bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interferon-γ inhibits enterocyte migration by reversibly displacing connexin43 from lipid rafts
Authors: Leaphart Cynthia L. , Dai Shipan , Gribar Steven C. , Richardson Ward , Ozolek John , Shi Xia-hua , Bruns Jennifer R. , Branca Maria , Li Jun , Weisz Ora A. , Sodhi Chhinder , Hackam David J.
Published: July 2008

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is associated with the release of interferon-γ (IFN) by enterocytes and delayed intestinal restitution. Our laboratory has recently demonstrated that IFN inhibits enterocyte migration by impairing enterocyte gap junctions, intercellular channels that are composed of connexin43 (Cx43) monomers and that are required for enterocyte migration to occur. The mechanisms by which IFN inhibits gap junctions are incompletely understood. Lipid rafts are cholesterol-sphingolipid-rich microdomains of the plasma membrane that play a central role in the trafficking and signaling of various proteins. We now hypothesize that Cx43 is present on enterocyte lipid rafts and that IFN inhibits enterocyte migration by displacing Cx43 from lipid rafts in enterocytes. We now confirm our previous observations that intestinal restitution is impaired in NEC and demonstrate that Cx43 is present on lipid rafts in IEC-6 enterocytes. We show that lipid rafts are required for enterocyte migration, that IFN displaces Cx43 from lipid rafts, and that the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) restores Cx43 to lipid rafts after treatment with IFN in a protein kinase C-dependent manner. IFN also reversibly decreased the phosphorylation of Cx43 on lipid rafts, which was restored by PMA. Strikingly, restoration of Cx43 to lipid rafts by PMA or by transfection of enterocytes with adenoviruses expressing wild-type Cx43 but not mutant Cx43 is associated with the restoration of enterocyte migration after IFN treatment. Taken together, these findings suggest an important role for lipid raft-Cx43 interactions in the regulation of enterocyte migration during exposure to IFN, such as NEC.
Hindlimb unloading elicits anhedonia and sympathovagal imbalance
Authors: Moffitt Julia A. , Grippo Angela J. , Beltz Terry G. , Johnson Alan Kim
Published: July 2008

The hindlimb-unloaded (HU) rat model elicits cardiovascular deconditioning and simulates the physiological adaptations to microgravity or prolonged bed rest in humans. Although psychological deficits have been documented following bed rest and spaceflight in humans, few studies have explored the psychological effects of cardiovascular deconditioning in animal models. Given the bidirectional link established between cardiac autonomic imbalance and psychological depression in both humans and in animal models, we hypothesized that hindlimb unloading would elicit an alteration in sympathovagal tone and behavioral indexes of psychological depression. Male, Sprague-Dawley rats confined to 14 days of HU displayed anhedonia (a core feature of human depression) compared with casted control (CC) animals evidenced by reduced sucrose preference (CC: 81 ± 2.9% baseline vs. HU: 58 ± 4.5% baseline) and reduced (rightward shift) operant responding for rewarding electrical brain stimulation (CC: 4.4 ± 0.3 μA vs. 7.3 ± 1.0 μA). Cardiac autonomic blockade revealed elevated sympathetic [CC: −54 ± 14.1 change in (Δ) beats/min vs. HU: −118 ± 7.6 Δ beats/min] and reduced parasympathetic (CC: 45 ± 11.8 Δ beats/min vs. HU: 8 ± 7.3 Δ beats/min) cardiac tone in HU rats. Heart rate variability was reduced (CC: 10 ± 1.4 ms vs. HU: 7 ± 0.7 ms), and spectral analysis of blood pressure indicated loss of total, low-, and high-frequency power, consistent with attenuated baroreflex function. These data indicate that cardiovascular deconditioning results in sympathovagal imbalance and behavioral signs consistent with psychological depression. These findings further elucidate the pathophysiological link between cardiovascular diseases and affective disorders.
Asthma and Gastroesophageal Reflux: Clinical Evaluation of Esophago-Bronchial Reflex and Proximal Reflux
Authors: Rosztóczy András , Makk László , Izbéki Ferenc , Róka Richárd , Somfay Attila , Wittmann Tibor
Published: July 2008

Aims: To evaluate the prevalence of proximal reflux and esophago-bronchial reflex (EBR) in patients with asthma, and to compare the symptom spectrum, esophageal acid sensitivity, pH monitoring, and the endoscopic and manometric parameters of EBR-positive and -negative patients with asthma. Patients and Methods: Forty-three consecutive patients with recent diagnoses of asthma and 20 patients with chronic cough but without asthma were prospectively submitted to detailed reflux and respiratory symptom analysis, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, esophageal manometry, Bernstein test and double-channel intra-esophageal pH monitoring. The presence of EBR was studied by combined esophageal acid (0.1 N HCl) perfusion and methacholine test. Results: Patients with asthma had significantly more proximal acid reflux than controls. Patients with EBR positivity were more likely to have an acid-sensitive esophagus and had more acid reflux especially in the supine period at the distal measurement point. Other parameters were similar. Conclusions: Patients with asthma had significantly more proximal acid reflux than those with chronic cough. The combination of the methacholine test with esophageal acid perfusion is able to establish the presence of EBR, however prospective therapeutic trials are needed to confirm its clinical value. The increased amount of acid reflux during the supine period in patients with EBR may indicate a role for appropriate nighttime acid suppressive therapy.
Electron Microscopy and Morphometry of Nucleoli in Rat Neurosecretory Cells with Stimulated and Suppressed Secretion
Authors: Andersen Lars
Published: July 2008

