bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of Ilex crenata Thunb. ‘Hetzi’ as Influenced by Time and Concentration of EHPP1
Authors: Lewis A. J. , Haun J. R.
Published: September 2022

Ethyl hydrogen 1-propylphosphonate (EHPP) foliar sprays increased branching and reduced height of Ilex crenata Thunb. ‘Hetzi’ but not plant dry weight Phytotoxicity was extensive above 8,000 ppm EHPP, but acceptable at lower concentrations. Plant quality as determined by branching and phytotoxicity was optimal at 6,000 ppm EHPP. Time of application had no effect on height or dry weight, but when applied near the time of a terminal growth flush, EHPP increased branching. Phyto toxicity was severe if EHPP application was delayed several weeks after the growth flush had begun.
Disturbance—Not Protection—May Benefit Culture of California-poppy (Eschscholzia californica var. peninsularis Greene)1
Authors: Ratliff Raymond D. , Westfall Stanley E.
Published: September 2022

Amount of bare ground decreased in a stubble field near Madera, California between 1971 and 1973, but density of California-poppy was unchanged. Continuation of a harsh microclimate through a lack of mulch build up is offered as an explanation. More poppy plants flowered in 1971 and 1973 than in 1972. There were visible differences in size and appearance of poppy plants (related to weather and competition) over the 3-year period. Our results suggest that protecting California-poppy may be the wrong approach to saving the species.
Colorado Potato Beetle Populations and their Effect on Tomato Yield in Maryland1
Authors: Schalk James M. , Stoner Allan K.
Published: September 2022

First generation of larvae of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)) were primarily responsible for a 67% reduction in yield of tomato (Lycopersicon ‘esculentum Mill.) when their numbers increased from 5 to 10 per plant.
Effect of Large Applications of Gypsum and Fermentation Residues on the Growth of Tomato Plants1
Authors: De Roo H. C.
Published: September 2022

Raw mycelial sludge produced by the pharmaceutical industry, containing 34% gypsum on a dry weight basis injured and suppressed early growth of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Rutgers) when incorporated into a loamy sand at the rate of 27 or 242 ton (wet weight)/ha. Equivalent amounts of gypsum, 3 or 27 ton/ha added to soil in a greenhouse experiment produced no ill-effects indicating that the gypsum per se, contained in these fermentation wastes, was not responsible for injury and suppressed growth of tomato.
Interaction of the Greenhouse Whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, and its Parasite, Encarsia formosa Gahan, on Tomato Cultivars1
Authors: Harbaugh Brent K. , Mattson Richard H.
Published: September 2022

Distribution of the greenhouse whitefly and its wasp parasite, were measured on 12 cultivars of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., by counting populations of parasitized and nonparasitized whitefly nymphs per leaflet. Parasitism percentages· were similar on all cultivars despite large differences in whitefly populations. Second generation parasite populations correlated significantly with whitefly numbers (r=0.71**). “Pocketing” behavior significantly influenced whitefly distribution with minimal cultivar preference. However, distribution gradients showed that ‘Floradel’ was the center of 2 large pockets, indicating preference for it.
Use of Soybeans as Sprouts1
Authors: Adjei-Twum Daniel C. , Splittstoesser Walter E. , Vandemark Joseph S.
Published: September 2022

During a 6 day sprouting period, carbohydrates and lipids decreased in soybean seeds (Glycine max L.). Stachyose and raffinose which are not digestible by humans, decreased about 80% in 3 days and disappeared in 6 days. Protein decreased slightly while amino acids increased rapidly. Taste acceptability of 3-day-old soybean sprouts and mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek var. radiata) sprouts were similar.
Co-cropping Sweet Corn and Soybeans1
Authors: Beste C. E.
Published: September 2022

Three years of studies with sweet com (Zea mays L. cv. NK-199) and soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. York) planted together in the same row with several plant population combinations have shown that acceptable sweet corn yields can be produced in the summer followed by soybean yields of approximately 1400 kg/ha in the fall after the sweet com harvest. This co-cropping system provides two harvestable crops in one season from a single planting operation.
The Inheritance of the Reclining Foliage Character in Beans and its Potential Value when Combined with Long Racemes1
Authors: Bassett M. J.
Published: September 2022

Segregation in F2 populations of Phaseolus vulgaris L. indicates that the reclining foliage character (RF) is controlled by a single recessive gene, rf. The expression of rf appears to be modified by either a recessive or a dominant epistatic factor occuring in some other lines. The RF character contributes to lodging resistance and many reduce yield losses of pods from mechanical harvest when combined with long racemes.
Response of Four Okra Cultivars on Mulched Beds to Plant Density1
Authors: Albregts E. E. , Howard C. M.
Published: September 2022

Four cultivars of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) were grown with densities of 22, 65, and 130 plants/square meter on polyethylene mulched beds. Within cultivars, pod number and marketable yield per unit area were not affected by plant density, but pod number and marketable yield/plant decreased with increasing density. Average pod weight with 3 of 4 cultivars was inversely related to plant density. Stalk diameter decreased with increasing density, and plant stunting occurred at the highest density.
Vinyl Augerlike Picker Tips for Berry Detachment in a Strawberry Harvester1
Authors: Stang E. J. , Denisen E. L.
Published: September 2022

An experimental model strawberry harvester with a series of counter-rotating coneshaped vinyl tips for fruit pickup and removal showed potential for rapid harvesting with reduced injury. Flexible auger-like tips on steel shafts were fabricated by molding and heat curing liquid vinyl around the shafts. Tips were molded in pairs with oppositely twisted ribs to provide upward and backward lift to the fruit. Fruit detachment was achieved with a pinching and snapping action of the screw-like ribbed tips counter-rotating in an upward pattern. A soft nylon bristle brush mounted above the picker tips was found unsatisfactory for pushing detached fruit backward onto a transport belt
Observations on Vegetative and Reproductive Growth in Blueberry1
Authors: Gough R. E. , Shutak V. G. , Windus N. D.
Published: September 2022

