bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Year patterns of climate impact on wheat yields
Authors: Yu Qiang , Li Longhui , Luo Qunying , Eamus Derek , Xu Shouhua , Chen Chao , Wang Enli , Liu Jiandong , Nielsen David C.
Published: April 2013

Rainfall, temperature, and solar radiation are important climate factors, which determine crop growth, development and yield from instantaneous to decadal scales. We propose to identify year patterns of climate impact on yield on the basis of rain and non‐rain weather. There are inter‐related impacts of climatic factors on crop production within a specific pattern. Historical wheat yield data in Queensland during 1889–2004 were used. The influence of meteorological conditions on wheat yields was derived from statistical yield data which were detrended by 9‐year‐smoothing averages to remove the effects of technological improvements on wheat yields over time. Climate affects crop growth and development differently over different growth stages. Therefore, we considered the climate effects at both vegetative and reproductive stages (before and after flowering date, respectively) on yield. Cluster analysis was employed to identify the year patterns of climate impact. Five patterns were significantly classified. Precipitation during the vegetative stage was the dominant and beneficial factor for wheat yields while increasing maximum temperature had a negative influence. Crop yields were strongly dependent on solar radiation under normal rainfall conditions. As the effect of rainfall on soil water is relatively long‐lasting, its beneficial effect in vegetative stage was higher than its effect during the reproductive stage. The Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) was evaluated using long‐term historical data to determine whether the model could reasonably simulate effects of climate factors for each year pattern. The model provided good estimates of wheat yield when conditions resulted in medium yield levels, however, in extremely low or high yield years, corresponding to extremely low or high precipitation in the vegetative stage, the model tended to underestimate or overestimate. Under high growing season precipitation, simulations responded more favourably to reproductive stage rainfall than measured yields.
Detection of water–ice phase transition based on Raman spectrum
Authors: Xue Xu , He Zhi‐Zhu , Liu Jing
Published: April 2013

A simplified dimensionless method was constructed to characterize the phase transition between water and ice based on Raman spectrum (RS) without contact testing samples. This method reduces the requirement of the spectrum intensity, simplifies the complex mathematical analysis and improves the resolution of detection which only depends on the relative intensity of RS. The current work establishes an important tool for accurate characterization of RS so that it could better interpret various phase transition mechanisms of water and aqueous solutions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast onset of action of sublingual immunotherapy in house dust mite‐induced allergic rhinitis: A multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Wang De‐Hui , Chen Lei , Cheng Lei , Li Ke‐Nan , Yuan Hu , Lu Ji‐Hong , Li Han
Published: April 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

To investigate how quickly an allergic rhinitis (AR) patients' symptoms will improve with sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT).

Study Design

Double‐blind placebo study.

Methods

This is a multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of SLIT used to treat house dust mite‐induced AR. A total of 120 AR patients, aged 4 to 60 years, were treated for 6 months and randomized into two groups: 1) SLIT with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (D.p.) and Dermatophagoides farina (D.f.) extract (n = 60) ; and 2) matched placebo controls (n = 60). Symptom, medications received, and a visual analog scale score were recorded during the whole study. Serum‐specific IgE and IgG4 to D. p. and D. f. were assessed before and after the treatment.

Results

Eighty‐five patients (70.8%) completed the study. Twelve patients (20%) chose to withdraw from the SLIT group, but none because of serious adverse effects. The total symptom and visual analog scores VAS in the SLIT group decreased significantly when compared to the placebo controls (P <0.05) after week 14, as well as for the significant (P <0.05) improvement of all individual AR symptoms in the SLIT group (e.g., sneezing, nasal discharge, itching, and nasal obstruction) after week 22. There was a significant (P <0.05) increase of IgG4 to both D.f. and D.p. in the SLIT, but not in the placebo group after treatment.

Conclusion

SLIT with a mixture of D.f. and D.p. extract is an effective and safe treatment for patients with house dust mite‐induced AR. Its onset of action can be observed as early as 14 weeks after treatment.

Level of Evidence

1B.
Auditory maturation in premature infants
Authors: Hof Janny R. , Stokroos Robert J. , Wix Eduard , Chenault Mickey , Gelders Els , Brokx Jan
Published: April 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

To describe spontaneous hearing improvement in the first years of life of a number of preterm neonates relative to cochlear implant candidacy.

Study Design

Retrospective case study.

Methods

Hearing levels of 14 preterm neonates (mean gestational age at birth = 29 weeks) referred after newborn hearing screening were evaluated. Initial hearing thresholds ranged from 40 to 105 dBHL (mean = 85 dBHL).

Results

Hearing level improved to normal levels for four neonates and to moderate levels for five, whereas for five neonates, no improvement in hearing thresholds was observed and cochlear implantation was recommended. Three of the four neonates in whom the hearing improved to normal levels were born prior to 28 weeks gestational age. Hearing improvement was mainly observed prior to a gestational age of 80 weeks.

