bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of low-energy electrons in focused electron beam induced deposition: four case studies of representative precursors
Authors: Thorman Rachel M , Kumar T. P. Ragesh , Fairbrother D Howard , Ingólfsson Oddur
Published: September 2015

Focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) is a single-step, direct-write nanofabrication technique capable of writing three-dimensional metal-containing nanoscale structures on surfaces using electron-induced reactions of organometallic precursors. Currently FEBID is, however, limited in resolution due to deposition outside the area of the primary electron beam and in metal purity due to incomplete precursor decomposition. Both limitations are likely in part caused by reactions of precursor molecules with low-energy (<100 eV) secondary electrons generated by interactions of the primary beam with the substrate. These low-energy electrons are abundant both inside and outside the area of the primary electron beam and are associated with reactions causing incomplete ligand dissociation from FEBID precursors. As it is not possible to directly study the effects of secondary electrons in situ in FEBID, other means must be used to elucidate their role. In this context, gas phase studies can obtain well-resolved information on low-energy electron-induced reactions with FEBID precursors by studying isolated molecules interacting with single electrons of well-defined energy. In contrast, ultra-high vacuum surface studies on adsorbed precursor molecules can provide information on surface speciation and identify species desorbing from a substrate during electron irradiation under conditions more representative of FEBID. Comparing gas phase and surface science studies allows for insight into the primary deposition mechanisms for individual precursors; ideally, this information can be used to design future FEBID precursors and optimize deposition conditions. In this review, we give a summary of different low-energy electron-induced fragmentation processes that can be initiated by the secondary electrons generated in FEBID, specifically, dissociative electron attachment, dissociative ionization, neutral dissociation, and dipolar dissociation, emphasizing the different nature and energy dependence of each process. We then explore the value of studying these processes through comparative gas phase and surface studies for four commonly-used FEBID precursors: MeCpPtMe3, Pt(PF3)4, Co(CO)3NO, and W(CO)6. Through these case studies, it is evident that this combination of studies can provide valuable insight into potential mechanisms governing deposit formation in FEBID. Although further experiments and new approaches are needed, these studies are an important stepping-stone toward better understanding the fundamental physics behind the deposition process and establishing design criteria for optimized FEBID precursors.
Pharmacokinetic Drug–drug Interaction Study between Raltegravir and Citalopram
Authors: Blonk Maren I , Langemeijer Charlotte CA , Colbers Angela PH , Hoogtanders Karin EJ , van Schaik Ron HN , Schouwenberg Bas JJW , Burger David M
Published: September 2015

Background

Depression is the most common mental health disorder among HIV-infected patients. When treating HIV-infected patients with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), potential drug–drug interactions with antiretroviral agents have to be taken into account. We investigated the two-way pharmacokinetic drug–drug interaction and tolerability of concomitant administration of the SSRI citalopram and the HIV-1 integrase inhibitor raltegravir in healthy volunteers.

Methods

An open-label, crossover, two-period trial was conducted in 24 healthy volunteers. Subjects received the following treatments: citalopram 20 mg once daily for 2 weeks followed by the combination with raltegravir 400 mg twice daily for 5 days and after a washout period raltegravir 400 mg twice daily for 5 days. Intensive steady-state pharmacokinetic blood sampling was performed. Geometric mean ratios (GMRs) of the combination versus the reference treatment and 90% CIs were calculated for the area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC). CYP2C19 genotyping was performed because it influences N-demethylation of citalopram to desmethylcitalopram.

Results

A total of 22 healthy volunteers completed the trial. GMRs (90% CI) were 1.00 (0.98, 1.03) for citalopram AUC0–24h, 0.99 (0.88, 1.12) for desmethylcitalopram AUC0–24h and 0.77 (0.50, 1.19) for raltegravir AUC0–12h. Raltegravir plasma concentration 12 h after intake (C12h) did not change with concomitant use of citalopram. Within each CYP2C19 phenotype subgroup the citalopram metabolite-to-parent ratio, which is a measure for metabolic enzyme activity, was not influenced by concomitant raltegravir use.

Conclusions

Raltegravir does not influence the pharmacokinetics of citalopram and desmethylcitalopram. Citalopram did not change the pharmacokinetics of raltegravir in a clinically meaningful way. The combination was well tolerated and can be administered without dose adjustments. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01978782.
Habiter, concept novateur dans la géographie scolaire ?
Authors: Biaggi Catherine
Published: September 2015

L’article vise à caractériser la place de l’habiter dans la géographie scolaire, à identifier le moment et la manière dont la notion a été intégrée dans les programmes de collège, dans une sorte de «  making of  » du processus de leur élaboration, à travers un récit de l’auteur, membre du groupe d’experts ayant fabriqué les programmes. Mais le propos cherche également à travers cette expérience à rendre compte du travail de transposition du concept d’habiter, opéré entre champ académique et champ scolaire. Ce récit tente, dans sa partie finale une sorte d’état des lieux de la prise en compte de l’habiter dans la géographie enseignée, à travers l’examen des démarches et des pratiques actuelles.
Pièges-à-jeunes
Authors: Morel Geneviève
Published: September 2015

