bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
chapter three Patriotism and Profit
Authors: Thomson David K.
Published: May 2023

Chapter three explores the 5-20 Loan Campaign of 1862. In October 1862, Secretary of the Treasury Chase formally granted Jay Cooke the exclusive private agency for the federal government’s $500 million “five-twenty” loan—a scheme that had been part of the Legal Tender Act of March 1862. Once more, these bonds were available with payment plans and in small denominations—as low as fifty dollars—so that it afforded an opportunity for “every Capitalist, be he large or small, or Merchant, Mechanic, Farmer” to “invest at once his spare funds.” Such bonds earned six percent interest and could be purchased with the controversial “greenbacks”—an enticing factor for prospective buyers (especially as interest was paid in gold.) Because of this formation, the populace at large slowly but surely began to invest in U.S. debt beginning with the 5-20 campaign—cutting across the continent and crossing gender and racial lines as well. This marked a demonstrative shift from antebellum society in which most investment could be traced back to cotton and the enslaved. Cooke sold America’s confidence back to itself in an endless cycle and in doing so altered the relationship of both individuals to the state and individuals to investment.
Conclusion
Authors: Mann Larisa Kingston
Published: May 2023

The concluding chapter draws together these ethnographically grounded observations to articulate the mechanisms that enable people to use music to circumvent coloniality. I intend these conceptual frameworks to be useful in further analysis of the potential for or actual existence of cultural autonomy. I also hope they may be useful to people in Jamaica and the diaspora, struggling for autonomy and liberation.
Growing Up and Going Far
Authors: Mayar Mahshid
Published: May 2023

Asking “how far America was from the world? and “where in the world has it been imagined,” this chapter explores the many contours of late nineteenth-century US geography education, especially the pedagogic concept of “home geography”—a model that intended to foster local experiences and observations in order to convey a sense of the world as an eclectic collation of familiar spaces of comfort and civilization called “home.” The chapter argues that home geography invited students to view the United States as a home that was possible to compare to many across the globe, positing “home” in a thoroughly racialized binary opposition to whatever/whomever it excluded. The chapter further traces the path that geography took from a patriotic school subject in the wake of the American Revolution to a “modern” science by the end of the nineteenth century. Reborn as a modern science, the chapter proposes, American geography had become a most effective tool to present the nation’s ever-growing political and commercial entanglements with the world at large. In light of these changes, the chapter discusses how late nineteenth-century school geography was deployed to teach American children how to imagine, inherit, and manage their expanding nation and its overseas empire.
Introduction
Authors: Herrera Ricardo A.
Published: May 2023

By February 1778, the Continental Army’s logistical system had collapsed. The army encamped at Valley Forge starved amidst a land of plenty because the logistical system had collapsed, and Continental currency was nearly worthless. Gen. George Washington feared the army would soon dissolve. Rather than dispersing the army or risking massive numbers of desertions and surrendering control of southeastern Pennsylvania to British control, Washington ordered the Grand Forage, the army’s largest and riskiest operation while encamped at Valley Forge. The Grand Forage demonstrated Washington’s willingness to accept risk, his leadership, his maturation as a strategist, and the confidence and trust that had developed between him and his subordinates. Continental Army foragers competed with Gen. Sir William Howe’s British Army, which also foraged to gather food and supplies.
A Most Proper Place to Remove the Stores to as They Arrive
Authors: Herrera Ricardo A.
Published: May 2023

Supply depots (magazines) were vital elements in the Continental Army’s logistical system, and Ek, Maryland was one of the most important depots throughout the war. Elk contained warehouses and wharves for receiving, storing, and transporting supplies. Its place at the confluence of Big Elk and Little Elk Creeks, the head of navigation (Head of Elk) on the eastern reach of the Chesapeake Bay, as a crossroads, and short distance from the Delaware River to the east made it an ideal location for a magazine. When the British Army landed near head of Elk in August 1777, Continental forces and local militia did their best to remove supplies, but were unable to completely empty the stores, which British forces captured, consumed, or destroyed. By October, Continental forces reoccupied Elk and began reconstituting the magazine. In January, commissary officers began searching for sites with warehouses and wharves to supplement Elk. Col. Ephraim Blaine, deputy commissary for purchases, selected Charlestown, Maryland, on the North East River, just west of Elk. Other agents searched the area for wheat, flour, and other needed supplies. Try as they might, the inefficient system established by Congress hampered commissary and quartermaster agents.
The Emerging Cold War
Authors: Békés Csaba
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the role of East-Central Europe in the emerging Cold War as well as the still debated process of Sovietization in the region, pointing out that it started as early as the Red Army started to liberate and occupy the countries of the region from the Summer of 1944, and it was a most complex phenomenon. It introduces the term “stealthy revolution” for depicting the double-faced strategy of the local Communist parties. The Marshall Plan is presented as a double trap, both for the US and for the Soviets, while the ensuing division of Europe was a joint responsibility of the two superpowers. It argues that the emerging Soviet domination in East-Central Europe in 1944–1945 caused no real conflict with the Western great powers, their recurring public criticism of the antidemocratic moves in the region, notwithstanding.
The Main Features of Kádárist Foreign Policy
Authors: Békés Csaba
Published: May 2023

