bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Taking Leave and Opening Our Hearts
Authors: Attig Thomas
Published: November 2023

Bryan was nine when his best friend, Larry, died suddenly and unexpectedly. Larry’s parents had him cremated immediately and without ceremony. Bryan, naturally, was hurt terribly by the death of his friend. His own parents, Fran and Bob, comforted him as best they could. Bryan was distressed about not knowing where Larry was. He wanted a place to go to be with him. He asked his parents to assure him that if he were to die, they would bury him where other kids could find him. They said they expected he would live to old age. But they also promised to do what he asked. Bryan thought it would be great to have a large stone that kids could climb on. Fran and Bob agreed that, if they had to, they would make his grave a place that would be fun for kids to visit. In the months that followed, Fran noticed that Bryan made many drawings of two boys riding on a roller coaster. She asked if they were Bryan and Larry. He smiled and said they were. She saw in the drawings how much Bryan missed Larry. At the same time, he remembered the good times they had together. The drawings seemed like Bryan’s way of making his own memorial for Larry.
Frozen Scenes
Authors: Attig Thomas
Published: November 2023

When someone we love dies, we can easily feel as if our world and our very selves are falling apart. An event beyond our control shakes us to the core. So much of what we have taken for granted is no longer possible. Our daily life is in pieces. Our hopes and dreams are shattered and we feel disconnected from others and no longer at home in the world. Our pain cuts deeply. We sense that we can never be the same persons we were. It can seem as if our hearts are broken. A profound change in our world calls for profound changes in us. The death undermines our sense of security. The enormity of the event and the challenges it presents make us fearful and anxious. The death clarifies how tenuous our hold is on the world and what we care most about in it. How vulnerable we feel! We long for safety and stability in the midst of chaos. We want security and order in our lives. A temporary retreat from our new world can provide stabilizing refuge-a time and place to feel and express our grief and be comforted. It offers an opportunity to take stock and ready ourselves to shape, and move into, a new order in our lives.
Conflicts about Ceremonies
Authors: Attig Thomas
Published: November 2023

Olaf, Inge’s husband, died when he was seventy jour. Before he died, he often spoke with her and their children about what his funeral would be like. He knew there would be crying, but he hoped not much. He knew that someone would talk about him, and he hoped they would at least be fair. And he said that he didn’t want any women soloists. He knew Inge loved sopranos, but he couldn’t resist adding, “I’m afraid I might hear the screeching and not be able to get up and walk out.” When Olef died, Inge made the funeral arrangements herself. She asked her pastor to invite a soprano from the church choir to sing one of her favorite hymns. She was sure Olaf had been joking just to tease her and that he would neither hear nor be distressed. The soloist’s beautiful singing comforted Inge. But Lars, Inge’s oldest son, resented his mother’s decision. When he spoke with me he said, “I can’t understand how she could do such a thing when Dad was so clear about what he wanted. How could she be so selfish? I’ll never forgive her.”
Holding Them in Memory
Authors: Attig Thomas
Published: November 2023

The direct simplicity of a children’s story can touch adult hearts as few things can. Sue Alexander’s Nadia the Willful is a perfect example. It charms and moves me whenever I read it. I ask those in my audiences to close their eyes and listen as I recite the engaging, full text aloud to them. Nadia was a Bedouin girl who lived in the desert with her father, the sheik Tarik, her mother, and six brothers. They called her Nadia the Willful because she was stubborn and had a fiery temper. The oldest brother, Hamed, was her father’s favorite son. Only he could tame Nadia’s temper and bring her to laughter. She followed him wherever he went. One day, Hamed mounted his father’s stallion and rode <if[ in search of grazing land for the sheep. He never returned. After extensive searching, Tarik realized that Hamed was dead, claimed by the drifting sands. He told Nadia. She screamed and wept, crying repeatedly, “Not even Allah will take Hamed from me!” until Tarik insisted she be silent. Both were inconsolable .
Incomplete and Partial Memories
Authors: Attig Thomas
Published: November 2023

In 1985 I gave a talk on “Grief, Love, and Separation” in Jerusalem. I took exception to prevailing theory at the time and urged that lasting love was both possible and desirable. When I .finished, an Israeli woman entered the discussion. She thanked me for being the first to reassure her about her efforts in the time since her son had died. When I asked her to elaborate, she told a remarkable story that helped me realize I was on the right track in understanding mourners. Her son left home in the city when he was a young man and went to live in a Kibbutz on Israel’s northern border. He lived there for several years and made a life and friends. I do not recall whether there had been many visits between them during those years, only that his mother found the separation difficult and wished he lived closer. One day, tragically, a mortar shell flew across the border from the north and killed her son. In the year since his death, she had missed him terribly. She said she had cried often and at times bitterly. She had no tears that day when she spoke to us.
The Dance Continues In Memory
Authors: Attig Thomas
Published: November 2023

