bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A 13C labelling study on carbon fluxes in Arctic plankton communities under elevated CO2 levels
Authors: de Kluijver A. , Soetaert K. , Czerny J. , Schulz K. G. , Boxhammer T. , Riebesell U. , Middelburg J. J.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. The effect of CO2 on carbon fluxes (production, consumption, and export) in Arctic plankton communities was investigated during the 2010 EPOCA (European project on Ocean Acidification) mesocosm study off Ny Ålesund, Svalbard. 13C labelled bicarbonate was added to nine mesocosms with a range in pCO2 (185 to 1420 μatm) to follow the transfer of carbon from dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) into phytoplankton, bacterial and zooplankton consumers, and export. A nutrient–phytoplankton–zooplankton–detritus model amended with 13C dynamics was constructed and fitted to the data to quantify uptake rates and carbon fluxes in the plankton community. The plankton community structure was characteristic for a post-bloom situation and retention food web and showed high bacterial production (∼31% of primary production), high abundance of mixotrophic phytoplankton, low mesozooplankton grazing (∼6% of primary production) and low export (∼7% of primary production). Zooplankton grazing and export of detritus were sensitive to CO2: grazing decreased and export increased with increasing pCO2. Nutrient addition halfway through the experiment increased the export, but not the production rates. Although mixotrophs showed initially higher production rates with increasing CO2, the overall production of POC (particulate organic carbon) after nutrient addition decreased with increasing CO2. Interestingly, and contrary to the low nutrient situation, much more material settled down in the sediment traps at low CO2. The observed CO2 related effects potentially alter future organic carbon flows and export, with possible consequences for the efficiency of the biological pump.
Apparent optical properties of the Canadian Beaufort Sea – Part 1: Observational overview and water column relationships
Authors: Antoine D. , Hooker S. B. , Belanger S. , Matsuoka A. , Babin M.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. A data set of radiometric measurements collected in the Beaufort Sea (Canadian Arctic) in August 2009 (MALINA project) is analysed in order to describe apparent optical properties (AOPs) in this sea, which is subject to dramatic environmental changes for several decades. The two properties derived from the measurements are the spectral diffuse attenuation coefficient for downward irradiance, Kd, and the spectral remote sensing reflectance, Rrs. The former controls light propagation in the upper water column. The latter determines how light is backscattered out of the water and becomes eventually observable from a satellite ocean colour sensor. The data set includes offshore clear waters of the Beaufort basin as well as highly turbid waters of the Mackenzie River plumes. In the clear waters, we show Kd values that are much larger in the ultraviolet and blue parts of the spectrum than what could be anticipated considering the chlorophyll concentration. A larger contribution of absorption by coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is responsible for this high Kd values, as compared to other oligotrophic areas. In turbid waters, attenuation reaches extremely high values, driven by high loads of particulate materials and also by a large CDOM content. In these two extreme types of waters, current satellite chlorophyll algorithms fail. This is questioning the role of ocean colour remote sensing in the Arctic when Rrs from only the blue and green bands are used. Therefore, other parts of the spectrum (e.g. the red) should be explored if one aims at quantifying interannual changes in chlorophyll in the Arctic from space. The very peculiar AOPs in the Beaufort Sea also advocate for developing specific light propagation models when attempting to predict light availability for photosynthesis at depth.
River flooding as a driver of polygon dynamics: modern vegetation data and a millennial peat record from the Anabar River lowlands (Arctic Siberia)
Authors: Zibulski R. , Herzschuh U. , Pestryakova L. A. , Wolter J. , Müller S. , Schilling N. , Wetterich S. , Schirrmeister L. , Tian F.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. The spatial and temporal variability of a low-centred polygon on the eastern floodplain area of the lower Anabar River (72.070° N, 113.921° E, northern Yakutia, Siberia) has been investigated using a multi-method approach. The present-day vegetation in each square metre was analysed revealing a community of Larix shrubby Betula and Salix on the polygon rim, a dominance of Carex and Andromeda polifolia in the rim-to-pond transition zone, and a predominantly monospecific Scorpidium scorpioides coverage within the pond. The TOC content, TOC/TN ratio, grain-size, vascular plant macrofossils, moss remains, diatoms, and pollen were analysed for two vertical sections and a sediment core from a transect across the polygon. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the formation of the polygon started at least 1500 yr ago; the general positions of the pond and rim have not changed since that time. Two types of pond vegetation were identified, indicating two contrasting development stages of the polygon. The first was a well-established moss association dominated by submerged or floating Scorpidium scorpioides and/or Drepanocladus spp. and overgrown by epiphytic diatoms such as Tabellaria flocculosa and Eunotia taxa. This stage coincides temporally with a period in which the polygon was only drained by lateral subsurface water flow, as indicated by mixed grain sizes. A different moss association occurred during times of repeated river flooding (indicated by homogeneous medium-grained sand that probably accumulated during the annual spring snow melt), characterized by an abundance of Meesia triquetra and a dominance of benthic diatoms (e.g. Navicula vulpina), indicative of a relatively high pH and a high tolerance of disturbance. A comparison of the local polygon vegetation (inferred from moss and macrofossil spectra) with the regional vegetation (inferred from pollen spectra) indicated that the moss association with Scorpidium scorpioides became established during relatively favourable climatic conditions while the association dominated by Meesia triquetra occurred during periods of harsh climatic conditions. Our study revealed a strong riverine influence (in addition to climatic influences) on polygon development and the type of peat accumulated.
Southern westerlies in LGM and future (RCP4.5) climates
Authors: Chavaillaz Y. , Codron F. , Kageyama M.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Mid-latitude westerlies are a major component of the atmospheric circulation and understanding their behaviour under climate change is important for understanding changes in precipitation, storms and atmosphere–ocean momentum, heat and CO2 exchanges. The Southern Hemisphere westerlies have been particularly studied in terms of the latter aspects, since the Southern Ocean is a key region for the global oceanic circulation as well as for CO2 uptake. In this study, we analyse, mainly in terms of jet stream position, the behaviour of the southern westerlies for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21 000 yr ago, which is the last past cold extreme) and for a future climate, obtained after stabilisation of the RCP4.5 scenario. The a priori guess would be that the behaviour of the westerly jet stream would be similar when examining its changes from LGM to pre-industrial (PI) conditions and from PI to RCP4.5, i.e. in both cases a poleward shift in response to global warming. We show that this is in fact not the case, due to the impact of altitude changes of the Antarctic ice sheet and/or to sea ice cover changes.
Structural Change in Smectic Liquid Crystal Nanofilm under Molecular-Scale Confinement Measured by Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction
Authors: Nakano Shinya , Mizukami Masashi , Ohta Noboru , Yagi Naoto , Hatta Ichiro , Kurihara Kazue
Published: March 2013

