bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Secreted Oral Epithelial Cell Membrane Vesicles Induce Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation in Latently Infected B Cells
Authors: Lin Zhen , Swan Kenneth , Zhang Xin , Cao Subing , Brett Zoe , Drury Stacy , Strong Michael J. , Fewell Claire , Puetter Adriane , Wang Xia , Ferris MaryBeth , Sullivan Deborah E. , Li Li , Flemington Erik K.
Published: January 2016

In the oral epithelium, peripheral stores of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are transmitted from infiltrating B cells to epithelial cells. Once the virus is transmitted to epithelial cells, the highly permissive nature of this cell type for lytic replication allows virus amplification and exchange to other hosts. Since the initial transfer of EBV from B cells to epithelial cells requires transitioning of the B-cell to a state that induces virus reactivation, we hypothesized that there might be epithelium-specific signals that allow the infiltrating B cells to sense the appropriate environment to initiate reactivation and begin this exchange process. We previously found that the epithelium-specific miR-200 family of microRNAs promotes EBV lytic replication. Here we show that there are high levels of miR-200 family members in oral and tonsillar epithelia and in saliva. Analysis of cultured oral epithelial cells (OKF6) showed that they actively secrete membrane vesicles (exosomes) that are enriched with miR-200 family members. Coculturing of EBV-positive B cells with OKF6 cells induced viral reactivation. Further, treatment of EBV-positive B cells with OKF6 cell-derived membrane vesicles promoted reactivation. Using a cell system that does not naturally express miR-200 family members, we found that enforced expression of a miR-200 family member produced membrane vesicles that were able to induce the lytic cascade in EBV-positive B cells. We propose that membrane vesicles secreted by oral and tonsillar epithelial cells may serve as a tissue-specific environmental cue that initiates reactivation in B cells, promoting the transfer of virus from peripheral B-cell stores to the oral epithelium to facilitate virus amplification and exchange to other hosts.

IMPORTANCE
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an important human pathogen that is causally associated with several lymphomas and carcinomas. The switch from latency to the lytic cycle is critical for successful host infection and for EBV pathogenesis. Although the EBV lytic cycle can be triggered by certain agents
in vitro
, the mechanisms that signal reactivation
in vivo
are poorly understood. We previously reported that endogenously expressed miR-200 family members likely play a role in facilitating the lytic tendencies of EBV in epithelial cells. Here we show that membrane vesicles secreted from oral epithelial cells contain miR-200 family members and that they can be transmitted to proximal EBV-positive B cells, where they trigger reactivation. We propose that this intercellular communication pathway may serve as a sensor mechanism for infiltrating B cells to recognize an appropriate environment to initiate reactivation, thereby allowing the exchange of virus to the oral epithelium.
Five of Five VHHs Neutralizing Poliovirus Bind the Receptor-Binding Site
Authors: Strauss Mike , Schotte Lise , Thys Bert , Filman David J. , Hogle James M.
Published: January 2016

Nanobodies, or VHHs, that recognize poliovirus type 1 have previously been selected and characterized as candidates for antiviral agents or reagents for standardization of vaccine quality control. In this study, we present high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy reconstructions of poliovirus with five neutralizing VHHs. All VHHs bind the capsid in the canyon at sites that extensively overlap the poliovirus receptor-binding site. In contrast, the interaction involves a unique (and surprisingly extensive) surface for each of the five VHHs. Five regions of the capsid were found to participate in binding with all five VHHs. Four of these five regions are known to alter during the expansion of the capsid associated with viral entry. Interestingly, binding of one of the VHHs, PVSS21E, resulted in significant changes of the capsid structure and thus seems to trap the virus in an early stage of expansion.

IMPORTANCE
We describe the cryo-electron microscopy structures of complexes of five neutralizing VHHs with the Mahoney strain of type 1 poliovirus at resolutions ranging from 3.8 to 6.3Å. All five VHHs bind deep in the virus canyon at similar sites that overlap extensively with the binding site for the receptor (CD155). The binding surfaces on the VHHs are surprisingly extensive, but despite the use of similar binding surfaces on the virus, the binding surface on the VHHs is unique for each VHH. In four of the five complexes, the virus remains essentially unchanged, but for the fifth there are significant changes reminiscent of but smaller in magnitude than the changes associated with cell entry, suggesting that this VHH traps the virus in a previously undescribed early intermediate state. The neutralizing mechanisms of the VHHs and their potential use as quality control agents for the end game of poliovirus eradication are discussed.
EM Talk: communication skills training for emergency medicine patients with serious illness
Authors: Grudzen Corita R , Emlet Lillian L , Kuntz Joanne , Shreves Ashley , Zimny Erin , Gang Maureen , Schaulis Monique , Schmidt Scott , Isaacs Eric , Arnold Robert
Published: January 2016

