bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Social Media on Body Image and Eating Disorder Prevalence in Adolescents: A Cross-sectional Saudi Study
Authors: Alzahuf Shuruq , Ahmed Entisar , Al-Badwyi Jumanah Ahmed , Alkhalifa Maryam Abdulhameed , Albinessa Mohammed Ahmed , Bashandi Abdulelah Adel , Alanazi Dimah Mulfi , Alawad Fatema Hani , Alhodibi Mostafa
Published: December 2024

Introduction:

This study delves into the impact of adolescents’ social media interactions with influencers on psychological health, focusing on body image and eating disorders (EDs). It seeks to measure social media’s influence on teenagers and adolescents, its correlation with body image and ED prevalence, aiming to inform future public health strategies.

Methods:

The research, conducted from June and July 2023 in Saudi Arabia, included a diverse group of participants. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and surveys, both online and offline, in various settings. The study aimed to analyse social media exposure, body image perceptions and ED symptoms, using advanced statistical methods.

Results:

With 1884 participants, a significant link was found between social media exposure and body image disturbances, affecting various age groups, particularly females aged late teens to mid-twenties, more so in urban Northern provinces. Engagement with social media influencer content emerged as a key predictor of body image issues and EDs.

Conclusion:

The study offers new perspectives on the psychological effects of social media in the Middle East, underscoring the need for public health interventions. It suggests incorporating social media habits into the clinical management of body image and EDs and calls for re-evaluating public health campaigns to mitigate social media’s negative impact on youth.
Obstetric Analgesia in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-sectional Study of Labour Pain Management Preferences and Satisfaction among Women
Authors: Aleid Abdulsalam Mohammed , Alhajjaj Zahra , Almutlaq Khadijah A. , Almulhim Jawaher E. , Alruwai Fatimah E. , Alenezi Farah B. , Alshammari Amirah M. , Ahmed Rufaida A.
Published: December 2024

Introduction:

Labour pain management is a crucial aspect of obstetrics, significantly impacting the maternal experience during childbirth. Effective analgesia is not only vital for comfort but also influences the overall outcome of labour. This study aims to assess the preferences and satisfaction levels of Saudi Arabian women regarding obstetric analgesia. Despite various pain management methods such as epidural analgesia, there is a notable gap in knowledge and awareness among pregnant women in Saudi Arabia. Understanding these preferences and satisfaction levels is essential for enhancing maternal care and pain management strategies.

Methods:

This cross-sectional study recruited Saudi Arabian women in labour from multiple hospitals across the country. A structured questionnaire, developed specifically for this research, collected data on obstetric analgesia preferences, satisfaction levels and socio-demographic factors. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 28.0, employing correlation analysis, regression analysis and Chi-square tests to examine the relationships between variables and test hypotheses. Categorical variables were characterised using counts and percentages, whereas numerical variables were summarised using descriptive statistics.

Results:

The study found varying levels of awareness and preference regarding obstetric analgesia among Saudi Arabian women. Significant factors influencing these preferences included socio-demographic variables such as income and education levels. The satisfaction levels with different analgesia methods also varied, with epidural analgesia emerging as a preferred option for many participants. These results indicated a need for improved antenatal education and awareness programmes regarding labour pain management options.

Conclusion:

The study highlights the importance of understanding the preferences and satisfaction levels of Saudi Arabian women in labour to provide appropriate pain relief and enhance the overall birthing experience. It underscores the need for comprehensive antenatal care programmes that incorporate education on various labour pain relief methods, particularly epidural analgesia. The findings also suggest tailoring pain management strategies to meet the cultural and individual needs of women in Saudi Arabia, thereby improving maternal care quality and satisfaction during labour.
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Atopic Dermatitis in Saudi Arabian Children: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Aleid Ali M. , Alkhunaizi Lama Tariq , Alzahran Marwan Sameer , Alruwaili Maram Shafi , Alshammari Haifa Hijji , Alhajri Fatimah Salah , Alshammari Ibtihal Saqr , Alsaeed Anwar Mustafa
Published: December 2024

Background:

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin disease of cyclical nature, which is rather significant for several aspects of children’s health. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of AD among the Saudi Arabian children and few predisposing factors associated with the disease.

Methods:

A cross-sectional survey method was used, and the data were obtained with the help of an online self-administered questionnaire that was shared with parents or guardians of children in Saudi Arabia. Gathered data included demographic data, presence of AD markers and history, other risk factors, coexisting diseases, perceived satisfaction with treatment and the disease severity. The analysis of data was done by the use of Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) 28. Continuous data were compared to AD prevalence using t-tests, whereas categorical variables were compared to AD prevalence using Chi-square tests.

Results:

AD in the population was present at a frequency of 66.7% (n = 2400), with the majority of children being diagnosed at the age of 1–3 years (28.4%). Most of the patients were mildly to moderately irritated (36.3% and 49.2%, respectively) and had occasional flare-ups. The bold risk factors identified were maternal antecedent AD (4.9%), never breastfed (33.3%), and exposure to allergens. As for the most frequent comorbid diseases, the respondents reported their experience of having asthma (21.6%) and allergic rhinitis (28.4%). Two chronic signs were noted in some patients: constant itching and disturbance of sleep, which affected 9% of cases. These complaints impacted the patient’s functioning in 34% of cases. Three per cent of children. Satisfaction with the treatment per se was moderate but not of the optimum magnitude, 40. Despite the high level of very satisfaction with the treatment reported by about 2% of the families, the treatment remained costly to the families, with some 2. Only 9% of the respondents said that they endured ‘constant’ financial distress because of the condition.

