bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role-Stress Differences between Salesmen and Saleswomen: Effect on Job Satisfaction and Performance
Authors: Lagace Rosemary Ramsey
Published: August 2011

This study investigated differences in amount of role stress for saleswomen and salesmen and tested the impact of five dimensions of role stress on job satisfaction and job performance for both sexes. Analysis for cross-sectional mail survey using 90 saleswomen and 50 salesmen as subjects showed saleswomen were slightly higher on role overload than salesmen. Few differences between salesmen and saleswomen were found when role stress dimensions were used to predict job satisfaction or job performance. These results refute some of the negative impressions of sales positions and negative stereotyping of women in sales.
Shared Components in Students' Ratings of Instructors' Effectiveness and Need for Improvement
Authors: Meredith Gerald M.
Published: August 2011

The study determined the best predictors of instructors' effectiveness and need for improvement ratings by 2,012 college students. Ratings were more useful in predicting effectiveness ( R = .86) than in predicting need for improvement ( R = .71). Interest/Attention Value and Clarity of Explanation were major predictors in both stepwise regression analyses.
Lumpkin's Abbreviated Version of Rotter's Locus of Control Scale: How Reliable is it?
Authors: John Joby , Tansuhaj Patriya , Gentry James W. , Manzer L. Lee , Cho Bong Jin
Published: August 2011

Lumpkin (1985) proposed the use of a six-item scale (derived from Rotter's I-E scale), in those instances where the locus of control construct is not the primary focus of the research, but rather, merely an intervening variable. We have used the Lumpkin scale in a series of studies and found its reliability to be considerably less than expected. Consequently, in such instances, we recommend that researchers interested in measuring the locus of control construct use Levenson's 1974 scale or its subscales.
A Modified Measure of Need for Cognition
Authors: Perri Matthew , Wolfgang Alan P.
Published: August 2011

A study was conducted to evaluate a shorter version of Cacioppo and Petty's 34-item measure of an individual's need for cognition. Based on factor loadings from the original scale, 16 items were selected and administered via a mail questionnaire to 94 patients of four physicians. Principal components factor analysis of the 16-item scale yielded one factor which accounted for 38.8% of the variance; coefficient alpha was .88. As hypothesized, scores on the need for cognition scale also were correlated significantly with scores on a health care involvement measure. The shortened version of the need for cognition scale appears to show reasonable reliability and validity, representing a useful tool for researchers concerned with cognition processing. Replication is desirable.
Paranormal Beliefs in Late-Adulthood
Authors: Tobacyk Jerome , Pritchett Glenda , Mitchell Tom
Published: August 2011

71 members of a retirees' group ( M age = 68 yr.) in northern Louisiana completed the Paranormal Belief Scale. The elder sample showed significantly less belief than a university student comparison group on Psi, Witchcraft, Superstition, Spiritualism, Extraordinary Life Forms, and Precognition. Findings probably reflect both generational and developmental processes.
Three Hysterical Movement Disorders
Authors: Walters Arthur S. , Wright Doris , Boudwin James , Jones Karl
Published: August 2011

Three hysterical movement disorders are reported: a case of hysterical bilateral blepharospasm which later presented as hysterical hemifacial spasm, a case of hysterical myoclonus, and a case of hysterical parkinsonism. Two patients presented with a relative indifference to preceding life experiences that would normally have evoked considerable emotion. Two of the cases first presented at an older age and one of these older patients was a man. Two of the patients agreed to hypnotherapy and supportive psychotherapy. In both cases the “involuntary” movements disappeared during hypnosis. In the third case, there was a complete spontaneous resolution of symptoms in a neurological condition where resolution would not be expected to occur.
Simplifying Ranking Tasks in Survey Research: A Method and Example
Authors: Davis Todd M. , McLean James E.
Published: August 2011

In many situations in survey research ranking objects or choices is desired. Ranking often presents many difficulties for respondents so data are incomplete. This paper demonstrates that use of paired comparisons may overcome many such difficulties. The paper also describes the simple computations involved in its use.
Teachers' Efficacy and Teaching Behaviors
Authors: Saklofske D. H. , Michayluk J. O. , Randhawa B. S.
Published: August 2011

This two-part study examined the factor structure of the Teacher Efficacy Scale and correlations of this scale with the teaching behaviors of 435 student-teacher interns. The two resulting factors accounted for about 18% of the variance, and only three significant but small correlations were observed between the Personal Teacher Efficacy factor and lesson presenting, questioning, and classroom management behaviors.
Selected MMPI Items That Identified College Women Who Reported Early Sexual Abuse
Authors: Roland Billy C. , Zelhart Paul F. , Dubes Richard
Published: August 2011

