bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atomistic simulation of sub-nanosecond non-equilibrium field cooling processes for magnetic data storage applications
Authors: Evans R. F. L. , Fan W. J.
Published: November 2014

Thermally assisted magnetic writing is an important technology utilizing temperature dependent magnetic properties to enable orientation of a magnetic data storage medium. Using an atomistic spin model, we study non-equilibrium field cooled magnetization processes on sub-nanosecond timescales required for device applications. We encapsulate the essential physics of the process in a thermoremanent magnetization curve and show that for fast timescales, heating to the Curie temperature is necessary where the magnetic relaxation time is shortest. Furthermore, we demonstrate the requirement for large magnetic fields to achieve a high thermoremanent magnetization necessary for fast recording or data rates.
Alkali-vapor magnetic resonance driven by fictitious radiofrequency fields
Authors: Zhivun Elena , Wickenbrock Arne , Patton Brian , Budker Dmitry
Published: November 2014

We demonstrate an all-optical 133Cs scalar magnetometer, operating in nonzero magnetic field, in which the magnetic resonance is driven by an effective oscillating magnetic field provided by the AC Stark shift of an intensity-modulated laser beam. We achieve a projected shot-noise-limited sensitivity of 1.7fT/Hz and measure a technical noise floor of 40fT/Hz. These results are essentially identical to a coil-driven scalar magnetometer using the same setup. This all-optical scheme offers advantages over traditional coil-driven magnetometers for use in arrays and in magnetically sensitive fundamental physics experiments, e.g., searches for a permanent electric dipole moment of the neutron.
The development and current state of translation process research
Authors: Jakobsen Arnt Lykke
Published: November 2014

The development and current state of translation process research
chArnt Lykke
Jakobsen

Copenhagen Business School

lInterest in process-oriented translation studies has been intense for the past almost half a century. Translation process research (TPR) is the label we have used to refer to a special descriptive, empirical, experimental approach to translation studies based on close, technology-supported observation of translational (micro)behaviour. Fundamentally, TPR is based on software which logs a translator’s keystrokes on a computer keyboard in time in combination with an eyetracker which simultaneously tracks the translator’s eye movements across a screen displaying both a source text and the translator’s emerging translation. This research method was developed as a means of qualifying and strengthening translation process hypotheses based on verbal reports by providing additional, different, quantitative data from the same events, on the basis of which supplementary analyses and interpretations could be derived. With this method, many processes can be directly observed at different levels of granularity and can be compared with reported features of the mental process, which itself remains inaccessible to outside observation. What mental processes underlie measurable (micro)behaviour can only be inferred. A multi-methodological approach is clearly called for in order to capture the full complexity of translation, and translation studies must be open to extend its curiosity beyond itself, into regions like cognitive psychology, psycho- and neurolinguistics, and neuroscience, where the interest in what goes on in our heads is also very strong.
Observations on relative clauses in Bavarian
Authors: Kallulli Dalina
Published: November 2014

The central goal of this paper is to show that (some) relative pronouns in Bavarian German are better analysed as agreeing complementizers of sorts, and that this is a process fed by topicalization. More specifically, taking my cue from Felix (1985), I provide an alternative analysis to the construction Das ist der Kerl, den wenn ich erwisch erschlag ich ‘This is the guy who I’ll slay if I catch him’, which Felix analyses as a parasitic gap construction, whereby the second empty category (the parasitic gap in Felix’s terms), namely the object of erschlag, has been licensed by the postulated trace of den ‘who’ in the if-clause. The alternative analysis I offer is motivated by theoretical and empirical problems with Felix’s approach. The very fact that the so-called “relative pronoun” in the construction under investigation must appear in the left edge of the if-clause suggests that this element never leaves this clause. This is indeed what I propose. The crucial ingredients of my analysis are: (i) Bavarian (but not Standard German) has a recursive CP, where the (VP-adjoined) if-clause has moved to the specifier position of the final CP, thereby triggering inversion (i.e. verb movement to C0), much like in English (cf. Emonds 1969, 1970, 1976); (ii) the so-called ‘relative pronoun’ is in fact an agreeing complementizer of sorts; and (iii) the ‘parasitic gap’ is a null resumptive pronoun.
Really weird subjects. The syntax of family names in Bavarian.
Authors: Weiß Helmut
Published: November 2014

