bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Products derived from the leaves of Ocimum kilimandscharicum (Labiatae) as post-harvest grain protectants against the infestation of three major stored product insect pests
Authors: Jembere B. , Obeng-Ofori D. , Hassanali A. , Nyamasyo G.N.N
Published: July 2009

The bioactivity of materials from the leaves of Ocimum kilimandscharicum was tested against Sitophilus zeamais Mots chulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in maize and sorghum grains in the laboratory. Exposure of adults of the three insect species to dried ground leaves and essential oil extract of O. kilimandscharicum induced 100% mortality after 48 h. Fresh and dried whole leaves were not toxic to Sitophilus zeamais or R. dominica. Grains treated with dried ground leaves and essential oil extract caused significant reductions in the number of progeny and survival rate of all three pest species tested. There was no adult survival or progeny production in grains treated separately with each of the two materials at doses of 25.0 g (dried ground leaves) and 0.3 g (essential oil) per 250 g of grain, respectively. Unlike R. dominica and Sitotroga cerealella, grains treated with fresh leaves enhanced the feeding activity of Sitophilus zeamais. Ground leaves and the essential oil, however, protected the grains against feeding by all three species, resulting in lower weight loss and number of damaged seeds compared with untreated grains. All the plant materials were repellent to S. zeamais with the essential oil extract applied at 0.3 g/250 g of grain evoking the highest repellent action. There was, however, considerable variation in the repellency of the materials against R. dominica and Sitotroga cerealella. The results are discussed in terms of the efficacy of O. kilimandscharicum for protection against loss due to insects in traditional grain storage in developing countries.
Biosystematics of theCotesia flavipescomplex (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): interspecific hybridization, sex pheromone and mating behaviour studies
Authors: Kimani Susan W. , Overholt William A.
Published: July 2009

Mating behaviour, sex pheromone attraction and reciprocal breeding ofCotesia flavipesCameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae),C. sesamiae(Cameron) andC. chilonis(Matsumura) were studied. These three putative species comprise theCotesia flavipescomplex. Wing fanning and antennal vibration were the initial courtship signals from the males. Antennal stroking by the male was also an important contact signal and a prerequisite to successful mounting and copulation. Interspecific crosses revealed that males ofC. flavipesexhibited courtship behaviour, and mounted and copulated with females ofC. chilonisandC. sesamiae; the males transferred sperm but progeny from these crosses did not include females. Males ofC. sesamiaecopulated with females ofC. chilonisand the progeny included viable females. The progeny backcrosses of the hybrid females to male parents also included viable females. Sex pheromone experiments were conducted in a Y-tube olfactometer and in large field cages. Males and females ofC. flavipesperceived and responded to odours emitted by the opposite sex. There was no significant response to odours from conspecific individuals of the same sex in any of the three species. Pheromone bioassays in field cages using sticky traps baited with live virginC. flavipesfemales attracted conspecific males.
Observations of the autumn migration of the rice leaf roller Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and other moths in eastern China
Authors: Riley J. R. , Reynolds D. R. , Smith A. D. , Edwards A.S. , Zhang X.-X. , Cheng X.-N. , Wang H.-K. , Cheng J.-Y. , Zhai B.-P.
Published: July 2009

The autumn migration of the rice leaf roller moth, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée, in eastern China was studied at two sites (one in southern Jiangsu Province and one in northern Jiangxi Province), using radar and aerial netting. It was confirmed that C. medinalis is a high-altitude nocturnal windborne migrant, with large numbers of moths taking-off at dusk and flying continuously for several hours. Migration was post-teneral and the females had immature ovaries. Maximum densities of the moths typically occurred between 250 and 550 m above ground, and layering was intense on some nights. Moth layers often occurred at an altitude where there was a wind-speed maximum. In early September, migrant C. medinalis from southern Jiangsu Province were carried on the winds in an approximately westward direction. However, the winds prevailing in late September and October took migrants from both sites towards the south-west or south. Forward trajectories for C. medinalis and other insects emigrating from northern Jiangxi during October indicated that they were able to reach the tropical rice-growing areas near the south China coast, where year-round breeding would be possible. Incidental observations on the migratory flight of other lepidopteran pests, including Mythimna separata (Walker), Spodoptera litura (Fabricius), Ctenoplusia agnata (Staudinger) and Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (all Nocturidae), Spoladea recurvalis (Fabricius) and particularly Omiodes indicata (Fabricius) (both Pyralidae) are presented.
The value of the larval head pattern for differentiating Simulium exiguum s.l. and S. gonzalezi (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the onchocerciasis focus of Ecuador
Authors: Charalambous M. , Lowry C. A. , Lowell S. , Shelley A. J. , Arzube M.
Published: July 2009