Conclusion:

AD has become a significant health issue affecting children in Saudi Arabia. Several important risk factors have been identified, which may aid in the early detection and control of the condition. These outcomes describe the progression of allergic reactions as elevated and emphasise the need for integrated care models because people with allergies are most commonly affected by two or more varieties of allergies simultaneously. Further literature studies were needed to examine the immunological aspects and improve the details of this disease’s courses that would enhance the lives of children.
A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-analysis on the Efficacy of Rehabilitations in Colorectal Cancer Surgery for Improved Functional Capacity
Authors: Alessa Nujud , Alshehri Renad Mohammed , Banser Sultan , Mohammed Ruba , Almonawar Alhassan , Aljefri Shatha , AlHarbi Nada Sulaiman , Hakme Elie
Published: December 2024

Background:

Colorectal cancer (CRC) surgery often results in a decline in functional capacity, impacting patients’ post-operative recovery. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of rehabilitations in enhancing functional outcomes for individuals undergoing CRC surgery.

Materials and Methods:

Randomised controlled trials exploring prehabilitation effectiveness for functional capacity in CRC surgery patients were included in the study. Studies published until March 2024 were identified from PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library. Methodological quality was assessed using the risk of bias-1 tool. Statistical analysis involved calculating the mean difference (MD) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using Review Manager 5.4.1.

Results:

The systematic review included five studies involving 661 CRC patients. Prehabilitation led to a substantial improvement in functional capacity (MD = 18.25, 95% CI: −1.17–37.67; P = 0.07).

Conclusions:

The review and meta-analysis suggest that rehabilitation enhances functional ability post- CRC surgery, potentially reducing post-operative deterioration. Clinicians and health care regulators should consider incorporating rehabilitation into normal care for CRC patients, but further research is needed to improve rehabilitation procedures and long-term functional recovery effects.
A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Comparing the Effect of Unilateral versus Bilateral Cochlear Implant in Hearing Impairment
Authors: Alshahrani Najla Ali , AlSufyani Naif Hamoud , Aldawish Reema Abdullah , Alrashdi Atheer Khalid , Moafa Razan Hamoud , Alqahtani Maisa Abdullah N. , Aljabri Ahmed Mohammed , Alawad Fatema Hani , Alarfaj Abdullah Ahmed
Published: December 2024

Background:

The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate concerning language shifts, cognitive shifts, and SiN sensitivity in children with severe to profound auditive impairments by using unilateral or bilateral CI. Hearing and speech are incredibly important for language acquisition and neurocognitive development, and CI’s are designed to reverse the effects of hearing loss. Participants were divided into two groups: Comparisons have been made between the early and older CI users and normal hearing children and between unilateral and bilateral CI users.

Methods:

As per PRISMA and Cochrane guideline, an electronic search was done in PubMed, Web of Science and scopus. Out of 274 articles initially identified, we compared 8 cohort studies.

Results:

The meta-analysis revealed that bilateral CI provided superior speech perception compared to unilateral CI, with a mean difference of −0.41 (95% CI: The correlations for each group were as follows: healthy controls, r = −0.62, P < 0.0001; patients with PD, r = 0.21, P < 0.0001.Low-frequency BWSTC for patients with PD (n = 164) was also found to be significantly higher than that of healthy controls (n = 83) [mean difference, 0.62; 95%.

Conclusions:

These results provide support for the activation and use of bilateral cochlear implants and CI recipients’ auditory and communicative advancements. However, the outcomes for these children may be modified by individual medical and social factors. These observations call for further work employing psychometric instruments in order to sharpen them.
Efficacy of Olanzapine in Enhancing Cognitive Functions in Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Alotaibi Rana Abdulmohsen , Alshahrani Salma Sultan , Alhajri Abdullah Mutrik , Alqahtani Dina Fares , Alharthi Abdulaziz Matar , Alsubaie Albandari Thawab , Hajwal Rawan Hussain , Alshehri Amal Ali , Alawad Fatema Hani , Alhodibi Mostafa Habeeb
Published: December 2024

Background:

Psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder significantly impair cognitive functions, impacting patients’ functional outcomes. While antipsychotic medications such as Olanzapine are recognised for their efficacy in symptom management, emerging evidence suggests their potential role in cognitive enhancement.

Aim:

This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to evaluate the efficacy of Olanzapine in improving cognitive functions among patients with psychiatric disorders, particularly focusing on schizophrenia.

Methods:

Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane library. The search focused on randomised controlled trials and cohort studies published in English that assessed the cognitive effects of Olanzapine.

