bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Grounding of Psychological Research in a Phenomenological Epistemology
Authors: Karlsson Gunnar
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to provide an understanding of how psychological research can be grounded in phenomenological epistemology, as it has been articulated in particular by Edmund Husserl, the founder of phenomenology. This article begins by establishing that mainstream academic psychology has placed subjective, meaningful experience secondary to natural-scientific descriptions of the world. Mainstream psychological research can be said to carry out its research within a physicalist framework.

Once the physicalist framework of mainstream psychology has been depicted, the analysis in this article consists of two measures. First, it is argued that natural-scientific description of the world is a construction, which has the subjective, meaningful cultural experience (life-world experience) as its presupposition. Once this `reaffirmation' of the priority of life-world experience is established, the second measure follows, which entails a phenomenological analysis of consciousness as the subject-matter of psychological research. A phenomenological analysis reveals that consciousness is characterized by intentionality. Some of the implications of basing psychological research on consciousness-as-intentionality are discussed. It is argued, among other things, that psychology must give up any attempt to explain experience in terms of causal laws. A phenomenologically based approach to decision/choice-making is presented and discussed in light of a more traditional (cognitive) approach in the final section of this article.
The Pedagogy of Suffering
Authors: Frank Arthur W.
Published: March 2007

Social science is a moral discourse, presenting claims about the nature of suffering and the proper response to suffering. Through a critique of psychooncology, I argue that social science has lost awareness of this moral dimension. The discourse of psychooncology is contrasted with that of first-person illness narratives to suggest (a) what is missing in the aggregation of ill persons' experiences as `data' for research purposes, and (b) what is missing in therapeutic practice that is ancillary to medical treatment. A hermeneutic stance in both research and therapy is advocated over scientific objectivism, and narrative is proposed as a basis of reconstituting research and therapy.
A Serpent's Guide to Children's `Theories of Mind'
Authors: Bradley Ben S.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the grounding assumptions of the idea that young children have `theories of mind'. Focusing on Leslie's (1987) account, I point out that the `theory of mind' (TOM) approach to the child's mental life is empirically untestable because it must assume without evidence that children `tell the difference' between appearance and reality when dealing with others. This assumption is not only implausible on logical grounds. It also denies the prevalence of fantasy in mental life. From this critique I argue that TOM epitomizes the failure of the dominant form of writing on development in psychology-a Romantic form of writing, based on what I call the `psychological sublime' pioneered by Charles Darwin, which suppresses its own imaginative dimension in circumventing the difficulty of understanding others. I conclude that TOM's limitations are less logical than moral and aesthetic, defining the need for both a poetic and a practical transformation of developmental psychology.
Why Revolutionaries Need a New Psychological Poetic: Reply to Valsiner
Authors: Bradley Ben S.
Published: March 2007

Current critiques of developmental theory impugn all walks of cognitive and empirical psychology. They show that we must undergo a fundamental `renegotiation of our common language habits' as psychologists (Valsiner, p. 149). My difference with Valsiner is over how fundamental this renegotiation should be. He believes that psychologists simply `lack adequate concepts' to capture the phenomena that interest them. I argue that the deficiencies of contemporary psychology, illustrated in my critique of the `theory of mind' approach to children's thinking, must be righted by generating a new psychological poetic that refuses the aggrandizing consolations of the psychological sublime. Only this new poetic would realize the revolutionary destiny that Miller (1969) foresaw for our discipline.
Therapy as Theory and as Civics
Authors: Robinson Daniel N.
Published: March 2007

The conventional wisdom is that the therapeutic enterprise is `value-neutral', not impelled by any moral agenda, and intended chiefly to render its beneficiaries more successful in attaining what they desire. I argue in the present article that, were this the case, there could be nothing therapeutic in the undertaking; further, that one should be assisted in attaining what should be desirable, but what may not, in the given case, be desired. The form of life that realizes the most authentic aspects of our humanity is of an essentially civic nature, and it is fitness for this form of life that should guide therapeutic endeavors.
Commodity Fetishism and Repression
Authors: Billig Michael
Published: March 2007

