bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decline in Incidence of Extra‐Articular Manifestations of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Population‐Based Cohort Study
Authors: Kimbrough Bradly A. , Crowson Cynthia S. , Davis John M. , Matteson Eric L. , Myasoedova Elena
Published: September 2023

Objective

The focus of this study was to assess changes in the cumulative incidence of extra‐articular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis (ExRAs) and associated mortality risk.

Methods

This study evaluated trends in occurrence of ExRAs using a population‐based inception cohort that included all adult patients with incident rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from 1985 through 2014 meeting the 1987 American College of Rheumatology criteria. Patients were divided into two cohorts based on the incidence date of RA, 1985 to 1999 and 2000 to 2014. The occurrence of ExRAs was determined by manual chart review, and the 10‐year cumulative incidence was estimated for each ExRA in both cohorts. Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine associations between specific demographic and RA disease characteristics and ExRAs and between ExRAs and mortality.

Results

There were 907 patients included, 296 in the 1985 to 1999 cohort and 611 in the 2000 to 2014 cohort. The 10‐year cumulative incidence of any ExRA decreased significantly between the earlier and later cohorts (45.1% vs 31.6%, P < 0.001). This was largely driven by significant declines in subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules (30.9% vs 15.8%, P < 0.001) and nonsevere ExRAs (41.4% vs 28.8%, P = 0.001). Identified risk factors for the development of any ExRAs include rheumatoid factor positivity (hazard ratio [HR] 2.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.43–2.86) and current smoking (HR 1.61, 95% CI 1.10–2.34). Mortality was increased in patients with either nonsevere (HR 1.83, 95% CI 1.18–2.85) or severe ExRAs (HR 3.05, 95% CI 1.44–6.49).

Conclusions

The incidence of ExRAs has decreased over time. Mortality remains increased in patients with ExRAs.
Disease Course, Treatments, and Outcomes of Children With Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis–Associated Lung Disease
Authors: Huang Yannan , Sompii‐Montgomery Laura , Patti Jessica , Pickering Alex , Yasin Shima , Do Thuy , Baker Elizabeth , Gao Denny , Abdul‐Aziz Rabheh , Behrens Edward M. , Canna Scott , Clark Matthew , Co Dominic O. , Collins Kathleen P. , Eberhard Barbara , Friedman Monica , Graham Thomas B. , Hahn Timothy , Hersh Aimee O. , Hobday Patricia , Holland Michael J. , Huggins Jennifer , Lu Pai‐Yue , Mannion Melissa L. , Manos Cynthia K. , Neely Jessica , Onel Karen , Orandi Amir B. , Ramirez Andrea , Reinhardt Adam , Riskalla Mona , Santiago Laisa , Stoll Matthew L. , Ting Tracy , Grom Alexei A. , Towe Christopher , Schulert Grant S.
Published: September 2023

Objective

Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis–associated lung disease (SJIA‐LD) is a life‐threatening disease complication. Key questions remain regarding clinical course and optimal treatment approaches. The objectives of the study were to detail management strategies after SJIA‐LD detection, characterize overall disease courses, and measure long‐term outcomes.

Methods

This was a prospective cohort study. Clinical data were abstracted from the electronic medical record, including current clinical status and changes since diagnosis. Serum biomarkers were determined and correlated with presence of LD.

Results

We enrolled 41 patients with SJIA‐LD, 85% with at least one episode of macrophage activation syndrome and 41% with adverse reactions to a biologic. Although 93% of patients were alive at last follow‐up (median 2.9 years), 37% progressed to requiring chronic oxygen or other ventilator support, and 65% of patients had abnormal overnight oximetry studies, which changed over time. Eighty‐four percent of patients carried the HLA‐DRB1*15 haplotype, significantly more than patients without LD. Patients with SJIA‐LD also showed markedly elevated serum interleukin‐18 (IL‐18), variable C‐X‐C motif chemokine ligand 9 (CXCL9), and significantly elevated matrix metalloproteinase 7. Treatment strategies showed variable use of anti–IL‐1/6 biologics and addition of other immunomodulatory treatments and lung‐directed therapies. We found a broad range of current clinical status independent of time from diagnosis or continued biologic treatment. Multidomain measures of change showed imaging features were the least likely to improve with time.

Conclusion

Patients with SJIA‐LD had highly varied courses, with lower mortality than previously reported but frequent hypoxia and requirement for respiratory support. Treatment strategies were highly varied, highlighting an urgent need for focused clinical trials.
Cold Crucible Induction Melting for the Fabrication of Fe–xTiC In Situ Metal Matrix Composites: Alloying Efficiency and Microstructural Analysis
Authors: Perminov Anton , Günther Peer Eric , Ilatovskaia Mariia O. , Wei Xingwen , Volkova Olena
Published: September 2023

Fe–xTiC in situ metal matrix composites (MMCs) are fabricated utilizing a cold crucible inductive melting (CCIM) technique with varying TiC amounts (2, 3.5, and 5 wt%). Steel blocks and pure Ti plates are remelted in a water‐cooled copper crucible. The subsequent solidification of [Ti]‐ and [C]‐rich melt yields TiC reinforcement particles in an ingot. The holding time varies between 5 and 30 min, whereas the holding temperature alters depending on the amount of TiC, ranging from 1380 to 1620 °C for Fe‐5TiC and Fe‐2TiC, respectively. Alloying efficiency for TiC‐forming elements is estimated for all fabricated Fe–xTiC ingots by comparing [Ti] and [C] target values with measured ones. The lower TiC amounts and shorter holding times result in decreased [Ti] and [C] losses. SEM analysis of three cross‐section samples representing different TiC amounts reveals two distinct morphologies of TiC in situ reinforcements: primary blocky/cubic and eutectic plate‐like precipitates. The blocky precipitates appear slightly finer with a decrease in TiC amount (4.4 ± 1.2 μm for Fe‐5TiC and 3.8 ± 0.7 μm for Fe‐2TiC), whereas the length of plate‐like precipitates noticeably decreases in the samples with lower TiC amounts (11.0 ± 7.0 μm for Fe‐5TiC and 6.8 ± 3.6 μm for Fe‐2TiC).
Hierarchical Generative Network: A Hierarchical Multitask Learning Approach for Accelerated Composite Material Design and Discovery
Authors: Park Donggeun , Lee Jaemin , Park Kundo , Ryu Seunghwa
Published: September 2023