The emergency department visit for a patient with serious illness represents a sentinel event, signalling a change in the illness trajectory. By better understanding patient and family wishes, emergency physicians can reinforce advance care plans and ensure the hospital care provided matches the patient's values. Despite their importance in care at the end of life, emergency physicians have received little training on how to talk to seriously ill patients and their families about goals of care. To expand communication skills training to emergency medicine, we developed a programme to give emergency medicine physicians the ability to empathically deliver serious news and to talk about goals of care. We have built on lessons from prior studies to design an intervention employing the most effective pedagogical techniques, including the use of simulated patients/families, role-playing and small group learning with constructive feedback from master clinicians. Here, we describe our evidence-based communication skills training course EM Talk using simulation, reflective feedback and deliberate practice.
Common conditions of reptiles
Authors: Rowland Mark
Published: January 2016

Reptiles are becoming increasingly popular as pets so it is important for veterinary surgeons seeing reptile patients to be able to recognise the common conditions that affect them and also to have an understanding of the various factors that may have led these animals to become ill. Only then can an appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic plan be fashioned. This article aims to describe the common conditions that occur in tortoises and turtles, lizards and snakes that are likely to be seen in practice, with some suggestions for treatment.
Effectiveness of structured, hospital-based, nurse-led atrial fibrillation clinics: a comparison between a real-world population and a clinical trial population
Authors: Qvist Ina , Hendriks Jeroen M L , Møller Dorthe S , Albertsen Andi E , Mogensen Helle M , Oddershede Gitte D , Odgaard Annette , Mortensen Leif Spange , Johnsen Søren Paaske , Frost Lars
Published: January 2016

Objective

A previous randomised trial showed that structured, nurse-led atrial fibrillation (AF) care is superior to conventional AF care, although further research is needed to determine the outcomes of such care in a real-world setting. We compared the outcomes of patients in real-world, nurse-led, structured hospital AF clinics with the outcomes of a randomised trial of the efficacy of a nurse-led AF clinic, with respect to a composite outcome of cardiovascular-related hospitalisation and death.

Methods

All patients were referred to the AF nurse specialist by cardiologists. The AF nurse specialist provided patient education, risk-factor control and stimulated empowerment and compliance. During follow-up, treatment was adjusted according to clinical guidelines. Patient education was repeated, and compliance with medical treatment was controlled. The study size was powered as a non-inferiority study. Outcome measures were adjudicated by the same principles in both cohorts.

Results

A total of 596 patients from the real world and 356 patients from a clinical trial were included in this study. No significant difference between groups with respect to age, type of AF or CHA2DS2VASc score was found. The composite primary end point occurred with an incidence rate of 8.0 (95% CI 6.1 to 10.4) per 100 person-years in the real-world population and 8.3 (95% CI 6.3 to 10.9) per 100 person-years in the clinical trial, with a crude HR of 0.83 (95% CI 0.56 to 1.23).

Conclusions

Structured, nurse-led, hospital-based AF care appears to be effective, and patient outcomes in an actual, hospital-based, structured AF care are as least as good as those in trial settings.
Nitrogen cycles in terrestrial ecosystems: climate change impacts and mitigation
Authors: Xu Zhenzhu , Jiang Yanling , Zhou Guangsheng
Published: January 2016

The nitrogen (N) cycle and N balance have primarily been modified by anthropogenic activities and environmental changes at various scales, including biological individual, ecosystem, local landscape, continental region, and global. These modifications have drastically affected the structures and functions of natural and agricultural ecosystems in terrestrial and aquatic areas. In this manuscript, we first present a modified view of the global N cycle that includes N transport, conversion, and exchange processes. Second, several crucial issues concerning N balance, including N deposition and excessive addition and the dynamics of N and other nutrients, are reviewed. Third, the effects of climate change factors, including water status, warming, and elevated CO2 concentrations, on N balance and the N cycle and their interactions within and with other environmental factors are outlined. Finally, intervention strategies for improving N balance and N cycling to address rapid continual climatic change and socio-economic development are presented and discussed. It is highlighted that the altered N balance and N cycle between the geosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere have produced the profoundly critical challenge of maintaining N levels within an appropriate range, which should be considered by relevant people and sectors, including researchers, managers, and policy makers from ecological, environmental, and sustainable development sectors.
New version of pseudo-hermiticity in the two-sided deformation of Heisenberg algebra
Authors: Gavrilik A. M. , Kachurik I. I.
Published: January 2016

The recently introduced two- and three-parameter [Formula: see text]- and [Formula: see text]-deformed extensions of the Heisenberg algebra (HA) were explored under the condition of their connectedness with the respective nonstandard (other than known ones) deformed quantum oscillator algebras. In this paper, we show that such connection dictates certain new [Formula: see text]-pseudo-Hermitian conjugation rule between the creation and annihilation operators with [Formula: see text] depending on the particle number operator [Formula: see text]. In turn, that leads to the related [Formula: see text]-pseudo-hermiticity of the position–momentum operators, though the involved Hamiltonian is Hermitian. Different possible cases are studied, and some interesting features implied by the use of such [Formula: see text]-based conjugation rule are emphasized.
An Improved Flower Pollination Algorithm for Optimal Unmanned Undersea Vehicle Path Planning Problem
Authors: Zhou Yongquan , Wang Rui
Published: January 2016