This paper re-examines Marx's notion of `commodity fetishism' and argues that this concept offers much for an understanding of the psychology of consumer capitalism. Marx's analysis of commodities contains an implicit psychology of collective amnesia, for he argued that in capitalist life the productive origins of commodities are routinely forgotten. Marx formulated these ideas to explain the ideology of 19th-century capitalism. However, the notion of commodity fetishism, it is suggested, is even more apposite for the conditions of so-called `consumer capitalism', where the pleasures of consumerism would be routinely diminished by an awareness of the productive origins of consumer goods. Therefore, the routines of consumerism contain a collective forgetfulness, which can be understood psychologically as a form of social repression. This sort of repression, which differs from the classic Freudian account, should be understood dialogically for it is constituted in dialogue and, as such, tied to the routines of everyday life. In this respect, the routines of life in consumer capitalism create a routine repression, or forgetfulness, which parallels what Marx meant by commodity fetishism.
Great Expectations: Three Years in the Life of a European Works Council
Authors: Wills Jane
Published: March 2007

This article draws on one detailed case study of a European Works Council (EWC) to highlight the experiences of employees involved in these new institutions. The UK employee representatives at the case study firm have become increasingly frustrated, complaining about inadequate consultation, the poor organization and coordination of the employee representatives and the weakness and isolation of the EWC. The implications of these employee concerns are explored in the context of the changing political economic landscape of Europe. The article speculates whether EWCs can ever become useful tools for workers facing the challenges of Europeanization and globalization.
Cross-Border Collective Bargaining Networks in Europe
Authors: Gollbach Jochen , Schulten Thorsten
Published: March 2007

In recent years European trade unions have launched various initiatives for closer European coordination of collective bargaining, in order to prevent downward competition on wages and working conditions within the new macroeconomic framework of European Monetary Union (EMU). This article gives an overview of strategies and experiences to date within the European Metalworkers' Federation (EMF). The main focus of the analysis is on the attempt to establish interregional cross-border collective bargaining networks between national or regional organizations of EMF affiliates. The article concludes that this new structure has the potential to create a new institutional and political basis for a `Europeanization' of day-to-day collective bargaining at local level.
The End of New Industrial Relations?
Authors: Roche William K.
Published: March 2007

This article assesses the extent to which `new' industrial relations regimes have developed in advanced economies over the past two decades and considers the prospects of new industrial relations. A review of evidence on current diffusion of new industrial relations practices and arrangements, combined with an assessment of change scenarios, suggests that new industrial relations regimes are unlikely to become generalized in advanced economies. Instead, new industrial relations will remain one of a series of coexisting regimes shaping relations between employers and unions, its occurrence being highly contingent on a series of local factors. We may thus be witnessing the end of new industrial relations as a generalizable regime for unionized enterprises and sectors in advanced economies and as a major explanatory paradigm for comprehending the dynamics of industrial relations systems.
Collective Bargaining in the Arts and Culture Sector: An Examination of Symphony Orchestras in Germany and the UK
Authors: Broughton Andrea
Published: March 2007

This article compares the industrial relations practices in symphony orchestras in Germany and the United Kingdom. It looks in particular at four aspects: trade union density; collective bargaining structures; power relations, with particular reference to the seating arrangement for strings; and the experience of women. More specifically, it attempts to explain the comparatively very high levels of trade union density in this sector in both countries, and examines the similarities and differences of the UK and German collective bargaining frameworks in their national contexts.
Does Decentralized Collective Bargaining Have an Impact on the Labour Market in Hungary?
Authors: Neumann László
Published: March 2007

Previous institutional analysis of collective bargaining in Hungary found that an extremely decentralized wage-determination system was created after the change of the regime. Statistical sources show a fairly high coverage of company agreements, but case studies reveal that only a small proportion function as in developed market economies. This article uses a cross-sectional survey to provide a quantitative evaluation of the outcome of company-level bargaining. It analyses the wage gap between union and non-union settings, and differences regarding wage dispersion, productivity and other labour market dimensions. Compared to other countries with decentralized bargaining systems, Hungarian unions have almost negligible achievements in terms of the average union wage gap, and wage agreements do not have a strong regulatory effect. Unions do not represent any substantial barrier to increased productivity, but they do reduce earning inequalities.
Understanding Union Effectiveness in Central Eastern Europe: Hungary and Slovenia
Authors: Frege Carola M.
Published: March 2007

