bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimentally induced thiamine deficiency in Beagle dogs: Clinicopathologic findings
Authors: Read Deryck H. , Harrington Daniel D.
Published: February 2025

Twenty-three 2- to 5-month-old Beagle dogs were fed a purified thiamine-deficient ration (2 to 3 μg of thiamine/100 g of ration) at a rate of 40 to 70 g/kg of body weight/day, depending on age, for 32 to 134 (84 ± 42) days. Eleven dogs were used as principals, 6 as pair-fed (p-f) controls, and 6 as ad libitum-fed controls. Both control groups were given 300 μg of thiamine hydrochloride/kg, im, once a week.

Of 58 clinicopathologic values in the principals, 7 differed significantly (P < 0.05) from corresponding values in one or both control groups. Thiamine pyrophosphate effect on erythrocyte transketolase (tk) activity in creased steadily to a mean terminal value of 64%, whereas corresponding control values remained relatively stable below 11%. Mean terminal activity of erythrocyte tk was 1,030 μg of sedoheptulose/ml of erythrocytes/hour, about 50% of that of the p-f controls. Concentrations of blood pyruvate and lactate in 6- to 9-month-old principals increased abruptly during the intermediate stage of preliminary clinical signs (58.6 ± 37.0 days) to reach respective mean peaks of 7.4 mg/dl and 67 mg/dl, 5 to 6 times greater than corresponding values in p-f control dogs. The peak concentrations persisted for about 50 days, after which they decreased abruptly during the final stage of terminal clinical signs of disease (7.6 ± 6.0 days). Blood pyruvate and lactate concentrations in 3- to 4-month-old principals did not change appreciably. Two of these young principal dogs and 1 p-f control dog had low terminal plasma glucose concentrations (13 to 36 mg/dl), findings that were probably caused by inanition. Mean terminal numbers of segmented and band neutrophils were 2 and 9 times greater, respectively, than corresponding values of p-f controls. Mean terminal concentrations of csf pyruvate and lactate were 1.5 times greater than corresponding p-f control values, but the increase in pyruvate concentration was not significant.
Partial protection of calves against parainfluenza-3 virus infection by nasal-secretion interferon induced by infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus
Authors: Cummins J. M. , Rosenquist B. D.
Published: February 2025

Six calves (principals) were inoculated intranasally with a vaccinal strain of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) virus, and 6 control calves were given a placebo. All were challenge exposed (aerosol) with parainfluenza-3 (pi-3) virus at 4 days later—6 being exposed to 105.3 tcid50 and the other 6 to 108.3 tcid50 of pi-3 virus. Nasal excretion of ibr virus and pi-3 virus interferon (ifn) concentrations in the nasal secretions (ns), and serum and ns antibody were measured before and at times after virus inoculation.

Two of 3 calves tested had ifn in their ns at 24 hours after ibr viral inoculation. The 6 calves (principals) given ibr virus had ifn in their ns at 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 days, and 5 of the 6 calves had ns ifn at 10 days. The 3 control calves challenge exposed with pi-3 virus (108.3 tcid50) had ns ifn at 2 and 4 days, and 2 of these calves had ifn at 6 days after inoculation of pi-3 virus. Only 1 of the 3 control calves challenge exposed with 105.3 tcid50 of pi-3 virus had ns ifn after inoculation of pi-3 virus, and then at only 1 time period.

Serum-neutralizing antibody against pi-3 virus was present in 9 of 12 calves, and antibody in the ns was present in 5 of 12 calves, at the time of pi-3 virus challenge exposure. Antibody against pi-3 virus in the ns or the serum did not prevent infection. On experiment day 14 (or 10 days after pi-3 virus exposure), when nasal excretion of pi-3 virus had ceased or greatly decreased, serum or ns antibodies were increased in only 5 of 12 calves.

Two of the 3 control calves excreted pi-3 virus in their ns on experiment days 7, 8, and 10 (or 3,4, and 6 days after the challenge exposure with 105.3 tcid50 of pi-3 virus), but excretion was not detected at these times in the principals (ibr virus-inoculated) exposed with the same dosage of pi-3 virus. In the calves given the larger challenge exposure dose of pi-3 virus (108.3 tcid50), however, less difference in pi-3 viral excretion was noted; the geometric mean titer of pi-3 virus in the ns of these ibr virus-inoculated calves was greatly reduced, compared with that of the control calves, only on the 2nd and 8th days after challenge exposure. Interferon in the ns induced by ibr virus provided better protection against a challenge exposure with 105.3 tcid50 of pi-3 than it did against a challenge exposure by 108.3 tcid50.
Immunologic responses of the bovine fetus to parvovirus infection
Authors: Liggitt H. D. , DeMartini J. C. , Pearson L. D.
Published: February 2025

