bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Justification of parameters of a four-row disk harrow using the experiment planning method
Authors: Priporov E V , Priporov I E
Published: February 2021

Disk harrows with individual installation of the disk on a separate stand are widely used in resource-saving technology of soil preparation for grain crops after late harvesting of row crops (corn, sunflower). Four-row disc harrows provide soil preparation for grain crops in one or two passes through the maize and sunflower predecessors. The main parameter of the disk harrow is the depth of processing, the value of which depends on the disk setting angle to the unit movement direction. An increase in the setting angle is accompanied by not only an increase in the depth of processing, but also the traction resistance and fuel costs for soil treatment increase. However, a number of disk parameters also affect the processing depth value – the diameter, the inclination angle of the disk in the vertical plane, the width of the chamfer cutting edge, the vertical load on the disk, the thickness of the disk and a number of others. Consideration of these factors during the adjustment to the required processing depth will reduce the disk setting angle to the direction of the unit movement, which will help to reduce disk harrow traction resistance and increase the fuel efficiency of preparing the soil for sowing grain on rowed predecessors.
Methods and means of digital measurement of soil parameters and conditions of functioning of tillage machines for deep loosening of soil
Authors: Kalinin A B , Teplinsky I Z , Ruzhev V A , Kalinina V A , Gerasimova V E
Published: February 2021

Due to of the widespread application of intensive technologies using energy-saturated machine-tractor units, the formation of over-compacted layers occurs in arable horizon, the presence of which significantly worsens the conditions for the growth and development of cultivated crops, and also violates the ecological balance of agrolandscapes. To eliminate soil compaction, a subsoiler tillage is used, for the successful implementation of which it is required to ensure the setting of rippers below the depth of the dense layers. At the same time, deep loosening requires significant energy expenditures, and therefore the task of finding a rational adjustment value of the depth of deep loosening, at which fuel costs are minimized while ensuring the required quality of soil cultivation, arises. To accomplish the tasks with using of digital measuring systems, the soil state was monitored to a depth of 60 cm. Using of the original methodology for determining the depth of an over-compacted layer, it was possible to obtain a random process of its position and calculate estimates of statistical characteristics. The setting of rippers based on calculations of the statistical characteristics of the random process of the depth of the overcompacted layer according to the results of monitoring the soil condition allows us to ensure the required quality of soil cultivation and minimize energy costs for its implementation.
Shock-absorbing technologies of seed treatment before sowing
Authors: Sukhanova M V , Zabrodin V P , Beltyukov L P , Butenko A F , Poeta R V , Yashchenko V V
Published: February 2021

In the conditions of agriculture biologization an urgent problem is to exclude the destruction of seeds and reduce their injury by the working bodies of machines. The advantages of using equipment with highly elastic working bodies in shock-absorbing technologies for preparing seeds for sowing are described. The process of interaction of seeds with reflective work surfaces was studied experimentally on a specially developed laboratory installation. Elastic working bodies of such devices provide a “gentle shock wave” mode, the impact of which on easily injured legume and potato seeds contributes to the development of positive dynamics of physiological processes in the seed, without injury and destruction of seeds. The impulse pressure is created by the shaking action of the elastic shell on the seeds. By adjusting the amplitude and frequency of vibrations of the elastic shell, it is possible to achieve the necessary value of the impact on the seeds, creating an impulse pressure on the seeds within the limits of those norms. The last, on the one hand, do not have a destructive effect on the seeds. On the other hand, contribute to increasing seed productivity. The developed shock-absorbing technology makes it possible to combine the use of both chemical and biological means of seed protection in large agricultural holdings, as well as in medium and small agricultural enterprises.
Auger orienting device for planting sugar beet root crops
Authors: Ovtov V A , Chirkova N S , Gudin V M
Published: February 2021

The mechanization of the technological process in planting sugar beet root crops determines the efficiency of sugar beet seeds production. At the same time, the limiting factor is the use of manual labor in the process of planting sugar beet mother liquors. The article presents a three-dimensional model of an auger orienting device with given design parameters for sowing sugar beet mother liquors. The power for the drive of the auger rollers orienting device is determined, which provides the necessary piece-by-piece supply of sugar beet mother liquors at a speed of the sowing unit of 3.6 km/h. The authors carried out the consistency substantiation of the kinematic parameters in auger orienting device operation with the landing apparatus of the sowing machine, taking into account the design parameters of the presented device. The energy calculation of the auger drive orienting device was carried out and the loads acting on the drive shaft of the roller were determined. The gear wheels of the roller drive have been designed, and the stress-strain analysis of the drive shaft of the auger roller has been carried out. The main parameters of the simulated spur gear were determined using the KOMPAS 3D computer-aided design system, which ensure the reliable operation of the auger orienting device of the machine for planting sugar beet root crops with the required productivity.
Improving the efficiency of pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds with low power coherent optical radiation
Authors: Taranov M A , Kazakova A S , Gulyaev P V , Ukraintsev M M , Tatarintsev A S
Published: February 2021

