bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theoretical study of ethyl alcohol adsorbed on a germanium (100) surface
Authors: Lee A‐Reum , Bae Sung‐Soo , Kim Do Hwan
Published: October 2021

The chemical reaction of ethyl alcohol on a germanium surface was investigated through density functional theory analysis. The most stable product containing the HOGeGeCH2CH3 linkage was formed via OC‐dissociative adsorption. Kinetic studies revealed that the OH‐dissociative reaction pathways have relatively low activation barriers and may, respectively, occur at room temperature. Configurationally, the oxygen atom of the ethoxy fragment was bonded to the germanium atom, and the ethyl group was oriented either perpendicular or parallel to the germanium surface. The two configurations had similar adsorption energies and activation barriers. Further reaction of the dissociated hydrogen with a nearby electron‐rich germanium atom passivated the dangling bond. Theoretical scanning tunneling microscopy images simulated based on the OH‐dissociative adsorption revealed a better agreement with the experimentally observed adsorption features than those of other possible structures.
The influence of essential oils from ZhaLi NuSi Prescription on the pharmacokinetics of its non‐volatile components in normal rats
Authors: Zhang Ting , Guo Sheng , Niu Yang , Huang Kaidi , Bu Fanshu , Ren Hui , Zhang Yiying , Shang Erxin , Duan Jin‐ao , Qian Dawei
Published: October 2021

Hui Medicine ZhaLi NuSi Prescription (ZLNS) is described in “Hui Hui Prescription,” and it has been used to treat cerebral infarction in Hui Region, China. In this study, a rapid and reliable ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) method was established and applied to simultaneously determine geniposidic acid, oxypaeoniflorin, hydroxysafflor yellow A, caffeic acid, magnoflorine, paeoniflorin, ferulic acid, β‐ecdysterone, icariin, rhein, and baohuoside I in rat plasma. The pharmacokinetic parameters of these components and the influence of essential oils (EOs) on them were investigated in normal rats. The results showed that the pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC0 − t, AUC0 − ∞, t1/2, tmax, cmax) of the aforementioned compounds were significantly changed after co‐administering with ZLNS EO. The AUC values of oxypaeoniflorin, paeoniflorin, ferulic acid, and baohuoside I with EOs were decreased significantly. This is the first report for the comparative pharmacokinetic study of ZLNS bioactive components in normal rats, which may provide the basis for drug interaction study in vivo and insight into their clinical applications.
Building Virtual Laboratory with Simulations
Authors: Jamshidi Reihaneh , Milanovic Ivana
Published: October 2021

This paper describes an innovative approach to modernizing a sophomore mechanical engineering materials course by employing simulations. The three‐credit course includes a lecture and a lab. In the lecture, students learn about theories of material formation and material properties, and in the lab, experiments are conducted to test the strength of materials in response to mechanical forces. A new module comprising simulation assignments has recently been integrated into the course. Having added this module, it is now feasible to simultaneously harness the power of simulations for predicting results of material testing, and provide a virtual lab that can be easily deployed when necessary. The main goal is to assist students with the learning process. Students gain a deeper understanding of the material properties and the changes resulting from various testing procedures by simulating the influence of relevant parameters and using visualizations. The other goal is to familiarize students with modern computational tools for solving engineering problems. The significance of this approach is in using industrial software early in the curriculum, and helping fulfill the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology Criterion 3 outcomes 1, 3, and 6. Students are also required to compare their simulation results with the experimental data and discuss the potential sources of variations. The objective is to improve students' critical skills and decision making in design problems.
CT patterns and differential criteria for acute eosinophilic pneumonia and COVID‐19 pneumonia
Authors: Kadyrova Aliya , Antipina Irina , Kyrbasheva Indira , Baudinov Iliar , Kulbaeva Begaim , Aitieva Uuljan , Zhunushaliev Cholponbek , Vityala Yethindra , Tagaev Tugolbai
Published: October 2021

Difficulties encountered in diagnosing and treating COVID‐19 pneumonia and acute eosinophilic pneumonia during the pandemic from 2019 to 2021 led to the identification and study of the differential features of the two conditions.
19F Solid‐State NMR and Vibrational Raman Characterization of Corticosteroid Drug‐Lipid Membrane Interactions
Authors: Mapley Bethany , Townsend David , Griffin John , Ashton Lorna , Middleton David A.
Published: October 2021

Drug interactions with phospholipid bilayers underpin their behaviour in cell membranes and in liposomal delivery formulations. Liposomal drug delivery in ocular medicine can overcome the physical barriers of the eye and better enable the active molecule to reach its target. Here, Raman and 19F solid‐state NMR spectroscopy are used to characterise the interactions of two ocular corticosteroid drugs, difluprednate (DFP) and fluorometholone (FML), with multilamellar vesicles of phosphatidylcholine (PC). 31P NMR confirms that the lipid bilayer tolerates a high drug concentration (a drug: lipid molar ratio of 1 : 10). The 19F NMR spectra of the drugs in lipid bilayers reveal that FML and DFP have different average orientations within the lipid bilayer. Raman spectra of dried lipid films reveal that PC separates from DFP but not from FML, the less lipophilic of the two drugs. This combined approach will assist the design of, and inform the development of, improved liposomal preparations.
Test, analysis, and design of ovally‐perforated vertically‐flexible steel plate shear wall (OVSPW)
Authors: Shen Shao‐Dong , Kurata Masahiro , Pan Peng , He Zhi‐Zhou
Published: October 2021

