bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A rapid microozonolysis‐GLC procedure for locating unsaturation in olefinic acids, including trienes and tetraenes
Authors: Kleiman R. , Spencer G. F. , Earle F. R. , Wolff I. A.
Published: November 2006

Increased versatility has been achieved in the identification of unknown olefinic fatty acids by ozonolysis. The method has been applied to purified methyl esters containing up to four double bonds. Aldehydic fragments, obtained from esters by the Stein‐Nicolaides procedure (2), were determined by GLC on two columns of different polarity. Equivalent chain lengths of each fragment on the two columns provide identification. For monoenoic esters the location of the double bond is clearly indicated by the aldehyde and aldehyde‐ester fragments. Dienes are identified by the aldehyde and aldehyde‐ester fragments when the original chain length of the ester is known; the dialdehyde fragment provides confirmatory evidence. Trienes and tetraenes are analyzed by interrupting the ozonolysis at various times, thereby producing unsaturated, as well as saturated, aldehydes and aldehyde‐esters. Unsaturated fragments locate the central or interior double bonds.
GLC analysis ofHeliothis virescens triglycerides at various metamorphic stages
Authors: Wood Randall , Harlow R. D. , Lambremont Edward N.
Published: November 2006

The triglycerides ofHeliothis virescens (F.), the tobacco budworm, reared on a semidefined diet, were examined at different stages of development. The distribution of triglyceride carbon numbers and the composition of triglyceride fatty acids were determined by gas‐liquid chromatographic analysis of intact triglycerides and methyl esters. Triglycerides of carbon number 50 decreased in the unfed adults with age; the decrease corresponded with a decrease in palmitic acid. Linoleic acid and carbon number 50 exhibited fluctuations in concentrations that were correlated with metamorphosis. The observed changes in specific triglyceride carbon numbers with a simultaneous change in specific triglyceride fatty acids indicate a nonrandom fatty acid distribution in the triglycerides of this insect.
Effect of neonatal food restriction and hyperphenylalaninemia on desmosterol to cholesterol (D/C) ratio in developing rat brain
Authors: Shah S. N.
Published: November 2006

The sterol content and the ratio of desmosterol to cholesterol (D/C ratio) in brains of undernourished and hyperphenylalaninemic rats were measured. Neonatal food restriction resulted in a high D/C ratio, but the total sterol content did not change significantly. Phenylalanine treatment had no appreciable effect on the D/C ratio, but the total sterol content was reduced. The results suggest that neonatal food restriction leads to a block at the desmosterol reductase step, while treatment with phenylalanine inhibits sterol synthesis at a step prior to desmosterol.
Effect of biliary obstruction on canine plasma and biliary lipids
Authors: Quarfordt S. H. , Oelschlaeger H. , Krigbaum W. R. , Jakoi L. , Davis R.
Published: November 2006

The common bile duct was obstructed in 17 dogs. Reciprocal changes were noted for the plasma and biliary lipid concentrations of each after obstruction. As the plasma lecithin and free cholesterol concentrations increased, the biliary lipid concentrations declined. After biliary obstruction the reflux of biliary lecithin into the plasma of these animals was demonstrated with both labeled and unlabeled lecithin. The plasma lipid abnormalities seen after acute biliary obstruction were closely simulated by the reflux of lecithin alone from the biliary tree. The isolated reflux of biliary tract taurocholate produced a distinct lowering of plasma phospholipid and cholesterol concentrations, quite different from the plasma lipid alteration noted with acute biliary obstruction. Similar to observations in human obstruction, some of the plasma lipid was in mesophase form after these animals were obstructed.
Volume‐dependent transfer of free fatty acids from ehrlich ascites carcinoma to host tissues
Authors: Mermier Pierre , Baker Nome
Published: November 2006

The recovery of [9.10‐3H] palmitate complexed to mouse serum albumin was studied 5 sec after ip injection into mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinomas. Only about 55% of the injected radioactivity remained in the tumor cells, tumor extracellular fluid and peritoneal washings in mice having ca. 5 ml of the ascites tumor (cells plus extracellular fluid). However the recoveries were nearly quantitative from tumors of larger volume (≥8 ml). A model is proposed to account for the volume‐dependent transfer of palmitate from tumor to host in these cancerous mice.
Reduction of atherogenicity of natural fats by small additions of ethyl linoleate in the diet of the rat
Authors: Hutsell T. C. , Quackenbush F. W.
Published: November 2006

Ethyl linoleate was substituted in part for the 20% of butterfat, hydrogenated coconut oil, lard, or tallow in an atherogenic diet fed to rats throughout a 40‐week experimental period. Aortic degeneration, evidenced by lipid infiltration of the intima, was observed in the control groups but not in the linoleate‐fed groups. Groups that received butterfat or hydrogenated coconut oil showed reduced plasma and hepatic cholesterol levels when fed 2% of ethyl linoleate; groups that received lard or tallow showed no significant change in plasma and hepatic cholesterol levels when fed 2% of ethyl linoleate; and groups that received a fat‐free diet with 2% of ethyl linoleate showed lower plasma and hepatic cholesterol levels and more complete aortic protection than groups that were fed 20% of corn oil or cottonseed oil. The data suggest that, in the cholesterol‐fed rat, the kind and amount of dietary fatty esters may influence aortic condition via some route(s) other than control of plasma and hepatic cholesterol levels.
Regulatory function of pyruvate dehydrogenase and the mitochondrion in lipogenesis
Authors: Mapes J. P. , Harris R. A.
Published: November 2006

The activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase from freshly isolated mitochondria was shown to be dependent upon the nutritional and metabolic state of the animal prior to sacrifice, such that mitochondria from the livers of 48 hr starved, diabetic, or high fat fed rats had lower enzyme activity than normal, chow fed rats. The activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase and the rate of lipogenesis were shown to correlate to a certain extent when a reconstituted, cell free system consisting of 105,000 x g supernatant of rat liver and isolated mitochondria was used. This system was employed so that the role of the mitochondrion and pyruvate dehydrogenase in lipogenesis could be investigated. Dichloroacetate increased the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase and increased the rate of lipogenesis, suggesting that the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase is an important factor in determining the rate of lipogenesis in the reconstituted system. It was observed, however, that dichloroacetate was more effective in stimulating the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase than the rate of lipogenesis when mitochondria from starved animals were used to reconstitute lipogenesis. Furthermore, the cytoplasmic adenosine triphosphate/adenosine diphosphate ratios and phosphorylation potentials (ATP/ADP×Pi) maintained in the reconstituted system by mitochondria isolated from starved animals were found to be significantly lower than those maintained by mitochondria isolated from chow fed animals. It is proposed that the lower “energy pressure” maintained in the reconstituted system by mitochondria isolated from starved animals severely limits lipogenesis at the ATP requiring steps of the process.
Quantitative, multicomponent analysis of fatty acids from cholesteryl esters by chemical ionization reconstructed mass chromatography
Authors: Petty F. , Ragland J. B. , Kuiken L. B. , Sabesin S. M. , Wander J. D.
Published: November 2006

Reconstructed mass chromatography using methane as a carrier and reagent gas for chemical ionization gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry of the derived methyl esters allows rapid, quantitative microdeterminations of complete cholesteryl ester fatty acid profiles. The sensitivity of this method is consistent with completely specific, multicomponent assay at the picomole level. Introduction of two homologues as internal standards, one into the intact biological specimen and the other after derivatization, provides a measure of the net efficiency of the processes of extraction and derivatization. This procedure may be extended readily to the determination of fatty acid profiles in most biological fluids.
Fat metabolism in higher plants: Metabolism of medium chain fatty acids
Authors: Sodja Ann , Stumpf P. K.
Published: November 2006

Cell free preparations of avocado mesocarp and spinach leaf tissue rapidly convert lauryl CoA to DL‐3‐hydroxyl lauric acid as well as 2−, and 3‐dodecanoic acids. The conversion does not occur under anaerobic conditions unless a suitable redox carrier such as ferredoxin is present. H218O is incorporated into the 3‐hydroxyl function, but O218 is not. The characteristics of this system are presented and a possible function of this system is proposed.
Reaction of ergosteryl acetate with maleic anhydride and preparation of 5,7‐ergostadien‐3β‐ol
Authors: Kircher H. W. , Rosenstein F. U.
Published: November 2006

An improved, large scale synthesis of the ergosteryl acetate‐maleic anhydride Diels‐Alder adduct and its pyrolysis are described. The complex mixture obtained by reaction of the two constituents was refluxed with methanol to convert the succinic anhydride derivatives, formed by the “ene” reaction, to soluble half esters, leaving the insoluble Diels‐Alder adduct largely unchanged. The latter was hydrogenated and pyrolyzed in vacuo to yield 5,7‐ergostadienyl acetate together with lesser quantities of the acetates of 7,9(11)‐ergostadien‐3β‐ol, 6,8(9)‐ergostadien‐3β‐ol, and 8,14‐ergostadien‐3β‐ol. These components were separated and purified by argentation column chromatography and crystallization.
Effects of structural variation in β‐monoglycerides and other lipids on ordering in synthetic membranes
Authors: Taylor A. R. , Roubal W. T. , Varanasi U.
Published: November 2006

Studies of β‐monoglyceride multilayers were carried out using a variety of spin probes. Effects of variables such as chain length, unsaturation, and branching on organization of acyl chains in lipids of model membranes were assessed. In addition, effects of added cholesterol on membrane order were determined. Results indicated that pure β‐monolaurin yields highly ordered films, whereas, unsaturated glycerides such as β‐monoolein, β‐monolinolein, and analogous lecithins yield fluid films. Branched monoglycerides behaved similarly to β‐monoolein, suggesting that branching in acyl chains is an effective substitute for unsaturation in maintaining membrane integrity. Multilayers of β‐monoglycerides exhibited similar properties to those of more complex lipids such as phospholipids. β‐Monoglycerides, by virtue of the presence of a single acyl chain, provided a relatively simple and effective alternative to the use of phospholipids in studies of membrane architecture.
Sterols of the adult and juvenile forms of ivy,Hedera helix L.
Authors: Hillman J. R. , Knights B. A. , McKail R.
Published: November 2006

Sterols have been isolated from both adult and juvenile ivy in free and esterified form. Stigmasterol or its C‐24 isomer, poriferasterol, is the main component, and lesser amounts of sitosterol, α‐spinasterol, 5α‐stigmast‐7‐en‐3β‐ol, cholesterol, and campesterol also were detected. Flowers and fruits were found to contain a glycoside fraction in which stigmasterol, together with some sitosterol, could be detected.
High levels of pancreatic nonspecific lipase in rattlesnake and leopard shark
Authors: Patton John S.
Published: November 2006

