bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hypopituitarism Screening in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury in the Primary Care Setting at the Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System
Authors: Ahmed Ammar , Inkollu Sindhura , Chauhan Aditya , Westanmo Anders , Ercan-Fang Nacide , Sibley Shalamar
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant health issue among veterans and poses a substantial risk for pituitary injury. Consensus guidelines recommend that patients who have sustained a TBI should undergo a baseline pituitary hormonal evaluation after the primary brain insult. Patients with abnormal screening test results or with symptoms of hypopituitarism should be referred to endocrinology for a full assessment. Currently, there are no reported data on the screening rates of hypopituitarism in veterans with TBI. This pilot study was conducted to determine the frequency of screening for hypopituitarism in veterans with TBI in a primary care clinic setting.

Materials and Methods

We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study of patients with a diagnosis of TBI who were seen by their primary care physicians at the Minneapolis Veteran Affairs Health Care System over a 1-year period. A random sample was generated using computerized random generator software of patient data, including demographics, TBI-related information, and pituitary hormone levels, which were collected from the panel of primary care providers. We used 2 sets of screening criteria, one by Ghigo et al. published in 2005, and the second by Tan et al. published in 2017, to define hypopituitarism screening adequacy in our cohort of TBI patients. Institutional Review Board approval was obtained.

Results

None of the 50 patients who met the criteria for screening based on the 2005 recommendations were screened for hypopituitarism. Only 2 of the 26 patients who met the criteria for screening based on the more recent 2017 recommendations were screened for hypopituitarism.

Conclusion

We report that the screening rate for hypopituitarism in TBI patients is exceedingly low in the primary care setting, even with the less rigorous newer screening recommendations. Measures should be taken to improve screening of hypopituitarism to decrease morbidity and improve the quality of life in patients with a history of TBI.
Doctors with mental health difficulties and ADHD
Authors: Perera B , Al-Najjar Z
Published: January 2025

Background

There is growing interest in understanding neurodevelopmental disorders such as Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among doctors. However, the current understanding of ADHD and its association with mental well-being in doctors is limited.

Aims

This study investigated the significance of ADHD among doctors with mental health difficulties accessing a national mental health service for doctors in England.

Methods

Electronic records from 2877 doctors seeking mental health care through the National Health Service Practitioner Health service were analysed. Demographic data, psychopathology scales (PHQ-9 for depression, GAD-7 for anxiety, Core-10 for psychological well-being) and ADHD screening using ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) were examined. Analyses were conducted to explore associations between ADHD screening, demographic variables and co-existing mental health disorders.

Results

The study revealed that over one-third (35%) of doctors in this study sample screened positive for ADHD using the ASRS questionnaire. The male-to-female ratio for screened positive was 1.1:1. The number of doctors screening positive for ADHD reduced with age. A substantial portion of doctors who screened positive for ADHD also exhibited symptoms of co-existing mental health disorders such as anxiety and depression.

Conclusions

This study highlights that assessments for ADHD among doctors presenting with mental health difficulties can be important and relevant. Validated screening tools can be used in this process. The high rate of psychopathology among those who screened positive for ADHD in this study sample indicates the need for detailed assessments to understand the complex dynamic of ADHD symptoms and psychiatric disorders. Recognizing ADHD is important as treatments are different to other psychiatric disorders.
From Multilevel Explanation to Downward Causation
Authors: Yates David
Published: January 2025

The causal closure of the physical poses a familiar causal exclusion problem for the special sciences that stems from the idea that if closure is true, then fundamental physical properties do all the causal work involved in bringing about physical effects. In this paper it is argued that the strongest causal closure principle that is not ruled out by some simple physics in fact allows for a certain kind of downward causation, which in turn makes room for robust special science autonomy. The paper focuses on the case of vector composition, arguing that it involves irreducibly multilevel causation. To give a complete causal explanation of what goes on in cases that involve the effects of multiple forces, we need to appeal not only to the fundamental properties that generate those forces, but also to geometric properties that determine how multiple vectors compose. However, if all the causal work involved in such cases were due to fundamental physical properties, there would be a one-level explanation available. Hence it cannot be the case that fundamental physical properties do all the causal work. The extra causal work, it is suggested, comes from the fact that the causal powers bestowed by fundamental physical properties have irreducibly geometric manifestation conditions. The paper then defends the resulting form of downward causation as a solution to the problem of special science autonomy, and discusses two potential accounts of its source, in terms of the debate between kinematic and dynamic theories of the origins of spacetime symmetries.
From Analogies to Levels of Abstraction in Cognitive Neuroscience
Authors: Chirimuuta Mazviita
Published: January 2025

