bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review: The group II metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (mGluR3, mGlu3, GRM3): expression, function and involvement in schizophrenia
Authors: Harrison PJ , Lyon L. , Sartorius LJ , Burnet Pwj , Lane TA
Published: June 2008

Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) comprise mGluR2 (mGlu2; encoded by GRM2) and mGluR3 (mGlu3; encoded by GRM3) and modulate glutamate neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. Here we review the expression and function of mGluR3 and its involvement in schizophrenia. mGluR3 is expressed by glia and neurons in many brain regions and has a predominantly presynaptic distribution, consistent with its role as an inhibitory autoreceptor and heteroceptor. mGluR3 splice variants exist in human brain but are of unknown function. Differentiation of mGluR3 from mGluR2 has been problematic because of the lack of selective ligands and antibodies; the available data suggest particular roles for mGluR3 in long-term depression, in glial function and in neuroprotection. Some but not all studies find genetic association of GRM3 polymorphisms with psychosis, with the risk alleles also being associated with schizophrenia-related endophenotypes such as impaired cognition, cortical activation and glutamate markers. The dimeric form of mGluR3 may be reduced in the brain in schizophrenia. Finally, preclinical findings have made mGluR3 a putative therapeutic target, and now direct evidence for antipsychotic efficacy of a group II mGluR agonist has emerged from a randomised clinical trial in schizophrenia. Together these data implicate mGluR3 in aetiological, pathophysiological and pharmacotherapeutic aspects of the disorder.
Disaffected learners and school musical culture: an opportunity for inclusion
Authors: Rusinek Gabriel
Published: June 2008

In order to understand why adolescents who fail in all other subjects can be highly engaged with music learning, a case study was conducted in a compulsory general music class at a Spanish public secondary school. In the context of this study, the students' general disengagement from learning seemed to be a reaction to teachers' declarative, textbook-based, teaching strategies. Contrastingly, the music teacher had generated student enthusiasm through an inclusive pedagogy in which the principle of `music for all' created the expectation of the orchestral performance of arrangements for percussion instruments in 4 to 12 parts of pop, classical and film music by each class. The subject narrative, `the goal is the concert', was shared both by the teacher and the students, and had been widely accepted as an important part of the school culture. Through observations and video-stimulated interviews with the teacher, the students, parents and administrators, it was found that although the group of students rejected the school academic culture, in the end they decided to work diligently to be included in the school musical culture.
When minorities are the majority: voices from a teacher/researcher project in a multicultural school in Sweden
Authors: Sæther Eva
Published: June 2008

What can a music teacher do, when confronted with 99 percent immigrant students? How does he or she interpret guidelines in national governing documents and, at the same time, listen to the needs of the students? This article opens the doors to two music classrooms in Malmö, a Swedish town with 27 percent of the population born abroad. The project `Social Inclusion in Music education'(SIM), described here, sought to give voice to both teachers and students who work and live in multicultural areas. It was conducted as a collaborative project by a music teacher and a university lecturer-researcher in music education. The results show that the teacher and students involved all stress the importance of student engagement. In the observed classrooms, this engagement is encouraged by taking the music of the youth culture as a starting point.
Whose agency matters? Negotiating pedagogical and creative intent during composing experiences
Authors: Ruthmann S. Alex
Published: June 2008

Drawing on observation and interview data collected from a case study of learning and teaching in a music technology lab, this article focuses on the nature of feedback and compositional intent during a soundtrack composing experience as viewed through the lived experiences of a teacher (Mary), a student composer (Ellen) and Ellen's peers. Tensions embedded in their shared experiences are analyzed for insights that may help other teachers of music composition in schools provide more successful feedback through valuing and responding to the student's musical agency and compositional intent. These insights illustrate the complex interplay among teacher feedback, learner agency and students' compositional intent, with particular attention to implications aimed at helping teachers to facilitate and design composing experiences in more inclusive ways.
A phenomenological study of music teachers' approaches to inclusive education practices among disaffected youth
Authors: Burnard Pamela
Published: June 2008

The drive for `inclusion' has become a prominent feature in UK educational policy agendas and school improvement programmes. The term refers to all children achieving and participating despite challenges stemming from poverty, class, race, religion, linguistic and cultural heritage or gender. While much has been written about inclusion, evidence on how teachers perceive inclusive education practices among young people who are disengaged from learning and educational opportunity (as manifested by non-attendance or under-achievement at school) has been less thoroughly explored. This multiple case study draws on research on secondary school music teachers in `poorly performing', so-called `under-achieving' schools, including three comprehensive secondary schools in the east and south-east regions of England. It reports on what it is that three music teachers can tell us about their beliefs and approaches to inclusive teaching and learning in their pedagogical settings. A phenomenological approach utilizing semi-structured interview was employed to explore music teachers' perceptions of what it is that they think they do in responding to and overcoming the challenge of re-engaging disaffected youth — their perceptions of their own inclusive pedagogic practices. In order to explore the teachers' perceptions further, some artefact prompts in interviews, such as curriculum planning documents, were employed to provide an opportunity to discuss key factors concerning the content of the music courses. The findings emphasize that, for these teachers, inclusive pedagogies involve more than the accumulation of teaching strategies employed by teachers for supporting troubled and troublesome learners. These teachers' pedagogies are informed largely by particular views of music, views of musical learning and learners, views of the kind of knowledge that is created and the educational outcomes that are desired in overcoming the particular challenges of attuning to and re-engaging disaffected learners. Inclusive pedagogic practices in this study were foregrounded and framed by attuning to and re-engaging disaffected learners by: (a) democratizing music learning as social practice; (b) foregrounding high-status creative projects; and (c) using digital technology as pedagogic levers for re-engaging learners. The emergent themes provide a preliminary basis for theorizing about the role of music education in the schooling of disaffected youth.
Promoting socially just and inclusive music teacher education: exploring perceptions of early-career teachers
Authors: Ballantyne Julie , Mills Carmen
Published: June 2008

