bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Concept Becomes a Passion
Authors: Miltenburg Ruth , Singer Elly
Published: March 2007

The questions of resilience and discontinuity in the affective development of survivors of child abuse are explored from the viewpoint of Vygotsky's cultural-historical theory and current social constructivist theories. Moral tools, commitments and higher-order skills play a crucial part in the development of agency, personal empowerment and discontinuity. The recurrence of affective problems in survivors may be connected to moral confusion and insoluble moral dilemmas. This is seldom acknowledged in theoretical discourse, for example in cognitive therapeutic theories. Consequences for the treatment of survivors of abuse are discussed.
Social Psychology and the Pragmatic Conduct of Science
Authors: Crandall Christian S. , Schaller Mark
Published: March 2007

We chart our agreements and disagreements with Wallach and Wallach's (2001) arguments. After listing some areas of agreement, we then make four arguments that undermine the Wallachs' project. First, we argue the discovery of `laws' is a goal neither of scientists nor of the discipline. Second, we suggest the Wallachs' claim that social psychological theories are infused with unfalsifiable theories about the nature of psychological variables misses the logical distinction between measurement models and conceptual hypotheses. Third, we look at the role that circularity plays in deductive logic and conclude that circularity is rarely a serious problem in practice. Fourth, we examine what effect bits of research have on scientific progress, and argue that `non-progressive' papers do not hinder progress. The best response to the Wallachs' concerns about social psychology is provided by a glance at progress within the field today. The state is very good; circularities, tautologies and untested assumptions do not pose a significant threat to progress in the science of social psychology.
Some Postmodern Reflections on Social Psychology
Authors: Michael Mike
Published: March 2007

This paper tentatively identifies a conceptual axis that, despite their fundamental differences, is common to both cognitivist social psychology and social constructionist social psychology. Drawing upon recent theorizations of the nature of the postmodern condition, the following conceptual axis is posited: accelerated turnover (instability)- transgression-consumption of spectacle. This emphasizes, for example, the possibility of change for individuals and social collectivities. In contrast, it is suggested that operating within cognitive and social constructionist social psychologies is the conceptual axis: stabilization-clarification-practicality. If social constructionism's lauded potential for critique is not to be thwarted, then it is important that the issues raised by the former axis are taken fully into account.
Realism, Empiricism and Social Constructionism
Authors: Greenwood John D.
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to characterize scientific realism as a viable alternative metatheory for psychological science that is superior to traditional empiricism. It is suggested that scientific realism provides a richer conception of psychological theory than traditional empiricism, and enables the theoretical psychologist to acknowledge the respects in which human actions and psychological states may be said to be social in nature, without abandoning the traditional scientific virtues of linguistic and epistemological objectivity that have been rejected by social constructionist and relativist theorists.
Beyond Developmentalism?
Authors: Walkerdine Valerie
Published: March 2007

Developmental psychology is understood in this paper as one of the `grand metanarratives of science' through which modernity has been characterized. The objects `the child' and `development' are held up for question, examining the way in which these are discursively constructed and produced within specific conditions of possibility which locate them in the government of the social and the production of the historically specific form of the subject, the individual. Although it has been argued that postmodernism's critique of modernity evacuates `the real', it is argued here that developmental psychology universalizes the masculine and European, such that peripheral subjects are rendered pathological and abnormal. Postmodernism's peripheral challenge to the centre allows the possibility of the production of thinking in historically and geographically specific practices and does not fetishize western rationality as the universal pinnacle of development. In such work, an understanding of discourse, practice, semiotic systems and fantasy is taken to be central.
Reconstruction and Explanation of Conceptual Development
Authors: Korthals Michiel
Published: March 2007

In this article depth hermeneutical theories are analysed by focusing on the development of foundational structures which specify sets of criteria for reasons and expressions. Depth hermeneutical development theories consist of a reconstructive and a dynamic part. The reconstructive part concerns the foundations of reasoning and experiencing and their development and consists of two elements. In the horizontal reconstruction the domain is analysed. In the vertical reconstruction or logic a pattern of stages is reconstructed which additionally can be the subject-matter of an evaluative claim of progress or decline. The dynamic part concerns itself with the actual development of individuals or collectives. In the conceptual component learning principles and societal factors are reconstructed and justified. The empirical component consists of research on the base of these conceptions. Depth hermeneutical developmental theories deliver `what is possible' explanations, which incorporate reasons of subjects. Special attention is paid to the relationship between philosophy and science. Finally, the special consequence of the `double hermeneutic' for developmental theories is discussed.
Psychoanalysis, Epistemology and Intersubjectivity
Authors: Maze John R. , Henry Rachael M.
Published: March 2007

