bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Rights and the Rights of States: Terry Nardin on Nonintervention
Authors: Caney Simon
Published: March 2007

This article examines Terry Nardin's account of the legitimacy of humanitarian intervention. Nardin argues that states ought to adopt a presumption against intervention in the affairs of another state but he claims that, under certain circumstances, this presumption may be overridden to further human rights. This article calls into question both his defence of the norm of nonintervention and his account of when humanitarian intervention is legitimate. It argues that his proposals do not go far enough and that a cosmopolitan theory of intervention is more plausible.
Head Start Fathers' Daily Hassles and Involvement With Their Children
Authors: FAGAN JAY
Published: March 2007

This study of Head Start fathers and father figures examined the relationship between men's daily hassles and their involvement with children. Fathers completed a shortened version of a daily hassles scale and a father involvement measure on two weekdays and one weekend day. The father involvement instrument used a modified time-diary strategy to assess amount of involvement with all children in the family. The findings indicated a significant but negative relationship between daily hassles and amount of accessibility and play interaction with children after statistically controlling for child- and father-related variables.
Rural/Urban Patterns of Aging and Caregiving in the United States
Authors: GLASGOW NINA
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of different residential environments on informal and formal caregiving provided to older people. The author uses two kinds of evidence to address this central concern. First, recent demographic trends are examined to ascertain the availability of informal caregivers among older people living in different places of residence. This line of inquiry focuses on the supply of potential caregivers. Second, previous research on rural/urban patterns of informal and formal caregiving for older people is reviewed. In conjunction with these two lines of inquiry, the author discusses past, present, and future trends in aging and caregiving. Because little direct evidence exists with which to examine particular aspects of rural/urban patterns of caregiving, the author discusses needed areas of future research.
Women's Economic Independence and the Probability of Divorce
Authors: SAYER LIANA C. , BIANCHI SUZANNE M.
Published: March 2007

In this article, we ask the question: Does a wife's economic independence destabilize marriage and heighten the risk of divorce? Using longitudinal data from the National Survey of Families and Households, we find only weak support for the economic independence thesis. There is an initial positive association between a wife's percentage contribution to family income and divorce, but the relation is reduced to nonsignificance as soon as variables measuring gender ideology are introduced into the model. Our analysis indicates that measures of marital commitment and satisfaction are better predictors of marital dissolution than measures of economic independence. This strongly suggests that the independence effect found in prior research, which did not include controls for marital quality, may have been measuring the role of wives' economic independence in exiting bad marriages, not in exiting all marriages.
Children's Living Arrangements, Coresidence of Unmarried Fathers, and Welfare Receipt
Authors: BRANDON PETER D. , BUMPASS LARRY
Published: March 2007

This study analyzed welfare receipt among children across alternative living arrangements. Findings suggest more variation in patterns of public assistance receipt than previously reported, and that these variations are affected by the presence of cohabiting fathers. Results argue for more precise indicators of children's living arrangements so that levels of welfare receipt among children are comparable. Indicators should categorize children according to whether they live with their married or cohabiting parents. Once children's relationships with coresiding males were determined, findings showed that children living with fathers were less likely to receive public assistance except for supplemental security income. Results confirm that children growing up with unmarried mothers who do not cohabit with adult males are the most likely to receive welfare and the most disadvantaged. Results also show, however, that children living with cohabiting biological parents are more likely to receive welfare than children living with married parents.
The Changing Ties That Bind
Authors: BAKOPANOS CHRISTINE , GIFFORD SANDRA M.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the changing nature of family values and expectations in relation to sexuality, gender roles, and health among Greek parents and their young adult sons and daughters living in Melbourne, Australia. Findings are reported from a qualitative study involving in-depth interviews with 37 young adult Greek Australian men and women and 7 Greek parents as well as four focus group discussions with 25 parents. Key themes are compared in relation to the tensions relating to changing gender roles and expectations within the family and Greek community. Although these tensions can act as barriers to effective prevention strategies for young second-generation Greek adults, parents acknowledge the need for change to protect their children from HIV/AIDS and STDs. The results support the need for prevention strategies for STDs and HIV/AIDS that build on the importance of close family connections and deal with the tensions surrounding the changing ties that bind.
From the Normal Family to Alternate Families to the Quest for Diversity With Interdependence
Authors: SCANZONI JOHN
Published: March 2007

This article traces the development of changes internal to households since the late 1960s. The discussion is set in the context of two competing theories—constructionism and functionalism, old and new. The notion of varieties of families is distinguished from household diversity. Variety refers simply to what are known as family variants or alternative lifestyles. Diversity is indicated by a structural and spatial situation in which there is both parity of and linkages among households.
Familial and Other Relationships in Criminal Homicide in North Carolina
Authors: PALMER STUART , HUMPHREY JOHN A.
Published: March 2007

