is a hallmark of aging
Authors: Gorisse Laëtitia , Pietrement Christine , Vuiblet Vincent , Schmelzer Christian E. H. , Köhler Martin , Duca Laurent , Debelle Laurent , Fornès Paul , Jaisson Stéphane , Gillery Philippe
Published: December 2015

Significance

Human longevity is increasing worldwide because of the advances in scientific knowledge and patient care, which leads to the frequent development of age-related pathologies. Aging remains an elusive process associated with genetic and environmental features, and better understanding would promote sustained wellbeing. We show here for the first time, to our knowledge, that carbamylation, a nonenzymatic posttranslational modification of proteins characterized by the spontaneous binding of isocyanic acid mainly derived from urea, is highly associated with aging and life expectancy in three mammalian species. Carbamylation promotes molecular aging through alteration of protein functions, especially long-lived extracellular matrix proteins. Tissue accumulation of carbamylated proteins may be considered a general hallmark of aging, enabling us to establish a link between cumulative metabolic alterations and age-related complications.
A ribosome-inactivating protein in a
Drosophila
defensive symbiont
Authors: Hamilton Phineas T. , Peng Fangni , Boulanger Martin J. , Perlman Steve J.
Published: December 2015

Significance

Symbioses between animals and microbes are now recognized as critical to many aspects of host health. This is especially true in insects, which are associated with diverse maternally transmitted endosymbionts that can protect against parasites and pathogens. Here, we find that
Spiroplasma
—a defensive endosymbiont that protects
Drosophila
during parasitism by a virulent and common nematode—encodes a protein toxin, a ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) related to bacterial virulence factors such as the Shiga-like toxins in
Escherichia coli.
We further find that nematode ribosomal RNA suffers depurination consistent with attack by a RIP when the host is protected by
Spiroplasma
, suggesting a mechanism through which symbiotic microbes may protect their hosts from disease.
A second transmissible cancer in Tasmanian devils
Authors: Pye Ruth J. , Pemberton David , Tovar Cesar , Tubio Jose M. C. , Dun Karen A. , Fox Samantha , Darby Jocelyn , Hayes Dane , Knowles Graeme W. , Kreiss Alexandre , Siddle Hannah V. T. , Swift Kate , Lyons A. Bruce , Murchison Elizabeth P. , Woods Gregory M.
Published: December 2015

Significance

Transmissible cancers are somatic cell lineages that are spread between individuals via the transfer of living cancer cells. Only three transmissible cancers have been reported in nature, suggesting that such diseases emerge rarely. One of the known transmissible cancers affects Tasmanian devils, and is threatening this species with extinction. Here we report the discovery of a second transmissible cancer in Tasmanian devils. This cancer causes facial tumors that are grossly indistinguishable from those caused by the first-described transmissible cancer in this species; however, tumors derived from this second clone are genetically distinct. These findings indicate that Tasmanian devils have spawned at least two different transmissible cancers, and suggest that transmissible cancers may arise more frequently in nature than previously considered.
A cell wall damage response mediated by a sensor kinase/response regulator pair enables beta-lactam tolerance
Authors: Dörr Tobias , Alvarez Laura , Delgado Fernanda , Davis Brigid M. , Cava Felipe , Waldor Matthew K.
Published: December 2015

Significance

The cell wall is an essential protective structure for bacteria, and the enzymes required for its biogenesis are the targets for many potent antibiotics. However, there is little knowledge of how bacteria (particularly Gram-negative organisms) respond to damage to the cell wall caused by antibiotics or other agents. Here, we describe a signaling system (the histidine kinase/response regulator pair WigKR) in
Vibrio cholerae
, the cholera pathogen that is triggered by antibiotics that disrupt various steps in cell wall synthesis. Activation of WigR leads to increased expression of genes required for cell wall synthesis and enables the pathogen to recover from the spherical nondividing state induced by antibiotics. Collectively, our findings reveal a new signal transduction pathway controlling cell wall biosynthesis and antibiotic tolerance.
Prevalence, genetics, and transmissibility in ferrets of Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza viruses
Authors: Yang Huanliang , Chen Yan , Qiao Chuanling , He Xijun , Zhou Hong , Sun Yu , Yin Hang , Meng Shasha , Liu Liping , Zhang Qianyi , Kong Huihui , Gu Chunyang , Li Chengjun , Bu Zhigao , Kawaoka Yoshihiro , Chen Hualan
Published: December 2015

Significance

Animal influenza viruses continue to challenge human public health; surveillance of these viruses and evaluation of their pandemic potential are important for future influenza pandemic preparedness. Pigs are intermediate hosts for novel influenza generation and transfer to humans. Two lineages of H1N1 swine influenza viruses (SIVs), classical H1N1 SIVs and Eurasian avian-like H1N1 (EAH1N1) SIVs, have been circulating in pigs since 1918 and 1979, respectively. The classical H1N1 SIVs emerged in humans as a reassortant and caused the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. Here, we found that, after long-term evolution in pigs, the EAH1N1 SIVs have obtained the traits to cause a human influenza pandemic.
Live births after simultaneous avoidance of monogenic diseases and chromosome abnormality by next-generation sequencing with linkage analyses
Authors: Yan Liying , Huang Lei , Xu Liya , Huang Jin , Ma Fei , Zhu Xiaohui , Tang Yaqiong , Liu Mingshan , Lian Ying , Liu Ping , Li Rong , Lu Sijia , Tang Fuchou , Qiao Jie , Xie X. Sunney
Published: December 2015

