bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influences of Target and Liquid Media on Morphologies and Optical Properties of ZnO Nanoparticles Prepared by Laser Ablation in Solution
Authors: Hu Xilun , Gong Haibo , Xu Hongyan , Wei Haoming , Cao Bingqiang , Liu Guangqiang , Zeng Haibo , Cai Weiping
Published: June 2011

This article reports the target and liquid media influences on the microstructures and optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using pulsed laser ablation (PLA) method. Zinc and ZnO target were ablated with laser in pure water and surfactant solution, respectively. The obtained nanoparticles were characterized using X‐ray diffraction spectrometer, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, optical absorption spectrum, and photoluminescence spectrum. The nanoparticles synthesized in surfactant solution were of spherical shapes, but with different microstructures and optical properties. The nanoparticles synthesized in water using zinc target showed rod shapes and both UV and visible emissions. When ZnO target was ablated in water, flake‐shaped nanoparticles were synthesized and strong UV, but weak violet emissions were observed. At last, the influences of PLA growth condition on the nanoparticles microstructures and the relationship between the optical properties and their stoichiometries were discussed.
Hungarian landscape types: classification of landscapes based on the relative cover of (semi‐) natural habitats
Authors: Bölöni János , Botta‐Dukát Zoltán , Illyés Eszter , Molnár Zsolt
Published: June 2011

Aim: This paper introduces a new method for vegetation‐based landscape classification. As a case study, we present the landscape classification of Hungary with a total area of 9.3 million ha.

Location: Hungary.

Methods: Data from the MÉTA (Magyarországi Élőhelyek Térképi Adatbázisa: GIS Database of the Hungarian Habitats) vegetation survey were used in our analyses. The basal units of the survey were hexagons with an area of 35 ha, in which surveyors estimated the cover of the various types of the (semi)‐natural vegetation. The sample unit in our analyses was a rosette consisting of seven hexagons. The distance between sample units was calculated based on the relative cover of (semi‐)natural habitats by Rao's beta diversity, a new distance measure that includes the similarities between habitats. A hierarchical classification was then performed using the UPGMA (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean) algorithm.

Results: The optimal number of groups was 41 on the basis of average silhouette. Landscape types dominated by forests or grasslands were separated at the highest dissimilarity level. At lower levels, the division of groups could be attributed to differences in site conditions (dry, mesic, wet, saline). The most common landscape types (more than 400 occurrences) in Hungary are those dominated by zonal forests, degraded treeless habitats, xeric and mesic saline and alkaline habitats, and reedbeds and wet meadows. The rarest types (less than 50 occurrences) are mosaics of edaphic habitats, and coniferous forests.

Conclusions: Landscape classification based on (semi‐)natural vegetation may be used for estimating landscape diversity, landscape modeling, selection of study sites, regionalization of local scientific results, and for landscape development planning and nature conservation management. The new distance measure has met our expectations and resulted in a classification with clearly interpretable groups. It is likely that this distance measure may also prove to be appropriate for numerical syntaxonomy, in which the stability of the resulting groups may be increased by taking into consideration the similarities/differences in phytosociological preference of species.
A short‐chain dehydrogenase involved in terpene metabolism from Zingiber zerumbet
Authors: Okamoto Sho , Yu Fengnian , Harada Hisashi , Okajima Toshihide , Hattan Jun‐ichiro , Misawa Norihiko , Utsumi Ryutaro
Published: June 2011

The rhizome oil of Zingiber zerumbet Smith contains an exceptionally high content of sesquiterpenoids with zerumbone, a predominating potential multi‐anticancer agent. Biosynthetic pathways of zerumbone have been proposed, and two genes ZSS1 and CYP71BA1 that encode the enzymes catalyzing the first two steps have been cloned. In this paper, we isolated a cDNA clone (ZSD1) that encodes an alcohol dehydrogenase capable of catalyzing the final step of zerumbone biosynthesis. ZSD1 has an open reading frame of 804 bp that encodes a 267‐residue enzyme with a calculated molecular mass of 28.7 kDa. After expression in Escherichia coli, the recombinant enzyme was found to catalyze 8‐hydroxy‐α‐humulene into zerumbone. ZSD1 is a member of the short‐chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily (SDR) and shares high identities with other plant SDRs involved in secondary metabolism, stress responses and phytosteroid biosynthesis. In contrast to the transcripts of ZSS1 and CYP71BA1, which are almost exclusively expressed in rhizomes, ZSD1 transcripts are detected in leaves, stems and rhizomes, suggesting that ZSD1 may also be involved in other biological processes. Consistent with its proposed flexible substrate‐binding pocket, ZSD1 also converts borneol to camphor with Km and kcat values of 22.8 μm and 4.1 s−1, displaying its bisubstrate feature.
Oil price shocks and the dynamics of current account balances in Nigeria
Authors: Chuku Chuku A. , Akpan Usenobong F. , Sam Ndifreke R. , Effiong Ekpeno L.
Published: June 2011