Teacher education plays a significant role in influencing generations of future teachers. This article aims to explore the role of pre-service teacher education in promoting socially just and inclusive practices in music education. Six pre-service teachers were interviewed before graduating, and then again six months into their first year of teaching. The interviewees reflected on their understandings of what constitutes being inclusive in the music classroom and how these understandings have been influenced by their perceptions of both university and school experiences. The article provides insights into the ways that teacher education programmes might equip early-career teachers to engage in a variety of teaching practices that are socially just, within the music classroom.
The Involvement of Drugs and Alcohol in Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault
Authors: Beynon Caryl M. , McVeigh Clare , McVeigh Jim , Leavey Conan , Bellis Mark A.
Published: June 2008

The rate of drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA; when an incapacitating drug is administered surreptitiously to facilitate sexual assault) is perceived to be increasing in the United Kingdom and elsewhere, causing international concern. This article examines evidence that quantifies the contribution of drugs in instances of alleged DFSA, identifies the substances involved, and discusses the implications of these findings. Of 389 studies examined, 11 were included in this review. The only study to consider covert drugging reported that 2% of alleged DFSA cases were attributable to surreptitious drug administration. Other studies failed to remove voluntary drug consumption from their cohort, biasing results. A study by the United Kingdom's National Forensic Services found no evidence to suggest that flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) had been used for DFSA during its 3-year investigation. In the United States, flunitrazepam is used recreationally, providing a likely explanation for its presence in samples of some alleged DFSA victims.
Worth a Thousand Words?
Authors: Hood M.V. , Bullock Charles S.
Published: June 2008

Georgia has joined the states seeking to require the presentation of a picture identification (ID) card, such as a Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV)—issued ID, before a person can vote. Opponents charge that this requirement makes it more difficult for minorities, the elderly, the poor, and those living in rural areas to participate. We examine these claims by determining which registered voters lack a DMV-issued photo ID. Multivariate models show that African Americans, Hispanics, and the elderly are less likely to have a DMV-issued photo ID. Having a photo ID is unrelated to income measured at the zip code level. Those registrants lacking photo IDs were less likely to have voted in general elections in 2004 and 2006 compared to other registrants. In addition, voters without photo identification were more likely to have voted in the 2006 but not the 2004 Democratic primary.
Voters' Evaluations of Electronic Voting Systems
Authors: Herrnson Paul S. , Niemi Richard G. , Hanmer Michael J. , Francia Peter L. , Bederson Benjamin B. , Conrad Frederick G. , Traugott Michael W.
Published: June 2008

Electronic voting systems were developed, in part, to make voting easier and to boost voters' confidence in the election process. Using three new approaches to studying electronic voting systems—focusing on a large-scale field study of the usability of a representative set of systems—we demonstrate that voters view these systems favorably but that design differences have a substantial impact on voters' satisfaction with the voting process and on the need to request help. Factors associated with the digital divide played only a small role with respect to overall satisfaction but they were strongly associated with feeling the need for help. Results suggest numerous possible improvements in electronic voting systems as well as the need for continued analysis that assesses specific characteristics of both optical scan and direct recording electronic systems.
Digital Divide or Just Another Absentee Ballot?
Authors: Prevost Alicia Kolar , Schaffner Brian F.
Published: June 2008

The use of Internet voting in public elections has been challenged based on claims that it is biased against minorities and lower income voters. Although previous research has supported these claims, we find that race and other socioeconomic factors do not affect the choice of Internet voting when it is used as an absentee voting method. Using individual-level vote data from the 2004 Michigan Democratic Primary, we model the two-stage decision-making process that voters face where they must first decide to cast an absentee ballot and then decide what ballot to use (Internet or mail). Our findings show that Internet voting is not more biased than other absentee voting methods, although younger voters are much more likely to choose to vote online.
Voting Technology, Ballot Measures, and Residual Votes
Authors: Kimball David C. , Kropf Martha
Published: June 2008

An increasing number of public policy issues are decided by ballot measures in the United States. We examine residual votes (the difference between the total ballots cast and the votes cast in a particular contest) on ballot issues and the presidential contest in 34 states that had issues on the ballot in the 2004 election. Residual vote levels for ballot issues are substantially higher and more varied than for the presidential contest. Residual votes in both types of contests are a function of ballot features, voting technology, campaign context, and demographic measures. However, some factors, especially voting machinery, have different effects on residual votes for president than on residual votes for ballot issues. A case study further indicates that full-face electronic voting machines sharply increase the number of residual votes on ballot measures. The results have implications for direct democracy and election reform in the United States.
Photoinduced Release of Oligonucleotide-conjugated Silica-coated Gold Nanorods Accompanied by Moderate Morphological Changes
Authors: Horiguchi Yukichi , Yamashita Shuji , Niidome Takuro , Nakashima Naotoshi , Niidome Yasuro
Published: June 2008

