bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UNTERSUCHUNGEN ÜBER DEN STOFFWECHSEL VON 17α-HYDROXY-19-NOR-PROGESTERON-CAPRONAT BEIM MENSCHEN IN VIVO UND VON 17α-HYDROXY-19-NOR-PROGESTERON BEI DER RATTE IN VITRO
Authors: Breuer H. , Lisboa B. P.
Published: December 2008

The effect of a single intramuscular injection of 300 mg of 17α-hydroxy-19-nor-progesterone caproate on the urinary excretion of oestrogens, 17-ketosteroids, 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and the »pregnanetriol«-fraction has been studied in two pregnant patients and in two postmenopausal patients. In one postmenopausal patient, small and irregular increases in the excretion of oestrogens, 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and »pregnanetriol«-fraction were observed; in one pregnant patient, there was also an increase in the excretion of oestrone and 17β-oestradiol. Apart from these instances, the excretion of the steroid fractions investigated remained unchanged after administration of 17α-hydroxy-19-nor-progesterone caproate. In addition to a 19-nor-pregnanetriol isomer, a 19-nor-pregnanediol-20-one was found as main metabolite in the »pregnanetriol«-fraction.

In comparative studies, the metabolism of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and 17α-hydroxy-19-nor-progesterone was investigated, using the cytoplasmic and microsomal fractions of rat liver as enzyme preparations. With NADPH2 as cofactor the two steroids yielded predominantly ring A saturated compounds, whereas with NADH2 only 20α- and 20β-hydroxysteroids were formed. After incubation of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone with the microsomal and/or cytoplasmic fractions, the following metabolites were identified: 17α-hydroxy-5α-pregnane-3,20-dione; 17α,20β-dihydroxy-pregn-4-en-3-one; 17α,20α-dihydroxy-pregn-4-en-3-one; 3β,17α-dihydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one; 3β,17α-dihydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one; 3α, 17α-dihydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one. After incubation of 17α-hydroxy-19-nor-progesterone the following metabolites were characterized: 17α-hydroxy-19-nor-5α-pregnane-3,20-dione; 17α,20β-dihydroxy-19-nor-pregn4-en-3-one; 17α,20α-dihydroxy-19-nor-pregn-4-en-3-one; 3β,17α-dihydroxy-19-nor-5α-pregnan-20-one; 3α,17α-dihydroxy-19-nor-5β-pregnan-20-one. These results shows that no qualitative differences exist in the metabolism of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and 17α-hydroxy-19-nor-progesterone.
STEROID HORMONE FORMATION BY THE RAT OVARY.
Authors: Rice Bernard F. , Segaloff Albert
Published: December 2008

Ovaries were transplanted to the spleens of castrate male rats. After 120 days, slices of ovarian tissue, composed predominantly of corpora lutea, were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate medium containing 50 μc acetate-1-14C. Radioactive steroid formation was assessed quantitatively by reverse isotope dilution. The formation of radioactive progesterone and 20α-hydroxy-pregn-4-en-3-one was established. The formation of radioactive 3β-hydroxy-pregn-5-en-20-one, androst-4-ene-3,17-dione, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, oestrone and 17β-oestradiol could not be established. It appears that the corpus luteum of the rat, induced by endogenous gonadotrophins, forms only progestins from acetate-1-14C. Contrary to results previously obtained with ovarian tissue transplanted to female rats, radioactive steroid formation in vitro appeared to be augmented by luteinizing hormone (NIH-LH-S1) added to the incubation flasks. Administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin (200 IU/day) for 5 days prior to autopsy did not enhance acetate-1-14C incorporation in vitro.
HORMONE ASSAY STUDIES IN PATIENTS WITH ANOREXIA NERVOSA
Authors: Bell E. T. , Harkness R. A. , Loraine J. A. , Russell G. F. M.
Published: December 2008

Serial studies of endocrine function have been performed in four female patients and one male patient with anorexia nervosa during treatment by refeeding. None of the females menstruated or ovulated at any stage of the investigation. Hormone assay changes were most marked in severely ill patients.

Refeeding produced an increase in human pituitary gonadotrophin (HPG) output in two patients in whom pretreatment levels were below or at the lower end of the normal range.

