bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spectrophotometric Estimation of Abacavir Sulphate in Pharmaceutical Formulations
Authors: Raju N. Appala , Rao J. Venkateswara , Prakash K. Vanitha , Mukkanti K.
Published: March 2012

Two simple, accurate, rapid and sensitive methods (A and B) have been developed for the estimation of abacavir sulphate in its pharmaceutical dosage form. The method A and B are based on the formation of chloroform extractable complex of abacavir sulphate with bromophenol blue (method A) and bromocresol green (method B), which shows absorbance maxima at 460 nm and 469 nm respectively. The absorbance‐concentration plot is linear over the range of 1‐10 mcg/mL for method A and B respectively. Results of analysis for all the methods were validated statistically and by recovery studies. The proposed methods are economical and sensitive for the estimation of abacavir sulphate in bulk drug and in its tablet dosage form.
Adsorption of Chromium Ion by Acid Activated Low Cost Carbon‐Kinetic, Mechanistic, Thermodynamic and Equilibrium Studies
Authors: Arivoli S. , Hema M. , Karuppaiah M. , Saravanan S.
Published: March 2012

A carbonaceous adsorbent prepared from an indigenous waste by acid treatment was tested for its efficiency in removing chromium ion. The parameters studied include agitation time, initial chromium ion concentration, carbon dose, pH and temperature. The adsorption followed first order reaction equation and the rate is mainly controlled by intra‐particle diffusion. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models were applied to the equilibrium data. The adsorption capacity (Qm) obtained from the Langmuir isotherm plots were 27.40, 26.06, 26.06 and 26.17 mg/g respectively at an initial pH of 7.0 at 30, 40, 50 and 60°C. The temperature variation study showed that the chromium ion adsorption is endothermic and spontaneous with increased randomness at the solid solution interface. Significant effect on adsorption was observed on varying the pH of the chromium ion solutions. Almost 70% removal of chromium ion was observed at 60°C. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms obtained, positive ∆H0 value, pH dependent results and desorption of dye in mineral acid suggest that the adsorption of chromium ion on PDC involves physisorption mechanism.
Utility of σ and π‐Acceptors for the Spectrophotometric Determination of Gemifloxacin Mesylate in Pharmaceutical Formulations
Authors: Krishna Marothu Vamsi , Sankar Dannana Gowri
Published: March 2012

In this study, four simple, fast, accurate and sensitive spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of gemifloxacin mesylate in pharmaceutical formulations. The methods are based on the charge transfer complexation reaction of the drug as n‐electron donor with sigma (σ)‐acceptor iodine, and the pi (π)‐acceptors 2, 3‐dichloro‐5, 6‐dicyano‐p‐benzoquinone (DDQ)‐7,7,8,8‐tetra cyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and tetracyanoethylene (TCNE). The obtained charge transfer complexes were measured at 290nm for iodine (in 1, 2‐dichloro ethane), at 470, 840 and 420 nm for DDQ, TCNQ and TCNE (in acetonitrile), respectively. Optimization of different experimental conditions is described. Beer′s law is obeyed in the concentration range of 6‐30, 2‐10, 2.5‐12.5 and 1‐5 μg mL−1 for iodine, DDQ, TCNQ and TCNE methods, respectively. The proposed methods were applied successfully to the determination of GFX in pharmaceutical formulations with good accuracy and precision.
Effluents and Solid Waste Analysis in a Petrochemical Company‐ A Case Study of Eleme Petrochemical Company Ltd, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Authors: Israel A. U. , Obot I. B. , Umoren S. A. , Mkpenie V. , Ebong G. A.
Published: March 2012

Effluents and soil samples where sediments from the treated effluents are dumped were analyzed for physicochemical properties, metallic and non‐metallic ions. These parameters were compared with established international standard (FEPA). Effluents were classified as process waste water (PWW), clarified water (CW), and final discharge (FD). The petrochemical effluents contained very high concentration of TDS (284.00±014 mg/L) and significant concentrations of TSS (78.89±0.01 mg/L), COD (30.10±0.02 mg/L), DO (13.20±0.01 mg/L), BOD (6.12±0.00 mg/L), PO43- (4.34±0.00 mg/L), SO42- (3.59±0.00 mg/L), Cl- (55.52±0.01 mg/L) and NO3- (8.40±0.01 mg/L). Low concentrations of iron, zinc, copper, cadmium, lead, nickel and cobalt was also observed. Some heavy metals were not detected at all in some of the effluent samples analyzed. Apart from temperature and total dissolved solid TDS, all the other parameters were below FEPA effluent limitations for guidelines for Petroleum Refinery, Fuel/Gasoline oil category in Nigeria.
Plausible Applicability of Aqueous Congo Red Dye System as Secondary Gamma‐ray Dosimeter
Authors: Sarma I. Das , Parwate D. V.
Published: March 2012

Aqueous congo red dye solutions in the concentration range of 0.01–0.03mM were irradiated for varying γ doses 0.050 kGy to 0.150 kGy. The molar extinction coefficient of the dye solution of congo red was found to be 2.70×105 at its absorption maxima 499.0 nm. No change in λmax was observed on irradiation. As the dye solutions are sensitive towards γ–irradiation, decolouration occurs on irradiation. The G–values for the doses in between the range of 0.035 kGy to 0.125 kGy were found to be practically constant for pure aqueous systems. Hence this was used to determine the dose of the gamma source. With the addition of alcohols in the systems, degradation of the dyes due to radiations decreased considerably.
Synthesis of Bioactive Fluorinated 10H‐Phenothiazines and their Sulfone Derivatives
Authors: Dixit Yogesh , Dixit Rahul , Gautam Naveen , Gautam D. C.
Published: March 2012

