bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social value change, embeddedness and social entrepreneurship
Authors: Velvin Jan , Bjørnstad Kristian , Krogh Erling
Published: August 2016

Purpose

This study aims to explore the shift in social and cultural values in the wake of ongoing change; specifically, the degree of embeddedness of these values among farm-based entrepreneurs. The authors examine how this value-change-embeddedness continuum can further the development of theories in the field of social entrepreneurship.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors use an exploratory and a descriptive approach when interviewing eight farmers and members of their respective households. The sample encompasses almost all the providers of farm-based tourism in this particular area of rural Norway. The empirical materials form the basis for selecting our theoretical approach, one of which is a structural life-mode analysis.

Findings

The findings show that the social value of self-reliance, when taken to extremes, can hinder the growth of deeper commercial cooperation between farmers. This constitutes a challenge to efficiency and effectiveness on a larger scale, given a need for both independence and interdependence together with flexible entrepreneurial network cooperation in social entrepreneurship. The findings also indicate that social entrepreneurship does not necessarily have to include a cognitive shift in values and roles for the exclusion of a productive entrepreneurial identity.

Originality/value

By focusing on value changes in social entrepreneurship, this paper addresses a significant gap in the entrepreneurship literature relating to the process of value creation. By using the structural life-mode analysis, this study identifies the underlying value changes that are fundamental to entrepreneurial processes, allowing that process to unfold and take hold to the betterment of affected farm-based communities.
The role of narrative in developing management control knowledge from fieldwork
Authors: Seal Will , Mattimoe Ruth
Published: August 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to develop a methodology of business knowledge creation based on a synthesis between the perspective of reality informed by pragmatic constructionism (PC) and critical approaches to narrative analysis informed by antenarrative concepts.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper identifies commonalities and contrasts between narrative and PC. Interpreting an original case study of a hotel by deploying both methodologies, the paper shows how a synthesis of the two approaches can help to construct management control knowledge.

Findings

PC and narrative have many overlaps and complementarities. Practitioners like stories both to make sense of their own roles and to develop personal strategic agendas. Antenarrative concepts demonstrate the potentially generative properties of organizational storytelling. The PC approach also constructs corporate narratives but, additionally, provides a set of criteria against which we can evaluate the stories of practitioners on the basis of “does it work?”.

Research limitations/implications

More interpretive field study processes are called for as a way of testing the robustness of the research design developed in the paper.

Practical implications

A successful management control topos has to be business-specific and co-authored with contributions from participants both inside and outside the organization. Narrative and PC research methodologies both encourage reflexivity, in which the researchers explicitly explore not just the positions of their interviewees, but also their own position and reactions. The creation of business knowledge is seen as a co-production between the researchers and the researched, as they share concepts and reflections during the fieldwork process.

Originality/value

The paper compares and contrasts two interpretive research methodologies, narrative and a pragmatic constructivist perspective. Especially when the concept of antenarrative is deployed, the two methodologies offer fruitful possibilities for dialogical conversation, as they espouse slightly different views on the nature of actor reality.
My dirty story about gardening: a visual autoethnography
Authors: Pope Clive C.
Published: August 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to promote visual autoethnography as a tool to explore and represent the captive qualities associated with gardening.

Design/methodology/approach

– Visual autoethnography is presented as a method to explore the personal meaning of gardening. Visual autoethnography allows the writer to enmesh narratives of memory, sensual experiences and the self with images that amplify personal meaning.

Findings

– The garden is a sensual landscape offering potential for personal expression and the vagaries of the human spirit. Despite its prominence as a leading leisure time activity in Aotearoa New Zealand gardening has received little serious scrutiny. What does this tell us? Is there a need to restore meaning or at least bring meaning to the fore of garden conversations be they personal, agreed, shared, reinforced or not?

Originality/value

– While research into gardens and gardening has largely focussed on the other, this paper explores meaning through the self. The meaning of gardening is presented as a highly reflexive endeavor. Images allow the reader to migrate to the ethnographic site and share the ineffable properties that can be associated with what Francis Bacon once described as the purest of human pleasures.
Identification and prioritization of the barriers of knowledge management implementation using fuzzy analytical network process
Authors: Valmohammadi Changiz , Ghassemi Ali
Published: August 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify the barriers of knowledge management (KM) implementation in Alborz Province industrial Parks Corporation and prioritize them using fuzzy analytical network process (FANP).

Design/methodology/approach

Through an in-depth review of the literature on KM and researcher findings from observations and interviews with experts, the main barriers of KM implementation, namely, organizational culture, organizational structure, human resource, technology and miscellaneous factors along with their related factors in the surveyed organization were identified. Then, based on the information gathered, an expert questionnaire was developed. Finally, the priority of each main barrier and their sub-factors were determined using FANP.

Findings

The results show that human resource and organizational culture factors with the weights of 0.66 and 0.22, respectively, have the highest ranking and therefore are the most important barriers. The technology factor with the weight of 0.00002 is the least important barrier in implementing KM in the surveyed corporation.

