bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mathematical Modelling for Cornea Viscoelastic and Thermal Behavior
Authors: Ahmed Hassan M. , Salem Nancy M. , Al-Atabany Walid
Published: October 2022

Corneal biomechanics is of great interest to researchers recently. Clinical findings relate them to corneal diseases and to outcomes of refractive surgery. To have a solid understanding of corneal diseases’ progression, it is important to understand corneal biomechanics. Also, they are essential for better explaining outcomes of refractive surgeries and their undesired consequences. There is a difficulty for studying corneal biomechanics in-vivo and multiple limitations arise for ex-vivo studies. Hence mathematical modelling is considered as a proper solution to overcome such obstacles. Mathematical modelling of cornea in-vivo allows studying corneal viscoelasticity with taking into consideration all boundary conditions existing in real in-vivo situation. In this paper, three mathematical models are used to simulate corneal viscoelasticity and thermal behavior in two different loading situations: constant and transient loading. Two models of the three are used for viscoelasticity simulation which are Kelvin-Voigt and standard linear solid models. Viscoelasticity simulation results show that standard linear solid model is efficient for describing the viscoelastic behavior of human cornea in both loading conditions. Results show also that the deformation amplitude obtained from standard linear solid model is more reasonable for corneal soft-tissue deformation with respect to corresponding clinical findings than that obtained from Kelvin-Voigt model. Also, temperature rise due to the ultrasound pressure push is calculated using bioheat transfer model for both the axial direction and as a 2D spatial map using the third model. Thermal behavior results estimated corneal temperature rise to be about 0.2°C, which conforms with FDA regulations for soft tissue safety.
Early Performance of ‘Star Ruby’ Grapefruit on 9 Rootstocks in a Fine-textured Calcareous Soil1
Authors: Timmer L. W.
Published: October 2022

‘Star Ruby’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) grew well on Texas sour orange and bittersweet orange (C. aurantium L.), Cleopatra and Sunki mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco), Colombia sweet line (C. limettioides Tan.), and Troyer citrange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. × C. sinensis (L.) Osb.] rootstocks. Growth was most vigorous on Texas sour orange and Troyer citrange. Trees on Columbia sweet lime and Sunki mandarin developed problems with Phytophthora foot rot. Most of the trees on Christiansen trifoliate orange (P. trifoliata) and Swingle citrumelo (P. trifoliata × C. paradisi) developed severe chlorosis and died. Trees on Morton citrange were slow growing, somewhat chlorotic, and slightly affected by foot rot.
Factors Affecting Burrknot Formation on Clonal Malus Rootstocks1
Authors: Rom R. C. , Brown S. A.
Published: October 2022

Trunk protectors which reduced light (black polyethlene, perforated cardboard or 60% Saran shade cloth) applied to field grown Malus rootstocks (Mailing (M) 26, M 7 and Merton Mailing (MM) 106 an dMM 111) increased burrknot development. Root nodules and subsequent burrknots were formed in bud gap areas. MM 111 had the greatest tendency to produce large burknots.
Introduction To The Symposium
Authors: Swanson Barry G.
Published: October 2022

Horticulturists' attention to the nutritional quality of fruits and vegetables has not been commensurate with the self-evident consumer interest in the contributions of safe and nutritious fruits and vegetables to the human diet. Consumers, regardless of their nutrition education, look upon fruits and vegetables as important foods for the maintenance of good health.
Contribution of Fruits and Vegetables to Human Nutrition
Authors: Goddard Mary S. , Matthews Ruth H.
Published: October 2022

Fruits and vegetables play a very significant role in human nutrition. The percentages of selected nutrients contributed by fruits and vegetables as a group according to the amount consumed per person per year are shown in Fig. 1 (10). Vitamins A and C are supplied in the largest amounts by this food group, however, the other 5 nutrients are also supplied in important amounts by fruits and vegetables. Fruits and vegetables are indeed very low in calories, supplying only 9% of the total. These examples illustrate the 7 nutrients supplied in the greatest amounts from fruits and vegetables according to food disappearance data. Other essential vitamins and minerals contributed by fruits and vegetables are discussed later.
Nutrient Variations in Canned Fruits and Vegetables
Authors: Hagen R. E. , Elkins E. R. , Farrow R. P.
Published: October 2022

The National Food Processors, NFPA, (formerly the National Canners Association, NCA), has long been very active in the subject of nutrient content of canned foods. Nutrient composition research has been carried out in the NFPA laboratories located in Washington, DC; Berkeley, California; and Seattle, Washington, and through cooperative programs with member food processing companies and government agencies.
Nitrogen Deficiency Influence On Abscisic Acid in Tomato1
Authors: Daie J. , Seeley S. D. , Campbell W. F.
Published: October 2022

Abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations were significantly higher in young leaves of N-deficient (stressed) plants of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) both at day 2 and day 7 after transfer to a N-free Hoagland's solution. In old leaves, N-deficiency significantly increased ABA concentrations after 2 days but not after 7 days.
Response of Tomato to Pre-transplanting Applications of Chlormequat, Daminozide, and Ethephon1
Authors: Pisarczyk James M. , Splittstoesser Walter E.
Published: October 2022

Succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide), (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat), or (2-chloroethyi)phosphonic acid (ethephon) inhibited the growth of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants for 2 weeks when applied at the 2-true leaf stage. All growth regulators inhibited leaf expansion but ethephon increased the number of new leaves initiated. Ethephon delayed flowering after the plants were transplanted into the field. Ethephon or chlormequat-treated plants produced yields similar to untreated plants. Daminozide at high rates increased yield due to a greater number of fruit per plant.
Inheritance of Resistance to Watermelon Mosaic Virus 1 in Cucumis melo L.1
Authors: Webb Raymon E.
Published: October 2022

