bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cell-free expression system: a promising platform for bacteriophage production and engineering
Authors: Nour El-Din Hanzada , Kettal Maryam , Lam Serena , Granados Maciel José , Peters Danielle L. , Chen Wangxue
Published: February 2025

Cell-free expression is a technique used to synthesize proteins without utilising living cells. This technique relies mainly on the cellular machinery —ribosomes, enzymes, and other components — extracted from cells to produce proteins in vitro. Thus far, cell-free expression systems have been used for an array of biologically important purposes, such as studying protein functions and interactions, designing synthetic pathways, and producing novel proteins and enzymes. In this review article, we aim to provide bacteriophage (phage) researchers with an understanding of the cell-free expression process and the potential it holds to accelerate phage production and engineering for phage therapy and other applications. Throughout the review, we summarize the system’s main steps and components, both generally and particularly for the self-assembly and engineering of phages and discuss their potential optimization for better protein and phage production. Cell-free expression systems have the potential to serve as a platform for the biosynthetic production of personalized phage therapeutics. This is an area of in vitro biosynthesis that is becoming increasingly attractive, given the current high interest in phages and their promising potential role in the fight against antimicrobial resistant infections.
Microglial depletion decreases Müller cell maturation and inner retinal vascular density
Authors: Rowthorn-Apel Nathaniel , Vridhachalam Naveen , Connor Kip M. , Bonilla Gracia M. , Sadreyev Ruslan , Singh Charandeep , Gnanaguru Gopalan
Published: February 2025

Background

The neuroretinal vascular system is comprised of three interconnected layers. The initial superficial vascular plexus formation is guided by astrocytes around birth in mice. The formation of the deep and intermediate vascular plexuses occurs in the second postnatal week and is driven by Müller-cell-derived angiogenic signaling. Previously, we reported that microglia play an important role in regulating astrocyte density during superficial vascular plexus formation. Here, we investigated the role of microglia in regulating Müller-cell-dependent inner retinal vascular development.

Methodology

In this study, we depleted microglia during retinal development using Csf1R antagonist (PLX5622). We characterized the developmental progression of inner retinal vascular growth, effect of microglial depletion on inner retinal vascular growth and Müller cell marker expressions by immunostaining. Differential expressions of genes in the control and microglia depleted groups were analyzed by mRNA-seq and qPCR. Unpaired t-test was performed to determine the statistical differences between groups.

Results

This study show that microglia interact with Müller cells and the growing inner retinal vasculature. Depletion of microglia resulted in reduced inner retinal vascular layers densities and decreased Vegfa isoforms transcript levels. RNA-seq analysis further revealed that microglial depletion significantly reduced specific Müller cell maturation markers including glutamine synthetase, responsible for glutamine biosynthesis, necessary for angiogenesis.

Conclusions

Our study reveals an important role for microglia in facilitating inner retinal angiogenesis and Müller cell maturation.
The stability and self-assembly of tri-calcium silicate and hydroxyapatite scaffolds in bone tissue engineering applications
Authors: Beheshtizadeh Nima , Seraji Amir Abbas , Azadpour Behnam , Rezvantalab Sima
Published: February 2025

The fabrication of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering (BTE) applications often involves the utilization of two distinct categories of biomaterials, namely calcium phosphates and calcium silicates. The selection of these materials is based on their biocompatibility, bioactivity, and mechanical characteristics that closely resemble those of natural bone. The present research examined the utilization of hydroxyapatite (HAP) and tri-calcium silicate (TCS), which are among the most commonly utilized materials in calcium phosphates and calcium silicates, in the context of bone scaffolding applications. A molecular dynamics simulation was conducted to investigate the impact of different concentrations of ceramic nanoparticles, when combined with sodium alginate (SA) hydrogel, on the fabrication of bone scaffolds.

The stability and self-assembly were assessed through several parameters, such as the solvent-accessible surface area (SASA), radius of gyration (Rg), radial distribution function (g(r)), root-mean-square deviation (RMSD), root-mean-square fluctuation (RMSF), hydrogen bonding, van der Waals, electrostatic, and total energies. The findings indicate that the addition of 10 wt% HAP and TCS to the SA hydrogel matrix results in a more compact, stable, and potentially less hydrated structure. Accordingly, the experimental validation of these simulation approved our in silico findings. Experimental rheology and mechanical properties evaluation validate our simulation results, indicating a superior characteristic of TCS10 and HAP10 inks and 3D-printed scaffolds among other composition ratios. This could potentially benefit the in vitro and in vivo performance of the scaffold and its interaction with cells. The aforementioned traits are considered fundamental for the successful execution of the scaffold in the field of BTE. The findings indicate that TCS samples exhibit superior properties when compared to HAP samples, specifically in terms of composition with SA hydrogel.
Traceability of oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. and Quercus robur L.) logs: the Biomtrace database
Authors: Longuetaud Fleur , Mothe Frédéric , Martinetto Dorian , Ngo Phuc , Piboule Alexandre , Rittié Daniel , Bordat Frédéric , Jacquin Philippe , Debled-Rennesson Isabelle , Albert Aymeric , Richter Claudine
Published: February 2025

