bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSIII-6 Analysis of vocal sounds for detecting abnormal symptoms in sows
Authors: Lee Donghoon , Bum Kwongoo , Oh Sang-Hyon
Published: December 2019

Various technologies for animal health have been introduced and used in the livestock field as a part of an integrated processing methodology to construct a successful smart farm. This study aims to present a health assessment method applied to an individual pig using acoustic vibration. The experiment was based on the hypothesis that there is a strong relationship between acoustic phenotype and health condition. The information from a normal and abnormal sow was simultaneously and continuously recorded using a sound recorder for 24 hours. The abnormal sow was given an injection of 70% dextrose to the knee, which experienced necrosis due to a subsequent osmotic phenomenon. The experiment began at 9 am and continued until 8 am the next day and was repeated twice. During the experiment, the high-resolution recorder was located 50 cm from the top of the farrowing crate and directed at the sow’s head to reduce interferences from other sources of sound and noise. The first step of analysis was denoising the recorded acoustic information. Then, the Fourier fast transform was applied to the preprocessed data. Data were analyzed with PROC GLM (SAS 9.3), where a trial and treatment were included as fixed effects. The magnitude of frequency between normal and abnormal sows was significantly different (P < 0.05), in which the range of magnitude value was higher and lower than 0.015 for the normal and abnormal sow, respectively. The range 0.015 to 0.020 for the normal sow was clearly discriminated from the range 0.010 to 0.015 for the abnormal one. A more accurate interpretation of sows’ vocal data depends on the quality and quantity of data regarding their health condition. A promising algorithm of processing acoustic phenotype related to bio information could be useful in numerous complex health assessments.
PSIII-10 Body temperature changes in piglets anesthetized for castration during the recovery phase
Authors: Schmid Simone M , Hayer Jason J , Heinemann Celine , Steinhoff-Wagner Julia
Published: December 2019

In several countries, an application of general anesthesia for pain prevention during castration is discussed. A disadvantage is the prolonged recovery phase, accompanied by severe body temperature drops in piglets. Aim of this study was to investigate effects on body temperature during recovery after anesthesia. Piglets were anesthetized, castrated and placed in boxes (0.24m2) for 4h. Before, 2 and 4h after the application (0.3ml ketamine+azaperone/kg BW), rectal temperatures (RT) and skin temperatures behind the ear (ST) were measured. In a first trial, impacts of infrared lamp (250W, 50-55cm height) and number of animals per box (3 vs 6) were analyzed (n = 30). In a complementary trial, infrared lamps’ height (60 vs 70cm) and piglet age were varied (n = 27) and temperatures measured half-hourly. Differences were estimated in linear models (SAS® 9.4). Mean RT before anesthesia was 39.1±0.4°C with ranges of less than 1.9°C. After 2h, mean RT in lamp-warmed piglets increased to 40.8°C (P < 0.01), whereas in absence of lamps RT dropped to 37.3 (P < 0.001), with significant differences between groups (P < 0.001). To prevent life-threatening cooling, piglets with RT as minimal as 33.5°C were warmed immediately, so that their mean RT after 4h was not different from initial temperatures. Animal number per box caused no differences. Variation between individual RT was up to 8.2°C at 2h (first trial). Means in the second trial did not differ, but variation pattern of individual temperatures was highest after 1h (6.1°C), indicating that individual differences regarding anesthetics or external factors might occur. When lamps hung lower ST were higher after 3h (P < 0.05) and 4h (P < 0.01). RT and ST were dependent on age after 0.5h (P < 0,05, respectively) and tendentious at 1h and 2h, indicating that older piglets can rely on more distinct temperature regulation abilities and use endogenous energy resources to regain homeostasis.
PSVI-23 Dynamics of cholesterol and triglycerides in the serum of cows with liver lipidosis
Authors: Moiseeva Karina , Anipchenko Polina , Vasil’eva Svetlana , Karpenko Larisa Y , Vasil’ev Roman , Pilaeva Nina , Bakhta Alesya A , Panova Nataliya A , Trushkin Vyacheslav , Nikitin Georgiy , Nikitina Anastasia , Ershova Olga
Published: December 2019

Cows that received an over-calorie diet in the final phase of lactation are prone to liver lipidosis. The task of our research is to study the dynamics of cholesterol and triglycerides in cows with fatty hepatosis during the transit period. A group of 20 dry cows was formed. In the blood serum of cows, the concentration of cholesterol and triglycerides was studied twice before calving (15–20 days and 5–10 days) and twice after calving (5–10 days and 20–25 days). After research was formed two groups. The first group included 8 cows, which were killed 7–43 days after calving. They had signs of liver lipidosis. The diagnosis of fatty hepatosis was confirmed by the results of a histological examination of the liver. The second group included the remaining 12 cows. At the beginning of the study, the cows of the first and second groups had a cholesterol concentration of 4.06±0.23 and 3.62±0.23 mmol/l, and triglycerides - 0.13±0.01 and 0.11±0.01 mmol/l. Further dynamics of indicators had features in each group. In cows with hepatosis, a gradual decrease in cholesterol to 1.83±0.07 mmol/l was observed. In the second group the indicator was 2.2 times higher (P < 0.01). Before calving, a decrease in the concentration of triglycerides is observed. A more significant decline was detected in cows of the first group—by 61.5% (P < 0.001). In cows of the second group, the index decreased only by 18.2%. After 5–10 days after calving, the concentration of triglycerides in both groups remained low. After 20–25 days in the first group, the index increased 2.3 times (P < 0.01), and in the second—1.25 times. Studies have revealed features of the lipid profile in cows with liver lipidosis.
PSIII-28 Kibbles ‘n Conjecture: A corollary analysis of ingredient composition, price, and nutritive value of commercial dog food
Authors: Miller Ranee A , Smith William B
Published: December 2019

