bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental and theoretical investigation of crack width calculation methods for RC ties
Authors: Tan Reignard , Eileraas Kristoffer , Opkvitne Ola , Žirgulis Giedrius , Hendriks Max A. N. , Geiker Mette , Brekke Dan‐Evert , Kanstad Terje
Published: July 2018

This paper theoretically and experimentally investigates the semi‐empirical formulas recommended by Eurocode 2 (EC2), fib Model Code 2010 (MC2010), and Eurocode 2 with the German National Annex (DIN) for calculating crack widths in reinforced concrete. It is shown that the formulas can be derived from the principles for the idealized behavior of RC ties. However, instead of explicitly solving the resulting differential equations, the use of simplifications leads to inconsistent formulas. An experimental study was carried out involving the testing of eight RC ties to discover the modeling uncertainty of the formulas. It was found that EC2 substantially overestimated the crack widths for the RC ties. MC2010 and DIN seemed to predict the crack widths better, but gave rather a large number of nonconservative crack width predictions. These experimental results, combined with the theoretical study, suggest that a more consistent calculation model should be formulated by explicitly solving the resulting differential equation.
ISUOG Practice Guidelines: intrapartum ultrasound
Authors: Ghi T. , Eggebø T. , Lees C. , Kalache K. , Rozenberg P. , Youssef A. , Salomon L. J. , Tutschek B.
Published: July 2018

PURPOSE AND SCOPE

The purpose of these Guidelines is to review the published techniques of ultrasound in labor and their practical applications, to summarize the level of evidence regarding the use of ultrasound in labor and to provide guidance to practitioners on when ultrasound in labor is clinically indicated and how the sonographic findings may affect labor management. We do not imply or suggest that ultrasound in labor is a necessary standard of care.
Spatial modeling with R‐INLA: A review
Authors: Bakka Haakon , Rue Håvard , Fuglstad Geir‐Arne , Riebler Andrea , Bolin David , Illian Janine , Krainski Elias , Simpson Daniel , Lindgren Finn
Published: July 2018

Coming up with Bayesian models for spatial data is easy, but performing inference with them can be challenging. Writing fast inference code for a complex spatial model with realistically‐sized datasets from scratch is time‐consuming, and if changes are made to the model, there is little guarantee that the code performs well. The key advantages of R‐INLA are the ease with which complex models can be created and modified, without the need to write complex code, and the speed at which inference can be done even for spatial problems with hundreds of thousands of observations. R‐INLA handles latent Gaussian models, where fixed effects, structured and unstructured Gaussian random effects are combined linearly in a linear predictor, and the elements of the linear predictor are observed through one or more likelihoods. The structured random effects can be both standard areal model such as the Besag and the BYM models, and geostatistical models from a subset of the Matérn Gaussian random fields. In this review, we discuss the large success of spatial modeling with R‐INLA and the types of spatial models that can be fitted, we give an overview of recent developments for areal models, and we give an overview of the stochastic partial differential equation (SPDE) approach and some of the ways it can be extended beyond the assumptions of isotropy and separability. In particular, we describe how slight changes to the SPDE approach leads to straight‐forward approaches for nonstationary spatial models and nonseparable space–time models.

This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Bayesian Methods and Theory

Statistical Models > Bayesian Models

Data: Types and Structure > Massive Data
The 10d uplift of the GPPZ solution
Authors: Petrini Michela , Samtleben Henning , Schmidt Stanislav , Skenderis Kostas
Published: July 2018

Abstract

We present the uplift of the GPPZ solution of the five-dimensional maximal supergravity to ten dimensions. The five dimensional solution involves two real scalar fields, with one of them encoding holographically the (norm of the complex) supersymmetri

$$ \mathcal{N}=1 $$

N
=
1

mass deformation and the other the real part of the gaugino condensate. We embed this solution in a consistent truncation of D = 5 maximal supergravity which involves two complex scalars dual to the complex mass deformations and the complex gaugino condensate, and a U(1) gauge field dual to the U(1)
R
current, and uplift it to ten dimensions. The ten dimensional solution is completely explicit, with all fields given in terms of elementary functions. The metric and the axion-dilaton agree with those of a partial uplift of the GPPZ flow by Pilch and Warner. We analyze the asymptotics and the singularity structure of the ten dimensional solution. The uplifted solution is singular, but the singularity is milder than that of the five dimensional solution, and there is conformal frame in which the metric is only singular at one point of S
5. We compare the asymptotics of the 10d solution with that of the Polchinski-Strassler and Freedman-Minahan solutions, and find agreement with Freedman-Minahan and disagreement with Polchinski-Strassler In particular, we infer that while the Polchinski-Strassler 10d fields satisfy the correct boundary conditions, they do not solve the field equations near the boundary.
Quantum dissipation of a heavy quark from a nonlinear stochastic Schrödinger equation
Authors: Akamatsu Yukinao , Asakawa Masayuki , Kajimoto Shiori , Rothkopf Alexander
Published: July 2018

