bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improvement of OMI ozone profile retrievals in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere by the use of a tropopause-based ozone profile climatology
Authors: Bak J. , Liu X. , Wei J. C. , Pan L. L. , Chance K. , Kim J. H.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Motivated by the need of obtaining a more accurate global ozone distribution in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS), we have investigated the use of a tropopause-based (TB) ozone climatology in ozone profile retrieval from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). Due to the limited vertical ozone information in the UTLS region from OMI backscattered ultraviolet radiances, better climatological a priori information is important for improving ozone profile retrievals. We present the new TB climatology and evaluate the result of retrievals against previous work. The TB climatology is created using ozonesonde profiles from 1983 through 2008 extended with climatological ozone data above sonde burst altitude (~35 km) with the corresponding temperature profiles used to identify the thermal tropopause. The TB climatology consists of the mean states and 1σ standard deviations for every month for each 10° latitude band. Compared to the previous TB climatology by Wei et al. (2010), three additional processes are applied in deriving our climatology: (1) using a variable shifting offset to define the TB coordinate, (2) separating ozonesonde profiles into tropical and extratropical regimes based on a threshold of 14 km in the thermal tropopause height, and (3) merging with an existing climatology from 5–10 km above the tropopause. The first process changes the reference of profiles to a variable position between local and mean tropopause heights within ±5 km of the tropopause and to the mean tropopause elsewhere. The second helps to preserve characteristics of either tropical or extratropical ozone structures depending on tropopause height, especially in the subtropical region. The third improves the climatology above ozonesonde burst altitudes and in the stratosphere by using climatology derived from many more satellite observations of ozone profiles. With aid from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS) tropopause height, the new climatology and retrieval can better represent the dynamical variability of ozone in the tropopause region. The new retrieval result demonstrates significant improvement of UTLS ozone, especially in the extratropical UTLS, when evaluated using ozonesonde measurements and the meteorological data. The use of TB climatology significantly enhances the spatial consistency and the statistical relationship between ozone and potential vorticity/tropopause height in the extratropical UTLS region. Comparisons with ozonesonde measurements show substantial improvements in both mean biases and their standard deviations over the extratropical lowermost stratosphere and upper troposphere. Overall, OMI retrievals with the TB climatology show improved ability in capturing ozone gradients across the tropopause found in tropical/extratropical ozonesonde measurements.
Mid-upper tropospheric methane retrieval from IASI and its validation
Authors: Xiong X. , Barnet C. , Maddy E. S. , Gambacorta A. , King T. S. , Wofsy S. C.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Mid-upper tropospheric methane (CH4), as an operational product at NOAA's (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Comprehensive Large Array-data Stewardship System (CLASS), has been retrieved from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) since 2008. This paper provides a description of the retrieval method and the validation using 596 CH4 vertical profiles from aircraft measurements by the HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) program over the Pacific Ocean. The number of degrees of freedom for the CH4 retrieval is mostly less than 1.5, and it decreases under cloudy conditions. The retrievals show greatest sensitivity between 100–600 hPa in the tropics and 200–750 hPa in the mid- to high latitude. Validation is accomplished using aircraft measurements (convolved by applying the monthly mean averaging kernels) collocated with all the retrieved profiles within 200 km and on the same day, and the results show that, on average, a larger error of CH4 occurs at 300–500 hPa. The bias in the trapezoid of 374–477 hPa is −1.74% with a residual standard deviation of 1.20%, and at layer 596–753 hPa the bias is −0.69% with a residual standard deviation of 1.07%. The retrieval error is relatively larger in the high northern latitude regions and/or under cloudy conditions. The main reasons for this negative bias include the uncertainty in the spectroscopy near the methane Q branch and/or the empirical bias correction, plus residual cloud contamination in the cloud-cleared radiances. It is expected for NOAA to generate the CH4 product for 20 + years using a similar algorithm from three similar thermal infrared sensors: Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), IASI and the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS). Such a unique product will provide a supplementary to the current ground-based observation network, particularly in the Arctic, for monitoring the CH4 cycle, its transport and trend associated with climate change.
Retrieval of characteristic parameters for water vapour transmittance in the development of ground based sun-sky radiometric measurements of columnar water vapour
Authors: Campanelli M. , Nakajima T. , Khatri P. , Takamura T. , Uchiyama A. , Estelles V. , Liberti G. L. , Malvestuto V.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Sun-sky radiometers are instruments created for aerosol study, but they can measure in the water vapour absorption band allowing the estimation of columnar water vapour in clear sky simultaneously with aerosol characteristics, with high temporal resolution. A new methodology, cheap and easy to implement, is presented for estimating calibration parameters (i.e. characteristic parameters of the atmospheric transmittance and solar calibration constant) directly from the sun-sky radiometers measurements. To initiate the proposed methodology some seasonal independent measurements of columnar water vapour taken over a large range of solar zenith angle simultaneously with the sun-sky radiometer measurements, are needed. In this work the Surface Humidity Method (SHM) was developed allowing to initiate the procedure with columnar water vapour estimated by standard surface meteorological observation (temperature, pressure and relative humidity). The time pattern of columnar water vapour from sun-sky radiometer was compared with simultaneous measurements from microwave radiometer and radiosondings showing respectively a total correlation of 0.98, 0.96 and a total median difference of 2.24 and −0.65 mm. The accordance with radiosondings was found within the uncertainty of the methodology (varying from 10 to 16%) independently on the amount of atmospheric water vapour.
Lacustrine mollusc radiations in the Lake Malawi Basin: experiments in a natural laboratory for evolution
Authors: Van Damme D. , Gautier A.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. In terminal Pliocene–early Pleistocene times, part of the Malawi Basin was occupied by paleo-lake Chiwondo. Molluscan biostratigraphy situates this freshwater lake either in the East African wet phase between 2.7–2.4 Ma or that of 2.0–1.8 Ma. In-lake divergent evolution remained restricted to a few molluscan taxa and was very modest. The lacustrine Chiwondo fauna went extinct at the beginning of the Pleistocene. The modern Lake Malawi malacofauna is depauperate and descends from ubiquistic southeast African taxa and some Malawi basin endemics that invaded the present lake after the Late Pleistocene mega-droughts. The Pleistocene aridity crises caused dramatic changes, affecting the malacofauna of all East African lakes. All lacustrine endemic faunas that had evolved in the Pliocene rift lakes, such as paleo-lake Chiwondo, became extinct. In Lake Tanganyika, the freshwater ecosystem did not crash as in other lakes, but the environmental changes were sufficiently important to trigger a vast radiation. All African endemic lacustrine molluscan clades that are the result of in-lake divergence are hence geologically young, including the vast Lavigeria clade in Lake Tanganyika (ca. 43 species).
AVOIDING DELEGATION DOCTRINE CHALLENGES TO INTERNET SALES TAX LEGISLATION: LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE MAIN STREET FAIRNESS ACT
Authors: Bouey Michael J.
Published: September 2013