Near-infrared pulsed-laser irradiation of silica-coated gold nanorods loaded with single-stranded oligonucleotides induced the release of the oligonucleotides without changing the morphology of the gold nanorods into spherical particles. Silica layers on the gold nanorods were advantageous to realize the efficient release of the oligonucleotides.
Fabrication of Urchin-like Bismuth Nanostructures via a Facile Solvothermal Route
Authors: Tang Chunjuan , Zhang Y X , Wang Guozhong , Wang H Q , Li Guanghai
Published: June 2008

A facile solution-phase process has been demonstrated for the preparation of urchin-like bismuth nanostructures by reducing bismuth nitrate with ethylene glycol. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) have been used to characterize the as-prepared products. The formation mechanism has been proposed.
Ruthenium-catalyzed 1,4-Addition of Organoboronic Acids to α,β-Unsaturated Ketones
Authors: Shintani Ryo , Hayashi Tamio
Published: June 2008

A ruthenium-catalyzed 1,4-addition of organoboronic acids to α,β-unsaturated ketones has been developed. The use of 2-(di-tert-butylphosphino)biphenyl as the ligand in combination with [RuCl2(p-cymene)]2 complex catalyzes these reactions to selectively give 1,4-adducts in good yield by effectively suppressing Heck-type and reduced products.
A Solid-state Chiral Fluorophore Obtained from Achiral Fluorescent Biphenyl-4-carboxylic Acid and rac-Phenylmethylamine Derivatives
Authors: Imai Yoshitane , Murata Katuzo , Matsuno Hideki , Kamon Kensaku , Sato Tomohiro , Kuroda Reiko , Matsubara Yoshio
Published: June 2008

A chiral supramolecular organic fluorophore is developed by using achiral biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid and rac-1-phenylethylamine. This fluorophore is a spontaneously resolved chiral fluorescence system.
Application of Magnetically Simulated Microgravity for Preparation of Thin Films with Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Katsuki Akio , Yamamoto Hiromi , Fujiwara Yoshihisa , Fujiwara Masao , Endo Morinobu , Tanimoto Yoshifumi
Published: June 2008

A poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) thin film in which multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were included was prepared in a magnetically simulated microgravity condition. The XRD pattern results and AFM observations showed that the nanotubes were oriented parallel to the surface of the film at the zero field. In contrast, they were oriented perpendicularly in the magnetic field.
Poly(p-phenyleneethynylene)–Silica Gel Hybrids without Any Compatibilizer
Authors: Kokado Kenta , Chujo Yoshiki
Published: June 2008

Poly(p-phenyleneethynylene) (PPE) and silica gel polymer hybrids were synthesized from the PPE together with tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) via a sol–gel method by utilizing cationic groups on the side chain of PPEs. Up to 10 wt % of the cationic PPE was able to disperse homogeneously into a silica matrix without any compatibilizer. Compared to amino and ammonium groups, PPE having imidazolium groups exhibited high dispersity in silica gel. The photoluminescence of the cationic PPE was reinforced against the thermal irradiation by the surrounding polymer hybrid matrix.
Particle-size Effects of Activated Carbon-supported Rhodium Catalysts on Hydrogenation of Naphthalene in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Solvent
Authors: Hiyoshi Norihito , Rode Chandrashekhar V , Sato Osamu , Masuda Yoshio , Yamaguchi Aritomo , Shirai Masayuki
Published: June 2008

Naphthalene hydrogenation over activated carbon-supported rhodium metal particles having dispersion between 10 and 30% was studied; the turnover frequencies increased with decreasing dispersion in supercritical carbon dioxide, while were independent of the metal dispersion in n-heptane.
One-step Fabrication of Nickel Hierarchical Superstructures
Authors: Chen Zhe , Cao Minhua , He Xiaoyan
Published: June 2008

Nickel hierarchical superstructures have been successfully produced via a simple surfactant-assisted hydrothermal method. The resulting superstructures are formed by the self-assembly of sea urchin-shaped microspheres. Here, poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) plays an important role in the formation of such structures. A feasible formation mechanism was proposed. The magnetic measurement suggests that the nickel superstructures exhibit ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature.
Efficient I(5 2P1⁄2) Production by the Reaction of I2 with NCl3 Flame
Authors: Li Liucheng , Duo Liping , Yang Bailing
Published: June 2008

When gaseous iodine was admitted into the NCl3 autodecomposition flame, intense I(5 2P1⁄2) → I(5 2P3⁄2) emission was observed owing to direct pumping of iodine atoms by NCl3 flame. It is found that the chemical environment of NCl3 flame is benign for I(5 2P3⁄2). The mechanisms of I(5 2P1⁄2) production in the NCl3/I2 reactive gas flow are discussed for the first time. It is believed that Frank–Condon favored E–E energy transfer from Cl2(B) to I(5 2P3⁄2) and the nearly resonant V–E energy transfer from Cl2(X, v=15) to I(5 2P3⁄2) respond for the production of excited state iodine atoms.
Manganese-catalyzed Synthesis of Hydantoin Derivatives from Terminal Alkynes and Isocyanates
Authors: Kuninobu Yoichiro , Kikuchi Kou , Takai Kazuhiko
Published: June 2008