Analyses of 985 criminal homicide offenders and their victims in North Carolina are presented. Typical patterns of intrafamilial homicide are compared with extrafamilial killings. The most usual victims of intrafamilial murder and their offenders are identified, and the relationships between offenders and victims are analyzed by age, sex, and race. Data were obtained from two main sources: the North Carolina Department of Corrections' files on all first and second degree homicide and first degree manslaughter offenders incarcerated since 1972, and the North Carolina Office of Chief Medical Examiner. The findings indicate that while the rate of criminal homicide is decreasing in North Carolina, the proportion of homicides involving offenders and victims who are members of the same family is increasing, and the proportion involving strangers is decreasing. When females kill, they are especially likely to victimize members of their families, particularly their husbands; this pattern is increasing. When younger offenders commit homicide, they are increasingly prone to kill family members. Blacks are also showing a considerably greater tendency to victimize homicidally members of their own families than are whites.
The Family Conference
Authors: BUCKHOLDT DAVID R.
Published: March 2007

In this article I look at the family conference as an institutional context wherein professional caregivers and family members negotiate select aspects of the life course of their clients or relatives. Observational data on family conferences were obtained in a physical rehabilitation hospital and two nursing homes. It is argued that in these and similar institutional contexts, the course of a person's life is not simply presented and assessed but is also processed and controlled by persons who have a stake in what is discovered and decided.
Cumulative Problem Solving in Family Sociology
Authors: FREESE LEE
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes why, in family sociology, the development of problems for theorizing and research has not led to many cumulative solutions. Cumulative solutions require serial progressions to problem development that are not much evident in family sociology. Problem development has a serial progression when the very framing of a question for research is conditional on the results of previous research. The program of research on mate selection is reviewed in terms of its pattern of problem development. I conclude that the scientific significance of the problem of mate selection has not been established by its research literature. The literature on mate selection is taken to be representative of the way in which programs of research in family sociology have shown incremental but not cumulative growth. Implications for theorizing in family sociology are discussed.
Violence in the Context of Dating and Sex
Authors: LANE KATHERINE E. , GWARTNEY-GIBBS PATRICIA A.
Published: March 2007

A study of reported courtship violence using a representative sample of college students and a broad definition of relationships “at risk” found substantially higher rates of violence than those reported in earlier studies. Females reported using a wider array of violence than males, but males used more extreme forms of violence, had violence multiple times with multiple partners, and inflicted more sexual aggression. Students from high-income families, whites, and those “living together” reported more violence than others. Sexuality appears to be an important source of violence in courtship.
Occupation and Divorce
Authors: GREENSTEIN THEODORE N.
Published: March 2007

Analyses of the combined General Social Surveys for 1972-1983 are used to estimate propensity to divorce (proportion of ever-married persons who have ever been divorced or legally separated) for major occupational categories and for selected occupations. Separate analyses for males and females show significant estimated effects of occupation on propensity to divorce even when occupational prestige, age, age at first marriage, income, education, and number of children are statistically controlled. Contrary to the findings of previous studies, male professional and technical workers do not have the lowest propensity to divorce. Propensity to divorce for male professional and technical workers, when adjusted for income, occupational prestige, age, age at first marriage, education, and number of children, is higher than for any occupational category except transport equipment operatives. For female workers, on the other hand, professional and technical workers do have the lowest propensity to divorce among nonfarm workers.
Transformations of Family Images Related to Death
Authors: WEDEMEYER NANCY VOIGT
Published: March 2007

Exploration of the symbolic content of creative family images produced by college students who had experienced death in the family shows that the experience of death in the family can vary from welcomed release to painful paralysis of total family functioning. Seven paradigmatic imaginal patterns are presented and related to larger patterns of individual and family growth. Normative developmental patterns interacted with the crisis, and greater expression of problems was associated with either loss of a person central to the network or with dysfunctional aspects in the family prior to the loss.
Parental Control Techniques
Authors: SMITH THOMAS EWIN
Published: March 2007

A total of seven different parental control techniques—approaches employed in parental influence attempts—are examined in data based on 197 suburban parents' descriptions of 1,109 parent-adolescent influence encounters. The most prevalent control techniques are “command” (imperative statements without punishments or overt threats of punishment) and “self-oriented induction” (suggested consequences for the child of his or her behavior—consequences not controlled by the parent). Other control techniques are relatively infrequent. Most of the control techniques are related to one or more situational factors, but the situational effects upon command and self-oriented induction are especially pronounced. Most of the estimated situational effects are interpreted in terms of the relative immediacy of the various control techniques.
A Theoretical Look at the Gender Balance of Power in the American Couple
Authors: BLUMBERG RAE LESSER , COLEMAN MARION TOLBERT
Published: March 2007