A new type of steel plate shear wall (SPSW) with oval‐curved architectural openings and vertically flexible horizontal connection elements is proposed. The vertical flexibility of the wall accommodates the construction settlement introduced by column contraction under the dead loads of the upper stories and allows sequential installation from the lower stories. A quasi‐static cyclic loading test and finite element (FE) analysis verified the stable seismic behaviors of the ovally‐perforated vertically‐flexible steel plate shear wall (OVSPW). The results of FE parametric analysis showed that an OVSPW with an appropriate thickness of boundary elements effectively accommodated the construction settlement that could lead to large in‐plane compression for a conventional SPSW. The horizontal connection elements made of steel tubes realized the vertical stiffness of OVSPW to less than 2% of the original value without changing the lateral stiffness. New design equations of the OVSPW were derived through integral and extreme value solutions to predict the mechanical behavior of OVSPW.
Neues zum Baugrundrisiko – Ein Blick über den Tellerrand
Authors: Mesic Muhamed
Published: October 2021

Different approaches have emerged in dealing with the subject of subsoil risk over the last 25 years. The complex area of geotechnical engineering has contributed significantly to the problem through the development of new technologies. A contractually correct ”absorption“ of the external conditions has thus become an increasing challenge. This paper describes some of the more recent developments on the subsoil risk, not least in the delimitation to other contractual risks and the contractual arrangement of risk allocation. The topic has also provided for interesting approaches outside Austria, which are also discussed here. The aim is to provide new impulses for dealing with the subsoil risk.
Innovative geophysikalische Vorauserkundungstechnologie in verkarstungsfähigen und kristallinen Gesteinen
Authors: Schmidt Markus , Zenz Reinhard , Richter Thomas
Published: October 2021

In rock formations prone to karstification there are only limited geological/hydrological principles that allow a safe prognosis of the existence and location of karstic and fault structures. A combination of geophysical borehole radar measurements utilizing both reflection and crosshole probe setups can be used to reliably detect anomalous structures, especially air‐filled karstic cavities and fault zones, when a sensible measuring concept for karstified or crystalline rocks is applied. Besides the determination of the anomalous structure's location it is also possible to distinguish its type of filling. Using examples from the major railway project Albaufstieg between Wendlingen‐Ulm the investigation concepts ahead of the tunnel construction are presented. The borehole radar measurements were successfully utilized during different phases of the tunnel excavation and could be integrated into the construction process without significant delays, thus contributing to a safe construction process and later operation of the tunnels. The reliability and high efficiency of these borehole radar investigation concepts places this technology of karst detection at a significant advantage over the commonly applied seismic methods, especially in karst‐prone and crystalline rocks.
CEREBRUM‐7T: Fast and Fully Volumetric Brain Segmentation of 7 Tesla MR Volumes
Authors: Svanera Michele , Benini Sergio , Bontempi Dennis , Muckli Lars
Published: October 2021

Ultra‐high‐field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enables sub‐millimetre resolution imaging of the human brain, allowing the study of functional circuits of cortical layers at the meso‐scale. An essential step in many functional and structural neuroimaging studies is segmentation, the operation of partitioning the MR images in anatomical structures. Despite recent efforts in brain imaging analysis, the literature lacks in accurate and fast methods for segmenting 7‐tesla (7T) brain MRI. We here present CEREBRUM‐7T, an optimised end‐to‐end convolutional neural network, which allows fully automatic segmentation of a whole 7T T1w MRI brain volume at once, without partitioning the volume, pre‐processing, nor aligning it to an atlas. The trained model is able to produce accurate multi‐structure segmentation masks on six different classes plus background in only a few seconds. The experimental part, a combination of objective numerical evaluations and subjective analysis, confirms that the proposed solution outperforms the training labels it was trained on and is suitable for neuroimaging studies, such as layer functional MRI studies. Taking advantage of a fine‐tuning operation on a reduced set of volumes, we also show how it is possible to effectively apply CEREBRUM‐7T to different sites data. Furthermore, we release the code, 7T data, and other materials, including the training labels and the Turing test.
The implications of the purinergic signaling throughout pregnancy
Authors: Sagrillo‐Fagundes Lucas , Casagrande Paim Thaís , Pretto Luiza , Bertaco Isadora , Zanatelli Carla , Vaillancourt Cathy , Wink Márcia R.
Published: October 2021

Purinergic signaling is a necessary mechanism to trigger or even amplify cell communication. Its ligands, notably adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine, modulate specific membrane‐bound receptors in virtually all human cells. Regardless of the stage of the pregnancy, cellular communication between maternal, placental, and fetal cells is the paramount mechanism to sustain its optimal status. In this review, we describe the crucial role of purinergic signaling on the regulation of the maternal‐fetal trophic exchanges, immune control, and endocrine exchanges throughout pregnancy. The nature of the modulation of both ATP and adenosine on the embryo‐maternal interface, going through placental invasion until birth delivery depends on the general maternal‐fetal health state and consequently on the selective activation of their specific receptors. In addition, an increasing number of studies have been demonstrating the pivotal role of ATP and adenosine in modulating deleterious effects of suboptimal conditions of pregnancy. Here, we discuss the role of purinergic signaling on the balance that coordinates the embryo‐maternal exchanges and a promising therapeutic venue in the context of pregnancy disorders.
Perception and outcomes after implementation of problem‐based learning in predoctoral pediatric dentistry clinical education
Authors: Puranik Chaitanya P. , Pickett Kaci , Randhawa Japneet , de Peralta Tracy
Published: October 2021

Purpose

Problem‐based learning (PBL) has been a useful addition to health‐based curricula by supporting learning with contributory discussion, research, and critical analysis of evidence in a peer‐supported learning format. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of PBL on pediatric dentistry clinical education.

