bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Poly(ethylene‐co‐1,4‐cyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate) copolyesters obtained by ring opening polymerization
Authors: González‐Vidal Nathalie , Martínez De Ilarduya Antxon , Muñoz‐Guerra Sebastián
Published: October 2009

Cyclic oligomer fractions of ethylene terephthalate c(ET)n and 1,4‐cyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate c(CT)n were obtained by cyclodepolymerization of their respective polyesters, the former containing around 80 mol % of trimer and the latter with around 70 mol % of trimer to pentamer. Mixtures of these fractions at selected compositions were subjected to ring opening copolymerization to give a series of poly(ethylene‐co‐cyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate) copolyesters with ET/CT comonomer ratios ranging from 90/10 to 10/90. The copolyesters were characterized by GPC and NMR, and their thermal properties were evaluated by DSC and TGA. They had essentially the same composition as the feed from which they were produced and had an average‐weight molecular weights between 30,000 and 40,000 g/mol with polydispersities between 2 and 2.7. The distribution of the monomeric units in these copolyesters was essentially at random although it evolved to be a blocky microstructure as the contents in the two comonomers became more dissimilar. Their thermal behavior was the expected one for these types of copolyesters with crystallinity and heating stability decreasing with the content in CT units. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5954–5966, 2009
Supramolecular assembly of H‐bonded side‐chain polymers containing conjugated pyridyl H‐acceptor pendants and various low‐band‐gap H‐donor dyes bearing cyanoacrylic acid groups for organic solar cell applications
Authors: Liang Tzung‐Chi , Chiang I‐Hung , Yang Po‐Jen , Kekuda Dhananjay , CHU Chih‐Wei , Lin Hong‐Cheu
Published: October 2009

Novel supramolecular side‐chain polymers were constructed by complexation of proton acceptor (H‐acceptor) polymers, i.e., side‐chain conjugated polymers P1–P2 containing pyridyl pendants, with low‐band‐gap proton donor (H‐donor) dyes S1–S4 (bearing terminal cyanoacrylic acids) in a proper molar ratio. Besides unique mesomorphic properties confirmed by DSC and XRD results, the H‐bonds of supramolecular side‐chain structures formed by pyridyl H‐acceptors and cyanoacrylic acid H‐donors were also confirmed by FTIR measurements. H‐donor dyes S1–S4 in solid films exhibited broad absorption peaks located in the range of 471–490 nm with optical band‐gaps of 1.99–2.14 eV. Furthermore, H‐bonded polymer complexes P1/S1–P1/S4 and P2/S1–P2/S4 exhibited broad absorption peaks in the range of 440–462 nm with optical band‐gaps of 2.11–2.25 eV. Under 100 mW/cm2 of AM 1.5 white‐light illumination, the bulk heterojunction polymer solar cell (PSC) devices containing an active layer of H‐bonded polymer complexes P1/S1–P1/S4 and P2/S1–P2/S4 (as electron donors) mixed with [6,6]‐phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (i.e., PCBM, as an electron acceptor) in the weight ratio of 1:1 were investigated. The PSC device containing H‐bonded polymer complex P1/S3 mixed with PCBM (1:1 w/w) gave the best preliminary result with an overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 0.50%, a short‐circuit current of 3.17 mA/cm2, an open‐circuit voltage of 0.47 V, and a fill factor of 34%. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5998–6013, 2009
Synthesis, characterization, and properties of polyurethanes containing 1,4:3,6‐dianhydro‐D‐sorbitol
Authors: Lee Chi‐Han , Takagi Hideki , Okamoto Hirotaka , Kato Makoto , Usuki Arimitsu
Published: October 2009

Two‐ and three‐component polyurethanes containing 1,4:3,6‐dianhydro‐D‐sorbitol (isosorbide) derived from glucose were synthesized using n‐BuSn(O)OH·H2O as a catalyst, and the thermal properties (Tg, Td) of the polymers were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. We carried out molds for polyurethanes, the molds of polyurethanes were obtained. The dynamic mechanical analyzes showed that the storage modulus values of the three‐component polymers were constant to a higher temperature than those of the two‐component polymers. The storage moduli (E′), loss moduli (E″), and values of tan δ for the polymers were obtained. The rigidity of three‐component polymers was increased by the introduction of bisphenol A and diphenylmethane group to two‐component polymer. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 6025–6031, 2009
Effect of PPO‐g‐MA on structures and properties of PPO/PA6/short glass fiber composites
Authors: Li Bo , Zhang Yong , Bai Xin , Wang Shuai , Ji Jiliang
Published: October 2009

Poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide)/polyamide 6 (PPO/PA6) blends were reactively compatibilized by maleic anhydride (MA) grafted PPO (PPO‐g‐MA) and reinforced by short glass fibers (SGF) via melt extrusion. An observation of the SGF‐polymer interface by scanning electronic microscope (SEM) together with etching techniques indicated that the PPO‐g‐MA played a decisive role in the adhesion of polymers to SGF. The rheological behavior was investigated by capillary rheometer, and the addition of PPO‐g‐MA, and SGF could increase the viscosity of the PPO/PA6 blends. The analysis of fiber orientation and distribution in the PPO/PA6/SGF composites showed PPO‐g‐MA favored to the random dispersion of SGF. The statistic analysis of SGF length showed that PPO‐g‐MA was helpful to maintain the fiber length during melt‐processing. For the composites at a given SGF content of 30 wt %, the addition of PPO‐g‐MA increased the tensile strength from 59.4 MPa to 97.1 MPa and increased SGF efficiency factor from 0.028 to 0.132. The experimental data were consistent with the theoretical predictions of the extension of Kelly‐Tyson model for tensile strength. The fracture toughness of the composites was investigated by single edge notch three‐point bending test. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 2188–2197, 2009
Isothermal crystallization behavior of exfoliated‐PP/IMMT nanocomposites via in situ polymerization
Authors: Liu Xin , He Aihua , Du Kai , Han Charles C.
Published: October 2009

Highly exfoliated isotactic‐polypropylene/alkyl‐imidazolium modified montmorillonite (PP/IMMT) nanocomposites have been prepared via in situ intercalative polymerization. TEM and XRD results indicated that the obtained composites were highly exfoliated PP/IMMT nanocomposites and the average thickness of IMMT in PP matrix was less than 10 nm, and the distance between adjacent IMMT particles was in the range of 20–200 nm. The isothermal crystallization kinetics of highly exfoliated PP/IMMT nanocomposites were investigated by using differential scanning calorimeter(DSC) and polarized optical microscope (POM). The crystallization half‐time t1/2, crystallization peak time tmax, and the Avrami crystallization rate constant Kn showed that the nanosilicate layers accelerate the overall crystallization rate greatly due to the nucleation effect, and the crystallization rate was increased with the increase in MMT content. Meanwhile, the crystallinity of PP in nanocomposites decreased with the increase in clay content which indicated the PP chains were confined by the nanosilicate layers during the crystallization process. Although the well‐dispersed silicate layers did not have much influence on spherulites growth rate, the nucleation rate and the nuclei density increased significantly. Accordingly, the spherulite size decreased with the increase in MMT content. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 2215–2225, 2009
The biomarker enriched proteome of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease cyst fluid
Authors: Mason Stephen B. , Lai Xianyin , Bacallao Robert L. , Blazer‐Yost Bonnie L. , Gattone Vincent H. , Wang Kevin C. , Witzmann Frank A.
Published: October 2009

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) is characterized by the development of numerous fluid‐filled cysts in the kidneys of patients. We recently published our description of the proteome of renal cyst fluid in ADPKD. As a follow‐up experiment, we hypothesized that the protein‐bound subfraction consists of molecules of mechanistic or diagnostic interest in ADPKD. Using a manual biomarker enrichment kit, we have identified 44 distinct proteins in human cyst fluid.
An optimum method designed for 2‐D DIGE analysis of human arterial intima and media layers isolated by laser microdissection
Authors: de la Cuesta Fernando , Alvarez‐Llamas Gloria , Maroto Aroa S. , Donado Alicia , Juarez‐Tosina Rocio , Rodriguez‐Padial Luis , Pinto Angel G. , Barderas Maria G. , Vivanco Fernando
Published: October 2009

The formation and progression of atherosclerotic lesions involve complex mechanisms which are still not fully understood. A variety of cell types from the distinct arterial layers are implicated in the whole process from lipid accumulation within the vascular wall to plaque development and final rupture. In the present work, we employ the combination of laser microdissection and pressure catapulting and 2‐D DIGE saturation labeling to investigate the human intima and media sub‐proteomes isolated from atherosclerotic (coronary and aorta) or non‐atherosclerotic vessels (preatherosclerotic coronary arteries). Laser microdissection and pressure catapulting allows the specific isolation of regions of interest. In turn, DIGE saturation labeling overcomes the limitation of extensive microdissection times to recover the protein amount required to perform comparative 2‐DE, particularly when dealing with tissue regions rich in myofilament proteins, which result in low protein recovery. The compatibility and optimum performance of both techniques were investigated in detail, paying special attention to tissue staining and protein solubilization. Since scarce amount of protein obtained from microdissected tissue made it impossible to directly perform protein identification from 2‐DE spots by MS, we performed in‐solution digestion followed by LC‐MS/MS analysis of total protein extracts from intima and media in order to get an overall picture of protein composition. Proteins so identified confirm the nature of the isolated regions. Finally, similar spot resolution on 2‐D DIGE gels was obtained for the different human artery types (coronary, aorta) and studied layers (intima, media), setting the basis for future clinical comparative studies.
Nanoenergetic Gas‐Generators: Design and Performance
Authors: Martirosyan Karen S. , Wang Leizheng , Vicent Arol , Luss Dan
Published: October 2009