This study examined whether MMPI items could be used to discriminate between 41 college women who reported having experienced sexual abuse as children and 73 who did not report childhood sexual abuse. A set of 63 items were identified which correctly classified 84% of the subjects.
An Effect-Size Comparison of the Beck, Zung, and Hamilton Rating Scales for Depression: A Three-Week and Twelve-Week Analysis
Authors: Lambert Michael J. , Masters Kevin S. , Astle David
Published: August 2011

Three widely used measures of depression, the Beck Depression Inventory, Zung Self-rating Depression Scale, and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, were used in an analysis of treatment effects over time. Results were not consistent with those of an earlier meta-analysis of Lambert, Hatch, Kingston, and Edwards in 1986. Present findings indicate that the Zung's self-rating is more likely to show early treatment gains while Beck's inventory shows larger gains over a longer time. Scores on the Hamilton Rating fall between the other two. These results indicate that research should be focused on the differences among these scales.
Effectiveness of Progressive Relaxation on Test Anxiety and Visual Perception
Authors: Schaer Barbara , Isom Steve
Published: August 2011

Progressive relaxation as a modifier of self-reported test anxiety and cognitive visual perception in undergraduates was tested on 23 volunteers found susceptible to progressive relaxation as indicated by selected items from the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility. Subjects were randomly assigned to treatment and control groups. Pretreatment consisted of the Test Anxiety Inventory and the Hidden Figures Test. Posttreatment measures were the Test Anxiety Inventory and the Witkin's Group Embedded Figures Test. A mixed analysis of covariance for repeated measures with two levels of treatment (between subjects) and two levels of time (within subjects) showed a significant reduction in reported test-anxiety test-retest for all subjects but no significant effect on the Embedded Figures Test scores.
Establishing the Validity of an Abbreviated Locus of Control Scale: Is a Brief Levenson's Scale Any Better?
Authors: Lumpkin James R.
Published: August 2011

Application of a brief locus of control scale suggested by Lumpkin in 1985 led John, et al. to question its validity and reliability and suggest an abbreviated version of Levenson's 1974 scale may perform better. In this paper is a summary of an application of such a scale. The brief Levenson's scale did not perform as well as the brief Rotter's scale and so is not recommended as an alternative.
A Proposed Scale to Measure Beliefs about the Consequences of Employing Homosexuals
Authors: O'Brien Fabius P. , Vest Michael J.
Published: August 2011

Preliminary development of a scale to measure beliefs about the consequences of employing homosexuals is described. From responses of 182 managers from Southeastern US manufacturing, government, and service organizations principal components analysis yielded a single 13-item scale which exhibited strong item-total correlations and internal consistency reliability; Cronbach's alpha was .95. Evidence of predictive validity was provided by relatively strong correlations between beliefs about the consequences of hiring homosexuals and two indicators of discrimination in employment.
Becoming and Remaining Assertive: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Giesen Carol B.
Published: August 2011

The effectiveness of assertiveness training, the duration of its effect, and changes in life style or relationships after training were examined in a longitudinal study of 11 white middle-class adult women who participated in a 10-wk. assertiveness training course. An assertiveness inventory, a life-style and health check list, and an interview were used as initial and follow-up measures for the trained group and a comparison group. Follow-up measures were completed six to eight weeks following training and 24 to 36 months later. Pretest assertiveness scores for the trained group were significantly lower than for the comparison group but did not differ significantly at the time of the posttest or the final follow-up test. No significant differences between groups were found on the life-style and health check lists.
Rape as Entertainment
Authors: Wilson Wayne
Published: August 2011

Theatrical movies and television features distort aggravated rape and neglect simple rape, thereby compromising the integrity of real sexual assaults. A collection of 26 movies indicated three categories of rape as entertainment: the classics which subordinate rape to a significant drama, docudramas/melodramas which mingle fact with fiction and require substantiation, and exploitation films which use rape gratuitously. Movie rape remains difficult to judge given a film's subjectivity and its potential to dramatize sexual myths about rape deceptively.
Negative Androgyny and Self-Esteem: Towards a Confound-Free Scale
Authors: Autor David H. , Suyemoto Karen L. , Harder David W.
Published: August 2011

To assess the effects of negatively valued items on the concept of androgyny and its relationship with self-esteem, negative items were constructed to parallel the positively valued masculine and feminine items in the Bern Sex-role Inventory and validated for equivalent gender association. These items were added to the original positive items and the revised scale was administered with a self-derogation scale to 27 male and 26 female college students. Analysis showed strong relationships between self-derogation and negative traits for men and weaker, but expected relationships between self-derogation and negative traits for women. Bern's “undifferentiated” category of respondents, those individuals who endorsed few masculine and feminine traits, were redistributed when negative items were added to the scale. The authors conclude that individuals may exist who are androgynous in that they endorse both masculine and feminine traits but who were formerly classed as undifferentiated because low self-esteem restricted them from endorsing positive items. Implications for further research and redefining the concept of androgyny, especially as it applies to undifferentiated individuals, are discussed.
Replication of Judgmental Heuristics with Simplified Items and Familiar Content
Authors: Metzger Mary A. , Krass Katherine
Published: August 2011