Methods

First‐time pass‐rates in clinical and objective structured clinical examinations were measured in student cohorts receiving pediatric curricular formats with (PBL+) or without a PBL (PBL−) experience. Student perceived learning outcomes were measured through a voluntary survey. The numbers of each competency attempt were compared between the study groups (PBL+ or PBL−) using Wilcoxon Rank‐Sum tests or Fisher's exact tests. Mantel‐Hanzel ordinal chi‐square tested for differences in rates of agreement on survey responses from students in the PBL+ or PBL− groups. Significance was set at 0.05.

Results

There was a significant improvement in the first‐time pass‐rates in five of seven competencies in the PBL+ group. A significantly higher proportion of students in the PBL+ group perceived that their predoctoral pediatric dentistry rotation improved their diagnostic skills compared to the students in the PBL− group (p < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the perceptions on satisfaction of clinical or non‐clinical staff support, perceived self‐improvement in radiographic or clinical skills or overall benefits of the predoctoral pediatric dentistry rotation.

Conclusion

The addition of a PBL component to a traditional curricular format in a pediatric dentistry clinical rotation had a positive impact on learning in a predoctoral dental program.
Dental undergraduate students' ability in the diagnosis of root fractures: Comparative analysis of different imaging methods
Authors: Paz João Lucas C. , Borges Juliana S. , Rodrigues Jessica F. , Fagundes Daniela M. , Barbosa Gabriella Lopes de R. , Soares Carlos J. , Soares Priscilla B.F.
Published: October 2021

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic ability of dental undergraduate students to detect horizontal and oblique root fractures (ORFs) using different imaging techniques.

Materials and methods

Nine teeth were selected and randomly divided in three groups in order to create a fracture line without fragments separation: control (without fracture), horizontal root fracture (HRF), and ORF. The root fracture was created using perpendicular force and was confirmed by transillumination. A model with two adjacent teeth was created, and different imaging techniques were performed: conventional periapical radiograph; mesially and distally shifted periapical radiographs; cone‐beam computer tomography (CBCT). Twenty students that had participation on dental trauma clinic at the year of 2019 were invited to identify root fractures by a five‐point scale: (i) fracture definitely not present, (ii) fracture probably not present, (iii) uncertain whether fracture is present or not, (iv) fracture probably present, and (v) fracture definitely present. Data were analyzed by Kappa test for agreement evaluation.

Results

Comparing each student to the gold standard, there was a variation in reproducibility and performance from poor to substantial (0.042–0.667). Reproducibility values ranged from poor to good for all periapical radiographs both in the diagnosis of ORF (−0.33–0.667) and in HRF (0–1).

Conclusions

In CBCT images, the students' ability was lower in HRF detection in comparison with the oblique ones. The students showed limited capacity to diagnose root fractures; however when CBCT was used, the performance was more satisfactory than when periapical radiographs were used.
Responses of leached nitrogen concentrations and soil health to winter rye cover crop under no‐till corn–soybean rotation in the northern Great Plains
Authors: Bawa Arun , MacDowell Rachel , Bansal Sangeeta , McMaine John , Sexton Peter , Kumar Sandeep
Published: October 2021

Winter rye (Secale cereale L.) is an important cover crop (CC) in the northern Great Plains (NGP), yet concerns over its establishment under the variable weather conditions of this region are an important limitation for its widespread adoption. This study evaluated the impacts of no‐till corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation with winter rye CC established in 2017 on (a) water quality (nitrate‐N [NO3––N], ammonia‐N [NH4+–N], and total nitrogen [TN]) and (b) soil health parameters at the 0‐to‐15‐cm depth. Data showed that rye CC biomass was 251 kg ha–1 in 2018, 1,213 kg ha–1 in 2019, and 147 kg ha–1 in 2020, coinciding with contrasting growing degree days for rye CC (i.e., 1,458, 2,042, and 794, respectively), as a consequence of variable weather conditions. Water quality was not affected for the periods when rye growth was <300 kg ha–1. In the season when rye CC had greater biomass (1,213 kg ha–1), significant reductions in leached NO3––N (19–20%) and TN (8.5–16%) concentrations were observed due to greater N uptake by rye CC (18.8 kg N ha–1). Rye CC showed significantly (p ≤ .05) higher microbially active carbon ( ∼13%) and water‐extractable organic N(∼11%) than the control treatment. Nonsignificant impacts on soil health indicators due to rye CC showed that the study duration (3 yr) may not be sufficient to see the beneficial impacts of CCs on soils. However, significant reductions in leached NO3––N and TN concentrations for one (2019) out of three study years suggest that rye with optimal growth has the potential of reducing N leaching and enhancing soil health for the NGP region.
Morphology of parenchymally implanted foreign bodies indicates copulatory wounding in a planarian
Authors: Carbayo Fernando , Marian José E. A. R.
Published: October 2021