Quality nutrition for canine species contributes to a large global economic and health care field. Choices abound in terms of the availability of food in any given retail outlet. Likewise, there is copious conjecture surrounding the supposed benefits of certain brands or types over others, especially in the choice of conventional versus grain-free food types. A comparison of nutritive value of feeds relative to ingredient formulation and consumer cost would provide useful insight to the consumer when making selections for canine companion animals. This study sought to ascertain the correlations among ingredient position, nutritive value, and cost of commercially-available dog food. Over the course of February and March of 2019, commercially-available dog food was evaluated at local retail outlets in Stephenville, TX. For each observation, records were made of brand name, formulation, ingredient list, guaranteed nutritive analysis, and cost. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated using PROC CORR, and effect of conventional versus grain-free claims on cost and nutritive value were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS v. 9.4. Order in which meat, meat meal, or corn occurred in the ingredient list was not statistically correlated to cost per kg (P ≥ 0.33) or concentrations of crude protein (P ≥ 0.35), crude fat (P ≥ 0.13), or crude fiber (P ≥ 0.35). Grain-free formulations cost significantly more than conventional formulations ($2.70 vs. $4.60/kg; P < 0.01). However, there was no effect of formulation on concentrations of crude protein (P = 0.07), crude fat (P = 0.37), or crude fiber (P = 0.44). Results are interpreted to mean that, despite claims to the contrary, order of ingredients in a formulation have no observable effect on the nutritive value, but large effects on cost, of commercially-available dog food.
PSIII-41 Fecal characteristics and metabolite concentrations of cats fed a high-protein, high-fiber diet after spay surgery
Authors: Lee Anne H , Iwazaki Eiji , He Fei , Swanson Kelly S
Published: December 2019

Dietary fiber and protein concentrations can impact large intestinal fermentation and metabolite concentrations, consequently affecting gastrointestinal health and fecal characteristics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary intervention on fecal characteristics and metabolite concentrations of cats after spay surgery. Twenty healthy female cats (mean age=9.5±0.1 months) were used in a 29-wk longitudinal study. After a 5-wk baseline phase being fed a moderate-protein, moderate-fiber (MPMF) diet, sixteen cats were spayed and randomly allotted to the MPMF diet (n = 8) or a high-protein, high-fiber (HPHF) diet (n = 8) and fed for 24wk. Remaining cats (n = 4) were sham-operated and fed the MPMF diet. Cats were fed to maintain BW the first 12wk, then fed up to twice that amount for another 12wk to measure changes in fecal characteristics and metabolite concentrations when allowed to overeat. Fresh fecal samples were collected before surgery (wk0) and 2, 4, 6, 12, 18, and 24wk after surgery for fecal score, pH and metabolite measurements. Fecal pH was higher (P < 0.01) in HPHF cats than MPMF and sham cats. Sham cats generally had greater (P < 0.05) fecal total SCFA, acetate, butyrate, total BCFA and phenol concentrations than HPHF cats. HPHF cats also had lower (P < 0.01) fecal valerate, but higher (P < 0.01) fecal indole concentrations than MPMF and sham cats. Significant time effects (P < 0.01) were observed for fecal score, pH, acetate, butyrate, propionate, total SCFA, isobutyrate, isovalerate, valerate, total BCFA, 4-ethylphenol, indole, total indole and phenols, and ammonia. Some treatment*time effects (P < 0.05) were observed for fecal pH, isovalerate, ammonia, butyrate, valerate, BCFA, and indole. Our results suggest that dietary protein and fiber concentrations affect the fecal characteristics and metabolite profiles of cats. Future studies should evaluate the microbiota affected to determine which groups are responsible and what these changes mean to feline health.
PSIII-18 Protein efficiency ratios of various dried chicken, egg, and pea proteins used in diets for dogs and cats
Authors: Dainton Amanda N , Zurschmiede Josephine M , Beyer R Scott
Published: December 2019

Various ingredients from both animal and plant sources are used to supply indispensable amino acids in pet foods. The proportion and availability of the limiting amino acids is critical when formulating nutritionally complete diets. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to determine the protein quality of chicken, egg, and pea protein sources using one-day-old broiler chicks as a model. Dietary treatments contained 10% of the protein from spray dried granulated egg powder (SPDEG), spray dried chicken protein isolate (SDCPI), various spray dried chicken proteins (1SDCP, 2SDCP, and P3547), spray dried partially hydrolyzed chicken (SDPHC), spray dried organic chicken protein (SDOCP), spray dried partially hydrolyzed organic chicken (SDHOC), pea protein isolate (PPIHG), a 50:50 blend of PPIHG and SDCPI (PPCPB), or spray dried egg white (HSDEW). A negative control diet (NEGC) contained no added protein source. After seven days acclimation on a starter diet, chicks were grouped by weight into 48 pens with 6 chicks per pen. Treatments were randomly assigned to pens with battery (n = 2) as a blocking factor. Feed consumption and body weight were measured after nine days of feeding experimental diets. Amino acid and proximate composition of each protein source were also analyzed. Treatment means were separated using statistical analysis software (GLIMMIX; SAS 9.4) with significance at P < 0.05. The SDGEP (5.32) had the highest (P < 0.05) protein efficiency ratio value (PER). PPCPB had a greater (P < 0.05) PER than PPIHG (4.02 vs. 1.92); whereas the SDOCP (4.52), SDHOC (4.56), and SDPHC (4.10) did not differ (P > 0.05) in PER from 1SDCP (4.44), 2SDCP (4.52), and P3547 (4.47). In conclusion, PER of pea protein was improved by blending with dried chicken protein isolate and the organic and hydrolyzed chicken products were comparable to non-organic non-hydrolyzed chicken protein products.
PSI-8 Comparison of heat stress behaviour between different Canadian Bos taurus cattle breeds using unmanned aerial vehicles
Authors: Mufford Justin , Church John S , Reudink Matt , Rakobowchuk Mark , Bell Carmen , Rasmussen Stefany
Published: December 2019

