bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of Ti, Nb, and Ta additions to ZrAlCu metallic glass on the crystallization and formation of the icosahedral phase
Authors: Qiang J.B. , Zhang W. , Xie G.Q. , Inoue A.
Published: April 2007

The addition of Ti, Nb, or Ta altered the crystallization behavior of the Zr65Al7.5Cu27.5 glass, and a metastable nanoscaled I-phase was obtained on primary crystallization of these quaternary glasses. The complete substitution of Al by Nb also led to the precipitation of I-phase upon crystallization. Negative heats of mixing between the addition metals and the transition metals of the mother alloy were demonstrated to be not a necessary condition for I-phase formation in the present alloy system.
Preparation and characterization of self-formed CoFe2O4 ferrofluid
Authors: Li Jian , Dai Dalin , Liu Xiaodong , Lin Yueqiang , Huang Yan , Bai Lang
Published: April 2007

An ionic ferrofluid is prepared using coprecipitation and acid treatment techniques. In the ferrofluid, Co3+ and Fe2+ dissolved from CoFe2O4 nanoparticles via suitable acid attack, are absorbed on the surface of the magnetic particles and thus prevent them from aggregating. We call this self-formed ferrofluid. The colloidal particles in the ferrofluid are constructed with a magnetic core and a nonmagnetic surface layer about 2 nm. The size and the volume fraction of particles in the ferrofluid are described with geometric diameter d and volume fraction ϕv, as well as magnetic diameter dm and magnetic volume fraction ϕm. The viscous and magnetic properties of this ferrofluid depend on these parameters. The viscosity can be tunable for any volume fraction of particles by adding poly(ethylene glycol) into the carrier liquid.
Grain boundary dislocation interactions in nanocrystalline Al2O3
Authors: Dhabal Sampa
Published: April 2007

To explore the mechanism of grain growth, gas phase synthesized nanopowders of Al2O3 were heated in ambient conditions at elevated temperatures. Transmission electron microscopy and x-ray line broadening studies were performed to determine the microstructural parameters like crystallite size and root-mean-square (rms) strain. Increase in crystallite size with a decrease in dislocation density was observed for annealing the powder at higher temperatures. From a detailed analysis of the dislocation interactions, it was shown that polygonization like interaction of dislocations is the primary cause for such growth. A model for such growth is proposed. From the measured values of the rms strain and crystallite size at different temperatures, the ratio of the bulk to the shear modulus was determined. The measured ratio was found, within experimental uncertainties, to be close to the bulk value.
Engineered reactive cosputtered SmxZr1–xOythin films as buffer layers for YBa2Cu3O7−δcoated conductors
Authors: Stan L. , Arendt P.N. , Usov I.O. , Wang H. , Foltyn S.R. , Maiorov B. , Groves J.R. , DePaula R.F. , Li Y.
Published: April 2007

This study shows that biaxially textured SmxZr1−xOy(SZO) with a wide range of compositions (0.06 <x< 0.75) can be grown directly on ion-beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) MgO template using reactive cosputtering. The SZO crystal structure can be changed, and the lattice parameter can be tailored (from 5.23 to 5.49 Å) by changing the composition. We have developed a simplified high-temperature superconducting coated conductor using SZO as the buffer layer. YBa2Cu3O7−δ(YBCO) films grown by pulsed laser deposition on the SZO buffered IBAD MgO have self-field critical current densities (Jc) in the 2–4 MA/cm2range. The in-field measurements demonstrate that high-quality YBCO films can be grown on SZO buffered IBAD MgO. The present results are especially important because they were obtained on coated conductors with the simpler architecture by eliminating the additional homoepitaxial layer of MgO. This translates in faster production and lower manufacturing cost.
Optimal Adjuvant Therapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer—How to Handle Stage I Disease
Authors: Wakelee Heather , Dubey Sarita , Gandara David
Published: April 2007

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Discuss adjuvant chemotherapy as a standard of care for resected stage II–IIIA non-small cell lung cancer.Interpret the controversy in treating stage IB non-small cell lung cancer patients with adjuvant chemotherapy.Define the future directions of adjuvant therapy for non-small cell lung cancer including new drugs under investigation and better “tailoring” of therapy.

CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
Cytokine‐centered strategies to boost cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Manzano Sara , Caffarel María M.
Published: February 2025

Cytokines have gained attention in oncology in recent years, especially in the context of immunotherapy. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the treatment of cancer, there are still some challenges to be faced, such as the lack of predictive biomarkers as well as the emergence of resistance and their severe side effects. In this Viewpoint, we discuss the potential of cytokines, the soluble mediators of cancer‐associated inflammation, in immunotherapy. Indeed, both the activation and inhibition of cytokines have been suggested as potential strategies to overcome immunotherapy resistance. In addition, serum levels of certain cytokines can predict response to immunotherapy, and cytokine inhibition could also contribute to prevent side effects induced by ICIs. Thus, although further research is still required, data support that cytokine‐based therapies could be an attractive therapeutic strategy for cancer patients treated with immunotherapy in the near future.
Unlocking High‐Performance in All‐Organic Solar Cells by the Development of Organic Electrodes with No Acid and High‐Temperature Treatment and the Effective Preparation Thereof on Organic Multilayer Films
Authors: Hashida Keiju , Konishi Akihiro , Itaya Hiroyuki , Takahashi Kenji , Shahiduzzaman Md. , Karakawa Makoto , Taima Tetsuya , Arashitani Tatsuya , Kawai Kimio , Nishiyama Ryo , Takahashi Kohshin , Nunzi Jean‐Michel , Nakano Masahiro
Published: February 2025

