bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimating the Outer Ring Defect Size and Remaining Service Life of Freight Railcar Bearings Using Vibration Signatures
Authors: Montalvo Joseph , Tarawneh Constantine , Lima Jennifer , Cuanang Jonas , De Los Santos Nancy
Published: July 2019

The railroad industry currently utilizes two wayside detection systems to monitor the health of freight railcar bearings in service: The Trackside Acoustic Detection System (TADS™) and the wayside Hot-Box Detector (HBD). TADS™ uses wayside microphones to detect and alert the conductor of high-risk defects. Many defective bearings may never be detected by TADS™ since a high-risk defect is a spall which spans more than 90% of a bearing’s raceway, and there are less than 20 systems in operation throughout the United States and Canada. Much like the TADS™, the HBD is a device that sits on the side of the rail-tracks and uses a non-contact infrared sensor to determine the temperature of the train bearings as they roll over the detector. These wayside detectors are reactive in the detection of a defective bearing and require emergency stops in order to replace the wheelset containing the defective bearing. These costly and inefficient train stoppages can be prevented if a proper maintenance schedule can be developed at the onset of a defect initiating within the bearing. This proactive approach would allow for railcars with defective bearings to remain in service operation safely until reaching scheduled maintenance.

Driven by the need for a proactive bearing condition monitoring system in the rail industry, the University Transportation Center for Railway Safety (UTCRS) research group at the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (UTRGV) has been developing an advanced onboard condition monitoring system that can accurately and reliably detect the onset of bearing failure using temperature and vibration signatures of a bearing. This system has been validated through rigorous laboratory testing at UTRGV and field testing at the Transportation Technology Center, Inc. (TTCI) in Pueblo, CO. The work presented here builds on previously published work that demonstrates the use of the advanced onboard condition monitoring system to identify defective bearings as well as the correlations developed for spall growth rates of defective bearing outer rings (cups). Hence, the system uses the root-mean-square (RMS) value of the bearing’s acceleration to assess its health. Once the bearing is determined to have a defective outer ring, the RMS value is then used to estimate the defect size. This estimated size is then used to predict the remaining service life of the bearing. The methodology proposed in this paper can prove to be a useful tool in the development of a proactive and cost-efficient maintenance cycle for railcar owners.
Development of Laser/LED-Based Instrument for Optical Detection of Railroad Top-of-Rail (ToR) Friction Modifiers and Lubricity Conditions
Authors: Neighborgall Campbell , Mast Timothy , Peterson Andrew , Ahmadian Mehdi , Holton Carvel
Published: July 2019

This study provides the results of research for obtaining track lubricity conditions through using laser/LED-based, optical sensors while onboard a push-cart. The resulting sensors are intended to be able to identify the lubricity condition of a rail network while moving onboard either a track metrology car or a Hy-rail vehicle. U.S. railroads invest a large sum of money and resources applying friction modifying material and flange lubricants to their rails to reduce rolling resistance in curves in an effort to reduce curving forces, reduce wheel and rail wear, and improve fuel efficiency. There exists, however, no effective ways of measuring the amount, adequacy, or even presence of top of rail (ToR) friction modifiers over continuous, extended distances of track except through quasi-empirical visual inspections that can be subject to a high amount of errors due to the very small layer thicknesses of ToR material (commonly, a few microns). This effort intends to bridge this gap by evaluating the application of laser/LED-based instruments in detecting the presence of ToR friction modifiers and flange lubricants on the rail. Specifically, the reflective and scattering properties of a laser beam directed against the rail surface are used to provide a qualitative “gloss”-based assessment of the presence of ToR friction modifiers. Additionally, a UV fluorescence sensor (LED source) is used to detect the presence of flange grease which has migrated to the top of rail by taking advantage of the grease’s fluorescence properties. The results of both laboratory and field testing of a prototype system with embedded laser and LED fluorescence sensors and supporting peripheral sensors are presented. The details of the instruments and their working principle are explained. The conditions for laboratory testing and field testing on revenue service tracks are detailed. The test results indicate that the laser/LED system is capable of successfully detecting the presence of ToR friction modifier and flange grease contamination on the rail.
Clustering Algorithms for Direct Current Track Coded Signals
Authors: Qin Song , Mijatovic Nenad , Fries Jeffrey , Kiss James
Published: July 2019

