bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AhrandCyp1a2genotypes both affect susceptibility to motor deficits following gestational and lactational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls
Authors: Colter Breann T. , Garber Helen Frances , Fleming Sheila M. , Fowler Jocelyn Phillips , Harding Gregory D. , Hooven Molly Kromme , Howes Amy Ashworth , Infante Smitha Krishnan , Lang Anna L. , MacDougall Melinda Curran , Stegman Melinda , Taylor Kelsey , Curran Christine Perdan
Published: September 2017

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants known to cause adverse health effects and linked to neurological deficits in both human and animal studies. Children born to exposed mothers are at highest risk of learning and memory and motor deficits. We developed a mouse model that mimics human variation in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) to determine if genetic variation increases susceptibility to developmental PCB exposure. In our previous studies, we found that high-affinityAhrbCyp1a2(-/-)and poor-affinityAhrdCyp1a2(-/-)knockout mice were most susceptible to learning and memory deficits following developmental PCB exposure compared withAhrbCyp1a2(+/+)wild type mice (C57BL/6J strain). Our follow-up studies focused on motor deficits, because human studies have identified PCBs as a potential risk factor for Parkinson’s disease. Dams were treated with an environmentally relevant PCB mixture at gestational day 10 and postnatal day 5. We used a motor battery that included tests of nigrostriatal function as well as cerebellar function, because PCBs deplete thyroid hormone, which is essential to normal cerebellar development. There was a significant effect of PCB treatment in the rotarod test with impaired performance in all three genotypes, but decreased motor learning as well in the twoCyp1a2(-/-)knockout lines. Interestingly, we found a main effect of genotype with corn oil-treated controlCyp1a2(-/-)mice performing significantly worse thanCyp1a2(+/+)wild type mice. In contrast, we found that PCB-treated high-affinityAhrbmice were most susceptible to disruption of nigrostriatal function with the greatest deficits inAhrbCyp1a2(-/-)mice. We conclude that differences in both genes affect susceptibility to motor deficits following developmental PCB exposure.
Effect of the weather conditions during solution preparation on lysozyme crystallization
Authors: Cheng Qing-Di , Chen Rui-Qing , He Jin , Li Da-Wei , Yang Fan , Liu Yong-Ming , Lu Qin-Qin , Dong Chen , Yin Da-Chuan
Published: September 2017

Protein crystallization is a delicate process that is always sensitive to environmental factors. When the environmental factors are not well controlled or not controlled at all, identical crystallization droplets from the same mother liquid may yield different crystallization results. One environmental factor, the weather conditions during crystallization solution preparation, is not usually considered as a parameter for protein crystallization. In this paper, it is shown that the weather parameters during preparation of the crystallization experiment, including the ambient temperature, humidity, pressure and particulate matter in the air, can all affect the reproducibility of lysozyme crystallization. An identical lysozyme crystallization experiment was repeated for an entire year, and the weather conditions when each crystallization experiment was set up were recorded along with the crystallization results. Among the parameters recorded, the humidity during the experiment setup showed the strongest effect on lysozyme crystallization. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that the weather conditions during crystallization solution preparation should be considered as a potential factor that can influence protein crystallization.
Crystal structures of the dioxane hemisolvates ofN-(7-bromomethyl-1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)acetamide and bis[N-(7-dibromomethyl-1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)acetamide]
Authors: Rosin Robert , Seichter Wilhelm , Mazik Monika
Published: September 2017

The syntheses and crystal structures ofN-(7-bromomethyl-1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)acetamide dioxane hemisolvate, C11H10BrN3O·0.5C4H8O2, (I), and bis[N-(7-dibromomethyl-1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)acetamide] dioxane hemisolvate, 2C11H9Br2N3O·0.5C4H8O2, (II), are described. The molecules adopt a conformation with the N—H hydrogen pointing towards the lone electron pair of the adjacent naphthyridine N atom. The crystals of (I) are stabilized by a three-dimensional supramolecular network comprising N—H...N, C—H...N and C—H...O hydrogen bonds, as well as C—Br...π halogen bonds. The crystals of compound (II) are stabilized by a three-dimensional supramolecular network comprising N—H...N, C—H...N and C—H...O hydrogen bonds, as well as C—H...π contacts and C—Br...π halogen bonds. The structure of the substituent attached in the 7-position of the naphthyridine skeleton has a fundamental influence on the pattern of intermolecular noncovalent bonding. While the Br atom of (I) participates in weak C—Br...Oguestand C—Br...π contacts, the Br atoms of compound (II) are involved in host–host interactionsviaC—Br...O=C, C—Br...N and C—Br...π bonding.
Structural parameters of dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO, at 100 K, based on a redetermination by use of high-quality single-crystal X-ray data
Authors: Reuter Hans
Published: September 2017

