bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling the terrestrial nitrogen and phosphorus cycle in the UVic ESCM version 2.10
Authors: De Sisto Makcim L. , MacDougall Andrew H. , Mengis Nadine , Antoniello Sophia
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Nitrogen and phosphorus biogeochemical dynamics are crucial for the regulation of the terrestrial carbon cycle. In Earth System Models (ESMs) the implementation of nutrient limitations has been shown to improve the carbon cycle feedback representation and hence, improve the fidelity of the response of land to simulated atmospheric CO2 rise. Here we aimed to implement a terrestrial nitrogen and phosphorus cycle in an Earth system model of intermediate complexity to improve projections of the future CO2 fertilization feedbacks. The nitrogen cycle is an improved version of the Wania et al. (2012) Nitrogen (N) module, with enforcement of N mass conservation and the merger with a deep land-surface and wetland module that allows for the estimation of N2O and NO fluxes. The N cycle module estimates fluxes from three organic (litter, soil organic matter and vegetation) and two inorganic (NH4+ and NO3-) pools, accounts for inputs from biological nitrogen fixation and N deposition. The P cycle module contains the same organic pools with one inorganic P pool, it estimates influx of P from rock weathering and losses from leaching and occlusion. Two historical simulations are carried for the different nutrient limitation setups of the model: carbon and nitrogen (CN) and carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus (CNP), with a baseline carbon only simulation. The improved N cycle module now conserves mass and the added fluxes (NO and N2O), along with the N and P pools are within the range of other studies and literature. The implementation of nutrient limitation resulted in a reduction of GPP from the Carbon-Nitrogen (133 Pg yr-1) and Carbon-Nitrogen-Phosphorus (129 Pg yr-1) simulations by the year 2020, which implies that the model efficiently represents a nutrient limitation over the CO2 fertilization effect. CNP simulation resulted in a reduction of 10 % of the mean GPP and a reduction of 23 % of the vegetation biomass compared to baseline C simulation. These results are in better agreement with observations, particularly in tropical regions where P limitation is known to be important. In summary, the implementation of the nitrogen and phosphorus cycle have successfully enforced a nutrient limitation in the terrestrial system, which now have reduced the primary productivity and the capacity of land to uptake atmospheric carbon better matching observations.
A satellite lightning observation operator for storm-scale numerical weather prediction
Authors: Combarnous Pauline , Erdmann Felix , Caumont Olivier , Defer Éric , Martet Maud
Published: September 2022

Abstract. This study aims at simulating satellite-measured lightning observations with numerical weather prediction (NWP) system variables. A total of eight parameters, calculated with the AROME-France NWP system variables, were selected from a literature review to be used as proxies for satellite lightning observations. Two different proxy types emerged from this literature review: microphysical and dynamical proxies. Here, we investigate which ones are best related to satellite lightning and calibrate an empirical relationship between the best parameters and lightning data. To obtain those relationships, we fit machine learning regression models to our data. In this study, pseudo flash extent accumulation (FEA) observations are used because no actual geostationary lightning observations are available yet over France, and non-geostationary satellite lightning data represent a sample that is too small for our study. The performances of each proxy and machine learning regression model are evaluated by computing fractions skill scores (FSSs) with respect to observed FEA and proxy-based FEA. The present study suggests that microphysical proxies are more suited than the dynamical ones to model satellite lightning observations with the AROME-France NWP system. The performances of multivariate regression models are also evaluated by combining several proxies after a feature selection based on a principal component analysis and a proxy correlation study, but no proxy combination yielded better results than microphysical proxies alone. Finally, different accumulation periods of the FEA had little influence, i.e. similar FSS, on the regression model's ability to reproduce the observed FEA. In future studies, the microphysical-based relationship will be used as an observation operator to perform satellite lightning data assimilation in storm-scale NWP systems and applied to NWP forecasts to simulate satellite lightning data.
Exploring the Mysteries of Babylonian Astronomy with Maple
Authors: MacDougal Douglas
Published: September 2022

Modern scholarship asserts that the Babylonians were able to determine the synodic periods (discussed below) of the outer planets with exceptional accuracy. We experimented with a simple Maple mathematical software model to see if we could mathematically re-create the synodic cycles of Mars determined by Babylonian astronomers starting from around 400 BC. We sought first to understand whether unique planetary cycles known as Goal-Year periods which the Babylonians gleaned from centuries of observation were mathematically inevitable. We wanted to determine their accuracy quantitatively and find out if other plausible Goal-Year choices were available to them. The Babylonians also invented a method of using Goal-Years in error-canceling combinations to create long-term ‘exact’ periods that markedly improved the accuracy of their planetary predictions for centuries ahead. We tested whether the mathematical method surmised by scholars made sense in terms of our own program and whether we could replicate it. This paper is a report on the success of those efforts.
Symbolic Analysis of Linear Amplifiers with Multi-Loop Feedbacks in Interacting Programs Maple and FASTMEAN
Authors: Yurova Valentina  , Filin Vladimir
Published: September 2022