Abstract

We study the open system dynamics of a heavy quark in the quark-gluon plasma using a Lindblad master equation. Applying the quantum state diffusion approach by Gisin and Percival, we derive and numerically solve a nonlinear stochastic Schrödinger equation for wave functions, which is equivalent to the Lindblad master equation for the density matrix. From our numerical analysis in one spatial dimension, it is shown that the density matrix relaxes to the Boltzmann distribution in various setups (with and without external potentials), independently of the initial conditions. We also confirm that quantum dissipation plays an essential role not only in the long-time behavior of the heavy quark but also at early times if the heavy quark initial state is localized and quantum decoherence is ineffective.
Genomic and transcriptomic comparison of Aspergillus oryzae strains: a case study in soy sauce koji fermentation
Authors: Zhong Yiyi , Lu Xi , Xing Lei , Ho Shiu Woon Allen , Kwan Hoi Shan
Published: July 2018

The filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae is used in soy sauce koji making due to its high productivity of hydrolytic enzymes. In this study, we compared the genomes and transcriptomes of an industrial strain RD2 and a strain with decreased fermentation performance TS2, aiming to explain their phenotypic differences at the molecular level. Under the regulation of conidiation and fermentation conditions, the enhanced hydrolytic enzyme production and flavor precursor formation in RD2 described a complete expression profile necessary to maintain desirable fermentation performance. By contrast, central carbon metabolism was up-regulated in TS2 for fast growth, suggesting a conflicting relationship between mycelium growth and fermentation performance. Accumulation of mutations also lowered the fermentation performance of TS2. Our study has deepened the understanding of the metabolism and related regulatory mechanisms in desirable koji fermentation. A list of potential molecular markers identified here could facilitate targeted strain maintenance and improvement for better koji fermentation.
The efficacy of intracerebroventricular idursulfase‐beta enzyme replacement therapy in mucopolysaccharidosis II murine model: heparan sulfate in cerebrospinal fluid as a clinical biomarker of neuropathology
Authors: Sohn Young Bae , Ko Ah‐Ra , Seong Mi‐ran , Lee Soyeon , Kim Mi Ra , Cho Sung Yoon , Kim Jung‐Sun , Sakaguchi Makoto , Nakazawa Takahiro , Kosuga Motomichi , Seo Joo Hyun , Okuyama Torayuki , Jin Dong‐Kyu
Published: July 2018

Mucopolysaccharidosis II (MPS II) is caused by a deficiency of iduronate‐2‐sulfatase that results in accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAG), including heparan sulfate (HS), which is considered to contribute to neuropathology. We examined the efficacy of intracerebroventricular (ICV) enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) of idursulfase‐beta (IDS‐β) and evaluated the usefulness of HS as a biomarker for neuropathology in MPS II mice. We first examined the efficacy of three different doses (3, 10, and 30 μg) of single ICV injections of IDS‐β in MPS II mice. After the single‐injection study, its long‐term efficacy was elucidated with 30 μg of IDS‐β ICV injections repeated every 4 weeks for 24 weeks. The efficacy was assessed by the HS content in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the brain of the animals along with histologic examinations and behavioral tests. In the single‐injection study, the 30 μg of IDS‐β ICV injection showed significant reductions of HS content in brain and CSF that were maintained for 28 days. Furthermore, HS content in CSF was significantly correlated with HS content in brain. In the long‐term repeated‐injection study, the HS content in the brain and CSF was also significantly reduced and correlated. The histologic examinations showed a reduction in lysosomal storage. A significant improvement in memory/learning function was observed in open‐field and fear‐conditioning tests. ICV ERT with 30 μg of IDS‐β produced significant improvements in biochemical, histological, and functional parameters in MPS II mice. Furthermore, we demonstrate for the first time that the HS in the CSF had significant positive correlation with brain tissue HS and GAG levels, suggesting HS in CSF as a useful clinical biomarker for neuropathology.
Hospital Disaster Preparedness in Switzerland Over a Decade: A National Survey
Authors: Dell’Era Simone , Hugli Olivier , Dami Fabrice
Published: July 2018

Objective

The present study aimed to provide a comprehensive assessment of Swiss hospital disaster preparedness in 2016 compared with the 2006 data.

Methods

A questionnaire was addressed in 2016 to all heads responsible for Swiss emergency departments (EDs).

Results

Of the 107 hospitals included, 83 (78%) returned the survey. Overall, 76 (92%) hospitals had a plan in case of a mass casualty incident, and 76 (93%) in case of an accident within the hospital itself. There was a lack in preparedness for specific situations: less than a third of hospitals had a specific plan for nuclear/radiological, biological, chemical, and burns (NRBC+B) patients: nuclear/radiological (14; 18%), biological (25; 31%), chemical (27; 34%), and burns (15; 49%), and 48 (61%) of EDs had a decontamination area. Less than a quarter of hospitals had specific plans for the most vulnerable populations during disasters, such as seniors (12; 15%) and children (19; 24%).