Hydrolysis of synthetic triglycerides by rattlesnake and leopard shark pancreatic enzymes revealed striking differences in specificity, depending on the presence or absence of sodium taurocholate. Without added sodium taurocholate the classical specificity of pancreatic lipase was expressed. Rattlesnake enzymes, in the presence of sodium taurocholate, attacked the unsaturated oleic acid in the 2‐position of racemic glycerol‐1‐palmitate‐2‐oleate‐3‐stearate nearly twice as fast as either outside saturated fatty acid. In this instance, over 90% of the monoglyceride which accumulated were 1‐monoglyceride. These results are attributed to very high levels of bile salt activated nonspecific lipase. Eight vertebrate species were compared. With the exception of the rattlesnake and leopard shark, the other species (3 elasmobranchs and 3 mammals) all exhibited low levels of non‐specific lipase, e.g. less than 5% hydrolysis of the 2‐position of racemic glycerol‐1‐palmitate‐2‐oleate‐3‐stearate in the presence of sodium taurocholate.
Bile acid metabolism in mammals: IX. Conversion of chenodeoxycholic acid to cholic acid by isolated perfused rat liver
Authors: Yousef I. M. , Fisher M. M.
Published: November 2006

Current dogma of bile acid synthesis in mammals insits that hydroxylation of the ring structure at C‐12 precedes side chain oxidation, and that chenodeoxycholic acid is not converted to cholic acid under normal conditions. This report concerns the conversion of chenodeoxycholic acid to cholic acid by isolated, perfused rat liver. Results indicate that isolated perfused rat liver has a definite, but limited, capacity for synthesis of cholic acid from chenodeoxycholic acid.
Metabolism of linolenic acid in developing brain: I. Incorporation of radioactivity from 1‐14C linolenic acid into brain fatty acids
Authors: Dhopeshwarkar Govind A. , Subramanian Carole
Published: November 2006

Twelve‐thirteen day old rats were given 1‐14C linolenic acid by intraperitoneal injection. Fatty acids were isolated from the brains of animals sacrificed at the end of 8 and 48 hr and 15 and 45 days. Eight hr after the tracer, radioactivity was found neither in 18∶3 nor its endproduct, 22∶6, and palmitate was the most highly radioactive component. At longer intervals, 22∶6 seemed to retain much of the radioactivity, whereas palmitate showed a precipitous decline in radioactivity. Initial oxidation of linolenate and sparing of the linolenate complexed with polar lipids are discussed.
The monoene and other Wax alcohols of human skin surface lipid and their relation to the fatty acids of this lipid
Authors: Nicolaides N.
Published: November 2006

Wax alcohols (as acetates) were isolated from human skin surface lipid and separated into a saturated and a monoene fraction.

Four main chain types were found for both saturated and monoene alcohols: normal even, normal odd, iso and anteiso. (“Even” and “odd” refer to the number of C‐atoms in the straight chain.)

The monoene alcohol acetates were separated into homologues of each chain type by preparative gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) and the positions of the double bonds for each homologue were determined by analytical GLC of the original fraction, its hydrogenated derivative, and the products it formed by reductive ozonolysis.

The fragments formed by reductive ozonolysis of the monoene alcohol acetates were compared to those formed from the total monoenoic fatty acids (as methyl esters), both obtained from the same sample of surface lipid. (Comparisons were best made by ozonolysis of a portion of the entire sample of each ester group.

The terminal ends of both groups of monoene fatty chains yielded a very similar pattern of aldehydes in terms of types and amounts. This could be explained by the hypothesis that both fatty acid and fatty alcohol chains of lengths ranging mainly from C14 to C18 were first biosynthesized, then desaturated at Δ6.

The functional group ends gave a distinct pattern of aldehyde esters for the acids and another for the alcohols. Both patterns consisted nearly entirely of members having aneven number of C‐atoms from the double bond to the functional group. This suggested that the members of each pattern were formed by chain extensions of an integral number of C2 units beyond the lengths arrived at in 4a). Thus 71% of the fatty acid monoenes were not extended, 25% were extended by 1 C2 unit and the remainder extended from 2 to 5 C2 units, whereas nearly all the fatty alcohols were extended mainly by 2, 3 or 4 C2 units, with decreasing amounts up to 8 C2 units.

A small amount (∼5%) of odd chain aldehyde esters for both fatty acids and fatty alcohols were found and some unidentified alcohols were detected.
Comparison of the lipid composition ofCulex quinquefasciatus andCulex tritaeniorhynchus cells obtained from the logarithmic and stationary phases of growth
Authors: McMeans E. , Yang T. K. , Anderson L. E. , Louloudes S. , Jenkin H. M.
Published: November 2006

Culex quinquefasciatus andCulex tritaeniorhynchus cells were grown in spinner culture medium. The cells were harvested at late logarithmic and stationary phases of growth. The total lipid, total neutral lipid, and total phospholipid contents of the cells were analyzed to determine changes that occurred in the fatty acid profiles of the lipids with aging and between species. There was an increase in the amount of total neutral lipids with a corresponding decrease in amount of total phospholipid from logarithmic to stationary phases of growth of theCulex quinquefasciatus cells. Chain elongation and/or desaturation of acids occurred with aging of cells. The fatty acids of the phospholipids had a longer average chain length than the neutral lipids.
Cuticular lipids of insects: VIII. Alkanes of the mormon cricketAnabrus simplex
Authors: Jackson Larry L. , Blomquist Gary L.
Published: November 2006

The cuticular hydrocarbons of the Mormon cricket,Anabrus simplex, are all saturated and consist of n‐alkanes (29+%), 3‐methylalkanes (12%), internally branched monomethylalkanes (26+%), and dimethylalkanes (28+%). The principal n‐alkane is the C29 component, with a range from C23 to C33. The 3‐methylalkanes range from C28 to C32, and the internally branched monomethyl‐and dimethylalkanes range from C29 to C39. When the branched alkanes ofA. simplex are compared to those from other insects in the order Orthoptera, interesting patterns of methyl branching are observed.
Progestagens, anabolic‐androgenic compounds, estrogens: Effects on triglycerides and postheraprin lipolytic enzymes
Authors: Glueck C. J. , Scheel D. , Fishback J. , Steiner P.
Published: November 2006