This chapter introduces a new analytical framework and examines the room for maneuver of Hungarian foreign policy in the coordinate system of a tripartite determinism based on the relationship with 1) the Soviet Union, 2) the West, and 3) an all-East-European lobby contest. While this tripartite determinism of Hungarian foreign policy had existed in some form and magnitude before, the import of the three factors became relatively the same from the mid-sixties on. This theory can also be interpreted in a wider context, and with certain restrictions it can be applied to the entire Soviet Bloc. A subchapter presents and analyses the failed attempts at the reform of the organization of the Warsaw Pact in the mid-1960s.
The chapter also discusses two important secret Hungarian mediation attempts: between Hanoi and Washington during the Vietnam War in 1965–1966 and between Prague and Moscow during the Prague Spring in 1968.
The German Question and the CSCE Process
Authors: Békés Csaba
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the Soviet Bloc’s policies vis-à-vis the heavily interrelated issues of the German Question and European security in the 1960s and 1970s and it also presents and analyses the evolution of the process of foreign policy coordination in the Warsaw Pact during these decades. Introducing in the analysis of alliance policy the category of virtual coalitions, it points out the existence of two sub-blocs in the Soviet bloc (security-oriented – economy-interested). It is argued that there was a constant lobby fight between the two groups (unknown to the outside world), during which at the outset, in the mid-late 1960s Poland and the GDR had the upper hand while from 1969 on, finally the Soviet Bloc’s CSCE agenda was decided by the position of a Soviet-Hungarian-Romanian coalition.
The Warsaw Pact’s Budapest Appeal in March 1969, which was a breakthrough in the process leading up to the signing of the Helsinki Final act in 1975, is presented as a case study of the mechanism of the Soviet Bloc’s internal lobby fights.
Epilogue
Authors: Békés Csaba
Published: May 2023

This chapter argues that the acceptance of internal political changes in East-Central Europe by no means meant that Gorbachev was ready to give up the Soviet sphere of influence in the region as well. During 1989–1990 it was not only Moscow that was interested in the regional Finlandization of East-Central Europe, but the Western powers were originally also willing to accept this option, i.e., establishing democratic systems while preserving the Soviet sphere of influence by maintaining the existing integration organizations: the Warsaw Pact and the Comecon.
This superpower consensus, paradoxically, opened the way for the countries of the region to play a historic role in the process of regaining their independence. In the “struggle for independence” mainly the Hungarian and Czechoslovak leadership played a prominent role, who, later joined by the Poles, achieved their goals by early 1991. Then Moscow, pressed by the ever more chaotic internal situation in the Soviet Union, eventually yielded to the pressure and first the military organization of the Warsaw Pact was eliminated and then at the end of June the Comecon and on July 1 the WP itself was disbanded.
Carolina
Authors: Butler Lindley S.
Published: May 2023

The beginning of English settlements in the New World and the history of its founders is discussed in this chapter. The life history of the eight proprietors is told throughout the chapter and discusses events that led to the settlement of the first colonies. The first colony under proprietary governance was the Cape Fear settlement. Later in the chapter, the framework for future colonies including North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and the offshore Bahamas is constructed through Carolina’s proprietary charters as well as its constitutions.
From North and East of Cape Fear to North Carolina
Authors: Butler Lindley S.
Published: May 2023

The general history of initial settlement near the Cape Fear and Albemarle is discussed throughout this chapter. The culture of the Albemarle and Quakers is mentioned. Important persons of this developing settlement are discussed in great detail.
Meaning Making in Chaplaincy Practice: Presence, Assessment, and Interventions
Authors: Grefe Dagmar , McCarroll Pamela , Ansari Bilal
Published: May 2023

During life's transitions and moments of crisis, trauma, and loss, the struggle to make meaning can compound the experience of suffering. Chaplains help careseekers make meaning and reconnect with life in the face of suffering. Meaning making has often been associated with religion. Yet, even as adherence to institutional forms of religion wanes in North America, the need to make meaning persists. Meaning making is intrinsic to being human and constitutes a central focus for the work of spiritual care. This chapter delineates three primary competencies that equip chaplains to assist their careseekers in the holistic process of meaning making.
Meaning Making through Ritual and Public Leadership
Authors: Robins Rochelle , Hansen Danielle Tumminio
Published: May 2023

Chaplains respond to individual and communal needs of meaning making through facilitation of rituals. They provide rituals to support careseekers in contexts of liminality, transition, and boundary situations, such as crisis, disaster, and death. Through several examples and two fictional cases, this chapter describes the contexts for rituals as well as the functions they fulfill. The chapter introduces four competencies for the facilitation of rituals: (1) assessing needs, (2) drawing on wisdom traditions for contemporary meaning making, (3) structuring rituals, and (4) facilitating connections. The ancient Hebrew biblical concept of tzaraat, affliction, is used as an example of how chaplains can use concepts from their own sacred texts to shed light on meaning for contemporary times. The concept describes how the chaplain as a representative of the sacred can facilitate community and give voice to personal, communal, and systemic afflictions. Rituals can provide stability, mark sacred time and space, remember and reveal, nurture resiliency, and empower and inspire new visions of freedom from affliction.
Interpersonal Competencies for Cultivating Spiritual Trust
Authors: Doehring Carrie , Kestenbaum Allison
Published: May 2023

