bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution and relative abundance of caribou in the Hudson Plains Ecozone of Ontario
Authors: Magoun Audrey J. , Abraham Kenneth F. , Thompson John E. , Ray Justina C. , Gauthier Michel E. , Brown Glen S. , Woolmer Gillian , Chenier Christopher J. , Dawson F. Neil
Published: February 2013

To determine past distribution and relative abundance of caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in the Hudson Plains Ecozone (HPE) of Ontario, we reviewed past HPE-wide winter systematic aerial surveys, partial winter systematic surveys, summer photographic surveys, incidental observations of caribou, and other sources of information from the period 1950—2003. We conducted new HPE-wide aerial surveys in February 2003 and 2004 to evaluate current distribution patterns. From this information, we defined 9 core wintering areas in the HPE and differentiated between 3 catego¬ries of relative abundance. Wintering areas for the January—March period have changed relatively little over the past 45 years. Summer distribution of caribou along the Hudson Bay coast apparently shifted or expanded from the area west of the Severn River to the central and eastern portions of the coast since the 1980s, and caribou observations have become much more common in the area east of the Winisk River since 1998. Because major resource development activities in the HPE are proposed and some are imminent, we recommend additional caribou surveys to document current caribou population identity, size, and distribution, and research projects to better define caribou wintering areas, calving areas, and movement patterns in the HPE.
Climate change and woodland caribou in Northwestern Ontario: a risk analysis
Authors: Racey Gerald D.
Published: February 2013

Woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) range occupancy and populations have declined in northwestern (NW) Ontario over the last 100 years primarily due to human-induced factors. Recovery efforts are underway to halt this decline by reducing risk factors. Climate forecasts suggest a 4—5 oC increase in May—August mean temperature over the next century with little change in precipitation. Resulting increases in extreme weather events and increased fire weather severity will likely increase the amount of forest burned, reduce the area of older forest, alter distribution and abundance of forest tree species and plant communities, and increase abundance of alternate prey. The reduced amount of older forest preferred by caribou will be in greater demand by the forest industry leading to more conflict over ecological and economic values. Most of these factors will increase risk to caribou survival. Although forests may experience enhanced productivity, forest management practices will try to adapt harvest, regeneration, silviculture and fire management practices to both maintain economic benefits and increase the ability of forests to sequester carbon. The interaction of climate-induced forest change and forest management practices adds uncertainty to caribou conservation efforts at the southern edge of its current range. This uncertainty reinforces the need for a precautionary approach to forest management, increased research and monitoring effort, sustained emphasis on caribou recovery, and careful rationalization of restoration efforts where greatest opportunities for success may be realized.
Movement pathways and habitat selection by woodland caribou during spring migration
Authors: Saher D. Joanne , Schmiegelow Fiona K.A.
Published: February 2013

Woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) are a threatened species throughout Canada. Special management is therefore required to ensure habitat needs are met, particularly because much of their current distribution is heavily influenced by resource extraction activities. Although winter habitat is thought to be limiting and is the primary focus of conservation efforts, maintaining connectivity between summer and winter ranges has received little attention. We used global positioning system data from an interprovincial, woodland caribou herd to define migratory movements on a relatively pristine range. Non-linear models indicated that caribou movement during migration was punctuated; caribou traveled for some distance (movement phase) followed by a pause (resting/foraging phase). We then developed resource selection functions (RSFs), using case-controlled logistic regression, to describe resting/foraging sites and movement sites, at the landscape scale. The RSFs indicated that caribou traveled through areas that were less rugged and closer to water than random and that resting/foraging sites were associated with older forests that have a greater component of pine, and are further from water than were random available locations. This approach to analyzing animal location data allowed us to identify two patterns of habitat selection (travel and foraging/resting) for caribou during the migratory period. Resultant models are important tools for land use planning to ensure that connectivity between caribou summer and winter ranges is maintained.
Rebuilding the Fortymile caribou herd: A model of cooperative management planning
Authors: Gronquist Ruth M. , Haynes Terry L. , Gardner Craig L.
Published: February 2013

We examined the public process used to develop the 1996—2001 Fortymile Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) Herd Management Plan adopted by state and federal management boards. The process differed from most government-supported planning processes because it was initiated by residents of Alaska and Yukon, and not by an agency. State, federal, and territorial agencies were asked to participate in and support development of a management plan that would include a broad range of interest groups. We describe the planning effort, issues addressed by the planning team that posed significant challenges during both the planning and implementation phases, and then identify unforeseen costs and benefits derived from the process. Critical decision points in plan development and implementation are discussed.
Harvest estimates of the Western Arctic caribou herd, Alaska
Authors: Sutherland Bob
Published: February 2013

A generalized least squares regression model was developed to estimate local harvest of the Western Arctic caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) herd. This model provides herd and community level harvest based on community size, proximity of the herd to the village. The model utilizes community harvest survey information from the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Subsistence Division and cooperation from the nonprofit organizations Maniliq and Kawerak. The model will assist in an annual selection of communities to survey. The predicted local resident harvest of the Western Arctic caribou herd is 14 700 with 95% lower and upper confidence limits of 10 100 and 19 700 respectively.
St. Matthew Island reindeer crash revisited: Their demise was not nigh—but then, why did they die?
Authors: Miller Frank L. , Barry Samuel J. , Calvert Wendy A.
Published: February 2013

