bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Mono‐, Di‐, and Tri‐Saccharides on the Stability and Crystallization of Amorphous Sucrose
Authors: Thorat Alpana A. , Forny Laurent , Meunier Vincent , Taylor Lynne S. , Mauer Lisa J.
Published: October 2018

Amorphous sucrose is a component of many food products but is prone to crystallize over time, thereby altering product quality and limiting shelf‐life. A systematic investigation was conducted to determine the effects of two monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), five disaccharides (lactose, maltose, trehalose, isomaltulose, and cellobiose), and two trisaccharides (maltotriose and raffinose) on the stability of amorphous sucrose in lyophilized two‐component sucrose‐saccharide blends exposed to different relative humidity (RH) and temperature environmental conditions relevant for food product storage. Analyses included X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, microscopy, and moisture content determination, as well as crystal structure overlays. All lyophiles were initially amorphous, but during storage the presence of an additional saccharide tended to delay sucrose crystallization. All samples remained amorphous when stored at 11% and 23% RH at 22 °C, but increasing the RH to 33% RH and/or increasing the temperature to 40 °C resulted in variations in crystallization onset times. Monosaccharide additives were less effective sucrose crystallization inhibitors relative to di‐ and tri‐saccharides. Within the group of di‐ and tri‐saccharides, effectiveness depended on the specific saccharide added, and no clear trends were observed with saccharide molecular weight and other commonly studied factors such as system glass transition temperature. Molecular level interactions, as evident in crystal structure overlays of the added saccharides and sucrose and morphological differences in crystals formed, appeared to contribute to the effectiveness of a di‐ or tri‐saccharide in delaying sucrose crystallization. In conclusion, several di‐ and tri‐saccharides show promise for use as additives to delay the crystallization kinetics of amorphous sucrose during storage at moderate temperatures and low RH conditions.

Practical Application

Amorphous sucrose is desirable in a variety of food products, wherein crystallization can be problematic for texture and shelf‐life. This study documents how different mono‐, di‐, and tri‐saccharides influence the crystallization of sucrose. Monosaccharide additives were less effective sucrose crystallization inhibitors relative to di‐ and tri‐saccharides. These findings increase the understanding of how different mono‐, di‐, and tri‐saccharide structures and their solid‐state properties influence the crystallization of amorphous sucrose and show that several di‐ and tri‐saccharides have potential for use as sucrose crystallization inhibitors.
Speckle tracking‐vs conventional echocardiography for the detection of myocardial injury—A study on patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage
Authors: Dalla Keti , Bech‐Hanssen Odd , Oras Jonatan , Naredi Silvana , Ricksten Sven‐Erik
Published: October 2018

Background

Myocardial injury with regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMA) is common in subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). We hypothesized that the diagnostic performance of left ventricular (LV) global and regional longitudinal strain (GLS and RLS, respectively), assessed with speckle tracking echocardiography is superior to standard echocardiography for the detection of myocardial injury in SAH.

Methods

Seventy‐one unselected patients with verified SAH were included. Echocardiography was performed within 48 hours after admission. hsTnT was followed daily up to 3 days post‐admission. RWMA, LV ejection fraction (LVEF), GLS and RLS were analysed by two experienced echocardiographists, blinded to the information on plasma hsTnT. A reduced GLS was defined as >−15%. Two cut‐off levels were used for the definition of RLS, ie when segmental strain was >−15% (liberal) or >−11% (conservative) in ≥2 adjacent segments. Myocardial injury was defined as a peak hsTnT ≥90 ng/L.

Results

The incidence of myocardial injury was 25%. The hsTnT (median, 25% and 75% percentile) in patients with (a) reduced LV ejection fraction (LVEF <50%, n = 10) was 502 (175‐718), (b) RWMA (n = 12) was 648 (337‐750), (c) reduced GLS (n = 12) was 502 (132‐750) and (d) reduced RLS (n = 42) was 40 (10‐216), respectively. The specificity/sensitivity for LVEF, RWMA, GLS and RLS to detect myocardial injury 98%/50%, 100%/67%, 96%/56% and 54%/94%, respectively. The intra‐ and inter‐observer variability for assessment of RLS was high.

Conclusion

The diagnostic performance of GLS by strain imaging is not superior to standard echocardiography for the detection of myocardial injury in SAH. RLS could not reliably detect regional myocardial injury.
A Whole Methylome Study of Ethanol Exposure in Brain and Blood: An Exploration of the Utility of Peripheral Blood as Proxy Tissue for Brain in Alcohol Methylation Studies
Authors: Clark Shaunna L. , Costin Blair N. , Chan Robin F. , Johnson Alexander W. , Xie Linying , Jurmain Jessica L. , Kumar Gaurav , Shabalin Andrey A. , Pandey Ashutosh K. , Aberg Karolina A. , Miles Michael F. , van den Oord Edwin
Published: October 2018

Background

Recent reviews have highlighted the potential use of blood‐based methylation biomarkers as diagnostic and prognostic tools of current and future alcohol use and addiction. Due to the substantial overlap that often exists between methylation patterns across different tissues, including blood and brain, blood‐based methylation may track methylation changes in brain; however, little work has explored the overlap in alcohol‐related methylation in these tissues.

