bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative imaging of selenoprotein with multi‐isotope imaging mass spectrometry (MIMS)
Authors: Tang S.S. , Guillermier C. , Wang M. , Poczatek J. C. , Suzuki N. , Loscalzo J. , Lechene C.
Published: August 2014

Multi‐isotope imaging mass spectrometry (MIMS) allows high‐resolution quantitative imaging of protein and nucleic acid synthesis at the level of a single cell using stable isotope labels. We employed MIMS to determine the compartmental localization of selenoproteins tagged with stable isotope selenium compounds in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC), and to compare the efficiency of labeling (to determine the ideal selenium source) from these compounds: [82Se]‐selenite, [77Se]‐seleno‐methionine, and [76Se]‐methyl‐selenocysteine. We found that all three selenium isotopes appear to be localized in the nucleus as well as in the cytoplasm. For MIMS detection, we compared freeze‐drying to thin layer versus thin sectioning for sample preparation. MIMS provides a unique and novel way to dissect selenoprotein synthesis in cells. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SNAI2 Controls the Undifferentiated State of Human Epidermal Progenitor Cells
Authors: Mistry Devendra S. , Chen Yifang , Wang Ying , Zhang Kang , Sen George L.
Published: August 2014

The transcription factor, SNAI2, is an inducer of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) which mediates cell migration during development and tumor invasion. SNAI2 can also promote the generation of mammary epithelial stem cells from differentiated luminal cells when overexpressed. How SNAI2 regulates these critical and diverse functions is unclear. Here, we show that the levels of SNAI2 expression are important for epidermal cell fate decisions. The expression of SNAI2 was found to be enriched in the basal layer of the interfollicular epidermis where progenitor cells reside and extinguished upon differentiation. Loss of SNAI2 resulted in premature differentiation whereas gain of SNAI2 expression inhibited differentiation. SNAI2 controls the differentiation status of epidermal progenitor cells by binding to and repressing the expression of differentiation genes with increased binding leading to further transcriptional silencing. Thus, the levels of SNAI2 binding to genomic targets determine the differentiation status of epithelial cells with increased levels triggering EMT and dedifferentiation, moderate (physiological) levels promoting epidermal progenitor function, and low levels leading to epidermal differentiation. Stem Cells  2014;32:3209–3218
Calcium and Calcineurin-NFAT Signaling Regulate Granulocyte-Monocyte Progenitor Cell Cycle via Flt3-L
Authors: Fric Jan , Lim Clarice X.F. , Mertes Alexandra , Lee Bernett T.K. , Viganò Elena , Chen Jinmiao , Zolezzi Francesca , Poidinger Michael , Larbi Anis , Strobl Herbert , Zelante Teresa , Ricciardi-Castagnoli Paola
Published: August 2014

Maintenance of myeloid progenitor cells is controlled by complex regulatory mechanisms and is orchestrated by multiple different transcription factors. Here, we report that the activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) by calcium-sensing protein calcineurin inhibits the proliferation of myeloid granulocyte–monocyte progenitors (GMPs). Myeloid progenitor subtypes exhibit variable sensitivity to induced Ca2+ entry and consequently display differential engagement of the calcineurin-NFAT pathway. This study shows that inhibition of the calcineurin-NFAT pathway enhances the proliferation of GMPs both in vitro and in vivo and demonstrates that calcineurin-NFAT signaling in GMPs is initiated by Flt3-L. Inhibition of the calcineurin-NFAT pathway modified expression of the cell cycle regulation genes Cdk4, Cdk6, and Cdkn1a (p21), thus enabling rapid cell cycle progression specifically in GMPs. NFAT inhibitor drugs are extensively used in the clinic to restrict the pathological activation of lymphoid cells, and our data reveal for the first time that these therapies also exert potent effects on maintenance of the myeloid cell compartment through specific regulation of GMP proliferation. Stem Cells  2014;32:3232–3244
TGFβ Lengthens the G1 Phase of Stem Cells in Aged Mouse Brain
Authors: Daynac Mathieu , Pineda Jose R. , Chicheportiche Alexandra , Gauthier Laurent R. , Morizur Lise , Boussin François D. , Mouthon Marc-André
Published: August 2014

Neurogenesis decreases during aging causing a progressive cognitive decline but it is still controversial whether proliferation defects in neurogenic niches result from a loss of neural stem cells or from an impairment of their progression through the cell cycle. Using an accurate fluorescence-activated cell sorting technique, we show that the pool of neural stem cells is maintained in the subventricular zone of middle-aged mice while they have a reduced proliferative potential eventually leading to the subsequent decrease of their progeny. In addition, we demonstrate that the G1 phase is lengthened during aging specifically in activated stem cells, but not in transit-amplifying cells, and directly impacts on neurogenesis. Finally, we report that inhibition of TGFβ signaling restores cell cycle progression defects in stem cells. Our data highlight the significance of cell cycle dysregulation in stem cells in the aged brain and provide an attractive foundation for the development of anti-TGFβ regenerative therapies based on stimulating endogenous neural stem cells. Stem Cells  2014;32:3257–3265
Transaction Cost in Economics
Authors: Suematsu Chihiro
Published: August 2014