Key message

The Biomtrace database contains 33,390 RGB images of the butt end cross-section of 5135 French oak logs. Each log was photographed several times with different camera orientations during an initial shooting session. For more than half of the logs, additional photos were taken at least 3 weeks after the first photo session. Cross-sections were segmented on all the images using the PointRend convolutional neural network. Spatial calibration was carried out by a specific algorithm using a checkerboard pattern present in each image. This image database was created with the aim of developing algorithms for the biometric traceability of logs, involving artificial intelligence approaches that require large databases. But other applications are also possible, such as the automatic extraction of information on the size and quality of logs. The Biomtrace database is available at https://doi.org/10.57745/9DBCL4, and associated metadata are available at https://metadata-afs.nancy.inra.fr/geonetwork/srv/fre/catalog.search#/metadata/feda0a0e-041a-4190-9a73-5159b10ff0f0.
Tribological behavior of unfilled PTFE under static loading in dry sliding condition: a Taguchi-ANN perspective
Authors: Chaudhari Kiran Ashokrao , Bhangale Jayant Hemchandra
Published: February 2025

This work explores the friction and wear characteristics of unfilled polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) operating in static unlubricated sliding conditions using Taguchi analysis. The research uses a design of experiment (DOE) technique, focused on sliding velocity, and applied pressure and sliding time as parameters. Systematic experimentation is facilitated with Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array, and Minitab 17 software is used to evaluate the findings. Signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) are used in the evaluation of individual parameter effects, the creation of regression models, and the establishment of ideal operating conditions. The analysis focuses on predicting wear (W), specific wear rate (Ws), and friction coefficient (f) through regression and ANN (artificial neural network) models, with ANN demonstrating better performance. The results advocate for optimal operating condition for PTFE under static load. This study adds important information for sectors where PTFE is employed as a primary material, such as rolling and sliding contact bearings.
Prevalence of hypertensive retinopathy and its associated factors among adult hypertensive patients attending at Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals in Northwest Ethiopia, 2024, a multicenter cross-sectional study
Authors: Gudayneh Yitayal Abebe , Shumye Abebech Fikade , Gelaye Abebech Tewabe , Tegegn Melkamu Temeselew
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Hypertensive retinopathy refers to changes in the retinal microvasculature resulting from elevated blood pressure, and the global burden ranges from 2 to 85%. However, there was no evidence on prevalence and associated factors of hypertensive retinopathy among adult hypertensive patients in the study area even in Ethiopia.

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate prevalence of hypertensive retinopathy and associated factors in adult hypertensive patients attending at Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals in Northwest Ethiopia in 2024.

Methods

Multicenter hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Northwest Ethiopia Comprehensive specialized hospitals from June, 07 to August, 07, 2024. A multistage sampling technique with an interval of 3 was applied to select 696 study participants. Data were collected through personal interviews, review of medical records and eye examinations. Data were entered into the Kobo Toolbox and then transferred to STATA version 17 for analysis. Bivariable and then multivariable binary logistic regression models were fitted to determine factors associated with hypertensive retinopathy. Variables with a P-value of less than 0.05 at multivariable analysis were considered statistically significant.

Result

A total of 696 (95.34%) participants were included in the study. The prevalence of hypertensive retinopathy was 57.47%(95%CI: 53.75, 61.10). Age > 74 years (AOR = 4.24, 95%CI = 1.54,11.64), heart disease(AOR = 5.38, 95%CI = 1.86,15.58), duration of hypertension > 5years (AOR = 12.66, 95%CI = 3.88,41.29), dyslipidemia (AOR = 3.44,95%CI = 1.59–7.45), uncontrolled current levels of hypertension (AOR = 40.03, 95%CI = 17.19,93.18), poor adherence of hypertensive medications (AOR = 1.84, 95%CI = 1.12,3.03) and diabetes (AOR = 3.56, 95%CI = 1.49,5.99) were positively associated with hypertensive retinopathy.

Conclusion

-The prevalence of hypertensive retinopathy is high among systemic hypertensive patients seen in Northwest Ethiopia comprehensive specialized hospitals and independently associated with older age, longer duration of hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, dyslipidemia, poor adherence of hypertension medications and uncontrolled hypertension. Early diagnosis and treatment of hypertension was recommended to prevent target organ complications.
Effect of vibration therapy on upper limb range of motion and muscle strength in children with hemiplegia: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Heneidy Walaa E. , Farouk Mahmoud Adel , Olama Khaled A. , Ibrahim Amira F.
Published: February 2025

Background

Children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (HCP) suffer from muscle weakness and restricted joint flexibility in the involved upper limb. This affects their performance in everyday tasks. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the effect of vibration therapy (VT) on upper limb range of motion (ROM) and muscle strength in these children.