The syntax of (first or last) names shows many interesting properties in Bavarian – as well as in other German dialects. Yet this paper will focus on a type of construction that seems to occur only in Bavarian. Family Names (FN) are combined with a preposition which can be von ‘of’ or bei ‘at’ depending on the regional variety of Bavarian. The PP consisting of the preposition plus an encliticized definite article marked for dative plus FN – von/bein FN – can surface as an argument in a sentence, preferably as subject. It will be argued that these seemingly prepositional subjects are DPs and not PPs. The Bavarian preposition von, comparable to English of, is a functional item used as a substitute for the lost genitive case. Therefore, for the von-type, I will propose a small-clause-structure which was developed for possessive constructions (Szabolsci 1983; Kayne 1993; Uriagereka 2002; Weiß 2008). Although the bei-type is of different origin – locative constructions with a subject clitic – it can be observed that it got assimilated to the von-type. Both types of constructions are convincing evidence for the fact that underlying structures are sometimes much more complex than the surface strings seem to require.
Does convergence generate stability?
Authors: Tsiplakou Stavroula
Published: November 2014

The diglossic situation between Cypriot and Standard Modern Greek is still a

long way from being resolved; claims to the contrary often rest on the consideration

of some structural properties of the emergent Cypriot Greek koiné,

which are, arguably, of a ‘mixed’ nature, thereby pointing to a significant degree

of convergence with Standard Modern Greek. Based on a host of naturalistic

data as well as data collected quantitatively, I show that (a) convergence of the

Cypriot Greek koiné to Standard Greek is only partial, as convergence qua

structural mixing is mostly achieved through (surface) morphological, as well

as lexical, choices, and that (b) the salient aspects of such convergence allow for

the Cypriot Greek koiné to emerge as a relatively stable linguistic variety acting

as a robust ‘buffer’ against contact-induced de-dialectization as a result of its

relatively high (c)overt, prestige among Cypriot Greek speakers, which is, in

turn, due to is perceived, if not actual, convergence with the Standard.
3. The harmonization of legal cultures, concepts and terms
Authors: Whittaker Sunniva
Published: November 2014

The present chapter discusses how the scope and depth of harmonization between supranational and national legislation are decisive for the choice of empirical basis for contrastive studies of legal concepts and terms used in national legislations. The case studies presented in this chapter aim at illustrating two possible approaches. The first case study explores differences between the French and Norwegian transpositions of the EU directive on public procurement. The second discusses the use of preparatory works as a source of information on the formation of legal concepts and terms, exemplified with the French preparatory works for the new law on bioethics of 2011 and the Norwegian whitepaper issued in advance of the Children’s Act of 2009.
4. Cross-domain disharmonization. A case study with adventure activities in legal and tourist domains in Spain
Authors: Durán-Muñoz Isabel
Published: November 2014

The phenomenon of harmonization has attracted much attention in the legal domain, and considerable efforts are devoted to reach both conceptual and terminological harmonization to ensure unambiguous communication in situations where different legal systems and languages come into contact. However, little interest was aroused for other kinds of harmonization, which are also of great importance. This paper aims to shed some light on what it is being called cross-domain harmonization, which refers to an intralingual harmonization that involves different specialized domains. To illustrate this kind of harmonization, or more specifically the lack of it (disharmonization), and its consequences, we provide several examples taken from real tourist and legal texts. Finally, some proposals are discussed tackling this type of disharmonization.
9. A method for analysing the dynamics of naming from a monolingual and multilingual perspective
Authors: Fernández-Silva Sabela , Freixa Judit , Cabré Castellví M. Teresa
Published: November 2014

Today, term variation is commonly accepted to be a widespread phenomenon in specialised communication. Although some degree of arbitrariness is inevitable, the expert’s choice of a term variant is generally motivated to some extent, reflecting the way he or she views a concept. This work presents a methodology for describing the conceptually motivated patterns of term variation in a corpus of special language use. This method – which analyses the conceptual information displayed on the term’s form – represents an attempt to provide a framework which accounts for the flexibility of concepts and conceptual structures in a systematic way, adopting a perspective which is relevant for both monolingual and multilingual studies. Using data from a bilingual (French and Galician) corpus of texts related to coastal fishing and aquaculture, the applicability of the analysis method is illustrated with a description of the variation patterns pertaining to terms designating human entity concepts within the corpus. Furthermore, this study points out common trends and differences across languages. The linguistic differences are related to the culture-boundness of specialised knowledge and its terminology.
11. Concept change, term dynamics and culture-boundness in economic-administrative domains
Authors: Kristiansen Marita
Published: November 2014