This article develops a process-oriented concept of union effectiveness at the workplace and defines two related measures: union influence on management decision-making and union leaders' perception of shop-floor union strength. It explores various explanations of union effectiveness in Central Eastern Europe. In particular, it examines the limits of the economic explanations and the relevance of organizational factors (such as leadership and membership attitudes and collective identities). Empirical data are provided from a survey of local union leaders in two industries in Hungary and Slovenia. The findings of regression analysis reveal that two organizational resources, trust in management and union member commitment, are the most important determinants for both measures of effectiveness.
The Trojan Horse for the Americanization of Europe? Polish Industrial Relations towards the EU
Authors: Meardi Guglielmo
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the implications of EU enlargement eastward for the so-called `European social model' and the `Europeanization' of industrial relations. After considering the standpoints of EU bodies, it supports an alternative `agency-based' perspective. A deeper analysis of the Polish case reveals that not only has enlargement an impact on industrial relations, but conversely industrial relations has a considerable impact on enlargement. A particular asymmetry is detected. In the West, employers strongly promote enlargement and unions (especially in some countries) are increasingly sceptical; in the East, the opposite is the case. This asymmetry increases the risks of American-style fragmentation of European industrial relations.
The Future Regulation of Work and Welfare: Time for a Revised Social and Gender Contract?
Authors: O'Reilly Jacqueline , Spee Claudia
Published: March 2007

In this article we provide a critical review of comparative political economy approaches to the regulation of work and welfare in Europe. We use the holistic concept of gendered employment systems to identify how the regulation of work and welfare is managed in different ways according to the capacity and constraints of national and European actors. A re-evaluation of regulations governing the established social contract between capital and labour requires reconsideration of the nature of the gender contract between men and women. We illustrate this argument with examples of three different types of regulatory reform strategies adopted in different European societies.
The Posting of Workers Directive and Employment Regulation in the European Construction Industry
Authors: Druker Janet , Dupre Isabelle
Published: March 2007

This article explores the scope of the EU Posting of Workers Directive (PWD), with particular attention to four countries: Belgium, France, Germany and the UK. It looks particularly at the implications in the construction industry, where cross-frontier working is only one dimension of a wider problem of employment regulation. The PWD is important in reinforcing collective bargaining outcomes where these are universally applicable, and discussions concerning the Directive hastened national legislation in some countries even before it was approved. Yet there remains a risk that important occupational benefits provided on a multi-employer basis in many European countries may be neglected in the application of the Directive.
The Time of Nostalgia
Authors: Roth Michael S.
Published: March 2007

The essay examines medical theories of nostalgia in 19th-century France. Nostalgia was thought to be a fatal illness during this period, and medical writings from the time examine the temporal and spatial components of the disease. Through their conceptualization of pathology, the medical writings allow us to see what doctors considered to be a normal memory, and a normal relation to the past. The historical writings of Jules Michelet, writings which evince an intense longing to connect with the past and to stay alive through a connection to the past, are examined briefly in relation to the medical understanding of nostalgia. With the decline of concern for nostalgia, notions of progress and normality are tied closely together.
Across the Great Divide
Authors: Wearden John , Lejeune Helga
Published: March 2007

A substantial proportion of current research on the experimental psychology of time is conducted with animals, and a large body of data and theory derived from animal studies has been collected. Commentators disagree about how useful such data and theories are for understanding human timing. The paper discusses advantages and limitations of animal studies. The limitations are (i) some human timing phenomena are outside the scope of investigations with animals, for both psychological and methodological reasons, and (ii) even when data from humans and animals are similar there is no guarantee of similarity of psychological processes. Nevertheless, some striking examples of the fruitfulness of animal/human timing comparisons have been found in areas of interval production, judgements of stimulus duration, and memory for duration.
The Search for the Invisible 8 Hours
Authors: Elchardus Mark , Glorieux Ignace
Published: March 2007

This paper investigates to what extent, and how, the use of time differs between men and women in a society and an age-group in which the gender gap in labour force participation is rapidly closing. It is found that the gender differences come about primarily through the division of labour. However, this gendered division of work, which co-exists with a high labour market participation, does not lead to a double workload for women. Different mechanisms that are important in both limiting the total workload and maintaining the gendered division of labour are analysed.
'Nutty Professors', 'Men in Suits' and 'New Entrepreneurs' : Corporeality, Subjectivity and Change in the Law School and Legal Practice
Authors: Collier Richard
Published: March 2007

This article is an exploration of the relationship between the social production of heterosexual masculinities and the 'making of men' as legal 'professionals' - as prac tising lawyers and legal academics. The focus is an analysis of the ways in which a range of categories of 'masculine' subjectivities are presently encoded as heterosexual within the institutional and organizational contexts of legal academy and legal prac tice. Theoretically, the article is concerned to explore what insights, if any, may be derived from recent scholarship on the relationship between identity, subjectivity and corporeality when seeking to re-conceptualize what has for some time, and from different perspectives, been identified to be the distinctly masculine cultures of the law school and law firm. How, the article asks, is 'masculinity' embedded in the nego tiations and contradictions of routine cultural practices, the evasions, fantasies and anxieties of 'everyday life' in the legal profession? Far from conceptualizing Woman as 'Other' to a masculine (legal) norm, the article seeks to unpack the nature of this 'norm' via an exploration of the ways in which certain (sexed) subject positions emerge within specific cultural sites and are experienced as encoded 'masculine' phenomena. The article seeks to 'name men as men' in an investigation of the relation ship between 'doing law' and the 'making' of men's subjectivities.
Conflict Prevention in Estonia: The Role of the Electoral System
Authors: KHRYCHIKOV SERGEY , MIALL HUGH
Published: March 2007