Deep learning (DL) methods combined with computational simulations have shown promise for novel material discovery and establishing structure–response relationships within extensive design spaces. However, obtaining sufficient simulation data for precise predictions on nonlinear responses remains challenging, limiting DL models' predictive capabilities for unexplored composite configurations. To address this, we introduce the hierarchical generative network (HGNet), comprising three customized convolutional neural networks (NNs). HGNet predicts stress fields and crack patterns during mechanical failure events, encompassing linear response regimes, ultimate strength, and complete fracture. By jointly training these networks within a unified DL model, predictive capacity significantly improves. HGNet is applied to a two‐phase composite optimization problem with vast design configurations, demonstrating accurate predictions of complex stress distributions and fracture patterns in unseen configurations. Moreover, it explores uncharted designs with superior stiffness and strength across vast design spaces using genetic algorithms. The methodology provides insight into the model's reasoning through visualizing the inference process. Overall, this approach represents a potent and versatile tool for accelerating material discovery, facilitating a more efficient and cost‐effective approach to finding novel materials, even with limited training data.
Magnesium‐Ion Battery Anode from Polymer‐Derived SiOC Nanobeads
Authors: Guo Wuqi , Icin Oyku , Vakifahmetoglu Cekdar , Kober Delf , Gurlo Aleksander , Bekheet Maged F.
Published: September 2023

Tin‐containing silicon oxycarbide (SiOC/Sn) nanobeads are synthesized with different carbon/tin content and tested as electrodes for magnesium‐ion batteries. The synthesized ceramics are characterized by thermogravimetric‐mass spectroscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, N2 sorption analysis, scanning electron microscope, energy‐dispersive X‐ray, and elemental analysis. Galvanostatic cycling tests, rate performance tests, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) tests, and ex situ XRD measurements are conducted. Results of battery performance tests present a high capacity of 198.2 mAh g−1 after the first discharging and a reversible capacity of 144.5 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 500 mA g−1. Excellent rate performance efficiency of 85.2% is achieved. Battery performances in this research are influenced by surface area, and tin contentof the SiOC/Sn nanobeads. EIS, CV tests, and ex situ XRD measurements reveal that higher surface area contributes to higher capacity by providing more accessible Mg2+ ion storage sites and higher rate capability by improving the diffusion process. Higher Sn content increases battery capacity through reversible Mg‐Mg2Sn‐Mg alloying/dealloying process and improves the rate performances by increasing electrical conductivity. Besides, SiOC advances cycling stability by preventing electrode collapse and enhances the capacity due to higher surface capacitive effects.
Advanced Carbons Nanofibers‐Based Electrodes for Flexible Energy Storage Devices
Authors: Sun Chang , Han Zhiyuan , Wang Xia , Liu Bing , Li Qiang , Li Hongsen , Xu Jie , Cao Jun‐Ming , Wu Xing‐Long
Published: September 2023

The rapid developments of the Internet of Things (IoT) and portable electronic devices have created a growing demand for flexible electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices. Nevertheless, these flexible devices suffer from poor flexibility, low energy density, and poor dynamic stability of power output during deformation, limiting their practical applications. Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) with high conductivity, good flexibility, and large‐scale preparation are regarded as promising electrodes for flexible EES devices. Based on the issues of current flexible EES devices, this review presents various strategies from the design of CNFs‐based electrodes to the fabrication of devices and overviews their applications in various flexible metal ion/air batteries (Li/Na/K‐ion batteries, Li‐S batteries, metal–air batteries, and other novel secondary batteries) and supercapacitors. Finally, the remaining challenges and perspectives on the CNFs‐based flexible EES devices are proposed to provide guidance for the researchers concentrating on high‐performance flexible EES devices.
Biomimetic Seawater Evaporator Based on Organic 3D Light Capture and Suspension‐Protection Mechanism for In Situ Marine Cultivation
Authors: Zhu Jingshuai , Wang Yuqi , Qiu Xiaopan , Kong Haoran , Li Yuting , Yan Jin , Zheng Jiaxin , Chen Shiguo , Wang Yu , Wang Yuanfeng
Published: September 2023