Nanoenergetic gas‐generator (NGG) mixtures may have various potential military applications from aircraft fuels to rocket propellants, explosives, and primers. To find reactions generating the highest pressure peak, we studied eight nanoenergetic reactions. The Al/Bi2O3 reaction generated the highest pressure pulse among the eight thermite reactions. We developed a highly efficient, one step process for synthesis of Bi2O3 nanostructured particles. Its use generated about a three times higher peak pressure (∼10 MPa) than when using commercial bismuth oxide nanoparticles (3 MPa). The pressure in the vessel rose very rapidly to a peak value for a duration of ∼0.02 ms and ΔP/Δt of up to 500 GPa s−1. Increasing the crystallinity of the bismuth oxide nanoparticles increased the peak gas pressure by 25%. The maximum pressure×volume (PV) value obtained at m=0.1 g with our synthesized Bi2O3 was 707 Pa m3 much higher than that reported in the literature (33 Pa m3) for the same sample mass. Addition of carbon to the reactant mixtures did not increase the peak pressure. Addition of up to 3 wt.‐% of boron to the thermite systems increased the peak pressure by ∼50%.
Study on cellular adhesion of human osteoblasts on nano‐structured diamond films
Authors: Kalbacova Marie , Broz Antonin , Babchenko Oleg , Kromka Alexander
Published: October 2009

The need of new biocompatible materials with superior properties and flexibility in their surface termination and functionalization for medical applications is constantly increasing. Due to the combination of intrinsic properties, chemically deposited diamond thin films are proposed as one of the most promising material in this field. They are chemically/mechanically/physically stable and their surface can be modified by a variety of chemical or plasmatic techniques. In the present work, different diamond nano‐structures, i.e. nano‐rods, ultra nano‐cones and nano‐cones, were prepared by plasma etching process by applying various masking materials (Ni, Au and diamond powder). The impact of these diamond nano‐structures on the growth of human osteoblasts was investigated by fluorescence microscopy. We observed that adhesion of osteoblasts varied, depending upon the diamond nano‐structure as visualized, 1 or 48 h after seeding. Many but very fine focal adhesions are formed on nano‐rods; however, few but large ones are formed on ultra nano‐cones and nano‐cones. The cell adhesion was controlled by the nano‐structuring, thereupon their usage in bio‐medical applications is considered.
Ammonia assisted growth of multiwalled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Nitze Florian , Andersson Britt M. , Wågberg Thomas
Published: October 2009

Bamboo structured nitrogen‐containing carbon nanotubes are grown on e‐beam deposited thin metal films (cobalt/iron) by chemical vapor deposition. The approach uses ammonia as supporting gas to form nano catalyst particles in the pretreatment phase. Ammonia is also used as nitrogen source. The effect of ammonia on the grown structures at different temperatures (720 and 810 °C) is investigated by SEM, TEM and Raman spectroscopy. We show that ammonia promotes growth of vertically aligned CNT carpets on thicker metal films (5 nm) than usually used. At the same time ammonia is inducing a high amount of defects but this effect changes significantly with temperature. At 720 °C defects are clearly ammonia induced while at 810 °C the defects seem to be induced by a different mechanism. Furthermore, the presence of ammonia in both pretreatment phase and growth phase reduces the outer diameter of the grown nanotubes.
Single‐walled carbon nanotubes modified by PFO: An optical absorption and Raman spectroscopic investigation
Authors: Lukaszczuk P. , Borowiak‐Palen E. , Rümmeli M. H. , Kalenczuk R. J.
Published: October 2009

In this contribution, we present preliminary results from an optical absorption and resonance Raman spectroscopic investigation on single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) functionalized by poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorenyl‐2,7‐diyl)‐co‐bithiophene (PFO‐BTP). A route for a stable suspension of SWCNT in a solution of fluorine‐base copolymer is shown. Additionally, the detailed analysis of the supernatant and sediment after centrifugation of the functionalized sample is given. The resonance Raman and optical absorption spectroscopic data suggest that selective wrapping of the carbon nanotubes by PFO occurs. Additionally, one can see that the abundance of SWCNT in the supernatant in a bulk sample increased by a factor of 2.
Theoretical resonant Raman spectra of nanotube (7,0) with point defects
Authors: Popov Valentin N. , Lambin Philippe
Published: October 2009

The Raman spectra of the nanotube (7,0) with point defects (monovacancy, divacancy, and Stone–Wales defect) were simulated in order to derive spectroscopic signatures of defective nanotubes. First, we calculated the electronic band structure and the phonon dispersion of the defective nanotubes using supercells within a non‐orthogonal tight‐binding model. We found that new optical transitions and Raman‐active phonons appeared in comparison with the perfect nanotube. Secondly, we calculated the resonance Raman excitation profile for all Raman‐active phonons of the defective nanotubes and simulated their Raman spectra at specific laser excitation energies. The predicted high‐intensity Raman lines can be used as spectroscopic signatures of the defective nanotubes.
Analysis of second‐order moments in surface layer turbulence in an Alpine valley
Authors: de Franceschi M. , Zardi D. , Tagliazucca M. , Tampieri F.
Published: October 2009