The determination of liquid structures under nanometer-scale confinement is important in advanced sciences and technologies. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurement was performed to investigate the structure of a smectic liquid crystal, 4-cyano-4'-octylbiphenyl (8CB), nanofilm (thickness: 1.7 ±0.5 nm) confined between mica surfaces. A diffraction peak at q = 1.99 nm-1, corresponding to the lamellar spacing of 8CB, appeared immediately after 8CB was injected between the surfaces. This diffraction peak gradually decreased with time, indicating the structural change in 8CB from the ordered to the disordered state. The relaxation time was ca. 60 min and the diffraction peak almost disappeared at 100 min after 8CB injection. We could directly monitor the time course of the structural change in the smectic liquid crystal under molecular-scale confinement.
Analysis of P-Doped Polycrystalline Silicon Missing of W-Polycide Gate for 2X nm NAND Flash
Authors: Chen Chun-Chi , Yang Wen-Chung , Yin Te-Yuan , Chien Hung-Ju , Ying Tzung-Hua
Published: March 2013

We studied the control-gate (CG-Poly) missing behavior after post in-situ steam generation (ISSG) re-oxidation for W-polycide gate of 2X nm NAND Flash and attempted to determine the possible mechanism. On the other hand, various effective countermeasures were also been proposed. We found that Si atoms diffuse upward on WSi2.3 films, driven out of the underlying doped polycrystalline silicon film during steam radical oxidation process based on energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. A 2.5 nm remaining of SiN at least on sidewall before oxidation results in CG-Poly missing free and WSi
x
deformation improvement simultaneously. A selective oxidation such as water vapor generator (WVG) and rapid thermal oxidation (RTO) can achieve the same efficient performance. Additionally, less intrinsic tensile stress of WSi
x
film employment also shows immunity against CG-Poly missing. Satisfactory sidewall barrier utilization for ISSG oxidation, diverse thermal oxidation selection, and even by WSi
x
film property modifying might avoid poly-Si missing occurrence and reduce the WSi
x
film deformation extent for the narrower dimension of 2X nm and beyond.
Analysis of Truncation Error for Dual-Mixer Time-Difference Measurement System Using Discrete Fourier Transformation
Authors: Yanagimachi Shinya , Hagimoto Ken , Ikegami Takeshi
Published: March 2013

For the dual-mixer time-difference method using the discrete Fourier transformation, the formulation of the truncation error to determine the time difference between two oscillators is derived. It is found that serious error occurs due to the truncation error with a larger frequency difference between two oscillators. The condition of the discrete Fourier transformation to determine the frequency difference between two oscillators with sufficiently high accuracy for atomic clocks is obtained.
Photon Counting Histogram Using Numerical Data of Point Spread Function
Authors: Terada Naofumi , Zako Tamotsu , Maeda Mizuo
Published: March 2013

Photon counting histogram (PCH) is a fluorescence fluctuation method that can quantify the brightness and concentration of different fluorescent molecules in solution at a single molecule level using confocal optics. The current method assumes that the point spread function (PSF) of confocal optics is Gaussian function. However, this could be problematic when the actual PSF profile is not Gaussian. Here, we propose an improved PCH analysis method using numerical PSF data. This method does not require any analytical equation for the PSF profile, and can handle any arbitrary shape of PSF. We report a proof-of-concept estimation of this method using a model PSF.
Relative Electron Impact Ionization Probabilities of O, O2, and Ar Components in Laser-Detonation Hyperthermal Beams
Authors: Yokota Kumiko , Yasuda Shigeru , Mizutani Akira , Tagawa Masahito
Published: March 2013