Hydantoin derivatives were obtained by the reactions of terminal alkynes with isocyanates in the presence of a catalytic amount of a manganese complex, MnBr(CO)5. This reaction also proceeded using a rhenium complex, Re2(CO)10, or an iron complex, Fe(CO)5, as a catalyst.
Transesterification of Phosphotriester Paraoxon Catalyzed by ZnCl2 Supported on Silica Gel
Authors: Kady Ismail O
Published: June 2008

ZnCl2 supported on silica gel has shown to be an effective catalyst for transesterification of the organophosphate insecticide, paraoxon, in the presence of 2-phenylethanol. The kinetics of the reaction in acetonitrile was studied. Formation of the product diethyl 2-phenylethyl phosphate was confirmed by 31P NMR.
Politische Gleichheit und gesellschaftliche Stratifikation. Die athenische Demokratie aus der Perspektive der Systemtheorie (Political Equality and Social Stratification. Athenian Democracy from the Perspective of Systems Theory)*
Authors: Mann Christian
Published: June 2008

Die Forschungen zum klassischen Athen konzentrierten sich in den letzten Jahren auf Phänomene jenseits der Politik. Dabei wurde ein Bild gewonnen, das in vielen Facetten von herkömmlichen Vorstellungen abweicht, insbesondere wurde die These einer Marginalisierung von Frauen und Metöken kritisiert. Das Problem, wie die neuen Ergebnisse mit den aus einer politischen Analyse gewonnenen Ergebnissen zu vereinbaren seien, wurde bislang jedoch noch nicht zufriedenstellend gelöst. Dieses Dilemma fordert die Suche nach Modellen heraus, mit deren Hilfe eine integrierte Beschreibung von Politik und Gesellschaft geleistet werden kann. Niklas Luhmanns Theorie sozialer Systeme bietet den wichtigen Vorteil, daß die Demokratie nicht als Nachfolgerin der Adelsherrschaft, sondern als Ausdifferenzierung eines Teilsystems untersucht werden kann, eine Vorstellung, die vor allem durch die pseudoxenophontische „Athēnaiōn politeia” gestützt wird. Damit entfällt die Notwendigkeit, die Ergebnisse einer Gesellschafts- und einer Politikanalyse gegeneinander aufzurechnen. Ohne die soziale Ordnung umzuwälzen, entwickelte die Demokratie Regeln und Verfahren, welche die systeminternen Kommunikationen gegenüber der Umwelt abschotteten und die operative Geschlossenheit der Politik herstellten und wahrten. Die Sonderstellung der athenischen Demokratie unter den politischen Ordnungen der Vormoderne kann unter Rückgriff auf die Systemtheorie präziser erfaßt werden; die Frage, welches die Bedingungen für die Möglichkeit ihres Entstehens waren, stellt sich aus neuer Perspektive.
Konflikte um Immigration als „antietatistische” Proteste? Eine Revision der Auseinandersetzungen bei der Hugenotteneinwanderung (Conflicts over Immigration as Protests against the State? A Review of the Controversy about Huguenot Immigration)*
Authors: Niggemann Ulrich
Published: June 2008

Die Konflikte, die im Zusammenhang mit der Einwanderung der Hugenotten in den verschiedenen Aufnahmeländern auftraten, sind in der bisherigen Forschung zwar immer wieder thematisiert, doch selten systematisch analysiert worden. Wurden in der älteren Forschung vor allem konfessionelle Ursachen für Auseinandersetzungen angeführt, so werden in der neueren Forschung zumeist wirtschaftliche Motive genannt. In jüngster Zeit sind die Konflikte um die Hugenotteneinwanderung zunehmend auch politisch interpretiert worden, als Auseinandersetzung zwischen dem sich herausbildenden „absolutistischen” Staat und lokalen Gewalten. Gegenüber solchen monokausalen Tendenzen wurden hier verschiedene Konfliktfelder herausgearbeitet. Dabei wurde deutlich, daß Konflikte vor allem durch unmittelbare Beeinträchtigungen im Zusammenhang mit der Einwanderungslogistik, bei der Vergabe von Acker- und Weideland sowie im Zusammenhang mit den Regelungen der Handwerksausübung auftraten. Dagegen blieben Streitigkeiten um den rechtlichen Status der Einwanderer und um deren Religionsausübung die Ausnahme. In England fehlen freilich einige der Konfliktfelder, während hier zugleich eine stärker nationale Komponente festzustellen ist. Obwohl es in allen Untersuchungsräumen immer wieder zu Konflikten kam und Proteste sich durchaus auch gegen staatliche Maßnahmen richteten, kann festgestellt werden, daß die Auseinandersetzungen in der Regel moderat blieben und sich zumeist aus ganz konkreten Beeinträchtigungen ergaben. Sie lassen sich also nicht als größere Protestbewegung durch die einheimische Bevölkerung beschreiben, sondern eher als punktuelle Einzelkonflikte, im Zuge derer Möglichkeiten zum Kompromiß und Ausgleich stets offengehalten wurden.
Im Schatten des Vaters. Der Historiker Karl Hegel (1813–1901) und die Geschichtswissenschaft im 19. Jahrhundert (In His Father's Shadow. The Historian Karl Hegel (1813–1901) and Historiography in the 19th Century)*
Authors: Neuhaus Helmut
Published: June 2008