Solar panels are difficult to dispose of and environmentally unfriendly because they contain potentially hazardous compounds and materials that are difficult to dispose of or recycle. As such, all‐organic solar cells (AOSCs), which comprise only organic materials, have received considerable attention as environmentally friendly alternatives. Although the use of AOSCs will resolve the issue of solar cell disposal, the production of high‐performance AOSCs remains a challenge (power conversion efficiency (PCE) currently ≈4%) because organic electrodes exhibit limited conductivity and are difficult to fabricate without damaging organic plastic substrates and multilayered organic semiconducting materials. Herein the development of AOSCs is reported with PCEs more than twice those of previously reported AOSCs on PET substrates (8.7%). The key to achieving this is the development of organic electrodes with high conductivity and which require no acid doping or high‐temperature heating, thus avoiding damage to the plastic substrates. Moreover, the top‐electrode lamination method developed herein, which does not damage the bottom organic layers of AOSCs, also contributes to the production of high‐performance AOSCs. In addition, the use of bioplastic substrates is explored to demonstrate the feasibility of producing environmentally friendly solar cells with good photovoltaic performance (PCE: 8.6%), thus suggesting that the electrodes and lamination method developed are effective for producing high‐performance AOSCs.
A Platelet‐Substitute‐Releasing Supramolecular Material for Cellular Assembly Mediated On‐Demand Hemostasis
Authors: Zeng Yirong , Yang Shuo , Tian Zhengtao , Huang Zeqi , Xiong Shuhan , Mukwaya Vincent , Tan Ziyi , Zhi Kangkang , Qu Lefeng , Dou Hongjing
Published: February 2025

Inspired by the critical role of platelets in hemostasis, hemostatic agents aim to enable rapid blood clotting, essential for saving lives in severe hemorrhages. Traditional hemostatic methods often rely on the slow binding of limited cellular components and proteins rendering them inadequate for critical scenarios. In this study, macroscopic supramolecular hemostatic materials capable of moisture‐triggered release of nanosized glycan‐based platelet substitutes (PS) are developed to facilitate expedited hemostasis. The inherent supramolecular chemistry of these glycan‐based PS modified with catechol and alkyl enables instant amalgamation with red blood cells and albumin, forming a durable blood gel that exhibits self‐healing and anti‐adhesion properties, effectively minimizing rebleeding and postoperative complications. Meanwhile, the PS Pad instantly adheres to various organs and resists arterial blood pressure by constructing a microstructure‐adapting PS layer on the tissue surface. In rodent and porcine trauma models of liver and femoral arteries with coagulation disorders, the PS‐releasing hemostat stops bleeding within 45 s and is easily detached without rebleeding after use. The integration of fast‐acting supramolecular interactions, biocompatibility, and self‐healing characteristics positions these materials as promising candidates for rapid hemostatic solutions and potential translational applications in managing severe traumatic bleeding.
Coupling of Donor–Acceptor of Hydrogen Bonds Manipulated Electrolyte Structure Enables Hydrogen Evolution‐Free and Durable Zn Metal Batteries
Authors: Xie Dan , Tao Fang‐Yu , Zhu Li‐Han , Diao Wan‐Yue , Liu Chang , Yu Hong , Gahungud Godefroid , Wu Xing‐Long , Zhang Jing‐Ping
Published: February 2025

The undesirable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) primarily contributes to the instability of Zn anode, which exacerbates Zn corrosion and dendrite growth and impedes the application of Zn metal battery in large‐scale energy storage. Although engineering functional aqueous electrolyte prominently controls HER, it hardly eradicates the occurrence of HER from the source. Herein, this research utilizes the coupling of donor–acceptor of hydrogen bonds (H‐bonds) to manipulate electrolyte structure and design a novel methanol (MeOH)‐based anhydrous organic electrolyte with propylene carbonate (PC) as co‐solvent, fundamentally eliminating HER, accompanied by suppressed corrosion and dendrite growth. The PC molecules as acceptor strengthen the H‐bonds networks between MeOH donor molecules and weaken the interaction of cations and anions, enhancing the stability of electrolyte and reducing the anion‐involved by‐products formation. Meanwhile, the preferential adsorbed PC molecules on the anode surface form favorable organic component‐dominated solid electrolyte interface layer, inducing uniform Zn deposition along (002) orientation. Consequently, Zn anode in the anhydrous organic electrolyte exhibits excellent cycling stability and high reversibility. The assembled cells also harvest a satisfactory low‐temperature tolerance. More importantly, the corresponding Zn||PANI full cell and pouch cell behave an impressive capacity retention of 92.4% and 91.1% after 3200 and 1400 cycles, respectively.
Tuning Absorption State and Intermolecular Potential of Organic Semiconductors for Narrowband Ultraviolet Photodetection
Authors: Ma Yining , Gao Quan , Li Yudong , Du Yuankai , Huang Yinan , Sun Yajing , Chen Xiaosong , Wu Wenbo , Wu Fan , Wang Zhongwu , Zhao Libin , Hu Yongxu , Han Cheng , Li Liqiang , Yang Chuluo , Hu Wenping
Published: February 2025

