bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Friend virus‐induced transplantable tumors of C57Bl/6 origin containing unusually minute amounts of infectious virus
Authors: Odaka Takeshi , Ikawa Yoji
Published: February 2007

A transplantable solid tumor and its ascites variant were established from a graft of the enlarged spleen of a C57B1/6 mouse which had been infected with Friend virus shortly after birth. Repeated virus assays on these tumors were mostly negative. The virus content of the tumors was not more than one thousandth of that of the tumors which had been induced by the same virus in A and DDD mice. Under an electron microscope, the chance of observing viral particles in these tumor cells was extremely small. The inoculation of viable ascites tumor cells into allogeneic DDD mice induced neither tumor growth nor generalized leukemia, leaving specific resistance against the subsequent challenge of a histocompatible Friend virus‐induced tumor. A single intraperitoneal injection of 2.0 × 107 ascites cells sufficed to retard or suppress the growth of tumor cells used for the test challenge. The use of C57B1/6 mice for the study of Friend leukemia is discussed.
Biological, pathological and physical characterization of a possible variant of a murine sarcoma virus (Moloney)
Authors: Chirigos M. A. , Scott D. , Turner W. , Perk K.
Published: February 2007

The biological characteristics of a sarcoma virus and the pathogenesis of the disease induced by it are described. The present agent was derived from a transplantable rhabdomyosarcoma originally induced by the murine sarcoma virus (Moloney).

Splenomegaly and mean latent period to death of the host were found to be dependent upon initiating virus dose. Various dilutions of the virus inoculated by four different routes resulted in a high incidence of tumor induction, progressive splenomegaly and subsequent death of the recipients.

Of six strains of adult mice tested, three, i.e., BALB/c, DBA/2, and Swiss, were found to be susceptible. All six strains were susceptible when inoculated as newborns. Splenomegaly and viremia were detected in adult BALB/c mice as early as 7 days after infection.

Intraperitoneal virus inoculation of adult mice resulted in an early and progressive viremia, and neoplastic involvement of the spleen, lymph nodes, and striated musculature. The histological and ultra‐structural appearance of these tumors suggested that this neoplasm may be classified as an undifferentiated sarcoma.

The biological characteristics and pathological changes occurring in animals inoculated with this virus are in certain respects similar, but not identical, to those of miceinoculated with Moloney and Harvey murine sarcoma virus isolates. Physical properties of the virus are discussed.
High carcinogenic activity of mono‐, di‐, and trimethyl‐benzo (a) pyrene
Authors: Lacassagne A. , Zajdela F. , Buu‐Hoï N. P. , Chalvet O. , Daub G. H.
Published: February 2007

Théoriquement, il existe 12 dérivés monoalkylés et 66 dérivés dialkylés du benzo (a) pyrène correspondant à un groupement alkyle déterminé, pour neparler que des substituants les plus simples.

The carcinogenicity of 14 mono‐, di‐, and trimethylated benzo(a)pyrenes has been investigated. The majority exhibit highly pronounced sarcomagenic properties both with regard to the percentage of animals producing tumours, and to the latency period. Many of these homologues are distinctly more active than the non‐substituted benzo(a)pyrene.

Comparison of these experimental results with the theoretical calculations of the electronic charge of the K‐zone, together with the determination of the electronegativities of K‐zone complexes, shows a satisfactory correlation. It can be predicted that the introduction of more than three methyl groups into the molecule ofbenzo(a)pyrene will probably lead to the loss of carcinogenicity.
Tricycloquinazoline carcinogenesis: Interaction of carcinogen with mouse skin proteins
Authors: Baldwin R. W. , Moore M. , Partridge M. W.
Published: February 2007

Following topical application of tricycloquinazoline‐14C (0.03 μM) to mice, radioactivity was covalently bound to soluble and particulate skin proteins. The maximum level of binding to soluble proteins (equivalent to 4.2×10−6 μM TCQ/mg) was reached after 24 hours and that to particulate proteins (2.5×10−6 μM TCQ/mg) after 48 hours. These binding levels are lower than those observed with carcinogenic and non‐carcinogenic hydrocarbons studied under similar conditions. Treatment with doses of tricycloquinazoline greater than 0.03 μM did not produce increased levels of binding. The radioactivity associated with proteins was liberated following treatments (4 N KOH or 6 N HCl) which extensively degrade proteins. None of this radioactive material was identifiable as unchanged tricycloquinazoline. In the soluble proteins, radioactivity was bound almost exclusively to protein having the mobility of albumin whilst no significant radioactivity was associated with h proteins.
Effets de l'iodoacétamide sur les cellules de la leucémie virale de rauscher. Effects of iodoacetamide on cells of rauscher virus leukaemia
Authors: Jasmin C. , Piton C. , Rosenfeld C.
Published: February 2007

Iodoacetamide reduces the leukaemogenic properties of the Rauscher leukaemia virus, by direct contact in vitro. Murine leukaemic spleen cells incubated for 1 hour at 37° C in vitro can immunize isogeneic mice against the Rauscher virus.

The mechanism of action of this product is discussed: 1) action by direct contact on the leukaemogenic properties of the virus; 2) cellular toxicity of the product which modifies the viral reproduction by treated cells; 3) action on the antigenicity of the treated cells.
Studies on carcinogenesis by avian sarcoma viruses: VIII. Glycolysis and cell multiplication
Authors: Temin Howard M.
Published: February 2007

Glycolysis and multiplication were studied in parallel cultures of uninfected and of avian sarcoma virus‐converted chicken and duck cells. It was found that:.