In the concluding chapter of How We Grieve I tell the story of Kathryn. Her husband Mark died from an inoperable brain tumor when he was thirty-eight. His legacy to her included their two children Josh and Sarah, both under five when he died. Mark expressed concern that Josh and Sarah, being as young as they were, might forget him. He longed to be part of their lives after he was gone. Anticipating his death before the holidays, Kathryn wrote all on their Christmas list, explained that Mark was dying, and asked them to send remembrances of his life. Nearly a hundred responses came from family and friends all across the country, including photographs, extensive memories, stories that Kathryn had not heard, and expressions of affection and gratitude. She gathered them together in scrapbooks and shared them with Mark and the children on several evenings before he died. Together they provide a vivid and permanent record of the meanings that those who loved him found in Mark’s life. Mark told Kathryn it was the most wonderful gift he had ever received.
They Are with Us in Our Practical Lives
Authors: Attig Thomas
Published: November 2023

Max and Gabe were lifelong friends. When they left the army, Max went to work for a large corporation based in their home city. Gabe joined his father in an antique business. Max and Gabe took turns as best man in the other’s wedding. They became godparents to each other’s children. Their families visited, played, and celebrated together. Max and Gabe continued to fish and hunt in season. Max drew Gabe into golf Gabe persuaded Max to join his Monday night men’s chorus. Both men provided well for their families, and talked often about their work. Max envied Gabe’s ability to work with his Dad and interact daily with his customers. Gabe repeatedly tried to persuade Max to join him and his father in the antique business. But each time, Max declined. Max wondered what he would have to offer. Although he loved old things, he knew little about buying and selling for a profit. He worried that if things did not go well, he could complicate Gabe’s relationship with his father or even spoil their own friendship.
Making Their Cares and Interests Our Own
Authors: Attig Thomas
Published: November 2023

Max took over Gabe’s antique business. But he also took up fishing and singing in a chorus because of him. Their families visited, played, and celebrated together. Carla followed Marti in her devotion to her twin sisters. Kim followed Sandy into volleyball and softball. Dean became interested in animals, household repair, gardening, baseball, and keeping a journal because of his grandfather Nathan. Like them, we often follow those we love in other ways besides in the work we do. We make their cares and interests our own. We introduce one another to activities and experiences all the time. Sometimes we decide to try new things together. Often we find comparable satisfaction and meaning, though we may do and experience them in different ways. We don’t replicate the life patterns of our family members or friends, but we weave common threads of care and interest into them. Those we love influence our leisure lives. Particular family members or friends may attend movies or the theater. Participate in local productions. Delight in music.
Meeting Them in Familiar Places
Authors: Attig Thomas
Published: November 2023

I returned to my parents’ home on Cross Street and my hometown many times in the years after Dad died. Mom changed the arrangements she had made at home to care for Dad while he was ill. She sorted through and disposed of most of his clothing and other personal items. She otherwise kept the house very much as it was before he died. Over the years she bought some furniture or carpet when old items wore out and rearranged things in ways that suited her. It seemed very much the same place to me nearly twenty-five years later when she left it for a retirement home. Men I visited, I easily remembered Dad in the various rooms of the house or out in the yard. I saw him napping after a hard day’s work, sitting before the television watching the Mite Sox or Cubs, eating at the kitchen or dining room table, sitting and listening while company chattered away or I played the piano, or joking with my friends. Occasionally, I told my children something about the grandfather they never met when we returned there together or as I remembered incidents in particular places.
Loss and Spiritual Pain
Authors: Attig Thomas
Published: November 2023

Early in the movie Shadowlands, C. S. Lewis speaks with Oxford students about the ideal of courtly love, a love that is pure, peifect, and, above all, unattainable. “The most intense joy lies not in the having, but in the desire.” Lewis, author of a scholarly book on this ideal of love in English literature, knows love of a woman only from what he has read. He is a confirmed bachelor in his midfifties. Later we glimpse Lewis in his public life as a well-known author of popular works on suffering and other spiritual and religious themes, science-fiction novels, and children’s books. He concludes a lecture about suffering and wonders aloud about an accident where a bus has killed twentyjour cadets. Could a good God allow such a thing? Does God want us to suffer? He confidently affirms that God “wants us to love and be loved.” He intimates that suffering may somehow be a gift from God that helps us to do these things. He is smooth and engaging. But he speaks again as if he has not known suffering personally. His answers to his difficult questions seem too abstract, intellectual, removed.
Afterword: Grief is a Journey of the Heart
Authors: Attig Thomas
Published: November 2023