Methods

The study included 30 children from both sexes aged 3 to 6 years who were diagnosed with HCP. Subjects were recruited from the outpatient clinic, Department of Physical Therapy, Qanater Central Hospital, Qalyubia, Egypt. Participants were randomly assigned to control group A (n = 15) and participated in the designed physical therapy programme for 1 h, while study group B (n = 15) completed the same programme for 30 min in addition to VT administered via whole-body vibration (WBV) device on upper limb for another 30 min, three sessions/week for four successive weeks. The upper limb ROM was assessed by the digital goniometer and muscle strength by Lafayette handheld dynamometer. Statistical SPSS package program version 25 for Windows (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used, paired t-test was applied to investigate within-group changes, and unpaired t-test was used to compare the study group and control at pre- and post-treatment.

Results

The children in the study group achieved superior improvements in ROM of shoulder abduction (8.25%), forearm supination (35.76%), wrist flexion (34.62%), and wrist extension (14.03%) compared to the control group. They also had improved muscle strength of shoulder abductors (53.94%), wrist flexors (47.06%), and wrist extensors (40.24%) at post-treatment compared to baseline than children in the control group.

Conclusions

Combining VT using the WBV device with the PT programme showed higher percentages of improvements in the ROM for shoulder abduction, forearm supination, and wrist flexion and extension, as well as muscle strength in shoulder abductors and wrist flexors and extensors, in children with HCP compared to the PT programme alone indicating the clinical benefit of integrating the WBV within PT programme in rehabilitation of these children.

Trial registration

Effect of whole-body vibration on upper limb range of motion and strength in children with hemiparetic cerebral palsy, ID NCT05896111. Registered 7 June 2023 — retrospectively registered.
Feature-level analysis of a novel smoking cessation program integrating app-based behavioral therapy and an electronic cigarette
Authors: Schiek Helen , Esch Tobias , Hoetger Cosima
Published: February 2025

Background

Smoking cessation apps and electronic cigarettes have emerged as potentially effective tools for smokers motivated to quit. Nuumi, a novel intervention, integrates app-based behavioral therapy and an electronic cigarette. Using secondary data from a single-arm pilot trial evaluating the intervention, we investigated the degree to which users engaged with the program’s features, and the relationships between feature utilization and smoking abstinence during the first 8 weeks of the trial. Features included (1) behavioral therapy lessons, (2) meditation audios, (3) a toolbox, (4) progress tracking, and (5) an electronic cigarette. Outcomes were self-reported 7-day point prevalence abstinence from smoking 4 weeks and 8 weeks after program initiation. Self-reported smoking abstinence data and app utilization data of 62 participants were analyzed. Multiple univariate logistic regressions were performed with total program engagement and feature utilization as predictor variables, and 4-week and 8-week post-baseline smoking abstinence rates as dependent variables.

Results

Four weeks and eight weeks after program initiation, 35% (n = 22) of participants reported abstinence. Higher total engagement predicted higher likelihood of abstinence at 4 weeks (OR = 2.73, 95% CI [1.53, 5.70], p = 0.002), and 8 weeks follow-up (OR = 1.52, 95% CI [1.10, 2.22], p = 0.017). Four weeks after program initiation, significant feature-level predictors of smoking cessation included the number of therapy lessons completed (OR = 1.13, 95% CI [1.04, 1.24], p = 0.010), meditations completed (OR = 1.54, 95% CI [1.11, 2.30], p = 0.025), the number of times the progress tracking feature was accessed OR = 1.02, 95% CI [1.00, 1.03], p = 0.036), and the number of days the electronic cigarette was used (OR = 1.30, 95% CI [1.21, 1.58], p = 0.010). Eight weeks after initiation, only electronic cigarette use was predictive of smoking abstinence (OR = 1.06, 95% CI [1.02, 1.12], p = 0.048).

Conclusion

The intervention may have potential to support smokers motivated to quit. With respect to program features, use of the electronic cigarette may promote sustained cigarette abstinence; however, the association between behavioral therapy features and smoking abstinence may disappear over time. Measures to increase user engagement should be explored, and future research should test the intervention using a randomized controlled trial.

Trial registration

German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00032652, registered prospectively 09/15/2023.
Machine learning approaches for image classification in developmental biology and clinical embryology
Authors: Mapstone Camilla , Plusa Berenika
Published: February 2025

The rapid increase in the amount of available biological data together with increasing computational power and innovative new machine learning algorithms has resulted in great potential for machine learning approaches to revolutionise image analysis in developmental biology and clinical embryology. In this Spotlight, we provide an introduction to machine learning for developmental biologists interested in incorporating machine learning techniques into their research. We give an overview of essential machine learning concepts and models and describe a few recent examples of how these techniques can be used in developmental biology. We also briefly discuss latest advancements in the field and how it might develop in the future.
Peak Fat Oxidation During Submaximal Exercise Remains Consistent across Menstrual Cycle and Combined Oral Contraceptive Phases
Authors: Löfberg Ida E. , Karppinen Jari E. , Laatikainen-Raussi Iida , Ihalainen Johanna K. , Lehti Maarit , Hackney Anthony C. , Mikkonen Ritva S.
Published: February 2025

Purpose

Substrate metabolism during exercise may vary across the menstrual cycle (MC) phases, likely due to estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4). This study examined substrate metabolism during exercise in naturally menstruating (NoOC, n = 34) and women using combined oral contraceptives (COC, n = 19).