This chapter will set out to explain economists use the concept of a transaction cost. Central to the concept of transaction costs is the field of study that is called transaction cost economics (TCE). It is important to recognize, however, that TCE treats transaction costs in a different manner than this book does. From the title of the study, one might think that TCE is all about measuring and minimizing transaction costs, but this would be quite misleading. TCE does not even deal with transactions and transaction costs per se, as this book has been proposing, but instead addresses the purely economics-oriented question of how governance structures are selected to counter opportunistic behavior. Here governance structures refer to whether a company manufactures internally, manufactures within its family group, vertically integrates, or buys from the market.
Application Examples of Transaction Cost Measurement and Analysis to Management
Authors: Suematsu Chihiro
Published: August 2014

Activities that cannot be measured cannot be managed. This common sense has not been applied to the activities of employees in companies despite the fact that this is a fundamental management issue. In reality, this information is not present in corporate financial statements, and in most companies this is neither measured nor correctly grasped. In attendance management, only the work start time and end time are taken into account, and the rest is basically a black box. Companies that offer legal, accounting, consulting, and engineering services bill their customers on an hourly basis. Therefore, most of these companies maintain activity log details. These data are based on the classification for customer billing, but they are not used for activity analysis, even though the data are entered with effort. To begin with, the data accuracy per se is too low to support analysis.
Surgical Management of Retropharyngeal Nodes Metastases from Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Togashi Takafumi , Sugitani Iwao , Toda Kazuhisa , Kawabata Kazuyoshi , Takahashi Sugata
Published: August 2014

Background

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) often metastasizes to the central and lateral neck lymph nodes, but rarely affects retropharyngeal nodes (RPN).

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 12 patients (three men, nine women) with PTC who underwent dissection of RPN metastases between 1994 and 2012. Mean age at dissection was 65 years (range 23–77).

Results

Dissection was performed with the initial surgery for PTC in eight patients, while the remaining four patients underwent dissection as secondary surgery. RPN metastases arose from an ipsilateral primary in nine patients, bilateral in two, and contralateral in one, with primaries located at the superior pole of the thyroid lobe in nine patients. All patients showed simultaneous or previous lymph node metastases in the upper jugular chain. A transcervical approach was applied for RPN dissection in 11 patients, while a transcervical‐transparotid approach was applied in the remaining patient. No patients needed mandibulotomy or showed severe complications. Median duration of follow‐up after RPN dissection was 48 months (range 3–206). No recurrences in the retropharyngeal space were identified. Two patients died of the disease, one died from other carcinoma, and five survived with distant metastases from PTC. The remaining four patients remain free of the disease as at the time of writing.

Conclusions

If lymph node metastases are identified in the upper jugular chain, the possibility of RPN metastases should be checked. Most RPN metastases from PTC can be dissected safely without mandibulotomy. In particular, low‐risk patients can expect favorable outcomes.
Optimum reserve size, fishing induced change in carrying capacity, and phenotypic diversity
Authors: Akpalu Wisdom , Bitew Worku T.
Published: August 2014

Fish stocks around the world are heavily overexploited in spite of fishing policies in several parts of the world designed to limit overfishing. Recent studies have found that the complexity of ecological systems and the diversity of species, as well as negative impact of fishing activities on environmental carrying capacity of fish stocks—all contribute to the problem. A number of biologists, managers, and practitioners strongly support the use of marine reserves as a management strategy for marine conservation. This paper contributes to this line of research by seeking an optimum reserve size and fishing effort for situations where species diversity decrease at fishing grounds and fishing activities impact carrying capacity. We found that a reserve size which maximizes economic rents could ruin a fish stock if fishing impacts are not accounted for. On the other hand, the reserve serves as a bifurcation term which could improve the resilience of a marine ecosystem.
Posterior Chondrolabral Cleft: Clinical Significance and Associations with Shoulder Instability
Authors: Campbell Scot E. , Dewitt Robert M. , Cameron Kenneth L. , Thompson Adrianne K. , Owens Brett D.
Published: August 2014

Background

A high signal intensity cleft between the labrum and articular cartilage of the posterior glenoid is commonly visible on MRI and has been suggested to be anatomic variation [ 3 , 10 , 23 ]. The association of a posterior cleft with variations in glenoid morphology or with shoulder instability is unknown.

Questions/Purposes

The purposes of this study were to determine if posterior chondrolabral clefts are associated with variations in glenoid morphology, and to determine if they are associated with shoulder instability.

Patients and Methods

Shoulder MRI was performed in 1,264 shoulders, 1,135 male (89.8%), and 129 female (10.2%). A musculoskeletal radiologist blinded to history and outcomes evaluated the MR images for linear high signal intensity at the posterior chondrolabral junction and a rounded or truncated contour of the posterior glenoid. Glenoid version and depth were measured. Patients were followed prospectively for shoulder instability for 4 years. Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis were performed.

Results

Posterior chondrolabral cleft was present in 114/1,264. Posterior chondrolabral cleft was associated with a rounded or truncated posterior glenoid. There were 9.5° retroversion in shoulders with a posterior cleft, and 7.7° retroversion in shoulders without a cleft. Shoulders with a posterior chondrolabral cleft were more likely to develop shoulder instability.

