bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weight Changes in Adult Twins
Authors: Fabsitz R. , Feinleib M. , Hrubec Z.
Published: July 2016

Longitudinal study of 514 pairs of US white male twin veterans was made possible by compiling data from military records, mailed questionnaires, and physical examinations. Height and weight were used to calculate the Quetelet index for twins at different ages covering induction into the Armed Forces (generally 17–24 years), 25 years, 40–50 years at questionnaire response, and 42–56 at physical examination. Cross-sectional analyses of Quetelet Index at these 4 points in time showed consistent evidence of significant genetic variance. Additional twin analyses of change in Quetelet Index both from induction and from age 25 to approximately age 48 were done. Both analyses showed significant genetic variance for change in Quetelet Index during this time span of 25 or more years for most subjects. Heritability estimates were 0.6 for change in Quetelet Index from induction (mean age 20) to examination (mean age 48) and 0.7 for change in Quetelet Index from age 25 to examination. While studies of younger twins have shown significant genetic influence on growth (height and weight), this study of adults demonstrates significant genetic influence on change in weight even after maturation.
Dissimilar Effects of Thalidomide in Dizygotic Twins
Authors: Schmidt Márcia , Salzano Francisco M.
Published: July 2016

Among 93 cases of thalidomide embryopathy ascertained in Brazil, one pair of female dizygotic twins was found. One of them presented complete paraxial hemimelia in the right arm while the other showed a triphalangeal thumb at the left hand and had duodenal stenosis. Of the eight dizygotic twin pairs exposed to thalidomide in utero described thus far, only four were concordant for the type of malformation.
Contraceptive Pills and Twins
Authors: Métneki Julia , Czeizel Andrew
Published: July 2016

Neither the percentage in the previous use of contraceptive pills nor the distribution of the time interval between the discontinuation of the pill and conception has shown any significant difference in twins and control singletons. Twin conception within one month after discontinuation of the norethynodrel type pill, however, was significantly more frequent, whereas after the use of the linestrenol type, it was lower.
Obstetrical Profile of Twin Pregnancies: A Retrospective Review of 11 Years (1969–1979) at Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Canada
Authors: De Muylder Xavier , Moutquin Jean-Marie , Desgranges Marie Françoise , Leduc Bernard , Lazaro-Lopez Francisco
Published: July 2016

Four hundred and thirty-four twins delivered from 220 women at Notre-Dame Hospital were studied during a period of 11 years (1969–1979). The maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcome was compared before and after 1974, the year ultrasonography and other changes in perinatal care were introduced in our institution. Early diagnosis occurred more frequently after 1974, together with increased antenatal hospitalization. Preeclampsia and hepatic cholestasis occurred in 19.5% and 9.5% of women, respectively. Preterm delivery occurred in 42.2% of the cases. The corrected fetal mortality rate was 30.2/1,000 and corrected perinatal mortality rate was 74.9/1,000. About 90% of the neonatal deaths occurred in infants born before 36 weeks. Internal version and complete extraction of the second twin increased the neonatal mortality sixfold compared to spontaneous delivery. Availability of ultrasound examination significantly reduced preterm delivery.
Perinatal Profile of Twin Pregnancies:A Retrospective Review of 11 Years (1969–1979) at Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Canada
Authors: Desgranges Marie-Françoise , De Muylder Xavier , Moutquin Jean-Marie , Lazaro-Lopez Francisco , Leduc Bernard
Published: July 2016

Four hundred and thirty four twins occurring in 220 women were studied during a period of 11 years (1969–1979) at Notre-Dame Hospital.

Perinatal mortality (< 28 days) was compared before and after 1974, and the impact of ultrasound technique upon perinatal outcome was assessed during the second period (1974–1979). The main factor associated with perinatal mortality was low birth weight caused by either prematurity or intrauterine growth retardation.

While fetal mortality remained unchanged within the two study periods, neonatal mortality decreased from 68.2/1,000 to 28.9/1,000 mainly due to increased survival rate of twins below 1,500 g at birth.

With identical perinatal care during the same period, perinatal mortality and incidence of intrauterine growth-retarded twins remained unchanged despite early diagnosis by ultrasound.
The Association of Twinning and Neural Tube Defects: Studies in Los Angeles, California, and Norway
Authors: Windham Gayle C. , Bjerkedal Tor , Sever Lowell E.
Published: July 2016

Accurate, unbiased malformation rates in twins must be obtained unselectively from population-based studies that include livebirths and stillbirths after a thorough ascertainment of cases. This type of study was conducted in Los Angeles County, California, where 28 twins with a neural tube defect (NTD) were identified. The prevalence in twins (1.6/1,000) was significantly higher than in singletons (1.1/1,000). The study then was expanded to include population-based data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway which has a comparable overall NTD prevalence (1.0/1,000) and twinning rate (2%). The combined material shows a higher prevalence of anencephaly and encephalocele but not of spina bifida in twins compared to singletons. The male/female ratios in total twin and singleton cases were comparable (0.8), but varied by specific defect. Like-sex twin females appeared at highest risk for NTD as well as for fetal death.