Designed for detecting train presence on tracks, track circuits must maintain a level of high availability for railway signaling systems. Due to the fail-safe nature of these critical devices, any failures will result in a declaration of occupancy in a section of track which restricts train movements. It is possible to automatically diagnose and, in some cases, predict the failures of track circuits by performing analytics on the track signals. In order to perform these analytics, we need to study the coded signals transmitted to and received from the track. However, these signals consist of heterogeneous pulses that are noisy for data analysis. Thus, we need techniques which will automatically group homogeneous pulses into similar groups. In this paper, we present data cleansing techniques which will cluster pulses based on digital analysis and machine learning. We report the results of our evaluation of clustering algorithms that improve the quality of analytic data. The data were captured under revenue service conditions operated by Alstom. For clustering algorithm, we used the k-means algorithm to cluster heterogeneous pulses. By tailoring the parameters for this algorithm, we can control the pulses of the cluster, allowing for further analysis of the track circuit signals in order to gain insight regarding its performance.
Going Beyond Conventional Problem Solving for Two Railroad Wheel Defects
Authors: Dedmon S.
Published: July 2019

Conventional problem solving is a time-honored and accepted methodology for solving many problems we encounter in our daily home and work lives. Thought processes can be linear (like a programmer) or non-linear and still use conventional problem solving skills. Conventional problem solving begins with a statement of the problem, accumulation of data, analysis of data and proposals of solutions to the problem, then testing of the hypotheses. Non-conventional problem solving often skips some of these steps, beginning with a statement of the problem and ending with possible solutions. The tools of conventional problem solving include “critical thinking”, Fool-proofing, “thinking outside the box” and Statistical techniques. Consider the first of our ancestors to figure out that harnessing fire would provide security from large predators, make food safer and easier to eat and make tools such as fire hardened tips on spears. Did all these inventions occur in one moment of genius, or did they take innumerable years to accomplish? Sometime in this process of non-conventional thinking our ancestors brought forth a new technology which ensured the survival of our species. So, how does non-conventional problem solving work? When current theory does not appear to work, then we look to the margins of our science to see if current theory continues to be ineffective. Most theories fail in the margins of the science. A classic example of conventional science failing in the margins is the general and special theory of relativity. Non-conventional problem solving offers greater opportunity for revolutionary rather than incremental, or evolutionary advancements to our science. Other examples are included in this paper. Two wheel related problems are also presented using non-conventional problem solving techniques to provide alternative solutions.
Numerical Evaluation of Splitting Performance of Prestressed Concrete Prisms With Larger Diameter Prestressing Wires
Authors: Shin Moochul , Yu Hailing
Published: July 2019

This numerical study focuses on evaluating the structural performance of prestressed concrete prisms with larger diameter (0.315 in) prestressing wires. More commonly used prestressing wires are the 0.209 in (5.32 mm) diameter wires for prestressed concrete crossties. However, there has been an interest to adopt larger diameter prestressing wires in order to provide higher prestress forces with the aim of mitigating the structural damage of prestressed concrete crossties. Previous experimental studies demonstrated that small-scale pretensioned concrete prisms had excellent correlation in bonding performance of concrete ties pretensioned with 0.209 in (5.32 mm) wires or three- or seven-wire strands. Using a finite element (FE) modeling approach, this study investigates the effects of 8 mm diameter prestressing wires on the splitting/bursting performance of prisms at the onset of de-tensioning of the wires. The studied parameters include geometrical/mechanical parameters such as thickness of the concrete cover, spacing between the wires, level of prestress forces, and concrete release strength in compression. Cohesive elements with a newly developed nonlinear bond-slip model are assigned to the interface between the prestressing wires and the surrounding concrete. The parameters for the bond-slip model are calibrated based on a simple pull-out test on concrete cylinders with the 0.315 in (8 mm) diameter wires. The simulation results are compared with the predicted splitting performance of prisms pretensioned with 0.209 in (5.32 mm) wires or seven-wire strands. Based on the FE analysis results, recommendations are made on the minimum concrete cover thickness and wire spacing required to achieve acceptable splitting/bursting performance in prestressed concrete prisms.
Monitoring and Detecting Fouled Ballast Using Forward-Looking Infrared Radiometer (FLIR) Aerial Technology: Possibilities and Limitations
Authors: Tan Yongwen , Chen Yang , Peterson Andrew W. , Ahmadian Mehdi
Published: July 2019

This paper examines the feasibility and limitations of Forward Looking Infrared Radiometer (FLIR) Aerial Technology for detecting fouled ballast. The method is intended to provide an efficient and ready-to-use approach that can help the railroads detect fouled ballast in their early stages. Ballast fouling commonly occurs as a result of fine particles clogging off water passage through them. Subsequently, this results in trapped water that often results in poor foundation strength, rotting of the ties, and other ill effects. This study includes a novel approach to evaluate the railway ballast fouling by using thermal imaging techniques. In particular, the thermal characteristics of clean and fouled ballast are studied using FLIR cameras that can be used onboard rolling stock, Hyrail trucks, or drones. Laboratory tests are primarily performed to measure the surface temperature changing rate of clean and fouled ballast in response to ambient temperature changes. For the purpose of laboratory testing, the camera is set up in stationary and moving configurations. The test results indicate that clean and fouled ballast have different thermal characteristics. In particular, different thermal patterns are obtained during naturally-occurring daily temperature change. The test results also indicate that the FLIR cameras can be used on a moving platform for quick scanning of thermal images of the ballast that could be used for assessing the early stage of fouling.
Electric field lines: The implications of students' interpretation on their understanding of the concept of electric field and of the superposition principle
Authors: Campos Esmeralda , Zavala Genaro , Zuza Kristina , Guisasola Jenaro
Published: July 2019