Methods

To study the effects of alcohol on the brain methylome and identify possible biomarkers of these changes in blood, we performed a methylome‐wide association study in brain and blood from 40 male DBA/2J mice that received either an acute ethanol (EtOH) or saline intraperitoneal injection. To investigate all 22 million CpGs in the mouse genome, we enriched for the methylated genomic fraction using methyl‐CpG binding domain (MBD) protein capture followed by next‐generation sequencing (MBD‐seq). We performed association tests in blood and brain separately followed by enrichment testing to determine whether there was overlapping alcohol‐related methylation in the 2 tissues.

Results

The top result for brain was a CpG located in an intron of Ttc39b (p = 5.65 × 10−08), and for blood, the top result was located in Espnl (p = 5.11 × 10−08). Analyses implicated pathways involved in inflammation and neuronal differentiation, such as CXCR4, IL‐7, and Wnt signaling. Enrichment tests indicated significant overlap among the top results in brain and blood. Pathway analyses of the overlapping genes converge on MAPKinase signaling (p = 5.6 × 10−05) which plays a central role in acute and chronic responses to alcohol and glutamate receptor pathways, which can regulate neuroplastic changes underlying addictive behavior.

Conclusions

Overall, we have shown some methylation changes in brain and blood after acute EtOH administration and that the changes in blood partly mirror the changes in brain suggesting the potential for DNA methylation in blood to be biomarkers of alcohol use.
Interventionist research in accounting: reflections on the good, the bad and the ugly
Authors: Baard Vicki C. , Dumay John
Published: October 2018

Our paper advances understanding of interventionist research (IVR) as a qualitative accounting research approach. It reflects on the potential value, challenges and key issues, as manifested by the good, the bad and the ugly. The reflection contributes towards clarifying the IVR landscape, thereby forging a future path for IVR as a legitimate qualitative methodology, to enthuse qualitative researchers to produce accounting research relevant to theory, practice and society. The primary contribution is synthesising the interventionist theory and practice literature encompassing a view of the good, the bad and the ugly in interventionist accounting research.
Influence of canal curvature on the amount of apically extruded debris determined by using three‐dimensional determination method
Authors: Karataslioglu Emrah , Arslan Hakan , Er Gamze , Avci Ece
Published: October 2018

The aim of this study was to introduce a new three‐dimensional curvature classification method to evaluate the canal curvature and analyse its effect on the amount of debris extrusion during reciprocating preparation. Freshly extracted mandibular molar teeth were collected. After performing access cavities, periapical radiographs were taken on both mesio‐distal and bucco‐lingual planes of each tooth using a digital sensor. The radii of the curvature were calculated and a new three‐dimensional classification method was used to classify canal curvature, based on radius as follows: Three‐dimensionally slight, moderate and severe curve root canal. Fifteen teeth for each curvature sort were randomly chosen for canal instrumentation. The extruded debris was collected in pre‐weighed Eppendorf tubes and calculated. A significant difference was noted between root canals with slight and severe three‐dimensional curvatures (P < 0.001). It can be concluded that root canal curvature plays a significant role in the amount of extruded debris.
Three‐dimensional CT examination of the forefoot and hindfoot of the hippopotamus and tapir during a semiaquatic walking
Authors: Endo Hideki , Yoshida Masataka , Nguyen Truong Son , Akiba Yuki , Takeda Masahiro , Kudo Kohei
Published: October 2018

Semiaquatic walking has resulted in the evolution of functional and morphological changes in various hoofed mammals, such as hippopotamus and Brazilian tapir. The biomechanics of skilful walking in wetlands or at the bottom of a waterbody involve the medio‐lateral opening and closing of the feet to effectively support and stabilize the body on soft ground and to reduce the water resistance during recovery stroke, respectively. We demonstrate that the opening and closing of the feet in hippopotamus and Brazilian tapir are mediated by the adduction and abduction of the most medial and lateral phalanges from the CT examination. The axial toes, metacarpals and metatarsals do not contribute to changes in the width and shape of the feet, unlike the medial and lateral toes. We suggest that this semiaquatic walking motion is derived from the original terrestrial mode of locomotion, in contrast to the highly functional swimming motion using webs or fins in morphologically modified feet and tail. From the present data we demonstrate that semiaquatic locomotion evolved due to the acquisition of adductor–abductor mobility in the phalanges of the most medial and lateral digits, as shown in hippopotamus and Brazilian tapir.
Discordance between subjective and objective evaluations of cognitive function in old Japanese patients with heart failure
Authors: Saito Hiroshi , Matsue Yuya , Suzuki Makoto , Kamiya Kentaro , Hasegawa Yuki , Endo Yoshiko , Negishi Yuri , Hirano Miki , Takanashi Kumi , Iizuka Hiromi , Matsumura Akihiko , Hashimoto Yuji
Published: October 2018

Objectives

Although cognitive impairment is common among patients with chronic heart failure (HF), the accuracy with which caregivers can recognize it is unknown. This study aimed to examine the degree to which subjective and objective evaluations coincide.

Methods

Cognitive function was evaluated subjectively and objectively in 184 hospitalized patients aged 65 or older (82 ± 7.2 years old and 49% male) with HF, who were divided into three groups: (i) normal; (ii) mild cognitive impairment; and (iii) severe cognitive impairment.