The present communication deals with the synthesis of a series of fluorinated 10H‐phenothiazines. 10H‐phenothiazines is prepared by Smiles rearrangement of substituted 2‐foramido‐2´‐nitrodiphenylsulfide. Substituted 2‐foramido‐2´‐nitrodiphenylsulfide were obtained by the reaction of 2‐amino‐3‐fluorobenzenethiol with o‐halonitrobenzenes followed by formylation and 1‐nitro/1‐halo‐10H‐phenothiazines have been prepared by the reaction of substituted 2‐aminobenzenethiols with reactive o‐halonitrobenzene containing a nitro group or halogen atom at o‐position to the reactive halogen atom directly yielded 1‐nitro/1‐halo‐10H‐phenothiazines in situ. 10H‐phenothiazine sulfone derivatives have been synthesized by the oxidation of 10H‐phenothiazines by 30% hydrogen peroxide in glacial acetic acid. The structure of the synthesized compounds has been characterized by spectroscopic data and elemental analysis. Antimicrobial studies of the synthesized compounds have also been included.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Gemifloxacin Mesylate in Pharmaceutical Formulations Through Ion‐Pair Complex Formation
Authors: Krishna Marothu Vamsi , Sankar Dannana Gowri
Published: March 2012

Four simple and sensitive ion‐pairing spectrophotometric methods have been described for the assay of gemifloxacin mesylate (GFX) either in pure form or in pharmaceutical formulations. The developed methods involve formation of colored chloroform extractable ion‐pair complexes of the drug with safranin O (SFN O) and methylene blue (MB) in basic medium; Napthol blue 12BR (NB 12BR) and azocaramine G (AG) in acidic medium. The extracted complexes showed absorbance maxima at 525, 650, 620 and 540 nm for SFN O, MB, NB 12BR and AG, respectively.Beer′s law is obeyed in the concentration ranges 3‐15, 4‐20, 2‐10 and 2‐10 μg/mL with molar absorptivity of 2.81 × 104, 2.20 x 104, 4.02 × 104 and 4.15 × 104 L mole−1 cm−1 and relative standard deviation of 0.077, 0.104, 0.080 and 0.103% for SFN O, MB, NB 12BR and AG, respectively. These methods have been successfully applied for the assay of drug in pharmaceutical formulations. No interference was observed from common pharmaceutical adjuvants. Results of analysis were validated statistically and through recovery studies.
Simple Spectrophotometric Determination of Torsemide in Bulk Drug and in Formulations
Authors: Krishna Marothu Vamsi , Sankar Dannana Gowri
Published: March 2012

A simple and cost effective spectrophotometric method is described for the determination of torsemide in pure form and in pharmaceutical formulations. The method is based on the formation of blue colored chromogen when the drug reacts with Folin‐Ciocalteu (F‐C) reagent in alkaline medium. The colored species has an absorption maximum at 760 nm and obeys beer′s law in the concentration range 30 – 150 ug mL−1. The absorbance was found to increase linearly with increasing concentration of TSM, which is corroborated by the calculated correlation coefficient value of 0.9999 (n=8). The apparent molar absorptivity and sandell sensitivity were 1.896×103 L mol−1 cm−1 and 0.183 μg cm−2, respectively. The slope and intercept of the equation of the regression line are 5.4x10−3 and 1.00×10−4 respectively. The limit of detection was 0.94.The optimum experimental parameters for the reaction have been studied. The validity of the described procedure was assessed. Statistical analysis of the results has been carried out revealing high accuracy and good precision. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of TSM in pharmaceutical formulations.
Heavy Metal Contents of Municipal and Rural Dumpsite Soils and Rate of Accumulation by Carica papaya and Talinum triangulare in Uyo, Nigeria
Authors: Ebong G. A. , Akpan M. M. , Mkpenie V. N.
Published: March 2012

Dumpsites in Uyo and most cities in Nigeria are used nutrients rich soils for cultivating fruits and vegetables without regards to the risk of toxic metal pollution by the wastes. This development necessitated the research on the assessment of the impact of municipal and rural dumpsites on the metal levels of the underlying soils, the relationship between the dumpsite‐ soil metal content and the rate of bio‐accumulation by plants, the effect of plant specie and plant part on the rate of metal uptake. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was employed for the analysis of the samples and results obtained from municipal dumpsite soil indicated the following mean concentrations: Fe, 1711.20 μg/g; Pb, 43.28 ug/g; Zn, 88.34 ug/g; Ni, 12.18 ug/g; Cd, 14.10 ug/g and Cu, 56.33 ug/g. These concentrations were relatively higher than the following concentrations: Fe, 1016.98 ug/g; Pb, 18.57 ug/g; Zn, 57.90 ug/g; Ni, 7.98 ug/g; Cd, 9.25 ug/g and Cu, 33.70 ug/g recorded for the rural dumpsite soil. Consequently, plants grown on municipal dumpsites soil accumulated higher concentrations of the metals than those on rural dumpsites. Results obtained from this study also revealed that plants grown on dumpsite soils bio‐accumulated higher metal concentrations than their counterparts obtained from normal agricultural soils. The ability of plants to bioaccumulate these metals were also observed as being different from one plant to the other and from one plant parts to the other. And apart from Fe and Zn which recorded higher concentrations in the leaves of the plants studied, other metals recorded higher concentrations in the roots. The general results obtained revealed that the levels of Cd in dumpsite‐soil were above the standard while the levels of Cd and Pb in plants were also above the recommended levels in plants. The implications of these high concentrations of these metals in soil and plants have been discussed. Some useful recommendations on the proper handling of wastes to reduce toxic metal loads at dumpsites have also been highlighted.
Development and Validation of LC Method for the Determination of Famciclovir in Pharmaceutical Formulation Using an Experimental Design
Authors: Vishnumulaka Srinivas , Medicherla Narasimha Rao , Rao Allam Appa , Srinubabu G. Edela
Published: March 2012