Earlier ripening cultivars of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) usually produced more vegetative growth flushes than later ripening cultivars. Multiple flower buds were found most frequently on thick wood regardless of cultivar. Most distal buds on any flush were flower buds, while proximal buds were usually vegetative.
Alnem 1, Alnem 88, Alnem 201 Almonds: Nematode-resistant Rootstock Seed Source1
Authors: Kochba J. , Spiegel-Roy P.
Published: September 2022

Alnem rootstocks constitute a series of cultivars of bitter almond (Prunus amygdalus Batch var. amara) resistant to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica Chitwood. Root-knot nematodes are a great hazard to almond trees in warm climates, especially on light and medium irrigated soils. To the best of our knowledge, no other source of resistance in almond has been reported.
‘Dagan’ Almond1
Authors: Spiegel-Roy P. , Kochba J.
Published: September 2022

‘Dagan’ is a high-yielding, semihard-shelled, well-sealed, highly flavored and uniform cultivar of almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch), without doubles (Fig. 1).
Purple Nutsedge: Tropical Scourge1
Authors: William R. D.
Published: September 2022

Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) is the most serious weed in cultivated crops throughout the tropics and subtropics. Intensive cultural practices such as those used in modern vegetable production tend to encourage the growth and distribution of purple nutsedge and other similar weeds, because they resist both traditional and modern methods of weed control. Tremendous amounts of human energy are required to reduce the growth of these weeds so that a satisfactory crop yield can be harvested. This paper describes some of the noxious characteristics of purple nutsedge and control measures that are currently being tested or used in Brazil and other Latin American countries.
Transpiration of Snapdragon under Southern Summer Greenhouse Conditions1
Authors: McDaniel G. L. , Miller Mitzi G.
Published: September 2022

Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus, L.) cultivars grown at various humidity, temperature, and light intensity levels during the summer differed in transpiration rates. Daily transpiration rates among the cultivars differed according to stomatal closure and leaf hydration on bright hot days. Cultivars having a low transpiration rate and a high relative leaf hydration produced higher quality cut flowers.
Surface Active Agent to Increase Effectiveness of Surface Penetration of Ancymidol on Hydrangea and Easter Lily1
Authors: Tjia B. , Stoltz L. , Sandhu M. S. , Buxton J.
Published: September 2022

Ancymidol (α-cyclopropyl-α(pmethoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidine-methanol) combined with surface active agents was tested to determine any increase of surface penetration for height control of hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla Thunb.) and Easter Lilies (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) The nonionic surfactants polyoxpropylene polyethoxyethanol dihydroxypropane (Hydrowet), polyoxyethylene polypropoxypropanol dihydroxypropane (Regulaid), and alkarylpolyoxyethylene glycols (X-77) were used. Ancymidol with the surfactant was applied on hydrangea as a foliar spray at 25, 50 or 100 ppm concentration or as a soil drench containing 1, 2 or 3 mg ai per plant. Hydrowet and Regulaid were effective when applied as a foliar spray. Only Hydrowet was effective when applied as a soil drench. Greater height control occurred with the combination of the surfactant and ancymidol as a foliar spray. Easter lilies were sprayed with ancymidol and surfactant as a foliar spray at 50 or 100 ppm concentration as a soil drench at 0.25 or 0.50 mg ai per plant. Hydrowet, Regulaid, and X-77 all increased surface penetration of ancymidol but did not increase the effectiveness of soil drenches of ancymidol.
Comparison of Soil Applied Growth Regulators on Height Control of Poinsettia1
Authors: Tjia B. , Ohpanayikool S. , Buxton J.
Published: September 2022

Effectiveness of α-cyclopropyl α-(p-m ethoxyphenyl)-5 pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol) drench, (2-chloroethyl-trimethyl ammonium chloride (chlormequat), drench or encapsulated, and (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon), drench or granular, were compared on Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. cvs. White Hegg and Dark Red Hegg. The most effective chemicals in terms of height control, improved foliage quality, size of bracts were 0.5 mg ancymidol (drench), 3000 ppm chlormequat (drench), 1250 ppm ethephon (drench) and 2.0 to 7.0 g ethephon (granulated).
Slow-release Ancymidol for Poinsettia by Impregnation of Clay Pots1
Authors: Einert A. E.
Published: September 2022

New clay pots were soaked in solutions of ancymidol [α-cyclopropyl-α-(p-methox-phenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol] of 5-100 ppm prior to filling with soil and the planting of cuttings of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.). Ancymidol was released from the impregnated pot by irrigation during the growing period. Pot soak concentration of 40 ppm appeared optimum for height control of the ‘C-l Red’ and ‘C-l New Pink’ poinsettias while less than 20 ppm was necessary to control height and avoid phototoxidity to ‘C-l White’. Ancymidol residue from used impregnated pots was above 50 ppm and a detergent pot wash was effective in reducing residue.
Effect of Pre-sowing Treatments and Temperatures on Seed Germination of Acacia cyanophylla Lindl.1
Authors: Shaybany Bijan , Rouhani Iraj
Published: September 2022