Efficient and durable seawater evaporation technologies are vital for expanding access to freshwater and developing novel irrigation systems. Here, a photothermal material termed as Y7, characterized by its fused‐ring, small‐molecule structure, and strong electron‐withdrawing end groups, is combined with an economical wood sponge. This combination is used to create a 3D solar desalination evaporator and to design a self‐circulating evaporative irrigation system. Mirroring the 3D light‐capture porous structure and underwater suspension of diatoms, this hydrophilic evaporator demonstrates efficient light absorption in the range of 300–1100 nm and excellent resistance to salt and photobleaching. With a mass of only 3 mg/3.14 cm2, the Y7‐evaporator realizes a solar‐energy‐to‐vapor conversion efficiency (η) of 91.7% and solar water evaporation rate (ṁ) of 1.62 kg m−2 h−1, marking a new record for purely organic evaporators. After the desalination process, the concentration of primary ions is reduced by five to six orders of magnitude. Based on these findings, an in situ self‐irrigation system is developed using seawater, which efficiently cultivates several plant species. The results present a novel seawater evaporation strategy rooted in enhanced photothermal effects and durability, suggesting potential applications in future self‐sustaining marine cultivation.
Hexagonal Defect‐Rich MnOx/RuO2 with Abundant Heterointerface to Modulate Electronic Structure for Acidic Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Wu Zexing , Wang Yonglong , Liu Dongzheng , Zhou Bowen , Yang Pengfei , Liu Runze , Xiao Weiping , Ma Tianyi , Wang Jinsong , Wang Lei
Published: September 2023

Developing green hydrogen energy to power future societies has driven the progress of proton‐exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWE). However, due to the complex anode oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electron transfer process and the strong acidic environment, the most effective catalysts are still Ir‐based nanomaterials. Therefore, exploiting low cost acidic OER catalysts to meet the needs of PEMWE remains a challenging and rewarding task. Herein, hexagonal‐shaped and defect‐rich MnOx/RuO2 heterojunction nanosheets (H/d‐MnOx/RuO2) is designed. The oxygen vacancies and heterogeneous structure enable the H/d‐MnOx/RuO2 catalyst to reach 10 mA cm−2 with only overpotential 178 mV in 0.5 m H2SO4. Density functional theory shows that the oxygen vacancies and heterogeneous interface facilitates the reduction of the adsorption energy of *OOH and the reduction of the energy level of Ru‐Oads, thus suppressing the involvement of lattice oxygen and enhancing the durability. This study provides an effective way to design efficient catalysts for hydrogen production in PEMWE.
3D Printed Cellulose Nanofiber Aerogel Scaffold with Hierarchical Porous Structures for Fast Solar‐Driven Atmospheric Water Harvesting
Authors: Zhu Penghui , Yu Zhengyang , Sun Hao , Zheng Dingyuan , Zheng Yi , Qian Yangyang , Wei Yuan , Lee Jongho , Srebnik Simcha , Chen Wenshuai , Chen Gang , Jiang Feng
Published: September 2023

Hygroscopic salt‐based composite sorbents are considered ideal candidates for solar‐driven atmospheric water harvesting. The primary challenge for the sorbents lies in exposing more hygroscopically active sites to the surrounding air while preventing salt leakage. Herein, a hierarchically structured scaffold is constructed by integrating cellulose nanofiber and lithium chloride (LiCl) as building blocks through 3D printing combined with freeze‐drying. The milli/micrometer multiscale pores can effectively confine LiCl and simultaneously provide a more exposed active area for water sorption and release, accelerating both water sorption and evaporation kinetics of the 3D printed structure. Compared to a conventional freeze‐dried aerogel, the 3D printed scaffold exhibits a water sorption rate that is increased 1.6‐fold, along with a more than 2.4‐fold greater water release rate. An array of bilayer scaffolds is demonstrated, which can produce 0.63 g g−1 day−1 of water outdoors under natural sunlight. This article provides a sustainable strategy for collecting freshwater from the atmosphere.
Controllable Star Cationic Poly(Disulfide)s Achieve Genetically Cascade Catalytic Therapy by Delivering Bifunctional Fusion Plasmids
Authors: Yu Dan , Wang Yuanchen , Qu Shuang , Zhang Na , Nie Kaili , Wang Junkai , Huang Yichun , Sui Dandan , Yu Bingran , Qin Meng , Xu Fu‐Jian
Published: September 2023

The absence of effective delivery vectors and suitable multifunctional plasmids limits cancer gene therapy development. The star cationic poly(disulfide)s with β‐cyclodextrin cores (termed β‐CD‐g‐PSSn) for caveolae‐mediated endocytosis are designed and prepared via mild and controllable disulfide exchange polymerization for high‐efficacy cancer therapy. Then, β‐CD‐g‐PSSn/pDNA complexes are transported to the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. Disulfides in β‐CD‐g‐PSSn vectors are degraded by glutathione in tumor cells, which not only promotes intracellular pDNA release but also reduces in vitro and in vivo toxicity. One bifunctional fusion plasmid pCATKR, which expresses catalase (CAT) fused to KillerRed (KR) (CATKR) in the same target cell, is also proposed for genetically cascade catalytic therapy. When compared with pCAT‐KR (plasmid expressing CAT and KR separately in the same cell), delivered pCATKR decomposes hydrogen peroxide, alleviates tumor hypoxia more effectively, generates stronger reactive oxygen species (ROS) capabilities under moderate irradiation, and leads to robust antitumor cascade photodynamic effects. These impressive results are attributed to fusion protein design, which shortens the distance between CAT and KR catalytic centers and leads to improved ROS production efficiency. This work provides a promising strategy by delivering a catalytic cascade functional plasmid via a high‐performance vector with biodegradable and caveolae‐mediated endocytosis characteristics.
Polarization Reversal of Group IV–VI Semiconductors with Pucker‐Like Structure: Mechanism Dissecting and Function Demonstration
Authors: Yu Yali , Xiong Tao , Liu Yue‐Yang , Yang Juehan , Xia Jian‐Bai , Wei Zhongming
Published: September 2023