Despite the very rich theoretical literature on marital power, recent empirical investigations on this subject have, in general, relied on disappointing measures of power. The empirically testable model developed in this article is an application of Blumberg's general theory of gender stratification to the contemporary American heterosexual couple. In the model, we concur with prior studies that identify economic power as the key variable in the power balance within a marital relationship. Our conceptualization of economic power, however, attempts to reflect the extremely complex nature of marital power. Thus we offer the notion of “overall economic power” and then suggest that there are a number of “discount factors” operating at both the macro and micro levels that affect the power balance, resulting in what we term “net economic power.” The fully elaborated model is dynamic, taking into account birth cohort differences, stable versus transitional relationships, and cross-class differences.
The Effect of Marriage on the Well-Being of Adults
Authors: GOVE WALTER R. , STYLE CAROLYN BRIGGS , HUGHES MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

We live in a society in which the roles of the individual tend to be both specialized and compartmentalized. Because of the fragmentation of one's relationships it is difficult for an individual to establish a clear identity and to demonstrate to others, and thus oneself, that one is a person of worth. Marriage is a very private relationship and couples are able to develop a social system with its own nomic structure that reflects their attributes and interests. It is a place where one's roles are brought together and decisions are made with regard to how one will perform those roles. An individual's investment in the marital relationship as indicated by time and resources is substantial. It is also an intimate relationship with a high level of emotional involvement and substantial rights and obligations. The primary interaction provided by the marital relationship is thus particularly well suited to the development of a clear definition of the individual's self and worth. Because of these attributes, marriage tends to be strongly related to the well-being of individuals. However, these attributes also often cause conflict and anger in the marital relationship. The benefits of marriage are strongly related to the fact that marriage is a very private relationship. However, because the marital relationship is very personal and private, it tends to be unstable and this instability undercuts many of the benefits derived from marriage. The privacy of marriage also makes effective societal intervention to achieve societal goals particularly difficult.
Specification and Speculation Concerning the Politics of Workplace Family Policies
Authors: ALDOUS JOAN
Published: March 2007

The article begins with a discussion of the family changes related to shifts in the composition of the labor force that have led to a concern about family benefits in the workplace. It then covers the reasons for their general absence in the U.S. An analysis follows of the unrecognized consequences of the attention given to the comparatively few instances of family benefits in corporate America. The final section of the article concerns the varying judgments of the authors of the articles in this special issue on the efficacy of existing workplace family policies for businesses and their employees and their families.
The Impact of Family Background and Early Marital Factors on Marital Disruption
Authors: BUMPASS LARRY L. , MARTIN TERESA CASTRO , SWEET JAMES A.
Published: March 2007

A high level of marital disruption remains a major factor of American family experience. This analysis takes advantage of the broad coverage of family-related issues by the National Survey of Families and Households (1987-1988) to explore both methodological and substantive issues concerning marital dissolution in the United States. The analysis finds that marital disruptions are seriously underreported by males, making the analysis of male marital histories problematic. Also, the potential impact of reconciliations on the estimates of recent marital disruption based on separation is explored; no upward bias is likely to result from the inclusion of separations that may subsequently reconcile. The impact of a wide variety of factors on the risk of marital disruption is examined using proportional hazard techniques. Among them are included parental background factors, respondent's characteristics at the time of marriage, differences in spouses' characteristics, and joint activity statuses of marital partners in the first year of marriage. The risk of marital disruption is highest among women with young age at marriage, low education, a cohabitation history, and those whose spouse has been married previously. Parental family disruption affects marital stability primarily through age at marriage and cohabitation. Religious and educational heterogamy and male unemployment reduce marital stability.
What Fathers Say About Involvement With Children After Separation
Authors: SELTZER JUDITH A. , BRANDRETH YVONNE
Published: March 2007