The title compound, C2H6OS, is a high melting, polar and aprotic solvent widely used in organic and inorganic chemistry. It serves as a H-atom acceptor in hydrogen bonding and is used as an ambidentate ligand in coordination chemistry. The evaluation of the influence of intermolecular interactions on the internal structural parameters of the chemically bonded DMSO molecules affords precise structural data of the free molecule as a point of reference. So far, valid data have been obtained only by use of neutron powder diffraction [Ibberson (2005).Acta Cryst.C61, o571–o573]. In the present redetermination, structural data have been obtained from a single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiment at 100 K, revealing a better comparison with DMSO molecules in other crystal structures. In the solid state, the pyramidal molecule exhibits a nearly perfectCssymmetry [including H atoms, which are eclipsed with respect to the C...C axis], with a C—S—C bond angle of 97.73 (7)° and an S—O bond length of 1.5040 (10) Å, corresponding very well with an S=O double bond, and with almost equal S—C bond lengths [mean value = 1.783 (4) Å] and O—S—C bond angles [mean value = 106.57 (4)°]. The crystal packing is influenced by C—H...O interactions (2.42–2.47 Å) between all three H atoms of only one methyl group with the O atoms of three neighbouring DMSO molecules. The interactions of the O atom with H atoms (or Lewis acids, or hydrogen-donor groups) of adjacent molecules in relation to the orientation of the complete DMSO molecule are described in terms of the angle ω and the distancednorm; ω is the angle between the pseudo-mirror plane of the molecule and the plane defined through the S=O bond and the interacting atom, anddnormis the distance of the interacting atom from the plane perpendicular to the S=O bond.
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine
Authors: El Hafi Mohamed , Boulhaoua Mohammed , Essaghouani Abdelhanine , Ramli Youssef , Essassi El Mokhtar , Mague Joel T.
Published: September 2017

In the crystal, molecules of the title compound, C12H10N4, stack in a head-to-tail manner along thebdirection through π–π stacking interactions between both portions of the pyrazolopyrimidine ring system.
Innovation collaboration in the renewable offshore wind energy sector
Authors: Brink Tove
Published: September 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to reveal how larger enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can enable innovation collaboration for enhanced competitiveness of the offshore wind energy sector.

Design/methodology/approach

The research is based on a longitudinal qualitative study starting in 2011 with a project-based network learning course with 15 SME wind farm suppliers and follow-up interviews with 10 SMEs and continued with interviews conducted with 20 individual enterprises within operation and maintenance conducted in 2014-2015.

Findings

The findings reveal challenges as well as opportunities for innovation collaboration between larger enterprises and SMEs to contribute to the innovation and competitiveness of the offshore wind farm sector. A glass ceiling is revealed for demand-driven positions if the SME does not possess rare and specific valuable knowledge. There are opportunities revealed in general for supplier-driven positions if SME suppliers can collaborate and develop interesting solutions for larger enterprises. If SMEs succeed in either of these aims, the SMEs have an opportunity to attain partner-driven collaboration. However, challenges are present according to the understanding of the different organisational approaches in SMEs and larger enterprises and in the different business approaches.

Research limitations/implications

The research is limited to the offshore wind energy sector. Further research is needed for verification of the findings in other energy sectors.

Originality/value

A fourfold contribution is made to enhance the understanding of innovation collaboration and to enable competitiveness for the offshore wind energy sector. SMEs, larger enterprises, academic researchers and policy bodies are provided with a model for action within the four positions for innovation collaboration.
The bittersweet effect of power disparity
Authors: Fleştea Alina Maria , Curşeu Petru Lucian , Fodor Oana Cătălina
Published: September 2017

Purpose

Collaborative systems are particular cases of multi-team systems in which several groups representing various interests meet to debate and generate solutions on complex societal issues. Stakeholder diversity in such systems often triggers power differences and disparity and the study explores the dual role of power disparity in collaborative settings. The purpose of this paper is to extend the power approach-inhibition model (Keltneret al., 2003) to the group level of analysis and argue that, on the positive side, power disparity increases the cognitive activity of the interacting groups (i.e. task-related debates), while on the other hand it generates a negative affective climate.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors collected data at two time points across nine behavioral simulations (54 teams, 239 participants) designed to explore the cognitive and affective dynamics between six parties interacting in a collaborative decision task.

Findings

The results show that power disparity increases cognitive activity in collaborative multi-party systems, while it hinders the affective climate, by increasing relationship conflict and decreasing psychological safety among the stakeholders.

Practical implications

This study provides important theoretical and practical contributions mostly for the consultation processes, as interventions might be directed at fostering the positive effects of power disparity in collaborative setting, while mitigating its drawbacks.

Originality/value

By extending the approach-inhibition model to the group level, this is one of the first empirical studies to examine the dual nature of the impact that power disparity has on the cognitive (i.e. positive effect) and affective (i.e. negative effect) dynamics of multi-party collaborative systems (i.e. multi-team systems).
Transperineal rectocele repair: a systematic review
Authors: Zimmermann Eleanor F. , Hayes Richard S. , Daniels Ian R. , Smart Neil J. , Warwick Andrea M.
Published: September 2017

Background

Transperineal rectocele repairs, either as isolated fascial repair or in combination with mesh augmentation, are hypothesized to reduce the risk of complications compared with alternative techniques.

Aim

The aim of this study was to ascertain long‐term success and complication rates following transperineal rectocele repairs.

Method

A literature search of PubMed and Embase was performed using the terms ‘transperineal rectocele’, ‘rectocele’, ‘transperineal’ and ‘repair’. Prospective studies, case series and retrospective case note analyses from 1 January 1994 to 1 December 2016 were included. Those that detailed outcomes of the transperineal approach or compared it to transanal/transvaginal approaches were included. The main outcome measures were reported complications and functional outcome scores.