Estonia's success in averting a potential conflict over its Russian-speaking minority is often attributed to the intervention of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities. Indeed, the Estonian case is one of the most satisfactory encounters in the period of Max van der Stoel's impressive diplomatic engagement. However, deeper, structural factors were also important over the longer term. In particular, the voting system that Estonia adopted, based on the single transferable vote system of proportional representation, turned out to be important in encouraging political moderation. This article argues that a decisive factor in ethnic accommodation was the way the political system channelled the activities of the Russian-speaking groups into Estonian parties. Other contributory factors were the weakness of ethnic identity among the Russian-speakers and international constraints on Russian foreign policy. This analysis highlights the crucial role of domestic institutions in conflict prevention.
Europe as a Social Process and Discourse
Authors: Paasi Anssi
Published: March 2007

During the 1990s competing images emerged of what constitutes European identity, who belongs to it, and what are its internal and external boundaries. This has forced reflection on the links between state territoriality, and territorialities occurring on and between other spatial scales. This paper analyses images of Europe, narratives on European identity, and how these images have implied different forms and conceptualizations of spatiality. Europe is understood as an experience, a structural body and an institution. Structural interpretations have traditionally been dominant, but now an institutional-bureaucratic view has taken a dominant position in defining what Europe is. Growing flows of refugees and immigrants call into question the state-centred identities and narratives of nationally bounded cultures. In the current situation a more cosmopolitan view is needed instead of the established, exclusive concept of place. The paper suggests that this can be done by understanding place as a cumulative archive of personal experience that is not bound with some specific location. Regions, for their part, may be understood as collective institutional structures. A challenge for research is to reflect how regions and places come together and what kind of spatial imaginaries and ideologies are involved in this process.
Homeworking in Rural Spain
Authors: Baylina Mireia , Garcia-Ramon Maria Dolors
Published: March 2007

An increasing internationalization of economic activities in recent decades has led to relocation and restructuring of work processes in many parts of the world and in different sectors of the economy in labour-intensive industries. The search for greater flexibility in the labour market has enhanced the importance of 'atypical' work often falling within the so-called 'informal economy', in which female labour is prominent but can scarcely be traced in statistical records. A clear example of this restructuring in Southern Europe is industrial homeworking, which is carried out mainly by women within the context of the underground economy. In this article we try to shed light on the nature and function of women's industrial homeworking in different rural areas of Spain Catalonia, Valencia, Andalusia and Galicia - where economic restructuring has been particularly strong. While the type of work and the way home working is combined with other activities to boost household incomes varies between the regions, many of the women interviewees report similar experiences of homeworking, both positive and negative. In each case-study, however, it is clear that the choice to engage in homeworking is highly constrained. It is shaped by the restrictions deriving from gender roles and relations within the family and by the regional context.
The Competitiveness of Firms and Regions
Authors: Maskell Peter , Malmberg Anders
Published: March 2007

In traditional location theory there is a distinction between factors of production for which the costs differ significantly between locations, on the one hand, and production inputs which are in practice available everywhere at more or less the same cost (i.e. so-called ubiquities) on the other.

In this article, we discuss the process whereby some previously important location factors are actively converted into ubiquities. With an admittedly rather horrendous term, we label this process ‘ubi-quitification’. It is argued that ubiquitification is the outcome of the ongoing globalization process as well as of a process whereby former tacit knowledge gradually becomes codified.

Ubiquitification tends to undermine the competitiveness of firms in the high-cost areas of the world. When international markets are opened up and when knowledge of the latest production technologies and organizational designs become globally available, firms in low-cost areas become more competitive. In a knowledge-based economy, as a consequence, firms in high-cost areas must either shield some valuable pieces of knowledge from becoming globally accessible, or be able to create, acquire, accumulate and utilize codifiable knowledge a little faster than their cost-wise more favourably located competitors.