In the Esmeraldas focus of onchocerciasis in Ecuador, the larvae of the primary vector Simulium exiguum Roubaud are found in sympatry with the non-vector S. gonzalezi Vargas & Díaz Nájera. Distinguishing the pre-ultimate stage larvae of these two species usually relies on the pattern of markings on the cephalic apotome. These patterns appear either as dark spots against a pale cuticle (positive head pattern) or as pale spots within a darkened area of the cuticle (negative head pattern). Larvae of S. exiguum s.l. usually exhibit positive or no head patterns whilst those of S. gonzalezi usually have negative head patterns. The purpose of this paper was to investigate head pattern variation (scored in one of six categories) in (polytene) chromosomally identified larvae of the two species and cytotypes of S. exiguum from three collection sites in Ecuador (including one in the onchocerciasis focus). The head patterns of a total of 1183 larvae were studied. Chromosomal identification of penultimate instar larvae revealed only the presence of the Cayapa and Quevedo cytotypes of S. exiguum (n=208). Both cytotypes exhibited a wide range of head patterns from positive to negative. The results indicate that negative head patterns cannot be used to reliably distinguish between larvae of S. exiguum s.l. and S. gonzalezi. All except one larva with negative head patterns were females (n=53), suggesting that head pattern in this species complex might be a sex-linked character.
Revision of the genusMaliarpha(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), based on adult morphology with description of three new species
Authors: Cook Mark
Published: July 2009

What has previously been referred to in the literature as the African white rice borerMaliarpha separatella, is a complex of three closely related stemborers. These are described and the genus revised. The generaBiafraRagonot andEthitropaHampson are synonymized withMaliarphaRagonot. All primary types available have been examined. The revised genusMaliarphais a monophyletic group defined by the apomorphic, tri-lobed form of the male gnathos. Six species ofMaliarphaare treated, of whichbrunnella, fuscicostellaandlongisignumellaare described as new. The speciesBiafra rhodinella(Ragonot),Singhalia haemocharis(Meyrick),Ethiotropa phromerella(Hampson) andBiafra taxiarchaMeyrick are synonymized withMaliarpha concinnella(Ragonot), andBiafra concinnellaRagonot andSaluria rosella(Hampson) are recombined withMaliarpha. The adult moths are illustrated and line drawings of the genitalia are provided for all species.
Breeding structure ofGlossina pallidipes(Diptera: Glossinidae) populations in East and southern Africa
Authors: Krafsur E. S. , Griffiths N. , Brockhouse C. L. , Brady J.
Published: July 2009

Gene diversity and gene flow inGlossina pallidipesAusten were studied by using allozyme electrophoresis on samples from southern and East Africa. Recorded were 30 alleles segregating at eight loci. Gene diversity was 0.212±0.085 S.E. in four southern African populations and 0.163±0.076 in seven Kenyan populations. All loci were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.Pgmand 6pgdwere sex linked. Spatial components of gene diversity were measured by usingFstatistics. Mating was random within each population. The ‘fixation index’FSTwas 0.133±0.062 among southern African populations. Among the Kenyan populations.FSTwas 0.159±0.069.FSTwas 0.238±0.051 among all populations. Analysis of variance of gene frequencies showed that 65.8% of the genetic variance lay within populations and 34.2% of the genetic variance lay between Kenyan and southern African populations. These data suggest a strong measure of genetic drift among tsetse populations even in a region where it is thought they are continuously distributed. The causes of this drift require investigation.
Observations on Scale-insects (Coccidae)—IV
Authors: Newstead Robert
Published: July 2009

Llaveia abrahami, sp. nov.

Female, adult. Ovate, strongly gibbose above and flattened beneath; segmentation both on the dorsum and venter distinct. Colour, in alcohol, buff-yellow; with a thin deposit of white secretion in the hollows between the segments; legs and antennae yellowish brown. It is highly probable that much of the secretion had disappeared in the alcohol in which the specimens were preserved. Antennae of eleven segments, 2nd and 11th longest; 3rd a little shorter than the latter, but much longer than the succeeding ones, which are submoniliform in shape; average length 0·8–0·9 mm. Legs relatively short; tarsi a little more than half the length of the tibiae; front pair shortest, measuring 0·85 mm.; posterior pair longer, measuring 1–1·1 mm.; hairs relatively long and slender; claws simple, though in one example two of these organs have a well-marked tooth-like projection dorsally, just above the curved tip. Derm both dorsally and ventrally rather thickly set with very short fine hairs; margin with a narrow band of long fine hairs, the longest of which measure 0·6–0·7 mm. Pores dorso-ventrally relatively very small, circular and with beaded rims; these are less numerous than the fine hairs; those at the margins are slightly larger, much more numerous, and many have clear triangular-shaped centres. Anal segment of abdomen with three large ovate rings, the central one being slightly the largest and measuring about 0·2 mm. in its longest axis. Length, after maceration in KOH, 8–9 mm.
A new species ofParaphelinus, Perk., from British Guiana, with a discussion of the genus and the alliedAphelinus, Dalm.
Authors: Waterston James
Published: July 2009

During the past summer (1916) Mr. C. B. Williams has, on behalf of the Department of Agriculture, Trinidad, been engaged in investigating the natural enemies ofTomaspisand its allies, in the hopes of finding some effective means of controlling the froghopper,Tomaspis saccharina, Dist., which in recent years has caused considerable damage to the sugar plantations of Trinidad. With this object Mr. Williams has made collections of minute parasitic Hymenoptera in the Island and the adjacent mainland of British Guiana, and this material has from time to time been forwarded to me for study. Mr. Williams has from the first been fully alive to the importance of securing any specimens of the egg-destroyingParaphelinus, Perk., and I am glad to find species of this interesting genus in the gatherings from both Trinidad and British Guiana. The literature dealing withParaphelinusis scattered and perhaps inaccessible to those to whom it is most likely to prove serviceable. I have therefore, in some introductory notes, recapitulated the main facts in the life-history and host attachment and added a bibliography to the present paper.
Notes on some distinctive points in the Pupae of West African mosquitos
Authors: Ingram A. , Macfie J. W. Scott
Published: July 2009