In these two subjects a rise in HPG levels during refeeding was associated with an increase in the output of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and 17-oxosteroids. In the remaining three patients the effect of this treatment on the excretion of these hormones was less marked. Excretion values for dehydroepiandrosterone increased during refeeding in three subjects.

In the females the relative proportions of oestriol, oestrone and oestradiol in urine were altered by refeeding, proportionally more oestriol being excreted.
EINE EINFACHE SPEZIFISCHE ROUTINEMETHODE ZUR FLUOROMETRISCHEN BESTIMMUNG VON UNKONJUGIERTEN 11-HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROIDEN IN KÖRPERFLÜSSIGKEITEN
Authors: Stahl F. , Dörner G.
Published: December 2008

A highly improved specificity is obtained by the introduction of a simple correction in the fluorometric determination of unconjugated 11-hydroxy-corticosteroids (11-OHCS) in body fluids. The correction is based on the different development of fluorescence with time of specific and non-specific fluorogens in alcoholic sulphuric acid. The specificity of the routine method is examined by comparison with a paperchromatographic technique. Due to our findings the corrected fluorogens of this simple routine method consist nearly of cortisol and corticosterone only. The additional reliability criteria (accuracy, precision and sensitivity) and the practicability of the method are described.
CORTISOL SECRETION RATE AND URINARY CORTICOID EXCRETION IN NORMAL AND OBESE SUBJECTS
Authors: Copinschi G. , Cornil A. , Leclercq R. , Franckson J. R. M.
Published: December 2008

The adrenocortical function has been studied in 18 obese patients and in 20 normal subjects. The cortisol secretion rate and the urinary excretion of 17-ketogenic steroids are significantly higher in the obese than in the normal subjects. Yet a great deal of overlapping exists among the groups. Highly significant correlations are found between cortisol secretion or 17-ketogenic excretion on the one hand, and body weight, body surface area or degree of obesity on the other, among pooled normal and obese individuals. When the values are related to body surface area or to actual body weight, the figures for normal and obese people are not significantly different. These data suggest that the increased cortisol secretion in moderately obese people is a function of the increase in their tissues mass.
RESERPINE AND CORTICOTROPHIN SECRETION
Authors: Giuliani Giuliano , Motta Marcella , Martini Luciano
Published: December 2008

It has been shown that reserpine counteracts the depressive effect of dexamethasone on adrenal weight and function. These data have been interpreted as indicating that the main effect of reserpine on the hypophysial-adrenal axis is that of enhancing rather than depressing corticotrophin secretion. This might be achieved through the suppression of a midbrain inhibitory action. The blocking of stress reactions induced by reserpine is thought to be a result of the feedback effects of the enhanced blood levels of adrenal steroids, induced by the drug.
METOPIRONE TEST IN OVERWEIGHT SUBJECTS
Authors: Laurian L. , Herzberg M. , Balas L.
Published: December 2008

The metopirone test was performed in 54 subjects: 49 overweight subjects and 5 controls. While normal in some of these, the test showed a poor reaction in a group of 14 overweight children, 12 of them being boys with a gynoid type of obesity.

It is suggested that the poor reaction to metopirone possibly represents only one aspect of reduced pituitary functional state – including gonadotrophins – and, if confirmed, these findings may support the concept of a functional Babinski-Fröhlich syndrome.
THE USE OF NON-CASTRATE PARABIOTIC RATS FOR THE EVALUATION OF PLASMA GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: Johnson Donald C.
Published: December 2008

The gonads and accessory sex organs of hypophysectomized male or female rats were used to evaluate the gonadotrophin content of the plasma from a non-castrate parabiotic partner. Ovarian follicular development and the human chorionic gonadotrophin augmentation reaction indicated the presence of FSH in the plasma of immature males. LH was apparent by androgen production from testes in hypophysectomized male partners. The amount of LH was reduced by 2 mg progesterone or 20 μg testosterone propionate (TP) and increased by administration of hypothalamic extract daily to the intact male. Bilateral cryptorchidism also quickly elevated the plasma LH level. FSH output, as measured by follicular development in females, was not significantly affected by 50 μg TP or 2 μg oestradiol daily for 10 days.