This paper pioneers research on the relationship between oil price shocks and current account dynamics in Nigeria, a country that doubles as an oil exporter and importer. Structural vector autoregression is applied to quarterly data from 1970Q1 to 2008Q4 to identify oil price shocks and to evaluate its net effect on Nigeria's current account balances. After introducing three control variables (output gap, real exchange rate misalignment and the lagged values of current account ratio), we impose six structural restrictions on the model to help track and identify the structural shocks of oil prices on current account balances. Overall, we find that oil price shocks have a significant short‐run effect on current account balances for Nigeria. Specifically, the impulse response of the current account ratio to oil price shocks increases speedily in the first six quarters, and then, it declines afterwards until the 30th quarter. The variance decomposition analysis shows that approximately 15.77 per cent of the variations in current account dynamics are caused by oil price shocks. The insight we draw from this finding is that there is no one‐for‐one relation between oil price shocks and current account dynamics. Exchange rate misalignment provides the offsetting effect as revealed from our results. The implication for policy is that reserve‐augmenting strategies, lax monetary policy and intensified international financial integration would need to be enhanced and sustained by policy‐makers to reinforce the positive effects of oil price shocks on the Nigerian economy.
Possible Involvement of Monoaminergic Neurotransmission in Antidepressant‐like activity of Emblica officinalis Fruits in Mice
Authors: Dhingra Dinesh , Joshi Parul , Gupta Arun , Chhillar Ritu
Published: June 2011

Aims: In this study, antidepressant‐like activity of Emblica offcinalis Gaertn. fruits (Family: Euphorbiaceae) was evaluated in Swiss young male albino mice employing tail suspension test and forced swim test. Methods: Aqueous extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) of the fruits was administered orally for 14 successive days to mice. On day 14, 60 min after extract administration, animals were subjected to tail suspension test and forced swim test. Results: The extract significantly decreased immobility period in both tail suspension test and forced swim test, indicating significant antidepressant‐like activity. The lower dose (200 mg/kg) of the extract showed better antidepressant‐like action. The efficacy of the extract was found to be comparable to fluoxetine (20 mg/kg), imipramine (15 mg/kg), and phenelzine (20 mg/kg). The extract did not show any significant effect on locomotor activity of the mice. Prazosin (alpha1‐adrenoceptor antagonist), sulpiride (selective D2‐receptor antagonist), baclofen (GABAB agonist), and p‐CPA (tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor) significantly attenuated the extract‐induced antidepressant‐like effect. The extract also significantly decreased brain MAO‐A levels. Discussion: The aqueous extract might produce antidepressant‐like effect by interaction with α1‐adrenoceptors, dopamine D2‐ receptors, serotonergic, and GABAB receptors. In this study, aqueous extract was found to contain 2.94% of ascorbic acid. So ascorbic acid and other constituents like flavanoids, tannoid principles, and polyphenolic substances present in the aqueous extract of E. officinalis might be responsible for its antidepressant‐like activity. Conclusions: Thus, aqueous extract of E. officinalis showed antidepressant‐like activity probably by inhibiting MAO‐A and GABA; and also due to its antioxidant activity.
Piper protrusum (Piperaceae), a new species from southern Thailand based on morphological and molecular evidence
Authors: SUDMOON Runglawan , TANEE Tawatchai , CHAVEERACH Arunrat
Published: June 2011

Abstract  Piper protrusum Chaveer. & Tanee, sp. nov. is described and illustrated. It dominantly comprises three branching types with three different types of leaf blades, bases, and apexes. The critical distinguishing character is the protruded receptacle having a bract and nine stamens. Individual plants have been discovered in areas of Southern Thailand since 2004 without reproductive parts. The investigated sites were revisited several times, and an individual with flowers was finally found in July 2009. Phylogenetic analysis of the new species and five similar species is carried out based on DNA fingerprinting. The genetic distances between the new species and five similar species range from 0.25 to 0.35, supporting new species designation. Molecular data conform to morphological data in validating that it is a new species. Additionally, its DNA barcodes have been provided for further identification in case the morphological data is unclear. The sequence data have been submitted to the GenBank database under accession numbers GU980898 (rpoB gene), GU980899 (rpoC1 gene), and GU980900 (psbA‐trnH region).
Sharing Responsibility for Product Recovery Across the Supply Chain
Authors: Jacobs Brian W. , Subramanian Ravi
Published: June 2011

Extended producer responsibility (EPR) programs typically hold the producer—a single actor defined by the regulator—responsible for the environmental impacts of end‐of‐life products. This is despite emphasis on the need to involve all actors in the supply chain in order to best achieve the aims of EPR. In this paper, we examine the economic and environmental implications of product recovery mandates and shared responsibility within a supply chain. We use a two‐echelon model consisting of a supplier and a manufacturer to determine the impacts of product collection and recycling mandates on the incentive to recycle and resulting profits in the integrated and decentralized supply chains. For the decentralized supply chain, we demonstrate how the sharing of responsibility for product recovery between the echelons can improve total supply chain profit and suggest a contract menu that can Pareto‐improve profits. To examine both the economic and environmental performance associated with responsibility sharing, we propose a social welfare construct that includes supply chain profit, consumer surplus, and the externalities associated with virgin material extraction, product consumption, and disposal of nonrecycled products. Using a numerical example, we discuss how responsibility sharing may or may not improve social welfare. The results of this paper are of value to firms either anticipating or subject to product recovery legislation, and to social planners that attempt to balance economic and environmental impacts and ensure fairness of such legislation.
The reduction in human motoneurone responsiveness during muscle fatigue is not prevented by increased muscle spindle discharge
Authors: McNeil Chris J. , Giesebrecht Sabine , Khan Serajul I. , Gandevia Simon C. , Taylor Janet L.
Published: June 2011

