bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Desain Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) pada Topologi DC-DC Boost Converter Sistem Fotovoltaik
Authors: Pradani Erlillah Rizqi Kusuma
Published: September 2024

Photovoltaic system (PV) merupakan sistem yang mengkonversi energi cahaya matahari langsung menjadi energi listrik menggunakan teknologi sel-sel photovoltaic (PV cells) yang terdapat dalam panel surya. Dengan memanfaatkan sinar matahari sebagai sumber energi utama, PV system dapat membantu mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca dan polusi udara yang dihasilkan oleh pembangkit listrik konvensional berbasis bahan bakar fosil.  Photovoltaic system akan dirancang dan didukung dengan menggunakan beberapa komponen utama yang terdiri dari: Panel surya, Inverter, Charge controller yang didalamnya menggunakan rangkaian Dc – Dc Boost Converter, serta battery bank. Metode perhitungan MPPT (maximum Power Point Tracking) pada system ini digunakan untuk mengoptimalkan kinerja panel surya dengan memaksimalkan daya yang dihasilkan oleh panel surya pada setiap kondisi cahaya matahari yang berbeda. Dengan menggunakan DC-DC Boost Converter pada PV, efisiensi sistem panel surya dapat ditingkatkan karena daya yang dihasilkan dapat dioptimalkan dan disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan sistem penggunaan atau penyimpanan energi yang terkait. Dari penelitian ini rangkaian boost converter menghasilkan sebuah rancangan berupa Vin = 8 volt sampai dengan 13 volt, Vout = 12 volt sampai 13.5 volt. Pengisian Battery dengan spesifikasi 12 volt 6 AH memerlukan waktu pegisian kurag lebih 8. Pada sistem ini didapat waktu yang lebih cepat dalam pengisian battery dibandingkan dengan pengisian langsung tanpa adanya charge controller.
Design and Build Mppt Solar Charge Controller Using Buck Converter On Photovoltaic Based Microcontroller Pic
Authors: Widodo Teguh Rahayu , Fatkhurrozi Bagus , Setiawan Hery Teguh
Published: September 2024

Photovoltaic (PV) is a component for converting solar energy into electrical energy. On the other hand, the characteristics of PV performance are fluctuating, additional circuits are needed to maximize PV performance. This research discusses the maximum power point tracker (MPPT) in a solar charge controller system using PIC microcontroller as a solution to maximize PV performance. The MPPT algorithm used is perturb and observe (PO) with PV power parameters because this algorithm is often used and has good efficiency. This research system was tested using a voltage scale of 15 V, 16V, 17 V, 18.1 V, 19 V, 20 V, 21 V, 22 V, 23.1 V, 24.1 V, and 25 V with the lowest average error value of 3.01447379% and highest 4.312288%. Testing the working characteristics of the 120WP solar panel shows that the solar panel will work optimally when the conditions are sunny and the temperature is not high. The results of testing solar panels with the highest average output voltage of 22.1 V. From testing the system on solar panels shows the value of the ADC output voltage with an average of 12.603V in sunny conditions, 12.372V in sunny cloudy conditions, 12.23V in cloudy conditions, 12.5 V in an obstructed condition. In testing system efficiency using the PO algorithm with an average result of 80.4818%.
A Novel Model for Prediction of Flashover 150kV Polluted Insulator Based on Nonlinear Autoregressive External Input Neural Network
Authors: Hasanah Mardini , Novizon Novizon , Qatrunnada Rusvaira , Warmi Yusreni , Amalia Sitti , Yamashika Herris
Published: September 2024

This study aims to use an artificial neural network to forecast the flashover voltage of a polluted high-voltage insulator. Practical tests were conducted on a high-voltage insulator to gather data for the neural network. These tests were carried out with varying levels of real contaminants from used insulators, with each level of contamination measured in milliliters. The collected data provides flashover voltage values corresponding to different pollution amounts and their conductivity in each insulator zone. The Nonlinear Autoregressive External Input Neural Network (NarxNet) is employed to predict the flashover voltage and assess the pollution state of the insulator. The results demonstrate that the NarxNet method achieves a 93.74% accuracy rate in predicting the flashover voltage of high-voltage insulators, compared to the results from practical tests.
UJI ANTIBAKTERI SERBUK JAHE MERAH (Zingiber officinale van rubrum rhizoma) TERHADAP DAYA HAMBAT PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI Escherichia coli SECARA IN VITRO
Authors: Fadila Aulia , S.Si, M.Kes Faisal , Syauqi Ahmad
Published: September 2024