1. In cultures where the amount of serum was limiting for cell multiplication, converted cells multiplied more and glycolyzed more than did uninfected cells. In both types of cultures, the relationship between the rates of glycolysis and of multiplication per culture was similar.

2. In cultures with excess serum and other nutrients, converted cells and uninfected cells multiplied and glycolyzed at the same rate.
Prolonged lactation in mice and its effect on mammary tumorigenesis
Authors: Zeilmaker G. H.
Published: February 2007

Prolongation of lactation was induced by litter replacement in MTV‐infected (♀ C3H × ♂ O20) F 1 mice, each bearing two pituitary isografts under the kidney capsule. Measurement of litter‐growth revealed that milk production occurs in cycles of 2–3 weeks' duration.

Examination of intact and thelectomized mammary glands during prolonged lactation suggested that in the thelectomized glands there exists an “alveolar cycle”. Recently proliferated alveoli reached a size comparable to that of those in the intact lactating glands. Following distension without milk removal degenerative changes and pigment deposition occurred. It is believed that proliferation occurs in the thelectomized glands because of the presence of fat tissue. In the non‐lactating mice, also bearing pituitary grafts, the size of the alveoli was smaller.

Following a regression period it was observed that thelectomized glands contained hyperplastic nodules and pigment. In the contralateral intact glands, which had a lactation history, pigment was absent and only a few nodules were seen. Hyperplastic nodules were always devoid of pigment.

Tumours appeared with the same rapidity in intact glands of non‐lactating mice and in thelectomized glands of both lactating and non‐lactating mice. Tumorigenesis was retarded only in the lactating glands. Thelectomy had no effect on tumorigenesis in non‐lactating mice.

It is postulated that lactation inhibits noduligenesis and thus tumorigenesis by protecting the gland against the growth‐stimulating effect of hormones.

On a observé qu'après une période de régression les glandes thélectomisées contenaient des nodules hyperplasiques et du pigment. Dans les glandes controlatérales intactes qui avaient produit du lait, le pigment était absent et on ne trouvait qu'un petit nombre de nodules. Il n'y avait jamais de pigment dans les nodules hyperplasiques.

l'auteur émet L'HYPothèse que la lactation inhibe la formation des nodules et des tumeurs en protégeant la glande contre la stimulation de croissance produite par les hormones.
Cancer in the natal african and indian 1964‐66
Authors: Schonland Mary , Bradshaw Evelyn
Published: February 2007

A survey has been carried out covering the years 1964–1966 to obtain the cancer incidence for Africans and Indians of the metropolitan area of Durban, Natal.

Tables of comparison of the standardized cancer morbidity rates between Durban Africans, Durban Indians, Durban Hindus, Durban Moslems, Johannesburg Africans (1954) and English resident in England (four regions) are given.

All rates used in this paper are standardized against the African Standard Population (Doll et al., 1966).

The overall cancer incidence in Durban Africans of both sexes and Durban Indian females is as high as for most westernized countries. Indian males have a low overall cancer incidence which is not readily explained.

The commonest male African cancers are at the sites of oesophagus, lung and liver; oesophageal and lung cancer rates show a tendency to rise.

The commonest female cancer in both Africans and Indians is cancer of the cervix uteri. In addition, Indian females appear to be prone to cancers of the whole alimentary tract. This tendency is even more pronounced among Moslem women, who also are much more subject to breast cancers than Hindu women.
Electron microscopic study of virus particles in reproductive organs of mice inoculated with leukemia virus (Moloney)
Authors: Chopra Harish C. , Durr Frederick E.
Published: February 2007

Ultra‐thin sections of various reproductive organs of BALB/c mice inoculated with Moloney leukemia virus were examined in the electron microscope. Various tissues such as testis, seminal vesicles, prostate, vas deferens, vas efferens, epididymis and ovary revealed the presence of a considerable number of virus particles similar in appearance to those observed in spleen, thymus and bone marrow of leukemic mice. A large number of virus particles were seen budding into the ducts of vas deferens and vas efferens. These morphological studies may point to the possibility that virus produced by infected cells of the male reproductive organs is released into the semen and under suitable circumstances may be transmitted to normal females at coitus through seminal fluid.
Virus particles in bone marrow megakaryocytes and susceptibility of mice to virus‐induced leukemia
Authors: Pennelli N. , Chieco‐Bianchi L. , Tridente G. , Fiore‐Donati L.
Published: February 2007

Bone marrow megakaryocytes from mice injected with Graffi or Passage A Gross viruses were studied by electron microscopy in order to establish a possible correlation between the presence of virus particles and the susceptibility of mice to leukemia induction. An appreciable number of virus particles were found in megakaryocytes from C57BL mice injected with Graffi virus at birth. In these animals there was a high incidence of leukemia. Negative results on the presence of virus particles as well as leukemia induction were obtained in mice of the same strain injected with the virus at adult age. Similarly, with Gross Passage A virus injected at birth into both C3Hf/Gs and C57BL mice, virus particles were found in megakaryocytes from mice of the C3Hf/Gs strain which is susceptible to leukemia induction. Virus particles were not found in megakaryocytes from C57BL mice which are resistant to the leukemogenic action of this virus.
Studies on cancer relative frequencies (ratio studies): A method for computing an age‐standardized cancer ratio
Authors: Tuyns A. J.
Published: February 2007