Effects of bovine parvovirus (bpv) infection on the bovine fetal immune system were studied. Five fetuses obtained by cesarean section at 5, 10, 20,40, and 60 days after they were inoculated and 2 control fetuses at 130 and 153 days of gestation were studied. Virus was recovered from the bpv-inoculated fetuses. Between 5 and 10 days postinoculation (pi) fetal blood lymphocyte counts tripled, due primarily to an increase in E-rosetting lymphocytes. There were transient increases in fetal serum immunoglobulin (Ig)M (peaking at pi day 20), marked and gradual increase in IgG1, and minimal increase of IgG2. Serum-neutralizing antibodies were detected at pi day 10 and increased to a titer of 1:2056 by day 60. Peripheral blood lymphocytes of all fetuses responded well to the nonspecific mitogens phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen. Histopathologically, there was lymphoid hyperplasia, most evident in lymph nodes draining the site of bpv inoculation. There was no indication of lymphoid depletion or necrosis in lymph nodes, spleen, or thymus of bpv-inoculated fetuses. These data indicate that under the conditions of this study, inoculation of the isolate of bpv may stimulate an immune response in the fetus.
Toxicology of aflatoxin B1, warfarin, and cadmium in young pigs: Performance and hematology
Authors: Osuna Orlando , Edds George T.
Published: February 2025

Observations of the interactions of cadmium (Cd) × aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and Cd × warfarin included several variables of animal performance and hematology. Cadmium was fed daily for 40 days (groups IV, V, VI) and a Cd-free diet was fed to groups I, II, and III. Groups II and V were treated with afb1, and groups III and VI were treated with warfarin—each for 5 days during the 5th week of the experiment and the effects were observed for 10 days. All pigs fed the diet with added Cd had developed severe anemia by the 4th week of the experiment. The incorporation of this toxic concentration of Cd (83 μg/g) in the diet seemed to have blocked the liver microsomal enzyme system (cytochrome P-450), diminishing the toxic effects of 5 daily oral doses (0.2 mg/kg of body wt) of afb1 (group V pigs), but enhancing synergistically the toxic anticoagulant effects of the same doses of warfarin in young pigs (group VI). The data presented also indicated that the feeding of toxic concentrations of Cd stimulated increased glutathione peroxidase activity, which conjugated the afb1 epoxides with their excretion as reduced glutathione but enhanced the toxic anticoagulant effects of warfarin in young pigs.
Toxicology of aflatoxin B1, warfarin, and cadmium in young pigs: Metal residues and pathology
Authors: Osuna Orlando , Edds George T. , Simpson Charles F.
Published: February 2025

The effect of feeding dietary cadmium (83 μg/g of diet) to young pigs on the distributions of copper, iron, and zinc in urine samples and in kidney, liver, and muscle tissues was determined. The diet with added Cd resulted in renal and hepatic tissue concentrations of 42.90 ± 10.57 μg/g and 7.90 ± 2.37 μg/g, respectively, at the 40th day of the experiment. Iron was found to decrease at the same time, which predisposed to the anemic condition of these pigs. The feeding of dietary Cd to pigs prevented extensive fatty hepatocytic infiltration and severe jaundice, but not hydropic degeneration induced by aflatoxin B1. Cadmium increased the toxicity of warfarin with severe lameness, subcutaneous hematomas in the ventral surface of the neck, and death.
Radiologic observations of gastric mixing and emptying of food in growing pigs
Authors: Wood A. K. W. , Kidder D. E.
Published: February 2025

The stomachs of 10 Large White x Landrace pigs were examined radiographically from weaning (at 26 to 28 days of age) until 6 or 16 weeks of age. Conventional radiographs were taken and observations were made with a television chain and 35-mm cinecamera linked to an image intensifier. Before radiography, each animal was fed its normal diet that contained a barium sulfate suspension and/or radioopaque pellets.

The basic pattern of motility in the major chamber of the pig’s stomach was similar to that described in animals with a simple stomach. Type II peristaltic waves were clearly identified as identations of the body of the stomach that moved towards the pyloric antrum, which became circular as it filled with digesta. A terminal antral contraction then occurred, the antrum decreased in diameter, and the ingesta and barium sulfate either entered the duodenum or were returned to the body of the stomach.

Liquids and finely ground food left the stomach more rapidly than did the radio-opaque pellets that were retained for up to 44 hours. The radio-opaque pellets demonstrated the movement of ingesta within the gastric lumen and showed that ingesta was retropulsed into the body of the stomach by the terminal antral contraction.

In 4 pigs, barium and ingesta were present in the 2nd chamber of the stomach, the gastric diverticulum. In 1 pig, a movement of the diverticulum was observed on a single occasion.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measurement of anti-Moraxella bovis antibodies
Authors: Bishop Bruce , Schurig Gerhardt G. , Troutt H. F.
Published: February 2025

Antibodies of the immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgA classes specific for Moraxella bovis in serum or lacrimal secretions of cattle were detected with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, using soluble extracts of M bovis or whole organisms. The amount of detectable antibodies was influenced by the type of antigenic preparation used in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The test indicated that 2 subcutaneous inoculations of M bovis cells induce significantly (P < 0.0001) increased anti-M bovis serum antibodies. The infection of calves with M bovis induced specific IgG antibodies in serum and predominantly IgA antibodies in lacrimal secretions.
Border disease: Experimental reproduction in sheep, using a virus replicated in tissue culture
Authors: Potts Barbara J. , Osburn Bennie I. , Johnson Kenneth P.
Published: February 2025

A California isolate of border disease (bd) virus propagated in primary sheep choroid plexus cells was used to reproduce bd in fetuses of susceptible pregnant ewes. A lamb with clinical bd and an aborted fetus from these ewes had diffuse hypomyelination in the cns by a luxol-fast blue stain, and persistent bd viral antigen was detected in the external and internal granular layers and white matter of the cerebellum by a direct anti-pesti-virus fluorescent antibody conjugate. Virus was also isolated from cns homogenates from the lamb and the fetus and from peripheral wbc from the lamb by cocultivation with porcine kidney (PK-15) cells.
Periosteal transection and periosteal stripping for correction of angular limb deformities in foals
Authors: Auer Joerg A. , Martens Ronald J.
Published: February 2025

