bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of global change factors on fatty acids and mycosporine‐like amino acid production in Chroothece richteriana (Rhodophyta)
Authors: Gonzalez‐Silvera Daniel , Pérez Sandra , Korbee Nathalie , Figueroa Félix L. , Asencio Antonia D. , Aboal Marina , López‐Jiménez José Ángel
Published: July 2017

Under natural conditions, Chroothece richteriana synthesizes a fairly high proportion of fatty acids. However, nothing is known about how environmental changes affect their production, or about the production of protective compounds, when colonies develop under full sunshine with high levels of UV radiation. In this study, wild colonies of C. richteriana were subjected to increasing temperature, conductivity, ammonium concentrations and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and UV radiations to assess the potential changes in lipid composition and mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs) concentration. The PERMANOVA analysis detected no differences for the whole fatty acid profile among treatments, but the percentages of α‐linolenic acid and total polyunsaturated fatty acids increased at the lowest assayed temperature. The percentages of linoleic and α‐linolenic acids increased with lowering temperature. γ‐linolenic and arachidonic acids decreased with increasing conductivity, and a high arachidonic acid concentration was related with increased conductivity. The samples exposed to UVB radiation showed higher percentages of eicosapentaenoic acid and total monounsaturated fatty acids, at the expense of saturated fatty acids. MAAs accumulation increased but not significantly at the lowest conductivity, and also with the highest PAR and UVR exposure, while ammonium and temperature had no effect. The observed changes are probably related with adaptations of both membrane fluidity to low temperature, and metabolism to protect cells against UV radiation damage. The results suggest the potential to change lipid composition and MAAs concentration in response to environmental stressful conditions due to climate change, and highlight the interest of the species in future research about the biotechnological production of both compound types.
How functional is a trait? Phosphorus mobilization through root exudates differs little between Carex species with and without specialized dauciform roots
Authors: Güsewell Sabine , Schroth Martin H.
Published: July 2017

Root structures secreting carboxylates and phosphatases are thought to enhance a plant's phosphorus (P) acquisition. But do closely related species with and without such structures really differ in root exudation, P mobilization, or ecological niche? We investigated this by comparing 23 European Carex species with and without ‘dauciform roots’ (DRs).

Plants grown in pots with sand were screened for DR formation, phosphatase activities, carboxylate exudation, and utilization of various organic and inorganic P compounds. Ecological niches were compared using ecological indicator values and nutrient concentrations of plant shoots in natural habitats.

Species of subgenus Carex formed DRs, while species of subgenus Vignea did not. Species with DRs had higher root diesterase activity than species without DRs, exuded more citrate but less oxalate and less total carboxylates, and allocated less biomass to roots. Species with and without DRs showed similar growth responses to different forms of P and different amounts of P supplied; their natural habitats do not differ in soil fertility or degree of P limitation.

Despite some differences in physiological function, DRs did not influence the P acquisition and nutritional niche of European Carex species, suggesting that species with and without DRs do not exhibit distinct P‐acquisition strategies.
Validity of the American Board of Orthodontics Discrepancy Index and the Peer Assessment Rating Index for comprehensive evaluation of malocclusion severity
Authors: Liu S. , Oh H. , Chambers D. W. , Baumrind S. , Xu T.
Published: July 2017

Structured Abstract

Objectives

To assess the validity of the American Board of Orthodontics Discrepancy Index (ABO‐DI) and Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) Index in evaluating malocclusion severity in Chinese orthodontic patients.

Setting and Sample Population

A stratified random sample of 120 orthodontic patients based on Angle classification was collected from six university orthodontic centres.

Material and Methods

Sixty‐nine orthodontists rated malocclusion severity on a five‐point scale by assessing a full set of pre‐treatment records for each case and listed reasons for their decision. Their judgement was then compared with ABO‐DI and PAR scores determined by three calibrated examiners.

Results

Excellent interexaminer reliability of clinician judgement, ABO‐DI and PAR index was demonstrated by the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (rho= 0.995, 0.990 and 0.964, respectively). Both the ABO‐DI and US‐PAR index showed good correlation with clinician judgement (r=.700 and r=.707, respectively). There was variability among the different Angle classifications: the ABO‐DI showed the highest correlation with clinician judgement in Class II patients (r=.780), whereas the US‐PAR index showed the highest correlation with clinician judgement in Class III patients (r=.710). Both indices demonstrated the lowest correlations with clinician judgement in Class I patients.

Conclusion

With strong interexaminer agreement, the panel consensus was used for validating the ABO‐DI and US‐PAR index for malocclusion severity. Overall, the ABO‐DI and US‐PAR index were reliable for measuring malocclusion severity with significantly variable weightings for different Angle classifications. Further modification of the indices for different Angle classification may be indicated.
Gradients and dynamics of inner bark and needle osmotic potentials in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst)
Authors: Paljakka Teemu , Jyske Tuula , Lintunen Anna , Aaltonen Heidi , Nikinmaa Eero , Hölttä Teemu
Published: July 2017