Bis ins hohe Alter hat der Historiker Karl Hegel darunter gelitten, in erster Linie als Sohn seines Vaters, des Philosophen Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, wahrgenommen zu werden, ohne daß er sich von ihm distanziert hätte. Gleichwohl ist es ihm gelungen, das Ziel seines Lebens, sich “selbst einen Namen zu machen”, zu erreichen. Der Beitrag thematisiert das Berühmtwerden des Sohnes im Schatten seines Vaters, indem er Karl Hegels Biographie als Ganzes in den Blick nimmt, sich dessen Erinnerungsarbeit für den Philosophen zuwendet, seinen Weg zum Historiker behandelt, seine Karriere als Geschichtswissenschaftler verfolgt und abschließend auf das Vergessen seines Namens zu sprechen kommt. Karl Hegels entschiedene Hinwendung zur Geschichte im allgemeinen ging einher mit einer bewußten Abkehr von allem Spekulativen in der Theologie und der Philosophie. Zum führenden Stadtgeschichtsforscher der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts wurde er durch seine immense Editionsarbeit an den vielbändigen „Chroniken der deutschen Städte”, mit der er einen unübersehbaren Beitrag zur geschichtswissenschaftlichen Grundlagenforschung leistete. Anerkannt als einer der bedeutendsten Historiker seiner Zeit, war er vielfältig eingebunden in ein weites Kommunikationsnetz und wurde zu einer hochgeehrten Forscherpersönlichkeit, die ganz aus dem Schatten seines Vaters heraustrat.
Aeschylus, Supplices 86–95, 843–910, and the Early Transmission of Antistrophic Lyrical Texts*
Authors: Sandin Pär
Published: June 2008

The symmetrical inter-displacements of corresponding blocks of text between strophes and antistrophes in lyrical odes, earlier proposed for A. Supp. 88–90 ∼ 93–95, 872–75 ∼ 882–84, and 906–7 ∼ 909–10, have affected all parts sung or spoken by the Egyptian herald in the amoibaion in Supp. 843–910. An ancestral text similar to a modern musical score, in which the corresponding lines of strophe and antistrophe run parallel with musical notation, could explain this type of corruption. Such a hypothetical ancestor in the textual tradition would also explain apparent interpolations in Supp. 852 and 865 from 842 and 843. The corruptions may have arisen very early in the tradition, the hypothetical textual arrangement possibly being that of the author himself.
Apoll Als Elegischer Liebhaber
Authors: Gärtner Thomas
Published: June 2008

Apollo's failure to give oracles in P. Oxy. 3723 has its closest parallel in Tibullus' elegy 2, 3, where the god is described as completely helpless and bereft of all his divine attributes as a result of his servitium amoris. The seeming parallel in Ovid's narration of the story of Apollo and Daphne in the first book of the Metamorphoses exhibits a more complicated concept: Apollo presents himself in command of all divine powers, but mourns the failure of these powers to archieve the love of Daphne. He does not humiliate himself as in Tib. 2, 3, but the comic element in his appearance consists in the self-reflected discrepancy between his divine self-confidence and his erotic failure. The haughtiness of Ovid's Apollo is in line with the broader context of met. 1, especially his defeat of Pytho and his quarrel with Cupido. Ovid regularly contrasts in the early books of the Metamorphoses ‘epic’ and ‘elegiac’ structural sections. In book one he programmatically contrasts his modified concept of divine love not absorbing completely the god's personality with the exhausting and uncompromising divine servitium amoris in Tib. 2, 3.
Statius' Roman Penelope: Exemplarity, Praise and Gender in Silvae 3.5
Authors: Fögen Thorsten
Published: June 2008

This article is mainly concerned with Statius' Silvae 3. 5, addressed to his wife Claudia. It intends to demonstrate how exemplarity and praise, features familiar from other Silvae, are intertwined in this poem with the question of gender roles. At the same time, it will be argued that the praise of other people as well as of places in this poem is closely connected with the persona of the author and that it amounts to a proud portrayal of himself and his art. Statius' Silvae 3. 5 will then be compared briefly, first, with Silvae 2. 7, a genethliacon written to honour the deceased poet Lucan and his wife Polla; second, with some of Ovid's poems from exile that are addressed to his wife (esp. Trist. 1. 6, 4. 3, 5. 5 and 5. 14) and to the poetess Perilla (Trist. 3. 7); and third, with a letter by Pliny the Younger concerning his wife Calpurnia and her virtues (Epist. 4. 19).
Gellius, Ein Stoischer Nebulo und Das Zitat. Zu Gellius 1, 2
Authors: Tischer Ute
Published: June 2008

Chapter 1, 2 of the Noctes Atticae reports how the orator and politician Herodes Atticus silences a boastful young Stoic by citing a diatribe of Epictetus. The article shows that Gellius – unlike his own assertion – does not describe a real experience. Instead he dramatizes the text (Epict. diss. 2, 19), which is the origin of the citation. Comparing both texts one finds details of the scenery described, the characterizations of the protagonists as well as the themes discussed quite similar in both the non-cited parts of Epictetus and the text of Gellius. Particularly interesting in that respect is how Gellius takes up citing and its various aspects as it can be found in his model. Epictetus deals with this theme in a critical way, because in his opinion citations of authorities say nothing about the philosophical qualities of the person who uses them. While Gellius' praxis of citation is formally modelled very closely on Epictetus' speech, regarding the content he by no means rejects the use of philosophical citations as weapon to beat an opponent in discussion.
Herrschaft und Geschlechterhierarchie. Zur Funktionalisierung der Zenobiagestalt und Anderer Usurpatoren in den Viten der Historia Augusta
Authors: Krause Christiane
Published: June 2008

The figure of the Palmyrean queen Zenobia plays an important part in three vitae of the Historia Augusta (Gall., trig. tyr., Aurel.). The discrepancy in her representation was attributed to different sources or different authors.