Resistance to watermelon mosaic virus 1 in derivatives of Cucumis melo L., Plant Introduction (PI) 180280, was found to be controlled by a single dominant gene. The gene symbol Wmv-1 is proposed.
Factors Affecting Evaluation of Foliar Damage of Chrysanthemum Cultivars by a Leafminer1
Authors: Schuster D. J. , Harbaugh B. K.
Published: October 2022

When cultivars of chrysanthemums, Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. were evaluated for resistance to the vegetable leafminer, Liriomyza sativae Blanchard, more differences among mean leafmines occured as each flowered than when biweekly evaluations were made before harvest. Pinched plants at this time also had more leafmines than unpinched plants, probably because of the increased maturation time and, hence, increased exposure to the leafminer population. When cultivars were evaluated simultaneously after they all had flowered, pinched plants had fewer complete leafmines on 2 of 10 cultivars.
Effects of Light Intensity and Potassium on Leaf Stomatal Activity of Ficus benjamina L.1
Authors: Johnson C. R. , Nell T. A. , Joiner J. N. , Krantz J. K.
Published: October 2022

Leaf diffusion resistances of Ficus benjamina grown in full sun were lower than those from 47% light exclusion. Scanning electron micrographs revealed 53% more stomata on sun leaves. High KC1 increased transpiration rates and foliar levels of K were increased in sun grown plants, but unaffected in shade grown plants.
Herbicide Effects on Sod Transplant Rooting of Three Kentucky Bluegrass Cultivars1
Authors: Shearman R. C. , Kinbacher E. J. , Steinegger D. H.
Published: October 2022

Bensulide [0,0-diisopropyl phosphorodithioate S ester with N-2-mercaptoethyl) benzenesulfonamide] at 13.6 kg/ha reduced sod transplant rooting of ‘Park’, ‘Merion’, and ‘Baron’ Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) when applied either to sod or sodbed. Prosulfalin [N-[[4-(dipropylamino)-3,5-dinitrophenyl] -S,S -dimethylysulfilimine] at 2.3 kg/ha applied to the sodbed reduced sod transplant rooting of ‘Park’ and ‘Baron’. Benefin (N-butyl-N-ethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine) at 2.3 kg/ha reduced rooting of ‘Baron’ when applied to the sodbed. Sod transplant rooting of ‘Baron’ was significantly reduced by siduron [l-(2-methylcyclohexyl)-3-phenylurea] at 13.6 kg/ha, oxadiazon [2-tert-butyl-4-(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropyoxyphenyl)-△2-1,3,4-oxadizolin-5-one] at 4.6 kg/ha, prosulfalin at 2.3 kg/ha, and benefin at 2.3 kg/ha when applied to sod prior to transplanting. ‘Merion’ and ‘Park’ were not influenced by these treatments. Regardless of herbicide treatment, ‘Baron’ had a lower sod transplant rooting strength when compared to ‘Park’ and ‘Merion’.
‘Vanguard 75’ Lettuce1
Authors: Ryder Edward J.
Published: October 2022

Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV), has been one of the most destructive diseases of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in nearly all production areas of the world. One of the major goals of the USDA Lettuce Breeding Project in Salinas, California, has been to develop mosaic resistant cultivars. We began this program in 1959 with a search for sources of resistance. Three years later, we identified 3 resistant Plant Introductions from Egypt (3).
Some Significant Mileposts in Growth and Development in Pomology1
Authors: Thompson Arthur H.
Published: October 2022

Seventy-five years ago U.S. pomology was caught up in a ferment which marks the ebb and flow of any great agricultural industry. The beginnings of great things to come were in sight, though perhaps unrecognized as such, while the end of other eras was at hand. San Jose scale was being conquered, while peach yellows had destroyed the vast peach industry which bordered the Chesapeake Bay, an industry which made Maryland the leading peach state for a while. The demise of the peach industry was followed shortly by runaway plantings of apples from the mountains of Appalachia westward to Ohio; curiously a similar overexpansion developed in Washington and Oregon as well at that time. South Carolina was just beginning to plant peaches, and it would be 20 years before Michigan would commence peach breeding at South Haven. New Jersey had supported orchard fertilization experiments for 20 years, other Northeastern states for nearly as long. Cultivars were called varieties, and there were great numbers of them in all commercial deciduous fruit orchards. The leading apple cultivar by far was ‘Ben Davis’, but Stark Bros. Nursery had owned Jesse Hiatt's apple for 10 years, and was well under way toward making the 20th century, the ‘Delicious’ century in American apple production. The first high density apple orchard was already 8 years old, this a planting of ‘Wealthy’ trees on seedling rootstocks, spaced 10 × 10 feet, at the Central Experimental Farm in Ottawa, Ontario. But this planting was an idea well ahead of its time, for more than 60 years would pass before the term “high density” would have any meaning in American or Canadian pomology.
Evolution of Fruit Nutrition During the 20th Century
Authors: Faust Miklos
Published: October 2022

Orchard trees grow and produce in one place for 15 to 50 years. By the time they are bearing, they have extensive root systems and are able to exploit nutrients of the soil efficiently. How and when nutrients should be supplied to the tree distinguishes fruit nutrition from other branches of nutritional science. During the past 75 years tree-nutrition developed from an uncomplicated method of replacing used nutrients to the soil to an intricate science which requires the total understanding of the physiology of the tree and which is completely integrated into the management practices of the orchard. This review follows the changes which led to the development of “tree-nutrition” as we know it today.
Trends in Vegetable Culture: Past, Present and Future
Authors: Vittum M. T.
Published: October 2022