When those we love die, we embark on a journey of the heart. We begin in bereavement. The experience of loss deprives us of a living presence, a loved one. Our daily lives are thrown in disarray. Our life stories careen off their expected courses. Our connections with the larger contexts within which we find meaning are strained. We feel devastated and helpless in the face of forces and events we could not control. We experience heartbreak and miss those we love terribly. We meet their absence everywhere. We long for their return. We feel uprooted and homesick. We feel joyless, hopeless, and as if life is drained of its meaning. We wonder whether we have the heart to live on without them. The courage and motivation to face the challenges of relearning the world we experience. The will to reshape our shattered lives, to redirect our life stories. The faith and hope to sustain us on the journey. We do not want to stop loving them. We rightly resist those who say we must. We know in our hearts that it matters too much to us and to those who died .
What a Thing Is (Called)
Authors: Cavell Stanley
Published: November 2023

I said that the use I wished to make of the term “criterion” in discussing Austin’s views is not fully analogous to its use in Wittgenstein’s investigations. The point of the analogy turned on the fact that neither sort of criterion serves as a mark of existence or reality but of identification or recognition, and that (hence) both are related to a knowledge of what a thing is (conventionally) called. The point of difference is this. In Austin’s cases, directed toward specific objects, there is a natural question about what, and whether you know what, the thing is called.
The Quest of Traditional Epistemology: Closing
Authors: Cavell Stanley
Published: November 2023

The position we have arrived at is this. Having taken the force of the traditional investigations of our claims to know that the world exists to depend upon their proceeding in terms of our ordinary investigations of claims to knowledge; or: having interpreted Descartes’s claim for the “rea sonableness” of his grounds for doubt to be explicated as a claim that those doubts “arise naturally”, where that, in turn, means that any competent speaker of the language will know that they are relevant and know what their implications are; I arrived at a point at which I said that the basis offered by the philosopher as the basis of a claim to know that an object exists was not entered fully naturally.
Rules and Reasons
Authors: Cavell Stanley
Published: November 2023

In its apotheosis of expediency, the moral philosophy of Utilitarianism has seemed to many philosophers to be at odds with two very elementary moral principles: that it is not an acceptable reason for breaking a promise that it is best on the whole not to keep it; and that an innocent person may not be treated as though he or she were guilty. In what is, to my mind, some of the most illuminating writing in ethical theory to appear in recent years, a number of philosophers have defended Utilitarianism against these standing objections by suggesting that its critics (perhaps even its authors) have mistaken the point of applicability of the Principle of Utility.
The Origin of Universal Scaling Laws in Biology
Authors: West Geoffrey B , Brown James H , Enquist Brian J
Published: November 2023

Life is the most complex physical system in the universe. One of its most salient features is its amazing diversity spanning more than 21 orders of magnitude in size. In spite of this variation, organisms from microbes to whales obey a host of remarkably simple and systematic empirical scaling laws that dictate how biological features change with size [2, 22, 27, 29]. These scaling laws apply to such fundamental quantities as metabolic rate (the rate at which energy must be supplied in order to sustain an organism), time scales (such as life span and heart rate), and sizes and shapes of component parts (such as length of the aorta or height of a tree). It is a remarkable fact that all of these can be expressed as power-law relationships with body-mass exponents that are simple multiples of 1/4 (e.g., 1/4, 3/4, 3/8). They appear to be valid for almost all forms of life, including mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, various groups of terrestrial, freshwater, and marine invertebrates, vascular plants, and unicellular algae and protists. Clearly the universal character of these “laws” is telling us something important about the way life is organized and the constraints under which it has evolved.
Vascular System of the Human Heart: Some Branching and Scaling Issues
Authors: Zamir Mair
Published: November 2023

The vascular system of the human heart, the “coronary network,” is of particular interest because this network of vessels is responsible for blood supply to the heart for its own metabolism, and because failure of this supply is by far the most frequent cause of heart failure [2, 16, 21, 35, 45]. While the latter is usually mediated by a fairly complex vascular disease process, the ultimate effect remains simple: the heart fails because its vascular system fails to provide it with sufficient blood supply.
Natural Laws In Scientific Practice
Authors: Lange Marc
Published: November 2023

Laws of nature have long been thought to have special significance for aspects of scientific reasoning such as counterfactual conditionals, inductive projections, and scientific explanations. But the laws' distinctive roles in scientific reasoning have proved notoriously difficult to identify precisely, leading some philosophers even to suggest that there are no such roles. The aim of this book is to determine these roles and see what a law of nature must be in order for the laws to function as they do in scientific practice. Lange shows that the laws possess a uniquely broad range of invariance under counterfactual perturbations, a range that for the first time is characterised without appealing to the concept of a law. It is argued that the laws fail to supervene on the nonnomic facts, just as the rules governing chess fail to supervene on the moves made in a given actual game. It is also argued, against both regularity accounts and analyses of laws as relations among universals, that a law need not be associated with an exceptionless regularity. It is explained how a law of one scientific field (e.g. cardiology) can be an accident of another (e.g. fundamental physics). Special attention is paid to laws of biology and other 'special sciences', and it is argued that their distinctive range of invariance allows these fields to supply scientific explanations that are irreducible, even in principle, to explanations in terms of fundamental physics. Another special feature of this book is its emphasis on the distinction between laws of nature and physically necessary coincidences, a distinction crucial to the concept of natural kind. An account is also given of 'meta-laws', such as symmetry principles. Among the philosphers receiving special discussion are Lewis, Goodman, van Fraassen, Armstrong, Dretske, Earman, Mill, Fodor, Hempel, Giere, Putnam, Dennett, and Mackie.
Why Are the Laws of Nature So Important to Science (II)?
Authors: Lange Marc
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I refine and generalize the concept of “inductive” confirmation that I developed in chapter 4. I use this notion to answer the question that I began to address in chapter 3: Why are the laws of nature so important to science? To do this, I require the concept of an “inductive strategy,” an idea I elaborate with greater care in chapter 7; it figures importantly in the root commitment associated with belief in a law.
The Temple of Culture and the Market for Letters: The Jew and the Way We Write Now
Authors: Freedman Jonathan
Published: November 2023