Research limitations/implications

One of the limitations of this study is the generalizability of the findings, which may be limited by the single case study method used.

Originality/value

There are fewer studies about KM barriers specifically with a focus on prioritizing them in organizations, especially in the context of Iran as a developing country. This study develops a comprehensive and solid mathematical technique to prioritize the identified barriers of KM implementation in the context of Iran.
Pseudomonas syringae Differentiates into Phenotypically Distinct Subpopulations During Colonization of a Plant Host
Authors: Rufián José S. , Sánchez‐Romero María‐Antonia , López‐Márquez Diego , Macho Alberto P. , Mansfield John W. , Arnold Dawn L. , Ruiz‐Albert Javier , Casadesús Josep , Beuzón Carmen R.
Published: August 2016

Bacterial microcolonies with heterogeneous sizes are formed during colonization of Phaseolus vulgaris by Pseudomonas syringae. Heterogeneous expression of structural and regulatory components of the P. syringae type III secretion system (T3SS), essential for colonization of the host apoplast and disease development, is likewise detected within the plant apoplast. T3SS expression is bistable in the homogeneous environment of nutrient‐limited T3SS‐inducing medium, suggesting that subpopulation formation is not a response to different environmental cues. T3SS bistability is reversible, indicating a non‐genetic origin, and the T3SSHIGH and T3SSLOW subpopulations show differences in virulence. T3SS bistability requires the transcriptional activator HrpL, the double negative regulatory loop established by HrpV and HrpG, and may be enhanced through a positive feedback loop involving HrpA, the main component of the T3SS pilus. To our knowledge, this is the first example of phenotypic heterogeneity in the expression of virulence determinants during colonization of a non‐mammalian host.
R&D and Innovation in Food Processing Firms in Transition Countries
Authors: Ghazalian Pascal L. , Fakih Ali
Published: August 2016

We examine the implications of the liberalised economic conditions associated with the economic transformations in the transition countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) for R&D and innovation in the food processing sector. We use a dataset derived from the World Bank's Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Surveys (BEEPS) database to examine the relationships between R&D/innovation activities in food processing firms in transition countries and (i) privatisation, (ii) foreign direct investment, (iii) trade activities, (iv) market competition pressure, and (v) economies of scale. The empirical analysis is implemented through: (i) a double‐hurdle model for R&D participation and expenditures, and (ii) a bivariate probit model for product and process innovation. We find that these economic transformations generally promote R&D/innovation activities in the food processing sector. Our results suggest that broadened and deepened economic liberalisation policies would improve the innovation performance of the food processing sector in transition countries, and would enhance competitiveness in domestic and foreign markets. They also indicate that innovation policies may need to be tailored to market and industrial characteristics of different transition regions.
Input‐Specific Dynamic Productivity Change: Measurement and Application to European Dairy Manufacturing Firms
Authors: Kapelko Magdalena , Oude Lansink Alfons , Stefanou Spiro E.
Published: August 2016

We propose a new method for measuring and decomposing input‐specific productivity change in a dynamic context. The resulting input‐specific dynamic Luenberger productivity change indicator is decomposed to identify the contributions of input‐specific dynamic technical, technical inefficiency and scale inefficiency changes. The empirical application of the paper focuses on panel data of large firms in the European dairy processing industry over the period 2005–2012. The results show similar patterns for dynamic input‐specific productivity change and its components for labour across European regions (Eastern, Western and Southern), while differences between regions are found regarding materials and investments.
Retrospective Analysis of Hanging Deaths in Ontario
Authors: Tugaleva Elena , Gorassini Donald R. , Shkrum Michael J.
Published: August 2016

Hanging deaths from investigation standpoint are rarely problematic. Unusual circumstances can on occasion raise suspicion of foul play. Associated neck injuries are reported in the literature with variable frequency (from 0% to 76.8%). This study retrospectively analyzed 755 hanging deaths in Ontario (Canada) to evaluate the demographic features and circumstances of hanging fatalities, and the frequency of hanging‐related neck injuries. A number of cases showed unusual/special circumstances (e.g., complex, double suicides, restraints). Among 632 cases with complete autopsies, hyoid and larynx fractures were present in 46 cases (7.3%) with the most common being isolated hyoid fractures. The incidence of cricoid fractures was 0.5% and cervical spine injuries, 1.1%. A higher incidence of neck injuries occurred among males, long drop hangings, and in cases with complete suspension. There was a tendency for the number of fractures to increase with increasing age and weight of the deceased.
Cell‐Free and Concentrated Ascites Reinfusion Therapy for Decompensated Liver Cirrhosis
Authors: Kozaki Koichi , IInuma Masahiro , Takagi Tomoyuki , Fukuda Takanori , Sanpei Takaya , Terunuma Yusuke , Yatabe Yoshiharu , Akano Kazuhiro
Published: August 2016