This study supports theories which associate NTDs with monozygotic twins, either through developmental disruptions that cause susceptibility to environmental agents or through a common etiology. Furthermore, it suggests that twins and singletons differ in their response to etiologic factors for the development of NTDs and that the development of each type of NTD may be related to different factors.
Some Observations Concerning Leukemia in Twins
Authors: Danis Ronald P. , Keith Louis G.
Published: July 2016

The first report of leukemia occurring in both members of a twin pair was by Seigel in 1928. Since this time many more case reports and epidemiologic studies have appeared in the literature. In recent years, however, published reports on leukemia in twins have been less common. This waning interest is certainly not due to overstudy, since even the most basic questions concerning the occurrence of leukemia in twins have yet to be definitively answered. Apparently, research on this subject is at an impasse due to the difficulty of obtaining study populations and the lack of substantial experimental data in the records of the few twin registries in existence. This report represents an update on the observations and comments on this subject begun in 1970 by Keith and Brown [4].
The Human Twin
Authors: Gedda Luigi
Published: July 2016

For the geneticist, or for anyone else, to make a speech in Jerusalem means a cultural effort that is extraordinary. Like every other researcher, the geneticist must locate his scientific investigations in the context of a truth which embraces nature and the history of man. Those of us who are concerned with twin studies, however, cannot simply leave our concrete and specific field to deal with theoretical themes; rather, we must extract from our research these concepts that bridge the gap between the particular truths we seek and that total truth, which man desires in order to resolve the mystery which surrounds his existence.

I would like to submit to the distinguished personalities who are honoring our Congress with their presence, as well as to my very dear colleagues, the idea that the best project for creating a link between our field of interest and the other interests of modern culture would be to survey the state of our knowledge about the personality of the human twin.

Therefore, I will not talk about the application of the method of twin studies, but about the identical twin, the monozygotic (MZ) twin individual. That is, I will not talk about those dizygotic (DZ) twins like Esau and Jacob, who were different. DZ twins are, of course, real twins, and about twice as frequent as the MZ ones. But I will refer only to the twin who has another twin identical to himself, and who represents the classical model of the phenomenon of twins.
Diagnosis of Twin Zygosity by Self-Assessment and by Genetic Analysis
Authors: King M.-C. , Friedman G. D. , Lattanzio D. , Rodgers G. , Lewis A. M. , Dupuy M. E. , Williams H.
Published: July 2016

For 173 pairs of like-sex adult twins, self-assessment of zygosity was verified by laboratory diagnosis. Seventeen percent of twins who were very likely monozygous (MZ) believed themselves dizygous (DZ), frequently citing two placentas at their delivery as “evidence.” We suggest that twins be asked what leads them to their assessment of their own zygosity. For 93% of Caucasian and 89% of American Black like-sex twins in our sample, DZ twins could be differentiated based on six polymorphic markers retrievable from frozen sera. MZ twins who believe themselves DZ can be considered “environmentally DZ, genetically MZ” twins, and might be used to study genetic and environmental influences on the treatment of twins and on twins' choices of social characteristics.
Conditional Concordance in Monozygotic Twins
Authors: Suarez Brian
Published: July 2016

Twin concordance rates are usually reported without reference to the number of parents affected, apparently because the simple demonstration that monozygotic (MZ) twins are more concordant than are dizygotic (DZ) twins is the goal of most twin studies. Depending on the underlying mechanism, however, twin concordance rates can vary widely when conditioned on the number of parents affected. For the generalized single-locus model it is shown that conditional concordance rates in monozygotic twins, along with an estimate of the disorder's prevalence in the population, uniquely specify the underlying parameters of this important model. Knowledge of the exact parameter set is essential for competent genetic counseling.
The Intrauterine Growth of the Biparietal Diameter of Twins
Authors: Persson Per-Håkan , Grennert Lars
Published: July 2016

A series of 978 repeated ultrasonic measurements of the fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) assessed the growth of 119 twin pairs during the second half of pregnancy. The mean BPD values for each gestational week were close to the mean values for singletons. From the 32nd week, the BPD growth curves for twins deviated from that for singletons. The second twins' growth curve ran consistently below that of the first and fell away more from the 32nd week on. In 80% of the measurements, the first twin (defined as the twin in, or close to, the pelvic inlet) was the one with the largest BPD. The intrapair difference in BPD had no correlation to the intrapair difference in body length, head circumference, or birth weight. In 91 of the 119 twin pairs, zygosity was settled by sex, histological examination of placenta, or blood grouping. The longitudinally compiled BPD growth curves (678 BPD determinations) showed the curve for dizygotic twins consistently running above that of the monozygotic twins. The BPD differences between the first and the second twin remained also within mono- and dizygotic groups of twins.
Glucose Tolerance in Twin Pregnancy
Authors: Campbell Doris M. , MacGillivray Ian
Published: July 2016

The hypothesis of a slower rate of glucose disappearance after intravenous glucose injection has been tested and proved in a sample of 54 women with twin pregnancies. Different standards for glucose tolerance being therefore required for these women, care should be taken before labelling them as diabetic.
The Genetical Relationship of Impulsiveness and Sensation Seeking to Eysenck's Personality Dimensions
Authors: Martin N. G. , Eaves L. J. , Fulker D. W.
Published: July 2016