A rapid and sensitive RP‐HPLC method with UV detection (242 nm) for routine analysis of famciclovir in pharmaceutical formulations was developed. Chromatography was performed with mobile phase containing a mixture of methanol and phosphate buffer (50:50, v/v) with flow rate 1.0 mL min−1. Quantitation was accomplished with internal standard method. The procedure was validated for linearity (correlation coefficient =0.9999), accuracy, robustness and intermediate precision. Experimental design was used for validation of robustness and intermediate precision. To test robustness, three factors were considered; percentage v/v of methanol in mobile phase, flow rate and pH; flow rate, the percentage of organic modifier and pH have considerable important effect on the response. For intermediate precision measure the variables considered were: analyst, equipment and number of days. The RSD value (0.86%, n=24) indicated an acceptable precision of the analytical method. The proposed method was simple, sensitive, precise, accurate and quick and useful for routine quality control.
Removal of Arsenic Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Conducting Polymers
Authors: Ansari R. , Feizy J. , Delavar Ali F.
Published: March 2012

In this study, polypyrrole (PPy), polyaniline (PANi) and poly 3‐methyl thiophene (P3MTh) conducting polymers were synthesized chemically as coated on the surface of wood sawdust (SD), then used for removal of arsenic ions (As3+) from aqueous solutions. The experiments were performed using both batch and column systems. In order to find out the possibility of desorption for frequent application, the chemical regeneration of the used column was also investigated
Enhancement of the Inhibitor Efficiency of Atropine Methochloride in Corrosion Control of Mild Steel in Sulphuric Acid
Authors: Begum Abida , S. Harikrishna , Khan Irfanulla , K. Veena
Published: March 2012

The inhibition efficiency and synergistic behaviour of 10-4 M Atropine methochloride was carried out using mass loss and polarisation methods in the presence of (i) metal ions, Ni2+ and Cu2+ between 10-2 M to 10-6 M concentrations, (ii) different concentrations of metal ions and 10-3 M I‐, 10-3 M Cl- and 10-3 M Br- solutions and (iii) different metal ions, 10-3M I- and at three different temperatures. The analysis reveals that the inhibition efficiency of Atropine methochloride was maximum at 10-2 M in 5 hours of immersion period. Halides decreased the corrosion rate of mild steel in Sulphuric acid. The decrease is maximum with 10-3 M I-. As the temperature increased from 298K to 308K, the inhibition efficiency gradually decreased. The inhibitor was found to be effective up to 303K
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activities of 1,2,4‐Triazole and 1,3,4‐Thiadiazole Derivatives of 5‐Amino‐2‐Hydroxybenzoic Acid
Authors: Hussain Sabir , Sharma Jyoti , Amir Mohd
Published: March 2012

Various 4‐amino‐2‐[4‐(4‐substituted phenyl)‐5‐sulfanyl‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl] phenol (4a‐c), 4‐amino‐2‐{4‐amino‐5‐[(4‐substituted phenyl)amino]‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl} phenol (5a‐c) and 4‐amino‐2‐{5‐[(4‐substituted phenyl)amino]‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole‐2‐yl} phenol (6a‐g) were synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activity. The compounds showed significant antibacterial activity against S. aureus (gram‐positive) and E.coli (gram‐negative) bacteria and antifungal activity against A. niger fungi using cup plate technique
Solar Photolysis and Photocatalytic Decolorization of Thymol Blue
Authors: Hussein Falah H. , Alkhateeb Ahmed N. , Ismail Jameel K.
Published: March 2012

The photolysis and photocatalytic decolorization of an aqueous propane‐2‐ol solution of thymol blue(TB) (Phenol, 4,4′‐(3H‐2,1‐benzoxathiol‐3‐ylidene)bis(5‐methyl‐2‐(1‐methylethyl)‐,S,S‐dioxide; Thymolsulfonpthalein) (C27H30O5S),were carried out under natural weathering conditions. Direct photolysis of TB solution of concentration 4.3X10−3 M degraded 37.1% of the colored solution after two hours of solar irradiation, however, the solar photocatalytic decolorization percentage reached 79.04% and 86.21% after the addition of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, respectively, for the same period. The degradation percentages were investigated by monitoring the dye decolorization spectrophotometrically. The decolorization rates of TB are markedly related with amount of hydroxyl radical formed. A suitable mechanism for the mineralization of TB has been proposed.
Effect of Chemical and Physical Properties of River Water in Shatt Al‐Hilla on Phytoplankton Communities
Authors: Hassan Fikrat M. , Kathim Nuha F. , Hussein Falah H.
Published: March 2012

This paper aims to study the chemical and physical properties in the ecological system of Shatt Al‐Hilla in Babylon Governorate in Iraq and its effect on phytoplankton population. In this context, several limnological parameters were evaluated during the period from December 2003 through November 2004 from four sampling stations sited along Shatt Al‐Hilla. The physical parameters included: temperature, turbidity and electrical conductivity. The chemical parameters included: pH, alkalinity dissolved oxygen, total hardness and the concentrations of nitrite, nitrate, phosphate and sulphate. A total of 154 species were recorded. Ninety‐seven species of the total belong to Bacillariophyceae, 37 species belong to Chlorophyceae, 13 species to Cyanophyceae, 5 species to Chrysophyceae, and 2 species to Euglenophyceae. Bimodal variation of phytoplankton was observed. Five genus of phytoplankton were the highest number of species ( Nitzschia, Navicula, Gomphonema, Cymbella and Scendesmus). Some species was occurred continuously during study period such as, Cyclotella ocellata, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Aulacoseria distans, and Gomphonema abbreviatum. The phytoplankton communities at all sampling sites showed a clear seasonal variation in phytoplankton cell number. However, no significant correlation between total cell number of phytoplankton and nutrient concentration was observed. The study was revealed the city sewage discharge, agriculture and urban run‐off were affecting the water quality of Shatt Al‐Hilla.
Saccaharum Cilliare Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites
Authors: Singha A. S. , Kumar Thakur Vijay
Published: March 2012