The nucleoli in the neurons of the supraoptic nucleus in the rat were analyzed by electron microscopy and morphometry after the secretion of vasopressin had been fully suppressed by water load, after the secretion had been stimulated by water deprival and in normal rats which had water ad libitum. Suppression of the secretion increased the proportion of fibrillar centres in the nucleoli 2-fold. Stimulation of the secretion increased the proportion of the granular component by 22%. The overall nucleolar organization did not change very much with the secretory activity. The results show that an increased proportion of fibrillar centres in nucleoli is an indicator of decreased secretory activity and, moreover, that an increased volume of the nucleolar fibrillar and granular components per cell indicates an increased secretory activity.
Die Schlingenbildung der Arteria radialis an ihrem Ursprung
Authors: Chouéki-Guttenbrunner K.C. , Fuss F.K. , Podesser B.
Published: July 2008

In the origin of the arteria radialis a loop-like formation was found. This unusual arrangement can be explained in the following way: from both the a. brachiahs continuating into the a. ulnaris and the a. brachiahs superficialis continuating into the a. radialis, aa. recurrentes radiales branch off, which are connected by an anastomosis. The reduction of the a. brachiahs superficialis results in the fact that the aa. recurrentes radiales with their anastomosis have to take over the blood supply of the a. radialis and thus lead to the loop-like formation.
Absence of Right-Left Asymmetries in the Rat Hippocampus as Demonstrated by Timm Staining
Authors: Niglio T. , Caporali M.G. , de Carolis Scotti , Ricci A. , Amenta F.
Published: July 2008

Although biochemical and behavioural studies have shown right-left differences in several areas of the rat limbic system, some anatomical studies reported no significant right-left differences in several morphological parameters of the hippocampus. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether there are asymmetries in the micro-anatomy of the rat hippocampus by examining the intensity of Timm staining in various hippocampal fields and the area occupied by mossy fibres by the use of combined microdensitometric and quantitative image analysis techniques. Timm staining demonstrates the distribution of intrahippocampal association pathways because it is a histochemical marker of zinc and other heavy transition metals. There were no right-left differences in the density of Timm staining at the level of the dentate gyrus, in the dendritic layer of CA1 and CA2 fields, in the mossy fibre area or in the subiculum. These findings provide further evidence of a lack of morphological asymmetry in the rat hippocampus.
Clinical Anatomy of the Blood Spaces and Blood Vessels Surrounding the Siphon of the Internal Carotid Artery
Authors: Lang J. , Kageyama I.
Published: July 2008

The anterior blood space of the cavernous sinus is situated anterolateral to the carotid siphon in 70% anterior to it in 15% and lateral to it in 15%. Its height depth and mediolateral breadth were measured. The mean distance between the carotid siphon and the skin at the supraorbital foramen was measured with 63 (52.4–71.4) mm. The drainage of the orbital veins was studied and described as well as the area of origin and first course of the ophthalmic artery and its clinical importance.
Distribution of Elastic System Fibres in the Rat Tail Tendon and Its Associated Sheaths
Authors: Caldini E.G. , Caldini N. , De-Pasquale V. , Strocchi R. , Guizzardi S. , Ruggeri A. , Montes G.S.
Published: July 2008

The distribution of elastic, elaunin and oxytalan fibres in tendons and tendon sheaths was studied by means of light and electron microscopy. The different fibres were characterised by comparing their typical ultrastructural pictures with a combination of selective staining techniques for light microscopy with the appropriate enzymatic digestions. Since it was observed that the rat tail tendon and its associated sheaths are not homogeneous structures from the point of view of the distribution of the elastic system fibres, a systematic description of the differential distribution of the oxytalan, elaunin and elastic fibres in the tendon and in the endo-, peri-, epi- and paratendineum is presented. Mature elastic fibres are present in the tendon and in the para-, epi- and endotendineum, whereas these fibres could not be detected in the peritendineum. Very many elaunin fibres are characteristically recognised in the endotendineum; these fibres are present in the peritendineum and in the tendon fascicles too, while the epi- and paratendineum are devoid of elaunin fibres. The peri- and endotendineum contain numerous oxytalan fibres, whereas these fibres are absent from the tendon fascicles and the epi- and paratendineum. The functional implications of the foregoing findings are discussed.
Cholinesterase Activity in Sensory-Nerve Endings, Capillaries and Motor End Plates of the Facial Skin of the Brush-Tailed Possum (Trichosurus vulpecula)
Authors: Loo S.K. , Halata Z. , Strasmann T.
Published: July 2008

The facial skin of two adult and one 50-day-old pouch animal of the marsupial mammal Tríchosurus vulpecula was removed after the animals had been suitably anesthetized and perfused for electron microscopy. Small blocks of tissue (1 × 0.5 mm) were cut and incubated in acetylthiocholine iodide substrate for cholinesterase studies. The blocks were then subsequently postfixed in osmium tetroxide. Thin sections were cut and stained with lead acetate. Specific cholinesterase was found within the nerves of both the adult and the 50-day-old pouch animal, and in the motor end plates. Nonspecific cholinesterase was present in pinocytotic vesicles and interlamellar spaces of terminal Schwann cells associated with nerve end organs in the adult, and in the same areas in Schwann cells of nonmyelinated nerves in the pouch animal. It was also present in the pinocytotic vesicles of the capillary endothelium.
Immunohistochemical Approach to the Study of the Cat Carotid Body
Authors: Abramovici A. , Pallot D.J. , Polak J.M.
Published: July 2008