Conclusions

Posterior chondrolabral clefts are not uncommon on MRI. They are associated with a rounded or truncated posterior glenoid and a small but significant increase in glenoid retroversion. They are associated with shoulder instability.
Optimizing Detergent Formulation with Enzymes
Authors: Zhang Jian , Zhang Yue , Li Wei , Li Xiaoling , Lian Xiang
Published: August 2014

Enzymes have been widely used in modern detergents. However, few studies deal with research on enzyme dosage as well as its relationship with other ingredients within detergent products. This paper compares the washing performance of Chinese phosphate and non‐phosphate detergent before and after adding different enzymes and additives on the various types of swatches. The results confirmed that the detergent washing performance with enzymes added improved significantly for the specific stain soil. And within a certain range, the detergent washing performance and enzyme content have positive correlation. Furthermore there is synergy of soil removable ability between protease and amylase. Meanwhile the citric acid and various additives with enzymes can effectively compensate for insufficient of non‐phosphate detergent.
Genomics in Neurological Disorders
Authors: Han Guangchun , Sun Jiya , Wang Jiajia , Bai Zhouxian , Song Fuhai , Lei Hongxing
Published: August 2014

Neurological disorders comprise a variety of complex diseases in the central nervous system, which can be roughly classified as neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. The basic and translational research of neurological disorders has been hindered by the difficulty in accessing the pathological center (i.e., the brain) in live patients. The rapid advancement of sequencing and array technologies has made it possible to investigate the disease mechanism and biomarkers from a systems perspective. In this review, recent progresses in the discovery of novel risk genes, treatment targets and peripheral biomarkers employing genomic technologies will be discussed. Our major focus will be on two of the most heavily investigated neurological disorders, namely Alzheimer’s disease and autism spectrum disorder.
Inching towards Accountability for Quality: Early Days for the Excellent Care for All Act
Authors: Sullivan Terrence , Brown Adalsteinn
Published: August 2014

The Excellent Care for All Act has been in place for 4 years in June 2014. The Act presents a governance imperative to improve quality among health institutions beginning with hospitals and moving forward with organized community, primary, and continuing care sectors. The Act also creates an important new institutional innovation in the form of the provincial agency, Health Quality Ontario, to support the intents of the legislation. This article offers commentary to deepen the effect of the Act through public reporting, broader clinician engagement, and overall evaluation as more organizations are captured in the Excellent Care for All Act's regulatory sweep.
The Alberta Health Act: The Development of the Health Charter and the Role of the Health Advocate
Authors: Marshall Mary
Published: August 2014

The role of the health advocate and the health charter will evolve, but the enactment of the Alberta Health Act is important in establishing the expectations of Albertans and others of the healthcare system. This legislative development is unique in Canada and will be watched closely across the country.
The Starfield Model: Measuring Comprehensive Primary Care for System Benefit
Authors: Southey George , Heydon Angie
Published: August 2014

Comprehensive primary care describes the long-term relationship between patient and provider in which medical services, support for self-care, and care coordination are the foundation. Research has associated comprehensive primary care with better system quality, equity, and efficiency. A performance measurement method is needed to enable teams delivering such care to optimize their performance and to evaluate the benefits over time. This article describes “The Starfield Model”—an approach to measuring quality, capacity, and total cost of care at this scope of service—and the results achieved by a small family health team in implementing this model. This experience suggests that real benefits arise from meaningful feedback to providers. The model has the potential to work in any payment system of primary care, thereby providing insight into all types of comprehensive primary care practices.
Cerebrolysin protects PC12 cells from CoCl2‐induced hypoxia employing GSK3β signaling
Authors: Hartwig Kerstin , Fackler Viktoria , Jaksch‐Bogensperger Heidi , Winter Stefan , Furtner Tanja , Couillard‐Despres Sebastien , Meier Dieter , Moessler Herbert , Aigner Ludwig
Published: August 2014

Cerebrolysin (EVER Neuro Pharma GmbH, Austria) is a peptidergic drug indicated for clinical use in stroke, traumatic brain injury and dementia. The therapeutic effect of Cerebrolysin is thought to ensure from its neurotrophic activity, which shares some properties with naturally occurring neurotrophic factors. However, the exact mechanism of action of Cerebrolysin is yet to be fully deciphered. This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of Cerebrolysin in a widely used in vitro model of hypoxia‐induced neuronal cytotoxicity, namely cobalt chloride (CoCl2)‐treatment of PC12 cells. CoCl2‐cytotoxicity was indicated by a reduced cell‐diameter, cell shrinkage, increased pro‐apoptotic Caspase‐activities and a decreased metabolic activity. Cerebrolysin maintained the cell‐diameter of CoCl2‐treated naïve PC12 cells, decreased the activation of Caspase 3/7 in CoCl2‐stressed naïve PC12 cells and restored the cells' metabolic activity in CoCl2‐impaired naïve and differentiated PC12 cells. Cerebrolysin treatment also decreased the levels of superoxide observed after exposure to CoCl2. Investigating the mechanism of action, we could demonstrate that Cerebrolysin application to CoCl2‐stressed PC12 cells increased the phosphorylation of GSK3β, resulting in the inhibition of GSK3β. This might become clinically relevant for Alzheimer's disease, since GSK3β activity has been linked to the production of amyloid beta. Taken together, Cerebrolysin was found to have neuroprotective effects in CoCl2‐induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells.
Gender‐related protection from or vulnerability to severe CNS diseases: Gonado‐structural and/or gonado‐activational? A meta‐analysis of relevant epidemiological studies
Authors: Braun Claude M.J. , Roberge Carl
Published: August 2014