As one looks back over the past 75 years of progressive changes in vegetable culture and management, there is no doubt that mechanization is by far the most important, as well as the most spectacular, factor in greatly improved efficiency of production. But mechanization is inter-related with many other developments such as agricultural chemicals — including fertilizers, pesticides and growth regulators — drainage, irrigation, plant breeding, and seed production. Other reviewers are discussing trends and progress in vegetable breeding (30), nutrition (17), and growth and development (18). Although I cannot avoid overlapping some of the material to be covered by others, I will try to keep my remarks on subjects assigned to them at a minimum, and will try to emphasize other areas of culture and management.
Seventy-Five Years of Research on Growth and Development of Vegetable Crops1
Authors: Litzow Margaret E. , Ozbun J. L.
Published: October 2022

Research related to plant growth and development over the past 75 years has brought us to a point where the vegetable plants we grow today have been developed to fit the needs of the home gardener, the greenhouse grower, the large scale fresh market grower and the vegetable processing industry. Through this research, changes have come about that contribute to a better understanding of the basic genetic and physiological mechanisms that control plant habit, sex expression, flowering, and fruit type. These four broad areas will be covered to demonstrate the diversity and scope of knowledge concerning growth and development that has accumulated in the 20th century. This knowledge opens doors for further work on the major crops and for beginning work on crops that hold promise for the future. The flexibility and complexity of plants and plant processes allow us to look at plants the way we find them, envision them the way they can be changed to best serve us and plan our procedures for developing them for the future.
Flowers and Foliage: 75 Years of Papers Published by ASHS
Authors: Cathey Henry M.
Published: October 2022

The origin of floriculture as a commercial enterprise arose from the practices developed by private estates and public parks. The motivation for excellence in crop production was for spectacular display effect at any cost. Fancy greenhouse structures were designed for growing plants which required labor-intensive techniques to bring flowering plants to the desired time of display. Secrets of growing were hoarded by growers. This was unlike the origin and the attitudes of other areas of agriculture. Field and fruit crop production evolved from a subsistence enterprise through barter or exchange to specialization and technological change. The nature of the origin of commercial floriculture was further handicapped in that its perishable products implied a limited need for duration.
Rapid Multiplication of Peach Clones from Sprouted Nodal Cuttings1
Authors: Robitaille Henry A. , Yu K. S.
Published: October 2022

Clones of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) were propagated from sprouted nodal cuttings made by undercutting sprouted buds 2 mm deep, from 5 mm above to 5 mm below each node when leaves were partially expanded. Rooting was greatest under mist when the basal hardwood tissue was dipped for 10 seconds in a solution of 100 to 500 ppm of indolebutyric acid (IBA) before insertion into a mixture of equal parts of sphagnum peat moss and perlite over underlying gravel. Rooting and transplanting success was equivalent to that for softwood cuttings without the problems of disease and late fall growth.
Effects of Daminozide, Ethephon, Pruning, and Seismomorphogenic Factors on Growth of Halford Peach Seedlings1
Authors: Kuitems Steven , Young Eric
Published: October 2022

Seedling treatment of Halford peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) with 2000 ppm butanedioic acid mono-(2, 2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide) or 50 ppm (2-chloroethyl)phos-phonic acid (ethephon) markedly reduced root weight and shoot height, diameter and weight. Short periods of low (11.2 kg/hour) and high (22.4 km/hour) velocity wind reduced shoot and root dry weight but only high wind reduced shoot height and diameter. Trees shaken 160 oscillations/minute for 20 minutes twice daily increased stem diameter, reduced height, and increased root dry weight.
Close Spacing in the Greenhouse Inhibits Lime Seedling Growth1
Authors: Nauer E. M. , Holmes R. C. , Boswell S. B.
Published: October 2022

Seedlings of ‘Mexican lime’ (Citrus aurantifolia Swing.), planted 3 per container attained budding caliper of 0.6 cm stem diameter in 4.5 months from transplanting at wide spacing in the greenhouse, whereas plants in closely spaced containers had not reached caliper after more than a year. Closely-spaced plants were more variable in stem diameter when they reached budding caliper than were widely spaced plants. Retention of basal leaves was directly proportional to spacing and ranged from 77% for the widest spacing to 6% for the closest spacing.
Fumigation of Avocado Fruit with Methyl Bromide1
Authors: Ito P. J. , Hamilton R. A.
Published: October 2022

Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) fumigated with methyl bromide exhibited varying degrees of tolerance to fumigation as indicated by the extent of skin damage, but fruits of all cultivaгs were affected. Fumigation damage during ripening was masked on dark-skinned purple to black fruit. The majority of the green-skinned types showed obvious fumigation damage.
Net Photosynthesis and Dark Respiration of Apple Leaves Are Not Affected by Shoot Detachment1
Authors: Barden J. A. , Love J. M. , Porpiglia P. J. , Marini R. P. , Caldwell J. D.
Published: October 2022

Net photosynthesis (Pn) rates of greenhouse-grown apple leaves were unaffected for at least 24 hours after shoot detachment. With shoots detached from orchard trees, overnight holding did not affect Pn rates nor stomatal resistance. Use of detached shoots for Pn and dark respiration (Rd) determinations in apple leaves was concluded to be a valid technique.
Growth Response of Apple and Pear Seedlings to Pear Soil Fumigation with Chloropicrin1
Authors: Koch B. L. , Covey R. P. , Haglund W. A.
Published: October 2022

