bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carbon nanotube formation catalyzed by Ni nanoparticles in carbonaceous solid
Authors: Keller Teddy M. , Laskoski Matthew , Osofsky Michael , Qadri Syed B.
Published: May 2008

Thermal decomposition of a Ni‐containing organometallic compound or Ni salt in the presence of an excess amount of a multi(ethynyl)aromatic compound results in the formation of CNTs during the carbonization process. The uniqueness of the process is the formation of MWNTs in high yield within the solid carbonaceous domain upon heat treatment to elevated temperature under ambient pressure. The formation of MWNTs in a shaped, solid configuration readily occurred when the precursor mixture was heated above 600 °C. 1,2,4,5‐Tetrakis(phenylethynyl)benzene was reacted with varying amounts of a Ni‐containing compound in an organic solvent to produce the Ni adduct of the ethynyl unit. Other mixtures were formulated by physical mixing of 1,2,4,5‐tetrakis(phenylethynyl)benzene and a Ni salt. Heat treatment of the various mixtures to temperatures up to 1300 °C under atmospheric pressure resulted in the decomposition of the Ni‐containing compound or salt and the formation of Ni atoms, clusters, and/or nanoparticles in the polymeric‐to‐carbon nanoparticle‐to‐carbon nanotube compositions. The Ni atoms, clusters, and/or nanoparticles are the key to the formation of the carbon nanotubes. The resulting Ni nanoparticle–CNT compositions show magnetic properties. X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy studies show the presence of a large quantity of MWNTs in the carbonaceous solid residue. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The formation of pentagonal Ni nanowires: dependence on the stretching direction and the temperature
Authors: García‐Mochales P. , Paredes R. , Peláez S. , Serena P. A.
Published: May 2008

We have constructed computational minimum cross‐section histograms that statistically unveil the presence of preferred configuration during the breakage of Ni nanowires. The computed histograms showed strong dependence on the nanowire stretching direction. For the [100] and [110] stretching directions we have observed a very large peak associated to a minimum cross‐section of 5 atoms. We have confirmed that the configurations that contribute to this peak are staggered pentagonal nanowires. We have found that the formation of these nanowires is enhanced by increasing the temperature up to 550 K. At higher temperatures, the formation of pentagonal nanowires declines due to the competence against the nanowire melting processes. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A molecular dynamics study of the aluminosilicate chains structure in Al‐rich calcium silicate hydrated (C–S–H) gels
Authors: Manzano H. , Dolado J. S. , Griebel M. , Hamaekers J.
Published: May 2008

Calcium silicate hydrated (C–S–H) gel is the principal binding phase of the cement paste and responsible for its strength. It is basically composed of silicate chains held together with CaO layers, where different guest ions can enter its structure. In particular, the substitution of Al in the silicate chains is expected to play a decisive role for the resulting properties of the cementitious materials. This work explores by means of molecular dynamics simulation the incorporation of aluminium into C–S–H gel. For that purpose we simulate the polymerisation of C–S–H gel in presence of Al atoms and analyse both the connectivity of the (alumino)silicate chains and the position of the aluminium atoms within the structure of C–S–H gel. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Identification of microcystins in waters used for daily life by people who live on Tai Lake during a serious cyanobacteria dominated bloom with risk analysis to human health
Authors: Zhang H. , Zhang J. , Zhu Y.
Published: May 2008

Tai Lake is the third largest freshwater lake in China with annual cyanobacteria blooms. Microcystins produced by these blooms have serious health risks for populations surrounding the lake, especially for people living on Tai Lake, because they usually drink raw lake water after a simple alum treatment. This study presents data on the detection and identification of microcystins in waters used for daily life by people living on Tai Lake, during the cyanobacterial blooming in July 2007. The health risks from drinking these microcystin‐polluted waters were also calculated. The main microcystins detected by high‐performance liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in the water samples collected from two parts of Tai Lake (Wuli Lake and Meiliang Bay) were MC‐LR (4.33–12.27 μg/L), MC‐RR (8.36–16.91 μg/L) and MC‐YR (1.41–5.57 μg/L). Risk assessment showed that the drinking water simply treated by alum was not safe. The lowest calculated hazards ratios in all water samples was 6.4, which indicated that the risk of microcystins exposure from drinking water was over six times higher than the tolerable daily intake (TDI) recommended by The World Health Organization (WHO). Further studies should be conducted to elucidate the relationships between the epidemiology of people living on Tai Lake and microcystins exposure from drinking water. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2009.
Reference ranges for uterine artery mean pulsatility index at 11–41 weeks of gestation
Authors: Gómez O. , Figueras F. , Fernández S. , Bennasar M. , Martínez J. M. , Puerto B. , Gratacós E.
Published: May 2008

Objectives

To construct gestational age (GA)‐based reference ranges for the uterine artery (UtA) mean pulsatility index (PI) at 11–41 weeks of pregnancy.

