bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Musical Works, Cover Versions and Strange Little Girls
Authors: Butler Jan
Published: July 2012

La question de l’ontologie de la musique populaire est souvent abordée par le biais des reprises, ces dernières servant de base à l’étude d’un certain nombre d’idées sur ces questions d’ontologie. En explorant la relation des reprises à l’ontologie des œuvres musicales, on met en place, le plus souvent, un système hiérarchique d’évaluation, peut-être inhérent au concept d’œuvre lui-même, dans lequel la reprise est en général considérée comme inférieure à la version originale. Cependant, on n’étudie que rarement les reprises en détail pour voir comment elles fonctionnent par rapport à l’original, et, par la suite, ce que cela implique pour le concept d’œuvre en musique populaire, et pour le système hiérarchique souvent appliqué aux reprises elles-mêmes. Dans cet article, nous explorons l’ontologie de la musique populaire dans son rapport aux reprises à travers l’étude de l’album de reprises de Tori Amos de 2001 : Strange Little Girls. Cet album est composé de toute une série de reprises interprétatives dans lesquelles la version originale est radicalement modifiée du point de vue musical afin de transformer ou de critiquer la signification de l’original. En étudiant cet album, nous entendons proposer l’idée que la reprise est simultanément une lecture et une interprétation de l’original, ce qui permet de prendre en considération l’importance de l’auditeur dans la définition de l’ontologie de la reprise.
There ain’t just Black in the Atlantic, Jack! Transformations of Masculinity from the Outlaw to the Rebel in Dancehall Reggae
Authors: Zips Werner
Published: July 2012

À contre-courant des discours essentialistes et des explications racialistes sur la responsabilité envers les victimes et/ou des auteurs de violences, ma contribution analysera les formations textuelles et performatives de la violence dans la musique reggae dancehall. Dans cette perspective, je m’intéresserai aux influences tant extérieures que locales, qui contribuent à la construction d’une figure complexe qu’est celle du « Rude Boy ». J’analyserai cette identité sous l’angle des théories de la pratique, notamment à travers le concept bourdieusien d’habitus. La figure du « Rude Boy », analysée sous le prisme de ces « outils analytiques », devrait permettre de questionner certaines des hypothèses paradigmatiques autour du concept d’hybridité développé par Paul Gilroy dans son ouvrage majeur L’Atlantique Noir – Modernité et Double conscience, et qu’il oppose à la revendication de l’« authenticité » d’une pensée essentialiste et nationaliste.
Les membres de sound system techno : du militantisme à la professionnalisation
Authors: Pourtau Lionel
Published: July 2012

On traitera ici de l’évolution des organisateurs de rave clandestine, appelé aussi free parties. Faire partie d’un Sound System techno, c’est beaucoup plus qu’une carrière d’artiste, c’est aussi entrer dans une carrière déviante et militante. Cette carrière a une durée limitée. Le militantisme s’essouffle. On étudiera les évolutions du discours et des pratiques. à quelques exceptions près, on assiste soit, dans la ma jorité des cas, à un arrêt de la pratique, soit à un basculement plus ou moins réussi dans la sphère professionnelle. Une typologie de ces évolutions, appuyés sur des études de terrains et des cas pratiques de fêtes et de concerts sera présentée.
Œuvres musicales, reprises et Strange Little Girls
Authors: Butler Jan
Published: July 2012

La question de l’ontologie de la musique populaire est souvent abordée par le biais des reprises, ces dernières servant de base à l’étude d’un certain nombre d’idées sur ces questions d’ontologie. En explorant la relation des reprises à l’ontologie des œuvres musicales, on met en place, le plus souvent, un système hiérarchique d’évaluation, peut-être inhérent au concept d’œuvre lui-même, dans lequel la reprise est en général considérée comme inférieure à la version originale. Cependant, on n’étudie que rarement les reprises en détail pour voir comment elles fonctionnent par rapport à l’original, et, par la suite, ce que cela implique pour le concept d’œuvre en musique populaire, et pour le système hiérarchique souvent appliqué aux reprises elles-mêmes. Dans cet article, nous explorons l’ontologie de la musique populaire dans son rapport aux reprises à travers l’étude de l’album de reprises de Tori Amos de 2001 : Strange Little Girls. Cet album est composé de toute une série de reprises interprétatives dans lesquelles la version originale est radicalement modifiée du point de vue musical afin de transformer ou de critiquer la signification de l’original. En étudiant cet album, nous entendons proposer l’idée que la reprise est simultanément une lecture et une interprétation de l’original, ce qui permet de prendre en considération l’importance de l’auditeur dans la définition de l’ontologie de la reprise.
Nuut gedink oor die wese en inhoud van die dienswerk van die diaken
Authors: Breed Gert
Published: July 2012