Conclusions

Delayed maturation of an immature auditory pathway might be an important reason for referral after newborn hearing screening in premature infants. Caution is advised regarding early cochlear implantation in preterm born infants. Audiological follow‐ups until at least 80 weeks gestational age are therefore recommended.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 123:2013–2018, 2013
Ubiquitination dynamics in the early‐branching eukaryote Giardia intestinalis
Authors: Niño Carlos A. , Chaparro Jenny , Soffientini Paolo , Polo Simona , Wasserman Moises
Published: April 2013

Ubiquitination is a highly dynamic and versatile posttranslational modification that regulates protein function, stability, and interactions. To investigate the roles of ubiquitination in a primitive eukaryotic lineage, we utilized the early‐branching eukaryote Giardia intestinalis. Using a combination of biochemical, immunofluorescence‐based, and proteomics approaches, we assessed the ubiquitination status during the process of differentiation in Giardia. We observed that different types of ubiquitin modifications present specific cellular and temporal distribution throughout the Giardia life cycle from trophozoites to cyst maturation. Ubiquitin signal was detected in the wall of mature cysts, and enzymes implicated in cyst wall biogenesis were identified as substrates for ubiquitination. Interestingly, inhibition of proteasome activity did not affect trophozoite replication and differentiation, while it caused a decrease in cyst viability, arguing for proteasome involvement in cyst wall maturation. Using a proteomics approach, we identified around 200 high‐confidence ubiquitinated candidates that vary their ubiquitination status during differentiation. Our results indicate that ubiquitination is critical for several cellular processes in this primitive eukaryote.
Administration of imatinib mesylate in rats impairs the neonatal development of intramuscular interstitial cells in bladder and results in altered contractile properties
Authors: Gevaert Thomas , Hutchings Graham , Everaerts Wouter , Prenen Hans , Roskams Tania , Nilius Bernd , De Ridder Dirk
Published: April 2013

Aims

The KIT receptor is considered as a reliable marker for a subpopulation of interstitial cells (IC), and by persistent neonatal inhibition of KIT we have investigated the role of this receptor in the development of IC‐networks in bladder and we have observed the functional consequences of this inhibition.

Methods

Newborn rat pups were treated daily with the KIT inhibitor imatinib mesylate (IM). After 7 days animals were sacrificed and bladder samples were dissected for morphological and functional studies. Morphological research consisted of immunohistochemistry with IC specific antigens (KIT and vimentin) and electron microscopy. The functional studies were based on isolated bladder strips in organ baths, in which spontaneous bladder contractility and the response to a non‐subtype selective muscarinic agonist was evaluated.

Results

Suburothelial and intramuscular IC were found and characterized in neonatal rat bladder. IM‐treatment induced a significant decrease in numbers of IC based on specific immunohistochemical markers, and electron microscopy revealed evidence of IC cell injury. These morphological alterations were observed on intramuscular IC only and not on IC in the suburothelium. Isolated muscle strips from IM‐treated animals had a lower contractile frequency and an altered response to muscarinic agonists.

Conclusions

The present study shows the presence of regional subpopulations of IC in neonatal rat bladder, provides evidence for a dependence on KIT of the development of intramuscular IC and supports the hypothesis that a poor development of networks of intramuscular IC might have repercussions on spontaneous and muscarinic‐induced bladder contractility. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:461–468, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Weight control practices of severely obese patients who are not seeking bariatric surgery
Authors: Arterburn David , Westbrook Emily O. , Terrell Andrew
Published: April 2013

Objective

We sought to better understand why so few severely obese patients undergo bariatric surgery in the United States.

Design and Methods

We conducted a telephone survey to assess the weight control practices of severely obese patients who were not actively seeking bariatric surgery in Group Health, a health system in Washington State.

Results

Among 295 severely obese participants surveyed (63% response rate), most reported actively working on weight loss (58%), although current use of commercial weight loss programs (10%) and obesity pharmacotherapy (0.1%) was low. Household income and white race were strongly associated with lifetime use of commercial programs, suggesting a possible disparity in use of effective treatment for obesity. Many were interested in learning more about bariatric surgery (49%) and pharmacotherapy (53%), but few had ever discussed surgery (26%) or pharmacotherapy (33%) with their physician. Finally, although only 29% had coverage for bariatric surgery, those with coverage were not more likely to have discussed bariatric surgery with their physician.

Conclusions

Overall, our survey of severely obese patients who are not currently seeking bariatric surgery suggests that interest in obesity treatments is high, coverage and receipt of treatment is low, and that there is a potential socioeconomic disparity related to the use of commercial programs.
UV‐curable acrylate‐based nanocomposites: effect of polyaniline additives on the curing performance
Authors: Jafarzadeh Shadi , Johansson Mats , Sundell Per‐Erik , Claudino Mauro , Pan Jinshan , Claesson Per M.
Published: April 2013