Renewable resources such as natural fibers in the field of fiber reinforced materials with their new range of applications represent an important basis in order to fulfill the ecological objective of creating eco‐friendly materials. In views of enormous advantages a study on green composites using Saccaharum cilliare fiber as a reinforcing material and urea‐formaldehyde (UF) as a novel matrix has been made. First of all urea‐formaldehyde resin synthesized was reinforced withSaccaharum cilliare fiber. Reinforcement of the fiber was accomplished in three different forms particle (200 micron) reinforcement, short fiber (3 mm.) reinforcement and long fiber (6 mm) reinforcement. Present work reveals that mechanical properties such as: tensile strength, compressive strength and wear resistance of urea ‐formaldehyde resin (UF) increases to a significant extent when reinforced with Saccaharum cilliare fiber which is found in outsized amount in the Himalayan Region. These mechanical properties mainly depend upon the dimensions of the fiber used. Analysis of results shows that particle reinforcement is more effective as compared to short and long fiber reinforcement. Morphological and thermal studies of these composites have also been carried out.
A Simple and Mild Acylation of Alcohols, Phenols, Amines, and Thiols with a Reusable Heteropoly Acid Catalyst (H6P2W18O62·24 H2O)
Authors: Romanelli Gustavo P. , Bennardi Daniel O. , Autino Juan C. , Baronetti Graciela T. , Thomas Horacio J.
Published: March 2012

The acylation of alcohols, phenols, thiols, and amines with varied substitution using acid anhydrides is efficiently catalyzed by Wells‐Dawson heteropoly acid (H6P2W18O62·24 H2O). Reactions proceed with very good to excellent yield in air at room temperature, using toluene as solvent (40 examples). The bulk catalyst was easily reused without appreciable loss of its activity.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Adefovir Dipivoxil in bulk and Pharmaceutical Formulation
Authors: Ahmed Zaheer , Manohara Y. N. , Channabasawaraj K. P. , Majumdar Manish
Published: March 2012

Two selective and sensitive spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the estimation of adefovir dipivoxil in bulk and pharmaceutical preparations. Adefovir dipivoxil was subjected to acid hydrolysis and the hydrolysed product used for the estimation. The methods are based on the reaction with 3‐methyl‐2‐benzothiazolinone hydrazone in the presence of ferric chloride, to form a colored species with absorption maxima at 627 nm. The second method is based on the reaction of drug with 1,2 naphthaquinone ‐4‐sulphonic acid sodium salt, under alkaline conditions which absorbs maximally at 454 nm. Beers law is obeyed in the concentration range of 5‐25 µg/mL and 2‐10 µg/mL respectively. These methods were extended to pharmaceutical formulations and there was no interference from excepients and diluents. The analytical parameters were evaluated.
Synthesis of Calix[4]resorcinarene Based Dyes and its Application in Dyeing of Fibres
Authors: Jain Vinod K. , Pillai Shibu G. , Kanaiya Parin H.
Published: March 2012

Four new ʻupper rimʼ azocalix[4]resorcinarene have been synthesized by coupling calix[4]resorcinarene with different diazotized aromatic compounds of sulphanilic acid, anthranilic acid, o‐aminophenol and p‐aminobenzoic acid. The prepared compounds were characterized based on m.p., elemental analysis, FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR. These dyes have been used for the dyeing of textile fibres like cotton and wool. Their fastness properties such as fastness to sunlight, water, washings, and perspiration have also been studied. The synthesized dyes have been employed for computerized colour strength determination through colour matching with known standards. Their L, A*, B* values as well as the colour difference values such as ∆L, ∆A*, ∆B*, ∆C and ∆H have also been reported.
Synthesis of Some Imines and Investigation of their Biological Activity
Authors: Hania Majed M.
Published: March 2012

Some N‐benzylidene aniline derivatives have been synthesized and tested as antibacterial agents. The results of the in vitro tests showed that most of the synthesized compounds were antibacterial inactive against E.coli.
Bimetal Adsorption by Cottonseed Carbon: Equlibrium and Kinetic Studies
Authors: Srinivasan K. , Sathiya E.
Published: March 2012

The simultaneous adsorption of Pb(II) and Hg(II) on cottonseed carbon (CSC) was employed for the removal of these metals from wastewater. The influence of various factors such as agitation time, pH and carbon dosage on the adsorption capacity has been studied. Langmuir and Freundlich equation could be used to interpret adsorption data. Sorption kinetics has indicated that reversible first order kinetics model could be applied with film diffusion as the controlling mechanism.
Inhibition of Mineralization of Urinary Stone Forming Minerals by Medicinal Plants
Authors: Farook N. A. Mohamed , Rajesh S. , Jamuna M.
Published: March 2012

The inhibition of mineralization of urinary stone forming minerals by medicinal plants i.e. Achyranthes aspera Linn, Passiflora leschenaultii DC, Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi, Scoparia dulcis Linn and Aerva lanata (Linn.) been investigated. The inhibition efficiency was studied. Increased intake of fruits juice and seed extract of our plants would be helpful in urinary stone prophylaxis.
Synthesis and Anti‐inflammatory Activity of Some Novel Pyrazole Derivatives of Gallic Acid
Authors: Arunkumar S. , Ilango K. , Manikandan R. S. , Ramalakshmi N.
Published: March 2012