A common way to represent an electric field in a course on electricity and magnetism is with the electric field line diagram. Some literature claims that students have difficulties understanding this representation and relating it to their understanding of the electric field concept. We conducted a study at the introductory level that aims to understand the effect of students' interpretation of electric field line diagrams on their application of the superposition principle for the electric field. The results give some evidence that an incorrect interpretation of the electric field line diagram may hinder the understanding of the superposition principle. Students who understand a vector representation of a field at a position tend to answer a superposition principle question better. We question whether teaching the electric field line representation is productive at the introductory level, and we discuss the need to have a representation that helps students reach a better understanding of the electric field concept and of the superposition principle.
Why physical understanding should precede the mathematical formalism—Conditional quantum probabilities as a case-study
Authors: Aharonov Yakir , Cohen Eliahu , Oaknin David H.
Published: July 2019

Conditional probabilities in quantum systems which have both initial and final boundary conditions are commonly evaluated using the Aharonov–Bergmann–Lebowitz rule. In this short note, we present a seemingly disturbing paradox that appears when applying the rule to systems with slightly broken degeneracies. In these cases, we encounter a singular limit—the probability “jumps” when going from perfect degeneracy to negligibly broken one. We trace the origin of the paradox and solve it from both traditional and modern perspectives in order to highlight the physics behind it: the necessity to take into account the finite resolution of the measuring device. As a practical example, we study the application of the rule to the Zeeman effect. The analysis presented here may stress the general need to first consider the governing physical principles before heading to the mathematical formalism, in particular, when exploring puzzling quantum phenomena.
Response to Comment on “Earth and Moon impact flux increased at the end of the Paleozoic”
Authors: Mazrouei Sara , Ghent Rebecca R. , Bottke William F. , Parker Alex H. , Gernon Thomas M.
Published: July 2019

Hergarten
et al
. interpret our results in terms of erosion and uncertain calibration, rather than requiring an increase in impact flux. Geologic constraints indicate low long-term erosion rates on stable cratons where most craters with diameters of ≥20 kilometers occur. We statistically test their proposed recalibration of the lunar crater ages and find that it is disfavored relative to our original calibration.
Prevalence, severity, and nature of preventable patient harm across medical care settings: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Panagioti Maria , Khan Kanza , Keers Richard N , Abuzour Aseel , Phipps Denham , Kontopantelis Evangelos , Bower Peter , Campbell Stephen , Haneef Razaan , Avery Anthony J , Ashcroft Darren M
Published: July 2019

Objective

To systematically quantify the prevalence, severity, and nature of preventable patient harm across a range of medical settings globally.

Design

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Data sources

Medline, PubMed, PsycINFO, Cinahl and Embase, WHOLIS, Google Scholar, and SIGLE from January 2000 to January 2019. The reference lists of eligible studies and other relevant systematic reviews were also searched.

Review methods

Observational studies reporting preventable patient harm in medical care. The core outcomes were the prevalence, severity, and types of preventable patient harm reported as percentages and their 95% confidence intervals. Data extraction and critical appraisal were undertaken by two reviewers working independently. Random effects meta-analysis was employed followed by univariable and multivariable meta regression. Heterogeneity was quantified by using the I
2
statistic, and publication bias was evaluated.

Results

Of the 7313 records identified, 70 studies involving 337 025 patients were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence for preventable patient harm was 6% (95% confidence interval 5% to 7%). A pooled proportion of 12% (9% to 15%) of preventable patient harm was severe or led to death. Incidents related to drugs (25%, 95% confidence interval 16% to 34%) and other treatments (24%, 21% to 30%) accounted for the largest proportion of preventable patient harm. Compared with general hospitals (where most evidence originated), preventable patient harm was more prevalent in advanced specialties (intensive care or surgery; regression coefficient b=0.07, 95% confidence interval 0.04 to 0.10).

Conclusions

Around one in 20 patients are exposed to preventable harm in medical care. Although a focus on preventable patient harm has been encouraged by the international patient safety policy agenda, there are limited quality improvement practices specifically targeting incidents of preventable patient harm rather than overall patient harm (preventable and non-preventable). Developing and implementing evidence-based mitigation strategies specifically targeting preventable patient harm could lead to major service quality improvements in medical care which could also be more cost effective.
Sexual violence at each stage of human trafficking cycle and associated factors: a retrospective cohort study on Ethiopian female returnees via three major trafficking corridors
Authors: Gezie Lemma Derseh , Worku Alemayehu , Kebede Yigzaw , Gebeyehu Abebaw
Published: July 2019

Objectives

Evidence showed that the prevalence of sexual violence during the whole human trafficking period was high. However, the distribution of sexual violence along the stages of the trafficking cycle is unclear. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of sexual violence at each stage of trafficking and factors associated with it among Ethiopian trafficked females.