Twenty-nine yearling reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) were released on St. Matthew Island in the Bering Sea Wildlife Refuge in 1944: 24 females and five males. They were reported to have increased to 1350 reindeer by summer 1957 and to 6000 by summer 1963. The 6000 reindeer on St. Matthew Island in summer 1963 were then reduced by 99% to 42 by summer 1966. The evidence suggests that after growing at a high average annual rate of lamda = 1.32 for 19 years, the entire die-off occurred in winter 1963—64, making it the largest single-year crash ever recorded in any R. tarandus population. Although a supposedly meaningful decline in successful reproduction and early survival of calves was originally reported for the population between 1957 and 1963, our reevaluation indicates this is an error resulting from the wrong sample being used in the between-year comparison. The quantitative data indicate no meaningful change occurred, and the calf:cow ratio was about 60 calves:100 cows in both 1957 and 1963. Calf production and survival were high up to the crash, and in the die-off population the age distribution (72%, 1—3 years old) and the sex ratio (69 males:100 females) reflected a still fast-growing R. tarandus population. All of these parameters do not support the hypothesis that the limited abundance of the absolute food supply was at a lethal level between 1957 and 1963 or in winter 1963—64. We now know from other studies that a high density of R. tarandus is not a prerequisite for a major single-year winter die-off. Existing population dynamics data do not support lack of lichens as a major causative factor in this single-year crash. If a decline had been caused by the limitation of the absolute food supply, it would have followed a multi-year pattern—it would not have been a single-year event. There was no evidence of a sudden, massive, island-wide loss of the absolute food supply, or that its nutritional value was inadequate for sustaining the reindeer. Mean weights of reindeer by sex and age class declined between 1957 and 1963, but only to levels similar to those of mainland reindeer. The reindeer population on St. Matthew Island undoubtedly was or soon would have been seriously influenced by heavy use of the lichens and the future did not bode well for continued population growth. Although the food supply through interaction with climatic factors was proposed as the dominant population-regulating mechanism, a general acceptance that only density-dependent food-limitation was necessary to cause the crash remains strong in some quarters. We challenge this; we believe that the winter weather was the all-important factor that led to the premature, extreme, and exceptionally rapid, near total single-year loss of 99% of the reindeer on St. Matthew Island in winter 1963—64.
Profitability bookkeeping in the reindeer husbandry
Authors: Latukka Arto , Rantala Olli , Tauriainen Jukka
Published: February 2013

See extended abstract in Full text
Finnish and Norwegian reindeer milk betalactoglobulin; characterization of genetic variants
Authors: Heikura Jonna , Smeds Nina , Valkonen Kaija , Nieminen Mauri , Holand Øystein , Virtanen Vesa
Published: February 2013

See Full text
Conference report (including non-peer reviewed articles) from the 14th Nordic Conference on Reindeer and Reindeer Husbandry Research, 20-22 March 2006, Vantaa, Finland
Authors: Haugerud (Editor) Rolf Egil
Published: February 2013

The 14th Nordic Conference on Reindeer and Reindeer Husbandry Research Den 14. nordiske forskningskonferansen om rein og reindrift Vantaa, Finland, 20.-22. mars 2006Complete conference report, see Full text
Defining subspecies, invalid taxonomic tools, and the fate of the woodland caribou
Authors: Geist Valerius
Published: February 2013

If my argument is valid, then true woodland caribou are only the very few, dark, smallmanned caribou scattered across the south of caribou distribution. They need the most urgent of attention.
Arboreal forage lichens in partial cuts – a synthesis of research results from British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Stevenson Susan K. , Coxson Darwyn S.
Published: February 2013

The mountain ecotype of the woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) is highly dependent on the arboreal hair lichens Bryoria spp. and Alectoria sarmentosa during winter. In parts of British Columbia, partial-cutting silvicultural systems have been used in an effort to provide continuously usable winter habitat for mountain caribou, while allowing some timber removal. We reviewed available information about the changes in hair lichens after partial cutting in Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) – subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) forests of British Columbian and Idaho. Generally, abundance of Bryoria spp. in the lower canopy of individual residual trees increases with increased exposure after partial cutting, until the new regeneration begins to shelter the lower canopy of the residuals. Heavy basal area removal, however, results in low lichen availability at the stand level for many years. Abundance of Bryoria on the regeneration is low, and appears to be limited largely by the structure of the young trees, not by lichen dispersal, although dispersal capability may be limiting in Alectoria. Both distributional and physiological data suggest that Bryoria is intolerant of prolonged wetting, and that increased ventilation, rather than increased light, accounts for enhanced Bryoria abundance in the partial cuts. Alectoria sarmentosa reaches its physiological optimum in the lower canopy of unharvested stands; its growth rates are somewhat reduced in the more exposed environment of partial cuts. Both genera are capable of rapid growth: over a 7-year period, individual thalli of A. sarmentosa and Bryoria spp. (excluding those with a net biomass loss due to fragmentation) in an unlogged stand more than tripled their biomass. Calculated growth rates, as well as dispersal potential, are influenced by fragmentation. Bryoria produces more abundant, but smaller, fragments than Alectoria, and fragmentation in both genera increases in partial cuts. In subalpine mountain caribou habitat, partial-cutting prescriptions that enhance exposure of residual trees while keeping basal area removal low will maintain forage best. Regeneration management should focus on maintaining ventilation in the lower canopy of the residual stand.
West Greenland caribou explosion: What happened? What about the future?
Authors: Cuyler Christine
Published: February 2013