IN CHAPTER 1 I argued that Jews were much on the minds of nineteenth-century intellectuals in England and America, and in a completely new way, as they began to think of themselves as intellectuals, using the conceptual equipment bequeathed them by their German and other Continental counterparts. But it needs to be added that some of the most important deployments of the figure of the Jew can be found in the genre that, at precisely this moment, was simultaneously experiencing huge popular success and struggling to affirm its artistic prestige: the novel. In this chapter, I want to parse this particular deployment of the figure of the Jew by asking the most vexing (and unanswerable) question of literary analysis: why? Or, more specifically, why here, why in the sphere of high-cultural literary production? After all, in the category-mad nineteenth century, it is unsurprising to find that race theorists, sexologists, and ethnographers all grappled with the question of Jewish difference. At a time when the mass literary market was booming and evangelical culture predominating, it is also unastonishing to discover solemn, didactic romances of Hebrew history circulating in the low- and middlebrow arenas of popular fiction. General Lew Wallace’s Ben Hur (1880) climbed the first bestseller lists in America; Marie Corelli’s Barabbas (1892) did the same in England. Nor, when we turn from the philo Semitic 1880s to the anti-Semitic, antialien 1900s, is it odd to find Edgar Wallace’s paranoid fantasies of world domination by Jewish aliens, anarchists, and Bolsheviks-books like The Four Just Men (1904) or The Council of Justice (1908)-supplanting their more benign biblical precedents in a march into bestsellerdom. What is startling is that Jews should figure with such prominence in a literary culture that was beginning to think of itself as just that, as a distinct zone of imaginative endeavor possessing a distinct and powerful, even redemptive, social mission. And it is equally startling that the matter of Jewry should have been so prominent in the project of self-validation undertaken by writers entering into that zone.
Phenomenological Epistemology
Authors: Pietersma Henry
Published: November 2023

This work offers a provocative new historical and systematic interpretation of the epistemological doctrines of three twentieth-century giants: Husserl, Heidegger, and Merleau-Ponty. Pietersma argues that these three philosophers, while connected by their phenomenological doctrines, have underappreciated and interestingly-linked views on the theory of knowledge.
Heidegger
Authors: Pietersma Henry
Published: November 2023

A study of Heidegger’s doctrine of knowledge is difficult for a number of reasons. While the development of an epistemology was for Husserl a matter of central importance, the primary question that occupied Heidegger, as he frequently said, was that of being. In fact, he said early on in Being and Time that knowing, in the sense that particularly occupied Husserl, is but a founded mode of being-in the-world. And judging by the vocabulary he typically used, his work is over whelmingly ontological. Consequently, in what he published during his lifetime, there are no texts exclusively devoted to the elaboration of a doctrine of knowledge. While Husserl’s principal works all have long sections expressly dealing with epistemological issues, Heidegger’s discussions of such things are episodic, limited to a few paragraphs in contexts dealing with other matters, ostensibly ontological ones. And when he did write about epistemology, it would seem that he assumed that many details were sufficiently known to his readers, for ex ample, from the Neo-Kantians and, especially, Edmund Husserl. It is difficult to get a clear view of his own doctrine of knowledge.
Introduction
Authors: Arnsten Amy F T
Published: November 2023

Stimulants are thought to ameliorate the symptoms of Attention-Deficit Hyper activity Disorder (ADHD) through actions on dopamine and norepinephrine neurons in the central nervous system. Over the past 25 years, we have learned an enormous amount about the anatomical organization and modulatory properties of these catecholamines. Both norepinephrine and dopamine can have profound effects on cortical and subcortical functions.
The Neuroscience of Stimulant Drug Action in ADHD
Authors: Solanto Mary V , Arnsten Amy F T , Castellanos F Xavier
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this book has been to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms of therapeutic drug action in ADHD by integrating knowledge across the relevant disciplines of basic and clinical neuroscience, presented in the foregoing chapters. The goals of this final chapter are to present the results of that integration thus far and to chart a course for further research. It represents the efforts and insights not only of the named authors but of all of the contributors who shared their thoughts, ideas, and knowledge in the process of producing this volume.
“Justice I Teach, and Reverence Justice” John Aubrey, “The Life of Hobbes”
Authors: Hobbes Thomas
Published: November 2023

Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) was an accomplished classicist and mathematician as well as an immensely influential systematic philosopher. His first published work was a translation of Thucydides’ The Peloponnesian War; and among his last were translations of The Iliad and The Odyssey. Tutor to the Earl of Devonshire and to Charles II, friend of AbbeÉMersenne, he lived in exile in France during the civil wars. Although his De Cive (1642) and The Elements of Law (1650) had been used as a text by royalists, Hobbes nevertheless became suffficiently reconciled with Oliver Cromwell so that he returned to England in 1651. Always political agile, Hobbes received the privilege of a royal pension from Charles II after the Restoration. Much impressed by the new sciences of Keppler, Galileo and Bacon, Hobbes developed a materialist metaphysics that provided the premises of a mechanistic psychology, and as he hoped, the basis of a contractarian political theory (Leviathan, 1651). His thought experiment posited a natural condition of scarcity that set men at odds with one another to secure a marginal advantage for survival. Prompted by fear and an instinct for self-preservation, foresighted calculative reason led to the contractual establishment of a sovereignty endowed with absolute power. Materialist contractarian that he was, Hobbes nevertheless held that his political views were consonant with Scripture. Indeed he feared that discrediting religion could readily lead to sedition and civil strife. When Parliament passed a bill for the suppression of atheism, a committee was nevertheless appointed to investigate the orthodoxy of the Leviathan. Although the matter was dropped, Hobbes was forbidden to publish his views. He submitted his Behemoth for approval to Charles II, who recommended against its publication. It was eventually published posthumously.
Culture and the Stages of the Imagination
Authors: Herder Johann Gottfried
Published: November 2023

Born in Prussia, Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803) received a classical education before studying theology at Koenigsberg. After traveling widely, he was ordained as a Lutheran minister. Goethe’s influence assured his appointment as head of the Lutheran clergy in Weimar in 1776. An eclectic thinker with a wide scope of interests, he wrote on the philosophy of language (Essay on the Origin of Language, 1772), the philosophy of history (Ideas for the Philosophy of the History of Mankind, 1784–1791), and philosophical psychology (Of the Cognition and Sensation of the Human Soul, 1778). A member of the Berlin Academy, he took an active part in discussions about the relative merits of nationalism and cosmopolitanism. A friend of Hamann, he speculated on the dynamic relation between language and culture; a friend of Goethe, he developed theories about the sources of thought in natural, organic processes. His influence extended beyond Hegel and Schelling to the vitalism of Schopenhauer and Bergson, and to Heidegger’s nationalistic period. Journal of My Voyage in the Year 1769 Every farewell is bewildering. One thinks and feels far less than one anticipated. The intensity with which the mind focuses on the future blurs the sensibilities towards what is left behind. If, in addition, the farewell is too drawn out, it also tends to become wearisome. Only after departing does one begin to reflect on the past and to regret lost opportunities. Thus I found myself confessing that I made far from the best use of the library. It would have been of obvious advantage to me had I drawn up a systematic plan of study in the subjects for which I was responsible and made the history of their respective domains my chief concern.
Accounting for Rationality
Authors: Bentham Jeremy
Published: November 2023

After graduating from Oxford, Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) studied law at Lincoln’s Inn. Although he was admitted to the bar in 1767, he was never in practice. Bentham’s monumental work in jurisprudence, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789), rested on utilitarian principles: legislation should be crafted to promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number. He thought there could be a hedonic calculation of the projectible balance of (physical and psychological) pleasure over pain, taking into account their relative intensity, ramification, and duration, as well as the probability of their occurrence. Bentham applied this principle to the assessment of motives and actions as well as to the evaluation of social policy. Although he is sometimes misrepresented as a radical egoist, his version of hedonism extends to a limited indirect altruism that derives personal pleasure in the well-being of others. While he notoriously claimed that push-pin is as good as poetry, he acknowledged that some intellectual pleasures might be more enduring and ramified than many sensory pleasures. With James and John Stuart Mill, Bentham established University College, London; they also founded and contributed to the politically influential Westminster Review. Bentham produced numerous pamphlets on the issues of the day: the selection of juries, laws of libel, debt and usury, rules of evidence, and public education. He took a lively interest in the theory and practice of civic punishment, formulating characteristically elaborate criteria for a deterrent policy. His interest extended to the architecture of prisons, and he sketched a panoptical design that placed guards in the center of a circular tier of cells. He conducted an extensive political correspondence with his brother Samuel, who served in the British legation in Russia, and with Czar Alexander of Russia, whom he tried to persuade to adopt his measures for penal reform. He hoped to interest Catherine the Great in his Constitutional Code (1830) but declined her invitation to visit Russia. Bentham was made an honorary citizen of France in 1792.
Philosophy as Political Critique
Authors: Marx Karl
Published: November 2023