Females had little gonadotrophin in their plasma since hypophysectomized female partners showed only slight ovarian and no uterine stimulation. The increased gonadotrophins associated with unilateral compensatory hypertrophy, however, was quickly manifested in follicular hypertrophy and abundant oestrogen production in the hypophysectomized partner.
THYROID FUNCTION IN BREAST CANCER
Authors: Myhill J. , Reeve T. S. , Hales I. B.
Published: December 2008

Thyroidal radio-131I clearance rate measured at one hour after intravenous injection of a tracer dose was significantly higher in 29 breast cancer patients with local disease only than in 37 with blood borne metastases or in 117 normal subjects.

Chemical protein bound iodine was significantly higher in 13 patients with blood borne metastases than in 311 normal subjects.

Ten patients with a history of proven breast cancer, but no present clinical or radiographic evidence of disease, evidenced a clearance rate consistent with that of patients with blood borne metastases. The PBI, however, was normal.

Measurements were made of 24 hour uptake, extra-thyroidal retained radioiodide at 24 hours, thyroidal radioiodine accumulation curves, renal radioiodine clearance rates and serum thyroid stimulating hormone level, with no significant findings.
ABSENCE OF GROWTH IN HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS TREATED WITH THYROID HORMONES
Authors: Goodall C. M. , Gavin J. B.
Published: December 2008

Male rats were hypophysectomized at four weeks of age, rested for four weeks, and then were fed a thyroid digest in their drinking water continuously for up to seventy weeks. The digest treatment supplied the equivalent of 1.25μg L-thyroxine per 100 g rat per day approximately. From the body weight curves and radiographic measurements of the skull and mandibles, it was shown that contrary to some previous reports in the literature there was no statistically significant change in the indices of growth or body mass when compared with controls receiving no thyroid treatment. It is suggested that data previously reported by others, indicating a stimulation of growth in hypophysectomized rats by thyroid hormones, may have been derived from animals having minute but still effective pituitary remnants, and somewhat more stringent morphological criteria of hypophysectomy are proposed.
CHILDHOOD HYPERTHYROIDISM
Authors: Mäenpää J. , Hiekkala H. , Lamberg B.-A.
Published: December 2008

Thirty-nine patients with childhood hyperthyroidism were treated during the period 1950-1964, most of them after 1955. The youngest patient was 3 years old. Thyroid nodules occurred in 55 per cent of the cases.

In 25 patients long-term anti-thyroid treatment was instituted. This therapy was considered as successful in 7 instances (29 per cent). Four patients (17 per cent) are still under treatment, while in 13 (54 per cent) operation was later regarded as advisable owing to unsuccessful anti-thyroid treatment. The failure of thyrostatic therapy may have had some connection with the presence or appearance of thyroid nodules.

In eight instances operation was carried out, primarily owing to compressive and/or nodular goitre.

The results of operation (21 cases in all) are that 10 patients are euthyroid (48%) and 4 hypothyroid (19%) whilst 7 had a relapse or persistence of the disease (33%) of whom 5 are still under treatment and two have subsequently been rendered euthyroid by reoperation in one case and radioactive iodine (at the age of 19) in another case.

There also seems to be a small group of patients (6 cases in this series) in whom, in spite of evident »biochemical disease« although with slight clinical signs and symptoms, the condition seems to resolve spontaneously and nothing but close observation appears to be needed.

A primarily conservative attitude seems advisable. The presence of nodules in the thyroid initially, however, seems to indicate that a surgical approach will be required later on.
THE THYROID SCAN IN PATIENTS WITH HASHIMOTO'S DISEASE
Authors: Boyle J. A. , Thomson J. A. , Greig W. R. , Jackson I. M. D. , Boyle I. T.
Published: December 2008

The incidence of asymmetrical thyroid scans as measured by hand scanning over the thyroid with a Geiger Muller tube has been investigated in 32 patients with Hashimoto's disease in whom the thyroid gland was hard or nodular or in whom cancer was suspected clinically. In 19 of 32 patients the thyroid scanned asymmetrically. No patient in the series was shown to have thyroid cancer. It is suggested that an asymmetrical scan is of no value in the differentiation of Hashimoto's disease from thyroid neoplasm.
IMMUNOASSAY OF INSULIN IN HUMAN URINE
Authors: Jorgensen Kai R.
Published: December 2008

The use of a sensitive immunological system has made it possible to demonstrate insulin in the urine of non diabetic and diabetic subjects with a high degree of reliability and without any preceding concentration of the urine.

