bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weighting of Votes in an International Assembly
Authors: Sohn Louis B.
Published: May 2006

All the plans for future world organization, whether they envisage a world government or are limited to providing agencies for better collaboration between the peoples of the world, are built around two main conceptions—a small council and a larger assembly. But the different plans disagree widely upon the powers and the make-up of these bodies. The purpose of the present article is to analyze the difficulties relating to the structure of the larger body, the assembly, and to outline a tentative method for surmounting them.

The structure of the different international organizations existing in the past was based on two principles: equality of representation and unanimity. That meant, first of all, that in the assemblies of nations the United States of America (population, 131 million) and Luxemburg (population, 300 thousand) had the right of equal representation. For instance, in the Conferences of the International Labor Organization, both countries have been equally entitled to appoint four delegates. Secondly, when an international assembly has tried to arrive at a Decision, not only the largest but also the smallest country could block such a Decision by casting a negative vote. While sometimes a little country has been forcibly persuaded to abandon its opposition, in many instances small countries have been able to frustrate the efforts of international assemblies and conferences otherwise unanimous.
The Bureau of the Budget: Its Evolution and Present Rôle, I
Authors: Marx Fritz Morstein
Published: May 2006

As we are moving into the terminal phase of World War II, it is inevitable—and entirely proper—that we allow our thoughts to wander ahead in an initial exploration of the matters on our national postwar agenda. Many of these matters relate to ends and center on policy alternatives. Others focus primarily on means and involve questions of approach. The latter include problems of governmental structure and machinery within the framework of our political system. Such problems present themselves in both the legislative and executive departments. With respect to the executive branch, we must seek to evolve an appropriate organizational form that will enable the federal government to sustain effectively an economy of high-level production and employment. In this effort we are confronted in part with a task of constructive innovation, in part with the need for reëxamination of prewar working hypotheses and wartime experience. It would be a promising venture to return to the work of the President's Committee on Administrative Management and appraise its proposals in the light of later developments. In any such enterprise, attention must doubtless be given to one conception closely associated with the recommendations of the President's Committee: that of the Executive Office of the President.
State Law on the Nomination, Election, and Instruction of Presidential Electors
Authors: Silva Ruth C.
Published: May 2006

The Constitution of the United States provides that each state shall appoint, in such manner as its legislature may direct, a number of presidential electors equal to the number of Senators and Representatives to which the state is entitled in the Congress. The Supreme Court has ruled that this clause gives the state legislature exclusive power to decide the manner of choosing electors. Before 1832, several legislatures themselves selected the members of the state's electoral college, a practice followed by South Carolina until the Civil War. As every student of American government knows, in the period from 1788 to 1832, the popular selection of electors was established and real discretion on the part of electors in choosing a President and Vice President became a legal fiction. For a century, the practice has been for the electorate to choose a set of electors, who, it is understood, will legally confirm the decision already made at the polls.

The automatic operation of the electoral college as a device for translating popular votes into electoral votes is now challenged, however, with the projection of the possibility of eighty “unpledged electors.” The governors of seven Southern states recently agreed that if the Democratic national convention nominates a presidential candidate advocating anti-segregation, anti-lynching, anti-poll tax, and fair employment practices legislation, they will attempt to keep the Democratic electoral votes of their states from being cast for such nominee. This possibility makes state laws regulating the nomination, election, and instruction of presidential electors of utmost interest and importance.
The Liberalism of Senator Norris
Authors: Fellman David
Published: May 2006

Senator George W. Norris was a doggedly righteous man who never stopped battling for the Lord and the common people in a world of sinful men. His long political life, which included seven years as a district judge in Nebraska, ten years in the national House of Representatives, and thirty in the Senate, was a grim and sustained bout with what he regarded as the forces of evil. He tilted his lance against dishonest and corrupt men, political schemers, monopolies and “special interests,” religious and racial bigots, lobbyists and other special pleaders, the “power trust,” and the superheated zealots of partisanship. His autobiography, so long awaited, bears ample witness to the fact that for him life was real and earnest, and usually somewhat sad and despairing as well. But it had its rewards, for Senator Norris was a reflective man, and out of the bitter juices of human experience he always managed to distil a residue of homely moralistic wisdom. He learned that democratic government is pretty largely a process of compromise, and that in that process one must give as well as take. He also learned that, with enough courage and persistence, virtue is often rewarded, and that in the long run the masses of ordinary people can be trusted to reach tolerably reasonable conclusions. There were many disappointments in his life, and a great deal of heartache, but there were also many triumphs, and the net impression of his book seems to be that he felt his life had not been spent in vain. He was richly entitled to this feeling, for it will be conceded generally that he had been a very useful public servant indeed.
Presidential Campaign Funds, 1944
Authors: Overacker Louise
Published: May 2006

The 1944 campaign was the second presidential election in which the ceilings of the Hatch Act were operative, and the first campaign in which contributions from labor organizations were prohibited. It furnishes convincing evidence of the ineffectiveness of these limitations and of the imperative need for complete revision of existing regulations of campaign funds.