Traumatic mating, that is, copulation that involves wounding the partner's body, is a widespread phenomenon that is particularly prevalent in hermaphroditic animals. Traumatic mating is generally a collateral side effect of diverse strategies (from physical anchorage to injection of substances to manipulate the partner), but the trauma could also be adaptive by itself if it delays remating by the injured partner. In the Tricladida (the clade of planarian flatworms), reciprocal sperm transfer is often assumed to occur by means of a 'regular' nontraumatic copulation, that is, insertion of the penis through the partner's gonopore and deposition of the ejaculate into its genital atrium, with subsequent sperm migration to the oviducts. However, while studying the anatomy of Brazilian land planarians for taxonomic purposes, we found foreign bodies, reminiscent of spermatophores, implanted within the parenchyma ofChoeradoplana albonigra(Riester, 1938). Herein, we describe and illustrate several lines of morphological evidence indicating that these foreign bodies likely represent a novel case of intragenital copulatory wounding (e.g., structural and histochemical similarity to land planarians spermatophores; implantation at the level of the gonopore; vestiges of rupture of the genital atrium's wall), corroborating that traumatic mating is pervasive and underreported in Metazoa. We also propose two different hypotheses to explain such copulatory wounding, viz., that it concerns (1) a regular mating strategy or (2) an accidental effect of the copulation. In any event, this land planarian may prove useful as a novel, noninsect terrestrial model organism to investigate the evolution of traumatic mating.
The global epidemic of SARS‐CoV‐2 variants and their mutational immune escape
Authors: Tian Dandan , Sun YanHong , Zhou JianMing , Ye Qing
Published: October 2021

During the COVID‐19 pandemic, genetic variants of SARS‐CoV‐2 have been emerging and spreading around the world. Several SARS‐CoV‐2 endemic variants were found in United Kingdom, South Africa, Japan, and India between 2020 and April 2021. Studies have shown that many SARS‐CoV‐2 variants are more infectious than early wild strain and produce immune escape. These SARS‐CoV‐2 variants have brought new challenges to the prevention and control of COVID‐19. This review summarizes and analyzes the biological characteristics of different amino acid mutations and the epidemic characteristics and immune escape of different SARS‐CoV‐2 variants. We hope to provide scientific reference for the monitoring, prevention, and control measures of new SARS‐CoV‐2 variants and the development strategy of the second‐generation vaccine.
Characterizing the role of the zinc finger transcription factor AcrpnR in governing development in Aspergillus cristatus
Authors: Wang Yaping , Tan Yumei , Zhang Fuqian , Lu Xiaolin , Shao Lei , Liu Yongxiang , Liu Zuoyi
Published: October 2021

Filamentous fungi reproduce sexually or asexually, and the developmental processes are strictly regulated by a variety of transcription factors. In this study, we characterized a zinc finger transcription factor, called AcrpnR, in Aspergillus cristatus (GME2916). The ∆AcrpnR strain exhibited decreased asexual reproduction and increased cleistothecium production. The complementation strain showed restoration of these phenotypic differences. Overexpression of AcrpnR resulted in enhanced asexual development and delayed and inhibited sexual reproduction, suggesting that AcrpnR is required for proper asexual and sexual development in A. cristatus. In addition, AcrpnR positively regulated the expression of genes of the central regulatory pathway of conidiation and negatively regulated the expression of sex‐related genes. Overall, these results demonstrate that AcrpnR is essential for maintaining a balance between asexual and sexual development.
Nanotechnological approaches as a promising way for heavy metal mitigation in an aqueous system
Authors: Muthukumaran Peraman , Suresh Babu Palanisamy , Shyamalagowri Shanmugasundaram , Kamaraj Murugesan , Manikandan Arumugam , Aravind Jeyaseelan
Published: October 2021

The ever‐rising environmental problems because of heavy metals emerging from anthropogenic activities pose an impending threat to all biota globally. Considering their persistence and possibility in biomagnification, they are prominent among pollutants. There has been an apparent shift of research interest in advancing cost‐effective and competent technologies to mitigate environmental contaminants, specifically heavy metals. In the recent two decades, tailored nanomaterials (NMs), nanoparticles, and NM‐based adsorbents have been emerging for removing heavy metal pollution on a sustainable scale, especially the green synthesis of these nanoproducts effective and nonhazardous means. Hence, this review explores the various avenues in nanotechnology, an attempt to gauge nanotechnological approaches to mitigate heavy metals in the aqueous system, especially emphasizing the recent trends and advancements. Inputs on remediating heavy metal in sustainable and environmentally benign aspects recommended future directions to compensate for the voids in this domain have been addressed.
Investigating transport in a tidally driven coral atoll flow using Lagrangian coherent structures
Authors: Filippi Margaux , Hadjighasem Alireza , Rayson Matt , Rypina Irina I. , Ivey Greg , Lowe Ryan , Gilmour James , Peacock Thomas
Published: October 2021