Growth of seedlings of apple (Malus sp.) and pear (Pyrus sp.) was significantly greater in 14 out of 19 chloropicrin-fumigated-pear sous as compared to the nonfumigated check soils. Increase in seedling growth in the 14 soils varied from 50% to more than 400% with both apple and pear. The lack of response of pear and apple seedlings to soil fumigation in 5 soils may be due to low soil pH, high soil arsenic levels and high soil phosphorous fixing capacity. Counts of plant parasitic nematodes (primarily Pratylenchus spp.) were generally low in all but one soil.
Gibberellic Acid (GA3) Induces Flowering in Dieffenbachia maculata ‘Perfection’1
Authors: Henny R. J.
Published: October 2022

Dieffenbachia maculata (Lodd.) G. Don ‘Perfection’ sprayed with GA3 in September flowered within 105 days or less. Inflorescence number per plant was greater at 500 and 1000 mg/liter than at the 250 mg/liter treatment.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Buchanan D. W.
Published: October 2022

This symposium sponsored by the American Society for Horticulturural Sciences and the American Society for Plant Physiologists is an effort to integrate plant microclimate and stress physiology research. The symposium was jointly organized by the Climatology and Meteorology and Developmental and Stress Physiology working groups. One objective is to discuss the proper instrumentation, its use, data acquisition storage and retrieval techniques for monitoring the plant microclimates and responses to changes in the environment, such as stress.
Plant Organ Chambers in Plant Physiology Field Research
Authors: Sinclair T. R.
Published: October 2022

With the advent of reliable and accurate gas analyzers, plant physiological performance can be observed by changes in the exchange rates of specific gases between plant tissue and the atmosphere of a plant organ chamber. This paper considers the use of plant organ chambers, in conjunction with environmental measurement and control techniques discussed in previous papers in this series, to do field physiological research. The use of these chambers has considerable appeal because, at least superficially, it is relatively simple to enclose a plant organ in a chamber and monitor its response. However, the appeal of these chambers is offset by the inherent limitations existing in their use in field physiological research. Three limitations that are discussed here are 1) artificiality of the system, 2) ambiguity in data interpretation, and 3) commitment required to obtain “adequate” information.
Leaf Petiole Epinasty in Poinsettias1
Authors: Staby George L. , Eisenberg Barry A. , Kelly John W. , Bridgen Mark P. , Cunningham Maria S.
Published: October 2022

Endogenous ethylene levels and ethylene production rates increased in excised leaf petioles of plants that were previously bent due to sleeving of potted Euphorbia pulcherrima Wild. cvs. Annette Hegg Dark Red and Improved Rochford. Intact leaf blades were required during the sleeving period for petiole epinasty to occur. Storage of unsleeved plants for 66 or 70 hours under 4% O2 or 150 mm Hg enhanced epinasty and endogenous ethylene levels. Sleeved plants under these same environmental conditions exhibited an equal proportion of epinastic petioles as sleeved plants under normal conditions but the endogenous ethylene level upon removal from storage was highest in the 150 mm Hg treatment when compared to all other treatments.
Effects of Three Nitrogen Levels on Container-grown Acer rubrum1
Authors: Gilliam C. H. , Still S. M. , Moor S. , Watson M. E.
Published: October 2022

Container grown Acer rubrum L. ‘Red Sunset’ were fertilized weekly with 50, 150 and 300 ppm N. A second growth flush occurred on trees fertilized at 150 and 300 ppm N. Trees fertilized with 300 ppm N contained higher N concentrations in both mature and immature leaves as compared to trees fertilized with 50 ppm N.
Effect of Soil Fumigation and Alternate-year Seeding on Weed Control, Bacterial Spot Incidence, and Yield of Pepper Transplants1
Authors: Jaworski C. A. , McCarter S. M. , Glaze N. C.
Published: October 2022

In field tests conducted near Tifton, Georgia, soil fumigation with either a methyl bromide-chloropicrin mixture (67-33%, 480 kg/ha) or metham (748 liters/ha) decreased weed infestation and increased growth and marketable yields of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) transplants, compared with pepper planted consecutively without fumigation. Alternate-year rotation of pepper with rye also reduced weed infestation and increased yield. Weed control accounted for 81% of marketable transplant yield. Xanthomonas vesicatoria (Doidge) Dows. overwintered in pepper debris incorporated fresh or dried. Bacterial spot occurred too erratically to permit any conclusions except that the methyl bromide-chloropicrin fumigation failed to provide any control.
High Relative Humidity Promotes Tipburn on Young Cabbage Plants1
Authors: Palzkill D. A. , Tibbitts T. W. , Struckmeyer B. Esther
Published: October 2022

Transplants of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Capitata group) grown in growth chambers under continuous illumination of 310 μE m−2sm−1 (21.5 ± 1.1 klx) and temperature of 20 ± 1°C developed tipburn-like symptoms on young leaves within 8 to 14 days when maintained at 82% but not at 52% relative humidity (RH). Plants had larger leaves and greater fresh and dry weights at 82% than at 52% RH.
Susceptibility in ‘Deserta Naja’ Casaba Melon to a Cucumber Beetle1
Authors: Coudriet D. L. , Kishaba A. N. , McCreight James D. , Bohn G. W.
Published: October 2022