Focusing on learning processes, the article maintains that most firms learn from close interaction with suppliers, customers and rivals. Furthermore, processes of knowledge creation are strongly influenced by specific localized capabilities such as resources, institutions, social and cultural structures.
Is Political Economy Still Relevant to Study the Culturalization of Cities?
Authors: Le Galès Patrick
Published: March 2007

In order to analyse and explain the growing importance of culture in cities, this article briefly reviews three traditions of urban political economy (Marxist, neo-classical and neo-Weberian). The paper argues that rather than looking for a new embracing reductionist cultural studies paradigm, it is probably more fruitful to work on the combination of culture, social structures, economics and politics, for instance in the Weberian or neo-Gramscian tradition. It is therefore argued that an opened political economy of cities must take culture more seriously than in the past but that there is no reason to reject political economy (or economic sociology) to work on the culturalization of cities.
Culture and the Economy of Cities
Authors: Shields Rob
Published: March 2007

A division of social processes into different, mutually exclusive ‘value spheres’ such as ‘cultural’ or ‘economic’ derives from a 19th-century, European model of civil society. This model cannot respond to current political demands for cultural recognition and redistributive justice which characterize multicultural societies. It does not acknowledge the economic importance of knowledge work. Spatially located analyses, such as in urban and regional research, offer an ideal opportunity to marry analytical approaches to capture the convergence of cultural and economic processes in given localities. Attempts within political economy to integrate culture as a force of governance have tended to oversimplify the cultural aspects of economic activity as, for example, discourse. A ‘cultural-economic’ approach emphasizing place and context is proposed.
The Weaning Syndrome: Acquired Dependence among Super Cyclone Victims in Orissa
Authors: Mohanty Ajit' K.
Published: March 2007

Eighty-two super cyclone victims from nine villages of Erasama block in Orissa were inter viewed to analyse their perception of post-cyclone relief and rehabilitation programmes, self-confidence, initiatives, future plans and causal attribution. The findings revealed that the villagers had awareness of various relief measures and had received the benefits without much perceived effort. However, the relief programmes had not increased their self-confidence and initiative. The victims showed a tendency to remain dependent on external help and had fatalistic causal attribution. The findings have been interpreted as showing passivity and weaning syndrome acquired by noncontingent gratuitous relief following the disaster experience. Analysis of two case studies and views of three social workers also support the interpretation of the findings.
A Bridge Between Theory and Practice, Between General Laws and Contexts?
Authors: Eckensberger Lutz H.
Published: March 2007

On the basis of informal content analysis of the deliberations and materials of two international conferences the author identifies (a) the capacity to resolve theory-practice tension, and (b) the flexibility of the conceptual system needed to subsume changes at both individual and social levels, and represent idiosyncratic and aggregate experiences as the critical dimensions determining the application value of cross-cultural theories for the Third World. Then the genesis of Boesch's action theory is traced to the contributions of Piaget, Janet, Lewin and cross-cultural experience. A partial description of Boesch's theory is presented. That theory has a cognitive field theoretical orientation and makes a phase- wise analysis of action as a reciprocal and interactive link between the environment and the individual, and provides concepts which handle subjective/objective and individual/ aggregate levels of experiences. An evaluation of the theory is given.
Educational Innovation in Developing Countries: Problems and Procedures
Authors: Baine David
Published: March 2007

Recent reviews indicate that most attempts to introduce and maintain educational in novation fail. Many projects fail during the implementation stage before the effective ness of the programme can even be tested. Although the problems associated with innovation are observed in both developed and developing countries, the difficulties are particularly serious in developing countries. In developing countries, where the economic and personnel resources are minimal, and where the needs for improvement are greatest, the likelihood of successful innovation is least. If more were known about the process of innovation, the risk of failure could be reduced. This paper provides a review of empirically derived methods for introducing and maintaining educational innovation.
Social Psychology in Malawi: Historical or Developmental?
Authors: Carr Stuart C.
Published: March 2007

It is now over two decades since Gergen (1973) argued that social psychology is historical, and this paper re-examines his arguments in the light of more recent social changes in Tropical Africa. Malawi has experienced major sociopolitical upheavals and from the outside, with much of the agenda based on foreign historical foundations, Gergen's hypothesis implies that social psychology should be radically inappropriate. From the inside, however, the discipline has garnered substantial student enrolments, sustained by four possible modes of applied re search in addition to cross-cultural refutation ( for instance, similarity-attraction), namely, rejuvenation (of observer bias, among aid donors), realisation (that "aid" is transactional), reconstitution (into a principle of incremental improvement), and restatement (of competitive motives, reflecting clashes with collectivist peers and security conscious superiors). In contemporary Malawi, social psychology is "developmental" rather than "historical", casting doubt on the universality of Gergen's historicity hypothesis.
Review Article : Indian Feminism in an International Frame
Authors: Mohanram Radhika
Published: March 2007