Path planning of Unmanned Undersea Vehicle (UUV) is a rather complicated global optimum problem which is about seeking a superior sailing route considering the different kinds of constrains under complex combat field environment. Flower pollination algorithm (FPA) is a new optimization method motivated by flower pollination behavior. In this paper, a variant of FPA is proposed to solve the UUV path planning problem in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) space. Optimization strategies of particle swarm optimization are applied to the local search process of IFPA to enhance its search ability. In the progress of iteration of this improved algorithm, a dimension by dimension based update and evaluation strategy on solutions is used. This new approach can accelerate the global convergence speed while preserving the strong robustness of standard FPA. The realization procedure for this improved flower pollination algorithm is also presented. To prove the performance of this proposed method, it is compared with nine population-based algorithms. The experiment result shows that the proposed approach is more effective and feasible in UUV path planning in 2D and 3D space.
Iterative and Fully Pipelined High Throughput Efficient Architectures of AES in FPGA and ASIC
Authors: Sharma Vijay K. , Kumar Saurabh , Mahapatra K. K.
Published: January 2016

This paper presents high throughput iterative and pipelined VLSI architectures of the Advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm based on composite field arithmetic in polynomial basis. A logical rearrangement has been performed in the byte substitution (S-box) module to reduce the number of gates in the critical path. Also, inversion in GF(24) module has been separately optimized. ASIC implementation of our S-box has comparatively low power and low energy consumption. The iterative and pipelined implementations of AES in field programmable gate array (FPGA) and ASIC using proposed S-box have high hardware efficiency in terms of throughput per unit area (slices in FPGA).
AFTER: Asynchronous Fault-Tolerant Router Design in Network-on-Chip
Authors: Ouyang Yiming , Chen Qi , Wang Xiumin , Ouyang Xiaoye , Liang Huaguo , Du Gaoming
Published: January 2016

Large scale synchronous network-on-chip (NoC) requires complex clock tree design, which leads to a large area overhead and power consumption. Based on handshaking protocols, asynchronous NoC does not have global clock tree distribution, which results in a natural power saving mode without any explicit clock gating. However, the faults occurring in such asynchronous networks will seriously affect their performances. In this paper, we propose AFTER, an Asynchronous Fault-TolErant Router, which uses the quasi delay insensitive (QDI) logic. The proposed router is able to detect the faults of ports and links. Then, a fault-tolerant routing mechanism, based on the port priority in different quadrants, is proposed to maximize the number of packets that can be transmitted via the shortest paths. In this way, the fault-tolerance of asynchronous routers can be achieved. Besides that, AFTER could also achieve high scalability, and is suitable for the large scale globally asynchronous locally synchronous (GALS) system. The experimental results show that, when faults occur in the network, AFTER has a better fault-tolerance performance than the reference.
Ontology Sparse Vector Learning Algorithm for Ontology Similarity Measuring and Ontology Mapping via ADAL Technology
Authors: Gao Wei , Zhu Linli , Wang Kaiyun
Published: January 2016

Ontology, a model of knowledge representation and storage, has had extensive applications in pharmaceutics, social science, chemistry and biology. In the age of “big data”, the constructed concepts are often represented as higher-dimensional data by scholars, and thus the sparse learning techniques are introduced into ontology algorithms. In this paper, based on the alternating direction augmented Lagrangian method, we present an ontology optimization algorithm for ontological sparse vector learning, and a fast version of such ontology technologies. The optimal sparse vector is obtained by an iterative procedure, and the ontology function is then obtained from the sparse vector. Four simulation experiments show that our ontological sparse vector learning model has a higher precision ratio on plant ontology, humanoid robotics ontology, biology ontology and physics education ontology data for similarity measuring and ontology mapping applications.
Representing knots by filling Dehn spheres
Authors: Lozano-Rojo Álvaro , Vigara Rubén
Published: January 2016

We prove that any knot or link in any [Formula: see text]-manifold can be nicely decomposed (split) by a filling Dehn sphere. This has interesting consequences in the study of branched coverings over knots and links. We give an algorithm for computing Johansson diagrams of filling Dehn surfaces out from coverings of [Formula: see text]-manifolds branched over knots or links.
Ridgelet transform for quarternion-valued functions
Authors: Akila Lakshmanan , Roopkumar Rajakumar
Published: January 2016

Using the convolution of quaternion-valued functions on [Formula: see text], we define the ridgelet transform on square integrable quaternion-valued functions on [Formula: see text]. We also prove the properties of the ridgelet transform such as linearity, continuity, Parseval’s identity and inversion formula.
Implementation of the quantum Fourier transform on a hybrid qubit–qutrit NMR quantum emulator
Authors: Dogra Shruti , Dorai Arvind , Dorai Kavita
Published: January 2016