A test for the effects of framing of decisions and for biases associated with the judgmental heuristics of representativeness, anchoring, and availability was given to college students. The items were modifications of the original items reported by Kahneman and Tversky, reworded for simplicity and familiarity. The subjects were instructed to try to imagine actual situations described in problems. The framing effects and the biases were replicated except in the case of insensitivity to prior probabilities.
Status of Career Development and Personality
Authors: Apostal Robert A.
Published: August 2011

This study examined Myers-Briggs Type Indicator scores of men and women college students in a course on career development across selected variables related to career status. The variables were decidedness on college major, expressed interests and perceived competencies. The Indicator and an information form on career status were administered. Scores were converted to continuous scores on each of the four scales, Extraversion-Introversion, Sensing-Intuition, Thinking-Feeling, and Judgment-Perception. Also, regular scoring procedures classified subjects into personality type and combination type categories. Career status and personality relationships were then examined using analysis of variance and chi squared. Several significant relationships were found and their use for personality and self-concept exploration in career development was supported.
An Item-Analytic Investigation of the Fishbein and Ajzen Multiplicative Scale: The Problem of a Simultaneous Negative Evaluation of Belief and Outcome
Authors: Valiquette Claude A. M. , Valois Pierre , Desharnais Raymond , Godin Gaston
Published: August 2011

The purpose was to study the empirical item characteristic curves and the internal structure of the multiplicative scale of the Fishbein and Ajzen paradigm. In previous research, Fishbein and Ajzen derived total scores by means of a belief by outcome cross-product. However, this procedure may bias the meaning of the attitude construct due to the fact that a person can obtain a meaningless score on a particular item by endorsing a negative category on both components. The present study constitutes an empirical test of the extent and implications of this shortcoming. 180 volunteer subjects completed a 15-item attitude scale concerning (a) beliefs toward regular participation in physical activity and (b) evaluation of the corresponding outcomes. The results showed that most of the empirical item-characteristic curves are monotonic but that there is a significant association (transformed r = −.63) between the number of meaningless scores on a given item and item-total correlations. It is suggested that, when the Fishbein and Ajzen paradigm is used, the number of subjects who rate negatively on both the belief and the corresponding evaluation of outcome should be noted since their scores may reflect a biased attitude construct. This would constitute an additional step to the conventional item-analytic procedure.
Expectancies of Rural and Urban Parents Applying for Children's Services at Community Mental Health Centers
Authors: Munger Richard L.
Published: August 2011

Responses to a 15-item Expectation Survey Questionnaire from 256 parents who were applying for children's services showed similar expectations from parents of rural and urban residence: family, friends, or school personnel gave advice; the center would have child specialists, such as counselors, psychologists, and psychiatrists to help children and mothers; appointments within a week were likely; and talking not medication would characterize treatments.
Social-Desirability Responding in the Assessment of Social Skill and Anxiety
Authors: Frisch Michael B.
Published: August 2011

The present study examines the relationship between social-desirability responding and both self-report and behavioral measures of assertion, conversational skill, and social anxiety. With one exception (Conflict Resolution Inventory-Nonassertion Scale), behavioral and self-report measures of assertion were unrelated to the social-desirability response set. Global but not specific behavioral measures of conversational skill were confounded with social-desirability responding. Self-report (e.g., Social Avoidance and Distress Scale) but not behavioral measures of anxiety were correlated with social-desirability scores. The need to evaluate further the psychometric properties of cognitive-behavioral measures is discussed.
Perfectionism and Millon Basic Personality Patterns
Authors: Broday Steven F.
Published: August 2011

The major purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the relation between perfectionism and Millon's basic personality patterns. The subjects were 91 clients (60 women and 31 men) at two midwestern university counseling services ( ns = 38 and 24) and a private-practice office ( n = 29). The subjects completed the Millon inventory and two perfectionism scales in one session. Scores on perfectionism were most strongly related to the passive-aggressive, avoidant, schizoid, and dependent scores. Also, there was a significant negative relation between perfectionism and the compulsive pattern. It was suggested that the present study be replicated with the Millon-II and that the differences between perfectionism and compulsiveness be explored further.
Factor Analytic Study of Irrational Beliefs
Authors: Jacobsen Rebecca H. , Tamkin Arthur S. , Hyer Lee A.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the validity of the Rational-Emotive Therapy construct of irrational beliefs and provided discriminant validity for a test of irrational beliefs, the Idea Inventory. 216 male psychiatric inpatients from a large medical center were administered a battery of psychological measures. These included the Idea Inventory, the MMPI, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Hooper Visual Organization Test, and the Shipley Institute of Living Scale. The Idea Inventory is a 33-item scale assessing the 11 irrational beliefs of Ellis's RET schema. Correlations showed that there is adequate internal consistency among the 11 subscales of the Idea Inventory and that there were 73 of 110 significant coefficients between this scale and the MMPI. Only a small amount of common variance, however, is accounted for. Most importantly, a factor analysis using all of the scales yielded five factors. The first factor included the scales of the Idea Inventory exclusively, with the MMPI and cognitive scales loading on other factors. Discussion centered on the validity of the Idea Inventory and on the independence of irrational beliefs and psychopathology.
Metacognitive Differences among at-Risk and Nonrisk College Cohorts
Authors: De Boy James L.
Published: August 2011