Results

A total of 14 studies were included. Of 566 patients, 333 (58.8%) underwent a transperineal rectocele repair and 220 (41.2%) a transanal repair. Complications were identified in 27 (12.3%) of the 220 transanal repairs and in 41 (12.3%) of the 333 transperineal repairs. A significant complication following transperineal repair was noted in eight studies. There are not enough data to make a reliable comparison between mesh and non‐mesh transperineal repairs or to compare biological and synthetic mesh use.

Limitations

Outcome reporting differed between studies, precluding a full meta‐analysis.

Conclusion

Transperineal rectocele repair offers an effective method of symptom improvement and appears to have a similar complication rate as transanal rectocele repair. Concomitant use of synthetic and biological mesh augmentation is becoming more common; however, high‐quality comparative data are lacking, so a direct comparison between surgical approaches is not yet possible.
Shaken baby syndrome and the risk of losing scientific scrutiny
Authors: Rosén M , Lynøe N , Elinder G , Hallberg B , Sundgren P , Eriksson A
Published: September 2017

A systematic review of shaken baby syndrome by the Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services generated numerous reactions from professional organisations, even before the review was published. There was also a lively debate after a paper summarising its findings were published in Acta Paediatrica The various responses are worth debating further, as they raise several important issues with regard to research ethics, having an open debate and publishing scientific findings.

Conclusion

The responses to the shaken baby syndrome report indicate that scientific scrutiny risks being lost when researchers and organisations are not open to challenging established ideas.
Introducing universal ultrasound screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip doubled the treatment rate
Authors: Olsen Stine F. , Blom Hans C. , Rosendahl Karen
Published: September 2017

Aim

There is no evidence on the effect of universal ultrasound screening on developmental dysplasia of the hip. We examined the impact of adding an ultrasound examination to a one examiner clinical screening strategy on treatment, follow‐up rates and the number of cases detected late in a low‐prevalence population.

Methods

All eligible babies born at Kongsberg Hospital, Norway, from 1998 to 2006 (n = 4245) underwent both clinical and ultrasound hip examinations within three days of life. Indications for immediate treatment were positive Barlow or Ortolani manoeuvres and, or, sonographic dysplasia. Sonographic immature hips were followed until normalisation. Treatment rates and rates from the 1989 to 1997 prestudy period (n = 3594), including late diagnoses, were collected from hospital records.

Results

Treatment was initiated in 90 (2.1%) infants (74 girls), 63 (70%) from birth, compared to 33 (0.9%) during the prestudy period. The follow‐up rate did not change (11%). There were two (0.5/1000) and four (1.0/1000) cases detected late, respectively. No one underwent surgery during the first year of life and no avascular necrosis was seen.

Conclusion

Adding universal ultrasound to clinical screening performed by the same, experienced paediatrician doubled the treatment rate, without influencing the already low numbers of late cases.
Elective transfers of preterm neonates to regional centres on non‐invasive respiratory support is cost effective and increases tertiary care bed capacity
Authors: Zein Hussein , Yusuf Kamran , Paul Renee , Kowal Derek , Thomas Sumesh
Published: September 2017

Aim

Managing capacity at regional facilities caring for sick neonates is increasingly challenging. This study estimated the clinical and economic impact of the elective transfer of stable infants requiring nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) from level three to level two neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) within an established clinical network of five NICUs.

Methods

We retrospectively analysed the records of 99 stable infants transferred on NCPAP between two level three NICUs and three level two NICUs in Calgary, Canada, between June 2014 and May 2016.

Results

The median gestational age and weight at birth were 28 weeks and 955 g, and the median corrected gestational age and weight at transfer were 33 weeks and 1597 g, respectively. This resulted in cost savings of $2.65 million Canadian dollars during the two‐year study period, and 848 level three NICU days were freed up for potentially sick neonates. There were no adverse events associated with the transfers.

Conclusion

The elective transfer of stable neonates on NCPAP from level three to level two NICUs within an established clinical network led to substantial cost savings, was safe and increased the bed capacity at the two level three NICUs.
Deaths and end‐of‐life decisions differed between neonatal and paediatric intensive care units at the same children's hospital
Authors: Snoep Maartje C. , Jansen Nicolaas J.G. , Groenendaal Floris
Published: September 2017

Aim

We compared neonatal deaths and end‐of‐life decisions in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in a Dutch tertiary children's hospital.

Subjects

All 235 full‐term infants who died within 28 days of life between 2003 and 2013 in the NICU (n = 199) and PICU (n = 36) were retrospectively studied.

Results

The median length of stay was three days in the NICU and seven days in the PICU (p = 0.003). The main reasons for NICU stays were asphyxia (52.8%) and congenital malformations (42.2%), and in the PICU, they were congenital malformations (97.2%) and primarily cardiac problems (83.3%, p < 0.001). The median age of death was three days in the NICU and eight days in the PICU (p < 0.001), and mortality despite full intensive care treatment was 4.0% and 25.0%, respectively. Intensive treatment was discontinued because of poor survival chances in 25.1% of NICU and 52.8% of PICU cases (p < 0.001), and care was redirected because of expected poor quality of life in 70.9% and 22.2%, respectively.