Comparisons between series of cancer cases are difficult in the absence of population data; to facilitate such comparisons the use of an age‐standardized cancer ratio (ASCAR) is proposed. When gross differences appear between crude ratios, the use of the age‐corrected ratio enables a distinction to be made between a difference due to age effect and one that is potentially significant.
Tyrosine utilization by pigmented hamster melanoma cells cultured in vitro
Authors: Ulrich Kay , Tritsch George L. , Moore George E.
Published: February 2007

A pigmented hamster melanoma cell line MM No. 2 (RPMI No. 3460), cultured in vitro for more than two years, showed a very high utilization of tyrosine in the culture medium as compared to a non‐pigmented hamster melanoma cell line 3AA (RPMI No. 1856). The MM No. 2 cells used from 2.4 to 8.3 × 10−9 μmoles/cell/hr, and the 3AA cells used from 0.1 to 2.9 × 10−9 μmoles/cell/hr of tyrosine. Phenylalanine was not converted to tyrosine in any appreciable amounts at any levels of tyrosine in the medium. Increasing amounts of melanin were synthesized by the MM No. 2 cells cultured at increasing levels of tyrosine. The biosynthesis of melanin was maximal at a concentration of 0.60 mM of tyrosine in the medium and did not increase further if the tyrosine content was increased beyond this value. A higher tyrosine concentration than commonly employed in culture media thus seems necessary to secure a maximal melanin biosynthesis in a culture of cells capable of melanin formation. Melanin biosynthesis first began after 3 to 6 days of culture, probably coinciding with the cessation of cell multiplication in the cultures, supporting the concept that cell multiplication and differentiated function are antagonistic processes.
MODIFICATIONS DU MÉTABOLISME GLUCIDIQUE DANS LE FOIE EN VOIE DE CANCÉRISATION PAR LE DIMÉTHYLAMINOAZOBENZÈNE II. MODIFICATION DE L'IMPORTANCE DE LA VOIE EMBDEN‐MEYERHOF
Authors: Jacob Arlette
Published: February 2007

Dans le but d'expliquer l'hypoglycémie croissante observée durant la cancérisation du tissu hépatique par le DAB, nous avons mesuré les activités des enzymesöclés de la voie Embden‐Meyerhof: glucokinase, phosphofructokinase et pyruvate‐kinase. Toutes ces activités diminuent en valeur absolue.

En comparant les activités de la glucokinase et de la phosphofructokinase avec celles de la glucose‐6‐phosphatase et de la fructose‐1,6‐diphosphatase, on s'aperçoit que la dégradation des glucides prend une importance croissante sur leur formation, au cours de la cancérisation.

En outre, une fraction accrue des glucides emprunte la voie des pentose phosphates. On discute la signification de ce fait.
The influence of nitrogen mustard upon the establishment of lung metastases following injection of intravenous autologous cells in the benzo(A)pyrene‐induced rat fibrosarcoma
Authors: Cobb L. M.
Published: February 2007

When rats bearing a chemically induced tumour were treated with methyldi (β‐chloroethyl) amine hydrochloride (HN2), a higher percentage developed lung “metastases” than in a series of untreated controls. Because the primary benzo (a)‐pyrene‐induced fibrosarcoma does not metastasize spontaneously, lung “metastases” were induced by removing all but 250 mg of the primary tumour and re‐injecting an estimated 106 live cells intravenously. Macroscopic and/or microscopic lung metastases were identified in 23% (7/31) of the control animals at the time the experiment was terminated (day 36). The incidence of rats with lung metastases was increased to 79% (23/29) if the rats were treated with HN2. The HN2 was given at the maximum tolerated dose on days 0, 3, 6, 12, 15 and 18 and the cells prepared from the primary tumour and re‐injected on day 9. HN2 produced a gradual fall in the peripheral lymphocytes, reaching 37% of the initial value by day 18. The possible relationship between the HN2‐induced fall in peripheral lymphocytes and the increased incidence of lung metastases is discussed.
Transplantation immunity and the suppression of spleen colony formation by immunization with murine leukemia virus preparations (Friend)
Authors: Friend Charlotte , Rossi Giovanni B.
Published: February 2007

Mice were immunized with tissue‐cultured or formalin‐inactivated murine leukemia virus preparations and challenged with active virus or with the virus‐induced leukemic cells from established tissue culture lines. Although the virus obtained from the tissue‐culture system had a low leukemogenic potential, its immunizing capacity was equal to that of the inactivated leukemic spleen filtrate virus. All preparations afforded protection against challenge with virus as well as with cells. Transplantation immunity was further demonstrated by the marked inhibition of spleen colony formation by the leukemic cells in preimmunized lethally irradiated mice.
Studies on the oncogenicity of bovine adenovirus type 3
Authors: Darbyshire J. H. , Berman L. D. , Chesterman F. C. , Pereira H. G.
Published: February 2007

The oncogenicity of bovine adenovirus type 3 in Syrian hamsters and CBA mice has been investigated. Two different pathological lesions were observed in the hamsters, but no unequivocal tumour production was demonstrated in the mice. Each type of lesion in the hamsters had a different latent period and was related to the original dose of virus. Low virus doses produced solid characteristic adenovirus‐type tumours with a latent period of at least one month, whereas higher doses of virus characteristically produced haemorrhagic cystic lesions incorporating fibrous tumour plaques with a latent period of less than a month. The possibility that these two lesions resulted from the presence of two different agents in the inocula cannot be ruled out, although there is some evidence to suggest that this was not the case.