Few empirical data exist on the metacognitive skills of at-risk college students. This study was undertaken to identify differences among 45 at-risk and 30 nonrisk college freshmen who read a passage from the Test of Literal and Inferential Reading and answered six questions of comprehension (3 literal and 3 inferential). All 75 students then answered a series of metacognitive questions. Nonrisk students outperformed their at-risk peers in accuracy of prediction of test performance and in justification of accuracy for their answers to inferential questions. Nonrisk students cited background knowledge significantly more often than at-risk students when asked to justify their answers to inferential questions answered correctly.
A Fresh Look at the Muddy Waters of Psychopathy
Authors: Wells Rosalie
Published: August 2011

Contrary to traditional psychological definitions, psychopathic behavior is neither self-defeating nor contradictory. Once the psychopath's total self-absorption and need to exploit and humiliate others is recognized, many of the contradictory characteristics of the personality fall into logical place. Primary psychopaths exhibit strong self-serving motives and an insatiable need to prove superiority over anyone and everyone. Compulsive lying and flaunting of established rules are consistent with the psychopaths' view of their special position within various social/business constellations. This unique position is validated and measured by their abilities to violate successfully established boundaries without reprisal and to convince and manipulate others to do what they want or believe what they say. Far from being aimless and impulsive, the psychopath's behavior is completely goal-directed.
The Voluntary Simplicity Consumer: A Comparative Study
Authors: Shama Avraham
Published: August 2011

Voluntary simplicity consumers are those exhibiting a lifestyle of low consumption, ecological responsibility, and self-sufficiency. In this study such consumers in three US cities were compared on values and behavior. The structure of values and behaviors in voluntary simplicity was examined, as was the motivation for voluntary simplicity, and the level of adoption of voluntary simplicity behavior. Analysis indicates that values of voluntary simplicity are consistent with voluntary simplicity behavior, the number of factors composing the values and behaviors of voluntary simplicity are the same in all three cities, the motivation for voluntary simplicity is the same in all three cities, and adoption of behaviors of voluntary simplicity varies from city to city.
Exploring More on the Effects of Psychological Self-Help Paperbacks
Authors: Forest James J.
Published: August 2011

Three studies examined the influence of paperbacks about psychological self-help on responses to personality questionnaires. Each study consisted of a 2 × 3 design that varied presence or absence of a pretest on a personality questionnaire and an intervening treatment condition which involved reading either one of two self-help books or reading no book. The dependent measures were posttest scale scores on the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, the Tennessee Self-concept Scale and the 16 Personality Factors questionnaire. The effects of 6 self-help paperbacks, tested in pairs, were examined over the 3 experiments. Multivariate analysis of variance showed that the reading condition was nonsignificant across all experiments while the pretest condition was a significant factor for only one questionnaire.
Personality Correlates of Moral Reasoning and Attitudes toward Authority
Authors: Curtis James , Billingslea Rebecca , Wilson John P.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to explore the relations of empathy and socialization to moral reasoning and attitudes toward authority. 105 undergraduates completed the empathy and socialization scales of the California Psychological Inventory, the Defining Issues Test, and a questionnaire on which they rated two types of authority (public, impersonal and private, personal). Subjects' moral reasoning scores were correlated with both empathy and socialization. Also, principled moral reasoning, empathy, and socialization scores all had significant, inverse relations with subjects' ratings of authority. These results are congruent with Hogan's 1973 personality-based theory of moral reasoning and moral behavior.
Family Size, Birth Order, Sex and Social Interest: Are They Related?
Authors: Fakouri M. Ebrahim , Hafner James L. , Chaney Reece
Published: August 2011

This study of relations of family size, birth order, sex, and social interest for 125 volunteer subjects yielded no significant relationship among birth order, sex, and social interest. Family size was related to social interest; persons coming from small families had higher Social Interest scores than persons coming from large families. The findings are discussed with regard to internal consistency of these constructs within Alfred Adler's theory.
Paranormal Beliefs and Beliefs about Lunar Effects
Authors: Tobacyk Jerome J. , Wilson James E.
Published: August 2011