Significance

One missing or wrong nucleotide out of six billion in a human genome can cause a genetic disease. Detecting such a point mutation in a single human germ cell has been a daunting challenge in in vitro fertilization, yet one cannot afford to make any mistakes in selecting a viable embryo for transfer. Mutated allele revealed by sequencing with aneuploidy and linkage analyses (MARSALA) combines next-generation sequencing and single-cell whole-genome amplification methodologies, allowing embryo diagnosis with a single-molecule precision, significantly reducing false-positive or false-negative errors. MARSALA can benefit couples who desire to avoid transmitting their genetic diseases to their offspring.
Genetically targeted single-channel optical recording reveals multiple Orai1 gating states and oscillations in calcium influx
Authors: Dynes Joseph L. , Amcheslavsky Anna , Cahalan Michael D.
Published: December 2015

Significance

Calcium ions serve as intracellular signals controlling many aspects of cell behavior. Here, we create fusions of genetically encoded calcium indicators and cell surface Orai calcium channels that report calcium influx through the channel. These fluorescent fusion proteins will allow us to see in living cells Orai signals that underlie cell functions, especially those essential for mounting an adaptive immune response. Their output is bright enough to record the intermittent openings of a single Orai channel for the first time to our knowledge. Our recordings reveal several patterns of channel activity, including oscillations. These responses help us understand Orai channels as molecular machines, and our work enables Orai calcium signals to be identified, mapped, and related to the functional systems of the body.
Migratory CD103+ dendritic cells suppress helminth-driven type 2 immunity through constitutive expression of IL-12
Authors: Everts Bart , Tussiwand Roxane , Dreesen Leentje , Fairfax Keke C. , Huang Stanley Ching-Cheng , Smith Amber M. , O’Neill Christina M. , Lam Wing Y. , Edelson Brian T. , Urban Joseph F. , Murphy Kenneth M. , Pearce Edward J.
Published: December 2015

CD8α+ and CD103+ dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in the development of type 1 immune responses. However, their role in type 2 immunity remains unclear. We examined this issue using Batf3−/− mice, in which both of these DC subsets are missing. We found that Th2 cell responses, and related events such as eosinophilia, alternative macrophage activation, and immunoglobulin class switching to IgG1, were enhanced in Batf3−/− mice responding to helminth parasites. This had beneficial or detrimental consequences depending on the context. For example, Batf3 deficiency converted a normally chronic intestinal infection with Heligmosomoides polygyrus into an infection that was rapidly controlled. However, liver fibrosis, an IL-13–mediated pathological consequence of wound healing in chronic schistosomiasis, was exacerbated in Batf3−/− mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Mechanistically, steady-state production of IL-12 by migratory CD103+ DCs, independent of signals from commensals or TLR-initiated events, was necessary and sufficient to exert the suppressive effects on Th2 response development. These findings identify a previously unrecognized role for migratory CD103+ DCs in antagonizing type 2 immune responses.
Microbiota regulate the ability of lung dendritic cells to induce IgA class-switch recombination and generate protective gastrointestinal immune responses
Authors: Ruane Darren , Chorny Alejo , Lee Haekyung , Faith Jeremiah , Pandey Gaurav , Shan Meimei , Simchoni Noa , Rahman Adeeb , Garg Aakash , Weinstein Erica G. , Oropallo Michael , Gaylord Michelle , Ungaro Ryan , Cunningham-Rundles Charlotte , Alexandropoulos Konstantina , Mucida Daniel , Merad Miriam , Cerutti Andrea , Mehandru Saurabh
Published: December 2015

Protective immunoglobulin A (IgA) responses to oral antigens are usually orchestrated by gut dendritic cells (DCs). Here, we show that lung CD103+ and CD24+CD11b+ DCs induced IgA class-switch recombination (CSR) by activating B cells through T cell–dependent or –independent pathways. Compared with lung DCs (LDC), lung CD64+ macrophages had decreased expression of B cell activation genes and induced significantly less IgA production. Microbial stimuli, acting through Toll-like receptors, induced transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) production by LDCs and exerted a profound influence on LDC-mediated IgA CSR. After intranasal immunization with inactive cholera toxin (CT), LDCs stimulated retinoic acid–dependent up-regulation of α4β7 and CCR9 gut-homing receptors on local IgA-expressing B cells. Migration of these B cells to the gut resulted in IgA-mediated protection against an oral challenge with active CT. However, in germ-free mice, the levels of LDC-induced, CT–specific IgA in the gut are significantly reduced. Herein, we demonstrate an unexpected role of the microbiota in modulating the protective efficacy of intranasal vaccination through their effect on the IgA class-switching function of LDCs.
Ubiquitin in the activation and attenuation of innate antiviral immunity
Authors: Heaton Steven M. , Borg Natalie A. , Dixit Vishva M.
Published: December 2015

Viral infection activates danger signals that are transmitted via the retinoic acid–inducible gene 1–like receptor (RLR), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR), and Toll-like receptor (TLR) protein signaling cascades. This places host cells in an antiviral posture by up-regulating antiviral cytokines including type-I interferon (IFN-I). Ubiquitin modifications and cross-talk between proteins within these signaling cascades potentiate IFN-I expression, and inversely, a growing number of viruses are found to weaponize the ubiquitin modification system to suppress IFN-I. Here we review how host- and virus-directed ubiquitin modification of proteins in the RLR, NLR, and TLR antiviral signaling cascades modulate IFN-I expression.
Biomechanics of vascular mechanosensation and remodeling
Authors: Baeyens Nicolas , Schwartz Martin A.
Published: December 2015

Flowing blood exerts a frictional force, fluid shear stress (FSS), on the endothelial cells that line the blood and lymphatic vessels. The magnitude, pulsatility, and directional characteristics of FSS are constantly sensed by the endothelium. Sustained increases or decreases in FSS induce vessel remodeling to maintain proper perfusion of tissue. In this review, we discuss these mechanisms and their relevance to physiology and disease, and propose a model for how information from different mechanosensors might be integrated to govern remodeling.