bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perspektiver på barnets stemme
Authors: Hammen Ida
Published: September 2021

I artiklen beskrives, hvordan et generelt samfundsmæssigt og forskningsmæssigt fokus på barnets rettigheder kan være med til at forstærke opfattelsen af barnet som et afgrænset individ og sløre perspektiver på børn og deres afhængighed af omgivelserne. Et fokus på barnet som et afgrænset individ sætter desuden bestemte forventninger til barnets stemme som entydig og informerende, hvilket tilsvarende kan sløre opmærksomheden på de flertydige, mangeartede og modsætningsfyldte oplevelser og ønsker, som barnet, ligesom voksne, også kan have. Et fokus på barnets ret til at blive hørt medfører nogle etiske dilemmaer. På baggrund af forfatterens erfaringer fra interviewsituationer vises, hvordan en generel etik i forhold til at høre barnets stemme ikke kan gennemføres i praksis. Tværtimod kræver det en metodisk fleksibilitet i de enkelte interviewsituationer at sikre, at forventningen til barnets stemme som entydig og afgrænset fra deres voksne om- sorgspersoner ikke bliver et krav og dermed endnu en overskridelse af barnets grænser. Artiklen indeholder metodologiske refleksioner på basis af kvalitative interview og dagbogsdiktafon med ti plejebørn og deres plejeforældre i forbindelse med et ph.d.-projekt om opfattelser af slægtskab og tilhørsforhold.Søgeord: plejebørn, udsatte børn, FN’s Børnekonvention, metodologi, etik, tilhørsforhold.The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, The Danish Children’s Act (Barnets Reform) and the media’s current focus on children at risk are all examples of a general tendency in Denmark to focus on children’s participatory rights and the child’s own voice. The solution to the problems of the lives of children at risk is now sought with the children themselves; they need to be heard. This article discusses how a general focus in society and research on children’s voice and participatory rights is ambiguous, because it is grounded in a perspective of the child as a well-defined individual, which veils other aspects, such as children’s connectedness. The focus on the child as a well-defined individual also supports research perspectives that seek a synonymous and informative voice from the child, which at the same time veils the fact that children – as well as adults – also have multiple and often contrasting experiences and wishes. The focus on Children’s Universal Citizenship Rights support a child’s right to be heard, but can bring ethical problems when worked out in practice. This article shows how, through empirical examples from interview settings with children, universal ethical principles cannot be directly transferred into practice. Instead, some methodological flexibility is necessary to secure that wanting to hear the child’s own voice does not in itself become a transgression of this child. This article offers methodological reflections on the basis of the two methods interview and dictaphone diary that were used in a Ph.D. study about foster children and notions of kinship and belonging. Keywords: Foster children, children at risk, UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, children’s voices, ethics, methodology
Skaber gode hegn gode naboer? Refleksioner over grænsedragning i antropologien
Authors: Schwartz Jonathan Matthew
Published: September 2021

Intet resume
DISKUSSION
Authors: Højer Lars , Sjørslev Inger , Blok Anders , Henkel Heiko , Simonsen Asger F. , Amlund Toke K. , Rømer Lars , Grue Astrid , Vega Christina , Nielsen Morten , Pedersen Morten Axel
Published: September 2021

Lars Højer: Hvilke ting? Hvilke relationer? Hvilke verdener?

Inger Sjørslev: Hvorfor skal forskelligheder være ontologiske?

Anders Blok: Med Wittgenstein på kanten af antropologiens sprogspil?

Heiko Henkel: Hvad kan „mangfoldige verdener“ gøre for os?

Asger F. Simonsen, Toke K. Amlund, Lars Rømer, Astrid Grue og Christina Vega: Rejsen til planeterne M&M

Morten Nielsen: Respons

Morten Axel Pedersen: Respons
Birgitta Frello: Kollektiv identitet – kritiske perspektiver
Authors: Langkjær Jeppe
Published: September 2021

Anmeldes af Jeppe Langkjær
Helle Johannessen & Ann Ostenfeld-Rosenthal: Alternativ behandling – praksis og fakta
Authors: Ulrich Anita
Published: September 2021

Anmeldes af Anita Ulrich
Esther Oluffa Pedersen & Anne-Marie S. Christensen (red.): Mennesket. En introduktion til filosofisk antropologi
Authors: Smith Aja
Published: September 2021

Anmeldes af Aja Smith
Kom Nærmere - Lugten i Galleriet
Authors: Stenslund Anette
Published: September 2021

Baseret på erfaringer hentet fra den allerførste museumsudstilling nogensinde dedikeret udelukkende til duft, problematiserer jeg i artiklen det abstrakte objek- tiverende niveau, dufte ofte håndteres på. Jeg viser, at objektiverende tilgange til duft fordrer en eksistentiel distance, og i et forsøg på at komme nærmere lugt- erfaringers ontologiske fundament introducerer jeg en alternativ tilgang udviklet med inspiration hentet hos Martin Heidegger. På baggrund af min ambition om at udvikle en fænomenologisk sensitiv tilgang til håndtering af det ontologiske spørgs- mål om, hvad lugt er, supplerer jeg allerede eksisterende lugtundersøgelser, og jeg foretager væsentlige justeringer af begrebet tilstedeværelse, som findes i værker af Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht. Ved at fremhæve den menneskelige eksistens som en del af olfaktoriske fænomener afdækker denne fænomenologiske undersøgelse lugtens grundlæggende ontologi. Lugt er altid „noget til nogen“. Lugtoplevelser er således universelt partikulære og kan alene objektiveres regionalt.Søgeord: Olfaktorisk æstetik, tilstedeværelse, nærværelse, Martin Heidegger. Based on experiences drawn from the very first museum exhibition ever dedicated solely to scent, this paper problematizes the abstract level of dealing with odour in terms of objectivity, which is defined at a distance from the experience of human existence. In an effort to move beyond objectified understandings of smell and get up close to the question of smell experiences I draw on the philosophy of Martin Heidegger. Striving to develop a phenomenological approach to smell that could complement already existing smell investigations, I also carry out essential adjustments of the concept of “presence” found in works by Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht. In emphasizing human existence as being part of the olfactory phenomena this phenomenological examination reveals the foundational ontology of odour. Smell is always “something to someone”; universally smell experiences are particular, and only regionally they can be objectified.Keywords: olfactory aesthetics, presence, Anwesenheit, Martin Heidegger
Når religionen sætter sig i kroppen: Om fænomenologiske drejninger i antropologisk ritualteori
Authors: Lindhardt Martin
Published: September 2021