Conclusion

Differences between the age at death and end‐of‐life decisions were found between full‐term infants in the NICU and PICU in the same children's hospital. Underlying disorders and doctors’ attitudes may have played a role.
Nonpublication and discontinuation of randomised controlled trials in newborns
Authors: Rüegger Christoph M. , Dawson Jennifer A. , Donath Susan M. , Owen Louise S. , Davis Peter G.
Published: September 2017

Aim

To determine the rate of nonpublication and discontinuation of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in newborns.

Methods

This was a retrospective, cross‐sectional study of RCTs registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) between 2008 and 2012.

Results

Fifty trials were identified, of which 23 (46%) were retrospectively registered. Thirty trials (60%) were published. After a median follow‐up of 8.0 (range 4.6–17.4) years from Research Ethics Committee approval, 15 of 41 completed trials (37%) remained unpublished, representing 5422 neonatal trial participants. Nine trials (18%) were discontinued, including four that were published. The most frequent reason for discontinuation was poor recruitment (n = 4). Sample size discrepancies between registration and publication were found in 17 (65%) of the 26 completed, published trials. In nine (35%) of these trials, the calculated sample size in the method section of the published article differed from the planned sample size in the trial registry (relative difference −20% to +33%).

Conclusion

Nonpublication and discontinuation of RCTs conducted in newborns is common. Additional efforts are needed to minimise the number of neonatal trial participants that are exposed to interventions without subsequent publication.
Making Corporations Responsible: The Parallel Tracks of the B Corp Movement and the Business and Human Rights Movement
Authors: Bauer Joanne , Umlas Elizabeth
Published: September 2017

The business and human rights (BHR) movement shares several goals with the Benefit Corporation (B Corp) movement: corporations respecting human rights; maintaining a “wide aperture” so that all impacts of a company on people and communities are addressed; and creating rigorous standards of conduct and means of accountability. This paper argues that nonetheless the movements are traveling along parallel tracks and thus missing an opportunity for mutual learning that can improve their effectiveness. The BHR movement can look to B Corps for concrete examples of viable companies that value human rights intrinsically and not just where there is a “business case” to do so. The B Impact Assessment, the B Corp certification tool, can better ensure that B Corps are in fact respecting human rights by adopting BHR standards. And both movements must give greater consideration to the potential contradiction between unlimited scaling—a key goal of B Corps—and the ability of large multinational corporations to respect human rights.
How intention and monitoring your thoughts influence characteristics of autobiographical memories
Authors: Barzykowski Krystian , Staugaard Søren Risløv
Published: September 2017

Involuntary autobiographical memories come to mind effortlessly and unintended, but the mechanisms of their retrieval are not fully understood. We hypothesize that involuntary retrieval depends on memories that are highly accessible (e.g., intense, unusual, recent, rehearsed), while the elaborate search that characterizes voluntary retrieval also produces memories that are mundane, repeated or distant – memories with low accessibility. Previous research provides some evidence for this ‘threshold hypothesis’. However, in almost every prior study, participants have been instructed to report only memories while ignoring other thoughts. It is possible that such an instruction can modify the phenomenological characteristics of involuntary memories. This study aimed to investigate the effects of retrieval intentionality (i.e., wanting to retrieve a memory) and selective monitoring (i.e., instructions to report only memories) on the phenomenology of autobiographical memories. Participants were instructed to (1) intentionally retrieve autobiographical memories, (2) intentionally retrieve any type of thought (3) wait for an autobiographical memory to spontaneously appear, or (4) wait for any type of thought to spontaneously appear. They rated the mental content on a number of phenomenological characteristics both during retrieval and retrospectively following retrieval. The results support the prediction that highly accessible memories mostly enter awareness unintended and without selective monitoring, while memories with low accessibility rely on intention and selective monitoring. We discuss the implications of these effects.
Effects of thiazolidinedione in patients with active bladder cancer
Authors: Li Roger , Metcalfe Michael J. , Ferguson James E. , Mokkapati Sharada , Nogueras González Graciela M. , Dinney Colin P. , Navai Neema , McConkey David J. , Sahai Sunil K. , Kamat Ashish M.
Published: September 2017

Objective

To examine the influence of perioperative thiazolidinedione (TZD) on cancer‐specific outcomes in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) undergoing radical cystectomy (RC) for urothelial carcinoma (UC).

Patients and Methods

A retrospective cohort of 173 patients with DM undergoing RC from 2005 to 2010 was identified. Of those, 53 were on TZD treatment at the time of RC, with 33 patients taking pioglitazone. Baseline clinicopathological characteristics, as well as cancer‐specific survival (CSS), recurrence‐free survival (RFS), and overall survival (OS) were compared between the patients on and off TZD therapy at the time of RC. In subgroup analysis, outcomes in patients specifically taking pioglitazone at the time of RC were compared to those not on a TZD.