The essence and content of a deacon’s service revisited. In many congregations, there is great uncertainty about the precise duty of the deacon within the congregation. Nowhere in the Bible is the essence and content of a deacon’s service clearly spelled out. The suitability of the Scriptural passages that are often referred to to determine the essence and content of a deacon’s work is widely questioned. Through the ages and in various traditions, the deacon has been entrusted with a wide variety of duties. All of the above necessitates a revisitation of the essence and content of the deacon’s service. This article aims to extract the applicable aspects of the latest research on the diakon word group and apply its meaning to the work of the deacon within the overall ministry of the congregation. In order to achieve this objective, the applicable findings within research, conducted over the last 20 years, on the diakon word group is provided. Then the traditional Biblical substantiation of the essence and content of the deacon’s service is critically reviewed. In conclusion, recommendations are made concerning the meaning of the latest research on the diakon word group for the deacon’s service within the overall ministry of the congregation.
Tuberculosis cross-species transmission in Tanzania: Towards a One-Health concept
Authors: Mbugi Erasto V. , Katale Bugwesa Z. , Kendall Sharon , Good Liam , Kibiki Gibson S. , Keyyu Julius D. , Godfrey-Faussett Peter , Van Helden Paul , Matee Mecky I.
Published: July 2012

For centuries, tuberculosis, which is a chronic infection caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis has remained a global health problem. The global burden of tuberculosis has increased, particularly in the Southern African region, mainly due to HIV, and inadequate health systems which has in turn given rise to emergent drug resistant tuberculosis (TB) strains. Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) has also emerged as a significant disease with the tendency for inter-species spread. The extent of interspecies BTB transmission both in urban and rural communities has not been adequately assessed. The phenomenon is of particular importance in rural communities where people share habitats with livestock and wildlife (particularly in areas near national parks and game reserves). Aerosol and oral intake are the major routes of transmission from diseased to healthy individuals, with health care workers often contracting infection nosocomially. Although TB control has increasingly been achieved in high-income countries, the disease, like other poverty-related infections, has continued to be a disaster in countries with low income economies. Transmission of infections occurs not only amongst humans but also between animals and humans (and occasionally vice versa) necessitating assessment of the extent of transmission at their interface. This review explores tuberculosis as a disease of humans which can cross-transmit between humans, livestock and wildlife. The review also addresses issues underlying the use of molecular biology, genetic sequencing and bioinformatics as t tools to understand the extent of inter-species cross-transmission of TB in a ‘One Health’ context.
Detecting hotspots of atmosphere-vegetation interaction via slowing down – Part 1: A stochastic approach
Authors: Bathiany S. , Claussen M. , Fraedrich K.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. An analysis of so-called Early Warning Signals (EWS) is proposed to identify the spatial origin of a sudden transition that results from a loss in stability of a current state. EWS, such as rising variance and autocorrelation, can be indicators of an increased relaxation time (slowing down). One particular problem of EWS-based predictions is the requirement of sufficiently long time series. Spatial EWS have been suggested to alleviate this problem by combining different observations from the same time. However, the benefit of EWS has only been shown in idealized systems of predefined spatial extent. In a more general context like a complex climate system model, the critical subsystem that exhibits a loss in stability (hotspot) and the critical mode of the transition may be unknown. In this study we document this problem with a simple stochastic model of atmosphere vegetation interaction where EWS at individual grid cells are not always detectable before a vegetation collapse as the local loss in stability can be small. However, we suggest that EWS can be applied as a diagnostic tool to find the hotspot of a sudden transition and to distinguish this hotspot from regions experiencing an induced tipping. For this purpose we present a scheme which identifies a hotspot as a certain combination of grid cells which maximize an EWS. The method can provide information on the causality of sudden transitions and may help to improve the knowledge on the susceptibility of climate models and other systems.
Climatic and geologic controls on suspended sediment flux in the Sutlej River Valley, western Himalaya
Authors: Wulf H. , Bookhagen B. , Scherler D.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. The sediment flux through Himalayan rivers directly impacts water quality and is important for sustaining agriculture as well as maintaining drinking-water and hydropower generation. Despite the recent increase in demand for these resources, little is known about the triggers and sources of extreme sediment flux events, which lower water quality and account for extensive hydropower reservoir filling and turbine abrasion. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the spatiotemporal trends in suspended sediment flux based on daily data during the past decade (2001–2009) from four sites along the Sutlej River and from four of its main tributaries. In conjunction with satellite data depicting rainfall and snow cover, air temperature and earthquake records, and field observations, we infer climatic and geologic controls of peak suspended sediment concentration (SSC) events. Our study identifies three key findings: First, peak SSC events (≥ 99th SSC percentile) coincide frequently (57–80%) with heavy rainstorms and account for about 30% of the suspended sediment flux in the semi-arid to arid interior of the orogen. Second, we observe an increase of suspended sediment flux from the Tibetan Plateau to the Himalayan Front at mean annual timescales. This sediment-flux gradient suggests that averaged, modern erosion in the western Himalaya is most pronounced at frontal regions, which are characterized by high monsoonal rainfall and thick soil cover. Third, in seven of eight catchments, we find an anticlockwise hysteresis loop of annual sediment flux variations with respect to river discharge, which appears to be related to enhanced glacial sediment evacuation during late summer. Our analysis emphasizes the importance of unconsolidated sediments in the high-elevation sector that can easily be mobilized by hydrometeorological events and higher glacial-meltwater contributions. In future climate change scenarios, including continuous glacial retreat and more frequent monsoonal rainstorms across the Himalaya, we expect an increase in peak SSC events, which will decrease the water quality and impact hydropower generation.
Globalization, the Human Condition and Sustainable Development in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Heshmati Almas , Tausch Arno , Brand Ulrich
Published: July 2012