This article examines the potential impact of nonresponse on information about paternal involvement after separation by comparing the sample of mothers whose children have a nonresident father to the sample of nonresident fathers in the National Survey of Families and Households. We show that when the samples are restricted to parents of children who were born in a first marriage, resident mothers and nonresident fathers are similar on a variety of demographic characteristics, including racial composition, family size, and duration of separation. Although resident mothers and nonresident fathers in the restricted sample report more similar levels of paternal involvement after divorce than in the comparison of the unrestricted samples, fathers still report greater involvement than do mothers. Whether the respondent is the mother or father does not affect the factors that predict variation in child support receipts or payments or visits between nonresident fathers and children. The last part of the article examines nonresident fathers' attitudes toward their role as a parent. Fathers' evaluations of their role depend more on their remarriage and characteristics of the children in their new household than on involvement with children from a previous relationship.
Nonresident Father Involvement and Child Well-Being:
Authors: KING VALARIE
Published: March 2007

Using data from the child supplement to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a series of multivariate regression models were tested to determine whether father visitation or the payment of child support are significantly associated with several measures of child welleing. The results indicate that there is limited evidence to support the hypothesis that nonresident father involvement has positive benefits for children. The strongest evidence is for the effect of child support in the domain of academics.
Sons, Daughters and Fathers' Absence:
Authors: MOTT FRANK L.
Published: March 2007

Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this research examines the extent to which the presence or absence of biological fathers from the home is associated with gender differences in the presence or absence of children and gender differences in the home environment encountered by children. For a large national sample of children between the ages of 5 and 9, the results suggest that for White families: (a) fathers are more likely to be present in the home if the child is male; and (b) home environmental advantages that boys appear to have in two-parent households are not apparent in female-headed households. For White families, White single parenthood is clearly linked with a poorer quality environment; nonetheless, it is more equalitarian in terms of boys and girls being similarly socialized. The results for Black children are less systematic, although there is some suggestion that girls lose a modest relative advantage in home environment that they have over boys in father-present homes.
Multigenerational Caregiving and Well-Being:
Authors: LOOMIS LAURA SPENCER , BOOTH ALAN
Published: March 2007

It has been suggested that middle-aged adults are becoming burdened with the responsibilities of caring for both parents and children as a result of changing social and demographic trends. Consequently, there is concern that this burden of multiple family responsibilities may adversely affect caregivers' well-being. Using a national sample of married persons, this study examines how the assumption of multigenerational caregiving responsibilities affects caregivers' well-being. It is found that this change in family responsibilities has little to no effect on caregivers' well-being, even after considering factors including caregivers' gender and weekly hours of labor force employment.
Stressful Life Events, Social Support, and the Distress of Widowed and Divorced Women
Authors: MILLER NANCY B. , SMERGLIA VIRGINIA L. , GAUDET D. SCOTT , KITSON GAY C.
Published: March 2007

Samples of widowed and divorced women drawn from public death and divorce records and matched on age, race, and median income of census tract of residence were used to test Ensel and Lin's (1991) counteractive model of the relationships among stress, social support, and distress. As hypothesized, event-related stress and other life stress following the loss of a spouse led to social and psychological distress the following year. Also in line with the hypotheses, stress was associated with increased social support from family and friends. Contrary to the hypotheses, however, social support had mixed effects on distress, depending on the type of support. For widows, practical support help decreased their distress; for divorcees, having someone listen to personal problems was beneficial. Advice did not affect distress for either group, and widows and divorcees who received material support experienced increased distress.
Interracial Dating
Authors: YANCEY GEORGE , YANCEY SHERELYN
Published: March 2007

Caste and exchange theories predict that Whites who enter into interracial relationships seek to trade their racial status for relational capital (i.e., physical attractiveness, financial security). Racial minorities, on the other hand, are likely to trade such assets for higher racial status. However, previous research concerning interracial relationships has concentrated on couples who are already established; thus, the existing literature is of limited use in examining the initial decisions of individuals choosing to date interracially. In this article, content analysis of personal advertisements is reported. It was found that race is insignificant as to whether the advertisers desired or sought physical attractiveness or financial security. Increased availability, not factors predicted by caste and exchange theories, is more explanatory as to why individuals enter into interracial relationships.
Egalitarian Daters/Traditionalist Dates
Authors: LANER MARY RIEGE , VENTRONE NICOLE A.
Published: March 2007

This study replicates and expands Rose and Frieze's (1989) research, which found that young adults' scripts for dating maintain the traditional dominant/subordinate relationship between the sexes. In a 1993 study, Rose and Frieze looked at actual, rather than hypothetical, dates and reported essentially the same finding. The authors used Rose and Frieze's 1989 design with a larger sample and found that although daters may claim to be egalitarian, their dates follow the traditionalist pattern that Rose and Frieze described. In a second study, the authors asked for descriptions of first dates with persons whom respondents already knew from work, school, and so forth, rather than with the relative stranger about whom earlier versions had asked. Varying the level of familiarity with a partner did not produce a different result. Implications are drawn from the findings and suggestions for future research are offered.
Harsh, Firm, and Permissive Parenting in Low-Income Families
Authors: SHUMOW LEE , VANDELL DEBORAH LOWE , POSNER JILL K.
Published: March 2007