The inference to other minds by analogy with one's own is unconvincing, yet all our social interactions assume we can identify others' beliefs and intentions. The problem is acute for psychoanalysis as it is especially concerned with unconscious mental processes. W.R. Bion offered recommendations for true psychoanalytic knowledge, and concepts such as projective identification and counter-transference are related. Bion's special study was of psychotic thought. His explanation of its underlying mechanism was in terms of a breakdown in cognitive processing at the transition from sensory impressions to conceptual thought, an epistemology familiar in academic processing theories. Conceptual difficulties in such theories are discussed. It is argued that realistic epistemology escapes them and can embrace psychotic thought.
Nietzsche and Social Construction
Authors: Greer Scott
Published: March 2007

This paper argues for a social constructionist understanding of psychology, morality and historiography. It also attempts to show that the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche is especially pertinent to, and in some ways an anticipation of, the modern social constructionist movement. It is argued that Nietzsche offers a valuable contribution to the developing postmodern conception of historiography, and, using Nietzsche, the paper distinguishes between social `construction' and `constructivism'. Nietzsche's `perspectivism', understood as extending the logic of social construction, forms the basis of a critique against the latest outbreak of `revisionist' history, which often labels past ideas and theories as `sexist' and/or `racist'. It is concluded that such labels resort to a form of `presentism', as well as an implicit realism about what each sex or race is taken to be. As a result, this approach to both history and morality is untenable within a social constructionist perspective. Finally, it is argued that social construction is not a `theory', and that psychology must move beyond western metaphysics.
The Varieties of Social Construction
Authors: Danziger Kurt
Published: March 2007

A review of eleven volumes in the Sage series, Inquiries in Social Construction, reveals a field that is marked by a great variety of positions, fundamental disagreements, and few common themes. Among the more important of the latter is an emphasis on the discursive constitution of knowledge and the related demystification of scientific authority. Fundamental disagreements exist on the meaning and scope of 'discourse'. For some, discourse is essentially conversation and its reach more or less unbounded. For others, relationships of power, whether displayed at social or at somatic sites, constitute an irreducible reality beyond discourse.
Are We not Experimenting then?
Authors: Derksen Maarten
Published: March 2007

Scientific disciplines need both autonomy and alliances with other cultural groups. In order to achieve these twin goals, scientists have to engage in boundary rhetoric and popularize the demarcation of their discipline. In the case of psychology in particular such rhetoric involves a paradoxical role for common sense as rhetorical commonplace, counterpart of psychology and object of study. The boundary rhetoric of two leading figures from the history of Dutch psychology, Gerard Heymans and Johannes Linschoten, is analysed with particular attention to common sense. The implications of a rhetorical perspective for the current debates around folk psychology and lay judgement and inference are discussed.
Theorizing the Relationship between Agency and Communion
Authors: Leonard Rosemary
Published: March 2007

A considerable amount of research and theorizing has been based on Bakan's (1966) concepts of agency and communion. While Bakan's original work and that of many other writers has implied that they work in opposition to each other, Wiggins (1991) and others have identified them as separate dimensions, with the note that they may interact with one another in certain social contexts. This paper argues that, since both agency and communion are important elements of the human psyche, there are strong theoretical, empirical and social reasons for exploring the conditions under which a mutually enhancing relationship exists or may be fostered. The argument draws on the field of group processes and Putnam's (1993) concept of social capital.
Converging Parallels
Authors: Bouissac Paul
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the interface between semiotics and psychology, first from the historical point of view of their parallel developments originating in late 18th-century philosophy, then from the theoretical perspective of contemporary evolutionary thinking. Undifferentiated within the speculations of the French `Idéologues', such as Destutt de Tracy (1754-1836), semiotics and psychology progressively acquired distinct epistemological and institutional status with minimal mutual interactions. However, the emergence of cognitive psychology during the second half of the 20th century provided new theoretical grounds for a potential dialogue. As the Darwinian revolution eventually recast many problems common to both semiotics and psychology in evolutionary terms, it is argued that these two parallel approaches to the study of mind, symbolic behaviour and meaning are bound to merge in the foreseeable future. The example of a recent work by Terrence Deacon (1997) is cited in the conclusion of the paper as a symptom of this epistemological restructuration that is currently taking shape.
Postmodern Agency
Authors: Fisher Harwood
Published: March 2007