Methods

Participants were measured in a fasted state in the follicular (FOL) and luteal (LUT) phases, or the inactive (INACT) and active (ACT) phases of COC use. Serum E2 and P4 were assessed using immunoassays and body composition via bioimpedance. Peak fat oxidation (PFO) and FATMAX, the intensity eliciting PFO, were evaluated using indirect calorimetry. FATMAX was calculated using peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2PEAK), measured on the following day.

Results

PFO did not differ between FOL and LUT (0.40 ± 0.09 g·min-1 vs. 0.41 ± 0.10 g·min-1, p = 0.482) or INACT and ACT (0.48 ± 0.12 g·min-1 vs. 0.44 ± 0.11 g·min-1, p = 0.099). FATMAX showed no phase-related variation (NoOC: FOL 47.3 ± 15.7 % vs. LUT 47.7 ± 13.6 %, p = 0.727; COC: INACT 57.1 ± 12.3 % vs. ACT 52.5 ± 12.2 % p = 0.172). PFO was 0.08 g·min-1 (95 % confidence interval: 0.02 g·min-1–0.14 g·min-1, p = 0.010) and FATMAX 9.8 % (95 % CI: 1.0–8.7 %, p = 0.031) higher in the INACT vs. FOL. The difference in PFO persisted after adjusting for fat-free mass and V̇O2PEAK (p = 0.033) but was not significant after excluding an outlier from the COC group (p = 0.108).

Conclusions

PFO and FATMAX remained stable between MC and COC phases, suggesting no need to standardize measurements by cycle phase. However, higher PFO and FATMAX in the COC group during INACT compared to FOL suggests distinct effects of exogenous hormones on metabolism compared to endogenous hormones. Practitioners should consider these differences when assessing factors influencing substrate metabolism.
Vigorous Physical Activity Is Associated with White Matter Volume in Post-9/11 Veterans
Authors: Nowak Madeleine K. , Whitworth James W. , Fortenbaugh Francesca C. , Milberg William P. , Fortier Catherine B. , Salat David H.
Published: February 2025

Trauma exposure is associated with declines in cardiovascular, cerebral, and mental health. Physical activity has been identified as a non-pharmacological treatment to mitigate these negative health outcomes in civilian populations with associated benefits to brain health. However, the relationship between physical activity and brain structure in Veterans remains unexplored. Studying this relationship is crucial to develop targeted interventions tailored to the unique experiences of Veterans.

Purpose

This study aimed to investigate the relationship of physical activity levels on white matter volume in post-9/11 Veterans.

Methods

The study consisted of post-9/11 Veterans enrolled in the Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) longitudinal study at VA Boston Healthcare System. Participants were retrospectively categorized into two groups: a Vigorous group of Veterans who participated in vigorous-intensity physical activity (n = 84), and a No Vigorous group of Veterans who reported no participation of vigorous-intensity physical activity (n = 62). Physical activity was measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and Veterans underwent quantitative brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to obtain regional white matter volumes.

Results

A cross-sectional analysis revealed trends of greater white matter volume throughout brain regions associated with cognitive functions and emotional regulation in the Vigorous group compared to the No Vigorous group. Following correction for multiple comparison, significant differences between groups were found in the right [p-corrected = 0.049] and left [ p-corrected = 0.049] precuneus. Furthermore, an interaction analysis showed that the difference in white matter volume between vigorous and non-vigorous activity groups was more pronounced in individuals with PTSD compared to those without PTSD.

Conclusions

These data offer new insights suggesting vigorous physical activity is associated with neural benefits in Veterans with PTSD.
A SWOT analysis of generative AI in applied linguistics: Leveraging strengths, addressing weaknesses, seizing opportunities, and mitigating threats
Authors: Alaqlobi Obied , Alduais Ahmed , Qasem Fawaz , Alasmari Muhammad
Published: February 2025

Background The integration of generative Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT and Gemini, into the field of applied linguistics presents transformative opportunities alongside notable challenges. This study aims to evaluate the role of AI in applied linguistics through a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis. Methods Using a sample derived from Scopus and Web of Science, we identified relevant studies by applying specific search terms. Our qualitative research design used the SWOT framework to systematically review and analyse studies, ensuring a robust synthesis of data. Results The results of our SWOT analysis revealed the following: 1) Strengths: Enhanced educational tools and resources through AI-driven personalization and interactive learning, increased efficiency and accessibility in generating educational materials, and innovative research applications leveraging semantic similarity measures and advanced linguistic analyses. 2) Weaknesses: Quality and accuracy concerns in AI-generated content, potential over-dependence on AI tools leading to diminished student creativity and ethical issues, and technical limitations in handling complex academic writing tasks. 3) Opportunities: Potential for educational innovation and pedagogical integration, advancements in AI technology to support linguistic research, and fostering global collaboration and access through AI tools. 4) Threats: Risks to academic integrity due to AI-generated content, technological and implementation challenges, and privacy and security concerns regarding data handling. Conclusions Based on the SWOT analysis, we introduced a strategic plan to maximize strengths and opportunities while addressing weaknesses and threats. The strategy includes promoting personalized learning through AI tools, streamlining the creation of educational materials, fostering innovative research applications, ensuring human oversight to maintain content quality, developing ethical guidelines to prevent misuse, investing in necessary infrastructure and training, and implementing robust data protection measures.
Transitioning from Virtual to Traditional: Unravelling the Distinct Challenges Faced by Medical Students Switching from Online to Offline Education.
Authors: Chovanec Peter , Khatri Vaishali
Published: February 2025