Composites of nanostructured polyaniline (PANI) conducting polymer in a polyester acrylate (PEA) formulation were made to provide conductive organic coatings. The effect of the presence and amount of PANI on the photocuring performance of the ultraviolet (UV)‐curable acrylate system has been investigated employing real‐time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as the main technique. Longer initial retardation of the radical polymerization and lower rates of cross‐linking reactions were observed for dispersions containing PANI of higher than 3wt.%. The PEA/PANI samples were more affected than the neat PEA resin by the changes in UV light intensity and oxygen accessibility during UV curing. Samples with higher PANI content, of up to 10wt.%, were tested and could be partially cured even at UV light intensities as low as 2 mW cm−2 when the oxygen replenishment into the system was inhibited. Thermal analysis revealed that the presence of PANI did not induce any significant change in Tg of the cured system, meaning that early decrease in mobility and vitrification is not the reason for lower ultimate conversion of the dispersions with higher PANI content compared with the neat PEA resin. Curing under strong UV lamps, of 1.5 W cm−2 intensity, made it possible to reach high degrees of conversion on films with similar mechanical properties independent of the PANI content. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Grape Colour Phenotyping: Development of a Method Based on the Reflectance Spectrum
Authors: Rustioni Laura , Basilico Roberto , Fiori Simone , Leoni Alessandra , Maghradze David , Failla Osvaldo
Published: April 2013

Introduction

The colour of fruit is an important quality factor for cultivar classification and phenotyping techniques. Besides the subjective visual evaluation, new instruments and techniques can be used.

Objectives

This work aims at developping an objective, fast, easy and non‐destructive method as a useful support for evaluating grapes' colour under different cultural and environmental conditions, as well as for breeding process and germplasm evaluation, supporting the plant characterization and the biodiversity preservation.

Materials and Methods

Colours of 120 grape varieties were studied using reflectance spectra. The classification was realized using cluster and discriminant analysis. Reflectance of the whole berries surface was also compared with absorption properties of single skin extracts.

Results

A phenotyping method based on the reflectance spectra was developed, producing reliable colour classifications. A cultivar‐independent index for pigment content evaluation has also been obtained.

Conclusions

This work allowed the classification of the berry colour using an objective method. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of targeted sequencing of single‐nucleotide polymorphisms for non‐invasive prenatal detection of aneuploidy of chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X, and Y
Authors: Nicolaides K. H. , Syngelaki A. , Gil M. , Atanasova V. , Markova D.
Published: April 2013

Objective

To assess the performance of cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) testing in maternal blood for detection of fetal aneuploidy of chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X, and Y using targeted sequencing of single‐nucleotide polymorphisms.

Methods

Prospective study in 242 singleton pregnancies undergoing chorionic villus sampling at 11 to 13 weeks. Maternal blood was collected before chorionic villus sampling and sent to Natera (San Carlos, CA, USA). cfDNA was isolated from maternal plasma, and targeted multiplex PCR amplification followed by sequencing of 19 488 polymorphic loci covering chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X, and Y was performed. Sequencing data were analyzed using the NATUS algorithm that determines the copy number and calculates a sample‐specific accuracy for each of the five chromosomes tested. Laboratory personnel were blinded to fetal karyotype.

Results

Results were provided for 229 (94.6%) of the 242 cases. Thirty‐two cases were correctly identified as aneuploid, including trisomy 21 [n = 25; sensitivity = 100% (CI: 86.3–100%), specificity = 100% (CI: 98.2–100%)], trisomy 18 (n = 3), trisomy 13 (n = 1), Turner syndrome (n = 2), and triploidy (n = 1), with no false positive or false negative results. Median accuracy was 99.9% (range: 96.0–100%).

Conclusions

cfDNA testing in maternal blood using targeted sequencing of polymorphic loci at chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X, and Y holds promise for accurate detection of fetal autosomal trisomies, sex chromosome aneuploidies, and triploidy. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Designing responsive microgels for drug delivery applications
Authors: Smeets Niels M. B. , Hoare Todd
Published: April 2013

Microgels based on thermally responsive polymers have been widely investigated in the context of controlled release applications, with increasing recent interest on developing a clearer understanding of what physical, chemical, and biological parameters must be considered to rationally design a microgel to deliver a specific drug at a specific rate in a specific physiological context. In this contribution, we outline these key design parameters associated with engineering responsive microgels for drug delivery and discuss several recent examples of how these principles have been applied to the synthesis of microgels or microgel‐based composites. Overall, we suggest that in vivo assessment of these materials is essential to bridge the existing gap between the fascinating properties observed in the lab and the practical use of microgels in the clinic. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 3027–3043
Correlation of charge transport with structural order in highly ordered melt‐crystallized poly(3‐hexylthiophene) thin films
Authors: Singh Chetan R. , Gupta Gaurav , Lohwasser Ruth , Engmann Sebastian , Balko Jens , Thelakkat Mukundan , Thurn‐Albrecht Thomas , Hoppe Harald
Published: April 2013

A series of well‐defined poly(3‐hexylthiophene)s (P3HT) of different molecular weight (MW) and high regioregularity was investigated for charge transport properties in as‐cast and melt‐crystallized films. The semicrystalline structure of the P3HT was characterized by X‐ray scattering and Atomic force microscopy. Crystallization by cooling from the melt led to a substantial increase in crystallinity and a stronger alignment of the crystals in comparison to as‐cast films. The increase in crystallinity went along with an increase in hole mobility of up to an order of magnitude as measured by the space charge limited current method. Additionally, the hole mobility depended on the long period of P3HT lamellae and consequently on the MW. In compliance with the long period, the charge carrier mobility first increased with the MW before decreasing again at the onset of chain folding. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 943–951
Crystal structure of the protein from Arabidopsis thaliana gene At5g06450, a putative DnaQ‐like exonuclease domain‐containing protein with homohexameric assembly
Authors: Smith David W. , Han Mi Ra , Park Joon Sung , Kim Kyung Rok , Yeom Taeho , Lee Ji Yeon , Kim Do Jin , Bingman Craig A. , Kim Hyun‐Jung , Jo Kyubong , Han Byung Woo , Phillips George N.
Published: April 2013