Results

The intrapatient agreement of the results of subjective and objective evaluations was tested, and weighted κ coefficients showed poor agreement (0.54, 95% confidence interval: 0.42–0.66, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Subjective and objective cognitive function evaluations in older patients with HF are poorly concordant.
Impact of donor tissue diameter on postoperative central endothelial cell density in Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty
Authors: Schrittenlocher Silvia , Bachmann Björn , Cursiefen Claus
Published: October 2018

Purpose

To assess the effect of donor tissue diameter in Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty (DMEK) on postoperative endothelial cell density (ECD) mainly in Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy (FECD) patients.

Methods

Retrospective review of 693 consecutive DMEK surgeries from the prospective Cologne DMEK database performed between 07/2011 and 07/2016 at the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne. Eight‐ versus ten‐millimetre large donor DMEK grafts of two different surgeons using identical surgical techniques were compared.

Results

A total of 693 consecutive DMEK surgeries were included. Two groups (8 versus 10 mm DMEK graft diameter) were compared: 23% of eyes received 8‐mm grafts (group 1, n = 160) and 77% 10‐mm grafts (group 2, n = 533). Mean preoperative ECD (±SD) of donor tissue was 2736 ± 224 cells/mm2 in group 1 and 2714 ± 232 in group 2. Group 1 showed a mean ECD of 1740 ± 439 cells/mm2 (mean ± SD; n = 67) 12 months after DMEK compared to 1664 ± 404 cells/mm2 (mean ± SD; n = 344) in group 2. The difference between the 6‐ and 12‐month ECD of both groups was not significant (p = 0.675; p = 0.161). Total decrease in ECD 6‐ and 12‐months postoperatively was 38 ± 14 (n = 128) and 36 ± 16% in group 1 (n = 66) versus 37 ± 15% (n = 398) and 38 ± 15% in group 2 (n = 342; p = 0.414; p = 0.198, respectively).

Conclusion

Our data suggest that postoperative central endothelial cell density is not significantly associated with DMEK graft diameters in the range of 8–10 mm in cases with healthy peripheral host endothelium (such as FECD).
Comparison between 90‐degree and 360‐degree selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT): A 2‐year follow‐up
Authors: Tawfique Kozar , Khademi Pardis , Quérat Laurence , Khadamy Joobin , Chen Enping
Published: October 2018

Purpose

To compare the effect of 90‐ and 360‐degree selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) as primary or supplement therapy in patients with glaucoma and ocular hypertension (OHT).

Methods

Patients (>30 years old) with OHT, primary open‐angle glaucoma (OAG), pigmentary glaucoma or pseudoexfoliative glaucoma were enrolled in a prospective randomized clinical trial. Patients were sequentially randomized to either 90‐ or 360‐degree SLT. Their intraocular pressure (IOP) was monitored.

Results

The survival periods (in days) of the two extents (90 or 360 degrees) of treatment were not statistically significantly different (p = 0.85); only pretreatment IOP level could predict survival of treatment (p = 0.02).

Conclusion

The 90‐degree SLT is as effective as 360‐degree SLT. Further studies are warranted to confirm the findings. High baseline IOP could be a factor that predicts treatment success.
China's Belt and Road Initiative: underlying economic and international relations dimensions
Authors: Rimmer Peter J.
Published: October 2018

In reviewing the literature on the Belt and Road Initiative, attention is paid to the antecedents of China's Silk Road revival, the domestic driving forces, and the perennial search for energy security behind the policy initiated in 2013. After detailing and interpreting the Initiative's timeline, key aspects of the government's policy are analysed; its financial arrangements are noted; and the initial 64 countries covered by the Belt and Road identified. The signature Land Belt and the Sea Road components are analysed using an array of tools: economic corridors, blue economic passages, and economic circles. Reference is made to specific projects and the varied reactions stemming from other countries to the implications of China's policy implementation. Finally, an assessment of the Initiative's first five years is made before looking ahead to consider how it may dovetail with other government programs as Beijing addresses the next 45 years of its planned life.
Letter: acute liver failure of indeterminate aetiology
Authors: Fujiwara Keiichi , Yasui Shin , Yokosuka Osamu , Kato Naoya
Published: October 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to Brennan et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14566 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14975.
Male gender, active smoking and previous intestinal resection are risk factors for post‐operative endoscopic recurrence in Crohn's disease: results from a prospective cohort study
Authors: Auzolle Claire , Nancey Stephane , Tran‐Minh My‐Linh , Buisson Anthony , Pariente Benjamin , Stefanescu Carmen , Fumery Mathurin , Marteau Philippe , Treton Xavier , Hammoudi Nassim ,   REMIND Study Group Investigators, Jouven Xavier , Seksik Philippe , Allez Matthieu
Published: October 2018

Background

After ileocaecal resection for Crohn's disease (CD), inflammatory lesions frequently recur on the anastomosis and/or on the neo‐terminal ileum.

Aim

To identify predictors of early post‐operative endoscopic recurrence.

Methods

From September 2010 to September 2017, the REMIND group conducted a prospective nationwide study in nine French academic centres. Data were collected at the time of surgery and endoscopy, performed 6‐12 months after surgery. Endoscopic recurrence was defined as a Rutgeerts score ≥i2. Baseline factors associated with endoscopic recurrence were searched by univariate and multivariate regression analysis.