A central purpose in terminology work is to capture the conceptual structures of the domains and relevant terminology. However, knowledge development may result in dynamism in both concepts and terms, something which challenges this pursuit. The fact that some concepts can easily be transferred from one language culture to another, whereas other concepts are highly culture bound, complicates the task even further. Three different economic-administrative domains are used to exemplify this challenge, i.e., Organisational Behaviour, Financial Accounting and Crisis, Restructuring and Growth. The chapter demonstrates how the factors causing knowledge development and concept changes in the three domains are quite different, and how this calls for different corpora from which to extract terminographic or lexicographic data.
Medical Harm: Patient Perceptions and Follow-up Actions
Authors: Lyu Heather G. , Cooper Michol A. , Mayer-Blackwell Brandan , Jiam Nicole , Hechenbleikner Elizabeth M. , Wick Elizabeth C. , Berenholtz Sean M. , Makary Martin A.
Published: November 2014

Objectives

Much research has been conducted to describe medical mistakes resulting in patient harm using databases that capture these events for medical organizations. The objective of this study was to describe patients’ perceptions regarding disclosure and their actions after harm.

Methods

We analyzed a patient harm survey database composed of responses from a voluntary online survey administered to patients by ProPublica, an independent nonprofit news organization, during a 1-year period (May 2012 to May 2013). We collected data on patient demographics and characteristics related to the acknowledgment of patient harms, the reporting of patient harm to an oversight agency, whether the patient or the family obtained the harm-associated medical records, as well as the presence of a malpractice claim.

Results

There were 236 respondents reporting a patient harm (mean age, 49.1 y). In 11.4% (27/236) of harms, an apology by the medical organization or the clinician was made. In 42.8% (101/236) of harms, a complaint was filed with an oversight agency. In 66.5% (157/236) of harms, the patient or the family member obtained a copy of the pertinent medical records. A malpractice claim was reported in 19.9% (47/236) of events.

Conclusions

In this sample of self-reported patient harms, we found a perception of inadequate apology. Nearly half of patient harm events are reported to an oversight agency, and roughly one-fifth result in a malpractice claim.
A perspective on client productivity in business‐to‐business consulting services
Authors: Martin Claude R. , Horne David A. , Chan Winnie S.
Published: November 2014

Focuses on the client in a management consulting relationship. Argues that any measure of service productivity must include some component that focues on the client side of the service encounter. Client productivity – measurement and structure – requires more attention and research into the stage/backstage issues.
A multi‐agent architecture to support B2C e‐Marketplaces: the e‐ZOCO case study
Authors: Jesús Castro‐Schez José , Miguel Raúl , Vallejo David , Herrera Vanesa
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a multi‐agent architecture, which offers services to be applied in B2C e‐Marketplaces and to present the core system: the search agent.

Design/methodology/approach

The different parts that compose an e‐commerce portal are naturally performed through intelligent agents, which have the ability to communicate with one another and autonomously act depending on defined goals.

Findings

The search agent returns the more relevant results in direct shopping than others previously used. It is based on a usability‐improved fuzzy searching mechanism that allows the specification of uncertain and vague searching preferences.

Research limitations/implications

More empirical research efforts need to be directed to study the efficiency over time. This work is based on a prototype, which is its main limitation.

Practical implications

Intelligent agents can be useful to improve e‐commerce services in B2C portals.

Originality/value

The research extends previous authors' work on the application of intelligent agents to e‐commerce fields.
The four situations: a framework for responding to concerns of adult abuse or neglect
Authors: Ingram Ruth
Published: November 2014

Purpose

This paper aims to present a simple conceptual framework, outlining four pathways for guiding multi‐agency involvement in different situations of adult abuse.

Design/methodology/approach

The essential elements of best practice for each pathway are described.

Findings

The four situations is a framework that, together with the seven‐stage safeguarding adults pathway, has been evidenced through practice to provide a conceptual tool on which to base multi‐agency activity in response to a large variety of concerns about safeguarding adults.

Originality/value

The four situations framework creates a straight‐forward template that provides guidance to all concerned as to which organisations will be involved in the steps of developing the safeguarding pathways and what their roles and responsibilities will be.
Enabling risk and ensuring safety: self‐directed support and personal budgets
Authors: Carr Sarah
Published: November 2014

Purpose

This paper aims to present a digest of the main discussion points and key findings from a recent Social Care Institute for Excellence report on risk enablement and safeguarding in the context of self‐directed support and personal budgets.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper explores how the personalisation agenda and adult safeguarding can work together in policy and practice and addresses some of the frontline concerns about empowerment and duty of care.