Arabidopsis thaliana gene At5g06450 encodes a putative DnaQ‐like 3′‐5′ exonuclease domain‐containing protein (AtDECP). The DnaQ‐like 3′‐5′ exonuclease domain is often found as a proofreading domain of DNA polymerases. The overall structure of AtDECP adopts an RNase H fold that consists of a mixed β‐sheet flanked by α‐helices. Interestingly, AtDECP forms a homohexameric assembly with a central six fold symmetry, generating a central cavity. The ring‐shaped structure and comparison with WRN‐exo, the best structural homologue of AtDECP, suggest a possible mechanism for implementing its exonuclease activity using positively charged patch on the N‐terminal side of the homohexameric assembly. The homohexameric structure of AtDECP provides unique information about the interaction between the DnaQ‐like 3′‐5′ exonuclease and its substrate nucleic acids.Proteins 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Linking LOPA and value engineering
Authors: Norton Kristin D. , Surmeli Senem , Maher Steven T.
Published: April 2013

While safety instrumented systems (SISs) can be an essential element of process facility design to minimize the potential for process incidents, in some cases they can also be over‐applied in the design phases of capital projects where the safety instrumented functions (SIFs) associated with the SIS are defined before the process hazards have been fully characterized. This approach may provide one mechanism for achieving a robust process control system design; however, the application of SIS also brings increased costs associated not only with the robust equipment needed to meet safety integrity level (SIL) requirements but also with the ongoing maintenance, testing, and procedures required throughout the SIS lifecycle. In order to balance the important safety benefits associated with the SIS with the increased capital costs it is critical to have a specific and comprehensive basis for decision‐making. This article will illustrate the value engineering benefits of using the combined Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) Study and Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA) methodology to comprehensively evaluate a design and provide a decision‐making platform for determining whether protection for process hazards should be implemented using a SIF, a basic process control system (BPCS) feature, or alternate safeguard categories (e.g., relief valves, alarms, etc.) to ensure an adequate level of reliability without compromising safety. When the HAZOP/LOPA Study is performed following the value engineering session, the HAZOP/LOPA Study provides a critical cross‐check to ensure safeguards are adequate and that changes made during the value engineering study do not introduce additional hazards. In contrast, when the HAZOP/LOPA Study is performed prior to the value engineering session, it provides a basis for decision making to remove SIFs or switch the function to the BPCS when the risk was determined to be low by the team (as defined by specific operating company criteria). © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2013
A simple and cost effective method for determination of the self‐accelerating decomposition temperature
Authors: Fauske Hans K.
Published: April 2013

This article describes a simple cost effective alternative to the United Nations tests for determining the Self Accelerating Decomposition Temperature (SADT) for transporting reactive chemicals. The proposed method uses simple calorimetry results together with well known heat loss models. Some detailed results and analysis are included that show (a) the proposed method gives essentially identical results as the United Nations H.1, H.2, and H.3 results, (b) the proposed method is not sensitive to the shape of the reactant, and (c) the proposed method can be easily used to determine results as a function of various conditions. This alternative method provides correct SADT of the substance as packaged for transport, and is, therefore, consistent with suggestions by the United Nations “Recommendation on the Transport of Dangerous Goods.” © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2013
Inherently safer design concepts applied to laboratories
Authors: Theis Amy E. , Askonas Charles F.
Published: April 2013

Several types of experiments are performed in laboratories at Fauske & Associates, LLC (FAI). Test equipment includes calorimeters to characterize reactive chemical systems and multiple instruments to characterize both combustible dust and gas/vapor explosions. It is a challenge to ensure that each project is completed safely, since a variety of chemicals are used and tested under extreme conditions. It is vital to ensure the safety of people, property, and the environment at all times. This requires first identifying the hazards (including rigorous review of material safety data sheets) and then implementing adequate engineering and administrative controls as necessary. This article will document best practices including management commitment, predicting and eliminating hazards during extreme test conditions, and implementing inherently safer design concepts to laboratory testing. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2013
The ALARP principle in process safety
Authors: Baybutt Paul
Published: April 2013

The principle that the risks for a facility should be reduced to As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP) increasingly is embraced around the world. This article describes how the principle can be used to establish both individual and group risk tolerance criteria that are needed for risk analysis studies using techniques such as Layers of Protection Analysis. The consideration of uncertainties in risk estimates in the ALARP context and the use of the precautionary principle are also described, and the use of cost–benefit analysis in applying the ALARP principle is discussed. Other related principles used in risk management are described. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 33: 36–40, 2014
Effect of new and old pesticides onOrius armatus(Gross)—an Australian predator of western flower thrips,Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)
Authors: Broughton Sonya , Harrison Jessica , Rahman Touhidur
Published: April 2013

BACKGROUND

Orius armatus(Gross) is an important predator of western flower thrips,Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Australian glasshouse grown sweet pepper. The failure ofO. armatusto establish in some glasshouses has been attributed to the use of newer, more non‐selective pesticides, some of which are regarded to be compatible with integrated pest management. The residual toxicity (via direct and indirect contact) of several older and newer chemistry pesticides were evaluated. In addition, the effect of several systemic insecticides through insecticide‐treated food‐chain uptake was tested.

