bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENGARUH MODEL PROBLEM BASED LEARNING TERHADAP KETERAMPILAN MENULIS TEKS EKSPLANASI SISWA KELAS VIII SMP NEGERI 4 SOLOK SELATAN
Authors: Putri Hervania Nanda , Zulfikarni Zulfikarni
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTThis article aims to describe the effect of the problem based leaerning model on explanatory text writing as found on eight grade at SMP Negeri 4 Solok Selatan.The type the research is quantitative with the experimental method. There are three results found from the research, these are (1) eight grade students expansive writing skills as found at SMP Negeri 4 Solok Selatan before they were tought using the problem based learning model it were already in a qualitied stage with the average valve is 70,67, (2) eight grade students explanatory writing skills of SMP Negeri 4 Solok Selatan after being tought using the problem based learning model is in a better qualified stage with the average valve is 86,86, and (3) eight grade student explanatory writing skills of SMP Negeri 4 Solok Selatan using the problem based learning model have been in a good stage even without using the problem based learning model. Kata Kunci: Pengaruh, Model Problem Based Learning, Keterampilan Menulis Teks Eksplanasi
TOKOH DAN PENOKOHAN DALAM TEKS CERPEN KARYA SISWA KELAS IX SMP NEGERI 21 PADANG
Authors: Aisyah Indri , Abdurrahman Abdurrahman
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT This research was conducted to describe the types of figures and techniques for the presentation of the characters used in the short text of grade IX SMP Negeri 21 Padang. This type of research is qualitative with descriptive method. The data of this study are qualitative data in the form of the use of types of figures and techniques for the presentation of the character's character in the students' short stories. The data were analyzed by steps, namely (1) the researcher identified a general description of the data analyzed as well as coding the text, (2) inventorying the research data coding, (3) analyzing the characters and characterizing short story texts by students, (4) interpreting data based on theory and conclude the findings then write the report. Based on the results of the study, the results of the research there were two. First, the types of figures that tend to be used by grade IX SMP Negeri 21 Padang in the short story texts written are additional figures, protagonists, simple characters, static figures and neutral figures. Second, the technique of presenting figures that tends to be used by IX grade students at SMP Negeri 21 Padang in writing short stories is analytical techniques, action techniques, and word techniques.                Kata Kunci: Tokoh, Penokohan, Teks Cerpen
KORELASI KETERAMPILAN MEMBACA PEMAHAMAN DAN KETERAMPILAN MENULIS TEKS EKSPOSISI SISWA KELAS X SMA NEGERI 1 PADANG PANJANG
Authors: Naluri Kekeh , Emidar Emidar
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to describe reading comprehension skills, exposition text writing skills, and correlation reading comprehension skills and exposition text writing skills of class X students of Padang Panjang High School. The results of this study are three, namely (1) reading comprehension skills of students of class X exposition in SMA Negeri 1 Padang Panjang are in good qualifications, with an average value (80.68), (2) writing skills of students exposition writing class X SMA Negeri 1 Padang Panjang is in good qualifications  with an average grade (82.52), (3) there is a relationship between reading ability and writing exposition text skills in class X students of SMA Negeri 1 Padang Panjang, with degrees freedom n-1 at a 95% confidence level. T value (14.79) is greater than t table (0.168), that is tcount> t table (14.79> 1.68) so H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted because the test results prove that t count is greater than t table. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the reading comprehension skills of the exposition text correlated with the writing skills of the exposition text. The better the reading comprehension skills of exposition text, the better the writing skills of exposition text. Kata Kunci: Korelasi, Keterampilan Membaca Pemahaman, Keterampilan Menulis Teks Eksposisi
KARAKTERISTIK TEKS CERPEN KARYA SISWA KELAS XI SMA NEGERI 11 PADANG
Authors: Martiana Nita , Thahar Harris Effendi
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to describe (1) the characteristics of the short story text structure of class XI MIPA 4 SMAN 11 Padang and (2) the characteristic of the short story text elements by class XI MIPA 4 SMAN 11 Padang. Theories related to this research there are four theories, namely (a) understanding of short story text, (b) short story text structure, (c) elements in short story text, and (d) short story text style. The type of research used is qualitative research using descriptive methods. The data of this study are the results of the writing of the students of class XI MIPA 4 SMAN 11 Padang in the form of short stories totaling 33 short stories. The technique for validating the data used is a thick description. Data were analyzed using simple statistical descriptive techniques and qualitative analysis using formats. Based on the results of the study can be concluded,first, short story text by students of class XI MIPA 4 SMAN 11 Padang are more dominantly built on five structures, namely abstract, orientation, complications, evaluation, and resolution. It can be interpreted that the short story text by students of class XI MIPA 4 SMAN 11 Padang is not complex text structures. Second, short story text by students of class XI MIPA 4 SMAN 11 Padang dominantly using advanced plot. Third, short story text by students of class XI MIPA 4 SMAN 11 Padang then to use three types of language styles, namely hyperbolic style, personification, and simile. Kata kunci : Karakteristik, teks cerpen
KORELASI PENGUASAAN KOSAKATA BIDANG LINGKUNGAN HIDUP DENGAN KETERAMPILAN MENULIS TEKS BERITA SISWA KELAS VIII MTs.N 2 PESISIR SELATAN
Authors: Rahmi Restina , Basri Irfani
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT The purpose of this research there are three. First, describe the environmental field vocabulary mastery of grade VIII MTs.N. 2 southern coast. Second, it describes the writing skills text beritasiswa class VIII MTs.N. 2 SelatanKetiga Coast, describing the correlation field environmental vocabulary mastery with the text of the news writing skills of students of class VIII MTs.N. 2 southern coast. This research type is quantitative descriptive method. The design used is a korelasional design. Population research is grade VIII MTs.N 2 southern coast that are listed in the 2018/2019, i.e., 223 students. The research sample is determined by proportional random sampling of 20% of the population, namely 45 pupils. The results of the research there are three. First, mastery of the vocabulary of the field of the environment students of class VIII MTs.N 2 located on the southern coast of qualifications either (B) with an average value of 78.81. Secondly, the text of the news writing skills of students of class VIII MTs.N. 2 located on the southern coast of qualifications either (B) with an average of 79.54. Third, there is a correlation of mastery of the vocabulary of the field of the environment with the text of the news writing skills of students of class VIII MTs.N 2 southern coast on a 95% confidence level with n-2 degrees of freedom. the value of thitung > ttabel (5.01 > 1.68). Kata Kunci: Korelasi, Kotakata Bidang Lingkungan Hidup, Menulis, Teks Berita
KETIDAKEFEKTIFAN KALIMAT DALAM TEKS LAPORAN HASIL OBSERVASI SISWA KELAS VII SMP NEGERI 2 KOTO XI TARUSAN
Authors: Fitriani Silpia , Emidar Emidar
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT This research was conducted to describe the ineffectiveness of sentences in the text of the report on the observation of seventh grade students of State Middle School 2 Koto XI Tarusan based on sentence structure. to describe the ineffectiveness of sentences in the report text of the observation of class VII students of State Middle School 2 Koto XI Tarusan based on word choice. to describe the ineffectiveness of the sentence in the text of the report on the observations of class VII students of SMP Negeri 2 Koto XI Tarusan based on the spelling used (EBI). This type of research is qualitative with descriptive method. The data of this study are the sentences contained in the text of student observation reports. Data were analyzed by steps, namely (1) researchers investigating data sources, (2) investigating effective sentences, (3) analyzing collected data based on indicators of effective sentence assessment, (4) data analysis results examined by triangulation informants, (5 ) draw a conclusion. Based on the sentence obtained from 30 text reports on student observations. The researcher found that 182 sentences contained 115 ineffective sentences and 67 effective sentences. The ineffectiveness of the sentence caused by the sentence structure of 31 sentences. The ineffectiveness of the sentence is caused by the choice of 73 sentences. The ineffectiveness of the sentence caused by 88 sentences of using the EBI spelling.  Kata Kunci: Ketidakefektifan Kalimat, Teks Laporan Hasil Observasi