Valgus deformities were created in 6 pony foals by hemicircumferential transection of the periosteum and periosteal stripping (hctp and ps) just proximally to the distal physis on the medial side of 1 radius (principal thoracic limb). The opposite thoracic limb served as a control. One month after this surgical procedure was done, the limbs were radiographed and the angle of deviation was determined. All horses developed a valgus deformity of the principal limb. In an effort to correct the acquired valgus deformity, the 2nd surgical procedure was performed—hctp and ps on the lateral aspect of the principal radius. The carpal valgus deformities corrected within 3 months.

To determine the differences in growth, stainless steel wires were introduced into both legs of each foal at certain points on the distal part of the radius. Growth changes in response to the hctp and ps were not significantly different in the 2 groups of thoracic limbs. Increased bone growth did occur at the medial aspect of the bone in response to the 1st surgical procedure and an increase was found on the lateral aspect of the bone in response to the 2nd. The reasons for the statistically insignificant changes are discussed.

A significant increase in bone width at the level of growth plate developed in response to the 1st and 2nd hctp and ps procedures.
Plasma volume, electrolyte, and endocrine changes during onset of laminitis hypertension in horses
Authors: Clarke Lane L. , Garner Harold E. , Hatfield Dan
Published: February 2025

Acute laminitis-hypertension was produced by carbolydrate overloading of the gastrointestinal tract in 12 adult horses. Obel grade 3 (OG3) lameness developed 40 hours (± 3.5, sem) after overfeeding. At OG3 lameness, mean plasma volume was significantly decreased (P < 0.005) when compared with base-line values. Before OG3 lameness, transient decreases in serum phosphorus and calcium were recorded. Mild hyponatremia also developed before OG3 lameness and persisted. After establishment of OG3 lameless, persistent hypokalemia and increased plasma aldosteone concentration occurred coincidently. Transient increase in plasma hydrocortisone (cortisol) and renin activity and transient hypochloremia were also recorded during the syndromal phase.

Changes in plasma volume and serum electrolytes are discussed and related to the pathogenesis of acute equine laminitis. The alterations in plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration were interpreted as homeostatic adjustments to fluid and electrolyte imbalances. Differences between the horse and pony during onset of experimental alimentary laminitis are also discussed.
Influence of contractility of papillary sphincter muscle on penetrability of the papillary duct in the bovine quarter after machine milking
Authors: Lefcourt Alan M.
Published: February 2025

It has been suggested that machine milking causes the papillary sphincter muscle (teat sphincter muscle) to relax or to stretch and therefore increases the probability of successful penetration of the papillary duct (streak canal) by microorganisms. To determine the potential for contractile tension of the papillary sphincter muscle to influence penetrability of the papillary duct, selected quarters of individual cows were treated to cause the sphincter muscles to contract at 10 minutes after milking. All quarters were then subjected to a penetrability assay. To cause the papillary sphincter muscles to contract, 1 quarter was dipped into ice water and a 2nd quarter was squeezed twice at the papillary tip. Ice water increases base-line contractile tension and squeezing induces 1 or more rhythmic contractions of the teat sphincter muscle. To measure penetrability, Escherichia coli endotoxin (1 μg in 2.5 μl of distilled water; type O128; B12) was inserted 3 mm into all quarters. A 3rd teat was then squeezed at its tip. The 4th teat served as a control. This procedure was repeated for 5 days or until individual quarters responded in terms of a precipitous increase in the Wisconsin mastitis test score. Of a total of 345 observations, χ2 analysis indicated that the proportion of responsive quarters was the same for each of the 4 treatment groups. Overall, it would seem that the contractile state of the teat sphincter muscle after milking does not significantly affect penetrability of the papillary duct, at least in terms of a solute, such as endotoxin. However, in a subset of animals, pretreating teats to increase contractile tension actually enhanced penetrability.
Porcine proliferative enteritis: Experimentally induced disease in cesarean-derived colostrum-deprived pigs
Authors: Lomax Larry G. , Glock Robert D. , Harris Delbert L. , Hogan John E.
Published: February 2025

The hypotheses that porcine proliferative enteritis is an infectious disease and that Campylobacter sputorum subsp mucosalis (csm) is involved in the development of this disease were experimentally tested.

Three experiments were conducted with 10-week-old, cesarean-derived colostrum-deprived pigs. Of 22 pigs given homogenized mucosal scrapings (crude inocula) intragas-trically, 15 had gross and/or microscopic lesions of proliferative enteritis. Of 10 pigs inoculated with cultures of both csm and Salmonella cholerae-suis, 2 had evidence of proliferative enteritis. The 4 pigs treated with S cholerae-suis only had diffuse fibrinous gastroenteritis without evidence of mucosal proliferation. Proliferative enteritis was produced in 1 of 5 pigs inoculated with pure cultures of csm.