Results:

In our analysis of 15 studies with 1192 patients, Olanzapine showed significant cognitive improvements. Verbal Learning exhibited a significant increase with an standardised mean difference (SMD) of 0.75 (95% confidence interval [CI] [0.36, 1.14]). Verbal fluency enhancements were observed with an SMD of 0.20 (95% CI [0.03, 0.37]). Executive function, measured by Trails B, improved with an SMD of −0.32 (95% CI [−0.46, −0.18]) and Attention and Processing Speed show a statistically significant increase with an SMD of 0.48 (95% CI [0.05, 0.91]). Immediate memory recall improved with an SMD of 0.65 (95% CI [0.45, 0.85]) and delayed memory recall with an SMD of 0.25 (95% CI [0.12, 0.39]). However, Working Memory showed no significant effect (SMD = −0.01, 95% CI [−0.21, 0.20]) and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores did not indicate significant change (SMD = −0.41, 95% CI [−1.48, 2.31]).

Conclusion:

This meta-analysis demonstrates that olanzapine significantly enhances cognitive functions such as verbal learning, fluency, executive function, attention and memory in psychiatric patients, with domain-specific benefits and no significant impact on working memory or overall psychiatric symptoms. These findings support Olanzapine’s role in comprehensive treatment strategies for cognitive improvement in psychiatric disorders, highlighting the need for personalised approaches to maximise its cognitive benefits.
Sedentary Lifestyle and Dietary Habits as Predictors of Metabolic Syndrome amongst Middle-aged Adults: A Cross-sectional Analysis
Authors: Alkathem Jafar Ali , Almousa Wala’a Hussain , Alanazi Abdulrahman Munnef , AlQurain Zainabza Jasim , Almushageh Mohammed Bader , Al Mohaini Mohammad
Published: December 2024

Introduction:

The metabolic syndrome characterised by obesity, dyslipidaemia, hypertension and hyperglycaemia increases risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. The purpose of this study is to ascertain the effect of sedentary behaviour and diet in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged adults.

Methods:

Data collection was done using an online survey amongst 624 Saudi adults aged between 18 and 54 years. Sedentary behaviour and dietary patterns were measured, and metabolic syndrome was defined by two or more of the following: high waist circumference and high blood pressure.

Results:

Physical inactivity was evident, with 41% of the participants having metabolic syndrome. The results also revealed that the odds of having metabolic syndrome raised to 2 if one spends over 6 h per day sedentary. Threefold (95% confidence interval 1. 3, 3 times, P = 0. 04) as compared to infrequent consumers of sugary beverages, the risk of having the disease was increased by 1.

Conclusion:

Physical inactivities and wrong dietary patterns greatly increase one’s chances of developing metabolic syndrome. Encouraging exercise and proper diets may help to alleviate this burden in middle-aged individuals.
Assessment of Antibiotic-prescribing Patterns for Tonsillitis in Paediatric Patients: A Cross-sectional Analysis in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Aleid Kawthar Mohammed , Alolayani Rayan Ali , Alreheili Shatha Hamzah , Miftah Feras Omar , Alzahrani Manar Mohammed , Abbas Ghada Ahmed Bin , Alarfaj Abdullah Ahmed
Published: December 2024

Introduction:

Tonsillitis, marked by the inflammatory response of the pharyngeal tonsil, is a prevalent medical condition affecting a significant portion of the paediatric population. If left unchecked, this inflammation can extend to both the adenoid and lingual tonsils. While the majority of tonsillitis cases stem from viral infections, the administration of antibiotics remains a common practice, even in the absence of bacterial infections. Such practices can precipitate antibiotic resistance, posing a significant health threat. Against this backdrop, this study aims to delve into the antibiotic-prescribing patterns for paediatric tonsillitis in Saudi Arabia and propose interventions to refine these prescribing practices.

Materials and Methods:

A cross-sectional research approach was employed from January to July 2023 in Saudi Arabia. An online questionnaire was disseminated to physicians in hospitals and healthcare centres throughout the nation. While the minimum sample size was pegged at 384 based on Raosoft, Inc.’s calculations, the study witnessed the participation of 711 individuals. All the collected data underwent analysis using the SPSS software version 28.0.

Results:

Surveying 711 individuals across Saudi Arabia revealed that the representation of participants was predominantly split between the 0–12 months and 1–3 years age brackets. The data spotlighted a significant prevalence of tonsillitis in the paediatric segment, indicated by a mean frequency score of 3.72 (standard deviation (SD) = 1.319). Interestingly, a significant chunk of respondents noted the absence of marked antibiotic resistance in paediatric patients, as captured by a mean score of 2.96 (SD = 1.064). An association of moderate strength emerged between the paediatric patient’s age and the propensity to choose between broad-spectrum and narrow-spectrum antibiotics. Specifically, 59.1% and 54.5% of the respondents reported this association, respectively. Notably, in primary care settings, penicillin-based antibiotics emerged as the go-to choice for paediatric tonsillitis, making up 36.4% of prescriptions.

Conclusions:

The research underscores the efficacy of antibiotics such as penicillin for paediatric tonsillitis patients. The choice of antibiotic seems to be influenced by factors such as the patient’s age and the specific healthcare setting. By enhancing physician education and refining clinical assessments, there lies an opportunity to curtail the unwarranted use of antibiotics.