Greenhouse and field tests showed casaba melon, (Cucumis melo L. cv. Deserta Naja) to be highly susceptible to the western spotted cucumber beetle (Diabrotica undecimpunctata ssp. undecimpunctata Mannerheim). F1 and F2 progenies derived from a cross between ‘Deserta Naja’ and a comparatively resistant melon aphid-resistant breeding line ‘Top-Mark’ were nearly as susceptible as ‘Deserta Naja’, indicating a dominance of susceptibility. The mean damage to the progeny was significantly different from that of ‘Deserta Naja’; however, this indicated that dominance was incomplete. Greater numbers of the beetles on ‘Deserta Naja’ than on other entries in a field trial indicated that preference is associated with its high susceptibility. Differential damage to ‘Top-Mark’ in free-choice and no-choice tests supported the theory that resistance includes non-preference.
Effects of No-tillage and Herbicides on Carrot and Onion Seed Production1
Authors: Campbell W. F. , Anderson J. L.
Published: October 2022

Carrot roots (Daucus carota L.) and onion bulbs (Allium cepa L.) were planted in Kidman silt loam immediately after DCPA (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate), ethofumesate (2-ethoxy-2,3-dmydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-benzofuranol methanesulfonate), linuron (3-(3,4-dichlo-rophyenyl)-l-methoxy-l-methylurea), napropamide (2-(a-naphthoxy)N,N-diethylpropiona-mide), or trifluralin (a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6 dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) had been soil incorporated. In a second experiment, carrot roots and onion bulbs were planted in a conventionally-prepared seed bed or among vigorously growing wheat plants (7 to 10 cm tall). DCPA, linuron, and oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide) plus glyphosate (N-(phos-phonomethyl)glycine) were surface applied to these seedbeds after planting but prior to crop emergence. Methazole (2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-l,2,4-oxadiazolidine-3,5-dione) and nitrofen (2,4-dichlorophenyl-p-nitrophenyl ether) were applied postemergence. Chemical treatments significantly altered the seed yields within the no-tillage method. Carrots grown in the tilled plots exhibited no effect of chemical treatments on seed yield. Comparison of tillage methods indicated a highly significant reduction in carrot seed yield relative to the no-tillage plots. Those on the non-weeded control and no-tillage plots showed a highly significant reduction in seed yield. Many of the onion bulbs from male-fertile lines failed to develop seedstalks in the plots sprayed with linuron and napropamide and those that did were delayed in development. Linuron and ethofumesate reduced the numbers of onion flowers per umbel. Onions grown in the tilled plots exhibited no effect of chemical treatments on seed yield. Those on the non-weeded control and no-tillage plots showed a highly significant reduction in onion seed yield. Comparison of tillage methods indicated a highly significant reduction in onion seed yield relative to the no-tillage plots.
‘Oroblanco’, a Triploid Pummelo-grapefruit Hybrid1
Authors: Soost R. K. , Cameron J. W.
Published: October 2022

‘O roblanco’ is an early-maturing, seedless grapefruit-type citrus released for use in the interior areas of California. It may be suitable for interm ediate climate zones in other citrus areas. Fruit quality has not been satisfactory in cool, humid climates nor in hot desert areas.
Minnesota 494-All Pea Germplasm1
Authors: King T. H. , Davis D. W. , Shehata M. A. , Pfleger F. L.
Published: October 2022

Minnesota 494-A11 is a unique source of common pea (Pisum sativum L.) germ-plasm. It has moderate to high resistance to common root rot caused by Aphanomyees euteiehes Drechs. (3, 6) and high resistance to fusarium wilt races 1, 2 and 6 caused by Fusarium oxysporum Linford f. sp. pisi Snyd. & Hans. It is intermediate in reaction to race 5 of that organism (7). It also has moderate tolerance to fusarium root rot caused by Fusarium solani and to root rot caused by Pythium ultimum. However, it does not have resistance to Rhizoctonia solani. No other genotype of P. sativum is known to have the above combination of resistanee/tolerance to so many soil-borne pathogens.
The Israeli Strawberry Industry1
Authors: Converse R. H.
Published: October 2022

Fresh strawberries are currently a $9 million winter export crop from Israel. Strawberries occupy 400 ha, mainly along the coastal plain between Haifa and Tel Aviv. Following October planting on methyl-bromide-fumigated soil, fruit production begins in late November in plastic tunnel culture. Exports drop off after mid-April, and 75% of the 14,000 MT crop is then consumed locally, mostly in the fresh market, until the plants are plowed out, at the onset of hot weather in June. ‘Fresno’, ‘Tioga’, and an Israeli cultivar similar to ‘Aliso’ are the major cultivars. ‘Nurit’, a new, early Israeli cultivar, now occupies 10% of the crop area.
Introduction to the Workshop1
Authors: Krizek Donald T.
Published: October 2022

The foil potential of horticultural and agronomic crops is seldom reached because of limitations on physiological and morphological processes imposed by environmental stresses. The single most important factor limiting productivity and crop yield on a worldwide basis is drought (10).
Development of Water Stress in Plants1
Authors: Kaufmann Merrill R.
Published: October 2022

The term “drought” often conjures up visions of low rainfall areas, dust bowls, and seared plants, but even in humid, wet regions an unusually dry period is of major concern to agriculturists. Clearly, the deleterious effects on plants of limited water supply are a threat in almost all crop-producing situations, from irrigated desert farmland in the West to an orchard in New York or Florida to a greenhouse in the Midwest. Thus, it is important to understand how water deficits develop in plants and to be able to recognize the impact of various factors in the shoot and root environments on plant water stress.
Adaptation of Annual Plants to Drought in Relation to Improvements in Culttvars
Authors: Hall A. E.
Published: October 2022