Polarization imaging presents advantages in capturing spatial, spectral, and polarization information across various spectral bands. It can improve the perceptual ability of image sensors and has garnered more applications. Despite its potential, challenges persist in identifying band information and implementing image enhancement using polarization imaging. These challenges often necessitate integrating spectrometers or other components, resulting in increased complexities within image processing systems and hindering device miniaturization trends. Here, the characteristics of anisotropic absorption reversal are systematically elucidated in pucker‐like group IV–VI semiconductors MX (M = Ge, Sn; X = S, Se) through theoretical predictions and experimental validations. Additionally, the fundamental mechanisms behind anisotropy reversal in different bands are also explored. The photodetector is constructed by utilizing MX as a light‐absorbing layer, harnessing polarization‐sensitive photoresponse for virtual imaging. The results indicate that the utilization of polarization reversal photodetectors holds advantages in achieving further multifunctional integration within the device structure while simplifying its configuration, including band information identification and image enhancement. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of polarization reversal mechanisms and presents a promising and reliable approach for achieving dual‐band image band identification and image enhancement without additional auxiliary components.
Recent Advances and Perspective in Electrically Regulated Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Ji Chang , Tan Jibing , Pei Zhiyang , Shao Zhida , Zhao Xiaofei , Yu Jing , Man Baoyuan , Li Zhen , Zhang Chao
Published: September 2023

Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has emerged as a distinctive fingerprinting technique, offering a broad spectrum of applications encompassing environmental monitoring, chemical detection, and biomolecular analysis. Electrically modulated SERS (E‐SERS) stands as a technique which leverages an electric field to finely control the Raman signal based on the foundational principles of SERS. Through the manipulation of the physicochemical attributes of a metal or 2D material substrate, E‐SERS brings about an enhancement of the SERS signal. This enhancement occurs through a charge transfer process and modulation of the plasma resonance. This article showcases recent strides in the domain of E‐SERS, encompassing advancements such as the integration of paired integrated electrodes, piezoelectric materials, and pyroelectric materials in the construction of substrates. An exhaustive analysis of the mechanism underpinning the enhancement of the Raman signal is undertaken, alongside an exploration of the prominent attributes characterizing diverse methods for conditioning Raman signals. Elucidations are provided on the significance of employed electric fields in the augmentation of SERS and their manifold applications in drug identification, chemical detection, and catalysis. In summation, a delineation of challenges and perspectives inherent to E‐SERS substrates is presented, delineating a path for prospective comprehensive exploration within this auspicious realm of research.
An Ultra‐Small Osmium Clusters‐Loaded Organosilica‐Based Antibacterial Nanoagent for Efficient Infected‐Wound Healing
Authors: Wu Jinyong , Xiao Wenjuan , Xu Shiyu , Zhao Lihua , Ren Zhongzhen , Niu Dechao
Published: September 2023

Recently, nanomaterials with natural enzymatic activity and photothermal effect offer an alternative pathway to combat bacterial infections and the abuse of antibiotics. Unfortunately, the development of these reported antibacterial nanoagents is always hampered by insufficient enzymatic activity and low photothermal conversion efficiency. To address these issues, herein, novel ultra‐small osmium clusters‐loaded F127‐organosilica micelles (Os@FOMs) are developed as antibacterial nanoagents for efficient infected‐wound healing. The preparation of nanoagents mainly involves the confined sol‐gel transition of thiol‐containing silane coupling agent in the hydrophobic region of F127 micelles and subsequent self‐reduction process of osmium salt in the thiols/disulfides‐doped organosilica framework. As a promising candidate for bacterial‐infected wound healing, Os@FOMs exhibit not only high photothermal conversion efficiency of 70% under 808 nm near infrared (NIR) irradiation, but also display peroxidase (POD)‐like activity in acidic conditions, which together contribute excellent antibacterial ability in acidic bacterial infectious microenvironment. On the other hand, Os@FOMs possess good catalase‐like effect in neutral or weak alkaline conditions, thus protecting normal tissues from the POD‐like protocol with exogenous H2O2 damage for efficient wound healing. It is highly expected that the new noble metal@organosilica‐based nanoagents present a promising paradigm to fight antibiotic‐resistant pathogens.
Highly Efficient and Stable Binary Cross‐Linkable/ Self‐Assembled Organic Nonlinear Optical Molecular Glasses
Authors: Zhang Lian , Liu Fenggang , Yang Ruoxi , Huo Fuyang , Zhang Weijun , Zhang Yu , Liu Chuying , Hui Chunngai , Wang Jiahai
Published: September 2023

The development of electro‐optical materials with high chromophore loading levels that possess ultrahigh electro‐optic coefficients and high long term alignment stability is a challenging topic. Anthracene‐maleimide Diels–Alder (DA) reaction and π–π interaction of Anthracene‐pentafluorobenzene and benzene‐pentafluorobenzene are developed for making highly efficient binary cross‐linkable/self‐assembled dendritic chromophores FZL1‐FZL4. A covalently or non‐covalently cross‐linked network is formed by DA reaction or π–π interaction after electric field poling orientation, which greatly improves the long‐term alignment stability of the materials. An electro‐optic coefficient up to 266 pm V−1 and glass transition temperature as high as 178 °C are achieved in cross‐linked film FZL1/FZL2, and 272–308 pm V−1 is achieved for self‐assembled films FZL1/FZL4 and FZL3/FZL4 due to high chromophore density (3.09–4.02 × 1020 molecules cm−3). Long‐term alignment stability tests show that after heating at 85 °C for over 500 h, 99.73% of the initial r33 value is maintained for poled crosslinked electro‐optic films 1:1 FZL1/FZL2. The poled self‐assembled electro‐optic films 1:1 FZL1/FZL4 and 1:1 FZL3/FZL4 can still maintain more than 97.11% and 98.23%, respectively, of the original electro‐optic coefficient after being placed at room temperature for 500 h. The excellent electro‐optic coefficient and stability of the material indicate the practical application prospects of organic electro‐optic materials.
Clinical Phenotype of Pediatric and Adult Patients With Spinal Muscular Atrophy With Four SMN2 Copies: Are They Really All Stable?
Authors: Ricci Martina , Cicala Gianpaolo , Capasso Anna , Coratti Giorgia , Fiori Stefania , Cutrona Costanza , D'Amico Adele , Sansone Valeria A. , Bruno Claudio , Messina Sonia , Mongini Tiziana , Coccia Michela , Siciliano Gabriele , Pegoraro Elena , Masson Riccardo , Filosto Massimiliano , Comi Giacomo P. , Corti Stefania , Ronchi Dario , Maggi Lorenzo , D'Angelo Maria G. , Vacchiano Veria , Ticci Chiara , Ruggiero Lucia , Verriello Lorenzo , Ricci Federica S. , Berardinelli Angela L. , Maioli Maria Antonietta , Garibaldi Matteo , Nigro Vincenzo , Previtali Stefano C. , Pera Maria Carmela , Tizzano Eduardo , Pane Marika , Tiziano Francesco Danilo , Mercuri Eugenio ,   ITASMAC Working Group
Published: September 2023