In the present study, a new series of [5‐substituted‐3‐(phenylamino)‐1H‐pyrazol‐1yl] (3,4,5‐trihydroxyphenyl)‐methanone (4a‐j) have been synthesized. 3, 4, 5‐Trihydroxy benzohydrazide (1) was synthesized from propyl gallate and hydrazine hydrate in presence of ethanol. Chalcones (2a‐j) were synthesized from acetanilide and various aromatic aldehydes in presence of ethanol and sodium hydroxide solution. By refluxing the compound (1) and compounds (2a‐j) in presence of ethanol yielded [5‐substituted‐3‐(phenylamino)‐4.5‐dihydropyrazol‐1yl] (3,4,5‐trihydroxy phenyl)‐methanone (3a‐j). The final compounds [5‐substituted‐3‐(phenylamino)‐1H‐pyrazol‐1yl] (3,4,5‐trihydroxyphenyl)‐methanone (4a‐j) were synthesized by treating compounds (3a‐j) with bromine water. The synthesized compounds have been characterized by IR, 1HNMR and Mass spectral data. The compounds were evaluated for in vivo anti‐inflammatory activity by carrageenan induced paw edema test. In general all compounds were found to exhibit good anti‐inflammatory activity.
Kinetic Study of Application of ZnO as a Photocatalyst in Heterogeneous Medium
Authors: Vora J. J. , Chauhan S. K. , Parmar K. C. , Vasava S. B. , Sharma S. , Bhutadiya L. S.
Published: March 2012

The photocatalytic degradation of 2,4‐dinitrophenol over ZnO was carried out in the presence of light. Control experiments were carried out. The photocatalytic degradation of 2,4‐dinitrophenol was observed spectro‐photmerically. The various parameters like concentrations of substrate, pH, amounts and band gaps of semiconductor, impact of light intensity, sensitizers and radical quenchers affected the kinetics of the degradation process. A probable mechanism for this process has been proposed.
Evaluation of ATC as an Orally Administered Drug in Treatment of Cadmium Toxicity of Rat Organs
Authors: Fatemi S. Nabilaldine , Tubafard Solmaz , Fatemi S. Jamilaldine , Nadi Behnam
Published: March 2012

The effect of N‐tetramethylene dithiocarbamate (ATC) as a chelating agent on the excretion of cadmium was evaluated in cadmium‐poisoned Wistar rats following administration through food and drink. The present research aimed to characterize the potential efficiency of ATC as an orally administered chelator drug after cadmium administration for 60 days. This chelator significantly enhanced the urinary and biliary excretion of cadmium and restored the altered levels of iron. Cadmium and iron concentrations in different tissues were determined by graphite furnace and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (GF AAS and F AAS) methods, respectively. The chelation therapy results show that ATC is able to remove cadmium ions from different tissues while iron concentration returned to the normal level and the clinical symptoms were also reduced. In summary, we conclude that ATC is able to mobilize and promote the excretion of cadmium in rat organs and reduce the side effects and general symptoms of toxicity caused by cadmium and might be useful for preliminary testing of the efficacy of chelating agents in human body. However, these results should be confirmed in different experimental models before extrapolation to other systems. This testing procedure of course does not provide all the relevant answers for evaluating the efficiency of chelating agents in cadmium toxicity.
Studies of Some Lanthanide(III) Nitrate Complexes of Schiff Base Ligands
Authors: Arora Mukesh Sharma Kishor , Sharma Mukesh , Sharma K. P.
Published: March 2012

The studies of 16 new lanthanide(III) nitrate complexes of Schiff base ligands are discussed. Schiff bases were obtained by the condensation of 2–methyl–4–N,N–bis–2′ –cyanoethyl aminobenzaldehyde with aniline and 3 different substituted anilines. Lanthanide(III) nitrates, viz. gadolinium(III) nitrate, lanthanum(III) nitrate, samarium(III) nitrate and cerium(III) nitrate were chosen to synthesize new complexes. The complexes were characterized on the basis of physicochemical studies viz. elemental analysis, spectral, viz. IR and electronic spectral and magnetic studies. TGA studies of some of the representative complexes were also done. Some of the representative complexes were also screened for the anti microbial studies.
A Novel Process to Prepare Chitosan Macrospheres without Shrinkage and its Application to Immobilize β‐Galactosidase
Authors: Sun Su-Fang , Zhang Yan
Published: March 2012

A new process for the preparation of chitosan macrospheres, which was simple and practicable, was suggested in this paper and various chitosans with different molecular weight were used as materials to immobilize β‐galactosidase and the chitosan macrospheres with the lowest molecular weight (500 000) was selected as enzyme immobilization carrier based on the highest enzyme activity. In order to overcome the shrinkage of chitosan during drying, the wet macrospheres obtained was treated by 30% glycerol solution for 1 h before drying and the results showed that the dried chitosan macrospheres obtained could keep almost the same structure as its wet form, which was very important for chitosan as enzyme carrier in industry. Finally, β‐galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae was immobilized on above dry chitosan macrospheres and a satisfactory result of the immobilized enzyme was obtained in enzyme activity yield, pH stability, thermal stability, operational stability, Michaelis constants Km and the maximum velocity (Vm)
Heavy Metal Pollution and Chemical Profile of Cauvery River Water
Authors: Begum Abida , Ramaiah M. , Harikrishna  , Khan Irfanulla , Veena K.
Published: March 2012