Antibiotic resistance occurs when Escherichia coli bacteria develop genes that make them resistant to antibiotics. For this reason, research continues to look for new antimicrobial alternatives, including from vegetable sources such as red ginger (Zingiber officinale var rubrum). This research aims to identify the antibacterial ability of red ginger powder to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria in vitro. The research was carried out using quantitative experimental methods using Nutrient Agar Media with varying concentrations of 10%, 15%, 20%, and control. The study results show that there is an inhibition zone with a certain diameter which shows the antimicrobial effect of red ginger against Escherichia coli Key words: Antibacterial, inhibitory power, red ginger, Escherichia coliABSTRAKAntibiotik resistensi terjadi ketika bakteri Escherichia coli mengembangkan gen yang membuat mereka tahan terhadap antibiotik. Untuk itu, penelitian terus mencari alternatif antimikroba baru, termasuk dari sumber nabati seperti jahe merah (Zingiber officinale var rubrum). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kemampuan antibakteri serbuk jahe merah dalam menghambat  pertumbuhan bakteri Escherichia coli secara in vitro. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode eksperimental kuantitatif menggunakan Media Nutrien Agar dengan variasi konsentrasi 10%, 15%, 20%, dan kontrol. Hasil studi menunjukkan adanya zona hambat dengan diameter tertentu yang menunjukkan efek antimikroba dari jahe merah terhadap Escherichia coli Kata kunci:  Antibakteri, daya hambat, jahe merah, Escherichia coli
Evaluation of post-stocking re-encounters of an endangered fish using a large, multi-agency database to inform recovery
Authors: Pennock CA , Speas DW , Thiede GP , Michaud C
Published: September 2024

Managers frequently rely on conservation hatcheries to maintain declining fish populations in the wild, which is the case for bonytail Gila elegans, an endangered species endemic to the Colorado River basin, USA. We used a multi-agency database of stocking, capture, and PIT-tag detections during 2013-2021 across the upper Colorado River basin to assess if re-encounter probability of bonytail varied among seasons, stocking habitats (mainstem, tributary, and off-channel), and with length-at-stocking. Because of previous observations of recaptured bonytail in poor body condition, we tested for differences in condition among stocking habitats. Of 325054 stocked bonytail examined, 90% were never re-encountered. Most re-encounters (93%) were PIT-tag detections near stocking locations. Re-encounter probability was low regardless of stocking habitat, and 95% of fish were at large for <195 d. The effect of length-at-stocking on re-encounter probability varied among habitats and was positive in mainstem and tributary and negative in off-channel habitats. Slopes of length-weight relationships of recaptured fish differed among stocking habitats. Given consistently low re-encounters of stocked bonytail in all habitats regardless of length-at-stocking or stocking season, we recommend managers consider refining the stocking program to better identify specific factors that affect survival, including stocking fish into intensively managed off-channel habitats which afford greater control of abiotic and biotic conditions than riverine habitats. If stocking continues among multiple habitat types, at a minimum we suggest stocking fish at consistent locations over time to better allow for quantitative assessment and to ensure fish are stocked into water temperatures that align with optimums for growth, recovery-from-handling, and survival.
Anatomical evidence that arribada olive ridley sea turtles Lepidochelys olivacea feed at breeding and nesting grounds to maintain high reproductive output
Authors: Myre BL , Figgener C , Byrd B , Guentzel AN , Plotkin PT , Bernardo J , MacKenzie DS
Published: September 2024

Several sea turtle life histories display a capital breeding pattern, in which females stockpile resources, like fat, during reproductive quiescence to fuel fasted egg production. The olive ridley Lepidochelys olivacea nests annually, restricting resource accumulation time, which may necessitate an income-like strategy. To evaluate the breeding strategy of olive ridleys nesting in Ostional, Costa Rica, 123 females were examined during mating or nesting from mid-June to early September in 2016 and 2017. We recaptured 9 females once and 2 females twice 2-6 wk apart, and 112 other females were sorted by behavior (mating/nesting) and ovarian state (non-atretic/atretic) to determine if body condition score (BCS) or subcutaneous fat layer thickness (SQFT) declined over the season, as expected in capital breeders. We calculated BCS and measured SQFT with ultrasound to quantify stored resources, and egg number, egg mass and ovarian follicle size for reproductive output. Two different BCS calculations did not correlate with SQFT. The 2016 female SQFTs showed a capital breeding pattern, with a significantly thicker initial SQFT, and a decline when recaptured that season; 2017 showed a more income-like pattern, with thinner initial SQFTs and no change at recapture. Intestinal contents (suggesting feeding) were found more frequently in 2017, while reproductive output showed no differences. The differences in SQFT and intestinal content frequency between years suggest olive ridleys may use an intermediate breeding strategy to facilitate resilience in fecundity when facing environmental fluctuations.
Phytoplankton size structures and their interactive effects with nutrient conditions on sinking rates in a mariculture system
Authors: Tian X , Ye Y , Li Y , Diao L , Wang Y , Yang X , Zhang X
Published: September 2024

Phytoplankton sinking rates (Srs) are often considered to be the predominant method through which organic matter is delivered out of the surface euphotic zone. Although the phytoplankton size structures (PSSs) are considered to be responsible for the Srs, which are in turn regulated by nutrient levels, their interactive effects on Srs are not so well studied. To address this knowledge gap, we measured the PSSs and their Srs, along with environmental variables including nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, phosphate, temperature (T), salinity, and dissolved oxygen in summer and winter in a mussel farm. We found spatial variations in PSSs in both seasons. Owing to the size-selective feeding of mussels, the activity of the mussel farm may influence the spatial distribution of the phytoplankton community. The dominant PSSs were >20 and <20 µm phytoplankton in summer and winter, respectively, suggesting seasonal variations in PSS. These dominant size groups were negatively related to nitrate in summer and positively related to T in winter, suggesting that nitrate and T may have played roles in influencing the PSS. In summer, micro- and pico-sized phytoplankton strongly affected their Srs in opposite directions, which were in turn mainly regulated by nitrate, indicating that nitrate may affect the Sr indirectly via PSS. Meanwhile, a direct effect of nitrate on Sr was found in both seasons but in opposite directions, suggesting a mutual interaction between Sr and nitrate. These results imply that in a mariculture system, the drivers of phytoplankton carbon export may involve multiple factors with complicated interactive effects.
Seasonal and ocean basin-scale assessment of amino acid δ15N trends in a Southern Ocean marine predator
Authors: Friscourt N , Lea MA , Cherel Y , Wotherspoon S , Brewer EA , Oosthuizen WC , de Bruyn PJN , Wege M , Goebel ME , Trathan PN , Walters A
Published: September 2024