GAYA BAHASA RETORIS DAN KIASAN NAJWA SHIHAB DALAM GELAR WICARA MATA NAJWA DI TRANS7
Authors: Febriani Succy , Emidar Emidar
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT This study aims to describe the Najwa Shihab's speech style in Mata Najwa talkshow on Trans7. This type of research is qualitative with descriptive methods. The research data is in the form of quotations containing speech style. Data collection is done by searching and downloading audio-visual recordings of Mata Najwa talkshow in the website (www.youtube.com). The method used is the method of referring to tapping techniques. Data analysis is done by identifying data, giving signs and data code, classifying data using identification and classification tables, interpreting data, making conclusions. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that there are 173 speech styles consisting of 4 styles of Alliterative, 9 styles of asonance, 1 style of apophasis, 2 styles of apostrophe, 3 styles of asindeton, 3 polisidenton, 1  chiasmus, 7 elliptical, 8 euphemism, 4 tautology, 8 pleonasm, 2 periphasis, 3 prolepsis, 34 erotesis, 1 correction, 2 hyperbolic, 15 metaphor, 1 allegory, 10 personification, 1 allusion, 1 eponymous, 4 synekdoke, 7 meteorological, 3 antonomasia, 1 hypalase, 16 irony, 20 cynicism, 2 sarcasm. The dominant of speech style used is erotesis or rhetorical question, while the dominant of speech style used is cynicism. The use of the speech style aims to help Najwa Shihab in expressing his ideas and emotions so that use of language raises certain connotations and aesthetic values to both the speech partners and viewers of the Mata Najwa talkshow. Kata kunci: Gaya Bahasa Retoris, Kiasan, Najwa Shihab
STRUKTUR, DIKSI, DAN KONJUNGSI TEKS PROSEDUR KARYA SISWA KELAS VII SMP NEGERI 1 KOTA SOLOK
Authors: Ulfa Wildani , Rasyid Yulianti
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT The research aims to describe generic structure and language features of procedure texts by seventh grade students in SMP Negeri 1 Kota Solok. The method that is used is descriptive qualitative method. The data of the research are procedure texts collected in many sources such as the documents of 32 text procedure written by the students. The instrument of this research is the researcher her self. Data were analyzed by describing, analyzing, and discussing the data toward the theory. Based on the results of the study, there are two things that can be concluded. First, the seventh grade students in SMP Negeri 1 Kota Solok have used the five generic structure of procedure text in writing. The generic structures of of procedure text are title, purpose, tool or meterial, and closing. It is proven by 32 procedure texts that have been analyzed, there are all texts have titles, tools, and materials, as well working steps, only 8 texts that have a purpose. Students have not been able to write a good closing in making the procedure text. This is evident from 32 texts analyzed only 6 texts that have a cover. Second, in terms of language. The happiness analyzed is three, namely diction, conjunction, and imperative sentences. Of the 32 research data found 4,099 the number of diction consisting of 3,949 standard diction and 150 diction which are not standard. From 32 research data found 436 number of conjunctions consisting of 420 uses of precision conjunctions and 16 improper conjunctions.  Kata Kunci: Struktur Teks, Diksi Teks, Konjungsi Teks
NILAI-NILAI PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER DALAM NOVEL PUKAT KARYA TERE LIYE
Authors: Sari Wini Winda , Thahar Harris Effendi
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT This study aims to describe the values of character education in the novel Pukat by Tere Liye. This type of research is qualitative research with descriptive methods. The technique of validating the data used in this study is the triangulation technique. This research data is in the form of word, phrases, sentences, and discourses that showcase the action of figures, exposure of the words of the characters and narrators which indicate the values of character education found in the novel Pukat by Tere Liye. The data collection of this research is to read and understand the novel Pukat by Tere Liye as a whole to gain a clear understanding of the contents of the novel, determine the names of characters and the status of figures, inventory data, classify data, and conclude data relating to character education values in the novel Pukat by Tere Liye and guided by appreciative reading. Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that the values of character education in the novel Pukat by Tere Liye, namely the values of religious character education, the value of honest character education, the value of character tolerance education, the value of education of hard-working characters, the value of creative character education, the value of independent character education, the value of curious character education, the value of friendly/communicative character education, the value of peace-loving character education, the value of reading character-loving education, the value social care character education, the value of character education responsibility, and the value of discipline character education. The value of character education is dominant in the novel Pukat by Tere Liye, which is 13 values of religioun character education. Then, the results of this study can be implicated in Indonesian language learning and other learning both in the classroom and outside the classroom. Kata kunci: Nilai, Pendidikan Karakter, Novel Pukat
STRUKTUR KALIMAT DAN DIKSI TEKS EKSPOSISI KARYA SISWA KELAS VIII SMP NEGERI 12 PADANG
Authors: Yodeska Yolla Karchia , Nursaid Nursaid
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT This research was conducted to describe sentence structure and diction (word selection) exposition text of class VIII students of SMP Negeri 12 Padang. This type of research is qualitative with descriptive method. The data of this study are qualitative data in the form of text exposition of students. Data are analyzed by steps, namely (1) the researcher identifies the sentence structure contained in the students' exposition text, (2) the researcher identifies the diction contained in the student's exposition text, (3) the results of the analysis by the triangulation informant, (4) make conclusions. Based on the results of the study, two things are summarized as follows. First, in writing about the exposition text of the eighth grade students of Padang 12 Middle School using six basic sentence patterns. The sixth basic pattern of the exposition text sentence structure is SP, SPO, SPPel, SPK, SPOK, and SPOPel. This is evident from the 40 exposition texts that have been analyzed, the basic pattern of the sentence most used by students is SPOPel, while the basic pattern of the least used sentence is SP. Second, when viewed from the use of diction with the accuracy of the use of diction 90% and the use of 10% diction which is inaccurate in the exposition text by class VIII students of Padang Middle School 12. Kata Kunci: Stuktur Kalimat, Diksi, dan Teks Eksposisi
PRAKTIKALITAS MATERI AJAR KETERAMPILAN BERWAWANCARA BERBASIS TEKNIK TIRU MODEL DALAM GELAR WICARA TIPE LIGHT ENTERTAINMENT DI TELEVISI
Authors: Leona Nindy , Tressyalina Tressyalina
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to describe how the practicality of teaching materials for interviewing skills based on the model of imitation techniques in light entertainment type speech titles used by Indonesian Language Study Program students. This type of research is research and development. Research and development methods are research methods used to produce certain products and obtain the effectiveness of these products. The development model used is a 4-D model (define, design, develop, and disseminate). The type of data in this study is quantitative data. Quantitative data were obtained from the results of questionnaire practicality of teaching materials by lecturers and students. This research was conducted in the rhetoric class in July-December 2019 Indonesian Language Education study program, Faculty of Language and Art, Padang State University. The practicality of teaching materials is assessed from four aspects, namely presentation, ease of use, readability, and time spent. The results of this study indicate that teaching materials produced are categorized as practical. This practicality is seen from the practicality values obtained from lecturers 'and students' assessments. The practicality value of the lecturers is 88.89% with a very practical category. The practicality value of students is 82.64% with a very practical category. Based on this, the teaching materials for interviewing skills based on model copying techniques in the light entertainment type of speech degree have direct implications for the learning of interviewing skills. Kata Kunci: Praktikalitas, Materi Ajar, Keterampilan Berwawancara