RESULTS

Older chemistry pesticides (methamidophos, dimethoate) were toxic toOrius armatus, except pirimicarb which was non‐toxic. Newer chemistry pesticides differed in their suitability. Abamectin was toxic to adults and nymphs. Chlorantraniliprole, imidacloprid and spirotetramat were non‐toxic. Spinosad and spinetoram were moderately toxic toO. armatus. Spinosad also reduced fecundity by 20% compared to the untreated control. Pymetrozine was non‐toxic, but females exposed to treated beans produced 30% fewer eggs and 20% fewer nymphs hatched compared to the untreated control.

CONCLUSIONS

The selective pesticides do not necessarily facilitate the conservation of beneficials, and further assessment of the various developmental stages and other sub‐lethal effects of chlorantraniliprole, imidacloprid, pymetrozine, spinetoram, and spirotetramat is recommended. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
New m‐calpain substrate‐based azapeptide inhibitors
Authors: Bánóczi Zoltán , Tantos Ágnes , Farkas Attila , Majer Zsuzsa , Dókus Levente E. , Tompa Péter , Hudecz Ferenc
Published: April 2013

Calpains are intracellular cysteine proteases with several important physiological functions. Calpain inhibitors may be promising tools in the analysis of the function of the enzyme in diseases caused by overexpression/activation. Here, we report on the synthesis, solution conformation, and characterization of novel group of azapeptides whose sequences originate from an efficient m‐calpain substrate, TPLKSPPPSPR, described by us earlier and possess varying levels of calpain inhibition. The Lys residue at P1 position was replaced with azaglycine (NH2‐NH‐COOH) and further changes were made as follows: the N‐terminal or/and C‐terminal were truncated, amino acids were also changed at P3, P2, P′1, or P′2 positions. Our results indicate that the identity of amino acid moieties between P4 and P′5 positions is essential for the inhibitory activity. Only changes at position P3 (Pro) are tolerated. Azapeptide analogs, described in this communication could be considered as useful set of compounds for elucidation of the enzyme interaction at P and P′ sites. Copyright © 2013 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“Only Connect!” Social Capital, Resilience, and Recovery
Authors: Tierney Kathleen
Published: April 2013

Daniel Aldrich's Building Resilience combines theoretical insights on the role of social capital in community life and extensive empirical research on its impact on recovery following four disasters. In her review of this major contribution, Kathleen Tierney discusses the conceptualization and measurement of disaster recovery and resilience and the relevance of social capital in its multiple forms. She then highlights potential contributions of supra‐local entities to improving disaster outcomes that Aldrich seems reluctant to consider.
Response to My Critics
Authors: Aldrich Daniel P.
Published: April 2013

This article responds to the questions and criticisms raised by six reviewers about my book Building Resilience: Social Capital in Post‐Disaster Recovery. I focus on the distinctions between social capital types (bonding, bridging, and linking), the difficulties in pinning down widely accepted proxies for social capital, the double‐edged nature of social networks, race, class, and ethnicity, and public policies which can deepen reservoirs of social capital. Given the ubiquitous nature of disasters and society's need to move beyond technical and engineering‐based responses to crisis, this article continues an important dialogue on the role of human factors in disaster management and response.
Determination of Rb, Sr, Cs, Ba, and Pb in K‐feldspars in small sample amounts by total reflection X‐ray fluorescence
Authors: Cherkashina T. Yu. , Panteeva S. V. , Finkelshtein A. L. , Makagon V. M.
Published: April 2013

The results of the determination of Rb, Sr, Cs, Ba, and Pb in K‐feldspars by total reflection X‐ray fluorescence analysis using 0.05 g sample in mass are presented. Prepared suspensions of the rock Certified Reference Materials and the K‐feldspar samples were chosen as the sample preparation method. Studying the particle sizes of the K‐feldspar sample powders was carried out. The concentrations of the elements were evaluated using the internal standard method. As internal standard, either a Se solution was added to the sample or the concentration of Rb was preliminary determined or known, have been used. The accuracy of the element determinations was estimated by comparison between obtained and certified values of the elements determined in the Certified Reference Materials of the K‐feldspars, such as JF‐1 and JF‐2. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microanalytical study of the fresco ‘the good and the bad judge’ in the medieval village of Monsaraz (Southern Portugal)
Authors: Gil M. , Araujo C. , Carvalho M.L. , Longelin S. , Dias L. , Valadas S. , Souto C. , Frade J. , Ribeiro I. , Mirão J. , Candeias A.
Published: April 2013

This article describes a study carried out on the emblematic mural painting so‐called ‘fresco of the good and bad judge’ located at the medieval village of Monsaraz (southern Portugal).

This painting, with two distintic narratives, is thematically unique in Portugal and rare in the context of European Renaissance art. Scientific research was undertaken to clarify doubts about the chronology of the two painted scenes through a technical study and a material characterization of its constituents, namely, mortars, pigments, and binders.