Cell‐free and concentrated ascites reinfusion therapy (CART) is expected to improve symptoms associated with refractory ascites of the decompensated liver cirrhosis patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the CART system performed on the decompensated liver cirrhosis patients. In this retrospective observational study, we evaluated 24 CART processes performed on 11 patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis. We evaluated the effectiveness and adverse events during CART procedures. The amounts of collected and concentrated ascites were 4491.7 ± 2222.8 mL (mean ± SD), respectively, and the concentration ratio was 22.4 ± 15.3 times, respectively. The amount of collected protein in ascites was 2.3 ± 0.5 g/dL, and concentration ratio of protein was 8.2 ± 9.4 times. Serum protein level was not significantly different between before and after CART sessions. Thus, CART allowed for the reduction of doses of albumin preparations (Alb) to be administered. CART has been reported to cause two adverse reactions: elevation of body temperature and decrease in blood pressure. In our study, decreased blood pressure was not observed even in patients with > 5 L of ascites drained. Although a transient elevation in body temperature was seen in only one patient, this febrile patient immediately returned to normal body temperature with the use of NSAIDs. In patients with refractory ascites of decompensated liver cirrhosis in whom complete cure cannot be expected, CART improves their QOL and, in terms of medical economy, allows for the reduction of doses of Alb. CART can be effectively applied as a palliative procedure for refractory ascites of decompensated liver cirrhosis patients.
Usefulness of plain radiography for assessing hypouricemic treatment response in patients with tophaceous gout
Authors: Suh Young Sun , Cheon Yun‐Hong , Kim Ji Eun , Kim Ji‐Min , Kim Sang‐Hyon , Lee Won‐Seok , Yoo Wan‐Hee , Lee Sang‐Il , Kim Hyun‐Ok
Published: August 2016

Aim

To investigate whether plain radiography is useful for assessing the changes in gouty tophi size following hypouricemic therapy.

Methods

Gout was diagnosed according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria. Before and after hypouricemic treatment, serum uric acid level was measured, and plain radiography was performed to measure gouty tophi size. The tophi were graded by measuring the maximum vertical and horizontal diameters, and they were scored by adding up the scores of the grades. The vertical diameter was measured on both sides of the proximal phalanges (PPs). The horizontal diameter was measured on the lateral side of the PPs. The maximum vertical diameter measurement was graded 0–4. The maximum horizontal diameter measurement was graded 0–3.

Results

Seven hundred first metatarsal phalangeal joints (MTPJ) of 350 patients with gout were assessed for gouty tophi. Tophi were observed using plain radiography in 174 MTPJs (24.9%) of 109 patients (31.1%). Follow‐up plain radiography was performed in 60 of these patients. Before the treatment, the average serum uric acid level of these patients was 8.3 ± 1.9 mg/dL, and the average tophi score was 3.7 ± 2.5. After hypouricemic treatment, the uric acid level decreased to 5.9 ± 1.6 mg/dL (P < 0.05), and the average tophi score decreased to 1.5 ± 1.8 (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

This new method for measuring gouty tophi using plain radiography may be useful for evaluating changes in gouty tophi size following hypouricemic treatment.
Genome analysis of ‘Candidatus Ancillula trichonymphae’, first representative of a deep‐branching clade of Bifidobacteriales, strengthens evidence for convergent evolution in flagellate endosymbionts
Authors: Strassert Jürgen F. H. , Mikaelyan Aram , Woyke Tanja , Brune Andreas
Published: August 2016

The flagellate protists in the hindgut of lower termites play an essential role in the digestion of lignocellulose. Most flagellate species are associated with host‐specific symbionts from various bacterial lineages, which typically lack cultured representatives. In this study, we analyzed the genome of ‘Candidatus Ancillula trichonymphae’, an endosymbiont of Trichonympha flagellates from dry‐wood termites, which represents a novel, family‐level lineage of uncultured Actinobacteria encountered so far only in termite guts. The draft genome of ‘Ca. A. trichonymphae’ (ca. 1.48 Mbp; 95% complete) revealed a purely fermentative metabolism that is probably fueled by xylose, N‐acetyl‐glucosamine and glycerol 3‐phosphate acquired from the flagellate host. The absence of fructose bisphosphate aldolase and the presence of a complete gene set encoding the phosphoketolase pathway underscore the sister position of the new lineage to Bifidobacteriaceae. The preservation of the pathways for the assimilation of ammonia and the synthesis of 18 amino acids and several cofactors and vitamins suggests that ‘Ca. A. trichonymphae’ – like other endosymbionts of termite gut flagellates – provides essential amino acids and vitamins to its host. Our findings corroborate the emerging concept that numerous lineages of unrelated flagellate endosymbionts have convergently evolved to fill similar ecological niches.
The Impact of Corporate Governance on Informative Earnings Management in the Chinese Market
Authors: Lin Zhijun , Liu Ming , Noronha Carlos
Published: August 2016