Hamsters inoculated with virus developed complement‐fixing, immunodiffusing and neutralizing antiviral antibodies regardless of tumour production, but an antibody response to „T”︁ antigen was not consistently demonstrated. A classical transplantation immunity of the Habel‐Sjögren type was produced. The cystic lesions, although appearing as low‐grade neoplasms, might actually have been partly cytotoxic (or lytic) in nature. Thus the persistence of some virions or virion antigens into the period of immunological maturity may account for the antiviral antibody response in inoculated hamsters.
Sulphoglycoprotein antigens in the human alimentary canal and gastric cancer. An immunohistological study
Authors: Häkkinen I. , Järvi O. , Grönroos J.
Published: February 2007

The distribution of sulphoglycoproteins in the mucosa of the human alimentary canal has been investigated by a sensitive immunofluorescence technique. Gastric epithelium obtained from young peptic ulcer patients was assumed to reveal the normal distribution of sulphoglycoproteins in the gastric mucosa. The earlier immunochemical observation of the existence of three kinds of sulphoglycoproteins of different antigenicity was confirmed histoimmunologically. Normally two of these are present but differ in their location. The third, called foetal antigen in the nomenclature adopted, was present in gastric cancer cells but could also be found outside the tumour in superficial cells. This foetal antigen was occasionally noted in the antral superficial cells in four stomachs without detectable malignancy. The relation between carcinogenesis and the presence of cells which possess this foetal antigen is discussed.
The time of appearance and distribution of sulphoglycoprotein antigens in the human foetal alimentary canal
Authors: Häkkinen I. , Korhonen L. K. , Saxén L.
Published: February 2007

Sulphoglycoprotein antigens of the foetal alimentary canal have been studied by the immunofluorescence technique, and the presence of sulphomucins demonstrated histochemically from adjacent sections. The material studied consisted of 39 foetuses of between 6 and 16 weeks of gestation. A supplementary autopsy series of newborns was studied by the same techniques. The three sulphoglycoprotein antigens found earlier in normal and pathological adult gastric mucosa appeared between 7 and 8 weeks of gestation and all were present in the foetal alimentary epithelium. The typical location of these antigens showed characteristics either of the normal adult distribution or of the distribution found in pathological conditions in the gastric epithelium. The ca‐antigen (cancer antigen) present in cancerous gastric epithelium in adults has now been tentatively named the foetal sulphoglycoprotein antigen (FSA). A comparison is made between the distribution of the sulphoglycoprotein antigens detected by the immunofluorescence technique and that of the sulphomucins seen by histochemical methods. It is suggested that these antigens are mainly situated in sulphated molecules.

Les antigènes sulfoglycoprotéiniques du tube digestif foetal ont été étudiés par la technique de l'immunofluoresence; l'étude histochimique de coupes voisines a montré la présence de sulfomucines. Le matériel étudié se composait de 39 foetus ǎgés de 6 à 16 semaines. On a étudié par les měmes techniques un matériel d'autopsie de nouveau‐nés. Les trois antigènes sulfoglycoprotéiniques trouvés antérieurement dans la muqueuse gastrique normale et pathologique de l'adulte sont apparus entre 7 et 8 semaines de gestation; tous trois étaient présents dans l'épithélium du tube digestif foetal. La localisation typique de ces antigènes présentait soit la distribution de l'adulte normal soit la distribution observée dans les états pathologiques de l'épithélium gastrique. L'antigène canceéreux présent dans l'épithélium gastrique cancéreux de l'adulte a été appelé provisoirement „antigène sulfoglycoprotéinique foetal”︁ (ASF). Une comparaison est établie entre la distribution des antigènes sulfoglycoprotéiniques révélée par l'immunofluorescence et celle des sulfomucines révélée par les méthodes histochimiques. Les auteurs considèrent que ces antigènes sont situés principalement dans les molécules sulfatées.
Susceptibility of praomys (Mastomys) natalensis to the murine sarcoma virus‐harvey (MSV‐H)
Authors: Harvey Jennifer J.
Published: February 2007

Praomys (Mastomys) natalensis, which are African rodents intermediate in size between rats and mice, were tested for susceptibility to the Murine Sarcoma Virus‐Harvey (MSV‐H) and to the Friend Leukaemia Virus (FLV). Newborn Mastomys, like rats and mice, reacted within 28–127 days to MSV‐H injected intraperitoneally. The majority (14/16) developed gross splenomegaly (with concomitant anaemia) due partly to proliferation of erythroblasts and partly to the formation of large sarcomas. This tumour formation was much more regular, rapid and extensive than that seen in the spleens of rats and mice, while the erythroblastosis was equally intense. Sarcomas were found at other sites, namely, in the diaphragm, peritoneal wall and splenic mesentery of only 4/16 infected Mastomys, suggesting that the splenic tumours were primary lesions. One Mastomys developed reticulum cell leukaemia and another a leukaemia characterized by a mixed population of lymphoblasts and erythroblasts. In line with findings in the rat and mouse, but not the hamster, there was no change in the species specificity of MSV‐H recovered from the plasma of infected Mastomys which was fully infective when tested in newborn Mastomys and BALB/c mice.