Elemental and chemical analyses were performed by scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy detector, optic microscopy, μ‐Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy.

Comparative examination revealed that along with the stylistic similarities, there are no recognizable differences in the painting technique (garments and carnations) nor in the structure and composition of the pictorial support and chromatic layers. The mortars of both scenes are made of lime with different ratios of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) mixed with siliceous and granitic aggregates. An intonachino made with a more calcitic lime is visible in all carnations. The pigments identified in both scenes were mercury sulfide (HgS), red and yellow ochres (Fe2O3 and FeO(OH) as chromophores), carbon black (C) and azurite (2CuCO3.Cu(OH)2). The extensive areas of chromatic losses seem to indicate that a mixed pictorial technique was used by the artist (fresco and secco). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of soldering and welding processes in ancient gold jewelry by micro‐XRF spectroscopy
Authors: Scrivano S. , Gómez‐Tubío B. , Ortega‐Feliu I. , Ager F. J. , Moreno‐Suárez A. I. , Respaldiza M. A. , de la Bandera M. L. , Marmolejo A.
Published: April 2013

In science applied to cultural heritage, the study of the manufacturing procedures of ancient metal artifacts is of particular relevance. In fact, metal manufacturing is correlated with the development of civilization.

The aim of this work is to reconstruct, by means of experimental archeology, the ancient soldering and welding processes, in order to identify them in archeological samples using a portable micro X‐ray fluorescence (micro‐XRF) system. This portable and nondestructive technique provides a useful method for characterizing the manufacturing of ancient gold jewelry.

Various gold alloys were produced with different Ag and Cu content to simulate real cases. Besides, on the basis of archeometallurgy techniques, replicas of decorations were fabricated following the ancient recipes such as those described in Naturalis Historia and Leiden Papyrus X. The content of Au, Ag, and Cu within the soldering or welding areas was quantified with the micro‐XRF technique.

The methodology described in this work was applied to the particular case of alloys with high gold concentrations, such as Tartessic jewelry (700–500 BC), to identify the different welding and soldering techniques. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THREE NOTES ON THE EUCLIDES LATINUS PRESERVED IN THE VERONA MANUSCRIPT, BIBLIOTECA CAPITOLARE XL (38)
Authors: Bohlin Erik
Published: April 2013

Six palimpsest folios – or, to be accurate, three bifolios – of the Verona manuscript, Biblioteca Capitolare XL (38), contain fragments of a Latin translation of Euclid's Elements: fols. 331v–r and 326v–r, 341r–v and 338r–v, 336r–v and 343r–v. The folios are dated to around a.d. 500, and the text is written in capital script in two columns. Unfortunately the folios have suffered severe damage from various chemical substances, which were used by nineteenth-century scholars in attempts to retrieve the underlying text. Nevertheless, an edition of the fragments finally appeared in 1964 by M. Geymonat.
DRAMATIC ASPECTS OF PLATO'S PROTAGORAS
Authors: Burnyeat M.F.
Published: April 2013

In the course of its 53 Stephanus pages Plato's Protagoras uses the verb διαλέγεσθαι 32 times: a frequency considerably greater than that of any other dialogue. The next largest total is 21 occurrences in the Theaetetus (68 Stephanus pages). In the vast bulk of the Republic διαλέγεσθαι occurs just 20 times over 294 Stephanus pages. The ratios are striking. In the Protagoras the verb turns up on average once every 1.65 Stephanus pages; in the Theaetetus once every 3.25 pages; in the Republic only once every 14.7. The statistics reflect a fact evident to any reader of the Protagoras and Theaetetus, that the first of these dialogues is Plato's most sustained treatment of the comparative merits of the many different forms of διαλέγεσθαι, the second his most ambitious exhibition of the type of dialectic (as he has taught us to call it) with which Socrates there wins his contest against Protagoras. It is the former dialogue that interests me here.
NOMOTHESIAIN CLASSICAL ATHENS: WHAT SOURCES SHOULD WE BELIEVE?
Authors: Canevaro Mirko
Published: April 2013

In the fifth centuryb.c.e.the Athenians did not make any distinction between laws (nomoi) and decrees (psêphismata). The Assembly passed both kinds of measures in the same way, and both general enactments and short-term provisions held the same legal status. At the end of the fifth century, however, the Athenians decided to make a distinction between the two kinds of measures and created the rule that no decree would be superior to a law (Andoc. 1.86; Dem. 23.86, 218; 24.18, 59, 116, 188; 46.2). The Assembly continued to pass decrees in the same way, but a new body ofnomothetaiwas created to ratify laws (nomoi). There were also two separate procedures for rescinding the two kinds of measures: one could bring agraphê paranomôn(a public action against an illegal decree) against apsêphismaand agraphê ‘nomon mê epitêdeion theinai’(a public action against an inexpedient law) against anomos. This much is clear; scholars do not agree however about the procedure for passing a new law (nomothesia) in fourth-century Athens.
NOTES ON THE TEXT OF CICERO'S PHILIPPICS
Authors: Oakley S.P.
Published: April 2013