Objective

The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the clinical phenotypes associated with 4 SMN2 copies.

Methods

Clinical phenotypes were analyzed in all the patients with 4 SMN2 copies as part of a nationwide effort including all the Italian pediatric and adult reference centers for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).

Results

The cohort includes 169 patients (102 men and 67 women) with confirmed 4 SMN2 copies (mean age at last follow‐up = 36.9 ± 19 years). Six of the 169 patients were presymptomatic, 8 were classified as type II, 145 as type III (38 type IIIA and 107 type IIIB), and 8 as type IV. The remaining 2 patients were asymptomatic adults identified because of a familial case. The cross‐sectional functional data showed a reduction of scores with increasing age. Over 35% of the type III and 25% of the type IV lost ambulation (mean age = 26.8 years ± 16.3 SD). The risk of loss of ambulation was significantly associated with SMA type (p < 0.0001), with patients with IIIB and IV less likely to lose ambulation compared to type IIIA. There was an overall gender effect with a smaller number of women and a lower risk for women to lose ambulation. This was significant in the adult (p = 0.009) but not in the pediatric cohort (p = 0.43).

Interpretation

Our results expand the existing literature on natural history of 4 SMN2 copies confirming the variability of phenotypes in untreated patients, ranging from type II to type IV and an overall reduction of functional scores with increasing age. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:1126–1135
N,O‐Benzylidene Acetal Dipeptides (NBDs) Enable the Synthesis of Difficult Peptides via a Kinked Backbone Strategy
Authors: Wu Hongxiang , Sun Zhenquan , Li Xuechen
Published: September 2023

Proteins with highly hydrophobic regions or aggregation‐prone sequences are typically difficult targets for chemical synthesis at the current stage, as obtaining such type of peptides via solid‐phase peptide synthesis requires sophisticated operations. Herein, we report N,O‐benzylidene acetal dipeptides (NBDs) as robust and effective building blocks to allow the direct synthesis of difficult peptides and proteins via a kinked backbone strategy. The effectiveness and easy accessibility of NBDs have been well demonstrated in our chemical syntheses of various challenging peptides and proteins, including chemokine, therapeutic hormones, histone, and glycosylated erythropoietin.
Synthesis, spectroscopic, molecular docking, theoretical calculations, DNA‐binding, and anticancer activity studies of gold (III), platinum (II), palladium (II), and ruthenium (III) complexes with Girard‐T reagent
Authors: Al‐Radadi Najlaa S. , El‐Gamil Mohammed M.
Published: September 2023

This article details the synthesis of new Girard‐T reagent ligands. Condensation of 2‐hydroxyacetophenone or 2‐acetyl‐thiophene with Girard‐T reagent results in new hydrazone ligands. The interaction of these Girard‐T hydrazones with transition metal chlorides, like Au (III), Ru (III), Pd (II), and Pt (II), produces different complexes. Elements and spectrum analyses (IR, UV–Vis, EI‐mass, and 1H NMR) were used to characterize the isolated solid complexes, as well as conductimetric and magneto‐chemical studies. Metal complexes can have different geometrical configurations, including square planar and octahedral coordination. The DMOL3 method, which is a part of the Material Studio package, was also utilized for structure optimization. Horowitz–Metzger and Coats–Redfern methods were utilized to calculate the various thermodynamic and kinetic parameters. The ligands and the complexes of their metal were evaluated for anticancer activity against carcinoma cervix (Prostate) and the mammary gland female breast (MCF‐7) cell line having cancer, with promising results. Among these compounds, the Ru (III) and Pt (II) complexes' anticancer activity against (MCF‐7) cell lines, comparable with that of 5‐fluorouracil were carried out and their interactions were performed by molecular docking simulations against MCF‐7 (PDB ID: 3W2S) receptor.
Ultralight and superelastic multifunctional PI composite aerogels with a nanofibrous‐laminar synergistic structure for highly efficient electromagnetic wave absorption
Authors: Pan Yu , Zhang Li , He Jianxin , Wang Rongwu , Chen Xiaogang , Xu Yangyang , Zhao Xu , Feng Yanlai
Published: September 2023