Categories:

Otolaryngology
Cross-sectional Study on Strabismus Prevalence and Risk Factors in Saudi Arabian Children
Authors: Aleid Kawthar Mohammed , Alhawsawi Kawther Ibrahim , Abutalib Yumna Barakat , Alsultan Leyan Sultan , Felemban Mayar Saud , Almutairi Jawza Ali , Alkhars Ola Ahmad
Published: December 2024

Introduction:

Strabismus affects 1.3%–5.7% of children globally, with an 11.8% prevalence in Saudi Arabia. Risk factors include low-gestational age, high refractive error, family history and parental consanguinity. Limited research in Saudi Arabia creates barriers to effective treatment and prevention. This cross-sectional study aims to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of strabismus among Saudi children, with an emphasis on genetic- and birth-related factors. This cross-sectional study aims to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of strabismus among Saudi children, with an emphasis on genetic- and birth-related factors.

Methods:

This cross-sectional study was conducted from January to September 2023 in Saudi Arabia. Stratified random sampling was used to select children aged 1–12 who were at high risk or had a family history of strabismus. Data from 774 participants were collected through eye examinations and family history interviews.

Results:

The study found a 30.0% rate of familial notice of strabismus and a 16.9% confirmed diagnosis rate. A high percentage of participants had a family history of strabismus and consanguineous parents, with a significant link between parental consanguinity and strabismus (P < 0.001). In addition, prematurity was significantly associated with strabismus (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

The study highlights the significant role of genetics, especially parental consanguinity, in strabismus among Saudi children. The strong link with prematurity suggests the need for focused neonatal care. Results call for improved genetic counselling, early screening and healthcare strategies to mitigate strabismus risk, emphasising further research for intervention refinement.
Research Proposal: A Retrospective Analysis of Vocal Pathologies in an ENT Clinical Setting in Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Aleid Abdulsalam Mohammed , Basuhail Mohammed Abdullah , Moafa Akram Khalid Ahmed , Albenmousa Fatimah Ali , Albazie Imtinan Saleh , Alarfaj Abdullah Ahmed
Published: December 2024

Introduction:

ENT clinics frequently see cases of vocal disorders. Voice abnormalities in the Saudi Arabian setting have, however, been the subject of little investigation. This retrospective study aimed to analyse vocal recordings from Al-Moosa Hospital in Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia, to distinguish between healthy and pathological voices.

Methods:

A study involving 208 adult patients was conducted to analyse sustained vowel phonation using an iPhone 14 Pro Max. Participants were categorised into eight groups based on diagnosis, and twelve acoustic parameters were extracted from the recordings. Pitch analysis was conducted to map F0 values to musical pitch notes and frequencies. Python libraries such as librosa and numpy were used to extract pitch data. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, with normality assessed using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Analyses included one-way analysis of variance, paired sample t-tests, correlations between variables, multiple linear regression and logistic regression. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

Results:

Significant variations were seen in eight acoustic measures across all diagnosis categories. Pitch analysis characterised characteristics across groups by identifying average F0 ranges and mapping them to musical notes. Pitch mapping improved the characterisation of profiles. Polyps have a wider range of low pitches than nodules that maintain higher notes. Using statistical modelling, pathology prediction and determinants were connected, with noise-to-harmonics ratio demonstrating superior classification.

Conclusion:

The study identifies vocal fold pathologies in Saudi patients using objective acoustic analyses. It reveals significant variations between healthy and diseased voices, and a new pitch mapping enhancement makes profiles easier to distinguish. Statistical modelling consistently predicts diagnoses based on acoustic anomalies. Despite limitations, the study improves clinical knowledge and lays the groundwork for future research and real-world applications.
Determining Prevalence and Identifying Risk Factors for Cerebral Palsy among Saudi Neonates: Insights from a Cross-sectional Analysis
Authors: Aleid Mohammed Sami , Alhamoud Marah Abdulhadi , Al Abbas Layan Abdulmunem , Almuabdi Ahlam Saad , Althubaiti Khalid Abdullah , Bushnag Taleen Adnan , Alradhi Hawra Khalifah , Althubaiti Raneem Ghazi , Alhodibi Mostafa Habeeb , Albinsaad Loai
Published: December 2024

Introduction:

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a chronic neurodevelopmental disease characterised by impairments in movement and posture, resulting from non-progressive brain insults during infant or child development. Affecting about a third of those diagnosed, CP underscores its complexity and variability as a leading cause of physical disability in children. This study aims to explore the prevalence and risk factors of CP in Saudi infants, addressing the gap in understanding CP’s characteristics in the Saudi context and its global implications.

Methods:

A comprehensive cross-sectional study, conducted across various geographic areas and healthcare settings in Saudi Arabia from August to November 2023, was designed to investigate CP’s prevalence and risk factors in Saudi infants. The study encompassed 2005 participants, primarily Saudi infants aged 0–2 years, selected through random and stratified sampling. The inclusion criteria targeted Saudi adults aged 18 years or older, mainly parents or legal guardians of infants, while excluding those unable to provide informed consent. Data collection involved structured interviews, medical record reviews and clinical examinations focusing on demographic information, maternal health history and CP risk factors.