In West Greenland, the 1993 caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) population size estimate was 7000 to 9000 animals. Eight years later in 2001, the estimate was ca. 140 000. Relatively rapid rise and fall cycles of abundance in West Greenland caribou have been noted since the 1700s. Caribou have no natural predators in West Greenland. Combined with their high fertility and recruitment, this suggests that overabundance might be their greatest threat to stability. The 2005 population surveys indicate poor recruitment in two major populations and decreasing abundance in one. Given stocking densities are three to six-times the value considered sustainable, we expect strong competition between individuals for available food resources. Although the management goal is sustainable harvest of natural resources, if populations continue at their current size or increase further, there is a clear risk of range overgrazing and trampling. Unsustainable range use may result in density-dependent forage limitation with subsequent relatively rapid population decline over a series of years, e.g. a decade. As in the past, populations are expected to recover, and if true to the past, recovery will take the better part of a century. Furthermore, the role of catastrophic weather events may be of major importance. Abrupt collapse could be precipitated by a disastrous single year event, e.g. thaw-freeze icing or deep snow, because possibilities for dispersal to new ranges are limited. Regardless of management initiatives taken now, population declines or crashes may be inevitable for some West Greenland herds in the foreseeable future, but accurate predictions about herd trends are impossible. To understand the potential impact of future developments, Greenland caribou and their range must be studied within the wider context of climate change.
An examination of recovery planning for forest-dwelling woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Wilkinson Christopher J. A.
Published: February 2013

Ontario’s population of forest-dwelling woodland caribou is listed both federally and provincially as a species at risk. It is estimated that 20 000 woodland caribou remain in Ontario, of which approximately one quarter inhabit the boreal forest and are described as the sedentary forest-dwelling population. This paper examines the recovery strategy for this population developed by the Ministry of Natural Resources, as well as discussing the implications of provincial forestry policy on woodland caribou management. Commercial timber harvesting will likely soon be allowed in parts of the northern third of the province, in which woodland caribou habitat currently is relatively unimpaired by industrial development. Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag:Planlegging for bevaring av skogsøkotypen av Rangifer tarandus caribou i Ontario, CanadaSkogsvillreinen av skogsøkotypen i Ontario er vurdert som sårbar både føderalt og på provinsnivå. Av provinsens rundt 20 000 skogsvillrein hører omtrent en fjerdepart til den stasjonære skogsboende skogsøkoypen. Artikkelen ser på bevaringsstrategien som er utarbeidet av naturressursdepartementet i Ontario for denne spesielle bestanden og diskuterer konsekvensene for villreinen av provinsens skogpolitikk. Kommersiell hogst vil mest sannsynlig og snart bli tillatt i deler av Ontarios nordlige tredel der skogvillreinens leveområder er relativt upåvirket av industriell virksomhet.
Formannen har ordet
Authors: Sara Ole K.
Published: February 2013

Formannen i NOR hilser til alle som deltar i og er interessert i reinforskning.
Habituation responses in wild reindeer exposed to recreational activities
Authors: Reimers Eigil , Røed Knut H. , Flaget Øystein , Lurås Eivind
Published: February 2013

Displacement is the effect most often predicted when recreational activities in wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) areas are discussed. Wild reindeer in Blefjell (225 km2) are exposed to humans more frequently than in Hardangervidda (8200 km2), from which the Blefjell herd originate. We recorded fright and flight response distances of groups of reindeer in both herds to a person directly approaching them on foot or skis during winter, summer, and autumn post-hunting and rutting season in 2004-2006. The response distances sight, alert, flight initiation and escape were shorter in Blefjell than in Hardangervidda while the probability of assessing the observer before flight tended to be greater in Blefjell. To test whether these results could be due to habituation or genetic influence of semi-domestic reindeer previously released in the Blefjell region, we compared the genetic variation of the Blefjell reindeer with previously reported variation in semi-domestic reindeer and in the wild reindeer from Hardangervidda. Microsatellite analyses revealed closer genetic ancestry of the Blefjell reindeer to the wild Hardangervidda reindeer and not to the semi-domestic reindeer at both the herd and the individual level. We conclude that the decreased flight responses in Blefjell reindeer appear to be a habituation response to frequent human encounters rather than traits inherited from a semi-domestic origin.
Differences in radionuclide and heavy metal concentrations found in the kidneys of barren-ground caribou from the western Northwest Territories 1994/95 to 2000/01
Authors: Larter Nicholas C. , Nagy John A. , Elkin Brett T. , Macdonald Colin R.
Published: February 2013

Aluminum, nickel, cadmium, mercury, and lead concentrations were measured in the kidney tissue of known aged barren-ground caribou wintering in the western Northwest Territories harvested during winter 1994/1995 and during winters 2000/2001 and 2001/2002. 40K, 137Cs, and 210Pb concentrations were measured in the kidney tissue of known aged barren-ground caribou during winter 2000/2001 and compared to concentrations in winter 1993/1994 reported in Macdonald et al. (1996). Renal concentrations of aluminum were higher (P<0.001)in winter 2000/2001 than winter 1994/1995. Contrastingly renal concentrations of mercury were lower (P<0.001) in winter 2000/2001 than 1994/1995. 137Cs (P<0.02), 40K (P=0.01), 210Pb (P<0.01) had lower renal concentrations in winter 2000/2001 than 1993/1994. Renal concentrations of cadmium (P<0.001) and 137Cs (P<0.04) had a positive relationship with caribou age. We also document renal concentrations of arsenic, copper, selenium, zinc, 232Th, 226Ra, and 235U in the kidneys of caribou harvested in winters 2000/2001 and 2001/2002. Renal zinc concentrations were positively correlated with the age of caribou.
An Analysis of Government Actions for the Protection and Recovery of Forest-dwelling Woodland Caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Wilkinson Christopher J.A.
Published: February 2013