Wesché employed the relative length of the trumpets to the length of the thorax and the shape of the openings of the trumpets in drawing up a Key to the Pupae of West African Culicidae (Bull. Ent. Res., i, pp. 18–19). Howard, Dyar and Knab in their valuable monograph “ The Mosquitoes of North and Central America and the West Indies ” (Vol. i, pp. 102–103) state that in their experience too much has been made of the difference between the pupal trumpets of Anopheles and Culex; the variations in the shape, size, and length of the breathing trumpets between different species are numerous, they say, but “ furnish no characteristics which are diagnostic of genera or larger groups.” They consider that there are intermediate forms and that differences between species are frequently more striking than between genera themselves. They remark also that this may equally well apply to the differences in shape of the pupal paddles, admitting, however, that “ there is a striking difference between the two tribes Culicini and Sabethini ” as regards the paddles for “ In the Culicini the paddles are large, broad and rounded in outline; they are strengthened by a stout longitudinal midrib which bears a spine or seta apically.
Notes relative to the importation of Tiphia parallela, Smith, from Barbados to Mauritius for the control of Phytalus smithi, Arrow
Authors: de Charmoy D. d'Emmerez
Published: July 2009

The existence in Mauritius of the Melolonthid beetle, Phytalus smithi, Arrow, was detected for the first time in July 1911 on those lands of Mon Rocher Estate which adjoin the Royal Botanical Gardens of Pamplemousses. It was at once suspected that this new pest of the sugar-cane must have been conveyed into the Colony by some shipment or other of sugar-cane cuttings from abroad, but no clue could be found as to its country of origin until February 1912, when it was detected in Barbados by Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall, Director of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, who was then on his way to the Agricultural Conference held at Trinidad in that year.
Notes on the Coccidae of British Guiana
Authors: Bodkin G. E.
Published: July 2009

The object of this paper is to supplement an article which appeared early in 1914 in the Journal of the Board of Agriculture of British Guiana (Vol. iii, No. 3.) At that time it was proposed to publish a further account of these insects as soon as more species had been collected and identified, and fuller information gained. Also, taking into consideration the great economic importance of the Coccidae, it has been deemed advisable to disseminate as widely as possible all information which has been acquired concerning them locally. In the previous article, some fifty-one species were enumerated and notes recorded concerning their habits and economic importance. In this paper information appertaining to sixty-eight species is given, a number of which are new to science. Further knowledge with regard to the parasites and predaceous enemies has been gained, as well as their economic status.
The Effects of Intestinal Poisoning on the Blood of Locusts (Locusta migratoria)
Authors: Pilat M.
Published: July 2009

The question of the effect of poisons on the blood of insects is a new one in entomo-toxicological literature. In a series of works by Metalnikov (1908, 1924, 1927) we have a study of the reaction of the blood of the larva of the Wax Moth (Galleria mellonella) in consequence of an injection into the body cavity of various substances and morbiferous microbes. The paper by Mrs. Tareeva and Nenyukov (1931) describes, very briefly and in general features, the picture of the blood of Calliptamus italicus in the case of poisoning by means of sodium arsenate or sodium fluoride.
Ecologie du Criquet marocain en Iraq
Authors: Eig Par A.
Published: July 2009

Au mois de mars de l'année 1933 j'ai accepté l'invitation de Monsieur E. Guest, Officier inspecteur de l'Agriculture en Iraq et en même temps Botaniste, de visiter l'Iraq pour lui aider dans quelques travaux qu'il voulait poursuivre, et le 30 mars j'ai quitté Jérusalem, accompagné par Monsieur Guest et par Monsieur M. Zohary, mon assistantet collaborateur. Arrivant à Baghdad les premiers jours d'avril, j'ai été invité par Monsieur le Ministre des Economies et des Communications et par le Directeur Général de l'Agriculture de faire cette visite au compte du Gouvernement Iraquien et de m'intéresser pendant mon tour spécialement aux problèmes de la botanique appliquée et particulièrement au problème des sauterelles et du reboisement et de l'afforestation. J'ai accepté volontiers cette invitation. Il me fallait prolonger le séjour en Iraq de dix jours de plus qu'il a été projeté d'abord. Ces dix jours étaient presque entièrement consacrés à l'étude de la végétation des champs de ponte des sauterelles.
A portable Stable Trap for capturing Mosquitos
Authors: Magoon E. H.
Published: July 2009

An illustrated description is given of the construction details of a stable trap in Jamaica to catch Anopheline mosquitos. This trap is of knock-down type, which is more portable than many traps used for the same purpose.

Mosquito “ catches ” from stable traps are a means of obtaining information for planning anti-Anopheline work in a new area. These “ catches ” can be carried out with regularity and can give data to indicate the need of strengthening control measures to deal with the seasonal emergence of different mosquitos in specified zones.