No Abstract
Structuring State Intervention Policies to Boost Rice Production by Multinomial Logistic and Ordinal Regression Application and Multicollinearity Cautiousness
Authors: Shadfar Shahin , Malekmohammadi Iraj
Published: September 2013

To structure state interventions policies to develop production of rice in Iran; developing two indexes to measure level of rice production development in dichotomous and categorical level; ordinal and multinomial logistic regression application are implicated to test the model by predictor variables in proposed policy structure. Taking extra care on Multicollinearity (MC), appropriate treatment by calculating Tolerance and Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) is performed. This is to test the fitness of the model by real data from the field, and to evaluate state intervention policies and plans, given this fact if the model fits at this stage, then it merits for further analysis to light up casual relationships among the effective factors on rice production development in Iran.
Biologically Inspired Perimeter Detection for Whole-Arm Grasping
Authors: Devereux David , Richardson Robert , Nagendran Arjun , Nutter Paul
Published: September 2013

Grasping is a useful ability that allows manipulators to constrain objects to a desired location or trajectory. Whole-arm grasping is a specific method of grasping an object that uses the entire surface of the manipulator to apply contact forces. Elephant trunks and snakes and octopus arms are illustrative of these methods. One of the greatest challenges of whole-arm grasping in poorly defined environments is accurately identifying the perimeter of an object. Existing algorithms for this task use restrictive assumptions or place unrealistic demands on the required hardware. Here, a new algorithm (termed Octograsp) has been developed as a method of gaining information on the shape of the grasped object through tactile information alone. The contact information is processed using an inverse convex hull algorithm to build a model of the object’s shape and position. The performance of the algorithm is examined using both simulated and experimental hardware. Methods of increasing the level of contact information through repeated contact attempts are presented. It is demonstrated that experimentally obtained, coarsely spaced, contact information can result in an accurate model of an object’s shape and position.
Irish, Catholic and Scouse
Authors: Belchem John
Published: September 2013

Irish, Catholic and Scouse highlights the complex interplay of cultural and structural factors experienced by the most significant ethnic group in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century pre-multicultural Britain: the Irish in Liverpool. Drawing upon new approaches to our understanding of diasporas, this study emphasises the role of ethnic agency as Catholic migrants and their descendants made Irishness their own. Belchem looks in detail at those who remained in Liverpool, the hub of the Irish diaspora, and contrasts them with their compatriots who continued on their trans-national travels. This path-breaking study will be required reading for those who wish to understand the Irish diaspora and the cultural melting pot of nineteenth-century Liverpool.
Twenty-First Century Readings of 'Tender is the Night'
Authors: Blazek William , Rattray Laura
Published: September 2013