Denne artikel belyser fænomenologiske drejninger i antropologisk ritualteori. Jeg trækker både på andre forskeres arbejde og på min egen forskning i pinsekristendom i Tanzania og Chile, idet jeg argumenterer for, at et fænomenologisk fokus på forskellige erfaringsmåder og ikke mindst på den inkarnerede væren-i-verden kan nuancere klassiske definitioner af religion, som relaterer til propositionel tro (for eksempel tro på, at Gud eksisterer), ideer og symbolsystemer. Artiklen ser blandt andet på, hvordan den kropslige deltagelse i rituel praksis kan resultere i produktionen af rituelle agenter, der i tilgift til at have en særlig tro og særlige verdenssyn besidder en praktisk rituel viden i form af færdigheder, dispositioner og en intuitiv sensibilitet i forhold til det hellige. Endvidere argumenterer jeg for, at kropslig rituel praksis i mange tilfælde bør ses som konstituerende for religiøst liv og ikke bare som en materialisering af forudeksisterende religiøs tro og religiøse ideer. Søgeord: ritual, fænomenologi, krop, spontanitet, færdigheder, betydning, tro, pinsekristendom, Tanzania, Chile. This article sheds light on phenomenological turns in anthropological ritual theory. Drawing on the work of other scholars and my own research on Pentecostalism in Chile and Tanzania, I argue that a phenomenological focus on different modes of experience and not least on the incarnated being-in-the world is helpful in terms of adding nuances to classical definitions of religion as related to propositional beliefs (for instance the belief that God exists), ideas and systems of symbols. Among other things the article explores how bodily participation in ritual practices results in the production of ritual agents who, in addition to holding certain beliefs and world views, possess a practical ritual knowledge in the form of skills, dispositions and an intuitive sensitivity to the sacred. It is further argued that embodied ritual practice should in many cases be seen as constitutive of religious life and not just as a materialization of priorly existing religious ideas and beliefs.Keywords: ritual, phenomenology, body, spontaneity, skills, meaning, belief, Pentecostalism, Chile, Tanzania
MED MIRAKLET SOM MÅL: Intentionelle forældres fortællinger om kommercielt surrogatmoderskab i Indien
Authors: Holten-Andersen Maria , Pålsson Lærke Riis
Published: September 2021

Bioteknologiske fremskridt har i løbet af de seneste årtier rykket ved grænserne

for menneskekroppen og skabt nye muligheder for at realisere ønsket om at

opnå forældreskab. Denne artikel handler om nogle af de ufrivilligt barnløse par

(intentionelle forældre), som drager til Indien, i håbet om at de ved hjælp af en

indisk surrogatmoder kan få opfyldt deres ønske om at blive forældre. Artiklen

udfolder overvejelser, som disse par gør sig, når de bevæger sig ud på et globalt

fertilitetsmarked, hvor der er stærke kommercielle interesser på spil, og hvor de

som aktører i en kontroversiel reproduktiv praksis selv må være med til at skabe

normerne. Som medicinsk-teknologisk løsning indebærer surrogatiforløbet en

optimering af reproduktionen, som de barnløse par må forholde sig til, blandt

andet når de på fertilitetsklinikkerne får del i centrale valg, der kan påvirke

forløbet. Ved at se på optimeringsaspekterne i surrogatiforløbet træder dilemmaer

og usikkerhed forbundet med denne reproduktionsteknologi frem. Artiklen viser,

at de barnløse pars ønsker om at optimere mulighederne for at forløbet lykkes går

hånd i hånd med ønsket om at skabe et forløb, som både undervejs og i retrospekt

opleves som meningsfuldt og etisk forsvarligt.

Søgeord: assisterede reproduktive teknologier, kommerciel surrogati, forældreskab,

ufrivillig barnløshed, Indien, etisk pionerskab
OPTIMALE SUBJEKTER? Idealer og narrative optimeringsstrategier blandt danske iværksættere
Authors: Eriksen Michael Hallstrøm
Published: September 2021

Med afsæt i empirisk materiale fra feltarbejde blandt iværksættere i og omkring

København belyser denne artikel de idealer og værdier, der ligger til grund for,

motiverer og informerer entreprenørielle praksisser. De seneste år har været præget

af et øget fokus på iværksætteri i politik, medier og det offentlige rum. Ifølge den

typiske repræsentation er iværksættere „optimale subjekter“, idet de er i stand

til at skabe et selvstændigt, kreativt og passioneret liv for sig selv, samtidig med

at de skaber samfundsmæssig værdi gennem jobskabelse og økonomisk vækst.