The relative ionization probabilities of laser-detonation hyperthermal O, O2, and Ar components in Ar+O2 mixed molecular beams were evaluated for investigation of the effect of the space environment. In a high-energy beam, the complete decomposition of O2 was observed from the time-of-flight (TOF) spectra, which was due to high-energy collisions between O2 and Ar. Relative ionization probabilities of O and O2 of 0.27 and 0.79, respectively, with respect to Ar were evaluated by assuming the complete decomposition of O2 in the beam. These values can be applied in studies on the effect of the space environment in the sub-low Earth orbit region where simultaneous hyperthermal N2 and O bombardment should be simulated.
Cigarette Smoke Exposure as a Model of Inflammation Associated with COPD
Authors: Eltom Suffwan , Stevenson Christopher , Birrell Mark A.
Published: March 2013

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by progressive airflow limitation resulting from inflammation‐driven pathologies in the lungs that are a consequence of smoking over many years. Given that the disease is increasing globally, understanding the mechanism by which cigarette smoke (CS) causes lung inflammation and exploiting that knowledge to develop effective treatments is urgently required. Animal models of CS exposure are commonly used to examine the inflammatory processes that may be involved in the development of COPD. The protocols described in this unit detail the development of preclinical models of CS‐driven lung inflammation. These systems can be utilized to investigate the role of various biological pathways in CS‐mediated inflammation and to assess the efficacy of new therapeutic strategies for treating COPD. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 60:14.24.1‐14.24.18. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Overview of Determination of Biopharmaceutical Properties for Development Candidate Selection
Authors: Yazdanian Mehran
Published: March 2013

The physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties of putative drug molecules impact their performance in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The design and selection of molecules with drug‐like properties assists in the selection of drug candidates with a higher probability of success in the development process. Described in this overview are commonly used approaches for measuring compound solubility, permeability, and partitioning in drug discovery and development. The utility of these methods in the drug discovery process and product development is discussed. The evaluation of crystallinity and physicochemical stability in relation to biopharmaceutical properties and in assessing the potential for successful development are also discussed. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 60:9.17.1‐9.17.8. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Enantioselective Additions of Aryltitanium Tris(isopropoxide) to Ketones: Structure of [(i‐PrO)2Ti{μ‐(S)‐BINOLate}(μ‐O‐i‐Pr)TiPh(O‐i‐Pr)2], Study of Mechanistic and Stereochemical Insights
Authors: Wu Kuo‐Hui , Kuo Yi‐Yin , Chen Chien‐An , Huang Yi‐Ling , Gau Han‐Mou
Published: February 2013

Aryl addition reactions of ArTi(O‐i‐Pr)3 to aromatic, heteroaromatic, or α,β‐unsaturated ketones are described, producing tertiary alcohols in good to excellent enantioselectivities of up to 97% ee. The structure of the dititanium complex [(i‐PrO)2Ti{μ‐(S)‐BINOLate}(μ‐O‐i‐Pr)TiPh(O‐i‐Pr)2] [(S)‐4] that simultaneously bears a chiral directing ligand and a nucleophile is reported. Complex (S)‐4 possesses a pocket structure and has been illustrated as the key active species for addition reactions of both aldehydes and ketones. Mechanistic and stereochemical insights concerning addition reactions of organometallic reagents to organic carbonyls are rationalized based on the pocket structure and pocket size of (S)‐4.
Convection battery—modeling, insight, and review
Authors: Gordon Michael , Suppes Galen
Published: March 2013

Porous electrode theory was used to model performance of the convection battery using lithium iron‐phosphate chemistry. The model results and underlying equations were able to quantify and extend previous interpretations of laboratory validation studies. These analyses substantiated the following conclusions on the performance of the convection battery: (a) flow in the convection battery can reduce concentration overpotentials by 99.9%, (b) both the ionic and electron conductivities of solid phases can have a major impact on convection battery performance, and (c) the solid‐phase ionic conductivity of a porous separator is an important design parameter and is not considered by porous electrode theory as published to date. In view of the ability of the convection battery to overcome both bulk diffusion and liquid‐phase effective conductivity limitations; the convection battery has an unprecedented potential to redefine the performance of large batteries. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 2833–2842, 2013
Screening ionic liquids as candidates for separation of acid gases: Solubility of hydrogen sulfide, methane, and ethane
Authors: Mortazavi‐Manesh Soheil , Satyro Marco A. , Marriott Robert A.
Published: March 2013

The solubility of the major constituents of natural gas in ionic liquids (ILs) can be used to identify their potential for acid gas removal from a producing gas stream. We have developed models for the solubility of H2S, CH4, and C2H6 in ILs at typical conditions encountered in natural gas treatment. In this work, a conductor‐like screening model for realistic solvation was used to predict the activity coefficients for solutes in ILs and a cubic EOS was used for vapor‐phase corrections from ideality. Empirical correlations were developed to extrapolate solubilities where experimental data are not available at desired conditions; targeted in this study at 298.15 K and 2000 kPa. Over 400 possible ILs were ranked based on the higher selectivity of absorption of CO2 and H2S over CH4 and C2H6. The best 15% (58) of promising ILs for sour gas treatment predominantly contain the anions BF4, NO3, and CH3SO4 and the cations N4111, pmg, and tmg. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 2993–3005, 2013
Body fat distribution of children and adolescents in Abeokuta, Southwest Nigeria
Authors: Senbanjo Idowu O. , Oshikoya Kazeem A. , Olutekunbi Olanike A. , Njokanma Olisamedua F
Published: February 2013