The 24-hour excretion in non diabetics as well as in diabetics was found to be of the same magnitude as that found previously with a biological method based on the blood-sugar lowering effect of an extract of concentrated urines injected intravenously into rabbits.

The simplicity of the immunological method affords a basis for routine insulin determination in the urine of various categories of patients.
THE BIPHASIC EFFECT OF PROGESTERONE ON OVULATION IN THE RAT
Authors: Zeilmaker G. H.
Published: December 2008

Injection of 1 or 10 mg progesterone at the 6th–11th hour on the morning of pro-oestrus in 4- and 5-day cyclic rats results in neurohumoral induction of ovulation, which cannot be blocked by pentobarbitone administered at 13.45 h on the same day. Data on hypophysectomy suggest that premature release of ovulation-inducing gonadotrophins occurs after such progesterone injections. After timely pentobarbitone administration, however, induction of premature ovulation is inhibited.

Injection of progesterone about 8 hours earlier (on the day before prooestrus at the 22nd hour) inhibits the induction of ovulation which would normally occur during the afternoon at pro-oestrus.

Administration of progesterone at the 14th hour on day 3 of the 5-day cycle, advances ovulation by 24 hours, whereas earlier injection of the hormone at the 6th hour inhibits ovulation in most cases.

These data suggest a biphasic effect of progesterone on induction of ovulation in the rat, with time characteristics similar to those observed earlier in the rabbit.
THE EFFECT OF TRIIODOTHYRONINE AND THYROXINE ON THYROTROPHIN LEVELS IN THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND AND BLOOD SERUM OF THYROIDECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: van Rees G. P.
Published: December 2008

Levels of thyrotrophin were determined in the anterior pituitary glands and blood sera of thyroidectomized rats after treatment with triiodothyronine or thyroxine for two weeks. The effects of increasing doses of both hormones on pituitary TSH levels appeared to be of a biphasic nature: whereas lower doses caused an increase, higher doses did so to a smaller extent or even caused a decrease, while at the same time progressively depressing the serum TSH levels. The highest pituitary levels found in thyroid hormone treated thyroidectomized rats were similar to those found in untreated intact rats, and equal doses of thyroid hormone were necessary to normalize the increased serum levels as well as the decreased pituitary contents in thyroidectomized animals. These findings are interpreted as indicating that in thyroidectomized rats the rate of release of TSH is depressed by lower doses of triiodothyronine and thyroxine than the rate of synthesis. Triiodothyronine was about three times more active than thyroxine.
EFFECTS OF NORETHANDROLONE ON CORTISONE-INDUCED PITUITARY-ADRENAL SUPPRESSION IN THE RAT
Authors: Kitay Julian I. , Coyne M. D.
Published: December 2008

Norethandrolone administered to castrated male rats stimulated adrenal corticosterone production evaluated in vitro and increased pituitary content of corticotrophin (ACTH). Hepatic metabolism of corticosterone in vitro was unchanged. Concomitant treatment with norethandrolone and cortisone resulted in significantly greater adrenal corticosterone production in vitro compared to that obtained after cortisone treatment alone. Combined therapy also enhanced the plasma corticosterone response to a test dose of ACTH. No improvement was noted in the response to stress, offering no substantiation to the hypothesis that norethandrolone is of value in overcoming cortisone-induced depression of pituitary ACTH release.
AUFHEBUNG DER TESTOSTERONPROPIONAT-INDUZIERTEN UNTERDRÜCKUNG DES VAGINAL-ZYKLUS UND DER OVULATION DURCH EIN ANTIANDROGEN WIRKSAMES STEROID AN RATTEN
Authors: Neumann F. , Elger W. , von Berswordt-Wallrabe R.
Published: December 2008

It was examined in how far the inhibition of the vaginal cycle and of the ovulation caused by testosterone propionate, 6α-methyl-17β-hydroxyprogesterone-acetate (MAP), 17α-ethynyl-19-nor-testosterone-acetate (ANTA), oestradiol and progesterone was influenced by simultaneous administration of an anti-androgenically effective steroid (1,2α-methylene-6-chloro-pregna-4,6-diene-17α-ol-3,20-dione = Cyproterone).