The Southern Ocean exhibits substantial spatio-temporal variation in biogeochemical processes that shape interactions and productivity across food webs. Stable isotopes in marine predators provide an opportunity to capture such variations, yet few studies have accounted for variability in the isotopic baseline when interpreting predator isotope values. Using bulk δ15N and δ13C values and the δ15N values of amino acids (AAs) of blood from female Antarctic fur seals (AFSs) Arctocephalus gazella, we investigated spatial and seasonal variation in baseline δ15N (δ15Nbaseline) values across 3 Southern Ocean basins (Indian, Pacific and Atlantic) to facilitate robust comparison of consumer trophic ecology. We detected spatial and seasonal differences in δ15Nbaseline values across the basins, using the source AAs phenylalanine (Phe) and lysine (Lys), consistent with the latitudinal gradient of AFS colonies and seasonal changes in seal foraging movement. The δ15N values of source AAs from Marion Island and Cape Shirreff were representative of particulate organic matter δ15N values in the Indian and southwest Atlantic sector, respectively, whereas more complex patterns were observed in the Atlantic sector around Bird Island. Variations in bulk δ15N values can also be attributed to changes in AFS diet, with females foraging in the Atlantic and Pacific targeting higher trophic level prey in winter. Trophic position estimation using Phe and leucine (Leu) suggested that females encompass more than 2 trophic levels. Our study highlights the utility of using Lys alongside Phe to assess seasonal and ocean basin-level variations in the isotopic baseline and Leu/Phe for AFS trophic position estimation.
Case report: Improvement of gait with adaptive deep brain stimulation in a patient with Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Isaias Ioannis U. , Caffi Laura , Borellini Linda , Ampollini Antonella M. , Locatelli Marco , Pezzoli Gianni , Mazzoni Alberto , Palmisano Chiara
Published: September 2024

Gait disturbance is a common and severe symptom of Parkinson’s disease that severely impairs quality of life. Current treatments provide only partial benefits with wide variability in outcomes. Also, deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS), a mainstay treatment for bradykinetic-rigid symptoms and parkinsonian tremor, is poorly effective on gait. We applied a novel DBS paradigm, adjusting the current amplitude linearly with respect to subthalamic beta power (adaptive DBS), in one parkinsonian patient with gait impairment and chronically stimulated with conventional DBS. We studied the kinematics of gait and gait initiation (anticipatory postural adjustments) as well as subthalamic beta oscillations with both conventional and adaptive DBS. With adaptive DBS, the patient showed a consistent and long-lasting improvement in walking while retaining benefits on other disease-related symptoms. We suggest that adaptive DBS can benefit gait in Parkinson’s disease possibly by avoiding overstimulation and dysfunctional entrainment of the supraspinal locomotor network.
Insights into the role of legionella effectors on host metabolic perturbations
Authors: Wang Zhihao , Song Lei , Che Jingai , Li Chunxiuli
Published: September 2024

Legionella infection, the causative agent of Legionnaires’ disease, represents a significant threat to human health. The pathogenesis of this infection is intricately linked to the complex interactions between the bacterium and its host, resulting in profound metabolic perturbations. Central to these metabolic shifts is the bacterium’s modulation of lipid metabolism, with changes in lipid synthesis and breakdown modifying membrane composition and function. These alterations can influence cellular signaling and immune responses, further contributing to disease progression. It also disrupts glucose utilization and lipid metabolism, altering cellular energy production and immune responses. Additionally, Legionella infection perturbs amino acid and protein metabolism, affecting protein synthesis and degradation, leading to changes in cellular functions and immune responses. This mini-review underscores the complexity of metabolic perturbations in Legionella infection and their significance in host-pathogen interactions. Understanding these metabolic shifts provides valuable insights into the pathogenesis of Legionnaires’ disease and could lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
Prevalence of internet addiction and associated factors among university students in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Atalay Yibeltal Assefa
Published: September 2024

Introduction

Internet addiction refers to the excessive and uncontrolled utilization of the Internet, which disrupts one's daily activities. The current state of knowledge regarding internet addiction in Ethiopia is limited. Consequently, the objective of this study is to ascertain the combined prevalence of Internet addiction and its correlated factors among university students in Ethiopia.

Methods

To identify potential research findings, an extensive literature search was conducted using electronic databases such as PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The presence of heterogeneity between studies was assessed using Cochrane Q test statistics and I2 test statistics, while the effects of small studies were examined using Eggers statistical tests at a 5% significance level. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was carried out. A random effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence and associated factors of Internet addiction among students. The primary focus of this research was to determine the prevalence of Internet addiction, while the secondary aim was to identify the factors associated with Internet addiction.

