bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Real‐time economic model predictive control of nonlinear process systems
Authors: Ellis Matthew , Christofides Panagiotis D.
Published: November 2014

Closed‐loop stability of nonlinear systems under real‐time Lyapunov‐based economic model predictive control (LEMPC) with potentially unknown and time‐varying computational delay is considered. To address guaranteed closed‐loop stability (in the sense of boundedness of the closed‐loop state in a compact state‐space set), an implementation strategy is proposed which features a triggered evaluation of the LEMPC optimization problem to compute an input trajectory over a finite‐time prediction horizon in advance. At each sampling period, stability conditions must be satisfied for the precomputed LEMPC control action to be applied to the closed‐loop system. If the stability conditions are not satisfied, a backup explicit stabilizing controller is applied over the sampling period. Closed‐loop stability under the real‐time LEMPC strategy is analyzed and specific stability conditions are derived. The real‐time LEMPC scheme is applied to a chemical process network example to demonstrate closed‐loop stability and closed‐loop economic performance improvement over that achieved for operation at the economically optimal steady state. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 555–571, 2015
Clinical outcomes of splenectomy in children: Report of the splenectomy in congenital hemolytic anemia registry
Authors: Rice Henry E. , Englum Brian R. , Rothman Jennifer , Leonard Sarah , Reiter Audra , Thornburg Courtney , Brindle Mary , Wright Nicola , Heeney Matthew M. , Smithers Charles , Brown Rebeccah L. , Kalfa Theodosia , Langer Jacob C. , Cada Michaela , Oldham Keith T. , Scott J. Paul , St. Peter Shawn , Sharma Mukta , Davidoff Andrew M. , Nottage Kerri , Bernabe Kathryn , Wilson David B. , Dutta Sanjeev , Glader Bertil , Crary Shelley E. , Dassinger Melvin S. , Dunbar Levette , Islam Saleem , Kumar Manjusha , Rescorla Fred , Bruch Steve , Campbell Andrew , Austin Mary , Sidonio Robert , Blakely Martin L ,   the Splenectomy in Congenital Hemolytic Anemia (SICHA) Consortium
Published: November 2014

The outcomes of children with congenital hemolytic anemia (CHA) undergoing total splenectomy (TS) or partial splenectomy (PS) remain unclear. In this study, we collected data from 100 children with CHA who underwent TS or PS from 2005 to 2013 at 16 sites in the Splenectomy in Congenital Hemolytic Anemia (SICHA) consortium using a patient registry. We analyzed demographics and baseline clinical status, operative details, and outcomes at 4, 24, and 52 weeks after surgery. Results were summarized as hematologic outcomes, short‐term adverse events (AEs) (≤30 days after surgery), and long‐term AEs (31–365 days after surgery). For children with hereditary spherocytosis, after surgery there was an increase in hemoglobin (baseline 10.1 ± 1.8 g/dl, 52 week 12.8 ± 1.6 g/dl; mean ± SD), decrease in reticulocyte and bilirubin as well as control of symptoms. Children with sickle cell disease had control of clinical symptoms after surgery, but had no change in hematologic parameters. There was an 11% rate of short‐term AEs and 11% rate of long‐term AEs. As we accumulate more subjects and longer follow‐up, use of a patient registry should enhance our capacity for clinical trials and engage all stakeholders in the decision‐making process. Am. J. Hematol. 90:187–192, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chiroptische Detektion achiraler Gäste ohne Chromophor durch enantiomerenreine alleno‐acetylenische helicale Käfige
Authors: Gidron Ori , Ebert Marc‐Olivier , Trapp Nils , Diederich François
Published: November 2014

Enantiomerenreine alleno‐acetylenische Liganden lagern sich unter Zugabe eines Zink(II)‐Salzes diastereoselektiv zu Tripelstrang‐Helicaten zusammen, die einen zum Einschluss von Gästen genügend großen helicalen Käfig aufspannen. Die Einschlusskomplexierung von Heteroalicyclen wurde durch ROESY‐ und DOSY‐NMR‐Spektroskopie bestätigt und durch 1H‐NMR‐Titration quantitativ bestimmt. Die ECD‐Spektren der Helicate, die sich durch starke Cotton‐Effekte und Exciton‐Kopplung auszeichnen, hängen sehr empfindlich von der Art der Gastmoleküle ab. So konnte aufgrund von induzierten CD‐Spektren (ICD) zwischen etlichen unterschiedlich großen oder regioisomeren achiralen Gästen ohne Chromophor (1,3‐ und 1,4‐Dioxan) unterschieden werden. Moleküldynamik(MD)‐Simulationen weisen auf eine Anpassungsfähigkeit der Käfige an den Platzbedarf von Gästen hin und stützen die gastspezifischen ICD‐Daten. Die besonders hohe Affinität zu 1,4‐Dioxan ermöglichte dessen Detektion in wässriger Lösung im ppm‐Bereich.
Development of Coated Blade Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for the Quantitation of Target Analytes Present in Complex Matrices
Authors: Gómez‐Ríos German Augusto , Pawliszyn Janusz
Published: November 2014

Coated blade spray (CBS) is a technology based on solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) that has been designed for the quick extraction/cleanup of analytes from complex matrices and direct desorption/ionization under ambient mass spectrometry conditions. The entire analytical process can be completed in less than 3 min and enables limits of quantitation in the low picogram‐per‐milliliter region to be reached.
A Highly Stable Zeotype Mesoporous Zirconium Metal–Organic Framework with Ultralarge Pores
Authors: Feng Dawei , Wang Kecheng , Su Jie , Liu Tian‐Fu , Park Jihye , Wei Zhangwen , Bosch Mathieu , Yakovenko Andrey , Zou Xiaodong , Zhou Hong‐Cai
Published: November 2014