Il existe bien des façons de passer d’une rêverie « normale » à une attitude hors-la-loi ou à un comportement qui vous sera préjudiciable. Nous en examinons trois modalités à partir d’exemples : la fascination par l’image, lorsqu’elle est désormais multipliée de façon exponentielle par les réseaux sociaux (cf. The Bling Ring , Sofia Coppola, 2013) ; la croyance naïve au mythe néolibéral du plaisir pur (cf. The Spring Breakers , Harmony Korine, 2012) ; et enfin les bons vieux fantasmes freudiens. Trois façons de se faire piéger efficacement .
Jeunes psychotiques : entre l’errance et la contrainte
Authors: Ouldamar Kada
Published: September 2015

Après le déclenchement de leur psychose, certains jeunes patients ont du mal à l’accepter et à s’inscrire dans un projet de soins. À travers l’histoire marquée par l’errance et l’incurie de trois jeunes patients psychotiques « rebelles » à toute prise en charge psychiatrique, nous posons la question en forme de dilemme de la légitimité en dernier recours de la contrainte aux soins et de l’hospitalisation prolongée.
« Je l’aime, lui, un punk »
Authors: Boudailliez Sylvie
Published: September 2015

Une jeune fille, brillante dans ses études, s’extrait de son milieu pour fréquenter un sdf avec qui elle a des rapports sexuels non protégés et s’alcoolise régulièrement. Comment a-t-elle pu en arriver à une telle dérive ? Nous tentons de situer les points de bascule aux confluents des conflits familiaux et sociaux auxquels elle s’est confrontée, et nous démontrons comment, à certains égards, ces éléments résonnent avec L’éveil du printemps de Frank Wedekind (1864-1918) ; un auteur qui, dans son attention aux conséquences de la répression de la sexualité, fut considéré par Bertolt Brecht comme l’un des plus grands éducateurs de l’Allemagne moderne.
Exploitation, aliénation et émancipation : Marx et l’expérience moderne du travail
Authors: Sobel Richard
Published: September 2015

L’article propose une analyse de l’expérience moderne du travail à partir d’une interprétation de la philosophie du travail de Marx qui articule trois dimensions : travail-production, travail-subjectivation et travail-intégration. Si Marx nous permet de jeter un éclairage radical sur l’exploitation et l’aliénation, en particulier dans le capitalisme, force est de constater qu’il manque en partie la compréhension des tenants et aboutissants de l’émancipation telle qu’elle se déploie effectivement dans nos sociétés salariales, loin de la radicalité de son utopie communiste.
« Personne ne répond. » Travailler quand tout peut disparaître
Authors: Vidaillet Bénédicte
Published: September 2015

Ce texte s’appuie sur une recherche effectuée sur un site industriel menacé de fermeture. Il apparaît assez vite que la caractéristique principale de cette usine est que l’on ne sait pas d’où vient cette menace et qui pourrait prendre la décision de fermer. Il s’agit alors d’étudier les conséquences psychiques, pour les représentants des salariés, d’un énoncé (la menace de fermeture) non rattaché à un lieu d’énonciation. Le sentiment de culpabilité produit par cette situation amoindrit leurs capacités de résistance. Il leur faudra faire appel à un Autre extérieur à l’usine (juge, presse, chercheurs, etc.) pour recouvrer un potentiel de résistance.
Les Soprano et la psychanalyse : plaisir de fiction et transgression
Authors: Bergami G. Barbosa Pablo
Published: September 2015

Le présent article explore la représentation de la psychanalyse dans Les Soprano , série télévisée pionnière de l’« âge d’or des séries ». L’auteur explore la précision, inédite dans la production audiovisuelle, de la représentation de la psychanalyse au centre de la série, mais l’accent est mis sur une influence plus profonde de la psychanalyse sur celle-ci. Ainsi, Les Soprano pourrait être caractérisée comme une série « psychanalytique » en ce qu’elle va à la fois entretenir le « plaisir de fiction » typique des films de gangsters, tout en frustrant plusieurs des attentes de satisfaction des spectateurs, mettant au jour les scénarios fantasmatiques sous-jacents typiques de ce genre.
Analyze this , ou Mafia Blues en français
Authors: Moscovitz Jean-Jacques
Published: September 2015

Analyze this nous enchante, nous fait rire, car il fonctionne en clins d’œil à nous laisser percevoir nos désirs de meurtre pour le père, et d’inceste pour la mère, à notre insu. C’est un magnifique appui pour accéder à l’inconscient et à la levée de son refoulement…
Le lien entre le patient et l’analyste : l’exemple de Jimmy P.
Authors: Rubiliani-Lenne Sylvie
Published: September 2015