Results

Baseline clinicopathological characteristics were similar between patients on and off TZD therapy at the time of RC. Overall, the median CSS rate was not reached in either group (P = 0.7). The estimated 5‐year CSS was 67.8% in the non‐TZD group and 66.3% in the TZD group. On multivariate analysis incorporating patient age, pathological T‐staging, and adjuvant chemotherapy, TZD use was found not to be a significant predictor for CSS (hazard ratio 1.20, 95% confidence interval 0.66–2.17; P = 0.5). Additionally, RFS (P= 0.3) and OS (P = 0.2) were also similar between the two groups without adjusting for other variables. Comparison between patients taking pioglitazone vs patients not taking TZD yielded similar CSS (P = 0.2), RFS (P = 0.5), and OS (P= 0.2).

Conclusions

CSS, as well as RFS and OS after RC were not compromised in patients on TZD therapy at the time of RC. Additional investigation is warranted in patients with non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer and muscle‐invasive bladder cancer undergoing bladder‐sparing procedures to assess the safety of using TZD in the setting of active UC.
Direction of dependence in measurement error models
Authors: Wiedermann Wolfgang , Merkle Edgar C. , von Eye Alexander
Published: September 2017

Methods to determine the direction of a regression line, that is, to determine the direction of dependence in reversible linear regression models (e.g., x→y vs. y→x), have experienced rapid development within the last decade. However, previous research largely rested on the assumption that the true predictor is measured without measurement error. The present paper extends the direction dependence principle to measurement error models. First, we discuss asymmetric representations of the reliability coefficient in terms of higher moments of variables and the attenuation of skewness and excess kurtosis due to measurement error. Second, we identify conditions where direction dependence decisions are biased due to measurement error and suggest method of moments (MOM) estimation as a remedy. Third, we address data situations in which the true outcome exhibits both regression and measurement error, and propose a sensitivity analysis approach to determining the robustness of direction dependence decisions against unreliably measured outcomes. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to assess the performance of MOM‐based direction dependence measures and their robustness to violated measurement error assumptions (i.e., non‐independence and non‐normality). An empirical example from subjective well‐being research is presented. The plausibility of model assumptions and links to modern causal inference methods for observational data are discussed.
Mathematical transcription of the ‘time‐based resource sharing’ theory of working memory
Authors: Gauvrit Nicolas , Mathy Fabien
Published: September 2017

The time‐based resource sharing (TBRS) model is a prominent model of working memory that is both predictive and simple. TBRS is a mainstream decay‐based model and the most susceptible to competition with interference‐based models. A connectionist implementation of TBRS, TBRS*, has recently been developed. However, TBRS* is an enriched version of TBRS, making it difficult to test general characteristics resulting from TBRS assumptions. Here, we describe a novel model, TBRS2, built to be more transparent and simple than TBRS*. TBRS2 is minimalist and allows only a few parameters. It is a straightforward mathematical transcription of TBRS that focuses exclusively on the activation level of memory items as a function of time. Its simplicity makes it possible to derive several theorems from the original TBRS and allows several variants of the refresh process to be tested without relying on particular architectures.
Asymptotic confidence intervals for the Pearson correlation via skewness and kurtosis
Authors: Bishara Anthony J. , Li Jiexiang , Nash Thomas
Published: September 2017

When bivariate normality is violated, the default confidence interval of the Pearson correlation can be inaccurate. Two new methods were developed based on the asymptotic sampling distribution of Fisher's z′ under the general case where bivariate normality need not be assumed. In Monte Carlo simulations, the most successful of these methods relied on the (Vale & Maurelli, 1983, Psychometrika, 48, 465) family to approximate a distribution via the marginal skewness and kurtosis of the sample data. In Simulation 1, this method provided more accurate confidence intervals of the correlation in non‐normal data, at least as compared to no adjustment of the Fisher z′ interval, or to adjustment via the sample joint moments. In Simulation 2, this approximate distribution method performed favourably relative to common non‐parametric bootstrap methods, but its performance was mixed relative to an observed imposed bootstrap and two other robust methods (PM1 and HC4). No method was completely satisfactory. An advantage of the approximate distribution method, though, is that it can be implemented even without access to raw data if sample skewness and kurtosis are reported, making the method particularly useful for meta‐analysis. Supporting information includes R code.
GPCR signalling from within the cell
Authors: Jong Yuh‐Jiin I , Harmon Steven K , O'Malley Karen L
Published: September 2017

Traditionally, signal transduction from GPCRs is thought to emanate from the cell surface where receptor interactions with external stimuli can be transformed into a broad range of cellular responses. However, emergent data show that numerous GPCRs are also associated with various intracellular membranes where they may couple to different signalling systems, display unique desensitization patterns and/or exhibit distinct patterns of subcellular distribution. Although many GPCRs can be activated at the cell surface and subsequently endocytosed and transported to a unique intracellular site, other intracellular GPCRs can be activated in situ either via de novo ligand synthesis, diffusion of permeable ligands or active transport of nonpermeable ligands. Current findings reinforce the notion that intracellular GPCRs play a dynamic role in various biological functions including learning and memory, contractility and angiogenesis. As new intracellular GPCR roles are defined, the need to selectively tailor agonists and/or antagonists to both intracellular and cell surface receptors may lead to the development of more effective therapeutic tools.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of GPCRs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.21/issuetoc
Bangladeshi school‐age children's experiences and perceptions on child maltreatment: A qualitative interview study
Authors: Atiqul Haque M. , Janson S. , Moniruzzaman S. , Rahman A. K. M. F. , Mashreky S. R. , Eriksson U.‐B.
Published: September 2017

Background

Child maltreatment (CM) is a public health problem and is recognized as a huge barrier for child development. Most of the research and definitions on CM are from the perspective of high‐income western countries. Because no major studies have been conducted on CM in Bangladesh, the aim of the current study was to explore the experiences of and perceptions on CM in school‐age children in rural and urban Bangladesh in order to understand maltreatment in a local context and from a child perspective.