A technique of interaction of computer programs for symbolic analysis of complex electronic circuits with amplifying elements is proposed. FASTMEAN simulation program, used in the universities of telecommunications in Russia, has a symbolic analysis module and is capable of generating analytical expressions for Laplace images of a circuit determinant, currents and voltages in complex electronic circuits. However, the obtained expressions have a nested (folded) structure, which makes it difficult to analyze the influence of elements on the properties of a circuit with amplifiers and feedbacks, in particular on its stability. It is proposed to transfer the obtained expressions to  Maplе program for their structural transformation and mathematical processing.                       .          Amplifiers with local, common and crossed feedbacks are considered. The analysis of such circuits in Maple shows that an expression for the circuit determinant in the form of the products of the loop gain functions is a sign of the presence of several feedback loops in the circuit.
Two-Eyed Seeing
Authors: Jungic Veselin
Published: September 2022

Elder Albert Marshal of the Mi’kmaw Nation describes “two-eyed seeing” as the ability to see with the strength of Indigenous knowledge from one eye while seeing with the strength of Western knowledge from the other.  This dual perspective can be applied to many aspects of life, including mathematics.

In this article, through a series of examples, I will explore the concept of “two-eyed seeing” related to traditional knowledge and mathematical knowledge.
Young Generation and Hoax Danger in The Middle of The Community
Authors: Daud Rosy Febriani , Khairunnisa Khairunnisa
Published: September 2022

Currently, hoax news is easily spread on social media in seconds. Various kinds of Social Media that exist in cyberspace today, namely Facebook, Instagram, Line, Whatsaap, Telegram, Mechat, Hago, and others, can make it very easy for us to access news or get information compared to us getting information from print media such as newspapers, magazines, Tabloids and so on. The impact on society is very harmful, even severe. Hoax thrives on Social Media, sometimes, we can't prevent it. Fighting deceptions is part of the effort to provide education during the current Covid-19 outbreak. The younger generation can carry out simple socialization through education about hoaxes and start from the surrounding environment, namely family, colleagues, and neighbors. Especially now that almost all people in Indonesia use social media in the form of Whatsapp to facilitate the spread of hoax news. The hoax phenomenon is no longer a strange thing in Indonesia. The danger of hoax news makes people restless and anxious because the information received is not known for its truth or accuracy. Due to the rapid growth of communication technology, it can make hoaxes circulate quickly in seconds in the community through social media.
The lndicators of the extemal debt of lraq after 2003 according to the visions of the international Monetary fund and the world Bank
Authors: Shinjar AbdulKareem Jabar , Al-Ziyadi Marwa Razak Saud
Published: September 2022

Based on the Economic shocks that the Iraqi economy was exposed to as a result of Low Oil revenues ‚The Federal government has taken the Approach of resorting to External Borrowing First and then internal loans to Bridge the Deficit in its Federal Budget ‚ and many people interested in Economic affairs Gather the risk of these Loans on The performance of The Iraqi Economy ‚ When They reach Indicators of Debt Burdens critical Thresholds with Respect To indicators of Ability To pay or Liquidity. The research Deals with the Level of These Indicators According to Those Thresholds set By the World Bank ‚its Primary Development Corporation and The International Monetary Fund ‚And This was Done at the level of External and Internal Loans and public Debt. It Has been Found that Iraq is still within The thresholds at The level of External And internal Loans ‚ while it has Reached the level of risk at the level of Public Dept
THE DYNAMIC ROLE OF TRUST TOWARDS AUGMENTING TEAM EFFECTIVENESS AND PRODUCTIVITY
Authors:   Department of Leadership and Management Studies, National Defence University Islamabad Pakistan, Zia-ur-Rehman Muhammad , Khalil Hira ,   National Defence University Islamabad Pakistan, Ramay Muhammad Ismael ,   National Defence University Islamabad Pakistan
Published: September 2022

Modern competitive environment demands that the level of adaptability and flexibility in the organizations be increased. An increasing number of organizations have tried to explore trust and team effectiveness as a mean of achieving organizational desired outputs. In this paper we have proposed a model of trust and team effectiveness that may contribute to increase productivity of organizations. Although current study only focused on two factors to increase productivity, however a modification and addition to this may be necessary. Research results show significance relationship between three variables studied. All our hypothesis were approved and they show that trust add to team effectiveness and organizational productivity. The research also offers set of future perspectives of increasing productivity as well. Key words: (Productivity, Trust, Team Effectiveness, Commitment, Cohesion)
A CORPUS-BASED ANALYSIS OF INTERPERSONAL PERSUASIVE WRITING SKILLS OF PAKISTANI ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS
Authors:   University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, Gill Ayesha Asghar , Kausar Ghazala ,   National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad Pakistan, Haider Shahbaz ,   Department of English, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Published: September 2022

Persuasive writing skills empower English Language Learners (ELLs) to produce, evaluate, and understand ethical, professional, and political discourse. The appraisal system provides lexical and grammatical uses in each stage and phase of argumentative writing to develop prosodies required to construct an authorial voice and enable a writer to confront diverse viewpoints to build a convincing argument and build solidarity with readers. This work investigates the uses of appraisal system choices according to each phase of the argumentative genre schematic structure to achieve persuasion in fifty Pakistani argumentative essays drawn from the International Corpus of Learners English (ICLE). The findings reveal that most undergraduate Pakistani English Learners inappropriately utilized appraisal language choices regarding stage and phase requirements which undermined the persuasiveness of Pakistani learners' arguments. It is likely to deduce that this work can explicitly assist the English language teaching and learning community using evaluative writing skills central to persuasive written discourse. Keywords: Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), Analytical Argumentative Essay Writing, Persuasive Language Patterns, Argumentative Genre Model, Appraisal Theory
Effect of Compensation Policy on Employee Performance in Ekiti State
Authors: F.O. Ogbogu , O.C. Sadamoro
Published: September 2022