Globalization, the Human Condition and Sustainable Development in the Twenty-first Century: Cross-national Perspectives and European Implications is a cross-national, 175-nation-based exploration of the deep crisis in which Europe currently finds itself. Investigating the effects of dependency theory and world-systems theory upon the global success of eight dimensions of development  including democracy, environmental sustainability, employment, social cohesion, high-quality tertiary education and gender justice  this study argues that the current European crisis has been precipitated by the pro-globalist policies of the European Commission, and that in the near future these policies threaten to enter Europe into a destructive race to the bottom.
Molière on Stage
Authors: Goldsby Robert W.
Published: July 2012

Molière on Stage takes the reader onstage, backstage and into the audience of Molières plays, analyzing the performance of his works in both his own time and in ours. Written by a professional stage director with over fifty years experience directing and translating Molière, this text explores how the playwright strove to create a communal experience of shared laughter, and investigates four key topics relating to this achievement: Molières early experiences that lead to his later theater experiences; his central great plays of love and lust; his comedic genius and his passion for the stage; and the final words and performances of his life.
Transcription et édition critique des notes de voyage de François Edme Rameau de Saint-Père, en Acadie, en 1860
Authors: LeBlanc Ronnie-Gilles
Published: July 2012

Durant le voyage que François Edme Rameau de Saint-Père a effectué en Acadie, en 1860, il a noté sous forme de journal ses impressions de voyage. Depuis son départ de Boston en juillet 1860, jusqu’au terme de son voyage dans le comté de Bonaventure à la fin août de la même année, Rameau de Saint-Père a noté au jour le jour les principaux événements qui ont marqué son périple en terre d’Acadie. Quoique ces notes aient fait l’objet de deux publications, la majeure partie en est restée à l’état manuscrit. Le texte présente donc ces notes manuscrites, qui ont été déposées au Centre d’études acadiennes Anselme-Chiasson au cours des années 1950 et qui ont été disponibles pour la recherche depuis les années 1960. Or, comme ces notes manuscrites ne sont pas facilement compréhensibles, c’est donc en vue de les rendre accessibles aux chercheurs qu’elles ont été transcrites. Pour en faciliter la compréhension, elles seront agrémentées de notes critiques ou d’annotations et de commentaires.
J.-Thomas LeBlanc et le mystère des Contes d’Acadie
Authors: Labelle Ronald
Published: July 2012

Le manuscrit anonyme intitulé Contes d’Acadie a été découvert par l’archiviste Ronald LeBlanc en 1963. Au Centre d’études acadiennes, le texte a suscité l’intérêt de plusieurs ethnologues, ainsi que de l’auteur Régis Brun, qui s’en est inspiré dans son roman intitulé La Mariecomo. À la suite d’un examen minutieux des fonds d’archives se rapportant au manuscrit, nous avons pu attribuer sa création à Thomas LeBlanc, journaliste et folkloriste qui a oeuvré à Moncton entre 1938 et 1943. Il s’agirait d’une oeuvre inachevée, que LeBlanc aurait rédigée pendant sa jeunesse, plusieurs années avant d’entreprendre une collecte scientifique de chansons traditionnelles acadiennes. On y trouve cinq contes littéraires, dont trois seraient basés sur des traditions orales. Comme il n’existe aucun autre texte de ce genre dans la littérature acadienne de la première moitié du xxe siècle, il s’avère intéressant de connaître le parcours singulier de son auteur.
Carbon Nanotube Polymer Composites
Authors: Nobile Maria Rossella
Published: July 2012

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have excellent mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties, and they are considered to be potential ideal fillers in polymers to produce low weight nanocomposites of high performance. This article reviews the thermal, rheological, mechanical, and electrical properties of CNT polymer composites. The crystallization behavior of polymer nanocomposites in the presence of CNTs is discussed because it strongly influences the mechanical properties of the filled polymers. It is, then, shown that the investigation of the rheological properties of CNT composite melts is fundamental to the comprehension of the dynamics and microstructure of CNT polymer composites. New results of the linear viscoelastic behavior and steady‐shear flow of CNT polymer composites are reported and analyzed. After that, the critical issue of the transfer of the superior properties of the CNTs to the nanocomposites is reviewed and discussed. Effective reinforcement can occur only if an adequate interfacial adhesion between the phases is obtained and a stable homogeneous dispersion of the individual CNTs in the host polymer matrix is achieved. If this event occurs, CNT polymer composites show significant improvements in the mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of the polymer matrix; the literature results are summarized and discussed.
Automotive Composites
Authors: Chawla Krishan K. , Chawla Nikhilesh
Published: July 2012