The most widely known account of levels of explanation in neuroscience and cognitive science is due to Marr), who proposed a three-level framework for explanation of the visual system. Various philosophers have given interpretations of Marr’s framework. The purpose of this chapter is different: to show how the analogy with artifacts (i.e., systems engineered by humans) is foundational for the idea that complex neuro-cognitive systems are amenable to explanation at distinct levels; to show how this works as a simplifying strategy attractive to anti-reductionists; and to argue that the resulting explanations are imbued with an ‘all-too-human’ character. Section 1 surveys various proposals for carving the brain into levels, and describes how epistemic conceptions of levels of abstraction differ from metaphysical conceptions of levels of organisation. Section 2 examines the artifact analogies. The most salient source of analogy is of course the digital computer, but the chapter discusses how more general comparisons with processes of design and engineering also play a significant role. It shows how the analogies, and the subsequent notion of a distinct computational level, have engendered common ideas about how to safely abstract away from the complexity of concrete neural systems, yielding explanations of how neural processes give rise to cognitive functions. Section 3 raises worries about these explanations, due to neglected differences between human-made devices and biological organs. The chapter concludes with some general observations about how reductionist and anti-reductionist approaches to mind and brain stem from intuitions deriving from the human experience of making functional objects.
No Grounds for Effective Theories
Authors: McKenzie Kerry
Published: January 2025

In recent years there has been an ‘explosion’ of work in metaphysics aimed at articulating ‘levels of reality’—a structural aspect of the world both suggested and investigated by the sciences. And in that context, the relation of grounding has emerged as the preferred relation with which to connect the levels. This paper argues that we cannot take grounding to be the relation that connects levels, insofar as those levels are described by effective quantum field theories. This is a problem for the grounding theorist, because effective field theory is taken to provide an explanation of why there seem to be levels in physics at all.
Persons, Property, and Liminal Spaces
Authors: Bashir Haroon
Published: January 2025

This chapter outlines the legal rulings within Islamic law pertaining to enslavement and emancipation and assesses attitudes towards slaves. Islamic law provides far more details regarding the conceptualization of slavery through the types of edicts and discussions prevalent within legal discourse. This chapter utilizes numerous legal manuals from the four schools of law as sources. It explores what was considered legitimate ‘enslavement’ and who could be enslaved according to Islamic law, as well as the various routes to emancipation through ‘emancipation contracts’, such as the Tadbīr, Istīlād, and Kitāba. It also addresses the extent to which slaves were ‘humanized’ within legal discourse.
Utopian Elements in Ottoman Literature
Authors: Sariyannis Marinos
Published: January 2025

This chapter examines utopian imagery in Ottoman culture as an indicator for political ideas circulating in different environments and periods. It focuses in two texts claiming to predict the future of the Ottoman state for the centuries or even millennia to come, Rumûz-ı künûz (“Treasures of ciphers”), composed in 1557 by İlyas b. İsa Saruhani (d. 1559), and the so-called Papasnâme (“The priest’s book”), or alternatively Bahrü’l-mükâşefe (“Sea of discovery”), written by Derviş Mehmed, a Christian priest turned Muslim, toward the end of the sixteenth century. Both texts (and especially the latter) contain descriptions of future reforms that reflect utopian ideas, and both testify for a strong thread of thought, longing for a society of abundance and equality of the faithful under a strong and unfettered ruler.
The Qizilbash Alternative
Authors: Arslan Hüseyin Ongan
Published: January 2025

This chapter navigates the complex dynamics between the Qizilbash and the Ottoman Empire during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, with a focal point on the emergence of the Safavid Qizilbash State in 1501 under Sheikh Shāh Ismā’īl as a substantial rival political force. To establish a comprehensive historical context, the chapter begins by scrutinizing the political developments and religio-cultural dynamics that drove marginalized Muslims in Ottoman and post-Akkoyunlu territories to explore alternative avenues. It subsequently probes into how Ismā’īl, the sheikh of Safavid Sufi order, wielded his ruling authority, finding resonance among a significant portion of marginalized Muslims in West Asia. The chapter underscores integral facets of Shāh Ismā’īl’s authority, such as his role as the Murshid of the Safavid Sufi order, leveraging the oath-based relationship with his followers, and the inherited Sayyid status that enhanced his legitimacy with a unique charisma linked to Prophet Muhammad and Ali. Accounts, both European and Safavid, depict Ismā’īl as an exceptionally generous leader, offering better prospects to the marginalized. A meticulous analysis of Ismā’īl’s divan sheds light on Qizilbash political thinking, unveiling the nuanced perspective of the Safavid state’s founder, emphasizing allegiance, categorization of followers and adversaries, and his definitions of being a true Muslim. The conclusion highlights Ismā’īl’s strategic challenge to Ottoman legitimacy and the transformative impact of his religio-political ideas in millennial West Asia.
Ottoman Liberalism during the Liberal Age
Authors: Şiviloğlu Murat R.
Published: January 2025