Analysis of water, plankton, fish and sediment reveals that the Cauvery River water in the downstream is contaminated by certain heavy metals. Water samples have high carbonate hardness. Concentrations of all elements and ions increase in the downstream. Main ions are in the following order: Na > HCO3 >Mg > K > Ca> Cl > SO4. Heavy metal concentration in water was Cr >Cu ≈ Mn > Co > Ni > Pb > Zn, in fish muscles Cr > Mn > Cu > Ni > Co > Pb ≈ Zn, in phytoplanktens Co > Zn > Pb > Mn > Cr and in the sediments the heavy metal concentration was Co > Cr > Ni ≈ Cu > Mn > Zn > Pb. Although, the quality of Cauvery River may be classified as very good based on the salt and sodium for irrigation, Zn, Pb and Cr concentration exceeded the upper limit of standards. Metal concentrations in the downstream indicate an increase in the pollution load due to movement of fertilizers, agricultural ashes, industrial effluents and anthropogenic wastes. An immediate attention from the concerned authorities is required in order to protect the river from further pollution.
Kinetic‐Spectrophotometric Determination of Iodide Based on its Inhibitory Effect on the Decolorization Reaction of Methyl Orange
Authors: Kozani Reyhaneh Rahnama , Ashrafi Ferydoun , Khalilnezhad Masuod , Jamali Mohammad Reza
Published: March 2012

A simple, sensitive, rapid and reliable method has been developed for spectrophotometric determination of iodide based on its inhibition effect on the redox reaction between bromate and hydrochloric acid. The decolorization of methyl orange by the reaction products was used to monitor the reaction spectrophotometrically at 525 nm. The variables affecting the rate of the reaction were investigated. Under the optimum conditions, the limit of detection is 1.5 × 10-7 mol L-1 and calibration range is 2.0 × 10-6–1.3 × 10-4 mol L-1 of iodide. The linearity range of the calibration graph is depends on bromate concentration. The relative standard deviation of ten‐replication determination of 8.2 × 10-5 mol L-1 iodide was 1.4%. The proposed method was applied to the determination of iodide in natural water samples with satisfactory results.
Synthesis and Characterization of Short Saccaharum Cilliare Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites
Authors: Singha A. S. , Thakur Vijay Kumar
Published: March 2012

This paper deals with the synthesis of short Saccaharum Cilliare fibre (SC) reinforced Urea‐Formaldehyde (UF) matrix based polymer composites. Present work reveals that mechanical properties such as: tensile strength, compressive strength, flexural strength and wear resistance of the UF matrix increase up to 30% fibre loading(in terms of weight) and then decreases for higher loading when fibers are incorporated into the matrix polymer. Morphological and Thermal studies of the matrix, fibre and short fibre reinforced (SF‐Rnf) green composites have also been carried out. The results obtained emphasize the applications of these fibres, as potential reinforcing materials in bio based composites.
Selective Removal of Toxic Metals like Copper and Arsenic from Drinking Water Using Phenol‐Formaldehyde Type Chelating Resins
Authors: Mohanty Debasis , Samal Shashadhar
Published: March 2012

The concentration of different toxic metals has increased beyond environmentally and ecologically permissible levels due to the increase in industrial activity. More than 100 million people of Bangladesh and West Bengal in India are affected by drinking ground water contaminated with arsenic and some parts of India is also affected by poisoning effect of copper, cadmium and fluoride. Different methods have been evolved to reduce the arsenic concentration in drinking water to a maximum permissible level of 10 μg/L where as various methods are also available to separate copper from drinking water. Of the proven methods available today, removal of arsenic by polymeric ion exchangers has been most effective. While chelating ion exchange resins having specific chelating groups attached to a polymer have found extensive use in sorption and pre concentration of Cu2+ ions. Both the methods are coupled here to separate and preconcentrate toxic metal cation Cu2+ and metal anion arsenate(AsO4–) at the same time. We have prepared a series of low‐cost polymeric resins, which are very efficient in removing copper ion from drinking water and after coordinating with copper ion they act as polymeric ligand exchanger, which are efficiently removing arsenate from drinking water. For this purpose Schiff bases were prepared by condensing o‐phenylenediamine with o‐, m‐, and p‐hydroxybenzaldehydes. Condensing these phenolic Schiff bases with formaldehyde afforded the chelating resins in high yields. These resins are loaded with Cu2+, Ni2+ 2+, and Fe3+ ions. The resins and the polychelates are highly insoluble in water. In powdered form the metal ion‐loaded resins are found to very efficiently remove arsenate ion from water at neutral pH. Resins loaded with optimum amount of Cu2+ ion is more effective in removing arsenate ions compared to those with Fe3+ ion, apparently because Cu2+ is a stronger Lewis acid than Fe3+. Various parameters influencing the removal of the arsenate ion from drinking water to a concentration level below 20 μg/L are studied.
Synthesis, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of s Derivatives
Authors: Baldaniya B. B. , Patel P. K.
Published: March 2012

Several Nʹ‐{4‐[(3‐chloro‐4‐fluorophenyl) amino]‐6‐[(‐aryl) amino] ‐1, 3, 5‐triazin‐2‐yl} isonicotinohydrazides (6a‐r) and N2‐(Aryl)‐N4, N6‐dipyrimidin‐2‐yl‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4,6‐triamines (4a‐o) were prepared. All newly synthesized compounds have been tested for their antibacterial activity against gram (+)ve and gram (‐)ve bacteria and also on different strains of fungi. Introduction of ‐OH, ‐OCH3, ‐NO2, ‐Cl and ‐Br groups to the heterocyclic frame work enhanced antibacterial and antifungal activities.
Variational Principle Techniques and the Propertiesof a Cut‐off and Anharmonic Wave Function
Authors: Ikot A. N. , Akpabio L. E. , Essien K. , Ituen E. E. , Obot I. B.
Published: March 2012

The variational principles are very useful analytical tool for the study of the ground state energy of any dynamical system. In this work, we have evaluated the method and techniques of variational principle to derive the ground state energy for the harmonic, cut‐off and anharmonic oscillators with a ground state wave function for a one‐body Hamiltonian in three dimensions.
A Solution Study of Complex Formation of Some Diamines with Lanthanones
Authors: Vora J. J. , Patel D. R. , Patel Asha D. , Patel Kanu , Sharma Sangita , Bhutadiya Laxman S. , Vasava Sunil B.
Published: March 2012