Karl Marx (1818–1883) studied philosophy at the University of Berlin, where he was influenced by a group of revisionary Hegelians who used Hegel’s argumentative strategies to attack religion and the controlling interests of a conservative political regime. After receiving his doctorate in 1842, Marx became an editor of the Rheinische Zeitung, a liberal democratic paper. When that paper was suppressed for its increasingly radical views, Marx went to France, where he met Friedrich Engels, who became his lifelong friend and supporter. Turning from journalism to philosophy, Marx developed a theory that placed activity (praxis) rather than philosophical reflection as the fundamental human activity (Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844). Appropriating Feuerbach’s critique of alienation, he argued that unjust exploitation—dehumanization—consists in appropriating the results of productive activity. Working together, Marx and Engels collaborated in applying this view to the exploitive power relations in the traditional family (Holy Family, 1845) and the ideological subservience of traditional philosophy (Theses on Feuerbach, 1845). Delivered at the first meeting of the Communist League in London, The Communist Manifesto (1848) presents a historical account of how the dynamic changes in technology and in the modes of production transformed social and political relations of power.
Why I Became a Philosopher
Authors: Russell Bertrand
Published: November 2023

Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) was the (secular) godson of John Stuart Mill and the grandson of Lord John Russell, who introduced the Reform Bill of 1832. Orphaned at an early age, his education was directed by his grandmother, who had him privately tutored until he went to Cambridge to do mathematics and philosophy. After rejecting the influence of the British idealism of McTaggart and Bradley, he focused on mathematics and the philosophy of logic (Principles of Mathematics, 1903). With A. N. Whitehead, he wrote the seminal formalization of the unity of logic and mathematics, Principia Mathematica (1910–1913). Remarkably capable of self-criticism, Russell continuously developed and changed his views. Having started as a realist (Principles of Mathematics, 1903), he came to think of that position as vacuous. His theory of description and logically proper names eventually led him to logical atomism (“On Denoting,” 1905) and logical constructionism (Our Knowledge of the External World (1914)). When he was appointed as a lecturer at Cambridge in 1910, his interest in empiricist epistemology led him to attempt to construct a modiffied version of phenomentalism, one that could support a sophisticated physics. But the theory of constitutive sensibilia developed in Our Knowledge of the External World was replaced by a theory of constitutive complex events in The Analysis of Matter (1927). Russell’s foundationalist views were again modified in Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits (1948): the direct realism of perceptual knowledge was replaced by fallibilism.
Thinking Through the Good Life
Authors: Arendt Hannah
Published: November 2023

Having studied with Heidegger and Jaspers at Marburg, Freiburg, and Heidelberg, Hannah Arendt (1906–1975) emigrated to France in 1933 and then, in 1941, to the United States, where she taught at the New School for Social Research. Influenced by Greek and Roman political theory, she became a critic of totalitarianism and (what she thought of as) defective democracies. She described a form of civic life that accords primacy to the praxis of shared, deliberative political activity as an essential expression of human nature (The Origins of Totalitarianism 1951; The Human Condition, 1958; Between Past and Future, 1968.) Profoundly affected by the rise of fascism, she attempted to explain how ordinary people living in a highly developed culture could have lapsed into the barbarism of the Holocaust. In Eichmann in Jerusalem (1963) Arendt describes the banal, unnoticed, incremental steps that allow an Eichmann to think of himself as merely doing his duty. Precisely because not paying attention—deflecting reflection and self-criticism—is a perfectly normal psychological pattern, the “banality of evil” can occur anywhere, anytime. Arendt also wrote on Kant (1982) and Augustine (1996). She also occasionally wrote produced biographical studies of courageous and original thinkers who seemed marginal in their time (Men in Dark Times 1968, and Rachel Vernhagen: The Life of a Jewish Woman, 1974. Her ambitious work in philosophical psychology, The Life of the Mind (1977), characterized varieties of mental activity, distinguishing instrumental calculation from genuinely civic thought and contemplation. A good deal of her philosophical correspondence with Heidegger and Jaspers has been published posthumously, as was her more personal correspondence with Mary MacCarthy (Between Friends, 1995).
The Melancholy of Race
Authors: Cheng Anne Anlin
Published: November 2023

How does an individual go from being a subject of grief to being a subject of grievance? What political and psychical gains or losses transpire in the process?
A Fable Of Exquisite Corpses Maxine Hong Kingston, Assimilation, and the Hypochondriacal Response
Authors: Cheng Anne Anlin
Published: November 2023

Rodgers and Hammerstein’s dream world teaches the racially melancholic female body to enjoy the lessons of its own rejection. At the same time, as already seen, the effects produced by the various performances of that renunciation often exceed and disrupt the meaning of the intended castigation. This history that we are tracing gives us much more than a record of unresolved briefs, but also a revelation of transformative potentials within grief. The project of examining this cultural and psychical history of renunciation may ultimately lead us, not toward the ambition of “resolved grief,” as envisioned by Freud, but rather toward redefining a profoundly different notion of mourning altogether.
Difficult Loves Anna Deavere Smith and the Politics of Grief
Authors: Cheng Anne Anlin
Published: November 2023