Seeds of Acacia cyanophylla Lindl. were treated by: 1) placing in boiling water and cooling to room temperature; 2) boiling in water for 5 or 10 min and cooling to room temperature; 3) soaking in concentrated H2SO4 at room temperature or at 50°C for 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Seeds from all treatments were germinated at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C in the dark. All pre-sowing treatments increased the germination percentage and rate over controls. Seeds treated with concentrated H2SO4 for 90 minutes and germinated at 15° had 98.5% germination in 6 days.
Influence of Spray Adjuvants and Multiple Applications of Benomyl and Oil on Photosynthesis of Apple Leaves1
Authors: Ferree D. C. , Hall F. R. , Spotts R. A.
Published: September 2022

Spray adjuvants alone and combined with benomyl in single and multiple applications were tested for their influence on net photosynthesis (Pn) and development of apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint. on trees of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) grown in the greenhouse. Triton CS-7 increased and ×-100 and 70 second oil deceeased Pn. Nu Film 17, Triton B-1956, Regulaid and ×-77 when combined with benomyl had no influence on Pn. Addition of Biofilm, Nu Film 17 or 70 second oil to benomyl did not improve apple scab control. Three sprays of benomyl plus oil decreased Pn of fully expanded leaves, and 5 sprays decreased Pn of both expanded and newly expanding leaves with the latter showing the greatest reduction.
Apple Slice Impregnation with Fruit Juices1
Authors: Gallander J. F. , Kretchman D. W.
Published: September 2022

A definite flavor preference resulted from slices of ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) impregnated with cherry and black raspberry juices. Color ratings of these slices were also acceptable and were nearly identical to the control, impregnation with 40% sucrose syrup. In general color and texture scores were higher from slices processed from non-stored apples than those stored for 6 and 12 weeks. Texture was not influenced by impregnation treatments.
Cold Acclimation of Florida Peach and Nectarine Cultivars1
Authors: Buchanan D. W. , Biggs R. H. , Bartholic J. F.
Published: September 2022

‘Early Amber’ peach and ‘Sungold’ nectarine (Prunus pérsica (L.) Batsch) growing in north central Florida acclimated sufficiently to cold to withstand −14° to −15°C although day temperatures were above 20° and night temperatures were above 7°. Rest and acclimation to cold in short chilling cultivars occur at higher temperatures than in long chilling ones. However, Florida cultivars also become acclimated to a lesser degree. Wood chips taken from the trunks of ‘Early Amber’ trees in January survived −10°C but were killed at −13°. Young trees were killed at −11° but survived −10° in January. Subsequent death of tissue occurs as a result of low temperature stress.
The Effect of Iron on Growth and Bacterial Canker Susceptibility of Peach Seedlings1
Authors: Daniell Jeff W. , Chandler W. A.
Published: September 2022

Peach seedlings [Prunus persica (L) Batsch] were grown in liquid culture with 0,1,4, 7 and 10 Mg/ml Fe++. After 6 months, the plants were inoculated with Pseudomonas syringae van Hall, the causal agent for bacterial canker, or water, and cankers were measured over a 5 month period. Plants not receiving iron were chlorotic and smaller than those grown in 1,4, 7 μg/ml of iron. Ten μg/ml of Fe++ reduced plant weight when compared to the 1 μg/ml rate. Plants receiving no Fe++ developed the longest bacterial cankers. No significant differences in canker length occurred between treatments containing Fe. In the 0 and 1 μg/ml rate, P. syringae was recovered farther from the inoculation site and after a longer time following inoculation than in other rates of Fe++. P. syringae was not recovered from water inoculated seedlings. The possible relationship of these findings to peach tree short-life is discussed.
Differentiation of Self-fertility and Self-sterility in Prunus by Stamen Number/Pistil Length Ratio1
Authors: Suranyi D.
Published: September 2022

The ratio of stamen number/pistil length (SN/PL) correlated with self-fertility in stone fruits; SN/PL is lower in self-fertile than in self-sterile cultivars. The SN/PL ratio is most reliable as a measure for fertility in Prunus domestica L. (plum), P. persica L. Batsch. (peach), P. armeniaca L. (apricot), and least reliable in P. avium L. (sweet cherry) and P. cerasus L. (sour cherry). The SN/PL ratio was relatively constant from year to year, with the greatest variation in sweet and sour cherry cultivars.
The Influence of Abscisic Acid in Cranberry Seed Dormancy1
Authors: Devlin Robert M. , Karczmarczyk Stanislaw J. , Deubert Karl H.
Published: September 2022

The germination of non-dormant (light treated) seeds of cranberry, (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. cv. Early Black) is inhibited by exogenous abscisic acid (ABA). Mechanical scarification enhances this inhibitory influence, almost complete inhibition occurring at 100 ppm ABA. Extracts of dormant seeds also inhibited germination whereas extracts of nondormant seeds did not. Gas-liquid chromatographic analyses indicate the presence of much higher amounts of ABA in the extracts of dormant seeds compared to non-dormant seeds. These observations suggest that ABA may be a controlling factor in cranberry seed dormancy.
Frost Tolerance in Strawberry Cultivars1
Authors: Ourecky Donald K. , Reich Jack E.
Published: September 2022

A range of 3°C was observed in flower frost tolerance in 21 cultivars of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa. Duch.). Fruits were more susceptible to damage than flowers or buds. ‘Gala’ and ‘Robinson’ were among the least tolerant cultivars while ‘Earlidawn’ and ‘Catskill’ were the most tolerant to flower injury. Origin of cultivar had no relationship to flower frost tolerance.
Mineral Nutrients as Thinning Agents in ‘Wilking’ Mandarin Trees1
Authors: Lavon Ruth , Bar-Akiva A.
Published: September 2022