The article presents a low-cost method of pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds, namely, germ stimulation, immediately before planting in the ground, the transmission of coherent optical radiation of low power. It also presents the results of laboratory research showing the influence of small energy effects of fixed wavelength optical radiation on changes in growth energy and germination of seed material, as well as on the development of stems and root system of germinated seeds. The authors demonstrate the dependence diagrams showing the efficiency of pre-sowing treatment for seeds of Thunder variety by optical radiation with wavelengths from 450 to 630 nm at different doses of energy exposure.
Soil water regime, yield and grain quality of spring wheat using the direct sowing technology in the steppe zone of Altai Krai
Authors: Belyaev V I , Sokolova L V
Published: February 2021

The paper presents data on the influence of the direct sowing technology on the soil water regime, the yield and the grain quality of the spring wheat in the steppe zone of Altai Krai. The results showed that 2009 was the best year for the spring wheat yield; 2012, 2014 and 2015 were characterized by the minimum values of the soil moisture content and the spring wheat yield. However, there was the highest amount of gluten in grains during these years. The correlation between the yield and the water accumulation in the meter soil layer for the autumn-spring period was the highest, R=0.83. This can be taken into account in the direct sowing technology implementation in the spring soft wheat production.
Technical and economic aspects of the use of soft starters for asynchronous electric drives
Authors: Lebedev K N , Lebedeva G V , Gracheva N N
Published: February 2021

The paper presents data on the results of computer-aided mathematical modeling and experimental studies of transient processes accompanying the start of asynchronous electric drives in order to search for the methods that enable the adjustment of a soft starter to achieve minimum oscillation amplitude of the electric motor dynamic momentum in terms of the current characteristic. The indicators of smoothness, applicable to some types of electric drives of turbine mechanisms, are revealed. It is found that the correlation between the maximum value of the starting current of the electric motor and the maximum amplitude of the momentum fluctuation, as well as between the starting time and the maximum amplitude of the momentum fluctuation, is insignificant. The most informative indicator, providing the function of adaptive self-tuning of the soft starter and maximum technical and economic efficiency of its use, is the oscillation of the dynamic momentum during the start-up. It is established that the amplitude of the dynamic momentum fluctuation can be judged by the displacement of the motor housing during start-up, which will require the modernization of the electric drive. The necessity of additionally calculating the implicit components of costs in terms of the costs of entrepreneurial risk when assessing the economic effect from the modernization of asynchronous electric drives using a soft starter is substantiated.
Procedure for determining the limit state parameters of John Deere tractor transmission units
Authors: Erokhin MN , Pastukhov AG , Kazantsev SP , Kravchenko IN
Published: February 2021

Evaluation of reliability of transport and process machines in operation has considerable duration and low reliability. The purpose of the operation is to determine the parameters of the limit state of the transmission units, using the example of cardan joints. The estimated resource indicators are engine loading (based on data from the on-board computer), operating time (according to the on-board computer) and radial play (measured during observations) in the joint, using the example of the John Deere tractor. For laboratory studies, 12 cardan joints of the drive shafts of the gearbox hydraulic module were selected, decommissioned from six tractors upon reaching the maximum operating time established by the manufacturer. Tractors were operated in agricultural farms of the Belgorod region at various agricultural works: plowing, cultivation, disking, transportation. As a result of statistical processing, the average values of the limit state parameters of the tested cardan joints are established: 1) by load Nmp=47.70±45.14 kW; 2) by operating time Lmp=6649±6441 h; 3) along the radial play Δmp=0.274±0.201 mm. The synthesis of the results made it possible to draw the following conclusions. First, specific values of the maximum state parameters of the unit are determined, which allow determining their operability. Second cardan joints with load within the limits of 47.70…92.84 kW have sufficient operability, but if necessary they increase durability and reliability and are suitable for carrying out maintenance actions. Third, cardan joints having operating time within 6649…13090 h and radial play 0.274…0.475 mm, if necessary, they are suitable for repair actions.
Studies to determine the value of air consumption and power of the device for automatic removal of the milking machine
Authors: Ulyanov V , Khripin V , Kiryanov A , Vidov S , Zhizhnov D
Published: February 2021