Heat stress is an emerging cause of mortality and production loss in Bos taurus beef cattle production in North America. Despite the recent occurrence of extreme heat events in Canadian pastures and feedlots, there is very little heat stress research conducted in Canadian settings. The purpose of this study was to develop a non-invasive method to compare behavioral and physiological indices of heat stress between different Canadian cattle breeds. We used thermal imagery acquired by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to compare surface temperatures between two colour variants of Black Angus x Canadian Speckle Park calves on pasture. The mean back surface temperature for dark variants (n = 5) was 38.6 °C (SD = 4.9), whereas for light variants (n = 7) it was 31.3 °C (SD = 3.4). In the subsequent summer, we compared respiration rates between breeds varying in coat colour while in feedlot pens, including Black Angus, Red Angus, Hereford, Simmental, Charolais, the new Canadian Speckle Park composite breed and their various cross breeds. We recorded 4K video of cattle with a UAV positioned at nadir directly overhead at a height of ~10–15 m; respiratory behavior was analyzed later using Observer XT software. The mean respiration rate in breaths per minute (BPM) for black coated cattle (110 BPM, SD = 19) and red coated cattle (105 BPM, SD = 20) was higher than white coated cattle (94 BPM, SD = 21). We conclude that dark-coated cattle show heightened responses to hot temperatures due to increased absorption of solar radiation at the coat; as a result, dark-coated cattle are likely more susceptible to heat-stress related production losses than light-coated cattle under temperate summer weather conditions. We further conclude that UAVs are a novel and non-invasive tool to study cattle heat stress behavior in feedlot and pasture settings.
PSI-3 Effect of stage of maturity of forage pea cultivar (Pisium sativum L.) in hay on palatability, ruminal fermentation, and digestibility when fed to beef cattle
Authors: Pursley Alex , Biligetu Bill , Warkentin Tom , Lardner Bart
Published: December 2019

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate stage of maturity at harvest for pea hay on DMI, eating behavior, ruminal fermentation, and digestibility when fed to beef heifers. Pea hay was harvested at early, mid, and late stages of maturity. Early was defined as observing flat pods at one or more nodes. Mid stage was defined as seeds filling the pods at one or more nodes and leaves beginning to turn from green to gold. Late stage was defined as yellow, dry seeds filling pods on most or all of the nodes, with a yellow color to the leaves and pods. Six ruminally-cannulated Speckle Park heifers were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 3 18-d periods with pea hay included at 40% of the dietary DM. Stage of maturity did not affect DMI or ruminal total SCFA concentration with averages of 3.2 kg/d and 96.55 mM, respectively. Time spent ruminating decreased with advancing maturity when reported as min/d, min/kg DMI, and min/kg NDF (P ≤ 0.01). Mean ruminal pH also decreased with advancing pea maturity (P < 0.01). The ruminal DM and uNDFOM pools were not affected by stage maturity (P ≥ 0.55). While the rate of digestion for NDF was not affected, NDF passage rate decreased by 0.21 %/h with advancing maturity (P = 0.02). Apparent total tract digestibility of NDF (average = 16.30%, P = 0.41) was not affected but starch digestibility tended to decrease from 96.10 to 93.08% with advancing maturity (P = 0.07). Overall, stage of maturity at harvest for pea hay does not appear to impact DMI, fermentation, or digestibility.
PSI-1 Effects of source and level of inclusion of engineered biocarbon in a total mixed beef cattle diet on in vitro methane emissions and fermentation parameters
Authors: Tamayao Paul , Ominski Kim , Ribeiro Gabriel , McGeough Emma
Published: December 2019

This in vitro study evaluated seven different engineered biocarbon products supplied at three levels (0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 mg/ml inoculum) to determine their effects on total gas, methane production, and fermentation parameters when added to a barley silage-based diet. The biocarbon sources were derived from either coconut (CP001 and CP014) or pine (CP002, CP015, CP016, CP023, CP024) and differed in their physical properties and chemical composition. The coconut biocarbon sources were lower in pore space, particle size distribution and surface area but higher in bulk density than the pine products. The control consisted of only the barley-silage diet. The in vitro batch culture jars were incubated for 24 h at 39°C at the above inclusion levels in 0.5 g of diet. Gas samples were collected at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 h and DM disappearance, pH, VFA and ammonia concentrations post incubation were measured. Data were analysed using the PROC MIXED in SAS as a randomized complete block design with treatment and rate as fixed effects and run and replicate as random effects. Total gas production was not affected by source of biocarbon (P = 0.85) and inclusion rate (P = 0.91). Cumulative methane (ml/g DM) had no response to biocarbon addition (P = 0.40) at any inclusion level (P = 0.48). Additionally, concentration of total VFA was not affected by treatment (P = 0.31) or inclusion rates (P = 0.25). NH3-N concentrations responded quadratically (P < 0.001) to all types of biocarbon. Higher inclusion rates of biocarbon linearly (P < 0.002) decreased feed digestibility, particularly the coconut-based biocarbon sources CP001 and CP014. In conclusion, supplementation of biocarbon to a TMR diet did not reduce methane emissions, but at higher levels of inclusion diet digestibility was negatively affected.
PSVII-9 Agronomic characteristics and nutrient composition of purple prairie clover grown under irrigated and dryland conditions
Authors: Wang Yuxi , Iwaasa Alan , Xu Zhong-Jun , Acharya Surya , McAllister Tim
Published: December 2019