The Government of Ontario has legal responsibilities to protect and recover the province’s population of forest-dwelling woodland caribou, which is classified as a threatened species. Loss and fragmentation of habitat caused by commercial timber harvesting, land clearing, and linear disturbances such as road building have resulted in range recession. Ontario’s Woodland Caribou Conservation Plan (2009) serves as the provincial government’s response to a recovery strategy. This paper contends that the likelihood of success for this conservation plan is low as it focuses on mitigating rather than eliminating threats, relies on the unproven and circumspect hypothesis that woodland caribou will re-occupy logged habitat, and lacks clarity and details on implementation. Sound government action focused on protection and recovery is needed to prevent the imperilment and extirpation of this species at risk.
Morphological change in Newfoundland caribou: Effects of abundance and climate
Authors: Mahoney Shane P. , Weir Jackie N. , Luther J. Glenn , Schaefer James A. , Morrison Shawn F.
Published: February 2013

The demographic and environmental influences on large mammal morphology are central questions in ecology. We investigated the effects of population abundance and climate on body size and number of male antler points for the La Poile and Middle Ridge caribou (Rangifer tarandus, L. 1758) herds, Newfoundland, Canada. Across 40 years and 20-fold changes in abundance, adult males and females exhibited diminished stature as indicated by jawbone size (diastema and total mandible length) and the number of antler points at the time of harvest. Associations between jawbone size and population abundance at birth were consistently negative for both herds, both sexes, and all age classes. Large-scale climate patterns, as measured by the North Atlantic Oscillation in the winter prior to birth, were also negatively associated with jawbone size. Declines in male antler size, as measured by the number of antler points, were not well predicted by either abundance or climate, suggesting other factors (e.g., current, rather than latent, foraging conditions) may be involved. We conclude that these morphological changes indicate competition for food resources.
Water-holding capacity, colour stability and sensory characteristics in meat (M. longissimus dorsi) from reindeer fed two different commercial feeds
Authors: Wiklund Eva , Johansson Lisbeth
Published: February 2013

Twenty reindeer calves (age 10 months) were included in the study. They were all fed one of two different pelleted feed mixtures ad libitum for two months before slaughter. Ten calves were fed a control diet of conventional pellets (CPD) (Renfor Bas, Lantmännen, Holmsund, Sweden) and ten calves received pellets enriched with linseed cake (LPD). The reindeer were slaughtered according to standard procedure at Arvidsjaur Renslakt AB, a reindeer slaughter plant in Arvidsjaur, Sweden. At 1 day post mortem, both longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles from each carcass were excised. The left LD was used for sensory evaluation and the right LD for colour and water-holding capacity measurements. The right LD was cut in 4 pieces that were randomly allocated to storage times of 1 day, 1, 2, or 3 weeks at + 4 °C. Samples allocated for storage were vacuum packaged. Evaluation of meat colour was carried out after each of the four storage times while drip loss/purge was registered after 1, 2, and 3 weeks storage at + 4 °C. The left LD muscles were vacuum packaged, frozen at -20 °C and kept frozen until preparation for sensory evaluation. No significant differences were found in carcass quality (carcass weight, EUROP carcass conformation and fat scores), meat colour stability and water-holding capacity of LD samples when comparing the two treatment groups LPD and CPD. However, sensory panellists judged samples from LPD fed reindeer to have a tendency (not significant) to be more tender (P= 0.06) and juicy (P=0.07) than the meat samples from CPD fed reindeer. No flavour differences were found when comparing meat samples from the two treatment groups.
Sex-biased dispersal in a northern ungulate population
Authors: Haanes Hallvard , Røed Knut H. , Rosef Olav
Published: February 2013

In most mammals dispersal is male-biased and in many polygynous ungulates female philopatry and matrilineal grouping involve small-scale genetic structure. We have through sex-related differences in microsatellite allele distribution addressed sex-biased dispersal in a spatially expanding northern ungulate population. The Norwegian red deer population (Cervus elaphus atlanticus) has the last hundred years grown substantially and expanded spatially after a major decline from 300 to 100 years ago. Previous Bayesian analyses suggest a present division of genetic variation into five geographically separated subpopulations. Among these subpopulations the overall Fst values were 0.067 (SE=0.014) for males and 0.094 (SE=0.017) for females. Pairwise Fst values were significantly higher for females than males, demonstrating a stronger genetic structure among females, and that dispersal has been lower in females than males. Accordingly, a higher number of male than female first generation dispersers were identified among the five subpopulations using Bayesian assignment with prior population information, but significantly so only with relaxed stringency levels of assignment. The identified male-biased dispersal distances varied from 30 to 300 kilometers suggesting male biased dispersal on a large scale in red deer.
12th North American Caribou Workshop, 2-5 November 2008, Happy Valley – Goose Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.
Authors: Haugerud (editor in chief) Rolf Egil , Otto Robert , Ellsworth (issue editors) Sabrina
Published: February 2013