The study looked at the relationship between compensation policy and employee performance in Ado Local Government Area in Ekiti State. The study's goals were to examine the impact of promotion on employee performance, evaluate the impact of salary increases on employee performance, and analyze the extent to which recognition influences employee performance. When it came to safety management, a questionnaire was employed to collect data from the employees. The study's population and sample size were 350 people. Various sampling approaches were used. Because of the nature of the task, the study employed a survey research approach. The study included both primary and secondary data sources. The collected questionnaire was analyzed using correlation analysis. The study discovered that promotion had a considerable impact on employee performance based on the studies conducted. According to the survey, dedicated employees should have their salaries increased once in a while to indicate that their efforts are appreciated.
Karakteristik Gugatan Perdata dalam Tindak Pidana Korupsi di Indonesia
Authors: Kiki Kristanto  , John Terson  , Ronaldi Ronaldi
Published: September 2022

Salah satu cara pengembalian kerugian keuangan negara akibat tindak pidana korupsi adalah melalui upaya perdata. Tujuan penelitian ialah mengkaji karakteristik gugatan perdata dalam perkara tindak pidana korupsi. Jenis penelitian ini ialah penelitian hukum dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa gugatan perdata dimaksudkan untuk memaksimalkan pengembalian keuangan negara, karena upaya pidana tidak selalu berhasil mengembalikan keseluruhan kerugian keuangan negara. Gugatan perdata untuk tindak pidana korupsi dengan dilakukan setelah upaya pidana tidak dimungkinkan lagi untuk diproses karena dihadapkan pada kondisi-kondisi tertentu. Meskipun terdakwa diputus bebas atau meninggal dunia, manakala telah terjadi kerugian keuangan negara, maka Jaksa Pengacara Negara atau instansi yang dirugikan dapat mengajukan gugatanperdata. Karakteristik spesifik gugatan perdata diajukan setelah upaya pidana tidak memungkinkan lagi dilakukan. Sehingga untuk memaksimalkan pengembalian keuangan negara, maka tidak ada pilihan lain negara harus terus-menerus menggalakkan upaya hukum secara perdata.
Perjanjian Jual Beli Tanah: Eksistensi Camat sebagai Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah Sementara
Authors: Ariani Yestati  , Joanita  Jalianery
Published: September 2022

Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui tanggung jawab camat sebagai PPAT sementara dalam perjanjian jual beli tanah di kecamatan Kahayan Tengah dan Jabiren Raya, dan untuk mengetahui Hambatan apa saja yang dihadapi camat dalam menjalankan tugas dan fungsinya sebagai PPATS di kecamatan Kahayan Tengah dan Jabiren Raya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode Penelitian Hukum Empirik atau Penelitian Hukum Sosiologis. Hasil penelitian yaitu Camat sebagai PPATS bertanggung jawab secara formil dan materiil atas Akta Jual Beli yang dibuatnya, termasuk pertanggungjawaban hukum dalam Akta Jual Beli yang dibuatnya; Hambatan yang dialami camat sebagai PPATS antara lain banyaknya tanah di kecamatan kahayan tengah dan Jabiren Raya yang asal-usulnya tidak memiliki bukti tertulis, dan profesi camat yang sering berpindah akan tetapi jabatan PPATS yang berlaku untuk satu wilayah, tidak berlaku saat camat berpindah tugas ke daerah lain. Kesimpulan penelitian yakni tanggung Jawab Camat sebagai PPAT Sementara adalah sama dengan tanggung jawab PPAT biasa yakni formil dan materil. Kendala- kendala yang dihadapi camat bersifat internal dan eksternal, yakni tanah yang asal-usulnya tidak memiliki bukti yang jelas dan dalam bentuk tertulis dan keengganan Camat untuk menjadi PPAT Sementara
Penundaan Eksekusi: Tinjauan Yuridis Kekuasaan Kehakiman
Authors: Januardy Ivans
Published: September 2022

Pelaksanaan putusan pengadilan yang telah berkekuatan hukum tetap dan dapat dilakukan secara paksa, menunjukkan bahwa pihak yang tereksekusi berada dalam kondisi “keberatan” atas eksekusi yang diberlakukan terhadapnya. Keberatan tersebut adakalanya dinyatakan dalam bentuk tindakan perlawanan, yang diarahkan agar eksekusi dapat ditunda. Masalah yang diteliti, Pertama, Pasal 54 ayat (3) Undang-undang Nomor 48 Tahun 2009 tentang kekuasaan Kehakiman bersifat fungsional dengan hal penundaan eksekus?, kedua, Alasan-alasan yang menjadi pertimbangan dapat ditundanya suatu eksekusi/pelaksanaan putusan hakim yang telah mempunyai kekuatan hukum tetap? Penelitian ini merupakan penilitian normatif yang mendasarkan pada bahan hukum primer dan sekunder, yang berupa peraturan perundang-undangan dan literatur-literatur yang relevan dengan objek penelitian. Bahan hukum primer dan sekunder diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan. Analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah diskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa berdasarkan ketentuan Pasal 53 ayat (3) Undang-undang Nomor 48 Tahun 2009 tentang Kekuasaan Kehakiman, yang berbunyi, “putusan pengadilan dilaksanakan dengan memperhatikan nilai kemanusiaan dan keadilan”, sesungguhnya merupakan suatu celah yang dimanfaatkan oleh si tereksekusi untuk mengajukan permohonan penundaan eksekusi.
Planning toward sustainable food systems: An exploratory assessment of local U.S. food system plans
Authors: Karetny Jane , Hoy Casey , Usher Kareem , Clark Jill , Conroy Maria
Published: September 2022