The anti-ovulatory activity of testosterone propionate and MAP is considerably diminished under the influence of Cyproterone. The activity of ANTA is only influenced to a very slight extent, while that of oestradiol and progesterone is not influenced at all.

The action of Cyproterone is explained with a blocking of the androgenreceptors of the hypothalamus. Interpretation of the results eventually give new indications that androgens are not directly involved in intraovarian mechanisms preparing ovulation. Possible application for clinical use in particular cases of sterility in women are discussed.
PURIFICATION AND SEPARATION OF FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) AND LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH) FROM HUMAN POSTMENOPAUSAL GONADOTROPHIN (HMG)
Authors: Donini P. , Puzzuoli D. , D'Alessio I. , Lunenfeld B. , Eshkol Aliza , Parlow A. F.
Published: December 2008

Results of this study indicate that some methods for purification and separation of urinary FSH and LH are available and that different grades of separation of the two hormones can be achieved depending on the purity of the starting material used. The most potent FSH fraction with the highest FSH/LH ratio was obtained with chromatography on DEAE-C column, followed twice by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. Nevertheless all the FSH fractions reported are more or less contaminated by luteinizing hormone.
CLEARANCE- UND STOP-FLOW-UNTERSUCHUNGEN AN INTAKTEN UND DIABETES-INSIPIDUS-RATTEN IN WASSER- UND OSMOTISCHER DIURESE OHNE UND MIT ZUFUHR EXOGENEN VASOPRESSINS
Authors: Vogel Günther , Stoeckert Ingrid , Winkler Ruth
Published: December 2008

To clarify the significance of vasopressin on various parameters of renal function, clearance and »stop-flow« tests on intact rats and those with induced diabetes insipidus were carried out during water and osmotic (mannitol) diuresis.

With regard to renal clearance, urinary concentration and renal output, water diuresis in the intact and diabetic insipidus rats was the same: low urine osmolarity, low electrolyte concentration, positive free water clearance and low rate of electrolyte excretion. The concentration patterns taken 3 minutes after ureteral occlusion showed for Na+ and Cl−: low free flow values and proximal maximum; osmolarity: low free flow values with a distal maximum below the plasma concentration; creatinine: distal maximum; urea: high free flow values with distal maximum.

In the osmotic diuresis of intact animals, the electrolyte concentration was substantially higher; correspondingly, excretory output was much increased as compared to water diuresis, with negative free water clearance. The »stop-flow« patterns for Na+ and Cl− – starting with 70–100 mmol/l – showed a distal minimum, for osmolarity a distal maximum; and the same for creatinine and urea.

The measured parameters obtained from diabetic insipidus animals in osmotic diuresis showed a marked approximation – up to equivalence – to that of intact and diabetic insipidus animals in water diuresis.

When diabetes insipidus animals in osmotic diuresis were administered arginine-vasopressin as a continuous infusion, the results completely matched those of the measured parameters in the osmotic diuresis of intact animals.

The importance of vasopressin on renal transports can thus be demonstrated not only by clearance and excretory tests, but also by the concentration patterns after ureteral occlusion.
THE LEVATOR ANI MUSCLE OF THE RAT AS AN INTACT PREPARATION SUITABLE FOR IN VITRO INVESTIGATIONS
Authors: Arvill A. , Ahrén K.
Published: December 2008

A method is described of dissecting out and incubating the levator ani muscle of immature male rats, keeping its normal connections to the rest of the perineal complex.

In order to find out whether this isolated preparation remained intact with undamaged cell membranes, comparisons were made between this preparation of the levator ani muscle and a cut preparation of the same muscle, and also between the levator ani muscle and the intact and cut preparations of the diaphragm.

The following determinations were made:

Distribution of sucrose-14C in vivo and in vitro

Distribution of inulin-14C in vitro

Distribution of D-xylose-14C in vitro

Total tissue water content

Potassium concentration in the medium after different incubation periods.