The area in which the Health Officer of Kingston requires information about the prevalence of Anophelines is so extensive that nearly fifty regular mosquito catching stations should be visited at least twice a month. In order to obtain the needed data with the present staff, the writer recommends the simultaneous use of six portable stable traps.
Successful Examples of biological Control of Pest Insects and Plants
Authors: Sweetman Harvey L.
Published: July 2009

The selection of examples where the biological control method has been successful depends somewhat upon the individual viewpoint. A casual perusal of the literature would lead one to believe that predators and parasites had been unusually successful against many pests. In a recent communication from H. S. Smith it was stated : “ If you go over the old literature on this subject in California, you will find that the black scale problem was solved by the introduction of Rhizobius in 1890. It was solved again in 1900 by the introduction of Scutellista. But we still spend in excess of a million dollars a year in southern California on spraying and fumigation for this pest. The same was true in Hawaii. For many years it was stated that one of the greatest examples of successful biological control was that of the sugar-cane leafhopper by the egg parasites, Paranagrus and Ootetrastichus. Later Cyrtorhinus was introduced with success, and it was admitted that control by the two egg parasites was not satisfactory. No doubt all these introductions were valuable and represent different degrees of control, each succeeding introduction resulting in a greater degree of control than previously existed. The difficulty lies in the absence of a satisfactory criterion by which to measure and record the relative effects of the introductions.” A critical analysis of the data submitted to support the contentions for the early examples mentioned above is far from convincing. However, it should be recalled that the standards for measuring the success of biological control have undergone considerable change during the intervening period.
The Genus Tachardina (Lacciferidae, Coccidae) in Southern Africa
Authors: Hall W. J.
Published: July 2009

Such knowledge as we have of the family Lacciferidae is very largely embodied in an excellent monograph published in 1923 and 1925 by J. C. Chamberlin (Bull. Ent. Res. 14, pp. 147–212 and 16, pp. 31–41). The comparatively speaking limited geographical distribution of the various generic groups is well brought out in this monograph. Thus, for instance, the genera Tachardiella and Austrotachardiella are apparently confined to North and South America, Metatachardia to Ceylon, Austrotachardia to Australia, Tachardia to India and the Far East. Chamberlin further states (p. 149) “ in general it may be said that the species of this group are tropical or sub-tropical, apparently reaching their greatest abundance in regions of limited rainfall.” How far this comparatively limited and well-defined zonal distribution of the various genera will hold good as further material is collected will prove of the greatest interest.
Some new Coccid-eating Gall Midges (Cecidomyidae)
Authors: Barnes H. F.
Published: July 2009

In 1930 the available information regarding gall midges as enemies of the Coccidae was summarised in a paper published in the Bull. Ent. Res. (21, 1930, pp. 319–329). Since that time there have been several additions to our knowledge concerning such midges. Some of this knowledge was cited as an addendum in a later paper on gall midges as enemies of mites (Bull. Ent. Res. 24, 1933, pp. 215–228). It is proposed in this paper to bring this subject up to date by referring to published work and by describing some new forms that have been received for identification in the immediate past.
Generic and subgeneric Differences in the Mouth-parts of Male Mosquitos
Authors: Marshall J. F. , Staley J.
Published: July 2009

The mouth-parts of male mosquitos are referred to in many text-books, but the descriptions given by various authors differ to a quite remarkable extent. This fact is particularly noticeable in regard to the maxillae and the mandibles. It is usually (and correctly) pointed out that maxillae are present in the male proboscis ; but the statements made by different observers concerning the length of these organs are extremely discordant. As to whether the male proboscis contains mandibles in addition to maxillae, opinions are sharply divided, the majority of writers asserting (as we shall see, incorrectly) that such is not the case.
Observations on the Control of Insects by Hand-collection
Authors: Le Pelley Richard H.
Published: July 2009

The paper deals with the control of insects by hand-collection. An experimental study of the method as used against Antestia on coffee in Kenya is described. The rate of increase of the yield of insects collected falls off in a definite and measurable manner as the time spent on the work increases. The formula for the curve fitting the results is P = 100(1 − (V.e.)−t) where “ P ” is the percentage collected of the total Antestia present, “ t ” is the time spent collecting, and “ V ” is a coefficient which has different values according to the conditions prevailing. In practice one careful experimental picking provides data for the calculation of the formula which may be used to determine the cost of hand-picking any percentage.

The results show that in theory 100 per cent. of the insects can never be obtained by hand-picking, and that in practice the cost of picking an adequate percentage is almost invariably prohibitive.

It is probable that the experimental results obtained will prove valid in other cases of hand-picking. Much of the expenditure on this method is unproductive.

Details of a thorough long-continued attempt to control Antestia on thirty-five acres of coffee by hand-picking are given. The attempt proved unsuccessful, and it is suggested that it may actually have been responsible for the maintenance of the severe attack.