Bringing together established Fitzgerald scholars from the United Kingdom, Europe and North America, this collection offers eleven new readings of F. Scott Fitzgerald's 1934 novel, Tender is the Night. While The Great Gatsby continues to attract more attention than the rest of Fitzgerald's oeuvre combined, persistent, if infrequent, writings on Tender is the Night from the 1950s onwards indicate that, like Gatsby's green light, Fitzgerald's fourth novel continues both to perplex and intrigue. In addition to the inevitable biographical interpretations, the novel has, in myriad readings, been viewed as: a marriage novel, a text of disturbed psychology, a text nostalgically marking the passing of a talent and a time, an outdated 'Jazz Age' story, and 'the great novel about American history'. This new collection of essays opens criticism of Tender Is the Night to a new generation of scholars providing new ways for readers to appreciate this complex, compelling, and profound work. Contributors include editors of the F. Scott Fitzgerald Review, the general editor of the Cambridge Edition of Writings of F. Scott Fitzgerald, members of the Fitzgerald Society Executive, and the directors of the biennial F. Scott Fitzgerald conference. The book will be published to coincide with the biennial F. Scott Fitzgerald conference in July 2007.
Writing Liverpool
Authors: Rees-Jones Deryn , Murphy Michael
Published: September 2013

Roger McGough, Levi Tafari, Willy Russell, Terence Davies, James Hanley, George Garrett, J.G. Farrell, Brian Patten, Adrian Henri, Beryl Bainbridge, Jimmy McGovern, Alan Bleasdale, Helen Forrester, Lyn Andrews, Margaret Murphy, Clive Barker, Ramsey Campbell... no matter what the genre Liverpool seems to have generated some of the most provocative and interesting writers of the last seventy-five years. Intended to mark and celebrate Liverpool's 800th birthday in 2007 and its status as European City of Culture in 2008, this collection of essays and interviews addresses the wide range of writing that has emerged from Liverpool from the 1930s to the present day. It asks if there is a distinctive Liverpool voice, and if so, how it might be identified. Featuring interviews with Liverpool-born film director and novelist, Terence Davies, (Distant Voices, Still Lives, The Long Day Closes and The House of Mirth), Roger McGough, Willy Russell and Levi Tafari along with contributions from leading cultural critics such as former NME journalist and Mojo magazine founder Paul Du Noyer and award-winning poet George Szirtes, Liverpool Writing will be of interest to readers fascinated by the influences on and of the city dubbed 'the Centre of the Creative Universe'.
Representing Autism
Authors: Murray Stuart
Published: September 2013

From concerns of an 'autism epidemic' to the MMR vaccine crisis, autism is a source of peculiar fascination in the contemporary media. Discussion of the condition has been largely framed within medicine, psychiatry and education but there has been no exploration of its power within representative narrative forms. Representing Autism is the first book to tackle this approach, using contemporary fiction and memoir writing, film, photography, drama and documentary together with older texts to set the contemporary fascination with autism in context. Representing Autism analyses and evaluates the place of autism within contemporary culture and at the same time examines the ideas of individual and community produced by people with autism themselves to establish the ideas of autistic presence that emerge from within a space of cognitive exceptionality. Central to the book is a sense of the legitimacy of autistic presence as a way by which we might more fully articulate what it means to be human.
Slaves to Sweetness
Authors: Plasa Carl
Published: September 2013

Apparently innocuous, sugar is a substance which brings with it a profound disquiet, not least because of its direct links with the histories of slavery in the New World. These links have long been a source of critical fascination, generating several landmark analyses, ranging from Fernando Ortis�s Cuban Counterpoint: Tobacco and Sugar (1940) and No�l Deerr�s monumental two-volume The History of Sugar (1949-50) to Sidney Mintz's Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History (1985). Unlike previous texts, Plasa's meticulously researched book not only examines the traditional classic studies but also the hitherto largely ignored work produced by a number of expatriate Caribbean authors, both male and female, from the 1980s onwards. As a result Slaves to Sweetness provides the most comprehensive account to date of the historical transformations which sugar's representation has undergone, providing a rich resource for scholars in Slavery, Caribbean, Black Atlantic, Postcolonial and Literary Studies.
The Reparative in Narratives
Authors: Rosello Mireille D.
Published: September 2013

The authors studied in this book can be visualized as the islands that constitute an unknown, fragile and trembling literary and cultural Francophone archipelago. The archipelago does not appear on any map, in the middle of an ocean whose name we already know. No Francophone anthology would put these authors together as a matter of course because what connects them is a narrative grammar rather than a national origin or even a language. Yet, their writing techniques and their apprehension of the real (the ways in which they know and name the world) both reflect and actively participate in our evolving perception of what Gayatri Spivak calls the 'planet'. The Reparative in Narratives argues that argue that they repair trauma through writing. One description of these awe-inspiring, tender and sometimes horrifying tales is that their narrators are survivors who have experienced and sometimes inflicted unspeakable acts of violence. And yet, ultimately, despair, nihilism, cynicism or silenceare never the consequences of their encounter with what some quickly call evil. The traumatic event has not killed them and has not killed their desire to write or perform, although the decidedly altered life that they live in the aftermath of the disaster forces them to become different types of storytellers. They are the first-person narrators of their story, and their narration reinvents them as speaking subjects. In turn, this requires that we accept new reading pacts. That pact is a temporal and geographical signature: the reparative narrative needs readers prepared to accept that healing belongs to the realm of possibilities and that exposure and denunciation do not exhaust the victim's range of possibilities. Rosello contends that this context-specific yet repeating pattern constitutes a response to the contemporary figuration of both globalized and extremely localized types of traumatic memories.
Invisible Men
Authors: Klein Joanne
Published: September 2013