Since the representation of Zenobia even changes within one vita, there is no need to assume different authors. Being a counterpart to Gallienus, Odaenathus and Aurelianus, the figure of Zenobia changes correspondingly to these male figures. Her voluntary submission to the real – male – emperor finds an equivalent in the nation's voluntary submission to the real – male – ruler. The category of gender proves valuable in the analysis of characterisation and text intention.

The vita Aureliani is interpreted as deconstructing the panegyric tones of the vitae Gallieni and triginta tyrannorum.
Habitat Use of Juvenile Pallid Sturgeon and Shovelnose Sturgeon with Implications for Water-Level Management in a Downstream Reservoir
Authors: Gerrity Paul C. , Guy Christopher S. , Gardner William M.
Published: June 2008

Natural recruitment of pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus has not been observed in the Missouri River above Fort Peck Reservoir, Montana, for at least 20 years. To augment the population, age-1 hatchery-reared juvenile pallid sturgeon were released in 1998. The objective of this study was to evaluate the habitat use of these fish and compare it with that of indigenous shovelnose sturgeon S. platorynchus. Twenty-nine juvenile pallid sturgeon and 21 indigenous shovelnose sturgeon were implanted with radio transmitters in 2003 and 2004. The two species showed no differences in habitat use in terms of mean depth, cross-sectional relative depth, longitudinal relative depth, column velocity, bottom velocity, and channel width. However, there were seasonal differences within both species for cross-sectional relative depth, column velocity, and channel width. Both shovelnose sturgeon and juvenile pallid sturgeon were primarily associated with silt and sand substrate. However, shovelnose sturgeon were associated with gravel and cobble substrate more than juvenile pallid sturgeon. Shovelnose sturgeon and juvenile pallid sturgeon both selected reaches without islands and avoided reaches with islands; the two species also selected main-channel habitat and avoided secondary channels. Mean home range was similar between juvenile pallid sturgeon (15 km; 90% confidence interval, ±5.0 km) and shovelnose sturgeon (16.5 km; ±4.7 km). Spatial distribution differed between the two species, with shovelnose sturgeon using upstream areas more often than juvenile pallid sturgeon. Twenty-eight percent of juvenile pallid sturgeon frequented 60 km of lotic habitat that would be inundated by Fort Peck Reservoir at maximum pool. Stocking juvenile pallid sturgeon can successfully augment the wild pallid sturgeon population in the Missouri River above Fort Peck Reservoir, which is crucial to the long-term recovery of the species. However, water-level management in downstream reservoirs such as Fort Peck can influence the amount of habitat available for pallid sturgeon.
Genetic Structure of Creek Chub, a Headwater Minnow, in an Impounded River System
Authors: Skalski Garrick T. , Landis Jacob B. , Grose Michael J. , Hudman Stephen P.
Published: June 2008

The population‐level effects of landscape heterogeneity in migration corridors are not well understood, especially in aquatic ecosystems. Using 17 microsatellite loci, we assessed the spatial genetic structure of creek chub Semotilus atromaculatus, a headwater stream fish, in eight small tributaries (202 individuals) connected by a river (a lotic corridor) and eight small tributaries (200 individuals) connected by a nearby downstream reservoir (a lentic corridor). Genetic diversity measured in terms of gene diversity and allelic richness was higher in the river tributaries than reservoir tributaries. Both the river and reservoir tributaries exhibited significant population differentiation but differed in their patterns of isolation by distance. Pairs of river tributaries showed increasing genetic differentiation with increasing geographic distance, whereas reservoir tributaries showed no effect of geographic distance on genetic distance. Bayesian estimates of gene flow showed a trend of higher recent migration among river tributaries than reservoir tributaries, but the difference was not statistically significant. Our results may indicate an association between one feature of the aquatic landscape's structure (i.e., whether a connecting water body and migration corridor is riverine or reservoir in type) and population genetic structure in a headwater stream fish. Accordingly, additional genetic studies of populations inhabiting tributaries of river‐reservoir networks in other watersheds are needed to further assess this possibility.
Validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measuring vitellogenin in california halibut (Paralichthys californicus)
Authors: Vázquez-Boucard Celia , Burgos-Aceves Mario , Arcos-Ortega Fabiola , Anguiano-Vega Gerardo
Published: June 2008

Vitellogenin (VTG) is the major protein present in the plasma of females undergoing oogenesis. In males, the VTG gene normally is suppressed; however, synthesis of VTG can be induced by exposure to xenoestrogenic compounds. In the present study, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed and validated to evaluate VTG levels in the California halibut (Paralichthys californicus). Vitellogenin and lipovitellin (LV) were identified in the plasma of 17β-estradiol–induced females and in the ovaries of wild females, to our knowledge for the first time. Purified VTG from the plasma of induced females was obtained, and polyclonal antibodies against the LV of mature female ovaries was prepared and their specificity assessed by Western blot analysis. At Bahía Magdalena, Baja California Sur, México, quantitative measurements of VTG in the plasma of female specimens were made during one reproductive cycle.
Avoidance tests with small fish: Determination of the median avoidance concentration and of the lowest-observed-effect gradient
Authors: Moreira-Santos Matilde , Donato Cristina , Lopes Isabel , Ribeiro Rui
Published: June 2008