High‐performance and lightweight electromagnetic wave‐absorbing materials with broad frequency bandwidths and strong absorption capabilities can effectively protect the human body from electromagnetic radiation hazards. However, manufacturing protective materials that are also flexible, comfortable, and permeable to air and moisture is challenging. In this study, a high‐performing aerogel material that absorbs electromagnetic waves was constructed using electrospinning and freeze‐drying processes. Ce3+‐doped Li0.35Zn0.3Fe2.35O4/silica (CLZFO/SiO2) inorganic magnetic nanofibers and polyamide imide/silicon carbide (PAI/SIC) organic nanofibers were used as the reinforcing phase in the aerogel. These nanofibers were uniformly dispersed in a mixed solution containing polyamic acid (PAA), graphene oxide (GO), and SIC nanoparticles. Subsequent freeze‐drying and thermal amidation produced a PAI/SIC and CLZFO/SiO2 nanofiber‐reinforced (PASI/CLS) polyimide (PI) composite aerogel, which had a nanofibrous‐laminar synergistic structure with a uniform filling of GO and SIC nanoparticles. The PASI/CLS aerogel exhibited efficient electromagnetic wave absorption with a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of −49 dB at 5.4 GHz and an effective absorption bandwidth of 4.3 GHz. The excellent mechanical properties, thermal insulation performance, and superhydrophobicity of the aerogel ensure the long‐term stability of its microwave absorption capacity in complex and extreme environments.
3D Porous Biomass Derived Carbon Composite Modified with (Ni,Co)Se Particles for High‐Performance Supercapacitors
Authors: Liu Jiaquan , Ding Zitong , Zhou Qiuman , Wei Lanfei , Yan Yurong
Published: September 2023

Modification with transition metal compounds is an effective strategy to improve the capacitance of biomass derived carbon. In this work, high‐performance (Ni,Co)Se/banana leaves derived carbon ((Ni,Co)Se/BLC) composite with 3D porous structure was prepared by two‐step carbonization and subsequent hydrothermal reaction process. The prepared (Ni,Co)Se/BLC exhibits a high specific capacitance of 840.6 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g, which is more than five times comparing with the carbon matrix. Asymmetric supercapacitor, assembled with the (Ni,Co)Se/BLC composite as the positive electrode and BLC as the negative electrode, exhibits a wide potential window of 1.5 V, delivers a high energy density of 34.3 Wh/kg at a power density of 749.8 W/kg, and the power density can reach 7500 W/kg at the energy density of 19.4 Wh/kg. The results reveal that the modification of metal selenide can greatly improve the electrochemical properties of biomass derived carbon, which is significant for the application of biowaste in supercapacitor electrode materials.
Biocatalytic role of cytochrome P450s to produce antibiotics: A review
Authors: Adhikari Anup , Shakya Sajan , Shrestha Shreesti , Aryal Dipa , Timalsina Kavi Prasad , Dhakal Dipesh , Khatri Yogan , Parajuli Niranjan
Published: September 2023

Cytochrome P450s belong to a family of heme‐binding monooxygenases, which catalyze regio‐ and stereospecific functionalisation of C–H, C–C, and C–N bonds, including heteroatom oxidation, oxidative C–C bond cleavages, and nitrene transfer. P450s are considered useful biocatalysts for the production of pharmaceutical products, fine chemicals, and bioremediating agents. Despite having tremendous biotechnological potential, being heme‐monooxygenases, P450s require either autologous or heterologous redox partner(s) to perform chemical transformations. Randomly distributed P450s throughout a bacterial genome and devoid of particular redox partners in natural products biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) showed an extra challenge to reveal their pharmaceutical potential. However, continuous efforts have been made to understand their involvement in antibiotic biosynthesis and their modification, and this review focused on such BGCs. Here, particularly, we have discussed the role of P450s involved in the production of macrolides and aminocoumarin antibiotics, nonribosomal peptide (NRPSs) antibiotics, ribosomally synthesized and post‐translationally modified peptide (RiPPs) antibiotics, and others. Several reactions catalyzed by P450s, as well as the role of their redox partners involved in the BGCs of various antibiotics and their derivatives, have been primarily addressed in this review, which would be useful in further exploration of P450s for the biosynthesis of new therapeutics.
Role of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in transgenic plant development
Authors: Pawar Praniti , Anumalla Sanjana , Sharma Suvarna
Published: September 2023

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are nanostructures, allotropes of carbon which are made up of graphene sheets wrapped around it forming cylindrical structures. CNTs have been regarded to have interesting and attractive physical and chemical properties and have been tremendously used in genetic engineering. Understanding the role of CNTs in development of transgenic plants, review of research papers in the field was done. CNTs are classified into two categories: the single‐walled and multiwalled (MWCNTs) structures. They are valuable vectors in various biomedicine fields such as Gene delivery, Drug delivery, Immunotherapy, Tissue engineering, and Biomedical imaging and also, they deliver the DNA without damaging the cells. Based on recent studies, the functionalization of CNTs when combined with some other suitable molecules can drastically subside their toxic effects. Having unique properties such as small size, larger surface area is useful in delivering DNA into mammalian cells as well. Modifications in CNTs can make nucleic acids adhere to them even more efficiently. Also, MWCNTs are crucial in delivery DNA into the cytoplasm. Based on other methods, the CNTs‐DNA are a preferred choice and the inclination toward double‐stranded DNA is used over single‐stranded DNA in gene delivery shows effective results. The only downside of CNTs is that they are hydrophobic and are difficult to form an aqueous solution, thus limiting their applicability. This review will aid you in comprehending useful knowledge related to a general overview of topics related to CNTs.
Characterization and designing of an SAM riboswitch to establish a high‐throughput screening platform for SAM overproduction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Fu Xiaomeng , Zuo Xiaoru , Zhao Xiaomeng , Zhang Huizhi , Zhang Chuanbo , Lu Wenyu
Published: September 2023