It is concluded that it is possible to dissect out the levator ani muscle with undamaged cells and that this preparation can be both suitable and useful for in vitro investigations.
BIOLOGICAL HALF-LIFE OF A SYNTHETIC CORTICOTROPHIN IN MEN
Authors: Moncloa Federico , Velazco Irma , Beteta Luis
Published: December 2008

The biological half-life of a synthetic corticotrophin preparation has been calculated and found to range between 19.4 and 38.7 minutes, the mode being 32.3 minutes.
EFFECT OF THE THYROID GLAND ON PSEUDOCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY IN THE LIVER AND SERUM OF THE RAT
Authors: Leeuwin R. S.
Published: December 2008

The effect of the thyroid gland on the pseudocholinesterase activity has been investigated. Whereas in female rats the pseudocholinesterase activity is not affected by thyroidectomy, the activity in the liver and serum of male rats is significantly increased after thyroidectomy. In castrated and thyroidectomized male rats, the pseudocholinesterase activity markedly exceeds that of either the castration or the thyroidectomy level; the effects are additive and independent In female rats, thyroidectomy causes an increase of pseudocholinesterase activity in spayed animals. Administration of thyroxine is followed by a decrease in the pseudocholinesterase activity of castrated-thyroidectomized males.

It is concluded that the thyroid gland as well as the gonads control the pseudocholinesterase activity: in male rats the relatively low pseudocholinesterase activity is maintained by the combined actions of the gonads and the thyroid gland, whereas in female rats, the thyroid gland does not affect the relatively high enzyme activity induced by the ovarian oestrogens.
THYROXINE UTILIZATION IN NON-PREGNANT, STEROID-INDUCED PSEUDOPREGNANT, AND PREGNANT MONKEYS
Authors: Stolte L. , Kock H. , van Kessel H. , Kock L.
Published: December 2008

The utilization of thyroxine was studied in pregnant, non-pregnant and steroid-induced pseudopregnant rhesus monkeys. The PBI concentration in the blood serum was found to be higher during pregnancy and pseudopregnancy than in the non-pregnant state. The turn-over rate of radiothyroxine, following its intravenous injection, was found to be higher during and outside of pregnancy than during pseudopregnancy. The extra-thyroidal thyroxine pool was calculated to be more expanded during pregnancy and (probably) pseudopregnancy than in the non-pregnant state. The utilization of thyroxine per unit time proved to be smaller in the non-pregnant monkey than in the pregnant and (probably) greater than in the pseudopregnant animal. It is concluded that thyroxine utilization during pregnancy is higher than during pseudopregnancy. The increased activity of the thyroid of the pregnant monkey, as judged from the increase in thyroxine utilization, is not only caused by the high level of placental steroids that characterize this state.
THE DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF THE EEG IN THYROTOXICOSIS
Authors: Jackson Ivor M. D. , Renfrew Stewart
Published: December 2008

EEGs were performed on 60 thyrotoxic and 30 euthyroid patients and the EEG records were classified as fast, normal or doubtful.

Fast EEGs were found in 67% of thyrotoxic patients and in 7% of euthyroid patients but no correlation could be found between a fast EEG and any particular aspect of the thyrotoxic state.

EEGs were repeated in 23 thyrotoxic patients when they had become euthyroid. In 15 cases the EEG had become normal but no correlation could be found betwen this and any aspect of the thyrotoxic state.

It is suggested that a fast EEG may have some diagnostic value, especially in the hands of an expert in thyroid disease.
THE EFFECTS OF ADRENALECTOMY AND HYPOPHYSECTOMY ON BILE FLOW IN THE RAT
Authors: Bauman John W. , Chang B. S. , Hall F. R.
Published: December 2008

Using a method which permits bile collection relatively free from stress or trauma, we have studied bile flow in normal and hypophysectomized rats. Hypophysectomy was found to result in a sharply reduced bile flow which was not increased by small doses of corticosterone or of deoxycorticosterone. Adrenalectomy, previously reported to have a similar effect, was found not to reduce bile flow in either of the two strains of rats studied.
STUDIES OF URINARY STEROID EXCRETION BY AN ADRENALECTOMIZED WOMAN DURING AND AFTER PREGNANCY
Authors: Harkness R. A. , Menini E. , Charles D. , Kenny F. M. , Rombaut R.
Published: December 2008