Foliar spray of ammonium phosphate in combination with potassium nitrate during the June drop season, on trees of ‘Wilking’ mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) was effective in thinning and brought about an increase of fruit diameter, reduced fruit acidity, and improved total soluble solids to total acid ratio.
Photosynthetic Rate — Yield Component Relationships in Winter Greenhouse Tomatoes1
Authors: Rodriguez B. P. , Lambeth V. N.
Published: September 2022

The relationships between photosynthetic rate, yield, and yield components of forcing tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cvs. Tuckcross V and Tuckcross 533) under variable lighting and spacing were studied during the dark winter of 1972-73. Yield and its components were all highly and positively correlated with both cloudy-day (90-110 W/m2 light intensity) and sunny-day (200 W/m2 or higher) photosynthetic rates. The rate-yield relationship remained nearly constant irrespective of the predictor variable. Better linear response of yield and its components to cloudy than to sunny-day photosynthetic rate was observed. Photosynthetic rate accounted for more than 60% of the yield variation.
Ammonium Tolerance of Tobacco Cultivars with Different Nicotine Contents1
Authors: Hohlt H. E.
Published: September 2022

Cultivars of Nicotiana tabacum, L. of high and low nicotine contents were grown in an unbuffered nutrient solution sand culture. All of the cultivars showed significant growth restriction on NH4-N and formed brown stem lesions. The appearance of the lesions was delayed in ‘Speight G-41’ and ‘Lizard Tail Orinoco’, cultivars known to have high nicotine contents. Nicotine contents were reduced under NH4 nutrition in ‘Speight G-41’ and ‘Lizard Tail Orinoco’ but not in ‘Va. 724’.
‘Liberty’ Raspberry1
Authors: Denisen Ervin L.
Published: September 2022

‘Liberty’ is an attractive red raspberry (cover picture and Fig. 1) of excellent quality and hardy to winters of the north-central U.S. The clone has been indexed for freedom from known viruses by R. H. Converse, USDA Plant Pathologist, Oregon State University.
A Roundleaf Mutant in ‘Bighart’ Pimiento Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)1
Authors: Greenleaf Walter H. , Hearn William H.
Published: September 2022

A roundleaf mutant in ‘Bighart’ pimiento pepper readily classified in segregating F2 and backcross progenies, is determined by a recessive gene, rl. The rl gene reduces the length of the leaves but not the width, changing the length/width ratio from 1.50 to 1.24. The rl gene does not produce obvious pleiotropic deleterious effects on the plant and could prove useful as a marker gene in producing F1 hybrids or for characterizing new pepper cultivars.
Quality of Processed Tomato Juice Extracted from Tomatoes with Curly Top Virus Disease1
Authors: Nukaya A. , Drake S. R. , Martin M. W.
Published: September 2022

Objective analyses indicate that fruits from tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) with curly top virus disease are superior to fruits from healthy plants in soluble solids content, apparent viscosity, color and ascorbic acid content. Sensory panels detected differences between thermally-processed tomato juice from infected and healthy plants and preferred tomato juice from fruit produced by infected plants, probably due to its better color and higher apparent viscosity. Off-flavored fruits that are characteristic of this disease would present no problem in tomato juice processing; they even may enhance the quality of the juice.
Effect of Benomyl on Asparagus officinalis L. Shoot and Root Development in Culture Media1
Authors: Yang Hsu-Jen
Published: September 2022

Methyl l-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazolcarbamate (benomyl), a systemic fungicide, added to modified Murashige and Skoog's medium regulated asparagus shoot and root development. Low levels of benomyl (10 to 50 ppm) promoted multiple vigorous shoot development. Higher levels of benomyl (100 to 250 ppm) caused the development of abnormally short, thick shoots and inhibited root formation. The enlargement of the shoots is due to proliferation of cortex, phloem, and xylem cells.
Growth Regulator Effects on Apical Dominance of English Ivy1
Authors: Lewnes Mary A. , Moser Bruno C.
Published: September 2022

Gibberellic acid (GA3) applied to Hedera helix L. cv. Baltica markedly enhanced branching; optimum treatment was 300 ppm applied twice on alternate weeks. The branching effect was evident only on growth occurring from buds maturing after treatment. When GA3 was applied to pruned plants secondary lateral shoot growth occurred. Application of 6-benzylamino-9-(tetrahydropyran-2-yl)-9H-purine (PBA) did not affect lateral growth.
Bud Break in Pecan following Boron Toxicity1
Authors: Sparks Darrell , Payne Jerry A.
Published: September 2022

Boron was soil applied to pecan trees (Carya illinoensis (Wang) K. Koch) at the rate of 0, 12.5, 25.0, 50.0, or 100 g per tree. Boron toxicity increased with B applied. Bud break the following spring was advanced in relation to B applied and toxicity incurred.
Induction of Earlier Fruiting of ‘Anjou ’ Pear Trees with Growth Regulators1
Authors: Stahly Edward A. , Williams Max W.
Published: September 2022

Five-year-old ‘Anjou’ pear trees (Pyrus communis L.) were sprayed with (2-chloro-ethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat) (1500 ppm), (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) (250 or 500 ppm), or succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide) (1000 ppm) plus ethephon (250 ppm) 4 or 6 weeks after full bloom (AFB) for 2 consecutive seasons. Chlormequat increased fruit set after 1 application, but 2 applications of the other chemicals were required to increase fruit set. Two consecutive years of chlormequat applications increased yieid about 50%, 2,3,5-Triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) (50 ppm) applied 4 weeks AFB did not affect fruit set, but induced many short shoots of ‘Anjou’ pear trees.
Effect of SADH on Leaves of Cultivated Highbush Blueberry1
Authors: Gough R. E. , Shutak V. G.
Published: September 2022

