bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ESTIMATION OF EFFECTIVE DOSE FROM PEDIATRIC RADIOGRAPHY OF THE CHEST IN MEDELLIN-COLOMBIA
Authors: Jaramillo-Garzon William , Morales-Aramburo Javier De Jesús , Puerta-Ortiz Jorge Anselmo
Published: March 2017

La Comisión Internacional de Protección Radiológica (ICRP) afirmó que actualmente el uso de la dosis efectiva no es recomendado para evaluar el riesgo de efectos estocásticos  en situaciones retrospectivas  para exposiciones de pacientes, sin embargo esta cantidad puede ser de valor para comparar el uso de tecnologías similares y procedimientos en diferentes hospitales y países, así como el uso de diferentes tecnologías para un mismo tipo de examen.El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la dosis efectiva en pacientes pediátricos sometidos a exámenes de rayos X de tórax en el hospital pediátrico más grande de Medellín, Colombia. Para este propósito fue medido el Kerma en aire en la superficie de la entrada (ESAK) para 331 pacientes en las proyecciones  anteroposterior (AP) y lateral izquierda (L LAT). Los intervalos de edad estudiados fueron: 0-1 años, 1-5 años y 5-10 años. La dosis efectiva se calculó utilizando el programa computacional PCXMC 2.0. Los resultados fueron validados con otros trabajos reportados en la literatura.
MODELO CONTRAFACTUAL APLICADO AL SECTOR CÁRNICO COLOMBIANO
Authors: Salazar-Uribe Juan Carlos , Guarín-Escudero Julieth Verónica , Trochez- González Johanna , Valencia- Cárdenas Marisol
Published: March 2017

Existen diferentes métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos para la evaluación de efectos de una política económica, entre ellos el modelo contrafactual, el cual permite realizar comparaciones antes y despues de haber ejecutado una medida económica. Para el caso colombiano la apertura comercial ha representado cambios estructurales en diferentes sectores económicos, en especial el sector cárnico bovino. En este trabajo se pretende realizar una comparación entre la serie de precios del ganado, comercializados en dos frigoríficos de diferentes regiones, con el fin de evaluar el efecto de los tratados de libre comercio sobre las series temporales. Se partede la hipótesis "¿Qué hubiera sucedido con la serie de precios del ganado bovino si no hubiese ninguna intervención económica?", para lo cual se realiza una comparación a través del tiempo, delimitado por el consumo de contingentes arancelarios en el último año, si se encuentran diferencias signicativas, se dirá que los acuerdos de libre comercio han tenido efectos sobre la variable de interés.
DESARROLLO DEL PENSAMIENTO CRÍTICO EN EL ÁREA DE CIENCIAS NATURALES EN UNA ESCUELA DE SECUNDARIA
Authors: Causado-Escobar Robert Eduardo , Santos-Carrasco Blanca , Calderón-Salas Idali
Published: March 2017

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir cómo se desarrolla el pensamiento crítico en el área de ciencias naturales en una secundaria pública colombiana. Para ello se siguió un diseño cualitativo a través de la aplicación de una entrevista semiestructurada y la observación como técnicas de recolección de datos; y guías de observación y matrices de análisis como instrumentos.  La muestra estuvo formada por 12 estudiantes de grado noveno a undécimo y 2 docentes de ciencias naturales, todos de una institución educativa oficial. Los resultados demostraron que tanto estudiantes, como docentes se encuentran entre los niveles retado y principiante, dado que se enfrentan con problemas en su pensamiento, siendo muchas veces incapaces de expresarlos al exterior. Se pudo demostrar que en la institución existe un compromiso con el desarrollo de los procesos de pensamiento crítico pero no se cuenta con programas educativos que respondan por el desarrollo de los mismos. Además no hay una práctica educativa generalizada y concreta entre los maestros en torno al pensamiento crítico; De esta forma se observa que los docentes no tienen claro qué es pensar críticamente o cómo pueden intervenir pedagógicamente para fomentar dicha habilidad.
PRIMER REGISTRO DE PARASITOIDISMO DE Melaloncha ronnai (DIPTERA: PHORIDAE) EN ABEJAS AFRICANIZADAS EN COLOMBIA
Authors: Uribe-Celis Soraya , Idárraga Jhon J. , Idárraga Hernán R.
Published: March 2017

Los fóridos del género Melaloncha, son conocidos por parasitar varias especies de abejas. En este trabajo se reporta por primera vez en Colombia el parasitoidismo de M. ronnai en Apis mellifera scutellata híbrida (abejas africanizadas) y adicionalmente se describen algunos aspectos de la biología de este parasitoide. Las observaciones fueron realizadas en el Centro Apícola de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Medellín. Se obtuvieron en total 20 fóridos, identificados como M. ronnai los cuales emergieron de puparios formados en los tórax de abejas obreras muertas. Los parasitoides presentaron un periodo pupal de 28.18 ± 2.58 días y una duración de su ciclo de vida de aproximadamente 30.35 ± 3.42 días.
FLORULA DE UN FRAGMENTO URBANO DE BOSQUE SECO TROPICAL
Authors: Barranco-Pérez Willington , Castellanos-Berliza Jeiner Jesús , García-Quiñones Hector , Yepes-Rapelo Diego
Published: March 2017