Non‐technical summary The responsiveness of motoneurones within the spinal cord to non‐invasive stimulation is markedly reduced during a fatiguing maximal effort if tested when voluntary drive from the brain is transiently interrupted. We tested a major possible cause of this effect by vibrating the tendon of the contracting muscle to increase excitatory input to the motoneurones. Application of tendon vibration had a negligible effect on the fatigue‐induced reduction of motoneurone responsiveness. Hence, we believe the reduction in responsiveness is caused by changes to the intrinsic properties of motoneurones due to their repetitive activity during the sustained maximal effort.
Targeting the Nrf2–Keap1 antioxidant defence pathway for neurovascular protection in stroke
Authors: Alfieri Alessio , Srivastava Salil , Siow Richard C. M. , Modo Michel , Fraser Paul A. , Mann Giovanni E.
Published: June 2011

Abstract  Endogenous defence mechanisms by which the brain protects itself against noxious stimuli and recovers from ischaemic damage are a key target of stroke research. The loss of viable brain tissue in the ischaemic core region after stroke is associated with damage to the surrounding area known as the penumbra. Activation of the redox‐sensitive transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) plays a pivotal role in the cellular defence against oxidative stress via transcriptional upregulation of phase II defence enzymes and antioxidant stress proteins. Although recent evidence implicates Nrf2 in neuroprotection, it is not known whether activation of this pathway within the neurovascular unit protects the brain against blood–brain barrier breakdown and cerebrovascular inflammation. Targeting the neurovascular unit should provide novel insights for effective treatment strategies and facilitate translation of experimental findings into clinical therapy. This review focuses on the cytoprotective role of Nrf2 in stroke and examines the evidence that the Nrf2–Keap1 defence pathway may serve as a therapeutic target for neurovascular protection.
The Unusual Nature of Recent Snowpack Declines in the North American Cordillera
Authors: Pederson Gregory T. , Gray Stephen T. , Woodhouse Connie A. , Betancourt Julio L. , Fagre Daniel B. , Littell Jeremy S. , Watson Emma , Luckman Brian H. , Graumlich Lisa J.
Published: June 2011

The snowpack covering the mountains of western North America has decreased dramatically during the past 50 years.
Adaptation and Evolutionary Rescue in Metapopulations Experiencing Environmental Deterioration
Authors: Bell Graham , Gonzalez Andrew
Published: June 2011

Dispersal and previous exposure to stress help yeast adapt to highly stressful environments.
Origin and Evolution of Prebiotic Organic Matter As Inferred from the Tagish Lake Meteorite
Authors: Herd Christopher D. K. , Blinova Alexandra , Simkus Danielle N. , Huang Yongsong , Tarozo Rafael , Alexander Conel M. O’D. , Gyngard Frank , Nittler Larry R. , Cody George D. , Fogel Marilyn L. , Kebukawa Yoko , Kilcoyne A. L. David , Hilts Robert W. , Slater Greg F. , Glavin Daniel P. , Dworkin Jason P. , Callahan Michael P. , Elsila Jamie E. , De Gregorio Bradley T. , Stroud Rhonda M.
Published: June 2011

The study of organic matter in a well-preserved meteorite provides insight into processes that affected its parent asteroids.
A DNA Damage Response Screen Identifies RHINO, a 9-1-1 and TopBP1 Interacting Protein Required for ATR Signaling
Authors: Cotta-Ramusino Cecilia , McDonald E. Robert , Hurov Kristen , Sowa Mathew E. , Harper J. Wade , Elledge Stephen J.
Published: June 2011

A screen identifies proteins not previously known to function in protecting cells from DNA damage.
Wafer-Scale Graphene Integrated Circuit
Authors: Lin Yu-Ming , Valdes-Garcia Alberto , Han Shu-Jen , Farmer Damon B. , Meric Inanc , Sun Yanning , Wu Yanqing , Dimitrakopoulos Christos , Grill Alfred , Avouris Phaedon , Jenkins Keith A.
Published: June 2011

Components such as inductors were fabricated alongside graphene transistors to create integrated radio-frequency mixers.
Why Finance Matters
Authors: Morduch Jonathan
Published: June 2011

A study from the Philippines adds to the case for rethinking the use and impact of microcredit loans.
Antigen Potency and Maximal Efficacy Reveal a Mechanism of Efficient T Cell Activation
Authors: Dushek Omer , Aleksic Milos , Wheeler Richard J. , Zhang Hao , Cordoba Shaun-Paul , Peng Yan-Chun , Chen Ji-Li , Cerundolo Vincenzo , Dong Tao , Coombs Daniel , van der Merwe Philip Anton
Published: June 2011

Efficient T cell activation depends on the rate with which T cell receptors and antigens bind and unbind, rather than simply their equilibrium affinity.
Direct Evaluation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Mediators in a Chronic Infection Model
Authors: Byrd Matthew S. , Pang Bing , Hong Wenzhou , Waligora Elizabeth A. , Juneau Richard A. , Armbruster Chelsie E. , Weimer Kristen E. D. , Murrah Kyle , Mann Ethan E. , Lu Haiping , Sprinkle April , Parsek Matthew R. , Kock Nancy D. , Wozniak Daniel J. , Swords W. Edward
Published: June 2011