Results

To determine the overall prevalence of Internet addiction among university students in Ethiopia, a comprehensive analysis of 11 studies was conducted. The results of this study show that the pooled prevalence of Internet addiction was 43.42% (95% CI: 28.54, 58.31). The results also suggest that certain factors such as online gaming, depression, and current khat chewing are significantly associated with internet addiction among university students.

Conclusions

In Ethiopia, about one-third of university students suffer from internet addiction. The prevalence of Internet addiction among Ethiopian students is associated with online gaming, depression, and concurrent khat consumption. Therefore, we strongly recommend that health planners and policymakers prioritize monitoring and addressing Internet use and addiction in the Ethiopian context.
An engineering rock mass quality classification system for deep-buried hard rock tunnels
Authors: Wu Zhijue , Wu Longliang , Lin Tao , Niu Wen-Jing
Published: September 2024

Rockburst hazards occur sporadically after excavation of deep-buried hard rock tunnel. These failures in the surrounding rock masses are primarily induced by high ground stress, rendering conventional rock mass quality classification systems less applicable. This study discusses the limitations of existing rock mass quality classification systems when applied to deep-buried hard rock tunnels. A rockburst intensity tendency index, quantified through microseismic (MS) monitoring, is introduced and integrated into the RMR system, resulting in the development of an engineering rock mass quality classification system for deep-buried hard rock tunnels (DHRT-RMR). The development process involves: (i) selecting input parameters, including the rockburst intensity tendency index, and defining their weightings using the AHP; and (ii) establishing the DHRT-RMR system based on the principles of the RMR system. The rockburst intensity tendency index, DHRT-RMR system, and RMR system are then applied to two test sites selected from a tunnel in southwest China. Results indicate that the standalone use of RMR or the rockburst intensity tendency index is limited in engineering rock mass classification for deep-buried hard rock tunnels. However, the DHRT-RMR system can accurately assesses rock mass qualities in such tunnels.
Schizophrenia and type 2 diabetes risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Dong Kai , Wang Shenghai , Qu Chunhui , Zheng Kewei , Sun Ping
Published: September 2024

Objectives

The metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia has consistently been a challenge for clinicians. Previous studies indicate that individuals with schizophrenia are highly prone to developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In recent years, a continuous stream of new observational studies has been reported, emphasizing the pressing need for clinicians to gain a more precise understanding of the association between schizophrenia and T2DM. The objective of this meta-analysis is to integrate new observational studies and further explore the potential link between schizophrenia and the risk of T2DM.

Methods

We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science using medical subject headings (MeSH) and relevant keywords. The risk of bias in cohort studies and case-control studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS), while cross-sectional studies were evaluated using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality scale (AHRQ), scoring was based on the content of the original studies. A fixed-effects model was employed if P > 0.1 and I2 ≤ 50%, indicating low heterogeneity. Conversely, a random-effects model was utilized if I2 > 50%, indicating substantial heterogeneity. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger’s test. Statistical analyses were carried out using Stata statistical software version 14.0.

Results

This meta-analysis comprised 32 observational studies, involving a total of 2,007,168 patients with schizophrenia and 35,883,980 without schizophrenia, published from 2004 to 2023. The pooled analysis revealed a significant association between a history of schizophrenia and an increased risk of T2DM (Odds Ratio [OR] = 2.15; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.83–2.52; I2 = 98.9%, P < 0.001). Stratified by gender, females with schizophrenia (OR = 2.12; 95% CI: 1.70-2.64; I2 = 90.7%, P < 0.001) had a significantly higher risk of T2DM than males (OR = 1.68; 95% CI: 1.39-2.04; I2 = 91.3%, P < 0.001). Regarding WHO regions, EURO (OR = 2.73; 95% CI: 2.23-3.35; I2 = 97.5%, P < 0.001) exhibited a significantly higher risk of T2DM compared to WPRO (OR = 1.72; 95% CI: 1.32-2.23; I2 = 95.2%, P < 0.001) and AMRO (OR = 1.82; 95% CI: 1.40-2.37; I2 = 99.1%, P < 0.001). In terms of follow-up years, the >20 years subgroup (OR = 3.17; 95% CI: 1.24-8.11; I2 = 99.4%, P < 0.001) showed a significantly higher risk of T2DM than the 10-20 years group (OR = 2.26; 95% CI: 1.76-2.90; I2 = 98.6%, P < 0.001) and <10 years group (OR = 1.68; 95% CI: 1.30-2.19; I2 = 95.4%, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

This meta-analysis indicates a strong association between schizophrenia and an elevated risk of developing diabetes, suggesting that schizophrenia may function as an independent risk factor for T2DM.