Leaves of cultivated highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum Ait.) displayed a markedly altered anatomical structure following sprays of succinic acid −2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide, SADH). Alterations include an increased number of stomata per unit area, increased length of palisade cells, and a larger, more distinct secondary palisade layer and total spongy mesophyll complex, both of which contributed to increased lamina thickness.
‘Florida Belle’ Strawberry1
Authors: Howard C. M. , Albregts E. E.
Published: September 2022

‘Florida Belle’ is a high yielding, large-fruited strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) that has consistently shown good performance for the fresh market in trials in central Florida.
Stolon Formation in Chlorophytum1
Authors: Hammer P. Allen
Published: September 2022

Daylengths ≤ 12 hours greatly reduced the time required to form visible stolons in Chlorophytum. Three weeks of 8 hour daylengths were the minimum number of short days required to reduce the days to visible stolon formation. The all-green plant (Chlorophytum capense (L.) Voss) was less responsive to photoperiod than the variegated plant (Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques cv. Vittatum).
Retrieval of Plant Root Systems from Calcined Shale Potting Medium1
Authors: Doss R. P. , Paul J. L. , Lee C. I.
Published: September 2022

A calcined shale potting medium is useful to obtain intact root systems free of substrate. Root system structure and shape is retained with minimal damage upon removal from this medium.
Tree Growth Inhibition by Bark Applications of Morphactins1
Authors: Backhaus R. A. , Sachs R. M. , Hield H. Z.
Published: September 2022

Morphactins, mixed with non-phytotoxic paraffinic, low molecular weight oil, were applied as bark bands and tested for growth inhibition of trees growing under field conditions. Three species were tested: Monterey pine (Pinus radiata D. Don.), olive (Olea europaea L. cv. Manzanillo) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labill). Shoot elongation was inhibited in all three species, but sensitivity to the treatment varied.
Postharvest Control of Endogenous Brown Spot in Fresh Australian Pineapples with Heat1
Authors: Akamine Ernest K.
Published: September 2022

Heating fruits at 37.2°C for 24 hours controlled endogenous brown spot (EBS) in refrigerated fresh pineapples [Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. cv. Smooth Cayenne]. Heat treatment after refrigeration was more effective than before refrigeration and reduced molding of the fruit butt Heat treatments did not affect surface coloring, fruit weight loss, crown browning, senescence, decay incidence, translucence, flavor, or pulp aroma, but did improve pulp appearance by making it more golden yellow than of untreated fruits.
Ethylene Degreening of ‘Bearss’ Lemons1
Authors: Barmore C. R. , Wheaton T. A. , McCornack A. A.
Published: September 2022

The time required to degreen Florida ‘Bearss’ lemons can be greatly reduced by the use of 1 to 10 ppm ethylene at 25 or 30°C. Degreening was accomplished in 2 to 3 days instead of the 2 to 3 weeks required with the current commercial practice of cool coloring at 15° without ethylene. Applications of a benzimidazole fungicide (thiabendazole, benomyl) prior to degreening adequately controlled decay. Rapid degreening with ethylene at higher temperatures (25° or 30°) eliminates the need for cool coloring storage and brings lemon availability more nearly in phase with consumer demand.
Cranberry Growth and Flowering in Response to Field Applications of Daminozide1
Authors: Lenhardt P. J. , Eaton G. W.
Published: September 2022

Flower initiation of ‘McFarlin’ cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) in British Columbia begins in July, after blossoming is over. Differences in external morphology of terminal buds are sufficient to distinguish mixed buds from vegetative buds on field produced uprights. The uprights have a biennial bearing tendency. Application of succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide, SADH) at full bloom (July 2) to a producing ‘McFarlin’ bog increased the number of uprights which set fruiting buds. No harmful effects were apparent.
Daminozide Reduces Stem Elongation of ‘Grand Rapids Forcing’ Leaf Lettuce Grown at High Greenhouse Temperatures1
Authors: Sherman M. , Hillyer I. G.
Published: September 2022

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown at temperatures greater than 16°C was treated with 5,000, 10,000 or 15,000 ppm succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (Daminozide, SADH) at the 4- or 8-leaf stage or both. Plant height was significantly reduced by the 10,000 and 15,000 ppm treatments applied at the 8-leaf or 4- and 8-leaf stage, but the 5,000 ppm treatment was generally ineffective. Total weight was significantly reduced by daminozide, 15,000 ppm being the most effective. Plants treated at the 4-leaf stage had a significantly higher total weight than those treated at the 4- and 8-leaf stage. Both 10,000 and 15,000 ppm daminozide significantly increased leaf weight as a percentage of total weight when applied at the 8-leaf and 4- and 8-leaf stages.
Lactuca saligna L., a New Source of Resistance to Downy Mildew (Bremia lactucae Reg.)1
Authors: Netzer D. , Globerson D. , Sacks J.
Published: September 2022

Lactuca serriola L. and L. saligna collected in various regions of Israel were assayed for reaction to local races of Bremia lactucae. L. serriola was always found to be susceptible, whereas L. saligna was either resistant or segregated in its reaction. The F2 and F3 generations of a cross between L. saligna × L. sativa L. segregate in ratios which do not conform to any of the previously reported patterns of inheritance for resistance to downy mildew indicating new genes for resistance.
Evaluation of Quality Measurement Techniques for Raw Baby Lima Beans1
Authors: Kee W. E. , Fisher V. J.
Published: September 2022

Flotation of raw baby lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus L.) in salt brines and flotation combined with sieve sizing were found to be reliable methods of segregating such beans into quality classes for evaluation and grading. The shearpress gave only a general indication of the over-all quality of a lot, since it did not facilitate segregation of individual beans.
‘White Troll’ Browallia1
Authors: Semeniuk Peter
Published: September 2022