Conclusions

The rate of hospitals with a disaster plan has increased since 2006, reaching a level of 92%. The Swiss health care system remains vulnerable to specific threats like NRBC. The lack of national legislation and funds aimed at fostering hospitals’ preparedness to disasters may be the root cause to explain the vulnerability of Swiss hospitals regarding disaster medicine. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:433-439)
Neuroanatomical Correlates of Hierarchical Personality Traits in Chimpanzees: Associations with Limbic Structures
Authors: Latzman Robert D. , Boysen Sarah T. , Schapiro Steven J.
Published: July 2018

A converging literature has revealed the existence of a set of largely consistent, hierarchically organized personality traits, that is broader traits are able to be differentiated into more fine-grained traits, in both humans and chimpanzees. Despite recent work suggesting a neural basis to personality in chimpanzees, little is known with regard to the involvement of limbic structures (i.e., amygdala and hippocampus), which are thought to play important roles in emotion. Using saved maximum likelihood estimated exploratory factor scores (two to five factors) in the context of a series of path analyses, the current study examined associations among personality dimensions across various levels of the personality hierarchy and individual variability of amygdala and hippocampal grey matter (GM) volume in a sample of captive chimpanzees (N=191). Whereas results revealed no association between personality dimensions and amygdala volume, a more nuanced series of associations emerged between hippocampal GM volume and personality dimensions at various levels of the hierarchy. Hippocampal GM volume associated most notably with Alpha (a dimension reflecting a tendency to behave in an undercontrolled and agonistic way) at the most basic two-factor level of the hierarchy; associated positively with Disinhibition at the next level of the hierarchy (“Big Three”); and finally, associated positively with Impulsivity at the most fine-grained level (“five-factor model”) of the hierarchy. Findings underscore the importance of the hippocampus in the neurobiological foundation of personality, with support for its regulatory role of emotion. Further, results suggest the importance of the distinction between structure and function, particularly with regard to the amygdala.
The assessment experience of spousal dementia care-givers: ‘It's made me realise that I am a person also’
Authors: Guberman Nancy , Keefe Janice , Fancey Pamela
Published: July 2018

This article is based on a study that used a validated care-giver assessment instrument known as ‘The C.A.R.E. (Caregivers’ Aspirations, Realities, and Expectations) Tool’ to understand its usefulness in working with older adults caring for a spouse with cognitive impairment. It draws on data collected as part of a larger, quasi-experimental pre- and post-test study examining the impact of a care-giver assessment on older spousal care-givers of a partner with cognitive impairment. One hundred community-living individuals (average age of 74) participated in the study. Participants met with a third-year nursing student who administered The C.A.R.E. Tool. Within three to seven days following this, a research team member conducted a semi-structured interview by telephone. This interview provided participants with the opportunity to comment on their experience and the usefulness of The C.A.R.E. Tool. Transcriptions of the interviews were analysed using a thematic analysis. Results indicate that the assessment experience was evaluated positively by most participants. Two broad themes emerged: assessment encourages care-givers to take stock of their situation, and it provides a relationship with a caring professional. In particular, the assessment experience gave these care-givers to have the opportunity to reflect, while expressing emotions and developing awareness, and provided them with an appreciated relationship with a caring professional who helped to validate and normalise their situation. For care-givers, the results suggest that assessment may serve as a catalyst for taking action in their care-giving situation or turning to services for help. For practitioners, assessment may increase awareness of the experience of spousal care-givers, potentially leading to interventions to support them. This study found that the attitudes and knowledge of practitioners play a role in care-givers’ experience of the assessment as positive. However, the goal of assessment must be clarified, as outcomes of other tools will differ depending on the aims.
Hyperlipoproteinemia and Cerebral Strokes
Authors: Dekaban Anatole S. , Steusing Jan K. , Stevens Harold
Published: July 2018

Determination of lipoprotein patterns and of major plasma lipids was carried out in 171 patients with strokes. Of these, 22 had hyperlipoproteinemia (HLIPR) by paper electrophoresis and by elevation of principal plasma lipids (either cholesterol over 300 mg/100 ml or triglycerides over 200 mg/100 ml or both these components). More than two-thirds of the patients had at least one close relative with elevated blood lipids. Using criteria of the World Health Organization, these patients were classified as follows: 5 had HLIPR type IIa, 8 had HLIPR type IIb, 3 had HLIPR type III and 6 had HLIPR type IV. Phospholipids showed relatively little change from the values of normal controls. The numerical distribution of patients with stroke and HLIPR into the four different types corresponds quite well with the approximate frequency of these types of HLIPR in the general population. Thus, this study does not indicate that the patients with a particular type of HLIPR are at a greater risk to have a stroke than those belonging to other types.
Response Recovery Cycles in the Visual Cortex and Superior Colliculus Following Conditioning ‘ON” and ‘OFF” Stimulation in the Rabbit
Authors: Molotchnikoff Stéphane , Dubuc Michel
Published: July 2018

The responsiveness of the visual cortex (VC) and superior colliculus (SC) was simultaneously compared following conditioning “ON” or “OFF” stimulation, in the rabbit.