The financing of the 1944 campaign was subjected to close study by special committees of both the House and Senate, and their hearings and reports supplement at many important points the reports required by the Corrupt Practices Act. The most controversial issues of the campaign centered about the Political Action Committee of the CIO, and this organization was subjected to close study by both committees. The House committee, headed by Representative Clinton P. Anderson (now Secretary of Agriculture), also stressed the increasing importance and questionable practices of non-party “opinion moulders,” but did not attempt to summarize the total expenditures of the campaign. Senator Green's committee, in addition to studying certain party committees and independent organizations in detail, made a great effort to compile complete data on receipts and expenditures affecting the presidential campaign, and its report makes available what is probably the most complete and accurate over-all picture of the financing of a presidential election ever recorded. The notable recommendations of this committee will be discussed later.
Rebuilding the German Constitution, I
Authors: Friedrich Carl J.
Published: May 2006

The hectic sequence of Germany's constitutional history led that unhappy country, following the final liquidation by Napoleon of the last remnants of medieval constitutionalism, through the confusion of Austro-Prussian rivalry, Empire, democratic Republic, and Fascist dictatorship, to the total vacuum of unconditional surrender in May, 1945. The pretense of a four-power (quadripartite) condominium by means of the Allied Control Council, which at first looked to many responsible people like a feasible stop-gap, has been revealed in this sequence as an empty façade. During the years 1945–49, Germany has been governed by a bewildering maze of conflicting and competing authorities whose legitimacy, beyond the reach of their immediate power, has been in considerable doubt. Authority, power, legitimacy; unless these are effectively combined and balanced, the existence of a true government may well be doubted. Continental Europeans, who prefer to talk about the “state” in discussing problems of government, have therefore been wondering whether the German state has continued to exist—a problem in higher semantics which is briefly discussed below.
The Second Session of the Eightieth Congress
Authors: Riddick Floyd M.
Published: May 2006

The second session of the Eightieth Congress was convened under unusual circumstances: the Republicans controlled the Congress, the Democrats the presidency and administration, and both the President and Congress faced a national election.

In response to this situation, the majority party at times conducted itself in both houses as if a congressional and presidential Republican victory in the approaching election were a certainty; particular members of the Democratic party in each house were frequently outspoken in their opposition to electing President Truman as the next president; both parties performed on occasions as if bidding against each other for votes in the coming election; and a number of representatives and senators were concerned with the outcome at the national conventions. This condition was evidenced when the spokesman of the Senate Democrats, Senator Barkley, on the closing night just prior to the Republican convention had the following to say:

“… I understand hope has been abandoned of getting a housing bill, but I have been told tonight that the Republican moguls in Philadelphia have sent word down here that we are not to adjourn until a housing bill is passed—just anything that has got a house in it.
The Reorganization of the Department of State
Authors: Laves Walter H. C. , Wilcox Francis O.
Published: May 2006

For many years there has been widespread discussion of the need for reorganizing the Department of State. Students, publicists, members of Congress, and members of the Department itself have repeatedly pointed out that the Department has not been geared up to performing the functions required of the foreign office of a great twentieth-century world power.

The chief criticisms of the Department have been four: (1) that there was lacking a basic pattern of sound administrative organization, (2) that the type of personnel found both at home and abroad was inadequate for the job required in foreign affairs today, (3) that the Department was too far removed from the public and from Congress, and (4) that it was not prepared to provide leadership for, and maintain the necessary relations with, other federal agencies.
The Political Basis of Federation
Authors: Maddox William P.
Published: May 2006

A predominant note in the speculations of liberal-democratic thinkers on the subject of post-war reconstruction has been an insistence on the need for “some kind of a federation.” As a popular catch-word, “federation” has undoubted propagandist value. It has come to acquire some of the magic properties once associated with phrases like “a parliament of man,” “league of nations,” and “outlawry of war.” For the pamphleteer and orator, therefore, it is a readymade formula which should be fully exploited for the purpose of engendering a readiness for international collaboration.
The Influence of Ideas on Policies as Shown in the Collectivization of Agriculture in Russia
Authors: Moore Barrington
Published: May 2006

The relationship between ideas and social and political changes remains one of the major controversial questions in the social sciences. Certain groups, particularly the Marxists and the behaviorists in both psychology and sociology, relegate ideas to a very subordinate rôle. They claim that for the most part changes in ideas are the result of changes in material conditions or other concrete external factors to which men in society must adjust. At the other extreme are certain philosophers, historians, and philosophically inclined political scientists who assign to ideas an outstanding rôle in the development of economic, political, and social institutions.