Typically, advanced materials such as composites make first inroads into areas where performance is at a premium, such as aerospace, defense, and sporting cars where cost is not the driving force. Slowly and steadily, as such materials become cost‐effective and as engineers gain confidence in their use, they move into higher volume applications such as in the automotive industry. One can safely say that in the twenty‐first century, the use of composite materials, especially polymer composites, in the automotive industry is more or less the norm.

In this article, we provide an overview of the use of composites in automotive vehicles. The emphasis is on novel applications of composites in the automotive sector rather than routine substitution of conventional monolithic materials with composites. The term, automotive vehicles, includes passenger cars, sport utility vehicles, vans, trucks, buses, and recreational vehicles.
CarbonFiber: Properties, Testing, and Analysis
Authors: Shamsuddin Siti‐Ros , Chee Ho Kingsley Kin , Lee Koon‐Yang , Hodgkinson John M. , Bismarck Alexander
Published: July 2012

Carbon fibers have been widely used in fibre‐reinforced composites where strength‐to‐weight ratio is of upmost importance. In this article, a brief discussion of the production of PAN‐based carbon fibers is presented. The characterization of the physical and chemical properties of carbon fibers is discussed. Following this, the methods of quantifying the wettability and surface properties of carbon fibers are outlined. We also present the method of measuring the tensile properties of a single carbon fibre. Finally, a brief outline is given on the quantification of the fibre–matrix interface, which is the key that determines the mechanical performance of the composites.
CharacterizationAdapted fromCharacterization, First Edition.
Authors: Paul Charles W. , Palley Igor
Published: July 2012

This article offers an overview of the characterization of composites, the techniques use, and their limitations. In particular, morphological and mechanical characterization are discussed. The first can be studied on three levels: macroscopic, microscopic, and atomic/molecular. These three levels of characterizations and the techniques used for their observations are discussed in the first part of the article.

In the second part, experimental methods for characterizing the mechanical properties of engineering materials are discussed. These methods can be generally classified as those based on measuring the response to mechanical probing (traditional mechanical testing) and nonmechanical probing, which is also known asnondestructive evaluation. Various aspects of mechanical probing methods, such as the loading rate, the type of loading, and the stress state are presented. Moreover, relevant properties for composites such as thermal, electrical, and electromagnetic properties are presented.
Composites for Structural Strengthening
Authors: Balsamo Alberto , Di Ludovico Marco , Piero Lignola Gian , Prota Andrea , Manfredi Gaetano , Cosenza Edoardo
Published: July 2012

Fiber‐reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have been used in aerospace and marine applications for more than 50 years and are now increasingly being used in the construction industry especially in the field of repair and retrofit of damaged or deteriorating existing structures. The interest of the research community in the field of structural maintenance and protection as well as of structural safety against environmental actions such as seismic ones has strongly grown owing to high losses related to recent catastrophic natural events. Therefore, more resources have been employed for repairing, retrofitting, and strengthening existing concrete, masonry, steel, and timber structures. In this field, the use of composite materials involving new types of fibers and matrices is becoming an attractive alternative to traditional systems. The primary reasons for which civil engineers select them are related to FRPs high values of specific stiffness and strength as well as their high durability, versatility, and ease of installation. In addition, composite materials may be employed to guarantee the safety and preservation of structures damaged by seismic or catastrophic events even in nonstandard situations (e.g., emergency), such as to retrofit buildings of significant historical and artistic interest for which priority must be given to the requirements of “reversibility” and “transparency” of the strengthening solution. For the mentioned fields of civil engineering, in the following sections, a review of common applications of composite materials on existing buildings is presented; the structural capacity increase achieved by their use as well as the strategies and benefits provided by composites with respect to traditional systems are also illustrated.
Composite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Navarro Melba , Planell Josep A.
Published: July 2012

Bone is a composite material that combines both organic and inorganic phases into a complex structure with extraordinary mechanical properties. Numerous synthetic systems have been developed and are under investigation to create composites for the fabrication of both fixation devices and templates for the repair and regeneration of bone tissue. In the case of tissue engineering, the development of new scaffolds able to support and stimulate cell ingrowth and differentiation is of main importance. In this context, parameters such as the material nature, its physical and chemical properties as well as the structural and morphological properties of the 3D constructs are of paramount importance for the successful outcome of the scaffold‐based tissue engineering approach. A wide range of natural and synthetic polymers as well as numerous fabrication techniques have been used in the development of new 3D scaffolds for the regeneration of bone tissue. In this article, a comprehensive overview of the different materials and methods used for the elaboration of these structures is given as well as a thorough description of the role and relevance of the surface properties of materials and their implications in the biological response.
Out‐of‐Autoclave Prepreg Processing
Authors: Louis Bryan , Ermanni Paolo
Published: July 2012