Methods

A prospective cross‐sectional observational study was carried out of 20 consecutive singleton pregnancies for each completed gestational week at 11–41 weeks. UtAs were examined by color and pulsed Doppler imaging, and the mean PI, as well as the presence or absence of a bilateral protodiastolic notch, were recorded. Polynomials were fitted by means of least‐square regression to estimate the relationship between the mean UtA‐PI and GA.

Results

A total of 620 women were included. A second‐degree polynomial (Loge mean UtA‐PI = 1.39 − 0.012 × GA + GA2 × 0.0000198, with GA measured in days), after a natural logarithmic transformation, was selected to model our data. There was a significant decrease in the mean UtA‐PI between 11 weeks (mean PI, 1.79; 95th centile, 2.70) and 34 weeks (mean PI, 0.70; 95th centile, 0.99). It then became more stable up until 41 weeks (mean PI, 0.65; 95th centile, 0.89).

Conclusions

The mean UtA‐PI shows a progressive decrease until the late stages of pregnancy. Reference ranges for mean UtA‐PI may have clinical value in screening for placenta‐associated diseases in the early stages of pregnancy, and in evaluating patients with pregnancy‐induced hypertension and/or small‐for‐gestational age fetuses during the third trimester. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetal echocardiography at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks using four‐dimensional spatiotemporal image correlation telemedicine via an Internet link: a pilot study
Authors: Viñals F. , Ascenzo R. , Naveas R. , Huggon I. , Giuliano A.
Published: May 2008

Objectives

To assess whether spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) volumes from fetuses at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks' gestation can be obtained by a non‐expert and whether fetal echocardiography can be performed via a telemedicine link, providing a remote and reproducible diagnosis of the fetal heart condition.

Methods

STIC volume datasets from 35 fetuses at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks were obtained prospectively by a general obstetrician, transmitted via the Internet and subsequently analyzed systematically by two different reviewers. Forty‐nine pregnancies were initially enrolled into the study, but adequate volumes were not obtained for 14. Thirty‐four datasets were obtained on transabdominal and one on transvaginal ultrasound examination. A checklist was used that included 18 structures and views relating to the fetal heart evaluation, and each reviewer assigned the variables as normal, abnormal or unsure. Cohen's kappa analysis was used to evaluate the agreement between reviewers and the reported findings were compared with the outcome where available.

Results

The mean gestational age was 12 + 3 weeks and the mean (range) crown–rump length was 68 (47–84) mm. The mean maternal age was 33 (range, 26–41) years; 12/35 (34%) were older than 35 years. The four‐chamber view obtained was apical in 22/35 (63%) cases and lateral in 13 (37%). Volume datasets were obtained after 12 weeks' gestation in 30/35 fetuses. Three cases had nuchal translucency thickness above the 99th percentile, and two of these had an abnormal heart. Five cases had abnormal outcomes. A mean of 3 (range, 1–6) STIC datasets per patient were acquired. The kappa index obtained confirmed interobserver reliability, with good or very good concordance (kappa > 0.6) in 14/18 structures and views related to the heart.

Conclusions

STIC volumes acquired between 11 + 0 and 13 + 6 weeks' gestation could be sent over the Internet and their analysis enabled recognition of most of the structures and views necessary to assess the small fetal cardiac anatomy, with a high degree of interobserver concordance. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isopropanol as a solvent for extraction of cottonseed oil. II. Separation of purified oil from miscella
Authors: Harris W. D. , Hayward J. W. , Lamb R. A.
Published: May 2008

It has been shown in the work reported previously (1,2) that it is possible to extract the oil from cotton‐seed to produce gossypol‐free meal of superior value. The miscella produced by this process contains the oil, free fatty acids, gossypol, and other non‐oil materials. Solubility and distribution data have been established for the systems isopropanol‐water‐cottonseed oil and oleic acid and isopropanol‐water‐cottonseed oil‐oleic acid‐hexane. Using these data as a basis, a liquid‐liquid extraction system has been developed which permits the separation of the miscella into a stable purified oil and a mixture of the free fatty acids, gossypol, phospholipids, sugars, and other non‐oil materials. The process is sufficiently flexible to permit the extraction of cottonseed of variable free fatty acid content and to produce a product of controlled uniformity.
Oil from the kernels of lalob fruit, balanites aegyptiaca
Authors: Hussain S. A. , Dollear F. G. , O'Connor R. T.
Published: May 2008

Lalob fruit from the Sudan has been examined by modern chemical and physical methods. The kernels which amount to 9 to 10% of the fruit contain approximately 46% oil. Extraction of the ground kernels with commercial hexane yields a light yellow oil, having a composition calculated from iodine‐thiocyanogen values corresponding to 43.8% linolein, 30.5% olein, 23.7% saturated acid glycerides, and 2.0% unsaponifiable matter. Calculation of the composition from ultraviolet absorption measurements gave results in fairly close agreement with those obtained by the iodine‐thiocyanogen method. It was shown that the color of the crude oil was due almost entirely to the presence ofa‐carotene.
Rice bran oil. IV. Storage of the bran as it affects hydrolysis of the oil
Authors: Loeb J. R. , Morris N. J. , Dollear F. G.
Published: May 2008

Summary and Conclusions

The oil, contained in bran from regularly milled rice, when stored at prevailing atmospheric temperature, humidity, and natural moisture content is subject to rapid hydrolysis which increases the free fatty acid content of the oil to a point where it cannot be economically refined.