Findings

Evidence on how self‐directed support and personal budgets can be used to enable people to take positive risks while staying safe and emerging practice is examined. It suggests that person‐centred working in adult safeguarding, along with the mechanism of self‐directed support planning and outcome review, can support the individual to identify the risks they want to take and those they want to avoid in order to stay safe. It is clear that if frontline practitioners are overly occupied with protecting organisations and individuals from financial abuse, this will impact on the capacity of those practitioners exercising their duty of care at the front line. This means that practitioners are less able to engage with individuals to identify safeguarding issues and enable positive risk taking. Defensive risk management strategies or risk‐averse frontline practice may then result in individuals not being adequately supported to make choices and take control and, therefore, being put at risk. Practitioners need to be supported by local authorities to incorporate safeguarding and risk enablement in their relationship‐based, person‐centred working. Good quality, consistent and trusted relationships and good communication are particularly important for self‐directed support and personal budget schemes.

Originality/value

The use of “risk enablement panels” and “personalisation and safeguarding frameworks” are two ways to address some of the issues in practice.
Health and wellbeing boards
Authors: Dow John
Published: November 2014

Purpose

This paper seeks to look at proposals in the Health and Social Care Bill for the establishment of health and wellbeing boards.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper looks at one part of the Health and Social Care Bill, the provisions in Chapter 2 of Part 5 relating to the establishment and functions of health and wellbeing boards.

Findings

The paper considers the functions of health and wellbeing boards, particularly in relation to encouraging integrated working, and suggests that the proposed legislation does not yet clearly spell out what steps the boards should take to encourage integrated working or how commissioners of services should be encouraged to work more closely together.

Originality/value

This paper offers a legal perspective on the possible establishment of health and wellbeing boards.
Actor or arena: contrasting translations of a law on interorganizational integration
Authors: Andersson Johanna , Löfström Mikael , Bihari Axelsson Susanna , Axelsson Runo
Published: November 2014

Purpose

A Swedish framework law has enabled integration between public agencies in vocational rehabilitation. With the support of this law, coordination associations can be formed to fund and organize joint activities. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze how the law has been interpreted and translated into local coordination associations and how local institutional logics have developed to guide the organization of these associations.

Design/methodology/approach

Data was collected through observations of meetings within two coordination associations and supplemented with documents. The material was analyzed by compilation and examination of data from field notes, whereupon the most important aspects were crystallized and framed with institutional organization theory.

Findings

Two different translations of the law were seen in the associations studied: the association as an independent actor, and as an arena for its member organizations. Two subsequent institutional logics have developed, influencing decisions on autonomy, objectives and rationality for initiating and organizing in the two associations and their activities. The institutional logics are circular, further enhancing the different translations creating different forms of integration.

Research implications/limitations

Both forms of integration are legitimate, but the different translations have created integration with different degrees of autonomy in relation to the member organizations. Only a long‐term analysis can show whether one form of integration is more functional than the other.

Originality/value

This article is based on an extensive material providing insights into a form of interorganizational integration which has been scarcely researched. The findings show how different translations can influence the integration of welfare services.
Evaluating Springboard: impact of a family support programme in Ireland
Authors: McKeown Kieran , Haase Trutz , Pratschke Jonathan
Published: November 2014

The article reports results from an evaluation of Springboard, a family support programme introduced in Ireland during 1998. The evaluation is based on a non‐experimental design involving a pre‐post comparison of 319 children and 191 parents who participated in the programme. The two main outcomes reported here are children's psychological well‐being (measured by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire ‐ SDQ), and the parent‐child relationship (measured by the Parent‐Child Relationship Inventory ‐ PCRI). Results showed improvements in SDQ and PCRI scores, equivalent to an effect size in the range 0.2 to 0.3, which is similar to the effect sizes produced by other family support programmes. At the end of the intervention, there was still a substantial amount of unmet need among children. The evaluation has two limitations: first, the use of a non‐experimental method means that we cannot be certain that all of the improved outcomes can be attributed to Springboard; second, the diverse interventions which constitute Springboard, and family support programmes generally, means that it is impossible to separate effective from ineffective interventions within the programme.
A review of parental engagement in parenting interventions and strategies to promote it
Authors: Morawska Alina , Sanders Matthew
Published: November 2014

Despite the importance of increasing engagement and minimising attrition and drop‐out in parenting interventions, there is a paucity of empirical evidence examining factors related to engagement and participation. The range of factors examined in relation to engagement is generally limited in scope and variety, focusing on variables of convenience rather than utilising a theoretically‐driven approach.The aim of this article is to review the factors related to parental engagement with interventions and to describe strategies and implications for improving engagement with parenting interventions. Several policy and practice implications are identified: (1) Poor parental engagement may threaten or compromise the capacity of parenting programmes to deliver valued outcomes. Viable engagement strategies need to be a core part of prevention and early intervention parenting programmes; (2) Agencies delivering parenting services need a proactive engagement strategy, which includes strategies to prevent drop‐out, as well as strategies to actively respond to parental disengagement; (3) Research is needed to test the efficacy and robustness of different engagement enhancement strategies. Empirical tests are needed to test the effectiveness of different engagement strategies in order to ensure that the most efficient, cost‐effective and efficacious approach is used in order to engage parents. Investment of research effort to improve parental engagement is likely to have a high yield in terms of programme efficiency, utility and cost effectiveness. We conclude that research examining how to improve engagement and decrease non‐completion is needed to strengthen the population level value of parenting programmes as preventive interventions.
Implementation of Triple P‐Positive Parenting Program in Hong Kong: predictors of programme completion and clinical outcomes
Authors: Leung Cynthia , Sanders Matthew , Ip Francis , Lau Joseph
Published: November 2014