Dry matter (DM) yield, nutrient composition, and in vitro digestibility of three populations (Common, AC Lamour, Bismarck) of purple prairie clover (PPC; Dalea purpurea Vent.) were determined in a 3-year study. Test plots of the populations were established in the 1st year under irrigation and dryland and whole plants were harvested at vegetative, full flower and late flower stages for determination of DM yield and nutritional characteristics in the 2nd and 3rd year. Only one cut per season was achieved for all populations under both growing conditions. The DM yield was similar among the three populations but irrigated land yielded higher (P < 0.01) DM than dryland in both years. The average DM yields (kg/ha; mean±SD) at the vegetative, full flower and late flower stages were 4739±1431, 4988±1547 and 6715±1580 under irrigation and 1423±479, 2014±348 and 2297±942 under dryland. Nutrient composition (organic matter, protein, neutral and acid detergent fibres and minerals) was similar among the three populations. Protein content was higher (P < 0.01) but neutral and acid detergent fibre content was lower (P < 0.05) in plants grown under irrigation than on dryland. Condensed tannin concentration was higher (P < 0.05) in plants grown under dryland than under irrigation. In vitro organic matter digestibility was higher (P < 0.05) for PPC grown under irrigation than on dryland. The PPC was readily established on both dry and irrigated land with comparable nutrient content to that of alfalfa and sainfoin under the similar growing conditions. Purple prairie clover has potential as an alternative legume forage, but its yearly yield is substantially lower than conventional legume forages.
PSVIII-10 Effects of early intervention by fecal microbiota transplantation combined probiotics on the growth performance, intestinal barrier and immunity function, and gut microbiota in sucking piglets
Authors: Xiang Quanhang , Peng Jian
Published: December 2019

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of early gut colonization by fecal microbiota transplantation and probiotics intervention on growth performance, immunity function, and gut health of piglets. A total of 121 pregnant sows were divided into 6 groups with average parity of 3.66 ± 1.34. After delivery, piglets of group AB were treated with antibiotics at age of 3-day. Piglets of group CON were gavaged with PBS. The remaining four treatment groups, FMT, FMT+C, FMT+S, and FMT+C+S, the piglets were gavaged with fecal suspension, fecal suspension with C. butyricum, fecal suspension with S. boulardii, and fecal suspension with C. butyricum and S.boulardii, respectively, with the frequency of once daily in the first 3 days. All the piglets were weaned at age of 21 day. The individual body weight of piglets were weighed weekly, blood samples and fecal samples were collected weekly. At the end of study, the ADG and diarrhea rate were caculated. FMT+C+S and FMT could increased piglets 21-day-old weight (P < 0.01), and FMT+C+S could increased ADG (P < 0.05) and decreased diarrhea rate (P < 0.05). Early antibiotics exposure for health care has no positive effect on growth performance and diarrhea. FMT, FMT+S and FMT+C+S improved fecal sIgA and plasma IgG of 14-day-old piglets (P < 0.05). FMT+C+S decreased the concentration of plasma DAO and D-LA, and increased fecal MUC2 content, so that the intestinal barrier was enhanced. The early intervention of FMT combined with C. butyricum and S. boulardii reduced the abundance of E. coli, and increased the abundance of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. In addition, it also increases the production of intestinal short-chain fatty acids. In conclusion, these data indicated that early intervention with FMT combined C. butyricum and S. boulardii could improve the growth performance, immune responses, and gut function of sucking piglets.
PSVII-17 The relationship of biochemistry of seminal plasma, ejaculate volume and sperm concentration in horses
Authors: Atroshchenko Michail , Nikitkina Elena , Kalashnikov Valerii , Zaitcev Aleksander , Zvyagina Valentina , Fomina Maria , Kudlaeva Anna , Musidray Artem , Plemyashov Kirill
Published: December 2019

The aim of the work was to study the relationship between biochemistry of seminal plasma with the ejaculate volume and the concentration of spermatozoa. Ejaculates from 35 stallions aged 5 to 15 were collected during the breeding season (February–May). The concentration of calcium (Ca), phosphate (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn) and lithium (Li) in seminal plasma were determined by atomic emission and mass spectrometry (AES-ICP and MS-ICP) using an mass spectrometer Elan 9000 (Perkin Elmer, USA) and an atomic emission spectrometer Optima 2000V (Perkin Elmer,USA). The concentration of glucose, phospholipids, aspartate-amino-transferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (AIP) was determined by ChemWell 2902V analyzer (Awareness Technology, USA). The significance of differences between the indices was determined using Student’s t-test, the differences at P ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant. A significant negative correlation between the volume of ejaculate and concentration of Se (r = -0.42; P = 0.01), P (r =-0.39; P = 0.001), AIP (r = -0.48; P = 0.01), Zn (r = -0.40; P = 0.01), Li (r = -0.39; P = 0.02), phospholipids (= -0.52; P = 0.03) in seminal plasma was established. A correlation between the concentration of sperm and the concentration of P (r = 0.71; P = 0.01), Se (r = 0.39; P = 0.02), Li (r = 0.33; P = 0.05), AIP (r = 0.81; P = 0.001) in seminal plasma was established. Also a negative correlation between the concentration of sperm and glucose (r = -0.62; P = 0.01) was found. We assumed that selenium, zinc, phosphorus, lithium, phospholipids and AIP in seminal plasma have an epididymal origin and do not depend on the secretion of the accessory sex glands. Glucose enters the ejaculate with the secrets of the accessory sex glands. Authors acknowledge financial support from Russian Science Foundation, Grant No: 17-16-01109, development program of Bioresource collections “Cryobank of genetic recourses the All-Russian Research Institute for Horse Breeding.”
PSXIV-5 Results of external use of staphylococcal toxoid for the prevention of mastitis in cows
Authors: Kashtanova Dariya , Skopichev Valerii G , Alistratova Flura , Polistovskaia Polina A , Panova Nataliya A , Vasil’eva Svetlana , Anipchenko Polina , Olga Dushenina , Vasil’ev Roman , Pilaeva Nina
Published: December 2019