Systematic review registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42023465826.
Impacts of hydrogen on tropospheric ozone and methane and their modulation by atmospheric NOx
Authors: Bryant Hannah N. , Stevenson David S. , Heal Mathew R. , Abraham Nathan Luke
Published: September 2024

Atmospheric hydrogen concentrations have been increasing in recent decades. Hydrogen is radiatively inert, but it is chemically reactive and exerts an indirect radiative forcing through chemistry that perturbs the concentrations of key species within the troposphere, including ozone. Using the atmospheric version of the United Kingdom Earth System Model, we analyse the impact of 10% increased surface concentrations of hydrogen on ozone production and loss. We also analyse the impact of this hydrogen in atmospheres with lower anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen oxides (80% and 30% of present-day anthropogenic surface emissions), as this is a likely outcome of the transition from fossil fuels towards cleaner technologies. In each case, we also assess the changes in hydroxyl radical concentration and hence methane lifetime and calculate the net impact on the hydrogen tropospheric global warming potential (GWP). We find that the hydrogen tropospheric GWP100 will change relatively little with decreases in surface anthropogenic NOx emissions (9.4 and 9.1 for our present day and 30% anthropogenic emissions, respectively). The current estimate for hydrogen GWP100 can therefore be applied to future scenarios of differing NOx, although this conclusion may be impacted by future changes in emissions of other reactive species.
Case report: Unveiling genetic and phenotypic variability in Nonketotic hyperglycinemia: an atypical early onset case associated with a novel GLRX5 variant
Authors: Marin Victor , Lebreton Louis , Guibet Claire , Mesli Samir , Redonnet-Vernhet Isabelle , Dexant Mathurin , Lamireau Delphine , Roche Sandrine , Gaschignard Margaux , Delmas Jean , Margot Henri , Bar Claire
Published: September 2024

Nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH) is a rare, autosomal recessive metabolic disorder usually associated with mutations in genes AMT, GLDC or GCSH involved in the glycine cleavage complex. Other genes have been linked with less severe NKH, associated with deficiency of lipoate cofactor such as GLRX5, LIAS, BOLA3. We identified a new case of GLRX5-mediated NKH who presented at 2-month with severe developmental delay and seizures. The initial suspicion was raised by the MRI and then confirmed by glycine measurements in cerebrospinal fluid and blood. Genetic analysis revealed a previously undescribed homozygous variant in the GLRX5 gene [NM_016417.3:c.367G>C; p. (Asp123His)]. Despite medication and supportive care, he died at the age of 4 months after a sudden neurological deterioration. It was decided to limit therapeutic interventions due to the severity of the prognosis. The case was more severe than the previous GLRX5-mediated NKH described, regarding the early age at onset and the severity. Moreover, the genetic variant was located at a potentially crucial site for glutathione binding in the GLRX5 protein. This report, thereby, expands our understanding of NKH’s genetic underpinnings and phenotypic variability, highlighting the crucial role of GLRX5 and other related genes in variant NKH.
Characterization of unique B-cell populations in the circulation of people living with HIV prior to non-Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis
Authors: Martínez Laura E. , Comin-Anduix Begoña , Güemes-Aragon Miriam , Ibarrondo Javier , Detels Roger , Mimiaga Matthew J. , Epeldegui Marta
Published: September 2024

People living with HIV (PLWH) are at higher risk of developing lymphoma. In this study, we performed cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of cART-naïve HIV+ individuals and cART-naïve HIV+ individuals prior to AIDS-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma (pre-NHL) diagnosis. Participants were enrolled in the Los Angeles site of the MACS/WIHS Combined Cohort Study (MWCCS). Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) and unsupervised clustering analysis were performed to identify differences in the expression of B-cell activation markers and/or oncogenic markers associated with lymphomagenesis. CD10+CD27- B cells, CD20+CD27- B cells, and B-cell populations with aberrant features (CD20+CD27+CXCR4+CD71+ B cells and CD20+CXCR4+cMYC+ B cells) were significantly elevated in HIV+ cART-naïve compared to HIV-negative samples. CD20+CD27+CD24+CXCR4+CXCR5+ B cells, CD20+CD27+CD10+CD24+CXCR4+cMYC+ B cells, and a cluster of CD20+CXCR4hiCD27-CD24+CXCR5+CD40+CD4+AICDA+ B cells were significantly elevated in HIV+ pre-NHL (cART-naïve) compared to HIV+ cART-naïve samples. A potentially clonal cluster of CD20+CXCR4+CXCR5+cMYC+AICDA+ B cells and a cluster of germinal center B-cell-like cells (CD19-CD20+CXCR4+Bcl-6+PD-L1+cMYC+) were also found in the circulation of HIV+ pre-NHL (cART-naïve) samples. Moreover, significantly elevated clusters of CD19+CD24hiCD38hi cMYC+ AICDA+ B regulatory cells were identified in HIV+ pre-NHL (cART-naïve) compared to HIV+ cART-naïve samples. The present study identifies unique B-cell subsets in PLWH with potential pre-malignant features that may contribute to the development of pre-tumor B cells in PLWH and that may play a role in lymphomagenesis.
Clinical significance of T helper cell subsets in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of patients with multiple myeloma
Authors: Zhang Liangjun , Zhong Huixiu , Fan Jiwen , Mao Jiansen , Li Yi
Published: September 2024

Background

T helper (Th) cell subsets primarily assist B cells in differentiating into plasma cells in the germinal center. The mechanism of malignant transformation of plasma cells is an important target for the clinical treatment of MM; however, the mechanism remains unclear.

Methods

We collected the peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) samples of 33 patients with MM. In addition, the PB was also collected from 25 normal healthy controls (HCs). We analyzed the percentages of Th cell subsets in the PB and BM samples of patients with MM.