Background Over a year after WHO declared the end of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2023, students across all educational stages, including higher education, have faced challenges transitioning from online to offline teaching environments. As institutions return to in-person teaching, many students are still adjusting to traditional classroom settings. Methods In May 2024, a study using a questionnaire with nine open-ended questions was distributed to 115 medical students to investigate these transition challenges. We received 27 voluntary responses (23.5% response rate). The qualitative data were analysed to identify common themes, challenges, and improvement suggestions. Results Students admitted to medical schools post-pandemic have struggled with re-adapting to offline learning after becoming accustomed to online platforms during the pandemic. Significant adjustments were needed in areas such as discipline, engagement, social interaction, and learning methodologies. While online education offered flexibility and convenience, offline education provided a more structured and engaging environment, underscoring the need for a balanced approach to accommodate diverse student needs. Discussion Suggestions such as a gradual transition, flexible attendance policies, multiple time options, clear health and safety information, and learning enhancement classes are recommended to address the diverse needs and challenges faced by students during this transition.
Strong Nielsen equivalence on the punctured disc
Authors: Makri Stavroula
Published: February 2025

Let $f$ be an orientation-preserving homeomorphism of the 2-disc
$\mathbb{D}^2$ that fixes the boundary pointwise and leaves invariant a finite subset in the interior of $\mathbb{D}^2$.
We study the strong Nielsen equivalence of periodic points of such homeomorphisms $f$ and we give a necessary and sufficient condition for two periodic points to be strong Nielsen equivalent in the context of braid theory.
In addition, we present an application of our result to the trace formula given by Jiang-Zheng,
deducing that the obtained forced periodic orbits belong to different strong Nielsen classes.
ChatGPT en la creación de exámenes de alemán como lengua extranjera.
Authors: Llabrés Llovet Celia
Published: February 2025

ChatGPT se disfraza de ser humano. Por este motivo, se
pretende comprobar si esta interfaz es capaz de crear
pruebas de evaluación de alemán como lengua extranjera
de calidad. El principal objetivo de esta investigación es
evidenciar si ChatGPT tiene la capacidad de sustituir la
labor docente de crear exámenes.
La metodología del presente estudio ha consistido en el
envío de dos encuestas similares, una a profesorado y
otra a alumnado de alemán del ámbito universitario, para
comprobar si son capaces de distinguir entre textos
producidos por humanos, específicamente exámenes de
la Escuela Oficial de Idiomas, o textos similares creados
por ChatGPT.
En ocasiones, ChatGPT comete errores y expresa
incoherencias, lo cual no puede permitirse en la
evaluación de conocimientos de lenguas extranjeras,
sobre todo, si los humanos son capaces de crear esos
mismos exámenes de manera más eficiente y rápida
Laser interferometry velocimetry with high spatiotemporal resolution based on spatial dispersion
Authors: Chen Long , Liu Cangli , Wang Yong , Tang Longhuang , Ma Heli , Jia Xing , Tao Tianjiong , Liu Shenggang , Chen Yongchao , Wang Xiang , Wu Jian , Li Chengjun , Liu Dameng , Liu Huan , Weng Jidong
Published: February 2025

With the development of shock wave physics, the study of shock compression response characteristics of materials at micromesoscopic scale has been gradually deepened, which also puts forward higher performance and more dimension requirements for the diagnostic technology of transient velocity measurement. The microstructure of the surface of the material and the internal defects are usually in the scale range of tens to hundreds of micrometers, which requires high spatiotemporal resolution measurement technology. A multi-wavelength narrow linewidth CW laser was designed and a spatial dispersion probe was developed to achieve high spatial resolution measurement in a single optical fiber, which breaks through the existing close-packed scattered point measurement shortboard. By using the mapping relationship between the frequency domain and the space domain, the breakthrough of laser interferometric velocimetry technology in the three dimensions of time domain, frequency, and space domain is realized. The spatial frequency domain laser interferometry with a spatial resolution better than 35 microns provides technical support for the experimental study of the physical properties of high-pressure materials with higher dimensions and higher precision.
Design and analysis of glasses-free three-dimensional display based on multi-level diffractive lenses
Authors: Zhao Lujia , Liu Yu-Ang , Shao Jiahui , Ma Donglin
Published: February 2025