Poussera-t-on plus facilement la porte d’un cabinet de psychanalyste après avoir vu le film Jimmy P. d’Arnaud Desplechin ? L’accueil très majoritairement favorable des critiques et le nombre élevé d’entrées pourraient en effet le laisser supposer. En analysant le scénario qui met en images une cure psychanalytique hors normes et un psychanalyste d’abord ethnologue, Georges Devereux, nous tentons de démontrer que ces choix d’un réalisateur passionné par les tourments de l’esprit réussissent à donner une image convaincante et incitative de la psychanalyse. Le film s’inscrit de ce fait à l’opposé des inépuisables productions de ces soixante dernières années ayant pris la psychanalyse pour objet et le plus souvent pour cible. S’inspirant du pari hitchcockien des années cinquante, le réalisateur d’aujourd’hui dirige le projecteur sur le lien entre l’analyste et le patient, lien dont la qualité constitue d’après lui la seule condition à la guérison de ce dernier. Le caractère peu académique de cette relation entre analysant et analysé est déjà clairement affirmé dans l’affiche du film. Dans Jimmy P. l’image de la psychanalyse est renvoyée au spectateur par le prisme du psychanalyste, de son histoire, de sa posture et de son empathie. On peut donc avancer l’hypothèse que c’est à lui que revient la responsabilité du statut et de l’image de sa pratique dans la société. C’est en tout cas l’option que cet article propose.
Analyse filmique et psychanalyse, une histoire de rencontre
Authors: Weyl Dimitri
Published: September 2015

Depuis le regard psychanalytique l’art cinématographique est appréhendé — la plupart du temps — soit dans une logique de psychanalyse appliquée, soit en termes « isomorphiques ». Cela limite l’apport que la rencontre entre cinéma et psychanalyse peut générer lorsque ces deux champs sont reconnus dans leur puissance et singularité respectives. Cet article se propose d’identifier, synthétiquement, ce qui apparaît essentiel dans une démarche de recherche pour que l’analyse filmique puisse être le plus fructueuse possible. Walter Benjamin avait vu très tôt que psychanalyse et cinéma ont ouvert des champs de regard et d’écoute de ce qui ne pouvait être vu et entendu jusqu’alors. Et que ces champs pouvaient être puissamment complémentaires. Le langage cinématographique — lorsqu’il est reconnu dans sa pleine puissance — permet de cerner des effets de réel tels qu’aucun autre matériel ne le permet. Partant, notre hypothèse sera de considérer que lier harmonieusement le regard cinématographique au regard psychanalytique c’est ouvrir une « double focale ». Deux focales qui lorsqu’elles se rencontrent tendent à lier l’invisible au visible . L’invisible des enjeux inconscients au visible qu’ouvre l’image-mouvement.
“Striving for Excellence”: Minimum Data Set Coordinators’ Perceptions of Their Role in the Nursing Home
Authors: Bjarnadottir Ragnhildur I. , Semeraro Patricia K. , Herzig Carolyn T.A. , Pogorzelska-Maziarz Monika , Carter Eileen , Cohen Catherine C. , Travers Jasmine , Stone Patricia W.
Published: September 2015

The purpose of the current study was to explore how Minimum Data Set (MDS) coordinators perceive their role and the assessment process. Eleven MDS coordinators from 10 geographically dispersed nursing homes (NHs) were interviewed between May and September 2013. Four broad themes emerged from content analysis: (a)
information gathering
, (b)
interdisciplinary coordination
, (c)
role challenges
, and (d)
resources
. The first two themes referred to key components and competencies in the MDS coordinators’ role, the third theme dealt with certain challenges inherent in the role, and the fourth theme highlighted resources that helped address these challenges. The current study provides insight into how MDS coordinators perceive their role, as well as some of the challenges they face to successfully enact that role. The current findings can help inform NH management staff, such as directors of nursing and NH administrators, and policy makers, on how best to support MDS coordinators’ work to enable efficient and accurate resident assessment processes. [
Journal of Gerontological Nursing
,
41
(9), 32–41.]
Modified Murray Technique for Carpal Navicular Nonunion
Authors: Farsetti Pasquale , Caterini Roberto , Potenza Vito , Dragoni Massimiliano , Ippolito Ernesto
Published: September 2015

The authors report the results of long-term follow-up in 29 patients treated for non-union of the carpal navicular with a modified Murray technique performed through a lateral approach. Mean patient age at surgery was 22.5 years. Average time from injury to surgery for nonunion was 18 months. In 5 cases, mild signs of osteoarthritis of the radioscaphoid joint (scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse [SNAC] stage I) were present before surgery, and in 2 cases, radiographic signs of avascular necrosis of the proximal nonunion fragment were evident. In all cases, a corticocancellous nonvascularized bone graft taken from the distal part of the ipsilateral radius was used. Mean follow-up was 11.2 years. Nonunion had healed in 93.1% of cases. At follow-up, the 2 patients in whom nonunion had not healed had severe painful osteoarthritis of the wrist (SNAC stage IV). Twenty patients were asymptomatic, and 5 had occasional pain in the wrist. Wrist range of motion was restricted in all patients compared with the contralateral side. Mild osteoarthritis was observed in 6 patients (SNAC stage I). The average Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score was 8.7 of 100. The modified Murray technique is reliable for treating nonunion of the carpal navicular. The union rate is high, and the incidence of wrist osteoarthritis is low compared with other studies. Early diagnosis and treatment of nonunion (a short interval between fracture and surgery) can minimize the risk of degenerative joint disease. Avascular necrosis of the proximal fragment is not an absolute contraindication to surgery. [
Orthopedics.
2015; 38(9):e766–e772.]
Epidemiology of Aquatic and Recreational Water Sport Injuries: A Case-Control Analysis
Authors: Kane Ian , Ong Alvin , Radcliff Kris E. , Austin Luke S. , Maltenfort Mitchell , Tjoumakaris Fotios
Published: September 2015