Data have been presented showing the effects of a) temperature, b) drying at temperatures of 70°, 85°, 100°, and 110°C. for various periods of time up to 5 hours, c) different relative humidities before and after drying, and d) added moisture on the rate of formation of free fatty acids during storage in bran from both regular and “Converted” rice.

Decreasing the storage temperature tends to retard the formation of free fatty acids. In the case of regular rice bran deterioration during storage occurred at a fairly rapid rate even at 3°C. whereas bran from “Converted” rice was fairly stable when stored at this temperature.

The investigation of the effect of heating or drying and the effect of different relative humidities on the storage of rice bran have shown that bran from both regular and “Converted” rice can be stored for periods of at least four months without excessive increase in the content of free fatty acids, provided the bran is dried sufficiently and is maintained at a low moisture content. An increase in the moisture content of predried bran causes a rapid increase in the free fatty acid content of the oil in the bran.

Investigations of the effect of chemical inhibitors and of inert atmosphere on the rate of free fatty acid formation of regular rice bran indicated that these were ineffective in preventing deterioration.
Price Discrimination in Physician Services Markets Based on Race: New Test of an old Implicit Hypothesis
Authors: Headen Alvin E.
Published: May 2008

Prior econometric studies of physician fee determination report that fees are positively related to the proportion of the market area that is black and negatively related to the proportion of the market area that is white, but the studies provide only sketchy explanations for these results. This article presents a price discrimination model which explains the empirical results and provides the specific prediction that low income self-pay consumers in the black community constitute the group that pays higher prices for physician services. The study then replicates prior econometric results on a more recent national database, but finds that the results are sensitive to specification. When geographic differences are controlled for in the empirical model, the results fade and a statistical test indicates that the expanded specification is superior to the specification which replicated the price discrimination result. The conclusion is that there is no compelling evidence of price discrimination in physician services markets based on race.
Migrant Farmworker Earnings: A Human Capital Approach
Authors: White-Means Shelley I.
Published: May 2008

Migrant farmworkers are essential to the supply of low-cost agricultural produce. However, employment earnings of this vital labor force are approximately equal to the federal poverty income. This study examines the role of health capital investments in enhancing farmworker productivity and employment earnings. Health capital investments are found to have a larger marginal effect on earnings than other forms of human capital investments, such as education or experience.
The Structure of the South African Labor Market, 1970–83
Authors: Daniels Rudolph
Published: May 2008

The structure of the labor market in the Republic of South Africa over 1970–83 is strongly linked to the Natives Land Act of 1913, No. 27, which dispossessed blacks of their legal right to land ownership. One of the intended results of this act was to increase the supply of cheap black labor to South Africa's predominantly white-owned industry. Thus, over the 1970–83 period, as before, blacks occupied the lowest ends of the educational, occupational, employment, and income distributions among all races in South Africa. On the other hand, the white minority lived at a standard equal to that of Americans and Scandanavians. However, even within these constraints, the demographics of South Africa are such that over the next decade or more, and even in the absence of major political upheaval, blacks may comprise an increasing percentage of the workforce and occupy positions which have been mainly occupied by whites to date.
Right-To-Work Legislation and the Economic Position of Black Workers
Authors: Grimes Paul W.
Published: May 2008

Recent empirical analysis of state right-to-work legislation indicates that a negative wage effect may result as a consequence of banning union shop contracts. It has been previously shown that industrial unionism tends to improve the relative wage position of black workers. Thus, it is hypothesized that if state right-to-work laws weaken the economic power of unions to raise wages, black workers will experience a disproportionate decline in their relative wage position. Black workers in right-to-work states would therefore experience a reduction in their relative economic position unless a strong positive relative employment effect occurs in response to the decline in wages. Using a cross-sectional regression model this article examines the relative employment effect due to right-to-work legislation. The results indicate that black workers experience a statistically significant decline in their relative employment rate within right-to-work states. When this finding is coupled with the hypothesized negative wage effect, it is concluded that right-to-work legislation results in a worsening of the net economic position of black workers.
The Influence of Race on Rezoning Decisions: Equality of Treatment in Black and White Census Tracts, 1955–1980
Authors: Hinds Dudley S. , Ordway Nicholas
Published: May 2008