Parents' (primarily mothers) reports of their child-rearing expectations and intentions were measured for 184 low-income urban families when children were in the third and fifth grades. Reports of harsh, firm, and permissive parenting strategies were stable over time. Associations between concurrent parenting strategies and children's adjustment also were evident. Endorsements of harsh parenting strategies were associated with teachers reporting poorer child adjustment at school; firm-responsive parenting strategies were related to lower parent-reported behavior problems in the home. Harsh parenting was negatively associated with children's academic achievement as measured by the Iowa Test of Basic Skills during fifth grade. Reports of parental permissiveness were not associated with measures of child adjustment. Reported parenting in third grade was associated with greater child responsibility during fifth grade. There was little evidence that children's prior adjustment was related to parenting reports obtained later.
Risk and Protective Factors for Psychological Adjustment and Grades Among Adolescents
Authors: VOYDANOFF PATRICIA , DONNELLY BRENDA W.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the ways in which two risk factors—negative peer behavior and time spent without an adult—and two protective factors—adolescent resources and parental behavior—influence psychological adjustment and grades among 745 adolescents ages 10 to 17. It is an analysis of data from the National Commission on Children (1991) 1990 Survey of Parents and Children. The results indicate that negative peer behavior is inversely related to adolescent well-being. Two adolescent resources buffer the effects of negative peer behavior on grades. Adolescent resources and parental behavior also have limited independent compensatory effects on psychological adjustment and grades.
Predictors of Adult Sibling Social Support for the Seriously Mentally III
Authors: HORWITZ ALLAN V.
Published: March 2007

Little research examines the reasons adult siblings might provide social support to unmarried, dependent brothers and sisters. This article examines how obligation, reciprocity, and the quality of personal relationships affect whether siblings provide social support to the seriously mentally ill. It uses a sample of 108 siblings of 85 participants in a treatment program for the seriously mentally ill to examine the factors that predict several aspects of help provision. Reciprocity is an important predictor of reported and projected support: The more help respondent siblings receive from ill siblings, the more willingness to help they show in return. The availability of parental and other sibling caregivers is also associated with reported help from siblings. Neither norms of family obligation nor relational quality are highly correlated with support. The results indicate that professionals should take into account the potential importance of siblings as providers of social support to the seriously mentally ill and encourage their clients to develop reciprocal interactions with their brothers and sisters.
“Rite De Passage” or Passage to Riches?
Authors: Stead David , Maguire Joseph
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the movement of Nordic/Scandinavian players into English professional soccer. The frequency and form of this sport labor migration is mapped out from season 1946/1947. The presence of these migrants in England has increased considerably during the 1990s. Interview and questionnaire data provide insights into the migrant’s motivation and objectives, migration preparation, and choice of England as a destination. The impact of migration on family relationships is highlighted. Particular personal and professional characteristics of the Nordic/Scandinavian soccer migrant are examined. These players’ experiences and views are considered in the context of a sport migrant typology and the emergence of global professional migration more generally.
“Rock Hard”
Authors: Patton Cindy
Published: March 2007

Spectatorship theory has been much used and much critiqued as a means of understanding the gendering of “the look” and its object. The article revitalizes spectatorship theory to understand the way in which gender and looking create an ethical problem in the practice of judging—in this case, judging bodybuilding during the sport’s crisis over the proper female body in the early 1990s. The article also explores some of the controversies about sport as spectacle that occurred in the rough time frame of bodybuilding’s spectatorial crisis.
A “Kid’s Game”?
Authors: Sundeen Joseph Timothy
Published: March 2007

The author examines the role of little league baseball in the construction of a Taiwanese national identity. Taiwan has typically dominated international youth baseball, winning 18 Little League Baseball World Series championships before permanently pulling out of the competition in 1996. The author traces the history of Taiwan’s involvement with the sport, arguing that little league baseball, initially promoted to support a “nationalist” Taiwanese identity based on reunification with the People’s Republic of China (PRC), ironically reinforced a new Taiwanese identity based on distinction from and incompatibility with the PRC. The author suggests that in turn, this emerging identity, coupled with the introduction of professional baseball, has helped diminish the status of the sport in Taiwan.
White Sock Crime: Organizational Deviance in Intercollegiate Athletics
Authors: Santomier James P. , Howard William G. , Piltz Wendy L. , Romance Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