The purposes of the current investigation are to evaluate the epidemiology of water sport injuries at a coastal tertiary trauma center and to determine the association of these activities with spinal column injury and to determine whether aquatic trauma injuries differ significantly from those that occur terrestrially. A retrospective review of a consecutive series of 105 patients with aquatic-based mechanisms of injury admitted to a Level II trauma center over a 3-year period, as well as a matched control cohort with terrestrial-based mechanisms of injury, was conducted. Patients were treated at a Level II trauma center from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2010. All patients received a full trauma work-up on arrival. Patients were identified retrospectively from a prospectively collected database (N=5298). Eligible patients were identified from billing/coding data as having mechanisms of injury related to an aquatic setting. Patients were evaluated using standard trauma protocols. Spinal column and cord injury occurrence and differences between groups were reviewed. Personal watercrafts accounted for the majority of injuries (n=39). Cervical (33.3%), closed-head (25.7%), and thoracolumbar (21.9%) injuries accounted for the majority of injury types. The cervical spinal column and the spinal cord were at an increased risk of injury in the aquatic injury cohort (
P
<.0001). The current data show the high incidence of spinal column and cord injuries in this patient population relative to controls. Practitioners who care for trauma patients near an aquatic environment should be aware of the high prevalence of these injuries, with proper spinal cord preservation protocols in place to optimize outcome. [
Orthopedics.
2015; 38(9):e813–e818.]
Lighter Structural Clay Ceramics Manufactured with Marble Cutting Dust and Paperboard Based Packaging Waste
Authors: Galán Arboledas Rosendo J. , Merino García Aarón , Bueno Salvador
Published: September 2015

This work evaluates some preliminary results of adding two kinds of wastes in two characteristics clay mixtures with the aim of producing lighter structural ceramic products. The selected wastes are marble cutting dust and a packaging waste mainly composed by paperboard and polyethylene. In the case of clay mixtures, they are focused to the manufacture of both common and facing bricks. New waste based formulations are proposed on the basis of chemical and mineralogical compositions of clays and wastes and previous experiences in literature. Especial attention is paid to initial carbonate content in the selected clays, since marble waste is almost exclusively formed by calcite. Dynamic sintering tests and technological properties characterization were performed to analyse the feasibility of waste incorporation. Sintering behaviour shows a larger influence of marble dust waste and it is radically changed in the case of clay mixtures for facing products. Technology properties of unfired specimens are in general adequate for the industrial practice. Final technological properties of sintered specimens shows lower density for the new waste bearing products but not unique trends with sintering temperature for another properties as bending strength or water absorption capacity. These properties are mainly conditioned by the sintering behaviour associated to marble dust addition and, thus additional microstructure and mineralogy test would be necessary for a better knowledge of these materials and their optimised formulation.
Vitreous and Ceramic Processing for the Recycling of Industrial Wastes
Authors: Rincón Jesús Ma
Published: September 2015

Since last decades both processes for the production of glass and ceramic materials (known by the generic name of "vitrification") and the processing of the usual ceramic materials ("sintering") are being investigated as a possible way to isolate, inmobilize and even recycling of industrial wastes as a source of "secondary raw materials". Starting from this point of view, the basis for the processing of some of wastes investigated by the author in the last decades are exposed, namely: metallurgy (muds or sludges...), residues from the production of energy (generation power plants, incinerators, nuclear power plants ...) wastes coming from the treatment of minerals and rocks (dumps, mine tailings, muds and machining of natural stone ...), as well as electrical wastes, demolition wastes and finally biomass residues which have been investigated in the recent years. This type of waste and mixtures give rise to synthetic materials with wide uses in construction and public works. Indeed, these are the only industries able to management of high volumes which may be suitable for absorbing a new range of glass, ceramic and glass-ceramic materials from all type of wastes. Experimental results obtained in last decades allow to conclude that both sintering processes as well as vitrification can be considered as an actual and useful, at least partially, for solving the environmental problems generated by all type of wastes.
The Future of Research in Ceramics in the XXI Century
Authors: Domínguez-Rodríguez Arturo , Gómez-García Diego
Published: September 2015

This lecture will outline the past, present and future of research in ceramics. The concept of “ceramic material” has evolved along the time and it hás broadened remarkably for the last decades from traditional clay-based materials to new systems: the term includes now high-performant capacitors, superconductors, highly-efficient oxides, carbides and nitrides of transition metals. The search of new materials has made that their processing and characterization become more technically sophisticated and it has encouraged the development of new techniques and more accurate scientific instruments, altogether providing a wider updated database. The landscape for ceramics research has changed dramatically for the past 15 years, and research in this field is now in a crossroad: in this lecture the emerging areas in ceramic science will be discussed, based upon a workshop held in March 2012 in USA on this regard.
Energy-Environmental Diagnosis of the Ceramic Sector Companies in the Metropolitan Area of Cucuta, Norte de Santander, Colombia
Authors: Díaz Juan Isidro , Molina Jorge Sanchez , Prato Jose G.
Published: September 2015