Background

A vast scientific literature has dealt with gender‐specific risk for brain disorder. That field is evolving toward a consensus to the effect that the estrogen hormone family is outstandingly and uniquely neuroprotective. However, the epidemiology relevant to this general outlook remains piecemeal.

Method

The present investigation strategically formats the relevant epidemiological findings around the world in order to quantitatively meta‐analyze gender ratio of risk for a variety of relevant severe central nervous system (CNS) diseases at all three gonadal stages of the life cycle, pre pubertal, post adolescent/pre menopausal, and post menopausal.

Results

The data quantitatively establish that (1) no single epidemiological study should be cited as evidence of gender‐specific neuroprotection against the most common severe CNS diseases because the gender‐specific risk ratios are contradictory from one study to the other; (2) risk for severe CNS disease is indeed significantly gender‐specific, but either gender can be protected: it depends on the disease, not at all on the age bracket.

Conclusion

Our assay of gender‐specific risk for severe brain disease around the world has not been able to support the idea according to which any one gender‐prevalent gonadal steroid hormone dominates as a neuroprotective agent at natural concentrations.
Left atrial anomalous muscular band detected by computed tomography before catheter ablation in a patient with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Okajima Katsunori , Imamura Kimitake , Kanda Gaku , Shimane Akira
Published: August 2014

A 65‐year‐old man was referred to our hospital with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). Before the ablation procedure, 3‐dimensional computed tomography revealed a left atrial anomalous muscular band connecting the posterior side of the left atrial roof and the right edge of the fossa ovalis. During the first ablation procedure, the band interfered with the manipulation of the catheter, resulting in only the left pulmonary vein (PV) being isolated. However, AF recurred. During the second procedure, careful catheter manipulation permitted complete right PV isolation, after which, the patient has not had AF recurrence for more than 3 years.
Mental Disorders of Pregnant and Postpartum Women After Earthquakes: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ren Jian-Hua , Chiang Chung-Lim Vico , Jiang Xiao-Lian , Luo Bi-Ru , Liu Xing-Hui , Pang Mei-Che
Published: August 2014

Objective

The aim of this review was to systematically search and critique relevant literature on the potential psychological impact of earthquakes on peripartum women to synthesize existing knowledge for further action.

Methods

A search through 5 databases was conducted for relevant publications in English, and the results were screened through a set of inclusion and exclusion processes.

Results

Eight articles were included. Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder were the most often reported mental disorders. Some factors (eg, family relationships and social support) were associated with mental disorders suffered by peripartum women after earthquakes. An assessment of the quality of the studies showed that most did not have high levels of evidence because of their cross-sectional design and limitations.

Conclusions

Among the factors that influenced the mental health of pregnant and postpartum women after earthquakes, family function appears to be one of the most important and deserves further exploration. Other mental health conditions such as minor psychiatric disorders should also be studied for their relationship with disasters and pregnancy. Well-designed studies are needed to enable a better understanding of the relationship between earthquakes and the mental disorders of peripartum women so that the most appropriate interventions can be proposed. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1–11)
On the persistence of degenerate lower-dimensional tori in reversible systems
Authors: WANG XIAOCAI , XU JUNXIANG , ZHANG DONGFENG
Published: August 2014

This work focuses on the persistence of lower-dimensional tori with prescribed frequencies and singular normal matrices in reversible systems. By the Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser theory and the special structure of unperturbed nonlinear terms in the differential equation, we prove that the invariant torus with given frequency persists under small perturbations. Our result is a generalization of X. Wang et al [Degenerate lower dimensional tori in reversible systems. J. Math. Anal. Appl.387 (2012), 776–790].
Structure of transition classes for factor codes on shifts of finite type
Authors: ALLAHBAKHSHI MAHSA , HONG SOONJO , JUNG UIJIN
Published: August 2014

Given a factor code ${\it\pi}$ from a shift of finite type $X$ onto a sofic shift $Y$, the class degree of ${\it\pi}$ is defined to be the minimal number of transition classes over the points of $Y$. In this paper, we investigate the structure of transition classes and present several dynamical properties analogous to the properties of fibers of finite-to-one factor codes. As a corollary, we show that for an irreducible factor triple, there cannot be a transition between two distinct transition classes over a right transitive point, answering a question raised by Quas.
Out of Time? National Parliaments and Early Decision-Making in the European Union
Authors: Jensen Mads Dagnis , Martinsen Dorte
Published: August 2014