Preconditions of phloem transport in conifers are relatively unknown. We studied the variation of needle and inner bark axial osmotic gradients and xylem water potential in Scots pine and Norway spruce by measuring needle and inner bark osmolality in saplings and mature trees over several periods within a growing season. The needle and inner bark osmolality was strongly related to xylem water potential in all studied trees. Sugar concentrations were measured in Scots pine, and they had similar dynamics to inner bark osmolality. The sucrose quantity remained fairly constant over time and position, whereas the other sugars exhibited a larger change with time and position. A small osmotic gradient existed from branch to stem base under pre‐dawn conditions, and the osmotic gradient between upper stem and stem base was close to zero. The turgor in branches was significantly driven by xylem water potential, and the turgor loss point in branches was relatively close to daily minimum needle water potentials typically reported for Scots pine. Our results imply that xylem water potential considerably impacts the turgor pressure gradient driving phloem transport and that gravitation has a relatively large role in phloem transport in the stems of mature Scots pine trees.
Social movement coalitions: Formation, longevity, and success
Authors: Van Dyke Nella , Amos Bryan
Published: July 2017

Social movements rely on coalitions to help mobilize the mass numbers of people necessary for success. In this article, we review the literature on social movement coalition formation, longevity, and success. We identify five factors critical to coalition formation: (a) social ties; (b) conducive organizational structures; (c) ideology, culture, and identity; (d) the institutional environment; and (e) resources. Next, we explore the extent to which coalition survival is influenced by these same factors and argue that emergent properties of the coalition, such as commitment and trust, also facilitate longevity. Our review of the literature reveals that two factors specific to coalitions influence their success: coalition form and the nature of institutional targets. Interaction, communication technology, and the availability of physical and virtual spaces that facilitate communication are themes that run throughout our discussion, as they undergird many of the elements that shape coalition formation and survival. We conclude by evaluating the state of the research area and suggesting directions for further research.
Palaeocene faulting in SE Sweden from U–Pb dating of slickenfibre calcite
Authors: Goodfellow Bradley W. , Viola Giulio , Bingen Bernard , Nuriel Perach , Kylander‐Clark Andrew R.C.
Published: July 2017

Estimating the timing of faulting is crucial to modelling tectonics, palaeoseismicity, landscape evolution and fault mechanics. Four slickenfibre calcite samples from a conjugate strike‐slip fault set in a platformal limestone, SE Sweden, were dated using U–Pb. Three of the samples yielded an average age of 64.8 ± 6.5 Ma, while the fourth yielded a marginally younger age of 54.7 ± 5.5 Ma. Precipitation of the fibres is interpreted as syn‐deformational. Age uncertainty and dispersion reflect incorporation of common Pb and tiny host‐rock components into the dated calcite and/or possible fault reactivation through ca. 55 Ma. We infer from crystal characteristics, stable isotopes (δ18O and δ13C) and rare‐earth elements that fibres formed in an environment rich in deep‐seated fluids, at temperatures of 40–200°C, with shear stresses exceeding 10 MPa and at a maximum burial depth of c. 4 km. This Palaeocene faulting may reflect far‐field stresses from shortening in the Alps.
The autonomous cell fate specification of basal cell lineage: the initial round of cell fate specification occurs at the two‐celled proembryo stage
Authors: Qu Liang‐Huan , Zhou Xuemei , Li Xinbo , Li Shi‐Sheng , Zhao Jing , Zhao Peng , Liu Yuan , Sun Meng‐Xiang
Published: July 2017

In angiosperms, the first zygotic division usually gives rise to two daughter cells with distinct morphologies and developmental fates, which is critical for embryo pattern formation; however, it is still unclear when and how these distinct cell fates are specified, and whether the cell specification is related to cytoplasmic localization or polarity. Here, we demonstrated that when isolated from both maternal tissues and the apical cell, a single basal cell could only develop into a typical suspensor, but never into an embryoin vitro. Morphological, cytological and gene expression analyses confirmed that the resulting suspensorin vitrois highly similar to its undisturbedin vivocounterpart. We also demonstrated that the isolated apical cell could develop into a small globular embryo, bothin vivoandin vitro,after artificial dysfunction of the basal cell; however, these growing apical cell lineages could never generate a new suspensor. These findings suggest that the initial round of cell fate specification occurs at the two‐celled proembryo stage, and that the basal cell lineage is autonomously specified towards the suspensor, implying a polar distribution of cytoplasmic contents in the zygote. The cell fate transition of the basal cell lineage to the embryoin vivois actually a conditional cell specification process, depending on the developmental signals from both the apical cell lineage and maternal tissues connected to the basal cell lineage.
A 3D digital atlas of the Nicotiana tabacum root tip and its use to investigate changes in the root apical meristem induced by the Agrobacterium 6b oncogene
Authors: Pasternak Taras , Haser Thomas , Falk Thorsten , Ronneberger Olaf , Palme Klaus , Otten Léon
Published: July 2017