Although race studies holds much intellectual capital in academic research today, the history ofracial grief in America—along with its accompanying burdens of conscience, consciousness, guilt, and ressentiment—has made our capacity to communicate our thoughts and feelings about these dark inheritances far from adequate. There is still tremendous confusion in contemporary American society about how to approach the task of racial healing; indeed, at times, it seems as if race relations in America is doomed to play out a tragedy of endless retribution.
An Introduction with Work to Do
Authors: Hansen Chad
Published: November 2023

A missing text is always an exciting discovery. The later Mohist dialectic chapters are a unique case. They form a missing text that was not physically lost. Chinese archivists had copied and transmitted it down through two millennia after a textual accident had turned it into an incoherent jigsaw puzzle. The interpretive tradition lost the ability to understand the text. A Qing scholar first discovered the key to the puzzle near the end of the nineteenth century. Angus Graham completed the systematic reconstruction of the text in his Later Mohist Logic, Ethics, and Science in 1978.
The Context of Chinese Philosophy: Language and Theory of Language
Authors: Hansen Chad
Published: November 2023

I do not suppose that language is the only explanation of features of philosophical thought. I have heard plausible, suggestive accounts of how geography, for example, might contribute to a culture’s having a certain broad philosophical direction. I am a philosopher of language, and neither a geographer nor a historian, so I cannot vouch for the accuracy of these suggestive accounts. But they can serve to give us some general sense of the context in which philosophy played its role in Chinese culture. One obviously significant feature of Chinese geography-a physical barrierexplains the relative lack of philosophical exchange between China and the lndoEuropean tradition. Philosophical tenets are social products. They spread as technology, sculpture, language and music do. When two cultures come in contact they may talk about things. In this way they learn each other’s technology, religion, philosophy, astronomy and so forth. A physical barrier to travel normally inhibits the spread of philosophical theories because it inhibits the wandering of philosophers-who are, after all, not notoriously physically adventurous.
Mencius: The Establishment Strikes Back
Authors: Hansen Chad
Published: November 2023

Mencius was an aristocrat from the Ru culture center who was born about one hundred years after Confucius died. He shares with Confucius the distinction of having zimaster incorporated in the latinization of his name (Confucius’ name comes from Kongfuzi; Mencius’ from Meng-zi).3 He was arguably a greater influence on Confucianism than was Confucius himself. Mencius turned the attention of Confucianism to moral psychology—the theory of human nature. Confucius’ disciples had complained they “could not hear” the master’s theory of human nature. That shift in focus and Mencius’ innatism came to define Confucianism.
Chemical Signaling and the Olfactory Channel
Authors: Greenfield Michael D
Published: November 2023

Signaling, sensory perception, and communication among arthropods probably invokes in most observers of natural history the image of chemical messages and the olfactory channel. By various accounts, this image is an accurate representation. Whether measured by the percentage of species or clades that rely heavily on chemical messages and olfaction, the proportions of these species’ behaviors that are facilitated by olfaction, or the complexity and exaggeration of structures and behaviors responsible for chemical signaling and perception, the olfactory channel is the predominant one among arthropods. Olfactory communication is found in all of the major insect orders, the minor ones in which it has been specifically investigated, and the major classes of chelicerates, crustaceans, and myriapods. Moreover, the olfactory channel serves a variety of communicative functions in these groups, and it is exploited by aerial, terrestrial, and freshwater and marine forms.
Sound and Vibration and the Mechanical Channel
Authors: Greenfield Michael D
Published: November 2023

Communication along the mechanical channel is highly developed in only two animal phyla, the arthropods and the chordates. In arthropods as a whole, sound and vibration are not the pre-eminent modalities for signaling, but they nonetheless play vital functions in diverse taxa distributed among seven major insect orders, several minor ones. and some groups of chelicerates and crustaceans (Table 4.1). In these arthropod species, sound and vibration serve as sexual advertisement, courtship, aggression, defense, and social recruitment signals. Moreover, certain of these communication systems have been studied most intensively, and various focused efforts have come to represent major contributions to the physiology and evolution of sensory perception and signaling.
The Right of Informed Consent and Inalienability
Authors: McConnell Terrance
Published: November 2023

Apatient’s right of informed consent is well established. Bioethicists agree that this is a moral right, and in the United States and many other Western nations it is a legal right too. This right is grounded on the principle of autonomy (that agents should respect the freedom and choices of others), and that principle in turn is the basis for the right of self-determination.
Assessing Pain and Planning Treatment Strategies
Authors: Patt Richard B , Lang Susan S
Published: November 2023