Common to social constructionists and cognitive linguists is a retreat from the ontological issues of subjective experience to a combination of pragmatism and nominalism. What's gained is escape from conundrums of subjective experience; what's lost is psychological realities and self-determination. The postmodern bonus offer is to join with others in checking our observations of actions and functions. Take the offer and you can show, but not own, agency. My argument is, `That's not agency.'
Analyzing and Deconstructing Psychopathology
Authors: Sass Louis A.
Published: March 2007

This review discusses two books. Philosophical Psychopathology is an anthology of articles by philosophers in the Anglo-American philosophical tradition who address themselves to a disparate assortment of topics—including schizophrenia, MPD, autism, blindsight, diagnostic classification and the problem of despair. In general, the articles display admirable conceptual rigor, but are often accompanied by a distant and rather abstract grasp of psychopathological phenomena. Detailed criticisms are offered of an interesting discussion, by the volume editors, of thought insertion in schizophrenia. Deconstructing Psychopathology, written by five British authors, offers a wide-ranging but somewhat predictable critique, from a politically and epistemologically radical perspective (influenced by Foucault, Derrida, etc.), of medical-model and other mainstream approaches to ‘mental illness’—a concept whose validity the authors deny and whose political effects they deplore.
Labour Standards in the Generalized Systems of Preferences of the European Union and the United States
Authors: Tsogas George
Published: March 2007

This article introduces an analytical framework for the study of labour standards in trade and compares and contrasts the approaches of the United States and the European Union in introducing a social clause in their Generalized Systems of Preferences. It explores the distinctive characteristics of the two approaches, assesses their industrial relations outcomes and proposes a set of policy guidelines.
Between Conflict and Institutionalization: Italian Industrial Relations in the 1980s and Early 1990s
Authors: Celia Gian Primo
Published: March 2007

During the 1980s, Italian industrial relations reached the threshold of maturity. In this context, academic studies gained greater independence, without, however, establishing a separate discipline. After a survey of developments over the last decade and reference to the competition and collaboration between social sciences and law, the special contribution of sociological research is introduced and assessed.
Labour Market Governance in Eastern Europe
Authors: Standing Guy
Published: March 2007

This article provides an overview of recent changes in the former Soviet Union and other countries of Central and Eastern Europe. State regulation has been reduced, both through privatization and through the relaxation of statutory prescriptions, though new `framework' legislation has been implemented. The former commitment to full employment has been abandoned and unemployment has risen, often dramatically. Trade unions - often the `reformed' successors of the old official institutions - often retain significant nominal representative status, but have little effective regulatory power. Though most countries have introduced peak-level tripartite machinery, real decision-making takes place at company level where management is in the driving seat.
The Sexual Division of Labour in Process Manufacturing: Economic Restructuring, Training and `Women's Work'
Authors: Flecker Jorg , Meil Pamela , Pollert Anna
Published: March 2007

It is widely assumed that the development of enhanced skills appropriate to advanced technologies is an important means of increasing the employability of the socially excluded. This article tests this assumption through case studies in the food industry in Austria, Germany and Britain. The findings indicate that organizational restructuring, technological change and redeployment of labour have very different consequences for women and for men. In all three countries the restructuring of work and skills increased the marginalization of women, reinforcing gender cleavage.
Why is Time not included in Modern Theories of Memory?
Authors: Arcaya Jose M.
Published: March 2007

This paper challenges a central tenet of most traditional theories of memory, namely, that memory is stored materially in the brain. Arguing that the storage hypothesis makes any contact with the real past impossible (since the transcendent experience of remembering is presumed to arise from purely present physical processes), it goes on to critique mainstream explanations of memory by noting that their plausibility ultimately rests upon an indefensible homuncular explanation of consciousness. Suggested instead is a phenomenological explanation of remembering rooted in E. Husserl's theory of temporality. This immanent-structural model of time is contrasted with the spatial-linear account of temporality underlying practically all traditional theories of memory. The paper then goes on to give a phenomenological account of the recollective process itself. Finally, the theoretical and research implications of this alternative view of memory for the field of psychology are discussed.
Time and the Significance of the Rural in a British Soap Opera
Authors: McEachern Charmaine
Published: March 2007

Treating soap as a woman's genre highlighted the role of time in constituting the fictional world as co-extensive with that of the viewers. This paper examines the construction of the everyday in a British soap opera Emmerdale Farm, now Emmerdale, revealing temporal dimensions which also produce a sense of difference. The construction of rural time overarches the everyday and suffuses it with meaning. The serial's world is shown to be both same and different, Self and Other, constructing two orientations for resistance rather than one, as suggested in most soap literature.
The Gender of Time in Professional Occupations
Authors: Hantrais Linda
Published: March 2007