Using the intrinsic Root Coordinate System (iRoCS) Toolbox, a digital atlas at cellular resolution has been constructed for Nicotiana tabacum roots. Mitotic cells and cells labeled for DNA replication with 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine (EdU) were mapped. The results demonstrate that iRoCS analysis can be applied to roots that are thicker than those of Arabidopsis thaliana without histological sectioning. A three‐dimensional (3‐D) analysis of the root tip showed that tobacco roots undergo several irregular periclinal and tangential divisions. Irrespective of cell type, rapid cell elongation starts at the same distance from the quiescent center, however, boundaries between cell proliferation and transition domains are cell‐type specific. The data support the existence of a transition domain in tobacco roots. Cell endoreduplication starts in the transition domain and continues into the elongation zone. The tobacco root map was subsequently used to analyse root organization changes caused by the inducible expression of the Agrobacterium 6b oncogene. In tobacco roots that express the 6b gene, the root apical meristem was shorter and radial cell growth was reduced, but the mitotic and DNA replication indexes were not affected. The epidermis of 6b‐expressing roots produced less files and underwent abnormal periclinal divisions. The periclinal division leading to mature endodermis and cortex3 cell files was delayed. These findings define additional targets for future studies on the mode of action of the Agrobacterium 6b oncogene.
A motivational interview promotes retention of blood donors with high internal motivation
Authors: France Christopher R. , France Janis L. , Carlson Bruce W. , Himawan Lina K. , Kessler Debra A. , Rebosa Mark , Shaz Beth H. , Madden Katrala , Carey Patricia M. , Slepian P. Maxwell , Ankawi Brett , Livitz Irina E. , Fox Kristen R.
Published: July 2017

BACKGROUND

Based on the hypothesis that self‐determined motivation is associated with an increased likelihood of future behavior, the present study examined the ability of a motivational interview to promote internal motivation for giving blood and future donation attempts.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

A sample of 484 recent whole‐blood and double red blood cell donors (62.4% female; age = 30.2 ± 11.8 years) were randomly assigned to either a telephone‐delivered motivational interview or a control call approximately 6 weeks after donating. Several weeks before the call and again 1 week after the call, participants completed the Blood Donor Identity Survey, a multidimensional measure of donor motivation, to derive indices of amotivation, external motivation, and internal motivation to give blood. Repeat donation attempts were tracked using blood center records.

RESULTS

Relative to controls, participants in the motivational interview group showed a shift toward more self‐determined motivation, as indicated by significant decreases in amotivation (p = 0.01) and significant increases in external (p = 0.009) and internal (p = 0.002) motivation. Furthermore, those with initially high levels of autonomous motivation were more likely to make a donation attempt in the subsequent year if they completed the motivational interview (71.1%) versus the control call (55.1%).

CONCLUSION

Motivational interviewing is a potentially useful strategy to enhance retention of existing blood donors, particularly among those who express a greater sense of internal motivation for giving.
Low prevalence of hepatitis C virus RNA in blood donors with anti‐hepatitis C virus reactivity in Rwanda
Authors: Twagirumugabe Theogene , Swaibu Gatare , Bergström Tomas , Walker Timothy David , Gahutu Jean Bosco , Norder Heléne
Published: July 2017

BACKGROUND

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the leading cause of severe liver disease worldwide and is highly endemic in Africa, where it often has nosocomial spread. Little is known on the HCV prevalence, risk for transfusion‐transmitted HCV, and circulating genotypes in Rwanda. This study was performed to investigate the prevalence of anti‐HCV among blood donors from all regions of the country and genetically characterize identified HCV strains.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Data on anti‐HCV reactivity for all 45,061 Rwandan blood donations during 2014 were compiled. Samples from 720 blood donors were reanalyzed for anti‐HCV in Sweden. Line immunoassay INNO‐LIA HCV and detection of HCV RNA by polymerase chain reaction were used to confirm anti‐HCV reactivity. The NS5B and core regions were sequenced and phylogenetic analysis was performed.

RESULTS

The anti‐HCV prevalence among all first‐time blood donors was 1.6%, with the highest occurrence in donors from the eastern region. On further analysis, only 25 of 120 primarily anti‐HCV–reactive samples could be confirmed reactive and 15 samples had indeterminate results by INNO‐LIA. Confirmed reactivity was more common among females than males (p = 0.03) with no regional difference. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences showed a predominance of subtypes 4k, 4q, and 4r, with no geographical difference in their distribution.

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of anti‐HCV among Rwandan blood donors has probably been overestimated previously due to the high rate of nonconfirmable anti‐HCV reactivity. Further study of the involved mechanism is needed to avoid loss of blood products and distress for blood donors and other test recipients.
Anaerobic Capacity Changes of the National Freestyle Wrestlers during the Olympic Qualification Competition Period
Authors: Sever Ozan , Gönülateş Süleyman , Bayrakdar Akan , Demirhan Bilal , Geri Serdar , Zorba Erdal
Published: July 2017

This study aimed to evaluate the national level wrestlers’ anaerobic capacity through the preparation and qualification periods for Rio 2016 summer Olympic Games. For this manner, 10 national level freestyle wrestlers’(age 22,10 ± 3,21; weight 64,75 ±6,34; height 164,31 ± 4,75) anaerobic outputs measured 3 times in three month intervals with Bosco repeated jump test. Peak Jump(cm), Flight time, average power, average power/weight, first 15sec average jump height, last 15sec average jump height, fatigue index scores analyzed with repeated measures Anova. Mean power/weight output of the wrestlers increased from 20,42 W/kg to 21,28 W/kg(4,21 %) and fatigue index is decreased from 1,185 to 1,142 (3,62 %). However, this increase was not statistically significant (p<0,05). In six months of qualification and preparation period wrestlers’ anaerobic capacity did not changed and it is thought to have been caused by some reasons such as having already reached a certain anaerobic peak level or athletes’ competition level and frequency which might made it difficult for them to have a proper periodization during the year.
Cutaneous microvascular perfusion responses to insulin iontophoresis are differentially affected by insulin resistance after spinal cord injury
Authors: La Fountaine Michael F. , Cirnigliaro Christopher M. , Azarelo Frank , Hobson Joshua C. , Tascione Oriana , Swonger Kirsten N. , Dyson‐Hudson Trevor , Bauman William A.
Published: July 2017