I artiklen argumenterer jeg for, at iværksættere i høj grad søger at indfri deres

potentiale som optimale subjekter. Deres entreprenørielle praksisser er nemlig

karakteriseret af en distinkt „optimeringsetos“, der præger og griber ind i alle

aspekter af livet. Denne etos fordrer, at iværksætterne kontinuerligt overvåger

og forbedrer såvel deres egne som deres virksomheders præstationer. Én af de

måder, hvorpå iværksætterne søger at udfolde deres optimale potentiale, er

brugen af narrative optimeringsstrategier. Når de anvendes kompetent, styrker

disse strategier iværksætternes position og selvforståelse som frie, selvskabende

og uafhængige „autologiske subjekter“. Dermed medvirker de også til at legitimere

og reproducere en forestilling om, at årsagen til entreprenøriel succes skal

findes i iværksætternes indre konstitution frem for i deres sociale relationer og

positioner.

Søgeord: entreprenørskab, iværksættere, selvskabelse, optimering, idealer,

erhvervsantropologi
Dorthe Marie Søndergaard & Jette Raundahl Kofoed (red.): Mobning gentænkt
Authors: Henriksen Ann-Karina
Published: September 2021

Anmeldes af Ann-Karina Henriksen
Martine Lindhardt, Rita Cancino & Dorthe Brogård Kristensen (red.): Chile. Mellem fortid og fremtid
Authors: Sjørslev Inger
Published: September 2021

Anmeldes af Inger Sjørslev
NEKROLOG: JOHN LIEP
Authors: Madsen Stig Toft
Published: September 2021

Af Stig Toft Madsen
Indledende perspektiver: Forandringsstaten og selvstændighedssamfundet
Authors: Højer Bruun Maja , Krøjer Stine , Rytter Mikkel
Published: September 2021

Introduktion
Indholdsfortegnelse
Authors: Redaktionen TA
Published: September 2021

Velfærdsstaten I
ENQUETE: Susanne Højlund: Velfærdsegoister?
Authors: Højlund Susanne
Published: September 2021

ENQUETE: Susanne Højlund: Velfærdsegoister?
ENQUETE: Zachary Whyte: „Vi øver os bare“
Authors: Whyte Zachary
Published: September 2021

ENQUETE: Zachary Whyte: „Vi øver os bare“
ENQUETE: Tanker om arv i velfærdsstaten
Authors: Selmer Bodil
Published: September 2021

ENQUETE: Bodil Selmer: Tanker om arv i velfærdsstaten
ENQUETE: Sundhedens univers
Authors: Kristensen Dorthe Brogård
Published: September 2021

ENQUETE:Dorthe Brogård Kristensen: Sundhedens univers
EN Ø AF RO: En forandringsproces på et dansk hospital
Authors: Kaas Birgitte , Larsen Trine Schifter , Andersen Signe Lindgaard
Published: September 2021

Denne artikel viser, hvordan en forandringsproces på et hospital kan forstås, når den kontekstualiseres ind i en bredere problematik om organisationers kontinuerlige forsøg på at sikre innovation og forandring. På baggrund af et aktionsforskningsprojekt gennemført i samarbejde med plejepersonalet på et akutkirurgisk afsnit blev ideen om at skabe en fælles samling hver dag kl. 12 udviklet. Denne artikel bidrager med en etnografisk beskrivelse af den innovative proces, der fandt sted forud for realiseringen af kl. 12-samlingen, samt en analyse af, hvilken betydning samlingen har haft for medarbejderne. Forfatterne argumenterer for, at implementeringen af kl. 12-samlingen bidrager til øget trivsel ved at styrke kommunikationen mellem medarbejderne og mindske afbrydelser og oplevelsen af kaos i det daglige arbejde. Samtidig løftes kvaliteten i løsningen af kerneopgaven, ved at plejepersonalet går fra personligt ansvar og individuel opgaveløsning til kollektivt ansvar og fællesfaglig opgaveløsning. Artiklens hovedargument er, at kl. 12-samlingen både opfylder en forventning om organisatorisk tilpasning, hvor medarbejderne udvikler kollektive innovationskompetencer, og på samme tid skærmer plejepersonalet mod evige krav om foranderlighed og forandring i sundhedssektoren.

Søgeord: innovation, forandringsprocesser, aktionsforskning, sygepleje, offentlige institutioner.
Karen Valentin og Karen Fog Olwig (red.): Mobilitet og tilknytning. Migrantliv i et globaliseret Danmark.
Authors: Jensen Tina Gudrun
Published: September 2021

Anmeldelse
(I OG OM) FLETVÆRK: Nogle foreløbige viklinger
Authors: Rasmussen Jon Dag , Mogensen Naja Dahlstrup
Published: September 2021

I denne artikel preesenterer vi en skrivemade, der er inspireret af en feenome- nologisk tilgang. Vi anskuer skrivning som en opmeerksomheds- og kompo- sitionsproces, hvori de(n) skrivende bliver ved med at vende tilbage til tingen — en tilbagevenden, der altid legger noget til, og som altid efterlader leeseren ansvarlig for den videre komposition igennem opmerksomhed. Vi kalder denne form for skrivning fletverk. Udviklingen af dette begreb tager et teoretisk afsat i Tim Ingolds Jinealogy. Med linealogien forstas alt liv som linjer, der beveeger sig gennem verden og undervejs knyttes sammen i alskens (ind)viklinger. Det linealogiske begreb om korrespondance lober igennem fletveerket som et grund- leeggende teoretisk og metodologisk begreb, der former fletveerket bade som genre og som made at vere i verden pa. Igennem den tekstlige oplevelse af korre- spondance treekkes vi ind 1 Timothy Mortons ideer om en posthuman forbundet- hed, hvor klassiske antropocentriske distinktioner synes at fa nye forunderlige betydninger. Dette leder os til at kvalificere begrebet fletveerk yderligere — som en besynderliggorelsesgenre.