The paper presents the analysis of field measurements in the atmospheric surface layer over the floor of the Adige Valley, near the city of Bolzano in the Alps. Turbulence quantities, such as drag coefficient, displacement height and roughness length, appear similar to those reported in the literature concerning surface‐layer turbulence over flat uniform terrain. The analysis of the non‐dimensional standard deviations (σu, σv, σw) legitimates the adoption, for all the wind components, of the same Monin—Obukhov similarity relationship in the form $\sigma_{i}/u_{\ast}=\alpha_{i}\left(1+\beta_{i}\left|\zeta\right|\right)^{1/3}$, originally proposed only for flat uniform terrain under steady state conditions, and the extension of this expression to the case of winds over a valley floor in slowly varying situations. The coefficients αi are very similar for along‐valley and cross‐valley winds, as are the βi ones. Moreover the αu values are only slightly larger than the αv, contrary to what is reported in the literature. Conversely, σθ/θ* shows distinctly different behaviour in the stable and unstable regimes. In particular, in the latter case a large scatter in the data is observed. However, since the most scattered data turn out to occur in transition periods (i.e. sunrise and sunset), after a specific data selection the best‐fit parameters are more accurately estimated. In addition, emphasis is laid on the relevance of an appropriate formulation and use of a suitable recursive filter to separate the low‐frequency unsteadiness of the mean flow from the turbulence signal. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
4D‐Var assimilation of MERIS total column water‐vapour retrievals over land
Authors: Bauer Peter
Published: October 2009

Experiments with the active assimilation of total column water‐vapour retrievals from Envisat MERIS observations have been performed at the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), focusing on the summer 2006 African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) field campaign period. A mechanism for data quality control, observation error definition and variational bias correction has been developed so that the data can be safely treated within 4D‐Var, like other observations that are currently assimilated in the operational system. While data density is limited due to the restriction to daylight and cloud‐free conditions, a systematic impact on mean moisture analysis was found, with distinct regional and seasonal features. The impact can last 1‐‐2 days into the forecast but has little effect on forecast accuracy in terms of both moisture and dynamics. This is mainly explained by the weak dynamic activity in the areas of largest data impact. Analysis and short‐range forecast evaluation with radiosonde observations revealed a strong dependence on radiosonde type. Compared with Vaisala RS92 observations, the addition of MERIS total column water‐vapour observations produced neutral to positive impact, while contradictory results were obtained when all radiosonde types were used in generating the statistics. This highlights the issue of radiosonde moisture biases and the importance of sonde humidity bias correction in numerical weather prediction (NWP). Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Terms representing the reorganization of bonding within charge‐bond order matrices of reacting molecules
Authors: Gineityte Viktorija
Published: October 2009

The usual way of obtaining charge‐bond order (CBO) matrices of molecules by summing up the MO LCAO coefficients over occupied molecular orbitals (MOs) is extended to derive terms representing the reorganization of bonding in reacting systems. The CBO matrix of a certain molecule (reactant) under influence of another one (reagent) is expressed in the form of power series with respect to intermolecular interaction. Terms of this series responsible for the internal reorganization of bonding in the reactant are also shown to be representable by sums of MO LCAO coefficients of the relevant isolated compound. As opposed to the case of a single molecule, the new sums embrace all MOs of the reactant and their pairs. This result is conditioned by the fact that the actual occupation numbers of MOs differ from either two or zero in the bimolecular system because of the intermolecular charge transfer, and bond orders arise between pairs of MOs in addition. Partial increments to the final reorganization of bonding related to individual MOs and to their pairs are then studied separately. These increments may be classified on the basis of criteria applied to MOs they originate from. In particular, symmetric and antisymmetric increments are distinguished with respect to any symmetry operation of the isolated reactant lost under influence of an approaching reagent. Increments of the same symmetry are subsequently collected into separate groups representable by specific graphical schemes. Consequently, the final pattern of charge and bond order redistribution in the reactant under influence of an approaching reagent follows from superposition of a few principal schemes. The results are illustrated by consideration of specific examples, in particular of addition of electrophile to the butadiene molecule. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Orbital invariance issue in multireference methods
Authors: Kong Liguo
Published: October 2009

The orbital invariance problem is analyzed from the tensor theory point of view, with an emphasis on multireference coupled cluster methods. Using the transformation properties of second‐quantized operators, we discuss the orbital invariance properties of various methods by examining the tensor properties of the residual equations. A simple self‐consistency‐checking algorithm is proposed. We first establish the orbital invariance properties for the Hartree–Fock, single reference configuration interaction, single reference coupled cluster, complete‐active‐space self‐consistent‐field, and multireference configuration interaction methods, and then discuss the invariance properties of the complete‐active‐space coupled cluster and CCSDt methods. Finally, we demonstrate theoretically the lack of orbital invariance for Jeziorski–Monkhorst ansatz based methods. It appears necessary to modify the ansatz to achieve orbital invariance, and internal contraction serves as one possible solution. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Formation of alkane‐phosphonic acid self‐assembled monolayers on alumina: an in situ SPR study
Authors: Koutsioubas Alexandros G. , Spiliopoulos Nikolaos , Anastassopoulos Dimitris L. , Vradis Alexandros A. , Priftis George D.
Published: October 2009