Through topological rationalization, a zeotype mesoporous Zr‐containing metal–organic framework (MOF), namely PCN‐777, has been designed and synthesized. PCN‐777 exhibits the largest cage size of 3.8 nm and the highest pore volume of 2.8 cm3 g−1 among reported Zr‐MOFs. Moreover, PCN‐777 shows excellent stability in aqueous environments, which makes it an ideal candidate as a support to incorporate different functional moieties. Through facile internal surface modification, the interaction between PCN‐777 and different guests can be varied to realize efficient immobilization.
A Bambusuril Macrocycle that Binds Anions in Water with High Affinity and Selectivity
Authors: Yawer Mirza Arfan , Havel Vaclav , Sindelar Vladimir
Published: November 2014

Synthetic receptors that function in water are important for the qualitative and quantitative detection of anions, which may act as pollutants in the environment or play important roles in biological processes. Neutral receptors are particularly appealing because they are often more selective than positively charged receptors; however, their affinity towards anions in pure water is only in range of 1–103 L mol−1. The anion‐templated synthesis of a water‐soluble bambusuril derivative is shown to be an outstanding receptor for various inorganic anions in pure water, with association constants of up to 107 L mol−1. Furthermore, the macrocycle discriminates between anions with unprecedented selectivity (up to 500 000‐fold). We anticipate that the combination of remarkable affinity and selectivity of this macrocycle will enable the efficient detection and isolation of diverse anions in aqueous solutions, which is not possible with current supramolecular systems.
Metallopolymers based on a polyazomethine ligand containing rigid oxadiazole and flexible tetramethyldisiloxane units
Authors: Zaltariov Mirela‐Fernanda , Cazacu Maria , Racles Carmen , Musteata Valentina , Vlad Angelica , Airinei Anton
Published: November 2014

Soluble, easily processable polymer–metal complexes with improved optical and dielectric properties for optoelectronic functional materials were obtained. For this, a new polyazomethine (PAZ2) was prepared by the reaction of a siloxane dialdehyde and bis(formyl‐p‐phenoxymethyl) tetramethyldisiloxane with 2,5‐bis(p‐aminophenyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole, and it was used as a ligand for Cu(II), Co(II), and Zn(II) ions on the basis of the presence of the electron‐donor nitrogen atoms from the azomethine group and oxadiazole ring. The structure of the PAZ2 was determined by spectral [Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy] techniques. The metal complexation was proven by FTIR spectroscopy, and the silicon‐to‐metal ratios in the complexes were established by energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence. The new materials were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The optical properties of PAZ2 and the derived metal complexes were studied by ultraviolet–visible and fluorescence spectroscopies. PAZ2 shows fluorescence emission, and it was significantly enhanced by metal complexation. The emission was enhanced by protonation; this behavior is useful, especially for sensors. The electrical properties were investigated by dielectric spectroscopy at various frequencies and temperatures, and this emphasized the existence of dipolar relaxations. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41631.
Preparation of hydrophilic polysulfone porous membrane by use of amphiphilic cellulose
Authors: Zhong Lili , Gao Yuan , Li Bei , Zhang Liping
Published: November 2014

A cellulose‐based amphiphilic co‐polymer with grafted myristyl groups was synthesized and used as an additive to modify polysulfone (PSf) membranes. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Solid‐state cross polarization magic angle spinning carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance (CP/MAS 13C NMR) spectroscopy were used to characterize the structure of the synthesized amphiphilic cellulose. The good compatibility between amphiphilic co‐polymer and PSf was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was conducted to inspect morphology of the membrane. Furthermore, Thermal performance was indicated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Contact angle, flux and retention behavior were also measured in this work. The structural similarity enhanced compatibility among components by introducing flexible alkyl groups. According to the findings obtained from characterization, better compatibility of cellulose with PSf was achieved after amphiphilic treatment. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41664.
Fibrosis, Vascular Activation, and Immune Abnormalities Resembling Systemic Sclerosis in Bleomycin‐Treated Fli‐1–Haploinsufficient Mice
Authors: Taniguchi Takashi , Asano Yoshihide , Akamata Kaname , Noda Shinji , Takahashi Takehiro , Ichimura Yohei , Toyama Tetsuo , Trojanowska Maria , Sato Shinichi
Published: November 2014

Objective

Fli‐1, a potential predisposing factor for systemic sclerosis (SSc), is constitutively down‐regulated in the lesional skin of patients with SSc by an epigenetic mechanism. To investigate the impact of Fli‐1 deficiency on the induction of an SSc phenotype in various cell types, we generated bleomycin‐induced skin fibrosis in Fli‐1+/− mice and investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying its phenotypic alterations.

Methods

Messenger RNA (mRNA) levels and protein expression of target molecules were examined by quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and immunostaining. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) bioassay was used to evaluate the activation of latent TGFβ. The binding of Fli‐1 to the target gene promoters was assessed with chromatin immunoprecipitation.

Results

Bleomycin induced more severe dermal fibrosis in Fli‐1+/− mice than in wild‐type mice. Fli‐1 haploinsufficiency activated dermal fibroblasts via the up‐regulation of αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrins and activation of latent TGFβ. Dermal fibrosis in Fli‐1+/− mice was also attributable to endothelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition, which is directly induced by Fli‐1 deficiency and amplified by bleomycin. Th2/Th17‐skewed inflammation and increased infiltration of mast cells and macrophages were seen, partly due to the altered expression of cell adhesion molecules in endothelial cells as well as the induction of the skin chemokines. Fli‐1+/− mouse macrophages preferentially differentiated into an M2 phenotype upon stimulation with interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) or IL‐13.