There are very few small flowered ornamental plants that are ideal for use either in containers or as bedding plants. In 1973, a breeding program was initiated in the Ornamentals Laboratory to develop clones of Browallia speciosa Hook, suitable for year-round production in small containers (10 cm pots) that would have mass-market appeal.
‘Oregon Sugarpod’ Pea1
Authors: Baggett J. R.
Published: September 2022

‘Oregon Sugarpod’ edible-pod pea (Pisum sativum L.), was released by the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station in 1971. Initially developed for areas of the Pacific Northwest where enation mosaic virus is a problem, this cultivar appears to be finding wider acceptance because it bears large pods comparable to those of ‘Mammoth Melting Sugar’ but on a dwarf plant similar to the ‘Perfection’ types. In this respect, it may be unique among American cultivars.
‘Worthmore’ Southernpea1
Authors: Gay J. Dan
Published: September 2022

A major limiting factor in the production of southernpeas (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) is the relative susceptibility of most cultivars to one or more virus diseases. ‘Worthmore’, a new southernpea cultivar of the purple hull crowder type, was selected for its resistance or tolerance to several virus diseases. ‘Worthmore’ appears well suited for home gardens, fresh market, and processing.
‘Oregon CR-1’ Broccoli1
Authors: Baggett J. R.
Published: September 2022

‘Oregon CR-1’ is a late maturing cultivar of broccoli, Brassica oleracea (Italica group), resistant to clubroot, Plasmodtophora brassicae. Wor. It was released by the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station for commercial production and as a source of clubroot resistance for plant breeders.
Protein Quality and Quantity of Tropical Roots and Tubers1
Authors: Splittstoesser Walter E.
Published: September 2022

The U.S. National Academy of Sciences issued a report in 1966 (1) stressing the need for research on the principal food plants of the world. Although about 3,000 different species are utilized by humans as food, only about 150 are commercially important. Of these, wheat, com or maize, rice, potato, various beans, sugar cane, sweet potato, sugar beets and cassava feed the majority of the world population. Four are root and tuber crops: sugar beets, cassava, sweet potato and potato. In the temperate areas potatoes, and to a somewhat lesser extent sweet potatoes, are important foods. In the tropics, various other root and tuber crops are also considered staples and zealously cultivated and preserved (18).
Methomyl Insecticide Selective Phytotoxicity on Sweet Corn Hybrids and Inbreds Having the Texas Male Sterile Cytoplasm1
Authors: Humaydan H. S. , Scott E. W.
Published: September 2022

Methomyl insecticide (Lannate 90 wp) was selectively phytotoxic on hybrids and inbreds of sweet com (Zea mays L.) having the Texas male sterile cytoplasm (T-msc). In field and greenhouse tests, phytotoxicity was visible at leaf tips and margins 2 days after a foliar application of 300 ppm methomyl. In the greenhouse, a pre- or postemergence application of methomyl, 75 mg/kg soil resulted in severe necrosis, chlorosis, and eventual death of the seedlings. None of 100 hybrids and inbreds with normal cytoplasm and 4 other different sources of sterile cytoplasm showed any visible injury following a foliar or soil application of methomyl.
Factors Affecting Ethephon-induced Red Color Development in Harvested Fruits of the rin Tomato Mutant1
Authors: Buescher R. W.
Published: September 2022

The effects of ethephon concentration, maturity, and length of storage before treatment on red color development were determined in harvested rin tomatoes. Red color development was greater in fruits treated with 1% ethephon than in fruits treated with higher or lower concentrations. Ethephon-induced color was greater in fruits treated 42 days from anthesis than in fruits treated at 35, 49, 56, and 63 days. Less red color developed as time in storage before treatment increased. It is suggested that ethephon (ethylene) directs red color formation in rin fruits if it is applied prior to the onset of predetermined pathways which result in the expression of the yellow color.
Effect of pH on Yield and Leaf Composition of Hydroponic Tomatoes1
Authors: Wallihan E. F. , Sharpless R. G. , Printy Wilma L.
Published: September 2022

Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Tropic) grown in sand cultures receiving complete nutrient solutions set markedly fewer fruits when solutions were allowed to drift to pH 8 or higher. Leaf analyses revealed P deficiency, even though P supply in the sand was apparently adequate.
Horizontal Plant Orientation Delays Flowering in Phaseolus vulgaris L.1
Authors: Robitaille Henry A.
Published: September 2022

Flowering in many plants can be geotropically influenced. Apple limbs are tied down as a commercial practice to increase flowering, and pineapple plants tipped on their sides flowered earlier than those grown upright (5). Flowering at the lower nodes of soybean plants was improved after weights were used to make stem tips grow downward (1). In apple (2) and pineapple (3) there is evidence that the geotropic stimulation may be mediated through ethylene. The effect of horizontal placement of plants on flowering of Phaseolus vulgaris was investigated, since ethephon treatments have increased flowering in that plant (4).
Response of Celery to Ozone1
Authors: Proctor J. T. A. , Ormrod D. P.
Published: September 2022

Plants of 8 cultivars of celery (Apium graveolens L. var. dulce) exposed to ozone under controlled conditions, or grown in the field under ambient conditions, had comparable injury symptoms but varied in relative susceptibility to injury in the 2 different environments.
Observations of PBA-induced Bulbil Production in Onion Inflorescences1
Authors: Vest G. , Subramanya R. , Jackson E.
Published: September 2022