Methods

Semistructured individual interviews with 24 children (13 boys and 11 girls), between the ages of 9 and 13 years of which 11 were schoolgoing and 13 non‐schoolgoing, were conducted during July 2013 and analysed according to qualitative content analysis.

Results

CM was a common and painful experience with serious physical and emotional consequences but highly accepted by the society. Vulnerable groups were especially young children, girls, and poor children. The children's voices were not heard due to their low status and low position in their families, schools, and working places. The main theme that emerged in the analysis was children's subordination, which permeated the five categories: (a) perception of children's situation in society, (b) understanding children's development and needs, (c) CM associated to school achievement, (d) negative impact of CM, and (e) emotional responses.

Conclusions

Different kinds of abuse are obviously common in Bangladesh, and the schools do not follow the law from 2011 prohibiting corporal punishment at school. The society has to take further steps to live up to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, which was ratified already in 1990, to protect the Bangladeshi children from CM.
Administration of adjuvant chemotherapy in older patients with Stage III colon cancer: an observational study
Authors: van den Broek C. B. M. , Puylaert C. C. E. M. , Breugom A. J. , Bastiaannet E. , de Craen A. J. M. , van de Velde C. J. H. , Liefers G.‐J. , Portielje J. E. A.
Published: September 2017

Aim

According to established guidelines, patients with Stage III colon cancer should receive adjuvant chemotherapy. However, a significant proportion do not. This study assessed factors associated with the administration of adjuvant chemotherapy and causes of death.

Methods

Patients with Stage III colon cancer who underwent surgery between 2000 and 2009 were selected from two hospitals in the Netherlands. Patient characteristics including comorbidities and treatment preferences, tumour characteristics and follow‐up were extracted from the medical records. The patient and tumour characteristics of patients who did receive chemotherapy were compared with those who did not using chi‐squared analysis. Differences between the groups in causes of death were recorded together with the duration of follow‐up.

Results

A total of 348 patients were included. The median age was 73 years (range 33–93). Over half of the patients received adjuvant chemotherapy (50.6%). Patients who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy were significantly older (P < 0.001), had more comorbidities (P < 0.001) and were more often living alone (P < 0.001). Patients who received no adjuvant chemotherapy had a reduced overall survival, and the cause of death was more often attributed to other causes (60%) than colon cancer (40%). For patients who received chemotherapy, the cause of death was usually attributed to colon cancer (71%).

Conclusion

Patients who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy had a worse overall survival and the majority died due to other causes than colon cancer. In our aging society it will become even more important to develop tools to estimate remaining life expectancy in order to improve the selection of older patients for adjuvant treatments.
Digital alkali resist prints on polyester
Authors: Lewis David M. , Broadbent Peter J.
Published: September 2017

In earlier papers we have described sulphite‐based and secondary amine‐based resist printing of cotton using ink‐jet procedures. This paper describes the chemical resist printing of polyester fabrics padded with disperse dyes to create a white image on a coloured background. Polyester grounds have been prepared by the pad‐dry ‘dyeing’ of polyester fabrics with alkali‐clearable disperse dyes, such as a Dianix PC (DyStar) or a Dianix SF (DyStar) dye, and subsequently ink‐jet printed with sodium carbonate based ink formulations to yield a white image on a solid ground following high temperature steaming and appropriate wash‐off procedures. Coloured images have been achieved by a two‐step process whereby the coloured ground fabric was initially printed with an alkali‐based ink and then overprinted in a second step with an illuminating ink formulation containing an alkali stable disperse dye, such as a Dianix AD (DyStar) or Serilene ADS (Yorkshire Chemicals).
Abdominal emergencies after liver transplantation: Presentation and surgical management
Authors: Cesaretti Manuela , Dioguardi Burgio Marco , Zarzavadjian Le Bian Alban
Published: September 2017

With an increasing number of liver transplantation (LT) and an enhanced overall survival, LT recipients are more likely to be admitted in emergency departments of general hospitals. Yet, in LT recipients, common but also benign symptoms may reveal a LT‐related (or not) severe condition. To improve management of LT recipients by emergency physicians and general surgeons and potentially improve long‐term outcomes, a clinical review was performed. Overall, CT scan and blood tests should be systematically performed. Immunosuppressive side effects should be excluded using blood tests. LT‐related complications are more likely to occur during the first three months after LT, including mainly bile leak, arterial aneurysm, and pseudoaneurysm. Patients should be referred in emergency to tertiary centers. Non‐LT‐related complications and common abdominal conditions may also be diagnosed in LT recipients. Except in case of diffuse peritonitis or in hemodynamically unstable patients when surgical procedure should be performed, most conditions should be reassessed regarding the immunosuppressive treatment and the adhesive abdominal cavity.
Evaluation and comparison of staining patterns of factor XIIIa (AC‐1A1), adipophilin and GATA3 in sebaceous neoplasia
Authors: Tjarks Brian J. , Pownell Brandy R. , Evans Claire , Thompson Paul A. , Kerkvliet Amy M. , Koch Michael R. D. , Jassim Ali D.
Published: September 2017

Background

Reliable nuclear immunohistochemical stains for sebaceous neoplasms have not been readily available. Positive nuclear staining has been reported for GATA3 and factor XIIIa (AC‐1A1). We sought to determine the diagnostic utility of these nuclear stains by comparing their staining pattern to adipophilin, a consistently positive cytoplasmic stain.