This chapter describes three interpersonal spiritual care competencies building upon each other to cultivate spiritual trust: spiritual self-differentiation, spiritual empathy, and spiritual reflexivity. In the lifelong process of learning these competencies, chaplains need to practice spiritual self-care that helps them self-differentiate by maintaining healthy boundaries within the power dynamics of caregiving. Chaplains practice spiritual differentiation by drawing upon their religious, theological, and clinical education to focus on differences between their own and another person's beliefs, values, and spiritual practices. Spiritual differentiation is at the heart of interreligious care, which makes chaplains more spiritually trustworthy. Building upon spiritual differentiation, spiritual and social empathy helps chaplains imagine how another person's suffering generates contextual values, beliefs, and coping practices that may be shaped by systemic abuses of power. People are more likely to trust chaplains who are spiritually differentiated and empathic. Such trust makes people want to search for meanings with chaplains, a process described in previous chapters. Chaplains become spiritually trustworthy when they are spiritually reflexive about how values and beliefs are contextually shaped by aspects of one's social, religious, or spiritual identities. A case study illustrates how chaplains use communication skills in practicing spiritual care that is spiritually differentiated, empathic, and reflexive.
Interpersonal Competence in Contextualizing Power Dynamics in Socially Just Spiritual Care
Authors: Coble Richard , Springer Mychal
Published: May 2023

Social justice is a core facet of spiritual care because contextual power dynamics and systemic disparities within the institutions where chaplains work impact the well-being of their careseekers. In order to gain competency in socially just spiritual care, chaplains must grasp the basic vocabulary, trends, and history of these dynamics. While the meaning and specifics of power dynamics and systemic disparities will change depending on each chaplain's context, this chapter serves as an introduction to the knowledge and skills necessary for competence in socially just spiritual care. The chapter introduces core terms—power, social location, patriarchy, and systemic racism—in their relation to chaplaincy and then provides an overview of the history of the communal contextual shift in spiritual caregiving. Finally, through two case studies, the chapter illustrates how chaplains can employ this competency toward immediate care for their careseekers as well as shift systemic dynamics within their home institutions toward greater well-being and justice.
Castles Made of Sand
Authors: Estes Steve
Published: May 2023

The final chapter deals with aging and mortality, including interviews with the first generation of surfers as they “retire” from the sport, chronicle their own histories, and ultimately, begin to pass away.
A Day On, Not a Day Off
Authors: Fleming Daniel T.
Published: May 2023

In 1994, President Bill Clinton transformed the King Holiday into a day of service. With the support of Senator Harris Wofford, Representative John Lewis, and Coretta Scott King, Clinton yoked the holiday to his volunteer community service agenda. After creating AmeriCorps and the Corporation for National and Community Service (CNCS), Clinton and his allies ushered the King Holiday and Service Act of 1994 through Congress. Inspired by King’s Drum Major Instinct sermon they shifted the holiday’s emphasis away from the sanitized balm of King’s I Have a Dream speech and Clinton argued that Americans could use the holiday to finish King’s agenda. He, Wofford, Lewis, and Coretta Scott King, wanted a day on, not a day off, to participate in volunteer community service. Yet, the concept had neoliberal overtones that can be traced to Clinton’s New Democrat ideals. Clinton hoped to tackle poverty without expanding welfare. Compared to Republican and House speaker Newt Gingrich, however, who wanted to abolish welfare altogether, AmeriCorps offered a “third way” between liberalism and conservatism.
The Coca-Cola Scenario
Authors: Fleming Daniel T.
Published: May 2023

When Coretta Scott King resigned from leading the Martin Luther King Jr. Center in 1994, her son Dexter Scott King privatized the King legacy. He enforced the copyrights to his father’s intellectual property, which were held by the Martin Luther King Jr. Estate. Dexter marketed his father like Coca Cola, hoping to monetize the King brand in time for the 1996 Olympics Games, in Atlanta. He sought also to capitalize on the World Trade Organization’s Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights agreement. Dexter used the neoliberal business methods of spending cuts, deregulation, and privatization. He reduced federal government influence on the King legacy by attacking the National Parks Service’s management of the Martin Luther King Jr. Historic Site in Atlanta and forcing the King Holiday Commission to close. This sidelined and eliminated the organizations that he thought competed with the King Center. The Center and the Corporation for National and Community Service were to organize the holiday hereafter.
Liberal Democrats and Latin America
Authors: Kirkendall Andrew J.
Published: May 2023

In the late 1950s, and particularly following the Cuban Revolution, liberal Democrats began to criticize Eisenhower in Latin America. They proposed support for Latin American development and democracy.
Into the Civil War
Authors: Leonard Elizabeth D.
Published: May 2023

This chapter covers Butler’s military activities during the first phase of the Civil War, beginning with his command of the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia as they raced to defend the U.S. capital from anticipated invasion by the rebel South following the attack on Fort Sumter. Butler’s successful (and impressive) effort to maintain border-state Maryland’s loyalty follows, along with his reassignment to command the Union forces stationed at Fort Monroe, Virginia, where he crafted his all-important “contraband policy,” a crucial milestone on the nation’s path to Emancipation. The chapter ends just as Butler is arriving in New Orleans with his occupation forces.
Reconstruction Congressman
Authors: Leonard Elizabeth D.
Published: May 2023