Conclusion

Our findings provide strong evidence for the fundamental role of Fli‐1 deficiency in inducing SSc‐like phenotypic alterations in dermal fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and macrophages in a manner consistent with human disease.
Unexpected 1,2‐Migration in Metallasilabenzenes: Theoretical Evidence for Reluctance of Silicon to Participate in π Bonding
Authors: Huang Ying , Zhu Jun
Published: November 2014

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to investigate the 1,2‐migration in metallasilabenzenes. The results suggested that the chloride migration of metallabenzenes is unfavorable due to the loss of aromaticity in the nonaromatic analogues. In sharp contrast, such a migration in metallasilabenzenes is favorable due to the reluctance of silicon to participate in π bonding. The migration of hydride and methyl group from the metal center to the silicon atom in metallasilabenzenes is computed to be also feasible. In addition, the π donor ligand and the third row transition metal can stabilize metallasilabenzenes. Thus, such a migration becomes less favorable thermodynamically and kinetically. These findings could be very helpful for synthetic chemists to realize the first metallasilabenzene.
Stochastic Observability of Linear Systems under Access Constraints
Authors: Zhang Hui , Tian Yin , Gao Lixin
Published: November 2014

Using information theoretic measures, this paper investigates the observability of discrete‐time linear stochastic systems which have insufficient communication channels to accommodate all the sensors simultaneously. The communication status is described by a binary‐valued access sequence. For time‐varying systems, it is proved that within a finite time interval the stochastic observability is preserved by an access sequence which is combined by individually designed sub sequences corresponding to certain sub intervals. For the time‐invariant case, further results are given along with two periodic access strategies. The equivalence between stochastic observability of the zero order holder (ZOH) inclusive case and that of the non‐ZOH inclusive case is also discussed. Simulations illustrate our conclusion which covers some existing results.
Two Schemes of Data Dropout Compensation for LQG Control of Networked Control Systems
Authors: Gao Jinfeng , Wu Han , Fu Minyue
Published: November 2014

This paper investigates the LQG control problem for networked control systems (NCSs) with packet losses, where the packet losses are considered to appear in both the sensor‐to‐controller channel and controller‐to‐actuator channel. Bernoulli random processes are used to describe the packet losses in the two channels. Two simple compensation schemes are explored for state estimation with missing measurements in which the input of the plant is set to zero if a packet is lost, and the hold‐input strategy, in which the previous input is used with packet dropout. The optimal static controller gains and the critical loss probabilities for the two schemes are presented, and their performances are compared in terms of numerical simulations. The conclusion is that neither of the two schemes can be claimed to be superior to the other, as the stability regions of the two strategies are reversely complemented to each other whether for the scalar or vector example.
Anatomical variations of the internal iliac veins in the presacral area: Clinical implications during sacral colpopepxy or extended pelvic lymphadenectomy
Authors: Chong Gun OH , Lee Yoon Hee , Hong Dae GY , Cho Young Lae , Lee Yoon Soon
Published: November 2014

The purpose of this study was to classify anatomical variations of the internal iliac vein (IIV) in relation to robotic or laparoscopic extended lymphadenectomy. Between March 2011 and July 2012, 60 consecutive patients underwent robotic or laparoscopic extended lymphadenectomy. We retrospectively reviewed surgical video clips and analyzed the pattern of the IIVs in the presacral area. IIV variations were classified into seven types: Type A, normal (n = 39, 65.0%); Type A with a dilated middle sacral vein (n = 5, 8.3%); Type B, left IIV connecting centrally to the left external iliac vein (n = 5, 8.3%); Type C, a separated trunk of the left IIV draining into the left central common iliac vein (CIV; n = 1, 1.7%); Type D, a separated trunk of the right IIV draining into the left central CIV (n = 8, 13.3%); Type E, a separated trunk of the right IIV draining into the right central CIV (n = 0, 0%); and Type F, separated trunks of the bilateral IIV connecting with each other before draining into the left central CIV (n = 2, 3.3%). The prevalence of IIV anomalies was 26.7%; the incidence of separated IIV trunks was 18.3%. To prevent life‐threatening IIV injury during extended lymphadenectomy or sacral colpopexy, the anatomical variations of the IIVs should be known exactly. Clin. Anat. 28:661–664, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis, Structures, and Properties of Crystalline Salts with Radical Anions of Metal‐Containing and Metal‐Free Phthalocyanines
Authors: Konarev Dmitri V. , Kuzmin Alexey V. , Faraonov Maxim A. , Ishikawa Manabu , Khasanov Salavat S. , Nakano Yoshiaki , Otsuka Akihiro , Yamochi Hideki , Saito Gunzi , Lyubovskaya Rimma N.
Published: November 2014