This study investigates the relationship between corporate governance and informative earnings management (IEM) for Chinese listed firms. While most previous studies on earnings management adopt the opportunistic perspective, we examine earnings management from the informative perspective, treating discretionary accruals as a means for managers to signal private information to external stakeholders regarding the firm's future cash flows or potential earnings. We hypothesize that good corporate governance practices motivate firm managers to engage in informative earnings management. By developing a measurable proxy of IEM, we test the association of managerial IEM with internal corporate governance mechanisms. The empirical results support our hypotheses, indicating that corporate governance has a positive impact on the possibility of managerial IEM, and better corporate governance should contribute to improving the transparency of financial reporting and the informativeness of reported earnings.
Increased serum interleukin‐6, not minimal hepatic encephalopathy, predicts poor sleep quality in nonalcoholic cirrhotic patients
Authors: Tsai C.‐F. , Chu C.‐J. , Wang Y.‐P. , Liu P.‐Y. , Huang Y.‐H. , Lin H.‐C. , Lee F.‐Y. , Lu C.‐L.
Published: August 2016

Background

Sleep–wake disturbances are common in patients with cirrhosis and have a considerable effect on health‐related quality of life; however, the underlying mechanism behind the phenomenon is unclear. Cytokines are involved in the mediation of signalling pathways regulating fibrogenesis, leading to cirrhosis. In addition, increased cytokines could contribute to sleep disturbances.

Aim

To determine the relationship between pro‐inflammatory cytokines and sleep disturbance in cirrhotic patients.

Methods

Ninety‐eight nonalcoholic cirrhotic patients without overt hepatic encephalopathy were enrolled in this cross‐sectional study. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to assess sleep quality. The Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score (PHES) was used to examine cognitive performance and define minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to evaluate the mood status of the patients. Pro‐inflammatory cytokines that include interleukin 6 (IL‐6) and tumour necrosis factor‐α, as well as HBV‐DNA or HCV‐RNA levels were determined in patients.

Results

A total of 56 (57%) cirrhotic patients were identified as ‘poor’ sleepers (PSQI > 5). After multivariate analysis, IL‐6 (P = 0.001) and HADS scores (P = 0.002) were found to be independent predictive factors of poor sleep quality. No significant relationships were observed between the sleep indices and the presence of MHE. HCV‐RNA, but not HBV‐DNA, viraemia was associated with sleep disturbance in cirrhotic patients.

Conclusions

Sleep disturbance is found commonly in cirrhotic patients and a high serum IL‐6 level is predictive of poor sleep quality. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy by itself may not contribute to sleep dysfunction in cirrhotic patients.
The landscape of cultural geography: ideologies lost
Authors: Tolia‐Kelly Divya P
Published: August 2016

This piece reflects on the contemporary resonances, value and legacy of Cosgrove and Jackson's () Area paper entitled ‘New directions in cultural geography’ (Area, 19, 95–101). It argues that much scholarship in today's cultural geography (its innovations and interventions), were inspired by Cosgrove and Jackson's call. These myriad collaborations and experimentation in formats include research outputs engaged in forms of poetry, art, theatre, dance, music performances, exhibitions, curating and film‐making (to name just a few) to be included as tools for the production and dissemination of geographical knowledge. There has been an exponential expansion in cultural geography's vocabularies, dimensions of ‘fields of vision’ and the grammars through which these are narrated. Often, however, the values that underpin these new trajectories are also borne out of an academy ideologically tethered to neo‐liberal values. The university thus risks becoming a space where a moral commitment to principles that challenge injustice and uneven geographies within and outside the academy are thwarted; and thus becomes the absolute antithesis of Cosgrove and Jackson's vision for truly good scholarship.
On comfort and the culture of cultural geography
Authors: Geoghegan Hilary
Published: August 2016

In this commentary, the author revisits Cosgrove and Jackson's (Area, 19, 95–101) article in two parts: first, outlining the personal significance of Cosgrove and Jackson's agenda by revisiting her roots in, and routes through, cultural geography over the last two decades; and second, re‐engaging with the paper's key themes and arguments in a contemporary context, considering its on‐going influence, with reference to work on methodological innovation, collaborations with other practitioners and transdisciplinarity. The author concludes by calling for a continued practice of revisiting within cultural geography to help ourselves and our students understand where cultural geographies come from and may be going next.
‘Goodbye it's 1987’: generation of the new
Authors: Matless David
Published: August 2016

This paper reflects on Cosgrove and Jackson's () Area paper ‘New directions in cultural geography’ (Area, 19, 95–101), discussing its place within British geography in the 1980s, the associated conferences organised through the Institute of British Geographers, the continuing resonance of its themes and the nature of a ‘classic’ paper. Historical analysis is combined with personal memory to consider the paper's role in generating a ‘new’ cultural geography.
Response: Freedom from Pain as a Rawlsian Primary Good
Authors: James Roberts Adam
Published: August 2016

In a recent article in this journal, Carl Knight and Andreas Albertsen argue that Rawlsian theories of distributive justice as applied to health and healthcare fail to accommodate both palliative care and the desirability of less painful treatments. The asserted Rawlsian focus on opportunities or capacities, as exemplified in Normal Daniels’ developments of John Rawls’ theory, results in a normative account of healthcare which is at best only indirectly sensitive to pain and so unable to account for the value of efforts of which the sole purpose is pain reduction. I argue that, far from undermining the Rawlsian project and its application to problems of health, what the authors’ argument at most amounts to is a compelling case for the inclusion of freedom from physical pain within its index of primary goods.
What can we Learn from Patients’ Ethical Thinking about the right ‘not to know’ in Genomics? Lessons from Cancer Genetic Testing for Genetic Counselling
Authors: Cowley Lorraine
Published: August 2016