A field experiment study of flow transport around a coral reef was conducted at Scott Reef, an offshore atoll in the Timor Sea. A drifter deployment was designed based on the insight derived from two Lagrangian data analysis approaches, the finite‐time Lyapunov exponent method and the optimized‐parameter spectral clustering method, which were used to analyze the predictions of a numerical model. This analysis predicted the formation of a key transport barrier during a critical time of the tidal cycle that separated two bodies of water, one remaining trapped within the lagoon, and one advected offshore; this transport structure had no clear signature upon inspection of the velocity fields and thus the use of Lagrangian methods was crucial. The observed drifter trajectories confirmed the predictions, with the drifters separating into two clusters, one on each side of the transport barrier. The results demonstrate how Lagrangian approaches elucidate the processes governing connectivity and water exchanges between atolls and the surrounding ocean.
State‐of‐the‐art glycosaminoglycan characterization
Authors: Zappe Andreas , Miller Rebecca L. , Struwe Weston B. , Pagel Kevin
Published: October 2021

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are heterogeneous acidic polysaccharides involved in a range of biological functions. They have a significant influence on the regulation of cellular processes and the development of various diseases and infections. To fully understand the functional roles that GAGs play in mammalian systems, including disease processes, it is essential to understand their structural features. Despite having a linear structure and a repetitive disaccharide backbone, their structural analysis is challenging and requires elaborate preparative and analytical techniques. In particular, the extent to which GAGs are sulfated, as well as variation in sulfate position across the entire oligosaccharide or on individual monosaccharides, represents a major obstacle. Here, we summarize the current state‐of‐the‐art methodologies used for GAG sample preparation and analysis, discussing in detail liquid chromatograpy and mass spectrometry‐based approaches, including advanced ion activation methods, ion mobility separations and infrared action spectroscopy of mass‐selected species.
MH clinicians decry SMI patient care in Massachusetts psychiatry department
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: October 2021

As a Massachusetts health care system embarks on a new “patient‐centered” treatment model for patients with serious mental illness, mental health clinicians are expressing dissatisfaction following high staff departures, overwhelming caseloads, ER patient boarding and inability to communicate effectively with leadership.
A multinational survey on the management of the urinary tract in newborns with spina bifida: Are we following current EAU/ESPU guidelines?
Authors: Kane Gavin , Doyle Miriam , Kelly Gabrielle , Subramaniam Ramnath , Cascio Salvatore
Published: October 2021

Aims

In August 2019, the European Association of Urology (EAU) and European Society for Paediatric Urology (ESPU) published updated guidelines on the management of neurogenic bladder in children and adolescents. Our study aimed to establish whether members of the ESPU are adhering to these guidelines.

Methods

We designed a survey comprising 26 questions using SurveyMonkey®. Respondents were asked about management of neurogenic bladder at birth in newborns with spina bifida (SB), urological investigations, as well as short and long‐term follow‐up in their institutions.

Results

There were 103 respondents to the survey (754 recipients, giving a response rate of 14%) spanning 36 countries. 100% of respondents carry out a renal/bladder ultrasound at birth. Only 53% routinely commence clean intermittent catheterization soon after birth as recommended by the guidelines. Only 56% recommend anticholinergic medications after abnormal videourodynamics (VUDs). The guidelines recommend the use of continued antibiotic prophylaxis if there is evidence of vesicoureteral reflux and hostile bladder/non‐conclusive results on VUDs which is followed by only 30% of providers. 63% of respondents carry out baseline VUDs at the recommended time. Seeing larger volumes of SB patients, having a formal SB protocol, having formal SB multidisciplinary clinics and working in a tertiary referral center did not make respondents more likely to adhere to guidelines.

Conclusions

Our survey demonstrated that large variations from the EAU/ESPU guidelines exist in practice. The study confirms that further work is required across institutions and countries to implement these evidence‐based recommendations for standardized practice.
Validity and reliability of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale‐Japanese version
Authors: Kitano Masato , Shoji Kotaro , Nakaita Ikumi , Sano Shinya , Tachibana Shoichi , Bride Brian E. , Shigemura Jun , Waki Fumiko , Noguchi Norihito , Koga Minori , Toda Hiroyuki , Yoshino Aihide , Shimizu Kunio , Nagamine Masanori
Published: October 2021

Aim

This study assessed the validity and reliability of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale‐Japanese Version.

Methods

The original Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale was translated into Japanese, and Japanese items were back‐translated to English to confirm the accuracy of the translation. A total of 870 public health nurses from the Tohoku region in Japan completed the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale‐Japanese Version. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted to identify the number of components. Moreover, 351 public health nurses from the Saitama prefecture in Japan also completed the scale. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed with the factor structure identified in the exploratory factor analysis.

Results

The exploratory factor analysis identified two components: one associated with client‐related distress and the other with trauma‐related distress. The confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the two‐factor structure. The two‐factor structure model was better than the three‐factor model presented in the original validation study for the English version of the scale. The two‐factor model had good internal consistency for the overall product and the subscales. Pearson correlations showed that this model had good convergent validity against the Maslach Burnout Inventory, a psychological measure similar to the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale. Finally, the two‐factor model had good discriminant validity against the Maslach Burnout Inventory.