The 12th NACW was arranged at Happy Valley - Goose Bay 4-6 November 2008 with the theme "Integrating Understanding across Ecotypes". Approximately 140 people attended from Canada, United States, Norway, and Greenland. The 12th NACW included more than 70 oral and poster presentations.
13th North American Caribou Workshop, 25-28 October 2010, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
Authors: Haugerud (editor in chief) Rolf Egil , Manseau (issue editor) Micheline , Simmons Deborah , Brannen Dennis , Crichton Vince , Ryckman Mark , Elliott (issue associate editors) Jessica
Published: February 2013

The 13th North American Caribou Workshop which was held in Winnipeg, Manitoba, was a great success with more than 400 participants: people from Canada, the United States, Norway and Greenland, representatives from co-management and resource management boards across North America, First Nations, Inuit and Inuvialuit, governmental and non-governmental organisations, private companies, researchers, students and youth. The theme of the Workshop was Sustaining Caribou and their Landscapes – Knowledge to Action and the intent of the organizers was twofold: first, to provide participants with the opportunity to share scientific and traditional knowledge on different subspecies and ecotypes of Rangifer across the circumpolar North, the particularities of the different landscapes and land use management issues; second, to explore innovative ways to transfer knowledge to action, ensuring the long-term persistence of Rangifer throughout its range through the development of better governance structures, sound policies and effective communication.
Ekwǫ̀ and Tłı̨ chǫ Nàowo / Caribou and Tłı̨ chǫ language, culture and way of life: An evolving relationship and shared history
Authors: Zoe John B.
Published: February 2013

This paper is adapted from the author’s contribution to the NACW presentation co-authored with Kerri Garner and Jan Adamczewski, “Tłįchǫ People and Ekwǫ̀ (Caribou): An Evolving Relationship And Shared History,” as well as contributions to the NACW Aboriginal Talking Circles. We are now going to go back in time to long before co-management was even contemplated and before the Government of the Northwest Territories existed, back to the pre-colonial relationship between Tłı̨ chǫ and ekwǫ̀ . We will consider how this has changed over time, with our people being influence.
Caribou conservation and recovery in Ontario: development and implementation of the Caribou Conservation Plan
Authors: Armstrong Ted (E.R.) , Gluck Michael , Hooper Glen , Mettam Iain , Racey Gerald D. , Rondeau Marc
Published: February 2013

The range of Ontario’s woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) (forest-dwelling ecotype) has receded northward substantially over many decades, leading to its current Threatened designation. Ontario released its Caribou Conservation Plan (CCP) in the fall of 2009. This policy responded to public input and recommendations from the Ontario Woodland Caribou Recovery Team and the Caribou Science Review Panel, and outlines conservation and recovery actions to conserve and recover caribou. Within an adaptive management framework, the CCP builds upon a recent history of managing at large landscape scales in Ontario to implement a range management approach as the basis for recovery actions. These commitments and actions include enhanced research and monitoring, improved caribou habitat planning at the landscape scale, an integrated range analysis approach using advanced assessment tools to evaluate thresholds of habitat amount, arrangement and disturbance, the assessment of probability of persistence, consideration of cumulative effects, meeting forest management silvicultural performance requirements, consideration of caribou recovery implications when managing other wildlife, an initial focus on the southern edge of caribou distribution where threats are most significant, improved outreach and stewardship, and consideration of Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge in recovery actions. Implementation of the CCP signifies a long-term provincial commitment to caribou recovery, initially focusing on identified priorities within the CCP.
Climate and management interact to explain the decline of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in Jasper National Park
Authors: Bradley Mark , Neufeld Lalenia
Published: February 2013

Woodland caribou in the southern portion of Jasper National Park have declined from an estimated 435 in the mid 1970s to a population estimate of 87 in the fall of 2009. We examined the available historical information to determine why caribou have declined. We compared three main hypotheses for caribou decline in JNP: human disturbance, climate change, and wildlife management. We used historical human use statistics, climate data, and animal abundance information to weigh the evidence for these competing hypotheses over two time scales. Caribou decline could not be attributed to changes in climate over the long-term, or an increase in human use (our proxy for disturbance). Caribou decline was attributed to a combination of climate and wildlife management. Recovery of caribou in Jasper National Park will likely be contingent on managing the interaction between the predator/prey dynamic and climate change.
Comparative woodland caribou population surveys in Slate Islands Provincial Park, Ontario
Authors: Carr Natasha L. , Rodgers Arthur R. , Kingston Steven R. , Hettinga Peter N. , Thompson Laura M. , Renton Jennifer L. , Wilson Paul J.
Published: February 2013

We evaluated three methods of estimating population size of woodland caribou (boreal ecotype) on the Slate Islands in northern Ontario. Located on the north shore of Lake Superior, the Slate Islands provide a protected and closed population with very limited predator influence that is ideal for a comparison of survey methods. Our objective was to determine the costs and benefits of three population estimation techniques: (1) forward looking infrared (FLIR) technology to count the number of caribou on regular-spaced transects flown by fixed-wing aircraft; (2) observers to count the number of caribou seen or heard while walking random transects in the spring; and, (3) mark-recapture sampling of caribou pellets using DNA analysis. FLIR and the genetics 3-window approach gave much tighter confidence intervals but similar population estimates were found from all three techniques based on their overlapping confidence intervals. There are various costs and benefits to each technique that are discussed further. Understanding the costs and benefits of different population estimation techniques is necessary to develop cost-effective programs for inventorying and monitoring this threatened species not only on the Slate Islands but for other populations as well.
The effect of fire on spatial separation between wolves and caribou
Authors: Robinson Hugh S. , Hebblewhite Mark , DeCesare Nicholas J. , Whittington Jessie , Neufeld Layla , Bradley Mark , Musiani Marco
Published: February 2013