In these notes it will be argued that our text of Cicero's Philippics may be improved in nearly a score passages by printing manuscript readings that editors have repeatedly spurned. If my detailed arguments are accepted, this article will have also a wider import, serving as a reminder that when a manuscript tradition is bifid both branches should be taken seriously, even if one branch is in general more corrupt than the other, and showing how modern technology may be harnassed as a powerful aid in the study of Cicero's idiom.
MACROBIUS, SATURNALIA 5.11.1–3 AND A VIRGILIAN READING
Authors: Monda Salvatore
Published: April 2013

Macrobius devotes almost the whole morning of the third day in his Saturnalia to Virgil. Eustathius, in response to a question from Euangelus, examines what Virgil drew from the Greeks and from Homer in particular. In chapter 11 of Book 5, the expositor quotes and comments on some loci similes, judging in favour of the Roman poet. At the start of the chapter, he compares the bee simile in Aeneid 1.430–6 with a passage from Homer, Iliad 2.87–93:

Et haec quidem iudicio legentium relinquenda sunt, ut ipsi aestiment quid debeant de utriusque collatione sentire. Si tamen me consulas, non negabo nonnumquam Vergilium in transferendo densius excoluisse, ut in hoc loco:

Qualis apes aestate noua per florea ruraexercet sub sole labor, cum gentis adultoseducunt fetos, aut cum liquentia mellastipant et dulces distendunt nectare cellas,aut onera accipiunt uenientum aut agmine factoignauum, fucos, pecus a praesepibus arcent.feruet opus, redolentque thymo fraglantia mella.
A SYNTACTICAL HELLENISM AT HORACE, SATIRES 1.3.120–1, AND A POSSIBLE IMITATION IN LIVY
Authors: Victor Benjamin
Published: April 2013

Horace, Satires 1.3.117–23, as transmitted:
adsitregula, peccatis quae poenas inroget aequas,ne scutica dignum horribili sectere flagello.nam ut ferula caedas meritum maiora subire     120uerbera non uereor, cum dicas esse paris resfurta latrociniis et magnis parua minerisfalce recisurum simili te, si tibi regnumpermittant homines.

Let there be a rule to impose fair penalties for transgressions, lest you pursue with terrible scourge one deserving but the stick. You see, I don't fear that you will strike with a schoolmaster's rod one who has earned more serious lashing when you say mere thefts are of a pair with brigandage and threaten to trim little things and great with like sickle, would the world but grant you power.

Horace is attacking the Stoics for their doctrine that all sins are equal. The overall run of sense must be that given above. If kept, the ut of line 120 must then have the value of ne: were it allowed its normal meaning in expressions of fear (‘lest not’) the opposite of what is required would be said. The oddity of the construction was long excused as a sort of anacoluthon, provoked by the postponement of uereor. Such defences of the received text were rightly criticised by Palmer and Housman: ‘incredible’, they both concluded, and indeed it is incredible that Horace could have in such a short space forgotten what he had written, and forgotten it in such a way as to say the opposite of what he meant.
PLEASURE AND TRUTH INREPUBLIC9
Authors: Wolfsdorf David
Published: April 2013

AtRepublic9, 583b1–587a2, Socrates argues that the pleasure of the philosophical life is the truest pleasure. I will call this the ‘true pleasure argument’. The true pleasure argument is divisible into two parts: 583b1–585a7 and 585a8–587a2. Each part contains a sub-argument, which I will call ‘the misperception argument’ and ‘the true filling argument’ respectively. In the misperception argument Socrates argues that it is characteristic of irrational men to misperceive as pleasant what in fact is a condition of neither having pleasure nor being pained. In the true filling argument Socrates argues that in so far as pleasure entails somatic or psychic filling and there are more and less true fillings, there are more and less true pleasures. Philosophical filling is the truest filling and thus the truest pleasure. The misperception argument critically contributes to the true pleasure argument by clarifying what pleasure is not: merely an appearance (φαινόμενον) or merely the absence of pain. The misperception argument thereby clears the ground for the constructive contribution of the true filling argument.
Micro-ribonucleic acids in head and neck cancer: an introduction
Authors: Gunawardena I , Fitzgerald J , Morley A , Hussey D J , Woods C M , Carney A S
Published: April 2013

Background and methods:

Head and neck cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide. Advances in management have not greatly altered overall survival. Over the last decade, there have been significant scientific advances in our knowledge of cell cycle regulation and the complex oncogenic processes. MicroRNAs are small, non-coding RNAs which are integral to the regulation of gene expression and which play a part in carcinogenesis. The literature on the role of microRNA in head and neck cancer is reviewed.

Objective:

To introduce the role and significance of microRNAs in head and neck cancer.

Results:

The possibilities of incorporating microRNAs into clinical practice are discussed, including their potential role in diagnosis, prognosis, prediction of metastatic spread, therapy and tumour surveillance.