Conclusion

This study identified two components of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale‐Japanese Version that differ from the three components found in the original English version. The differences in the factor structure might indicate that the factor structure was culturally influenced.
The interface is a tunable dimension in electricity‐driven organic synthesis
Authors: Wuttig Anna , Toste Francisco Dean
Published: October 2021

Predictive control over the selectivity outcome of an organic synthetic method is an essential hallmark of reaction success. Electricity‐driven synthesis offers a reemerging approach to facilitate the design of reaction sequences toward increased molecular complexity. In addition to the desirable sustainability features of electroorganic processes, the inherent interfacial nature of electrochemical systems present unique opportunities to tune reaction selectivity. To illustrate this feature, we outline examples of mechanism‐guided interfacial control over CO2 electroreduction selectivity; a well‐studied and instructive electrochemical process with multiple reduction products that are thermodynamically accessible. These studies reveal how controlled proton delivery to the electrode surface and substrate electrosorption with the electrode dictate reaction selectivity. We describe and compare simple, yet salient, examples from the electroorganic literature, where we postulate that similar effects predominate the observed reactivity. This perspective highlights how the interface serves as a tunable dimension in electrochemical processes and delineates unique tools to study, manipulate, and achieve reaction selectivity in electricity‐driven organic synthesis.

KEY POINTS

Electricity‐driven synthesis enables chemical and industrial communities to contribute to sustainability goals.

Electricity‐driven processes occur at phase boundaries, thus unveiling their molecular‐level roadmaps involves the synergistic study of materials, interfacial, and molecular science.

Bridging concepts that transcend the topical nature of two electricity‐driven processes—CO2 reduction and electroorganic synthesis—reveals tools to manipulate reaction selectivity.
Systemic, local, and sclerotherapy drugs: What do we know about drug prescribing in vascular anomalies?
Authors: Marcoux Simon , Théorêt Yves , Dubois Josée , Essouri Sandrine , Pincivy Alix , Coulombe Jérôme , McCuaig Catherine , Powell Julie , Soulez Gilles , Kleiber Niina
Published: October 2021

Off‐label drug prescribing, frequent in the treatment of vascular anomalies (VA), relies on the quality of the literature reporting drug efficacy and safety. Our objective is to review the level of evidence (LOE) surrounding drug use in VA, which is more prevalent in pediatric care. A list of drugs used in VA was created with a literature review in July 2020. For each drug listed, the article displaying the highest LOE was determined and then compared between efficacy/safety data, routes of administration, pharmacological categories and a subset of VA. The influence of research quality on study results was also explored. The median LOE for the 74 drugs identified poor methodological quality, with a predominance of retrospective studies or case reports. Drug safety is currently inadequately reported. This is alarming as many treatments display significant safety concerns. Also, current literature displays major publication bias that probably leads to overestimation of drug efficacy in VA.
Heat accumulation in metals under femtosecond irradiation: simulation and experimentation
Authors: Cangueiro Liliana , Bruneel David , Kiedrowski Thomas , Schroeder Nikolai , Lasagni Andrés Fabián , Ramos‐de‐Campos J. A.
Published: October 2021

Ultrafast laser micromachining results depend on both the processing parameters and the material properties. The thermal effects are negligible if a good combination of processing parameters is chosen. However, optimizing the processing parameters to achieve the required surface quality on a given material can be quite complex and time consuming. Within the framework of the European LAMpAS project, we developed a model to estimate the heat accumulation on a surface as a function of the laser fluence, scanning speed and line pitch. The simulation results were correlated with experimental ones. The predictions of the model allow evaluation of the heat distribution on the surface, and optimize the ultrafast laser micromachining strategy, yielding negligible thermal damage.
A citric acid/cysteine based bioadditive for plasticization and enhancing UV shielding of poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Duan Xuejun , Chen Heng , Liu Huan , Chen Ming , Chen Shaojun , Gao Jihua
Published: October 2021

A new bioadditive for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), diethylhexyl thiazolopyridine dicarboxylate (BTD), was designed and synthesized by the esterification between 2‐ethylhexanol and thiazolopyridine dicarboxylic acid. The chemical structure of BTD was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and NMR. As a main plasticizer, BTD had higher plasticizing efficiency, thermal stability and migration resistance than dioctyl phthalate. Furthermore, due to the thiazolopyridine conjugated structure, BTD possessed strong ultraviolet (UV) absorption that endowed its plasticized PVC film with excellent UV shielding property. The biomass resource combined with the above high performances make BTD a very promising additive for PVC plasticization and anti‐UV application. © 2021 Society of Industrial Chemistry.
Understanding the relationship between personality pathology and attachment style in the context of the DSM‐5 Alternative Model of Personality Disorders
Authors: Pad Rachel A. , Okut Hayrettin , Zackula Rosey , Macaluso Matthew , Huprich Steven K.
Published: October 2021