Fire management is an important conservation tool in Canada’s national parks. Fires can benefit some species, while others may be negatively impacted. We used GPS and VHF collar data for 47 wolves from 12 separate packs and 153 caribou from 5 separate herds, and resource selection analysis to model the effects of fire on these species’ habitat and potential interactions. Resource selection modeling showed that wolves select for burned areas and areas close to burns, presumably due to the presence of primary prey (i.e., elk and moose), while caribou avoid burns. Fire reduced the amount of high quality caribou habitat (a direct effect), but also increased the probability of wolf-caribou overlap (an indirect effect). We delineated a spatial index of caribou “safe zones” (areas of low overlap with wolves), and found a positive relationship between the proportion of a herd’s home range represented by “safe zone” in winter and population size (P = 0.10, n=4). While currently-planned prescribed fires in Banff and Jasper reduced the amount of quality caribou habitat by up to 4%, they reduced the area of “safe zones” by up to 7%, varying by herd, location, and season. We suggest that conservation managers should account for the indirect, predator-mediated impacts of fire on caribou in addition to direct effects of habitat loss.
Prey specialization and morphological conformation of wolves associated with woodland caribou and moose
Authors: Wiwchar David M.A. , Mallory Frank F.
Published: February 2013

Morphological analysis of wolves associated with woodland caribou in late succession boreal coniferous forests north of the commercial cut line and those associated with moose in early succession boreal deciduous forests south of the commercial cut line were studied in Ontario. Socalled “moose-wolves” could readily be distinguished from “caribouwolves” in both genders using a few morphological measurements. Wolves associated with woodland caribou were significantly smaller in most measurements, and increased in size within seven years post-harvest as moose totally replaced caribou in the ecosystem. Whether this change in wolf morphology is related to micro-evolutionary change, the migration of larger “moose-wolves” into the area, or both, remains unclear.
Effects of insect harassment on weight gain and survival in reindeer calves
Authors: Helle T. , Tarvainen L.
Published: February 2013

Relationships between insect harassment and the weight gain and survival of reindeer calves were studied in two areas in Finland north of the Arctic Circle. The level of insect harassment explained a significant amount of the yearly variation in calf weights determined in autumn or early winter in both areas and directly influenced calf mortality in one of them. The lowest weights and calf percents were experienced in years when a bad winter was followed by a warm summer with severe insect harassment.

Råkån vaikutus poronvasojen painonlisåykseen ja eloonjååmiseen.

Abstract in Finnish / Tiivistelmd: Rakan (vertaimevat ja porossa loisivat hyonteiset) vaikutusta vasojen painoon ja vasaprosenttiin tutkittiin Alakylan paliskunnassa sekå Kaldoaivi - Paistunturin alueella. Kummallakin alueella rakka selitti huomattavan osan vasojen syyspainojen vuosivaihtelusta ja Kaldoaivi - Paistunturissa se vaikutti suoraan myos vasaprosenttiin. Vasojen painot ja vasaprosentit olivat alhaisimmat vuosina, joina vaikeaa talvea seurasi kuuma, hyonteisille suotuisa kesa.

Effekter av insektforstyrrelser på vektøkning og overlevelse av reinkalver.

Abstract in Swedish / Sammendrag: Effekter av insektforstyrrelser på vektøkning og overlevelse av reinkalver er studert i to områder av Finland nord for Polarsirkelen. Graden av insektforstyrrelser forklarte en signifikant andel av variasjonene fra år til år i kalvevekter bestemt høst eller tidlig vinter for begge områder. Den virket også direkte inn på kalvedødeligheten i et av områdene. De laveste vekter og kalveprosenter fant man i år der en dårlig vinter ble etterfulgt av en varm sommer med alvorlige insektforstyrrelser.
Deltakerliste - List of participants
Authors: Skjenneberg (ed.) Sven
Published: February 2013

Fra de nordiske landene deltok det 30 personer tilknyttet forskning, forvaltning, administrasjon og reindriften.
Photos of the conference
Authors: Åhman Birgitta
Published: February 2013

Birgitta  Åhman is the photographer of the series of pictures from the conference, also for the cover photo of the full paper edition showing Kongsvold Mountain Hut and Biological Station.
Renforskningen i Finland
Authors: Nieminen Mauri
Published: February 2013

Temaet ble bredt formidlet først med en gjennomgang av forskning før 1982. I de seneste årene har forskningen hatt karakter av både tillempet (anvendt) og grunnleggende forskning som foregår på hele 20 steder i Finland, både ved universiteter, høgskoler og forskningsstasjoner. Den finske renbeteslagsforeningen skal også fremme forskning. 
Samnordisk reinforskningskonferanse, Kongsvold 1984
Authors: Skjenneberg (ed.) Sven
Published: February 2013

Bilag til Rangifer nr. 2-84
Utveckling av temperaturreguleringskapacitet hos renkalvar
Authors: Soppela P. , Nieminen M. , Saarela S. , Hissa R.
Published: February 2013

Utveckling av temperaturregleringskapacitet hos nyfodda renkalvar undersöktes vid Paliskuntain Yhdistys (Foreningen for Renbeteslagen) försoksstation i Kaamanen under maj-juli 1981-82.
Renens energiomsättning och energivärdering av betesväxter
Authors: Åhman Gustaf
Published: February 2013