Methods

Cases with the diagnosis of sebaceous hyperplasia, sebaceous adenoma, sebaceous epithelioma/sebaceoma, sebaceous carcinoma, and nonsebaceous neoplasms (basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma) were examined. Intensity and extent of staining of the basal cells and mature sebocytes were evaluated for each stain.

Results

Factor XIIIa (AC‐1A1) was 87.3% sensitive and 95.1% specific for all sebaceous neoplasms sand showed high inter‐observer reliability. Adipophilin was 83.2% sensitive and 87.8% specific. GATA3 was the least sensitive (80.9%) and specific (75.6%) marker. When factor XIIIa was compared against composite staining of all three markers its staining was still uniquely significant (P = .0210).

Conclusion

Factor XIIIa (AC‐1A1) is a sensitive and specific nuclear marker for sebaceous differentiation. Its diagnostic utility exceeds that of adipophilin. Factor XIIIa should be included in the expanding group of immunohistochemical and special stains which can be utilized to aid in the diagnosis of sebaceous neoplasms.
Deutsches „Nationales Krebshilfe‐Monitoring“ 2015–2019 – Studienprotokoll und erste Ergebnisse
Authors: Schneider Sven , Görig Tatiana , Schilling Laura , Breitbart Eckhard W. , Greinert Rüdiger , Diehl Katharina
Published: September 2017

Hintergrund und Ziele

Das Projekt „Nationales Krebshilfe‐Monitoring zur Solariennutzung“ (National Cancer Aid Monitoring of Tanning Bed Use, NCAM) ist eine deutsche Großstudie mit dem Ziel, die wichtigsten Risikofaktoren für Hautkrebs zu beobachten: natürliches Sonnenlicht und künstliche UV‐Strahlung.

Teilnehmer und Methoden

NCAM ist eine bundesweite Querschnittstudie mit zunächst vier Runden der Datenerfassung (sogenannten Wellen) zwischen 2015 und 2018. Jedes Jahr wird eine bundesweit repräsentative Stichprobe aus 3.000 Personen im Alter von 14 bis 45 Jahren befragt. Die Querschnittsbefragung wird durch eine Kohorte von n = 450 aktuellen Solariennutzern ergänzt.

Ergebnisse

Die erste Welle im Jahr 2015 ergab eine Gesamtprävalenz der Solariennutzung von 29,5 %. Elf Prozent aller Teilnehmer hatten in den vergangenen zwölf Monaten ein Solarium genutzt. Zu den Determinanten der aktuellen Solariennutzung gehörten jüngeres Alter, weibliches Geschlecht und Vollzeit‐/Teilzeitbeschäftigung. Die hauptsächlichen Beweggründe, die für die Nutzung eines Solariums genannt wurden, waren Entspannung und Attraktivitätssteigerung.

Schlussfolgerungen

NCAM ist weltweit die erste Studie zur Überwachung der Risikofaktoren für Hautkrebs in jährlichen Intervallen anhand einer großen, landesweit repräsentativen Stichprobe. Erste Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Millionen Deutsche trotz Warnungen der WHO Solarien nutzen, und dass viele dieser Nutzer Jugendliche sind ‐ trotz gesetzlicher Beschränkungen, die das Ziel haben, die Nutzung von Solarien durch Minderjährige zu verhindern.
1 × 1 der Dermatohistologie. Teil 2 – Tumoren der Haut
Authors: Liersch Julia , von Köckritz Amelie , Schaller Jörg
Published: September 2017

In diesem CME‐Artikel werden histopathologische Grundkenntnisse der häufigsten Hauttumoren (epidermal, adnexiell, melanozytär, mesenchymal), deren labortechnische Aufarbeitung sowie der Stellenwert immunhistochemischer und molekularer Zusatzuntersuchungen zusammengefasst. Dies soll dem erfahrenen Kliniker bei der Wahl der richtigen Entnahmetechnik und der Interpretation der histopathologischen Befundberichte behilflich sein und in dermatologischer Weiterbildung befindlichen Ärzten ein besseres Verständnis der Dermatohistologie vermitteln. Ähnlich wie bei den entzündlichen Dermatosen sind auch in der Diagnostik von Hauttumoren Kliniker und Dermatohistopathologen aufeinander angewiesen und können die Qualität der Diagnostik und der daraus resultierenden therapeutischen Verständnisbasis deutlich verbessern.
Update zum klinischen Einsatz von Inhibitoren mutierter Phosphokinasen beim Melanom
Authors: Cosgarea Ioana , Ritter Cathrin , Becker Jürgen C. , Schadendorf Dirk , Ugurel Selma
Published: September 2017