El objetivo de este estudio fue registrar la composición  de especies vegetales en un fragmento urbano de bosque seco tropical de regeneración secundaria (bs-T), para generar información que pueda ser utilizada en la planeación y gestión de espacios verdes en la ciudad de Santa Marta. Se establecieron  transectos de 2 x 50 m equivalentes a 0,1ha y se censaron todas las especies > 1,0 cm de DAP (Diámetro a la Altura del Pecho: 1,3m). Se registraron en total 100 especies de plantas Angiospermas, de las cuales el  47%  presentó  hábito herbáceo. El número de especies registradas en este estudio representó el 39,6% de las especies reportadas para los cerros de Santa Marta y el 3,8% para los bosques secos de Colombia. Se sugiere aislar este tipo de formaciones secundarias de toda intervención y contemplar la reintroducción de individuos como estrategias para su conservación.
USO DE LA TÉCNICA DE ALAMBRE CALIENTE PARA LA MEDICIÓN DE LA CONDUCTIVIDAD TÉRMICA DE INFUSIONES DE CAFÉ ORGÁNICO Y CONVENCIONAL
Authors: Gordillo-Delgado Fernando , Valencia-Grisales Diego F. , Plazas-Saldaña Jesús
Published: March 2017

Se implementó la técnica de alambre caliente (comúnmente llamada “hot-wire” por su traducción al inglés), un método versátil, de bajo costo y de alta precisión para la medición de la conductividad térmica de fluidos a través del aumento en la temperatura de un alambre que se introduce dentro del fluido y al que se le aplica entre sus extremos, de manera abrupta, una diferencia de potencial. El sistema se probó y calibró utilizando líquidos de conductividad bien conocida: agua, etilenglicol y glicerina. Este procedimiento se usó para medir la conductividad térmica de muestras de infusión de café orgánico y convencional. El mismo grado de tostión de los granos fue verificado con un colorímetro y la preparación se hizo por prensado de 22 g del café en polvo en 110 mL de agua. Los datos obtenidos se sometieron al Análisis de Varianza (ANOVA) y se confirmó que las diferencias de este parámetro termofísico en las dos muestras son significativas con un nivel de confianza de 95 %. De esta forma, se comprobó que el valor de la conductividad térmica de la infusión de café permite diferenciar el café orgánico del convencional.
Architecture, Technology and the Uncanny: Infiltrating Space in “The Veldt” and in “The Digital House Project”
Authors: Bussing López Ilse Marie
Published: March 2017

The original term for the uncanny—das Unheimliche —is inevitably linked to the home. Uncanny is that which is both homey and unhomey, and this ambiguity is precisely what causes it to be disorienting and frightening. This article addresses the inherent link of the uncanny to the home by comparing a literary text, “The Veldt” (1950) by Ray Bradbury, to architectural texts, mainly “The Digital House Project” (1998) by Hariri and Hariri. Bradbury’s prophetic text, first published in 1950,  presents an unnerving picture of domesticity, technology and modernity, a picture that is eerily recreated in these technological homes. In order to illustrate the mediation of the uncanny through architectural space, this study will address two issues which contribute to this sense of unease within the architectural and literary home: first, the dehumanization of humans and the consequent humanization of the house, and second, the worrisome recurrence and proliferation of data within these homes. I argue that architectural space has always mediated the uncanny, and that today, this mediation is strengthened by the overpowering presence of technology in the home.  El término original para el concepto de lo siniestro —das Unheimliche — está inevitablemente enlazado a la noción de hogar. Lo siniestro remite a la vez a lo hogareño y reconfortante como a lo antihogareño o lo desconcertante, y es precisamente esta ambigüedad la que genera desorientación y terror. Este artículo se enfoca en la conexión intrínseca entre lo siniestro y el hogar, al comparar un texto literario, “The Veldt” (1950) de Ray Bradbury, con textos arquitec tónicos, principalmente “The Digital House Project” (1998) por Hariri y Hariri. El texto profético de Bradbury, publicado en 1950, presenta una imagen desconcertante de la domesticidad, de la tecnología y de la modernidad, una imagen que es recreada en estas casas tecnológicas. Con el fin de ilustrar la mediación de lo siniestro a través del espacio arquitectónico, este análisis se enfocará en dos aspectos que contribuyen a esta sensación de turbación dentro del hogar en el plano arquitectónico y literario: primero, la deshumanización de los individuos y la consecuente humanización de la casa, y segundo, la recurrencia preocupante y la proliferación de información dentro de estas casas. Insisto en que el espacio arquitectónico siempre ha mediado lo siniestro y que, actualmente, esta mediación se fortalece por la presencia abrumadora de la tecnología en el hogar.
Avoiding pitfalls in overseas medical educational experiences
Authors: Sessions Kristen L , Phillips J Dwight , Merry Stephen P
Published: March 2017