Under field conditions, many crops experience detrimental effects during some part of their life cycle due to drought. Consequently, improving the adaptation of plants to drought should be an important component of improvement programs for cultivars.
A New Insulator Wrap to Protect Young Citrus Trees during Freezes1
Authors: Yelenosky George
Published: October 2022

A low-density, semirigid insulating wrap of L-shaped Styrofoam halves with plastic bag inner liners partially filled with water protected young citrus trees adequately in controlled freezes and showed no physical deterioration after 2 continuous years in field trials. Protection was provided by a lag in temperature decrease under the wraps relative to that of ambient air and by the release of heat as water froze in the plastic bags which pressed against the tree trunk. Crystals of either phenazine or silver iodide prevented supercooling of the water below −2.8°C. Citrus plants small enough to fit entirely within the wrap, even succulent new growth, remained uninjured during −6.7°C freezes.
Axillary Buds Sprouting in Macadamia Induced by Two Cytokinins and a Growth Inhibitor1
Authors: Boswell S. B. , Nauer E. M. , Storey W. B.
Published: October 2022

Application of 6-(benzylamino)-9-(2-tetrahydropyranyl-9H-purine (PBA); 6-benzylamino purine (BA); and ethyl 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2H-tetrazole-2-acetate (PP528) to seedlings of Macadamia tetraphylla L. in the greenhouse resulted in sprouting of axillary buds. PBA and BA were more effective than PP528. No axillary buds sprouted on untreated seedlings.
Ethylene and Ethane Production and Electrolyte Leakage of Water-stressed ‘Pixy’ Plum Leaves1
Authors: Kobayashi K. , Fuchigami L. H. , Brainerd K. E.
Published: October 2022

Ethylene and ethane production and electrolyte leakage were determined during water stress of leaves of asceptically-cultured plum (Prunus insititia L. cv. Pixy). Ethylene production increased to a maximum at about 50% leaf water loss and decreased as water deficit increased. Ethane production and electrolyte leakage were highly correlated, increasing only after 50% water loss to a maximum at about 72% water loss, indicating an increase in cell injury and death.
Research Data Collection by Customer Harvest of Small Fruits1
Authors: Courter J. W. , Sabota C. M. , Moore J. N.
Published: October 2022

Customer harvest (PYO) of research plots at University of Illinois and University of Arkansas research stations began in the late 1960s when it became difficult to harvest extensive research plots. Similar methods were developed independently for customer harvest at both locations. Initially we invited faculty, staff, their wives, and eventually other local people to pick strawberries, blackberries, and blueberries. We obtained yield records and the customers paid for the fruit. Data were collected to evaluate cultivars and advanced breeding selections of strawberries, blueberries, and blackberries.
The Influence of Water Immersion Times at Harvest on Physiological Breakdown of ‘Early Black’ Cranberries in Storage1
Authors: Ceponis Michael J. , Stretch Allan W.
Published: October 2022

Stored dry-harvested and water-harvested cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait) developed physiological breakdown after the free berries were immersed for 8 hours or more in a flooded bog. Berry maturity was a predisposing factor in physiological breakdown with most rapid deterioration in late-harvested, more intensely colored fruit.
Response of Sweet Peppers to Solar Reflectors and Reflective Mulches1
Authors: Dufault Robert J. , Wiggans Samuel C.
Published: October 2022

Sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Midway) were grown in field plots with diffuse solar reflectors and/or white polyethylene mulches. Solar reflectors significantly increased photosynthetically-active radiation (PAR) levels over the season. The reflective flux in PAR of mulched ground surfaces was 3 times as large as the bare soil plots. Plants grown with a white mulch were shorter, fruited earlier, and produced higher overall yields than unmulched plants. Solar reflectors did not affect earliness to fruit and increased the overall yield of fruit to a lesser extent than mulched plants. Stem diameter and fresh and dry weights were unaffected by any treatment. Solar reflectors minimally affected plant growth and yield. The beneficial effect of reflective mulches could not be ascribed to solar enhancement, to soil moisture conservation, or to other microclimatic factors.
Cultivar Influence on Response of Carrot to Northern Root-knot Nematode1
Authors: Yarger L. W. , Baker L. R.
Published: October 2022

Differences in response of carrot (Daucus carota L.) to northern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood) were demonstrated when grown in muck soil, under naturally infested field conditions. Significant differences among cultivars for galling, forking, and fasciculation were noted, but no significant difference was noted for stubbing. A tolerance index (Ti) was calculated by numerically combining the effects of each response to compare the total reaction of the carrot cultivars to M. hapla.‘ Spartan Classic’ was the most tolerant; whereas Danvers 126’ was the least tolerant to M. hapla.
Natural Cross Pollination in Four Andromonoecious Seedling Marker Lines of Muskmelon1
Authors: Nugent Perry E. , Hoffman James C.
Published: October 2022

Natural cross pollination was studied with virescent (v), yellow-green (yg), glabrous (g) and halo (h) muskmelon mutants. The average percent crossing was 8.9,7.6,5.1, and 6.0, respectively. The variation was from 0.0 to less than 20%, except for one fruit with 30%.
Turfgrass Responses to Total and Partial Defoliation1
Authors: Biran I. , Bushkin-Harav I.
Published: October 2022

The effect of partial or complete defoliation was studied using 2 cool season and 8 warm season species. Removal of 75–35% of the total chlorophyll content did not change the percentage green cover. These changes mainly occurred whea 8% or less of the clr content remained. Chlorophyll distribution along the vertical axis from soil level to shoot tip was different for 2 different turfgrass groups: (a) high shade tolerance species and (b) low shade tolerance species. In the low shade group less chlorophyll was found in the lower part of the canopy, thus making them more susceptible to scalping. Most turfgrass species respond differently to total and to partial defoliation. Some which were not affected by partial defoliation are badly affected by total defoliation. The 2 cool season turf grasses did not recover from complete defoliation. Most warm season grasses recovered from complete defoliation.
Slow-release Herbicide Formulation for Weed Control in Container-grown Plants1
Authors: Koncal JJ , Gorske S. F. , Fretz T. A.
Published: October 2022