Oral contraceptives, estrogens, progestagens and anabolic‐androgenic compounds have extensive effects on plasma triglycerides and on triglyceride clearing enzymes. This review will center on recent advances in the understanding of the mode of action of these compounds, both in normals and in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia.
Control of lipid metabolism in cultured cells
Authors: Bailey J. M. , Howard B. V. , Dunbar L. M. , Tillman S. F.
Published: November 2006

Several studies are presented which indicate that composition of cell lipid is regulated by interaction between intracellular metabolism and lipid transport processes. When the fatty acid composition of cells cultured in essential fatty acid deficient conditions was studied, activation of synthesis of unusual polyun‐saturated fatty acids was observed for a number of cell lines. In addition cells contained persistent residual amounts of linoleic acid, presumably owing to efficient scavenging mechanisms. The source of cell lipids was studied in both chemically defined and serum‐supplemented media. In the absence of exogenous lipid, cells synthesize lipids from simple precursors, a process which is inhibited by adding serum. When serum lipid is present, cells preferentially utilize fatty acids as a source of nonsterol lipid. These are subsequently esterified intracellularly to make glycerides and phospholipids. When triglyceride is utilized as a source of cell lipid, it is first hydrolyzed before being taken up. By use of a nonhydrolyzable cholesterol ester analog, it is confirmed that both free and ester cholesterol are taken up and excreted by cells. Intracellular cholesterol content is thus regulated by rates of uptake, hydrolysis and excretion as well as by biosynthesis.
Bile acid pool in wistar rats
Authors: Fisher M. M. , Kakis G. , Yousef I. M.
Published: November 2006

The bile acid pool was found to be ca. 50 μmoles/100 g body wt in male and female rats maintained on standard laboratory chow and ca. 30 μmoles/100 g body wt in those maintained on a standard semisynthetic diet. The distribution of bile acids within the pool was similar in plasma, liver, and intestinal tract, except for a higher concentration of deoxycholic acid in the intestinal tract. Sex differences in bile acid composition were found to be influenced by the dietary regimen of the animals.
Dual‐labeled technique for human lipid metabolism studies using deuterated fatty acid isomers
Authors: Emken E. A. , Rohwedder W. K. , Dutton H. J. , Dougherty R. , Iacono J. M. , Mackin J.
Published: November 2006

Two deuterated fatty acids, elaidate‐d2 and oleate‐d4, were fed simultaneously to a human subject as a mixture of trielaidin‐d6 and triolein‐d12. Periodically, blood samples were drawn, and red blood cells were separated from the plasma. Red blood cells and plasma lipids were fractionated and analyzed by combined gas chromatography—multiple ion mass spectroscopy. Dual deuterium‐labeling allows rate and extent of fatty acid incorporation to be followed in various plasma and red cell neutral and phospholipid fractions. Maximum amount of deuterated fat varied from 4% in cholesterol ester to 64% in phosphatidyl ethanolamine. The highest levels of deuterated fat occurred in either 6‐, 8‐, or 12‐hr samples; generally, <1% labeled fatty acids could be detected in 72‐hr samples. Because the method is based on dual‐labeling, differences in the relative incorporation of both fatty acid isomers can be compared directly. Differences in rates of incorporation, rates of removal, and extent of incorporation of labeled fatty acids into blood plasma can also be determined reliably. Our experimental labeling of fats with deuterium permits for the first time the metabolism of two fatty acid isomers to be compared simultaneously in human subjects. This new method should be applicable to a variety of other lipid metabolic studies.
Incorporation of oxygen‐18 into secondary alcohols of grasshopperMelanoplus sanguinipes
Authors: Blomquist Gary J. , McCain Douglas C. , Jackson Larry L.
Published: November 2006

Incorporation of18O2 and H218O into the secondary alcohol moiety of wax esters in the grasshopperMelanoplus sanguinipes was determined by mass spectrometry. Results of this study show that oxygen‐18 from18O2 was incorporated into the secondary alcohol, whereas no incorporation of oxygen‐18 from H218O was detected. The data suggest that the reaction, which hydroxylates n‐alkanes at or near the center of the carbon chain, involves a mixed function oxidase type enzyme.
Synthesis and analysis of phytyl and phytenoyl wax esters
Authors: Gellerman Joanne L. , Anderson Wayne H. , Schlenk Hermann
Published: November 2006

An efficient procedure for preparing phytenic acid methyl ester, free of isomers, from phytol is reported. Phytyl phytenate and other isoprenoid wax esters were synthesized. Gas liquid chromatography of these wax esters and other compounds related to phytol and phytenic acid is described. The alkyl constituents of isoprenoid wax esters can be analyzed after alkaline methanolysis and the acyl constituents after acidic methanolysis. The applicability of these methods to natural mixtures was demonstrated with wax esters from mosses which contained both types of isoprenoids and with wax esters from healthy and frost damaged grass which contained phytol, but not phytenic acid.
Examination of acetolysis products of phosphatidylcholine by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Hasegawa K. , Suzuki T.
Published: November 2006

A comparison of monoacetyldiglycerides obtained from authentic phosphatidylcholines by acetolysis with those obtained by phospholipase C‐acetylation was made to examine the intermolecular acyl migration, the intramolecular acyl migration between C‐1 and C‐2, and the formation of 1,3‐isomer in the acetolysis reaction. Egg yolk phosphatidylcholine also was used. It was revealed that in acetolysis, the intermolecular acyl migration and selective degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids did not take place at all. The intramolecular acyl migration, including the formation of 1,3‐isomer, occurred to a small extent. Appreciable difference was not found in comparison of molecular species compositions of monoacetyldiglycerides derived by both methods from egg yolk phosphatidylcholine, except small differences found in the contents of two kinds of molecular species.
Inhibition of hepatic lipogenesis by adenine nucleotides
Authors: Harris R. A. , Yount R. A.
Published: November 2006