The mammalian carotid body contains a number of different cell types which are not always easy to identify in routine histological sections. We have devised a battery of immunohistochemical tests which overcome this difficulty and offer the possibility of performing routine morphometric analyses of the response of the organ to various pathological processes in paraffin-embedded sections. The type I cells can be identified on the basis of their reaction with neuronal specific enolase, whilst type II cells react with antibodies to S-100 protein. Schwann cells do not react with S-100 antibodies but do so with antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein; nerve fibres can be identified by their reaction to neurofibrillary protein.
Ultrastructure of the Rat Mesencephalic Trigeminal Nucleus
Authors: Liem R.S.B. , Copray J.C.V.M. , Van Willigen J.D.
Published: July 2008

The subcellular morphology of the mesencephalic trigeminal (Me5) nucleus in the rat was studied by transmission electron microscopy. Most neurons in the thin rostral as well as in the major caudal part of Me5 appeared as large (40–50 µm), round- to ovoid-shaped unipolar cells. A few neurons (estimated 5%) appeared to be multipolar, usually bipolar. The Me5 neurons had a large, round, centrally located nucleus, and their cytoplasm was characterized by a dense network of lamellar granular endoplasmic reticulum, an abundant Golgí apparatus, many mitochondria and neurofilaments suggesting very active cells with a high rate of synthesis and axoplasmatic transport. Numerous small spinous processes covered the surface of the Me5 neurons. Clustering of 2 or 3 cells was accomplished by maculae, i.e. zones of gap junctions and close cell appositions. Boutons contacting the soma of Me5 neurons and boutons contacting large and small dendrites were defined as axosomatic and axodendritic synapses, respectively. Four types of synaptic boutons were distinguished: (1) S boutons, with round vesicles and asymmetrical as well as symmetrical synapses, (2) F boutons, with pleomorphic admixture of flattened and spherical vesicles and asymmetrical synapses, (3) P boutons, which resembled the F-type boutons but contained predominantly spherical vesicles and symmetrical synapses, and (4) G boutons, characterized by a heterogeneous population of vesicles. This description of the Me5 nucleus is particularly useful for future studies that attempt to correlate the structure of a particular synapse with its function.
Optimal Replacement of the Cruciate Ligaments from the Functional-Anatomical Point of View
Authors: Fuss Franz K.
Published: July 2008

By means of a combined technique of dissection andradiography the function of cruciate ligament fibers was analyzed for motions in the sagittal plane, and different functional fiber bundles were reconstructed in cadaver knees. In order to grant permanent stability, crucial replacement must be concentrated on the reconstruction of the constantly taut ‘guiding bundle’ of each cruciate ligament. The femoral attachment point of each guiding bundle was found to be in a constant position within the femoral attachment of the respective cruciate ligament. The femoral attachment areas of different functional fibers are also defined geometrically, and the consequences of improper guiding bundle replacement are discussed.
Immunophenotypic Difference of Keratin Expression in Normal Mammary Glandular Cells from Five Different Species
Authors: Tsubura A. , Hatano T. , Hayama S. , Morii S.
Published: July 2008

The immunohistochemical reactivity of human, monkey, shrew, rat and mouse normal mammary glands was examined using methacarn-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens and acetone-fixed frozen sections using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase method for cell phenotype comparison. Actin was visualized using anti-smooth muscle actin antibody and keratin expression was determined by employing 12 different monoclonal antibodies. All these antibodies cross-reacted specifically with the species examined. Basal (myoepithelial) cells from all species showed muscle-specific actin according to reactivity with HHF35 monoclonal antibody. Keratin expression showed significant phenotypic differences among species. In human and monkey, AEL-KS2, KL1 CK8.13, AE3 and 34BE12 stained luminal cells as well as basal cells. AE1, RPN1165, CK4.62, 35BE11, M20 and RPN1162 labeled only luminal cells whereas 312C8-1 preferentially bound to basal cells. In shrews, AEL-KS2, CK8.13 and AE3 reacted to both cell types, AE1 reacted only with luminal cells, and 35BE12 and 312C8-1 selectively stained basal cells. In rodents, AEL-KS2 reacted to both cell types, CK8.13, AE3, 34BE12 and 312C8-1 stained rat basal cells, and 34BE12 and 312C8-1 reacted to mouse basal cells. The data represents cytoskeletal differences among species.
Origin of the Water-Clear Cell in the Parathyroid Gland of the Golden Hamster
Authors: Emura S. , Shoumura S. , Utsumi M. , Yamahira T. , Chen H. , Arakawa M. , Isono H.
Published: July 2008

Water-clear cells and transitional forms between the chief cells and water-clear cells were observed in the parathyroid gland of the golden hamster. Their ultrastructure is described, and the origin of the water-clear cell is discussed.
Spondyloarthropathy in Progressive Ankylosis Mice: Ultrastructural Features of the Intervertebral Disk
Authors: Sampson H.W. , Davis R.W. , Dufner D.C.
Published: July 2008