By contrast, newborn or weanling Mastomys injected intravenously or intraperitoneally with FLV remained healthy during an observation period of 5 months.
The basis of the tumorigenicity of BHK 21 cells
Authors: Jarrett Oswald , Macpherson Ian
Published: February 2007

BHK 21/13 cells, 50 generations from cloning, are transplantable owing to the presence of a small proportion (about 0.001%) of highly tumorigenic variant cells. Non‐tumorigenic cells can easily be isolated from these stocks by recloning. With passage in vitro the proportion of tumorigenic variants can increase to over 90%. This may be due to any or all of three situations: 1) the appearance of many different new tumorigenic variants, 2) the selection of the initially observed variant cells because of their greater capacity for growth in culture, or 3) the presence of a replicating agent transmitted from a variant to other cells. Means by which the increase in the proportion of variants might be minimized are discussed.

In contrast to BHK 21/13 cells in early passage, their polyoma‐transformed derivatives are highly tumorigenic. Polyoma virus does not selectively transform existing tumorigenic variant cells; thus, the tumorigenicity of the transformed cells is a consequence of the virus‐cell interaction.
Comparative studies on the amount of DNA in cell nuclei of mouse skin after administration of carcinogenic and non‐carcinogenic substances
Authors: Inui Naomichi , Takayama Shozo
Published: February 2007

The amount of DNA in cell nuclei was determined by microspectrophotometry on Feulgen‐stained preparations using basal cells from the back skin of mice after painting with 3‐methylcholanthrene (3‐MC), croton oil and turpentine, and from skin after a burn. In the hyperplastic epithelium of the skin painted with 3‐MC, the amount of DNA per cell nucleus was the same as that of normal skin but the mean amount of DNA in papilloma and atypical hyperplasia was slightly higher. However, no significant difference was found from that of the normal. In contrast to the above lesions, the amount of DNA in squamous cell carcinomas was elevated and the range of modal distribution was wider. In the hyperplastic epithelium induced by painting with croton oil or turpentine, the amount of DNA was also near the normal range. In the regenerating hyperplastic epithelium after a burn, the number of cells with an increased amount of DNA was higher for 2–5 days after the burn but no essential difference was observed from the normal.
Transformation of a mouse cell line by murine sarcoma virus (Moloney)
Authors: Yoshikura Hiroshi , Hirokawa Yasuko , Ikawa Yoji , Sugano Haruo
Published: February 2007

Murine sarcoma virus (Moloney) (MSV) transformed C3H2K cells originating from the kidney tissues of a newborn C3H/He mouse. Titration of the virus showed a one‐hit dose response in the presence of an excess of Friend leukemia virus (FLV) and a two‐hit dose response in the absence of FLV, indicating that MSV was defective and a dual infection by MSV and a murine leukemia virus was required for MSV focus formation. Preinfection with FLV interfered with focus formation by MSV. The MSV foci appeared most abundantly when the cells in the S phase were infected with the virus. Remarkable similarities between murine and avian sarcoma viruses were thus established. Focus center assay on either uninfected or FLV‐infected C3H2K cell monolayer indicated that MSV foci did not arise by cellular division alone but required secondary infection, while RSV foci arose by cellular division alone.
Lethal cell number for mouse lymphoma dosage‐response studies: Indirect study using intravenous inocula
Authors: Maruyama Yosh
Published: February 2007

The lethal cell number for transplant mouse lymphoma dosage‐response time experiments was studied by indirect methods based on extrapolation of the dose‐response curve and upon measurement of liver and spleen weight changes. The liver and spleen appear to represent the major sites for tumor cell proliferation for the LSA tumor following intravenous injection. Weight changes were very similar and independent of initial cell dose in the dose range studied, consistent with the concept of a critical cell population number in the postulated model for lymphomatous tumor cell growth. Differences from the extrapolated lethal number based on the dose‐response curve compared to the measured organ weight changes as well as a response time variance decreasing with nominal cell dose are discussed.
Search for an adenovirus etiology of human oral and pharyngeal tumors
Authors: Rangan S. R. S. , Mukherjee A. L. , Bang F. B.
Published: February 2007

A comparison and characterization of the type of cellular outgrowth from normal and malignant human oropharyngeal mucosal epithelium have been made. Biopsies were explanted on collagen substrates and maintained in Eagle's basal medium plus 30% fetal calf serum. Epithelial cells grown from a squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx were maintained for over 6 months in three serial subcultures.

Secondary cellular outgrowths from 25 different oropharyngeal tumors were studied for the presence of intranuclear T antigens induced by adenovirus types 7, 12, 18, 21 and 31 using the direct immunofluorescence technique. Antigens similar to the T antigen in adenovirus‐induced hamster tumor cells were not observed.

Sera from 88 patients were tested for the presence of antibodies against adeno 12 viral and T antigens by indirect fluorescent staining. Antibodies to adenovirus‐12‐induced T antigens were found at about the same frequency, namely 17%, 23% and 24% in the sera of patients with no malignancy, patients with oral or pharyngeal tumors and patients with tumor at other sites respectively. Nearly 44% of the sera contained antibodies against adeno 12 viral antigens. However, only 50% of these positive sera contained antibodies against adeno‐12‐induced T antigen. None of the viral negative sera had antibodies to the T antigen.
The metabolism of 7,12‐dimethylbenz(A)anthracene in cell cultures
Authors: Diamond Leila , Sardet Christian , Rothblat George H.
Published: February 2007