Sociological theory has not adequately represented the complexities of women's temporality. Men and women are, however, known to engage in economic activity on different temporal terms, and the gendering of time is a factor which can be shown to contribute to labour market segmentation. An examination of the problems experienced by well-qualified women in professional occupations shows how the process of segregation operates. Although women in the professions are facing the same issues in Britain and France, comparative analysis suggests that differences in national patterns of employment and time organization remain salient in explaining the temporal strategies they adopt.
`Doing Time': The Extended Present of the Long-Term Prisoner
Authors: Brown Alyson
Published: March 2007

The prison as a coercive and relatively closed community offers one of the best representations of the way in which values of time depend not only on their absolute length but on the nature and intensity of their qualities. This research note compares perceptions of time revealed in the autobiographies of discharged British prisoners of the late 19th and early 20th centuries with the conclusions of another study regarding the temporal perceptions of prisoners in the 1970s. Long-term prisoners in both periods experienced an extended sense of the present and a distortion of the past and future.
Rewriting Desire: the Construction of Sexual Identity in Literary and Legal Discourse in Postcolonial Ireland
Authors: Hanafin Patrick
Published: March 2007

The failure of the legal imaginary to reflect sexual difference in the opening decades of the postcolonial Irish state led to what in psychoanalytical terms may be described as the creation of socially abjected groups. Lesbians and gay men were numbered among such groups. The failure of official discourse to contemplate sexual difference as an integral part of Irish national identity was a residue of the Irish colonial experi ence. The association of Ireland with the female in colonial discourse led the Irish revolutionary elite to propagate a myth of hypermasculinity. This strategy had far- reaching consequences for the manner in which matters of sexual difference were to be treated in the postcolonial era. The exclusion of sexually dissident voices from official discourse did not stifle attempts at the levels of literary discourse and pressure group politics to voice alternative desires which were deemed antithetical to the heterosexual Irish state. The growth of alternative narratives of sexual identity led to a gradual transformation of the legal and cultural construction of homosexuality in Ireland. This demonstrates the power of narrative strategies to counter a dominant discourse of blindness to sexual difference and reflects a link between the cultural and legal constructions of sexual identity.
Russian—Ukrainian Rapprochement of 2001: How Viable?
Authors: MOSHES ARKADY
Published: March 2007

The first 18 months of Vladimir Putin's presidency turned out to be a period of unprecedented activity in Russian-Ukrainian relations. A number of problems were seriously approached, among these the issue of Ukrainian gas debts. At the same time, it remains unclear whether the new cooperative dynamics will prevail or whether the conflictual legacy of the 1990s will become an insurmountable impediment to further improvement. This article attempts to analyse the factors which determined the ongoing evolution in Russian-Ukrainian relations in order to demonstrate that the positive dynamics had to do with changes in the views of the Russian leadership and in the export strategies of Russia's big businesses, as well as the evolution of Ukraine's posture vis-à-vis Europe, rather than with the internal political situation in Ukraine in 2001. The article also examines the main remaining controversies between the two countries in the economic and humanitarian spheres and offers a view on whether reciprocally pragmatic approaches are possible.
Failing Failed States: Who Forgets the Forgotten?
Authors: HOLM HANS-HENRIK
Published: March 2007

When states are failing, when basic state functions are no longer carried out, and when people have no security, humanitarian crises erupt. In confronting this problem, the stronger states have followed an ad hoc policy of intervention and aid. In some cases, humanitarian disasters have resulted from inaction. Often, the media are blamed. Politicians complain about the media when they interfere (the CNN effect), and when they do not. This article looks at how the media do cover failing states. Sierra Leone and Congo are used as examples. The analysis shows that there is little independent coverage. A Danish survey of newsrooms shows that the national world-view and prevalent news criteria prevent consistent coverage. It is argued that politicians are the ones who determine national agendas: it is from political initiatives, rather than media coverage, that failing states and humanitarian crises can expect action.
Boomerang Effect: the Convergence of National and Human Security
Authors: LIOTTA P. H.
Published: March 2007