Excessive central fat in children and adolescents is a risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. This study aimed to compare the body fat distribution patterns of children and adolescents in Abeokuta, Nigeria with international reference standards. Five hundred seventy children aged 5 to 19 years were selected from seven schools using multistage random sampling. Weight, height, triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness (TSF, SSF), and circumference at the waist and hips (WC, HC) were measured. Body mass index (BMI), subscapular:triceps skinfold ratio (STR), waist:hip circumference ratio (WHR), and waist: height ratio (WHtR) were derived. Females had higher mean BMI, TSF, SSF, WC, HC, WHR, and WHtR, while males had significantly higher STR. The mean BMI, WC, TSF, and SSF values were lower for our subjects than for African‐American subjects at all ages. On the other hand, in both sexes, STR was higher among Nigerian than African‐American subjects up to 12 years old. Thereafter the values were similar. The mean WC was similar to those reported for African‐American males up to 8 years, and females up to 7 years of age; thereafter, African‐American had higher values. The prevalence of central obesity using WC and WHtR measures was 4.4% and 5.8%, respectively. There is a need to validate each index against serum lipid profiles and other cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors. Am J Phys Anthropol 150:647–654, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of the carbon black structure on the stability and efficiency of the conductive network in polyethylene composites
Authors: Ren Danqi , Zheng Shaodi , Huang Shilin , Liu Zhengying , Yang Mingbo
Published: February 2013

Composites of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) with different kinds of carbon black (CB) were prepared through melt blending. The influence of the CB structure on the stability and efficiency of the conductive network in HDPE/CB composites were mainly investigated. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the morphology of the CB primary aggregates. The relationship between the temperature‐resistivity behaviors of the composites and the crystallization behaviors of the matrix were also investigated. High‐structure CB built an effective conductive network at a low filler content compared to the low‐structure one because of its branched morphology. Therefore, the composite containing high‐structure CB revealed a lower percolation threshold. The composite containing low‐structure CB obtained a stronger positive temperature coefficient (PTC) intensity because the cluster network was fragile and easily damaged during matrix melting. The reproducibility of the results of PTC effect of the composite containing high‐structure CB was better than that of the composite containing a low‐structure one. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Fabrication of pH‐responsive microcapsules by precipitation polymerization on calcium carbonate templates
Authors: Han Rui , Wang Feng , Ren Tianrui
Published: March 2013

A simple and fast method was developed to fabricate pH‐responsive microcapsules. After the copolymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm), methacrylic acid (MAA), and a crosslinker, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, at 65°C in the presence of sacrificial CaCO3 microparticles, hollow microcapsules were acquired by template removal. A higher temperature and the presence of MAA/NIPAAm were found to be critical factors for the successful fabrication of the microcapsules. The entire fabrication step was simple, fast, and easy to scale up. The microcapsules were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The pH responsiveness of the microcapsules was confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and ζ‐potential analysis. Together with the fastness and simplicity of the fabrication process, this kind of pH‐responsive microcapsule holds potential for drug‐ and gene‐delivery systems. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
A systematic review of interactive information retrieval evaluation studies, 1967–2006
Authors: Kelly Diane , Sugimoto Cassidy R.
Published: March 2013

With the increasing number and diversity of search tools available, interest in the evaluation of search systems, particularly from a user perspective, has grown among researchers. More researchers are designing and evaluating interactive information retrieval (IIR) systems and beginning to innovate in evaluation methods. Maturation of a research specialty relies on the ability to replicate research, provide standards for measurement and analysis, and understand past endeavors. This article presents a historical overview of 40 years ofIIRevaluation studies using the method of systematic review. A total of 2,791 journal and conference units were manually examined and 127 articles were selected for analysis in this study, based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. These articles were systematically coded using features such as author, publication date, sources and references, and properties of the research method used in the articles, such as number of subjects, tasks, corpora, and measures. Results include data describing the growth ofIIRstudies over time, the most frequently occurring and cited authors and sources, and the most common types of corpora and measures used. An additional product of this research is a bibliography ofIIRevaluation research that can be used by students, teachers, and those new to the area. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first historical, systematic characterization of theIIRevaluation literature, including the documentation of methods and measures used by researchers in this specialty.
Geotechnische Herausforderungen auf der Ausbaustrecke Nürnberg – Ebensfeld
Authors: Reichl Ignaz , Spang Christian , Schäfer René , Michels Ulrike
Published: March 2013

Mit dem Ziel, die Schnellbahnstrecke München – Berlin (VDE 8) schrittweise auszubauen, um mit einer auf ca. 4 Stunden verkürzten Fahrzeit den Fahrgästen eine umweltfreundliche Alternative zu Auto und Flugzeug zu bieten, plant und koordiniert die DB ProjektBau GmbH seit Beginn der 1990er‐Jahre den Ausbau der Teilstrecke Nürnberg – Ebensfeld. Das als ABS VDE Nr. 8.1.1 geführte Großprojekt umfasst ein Investitionsvolumen von ca. zehn Milliarden Euro. Finanziert wird es vom Bund, der Europäischen Union und von der Deutschen Bahn AG. Der Abschnitt München – Berlin fügt sich in ein europaweites Schienennetz zwischen Norditalien im Süden und Skandinavien im Norden ein. Die Dr. Spang GmbH ist mit der Baugrunderkundung sowie der Erstellung der rund 700 Baugrundgutachten im Hinblick auf die Ertüchtigung der bestehenden Strecke Nürnberg – Ebensfeld, dem Neubau von zwei weiteren Streckengleisen und dem Neubau bzw. der Erweiterung der Kreuzungsbauwerke an der Strecke von der DB ProjektBau GmbH beauftragt. Der folgende Artikel gibt einen Einblick in die intensive dreijährige Baugrundgutachtertätigkeit und die geotechnischen Herausforderungen, die sich bei der Bearbeitung an der Teilstrecke stellten und stellen. Insbesondere die Problematik der wirtschaftlichen und regelkonformen Festlegung der Bau‐ und Bemessungswasserstände für Strecke und Ingenieurbauwerke soll näher beleuchtet und diskutiert werden.