Results

Two hundred and eighty‐nine CD patients were included. Endoscopy within 1 year following surgery was performed in 225 (78%) patients (104M/121F). Mean age and disease duration were 35 (12.2) and 8.8 (8.9) years respectively. Seventy (32%) patients were active smokers at surgery. One hundred and forty‐two (63%) patients received at least one anti‐TNF therapy before surgery. After surgery, 40 (18%) patients received thiopurines and 66 (29%) received an anti‐TNF agent. Endoscopic recurrence occurred in 107 (47%) patients. In multivariate analysis, male gender (OR = 2.48 [IC 95% 1.40‐4.46]), active smoking at surgery (OR = 2.65 [IC 95% 1.44‐4.97]) and previous resection (OR = 3.03 [IC 95% 1.36‐7.12]) were associated with a higher risk of endoscopic recurrence. Inversely, post‐operative anti‐TNF treatment decreased the risk of endoscopic recurrence (OR = 0.50 [IC 95% 0.25‐0.96]).

Conclusions

Male gender, active smoking at surgery and previous intestinal resection are associated with a higher risk of endoscopic post‐operative recurrence, while post‐operative anti‐TNF treatment is associated with a lower risk.
Letter: overcoming secondary loss of response to infliximab—it is not the drug, it is how you use it!
Authors: van Langenberg Daniel R. , Vasudevan Abhinav
Published: October 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to Dreesen et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14452 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14974.
Letter: overcoming secondary loss of response to infliximab—it is not the drug, it is how you use it! Authors’ reply
Authors: Dreesen Erwin , Gils Ann
Published: October 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to Dreesen et al and Langenberg and Vasudevan papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14452 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14959.
Letter: acute liver failure of indeterminate aetiology—Authors’ reply
Authors: Brennan Paul N. , Donnelly Mhairi C. , Simpson Kenneth J.
Published: October 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to Brennan et al and Fujiwara et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14566 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14931.
Letter: long‐term treatment of severe bile acid diarrhoea—obeticholic acid can normalise SeHCAT retention
Authors: Walters Julian R. F.
Published: October 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to Damsgaard et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14533 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14996.
Letter: microwave vs radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma within the Milan criteria—Authors’ reply
Authors: Liu Wenwu , Li Binkui , Yuan Yunfei
Published: October 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to Liu et al and Donnelly and Zhang et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14529 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14966.
Letter: can a specific surgical approach reduce post‐operative recurrence in Crohn's disease?
Authors: Yamamoto Takayuki , Kotze Paulo Gustavo
Published: October 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to Auzolle et al paper. To view this article visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14944.
Letter: the association between the use of different proton pump inhibitors and microscopic colitis should be re‐evaluated—author's reply
Authors: Bonderup Ole K.
Published: October 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to Bonderup, and Tao and Wang papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14916 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14981.
Hotspots: The affective politics of hope and the “Corbyn phenomenon”
Authors: Airas Isabel
Published: October 2018

Jeremy Corbyn MP was elected as leader of the Labour Party in the United Kingdom on 12 September 2015, in a landslide victory. This paper explores the affective nature of the “Corbyn phenomenon” and the myriad reasons behind its emergence. Through adopting a lens that is attentive to the affective dimension of politics, the paper highlights how affect, in its diverse forms, mobilises people into political action. The paper aims to expand affective political thought by developing a new conceptual dimension, that of “hotspots,” as a way of considering the affective geographies of political movements. The main hypothesis is that “hotspots” – where political events take place – were integral to the production of affective atmospheres that fuelled the momentum of the Corbyn phenomenon. This argument is made in three parts. First, the paper explores how Corbyn triggered a “tipping point,” whereby negative affects – such as anger, frustration and despair – which had accumulated during a post‐political era, erupted and crystallised in support for Corbyn. It then addresses the core contribution of this paper, the role of “hotspots” – where the affective atmospheres of the Corbyn phenomenon were produced, which were characterised by hope, optimism and excitement – in galvanising Corbyn support. It concludes with a discussion of the figure of Jeremy Corbyn, himself, and alludes to how (1) his personality and (2) his politics moulded him into the symbolic leader of the grassroots movement, which maintains a populist logic. The paper thus contributes to ongoing discussions about the role of affect in politics.
Immunolocalization of Matrix Metalloproteinases in regenerating lizard tail suggests that an intense remodelling activity allows for apical tail growth
Authors: Alibardi Lorenzo
Published: October 2018

Regeneration of the tail in lizards suggests that a continuous remodelling process is active in the developing tissues. The present immunological study has detected Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs), previously indicated from a transcriptome study, in the lizard Podarcis muralis. Immunoblots show a main labelled band for MMPs around 68 kDa, possibly a MMP16‐like. Immunofluorescence shows that MMPs are mainly present in the central apical region of the mesenchymal blastema, in the ependyma of regenerating spinal cord, and in the basal layer and basement membrane‐region of the apical wound epidermis. The immune‐labelling decreases or disappears in differentiating tissues present in proximal regions of the regenerating tail such as the epidermis and dermis, muscles, inner connective tissues and in the axial cartilaginous tube. The prevalent localization of MMPs in the central mesenchyme of the blastema indicates a continuous remodelling of the extracellular matrix that actively contributes to the progressive distal growth of the apical blastema into a new tail. The study stresses that in regenerating organs of amniotes, a massive growth can only occur where connective tissues are maintained loose by the continuous action of extracellular matrix proteases in concert with the high production of hyaluronate and consequent tissue hydration.
The importance of being pregnant: On the healthcare need for uterus transplantation
Authors: Sandman Lars
Published: October 2018