This study examined the effectiveness of the Triple P‐Positive Parenting Program in a government child health service delivery context with Chinese parents in Hong Kong. Specifically, the study sought to identify pre‐intervention variables that might predict programme outcomes such as level of clinical improvement and programme completion. Participants were 661 parents of pre‐school and primary aged children participating in a group version of the Triple P‐Positive Parenting Program. There were significant decreases in disruptive child behaviours, levels of parenting stress, general stress and anxiety and an increase in parenting sense of competence. Greater change in reports of child behaviour problems was related to lower levels of family income, new immigrant family status, and higher pre‐intervention levels of parenting stress. The present study provides a profile of parents who are most likely to benefit from parent training programmes.
Constructing and sustaining Sure Start Local Programme partnerships: lessons for future inter‐agency collaborations
Authors: Allnock Debbie , Akhurst Sophie , Tunstill Jane
Published: November 2014

This article outlines the experience of the first 260 Sure Start Local Programmes of developing interagency partnerships in their areas. It draws on quantitative and qualitative data collected between 2000‐2005 by the implementation module of the government‐commissioned National Evaluation of Sure Start. Following a résumé of the aims and design of the Sure Start Local Programme initiative, a description of the implementation module methodology and an overview of existing knowledge around inter‐agency collaboration, five factors are identified which impacted on the partnership‐building task. These comprise: the nature of partnership history; clarity of purpose; the extent of strategic commitment at the highest levels; trust among partners; and the characteristics of the national workforce. The article concludes by highlighting the continuing relevance of these issues to the new collaborations required by the UK government's Every Child Matters agenda, including the work of children's centres.
After randomised trials: issues related to dissemination of evidence‐based interventions
Authors: Bumbarger Brian , Perkins Daniel
Published: November 2014

Demonstrating the efficacy and effectiveness of prevention programmes in rigorous randomised trials is only the beginning of a process that may lead to better public health outcomes. Although a growing number of programmes have been shown to be effective at reducing drug use and delinquency among young people under carefully controlled conditions, we are now faced with a new set of obstacles. First, these evidence‐based programmes are still under‐utilised compared to prevention strategies with no empirical support. Second, when effective programmes are used the evidence suggests they are not being implemented with quality and fidelity. Third, effective programmes are often initiated with short‐term grant funding, creating a challenge for sustainability beyond seed funding. We discuss each of these challenges, and present lessons learned from a large‐scale dissemination effort involving over 140 evidence‐based programme replications in one state in the US.
Organisational change in the context of recovery‐oriented services
Authors: Ramon Shula
Published: November 2014

Purpose

This paper aims to focus on the process of organisational change in the implementation of recovery principles into everyday NHS mental health practice, in order to highlight the centrality of this process in enabling implementation.

Design/methodology/approach

Several recent good practice examples are given below of relevant projects in which similar challenges have been met and the methods of doing so.

Findings

The organisational change process for recovery‐oriented services needs to be a win‐win situation, in which all of the participants would be able to recognise that each of them can win from the implementation of a recovery‐oriented service, even if they are in for some losses (in status, in having to share power, being indirectly criticised for the way they have worked up to now, having to unlearn). This implies that the losses need to be recognised by the leaders of the change process and addressed as much as possible, but that the emphasis should remain on what the participants stand to gain in the new culture and structure.

Originality/value

Conceptual framework of such a process and its significant components are linked to the challenges inherent in recovery implementation for the workforce. The challenges are expanded upon in terms of their implications for the specificity of the organisational change required and its complexity. Organisational change is both differentiated from the change in the content and structure of services necessary for implementing recovery yet related to it.
The performative institutional embrace
Authors: Jeffrey Bob , Troman Geoff
Published: November 2014

Purpose

This ESRC‐based research article aims to investigate the effects of performativity on primary schools and the teachers therein. It also aims to show how performativity to maintain and improve the school's position in an educational market affects the teacher relations with their institution and how the school works to embrace its teachers in developing the school's market position.