KONTRIBUSI PEMAHAMAN TEKS BERITA TERHADAP KETERAMPILAN MENULIS TEKS BERITA SISWA KELAS VIII SMP NEGERI 12 PADANG
Authors: Rahmah Rahmah , Ratna Ellya
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT This article reveals the contribution of skills comprehension text news to writing skills text news grade students VIII SMP Negeri Padang 12. The purpose of this research there are three. First, it describes the skills of comprehension text news grade VIII SMP Negeri 12 field. Second, it describes the writing skills text news grade VIII SMP Negeri 12 field. Third, describing the contribution of the intermediate comprehension text news against writing skills text news grade VIII SMP Negeri 12 field. This research type is quantitative descriptive method. The design used in this research is the design contribution. This research population is grade VIII SMP Negeri Padang are registered on the 12th school year 2019/2020, i.e. as many as 282 students. The sample in this research are determined by proportional random sampling of 20% of the population, i.e. 53 students. Research data is a score test results intermediate comprehension text news and score the writing skills test result text news. The data obtained through two types of tests i.e. objective tests to measure the comprehension text news and performance tests to measure the skills of writing a text news.  The results of the research there are three. First, the skills of writing text news grade VIII SMP Negeri Padang 12 are on good qualifications (B) with an average of 76,42. Second, comprehension text news grade VIII SMP Negeri Padang 12 are on more than enough qualifications (LdC) by the value of the average 73,95. Third, there is a contribution of comprehension in the news of text to the skills of writing news texts of class grade VIII SMP Negeri Padang 12 at 15,37%. Kata kunci: Kontribusi, Keterampilan, Pemahaman, Menulis, Teks Berita
KARAKTERISTIK KALIMAT DALAM TEKS EKSPOSISI SISWA KELAS X SMA ADABIAH PADANG
Authors: Fitri Rika , Ratna Ellya
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT This article expressed the characteristics of the sentences in the exposition text of X grade students of Adabiah Padang High School. Two purposes of this study, the first one was to describe the sentence structure (subject, predicate, object, and description) contained in the text of exposition written by X grade. The second aim was to describe the type of sentence based on the number of clauses in the sentence (single  and compound sentences) contained in the text of exposition of X grade. The type of this research was  a qualitative using descriptive methods. This research was conducted at Adabiah Padang High School, especially in the  X grade which the total was 124 students. The entry of this study was the writing of exposition text by X grade in terms of sentence characteristics (sentence structure and type of  sentence). Data discussed was qualitative. The data analyzed in the form of sentence characteristics (structure and types of sentences) contained in the exposition text of the work of  X grade. Source of the data in this research was  the text of exposition written by X grade. There were two research findings which the first was  the sentence structure that was widely used by  X grade was  S + P + O pattern, the total was 88 sentences from 152 sentences studied. Second, the type of sentences used by X grade were single sentence types, which the amount was 140 sentences from 152 sentences studied. Kata kunci: Karakteristik, Kalimat, Teks Eksposisi
TOKOH DAN PENOKOHAN DALAM TEKS CERITA FANTASI KARYA SISWA KELAS VII SMP NEGERI 21 PADANG DAN IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP PEMBELAJARAN TEKS CERITA FANTASI DI SMP
Authors: Ningsih Cahyu , Zulfikarni Zulfikarni
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT This article reveals the types of characters and characterizations in the text of fantasy stories for Grade VII students of SMP Negeri 21 Padang. There are two objectives of this research. First, describe the types of characters that the seventh grade students of SMP Negeri 21 Padang appear in in the text of the fantasy stories they write. Second, to describe the character presence techniques used by SMP Negeri 21 Padang students to bring out the character of the characters in the fantasy stories they write. This type of research is qualitative research with descriptive methods. The main instrument of this research is the researcher himself. Data were collected using documentation techniques, which are still archived by Indonesian language subject teachers. There are two findings in this study, namely (1) the types of figures that students tend to appear in the text of the fantasy stories they write are fictional characters, additional characters, protagonists, white characters, flat characters, and static characters, but other types of characters. students still use them in the text of their fantasy stories, and (2) the techniques for the presence of figures that are often used by students are analytical techniques, action techniques, and word techniques. However, the students still use the technique of the presence of other figures. Kata kunci : tokoh, penokohan, teks cerita fantasi
NILAI-NILAI AKHLAK ISLAM DALAM NOVEL AYAH KARYA ANDREA HIRATA DAN IMPLIKASINYA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN TEKS NOVEL DI KELAS XII
Authors: Andriani Dini , Nursaid Nursaid
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT This study aims to describe the following things. First, the values of Islamic morality expressed in the novel by Father Hirata Andrea. Second, the motives of the characters in having Islamic morality in the novel by Father Hirata Andrea. Third, the impact of having Islamic character on the characters in Andrea Hirata's Father's novel. This research is a qualitative research with descriptive method. The data used in this study are words, groups of words, and sentences that contain Islamic moral values. This research is sourced from the novel Father by Andrea Hirata. The instrumentation in this study is the researcher as the main instrument. Then, data collection is done using observation techniques. The results of the research in the novel Andrea Hirata's Father are as follows. First, there are 61 data on Islamic moral values in Andrea Hirata's father's novel, which is divided into two, namely 43 praiseworthy moral data and 18 sad moral data. Second, there are the motives of the characters to have Islamic morals consisting of two, namely internal motives and external motives. Third, the impact of having commendable and despicable morals for the characters in Andrea Hirata's Father's novel is also divided into two, namely positive and negative impacts.  Kata kunci : Nilai, Akhlak Islam, Novel Ayah
ANALISIS STRUKTUR DAN CIRI KEBAHASAAN TEKS LAPORAN HASIL OBSERVASI SISWA KELAS VII SMP NEGERI 18 PADANG
Authors: Dewi Silvia Mardila , Arief Ermawati
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to describe the text structure of the report of the observation and describe the text of the observation report of class VII from SMP Negeri 18 Padang. This type of research is qualitative research with a descriptive method. The data source in this study is the text of the observation of students of class VII SMP Negeri 18 Padang, written by students in grades VII. 2 numbering thirty texts. The instruments in this study are researchers themselves. Data is analyzed by describing, analyzing, and discussing data based on theory. The results of this study are first, in the text of the observation of students of class VII SMP Negeri 18 Padang is found three text structures of observation results report, namely general definition, section description, and conclusion. Secondly, in the text of the observation of class VII students SMP Negeri 18 Padang, generally students have used the fourth feature of the text of observation report. It can be concluded that the structure and characteristics of the text in the observation report of grade VII students SMP Negeri 18 Padang is good. It can be seen from the thirty texts of the observation report analyzed, twenty-six texts of the observation report already has a complete structure and of the thirty text of the observation report analyzed, the twenty-four texts have used the full text feature of the observation report. Kata kunci: Struktur, Ciri Kebahasaan, Teks Laporan Hasil Observas
Modelling the temperature of a compost microreactor in isolation
Authors:   , Hawse Mitchell
Published: February 2021