Narrowband response of organic semiconductors determines the band selectivity and anti‐interference of the organic photodetectors, which are pursued for a long time but have not yet been resolved in the UV band. Herein, a feasible strategy is developed to realize narrowband UV response by tuning the absorption state and intermolecular potential of organic semiconductors. The as‐designed non‐Donor‐Acceptor molecule, 2,5‐diphenylthieno[3,2‐b]thiophene (2,5‐DPTT), exhibits narrowband absorption by fully suppressing the charge transfer state absorption. Simultaneously, the intermolecular potential is significantly enhanced (to ≈90 KJ mol−1) by modulating the molecular planarity. Consequently, the UV photodetector based on 2,5‐DPTT achieves excellent narrowband response at 310 nm wavelength and a record‐breaking photosensitivity (P = 1.21 × 106) in the deep UV range. In the demonstration application of flame alarm, the flame detector based on 2,5‐DPTT single crystal exhibits excellent anti‐interference capability. This work provides the inspiration for designing narrowband responsive organic semiconductors and building up multifunctional optoelectronic devices.
Assessment of Collagen‐Based Inks to Develop Bilayer Constructs by 3D Printing
Authors: Carranza Teresa , Irastorza Ainhoa , de la Caba Koro , Guerrero Pedro
Published: February 2025

Multi‐material 3D printing is a valuable technique for creating multi‐layered constructs that replicate the composition and organization of tissues. With this in mind, bilayer constructs are produced through 3D printing using two inks based on proteins. On the one hand, a gelatin ink with different carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) contents is prepared and based on the rheological performance, the ink with 3 wt.% CMC is selected for the bottom layer of the construct. On the other hand, collagen‐inks are also rheologically characterized, demonstrating shear thinning behavior and self‐supporting ability. Based on these results, the collagen ink with riboflavin is selected as the top layer of the construct. The printing conditions, such as tip gauge and extrusion temperatures, are optimized, leading to homogeneous and replicable constructs with the required elastic modulus for their application as dermal substitutes.
Aqueous‐Mediated Microwave Synthesis of Novel Tetrahydrospiro [Chromeno‐Isoxazole‐Indolinone] Derivatives via 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction
Authors: Mohapatra Suhasini , Priyadarshini Parida Sonali , Nayak Sabita , Behera Kabita , Mohapatra Seetaram
Published: February 2025

A regiospecific approach has been developed for the synthesis of 2,2‐disubstituted 2‐phenyl‐2,3a,4,9b‐tetrahydrospiro[chromeno[4,3‐d]isoxazole‐1,3’‐indolin]‐2’‐one derivatives via 1,3‐dipolar cycloddition reaction. This one‐pot, two‐component synthesis involves 2H‐chromene and N‐arylisatin nitrones in aqueous medium, promoting a green synthesis by minimizing the use of hazardous reagents and enhancing the sustainability of synthesis. The cycloadducts, which feature a spiro center, are efficiently obtained under both conventional method and microwave irradiation. The newly developed derivatives were characterized using 1H, 13C NMR, as well as HRMS spectra. Furthermore, the structure of compound 16 a was unambiguously confirmed through single‐crystal X‐ray analysis.
Oxidative Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbocyclization of Enallenes under Electrochemical Conditions
Authors: Wojciechowska Natalia , Rozanski Szymon , Kalek Marcin
Published: February 2025

Palladium‐catalyzed oxidative carbocyclizations of unsaturated allenes constitute powerful synthetic methods for the construction of functional group‐rich cyclic scaffolds via the coupling of two C−H bonds. The key downside of these otherwise very valuable processes is the need to utilize a stoichiometric amount of benzoquinone as a terminal oxidant, which can be elegantly addressed by the means of electrosynthesis. Herein, we report the development of an electrochemical version of the archetypical oxidative carbocyclization, that is, of enallenes. The conditions for the reaction were optimized and the electrochemical variant was successfully carried out for a number of substrates, albeit, somewhat lower yields were obtained compared to the original process, promoted by a chemical oxidant. However, the application of electric stimulus allowed for carrying out the reaction employing only a catalytic 20 mol% loading of benzoquinone, under simple constant current conditions and in an undivided cell. The need to use THF as a reaction solvent was identified as a key obstacle in achieving optimum efficiency under the electrochemical conditions, providing bearing for further electrification of the palladium‐catalyzed oxidative carbocyclizations of allenes.
Integrating Circular Polarized Luminescence and Long Persistent Luminescence in Cu8 Cage‐Like Clusters via Ligand Engineering
Authors: Zheng Hao , Li Yan , Zhan Wen‐Wen , Zhou Jie , Wu Guanyi , Zhang Chengkai , Sun Di , Yang Yang
Published: February 2025

Copper clusters with diverse luminescent properties are of particular interest. In this study, a series of Cu8 clusters with cage‐like structures was synthesized and characterized. By employing a stepwise ligand engineering strategy that progressively introduced circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) and long persistent luminescence (LPL) properties, we successfully synthesized R/S‐Cu8−Cl, the first copper cluster to demonstrate both CPL and LPL. The CPL originates from the chiral metal core induced by the chiral alkynyl ligand, whereas the LPL is attributed to the inherent properties of chlorine‐modified triphenylphosphine, which is retained and modified after ligation. The polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) film containing Cu8 clusters displays lifetimes of up to 75.18 ms at room temperature and an afterglow exceeding 1.5 s, marking the longest luminescent lifetime recorded for molecular copper‐cluster‐based materials known to date. Additionally, R/S‐Cu8−Cl shows excitation‐dependent luminescence and variations in luminescence when UV light is switched on and off, highlighting its potential for advanced anti‐counterfeiting applications. This work not only presents innovative cage‐like copper cluster structures but also offers new approaches for designing multifunctional clusters.
Multiple Deuterium Atom Transfer Perdeuteration of Unactivated Alkenes under Base‐Assisted Cobalt/Photoredox Dual Catalysis
Authors: Suzuki Akihiko , Higashida Kosuke , Yoshino Tatsuhiko , Matsunaga Shigeki
Published: February 2025