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

What impact does insulin resistance have on cutaneous perfusion responses to insulin iontophoresis in vascular beds with markedly reduced or functionally ablated sympathetic nervous system vasomotor function resulting from spinal cord injury?

What is the main finding and its importance?

Persons with spinal cord injury have sublesional microvascular endothelial dysfunction, as indicated by a blunted cutaneous perfusion response to acetylcholine iontophoresis, and the presence of insulin resistance has a further confounding effect on endothelium‐mediated changes to cutaneous perfusion in the lower extremities.

Endothelium‐mediated mechanisms that regulate skin blood flow might play an integral role in optimizing skin perfusion in vascular beds with sympathetic nervous system vasomotor impairment, such as in spinal cord injury (SCI). Insulin is a vasoactive hormone and second messenger of nitric oxide that facilitates endothelium‐mediated dilatation. The effects of insulin resistance (IR) on sublesional cutaneous perfusion responses to insulin provocation have yet to be described in persons with SCI. Persons with SCI and an able‐bodied (AB) cohort were divided into subgroups based upon fasting plasma insulin concentration cut‐offs for IR (≥13.13 mIU ml−1) or insulin sensitivity (IS; <13.13 mIU ml−1), as follows: AB, IS (ABIS, n = 21); SCI, IS (SCIS, n = 21); AB, IR (ABIR, n = 9); and SCI, IR (SCIR, n = 11). Laser Doppler flowmetry characterized peak blood perfusion unit (BPU) responses (percentage change from baseline) to insulin, acetylcholine or placebo iontophoresis in the lower extremities; BPU responses were log10 transformed to facilitate comparisons, and the net insulin response (NetIns) BPU response was calculated (insulin minus placebo BPU response). The NetIns was significantly greater in both IS groups compared with their corresponding IR group. The acetylcholine‐mediated BPU responses in the SCI subgroups were significantly lower than those in the ABIS group. The proportional BPU responses of NetIns to acetylcholine in the IS cohorts (i.e. ABIS and SCIS) were significantly greater (P < 0.05) than that of each IR subgroup. The presence of IR has a confounding effect on sublesional microvascular endothelium‐mediated cutaneous perfusion responses to provocation. Preservation of endothelial sensitivity to its agonists appears to be an important modifiable risk factor to optimize cutaneous perfusion in the lower extremities of persons with SCI.
The phase response and state space of slow wave contractions in the small intestine
Authors: Parsons Sean P. , Huizinga Jan D.
Published: July 2017

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

What are the dynamical rules governing interstitial cell of Cajal (ICC)‐generated slow wave contractions in the small intestine, as reflected in their phase response curve and state space?

What is the main finding and its importance?

The phase response curve has a region of phase advance surrounding a phase delay peak. This pattern is important in generating a stable synchrony within the ICC network and is related to the state space of the ICC; in particular, the phase delay peak corresponds to the unstable equilibrium point that threads the ICC's limit cycle.

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) generate electrical oscillations in the gut. Synchronization of the ICC population is required for generation of coherent electrical waves (‘slow waves’) that cause muscular contraction and thereby move gut content. The phase response curve (PRC) is an experimental measure of the dynamical rules governing a population of oscillators that determine their synchrony and gives an experimental window onto the state space of the oscillator, its dynamical landscape. We measured the PRC of slow wave contractions in the mouse small intestine by the novel combination of diameter mapping and single pulse electrical field stimulation. Phase change (τ) was measured as a function of old phase (ϕ) and distance from the stimulation electrode (d). Plots of τ(ϕ, d) showed an arrowhead‐shaped region of phase advance enclosing at its base a phase delay peak. The phase change mirrored the perturbed pattern of contraction waves in response to a pulse. The (ϕ, d) plane is the surface of a displacement tube extending from the limit cycle through state space. To visualize the state space vector field on this tube, latent phase (ϕlat) was calculated from τ. At the transition from advance to delay, isochrons made boomerang turns before tightening and winding around the phase delay peak corresponding to the unstable equilibrium point that threads the limit cycle. This isochron foliation had previously been observed in oscillator models such as the Fitzhugh–Nagumo but has not been demonstrated experimentally. The spatial extension of the PRC afforded by diameter mapping allows a better understanding of the dynamical properties of ICCs and how they synchronize as a population.
Benchmark of Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis on Measuring Nanoparticle Sizing and Concentration
Authors: Maguire Ciarán M. , Sillence Katherine , Roesslein Matthias , Hannell Claire , Suarez Guillaume , Sauvain Jean-Jacques , Capracotta Sonja , Contal Servane , Cambier Sebastien , El Yamani Naouale , Dusinska Maria , Dybowska Agnieszka , Vennemann Antje , Cooke Laura , Haase Andrea , Luch Andreas , Wiemann Martin , Gutleb Arno , Korenstein Rafi , Riediker Michael , Wick Peter , Hole Patrick , Prina-Mello Adriele
Published: July 2017