The formation process of n‐alkane phosphonic acid CH3 (CH2)n−1 PO(OH)2 (n = 10,12,14,18) self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs), deposited from ethanol solutions on aluminum oxide, has been monitored in situ using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy. In addition, the two‐solvent approach is used to obtain both film thickness and refractive index of the fully formed adsorbed layers. A densely packed adsorbed layer is formed only for the longest molecules with n = 18. The chain length and solution concentration dependence of formation kinetics are studied, and the existence of two distinct kinetic steps is revealed. Fittings of the experimental results with various kinetic models are performed. Our analysis suggests that during the first kinetic step, a transition from a lying‐down to a standing‐up phase takes place, and the growth of this standing‐up phase is governed by second‐order kinetics. The second slow kinetic step is described by a modified first‐order Langmuir law. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of the environment on the dendritic morphology of the rat auditory cortex
Authors: Bose Mitali , Muñoz‐llancao Pablo , Roychowdhury Swagata , Nichols Justin A. , Jakkamsetti Vikram , Porter Benjamin , Byrapureddy Rajasekhar , Salgado Humberto , Kilgard Michael P. , Aboitiz Francisco , Dagnino‐Subiabre Alexies , Atzori Marco
Published: October 2009

The present study aimed to identify morphological correlates of environment‐induced changes at excitatory synapses of the primary auditory cortex (A1). We used the Golgi‐Cox stain technique to compare pyramidal cells dendritic properties of Sprague‐Dawley rats exposed to different environmental manipulations. Sholl analysis, dendritic length measures, and spine density counts were used to monitor the effects of sensory deafness and an auditory version of environmental enrichment (EE). We found that deafness decreased apical dendritic length leaving basal dendritic length unchanged, whereas EE selectively increased basal dendritic length without changing apical dendritic length. On the contrary, deafness decreased while EE increased spine density in both basal and apical dendrites of A1 Layer 2/3 (LII/III) neurons. To determine whether stress contributed to the observed morphological changes in A1, we studied neural morphology in a restraint‐induced model that lacked behaviorally relevant acoustic cues. We found that stress selectively decreased apical dendritic length in the auditory but not in the visual primary cortex. Similar to the acoustic manipulation, stress‐induced changes in dendritic length possessed a layer‐specific pattern displaying LII/III neurons from stressed animals with normal apical dendrites but shorter basal dendrites, while infragranular neurons (Layers V and VI) displayed shorter apical dendrites but normal basal dendrites. The same treatment did not induce similar changes in the visual cortex, demonstrating that the auditory cortex is an exquisitely sensitive target of neocortical plasticity, and that prolonged exposure to different acoustic as well as emotional environmental manipulation may produce specific changes in dendritic shape and spine density. Synapse 64:97–110, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) after pancreaticoduodenectomy: proposal of a postoperative NAFLD scoring system
Authors: Kato Hiroyuki , Isaji Shuji , Azumi Yoshinori , Kishiwada Masashi , Hamada Takashi , Mizuno Shugo , Usui Masanobu , Sakurai Hiroyuki , Tabata Masami
Published: October 2009

Background

The main etiology of NAFLD and NASH after pancreatic resection is still unclear, and the therapeutic strategy has yet to be established. The focus of this review is how predict and prevent NAFLD/NASH after pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Methods

From April 2005 to October 2008, 54 patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy in our institution were enrolled in this study. From the pre‐, intra‐ and postoperative risk factors, we identified the most influential risk factors of postoperative NAFLD by uni‐ and multivariate analyses. Moreover, a postoperative NAFLD scoring system was proposed based on these risk factors.

Results

The incidence of postoperative NAFLD was 37.0% (20/54). Of these, 10% (2/20) of patients were diagnosed as having NASH by percutaneous liver biopsy. By multivariate analysis, pancreatic adenocarcinoma (p < 0.05), pancreatic resection line (p < 0.01) and postoperative diarrhea (p < 0.01) were identified as the most influential factors concerning postoperative NAFLD. Based on these results, we proposed a postoperative NAFLD scoring system (0–10) and evaluated the correlation between the score and decreasing rates of CT values, revealing a significant correlation (r = 0.829p < 0.001). The prevalence of postoperative NAFLD in the patients with our scores of 0–3, 4–6 and 7–10 points was 0 (0/22), 35 (6/17) and 93% (14/15), respectively.

Conclusions

In conclusion, NAFLD develops frequently in patients who undergo PD, and some patients even progress to NASH. A postoperative NAFLD scoring system makes it possible to predict the occurrence of NAFLD after PD, and aggressive nutrition support is needed for patients with high scores.
Size matters: mole (Talpa europaea) hills and nest‐site selection of the antFormica exsecta
Authors: Katzerke Andreas , Bliss Peter , Moritz Robin F. A.
Published: October 2009

Moles are fossorial mammals that can act both as zoogeomorphic agents and species diversity drivers. These popular animals regularly push heaps of earth from their subterranean tunnel systems to the surface. Thereby they rearrange and improve the local microtopography for ant nesting. Here we use a strongly molehill (Talpa europaea) mediated nest system of the unicolonial wood antFormica(Coptoformica)exsectato test for ecological factors influencing nest‐site selection at the microhabitat scale. Our results show that the size of molehills plays an important role in the multifactorial process of the ant's nest‐site choice with solar insolation as a paramount factor. The ants clearly favored larger and better sun‐exposed molehills, suggesting that the coaction of a zoogeomorphic modified microrelief and solar insolation can drive the spatial colonization ofF. exsecta.
Billing for Medical Genetics and Genetic Counseling Services: A National Survey
Authors: Harrison Tabitha A. , Doyle Debra Lochner , McGowan Caroline , Cohen Leslie , Repass Elizabeth , Pfau Ruthann B. , Brown Trish
Published: October 2009