This book provides a comprehensive study of English police constables walking the beat in the early part of the twentieth century. Joanne Klein has mined a rich seam of archival evidence to present a fascinating insight into the everyday lives of these working-class men. The book explores how constables influenced law enforcement and looks at the changing nature of policing during this period.
Improving Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in Elementary School Students: A Systematic Review of Interventions
Authors: Hashemi Seyedeh Zeinab , Hazavehei Seyed Mohammad Mehdi , Shahabadi Sara
Published: September 2013

Introduction: Less than 15% of the 4 to 8-year old children consume the recommended servings of fruit and vegetables (FV). Early years of life play an important role in establishing healthy eating habits. School is an appropriate setting for healthy eating habits interventions. The purpose of this systematic review is evaluation of school-based interventions to improve FV consumption in elementary school students.
Methods: In this systematic review, we performed a search in several databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), Science Direct and Google Scholar. Studies published between January 2005 and December 2012 were included. In examining the studies, we focused on design, strategies and outcomes of the interventions.
Results: Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. Interventions in these three classifications (gardening and education, educational programs and providing FV) have positive effects on children’s FV intake. Multi-component education is more effective than other cases in children willingness for FV consumption. Gardening strategies: participating in hands-on gardening experiences, engaging in gardening challenges and preparing a party by student’s garden products. Educational strategies: nutrition education classes, electronic learning by using the popular cartoon characters and child actors as symbolic role models and strategies to improve family awareness like series of newsletters for parents and homework tasks for parents and children. Providing strategies: providing fee-based or free FV at school.
Conclusion: Long-term multi-component (gardening, education and providing FV) interventions with the application of behavioral change theories and models are effective to reach the expected results.
Prevalence and Determinants of Chronic Malnutrition Among Under-5 Children in Ethiopia
Authors: Zeleke Berihun Megabiaw , Rahman Azizur
Published: September 2013

Objectives: This paper studied the prevalence and determinants of chronic malnutrition in under-5 children from the 2011 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey dataset. 
Methods: The 2011 EDHS collected data on the nutritional status of children by measuring the height and weight of all children under age five in the sampled households, and calculated anthropometric indicators using the new WHO (2006) growth standards.
Children whose height-for-age Z-score was below minus two standard deviations (−2 SD) from the median of the WHO reference population are considered stunted or chronically malnourished and if Z-scores are between −3 SD ≤ Z-score < −2 SD were identified as moderately stunted and if below −3 SD as severely stunted. Some variables were computed by combining information for original variables. The 2011 Ethiopian DHS dataset was obtained for further analysis from MEASURE DHS after permission. Complete anthropometric data for 9,611 children aged 0 to 59 months were analyzed. 
Results: The overall prevalence of stunting in children was 42.3%, with 20.4% severely stunted. Socio-demographic factors were significantly associated with both severe and moderate forms of stunting. Multivariate analysis showed that parents' education, household wealth index, age of household head, child's age, months of breast-feeding, place of delivery, media exposure, mother's BMI and residential differentials were the underlining determinants of stunting.
Conclusions: Chronic malnutrition in children is a public health problem in Ethiopia specifically as children grow older to age three. To achieve the Millennium Development Goal target of 34% malnutrition prevalence by 2015, it is imperative to have specific interventions focusing on causes that directly influence stunting in children.
Relationship Between Uptake of Antenatal Care Services and Low Birth Weight in the Gushegu District of Northern Ghana
Authors: Saaka Mahama , Rauf Abdulai Abdul
Published: September 2013

Objective: Little is known about the relative contribution of prenatal care utilization on pregnancy outcome in developing country setting where other equally important predictors of low birth weight (LBW) including malarial infection and poor diet predominate. This study investigated whether the utilization of antenatal care (ANC) services is an independent predictor of LBW in Northern Ghana.
Methods: In this community based cross sectional study, we compared pregnancy outcome (birth weight) across groups of 407 women who received different amounts of ANC.
Results: The incidence of low birth weight (LBW) of newborn babies was 18.2 % (74/407). The main finding was that women who made at least four ANC visits had 63.0 % protection against delivering a LBW (AOR = 0.37, 95 % CI: 0.19, 0.69).
Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that adequate antenatal care is effective in preventing LBW in a rural setting but its effect was more discernible among women who were not in gainful employment (suggestive of low socio-economic status).
Se hâter avec lenteur. Le défi des jeunes majeurs pris en charge par l’Aide sociale à l’enfance
Authors: Peraldi Nicolas
Published: September 2013