The controversy is one that has immediate and practical significance, as well as purely scientific importance. If the United States is to achieve a successful adjustment in a world of rapid economic and political change, the country's leaders will need an accurate understanding of the factors behind these changes, and the probable directions of such change. Such understanding cannot be obtained without knowledge of the major factors involved, such as material conditions and abstract ideas, and the relative importance to be attached to each one. Such knowedge is particularly important in assessing changes in the power relationships among America's potential allies and competitors in the modern world. At the present time, if one may judge from the published diaries of our ambassadors, as well as from what is known of the operations of various intelligence agencies that have received a good deal of publicity since the end of the war, there is no general agreement concerning the procedures to be followed in evaluating symbolic and ideological data, such as statements by important foreign leaders, programs of political parties, and the like, as opposed to more concrete data, such as information on natural resources, economic trends, and similar matters.
The Valley Authority and its Alternatives
Authors: McKinley Charles
Published: May 2006

In examining the Valley Authority as an administrative device for Federal water resource management this paper will assume that its essential characteristics are those exemplified by the Tennessee Valley Authority, with such additional complications as might be necessitated by the irrigation functions performed in the western states by the Bureau of Reclamation. We may legitimately brush aside the allegations of communism and dictatorship as unwarranted propaganda exaggerations devoid of genuine reality. We may similarly discount many of the “new heaven and new earth” asseverations of those social idealists most susceptible to verbal inebriation who have stood out as the most ardent and vocal advocates of the new mode of organizing Federal resource administration.
The Hoover Commission's Personnel Recommendations—a Progress Report
Authors: Leich Harold H.
Published: May 2006

The Hoover Commission's personnel management report was published on February 9, 1949, early in the first session of the 81st Congress. Four sessions of the Congress have had an opportunity to act on the report, and the executive branch has had four years to take advantage of those recommendations that could be adopted by administrative action. This seems to be an appropriate time, therefore, to review the record of progress in both legislative and executive branches, in order to learn the extent to which these far-reaching recommendations for improvement of federal personnel management have been adopted.

Soon after publication of the report, intensive study and discussions began within the executive branch. The Civil Service Commission sent a preliminary memorandum of its views to the President on March 23, 1949, with a transmittal letter referring to the report as a “constructive document,” and agreeing with the objective of establishing a civilian career service. The Federal Personnel Council, composed of personnel directors of federal agencies and representatives of the Civil Service Commission and the Bureau of the Budget, made a detailed study of the report and submitted a number of comments to the Civil Service Commission.
The Mutual Defense Assistance Program
Authors: Connery Robert H. , David Paul T.
Published: May 2006

The Mutual Defense Assistance Program represents the military portion of an important foreign policy of the United States, that of aid to free nations. While assisting allies by grants of money and supplies is by no means a new undertaking, even for the United States, the scope of this program, under which expenditures may soon exceed $7 billion annually, makes it a good laboratory specimen to illustrate the impact of a positive foreign policy on the structure of the national government. Furthermore, analysis of the program clearly shows the tremendous changes that have taken place in the methods of formulating and administering American foreign policy since the end of World War II.

For more than a generation prior to 1916, the Secretaries of State, War, and Navy occupied the same building at the seat of government.
Some Relations between Events and Attitudes
Authors: Davies James C.
Published: May 2006

The assumption that the general public reacts rationally to its changing political and economic environment is basic to democratic theory; for if rational reaction to the complex of events having broad political significance is not general but is limited to a minority of the public, then the rational few must govern the irrational many. Yet this democratic assumption has been little explored empirically. Protagonists of government responsible to the general public assert it; antagonists deny it—both groups basing their judgment on the common sense of everyday observation or on the rigorous a priori requirements of their own political theories, values, and ideologies or of those of such theorists as Plato, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, and Thomas Jefferson.

The assumption cannot be examined indirectly and inferentially from analysis of reactions to nonpolitical stimuli. It is of no political consequence that an individual sensibly responds to a sharp object that touches his body by getting out of the way. It is of no political consequence as such that the hungry individual responds by seeking or fantasying food. It is of political consequence when individuals respond to high prices of food or to the threat of war or the prospect of peace by forming attitudes which are or may become the basis for political action.
Free to Trade: Democracies, Autocracies, and International Trade
Authors: Mansfield Edward D. , Milner Helen V. , Rosendorff B. Peter
Published: May 2006

Relatively little research has focused on whether countries' political institutions affect their international trade relations. We address this issue by analyzing the relationship between regime type and trade policy. In a formal model of commercial policy, we establish that the ratification responsibility of the legislature in democratic states leads pairs of democracies to set trade barriers at a lower level than mixed country-pairs (composed of an autocracy and a democracy). We test this hypothesis by analyzing the effects of regime type on trade during the period from 1960 to 1990. The results of this analysis accord with our argument: Democratic pairs have had much more open trade relations than mixed pairs.
Church and State in Stanley Fish's Antiliberalism
Authors: Owen J. Judd
Published: May 2006