Segeord: filosofisk antropologi, akademisk skrivning, korrespondance, fletveerk, faenomenologisk skrift
DYB DELTAGELSE I OVERFLADISKE RELATIONER: Om studier af byrum
Authors: Ilum Stine
Published: September 2021

Denne artikel handler om, hvordan man studerer og forstår byens rum. Ved at præsentere og sammenholde to måder at studere byrum på — den ene funderet i etnografien og den anden i arkitekturen — diskuterer artiklen, hvordan og hvorvidt etnografien som metodisk genre kan bruges i studiet af byrum. Artiklen viser, at der findes forskellige typer byrum, og at borgerne i høj grad selv er med til at forme byrummenes særegenheder. Artiklen konkluderer, at de etnografiske metoder i deres konventionelle form hovedsageligt er anvendelige i studier af en vis type byrum, nemlig de intime, familiære og hjemlige byrum, hvor alle kender alle, og som har en karakter, der kan sammenlignes med en landsby eller et lokalsamfund. Hvis etnografiske metoder skal anvendes i studier af byrum af mere klassisk karakter, det vil sige summende og flygtige med et højt tempo og overfladiske, blaserte relationer, skal den etnografiske genre udvides på to områder. Der skal gives slip på nødvendigheden af den afgrænsede informantgruppe, og der skal gives slip på den etnografiske påtrængenhed, herunder nødvendigheden af at grave sig dybt ind i ens informanters liv. Med udgangspunkt heri argumenterer artiklen for, at hvis byrum skal studeres og forstås etnografisk, skal man i stedet deltage i rummet og i de givne sociale relationer på disses præmisser — hvad enten de er familiære eller overfladiske.

Søgeord: arkitektur, byrum, deltagerobservation, etnografisk metode
INTERVENTIONISTISKE SKABELONER: Fotografisk iscenesættelse som dialogisk metode i antropologien
Authors: Vium Christian
Published: September 2021

Med udgangspunkt i en metodisk og analytisk diskussion beskriver denne artikel, hvorledes fotografisk iscenesættelse baseret pa dybdegående fotoelicitering af arkivmateriale kan være medvirkende til at fremme vidensproduktion i et samarbejde mellem antropolog og informanter. På baggrund af empirisk materiale fra feltarbejde blandt oprindelige australiere og nyfortolkninger af sir Baldwin Spencer og Frank J. Gillens banebrydende etnografiske fotografier og forskning fra sidste halvdel af det 19. århundrede argumenteres der for, at nyiscenesættelsen af historiske fotografier repræsenterer en antropologisk genre, der tillader en særlig form for kulturkritik i spændingsfeltet mellem socialvidenskaberne og billedkunsten. En genre, der tilbyder nye former for participatorisk og kropsliggjort erkendelse forankret i konkret samarbejde.

Søgeord: Centralaustralien, fotoelicitering, fotografi, iscenesættelse, kollaboration, rekonstruktion
Enquete: Coming of age in dystopia
Authors: Schwartz Jonathan
Published: September 2021

Enquete: Coming of age in dystopia
Erdogans Tyrkiet. Et dystopisk billede af samtidens politik
Authors: Uestebay Leor
Published: September 2021

Erdogans Tyrkiet. Et dystopisk billede af samtidens politik
Med to tunger. Skabelsesberetninger og ritualiseret praksis omkring et innovationsprojekt
Authors: Vaaben Nana
Published: September 2021

Artiklen handler om et innovationsprojekt på et plejehjem og mere specifikt om, hvordan projektbeskrivelser omkring projektet kan anskues som skabelsesberetninger og ritualiserede praksisser. Projektbeskrivelser i ansøgninger, PowerPointpræsentationer, rapporter og evalueringer beretter om skabelse og fremstiller gennem beretningerne innovation som et menneskeskabt og styrbart værk. Innovation fremstår som det værdifulde og målbare resultat af bestemte indsatser, og værdien af den daglige pleje reduceres i samme moment til det statiske nulpunkt, der måles ud fra. Men parallelt med disse fremstillinger af innovationsprojektet cirkulerer der også myriader af andre mere skeptiske fortællinger om, hvordan det jo ikke foregår sådan i virkeligheden, og om, at tiden går fra omsorgen for de gamle. Ofte fortælles de to former for fortællinger af de samme mennesker, der skifter mellem at være „in-game“ og „off-game“. Netop ved at projektbeskrivelserne ritualiseres og gøres særligt betydningsfulde, åbnes mulighed for at udøve modmagt. Denne modmagt består til dels i at distancere sig fra projektbeskrivelserne og gøre dem til en slags uvirkeligt „spil“, men strategien løser ikke helt dilemmaerne og de moralske skrupler, som nogle af deltagerne oplevede undervejs.Søgeord: innovation, kontinuitet, forandring, fortællinger, ritualiseret praksis, offentlig sektor
ANTROPOLOGI OG SOCIALE PROBLEMER: Etiske bekendelser fra feltarbejder blandt voldsofre
Authors: Dannieskiold-Samsøe Sofie
Published: September 2021

Sofie Danneskiold-Samsøe: Anthropology and Social Problems. Ethical

Confessions from Fieldworks among Victims of Violence

This article addresses the ethical questions and dilemmas anthropologists and

researchers may face when they encounter social problems, and in particular

gender-based violence in refugee families. When anthropologists face ethical

questions they usually seek answers by putting informants in context and by

avoiding mechanical conclusions based on given rules or instructions. The question

is, however, whether anthropologists should inform authorities or not? Do

anthropologists in fact protect the most vulnerable informants by taking their

perspective and life world as starting point? The article discusses these questions

and examines the tension between universal and particularistic morality.