Mastitis in cows in the farms of the Russian Federation cause great economic damage. Economic losses include the cost of treating cows and the cost of recycled milk. In the farms of the North-West region of the Russian Federation mastitis occurs in 20–30% of lactating cows. An important task is to find effective ways to prevent mastitis. The task of our research included the study of the effectiveness of external use of staphylococcal toxoid. For the experiment, 2 experimental groups of dry cows of 10 animals each were formed. For the first group of cows, 5 days before the expected date of calving, an ointment containing staphylococcal toxoid and dimethyl sulfoxide was applied to the area of the milk mirror. Udder treatment was performed once a day for five days. Cows of the second group were immunized with Starvac® vaccine in accordance with the instructions, twice during the dry period. The third group of cows (n = 20) was the control. After calving, the concentration of immunoglobulins in colostrum was examined in all cows. In cows of the first group, the concentration of immunoglobulins G, M and A in colostrum was 8.59 ± 0.9; 1.1 ± 0.13 and 5.42 ± 0.9 g / l, respectively. The concentration of immunoglobulins in cows of the first group was higher, on average, by 1.3–2.0 times in comparison with cows that were given the Starvac vaccine. In comparison with the control group, the growth of all classes of immunoglobulins was determined by 2.2 - 5.2 times (P < 0.01). The results obtained showed high efficacy of external use of staphylococcal toxoid together with dimethisulfoxide.
PSIV-B-32 Late-Breaking: Consistency of industry related terminology utilized in assessment questions across instructors of an introductory animal science course
Authors: Burnett Kirstin M , Frenzel Leslie , Ramsey Wesley S , Dunlap Kathrin
Published: December 2019

The consistency of instruction between various sections of introductory courses is a concern in higher education, along with properly preparing students to enter careers in industry. The study was conducted at Texas A&M University, using an introductory course, General Animal Science, within the Department of Animal Science. This course was chosen due to the utilization of specific animal science industry related terminology within the course content in support of learning outcomes. The study was a quantitative nonexperimental research method that was conducted over a single semester in 2018. General Animal Science is a large-scale course that contains multiple sections, and this study evaluated assessments created by individual faculty members who instructed different sections, Section A and Section B. These sections were selected as they were composed of both animal science majors and non-majors. Section A had a significantly higher (P < 0.001) number of majors versus non-majors than Section B. Assessment questions were collected from all examinations and quizzes distributed throughout the semester and were compiled into a single document for coding. These specific terms were chosen from literature to provide a benchmark for a potential relationship between student performance on questions containing industry related terminology as opposed to those that do not. Comparing the use of specific industry coded terminology in assessment questions yielded no significant difference (P < 0.05) between the two instructors or sections. These findings demonstrate consistent use of benchmarked industry related terminology in assessment questions across multiple sections, irrespective of individual instructor or student major. This provides a necessary foundation for future analysis of student performance.
PSIV-B-42 Late-Breaking: Effects of dietary inactivated probiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and immune responses of weaned pigs
Authors: Kang Joowon , Chae Jong Pyo , Kim S-H , Kim J-W , Park Sangwoo , Mun Daye , Kim Byeonghyeon , Kim Sheena , Lee Jeongjae , Kim Soyun , Kyoung Hyunjin , Choe Jeehwan , Song Minho
Published: December 2019

The study was conducted to investigate effects of dietary inactivated probiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and immune responses of weaned pigs. A total of 96 weaned pigs (initial BW = 6.95 ± 0.25 kg) were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments with increasing levels of inactive probiotics (4 pigs/replicate; 6 replicates/treatment; 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4%; CON, T1, T2, and T3) in a randomized complete block design (BW and sex as blocks). The inactivated probiotics used in this experiment was a commercial product (CJ CheilJedang Biotechnology Research Institute, Seoul, Korea) containing 1 x 106 CFU/g on stains of Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Pigs were fed respective dietary treatments for 4 weeks. During the last week of the experimental period, pigs were fed their respective dietary treatments containing 0.2% chromic oxide. Fecal samples were collected by rectal palpation daily for the last 3 days after the 4-day adjustment period during the last week of experiment. Blood was collected from randomly selected one pig each pen on d 1, 3, 7, and 14 after weaning. Measurements were growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), TNF-α, TGF-β, CRP, and cortisol by ELISA. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The inactivated probiotics increased ADG (471, 501, and 513 vs. 428 g/d; P < 0.05) and G:F (0.65, 0.69, and 0.71 vs. 0.58 g/g; P < 0.05) during overall experimental period compared with CON. The inactivated probiotics increased ATTD of GE (86.87, 87.29, and 88.53 vs. 85.25%; P < 0.05) compared with CON. The inactivated probiotics decreased TNF-α (600, 542, and 523 vs. 849 pg/ml; P < 0.05) and cortisol (5.58, 5.56, and 5.44 vs. 7.25 ng/ml; P < 0.05) on d 7 compared with CON. In conclusion, addition of inactivated probiotics improved growth performance, and nutrient digestibility, and modified immune responses.
PSXI-10 Influence of monensin in the diet of temperate and tropically adapted cattle on the ruminal and fecal metabolome and microbiome
Authors: Rabalais Madeline M , Somenahally Anil C , Wellman Catherine L , Long Charles R , Randel Ronald D
Published: December 2019