Voyager entre Charybde et Scylla. L’expression homérique est connue. Entre les écueils souvent acérés des demandes qui leur sont adressées et la tempête de la subjectivation, les jeunes pris en charge par l’Aide sociale à l’enfance doivent se mesurer à deux temps, l’un social, l’autre psychique. L’un et l’autre ne suivant pas le même rythme. C’est dans ces mouvements que l’auteur essaie de penser avec ces jeunes sur leurs errements, et ce en fonction des décisions qui interviennent dans la direction de la cure.
Brève étude sur la perception, l’inconscient et le temps
Authors: Scarfone Dominique
Published: September 2013

L’auteur propose ici une « étude », c’est-à-dire une exploration de la concordance et de la différence qui peut exister entre, d’une part, la conception énactive de la perception en philosophie de l’esprit (Alva Noë) et, d’autre part, la conception métapsychologique de la perception de l’autre humain, qui va du Projet de Freud à la théorie de la séduction généralisée de Laplanche. Par cette mise en parallèle de deux théories de la perception, l’auteur croit pouvoir étayer une proposition concernant la temporalité particulière de l’inconscient : un temps « actuel ». C’est une proposition dont il a commencé l’élaboration il y a quelques années et qu’il poursuit ici sous un nouvel angle.
L’intemporalité de l’inconscient
Authors: Pepin Louise
Published: September 2013

L’inconscient freudien se caractérise d’être inextricablement lié à la notion de trace, une trace qui s’inscrit dans l’expérience vécue. Cette trace ne s’efface pas et nous la retrouvons dans les signifiants qui émaillent le discours, les actes psychiques tels le rêve, les symptômes, les actes d’un sujet. Ce qui s’est inscrit s’avère inaltérable sous l’action du temps. À l’aune de cette notion, l’inscription d’une trace, que deviennent la mémoire et nos souvenirs ?
Aux limites de la temporalité : l’archaïque et la mort
Authors: Bonnet Marc
Published: September 2013

Dans ce travail, nous traitons des deux limites de la temporalité que sont l’archaïque d’une part et la mort d’autre part. Le chemin parcouru entre les deux constitue le projet identificatoire. L’archaïque s’organise sur l’espace originaire et s’illustre selon deux potentialités que sont la potentialité mélancolique et la potentialité paranoïaque. La mort demeure une sérieuse énigme pour le sujet dont les contours sont peut-être en train de se modifier à l’heure actuelle. Le projet identificatoire se structure sur la base de l’identification primaire à double composante d’identification symbolique, qui préexiste au sujet, et d’identification narcissique, qui en marque l’origine historique. Notre propos se termine par un questionnement sur la problématique ouverte par les nouveaux processus de subjectivation.
Les supervisions du cursus
Authors: Brusset Bernard
Published: September 2013

L'auteur propose une réflexion sur les supervisions telles qu'elles trouvent place dans le cursus de formation de l'Institut psychanalytique de Paris (SPP), et, diversement, ailleurs depuis 1920 à l'Institut de Berlin. Elles aboutissent à l'habilitation ou non de l'analyste en formation lors des réunions dites de fin de cursus. L'expérience de la supervision comporte des contradictions qui lui sont inhérentes et de multiples enjeux. Elle peut être considérée comme un processus qui a des étapes différentes d'un cas à l'autre et des effets négatifs possibles. Elle a pour finalité l'appropriation de la fonction analytique dans la quête de vérité qui définit l'éthique de la psychanalyse.
Etiology and risk factors associated with a pruritic papular eruption in people living with HIV in India
Authors: Farsani Terry T , Kore Sachin , Nadol Patrick , Ramam Mandalaparthy , Thierman Sara J , Leslie Kieron , Chandrasekar Chockalingam , Sikhamani Rajasekaran , Manoharan Gurusamy , Kubba Asha , Maurer Toby A
Published: September 2013

Introduction

Papulopruritic eruption (PPE) occurs in people living with HIV in India. Understanding the risk factors associated with this disease may help decrease the prevalence of PPE.

Methods

This study was a case‐control study performed at the Government Hospital of Thoracic Medicine, a tertiary care hospital in Chennai, India. Cases included HIV‐positive, antiretroviral (ARV) therapy‐naïve adults experiencing a pruritic skin eruption for longer than one month, with evidence of multiple papular or nodular lesions and biopsy consistent with arthropod bite. Controls included HIV‐positive, ARV‐naïve patients without active skin rash. Main outcome measures were CD4 cell count, histology, and environmental exposures. We performed statistical analysis using Epi Info version 3.5.1 and SPSS version 11.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Categorical variables such as gender, urban versus rural residence, occupation, treatment history, CD4 count, use of insect repellents, and environmental exposures were evaluated using the χ2 test (or the Fisher exact test when an expected value for a category was less than 5). The t‐test was used to evaluate differences in age and the duration since HIV diagnosis. The Mann‐Whitney test was used to compare non‐normally distributed values such as CD4 cell count. A p‐value that was less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Results

Forty‐one cases and 149 control subjects were included. Subjects with PPE had significantly lower CD4 cell counts compared to controls (225.5 cells/µL vs. 425 cells/µL; p=0.0001). Sixty‐six percent of cases had a CD4 cell count less than 350 cells/µL. PPE cases were less likely to use mosquito repellent techniques (odds ratio 2.81, CI = 1.45–5.45).