Incubation of liver slices and isolated liver cells with adenosine cyclic‐3′,5′‐monophosphate at concentrations which inhibit lipogenesis was found to expand the pool size of the noncyclic adenine nucleotides in the intact cells of the preparations. This observation led to studies which demonstrated that adenosine and adenosine‐5′‐monophosphate also inhibited lipogenesis and expanded the adenine nucleotide pool size. It is proposed but not proven that the increase in intracellular nucleotides produced by a denosine‐5′‐monophosphate, adenosine cyclic‐3′,5′‐monophosphate, and adenosine may have an adverse effect upon the synthesis of fatty acids. Because of the expansion of the adenine nucleotide pool size, high concentrations of adenosine cyclic‐3′,5′‐monophosphate should not be used to investigate the mechanism responsible for hormonal regulation of lipogenesis. As an added complication, exogenous adenosine‐5′‐monophosphate was found to produce a small but significant increase in the intracellular concentration of adenosine cyclic‐3′,5′‐monophosphate of isolated liver cells. This effect also may be a factor in the inhibition of lipogenesis by adenosine‐5′‐monophosphate. Low concentrations of N6,O2′‐dibutyryl adenosine cyclic‐3′,5′‐monophosphate were found to inhibit lipogenesis without increasing the intracellular adenine nucleotide content of either liver slices or isolated liver cells. It is concluded that studies on the mechanism of glucagon regulation of lipogenesis should be carried out with glucagon or low concentrations of N6,O2′‐dibutyryl adenosine cyclic‐3′,5′‐monophosphate.
Effect of (−)N‐[α‐phenyl‐β‐(p‐tolyl)ethyl] linoleamide on lipid levels in serum and liver in cholesterol‐fed rats
Authors: Nagata Akihiko , Aono Shunji , Nakatani Hiroshi
Published: November 2006

The effect of (−)N‐[α‐phenyl‐β‐(p‐tolyl) ethyl] linoleamide (PTLA) on lipid levels in serum and liver was compared with that of sitosterols in rats maintained on a diet supplemented with 1% of cholesterol, 0.5% of ox bile extracts, and 10% of hydrogenated coconut oil for 8 weeks. When PTLA was added to the diet at a level of 0.1%, the mean liver cholesterol level of male rats was reduced to 41% of the control and that of female rats was reduced to 19% of the control. In female rats, which showed higher cholesterol levels in serum and liver than male rats after cholesterol feeding, PTLA lowered the liver cholesterol level even at 0.0008% in the diet. Serum cholesterol was lowered by PTLA but not so markedly as liver cholesterol. The inhibition of cholesterol deposition in the liver suggests that the interference with cholesterol absorption is one of the main actions of PTLA. Sitosterols showed a similar pattern of lipid‐lowering action, but the potency was far less than that of PTLA.
Positional analysis of isovaleroyl triglycerides using proton magnetic resonance with Eu(fod)3 and Pr(fod)3 shift reagents: II. Cetacean triglycerides
Authors: Wedmid Yuri , Litchfield Carter
Published: November 2006

The positional distribution of isovaleric acid in natural cetacean triglycerides has been studied using proton magnetic resonance with lanthanide shift reagents. Twenty‐nine samples of melon, jaw, and blubber triglycerides from 13 genera in the Delphinidae, Phocoenidae, and Monodontidae families were examined. Isovaleric acid was found esterified only at the 1,3‐positions in the monoisovaleroyl and diisovaleroyl triglycerides of these animals.
Hypolipidemic principles ofCicer Arietinum: Biochanin‐A and formononetin
Authors: Tauseef Siddiqui M. , Siddiqi Majid
Published: November 2006

Two isoflavones, biochanin‐A and formononetin isolated from gramCicer arietinum, have been shown to possess hypolipidemic properties for Triton WR‐1339 induced hyperlipidemia in male albino rats, when administered as a crude extract or as individual compounds.
Autoxidation of methyl linoleate. Separation and analysis of isomeric mixtures of methyl linoleate hydroperoxides and methyl hydroxylinoleates
Authors: Chan Henry W. ‐S. , Levett Gordon
Published: November 2006

The mixture of conjugated diene hydroperoxide isomers obtained from autoxidation of methyl linoleate was separated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Four major isomers were obtained from adsorption chromatography and identified as the 9 and 13 positional isomers having thetrans‐trans andcis‐trans configurations. The latter geometrical isomers have thetrans double bond adjacent to the hydroperoxide group. The hydroxy compounds (methyl hydroxylinoleates) obtained from the hydroperoxides by NaBH4 reduction were similarly separated but with improved resolution. This is the first instance of the complete separation of these compounds and provides a rapid method for their analysis. Unlike adsorption chromatography, reversed‐phase chromatography separates the mixtures only according to the geometrical isomerism of the double bonds and not according to the position of the hydroxy or hydroperoxide function.
Effect of acute ethanol ingestion on fat absorption
Authors: Boquillon Micheline
Published: November 2006