Given the lack of systematic research and theoretical imperfections in glasses-free 3D display technology based on multi-level diffractive lenses (MDLs), this study proposes a design method for MDLs capable of operating at multiple wavelengths and focal lengths. Utilizing the direct binary search (DBS) algorithm, the objective function is optimized to determine the optimal microstructure height for each unit of the MDL. A three-wavelength, five-focus MDL has been designed and evaluated through scalar diffraction simulations, demonstrating the ability to correct certain chromatic aberrations while maintaining multi-focus capabilities. Furthermore, to address the application of MDLs in glasses-free 3D displays, off-axis focusing is achieved by cropping the MDLs, which are then combined into a view modulator. The relationship between the field of view (FOV) of glasses-free 3D display and the size of the view modulator is analyzed, highlighting the limitation of a relatively narrow FOV in MDL-based designs. Simulation results, based on scalar diffraction theory, indicate that the view modulator achieves a brightness uniformity of 87.6% and a crosstalk level below 10%. These findings underscore the advantages of MDL-based glasses-free 3D displays in terms of high brightness uniformity and low crosstalk.
Pulsating dynamics of dissipative pure-quartic soliton in a fiber laser
Authors: Wu Zhong-Li , Zhang Ze-Xian , Li Ti-Jian , Luo Min , Liu Meng , Luo Ai-Ping , Xu Wen-Cheng , Luo Zhi-Chao
Published: February 2025

Recently, dissipative pure-quartic soliton (DPQS) has been proposed in the mode-locked fiber lasers driven by positive fourth-order dispersion (FOD). However, few efforts have been devoted to investigating the nonlinear dynamics of DPQS. Herein, we numerically investigate the pulsating dynamics of the DPQS in a passively mode-locked fiber laser. The pulsating behavior similar to those dominated by negative FOD can be observed firstly, exhibiting the symmetrical energy exchange between the main lobe of DPQS and pedestals at two edges. By further increasing the saturation energy, it is found that the energy of the main lobe of DPQS can be transferred into the pedestals completely, leading to the formation of an M-shape pulse. The gain competition between the two temporal peaks of the M-shape pulse results in a generation and collapse of the leading and trailing peaks alternatively. As the leading and trailing peaks of DPQS are constituted by the longitudinal modes with lower and higher frequencies, respectively, the DPQS pulsation shows a creeping behavior owing to the variation of the center wavelength in this scenario. These findings will provide new insights into the pulsating dynamics of mode-locked soliton in fiber lasers, which is also beneficial to further understanding of the nonlinear behavior of DPQS.
Double Slit Experiments Showing that Light being Photons
Authors: Peng Hui
Published: February 2025

Young’s double slit experiments have been descripted by wave theories, i.e., before and after passing a double slit, the light is waves. Now, we extend the double slit experiments to the comprehensive double slit experiments by utilizing Shield (showing the light is not wave), Metal tube (showing the light is not EM wves),

Blocker (showing the light is particles), combination of Shield and Blocker (showing the light is particles),

Photon-Chamber (showing the light is particles which produce both non-interference patterns and interference patterns),

and Lens (showing the light is particles which produce non-wave and wave patterns).

We propose two Postulates: “Postulate on light: light is photons before and after passing through double slit” and “Postulate on lens: light behaves same before and after passing through lens”. Then, we show the novel phenomena of the comprehensive double slit experiments: (1) the light is photons before and after passing through a double slit; (2) photons form both the non-interference patterns and the interference patterns; (3) the non-interference patterns gradually evolve to the interference patterns in the same experiment. We refer to the novel phenomena as “PhotoWave phenomena” that are universal. The comprehensive double slit experiments provide the novel phenomena for developing theoretical model further to study: (1) the nature of the light; (2) the Feynman’s mystery of the double slit; (3) the wave-particle duality; and (4) the wave theories of the light; (5) applications. A complete description should explain all the comprehensive double slit experiments consistently.
In memory of Olga Evgenievna Zinovieva
Authors: Editorial Article
Published: February 2025

.
The use of antipsychotics in the real-world clinical practice in Russia (based on the results of the EPIDEMICUS program)
Authors: Medvedev V. E.
Published: February 2025

The optimization of antipsychotic therapy is an urgent issue not only in psychiatry, but in healthcare as a whole.

Objective: to analyze the results of the non-interventional EPIDEMICUS epidemiological study of the real-world practice of the use of quetiapine (Seroquel®) during combined treatment and therapy switching in patients with various mental disturbances.

Material and methods. Based on a special questionnaire, an analysis of the prescription of quetiapine and other antipsychotics by psychiatrists in 21 cities of Russia was carried out. The treatment data of 1264 patients aged 43.9±5.2 years were analyzed; the average duration of mental illness at the beginning of the study was 10.5 years.

Results. In most cases, physicians preferred to switch to the quetiapine monotherapy, but in 10% of cases an antipsychotic was also added. According to the doctors, patients with schizophrenia most frequently required a therapy switch (46.3%). In bipolar affective disorder (BAD), one in three patients (30.8%) required therapy switch. For other mental disorders, doctors more frequently added quetiapine to the therapy (23.2%; p<0.001) or switched the previous therapy (12.1%). The significantly more frequent reasons given by doctors for switching from oneneuroleptic to another were the need to intensify antipsychotic effect (p<0.001) , to increase sedation (p<0.001) and to improve tolerability (p<0.001) . There is no recommended "overlap period" when switching from one medication to another. Changes in the therapy with mood stabilizers and anxiolytics were performed to enhance antipsychotic and sedative effects (p<0.001) and, as a tendency to improve tolerability. The concomitant administration of two or more antipsychotics could be due to both medical error and an attempt to overcome drug resistance.