Even though they contain one of the most forceful critiques of liberalism in contemporary political thought, the political writings of Stanley Fish have been neglected by political theorists. Fish's critique of liberal claims of moral and religious neutrality points to the conclusion that the liberal separation of church and state lacks a coherent justification. I offer a qualified defense of liberalism by arguing that while Fish's critique of liberal neutrality is sound, he fails to do justice to liberalism's substantive basis. Moreover, by simply negating liberalism, Fish's thinking remains within the liberal horizon in a way he fails to recognize.
Macropartisanship: A Replication and Critique
Authors: Green Donald , Palmquist Bradley , Schickler Eric
Published: May 2006

MacKuen, Erikson, and Stimson (1989, 1992) argue that the aggregate distribution of party identification, or macropartisanship, shifts significantly over short periods in response to changes in presidential popularity and consumer sentiment. Their results are based on a subset of Gallup surveys available from 1953 to 1988 and only those CBS/New York Timessurveys conducted during the Reagan administration. We replicate this analysis using a more extensive inventory of Gallup and CBS/New York Timesdata and find considerably less evidence of partisan fluctuation. The amount of partisan change caused by short-term movements in consumer sentiment and presidential popularity is found to be two to three times smaller than initially reported by MacKuen et al. (1989). Our results indicate that macropartisanship adjusts to short-term shocks in a limited and gradual fashion, consistent with traditional views of partisan realignment.
The Puzzling Case of Christianity and Republicanism: A Comment on Black
Authors: Nederman Cary J.
Published: May 2006

Antony Black argues that Christian republicanism was one of the discourses at work in framing the history of Western republican thought. But he neglects to confront the theoretically unique character of the Christian approach to republican institutions. First, Christian republicanism derived from more general beliefs about the divinely ordained organic structure of the universe. Second, it evinced no necessary hostility toward monarchic rule; indeed, quite to the contrary, its cosmological premise of organic hierarchy supported the office of the king (whether papal or secular). Once these elements of Christian republicanism are supplied, the medieval contribution to the history of republican ideas takes on a complexion very different from that described by Black.
MIND AND MUSIC: ON INTENTIONALITY, MUSIC THEORY, AND ANALYSIS
Authors: Pearsall Edward
Published: May 2006

Among current theories of cognition, Gerald Edelman's Theory of Neuronal Group Selection is one of the most successful in showing how the mind is grounded in neurobiological activity. Edelman brings together ideas concerning the selective adaptability of the brain and the interplay of neural impulses during perception to show how the brain creates interconnected neural maps from which memory, the foundation for consciousness, is constructed. Such maps are adaptive; they can change in response to a plethora of ongoing associations in the cortex. Hence, perceptions, rather than remaining fixed in memory, are acts of reconstruction, a perspective that encourages one to view music less as a collection of immutable structures and more as a subject for intentional creative perception. An analysis of Berg's Op. 2, No. 3 tests these ideas by bringing intentionalism and the biological basis of the mind to the forefront of the discussion.
Polymers Move in Response to Light
Authors: Jiang H. Y. , Kelch S. , Lendlein A.
Published: May 2006

Significant advances have recently been made in the development of functional polymers that are able to undergo light‐induced shape changes. The main challenge in the development of such polymer systems is the conversion of photoinduced effects at the molecular level to macroscopic movement of working pieces. This article highlights some selected polymer architectures and their tailored functionalization processes. Examples include the contraction and bending of azobenzene‐containing liquid‐crystal elastomers and volume changes in gels. We focus especially on light‐induced shape‐memory polymers. These materials can be deformed and temporarily fixed in a new shape. They only recover their original, permanent shape when irradiated with light of appropriate wavelengths. Using light as a trigger for the shape‐memory effect will extend the applications of shape‐memory polymers, especially in the field of medical devices where triggers other than heat are highly desirable.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Addition of Organoboronates to 1,2‐Dienes and the Corresponding Three‐Component Reaction with an Alkyne
Authors: Takahashi Go , Shirakawa Eiji , Tsuchimoto Teruhisa , Kawakami Yusuke
Published: May 2006

A Ni(cod)2–aminophosphine complex catalyzed the addition of aryl‐ and alkenylboronates to 1,2‐dienes to give the hydroarylation and hydroalkenylation products of the 1,2‐dienes, whereas the hydroarylation products of a 1,2‐diene and an alkyne were obtained with a Ni(cod)2–PPh3 catalyst.
Object‐oriented image analysis for high content screening: Detailed quantification of cells and sub cellular structures with the Cellenger software
Authors: Baatz Martin , Arini Nick , Schäpe Arno , Binnig Gerd , Linssen Bettina
Published: May 2006

Background:

Detailed image analysis still is a considerable bottleneck for many cellular assays, and automated solutions to the problem are desirable. However, dealing with the complexity and variability of structures in cellular images makes detailed and reliable analysis a nontrivial task.