The Belief in Lunar Effects scale and the Revised Paranormal Belief Scale were given to 102 college students and 87 crisis center workers. Similar patterns of correlations between these scales were recorded for both samples. Belief in Lunar Effects scale scores showed significant direct correlations with belief in Psi, Extraordinary Life Forms, Witchcraft, Spiritualism, and Precognition.
The Real-Ideal Self-Concept Discrepancy and its Relation to Guilt
Authors: Eastburg Mark , Johnson W. Brad , Woo Rose , Lucy John
Published: August 2011

Previous research on the discrepancy between real and ideal self-concepts has shown this gap to be related to neuroticism and various forms of emotional discomfort. Although authors have speculated about the relation between guilt and the real-ideal gap, no previous study has directly explored this relationship. The current study specifically examined the relationship of conscience-guilt to self-reported discrepancies between real and ideal self-concepts in 57 adults (24 to 38 yr. old). A significant positive correlation of .5 between these sets of scores indicates that greater real-ideal self-concept discrepancy tends to be associated with greater self-report of guilt.
Extrinsic Reward Valences and Productivity of Business Faculty: A within-and between-Subjects Decision Modeling Experiment
Authors: Butler John K. , Cantrell R. Stephen
Published: August 2011

The valences of six extrinsic rewards that can accrue to business faculty members were investigated. A decision modeling experiment was designed with 16 different hypothetical reward situations to elicit effort decisions from 52 respondents. Using instrumentality theory, valences were represented by within-subject regression coefficients, obtained by regressing effort decisions on a set of orthogonal cues. Exploratory analyses yielded significant effects of reward type for the valences within all rank and tenure categories and for the valences of tenure and recognition across rank and tenure categories. Significant correlations were found between research productivity and the valences of mobility and promotion. Interactions with rank were found for the correlations of research productivity with the valences of money and mobility. The findings were consistent with need theories and support conceptual connections between valences and needs.
Academic Achievement of Children of Divorced Parents
Authors: Cherian Varghese I.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the academic achievement of 242 pupils whose parents were divorced and 713 pupils whose parents were neither divorced nor separated. The subjects were in the age range of 13 to 17 yr., with a mean age of 15.6 yr. and they were chosen at random from the total Standard 7 population of Transkei, South Africa. A questionnaire was administered to 1,021 pupils to identify the children of parents divorced or separated and neither divorced nor separated. Analysis of variance indicated that the academic achievement of children whose parents were divorced or separated was significantly lower than that of the children whose parents were neither divorced nor separated.
Congruence of Causal Attributions for School Performance Given by Children and Mothers
Authors: Yamauchi Hirotsugu
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to compare the attributions of children with mothers' attributions and children's predictions of their mothers' attributions for children's school performances. Subjects were 76 boys and 94 girls in seventh grade and their mothers. The questionnaire was composed of 8 items and each item had 4 response options to evaluate factors of ability, effort, task difficulty, or luck. Four items were related to good school performance and the other four to poor performance. Children and mothers attributed both good and poor school performances to effort. Several tendencies of children's causal attribution were congruent with the tendencies in children's predictions of their mothers' attributions but were not related to mothers' actual attributions.
Psychology of the Scientist: LX. Relation of Training about Science to Preference for Objective Psychology
Authors: McCall John N. , Carlin Deborah
Published: August 2011

Correlational data suggest that knowledge of the aim, methods, and limitations of science helps students to adopt a more scientific or objective approach to the study of human nature. The total sample of 444 undergraduates included majors in Psychology, Mathematics, Science, Humanities, and preprofessional programs. The advanced students scored higher than beginning students for Science Knowledge and Objective Psychology. Advanced Psychology majors, plus Philosophy majors who took a Philosophy of Science course, scored higher than other advanced students on both measures. Curriculum differences seem to explain this finding.
Relation of Cognitive Functioning to Daily Living Skills in a Geriatric Population
Authors: Searight H. Russell , Grisso J. Thomas , Dunn Edwin J. , Margolis Ronald B. , Gibbons Judith L.
Published: August 2011

A modified version of the Community Competence Scale was administered along with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R) to 40 geriatric patients with suspected dementia. Scores on the Competence Scale, a measure of functional daily living skills, were correlated .72 with Full Scale IQs and .77 with Verbal IQs and moderately correlated (.55) with Performance IQs. A number of significant correlations were found between WAIS—R subtests and subscales of the competence instrument. Means and standard deviations for the 10 Competence subscale and total scores are presented.
Social Intelligence, a Neurological System?
Authors: Taylor Edward H. , Cadet Jean Lud
Published: August 2011

Social intelligence has been researched for almost 70 yr. without definitive findings. During this period almost no attempts have been made to consider the complexity of the brain's anatomy and functions responsible for social competence. An ecological model focusing on social abilities within a biopsychosocial context is discussed along with supporting literature and an hypothesis for research. This argument invokes social intelligence as an independent brain system. It is suggested that neurological structures and chemical activities controlling social skills are directly influenced by the environment, individual beliefs, personal goals, and physiology.
Type A, Locus of Control, and Stress: Another Case in Point
Authors: Heilbrun Alfred B.
Published: August 2011