As municipal zoning is political in nature, the equality of zoning protection provided among black and white neighborhoods should be expected to be sensitive to changes in relative political power over time. This article examines the rejection rates for rezoning applications over time in predominantly white and predominantly black census tracts in Atlanta, Georgia. It identifies inequality of treatment as between heavily white and heavily black tracts during a period of no black representation among elected city officials and equality of treatment during a later period when blacks were substantially represented in government.
Insurance Redlining and the Process of Discrimination
Authors: Squires Gregory D. , Velez William
Published: May 2008

Insurance redlining and the racially discriminatory consequences of the sale of property insurance have been documented in several cities throughout the United States. In this study teams of “testers”—comparably qualified insurance consumers who differed only in the racial composition of the neighborhood of the homes they sought to insure—contacted three Milwaukee area insurance companies regarding the possibility of purchasing insurance for their homes. Though no blatantly discriminatory behavior was exhibited, agents representing these companies expressed a clear preference to pursue business in white communities and placed additional barriers in the way of testers from nonwhite neighborhoods. These findings parallel changes in other institutional sectors of the housing industry where blatantly discriminatory behavior has generally given way to more subtle forms of bias. Policy recommendations are offered to reduce existing racial disparities in the availability of insurance and to open up housing markets in general for minorities.
Another Look at Comparable Worth's Impact on Black Women
Authors: Holleran Philip M. , Schwarz Margaret
Published: May 2008

In a 1986 article in the Review, Julianne Malveaux discussed the use of a comparable worth strategy for improving the economic position of black women (and men). In this response, the authors point out that some occupational channeling occurs prior to labor market entry and also suggest economic factors that could lead to reduced economic opportunity for some women as a result of the implementation of a comparable worth policy.
Nea Presidential Address, 1990: Africa, The Development Challenge of the 1990s
Authors: Wilson Stephanie Y.
Published: May 2008

Much of Africa has been excluded from the considerable social and economic progress made in most regions of the world over the past several decades. Disheartening trends in Africa include budget and trade deficits, debt accumulation, inflation, overvalued currency and foreign exchange shortages. However, about half of African nations have courageously implemented structural adjustment programs since the early 1980s. The author examines the economic problems facing Africa and builds a case for responding to the crisis, proposing efforts to increase donor support and coordination and encouraging sustainable adjustment. She strongly advocates research leading to a more productive dialogue with policymakers.
Effects of Food Stamp Program Participation and Other Sociodemographic Characteristics on Food Expenditure Patterns of Elderly Minority Households
Authors: Davis Carlton G. , Sanderson James H. , Bailey Lynn B. , Wagner Patricia A.
Published: May 2008

An Engel-type regression model was used to examine the relationship between Food Stamp program participation, socioeconomic characteristics, and household food expenditures. Findings suggest that Food Stamp subsidies, money income levels, and housing subsidies have a strong relationship with household food expenditure patterns. Food Stamp subsidies were significantly more effective in enhancing food expenditures at the lower household income ranges. Food Stamp subsidies also interacted strongly with housing rental subsidies, feeding programs, and money income to improve the quantity and quality of food consumption. Findings suggest that multiple-program benefits are important policy instruments for providing an adequate economic safety net for the elderly poor.
Notes on Implicit Contracts and the Racial Unemployment Differential
Authors: Eagan Vince
Published: May 2008

In this article the application of the implicit contract model to black-white inequality is critically evaluated. The discussion revolves around the analysis of Grossman and Trepeta, who view black employment instability as resulting in part from a higher propensity of blacks to renege on implicit contracts. That approach is shown to be theoretically implausible and empirically inconsistent with the data on quit behavior by blacks. As an alternative, a reputational model in which employers have incentives to renege on risk-shifting contracts is discussed.
Abram Harris: An Odyssey from Howard to Chicago
Authors: Darity William A.
Published: May 2008

… however successful Negro business enterprise may be, and whether it proceeds on a quasi self-sufficient basis or takes its chances for survival in the general competitive arena, it must in the nature of things remain a diminutive force in modern industrialism, which is to say, that its much heralded power for mitigating the stress of Negro unemployment will be inconsequential. The great masses of Negro workers will continue to find their employment with those who now control finance and industry.