Partly as a result of the 11 September 2001 attacks on Washington and New York, policy decisions and future choices may well be driven by a blurring of concerns that involve state-centric security (in which military forces have traditionally been the best form of protection) and human security (in which instruments other than the military may prove the primary means of protection). The implications for the analyst and policymaker are tremendous. We may be witnessing a `boomerang effect' in which we must focus on both national and human security and yet realize that excessive focus on one aspect of security at the expense or detriment of the other may well cause us to be `boomeranged' by a poor balancing of ends and means in a changing security environment.
Institutional Dynamics and Localized Inter-Firm Relations
Authors: Talbot Damien
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on processes of transformation of non-market collective reference points. In order to do this, I employ the concept of institutional dynamics, the definition of which is preceded by a distinction between the concepts of institution and organization. I seek to validate this definition by a case-study of the aeronautical branch of Aerospatiale which, over the last 30 years, has undergone a major evolution in the utilization of non-market collective reference points in its subcontracting relationships. These changes are a result, at least partly, of institutional dynamics.
The Meaning of Work
Authors: Gregson Nicky , Simonsen Kirsten , Vaiou Dina
Published: March 2007

This paper is concerned with examining the meaning of different forms of work found within the EU. Despite the increasing acknowledgement of the importance of the diversity of work forms within Europe, both within the Commission and the European academic literature, it is argued that existing formulations are highly problematic. Existing research, both academic and policy-related, is shown to be characterized by a bewildering terminology, which is often used interchangeably, and which works to reinscribe existing lines of power within the EU. Moreover, this work is shown to be theoretically problematic. The centrality of distinct measurable categories to representations of the diversity of contemporary work within the EU is argued to be a way of thinking which constructs difference in terms of statistical differences, which encourages homogenizing and oppositional representations of North and South, and which also facilitates thinking as the same that which may be very different. Correspondingly, we argue for an alternative analysis of the diversity of work forms, one which is grounded in the different meanings these forms assume in different cultural contexts. Taking three categories of ‘atypical’ work (part-time, self-employed and undeclared) in three EU member states (Greece, Denmark and the UK), the paper proceeds by demonstrating how categories which are constructed as same/different statistically are rather more complicated when considered in terms of the meanings invested in them. The categories of work are argued to be contextually and culturally embedded; they are inscribed with and reconstituted through culturally specific sets of meanings in each of the three member states under consideration. We conclude the paper by reflecting on the possibilities opened up by this kind of analysis, its implications regarding debates over European labour markets, and its positioning with respect to debates over the relationship between the cultural and the economic.
Re-entry and the Academic and Psychological Problems of the Second Generation
Authors: Şahin Nesrin Hisli
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to compare the re-entering second generation of Turkish migrants and their "resident" peers in terms of academic and psychological adjust ment. Academic adjustment was defined as receiving passing grades on courses chosen for this study (social studies, science, maths, Turkish, foreign language). Psychological adjustment was defined as receiving scores within the range of one standard deviation above or below the mean on the Beck Depression Inventory and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory—Trait Form.

The subjects were 800 "returnee" students and 599 "resident" students. The chi square and t-test comparisons were inade in terms of several related variables like age, gender, type of school attended, living with/without the family, private academic support, year of return, returning with/without the family, length of time spent abroad, Turkish language courses taken abroad, and re-entry orientation courses attended upon return.

In general, the returnee students showed less achievement compared to resident peers and they scored significantly higher on depression and anxiety measures. These results are discussed in the light of the culture shock and re-entry research .
Involvement in Research Activities: An Explanation Based on Valence, Attitude, Subjective Norm and Perceived Con trol
Authors: Singh Bansh Gopal
Published: March 2007

On the basis of interfacing and some other distinct variables of expectancy theory and planned behaviour theory, valence, attitude, subjective norm and perceived control were used as predictor variables under a new model. The proposed model was tested through the present empirical study for its applicability in prediction of involvement of teachers in their research activities. Sixty-two college and university teachers were administered various questionnaires. Results obtained on the basis of multiple regres sion analysis of the data revealed that valence of research outcomes was the most important factor for explaining involvement. Perceived control and subjective norms also made a significant contribution but attitude towards research activities was found to be insignificant. The proposed model was compared with the expectancy and planned behaviour theories, and found to be more useful than the other two.
Some Basic Psychological Concepts from the Intellectual Tradition of India
Authors: Paranjpe Anand C.
Published: March 2007