Average evoked responses were recorded simultaneously from the visual cortex and superior colliculus. “ON” or “OFF” steps constituted the conditioning stimuli whereas the test stimulus consisted of optic nerve stimulation. All evoked responses exhibited a reversal of their polarity when the electrode was moved in the dorsoventral direction (Negative-Positive in the SC, Positive-Negative in the VC). This assured the somato-dentritic origin of the potentials. The results showed that responsiveness in both structures was significantly higher following an “OFF” stimulus than after an “ON” step. Collicular responsiveness was higher than in the VC when the same conditioning stimulus was applied. The spatial distribution of the source of “OFF” responses was circumscribed to the ventral part of the superficial layer of the superior colliculus. These results suggest specific properties associated with the brightening and dimming systems.
Lisbon: reading the (post-)colonial city from the nineteenth to the twenty-first century
Authors: PERALTA ELSA , DOMINGOS NUNO
Published: July 2018

The study of the urban experience in Lisbon, the former capital of the Portuguese empire, creates a specific observatory to interpret the colonial process and its post-colonial developments. Following an itinerary from colonial to post-colonial times, this article examines the continuities and discontinuities of Lisbon's urban dynamics linked with Portugal's colonial history through three interlinked processes. First, the material inscription of policies of national identity in the memory space of the city since the late nineteenth century until today. Second, the expansion of a network of economic relations that affected Lisbon's industrial, commercial and urban life. And finally, the development of a system of social and political organization, where spatial distribution and civil and political rights were unequally distributed.
Barriers to exclusive breast-feeding in Indonesian hospitals: a qualitative study of early infant feeding practices
Authors: Flaherman Valerie J , Chan Shannon , Desai Riya , Agung Fransisca Handy , Hartati Hendri , Yelda Fitra
Published: July 2018

Objective

Although initiating breast-feeding is common in Indonesia, rates of exclusive breast-feeding are low. Our objective was to identify early barriers to exclusive breast-feeding in Indonesian hospitals.

Design

Qualitative. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in April–June 2015. The data were analysed using thematic analysis.

Setting

Indonesian provinces of Jakarta, Banten and West Java.

Subjects

Fifty-four participants including public health officials, hospital administrators, health-care professionals and parents.

Results

Five themes were identified as contributing to low rates of early exclusive breast-feeding in Indonesian hospitals: (i) quality and quantity of breast-feeding education; (ii) marketing and influence of infant formula manufacturers; (iii) hospital infrastructure; (iv) policy, legislation and protocols; and (v) perceived need for infant formula supplementation. Participants noted that providers and mothers receive inadequate or incorrect education regarding breast-feeding; manufacturers promote infant formula use both inside and outside hospitals; constraints in physical space and hospital design interfere with early breast-feeding; legislation and protocols designed to promote breast-feeding are inconsistently enforced and implemented; and providers and mothers often believe infant formula is necessary to promote infant health. All participants identified numerous barriers to early exclusive breast-feeding that related to more than one identified theme.

Conclusions

Our study identified important barriers to early exclusive breast-feeding in Indonesian hospitals, finding that participants consistently reported multifaceted barriers to early exclusive breast-feeding. Future research should examine whether system-level interventions such the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative might improve rates of exclusive breast-feeding by improving breast-feeding education, reducing manufacturer influence, modifying existing infrastructure and providing tools needed for protocols and counselling.
Landscape complexity perception and representation in a wine-growing region with the designation of origin in the Loire Valley (France): a cultural ecosystem service?
Authors: Hervé Morgane E. T. , Boudes Philippe , Cieslik Caroline , Montembault David , Jung Vincent , Burel Françoise , Cluzeau Daniel , Winter Silvia , Nicolai Annegret
Published: July 2018

Ecosystem services related to biodiversity, including cultural services, are essential for agricultural production such as viticulture. In agricultural landscapes, pesticides and mechanization threaten biodiversity, lead to landscape simplification and may reduce ecosystem services. On the other hand, consumers are more and more aware of environmental issues in food production. We investigated if landscape complexity, including soil management practices, was (i) appreciated by visitors and (ii) presented by winegrowers and tourism professionals in the French vineyards with the designation of geographical origin (DGO) ‘Coteaux du Layon’. Our goal was to determine if landscape complexity provides cultural ecosystem services such as aesthetics beneficial for the wine trade and the DGO region's attractiveness. We analyzed the iconographic content and the composition of landscape photographs on 50 websites to investigate if local winegrowers and tourism professionals associate biodiversity in the landscape and soil management practices with wine promotion. A questionnaire was realized to study the perception of local landscapes by interviewing 192 visitors of the region. The benefits of landscape complexity and soil management practices favoring biodiversity in viticulture were known and appreciated by many visitors, even if photographs of wine and traditional practices appeared to encourage wine purchasing. Local winegrowers’ representation of the DGO region only partially served these preferences; instead they mainly presented the wine-growing region by photographs focusing on wine bottles and vineyards. Consumer's preferences showed that complex landscapes could provide cultural ecosystem services that winegrowers are still less aware of. Therefore, complexity-targeted landscape planning including vegetation cover in soil management should be included in policy recommendations as agroecological measures for sustainable DGO production.
Families of the missing: Psychosocial effects and therapeutic approaches
Authors: Boss Pauline
Published: July 2018