This study utilizes the two different criteria of the DSM‐5 Alternative Model of Personality Disorder Assessment to evaluate the relationship between attachment style and personality pathology. One‐hundred forty patients from a combined sample of psychiatric and internal medicine clinics were given a survey composed of the DSM‐5 Levels of Personality Functioning Questionnaire (DLOPFQ), the Personality Inventory for DSM‐5—Brief Form (PID‐5‐BF), and the Relationship Questionnaire (RQ). Analysis of variance indicated that attachment styles were differentiated across all four the DLOPFQ scales and the Detachment trait domain. Elastic net regression modeling with bootstrap was used to assess the strength of the level of personality functioning dimensions and trait domains in the prediction of attachment style, both independently and interactively while accounting for multicollinearity. This study offers readers insight to a novel statistical approach to model building that addresses two issues among psychiatric data: high correlation and small sample size.
Thiol‐yne photoclick polymerization as a method for preparing imidazolium‐containing ionene networks
Authors: Lindenmeyer Katelyn M. , Miller Kevin M.
Published: October 2021

Herein, the thiol‐yne photoclick reaction was utilized as a method for synthesizing imidazolium‐containing ionene networks whereby a bisalkynyl‐functionalized imidazolium [NTf2] ionic liquid was polymerized with the tetrafunctional thiol PTMP (pentaerythritol tetrakis(3‐mercaptopropionate)). The thiol:yne functional group ratio was varied in order to examine the breadth of thermal, mechanical, and conductive properties available from the resulting networks. The stoichiometric 1:1 thiol:yne network exhibited very high thiol and alkyne conversions by FT‐IR spectroscopy and a gel fraction greater than 95%. The highest Tg value (3.5°C) and stress at break (1.13 MPa) were also observed for this network. As either thiol or alkyne functional group concentration was increased, the networks were noticeably lower in Tg and stress at break with a modest increase in % elongation. Ionic conductivities were found to be on the order of 10−9 to 10−7 S/cm at 30°C. Normalization of the ionic conductivity curves did not lead to a complete collapse meaning that the observed differences in conductivity are not solely dependent upon Tg. When compared to analogous imidazolium‐containing, thiol‐ene ionene networks, the thiol‐yne networks were found to be slightly more mechanically robust, but approximately one order of magnitude lower in terms of ionic conductivity.
Synthesis of Metal‐Free Nanoporous Carbon with Few‐Layer Graphene Electrocatalyst for Electrochemical NO2− Oxidation
Authors: Chavan Parag P. , Sapner Vijay S. , Munde Ajay V. , Mali Shivsharan M. , Sathe Bhaskar R.
Published: October 2021

Herein, electrochemical oxidation of nitrite (NO2−) is demonstrated using metal‐free and electrochemically highly stable nanoporous carbon (NC) system. The surface features of nanoporous carbon were studied using both spectroscopic and microscopic techniques including scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and is having layered mesh‐like features with a particle size of ∼20 to ∼100 nm. The as‐synthesized electrocatalyst is found to be more active towards electrooxidation of nitrite (NO2−) at considerably low onset potential of 0.58 V vs SCE with a significantly high current density of 5.2 μA/cm2 determined from linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies. The concentration and scan rate dependent studies confirm the nitrite oxidation is diffusion‐controlled process. The interfacial electron transfer features and parameters involved are determined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) studies. Moreover, current stability at a nitrite oxidation (0.58 V vs SCE) potential is also tested by chronoamperometric (i‐t) measurements and it demonstrates nanoporous carbon is having long term electrochemical stability. These studies establish the metal‐free nanoporous carbon as an efficient electrocatalyst for nitrite oxidation and will be good futuristic electrode material for other energy and environmental based electrochemical monitoring studies.
A Highly Reversible Lithium Metal Anode by Constructing Lithiophilic Bi‐Nanosheets
Authors: Liu Xiaoyu , Xu Pan , Zhang Jieling , Hu Xinyu , Hou Qing , Lin Xiaodong , Zheng Mingsen , Dong Quanfeng
Published: October 2021

As a favorable candidate for the next‐generation anode materials, metallic lithium is faced with two crucial problems: uncontrollable lithium plating/stripping process and huge volume expansion during cycling. Herein, a 3D lithiophilic skeleton modified with nanoscale Bi sheets (Ni@Bi Foam, i.e., NBF) through one‐step facile substitution reaction is constructed. Benefiting from the nanoscale modification, smooth and dense lithiophilic Li3Bi layer is in situ formed, which improves the uniform deposition of Li subsequently. Meanwhile, the 3D structure inhibits the growth of Li dendrites effectively by reducing local areal current density. Consequently, the NBF exhibits outstanding cycling stability with a high average Coulombic efficiency of 98.46% at 1 mA cm−2 with 1 mAh cm−2 (>500 cycles). Symmetrical cell with NBF exhibits a high reversibility at 1 mA cm−2 with 1 mAh cm−2 (>2000 h). Moreover, superior long‐term cycling and rate performance of NBF@Li anode are also acquired when assembled with high areal loading of LiFePO4 (10.1 mg cm−2) cathode (Negative/Positive ratio: 2.91). Even in anode‐free metal lithium batteries, NBF has higher capacity during cycling compared with NF. To conclude, NBF shows excellent electrochemical performance and provides an idea of facile preparation method which can be extend to other metal batteries.
Transpositional Circularly Polarized Luminescence from Transient Charge‐Transfer Coassembly
Authors: Wang Zhuoer , Hao Aiyou , Xing Pengyao
Published: October 2021