Co-decisions between the Council of Ministers and the European Parliament are increasingly adopted as early agreements. Recent EU studies have pinpointed how this informal turn in EU governance has altered the existing balance of power between EU actors and within EU institutions. However, the implications of accelerated EU decision-making are expected to have repercussions beyond the EU system and in other institutions impinging on the role of national parliaments. This study examines the implications of an alteration of EU political time on national parliaments’ ability to scrutinize their executives in EU affairs. A mixed method approach has been applied. This strategy combines survey data on national parliaments’ scrutiny process and response to early agreements for 26 EU countries with a case study examination of national parliaments in Denmark, the UK and Germany. The burgeoning research agenda on EU timescapes is applied. This study finds that the clocks of most national parliaments are out of time with the EU decision-mode of early agreements, which severely hampers the national parliaments’ ability to scrutinize national governments.
The Limits of White Memory: Slavery, Violence and the Amistad Incident
Authors: VARA-DANNEN THERESA C.
Published: August 2014

This article addresses the Amistad incident, and the evolving way this event was viewed by Connecticut journalists and residents; an examination of the language used in contemporary newspapers reveals why the Amistad story was largely forgotten in popular imagination in the United States until the 1980s, and completely forgotten in Sierra Leone, the homeland of the captives. The Amistad displayed the nation's most racist beliefs, along with its worst fears, in Connecticut newspaper accounts, accounting for the discomfort with which Southerners in particular regarded the case. The rebellious African kidnap victims were exotic visitors to Connecticut, eliciting much commentary about the “ignoble savages” who might be cannibals, but most certainly seemed to be murderers with insight and intellect; more troubling, they were men – this seemed indisputable – and they were fighting courageously and against the odds for their own freedom, the pivotal American value. In a culture that evaluated savagery visually, there was much to identify as “savage,” but, nonetheless, as the Africans came to reside in Connecticut awaiting their trial, they became human beings, with their own voices, recorded in newspaper accounts. They acquired names, translators, Western clothing, English and Bible lessons, transforming their threatening black masculinity into the only image acceptable to white America, “the suffering servant”; in spite of the pro-slavery newspaper portrayal of the Africans as being lazy, inarticulate in English, mendacious slave-traders, a deliberate process of “heroification” of Cinque was occurring. These competing stereotypes of black man as supplicating victim versus black man as intelligent, violently forceful agent of his own fate were difficult for Lewis Tappan and his fellow abolitionists to navigate. The images also brought into question the value of “moral suasion” as a tool, especially when white Americans were faced with the reality of a strong, potentially violent African man. The Supreme Court decision freed the African captives, but set no precedent for future cases, and it did not improve the lot of even one other enslaved soul; worse yet, the returned captives found no peace after their hard-won return to Africa, nor did they choose to maintain their Christianity, much to the disappointment of their American hosts. Furthermore, the unhappy postscript of the Africans' resettlement called into question the value of the colonization plans so beloved by activists.
Porina pseudohibernicasp. nov., an isidiate, epiphytic lichen from central and south-eastern Europe
Authors: TRETIACH Mauro
Published: August 2014

The epiphytic lichenPorina pseudohibernicais described as new. It is characterized by a richly isidiate thallus, 7–8(–9)-septate ascospores and the presence of periphyses. It resemblesP. hibernicas. str., differing in the size and septation of ascospores, and in the dimensions of the terete, branched isidia. The new species was found fertile at a single site in the Carnic Alps (SE Alps, Italy), but it is also known in a sterile condition from scattered localities in the humid (sub-)montane belt of Slovenia, the Czech Republic and Ukraine, occurring on smooth bark ofFagusandCarpinus.Porina hibernicais restricted to the coastal lowlands of Atlantic Europe, and it prefers rather dry, base-rich bark ofQuercusandUlmus. The characters previously used to segregate the isidiate EuropeanPorinainto the genusZamenhofiaare also discussed.
A world key toStirtonia(Arthoniaceae), with three newStirtoniaspecies and one newCrypthoniaspecies from the Neotropics
Authors: APTROOT André , SIPMAN Harrie J. M. , KÄFFER Marcia , MARTINS Suzana M. , FERRARO Lidia Itatí , CÁCERES Marcela Eugenia da Silva
Published: August 2014

A world key to the 21 species ofStirtoniais presented. Three newStirtoniaspecies are described from the Neotropics:Stirtonia ibirapuitensisAptroot, Käffer & S. M. Martins, with whitish to cream amoeboid ascigerous areas with lichexanthone on a greenish thallus without lichexanthone and ascospores of 27–32×9·5–12·5 µm;Stirtonia punctiformisAptroot & Sipman, with ascigerous structures of thallus colour, consisting of one or more brown asci with brown walls with surrounding tissue, in groups or irregular lines and brown ascospores 61–73×27–35 µm; andStirtonia viridisAptroot, L. I. Ferraro, Sipman & M. Cáceres, with ascigerous structures mostly linear, branched and anastomosing, whitish, and contrasting with the often greenish thallus and with ascospores 50–58×15–22 µm. In addition, a specimen ofS. neotropicais reported that contains some patches of lichexanthone,S. curvatais reported new to the Neotropics from Brazil and the Netherlands Antilles, andS. niveais reported new to the Northern Hemisphere from Puerto Rico. Also,Crypthonia divaricaticaAptroot & Sipman, with an irregular, thick thallus with divaricatic and usnic acids and flat white ascigerous areas and macrocephalic 5–9-septate ascospores 20–27×9·5–12·5 µm is described from Mexico. While only oneStirtoniaspecies was known from the Neotropics as recently as 2009, the total number ofStirtoniaspecies known from the Neotropics is now 12, an equal number to the 12 species that are known from the Palaeotropics.
Distinct neuropsychological profiles within ADHD: a latent class analysis of cognitive control, reward sensitivity and timing
Authors: van Hulst B. M. , de Zeeuw P. , Durston S.
Published: August 2014