One of the greatest challenges in the manufacturing and development of nanotechnologies is the requirement for robust, reliable, and accurate characterization data. Presented here are the results of an interlaboratory comparison (ILC) brought about through multiple rounds of engagement with NanoSight Malvern and ten pan-European research facilities. Following refinement of the nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) technique, the size and concentration characterization of nanoparticles in liquid suspension was proven to be robust and reproducible for multiple sample types in monomodal, binary, or multimodal mixtures. The limits of measurement were shown to exceed the 30–600 nm range (with all system models), with percentage coefficients of variation (% CV) being calculated as sub 5% for monodisperse samples. Particle size distributions were also improved through the incorporation of the finite track length adjustment (FTLA) algorithm, which most noticeably acts to improve the resolution of multimodal sample mixtures. The addition of a software correction to account for variations between instruments also dramatically increased the accuracy and reproducibility of concentration measurements. When combined, the advances brought about during the interlaboratory comparisons allow for the simultaneous determination of accurate and precise nanoparticle sizing and concentration data in one measurement.
Analyses of Morphological Properties of a Generalized Miura Origami Structure
Authors: Ye Wei , Wei Feng , Yi Jin , Chang'an Zhu
Published: July 2017

In this paper, we generalize Miura origami and propose a method for analyzing a generalized Miura origami structure. Morphological properties of the generalized Miura origami element during the deploy motion are analyzed using the proposed method, which mainly utilizes the principle of spherical trigonometry and is verified in the folding limit state. The longitudinal length, horizontal length, and height of the generalized Miura origami element are defined and obtained using the proposed method. Results show the relationship between the range of deployment and the element parameters as well as the changes of the folding plane angles in the deployment process. During the deploy motion, both the longitudinal and horizontal length increased while the height decreased. However, the change speed of horizontal length decreased, whereas those of longitudinal length and height initially increased and then decreased. The increment of the folding element angle difference Δα reduced folding range and put off the severe change time of longitudinal length and height. The length parameters Ka, Kb, and Kab had slight effects on the results, but their changes did not alter the change trends. These results are useful to the design of fold structure and analysis of errors in standard Miura-ori structures.
Capturing Human Sequence-Learning Abilities in Configuration Design Tasks Through Markov Chains
Authors: McComb Christopher , Cagan Jonathan , Kotovsky Kenneth
Published: July 2017

Designers often search for new solutions by iteratively adapting a current design. By engaging in this search, designers not only improve solution quality but also begin to learn what operational patterns might improve the solution in future iterations. Previous work in psychology has demonstrated that humans can fluently and adeptly learn short operational sequences that aid problem-solving. This paper explores how designers learn and employ sequences within the realm of engineering design. Specifically, this work analyzes behavioral patterns in two human studies in which participants solved configuration design problems. Behavioral data from the two studies are first analyzed using Markov chains to determine how much representation complexity is necessary to quantify the sequential patterns that designers employ during solving. It is discovered that first-order Markov chains are capable of accurately representing designers' sequences. Next, the ability to learn first-order sequences is implemented in an agent-based modeling framework to assess the performance implications of sequence-learning abilities. These computational studies confirm the assumption that the ability to learn sequences is beneficial to designers.
Design and Characterization of a Novel Upward Flow Reactor for the Study of High-Temperature Thermal Reduction for Solar-Driven Processes
Authors: Evan Bush H. , Schlichting Karl-Philipp , Gill Robert J. , Jeter Sheldon M. , Loutzenhiser Peter G.
Published: July 2017

The design and characterization of an upward flow reactor (UFR) coupled to a high flux solar simulator (HFSS) under vacuum is presented. The UFR was designed to rapidly heat solid samples with concentrated irradiation to temperatures greater than 1000 °C at heating rates in excess of 50 K/s. Such conditions are ideal for examining high-temperature thermal reduction kinetics of reduction/oxidation-active materials by temporally monitoring O2 evolution. A steady-state, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was employed in the design to minimize the formation of eddies and recirculation, and lag and dispersion were characterized through a suite of O2 tracer experiments using deconvolution and the continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTR) in series models. A transient, CFD and heat transfer model of the UFR was combined with Monte Carlo ray tracing (MCRT) to determine radiative heat fluxes on the sample from the HFSS to model spatial and temporal sample temperatures. The modeled temperatures were compared with those measured within the sample during an experiment in which Co3O4 was thermally reduced to CoO and O2. The measured temperatures within the bed were bounded by the average top and bottom modeled bed temperatures for the duration of the experiment. Small variances in the shape of the modeled versus experimental temperatures were due to contact resistance between the thermocouple and particles in the bed and changes in the spectral absorptivity and emissivity as the Co3O4 was reduced to CoO and O2.
Flowfield and Performance Analysis of a Three-Dimensional TBCC Exhaust Nozzle
Authors: Xu Baocheng , Xu Jinglei , Wang Xiao , Zhu Wei , Niu Yanfeng
Published: July 2017