Out‐of‐autoclave (OOA) preimpregnated (prepreg) materials are a prospective alternative to traditional autoclave (AC) processing, with the potential to reduce processing costs and build structures without size limitations imposed by the AC. OOA prepregs differ from AC‐processed prepregs in that they are designed to be processed only with a vacuum bag and oven curing. This article details the state‐of‐the‐art carbon/epoxy OOA prepreg systems. These systems are able to achieve void levels and mechanical properties similar to that of carbon/epoxy AC‐processed prepregs. In this article, a brief insight into the processing of OOA prepregs is given for the following topics: laminate gas transport, vacuum bagging, tooling, and debulking.
Cutting and Machining of Polymer Composites
Authors: Sheikh‐Ahmad Jamal Y. , Davim JoÃo Paulo
Published: July 2012

This article discusses the phenomena of machining of fiber‐reinforced polymer composites by conventional and nonconventional means. First, the underlying principles of machining by a wedge‐shaped tool are discussed and the application of these principles to the distinctive structure of fiber‐reinforced polymers is delineated. The influence of fiber orientation on the chip formation mode, cutting forces, and surface roughness is explained. Machinability of composites in terms of tool wear and surface roughness is discussed in processes such as turning, milling, drilling, and abrasive machining. Finally, kerf formation in laser and abrasive waterjet machining is discussed. The factors affecting machinability in terms of kerf width, taper, and surface roughness are also discussed.
Electro‐ and Electroless Deposited Composite Coatings: Preparation, Characteristics, and Applications
Authors: Sankara Narayanan T. S. N. , Seshadri S. K.
Published: July 2012

The idea of codepositing various second‐phase particles in electrodeposited (ED) or electroless deposited (EL) metal or alloy matrix and thereby taking advantage of their desirable qualities, such as hardness, wear and abrasion resistance, and corrosion resistance, has led to the development of ED and EL composite coatings with a wide range of possible combinations and properties. This article presents an overview of the deposition methodologies involved in preparing ED and EL composite coatings, the mechanism of codeposition of particles, challenges and issues on particle incorporation in the metal matrix, particularly on the dispersibility of particles, and the interaction between particle and metal matrix during deposition. In addition, the influence of particle incorporation on the nucleation, plating rate, adhesion, surface appearance, roughness, microstructure, texture, hardness, tribological characteristics, and corrosion resistance of composite coatings, and some of the key applications of composite coatings are addressed.
Externally Bonded Reinforced Concrete Structures
Authors: Di Ludovico Marco , Ceroni Francesca , Piero Lignola Gian , Prota Andrea , Manfredi Gaetano , Cosenza Edoardo
Published: July 2012

Fiber‐reinforced polymer (FRP) materials have been emerged as very effective and reliable materials for the repair, strengthening, and retrofitting of existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures. After a brief introduction on the variety of FRP materials and strengthening techniques for applications on civil structures, the basic principles for designing different strengthening configurations with these materials are herein presented and discussed. First, the bond mechanism, at the base of the structural performance of each type of external strengthening with FRP materials, is discussed both for externally bonded reinforcements (EBR) usually applied in the shape of sheets and plates and for near surface‐mounted (NSM) reinforcements usually applied in the shape of bars or strips. Then, flexural, shear, and confinement applications are examined in detail and the basic mechanical principles of performing safety verifications are illustrated with reference to both provisions from current international design guidelines and innovative theories from up to date scientific literature. Finally, an overview on the potentialities of FRP materials for seismic strengthening is presented.
Foamed Cores
Authors: Sorrentino Luigi , Iannace Salvatore
Published: July 2012

Foamed cores are widely employed in lightweight structures, in particular, sandwich structures where they are used in alternative to honeycombs. Among the advantages compared to honeycombs foams show higher thermal and acoustic insulation and higher resistance to humidity and barrier to vapor and gases.

Foamed cores in sandwich structures are usually based on polymeric matrices. The cellular structure of these lightweight materials is usually obtained through a controlled nucleation and growth of gas bubbles within a polymeric melt, in the case of thermoplastics or during the polymerization reactions occurring in the case of thermosets.