Geotechnical challenges during the construction of the high‐speed railway section Nürnberg – Ebensfeld

In order to reduce the travelling time from Munich to Berlin to app. 4 hours and to offer an ecology‐minded travel connection in comparison to highway and air traffic, DB ProjektBau GmbH designs since the beginning of the 1990‐years the construction and extension of the road section Nürnberg – Ebensfeld, which is part of the high‐speed railway connection (VDE 8) from northern Italy to Scandinavia. The project is entitled as ABS VDE Nr. 8.1.1 and comprises an overall investment volume of 10 Billion Euros. This investment is conjointly done by the German Federation, the European Union and the Deutsche Bahn AG. In the last three years, Dr. Spang GmbH was commissioned to intensively evaluate the subsurface soil conditions along the ABS VDE Nr. 8 with a total length of app. 70 km and to prepare about 700 soil reports which especially focus on the improvement of the existing railway connection Nürnberg – Ebensfeld, the construction of two additional railtracks as well as the redesign of crossway constructions. The following paper gives an overview of the three years of geotechnical investigation and design and highlights on geotechnical challenges. As an example, the approach to determine the design water level during the construction and the operation period of the railway will be shown in the context of field investigation works.
Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and toxicities of methotrexate in healthy and collagen‐induced arthritic rats
Authors: Liu Dong‐Yang , Lon Hoi‐Kei , Wang Yan‐Lin , DuBois Debra C. , Almon Richard R. , Jusko William J.
Published: March 2013

Methotrexate (MTX) is an anchor drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but responsiveness is variable in effectiveness and toxicity. Methotrexate and its polyglutamate conjugates (MTXPGn) in red blood cells (RBC) have been associated with patient response. In the current study, 13 collagen‐induced arthritic (CIA) rats and 12 healthy rats were given subcutaneous doses of either saline or 0.3 or 1.5 mg/kg per 2 days of MTX from day 21 to 43 post‐induction. Blood samples were obtained at various times to measure MTX in plasma, and MTX and MTXPGn in RBC. Effects on disease progression were indicated by body weight and paw size. After multiple‐doses, RBC MTX reached steady‐state (82.4 nm) within 4 days. The MTXPG2 and MTXPG3 in RBC kept increasing until the end of the study, attaining 12.5 and 17.7 nm. Significant weight loss was observed after dosing with 1.5 mg/kg/2 days, whereas moderate effectiveness was observed after dosing with 0.3 mg/kg/2 days. A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic/disease (PK/PD/DIS) model with indirect mechanisms and transduction components incorporating plasma MTX, RBC MTX and RBC MTXPGn concentrations, and paw size was developed using naïve data pooling and ADAPT 5. The PK/PD in CIA rats dosed at 0.3 mg/kg/2 days were captured well by our proposed model. Methotrexate showed modest (Imaxd = 0.16) but sensitive (IC50d = 0.712 nm) effectiveness on paw edema. The higher dose produced toxicity. The proposed model offers improved understanding of the effects of methotrexate on rheumatoid arthritis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bemessungskonzept für wärmedämmende Plattenanschlüsse mit Druckschublagern
Authors: Heidolf Thorsten , Eligehausen Rolf
Published: March 2013

Plattenanschlüsse sind in der Praxis gängige Konstruktionselemente zur Vermeidung von Schimmelpilz und zur Gewährleistung erhöhter bauphysikalischer Anforderungen. Derartige Elemente bestehen in der Regel aus Stahlzug‐ und Stahlquerkraftstäben sowie aus Beton‐ bzw. Stahldrucklagern. Beim Halfen‐Iso‐ElemenT HIT‐HP/HIT‐SP wurde das statische System weiterentwickelt und die Querkraftstäbe und Drucklager durch Druckschublager aus faserverstärktem Hochleistungsmörtel ersetzt.

Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden ausgewählte Ergebnisse der experimentellen und numerischen Untersuchungen zum Trag‐ und Verformungsverhalten von Plattenanschlüssen mit Druckschublagern vorgestellt. Hierbei wird insbesondere auf die verschiedenen Versagensarten sowie das entwickelte Bemessungskonzept eingegangen.

Design concept for load bearing thermal insulation elements with compression shear bearings

In practice slap connections are common structural elements to prevent mould fungus and to ensure increased structural physical requirements. Such elements are usually made of steel tension bars and steel shear bars and compression bearings made of concrete or steel. The Halfen‐Iso‐ElemenT HIT‐HP/HIT‐SP the static system was further developed and the shear bars and compression bearings were replaced with compression shear bearings made of high‐performance fiber‐reinforced mortar.