Biofilms contribute to
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
persistence in a variety of diseases, including cystic fibrosis, burn wounds, and chronic suppurative otitis media. However, few studies have directly addressed
P. aeruginosa
biofilms
in vivo
. We used a chinchilla model of otitis media, which has previously been used to study persistent
Streptococcus pneumoniae
and
Haemophilus influenzae
infections, to show that structures formed
in vivo
are biofilms of bacterial and host origin within a matrix that includes Psl, a
P. aeruginosa
biofilm polysaccharide. We evaluated three biofilm and/or virulence mediators of
P. aeruginosa
known to affect biofilm formation
in vitro
and pathogenesis
in vivo
—bis-(3′,5′)-cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP), flagella, and quorum sensing—in a chinchilla model. We show that c-di-GMP overproduction has a positive impact on bacterial persistence, while quorum sensing increases virulence. We found no difference in persistence attributed to flagella. We conclude from these studies that a chinchilla otitis media model provides a means to evaluate pathogenic mediators of
P. aeruginosa
and that
in vitro
phenotypes should be examined in multiple infection systems to fully understand their role in disease.
Smoking cessation improves mortality in Japanese men: the Hisayama study
Authors: Ikeda Fumie , Ninomiya Toshiharu , Doi Yasufumi , Hata Jun , Fukuhara Masayo , Matsumoto Takayuki , Kiyohara Yutaka
Published: June 2011

Background

Although the smoking rate among Japanese men has been the highest in developed countries, the epidemiological evidence about whether smoking cessation can extend their lifespan is not well established.

Methods

A total of 1083 Japanese men aged ≥40 years were classified by their smoking status and followed up prospectively for 18 years (1988–2006).

Results

Current smoking was a significant risk factor for all-cause death: the multivariate-adjusted HRs of all-cause death for current smokers of 1–19, 20–39 and ≥40 cigarettes per day were 1.61 (95% CI 1.16 to 2.22), 1.56 (95% CI 1.08 to 2.23) and 3.15 (95% CI 1.59 to 6.24), respectively. Former smokers did not have an increased risk of all-cause death compared with never smokers. The excess risk of all-cause death for current smokers tended to decrease within 5 years after smoking cessation, eventually reaching a level almost equivalent to that of never smokers. The risk of cancer death decreased by 53% in subjects who had quit smoking for ≥10 years, while the risk of cardiovascular death decreased by 56% in subjects with the cessation period of <10 years.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that even a modest smoking habit significantly increases the risk of death among Japanese men, and the risk of death diminishes soon after cessation of smoking. These results imply the importance of smoking cessation to extend life in Japanese men.
Tobacco industry attempts to influence and use the German government to undermine the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
Authors: Grüning Thilo , Weishaar Heide , Collin Jeff , Gilmore Anna B
Published: June 2011

Background

Germany has been identified as one of a few high-income countries that opposed a strong Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the WHO's first global public health treaty. This paper examines whether the tobacco industry had influenced the German position on the FCTC.

Methods

Analysis of previously confidential tobacco industry documents.

Results

The tobacco industry has identified Germany as a key target within its global strategy against the FCTC. Building on an already supportive base, the industry appears to have successfully lobbied the German government, influencing Germany's position and argumentation on key aspects of the FCTC. It then used Germany in its efforts to weaken the FCTC. The evidence suggests that the industry enjoyed success in undermining the Federal Health Ministry's position and using Germany to limit the European Union negotiating mandate. The tactics used by the tobacco industry included the creation of controversy between the financial, trade and other ministries on one side and the health ministry on the other side, the use of business associations and other front groups to lobby on the industry's behalf and securing industry access to the FCTC negotiations via the International Standardization Organization.

Conclusion

The evidence suggests that Germany played a major role in the tobacco industry's efforts to undermine the FCTC. Germany's position consistently served to protect industry interests and was used to influence and constrain other countries. Germany thus contributed significantly to attempts to weaken an international treaty and, in doing so, failed in its responsibility to advance global health.
Suspected adverse events, 2010
Authors: Dyer F. , Diesel G. , Cooles S. , Tait A.
Published: June 2011

Increase in adverse events in dogs associated with overdosing with NSAIDs

Increase in reports of suspected lack of efficacy of canine parvovirus vaccines

Decrease in human adverse event reports

These are some of the results from the SARSS in 2010, as discussed by Fabia Dyer and colleagues from the Veterinary Medicines Directorate
STRONGER QUICKHEAPS
Authors: NAVARRO GONZALO , PAREDES RODRIGO , POBLETE PATRICIO V. , SANDERS PETER
Published: June 2011