This article is based on a qualitative empirical project about a distinct kinship group who were among the first identified internationally as having a genetic susceptibility to cancer (Lynch Syndrome). 50 were invited to participate (42 were tested; eight declined genetic testing). 15, who had all accepted testing, were interviewed. They form a unique case study. This study aimed to explore interviewees’ experiences of genetic testing and how these influenced their family relationships. A key finding was that participants framed the decision to be tested as ‘common sense’; the idea of choice around the decision was negated and replaced by a moral imperative to be tested. Those who did not follow ‘common sense’ were judged to be imprudent. Family members who declined testing were discussed negatively by participants. The article addresses what is ethically problematic about how test decliners were discussed and whether these ethical concerns extend to others who are offered genetic testing. Discussions showed that genetic testing was viewed as both an autonomous choice and a responsibility. Yet the apparent conflict between the right to autonomy and the moral imperative of responsibility allowed participants to defend test decliners’ decisions by expressing a preference for or defending choice over responsibility. The ‘right not to know’ seemed an important moral construct to help ethically manage unpopular decisions made by close family who declined testing. In light of this research, the erosion of the ‘right not to know’ in the genomic age could have subtle yet profound consequences for family relationships.
Why Alcoholics Ought to Compete Equally for Liver Transplants
Authors: Zambrano Alexander
Published: August 2016

Some philosophers and physicians have argued that alcoholic patients, who are responsible for their liver failure by virtue of alcoholism, ought to be given lower priority for a transplant when donated livers are being allocated to patients in need of a liver transplant. The primary argument for this proposal, known as the Responsibility Argument, is based on the more general idea that patients who require scarce medical resources should be given lower priority for those resources when they are responsible for needing them and when they are competing with patients who need the same resources through no fault of their own. Since alcoholic patients are responsible for needing a new liver and are in direct competition with other patients who need a new liver through no fault of their own, it follows that alcoholic patients ought to be given lower priority for a transplant. In this article, I argue against the Responsibility Argument by suggesting that in order for it to avoid the force of plausible counter examples, it must be revised to say that patients who are responsible for needing a scarce medical resource due to engaging in behavior that is not socially valuable ought to be given lower priority. I'll then argue that allocating organs according to social value is inconsistent or in tension with liberal neutrality on the good life. Thus, if one is committed to liberal neutrality, one ought to reject the Responsibility Argument.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the heat stress response of Daphnia pulex: ROS‐mediated activation of hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 (HIF‐1) and heat shock factor 1 (HSF‐1) and the clustered expression of stress genes
Authors: Klumpen Eva , Hoffschröer Nadine , Zeis Bettina , Gigengack Ulrike , Dohmen Elias , Paul Rüdiger J.
Published: August 2016

Background information

Heat stress in ectotherms involves direct (e.g. protein damage) and/or indirect effects (temperature‐induced hypoxia and ROS formation), which cause activation of the transcription factors (TF) heat shock factor 1 (HSF‐1) and/or hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 (HIF‐1). The present study focused on the links between stress (ROS) signals, nuclear (n) and cytoplasmic (c) HSF‐1/HIF‐1 levels, and stress gene expression on mRNA and protein levels (e.g. heat‐shock protein 90, HSP90) upon acute heat and ROS (H2O2) stress.

Results

Acute heat stress (30°C) evoked fluctuations in ROS level. Different feeding regimens, which affected the glutathione (GSH) level, allowed altering the frequency of ROS fluctuations. Other data showed fluctuation frequency to depend also on ROS production rate. The heat‐induced slow or fast ROS fluctuations (at high or low GSH levels) evoked slow or fast fluctuations in the levels of nHIF‐1α, nHSF‐1 and gene products (mRNAs and protein), albeit after different time delays. Time delays to ROS fluctuations were, for example,shorter for nHIF‐1α than for nHSF‐1 fluctuations, and nHIF‐1α fluctuations preceded and nHSF‐1 fluctuations followed fluctuations in HSP90 mRNA level. Cytoplasmic TF levels either changed little (cHIF‐1α) or showed a steady increase (cHSF‐1). Applying acute H2O2 stress (at 20°C) revealed effects on nHIF‐1α and mRNA levels, but no significant effects on nHSF‐1 level. Transcriptome data additionally showed coordinated fluctuations of mRNA levels upon acute heat stress, involving mRNAs for HSPs and other stress proteins, with all corresponding genes carrying DNA binding motifs for HIF‐1 and HSF‐1.

Conclusions

This study provided evidence for promoting effects of ROS and HIF‐1 on early haemoglobin, HIF‐1α and HSP90 mRNA expressions upon heat or ROS stress. The increasing cHSF‐1 level likely affected nHSF‐1 level and later HSP90 mRNA expression.