Overexposure of the milking machines on the udder of the animal causes a negative effect on the mammary gland, which leads to illness and culling of cows. In this regard, during machine milking, it is necessary not only to ensure the complete milking of animals, but also to remove the teat cups from the udder in a timely manner. In order to solve this problem, the authors have developed a device for automatically removing the hanging part of the milking machine after milking. This device includes an air motor, a reducer and a flexible filament cylinder. In a theoretical consideration of the working process of removing the hanging part of the milking machine, analytical dependencies were obtained which make it possible to determine the airflow rate of the pneumatic motor, depending on its geometric dimensions, the rotor speed, the number of installed blades and the value of the working vacuum. It was found that with an increase in the above parameters, the air consumption increases. Also, expressions have been obtained that allow setting the required power on the cylinder of the device and its rotation frequency to ensure automatic removal of the hanging part of the milking machine at any time, excluding its hitting the floor of the stall.
Justification of parameters of the executive drive of a robotic manipulator of a loading and transport unit
Authors: Nesmiyanov I A , Nikolaev M E , Sharipov R V
Published: February 2021

To solve the problem of mechanization and automation of loading operations when harvesting vegetables Packed in bags, a loading and transport unit is proposed. A parallel-sequential structure manipulator has been developed for the loading and transport robot. The service area of the pincer grip is obtained from the condition of the specified chassis width. The geometrical parameters of the manipulator boom actuating drive from the condition of providing the required service area are justified. The choice of actuators is based on the condition of minimizing the influence of the maximum value of the force acting on the output link. The analytical dependence of the force on the rod of the Executive actuator on the angle of inclination of the arm of the manipulator is obtained. Graphical dependences of the force on the actuator rod on the angle of rotation of the boom in the form of a three-dimensional surface are constructed. Analytically favorable conditions for the transfer of motion and forces in mechanics are formulated. The quality of motion transmission in the lever mechanisms of the manipulator was evaluated according to the criteria for reducing the pressure angles in the hinges. The description of the loading and transport robot manipulator device is presented. An experimental sample of a parallel-serial manipulator was developed and manufactured. Taking into account the formulated dependencies and limitations allowed us to create a universal prototype of the manipulator, which can be installed on various self-propelled chassis. A system for controlling actuators according to various laws of program movements has been developed. Determining the coordinates of bags of vegetables is determined by the technical vision system.
Experimental studies to identify the influence of low power monochromatic optical radiation on the seeding qualities of cucumber seeds variety “Feniks+”
Authors: Stepanchuk G V , Yudaev I V , Gulyaev P V , Ponomareva N E , Yudin A A
Published: February 2021

A further increase in the volume of cultivated and harvested agricultural products today depends not on the expansion of sown areas, but on scientific achievements aimed at increasing yields. The experimental study presents the results of studying the effect of low-power monochromatic optical radiation on the seeds of cucumbers of the “Fenisk+” variety. The research is based on the principles of refusal to use chemical fertilizers, the use of natural organic substances, and the creation of conditions for the growth and development of plants, identical to the conditions of their natural growth. There are various physical effects, including those based on the use of electrical energy and its transformation into light energy. Monochromatic optical radiation can be attributed to such effects. Based on the analysis of the experimental results, regression equations were obtained for the dependence of the average dry weight of cucumber seedlings on the wavelength of irradiation and exposure, and the optimal range of wavelengths of optical radiation was found: from 565 to 615 nm. At these wavelengths, the best results were obtained in terms of seed germination, the length of shoots and roots, as well as the dry weight of the vegetative part and roots. Based on the results obtained, it is possible to formulate the technological requirements for the design and development of a specialized electrotechnical installation using monochromatic optical radiation in agricultural production with the aim of presowing stimulation of seeds of such a vegetable crop as cucumbers.
Influence of pre-sowing sunflower seeds treatment in electric field and plant growth stimulant on water consumption and yield
Authors: Aksenov M P , Petrov N Yu , Belyaev A I , Pugacheva A M
Published: February 2021

The work presents the results of the 2015-2017 field studies on the effect of presowing treatment of seeds of sunflower hybrids NK Neoma, ES Petunia and LG 5550 in an electric field of alternating voltage with an established electric field intensity of 8 kV/cm and 60 seconds exposure and a growth regulator Zerebra Agro on the yield and quality of sunflower seeds. The studies were carried out in laboratory conditions and aimed to determine the optimal mode of seed treatment in an electric field of alternating voltage, at which the maximum viability and germination energy are achieved relative to the control. The effect of the growth regulator Zerebra Agro during pre-sowing treatment was studied using the dosage of the drug recommended by the manufacturer. The influence of the studied methods of presowing seed treatment on the total water consumption and the coefficient of water consumption was experimentally established. On the options with pre-sowing treatment, less moisture was required to form 1 ton of seeds. Without pre-sowing treatment, the water consumption coefficient varied from 1258.4 m3/t for the hybrid NK Neoma to 1407.7 m3/t for the hybrid ES Petunia. Moisture was most economically consumed by hybrid LG 5550 when treating seeds in an electric field of 1172.2 m3/t. When implementing pre-sowing treatment with a growth regulator, the minimum indicator of the water consumption coefficient for the hybrid NK Neoma was 122.89 m3/t and the maximum for the hybrid ES Petunia was 1318.5 m3/t. Depending on the pre-sowing treatment method, the yield increased from 8.97% in the hybrid ES Petunia when being treated with the growth regulator to 14.78% in the hybrid NK Neoma with the treatment in an electric field.
The biotechnological method of livestock waste disposal
Authors: Anisimova O S , Kolomytsa V A
Published: February 2021