A radical approach for hydrogenative perdeuteration of unactivated alkenes under cobalt/photoredox dual catalysis is described. The addition of a suitable base plays a key role in controlling two competing pathways by switching the catalytic performance of cobalt/photoredox catalysis. Base‐assisted cobalt/photoredox dual catalysis promoted a hydrogen isotope exchange reaction of alkenes to afford deuterated alkenes via multiple repeating deuterium atom transfer/hydrogen atom abstraction processes, while consecutive reductive deuteration of alkenes proceeded in the absence of a base to afford polydeuterated alkanes. One‐pot hydrogenative perdeuteration and perdeutero‐arylation were also developed, providing access to various polydeuterated aliphatic compounds.
Leveraging Carbon Quantum Dot Spacers as Dual Proton/Electron Boosters to Upgrade TiO2@Polydopamine Photocatalysts for pH‐Resilient Conversion of O2 into H2O2
Authors: Li Linjia , Bu Qijing , Lang Tao , Zhang Rui , Pang Youyu , Zhang Yuling , Lin Yanhong , Wang Dejun , Xie Tengfeng , Wang Dayang
Published: February 2025

Photocatalytic synthesis of H2O2 is a proton‐coupled electron transfer (PCET) process, which is generally jeopardized by the kinetic mismatch between photogenerated electron transfer and proton supply. To address the challenge, here we proposed a new core–shell design of nanocomposite catalysts comprising of carbon quantum dot (CD)‐topped TiO2 nanoparticles encapsulated by polydopamine (PDA) shells, which delivered stable catalytic activity across a pH range of 1–9, exhibiting a photocatalytic generation rate of H2O2 that reached 18.14 mmol g−1 h−1 in methanol and 8.66 mmol g−1 h−1 in water. This extraordinary, pH‐tolerant photocatalytic generation of H2O2 was benefited from the innovative use of CDs, interspaced between the TiO2 cores and PDA shells, not only as a reservoir of protons to buffer the local acidic microenvironment but also as a proton/electron dual booster to sustain an excellent kinetic match between the proton and photogenerated electron transfer, thus enabling the O2 reduction to selectively proceed via two‐electron reaction pathway over a wide pH span.
Synthesis and Derivatization of a Carbene‐Sulfinate Palladacycle
Authors: Teng Qiaoqiao , Zhang Lina , Liu Wei , Huang Guangqing , Arachchige Dinuk Thulsan Munasinghe , Yang Sen , Meng Qi
Published: February 2025

An unprecedented C‐SO oxidative‐cleavage reaction was disclosed for fused thiazoline‐1‐oxide‐azolium salts with Ag2O to afford Ccarbene^SO2 palladacyclic complexes. The complex could undergo reversible redox reactions with Br2 to afford an intermediary N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complex with a sulfonyl bromide dangling group. This complex allowed divergent hydrolysis, alcoholysis, and aminolysis to prepare a series of sulfonate and sulfonamide functionalized NHC complexes and a Ccarbene^NSO2 palladacycle via further deprotonation. Selected complexes were employed in catalysis to show excellent activities in the aqueous Suzuki‐Miyaura coupling reactions and hydroamination reactions of aryl alkynes.
Recent Advances in Nitrene Chemistry with Emerging Precursors
Authors: Bao Ming , Dong Shanliang , Chen Kewei , Xu Xinfang
Published: February 2025

Nitrene‐transfer reaction is one of the powerful synthetic tools in organic chemistry, facilitating a vast array of otherwise unattainable chemical transformations. Different types of nitrene precursors have been exploited and successfully applied in a variety of nitrene‐based transformations for the direct construction of nitrogen‐containing compounds with structural complexity. Although a few of review articles that focus on the specific nitrene precursors or different type of nitrene reactions have been reported, significant advancements have emerged over the past two decades driven by the introduction and application of novel nitrene precursors, enabling a variety of catalytic transformations for the synthesis of N‐heterocyclic frameworks with structural diversity. Thus, a review paper that underscores the progress in nitrene chemistry by focusing on the advancements in nitrene precursors would be timely and highly desirable. In this review article, the advancements in nitrene chemistry, particularly those achieved with newly developed nitrene precursors over the past two decades, have been summarized. The presentation is organized by the type of precursor and further subdivided based on different nitrene reactions by focusing on the key mechanistic aspects, limitation, and synthetic capacity.
Combining 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing and Metabolomics to Study the Therapeutic Effects of Sangge Jiangzhi Pill on Hyperlipidemia Rats
Authors: Pan Xuan , Wang Jianhai , Liu Shuo , Yu Ruonan , Li Ziyu , Zhang Yumeng , Wang Miao , Zhao Chunjie , Zhao Min
Published: February 2025