The kind co-operation and assistance of a number of coffee planters are acknowledged. Except for the first experiments in 1933 Mr. H. Naismith Jones assisted me throughout, and the investigation owes a great deal to his careful supervision of much of the field work.
A Mechanical Insect Trap
Authors: Williams C. B. , Milne P. S.
Published: July 2009

In the course of some work at Rothamsted on the activity and abundance of insects, in which a light trap was used as a method of estimating the numbers of insects in a state of activity, it appeared advisable to have a further trapping method which did not depend on phototropic response for its efficiency. A rough design for a mechanical trap was therefore drawn up by the senior author.
A Water-power mechanical Insect Trap
Authors: Davies W. Maldwyn
Published: July 2009

During investigations on the ecology of Aphids infesting the potato crop it became necessary to study the precise effect of the different meteorological factors upon migration. Traps, treated with adhesive material, which depended on a wind-vane to keep them at right angles to the direction of migration were first used but proved unreliable, since it was found that aphis migration attains a maximum when there is little or no wind. Kites, also, proved impracticable for the same reason. It was, therefore, essential to construct a trap which worked independently of meteorological conditions. I am indebted to Dr. C. B. Williams and Mr. P. S. Milne, of Rothamsted Experimental Station, for the opportunity of discussing and examining the construction of their electrical mechanical trap, described in the preceding paper, which formed the basis of one constructed at the College Farm, Aber, near Bangor. Since, however, the village of Aber has no electricity supply it was necessary to alter, materially, the mode of construction in order to drive the trap by water-power. For this reason and, since the modified form can be used in districts where there is no electricity supply, it was suggested that the present account of the water-power mechanical insect trap should be published along with the description of the Williams and Milne trap. I am, therefore, grateful to the authors of the preceding paper for the opportunity of seeing their manuscript, thus avoiding, by reference, repetition of the description of several parts.
Two Chalcidoid Egg-Parasites of Diprion sertifer, Geoffr.
Authors: Ferrière Ch.
Published: July 2009

For several years the Farnham House Laboratory of the Imperial Institute of Entomology has been making a study of the parasites of Diprion spp., in order to acclimatise the most important of them in Canada. Dr. K. R. S. Morris has been specially engaged on this investigation in Czechoslovakia and Hungary, and this year (1935) has discovered some parasitised eggs of Diprion sertifer, Geoffr. Almost at the same time, other eggs of the same host, sent from Sweden, were found to be parasitised by some Chalcids, but belonging to another species. Experiments are actually being made to breed and acclimatise these two species in Canada. Both are Chalcids belonging to the family Eulophidae, sub-family Entedoninae. As very little is known about these egg-parasites of sawflies, we are giving notes and descriptions of these two species, of which one proved to be new.
The Biology and economic Status of the common Black Ant of South India—Camponotus (Tanaemyrmex) compressus, Latr.
Authors: Krishna Ayyar P. N.
Published: July 2009

Camponotus compressus, the common black ant (fig. 1), is one of the most abundant and best known species of ants in South India. The worker is a large jet-black ant ranging in length from 6 to 16 mm. with moderately large eyes, brownish legs and antennae and a prominent shining abdomen. These ants live in enormous communities, travelling long distances from their nests, and are active at all times of day and night. Though ordinarily of a peaceful disposition, when alarmed or disturbed they may display a tendency to be quarrelsome.
A Method for Controlled Breeding of Cotton Stainers, Dysdercus spp. (Pyrrhocoridae)
Authors: Geering Q. A.
Published: July 2009

A description is given of the method used for the large-scale breeding of cotton stainers (Dysdercus spp.) at the Cotton Research Station in Uganda. The method entails the use of a standard cage unit, consisting of a shallow tin cylinder with detachable cloth top and bottom. The advantages of this type of unit are outlined, with particular reference to control of disease and to the other hazards of large-scale breeding.
Trogoderma afrum Priesner, a Synonym of T. granarium Everts and a Comparison with T. versicolor (Creutz.)
Authors: Howe R. W. , Burges H. D.
Published: July 2009

The common Egyptian Trogoderma, T. afrum Priesner, is compared morphologically with the widespread T. granarium Everts and found to be almost identical. The two interbreed and are therefore considered to be conspecific. The morphological differences between T. granarium and T. versicolor (Creutz.) are described. These species do not interbreed.
Fumigation Trials with Ethylene Dibromide for the Control of Eggs and Larvae of Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) in Citrus Fruit
Authors: Grunberg A. , Polac'ek K. , Peleg J.
Published: July 2009

Experiments in the treatment of Citrus fruit by fumigation with ethylene dibromide for the control of the damage caused by the Mediterranean Fruit-fly (Ceratitis capitata (Wied.)) were conducted during 1951–52 and 1952–53.

Jaffa and Valencia oranges were found to tolerate a concentration of 18 gm./m.3 at approximately 20°C. and exposure time of 2½ hours.

Grapefruit was found to tolerate a concentration of 15 gm./m.3 at approximately 20°C. for 2½ hours' exposure. When the exposure time is prolonged to 6 hours the maximum tolerance is 8 gm./m.3

A kill of 75 per cent. of the larvae of Ceratitis inside the Citrus fruits was obtained by exposure for 2½ hours at a concentration of 15 gm./m.3

Citrus fruit for export from Israel is normally fumigated with Decco (NC13) against certain fungus diseases. The exposure in this case is 6 hours. The possibility of combining the treatment with Decco and ethylene dibromide was examined. It was found that the treatments were compatible and that, at an exposure of 6 hours, a dosage of 6 gm./m.3 of ethylene dibromide gave a kill of up to 93·5 to 96·4 per cent.