Families of the missing often have no facts to clarify whether their loved one is alive or dead, or if dead, where the remains are located. Such loss is called “ambiguous loss”, and those suffering from it will usually resist change and will continue to hope that the missing person will return. As this article will endeavour to explain, our goal as professionals working with the families of the missing is to help them shift to another way of thinking that allows them to live well despite ambiguous loss. To do this, we must acknowledge that the source of suffering – the ambiguity – lies outside the family. The article offers a psychosocial model with six guidelines focusing on meaning, mastery, identity, ambivalence, attachment, and finding new hope.
September 2017 Solar Flare Event: Rapid Heating of the Martian Neutral Upper Atmosphere From the X‐Class Flare as Observed by MAVEN
Authors: Elrod M. K. , Curry S. M. , Thiemann E. M. B. , Jain S. K.
Published: July 2018

On 10 September 2017, the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN mission observed a particularly strong X‐class flare. This paper will focus on observations made by Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer (NGIMS) and the flare response detected by extreme ultraviolet monitor. We focus the data to the region of the upper atmosphere from 160 to 300 km and to 10 orbits before and after the flare. The flare peaked near 16:12 UTC with the closest periapsis pass from 17:30 to 17:54 UTC (Lee et al., , https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079162). NGIMS measured a significant enhancement in the neutral densities above 195 km for the flare. This enhancement stands out for the major species measured by NGIMS (Ar, CO2, CO, O, and N2). The correlation of the flare and the enhancement in density and temperature in the upper atmosphere indicates that solar flare heating is most likely the main driver and has important implications for the effects of space weather events on terrestrial atmospheres.
Self‐Amplifying Feedbacks Accelerate Greening and Warming of the Arctic
Authors: Zhang W. , Miller P. A. , Jansson C. , Samuelsson P. , Mao J. , Smith B.
Published: July 2018

Increased greening, higher vegetation productivity, and shrubification have been observed in Arctic tundra in response to recent warming. Such changes have affected the near‐surface climate through opposing biogeophysical feedbacks (BF) associated with changes to albedo and evapotranspiration. However, the likely spatiotemporal variations of BF to future climate change and the consequences for Arctic vegetation and ecology have not been robustly quantified. We apply a regional Earth system model (RCA‐GUESS) interactively coupling atmospheric dynamics to land vegetation response in three potential 21st‐century radiative forcing simulations for the Arctic. We find that BF, dominated by albedo‐mediated warming in early spring and evapotranspiration‐mediated cooling in summer, have the potential to amplify or modulate local warming and enhance summer precipitation over land. The magnitude of these effects depends on radiative forcing and subsequent ecosystem responses. Thus, it is important to account for BF when assessing future Arctic climate change and its ecosystem impacts.
Can Ningaloo Niño/Niña Develop Without El Niño–Southern Oscillation?
Authors: Kataoka Takahito , Masson Sébastien , Izumo Takeshi , Tozuka Tomoki , Yamagata Toshio
Published: July 2018

Ningaloo Niño/Niña is the dominant climate mode in the southeastern Indian Ocean with its center of positive/negative sea surface temperature anomalies attached to Australia. Ningaloo Niño is the major cause of marine heatwaves in the region. Although oceanic variability in this region has long been considered mainly as a response to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), some recent studies have suggested the possible existence of local air‐sea feedback processes. Using a state‐of‐the‐art ocean‐atmosphere coupled model that realistically simulates Ningaloo Niño/Niña, whether Ningaloo Niño/Niña can occur independently of ENSO is examined. Even in an experiment in which ENSO is suppressed by strongly nudging tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures toward the model climatology, Ningaloo Niño/Niña with a similar magnitude and seasonality still develops, likely through an air‐sea interaction off Western Australia amplifying atmospheric stochastic forcing. This study is the first to show that Ningaloo Niño/Niña can develop even without ENSO.
Observations and Modeling of the Mars Low‐Altitude Ionospheric Response to the 10 September 2017 X‐Class Solar Flare
Authors: Xu Shaosui , Thiemann Ed , Mitchell David , Eparvier Frank , Pawlowski David , Benna Mehdi , Andersson Laila , Liemohn Michael W. , Bougher Stephen , Mazelle Christian
Published: July 2018

Solar extreme ultraviolet and X‐ray photons are the main sources of ionization in the Martian ionosphere and can be enhanced significantly during a solar flare. On 10 September 2017, the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN orbiter observed an X8.2 solar flare, the largest it has encountered to date. Here we investigate the ionospheric response before, during, and after this event with the SuperThermal Electron Transport model. We find good agreement between modeled and measured photoelectron spectra. In addition, the high photoelectron fluxes during the flare provide adequate statistics to allow us to clearly and repeatedly identify the carbon Auger peak in the ionospheric photoelectron energy spectra at Mars for the first time. By applying photochemical equilibrium, O
and CO
densities are obtained and compared with Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN observations. The variations in ion densities during this event due to the solar irradiance enhancement and the neutral atmosphere expansion are discussed.
Understanding the Driver of Energetic Electron Precipitation Using Coordinated Multisatellite Measurements
Authors: Capannolo L. , Li W. , Ma Q. , Zhang X.‐J. , Redmon R. J. , Rodriguez J. V. , Kletzing C. A. , Kurth W. S. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Engebretson M. J. , Spence H. E. , Reeves G. D.
Published: July 2018