Radical anion salts of metal‐containing and metal‐free phthalocyanines [MPc(3−)].−, where M=CuII, NiII, H2, SnII, PbII, TiIVO, and VIVO (1–10) with tetraalkylammonium cations have been obtained as single crystals by phthalocyanine reduction with sodium fluorenone ketyl. Their formation is accompanied by the Pc ligand reduction and affects the molecular structure of metal phthalocyanine radical anions as well as their optical and magnetic properties. Radical anions are characterized by the alternation of short and long CNimine bonds in the Pc ligand owing to the disruption of its aromaticity. Salts 1–10 show new bands at 833–1041 nm in the NIR range, whereas the Q‐ and Soret bands are blue‐shifted by 0.13–0.25 eV (38‐92 nm) and 0.04–0.07 eV (4–13 nm), respectively. Radical anions with NiII, SnII, PbII, and TiIVO have S=1/2 spin state, whereas [CuIIPc(3−)].− and [VIVOPc(3−)].− containing paramagnetic CuII and VIVO have two S=1/2 spins per radical anion. Central metal atoms strongly affect EPR spectra of phthalocyanine radical anions. Instead of narrow EPR signals characteristic of metal‐free phthalocyanine radical anions [H2Pc(3−)].− (linewidth of 0.08–0.24 mT), broad EPR signals are manifested (linewidth of 2–70 mT) with g‐factors and linewidths that are strongly temperature‐dependent. Salt 11 containing the [NaIPc(2−)]− anions as well as previously studied [FeIPc(2−)]− and [CoIPc(2−)]− anions that are formed without reduction of the Pc ligand do not show changes in molecular structure or optical and magnetic properties characteristic of [MPc(3−)].− in 1–10.
Lipase‐Supported Metal–Organic Framework Bioreactor Catalyzes Warfarin Synthesis
Authors: Liu Wan‐Ling , Yang Ni‐Shin , Chen Ya‐Ting , Lirio Stephen , Wu Cheng‐You , Lin Chia‐Her , Huang Hsi‐Ya
Published: November 2014

A green and sustainable strategy synthesizes clinical medicine warfarin anticoagulant by using lipase‐supported metal–organic framework (MOF) bioreactors (see scheme). These findings may be beneficial for future studies in the industrial production of chemical, pharmaceutical, and agrochemical precursors.
Membrane Reactors: Advanced Systems for Intensified Chemical Processes
Authors: Fontananova Enrica , Drioli Enrico
Published: November 2014

To realize sustainable growth, the energy demand and environmental impact of chemical processes need to be reduced. Multifunctional membrane reactors (MRs) are a feasible way to shift the industrial catalysis towards novel intensified processes, since they combine a chemical reaction with a membrane‐based separation. Compared to traditional, sequential reaction‐separation systems, MRs require less energy, show increased productivity and reduced by‐product formation, easier down‐ and up‐stream processing, compact process equipment as well as the possibility of heat recovery and catalyst recycling.
Predicting early blast transformation in chronic‐phase chronic myeloid leukemia: Is immunophenotyping the missing link?
Authors: El Rassi Fuad , Bergsagel John D. , Arellano Martha , Gaddh Manila , Jillella Anand , Kota Vamsi , Heffner Leonard T. , Winton Elliott F. , Khoury Hanna Jean
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND

Flow cytometry (FC) is a commonly requested test in the workup of leukocytosis in community practices. The role of FC in chronic‐phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CP‐CML) is unknown. We hypothesized that finding aberrant cells with FC in CP‐CML may predict early blast‐phase (BP) transformation.

METHODS

Results for FC performed at the time of diagnosis for adult and pediatric patients with CP‐CML who were referred to our institution were reviewed, and they were correlated with outcomes.

RESULTS

FC was performed at the time of diagnosis for 110 of 233 patients (47%) with CP‐CML. Aberrant populations, representing a median of 2% (range, 0.3%‐15%), were detected with FC in 30% of patients (33 of 110): 2 of these 33 patients expressed lymphoid markers, and 31 expressed aberrant myeloid markers. Patients received imatinib (85%), dasatinib (12%), or nilotinib (3%) as their first‐line treatment. With a median follow‐up of 43 months (range, 2‐113 months), chronic myeloid leukemia transformed to BP in 5 of the 33 patients. The 2 patients with lymphoid markers and the 3 of 31 patients with aberrant myeloid markers experienced a transformation to lymphoid BP at a median of 11 months (range, 4‐72 months) after the initiation of tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Although both cases with detectable lymphoid markers rapidly progressed to lymphoid BP, the positive predictive value of BP transformation by the detection of myeloid aberrant cells with FC was only 10% (3 of 31).

CONCLUSIONS

In contrast to aberrant myeloid markers, the detection of lymphoid markers by FC at the time of the diagnosis of CP‐CML appears to be associated with early progression to lymphoid BP. Cancer 2015;121:872–875. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Accuracy and risk of malignancy for diagnostic categories in urine cytology at a large tertiary institution
Authors: Chau Karen , Rosen Lisa , Coutsouvelis Constantinos , Fenelus Maly , Brenkert Ryan , Klein Melissa , Stone Gary , Raab Stephen , Aziz Mohamed , Cocker Rubina
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND

At a high‐volume center, it became necessary to provide benchmarks for the accuracy and risk of malignancy per urine cytology diagnostic category. The additive sensitivity for the determination of the residual risk of disease was calculated with the goal of determining the performance of cytology and optimal triage, including the number of urine samples, before the detection of malignancy in surveillance patients.

METHODS

A 2‐year laboratory information system–based search was conducted, and it yielded 587 subjects (695 biopsy and cytology pairs) with histological follow‐up. The sensitivity and specificity of cytology for urothelial malignancy, the risk of malignancy per diagnostic category, the additive sensitivity, and the time for conversion from a negative initial cytology result to a positive cytology result were examined.