The Quickheap (QH) is a recent data structure for implementing priority queues which has proved to be simple and efficient in practice. It has also been shown to offer logarithmic expected amortized complexity for all of its operations. Yet, this complexity holds only when keys inserted and deleted are uniformly distributed over the current set of keys. This assumption is in many cases difficult to verify, and does not hold in some important applications such as implementing some minimum spanning tree algorithms using priority queues. In this paper we introduce an elegant model called a Leftmost Skeleton Tree (LST) that reveals the connection between QHs and randomized binary search trees, and allows us to define Randomized QHs. We prove that these offer logarithmic expected amortized complexity for all operations regardless of the input distribution. We also use LSTs in connection to α-balanced trees to achieve a practical α-Balanced QH that offers worst-case amortized logarithmic time bounds for all the operations. Both variants are much more robust than the original QHs. We show experimentally that randomized QHs behave almost as efficiently as QHs on random inputs, and that they retain their good performance on inputs where that of QHs degrades.
WORST-CASE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION ON MULTIPROCESSOR TASK SCHEDULING WITH RESOURCE AUGMENTATION
Authors: YE DESHI , HE QINMING
Published: June 2011

We study the worst-case performance of approximation algorithms for the problem of multiprocessor task scheduling on m identical processors with resource augmentation, whose objective is to minimize the makespan. In this case, the approximation algorithms are given k (k ≥ 0) extra processors than the optimal off-line algorithm. For on-line algorithms, the Greedy algorithm and shelf algorithms are studied. For off-line algorithm, we consider the LPT (longest processing time) algorithm. Particularly, we prove that the schedule produced by the LPT algorithm is no longer than the optimal off-line algorithm if and only if k ≥ m - 2.
UNIFIED COHESION MEASURES FOR ASPECT-ORIENTED SYSTEMS
Authors: KUMAR AVADHESH , KUMAR RAJESH , GROVER P. S.
Published: June 2011

Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) is an emerging technique that provides a means to clearly encapsulate and implement aspects that crosscut other modules. However, despite an interesting body of work for measuring cohesion in Aspect-Oriented (AO) Systems, there is poor understanding of cohesion in the context of AOP. Most of the proposed cohesion assessment frameworks and metrics for AOP are for AspectJ programming language. In this paper, we have defined a generic cohesion framework that takes into account, two well-known families of available AOP languages viz, AspectJ and CaesarJ. This unified framework contributes in better understanding of cohesion in AO technology, which can contribute in (i) comparing measures and their potential use, (ii) integrating different existing measures, which examine the same concept in different ways, and (iii) defining new cohesion metrics, which in turn permits the analysis and comparison of Java, AspectJ and CaesarJ implementations. Correlation analysis between cohesion and changeability has also been performed. The correlation factor value indicates that cohesion cannot be used as an indicator of changeability.
A 3D MODEL TO SIMULATE VIBRATIONS IN A LAYERED MEDIUM WITH STOCHASTIC MATERIAL PARAMETERS
Authors: KREUZER W. , WAUBKE H. , RIECKH G. , BALAZS P.
Published: June 2011

A major problem for the simulation of the propagation of vibrations in ground layers is the fact that it is almost impossible to determine the material parameters needed for a numerical model exactly. In this work, we present a 3D model for layered soil, where in each layer the shear modulus is modeled as a stochastic process. Using the Karhunen Loeve expansion, the polynomial chaos expansion, and the Fourier transform, the stochastic system can be transformed into a linear system of equations in the wavenumber frequency domain. Unfortunately, the size of this system becomes very large and — contrary to a deterministic system — the stochastic system can no longer be decoupled for every wavenumber in the spatial Fourier domain. To solve this system efficiently, we propose an iteration procedure where the system is split into a deterministic and a stochastic part. As an external load on top of the ground, we use a vibrating box load moving along the x-axis. We discuss implementational details and present simulation results.
Perspective Giving — Perspective Taking: Evidence-Based Learning in Organisations
Authors: Stary Chris
Published: June 2011

Evidence for learning in organisations is given, once alternative or novel ways of task accomplishment are discovered by their stakeholders or management. Besides triggering a learning step, this knowledge should propagate to all concerned members of an organisation or a network of organisations, namely via context-sensitive exploration and re-construction of work processes. We introduce a learning framework based on existing organisational theories and findings. Its implementations cover generating evidence and interactive processing along individual and collective learning processes. Knowledge is supposed to be elicited in an intuitive way, either using a semantically open table top, or applying subject-oriented business-process modeling techniques. Keeping all provided inputs in an organisational memory allows stakeholders and management timely involvement in learning processes. The aligned Knowledge Management System features tracing of learning steps, sharing views, complementing expertise, and exploring content in a collaborative way. Implementation-wise evidence-based learning support does not only require semantic tagging and networking information, but also the exchangeability of perspectives on inputs or results of collaborative exploration sessions. Interactive enablers to that respect are annotations kept in views. Besides content enrichments, they contain links from the fine-grain content elements to social interactions, such as forum entries, as occurring in learning processes.
The Relationships Among Knowledge Types, Organisational Learning, and Performance
Authors: Chuang Shu-Hui
Published: June 2011

This study adopts the organisational learning perspective to examine knowledge required by advanced total quality management (TQM) for the purpose to attain organisational performance. Regression analysis was used to test the proposed hypothesis of interest based on a survey of senior managers in 153 largest manufacturing firms in Taiwan. The results of this research showed a positive correlation between TQM practice and knowledge types (e.g., experiential, conceptual, systematic, and routine knowledge). This observation partially indicating that the TQM practice has a mediating effect on organisational performance through the knowledge types. They also demonstrate that organisational learning facilitators have a moderate impact on the relationship between knowledge types and performance improvement. It is concluded that when organisational learning facilitators are well arranged, a provision of knowledge is more likely to be linked to effective learning, hence improving organisational performance.
Cystic fibrosis growth retardation is not correlated with loss of Cftr in the intestinal epithelium
Authors: Hodges Craig A. , Grady Brian R. , Mishra Kirtishri , Cotton Calvin U. , Drumm Mitchell L.
Published: June 2011