Results:

The demographic analysis of the 2005 participants highlighted a majority in the 35–44-year age range, predominantly females with a bachelor’s degree, largely residing in Saudi Arabia’s Eastern Province. Key findings revealed no significant association between CP and low birth weight. However, developmental delays or motor difficulties were notably associated with CP. In addition, maternal infections during pregnancy were identified as influencing CP diagnosis, highlighting the multifactorial nature of CP and the importance of early intervention and awareness.

Conclusion:

The study reveals critical insights into CP among Saudi infants, particularly identifying the role of maternal infections during pregnancy as a key risk factor and challenging the traditional association between low birth weight and CP. These findings fill significant gaps in existing research, offering new perspectives for clinical and public health approaches. The study calls for a re-evaluation of medical protocols and public health strategies, emphasising the need for early detection and treatment of maternal infections to mitigate CP risk, and opens new avenues for future research in prenatal factors and preventive measures.
Cross-sectional Analysis of Urological Complications Following Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Therapy
Authors: Almuzaini Mohammed Khalid , Alarafy Hasan A. , Alghamdi Kheder , Aljahdali Faisal Hameed , Albawardi Khalid Abdulrahman , AlQurashi Noura Nawar S. , Alhifthi Mohammed Abdulrahman , Alshehri Ali A. , Alahmari Abdullah M. , Al Ghanim Basmah Z. , Alfadhli Abdulmohsen N. , Albinsaad Loai Saleh
Published: December 2024

Introduction:

The study addresses the prevalence of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) amongst elderly males and its treatment outcomes, particularly focusing on secondary urological issues such as urinary tract infections (UTIs), urinary incontinence (UI) and erectile dysfunction (ED). The aim is to explore the dynamics of these complications post-BPH treatment, contributing to the field of urology.

Methods:

A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 1454 male patients aged 18–65 years or older treated for BPH. Data collection took place from July to January 2024, using comprehensive self-reported questionnaires. The study employed statistical tools such as correlation coefficients, Chi-square tests and multivariate regression in SPSS 28.0 to identify patterns amongst UTIs, UI and ED. Significance was assessed at a P < 0.05.

Results:

The analysis indicated that 34.6% of participants experienced UTIs, 57.7% had UI and 38.5% suffered from ED following BPH treatment. Strong statistical correlations were found between the occurrences of UTIs and UI, as well as UTIs and ED, with significant P values. An increase in UI frequency was particularly noted in patients post-BPH resection.

Conclusion:

This study sheds light on the interconnected nature of UTIs, UI and ED after BPH treatment, emphasising a holistic approach in post-treatment patient care. The findings highlight the necessity of managing these interconnected complications, aiming to improve patient quality of life and inform comprehensive treatment strategies.
Newer topical therapies in vitiligo: A comprehensive review
Authors: Relhan Vineet , Kaur Aneet , Bagrodia Anjali
Published: December 2024

Vitiligo is a cosmetically disfiguring acquired disorder of pigmentation presenting with well-defined milky-white depigmented macules. It is one of the most common pigmentary disorders presenting to clinicians and constitutes a disease of great cosmetic concern, carrying high psychological burdens like anxiety, stress, and low self-esteem. It is considered to be an autoimmune disease, although various theories such as the autoimmune, autocytotoxic theory, neural hypotheses, and the latest convergence theory are proposed for its pathogenesis. Though many drugs and therapies are available for management, efficacy, and patient satisfaction are variable in patients. Hence, there is an ongoing search for better drugs. While many systemic therapies are available, topical treatment is one of the safest modalities for its management with minimal side effects, and the majority of patients can be managed with topical therapy alone. This highlights the need for evaluating new treatment options for vitiligo. Ruxolitinib is the first topical therapy approved by the FDA in July 2022 for the management of vitiligo. Similarly, many new upcoming topicals like prostaglandin F2 alpha and E2 analogs, tofacitinib cream, basic fibroblast growth factor, 1% topical methotrexate gel, capsaicin, photocil, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, crisaborole, intradermal PRP, etc., are under investigation. In this review article, we discuss the mechanism, therapeutic use, side effects, and clinical trials of new topical agents being used in vitiligo. New topical drugs are successfully emerging, and future research comparing them to classical options will dictate their clinical role in the treatment of vitiligo.
Levetiracetam-induced Pityriasis rosea: A rare case report
Authors: Bhatt Siddharth , Rajput Gopal Singh , Sharma Seerat Pal , Sridhar J
Published: December 2024

Levetiracetam is a second-generation anti-epileptic drug (AED). It is generally considered to be a safer alternative as compared to the first-generation AEDs with lesser side effects and no cross-reactivity. Many cutaneous adverse events to Levetiracetam have been reported in the literature over the years including Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome, Steven-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, generalized hyperpigmentation, and leukocytoclastic vasculitis. However, Pityriasis rosea occurring secondary to Levetiracetam has never been reported in the literature. This report highlights one such case with a discussion of salient dermoscopic features of Pityriasis rosea and the clinical and histopathological differences between classical Pityriasis rosea and Drug-induced Pityriasis rosea-like eruptions.
Cyclosporine in dermatology: Revisited
Authors: Bubna Aditya Kumar
Published: December 2024