The genetical analysis of covariance structures is used to explore the genetical and environmental intercorrelations of impulsiveness and sensation seeking factors and their conformity to Eysenck's principal personality dimensions. The independent dimensions of psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism, and lie scale are not found to give a very satisfactory account of the genetical factor structure. In particular, it is clear that impulsiveness and sensation seeking are not simple reflections of extraversion.
The Determination of Twin Zygosity by Means of a Mailed Questionnaire
Authors: Torgersen Svenn
Published: July 2016

A mailed questionnaire dealing with similarity in childhood, and how often and by whom the twins were mixed up, was applied to 290 same-sex adult twin pairs. For about 75% of pairs ten genetic markers were analysed. The agreement in zygosity classification between questionnaire and blood typing was high. Irrespective of whether raw scores or discriminant function analysis was applied, the agreement was nearly 95%. When a decision tree was applied, the percentage rose to nearly 96%. Considering that probably four of the twin pairs were wrongly classified as MZ by genetic markers, the percentage rose to 96 and 98, respectively.
Analysis of Longitudinal Twin Data. Basic Model and Applications to Physical Growth Measures
Authors: Wilson Ronald S.
Published: July 2016

A formal model is presented for the analysis of longitudinal twin data, based on the underlying analysis-of-variance model for repeated measures. The model is developed in terms of the expected values for the variance components representing twin concordance, and the derivation is provided for computing within-pair (intraclass) correlations, and for estimating the percent of variance explained by each component. The procedures are illustrated with physical growth data extending from birth to six years, and concordance estimates are obtained for average size and for the pattern of spurts and lags in growth. A test of significance is also described for comparing monozygotic twins with dizygotic twins. The procedures are particularly useful for assessing chronogenetic influences on development, especially whether the episodes of acceleration and lag occur in parallel for genetically matched twins. The model may be employed with psychological data also.
The First Five Years of the Budapest Twin Register, 1970–1974
Authors: Czeizel A. , Pazonyi I. , Métneki J. , Tomka M.
Published: July 2016

The Budapest Twin Register recorded 88.6% of the 1739 multiple births that occurred between 1970 and 1974. Of these, 31.2% were male-female pairs. Based on the examination of the placenta (19.8% monochorial) and of genetic markers, 406 pairs proved to be monozygotic and 645 dizygotic. Sex ratio of twins at birth showed a female preponderance (1000 F: 1009 M) in comparison to singletons (1000 F: 1071 M). Average birth weight of the twins was 2101 g. The frequency of stillbirths was about four times higher in twins than in singletons, twice as high in monozygotic than in dizygotic twins, and 2.4 times higher among second than first-born twins.
Hemoglobin Variants in India
Authors: Ajmani Manju , Sharma Archana , Talukder Geeta
Published: July 2016

The occurrence of different types of hemoglobin variants in India has been well-documented in urban populations and in certain tribal areas. Beta-thalassaemia and hemoglobins D, E, H, S, and rare variants like Hb Lepore, have been found in varying percentages. There is a higher incidence of Hb E in the Eastern region and of Hb D in certain Northern populations. The association of Hb E with beta thalassaemia G6PD deficiency has been established. The relationship with other environmental factors, like malaria, is not yet clear.
Double Trisomy as a Mosaic. Case History (48,XYY,+21/47,XY,+21) and Survey of the Literature of Mixed Autosomal-Gonosomal Trisomies
Authors: Schwanitz G. , Hagner M.
Published: July 2016

The case of a boy is reported showing the typical symptoms of Down's syndrome, in whom the chromosome analysis revealed a mosaic karyotype: 50% 48,XYY,+21/50% 47,XY,+2l. Findings of 92 cases from the literature are summarized to show the frequencies of double gonosome-autosome aneuploidies compared with single trisomies. Referring to the different chromosomes involved, the aneuploid cell formation, the frequencies of combinations, as well as the tendency to mosaic formation are analyzed. The age of parents at the time of birth and the life expectancy are described as well as the clinical symptoms. Theories concerning the origin of double aneuploidies are discussed.
Inbreeding Effects in a Coastal Village and Other Parts of Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Reddy V. Rami , Rao A. Papa
Published: July 2016

A survey was carried out among fisher-women in Pallepalam, in Nellore District of Andhra Pradesh, to determine the prevalence and pattern of consanguinity and its effects on fertility, mortality, and morbidity. Of the 106 marriages investigated, 54.72% were consanguineous with predominant proportions of first cousin (36.79%) and uncle-niece (13.21%) marriages. The average inbreeding coefficients for autosomal and sex-linked genes were found to be 0.0405 and 0.0448 respectively. The differences between consanguineous and nonconsanguineous marriages were studied with respect to fertility, mortality and morbidity.
Reduction Deformities, Twinning and Mortality in Brazilian Whites and Negroes
Authors: Freire-Maia N. , Azevedo J.B.C.
Published: July 2016