Results

Tfh/CD4+ were positively correlated with the proportion of myeloma cells in the BM and PB samples (r = 0.592, P = 0.002 and r = 0.510, P = 0.010 respectively), and showed a strong correlation between the BM and PB samples (r = 0.6559, P = 0.0095). In the PB samples, the percentages of Th2/CD4+ and Tfh2/Tfh cells were significantly lower in patients with MM than in HCs (P = 0.00013 and P = 0.0004, respectively), whereas the percentage of Th17/CD4+ and Tfh17/Tfh was significantly higher in newly diagnosed patients with MM than in HCs (P = 0.0037 and P = 0.03, respectively), and all these cells showed a good predictive value for MM (area under the curve [AUC] 0.781, = 0.792, = 0.837, and 0.723 respectively). In the PB samples, all subsets of PD-1+ICOS- Tfh showed a noticeable downward trend in MM from newly diagnosed to non-remission and remission groups. In contrast, all subsets of PD-1-ICOS+ Tfh increased gradually.

Conclusion

Th cell subsets play an important role in the occurrence and development of MM and may provide a fundamental basis for identifying new immunotherapy targets and prognosis.
Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the communications between tumor microenvironment components and tumor metastasis in osteosarcoma
Authors: Li Jiatong , Bai Yang , Zhang He , Chen Ting , Shang Guanning
Published: September 2024

Introduction

Osteosarcoma is a common type of bone cancer characterized by a poor prognosis due to its metastatic nature. The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a critical role in tumor metastasis and therapy response. Therefore, our study aims to explore the metastatic mechanism of osteosarcoma, potentially opening new avenues for cancer treatment.

Methods

In this study, we collected data from the GSE152048, GSE14359, and GSE49003 datasets. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in osteosarcoma cases with primary and metastatic features using R software and the limma package. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed to investigate metastasis-related genes. A protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was established using the STRING database to further analyze these metastasis-associated genes. The abundances of different cell types with a mixed cell population were estimated using the CIBERSORT approach. The scRNA-seq data were analyzed by the Seurat package in R software, and intercellular communications were elucidated using the CellChat R package.

Results

In this study, 92 DEGs related to metastasis were identified, including 41 upregulated and 51 downregulated genes in both the GSE14359 and GSE49003 datasets. Metastasis-associated pathways were identified, including those involving the cyclin-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme complex, transferase complex, transferring phosphorus-containing groups, SCF ubiquitin ligase complex, and the serine/threonine protein kinase complex. KEGG and PPI network analyses revealed 15 hub genes, including Skp2, KIF20A, CCNF, TROAP, PHB, CKS1B, MCM3, CCNA2, TRIP13, CENPM, Hsp90AB1, JUN, CKS2, TK1, and KIF4A. Skp2 has been known as an E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in osteosarcoma progression. The proportion of CD8+ T cells was found to be higher in metastatic osteosarcoma tissues, and high expression of PHB was associated with a favorable prognosis in osteosarcoma patients. Additionally, 23 cell clusters were classified into eight cell types, including chondrocytes, MSC, T cells, monocytes, tissue stem cells, neurons, endothelial cells, and macrophages. The 15 hub genes were expressed across various cell types, and interactions between different cell types were observed.

Conclusion

Our study reveals the intricate communication between tumor microenvironment components and tumor metastasis in osteosarcoma.
Variable screening and model construction for prognosis of elderly patients with lower-grade gliomas based on LASSO-Cox regression: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Niu Xiaodong , Chang Tao , Zhang Yuekang , Liu Yanhui , Yang Yuan , Mao Qing
Published: September 2024

Background

This study aimed to identify prognostic factors for survival and develop a prognostic nomogram to predict the survival probability of elderly patients with lower-grade gliomas (LGGs).

Methods

Elderly patients with histologically confirmed LGG were recruited from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. These individuals were randomly allocated to the training and validation cohorts at a 2:1 ratio. First, Kaplan−Meier survival analysis and subgroup analysis were performed. Second, variable screening of all 13 variables and a comparison of predictive models based on full Cox regression and LASSO-Cox regression analyses were performed, and the key variables in the optimal model were selected to construct prognostic nomograms for OS and CSS. Finally, a risk stratification system and a web-based dynamic nomogram were constructed.

Results

A total of 2307 elderly patients included 1220 males and 1087 females, with a median age of 72 years and a mean age of 73.30 ± 6.22 years. Among them, 520 patients (22.5%) had Grade 2 gliomas, and 1787 (77.5%) had Grade 3 gliomas. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed four independent prognostic factors (age, WHO grade, surgery, and chemotherapy) that were used to construct the full Cox model. In addition, LASSO-Cox regression analysis revealed five prognostic factors (age, WHO grade, surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy), and a LASSO model was constructed. A comparison of the two models revealed that the LASSO model with five variables had better predictive performance than the full Cox model with four variables. Ultimately, five key variables based on LASSO-Cox regression were utilized to develop prognostic nomograms for predicting the 1-, 2-, and 5-year OS and CSS rates. The nomograms exhibited relatively good predictive ability and clinical utility. Moreover, the risk stratification system based on the nomograms effectively divided patients into low-risk and high-risk subgroups.