This chapter covers Butler’s first eight years as a U.S. Congressman from Massachusetts, during which his political views aligned him most reliably and earnestly with the Radical Republicans and against the reconciliationist approach to Reconstruction that Andrew Johnson had quickly adopted and for which Butler and others sought to impeach him. These years also witnessed the impressive (if brief) advance of key aspects of the Radicals’ agenda, followed by a steady and disturbing—not least to Butler--retreat, as Reconstruction itself enabled the expansion of Southern Democratic representation in the national legislature, and white supremacists rose across the South to reassert control over the freedpeople.
Introduction
Authors: Morris J. Brent
Published: May 2023

The massive and foreboding Great Dismal Swamp sprawls over 2,000 square miles and spills over parts of Virginia and North Carolina. From the early seventeenth century, the nearly impassable Dismal frustrated settlement. However, what may have been an impediment to the expansion of slave society became an essential sanctuary for many of those who sought to escape it. In the depths of the Dismal, thousands of maroons—people who had emancipated themselves from enslavement and settled beyond the reach of enslavers—established new lives of freedom in a landscape deemed worthless and inaccessible by whites.
Dismal Freedom unearths the stories of these maroons, their lives, and their struggles for liberation. Drawing from newly discovered primary sources and archeological evidence that suggests far more extensive maroon settlement than historians have previously imagined, award-winning author J. Brent Morris uncovers one of the most exciting yet neglected stories of American history. This is the story of resilient, proud, and determined people who made the Great Dismal Swamp their free home and sanctuary and who played an outsized role in undermining slavery through the Civil War.
The Satellite Graveyard
Authors: Murphy Brian Michael
Published: May 2023

Digital data is ephemeral, as it needs to be migrated to new formats every three to five years. This chapter discusses the proliferation of etching as a technique for preserving data in the digital age. In an era of human-induced climate change, digital technology is its own crisis, and the data complex now demands infinite resources from a finite planet at a pace that could never be renewable or sustainable. Digitization is a new technique for backing up old media formats, but etched silicon discs and other materials are also serving to backup digital information, in a backup loop that reflects both hope in the power of new data formats, and anxiety about these same formats that leads technologists to backup new data formats with ancient methods.
Introduction
Authors: Purcell Sarah J.
Published: May 2023

When Frederick Douglass and Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper publicly mourned Senator Charles Sumner during the week of his public funeral in March of 1874, they took part in a wide-spread tradition of commenting on race and public memory of the US Civil War by commemorating a dead hero. Public funerals helped define, split apart, and then reconstitute US national identity in the years surrounding the Civil War, by providing Americans with a series of rituals of mourning for figures who represented things they cared for. Public culture and media coverage of ritualized funerals helped people work through memoires of the US Civil War in sometimes contradictory and complex ways.
Introduction
Authors: Sharpless Rebecca
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines the sentimental notions of southern baking and argues that its distinctiveness lies in its use of corn and reliance on individual portions of breads such as biscuits and rolls. The chapter provides an overview of the impact of colonialism collision of Native American, European, and African foodways to create a distinctive cuisine shaped by race and ethnicity.
General, They Are Coming!
Authors: Wert Jeffry D.
Published: May 2023

At 4:30 A.M. on Thursday, May 12, 1864, 20,000 officers and men of the Union Second Corps, Army of the Potomac, stepped forth into fog and rain, charging toward the Mule Shoe at Spotsylvania Court House. This chapter is a detailed account of the early hours of the assault and the Rebels’ initial reaction. Winfield Scott Hancock’s veteran Yankees poured over the Mule Shoe’s defenses, routing Edward Johnson’s Confederate brigades and capturing about 3,000 of the Southerners. A Union officer claimed later that the combat was the “fiercest hand-to-hand fighting of the war.” A Confederate veteran declared, “This is the hottest place I was ever in.”
The Death-Grapple of the War
Authors: Wert Jeffry D.
Published: May 2023

Nothing in the collective experiences of the veterans in both armies compared to the struggle for the Mule Shoe on May 12 as depicted in this chapter. Yankees and Rebels fought each other at the length of a rifle barrel across the earthworks and among the traverses. “Neither side dare show their heads” above the parapet in the words of a New York volunteer. “We would reach our gun over the works, depress it as much as we could and fire, and they did the same.” The rain kept falling, and the slaughter continued. Troops under Ambrose Burnside and Gouverneur K. Warren suffered heavy casualties in renewal of assaults on the salient’s eastern face and Laurel Hill, respectively. A Rebel soldier, viewing the ground in front of the Mule Shoe’s apex described it as “one vast Golgotha in immensity of the number of the dead.”
Carnage Infernal
Authors: Wert Jeffry D.
Published: May 2023