Proliferative lesions in the intestine were characterized by the proliferation of immature crypt epithelial cells. Affected cells contained variable numbers of curved, intracytoplasmic Campylobacter sp organisms. The csm organism was isolated from the intestinal mucosa of 8 pigs treated with either crude inocula or cultures of csm.
Effects of shipping on the immune function in mice
Authors: Landi Margaret S. , Kreider John W. , Lang C. Max , Bullock Leslie P.
Published: February 2025

The effect of shipping stress on immunologic functions was examined in mice. The mice were shipped either by truck or by plane, 2 of the most common modes for transport of animals. While mice were in transit, temperature fluctuations and light intensity were monitored. The foot pad test, hemagglutination assay, and plaque-forming cell assay were used to measure immunologic function. Corticosterone concentrations were quantitated with a competitive proteinbinding technique.

Regardless of the method of shipment, corticosterone values in the mice were markedly increased at arrival and remained at the high value for a 48-hour period. Immune-function assays were significantly lessened in the mice at arrival, but returned to base line within 48 hours, indicating that a minimum 48-hour stabilization period is required for all new arrivals.
Fonofos toxicosis in dairy cows: An accidental poisoning (1977)
Authors: Kurtz David A. , Hutchinson Lawrence
Published: February 2025

An accidental poisoning (in 1977) of 28 Holstein cows occurred when approximately 0.9 kg of 25% active ingredient fonofos, O-ethyl S-phenyl ethylphosphonothiolothionate, was spilled onto bulk feed in a delivery truck. Eight cows died within 2 days; the remaining 20 were necropsied 29 days later. Of the 8 fatally poisoned, 7 were being fed a high-grain diet and 1 was fed a medium-grain diet. Fonofos concentrations in feed cart and storage bin samples were 100 μg/g and 61 μg/g, respectively.

Tissues from 6 animals were analyzed extensively for fonofos concentrations: 2 had died immediately; the other 4 were in the recovery state when they were necropsied. Rumen contents and liver, kidney, brain, heart, and milk samples were analyzed. Fonofos concentrations in these samples were significantly higher in the cows fatally affected than in the cows necropsied 3 weeks later.

The oral acute ld50 and ld1 of fonofos in Holstein cows were calculated by the Litchfield and Wilcoxon method to be 1.30 and 0.84 mg/kg, respectively, with a 95% confidence range of ± 0.20 mg/kg.
Blood chemical values of the common boa constrictor (Constrictor constrictor)
Authors: Chiodini Rodrick J. , Sundberg John P.
Published: February 2025

Reference values of 24 serum constituents in 5 boa constrictors (Constrictor constrictor) were determined under fasting conditions. After feeding, serum uric acid, cholesterol, carbon dioxide, and triglyceride values increased. These values decreased to fasting values within 6 days.
Comparative prenatal development of the spinal cord in normal and dysraphic dogs: Embryonic stage
Authors: Engel Harold N. , Draper Donald D.
Published: February 2025

The prenatal development of the canine spinal cord was examined by light microscopy in 8 normal embryos and compared with the development of the spinal cord in 10 embryos obtained by mating severely dysraphic Weimaraner dogs.

Dysraphic lesions were found in 80% of the embryos examined from dysraphic matings. The primary lesion was aberrantly positioned mantle cells ventrad to the central canal in the floor plate area. In 30% of the embryos of this group, there was a division of the terminal neural tube.

The dysraphic embryos had significantly shorter gray matter and spinal cord transverse diameters. This confirmed the observation that the mantle cells in the dysraphic specimens were less differentiated, being more compact and appearing more basophilic when hematoxylin and eosin stains were used.
Pulmonary clearance of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae and Serratia marcescens in mice
Authors: Sebunya T. N. K. , Saunders J. R.
Published: February 2025

Bacterial counts (per lung) were made from Swiss White and/or C3H mice, inoculated intranasally with either Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae or Serratia marcescens and killed at specific times. The percentages of bacterial survival and clearance at each time were determined. Serratia marcescens was cleared progressively, but not completely, from the lungs of C3H and Swiss White mice. The overall pulmonary clearance of S marcescens by Swiss White mice was significantly greater than that of C3H mice (P < 0.01). The pulmonary clearance pattern of H pleuropneumoniae in C3H mice differed according to the dose inoculated. With a larger Hpleuropneumoniae median lethal dose (0.1 ld50), the organism multiplied consistently up to 25 times by 12 hours after the inoculations were done, when clinical signs and lesions appeared in a few of the mice. The clearance rates at 24 and 48 hours after inoculations were 60.65% and 10.3%, respectively. Mice given 0.04 ld50 H pleuropneumotiae showed a 10-fold increase of H pleuropneumoniae in he first 4 hours, with clearances reaching 33%, 66%, and 99% at 8, 12, and 24 hours, respectively.
Importance of ultrasound determination of pregnancy in the rabbit
Authors: Cubberley Don A. , Lee Timothy G. , Laughlin Colby L. , Weintraub Becky , Caudle Michael R. , Nielson Van D.
Published: February 2025

The rabbit is an important experimental model in the study of human reproduction. Because of the difficulty in determining pregnancy in the rabbit, wasteful deaths of expensive experimental animals occur. This dilemma is solved by the application of high-frequency ultrasound to detect pregnancy.
Effect of sodium hypochlorite (Javex) on the performance of broiler chickens
Authors: Hulan H. W. , Proudfoot F. G.
Published: February 2025