Fumigation of fruit for export, in batches of 3,000 cases at a time, showed that 6 gm./m.3 of ethylene dibromide (all other conditions being equal) killed up to 98·5 per cent. of Ceratitis larvae (provided no gas leakage occurred in the fumigation chamber). This concentration did not cause injury to Jaffa and Valencia oranges. In the case of grapefruit, slight damage occurred—especially in over-ripe fruit (during the second half of April) which was not intended for shipping.
The Persistence and Fate of DDT on Foliage. II.—Comparative Rates of Loss of DDT Deposits from Glass Plates and Growing Leaves
Authors: Ward J. , Burt P. E.
Published: July 2009

A method is described of applying even deposits of insecticide to leaves without detaching the leaves from the plants. The insecticide is sprayed by hand from an air-operated paint-spray gun under controlled conditions. Using this method for applying the insecticide, the persistence of DDT on living leaves and on glass plates was investigated.
Studies on the Chemical Control of Wireworms (Agriotes spp.). I.—The Direct and Residual Effects of BHC, DDT, D-D, and Ethylene Dibromide
Authors: Potter C. , Healy M. J. R. , Raw F.
Published: July 2009

Following crop failures due to wireworm (Agriotes spp.) attack on Little Hoos Field, Bothamsted, two experiments were made on the use of four chemicals to prevent wireworm attack on wheat. The chemicals used were BHC, technical DDT, ethylene dibromide and D-D.

Benzene hexachloride in the form of a dust containing 3·5 per cent. crude BHC was broadcast at the rate of 7·9 lb./acre crude BHC ≡ 15·2–16·0 oz. γ isomer per acre and was combine-drilled with the seed at rates ranging from 0·98–3·92 lb./acre crude BHC ≡ 1·9–8·0 oz. γ isomer per acre. It was also applied as a seed dressing at the rate of 2 oz./bushel of a dressing containing 20 per cent. technical γ isomer of BHC. DDT was drilled with the seed at 7·2 lb./acre technical DDT and ethylene dibromide and D-D were injected into the soil as soil fumigants by means of a special machine at 45·5 lb./acre and 210 lb./acre, respectively.
The dynamics of trypanosome infections in natural populations of tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae) studied using wing-fray and ovarian ageing techniques
Authors: Leak S. G. A. , Rowlands G. J.
Published: July 2009

Trypanosome infections in approximately 110,000 tsetse of 12 species or subspecies, at sites in six African countries, were studied over various periods from 1983 to 1994. Infection rates ranged from 0.2% inGlossina fuscipes quanzensisPires at a site in Zaire, to 18% inGlossina tabaniformisWestwood at a site in Gabon. Statistical models were fitted to data for nine species or sub-species of tsetse (G. pallidipesAusten,G. morsitans morsitansWestwood,G. morsitans submorsitansNewstead,G. fuscipes fuscipesNewstead,G. fuscipes quanzensisPires,G. palpalis palpalisRobineau-Desvoidy,G. palpalis gambiensisVanderplank,G. tachinoidesWestwood andG. tabaniformisWestwood), recorded across eight sites. The prevalence of mature trypanosome infections increased with age, as determined by wing-fray category, for bothTrypanosoma vivax- andT. congolense-typeinfections, although forG. palpalis,G. tabaniformisandG. tachinoidesthe rate ofT. vivax-type infections decreased in older age categories. Infection rates forT. bruceiwere very low and statistical analysis was not possible for this species. Overall prevalences ofTrypanosoma vivax-type infections were significantly higher in female than male flies in four tsetse species;G. pallidipes, G. palpalis, G. tabaniformisandG. tachinoides. At sites where ovarian ages were also determined, close correlations between wing-fray category and ovarian age were found.
Methods for dispensing odour attractants for tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Authors: Torr S. J. , Hall D. R. , Phelps R. J. , Vale G. A.
Published: July 2009

Methods for dispensing tsetse attractants using sealed polyethylene sachets and bottles were studied in the laboratory and field. 1-Octen-3-ol (octenol), 4-methylphenol and 3-n-propylphenol were dispensed singly or as blends from sachets 25–200 cm2in surface area and with a wall thickness of 0.06–0.32 mm; butanone was dispensed from polyethylene bottles. The release rates of attractants, assessed gravimetrically or by GC analysis of volatiles released, were independent of the amount present. The rates were related directly to surface area, inversely related to wall thickness and increased exponentially with temperature. With blends of the attractants, the release rates of the two phenols were directly proportional to the concentration present, but that of octenol showed an exponential dependence. A similar exponential effect was seen with blends of the attractants and an involatile diluent. For mixtures of chemicals, the ratio of the released components was not affected significantly by temperature, sachet size or wall thickness. Release rates from polyethylene sachets and bottles in the field varied 100-fold according to temperature differences related to the time of day, season, and degree of insolation. Day-degree models to predict the losses of attractants from a polyethylene sachet in shade or in full sunlight were highly correlated (r2= 0.84 and 0.81 respectively) with observed losses. The practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Studies on the maize stem borer, Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its major parasitoid, Dolichogenidea fuscivora (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), in eastern Ethiopia
Authors: Yitaferu K. , Walker A. K.
Published: July 2009