In January 2007 the American Medical Association added a new Current Procedural Terminology® (CPT) code, 96040, for “Medical Genetics and Genetic Counseling Services.” In order to identify the impact of having this new code and to identify issues with implementation of the code, the National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC) CPT® Working Group surveyed NSGC members using an internet‐based survey tool. The majority of respondents (94%) reported being aware of the new code and over half of the respondents (69%) said they were billing for genetic counseling. Approximately 24% of those billing reported using 96040. Many facilities are not using this code and the reported success of billing using 96040 is highly varied. Continued education may be beneficial to encourage reimbursement for 96040 and follow up is needed to assess the ongoing implementation and impact of the new CPT® code.
Perceptions of High‐Risk Care and Barriers to Care Among Women at Risk for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer following Genetic Counseling in the Community Setting
Authors: Morgan Debra , Sylvester Heather , Lucas F. Lee , Miesfeldt Susan
Published: October 2009

Data are limited regarding barriers to care among women, with or at risk for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC), following genetic counseling in the community setting. Using a telephone survey, we retrospectively addressed perceptions of post‐genetic counseling medical care and barriers to care among 69 at‐risk women from the non‐academic setting. Of these, all agreed that following cancer screening recommendations was better than not following them; none felt recommendations were too difficult to follow; all believed screening would help keep them healthy; 57% believed screening would prevent cancer. Twenty‐five percent noted discomfort with breast imaging; 29% found ovarian cancer screening uncomfortable. Close to a quarter of participants reported difficulty deciding whether or not to undergo risk‐reducing mastectomy while 10% noted difficulty deciding for or against bilateral salpingo‐oophorectomy. There were no perceived major barriers to care, although 38% felt that screening reminders would be helpful, and 10% needed more help in following through with care. Overall, participants believed that they were benefiting from their post‐genetic counseling medical care. This work identified HBOC‐related support needs to include: informational resources that promote improved understanding of cancer risk and high‐risk management; screening reminder systems; and decision support tools.
Critiquing Qualitative Research
Authors: Beck Cheryl Tatano
Published: October 2009

The ability to critique research is a valuable skill that is fundamental to a perioperative nurse's ability to base his or her clinical practice on evidence derived from research. Criteria differ for critiquing a quantitative versus a qualitative study (ie, statistics are evaluated in a quantitative study, but not in a qualitative study).

This article provides on guidelines for assessing qualitative research. Excerpts from a published qualitative research report are summarized and then critiqued. Questions are provided that help evaluate different sections of a research study (eg, sample, data collection methods, data analysis). AORN J 90 (October 2009) 543–554. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
Treatment of Cutaneous Abscesses Without Postoperative Dressing Changes
Authors: Koehler Mary Beth , Nakayama Don K.
Published: October 2009

Treating cutaneous abscesses in children traditionally involves incision and drainage followed by moist dressing changes. This article addresses whether abscesses can safely heal with incision and drainage alone and daily warm water immersion.

Sixteen children with cutaneous abscesses were treated without dressing changes. All were pain free at 24 hours. There was one abscess recurrence. In comparison, among 19 children with cutaneous abscesses who received postoperative dressing changes, seven (37%) had significant pain, six (32%) required IV pain medications, and 11 (58%) were hospitalized.

We determined that cutaneous abscesses may be treated with incision and drainage alone, thus avoiding pain and hospitalization for the patient. AORN J 90 (October 2009) 569–574. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
Abdominal Wall Reconstruction Using Biological Tissue Grafts
Authors: Brown Patricia
Published: October 2009

Synthetic mesh products have been used to repair abdominal wall defects (eg, hernias) for many years. Biological mesh products are now available as an option when synthetic mesh products are not appropriate. To correctly prepare biological tissue grafts for use in the OR, perioperative nurses must understand the types of grafts available. Biological tissue grafts may be harvested from human, porcine, bovine, or equine hosts and from skin, pericardium, or small intestine submucosa. AORN J 90 (October 2009) 513–520. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
An Improved Process for Breast Cancer Margin Identification and Orientation
Authors: Beland Mary
Published: October 2009

Breast conservation surgery has improved treatment for women faced with a diagnosis of breast cancer. A key factor in breast cancer surgery is the assurance of clear surgical margins. Inadequate or unclear margins prompt the need for re‐excision, which can be physically and emotionally stressful for patients.

A variety of techniques have been used to indicate margins intraoperatively, but the use of arbitrary methods can contribute to miscommunication between the OR and the radiology and pathology departments. A standardized process to identify surgical margins using radiopaque charms has improved communication and outcomes for patients undergoing breast cancer surgery at one facility. AORN J 90 (October 2009) 525–529. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence‐Based Handbook for Nurses
Authors: Barton Ann
Published: October 2009

Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence‐Based Handbook for Nurses Ronda G. Hughes Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 2008, 1,400 pages One free copy, hardcover and CD‐ROM
Quality Caring in Nursing
Authors: Bedison Nancy
Published: October 2009

Quality Caring in Nursing Joanne R. Duffy Springer Publishing Company, Inc 2009, 250 pages $50 softcover
Professional Nursing Concepts
Authors: Tuthill Nancy
Published: October 2009