Results of initial investigations of incidents precipitating the recent intercollegiate athletic scandals attributed responsibility for those incidents to specific workers, athletes, administrators, and faculty members. However, a consideration of these in cidents as acts of organizations, rather than as acts of individuals, may facilitate a more systematic analysis and a more comprehensive understanding of patterned social de viance within intercollegiate athletics. It was suggested that formal sport organizations commit deviant and illegal acts and that other formal sport organizations have respon sibility for controlling that deviance. It was concluded that an organizational deviance perspective can provide sport sociologists with a framework for examining the nature of deviance within intercollegiate athletics and can be used with other theoretical frameworks for examining patterned social deviance in sport.
Hollywood's Prizefight Films: Violence or "Jock" Appeal?
Authors: McCormack Thelma
Published: March 2007

Many psychological experiments on aggression use prizefight films as their stimuli. This paper questions the use of such films for studies of media agression. Examining prizefight films from 1939 to 1982, it is suggested that they are primarily about "jock" appeal rather than violence. Jock appeal is defined as male narcissism, and the "jock" is contrasted with the professional athlete who must be a thinker and organizer as well as a doer. Hollywood, however, prefers the less holistic model of the "jock" which is easier to comprehend by mass audiences. To the extent that the films deal with violence, it is the contrast between the instrumental violence of the ring and the expressive violence of the fans. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the value of "jock" appeal in discussions of media experiences, and the relevance of the "jock" concept in some of the newer films about women athletes.
Integration of Minorities Into Olympic Sport in Canada and the Usa
Authors: Kjeldsen Erik K. M.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the pattern and degree of integration of black athletes from the USA and French/Canadian athletes from Canada into the Olympic teams of their respective countries. A number of theoretical propositions regarding integration are examined for their "fit" with the actual pattern of Olympic team participation manifested in these two countries. Changes over time are examined by analyzing the composition of teams chjosen by their countries for the 1936, 1960 and 1980 Games. Minorities are identified through photographs in Olympic year books (USA) and through name/ethnic derivation (Canada). The findings lead to some interesting speculations regarding the root causes of the disproportionate representation of minorities on the teams of these nations.
Tidings for the New Year: On Sport Sponsorship Without the Smohe
Authors: Wenner Lawrence A.
Published: March 2007

It is fitting indeed that this year-end issue of the Journal of Sport and Social Issues focuses on the temptations and ethos of the sports marketplace. In some quarters of academia, the word "commercial" is in itself a problematic indictment of one's motives or purity. Often, we tippy-toe around the word "commercial" while promoting the merits of moving to a public intellectualism, a concept that speaks to the communal fear in academia of the tree falling in the forest with no one to hear it.
Race and Gender Differences in Sport Participation as a Function of Self-Schema
Authors: Harrison Louis , Lee Amelia M. , Belcher Don
Published: March 2007

The present investigation studied the influence of race and gender on sport and physical activity choices by regarding specific sport and physical activities as appropriate for participation or self-defining for race and gender groups. The study was designed to confirm the existence of self-schemata for sport and physical activities. A computer-generated instrument was employed to assess the existence and strength of self-schemata. Results of logistic regression analysis suggest that self-schemata for particular sport and physical activities indeed exist and certain schemata differ by race and/or gender. Understanding the dynamics of the development of selfschemata development and the influences of race and gender holds potential for a more comprehensive explanation of the disparity in sport and physical activity participation and performance.
BLADE RUNNERS: CANADIAN MIGRANTS, ICE HOCKEY, AND THE GLOBAL SPORTS PROCESS
Authors: Maguire Joseph
Published: March 2007

This article maps the development of British ice hockey and the role of Canadian migrants in the sport. The process is not new but has gathered momentum during the 1980s. Three areas are considered: the extent of involvement, the contested nature of this involvement, and the types of experience involved for the migrants themselves. Canadian ice hockey experiences are discussed in the light of a sport migrant typology: pioneers, settlers, mercenaries, returnees, and nomadic cosmopolitans. Local and global issues in sport labor migration are also highlighted. Questions of labor rights, gender relations, host/donor contacts, and personal/cultural identity are assessed. The data sources include the official records of the world governing body (International Ice Hockey Federation), interviews, ice hockey journals, and media reports.
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN BY PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL PLAYERS
Authors: Welch Michael
Published: March 2007

Violence committed against women by professional football players recently has attracted considerable public attention and concern. In an attempt to illuminate various dimensions of the problem, this form of aggression is examined in the context of gender and the nature of football, with particular attention to physicality and hypermasculinity. Moreover, this article offers evidence suggesting that professional football players in prestigious roles as scorers (i.e., running backs, receivers) are overrepresented in incidents of violence committed against women (i.e., domestic violence, sexual assault) as compared to players at other positions. The interpretation of these findings rests on the importance of several sociological and psychological considerations including positional status, prestige, narcissism, and a sense of entitlement.
“EVEN THE PARLIAMENT INTERRUPTED ITS SESSION...”
Authors: Marschik Matthias
Published: March 2007