Charge‐transfer (CT) complexation between electron‐rich and deficient aromatics has been widely applied in functional optical and photovoltaic materials. The selective complexation and spontaneous disassociation behavior of a dynamic charge‐transfer coassembly possess potential in designing smart and dynamic luminescent materials, which however have not been addressed so far. In this work, the transient charge‐transfer driven coassembly between π‐conjugated amino acids and tetracyanobenzene, showing dynamic luminescent transition and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) evolution property, is illustrated. Transient coassembly behaviors are independent to the diverse binding sites covering fluorene, naphthalene, and anthracene, attributed to the intramolecular CH…π interaction. Incorporation of fluorescent dyes enables a transient light harvesting process with hyperchromic CPL properties. Spontaneous green‐to‐red CPL transition hydrogels are also fabricated by embedding a competitive CT donor. Using a polymeric matrix treated by organic solvents, charge‐transfer coassembly is immobilized with diverse circularly polarized luminescence. Such sensitive complexation shows applications in moisture‐responsive luminescent materials and multiple luminescent color evolutions are realized.
Simple Yet Efficient: Arylamine‐Terminated Carbazole Donors for Organic Hole Transporting Materials
Authors: Liu Jian , Zhang Heng , Wu Bingxue , Sun Lixue , Chen Yu , Zong Xueping , Sun Zhe , Xue Song , Liang Mao
Published: October 2021

The extraordinary electronic and structural properties of carbazole make it an important donor for the molecular design of hole transport materials (HTMs). However, the development of peripheral carbazole donors has lagged behind. Herein, a series of low‐cost arylamine‐substituted carbazole donors are synthesized by a one‐step facile method. The effect of the terminal arylamine on the optoelectronic, thermal stability, hole mobility, and photovoltaic properties of the studied carbazole HTMs is also investigated. The diphenylamine‐ and carbazole‐substituted carbazoles possess the orthogonal–planar conformation, endowing the HTMs (M142 and M143) with excellent electronic properties and morphological properties. Consequently, power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 19.60% and 20.05% accompanied with a high photovoltage are achieved for M142‐ and M143‐based doped devices, respectively, outperforming the controlled cells based on nonsubstituted carbazole HTM (M145, PCE = 17.25%). Moreover, the devices based on M143 exhibit good long‐term storage, thermal, and light stability. This work provides a simple strategy for molecular design in developing efficient carbazole donors.
Photothermocatalytic CO2 Reduction on Magnesium Oxide‐Cluster‐Modified Ni Nanoparticles with High Fuel Production Rate, Large Light‐to‐Fuel Efficiency and Excellent Durability
Authors: Wu Shaowen , Hu Qianqian , Li Yuanzhi
Published: October 2021

Highly efficient CO2 reduction to produce fuel driven by solar energy is of great significance to alleviate the greenhouse effect and realize solar energy storage. Herein, a unique nanocomposite of MgO‐cluster‐modified Ni nanoparticles supported on Ni‐doped MgO (MCM–Ni/Ni–MgO) is synthetized by a simple approach. Very high fuel production rate for H2 and CO (78.01 and 88.44 mmol min−1 g−1) as well as a large light‐to‐fuel efficiency (31.7%) are achieved by photothermocatalytic CO2 reduction by CH4 on MCM–Ni/Ni–MgO merely using focused UV–vis–IR illumination. This arises from efficient light‐driven thermocatalysis that is further enhanced by a photoactivation due to the activation energy being considerably reduced upon the illumination. More importantly, it exhibits excellent photothermocatalytic durability due to its extremely low carbon deposition rate of 8.85 × 10−4 gc h−1 g−1
catalyst, reduced by 39.2 times as compared with that of a reference sample of Ni nanoparticles supported on Ni‐doped MgO (Ni/Ni–MgO). The experimental evidences and the functional theory calculations reveal that the surface modification of Ni nanoparticles by MgO cluster not only inhibits the carbon deposition side reactions of CO disproportionation and CH4 complete dissociation, but also significantly accelerates the oxidation of carbon species, thus tremendously decreasing carbon deposition rate.
On the Microstructure and Wear Behavior of Fe‐Based/B4C Composite Coating Processed by Vacuum Cladding
Authors: Yu Huan , Luo Zong-An , Feng Ying-Ying , Wang Yu-Hao , Xie Guang-Ming , Misra R. D. K.
Published: October 2021

To increase the service life of mechanical parts under severe wear environment, composite coatings with wear resistance are required. Fe‐based/B4C composite coating is fabricated on the surface of ASTM 1045 steel by vacuum cladding and the microstructure, hardness, and wear behavior of the coating are investigated. The results show that the coating is mainly composed of the coating matrix of α‐Fe, [Fe, Ni] solid solution, and the strengthening phases of eutectic borides M2B and carboborides M23(C, B)6 with irregular block distribution. The dispersion strengthening and solution strengthening of the coating microstructures improve the overall hardness distribution of the coating, the microhardness, and macrohardness of the coating are greatly improved, which are better than that of quenched and tempered ASTM 1045 steel (QT45 steel) and NM400 steel. The results of abrasive wear test under different loads (130 N/45 N) indicate that wear scar of the coating become shorter and shallower due to the antiabrasive grinding effect of strengthening phases, and wear resistance is significantly greater than that of QT45 steel and NM400 steel. The main wear mechanisms associate with QT45 steel and NM400 steel involve plastic deformation and microcutting, whereas the coating is mainly a mix mode of plastic cutting and fatigue spalling.