Significance

Heat stress evoked ROS fluctuations, with this stress signal forwarded via nHIF‐1 and nHSF‐1 fluctuations to stress gene expression. The frequency of ROS fluctuations seemed to integrate information about ROS productionrate and GSH antioxidant buffer capacity, resulting in stress protein expression of different speed. Results of this study suggest ROS as early (pre‐damage) and protein defects as later (post‐damage) stress signals to trigger heat stress responses.
Binding free energy calculations on E‐selectin complexes with sLex oligosaccharide analogs
Authors: Barra Pabla A. , Ribeiro António J. M. , Ramos Maria J. , Jiménez Verónica A. , Alderete Joel B. , Fernandes Pedro A.
Published: August 2016

Molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy calculations were employed to examine the interaction between E‐selectin and six structurally related oligosaccharides including the physiological ligand sialyl Lewis x. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that sialyl Lewis x and its mimics share a common binding region and similar interactions with E‐selectin involving the formation of hydrogen bonds with Glu80, Asn82, Asn83, Arg97, Asn105, Asp106, and Glu107 residues and electrostatic contacts with Ca2+ and the positively charged Lys111 and Lys 113 residues. Regarding binding free energy calculations, the performance of the rigorous but computationally expensive pathway methods TI, BAR, and MBAR was compared to the less rigorous but faster end‐point methods MM/PBSA and MM/GBSA aimed at identifying a suitable approach to deal with the very subtle binding free energy differences within the ligands under study. All methods succeeded in predicting increased binding affinities for sialyl Lewis x analogs compared to the native ligand with absolute errors <1 kcal/mol. The best correlation with experimental data was obtained by TI (r2 = 0.84), followed by MBAR (r2 = 0.80), BAR (r2 = 0.73), MM/PBSA (r2 = 0.73) and MM/GBSA (r2 = 0.47). These results provide valuable information to increase understanding about E‐selectin–oligosaccharide interactions and conduct further research aimed at designing novel ligands targeting this protein.
Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome: Clinical review
Authors: Motomura Masakatsu , Nakata Ruka , Shiraishi Hirokazu
Published: August 2016

Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is an autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular junction and approximately 60% of LEMS patients have a tumor, mostly small cell lung cancer, as a paraneoplastic neurological syndrome. LEMS patients develop a unique set of clinical characteristics, which include proximal muscle weakness, depressed tendon reflexes with post‐tetanic potentiation and autonomic symptoms. Interestingly, slightly <10% of LEMS patients have cerebellar ataxia (LEMS with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration). Considering its pathomechanism, LEMS is a presynaptic disorder of neuromuscular transmission in which quantal release of acetylcholine is impaired by autoantibodies for P/Q‐type voltage‐gated calcium channels at active zones, although an animal model by immunizing purified P/Q‐type voltage‐gated calcium channels has not yet been successful.
Stream Line–Based Pattern Search in Flows
Authors: Wang Z. , Esturo J. Martinez , Seidel H.‐P. , Weinkauf T.
Published: August 2016

We propose a method that allows users to define flow features in form of patterns represented as sparse sets of stream line segments. Our approach finds similar occurrences in the same or other time steps. Related approaches define patterns using dense, local stencils or support only single segments. Our patterns are defined sparsely and can have a significant extent, i.e., they are integration‐based and not local. This allows for a greater flexibility in defining features of interest. Similarity is measured using intrinsic curve properties only, which enables invariance to location, orientation, and scale. Our method starts with splitting stream lines using globally consistent segmentation criteria. It strives to maintain the visually apparent features of the flow as a collection of stream line segments. Most importantly, it provides similar segmentations for similar flow structures. For user‐defined patterns of curve segments, our algorithm finds similar ones that are invariant to similarity transformations. We showcase the utility of our method using different 2D and 3D flow fields.
Pemphigus foliaceus with circinated plaques and neutrophil pustules
Authors: Méndez‐Flores Silvia , Avalos‐Diaz Esperanza , Dominguez‐Cherit Judith , Saeb‐Lima Marcela , Esquivel‐Pedraza Lilly
Published: August 2016

Pemphigus is a group of autoimmune intraepidermal bullous diseases; being pemphigus foliaceus (PF) and pemphigus vulgaris (PV) the most common subtypes. Pustular variants are scarcely reported for both PV and PF. The purpose of this manuscript was to describe the clinical, microscopic and immunologic findings of an atypical case of PF presenting with pustules, including a review of the literature. PF is described as blisters and because this entity is rare, it is not known for the general medical community that they are other clinical features that can be seen as this one we present here with pustules.
Taking the heat: distinct vulnerability to thermal stress of central and threatened peripheral lineages of a marine macroalga
Authors: Saada Gabriel , Nicastro Katy R. , Jacinto Rita , McQuaid Christopher D. , Serrão Ester A. , Pearson Gareth A. , Zardi Gerardo I.
Published: August 2016

Aim

Although many studies have reported the effects of climate change on species' distributions, most of them consider each species as a physiologically homogenous unit. However, different lineages or populations inhabiting distinct bioregions within a species' distributional range can retain unique genetic diversity that could result in distinct adaptive capacities. A recent, large, climate‐correlated distributional range contraction occurred at the southern edge of the intertidal macroalga Fucus vesiculosus, causing loss of genetic diversity unique to the southern clade. We tested for differential selective constraints and signs of local adaptation to thermal stress in the two genetic lineages.