National planning and health organizations agree that to achieve healthy and sustainable food systems, planners must balance goals across a spectrum of sustainability issues that include economic vitality, public health, ecological sustainability, social equity, and cultural diversity. This research is an assessment of government-adopted food system plans in the U.S. that examines which topics, across the three dimensions of sustainability (social, environmental, and economic), are included in local food system plans and conducts an exploratory analysis that asks whether the community capitals (built, cultural, social, financial, human, and natural) available in a community are associated with the content of food system plans. The research team first developed a Sustainable Food System Policy Index made up of 26 policy areas across the three dimensions that, in aggregate, define and operationalize sustainable food systems. With this index we evaluated a sample of 28 food system plans for inclusion of these policy impact areas. We then performed an exploratory regression analysis to examine whether the availability of community capitals was associated with the content of food system plans. Findings indicated that jurisdictions integrated a broad range of issues into their food system plans; however, there are certain issues across every dimension of sustainability that are much less frequently included in plans, such as strategies related to participation in decision-making, financial infrastructure, and the stewardship of natural resources. Regression analysis identified statistically significant linear relationships between particular capitals and the proportion of policy areas included in plans. In particular, higher metrics associated with poverty were associated with the inclusion of fewer policy areas and with a potentially narrower policy agenda. This study adds to the plan evaluation literature as one of the first attempts to document the content of a sample of U.S. food system plans through a sustainability lens, contributing to the knowledge of what types of issues are advanced by local food system plans and the policy implications of current gaps in planning agendas.
Frequency of Depression in Patients with Religious Inclination
Authors: Ullah Aman , Hassan Ghulam , Mazhar Nauman , Khan Haider
Published: September 2022

Objective: To assess the frequency of depression in patients with religious inclination. Materials & Methods: It was a cross sectional survey conducted in outpatients’ department of Psychiatry of Sughra Shafi Medical Complex, Narowal over the period of 6 months. Sample size of 160 cases is calculated having age 40 to 75 years with 95% confidence level, 6% margin of error and taking expected percentage of depression was as 17% in subjects with religious inclination. Non-probability consecutive sampling was used. Depression was assessed according to HADS scale for depressive disorder of any severity. Results: Frequency of depression in patients with religious inclination was recorded in 19.38% (n=31) while 80.62% (n=129) had no findings of the morbidity. Conclusion: However, in observation of the above, we concluded that the frequency of depression in religiously inclined participants is not higher and some other factors i.e. socioeconomic was considerably greater, it may be the associated factor of depression in our study, further research in this field is necessary to validate our findings. Keywords: Depression, morbidity, religious inclination, socioeconomic status
Analyze the Association of Depression and Anxiety in Patients with and without Pandemic Disease Covid-19
Authors: Hassan Ghulam , Mazhar Nauman
Published: September 2022

Objective: The purpose of this study is to compare the prevalence of depression and anxiety in people with and without COVID-19. Study Design: Cross-sectional Place and Duration: Sahara Medical College / Sughra Shafi Medical Complex Narowal. Feb-2021-Aug 2021 Methods: In this study, 178 cases of both sexes had age 15-55 years were presented. After obtaining written consent, the patient's complete demographic information—including age, sex, and BMI—was collected. Two groups of patients were split evenly. Group M contained 89 COVID-19 patients, while group N contained 89 cases but did not contain COVID-19. Both groups' rates of depression and anxiety were assessed. It was decided to use structural questionnaires. SPSS 18.0 was used to analyze all the data. Results: Among 178 cases, 104 (58.4%) were males and 74 (41.6%) were females. Majority of the cases 80 (44.9%) had age 18-30 years, 65 (36.5%) had age 31-40 years and 33 (18.5%) had age >40 years. 120 (67.4%) had BMI <25kg/m2 and 58 (33.6%) had BMI >25kg/m2. We found significantly higher number of depression 48 (53.9%), anxiety 30 (33.7%) and stress 19 (21.3%) in patients of group M as compared to group N found in 24 (26.9%), 18 (16.9%) and 11 (12.4%) with p value <0.005. Conclusion: In this study, we found that, in comparison to non-COVID 19 patients, COVID-19 patients typically experienced significant levels of anxiety and depression. Patients with medical conditions should learn methods for quick identification and treatment of depression and anxiety. Keywords: COVID-19, anxiety, depression, illness
Mindfulness and Psychological Distress in Medical Students: Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation
Authors: Qasim Nawal , Rana Hina , Ashraf Rabbia
Published: September 2022