S‐adenosyl‐
l‐methionine (SAM) is a high‐value compound widely used in the treatment of various diseases. SAM can be produced through fermentation, but further enhancing the microbial production of SAM requires novel high‐throughput screening methods for rapid detection and screening of mutant libraries. In this work, an SAM‐OFF riboswitch capable of responding to the SAM concentration was obtained and a high‐throughput platform for screening SAM overproducers was established. SAM synthase was engineered by semirational design and directed evolution, which resulted in the SAM2S203F,W164R,T251S,Y285F,S365R mutant with almost twice higher catalytic activity than the parental enzyme. The best mutant was then introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741, and the resulting strain BSM8 produced a sevenfold higher SAM titer in shake‐flask fermentation, reaching 1.25 g L−1. This work provides a reference for designing biosensors to dynamically detect metabolite concentrations for high‐throughput screening and the construction of effective microbial cell factories.
Synthesis and Antioxidant Properties of Psoralen Derivatives
Authors: Zhou Dang‐Nan , Han Lu , Zhang Zhan , Wang Yun‐Long , Zhang Xiao‐Ping , Wu Yun‐Jie , Xi Gao‐Lei
Published: September 2023

Five psoralen derivatives were synthesized and the structures of them were characterized by 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and IR. The antioxidant properties of the compounds were tested by inhibiting the free radical‐initiated DNA oxidation and scavenging the radical reaction. The results showed that the effective stoichiometric factors (n) of the compounds V and IV could reach 2.00 and 2.11 in the system of inhibiting the DNA oxidation reaction initiated by 2,2′‐Azobis(2‐methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH). In the inhibition of ⋅OH‐oxidation of the DNA system, compounds I~V showed antioxidant properties. The thiobarbituric acid absorbance (TBARS) percentages of compounds IV and V were 76.19 % and 78.84 %. Compounds I~V could also inhibit Cu2+/GSH‐oxidation of DNA, and all compounds exhibited good antioxidant properties except compound II (94.00 %). All the five compounds were able to trap diammonium 2,2′‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonate) salt radical (ABTS+⋅), 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH⋅) and 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐alpha‐(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐oxo‐2,5‐cyclohexadien‐p‐tolylox radical (galvinoxyl⋅). The ability of compounds I~V to scavenge those free radicals can be measured by the k values. The k values ranged from 0.07 to 0.82 in scavenging ABTS+⋅, galvinoxyl, and DPPH radicals, respectively.
Antibacterial Compound Isolation and Characterization from the Plant Cyanotis axillaris Schult
Authors: Singh Kesar , Yadava R. N. , Yadav Ritu
Published: September 2023

A novel flavone glycoside was isolated from the methanolic extract of Cyanotis axillaris Schult. Various analysis and characterization techniques were used to determine its structure and properties. The compound exhibited a melting point range of 231–232 °C and had a molecular formula of C27H30O14. Several spectral characterization techniques were employed to establish the isolated compound's structure. These included UV‐visible spectroscopy, FT‐IR, LC‐ESI‐MS, and NMR spectroscopy. Based on these analyses, the structure of the isolated compound was determined to be 5,7,4’‐trihydroxyflavone‐8‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranoside‐4’‐O‐β‐D‐galactopyranosyl. This structure indicates that it is a flavone glycoside consisting of a flavone (5,7,4’‐trihydroxyflavone) moiety attached to a sugar molecule (galactopyranosyl) at position 4’, which further bears a rhamnose group at position 8 of the flavone. In addition, to the structural characterization, the compound also demonstrated significant antibacterial efficacy against various bacterial pathogens, including Gram‐positive bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis MTCC441 and Gram‐negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli MTCC1098, Proteus vulgarize MTCC426, and Salmonella Typhimurium MTCC3224. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by measuring the zone of inhibition in millimetres, which provides an indication of the compound's ability to inhibit bacterial growth. The study successfully identified and characterized a novel flavone glycoside from Cyanotis axillaris Schult. and its antimicrobial activity.
Novel Quinazolinone Derivatives: Potential Synthetic Analogs for the Treatment of Glaucoma, Alzheimer's Disease and Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Tokalı Feyzi Sinan , Taslimi Parham , Tuzun Burak , Karakuş Ahmet , Sadeghian Nastaran , Gulçin İlhami
Published: September 2023

Quinazolinones, which represent an important part of nitrogen‐containing six‐membered heterocyclic compounds, are frequently used in drug design due to their wide biological activity properties. Therefore, the novel quinazolinones were synthesized from the reaction of acylated derivatives of 4‐hydroxy benzaldehyde with 3‐amino‐2‐alkylquinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones with good yields (85–94 %) and their structures were characterized using Fourier‐transform Infrared (FT‐IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR), and High‐Resolution Mass Spectroscopy (HR‐MS). As the application of the synthesized compounds, their inhibition properties of the synthesized compounds on α‐Glucosidase (α‐Glu), Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and Carbonic anhydrase I–II (hCA I–II) metabolic enzymes were investigated. All compounds showed inhibition at nanomolar level with the Ki values in the range of 12.73±1.26–93.42±9.44 nM for AChE, 8.48±0.92–25.84±2.59 nM for BChE, 66.17±5.16–818.06±44.41 for α‐Glu, 2.56±0.26–88.23±9.72 nM for hCA I, and 1.68±0.14–85.43±7.41 nM for hCA II. Molecular docking study was performed to understand the interactions of the most potent compounds with corresponding enzymes. Also, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADME/T) properties of the compounds were investigated.
Potential impact of mesenchymal stem cells on nephrotoxicity induced by gamma irradiation and antiepileptic drugs cotherapy in rats
Authors: Gharib Ola A. , Fahmy Hanan A. , Mohamed Marwa A. , Rashed Laila A.
Published: September 2023