Progressive ankylosis mice (ank/ank) spontaneously develop a joint disorder characterized by calcium hydroxyapatite deposition and bony ankylosis of the joints of the axial and the appendicular skeleton. Mice in this study were used to determine the extent of mineralization of the intervertebral disks and to determine their suitability as a model for ankylosing spondyloarthropathies. Intervertebral disks taken from affected mice from 4 to 18 weeks of age were studied by electron-microscopic, electron energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis and selected-area electron diffraction techniques. Necrotic foci seen in light microscope studies were found to be massive accumulations of calcium hydroxyapatite crystals deposited within the extracellular matrix. Chondrocytes of older animals demonstrated what appeared to be postmortem changes and contained numerous large vacuoles.
Single Cilium in Human Leukemic Cells Heterotransplanted into Hamsters
Authors: Ohtsukï Y. , Kubonishi I. , Sonobe H. , Iwata J. , Oka T. , Míyoshi I.
Published: July 2008

Single cilium formation was studied in two human hematopoietic cell lines, KCL-22 and MT-2. KCL-22, established from a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia in blastic crisis, and MT-2, a human cord T cell line carrying human T-lymphotropic virus type I, were transplanted into hamsters. Ciliogenesis was observed in both cell lines, only after transplantation into hamsters.
The Epithelial Basal Lamina of the Isolated Colonic Mucosa: Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Mestres P. , Diener M. , Mai H. , Rummel W.
Published: July 2008

The morphology of the rat colonic basement membrane was studied under control conditions and after induction of secretion by distension in the Ussing chamber. The basement membrane was visualized by removing the epithelium with the aid of Ca2+ chelation combined with vibration. Specimens with and without metallic coating were studied with SEM and TEM, respectively. The surface of the basement membrane in the surface region of the epithelium, i.e. between the mouths of the crypts, is rough. In contrast, the deeper parts of the crypts have a rather smooth basal lamina, which is finely pleated. Fenestrations of the basal lamina with a diameter of 0.5–1 µm were found frequently at the surface region, but less frequently in the crypts. Fenestrations with diameters larger than 2 µm were never observed. After the distension experiments and long-time incubation in vitro (5 h), the size of the fenestrations remained unchanged, however, their number increased compared to the controls.
Light- and Electron-Microscopic Study of the Rat Esophagus following Intraluminal Argon Laser Irradiation
Authors: Stratmann U. , Schaarschmidt K. , Lehmann R. , Heinze A. , Willital G.H. , Störmann J. , Wessling G.
Published: July 2008

36 rat esophagi were irradiated by argon laser via an applicator with circumferential light distribution. They were perfused with glutaraldehyde and studied by light and transmission electron microscopy immediately, 2 days and 14 days after irradiation. Immediately after irradiation the laser center showed destruction of the keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The collagenous fibers of the connective tissue were altered; fibrocytes and fibroblasts were severely damaged, and the microvascular lumina were occluded. The smooth muscle tissue and skeletal muscle tissue showed myofilament defects and initial karyonecrosis. There was decreasing damage of both fiber types up to 4 mm from the laser center. After 2 days the morphology of the laser center was not different from that seen immediately after irradiation. At a distance of 2 mm a partly differentiated new epithelium emerged below the necrotic epithelium. An inflammatory reaction was found in the connective tissue. After 14 days the esophageal wall was replaced and the lumen was occluded by young granulation tissue in the former laser center. Peripherally the esophageal wall appeared almost normal. As the rat esophagus serves as a model for esophagotracheal fistulae in newborn children, our findings indicate that the argon laser should be capable of occluding these fistulae likewise.
Vertebral Artery Tortuosity with Concomitant Erosion of the Foramen of the Transverse Process of the Axis
Authors: Taitz C. , Arensburg B.
Published: July 2008

Thirty-six vertebral arteries were examined for the presence of tortuosity in their trajectory through the neck. Of these, 18 vessels (14 bilateral) showed various degrees of tortuosity of their proximal segment. Four arteries had marked kinking of the tortuous vessel at the foramina of the transverse process of the axis. These foramina presented with marked erosion of the underlying bone. Four other axes presented with moderate erosion of the F/Tp. The etiology and clinical significance of tortuosity of the vertebral artery, and erosion of the F/Tp of the axes, are discussed in light of the extreme range of rotation occurring at the C1-C2 segmental level.
Subepithelial Elastic System Fibers of Oblique Mucosal Folds in the Rat Proximal Colon
Authors: Wakui S. , Kawaguchi N. , Furusato M. , Asari M. , Kano Y. , Ushigome S.
Published: July 2008

The proximal colon of the rat is characterized by a ‘herring bone’ pattern of oblique mucosal folds (OMF) which are arranged in a parallel array. By light and electron microscopy the OMF exhibited rich subepithelial elastic system fibers which bound the epithelial basement membrane and the smooth muscle cells of the lamina propria together. The elastic system fibers usually consist of elastic, elaunin and oxytalan fibers. However, the subepithelial elastic system fibers of the OMF were composed of relatively thin elastic fibers with a few microfibrils, and elaunin and oxytalan fibers which were almost indiscernible. Areas other than the OMF were quite poor in subepithelial elastic system fibers. The interpositions between each of the OMF were composed of typical components: elastic, elaunin and oxytalan fibers. The composition of the subepithelial elastic system fibers of the OMF does not correspond to that of any other organs previously reported. The present study suggests that the OMF of the rat proximal colon might be equipped in such a way to resist to distension or compression.
Left Superior Vena cava with Atrial Displacement
Authors: Briggs C.A. , Chandraraj S.
Published: July 2008