Background

Multiple pathway models of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) suggest that this disorder is the behavioural expression of dysfunction in one of several separable brain systems. One such model focuses on the brain systems underlying cognitive control, timing and reward sensitivity. It predicts separable subgroups among individuals with ADHD, with performance deficits in only one of these domains. We used latent class analysis (LCA) to identify subgroups of individuals with ADHD based on their overall pattern of neuropsychological performance, rather than grouping them based on cut-off criteria. We hypothesized that we would find separable subgroups with deficits in cognitive control, timing and reward sensitivity respectively.

Method

Ninety-six subjects with ADHD (of any subtype) and 121 typically developing controls performed a battery assessing cognitive control, timing and reward sensitivity. LCA was used to identify subgroups of individuals with ADHD with a distinct neuropsychological profile. A similar analysis was performed for controls.

Results

Three subgroups represented 87% of subjects with ADHD. Two of our three hypothesized subgroups were identified, with poor cognitive control and timing. Two of the ADHD subgroups had similar profiles to control subgroups, whereas one subgroup had no equivalent in controls.

Conclusions

Our findings support multiple pathway models of ADHD, as we were able to define separable subgroups with differing cognitive profiles. Furthermore, we found both quantitative and qualitative differences from controls, suggesting that ADHD may represent both categorical and dimensional differences. These results show that by addressing heterogeneity in ADHD, we can identify more homogeneous subsets of individuals to further investigate.
Analyzing the Interprofessional Working of a Home-Based Primary Care Team
Authors: Smith-Carrier Tracy , Neysmith Sheila
Published: August 2014

De plus en plus, les équipes interprofessionnelles sont chargées de fournir la prestation de services de soins de santé intégrés. Cependant, les équipes efficaces ne sont pas le fruit du hasard, mais nécessitent une planification minutieuse et une attention soutenue au processus de développer l’équipe. Basée sur une étude de cas portant sur des entretiens, l’observation participante, et une enquête, nous avons identifié les attributs clés pour le travail interprofessionnel efficace (TIE) dans le cadre de soins primaires à domicile (SPD). Reconnaissant l’importance d’un modèle théorique qui reflète la nature multi-dimensionnelle de la recherche sur l’efficacité de l’équipe, nous avons utilisé le modèle de l’efficacité de l’équipe integrée pour analyser nos résultats. Ces résultats indiquaient qu’une vision commune, des objectifs communs, le respect et la confiance entre les membres de l’équipe—ainsi que la communication continue, la direction efficace et des mécanismes de résolution des conflits—sont essentiels pour le développement d’une equipe de TIE qui fonctionne très bien. L’ambiguité et l’incertitude qui entoure le cadre de la prestation de services (à domicile), ainsi que la négociation des relations extérieures dans le domaine SPD, nécessitent la recherche plus approfondie.
SCULPTING THE PAST IN PRECLASSIC MESOAMERICA: OLMEC STONE MONUMENTS AND THE PRODUCTION OF SOCIAL MEMORY
Authors: Mollenhauer Jillian
Published: August 2014

Scholars encountering the monolithic sculptures of the Gulf lowland Olmec since the early twentieth century have frequently employed the term “monument” to describe these works. Often the word has been applied in reference to the formal qualities of the sculptures as well as to their antiquity. The function of monuments as sites of public remembering, however, has never been fully explored in relation to these works. This article discusses the evidence for, and implications of, viewing certain Olmec sculptures as public monuments intended to generate, transform, and erase the social memory of Olmec populations. Case studies of sculptural contexts suggest that such monuments were subject to diachronic transpositions and transformations in order to affect shifts in the collective memory over time. They remain as physical testaments to the maneuverings of Olmec elites within complex and ever-changing power relations that relied on the process of memory-making as part of the political stratagem.
THE VALUES OF CLASSIC MAYA JADE: A REANALYSIS OF CANCUEN'S JADE WORKSHOP
Authors: Andrieu Chloé , Rodas Edna , Luin Luis
Published: August 2014