In this paper selected results of experimental and numerical investigations of the structural behaviour and deformation behaviour of slap connections with compression shear bearings are presented. In particular, the different failure modes and the developed design method are described.
Bauausführung von Betontragwerken nach DIN EN 13670 und DIN 1045‐3 – Auswirkungen auf die Praxis
Authors: Schwabach Enrico
Published: March 2013

Die Übernahme der wesentlichen Eurocodes in die Muster‐Liste der Technischen Baubestimmungen des DIBt und das Zurückziehen der entsprechenden nationalen Regelungen wurde im Dezember 2011 auf den Weg gebracht. Darin wird eine Reihe nationaler Bemessungsregeln durch Eurocodes ersetzt. Bezogen auf den Betonbau wird der Eurocode 2 für den Beton‐, Stahlbeton‐ und Spannbetonbau zusammen mit der europäischen Norm für die Ausführung von Tragwerken aus Beton DIN EN 13670 in Deutschland bauaufsichtlich eingeführt. Das neue Regelwerk für die Bauausführung setzt sich aus der DIN EN 13670 und den zugehörigen nationalen Anwendungsregeln DIN 1045‐3 zusammen. Beide Normen zusammen lösen seit dem 1. Juli 2012 die bisher allein gültige nationale Norm für die Bauausführung DIN 1045‐3 aus dem Jahr 2008 ab. Der Beitrag erläutert, inwiefern für die Baupraxis in Deutschland relevante Änderungen zu den bekannten Regeln bestehen.

Execution of concrete structures according to DIN EN 13670 and DIN 1045‐3

The process of implementing the significant Eurocodes into the List of Technical Building Regulations of the DIBt was set in motion in Dezember 2011. This replaces a wide range of national codes by Eurocodes. In the case of concrete structures in Germany the Eurocodes 2 for design and construction is implemented in combination with the new European code for the Execution of concrete structures DIN EN 13670 and the national application rules DIN EN 1045‐3. This article explains the relevant amendments to the previously known rules for the execution of concrete structures.
Enhanced algal growth rate in a Taylor vortex reactor
Authors: Kong Bo , Shanks Jacqueline V. , Vigil R. Dennis
Published: March 2013

The rate of production of algal biomass in optically dense photobioreactors depends crucially on the temporal light exposure of microorganisms, which in turn is determined by fluid flow patterns and the quantity and spatial distribution of photosynthetically active radiation. In this report it is demonstrated that highly organized and robust toroidal flow structures known as Taylor vortices cause significant increases in the rate of biomass production, efficiency of light utilization, and CO2 uptake, and these effects become more pronounced at higher Reynolds numbers. In light of these findings and previously reported experiments using Taylor vortex flow to culture algae, it is argued that the flashing light effect, rather than mass transport effects, is responsible for the observed increases in the rate of photosynthesis. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 2140–2149. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polymer peel‐off mask for high‐resolution surface derivatization, neuron placement and guidance
Authors: Martinez Dolores , Py Christophe , Denhoff Mike , Monette Robert , Comas Tanya , Krantis Anthony , Mealing Geoffrey
Published: March 2013

We present a dry lift‐off method using a chemically resistant spin‐on plastic, polyimide, to pattern surfaces with high accuracy and resolution. Using well‐known lithographic and reactive ion etching techniques, the spin‐on polymer is patterned over a silicon dioxide surface. The plastic efficiently adheres to the silicon dioxide surface during the chemical modification and is readily lifted‐off following the derivatization process, permitting highly reliable surface derivatization. The verticality of the reactive ion etch enables sub‐micrometer features to be patterned, down to 0.8 µm. The technique is used to pattern neurons on silicon dioxide surfaces: efficient neuron placement over a 4 mm area is shown for patterns larger than 50 µm while process guidance is shown for 10 µm patterns. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 2236–2241. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Vascular remodeling at both branch ostia in bifurcation disease assessed by intravascular ultrasound
Authors: Kang Soo‐Jin , Kim Won‐Jang , Yun Sung‐Cheol , Park Duk‐Woo , Lee Seung‐Whan , Kim Young‐Hak , Lee Cheol Whan , Park Seong‐Wook , Mintz Gary S. , Park Seung‐Jung
Published: March 2013

Background

The aim of this study was to assess vascular remodeling at both mainbranch (MB) and sidebranch (SB) ostia in left main (LM), and non‐LM coronary artery disease.

Methods

Using both pullback intravascular ultrasound, MB and SB ostia were evaluated in 169 bifurcation lesions with angiographic stenosis >50% before procedure. Remodeling index (RI) was the ratio of external elastic membrane (EEM) area at the minimal lumen area (MLA) site within the ostium to EEM area of distal reference.

Results

In 81 LM bifurcation lesions, constrictive remodeling (RI < 1) was frequent at MB and SB ostia (91% and 90%). In 88 non‐LM bifurcation lesions, constrictive remodeling was also frequent at the MB and SB ostia (76% and 92%). RI was the lowest at the SB ostium in non‐LM bifurcation (0.80 ± 0.13). RI was related to neither large plaque burden nor extensive calcification. The non‐LM bifurcation lesions with RI <1 at the SB ostium showed smaller distal carina angle (51 ± 25° vs. 64 ± 14°, P = 0.044) compared with those with RI >1. At all ostial sites of bifurcation lesions, plaque burden and RI at the ostium and EEM area of distal reference were the independent factors affecting the MLA within the corresponding ostium as a continuous variable.