It has been recommended that a stress measure be included in studies seeking to clarify the Type A behavior pattern to identify moderator effects. This was tested, and a stress-moderating effect of externality among Type As was found along with the absence of relation between Type A status and locus of control.
A Factorial, Reliability, and Validity Study of the Devereux Elementary School Behavior Rating Scale
Authors: Finkelman David , Ferrarese Michael J. , Garmezy Norman
Published: August 2011

This investigation explored the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Devereux Elementary School Behavior Raring Scale, employing a large ( n = 648) sample of children. Factor analysis suggested that the Devereux scale can be described by four factors, which were named Disruptive—Oppositional, Poor Comprehension—Disattention, Cooperative—Initiating, and Performance Anxiety. All four factors showed high internal consistency, and three of the four were stable over a 17-mo. period. Correlations of the four factors with academic achievement, IQ, socioeconomic status, and peer ratings of social competence are presented. All four factors showed significant relations with these variables, with Poor Comprehension—Disattention the strongest of all. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the Poor Comprehension—Disattention factor accounted for significant variance in academic achievement even after IQ was taken into account. Large differences between classroom means on the factor scores suggested that Devereux ratings for individual students may need to be interpreted cautiously.
On the Use of the WISC—R Supplementary Subtests as Alternates
Authors: Silverstein A. B.
Published: August 2011

If a regularly administered WISC—R subtest cannot be administered properly or is invalidated, the manual suggests that a supplementary subtest, either Digit Span or Mazes, can serve as a substitute, but perhaps prorating the sum of scaled scores on the remaining subtests would be better. Data from the WISC—R standardization sample were analyzed to investigate the psychometric properties of these two variants of the standard procedure. Proration consistently resulted in higher validities (i.e., correlations between scores on the variant Verbal, Performance, or Full Scale and scores on the corresponding original scale), whereas substitution almost as consistently resulted in higher reliabilities, but in both cases the differences were small. Examiners may decide for themselves whether or not to use the supplementary subtests as alternates.
Locus of Control and Use of Public Information
Authors: Ingold Charles H.
Published: August 2011

A 43-item mail survey of 400 persons in a Colorado community included a locus of control measurement to assess whether internality-externality correlates with use of public information provided by the mass media. A significant negative correlation was observed between externality and self-reported use of water conservation information in lawn-watering practices.
Applicability of Kübler-Ross's Stages of Dying to the Suicidal Individual: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Lester David , Smith Barbara
Published: August 2011

Evidence from the literature is presented that suicidal people may experience the emotions described by Kübler-Ross in her description of the dying process.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Implications for its Validity as a Dsm-III—R Clinical Syndrome
Authors: Fitts Sherri Nelson , Gibson Pamela , Redding Colleen A. , Deiter Pamela J.
Published: August 2011

A sample of 258 college students responded to three items in Likert-format designed by the authors to elicit information relating directly to the three criteria for body-dysmorphic disorder described in DSM-III—R (1987). 70% of the participants endorsed some agreement with an item regarding dissatisfaction with some aspect(s) of their bodies. 46% indicated some preoccupation with this aspect of their appearance, and 48% indicated some exaggeration of their perceived body image. Sex differences were significant on all three items. 28% of the sample endorsed all three of the items taken together. These results raise questions about the utility of a diagnosis which, as it is currently defined, could conceivably apply to a large percentage of the population and which disproportionately targets women.
Relation between Macandrew Scale Scores and Coping Styles
Authors: Schill Thomas , Harsch Jeff
Published: August 2011

Correlations between MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale scores and styles of coping for 66 college women indicated higher MacAndrew scorers felt more dysfunctional under stress, were more prone to use drugs and alcohol to cope, and had a greater tendency to seek out others, including professionals, for help with their problems. Results were seen as support for the utility of the MacAndrew Scale with college women although the scale was constructed on and for male alcoholics.
Therapeutic Assessment of Salespersons' Empathy and Sales Performance
Authors: Pettijohn Charles E. , Dawson Lyndon E. , Soper Barlow
Published: August 2011

The empathy subscale of the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory was used by recent customers to assess empathy levels of 30 new-car salespersons. Salespersons were assigned to low, medium, or high empathy groups and compared on three indicators of sales performance. Contrary to expectations, no performance differences were found. Possible reasons for these results were discussed, as were suggestions for further research.
Symmetry of Control by Exclusion in Humans' Arbitrary Matching to Sample
Authors: Stromer Robert
Published: August 2011