A series of house-to-house surveys in Central Brazil revealed 32 cases of reduction deformities of the limbs (brachydactyly, synbrachydactyly, ectrodactyly, amely, adactyly, achiry, apody, etc.) among 58,761 births (0.54 per thousand, being 0.66 per thousand among Whites and 0.43 per thousand among Mulattoes and Negroes). No sibship was found with two or more equally affected singleton members. One case of concordance among twins is referred. There were no parity, inbreeding, race and sex effects. Both hands and both feet were also equally affected. Precocious mortality and twinning were significantly higher among affected individuals. The presence of cleft lip and palate in one of our index patients may also reflect an etiological relationship. Among the sibs, the total incidence of congenital malformations was similar to that generally accepted for general populations.
Structural Analysis of The Ridge Count data Of Australian Europeans Using Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Singh S. , Aitkin M. A. , Westwood N. H.
Published: July 2016

Multivariate analyses are used to study the structural patterns of ridge counts of fingers. There is a significant difference between the ridge counts of two hands, chiefly due to the first and fourth fingers. There is asymmetry in the covariance matrix of the ridge counts. The correlations between fingers are significant and the decrease in correlation with increasing distance between fingers is not significant.
Triple Mosaicism with Two Autosomally Unbalanced Cell Lines in a Phenotypically Normal Oligospermic Man
Authors: Shabtai Fiorella , Bichacho Shlomo , Halbrecht Isaac
Published: July 2016

The chromosomal analysis of a phenotypically normal, moderately oligospermic man is reported. He presented a triple mosaic complement with two autosomally unbalanced cell lines. The cytogenetic results are discussed, and the importance of such investigations in men attending infertility clinics emphasized.
Hypertrichosis Pinnae Auris, Darwin's Tubercle and Palmaris Longus Among Khatris and Baniyas of Patiala, India
Authors: Singh Lakhbir , Goel Karam Vir , Mahendru Pritpal
Published: July 2016

Hypertrichosis pinnae auris, Darwin's point and tubercle, and muscle Palmaris Longus have been examined in 425 adult subjects from two endogamous groups of Patiala, Hindu Khatris (230) and Baniyas (195). No significant differences between the two groups were found for any of the three traits.
Genetic Selection and Equilibrium Stability
Authors: Rossi Carla
Published: July 2016

The problem of the equilibrium stability of a phenotypic selection process, with a single pair of autosomal alleles, has been numerically studied, on the basis of previously established reproduction differential equations.
Serum Levels and α1-Antitrypsin Phenotypes in Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: Fertakis A. , Archimandritis A. , Tsourapas A. , Douratsos D. , Angelopoulos B.
Published: July 2016

α1-at phenotypes and serum levels were studied in 100 Greek patients of pulmonary TBC by starch-gel electrophoresis and radial immunodiffusion. The mean value of α1-at (315 ± 77) was significantly lower (p < 0.005) than in the control group. An attempt is made to explain this finding based on the α1-at phenotypes distribution in the TBC patients.
Biochemical and Genetic Variables
Associated with Mothers of G1-Trisomy
Affected Children
Authors: Kerkay Julius , Zsako Steven , Cotton James E. , Kaplan Arnold R.
Published: July 2016

The significant differences in biochemical
and chromosomal characteristics, and familial
history observed between group of mothers who gave
birth to children affected with
G1-trisomy (Down's syndrome)
and their age-matched controls, indicate that
these three maternal variables, in addition to the
well known variable of maternal age, are
associated with etiology of the aneuploidy. Since
attempts to find statistical correlation between
these chromosomal and biochemical variables
failed, it is believed that these three are
unrelated, but very possible etiological
factors.
Determination of Triplet Zygosity with the
Use of Serological and Anthropological
Characters
Authors: Herrlin K.M.
Published: July 2016

This paper discusses briefly some problems
involved in zygosity determination in triplets,
such as the calculations of the probability of the
three zygosity types, as well as the use of
serological and other anthropological
characters.
Monozygotic Heterocaryotic Twinning
Authors: Lejeune J. , Aurias A.
Published: July 2016

Since the first publication in 1961, cases of monozygotic heterocaryotic twinning have been repeatedly found and a total of 14 observations can now be analysed. The mechanism involved in this type of twinning is yet uncertain and eventually is not identical in each case, the main uncertainty being to decide whether the chromosomal error affecting one of the twins is related, directly or indirectly, to the process of MZ twinning per se. Regarding the time of occurrence, the error seems to occur at few days of development at the most and, in one case at least, was contemporary to the first division cleavage. Considering the possibility of twins of different sex (e.g., one XY and one XO) the MZ heterocaryotic twinning could be considered as a potential equivalent of autofecundation in species in which the XO is a fertile female. Evolutive implications shall be discussed.
Delayed Ovulation and Monozygotic Twinning
Authors: Bomsel-Helmreich Ondine , Papiernik-Berkhauer Emile
Published: July 2016

Aiming to show that delayed ovulation may induce MZ twinning, follicular maturation was induced in the rabbit by a small quantity of Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin (16 UI four times): coitus, which induces ovulation in the rabbit, was delayed 60 hours after the last injection. From the 387 blastocysts obtained after this treatment, 6 (7.5%) were pairs of MZ twins, twinning being otherwise exceptional in the rabbit. Other anomalies were shown by the embryos, apparently related to a deficient quality of the eggs: high embryonic mortality (62% vs. 27% in controls) and chromosomal anomalies (20%) such as trisomies, triploidies, and chimaeras. The relation between MZ twinning, chromosomal anomalies, and embryonic mortality induced by delayed ovulation, could be connected and related to the poor perinatal conditions frequently observed in human MZ twins.
Analysis of Twin Data and Estimation of Heritability Effects
Authors: Wilson Ronald S.
Published: July 2016