This chapter details the intensity of the combat in the Mule Shoe from late afternoon and into the night of May 12. No section of the salient’s works saw greater slaughter than the west angle in the defenses’ line. Confederate Second Corps commander Richard S. Ewell believed that “the fighting was of the most desperate character” at this slight bend in the breastworks. About midnight a red oak tree crashed to the ground, sawed off by rifle and cannon fire. Yankees called this section of the salient “Hell’s Hole,” while Rebels knew it before the fighting ended as the “Bloody Angle.” Eventually, the combat subsided and, around 3:00 A.M. on May 13, the Mule Shoe’s gray-clad defenders withdrew, retiring behind a newly built line of earthworks south of the salient.
Suffer the Little Children
Authors: Casavantes Bradford Anita
Published: May 2023

In this affecting and innovative global history—starting with the European children who fled the perils of World War II and ending with the Central American children who arrive every day at the U.S southern border—Anita Casavantes Bradford traces the evolution of American policy toward unaccompanied children. At first a series of ad hoc Cold War–era initiatives, such policy grew into a more broadly conceived set of programs that claim universal humanitarian goals. But the cold reality is that decisions about which endangered minors are allowed entry to the United States have always been and continue to be driven primarily by a “geopolitics of compassion” that imagines these children essentially as tools of political statecraft. Even after the creation of the Unaccompanied Refugee Minors program in 1980, the federal government has failed to see migrant children as individual rights-bearing subjects. The claims of these children, especially those who are poor, nonwhite, and non-Christian, continue to be evaluated not in terms of their unique circumstances but rather in terms of broader implications for migratory flows from their homelands. This book urgently demonstrates that US policy must evolve in order to ameliorate the desperate needs of unaccompanied children.
Introduction
Authors: Casavantes Bradford Anita
Published: May 2023

The introduction outlines the book’s central argument: that policies and programs regulating the treatment of diverse groups of unaccompanied child migrants to the United States have evolved since the 1930s from a series of ad hoc, voluntary agency-directed and funded childsaving schemes targeting specific groups of at-risk children, into a broadly conceived set of federal laws and federally funded resettlement programs. However, despite official and media discourses that have consistently insisted on the altruistic motives underlying these policies and programs, the US response to unaccompanied child migration continues to be driven by a “geopolitics of compassion” that prioritizes foreign policy and domestic political objectives over children’s best interests.
Collateral Humanitarianism
Authors: Casavantes Bradford Anita
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the period between 1940 and 1945, when the non-sectarian childsaving coalition brought together by the failed campaign for the Wagner Rogers Bill rebranded as the United States Committee for the Care of European Children in order to bring British children to the US after Britain’s entry into the war. Buoyed by overwhelming public support, USCOM’s leaders would establish a new working relationship with the federal government to facilitate the children’s admission; still deeply concerned with the ongoing threat to European Jewish children, they would also seek to use policies, programs, and procedures developed to accommodate British children to continue bringing a limited number of Jewish children to the US during and after World War II. However, to maintain their privileged relationship with the US government, USCOM was compelled to work within the confines of an extraordinarily strict immigration policy, adapting its efforts in ways that served foreign policy and domestic political interests at the expense of children’s needs. In doing so, they ended up practicing a ‘collateral humanitarianism’ that produced ambivalent good for a small number of children, while excluding many of the most desperately needy children from receiving shelter and care in the US.
The Most Difficult Type of Refugee
Authors: Casavantes Bradford Anita
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines the aftermath of the Vietnam War, during which approximately 25,000 unaccompanied minors came to the United States. They were part of a prolonged refugee crisis that catalyzed the passage of the 1980 Refugee Act, establishing the US’s first comprehensive refugee law and first permanent federally-funded foster care program for unaccompanied refugee minors. Culminating a process that began in 1934 with private Jewish American childsaving efforts, the creation of the federal URM program reflected a now widely-accepted belief that unaccompanied refugee minors had a unique age-based claim on priority admissions as well as the right to special forms of state-sponsored care and protection. However, between 1975 and the end of the 1980s, unaccompanied Southeast Asian children remained vulnerable to the vicissitudes of changing foreign policy and domestic political interests. Even as efforts to improve the quality of care provided by the federal URM program began to bear fruit, the growing perception of unaccompanied Vietnamese youth as “anchors” echoed FDR-era discourses that framed endangered European Jewish children as an “entering wedge” who would force open the nation’s gates to their adult relatives.
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN PEMBERIAN MP-ASI DINI PADA USIA 6-12 BULAN DI PUSKESMAS ACEH TAMIANG
Authors: Yulita Yulita , Amelia Rizka , Nababan Agnes Sry Vera , Lestari Wanda
Published: May 2023