Sangge Jiangzhi pill, as a traditional Chinese medicine compound preparation, can be used to treat hyperlipidemia. However, the specific material basis and mechanism of action of the Sangge Jiangzhi pill are not clear. In this study, gut microbiota and host metabolism were investigated using 16S rRNA sequencing and metabolomics techniques. The changes in body weight, organ index, serum biochemical levels, and liver pathology demonstrated that the Sangge Jiangzhi pill reduced body weight and attenuated fat accumulation in hyperlipidemic rats. The results of gut microbiota analysis demonstrated that the Sangge Jiangzhi pill significantly enhanced the richness and diversity of gut microbiota in hyperlipidemia rats. Moreover, it regulated the relative abundance of Ligilactobacillus, Limosilactobacillus, Lactobacillus, Blautia, Parabacteroides, Helicobacter, Colidextribacter, Desulfovibrio, Rikenella, and Tuzzerella to protect the intestinal barrier and relieve the oxidative stress reaction. Metabonomics analysis showed that a total of 32 differential metabolites were identified in feces. The results of the correlation analysis revealed a significant association between intestinal microbiota and fecal metabolites. These results suggested that the Sangge Jiangzhi pill could achieve the purpose of treating hyperlipidemia by regulating gut microbiota imbalance and metabolic activity disorder.
Characterization and Identification of the Metabolites of Tuxobertinib in Rat, Dog, Monkey, and Human Liver Microsomes by Liquid Chromatography Combined With High Resolution Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Liu Pei , Huang Jing , Zhao Yao , Zhang Jing , Xue Qianrong , Zhang Shuqin
Published: February 2025

Tuxobertinib is an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, which was undergoing clinical development for the treatment of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The aim of this study was to characterize the metabolites of tuxobertinib in liver microsomes and recombinant cytochrome P450 enzymes and to propose the metabolic pathways. The metabolites were generated by individually incubating tuxobertinib (5 μM) with rat, dog, monkey, and human liver microsomes, NADPH, and at 37°C for 60 min. The samples were analyzed by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole/orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC‐Q/Orbitrap‐MS) using electrospray ionization in positive ion mode. The metabolites were characterized and identified by their accurate MS and MS/MS data. Totally, 18 metabolites were detected, and their structure was characterized. All these metabolites were ‐NADPH‐dependent. The metabolic pathways of tuxobertinib included O‐dealkylation, hydroxylation, oxidative deamination, dehydrogenation, and the opening of morpholine. M4 (O‐dealkylation) was the major metabolite in all species. No human specific metabolite was observed. In human recombinant CYP3A4, 13 metabolites were detected, and CYP3A4 was the primary enzyme responsible for tuxobertinib metabolism. This is the first report on the metabolism of tuxobertinib, which provided an overview of the metabolism profiles of tuxobertinib in vitro, which is helpful in understanding its safety and action.
Quantitative Comparison of Different Parts of Tribulus terrestris L. at Different Harvest Times and Comparison of Antihypertensive Effects at the Same Harvest Time
Authors: Li Fei , DU De‐Feng , Chen Ming‐Yue , Gong Xiao‐Meng , Su Hui‐Min , Wang Yi‐Fan , Shi Lei , Zhang Chao , Guo Fei
Published: February 2025

The whole plant of Tribulus terrestris (TT) is used to treat hypertension and cardio‐cerebrovascular diseases. The harvest time has an important influence on the quality of medicinal plants. Therefore, it is necessary to study the effect of harvest time on the content of components in different parts of TT and compare the antihypertensive effect of different parts of TT at harvest time with a relatively high content of 14 components. Ultraviolet–visible spectrometry (UV–Vis spectrometry) was used to determine the total saponin content in T. terrestris fruit (TTF), T. terrestris stems (TTS), and T. terrestris leaves (TTL) at different harvest times. Within the studied harvest times, the total saponin content was higher in TTL than in TTF or TTS. Ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography‐triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed significant differences in the spatial and temporal differences in the content of 14 components in the three plant parts. The multivariate statistical analysis identified six components as markers of different TT content in the different parts. The suitable TTF harvest period was from August 11 to September 1, while TTS and TTL were suitable for harvesting from July 21 to September 11. The treatment effects on blood pressure, serum indexes, and thoracic aorta morphology confirmed that the antihypertensive effects of TTL were better than those of TTF or TTS. The study emphasized the effect of harvest time on the content of components in different parts of TT and confirmed that TTS and TTL also had medicinal value.
Unique Liquid Chromatography Technique for Determining a New Selective PPARα Modulator Drug (Pemafibrate) in the Tablet Dosage Form, Robustness by Design Expert in the Light of Quality by Design
Authors: Han Fei , Yang Yankun , Bai Zhonghu , Nathi Rathnakar , Konduru Naresh
Published: February 2025

This research study presents a precise, accurate, and linear liquid‐chromatography method for the determination of pemafibrate in tablet dosage forms, despite the presence of a high volume of excipients. Various challenges were addressed through experimental approaches and evidence‐based solutions. The method employs a suitable stationary phase, X‐Bridge C18 (150 × 4.6 mm, 3.5 μm), and an appropriate isocratic program. Key parameters include a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, a column temperature of 40°C, an injection volume of 10 μL, and a runtime of 15 min. The wavelength was set at 210 nm because of its high response. Mobile phase optimization, based on experimental results, consists of 0.1% H3PO4 buffer and acetonitrile in a 40:60 v/v ratio. The method has been validated according to ICH Q2 (R2) and Ch. P <9101> guidelines, achieving a recovery rate of 99.1% to 100.5% at levels of 50%, 100%, and 150%. Linearity was demonstrated from 25% to 300% concentration levels, with a correlation coefficient (r2) value of 1.000. Precision results showed %RSD values of 1.0 and 1.1. Forced degradation studies indicated sensitivity to acid hydrolysis stress conditions and stability under physical stress conditions.
Taguchi L9 Optimization of Microwave‐Assisted Solid–Liquid Duo Heating for Berberine Extraction With HPTLC Analysis
Authors: Satija Saurabh , Vyas Manish , Pandey Parijat , Garg Munish
Published: February 2025