When tritiated 7,12‐dimethylbenz (a)anthracene (DMBA) was incubated in the presence of monolayer cultures of normal embryonic rodent cells, a large fraction of the carcinogen was metabolized to water‐soluble derivatives that could be recovered from the medium. Small amounts of material with chromatographic properties similar to those of the monohydroxymethyl derivatives of DMBA also were recovered from the medium, but no compound resembling the dihydroxymethyl derivative was detected. In the presence of a transformed line of hamster embryo cells and a strain of human diploid cells, DMBA was metabolized to the hydroxymethyl and water‐soluble derivatives to a much lesser extent. The amount of carcinogen metabolized by HeLa cells was intermediate between those of the normal and of the transformed rodent cells, but the main water‐soluble derivatives produced in the presence of rodent cells and HeLa cells were different. Thus, DMBA was metabolized to water‐soluble derivatives primarily by those cells which are sensitive to cytotoxicity induced by the carcinogen, i.e., the normal rodent cells and HeLa cells; the transformed hamster cells and the normal human cells are relatively resistant to the carcinogen‐induced cytotoxicity. The conversion of DMBA to water‐soluble metabolites was inhibited by actinomycin D.

The hydroxymethyl derivatives of DMBA were taken up by the normal rodent cells, but were approximately 100 times less cytotoxic than DMBA. The main water‐soluble derivative formed in the presence of rodent cells was partially purified and added to fresh cell cultures; it was found that this derivative is taken up by cells at a much slower rate than the original compound.
Présence d'une Protéine D'origine Tissulaire, L'α2H‐Globuline, Dans le Sérum de Sujets Atteints d'Affections Malignes
Authors: Buffe D. , Rimbaut C. , Burtin P.
Published: February 2007

Presence of a tissue protein, α2H globulin, in the serum of patients with neoplastic diseases

The presence of an α2 globulin of probable hepatic origin has been demonstrated by immunodiffusion and radioimmunodiffusion techniques in sera of patients with neoöplastic diseases.

— 199 out of 395 (50%) of the sera of cancer patients were positive for α2H.

— 71 out of 355 (20%) of pathological but non cancerous sera were positive for α2H.

— None of the 45 normal control sera showed the presence of the α2H protein.

The α2 H protein is found more frequently in cancerous than in non cancerous sera. However, at present, a diagnostic test cannot be derived from its absence or presence. The discovery of a malignancy in a certain number of sera originally classified as non cancerous incites to pursue our investigations. The elevated percentage of positive pathological sera is suggestive of a reactivity factor. Different factors liable to interfere with the results are discussed. The presence of α2H could be a symptom of a metabolic hepatic reaction similar to that giving rise to the α2 AP globulin in the rat.
Separation of specific antibodies to tstas of adeno 12 and polyoma tumors
Authors: Sjögren Hans O. , Motet Dan
Published: February 2007

Antisera specifically directed against the TSTAs of adeno 12 and polyoma mouse tumors were absorbed with cells of other tumors induced by the same viruses. The antibodies adsorbed on tumor cells were subsequently eluted at pH 3. The eluate, absorbed serum and original serum were tested by the colony inhibition (CI) technique for complement dependent cytotoxicity against adeno 12 and polyoma tumor cells syngeneic with the serum donors. Similar adsorption‐elution experiments were performed with crude cell membrane fractions.

It was demonstrated that the anti‐tumor antibody activity of the original serum can be absorbed away by both intact tumor cells and crude cell membrane fractions. The specific antibodies can subsequently be recovered by elution (at low pH) from the cells used for absorption.
Partial characterization of an antigen in spontaneous murine mammary tumors
Authors: Tacker J. Ronald , Hyde Richard M.
Published: February 2007

Mammary carcinomas of three strains of mouse (Swiss Webster, A, and C3H/He) were investigated for the presence of a tumor‐specific antigen. The antigen could be detected only in the outbred Swiss Webster mice. When rabbit antisera to pools of mammary tumor and normal tissues were absorbed three or more times with normal tissues (heart, lungs, spleen and liver) and examined by gel immunodiffusion, the results indicated that the antigen was present in tumor tissue but not in normal tissue. The antigen could not be demonstrated in other organs of tumor‐bearing mice. Moreover, the precipitin band indicative of tumor antigen was easily removed by absorbing antitumor sera with pooled mammary tumor tissues.

The results of lipid extraction procedures suggested that the antigen was not a lipid. The fact that it was not inactivated at 56°C for at least 30 minutes suggested that the antigen was fairly heat‐stable. Trypsinization destroyed the ability of the antigen to react with absorbed anti‐tumor sera, suggesting that it was probably protein in nature. With the cellular fractionation procedures employed, the antigen remained in the supernatant of the 105,000 × g fraction. This suggested that it was a cytoplasmic constituent. The results of immunofluorescent studies substantiated the impression that the antigen was in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells. No membrane or nuclear fluorescence could be detected.
Activation of rous virus in the transplanted golden hamster tumour with the aid of artificial heterokaryon formation
Authors: Shevliaghyn V. J. , Biryulina T. I. , Tikhonova Z. N. , Karazas N. V.
Published: February 2007

A transplanted hamster tumour induced by the Carr‐Zilber strain of Rous sarcoma virus was studied during ten consecutive passages. Mature virus, virus connected with the cells, viral antigen and antigen active in the complement fixation test were determined. The ability of Rous virus to be activated in tumour cells was also determined with the aid of heterokaryon formation with chick embryo fibroblasts.

It was shown that the tumour retained in all passages the capacity for activation of Rous virus despite the disappearance of virus and viral antigen. The minimum number of cells containing one activated virus unit was increased during the tumour passages. X‐irradiation of the tumour cells did not activate the Rous virus.