Methods:

Therefore, based on the object‐oriented image analysis approach, a novel image analysis technology, a flexible and reliable system for image analysis in cellular assays was developed. It contains a library of predefined, adaptable modules, each of them developed for a specific analysis task. The system can be configured easily by combining appropriate modules and adapting them interactively to the specific image data, if necessary. By representing cells and sub cellular structures within a network of interlinked image objects, a large number of parameters can be derived that describe shape, intensity, and relevant structural and relational aspects of any chosen class of structures.

Results:

Thus, multi‐parameter analysis and multiplexing are supported. A sample application based on this approach demonstrates that GFP signals can be distinguished based on their properties and the relative location within the cell. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Effect of nanostructure on biodegradation behaviors of self‐setting apatite/collagen composite cements containing vitamin K2 in rats
Authors: Otsuka Makoto , Kuninaga Tomoaki , Otsuka Kuniko , Higuchi William I.
Published: May 2006

Apatite cement and collagen were combined by a mechanochemical method to create a new self‐setting apatite/collagen composite cement, and menatetrenone (VK2) was loaded into a drug‐delivery system to test biocompatibility in rats. Powder X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) were performed to characterize the physicochemical properties of apatite/collagen composite cements. The XRD results suggested that ground apatite/collagen cement was completely transformed into bone‐like hydroxyapatite, but that without grinding was incomplete. The SEM and EPMA results suggested that ground apatite/collagen cement was homogeneously dispersed of nanoapatite crystals in collagen matrices, similar to that in natural bone. In contrast, the cement without grinding was heterogeneously distributed. To evaluate in‐vivo cement density (CMM), microradiograms were measured for 72 days after implanting apatite/collagen composite cements in intramuscular tissue on the backs of rats, and cross sections of the cements and surrounding soft tissues were observed by microscope. The CMM results of the apatite/collagen composite cements suggested that the biodegradation rate was dependent on the cement quality and nanogeometrical structure. The CMM result of VK2‐loaded apatite/collagen cements suggested that the biodegradation rates of the cements were significantly dependent on their formulation. The CMM of ground apatite/collagen cement increased until 7 days and then decreased, and bone‐like cells penetrated deeply in the center. The microphotograph and CMM results of apatite/collagen without grinding indicated that a lot of bone‐like cells penetrated into the cement and the cement shape was totally deformed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Anisotropic polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel for cardiovascular applications
Authors: Millon L. E. , Mohammadi H. , Wan W. K.
Published: May 2006

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a hydrophilic polymer with various characteristics desired for biomedical applications and can be transformed into a solid hydrogel by physical crosslinking, using a low‐temperature thermal cycling process. As with most polymeric materials, the mechanical properties of the resultant PVA are isotropic, as oppose to most soft tissues, which are anisotropic. The objective of this research is to develop a PVA‐based hydrogel that not only mimics the nonlinear mechanical properties displayed by cardiovascular tissues, but also their anisotropic behavior. By applying a controlled strain to the PVA samples, while undergoing low‐temperature thermal cycling, we were able to create oriented mechanical properties in PVA hydrogels. The oriented stress–strain properties of porcine aorta were matched simultaneously by a PVA hydrogel prepared (10% PVA, cycle 3, 75% initial strain). This novel technique allows the controlled introduction of anisotropy to PVA hydrogel, and gives a broad range of control of its mechanical properties, for specific medical device applications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Entrapment of retroviral vector producer cells in three‐dimensional alginate scaffolds for potential use in cancer gene therapy
Authors: Dvir‐Ginzberg Mona , Konson Alexander , Cohen Smadar , Agbaria Riad
Published: May 2006

Abstract: We explored the possibility of entrapping retroviral vector producing cells (VPC) within porous 3D matrix to induce a local and sustained release of viral particles to the malignant milieu. PA317/STK, which constantly shed reroviral vectors, was used to transduce cancer cells with the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV‐tk) gene. Once HSV‐tk is expressed, it preferentially phosphorylates nucleoside analog prodrugs, such as ganciclovir (GCV) and N‐methanocarbathymidine (N‐MCT), to their active triphosphate metabolites, which when incorporated into cellular DNA cause cell death. PA317/STK cells were seeded within 3D alginate scaffold at two different cell densities via static seeding procedure. In vitro assays determined that PA317/STK seeded at high‐cell density in scaffolds maintained constant cell number, low cell leakage, and spheroid morphology with viral vector transfection activity. Postcell‐seeding viral vector activity was confirmed by transfection of murine colon cancer cells (MC38) with conditioned media originated from VPC‐containing scaffolds and the subsequent ability to generate N‐MCT triphosphate. Preliminary in vivo transplantation of VPC‐containing scaffolds into the peritoneal cavity of mice bearing intraperitoneal MC38 tumors with 2 weeks subsequent GCV administration resulted in a significantly higher survival rate relative to control groups. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of employing alginate scaffolds to efficiently entrap and support PA317/STK cells for cancer gene therapy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Underemployment, job attitudes, and turnover intentions
Authors: Maynard Douglas C. , Joseph Todd Allen , Maynard Amanda M.
Published: May 2006