Location

Iberian Atlantic shores.

Methods

We performed a series of common garden experiments and a field reciprocal transplant.

Results

In the laboratory, southern F. vesiculosus showed higher resilience to heat stress than northern individuals. On the southwest coast of Portugal, local individuals grew more than those transplanted from the northern range; in the north of Portugal, growth rates did not differ significantly between lineages.

Conclusions

We present evidence for unique adaptive traits at the retreating edge of the species' distribution that could be lost if warming trends persist. The loss of the distinct southern genetic heritage could end potential ongoing diversification or speciation processes and impoverishes the adaptive potential of the species as a whole.
Informed Consent in Health Research: Challenges and Barriers in Low‐and Middle‐Income Countries with Specific Reference to Nepal
Authors: Regmi Pramod R. , Aryal Nirmal , Kurmi Om , Pant Puspa Raj , van Teijlingen Edwin , Wasti Sharada P.
Published: August 2016

Obtaining ‘informed consent’ from every individual participant involved in health research is a mandatory ethical practice. Informed consent is a process whereby potential participants are genuinely informed about their role, risk and rights before they are enrolled in the study. Thus, ethics committees in most countries require ‘informed consent form’ as part of an ethics application which is reviewed before granting research ethics approval. Despite a significant increase in health research activity in low‐and middle‐income countries (LMICs) in recent years, only limited work has been done to address ethical concerns. Most ethics committees in LMICs lack the authority and/or the capacity to monitor research in the field. This is important since not all research, particularly in LMICs region, complies with ethical principles, sometimes this is inadvertently or due to a lack of awareness of their importance in assuring proper research governance. With several examples from Nepal, this paper reflects on the steps required to obtain informed consents and highlights some of the major challenges and barriers to seeking informed consent from research participants. At the end of this paper, we also offer some recommendations around how can we can promote and implement optimal informed consent taking process. We believe that paper is useful for researchers and members of ethical review boards in highlighting key issues around informed consent.
MEASURING AND MODELING INTERGENERATIONAL LINKS IN RELATION TO LONG‐TERM CARE
Authors: Caplin Andrew , Luo Mi , McGarry Kathleen
Published: August 2016

Long‐term care has profound intergenerational implications. It can be costly for those who need it and onerous for loved ones who provide it. We pinpoint three intergenerational aspects of long‐term care that require further research. One concerns the link between costs of private care and intergenerational wealth transfers. The second concerns the link between participation in care and the work and welfare of family providers. The third relates to intergenerational tensions that these and other late‐in‐life interactions create. We outline innovations in modeling and measurement that would improve understanding of intergenerational linkages and their implementation in appropriate panel data. (JEL D91, I13, J22)
First evidence of spawning migration by goldfish (Carassius auratus); implications for control of a globally invasive species
Authors: Beatty Stephen J. , Allen Mark G. , Whitty Jeff M. , Lymbery Alan J. , Keleher James J. , Tweedley James R. , Ebner Brendan C. , Morgan David L.
Published: August 2016

Goldfish (Carassius auratus) was one of the first fishes to be domesticated and has been widely introduced across the globe, but is now considered one of the world's worst invasive aquatic species. Surprisingly, there is a dearth of information on its spatial and temporal movement patterns, which hampers the development of effective control programmes. We examined the movement patterns of an introduced population of C. auratus in a south‐western Australian river using passive acoustic telemetry. The study population had a high residency index within the array (i.e. proportion of all days at liberty that, on average, each fish was detected by a receiver) with fish being detected on 64% of days. The individuals were also reasonably mobile, travelling a mean of 0.30 km (linear river kilometres).day‐1 within the array, and one fish moved 231.3 km over the 365‐day study period (including 5.4 km in a 24 hr period). Importantly, C. auratus displayed significant seasonal movement patterns including a clear shift in habitats during its breeding period with most mature individuals being detected in an off‐channel wetland during that time. The results of this study strongly suggest that C. auratus undertook a spawning migration into a lentic habitat. These results have important implications for developing control programmes for the species, such as targeting connections to off‐channel lentic systems during its breeding period.
Impact of heart rate on admission on mortality and morbidity in acute ischaemic stroke patients – results from VISTA
Authors: Nolte C. H. , Erdur H. , Grittner U. , Schneider A. , Piper S. K. , Scheitz J. F. , Wellwood I. , Bath P. M. W. , Diener H.‐C. , Lees K. R. , Endres M. ,   for the VISTA collaborators
Published: August 2016

Background and purpose

Elevated heart rate (HR) is associated with worse outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease. Its predictive value in acute stroke patients is less well established. We investigated the effects of HR on admission in acute ischaemic stroke patients.