Design

A retrospective cohort study was conducted to study trafficking returnees regarding their previous experiences at each stage of trafficking.

Settings

Data were collected at immigration offices in three border towns of Ethiopia located bordering Sudan, Kenya and Djibouti.

Participants

Six hundred and seventy-one women who were trafficked from Ethiopia were recruited into the study consecutively. They were recruited when they came back home via the three border towns either by deportation or voluntary return.

Outcome measure

The outcome variable was sexual violence.

Results

The prevalence of sexual violence was estimated at 10% (95% CI 7.9 to 12.5) during predeparture, 35.0% (95% CI 31.5 to 38.7) travelling period, 58.1% (95% CI 54.2 to 61.8) at destination and 19.5% (95% CI 15.2 to 24.6) detention stages. The odds of sexual violence among returnees aged 14–17 years was about twofold when compared with that of women aged 26–49 years (adjusted OR (AOR)=1.97; 95% CI 1.11 to 3.52). Similarly, being smuggled initially (AOR=1.54; 95% CI 1.09 to 1.93), restricted freedom (AOR=1.45; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.86) and time spent at each stage of trafficking (AOR=1.028; 95% CI 1.024 to 1.033) were positively associated with sexual violence.

Conclusions

The prevalence of sexual violence at each stage of trafficking after departure was high. This could imply that victims might be affected by subsequent negative sexual health outcomes. Young age, initially being smuggled and time spent at each stage of the trafficking process were positively associated with the events of sexual violence. Efforts must be made on modifiable factors such as ‘smuggling’ to minimise subsequent sexual violence during trafficking.
Association between diabetes mellitus and the risk for major cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality in women compared with men: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
Authors: Wang Hao , Ba Ying , Cai Run-Ce , Xing Qian
Published: July 2019

Objective

Previous studies have reported sex differences in associations between diabetes mellitus (DM) and the risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke; however, the risk for cardiac death and all-cause mortality in women compared with men has not been reported. Therefore, this quantitative meta-analysis was performed to provide reliable estimates of sex differences in the effect of DM on major cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality, irrespective of DM type.

Design

Meta-analysis.

Data sources

The PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched in April 2018.

Eligibility criteria

Investigations designed as prospective cohort studies that examined the association between DM and major cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality stratified according to sex were included.

Data extraction and synthesis

Data extraction and quality assessment were independently performed by 2 of the authors, and the relative risk ratio (RRR) obtained using a random effects model was used to measure sex differences in the associations of DM with major cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality.

Results

Thirty prospective cohort studies that reported data from 1 148 188 individuals were included. The pooled women-to-men RRR suggested that female sex was associated with an increased risk for CHD (RRR 1.52(95% CI 1.32 to 1.76); p<0.001), stroke (RRR 1.23(95% CI 1.09 to 1.39); p=0.001), cardiac death (RRR 1.49(95% CI 1.11 to 2.00); p=0.009) and all-cause mortality (RRR 1.51(95% CI 1.23 to 1.85); p<0.001). In addition, sex differences for the investigated outcomes in the comparison between DM and non-DM patients were variable after stratification of studies according to publication year, country, sample size, assessment of DM, follow-up duration, adjustment for important cardiovascular risk factors and study quality.

Conclusions

Findings of the present study suggested that women with DM had an extremely high risk for CHD, stroke, cardiac death and all-cause mortality compared with men with DM.
Patient characteristics related to the need for peer support in rehabilitation after acquired brain injury: a prospective cohort study in the Netherlands
Authors: Wobma Ruth , Nijland Rinske , Kwakkel Gert
Published: July 2019

Objective

Peer support facilitates patients and caregivers in adjusting to long-term disabilities. This study aimed to determine which patient characteristics are related to need for peer support during rehabilitation after acquired brain injury (ABI) and investigate factors that explain whether peer support is perceived as meaningful or not.

Design

A prospective cohort study over a period of 17 months following patients with ABI during inpatient rehabilitation in the Netherlands. Multivariable logistic modelling was applied to identify patient and intervention characteristics that were related to (1) need for peer support and (2) whether or not peer support was perceived as meaningful. Additional information on duration and subjects of conversation was reported.

Setting

Peer support was provided during inpatient rehabilitation.

Participants

120 patients with ABI ≥18 years were included and assessed at admission, 94 patients were assessed at discharge. Seventy-three percent (n=88) expressed a need for peer support and at discharge 76.6% (n=72) perceived contact as meaningful.