Most ancient Maya jade workshops have been discovered in the Motagua Valley, the region where the majority of known Mesoamerican jade sources are located; whereas in the Maya lowlands, evidence of jade production has primarily been in the form of finished objects or, in a few cases, of jade debitage in construction fill and cache contexts. At Cancuen, however, a large jade preform production area was discovered in the heart of a major lowland Maya site. In this paper we present the technological reanalysis of this material and show that the quality and color of the raw material corresponds to very different production processes, values, and distribution within the site. We suggest that most of Cancuen's jade production was exported to recipient sites as preforms and discuss the importance of this organization for understanding the nature of wealth goods production and exchange in the ancient Maya world.
OUT OF CONTROL? RETHINKING ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT WEALTH GOODS PRODUCTION AND THE CLASSIC MAYA
Authors: Rochette Erick T.
Published: August 2014

Objects crafted from jade played a prominent role in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica from at least the Middle Formative period (ca. 1000–400b.c.). Based primarily on the consumption of jade artifacts by Classic Maya elites, scholars have argued that their production was under the direct control of elite members of society. Recent research in the middle Motagua Valley and elsewhere in Mesoamerica suggests that that the production of wealth goods varied much more widely than previously assumed. These data and subsequent technological analyses indicate that jade artifact production took place in a variety of domestic and nondomestic, as well as elite and nonelite, contexts. In particular, the current evidence from the middle Motagua Valley suggests that households at all levels of the local social hierarchy were engaged in the production of jade beads and preformed blanks intended for final-stage production elsewhere. This evidence runs counter to many previous models of wealth goods production, which have viewed such production as an elite-dominated activity. This article brings together recent evidence from the middle Motagua Valley, Guatemala, to propose new ways of conceptualizing the place of elites in Classic period Maya wealth goods production and the extent of their role in controlling ancient economies. The current evidence suggests that we need to evaluate models of wealth goods production in regard to specific temporal and spatial circumstances.
ANCIENT MAYA MARKETS AND THE ECONOMIC INTEGRATION OF CARACOL, BELIZE
Authors: Chase Diane Z. , Chase Arlen F.
Published: August 2014

Modeling Classic period social and economic systems of the ancient Maya has proven difficult for a number of reasons, including sampling, preservation, and interpretational biases. As more archaeological research has been undertaken, views about the Classic period Maya (a.d.250–900) have become progressively more complex. Because neither Maya art nor hieroglyphic texts contain substantial information on ancient economic systems, some archaeologists have tended to deemphasize the impact of ancient economies in reconstructions of the Classic period Maya civilization. Archaeological research at Caracol, Belize, however, has recovered evidence of the road systems, marketplaces, and production areas that served as the backbone of the site's economic infrastructure. When combined with artifact distributions, these data demonstrate the existence of an economy based on surplus household production with distribution in elite-administered markets. The archaeological data from Caracol not only elucidate how marketplaces were embedded in the Maya landscape, but also how they were used to integrate the site.
INSTRUMENTAL APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING MESOAMERICAN ECONOMY: ELUSIVE PROMISES
Authors: Bishop Ronald L.
Published: August 2014

More than four decades ago, instrumental developments, such as those involving neutron activation and X-ray florescence, began to generate relatively large quantities of data from the analysis of archaeological materials. These data served as the basis for many models of long-distance exchange as a means of explaining the development of cultural complexity. I review aspects of this early history and the how use of compositional data is now more directed toward localized investigations of economic activity. Even with this refocus of research interest, studies involving material characterization appear to be declining. Using traditional citation, personal experience, and highly selective examples, I discuss the use of analytical techniques for studies of long-distance trade, as it developed and now confronts interpretive difficulties that are inherent in the data and rendered more so by use of abstract constructs and resource limitations.
PROPERTY AND THE RULE OF LAW
Authors: Austin Lisa M.
Published: August 2014

This paper offers a new framework for thinking about the relationship between the common law of property and the rule of law. The standard way of framing this relationship is within the terms of the form/substance debate within the literature on the rule of law: Does the rule of law include only formal and procedural aspects or does it also encompass and support substantive rights such as private property rights and civil liberties? By focusing on the nature of common-law reasoning, I wish to question the form/substance dichotomy that frames this debate and to show that the formal aspects of the rule of law are in fact principles widely adopted within the practice of common-law reasoning and as such play a large role in shaping the substantive content of common-law property rights. Understanding this has implications beyond the relationship between property law and the rule of law.
General practitioners roles and experiences with functional foods containing probiotics and plant sterols
Authors: Melling Deborah
Published: August 2014

Aim

The purpose of this research is to explore whether general practitioners have experiences with functional foods within their clinical practice.

Background

Previous research and editorials have suggested that general practitioners should have more involvement and knowledge of functional foods. This is due to the thought that functional foods may be consumed by their patients that could lead to other issues, such as patients not taking their medication. Therefore, research into general practitioners involvement with functional foods needs to be conducted.

Method

In all, 10 semi-structured open interviews were used with a topic guide. These interviews where digitally audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. The transcripts where analysed using thematic analysis.