The goal of this study was to assess the influence of bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM‐MSCs) on the nephrotoxicity induced by fractionated doses of gamma irradiation (Rad) and the cotherapy of levetiracetam and oxcarbazepine in male rats. Adult rats were randomly divided into four groups. Group I: Control, Group II: antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), Group III: AEDs +Rad and Group IV: AEDs + Rad + MSCs. Rats treated with AEDs and exposed to fractionated doses of γ‐irradiation displayed a discernible increase in serum urea, creatinine, kidney injury marker, kidney malondialdehyde, transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β) and the relative expression of Smad3 along with a decrease in the relative expression of Smad7 and glutathione level. Alternatively, groups treated with BM‐MSCs with AEDs and Rad showed a substantial modification in the majority of the evaluated parameters and looked to be successful in reducing the hazards of the combination therapy of AEDs and radiation. The reno‐histopathological study supports the biochemical analysis. In conclusion, BM‐MSCs exhibited therapeutic potential against nephrotoxicity induced by fractionated doses of γ‐irradiation and AEDs. The outcome was brought about by the downregulation of the TGF‐β/Smad pathway. BM‐MSCs might be suggested as a valuable therapeutic strategy to overcome kidney injury induced by gamma irradiation during AEDs cotherapy.
Patient‐specific commissural alignment for ACURATE neo2 implantation in degenerated surgical bioprostheses
Authors: Curio Jonathan , Khokhar Arif A. , Beneduce Alessandro , Mylotte Darren , Fezzi Simone , Kim Won‐Keun , Zlahoda‐Huzior Adriana , Giannini Francesco , Dudek Dariusz
Published: September 2023

Valve‐in‐valve TAVI to treat failing surgical aortic valves (SAVs) is increasingly performed, and commissural alignment is a key technical aspect in such procedures. Surgeons optimize valve alignment, accounting for potential coronary eccentricity and achieving a patient‐specific optimized commissural orientation, representing the ideal target for TAVI alignment. Therefore, here we present a dedicated stepwise valve‐in‐valve implantation technique using the ACURATE neo2. In a specific SAV postoverlap view, isolating one surgical post to the right of the screen representing the target for alignment, rotational orientation of the TAVI commissures, matching the SAV orientation, is achieved and verified before implantation. This technique has been tested in a patient‐specific three‐dimensionally‐printed aortic root anatomy, attached to a pulsatile flow simulator, allowing for native‐like simulation of coronary cannulations under fluoroscopy, and enabling detailed assessment with fluoroscopic as well as direct videographic visualization. Furthermore, the technique is exemplified by providing an educational clinical case example.
Magnetic resonance imaging‐guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy launch with remote telemedicine international proctorship
Authors: Buzaev Igor V. , Galimova Rezida M. , Nabiullina Dinara I. , Illarioshkin Sergey N. , Zagidullin Naufal Sh. , Safin Shamil M.
Published: September 2023

Background

COVID‐19 limitations have hindered the implementation of new technologies by preventing proctors from coming to the site. We share our first experience of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) treatment with an international remote online proctorship, and develop and evaluate the methodology of remote MRgFUS proctorship.

Methods

This single‐center, nonrandomized controlled prospective study included 94 patients: 27 with essential tremor (ET) and 67 with tremor‐dominant Parkinson's disease (PD). The coming of proctors was impossible, so we arranged for the remote participation of proctors from the United Kingdom, Spain, and Israel. A total of 38 patients (40.4%) received telemedicine‐proctored treatment (proctor group) and 56 received their treatment independently (solo group). We used the Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor (CRST) for ET patients and the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Part III for PD patients.

Results

In patients with ET, success rates were 81.8% (proctor group) and 100% (solo group) (p = 0.22). CRST reduction on the treated side was 71.43% [65.83%; 80.56%] (proctor group) versus 60.87% [53.99; 79.58] (solo group) (p = 0.19). None of the patients showed worsening of tremors within 1 year. In patients with PD, the success rates were 92.6% (proctor group) and 100% (solo group) (p = 0.08). The UPDRS Part III improvement was 30.1% (proctor group) versus 39.9% (solo group) (p = 0.003). The 1‐year recurrence rate was 40% (proctor group) and 17.5% (solo group) (p = 0.04). No complications were observed at 6 months.

Conclusions

We developed a feasible and safe methodology for telemedicine remote online‐proctored MRgFUS treatment. No significant difference was observed between the solo and developed remote proctor protocols in terms of complication rate, effect, and long‐term results; however, UPDRS Part III improvement was better in the PD solo group. This study demonstrated that the MRgFUS international proctorship can be performed successfully remotely.
A self‐stabilizing distributed algorithm for the bounded lattice domination problems under the distance‐2 model
Authors: Kakugawa Hirotsugu , Kamei Sayaka
Published: September 2023

The domination problem is one of the fundamental graph problems, and there are many variations. In this article, we propose a new problem called the minus ‐domination problem where , and are integers such that , , and . The problem is to assign a value from for each vertex in a graph such that the local summation of values is greater than or equal to . We also propose a framework named the bounded lattice domination for a class of domination problems, including the minus ‐domination problem. Then, we present a self‐stabilizing distributed algorithm under the distance‐2 model for the bounded lattice domination. Here, self‐stabilization is a class of fault‐tolerant distributed algorithms that tolerate transient faults. The time complexity for convergence is , where is the number of processes in a network if the cardinality of the domain of process values is finite and constant. Otherwise, the time complexity for convergence is .