We surveyed three distinct samples of employees (Ns of 238, 102, and 981) in order to examine relations among various types of underemployment, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intentions. Each dimension of underemployment is explored as a case of poor person‐job fit, and the fit literature is used to produce hypotheses about these relations. We also developed and validated the 9‐item Scale of Perceived Overqualification (SPOQ) to tap employee perceptions of surplus education, experience, and KSAs (knowledge, skills, and abilities). In general, perceptions of underemployment were associated with poor job satisfaction, particularly for facets with a direct causal relationship with the specific dimension of underemployment, such as overqualification and satisfaction with work. Perceived overqualification was also related to lower affective commitment, and higher intentions to turnover. For part‐time work, negative attitudes were only found when employees expressed a preference for full‐time work; a similar trend was not found for temporary workers, however. Implications for theory, research, and practice are delineated. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantification of regional pulmonary blood flow using ASL‐FAIRER
Authors: Bolar D.S. , Levin D.L. , Hopkins S.R. , Frank L.F. , Liu T.T. , Wong E.C. , Buxton R.B.
Published: May 2006

Pulsed arterial spin labeling (ASL) techniques have been theoretically and experimentally validated for cerebral blood flow (CBF) quantification. In this study ASL‐FAIRER was used to measure regional pulmonary blood flow (rPBF) in seven healthy subjects. Two general ASL strategies were investigated: 1) a single‐subtraction approach using one tag‐control pair acquisition at an inversion time (TI) matched to the RR‐interval, and 2) a multiple‐subtraction approach using tag‐control pairs acquired at various TIs. The mean rPBF averaged 1.70 ± 0.38 ml/min/ml when measured with the multiple‐subtraction approach, and was approximately 2% less when measured with the single‐subtraction method (1.66 ± 0.24 ml/min/ml). Assuming an average lung density of 0.33 g/ml, this translates into a regional perfusion of approximately 5.5 ml/g/min, which is comparable to other measures of pulmonary perfusion. As with other ASL applications, a key problem with quantitative interpretation of the results is the physical gap between the tagging region and imaged slice. Because of the high pulsatility of PBF, ASL acquisition and data analysis differ significantly between the lung and the brain. The advantages and drawbacks of the single‐ vs. multiple‐subtraction approaches are considered within a theoretical framework tailored to PBF. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fast spectroscopic imaging using online optimal sparsek‐space acquisition and projections onto convex sets reconstruction
Authors: Gao Yun , Strakowski Stephen M. , Reeves Stanley J. , Hetherington Hoby P. , Chu Wen‐Jang , Lee Jing‐Huei
Published: May 2006

Long acquisition times, low resolution, and voxel contamination are major difficulties in the application of magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI). To overcome these difficulties, an online‐optimized acquisition ofk‐space, termed sequential forward array selection (SFAS), was developed to reduce acquisition time without sacrificing spatial resolution. A 2D proton MRSI region of interest (ROI) was defined from a scout image and used to create a region of support (ROS) image. The ROS was then used to optimize and obtain a subset ofk‐space (i.e., a subset of nonuniform phase encodings) and hence reduce the acquisition time for MRSI. Reconstruction and processing software was developed in‐house to process and reconstruct MRSI using the projections onto convex sets method. Phantom and in vivo studies showed that good‐quality MRS images are obtainable with an approximately 80% reduction of data acquisition time. The reduction of the acquisition time depends on the area ratio of ROS to FOV (i.e., the smaller the ratio, the greater the time reduction). It is also possible to obtain higher‐resolution MRS images within a reasonable time using this approach. MRSI with a resolution of 64 × 64 is possible with the acquisition time of the same as 24 × 24 using the traditional fullk‐space method. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of volatile low molecular weight insecticides using Drosophila melanogaster as a model
Authors: Scharf Michael E , Nguyen Sam N , Song Cheol
Published: May 2006