We present an optimized approach for the extraction of berberine using microwave‐assisted solid–liquid duo heating. The conventional procedure relies on the simultaneous heating of the sample matrix and the dissolving solvent under microwave energy. To improve the efficiency of this process, we employed the Taguchi L9 orthogonal design methodology, focusing on key extraction parameters, including microwave power, irradiation time, solute‐solvent ratio, and temperature. Berberine content was quantified using high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography (HPTLC). Our findings revealed that the most influential parameters in the berberine extraction process were microwave power (ranked as the most critical factor), followed by irradiation time (second in importance), and temperature (third in significance). Utilizing the dual heating approach in microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) led to a more precise and efficient determination of extraction parameters, resulting in enhanced accuracy and higher yield. Additionally, this optimized method significantly reduced the overall extraction time, making it an ideal choice for berberine extraction under optimal conditions.
Comparative Chromatographic Analysis of Amino Acids in the Seeds of Three Nigella L. Representatives
Authors: Shanaida Mariia , Korablova Olha , Rakhmetov Dzhamal , Serafyn Oksana , Lashch Neonila , Shanaida Volodymyr
Published: February 2025

Amino acids are an important class of primary metabolites that can exhibit various pharmacological activities. In this study, the comparative gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of free and total amino acids in the seeds of three representatives of the Nigella L. genus (Nigella arvensis L., Nigella damascena L. [cultivar “Rizdvyana zirochka”], and Nigella sativa L. [cultivar “Faraon”]) was conducted under their cultivation in Ukraine. Regarding the free state of amino acids, 11 were detected in the raw material of N. damascena, and 9 were found in both N. sativa and N. arvensis. It was found the highest content of L‐aspartic acid, specifically 50.359 mg/g in N. damascena (cultivar “Rizdvyana zirochka”), 33.816 mg/g in N. sativa (cultivar “Faraon”), and 31.028 mg/g in N. arvensis. It was revealed that L‐leucine, L‐valine, and L‐tyrosine dominated among the essential amino acids detected in the free state in the seeds of all studied samples. L‐glycine and L‐proline had the highest amounts among the semiessential amino acids, while L‐aspartic acid, L‐glutamic acid, and L‐phenylalanine are predominant in the nonessential group. Some of the detected in the Nigella sp. amino acids possess significant therapeutic potential.
Metabolomic Analysis of Serum Reveals a Unique Metabolomic Profile in Patients With Myositis and Identified Several Potential Biomarkers in Polymyositis Versus Dermatomyositis Patients
Authors: Xie Shuoshan , Li Caiyan , Lu Congyu , Liu Yanjuan
Published: February 2025

DM and PM were the two major subtypes in myositis; among which, a unique metabolomic and biomarker profile remains lacking. Serum from 36 diagnosed myositis patients (28 DM and 8 PM) and 29 healthy controls was analyzed using HPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS/MS. PLS‐DA was conducted through MetaboAnalyst 5.0 to identify the differential metabolites. The KEGG analysis was utilized to observe the related metabolic pathways. The potential biomarker value was assessed using ROC analysis. The relationship between the clinical characteristics and the levels of identified differential metabolites was analyzed using R language. PLS‐DA showed a clear separation between healthy controls and myositis patients, and 131 differential metabolites were identified. KEGG analysis uncovered multiple disturbed metabolic pathways. Besides, nine differential metabolites were identified between PM and DM patients, which were involved in pentose and glucuronate interconversions. ROC curve analysis revealed the AUC of these identified metabolites is above 0.7. Among them, indoxyl sulfate, oleamide, and palmitoylethanolamide presented moderate or strong correlation with clinical characteristics. Metabolomics presents a different spectrum between myositis patients and healthy controls, PM and DM patients. Besides, indoxyl sulfate, oleamide, and palmitoylethanolamide may be potential biomarkers in distinguishing PM from DM.
A Simple Rapid HPLC‐UV Method for Assessing C‐Terminal Arginine Content in Darbepoetin Alfa
Authors: Zybin Dmitry I. , Klishin Anatoly A. , Orlova Natalia V. , Seregin Yuri A. , Sorokina Tatiana S. , Kapustin Dmitry V.
Published: February 2025

Upon the development of biosimilar drugs, the structural, physical–chemical, and functional similarity to the original drug should be ensured. We have proposed a simple and rapid HPLC‐UV method for assessing the content of C‐terminal Arg166 in darbepoetin alfa samples, in particular after their isolation from the culture fluid. All the stages of the described method (from the sample extraction to obtaining a chromatographic profile) take about 5 h. The proposed approach will be useful for laboratories developing a technology for producing recombinant darbepoetin alfa, to assess the quality of the product, and for subsequent optimization of the production process.
A Dual Diagnosis of Okur–Chung Neurodevelopmental Syndrome and Becker Muscular Dystrophy: Inquiry Into the Lower Limits of Neurodevelopmental Functioning Attributable to Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Liu Victoria , Hanson Eva , Owens Joshua W , Hopkin Robert J. , Shillington Amelle
Published: February 2025

Purpose:

This case discusses the limits of neurodevelopmental functioning attributable to Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) dysfunction.

Method

A 3‐year‐old male presented with global developmental delay, growth failure, and dysmorphic facial features. An SNP microarray revealed an interstitial duplication in exon 55 of DMD suggestive of Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD), but his degree of delays led to follow‐up exome sequencing revealing a pathogenic CSNK2A1 variant diagnostic for Okur–Chung Neurodevelopmental Syndrome.