This chapter aims to trace the evolution of the concept of hürriyet within the Ottoman political vocabulary during the nineteenth century. It explores the symbiosis between indigenous intellectual traditions and the broader currents of political theory. The analysis begins with an examination of Sâdık Rifat Pasha (d. 1857), widely credited with pioneering the use of the term hürriyet in its modern political connotation. The focus then shifts to the Young Ottomans, where the chapter emphasizes the internalization of the concept of liberty within Ottoman thought. Subsequently, the attention is directed to Hersekli Ârif Hikmet Bey (d. 1903), whose work, this chapter argues, offers critical insights into the plurality of perspectives that characterized discussions during this period. Overall, the chapter underlines the necessity of approaching the history of political thought as a grid of non-linear, interconnected narratives that transcend geographical boundaries.
Beyond Caliphate Internationalism
Authors: Aydın Cemil
Published: January 2025

In the literature on political thought regarding the world order, the position of the non-European empires remains overlooked. This chapter examines the long nineteenth-century Ottomans visions of international order as a theme of Ottoman political thought. It focuses on Ottoman intellectual engagement and theories of the idea of civilization, sovereignty and international law, as well as ideas about caliphate, Europe and the Muslim world. The chapter argues that we should approach Ottoman writings about the Eastern question and civilized reforms, or Ottoman critiques of Europe’s hypocrisy in policies toward the East, as examples of Ottoman internationalism, that aimed to de-racialize the idea of universal norms of inter-imperial relations and global political order.
Dissent in International Criminal Justice and the Creation and Re-emergence of the Hybrid Court
Authors: Torrens Shannon Maree
Published: January 2025

Various manifestations of dissent in international criminal justice are illustrated in the original establishment and now re-emergence of the hybrid court model. State responses to international criminal justice can be divided into three categories: support, acquiescence, and dissent. This chapter looks at the tension between these three viewpoints and modes of action on a historical continuum marking the trajectory of international criminal justice but also as comprising former and current conflicting views on international hybrid justice. The chapter discusses how dissenting responses can be defined, where they are illustrated, and what impact they have had on the work of international courts and tribunals, particularly modern hybrid courts. Whilst the International Criminal Court (ICC) commenced its work with general support, as time has progressed, there has been a shift from support to acquiescence and now finally open dissent. This chapter looks at how these developments and this dissent has inspired the re-emergence of hybrid justice and how the lessons learned from the ICC and earlier models of hybrid justice may assist these future justice responses. The chapter further analyses how the original dissent which created the earlier hybrid tribunals, namely the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) and the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC), is distinct from the more recent dissent and discusses the reasons for this distinction. Through this, the notion of dissent is tied to the internal politics of post-conflict states and their open and veiled responses to hybrid justice.
Innovations in Hybrid Justice
Authors: Keppler Elise
Published: January 2025

In recent years, a resurgence of hybrid war crimes courts has engendered innovations in this form of accountability mechanism. This chapter will evaluate the comparative strengths and challenges of two such mechanisms: the Special Criminal Court (SCC) in the Central African Republic (CAR), which is currently being established, and the proposed Hybrid Court for South Sudan (HCSS). The author has conducted research in South Sudan and the Central African Republic and was involved in ongoing advocacy to promote the operationalization of these courts. This chapter draws from these experiences to discuss the different approaches these courts are taking, or have intended to take, with respect to their creation, governance, staffing, and location. The potential implications of such differences for assuring their effective operations and positive impact are analysed.
Hybrid Tribunals as a Mechanism for Reparative Justice
Authors: Williams Sarah
Published: January 2025

Earlier international and hybrid tribunals did not have a mandate, or the power, to award reparations to victims. Instead, any reparative potential arose from their trial proceedings. The constituent instruments of more recent tribunals include a reparations function. The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) enables Chambers to order reparations to assist victims of crimes, while the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) and the Extraordinary African Chambers (EAC) may, and have, issued orders for reparations for victims of crimes. It has become common practice for the constituent instruments of hybrid tribunals to include a provision empowering the tribunal to determine and award appropriate reparations. However, the practice has been mixed in terms of successful awards, design, and implementation of appropriate reparations including the limited legal capacity of many institutions to award reparations that challenge underlying social, political, and economic structures. To be effective, reparations orders and projects usually require engagement and support from states to be feasible and effective; yet such support is often absent. This chapter explores the reparations mandate and experience of a number of international and hybrid tribunals, including the ICC and the ECCC, to assess whether, and if so under which conditions, a hybrid tribunal is a suitable mechanism for reparative justice. In particular, does the hybrid model offer better prospects of engaging states in reparative justice?
Malambo and Motive in the Second Movement of Ginastera’s Sonata para piano
Authors: Castro David
Published: January 2025