To design an energy reduction strategy is necessary to determine the state of the consumer by analyzing companies’ energy indicators. This document presents the energy assessment of the beehive kilns in ​​forty-four (44) companies, and the energy features of the average beehive kiln are described based on 205 analyzed kilns. The diagnosis was made ​​on the following items: information for energy service supplies, information on energy management, energy culture, process facilities, industry basics and environmental management of their waste and emissions. Based on the data gathered from the assessment is shown a summary that involves the energy indicators associated with the management of thermal and electric power on the companies assessed, these were classified into three segments: micro, small, medium and large. High consumption is associated with using low energy efficiency kilns, lack of maintenance practices and the absence of management of energy consumption indicators. Most of the visited companies (71%) have neither maintenance department nor maintenance plans, besides this, the 97.73% of the population surveyed had no knowledge of ISO 50001: Standard Energy Management Systems and the advantages of their application. As for waste recovery, only the use of waste burning (grog) as aggregate in the dough looked up to 5% and rice husk was used as initiator fuel burning beehive kilns.
Bacterial Induced Cementation Processes and Mycelium Panel Growth from Agricultural Waste
Authors: Mayoral González Eduardo , González Diez Isabel
Published: September 2015

This researching work explores the development of new materials and procedures to tackle the configuration of our built environment through the implementation of low-cost biotechnological processes. Particularly, it focuses on two different researching lines: bacterial induced cementation processes and mycelium panel growth from agricultural waste.The first researching line explores the possibilities that MICP (Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation) shows to improve the engineering properties of granular structures. MICP uses populations of non-harmful bacteria, such as Sporosarcina pasteurii, able to cement sand, silt, or calcarenite, in a growth medium, amended with urea and dissolved calcium source. This researching is mainly grounded on laboratory work. Its main aim is to find out the best conditions to cultivate populations of cementing bacteria and to achieve suitable proportions of urea, bacteria and calcium chloride, in relation to the weight of sand-like granular samples; to come out with effective cementing solutions. These solutions could be used to improve soil stability, to heal concrete cracks, to build roads and paths, to restore monuments, to transform sand into sandstone, etc.The second researching line consists of obtaining 100% organic and biodegradable thermal insulating structures, growing fungi mycelium on agricultural waste. In order to do that, several fungi species were grown on different kinds of agricultural substrates to find out which combination worked better. Therefore, several mycelium growth tests were carried out inside molds that were previously fabricated using CNC machines, such as laser cutters and digital milling machines. Hence, we grew Lentinula edodes (Shiitake) on wood shavings, Pleurotus ostreatus on pasteurized straw, and Ganoderma lucidum (Rehisi) on dried leaves. Several molds with different shapes and sizes were designed and fabricated to grow mycelium inside them, in order to get different outcomes that might be used for different purposes. Hence, we grew insulating panels to be placed in the core of a wall, membrane-like components to cover inside walls, and even structural components that could be assembled to shape 3D complex structures to divide spaces.The whole project, including both researching lines, means a remarkably innovative proposal since the weaving together of biotechnology and design has been hardly explored for all these purposes. Within that logic, its main goal was to achieve sustainable and eco-friendly operational strategies and materials, which take advantage of living forms of intelligence to generate outcomes that meet our needs, without consuming energy and harming the environment.
Production of Ceramic Materials Using only Waste as Raw Materials
Authors: Galán-Arboledas R.J. , Bueno Salvador
Published: September 2015

From a selection of inorganic industrial waste (screen glass, steelworks ashes, coal power plant ashes, biomass power plant ash and sludge from cutting marble industry) and a waste with organic fraction (diatomaceous earth from oil filtration) it is expected to obtain ceramic materials with properties similar to those of ceramic materials used in construction and porous materials with thermal insulating capability. The ternary phase equilibrium diagram SiO2-Al2O3-CaO has been used as the main tool for the formulation of these materials. The dynamic sintering study was carried out using dilatometry techniques (DIL), thermo gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC). Characterization of the manufactured material allows determining a set of basic technological properties such as fired bulk density, water absorption capacity and bending strength, in addition to thermal conductivity and microstructure by SEM-EDX, in order to obtain the necessary data to determine technical feasibility.
Production of Ceramic Material Using Wastes from Brewing Industry
Authors: Cotes-Palomino M.T. , Martínez-García Carmen , Eliche-Quesada Dolores , Pérez-Villarejo Luis
Published: September 2015