Discussion

PPE may be an altered and exaggerated immune response to arthropod bites in HIV‐positive patients. CD4 cell count is significantly lower in patients with PPE, and therefore it may be considered a qualifying clinical finding for ARV initiation in resource‐poor settings. Protective measures against mosquito bites appeared to be important in preventing PPE in subjects at risk.
Tatsumi Receives 2012 N. L. Bowen Award: Citation
Authors: Stern Robert J.
Published: September 2013

Yoshiyuki Tatsumi received the 2012 N. L. Bowen Award at the 2012 AGU Fall Meeting, held 3–7 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes “outstanding contributions to volcanology, geochemistry, or petrology.”
Revealing the early seafloor spreading history between India and Australia
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: September 2013

The Perth Abyssal Plain, a section of ocean floor that lies off the western coast of Australia, formed as India and Australia broke away from what had been the supercontinent Gondwana, beginning around 130 million years ago. Oceanic crust within the Perth Abyssal Plain is the only region of preserved seafloor that directly records the early history of relative motion between India and Australia, but the lack of magnetic data collected in that region had made it difficult for scientists to validate tectonic models of the motion of those continents.
First Row Transition Metal Phosphides
Authors: Whitmire Kenton H. , Caudell Jacob B.
Published: September 2013

A review with 209 references of the binary and ternary metal phosphides for the first row transition metals. A large variety exists in M:P stoichiometry for this class of compounds although a number of general trends are easily identified. Compounds with different transition metals having the same M:P ratio often adopt similar crystallographic forms, providing tremendous flexibility in producing isostructural ternary or higher order compounds over a wide composition range. In some cases, however, a given M:P stoichiometry can choose to crystallize in one of two different crystal systems depending on transition metal, temperature, pressure, and dopant metals. Common features of the variety of structural types are presented. Crystal data are tabulated for compounds exhibiting a variety of different M:P stoichiometries for each transition metal in the first series. For ternary phosphides containing more than one first row transition metal, crystal data is also presented showing that these compounds adopt the structure of one of the parent metals involved. The metal phosphides have been well‐studied for the electronic, magnetic, and catalytic properties and a number of examples of these properties are presented.
O
‐Carbamoyltransferase
TobZ
Authors: Görlich Stefan , Parthier Christoph , Fandrich Uwe , Stubbs Milton T
Published: September 2013

O
‐carbamoyltransferases, which modify a variety of natural products, exhibit an intriguing requirement for ATP. The structure of the 6″‐
O
‐carbamoyltransferase TobZ, responsible for biotransformation of the aminoglycoside antibiotic tobramycin to form nebramycin 5′, reveals two modular domains each harboring an active center within a common “reaction chamber”. The C‐terminal YrdC‐like domain harbors a carbamoylphosphate‐binding site, occupation of which triggers Mg
2+
–ATP binding and the subsequent formation of carbamoyladenylate. The adenylated intermediate is channeled to an iron‐mediated nucleotide‐binding site within the N‐terminal Kae1‐like domain, where the carbamoyl moiety is transferred to the tobramycin acceptor hydroxyl group. Conservation of modules within the hydrogenase maturation factor HypF as well as components of the ubiquitous threonylcarbamoyladenosine‐tRNA modification apparatus suggests analogous reaction sequences and points to an ancient origin of these proteins.
Decentering and Recentering the Ivory Tower: The Insights and Musings of an Interloper
Authors: Johnson‐Bailey Juanita
Published: September 2013

This chapter presents one faculty member's narrative in which academic research, teaching, advising, and mentoring coalesced into an activist agenda for transformative learning and social justice.
The Turtle's Shell: Protecting the Life Underneath
Authors: Garvey John , Gordon John , Kleinbard Peter , Wasserman Paul
Published: September 2013

In this chapter, four longtime adult literacy practitioners recount their pathways into the field in the late 1970s, 1980s, and early 1990s. Their stories highlight the creativity and openness that characterized literacy work in those years and point to what has been lost as the field has become dominated by the Workforce Investment Act and the National Reporting System.
Labor Studies: Redefining a College Education
Authors: Szymanski Sharon , Wells Richard
Published: September 2013

Labor studies can play a unique role in today's increasingly corporatized higher education.
What Time Is It on the Clock of the Universe?
Authors: Ramdeholl Dianne
Published: September 2013

In the concluding chapter of this volume, the author critically reflects on the important implications outlined by other authors, and through raising questions, invites us to envision and work toward a more compassionate and humane world.
Domain Wall Displacement is the Origin of Superior Permittivity and Piezoelectricity in BaTiO3 at Intermediate Grain Sizes
Authors: Ghosh Dipankar , Sakata Akito , Carter Jared , Thomas Pam A. , Han Hyuksu , Nino Juan C. , Jones Jacob L.
Published: September 2013