Magnetospheric plasma waves play a significant role in ring current and radiation belt dynamics, leading to pitch angle scattering loss and/or stochastic acceleration of the particles. During a non‐storm time dropout event on 24 September 2013, intense electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves were detected by Van Allen Probe A (Radiation Belt Storm Probes‐A). We quantitatively analyze a conjunction event when Van Allen Probe A was located approximately along the same magnetic field line as MetOp‐01, which detected simultaneous precipitation of >30 keV protons and energetic electrons over an unexpectedly broad energy range (>~30 keV). Multipoint observations together with quasi‐linear theory provide direct evidence that the observed electron precipitation at higher energy (>~700 keV) is primarily driven by EMIC waves. However, the newly observed feature of the simultaneous electron precipitation extending down to ~30 keV is not supported by existing theories and raises an interesting question on whether EMIC waves can scatter such low‐energy electrons.
Mild and Arid Climate in the Eastern Sahara‐Arabian Desert During the Late Little Ice Age
Authors: Felis Thomas , Ionita Monica , Rimbu Norel , Lohmann Gerrit , Kölling Martin
Published: July 2018

The climate of the Sahara and Arabian Deserts during the Little Ice Age is not well known, due to a lack of annually resolved natural and documentary archives. We present an annual reconstruction of temperature and aridity derived from Sr/Ca and oxygen isotopes in a coral of the desert‐surrounded northern Red Sea. Our data indicate that the eastern Sahara and Arabian Deserts did not experience pronounced cooling during the late Little Ice Age (~1750–1850) but suggest an even more arid mean climate than in the following ~150 years. The mild temperatures are broadly in line with predominantly negative phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation during the Little Ice Age. The more arid climate is best explained by meridional advection of dry continental air from Eurasia. We find evidence for an abrupt termination of the more arid climate after 1850, coincident with a reorganization of the atmospheric circulation over Europe.
Cyclicity and Persistence of Earth's Evolution Over Time: Wavelet and Fractal Analysis
Authors: Chen Guoxiong , Cheng Qiuming
Published: July 2018

Accessing the cyclicity and persistence of geological records with time series analysis deepens our understanding of Earth's long‐term evolution. In this study, time series from recent global zircon U‐Pb age and δ18O databases are analyzed using wavelet transform from a fractal perspective. Continuous wavelet transform of the local fractal sequences of both zircon records indicates a strong, persistent ~760 million year cycle over the 4.4 billion years of Earth's history. Wavelet coherence analysis shows that the U‐Pb age and δ18O systems are coupled in significant in‐phase coherence for a cycle of ~760 million year, implying synchronization between the two underlying processes. This study also demonstrates that the variation in the time series records manifests as 1/f β scaling behavior that persists β ~ 1.8 over the entire interval. This 1/f fractal scaling nature furnishes evidence for the conjecture that rather than being an equilibrium system, Earth's long‐term evolution follows a self‐organized pattern.
Coral Skeletons Record Increasing Agriculture‐Related Groundwater Nitrogen Inputs to a South Pacific Reef Over the Past Century
Authors: Erler Dirk V. , Shepherd Benjamin O. , Linsley Braddock K. , Lough Janice M. , Cantin Neal E.
Published: July 2018

Anthropogenic activity on tropical islands has been linked with nitrogen (N) contamination of groundwater and subsequent coral reef health decline. However, identifying the temporal patterns of groundwater N contamination has proven difficult because of an absence of long‐term records. Here we use δ15N in coral skeleton organic material (CS‐δ15N) to reconstruct historical patterns of groundwater N discharge to a coral reef system at Rarotonga in the Cook Islands in the South Pacific. Analysis of coral skeletal material dating back to 1880 CE clearly shows that the δ15N of N available in the reef environment around Rarotonga increased between 1980 and 2000. We propose that rapid agricultural development in the Cook Islands between 1960 and 1985 increased aquifer N concentrations leading to the elevated δ15N of groundwater NO3−. The discharge of this groundwater N appears to have continued for at least 15 years after the cessation of the agricultural boom. This has important implications for the management of groundwater contamination on low‐lying tropical islands.
Do CMIP5 Models Reproduce Observed Low‐Frequency North Atlantic Jet Variability?
Authors: Bracegirdle Thomas J. , Lu Hua , Eade Rosie , Woollings Tim
Published: July 2018

The magnitude of observed multidecadal variations in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in winter is at the upper end of the range simulated by climate models and a clear explanation for this remains elusive. Recent research shows that observed multidecadal winter NAO variability is more strongly associated with North Atlantic (NA) jet strength than latitude, thus motivating a comprehensive comparison of NA jet and NAO variability across the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models. Our results show that the observed peak in multidecadal jet strength variability is even more unusual than NAO variability when compared to the model‐simulated range across 133 historical CMIP5 simulations. Some CMIP5 models appear capable of reproducing the observed low‐frequency peak in jet strength, but there are too few simulations of each model to clearly identify which. It is also found that an observed strong multidecadal correlation between jet strength and NAO since the mid‐nineteenth century may be specific to this period.
Thank You to Our 2017 Peer Reviewers
Authors: Hubbard Bryn , Buffington John M. , Coco Giovanni
Published: July 2018

Key Point

The JGR‐Earth Surface Editors thank all the peer reviewers from 2017
Thank You to Our 2017 Peer Reviewers
Authors: Geissman John , Jolivet Laurent , Niemi Nathan , Schildgen Taylor
Published: July 2018