Conclusion:

Discoveries in expression profiling of microRNA in head and neck oncology promise advancements in the diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of these cancers.
The utility of yeast as a tool for cell-based, target-directed high-throughput screening
Authors: NORCLIFFE J. L. , ALVAREZ-RUIZ E. , MARTIN-PLAZA J. J. , STEEL P. G. , DENNY P. W.
Published: April 2013

Many Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) have recently been subject of increased focus, particularly with relation to high-throughput screening (HTS) initiatives. These vital endeavours largely rely of two approaches, in vitro target-directed screening using biochemical assays or cell-based screening which takes no account of the target or targets being hit. Despite their successes both of these approaches have limitations; for example, the production of soluble protein and a lack of cellular context or the problems and expense of parasite cell culture. In addition, both can be challenging to miniaturize for ultra (u)HTS and expensive to utilize. Yeast-based systems offer a cost-effective approach to study and screen protein targets in a direct-directed manner within a eukaryotic cellular context. In this review, we examine the utility and limitations of yeast cell-based, target-directed screening. In particular we focus on the currently under-explored possibility of using such formats in uHTS screening campaigns for NTDs.
Individual- and area-level influence on suicide risk: a multilevel longitudinal study of Swedish schoolchildren
Authors: Zammit S. , Gunnell D. , Lewis G. , Leckie G. , Dalman C. , Allebeck P.
Published: April 2013

Background

Characteristics related to the areas where people live have been associated with suicide risk, although these might reflect aggregation into these communities of individuals with mental health or social problems. No studies have examined whether area characteristics during childhood are associated with subsequent suicide, or whether risk associated with individual characteristics varies according to childhood neighbourhood context.

Method

We conducted a longitudinal study of 204 323 individuals born in Sweden in 1972 and 1977 with childhood data linked to suicide (n = 314; 0.15%) up to age 26–31 years. Multilevel modelling was used to examine: (i) whether school-, municipality- or county-level characteristics during childhood are associated with later suicide, independently of individual effects, and (ii) whether associations between individual characteristics and suicide vary according to school context (reflecting both peer group and neighbourhood effects).

Results

Associations between suicide and most contextual measures, except for school-level gender composition, were explained by individual characteristics. There was some evidence of cross-level effects of individual- and school-level markers of ethnicity and deprivation on suicide risk, with qualitative interaction patterns. For example, having foreign-born parents increased the risk for individuals raised in areas where they were in a relative minority, but protected against suicide in areas where larger proportions of the population had foreign-born parents.

Conclusions

Characteristics that define individuals as being different from most people in their local environment as they grow up may increase suicide risk. If robustly replicated, these findings have potentially important implications for understanding the aetiology of suicide and informing social policy.
Ressourcentagebuch: Verbesserung der Emotionsregulation und der Ressourcenrealisierung durch therapeutisches Schreiben im Anschluss an eine Psychotherapie
Authors: Risch Anne Katrin , Wilz Gabriele
Published: April 2013

Theoretischer Hintergrund: Defizite in Emotionsregulation und Ressourcenrealisierung können auch nach Behandlung und Remission der psychischen Störung bestehen bleiben und langfristig Rückfälle verursachen. Fragestellung: Können mittels einer vierwöchigen Schreibintervention in Form eines Ressourcentagebuchs Stimmung, Emotionsregulation und Ressourcenrealisierung bei Patienten nach stationärer Psychotherapie verbessert werden? Methode: 41 Patienten wurden randomisiert entweder der Interventionsgruppe (N = 21) oder der unbehandelten Kontrollgruppe (N = 20) zugeteilt. Die Ergebnisvariablen wurden im Abstand von fünf Wochen erhoben. Ergebnisse: Die Interventionsgruppe zeigte gegenüber der Kontrollgruppe einen signifikanten Anstieg der positiven Stimmung, sowie der Emotionsregulationsstrategie Neubewertung. Unterschiede in der Ressourcenrealisierung zeigten sich nicht zwischen den Gruppen. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse dieser Pilotstudie geben erste Hinweise auf eine Verbesserung der Stimmung und der Emotionsregulation durch das Schreiben eines Ressourcentagebuchs.
Das Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory–Revised (VOCI-R)
Authors: Gönner Sascha , Schmid Johanna , Gönner Stefanie , Leonhart Rainer , Ecker Willi
Published: April 2013

Theoretischer Hintergrund: Das VOCI-R ist ein Selbstbeurteilungsinstrument zur mehrdimensionalen Messung der Schwere von Zwangssymptomen. Es deckt die wichtigsten Symptomdimensionen der Zwangsstörung ab und besitzt sehr gute psychometrische Eigenschaften. Fragestellung: Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die Kriteriumsvalidität und die diagnostische Genauigkeit der Gesamtskala und der einzelnen Subskalen des VOCI-R. Methode: Es wurden 162 Zwangspatienten anhand ihrer Selbstratings auf der Y-BOCS Symptomcheckliste unterschiedlichen Hauptsymptombereichen zugewiesen und anhand der VOCI-R Werte sowohl untereinander als auch mit 302 klinischen und 320 gesunden Kontrollpersonen verglichen. Ergebnisse: Anhand der Gesamtskala und der einzelnen Subskalen können Zwangspatienten mit unterschiedlichen Hauptsymptomen sehr zuverlässig voneinander und von klinischen und nicht-klinischen Kontrollpersonen unterschieden werden. Schlussfolgerungen: Der Einsatz des VOCI-R kann im Rahmen von Diagnostik und subtypspezifischer Therapieplanung empfohlen werden, um Zwangspatienten zuverlässig zu identifizieren und ihre behandlungsrelevanten Hauptsymptombereiche festzustellen.