Conclusions

At both MB and SB ostia, constrictive remodeling was frequent even in the lesions with small amount of plaque and minimal calcification, which contribute further luminal narrowing. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enantiomeric Separation of Racemic 4‐Aryl‐1,4‐Dihydropyridines and 4‐Aryl‐1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydropyrimidines on a Chiral Tetraproline Stationary Phase
Authors: Dai Zhi , Pittman Charles U. , Li Tingyu
Published: March 2013

The chromatographic chiral resolution of 4‐aryl‐1,4‐dihydropyridines (1–32), 4‐aryl‐2‐thioxo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyrimidines (33–38), and 4‐aryl‐2‐oxo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyrimidines (39–41) was studied on a tetraproline‐immobilized chiral column synthesized in our lab. This tetraproline chiral stationary phase can resolve most of these compounds. The 4‐aryl‐2‐thioxo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyrimidines (33–38) and 4‐aryl‐2‐oxo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyrimidines (39–41) were more efficiently resolved than the racemic 4‐aryl‐1,4‐dihydropyridines on the tetraproline chiralstationary phase. Analytes with 5,5‐dimethyl groups (39–41) were less efficiently resolved than analytes without 5,5‐dimethyl substituents (1–16). The 4‐aryl‐2‐oxo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyrimidines (39–41) without a sulfur atom were much more efficiently resolved than 4‐aryl‐2‐thioxo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyrimidines (33–38). No obvious electronic effects on the resolution of any of these analytes (1–41) were observed on the tetraproline chiral stationary phase. The tetraproline chiral stationary phase separated enantiomers mainly via hydrogen bonding interactions. Chirality, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of Bis‐benzimidazolium Cyclic Receptors and Their Anion Binding Properties
Authors: Jiang Xiaozhi , Feng Meiyun , Zhang Dawei , Wang Binshen , Dong Zhiyun , Gao Guohua
Published: March 2013

A series of cyclic receptors 1–5 based on bis‐benzimidazolium group were designed and synthesized. Their anion recognition properties were investigated by UV‐vis, fluorescent spectroscopy, 1H NMR and MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry. The UV‐vis and fluorescent spectroscopic studies showed that the receptors 1–5 had different binding abilities for various anions such as fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide and acetate. The high selectivity of the receptors for fluoride and acetate anions is attributed to their basicity. Job plot and MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry demonstrated that the receptors form 1:1 complex with fluoride. DFT calculation and 1H NMR studies indicated that the receptors bind anions through (CH)+···X− hydrogen bond.
Synthesis, Characterization and Properties of Novel Star‐Shaped π‐Conjugated Oligomers with Triphenylamine Core
Authors: Liu Leijing , Guo Qing , Li Jiyang , Yao Bin , Tian Wenjing
Published: March 2013

Four new star‐shaped π‐conjugated oligomers (TPA‐CZ3, TPA‐TPA3, TPA‐PTZ3 and TPA‐BT3) with triphenylamine as a core and different electron‐donating ability groups, carbazole, triphenylamine, phenothiazine and bithiophene, as peripheral units have been designed and synthesized via the Heck reaction. These oligomers show good solubility in common organic solvents. Their photophysical, electrochemical, electronic structure and charge transfer properties between these star‐shaped π‐conjugated oligomers and N,N′‐bis(1‐ethylpropyl)‐3,4:9,10‐perylene bis(tetracarboxyl diimide) (EP‐PDI) have been investigated by UV‐vis absorption spectra, photoluminescence (PL) spectra, cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurement, theoretical calculations and fluorescence quenching. The results show that the absorptions and fluorescences of TPA‐CZ3, TPA‐TPA3 and TPA‐PTZ3 are red shifted with the electron‐donating ability of the peripheral unit increasing from carbazole to triphenylamine and phenothiazine. In addition, although the bithiophene group has a weaker electron‐donating ability than carbazole, triphenylamine and phenothiazine, the absorption and fluorescence of TPA‐BT3 have a red shift than those of TPA‐CZ3, TPA‐TPA3 and TPA‐PTZ3 because TPA‐BT3 has a longer conjugation length than TPA‐CZ3, TPA‐TPA3 and TPA‐PTZ3. The triphenylamine core and the peripheral units can constitute a large conjugated structure. The fluorescence quenching properties indicate that efficient charge transfer can happen between the star‐shaped oligomers and EP‐PDI.
The Mechanism of Heavy Metal Biosorption on Green Marine Macroalga Enteromorpha linza
Authors: Yalçın Sibel
Published: March 2013

The biosorption mechanism of divalent Ni(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) ions onto calcium treated Entemorpha linza was investigated as a function of pH, contact time, biomass dose, and temperature. The experimental data were evaluated by Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models. The uptake capacity of the tested metal ions was markedly influenced by pH in the range of 2–3.5 and maximum rates were observed at pH 5–5.5. The kinetics of the metal ions adsorption were rather rapid, with 90% of adsorption occurring within 10 min. In addition to batch sorption tests, the functional groups on the cell wall matrix of the biomass were revealed by potentiometric titration data and Fourier transform infrared analysis. The relative contribution of the chemical groups involved in metal biosorption such as carboxyl, amino, sulfonate was evaluated to characterize their binding mechanisms using these instrumental techniques. The density of strong and weak acidic functional groups in the biomass was found to be 0.25 and 0.95 mmol g−1 biomass, respectively. In conclusion, the present work showed that the marine algae E. linza could be used as a potentially cost‐effective biosorbent for the treatment of complex wastewater containing heavy metals.
Critical analysis of contemporary clinical research in muscle‐invasive and metastatic urothelial cancer
Authors: Galsky Matthew D. , Hendricks Ryan , Svatek Robert , Bangs Rick , Hoffman‐Censits Jean , Clement Jessica , Dreicer Robert , Guancial Elizabeth , Hahn Noah , Lerner Seth P. , O'Donnell Peter H. , Quale Diane Zipursky , Siefker‐Radtke Arlene , Shipley William , Sonpavde Guru , Vaena Daniel , Vinson Jacob , Rosenberg Jonathan
Published: March 2013

BACKGROUND

There have been no improvements in the treatment of metastatic urothelial cancer in the past several decades. A census of contemporary clinical research in this disease was performed to identify potential barriers and opportunities.