In the United States, there are a growing number of medical students participating in international health electives. These experiences have the potential to be mutually beneficial to both the host country and the student. However, there is a significant risk of unethical and damaging practices during these trips, including concerns for sending trainees without appropriate pre-travel preparation with inadequate accountability to local health care providers at a stage in their education that imposes an undue burden on the local health facilities. This article describes one first year medical student’s experience in navigating common challenges faced in international health electives and offers practical advice enlightened by the literature on how to overcome them. We emphasize the need for students to ensure adequate pre-trip preparation, communicate their level of training clearly, practice cultural humility, ensure personal safety, and engage in projects needed by the host community.
Impact of a pre-clinical skills course with Peer Assisted Learning (PAL) on preparedness and confidence levels of medical students in Africa
Authors: Snyder Cheryl , Chisenga Rose
Published: March 2017

Background: Many benefits of pre-clinical medical skills training have been documented in technologically advanced nations, and in the past decade these courses have been introduced to developing countries. Curriculum that can prepare and build confidence in medical students must be cost effective, evidence-based, and culturally sensitive in places where there are severe resource limitations. In 2013, an initial pre-clinical skills course without assessments was introduced to medical students in Zambia. Later that year, a more developed course was launched to a second cohort integrating Peer Assisted Learning (PAL) and assessments. These trainers were prepared in advance with instructions in standardized skills, learning theory, effective feedback techniques, and use of rubrics to insure good inter-rater reliability in teaching and assessments.
Methods: A quantitative study surveyed 108 students utilizing convenience sampling and a written questionnaire. Data collected compared preparedness and confidence in performing clinical skills of the intervention cohorts with the control group (medical students who preceded pre-clinical skills training).
Results: Preparedness responses increased from 36.1% of the students in the control group to 90.9% in the intervention group who had been exposed to the PAL course with assessments (p value <0.001). Student confidence levels in history taking, physical exam skills, procedures, and the application of critical thinking skills diagnostically also showed improvement from 11.5-29.5% range in the control group to 77.3-86.4% range in the PAL cohort (p value <0.001).
Conclusions: Exposure to pre-clinical training program especially utilizing PAL with assessments had a positive impact on the sense of preparedness and confidence levels for medical students beginning their clinical training years at the University of Zambia. Integration of PAL influenced academic development, clinical procedural standardization, appropriate curriculum additions, transitional support, and program sustainability. PAL may have beneficial application extending to basic science lab instruction in resource limited environments. Recommendation for future research would be integration of qualitative triangulation and reduction of variables in confidence data reporting.
Utilizing three years of epidemiological data from medical missions in Cambodia to shape the mobile medical clinic formulary
Authors: Jun Jeany Kim , Koo Junia S , Kang Amy Y , Chien Deborah B , Shim Albert , Knutson Dale , Kim Eda M
Published: March 2017

Objective: The purpose of this project was to gather epidemiological data on common diseases and medications dispensed during medical mission trips to Cambodia to shape the mobile medical clinic formulary.
Methods: Data for patients seen during week-long mobile medical clinics was collected in Cambodia during Septembers 2012 to 2014. Each patient’s gender, age, weight, blood pressure, glucose, pertinent laboratory values, diagnoses, and medications dispensed were collected. Blood pressure and glucose levels were measured in patients 18 years and above. Data collected onto paper intake forms were transferred onto spreadsheets without patient identifying information and analyzed for aggregate means, common diseases, and most dispensed medications. This project received institutional review board approval.
Results: A total of 1,015 patients were seen over three years. Women made up 61.4%, and the mean age was 41.8 years. The most common diagnosis was gastrointestinal disorders (22.9%) that included gastroesophageal reflux disease and intestinal parasites. Next, 20.1% of patients had hypertension (BP>140/90), 18.0% had presbyopia, 15.4% had back and joint pain, followed by 8.8% with headache, including migraines. Approximately 8.4% of patients had hyperglycemia (RPG >140 mg/dl). The top five medications dispensed were acetaminophen, omeprazole, multivitamin, ibuprofen, and metformin. For hypertension, amlodipine and lisinopril were dispensed.
Conclusion: Cambodia lacks systematic public health collection of epidemiological data for prevalence of diseases. Hence, investigators collected and analyzed information from week-long mobile medical clinics over three years. Proton-pump inhibitors and H. pylori lab tests were recommended for gastrointestinal disorders. Acetaminophen and ibuprofen were recommended for pain. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers were recommended over diuretics since patients were already dehydrated. Metformin was recommended for diabetes. Vitamins and supplements were recommended for malnourished patients. Hemoglobin machines and urine test strips were suggested. This information should help future teams decide what medications and laboratory tests would be the most beneficial for use by medical teams in Cambodia.
Christian Connections for International Health (CCIH) conference explores relationship between Christian faith and sustainable development, and role of FBOs in global health
Authors: Erb Kathy
Published: March 2017

A review of plenary sessions from the 2016 Christian Connections for International Health (CCIH) Annual Conference at Johns Hopkins University on the role of Christians in sustainable development.
Healing in the Gospel of Matthew: Reflections on Method and Ministry by Walter T. Wilson, Fortress Press, December 2014
Authors: Labosier Brian C.
Published: March 2017

Walter Wilson, a professor of New Testament at Candler School of Theology, wrote this book to help us gain new insights on the topic of healing by using a number of different forms of gospel criticism to help us look at the healing miracles in Matthew chaptres 8-9.  Wilson challenges us to think more broadly and in new categories in our reading of these healing narratives in Matthew.
Foreign Language Learners’ Beliefs about CALL: The Case of a U.S. Midwestern University
Authors: Sydorenko Tetyana , Hsieh Ching-Ni , Ahn Seongmee , Arnold Nike
Published: March 2017