Two cadavers were dissected showing persistence of left-sided superior vena cava with atrial displacement and inversion of the venous drainage from the body wall (azygos system of veins). The presence of atrial displacement in relation to a persistent left superior vena cava observed in this study lends support to the view that haemodynamic factors influence the morphogenesis and development of the heart. The development of an asymmetrical venous pattern from a symmetrical venous drainage may be influenced by the same factors which influence the arterial end of the primitive heart tube.
Ultrastructure of the Endolymphatic Sac in the Mouse
Authors: Furuta H. , Mori N. , Fujita M. , Sakai S.
Published: July 2008

The ultrastructure of the endolymphatic sac (ES) in the mouse was examined by light and electron microscopy. This organ was divided into three parts: proximal, intermediate and distal. In the proximal portion of the ES, the epithelium consisted of thin squamous cells. The epithelial cells had acquired basolateral processes, numerous small vesicles and well-developed Golgi apparatus. In the intermediate portion, the epithelium consisted of columnar or cuboidal cells. The epithelial cells could be classified into two types: type I and type II. The type I cells had abundant microvilli, pinocytotic vesicles, vacuoles, multivesicular bodies, lysosomes and mitochondria. The type II cells had fewer numbers of these organelles. A few free-floating cells could be observed in the lumen of this intermediate portion, most of which were macrophages. In the distal portion, the epithelium consisted of squamous or cuboidal cells. The epithelial cells had a few cytoplasmic organelles. In the ultrastructural study, each portion of the mouse ES was found to have a very distinct morphological feature. It was suggested that each of these three portions has a different function.
A Bilateral Maxillofacial Trunk in Man: An Extraordinary Anomaly of the Carotid System of Arteries
Authors: Pretterklieber M.L. , Krammer E.B. , Mayr R.
Published: July 2008

In a Caucasian male, the maxillary artery (M) bilaterally arose with the facial artery anteromedially from the external carotid artery. On the right side, the M entered the infratemporal fossa between the neck of the mandible and the medial pterygoid muscle, wereas the left M pierced the medial pterygoid muscle, first being covered by the muscle and the angle of the mandible. On both sides, the M ran deep to the inferior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle and the buccal nerve. The right M lay deep to the inferior alveolar, but superficial to the lingual nerve, whereas the left inferior alveolar and lingual nerves had formed two roots, thus encircling the left M. The ascending palatine artery was replaced on both sides by palatine branches of theascending pharyngeal artery. Since a bilaterial maxillofacial trunk with topographical relations as described herein has not been previously reported in man, the embryology and comparative anatomy of this variation are discussed.
Growth Allometry of the Myocardium in Human Embryos (from Stages 15 to 23)
Authors: Mandarim-de-Lacerda C.A.
Published: July 2008

The relative growth of the myocardium was studied in 27 staged human embryos (Carnegie stages). The volume of the myocardium was determined for each embryo according to Cavalieri’s principle (by using point-counting planimetry to determine the area of the profiles of the myocardium). The volume of the myocardium (variable Y) was correlated to embryonic crown-rump length (variable X in millimeters) and age (in days). The bivariate allometric equation was used as Y = aXb. The scatterplot was discontinuous, presenting two trends during the postsomitic period. The first part was composed of embryos staged from stages 15 to 20, and the second part by embryos staged from stages 21 to 23. The breakpoint between these different trends was found at the level of stage 20 (embryo of 22 mm in crown-rump length and age nearly of 52 days). From stages 15 to 20, the growth rate of the myocardium was allometrically negative. On the other hand, from stages 21 to 23 this growth rate was moderately allometrically positive. These differences in growth of the myocardium were analyzed and, at least partially, might be due to the functional circulatory increase in the peripheral vascular bed in correlation to the cardiac hemodynamic demand required at the end of the embryonic period proper.
Morphological Study of the Development of the Disseminate Prostate in Intact and Castrated Male Pigs Aged Two to Six Months
Authors: Nicaise M. , Lauwers H. , Simoens P.
Published: July 2008

The light-microscopical and ultrastructural differentiation of the disseminate prostate was studied in 12 boars and 8 barrows, ranging in age from 8 to 28 and 12 to 27 weeks, respectively. The barrows had been castrated at the age of 8 weeks. In young boars the prostate is organized in an inner zone and an outer zone. The glandular tubules of the latter are more differentiated than those in the inner zone. Sexual maturation in the prostate is characterized by almost complete reduction of the inner zone and concomitant enlargement of the outer zone. This differentiation of the inner zone occurs progressively and is manifested by a higher density of the glandular tubules, by a decrease in the number of basal cells and by an increase in the secretory tubular cells containing more microvilli, organelles and secretory vesicles. A few weeks after castration, the characteristic morphology of the undifferentiated inner zone is found throughout the entire glandular layer. The number of glandular tubules in barrows has decreased, and their cells show minimal secretory activity, nuclear indentations and a decrease in their organelles. A further castration effect is vacuolization of the perinuclear cytoplasm in numerous glandular cells.
Kinetics of Spermatogenesis in the Wild Squirrel Funambulus palmarum (Linnaeus)
Authors: Patil S.B. , Saidapur S.K.
Published: July 2008