In livestock farms, the biotechnological animal waste disposal method can be used. Almost 150 million tons of organic waste are produced by farms every year. It has a negative impact on the environment. Therefore, the livestock complex needs to utilize its production wastes. The aim of the article is to study advantages of the biotechnological method of utilization of livestock production waste. A comparative analysis of various methods was carried out. The technological and economic advantages of the biotechnological method were determined, recommendations for the implementation of this method in livestock farms were given.
Evaluation of the efficiency of row-crop seeders using vacuum and extrabaric seed metering methods
Authors: Khizhnyak V I , Shchirov V V , Nesmiyan A Yu , Avramenko F V , Kochergin A S
Published: February 2021

Developed agricultural production is the basis for the economy of any country. Therefore, it is important to develop agricultural technologies, mechanize the cultivation process, provide organizational and information support, etc. Crop production is an important part of agricultural production. Agricultural crops are grown using various cultivation technologies. In each technology, sowing is the most important process, that allows you to predict the volume of future crops and determine profitability of the agricultural production. The article sub-stantiates the fundamental influence of high-quality sowing on the yield of sunflower seeds. The processes of dosing sunflower seeds with pneumatic seeders are described. The advantages of the extrabaric seed dosing system in comparison with the vacuum seed dosing system are identified. The conditions and methods of conducting a field study in the south of Russia are described to assess the quality of sowing sunflower seeds by vacuum and extrabaric dosing systems. The results of a field study of the quality of distribution of seeds and sunflower plants in the soil are analyzed for arid conditions of southern Russia. The quality of arrangement of sunflower plants was analyzed for vacuum and extrabaric dosing systems. The possibility of improving the vacuum and extrabaric dosing systems is described.
The influence of design parameters on the pressure in the extruder for the production of sapropelic feed
Authors: Morozov V V , Bogdanov K A , Ignatenkov V G
Published: February 2021

Currently, agriculture is an intensively developing industry. To provide the population with meat, milk, and wool, the volume of livestock products is increasing, which entails the development of forage production. The development of feed production is possible by improving the quality of products and reducing the cost of feed production. The quality can be improved by using the extrusion method, which increases the digestibility and nutritional value of feed. The addition of sapropel provides animals with vitamins and minerals. As a result of the scientific and economic experiments conducted on broiler chickens, it was found that birds that were fed with extruded sapropele grain had a greater weight gain. For the production of extruded sapropelic feed, an extruder with a double-entry screw and conical compression rings can be used. It can reduce extrusion losses and the screw length. To determine the design parameters, it is necessary to develop a mathematical model of the pressure change in the extruder along the screw length. Having analyzed the mixture movement through the annular conical channel of the die and built an equilibrium equation for the elementary section, we have a mathematical model for determining the pressure in front of the forming head. In a similar way, a mathematical model was built to determine the pressing pressure in front of the compression seal. The paper describes mathematical relationships for determining the pressure at any point in the extruder. Using the mathematical relationships, design parameters that affect the pressure in the extruder have been determined.
Feasibility and efficiency of agricultural machinery maintenance
Authors: Myalo O V , Prokopov S P , Myalo V V , Redreev G V , Demchuk E V
Published: February 2021

The greatest impact on machine uptime and performance is the timely and high-quality maintenance. The main contradiction is inherent in the system of maintenance and use of machines, in the coincidence of the timing of their performance: the more time is spent, the more maintenance operations need to be performed. As a result, during busy periods of fieldwork, to ensure high operating time, to the detriment of prevention, the mechanic has to virtually eliminate only the consequences of failures, which leads to their increase, machine productivity is reduced and operating costs increase. With the current trend of having more than one machine per operator, the operator is physically unable to perform all types of maintenance and repair work alone. Therefore, it would be advisable to transfer some of these works to specialized enterprises. The problem of increasing the reliability of tractors can also be solved by deeper specialization and intensification of maintenance operations during their transfer to nonstressed periods of fieldwork. In the work the structure of formation of technical service at the enterprises of agroindustrial complex is proposed and theoretically grounded. The main advantages of the proposed system of technical service are considered.
Green fertilizers as a way to preserve fertility of ordinary chernozem
Authors: Kravtsova E V , Rudakova L V
Published: February 2021