Living with unnecessary pain decreases your overall quality of life. It may make you less active or depressed. You may have difficulty sleeping, working, or spending time with family and friends. You may erroneously equate your pain with advancing cancer and begin to feel hopeless. Because you need all of your energy to get through your cancer treatments and get healthy again, living with cancer pain is simply foolish.
High-Tech Options
Authors: Patt Richard B , Lang Susan S
Published: November 2023

In recent years, important advances in pain management have dramatically contributed to our ability to provide comfort for today’s cancer patient despite nearly any eventuality. Although some of these advances are still being tested, specialists at medical centers around the world have effectively integrated others into routine care. This chapter sorts out the various high-tech options available today, to help the reader balance the potential benefits and risks of each treatment.
Dealing with Other Side Effects and Discomforts
Authors: Patt Richard B , Lang Susan S
Published: November 2023

Patients with cancer, even the same cancer, can have very different experiences, some of them more distressing than others. Many families will find over time that the status of their ill loved one will unexpectedly change. Families frequently feel unprepared and may be caught off guard about how to help when what feels like an emergency occurs (sudden nausea, difficulty breathing, coughing spells, increased pain, etc.). Caregivers should not be alarmed that there are so many different symptoms described here; it is unlikely that a given patient will experience many of them. Even when these symptoms do occur, their intensity, frequency, and duration vary greatly among patients.
Special Cases: Children, the Elderly, and Patients with Special Needs
Authors: Patt Richard B , Lang Susan S
Published: November 2023

So far we’ve discussed techniques that are generally effective for controlling cancer pain. Yet certain groups of individuals have special needsnamely, the very young and very old, as well as those with a history of substance abuse. When confronted with a diagnosis of cancer, most people grapple with the injustice of the situation. Childhood cancer is perhaps the most vivid proof that cancer strikes with neither rhyme nor reason-and that while it follows certain known rules, fairness is not one of them. It is sad whenever cancer is diagnosed, but it is especially tragic when this occurs in an innocent child.
Venus in the Marketplace,
Authors: Mudg Bradford K
Published: November 2023

There is indeed but one Bookseller eminent among us for this Abomination, and from him the Crime takes the just Denomination of Curlicism. The Fellow is a contemptible Wretch a thousand ways: he is odious in his person, scandalous in his Fame; he is mark’d by Nature, for he has bawdy Countenance, and a debauched Mien; his Tongue is an Echo of all the beastly Language his Shop is fill’d with, and Filthiness drivels in the very Tone of his Voice.
Morphogenesis: Where Form and Function Meet
Authors: Harold Franklin M
Published: November 2023

Biology began as an observational science, with its focus on the morphology of organisms and their parts; as far as the general public is concerned, the fascination of the living world still springs from the variety and beauty of its forms. And why not? We are visual creatures and know our world first and foremost by what we can see; were it not for those forms we could not recognize organisms or reflect upon their nature.
The Emergence of Emergence
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

The writer of Ecclesiastes who proclaimed that “The thing that hath been is that which shall be; and that which is done shall be done: and there is no new thing under the sun” was taking an extremely short-term point of view. He certainly failed to reckon that the sun itself was less than 5 billion years old in a universe probably dating back sometime over 12 billion years. He did not note that the kingdom in which he lived had only been around for a few hundred years, and changes in culture and government were constantly occurring.
The Twenty-Eight Steps
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

In the ground-breaking book on emergence (Emergence: From Chaos to Order, by John Holland) referred to in the last chapter, the author notes, “Despite its ubiquity and importance, emergence is an enigmatic, recondite topic, more wondered at than analyzed. What understanding we do is mostly through a catalog of instances.” I accept Holland’s subsequent caveat that “It is unlikely that a topic as complicated as emergence will submit weakly to a concise definition.” Having said that, I shall indicate how we can discuss emergence, go a bit beyond Holland’s generalization, and present a catalog of 28 observed instances that have emergence in common but vary over an enormous range in the agents, interactions, hierarchical levels, and character of the interaction rules and the pruning rules.
Planetary Accretion: The Solar System
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

The formation of second- and third-generation stars is appreciably more complex than the formation of first-generation stars. For, in addition to the primordial hydrogen and helium, the higher-generation protostellar cloud has many other atomic varieties, both as individual atoms, as well as in small particles that have condensed either gravitationally or by chemical attraction. These bits of matter have been designated as planetesimals or stardust.
Crossing the Geospheres: From Fish to Amphibians
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

The next emergence is in the traditional sense of the word as well as in its use in terms of complexity: “emerge 1. To rise up or come forth from or as if from immersion.” In the evolutionary unfolding, one branch of vertebrates moved from water to land. All of our previous discussion has dealt with animals and other organisms living in water. The transition to land had ecological and physiological aspects. The planetary surface has been largely covered by water since early in Earth’s history. When land appeared, living organisms found ways of exploiting the habitat and finding a home or better yet a niche. This occurred in all the major taxa.