In the heritage of imperialism, one of the peculiar by-products is the 'emancipated' woman in the decolonized nation, not her sister in metropolitan space, whom we know much better. However unwilling she may be to ac knowledge this, part of the historical burden of that 'emancipated' postcolonial is to be in a situation of tu-toi-ing with the radical feminist in the metropolis.
Some Thoughts on Indian Ethics for a Globalizing World
Authors: van Bijlert Victor A.
Published: March 2007

In the coming years people will live in an ever-globalizing world with possibilities and challenges that did not exist before. The contours of this new world are already with us—capital flow across the world with lightning speed; mass media events broadcast anywhere in the globe as if they happened next door; tests, food habits, consumer goods, cultural production and political ideas floating across the globe unhindered; the boundaries of nation states becoming more and more porous; and the Internet being a major source of rapid unbound communication. All sectors of the society are affected by this global society, the technological revolution. In this connection ethics becomes an increasingly im portant issue in global decision making. The author suggests some solutions on the basis of Indian culture.
Technology Policies and Acquisition of Technological Capabilities in the Industrial Sector: A Comparative Analysis of the Indian and Korean Experiences
Authors: Aggarwal Aradhna
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews the science and technology policy of India and Korea in a comparative perspective to draw relevant lessons for India. It shows that policies, strategies and struc tures of science and technology evolved under a planned development approach in both Korea and India. However, while Korea created a strong national innovation system and acquired phenomenal technological capabilities, India had vital links missing that weak ened the performance of this system and resulted in a poor R&D performance of firms in the industrial sector. Four conditions need to be satisfied for building an effective national innovation system: (a) strong competitive pressures on domestic firms; (b) the presence of high-quality human capital; (c) well-developed industry-institutes-academia links; and (d) access to foreign technologies. While Korea tailored its policies to accommodate these conditions in each stage of its development, India failed to evolve an appropriate mix of these critical ingredients. The paper proposes to adopt a more focused but a multidimen sional integrated approach to create technological dynamism within the country.
Limits to Innovation with Strong Export Orientation: The Case of India's Information and Communication Technologies Sector
Authors: Parthasarathi Ashok , Joseph K.J.
Published: March 2007

Using a unique firm-level data set developed by combining NASSCOM and CMIE data, this paper analyses the innovative behaviour and performance of Indian ICTfirms against the backdrop of the history of Indian IT development over the past three decades, and the debates about the role of policy support versus the market mechanism, the domestic market versus exports, and the integration of hardware and software. Innovative behav iour is examined in terms of R&D intensity, foreign collaboration and the interface with academia. It is found that export orientation, if any, has a dampening effect on the innovative performance of firms.
Science in Africa: From Institutionalisation to Scientific Free Market—What Options for Development?
Authors: Waast R. , Krishna V.V.
Published: March 2007

This paper represents a diagnosis of the changes going on in scientific professional practice in Africa (south of the Sahara, excluding South Africa). Thefree market approach and economic crisis have led to the dissolution of the national-based research systems, which had been elaborated in the 1960s and 1970s. With institutions disintegrated and their profession in ruins, researchers have been pushed into what became a free market for scientific work. However, this new form of knowledge production is encountering certain limitations. On the initiative of some researchers themselves or world sponsors, some reconstruction is under way. The new fledgling institutions are local or regional, rather than nationally based.
Sociocultural Dimensions of Technological Learning
Authors: Vessuri Hebe , Canino Maria Victoria
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses technological learning in the oil sector in Venezuela, with the help of a case study of ORIMULSION®, which heralded a very important techno logical breakthrough for the evolution of the nationalised oil industry in this country, being at the same time a challenge and an opportunity.

The technological R&D policy for heavy and extra-heavy oils and bitumens of the Orinoco Oil Belt created the conditions for the domestic system of innovation in the oil industry to realise a catching up process, taking advantage of the available opportunities: the geological wealth offered by the national subsoil, a small but growing scientific and technical community of practitioners having direct access to operational activities of the newly nationalised industry, and an institutional learning procees based on an original technological trajectory both in INTEVEP, the oil industry's technological research centre, and in the domestic operating firms.