A significant body of research has examined language learners’ attitudes toward particular technologies used in foreign language classrooms. However, literature is scarce on foreign language learners’ beliefs toward computer-assisted language learning (CALL) in general. To narrow this gap, we investigated the constructs that compose a system of language learners’ beliefs toward CALL at a large U.S. university and examined whether the amount of technology used and the target language (TL) play a role in shaping learners’ beliefs. The findings of this large-scale survey of 2,061 students studying nineteen different TLs indicate four factors comprising learners’ belief systems toward CALL in this context: efficacy of technology for language learning and its connection to motivation, satisfaction with technology used in the learners’ classes, specific benefits of technology, and the importance of computer skills and technical support. Learners’ CALL beliefs were more positive when they had had more exposure to technology in their classes, but this varied based on the TL. Higher use of technology outside of class resulted in more positive beliefs across the board, independent of the TL. The pedagogical implications are that greater exposure to effective and varied models of CALL might result in more positive beliefs toward it.
Renal Concerns in the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B with Tenofovir
Authors: Coppolino Giuseppe , Cernaro Valeria , Rivoli Laura , Pinciaroli Angela , Bolignano Davide
Published: March 2017

Tenofovir, a third generation oral nucleos(t)ide analogue, currently represents one of the first-line drugs recommended for treating chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. After oral administration, tenofovir is mostly excreted in the urine by glomerular filtration and proximal tubular secretion. Hence, an impaired kidney function may lead to an increased renal exposure to the drug in patients with coexistent renal damage. This could further worsen kidney disease through different mechanisms of nephrotoxicity such as mitochondrial DNA depletion and tubular cytotoxicity. Despite several studies performed so far to assess tenofovir-related renal toxicity, data in HBV patients are not yet conclusive. Screening of risk factors for kidney disease before starting therapy and a careful monitoring of serum creatinine, glomerular filtration rate, serum phosphate and urine analysis during treatment are advocated to adjust the dose or stop treatment if needed. New biomarkers of tubular injury, such as neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin, could become helpful in the future for the timely identification and risk stratification of renal damage induced by tenofovir.
Clinical characteristics of patients with cerebellar ataxia associated with anti-GAD antibodies
Authors: Aguiar Tiago Silva , Fragoso Andrea , Albuquerque Carolina Rouanet de , Teixeira Patrícia de Fátima , Souza Marcus Vinícius Leitão de , Zajdenverg Lenita , Alves-Leon Soniza Vieira , Rodacki Melanie , Lima Marco Antônio Sales Dantas de
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT The enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), present in GABAergic neurons and in pancreatic beta cells, catalyzes the conversion of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The cerebellum is highly susceptible to immune-mediated mechanisms, with the potentially treatable autoimmune cerebellar ataxia associated with the GAD antibody (CA-GAD-ab) being a rare, albeit increasingly detected condition. Few cases of CA-GAD-ab have been described. Methods This retrospective and descriptive study evaluated the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with CA-GAD-ab. Result Three patients with cerebellar ataxia, high GAD-ab titers and autoimmune endocrine disease were identified. Patients 1 and 2 had classic stiff person syndrome and insidious-onset cerebellar ataxia, while Patient 3 had pure cerebellar ataxia with subacute onset. Patients received intravenous immunoglobulin therapy with no response in Patients 1 and 3 and partial recovery in Patient 2. Conclusion CA-GAD-ab is rare and its clinical presentation may hamper diagnosis. Clinicians should be able to recognize this potentially treatable autoimmune cerebellar ataxia.
Validation of the Frenchay activity index on stroke victims
Authors: Monteiro Maiana , Maso Iara , Sasaki Adriana Campos , Barreto Neto Nestor , Oliveira Filho Jamary , Pinto Elen Beatriz
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate the inter-rater reliability and predictive validity of the Frenchay Activities Index (FAI) in patients after stroke. Methods One hundred sixty-one patients were selected for consecutive application of the FAI and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). Spearman’s test was used for correlation between different scales. The FAI and NIHSS association was evaluated using ordinal logistic regression. Additionally, 36 patients underwent FAI rating on the same day by two independent evaluators. Results A negative correlation between the FAI and the NIHSS scores (p = 0.017 r = -0.22) was found. Adjusting all variables with possible association with the NIHSS, ordinal logistic regression showed that the FAI had a significant association with NIHSS scores (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.87 to 0.99, p: 0.033). The inter-rater agreement was considered good, k = 0.66 (0.54 to 0.78), p < 0.001. Conclusions The FAI is a valid and useful method to assess instrumental activities before acute stroke in a Brazilian population.
Factors associated with user satisfaction regarding treatment offered in Brazilian primary health care
Authors: Protasio Ane Polline Lacerda , Gomes Luciano Bezerra , Machado Liliane dos Santos , Valença Ana Maria Gondim
Published: March 2017