The dielectric and piezoelectric properties of ferroelectric polycrystalline materials have long been known to be strong functions of grain size and extrinsic effects such as domain wall motion. In BaTiO3, for example, it has been observed for several decades that the piezoelectric and dielectric properties are maximized at intermediate grain sizes (≈1 μm) and different theoretical models have been introduced to describe the physical origin of this effect. Here, using in situ, high‐energy X‐ray diffraction during application of electric fields, it is shown that 90° domain wall motion during both strong (above coercive) and weak (below coercive) electric fields is greatest at these intermediate grain sizes, correlating with the enhanced permittivity and piezoelectric properties observed in BaTiO3. This result validates the long‐standing theory in attributing the size effects in polycrystalline BaTiO3 to domain wall displacement. It is now empirically established that a doubling or more in the piezoelectric and dielectric properties of polycrystalline ferroelectric materials can be achieved through domain wall displacement effects; such mechanisms are suggested for use in the design of new ferroelectric materials with enhanced properties.
Near‐Infrared Light‐Encoded Orthogonally Triggered and Logical Intracellular Release Using Gold Nanocage@Smart Polymer Shell
Authors: Shi Peng , Ju Enguo , Ren Jinsong , Qu Xiaogang
Published: September 2013

Gold nanocages (AuNCs) with hollow interiors, porous walls, and tunable localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peaks in the NIR region represent a promising platform for therapeutic applications, and can be used for orthogonally triggered release by choosing the right laser according to the AuNC's LSPR. AuNCs are prepared with different LSPRs and covered with a smart polymer shell. Laser irradiation in resonance with the LSPR can trigger the release of a pre‐loaded effector. As a proof of concept, enzyme and substrate (prodrug) are selectively released from two different AuNCs. Enzymatic reactions only occur after successful opening of both types of AuNC capsules. The system acts as an “AND” logic gate. Furthermore, if the AuNC is loaded with isoenzyme or enzyme inhibitor, an “OR” or “INHIBIT” logic gate operation is achieved. To the best of our knowledge, no reports have combined NIR light‐encoded orthogonally triggered release with “prodrug” activation processes to realize defined different logic operations for regulating the dosage of active drug in a specific region. The design is simple and spatial/temporal to control, and provides new insights into developing NIR light‐encoded, logically controlled, intracellular release systems.
25th Anniversary Article: Dynamic Interfaces for Responsive Encapsulation Systems
Authors: Skorb Ekaterina V. , Möhwald Helmuth
Published: September 2013

Encapsulation systems are urgently needed both as micrometer and sub‐micrometer capsules for active chemicals' delivery, to encapsulate biological objects and capsules immobilized on surfaces for a wide variety of advanced applications. Methods for encapsulation, prolonged storage and controllable release are discussed in this review. Formation of stimuli responsive systems via layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly, as well as via mobile chemical bonding (hydrogen bonds, chemisorptions) and formation of special dynamic stoppers are presented. The most essential advances of the systems presented are multifunctionality and responsiveness to a multitude of stimuli – the possibility of formation of multi‐modal systems. Specific examples of advanced applications – drug delivery, diagnostics, tissue engineering, lab‐on‐chip and organ‐on‐chip, bio‐sensors, membranes, templates for synthesis, optical systems, and antifouling, self‐healing materials and coatings – are provided. Finally, we try to outline emerging developments.
“Vertical Relationships in the Ready‐to‐Eat Breakfast Cereal Industry in Boston”
Authors: Chidmi Benaissa
Published: September 2013

This study examines the vertical relationship between manufacturers and retailers in the ready‐to‐eat cereal (RTEC) industry in Boston. More precisely, the questions to be answered are, “What kind of vertical relationship exists between the manufacturers and the retailers?” “Does this relationship support the high price‐cost margins in the RTEC industry?” The results indicate that the RTEC manufacturers have the pricing decisions and that the retailers do not intervene in setting the retail prices for breakfast cereal brands. This is consistent with the vertical restraints theory that helps the manufacturers eliminate the externality created by the double marginalization scenario and an excessive demand contraction.

“Vertical Relationships in the Ready‐to‐Eat Breakfast Cereal Industry in Boston” appeared in Volume 28, Number 3 (Summer 2012).
The AKT genes and their roles in various disorders
Authors: Cohen M. Michael
Published: September 2013

AKT (AK mouse plus Transforming or Thymoma) is a common oncogene expressed in most tissues. Both AKT2 and AKT3, although important, have more limited distributions. The regulation of all three genes depends on two receptors—a receptor tyrosine kinase with a growth factor ligand, and a G protein coupled receptor, also with a ligand together with an explanation of how their downsteam components function. AKT2 is amplified or overexpressed in cancer with a higher frequency than those found with AKT1. AKT1 is cardioprotective to the heart by supporting its physiological growth and function. AKT2 is closely linked to Type II diabetes and the implications of various types of mutations are discussed. Various AKT3 mutations are important in neurological disorders, such as microcephaly, hemimegalencephaly, and megalencephaly syndromes. Finally, a reduced level of AKT1 in the frontal cortex has been found during post‐mortem brain studies of schizophrenic patients in the populations of many countries. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recurrent patterning in the daily foraging routes of hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas): Spatial memory in large‐scale versus small‐scale space
Authors: Schreier Amy L. , Grove Matt
Published: September 2013