The paper traces the complexity of the learning process at different times and in a number of dimensions, with an emphasis on the mechanisms through which the researchers, technicians and managers acquired and/or improved their know-how:
Social Grouping and the Languages of Dress in the Late Middle Ages
Authors: Jaritz Gerhard
Published: March 2007

In the late Middle Ages in Europe, religious and secular images played a decisive role in mediating messages. The narrative contained within the pictures was integrated into the 'everyday life' of the period. Thus, it promoted the beholders' identification with the depicted actions and situations. This 'closeness' of the contents of images to their recipients has lead to the idea that the representation of the outer appearance of depicted persons mirrored corresponding conventions and laws of late medieval society. The essay tries to check and prove this hypothesis with the help of computer-supported quantitative analysis of a large amount of Central European Gothic visual sources.
Cultures of Death: Warrior Suicide in Medieval Europe and Japan
Authors: Morillo Stephen
Published: March 2007

In the course of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, the warrior elites of Japan and north- western Europe, despite many similarities in ethos and lifestyle, developed very different cultures of death. Japanese warriors sought battle, killed each other in battle, and killed themselves in ritual suicides. European warriors avoided battle, captured each other, and avoided suicide. This paper examines the origins of these different 'cultures of death.' While differences in religion played some role, they are found not to be deterministic. Rather, differences in symbolic political cultures, locations of political power, family structures, and relationships of the warrior classes to peasant production are shown to have created contexts in which suicide made sense for warriors in Japan, but was counter-productive in Europe.
Roman Proto-industry in Southern France: Some Indian Comparisons
Authors: Whittaker Dick
Published: March 2007

This article treats the problem of proto-industry in agrarian societies. On the basis of an analysis of the Roman production of terra sigillata in Southern France, it attempts some comparisons with examples from Mughal India. These suggest the importance of the imperial apparatus. extractive, administrative as well as consumptive, for the creation of such industries.
Gender Mainstreaming and Sector-wide Approaches in Health: Key Areas for Debate
Authors: Theobald S. , Elsey H. , Tolhurst R.
Published: March 2007

This paper explores some of the opportunities and challenges that the increasing move towards sector-wide approaches (SWAps) offer gender mainstreaming. SWAps, as a new approach to aid and development, are growing in number, particularly in more aid-dependent country contexts. The paper introduces what is understood by SWAps and then explores the concept of gender mainstreaming, with particular reference to health. At a theoretical level the paper discusses the potential synergies between the goals of SWAps and gender mainstreaming in terms of promoting equity, efficiency and sustainability in health outcomes. However, early discussions of the SWAps process in the health sector in different countries reveal some emerging tensions and dilemmas for gender mainstreaming strategies, which are discussed. These are the relationship between government and donors, the involvement of district and civil society in the SWAp process, and, possibly, an increasingly biomedical approach to health. The paper concludes by laying out questions for further discussion and experience sharing.
New Issues in Emerging Markets: Determinants, Effects, and Stock Market Performance of IPOs in Korea
Authors: Smith Stephen C. , Chun Hesuk
Published: March 2007

This article investigates why Korean companiesgo public and their subsequent performance. Ex ante and ex post evidence suggests firms do notgo public to fund investment in fixed assets. Financially marginal firms are more likely to go public to take advantage of windows of opportunity. Financially healthier independents also go public to rebalance their portfolios. Chaebol (conglomerate) subsidiaries apparently use initial public offerings (IPOs) to fund equity investments and take advantage of windows of opportunity. Buy- and-hold returns show Korean IPOs outperformed the stock market—with the divergence widening over time—in contrast to developed markets.
MITROPA
Authors: Marschik Matthias
Published: March 2007

In the 1930s, Calcio Danubiano, the specific football system played by the national teams and clubs from Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Austria, and also Central European football, including the teams of Italy and Yugoslavia, were the most admired football cultures in Europe, challenging even the traditionally leading position of English soccer. The Mitropa-Cup was the most popular football event at this time. While attempts to revive this Middle-European football culture in the fifties failed, the nineties show a clear resurrection of Middle-Europe in sports, for example in promoting the handball world championships for women by Austria and Hungary, or the applications for the football European Championships by Hungary and Austria, and for the Olympic Winter Games by Austria, Slovenia and Italy. On this basis it is important to discuss the historical and contemporary basis and foundations of the idea and importance of Central Europe in sports, especially in its cultural, political and economic conditions, and in terms of questions of hegemony in the light of the varying positions of Middle European football in media texts. In the end a persisting power of historical identities and sporting myths can be identified, although they are read and used in ever different ways.
The `New' Corporate Habitus in Adventure Racing
Authors: Kay Joanne , Laberge Suzanne
Published: March 2007