In a statistical sense, the objective of twin research is to partition the variance on some criterion measure among genetic and environmental factors. Although certain elaborate models have been developed, these models do not supply a convenient test statistic to show which factors make a significant contribution. Consequently several procedures drawn from analysis of variance have been adapted for use with twin data.
“Equivocalness” and Other Empirical Methods in Zygosity Assessment
Authors: Gedda L. , Milani-Comparetti M. , D'Alessandro E.
Published: July 2016

Zygosity determination is generally carried out by different methods in small or large twin samples. The probability method based on sex and genetic markers is limited to relatively small samples, as a consequence of its cost. The empirical questionnaire method is applied in several large twin registers. Its margin of error is low enough for population studies, its cost is negligible, but its accuracy is insufficient when zygosity of twin pairs included in definite samples must be individually assessed. Efforts to bridge the distance between the two methods should be made, and they may take either direction: (1) find new, inexpensive genetic markers, or (2) increase the number and accuracy of empirical methods. The accuracy of a number of empirical methods applied to a twin sample of established zygosity has been compared. One modification of the “two peas in a pod” method, originally called “equivocalness method”, appears to warrant inclusion in questionnaire methodology. Also, compound probability as expressed by several empirical methods may reach an acceptable level of accuracy in zygosity assessment.
A Monozygotic Cotwin Control Study of a Treatment for Myopia
Authors: Schwartz J. Theodore
Published: July 2016

Myopia is the world's most common cause of defective vision. The role of controlled accommodation on the progress of myopia is unsettled. This cotwin control study is designed to provide a careful appraisal of the effectiveness of a clinically acceptable method of controlling accommodation. There are no previous reports of similar prospective studies among MZ twins. Expansion of such studies would be aided by collaboration among interested investigators.
Biology of Human Intelligence
Authors: Böök Jan A.
Published: July 2016

The article presents a brief review of the genetic aspects of intelligence as measured by IQ tests. The results from family and twin investigations seem to agree in as much as high heritabilities for IQ can be calculated. There are, however, a large number of insecurities and sources of error which invite to criticism. Although, at present, it is justified to assume that genetic factors contribute substantially to variations in IQs, it would be premature to claim that genetic and other causes of variation could be expressed in precise figures. It seems doubtful if this situation could be further improved by continued use of IQs in genetic investigations. It should be more profitable to use other entities, such as well-defined special abilities, which could be designed directly for genetic analyses.
A Genetic Study on Deaf Twins
Authors: Horiuchi Masatoshi
Published: July 2016

A clinical and genetic study on 25 twin pairs with at least one deaf member was performed. Concordance rate of hearing loss was 0.88 in MZ and 0.50 in DZ pairs, with an almost complete penetrance (P = 0.94). Consanguinity was found in 32% of cases, corresponding to five times the average population rate in Japan.
Duration and Complications of Multiple Pregnancies
Authors: Bolognesi M.
Published: July 2016

Multiple pregnancies reach full term only in a remarkably lower percentage with respect to single pregnancies. Even in the case of multiparae, delivery occurs some three weeks before term. Complications may concern either pregnancy and Puerperium or delivery. The former include (1) abortions, especially frequent in the case of monoplacental and monochorialpregnancies; (2) rarer events, such as hydramnios, placenta praevia, association of an ectopic pregnancy with an intrauterine pregnancy, molar degeneration of one egg with normal development of the other; (3) gestoses of the first and second trimester, more frequent than in single pregnancy; and (4) higher incidence, during Puerperium, of hemorrhage, phlebitis, and uterine subinvolution. With respect to delivery, normal delivery only occurs in approximately 70% of twin pregnancies, the period of dilatation being generally longer than normal. Better assistance and techniques during labor and especially in the interval between delivery of first and second twin have remarkably reduced the higher mortality rate, especially for the second twin.
Ritodrine Hcl for the Prevention of Premature Labor in Twin Pregnancies
Authors: Cetrulo C. L. , Freeman R. K.
Published: July 2016

The perinatal mortality rate for twin gestation is in the range of 15 %, and this is due predominantly to prematurity, although twins may also be born growth retarded. Ritodrine HCl, a beta sympathomimetic drug, has been shown to be effective, both in stopping premature labor and in preventing intrauterine growth retardation. With this in mind, a double-blind study using ritodrine HCl or placebo was begun in order to study its effect on premature labor, intrauterine growth retardation, and the perinatal mortality rate in twins. Thus far, 30 patients have delivered and have been followed to 6 weeks postpartum. Although the results on individual patients have remained blinded to the investigators, an initial evaluation of the ritodrine and placebo groups have revealed no difference with respect to gestational age, birth weight, or perinatal mortality. These preliminary results are not significant. However, it appears that ritodrine HCl is a safe oral agent for the antepartum gravida and her fetus. The study will be continued until approximately 100 patients have been enrolled.
A Case of Simultaneous Interstitial Bilateral Pregnancy
Authors: Pezzani M.
Published: July 2016

Twin pregnancies may present tubal involvement in the following cases: (1) simultaneous intra- and extrauterine pregnancy; (2) interstitial bilateral pregnancy (either simultaneous or not); (3) multiple pregnancy in the same tube; and (4) simultaneous interstitial and ovarian pregnancy.