The quantum Fourier transform (QFT) is a key ingredient of several quantum algorithms and a qudit-specific implementation of the QFT is hence an important step toward the realization of qudit-based quantum computers. This work develops a circuit decomposition of the QFT for hybrid qudits based on generalized Hadamard and generalized controlled-phase gates, which can be implemented using selective rotations in NMR. We experimentally implement the hybrid qudit QFT on an NMR quantum emulator, which uses four qubits to emulate a single qutrit coupled to two qubits.
Control of disability glare by means of electrochromic filtering glasses: A pilot study
Authors: Coco-Martín Rosa Maria , Cuadrado-Asensio Rubén , Vega-Colado César , Vergaz Ricardo , Sánchez-Pena José M. , Viñuales Ana , Peris Sergi , Artús Pau , Coco-Martín M. Begoña
Published: January 2016

Purpose: To evaluate the potential clinical usability of a new prototype of ophthalmic blue light filters developed by using electrochromic technology in pseudophakic patients complaining of glare. Methods: A prototype of electrochromic device was developed, with a specific frame that enclosed an electronic driver that allowed personalizing its function for each patient. A prospective, observational case series study was performed to test it. Five patients who had undergone cataract surgery with clear intraocular lenses and complaining of glare were included in the study. Main outcome measures were the results obtained in the satisfaction questionnaire that was delivered to patients. Then, visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and reading ability data were evaluated with and without the prototype under different lighting conditions and different modes of the prototype after a complete month of use. Lens transmittance was also measured. Results: Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and reading function did not change significantly with prototype use. The main activity for which the prototype was used was walking. Only one patient found that the dimming level was insufficient. No patients reported variable discomfort when passing tunnels, not sufficiently clear indoors, or put on and remove discomfort. The lenses slightly decreased their transmittance at the end of the study. Conclusion: Glasses based on electrochromic technology may be acceptable for outdoor/indoor use and for distance–near vision. Future studies with larger samples must be conducted to confirm the clinical usability of these glasses.
Symmetry reductions and exact solutions for a class of nonlinear PDEs
Authors: Lashkarian Elham , Saberi Elaheh , Reza Hejazi S.
Published: January 2016

This paper uses Lie symmetry group method to study a special kind of PDE. By using the Lie symmetry analysis, all of the geometric vector fields of the equation are obtained; the symmetry reductions are also presented. Some new nonlinear wave solutions, involving differentiable arbitrary functions are obtained.
Symmetric and symplectic methods for gyrocenter dynamics in time-independent magnetic fields
Authors: Zhu Beibei , Hu Zhenxuan , Tang Yifa , Zhang Ruili
Published: January 2016

We apply a second-order symmetric Runge–Kutta method and a second-order symplectic Runge–Kutta method directly to the gyrocenter dynamics which can be expressed as a noncanonical Hamiltonian system. The numerical simulation results show the overwhelming superiorities of the two methods over a higher order nonsymmetric nonsymplectic Runge–Kutta method in long-term numerical accuracy and near energy conservation. Furthermore, they are much faster than the midpoint rule applied to the canonicalized system to reach given precision.
Linking outcrop analogue with flow simulation to reduce uncertainty in sub-surface carbon capture and storage: an example from the Sherwood Sandstone Group of the Wessex Basin, UK
Authors: Newell Andrew J. , Shariatipour Seyed M.
Published: January 2016

Modelling the behaviour of carbon dioxide (CO
2
) injected into sub-surface reservoirs as part of carbon capture and storage (CCS) strategies is often performed using models that incorporate very limited geological detail, particularly at the subseismic (metre to decametre) scale. Those modelling studies that incorporate varying degrees of geological realism show the inherent risks and uncertainties that can result from neglecting heterogeneity and reservoir–caprock topography along the migration path of an injected CO
2
plume. A key problem is that detailed geological data are often not available for the relatively deep saline aquifers that are an important target for CCS. Deep saline aquifers fall between the relatively data-rich environments of shallow freshwater aquifers and hydrocarbon reservoirs and it is in these settings that outcrop analogues may play an important part in reducing the risks and uncertainties associated with CCS. This study uses an example from the Sherwood Sandstone Group (Otter Sandstone Formation) of the Wessex Basin to show how an outcrop study can impart a much greater understanding of heterogeneity in critical reservoir–caprock zones. Here the transition from the Sherwood Sandstone Group (fluvial sandstone reservoir) to the Mercia Mudstone Group (playa lacustrine mudstone seal) is not simple, but includes a major change in fluvial style that introduces considerable heterogeneity at the top of the reservoir. The study shows how laser-scanned outcrop can be used to rapidly construct static geological models that are taken through to flow simulations. In combination, the use of appropriate outcrop analogues and flow modelling can reduce the risks and uncertainties associated with CCS.
Computing Bayesian Means Using Simulation
Authors: Andradóttir Sigrún , Glynn Peter W.
Published: January 2016