Professional Nursing Concepts Anita Finkelman and Carole Kenner 2010, Jones and Bartlett Publishers 564 pages, $52.95 softcover
A History of American Nursing: Trends and Eras
Authors: Schilling Christian
Published: October 2009

A History of American Nursing: Trends and Eras Deborah Judd, Kathleen Sitzman and G. Megan Davis 2010, Jones and Bartlett Publishers 265 pages, $36.95 softcover
Yoga for Nurses
Authors: Howell Cindy Ann
Published: October 2009

Yoga for Nurses Ingrid Kollak 2008, Springer Publishing Company 166 pages, $25 softcover
Deceptively simple but simply deceptive – Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan studies: Considerations for aging and antioxidant effects
Authors: Gruber Jan , Ng Li Fang , Poovathingal Suresh Kumar , Halliwell Barry
Published: October 2009

The nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is increasingly popular as a model organism for aging studies as well as for testing antioxidants and other compounds for effects on longevity. However, results in the literature are sometimes confusing and contradictory [1–4]. This review introduces C. elegans as a model organism, discusses aspects that make it attractive for aging and antioxidant research, and addresses some problems and potential artifacts.
Structure and development of the free neuromasts and lateral line system of the herring
Authors: Blaxter J. H. S. , Gray J. A. B. , Best A. C. G.
Published: October 2009

Vital staining with Janus Green, phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy were used to map the distribution of free neuromast organs from first hatching, 10 mm long larvae to 100 mm long juveniles of herring (Clupea harengus L.), with some further observations on juvenile sprat (Sprattus sprattus (L.)). Neuromasts are sparsely distributed on the head and trunk at hatching but soon proliferate on the trunk where, by a length of 13–15 mm, they occur one to every segment. Near metamorphosis there are at least three rows of neuromasts on the anterior trunk region, 6–9 single neuromasts on the caudal fin and as many as 50 on the head. The scales develop at about 40–50 mm and the neuromasts are then found singly or in groups of 2 or 3 on the surface of the scales of the anterior trunk.

The lateral line develops at 22–24 mm and appears to incorporate existing free neuromasts on the side of the head. Unlike the cupulae of the free neuromasts, which are cylindrical, the lateral-line cupulae are thin erect plates lying along the axis of the canals. They are probably continually growing and being shed, followed by renewed growth.

All neuromasts contain hair cells of opposing polarities; most free neuromasts are arranged with these polarities arranged fore-and-aft, but a few are dorsoventral.
Adhesion of cypris larvae of the barnacle,Balanus balanoides, to clean and arthropodin treated surfaces
Authors: Yule A. B. , Crisp D. J.
Published: October 2009

Measurements were made of the strength of temporary attachment of the cypris larvae ofBalanus balanoidesusing a sensitive micro-balance. The strength of adhesion on arthropodin treated slate panels exceeded that on clean panels and the measured forces increased as the season progressed. The observed maximum cyprid attachment strength reached 3·8 × 105N m−2, considerably less than the bond strength of a commercial epoxy adhesive (107N m−2) but of the same order as the force required to remove limpets (Patella) from a slate substrate. The results are discussed in the context of substrate recognition by barnacle cyprids and the possible mechanisms of adhesion involved.
Seasonal changes in the epidermis of the winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus
Authors: Burton D. , Fletcher G. L.
Published: October 2009

Profound cyclical changes were observed in the epidermal thickness and in the concentrations of goblet cells and epidermal melanophores in an inshore population of winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus Walbaum. There is sexual dimorphism which is particularly prominent in the thickness of the epidermis during the pre-spawning period in the spring. At this time the male develops a significantly thicker lower epidermis. During and shortly after the spawning period (lower skin), or somewhat earlier (upper skin), there is a significant thinning of the epidermis in both sexes. Significant increases occur in goblet cell frequency, those of females being greater than males, during autumn and early winter and the April/May pre-spawning period. Goblet cell frequencies decrease in mid-winter (January–March) when general activity is low, and in the thin summer epidermis. These observations are compared with data from other teleosts and discussed in relation to hormones possibly affecting the epidermal structure of teleosts and in relation to known hormonal cycles in winter flounder.
Tharyx marioni (Polychaeta): a remarkable accumulator of arsenic
Authors: Gibbs P. E. , Langston W. J. , Burt G. R. , Pascoe P. L.
Published: October 2009

Analyses of the cirratulid polychaete Tharyx marioni have shown that this species contains a high concentration of arsenic, its whole-body concentration usually exceeding 2000 μg/g dry weight, even when living under low ambient arsenic conditions. Similar levels of arsenic are present in both juvenile and adult worms. Other cirratulid species, such as Cirriformia tentaculata and Caulleriella caputesocis, from the same habitat contain low arsenic concentrations (< 100 μg/g dry weight).