Results

Non-Western and single patients perceived a significantly higher need for peer support. Patients younger than 60 and those with time between ABI and discharge of >3 months perceived their contact significantly more meaningful.

Conclusions

Results provide more insight into characteristics of patients with ABI who may benefit from peer support during inpatient rehabilitation. Optimal dosage, length of contact, rehabilitation phase and strategy for the provision of peer support should be investigated as well as the effects for ABI survivors on outcomes such as coping, self-efficacy, depression and health-related quality of life.
Measuring the outcomes of volunteering for education: development and pilot of a tool to assess healthcare professionals’ personal and professional development from international volunteering
Authors: Tyler Natasha , Collares Carlos , Byrne Ged , Byrne-Davis Lucie
Published: July 2019

Objective

The development and pilot of a self-report questionnaire, to assess personal and professional development of healthcare professionals gained through experiences in low-income and middle-income countries.

Design

The instrument was developed from a core set of the outcomes of international placements for UK healthcare professionals. Principal component analysis and multidimensional item response theory were conducted using results of a cross-sectional pilot study to highlight items with the best psychometric properties.

Setting

Questionnaires were completed both online and in multiple UK healthcare professional events face-to-face.

Participants

436 healthcare professional participants from the UK (with and without international experience) completed a 110-item questionnaire in which they assessed their knowledge, skills and attitudes.

Measures

The 110-item questionnaire included self-report questions on a 7-point Likert scale of agreement, developed from the core outcome set, including items on satisfaction, clinical skills, communication and other important healthcare professional knowledge, skills, attitudes and behaviours. Item reduction led to development of the 40-item Measuring the Outcomes of Volunteering for Education-Tool. Internal consistency was evaluated by the Cronbach’s α coefficient. Exploratory analysis investigated the structure of the data using principal component analysis and multivariate item response theory.

Results

Exploratory analysis found 10 principal components that explained 71.80% of the variance. Components were labelled ‘attitude to work, adaptability, adapting communication, cultural sensitivity, difficult communication, confidence, teaching, management, behaviour change and life satisfaction’. Internal consistency was acceptable for the identified components (α=0.72–0.86).

Conclusions

A 40-item self-report questionnaire developed from a core outcome set for personal and professional development from international placements was developed, with evidence of good reliability and validity. This questionnaire will increase understanding of impact of international placements, facilitating comparisons of different types of experience. This will aid decision making about whether UK healthcare professionals should be encouraged to volunteer internationally and in what capacity.
Twenty Years of Military Prehospital Care in the Eastern Sovereign Base Area, Cyprus
Authors: Halle-Smith James Michael , Ahmad T , Mason G , Barlow A , Gout S
Published: July 2019

Introduction

The Medical Reception Station (MRS) in Dhekelia provides a prehospital emergency care (PHEC) service for the Eastern Sovereign Base Area and surrounding Cypriot towns. This service has been evaluated previously but some important aspects of care have not yet been measured. The primary aim of this study was to undertake the most comprehensive service evaluation of the demand for the PHEC service at MRS Dhekelia over a 12-month period. The secondary aim of this study was to compare findings in 2018 to those in 1995–1998 and 2013–2016.

Methods

All calls to the PHEC team between 01/07/2017 and 30/06/2018 were reviewed and compared with previously reported data from 1995 to 1998 and 2013 to 2016. Data were collected from the occurrence book, the logbook used by the PHEC team to record the details of each call.

Results

There were 164 calls to the PHEC service during the current study period. The number of activations has decreased since the 2013–2016 period but remains greater than 1995–1998. In every month there was a call to a scene where more than one casualty was present, with the highest number being nine patients at one call. More calls were received during the day (55%). There were more calls because of trauma than medical complaints (55% vs 45%). Trauma calls have reduced over 20 years. The frequency of neurological and psychiatric complaints has increased over 20 years.

Conclusions

The PHEC service at MRS Dhekelia is frequently used. The team consistently face with scenes with more than one casualty. Trauma is becoming less frequent but psychiatric and neurological complaints are increasingly common. These findings are important for training and service provision.
Photogrammetry Integrated into a comprehensive mapping curriculum
Authors: Faig W. , Derenyi E. , Gloss G. , Lee Y.C. , Masry S.E.
Published: July 2019

Modern developments in both hardware and software have significantly changed the scope of mapping. The classical approaches, centered around analogue photogrammetry and cartography, are rapidly being supplemented or replaced by digital and analytical methods. Recognizing this, a new comprehensive mapping curriculum is being designed at the University of New Brunswick. It emphasizes the integration of photogrammetry into the mapping process rather than treating it as a separate entity.
On the role of the surveying engineer in industrial measurement
Authors: Fraser Clive S.
Published: July 2019