Keywords: ethics, social problems, social work, violence, ethnic minorities,

universal morality, particularistic morality

 

Sofie Danneskiold-Samsøe: Antropologi og sociale problemer. Etiske bekendelser

fra feltarbejder blandt voldsofre

Artiklen behandler de etiske spørgsmål og dilemmaer, antropologer og forskere

kan stå over for, når de bevidner sociale problemer, her særligt kønsbaseret vold

i flygtningefamilier. Når antropologer står over for etiske spørgsmål, søger de

gerne svar ved at forstå informanter i deres kontekst og ikke drage mekaniske

slutninger ud fra givne regelsæt eller anvisninger. Spørgsmålet er imidlertid, om

antropologer gør deres informanter en bjørnetjeneste ved (ofte) ikke at underrette

myndigheder, der kan gribe ind og sikre de mest udsatte borgeres rettigheder?

Eller om vi netop beskytter informanterne ved at tage udgangspunkt i deres

perspektiv og livsverden? Artiklen diskuterer disse spørgsmål og undersøger

herunder spændingsfeltet mellem universel og partikularistisk moral.

Søgeord: etik, sociale problemer, socialt arbejde, vold, etniske minoriteter,

universel moral, partikularistisk moral
The mitochondrial permeability transition pore activates the mitochondrial unfolded protein response and promotes aging
Authors: Angeli Suzanne , Foulger Anna , Chamoli Manish , Peiris Tanuja Harshani , Gerencser Akos , Shahmirzadi Azar Asadi , Andersen Julie , Lithgow Gordon
Published: September 2021

Mitochondrial activity determines aging rate and the onset of chronic diseases. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) is a pathological pore in the inner mitochondrial membrane thought to be composed of the F-ATP synthase (complex V). OSCP, a subunit of F-ATP synthase, helps protect against mPTP formation. How the destabilization of OSCP may contribute to aging, however, is unclear. We have found that loss OSCP in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans initiates the mPTP and shortens lifespan specifically during adulthood, in part via initiation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt). Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of the mPTP inhibits the UPRmt and restores normal lifespan. Loss of the putative pore-forming component of F-ATP synthase extends adult lifespan, suggesting that the mPTP normally promotes aging. Our findings reveal how an mPTP/UPRmt nexus may contribute to aging and age-related diseases and how inhibition of the UPRmt may be protective under certain conditions.
Single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-seq uncovers shared and distinct axes of variation in dorsal LGN neurons in mice, non-human primates, and humans
Authors: Bakken Trygve E , van Velthoven Cindy TJ , Menon Vilas , Hodge Rebecca D , Yao Zizhen , Nguyen Thuc Nghi , Graybuck Lucas T , Horwitz Gregory D , Bertagnolli Darren , Goldy Jeff , Yanny Anna Marie , Garren Emma , Parry Sheana , Casper Tamara , Shehata Soraya I , Barkan Eliza R , Szafer Aaron , Levi Boaz P , Dee Nick , Smith Kimberly A , Sunkin Susan M , Bernard Amy , Phillips John , Hawrylycz Michael J , Koch Christof , Murphy Gabe J , Lein Ed , Zeng Hongkui , Tasic Bosiljka
Published: September 2021

Abundant evidence supports the presence of at least three distinct types of thalamocortical (TC) neurons in the primate dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of the thalamus, the brain region that conveys visual information from the retina to the primary visual cortex (V1). Different types of TC neurons in mice, humans, and macaques have distinct morphologies, distinct connectivity patterns, and convey different aspects of visual information to the cortex. To investigate the molecular underpinnings of these cell types, and how these relate to differences in dLGN between human, macaque, and mice, we profiled gene expression in single nuclei and cells using RNA-sequencing. These efforts identified four distinct types of TC neurons in the primate dLGN: magnocellular (M) neurons, parvocellular (P) neurons, and two types of koniocellular (K) neurons. Despite extensively documented morphological and physiological differences between M and P neurons, we identified few genes with significant differential expression between transcriptomic cell types corresponding to these two neuronal populations. Likewise, the dominant feature of TC neurons of the adult mouse dLGN is high transcriptomic similarity, with an axis of heterogeneity that aligns with core vs. shell portions of mouse dLGN. Together, these data show that transcriptomic differences between principal cell types in the mature mammalian dLGN are subtle relative to the observed differences in morphology and cortical projection targets. Finally, alignment of transcriptome profiles across species highlights expanded diversity of GABAergic neurons in primate versus mouse dLGN and homologous types of TC neurons in primates that are distinct from TC neurons in mouse.
Global Education Industry - Exploring the state of affairs in Austria
Authors: Hug Theo , Madritsch Reinhold
Published: September 2021

Digitization initiatives in the field of education always correspond with developments in the education industry. In recent years, globally networked development dynamics have emerged that are essentially characterized by an education-industrial complex and are also relevant in Austria. While on the one hand the corona-induced developmental boosts of 'digital' education are welcomed, especially in edtech contexts, on the other hand the international discourses on the problematic role of the global education industry can no longer be ignored. This contribution ties in with these discourses and explores the current state of affairs in Austria. The lack of alternatives to an innovation path, which is often suggested by industry, education policy and education technology, is questioned.
The Use of Algorithms within Administrative Procedures: National Experiences compared through the Lens of European Law
Authors: Pressi Matteo
Published: September 2021