Cyclosporine is a valuable drug in the dermatologic spectrum. It is of particular value when an immediate outcome is desired. However, owing to its toxicity profile, it cannot be used for a prolonged period, thereby making it predominantly a crisis-buster drug. This review will throw light on all the essentials of cyclosporine that would be mandatory for any practicing dermatologist.
Raw Ocimum sanctum L. leaf extract modulates the pharmacokinetic of ceftriaxone and increases its bioavailability in staphylococcal mastitis
Authors: Dash Jeevan Ranjan , Sar Tapas Kumar , Samanta Indranil , Mandal Tapan Kumar
Published: December 2024

BACKGROUND:

To study the pharmacokinetic interaction of cephalosporin antibiotic ceftriaxone (CFT) with raw undiluted Ocimum sanctum L. leaf juice in chronic staphylococcal mastitis in caprine.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Chronic inflammation of the udder was evoked in goats by Staphylococcus aureus (J638) intracisternal inoculation 2000 cfu for 30 days into the left udder. Animals of Group I were given one single dose of CFT at 20 mg/kg i.v. Group II animals were given one single dose of CFT at 20 mg/kg i.v, and contemporary extracted fresh leaf juice of O. sanctum L. given at 5 ml/kg orally for 7 consecutive days.

RESULTS:

O. sanctum L. at 5 ml/kg oral had synergistic herb–drug pharmacokinetic interaction with CFT antibiotic (i.v.) and increased its bioavailability. It prolonged its rate of elimination (β) and enhanced the volume of distribution (Vdarea) and mean residence time in the body. Bioavailability and persistence of the antibiotic CFT and its metabolite ceftizoxime were increased in the milk from the udder.

CONCLUSION:

Administration of O. sanctum L. at 5 ml/kg oral with intravenous CFT at 20 mg/kg may be advocated for effective treatment of S. aureus inflammation of the udder in caprine.
In vitro antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential against colorectal cancer cell lines using ethanolic leaf extract of Sansevieria trifasciata (Agavaceae)
Authors: Afzal Sheryar , Wu Yuan Seng , Manap Aimi Syamaima Abdul , Attiq Ali , Albokhadaim Ibrahim , Appalaraju Velaga , Khalid Ahmed Magzoub , Eseyin Olorunfemi
Published: December 2024

BACKGROUND:

Sansevieria trifasciata, common name, mother-in-law’s tongue, is a member of the Agavaceae family. We undertook this study to evaluate the cytotoxicity of S. trifasciata leaf extract against two cancer cell lines as well as its antibacterial activities against six bacterial strains.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The investigated cell lines include primary colon epithelial (PCE) cells and human colorectal cancer cells; the studied bacterial strains are Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. Using the agar well-diffusion method, various doses (5, 10, and 20 mg/mL) of plant extracts (ethanol and petroleum ether) were evaluated against each kind of bacterial strain. The minimal inhibitory doses were found using the two-fold serial dilution approach, with a range of 0.156–5 mg/mL.

RESULTS:

Comparing extracts of S. trifasciata leaves to tetracycline (0.05 mg/mL), a common antibiotic, revealed a wide range of antibacterial activity. P. vulgaris and S. aureus were the most sensitive bacterial strains to ethanol and petroleum ether extracts, respectively. The MTT test was employed to ascertain the viable cell count of PCE cells and HCT-116. When various ethanol extract concentrations (7.8, 15.63, 31.25, 62.5, 125, 250, 500, and 1000 μg/mL) were tested against the cell lines, HCT-116’s IC50, values were lower as compared to PCE. The IC50 values for HCT-116 and PCE cells ranged from 10.0 to 14.07 μg/mL and 92.9–216.9 μg/mL, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:

Ethanolic extract of S. trifasciata showed promising antibacterial and anticancer properties.
Training and education in pharmacovigilance: The experience from the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India
Authors: Kumar Rishi , Prakash Jai , Bhushan Shashi , Rawat Akash Deep , Ray R. S. , Raghuvanshi Rajeev Singh
Published: December 2024

For a robust Pharmacovigilance system in a country, training of healthcare professionals is of utmost importance. The training is the integral part of continual improvement in any quality management system. The present article describes the different training modules and experience from the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI) and emphasizes that if training and education elements with special reference to pharmacovigilance are implemented for all concerned stakeholders in a healthcare system, the efficiency of deliverables will be improved and objectives of the organization can easily be achieved. The PvPI has been putting its best efforts to train healthcare professionals in pharmacovigilance and it has achieved new heights in establishing best practices for the other countries to follow for the development of pharmacovigilance system in their respective countries or regions. The aim of this article is to suggest how capacity building in a pharmacovigilance system can help low- and middle-income countries in area of pharmacovigilance. The authors tried to conceptualize the process and implementation of the training program under PvPI.
Lnc_011797 promotes ferroptosis and aggravates white matter lesions
Authors: Xu Xiang , Sun Yu , Zhu Xiaoyan , Ma Shiyin , Wei Jin , He Chang , Chen Jing , Pan Xudong
Published: December 2024

Recent evidence suggests that ferroptosis plays a crucial role in the occurrence and development of white matter lesions. However, the mechanisms and regulatory pathways involved in ferroptosis within white matter lesions remain unclear. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to influence the occurrence and development of these lesions. We previously identified lnc_011797 as a biomarker of white matter lesions by high-throughput sequencing. To investigate the mechanism by which lnc_011797 regulates white matter lesions, we established subjected human umbilical vein endothelial cells to oxygen-glucose deprivation to simulate conditions associated with white matter lesions. The cells were transfected with lnc_011797 overexpression or knockdown lentiviruses. Our findings indicate that lnc_011797 promoted ferroptosis in these cells, leading to the formation of white matter lesions. Furthermore, lnc_011797 functioned as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for miR-193b-3p, thereby regulating the expression of WNK1 and its downstream ferroptosis-related proteins.