Maldigestion due to exocrine pancreatic insufficiency leads to intestinal malabsorption and consequent malnutrition, a mechanism proposed to cause growth retardation associated with cystic fibrosis (CF). However, although enzyme replacement therapy combined with increased caloric intake improves weight gain, the effect on stature is not significant, suggesting that growth retardation has a more complex etiology. Mouse models of CF support this, since these animals do not experience exocrine pancreatic insufficiency yet are growth impaired. Cftr absence from the intestinal epithelium has been suggested as a primary source of growth retardation in CF mice, a concept we directly tested by generating mouse models with Cftr selectively inactivated or restored in intestinal epithelium. The relationship between growth and functional characteristics of the intestines, including transepithelial electrophysiology, incidence of intestinal obstruction, and histopathology, were assessed. Absence of Cftr exclusively from intestinal epithelium resulted in loss of cAMP-stimulated short-circuit current, goblet cell hyperplasia, and occurrence of intestinal obstructions but only slight and transient impaired growth. In contrast, specifically restoring Cftr to the intestinal epithelium resulted in restoration of ion transport and completely protected against obstruction and histopathological anomalies, but growth was indistinguishable from CF mice. These results indicate that absence of Cftr in the intestinal epithelium is an important contributor to the intestinal obstruction phenotype in CF but does not correlate with the observed growth reduction in CF.
Myosin filament polymerization and depolymerization in a model of partial length adaptation in airway smooth muscle
Authors: Ijpma Gijs , Al-Jumaily Ahmed M. , Cairns Simeon P. , Sieck Gary C.
Published: June 2011

Length adaptation in airway smooth muscle (ASM) is attributed to reorganization of the cytoskeleton, and in particular the contractile elements. However, a constantly changing lung volume with tidal breathing (hence changing ASM length) is likely to restrict full adaptation of ASM for force generation. There is likely to be continuous length adaptation of ASM between states of incomplete or partial length adaption. We propose a new model that assimilates findings on myosin filament polymerization/depolymerization, partial length adaptation, isometric force, and shortening velocity to describe this continuous length adaptation process. In this model, the ASM adapts to an optimal force-generating capacity in a repeating cycle of events. Initially the myosin filament, shortened by prior length changes, associates with two longer actin filaments. The actin filaments are located adjacent to the myosin filaments, such that all myosin heads overlap with actin to permit maximal cross-bridge cycling. Since in this model the actin filaments are usually longer than myosin filaments, the excess length of the actin filament is located randomly with respect to the myosin filament. Once activated, the myosin filament elongates by polymerization along the actin filaments, with the growth limited by the overlap of the actin filaments. During relaxation, the myosin filaments dissociate from the actin filaments, and then the cycle repeats. This process causes a gradual adaptation of force and instantaneous adaptation of shortening velocity. Good agreement is found between model simulations and the experimental data depicting the relationship between force development, myosin filament density, or shortening velocity and length.
Sweating responses and the muscle metaboreflex under mildly hyperthermic conditions in sprinters and distance runners
Authors: Amano Tatsuro , Ichinose Masashi , Koga Shunsaku , Inoue Yoshimitsu , Nishiyasu Takeshi , Kondo Narihiko
Published: June 2011

To investigate the effects of different training methods on nonthermal sweating during activation of the muscle metaboreflex, we compared sweating responses during postexercise muscle occlusion in endurance runners, sprinters, and untrained men under mild hyperthermia (ambient temperature, 35°C; relative humidity, 50%). Ten endurance runners, nine sprinters, and ten untrained men (maximal oxygen uptakes: 57.5 ± 1.5, 49.3 ± 1.5, and 36.6 ± 1.6 ml·kg−1·min−1, respectively; P < 0.05) performed an isometric handgrip exercise at 40% maximal voluntary contraction for 2 min, and then a pressure of 280 mmHg was applied to the forearm to occlude blood circulation for 2 min. The Δ change in mean arterial blood pressure between the resting level and the occlusion was significantly higher in sprinters than in untrained men (32.2 ± 4.4 vs. 17.3 ± 2.6 mmHg, respectively; P < 0.05); however, no difference was observed between distance runners and untrained men. The Δ mean sweating rate (averaged value of the forehead, chest, forearm, and thigh) during the occlusion was significantly higher in distance runners than in sprinters and untrained men (0.38 ± 0.07, 0.19 ± 0.03, and 0.11 ± 0.04 mg·cm−2·min−1, respectively; P < 0.05) and did not differ between sprinters and untrained men. Our results suggest that the specificity of training modalities influences the sweating response during activation of the muscle metaboreflex. In addition, these results imply that a greater activation of the muscle metaboreflex does not cause a greater sweating response in sprinters.
Etiologic Agents and Diseases Found Associated with Clinical Aspergillosis in Falcons
Authors: Tarello Walter
Published: June 2011