Findings

Large cohorts predict a full‐scale IQ (FSIQ) of 88.3 ± 13.9 among all patients with BMD and 86.1 ± 15.0 among all patients with DMD, while variants impacting the brain dystrophin isoform Dp140 are associated with FSIQ of 77.7 ± 10.8 in BMD and 78.8 ± 18.6 in DMD.

Conclusion

An FSIQ one standard deviation below these expected ranges should prompt screening for alternative causes of neurodevelopmental delays, and an FSIQ two standard deviations below these ranges should prompt broad‐spectrum genetic testing.
Identification of Genetic Variants in Status Epilepticus Associated With Fever
Authors: Hanafusa Hiroaki , Yamaguchi Hiroshi , Morisada Naoya , Ye Ming Juan , Oikawa Shizuka , Tokumoto Shoichi , Nishiyama Masahiro , Nozu Kandai , Nagase Hiroaki
Published: February 2025

Purpose

Status epilepticus associated with fever (SEF) is often encountered in pediatric emergency departments, and some patients develop neurological emergencies, such as acute encephalopathy (AE). Although numerous genetic variants of developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) have been reported, the frequency of these disease‐associated variants of SEF is unknown. The first aim of this study was to investigate the associated genetic variants of SEF. The second aim was to compare the variations in genes between SEF and DEE.

Method

This retrospective, clinical observational study included patients with SEF or DEE who visited Kobe University Hospital or Kobe University affiliated hospitals and provided consent for a genetic diagnosis of SEF or DEE between January 1, 2021, and December 31, 2022.

Finding

Fifteen patients with SEF and 27 patients with DEE consented to a genetic diagnosis and were included in the study. The detection rate of genetic variants was lower in patients with SEF (26.7%) than in those with DEE (63.0%), although there is no statistically significant difference (p = 0.05, Fisher's exact test). Analysis of patients with DEE revealed a wide variety of causative genes for DEE (16 different genes), whereas in SEF cases, only SCN1A variants were detected.

Conclusion

Our study is the first to clarify the detection rates of different genetic variants in SEF. Patients with SEF may have less genetic involvement in the onset of epileptic seizures, compared to those with DEE.
Pachysandra Species: Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Synthetic Advance—A Mini‐Review
Authors: Ha Nguyen Manh , Hoai Le The , Son Ninh The
Published: February 2025

Pachysandra (the family Buxaceae) is a small genus containing medicinal plants. This brief communication first describes its phytochemistry and pharmacological activities. More than 140 metabolites were separated, and steroidal alkaloids‐based pregnane skeletons were the main compounds obtained. (+)‐Axillaridine A, epipachysamines B and D–E, pachysandrines B–D, pachysamines A–B, pachystermine A, and (+)‐spiropachysine are likely primary metabolites. Various compounds were identified as previously undescribed compounds. Non‐alkaloids, such as sterols, triterpenoids, mono‐phenols, coumarins, megastigmanes, and lignans, were also identified. Pachysandra steroidal alkaloids showed potential for drug development as they exhibited anticancer, antimicrobial, antiestrogenic, and gastric protective activities. The amine substituents at carbons C‐3 and C‐20 might cause differences in pharmacological results. The underlying mechanisms, such as the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, were proposed to explain pharmacological activities. Pachysandra phytotoxins exhibited antioxidative and antidiabetic activities. Synthetic products of Pachysandra steroidal alkaloids had higher cytotoxic effects than the natural compounds.
Luminescence and Electroanalytical Properties of Carbon Quantum Dots in the Context of Immunosensor Design
Authors: Alemu Yemataw Addis , Louw Clementine J , Paolucci Francesco , Valenti Giovanni , Baker Priscilla G L
Published: February 2025

Electroanalytical techniques are powerful tools in biological sensing because of their sensitivity and versatility. In recent decades, great attention has been given to the fabrication of electroactive nanomaterial‐based biosensors. In this context, carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have received special attention and have been used to develop many sensors because of their remarkable advantages such as high photostability, high solubility and stability in water, biocompatibility, high photoluminescence emission intensities, and simple methods of synthesis. Since they are very small in size, they have high surface area to volume ratios which in turn can allow good catalytic activities of the working electrodes in electrochemical reactions. Being motivated by these advantages, in this work we prepared two types of carbon quantum dots (CQD‐COOH and CQD‐NH2) and used them to modify screen printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) for detection of Troponin I (cTnI). These carbon quantum dot – modified SPCE immunosensors have offered promising results for the determination of cTnI with a limit of detection 62 pg/mL and 171 pg/mL, respectively. This simple approach to sensor design further offers valuable insights into the construction of paper based printed electrodes modified with new carbon‐based nanomaterials as immunosensors for detection of other biomarkers of various diseases.
ESI‐MS‐Visualization of Cyanoarene Photocatalysts by Specific Supramolecular Interaction with Br‐Anion
Authors: Shlapakov Nikita S. , Burykina Julia V. , Kobelev Andrey D. , Kostyukovich Alexander Yu. , Minyaev Mikhail E. , Ananikov Valentine P.
Published: February 2025