To validate the role of lnc_011797 in vivo, we established a mouse model of white matter lesions through bilateral common carotid artery stenosis. The results from this model confirmed that lnc_011797 regulates ferroptosis via WNK1 and promotes the development of white matter lesions. These findings clarify the mechanism by which lncRNAs regulate white matter lesions, providing a new target for the diagnosis and treatment of white matter lesions.
Targeting the brain’s glymphatic pathway: a novel therapeutic approach for cerebral small vessel disease
Authors: Ma Yuhui , Han Yan
Published: December 2024

Cerebral small vessel disease encompasses a group of neurological disorders characterized by injury to small blood vessels, often leading to stroke and dementia. Due to its diverse etiologies and complex pathological mechanisms, preventing and treating cerebral small vessel vasculopathy is challenging. Recent studies have shown that the glymphatic system plays a crucial role in interstitial solute clearance and the maintenance of brain homeostasis. Increasing evidence also suggests that dysfunction in glymphatic clearance is a key factor in the progression of cerebral small vessel disease. This review begins with a comprehensive introduction to the structure, function, and driving factors of the glymphatic system, highlighting its essential role in brain waste clearance. Afterwards, cerebral small vessel disease was reviewed from the perspective of the glymphatic system, after which the mechanisms underlying their correlation were summarized. Glymphatic dysfunction may lead to the accumulation of metabolic waste in the brain, thereby exacerbating the pathological processes associated with cerebral small vessel disease. The review also discussed the direct evidence of glymphatic dysfunction in patients and animal models exhibiting two subtypes of cerebral small vessel disease: arteriolosclerosis-related cerebral small vessel disease and amyloid-related cerebral small vessel disease. Diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space is an important non-invasive tool for assessing the clearance function of the glymphatic system. However, the effectiveness of its parameters needs to be enhanced. Among various nervous system diseases, including cerebral small vessel disease, glymphatic failure may be a common final pathway toward dementia. Overall, this review summarizes prevention and treatment strategies that target glymphatic drainage and will offer valuable insight for developing novel treatments for cerebral small vessel disease.
Atypical Case of Hand Foot Syndrome Due to Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin Presenting as Hyperpigmentation
Authors: Ramteke Manjeet Naresh , Bhuraria Divita Ramesh , Khemani Usha N
Published: December 2024

Hand foot syndrome (HFS) or palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE) is a relatively frequent and often a serious side effect of anti-cancer drugs including liposomal doxorubicin. Hyperpigmentation as a part of HFS is infrequently reported. A 51-year-old woman on treatment with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin for recurrence of adenocarcinoma of ovary presented with history of itching and burning sensation in her hand and feet. She also noted hyperpigmentation of palms more than soles and discoloration of finger and toe nails. Physical examination revealed diffuse hyperpigmentation of both the palms and soles. This was accompanied by a bluish discoloration of lunulas of finger and toe nails. She was diagnosed with HFS and started on pyridoxine and emollients. The finding of hyperpigmentation noted in our patient is not commonly seen in HFS and believed by many authors to be an initial manifestation of HFS.
Adalimumab
Authors: Rambhia Kinjal Deepak , Khopkar Uday Sharadchandra
Published: December 2024

Adalimumab is a biological agent which acts by inhibiting tumor necrosis factor-alpha. It has been used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis. Various studies show good efficacy in psoriasis cases, unresponsive or partially responsive to other systemic therapies and even cases of resistance to other biologics. It has helped reduce the morbidity significantly and improved the quality of life of psoriatics. Although majority of the experience of this drug is from its use in rheumatoid arthritis, this biologic has generally been considered safe even for psoriasis and other dermatologic conditions.
Ivermectin Inhibits Zika Virus Replication in Vitro But Does Not Prevent Zika Virus Infection in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Cotrone Thomas S. , Kobylinski Kevin , Ponlawat Alongkot , Im-Erbsin Rawiwan , Sunyakumthorn Piyanate , Vanachayangkul Pattaraporn , Poolpanichupatam Yongyuth , Lohachanakul Jindarat , Klungthong Chonticha , Farmer Aaron , Fernandez Stefan , Hunsawong Taweewun
Published: December 2024

Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks occur sporadically in tropical and subtropical regions. At present, there are no licensed vaccines or specific treatments available for ZIKV. Ivermectin is approved for use in humans as an antiparasitic drug. In this study, we conducted in vitro cell culture and in vivo experiments in rhesus macaque hosts and Aedes aegypti vectors to investigate the potential of ivermectin as an inhibitor of ZIKV infection. In LLC-MK2 mammalian cells, ivermectin inhibited ZIKV growth in vitro with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values in the ranges of 7.4–21.3 µM and 4.0–11.6 µM for African and Asian genotypes, respectively. In C6/36 mosquito cells, ivermectin inhibited ZIKV growth in vitro with IC50 values in the ranges of 10.1–17.4 µM and 8.0–15.6 µM for the African and Asian genotypes, respectively. Despite these in vitro results, high-dose ivermectin prophylaxis (1.2 mg/kg for 3 consecutive days) failed to prevent ZIKV infection in rhesus macaque and did not alter ZIKV IgM antibody production. The secondary transfer of ivermectin from nonhuman primate blood to mosquito vectors at 3 days post-ZIKV inoculation and after the last dose of ivermectin administration showed no reduction in ZIKV replication in mosquitoes. However, mosquito survival rates were significantly (P <0.0001) lower after exposure to ivermectin, thereby potentially impacting ZIKV transmission through increased vector mortality. However, further investigation is needed to determine dosing regimens that may realize these effects in vivo.
Vehicle handling comparison of motorcycles and Bebek vehicles
Authors: Mangaraju K. Venkata , Ghosh Shiwalik , Anand R.B. , Babu R. , Venkatesan R.
Published: December 2024

The Bebek is a category of step thru vehicles used predominantly in the South East Asian market. A Bebek vehicle feels light in handling (more responsive) compared to motorcycles yet has no stability problems even at 100 kmph. By virtue of certain design aspects, these Bebeks seem to have reduced level of trade-off between low speed responsiveness and high-speed stability, in contrast to motorcycles. To explore the reasons for this difference, a detailed and comprehensive comparative handling study of both a Bebek and motorcycles is presented in this paper. Geometry and structural flexibility are studied. A multibody dynamic model is built for both configurations, with thirteen kinematic degrees of freedom. The models are validated with experimental results and used to study the handling behaviour of both the vehicles. Key parameters that make the Bebek vehicle handling different from motorcycle are identified through simulation on various tracks. These key parameters can be used in parametric study to optimize vehicle handling upfront during product development.
The Good, the Evil, and the Morally Ambiguous
Authors: Kennedy Amy
Published: December 2024

In their postmodern fantasy novel Good Omens, Terry Pratchett and Neil Gaiman create a compelling case for a combination of good and evil in all their characters, but one character is of particular interest: the Demon Crowley. Moral ambiguity marks both the novel and its namesake television series Good Omens. I will examine the moral issues raised by the written and on-screen Crowleys, and the overall understanding the reader or viewer gains of his character. I also examine the intertextual use of the name “Crowley” and its connotations, ending on the question of whether the television series is an effective adaptation of Pratchett’s and Gaiman’s novel and its morally ambiguous message.
Contextualizing the Spaces of the Sea in Contemporary Emirati Short Stories
Authors: Juma Al Shamsi Aysha
Published: December 2024

The sea legacy occupies a prominent position in the history, culture and literature of the United Arab Emirates and it shapes the collective memory of the Emirati people. Throughout centuries, particularly during the pre-oil era, the UAE people depend on the sea as the major source of living. Most of the country’s economy is contingent upon maritime trade in the Indian Ocean and pearl fishing in the Arabian Gulf and the Sea of Oman. The sea constitutes an inexhaustible artistic and intellectual reservoir of narrative creativity especially in the UAE short story genre. In this context, the paper critically examines the shifting perceptions of the sea analogy in Emirati short stories to explore significant social issues integral to Emirati literature. The paper underlines the ambivalent attitude of Emirati writers towards the sea in their attempt to preserve local Emirati heritage in the post-globalization era. While they share a sense of nostalgia for a bygone era that affiliates the image of the sea with innocence and purity, they associate the sea with a pre-oil age characterized by socio-economic difficulties prior to a period of steady development and significant transformations. On this basis, the paper explores new aspects and facets of the connection between the sea legend, local heritage, national identity, and inherited traditions that are crucial to Emirati society. The paper also investigates the maritime imagination and sea narratives in selected Emirati short stories from a variety of philosophical, intellectual, and symbolic angles to emphasize the efforts of a new generation of writers to restore a legacy endangered by the waves of globalization and modernization.
Učiteljske ocene uporabniško dodanih sopomenk v Slovarju sopomenk sodobne slovenščine
Authors: Gapsa Magdalena
Published: December 2024

Slovar sopomenk sodobne slovenščine je primer odzivnega slovarja, ki spodbuja uporabniško sodelovanje za izboljšanje strojno pridobljene vsebine: slovarski uporabniki lahko v slovar predlagajo nove sopomenke, ki so neposredno vidne in dostopne širši uporabniški skupnosti. V raziskavi preverjamo, kako uporabniške predloge sopomenk ocenjujejo učitelji slovenščine, in sicer primerjalno z drugimi skupinami ocenjevalcev, kot so lektorji, prevajalci in slovaropisci. Učitelji slovenščine so skladno s predpostavkami na splošno pogosteje podajali bolj kategorične odgovore in so bili bolj nagnjeni k zavračanju uporabniških predlogov. V nasprotju s predpostavkami pa so podali najmanj pripomb na gradivo, zlasti v zvezi s pomanjkljivostmi, povezanimi s pomenom in kontekstom.