This article is concerned with the estimation of α =
E
{
r
(
Z
)}, where
Z
is a random vector and the function values
r
(
z
) must be evaluated using simulation. Estimation problems of this form arise in the field of Bayesian simulation, where
Z
represents the uncertain (input) parameters of a system and
r
(
z
) is the expected performance of the system when
Z
=
z
. Our approach involves obtaining (possibly biased) simulation estimates of the function values
r
(
z
) for a number of different values of
z
, and then using a (possibly weighted) average of these estimates to estimate α. We start by considering the case where the chosen values of
z
are independent and identically distributed observations of the random vector
Z
(independent sampling). We analyze the resulting estimator as the total computational effort
c
grows and provide numerical results. Then we show that improved convergence rates can be obtained through the use of techniques other than independent sampling. Specifically, our results indicate that the use of quasi-random sequences yields a better convergence rate than independent sampling, and that in the presence of a suitable special structure, it may be possible to use other numerical integration techniques (such as Simpson’s rule) to achieve the best possible rate
c
− 1/2
as
c
→ ∞. Finally, we present and analyze a general framework of estimators for α that encompasses independent sampling, quasi-random sequences, and Simpson’s rule as special cases.
Price of Stability in Polynomial Congestion Games
Authors: Christodoulou George , Gairing Martin
Published: January 2016

The price of anarchy (PoA) in congestion games has attracted a lot of research over the past decade. This has resulted in a thorough understanding of this concept. In contrast, the price of stability (PoS), which is an equally interesting concept, is much less understood.

In this article, we consider congestion games with polynomial cost functions with nonnegative coefficients and maximum degree
d
. We give matching bounds for the PoS in such games—that is, our technique provides the exact value for any degree
d
.

For linear congestion games, tight bounds were previously known. Those bounds hold even for the more restricted case of dominant equilibria, which may not exist. We give a separation result showing that this is not possible for congestion games with quadratic cost functions—in other words, the PoA for the subclass of games that admit a dominant strategy equilibrium is strictly smaller than the PoS for the general class.
LA and ALA prevent glucose intolerance in obese male rats without reducing reactive lipid content, but cause tissue-specific changes in fatty acid composition
Authors: Matravadia Sarthak , Zabielski Piotr , Chabowski Adrian , Mutch David M. , Holloway Graham P.
Published: January 2016

While the cause of Type 2 diabetes remains poorly defined, the accumulation of reactive lipids within white adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver have been repeatedly implicated as underlying mechanisms. The ability of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to prevent the development of insulin resistance has gained considerable interest in recent years; however, the mechanisms-of-action remain poorly described. Therefore, we determined the efficacy of diets supplemented with either linoleic acid (LA) or α-linolenic acid (ALA) in preventing insulin resistance and reactive lipid accumulation in key metabolic tissues of the obese Zucker rat. Obese Zucker rats displayed impaired glucose homeostasis and reduced n–3 and n–6 PUFA content in the liver and epididymal white adipose tissue (EWAT). After the 12-wk feeding intervention, both LA- and ALA-supplemented diets prevented whole body glucose and insulin intolerance; however, ALA had a more pronounced effect. These changes occurred in association with n–3 and n–6 accumulation in all tissues studied, albeit to different extents (EWAT > liver > muscle). Triacylglycerol (TAG), diacylglycerol (DAG), ceramide, and sphingolipid accumulation were not attenuated in obese animals supplemented with either LA or ALA, suggesting that preservation of glucose homeostasis occurred independent of changes in reactive lipid content. However, PUFA-supplemented diets differentially altered the fatty acid composition of TAGs, DAGs, and PLs in a tissue-specific manner, suggesting essential fatty acid metabolism differs between tissues. Together, our results indicate that remodeling of the fatty acid composition of various lipid fractions may contribute to the improved glucose tolerance observed in obese rats fed PUFA-supplemented diets.
Comprehensive assessment of the global and regional vascular responses to food ingestion in humans using novel rapid MRI
Authors: Hauser Jakob A. , Muthurangu Vivek , Steeden Jennifer A. , Taylor Andrew M. , Jones Alexander
Published: January 2016

Ingestion of food is known to increase mesenteric blood flow. It is not clear whether this increased flow demand is compensated by a rise in cardiac output (CO) alone or by redistribution of blood flow from other organs. We used a new comprehensive imaging method to assess the human cardiovascular response to food ingestion. Following a 12-h fast, blood flow in segments of the aorta and in organ-specific arteries, and ventricular volumes were assessed in 20 healthy adults using MRI at rest and following ingestion of a high-energy liquid meal. Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) fell substantially and CO rose significantly. Blood pressure remained stable. These changes were predominantly driven by a rapid fall in mesenteric vascular resistance, resulting in over four times more intestinal blood flow. Renal vascular resistance also declined but less dramatically. No changes in blood flow to the celiac territory, the brain, or the limbs were observed. In conclusion, this is the first study to fully characterize systemic and regional changes in vascular resistance after food ingestion in humans. Our findings show that the postprandial drop in SVR is fully compensated for by increased CO and not by redistribution of blood from other organs. With the exception of a modest increase in renal blood flow, there was no evidence of altered blood flow to nondigestive organs. The proposed oral food challenge protocol can be applied safely in an MRI environment and may be useful for studying the involvement of the gut in systemic or cardiovascular disease.
Modeling the Treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme and Cancer Stem Cells with Ordinary Differential Equations
Authors: Abernathy Kristen , Burke Jeremy
Published: January 2016