Interstitial bilateral pregnancy appears to be by far the rarest kind of tubal twin pregnancy, apparently only one case having been reported in the literature, and this referring to a nonsimultaneous pregnancy. A case is now reported that therefore appears to represent the first observation of simultaneous interstitial bilateral pregnancy.
The Twin Condition and the Couple Effects on Personality Development
Authors: Zazzo René
Published: July 2016

Twin psychology has been studied to a very limited extent. Only few remarkable peculiarities of the twins' development are known for sure, such as delayed intellectual development, language retardation with frequent cryptophasia, difficulties and fragility of self consciousness, reduced sociability. These and other peculiarities may result from a number of different factors: biological, peculiar parental attitude, and especially the twin situation itself, the psychology of the twin as an individual being a function of the psychology of the twin pair. Twin peculiarities have for a long time been ignored. On the one hand, psychology ignored the couple reality (it was a “one-body” psychology), and on the other, the twin method classically postulated that twins are not atypical and may therefore be used as a test for the general population. As a matter of fact, twin psychology opens a new way to science. The twin situation may serve as a paradigm for the general study of the couple effect, namely, for the objective analysis of personality as a consequence of the relations between self and others. For certain traits of personality, it is already known that MZ twins brought-up together are significantly less similar than MZ twins brought-up apart. In fact, couple effects may mask or considerably reduce genetic factors.
Studies on the flow of zinc, cobalt, copper and manganese along the digestive tract of sheep given fresh perennial ryegrass, or white or red clover
Authors: Grace N. D.
Published: July 2016

1. Sheep fitted with a rumen fistula and either a re-entrant cannula at the proximal duodenum or a re-entrant cannula at the terminal ileum were given twice daily 480–520 g dry matter as fresh perennial ryegrass, or white or red clover. Flows of digesta were corrected to 100% recovery of chromic oxide.

2. The quantities (g/24 h) of zinc and cobalt leaving the stomach were significantly greater than those in the food. No significant change was found in the quantities of copper and manganese. Significantly smaller quantities of Co (all three diets) and Zn (all diets except red clover) left the small intestine than those which entered this region. No significant differences in the quantities of Cu and Mn entering and leaving the small intestine were found. Significantly smaller quantities of Zn, Co, Cu and Mn were excreted in the faeces than entered the large intestine.

3. From the flow results it was determined that there was a significant net secretion of Zn and Co in the stomach, and a significant net absorption of Zn (except with the red-clover diet) and Co from the small intestine, and of Zn, Co, Cu and Mn from the large intestine.
Inability of selenium to affect creatine metabolism in rat muscle
Authors: Barak A. J. , Allison T. B. , Tuma D. J. , Sorrell M. F.
Published: July 2016

1. Two groups of adult rats were placed in a metal-free environment and pair-fed with selenium-supplemented and Se-deficient diets.

2. After 5 months the animals were killed and skeletal muscle concentrations of creatine, creatine phosphate, ATP, protein and Se were determined.

3. Se deficiency was indicated by the low Se content of the skeletal muscle from the deficient animals, but no changes were found in the amounts of the other components.

4. These results suggest that Se may not be involved in creatine metabolism and that Se deficiency may not be concerned independently in the development of nutritional dystrophy, where changes are found in the levels of protein, creatine, creatine phosphate and ATP.
The rate of heat loss during fasting in the growing pig
Authors: Close W. H. , Mount L. E.
Published: July 2016

1. The heat loss for individual growing pigs, whose initial body-weight was 25–40 kg, was measured continuously for periods of 14 or 21 d when they were maintained at an environmental temperature of either 20 or 30°. For each temperature the feeding level before and after a period of fasting was held at either 39 or 45 g/kg body-weight per d. Four pigs were given each treatment; food was withheld from three animals for a 4 d period in each experiment, and the fourth pig (control) was fed for the whole experimental period.

2. After the withdrawal of food, the heat loss decreased rapidly and minimum values were recorded during the third and fourth days of fasting. Fasting heat loss was higher at 20° than at 30° and was not significantly dependent on the preceding level of feeding. The mean values obtained at 20 and 30° were 457 and 380 kJ/kg0.75 per d respectively.

3. The heat loss during the periods of feeding was significantly higher (P < 0.05) at 30° than at 20°, and was also higher at the higher level of feeding.

4. The apparent efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy for maintenance was calculated as 0.80.

5. It was concluded that the critical temperature for a fasting pig weighing 25–40 kg is approximately 25°.
Vitamin B12metabolism in the fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus). The induction of vitamin B12deficiency and its effect on folate levels.
Authors: van Tonder Susan V. , Metz J. , Green R.
Published: July 2016

1. Vitamin B12metabolism was studied in bats of the speciesRousettus aegyptiacus, which live on an all-fruit diet in the wild.

2. There was a wide range in values for the serum vitamin B12concentration of newly captured bats, but bats captured in the early spring had significantly higher mean serum vitamin B12levels than bats captured in the early autumn.