Four herbicides formulated as slow release tablets were evaluated for weed control on container grown nursery crops. These included alachlor (2-chloro-2, '6'-diethyl-N-(methox-ymethyl) acetanilide), metolachlor (2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-l-methylethyl) acetamide), oxadiazon (2-tertbutyl-4(2,4 dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-∆2-1,3,4-oxadiazoIin-one) and oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4 dipropyl-sulfanilamide). Metolachlor tablets at 40 Kg/ha exhibited 120 days of excellent weed control. Less injury was evident on border forsythia (Forsythia intermedia Zab. “Spectasbilis’) and cranberry cotoneaster (Cotoneaster apiculatux Rhed. & E.H. Wils) when herbicide applications were made using tablets in comparison to equivalent rates of granular material.
In Vitro Propagation of Peperomia viridis Using Medium Supplemented with Ginseng Powder1
Authors: Hui L. H. , Zee S. Y.
Published: October 2022

Leaf discs of Peperomia viridis Tre. were cultured on a Murashige and Skoog’s medium supplemented with 2 mg/liter kinetin and 1 mg/liter NAA. The addition of 100–500 mg/liter of raw ginseng powder increased shoots per explant and improved the quality of the regeneration plantlets.
Improved Rooting Powder for Chrysanthemums1
Authors: Hare Robert C.
Published: October 2022

An effective rooting powder was developed, for use on ditficult-to-root cultivars of Chrysanthemum X morifolium Ramat, that contains auxins, fungicides, powdered sucrose, a growth retardant, and other rooting stimulators.
‘Harlayne’ Apricot1
Authors: Layne Richard E. C.
Published: October 2022

‘Harlayne’ is an exceptionally cold-hardy, productive, late season apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) suitable for the fresh market and for processing. The trees are vigorous, hardy, productive, and tolerant to perennial canker (Leucostoma spp.). The fruits are resistant to bacterial spot (Xanthomonas pruni (E. F. Sm.) Dows.) and brown rot (Monilinia fructicola [Wint.] Honey) but moderately susceptible to skin cracking if subject to heavy rains near harvest maturity. ‘Harlayne’ ripens 8 days after ‘Veecot’ and 4 days after ‘Harogem’ in the late season. It is a good dual purpose type being well-suited for the fresh market, home canning and appears suitable for commercial processing. The fruits will keep for about a week at room temperature and 2 to 3 weeks in a refrigerated storage. ‘Harlayne’ will extend the apricot season in Southwestern Ontario by about one week.
‘Hargrand’ Apricot1
Authors: Layne Richard E. C.
Published: October 2022

‘Hargrand’ is an exceptionally large, firm-fleshed apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) suitable for the fresh market, home canning and commercial processing, especially as puree for baby food. The tree is cold hardy and productive and tolerant to perennial canker (Leucostoma spp.). The fruits are moderately resistant to brown rot (Moniliniafructicola [Wint.] Honey), bacterial spot (Xanthomonaspruni [E. F. Sm.] Dows.) and skin cracking. ‘Hargrand’ ripens in the midseason with ‘Veecot’ and is being introduced for the Ontario fresh market to meet the need for better dual purpose cultivars in this season. It should be adapted to regions where ‘Goldcot’ and ‘Veecot’ are successfully grown.
The University of Georgia Botanical Garden
Authors: Dirr Michael A.
Published: October 2022

The Botanical Garden was conceived in 1968 when Dr. Fred C. Davison, President, charged a committee composed of faculty from the plant sciences “to study and present a final proposal for the establishment of a ‘Living Plant Library’ at the University of Georgia.” The epithet, Living Plant Library, was used in preference to botanical garden or arboretum which evoked memories of the original botanical garden at the University that existed from 1832 to about 1855; and/or the Arboretum started on South Campus about 1908 by Dr. T.H. McHatton, Head of Horticulture. Both gardens were extinguished by the path of progress – campus construction.
Landscape Maintenance Industry Plans and Future Needs
Authors: SaBell Wallace H.
Published: October 2022

Webster’s dictionary defines maintenance as upkeep and/or keeping things in repair to provide efficiency. This definition holds true for landscape maintenance. Landscape maintenance has a very broad meaning, particularly in view of the many facets of the landscape industry.
Usda Forest Service Programs to Support Urban Forest Resources
Authors: Moeller George H.
Published: October 2022

Since 1905, the United State Department of Agriculture’s Forest Service has been manager of the nation’s forests and wilderness resources — 187 million acres (75.7 million ha) in national forests and grasslands. Except where excluded by law, these lands are managed for multiple products like recreation, wildlife, range, timber, and water. The Forest Service also cooperates with state forestry organizations to organize technical and financial assistance programs that improve forest management on 1.4 billion acres (0.57 billion ha) of private and non-Federal public forest and rangelands throughout the country.
Solar Energy, Soil Management, and Frost Protection1
Authors: Fritton D·D. , Martsolf J. D.
Published: October 2022