RESULTS

The overall average sensitivity and specificity of cytology were 48.9% and 83.0%, respectively. The additive sensitivity increased with each subsequent cytology and peaked with the third cytology. A median conversion time of 22.2 months from a negative initial cytology result to a positive cytology result and a decline in predictive positive cytology after the fourth cytology were noted. Subcategorization of the atypical category failed to show statistical significance in predicting outcomes of biopsy. Surveillance subjects, as compared to primary subjects, showed a higher sensitivity for the detection of high and low grade cancers.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings suggest that atypia favoring malignancy is being appropriately flagged. However, further definition of the atypical category is needed to increase specificity with a better qualitative or quantitative morphological algorithm. This study provides a risk of malignancy for each category for benchmarking and clinical triage. The data suggest that follow‐up should include at least 4 consecutive urine specimens over a period of 22.2 months. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2015;123:10–8. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Responsive Aqueous Foams
Authors: Fameau Anne‐Laure , Carl Adrian , Saint‐Jalmes Arnaud , von Klitzing Regine
Published: November 2014

Remarkable properties have emerged recently for aqueous foams, including ultrastability and responsiveness. Responsive aqueous foams refer to foams for which the stability can be switched between stable and unstable states with a change in environment or with external stimuli. Responsive foams have been obtained from various foam stabilizers, such as surfactants, proteins, polymers, and particles, and with various stimuli. Different strategies have been developed to design this type of soft material. We briefly review the two main approaches used to obtain responsive foams. The first approach is based on the responsiveness of the interfacial layer surrounding the gas bubbles, which leads to responsive foams. The second approach is based on modifications that occur in the aqueous phase inside the foam liquid channels to tune the foam stability. We will highlight the most sophisticated approaches, which use light, temperature, and magnetic fields and lead to switchable foam stability.
A method to model the transient performance of high frequency vibration in crystal growth
Authors: Li XiaoLong , Zhu YunZhong , Liu YuLan , Wang Biao
Published: November 2014

A general method to quantitatively study the transient fluctuation related to the high frequency vibration in crystal growth is developed. An example during the Czochralski crystal growth has been simulated, and the simulation coincides with the experimental date. On basis of the model, the influence of vibration frequency on the transient fluctuations for temperature and velocity are elucidated. Then an available approach to control the vibration effect is proposed.
A simple control scheme for a single stage flyback LED driver
Authors: Wang Jian‐Min , Wu Sen‐Tung , Yen Shang‐Chin , Lin Jing‐Yuan
Published: November 2014

This study proposes a simple control scheme for using single‐stage flyback (SSF) converters in lighting source applications for LEDs. Among the advantages of the average current mode is an I/O current ripple that is only one‐half of the critical conduction mode (CRM). This condition helps extend the output capacitor lifetime while lowering the input EMI capacitance input EMI capacitance. The SSF converter proposed in this study operates in continuous conduction mode (CCM). In addition, two sample‐and‐hold (S/H) circuits are placed at the output voltage loop and feed‐forward path, respectively. Since these S/H circuits access the average output current and average feed‐forward voltage, the LED driver is unaffected by the 120‐Hz ripple noise, the total harmonic distortion (THD) is reduced, and the transient response of the output current is improved. Finally, the operation principles and design considerations of the studied LED driver are analyzed and discussed. A laboratory prototype is also designed and tested to verify the feasibility. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tumors of the neural crest: Common themes in development and cancer
Authors: Maguire Lillias H. , Thomas Alyssa R. , Goldstein Allan M.
Published: November 2014

The neural crest (NC) is a remarkable transient structure in the vertebrate embryo that gives rise to a highly versatile population of pluripotent cells that contribute to the formation of multiple tissues and organs throughout the body. In order to achieve their task, NC‐derived cells have developed specialized mechanisms to promote (1) their transition from an epithelial to a mesenchymal phenotype, (2) their capacity for extensive migration and cell proliferation, and (3) their ability to produce diverse cell types largely depending on the microenvironment encountered during and after their migratory path. Following embryogenesis, these same features of cellular motility, invasion, and proliferation can become a liability by contributing to tumorigenesis and metastasis. Ample evidence has shown that cancer cells have cleverly co‐opted many of the genetic and molecular features used by developing NC cells. This review focuses on tumors that arise from NC‐derived tissues and examines mechanistic themes shared during their oncogenic and metastatic development with embryonic NC cell ontogeny.Developmental Dynamics 244:311–322, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pulmonary arterial capacitance in patients with heart failure and reactive pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Dragu Robert , Rispler Shmuel , Habib Manhal , Sholy Haitham , Hammerman Haim , Galie Nazzareno , Aronson Doron
Published: November 2014

Aims

Reactive pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe form of PH secondary to left‐sided heart failure (HF). Given the structural and functional abnormalities in the pulmonary vasculature that occur in reactive PH, we hypothesized that pulmonary artery capacitance (PAC) may be profoundly affected, with implications for clinical outcome.

Methods and results

We studied 393 HF patients of whom 124 (32%) were classified as having passive PH and 140 (36%) as having reactive PH, and 91 patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Mean PAC was highest in patients without PH (4.5 ± 2.1 mL/mmHg), followed by the passive PH group (2.8 ± 1.4 mL/mmHg) and was lowest in those with reactive PH (1.8 ± 0.7 mL/mmHg) (P = 0.0001). PAC and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) fitted well to a hyperbolic inverse relationship (PAC = 0.25/PVR, R2 = 0.70), with reactive PH patients dispersed almost predominantly on the flat part of the curve where a reduction in PVR is associated with a small improvement in PAC. Elevated PCWP was associated with a significant lowering of PAC for any PVR (P = 0.036). During a median follow‐up of 31 months, both reactive PH [hazard ratio (HR) 2.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14–4.46, P = 0.02] and reduced PAC (HR 0.72 per 1 mL/mmHg increase, 95% CI 0.59–0.88, P = 0.001) were independent predictors of mortality.