Design/methodology/approach

Four researchers carried out this ESRC (RES‐000‐23‐1281) research, to a greater or lesser extent. The researchers in all of the schools, except City, carried out interview/conversations in the main, with observational field notes accounting for just over 50 per cent of their total data. They then began progressive focusing on City school where the rest of the observational field notes were carried out and in particular the bulk of conversations with young learners. This focus also included the largest group of teacher interview/conversations. This progressive focusing bears the weight of the ethnographic data and the analysis for this article, in line with a grounded theory approach. The whole database included 52 days’ observational field notes, 54 recorded conversations with teachers and other significant adults, and 32 recorded conversations with learners. All recorded conversations with management, teachers, pupils and parents that were seen as being of theoretical significance were transcribed.

Findings

The paper outlines some of the similarities with these institutions, but also shows how this new model differs and how it could be applied to a much wider constituency than the earlier three models – that of the public and private sector. It shows how the embracing performative institution in a marketised environment influences the practices of its teachers and changes to their professional commitment, which focuses more on the institutional development than broader professional values. At the same time it can be seen how supportive professional cultures encourage teachers to embrace the school's performative development and how this influences teacher identity. The findings suggest that institutional members both constitute, and are constituted by, the influence of the embracing institution and performative regulation and that their professional identities are constantly readjusted to ensure their interests coincide with the institutions interests.

Originality/value

This article provides useful formation on how performativity to maintain and improve the school's position in an educational market affects the teacher relations with their institution and how the school works to embrace its teachers in developing the school's market position.
A METHODOLOGY FOR TESTING JOB TASK PERFORMANCE: PART II
Authors: Campbell Clifton P. , Armstrong Richard B.
Published: November 2014

Scoring procedures used during the measurement of task performance should be reliable and unbiased. Reliability means that evaluation of task performance will not vary over time, and different examiners will evaluate the examinee the same way in any given testing situation. Unbiased scoring procedures ensure that evaluations are not influenced by inappropriate factors, such as the human tendency to be lenient or overly generous.
Novel techniques for tactile sensing in a three dimensional environment
Authors: Pugh A. , Heginbotham W.B. , Page C.J.
Published: November 2014

A simple, parallel‐mode tactile transducer for extracting three‐dimensional digital representations of complex engineering components is proposed. In addition, algorithms for computer processing of the tactile information to produce a compact structural description of the scrutinised object are evolved. The possibility exists that these techniques might be applied to future generations of robot devices with sensory feedback.
Programming a robot in quasi‐natural language
Authors: Bernorio M. , Bertoni M. , Dabbene A. , Somalvico M.
Published: November 2014

The paper illustrates a system for man‐machine interaction in quasi‐natural language. The scope of the interaction is in the description of the sequence of tasks to be executed by an industrial robot for the assembly of mechanical systems.
Robots: Tool or Labour?
Authors: Morgan C.
Published: November 2014

Today there are few problems as central to the industrial milieux as industrial relations and there seems little reason to suspect that these problems will decrease as time goes on. It would be wrong to assume that industrial relations considered in this context simply refer to the relationships that exist between management and the unions, in fact it refers to compound relationships that are in evidence between management and unions, management and workers and workers and unions. These three elements could in the not too distant future be joined by a fourth element ‐ the industrial robot ‐ as yet uncommon, but which will become ever more popular and an item of capital equipment contributing to the productive effort of industry.
Arc welding with industrial robots
Authors: Müller S.
Published: November 2014

Automatic arc‐welding machines have been used in manufacturing plant for a number of years now. They are special machines for a special purpose. But one of the main problems for automatic arc‐welding machines is presented by assembly element inaccuracies. These inaccuracies arise even when the parts are being stamped in the press. What is no problem for the manual welder, for he sees the discrepancies and is able to bridge the gap, may only be solved by automatic arc‐welding machines if powerful clamping tools are used. The same problem is also present in principle when programmable inddustrial robots are used for arc welding instead of conventional automatic machines. However, initial successes have been recorded in bridging assembly element inaccuracies with an automatic program shift and pendulum movements for the welding torch attached to the industrial robot. In recent times, these features have been supplemented by the welding power source being equipped with a parameter selection unit.
RAPT: A language for describing assemblies
Authors: Popplestone R.J. , Ambler A.P. , Bellos I.
Published: November 2014

In the paper we describe a language for instructing assembly robots. This language has been implemented in an experi‐mental form on the DEC system 10 computer at Edinburgh. Since assembly robots resemble numerically controlled machine tools, we chose to use the APT language as the syntactic basis for the new language so that people accustomed to numerical control could readily adapt to it. We shall refer to this language as RAPT ‐ (Robot APT). It should be noted that the syntactic and semantic components of RAPT are sufficiently independent for other syntactic conventions to be used with the RAPT semantic interpreter.
Potential warehouse applications of industrial robots
Authors: Blanding W.
Published: November 2014