METHODS

These authors performed a search for clinical trials exploring interventions in muscle‐invasive and metastatic urothelial cancer, using the ClinicalTrials.gov registry. Data extracted from the registry included title, recruitment status, interventions, sponsor, phase, enrollment, study design, and study sites.

RESULTS

Among 120 eligible trials exploring interventions in muscle‐invasive and metastatic urothelial cancer, 73% were phase 2 and 73% were nonrandomized. The majority (63%) involved treatment in the metastatic disease state. The median planned enrollment size per trial was 45 patients (interquartile range, 47 patients). The majority of trials (55%) involved ≤ 3 study sites. Trials most commonly explored interventions in the first‐line metastatic (30%) or second‐line metastatic (37%) settings. Targeted therapeutics were studied in 58% of the trials. Among 56 trials that completed enrollment, the median time to complete accrual was 50 months (range, 10‐109 months), and these trials enrolled a median of 40 patients per trial (interquartile range, 44 patients).

CONCLUSIONS

The majority of contemporary clinical trials in muscle‐invasive and metastatic urothelial cancer are small, nonrandomized, phase 2 trials involving 1 to 3 study sites. Enhanced communication and collaboration among the urothelial cancer community, and other stakeholders, is needed to facilitate the design and conduct of trials capable of expediting progress in this disease. Cancer 2013;119:1994–1998. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Gastric adenocarcinoma has a unique microRNA signature not present in esophageal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Chen Zheng , Saad Rama , Jia Peilin , Peng DunFa , Zhu Shoumin , Washington M. Kay , Zhao Zhongming , Xu Zekuan , El‐Rifai Wael
Published: March 2013

BACKGROUND

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles in tumor development and progression. The finding that a single miRNA can regulate hundreds of genes places miRNAs at critical hubs of signaling pathways. For the current study, the authors investigated the miRNA expression profile of gastric adenocarcinomas and compared it with esophageal adenocarcinomas to better identify a unique miRNA signature of gastric adenocarcinoma.

METHODS

miRNA expression profiles were obtained using 2 different proprietary microarray platforms on primary gastric adenocarcinoma tissue samples. The cross comparison of results identified 17 up‐regulated miRNAs and 12 down‐regulated miRNAs that overlapped in both platforms. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction was performed for independent validation of a representative set of 8 miRNAs in gastric and esophageal adenocarcinomas compared with normal gastric mucosa or esophageal mucosa, respectively.

RESULTS

The deregulation of miR‐146b‐5p, miR‐375, miR‐148a, miR‐31, and miR‐451 was associated significantly with gastric adenocarcinomas. Conversely, deregulation of miR‐21 (up‐regulation) and miR‐133b (down‐regulation) was detectable in both gastric and esophageal adenocarcinomas. It was noteworthy that miR‐200a was significantly down‐regulated in gastric adenocarcinoma samples (P = .04) but was up‐regulated in esophageal adenocarcinoma samples (P = .001). In addition, the expression level of miR‐146b‐5p displayed a strong correlation with the tumor stage of gastric cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

Gastric adenocarcinoma displayed a unique miRNA signature that distinguished it from esophageal adenocarcinoma. This specific signature may reflect differences in the etiology and/or molecular signaling in these 2 closely related cancers. The current findings suggest important miRNA candidates that can be investigated for their biological functions and for their possible diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic role in gastric adenocarcinoma. Cancer 2013;119:1985–1993. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Synthesis of Isoidide through Epimerization of Isosorbide using Ruthenium on Carbon
Authors: Le Nôtre Jérôme , van Haveren Jacco , van Es Daan S.
Published: March 2013

A highly efficient procedure for obtaining resin‐grade isoidide through catalytic epimerization of isosorbide using a ruthenium‐on‐carbon (Ru/C) catalyst is reported. A comprehensive reaction‐parameter variation study involving substrate concentration, catalyst (type of metal, support, and loading), initial pH value, hydrogen pressure, solvent, and reaction temperature demonstrates that superior performance and high selectivity can be achieved. Epimerization of isosorbide in water (pH 8) at 220 °C, under 40 bar of hydrogen, and using a Ru/C catalyst (5 % Ru) for 2 h results in a thermodynamic equilibrium mixture containing 55 % isoidide, 40 % isosorbide, and 5 % isomannide. In comparison with previously reported nickel‐based catalysts, the Ru/C catalyst is advantageous because it is highly active (as low as 360 ppm Ru) and recyclable. High purity isoidide is obtained by high‐vacuum distillation of an equilibrium mixture on a 200 g scale. The high substrate loading (50 wt % in water), high selectivity, and the possibility for substrate reuse makes this procedure highly atom efficient and therefore, highly attractive for industrial use.