A mixture of waste-wood biomass and municipal biosolids waste was composted in a plastic container inside of an insulated chamber. The mixture of biomass and biosolids was approximately 50:50 and weighed 82.6 kg. The peak temperature of the compost was 32.4◦C. The small scale of the compost system allowed the lower limit of the compost decomposition rate to be studied. A model was successfully developed to predict the core temperature of the compost using the ambient temperature in the insulated chamber. A literature review was conducted to determine literature values for the overall convective and conductive heat transfer coefficient, the dry mass fraction, and heat of combustion for both biomass and biosolids. The model used an optimization algorithm to calculate the rate constant for the experimental setup. The calculated decomposition rate constant was 0.0525 Day−1.
SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: A Review on Current Evidence and Unani Perspective
Authors:   Research Officer, Unani Medical Centre, VMMC & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India, Nazli Tamanna
Published: February 2021

In December 2019, a novel coronavirus has emerged from the city Wuhan, China when cluster of pneumonia cases similar to viral pneumonia appeared, later named as SARS-CoV-2 virus, its symptomatology bears resemblance to Nazla-e-Wabāiya (epidemic influenza) in various treaties of Unani scholars. WHO on January 30, 2020 declared this outbreak as a public health emergency of international concern. To date, there are no specific vaccines or medicine for COVID-19 and the treatment is simply symptomatic. Therefore, prompt recognition of positive cases and rapid patient isolation may be needed to contain the disease spread to ensure timely management. Unani System of Medicine aims at preservation of health, management of diseases with a holistic approach. As per Unani classical literature, during epidemics prevention of disease and maintenance of health was achieved by strengthening the Ṭabī’at (Medicatrix Naturae) and modifications in Asbāb Sitta Darūriyya (Six Essential Factors).
A Study to Assess Contributing Factors of Teenage Pregnancy in Sunsari District of Nepal
Authors:   Department of Public Health, Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal, Gautam Laxmi
Published: February 2021