Metallic foams are employed in applications where very high impact energy is required or when service temperatures exceed 200–250°C. At service temperature above 500–600°C ceramic porous structures are preferred.
Interphase in Fiber‐Reinforced Composites
Authors: Jones Frank R.
Published: July 2012

The interphase in a fiber‐polymer composite arises from the interaction of the fiber surface with the matrix during processing. This can be a result of adsorption of matrix components or the presence of a polymeric coating (or sizing) on the fiber. The origin of an interphase in carbon, glass, and advanced polymer fiber composites is considered in detail. The role of an interphase on mechanical properties of a composite is also discussed. The concept of molecular engineering of the interphase is also introduced.
Joining: Mechanical Fastening of Polymers, Composites, and Polymer–Metal Hybrid StructuresReprinted with updating changes from Polymer Engineering & Science 49 (8), pp. 1461–1476, 2009, Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).
Authors: de Traglia Amancio‐Filho Sergio , Abibe André Bastos , Dos Santos Jorge Fernandez
Published: July 2012

The development of new materials and fabrication techniques has become a matter of success for the industry. Polymers, polymeric composites, and polymer–metal structures are being increasingly employed in several products mainly because of the associated weight savings. Mechanical fastening is one of the main joining methods for polymer and polymeric composites along with adhesive bonding and welding. On the other hand, polymer–metal structures are more difficult to join by traditional joining methods, mostly because of their strong dissimilar physical‐chemical features. Constant efforts on developing improved alternative joining techniques for these hybrid structures, such as the FricRiveting, injection clinching joining (ICJ), collar joining, and injection over molding, have contributed to the dissemination of such structures in industrial applications. This article intends to tackle the basic principles of the mechanical fastening for polymers, composites, and polymer–metal hybrid structures, with emphasis on the description of the main mechanical fastening techniques available for this category of materials as well as on recent developments with future short to medium term potential of industrial application. Finally, this work intends to show that the field of mechanical fastening of polymers, polymeric composites, and polymer–metal hybrid structures for industrial applications is still a growing research and development area. This is due to the increasing aspirations for more environmental friendly technologies and lightweight materials.
Machining of Composites
Authors: Sadat Abdul B.
Published: July 2012

A description of various techniques used in machining composites is presented here. Traditional machining operations damage the surface and subsurface, leading to premature failure of mechanical components in service. The cause of the damages is attributed to the presence of reinforced agents used in strengthening the base material and the interaction between the tool cutting region and the workpiece. The severity of the damaged zone is affected by the volume fraction of the reinforced agents, machining parameters, and cutting tool geometry. Diamond cutting tools have proven to be effective and are recommended in conventional machining of composites. To overcome some of the difficulties associated with traditional machining, the use of nontraditional machining methods is on the rise and shows a promising future.
Material Selection: Polymeric Composites Matrix
Authors: Cicala Gianluca , Lo Faro Carmelo
Published: July 2012

The present articles deals with polymeric matrixes for composite systems. Both thermoplastic and thermoset matrixes are discussed with reference to their structure‐property relationship, processing techniques, and application exploitation. The more recent modification strategies for tailoring of relevant matrix properties are presented in this article. Owing to the complexity of the subject preferentially commercially viable solutions were presented. The idea behind this choice is to give the readers useful references to what is readily available on the market to help them to address design choices or, for new comers in composite field, to give them a quick and practical update of the most used polymeric matrixes for composites. Nonetheless, for some specific topics such as, for example, nanocomposites and green composites, some recent results from fundamental research are given. The perspectives are also discussed with reference to state of the art.
Metal Matrix Composites: Aluminum
Authors: Singh Harpreet , Dhindaw Brij Kumar
Published: July 2012

Metal matrix composites in general consist of at least two chemically and physically dissimilar phases, which are distributed so as to provide properties not obtainable by either of the individual phases. In aluminum matrix composites, the matrix is mainly aluminum or aluminum alloy, in which some continuous fibrous materials such as Al2O3or particulates such as SiC are reinforced. Since aluminum alloys have low density, excellent strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance, they have been considered extensively in the aerospace and automotive applications. The article details the classification, processing, salient properties, and applications of the aluminum matrix composites.
Metal Matrix Composites: Continuous Silicon‐Carbide Fibers/Titanium‐Alloy Matrix
Authors: Martin Eric , CarrÉre Nicolas
Published: July 2012

Titanium matrix composites (TMCs) are candidate materials for use in gas turbine engines to design highly loaded components. This article focuses on damage mechanisms in TMCs. Longitudinal and transverse loading are both considered. Constitutive laws based on micromechanics are described. It is shown that these approaches can be used to model real structures such as a compressor ring reinforced by a TMC.
Metal Matrix Composites: Design Methodology
Authors: Lo Conte Antonietta
Published: July 2012

Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are materials that exhibit unusual property combinations and unique design possibilities. This article provides an overview of techniques for analysis in the design of MMC materials. Starting with the micromechanics of the reinforcement and matrix, methods that account for damage initiation and evolution are considered. The inhomogeneous composite is represented by a homogeneous material, which is often anisotropic, with the effective properties of the composite. Properties of interest for evaluating stress and strain are as follows: elastic engineering properties, coefficient of thermal expansion and thermal conductivity, yield strength, and hardening parameters. Thermomechanical loading is considered to be an integral aspect of stress analysis with MMCs. Approach to achieve higher levels of performance in critical industrial applications with copper matrix composites, high conductivity composites, nanoscale composites, are also discussed.
Molding: Compression
Authors: Isayev Avraam I.
Published: July 2012