—Abram L. Harris, Jr. “The Negro Worker: A Problem of Progressive Labor Action” The Crisis Vol. 37: No. 3, March 1930, p. 85.
Explaining Post-1964 Earnings Gains by Black Women: Race or Sex?
Authors: Fosu Augustin Kwasi
Published: May 2008

This article examines the earnings position of black females relative to white males for the post-1964 period. It finds that over 70 percent of the 1965–78 growth in black female relative median earnings remains after controlling for previous trends, education, and cyclical and labor supply changes. For full-time, year-round workers, the post-1964 trend independently implies a growth rate about 50 percent higher than that actually observed. Approximately one-half of the gains are attributable to race and the rest to the interaction of race and sex. The study finds no support for the censoring hypothesis that allocates a substantial portion of the growth to labor supply decreases. While it suggests occupational mobility to be nonextraneous in the earnings equation, the author argues that the black female now faces a mobility constraint more formidable than previously.
Reachability analysis of fragments of mobile ambients in AC term rewriting
Authors: Delzanno Giorgio , Montagna Roberto
Published: May 2008

In this paper, we investigate the connection between fragments of associative-commutative Term Rewriting and fragments of Mobile Ambients, a powerful model for mobile and distributed computations. The connection can be used to transfer decidability and undecidability results for important computational properties like reachability from one formalism to the other. Furthermore, it can be viewed as a vehicle to apply tools based on rewriting for the simulation and validation of specifications given in Mobile Ambients.
Conceptualizing Culture: Possibilities for Political Science
Authors: Wedeen Lisa
Published: May 2008

This essay makes a case for an anthropological conceptualization of culture as “semiotic practices” and demonstrates how it adds value to political analyses. “Semiotic practices” refers to the processes of meaning-making in which agents' practices (e.g., their work habits, self-policing strategies, and leisure patterns) interact with their language and other symbolic systems. This version of culture can be employed on two levels. First, it refers to what symbols do—how symbols are inscribed in practices that operate to produce observable political effects. Second, “culture” is an abstract theoretical category, a lens that focuses on meaning, rather than on, say, prices or votes. By thinking of meaning construction in terms that emphasize intelligibility, as opposed to deep-seated psychological orientations, a practice-oriented approach avoids unacknowledged ambiguities that have bedeviled scholarly thinking and generated incommensurable understandings of what culture is. Through a brief exploration of two concerns central to political science—compliance and ethnic identity-formation—this paper ends by showing how culture as semiotic practices can be applied as a causal variable.
Preferable Descriptive Representatives: Will Just Any Woman, Black, or Latino Do?
Authors: Dovi Suzanne
Published: May 2008

A body of theoretical literature has developed that explains why historically disadvantaged groups should be represented by members of those groups. Such representatives are commonly referred to as descriptive representatives. This literature has also endorsed various institutional reforms aimed at increasing the number of descriptive representatives, e.g., party list quotas, racial districting, and proportional representation. However, this literature does not articulate criteria that should guide the selection of descriptive representatives to serve in these institutional positions. Indeed, some thinkers claim that such criteria cannot, or at least should not, be articulated. I argue that some descriptive representatives are preferable to others and that criteria for selecting preferable descriptive representatives can, and should, be articulated. Moreover, I recommend one such criterion: Preferable descriptive representatives possess strong mutual relationships with dispossessed subgroups of historically disadvantaged groups.
Theories of War in an Era of Leading-Power PeacePresidential Address, American Political Science Association, 2001
Authors: JERVIS ROBERT
Published: May 2008

The motor of international politics has been war among the leading states. The most developed states in the international system—the United States, Western Europe, and Japan—form what Karl Deutsch called a security community, which is a group of countries among which war is unthinkable. These states are the most powerful ones in the world and, so, are traditional rivals. Thus the change is striking and consequential. Constructivists explain this in terms of changed ideas and identities; liberals point to democracy and economic interest; realists stress the role of nuclear weapons and American hegemony. My own explanation combines the high cost of war, the gains from peace, and the values that are prevalent within the security community. Whatever the cause, the existence of the community will bring with it major changes in international politics and calls into question many traditional theories of war.
The Social Calculus of Voting: Interpersonal, Media, and Organizational Influences on Presidential Choices
Authors: BECK PAUL ALLEN , DALTON RUSSELL J. , GREENE STEVEN , HUCKFELDT ROBERT
Published: May 2008

Voting choices are a product of both personal attitudes and social contexts, of a personal and a social calculus. Research has illuminated the personal calculus of voting, but the social calculus has received little attention since the 1940s. This study expands our understanding of the social influences on individual choice by examining the relationship of partisan biases in media, organizational, and interpersonal intermediaries to the voting choices of Americans. Its results show that the traditional sources of social influence still dominate: Interpersonal discussion outweighs the media in affecting the vote. Media effects appear to be the product of newspaper editorial pages rather than television or newspaper reporting, which contain so little perceptible bias that they often are misperceived as hostile. Parties and secondary organizations also are influential, but only for less interested voters—who are more affected by social contexts in general. Overall, this study demonstrates that democratic citizens are embedded in social contexts that join with personal traits in shaping their voting decisions.
Cues that Matter: How Political Ads Prime Racial Attitudes During Campaigns
Authors: VALENTINO NICHOLAS A. , HUTCHINGS VINCENT L. , WHITE ISMAIL K.
Published: May 2008