Researchers have recently provided proof of concept for uterus transplantation, giving rise to a discussion about priority setting. This article analyses whether absolute uterine‐factor infertility (AUFI), the main indication for uterus transplantation, gives rise to a healthcare need and the extent to which such a need places justified claims on public funding in a needs‐based welfare system. It is argued that, regardless of the concept of health to which one subscribes, there is a healthcare need for uterus transplantation in women with AUFI. The provision of alternative ways of addressing this need, such as surrogacy and adoption, reduces its severity. Hence, where such alternatives are publicly funded, uterus transplantation is unlikely to become cost‐effective. However, where surrogacy and adoption are not publicly funded, uterus transplantation should be given a similar priority level to other assisted reproductive technologies. In these circumstances, public funding for uterus transplants may well be justified, particularly in well‐funded healthcare system with relatively generous cost‐effectiveness thresholds.
Retrieval practice opportunities in middle school mathematics teachers’ oral questions
Authors: Fazio Lisa K.
Published: October 2018

Background

Tasks that involve retrieving information from memory, such as answering short answer questions, are more effective at improving learning than restudying, concept mapping, and other study techniques. However, little is known about how often teachers naturally provide these retrieval practice opportunities during lectures and classroom discussions.

Aims

To identify how often teachers ask questions that require retrieval, what types of retrieval questions they ask, and whether teachers in high‐growth classrooms differ in their use of retrieval questions compared to teachers in low‐growth classrooms.

Sample

The sample included twenty middle school mathematics classrooms that showed high growth on a test of mathematics achievement and twenty with low growth. For each classroom, we examined a videotape of one class period.

Methods

We coded the number of teacher questions in each lesson, and the number and type of questions that provided an opportunity for retrieval.

Results

We found wide variability in the frequency and type of questions asked across classrooms. On average, almost half of the non‐classroom management questions provided an opportunity for retrieval. However, teachers in high‐ and low‐growth classrooms asked similar numbers and types of retrieval questions.

Conclusions

Teachers naturally use a wide variety of retrieval questions in their mathematics classrooms. As such, improving their use of retrieval opportunities will require only small changes to their natural practice, rather than large changes to their instructional style.
Metformin produces anxiolytic‐like effects in rats by facilitating GABAA receptor trafficking to membrane
Authors: Fan Jun , Li Di , Chen Hong‐Sheng , Huang Jian‐Geng , Xu Jun‐Feng , Zhu Wen‐Wen , Chen Jian‐Guo , Wang Fang
Published: October 2018

Background and Purpose

Altered function or expression of GABAA receptors contributes to anxiety disorders. Benzodiazepines are widely prescribed for the treatment of anxiety. However, the long‐term use of benzodiazepines increases the risk of developing drug dependence and tolerance. Thus, it is urgent to explore new therapeutic approaches. Metformin is widely used to treat Type 2 diabetes and other metabolic syndromes. However, the role of metformin in psychiatric disorders, especially anxiety, remains largely unknown.

Experimental Approach

We examined the effects of metformin on anxiety‐like behaviour of rats in open field test and elevated plus maze test. We also observed the effect of metformin (10 μM, in vitro; 100 mg·kg−1, in vivo) on the trafficking of GABAA receptors, as mechanisms underlying the anxiolytic effects of metformin.

Key Results

Metformin (100 mg·kg−1, i.p. 30 min) displayed a robust and rapid anxiolytic effect, without tolerance. Metformin up‐regulated the surface expression of GABAA receptors and increased miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs). AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) activated by metformin‐induced stimulation of forkhead box O3a (FoxO3a) transcriptional activity, followed by increased expression of GABAA receptor‐associated protein (GABARAP) and its binding to GABAA receptors finally resulted in the membrane insertion of GABAA receptors.

Conclusions and Implications

Metformin increased mIPSCs by up‐regulating the membrane insertion of GABAA receptors, via a pathway involving AMPK, FoxO3a, and the GABAA receptor‐associated protein. Thus metformin has a potential new use in the treatment of anxiety disorders.
Children's Conceptions of Ownership for Self and Other: Categorical Ownership Versus Strength of Claim
Authors: Davoodi Telli , Nelson Laura J. , Blake Peter R.
Published: October 2018

Children are capable of viewing object ownership as categorical and exclusive, but ownership claims can also vary by degree. This study investigated how children use these different conceptions of ownership in a giving and a taking task. In two studies, 4‐ to 7‐year olds (N = 105) could give and take craft objects that they or another child had found (weaker claim) and made (stronger claim). In Study 1, no additional ownership information was given, and in Study 2 categorical ownership was stated (“these belong to you”). The results showed that children used categorical ownership for their own objects but used ownership strength for the other child's objects, taking more of the found items.
Effects of seascape connectivity on reserve performance along exposed coastlines
Authors: Ortodossi Nicholas L. , Gilby Ben L. , Schlacher Thomas A. , Connolly Rod M. , Yabsley Nicholas A. , Henderson Christopher J. , Olds Andrew D.
Published: October 2018