Capaian ASI Eksklusif sebesar 55% menurun dari tahun sebelumnya sebesar 61%. Wilayah puskesmas Simpang Kiri Aceh Tamian tahun 2022 menemukan 14 orang ibu yang mempunyai bayi usia 6-12 bulan, 9 orang ibu menyusui sudah memberikan MP ASI Dini, 5 bayi diberikan MP ASI dini saat berumur 5 bulan, dan 4 orang bayi diberikan MP ASI dini saat berumur 3-4 bulan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pemberian MPASI dini pada bayi usia 6-12 bulan di Puskesmas Simpang Kiri Aceh Tamiang. Jenis penelitian analitik observasional dengan rancangan penelitian Cross Sectional study. Populasi dalam penelitian adalah ibu yang mempunyai bayi usia 6-12 bulan sejumlah 137. Besar sampel 102 dengan tekhnik proporsional random sampling. Data dianalisis dengan melakukan uji analisis Chi-square. Ada hubungan pendidikan  terhadap pemberian MP ASI dini (p value 0,05),  ada hubungan pengetahuan terhadap pemberian MP ASI dini (p value 0,042), ada hubungan dukungan keluarga terhadap pemberian MP ASI dini (p value 0,00). Responden diharapkan dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan dan kesadaran tentang pentingnya perencanaan waktu pemberian makanan pendamping ASI yang tepat yaitu > 6 bulan agar tidak terjadi komplikasi pada bayi, dan diharapkan bagi petugas kesehatan agar memberikan  informasi mengenai kapan waktu yang tepat untuk memberikan makanan pendamping ASI.
HUBUGAN KETAHANAN PANGAN RUMAH TANGGA DENGAN STATUS GIZI ANAK BALITA DI DESA FAFOE KECAMATAN MALAKA BARAT KABUPATEN MALAKA
Authors: Hoar Anastasia , Aspatria Utma , Toy Sarci Magdalena
Published: May 2023

Anak balita merupakan salah satu kelompok masyarakat yang peka terhadap masalah ketahanan pangan dan rentan terhadap kurang gizi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan tingkat ketahanan pangan rumah tangga dengan status gizi anak balita di Desa Fafoe Kecamatan Malaka Barat Kabupaten Malaka Tahun 2018. Jenis penelitian ini adalah survei analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional study. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh balita di Desa Fafoe, Kecamatan Malaka Barat, Kabupaten Malaka sebanyak 67 balita. Sampel penelitian adalah balita yang berusia 12-59 bulan yang bertempat tinggal di Desa Fafoe Kecamatan Malaka Barat Kabupaten Malaka. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa sebagian besar keluarga termasuk dalam kategori ketahanan pangan kurang (74,6%), tingkat konsumsi energi dengan kategori kurang dan cukup (44,8%), tingkat konsumsi protein dengan kategori cukup (49,2%), tingkat pendidikan ibu anak balita dengan kategori rendah (53,7%), jumlah anggota keluarga dengan kategori besar (58,2%), pendapatan keluarga dengan kategori rendah (55,2%), dan tingkat pengetahuan gizi ibu dengan kategori kurang (80,6%). Status gizi anak balita dengan kategori gizi kurang (58,2%). Petugas Puskesmas harus mengadakan pendidikan gizi bagi ibu melalui penyuluhan tentang pentingnya memilih, menyediakan dan memberikan makanan dengan memperhatikan jenis, jumlah dan frekuensi makanan agar kebutuhan gizi anak balita dapat terpenuhi dan dapat diperhatikan.
AWARENESS OF EYE HEALTH CARE (A TALE OF TWO CITIES OF PUNJAB)
Authors: Malik Noor ul Ain , Ayesha Eman , Kafeel Wardah , Malik Tayyaba Gul
Published: May 2023

Purpose: To find out eye health care awareness among different age and educational groups in urban population of Lahore and Faisalabad.

Study Design: Descriptive observational study.

Study place and Study period: Faisalabad Medical University and Ameer ud Din Medical College during 2019

Sample collection: Non-probability convenience sampling

Methods:

Six hundred and seventy nine persons of both genders were enrolled from Lahore and Faisalabad. A questionnaire was prepared and presented to recruited individuals. The questionnaire included general knowledge about eye health care and common ocular diseases. Name, age, gender and educational status were included in the questionnaire along with the specific questions related with ocular health. Data was analyzed by dividing the participants into two groups (A and B) according to age and then into three groups (C, D, E) according to educational status.  

Results:

There were 679 individuals, 536 between 15 and 25 years of age and 143 were 26 years and above. There were 194 males and 485 females. 24% were undergraduates, 56% were graduates and 20 % had done post-graduation.

Most of the participants had correct knowledge regarding cataract but not about glaucoma and ocular complications of diabetes. Cataract and red eye were the commonest eye diseases according to majority of the individuals. Majority of the individuals recommended use of sunglasses as the best protective measure against eye diseases.    

 

Conclusion:

Our urban population in two major cities of Punjab lacks eye health care awareness and the condition is only slightly better in the graduates and post-graduates as compared to the undergraduates.
FREQUENCY OF P53 EXPRESSION IN EPITHELIAL OVARIAN CANCER
Authors: Aafia Qasim  , Chughtai Omer Rasheed , Anwar Muhammad Fayyaz , Asma  Zafar  , AS Chughtai  , Samina Zaman
Published: May 2023

Background: The ovarian carcinomas are the most cause of death in women due to cancer. The most common and lethal gynecological malignancy is malignant epithelial tumor.p53 may be used as a marker to predict aggressive behavior and poor response to standard chemotherapy.

Objective: To observe the frequency of positive immunohistochemical expression of p53 in surface epithelial carcinoma.

Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study for immunohistochemical expression of p53 on 100 diagnosed cases of surface epithelial carcinoma was conducted in the department of Histopathology, Chughtai Institute of of Pathology, Lahore during a period of 6 months. Nuclear staining for p53 was considered as positive. Cases with more than 10% positivity in tumor cells were considered as positive.