A brief overview of various compression and injection‐compression molding technologies for manufacturing of composites is presented. Important aspects involved in molding are considered, including molding schemes and various stages of processes, various compounds and ingredients used for their preparation, and compounding methods utilized. A complex rheology of prepared compounds and kinetics of curing reactions occurring during manufacturing of products are considered. Some modeling aspects of compression molding processes are elucidated, including the mold filling and fiber orientation. Various products made by compression molding of sheet molding compounds, bulk molding compounds, glass‐mat‐reinforced thermoplastics, and long fiber‐reinforced thermoplastics are presented. Finally, existing and future possibilities and challenges in a further advancement of technologies for industrial applications are discussed.
Nondestructive Evaluation Methods for Composites: Ultrasonic Measurements and Image Analysis Application on Testing in Extreme Conditions
Authors: Volkov‐Husović Tatjana , Martinović Sanja , Dimitrijević Marija , Dojcinovic Marina , Majstorović Jelena , Matović Branko
Published: July 2012

This article deals with nondestructive testing methods such are ultrasonic measurements and image analysis as applied to the thermal stability testing of materials. Image analysis is also used to determine damage to the surface during the cavitation resistance testing. Possibilities of the used nondestructive methods and results of their application are discussed on the basis of the obtained results for low cement, high alumina castables.
Composite Processes in Aeronautics
Authors: Palmer Raymond J.
Published: July 2012

Many production methods of fabrication processes are available to the Aeronautics Design Engineer and are presented in this review. Each process is described in some detail to identify a concept, function, and advantages. The objective is to balance between maximizing mechanical properties and minimizing the total manufacturing cost. Each team evaluates its own existing manufacturing equipment capabilities and strength database. The designer must work side by side with the Materials and Process Engineer and the Manufacturing Engineer to determine the best manufacturing process to use for each new product design.
Processing of Materials Using Electromagnetic Fields
Authors: Ku Harry S.
Published: July 2012

The article explains the advantages of microwave processing over conventional heating of materials. This is followed by mentioning that loss tangent is the most important property in microwave processing. The most common generator of microwaves is 2.45‐GHz magnetron which is used in home microwave ovens. However, the drawback of microwave processing of materials, using fixed frequency irradiation, is localized heating which would eventually lead to thermal runaway. Variable frequency microwave (VFM) processing of materials was therefore mentioned together with its advantages. VFM offers rapid, uniform, and selective heating over a large volume and at a high energy coupling efficiency. This is accomplished using preselected bandwidth sweeping around a central frequency employing tunable sources such as traveling wave tubes as the microwave power amplifier. Several recent successful applications using fixed and VFMs are then described.
Protective Coatings for Space Applications
Authors: Zucconi Lanfranco , Molina Marco
Published: July 2012

Composite materials used for applications in low earth orbit (LEO) encounter a unique operating environment that poses challenging problems of durability.

This environment is characterized in terms of chemical species and their abundance and the effects on the materials. A selection of coatings, namely, silicones, metal oxides, metals, paints and the corresponding application techniques are discussed.

This article completes with a survey of the available testing techniques for the coatings on ground, and a review of flight data relevant to samples flown to space, with a summary about known issues of coatings for space applications.
Quality Assurance and Quality Control
Authors: de Leo Manrico , Mucciolo Raffaele , Sapienza Vito
Published: July 2012

Starting with its definition, the principles of quality assurance (QA) are described, along with its general characteristics in the field of composite materials. The QA program is not standard and depends on the frame where it has been developed. From the craftsman/artisan organization, essentially based on handworkers, to the formal complex organization, in which a strong staff is mandatory, the QA program changes considerably. International standards, such as International Organization for Standardization (ISO) or AS/EN, and regulations help to develop the right program, indicating the content of documentation to be developed. Suggestions about the general characteristics of quality manual and procedures and consequent “system monitoring” are furnished, in order to also get international certifications. Guidelines to develop an exhaustive quality control (QC) program are furnished, highlighting the main characteristics, along with standards that may be taken as reference. The different phases of the product manufacturing are described, reporting how the QC program should be tailored for each of them. The analysis of basic raw materials for composites is performed, highlighting how the QC program should change, passing from solid to liquid raw materials or as a consequence of their different manufacturer. A similar analysis is performed for preimpregnated materials (prepregs). Finally, a description of the statistical process control methodology is reported, highlighting its advantages but also its limitations.
Radiation‐Assisted Synthesis of Composites, Materials, Compounds, and Nanostructures
Authors: Kharissova Oxana V. , Kharisov Boris I. , Mndez Ubaldo Ortiz
Published: July 2012

Modern techniques of radiation synthesis, applied for the synthesis of materials, are reviewed, including ionizing radiation (α‐particles, β‐particles/electron beam, γ‐ and X‐rays, neutron and proton irradiation, and ion beams), as well as nonionizing laser ablation and UV irradiation. Formation and/or modification processes of a series of materials, in particular, for nanostructural composites, on the basis of elemental metals, oxides, salts, and polymers are discussed. Radiation‐fabricated membranes are briefly described.
Spacecraft StructureContribution to Antenna Section prepared by Marco Ivagnes, Head of Composite Material Technology, Thales Alenia Space, L'Aquila, Italy.
Authors: Montabone Mauro
Published: July 2012

In the frame of the space applications, the trend of looking for light weight and higher performance spacecraft structures is considered a design driver for the cost reduction and exploration applications.