Seascape connectivity (landscape connectivity in the sea) can modify reserve performance in low‐energy marine ecosystems (e.g., coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrass), but it is not clear whether similar spatial linkages also shape reserve effectiveness on high‐energy, exposed coastlines. We used the surf zones of ocean beaches in eastern Australia as a model system to test how seascape connectivity and reserve attributes combine to shape conservation outcomes. Spatial patterns in fish assemblages were measured using baited remote underwater video stations in 12 marine reserves and 15 fished beaches across 2000 km of exposed coastline. Reserve performance was shaped by both the characteristics of reserves and the spatial properties of the coastal seascapes in which reserves were embedded. Number of fish species and abundance of harvested fishes were highest in surf‐zone reserves that encompassed >1.5 km of the surf zone; were located < 100 m to rocky headlands; and included pocket beaches in a heterogeneous seascape. Conservation outcomes for exposed coastlines may, therefore, be enhanced by prioritizing sufficiently large areas of seascapes that are strongly linked to abutting complementary habitats. Our findings have broader implications for coastal conservation planning. Empirical data to describe how the ecological features of high‐energy shorelines influence conservation outcomes are lacking, and we suggest that seascape connectivity may have similar ecological effects on reserve performance on both sheltered and exposed coastlines.
MaDHS: Many‐objective discrete harmony search to improve existing package design
Authors: Prajapati Amarjeet , Chhabra Jitender Kumar
Published: October 2018

Recently, many computational intelligence algorithms have been proposed to address software remodularization problem. Unfortunately, it has been observed that the performance of optimizers degrades with the optimization problem containing more than three objectives. In this paper, we propose a many‐objective discrete harmony search (MaDHS) to address the software remodularization problem having more than three objectives. The basic idea of MaDHS is that it uses the quality indicator Iϵ + and external archive to rank and store the nondominated solutions. Along with MaDHS, five remodularization objectives, ie, low coupling, high cohesion, low modification degree, quality of class distribution, and low package instability have also been adapted to improve the package structure of existing object‐oriented software systems. To improve the accuracy of modularization solution, the coupling and cohesion objectives are formulated in terms of various dimensions of direct coupling relationships. To test the supremacy of the proposed approach, it is evaluated over eight real‐world object‐oriented software systems. Simulation results show that the proposed approach outperforms the other existing approaches in terms of couplings, cohesion, modularization quality, modularization merit factor, rate per refactoring of achieved improvement, and external developers view.
Once‐daily vs twice‐daily tacrolimus for de novo living kidney transplantation patients including ABO/HLA compatible and incompatible: A randomized trial
Authors: Okumi Masayoshi , Unagami Kohei , Furusawa Miyuki , Kakuta Yoichi , IIzuka Junpei , Takagi Toshio , Shirakawa Hiroki , Shimizu Tomokazu , Omoto Kazuya , Inui Masashi , Ishida Hideki , Tanabe Kazunari
Published: October 2018

Tacrolimus (TAC) is available as a twice‐daily capsule (TAC‐BID), once‐daily capsule (TAC‐QD), and once‐daily tablet. Recipients with ABO‐incompatible/anti‐human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐incompatible transplantation were excluded in previous trials and have thus not been evaluated. We conducted a 5‐year trial to determine whether TAC‐QD is noninferior to TAC‐BID for transplant outcomes. Adults who underwent de novo living kidney transplantation were randomly assigned (62 TAC‐QD; 63 TAC‐BID). We did not exclude ABO‐/HLA‐ incompatible transplantation. TAC was initiated 7 days preoperatively (0.10 mg/kg/d). Mycophenolate mofetil, methylprednisolone, and basiliximab were administered. The primary endpoint was graft failure (non‐censored for death). We performed a noninferiority test. The noninferiority margin was 10% in risk difference. Five‐year graft failure rates were 6.5% and 9.5% for TAC‐QD and TAC‐BID, respectively (noninferiority, P = 0.009). The estimated glomerular filtration rates were similar between the groups (noninferiority, P < 0.001). TAC‐QD did not have point estimates of risk difference above the inferiority margin in any assessed endpoints. However, a tendency of interaction was observed between biopsy‐proven acute rejection and the follow‐up period. In a living kidney transplant population with 40% of patients with ABO/HLA incompatibility, the effect of TAC‐QD was not appreciably worse on various clinical transplant outcomes than that of TAC‐BID over 5 years.
Tacrolimus trough and dose intra‐patient variability and CYP3A5 genotype: Effects on acute rejection and graft failure in European American and African American kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Seibert Stephan R. , Schladt David P. , Wu Baolin , Guan Weihua , Dorr Casey , Remmel Rory P. , Matas Arthur J. , Mannon Roslyn B. , Israni Ajay K. , Oetting William S. , Jacobson Pamala A.
Published: October 2018

Background

Suboptimal immunosuppression after kidney transplantation contributes to toxicity and loss of efficacy. Little is known regarding the impact of intra‐patient variability of tacrolimus (TAC) doses and troughs in the early post‐transplant period or the influence of genetic variants on variability.