Conclusion. In the real-world clinical practice of domestic psychiatrists, at least one third of patients taking antipsychotics for various conditions (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, etc.) require a switch or additional therapy. The reasons for therapy switching can be diagnostic errors, the choice of medication as well as insufficient efficacy or poor tolerability of the antipsychotics. Quetiapine (Seroquel®) is recognized in real-world clinical practice by psychiatrists as a highly effective and well-tolerated antipsychotic with a broad spectrum of activity that goes beyond the official indications.
Subjective and functional cognitive impairment: diagnostics using biological markers of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Parfenov V. A. , Grishina D. A. , Lokshina A. B. , Zakharov V. V. , Shevtsova K. V. , Chervyakova Ya. I.
Published: February 2025

Cognitive impairment (CI) is one of the most common disorders in elderly. The development of dementia is usually preceded by subjective (SCI) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) over several years. Patients with SCI are at increased risk of developing MCI and dementia, but SCI may not progress for a long time and in many cases is functional in nature (functional CI – FCI). The article discusses the manifestations and diagnostic issues of SCI and FCI and the possibilities of diagnosing Alzheimer's disease (AD) at the SCI stage using biological markers for AD in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The article presents the results of a long-term follow-up (more than 4 years) of two patients with SCI who showed no significant disturbances in repeated neuropsychological examinations. In one patient with SCI, positive biological markers for AD were found in the CSF, indicating an early (second) stage of AD, while in the other patient the absence of these markers indicated a functional nature of the CI. The article discusses the treatment of patients with SCI and the possibilities of anti-amyloid therapy when the Alzheimer's nature of CI is detected.
Discourse on Suicide among Students at Yogyakarta Universities
Authors: Ajy Waskyto Sugiyanto Bagus
Published: February 2025

Student suicide as a recent phenomenon is always discussed from a psychological and individualist perspective. Therefore, this research has a problem formulation of how regulated statements or discourse regarding DIY student suicide are formed. This research seeks to reveal knowledge about suicide by students. This knowledge is created by discourse. In Archeology of Knowledge (1972: 80), Foucault defines discourse as the "general domain of statement." This research is a type of qualitative research. The data collected is text data reporting suicides of Yogyakarta students. The analysis produces findings that strengthen Marsh's (2010) opinion that suicide cases in this era are seen in mental health discussions. With discussions about mental health, suicide is confused with a psychiatric medical lens that creates awareness of the importance of psychology in society. However, this view creates a reduction in the way suicide is viewed.
Majelis Selawat as a Political Communication Medium in Indonesia
Authors: Zulhazmi Abraham Zakky , Bakti Andi M. Faisal
Published: February 2025

This study attempts to analyze the propaganda delivered by the Habib in PKB Bersholawat initiated by PKB’s Majelis Pesona. After the reformation, Majelis Selawat in Indonesia was utilized for various interests, including for conveying political messages. One of them was Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa (PKB) through the Majelis Pesona. Majelis Selawat in Indonesia became an effective medium for gathering large masses. Religion and politics touch the emotional and personal side of the congregation. Majelis Selawat are popular among Nahdliyin and Indonesian Muslims in general. PKB Bersholawat contains messages of da'wah and politics. PKB utilizes the Majelis Selawat as a medium of political communication to bring in the masses. PKB utilizes religious figures such as Habibs, Kiai, and Gus to achieve specific goals. With a qualitative approach and Jacques Ellul's propaganda theory, this study concludes that PKB utilizes the Majelis Selawat to convey political messages. The Majelis Selawat were chosen because they can bring in large numbers of Muslim masses and reflect PKB's identity as a party born from the aspirations of Nahdlatul Ulama members, with the jargon of the rahmatan lil alamin party. The propaganda used by PKB in PKB Bersholawat is a bandwagon, transfer, and glittering generalities, in the form of support for Muhaimin Iskandar to become president, which is conveyed through prayers read by a Habib.
Composición y estructura comunitaria de diatomeas epilíticas en la cuenca Vitor-Quilca-Chili, Arequipa, Perú
Authors: Coayla Pastor , Motta Cecilia , Blanco Saúl
Published: February 2025