Results: The mean age of patients and size of tumor were 48.70 ± 10.5 1 years and 9.83 ± 5.33 cm respectively. 25% (n=25) patients had low histologic grades while 75%(n=75) patients had high histological grades.47% (n=47)patients were p53 positive and 53% (n=53) patients were negative for immunohistochemical expression of p53.

Conclusion: The present study states p53 positivity in 47% cases of epithelial ovarian cancer and the data fits to the proposed dualistic pathway of ovarian carcinogenesis as expression of p53 positive cases in high grade cancers is statistically significant ( <0.05).
COMPARISON OF FUNCTIONAL OUTCOME BETWEEN DCP AND INTRAMEDULLARY NAIL IN THE TREATMENT OF SIMPLE TRANSVERSE HUMERUS FRACTURE
Authors: Ansari Hizbullah Riaz , ARAIB GHEGA  , Ahsan Atta  , Sandhu Asad Ali Sandhu , Umair Ahmed  , Ashfaq Ahmed  , Aziz Amer
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To compare functional outcome in patients managed with dynamic compression plating or locked intramedullary nailing for humeral shaft transverse fractures in Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital.

METHODS: This randomised control trial was conducted in Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital, Lahore  from  September 15 to March 15, 2020. Patients of either gender and all ages with humerus shaft  transverse fracture fulfilling the inclusion criteria were assessed and treated with either DCP or locking intramedullary nail. Post-operative functional outcome was graded as excellent,good, fair and poor.

Results: The total number of patients in our study were 60. Mean age was 38.7±12.79 years. Male patients were 45(75%) and female 15(25%). Mean follow up period  minimum was of 6 months.In the Intramedullary nail group(I), the  Neer scores were 13 (43.3%) excellent,11 (36.7%) good, 4 (13.3 %) fair and 2( 6.7%) poor. Whereas, functional outcome  Neer scores of Dynamic compression plate group (II) were 23(76.7%) excellent,6 (20%) good, and only single case( 3.3%) shows poor result.

Conclusion: The functional outcome with both modalities were excellent with mean Neer score of respective Nail and DCP with 85.90% and 91.03%.
Influence of Teacher’s Self-Worth on Secondary School Learners’ Academic Performance in Kakamega County, Kenya
Authors: Sila Esther , Odera Peter , Poipoi Moses
Published: May 2023

Teachers are charged with the responsibilities of leadership management in schools in Kenya. Teachers, as decision-makers, are continually faced with problems managing school resources and funds. Since principals have a lot of responsibilities, it is necessary that they be well informed on aspects of good leadership. Despite the government's efforts to ensure that there is effective management of schools, several cases of uninformed decision-making, poor leadership approaches, and dishonesty have been reported in several learning institutions, which may influence the final academic performance of the learners. Some of the substandard academic students’ performance has been linked to the lack of self-efficacy of teachers in their profession. Self-efficacy is one of the eight core competencies in the Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC). Other studies have addressed the issue of teacher leadership approaches in schools, however. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the level to which teachers' self-efficacy affects learners' academic performance. The study adapted the non-experimental research design, which is the ex-post-facto survey research design and correlation research design. Data was collected through questionnaires, interview schedules, document analysis, and focus group discussion. Qualitative data was received in verbative, transcribed, and reported in themes and sub-themes. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages, while inferential statistics involved Pearson correlation. The study revealed a statistically significant result between components of teachers’ self-worth and secondary school learners’ academic performance (r=.68, p<.05). The study recommends that school leaders, especially principals, should cooperate with teachers to create and reform the school environment so that it can foster students' interest in learning and improve their academic performance. In addition, school heads need to adopt a transformational leadership style—a kind of leadership that inspires people to attain greater or amazing outcomes.
ATUAÇÃO DO FARMACÊUTICO NO DESCARTE DE MEDICAMENTOS E SEU IMPACTOS AMBIENTAIS
Authors: Gregório Neto David Manoel , Andrade Leonardo Guimarães de
Published: May 2023

Os medicamentos são ferramentas importantes para ajudar na prevenção e na recuperação da saúde das pessoas. O consumo de medicamentos consequentemente gera resíduos e faz-se necessário realizar o descarte de maneira correta, pois ao descartá-los diretamente no lixo ou no vaso sanitário, podem acarretar sérios danos ao meio ambiente e à saúde da população. É importante informar a população que existem locais específicos que recebem os medicamentos e os descartam de maneira apropriada. O profissional farmacêutico é imprescindível para auxiliar na conscientização do descarte correto de medicamentos, uma vez que ele tem o contato direto com o paciente no momento da dispensação o que torna o momento oportuno para orientá-lo tanto sobre o uso consciente do medicamento quanto a maneira correta de descartá-lo. O presente trabalho trata-se de um estudo qualitativo,  foi desenvolvido a partir de pesquisas já existentes sobre o tema e tem como objetivo orientar a população sobre o descarte consciente de medicamentos e a atuação do farmacêutico nessa problemática.
Digital platforms by incumbents: Characteristics and failure factors
Authors:   , Dos Santos De Jesus Leandro
Published: May 2023