The method of heterokaryon formation was also successfully applied for activation of Rous virus from a cell line that had originated in a hamster Rous tumour and had been cultivated in vitro for more than two years.
Immunology of 2‐acetylaminofluorene‐induced rat mammary adenocarcinomas
Authors: Baldwin R. W. , Embleton M. J.
Published: February 2007

The immunogenicities of 11 rat mammary adenocarcinomas induced with 2‐acetylaminofluorene (AAF) have been studied. Attempts were made to induce tumour‐specific immunity in syngeneic female rats, following treatment with heavily irradiated tumour or surgical removal of developing subcutaneous tumour grafts. Resistance was evoked against only two tumours and this was extremely weak. With the others, no resistance against the immunizing tumour could be demonstrated, even though the tests were made highly sensitive by the use of inocula of as few as 103 cells in pre‐irradiated hosts. Sera from rats immunized against six of the tumours were tested against viable cells of the immunizing tumour in an immunofluorescence test. In no case did tumour antisera give a positive reaction with the tumour cells, although allogeneic isoantisera consistently gave strongly positive reactions. The results are interpreted as showing that AAF‐induced rat mammary adenocarcinomas are deficient in tumour‐specific transplantation antigens.
Serum α1 foeto‐protein (fetuin) in children with malignant ovarian or testicular teratomas. Preliminary results
Authors: Mawas C. , Kohen M. , Lemerle J. , Buffe D. , Schweisguth O. , Burtin P.
Published: February 2007

In a study of sera of 93 children bearing various malignant tumours, the authors were able to detect by an immunological test an enthryonal protein, α1 foeto‐protein or fetuin, in one testicular and four ovarian embryonal carcinomas.

Children bearing tumours other than malignant teratomas, and control children, gave negative results (with one exception in a normal 3‐day‐old infant).

Such an immunological test, therefore, appears to have some diagnostic and prog nostic value which deserves further investigation.
The african lymphoma in central africa
Authors: McGlashan N. D.
Published: February 2007

Two hundred and three cases of the African lymphoma based on doctors' recall of cases are mapped and examined with reference to their geographical distribution. Altitude is shown to be important but minimum temperature is questioned. The effect of these distributional findings on existing hypotheses of insect‐vectored virus aetiology of the tumours is discussed and the need for further and more accurate studies in south‐central Africa is stressed. Such work should become possible shortly with the establishment of uniform Cancer Registries in the territories.
Immunological studies on mouse mammary tumors. I. Induction of resistance to tumor isograft in C3H/He mice
Authors: Nishioka Kusuya , Irie Reiko Furuse , Inoue Masaharu , Chang Shaoyuan , Takeuchi Shoshichi
Published: February 2007

An isografted tumor MM2, originating from a spontaneous mammary tumor in a C3H/He/mouse, killed 4‐ to 5‐week‐old mice within 30 days through intraperitoneal injection of 2 × 104 cells per mouse. It was shown that resistance to the isograft was induced by injection of 1.5 × 105 or 2.0 × 105 tumor cells sensitized with serum (5 μg antibody N) of rabbits immunized with the tumor. Four weeks after injection of the sensitized MM2 cells, 173 C3H/He mice were challenged intraperitoneally with fresh unsensitized MM2 in doses of 5 × 105 to 1 × 106 cells per mouse. Of these, 119 mice survived without any sign of tumor growth while all untreated mice died. The mean survival time for untreated mice was 18.1 days (± 1.7) when inoculated with 5 × 105 cells and 16.2 days (± 1.8) when inoculated with 1 × 106 cells. After the second challenge with the same number of fresh unsensitized cells, 117 out of 119 mice survived without any sign of tumor growth. All of 15 mice randomly selected from these resistant mice were tested for acceptance of skin grafts from normal C3H/He mice. The grafts showed no rejection even 150 days after the second graft. After hyperimmunization of these resistant mice, the serum of the spleen extract taken from the mice inhibited growth of tumors when the tumors were premixed in vitro and injected intraperitoneally into C3H/He mice.
Immunological studies on mouse mammary tumors. II. Characterization of tumor‐specific antibodies against mouse mammary tumors
Authors: Takeuchi Shoshichi , Irie Reiko Furuse , Inoue Masaharu , Irie Kenji , Izumi Rikuichi , Nishioka Kusuya
Published: February 2007

After injection of isografted mammary tumor MM2 sensitized with rabbit antiserum, resistance was induced in C3H/He mice after repeated challenges with MM2. The serum taken from these mice was found to be cytotoxic against MM2 cells. The serum also inhibited the outgrowth of transplant of primary tissue culture cells of spontaneous mammary tumor of C3H/He mice. A series of transplanted mammary tumors recently converted into ascitic form in our laboratory (MM3, MM4‐1, MM4‐2, MM4‐3, MM6, MM8, MM9, MM11, MM12 and MM13), and Ehrlich ascites tumor were found to be susceptible to this serum, as tested by trypan blue uptake in vitro. Outgrowth of these tumors was also inhibited when tumor premixed with this serum was injected.

No cytotoxic effect was observed against normal mouse mammary gland cells of a C3H/He mouse.