Conclusions

The development of reactive PH is associated with a marked reduction in PAC. PAC is a strong independent haemodynamic marker of mortality in HF and may contribute to the increased mortality associated with reactive PH.
Alloreactive regulatory T cells generated with retinoic acid prevent skin allograft rejection
Authors: Moore Carolina , Tejon Gabriela , Fuentes Camila , Hidalgo Yessia , Bono Maria R. , Maldonado Paula , Fernandez Ricardo , Wood Kathryn J. , Fierro Juan A. , Rosemblatt Mario , Sauma Daniela , Bushell Andrew
Published: November 2014

CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells mediate immunological self‐tolerance and suppress immune responses. Retinoic acid (RA), a natural metabolite of vitamin A, has been reported to enhance the differentiation of Treg cells in the presence of TGF‐β. In this study, we show that the co‐culture of naive T cells from C57BL/6 mice with allogeneic antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) from BALB/c mice in the presence of TGF‐β, RA, and IL‐2 resulted in a striking enrichment of Foxp3+ T cells. These RA in vitro‐induced regulatory T (RA‐iTreg) cells did not secrete Th1‐, Th2‐, or Th17‐related cytokines, showed a nonbiased homing potential, and expressed several cell surface molecules related to Treg‐cell suppressive potential. Accordingly, these RA‐iTreg cells suppressed T‐cell proliferation and inhibited cytokine production by T cells in in vitro assays. Moreover, following adoptive transfer, RA‐iTreg cells maintained Foxp3 expression and their suppressive capacity. Finally, RA‐iTreg cells showed alloantigen‐specific immunosuppressive capacity in a skin allograft model in immunodeficient mice. Altogether, these data indicate that functional and stable allogeneic‐specific Treg cells may be generated using TGF‐β, RA, and IL‐2. Thus, RA‐iTreg cells may have a potential use in the development of more effective cellular therapies in clinical transplantation.
Immobilization of an Anthracene‐Tagged Ruthenium Complex on a 2,4,7‐Trinitrofluoren‐9‐one‐Grafted Silica: Efficiency and Recyclability in Olefin Metathesis Reactions
Authors: Nasrallah Houssein , Pagnoux Anastassiya , Didier Dorian , Magnier Caroline , Toupet Loïc , Guillot Régis , Crévisy Christophe , Mauduit Marc , Schulz Emmanuelle
Published: November 2014

An anthracene group was linked to the N‐heterocyclic carbene moiety of a M71‐SIPr‐type Ru complex. The tagged complex thus obtained was immobilized by charge‐transfer interactions to a 2,4,7‐trinitrofluoren‐9‐one‐grafted passivated silica. The immobilized complex proved to be an efficient olefin metathesis catalyst and was reused five times in a multisubstrate olefin metathesis procedure.
How does hybrid bridging core modification enhance the nonlinear optical properties in donor‐π‐acceptor configuration? A case study of dinitrophenol derivatives
Authors: Muhammad Shabbir , Irfan Ahmad , Shkir Mohd , Chaudhry Aijaz R. , Kalam Abul , AlFaify Salem , Al‐Sehemi Abdullah G. , Al‐Salami A. E. , Yahia I. S. , Xu Hong‐Liang , Su Zhong‐Min
Published: November 2014

This study spotlights the fundamental insights about the structure and static first hyperpolarizability (β) of a series of 2,4‐dinitrophenol derivatives (1–5), which are designed by novel bridging core modifications. The central bridging core modifications show noteworthy effects to modulate the optical and nonlinear optical properties in these derivatives. The derivative systems show significantly large amplitudes of first hyperpolarizability as compared to parent system 1, which are 4, 46, 66, and 90% larger for systems 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively, at Moller–Plesset (MP2)/6‐31G* level of theory. The static first hyperpolarizability and frequency dependent coupled‐perturbed Kohn–Sham first hyperpolarizability are calculated by means of MP2 and density functional theory methods and compared with respective experimental values wherever possible. Using two‐level model with full‐set of parameters dependence of transition energy (ΔΕ), transition dipole moment (μ0) as well as change in dipole moment from ground to excited state (Δμ), the origin of increase in β amplitudes is traced from the change in dipole moment from ground to excited state. The causes of change in dipole moments are further discovered through sum of Mulliken atomic charges and intermolecular charge transfer spotted in frontier molecular orbitals analysis. Additionally, analysis of conformational isomers and UV‐Visible spectra has been also performed for all designed derivatives. Thus, our present investigation provides novel and explanatory insights on the chemical nature and origin of intrinsic nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of 2,4‐dinitrophenol derivatives. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The First Triple‐Stranded Helical Metallosupramolecule with Metal Cluster Core
Authors: Kao Hsien‐Chang , Tang Shang‐Wei , Wang Wen‐Jwu
Published: November 2014

An unprecedented 3D framework, [Ag(Ag6(C2‐Me‐(Mepdz)2)3(CH3CN))2](ClO4)13, has been synthesized by using a ligand with both rigid pyridazine and flexible hydrazone segments, which represents to the best of our knowledge, the first example of metallosupramolecule built by the triple‐stranded helixes sharing the same penta‐silver core.
AdipoQ T45 G and G276 T Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Among Asian Populations: A Meta‐Analysis and Meta‐Regression
Authors: Wang Bai‐Fang , Wang Ying , Ao Ran , Tong Jing , Wang Bing‐Yuan
Published: November 2014

Background

Adiponectin (AdipoQ) is an adipose‐derived plasma protein that plays an important role in hepatic lipoprotein–lipid metabolism. Emerging evidence have shown that two common polymorphisms (T45 G and G276 T) in the AdipoQ gene may contribute to increasing susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); however individually published studies show inconclusive results. This meta‐analysis aimed to derive a more precise estimation of the association of AdipoQ T45 G (rs2241766 T>G) and G276 T (rs1501299 G>T) polymorphisms with NAFLD risk.