This paper aims to analyze, from a comparative perspective, the main elements of the discipline on the use of algorithms within administrative procedures developed by the national lawmakers of France, Spain and Italy. Furthermore, the article intends to verify, on the basis of the principle
of good administration, the existence of a minimum core of guarantees addressed to the citizen who is the recipient of an automated decision.
Data-driven remaining useful life prediction based on domain adaptation
Authors: Wen Bin cheng , Xiao Ming qing , Wang Xue qi , Zhao Xin , Li Jian feng , Chen Xin
Published: September 2021

As an important part of prognostics and health management, remaining useful life (RUL) prediction can provide users and managers with system life information and improve the reliability of maintenance systems. Data-driven methods are powerful tools for RUL prediction because of their great modeling abilities. However, most current data-driven studies require large amounts of labeled training data and assume that the training data and test data follow similar distributions. In fact, the collected data are often variable due to different equipment operating conditions, fault modes, and noise distributions. As a result, the assumption that the training data and the test data obey the same distribution may not be valid. In response to the above problems, this paper proposes a data-driven framework with domain adaptability using a bidirectional gated recurrent unit (BGRU). The framework uses a domain-adversarial neural network (DANN) to implement transfer learning (TL) from the source domain to the target domain, which contains only sensor information. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, we analyze the IEEE PHM 2012 Challenge datasets and use them for verification. The experimental results show that the generalization ability of the model is effectively improved through the domain adaptation approach.
Antimicrobial resistance among Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas spp. isolates from clinical specimens from a hospital in Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Lord Jennifer , Gikonyo Anthony , Miwa Amos , Odoi Agricola
Published: September 2021

Background

Antimicrobial resistance among pathogens of public health importance is an emerging problem in sub-Saharan Africa. Unfortunately, published information on the burden and patterns of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in this region is sparse. There is evidence that the burden and patterns of AMR vary by geography and facility. Knowledge of local epidemiology of AMR is thus important for guiding clinical decisions and mitigation strategies. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the burden and predictors of AMR and multidrug resistance (MDR) among bacterial pathogens isolated from specimens submitted to the diagnostic laboratory of a hospital in Nairobi, Kenya.

Methods

This retrospective study used laboratory records of 1,217 clinical specimens submitted for bacterial culture and sensitivity testing at the diagnostic laboratory of The Karen Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya between 2012 and 2016. Records from specimens positive for Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus aureus, or Pseudomonas spp. isolates were included for analysis. Firth logistic models, which minimize small sample bias, were used to investigate determinants of AMR and MDR of the isolates.

Results

A total of 222 specimens had bacterial growth. Most Enterobacteriaceae isolates were resistant to commonly used drugs such as penicillin/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations (91.2%) and folate pathway inhibitors (83.7%). Resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins was also high (52.9%). Levels of AMR and MDR for Enterobacteriaceae were 88.5% and 51%, respectively. Among S. aureus isolates, 57.1% were AMR, while 16.7% were MDR. As many as 42.1% of the Pseudomonas spp. isolates were aminoglycoside-resistant and 15% were fluoroquinolone-resistant, but none exhibited resistance to antipseudomonal carbapenems. Half of Pseudomonas spp. isolates were AMR but none were MDR. Significant predictors of MDR among Enterobacteriaceae were organism species (p = 0.002) and patient gender (p = 0.024).

Conclusions

The high levels of extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance and MDR among Enterobacteriaceae isolates are concerning. However, the relatively low levels of MDR S. aureus, and an absence of carbapenem resistance among Pseudomonas isolates, suggests that last-line drugs are still effective against S. aureus and Pseudomonas infections. These findings are relevant for guiding evidence-based treatment decisions as well as surveillance efforts and directions for future research, and contribute to the sparse literature on AMR in sub-Saharan Africa.
Populismo en Chile: Las vías no tomadas y la incidencia de la cultura política del país.
Authors: Bravo Reyes Nicolas
Published: September 2021

Dentro de Latinoamérica, se suele situar a Chile como un caso excepcional donde no han existido grandes líderes populistas. El siguiente trabajo investiga por qué ocurre esta excepcionalidad indagando primero, a nivel histórico, eventuales liderazgos populistas como Carlos Ibáñez, para luego investigar la causa de por qué ninguno de estos líderes chilenos dejó un legado significativo que influya en la política nacional actual, a diferencia de lo que sí ocurrió, por ejemplo, con el Peronismo en Argentina. Como respuesta se presenta un análisis de coyunturas críticas y "caminos no tomados" que dieron como resultado un país sin grandes liderazgos populistas, situación que se explicaría por la existencia de una cultura política caracterizada como “institucionalista” y que es hostil al populismo.
Prevalence of Klebsiella Pnuemonia and their In-Vitro Susceptibility Studies among Cattle Traders in Maiduguri Cattle Market, Borno State, Nigeria
Authors: Mohammed Kabiru Ibrahim , Maori Lynn , Ishaya Maikudi Haruna , Peter Emmanuel , Kalang Japhet J. , Yakubu Abdulsalam , Awak Samira David , Mamtara Rimamnyang C.
Published: September 2021

This study was undertaken to assess the occurrence of Klebsiella pneumoniae and there in-vitro susceptibility among cattle traders, herdsmen and butchers in Maiduguri cattle market, Borno state, Nigeria. Two hundred and twelve sample (212) sputum samples were collected using wide mouth sterile universal container and transported immediately to Medical Micro-Biology laboratory department, Centre of Excellence, university of Maiduguri teaching hospital (U.M.T.H.) for Laboratory diagnosed. The Sputum samples were culture on MacConkey and Blood agar media and isolated then, identified using Biochemical test which include indole, citrate utilization and urease tests, but only 15 sputum samples were found infected or positive to Klebsiella pneumoniae. And their Antimicrobial susceptibility of the Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate by disc diffusion method shows that Klebsiella pneumoniae are susceptible to these Antimicrobial Drugs: Pefloxacin (93.3%), Tarivid (100%), Sparfloxacin (80%), Ciprofloxacin (93.3%) and on the other hand  Klebsiella pneumoniae are resistance to these Antimicobial drugs; Streptomycin (73.3%), Septrin (80%), Augumentin (73.3%), Gentamycin (66.7%), and Amoxacillin (60%). In conclusion, recommendation have been made on how to curtail the spread of infection caused by Klebsiella in the environment, homes, and between patients. Healthcare providers are advice to follow the specific infection-control precautions.
Robustness Test of the Two Stage K-L Estimator in Models with Multicollinear Regressors and Autocorrelated Error Term
Authors: Anono Zubair Mohammed , Osagie Adenomon Monday
Published: August 2021