The effect of monensin on the ruminal and fecal metabolome and microbiome of temperate and tropically-adapted cattle (264±6 kg BW) consuming Tifton bermudagrass hay plus a supplement was evaluated. During Period 1, 10 Angus, 10 Brahman, and 10 BrahmanXAngus steers were fed Tifton bermudagrass hay ad libitum for a 21-d period with 5 steers per pen within breedtype at the conclusion of which rumen fluid (100-to-250 mL) and fecal samples were collected and stored at -80C. During Period 2 all steers were fed Tifton bermudagrass hay ad libitum plus 1.185 kg of supplement (908 g corn, 217 g soybean meal, 60 g dried molasses) with or without monensin (220 mg·steer−1·d−1) individually for 21 d. Rumen fluid and fecal samples were stored at -80C until DNA was extracted and total prokaryotes, methanogens and fungi determined by qPCR. Rumen and fecal samples were extracted to quantify short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and monensin content by GC and LCMS, respectively. After 21 d of consumption of bermudagrass hay, neither rumen nor fecal prokaryotic copy number, fungal copy number, nor methanogen copy number differed among breedtypes. The rumen, but not fecal, fungi:bacterial ratio was least for Angus (0.77) and similar between Brahman (1.31) and BrahmanXAngus (1.21) steers (P < 0.0032). Ruminal SCFA concentrations were similar among breeds as was the acetate:propionate ratio (Angus: 3.52; Brahman: 3.64; BrahmanXAngus: 3.43). Monensin was not detected in control rumen fluid but averaged 363±24 ng/mL for monensin steers. Monensin reduced the acetate:propionate ratio (P < 0.001) by 18, 25.1, and 18.4% for the Angus, Brahman, and BrahmanXAngus steers, respectively. Rumen prokaryotic copy number (P < 0.10), methanogen copy number (P < 0.035), and methanogen:prokaryote ratio (P < 0.001) were reduced within each breedtype by monensin. Addition of monensin reduced methanogen copy number and improved utilization of the diet in temperate and tropically-adapted beef cattle.
PSXI-28 Reducing dietary crude protein and supplementation with amino acids helps mitigate the environmental impacts of growing pigs production determined by the life cycle assessment
Authors: Esteves Lucas Antonio C , Sitanaka Natália Y , Monteiro Alessandra N T R , Einsfeld Suelen M , Bonagurio Lucas P , Pozza Paulo Cesar
Published: December 2019

This study aimed to evaluate, through life cycle assessment and using experimental data, the environmental impacts of growing pigs’ production (30 to 50 kg) fed diets with reduced crude protein (CP) levels, and supplemented with industrial amino acids. Experiment I (nitrogen and phosphorus balance): 20 crossbred barrows, averaging 31.80 ± 2.39 kg of initial body weight, were housed in metabolic cages and allotted in a randomized block design with four treatments, five replicates and one animal per experimental unit. Experiment II (performance): 44 crossbred barrows, averaging 30.10 ± 0.63 kg of initial body weight, were housed in a randomized block design, with four treatments, 11 replicates and one animal per experimental unit. The treatments for both experiments consisted of four diets containing 18.15, 17.15, 16.15 and 15.15% of CP, and supplemented with industrial amino acids, in order to meet the pig’s requirements of SID amino acids. According to the obtained data (Experiments I and II), the environmental impacts for global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AC), eutrophication potential (EU), cumulative energy demand (CED), terrestrial ecotoxicity (TE) and land occupation (LO), per kg of body weight gain, were calculated (CML 2001 method). There was a reduction in some studied environmental impacts as the dietary CP reduced from 18.15 to 15.15%, observing a reduction in the AC from 35.34 to 31.58 g SO2-eq (P = 0.015), there was also a reduction in the EU from 11.90 to 10.31 g PO4-eq (P = 0.001), and the LO was reduced from 2.15 to 1.89 m2-year (P = 0.005), respectively. GWP, CED and TE were not affected (P > 0.05) by the dietary CP reduction, although some variations were observed. It was concluded that the dietary CP reduction, supplementing with industrial amino acids, may help to mitigate the environmental impacts caused by growing pig production for the AC, EU and LO categories.
PSXI-27 Association of an increased marbling score by dietary glycerol supplementation with lipid metabolism gene expression in Korean cattle steers
Authors: Yoo Seon Pil , Fassah Dilla , Baik Myunggi , Na sang Weon , Jeong Inhyuk , Jung Da Jin Sol , Seok-Hyeon Beak , Kang Hyeok Joong , Kim Hyun Jin
Published: December 2019