The industrial activities are responsible for the production of large amounts of solid wastes, which, so far, have found scarce reuse alternative. Clay-based materials show a natural forgiveness towards the incorporation of a wide variety of wastes. This study reported the changes in technological properties of clay-based mixture normally used in the production of bricks, due to the additions of a spent diatomite earth (SDE) discarded by the beer filtration process in the brewing industry. Samples containing 0-10 wt % SDE were extruded and sintered in air in an electric furnace (950 °C, for 3 h). SDE thanks to their organic substances content, during their combustion, act as pore forming agent and providing an energy support in the brick firing process. Also, the waste, because of its high silica content can act as a silica carrier. The results obtained showed that SDE, added in a percentage of 3 wt % to a brick formulation, had better influence with respect to control bricks containing only clay, improves the mechanical properties (compressive strength around 45 MPa) with a bulk density reduction of about of 2%. However, the incorporation of waste in percentage of 7 and 10 wt % had a negative effect due to increased porosity fundamentally open pores generated in the clay body by the combustion of SDE waste, leading to water suction, water absorption and compressive strength values that do not fall within the range specified by bricks UNE standards. Therefore, SDE can thus advantageously used in lower amounts (3 wt %) as silica carrier and in lower proportion as pore agent in clay bricks, with the potential to reduce fuel and natural ceramic raw material consumption, as well as, landfill costs.
The economic burden of musculoskeletal disorders on the Italian social security pension system estimated by a Monte Carlo simulation
Authors: Russo S. , Mariani T. T. , Migliorini R. , Marcellusi A. , Mennini F. S.
Published: September 2015

The aim of the study is to estimate the pension costs incurred for patients with musculoskeletal disorders (MDs) and specifi cally with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in Italy between 2009 and 2012. We analyzed the database of the Italian National Social Security Institute (Istituto Nazionale Previdenza Sociale i.e. INPS) to estimate the total costs of three types of social security benefi ts granted to patients with MDs, RA and AS: disability benefi ts (for people with reduced working ability), disability pensions (for people who cannot qualify as workers) and incapacity pensions (for people without working ability). We developed a probabilistic model with a Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the total costs for each type of benefi t associated with MDs, RA and AS. We also estimated the productivity loss resulting from RA in 2013. From 2009 to 2012 about 393 thousand treatments were paid for a total of approximately €2.7 billion. The annual number of treatments was on average 98 thousand and cost in total €674 million per year. In particular, the total pension burden was about €99 million for RA and €26 million for AS. The productivity loss for AR in 2013 was equal to €707,425,191 due to 9,174,221 working days lost. Our study is the fi rst to estimate the burden of social security pensions for MDs based on data of both approved claims and benefi ts paid by the national security system. From 2009 to 2012, in Italy, the highest indirect costs were associated with disability pensions (54% of the total indirect cost), followed by disability benefi ts (44.1% of cost) and incapacity pensions (1.8% of cost). In conclusion, MDs are chronic and highly debilitating diseases with a strong female predominance and very signifi cant economic and social costs that are set to increase due to the aging of the population.
Flow of magnetic repelling grains in a two-dimensional silo
Authors: Lumay Geoffroy , Schockmel J. , Henández-Enríquez D. , Dorbolo S. , Vandewalle N. , Pacheco-Vázquez F.
Published: September 2015

During a typical silo discharge, the material flow rate is determined by the contact forces between the grains. Here, we report an original study concerning the discharge of a two-dimensional silo filled with repelling magnetic grains. This non-contact interaction leads to a different dynamics from the one observed with conventional granular materials. We found that, although the flow rate dependence on the aperture size follows roughly the power-law with an exponent 3/2 found in non-repulsive systems, the density and velocity profiles during the discharge are totally different. New phenomena must be taken into account. Despite the absence of contacts, clogging and intermittence were also observed for apertures smaller than a critical size determined by the effective radius of the repulsive grains. Received: 10 July 2015,  Accepted: 7 August 2015; Edited by: L. A. Pugnaloni; Reviewed by: J. R. Darias, Universidad Simón o Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4279/PIP.070013Cite as: G Lumay, J Schockmel, D Henández-Enríquez, S Dorbolo, N Vandewalle, F Pacheco-Vázquez, Papers in Physics 7, 070013 (2015)This paper, by G Lumay, J Schockmel, D Henández-Enríquez, S Dorbolo, N Vandewalle, F Pacheco-Vázquez, is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0.
Physician Perceptions and Beliefs about Generating and Providing a Clinical Summary of the Office Visit
Authors: Ting D.Y. , Healey M. , Lipsitz S.R. , Ramelson H. , Suric V. , Bates D.W. , Emani S.
Published: September 2015

Background: A core measure of the meaningful use of EHR incentive program is the generation and provision of the clinical summary of the office visit, or the after visit summary (AVS), to patients. However, little research has been conducted on physician perceptions and beliefs about the AVS.

Objective: Evaluate physician perceptions and beliefs about the AVS and the effect of the AVS on workload, patient outcomes, and the care the physician delivers.

Methods: A cross-sectional online survey of physicians at two academic medical centers (AMCs) in the northeast who are participating in the meaningful use EHR incentive program.

Results: Of the 1 795 physicians at both AMCs participating in the incentive program, 853 completed the survey for a response rate of 47.5%. Eighty percent of the respondents reported that the AVS was easy (very easy or quite easy or somewhat easy) to generate and provide to patients. Nonetheless, more than three-fourths of the respondents reported a negative effect of generating and providing the AVS on workload of office staff (78%) and workload of physicians (76%).