Sera obtained from hyperimmunized syngeneic C3H/He mice were able to fix complement with MM2 tumors. They were partially inactivated by heating at 56° C and by treatment with 2‐mercaptoethanol. After gel filtration through Sephadex G‐200, complement fixing and cytotoxic activity were found in both 19S and 7S fractions. The 7S fractions, after DEAE cellulose column chromatography, gave a precipititin line at the IgG position in immunoelectrophoresis.

From the above evidence, it is concluded that the target cells of the cytotoxic factors of this serum are primary cultured cells or isografted cells of mammary tumors of C3H/He mice. The cytotoxic factors present in the serum are considered to be antibodies against isografts of mammary tumors in C3H/He mice.
Synthesis and fate of immunological surface receptors on cultured burkitt lymphoma cells
Authors: Osunkoya B. O. , Mottram Frances C. , Isoun Miriam J.
Published: February 2007

The distribution and rate of appearance of newly synthesized receptors on the surface of Burkitt lymphoma cells were determined by membrane immunofluorescence tests on trypsinized cell lines growing as continuous cultures in a medium containing gamma globulins with specificity for the receptors.

An attempt was made to determine the fate of the „surface receptor‐serum globulin”︁ complex by examining serial samples of cultures of stained positive cells for membrane immunofluorescence. There is partial evidence to suggest that observed fluctuations in the numbers of receptor‐producing cells are partly due to active shedding of receptors from the cell surfaces.
Gastric cancer in man and physical activity at work
Authors: Stukonis M. , Doll R.
Published: February 2007

The occupational mortality data in England and Wales have been examined to see whether differences in physical activity or occupation could contribute to the higher mortality from gastric cancer in the poorer socio‐economic classes.

Occupations were classed in three grades according to whether the amount of physical activity required was light, intermediate, or heavy, and standardized mortality ratios were calculated for each category of social class and physical activity.

The mortality from gastric cancer showed a marked trend with physical activity in social class III, which provided the best conditions for studying the relationship, and less clear trends in the other classes. Other diseases (lung cancer, other cancers, gastric ulcer, and gastritis, enteritis, and diarrhoea) provided only minor evidence of such a relationship.

It is suggested that the relationship between the mortality from gastric cancer and physical activity at work may be due in part to the fact that men whose occupation involves heavy work eat more and are consequently exposed to a greater quantity of carcinogens in their food.
Effective antiviral therapy of two murine leukemias with an interferon‐inducing synthetic carboxylate copolymer
Authors: Chirigos M. A. , Turner W. , Pearson J. , Griffin W.
Published: February 2007

A synthetic anionic copolymer was employed to induce interferon in vivo. The ability of the induced interferon to protect mice inoculated with lethal doses of Friend or Rauscher leukemia virus was examined. Four parameters were employed to assess the antiviral activity of the induced interferon; inhibition of splenomegaly; viral‐induced spleen foci; viral replication; and increase in survival time.

Daily treatment with a low dose of copolymer was more effective than a single treatment with a high dose. A higher percentage of treated mice was completely protected from a lethal dose of Friend or Rauscher leukemia virus when compared with the controls. A relationship occurred between the effect of copolymer‐induced interferon and the infecting dose of leukemia virus. Protection developed only when treatment was initiated prior to virus challenge.
Transplantation of three tumors induced in rats by dimethylnitrosamine
Authors: Jasmin et G. , Riopelle J. L.
Published: February 2007

Three renal tumors induced in rats by dimethylnitrosamine were serially transplanted in animals of the same strain and one of these tumors was further studied in tissue culture. Originally, these tumors exhibited the histologic characteristics of two different types of stromal nephromas. Their growth rate tended to increase with the number of passages and the percentage of takes was higher in males than in females. In the course of successive passages, the three tumors retained their sarcomatous aspect and either remained undifferentiated or underwent progressive differentiation into primitive mesenchyme, into smooth or striated muscle tissue. The epithelial component of one of these tumors persisted until the third passage; it was well delimited from the surrounding sarcomatoid tissue so that the possibility of a metaplastic transformation seems unlikely. It appears that the transplantation of these neoplasms resulted in a simplification of their structural organization and that they evolved towards a mesenchymal differentiation of the muscular type.
Chromosomes in burkitt lymphomas. I. Serial studies in a case with bilateral tumors showing different chromosomal stemlines
Authors: Gripenberg Ulla , Levan Albert , Clifford Peter
Published: February 2007

The chromosomes of a Burkitt lymphoma case were followed through a period of three months, including stages before treatment and during treatment and progression. The patient had bilateral facial tumors with metastases to lymph nodes on either side of the neck. The chromosomal stemlines were different on the left and the right side. Both were diploid, the left side representing the normal karyotype, the right side exhibiting a number of marker chromosomes. This difference characterized both the facial tumors and the neck metastases.

During early stages of the right‐side tumor, the marker chromosomes M2 and MC predominated. Both were derived from C group chromosomes and had a constriction on their longer arm, separating a distal segment from the rest of the chromosome. M2 had the appearance of a small No. 2 chromosome, MC that of a large C chromosome. Later on, M2 was replaced by M1 through translocation of the distal segment to a No. 1 chromosome. Two other marker chromosomes MB and MD resembled B and D chromosomes, respectively, with elongated long arms.

At terminal stages of the disease, when chemotherapeutic treatments had been administered repeatedly, highly disturbed chromosome conditions prevailed with numerous signs of chromosome breakage and errors of spiralization. Also a cultured cell line established at an early stage from the right‐side tumor showed a high incidence of similar aberrations. All the marker chromosomes, except, M1, were recovered in the culture.