The intellectual tradition of India includes many psychological concepts, theories and techniques that parallel, contrast, contradict or complement Western ideas and theories. Using notions derived from the Upanishads and modern psychology, the paper discusses the nature and states of consciousness, Western metaphors and the Yogic techniques for the systematic control of mental processes to achieve altered states of consciousness. The nature of the self in Eastern and Western thought is presented. In Western conceptualisations, the self is viewed as an ever-changing object and the goal is self-actualisation. In Eastern thought, the self is viewed as an experiencing subject, and the corresponding goal is self-realisation. The nature of human suffering has been variously conceptualised as original sin, as arising from the repression of pleasure seeking tendencies, while the Sankhya system focuses on mental causes that arise from mistaken notions of the self. Maslow's views on self-actualisation are contrasted with the Vedantic emphasis on self-realisation. While Maslow focuses on the process of Becoming, the theme of Being is predomi nant in the Vedanta. Karma and the cycle of action and its consequences are discussed and the correspondence between Patanjali's views and current theories of behaviour genetics are presented. The feasibility of examining traditional theories using research methodology and the possible integration of Indian and Western psychologies is discussed.
Science and Technology Development in Pakistan
Authors: Naim Tanveer
Published: March 2007

This article covers the fifty-three-year history of the establishment of scientific and techno logical infrastructure of Pakistan. It includes policy issues, review studies and some promi nent personalities who were actively involved in the establishment of various S&T organisations since independence. The article also reviews the development of S& T man power and a number of institutions where high-level and technical manpower is trained. The priority areas of national development and major R&D organisations in these areas are covered. The activities of these organisations and their achievements are discussed as well.

The role of R&D organisations in the industrialisation of Pakistan and policies followed are also reviewed. The article also provides a brief account of science popularisation programmes, and the role of non-govemmental organisations (NGOs) and the media in Pakistan's efforts to promote science and technology.
Small Player Advantage in a New Game: Capturing Opportunity as Developing Countries from the New Globalism of Technology
Authors: Hill Stephen C.
Published: March 2007

As the world moves towards the twenty-first century, developing nations are confronted with a complex and challenging paradigmatic shift in the way that technological process is becoming embedded in the globalised economic framework of development. There is a perceptible shift taking place from economic power being derived from nationally owned production facilities to economic power being derived from the national location of high value-added activities.

As developing countries are opening up, there is a greater incidence, than ever before, to transfer advanced technological processes and know-how to the developing partners as a part of the global networking strategies. As opposed to the earlier strategies, these new networking strategies seek to encourage establishment of locally based research, development and design facilities to meet both the local and inter- ndtional demand for increasingly sophisticated spectrum of products. Developing nations stand to capture and gain from these advantages provided their structures are equipped to bed these new knowledge capacities into their national technology strategies. There is a series of various factor advantages behind these new demands of economic competition.

At the heart of capturing value-added advantage from the new economic and technological order lies the whole spectrum of reordering the S&T skill base including the educational system which seeks to develop more strategically informed inter- and multidisciplinary S&T programmes. Entirely different principles of science and technology policies are implied which focus on the development and flow of people embedding national SBcT advance into aligned social and organisational strategies.
Science and Technology Policies in Developing Countries: A Political Analysis of Latin American Practice and Prospects
Authors: Bastos Maria-Ines
Published: March 2007

The fact that some developing countries with authoritarian regimes have achieved high rates of growth and impressive technology development has been interpreted as an indication that authoritarian regimes fare better than democratic ones in the promotion of technical change. This paper argues that, in the Latin American case, authoritarian insulation led to lack of accountability and protected inefficiency; it did not translate into a capacity to elicit the desired innovative behaviour from the relevant players, nor guaranteed the correctness of policy decisions and timely adaptation to changes in the relevant policy parameters. These effects of authoritarian insulation are illustrated with the help of the informatics policies of Brazil and Argentina. Political and social democratisation lead to improved prospecls of more realistic and effective science and technology policies in the region that diffuse what are currently isolated cases of innovative dialogue between the users and producers of technology, that is, those who need a technological solution and those who design it.
The Notion of Jurisdiction in Danish Medieval Wall Paintings
Authors: Bolvig Axel
Published: March 2007

In medieval Danish wall paintings during the period 1100-1600, the evi dence for depictions of jurisdiction which refer directly to the laws and juridical institutions of the past society is rare. Instead, the paintings contain a large number of scenes representing jurisdiction with reference to Biblical stories. It is a tradition in medieval imagery that Biblical persons are de picted in some kind of antique clothing and settings. Consequently, the pri mary sign function—the denotative level—performed by these motifs is not one of bringing information about jurisdiction within society. Yet their ex tended sign function—'la signification' (Barthes) or the connotative level- does inform us of the notion of how justice could 'seem to be done'.
Limited Equality: Contradictory Ideas about Gender and the Implications for Reproductive Health in Rural Vietnam
Authors: Santillán Diana , Schuler Sidney , Hoang Tu Anh  , Tran Hung Minh  , Bui Thi Thanh Mai
Published: March 2007