Background: Early child bearing is a widely observed phenomenon in Nepal. However, little information is available in regard to its contributing factors. Teenage pregnancy is major contributing factor of maternal and child health and a challenging issue of public in developed and developing countries. This study explores the contributing factors of teenage pregnancy and knowledge about its consequences. Methodology: A descriptive study was conducted to find out contributing factors of teenage pregnancy among 102 pregnant teenagers at selected health facilities of Sunsari district. Pregnant teenagers visiting health facilities for antenatal check-up during study period were interviewed using pre-designed questionnaire. Data was managed using SPSS software. Descriptive statistics and chi square test were used. Result: The mean age of teenage pregnancy was 18±1.04 years and age at marriage 16.69±1.09 years. Majority were Muslim, 86.3% were homemaker, 31.4% had positive history of teenage pregnancy in family either-side, 38.2% had married at an age of 17 years, 31.4% were pregnant with their first child. Inadequate knowledge about teenage pregnancy, cultural acceptance, illiteracy, lack of knowledge on consequence of teenage pregnancy, difficulty to get information and access on family planning methods were major contributing factors and school dropout was reported as consequences of teenage pregnancy. Ethnicity, religion and education were associated with knowledge of teenage pregnancy. Conclusion: Knowledge about the risk and drawbacks of early marriage and early pregnancy should be increased not only among teenage girls but also to their parents and in-laws to change the attitude and practice of early marriage and teenage pregnancy.
Renal Artery Thrombosis: A Post COVID-19 Sequel
Authors:   M.B.B.S., Resident DNB General Medicine, Dr. Hedgewar Hospital, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India, Upadhyay Kavita M
Published: February 2021

Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, increasing evidence suggests that infected patients present a high incidence of thrombotic complications. Besides affecting respiratory tract it also causes systemic inflammation which also leads to coagulopathy affecting major blood vessels in the body. This report describes a case of aortic, renal artery thrombosis in a patient admitted for evaluation of abdominal pain and detected to have high titer of SARS COV-2 IgG antibodies with no prior history suggestive of typical COVID-19 infection (COVID-19 RTPCR and antigen tested negative).
Risk Factors of COVID-19 among Patients Attending a Tertiary Care Centre in Delhi: A Case Control Study
Authors:   Senior Resident, Department of Community Medicine, VMMC & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India, Bharti Aakanksha
Published: February 2021

Introduction: COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS CoV-2). Therefore, there is paucity of data on risk factors of COVID-19 in India which will help in designing preventive measures. Objective: To determine the risk factors of COVID-19 patients attending a tertiary care institution. Methods: The study was conducted at tertiary care hosipital in South Delhi, India among the patients admitted in Covid-19 wards or visiting the hospital for testing of SARS CoV-2 infection. Contact data of test results was collected from the medical record and detailed information was collected through telephone calls. 103 cases were selected who were found test positive by RT PCR and 103 negatives were selected as controls. Data was collected using pre-tested Questionnaire. The data were first captured in paper-based case record form and then entered in a Microsoft Excel and analyzed in SPSS Software version 21.0. Result: The mean age of all the participants was 37.63±15.32 years. On comparing cases and controls, it was found that symptoms like fever, general weakness, cough, sore throat, breathlessness and headache were significantly associated with cases, having an odds ratio of greater than 1 and p value< 0.05. On analysing various underlying medical conditions amongst controls and cases, it was found that there was a significant difference among cases and controls who had Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Hypertension (p-value: 0.001) with a high odds ratio of 6.130 and 5.964 respectively. Around half of the cases (54.4%) and 23.3% of controls reported to have faced discrimination or changed attitude of their neighbours after revealing their RT-PCR report and this difference was statistically significant (p-value 0.001). Conclusion: Study revealed that majority of symptoms were not predictors of COVID-19 and only occupations and history of contact remained significant risk factors of COVID-19 in multivariate analysis. A multicenter research study is required to learn more about risk factors.
Polityka państwowa wobec sektora małych i średnich firm w latach 1990-2000
Authors: Kamińska Wioletta
Published: February 2021

W okresie transformacji gospodarki narodowej szczególnego znaczenia nabierają zmiany struktury własnościowej podmiotów gospodarczych. Konieczność tych zmian jest bowiem uważana za niezbędny warunek zwiększenia efektywności gospodarki oraz podwyższenia poziomu życia społeczeństwa. W polskich warunkach istotnym elementem przekształceń własnościowych jest rozwój sektora małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw (MSP). Przedsiębiorstwa tej kategorii aktywnie uczestniczą w procesach demonopolizacji i restrukturyzacji gospodarki, budowie infrastruktury ekonomicznej, koniecznej do efektywnego funkcjonowania całej gospodarki (Sobczyk 1999). Drobne firmy odznaczają się elastycznością działania, mobilnością, większą odpornością na zjawiska kryzysowe i dużą efektywnością działania. Stwarzają dodatkowe miejsca pracy, opierają się głównie na lokalnych surowcach oraz doskonale sprawdzają się w kooperacji z dużymi przedsiębiorstwami (Kamińska 1996).
Kształtowanie się przedsiębiorstwa usługowo-handlowego Profex Consulting
Authors: Reśko Dariusz
Published: February 2021

W procesie restrukturyzacji gospodarki narodowej znaczącą rolę odgrywa proces zmian struktur własnościowych, a także zmian zasad prawnych funkcjonowania przedsiębiorstw. Szczególnego znaczenia w nowej rzeczywistość i gospodarczej nabrał sektor małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw. W większości krajów Unii Europejskiej małe i średnie firmy są podstawą rozwoju gospodarczego. W Polsce sektor MSP stanowi przeszło 99% wszystkich prywatnych przedsiębiorstw i daje zatrudnienie 62,5% w skali całego kraju. Z danych tych wynika, że równie1 w Polsce sektor MSP jest przyjmowany za najważniejszy sektor gospodarki, wymagającym szczególnego traktowani a przez państwo . Podejmowane przez państwo działania koncentrują się głównie na tworzeniu prawnych, administracyjnych i organizacyjnych warunków ich działalności oraz powoływaniu i rozwoju instytucji na rzecz pomocy tym firmom . Pomoc ta, choć potrzebna sektorowi MSP ni e zawsze dociera do docelowych odbiorców ze względu na słabe zrozumienie działania tych firm oraz słabe uświadomienie sobie specyfiki ich funkcjonowania
Proces restrukturyzacji przedsiębiorstw przemysłowych w Polsce Południowo-Wschodniej (na wybranych przykładach)
Authors: Rachwał Tomasz
Published: February 2021