3. There was an exponential decrease in serum vitamin B12concentration with time in captivity for bats fed on a vitamin B12-deficient, all-fruit diet; the biological half-life was 80 d in serum, 109 d in liver and 164 d in kidney.

4. The main storage organ for vitamin B12in the bat was the liver, mean content 1067 ng vitamin B12. After 50 d, injected [57Co]cyanocobalamin had equilibrated with body vitamin B12stores, and 17% of the retained radioactivity was present in the liver. From these results it was calculated that the total body vitamin B12content of the bat wasc.6500 ng.

5. The biological half-life of injected [57Co]cyanocobalamin was 70–88 d and the calculated daily requirement was 50–60 ng (0.2 μg/kg body-weight per d).

6. As serum vitamin B12levels decreased, serum folate levels increased. The erythrocyte folate concentration increased significantly after 130 d on the all-fruit diet and then decreased to the initial values after 190 d.

7. Vitamin B12metabolism in the fruit bat is similar in many respects to that of man, but on a ‘weight-for-weight’ basis the bat has a 5- to 15-fold greater requirement for this vitamin.

8. Vitamin B12deficiency may be induced fairly rapidly in fruit bats fed on an all-fruit diet.
Spatiotemporal distributions of intestinal helminths in female lesser scaupAythya affinisduring spring migration from the upper Midwest, USA
Authors: England J.C. , Levengood J.M. , Osborn J.M. , Yetter A.P. , Kinsella J.M. , Cole R.A. , Suski C.D. , Hagy H.M.
Published: July 2016

We examined the associations between intestinal helminth infracommunity structure and infection parameters and the age, size, and year and region of collection of 130 female lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) during their 2014–2015 spring migrations through the upper Midwest, USA. We identified a total of 647,174 individual helminths from 40 taxa, including 20 trematodes, 14 cestodes, 4 nematodes and 2 acanthocephalans parasitizing lesser scaup within the study area. Lesser scaup were each infected with 2–23 helminth taxa. One digenean,Plenosoma minimum, is reported for the first time in lesser scaup and in the Midwest. Mean trematode abundance and total helminth abundance was significantly less in 2015 than 2014, and we suspect that colder weather late in 2015 impacted the intermediate host fauna and caused the observed differences. Brillouin's species diversity of helminths was greatest in the northernmost region of the study area, which coincides with the range of a non-indigenous snail that indirectly causes annual mortality events of lesser scaup. While host age and size were not determined to be influential factors of helminth infracommunity structure, non-parametric ordination and permutational analysis of co-variance revealed that year and region of collection explained differences in helminth infracommunities. Our results suggest that spatiotemporal variations play an important role in the structure of intestinal helminth infracommunities found in migrating lesser scaup hosts, and may therefore impact host ability to build endogenous reserves at certain stopover locations in the Midwest.
Can a person prepare to become a Christian? A Kierkegaardian response
Authors: TORRANCE ANDREW B.
Published: July 2016

Is it possible to prepare oneself to become a Christian? For Kierkegaard, there is no straightforward answer to this question, especially since such a transition depends upon a divine activity that is outside the realm of human control. Despite the challenge that this question poses, Kierkegaard's writings do provide us with a way to respond, and this response will be the subject matter of this article. Following an analysis of his position, this article will conclude that, although Kierkegaard recognizes that there are precedent ways of existing that are more conducive to becoming a Christian, it is not helpful to describe them as preparatory.
‘He who of all mankind set up the most numerous trophies to Zeus’ The Inscribed Pillar of Xanthos reconsidered
Authors: Gygax Marc Domingo , Tietz Werner
Published: July 2016

The Inscribed Pillar of Xanthos remains one of the most enigmatic monuments of ancient Lycia. This article addresses the problem of the monument's authorship, but tries also to shed some light on the relative chronology of its inscriptions (a Greek epigram, a long inscription in Lycian A and a short Lycian B inscription), the relationship between the decorative sculptures of the monument and the content of the inscriptions, the political intention of the Lycian A text, and the significance of the Greek epigram for our understanding of the process of Greek acculturation. We argue that the Pillar results from the interventions of different individuals at different times and its overall design, therefore, does not represent a single and unified concept. Viewed from this perspective, several aspects of the monument, while apparently inconsistent at first glance, reveal their own ‘consistency’, which allows us to resolve the contradictions of previous interpretations.
Lycian tombs in the Kibyratis and the extent of Lycian culture
Authors: Gay Kirsten A. , Corsten Thomas
Published: July 2016

With six rock-cut tombs of Lycian type, the region south of the city of Kibyra (in the southern part of Burdur province) is the northernmost area of their distribution. Five of these are published here for the first time. Comparison with tombs in Lycia proper suggests a date in the fourth century BC. On the basis of this date and of similar tombs found in the region of Oinoanda and in the Elmalı plain, it is argued that the existence of this type of rock-cut tomb in what was part of ancient Milyas testifies to the political and cultural expansion of Lycia under ‘king’ Perikle in the 370s BC.
L. Calpurnius Piso, Moles son of Moles, and emperor worship: statue bases from the upper agora at Oinoanda
Authors: Milner N.P. , Eilers C.F.
Published: July 2016