The effectiveness of green fertilizers depends on the type, productivity and method of using green manure crops. The more and better the green mass of manure crops, the better the effect. In our studies, such green manure crops as sainfoin, rapeseed, white mustard, chickpeas and a mixture of legumes (spring barley + peas) were used. During the beginning of flowering, they were planted. The maximum content of the biomass of air-dry matter for sainfoin and a legume mixture was 5.85 and 5.61 t / ha, respectively. The highest rates of green mass for sainfoin was 3.74 t/ha. For other green manure crops, the differences varied from 1.19 to 3.12 t/ha. Analysis of nutrients in the soil showed that after planting green manure in the arable layer, the amount of mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium increased. The highest content of nutritional elements was for nitrate nitrogen after sainfoin, mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium after rapeseed. Green manure crops (chickpea, rapeseed and white mustard) have a beneficial effect about content agronomically valuable units 10.0 … 0.25 mm in soil layer of 0 … 30 cm and improve soil structure. Thus, it was found that siderates enrich the soil with organic matter and basic nutrients, which improves the nutrition of grain crops at the initial stages of development and preserves the soil fertility of ordinary chernozem.
Reduction of mechanical damage to buckwheat seeds during mechanized treatment
Authors: Trotsenko V V , Trotsenko I V , Komendantova N V , Babariko A A , Ivanova I P
Published: February 2021

This article is devoted to the issues of the efficiency increasing for buckwheat seed production by reducing mechanical damage during mechanized processing. It is indicated that one of the possible ways to reduce grain damage by machines’ details on a mechanized line is to assess the degree of damage adequately. Due to the fact that the samples analysis for mechanical damages taken from a grain batch that has passed according to any technological processing scheme is a labor-intensive and time-consuming procedure, the reliability of the results of which is largely dependent on the human factor, it is proposed to increase accuracy measurements on the basis of reliable experimental data, reveal the patterns of injury depending on the state of the grain material and its physical and mechanical properties, and in accordance with this, in the future, predict the quantitative increase in mechanical damage in general and by the types of injuries inflicted on the grain by a particular machine by using mathematical relationships. There are the theoretical dependence for the mechanical damages indicators on the number of passes through the machine and experimental dependence on humidity in this article established by using Markov chains. It was revealed that with mechanized processing there is a process of successive transition from less dangerous injuries to more dangerous injuries. The indicators of mechanical damage prediction will permit to compare the efficiency of individual machines of the production line in terms of their damaging ability and purposely design the technological process with minimal damage of the grain material.
Analysis of the process of pneumatic conveying of seeds through the seed drill tube
Authors: Lavrukhin P V , Ivanov P A , Zhigailov A V , Senkevich S E
Published: February 2021

This paper presents the methodology and results of experimental studies of the dependence of the flight distance of seeds in the sub-coulter space on the speed of airflow, provides a comparative analysis of theoretical and experimental studies. The experiment results in determination of mathematical expectation of seed flight distance, mean square deviation, coefficient of variation, absolute and relative errors. The resulting function is linear in nature and shows a directly proportional relationship of factors. For the quantitative evaluation of compliance of theoretical and experimental studies, the authors chose the following criteria: correlation coefficient r, Fisher criterion F and Student coefficient t. Calculations results in the following values: r=0.535; tp=1.031; Fp=3.493. Comparative analysis of theoretical and experimental studies shows that dependencies have an average force relationship (r=0.535), the difference between them is not significant (tT
≻ tP
), and the proposed model is adequate (FT
≻ FP
).
Improving the elements of organic farming in rice cultivation
Authors: Prikhodko I A , Vladimirov S A , Alexandrov D A
Published: February 2021

The guarantee of food security of any state is to obtain guaranteed yields of high-quality agricultural products. The implementation of such a task is feasible only if all the technological and environmental conditions of its cultivation are met. In the current situation, when, along with the growing anthropogenic load on the land of the agricultural Fund and the reduction of available irrigation water, as well as non - compliance with agricultural production technologies, organic farming is the solution to the urgent problem of obtaining high yields of high-quality products without compromising the agricultural resource potential of soils. The transfer of production to organic farming should be carried out in stages, due to the high cost of its implementation and the use of a large number of additional resources (agro-reclamation, economic, energy, labor, technical and technological, environmental). In our research, we suggest using an organic method for cleaning drainage runoff with halophytes planted in phyto-sections located in the discharge channels of the rice irrigation system. It was found that the use of phyto-sections of various lengths, depending on the chemical composition of drainage and discharge waters, allows one to clean the drainage runoff from mechanical impurities, organic and biogenic elements. This makes it possible to reduce suffusion and removal of nutrients from rice checks, reduce the irrigation rate by 10%, increase the reclamation state of soils, and reduce the cost of rice production by 7%.
Electro-technology of feeding fish with flying insects attracted by electro-optical traps
Authors: Shabaev E.A. , Evdokimov A.Yu. , Kukotin G.V.
Published: February 2021