The research was conducted to assess the medating role of emotion regulation mediate between mindfulness and psychological distress (depression, anxiety, stress). In the current study, correlation research design and purposive sampling was used to collect data from both public and private medical colleges. Sample was comprised of 216 participants (men; n=96; women; n= 120). Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (Brown & Ryan, 2003), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Gross & John, 2003), DASS 21 (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995) along with demographic information sheet were used to assess target study variables. Results were analyzed through SPSS 21. Result showed significant relationship among all variables. Emotion regulation found to play as a mediator role between mindfulness and psychological distress (anxiety). The results of this study help clinical psychologists to devise improved training programs and therapeutic interventions for medical students for minimizing the distress so that medical students become able to perform better in their academic activities. Keywords: Mindfulness; Emotion Regulation; Psychological Distress
Causes and Outcome of Children with Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding (LGIB) Presenting at Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Ali Yasir , Huma Shafqat , Dilshad Noman , Ullah Irfan , Khalid Muhammad , Watt James , Khan Zaibullah , Gul Farida , Farooq Hina , Khan Muhammad Ibrahim
Published: September 2022

Background: One of the most potentially fatal pediatric events is gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding children often have anemia, but determining the cause of the bleeding is crucial in developing a management plan. Objective: To assess the causes and outcome of children presenting with lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Methodology: The current study was prospective cross sectional study carried out at the pediatrics department of Fauji Foundation Hospital, Peshawar Cantt for duration of one year from June 2021 to July 2022. A total of 250 children with lower GI bleeding were enrolled in the current study. All the data was analyzed by IBM SPSS version 23. Results: In the current study, male children were 140 (56%) while female children were 110 (44%) with the mean age of 6.80 (± 1.50) years. The commonest complaint was abdominal pain in 105 (42%) patients whereas the commonest clinical observation was pallor observed amongst 115 (46%) patients. Juvenile colonic or rectal polyps were observed in 91 (36.4%) patients based on colonoscopy. Based on histo-pathological findings, polyps were observed in 93 (37.2%) patients, amongst whom 90 (96.77%) cases were Juvenile polyps and 3 (3.33%) cases were familial adenomatous polyposis. Conclusion: There are several underlying causes of lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB). Abdominal pain was a common symptom in children with LGIB while the most typical cause of LGIB in children was a juvenile polyp in our study. Colonoscopy is a safe and effective diagnostic and therapeutic technique for children with LGIB. Keywords: Children; Lower gastrointestinal bleeding; Causes; Outcomes
Insinuation of Extrapolative Factors of Diagnostic Importance in Breast Cancer Patients Experiencing Thyroid Dysfunction
Authors: Malik Samina , Arooj Mahwish , Waquar Sulayman , Shuja Naveed , Malik Arif
Published: September 2022

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy in women and now regarded as the commonest cancer overall. Over 2 million new cases were diagnosed in 2018, accounting for almost 25% of cancer cases among women. The main objective of the study is to find the insinuation of extrapolative factors of diagnostic importance in breast cancer patients experiencing thyroid dysfunction. Materials and methods: This correlational study was conducted on Jinnah Hospital patients with the permission of ethical committee of the hospital and consent of the patients. The data was collected from 88 cases and 50 controls. All the patients who had a definite diagnosis of BC along with, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), or thyroid cancer were included in this study. The study population was divided into three comparative groups: (1) controls (n = 50), (2) BC cases with hypothyroidism (n = 27), and (3) BC cases with hyperthyroidism (n = 61). Results: The mean age was 47.325±4.59 years for controls, 51.59±8.59 years for the hypothyroid cases, and 50.59±5.58 years for the hyperthyroid cases. The mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) for controls, hypothyroid and hyperthyroid was 121.25±6.58 mmHg, 98.259±8.59 mmHg and 129.65±7.59 mmHg respectively. The P-values less than 0.05 were considered to be significant (table 01). The demographic and hematological data of control, hypothyroid and hyperthyroid groups was tabulated. A positive correlation of breast cancer in women with hyperthyroidism and a slightly negative correlation in women with hypothyroidism was found. Conclusion: There appears to be an association between the thyroid function level and breast cancer risk. It can be extrapolated that anxiety associated with hyperthyroidism may play a role in stress induced BC. Therefore, thyroid function should be monitored in patients at risk of BC. Keyword: Breast cancer, Thyroid, Dysfunction, Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism, Anxiety.
Comparison of Depression, Anxiety and Stress with Quality of Life among Pregnant Women
Authors: Butt Ayesha , Javid Sidra , Mazhar Nauman , Bajwa Saqib , Afzal Sumaira , Ashraf Rabbia , Muddasar Umair
Published: September 2022

The study aimed to find the correlation and prediction of depression, anxiety, stress and quality of life in pregnant women in a local setup. Co-relational research design and purposive sampling were used. Data included 106 pregnant women with an average age of 31 years. Co relational analysis revealed that depression, anxiety and stress were significantly negatively related to the quality of life. Moreover, regression analysis found that depression inversely predicted quality of life. Study has significant implications for couple counseling and marital therapy in order to increase the psychological health of females and to protect newborn babies and pregnant mothers from the effects of psychological distress. Keywords: depression stress, anxiety, quality of life, pregnant women
Evaluation of Co-Relation between BCLC Stage of HCC and Alpha-Fetoprotein Levels
Authors: Hamayun Aqsa , Gardezi Syed Anees Ahmed , Niazi Najmusaqib Khan , Tirmizi Syed Haider , Rafique Iffat , Sadiq Rabia , Laique Talha
Published: September 2022