Abstract: The Program for Access and Quality Improvement in Primary Care (PMAQ-AB) aimed to improve healthcare public service quality. The purpose of this study was to identify the main factors that influence user satisfaction in Brazilian primary health care services. This research was carried out using secondary data from the first cycle of the PMAQ-AB. A cluster analysis was carried out to find the dependent variable of user satisfaction; and logistic regression was applied in order to obtain the decision model. From the resulting regression model, two factors can be highlighted as regards influencing user satisfaction in Brazil: the user's perception that the team did not attempt to address their needs/problems within the health unit; and the user not feeling respected by the professionals in relation to cultural habits, customs, and religion or only sometimes feeling so. This study revealed the importance of continued commitment of teams and managers to improving care access, meeting user needs, and improving organizational aspects and the health professional-user relationship.
Teorias da Dislexia: Sustentação com Base nas Alterações Perceptuais Auditivas
Authors: Prestes Marta Regueira Dias , Feitosa Maria Angela Guimarães
Published: March 2017

RESUMO Este estudo teve por objetivo examinar teorias contemporâneas da dislexia, com base nos achados sobre as alterações no processamento auditivo e na percepção de fala em disléxicos. A sustentação das teorias fonológica, alofônica e do déficit auditivo é discutida a partir dos achados sobre essas alterações perceptuais. É proposto um novo modelo teórico, segundo o qual a dislexia é um distúrbio multifatorial, com uma gama de sintomas comportamentais associados. O déficit apresentado pelos disléxicos é em parte linguístico, como enunciado na teoria fonológica, e em parte causado pela alteração perceptual auditiva, como prevê a teoria do déficit auditivo. Ambos os fatores interagem e são indissociáveis na explicação da sintomatologia observada no transtorno de leitura e escrita.
Reproductive behavior of crossbred dairy cows grazing an intensive silvopastoral system under tropical dry forest conditions
Authors: Sierra-Montoya E. , Barahona-Rosales R. , Ruiz-Cortés Z.T.
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT It is widely accepted that selection for high milk yield in dairy cows has negatively affected their reproductive performance. After calving, dairy cows experience a nutritional imbalance due to an asynchrony in the occurrence of the lactation and dry matter intake peaks. In the tropics, this situation is exacerbated due to poor quality and/ or availability of the diet. A study was carried out to describe the nutritional and reproductive behavior of two-to-four parturition crossbred cows (Gyr (Bos indicus) x Holstein (Bos taurus)) divided in two groups according to their calving to first service interval (CFSI): Group 1: ≤50 days CFSI, n=7; Group 2: ≥50 days CFSI, n=8. Animals were grazing in an intensive silvopastoral system (ISS) based on Leucaena leucocephala and Cynodon plectostachyus and also received protein, energy and mineral supplementation. Dry matter (DMI) and nutrient intake were individually estimated and correlations between reproductive and nutritional parameters were performed. Additionally, serum progesterone concentration was monitored. Group 2 had greater forage and total DMI and milk production than Group 1 (P<0.05). Hence, Group 2 had greater nutrient intake from forages than Group 1 (P<0.05). Group 1 had a positive nutritional balance and an optimum reproductive performance compared to Group 2, which had a negative energy balance and lengthier days with open intervals (P<0.05). It was corroborated that protein and energy are required in adequate levels, to ensure that uterus undergoes involution correctly and ovarian activity starts soon in the postpartum period.
Estimulação elétrica transcutânea diafragmática pela corrente russa em portadores de DPOC
Authors: Martinelli Bruno , Santos Ieda Papille dos , Barrile Silvia Regina , Iwamoto Helen Cristina Tiemi , Gimenes Camila , Rosa Deborah Maciel Cavalcanti
Published: March 2017

RESUMO A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) ocasiona prejuízos na mecânica pulmonar, interferindo na atuação, mobilidade e conformidade do diafragma. A estimulação elétrica diafragmática tradicional é capaz de gerar benefícios ao pneumopata; poderia a corrente russa ser outra opção? Objetivou-se identificar as alterações após estimulação diafragmática elétrica transcutânea pela corrente russa em indivíduos portadores de DPOC. Trata-se de estudo prospectivo, quase experimental, com os seguintes critérios de inclusão: estabilidade medicamentosa, cessação tabágica, DPOC grau III e IV e manutenção do estilo de vida. Foram avaliadas medidas antropométricas, respiratórias e funcionais. A estimulação diafragmática se deu pelo Endophasys R ET 9701 por quatro meses, duas vezes por semana, com 30 sessões. O tempo de terapia e frequência para cada sessão foram: 18 min. (20 a 30 Hz) e 12 min. (70 a 100 Hz), respectivamente. Para análise dos dados foi aplicado teste “t” de Student (p<0,05). Participaram do tratamento 13 DPOC, sendo 11 (84,6%) do sexo masculino, todos brancos com idade de 68,46±11,11 anos e carga tabágica de 74,03±56,2 maços-ano. Ao final da intervenção houve mudanças no: volume minuto de 14,47±4,72 para 13,03±4,00 L/min.; índice BODE de 3,92±2,10 para 3,23±1,87; e distância no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6) de 336±76,36 para 402,76±51,29 m. Concluiu-se que a estimulação elétrica diafragmática por meio da corrente russa promove benefícios significativos ao portador de DPOC, proporcionando melhora respiratória e funcional.
Professional Learning Communities: A Strategy for School and System Improvement?
Authors: Harris Alma , Jones Michelle Suzette
Published: March 2017