The Third National Industrial Robot Conference and Exposition in Chicago, USA in November, 1978 indicated a lack of attention to warehousing applications and points up the need for coverage of this increasingly important subject for the benefit of those who may not be in a position to determine whether there may be valid applications in their own operations.
JUST‐IN‐TIME MANUFACTURING AND MARKETING—STRATEGIC RELATIONSHIP FOR COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
Authors: Presutti William D.
Published: November 2014

Just‐in‐time manufacturing is one of the most important management developments of the last decade and a half. Articles on the subject have virtually flooded the business periodical literature. Yet despite the proliferation of this literature, there are indications that the fundamental implications of this concept as an effective competitive strategy have not been fully grasped by U.S. manufacturers. This article attempts to integrate the manufacturing strategy of just‐in‐time with an important element of the firm's marketing strategy—the price element of the marketing mix. Given the competitive pressures on many U.S. firms, price becomes an increasingly important competitive weapon. Only when the benefits deriving from just‐in‐time show up in a firm's marketing strategy will U.S. firms demonstrate an ability to translate an effective manufacturing strategy into a significant competitive edge.
FRANCHISING: BUSINESS REVIEW
Authors: Bruno R. Richard , Davey Gerald P.
Published: November 2014

Franchising is not an industry but a method of distribution. The franchise system of distribution has been adapted to a diverse array of products and services. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, more than 1,800 companies in some 40 different industries use the franchise method of marketing. Today the franchisors' know‐how, trademarks, and advertising muscle offer unique opportunities to individuals with limited capital and experience.
THE USE OF FOREIGN CURRENCY FUTURES TO REDUCE EXCHANGE RATE RISK
Authors: Mathur Ike , Loy David
Published: November 2014

Introduction In a world of increased uncertainty about the future value of exchange rates and increased visibility of foreign exchange gains and losses, it is not surprising that both commercial and financial firms have become more concerned about minimizing foreign exchange risks. Once a company becomes involved in international trade, be it the formation of a foreign subsidiary or simply the import or export of goods, it subsequently becomes subject to foreign exchange risk exposure. Foreign exchange risk exposure can be broken down into three categories for further development; these are real economic exposure, translation exposure, and transaction exposure.
EURO‐AMERICAN COLLECTIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF AFRO‐AMERICANS
Authors: Stanfield John H.
Published: November 2014

In race‐centered societies dominant racial populations create and maintain society through constructing collective representations of The Other Races. These collective representations of racial subordinates by the dominant are cultural commodities produced through typification and stereotypical processes and structures. They became powerful sources of socialization which institutionalize race‐centerness in societies through normalizing cultural interpretations of social and political stratification categories defined as races.
Training for Public Managers: The Alabama Certified Public Manager Program
Authors: Sims Ronald R. , Veres John G. , Locklear Toni S. , Wells Raymond B.
Published: November 2014

Of all the human resource functions which occupy personnel specialists' attention, organisations probably spend the most time on training and development. Virtually all employees experience some form of training at some time during their careers. Employee training and development is an attempt to improve current or future employee performance by increasing an employee's attitudes or increasing his/her skills and knowledge. Training can be quite extensive as exemplified by a professional seminar series, or it can be a brief set of instructions given by a supervisor to a new employee. Training programmes may be more likely than any other human resource function to affect employees significantly during their work lives (because of their pervasiveness). Furthermore, training and development can have a direct and lasting effect on individual employees, for the purpose of training is to change the employees themselves.
AN INTELLIGENCE LIBRARY IN GERMANY
Authors: GARSIDE KENNETH
Published: November 2014

The Intelligence Library of the Control Commission for Germany contains some 20,000 books and pamphlets, and its function is to provide an information service on German affairs for the benefit of the various divisions and branches of the main headquarters of the Control Commission in Germany. It is true that few special libraries are ever likely to be formed in similar circumstances, but some account of the ways in which these unique conditions were met may serve to illustrate the fundamental principle that the organization of a special library must be freely adaptable to the particular circumstances governing its existence.
NOTES ON THE NLL CARD CATALOGUE OF AERODYNAMIC MEASUREMENTS
Authors: FAIRTHORNE R.A.
Published: November 2014