Compared to other engines, turbine-based combined cycle (TBCC) engine is one of the most suitable propulsion systems for hypersonic vehicle. Because of its fine reusability, wide flight envelope, and safety margins, TBCC engine is becoming a more and more important hotspot of research. In this paper, a three-dimensional (3D) over–under TBCC exhaust system is designed, simulated, and the results are discussed, wherein the ramjet flowpath is designed by the quasi-two-dimensional method of characteristics (MOC). A new scheme of rotating around the rear shaft is proposed to regulate the throat area of turbine flowpath. Cold flow experiments are conducted to gain a thorough and fundamental understanding of TBCC exhaust system at on and off-design conditions. To characterize the flow regimes, static pressure taps and schlieren apparatus are employed to obtain the wall pressure distributions and flowfield structures during the experiments. Detailed flow features, as well as the thrust performance, are simulated by the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. Both the numerical and experimental results show that the TBCC exhaust nozzle in this study can provide sufficient thrust during the whole flight envelop despite a little deterioration at the beginning of the mode transition. The research provides a new and effective scheme for the exhaust system of TBCC engine.
Fitness for Service of Layered Multiwalled Design Vessels
Authors: Gough Kyle , Peters Daniel
Published: July 2017

Layered vessels have been in-service for many years which use layered construction. This construction technique has been employed since the 1930's. This generally involved either concentric plates or spirally wrapped plates to manufacture vessels with thick walls that otherwise would require very thick and heavy forgings. Long term asset management of these vessels, including non-destructive evaluation of the vessels welds and life assessment of the vessels due to operational cycling the vessels experience can be challenging. This paper is meant to address some of the challenges in managing these critical assets and provide a discussion on the application of state of the art techniques which are being applied today.
The Effect of Antibody Size and Mechanical Loading on Solute Diffusion Through the Articular Surface of Cartilage
Authors: DiDomenico Chris D. , Goodearl Andrew , Yarilina Anna , Sun Victor , Mitra Soumya , Sterman Annette Schwartz , Bonassar Lawrence J.
Published: July 2017

Because of the heterogeneous nature of articular cartilage tissue, penetration of potential therapeutic molecules for osteoarthritis (OA) through the articular surface (AS) is complex, with many factors that affect transport of these solutes within the tissue. Therefore, the goal of this study is to investigate how the size of antibody (Ab) variants, as well as application of cyclic mechanical loading, affects solute transport within healthy cartilage tissue. Penetration of fluorescently tagged solutes was quantified using confocal microscopy. For all the solutes tested, fluorescence curves were obtained through the articular surface. On average, diffusivities for the solutes of sizes 200 kDa, 150 kDa, 50 kDa, and 25 kDa were 3.3, 3.4, 5.1, and 6.0 μm2/s from 0 to 100 μm from the articular surface. Diffusivities went up to a maximum of 16.5, 18.5, 20.5, and 23.4 μm2/s for the 200 kDa, 150 kDa, 50 kDa, and 25 kDa molecules, respectively, from 225 to 325 μm from the surface. Overall, the effect of loading was very significant, with maximal transport enhancement for each solute ranging from 2.2 to 3.4-fold near 275 μm. Ultimately, solutes of this size do not diffuse uniformly nor are convected uniformly, through the depth of the cartilage tissue. This research potentially holds great clinical significance to discover ways of further optimizing transport into cartilage and leads to effective antibody-based treatments for OA.
COHESIVE FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATIONS OF CONTRACTION AND SHAPE EFFECTS ON CELL DE-ADHESION
Authors: PETROVA MARGARITA , GAO ZHIWEN , LIU YAN , GAO YANFEI , HE WEI
Published: July 2017

Cohesive-interface-based finite element simulations were conducted to investigate the critical shear stress required for cell de-adhesion from extracellular substrates. The interface ligand–receptor bonds are modeled by a cohesive interface model with initial stiffness, interface strength, and fracture energy as the governing parameters. The ratio of the cell modulus to the interface stiffness defines a length scale. If this length is much less than the contact size, the de-adhesion process can be modeled by the linear elastic fracture mechanics, while the opposite limit leads to the concurrent sliding of the cell or, equivalently, debonding of all the interface ligand–receptor pairs. Since it generates additional shear-stress concentration along the interface, cell contraction generally reduces the critical de-adhesion stress. Cell de-adhesion is more prone to take place for three-dimensional irregular cell shapes because of the much easier failure in the anti-plane Mode III shear, as well as the additional stress concentration in these geometric irregularities.
Structure of free complement wavefunction for the ground and the first excited state of helium atom
Authors: Mostafanejad Mohammad
Published: July 2017

We review the fundamental ideas of free complement (FC) method through its application on both ground and first excited states of helium atom. We have found that lower energies can be obtained with fewer number of terms in the FC expansion of the ground state wavefunction. In this case, the optimization of orbital exponents was not necessary for achieving spectroscopic accuracy, especially at higher orders where the structure of the FC wavefunction converges to that of the exact one. We have discovered that permanents naturally appear in the FC expansion of the first triplet excited state wavefunction. Including permanents in the FC expansion is shown to be energetically important for the first triplet excited state of helium atom whereas it is not computationally favorable at higher orders. Finally, considering the group theoretical properties of the symmetric group [Formula: see text] and using immanants, a compact and more elegant form for the FC expansion of the first triplet excited state of the helium atom is achieved.
Morse simulation of the global monopole equation in flat spacetime
Authors: Mazharimousavi S. Habib , Halilsoy M.
Published: July 2017