Alberto Ginastera (1916–1983) is often described as an eclectic composer because his music includes everything from traditional tonality—including characteristically Argentine melodies and rhythms—through deeply chromatic post-tonality. In the second movement of his Sonata para piano (1952), a twelve-tone row functions audibly as the primary melody, but does so within Ginastera’s trademark malambo style, and even coexists with the “guitar chord.” Further, melodic motives are drawn from the row and are featured throughout the movement. These motives serve to fully integrate the modernist technique of serialism with the nationalistically Argentine features for which Ginastera is known. This analysis is meant to demonstrate not just the diversity of composers who worked with twelve-tone rows, but also the diversity of ways in which twelve-tone rows can serve as the basis of a composition.
Analytical Voices
Authors: Luong Vivian
Published: January 2025

This essay serves as a model and an invitation for students to experiment with different tones and forms in their analytical writing. This approach to analysis references the transformative political potential of writing theorized by queer and BIPOC scholarship across music studies and the humanities (Crawley 2020; Hartman 2019; Maus 1995; Robinson 2020). Building on these perspectives, the essay suggests that experimentations with analytical writing can help us imagine and enact liberatory worlds otherwise. With this aim in mind, this essay presents ways of writing with Cathy Berberian’s recording of Luciano Berio’s Sequenza III for Female Voice (1965). Building on past scholarly responses to the piece as both unsettling and theoretically generative (Anhalt 1984; Dame 1998; Halfyard 2007), it generates an analysis of Berberian’s performance that reflects the author’s experiences of discomfort and awe—feelings that are often left out of an analysis. The essay concludes with prompts for students to generate experimental writing drawn from their own experiences with this piece and to contemplate the broader implications of their experiments.
Texture and Timing in the Score-Stop
Authors: Lopez Gerardo
Published: January 2025

The focus of this analytical essay is on the use of the score-stop technique in movie trailers, also known as the “sudden soundtrack stop” (TV Tropes), “music stop” (Film Editing Pro), or “stopdowns” (Lieu, 2020). As its name indicates, the score-stop technique is “the stopping of the music to undermine, highlight or draw attention to a particular line of dialogue, joke, or visual” (Film Editing Pro). The movie trailers discussed in this essay include Cruella (2021), CODA (2021), Kimi (2022), Prey (2022), and Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022). The analytical remarks and observations made in the essay focus on how textural cues, metrical context, and silence contribute to the making of a score-stop moment. From the perspective of a student, this essay models how one might answer the question “Wow, that one moment in the movie trailer sounded so cool! Why is that?”
The Philosopher and the Common Understanding
Authors: Anderson Abraham
Published: January 2025

Manfred Kuehn has proposed that the Antinomy was inspired by Beattie’s reply to Hume on creation. Kuehn’s arguments are inconclusive, but he is right that Beattie’s attack on Hume played a part in inspiring the Antinomy. This emerges from Kant’s remarks on the philosopher and the common understanding. These foreshadow Kant’s criticism of Beattie in the Preface to the Prolegomena for failing to understand Hume’s question, the question that first interrupted Kant’s dogmatic slumber. This passage thereby connects the Antinomy with the interruption of Kant’s dogmatic slumber by David Hume, and gives us reason to think that the former grew out of the latter.
Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease) Eradication
Authors: Ruiz-Tiben Ernesto , Eberhard Mark L. , Roy Sharon L.
Published: January 2025

This chapter describes efforts by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 to generate global support for eradication of the nematode parasite Dracunculus medinensis (causing dracunculiasis, or Guinea worm disease). Initial interventions included health education, use of cloth filters, drilling of boreholes to provide safe drinking water, preventing patients with patent infections from contaminating water sources, and using temephos (Abate larvicide) to treat drinking water sources to reduce copepod populations. These interventions (each a barrier to transmission) have remained central to the program to date. The principles and practices of disease eradication have been applied in affected countries in Africa and Asia since 1981. The World Health Assembly passed resolutions in 1986 and 1991 calling for D. medinensis eradication. The roles of former US president Jimmy Carter and The Carter Center; national governments of affected countries; organizations that provided political, financial, and technical support; and thousands of eradication program staff, particularly village volunteers, program officers, and technical advisors, are noted. The global burden of dracunculiasis has been reduced from an estimate of 3.5 million human cases in 1986 to 14 human cases in 2023, and animal infections reduced from a peak of 2000 in 2019 to 882 in 2023. Insecurity precluding access to areas of endemic transmission, the riparian transmission of affected areas in the few remaining endemic countries, entrenched human behavior, and domestic animal infections remains problematic, but undoubtedly domestic animal infection is the most serious challenge facing efforts to stop transmission globally.
Malaria Elimination
Authors: Lindblade Kim A. , Mendis Kamini , Escribano Ferrer Blanca , Chimumbwa John , Steketee Richard W.
Published: January 2025