To study the metal ligand equilibrium in aqueous solution, the well known Irving‐Rossotti titration method was used. The temperature selected is 30±0.10C at ionic strength 0.2 M (NaClO4) which was maintained constant through out the work. The binary metal complex (ML2) formation was studied. The metals selected are Sm3+, Gd3+, Dy3+ and Yb3+. The diamine ligands taken are ethylenediamine, 1,2 diamino propane, 1,3 diamino propane, N-N diethyl ethylenediamine and N-N -dimethyl ethylenediamine. Factors that affected the stability of the complexes are size and ionic potential of lanthanone ions, basicity of ligands, ring size and steric effect of ligands.
A Sensitive Validated Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Flucloxacillin Sodium
Authors: Gujral R. Singh , Haque S. Manirul , Shanker P.
Published: March 2012

A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been proposed for the determination of flucloxacillin sodium. The determination method is based on charge transfer complexation reaction of the drug with iodine in methanol‐dichloromethane medium. The absorbance was measured at 362 nm against the reagent blank. Under optimized experimental conditions, Beer′s law is obeyed in the concentration ranges 1‐9 μg/mL for flucloxacillin. The method was validated for specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy. The degree of linearity of the calibration curves, the percent recoveries, limit of detection and quantitation for the spectrophotometric method were determined. No interferences could be observed from the additives commonly present in the pharmaceutical formulations. The method was successfully applied for in vitro determination of human urine samples with low RSD value. This is simple, specific, accurate and sensitive spectrophotometric method.
Chemical Studies on the Removal of Iron from Crude Phosphoric Acid Using an Organosilicon Compound
Authors: Soliman M. H. , Gado H. S. , Kouraim M. N.
Published: March 2012

A new adsorbent has been developed to reduce the concentration of iron in crude Egyptian phosphoric acid. This adsorbent has been formed by the treatment of silicate compound derived from clay mineral with π organic acceptor ligand to carry out the exchange of ions as well as complexation with iron. Several parameters (shaking time, temperature, sorbent mass, and batch factor) have been studied. The adsorption of iron from crude phosphoric acid was investigated. The various methods to characterize the adsorption of iron on organosilicon compound (OSC) were collectively evaluated in this study. According to the Langmiur model, the maximum monomolecular capacity (Qº) is 122 mg/g and 122 mg/g with Freundlich model for an initial iron concentration of 2.37% contained in crude phosphoric acid. Characterization studies such as x‐ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and electron scanning microscope were investigated to substantiate the nature of iron‐OSC complexes.
Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activities of 3,5‐Diaryltetrahydro‐N‐[(phenylamino)methyl]‐1,4‐thiazine‐1,1‐dioxide
Authors: Sundari V. , Nagarajan G. , Gurumurthy S. , Valliappan R.
Published: March 2012

Synthesis of 3,5‐diaryltetrahydro‐N‐ [(4’‐nitroanilino)methyl‐thiazine‐1,1‐dioxide and N‐[(4’‐methylanilino)methyl‐]‐1,4‐thiazine‐1,1‐dioxides by condensing 3,5‐diaryl‐tetrahydro‐1,4‐thiazine‐1,1‐dioxide with formaldehyde and 4‐nitroaniline/4‐methylaniline in the presence of hydrochloric acid is reported. The structures of the synthesized compounds have been confirmed by elemental and spectral analysis. The preliminary screening of the compounds for their biological activities gives significant results
Deoximation of Ketoximes to Ketones with Ammonium Chlorochromate/Montmorillonite K10 in Dichloromethane
Authors: Li Ji-Tai , Meng Xian-Tao
Published: March 2012

A convenient, mild and efficient method for oxidative cleavage of ketoximes to their parent carbonyl compounds with ammonium chlorochromate (ACC) / montmorillonite K10 in dichloromethane at room temperature is described
Extractive Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Etoricoxib in Tablets
Authors: Shah Kamal , Gupta Alka , Mishra Pradeep
Published: March 2012

Two simple, rapid, sensitive, precise and economic spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the estimation of etoricoxib in tablet formulation. During the course of study, it was observed that acidic solution of the drug formed colored ion‐association complexes with Bromocresol Green (BCG) and Bromocresol Purple (BCP) which were soluble in chloroform. This property of the drug was followed for the development of colorimetric methods for analysis of drug. The complex of etoricoxib with BCG and BCP showed λmax at 416 nm and 408 nm respectively. These methods were validated statistically. Recovery studies gave satisfactory results indicating that none of common additives and excipients interfere the assay method. The proposed methods are found to be simple, accurate and reproducible that was successfully applied for the analysis of tablet formulation.
Analysis of Treated Wastewater Produced from Al‐Lajoun Wastewater Treatment Plant, Jordan
Authors: Manasreh Waleed , S. Alzaydien Atef , .M Malahmeh
Published: March 2012

Assessment of treated wastewater produced from Al‐Lajoun collection tanks of the wastewater treatment plant in Karak province was carried out in term of physical properties, its major ionic composition, heavy metals and general organic content, for both wastewater influent and effluent. Sampling was done in two periods during (2005‐2006) summer season and during winter season to detect the impact of climate on treated wastewater quality. Soil samples were collected from Al‐Lajoun valley where the treated wastewater drained, to determine the heavy metal and total organic carbon concentrations at same time. The study showed that the treated wastewater was low in its heavy metals contents during both winter and summer seasons, which was attributed to high pH value enhancing their precipitations. Some of the major ions such as Cl-, Na+, HCO33-, Mg2+ in addition to biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand were higher than the recommended Jordanian guidelines for drained water in valleys. The treated wastewater contained some organic compounds of toxic type such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Results showed that the soil was low in its heavy metal contents and total organic carbon with distance from the discharging pond, which attributed to the adsorption of heavy metals, total organic carbon and sedimentation of suspended particulates. From this study it was concluded that the treated wastewater must be used in situ for production of animal fodder and prohibit its contact with the surface and groundwater resources of the area specially Al‐Mujeb dam where it is collected.
Protective Effect of Dodonaea viscosa (L) Against Lead Acetate Induced Altered Glycoprotein Profiles in Rats
Authors: Sivanesan D. , Selvi A. V. Veera Thamarai , Bhakyaraj R. , Arunachalam T.
Published: March 2012