An essential, respected, and critical aspect of the modern practice of science and scientific publishing is peer review. The process of peer review facilitates best practices in scientific conduct and communication, ensuring that manuscripts published as accurate, valuable, and clearly communicated. The over 152 papers published in Tectonics in 2017 benefit from the time, effort, and expertise of our reviewers who have provided thoughtfully considered advice on each manuscript. This role is critical to advancing our understanding of the evolution of the continents and their margins, as these reviews lead to even clearer and higher‐quality papers. In 2017, the over 423 papers submitted to Tectonics were the beneficiaries of more than 786 reviews provided by 562 members of the tectonics community and related disciplines. To everyone who has volunteered their time and intellect to peer reviewing, thank you for helping Tectonics and all other AGU Publications provide the best science possible.
Analysis of PARP inhibitor toxicity by multidimensional fluorescence microscopy reveals mechanisms of sensitivity and resistance
Authors: Michelena Jone , Lezaja Aleksandra , Teloni Federico , Schmid Thomas , Imhof Ralph , Altmeyer Matthias
Published: July 2018

Exploiting the full potential of anti-cancer drugs necessitates a detailed understanding of their cytotoxic effects. While standard omics approaches are limited to cell population averages, emerging single cell techniques currently lack throughput and are not applicable for compound screens. Here, we employed a versatile and sensitive high-content microscopy-based approach to overcome these limitations and quantify multiple parameters of cytotoxicity at the single cell level and in a cell cycle resolved manner. Applied to PARP inhibitors (PARPi) this approach revealed an S-phase-specific DNA damage response after only 15 min, quantitatively differentiated responses to several clinically important PARPi, allowed for cell cycle resolved analyses of PARP trapping, and predicted conditions of PARPi hypersensitivity and resistance. The approach illuminates cellular mechanisms of drug synergism and, through a targeted multivariate screen, could identify a functional interaction between PARPi olaparib and NEDD8/SCF inhibition, which we show is dependent on PARP1 and linked to PARP1 trapping.
A quantitative criterion for determining the order of magnetic phase transitions using the magnetocaloric effect
Authors: Law Jia Yan , Franco Victorino , Moreno-Ramírez Luis Miguel , Conde Alejandro , Karpenkov Dmitriy Y. , Radulov Iliya , Skokov Konstantin P. , Gutfleisch Oliver
Published: July 2018

The ideal magnetocaloric material would lay at the borderline of a first-order and a second-order phase transition. Hence, it is crucial to unambiguously determine the order of phase transitions for both applied magnetocaloric research as well as the characterization of other phase change materials. Although Ehrenfest provided a conceptually simple definition of the order of a phase transition, the known techniques for its determination based on magnetic measurements either provide erroneous results for specific cases or require extensive data analysis that depends on subjective appreciations of qualitative features of the data. Here we report a quantitative fingerprint of first-order thermomagnetic phase transitions: the exponent n from field dependence of magnetic entropy change presents a maximum of n > 2 only for first-order thermomagnetic phase transitions. This model-independent parameter allows evaluating the order of phase transition without any subjective interpretations, as we show for different types of materials and for the Bean–Rodbell model.
Direct electric field control of the skyrmion phase in a magnetoelectric insulator
Authors: Kruchkov A. J. , White J. S. , Bartkowiak M. , Živković I. , Magrez A. , Rønnow H. M.
Published: July 2018

Magnetic skyrmions are topologically protected spin-whirls currently considered as promising for use in ultra-dense memory devices. Towards achieving this goal, exploration of the skyrmion phase response and under external stimuli is urgently required. Here we show experimentally, and explain theoretically, that in the magnetoelectric insulator Cu2OSeO3 the skyrmion phase can expand and shrink significantly depending on the polarity of a moderate applied electric field (few V/μm). The theory we develop incorporates fluctuations around the mean-field that clarifies precisely how the electric field provides direct control over the free energy difference between the skyrmion and the surrounding conical phase. The quantitative agreement between theory and experiment provides a solid foundation for the development of skyrmionic applications based on magnetoelectric coupling.
Targeting CD44v6 for fluorescence-guided surgery in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Odenthal Julia , Rijpkema Mark , Bos Desirée , Wagena Esther , Croes Huib , Grenman Reidar , Boerman Otto , Takes Robert , Friedl Peter
Published: July 2018