The aim of this study was to describe parasitological, microbiological, and pathological findings associated with the isolation ofAspergillusspecies in 94 clinically diseased captive falcons from Dubai. Concomitant agents and/or diseases were identified in 64 cases, causing either single () or multiple coinfections (). Diagnoses found more often in association with aspergillosis were chronic fatigue and immune dysfunction syndrome (CFIDS) (),Caryosporasp. (),Serratospiculum seuratiinfestation (), cestodiasis (), bumblefoot (), trematodosis due toStrigea falconispalumbi(), trichomoniasis (),Babesia shortti(),Mannheimia (Pastorella) haemolytica(), interstitial hepatitis (),Escherichia coli(), andClostridium perfringensenterotoxemia (). Compared with a control group of 2000 diseased falcons without evidence of aspergillosis, the prevalence ofBabesia shortti, CFIDS,Mannheimia (Pastorella) haemolytica, Escherichia coli, and falcon herpes virus infection was conspicuously higher in association with aspergillosis. These entities may be considered suitable candidates as predisposing factors for the mycosis.
Effective Delivery of PEGylated siRNA-Containing Lipoplexes to Extraperitoneal Tumours following Intraperitoneal Administration
Authors: Singhania Akul , Wu Sherry Y. , McMillan Nigel A. J.
Published: June 2011

Intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of small interfering RNA (siRNA) has, to date, shown promise in treating tumours located within the peritoneal cavity. The ability of these siRNA molecules to reach extraperitoneal tumours following i.p. administration is, however, yet to be investigated. Here, we examined the impact of PEGylation on the biodistribution of i.p. administered nucleic acids-containing lipoplexes. We showed that in contrast to non-PEGylated liposomes, PEGylated liposomes can deliver siRNA efficiently to extraperitoneal tumours following i.p. administration, resulting in a 45% reduction in tumour size when the oncogene-targeted siRNA was used. This difference was likely contributed by the decreased uptake of PEGylated lipoplexes in the first-pass organs, and, in particular, we observed a 10-fold decrease in the macrophage uptake of these particles compared to non-PEGylated counterparts. Overall, our results indicated the potential of using PEGylated liposomes to deliver siRNA for the treatment of i.p. localized cancer with coexisting extraperitoneal metastasis.
Synchronization Analysis of Two Coupled Complex Networks with Time Delays
Authors: Sun Weigang , Zhang Jingyuan , Li Changpin
Published: June 2011

This paper studies the synchronized motions between two complex networks with time delays,
which include individual inner synchronization in each network and outer synchronization between
two networks. Based on the Lyapunov stability theory and the linear matrix equality (LMI), a
synchronous criterion for inner synchronization inside each network is derived. Numerical examples
are given which fit the theoretical analysis. In addition, the involved numerical results show that
the delays between two networks have little effect on inner synchronization. It is also shown that
synchronous motions within each network or between two networks are not enhanced if individual
intranetwork connections are allowed.
Biophotonics Modalities for High-Resolution Imaging of Microcirculatory Tissue Beds Using Endogenous Contrast: A Review on Present Scenario and Prospects
Authors: Subhash Hrebesh M.
Published: June 2011

The microcirculation is a complex system, and the visualization of microcirculation has great significance in improving our understanding of pathophysiological processes in various disease conditions, in both clinical and fundamental studies. A range of techniques are available or emerging for investigating different aspect of the microcirculation in animals and humans. This paper reviews the recent developments in the field of high-resolution and high-sensitive optical imaging of microcirculatory tissue beds, emphasizing technologies that utilize the endogenous contrast mechanism. Optical imaging techniques such as intravital microscopy, Capillaroscopy, laser Doppler perfusion imaging, laser speckle perfusion imaging, polarization spectroscopy, photo-acoustic tomography, and various implementations of optical coherence tomography based on Doppler and speckle contrast imaging are presented together with their prospectives and challenges.
Lossless and Low-Power Image Compressor for Wireless Capsule Endoscopy
Authors: Khan Tareq Hasan , Wahid Khan A.
Published: June 2011

We present a lossless and low-complexity image compression algorithm for endoscopic images. The algorithm consists of a static prediction scheme and a combination of golomb-rice and unary encoding. It does not require any buffer memory and is suitable to work with any commercial low-power image sensors that output image pixels in raster-scan fashion. The proposed lossless algorithm has compression ratio of approximately 73% for endoscopic images. Compared to the existing lossless compression standard such as JPEG-LS, the proposed scheme has better compression ratio, lower computational complexity, and lesser memory requirement. The algorithm is implemented in a 0.18 μm CMOS technology and consumes 0.16 mm × 0.16 mm silicon area and 18 μW of power when working at 2 frames per second.
Effects of a Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α Antagonist on Experimentally Induced Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Kim Dong-Hyun , Jeon Eun-ju , Park Shi-Nae , Park Kyung-Ho , Park Yong-Soo , Yeo Sang Won
Published: June 2011