Globalny proces rozwoju cywilizacyjnego tworzy nowe uwarunkowania dla funkcjonowania różnej skali układów przestrzennych: od świata, poprzez kontynenty, państwa i regiony do układów lokalnych. Prowadzi on do istotnych zmian w sferze społecznej, gospodarczej, politycznej i kulturalnej . W ramach procesów globalnych na szczególną uwagę zasługuje szybki postęp technologiczny, którego efektem jest przejście do fazy informacyjnego rozwoju, w której przemysł o wysokiej kapitałochłonności ustępuje przemysłom o wysokim zapotrzebowaniu na wiedzę. Jednym z przejawów tych procesów jest także g lokalizacja działalności gospodarczej, czego efektem jest powstanie i rozwój wielkich przedsiębiorstw ponadnarodowych, których znaczenie w gospodarce światowej rośnie, wskutek czego coraz częściej wywierają nacisk na politykę gospodarczą, kierunki rozwoju przemysłowego i kształtowanie się rynku pracy w wielu krajach świata. Proces ten dokonuje się w wyniku prowadzonej na szeroką skalę międzynarodowej aktywności inwestycyjnej . produkcyjnej i handlowej przedsiębiorstw, w tym także w Polsce (Zaorska 1998).
HAS Should Not Be NICE: Rejecting Imaginary Worlds in the French Technology Assessment Guidelines
Authors: Langley Paul C
Published: February 2021

Pricing decisions and access to pharmaceuticals should be evidence based. Unfortunately, the French guidelines for technology assessment, in their adoption of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) reference case modeling standard ensure that this is not the case. Rather than requiring the submission of claims that are credible, evaluable and replicable, the Haute Autorité de Sante (HAS) mandates the creation of imaginary worlds to support comparative effectiveness and cost-outcome claims. The purpose of this commentary is to make the case that HAS should reconsider this commitment to standards for health technology assessment that are more appropriately seen as pseudoscience. The recommendation is that HAS should put to one side mandating lifetime cost-per-quality adjusted life year (QALY) or life years saved claims in favor of short-term claims that can be evaluated and reported to health system decision makers as part of a provisional assessment of new products as well as supporting ongoing disease area and therapeutic class reviews.

 

Type: Commentary
Interprofessional Approach to Increase Billable Care-Events in a Rural Community
Authors: Twigg Geoffrey A , Motsko John , Sherr Jeff , El-Baff Sara
Published: February 2021

Objectives: The study was designed to build a financially stable, replicable, and interprofessional program around a Center of Excellence (COE) model exclusively in a community pharmacy setting. This involved creating a separate pharmacy-based clinic within the community pharmacy with recognized rendering providers by payers allowing pharmacists to bill incident to for services and increase the quality of patient clinical outcomes.

Setting: Apple Discount drugs in Salisbury, MD is a multi-site independent community pharmacy setting offering traditional pharmacy services along with several pharmacist run clinical programs.

Practice Innovation: The pharmacy developed an interprofessional team around a Center of Excellence (COE) model as a separate medical clinic within the community pharmacy as a subsidiary of the parent company that was staffed with healthcare providers that are recognized by payers to bill for services.

Main Outcome Measures: Outcomes of the study included analysis of the number of patients seen, the ability to obtain reimbursement for the clinical services offered, and changes in A1C and BMI to support the clinical value of pharmacist intervention.

Results: A total of 309 patients with diabetes were seen over a 16 month period, including 120 patients who completed the 10 hour diabetes training program. Clinical outcomes showed an improvement in A1C from 9.1 pre enrollment to 7.5 post intervention, and a drop in BMI from 35.7 pre enrollment to 32.4 post intervention. The pharmacy was also able to increase the amount of reimbursement for services provided.

Conclusions: The development of a pharmacy based clinic business model inside of a community pharmacy has increased the amount of clinically billed services for the pharmacy. Improvements in clinical outcomes led to an acceptance of the pharmacist as a member of the patient’s care team by patients, local physician’s offices, and third party payers.

Funding: This work was supported by the Community Pharmacy Foundation [grant #143 , 2015]

 

Type: Commentary
Level of Evidence Associated with FDA Safety Communications with Drug Labeling Changes: 2010-2014
Authors: Hixon Benjamin , Lowrey Joseph M. , Hume Lindsay N , Mayberry Katelynn , Freeman Maisha Kelly
Published: February 2021