Despite improvements in cancer therapy and treatments, tumor recurrence is a common event in cancer patients. One explanation of recurrence is that cancer therapy focuses on treatment of tumor cells and does not eradicate cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are postulated to behave similar to normal stem cells in that their role is to maintain homeostasis. That is, when the population of tumor cells is reduced or depleted by treatment, CSCs will repopulate the tumor, causing recurrence. In this paper, we study the application of the CSC Hypothesis to the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme by immunotherapy. We extend the work of Kogan et al. (2008) to incorporate the dynamics of CSCs, prove the existence of a recurrence state, and provide an analysis of possible cancerous states and their dependence on treatment levels.
Clinical Manifestations Associated with Overweight/Obesity in Puerto Ricans with Fibromyalgia Syndrome
Authors: Fred-Jiménez Ruth M. , Arroyo-Ávila Mariangelí , Mayor Ángel M. , Ríos Grissel , Vilá Luis M.
Published: January 2016

Objective. To determine the clinical manifestations associated with overweight/obesity in Hispanics from Puerto Rico with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS).Methods. A cross-sectional study was performed in 144 patients with FMS (per American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria). Sociodemographic features, FMS-related symptoms, tender points (per ACR criteria), comorbidities, and FMS treatment were examined. BMI was calculated and patients were grouped into two categories: BMI ≤ 24.9 kg/m2(nonoverweight/obese) and BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2(overweight/obese). Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to evaluate differences between the study groups.Results. The mean (standard deviation (SD)) age of patients was 50.2 (9.9) years; 95.1% were females and 75.7% were overweight/obese. In the bivariate analysis, overweight/obese patients were more likely to have self-reported memory impairment, anxiety, shortness of breath, and urinary frequency than nonoverweight/obese patients. In addition, the tender point count was higher in the overweight/obese group. In the logistic regression analyses, self-reported memory impairment and urinary frequency differences remained significant after adjusting for confounding variables.Conclusion. In this population of Puerto Ricans with FMS, overweight/obese patients experienced more FMS-related manifestations than nonoverweight/obese individuals. However, prospective studies are needed to confirm these associations and to elucidate if weight reduction interventions could favorably impact the severity of FMS.
An Improved GPSR Algorithm Based on Energy Gradient and APIT Grid
Authors: Liu Zhuang , Feng Xin , Zhang Jingjing , Li Teng , Wang Yanlong
Published: January 2016

We investigate GPSR algorithms of WSN and propose an improved routing algorithm based on energy gradient and APIT grid to solve the problem of high and unbalanced energy consumption of GPSR. In GPSR, network uses greedy algorithm and right-hand rule to establish routing paths, and the path keeps running till some nodes within the path are invalid because energy is exhausted, which would lead to the high energy consumption of some nodes in the path and the low energy consumption of others nearby the nodes not in the path as well as bringing high and unbalanced energy consumption of the network. Regarding these problems, we use APIT localization algorithm and APIT grid to query and establish routing paths and establish the corresponding energy gradient when messages are transmitted along the routing paths. When some nodes are approaching the threshold status, we use right-hand rule and recursion greedy algorithm in advance to plan a new routing path towards the target area. When query messages arrive at the event area, the network uses a different method to transmit data according to the density of sensor nodes. Simulation experiments show that the improved routing algorithm is capable of reducing the energy consumption of network and extending the lifecycle of network.
Factors That Promote/Inhibit Teaching Gifted Students in a Regular Class: Results from a Professional Development Program for Chemistry Teachers
Authors: Benny Naama , Blonder Ron
Published: January 2016

The current study aims at better understanding the factors that promote and hinder chemistry teachers in teaching a gifted student in their regular chemistry class. In addition, it provides evidence of ways that teachers perceive a professional development course dealing with a gifted student in a mixed-abilities science classroom. Eighty-four photonarratives were collected from 14 chemistry teachers that participated in the course about teaching a gifted student in a regular classroom (41 promoting, 43 hindering factors). Factors that concern chemistry education specifically as well as general practices were raised by the teachers. The teachers were asked to “take a picture” (namely, of an external object or person); they considered most of the factors to be internal factors that are dependent on themselves and therefore concluded that they have the power to influence them. The internal factors can be addressed in the PD course; however the external factors should be managed by the school principal and district educational administration.
The Role of Hypothalamic Neuropeptides in Neurogenesis and Neuritogenesis
Authors: Bakos Jan , Zatkova Martina , Bacova Zuzana , Ostatnikova Daniela
Published: January 2016