Findings

It was found that general practitioners believed they did not have a direct role with functional foods and should not be involved with discussing them with their patients. They felt that if they where to be involved with functional foods then they would need more training and information about them. They also felt that functional foods could be empowering for their patients.
John Gay, Ballad Opera and theThéâtres de la foire
Authors: ROGERS VANESSA L.
Published: August 2014

Daniel Heartz was the first musicologist to link John Gay'sThe Beggar's Opera(1728) withopéras comiques en vaudevilles, light musical theatre entertainments popular at the annual Paris fairs. Other scholars such as Edmond Gagey and Calhoun Winton had also suggested that Frenchcomédies en vaudevillesmight have been models for Gay's ‘original’ new genre of the ballad opera, but were unable to find compelling evidence for their suspicions. This article shows that the music ofPolly(1729), Gay's sequel toThe Beggar's Opera, can finally provide a link between ballad operas and thecomédies en vaudevilles, as four of the unidentified French airs in the opera can now be identified as popular Frenchvaudevilles. I investigate the fruitful exchange between Paris and London in the early eighteenth century (despite prevailing anti-French sentiment in Britain), focusing on musical borrowings, translations and the performers who worked in both cities. We shall see that ballad opera and thecomédies en vaudevillesshare common ground, includingvaudevilles finals, common tunes sung by actor-singers and the use of musical parody and double entendre. A closer examination of Gay's (and his contemporaries') knowledge of thecomédies en vaudevillesilluminates previously unknown French contributions to eighteenth-century English popular musical theatre, and demonstrates the unique way in which French practices were appropriated in early eighteenth-century England.
The Genevan Psalter in Eighteenth-Century Indonesia and Sri Lanka
Authors: IRVING DAVID R. M.
Published: August 2014

The spread of Protestant Christianity to Indonesia and Sri Lanka in the early modern period involved large-scale translation projects and, from the beginning of the eighteenth century, the publication of metrical psalms in languages spoken by local communities: Portuguese, Malay, Tamil and Sinhala. Selected psalms from the Genevan Psalter, as well as complete versions, were translated and published in South and Southeast Asia on several occasions in the eighteenth century, representing the earliest printing of Western staff notation in Jakarta and Colombo. These psalters were issued in numerous editions, and some were prefaced with a short explanation of the musical scale. Christian communities in Indonesia and Sri Lanka appear to have used the psalters regularly in religious devotions and services. This article explores the processes involved in the translation, production and distribution of these psalters, considering musical and cultural aspects of their adoption into local communities.
The Role of Magnetic Fields in Star Formation
Authors: Pudritz Ralph E. , Klassen Mikhail , Kirk Helen , Seifried Daniel , Banerjee Robi
Published: August 2014

Stars are born in turbulent, magnetized filamentary molecular clouds, typically as members of star clusters. Several remarkable technical advances enable observations of magnetic structure and field strengths across many physical scales, from galactic scales on which giant molecular clouds (GMCs) are assembled, down to the surfaces of magnetized accreting young stars. These are shedding new light on the role of magnetic fields in star formation. Magnetic fields affect the gravitational fragmentation and formation of filamentary molecular clouds, the formation and fragmentation of magnetized disks, and finally to the shedding of excess angular momentum in jets and outflows from both the disks and young stars. Magnetic fields play a particularly important role in angular momentum transport on all of these scales. Numerical simulations have provided an important tool for tracking the complex process of the collapse and evolution of protostellar gas since several competing physical processes are at play - turbulence, gravity, MHD, and radiation fields. This paper focuses on the role of magnetic fields in three crucial regimes of star formation: the formation of star clusters emphasizing fragmentation, disk formation and the origin of early jets and outflows, to processes that control the spin evolution of young stars.
Analysis of star-disk interaction in young stellar systems
Authors: Fonseca Nathalia N. J. , Alencar Silvia H. P. , Bouvier Jérôme
Published: August 2014

We present preliminary results of the study of star-disk interaction in the classical T Tauri star V354 Mon, a member of the young stellar cluster NGC 2264. As part of an international campaign of observations of NGC 2264 organized from December 2011 to February 2012, high resolution photometric and spectroscopic data of this object were obtained simultaneously with the Chandra, CoRoT and Spitzer satellites, and ground-based telescopes, such as CFHT and ESO/VLT. The optical and infrared light curves of V354 Mon show periodic brightness minima that vary in depth and width every 5.21 days rotational cycle. We found evidence that the Hα emission line profile changes according to the period of photometric variations, indicating that the same phenomenon causes both modulations. Such correlation was also identified in a previous observational campaign on the same object, where we concluded that material non-uniformly distributed in the inner part of the disk is the main cause of the photometric modulation. This assumption is supported by the fact that the system is seen at high inclination. It is believed that this distortion of the inner part of the disk results from the dynamical interaction between the stellar magnetosphere, inclined with respect to the rotation axis, and the circumstellar disk, as also observed in the classical T Tauri star AA Tau, and predicted by magnetohydrodynamic numerical simulations. A model of occultation by circumstellar material was applied to the photometric data in order to determine the parameters of the obscuring material during both observational campaigns, thus providing an investigation of its stability on a timescale of a few years. We also studied V422 Mon, a classical T Tauri star with photometric variations similar to those of V354 Mon at optical wavelengths, but with a distinct behavior in the infrared. The mechanism that produces such a difference is investigated, testing the predictions of magnetospheric accretion models.