Method

Potential relevant studies were identified covering the following databases: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Bio‐medicine Database (CBM), and Chinese Sci‐tech Journals databases. Statistical analyses were calculated using the version 12.0 STATA software (Stata Corp, College Station, TX, USA). Odds ratios (ORs) and its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated.

Result

Ten case–control studies were included with a total of 2,672 subjects, of these 1,117 being NAFLD patients and 1,555 being healthy controls. Our meta‐analysis results revealed that the T variant of AdipoQ rs2241766 T>G polymorphism may be associated with an increased risk of NAFLD. There was also a significant association between the G variant of AdipoQ rs1501299 G>T polymorphism and an increased risk of NAFLD. Country‐stratified analysis indicated that a higher AdipoQ rs2241766 T>G polymorphism was closely related with an increased risk of NAFLD in Chinese and Indian populations (all Ps < 0.05); a similar result was observed in Chinese populations between AdipoQ rs2241766 T>G polymorphism and an increased risk of NAFLD (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

In conclusion, the current meta‐analysis indicates that AdipoQ rs2241766 T>G and rs1501299 G>T polymorphisms may contribute to an increasing susceptibility to NAFLD. Moreover, this meta‐analysis also suggests for future larger studies with stratified case–control population, and greater focus on the gene–environment interactions regarding NAFLD susceptibility for valid studies.
Transcriptomics of developing embryos and organs: A raising tool for evo–devo
Authors: Pantalacci Sophie , Sémon Marie
Published: November 2014

Comparative transcriptomics has become an important tool for revisiting many evo–devo questions and exploring new ones, and its importance is likely to increase in the near future, partly because RNA‐seq data open many new possibilities. The aim of this opinion piece is twofold. In the first section, we discuss the particularities of transcriptomic studies in evo–devo, focusing mainly on RNA‐seq data. The preliminary processing steps (getting coding sequences as well as expression levels) are challenging, because many studied species do not have a sequenced genome. The next step (interpreting expression differences) is also challenging, due to several issues with interpreting expression levels in complex tissues, managing developmental stages and species heterochronies, and the problem of conceptualizing expression differences. In the second section, we discuss some past and possible future applications of transcriptomic approaches (using microarray or RNA‐seq) to three major themes in evo–devo: the evolution of the developmental toolkit, the genetic and developmental basis for phenotypic changes, and the general rules of the evolution of development. We believe that conceptual and technical tools are necessary in order to fully exploit the richness of multispecies transcriptomic time–series data. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 324B: 363–371, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided pancreatic duct drainage
Authors: Fujii‐Lau Larissa L. , Levy Michael J.
Published: November 2014

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has evolved from a purely diagnostic procedure to one with therapeutic capabilities. One of the most challenging therapeutic intervention for endosonographers is EUS‐guided pancreatic drainage. The development of this technique has allowed access and drainage of the main pancreatic duct after failed endoscopic retrograde pancreatography and can avoid invasive procedures such as surgical and percutaneous interventions. This review discusses the indications, technique, challenges, and an algorithmic approach to EUS‐guided pancreatic drainage.
Fiscal Rules and the Pro‐cyclicality of Public Investment in the West African Economic and Monetary Union
Authors: Dessus Sébastien , Diaz‐Sanchez Jose L. , Varoudakis Aristomene
Published: November 2014

Evidence from a large panel of low‐income and lower middle‐income countries over the period 1995–2012 suggests that, contrary to that in other countries, public investment in the West African Economic and Monetary Union has been pro‐cyclical. Public investment contracts more in ‘bad times’ than it increases in ‘good times’ and appears to have become pro‐cyclical since the introduction of the fiscal convergence criteria in 1994. The pro‐cyclicality of public expenditure and the high asymmetry of shocks that affect West African Economic and Monetary Union countries justify exploring options for greater counter‐cyclicality of rules‐based fiscal frameworks and for risk sharing. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Bilirubin Oxidation by Benzoyl Peroxide in Dimethyl Sulfoxide
Authors: SEREBRYAKOVA MARIA K. , SOLOMONOV ALEXEY V. , RUMYANTSEV EVGENIY V. , IVANOV SERGEI P.
Published: November 2014

The kinetics of the redox reaction of bilirubin by the action of benzoyl peroxide in dimethyl sulfoxide was analyzed. It is shown that the first reaction product is biliverdin, which oxidizes to purpurin and further to choletelin. The kinetic and activation parameters of the oxidation reactions were obtained. A kinetic model of the process was proposed. An assumed route of the reaction is related to the exchange interaction of CH protons of methylene and methine spacers with free radicals in the rate‐limiting step with the further destruction of the “ridge‐tile” pigment conformation. The mechanism steps are confirmed by quantum‐chemical calculations and HPLC. It is found that in organic solvents the end products of bilirubin oxidation are not monopyrrolic derivatives. The data obtained will be useful in constructing antioxidant action models of the pigment.
Benzothiadiazole‐Containing Conjugated Polyelectrolytes for Biological Sensing and Imaging
Authors: Zhan Ruoyu , Liu Bin
Published: November 2014

This article summarizes the recent advances of benzothiadiazole (BT)‐containing conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) for biological sensing and imaging. After a brief introduction of the molecular design principles, the application of linear BT‐containing CPEs as multicolor or light‐up probes for visual sensing of biomolecules is reviewed. Then, linear, grafted, and hyperbranched BT‐containing CPEs that can self‐assemble into nanoparticles or have intrinsic 3D structures for in vitro and in vivo imaging are summarized. The future outlook of BT‐containing CPEs for biomedical applications is also discussed at the end.