Normally capable children and adults were taught arbitrary matching of visual sample stimuli and nonidentical visual comparison stimuli: if Sample A1, selecting comparison B1 was reinforced; if A2, selecting B2 was reinforced. Unreinforced tests included (1) those that assessed preferences between novel comparisons when samples were also novel and (2) those that assessed selections of the least-preferred novel comparisons when the alternate comparisons were familiar B or A stimuli. Subjects during the latter tests tended to select the novel comparisons and not the B or A stimuli; these performances supported an inference of control by exclusion. The finding that subjects excluded the A stimuli when they were displayed as comparisons is contrary to previous research and suggests that control by exclusion was symmetrical under these conditions. Preference tests given after exclusion testing suggested that four of six subjects learned new arbitrary matching performances, their selections of the novel comparisons persisted when the basis of exclusion (B or A stimuli) was removed.
Suicide and the Stress of Residency Training: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Kirsling Robert A. , Kochar Mahendr S.
Published: August 2011

Suicide rates among physicians have been reported to be twice that of the general adult population. Few data are available, however, regarding suicide among resident physicians. A case study of the suicide of a male intern is discussed. The literature is reviewed to elucidate potential contributory factors including reported causes and manifestations of stress among resident physicians, suicide rates among physicians including house staff with considerations of sex, and common personality characteristics of physicians and medical students. Recommendations are extended which may assist in early recognition and treatment of individuals at risk of impairment and suicide.
Which States Have the Death Penalty: Data from 1980
Authors: Yang Bijou , Lester David
Published: August 2011

A factor analysis of social characteristics of the states in 1980 showed that states with a death penalty were less socially integrated and more southern.
Comparisons of Parents', Teachers', and Students' Perceptions of Self-Concept in Children from One-and Two-Parent Families
Authors: Ensink Therese , Carroll James L.
Published: August 2011

19 pairs of third grade children from intact and single-parent families matched for sex, intellectual ability, and academic achievement were administered a brief self-concept measure. Teachers and parents rated the students' self-concept on similar measures. There were no significant differences in scores between the groups; however, within each group the teachers and parents consistently overestimated students' self-esteem.
Boredom Proneness and Political Activism
Authors: Tolor Alexander , Siegel Marlene C.
Published: August 2011

Boredom proneness as related to political activism was studied in three groups, namely, undergraduate students, graduate students, and senior citizens. It was hypothesized that individuals who express a disinclination to vote would score higher in boredom than subjects who express an intent to vote. A second hypothesis stated that individuals who value campaigning for a candidate would be less bored than subjects who feel such activities are useless. Strong support was found for the first hypothesis in both student groups. The second hypothesis was supported for undergraduate students but could not be adequately tested in the other two groups because too few devalued campaigning for a candidate. There was also a weak trend for undergraduate men who supported a conservative candidate to score higher on boredom proneness.
Career Stages, Satisfaction, and Well-Being among Police Officers
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relation of career stage to work experiences and satisfactions of police constables. 522 police officers participated by anonymously completing questionnaires. Five career stages were considered: less than 1 yr., 1–3 yr, 6–15 yr., 16–25 yr., and over 25 yr. in policing. Constables in the midcareer stage reported the most negative work setting, greatest stress, least job satisfaction, greatest psychological burnout, and most work-family conflict. Constables in the most advanced career stage reported the poorest physical health, a function of their greater age.
Sex Differences in Psychological Burnout in Teachers
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , Greenglass Esther R.
Published: August 2011

Sex differences in levels of experienced psychological burnout, and its antecedents and consequences, were examined among teachers and department heads. Male teachers reported greater burnout and less job satisfaction than did female teachers. Although male department heads scored significantly higher on psychological burnout, there were no sex differences on measures of satisfaction and emotional well-being. The findings are explained in terms of sex differences in levels of social support.
Work-Related Fear of Aids and Social-Desirability Response Bias
Authors: O'Brien Fabius P.
Published: August 2011

The focus of the current research was on development of a short scale to measure work-related fear of AIDS for use in field research and on assessment of the extent to which its ability to predict managers' intentions to discriminate were free of social-desirability response-bias effects. Based upon a sample of 198 managers from southern US manufacturing, service, and government organizations, the study yielded a 5-item scale with particularly strong test-retest reliability of 88 and internal consistency indicated by Cronbach α of .92. While initial evidence was promising regarding predictive validity, social desirability was correlated with both fear of AIDS and one of the criterion variables but accounted for very little common variance. Techniques suggested by Ganster, Hennessey, and Luthans (1983) to detect social desirability response bias were employed and did not yield moderator, spurious, or suppression effects. Supplementary analysis showed that respondents in manufacturing exhibit significantly stronger fear of AIDS than either service or government managers. Significant but weak correlations of −.16 and −.20 were found between fear of AIDS and subject's sex and education. Males and the less well educated tend to express greater fear of AIDS. Implications are discussed regarding research and practice in management.
The Adjective Check List as a Predictor of Lifelong Learning in the Human Service Professions
Authors: Livneh Cheryl
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to identify personality characteristics, using The Adjective Check List, that could be used to predict lifelong learners in the human service professions. 143 professionals responded to The Adjective Check List and a demographic form. 23 of the scales were subjected to principal factor analysis followed by a varimax rotation. Multiple regression was applied to the extracted factors to predict the average number of hours spent in learning activities per month. Characteristics identified were insufficient to develop a profile of lifelong learners. Only one factor—Organized—significantly correlated with the amount of time human service professionals spent in learning activities over the past year.
A Note on the Family and Crime in the United States
Authors: Rowe Alan , Lindquist John H. , White O Z
Published: August 2011