Studies on the lepidopterous stem borer, Busseola fusca (Fuller) and its major larval parasitoid, Dolichogenidea fuscivora Walker were carried out in the field and the laboratory in eastern Ethiopia. Larvae of B. fusca are also parasitized in the field by the braconid, Bracon sesamiae Cameron and the sarcophagid, Sarcophaga sp., but in low numbers. Parasitism of B. fusca by D. fuscivora is as high as 71% during the dry season (November-March) and approximately 18% in the wet season (June-September). Dolichogenidea fuscivora is active throughout the year. In the laboratory it requires nearly 26 days at 24 ± 1°C to complete the development of one generation (egg to egg laying). Longevity of adults is affected by the availability of food and water. Mating and oviposition reduced the life spans of males and females, respectively. Sixty five to 75 larvae emerged from eggs laid by a single female. The sex ratio ranged from 1:1 to 7:1 (female:male), the average being 5:1.
Changes over twelve years in populations of Glossina pallidipes and Glossina longipennis (Diptera: Glossinidae) subject to varying trapping pressure at Nguruman, south-west Kenya
Authors: Brightwell R. , Dransfield R. D. , Stevenson P. , Williams B.
Published: July 2009

Long term changes in the size of populations of the tsetse Glossina pallidipes Austen and G. longipennis Corti were monitored over a 12 year period at Nguruman in south-western Kenya. Tsetse populations were subject to droughts of varying intensity and, from 1987, to trapping, initially by a research organization, and later by a community-based development project. Populations were mainly sampled using odour-baited biconical traps, with data from other monitoring traps corrected accordingly. Mark–release–recapture studies were carried out to relate trap catches to absolute population size, and to quantify movement between subpopulations. Trypanosomiasis incidence rates in a herd of local cattle were also monitored for much of this period. Trap catches were shown to be well correlated with estimates of absolute population size, with no evidence of any seasonal change in trap efficiency. The intensity of trapping and level of seasonal immigration appeared to be the main determinants of population trends, with effective control being achieved when traps were well maintained. Movement between the two lowland subpopulations was shown to be greater for females, and to be inversely related to temperature. An analytical model was used to investigate the responses of a partially isolated population to trapping pressure. Predictions of a deterministic simulation model demonstrated that the observed changes are consistent with an adult trapping mortality of 4–8% per day, and immigration of 100,000 G. pallidipes females per month in the long rains (April and May), 5000 per month in the short rains (November), and about 500 per month during the dry seasons. Trypanosomiasis incidence in local cattle was greatly reduced during the period of community-based tsetse control. When tsetse were sampled exactly where the cattle were grazing, disease incidence was shown to be linearly related to G. pallidipes catches. Arguments for trap resistance and residual populations were examined, and found to be inconsistent with the data. The future for tsetse control by the Nguruman community is considered.
Population characteristics and tungro transmission by Nephotettix virescens (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) on selected resistant rice cultivars
Authors: Dahal G. , Hibino H. , Aguiero V. M.
Published: July 2009

Rice green leafhopper Nephotettix virescens (Distant) populations were collected in 1985 from fields planted with a leafhopper resistant rice, Oryza sativa cultivar IR64 in South Cotabato, Philippines. The populations were reared on IR64 for eight generations and tested on six cultivars, including susceptible TN1, moderately resistant IR26 and IR36, and resistant IR54, IR62, and IR64. Leafhoppers excreted larger amounts of basic honeydew, efficiently transmitted two tungro associated viruses, and showed greater population increase and lower nymphal mortality on all cultivars except IR62 than a greenhouse population reared on TN1. Nephotettix virescens were transferred and maintained on TN1, IR26, IR36, IR64, or a mixture of the four cultivars plus IR54 and IR56 in equal proportion. When the TN1-maintained colony was tested at the third generation, its feeding behaviour and tungro transmission rates on test cultivars were similar to those of the original population but amounts of basic honeydew excretion and the transmission rate on the resistant test cultivars were greatly reduced at the seventh or later generations. When the IR26-maintained colony was tested at the sixth, ninth, or 13th generation, it exhibited lower amounts of basic honeydew excretion on the resistant test cultivars but exhibited similar transmission efficiencies on other test cultivars. When the colonies maintained on IR36, IR64, or the cultivar mixture were tested similarly, their population characteristics and virus transmission efficiency were similar to the original population. These results indicate that N. virescens retain their ‘virulence’ to resistant cultivars when maintained on resistant cultivars, but quickly lose their ‘virulence’ when maintained on a susceptible cultivar. Colonies continuously reared on IR26, IR36 or IR64 showed ‘cross-virulence’ to many cultivars possessing a variety of genes for N. virescens resistance but often differed in feeding behaviour, virus transmission efficiency, and nymphal mortality on cultivars with the same genes for leafhopper resistance.
A comparative study of a new insecticide-impregnated fabric trap for monitoring adult mosquito populations resting indoors
Authors: Das P. K. , Sivagnaname N. , Amalraj D. D.
Published: July 2009

An insecticide impregnated fabric (IIF) trap was developed at the Vector Control Research Centre, India. The mosquito sampling efficiency of this new trap, relative to hand catches of indoor resting mosquitoes, was evaluated in human dwellings and cattle sheds in a filariasis endemic area. The predominant species collected in human dwellings wasCulex quinquefasciatusSay, a vector of bancroftian filariasis; whereas mosquitoes of theCulex vishnuigroup Theobald andAnopheles subpictusGrassi were caught in relatively greater numbers in cattle sheds. The numbers of mosquitoes in the trap were significantly correlated with the numbers caught in hand catches, and the numbers of mosquitoes collected per two traps per day in the three habitats during the study period were 1.79, 0.95 and 2.27x those collected by hand-catches. The number of occasions on which mosquitoes were detected by both methods was comparable. There was no evidence for a systematic difference in the age-structure and parasite distribution between the two sampling methods, suggesting that the trap is able to monitor both insect vectors and parasite infections. Therefore, the calculation of infection and infectivity rates necessary to monitor filariasis transmission should be possible from the IIF trap in filariasis endemic areas where control measures are being taken.
A survey on the occurrence and flight periods of fruit fly species (Diptera: Tephritidae) in a fruit growing area in southwest Nicaragua, 1994/95
Authors: Borge M. Niklaus-Ruiz , Basedow T.
Published: July 2009