Bulbils were produced in the umbels of onion plants when the bulbs were treated at the time of planting with PBA carried in methyl cellosolve. Methyl cellosolve alone and a PBA-acetone formulation did not induce bulbil formation.
Preharvest Ethephon Application Reduces Muskmelon Quality1
Authors: Yamaguchi M. , Hughes D. L. , Tyler K. B. , Johnson H. , May D.
Published: September 2022

Preharvest application of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) to muskmelon (Cucumis melo L., Reticulatus group) significantly reduced the soluble solids content and the sucrose concentration of fruits harvested at the full-slip stage. Texture and flavor ratings were also reduced. During 5 days at 20°C, the flesh of fruits from treated plants softened more rapidly and was more aromatic than the fruits from untreated plants.
Incandescent Lamp Maintenance in Plant Growth Chambers1
Authors: Downs Robert J.
Published: September 2022

The cause of the premature burn-out of incandescent lamps used in plant growth chambers was determined. Group replacement of lamps can be practiced on an annual basis with proper lamp selection.
A Statistical Method of Determining Chill Unit and Growing Degree Hour Requirements for Deciduous Fruit Trees1
Authors: Ashcroft Gaylen L. , Richardson E. Arlo , Seeley Schuyler D.
Published: September 2022

Dates of rest completion are rarely available for determining the chill unit and growing degree hour requirements of deciduous fruit trees. A statistical process has been developed which permits these constants to be determined from temperature data and dates of full bloom. Bloom dates calculated from the model using the statistically derived constants compare favorably with observed dates of full bloom.
Wisconsin (BBSR) 130 Bean Breeding Line1
Authors: Hagedorn D. J. , Rand R. E.
Published: September 2022

Here we report the first bush green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with excellent resistance to the bacterial brown spot disease (Pseudomonas syringae van Hall). This new green bean breeding line (Fig. 1) has been designated Wis. (BBSR) 130, and is recommended for use in breeding programs.
Flower Bud Formation, Flowering, and Fruiting in Highbush Blueberry in Response to Chlormequat, Ethephon, and Daminozide
Authors: Robbins Jo Ann , Doughty Charles C.
Published: September 2022

Midsummer application of butanedioic acid mono-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide), 2500 ppm, or (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat), 3000 ppm, with or without (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon), 2000 ppm, were applied to highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) ‘Stanley’ and ‘Bluecrop’. Flower bud set and flower number were increased by daminozide on both cultivars. ‘Stanley’ plants showed an increase in numbers of fruit per shoot and total yield. Ethephon generally did not interact with growth retardants, but evoked a response similar to daminozide in ‘Bluecrop’.
Embryo Development in ‘Kerman’ Pistachio
Authors: Tzong-Shyan Lin , Polito Vito S. , Crane Julian C.
Published: September 2022

Five to 6 weeks elapsed between full bloom and zygote division of ‘Kerman’ pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). Various patterns of cell division in the proembryo, after transverse division in the zygote, brought about formation of a globular to heart-shaped embryo in the following 3–4 weeks. Cell enlargement in the cotyledons during the subsequent 4–5 weeks contributed mainly to final embryo size. The transition from free-nuclear to cellular endosperm was not limited to a definite stage of embryo development. The endosperm was almost digested by the time the embryo reached its ultimate size.
Response of Two Container-grown Ilex Species to Preemergence Herbicides
Authors: Singh Megh , Phatak S. C. , Glaze N. C.
Published: September 2022

Container-grown Chinese holly (Ilex cornuta Lindl. Paxt. cv. Burfordii) and Japanese holly (Ilex crenata Thunb. cv. Helleri) were treated with 6 preemergence herbicides: alachlor [2-chloro-2’,6’-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide], napropamide [2-(α-naphthoxy)-N,N-diethylpropionamide], oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide), and oxadiazon [2-tert-butyl-4(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-Δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one] at 2.2, 4.5, 9.0, and 17.9 kg/ha; oxyfluorfen [2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene] at 1.1, 2.2, 4.5, and 9.0 kg/ha; and prodiamine [2,4-dinitro-N3,N3-dipropyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-benzenediamine] at 4.5, 9.0, and 13.4 kg/ha. All herbicides at all rates significantly reduced the number and weight of weeds as compared to unweeded checks but higher rates were more effective. Lower rates of herbicides failed to control Pennsylvania bittercress, yellow wood sorrel, and purple nutsedge. Oryzalin at 9.0 and 17.9 kg/ha was phytotoxic to both hollies. Generally, Chinese holly was more tolerant to herbicides than Japanese holly. Oryzalin was most phytotoxic to Chinese holly and substantially reduced the growth and marketability of the plants. Oxyfluorfen at 9.0 kg/ha severely retarded the growth of Japanese holly.
In Vitro Propagation of Sansevieria trifasciata
Authors: Blazich Frank A. , Novitzky Roseann T.
Published: September 2022

Leaf explants of Sansevieria trifasciata Prain (snake plant) cultured in vitro on a modified Murashige and Skoog medium containing 0.25 mg/liter 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) produced masses of meristemoids. The meristemoids formed shoots when the explants were transferred to a similar medium containing 0.3 mg/liter 6-furfurylam ino purine (kinetin). Shoots were rooted in vitro or under intermittent mist and grown as plants which appeared normal in vegetative characteristics to the parent plant.
Needle Color and Vigor of Inbred Progenies of Picea pungens
Authors: Cram W. H.
Published: September 2022

Intensity of needle coloration for inbred seedlings of Picea pungens Engelm. (blue spruce) increased with seedling age. Needle color ratings for 7- and 10-year-old, inbred seedlings and parental trees were correlated. Mean heights of the 10-year-old, inbred progenies ranged from 50 to 76 cm, but bore no relationship to parental selffertility or needle color. In one selection, 94% of the inbred seedlings had silvery-blue foliage.
‘Harglow’ Apricot
Authors: Layne Richard E. C.
Published: September 2022