Die Behandlungsstrategie beim metastasierten Melanom hat sich mit der Identifizierung therapeutisch angreifbarer molekularer Zielstrukturen innerhalb zellulärer Signalwege radikal geändert. Durch die Zulassung von Substanzen, die gezielt an den zentralen Schaltmolekülen, den Phosphokinasen, angreifen, können diese Signalwege selektiv abgeschaltet werden. Dies ist insbesondere bei denjenigen Tumoren von Interesse, deren Signalwege durch aktivierende Mutationen der für die Schaltmoleküle kodierenden Gene konstitutiv aktiviert sind. Aktuell ist diese therapeutische Strategie insbesondere für Patienten bedeutsam, deren Melanome eine Mutation im BRAF‐Gen aufweisen. Diese Patienten können durch eine Kombinationstherapie aus Inhibitoren der Phosphokinasen BRAF und MEK langfristig mit sehr guter Krankheitskontrolle behandelt werden. Unter dieser Kombinationstherapie wird aktuell ein progressionsfreies Überleben von über zehn Monaten und ein Gesamtüberleben von mehr als zwei Jahren bei guter Lebensqualität erzielt. Da unter längerfristiger Therapie mit Kinaseinhibitoren jedoch bei einem Großteil der Patienten eine Resistenzbildung auftritt, sind aktuelle klinische Therapiestudien auf die Suche nach geeigneten Kombinationspartnern unter Blockierung anderer Signalwege oder unter Aktivierung der T‐Zell‐vermittelten Immunantwort ausgerichtet. Der vorliegende Übersichtsartikel stellt sowohl die aktuell verfügbaren als auch die in der klinischen Testung befindlichen zukünftigen Optionen der zielgerichteten Therapie des Melanoms dar.
Migrant Precarity in Asia: ‘Networks of Labour Activism’ for a Rights‐based Governance of Migration
Authors: Piper Nicola , Rosewarne Stuart , Withers Matt
Published: September 2017

This article uses migrant precarity as a lens through which to analyse the issue of mobilization for migrants’ rights by civil society. Such mobilization efforts are vital in light of the emergence of global migration governance, which tends to actively constrain considerations for migrants’ human and labour rights. Asia's temporary migrants have been identified as a particularly precarious group of workers due to their specific position within the international division of labour, one that is defined by poorly‐ or unregulated work with insecure legal and residential status. Moreover, with local employment in countries of origin often characterized by informal employment, poor working conditions and unsustainable livelihoods, migrant workers are caught within a protracted precarity that spans life at home and abroad. Stronger normative and organizational links between global migration governance and migrant rights movements are needed to advance decent work agendas within countries of destination, as well as in countries of origin.
Efficacy of oral pharmacological treatments in dyskinetic cerebral palsy: a systematic review
Authors: Masson Riccardo , Pagliano Emanuela , Baranello Giovanni
Published: September 2017

Aim

To evaluate the actual evidence of efficacy of oral pharmacological treatments in the management of dyskinetic cerebral palsy (CP).

Method

A systematic review was performed according to the American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine (AACPDM) and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses methodology. Articles were searched for in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Database of Reviews of Effectiveness,OTSeeker, Physiotherapy Evidence Database,REHABDATA, andClinicalTrials.gov.

Results

Sixteen articles met the eligibility criteria. Eight studies on trihexyphenidyl and two on levodopa showed contradictory results. Low efficacy was reported for diazepam, dantrolene sodium, perphenazine, and etybenzatropine. Tetrabenazine, gabapentin and levetiracetam should be studied in more detail. The updated available evidence does not support any therapeutic algorithm for the management of dyskineticCP.

Interpretation

This lack of evidence is partially owing to the inconsistency of classifications of patients and of outcome measures used in the reviewed studies. Further randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled pharmacological trials, optimized for different age groups, based on valid, reliable, and disease‐specific rating scales are strongly needed. Outcome measures should be selected within the framework of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health.

What this paper adds

Evidence to prove (or disprove) the efficacy of oral drugs in dyskinetic cerebral palsy is low.

The most investigated drugs, trihexyphenidyl and levodopa, show contradictory results.

Tetrabenazine, levetiracetam, and gabapentin efficacy should be studied in more detail.

Lack of evidence is partially due to the inconsistency of classifications and outcome measures used.

Outcome measures should be selected within the framework of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health in next clinical trials.
Gait performance measures for children with neuromotor disorders in inpatient rehabilitation
Authors: Rodda Jill
Published: September 2017

This commentary is on the original article by Ammann‐Reiffer et al. on pages 1158–1163 of this issue.
Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Lane C. A. , Hardy J. , Schott J. M.
Published: September 2017

Alzheimer's disease, the commonest cause of dementia, is a growing global health concern with huge implications for individuals and society. In this review, current understanding of the epidemiology, genetics, pathology and pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease is outlined, before its clinical presentation and current treatment strategies are discussed. Finally, the review discusses how our enhanced understanding of Alzheimer pathogenesis, including the recognition of a protracted preclinical phase, is informing new therapeutic strategies with the aim of moving from treatment to prevention.