The paper describes in detail the morphology and kinetics of germ cell associations, pattern of mitotic divisions frequency distribution of different cellular associations (stages) and percent degeneration of various germ cells i n the squirrel in which spermatogenesis in adults occurs all year round. Eighteen steps of spermiogenesis were identified based on the development of the acrosomal system using PAS-haematoxylin. These were appropriately divided into Golgi, acrosome, cap and maturation phases. Thirteen types of cellular associations or stages (I–XIII) were characterized along the length of the seminiferous tubule which repeated itself in space and time constituting the seminiferous epithelial cycle (CSE). Of the 18 steps of spermiogenesis, the first 13 were associated with stages I–XIII, respectively, and the rest with the first 9 stages. Spermiation occurred in stage IX. Seven types of spermatogonia [A0, A1, A2, A3, A4, intermediate (In) and B type] were identified based on their shape, size and nuclear morphology. A0 spermatogonia are pale in appearance with homogeneously distributed chromatin surrounded by a thin nuclear membrane. These are present in all stages. Al are oval in shape and possess a thicker nuclear membrane. They are found in stages VI–X. The chromatin material undergoes progressive condensation from Al to A4 making the last generation of spermatogonia appear darker. The In spermatogonia which are derived from A4 are morphologically similar to them but smaller in size. The B-type spermatogonia derived from the In types possess a typically round nucleus with uniformly condensed chromatin material underneath the nuclear membrane. The spermatogonia divide mitotically at fixed stages of the CSE giving rise to their next generations. Thus, A-type spermatogonia divide at stages X, XIII/I, IV and V, while In divide at stage VI. During each CSE of the squirrel, 5 peaks of mitosis occur. There is a single generation of B-type spermatogo nia. These differentiate into primary spermatocytes and undergo meiosis or maturation divisions which enter to form spermatids. The A4 which divide differentially in stage VI give rise to In- and Al-type spermatogonia. Therefore, A4 spermatogonia form renewing stem cells. Based on the above pattern of spermatogonial mitosis a model for stem cell renewal in the squirrel is proposed. The percentage degeneration of germ cells varied with the cell type. During a single CSE of the squirrel, a total of 42.09% germ cells were found to degenerate. An attempt is made to compare and con trast the kinetics of spermatogenesis in the wild squirrel with that of the other rodents studied so far.
Vagal Communicating Branches between the Facial and Glossopharyngeal Nerves, with References to Their Occurrence from the Embryological Point of View
Authors: Tanaka S. , Mizukami S.
Published: July 2008

A rare and hitherto not reported case in which a branch of the vagal nerve communicated simultaneously with the facial and the glossopharyngeal nerves was encountered in the body of a Japanese male cadaver in an anatomy class. This vagofacial-vagoglossopharyngeal (X. VII-X.IX) communicating branch was found to issue from the vagal nerve truck in close association with the pharyngeal branches (rami pharyngei nervi vagi) bifurcating soon into a vagofacial (X. VII) and a vagoglossopharyngeal division (X. IX). The X. VII division coursed forward and reached the posterior belly of the digastric muscle; after entering this muscle, this division broke up into filaments to communicate with the ramus digastricus of the facial nerve which was found to play an equivalent role in making the vagofacial ansa. The X.IX division, in contrast, took its course medially to reach the stylopharyngeal muscle. After entering this muscle, the X.IX division communicated with the stylopharyngeal branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve, which was found to be the equivalent to the X.IX division; these two form together the vagoglossopharyngeal ansa. Therefore, it could be concluded that the X. VII-X.IX communicating branch constitutes the vagal moieties of the vagof acial as well as the vagoglossopharyngeal ansae. The background of the appearance of the communicating branches observed in this report is discussed in the text from the developmental viewpoint on the basis of the findings obtained in chick embryos stained in whole mounts with anti-neurofilament protein antibody.
Electron Microscopy of Histamine-Induced Contraction of the in vitro Swine Coronary Artery
Authors: Ueda H. , Doi Y. , Yoshizuka M. , Sakamoto Y. , Mori N. , Araki H. , Fujimoto S.
Published: July 2008

Dose-dependent contractions of the in vitro swine coronary artery were induced by application of histamine and acetylcholine, but not of angiotensin II, ergonovine, noradrenaline, prostaglandin F2α and serotonin. Ultra-structural changes especially of the tunica intima during the contractions were observed at 2,5 and 30 min after application of histamine and acetylcholine. The intimal gutter spirally running along the longitudinal axis of the vessel was obscured, and the intimal surface became extensively indented. Exclusively in the histamine-treated samples, the increase in number and size of the intracellular vacuoles and the dilation of the intercellular clefts to the extent of the intercellular vacuoles were observed in the endothelium. Moreover, the enhancement of the endothelial permeability was indicated by the marker experiments using horseradish peroxidase. Such endothelial cell damages and the enhancement of the endothelial permeability may amplify the coronary artery contraction.
Course and Relationships of the Arteria maxillaris
Authors: Rischmüller B. , Meiring J.H.
Published: July 2008