Over the past five years or so three-dimensional coordinate measuring techniques traditionally associated with surveyors and photogrammetrists have gained a significant place in industrial metrology. Nowhere has this been more apparent than in the automobile, shipbuilding and aerospace manufacturing sectors in the U.S. From the outset, optical triangulation techniques such as digital theodolite systems and automated photogrammetry have been widely employed, but more recently laser trilateration and total station systems have found limited application. In this paper the present role of the surveying engineer in the burgeoning field of industrial measurement is discussed, and prospects for the future are considered. One question that arises regarding the use of surveying technologies in this new area is whether the services and expertise of the surveyor are being called upon at a rate commensurate with that at which the traditional “tools of his trade” are being applied. Although the paper centers on the scene in the U.S. there is reason to believe that trends there will also be witnessed in other countries of the industrialized world.
Matching a set of digitized cadastral maps
Authors: Shmutter B. , Doytsher Y.
Published: July 2019

Errors inherent in the digitizing process inevitably lead to variations in the locations of boundaries of neighboring cadastral blocks. It then becomes necessary to adjust the digitized data to compensate for discrepancies and discontinuities in the digitized cadastral information.

For this purpose it is proposed that a procedure commonly used in aerial triangulation be adopted. Each map is regarded as an equivalent to a single photograph and a set of neighboring maps as a photogrammetric block. A system of appropriate equations is formed to adjust the “block”. Points lying on boundaries of adjacent cadastral blocks are the substitute for the transfer and tie points used in photogrammetry, and traverse or trigpoints available on the maps constitute the control data.

The results of this procedure are: “orientation” data for each map to transform its content to the state plane coordinate system and adjusted coordinates of points positioned on boundaries shared by neighboring maps.
CONTROL SURVEYS AND THE DEVIATION OF THE VERTICAL
Authors: Gregerson L. F.
Published: July 2019

Using observed data and examples, this paper indicates how the deviation of the vertical can affect control surveys that are carried out over extended areas. It is concluded that astronomical observations are necessary to control the orientation of such survey projects.
A GEODIMETER EVALUATION
Authors: Jones H. E.
Published: July 2019

In the summer of 1963, the Geodetic Survey of Canada field-tested a Model 4D geodimeter. With a range and accuracy comparable to the Model 2, it proved much more convenient. A technique of observing that eliminated most of the delay-line error gave a standard deviation for the instrumental reading error of 10.5 mm, whereas the standard method gave a standard deviation of 18.5 van. A study of meteorological errors in the Model 2 measurements during the previous 7 years indicated that the standard deviation of a one-night length is 0.5 ppm. The largest source of error for the Model 4D was the frequency instability. If this is eliminated by making frequency measurements while the instrument is in use, accuracies of one ppm are easily attainable (disregarding the uncertainty of the velocity of light).
Problems in Land Registration and in Filing Environmental Data in Eastern Canada
Authors: Hamilton Angus C.
Published: July 2019

The two basic problems in the deed registration system — the problem of title and the problem of description — are illustrated by eight case histories. The problem of title is aggravated because the registry office has no responsibility for the legal effect of the documents in its files. As there is, for the most part, no check on the correctness, or the validity, of the contents of documents, it frequently happens that incomplete or erroneous descriptions are filed and these become the cause of further errors and misinterpretations. The descriptions in the case histories and most of the descriptions in Eastern Canada are vitiated by the lack of a control survey system to which the point of commencement and the dimensions can be related and tested for errors. In New Brunswick alone, an estimated 30 man-years of lawyers’ time would be saved each year if the Torrens systein were used in place of the deed registration system.

In the Canada Land Inventory system, the information on land use and land capability from some 3,000 map sheets is being transferred to computer files. At the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, the magnetic tape files containing all the information from the 1961 census are readily accessible in an operational system. Yet, the common denominator, the information on the boundaries of the parcels of land on which people live and on which they grow crops, is buried obscurely in land registration and land survey offices instead of being readily available on computer files comparable with those of CLl and DBS.

It is concluded that a network of survey control stations and an improved system of land registration are prerequisites for the development of an integrated environmental data bank system. It is also concluded that serious dialogue on the objectives of such a system should begin as soon as possible.
A World Survey Control System and its Implications for National Control Networks
Authors: SCHMID HELLMUT H.
Published: July 2019

The establishment of a modern geodetic control network is shown to be affected by two developments, the coming of age of the method of satellite geodesy and the technical progress made in the general field of precise metrology. A general description is given of the method and potential of dynamic satellite geodesy and geometric satellite triangulation for the creation of a geodetic world-wide reference system as well as for the establishment of densification control on continental land masses. The three-dimensional densification nets are shown to provide a very precise framework to which the results of the conventional geodetic surface operations can be tied. This leads to a homogeneous and unambiguously defined presentation of both the geometric and the physical parameters determined by geodetic operations. The conceptual approach is paralleled with descriptions of programs now in progress, including statements about the contemplated schedule and the expected accuracies.
Photo Maps at 1:50,000 for Northern Canada
Authors: Fleming E. A.
Published: July 2019