Las diatomeas han sido estudiadas por ser indicadoras de la calidad del agua de los ríos y su estructura comunitaria puede estar influenciada por diversos factores. En este trabajo estudiamos la comunidad de diatomeas epilíticas y su relación con variables ambientales en la cuenca Vitor-Quilca-Chili al extremo sur de Perú en junio y noviembre del 2022. Se identificaron 101 taxones, los géneros Nitzschia y Navicula presentaron el mayor número de taxones. El índice de Shannon identificó la comunidad de diatomeas más diversa en el río Chili (2,81) en junio y en el río Sumbay (3,22) en noviembre. El índice de Simpson identificó comunidades con moderada dominancia (0, 47) en el río Siguas en noviembre, aunque bastante uniforme según el índice de Pielou. Las variables como la conductividad eléctrica, caudal, pH y materia orgánica probablemente determinaron la estructura de la comunidad. Además, la riqueza de taxones fue mayor en noviembre (51) que en junio. Nuestro estudio también reveló valores superiores a lo registrado en su ambiente natural de deformidades en el contorno de las valvas de las diatomeas Cymbella excisa (12,11 %) y Diatoma tenuis (20, 89 %).
Comparative analysis of seed dormancy breaking methods in Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L.
Authors: Geetha Siva Raja Sritha Kamaraj , Kovilpillai Boomiraj , Periyasamy Dhevagi , Velusamy Manonmani , Ramasamy Jagadeeswaran
Published: February 2025

Seed dormancy is a significant challenge that hinders the successful germination of Sesuvium portulacastrum, a halophytic species with promising applications in phytoremediation and coastal stabilization. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of several dormancy-breaking treatments on the germination of S. portulacastrum seeds. The treatments assessed include potassium nitrate, sulfuric acid, manual scratching, hot water treatment and gibberellic acid (GA?) in promoting the germination of S. portulacastrum seeds. Each treatment was applied to seeds and germination rates were monitored to determine effectiveness. The results revealed that the treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid for 2 min significantly enhanced germination rates compared to the other methods tested. This method outperformed the others, highlighting its potential as an effective protocol for overcoming dormancy in S. portulacastrum. The findings of this research provide important insights into optimizing germination protocols for this species, which can contribute to its broader use in environmental applications, particularly in restoring degraded coastal areas and improving soil stability. By breaking seed dormancy effectively, S. portulacastrum can be utilized more effectively in restoration projects aimed at addressing environmental degradation and enhancing ecosystem resilience. Overall, this study underscores the importance of understanding and manipulating seed dormancy to promote the use of halophytic species in ecological restoration efforts.
Reuse of agricultural drainage water and wastewater for crop irrigation in southeastern Algeria
Authors: Kouider Djouheina Boukehlifi , Athmani Houria , Bensefia Sofiane
Published: February 2025

Water resources are regarded as the primary impediment to proper human development in arid and desert regions, and the situation has been exacerbated by current climate change. The same phenomenon can be observed in the Ziban region of the Biskra wilaya, where agriculture consumes the most water resources. It is due to the increase in the size of reclaimed agricultural areas from year to year as the region’s urban centres expand, causing wastewater to be discharged into agricultural sewers and discharged into the Oued Djedi. However, during our field survey, we discovered that some farmers water their crops with drainage water mixed with wastewater. This study aims to determine how climate change is affecting the region, as well as the damage caused by watering crops with agricultural and sanitary drainage water. A statistical analysis of climatic parameters (mainly rainfall) and physiochemical parameters of drainage water at six sampling points in the Occidental Zab region was carried out. We measured nitrates, calcium hardness, chloride ions, nitrates, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5). The results show a reduction in the total annual rainfall rate, from 208.6 mm in 1996 to 19 mm in 2017. As for drainage water analysis, the following results were noted: SO4
2− (mg/l) [545.45–3436.36], NO3
− (mg/l) [0.75–3.94], BOD5 (mg/l) [10–50], COD (mgO2/l) [14.12–72.25], Cl− (mg/l) [331.33–1692.16], Ca2+ (mg/l) [352.68–643.23], Mg2+ (mg/l) [120]. The study emphasises the importance of a comprehensive assessment of wastewater for agriculture, particularly because some farmers use it to water their crops, as well as the need for targeted interventions to mitigate potential challenges associated with potential damage. As a result, these findings can help decision-makers and local stakeholders establish wastewater filtration plants, improve farmers’ water use, and protect this valuable resource.
The crystal structure of 4-carboxy-2-oxobutan-1-aminium chloride, C5H10ClNO3
Authors: Wang Fengfeng , Zhang Caiyu , Wang Youyou , Luan Lin , Hu Xiaowen , Liu Yang
Published: February 2025

C5H10ClNO3, orthorhombic, Pbca (no. 61), a = 8.2012(1) Å, b = 11.2215(2) Å, c = 16.8339(3) Å, V = 1549.22(4) Å3, Z = 8, R
gt(F) = 0.0473, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1331, T = 297 K.
What does a bear-baiting assemblage look like? Interdisciplinary analysis of an Early Modern ‘sport’
Authors: Wright Elizabeth , Davies Callan , Lamb Angela , Miller Holly , Rielly Kevin , Charlton Sophy , Kesson Andy , Larson Greger , Lewis Liam , O'Regan Hannah J.
Published: February 2025

Bear baiting was a popular form of entertainment in Shakespearean England that was staged across the country but formalised in the Early Modern entertainment hub on Bankside, London. Here, the authors bring together zooarchaeological, stable isotope and archival evidence in the examination of faunal assemblages from nine archaeological sites on Bankside to elucidate characteristics indicative of bear baiting. In doing so, they present criteria for identifying bear-baiting assemblages in the archaeological record of England and beyond, even in the absence of associated documentary evidence.