The historical convergence of various ideologies, particularly Confucian and communist/socialist doctrines, has fostered contradictory gender norms and attitudes that affect reproductive health in contemporary Vietnam. Patriarchal ideas rooted in Confucianism coexist with the concept of gender equality. This paper presents findings from a qualitative study and preliminary results from a structured survey. It examines how contradictory norms and attitudes affect women's reproductive health by influencing reproductive decision making, family planning responsibilities, responses to reproductive health problems and couple communication.
The Pandemic of HIV Infection
Authors: Latif Ahmed S.
Published: March 2007

The HIV/AIDS epidemic has affected every country in the world. The majority of persons living with HIV infection and AIDS are found in the developing world where resources are poor, and access to care and new treatments is limited. Despite the high prevalence rates, care for persons with HIV infection living in these countries is not given priority as a result of the high burden of dis ease due to other illnesses. In areas where the epidemic is most severe, the provision of care is further compromised by the rapidly weakening economies and the costs of effective medications. Sub- Saharan Africa has been badly hit by the pandemic and various lessons can be learnt from local experiences by the in international community, especially people living in South-East Asia.
Medical Attention at Death: Evidence from India
Authors: Gupta Indrani , Sankar Deepa
Published: March 2007

Discussions on mortality in the context of developed countries often centre on the causes and places of death. However, inadequate health care systems coupled with economic and sociocultural factors add another dimension to the issues of mortality and morbidity in developing countries: that of lack of medical attention. The present study indicates that in India, especially in rural India, a large number ofdeaths are still taking place without timely medical attention. The most vulnerable to this phenomenon are the poor, elderly and infants. The study stresses the need to focus urgently on accessibility and availability ofquality medical care, especially for the hard-to-reach and vulnerable population, coupled with effective interventions on information, education and communication.
The Relevance of Non-tariff Barriers to Regional Trade: Experiences of South African Exporters
Authors: Soontiens Warner
Published: March 2007

Obstacles to exports come in various shapes and sizes. Traditional obstacles like tariffs and quotas are easily identifiable, while non-tariff barriers range from the obvious, like domestic content requirements and border taxes and subsidies, to the obscure, like administrative regulations and the altering of procedures. In addition, there is the dynamics of the economic, political and cultural environment within which export is taking place. Export performance could be improved when there is a public understanding of the relevance of existing barriers to trade. This paper aims to identify and measure obstacles to South African exports to countries of the South African Development Community (SADC), a regional group located in the southern tip of Africa. It reviews the general nature of obstacles, non-tariff barriers in particular, and points at inherent obstacles in South Africa and SADC countries. It furthermore assesses the nature and size of obstacles as experienced by South African exporters.
SURFING THE SAFETY NET
Authors: Law Alan
Published: March 2007

This article traces some administrative and media constructions of Australian surfing subculture in the early 1970s. Foucault's concept of `governmentality', which is concerned with techniques and technologies of discipline, is deployed to interpret the administrative categorization process that was used to distinguish legitimate from illegitimate unemployment benefit claims. Particular attention is paid to how some of the discourses surrounding unemployment benefit compared the unemployed surfing subject unfavorably with the idealized working citizen. Not only was `the surfie element' an object of discipline but, more importantly, `youths' as a social category were made to know themselves as potentially irresponsible at a time of growing unemployment.
Examining the Relationship Among Miles and Snow's Strategic Types and Measures of Organizational Effectiveness in NCAA Division I Athletic Departments
Authors: Cunningham George B.
Published: March 2007

Miles and Snow's typology of strategic types — prospectors, defenders, analyzers, and reactors — was used to identify different organizational strategies within intercollegiate athletics in the United States. Specifically, in order to examine the relationship between strategy and organizational outcomes, namely, (a) athletic achievement, (b) student-athlete graduation rates, and (c) compliance with Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, Division I athletic directors ( N = 172) were surveyed by mail. The majority of the departments (55.8%) used an analyzer strategy. Analyses indicated that prospector departments had the best athletic achievement, prospector and defender departments had higher graduation rates than analyzers, and defender departments were most compliant with Title IX. Results demonstrate the importance of examining the multidimensional nature of organizational effectiveness in relation to organizational strategy.
PRESENT STATUS, POTENTIAL AND STRATEGIES OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN CHINA
Authors: Wang Zhen , Olson Ernest G.
Published: March 2007

This research gives an extensive, general picture of the physical behavior of the Chinese population. It is evident, by the analysis of the many changes of social and economic factors (i.e. income, leisure time, diet/nutrition, psychological well-being, needs of the elderly, etc.), that there is a great potential for increasing physical activity in China. Therefore, it is only through extensive discussion and analysis that the most important strategies regarding the promotion of physical activity in China can be illustrated.
CHILD LABOUR, SPORT LABOUR
Authors: Donnelly Peter
Published: March 2007