This thesis investigates the adoption of digital platforms by incumbent firms and the reasons why they might fail. It starts with a review of how platforms are evolving due to digitization and why that matters to incumbents. Based on data from leading car manufacturers, the study derives characteristics of platform business models adopted by incumbents and explains how these characteristics relate to failures. A Delphi study with experts in the automotive industry is presented to further explain factors leading to failure. As result, the thesis introduces an integrative model on failures in digital platforms by incumbents, their causes and consequences.
An economic analysis of causal relationships of an unknown kidney disease: Evidence and policy implications
Authors:   , Kalyanaratne Samarakkodi Withanage Ajantha
Published: May 2023

This thesis is a comprehensive study of socioeconomic factors causing a kidney disease of uncertain aetiology and its economic burden in Sri Lanka. The study analyses network relationships among suspected socioeconomic factors and various cost components associated with the disease. The results suggest that the currently unknown aetiology of the disease could be explained in terms of discriminatory exposure of disease victims to certain undesirable socio-structural and environmental factors. The cost estimates of the disease for the victims highlight the need for urgent policies to be implemented to address the growing disease burden in the country.
Escenarios de competencia en las cadenas globales de producción en la industria automotriz: un estudio de caso del Grupo Stellantis y su planta ensambladora en Vigo
Authors: Rísquez Ramos Mario
Published: May 2023

Las transformaciones que durante las últimas décadas se han producido en la forma en que se organiza la producción y el comercio en el terreno de la economía mundial invitan a retomar y revisar la discusión en torno a las coordenadas conceptuales sobre las que se aborda el debate acerca de la competencia y la competitividad. En este trabajo se plantea una propuesta teórico-interpretativa para caracterizar la competencia en el marco de las cadenas globales de producción. Para ello se realiza un estudio de caso de la industria automotriz, a partir del cual se profundiza en el análisis de cómo impacta el proceso de modularización de la producción en la competencia entre las plantas ensambladoras de un mismo grupo empresarial.
Interests in Petanque Sports Field Visitors Andi Makkasau Parepare City
Authors: Yuni Sahruni Ade , Margaretha Warwuru Priclya , Marlissa Damaris
Published: May 2023

Study Purpose. In this study the aim was to find out the interest in petanque sport by visitors to the Andi Makkasau field in Parepare City, which in general, petanque sport is a sport that is still commonplace but is seen as a positive activity for the community in striving to achieve at the level of physical fitness while also increasing achievement.
Materials and Methods. The population in this study were all visitors to the Andi Makkasau Field in the city of Parepare with a total of 30 people who regularly come to participate in petanque sports twice a week without specifying an age limit. The data collection technique instrument used a questionnaire by asking several questions in writing and then the respondents answered according to the instructions given. The data analysis technique that the researcher uses in this case is the quantitative descriptive analysis technique.
Results. Research on the interest in petanque sports of Andi Makkasau field visitors in Parepare city in terms of intrinsic and extrinsic interest aspects, namely 6 people or (20%) have a low interest category, 10 people or (33.33%) low interest category, 8 people or (26 .67%) medium category, 4 people or (13.33%) high category and 2 people or (6.67%) have very high category.
Conclusion. This figure is of course a concern in efforts to increase competence as a sport that has just joined in the city of Parepare which only has very high interest of 2 people.
Survey of Supplement Use and Effects Felt by Amateur Boxers
Authors: Trisnar Adi Prabowo  , Nevitaningrum  , Septian Resi Wibowo Moch. , Dwi Yulianto Wahyu
Published: May 2023

Study purpose. To investigate type of supplement and amount of supplement used as well as the perceived effect and needs of boxers.
Materials and methods. This research is a survey conducted from December 2022 to January 2023. The instrument used a questionnaire (google form).Boxers have 2 criteria, namely: 1) are still active as athletes and 2) have been champions at the provincial level with a total of 155 boxers, 116 male boxers and 39 female boxers.
Results. 74 boxers used more than 1 type of supplement (48%), 81 boxers used only 1 type of supplement (52%). Type of supplement, Creatine 23 boxers (8.1%). Whey Protein 14 boxers (4.9%), Fat Burner 93 boxers (32.9%). BCAA 26 boxers (9.2%). Amino 12 boxers (4.2%). Multivitamins and minerals 114 boxers (40.7%). The effect felt, 22 boxers felt effect is "very low" (14.21%), 40 boxers felt effect is “low” (25.80%), 53 boxers felt effect is "enough" (34.19%), 14 boxers felt effect is “high” (9.03%), 26 boxers felt effect is “very high” (16.77%). The need to use supplements, namely 7 boxers need supplements is "very low" (4.54%), 13 boxers need supplements is “low” (8.38%). 52 boxers need supplements is “enough” (33.54%). 44 boxers need supplements is "high" (28.38%). 39 boxers need supplements is "very high" (25.16%).
Conclusion. Multivitamins and minerals and fat burners are popular supplements used by boxers because of their convenience and more beneficial benefits. However, boxers are still less concerned about how to use supplements. It is evident from the results that show that many boxers feel in the categories of "enough", "low" and "very low" in the use of supplements but boxers think that the use of supplements is really needed. Further research is expected, to determine the amount and type of supplement recommended specifically for boxing athletes.