Analysis of data from a national interview indicates that persons are more concerned about losing respect of family members if arrested for a crime than they are about being arrested. This note explores the possibility of using this information as a means of using family bonds to rehabilitate offenders.
Nurses' Perceptions regarding Health Care and the Poor
Authors: Price James H. , Desmond Sharon M. , Eoff Terry A.
Published: August 2011

To assess hospital staff nurses' perceptions regarding the poor and their health care a total of 240 nurses were selected from 6 of 8 area hospitals to participate in the study (40 nurses from each institution). of the 240 nurses selected, 192 nurses completed the questionnaire (80% return rate). The majority of the sample believed the poor were caught in a “cycle of poverty” (84%) which implies they believe the poor cannot help being poor. However, some of the nurses in this sample also held “victim blaming” attitudes, i.e., poor women become pregnant to collect welfare (58%), the poor live well on welfare (35%), and a person's poverty is due to advantages squandered (27%). About one-third of the nurses agreed poor patients do not receive equivalent quality of care when compared to nonpoor patients and that transferring patients to another hospital due to an inability to pay was very common. Ten percent agreed assisting the poor in becoming well was a waste of medical care as they would be back again soon with another problem. Over half the sample believed the poor were not likely to engage in preventive health behaviors (66%) nor be compliant with their medical regimens (52%). Such attitudes should be studied to see if they affect communication between the poor and their nurse caregivers.
Concurrent Incidence of Depression and Physical Symptoms among Hostile Young Women
Authors: Brown Anne , Zeichner Amos
Published: August 2011

Analyses of questionnaire responses from 166 young women on the Cook-Medley Hostility scale of the MMPI, Beck Depression Inventory, and Wahler Physical Symptoms Inventory indicated significant differences between hostile and nonhostile women on depression scores, ranging from mild mood disturbance to borderline clinical depression. Hostile women also endorsed more items which indicated pervasive somatic complaints such as nausea, fatigue, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular distress. These results are discussed in the context of negative emotion and degenerative disease.
Sexuality within the Head-Injury Rehabilitation Setting: A Staff's Perspective
Authors: Hough Sigmund
Published: August 2011

A survey of 32 staff of an urban rehabilitation program for head-injured adults confirmed that sexual adjustment was an important issue for their clients, but few had pertinent training.
Predictors of Academic Self-Concept of Older Adults
Authors: Drummond Robert , Gilkison Betty
Published: August 2011

This study examined the predictors of the academic self-concept of 130 older adults (50 to 68 yr.). The Levenson Multidimensional Locus of Control Scale, the Gregorc Style Delineator, and the Drummond Academic Self-concept Scale and a demographic data sheet were completed by the adults. In stepwise regression, age and enrollment status plus learning style variables accounted for 11.5% and 4.5% of the variance, and the three locus of control scales for 33.1%. How older learners tend to feel about themselves and their world influences their perception of their academic environment more than their preferred modality of learning.
Components of Family Life Satisfaction in a Sample of 58 Korean/American Couples
Authors: Rho Jung Ja , Schumm Walter R.
Published: August 2011

In previous research with middle-class, midwestern couples, family life satisfaction has been predicted primarily by marital satisfaction. In this study, 58 American husbands and 58 Korean wives responded to a survey in their native languages concerning family life satisfaction and its components. For both spouses, marital satisfaction was the most substantial predictor of family life satisfaction. Although parental satisfaction was important for husbands, it was not a significant predictor for wives.
Chronic Pain Behavior Pattern: A Simple Theoretical Framework for Health-Care Providers
Authors: Dorsel Thomas N.
Published: August 2011

A theoretical framework for understanding the basic psychological dynamics of pain patients is provided. The model involves the etiology of chronic pain, the attributes of patients with chronic pain, the sequence of events that leads to symptomatology, and considerations regarding the treatment of chronic pain. Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy is highlighted as a classic example of this proposed chronic pain behavior pattern.
What College Professors Want from a Job
Authors: Matthews Michael D. , Weaver Charles N.
Published: August 2011

This study compares the job preferences of 57 college professors and 965 other professional workers from the General Social Surveys, 1972–1988 by the Roper Center. Analysis shows college professors are significantly more likely to prefer important, meaningful work and significantly less likely to prefer high pay or chances for advancement. College professors appear to be more strongly motivated than other professionals by intrinsic job considerations.