The present study was undertaken to examine the inhibitory effect of crude leaves of Dodonaea viscosa (L) on lead acetate induced synthesis of glycoproteins and sialic acid in liver and plasma. Enhanced synthesis of glycoproteins (protein ‐ bound hexose and protein ‐ bound hexosamine) and sialic acid levels were found in liver and plasma of the lead acetate poisoned rats. Administration of crude leaves of D.viscosa (100 mg/100 g body weight P.O.) effectively suppressed the synthesis of glycoproteins and sialic acid in liver and thereby controlling the concentration in plasma. The results suggest that D.viscosa may exert its membrane protection effect by inhibiting the synthesis of glycoproteins and sialic acid induced by lead acetate.
RP‐HPLC Method for the Simultaneous Estimation of Rosiglitazone and Gliclazide in Tablets
Authors: Rathinavel G. , Uma Nath U. , Valarmathy J. , Samueljoshua L. , Thanuja C. Selvin , Ganesh M. , Sivakumar T. , Priyadarsini R.
Published: March 2012

A reverse phase HPLC method is described for the determination of rosiglitazone and gliclazide in tablet dosage form. Chromatography was carried on Phenomenix Gemini C18 column using in mixture of ammonium phosphate buffer, Acetonitrile and methanol in the ratio 50: 35: 15 v/v as mobile phase at a flow rate 1 mL min-1 and the effluent was monitored at 254 nm. The retention time for rosiglitazone was 3.74 and gliclazide 7.84 min. The limit of detection for rosiglitazone was 4.07μg/mL and gliclazide 1.19 μg/mL. The LOQ obtained for rosiglitazone was 12.33 μg/mL and 3.612 μg/mL. The percentage assay for rosiglitazone was 99.92% and gliclazide was 99.82%. The method was validated for accuracy precision and system suitability. The proposed method was fast accurate and precise so it can be used for regular quality control of the drug.
Adsorption of Reactive Dyes by Palm Kernel Shell Activated Carbon: Application of Film Surface and Film Pore Diffusion Models
Authors: Nourouzi M. M. , Chuah T. G. , Choong Thomas S. Y.
Published: March 2012

The rate of adsorption of two reactive dyes, Reactive Black 5 and Reactive Red E onto palm kernel shell‐based activated carbon was studied. The experiment was carried out to investigate three models: film diffusion model, film‐surface and film‐pore diffusion models. The results showed that the external coefficients of mass transfer decreased with increasing of initial adsorbate concentration. In addition, it was found that the adsorption process was better described by using the two resistance models, i.e. film‐surface diffusion.
Corrosion Inhibition of Titanium in Acidic Media Containing Fluoride with Bixin
Authors: Chauhan Jinendra Singh , Gupta D. K.
Published: March 2012

The bixin in acidic media were tested for corrosion inhibition of Ti in 0.5 N sulphuric acid and 0.1 N HCl solution at 30 to 40 °C temperature range by electrochemical methods. It reveals that bixin works as a corrosion inhibitor in halide media and protect the metals from the corrosion with great efficiency
Microwave Assisted Synthesis of 2,4‐Diphenyl‐4H‐chromen‐5‐one Using ZnCl2/Montmorillonite K‐10
Authors: Sarda Swapnil R. , Maslekar Ujwala S. , Jadhav Wamanrao N. , Pawar Rajendra P.
Published: March 2012

α, β‐Unsaturated carbonyl compounds and 1, 3‐cyclohexanedione under microwave irradiation in the presence ZnCl2/montmorillonite K‐10 offers the corresponding 2,4‐diphenyl‐4H‐chromen‐5‐one in excellent yield. Catalyst is recycled and reused for several times
Effect of Position and Number of Hydroxyl Groups on the Oscillatory Behaviour of Isomers of Hydroxybenzoic Acid
Authors: Nath Masood A. , Ganaie Nadeem B. , Rastogi R. P. , Peerzada G. M.
Published: March 2012

In the present communication, the effect of isomers of hydroxybenzoic acids with respect to their oscillatory behaviour as organic substrates with inorganic bromate and manganese(II) ion as catalyst in aqueous acid medium (1.0 M H2SO4) have been studied. The number and the relative position of hydroxyl groups (‐OH) in the aromatic ring is found to influence the oscillatory behaviour. Besides, the role of bromination reaction and the formation of corresponding bromoderivative is found to be an important step. The experimental findings are within the purview of Field, Koros and Noyes (FKN) mechanism.
Antimicrobial Evaluation and Synthesis of Some Phenylpyrazolo benzothiazolo quinoxaline Derivatives
Authors: Sridevi CH. , Balaji K. , Naidu A. , Sudhakaran R.
Published: March 2012

2,3‐Diphenyl quinoxaline (SI) was fused with 2‐amino benzothiazoles (SII) by a methylene bridge, which was then allowed for acetylation. The acetylated product (SIV) was made to react with different aromatic aldehydes to give chalcones (SV1-SV5). Chalcones refluxed with substituted acid hydrazides to afford different phenyl pyrazolo benzothiazolo quinoxaline derivatives (SVI1-SVI15). The structure of chalcones and phenyl pyrazolo benzothiazolo quinoxaline derivatives were confirmed by M.P, TLC and spectral data. All the synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activities.