We show that a Morse-type potential simulates an analytic solution for the highly nonlinear global monopole field equation in three and higher-dimensional flat spacetimes. Owing to the fact that in the flat space limit the similar equation remains intact, we wish to borrow the curved space terminology of global monopole also in flat spacetime. This may provide a compelling example that can be used effectively in different nonlinear theories such as flat space [Formula: see text] as well as in curved spacetimes.
Measuring Organizational-Fit Through Socio-Cultural Big Data
Authors: Vajjhala Narasimha Rao , Strang Kenneth David
Published: July 2017

We propose that businesses, government, and not-for-profit entities could benefit from a better understanding of organizational behavior through the lens of a contemporary global culture model. Human resourcing and partnering decisions could be improved by using global culture to ensure a better organizational-fit as well as to reduce the risk of destructive relationship dependencies. For an extreme-limits example, a company could inadvertently hire a terrorist or a social loafer seeking to steal competitive intelligence. A big data approach supported by a socio-cultural framework could help in hypothesis testing which is essential for advancing the body of knowledge in organizational behavior. This paper will make a scholarly contribution by identifying literature relevant to collecting and analyzing organizational big data that could explain beneficial socio-cultural behavior. This paper will explore how sources of qualitative big data could be collected and then analyzed to measure organizational-fit factors relevant for decision-making.
Perfect non-commuting graphs of matrices over chains
Authors: Devhare Sarika , Joshi Vinayak
Published: July 2017

In this paper, we study the non-commuting graph [Formula: see text] of strictly upper triangular [Formula: see text] matrices over an [Formula: see text]-element chain [Formula: see text]. We prove that [Formula: see text] is a compact graph. From [Formula: see text], we construct a poset [Formula: see text]. We further prove that [Formula: see text] is a dismantlable lattice and its zero-divisor graph is isomorphic to [Formula: see text]. Lastly, we prove that [Formula: see text] is a perfect graph.
One-Pot Multicomponent Synthesis of Thiourea Derivatives in Cyclotriphosphazenes Moieties
Authors: Ngaini Zainab , Wan Zulkiplee Wan Sharifatun Handayani , Abd Halim Ainaa Nadiah
Published: July 2017

In this study, hexasubstituted thiourea was carried out via reaction of isothiocyanato cyclophosphazene intermediates with a series of aromatics amines and amino acids in a one-pot reaction system. The reaction was not as straightforward as typical thiourea synthesis. Six unexpected thiourea derivatives3a–fwere formed in the presence of cyclotriphosphazene moieties in good yields (53–82%). The structures of3a–fwere characterized by elemental analysis and FTIR,1H,13C, and31P NMR spectroscopies. The occurrence of reverse thioureas formation in a one-pot reaction system is discussed. The possible binding interaction of the synthesised thiourea3a-bin comparison to the predicted phenyl thiourea5a-band the targeted4awith enzyme enoyl ACP reductase (FabI) is also discussed. Molecular docking of the targeted hexasubstituted thiourea4ais able to give higher binding affinity of −7.5 kcal/mol compared to5a-b(−5.9 kcal/mol and −6.3 kcal/mol) and thiourea3a-b(−4.5 kcal/mol and −4.7 Kcal/mol).
Blood Transcriptional Signatures for Disease Progression in a Rat Model of Osteoarthritis
Authors: Korostyński Michał , Małek Natalia , Piechota Marcin , Starowicz Katarzyna
Published: July 2017

Biomarkers of osteoarthritis (OA) that can accurately diagnose the disease at the earliest stage would significantly support efforts to develop treatments for prevention and early intervention. We have sought to determine the time course of alterations in peripheral blood gene expression profile associated with the development of OA. Blood samples were collected from a tail vein of individual rats with monosodium iodoacetate- (MIA-) induced OA (2, 14, 21, and 28 days after the treatment). We used whole-genome microarrays to reveal OA-related transcriptional alterations of 72 transcripts. Three main groups of coexpressed genes revealed diverse time-dependent profiles of up- and downregulation. Functional links that connect expression of the gradually downregulated genes to the G13 signaling pathway were indicated. The mRNA abundance levels of the identified transcripts were further analyzed in publicly available gene expression dataset obtained from a GARP study cohort of OA patients. We revealed three-gene signature differentially expressed in both rat and human blood (TNK2, KCTD2, and WDR37). The alterations in expression of the selected transcripts in peripheral blood samples of the patients indicate heterogeneity of the OA profiles potentially related to disease progress and severity of clinical symptoms. Our study identifies several potential stage-specific biomarkers of OA progression.
Comparisons of Efficacy of Intravitreal Aflibercept and Ranibizumab in Eyes with Diabetic Macular Edema
Authors: Shimizu Norihiro , Oshitari Toshiyuki , Tatsumi Tomoaki , Takatsuna Yoko , Arai Miyuki , Sato Eiju , Baba Takayuki , Yamamoto Shuichi
Published: July 2017