A test meal (300 mg casein, 600 mg sucrose, 100 mg corn oil, tracer dose of 9.103H oleic acid) was given to fasting adult rats with intestinal lymph fistulas. One group received an acute oral dose of ethanol (3.2 g/kg body weight) simultaneously with the test meal. Controls received 2.5 ml of water instead of ethanol. Ingestion of ethanol temporarily delayed the removal of lipid radioactivity from the stomachs. More than 25% of radioactivity fed remained 8 hr after feeding whereas with control rats less than 10% of lipid radioactivity fed remained 6 hr after feeding. In controls and ethanoltreated rats, the amounts of exogenous lipids in the intestinal lumen and mucosa were low and similar enough. Quantities of endogenous and exogenous lipids found in the lymph collected during 24 hr after feeding were similar in the two groups, but the fat absorption peak was found after 6 hr in alcoholic rats and before 6 hr in controls. This delay was probably due to the retention of lipids in the stomach. More of the exogenous lipid was always transported by small particles moving in the region of α1 globulins in cellulose acetate electrophoresis than by larger particles remaining at the origin. This proportion was enhanced in the ethanoltreated animals. The larger fat particles were richer in endogenous fatty acids in alcohol‐treated rats than in controls.
Glycolipids ofBriza spicata seed
Authors: Smith C. R. , Wolff I. A.
Published: November 2006

The seeds ofBriza spicata contain 20% of lipid that is semisolid and quite unusual in character. This lipid contains 49% digalactosylglycerides, 29% monogalactosylglycerides, and consequently little, if any, conventional triglycerides. The predominant fatty acids present are palmitic, oleic, and linoleic. Partial resolution of the galactosylglycerides on the basis of fatty acid composition was achieved by countercurrent distribution.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids of skin; Identification and14C‐Acetate incorporation
Authors: Wilkinson David I.
Published: November 2006

Following exposure of the tissue to14C‐acetate, polyunsaturated fatty acids were separated from the total fatty acids of newborn human preputial and mouse skin using argentative thin layer and gas liquid chromatographic procedures. They were characterized by conventional methods including oxidative cleavage and gas liquid chromatography of fission fragments. Members of the linoleic and linolenic acid classes were present in labeled form including the parent acids. Linoleic and arachidonic acids predominated, all others occurring in relatively small amounts. Patterns for the two types of skin were similar in distribution of both mass and radioactivity of individual acids.
Azasteroids: Potent inhibitors of insect molting and metamorphosis
Authors: Svoboda J. A. , Thompson M. J. , Robbins W. E.
Published: November 2006

Based on previous structure‐activity studies, four new azasteroids were synthesized and tested in several species of insects. These compounds, which are the most potent azasteroid inhibitors of insect growth and development tested to date, affect the hormone‐regulated processes of molting and metamorphosis.
The biosynthesis of cholesterol and other sterols by brain tissue: I. Subcellular biosynthesis in vitro
Authors: Ramsey R. B. , Jones J. P. , Naqvi S. H. M. , Nicholas H. J.
Published: November 2006

The biosynthesis of cholesterol by subcellular particles from rat brain was studied with several labeled cholesterol precursors as substrates. Rats from two age groups were used for preparation of the subcellular fractions: 15‐day‐old and adult. Microsomes and a soluble fraction were required for maximum biosynthesis of14C‐nonsaponifiable material. The latter was synthesized in good yield by subcellular fractions from both age groups, but 90% or more was present as14C‐squalene, when either U‐14C‐glucose, 2‐14C‐sodium acetate or 2‐14C‐mevalonic acid was the radioactive substrate. Neither3H‐squalene oxide nor14C‐lanosterol was converted to sterol when incubated with microsomal+soluble preparations, but some 4% of14C‐desmosterol was converted to cholesterol by adult preparations. Thus a metabolic block, largely between squalene to desmosterol, exists in isolated microsomal+soluble preparations from both 15‐day‐old and adult rat brain.
Glyceryl ether containing lipids of whole brains from germ‐free and conventional rats
Authors: Hagen Per‐Otto
Published: November 2006

The percentage alkyl and alk‐1’‐enyl glyceryl ethers of the polar lipids isolated from germ‐free and conventional rat brain tissue has been determined. No difference could be detected in the quantity of the ether‐containing lipids in these animals. Similarly, the composition of the aldehydic chain of the alk‐1’‐enyl glyceryl ethers from germ‐free and conventional rat brain tissue was shown to be the same. The microbial flora, therefore, do not influence either the quantity of the ether‐containing lipids or the composition of the aldehyde chain of the alk‐1’‐enyl glyceryl ethers in the rat brain.
Effect of dietary fats on pentobarbitone‐induced sleeping times and hepatic microsomal cytochrome P‐450 in rats
Authors: Hopkins G. J. , West C. E.
Published: November 2006

Female Wistar‐derived rats were fed diets containing either sunflowerseed oil or tallow for 4 weeks. Rats fed the sunflowerseed oil diet had longer pentobarbitone‐induced sleeping times and lower concentrations of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P‐450 than rats fed the tallow diet. The addition of pentobarbitone to the drinking water of rats caused approximately 2‐fold increases in the concentrations of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P‐450 but did not alter the relative effect of the diets.
The lipid composition of microsomal preparations from lactating bovine mammary tissue
Authors: Kinsella J. E.
Published: November 2006