Litteraturöversikt över ämnet.
Utveckling och prövning av nödutfodring av renar under vintern 1984
Authors: Nieminen M.
Published: February 2013

Efter en vanjningsperiod av 2-3 dygn åt renarna garna Raisio-fabrikernas universalfoder for renar. Foderkonsumtionen var i medeltal 1,5-2 kg/dygn/ren. Kvaliteten, sammansåttningen och konsumtionen av renskötarnas egna foderarter var rätt varierande. Detta galde i synnerhet hö.
The history of reindeer in Iceland and reindeer study 1979 - 1981
Authors: Thórisson Skarphédinn
Published: February 2013

This report deals with the history of reindeer in Iceland and reindeer study in East Iceland in the years 1979 - 1981. The study included about half of the Icelandic reindeer population, i.e. that part of it affected by the proposed Austurlandsvirkjun hydro-electric power scheme. The study was originally based on «Proposal for study of reindeer and ranges in Iceland» by Eldar Gaare and Eigil Reimers (1978). A summary of the investigation plan is shown in Table 1.

Reinens historie på Island og reinundersøkelser 1979 - 1981.

Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: Denne rapport omhandler historien om reinsdyr på Island samt undersøkelser over reinen på Øst-Island i årene 1979 - 1981. Disse studier omfatter omlag halvdelen av den islandske reinpopulasjon, d.v.s. den del som blir berørt av den foreslåtte hydroelektriske utbygging i Austurlandsvirkjun. Undersøkelsene ble opprinnelig planlagt etter et forslag om undersøkelser av rein og reinbeiter på Island utarbeidet av Eldar Gaare og Eigil Reimers. En oversikt over denne plan er vist i Tabell 1.

Porojen historiaa Islannissa ja porojen tutkimusta vuosina 1979 - 1981.

Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Raportti kåsittelee porojen historiaa Islannissa ja ne porotutkimukset, jotka suoritettiin Itå-Islannissa vuosina 1979-1981. Tutkimukset kåsittåvåt suunnilleen puolet Islannin porokannasta tai siitå sen osan, johon Austurlandsvirkjuniin ehdotettu voimalaitossuunnitelma vaikuttaa. Alunpitåen tutkimukset ovat perustuneet Eldar Gaaren ja Eigil Reimersin tyohon: «Ehdotus porojen ja porolaidunten tutkimuksesta Islannissa». Katsaus projektisuunnitelmista on nåytetty taulukossa 1.
Terje Larsen; Regulatory aspects of adipose tissue metabolism in reindeer - seasonal interactions
Authors: Skjenneberg (ed.) Sven
Published: February 2013

The thesis Regulatory aspects of adipose tissue metabolism in reindeer - seasonal interactions by Terje Larsen is approved for the Phil, dr's degree at the University of Tromsø, Norway. The dissertation took place in Tromsø March 9, 1985.
Trace elements in the alimentary tract of Svalbard reindeer
Authors: Staaland Hans
Published: February 2013

In the alimentary tract of Svalbard reindeer concentrations of Fe and Co were higher in winter than in summer, whereas the concentrations of Mn and Cu were equal in both seasons. Zn concentrations were higher in summer throughout the alimentary tract, but Mo were highest only in the distal part. The general pattern of absorption in the alimentary tract seems to correspond to findings in other ruminants. The very high levels of Fe and Co are emphasized.

Sporelementer i fordøyelseskanalen hos Svalbard-rein.

Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: Konsentrasjonen av Fe og Co i fordøyelsessystemet hos Svalbard-rein var høyere om vinteren enn om sommeren, mens konsentrasjonene av Mn og Cu var like vinter og sommer. Zn konsentrasjonene var høyest om sommeren gjennom hele fordøyelsessystemet, mens Mo konsentrasjonene var høyest i det distale avsnittet. Det generelle absorbsjonsmønster synes å stemme overens med funn fra andre drøvtyggere. De svært høye nivåer av Fe og Co blir fremhevet.

Huippuvuorten peuran ruoansulatuskanavan ilmaisijaelementeistå.

Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Huippuvuorten peuran ruoansulatuskanavassa mitattiin talvella korkeammat Fe- ja Co-pitoisuudet kuin kesalla, kun taas Mn- ja Cu-pitoisuudet olivat samanlaisia kesålla ja talvella. Zn-pitoisuudet olivat korkeimmillaan kesållå koko ruoansulatuskanavassa, kun taas Mo-pitoisuudet olivat korkeimmat kanavan distaaliosassa. Yleinen absorptiomalli nayttaa hyvin sopivan yhteen muilla mårehtijoilla tehtyjen loydosten kanssa. Tutkimuksessa korostetaan raudan ja koboltin erityisen korkeaa tasoa.
A case of brachygnathis inferior and palatoschisis in a reindeer calf
Authors: Elvested K. , Nordkvist M.
Published: February 2013

The mandibles were abnormally short and there was an opening in the hard palate, extending from the mandibular junction (corpus mandibulae) to the anterior rim of the palate bone. No other pathological findings were observed.
3. nordiske reinforskermøte, Rovaniemi 1986
Authors: Skjenneberg (ed.) Sven
Published: February 2013

Bilag (Appendix) til Rangifer nr. 1-86
Situationen i Sverige med redovisning av de åtgärder som vidtagits för att dela kontrollera livsmedeln dels begränsa skadeverkningarna
Authors: Pääjärvi Erland
Published: February 2013