Primary care physicians had more positive beliefs about the effect of the AVS on patient outcomes than specialists (p<0.001) and also had more positive beliefs about the effect of the AVS on the care they delivered than specialists (p<0.001).

Conclusions: Achieving the core meaningful use measure of generating and providing the AVS was easy for physicians but it did not necessarily translate into positive beliefs about the effect of the AVS on patient outcomes or the care the physician delivered. Physicians also had negative beliefs about the effect of the AVS on workload. To promote positive beliefs among physicians around the AVS, organizations should obtain physician input into the design and implementation of the AVS and develop strategies to mitigate its negative impacts on workload.

Citation: Emani S, , Ting DY, Healey M, Lipsitz SR, Ramelson H, Suric V, Bates DW. Physician perceptions and beliefs about generating and providing a clinical summary of the office visit. Appl Clin Inform 2015; 6: 577–590

http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2015-04-RA-0043
Statistical exploration of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) measured at Cape Point from 2007 to 2011
Authors: Venter A. D. , Beukes J. P. , van Zyl P. G. , Brunke E.-G. , Labuschagne C. , Slemr F. , Ebinghaus R. , Kock H.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. The authors evaluated continuous high-resolution gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) data from the Cape Point Global Atmosphere Watch (CPT GAW) station with different statistical analysis techniques. GEM data were evaluated by cluster analysis and the results indicated that two clusters, separated at 0.904 ng m−3, existed. The air mass history for the two-cluster solution was investigated by means of back-trajectory analysis. The air mass back-trajectory net result showed lower GEM concentrations originating from the sparsely populated semi-arid interior of South Africa and the marine environment, whereas higher GEM concentrations originated predominately along the coast of South Africa that most likely coincide with trade routes and industrial activities in urban areas along the coast. Considering the net result from the air mass back-trajectories, it is evident that not all low GEM concentrations are from marine origin, and similarly, not all high GEM concentrations have a terrestrial origin. Equations were developed by means of multi-linear regression (MLR) analysis that allowed for the estimation and/or prediction of atmospheric GEM concentrations from other atmospheric parameters measured at the CPT GAW station. These equations also provided some insight into the relation and interaction of GEM with other atmospheric parameters. Both measured and MLR calculated data confirm a decline in GEM concentrations at CPT GAW over the period evaluated.
Towards a first classification of aerosol shrinkage events
Authors: Alonso-Blanco E. , Gómez-Moreno F. J. , Núñez L. , Pujadas M. , Cusack M. , Artíñano B.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. This work presents for the first time a classification of shrinkage events based on the aerosol processes that precede them. To this end, 3.5 years of continuous measurements (from 2009 to 2012) of aerosol size distributions, obtained with a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) at an urban background site in Southern Europe, have been interpreted. 48 shrinkage events were identified and analysed, all occurring during spring and summer when the atmospheric conditions are more favourable for their development. In this study the shrinkage events took place mostly towards the end of the day, and their occurrence could be associated to atmospheric dilution conditions and a reduction in photochemical activity. The shrinkage rate (SR) varied between −1.0 and −11.1 nm h−1 (average value of −4.7 ± 2.6 nm h−1). Changes in particle concentrations corresponding to the nucleation and Aitken modes were detected, whereby an increase in the number of particles in the nucleation mode often coincided with a reduction in the Aitken mode. The accumulation mode did not undergo significant changes during these processes. In addition, in some cases, a dilution of the total particle number concentration in the ambient air was observed. Following the proposed methodology, three groups of events have been identified: Group I (NPF + shrinkage), Group II (aerosol growth process + shrinkage) and Group III (pure shrinkage events). The largest number of shrinkage events has been observed in the absence of prior processes, i.e. pure shrinkage events, followed by Group I events and finally Group II events. Although this analysis has confirmed that the triggering of shrinkage events is clearly linked to the atmospheric situation and the characteristics of the measurement area, this classification may contribute to a better understanding of the processes involved and the features that characterize shrinkage events.
Measurements of non-volatile aerosols with a VTDMA and their correlations with carbonaceous aerosols in Guangzhou, China
Authors: Cheung H. H. Y. , Tan H. B. , Xu H. B. , Li F. , Wu C. , Yu J. Z. , Chan C. K.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. Simultaneous measurements of aerosols of varying volatilities and carbonaceous matters at an urban site of Guangzhou, China were conducted in February and March 2014 using a Volatility Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (VTDMA) and an Organic Carbon/Elemental Carbon (OC/EC) Analyzer. In VTDMA, selected aerosols of 40 to 300 nm in mobility diameter were heated at elevated temperatures up to 300 °C and the size distributions of the residual particles were measured. Size dependent distributions were observed for both non-volatile and volatile materials (VM). The 40 nm particles were dominated by particles that completely vaporized (CV) at 300 °C, with an average number fraction of about 0.4. Particles larger than 80 nm were dominated by the medium and low volatility (MV and LV, respectively) fractions, with average number fractions of 0.5 and 0.15 respectively. VM did not contribute separately to number fraction but contributed to over 50 % of the total volume fraction for all sizes. In both number and volume fractions, diurnal variation was only observed for the high volatility (HV) group, CV and VM in 40 nm particles, likely because these particles were related to fresh emissions. The little diurnal variation of larger particles could be attributed to non-locally aged aerosols. Closure analysis between the residual mass of LV + MV and mass of EC or EC+OC2–4 (sum of EC, OC2, OC3, and OC4 of the OC/EC Analyzer) suggests that non-volatile materials measured by the VTDMA likely contain less volatile OC.