Management of the soil as a source of heat was investigated to evaluate possibilities for the conservation of oil presently used in frost protection. Two treatments involved the use of covers made from clear plastic and aluminum foil to trap solar energy. Maximum benefit was indicated for bare soil covered during the day and uncovered just before critical temperatures are reached at night. Bare soil and covered mowed grass gave an intermediate benefit while the mowed grass management scheme gave the least benefit to frost protection
A Method for Harvesting, Cleaning, and Treating Achenes of Guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray)1
Authors: Tipton J. L. , Craver J. L. , Blackwell J.
Published: October 2022

Procedures are described to mechanize partially harvesting, cleaning, and pretreat-ment of guayule achenes. Achenes are harvested with a vacuum insect net and cleaned by a series of screening, threshing, and forced air separations, then treated to overcome seed coat impermeability in a semiautomatic system that presoaks, treats with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, and rinses. Achenes may be sown immediately or dried for storage. Procedures outlined involve commercially available equipment with a minimum of custom construction and are adaptable to small or large operations.
In Vitro Propagation of Carrizo Citrange1
Authors: Kitto S. L. , Young M. J.
Published: October 2022

In vitro proliferation of shoot tips was attempted with nucellar seedlings of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.), Carrizo citrange (‘Washington’ navel × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.), and Cleopatra mandarin (C. reshni Hort. ex Tanaka). Shoot multiplication was achieved with Carrizo citrange shoot tips cultured on Knop’s medium (with organics) supplemented with Murashige and Skoog microelements, 5 mg/liter 6-benzyIamino purine (BA), 3 — 4% sucrose and at a light intensity of 2.2 klx. No effect on shoot proliferation was obtained with 6-furfurylamino purine (kinetin), 6 γ-γ-dimethallyl amino purine (2iP), agar concentration, addition of orange juice, or nitrogen source. Proliferated shoot tips of Carrizo citrange rooted when cultured on Murashige and Tucker’s medium containing 1 mg/liter napthaleneacetic acid and gelled with 0.5% agar. Plants were successfully established in soil.
Hexazinone, a Promising Herbicide for Highbush Blueberries1
Authors: Jensen K·I.N.
Published: October 2022

The herbicide hexazinone [3-cyclohexy1-6-(dimethyl-amino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4 (1H,3H)-dione was selective in high blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) when applied as a directed spray at rates that controlled a broad spectrum of perennial grass and broadleaf weeds. Early spring applications to the soil before weed emergence gave significantly better weed control than fall treatments. Container grown, 3-year-old ‘Berkeley’ and ‘Bluecrop’ blueberries were injured by 1 and 2 kg/ha, respectively, of soil applied hexazinone which suggests differential tolerance among cultivars. Applications to blueberry foliage caused severe injury. In field trials, however, injury was observed only at 4 kg/ha, but 2 kg/ha was sufficient for the control of quackgrass [Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.] goldenrod (Solidago spp.), hawkweed (Hieracium spp.), sheep sorrel (Rumex acetosella L.) and many other weeds.
Field Chilling vs. Cold Storage of Highbush Blueberry Cuttings1
Authors: Shelton Loretta L. , Moore J.N·
Published: October 2022

Hardwood cuttings from canes of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) collected in early dormancy and stored at 2°C until spring rooted better than cuttings collected in the latter part of the winter. Cuttings placed immediately in a greenhouse propagation structure rooted and grew poorly when collected before mid-December but if collected after mid-December produced plants up to two-fold larger than spring-rooted plants after 1 growing season due to the extended growing period.
A Comparison between Flail Mowing and Burning for Pruning Lowbush Blueberries1
Authors: A.Ismail Amr , E.Yarborough David
Published: October 2022

No differences in plant stand, stem length, growth habit, flower bud formation or yield were detected between fall vs. spring or between mechanical vs. thermal pruning (burning with oil) of lowbush blueberries Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. This suggests that close flail mowing may be an acceptable alternative to burning for pruning lowbush blueberries.
Highbush Blueberry Propagation under Southern U.S. Climatic Conditions1
Authors: Shelton Loretta L. , Moore J·N.
Published: October 2022

Hardwood cuttings of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) rooted and grew best in a medium of sphagnum peat alone or in mixtures of peat and sand (1:1 and 2:1 v/v) in full sunlight under intermittent mist. Mixtures of peat and sand are recommended because root breakage is a problem when separating plants produced in peat alone. A commercial rooting hormone was of no value in increasing rooting.
Control of Trunk Shoots on ‘Concord’ Grapevines (Vitis labrusca L.) with Naphthaleneacetic Acid1
Authors: Morris J. R. , Cawthon D. L.
Published: October 2022

Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) was applied to 10-year-old ‘Concord’ grapevine trunks at 0, 2, 4, and 8% concentrations. Best control of shoots on trunks was obtained with the 4 and 8% concentrations with no visual foliar injury or detrimental effects on yield, vine size, or fruit quality. One application of NAA at 8% reduced the number of trunk shoots for 3 years, but 100% control was obtained only in the year of application.
Parent Selection in Breeding Strawberries Resistant to Twospotted Spider Mites1
Authors: Barritt Bruce H. , Shanks Carl H.
Published: October 2022

Mite resistance of strawberry, Fragaria ☓ ananassa Duch, based on the ability to support low populations of the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, was assessed in the progeny of 15 crosses at two locations. The best parents were Washington State University selections 72–83M, 75-7-5 and 75-57-3 and the poorest parents were the susceptible cultivars ‘Totem’ and ‘Rainier’. General combining ability estimates for mite resistance were higher than specific combining ability estimates. Heritability estimates, based on parent/offspring regression, were high and ranged from 0.62 to 0.92. These observations suggest that additive genetic factors play a major role in the inheritance of mite resistance.