Background: One of the leading cancers worldwide is the hepatocellular carcinoma, ranked as the 6th most common cancers. Aim: To evaluate the co-relation between BCLC staging of HCC and alpha fetoprotein levels. Study design: Cross-sectional study. Methodology: Patients (n=90) of either gender irrespective of age who were diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma were included into the study. Clinical examination was performed and findings were noted. Eastern cooperative oncology group ECOG scoring system was used to identify the functional performance status of the patients. Hepatocellular carcinoma staging was done using the BCLC scoring system. Complete blood counts, Liver function tests (LFTS), INR, alpha fetoprotein levels, viral serology for hepatits and ultrasonography of abdomen were performed for all the patients. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 26. Results were presented as frequency and percentage. Age was presented as mean± SD. Results: Mean AFP levels were 400.7±305.4 IU/ml with a range of 8.50- 1015 IU/ml. 3(3.3%) patients were in BCLC stage 0, 23(25.6%) were in stage A, 33(36.7%) in stage B, 15(16.7%) in stage C and 16 (17.8%) in stage D. Results showed significant positive correlation between BCLC staging and AFP levels (r=o.834, p=0.001). Conclusion: It was concluded that Hep C followed by Hep B was the main cause of HCC. AFP has a significant diagnostic and prognostic value with positive co-relation with HCC. Keywords: Alpha-Fetoprotein, BCLC Staging, HCC and Liver Disease.
Comparison of Laryngeal Mask Airway (Classic) and I-Gel; Ease of insertion
Authors: Iqbal Shahid , Khan M. Baqirali , Hanif M. Zahid , Nazeer Tahir , Butt M. Muazam , Tahir Rifah, Amna , Rasheed M.Arif , Majid Abdul
Published: September 2022

Background: At the time of induction during general anaesthesia the different complication can occur with endotracheal tube. Supraglottic devices are alternative of endotracheal tube and it prevents such complications. Aim: To compare the frequency of ease of insertion with lma and i-gel® during general anaesthesia. Method: 270 patients of asa class p1 & p2 undergoing general anaesthesia for elective surgeries were included after taking informed consent. Patients were divided into two groups a (lma classic) & b (i-gel) by using random number table. Each group comprised of 135 patients. In both groups dose of propofol was 2.5mg /kg body weight was given intravenously within 30 sec along with nalbuphine 0.1 mg /kg body weight and midazolam 0.05mg / kg body weight. The study design was quasi experimental and sampling technique was purposive non probability convenience sampling. Chi square test was used and collected data was analysed with spss version 20. Result: The ease of insertion in the lma classic group was 82% while the ease of insertion in i-gel® was 84 %. Statistically there was no significant difference of ease of insertion between two groups (p value = 0.41). Conclusion: Both devices have same level of ease of insertion. Keywords: Lma (laryngeal mask airway classic), i-gel®, general anaesthesia, ease of insertion
Predictive Accuracy of Full Outline of Unresponsiveness Score and GCS to Predict Patient’s Poor Outcome in Pediatrics ICU
Authors: Zahid Sehar , Qasim Sadia , Anwar Muhammad , Mazhar Syed Abdullah , Siddique Shahzia , Rafique Arshad
Published: September 2022

Aim: To compare the predictive accuracy of Glasgow coma Scale (GCS) versus full outline of unresponsiveness score (FOUR score) for poor out-come prediction in children admitted in paediatric ICU. Study design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and duration of study: Department of Pediatrics, Services Hospital Lahore from 29th June 2017 to 29th December 2017. Methodology: One hundred and seventy children were enrolled. Both GCS and FOUR scale scores were recorded in paediatric intensive care unit (ICU) by clinical examination within 30 minutes of arrival in ICU. Both GCS and FOUR score were calculated on each and every patient. Responses were noted by clinically examining the eye, motor, verbal and brain stem reflexes. Patients were followed upto 7 days and poor outcome was noted. Results: The frequency of pediatric mortality was 52 (30.59%). Predictive accuracy of Full Outline of Unresponsiveness Score (FOUR score) for poor outcome prediction in children admitted in paediatrics ICU showed 63.46% for sensitivity, 86.44% for specificity, 67.35% for PPV, 84.30% for NPV and 79.41% for accuracy rate, whereas predictive accuracy of GCS Score for prediction of poor outcome in children admitted in paediatrics ICU shows 55.76% for sensitivity, 83.89% for specificity, 60.42% for PPV, 81.15% for NPV and 75.29% for accuracy rate. Conclusion: The FOUR and GCS both showed good results in terms of mortality after one week of admission in pediatric ICU. Key words: Children, poor outcome, FOUR score, Glasgow coma scale, predictive accuracy
Frequency of Cesarean Section in Premature Rupture of Membranes
Authors: Magsi Shahida , Qureshi Sonia Gul , Rajput Fatima , Zia Basma , Magsi Inayatullah
Published: September 2022