The paper considers the problems of the provision of fish farms with feed and the increase of live feed in the diet of fish, due to the natural food base around water bodies. A review of electro-optical installations for feeding fish with insects attracted to reservoirs by optical emission was carried out. The increase in the efficiency of these electrical installations was achieved by the creation of optical emission with optimal color index coordinates from the point of view of positive phototaxis for insects. The use of electro-optical installations for feeding fish with insects can increase the productivity of ponds, reduce the cost of artificial feed and increase the profitability of fish production.
Selection of effective technological parameters for vacuum drying of hard cheeses
Authors: Ermolaev V , Kechkin I , Makhacheva E , Yakovchenko M , Gurkovskaya E , Glebova I
Published: February 2021

The work is devoted to the study of the influence of such vacuum drying technological parameters as the layer thickness and the degree of product grinding on the process efficiency. Experiments on vacuum drying of hard cheeses have been carried out while selecting the above parameters. Their influence on the duration of the process, organoleptic assessment and mass fraction of moisture in dry products has been established. It was found that with an increase in the thickness of the product layer, the duration of dehydration increases, but this increases the productivity of the installation as a whole. There was calculated values of the product relative surface for various degrees of grinding and shape. The organoleptic assessment made it possible to establish that the best quality is characterized by cheeses dehydrated with a thickness from 10 to 30 mm. In this mode, the organoleptic score can reach 26 points. If the layer thickness increases up to 40 mm, the organoleptic score decreases to 25-24 points. The mass fraction of moisture in dry cheeses has been determined depending on the thickness of the drying layer, the shape of the product and the degree of grinding. It was found that it is advisable to dehydrate cheeses with the above grinding parameters, which provides a minimum drying time, high quality indicators of the product, minimum energy consumption, and reaching the moisture mass fraction no more than 7%.
Economic efficiency of the use of microelement chelates in cultivation of spring wheat on quasigleyic blac soil
Authors: Goman N V , Bobrenko I A , Popova V V , Gaidar A A , Boldysheva E P
Published: February 2021

The purpose of the paper is to study the effect of foliar feeding with Zn and Cu chelates in the tillering period on the size and quality of the grain yield of spring common wheat during the cultivation on quasi-gleyic medium-thick, highly humus-rich, heavy loamy black soil in Omsk region. The field experiment scheme included the following options: without trace elements (control group); Zn10; Zn20; Zn30; Cu10; Cu20; Cu30. The use of Zn and Cu chelates for foliar feeding of plants during the tillering period had a positive effect on the yield, quality, germination energy, seed germination, the mass of 1000 grains and the unit of wheat grain. The increase in grain yield was 0.10-0.23 t / ha (4.5-10.5%) in average. In this experiment, the best dose of Zn and Cu chelates was 20 g / ha. The highest protein content was in the options with seed treatment with Zn20 - 14.35% and Cu30 - 13.95%, the yield of protein increased from 295 in the control group to 322-344 kg / ha when chelates were applied. The energy of seed germination significantly increased from 93.3 in the control group to 94.8-98.0%, with foliar feeding. When Zn chelate was used, the largest mass of 1000 grains (32.33 g) and grain nature (709 g / l) were formed in the Zn20 option, and when Cu chelate was used, the Cu10 option (32.45 g) was characterized by the highest value of the 1000-grain mass, which amounted to 717 g / l. D
Agrogenetic and chemical properties of soils in Lower Volga region in conditions of vegetable rotations
Authors: Matveeva N I , Zvolinsky V P , Petrov N Yu , Aksenov M P , Belyaev A I , Pugacheva A M
Published: February 2021

The paper presents the analysis of the study of the chemical composition of light chestnut soils of Astrakhan region and chestnut soils of Volgograd region in the conditions of vegetable rotation. In the field condition, soil samples were taken at different depths on virgin soil, at 0.22 … 0.25 m and 0.00 … 0.45 m on arable land. In laboratory conditions, the granulometric analysis of soils, determination of hygroscopic moisture, determination of the content of particles of different diameters, the content of macroelements and microelements in the soils of Lower Volga region were carried out. The results of the analysis show the following tendencies: hygroscopic moisture in arable lands significantly increased in comparison with virgin lands. Ehe hygro-scopic moisture on virgin soil in horizon A was 3.65%, which was 1.87 times higher than its value on the light chestnut soils of the Caspian region. On arable land, the value of hygroscopic moisture was lower than its reserves on light chestnut soils and 1.5 times lower than on virgin soil. The amount of particles less than 0.01 mm on virgin land was significantly higher than on arable land, namely, A horizon of virgin land was 55.06%, Aarl horizon of arable land was 0.22-0.25 m - 38.20%.
Effectiveness of microbiological preparations, growth stimulants and fertilizers in winter wheat crops on ordinary chernozem
Authors: Repka D A , Potapov E A , Beltyukov L P , Kuvshinova E K
Published: February 2021