Sixty per cent of Canada remains to be mapped at the scale of 1:50,000. Much of this remaining area is devoid of man-made features and is terrain that is difficult to portray cartographically. The requirement for maps suitable for exploration and development needs could be filled by photo maps if the challenge of producing them from existing photography can be met. Some of the photographic defects present in this photography are discussed in relation to their effect on the appearance of water areas and the necessity for delineating minor drainage. In addition, a compilation method is proposed that would minimize the photographic defects and would provide a more rapidly compiled, informative map of unsettled areas.
Monitoring Forest Management Operations
Authors: Lee Y. Jim.
Published: July 2019

Visual comparison of ERTS imagery with field data indicates that the nature and progress of many of the features of the forest environment, such as vegetation, roads, railroads, power lines, logged areas, lakes and dams, can be monitored to provide the forest manager with an overview of the management unit and its surroundings.
Forest Resource Mapping in Canada
Authors: Madill R. J. , Aldred A. H.
Published: July 2019

Maps of forest resources provide information for planning and management purposes. Forest cover maps may depict distributions of tree species, heights, density, health, as well as land information and planimetric detail. Scales range from 1:20 000 000 for an overview of Canada, to 1:5 000 for controlling ground operations in a specific area.

Current methods for preparing forest maps have their origins in work performed during the 1920s. The process involves the preparation of base maps, acquiring aerial photographs, photo interpretation, transfer of photo information to the base maps, cartographic completion and the compilation of resource statistics. The future of forest mapping includes the continued development and application of orthophoto maps and digital computer maps.
Nẹw Analytic Volume Formulas and Automatic Checks for Earthworks
Authors: Sanyaolu A.
Published: July 2019

This paper on volume of earthworks eases (1) the computational aspect of volume determination from cross sections and from contours (the field aspect remains the same) and (2) both the field work and the computational processes in volume determination from spot heights. In the former case, the prismoidal correction and the mid-area assumption, or Simpson’s Rule, are eliminated, and the digressive process of interpolating a mid-contour line when the given number of contour lines is even is eliminated. In the latter case, formulas that eliminate the digressive process of gridding are provided.

Another feature of this work is that the new formulas proposed have counterparts, which enables the speedy check of earthworks volume computations, a merit lacking in the traditional methods.
Adjustment of Inertial Survey System Errors
Authors: Ball William E. , Voorhees G. Donald
Published: July 2019

Based upon analyses of Inertial Survey System (ISS), test data equations have been derived that will accurately reproduce the error distribution characteristics of an Inertial Survey System in a traverse mode of operation. Because the resulting equations frequently cannot be evaluated using information commonly available in the field, practicable operational restrictions have been applied that will minimize the most significant sources of error; simplified error distribution equations have been developed, that can be solved using information typically available that will accurately reproduce system errors when operational restrictions are imposed.

In practice the unknown coefficients in the error distribution equations are evaluated using errors measured at points having known coordinates that are included within the traverse. The equations are then applied to correct position coordinate errors at other points located elsewhere within the traverse.
Photogrammetric Application of Skylab Photography
Authors: Derenyi Eugene E. , MacRitchie Stuart C.
Published: July 2019

Investigations at the University of New Brunswick into the feasibility of using Skylab/EREP S190-A and S190-B imagery in photo control extension for small-scale mapping are reviewed. Single-image and multiple-image processing are discussed and it is shown that simple space resection procedures give results compatible with more sophisticated aerial triangulation procedures, i.e., Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values of approximately 60 m to 70 m in X and Y for S190-A photography and 20 m in X and Y for S190-B photography.

The results of this study, and those from previous investigations, are used as a basis for recommendations pertinent to future space photography missions and, in particular, the expected performance of the Large Format Camera (LFC), proposed for use in the space shuttle missions of the early 1980s, is reviewed.
Nationality as an Admission Criterion for Professional Land Surveying in Canada
Authors: de Rijcke Izaak
Published: July 2019

Professional land surveying in Canada is regulated at the provincial level by various associations and corporations formed by statute. The prerogative to regulate a profession includes the ascertainment of qualifications upon admission. In particular, citizenship and oaths of allegiance and office are considered as admission criteria within the context of professional mandate, reciprocity with other provinces or countries and overall impact. Nationality as an admission criterion is discussed with reference to recent legislative changes and recommendations released on the subject.
EDM-Height Traversing versus Geodetic Leveling
Authors: Rüeger J. M. , Brunner F. K.
Published: July 2019

In the past, EDM-height traversing was rarely considered as an alternative to geodetic leveling. This paper outlines the theory of the method and investigates the attainable accuracy. In flat terrain, EDM-height traversing is capable of achieving third-order leveling specifications, while in mountainous areas it can compete even with first-order leveling, if systematic errors of the latter are taken into account. Published results are summarized, and a list of recommended practices is given.
The Electronic Chart
Authors: Eaton R. M. , Anderson N. M. , Evangelatos T. V.
Published: July 2019

The Canadian Hydrographic Service began its involvement in collecting and processing digital hydrographic data in the late 1960s. During the intervening years the Service has been actively involved in the development, testing and implementation of digital data acquisition systems for the recording and processing of hydrographic data and the processing of digital data in the chart production process. So far the orientation of the overall process has remained toward the eventual production of the conventional nautical chart. The value of the digital data itself for the maintenance of the charts and possibly its eventual use on the bridge was of course recognized.