The purpose of this article is to reflect upon a large-scale investment in professional learning communities, as a strategy for school and system improvement, in Wales. The article draws upon the international research evidence about professional learning communities and considers issues
of definition and impact. It also charts and reflects upon the progress of a system-wide approach to developing professional learning communities at scale. The article highlights that first, under the right conditions, professional learning communities have the potential to build professional
capital. Secondly, it reinforces the need for rigorous and sustained implementation if a lasting impact is to be achieved. The article offers insights and reflections upon a significant investment in professional learning communities, in Wales, as a strategy for school and system improvement.
Supporting the Implementation of the Foundation Phase through Effective Professional Development
Authors: Kingston Denise , Siraj Iram
Published: March 2017

There is a growing evidence base linked to high quality and effective practice which supports and enhances children's outcomes (socio-emotional and cognitive development) in Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC, 0–8 year olds). It includes the recognition of important aspects
of quality, its measurement and the characteristics of effective educators. More specifically, new understandings about the practices and pedagogies which make a real difference to children's outcomes are emerging, including the importance of relational and intentional pedagogies and the educators'
engagement with and promotion of sustained shared thinking (SST) within their classrooms/settings. The extant literature, together with a growing but still developing discourse around effective professional development (PD), could usefully inform future directions within the sector in Wales,
and support the successful implementation of the Foundation Phase (3–7 year olds).
Hypertensive urgency or high blood pressure variability?
Authors: Rodionov A V
Published: March 2017

Hypertensive urgency (HU) is a common reason particularly for elderly patients to seek medical advice. Severe asymptomatic hypertension and situational high blood pressure (BP) in patients with its high variability is frequently taken as HU. The use of short-acting antihypertensive drugs is not only indicated in these situations, but it may also increase the risk of cardiovascular events (CVE). Over the past decade, increased BP variability is an independent predictor for a higher risk of CVE. Among the major groups of antihypertensive drugs, there are calcium antagonists, mainly amlodipine, which has the greatest potential to reduce BP variability. Thus, calcium antagonists can be considered as first-line drugs for patients with high BP variability.
Developments in the production of economics PhDs at four research-intensive universities in South Africa
Authors: De Jager Phillip , Frick Liezel , Van der Spuy Pieter
Published: March 2017

There is a national drive to increase PhD production, yet we know little about how this imperative takes shape within different disciplines. We therefore set out to explore recent developments and the current status of the PhD in economics at four South African research-intensive universities. A data set of all economics PhDs produced in these commerce faculties during the period 2008–2014 was analysed to determine whether the departments of economics responded to the call for increased doctoral production, and the role the PhD by publication might have played in the process. How an increase in quantity might influence doctoral education in the respective academic departments was also considered by supplementing the quantitative data with perspectives from heads of department at the four institutions. The notable increase in doctoral production over the time period studied shows that national and international trends have influenced doctoral education in economics departments within South African research-intensive universities. Increased usage of the PhD by publication has implications for policy and pedagogical practice within these departments, especially as there seems to be limited available supervisory capacity. Other changes in departmental practices, such as the entrenchment of a research culture and the promotion of collaborative research amongst students and staff, also contributed to maintain quality in doctoral education.

Significance: 

A substantial increase in the quantity of economics PhDs produced was accompanied by an unexpected increase in quality.
The increase in quality related to management changes, including a move to the PhD by publication, increased attention to ensuring the quality of students allowed entry to PhD programmes, facilitation of full-time doctoral studies through funding arrangements, and the appointment of international faculty with a research orientation.

Data set: http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/4pmck8nhvn.1
Workplace Bullying in Higher Education: The Misunderstood Academicus
Authors: Young Kathleen Z.
Published: March 2017

Bullying in academia is systemic, harmful, and hardwired into the organizational structure of higher education. Although relatively overlooked, the rates of bullying in higher education appear higher than workplace bullying associated with the corporate world. This paper reviews the literature on bullying in academia, the conditions that allow for bullying to persist, and the serious consequences for both individuals and the university. The paper ends with discussion of practical remedies, areas that need more research, and future implications.
Contraceptive awareness and practices in women of urban India
Authors: Upadhye Jayshree J. , Upadhye Jayant V.
Published: March 2017

Background: With the efforts from government and increase in the literacy of women, awareness about contraceptive methods is increased. The objective of the study was to analyse contraceptive awareness and practices in women and to find out the source of information and reason for non-use of contraception.Methods: In a cross-sectional study 400 women were interviewed from July to December 2016.Results: In our study, majority (43.5 %) of women were between 26-30 years of age followed by women between 22-25 years of age (26.5 %). 92.5% of women were aware of one or other method of contraception. But only 42.5% were practicing contraception. Maximum awareness was about tubectomy (90.5%) followed by CuT (87.5%), Condom 50%, O.C. pills 12.5%, Safe period 5% and injectables 2.5%. Most common method used in our study group was condom (20%) followed by tubectomy 12.5%, CuT 7.5%, O.C. Pills 1.5%, Injectable contraceptive and safe period 0.5% each. 37.5 % woman got information from radio or newspaper, 30 % from hospital doctor, 25 % from friends or relatives, 7.5 % had no information. 100% women were literate, 70% had education till high school, 30% were graduate or postgraduate. In our study, 52.5% had no reason for non-use of contraception.25% were not using due to myths or fears while 22.5% were not using due to family pressure.Conclusions: We concluded that awareness about contraceptive methods is quite high but acceptance is quite low. Condom is the most common method used.
Analysis of outcome of diabetic foot ulcer following topical phenytoin and betadine use: a comparative study
Authors: Azeez Arshad , Venkatesh N. S. , Shivakumar T.
Published: March 2017