In commercial applications, the saving of few kilograms per pounds enable the decreasing of the fuel mass as well as extends lifetime and use of small‐dimension launcher systems.

The use of composite materials addresses to the demand of lightness not only for specific strength and stiffness but also for corrosion, fatigue resistance, tailor able thermal conduction and expansion properties, as well as possibility of complex shapes design.

This paragraph shows some of the present innovative applications achieved using composites and their enabling technologies in antennas/reflectors, optical benches, solar arrays, satellites platforms, launch vehicle structures, and exploration infrastructures.
Thermophysical and Thermal Expansion Properties
Authors: Boudenne Abderrahim , Tlili Radhouan , Candau Yves
Published: July 2012

This review presents the major achievements on the thermophysical and thermal expansion properties of composite systems. The thermal behavior of composite materials depends on several factors: components, shape, concentration, dispersion of fillers, interactions between particles and matrix, manufacturing process, and so on. One of the challenges is the correct estimation of the thermal properties of composites on the basis of the only knowledge of the filler concentration and properties of each component. Different prediction models of thermophysical and thermal expansion properties are reviewed and discussed in this article in order to help the design of such composites to fulfill the performances requested by the users.
Thermoplastic Composite Manufacturing Cost Analysis
Authors: Maffezzoli Alfonso , Gennaro Riccardo , Greco Antonio
Published: July 2012

Continuous fiber‐reinforced thermoplastics (CFTs) present some key advantages over thermosetting matrix composites, being characterized by recyclability, indefinite shelf life, and a significant potential for high volume production, associated with low costs. Short and long fiber‐reinforced thermoplastics obtained mainly using commodity polymer as matrices are already widely used in low technology applications. CFT applications are still limited, although in some cases notably for their technological value. This arises either from very high raw material costs or from not fully assessed processing routes. This review essentially focuses on the cost issues associated with the production of CFT parts in comparison with thermosetting matrix composites characterized by similar properties. Some cost models are reviewed, and the relationship between performances and costs is highlighted as a key feature for the choice of CFT. Their use in substitution of thermosetting matrix composites and metals is strictly related to raw materials cost, manufacturability at cost‐effective conditions, and availability of design data and test methodologies. CFT, characterized by shorter processing time than those required for thermosetting matrix composites, already offers promising solutions in many applications.
Tires, Automobile
Authors: Genta Giancarlo
Published: July 2012

Pneumatic tires are complex structures made of a peculiar composite material, an elastomeric matrix reinforced with different types of fabric. The characteristics and performance of pneumatic tires are deeply affected by their geometric and material properties and above all by their compliance, which dominates their rolling resistance and their capability of exerting tangential forces on the ground and of absorbing road irregularities during the motion of the vehicle.
Weaving
Authors: Tomková Blanka , Šejnoha Michal , Zeman Jan
Published: July 2012

In this article, we review the essential technological aspects of weaving processes used to produce woven fabric reinforcements. The discussion incorporates selection of the appropriate types of fibers, essentials of weaving processes, and aspects of fabric design. This is complemented with a modeling strategy to incorporate technology‐induced imperfections into predictive models of textile composite materials.
Wood Plastic Composite: Present and Future
Authors: Faruk Omar , Bledzki Andrzej K.
Published: July 2012

Wood‐plastic composites (WPCs) may be one of the most dynamic sectors of the present day plastic industry. Although the technology is not new, there is growing interest in the new design possibilities that this marriage of materials offers. The formulation variations of WPCs that increase wood content offer expansion into other uses, and volume processors must produce faster, better, and cheaper materials. On the other hand, weatherability and life cycle costs are the major factors that restrict the expansion of the field of WPCs.

This article gives an overview of the recent literature, covering all aspects of WPC materials and their performance as of today. It focuses on their compositions, that is, thermoplastics and thermosets, wood fiber types, and additives. Furthermore, it includes recent progress and improvements in the WPC production area. The processes (compounding, extrusion, injection molding, and compression molding) used for the manufacture of WPC products are described. The properties (mechanical, physical, and biological) of WPC are also covered. This paper proceeds to take the performance and properties of microcellular‐foamed WPC and nano‐WPC into account. Last, this paper concludes with applications, developments, and future trends of WPCs.