Two separate experiments were carried out with 480 Shaver broiler chicks (240 of each sex) in each, to determine the effects on mortality and biological performance of administering sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) via the drinking water. The chicks were housed separately (by sex) in Petersime batteries and each experiment began when the chicks were 1 day old and ended when they were 28 days of age. Sodium hypochlorite was added to the drinking water to achieve the following treatment levels (ppm) of available chlorine: 0, 300, 600, and 1200 (experiment 1); 0, 37.5, 75.0, and 150 (experiment 2). Administration of 1,200 ppm available chlorine significantly increased mortality, lowered feed efficiency, reduced water consumption, and lowered heart, liver, kidney, and testes weights. Administration of 300 ppm or more resulted in significantly lower mean body weights. There was some indication of a growth stimulus and improved feed efficiency at the lower concentrations (37.5 to 150 ppm) of sodium hypochlorite administration, but none of the responses was statistically significant. Overall, a significant effect on biological performance or practical benefit was not achieved from administering sodium hypochlorite to broiler chicks.
Transoral hypophysectomy with mandibular symphysiotomy in the dog
Authors: Henry Robert W. , Hulse Donald A. , Archbald Louis F. , Barta Marki
Published: February 2025

A surgical approach that offered direct visualization and removal of the hypophysis was evaluated in 17 dogs. Ten of the dogs were euthanatized and used to identify reliable landmarks for the drill site in the basi-sphenoid bone to expose the hypophysis. The intersphenoidal suture was an accurate landmark in that 1 cm caudal to the intersphenoidal suture was determined to be the precise point for the center of the drill hole. The remaining 7 dogs were hypophysec-tomized, using this approach. The landmarks were accurate, the surgery had a high degree of safety, and all hypophyses were removed.
Use of nonblood priming for open-heart surgery in dogs
Authors: Shiang Howard H. , Chen Virginia L. , Mindich Bruce P. , Mitchell Bennett , Litwak Robert S.
Published: February 2025

Three electolyte solutions were used as priming perfusates for 1 hour of cardiopulmonary bypass in 9 dogs. Arterial blood pressure was maintained at a satisfactory level during perfusion and returned to the original ranges shortly after bypass. Measurement of various blood constituents indicated that they were constantly maintained in the normal range during the procedure. The pvc decreased sharply until the 3rd postperfusion day, then returned to the base-line values. Similar patterns were obtained for each solution, with no additional infusion being administered after bypass. All dogs recovered without complications and evidence of cerebral abnormalities was not seen. The dogs were euthanatized and nec-ropsied 14 days after surgery and all major organs appeared normal on gross examination.
Duration of colostral antibodies to bovine leukemia virus by two serologic tests
Authors: Burridge M. J. , Thurmond M. C. , Miller J. M. , Schmerr M. J. F. , Maaten M. J. Van Der
Published: February 2025

The duration of detectable colostral antibodies to the glycoprotein antigen of bovine leukemia virus was studied in calves which were born to bovine leukemia virus-infected cows, but showed no serologic evidence of prenatal infection. Colostral antibodies detectable by an agar-gel immunodiffusion test (agit) persisted for < 1 month to 6 months (mean 2.9 months) in the 139 calves examined. Colostral antibodies were detectable 1 to 5 months longer by radioimmunoprecipitation assay than by the agit in 22 of the 24 calves studied comparatively. The mean duration of colostral antibodies in those 24 calves was 3.8 months (min-max, 2 to 6 months) for the agit and 6.0 months (min-max, 4 to 9 months) for the radioimmunoprecipitation assay.
Prevalence of anti-red blood cell antibodies in the serum and colostrum of mares and its relationship to neonatal isoerythrolysis
Authors: Bailey Ernest
Published: February 2025

The sera of 390 pregnant Standardbred mares and 409 pregnant Thoroughbred mares were tested for anti-red blood cell (rbc) antibodies. Of the Standardbred mares and Thoroughbred mares, 20% and 10%, respectively, had anti- rbc antibodies detectable in hemolytic or saline agglutination tests. Most of the antibodies were specific for the Ca blood-group antigen of horses. Other antibodies were specific for the Aa, Ab, Da, Df, Ka, Ua, or Qa blood-group antigens. The occurrence of these antibodies in the serum and colostrum was compared for 268 mares. With 3 exceptions, whenever antibodies were found in 1 sample, they were found in the other.

When a mare had antibodies to the Aa or Qa blood group antigens which were reactive at serum dilutions of 1:16 or greater, colostrum was withheld from that mare's foal. This practice seemed justified, because 1 foal which accidently received colostrum with anti-Aa antibodies developed neonatal isoerythrolysis. All other foals were allowed to nurse their mares' colostrum. None of them developed neonatal isoerythrolysis, even when anti-rbc antibodies were found for blood-group antigens other than Aa or Qa which reacted with the foals’ rbc in in vitro tests.
In vitro blastogenesis of equine lymphocytes by inactivated equine adenovirus type 1 antigen
Authors: Campbell T. M. , Studdert M. J.
Published: February 2025

An inactivated equine adenovirus type 1 (EAdVl) vaccine was administered to 4 horses. The horses had virusneutralizing (vn) antibody titers before they were vaccinated, but developed higher vn antibody titers in response to vaccination. Nonvaccinated control horses did not show increases in vn antibody during the study, indicating that any increase in antibody titer in vaccinated horses was a result of vaccination and not due to an EAdVl epizootic during the study.