Volatile insecticides, otherwise known as fumigants, have numerous uses in pest control and integrated pest management. Fumigants have been broadly applied in the protection of stored agricultural commodities and also in the elimination of structural pest infestations. However, fumigants have so far been mostly overlooked for use in management of public health pests such as flies and mosquitoes. This paper reports information on the development of a volatility bioassay for use in evaluating volatile insecticides against dipteran insects and on the use of this bioassay to compare the relative efficacy of 30 candidate compounds to Drosophila melanogaster Meig. The findings revealed seven highly effective insecticidal compounds, which include three heterobicyclics (menthofuran, thiophene and coumaran) and four formate esters [butyl, hexyl and heptyl formate and ethylene glycol diformate (EGDF)]. Ethyl formate, a compound previously identified as being a highly effective fumigant against coleopteran stored product pests, caused toxicity in Drosophila but was not as effective as other tested formates. Two volatile fumigant insecticides, dichlorvos (DDVP) and methyl isothiocyanate (MITC), were also tested as positive controls. Both of these volatile standards were significantly more toxic than the seven most effective of the novel compounds. Finally, regression analyses revealed that volatility is not entirely predictive of acute toxicity and that other structural features should be considered when designing and synthesizing volatile insecticidal compounds for future study. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Improved parameterization of the SDWBA for estimating krill target strength
Authors: Conti Stéphane G. , Demer David A.
Published: May 2006

Recently, a Stochastic Distorted Wave Born Approximation (SDWBA) model was proposed to improve target strength (TS) estimates for Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba. The krill shape is modelled by a collection of cylinders, and total sound scatter is estimated by semi-coherent summation of scatter from each element. The SDWBA model was evaluated with a generic krill shape comprising 14 cylinders and a phase variability of , and predictions were validated with empirical TS and total TS data at 120 kHz, and over a broad bandwidth, respectively. For general application, parameterization of the SDWBA model is improved to account explicitly for dependence among four of the model parameters: standard length of krill, number of cylinders used to describe its shape, amplitude of inter-element phase variability, and acoustic frequency. The model improvements are demonstrated, and the uncertainty in orientation distribution of krill beneath survey vessels and its ramifications on krill biomass estimates are highlighted.
Estimating end effects in trawl catches
Authors: Battaglia André , Trenkel Verena M. , Rochet Marie-Joëlle
Published: May 2006

The end effect in trawl catches is defined as the proportion of the fish catch taken during shooting and hauling of the net, a period excluded from that nominally referred to as haul duration. If important, this effect will lead to biased abundance estimates, because the swept area will be underestimated. An experimental survey was carried out to compare catch numbers obtained in standard research 30-min hauls with those from 0-min hauls, the latter referring to the trawl being hauled as soon as the trawl geometry stabilized on the seabed. Average catch ratios (0-min/30-min hauls) ranged from 0.05 (s.d. 0.06) for sole to 0.34 (s.d. 0.64) for hake, indicating that the end effect might be more important and more variable for highly mobile species. As a consequence, the bias in abundance indices derived from swept area estimates that ignore end effects will be species-dependent.
Plasma histamine concentration and histamine detection in peripheral blood eosinophils in cats
Authors: Kadoya Michiyo , Momoi Yasuyuki , Iwasaki Toshiroh
Published: May 2006

Plasma histamine levels were measured in 11 clinically healthy cats and 15 cats with allergic dermatitis. Histamine levels were markedly elevated in 5/15 allergic cats. A calcium ionophore, A23187, stimulates histamine release from feline peripheral blood cells. Immunostaining of blood smears from clinically healthy cats revealed that approximately 10% of eosinophils possessed histamine-containing granules. These results indicate that some peripheral eosinophils in cats contain histamine and can release histamine by appropriate stimulation.
Suitability of biogenic carbonate of Lithospermum fruits for 14C dating
Authors: Pustovoytov Konstantin , Riehl Simone
Published: May 2006

Lithospermum (Boraginaceae) belongs to a small group of plant taxa that accumulate biogenic carbonate in their fruits. In this genus, carbonate incrustations form in the cells of the epidermis and sclerenchyma of the pericarp. Fossil Lithospermum fruits (nutlets) with well-preserved calcified tissues commonly occur in Quaternary sediments and cultural layers. We tested the suitability of biogenic carbonate of Lithospermum fruits for radiocarbon dating using a total of 15 AMS measurement results from four modern and 11 fossil samples. The 14C data from modern samples suggest that Lithospermum utilises only atmospheric carbon to synthesise calcite in the nutlets. In general, the ages determined through 14C dating of fossil fruitscorresponded well with the absolute-age intervals for archaeological sites over the last 5000 yr. Biogenic carbonate of Lithospermum fruits, like that of Celtis, represents a new source of chronological information for late Quaternary studies.
Stability of the flow of a fluid through a flexible tube at high Reynolds number
Authors: Kumaran V.
Published: May 2006