Today the technological push is toward the increase of microprocessor technology in the instrumentation packages. Electronic positioning systems facilitate computer processing for real-time navigation information. Display technology, particularly video displays now make possible the graphic presentation of data stored within a digital database. Coincidentally marine traffic is increasing and the costs of marine disasters are escalating. Therefore it is reasonable to assume that there will be a demand to integrate positioning and collision avoidance radars with navigational information contained on the nautical chart. This paper will review this technology and consider the future role of information contained on the nautical chart as it will be used in the electronic systems on the bridge.
The Use of Auxiliary Airborne Sensor Data in SPACE-M Photogrammetric Block Adjustments
Authors: Blais J. A. R. , Chapman M. A.
Published: July 2019

The mathematical formulation used in the photogrammetric block adjustment program SPACE-M has recently been extended to accommodate auxiliary airborne sensor data corresponding to the position and/or attitude of the aerial camera at the time of film exposure. Examples of such systems are statoscopes, laser profilometers, Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) and the Global Positioning System (GPS). The description of the use of these auxiliary data in SPACE-M is outlined and references are given to other related formulations. Test results with simulated and limited real data are presented with some analysis of the implications for topographical mapping and other applications.
CANDSN: A Computer Aided Network Design and Adjustment System
Authors: Mepham Michael P. , Krakiwsky Edward J.
Published: July 2019

Program CANDSN was developed at The University of Calgary for designing, adjusting and analyzing horizontal survey networks. The concepts and mathematics that this program is based upon are discussed in this paper. The role of interactive computer graphics as an effective technique for the entry and editing of data and the presentation of results is discussed. Experience with examples from the fields of geodesy, engineering surveying, and cadastral surveying have demonstrated the effectiveness of this program as an educational, research and working tool.
REAL-TIME PHOTOGRAMMETRY AT THE DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRIC STATION (DIPS) OF ETH ZURICH
Authors: Gruen Armin W. , Beyer Horst A.
Published: July 2019

Real-time photogrammetry (RTP) is a non-contact three-dimensional measurement technique with a response time of one video cycle. As part of a research and development program for digital and real-time photogrammetry, the Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammety at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland, has established the Digital Photogrammetric Station (DIPS). The hardware and software of this development system is explained. Hardware aspects of solid-state cameras relevant to camera calibration for RTP are discussed. An off-line bundle adjustment program with additional parameters has been installed. An initial calibration and point positioning test using this program and existing image processing algorithms has been performed. The processing steps and results are analyzed. Accuracies, as computed from object space check points, in planimetry of 1:5000 or 0.09 pixel pitch, in depth of 0.08%c of object distance, have been achieved.
Direct existence to suggest activity of copper ions surface diffusion on nanowire in growth process
Authors: Mabuchi Yota , Rashid Norhana Mohamed , Liang Jian Bo , Kishi Naoki , Soga Tetsuo
Published: July 2019

As regards the copper oxide nanowire growth process, our experiment was consistent with the proposal of copper ions surface diffusion on a nanowire. Simply in the atmospheric pressure it is possible to synthesize CuO nanowires by annealing a copper sheet. Under a general copper oxide nanowires occurring condition, pouring the flow rate of a slight amount of air into an enclosed electric furnace in the atmospheric pressure, copper oxide nanowires adhering copper particles were synthesized on copper sheet successfully. In the growth process of the CuO wire, when the Cu substrate was heated in the air, stresses caused grain boundaries of Cu2O and CuO layers in the Cu substrate. Ultimately Cu ions formed a wire tip diffusing on the surface of a CuO wire in the vertical direction to the top surface of the CuO layer, while assembling to the tip. In this report, we describe characteristics of the structure of the CuO nanowire obtained by lowering the air flow rate.
Gradient theory of domain walls in thin, nematic liquid crystals films
Authors: Clerc Marcel G. , Kowalczyk Michał , Smyrnelis Panayotis
Published: July 2019

In this paper, we describe domain walls appearing in a thin, nematic liquid crystal sample subject to an external field with intensity close to the Fréedericksz transition threshold. Using the gradient theory of the phase transition adapted to this situation, we show that depending on the parameters of the system, domain walls occur in the bistable region or at the border between the bistable and the monostable region.