This study investigated effects of dietary glycerol supplementation on liver, muscle, and adipose gene expression related with gluconeogenesis and lipid metabolism and association of gene expression levels with marbling score in Korean cattle steers. Fourteen Korean cattle steers (average age 28.4 months; average body weight 733 kg) were equally assigned to two groups (0 and 5% glycerol supplementation). Glycerol was provided with glycerol (63%)-adsorbed ground wheat bran (37%, DM) by top dressing during roughage feeding. A concentrate (1.2% of body weight) and 1.0 kg of ryegrass were individually fed twice daily. After four months of study, steers were slaughtered, and marbling score was evaluated. Longissimus thoracis (LT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue at the 13th thoracic vertebra area and liver were collected and analyzed for mRNA levels by quantitative real-time PCR. Statistical significance was analyzed by analysis of variance. Correlations were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation analysis. Glycerol supplementation increased (P = 0.01) marbling score. In the LT, glycerol supplementation tended to increase (0.05 < P ≤ 0.10) lipid uptake CD36 and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mRNA levels. In subcutaneous adipose tissues, glycerol supplementation increased (P ≤ 0.05) LPL, adipogenic sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1), and lipogenic acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) mRNA levels and tended to increase (0.05 < P < 0.10) CD36, adipogenic peroxisome proliferator-activated gamma (PPARG), and lipogenic fatty acid synthase (FASN) expression. It did not affect (P > 0.05) mRNA levels of hepatic gluconeogenesis genes. Marbling score showed significant positive correlations (0.57 < r < 0.68; P < 0.05) with mRNA levels of several genes including LPL, PPARG, SREBP1, and ACC in adipose tissues, but not with any genes examined in the LT. Our study demonstrates that lipid uptake, adipogenesis and lipogenesis may mainly contribute to the increased marbling score by glycerol supplementation.
PSXI-32 Potential improvements in milk production of mid lactating Holstein cows through changes in the defoliation intensity on a mixed pasture
Authors: Hinz Oliver Fast , Chilibroste Pablo , Menegazzi Gabriel , Oborsky Matías , Soca Pablo , Genro Cristina , Mattiauda Diego A
Published: December 2019

An experiment was performed to study the effect of two contrasting defoliation intensities of a fescue based pasture on milk production of 24 mid lactating multiparous cows. The animals were blocked according to parity, body weight (587 ± 42 kg), body condition score (2.77 ± 0.16) and calving date, and were randomly allocated to one of these two treatments: lax treatment (TL) 12 cm and control treatment (TC) 6 cm, with four replications. It was used a second-year pasture of Festuca arundinacea and Lotus corniculatus (2530 ± 180 kgDM/ha), divided into eight plots of 0.3 ha. Each plot was grazed by three cows during as many days as necessary until the defoliation height of each treatment was achieved. This would be determined by daily measures of the pasture height. Animals had one grazing session from 8:00 to 16:00 h. Both treatments received 7.5 kgDM of supplementation (17% Crude Protein; 2.81 Mcal/kgDM) in individual troughs. The cows were milked twice a day (05:00 and 17:00 h). Milk production was registered daily while milk composition was measured at the beginning and at the end of the experiment (samples from two consecutive milking). For milk yield results, a mixed model was used (Glimmix procedure, SAS 9.2, 2010) to analyse with treatment, day and their interaction as fixed effects and block as a random effect. While milk composition was analysed with only treatment as fixed effect. Milk yield was greater for TL than TC, while there was no difference in milk composition between treatments (Table 1). There is a significant effect of the day and an interaction between treatment and day (Figure 1), as difference was greater for TL to the end of the grazing period. This leads to the conclusion that it is possible to improve the milk production through less defoliation intensity.
PSIX-11 Impact of a phytogenic feed additive on growth performance, feed intake and carcass traits of finishing steers
Authors: Brand Tassilo , Hünerberg Martin , McAllister Tim , Saleem Atef , Shen YiZhao , Miller Bryan , Yang Wenzhu
Published: December 2019

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a phytogenic feed additive (Digestarom® (DA), Biomin, Getzersdorf, Austria) on growth performance, feed intake, carcass traits, and liver abscesses of finishing beef steers. One hundred and twenty Angus × Charolais crossbred steers (initial BW 488 ± 26.5 kg) were used in a 110-d feeding experiment. Steers were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to 12 pens with 10 steers per pen. Each pen was allocated to 1 of 3 diets. Each diet contained 86.5% barley, 10.0% barley silage and 3.5% vitamin and mineral supplement on a dry matter basis. Digestarom® replaced barley grain in the vitamin and mineral supplement at 1.41 and 2.82 g/kg, to achieve average daily intakes of DA of 0 (Control), 0.5 (LowDA) and 1.0 g (HighDA) per steer. Diets were prepared once daily and offered ad libitum intake. Two pens per treatment were equipped to record individual feed intake ehavior. Steers were weighed every 28 d and carcass traits and liver scores were recorded at slaughter. Dry matter intake (average 9.34 kg/d) and final BW (average 669 kg) did not differ among treatments. Average daily gain (ADG) tended (P < 0.09) to increase in response to DA supplementation (control, 1.82; LowDA, 1.87; and HighDA, 1.95 kg/d), but gain:feed ratio was not affected. Supplementation of DA affected rib-eye area quadratically (P < 0.05) with the largest area observed for LowDA. Total abscessed livers were not affected, whereas proportion of severe liver abscesses was numerically lower (P < 0.15) with DA (31 and 43% for LowDA and HighDA, respectively) compared to the control (50%). The positive effect of DA on ADG and percentage of severely abscessed livers should be validated in larger scale feedlot studies.
PSXII-26 Withdrawing monensin by the end of finishing period increases intake and changes ruminal fermentation patterns of cannulated Nellore cattle
Authors: Dellaqua João Victor T , Rigueiro André Luiz N , Silvestre Antonio M , Silva Leandro Aparecido F , Souza Katia Lirian R , Costa Victor Carvalho M , Millen Danilo D
Published: December 2019