Recent evidence suggests that elites can capitalize on preexisting linkages between issues and social groups to alter the criteria citizens use to make political decisions. In particular, studies have shown that subtle racial cues in campaign communications may activate racial attitudes, thereby altering the foundations of mass political decision making. However, the precise psychological mechanism by which such attitudes are activated has not been empirically demonstrated, and the range of implicit cues powerful enough to produce this effect is still unknown. In an experiment, we tested whether subtle racial cues embedded in political advertisements prime racial attitudes as predictors of candidate preference by making them more accessible in memory. Results show that a wide range of implicit race cues can prime racial attitudes and that cognitive accessibility mediates the effect. Furthermore, counter-stereotypic cues—especially those implying blacks are deserving of government resources—dampen racial priming, suggesting that the meaning drawn from the visual/narrative pairing in an advertisement, and not simply the presence of black images, triggers the effect.
Political Regimes and International Trade: The Democratic Difference Revisited
Authors: DAI XINYUAN
Published: May 2008

How do domestic political institutions affect the outcomes of international trade negotiations? Specifically, are the aggregate trade barriers agreed upon by a democratic pair lower than those by a pair composed of a democracy and an autocracy? I revisit these important questions by highlighting some problematic aspect of the analysis by Mansfield, Milner, and Rosendorff (2000). Contrary to their central conclusion, I find that whether the aggregate trade barriers are lower for a democratic pair than those for a mixed pair depends on the preferences of the decision makers involved. Thus, although domestic political institutions are important, they alone are insufficient to predict a higher level of cooperation among democracies.
Democratic Commitments: Legislatures and International Cooperation. By Lisa L. Martin. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000. 225p. $49.50 cloth, $18.95 paper.
Authors: McNamara Kathleen R.
Published: May 2008

One of the sharpest and most consequential divisions in international relations lies between those who believe that international politics is a realm unto its own and those who see the lines between domestic and international politics as both permeable and pertinent. For the former group, the consequences of anarchy swamp any potential for politics to be ordered at the international level as it is within states. In this view, the dynamics of domestic political life, such as the rule of law, norms of trust, or the independent effects of institutions, are foreign to the international system.
The Logic of the History of Ideas. By Mark Bevir. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. 350p. $60.00. History of Concepts: Comparative Perspectives. Edited by Iain Hampsher-Monk, Karin Tilmans, and Frank Van Vree. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998. 320p. $42.50. The History of Political and Social Concepts: A Critical Introduction. By Melvin Richter. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. 224p. $49.95.
Authors: Hanson Russell L.
Published: May 2008

How have our conceptions of politics changed, and how have these changes altered politics and its possibilities? These are the burning questions at one of the biggest campfires in political theory, and the answers are disputed as these three volumes show.
Public Health Policies and Social Inequality By Charles F. Andrain. New York: New York University Press, 1998. 292p. $50.00. The Politics of Health in Europe. By Richard Freeman. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2000. 164p. $69.95. Governing the Health Care State: A Comparative Study of the United Kingdom, the United States, and Germany By Michael Moran. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999. 196p. $69.95 cloth, $24.95 paper. Accidental Logics: The Dynamics of Change in the Health Care Arena in the United States, Britain, and Canada By Carolyn Hughes Tuohy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. 312p. $45.00.
Authors: Marmor Theodore
Published: May 2008

International meetings about health-care issues—conferences, symposia, cyber-gatherings—have become something of an epidemic in the past decade. There is a brisk trade in the latest panaceas offered for the various real and imagined ills of modern medical care systems. When policy fixes fail in their country of origin, they are regularly offered to unsuspecting audiences elsewhere. Moreover, what travels as comparative analysis is often simply a collection of parallel descriptions of national health arrangements. So when there is a flurry of systematic comparative studies of health care by political scientists, a development illustrated by the four books under review, one ought to pay attention.
Cuba Today and Tomorrow: Reinventing Socialism By Max Azicri. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000. 396p. $55.00 cloth, $24.95 paper.
Authors: Lutjens Sheryl
Published: May 2008

Max Azicri writes with acumen on the Cuban revolution in the very different decades of the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, and he offers an insightful assessment of the changes and challenges of the 1990s. His objective is to answer the puzzle of what he calls the “Cuban miracle”: the island's surprising survival in the face of the deep economic crisis associated with the collapse of the socialist bloc and the ongoing “punitive” policies of the United States. Azicri is not the only scholar to attempt an interpretation of Cuba in the 1990s. Susan Eckstein (Back from the Future: Cuba Under Castro, 1994), Ken Cole (Cuba: From Revoution to Development, 1998), Julia Jatar-Hausman (The Cuban Way: Capitalism, Communism, and Confrontation, 1999), and Robin Blackburn, (“Putting the Hammer Down on Cuba,” New Left Review, July-August 2000 (4): 5–36) are among those who have examined the nexus of Cuba's past and future in the post–Cold War context. An explosion of travel writing also demonstrates the intrigue of contemporary Cuba, as does the list of new detective thrillers—some of them bestsellers—with a Cuba setting. Azicri's book has a distinctive place in this literary landscape.
Cultural Studies and Political Theory. Edited by Jodi Dean. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000. 362p. $45.00 cloth, $19.95 paper.
Authors: Locke Jill
Published: May 2008