I slutet av april, när det blev klart att nedfallet hade inträffat, fick strålskyddsinstitutet ta de första smällarna. Det gick inte att komma fram över telefonen. Eftersom vi finns i Uppsala och strålskyddet finns i Stockholm, så fick folk från livsmedelsverket åka över till strålskyddsinstitutet for att överhuvud taget få tillfälle att diskutera den uppkomna Situationen. Samarbetet kunde därför etableras väldigt tidigt.
Målinger i Norge fra 1960 og frem til Tsjernobyl
Authors: Berthelsen Torolf
Published: February 2013

I Norge var målekapasiteten svært dårlig i forhold til situasjonen i Sverige. Vi hadde nesten ingen målekapasitet, heller ikke ved Institutt for Strålehygiene. Imidlertid hadde vi opprettholdt en undersøkelse som startet i 1965, da nedfallssituasjonen var noe av den samme som i dag. Vi visste også da at spesielle befolkningsgrupper var mer utsatt for stråling enn andre. Det var spesielt reindriftssamene som var knyttet til næringskjeden lav-reinkjøtt-menneske. Undersøkelser i Sverige, Finland og i Nord-Amerika hadde vist at det var betydelige mengder radioaktivitet i visse befolkningsgrupper. Kautokeino ble valgt som målingssted.
Innhold-Program 15. - 17. oktober
Authors: Skjenneberg (ed.) Sven
Published: February 2013

Contents of the Third Nordic Workshop on Reindeer Research, Rovaniemi, Finland 15th-17th October, 1986.
Radioaktiv kontamination av livsmedel inklusive renkött: Situationen i Finland efter Tjernobyl-olyckan
Authors: Salminen Kalevi
Published: February 2013

Tjernobyl-olyckan väckte enormt stort intresse, som inte upplevts sedan 1960-talets kärnvapenprovperiod. Man kan med skal konstatera, att utom områdena närmast kring den skadade reaktorn, har radioaktiv kontamination av livsmedel varit den främstå orsaken till oro bland myndigheterna, jordbruksproducenterna och allmänheten.
Paneldebatt - Panel discussion
Authors: Rahola and others Tua
Published: February 2013

Participants of the panel: Tua Rahola, Finland, Kalevi Salminen, Finland, Torolf Berthelsen, Norge, Atle Ørbeck-Sørheim, Norge, Bernt Jones, Sverige, Eland Pääjärvi, Sverige, Jan-Olof Snihs, Sverige. Leader of the discussion: Bengt Westerling
Foring som hjelpemiddel for reduksjon av cesium-innholdet i kjøtt. Resultater fra forsøk med sau, geit og rein
Authors: Hove Knut
Published: February 2013

I løpet av vinteren er det viktig å arbeide videre med praktisk bruk av Cs-bindere. Det er behov for kunnskap om de doser av komplekse ferrocyanider eller bentonitt som trenges for å forhindre absorbsjon av de aktuelle mengder radio-Cs som kommer i foret. Videre må vi formulere en eller annen form for «sustained release» av denne Cs-binderen, slik at vi kan legge den ned i vomma til reinen og få avgitt aktiv substans over tid. Hvis det lykkes teknisk å formulere en slik behandling har vi en nøkkel til å få til en nedfonngsperiode også på forurenset beite. Vi må også finne ut om ulike kalium-inntak virker på de biologiske halveringstider under våre forhold.
Preliminær rapport fra forsøk med dekontaminering av radiocesium hos sauelam - Sammendrag
Authors: Fæstø Øystein
Published: February 2013

I motsetning til de andre radionukleidene i nedfallet etter hendelsen i Tsjernobyl kan cesium-134 og cesium-137 akkumuleres i muskelvev, lever og nyrer og dermed føre til betydelige næringsmiddeltoksikologiske problemer. Oral dosering av uløselig prøysserblått, fernferrocyanid, er av betydelig interesse som middel til dekontaminering av drøvtyggere for l34Cs og 137Cs ved at opptak av radiocesium fra for og beite kan reduseres eller forhindres, og ved at den biologiske halveringstiden for radiocesium hos dyrene kan forkortes. Bindingsmekamsmen hos uløselig prøysserblått for cesium i fordøyelseskanalen synes å være så selektiv at kalsiummetabolismen ikke blir påvirket i vesentlig grad. Det er imidlertid viktig å være klar over at flere typer prøysserblått, løselige og uløselige, og også flere prøysserblåttanaloger blant ferrocyanidene, har evne til å binde cesium. Men bare bruk av det uløselige prøysserblått eller ferriferrocyanid kan, ut fra den kunnskap som foreligger, vurderes å medføre minimal næringsmiddeltoksikologisk risiko.
Arealplanlegging i reindriften ved hjelp av satellittdata og geografiske informasjonssystemer
Authors: Tømmervik Hans
Published: February 2013

Dette er et prosjekt som Norske Reindriftsamers landsforbund har satt i gang. Prosjektets hovedformål er gjennom anvendt- og grunnforskningsinnsats å prøve og utarbeide metoder for anvendelse av satellittdata (fjernmåling) i ressursforvaltningen og arealplanleggingen i reindriften. Dette gjelder arealressurs/vegetasjonskartlegging, estimering og overvåking av vinterbeiteområder for rein og bruk av Geografisk Informasjonssystem for produksjon og oppdatering av temakart som kan brukes overfor forvaltningen.