Background: Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) is always of clinical significance either it occurs before onset of labour at term or preterm. It is defined as spontaneous rupture of fetal membranes which results in leakage of amniotic fluid. PROM is related with maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality if not treated sensibly on time, due not only to conditions causing it but also likelihood of emergency cesarean delivery. Aim: To ascertain frequency of C- section in women presented with premature rupture of membranes at tertiary care hospital. Study Design: Cross-sectional descriptive study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit 1, Sheikh Zayed Women Hospital, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University Larkana from 1st October 2020 to 30th April 2021 Methodology: One hundred and eighty six pregnant women having gestation from 28 weeks till 40 weeks and diagnosed as premature rupture of membranes were included. Results: The average age 27.97±5.66 years. 29.57% of caesarean section presented PROM was observed. Conclusion: PROM remains an imperative cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and increased rate of cesarean section delivery to focus upon. Timely evaluation of reasons leading to PROM can help us in reducing the soaring rate of cesarean section in developing countries. Keywords: Premature rupture of membranes, Caesarean section, complications.
Anatomical consideration of Temporomandibular Joint, Condylar position among subjects with skeletal malocclusion.
Authors: Habib Nabeela , Chaudhry Asma Rafi , Dar Nida Asad , Gul Hafsa , Shehzad Khurram , Ghani Muhammad Usman
Published: September 2022

Aim: To investigate the association between anatomical considerations of TMJ with regard to condylar positioning in Glenoid Fossa and prevalence of malocclusion in patients with TMDs Methods: A thorough investigation was done by collecting data on CT scans of 37 patients with TMDs and their Condylar positioning was recorded. Data on malocclusion was obtained by cephalometric radiographs and the relationship was observed. Results: Our study showed a significant (p<0.05) presence of bilateralism in anterior positioning as well as in posterior positioning. Class II showed significant bilateralism of posterior positioning (n=12, p<0.05) whereas Class III showed significant bilateralism of anterior positioning (n=7, p<0.05) of condyles. Conclusion: Our study on anatomical consideration of TMJ and positions of condyles concluded a significant relevance with orthodontic malocclusion. Posterior positioning of condyles may contribute to Class II whereas anterior positioning of condyles may lead to Class III malocclusion. MeSH Words: Condylar Positions, Malocclusion, TMJ Anatomy.
Need for involving the pharmaceutical industry in the national pharmacovigilance program of Nepal
Authors: Jha Nisha , Sapkota Yunima , Shankar Pathiyil Ravi
Published: September 2022

Introduction: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) have high morbidity and mortality and can cause a significant burden on patients. Most of the data on ADRs are generated from the developed world, and these data cannot be generalized to developing nations due to the variation in prescribing patterns, regulatory policies, and varied effects of drugs. Implementing a successful pharmacovigilance program in many developing countries faces several challenges including under-reporting, human resource shortage, financial challenges as well as poor policy and legal framework.

Method: In this commentary, we aim to explore the situation of Pharmacovigilance in Nepal through a close comparison with India and suggest ways to strengthen the same.

Results: Nepal is still in the beginning stage of Pharmacovigilance and ADR reporting is quite low. The Pharmacovigilance System in Nepal is limited to regional centers which report ADRs to the national center. There is no involvement of pharmaceutical industries in the system which may be a major reason for underreporting and suboptimal functioning of the pharmacovigilance system.

Discussion: Nepal must mandatorily involve pharmaceutical industries in pharmacovigilance. The new drug policy is under revision and addresses aspects of pharmacovigilance in terms of patient safety and the role of pharmaceutical companies.
Life threatening gastrointestinal tract complications in a patient of rheumatoid arthritis. Is it drug or disease related?
Authors: Shah Kanisha , Gupta Sapna D. , Malhotra Supriya D.
Published: September 2022

Introduction: Gastrointestinal (GI) complications are very frequent and sometimes fatal in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). Gastrointestinal perforation is a rare but serious event, most frequently involving the lower GIT, which has been observed in patients with RA.

Case Presentation: We present here an Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) which is small bowel ischemia with perforation in a 61-year-old RA patient, who was taking a tablet of Prednisolone and tablet Hydroxychloroquine.

Discussion: Several studies indicated that RA patients may be at a higher risk of GI perforation. This could be attributed to the disease pathophysiology or the use of drugs for treatment like Glucocorticoids and Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs). Rheumatologists must be vigilant for GI complications while prescribing anti-rheumatoid drugs.

Conclusion: GI perforations are rare events in RA patients, but cause significant morbidity and mortality. Increasing age and other comorbid conditions also increase the risk of adverse GI events.
Positioning Of Buildings According To The Optimal Benefit From The Sun In The Sustainable Design Of Housing Areas
Authors: KARAGÜLER Sema , STERLER Birsen
Published: September 2022