There is no land like Austria, where up until the 1940s premier league football was limited to one city, Vienna. But even up until the 1960s, Austrian football was first and foremost Viennese soccer—and today it is still characterized by resentments between Vienna and the rest of the country. This article discusses the changes from the 1930s—when football was one of some few moments of Viennese identity—to the 1950s—when sports (not primarily football) was a main part of creating an Austrian identity—until today—when the globalization of football begins to burst open the specific Viennese situation.
Stability of Parameter Estimates in the Split Population Exponential Distribution
Authors: Miley Alan D.
Published: March 2007

Maltz and McCleary have suggested a split-population exponential distribution to predict parolee recidivism where one portion of the population will never return and the remainder will return according to an exponential distribution. They have estimated parameters to fit the distribution to some sample data. A reanalysis of their data shows that the parameter estimates change systematically as more and more observation time is allowed in the computation. It is argued that this feature limits extrapolability. Local data concerning readmissions of discharged psychiatric inpatients are used to illustrate this point.
A Time-Series Analysis of Urban Renewal Allocations
Authors: Bronfman B.H.
Published: March 2007

Time-series analysis provides a useful tool in the evaluation of public policy outputs. It is shown that the general Box and Jenkins method, when extended to allow for multiple interrupts, enables researchers simultaneously to examine changes in drift and level of a series, and to select the best fit model for the series. As applied to urban renewal allocations, results show significant changes in the level of the series, corresponding to changes in party control of the executive. No support is given to the "incrementalism" hypotheses, as no significant changes in drift are found.
A Comparison of Sentencing Strategies Between States
Authors: Deutsch Stuart Jay , Malmborg Charles J.
Published: March 2007

A dynamic descriptive model of the criminal justice system is implemented for the states of Missouri and Texas. The differences between sentencing strategies, prison population movements, and criminal behavior patterns are examined. Results for optimization of sentencing strategy and estimates for separate incapacitative and deterrent effects are provided from the discrete time model in each state, and comparisons are offered.
The Class as an Experimental Unit
Authors: Stoker Howard W. , King F.J. , Foster Barbara F.
Published: March 2007

The use of the class, versus the student, as an experimental unit has frequently been discussed in the literature. Most analytic models assume random assignment of treat ments to units. When classes are the unit and student scores are analyzed, model assumptions are violated. This article examined the use of ANOVA under the assumption that the treatment had been randomly assigned to students; in fact, the class had been the unit. Resultant effects on Type I and Type II error, effect and sample size were examined and tabulated. Data support the idea that if one can randomly assign treatments to intact classes, serious consideration should be given to doing so.
Rural Health Service Programs
Authors: Miller Michael K. , Voth Donald E.
Published: March 2007

The impact of community development efforts on rural health services is evaluated by an analytical procedure which pools cross-sectional and time series data, thus taking advantage of both inter-community and inter-temporal variation. Scales of institutional complexity were developed at six time points. To assess the impact of community development efforts, parameters relating health sector growth or decline to existence and type of community development program were obtained using estimation procedures for pooled cross-sectional and time series data. The results indicate that thefull programs did have the predicted positive impact on rural health services. Conversely, the special programs demonstrated no impact.
An Ecological Systems Approach To Evaluation
Authors: Campbell David E. , Steenbarger Brett N. , Smith Timothy W. , Stucky Rita J.
Published: March 2007

The use of systems terms and ecological concepts is increasingly common in psychology, and particularly in community psychology Researchers engaged in evaluation studies within community psychology are encouraged to consider four consequences of the eco logical-systems orientation: (1) reformulation and reconceptualization of the evaluation question; (2) shift of research design in the direction of complexity and flexibility; (3) shift of measurement toward multiple, qualitative, and quantitative measures; and (4) relativis tic, perspectival interpretation of results. Each of these consequences is illustrated with reference to the evaluation of a mobile counseling project
Group Comparability
Authors: Graham John W. , Flay Brian R. , Anderson Johnson C. , Hansen William B. , Collins Linda M.
Published: March 2007