McPhail traps baited with hydrolysed protein and borax to trap mainly female fruit flies, Jackson traps baited with trimedlure to attract maleCeratitis capitataWiedemann, and Jackson traps baited with cuelure and methyl eugenol to trapBactroceraspp., were hung in fruit trees at 50 sites and serviced weekly from June, 1994 to March, 1995, over an area of 350 km2in Nicaragua. Samples of fruit were collected and kept separately to rear adult fruit flies and their hymenopterous parasitoids from known host plants. NoBactroceraspp. was trapped or reared from fruit at any site.Ceratitis capitatawas caught in high numbers in McPhail and Jackson traps at nearly all sites in the dry season, attacking coffee berries and fruit ofCitrusspecies.Toxotrypana curvicaudaGerstaecker was attracted to the food lure McPhail traps in low numbers and was widespread throughout the year, attacking papaya (Caricaceae). Of 29Anastrephaspecies known to occur south of Mexico and north of Panama, ten were found during the study, occurring mainly in the rainy season; only two of them were trapped frequently and reared from collected fruit.Anastrepha obliquaMacquart proved to be the second most abundant fruit fly species, with a population peak from June to October when its preferred host plantsMangifera indica, Spondias mombin(Anacardiaceae) andPsidium friedrichsthalianum(Myrtaceae) were ripening.Anastrepha striataSchiner, trapped at 45 sites, occurred from June to November, attackingP. friedrichsthalianumandP. guajava. Sampled fruit of a further eight species in seven families were not attacked by tephritid flies. Parasitism by introduced braconidDiachasmimorpha longicaudata(Ashmead) was very low (3.7% inC. capitata, 2.7% inA. obliquaand 5.3% inA. striata).
Biological and genetic characterization of morphologically similar Therioaphis trifolii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) with different host utilization
Authors: Sunnucks P. , Driver F. , Brown W. V. , Carver M. , Hales D. F. , Milne W. M.
Published: July 2009

The aphid Therioaphis trifolii (Monell) is indigenous to the western Palaearctic region, where it colonizes lucerne (alfalfa), clovers and related legumes. A form of the species, T. trifolii f. maculata (the spotted alfalfa aphid, SAA), has been known in Australia since 1977, feeding almost exclusively on Medicago sativa (lucerne). Since 1989, T. trifolii has been found in Australia colonizing Trifolium subterraneum (subclover). We have compared samples of T. trifolii in Australia collected on lucerne and subclover using several techniques: survival and reproduction on different hosts, morphology, cuticular hydrocarbon profile, karyology, and a combination of RAPD-PCR and mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome oxidase) genetic markers. Whereas there were no distinct differences in cuticular hydrocarbons and karyology, we found significant correlated differences between the host on which aphids were collected, some morphological characters, and the genotypes of the aphids. Aphids collected from lucerne were always of one genetic type, and nearly all those from subclover were of another. Both groups of aphids are morphologically distinguishable from the yellow clover aphid (YCA), the other form of the species recognized so far. We conclude that the clover-colonizers (spotted clover aphid, SCA) and the lucerne-colonizers (SAA) are each host-restricted forms (biotypes) of T. trifolii. Estimates of mtDNA divergence are in the range of conspecific to closely congeneric, as compared with other insects including aphids. We developed simple diagnostic DNA tests to distinguish the two pest aphids.
On the supposed first stage larva of Leptohylemyia coarctata, Fall.
Authors: Keilin D.
Published: July 2009

It has been well known since the studies of Taschenberg (1864–1872) that the larvae of Leptohylemyia coarctata, Fall., attack wheat and rye. The damage due to this fly has been observed many times in almost all European countries, and many papers have been devoted to its life-history. Of these papers the most important are those of E. Ormerod (1882–1895), S. Rostrup (1905–1911), T. Hedlund (1906- 1907), P. Marchal (1909) and finally the recent work of Kurdjumov (1914).
Observations on Scale-insects (Coccidae)—V
Authors: Newstead Robert
Published: July 2009

Aspidoproctus armatus, Newst.

PortugueseCongo: San Salvador; on tree of unknown species (Dr. Mercier Gamble).

Aspidoproctus ? glaber, Lind.

Nyasaland: Mlanje; on “ mwanga ” tree, x. 1913 (S. A. Neave).

A small undersized female, unfortunately imperfect. I have placed it here, as it agrees, apart from its size, with Lindinger's description.
On a Braconid parasite of Glossina
Authors: Turner Rowland E.
Published: July 2009

Coelalysia glossinophaga, sp. nov.

♀ Testacea; capite nigro; mandibulis fusco-ferrugineis; scapo fusco; flagello nigro, articulis 40, articulis 15–28 albis; tarsis articulo apicali fusco; terebra, abdomine paullo longiore, nigra; alis hyalinis, iridescentibus, venis nigris.