Isophthalonitrile derivatives (IPNs) have emerged as promising organic photocatalysts due to their efficiency and accessibility; however, their inherent lability under light‐induced conditions poses significant challenges in monitoring their transformation pathways. Understanding these pathways is crucial for optimizing photocatalytic processes and enhancing reaction efficiency. In this study, we present a novel approach utilizing electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) to visualize cyanoarene photocatalysts by taking advantage of their specific supramolecular interaction with bromide anions. Our findings reveal that bromide ions facilitate the detection of IPNs and their transformation products with high sensitivity and selectivity, even in complex reaction environments. The interaction predominantly occurs in the gas phase, minimizing interference in solution‐based transformations. The developed anion‐enhanced detection (AED‐ESI‐MS) not only provides real‐time insights into photocatalyst behavior but also opens new possibilities for the detailed mechanistic investigation of light‐driven reactions. The proposed AED‐ESI‐MS approach using other anions may offer broad applicability and may be worth studying further across various photocatalytic systems.
A Comprehensive Analysis of the Radiographic Characteristics and Bilateral Symmetry of the Mental Foramen
Authors: Algabri Radhwan , Abulohoom Faisal , Fadag Abdelrahman , Al‐Sharani Hesham , Al‐Aqab Sami , Al‐Hutbany Nassr , Alryashi Emad , Keshk Ahmed , Alqutaibi Ahmed Yaseen
Published: February 2025

Objectives

There is currently a scarcity of data on the frequency and bilateral symmetry of the position and other characteristics of the mental foramen (MF) and accessory mental foramina in Yemen. The objective of this study was to analyze the position and other characteristics, as well as the symmetry of the MF, in a sample of the Yemeni population.

Materials and Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted on a sample of 500 digital panoramic radiographs (1000 sides). The study examined various characteristics of the MF, including horizontal and vertical positions, shapes, appearances, and the presence of accessory mental foramina. Additionally, the study explored potential associations between these characteristics and variables such as the subject's gender, sides, and symmetry. Data analysis was performed using SPSS, and statistical significance was evaluated using chi‐square tests; the p value was set at 0.05.

Results

The horizontal position of the MF was most frequently observed between the first and second lower premolars (63.2%). The vertical position of the MF was predominantly below the apices of the lower premolars (66.2%). The majority of MFs had a round shape (46.3%). In 72% and 75.6% of cases, there was a continuous and descending relationship between the MF and the mandibular canal, respectively. Accessory mental foramina was present in 3.8% of cases. Gender differences were significant for the shape of the MF and the pattern of the canal on the right side. The symmetry rates for various features included horizontal positions (87.4%), vertical positions (82.6%), and shapes (80.4%).

Conclusion

The MF is most commonly situated horizontally between the lower premolars and vertically below the apices of these teeth. The majority of MFs showed a round shape and a continuous and descending relationship with the mandibular canal. In most instances, characteristics of the MF were symmetrical on both sides.
A High‐Precision and Wide‐Range DPFM/DPWM Generation Method Using FPGA
Authors: Lu Fuchao , Zhang Zheng‐Quan
Published: February 2025

Current digital pulse width modulation (DPWM) implementations prioritize high‐precision duty cycle control, but they suffer from relatively lower frequency adjustment precision, which is inadequate for applications requiring high frequency resolution, such as RF Class‐D power amplifiers. To address this limitation, this paper introduces a cost‐effective FPGA‐based method for generating multichannel high‐precision and wide‐range digital pulse frequency modulation (DPFM) signals. This method allows for the simultaneous generation of multiple adjustable duty cycle and frequency pulses, with precise control over the phase shift between different pulse channels. This solution innovatively enables high‐precision regulation of both period and duty cycle across a broad frequency spectrum. It utilizes a hybrid architecture that integrates multiple counters with delay units, thus expanding the adjustable range for both cycle and duty cycle while preserving high precision. In this paper, employing IDELAYE2 as the delay unit, the PFM signals generated have a minimum frequency of 12 Hz and a maximum of 15 MHz, with all adjustments—period, duty cycle, and phase shift—achieving an accuracy of 39 ps. The scheme's validity is confirmed using the Xilinx ZYNQ XC7Z100 series FPGA, demonstrating an average deviation of approximately 6 ps between the nominal and actual measured values, linearity = 0.9993.
Possible influence of water level management on nutrient flux in nearshore sediments of Kabetogama Lake, Minnesota, USA
Authors: Larson James H. , Bailey Sean W. , Maki Ryan P. , Christensen Victoria G. , Stelzer Erin A. , Smith James C. , LeDuc Jaime F. , McWhorter Seth
Published: February 2025

Lake water level fluctuations are an important factor driving variation in many ecosystem processes. The nearshore sediments that are periodically exposed and re‐inundated can develop distinct physical and chemical characteristics, especially in relationship to the organic matter content of the sediments and the particle size distribution. These sediment characteristics in turn can alter the flux of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from sediments into the water column when sediments are inundated. Here, we used intact sediment core experiments across a range of sediment inundation frequencies to estimate the effect of inundation frequency on sediment nutrient flux in Kabetogama Lake, Minnesota, USA. We observed associations between elevation or inundation frequency and some sediment characteristics, but in a structural equation model, inundation frequency and the sediment properties we measured were poorly related to inorganic nutrient flux. On the other hand, inundation frequency did have a moderate association with organic N and P flux from sediments, which could be due to decay of terrestrial organic matter that accumulates on exposed sediments. We used our parameterized structural equation model to estimate how three different water level management regimes employed over the past 50 years could influence organic N and P flux from sediments. The models suggested more recent water level management regimes reduced organic N and P flux by 9%–13% and 5.9%–9.8%, respectively. Nearshore sediment flux could sustain and influence harmful algal blooms that occur in this lake, and these fluxes could be influenced by water level management.