‘Harglow’ is an attractive, high-quality, medium-sized apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) introduced in 1982 for the Ontario fresh market but also suitable for commercial processing and for home preserves. The tree is cold-hardy, late-blooming, moderately productive, and tolerant to perennial canker (Leucostoma spp.). The fruit are resistant to brown rot [Moniliniafructicola (Wint.) Honey] and bacterial spot [Xanthomonas pruni (E.F. Sm.) Dows.], and moderately resistant to skin cracking and preharvest drop. They ripen in the midseason; 6 and 3 days, respectively, after ‘Goldcot’ and ‘Veecot’ and about 3 Aug. at Harrow. ‘Harglow’ is adapted to regions of southern Ontario where apricots are grown successfully. Early reports of its performance in Michigan and Pennsylvania are promising.
Communicating Science: Trends in Readership and Submissions for ASHS Publications
Authors: Peirce Lincoln C.
Published: September 2022

Lastrucci (2) has stated: “Since the whole purpose of scientific research is to add to man’s store of verified knowledge, communication among scientists is a vital link in the whole chain of research effort.” The need for communication among scientists is really the basis for existence of professional societies. Knight (1), in discussing the history of scientific progress, ascribes a prominent role to communication and to the philosophical and, later, the professional societies organized to discuss and report science. Today, opportunities abound for disseminating research data or ideas or techniques. Our individual abilities to convey these data, ideas, and techniques in an understandable way are another matter. C.J. Sindermann’s book, Winning the Games Scientists Play (3), gives a tongue-in-cheek discussion of such matters as writing and reviewing manuscripts and presenting oral papers. My concern in this discussion, however, is not our ability to communicate but rather the avenues provided by our Society to get the job done.
Cost Analysis of Computerized Marketing of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables
Authors: Epperson J. E. , Adrian J. L. , VanSickle J. J.
Published: September 2022

A cost analysis of a computerized marketing system for fresh fruits and vegetables encompassed unit cost comparisons by regional size of operations, single vs. multiple commodities, and conventional vs. computerized marketing. Regions pertinent to this study were the southeastern and eastern United States, where the Southeast was a subset of the East. Selected commodities for the cost analysis were tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai], sweet corn (Zea mays L.), snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Capitata group). Unit cost comparisons by region and single vs. multiple commodities depicted the importance of volume traded through the computerized system as it relates to economic efficiency. The analysis indicated that computerized marketing of fresh fruits and vegetables can be less costly than conventional marketing.
Survival, Growth, and Yield of Peach Trees as Affected by Rootstocks
Authors: Dozier W. A. , Knowles J. W. , Carlton C. C. , Rom R. C. , Arrington E. H. , Wehunt E. J. , Yadava U. L. , Doud S. L. , Ritchie D. F. , Clayton C. N. , Zehr E. I. , Gambrell C. E. , Britton J. A. , Lockwood D. W.
Published: September 2022

Effects of 8 peach seedling rootstocks on tree growth, survival, and fruit yield of ‘Redhaven’ and ‘Loring’ peach scion cultivars were tested in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Lovell seedling rootstock was a standard for comparison. Six years of data indicated that Siberian C was not an acceptable rootstock because tree survival and fruit yield were low. Halford was equivalent to Lovell for tree growth, fruit yield, and survival. Fruit size was unaffected by rootstock. Nemaguard and 2 North Carolina selections were resistant to root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) but they were not resistant to ring nematodes [Criconemella xenoplax (Raski) Luc and Raski]. Soil fumigation improved tree survival in nematode-infested soil.
Agrobacterium Ti Plasmids as Potential Vector for Genetic Engineering
Authors: Lawton Michael A. , Chilton Mary-Dell
Published: September 2022

The use of in vitro techniques for DNA manipulation allows individual DNA sequences to be purified from their original genetic background. Such cloned sequences have been of great value in elucidating gene structure and organization; however, an understanding of how genes function requires an assay system in which genes carried on the cloned sequences may be expressed. Once such a system is available, it should be possible to study the expression and regulation of individual genes. One solution to this problem is to introduce cloned genes into cells which are able to express those genes; this approach offers the additional possibility of introducing new traits into cells and is potentially of great agricultural, medical, and commercial importance.
In Vitro Shoot Proliferation of Minnesota Deciduous Azaleas
Authors: Economou Athanasios S. , Read Paul E.
Published: September 2022

Shoot tips of azalea (Rhododendron spp.) accessions 620014, 800057, and 800374 multiplied rapidly when cultured on a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium modified by reducing concentrations of NH4NO3 and KNO3, adding (NH4)2SO4 (to give an : ratio of 1:1), omitting KI, and replacing Na2EDTA and FeSO4 with FeNaDTPA. The organic constituents were in mg/liter: thiamine-HCl, 0.4; myo-inositol, 100; sucrose, 20,000; agar, 6,000; N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl)-adenine (2iP), 5, 10, or 20 and the pH varied from 4.0 to 6.0 with 5.0 the most effective. An average 4-to-6-fold multiplication rate for the different clones was achieved after 10 weeks culture in this medium and weekly subculturing was unnecessary and detrimental. The harvested shoots could be rooted either in a soilless medium or recultured on fresh medium. The tissue remaining after shoot harvest, when recultured on fresh medium, produced 11–34 shoots for additional harvests at 6-week intervals. Additions of 1 mg/liter indoleacetic acid (IAA) in the medium in such recultures increased the number of usable shoots and improved their quality.