Background: Diabetic ulcer is the major cause of morbidity and excess hospital care cost for the patients with diabetes and most frequent reason for hospitalization in patients. Diabetic foot ulcers precede almost 85% of amputations in India. Though there are many modes for care of the wound, treating diabetic wounds are still an enormous problem. Aim of the study was to analyse the outcome of topical phenytoin dressing as compared to conventional wound dressing in diabetic ulcers and thus to know if phenytoin is a better and cheaper alternative option in the management of diabetic ulcersMethods: A sample of 90 patients were selected using purposive sampling technique. Of which 45 underwent topical phenytoin dressings, remaining 45 underwent conventional wound care. Daily dressing was done for 14 days and then was subjected to split skin grafting. The variables were compared based on rate of granulation tissue formation, graft uptake & duration of hospital stay. The categorical variable was compared by chi square test and continuous variable by student t-test. A p value <0.05 was considered significant.Results: In Phenytoin group, mean rate of granulation tissue formation was 92.51%. Mean graft up-take was 92.98% and mean hospital stay was 35.68 days. In Conventional group, mean rate of granulation formation was 83.31%. The Mean graft up-take was only 78.09%, mean hospital stay was 47.31 days.Conclusions: Topical phenytoin helps in faster healing of the diabetic ulcer and better graft up-take and reduces hospital stay.
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in young adults: a study from North India
Authors: Chandey Manish , Kaur Sukhjeet , Kaur Harjot
Published: March 2017

Background: Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors for CVD and is on rise globally as well as in india.Methods: This was a population based study conducted on 356 individuals of the age of 16-45 years, attending Medicine OPD for routine check-up at Sri guru ram das institute of medical sciences and research. Participants were subjected for anthropometric measurements, complete physical examination and evaluation of biochemical parameters in context of metabolic syndrome.Results: On applying, NCEP-ATPIII criteria, the prevalence of MS was found to be 22.47%. The prevalence of MS was comparable in both genders, though MS was significantly higher in females of 36-45 years age group (25.64%). About 82% of the participants were either overweight or obese.Conclusions: Since obesity was the most common entity prevalent and a major risk factor for MS and CVD, early detection and lifestyle modifications to prevent obesity and dyslipidemia should be promoted at all levels in community.
Effect of L-carnitine supplementation on inflammatory marker of coronary artery disease
Authors: Singhai Abhishek , Yadav Vishal , Jha Rajesh Kumar
Published: March 2017

Background: L-carnitine (LC) might have the potential to control inflammation by reduction of major inflammatory cytokines, including CRP.  Therefore, this study was planned to investigate the effect of LC supplementation on CRP levels in CAD patients.Methods: 50 subjects comprised placebo group who received standard line of treatment for coronary artery disease while other 50 subjects comprised LC group who received 1000 mg of LC daily apart from standard treatment for 12 weeks. CRP levels were measured at baseline and again after 12 weeks of treatment in all subjects.Results: The participants in the LC group had significantly lower levels of CRP after 12 weeks of supplementation with LC, than at baseline (p<0.01).Conclusions: We suggest that LC supplementation, due to its antioxidant effects, have potential utility to reduce inflammation in CAD.
Prevalence of overweight and obesity among high school girls in Ardabil, Iran
Authors: Fattahzadeh-Ardalani Ghasem , Masoumi Rahim , Amani Firouz , Zakeri Anahita
Published: March 2017

Background: Overweight and obesity and its problems are the most important health and nutrition issues of adolescents in developed countries. This study aimed to determine prevalence of overweight and obesity among high school girls in Ardabil.Methods: As a cross sectional study height, weight, waist circumference and hip circumference were measured. BMI and WHR were used to assess the overweight and obesity. Data analysed by statistical methods in SPSS.19.Results: The mean age of students was 16.6±1.1 years.  0.25 of students were in age 16.  According to BMI, 8.8% of all students have overweight. According to the WHR, 72 (35.1%) had WHR >0.8 which were in unhealthy high risk group.Conclusions: Results showed that the rate of overweight and obesity in high school girls in Ardabil was lower than many studies in country. So, programming for rising their knowledge about obesity related factors and increasing their physical activity and modify feeding behaviour is essential.
Mechanism of coping in patients of alcohol dependence and its correlation with anxiety, depressive symptoms
Authors: Bharati Anup S. , Matcheswalla Y. A. , Umate Maithili S. , Jaiswal Suyog
Published: March 2017