In the last two decades, there has been a revival of interest in eradicating malaria, which has been a public health and development goal for almost 70 years. For eradication to be achieved, individual areas and countries must reduce morbidity and mortality from malaria, interrupt transmission locally, and then maintain their areas malaria free even while malaria continues to spread in neighboring regions. As malaria transmission declines and the malaria burden decreases, there are changes in the geographical distribution and epidemiology of malaria that have programmatic implications, requiring programs to sharpen their focus to provide interventions in smaller, geographically defined areas and to put more effort into identifying and treating individual cases to interrupt transmission. Countries that achieve very low levels of transmission below 1 case per 1000 population per year may be within a decade of elimination, although the strength of the health system and proximity to areas with higher levels of transmission are likely to affect the time to elimination. Once malaria is eliminated, countries must protect their achievements by preventing re-establishment of transmission for as long as malaria continues to be transmitted elsewhere. Although malaria remains entrenched in many countries, most of which are found in sub-Saharan Africa, remarkable progress has been and continues to be made, with several African countries now setting national or subnational elimination goals. Malaria is a treatable and preventable disease, and with the commitment of national and global leadership, transmission can be interrupted, and global eradication remains an achievable vision.
Toward Confucian Republicanism I
Authors: Chan Elton
Published: January 2025

Chapter 7 argues that Confucianism in the non-ideal era needs a new non-ideal theory capable of addressing the inherent failure of the traditional authoritarian model. Through the family resemblance approach, this chapter identifies and analyzes the key features of republicanism in the Western tradition, which in turn will can help Confucianism addresses its weaknesses in pursuit of the moral and political ideals. In return, the virtuous cultivation championed by Confucianism can provide crucial support for the healthy functioning of republican politics. If Confucians are to be relevant to the modern world, it will be beneficial to develop a hybrid political order of Confucian republicanism.
Civil Society
Authors: Chan Elton
Published: January 2025

Chapter 10 completes the description of the Confucian republican political order by analyzing and explaining the role of civil society in a Confucian republic. This chapter draws from the Confucian political ideal of nonaction (wu-wei) as well as the traditional practice of the civil realm under non-ideal reality to demonstrate that civil society is a crucial component for materializing virtuous governance in the modern world. It is also argued that the modern practice of civil society, through drawing clearly the institutional and legal boundaries between the state and the society, can avoid the pitfalls of the traditional Confucian practice of the civil realm.
Who Can Say That They Belong?
Authors: Motomura Hiroshi
Published: January 2025

Chapter 3 discusses belonging claims as the basis of challenges to national borders. These are claims based on being part of communities in a country. This approach is distinct from humanity claims, which arise when national borders inflict harms that no one human being should have to endure. Put differently, belonging claims are claims that insiders may be able to make persuasively based on their lives in a country. In the United States, belonging claims for noncitizens emerged in policy debates and in court cases in the last quarter of the twentieth century. This approach reflected a civil rights framework for recognizing the positions in society of noncitizens, including the undocumented. Challenges to national borders by invoking belonging claims have achieved significant success. But this approach remains incomplete, and even if its potential were fully tapped, it has inherent limits and political liabilities.
Assessing Safety of Others in Relation to the Client
Authors: Grady Melissa D. , Dombo Eileen A.
Published: January 2025

Social work practitioners must be prepared to assess for the safety of individuals who are around the client, including themselves. Often practitioners are working in situations or with others who can create unsafe situations, and it is important for practitioners to know how to assess for and ensure their own safety as well as the safety of others who are around the client. This chapter reviews important safety guidelines that can be used to assess for personal, workplace, and environmental safety, as well as for the safety of people close to a client. It provides concrete checklists to help practitioners prepare as much as possible for challenging situations in the field.
The Wisdom of the Ancients
Authors: Drake H. A.
Published: January 2025

In today’s global civilization, the ancient Mediterranean world is just one part of a large and ever-changing kaleidoscope of information that educated readers need to absorb. This book focuses on four ideas from that world that, against all odds, are now essential components of modern life. From the ancient Near East, the idea emerged that there is one God, not many. After several notable failures, monotheism took hold among the ancient Hebrews and is now the cornerstone of Judeo-Christian-Muslim thought. Developments in Greece led thinkers to question the assumption that the state is just one big family, and resulted in the idea of what today we would call “inalienable rights.” Romans for their own reasons came up with the third idea. They divorced citizenship from birthright altogether, effectively creating the category of naturalized citizenship. The final idea from the ancient Mediterranean also comes from Rome, but in an unexpected way. Its empire was anything but perfect, yet the centuries under Roman rule remain the longest period of peace and prosperity the Mediterranean region has ever known. It helps explain why the world remains fascinated by the question of the fall of Rome, and makes the prospect of a durable polyethnic and multifaceted world state the final idea to come out of the ancient Mediterranean world.
Introduction
Authors: Drake H. A.
Published: January 2025