Much of the arsenic in T. marioni (ca. 20 %) is contained in the palps which comprise about 4% of the body dry weight; in these organs, concentrations of 6000–13 000 μg/g dry weight have been measured. Some of the arsenic in the palps is bound with copper in granules but the bulk appears to be organically associated; extraction data indicate about 65% of the total arsenic is linked to the lipid pool with a further 25% being proteinbound arsenite (cysteine-extractable). The results of experiments using 74As suggest that most of the arsenic is derived from the sediments rather than the water but the mechanisms and functions of this arsenic accumulation by T. marioni remain to be investigated.
An assessment of the gastropod, Littorina littorea, as an indicator of heavy-metal contamination in United Kingdom estuaries
Authors: Bryan G. W. , Langston W. J. , Hummerstone L. G. , Burt G. R. , Ho Y. B.
Published: October 2009

Preliminary determinations of heavy metals in winkles Littorina littorea along a concentration gradient in the Fal Estuary suggested that whole body concentrations might be related to those of the water. When animals were transplanted to this heavily contaminated estuary, changes in tissue concentrations of As, Co, Cu and Zn were largely complete after 2 months.

Relations between the winkle and water concentrations may be indirect since its algal diet is thought to be the main source for most heavy metals. Data from a large number of United Kingdom estuaries were used to compare concentrations of 12 metals in L. littorea with those of the brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus which forms part of its diet. Very significant relations were found for Ag, As, Cd and Pb, suggesting that since concentrations in the seaweed probably reflect those of the surrounding water, so also do those of the winkle. However, concentrations of Ag in the animal also appeared to be influenced by dietary Cu levels. In addition, significant relations between the two species were found for Cu, Fe, Hg and Zn, but the slopes were shallow, perhaps indicating regulation by the winkle. For Cr and Mn relations were not very significant and, for Co and Ni, concentrations in the winkle appeared to be influenced by those of Cu and Zn.

Compared with concentrations in L. littorea, those of L. littoralis from the same site were generally higher whilst in L. saxatilis they were usually of the same order or lower.

In assessing the winkle as an indicator of metal contamination the present results have been combined with those of other workers to produce comparisons between most estuaries in England and Wales. It is concluded that whilst the winkle is a useful indicator for Cd and a few other metals, it is certainly not a perfect indicator organism.
The respiration ofOnchidoris bilamellataandArchidoris pseudoargus(Doridacea)
Authors: Potts Geoffrey W.
Published: October 2009

From works on the anatomy and ecology of dorid nudibranchs it has been assumed that they were capable of cutaneous respiration through their dorsal mantle. The present work has shown how the oxygen uptake is depressed when the doridsOnchidoris bilamellataandArchidoris pseudoargusare exposed to air and the gills collapsed into the body surface. The effect of ligaturing the gills ofA. pseudoargusinto the branchial pocket has enabled direct measurements to be made of the mantle respiration.

The effect of temperature on respiration was examined.
Isolation and partial characterization of dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula) antibody
Authors: Morrow W. J. W. , Harris J. E. , Davies D. , Pulsford† A.
Published: October 2009

A humoral immune response was elicited in adult dogfish by intramuscular injection of keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH). The antibody raised to this antigen was measured by an agglutination technique. The antibody-containing fraction of the serum was isolated in a two-step procedure utilizing gel nitration on Sepharose 6B and slab gel electrophoresis. A rabbit antiserum was then raised to the purified immunoglobulin. Further gel filtration studies revealed that the anti-KLH agglutinating activity was restricted to a highmolecular-weight serum fraction (approximately 800000) in fish immunized for up to 18 months. No anti-KLH precipitating activity was detected in fish at any stage of immunization; however immunodiffusion studies with the rabbit antiserum raised against dogfish antibody confirmed the existence of an 800000 molecular weight form and also a lighter species weighing 160000 daltons in both normal and immunized fish. The antigenic specificity of this latter molecule was not demonstrated. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of the antibody revealed a neutral/slight anodic mobility, and after reduction and alkylation the presence of two polypeptide chains weighing 18200 and 75 860 daltons was demonstrated by thin-layer gel chromatography. These physicochemical characteristics make dogfish antibody analogous to mammalian immunoglobulin M (IgM).
Polymorphism and pore signature patterns in the copepod genus Oncaea (Cyclopoida)
Authors: Malt S. J.
Published: October 2009

Species of the cyclopoid copepod genus Oncaea are commonly polymorphic. Using material from several localities, forms of O. venusta Philippi, O. mediterranea Claus and O. conifer a Giesbrecht are described, and specimens of two closely related and morphologically similar species, O. ornata Giesbrecht and O. englishi Heron, are compared. The integumental pore signature patterns of all these species are mapped from stained, tissue-free integuments. Each species has its own characteristic pore signature pattern and sexual dimorphism is confined to the urosomal pore pattern. Similarly the prosomal pore patterns of female copepodid 5 do not usually differ from those of adult females, but urosomal patterns are distinct. Juveniles of O. conifera are exceptional in this respect; their prosomal pore pattern lacks the detail of the adult pattern. Differences in the pore signatures of O. ornata and O. englishi confirm their status as separate species. Signatures in the O. conifera ‘group’ may also prove to be distinct. Whereas intraspecific variation in pore signatures may exist at a level below the resolution of this technique, such small morphological differences should be considered to be taxonomically insignificant.

The implications of polymorphism in the process of speciation, and the mechanisms by which the polymorphic forms are maintained are discussed.

Scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy are used to examine the morphology of pores and their associated sensilla. Three types of sensilla are described, peg, short-hair and long-hair sensilla.