Purpose: Approximately 800,000 safety reports are submitted to the FDA annually, however, only significant issues generate drug safety communications (DSC). The purpose of this study was to determine the type of clinical evidence used to warrant a change in drug labeling for drugs with DSC between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2014. Methods: Selected data was obtained from the FDA website. The primary endpoint of the study was the frequency of the types of clinical evidence used in FDA communications, as reported through the FDA DSC. Results were evaluated via descriptive statistics, and chi-squared for nominal data. Results: A total of 2521 drug safety labeling changes were identified and 99 (3.9%) of safety communications met the inclusion criteria. The majority of the labeling changes were associated with single agents (83.8%). The three most frequently reported labeling changes were warnings (68.7%), precautions (58.6%), and patient package insert/medication guide (23.2%). Case reports resulted in the greatest number of documented literature types (n = 791), followed by randomized controlled trials (n = 76), and case control/cohort studies (n = 74). Significantly more evidence for DSCs were classified as Level of Evidence B (LOE B, 68.6%), compared to LOE A (17.1%), and LOE C (14.1%) (p = 0.007). Conclusions: The majority of drug labeling change initiators was associated with LOE equivalent to B. Practitioners should evaluate data associated with labeling changes to determine how to interpret the information for their patients.

Conflict of Interest

We declare no conflicts of interest or financial interests that the authors or members of their immediate families have in any product or service discussed in the manuscript, including grants (pending or received), employment, gifts, stock holdings or options, honoraria, consultancies, expert testimony, patents and royalties.

 

Type: Original Research
Characteristics of Patients Accepting and Declining Participation in a Transition of Care Service Provided by a Community Pharmacy
Authors: Kowalski Julianne M , Margolis Amanda R , Schreiner Nicole , Kirchner Jeff
Published: February 2021

Objectives: To identify characteristics of patients who accepted or declined an appointment for a transition of care service provided by an independent community pharmacist and identify the most common reasons patients declined the service.

Methods: A transition of care service was offered by a community pharmacy to patients discharged to home from the cardiac unit of a local hospital. The community pharmacist approached patients prior to discharge for recruitment into the service. Outcomes included service acceptance rate, LACE score at discharge, readmission risk category, age, gender, geographic home location, and reason for refusing the service. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to compare characteristics between those who accepted or declined the service. Reasons for decline were assessed using content analysis.

Results: Of the 87 patients that were included in the analysis, 21 patients received the transitions of care service (24.1%). None of the characteristics were found to be statistically significant between patients who received or declined the service. Patients at a moderate risk for readmission seemed more likely to accept the pharmacist-run appointment than those at high risk (27.9% vs 15.3%; P = 0.29). Of the 66 patients who declined, 51 gave a reason (77.3%). Thirty-nine patients saw no benefit (76.5%), five patients had perceived barriers (10%), and seven patients gave reasons that fell into both categories (13.5%).

Conclusions: This evaluation did not find a statistically significant difference in characteristics between those patients who accepted or declined participation in a pharmacist-run transition of care service. Patients may be less likely to accept pharmacist-run transition of care appointments primarily due to no perceived benefits. To increase participation, we need to understand the patient’s health beliefs, educate patients on pharmacy services, and implement changes to recruit potential patients.

Conflict of Interest

Disclosures: The authors have no actual or potential conflict of interest in relation to this evaluation.

This evaluation was presented as a poster presentation at American Pharmacists Association Annual Meeting and Exposition, March 4-7, 2016 and at the Pharmacy Society of Wisconsin Education Conference, April 5-6, 2016. This evaluation was presented as a podium presentation at Great Lakes Residency Conference, April 27-29, 2016.

 

Type: Original Research
Patient Feedback on Pharmacist Prescribing for Minor Ailments in a Canadian Province
Authors: Taylor Jeff G , Mansell Kerry
Published: February 2021

Background: Pharmacists have been given authority in many Canadian provinces to go beyond simply recommending over-the-counter medicines to patients with minor ailments. In Saskatchewan, they can prescribe medicines normally under the sole control of physicians for 17 conditions. An evaluation program is underway to assess the value of the program. Methods: Adults were recruited over a one-year period and were eligible for inclusion if prescribed an agent for an applicable condition. Pharmacists from 40 pharmacies participated in identifying people who received the service. Of patients agreeing to participate, a link to an online survey was provided. The survey included items on clinical improvement, care options, and patient confidence in knowing when to seek a physician for a minor ailment. Results: Forty-eight people were involved in prescribing encounters, with the majority seeking help for themselves. All but one saw their symptoms improve subsequent to pharmacist assistance, most often to a significant extent. Satisfaction with the service was high. Convenience and trust in pharmacists were primary reasons for choosing the service over medical care (rather than an issue potentially more worrisome such as not having a family physician). Had this service not been in place, 30.6% of those asking for help would have gone to a medical clinic or emergency room. Seventy-five percent were (at least) very confident in knowing when to seek a physician (rather than a pharmacist) for such conditions. Conclusion: Information on the clinical outcomes of pharmacist-led minor ailment care is starting to accrue in Saskatchewan. While the numbers are extremely low to date, what has become available suggests the service is of value to the citizens of the province, it is chosen for appropriate reasons, and is of an acceptable standard of care.

Conflict of Interest

We declare no conflicts of interest or financial interests that the authors or members of their immediate families have in any product or service discussed in the manuscript, including grants (pending or received), employment, gifts, stock holdings or options, honoraria, consultancies, expert testimony, patents and royalties. However, the authors are pharmacists licensed within the province and bring this perspective to this evaluation of a pharmacy-based program.

 

Type: Original Research