Specific EAdVl in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis (lb) was evaluated, using lymphocytes from 4 vaccinated and 2 control horses. Horses were vaccinated on days 0 and 14, and the lb assays were conducted on days —4, 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 24, and 28. Lymphocytes from horses were incubated for 4 days with 2 concentrations of inactivated, concentrated and purified EAdVl antigen. The lb responses for the 2 control horses showed no significant changes during the study period (maximum stimulation indices to EAdVl antigen for individual horses were between 2.8 and 3.6). The 4 vaccinated horses showed marked increases in stimulation indices in response to EAdVl antigen (maximum stimulation indices, between 5.3 and 18.6). In control assays, identical lymphocyte preparations from all horses responded normally to phytohemagglutinin.
Acute toxicity of tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate in sheep and swine
Authors: Wilson Richard D. , Rowe Loyd D. , Lovering Sandra L. , Witzel Donald A.
Published: February 2025

Tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (tocp) was given orally or by subcutaneous (sc) injection to sheep and swine. Sheep given oral doses of 100, 200, or 400 mg of tocp/kg of body weight developed an acute intoxication characterized by diarrhea, dehydration, metabolic acidosis, and death within 6 days. Daily sc injections of tocp in sheep caused either death or delayed neurotoxicosis depending upon the dosage. Increase of aspartate aminotransferase activity approximately 24 hours before the animal died and histopathologic changes confirmed that liver injury had occurred. Swine dosed with 100 to 1,600 mg of tocp/kg had minimal signs of acute toxicosis, but developed severe delayed neurotoxicosis in approximately 15 days. Those given a 800 mg/kg dose by the oral route or sc injection had severely decreased serum acetylcholinesterase activity. In the swine which were euthanatized at 7 days after treatment, histopathologic examinations revealed no lesions (although the nervous system was not examined, because clinical neurologic signs were normal).
Myocardial ultrastructural alterations in ducklings fed tellurium
Authors: Van Vleet John F. , Ferrans Victor J.
Published: February 2025

Seventy newly hatched ducklings were fed a commercial ration with 500 mg of added Te (as tetrachloride)/kg of feed for up to 28 days. Ducklings were euthanatized at day 14, 21, and 28, and the hearts were studied by gross, microscopic, and ultrastructural examination. Cardiac damage was apparent grossly as hydropericardium and myocardial hemorrhage. Histopathologically, the ventricular myocardium had areas of acute hemorrhagic necrosis (often with mineralization), edema, and congestion. Resolving areas of necrosis appeared cellular with macrophages, heterophils, fibroblasts, and pale vacuolated cells with large vesicular nuclei that were identified as dedifferentiated myocytes. Ultrastructurally, necrotic fibers had disrupted contractile material and mineralized mitochondria. In resolving lesions, macrophages were numerous in the interstitium and within necrotic fibers. Also, a population of sublethally injured myocytes was present and appeared as dedifferentiated cardiac muscle cells with few myofibrils, scattered free filaments, prominent sarcoplasmic reticulum, abundant glycogen, and large nuclei with prominent nucleoli. These dedifferentiated myocytes represented a reparative phase of the Te-induced myocardial injury which has been termed “reactive hyperplasia” and “rejuvenating reorganization” in previous models of myocardial damage.
Pulmonary response of neonatal calves to intravenous and aerosol bradykinin
Authors: Slocombe R. F. , Latter W. , Derksen F. J. , Robinson N. E.
Published: February 2025

The effect of iv and aerosol bradykinin on the lung quasistatic pressure volume curves, dynamic compliance, total pulmonary resistance, alveolar-arterial oxygen difference, and blood gas tensions was determined in anesthetized, ventilated neonatal calves. Bradykinin given by either route had no effect on these measures. Intravenous bradykinin caused pulmonary and systemic hypotension, but no change in hematocrit or total solids. Aerosol bradykinin had no cardiovascular effects.
Potential vectors of Dirofilaria immitis in Macon County, Alabama
Authors: Tolbert Ronald H. , Johnson W. E.
Published: February 2025

A study was conducted in Macon County, Alabama (east-central) during the mosquito breeding seasons of 1978 and 1979 to determine the potential vector(s) of Dirofilaria immitis. Live mosquitoes were collected with CO2-baited, miniature light traps, and small hand aspirators. These mosquitoes were subsequently dissected to determine whether immature stages of the heartworm were present. Specific communities were selected based on their having at least 4 known cases of D immitis infection present in the local dog population.

All positive collections were made between the months of May and September. Of 326 Anopheles punctipennis females dissected, 34 were positive, and of 84 Aedes vexans 6 were positive for infective (L3) larvae. Of 520 Culex quinquefasciatus females tested, 14 contained 2nd-stage larvae only. Immature stages of D immitis were collected during most of the mosquito breeding season. Data collected during the survey indicate that An punctipennis and to a lesser extent, Ae vexans are probably the principal vectors of D immitis in Macon County, Ala.
Extraction of capsular material from Pasteurella haemolytica
Authors: Gentry Martha J. , Corstvet Richard E. , Panciera Roger J.
Published: February 2025

Water and phosphate-buffered saline solution suspensions of early logarithmic phase cells of Pasteurella haemolytica were incubated for 1 hour at various temperatures to remove capsular material with a minimum of cell lysis or death. Criteria used to determine capsular removal included change in agglutinability of the organism and disappearance of an antigenic component by the fluorescent antibody test and the agar-gel diffusion technique. The capsular material could be removed in a saline solution suspension at 41 C with little decrease in viability, thereby providing comparable cell populations with and without capsules for use in subsequent studies.
Sheep pulmonary adenomatosis (jaagsiekte) in the United States
Authors: Cutlip Randall C. , Young Stuart
Published: February 2025