In 1951 the National Luchtvaart Laboratorium at Amsterdam circulated proposals for an international card catalogue of published aerodynamic measurements (ref. 1). Everyone agreed that such a catalogue was needed badly. Without it there was already much unnecessary duplication of costly experiment, and available information was hidden from those who needed it. Everyone, including the originators, agreed also that the several functions of the catalogue could be clarified further, and the means by which they were to be performed could be sharpened.
THE NATIONAL FILM LIBRARY AND ITS CATALOGUING RULES
Authors: CHIBNALL BERNARD
Published: November 2014

The National Film Library was established in 1935. Since that time, under the guidance of Ernest Lindgren, the Curator, it has grown into a collection of 6,000 films dating from 1895.
2
Authors: NICHOLSON E.M.
Published: November 2014

The national need for comprehensive libraries and museums as a basis for study and particularly as an aid to the advancement of science became fully recognized during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and attracted resources which were fairly substantial in comparison with other public expenditure at the time. In the broad field of science and technology, three national institutions emerged as being of outstanding importance. These were the Library of the British Museum at Bloomsbury, the Library of the Patent Office in Fetter Lane, and the Library of the Science Museum in South Kensington. Of these, the first and the last were parts of national museums while the second grew up as a part of the Patent Office. Not one of them, therefore, was an independent national institution in its own right.
THE YORK UNIVERSITY CLASSIFICATION SCHEME
Authors: STIRLING JOHN F.
Published: November 2014

Any university library classification scheme must be capable of dealing not only with those subjects which are being taught but also with those which might be added to the curriculum in the future, and ideally it should arrange them in a way which is related to the needs of the teaching departments.
PUTTING BUSINESS PLANNING SOFTWARE TO THE TEST
Authors: Hall Owen P. , Mestler Chad
Published: November 2014

Seven programs that make writing plans easy
Developments in metallic pigments
Authors: Shackleton R. , Wendon G.
Published: November 2014

The function of metallic pigments may be protective or decorative, sometimes both at the same time. The ultimate use of the pigments will determine the most suitable particle structure, whether the product is a paint or a plastic or an elastic composition. Protection may be provided against atmospheric or marine corrosion on the one hand, or against radiation — light or heat — on the other. In the former, metallic pigments of various particle structures are suitable, while in the latter the optical effect desired can only be obtained, as a rule, through the use of flaky or lamellar pigments. This is also the case when the metallic pigment is intended for decorative uses.
A national health manpower information system: Report on a planning initiative
Authors: Ellencweig A.Y. , Barnea MA T.
Published: November 2014

This paper describes the planning of a national health manpower information system. The proposed system, which constitutes the first stage of a national health manpower planning initiative, would provide decision‐makers with an effective, short‐term, management information tool and support planners in establishing the necessary data base for long‐range planning.
Bacteria and the evolution of honest signals. The case of ornamental throat feathers in spotless starlings
Authors: Ruiz‐Rodríguez Magdalena , Tomás Gustavo , Martín‐Gálvez David , Ruiz‐Castellano Cristina , Soler Juan José
Published: November 2014

Mechanisms guaranteeing reliability of messages are essential in understanding the underlying information and evolution of signals. Micro‐organisms may degrade signalling traits and therefore influence the transmitted information and evolution of these characters. The role of micro‐organisms in animal signalling has, however, rarely been investigated.

Here, we explore a possible role for feather‐degrading bacteria driving the design of ornamental throat feathers in male spotless starlings (Sturnus unicolor). We estimated length, bacterial load, degradation status and susceptibility to degradation by keratinolytic bacteria in those feathers, compared with non‐ornamental adjacent feathers in males, as well as to throat feathers in females. In addition, the volume of the uropygial gland and its secretion was measured and the secretion extracted. We also experimentally evaluated the capacity of each secretion to inhibit growth of a keratinolytic bacterium.

The apical part of male ornamental throat feathers harboured more bacteria and degraded more quickly than the basal part; these patterns were not detected in female throat feathers or in non‐ornamental male feathers. Moreover, degradation status of male and female throat feathers did not differ, but was positively associated with feather bacterial density. Finally, the size of the uropygial gland in both males and females predicted volume and the inhibitory capacity of secretion against feather‐degrading bacteria. Only in males was uropygial gland size negatively associated with the level of feather degradation.

All results indicate differential susceptibility of different parts of throat feathers to keratinolytic bacterial attack, which supports the possibility that throat feathers in starlings reflect individual ability to combat feather‐degrading bacteria honestly. This is further supported by the relationship detected between antimicrobial properties of uropygial secretion and the level of feather degradation.

Our results suggest that selection pressures exerted by feather‐degrading bacteria on hosts may promote evolution of particular morphologies of secondary sexual traits with different susceptibility to bacterial degradation that reliably inform of their bacterial load. Those results will help to understand the evolution of ornamental signals.