We compared the efficacy of intravitreal aflibercept (IVA) to intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) injections in eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME). The medical records of 49 eyes of 36 patients who were diagnosed with DME and had received IVR and 46 eyes of 40 patients who had received IVA treatment were reviewed. The central macular thickness (CMT) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were measured at the baseline and at 1, 3, and 6 months after the IVR or IVA. The mean number of injections of IVR was 2.6±1.1 and of IVA was 2.7±1.4. At 6 months, the CMT was significantly thinner than the baseline after IVR and after IVA. The mean BCVA was significantly better than the baseline after IVR only at 1 and 3 months and after IVA at 1 and 6 months. The BCVA of eyes with serous retinal detachment (SRD) was significantly better at 1 month after the IVR and at 1 month and 6 months after the IVA. The BCVAs improved more significantly in the SRD+ group than in the SRD− group. The effects of IVA persist longer than that of IVR. The effectiveness of both IVR and IVA was not dependent on the presence of SRD (IRB#2107).
Parallel Factor-Based Model for Two-Dimensional Direction Estimation
Authors: Tayem Nizar , Majeed Khaqan , Hussain Ahmed A.
Published: July 2017

Two-dimensional (2D) Direction-of-Arrivals (DOA) estimation for elevation and azimuth angles assuming noncoherent, mixture of coherent and noncoherent, and coherent sources using extended three parallel uniform linear arrays (ULAs) is proposed. Most of the existing schemes have drawbacks in estimating 2D DOA for multiple narrowband incident sources as follows: use of large number of snapshots, estimation failure problem for elevation and azimuth angles in the range of typical mobile communication, and estimation of coherent sources. Moreover, the DOA estimation for multiple sources requires complex pair-matching methods. The algorithm proposed in this paper is based on first-order data matrix to overcome these problems. The main contributions of the proposed method are as follows: (1) it avoids estimation failure problem using a new antenna configuration and estimates elevation and azimuth angles for coherent sources; (2) it reduces the estimation complexity by constructing Toeplitz data matrices, which are based on a single or few snapshots; (3) it derives parallel factor (PARAFAC) model to avoid pair-matching problems between multiple sources. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Parental Genetic Variants, MTHFR 677C>T and MTRR 66A>G, Associated Differently with Fetal Congenital Heart Defect
Authors: Guo Qian-nan , Wang Hong-dan , Tie Li-zhen , Li Tao , Xiao Hai , Long Jian-gang , Liao Shi-xiu
Published: July 2017

Background. Congenital heart defect (CHD) is one of the most common birth defects in the world. The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) genes are two of the most important candidate genes for fetal CHD. However, the correlations between the two genes and fetal CHD were inconsistent in various reports. Therefore, this study is aimed to evaluate the parental effects of the two genes on fetal CHD via three genetic polymorphisms, MTHFR 677C>T (rs1801133), MTHFR 1298 A>C (rs1801131), and MTRR 66A>G (rs1801394).Methods. Parents with pregnancy history of fetal CHD were divided into two subgroups: ventricular septal defect (VSD) (21) and non-VSD groups (78). VSD, non-VSD, and 114 control parents (controls) were analyzed in this study. Genotyping of these genetic polymorphisms was done by sequencing.Results. The MTHFR 677C>T polymorphism of either mothers or fathers was independently associated with fetal non-VSD (P<0.05) but not VSD, while the MTRR 66A>G polymorphism was independently associated with fetal VSD (P<0.05) but not non-VSD. No significance was found for MTHFR 1298A>C polymorphism.Conclusion. In either maternal or paternal group, the MTHFR 677C>T polymorphism was independently related to fetal non-VSD, while the MTRR 66A>G polymorphism was independently related to fetal VSD.
Real World Evidence: A Quantitative and Qualitative Glance at Participant Feedback from a Free-Response Survey Investigating Experiences of a Structured Exercise Intervention for Men with Prostate Cancer
Authors: Fox L. , Cahill F. , Burgess C. , Peat N. , Rudman S. , Kinsella J. , Cahill D. , George G. , Santaolalla A. , Van Hemelrijck M.
Published: July 2017

Aim. To explore patient experiences of a structured exercise intervention for men with prostate cancer (PCa). Sample. 41 men with either localised or advanced PCa who had been referred for a structured exercise programme by their physician and then subsequently consented to a telephone survey. Method. Participants underwent a 10-week supervised exercise programme within a large cancer centre hospital consisting of 8 sessions. They then completed a short multiple choice telephone survey, elaborating on their responses where appropriate. Views expressed by participants were analysed using an affinity diagram and common themes were identified. Results. Feedback from our telephone surveys was consistently positive and suggests that the structured exercise intervention provides exercise confidence, motivation to exercise, and social support and promotes positive health behaviour change in the context of exercise. Individual differences arose amongst participants in their perceived utility of the intervention, with 73.3% expressing a preference for structured exercise classes and 19.5% expressing a preference for exercising independently. Conclusion. Design of a structured exercise intervention for patients with PCa should embrace the positive aspects outlined here but consider patients’ individual differences. Ongoing feedback from patients should be utilised alongside traditional study designs to inform intervention design in this area.