Determining air pollutant emission rates based on mass balance using airborne measurement data over the Alberta oil sands operations
Authors: Gordon M. , Li S.-M. , Staebler R. , Darlington A. , Hayden K. , O'Brien J. , Wolde M.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. Top-down approaches to measure total integrated emissions provide verification of bottom-up, temporally resolved, inventory-based estimations. Aircraft-based measurements of air pollutants from sources in the Canadian oil sands were made in support of the Joint Canada–Alberta Implementation Plan for Oil Sands Monitoring during a summer intensive field campaign between 13 August and 7 September 2013. The measurements contribute to knowledge needed in support of the Joint Canada–Alberta Implementation Plan for Oil Sands Monitoring. This paper describes the top-down emission rate retrieval algorithm (TERRA) to determine facility emissions of pollutants, using SO2 and CH4 as examples, based on the aircraft measurements. In this algorithm, the flight path around a facility at multiple heights is mapped to a two-dimensional vertical screen surrounding the facility. The total transport of SO2 and CH4 through this screen is calculated using aircraft wind measurements, and facility emissions are then calculated based on the divergence theorem with estimations of box-top losses, horizontal and vertical turbulent fluxes, surface deposition, and apparent losses due to air densification and chemical reaction. Example calculations for two separate flights are presented. During an upset condition of SO2 emissions on one day, these calculations are within 5 % of the industry-reported, bottom-up measurements. During a return to normal operating conditions, the SO2 emissions are within 11 % of industry-reported, bottom-up measurements. CH4 emissions calculated with the algorithm are relatively constant within the range of uncertainties. Uncertainty of the emission rates is estimated as less than 30 %, which is primarily due to the unknown SO2 and CH4 mixing ratios near the surface below the lowest flight level.
Comparison of total column ozone obtained by the IASI-MetOp satellite with ground-based and OMI satellite observations in the southern tropics and subtropics
Authors: Toihir A. M. , Bencherif H. , Sivakumar V. , El Amraoui L. , Portafaix T. , Mbatha N.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. This paper presents comparison results of the total column ozone (TCO) data product over 13 southern tropical and subtropical sites recorded from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounder Interferometer (IASI) onboard the EUMETSAT (European organization for the exploitation of METeorological SATellite) MetOp (Meteorological Operational satellite program) satellite. TCO monthly averages obtained from IASI between June 2008 and December 2012 are compared with collocated TCO measurements from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on the OMI/Aura satellite and the Dobson and SAOZ (Système d'Analyse par Observation Zénithale) ground-based instruments. The results show that IASI displays a positive bias with an average less than 2 % with respect to OMI and Dobson observations, but exhibits a negative bias compared to SAOZ over Bauru with a bias around 2.63 %. There is a good agreement between IASI and the other instruments, especially from 15° S southward where a correlation coefficient higher than 0.87 is found. IASI exhibits a seasonal dependence, with an upward trend in autumn and a downward trend during spring, especially before September 2010. After September 2010, the autumn seasonal bias is considerably reduced due to changes made to the retrieval algorithm of the IASI level 2 (L2) product. The L2 product released after August (L2 O3 version 5 (v5)) matches TCO from the other instruments better compared to version 4 (v4), which was released between June 2008 and August 2010. IASI bias error recorded from September 2010 is estimated to be at 1.5 % with respect to OMI and less than ±1 % with respect to the other ground-based instruments. Thus, the improvement made by O3 L2 version 5 (v5) product compared with version 4 (v4), allows IASI TCO products to be used with confidence to study the distribution and interannual variability of total ozone in the southern tropics and subtropics.
Climate impacts on multidecadal pCO2 variability in the North Atlantic: 1948–2009
Authors: Breeden M. L. , McKinley G. A.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. The North Atlantic is the most intense region of ocean CO2 uptake. Here, we investigate multidecadal timescale variability of the partial pressure CO2 (pCO2) that is due to the natural carbon cycle using a regional model forced with realistic climate and pre-industrial atmospheric pCO2 for 1948–2009. Large-scale patterns of natural pCO2 variability are primarily associated with basin-averaged sea surface temperature (SST) that, in turn, is composed of two parts: the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and a long-term positive SST trend. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) drives a secondary mode of variability. For the primary mode, positive AMO and the SST trend modify pCO2 with different mechanisms and spatial patterns. Warming with the positive AMO increases subpolar gyre pCO2, but there is also a significant reduction of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) due primarily to reduced vertical mixing. The net impact of positive AMO is to reduce pCO2 in the subpolar gyre. Through direct impacts on SST, the net impacts of positive AMO is to increase pCO2 in the subtropical gyre. From 1980 to present, long-term SST warming has amplified AMO impacts on pCO2.