Morphologic features of 8 cases of sheep pulmonary adenomatosis in the United States are described. All cases were studied by light microscopy and 1 case, by electron microscopy. The common finding in all sheep was an adenoma composed of fetal type II alveolar epithelial cells. The stroma closely resembled interalveolar septa in most areas. In other areas, there was excessive collagenous or myxomatous tissue. Metastatic tumor in mediastinal lymph nodes of 2 sheep closely resembled tumor in the lung. A virus with cultural and structural characteristics like those of ovine progressive pneumonia virus was isolated from the lungs of 1 sheep, but neither virions nor viral inclusions were seen in the pulmonary parenchyma.
Immune response of pigs inoculated with virulent pseudorabies virus and pigs inoculated with attenuated or inactivated pseudorabies virus vaccine before and after challenge exposure
Authors: Kelling C. L. , Staudinger W. L. , Rhodes M. B.
Published: February 2025

Pseudorabies virus (prv) antibodies, detectable by indirect radioimmunoassay (iria), serum-virus neutralization test (nt), or microimmunodiffusion test (midt) were developed within 8 days after pigs were inoculated with virulent prv or attenuated prv vaccine. Indirect radioimmunoassay and nt titers in pigs inoculated with virulent prv were developed at the same rate, with iria titers being higher than nt titers. Pigs inoculated with attenuated or inactivated prv vaccine developed peak mean prechallenge nt antibody titers of 4 and 1 (reciprocals of serum dilutions), respectively. Pigs inoculated with attenuated prv vaccine had peak mean prechallenge iria antibody titers of 6, whereas pigs inoculated with inactivated prv vaccine had mean iria antibody titers of 64. Challenge exposure of swine inoculated with attenuated or inactivated prv vaccine elicited quantitatively equivalent responses, as measured by iria or nt, which were higher than prechallenge titers. There were no false-positive iria, nt, or midt results obtained when sera from nonvaccinated, nonchallenge-exposed pigs were tested. It appears that the prv infection status of a seropositive swine herd could be ascertained by serologically monitoring several representative animals from a herd, using the nt. If 2 or more tests of representative animals at 14-day intervals were done and the mean nt titer was 4 or less, it could be concluded that the herd was vaccinated against, but not infected with, virulent virus.
Enhancement of the chemotactic response of bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes by levamisole
Authors: Jayappa Huchappa G. , Loken Keith I.
Published: February 2025

The effects of levamisole on random migration, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and intracellular killing by bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn) were investigated. Chemotactic assays were performed, using Micropore filters in modified Boyden chambers. Phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Escherichia coli were analyzed by standard viable bacterial counts. Results indicated that levamisole enhanced the chemotactic response of pmn at concentrations ranging from 10−4 to 5 × 10−3M. Phagocytes collected from cows at 90 minutes after im injection of levamisole also showed enhanced random migration and chemotaxis. Freshly prepared serum was shown to enhance the levamisole-induced stimulation of chemotaxis. Levamisole had no effect on phagocytosis or intracellular killing of E coli by bovine pmn.
Elimination of naturally acquired chronic Anaplasma marginale infections with a long-acting oxytetracycline injectable
Authors: Magonigle R. A. , Newby T. J.
Published: February 2025

Four injections of a long-acting oxytetracycline (20 mg/kg) were administered at 3-day intervals to 14 naturally infected anaplasmosis carrier cattle. Individual anaplasma serology titers were evaluated, using complement-fixation and rapid card-agglutination tests at frequent intervals during a 180-day posttreatment period. Serologic results indicated fluctuating complement-fixation titers during the trial period. However, at trial termination, 12 of 14 animals were negative by complement-fixation testing and all animals were card-test negative.

Eight splenectomized calves given 10 ml of blood from the medicated cows at their posttreatment day 150 failed to manifest any clinical, hematologic, or serologic signs of anaplasmosis during 56 days. Susceptibility to anaplasmosis challenge exposure was demonstrated by positive clinical and serotest reactions when 3 of the recipient calves were inoculated with blood from a parasitemic carrier calf.
Cardiopulmonary effects of intravenous xylazine, ketamine, and atropine in the dog
Authors: Kolata Ronald J. , Rawlings Clarence A.
Published: February 2025

Atropine (0.04 mg/kg of body weight) and the combination of xylazine (1.1 mg/kg) and ketamine (11 mg/kg) were administered iv to dogs, and cardiopulmonary variables were measured. The drug combination caused hypoventilation, as reflected by increased PaCO2 and a 30% decrease in cardiac index, whereas arterial pressure, left atrial pressure, and peripheral resistance were increased. These variables began returning toward base-line values during anesthesia and were not different from base-line values by 30 minutes.
Mechanism of urinary excretion of creatinine by the cat
Authors: Finco Delmar R. , Barsanti Jeanne A.
Published: February 2025

Creatinine and [14C]inulin clearance values were nearly the same during stop-flow and free-flow conditions in the cat. We conclude that glomerular filtration is the sole factor in renal excretion of creatinine in this species.