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is an often highly invasive tumor, infiltrating functionally important tissue areas. Achieving complete tumor resection and preserving functionally relevant tissue structures depends on precise identification of tumor-free resection margins during surgery. Fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS), by intraoperative detection of tumor cells using a fluorescent tracer, may guide surgical excision and identify tumor-positive resection margins. Using a literature survey on potential surface molecules followed by immunohistochemical validation, we identified CD44 variant 6 (CD44v6) as a constitutively expressed antigen in the invasion zone of HNSCC lesions. The monoclonal anti-CD44v6 antibody BIWA was labeled with both a near-infrared fluorescent dye (IRDye800CW) and a radioactive label (Indium-111) and dual-modality imaging was applied in a locally invasive tumor mouse model. BIWA accurately detected human HNSCC xenografts in mice with a tumor uptake of 54 ± 11% ID/g and invasion regions with an accuracy of 94%. When dissected under clinical-like conditions, tumor remnants approximately 0.7 mm in diameter consisting of a few thousand cells were identified by fluorescence imaging, resulting in reliable dissection of invasive microregions. These data indicate that CD44v6 is a suitable target for reliable near-infrared detection and FGS of invasive HNSCC lesions in vivo.
Nitazoxanide inhibits paramyxovirus replication by targeting the Fusion protein folding: role of glycoprotein-specific thiol oxidoreductase ERp57
Authors: Piacentini Sara , La Frazia Simone , Riccio Anna , Pedersen Jens Z. , Topai Alessandra , Nicolotti Orazio , Rossignol Jean-Francois , Santoro M. Gabriella
Published: July 2018

Paramyxoviridae, a large family of enveloped viruses harboring a nonsegmented negative-sense RNA genome, include important human pathogens as measles, mumps, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza viruses, and henipaviruses, which cause some of the deadliest emerging zoonoses. There is no effective antiviral chemotherapy for most of these pathogens. Paramyxoviruses evolved a sophisticated membrane-fusion machine consisting of receptor-binding proteins and the fusion F-protein, critical for virus infectivity. Herein we identify the antiprotozoal/antimicrobial nitazoxanide as a potential anti-paramyxovirus drug targeting the F-protein. We show that nitazoxanide and its circulating-metabolite tizoxanide act at post-entry level by provoking Sendai virus and RSV F-protein aggregate formation, halting F-trafficking to the host plasma membrane. F-protein folding depends on ER-resident glycoprotein-specific thiol-oxidoreductase ERp57 for correct disulfide-bond architecture. We found that tizoxanide behaves as an ERp57 non-competitive inhibitor; the putative drug binding-site was located at the ERp57-b/b′ non-catalytic domains interface. ERp57-silencing mimicked thiazolide-induced F-protein alterations, suggesting an important role of this foldase in thiazolides anti-paramyxovirus activity. Nitazoxanide is used in the clinic as a safe and effective antiprotozoal/antimicrobial drug; its antiviral activity was shown in patients infected with hepatitis-C virus, rotavirus and influenza viruses. Our results now suggest that nitazoxanide may be effective also against paramyxovirus infection.
Ultrahigh-temperature tensile creep of TiC-reinforced Mo-Si-B-based alloy
Authors: Kamata Shiho Yamamoto , Kanekon Daiki , Lu Yuanyuan , Sekido Nobuaki , Maruyama Kouichi , Eggeler Gunther , Yoshimi Kyosuke
Published: July 2018

In this study, the ultrahigh-temperature tensile creep behaviour of a TiC-reinforced Mo-Si-B-based alloy was investigated in the temperature range of 1400–1600 °C at constant true stress. The tests were performed in a stress range of 100–300 MPa for 400 h under vacuum, and creep rupture data were rationalized with Larson-Miller and Monkman-Grant plots. Interestingly, the MoSiBTiC alloy displayed excellent creep strength with relatively reasonable creep parameters in the ultrahigh-temperature range: a rupture time of ~400 h at 1400 °C under 137 MPa with a stress exponent (n) of 3 and an apparent activation energy of creep (Qapp) of 550 kJ/mol. The increasing rupture strains with decreasing stresses (up to 70%) and moderate strain-rate oscillations in the creep curves suggest that two mechanisms contribute to the creep: phase boundary sliding between the hard T2 and (Ti,Mo)C phases and the Moss phase, and dynamic recovery and recrystallization in Moss, observed with orientation imaging scanning electron microscopy. The results presented here represent the first full analysis of creep for the MoSiBTiC alloy in an ultrahigh-temperature range. They indicate that the high-temperature mechanical properties of this material under vacuum are promising.
Thiamine tetrahydrofurfuryl disulfide promotes voluntary activity through dopaminergic activation in the medial prefrontal cortex
Authors: Saiki Masato , Matsui Takashi , Soya Mariko , Kashibe Tomomi , Shima Takeru , Shimizu Takeshi , Naruto Takehiro , Kitayoshi Takahito , Akimoto Kouji , Ninomiya Shinji , Soya Hideaki
Published: July 2018

A physically active lifestyle is associated with better health in body and mind, and it is urgent that supporting agents for such lifestyles be developed. In rodents, voluntary locomotor activity as an active physical behavior may be mediated by dopaminergic neurons (DNs). Thiamine phosphate esters can stimulate DNs, and we thus hypothesized that thiamine tetrahydrofurfuryl disulfide (TTFD), a thiamine derivative, promotes locomotor activity via DNs in rats. Acute i.p. administration of TTFD enhanced rat locomotor activity in a normal cage. In vivo microdialysis revealed that TTFD-enhanced locomotor activity was synchronized with dopamine release in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Antagonism of the dopamine D1 receptor, but not D2 receptor, in the mPFC fully suppressed TTFD-enhanced locomotor activity. Finally, we found a TTFD dose-dependent increase in voluntary wheel running. Our findings demonstrate that DNs in the mPFC mediates TTFD-enhanced locomotor activity, suggesting the potential of TTFD to induce active physical behavior.