It is not always possible, especially in large-scale evaluation research, to ensure that random assignment will produce groups that are comparable on any number of potentially important factors. Typically, gaining comparability has been achieved only at the expense of random assignment. A method is presented that allows multivariate comparability while making only minimal restrictions on randomization. The procedure is demonstrated in the context of assigning 63 aggregated units (schools) to 28 experimental and control conditions. Good comparability of groups for all primary main effects and interactions was venfied for 15 individual variables.
Allocative Efficiency in Public Budget Distribution
Authors: Platt Marjorie B.
Published: March 2007

An evaluation was conducted of a federally funded demonstration child support- enforcement project. The basic research question was whether a multifaceted program of judicial and public awareness efforts and operational procedures administered to the Massachusetts District Courts was effective in establishing and advocating the use of wage-assignment legislation as an effective collection technique in child support cases. A pre- and posttreatment time-series design compared District Courts to relevant compari son groups on a number of dependent measures. The results of the evaluation study suggest that making clerical-level staff available to approximately one-fourth of the Massachusetts District Courts significantly stabilized total child support collections for AFDC families. It was estimated that the additional child support payments collected in Massachusetts as a result of the treatment program administered to the District Courts represents almost 2% of the total annual child support collections for AFDCfamilies in Massachusetts. Applying this net percentage gain to forecasted total child support collections for AFDC families in FY82 resulted in a forecasted net additional collections of slightly more than $11 million for the next fiscal year, 1982.
Numbers and Words
Authors: Rossman Gretchen B. , Wilson Bruce L.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses how quantitative and qualitative methods can be combined in a single evaluation study to better understand the phenomenon in question. Three perspectives on combining methods are reviewed: the purist approach where the two methods are seen as mutually exclusive, the situationalist approach that views them as separate but equal, and the pragmatist approach that suggests integration is possible. From the pragmatist position it is argued that either method can be used at the analysis stage to corroborate (provide convergence in findings), elaborate (provide richness and detail), or initiate (offer new interpretations) findings from the other method. Specific examples of how results from each method can inform the other are offered.
An Evaluation of a Juvenile Education Program in a State Penitentiary
Authors: Locke Thomas P. , Johnson Glenn M. , Kirigin-Ramp Kathryn , Atwater Jay D. , Gerrard Meg
Published: March 2007

A controlled study of the impact of a juvenile education program on the recidivism rates of juveniles was performed. The program involved introducing the juveniles to the realities of prison life. No significant differences between experimental and control groups in the mean number of self-reported status or criminal offenses committed during the premeasure or follow-up period was found. A finding that youths categorized as more delinquent were affected differently by program attendance compared to youths categorized as less delinquent is offered as a tentative explanation of the conflicting results of prior studies of this type of intervention.
Energy Conservation for Low-Income Households
Authors: Ridge Richard S.
Published: March 2007

Since November 1983, the Southern California Edison Company (SCE) has been offering a free evaporative cooler to low-income customers who alreadypossess an air conditioner. To qualify for a free cooler, a cooler must first be recommended in an SCEenergy audit as being cost-effective. The cooler, which has a much lower k W demand than a typical air conditioner, is to be used not as a replacement for one's air conditioner but rather to supplant it during certain parts of the day, thus reducing k Wh consumption. The research design used is the nonequivalent control group. The econometric analysis indicates that the net reduction due to the installation of a cooler is 2.64 kWh per day.
The Impact of Design Effects On Standard Errors in Roadside Traffic Surveys
Authors: Maxim Paul S.
Published: March 2007

For the most part, random roadside traffic surveys represent complex rather than simple random samples. It is known that the design effects due to clustering, for example, often inflate the standard errors of various point estimates calculated from such surveys. This study examines the design effects in random roadside surveys conducted in three Canadian provinces in 1981. Calculating the standard errors of ratio meansforfour BA C categories, four age categories and gender in those surveys, two major conclusions were drawn. First, the calculated design effects (DEFF) were all greater than 1.0, rangingfrom 1.90 to 32.26. This implies that the standard errors of the estimates are from 1.38 to 5.68 times larger than would be obtained from simple random samples of the same size. Clustering and unequal weighting both had a major impact on increasing the overall DEFF, while countervailing stratification procedures did not reduce the effect. Second, the design effects varied considerably across the surveys even though the same basic sampling strategy was employed in all three. Further, the design effects also varied across subcategories of the same variable.
An Evaluation of an Undergraduate Course On Aids
Authors: Abramson Paul R. , Sekler Joan C. , Berk Richard , Cloud Monique Y.
Published: March 2007

In this artacle, we report the impact of an undergraduate class on AIDS at UCLA designed to alter students' attitudes about AIDS and their high risk behavior. By and large, the class had beneficial effects. However, the study also raises several important methodological issues that at this point preclude any firm policy recommendations.