Methods

Coefficients of variation (CV) of TAC troughs and doses of 1226 European American (EA) and 246 African American (AA) adult recipients enrolled in DeKAF Genomics were compared for association with acute rejection and graft failure. Additionally, the influence of recipients’ number of CYP3A5 loss‐of‐function alleles was assessed.

Results

Acute rejection was associated with greater CV of dose in AA (P < 0.001) and EA recipients (P = 0.012). Graft failure was associated with a greater CV of dose (P = 0.022) and trough (P < 0.001) in AA, and higher CV of trough (P = 0.024) in EA recipients. In EA, CYP3A5 loss‐of‐function alleles were associated with decreased CV of trough (P = 0.0042) and increased CV of dose (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

CYP3A5 loss‐of‐function alleles influence intra‐patient TAC trough and dose variability. High variability of TAC dose increases risk of acute rejection. High variability of TAC trough increases risk of graft failure. Early clinical recognition of TAC dose and trough variability may improve patient management and outcomes.
Respiratory morbidity in children with cerebral palsy: an overview
Authors: Boel Lieve , Pernet Kurt , Toussaint Michel , Ides Kris , Leemans Glenn , Haan Jurn , Van Hoorenbeeck Kim , Verhulst Stijn
Published: October 2018

Respiratory problems have a significant impact on morbidity and mortality in patients with cerebral palsy (CP). In particular, recurrent aspiration, impaired airway clearance, spinal and thoracic deformity, impaired lung function, poor nutritional status, and recurrent respiratory infections negatively affect respiratory status. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia may contribute to pulmonary problems, but asthma is not more common in CP than in the general population. We discuss treatment options for each of these factors. Multiple coexisting and interacting factors that influence the respiratory status of patients with CP should be recognized and effectively addressed to reduce respiratory morbidity and mortality.

What this paper adds

Respiratory problems are a significant cause of morbidity in patients with cerebral palsy (CP).

Respiratory status in patients with CP is influenced by recurrent aspiration and impaired airway clearance.

Spinal and thoracic deformity, impaired lung function, poor nutrition, and respiratory infections also negatively affect respiratory status.

These factors should all be addressed to reduce respiratory problems in patients with CP.
Socioeconomic Determinants of Terrorism
Authors: Nurunnabi Mohammad , Sghaier Asma
Published: October 2018

The term “terrorism” is notoriously difficult to define, but terrorism has become a global concern over the last two decades. The findings of prior research on the social, political, and economic determinants of terrorism are mixed and inconclusive. Accordingly, this study investigates the relationship between socioeconomic indicators and terrorism in Tunisia for the period 1979–2015. The error correction model has been used to determine the stability of any long‐term relationship. Using autoregressive distributed lag bound testing, the findings reveal that the unemployment rate, political instability, the informal sector and higher school enrollment rates positively and significantly affect terrorism. However, gross domestic product per capita and foreign direct investment have a negative and significant impact on terrorism. Interestingly, the poverty rate has no relationship to terrorism. Policy implications and future research are also discussed.
EXAMINING THE EXTERNALITY OF UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE ON CHILDREN'S EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT
Authors: Regmi Krishna
Published: October 2018

I exploit differences in the generosity of unemployment insurance (UI) benefits across states and over time to investigate the link between UI and children's academic achievement. Estimates show that a 1% increase in maximum weekly UI benefits reduces the probability that a child repeats a grade by around 0.03 percentage points. The effect is concentrated among children of low‐ and middle‐income families. This paper's findings, which are the first in the literature to show evidence of a positive effect of UI on children's educational outcomes, provide insight into the role of UI in the human capital accumulation of children. (JEL I20, I38, J65)
Comparing three methods to estimate the average size at first maturity: A case study on a Curimatid exhibiting polyphasic growth
Authors: Hashiguti Danielly Torres , Soares Bruno Eleres , Wilson Kyle Logan , Oliveira‐Raiol Roberta Dannyelle , Montag Luciano Fogaça de Assis
Published: October 2018

The average size at first |maturity (L50) is among the most important parameters for fisheries management and conservation. This paper aims to compare three different methods for its estimation. Considering a classical approach, a logistic model was used (a) by determining the gonadal stage macroscopically; and (b) by using the GSI as proxy of sexual maturity; and finally; (c) by using the length–weight relationship (LWR) in a theoretical approach. The proposed methods were applied using data of a detritivorous fish, Cyphocharax abramoides, monthly sampled using gill nets. Captured individuals were measured, weighed, sexed and the gonadal stage was classified macroscopically and weighed. Estimated L50 values using the macroscopic identification, GSI approach and LWR were not different from each other considering confidence intervals. Between the three different techniques, we concluded that the analysis of the LWR in fishes with polyphasic growth presented promising results as it only requires length and weight data to be performed and estimate a L50 within the range of both classical logistic models analysed.
Youth‐focused group mindfulness‐based intervention in individuals with early psychosis: A randomized pilot feasibility study
Authors: MacDougall Arlene G. , Price Elizabeth , Vandermeer Matthew R. J. , Lloyd Chantelle , Bird Richelle , Sethi Rickinder , Shanmugalingam Aturan , Carr Jason , Anderson Kelly K. , Norman Ross M. G.
Published: October 2018

Aim

To assess the feasibility of a randomized pilot trial that evaluated the acceptability and potential clinical utility of the Mindfulness Ambassador Program (MAP), a unique, standardized 12‐session facilitated group mindfulness‐based intervention (MBI) for youth experiencing early psychosis.