The problems associated with children's involvement in high-performance sport are considered and equated to the issue of child labour. After considering the extent and severity of problems with child labour in all parts of the world, the paper then turns to the problem of `sport labour'. Although this is by no means as serious as the child labour problem, it has many similar characteristics. The reasons why high performance sport involvement is not, but should be, considered as work are assessed. The paper proposes a resolution to the child labour/sport labour dilemma by addressing a series of questions: Are we ready for child labour laws in sport? Who would support child labour laws in sport?; Who is to be responsible for the welfare of children in high-performance sport? Is there a solution?
CHANGING PATTERNS OF SPORTING PRACTICE IN FRANCE
Authors: Jamet Michel
Published: March 2007

Over the last two decades in France, significant gaps have developed between the competitively based favoured by traditional sporting organizations and the burgeoning individually oriented leisure activities of both youth and the new middle classes. This paper examines this phenomenon in the context of wider socio-demographic developments in France since the 1960s.
Internationalization and Exchanges in a Globalized University
Authors: Altbach Philip G. , Teichler Ulrich
Published: March 2007

Internationalization in higher education is an inevitable result of the globalized and knowledge-based economy of the 21st century. Other trends affecting the universities, including diversification, expansion, privatization, and so on, also have implications for the international role of academic institutions. The intersection of the logic of globalization and other pressures facing universities make a reconsideration of international programs and strategies necessary. Exchanges, university linkages, patterns of mobility, and international and regional arrangements among universities are all changing.
The Practice of International Education in the Context of Globalization: A Critique
Authors: Gillespie Susan H.
Published: March 2007

This article argues for a redefinition of international education to take account of its political implications in the contemporaryera. Accepted goals of international edu cation such as global competence are incoherent and, more important, morally, philosophically, and politicallyinadequate. This is especiallytrue in the American context in light of the United States’s role as a real or perceived global hegemon. The article describes several experimental collaborative programs, jointlycreated by American and international educational institutions, which demonstrate the viability of international education projects that incorporate an anti-hegemonic stance based on principles of mutualityand equality.
Local Pentity and Language Issues in Switzerland's Education System
Authors: Hega Gunther M.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the effects of local identity and regional linguistic diversity on Swiss education policy within the context of Switzerland's multiethnic and multilingual society. I argue that identity and language issues have an important influence on education policy at the national, state, and local level. Based on a case study of the introduction of second language instruction in Swiss public schools, the paper shows how regional linguistic and cultural differences, coupled with Switzerlands decentralized political system and mechanisms of direct democratic citizens' participation, reinforce the significant regional and local variations in educational systems andpolicies across the 26Swiss cantons.

Education is one of the most important areas of Swiss cantonal sovereignty and local autonomy. But increasingly, educational issues require action at the national level. Although the education system will likely remain firmly anchored in its local context, and local identities will continue to shape the cantonal school systems, a future integrative national approach must encompass local institutions and traditions. Based on these parameters, three possible futures of Swiss education policy are conceivable: first scenario, where the federal government, in its effort to coordinate, lead and create greater national uniformity in the context of an increasingly integrated and newly dynamic Europe, supplants the cantons which do not have the capacity to address education issues of a larger scale; a second hypothesis of a cantonal predominance, where the cantons, based on their cultural traditions, their socioeconomic structures and demographic composition, remain the dominant political actors whose conflicts define Swiss reality; and a third model, where the cantons receive strong and dynamic impulses from the national government and adapt them to their local environment. This third model could ensure that the cantons maintain their local identity, but master the national and international challenges that Switzerlan must face presently and in the near future.
STRUCTURAL CONDITIONS OF PREFERENCES FOR SEGREGATION
Authors: Kalter Frank
Published: March 2007

Why might rational actors be interested in establishing a system of segregation, and under what structural conditions will this be more or less likely? To answer these questions, Coleman's `linear system of action' serves as a starting point. It can be shown that, given a random assignment of interest and control, a considerable number of actors may gain by splitting the group according to a binary ascriptive characteristic. Furthermore, it is not unlikely that they will indeed come to a respective agreement because ascriptive characteristics serve as focal points in collective decision-making. With the help of computer simulations, how the likelihood of group separation is affected by several structural parameters can be analyzed. It is evident that increasing the number of goods exchanged within a given system is a good recipe for preventing segregation.