If environmental design is viewed in the terms of sustainability, as in all sectors the basic factors of sustainable thinking such as economy, nature conservation, saving and effective use of energy come to the forefront. The solutions for the design of buildings and settlements based on these sustainability factors unite with the goal of maximum use of the sun. In this regard, when designing residential areas, it is essential to understand the maximum benefit from the sun that can apply to each dwelling. First of all, in residential areas, the positioning of the dwellings on the site plan is the most effective primary step to reduce and increase the natural impact of the sun on the buildings. Utilization of solar energy with effective and active methods in the design of residential buildings, depends on taking this first step correctly. The aim of this article is to evaluate the passive effect of the sun on the positioning of houses and blocks of flats in the design of residential areas. Therefore, in thise article; The relationships between design parameters regarding the optimal utilization of passive effect of the sun as orientation of the buildings, the sun shine duration, the distances between the buildings and the slope of the terrain have been firstly held. Then a selected pilot residential area has been evaluated with regard to these parameters.
Arabic 2. Verbs that donate approximation and similarity and its impact on meaning with special reference to the second Juzz of the Holy Quran: A detailed research discussion
Authors: KAFEEL MUHAMMAD , NAEEM BADSHAH PROF. DR. SYED , HAWED PROF. DR. SALEEM
Published: September 2022

The present research deals with the verbs of approximation and similarity and their impact on meaning. In Arabic we have certain types of verbs which are not present in English or any other language. Among these are the verbs that donate proximity and similarity. Because they are special type of verbs which are present only in Arabic, it is very important to study them and to understand them and see how these verbs affect the meaning of different words which follow them. These verbs do not work in isolation but in combination. So the construction and function of such verbs is worth understanding. The detail of such verbs is diverse in Arabic Grammar. In some cases they have both present and past for and in other cases they do not have past form. Sometimes they donate proximity and similarity and on other occasion they donate hopefulness. The present research is limited the use of verbs of proximity in the second Juzz of the Holy Quran. The special use of such verbs can have the following impact on the verses of the Holy Quran: Reading of verse Meaning and exegesis of the verse Special impact of the verbs of proximity.
11. The issue of divorce in the light of discussions by modern and ancient scholars
Authors: RAJPAR DR. MUHAMMAD ANAS , BARKATI MUHAMMAD KASHIF , ISRAEL KHAN DR. MUHAMMAD , SHAHZAIB SHAHZAIB
Published: September 2022

The issue of divorce in the state of intoxication in the light of the discussions of modern and ancient scholars Islam, being a universal religion, provides guidance at every stage of life. Islam guides in home life, community life, events and problems in provincial, national and international life. The marital relationship is important in human family life. The orbit of domestic life is connected with this relationship. Allah Almighty has placed natural love and attraction between husband and wife. This relationship becomes the source of a new family and then other families which will come into existence in future. Sometimes this relationship becomes difficult for a person due to some reasons. Islam says divorce is the way out of a relationship that causes trouble. Divorce is permissible, but in the sight of Allah, it is permissible to do something that causes anger. Divorce has many domestic and social disadvantages. Therefore, Islam has commanded to use common sense before doing such a thing and has also taught to use forgiveness as much as possible. Considering the disadvantages of divorce, it has been ordered to be done in a state of common sense. Under normal circumstances divorce occurs. There is also a state of intoxication in human conditions. Some drugs calm the human mind and some drugs destroy the human intellect. In such a state of intoxication, a person goes completely insane and does not have the distinction of anything. He becomes completely unaware of what is Halal and what is Haram, and what is permissible and what is not. There is a difference of opinion as to whether divorce can take place while intoxicated. This difference is also found among the Companions of the Prophet (peace be upon him). Due to this, there is also a difference of opinion among the Islamic scholars. This article provides basic information about divorce and also clarifies the difference of opinion about the occur on divorce especially after intoxication.
12. Philosophy of moderation between intellect and Revelation Islamic Doctrine and contemporary Era
Authors: REHMAN AHMAD UR , SHEIKH DR. SAJID IQBAL
Published: September 2022

Revelation and the acquisition of intellect are two major sources of knowledge that have left the world in such a state of conflict that some religions could not fulfill the requirements of the intellect by only with holding the revelation and some people in response accepted only the intellect and denied the revelation. And as a result, the world suffered a spiritual and moral decline. Between these two extremes, Islam presents a beautiful combination of reason and revelation, which ornaments with harmony, unity and philosophy. Applying discourse analysis method in this article to study concludes the religion and intellectual Debate, and sheds light on the balance and combination of reason and revelation in the light of Islamic teachings.
2. Legal and Social Review of Child Marriage in Pakistan: A Judicial Perspective
Authors: AHMED RANA AFRASIAB , HUSSAIN BILAL , HUSSAIN ZEESHAN
Published: September 2022

Child marriage in Pakistan is associated with social, economic, and juridical aspects rather than mere religion. It is an exception to general Islamic law for the best interests of the child. The determination of the legal age of marriage for a child is discussed, but no efficient steps are taken in Pakistan. Marriage is still regulated by an old ambiguous colonial law. Furthermore, penal amendments are introduced with zero implementation. Although child marriage is covered by penal clauses, the courts recognise such marital contracts. Recently, FST (Federal Shariat Court) and IHC (Islamabad High Court) discussed this matter in detail and equalised child marriage as a crime clearly. These courts confirmed the determination of the legal age for marriage according to sharia. Moreover, several contemporary legal principles of Islamic jurisprudence are stressed on this issue. It is highlighted to examine child marriage in the context of social and public interest. The research at hand will review child marriage in the juridical context of the courts. It will denote the social aspects of this issue. This article will analyse the latest judgments of FST and IHC.