Film, painting, disease, nationalism, mass media, literature, family values, capital punishment, music lyrics, theater, UFOs, the Statue of Liberty, and Appalachian hollers are some of the cultural texts subject to political analysis in this impressive volume of sixteen essays. Neither are these cultural sites presumed to be transparent nor are their investments fully known. They are problematized, pluralized, specified, and contextualized in terms of such political categories as liberalism, communitarianism, privacy, civility, nationhood, citizenship, community, the will, responsibility, the common, revolution, public sphere(s), and the political itself (p. 19). This approach, which Jodi Dean terms an “interface” between cultural studies and political theory, captures how cultural forms such as film and literature cannot be decoupled from their political moorings, just as a political concept like citizenship is always embedded with cultural meanings.
Cycling into Saigon: The Conservative Transition in Ontario By David R. Cameron and Graham White. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2000. 224p. $75.00.
Authors: Noel S. J. R.
Published: May 2008

One defining feature of a constitutional democracy is that the defeat of the governing party in a general election leads to a peaceful, orderly, and more or less routine change of government. Given the inherently combative nature of electoral politics and the potential for disruptive action by the losing side, this is no small achievement, and when it happens it is justly celebrated. Transitions in constitutional regimes, moreover, provide a unique if momentary window through which to view the mainsprings of political power. This volume is a study of the 1995 transition from New Democratic Party (NDP) to Progressive Conservative (PC) rule in the province of Ontario. It makes an important contribution to the sparse literature on transitions in Canada and in parliamentary regimes generally. For students of comparative government, it usefully complements recent work on presidential transitions in the United States, particularly Charles O. Jones, Passages to the Presidency: From Campaigning to Governing (1998).
The Prudential Presidency: An Aristotelian Approach to Presidential Leadership. By Ethan M. Fishman. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2001. 160p. $52.50.
Authors: Korzi Michael J.
Published: May 2008

A sense of puzzlement is likely to be the first reaction to Ethan Fishman's book. Aristotle and presidential leadership? These are topics that we tend not to associate with each other. Yet, as Fishman makes clear in this admirable and provocative work, Aristotle had much to say about proper political leadership, much that is directly applicable to evaluating and understanding American presidents and their acts of leadership.
The First Chinese Democracy: Political Life in the Republic of China on Taiwan By Linda Chao and Ramon H. Myers. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. 371p. $47.00. Democratization in China and Taiwan: The Adaptability of Leninist Parties By Bruce J. Dickson. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. 276p. $69.00
Authors: Goldstein Steven
Published: May 2008

These books address the same issue, the democratization of Taiwan, but use diametrically opposed analytic frameworks. The results are individually unsatisfying but, paradoxically, complementary.
Constitutional Self Government. By Christopher L. Eisgruber. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001. 260p. $45.00.
Authors: Tunick Mark
Published: May 2008

Christopher Eisgruber takes a pragmatic approach to judicial review. Most judges and scholars would decide whether a branch of government acts legitimately by asking whether its actions were authorized or prohibited by some provision in the Constitution. The common assumption is that during the constitutional convention, states agreed to give up some of their powers in order to establish a new federal government with enumerated powers, at the same time explicitly setting limits both to the federal government and to states. By turning to the terms of this agreement, Supreme Court Justices seek to answer whether Congress, the president, or the state or local government in question acted within its rights. Eisgruber regards such assumptions about state sovereignty as “mystical” (p. 186). Instead, he would have us question, in deciding whether, say, Congress should be permitted to regulate the possession of guns in school zones, that this is the sort of thing a national government can “do well” (p. 186). Whether it was the intention of those who wrote or ratified the Constitution to give Congress this power is, to Eisgruber, more or less irrelevant.
German Unification and the Union of Europe: The Domestic Politics of Integration Policy. By Jeffrey Anderson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. 240p. $59.95 cloth, $21.95 paper.
Authors: Crawford Beverly
Published: May 2008

German unification presents conceptual puzzles of which comparativists dream. Has this monumental change, which boils down to full German sovereignty, growth of German power, and the emergence of new domestic political interests, altered Germany's relationship to Europe? Is Germany withdrawing from or dominating European institutions? Does the new Germany still tread its well-worn postwar path of the model “European”? The questions are important for our understanding of the sources of policy change and continuity as well as the process of regional integration in general and the course of European integration in particular. In which issue areas has Germany's postunification policy broken with the past? Is the break caused by changes in domestic politics or the increase in the power of a unified and fully sovereign Germany? Have policy changes impeded or enhanced the speed and character of European unification? Are important continuities evident? If both policy continuity and change are present, why the variation? These are the questions Jeffrey Anderson tackles in this timely and important volume.
The Spirit of Capitalism: Nationalism and Economic Growth. By Liah Greenfeld, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001. 541p. $45.00.
Authors: Hagopian Mark N.
Published: May 2008