The paper presents the data from two field experiments on the effect of microbiological preparations, growth stimulants and fertilizers on the yield and quality of grain of various varieties of winter wheat. In the first experiment, the following biological products were studied: Extrasol, Rostock and water-soluble fertilizers Aquamix, Aquarin 5 and Aquarin 9 on winter wheat varieties Niva Stavropolya in crops according to forecrop of black fallow and Victoria 11 in crops according to the forecrop oil flax. It was found that the highest yield had Niva Stavropolya variety - 5.59 t / ha and in Victoria 11 variety - 3.97 t / ha, as well as the best grain quality were formed with the combined application of fertilizers and biological products in the following combination: P60κ40 before sowing (according to forecrop black fallow) and N60P60K40 (according to forecrop oil flax) + N30 for tillering + + N30 for heading. At the same time, before sowing, it is advisable to use the water-soluble fertilizer Aquamix (0.1 l / t) for seed treatment, -Aquamarine 5 (2 l / ha) and for the treatment of vegetative plants in tillering and Aquarine 9 (2 l / ha) for heading. In the second experiment, the effect of microbiological preparations Emistim / biostim, Rizoagrin, Flavobacterin, Extrasol and growth regulators Rostok and Gumat on the productivity of soft winter wheat varieties Yuka and Grom in crops after the forecrop black fallow was studied. It was found that the highest yield of the variety Grom - 9.24 t / ha was provided by Emistim and Yuka variety - 9.03 t / ha Humat growth regulator.
Characterization of the spatial heterogeneity of the agrochemical properties of arable chernozem soils in areas with a heterogeneous relief in the aspect of variable rate application
Authors: Sahabiev I A , Smirnova E V , Giniyatullin K G , Ryzhikh L Yu
Published: February 2021

The heterogeneous relief leads to an uneven distribution of nutrients in the redistribution of crop rotation fields, which creates the prerequisites for contamination of adjacent environments and introduces risks to the production of eco-products when applying mineral fertilizers calculated for the entire. Taking into account the uncertainty introduced by the relief into the spatial distribution of soil fertility indices increases the accuracy of the VRA maps. However, it is often moved beyond the interests of introducing precision farming technologies. In this work, using various methods of regression modeling, the characteristic of the variability of the properties of chernozem soils on two arable lands with different heterogeneous relief is given. In the area with heights from 80 to 140 m, the relief determines from 24 to 58% of the spatial variability of soil properties, and in the area with a flat relief (110-150 m), the proportion of the dispersion of soil parameters described by the relief is much lower and amounts to 13-30%. It is shown that, in areas with significant elevation differences, it is possible to use regression techniques to describe the spatial distribution of soil properties, while in leveled areas, regression models need to be supplemented with a geostatistical description of spatial heterogeneity.
Agromeliorative methods of cultivation of a new variety of soybeans Volgogradka 2 under irrigation conditions
Authors: Tolokonnikov V V , Novikov A A , Koshkarova T S , Vorontsova E S , Fomin S D
Published: February 2021

The Volgogradka 2 variety is highly responsive to irrigation water, especially under differentiated irrigation regimes with an average of 3.18-3.23 t/ha compared to the control (2.87 t/ha). In favorable years, it provides grain harvesting up to 3.52 t/ha, in dry years – less (up to 3.28 t/ha). The average crude protein content is high - 39.5…41.6%, especially in 2014 - 40.6…43.9%. The process of fat accumulation is less subject to variability over the years – 14.6…19.5%. Complex-valuable indicators, such as the gross collection of protein, fat and their total output significantly increases in the options of fractional irrigation mode compared to the control – by 5.8-7.3%. Over the years of research, the productivity potential of the new soybean variety Volgogradka 2 has been significantly realized, which contributes to improving water management, increasing productivity, grain quality, and spreading the area under cultivation. Thus, a fundamentally new soybean variety with a complete type of stem growth during the period of mass flowering, a low lodging-resistant stem and high attachment of lower beans, a short growing season was developed using traditional breeding methods, which contributes to a significant increase in the yield and quality of grain in terms of protein content relative to standard varieties VNIIOZ 76 and VNIIOZ 86. The introduction of the new variety will expand soybean crops in the Lower Volga region and increase the production of domestic soybeans.
Petrol engine workflow model for researching unconventional engines
Authors: Khimchenko A V , Mishchenko N I , Kolesnikova T N , Suprun V L , Yurchenko Yu V
Published: February 2021