Background: Alcohol use disorder is a common and challenging problem in India. In various studies the prevalence of co-morbid psychopathologies ranges from 15-70% including depression & anxiety disorders. Coping mechanisms of individual play vital role in case of developing alcohol dependence and various psychopathologies. A complex interaction of psychopathologies, coping skills, and alcohol use can influence the outcome of alcohol dependence. This study was undertaken with the aim of studying coping mechanism along with anxiety, depressive symptoms and their correlation in patients of alcohol dependence.Methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted in a tertiary government hospital. Institutional ethics committee approval obtained. 152 patients with the diagnosis of alcohol dependence (DSM IV TR) were screened for inclusion and exclusion criteria, out of which 60 patients were enrolled after taking written informed consent. Following scales were used for the study, mechanisms of coping scale (MOCS), Hamilton anxiety rating scale (HAM-A), Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scale (MADRS).Results: 32 patients had HAM-A score >17 suggestive of anxiety, similarly 40 patients had MADRS score >7 indicating depression. Problem focussed coping mechanism such as problem solving is associated with better outcome in terms of lesser anxiety and later age of first drink as well as developing dependence. Passivity, which is an emotion focussed coping mechanism, is associated with earlier first drink and higher depression score in patient suggesting poor outcome.Conclusions: Coping skills training should be incorporated in abstinence focused programs. Co-morbid psychopathologies like anxiety and depression are common in alcohol dependence individuals and thus, screening for these symptoms is essential for early interventions and better outcomes.
A study on effect of strain-counterstrain in plantar fasciitis
Authors: Pawar Pournima A. , Tople Ruchi U. , Yeole Ujwal L. , Gharote Gaurai M. , Panse Rasika B. , Kulkarni Shweta A.
Published: March 2017

Background: Bipedal locomotion is a unique feature of human beings and has the advantage of upright mobility. Hence, foot becomes the most important weight loading structure and gets the maximum pressure per unit area. Plantar fasciitis is a painful inflammatory process of the plantar fascia, the connective tissue on the sole of the foot. Thus a study was conducted to determine the effect of strain-counterstrain in plantar fasciitis.Methods: 30 individuals aged between 18-35 years both male and female with plantar fasciitis were recruited for the study. The patients were treated for a period of 7 days using the technique of strain-counterstrain. Pre-intervention and post-intervention scores of Plantar Fasciitis Pain and Disability scale were assessed and were analysed using unpaired t-test and repeated ANOVA.Results: There was equal distribution of occurrence of plantar fasciitis among both the genders out of the population of study.  A significant difference was noted between the pre and post interventional measure of a type of manual therapy called strain-counterstrain (p<0.0001). The difference between pre intervention and after third day intervention did not show much of a difference. However after fifth day a considerable difference was noted (p <0.0001).  It was noted that limited dorsiflexion improved after one week of interventional measure of strain-counterstrain (p <0.0001).Conclusions: The technique of strain-counterstrain which is a type of manual therapy is effective in patients affected by plantar fasciitis. It also showed an improvement in the limited ankle dorsiflexion range.
Psychiatric morbidity, quality of life and marital satisfaction among spouse of men with opioid dependence syndrome: a study from North India
Authors: Soni Ruchi , Upadhyay Ritesh , Meena Parth Singh , Jain Mahendra
Published: March 2017

Background: Opioid dependence syndrome has deleterious consequences not only on addict but also on the members of family especially his spouse who is most vulnerable to develop significant psychiatric disorder given the intimate nature of their relationship. Addressing these issues will be beneficial as spouses are important source of moral support and assistance to the substance user’s quest toward abstinence.Methods: For psychiatric morbidity, 100 spouses of men with opioid dependence syndrome were evaluated. Severity of opioid dependence in the husbands was assessed using severity of opioid dependence questioner (SODQ). Quality of life and marital satisfaction was assessed using short form health survey 36 (SF 36) and marital satisfaction scale (MSS) respectively.Results: Data analysis reveals that 33% of spouses had a psychiatric disorder. Primarily mood and anxiety disorder was present in 22% and 9% of subjects respectively. Highly significant difference existed between cases and controls in terms of marital satisfaction (p = 0.0001) and quality of life (p≤0.05) indicating low marital satisfaction and poor quality of life in spouses of opioid dependent individuals.Conclusions: Psychological distress and psychiatric morbidity in spouses of opioid dependent men is high, with poor quality of marital life and marital satisfaction being low. Hence, interventions that aim at allaying their distress and improving their mental health can improve the condition of the substance user and contribute to a better outcome of substance abuse treatment.
Creativity, Community, & Growth: A Social Geography of Urban Craft Beer
Authors: Reid Neil , Gatrell Jay D.
Published: March 2017

To better understand the non-economic drivers of growth in emerging industries, this paper examines the craft beer industry.  Specifically, the paper will review two examples—the Black Cloister Brewing Company in Toledo, OH and 3rd Turn Brewery, Louisville, KY—to understand how the values of entrepreneurs and local firms that are situated at the nexus of work, place, and creativity promote growth.  Further, the paper will consider the socio-cultural meaning of creativity relative to the craft beer industry and the many ways in which the concept of innovation traditionally used by economic geographers to understand growth can be better understood within the context of creativity in some industries.  In doing so, the paper represents a conceptual shift away from innovation towards creativity, as well as community.