Methods

Twenty‐one patients of an early psychosis intervention program were randomized to receive MAP (n = 11) or treatment as usual (n = 10). Acceptability was measured by group attendance rate and client satisfaction; feasibility of the study design was measured by the recruitment and retention rate. The means, standard deviations, and 95% confidence intervals were described for outcomes of interest.

Results

MAP is associated with a high degree of acceptability and has beneficial effects for depression and fatigue. The randomized trial design is feasible.

Conclusions

This study provides important pilot data supporting a larger randomized trial of effectiveness for MAP as a group MBI for early psychosis. Details of MAP and study limitations are discussed.
Stroke‐related epilepsy
Authors: Feyissa A. M. , Hasan T. F. , Meschia J. F.
Published: October 2018

Stroke is the cause of about 10% of all epilepsy and 55% of newly diagnosed seizures among the elderly. Although recent advances in acute stroke therapy have improved longevity, there has been a consequent rise in the prevalence of stroke‐related epilepsy (STRE). Many clinical studies make a distinction between early (within 7 days of onset of stroke) and late (beyond 7 days of onset of stroke) seizures based on presumed pathophysiological differences. Although early seizures are thought to be the consequence of local metabolic disturbances without altered neuronal networks, late seizures are thought to occur when the brain has acquired a predisposition for seizures. Overall, STRE has a good prognosis, being well controlled by antiepileptic drugs. However, up to 25% of cases become drug resistant. STRE can also result in increased morbidity, longer hospitalization, greater disability at discharge and greater resource utilization. Additional controlled trials are needed to explore the primary and secondary prevention of STRE as well as to provide high‐quality evidence on efficacy and tolerability of antiepileptic drugs to guide treatment of STRE. Robust pre‐clinical and clinical prediction models of STRE are also needed to develop treatments to prevent the transformation of infarcted tissue into an epileptic focus.
A computational strategy for damage‐tolerant design of hollow shafts under mixed‐mode loading condition
Authors: Lepore Marcello Antonio , Yarullin Rustam , Maligno Angelo Rosario , Sepe Raffaele
Published: October 2018

Three‐dimensional numerical analyses, using the finite element method (FEM), have been adopted to simulate fatigue crack propagation in a hollow cylindrical specimen, under pure axial or combined axial‐torsion loading conditions. Specimens, made of Al alloys B95AT and D16T, have been experimentally tested under pure axial load and combined in‐phase constant amplitude axial and torsional loadings. The stress intensity factors (SIFs) have been calculated, according to the J‐integral approach, along the front of a part through crack, initiated in correspondence of the outer surface of a hollow cylindrical specimen. The crack path is evaluated by using the maximum energy release rate (MERR) criterion, whereas the Paris law is used to calculate crack growth rates. A numerical and experimental comparison of the results is presented, showing a good agreement in terms of crack growth rates and paths.
Association between health‐related quality of life and work status in older Korean adults
Authors: Kim Jinseok , Noh Jin‐Won , Park Jumin , Huh Taewook , Kwon Young Dae
Published: October 2018

Aim

Employment status has consistently been associated with health‐related quality of life. This study investigated the effect of age on the association between work status and health‐related quality of life in Korean adults using a large, nationally representative sample.

Methods

We used data from the Korean Health Panel, and ran a series of random effects panel models to test the relationship between quality of life as measured by the EuroQol five‐dimension questionnaire and work status. The moderation effect of age on the relationship between quality of life and work status was also tested in the same model.

Results

Overall, Korean adults who were employed reported a higher level of quality of life than those who were unemployed. Furthermore, the relationship between quality of life and work status was stronger for those who were aged ≥60 years compared with those who were not.

Conclusions

Employment status among older people was found to have a greater association on quality of life than among younger people. Thus, it is necessary to carry out further research for employment status of older people about the relationship with quality of life. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 1629–1633.
Touching intimacy: Bodywork, affect and the caring ethic in erotic gay massage in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Bo‐Wei
Published: October 2018

This paper explores the relatively unexamined topic of interactions between corporeal and affective dimensions in male sexual labour, focusing on the role of intimacy in the bodywork of erotic gay massage in Taiwan. Feminist perspectives on bodywork and affective embodiment are used to analyse how intimacy is lived out during commodified same‐sex engagements. Drawing upon in‐depth interviews with 34 self‐identified gay masseurs, I examine two prominent servicing features of male‐for‐male massage: crafted intimacy and unscripted care. Whereas the former refers to the ‘boyfriend experience’ built up through tactile encounters, the latter regards erotic services as caring practices for the socially vulnerable, adding a moral dimension to the cultural significance of gay sexual commerce in Taiwan. This paper concludes that corporeal and affective dimensions are inseparable in understanding gay massage. Further research can benefit from more attention to somatic affection in the interplay between bodywork and intimacy in male sexual labour.