The hypothalamus is a source of neural progenitor cells which give rise to different populations of specialized and differentiated cells during brain development. Newly formed neurons in the hypothalamus can synthesize and release various neuropeptides. Although term neuropeptide recently undergoes redefinition, small-size hypothalamic neuropeptides remain major signaling molecules mediating short- and long-term effects on brain development. They represent important factors in neurite growth and formation of neural circuits. There is evidence suggesting that the newly generated hypothalamic neurons may be involved in regulation of metabolism, energy balance, body weight, and social behavior as well. Here we review recent data on the role of hypothalamic neuropeptides in adult neurogenesis and neuritogenesis with special emphasis on the development of food intake and social behavior related brain circuits.
Treatment with Tacrolimus and Sirolimus Reveals No Additional Adverse Effects on Human IsletsIn VitroCompared to Each Drug Alone but They Are Reduced by Adding Glucocorticoids
Authors: Kloster-Jensen Kristine , Sahraoui Afaf , Vethe Nils Tore , Korsgren Olle , Bergan Stein , Foss Aksel , Scholz Hanne
Published: January 2016

Tacrolimus and sirolimus are important immunosuppressive drugs used in human islet transplantation; however, they are linked to detrimental effects on islets and reduction of long-term graft function. Few studies investigate the direct effects of these drugs combined in parallel with single drug exposure. Human islets were treated with or without tacrolimus (30 μg/L), sirolimus (30 μg/L), or a combination thereof for 24 hrs. Islet function as well as apoptosis was assessed by glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and Cell Death ELISA. Proinflammatory cytokines were analysed by qRT-PCR and Bio-Plex. Islets exposed to the combination of sirolimus and tacrolimus were treated with or without methylprednisolone (1000 μg/L) and the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines was investigated. We found the following: (i) No additive reduction in function and viability in islets existed when tacrolimus and sirolimus were combined compared to the single drug. (ii) Increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines mRNA and protein levels in islets took place. (iii) Methylprednisolone significantly decreased the proinflammatory response in islets induced by the drug combination. Although human islets are prone to direct toxic effect of tacrolimus and sirolimus, we found no additive effects of the drug combination. Short-term exposure of glucocorticoids could effectively reduce the proinflammatory response in human islets induced by the combination of tacrolimus and sirolimus.
Detection of Myofascial Herniation on Dynamic Sonography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Khaladkar Sanjay M. , Kondapavuluri Sushen Kumar , Kamal Anubhav , Kalra Raghav , Kamal Vigyat
Published: January 2016

Muscle hernia is an uncommon cause of leg swelling. It can be detected in the early stages only if there is a high index of suspicion. It is common in lower extremity compared to the upper extremity. Tibialis anterior muscle in the leg is commonly involved. Dynamic sonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the mainstay in their diagnosis, which demonstrate a facial defect with herniation of muscle fibers. We report a case of 23-year-old male patient who presented with a painless swelling in the anterolateral aspect of the left upper leg. Dynamic sonography done with high-resolution probe demonstrated a defect in fascia overlying tibialis anterior with herniation of outer muscle fibers which increased during dorsiflexion and reduced in the supine position at rest. MRI of the left leg confirmed the findings.
Monocyte Activation in Immunopathology: Cellular Test for Development of Diagnostics and Therapy
Authors: Ivanova Ekaterina A. , Orekhov Alexander N.
Published: January 2016

Several highly prevalent human diseases are associated with immunopathology. Alterations in the immune system are found in such life-threatening disorders as cancer and atherosclerosis. Monocyte activation followed by macrophage polarization is an important step in normal immune response to pathogens and other relevant stimuli. Depending on the nature of the activation signal, macrophages can acquire pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotypes that are characterized by the expression of distinct patterns of secreted cytokines and surface antigens. This process is disturbed in immunopathologies resulting in abnormal monocyte activation and/or bias of macrophage polarization towards one or the other phenotype. Such alterations could be used as important diagnostic markers and also as possible targets for the development of immunomodulating therapy. Recently developed cellular tests are designed to analyze the phenotype and activity of living cells circulating in patient’s bloodstream. Monocyte/macrophage activation test is a successful example of cellular test relevant for atherosclerosis and oncopathology. This test demonstrated changes in macrophage activation in subclinical atherosclerosis and breast cancer and could also be used for screening a panel of natural agents with immunomodulatory activity. Further development of cellular tests will allow broadening the scope of their clinical implication. Such tests may become useful tools for drug research and therapy optimization.
Therapeutic Strategies for Neuropathic Pain: Potential Application of Pharmacosynthetics and Optogenetics
Authors: Lee Gum Hwa , Kim Sang Seong
Published: January 2016