This article explores the overrepresentation of management-level corporate participants in Discovery Channel Eco-Challenge (DCEC) as a suggestion of the emergence of a new class — or social group — habitus common to both `new' corporate culture and the adventure racing (AR) field. The current analysis, which examines the parallels between conceptualizations, perceptions and judgements of practice embedded in AR and `new' corporate discourses, has two aims: first, to uncover the practice-generating principle(s) (habitus) in the AR field; second, to explore the relationship between the AR and `new' corporate habitus through AR's purported benefit of `transferability'. Our qualitative analysis is based on participant observation and on 37 semi-structured interviews with AR participants.
Lassitude and Latitude
Authors: Bale John
Published: March 2007

During the first half of the 20th century, environmental determinism was a powerful paradigm of geographical scholarship. Among those who accepted environmentalism were Ellen Semple, Ellsworth Huntington and Griffith Taylor. In essence, they argued that the physical environment determined human behaviour. Their writings implied that physical activity was determined by physical-environmental factors, ignoring culture, politics and history. Sports scientists also argued that environment was the explanatory variable in `explaining' differences in sports ability and success. The argument that some peoples were athletically underdeveloped because of the climate in which they lived was an essentially racist view. A study of the 1952 Olympics by Ernst Jokl contested the environmentalist perspective but it lives on today in popular and academic writing.
SELLING PERMISSIBLE VIOLENCE
Authors: Hutchins Brett , Phillips Murray G.
Published: March 2007

This study uses figurational theory to analyse the articulations between standards of violence control and commodification in Australian rugby league between 1970 and 1995. It is argued that the interdependent social processes of violence regulation and commodification cannot be reduced to a simple cause-and-effect mechanism. Instead, it is imperative to comprehend that myriad social processes interweave to produce fluctuating standards of violence. The major social processes that are addressed include TV, technization, surveillance technologies, judicial structures, negative and positive feedback cycles, marketing and tension-balance.
THE PARADOX OF THE CHURCH HOCKEY LEAGUE
Authors: Dunn Robert , Stevenson Christopher
Published: March 2007

We investigated a local church ice hockey league, because it: (a) was specifically created for the playing of hockey according to `Christian' values and expectations; (b) consisted of eight teams from evangelical churches, which led us to presuppose an explicit expectation for the integration of the Christian faith into all aspects of life, including sport; and (c) presented an implict paradox between the nature of the game and the practice of the Christian faith. Informal, structured interviews with 20 volunteers from four of the teams revealed that the practice of the league was dominated by an explicitly `Christian' ethos rather than by the sport ethic. Any problems the players did report were explained from an interactionist/role-identity perspective as the consequence of a reflexive analysis of the relative values of the various role-identity options available to the individual in the setting. In this regard we were able to identify three stereotypes of players: the consistent, the struggling and the nominal.
`PHYSIOLOGICAL PATRIOTS'?
Authors: McDonald Ian
Published: March 2007

During the last decade, there has been a resurgence of Hindu nationalism in India. The most influential protagonist in this movement is the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a uniformed male voluntary organization committed to the creation of a strong Hindu state. From primary research conducted on training programmes of the RSS in India during 1998, it was found that a combination of exercises, games, sports, yoga and prayers is used to inculcate its members with an `instinctive' sense of loyalty to, and love of, the Hindu nation and Hindu culture. I conclude that a fascist conception of physical culture underpins the training programme of the RSS.
Studies in Internationalization
Authors: van der Wende Marijk
Published: March 2007

Research-based literature on new phenomena is scarce, so is the literature on the relatively new, but strongly growing, trend in internationalization, which concerns the provision of education across borders: A trend that sometimes has been identified as “moving education, not learners,” Two studies have recently been published that reveal a lot of information on this so far quite-unexplored, but much discussed, issue. It is not surprising that both studies come from two countries that are leading in this area: the United Kingdom and Australia.
A Model for U.S. Institutions Offering Graduate Programs in (Central America & the Caribbean
Authors: Smitb G. Pritchy , Flinchum Betty , Mabung Santos , Stone Carolyn
Published: March 2007

This article describes a partnership model for delivery of graduate education in Belize. Based on the successes of the first two years, the model has promising implications for educational development programs and institutions of higher education interested in offering graduate programs in Central America and the Caribbean. Topics addressed include the University of North Florida's history of involvement in Belize education, Belizean contextual factors considered in planning and delivering a M.Ed. program in Belize, a description of the model, anticipated outcomes of the program, and a summary of lessons learned about designing and implementing international graduate degree programs.
Constitutions and Institutions
Authors: Scott Anthony
Published: March 2007

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