The microsomes isolated from lactating bovine mammary tissue contained 4.3 mg lipid per milligram nitrogen. Phospholipids comprised 83% of the lipids. The neutral lipids were composed of triglycerides (20–30%), diglycerides (5–10%), free fatty acids (15–30%, cholesterol (35–40% and cholesterol esters (10–12%, respectively. Phosphatidylcholine was the predominant phospholipid component (>50%), and the remainder consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine (21–13%), phosphatidylserine (4–6%), phosphatidylinositol (8%), sphingomyelin (9%) and lysophosphatidylcholine (2%) respectively. The composition of the microsomal phospholipids was similar to that of isolated mammary cells and tissue homogenates but quite different from milk and fat globule membrane phospholipids. The triglycerides contained short chain fatty acids but their relative concentrations were lower than in milk triglycerides. The various lipid fractions had a variable proportion of saturated fatty acids, i.e., triglycerides (47.7%), diglycerides (86.7%), free fatty acids (70.6%), phosphatidylcholine (50.6%), phosphatidylethanolamine (50.8%), phosphatidylserine (35.3%), phosphatidylinositol (40.5%) and sphingomyelin (82.3%), respectively. The molecular distribution of fatty acids in the microsomal triglycerides and phosphatidylcholine was similar to that occurring in milk, i.e., the short chain and unsaturated fatty acids were concentrated in the primary positions (sn1 andsn3) of the triglycerides, and the unsaturated acids were preferentially located in positionsn2 of the phosphatidylcholine. The compositional data indicate that mammary microsomes are not the direct source of the phospholipids of the milk fat globule.
Occurrence of glyceryl tridocosahexaenoate in the eye of the sand troutCynoscion arenarius
Authors: Nicol J. A. C. , Arnott H. J. , Mizuno G. R. , Ellison E. C. , Chipault J. R.
Published: November 2006

The pigment epithelium of the eye of the sand trout (Cynoscion arenarius) contains a reflecting layer or tapetum lucidum, consisting of lipid spherules approximately 400 nm in diameter. The lipids consist amost exclusively of triglycerides and the fatty acids contain up to 95% docosahexaenoic acid. Thus the lipid of this reflecting layer appears to be nearly pure glyceryl tridocosahexaenoate. The adjacent tissues contain much less docosahexaenoic acid (retina 65%; choroid 9%) and little, if any, tridocosahexaenoin. The possible importance of this nearly pure, highly unsaturated, mono acid triglyceride is briefly discussed.
An interaction of DDT in the metabolism of essential fatty acids
Authors: Tinsley I. J. , Lowry R. R.
Published: November 2006

The growth of female rats was depressed further by the incorporation of DDT into a ration deficient in essential fatty acids (EFA). With female rats fed a ration supplemented with EFA, DDT produced a slight stimulation in growth. DDT also produced an increase in the 20∶3ω9/20∶4ω6 ratio in liver lipids of male rats fed a ration deficient in EFA. These data indicate an effect in EFA nutrition. Substantial changes in the fatty acid composition of liver lipids resulted from the feeding of DDT. The proportion of 16∶0 was decreased, while that of 18∶0 was increased. With rats on the supplemented rations an increase in the proportion of 20∶4ω6 was observed, while in the deficient rats a comparable increase was observed in the proportion of 20∶3ω9. These changes in fatty acid composition have been related to the proliferation of hepatic smooth endoplasmic reticulum induced by the DDT, and it is suggested that this effect could increase the demand for EFA by the liver, thus influencing EFA nutrition.
Lipid synthesis by rat lung in vitro
Authors: Wang M. C. , Meng H. C.
Published: November 2006

Oxidation and lipogenesis in isolated rat lung tissue were studied in vitro. The minced tissue was incubated in a Krebs‐Ringer bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.4) with 1‐14C‐acetate, 2‐14C‐pyruvate, U‐14C‐D‐glucose, 1,5‐14C‐citrate, 1‐14C‐laurate, 1‐14C‐palmitate, 1‐14C‐stearate, 1‐14C‐oleate, 1‐14C‐linoleate. The lung tissue readily oxidized all of these substrates to14CO2 and incorporated them into14C‐lipids with the exception of 1,5‐14C‐citrate, for which there was no significant incorporation into14C‐lipids. Most of the lipid14C was recovered in phospholipids, more specifically phosphatidyl choline. Twenty‐eight per cent of glucose carbons was incorporated into the fatty acid moiety of phospholipids, while more than 90% of the carbons of other substrates was found in phospholipid fatty acids. The main fatty acid of the phospholipid fraction synthesized from acetate, pyruvate or glucose was palmitic acid. The oxidation of fatty acids was apparently influenced both by the carbon chain length and number of double bonds. Accumulation of14C‐fatty acids in the tissue was observed when fatty acids were used as substrates; this finding suggests that the rate limiting step was not in the uptake of fatty acids. Chemical degradation of14C‐myristic and palmitic acids obtained by hydrolysis of phospholipids biosynthesized from 1‐14C‐laurate indicated that the phospholipid fatty acids were synthesized via the de novo synthesis pathway.
Clofibrate and Nafenopin (SU‐13437): Effects on plasma clearance and tissue distribution of chylomicron triglyceride in the dog
Authors: Cenedella Richard J.
Published: November 2006

Adult male dogs, which received orally for 21 days either no drug, 75 mg/kg/day of clofibrate or 25 mg/kg/day of nafenopin, were injected iv with14C‐labeled chylomicron‐lipid, essentially chylomicron‐triglyceride fatty acid, at 0.2 g of fat per kilogram body weight. At times from 2–160 min after injection, samples of blood, liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue were removed, weighed and assayed for14C‐lipid content. Also, in other dogs treated for 14 days, samples of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue were removed before and after treatment by biopsy for measurement of lipoprotein lipase activity. Chylomicron‐14C was cleared more rapidly from the plasma of nafenopin‐treated and to a lesser extent of clofibrate‐treated dogs than controls. Thet0.5 for clearance was ca. 31 min for control, 12 min for nafenopin‐treated and 20 min for clofibrate‐treated dogs. The total skeletal muscle mass of nafenopintreated animals took up 40–50% of the injected chylomicron‐triglyceride during the first 20 min after injection, as compared with ca. 25–30% for clofibratetreated and 20–25% for control dogs. Also in treated dogs lesser percentages of the cleared chylomicron‐14C appeared in the liver soon after injection and more in adipose tissue at later times. These observations could be related partially to a measured ability of clofibrate to increase adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity (ca. 50%) and of nafenopin to increase a lipase activity of skeletal muscle (ca. 20%). These data suggest that clofibrate and particularly nafenopin lower plasma triglycerides by increasing their clerance by the peripheral tissues.
Brain cholesterol: XV. Incorporation of specifically labeled glucose
Authors: Kabara Jon J. , Chapman Betty
Published: November 2006