In a classical multiple linear regression analysis, multicollinearity and autocorrelation are two main basic assumption violation problems. When multicollinearity exists, biased estimation techniques such as Maximum Likelihood, Restricted Maximum Likelihood and most recent the K-L estimator by Kibria and Lukman [1] are preferable to Ordinary Least Square. On the other hand, when autocorrelation exist in the data, robust estimators like Cochran Orcutt and Prais-Winsten [2] estimators are preferred. To handle these two problems jointly, the study combines the K-L with the Prais-Winsten’s two-stage estimator producing the Two-Stage K-L estimator proposed by Zubair & Adenomon [3]. The Mean Square Error (MSE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) criterion was used to compare the performance of the estimators. Application of the estimators to two (2) real life data set with multicollinearity and autocorrelation problems reveals that the Two Stage K-L estimator is generally the most efficient.
Infectious Disease (Fungal, Bacterial, Viral, and Nematodal) of Mulberry Plant and Its Control Measure: A Review
Authors: Baruah Jyoti Prasad , Borthakur Ishani
Published: August 2021

Sericulture is an allied agricultural activity. It is concerned with the production of silk (and its byproducts). The silks produced in sericulture can be widely categorized as Mulberry silks and Non-Mulberry silks (also called Vanya silk meaning wild silks). Mulberry silk is most widely produced and it plays an essential role in the economic growth of the industry. Mulberry silk is obtained by rearing mulberry silkworms (Bombyx mori L). During rearing, they are fed mulberry leaves which are obtained from the mulberry plants; the primary food plant of the silkworm. The mulberry plant is perennial in nature. It belongs to the Moraceae family and the genus Morus with a wide variety of species, viz. Morus alba, Morus nigra, Morus serrata, etc. Mulberry plants are widely distributed all around the world in Tropical, Subtropical, and Temperate regions. It finds its early roots in Southeast Asia. The Mulberry plant falls prey to many diseases caused by various organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and nematodes. The occurrence and severity of the diseases vary with season, varieties, agro-climatic zones, and the cultural practices that are undertaken. These diseases affect the mulberry leaves, stems, and different parts of the plant. Affected plants stop the growth and reduced leaf yield. As well as, these leaves are not suitable for silkworm feeding. This review mainly focuses on infectious diseases (fungal, bacterial, viral, and nematode) of mulberry plants and their management.
Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Ocimum basilicum L
Authors: Anitha R. , Kanimozhi S.
Published: September 2021

Aim: Standardization of Ocimum basilicum through pharmacognosy.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Plant Biology and Plant Biotechnology, Ethiraj College for Women, Chennai “Between” Dec 2014-April 15.

Methodology: Organoleptic evaluation was carried out based on sensory characters. A free hand anatomical section of the stem was observed. Powder analysis, maceration, Phytochemical test and Fluorescence analysis were conducted according to standard protocol.

Results: The organoleptic characters of the dried leaves of Ocimum basilicum were green, aromatic, pungent and brittle in texture with  anomocytic stomata with stomatal index 71.87% in the lower epidermis. A prominent bundle sheath in the leaf was evident. The macerated stem showed annular xylem vessels. The aqueous extract showed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, and glycosides. Alkaloids and lignins were evident in the histochemical study.

Conclusion: Pharmacognostic evaluation of Ocimum basilicum would help in identification, detection of adulterants and development of a monograph.
A Systematic Review of the Relationship between Risk of Varicoceles and Obesity
Authors: Albalawi Abdulmajeed , Albalawi Shuruq , Alharbi Ashwaq , Hakami Faisal , Alamrani Sultan Abdulrahman , Alkalthem Dalal , Essa Yahya , Almutari Ohoud , Alanazi Abdulaziz Mohammed , Alrehaili Nadeen , Alawaji Ziyad Hussain , Almijlad Atheer , Alrasheedi Fatimah , Almubaddil Khuloud , Algaedy Renad
Published: September 2021

Objectives: The systematic review was conducted to assess the relationship between varicoceles, risk of varicoceles or body mass index and obesity.

Review Methods: The present systematic review scrutinized all the research articles published in English from 1971 to 12 July 2021 pertaining to the relationship between varicoceles, risk of varicoceles or body mass index and obesity. The systematic review was piloted under the PRISMA directives.

Data Sources: Research articles were retrieved from the National Strength and Conditioning Association, Google Scholar, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Journal of Strength and Conditioning, and PubMed database using the vital search terms: risk of varicoceles or varicoceles in combination with obesity, body mass index.

Results: There was a total of 370 studies found, with 29 publications included in this systematic review. There were 16 (55.1%) studies on the risk of varicoceles or varicoceles in combination with body mass index, 7 (24.1%) on the risk of varicoceles or varicoceles in combination with obesity, and 6 (20.7%) on the risk of varicoceles or varicoceles.