In this book Liah Greenfeld tackles the problem that preoccupied Max Weber in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1930). Like many others, she disputes Weber's claim that modern capitalism emerged uniquely in Northwest Europe because of the attitudes and behavior promoted by Protestant Christianity, especially in its Calvinist variety: The “worldly asceticism” and peculiar form of economic rationality involved spawned an economic system that eventually helped change the world. Critical of this precise argument, Greenfeld is in the Weberian camp in centering the problem where he did and in stressing the differences between modern capitalism and age-old commercial profit making found virtually in all civilizations. Similarly sound is Weber's methodological posture that sees culture, that is, ideas, ideals, and values dramatically influencing the emergence, growth, and durability of economic systems. Those who, like the whole Marxist tradition, maintain that underlying “structural” factors such as technology and environment are the prime movers of history have succumbed to untenable deterministic philosophies. History and social structures, unlike the works of simple nature, are constructed by human agency, which itself is often provided by outstanding thinkers and doers.
The Next Religious Establishment: National Identity and Political Theology in Post-Protestant America. By Eldon J. Eisenach. New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000. 167 p. $75.00 cloth, $22.95 paper.
Authors: Bathory Peter Dennis
Published: May 2008

Animated by an “American identity crisis,” Eldon Eisenach seeks to comprehend a “deep disjunction in political culture and values between elite national institutions and the aggregate of local cultures and values.” National elites, in particular, many in the “American university,” offer America-in-crisis “a highly abstract democratic Universalism” which “denies American nationality.” At the same time national representatives of “local cultures and values” attempt to “ground national identity and national policy in a `conservative Restoration' by bringing back to prominence and honor the value-sustaining institutions of civil society” (p. 99). Both “Universalists” and “Restorationists” fail in their respective tasks, and American identity, Eisenach argues, is threatened in the process. While “Universalism,” often couched in the “neutral” language of “juridical democracy,” is in some ways built upon the New Deal “liberal establishment,” it has, he insists, not been able to articulate policies that speak to this “older, ruling coalition” and so poses “above the battle” (pp. 102–3). Restorationists suffer from another malady. Though winning elections, they have proved incapable of establishing “national authority” and so equally incapable of reestablishing an American national identity.
Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals. By Gary Jonathan Bass. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000. 402p. $29.95.
Authors: Blaser Arthur W.
Published: May 2008

This excellent book is a worthwhile acquisition for anyone and any library, but it is an essential one for those concerned with international law, international organization, and war crimes. Bass combines the best of his scholarly political science training with his experience as a former correspondent with The Economist.
Making Social Science Matter: Why Social Inquiry Fails and How It Can Succeed Again. By Bent Flyvbjerg. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. 201p. $54.95 cloth, $19.95 paper.
Authors: White Stephen K.
Published: May 2008

The 2001 American Political Science Association meeting was alive with the Perestroika controversy. It has been more than a quarter-century since the profession last saw such ferment. If one compares the two episodes, there is strong similarity in the level of organizational activity; but when it comes to methodological issues, the differences are pronounced. The earlier period was characterized by a rich discussion; today there is comparatively little. And this relative silence has been the norm for a good number of years.
Interest Groups, Lobbying, and Participation in America. By Kenneth M. Goldstein. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. 170p. $49.95 cloth, $16.95 paper.
Authors: Leech Beth L.
Published: May 2008

Studies of interest-group influence on politics and studies of mass participation in politics typically have been quite separate undertakings. With a few notable exceptions, research projects have been designed to examine one or the other, not both, and the influence of interest-group activity on mass political activity is too seldom considered. In this broadly integrative book, Kenneth Goldstein makes a convincing argument for why this should not be the case.
The Enemy with a Thousand Faces: The Tradition of the Other in Western Political Thought and History. By Vilho Harle. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2000. 232p. $59.95.
Authors: Boucher David
Published: May 2008

This book is part of a much larger collaborative project devoted to “Otherness, Identity, and Politics.” It explores an aspect of identity theory, about which the author makes two uncontentious claims: first, that identity is socially and politically constituted and, second, that identity politics predate 1989. By delimiting a theme in Western political thought and history that constructs the “I” and the “thou” in terms of good and evil, the book identifies and delimits a tendency to portray the Other as an enemy, evil incarnate, and dehumanized by a combination of religious and political ideas. The tradition of understanding the Self and the Other as the vehicles of good and evil is reproduced in thought, speech, and action and constitutes a continuous tradition from ancient Iranian Zoroastrianism, through Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.