The introduction discusses four cornerstones of modern thought put in place by people living in the ancient Mediterranean world. It covers about 2,500 years in time (from roughly 1500 bce to 1000 ce) and in space moves from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia (roughly, modern Iraq), through Greece and Rome, to the new Germanic states growing in what is now western Europe. Taken for granted now, these ideas were revolutionary in their original setting: that there is only one God, not many (monotheism); that individuals have certain “inalienable rights”; that citizens can be made (naturalized) as well as born; and that large, territorial states can be judged by their commitment to equal treatment for all. These ideas, commonplace today, developed under radically different circumstances in the ancient Mediterranean world and were anything but normal. Only by understanding how they came to prevail can their importance to modern life be fully appreciated.
Maskirovka and the Grey Zone
Authors: Marsh Christopher
Published: January 2025

In NATO and US conceptions the grey zone is seen as a zone between peace and war—not as a space along the way from peace to war. The difference is critical as our “competitors” see the grey zone in the latter way. For them it is an arena in which they can get away with a wide variety of malign activities. This disconnect caught us off guard when Russia invaded Ukraine. We were not only deceived by Russia’s employment of military deception, “maskirovka”, but also by our own cognitive blinders. This chapter first seeks to understand the nature of Russian deception operations and how they were employed up to the invasion of Ukraine. Secondly, it seeks to consider the continuing value of the grey zone concept after the invasion was launched. Finally, it explores the strategic role of special operations forces in potentially countering Russian disinformation, active measures, and “maskirovka”. The chapter concludes with some considerations for how not to be trapped by our own cognitive frames in the future and the part SOF can play in that capacity.
The Enduring Requirement for Counterterrorism
Authors: Searle Thomas R.
Published: January 2025

We may not be interested in terrorists, but terrorists are interested in us, and we ignore them at our peril. For generations terrorists have been highly successful as spoilers derailing the foreign and domestic policies of countless heads of state. Senior leaders should therefore be asking “how can terrorists derail my policy” and protecting their initiatives from being defeated by terrorists. The failure to do so allowed Hamas to derail the Abraham Accords with its 10/7 attacks providing a fresh reminder of terrorist effectiveness. SOF play a vital role in counterterrorism and even when national leaders underestimate the terrorist threat, SOF need to be looking around corners to where the next terrorist threat will come from. In addition to protecting people and policy initiatives, SOF counterterrorism also makes a vital contribution to strategic competition between democracy and authoritarianism since terrorists and violent extremist organizations are an existential threat to many developing nations and SOF’s ability to teach at-risk democracies to handle their terrorist threats in a democratic way is vital to keeping those nations from slipping into authoritarianism. The terrorist threat is real and enduring, and SOF must continue their counterterrorism efforts even asthey take on other tasks.
Sons of the Soil
Authors: Paliwal Avinash
Published: January 2025

This chapter focuses on the outside in aspect of India’s state-building in its northeast. It explores the contradictions of the North-East Council (NEC) that was set up by New Delhi to deepen federal politics in the region but ended up concentrating power in the governor’s office. Shortly after these changes a change of guard in Bangladesh after Mujib’s assassination in 1975 undermined the politics of peacemaking with the Mizo rebels. The 1970s also witnessed the Assam movement take a violent secessionist turn. Such a turn in Assamese nationalist politics heightened anxieties and aspirations among other communities in the northeast such as the Meitei, Bodo, Kuki, and Tripuri—many of which opted violent means to assert themselves. By late 1980s, almost the entire region was engulfed by insurgent violence.
Multicultural Britain
Authors: Connell Kieran
Published: January 2025

Between the end of the Second World War and the early twenty-first century, Britain became multicultural. This vivid book tells that remarkable story. Kieran Connell, an historian of Irish and German heritage who grew up in Balsall Heath, inner-city Birmingham, takes readers into multicultural communities across Britain at key moments in their development. Journeying far beyond London, Multicultural Britain explores the messy contradictions of the country’s transition into today’s diverse society. It reveals the ordinary people who have forged Britain’s multiculturalism; skewers public leaders, from Enoch Powell to Harold Wilson to Margaret Thatcher, who have too often weaponized race for their own political ends; and shines a light on the shifting nature of British racism, revealing its enduring day-to-day impact on ethnic-minority groups. Between postcolonial reckonings and immigration anxieties, how people live together in Brexit Britain remains an urgent question for our time. Connell’s fresh, thought-provoking book unveils British multiculturalism not as a problematic idea, but as a rich and complex lived reality.
Discrete-time models for unreplicated series
Authors: Diggle Peter J. , Giorgi Emanuele
Published: January 2025

In this chapter we define a simple extension to the class of stationary autoregressive moving average processes that provides a class of non-stationary discrete-time models for time series of equally spaced measurements, and describe the methodology for fitting these models to time-series data. This approach to time-series modelling is often called the Box–Jenkins method, following its introduction in the classic text by Box and Jenkins (1970).
The acquisition of clause chaining
Authors: Sarvasy Hannah S. , Choi Soonja
Published: January 2025