The benefits of spatial memory for foraging animals can be assessed on two distinct spatial scales: small‐scale space (travel within patches) and large‐scale space (travel between patches). While the patches themselves may be distributed at low density, within patches resources are likely densely distributed. We propose, therefore, that spatial memory for recalling the particular locations of previously visited feeding sites will be more advantageous during between‐patch movement, where it may reduce the distances traveled by animals that possess this ability compared to those that must rely on random search. We address this hypothesis by employing descriptive statistics and spectral analyses to characterize the daily foraging routes of a band of wild hamadryas baboons in Filoha, Ethiopia. The baboons slept on two main cliffs—the Filoha cliff and the Wasaro cliff—and daily travel began and ended on a cliff; thus four daily travel routes exist: Filoha–Filoha, Filoha–Wasaro, Wasaro–Wasaro, Wasaro–Filoha. We use newly developed partial sum methods and distribution‐fitting analyses to distinguish periods of area‐restricted search from more extensive movements. The results indicate a single peak in travel activity in the Filoha–Filoha and Wasaro–Filoha routes, three peaks of travel activity in the Filoha–Wasaro routes, and two peaks in the Wasaro–Wasaro routes; and are consistent with on‐the‐ground observations of foraging and ranging behavior of the baboons. In each of the four daily travel routes the “tipping points” identified by the partial sum analyses indicate transitions between travel in small‐ versus large‐scale space. The correspondence between the quantitative analyses and the field observations suggest great utility for using these types of analyses to examine primate travel patterns and especially in distinguishing between movement in small versus large‐scale space. Only the distribution‐fitting analyses are inconsistent with the field observations, which may be due to the scale at which these analyses were conducted. Am. J. Primatol. 76:421–435, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hand preferences on unimanual and bimanual tasks in Tonkean macaques (Macaca tonkeana)
Authors: Canteloup Charlotte , Vauclair Jacques , Meunier Hélène
Published: September 2013

This is the first study to examine hand preferences in Tonkean macaques on a bimanual task. One of our objectives was to continue the move toward greater task standardization, in order to facilitate comparisons between species and studies on handedness. The main aim was to test and determine task robustness, by varying intra‐task complexity. To this end, we administered several different tasks to the subjects: two unimanual tasks (grasping task featuring items of different sizes) and three coordinated bimanual tasks (tube task involving different materials, weights, and diameters). Although we found no significant hand preference in either task at the group level, the macaques were more strongly lateralized for small items than for large ones in the unimanual grasping task. Moreover, the absence of a correlation between these two versions of the unimanual task confirmed the weakness of this grasping task for assessing handedness. Regarding the bimanual tube task, no difference was found between the three versions in either the direction or the strength of hand preference. Moreover, the highly correlated hand preferences between these three versions suggest that the tube task provides a more robust means of measuring manual preferences. Am J Phys Anthropol 152:315–321, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Resource efficient gadgets for compiling adiabatic quantum optimization problems
Authors: Babbush Ryan , O'Gorman Bryan , Aspuru‐Guzik Alán
Published: September 2013

A resource efficient method by which the ground‐state of an arbitrary k‐local, optimization Hamiltonian can be encoded as the ground‐state of a ‐local, optimization Hamiltonian is developed. This result is important because adiabatic quantum algorithms are often most easily formulated using many‐body interactions but experimentally available interactions are generally 2‐body. In this context, the efficiency of a reduction gadget is measured by the number of ancilla qubits required as well as the amount of control precision needed to implement the resulting Hamiltonian. First, methods of applying these gadgets to obtain 2‐local Hamiltonians using the least possible number of ancilla qubits are optimized. Next, a novel reduction gadget which minimizes control precision and a heuristic which uses this gadget to compile 3‐local problems with a significant reduction in control precision are shown. Finally, numerics are presented which indicate a substantial decrease in the resources required to implement randomly generated, 3‐body optimization Hamiltonians when compared to other methods in the literature.
Thermal properties and crystallization behavior of bamboo fiber/high‐density polyethylene composites: Nano‐TiO2 effects
Authors: Fei Peng , Fei Benhua , Yu Yan , Xiong Hanguo , Tan Jun
Published: September 2013

In this study, bamboo fiber/high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) composites were prepared, and the effects of nano‐TiO2 on their thermal properties and crystallization behavior were investigated via thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results show that the addition of nano‐TiO2 improved the thermal stability and had a dual function in the crystallization behavior of the composites. On one hand, it functioned as a nucleating agent. The addition of 2 wt % nano‐TiO2 promoted the crystallization, which caused the increase of the crystallization rate and crystallinity degree, as well as the micronization of the crystalline grain. On the other hand, intermolecular hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds were formed between nano‐TiO2 and the polymer matrix, which hindered the crystallization of the composites. When the content of nano‐TiO2 was continually increased, the inhibitory effect of the crystallization was gradually enhanced, which resulted in a decrease in the crystallization rate and crystallinity degree of the composites. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39846.