Conclusion

Variable screening based on LASSO-Cox regression was used to determine the optimal prediction model in this study. Prognostic nomograms could serve as practical tools for predicting survival probabilities, categorizing these patients into different mortality risk subgroups, and developing personalized decision-making strategies for elderly patients with LGGs. Moreover, the web-based dynamic nomogram could facilitate its use in the clinic.
China’s shipping emissions governance: status and prospects under the dual carbon goal
Authors: Hu Mai , Dong Yue
Published: September 2024

In the context of the global response to climate change, the shipping industry is facing unprecedented pressure and challenges to reduce emissions. Under the unified leadership of International Maritime Organization (IMO), the international community has begun to take actions to promote the development of the shipping industry in a more environmentally friendly and sustainable direction. As an IMO category (a) member, China is promulgating a series of emission reduction policies to guide the green transformation of its shipping industry. This study first examines China’s recent shipping emission reduction policy post “dual carbon” proposal, assessing its key focus and the current efficacy of China’s shipping emission reduction governance. Based on this, the study examines the challenges China face in reducing shipping emissions. By drawing on global emission reduction practices, we suggest policy measures for China to enhance its efforts and help the shipping industry move towards achieving net-zero emissions.
Detecting offshore wind farm-induced wind wake signatures on sea surface using MODIS data
Authors: Yu Weiye , Guo Pu , Du Jianting , Lian Zhan
Published: September 2024

Introduction

Offshore wind farms (OWFs) generate extensive wind wakes in their leeward areas, which can induce marine upwelling and downwelling. These processes significantly affect marine stratification and ecosystems, leaving detectable patterns on the sea surface.

Materials and Methods

By utilizing MODIS data, we analyzed six representative OWFs worldwide to identify these wake signatures.

Result

Notably, we observed pronounced signatures near an OWF located in the coastal waters of Jiangsu Province, China. Conversely, no coherent wake signatures were detected at other selected European and Chinese OWFs.

Discussion

This absence may be attributed to inactive upwelling, weak marine stratification, unsteady wind directions, and land-sea distribution. This research offers a fresh perspective on the environmental impacts of OWFs and, for the first time, underscores the potential of global gridded satellite dataset in detecting OWF-induced wind wake signatures.
The “angioletti” of Palermo: the health and development of mummified non-adults in late modern Palermo, Sicily (1787–1880 CE)
Authors: Squires Kirsty , Viner Mark , Hoban Wayne , Loynes Robert , Van Schaik Katherine , Piombino-Mascali Dario
Published: September 2024

The Capuchin Catacombs in Palermo, Sicily, have been home to non-adult mummified remains since the seventeenth century CE. Despite the increasing numbers of scientific studies conducted at this site, very little research has focused specifically on the youngest members of late modern (1787–1880 CE) society. This research aims to redress the balance by examining 43 individuals to gain insight into the demographic profile of mummified non-adults, to characterize their health status and possible cause of death, and to better understand the funerary treatment offered to the youngest members of society. A portable X-ray unit was used to capture anteroposterior and lateral images of each mummy; this facilitated age estimation, the identification of pathological and/traumatic lesions, and evidence of conservation and the mummification process more generally. This study revealed that regardless of age and health status at the time of death, the mortuary rite performed was primarily influenced by the wealth and social standing of the deceased’s kin. No demographic trends were observed in the data and the lack of evidence of metabolic, neoplastic, and traumatic bone lesions suggest these non-adults died from short-term, acute illnesses. Even when individuals did display evidence of chronic health conditions that would have impacted their day-to-day lives (e.g., B035), they were not excluded from this mortuary tradition on the basis of their long-term health and care requirements in life. Artifacts were found with all individuals examined and were associated with the mummification process, conservation of mummies, and/or their display. This research has ultimately demonstrated that non-invasive imaging can be used to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the lives and deaths of non-adults inhabiting late modern Palermo.
Bacterial dynamics in the progression of caries to apical periodontitis in primary teeth of children with severe early childhood caries
Authors: Lin Bichen , Wang Jinfeng , Zhang Yifei
Published: September 2024

Background

Early childhood caries (ECC) are a prevalent chronic disease in young children. However, there has been limited research on the microbiota in different tissue levels of the same tooth in children with ECC. This study aimed to investigate the dynamic changes in bacterial diversity during the progression of Severe Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC) within the same tooth, from the tooth surface to the root canal, by collecting tissue samples from different areas of the affected tooth.

Methods

Twenty primary teeth with periapical periodontitis were selected from 20 children aged 3–5 years, with 100 samples collected from the different layers: uncavitated buccal enamel surface without white spot lesion (surface), the outermost layer of the dentin carious lesion (superficial), the inner layer of carious dentin (deep), necrotic pulp tissue (pulp), and root exudate (exudate). The taxonomy of each OTU representative sequence was analyzed against the 16S rRNA database. Comparisons of alpha diversity between groups were performed. The number of shared and unique genera between groups counted. Beta diversity was contrasted to evaluate differences in bacterial community composition, and the relationships between the microbiota and samples were analyzed. The heatmap analysis of the 30 most abundant genera was used, which highlighted their relative distribution and abundance. The significantly abundant taxa (phylum to genera) of bacteria among the different groups were identified. The differences of relative abundance between bacterial genera among the five groups were analyzed. Significant Spearman correlations were noted, and visualization of the co-occurrence network was conducted.