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Tuning Resistive Switching Memory Behavior from Non‐volatile to Volatile by Phenoxy Linkages in Soluble Polyimides Containing Carbazole‐Tethered Triazole Groups
Authors: Shi Lei , Jia Nanfang , Kong Lushi , Qi Shengli , Wu Dezhen
Published: November 2014

Two soluble functional aromatic polyimides (PIs), 6F‐CzTZ PI and 6F‐OCzTZ PI, are synthesized for memory device applications. The chemical structures of the 6F‐CzTZ PI and 6F‐OCzTZ PI are basically identical, with the only difference lying in the incorporation of phenoxy linkages in 6F‐OCzTZ PI. However, vastly different memory behaviors are observed. The 6F‐CzTZ PI displays a non‐volatile write‐once read‐many times (WORM) memory effect with no polarity, while the 6F‐OCzTZ PI exhibits volatile static random access memory (SRAM) characteristics and has polarity. Both the PIs exhibit good long‐term operation stability, survive to 108 reading cycles with no current degradation, and show ultrafast switching with a response time less than 20 ns. The charge‐transfer mechanisms and the roles of the donor and acceptor components in the PIs associated with the electrical switching effect are elucidated on the basis of the experimental and quantum simulation results.

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Triple‐Shape Effect with Adjustable Switching Temperatures in Crosslinked Poly[ethylene‐co‐(vinyl acetate)]
Authors: Nöchel Ulrich , Kumar Uttamchand Narendra , Wang Ke , Kratz Karl , Behl Marc , Lendlein Andreas
Published: November 2014

A triple‐shape capability of copolymer networks enabling a variation of the two switching temperatures Tsws by purely physical functionalization is introduced. The polymer networks obtained by covalently crosslinking of poly[ethylene‐co‐(vinyl acetate)] exhibit a broad melting transition. The influence of the two deformation temperatures Tdeforms applied during programming of the triple‐shape effect (TSE) on the two Tsws is explored. Interestingly, it turns out that the deformation geometry plays an important role in the realizability of this concept. Tensile deformations allow adjusting only one Tsw in the lower melting temperature range of 45 to 60 °C, whereas in bending tests, both Tsws can be varied. Finally, two independent TSEs associated to four different Tsws between 45 and 90 °C can be realized in the same specimen. Shape fixity and shape recovery ratios generally exceed 90%, demonstrating an excellent performance of the triple‐shape function.

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Axonal neuropathy in female carriers of the fragile X premutation with fragile x–associated tremor ataxia syndrome
Authors: Ram Suresh , Devapriya Inoka A. , Fenton Grace , Mcvay Lindsey , Nguyen Danh V. , Tassone Flora , Maselli Ricardo A. , Hagerman Randi J.
Published: November 2014

Introduction: In this study we examined whether females with the fragile X–associated tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) and non‐FXTAS premutation carriers have electrophysiological signs of underlying peripheral neuropathy. Methods: Nerve conduction studies (NCS) were performed on 19 women with FXTAS, 20 non‐FXTAS carriers, and 26 age‐matched controls. The results were compared with existing data on corresponding male carriers. Results: Women with FXTAS and non‐FXTAS carriers had reduced sensory nerve action potential amplitudes. Also, there was a strong trend for reduced compound muscle action potential amplitudes in women with FXTAS, but not in non‐FXTAS carriers. No significant slowing of nerve conduction velocities, prolongation of F‐wave latencies, or associations with molecular measures was observed. Conclusions: This study suggests an underlying axonal neuropathy in women with FXTAS. However, in comparison to men with FXTAS, the NCS abnormalities in women were less severe, possibly due to the effect of a normal X chromosome. Muscle Nerve 52: 234–239, 2015
Quantitative ultrasound of denervated hand muscles
Authors: Simon Neil G. , Ralph Jeffrey W. , Lomen‐Hoerth Catherine , Poncelet Ann N. , Vucic Steve , Kiernan Matthew C. , Kliot Michel
Published: November 2014

Introduction

Presentations to the neuromuscular clinic commonly involve hand muscle denervation, but few studies have evaluated hand muscle ultrasound.

Methods

Ultrasound studies of abductor pollicis brevis, first dorsal interosseous, and abductor digit minimi were prospectively performed in a cohort of 34 patients (77 muscles) with electromyography (EMG)‐confirmed denervation, compared with 58 healthy control subjects.

Results

In control subjects, muscle thickness was highly reproducible [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.88–0.98], and echogenicity was moderately reproducible (ICC = 0.542–0.686). Age, gender, and body mass index influenced muscle thickness and echogenicity. Ultrasound changes in denervated muscles correlated with the severity of EMG abnormalities. A z‐score cutoff of 0 identified denervated muscles with a sensitivity of 100% and 89% for echogenicity and muscle thickness, respectively.

Conclusions

Hand muscle ultrasound provides a noninvasive method to quantify muscle denervation and may be useful as a screening tool before EMG studies. Muscle Nerve 52: 221–230, 2015