The course and relationships of the arteria maxillaris in the left and right infratemporal fossae were examined by means of dissection of 49 South African Negroid cadavers. Eighty-nine specimens of the infratemporal fossae were used. The results were classified according to six variations and were compared to existing findings on Europeans and Asians. In some categories there were significant differences between the Negroid group and the white groups with which it was compared, while in other categories there were no significant differences.
Early Macrophage Infiltration in Mice Treated with Low-Dose Streptozocin Decreases Islet Superoxide Dismutase Levels: Prevention by SilicaPretreatment
Authors: Papaccio G. , Frascatore S. , Esposito V. , Pisanti F.
Published: July 2008

It has been hypothesized that streptozocin (STZ) given in low doses for 5 consecutive days produces diabetes by induction of peroxidation phenomena similar to those induced by free radicals. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that macrophages are among the first to invade the pancreatic parenchyma and destroy islet B cells supposedly by the release of interleukin-1 that induces free radical formation. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a free radical scavenger present in cells and islet B cells are known to have extremely low levels of this enzyme. Therefore our aim was to observe SOD activity concomitantly with the appearance of intra-islet macrophages, in early diabetes induced by low-dose streptozocin (LDS). Silica-pretreated mice showed SOD values which were comparable to those found in control animals. In LDS-only-treated mice we found that SOD levels were decreased even after only 4 days from the last STZ injection and that it is at this time that the first ‘recruited’ macrophages appear in the islets. Moreover, the SOD levels found at this early stage (animals were still normoglycaemic and therefore not as yet diabetic) were similar to levels found by us in a previous work, in prediabetic Bio Breeding rats, thereby ascribing a crucial factor to the lowering of SOD levels even in LDS-induced diabetes.
A Note upon the Striatal Distribution of Cytochrome Oxidase Activity in the Rat and in the Cat
Authors: Giménez-Amaya J.M.
Published: July 2008

The distribution of cytochrome oxidase (CO) activity was explored in the striatum of two mammalian species, the rat and the cat. Regional differences in the striatal distribution of CO were detected in both species. Thus, in most of our experimental material for rodents, an extensive band richer in CO was present in peripheral regions of the rostral and outer part of the corpus striatum. This striatal band was running in coronal sections from medial and dorsal to lateral and ventral. In the cat’s striatum, rostral and, above all, dorsal territories of the caudate nucleus were prominently stained for CO. In addition in both species although more sharply shown in the cat it was possible to delineate a heterogeneous distribution of this mitochondrial enzyme following the local compartmental design of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) within the mammalian striatum. Zones with low concentration of AChE were in register with areas in which CO was low as well. This regional and local striatal heterogeneity might be a consequence of differences in the mitochondrial activity of cells located in diverse histochemical striatal parcels and, therefore, with different functional targets outside the striatum.
Immunofluorescent and Immunogold Replica Studies of Desmin Distribution in Cultured Normal and Cardiomyopathic Hamster Heart Cells
Authors: Hou G.R. , Isobe Y. , Lemanski L.F.
Published: July 2008

The architecture of desmin intermediate filament arrangements in cultured cardiomyocytes from heart of normal and cardiomyopathic hamsters was studied by immunofluorescent light microscopy and immunogold replica electron microscopy. Both polyclonal and monoclonal antidesmin antibodies were used in a biotin-streptavidin system. Immunofluorescent staining of normal and cardiomyopathic myocytes for desmin at 5 days in culture exhibited filamentous staining patterns with polyclonal antidesmin and a coarse punctate staining pattern with the monoclonal antibody. At 9 days in culture, most normal myocytes showed filamentous staining with the polyclonal antibody; many of the stained filaments were associated with Z lines. With the monoclonal antidesmin, these same cells exhibited a very fine ‘spotty’ staining pattern. These results suggest that the arrangements and immunoreactivities of intermediate filaments change during normal cardiac myocyte development. In cardiomyopathic cells, this pattern of rearrangement and immunoreactivity appears to be delayed or possibly nonexistent. The three-dimensional electron-microscopic observation of immunogold localization of desmin achieved by a deep-etching replica technique is made on both normal and cardiomyopathic cultured heart cells. Abnormalities of desmin filament arrangements in cardiomyopathic cells are confirmed.
Onset of the Constrictive Effect of Indomethacin on the Ductus arteriosus in Fetal Rats
Authors: Arishima K. , Yamamoto M. , Takizawa T. , Ueda Y. , Kusanagi M. , Eguchi Y.
Published: July 2008

The time of onset of the constrictive effect of indomethacin on the ductus arteriosus (DA) in fetal rats was assessed by measurement of the caliber of the DA after maternal treatment with indomethacin on days 19–21 of gestation. The day following overnight mating was regarded as day 0 of gestation. Observation was performed by direct exposure of the DA by hand shaving of intact frozen fetuses. On days 20 and 21 the DA was significantly constricted 3 h after maternal treatment with 1 mg/kg of indomethacin. When the DA was examined at 19½ and 19¾ days of gestation (3 h after indomethacin exposure), it was significantly constricted at 19¾ days but not at 19½ days. Higher doses of indomethacin (10 and 100 mg/kg) induced a significant constriction of the DA at day 19½, but not at the beginning of the same day (1.00 a.m.). These results suggest that the onset of the susceptibility of the DA to the constrictive effect of indomethacin occurs in the first half of day 19 of gestation.
Dilatation and Closing Anal Reflexes
Authors: Shafik A.
Published: July 2008