Although clause chains are a primary complex sentence type in hundreds of languages around the world, acquisition scholars have turned their attention to cross-linguistic investigation of clause chains only very recently. Because clause chains involve neither textbook subordination nor coordination and can include up to ten or more clauses, children’s development of clause chaining yields special insights that have expanded our knowledge of grammatical development as a whole. This chapter presents an overview of what is known about child acquisition of clause chaining in six main areas: the development of clause chaining compared with the development of other complex sentence types; the development of inter-clause semantic linkage types within clause chains; the development of participant tracking and subject continuity; the development of clause chain length; clause chain development compared with complex predicate development; and the uses of ‘non-canonical’ clause chains by children and their caretakers.
Clause chaining and other means of clause linking in Doromu-Koki
Authors: Bradshaw Robert L.
Published: January 2025

This chapter discusses clause chaining and clause linking techniques found in the Doromu-Koki language of Central Province, Papua New Guinea, comparing these features with other Southeast Papuan languages of Central Province. Various clause chaining methods are investigated. As with other Papuan languages, one common feature is switch-reference marking; others include purposive and conative mood marking on medial verbs. In addition, clause linking is marked through coordination and subordination, which are realized by various types of conjunctions and temporal postpositions. Other forms also function as coordinating conjunctions, including summary bridging linkage and heterosemous forms combining the functions of postpositions and conjunctions.
Clause chaining in Kurtöp
Authors: Hyslop Gwendolyn
Published: January 2025

Kurtöp is an East Bodish (Tibeto-Burman) language of Bhutan, possessing a robust clause chaining construction, different from the processes of verb serialization. The construction is characterized by one or more converb clauses, marked with the non-final suffix -si, and eventually a fully inflected verb. In a survey of four texts, a converbial clause comprises between 15% to 34% of all clause types, highlighting how pervasive clause chaining is in Kurtöp, based on a variety of textual data. This chapter provides an overview of the phenomenon in Kurtöp, including a discussion of referent tracking in natural speech, functions, and also origins and grammaticalized uses, in addition to the issues of switch-reference.
Clause chaining in Tsova-Tush and East Caucasian
Authors: Anker Felix
Published: January 2025

The chapter is a survey of clause chaining in the Nakh language Tsova-Tush, and related East Caucasian languages. Clause chaining in Tsova-Tush is achieved by means of converb clauses that are used to express successive events. Due to Georgian influence, clause chaining as a clause linking strategy in Tsova-Tush is often replaced by other means of coordination (juxtaposition, conjunctions, enclitics). Other East Caucasian languages exclusively use converb clauses to link consecutive events in narratives, and to a lesser extent in biographical texts. Although clause chains can consist of up to six converb clauses in the Tsezic language Hunzib, the majority of clause chains only consist of one converb clause. Furthermore, clause chaining is found in bridging constructions, often indicating switch-reference.
Musical alexia with recovery: a personal account
Authors: McDonald I.
Published: January 2025

This chapter presents a series of 12 articles reflecting different types of stroke. Article 1 discusses a cognitive neuropsychologist’s right anterior cortical stroke. Article 2 explores a general practitioner’s right hemisphere stroke. Article 3 narrates a nurse’s experience following a left frontal stroke, whereas Article 4 reflects on a late professor and classical pianist’s experience with a right parietal stroke. Article 5 describes a radiologist’s encounter with an acute right hemisphere stroke. Article 6 provides insight into a neuropsychologist’s life after a ruptured left frontal arteriovenous malformation that occurred at the age of 19 years. Article 7 details a psychiatrist’s episode of transient global amnesia. Article 8 recounts a nephrologist who suffered a cerebellar infarct. Article 9 examines an aphasiologist’s stroke affecting the brainstem. Article 10 reports on a cardiologist’s embolic stroke involving the cerebellum. Article 11 outlines the consequences of a neuroscientist’s brainstem infarct. Finally, Article 12 shares a nurse’s perspective on a right parietal lobe stroke.
A stroke survivor’s story
Authors: Zillmer E.
Published: January 2025

This chapter presents a series of 12 articles reflecting different types of stroke. Article 1 discusses a cognitive neuropsychologist’s right anterior cortical stroke. Article 2 explores a general practitioner’s right hemisphere stroke. Article 3 narrates a nurse’s experience following a left frontal stroke, whereas Article 4 reflects on a late professor and classical pianist’s experience with a right parietal stroke. Article 5 describes a radiologist’s encounter with an acute right hemisphere stroke. Article 6 provides insight into a neuropsychologist’s life after a ruptured left frontal arteriovenous malformation that occurred at the age of 19 years. Article 7 details a psychiatrist’s episode of transient global amnesia. Article 8 recounts a nephrologist who suffered a cerebellar infarct. Article 9 examines an aphasiologist’s stroke affecting the brainstem. Article 10 reports on a cardiologist’s embolic stroke involving the cerebellum. Article 11 outlines the consequences of a neuroscientist’s brainstem infarct. Finally, Article 12 shares a nurse’s perspective on a right parietal lobe stroke.
Summary of ‘Any recent stressors? A memoir of transient global amnesia’ *
Authors: Lyness J. M.
Published: January 2025