The stability of the Hagen-Poiseuille flow of a Newtonian fluid in a tube of radius R surrounded by an incompressible viscoelastic medium of radius R < r < HR is analysed in the high Reynolds number regime. The dimensionless numbers that affect the fluid flow are the Reynolds number Re = (ρVR / η), the ratio of the viscosities of the wall and fluid ηr = (ηs/η), the ratio of radii H and the dimensionless velocity Γ = (ρV2/G)1/2. Here ρ is the density of the fluid, G is the coefficient of elasticity of the wall and Vis the maximum fluid velocity at the centre of the tube. In the high Reynolds number regime, an asymptotic expansion in the small parameter ε = (1/Re) is employed. In the leading approximation, the viscous effects are neglected and there is a balance between the inertial stresses in the fluid and the elastic stresses in the medium. There are multiple solutions for the leading-order growth rate do), all of which are imaginary, indicating that the fluctuations are neutrally stable, since there is no viscous dissipation of energy or transfer of energy from the mean flow to the fluctruations due to the Reynolds strees.

There is an O(ε1/2) correction to the growth rate, s(1), due to the presence of a wall layer of thickness ε1/2R where the viscous stresses are O(ε1/2) smaller than the inertial stresses. An energy balance analysis indicates that the transfer of energy from the mean flow to the fluctuations due to the Reynolds stress in the wall layer is exactly cancelled by an opposite transfer of equal magnitude due to the deformation work done at the interface, and there is no net transfer from the mean flow to the fluctuations. Consequently, the fluctuations are stabilized by the viscous dissipation in the wall layer, and the real part of s(1) is negative. However, there are certain values of Γ and wavenumber k where s(l) = 0. At these points, the wail layer amplitude becomes zero because the tangential velocity boundary condition is identically satisfied by the inviscid flow solution. The real part of the O(ε) correction to the growth rate s(2) turns out to be negative at these points, indicating a small stabilizing effect due to the dissipation in the bulk of the fluid and the wall material. It is found that the minimum value of s(2) increases ∝ (H − 1)−2 for (H − 1) [Lt ] 1 (thickness of wall much less than the tube radius), and decreases ∝ (H−4 for H [Gt ] 1. The damping rate for the inviscid modes is smaller than that for the viscous wall and centre modes in a rigid tube, which have been determined previously using a singular perturbation analysis. Therefore, these are the most unstable modes in the flow through a flexible tube.
Third-harmonic wave diffraction by a vertical cylinder
Authors: Malenica š. , Molin B.
Published: May 2006

The diffraction of regular waves by a vertical circular cylinder in finite depth water is considered, within the frame of potential theory. The wave slope kA is assumed to be small so that successive boundary value problems at orders kA, k2A2, and k3A3 can be formulated. Here we focus on the third-order (k3A3) problem but restrict ourselves to the triple-frequency component of the diffraction potential. The method of resolution is based on eigenfunction expansions and on the integral equation technique with the classical Green function expressed in cylindrical coordinates. Third-order (triple-frequency) loads are calculated and compared with experimental measurements and approximate methods based on long-wave theories.
An empirical model for the altitude of the OH nightglow emission
Authors: Liu G. , Shepherd G. G.
Published: May 2006

Using a multiple linear regression analysis of nearly six years of WINDII records, an empirical formula is determined to predict the altitude of the peak of the OH nightglow emission. More than 50,000 altitude profiles of volume emission rate collected by WINDII for the OH (8‐3) band P1(3) line emission during November 1991 to August 1997 over latitudes 40°S–40°N are used. The peak altitudes of these profiles increase with decreasing integrated emission rates and are almost completely described by the integrated emission rates. However the fitting is improved when a solar cycle dependence is considered. A slight further improvement results from incorporating a sinusoidal annual/semi‐annual component for data from the mid‐latitude region. With this formula, more than 87% of the calculated peak altitudes lie within a 1 km difference of the measured values for the mid‐latitude region.
Strain accumulation across the Carrizo segment of the San Andreas Fault, California: Impact of laterally varying crustal properties
Authors: Schmalzle Gina , Dixon Timothy , Malservisi Rocco , Govers Rob
Published: May 2006

Major strike slip faults juxtapose geologically dissimilar terrain which may vary in mechanical properties, leading to an asymmetric pattern of strain accumulation. We present new GPS data on the Carrizo segment of the San Andreas Fault, separating the Salinian block southwest of the fault from Franciscan terrane northeast of the fault, to better quantify asymmetric strain accumulation. We also present a series of finite element models to investigate the possible role of variable elastic layer thickness and material properties of the upper crust. The geodetic data are well fit with a simple model comprising a weak upper crustal zone 10–25 km wide northeast of the fault. This model is also consistent with geologic data on the distribution of major rock types and corresponding laboratory data on their material properties, as well as paleoseismic, seismic and magnetotelluric data. Using this model, we estimate a “long‐term” (average over several seismic cycles) slip rate for the San Andreas Fault of 36−1.5+2 mm/yr in agreement with the known Holocene rate within uncertainties, and a viscosity for the combined lower crust/upper mantle of 2–5 × 1019 Pa s.