The present communication describes new reflexes which are called ‘dilatation and closing anal reflexes’, and discusses their clinical significance. The study comprised 21 healthy volunteers and 15 incontinent patients (7 with partial fecal incontinence and 8 with urinary stress incontinence). The technique comprised the introduction into the rectal neck of a balloon-tipped catheter. The balloon was inflated with air in increments of 10 ml up to 50 ml and the EMG response of the external anal and urethral sphincters to balloon inflation and deflation was recorded. A new device called ‘switch inflation’ apparatus was used to inflate the balloon simultaneously with switching of the EMG apparatus.Rapid rectal neck inflation and deflation evoked external anal and urethral sphincter contraction. Slow and gradual inflation or deflation did not initiate the response. The anesthetized external anal sphincter did not respond to the stimulus, while the saline-infiltrated sphincter responded. The latency of the reflexes was recorded. In fecal incontinent patients, the external anal sphincter, on rapid rectal neck inflation or deflation, showed lower EMG activity and longer latency than in normal volunteers; the external urethral sphincter responded as in normal volunteers. In urinary stress incontinent patients, the external anal sphincter responded normally for both rectal neck inflation and deflation. The external urethral sphincter showed lower EMG activity and prolonged latency than normal on rectal neck inflation; it did not respond to deflation. The dilatation and closing reflexes seem to play a role in fecal and urinary continence as well as in fecal sampling. Detectable changes in latency or amplitude of the evoked response indicate a defect in the reflex pathway. The reflexes could thus be included as an investigative tool in the study of fecal and urinary disorders.
Lymphocyte-Induced Angiogenesis: A Morphometric Study in the Chick Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane
Authors: Ribatti D. , Loria M.P. , Tursi A.
Published: July 2008

A morphometric analysis was carried out on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) vasculature in chicken embryos treated (1) with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), (2) with supernatants of cell cultures of normal human T lymphocytes and (3) of T lymphocytes stimulated with PHA in order to evaluate their angiogenic properties. In the left chorioallantoic artery the number of primary collaterals and the number and length of secondary and tertiary collaterals were measured. In the series treated applying procedures 1 and 3, the mean value of the total number of all the collaterals was higher than that of the normal-developing CAM vessels, while the length of the secondary and tertiary collaterals was lower than that of the normal-developing blood vessels. In the series treated following procedure 2, no statistically significant differences were observed between experimental and control series in any parameters evaluated. The possible significances of these morphological findings are discussed with reference to the angiogenic roles played by human T lymphocytes, probably determined by lymphokines released after the activation of these cells by PHA, and by PHA alone, probably dependent on its aspecific mitotic activity.
Accessory Oculomotor Nuclei of Man
Authors: Bianchi R. , Gioia M.
Published: July 2008

The interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC) is an important premotor centre related to the control of eye and head movements. The aim of the present research was to draw a detailed picture of the cytoarchitecture of the human INC, in particular taking into consideration the morphological features of the neurons and their functional implications. Within the neuronal population, two groups of cells were identified: one group (the most substantial) was made up of small and medium-sized neurons showing different soma shapes and both light and moderate basophilia. The second group consisted of a limited number (about 25%) of large cells dispersed throughout the whole INC, showing polygonal soma and intense basophilia. The hypothesis that these large cells represent a different cellular population inside the INC is advanced. On the basis of the dendritic emergence pattern, two types of cells were identified: multi-polar and fusiform cells. The multipolar cells (59%) had small to large nerve cell bodies giving off 2–3 dendrites radiating in all directions. Dendrites and axons were often seen spreading outside the INC. The fusiform cells were small or medium sized and two dendrites emerged from the opposite poles of their elongated perikaryon. Their dendrites and axons always lay inside the INC. The fusiform cells were interpreted as neurons carrying out a mainly local integrative function, while the multipolar cells could also probably carry out an important projective role. The structural data reported are in agreement with the functional studies indicating the INC as both an integrative and a projective center.
Morphological Study on the Convergence of the Facial Muscles at the Angle of the Mouth
Authors: Greyling L.M. , Meiring J.H.
Published: July 2008

This study among South African Negroids was undertaken, firstly, to determine the convergence of the facial muscles at the angle of the mouth and, secondly, to determine the presence or absence of a connective tissue nodule at the junction of the above-mentioned muscles (modiolus).
Histochemical Localization of Carbonic Anhydrase in the Testis and Epididymis of the Rabbit
Authors: Ekstedt E. , Ridderstråle Y.
Published: July 2008

The distribution of carbonic anhydrase (CA) was studied in the testis and epididymis of mature, male rabbits using a cobalt precipitation method. CA was found only in the endothelium of the capillaries in the testis. The epididymal duct was divided into initial, middle and terminal segments. Strong cytoplasmic CA was present in the apical cells in the initial and middle segments. Vacuoles with CA staining in the membranes were found in the principal cells in the middle segment. Intensely stained basal cells were present in the terminal segment. In the last part of the terminal segment and the first of the ductus deferens the basolateral cell membranes were also stained. The function of the enzyme is discussed especially in relation to acidification of the epididymal fluid and facilitation of CO2 diffusion.