The purpose of the present study was to develop sensitive, rapid, and easily quantified avoidance tests for small fish (Danio rerio) in order to provide important ecological information during toxicity assessments. Fish were exposed in three replicate linear flow-through chambers consisting of five compartments. The test system was found to provide a linear contamination gradient, with mean dilutions in each compartment of 90, 70, 50, 30, and 10%. Also, in the absence of a toxic gradient, the fish were uniformly distributed along the five-compartment chambers. Then the apparatus was evaluated by exposing fish to a concentration gradient of copper and a dilution gradient of a field sample contaminated with acid mine drainage (AMD). Avoidance was monitored at 24-h intervals up to 96 h of exposure. The avoidance of copper and AMD by D. rerio was confirmed. The apparatus enabled quantification of median avoidance effect concentrations or dilutions (EC50 or EDil50) and also lowest-observed-effect gradients, which express the minimum toxicant gradient eliciting avoidance, a parameter increasing the ecological relevance of the laboratory avoidance responses. For quantifying avoidance, a 24-h exposure was sufficient, as the 24- to 96-h EC50 and EDil50 values were similar. The avoidance response was easy and rapid to quantify, leading this test to routine use in environmental risk assessment.
Heterocyclic compounds: Toxic effects using algae, daphnids, and theSalmonella/microsome test taking methodical quantitative aspects into account
Authors: Eisentraeger Adolf , Brinkmann Corinna , Hollert Henner , Sagner Anne , Tiehm Andreas , Neuwoehner Judith
Published: June 2008

Heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons containing nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen (NSO-HET), have been detected in air, soil, sewage sludge, marine environments, and freshwater sediments. Since toxicity data on this class of substances are scarce, the present study focuses on possible implications NSO-HET have for ecotoxicity (algae and daphnids) and mutagenicity (Salmonella/microsome test). A combination of bioassays and chemical-analytical quantification of the test compounds during toxicity assays should aid in determination of the hazard potential. Samples of the test concentrations of 14 NSO-HET were taken at the beginning and end of the bioassays; these samples were then quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The toxicity potential of the substances was evaluated and compared with the toxicity calculated with the nominal concentrations. Significantly different results were obtained primarily for volatile or highly hydrophobic NSO-HET. The concentration of heterocyclic hydrocarbons can change significantly during the algae and Daphnia test. The EC50 values (effective concentration value: the concentration of a chemical that is required to produce a 50% effect) calculated with the nominal concentrations underestimate the toxicity by a factor of up to 50. Prioritizing the tested compounds according to toxicity, the mutagenic and toxic compounds quinoline, 6-methylquinoline, and xanthene have to be listed first. The greatest ecotoxic potential on algae and daphnids was determined for dibenzothiophene followed by acridine. In the Daphnia magna immobilization test, benzofuran, dibenzofuran, 2-methylbenzofuran, and 2,3-dimethylbenzofuran and also carbazole are ecotoxicologically relevant with EC50 values below 10 mg/L. These substances are followed by indole with a high ecotoxic effect to daphnids and less effect to algae. Only minor toxic effects were observed for 2-methylpyridine and 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine.
Relationship between cyclodextrin extraction and biodegradation of phenanthrene in soil
Authors: Rhodes Angela H , Dew Nadia M , Semple Kirk T
Published: June 2008

A number of soil extraction techniques have been proposed to determine the microbial degradability of organic contaminants in soil. Exhaustive methods using organic solvents have little relevance to the concentration of contaminants actually available to microorganisms. The present study investigated the relationship between sequential hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) extractions and microbial mineralization of [14C]phenanthrene in four soils over time. The desorption of [14C]phenanthrene was assessed at 24-h intervals over 10 d and compared to cumulative mineralization of the [14C]phenanthrene using an enriched pseudomonad inoculum. The cumulative total of [14C]phenanthrene extracted by HPCD exceeded the mineralization asymptote by more than 20%. The overall total extents mineralized after both single and multiple degrader inoculations, however, were statistically similar to that extracted after the first 24 h by HPCD; the ratios of extractable to mineralizable [14C]phenanthrene consistently approached one. Furthermore, a good linear correlation between mineralized and extracted phenanthrene was observed (single: r2 = 0.99, gradient = 0.90, intercept = 3.09; multiple: r2 = 0.95, gradient = 1.01, intercept = −0.48), suggesting that a single HPCD extraction accurately and reproducibly predicts the total fraction of phenanthrene available for microbial mineralization in all soils tested in the present study.
Metal concentrations, sperm motility, and RNA/DNA ratio in two echinoderm species from a highly contaminated fjord (the Sørfjord, Norway)
Authors: Catarino Ana I , Cabral Henrique N , Peeters Kris , Pernet Philippe , Punjabi Usha , Dubois Philippe
Published: June 2008