Anatomic (bladder vs kidney) and dynamic (slow vs fast urine flow rate) studies indicated insignificant changes occurred in creatinine content of urine as it traversed the ureter and bladder of cats. We conclude that the cat ureter and bladder under conditions of moderate distension are relatively impermeable to creatinine.
Morphogenesis of rabbit small intestinal mucosa
Authors: Toofanian F. , Targowski S. P.
Published: February 2025

The sequential morphologic changes of rabbit small intestinal mucosa were studied from primodial stage to birth in 86 fetuses and during the early days of life in 18 rabbit newborns. In 13-day-old fetuses, the epithelium was flat and stratified. By the 17th day, epithelial ridges were formed. The first evidence of rudimentary villus formation was noted in 20-day-old fetuses and true villi appeared by 24 days of the gestation. Intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkühn) were first observed at 29 days. The intestine of the newborn rabbit did not possess all mucosal constituents present in the adult. The duodenal glands (Brunner's glands) appeared in the first 2 days after birth, and the muscularis mucosa, on the 5th day. The histological maturity of the intestine occurred 20 days after the rabbit was born. At all stages, the morphogenesis followed a craniocaudal gradient developmental pattern.
Effect of Streptococcus faecium C-68 in control of Escherichia coli-induced diarrhea in gnotobiotic pigs
Authors: Underdahl N. R. , Torres-Medina A. , Doster A. R.
Published: February 2025

Streptococcus faecium was fed to prevent colibacillosis in gnotobiotic pigs. Three strains of Escherichia coli were used. With strain O:K103, 987P:NM in pigs fed S faecium before the E coli challenge exposure, the pigs exhibited less severe diarrhea, recovered earlier, and produced better weight gains than did pigs given E coli only. Escherichia coli strains O157:K88ac:H19 and O8:K87, K88ab: H19 were more virulent. Pigs fed S faecium and challenge exposed with these 2 strains of E coli developed mild diarrhea; however, none of the pigs died, and they continued to eat well and gained weight. Pigs given E coli only developed severe diarrhea and lost weight, and 5 of 8 infected pigs died.

Bacterial counts of E coli and S faecium from 3 areas of the small intestine and the cecum were all comparable among experimental groups. Histopathologic examinations demonstrated abundant colonization of the intestinal tract with S faecium. Seemingly, S faecium reduced the toxic effects of E coli and prevented generalized infection and death.
Changes in selected biochemical constituents of blood collected from horses participating in a 50-mile endurance ride
Authors: Deldar A. , Fregin F. G. , Bloom J. C. , Davanipour Z.
Published: February 2025

The effects of strenuous exercise on serum electrolytes, blood metabolites, and serum enzymes were studied in a group of 13 horses participating in a 50-mile endurance ride. Blood samples were collected before, during, and at the end of the ride, as well as 1 hour and 16 hours after the completion of the ride.

There were significant changes in these values when preride values were compared with those of samples taken at different sample-collection periods. Significant (P < 0.001) decreases were observed in serum concentrations of chloride, potassium, and calcium. A significant increase in the serum concentration of phosphorous also was observed. The mean concentrations of chloride and calcium remained significantly reduced in the 16-hour postride sample. A small, but significant (P < 0.05), increase in sodium and decrease in glucose concentrations were observed at the midride sample. Although midride samples did not reflect a significant change in blood pyruvate concentration, a significant (P < 0.05) increase was observed at the end of the ride. Changes in the hematocrit and the total protein concentration were statistically significant at levels of P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively.

The horses showed highly significant increases in concentrations of free fatty acids, serum enzymes (P < 0.001), and lactate (P < 0.005) during the ride. The elevated values of creatine kinase and lactic dehydrogenase decreased, while the aspartate aminotransferase values remained increased long after completion of the ride. The lactate and free fatty acids, which rose significantly during the ride, decreased to approximately preride values by 16 hours after the ride was completed.

We conclude that the changes in serum electrolytes, enzymes, and blood metabolites reflect the sweating, muscle damage, and increased dependency on anaerobic glycolysis and lipid mobilization that these horses experienced during the competitive endurance ride.
Mechanical properties of equine hooves
Authors: Landeau Laurie J. , Barrett David J. , Batterman Steven C.
Published: February 2025

A series of tests was designed to determine the mechanical properties of equine hooves. Base-line data on the mechanical properties and ultimate strength properties were obtained and are presented herein. In addition to providing numerical data on the mechanical behavior, the tests show that there is no difference in the stress-strain behavior or ultimate strength properties of pigmented and nonpigmented equine hooves.
Effects of naloxone on endotoxin-induced changes in ponies
Authors: Moore Alfred B. , Roesel O. F. , Fessler J. F. , Bottoms Gerald D.
Published: February 2025

The value of naloxone (1 mg/kg of body weight/hr for 4 hrs), a β-endorphin antagonist, was assessed in the management of endotoxin-induced shock in ponies. Three groups of 5 ponies each were used: controls, ponies given Escherichia coli endotoxin but untreated, and ponies given endotoxin and then treated with naloxone. Endotoxin-induced changes in hemodynamics, blood chemical values, regional blood flow, plasma enzymes, and energy supplies were measured at selected times during the first 6 hours after endotoxin was given.

There was no evidence that β-endolphins released during shock were responsible for the hemodynamic changes, blood flow changes, plasma enzyme changes, or energy deficits, because naloxone, at this dosage level, did not prevent these endotoxin-induced changes.