This study, conducted at São Paulo State University feedlot, Dracena, Brazil, was designed to evaluate the effects of increasing diet energy content and withdrawing monensin (MON) by the end of the finishing period, while combined with virginiamycin (VM), on rumen fermentation patterns and DMI of Nellore cattle. The experiment was designed as a 5 x 5 Latin square, in which five 32-mo-old Nellore steers (531 ± 22 kg) cannulated in the rumen were utilized. Each period lasted 28-d, which was divided into phases as follows: 14-d adaptation (66% to 78% concentrate), 7-d finishing 1 (84% concentrate) and 7-d finishing 2 (88% concentrate). The treatments were: MON throughout phases, VM throughout phases, MON+VM throughout phases, MON+VM during adaptation and only VM during finishing 1 and 2, and MON+VM during adaptation and finishing 1 and only VM during finishing 2. Monensin and VM were added into diets at 30 and 25 ppm, respectively (DM basis). Rumen fermentation pattern was assessed by measuring ruminal pH and by collecting samples for SCFA determination on the last day of each phase. No treatment effect was observed (P > 0.05) for any of the SCFA variables measured, except for acetate:propionate, where cattle fed MON+VM throughout phases had greater ratio than those fed MON throughout phases on finishing 1 (P = 0.02; Table 1). Cattle consuming only VM in the study presented greater DMI throughout phases (P < 0.01), which did not negatively impact rumen pH (Table 2). Feeding MON+VM and withdrawing MON on finishing 2 did not affect SCFA concentrations, but decreased DMI, when compared to cattle fed VM either throughout phases or just during finishing, without affecting rumen pH. Thus, increasing diet energy content and withdrawing MON by the end of finishing period negatively impacted DMI without altering ruminal fermentation pattern.
PSXII-16 High and medium ADG on LH profile in early-weaned heifers
Authors: Biava Janaina S , Ferraz Marcos V C , Ferreira Evandro M , Polizel Daniel M , Oliveira Gabriela B , Nogueira Guilherme D , Pires Alexandre Vaz
Published: December 2019

This study evaluated the effects of ADG on number of pulses, amplitude and concentration of LH in pre-pubertal early-weaned heifers. Twenty ½Angus x ½Nellore were weaned (86±3 d of age and 91±1 kg BW), and allocated in 2×2 factorial design. Heifers were submitted to high (H) and medium (M) ADG in two periods. The first period occurred from 3 to 7 mo and the second from 7 mo to puberty (HH, HM, MH and MM). Diets in the first (CP 19%, NDF 24% and TDN 79%) and second periods (CP 14%, NDF 24% and TDN 78 %) were the same for all treatments, but the amount was controlled to get the ADG. Weekly, heifers were weighed and puberty status assessed by US. Serial blood samples were collected every 15 min for 12h at 6.5, 9.5 and 11.5 mo of age. The data were evaluated using SAS. The ADG was higher in H than M group in the first period (0.99±0.06 kg vs. 0.51±0.04 kg). In the second period, the ADG was 0.81±0.03 (HH), 0.5±0.03 (HM), 1.0±0.04 (MH) and 0.68±0.03 (MM). At 6.5 mo of age, heifers in H had an increase in LH pulses (2.1±0.5) compared with M (0.7±0.5) (period x age interaction P = 0.04). There was no effect of treatments on LH pulses in other ages, and in amplitude of LH pulse. The LH concentration was higher in HH than HM, MH and MM at 9.5 mo (1.72 vs. 1.07, 1.46 and 1.25±0.2 ng/mL) and 11.5 mo of age (2.01 vs. 1.65, 1.48 and 1.53±0.2 ng/mL), respectively. Despite differences in LH patterns, HH heifers reached puberty at a similar age to HM and MH (12±0.2 mo), however MM heifers (14.4±0.4 mo) reached puberty later (P = 0.09). Increasing ADG on juvenile period increased LH pulses but did not induce precocious puberty.
PSXIV-20 Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-1077 on growth efficiency, feeding behavior, physiology, and carcass quality of yearling steers fed a high-grain diet
Authors: Forehand Lydia R , Kayser William , Carstens Gordon E , Chevaux Eric
Published: December 2019

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Levucell SC (LY; Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-1077) supplementation on performance, feed efficiency, ruminal temperature, feeding behavior, and carcass quality traits in yearling steers. Forty-eight crossbred steers were randomly allocated into two treatments: (1) Control and (2) LY with two pen replicates per treatment (12 steers per pen). Steers were housed in pens equipped with GrowSafe and fitted with reticulo-rumen boluses. All steers were maintained on their respective dietary treatments until harvest to assess carcass traits. There were no differences amongst treatments in DMI, ADG, morbidity or mortality rates, ruminal temperature or F:G. Live-yeast supplemented steers had 17% greater (P = 0.05) backfat thickness than control steers, which resulted in a 13% increase in yield grade, with no differences in all other carcass traits. Live-yeast steers exhibited different feeding behavior patterns than control steers, such that LY steers approached the bunk 25 minutes earlier (P = 0.01) than control steers, had 22% greater (P < 0.05) bunk visit (BV) duration, 41% increased (P < 0.05) head down duration, 18% slower (P < 0.05) BV eating rates, and a tendency for 9% lower BV frequency. Meal criterion was 47% longer (P = 0.01) for LY steers resulting in a reduction (P = 0.07) in meal frequency. Additionally, LY steers consumed 27% longer meals (P < 0.05) that tended to be larger in size (P = 0.09). Although DMI was not different throughout the trial, LY displayed 10% decreased (P < 0.05) meal-eating rates due to longer meal lengths. Overall, LY steers approached the feed bunk sooner following feed delivery, ate fewer, but larger meals at a slower rate, and spent more time eating compared to control steers. Live-yeast supplementation clearly altered feeding behavior patterns, suggesting more favorable fermentation and the capability to mitigate metabolic stress in steers fed high-grain diets by altering meal patterns.