Chronic pain originating from neuronal damage remains an incurable symptom debilitating patients. Proposed molecular modalities in neuropathic pain include ion channel expressions, immune reactions, and inflammatory substrate diffusions. Recent advances in RNA sequence analysis have discovered specific ion channel expressions in nociceptors such as transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, voltage-gated potassium, and sodium channels. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) also play an important role in triggering surrounding immune cells. The multiple protein expressions complicate therapeutic development for neuropathic pain. Recent progress in optogenetics and pharmacogenetics may herald the development of novel therapeutics for the incurable pain. Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs) facilitate the artificial manipulation of intracellular signaling through excitatory or inhibitory G protein subunits activated by biologically inert synthetic ligands. Expression of excitatory channelrhodopsins and inhibitory halorhodopsins on injured neurons or surrounding cells can attenuate neuropathic pain precisely controlled by light stimulation. To achieve the discrete treatment of injured neurons, we can exploit the transcriptome database obtained by RNA sequence analysis in specific neuropathies. This can recommend the suitable promoter information to target the injury sites circumventing intact neurons. Therefore, novel strategies benefiting from pharmacogenetics, optogenetics, and RNA sequencing might be promising for neuropathic pain treatment in future.
Theoretical Study of theπ-Bridge Influence with Different Units of Thiophene and Thiazole in Coumarin Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Soto-Rojo Rody , Baldenebro-López Jesús , Glossman-Mitnik Daniel
Published: January 2016

Eight coumarin derivative dyes were studied by varying theπ-bridge size with different thiophene and thiazole units for their potential use in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). Geometry optimization, the energy levels and electron density of the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital and the Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital, and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra were calculated by Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Time-Dependent-DFT. All molecular properties were analyzed to decide which dye was the most efficient. Furthermore, chemical reactivity parameters, such as chemical hardness, electrophilicity index, and electroaccepting power, were obtained and analyzed, whose values predicted the properties of the dyes in addition to the rest of the studied molecular properties. Our calculations allow us to qualitatively study dye molecules and choose the best for use in a DSSC. The effects ofπ-bridges based on thiophenes, thiazoles, and combinations of the two were reviewed; dyes with three units mainly of thiazole were chosen as the best photosensitizers for DSSC.
A Group Theoretical and Quantum Chemical Study of Electronic Absorption and Fluorescence, Vibrational Spectra, and Conformations of Trimethine Cyanine Dye Molecules
Authors: Solomko Vita , Kondratenko Petro , Lopatkin Yuriy
Published: January 2016

The energetic structures and conformations of trimethine cyanine dye molecules were investigated. For research, group theoretical and quantum chemical calculation methods were used. The theoretical group analysis of electronic and vibrational structure of molecules was carried out. Also, the energetic structures and conformations of the molecule of this dye were studied. Research shows that the investigated molecule may reside in three different conformational states, one of which is highly symmetric (symmetry C2v) and the other two with low symmetry. The third conformer is characterized by lowering of binding energy of the electronic system by 0.23 eV, and the long-wavelength absorption band is shifted to lower energies. Also the group theoretical analysis of the trimethine cyanine molecule had allowed systematizing the vibrational and electronic quantum transitions and identifying the bands in the absorption spectra. It is shown that the excitation of the molecule in S1-state causes trans-cis-isomerization. The presence of the barrier of ~0.1 eV allows the fluorescence process to compete with isomerization process, but isomerization causes a decrease in the fluorescence quantum yield of the dye.
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Drożdż Dorota , Kwinta Przemko , Sztefko Krystyna , Kordon Zbigniew , Drożdż Tomasz , Łątka Monika , Miklaszewska Monika , Zachwieja Katarzyna , Rudziński Andrzej , Pietrzyk Jacek Antoni
Published: January 2016

Cardiovascular diseases remain the most frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of the study was to assess the association between oxidative stress biomarkers and cardiovascular risk factors and left ventricular hypertrophy in children with CKD. Material and Methods. The studied group consisted of 65 patients aged 1.4–18.6 (mean 11.2) years with stages 1 to 5 CKD. Serum oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (oxLDL), protein carbonyl group, creatinine, cystatin C, albumin, lipids, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, intercellular adhesion molecule‐1, insulin, plasma renin activity, and aldosterone levels were measured. Patients were divided into groups depending on CKD stage. Anthropometric measurements, ambulatory blood pressure (BP) measurements, and echocardiography with left ventricular mass (LVM) calculation were performed. Results. Serum oxLDL strongly correlated with creatinine (R = 0.246; p = 0.048), cystatin C (R = 0.346; p = 0.006), total cholesterol (R = 0.500; p < 0.001), triglycerides (R = 0.524; p < 0.001), low‐density lipoprotein concentrations (R = 0.456; p < 0.001), and 24 hour BP values of systolic (R = 0.492; p = 0.002), diastolic (R = 0.515; p < 0.001), and mean arterial pressure (R = 0.537; p < 0.001). A significant correlation between oxLDL levels and LVM z‐scores (R = 0.299; p = 0.016) was found. Conclusions. Hypertension and dyslipidemia correlated with lipid oxidation in children with CKD. oxLDLs seem to be valuable markers of oxidative stress in CKD patients, correlating with left ventricular hypertrophy.