Methods

Using the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive (VISTA) database, the association between HR in acute stroke patients without atrial fibrillation and the pre‐defined composite end‐point of (recurrent) ischaemic stroke, transient ischaemic attack (TIA), myocardial infarction (MI) and vascular death within 90 days was analysed. Pre‐defined secondary outcomes were the composite end‐point components and any death, decompensated heart failure and degree of functional dependence according to the modified Rankin Scale after 90 days. HR was analysed as a categorical variable (quartiles).

Results

In all, 5606 patients were available for analysis (mean National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale 13; mean age 67 years; mean HR 77 bpm; 44% female) amongst whom the composite end‐point occurred in 620 patients (11.1%). Higher HR was not associated with the composite end‐point. The frequencies of secondary outcomes were 3.2% recurrent stroke (n = 179), 0.6% TIA (n = 35), 1.8% MI (n = 100), 6.8% vascular death (n = 384), 15.0% any death (n = 841) and 2.2% decompensated heart failure (n = 124). Patients in the highest quartile (HR> 86 bpm) were at increased risk for any death [adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) 1.40 (1.11–1.75)], decompensated heart failure [adjusted hazard ratio 2.20 (1.11–4.37)] and worse modified Rankin Scale [adjusted odds ratio 1.29 (1.14–1.52)].

Conclusions

In acute stroke patients, higher HR (>86 bpm) is linked to mortality, heart failure and higher degree of dependence after 90 days but not to recurrent stroke, TIA or MI.
Pathways to Adaptive Emotion Regulation Among Adolescents from Low‐Income Families
Authors: Criss Michael M. , Morris Amanda Sheffield , Ponce‐Garcia Elisabeth , Cui Lixian , Silk Jennifer S.
Published: August 2016

The current study examined pathways to adolescent anger and sadness regulation in low‐income families. The sample included 206 families with adolescents age 10–18 years. Using a multimethod, multi‐informant approach, we assessed neighborhood violence, mutual emotional support, parental emotion coaching, and anger and sadness regulation. The findings indicated that high levels of mutual emotional support and emotion coaching and low levels of neighborhood violence were correlated with adolescent emotion regulation. In addition, the analyses demonstrated multiple pathways to emotion regulation. Specifically, neighborhood violence was directly and indirectly related to anger and sadness regulation. Moreover, mutual emotional support was indirectly related to emotion regulation via emotion coaching. Overall, there was little evidence of adolescent sex and age differences in the model. Implications regarding the socialization of adolescent emotion regulation are discussed.
High perennial ryegrass seeding rates reduce plant size and survival during the first year after sowing: does this have implications for pasture sward persistence?
Authors: Lee J. M. , Thom E. R. , Wynn K. , Waugh D. , Rossi L. , Chapman D. F.
Published: August 2016

Failure of perennial ryegrass swards to persist is a key issue on dairy farms in many areas of the world. This study describes an experiment conducted to test the hypothesis that high ryegrass seeding rates (>18 kg seed ha−1) reduce plant size and physical survival during the first year after sowing, with negative implications for population persistence. Four cultivars representing four functional types of perennial ryegrass were sown at five seeding rates (equivalent to 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 kg seed ha−1) with white clover in three dairying regions of New Zealand. Plant establishment rates, size and survival were measured for the first 13 months after sowing. Herbage accumulation, botanical composition and perennial ryegrass tiller density were also monitored. Increasing seeding rate reduced plant survival in the seven weeks after sowing, reflecting likely differences in germination and very early mortality of small seedlings. Thereafter, plant survival was relatively high and consistent across seeding rates at two sites but was consistently greater in the 6 kg ha−1 treatment compared with the 24 and 30 kg ha−1 treatments at one site. Higher seeding rates also increased ryegrass tiller density and the contribution of ryegrass towards total herbage biomass but reduced the contribution of white clover. Very few cultivar × seeding rate interactions were detected for any of the measured variables. Many of the seeding rate effects dissipated by the end of the first year after sowing, indicating that high seeding rates did not predispose swards to poor persistence in the longer term, irrespective of ryegrass functional type.
Shopping in Mumbai: transnational sociability from the Netherlands
Authors: GOWRICHARN RUBEN
Published: August 2016

In this article, I present the concept of sociability as a preferable alternative to current network theories. I apply Simmel's concept of sociability to the bonding that occurs among ethnic networks at both the community and global levels. I argue for the need to separate the sociability elements of enjoyment and pleasure in time and place. I focus on the diaspora tourism of Dutch Hindustanis to show that joy and pleasure occur both when shopping in India and when giving gifts in the Netherlands. Furthermore, I argue that gifts purchased in India create bonding within close ethnic circles. As a result, these gifts become part of the material culture of the group, contributing to a feeling of home, ethnic consciousness and transnational bonds. Finally, I suggest that this joy and pleasure can be repeated because many of these moments are recorded with video cameras and photographs. Through this analysis, I demonstrate that transnational sociability, exemplified in diaspora tourism (specifically in shopping and gift giving), generates bonding both at the ethnic group and global level. I thus aim to add specificity to studies of transnational ethnic networks.