The present study evaluated the effects of field metal contamination on sperm motility and the RNA/DNA ratio in echinoderms. Populations of Asterias rubens and Echinus acutus that occur naturally along a contamination gradient of sediments by cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in a Norwegian fjord (the Sørfjord) were studied. Sperm motility, a measure of sperm quality, was quantified using a computer-assisted sperm analysis system. The RNA/DNA ratio, a measure of protein synthesis, was assessed by a one-dye (ethidium bromide)/one-enzyme (RNase), 96-well microplate fluorometric assay. Although both species accumulate metals at high concentrations, neither sperm motility parameters in A. rubens nor the RNA/DNA ratio in both species were affected. The Sørfjord is still one of the most metal-contaminated marine sites in Europe, but even so, populations of A. rubens and E. acutus are able to endure under these conditions.
Effect of imidazolium-based ionic liquids on the photosynthetic activity and growth rate of Selenastrum capricornutum
Authors: Pham Thi Phuong Thuy , Cho Chul-Woong , Vijayaraghavan Kuppusamy , Min Jiho , Yun Yeoung-Sang
Published: June 2008

Ionic liquids (ILs) are low-melting organic salts that are being researched intensively as possible environmentally friendly replacements for volatile organic solvents. Despite their nonmeasurable vapor pressure, some quantities of ILs soon will be present in effluent discharges because solubility of ILs in water is small, but far from negligible. Therefore, it is important to understand how ILs will influence aquatic ecosystems. In the present study, the toxic effects of imidazolium-based ILs (1-butyl-3-methylim-idazolium cation associated with bromide [BMIM][Br] and tetrafluoroborate [BMIM][BF4]) to the freshwater green alga Selenastrum capricornutum were investigated. Two approaches were followed to quantify toxicity of these compounds: Analyses of photosynthetic activity and cell proliferation. The obtained data showed that the relative declines of growth rates generally were more pronounced than those of photosynthetic activity. The ecotoxicity of a range of common organic solvents also was examined. It was revealed that both imidazolium-based ILs studied were some orders of magnitude more toxic than methanol, isopropanol, and dimethylformamide. In addition, with respect to IL incorporating perfluorinated anion, EC50 values (concentrations which lead to a 50% reduction of the exposed organisms relative to control) of the previously prepared stock solution were significantly lower compared to those of the freshly made one. This might be due to hydrolytic effects of [BMIM][BF4] leading to fluoride formation, which was confirmed by ion chromatography analysis. This indicates that, after ILs are discharged into the aqueous system, they can become more toxic than expected by laboratory data with fresh ILs.
Relation between metal concentration in water and metal content of marine mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis): Impact of physiology
Authors: Casas Stellio , Gonzalez Jean-Louis , Andral Bruno , Cossa Daniel
Published: June 2008

The present study constitutes an in situ investigation of metal kinetics within soft tissue of mussels (Mytilus gallo-provincialis), which solves the problem of the decoupling of the effect of animal physiology and metal bioavailability in water. Field experiments were conducted to measure uptake and elimination kinetics for four metals (Hg, Pb, Cd, and Cu) in three Mediterranean sites with different contamination and nutritive levels. At each site, metal concentrations were monitored in soft tissues of mussels and in the surrounding waters. The experimental conditions were completely characterized: Lazaret Bay (located between Nice and Marseille, France) is a hot spot for Hg (6.3 ng/L) and Pb (163 ng/L) concentrations and is an oligotrophic, stable site; Bages Lagoon (located to the west of Montpellier, France) is particularly contaminated by Cd (1.5 ng/L) and Cu (1.5μg/L) and is a mesotrophic site where variability of trophic and physicochemical parameters is significant; and Port-Cros Island (located in the Hyeres National Park, France) is considered to be a reference site. Those kinetics permit us to decouple physiological, chemical, and environmental interactions. After normalizing mussel metal content for similar physiological conditions, application of the local weighted regression (LOWESS) statistical treatment shows a parallelism between the time trends of metal concentrations in the bivalve and metal concentrations in water. The results enabled us to obtain in situ kinetic parameters and realistic bioaccumulation factors. Their logarithmic values were 4.6 for Hg, 4.3 for Pb, 4.9 for Cd, and 3.9 for Cu. The importance of physiological processes such as spawning is discussed as a factor influencing the bioaccumulation factor. This information may be useful in refining monitoring tools for risk assessment and, more generally, in environmental management strategies.
An application of the biotic ligand model to predict the toxic effects of metal mixtures
Authors: Kamo Masashi , Nagai Takashi
Published: June 2008

The rapidly developing biotic ligand model (BLM) allows us to predict the toxicity of heavy metals in water of various chemistries; however, the current BLM predicts the toxicity of a single metal and not the toxic effects of metal mixtures. The toxic mechanisms of heavy metals are not yet completely understood, but hypocalcemia is suggested to be the most likely toxic mechanism for some metals. The BLM, which predicts the toxicity of metals by the amount of metals binding to ligand, is modified to predict the toxicity by the proportion of nonmetal binding ligand that is available for calcium uptake under the assumption that the organisms die because of hypocalcemia when so few ligands are available for calcium uptake. Because the proportion can be computed when multiple metals are present, the toxic effects of metal mixtures can be predicted. Zinc, copper, and cadmium toxicity to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are considered. All data are collected from the literature, and a meta-analysis using the modified version of the BLM is conducted. The present study found that the proportion of nonmetal binding ligand is a constant value for any test condition. The proportion is not influenced by water chemistry or by metal species. Using the nature of constant proportion, toxicities of metals are well estimated. In addition, the toxic effects of metal mixtures are the simple sum of the toxicities of each metal (additive effect) corresponding to the bioavailable form of the metals. In terms of total concentration of metals in water, however, nonadditive effects, such as antagonism and synergism, are possible.