This prospective, randomized, and controlled study examined the effects of tumor necrosis factor soluble receptor type I (sTNFRI, a TNF‐α antagonist) on experimentally induced rhinosinusitis in rats. The experimental groups received an instillation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus an intramuscular injection of amoxicillin/clavulanate (antibiotic group), an instillation of sTNFRI (sTNFRI group), an instillation of sTNFRI and an injection of amoxicillin/clavulanate (sTNFRI/antibiotic group), or no additional treatment (LPS group). Histopathological changes were determined using hematoxylin‐eosin and periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS) staining. Leakage of exudate was determined using fluorescence microscopy. Vascular permeability was measured using the Evans blue dye technique. Expression of MUC5AC was measured using reverse transcriptase PCR. The sTNFRI, antibiotic, and sTNFRI/antibiotic groups had significantly less capillary permeability, mucosal edema, PAS staining, and expression of MUC5AC than the LPS group. There were no differences in capillary permeability, mucosal edema, PAS staining, and MUC5AC expression between the sTNFRI and sTNFRI/antibiotic groups. The antibiotic group had PAS staining similar to that of the sTNFRI and sTNFRI/antibiotic groups but had a greater increase in capillary permeability, mucosal edema, and MUC5AC expression. This study shows that sTNFRI reduces inflammatory activity and mucus hypersecretion in LPS‐induced rhinosinusitis in rats.
Systematic Analysis of Transrectal Prostate Biopsies Using an Ink Method and Specific Histopathologic Protocol: A Prospective Study
Authors: Parada David , Calvo Nahum , Peña Karla , Morente Vanesa , Queralt Rosana , Hernandez Pilar , Riu Francesc
Published: June 2011

Background. Transrectal prostate biopsy is the standard protocol for the screening for prostate cancer. It helps to locate prostatic adenocarcinoma and plan treatment. However, the increasing number of prostate biopsies leads to considerably greater costs for the pathology laboratories. In this study, we compare the traditional method with an ink method in combination with a systematic histopathologic protocol.Methods. Two hundred consecutive transrectal prostate biopsy specimens were received from the radiology department. They were separated into two groups: one hundred were processed as six different specimens in the usual manner. The other one hundred were submitted in six containers, the apex, base, and middle section of which were stained different colours. The samples subject to the ink method were embedded in paraffin and placed in two cassettes which were sectioned using a specific protocol.Results. The comparative study of the nonink and ink methods for histopathologic diagnosis showed no statistical differences as far as diagnostic categories were concerned (). The number of PIN diagnoses increased when the ink method was used, but no statistical differences were found. The ink method led to a cost reduction of 48.86%.Conclusions. Our ink method combined with a specific histopathologic protocol provided the same diagnostic quality, tumor location information as the traditional method, and lower pathology expenses.
Remarks on the Representation Theory of the Moyal Plane
Authors: Isidro J. M. , Fernández de Córdoba P. , Rivera-Rebolledo J. M. , Santander J. L. G.
Published: June 2011

We present an explicit construction of a unitary representation of the commutator algebra satisfied by position and momentum operators on the Moyal plane.
Differential Effects of Alpha-Particle Radiation and X-Irradiation on Genes Associated with Apoptosis
Authors: Chauhan Vinita , Howland Matthew , Chen Jeremy , Kutzner Barbara , Wilkins Ruth C.
Published: June 2011

This study examined differential effects of alpha-(α-) particle radiation and X-rays on apoptosis and associated changes in gene expression. Human monocytic cells were exposed toα-particle radiation and X-rays from 0 to 1.5 Gy. Four days postexposure, cell death was measured by flow cytometry and 84 genes related to apoptosis were analyzed using real-time PCR. On average, 33% of the cells were apoptotic at 1.5 Gy ofα-particle radiation. Transcript profiling showed statistical expression of 15 genes at all three doses tested. Cells exposed to X-rays were <5% apoptotic at~1.5 Gy and induced less than a 2-fold expression in 6 apoptotic genes at the higher doses of radiation. Among these 6 genes, Fas and TNF-αwere common to theα-irradiated cells. This data suggests thatα-particle radiation initiates cell death by TNF-αand Fas activation and through intermediate signalling mediators that are distinct from X-irradiated cells.
Codimension‐Two Bifurcations of Fixed Points in a Class of Discrete Prey‐Predator Systems
Authors: Khoshsiar Ghaziani R. , Govaerts W. , Sonck C.
Published: June 2011

The dynamic behaviour of a Lotka‐Volterra system, described
by a planar map, is analytically and numerically investigated. We derive
analytical conditions for stability and bifurcation of the fixed points of
the system and compute analytically the normal form coefficients for the
codimension 1 bifurcation points (flip and Neimark‐Sacker), and so establish
sub‐ or supercriticality of these bifurcation points. Furthermore,
by using numerical continuation methods, we compute bifurcation curves
of fixed points and cycles with periods up to 16 under variation of one
and two parameters, and compute all codimension 1 and codimension 2
bifurcations on the corresponding curves. For the bifurcation points, we
compute the corresponding normal form coefficients. These quantities
enable us to compute curves of codimension 1 bifurcations that branch
off from the detected codimension 2 bifurcation points. These curves
form stability boundaries of various types of cycles which emerge around
codimension 1 and 2 bifurcation points. Numerical simulations confirm
our results and reveal further complex dynamical behaviours.
Generalized Variational Principles on Oscillation for Nonlinear Nonhomogeneous Differential Equations
Authors: Shao Jing , Meng Fanwei
Published: June 2011

Using the generalized variational principle and the Riccati technique, new oscillation
criteria are established for the forced second‐order nonlinear differential equation,
which improves and generalizes some of the new results in literature.