In the course of the late Alan Hall's survey of Oinoanda, a Graeco-Roman city of northern Lycia, between 1974 and 1983, further survey work at the site led by Stephen Mitchell in 1994 and excavations in 1997 led by the Director of Fethiye Museum, İbrahim Malkoç, and Martin Ferguson Smith, many architectural, historical and epigraphical questions have been answered or at least clarified. Other questions, however, await further fieldwork, to be carried out by others, at what is a very beautiful and forested, but rubble-strewn, waterless, and relatively inaccessible, site. In the meantime, progress can be made with the unpublished records and notes of previous campaigns. This article presents five inscribed statue bases, or their remnants, in context from the upper agora of Oinoanda.
Terracotta spacers from the bathhouse at Amorium
Authors: Koçyiğit Oğuz
Published: July 2016

This article discusses the various ways in which the hot (caldarium) and warm (tepidarium) rooms of Roman and Byzantine bathhouses were provided with a wall heating system to complement the underfloor or hypocaust system. Several different methods were devised to create cavities in the walls through which hot air could rise. In some cases a combination of the different methods was used. One of the longest-lasting and widespread methods involved the use of terracotta spacers — small hollow terracotta tubes that were placed as wedges between the main outer wall and the inner revetted wall surface. At Amorium in Phrygia excavations of a small public bathhouse, dating to the sixth–ninth centuries AD, have brought to light a large number of these spacers, together with a few examples of much simpler spacers made out of re-used tile. Examples of both types are described in detail in an accompanying catalogue.
IsSarpedona Bronze Age Anatolian personal name or a job description?
Authors: Durnford S.P.B.
Published: July 2016

It is proposed that the name of the three Bronze Age characters calledSarpēdon(t)- in Greek tradition is a direct rendering of an Anatolian compound noun, approximately*sar-pēdan-, ‘(one having) top position’. Anatolian cognates of bothsar-, ‘up, on’, and*pēdan-, ‘place’, are attested with appropriate figurative meanings. At face value this etymology provides a suitably aristocratic name, but two of the Sarpedons are known mainly as leaders of expeditions connected with Lycia, and being an expedition leader does not conflict with the very limited details reported of the third Sarpedon. The coincidence of name and role suggests that the Anatolian original might have really been a military rank or job description. The explicit connection with ‘Lycia’ in two instances, i.e., with some part of the Luwian-speaking Lukka Lands, makes some variety of Luwian a strong candidate as the source language. Attestation of the name in Iron Age Lycian is slight and inconclusive, but its native form appears to have persisted there into Roman times.
Riding on Homer's Chariot: The Search for a Historical ‘Epic Society’
Authors: Raaflaub Kurt A.
Published: July 2016

This paper continues the author's long-standing quest to define the historicity of ‘epic society’ and to understand epic warfare and battle descriptions. It summarises the range of questions involved and a number of aspects on which some agreement has been achieved. Further progress is only possible by using new approaches. One of these, the comparative study of epic traditions, has recently yielded important results that are briefly summarised. Another new approach, overlapping with that of narratology, aims at understanding the working methods and conventions of the epic singer's art. The application of this approach to the narrative of epic battles has made it possible to distinguish between two large type scenes: ‘normal battles’ and ‘flight andaristeiaphases’. The former are essentially historical and thus help us understand early Greek fighting, while the latter are essentially fantastic. Three elements occur predominantly or almost exclusively in these fantasy scenes: thearisteiaiof the greatest heroes, the active intervention of gods in battle, and the use of chariotsin battle.The demonstration, provided in the final section of this paper, that the latter — a component of Homeric battle that has long resisted convincing explanation — is part of the singer's arsenal of fantastic entertainment and ‘special effects’, removes it from historical consideration and further facilitates the explanation of epic battles and their historicity.
The Provincial Appointments of the Emperor Macrinus
Authors: Davenport Caillan
Published: July 2016

This article argues that the emperor Macrinus initiated an overhaul of the ranks of provincial governors after he came to the throne in 217. He removed several of Caracalla's legates in the Danubian region and in the provinces along the eastern frontier, replacing them with his own appointees. This interventionist approach to provincial administration was a significant departure from the usual practice of emperors retaining their predecessor's governors. It is argued that Macrinus' break with tradition was motivated by the fact that he was the first emperor to be elevated from theordo equester, and wanted to consolidate his position by ensuring that the provinces were entrusted to trustworthy legates.
The Structure of Herodotos' Narrative
Authors: Waters K. H.
Published: July 2016

I have no intention of putting forward yet another theory of composition for the work of Herodotos. This type of study is frequently unsatisfactory, as it tends to depend either on subjective judgements or on circular arguments regarding, for example, the date of composition of particular passages (‘this passage belongs to Herodotos' “developed style” and was therefore written later than such and such a passage occurring later on in the existing arrangement of the work’); alternatively it may tend to force the content of the History into some pre-selected mould, a glaring example of which procedure is ‘pedimental structure’ (Herodotos was not building a temple, and there is no reason why he should have felt symmetry to be a necessary feature of history); or it may establish some kind of moral canon to which Herodotos is alleged to have thought all history conformed.