This chapter presents a series of 12 articles reflecting different types of stroke. Article 1 discusses a cognitive neuropsychologist’s right anterior cortical stroke. Article 2 explores a general practitioner’s right hemisphere stroke. Article 3 narrates a nurse’s experience following a left frontal stroke, whereas Article 4 reflects on a late professor and classical pianist’s experience with a right parietal stroke. Article 5 describes a radiologist’s encounter with an acute right hemisphere stroke. Article 6 provides insight into a neuropsychologist’s life after a ruptured left frontal arteriovenous malformation that occurred at the age of 19 years. Article 7 details a psychiatrist’s episode of transient global amnesia. Article 8 recounts a nephrologist who suffered a cerebellar infarct. Article 9 examines an aphasiologist’s stroke affecting the brainstem. Article 10 reports on a cardiologist’s embolic stroke involving the cerebellum. Article 11 outlines the consequences of a neuroscientist’s brainstem infarct. Finally, Article 12 shares a nurse’s perspective on a right parietal lobe stroke.
Books by doctors/scientists recounting their personal experience of traumatic brain injury
Authors: Kapur Narinder , Bell Vaughan , Friedland Daniel , Kemp Steven
Published: January 2025

This chapter includes 10 articles that explore the experiences of those who suffered a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Article 1 describes the symptoms that followed a TBI suffered by a neurology professor after a fall. Articles 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 describe the consequences of a TBI following a road traffic accident. In Article 4, the doctor sustained a severe TBI that occurred while skiing.
Finding Hope in the Midst of Despair: My Decade With Parkinson’s Disease and Lewy Body Dementia
Authors: Graboys T. B.
Published: January 2025

This chapter brings together 17 narratives from those having to deal with dementia. Article 1 features a professor recounting early Alzheimer's symptoms. Article 2 discusses a GP's Alzheimer's and heart problems. Articles 3 and 4 include a neurologist's observations and reflections related to his Alzheimer's Disease. Articles 5 and 6 describe a neurologist's Parkinson's Disease (PD). Article 7 details a professor's fluctuating Parkinson's symptoms, whilst Article 8 shares a surgeon's PD experiences and effective treatment. Articles 9 and 10 see a doctor reflecting on early PD symptoms and patient-inspired insights. Article 11 provides a physician's insights on his PD's daily life impact. Article 12 by a physician, discusses PD, Lewy Body Dementia, and its effect on his identity. Article 13 narrates a neurologist's Lewy Body Dementia encounter. Articles 14 and 15 present a hepatologist's PD and Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. Articles 16 and 17 discuss the experiences with Primary Progressive Aphasia of a scientist and a physician respectively.
Normal pressure hydrocephalus: a case report by a physician who is the patient
Authors: Conn H.O.
Published: January 2025

This chapter brings together 17 narratives from those having to deal with dementia. Article 1 features a professor recounting early Alzheimer's symptoms. Article 2 discusses a GP's Alzheimer's and heart problems. Articles 3 and 4 include a neurologist's observations and reflections related to his Alzheimer's Disease. Articles 5 and 6 describe a neurologist's Parkinson's Disease (PD). Article 7 details a professor's fluctuating Parkinson's symptoms, whilst Article 8 shares a surgeon's PD experiences and effective treatment. Articles 9 and 10 see a doctor reflecting on early PD symptoms and patient-inspired insights. Article 11 provides a physician's insights on his PD's daily life impact. Article 12 by a physician, discusses PD, Lewy Body Dementia, and its effect on his identity. Article 13 narrates a neurologist's Lewy Body Dementia encounter. Articles 14 and 15 present a hepatologist's PD and Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. Articles 16 and 17 discuss the experiences with Primary Progressive Aphasia of a scientist and a physician respectively.
Summary of ‘Delirium: an experience and some reflections’ *
Authors: Levin M.
Published: January 2025

In this chapter, there are seven articles dealing with serious infectious and inflammatory diseases. Article 1 provides a cardiologist’s detailed account of limbic encephalitis, emphasizing the fluctuating cognitive and emotional symptoms due to hippocampal and amygdala involvement. Article 2 offers insights from a neurologist on a unique presentation of autoimmune limbic encephalitis that affected him. Article 3 shares a physician’s personal journey with autoimmune encephalitis, highlighting the condition’s significant impact on mental well-being. Article 4 focuses on a psychiatrist’s challenging experience with COVID-19-related delirium and the lingering effects of long COVID. Article 5 discusses a doctor’s delirium episode following COVID-19, which included a period in intensive care. Article 6 reports another doctor’s experience with delirium, which followed a presumed meningitis infection. Finally, Article 7 is a gripping story of survival from a psychiatrist who battled streptococcal toxic shock syndrome.