Conclusions: Most cases in our systematic review included body mass index and risk of varicoceles or varicoceles, a few involved obesity and risk of varicoceles or varicoceles, while some included varicoceles relevant cases.
Graduate Students’ Perspectives on Challenges Encountered in Research Work in Higher Education: The Kenya Experience
Authors: Syomwene Anne
Published: August 2021

Research contributes significantly in every country’s national and economic development. In addition, research is fundamental in post graduate progammes in Higher Education (CUE, 2014). This paper is a report of a study that was carried out in Kenya in the year 2020 on graduate students’ perspectives on challenges encountered in research work in higher education. The study adopted a Mixed Methods approach and a survey research design. The study was guided by the systems theory by Bertalanffy (1968) cited by Heylighen and Joslyn (1992). A sample of 10 PhD students and 15 M.ED students from a public university in Kenya was selected through purposive and convenience sampling method. Only the students that had submitted their thesis for examination participated in the study. Since the students were not on campus at the time of the study, only those within reach took part in the study. Data was collected from September to November 2020 using students’ questionnaires that comprised of both closed ended and open ended questions. Data was analyzed through descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. The findings revealed that graduate students had challenges pertaining problem identification and statement, data analysis, identification and discussion of the research gap, statement of research objectives/questions, and time management. Nevertheless, the students overcame the challenges through wide reading, and consultations with experts. The study recommended strengthening of teaching and supervision of graduate students, enhancement of graduate students’ support mechanisms and faculty development in higher education. The results of this study provide insight on challenges affecting graduate students in research work. The findings inform universities on teaching of graduate students and research supervision.
Spatial Stem Cell Fate Engineering via Facile Morphogen Localization
Authors: Jin Gyuhyung , Floy Martha E. , Simmons Aaron D. , Arthur Madeline M. , Palecek Sean P.
Published: August 2021

Spatiotemporally controlled presentation of morphogens and elaborate modulation of signaling pathways elicit pattern formation during development. Though this process is critical for proper organogenesis, unraveling the mechanisms of developmental biology have been restricted by challenges associated with studying human embryos. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have been used to model development in vitro, however difficulties in precise spatiotemporal control of the cellular microenvironment have limited the utility of this model in exploring mechanisms of pattern formation. Here, a simple and versatile method is presented to spatially pattern hPSC differentiation in 2‐dimensional culture via localized morphogen adsorption on substrates. Morphogens including bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), activin A, and WNT3a are patterned to induce localized mesendoderm, endoderm, cardiomyocyte (CM), and epicardial cell (EpiC) differentiation from hPSCs and hPSC‐derived progenitors. Patterned CM and EpiC co‐differentiation allows investigation of intercellular interactions in a spatially controlled manner and demonstrate improved alignment of CMs in proximity to EpiCs. This approach provides a platform for the controlled and systematic study of early pattern formation. Moreover, this study provides a facile approach to generate 2D patterned hPSC‐derived tissue structures for modeling disease and drug interactions.
Multi‐Scale Lipid Membrane Flow by Electron Beam‐Induced Electrowetting
Authors: Miyazako Hiroki , Mabuchi Kunihiko , Hoshino Takayuki
Published: August 2021

This study proposes a new technique for control of lipid membrane flow using an electron beam (EB)‐induced virtual cathode (VC). A spot 2.5 keV EB is indirectly irradiated onto supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) which are formed on a 100‐nm‐thick silicon nitride (SiN) membrane, and then a focused electric field around the EB spot (that is, the VC) causes membrane flow of the SLBs due to a voltage drop across them and electrowetting effects between them and the SiN membrane. This VC technique is shown to be able to change membrane shapes by small‐ and large‐scale controls of lipid membrane flow. For SLBs consisting of a single component, a spot VC can achieve small‐scale control of membrane flow; and the edge of the SLBs is demonstrated to change only around the spot VC. It is also shown that the spot VC can cause large‐scale deformation of SLBs consisting of ternary components by inducing a surface instability phenomenon known as Saffman–Taylor instability. The obtained results indicate that the proposed VC technique can achieve multi‐scale control of lipid membrane flow, which will contribute to on‐demand control of network topology in biomolecular devices based on artificial lipid membranes.
Agronomic and environmental performance of biochar amendment in alluvial soils under subtropical sugarcane production
Authors: Tafti Negar , Wang Jim , Gaston Lewis , Park Jong‐Hwan , Wang Meng , Pensky Scott
Published: August 2021

This study investigated the amendment of sugarcane bagasse biochar (SCBB) on soil fertility, crop yield, and nutrient loss in two different‐textured soils under sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) production. Eleven megagrams per hectare of freshly incorporated biochar increased yield of plant cane by 22% in light‐texture soil (LS) and 12% in heavy‐textured soil (HS). Although the overall yield of the ratoon crop was lower, the biochar treatment produced 20 and 14% higher yields than the control at the LS and HS sites, respectively. Biochar increased soil carbon (Csoil) across LS and HS sites by 15% and decreased the soil C/N ratio by 19%. Over the two growing seasons and sites, cumulative runoff volume, and loads of NO3––N, PO4–3–P, biological oxygen demand (BOD5), total organic C (TOC), and total suspended solids (TSS) were reduced by 33, 35, 39, 25, 24, and 54% with biochar. Calcium and K losses in runoff were also reduced by 43 and 24% with biochar. It reduced NH4+–N leaching in LS and HS soils over the two growing seasons by 33–167% and 66–81%, respectively, and reduced PO4–3–P leaching by 45–57% in HS over 2 yr. Although biochar is not considered a fertilizer, SCBB acted as a source of nutrients, increasing soil fertility and crop yield. It also reduced nutrient losses during heavy rain events typical of the subtropical climate of Louisiana.