Results

Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that most genera were present in all layers, with the number of shared genera increasing as the disease advanced. The bacterial communities and core genera in the co-occurrence network changed with progression to severe ECC.

Conclusion

An increase in both the quantity and complexity of bacterial interactions was observed. This study emphasized the importance of paying attention to the relationship between microbial species rather than just checking changes in bacterial species structure when investigating the role of bacteria in disease progression.
Genomic analysis of Enterococcus faecium from non-clinical settings: antimicrobial resistance, virulence, and clonal population in livestock and the urban environment
Authors: Lopes Jéssica , de Lencastre Hermínia , Conceição Teresa
Published: September 2024

Introduction

Enterococci are commensals of the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals that evolved into opportunistic pathogens with high antimicrobial resistance and virulence. Multidrug-resistant Enterococcus is a major cause of hospital-acquired infections worldwide. For this reason, the characterization of non-clinical reservoirs of Enterococci and their epidemiological link to resistant hospital isolates is crucial for controlling their spread.

Methods

A total of 295 samples collected from livestock (pigs and cows, n = 135) and environment (public buses, passengers hands, and urban environments, n = 160) were screened for Enterococcus spp. E. faecium antimicrobial resistance profiles, virulence potential, and clonal population were further characterized.

Results

Enterococci were detected in 90.5% (n = 267) of the samples, with a higher prevalence in livestock (100%) than the environment (82.5%, p < 0.0001), but none of the isolates exhibited vancomycin resistance. E. faecalis was the most prevalent species (51.7%), predominantly found in livestock (62.2%), while E. faecium was more common in the environment. Of the 59 E. faecium isolates, 78% showed resistance to ≥3 antibiotic classes and contained associated resistance genes, namely tetracyclines (tetM and tetL), beta-lactams (mutations in pbp5), and high-level resistance to aminoglycosides (ant(6)-Ia and aac(6′)-aph(2″)). A wide array of virulence factors was detected among E. faecium, associated with adherence, biofilm formation, and adaptation to host response, while hospital-associated virulence markers, such as IS16, were less frequent, probably due to the non-clinical nature of the isolates. Clonal population analysis revealed a diverse E. faecium population. Although no direct epidemiological link could be traced between our isolates and specific clinical isolates, infection-associated genetic backgrounds were identified in non-clinical isolates: one isolate from pigs belonged to CC17 (ST32), while four isolates belonged to CC94, including one recovered from pigs (ST296), one from cows (ST2206), one from the urban environment (ST1205), and other from buses (ST800).

Discussion

This study underscores a high prevalence of clinically relevant Enterococcus species among healthy livestock and the environment. Despite the absence of vancomycin resistance and limited hospital infection-associated clonal lineages, the presence of E. faecium with significant virulence potential and resistance to critical antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine highlights the need for continuing surveillance of non-clinical reservoirs.
Mechanical thrombectomy treatment for cerebral infarction in circulation after 40 h
Authors: Huang Yao , Tan Changya , Xiong Huifen , Li Xi , He Chenyang , Li Dan , Yang Jiao , Ran Xiaohua , Xu Jing , Fan Jin
Published: September 2024

The treatment time window for acute cerebral infarction in global guidelines is within 24 h. We report a patient who was admitted to the hospital and underwent endovascular treatment reaching 40 h. During vascular examination, the thrombus moved to distant segment, and then the surgeon quickly performed endovascular treatment. The patient ultimately achieved a good outcome. This case indicates that thrombus is moveable at any time, we expected to provide advice to clinical doctors that vascular examination should also be arranged as soon as possible to clarify the etiology in stroke patients especially with low NIHSS scores.
Synaptic sensitization in the anterior cingulate cortex sustains the consciousness of pain via synchronized oscillating electromagnetic waves
Authors: Ambron Richard
Published: September 2024

A recent report showed that experiencing pain requires not only activities in the brain, but also the generation of electric fields in a defined area of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The present manuscript presents evidence that electromagnetic (EM) waves are also necessary. Action potentials (APs) encoding information about an injury stimulate thousands synapses on pyramidal neurons within the ACC resulting in the generation of synchronized oscillating (EM) waves and the activation of NMDA receptors. The latter induces a long-term potentiation (LTP) in the pyramidal dendrites that is necessary to experience both neuropathic and visceral pain. The LTP sensitizes transmission across the synapses that sustains the duration of the waves and the pain, EM waves containing information about the injury travel throughout the brain and studies using transcranial stimulation indicate that they can induce NMDA-mediated LTP in distant neuronal circuits. What is ultimately experienced as pain depends on the almost instantaneous integration of information from numerous neuronal centers, such as the amygdala, that are widely separated in the brain. These centers also generate EM waves and I propose that the EM waves from these centers interact to rapidly adjust the intensity of the pain to accommodate past and present circumstances. Where the waves are transformed into a consciousness of pain is unknown. One possibility is the mind which, according to contemporary theories, is where conscious experiences arise. The hypothesis can be tested directly by blocking the waves from the ACC. If correct, the waves would open new avenues of research into the relationship between the brain, consciousness, and the mind.