Glucose‐1 and glucose‐6 labeled with tritium or carbon‐14 were incorporated in vivo into brain and liver sterol. Differential incorporations of glucose labeled in both positions were compared. A higher than expected incorporation of C‐1 from glucose was noted.
Pentane production by peanut lipoxygenase
Authors: Pattee Harold E. , Singleton John A. , Johns Elizabeth B.
Published: November 2006

Pentane and hexanal were the major volatile end‐products of a peanut lipoxygenase and linoleic acid model system and were produced by both crude and purified enzyme preparations. The enzyme system did not require an anerobic condition for the production of pentane and hexanal, thus distinguishing it from other reported systems. A 122‐fold purification of the enzyme was achieved.
Lipolytic activities of intact walker 256 ascites tumor cells
Authors: Cenedella Richard J. , Imrich Bernard J.
Published: November 2006

The present studies confirm with Walker carcinosarcoma 256 in ascites form that ascites tumor cells produce and release large quantities of free fatty acid when incubated in vitro under the appropriate conditions. Two distinct lipolytic acitivities were recognized; a cold sensitive acidic lipolytic activity and a heat sensitive neutral‐to‐weakly‐alkaline activity. Agents known to influence lipolysis in adipose tissue did not affect these activities. Glucose did inhibit the free fatty acid production at neutral pH, but this effect was apparently secondary to medium pH changes as a consequence of lactic acid production from glucose. These observations, together with finding a marked similarity between the composition of free fatty acid present in ascites fluid and those produced in vitro at both acid and neutral pH, are taken to support the concept that ascites tumor cells rapidly incorporate exogenous (medium) free fatty acid into a small and rapidly turning‐over fatty acid‐ester pool, probably a phospholipid pool.
UV‐Autoxidized linolenic acid in high yield for cancer study
Authors: Baker N. , Wilson L.
Published: November 2006

Aqueous emulsions of linolenic acid were exposed repeatedly to UV light in an oxygen atmosphere. After each exposure, a dense, yellow liquid formed which was insoluble in petroleum ether, poorly soluble in water, but highly soluble in ethyl ether. After 5 cyclic 90 min exposures, linolenic acid was almost quantitatively converted to autoxidation products which had the following properties: average mol wt, 510; 2‐thiobarbituric acid‐reactive (pink derivative); peroxidase‐reactive; peroxide no., 1100 meq/kg; hydrogen no., 404 mg/mmole H2; C, 61%; H, 9.0%; and O, 30%. Only trace amounts of free aldehydes were present. After treatment with BF3‐methanol, the major, volatile products found were methyl acetal‐esters of azelaic semialdehyde and azelaic acid. These products did not vary qualitatively from one UV exposure to another as shown by gas liquid chromatographic analyses. Ca. 90% of the autoxidized material did not appear on gas liquid chromatography even after methylation. Our technique allows the rapid preparation of high yields of autoxidized linolenic acid sufficient to study chemical properties and anticancer activities of the autoxidation products.
Acetylenic acids ofAlvaradoa amorphoides seed oil
Authors: Pearl M. B. , Kleiman R. , Earle F. R.
Published: November 2006

Oil from the seed ofAlvaradoa amorphoides Liebm. (Simaroubaceae) collected in Mexico contains two acetylenic fatty acids previously unknown in seed oils, 15% of 17‐octadecen‐6‐ynoic and a trace amount of 6‐eicosynoic acid. The predominant fatty acid (58%) in the oil is 6‐octadecynoic (tariric). Both the δ6 and δ9 series of hexadecenoic, octadecenoic, octadecadienoic, and octadecatrienoic acids were found, but only the δ6 isomer of eicosenoic acid (1.4%) was detectec. The mono‐ and dienoic acids make up about 19% of the total oil. The remainder consists mostly of saturated acids (6.3%). Techniques used in isolation and identification of the acids included thin layer and gas chromatography, IR, UV, NMR and mass spectroscopy, and ozonolysis coupled with gas chromatography.
Determination of molecular species of ovolecithin using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Hasegawa Kiyozo , Suzuki Tetsuya
Published: November 2006

An analysis of monoacetyldiglyceride was performed by gas chromatographymass spectrometry for the purpose of determining the molecular species of ovolecithin. Separation of monoacetyldiglycerides was made according to the degree of unsaturation and to the sum of the carbon numbers of fatty acyl residues. Fragments of monoacetyldiglyceride were analyzed and interpreted in relation to the molecular structure in a similar manner to that of triglyceride.
Fatty acid composition of lipids fromSaccharomyces fragilis
Authors: Noble A. C. , Duitschaever C. L.
Published: November 2006

Lipids extracted fromSaccharomyces fragilis, grown in whey and deproteinized whey, were similar in amount and fatty acid composition. On a dry weight basis, the yeasts contained 3.0% total lipid and 0.5% saponifiable lipid. The fatty acids identified by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry were 2.5% C14∶0, 19.2% C16∶0, 11.9% C16∶1, 1.28% C16∶2, 3.4% C18∶0, 27.0% C18∶1, 25.1% C18∶2, and 9.6% C18∶3 with less than 1% of the following fatty acids present: C10∶0, C12∶0, C14∶1, C15∶0, and C17∶0.