The work lies with the study of petrol engines of an unconventional design with improved fuel and economic characteristics developed at the Automobile and Road Institute of Donetsk National Technical University for several decades. It describes the obtained mathematical model of the working process of a petrol piston engine to study the operation of engines. The authors used analytical methods of differential calculus to obtain a mathematical model. They solved the obtained equations using numerical methods and Simulink algorithms. Implementation required the development of a model that has sufficient speed to complete the tasks. The paper presents some modelling results, which makes it possible to judge the correctness of the obtained model. The implemented approach makes it possible to use this model in multi-domain modelling of the engine as a whole. The use of such a model opens up broad prospects for optimizing engine parameters, both its mechanical elements and the parameters of the working process. In addition, it becomes possible to develop and debug a control system for a petrol internal combustion engine using simulation in a Simulink environment.
Mathematical prerequisites for improving the method of sowing crops on sloping lands
Authors: Zhilyakov A L , Kozlov V G , Skuryatin N F , Bulygin N N , Brovchenko A D , Shwarz A A
Published: February 2021

The technological process of traditional grain production includes some operations: tillage, fertilizing, sowing, crop care, harvesting. Performing the above operations requires many energy-saturated and metal-intensive equipment, repeatedly moving around the field. This negatively affects its structure and, as a result, leads to crop shortages. An effective way to reduce costs in the crop production is to combine several operations in one unit pass such as softening the soil and applying basic fertilizer, preparing the soil and sowing. The article proposes a new method of sowing grain crops, as well as a mathematical justification for the formation of a furrow and the placement of fertilizers and seeds therein to improve the process of sowing grain crops on slopes, namely using a cutting disc creating a furrow in the form of an isosceles triangle instead of a duck-foot sweep that formed a trapezoid in the transverse plane.
Influence of pressure and temperature on the attenuation of ultrasound in the nematic phase of the liquid crystal working medium of technical devices in the vicinity of phase transition point
Authors: Larionov A N
Published: February 2021

The dependence of the attenuation coefficient of ultrasound in the nematic phase on pressure and temperature, which characterizes the parameters of electronic devices with a liquid-crystal working medium in the vicinity of phase transition point, is studied. Liquid crystals and their mixtures with a wide temperature range of the nematic phase were researched. The analysis is performed taking into account the normal relaxation process associated with conformational transitions of the end chains, and the critical relaxation process due to the nature of this phase transition. The nature of the dependence on the pressure and temperature of the normal, critical and classical components of the attenuation coefficient of ultrasound is established.
Study of physic-chemical and biochemical parameters of technical varieties of grapes
Authors: Cherviak S N , Anikina N S , Gnilomedova N V , Gerzhikova V G , Vesiutova A V
Published: February 2021

The authors studied introduced (Aligote, Rkatsiteli, White Muscat, Riesling Rhine), indigenous (Kokur white, Sabbat) and classified varieties of grapes of Magarach Institute (first-born Magarach, Citron Magaracha, Muscat aligote), growing in Crimea, according to physicochemical and biochemical indicators. The feature of grape aromatic varieties is the high content of phenolic substances in the must (404–640 mg/l), the activity of monophenol-monooxygenase, macerating ability. Indigenous grape varieties are characterized by a low content of titratable acids. The activity of monophenol-monooxygenase is interconnected with the content of phenolic substances in the must (r = 0.77). The ratio of tartaric and malic acids increases in the series introduced → indigenous → classified varieties. The values of the glucose-fructose index in the samples are 0.84–1.00. The obtained patterns make it possible to regulate the course of redox processes; to optimize the regimes and parameters of grape processing in the production of different types of wines.
Pyrus-dwarf project: interim results
Authors: Dolmatov E A , Khrykin T A , Gaplaev M Sh
Published: February 2021

The article presents the data based on 17 year-research – PYRUS DWARFT – aimed at developing varieties and complex donors of monogenously determined dwarfism (gene D), high winter hardiness, group-resistance to fungal diseases (Venturia pirina Aderh., Entomosporium maculatum Lev., Septoria piricola Desm.) and the bright red colour of a pear fruit (gene C). Their use in long-term innovative breeding technologies for obtaining pear varieties of the intensive type will allow screening at the early stages of ontogenesis and thereby reduce the number of hybrid families by 2–4 times. A brief description of complex donors is provided in the paper.
Assessment of potato in vitro morphogenesis
Authors: Oves E V , Zhevora S V , Gaitova N A , Boyko N A , Fenina N A , Shishkina O A
Published: February 2021

It was found that genotypes can be divided into three groups: with accelerated, medium and late morphogenesis during the morphological structure formation. The outcomes are based on the in vitro study of the ontogenesis of 35 potato varieties. Intensive regenerative ability is inherent to potato varieties which formed regenerants during 20–25 days. Varieties with medium morphogenesis were regenerated during 30–35 days. Microplants which formed 4–6 internodes during 40 or more days were characterized by late morphogenesis. The data obtained revealed that the maturity group did not affect the in vitro formative process. Assignment of a variety to a specific morphological group allows a differentiated approach to be applied to its maintenance in the genetic collection and its use in the in vitro replication process.