A detailed study has been made of the steroid excretion of an adrenal-ectomized woman during the last week of her pregnancy and following delivery. Cortisol production rates were also estimated in the pregnant mother and newborn child. The maternal urinary levels of oestriol, oestrone and 17β-oestradiol, and pregnanediol were markedly reduced. Little or no dehydroepiandrosterone could be found in the maternal urine. However, 11-oxygenated 17-oxosteroids and pregnanetriol were present in relatively large amounts. The results of the present investigation are consistent with previous evidence showing that there is little or no transmission of steroid sulphates from the foeto-placental unit in contrast to the relatively free passage of unconjugated steroids across the foeto-placental barrier. The course of the pregnancy was uneventful except for antepartum haemorrhage at the 36th week; the infant was normal.
THE EFFECTS OF CORTISOL ON GLYCINE AND LEUCINE INCORPORATION IN VIVO AND IN VITRO IN STRIPS OF SKELETAL RAT MUSCLE
Authors: de Loecker W.
Published: December 2008

The in vivo incorporation of glycine-U-14C into the proteins of the adductor muscles of the hind limbs of rats under influence of cortisol was studied after intraperitoneal administration of the protein precursor. Intensive cortisol treatment resulted in a reduced amino acid incorporation.

The in vitro incorporation of L-leucine-U-14C into the proteins of muscle strips prepared from the adductor muscles was stimulated by 38%, in rats previously treated with 1.0 mg cortisol per day during three days. In vitro addition of relatively low cortisol levels stimulated the in vitro incorporation of glycine-U-14C into the proteins of muscle strips by 14–30%. Higher hormonal concentrations reduced the incorporation to control levels.

It was observed that under certain conditions cortisol treatment enhanced the incorporation of labelled precursors into the proteins of skeletal muscle, stimulating protein synthesis.
IN VITRO STEROIDOGENESIS IN NORMAL HUMAN OVARIAN TISSUE
Authors: Kumari Lakshmi , Goldzieher Joseph W.
Published: December 2008

Eleven samples of normal human ovarian tissue from the various phases of the cycle were incubated with 7-3H progesterone and 4-14C-5-pregnenolone. Isolation, identification and quantitation of the metabolites showed clearly that pregnenolone is a far better substrate than progesterone for the production of C19 steroids. Under the conditions of these incubations, 3β-ol dehydrogenase enzyme activity converted the majority of the metabolites into androstenedione. The accumulation of radioactive androstenedione at the end of the incubation exceeded that of testosterone except in the later part of the luteal phase.
EFFECT OF GONADECTOMY AND OESTROGEN ON PITUITARY LH-CONTENT AND ORGAN WEIGHTS IN ANDROGEN-STERILIZED FEMALE RATS
Authors: van Rees G. P. , Gans E.
Published: December 2008

In female rats sterilized by an injection of testosterone propionate (TP) shortly after birth, the effects of gonadectomy and gonadectomy plus chronic treatment with oestradiol benzoate were studied.

Pituitary LH-contents were affected in a similar way as in normal females, although there was an indication that the sensitivity of the response of pituitary LH-content to oestradiol was slightly less in TP-sterilized than in normal rats.

The effect of oestradiol on uterine weights was definitely less in gonadectomized TP-sterilized rats than in gonadectomized controls. It was therefore concluded that negative feedback mechanisms between ovarian steroids and LH-secretion operate in a normal manner in TP-sterilized rats. The sensitivity of the uterus to oestrogen, however, is decreased.
THE EFFECT OF CLOMIPHENE ON HORMONE EXCRETION IN PATIENTS WITH GALACTORRHOEA
Authors: Loraine J. A. , Bell E. T. , Harkness R. A. , Harrison M. T.
Published: December 2008

The effect of Clomiphene on hormone excretion in two patients with galactorrhoea has been studied.

In both subjects ovulation as judged by urinary oestrogen and pregnanediol excretion occurred either during or immediately following treatment. The administration of Clomiphene was followed by a prolonged rise in the output of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and 17-oxosteroids.

Rapid cessation of galactorrhoea occurred following Clomiphene administration.
METABOLISM OF DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE AND DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULPHATE BY THE HUMAN FOETUS AT MIDPREGNANCY
Authors: Bolté E. , Wiqvist N. , Diczfalusy E.
Published: December 2008

Four previable foetuses (18th to 20th week of gestation) were perfused with a combination of 14C-labelled dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) and 3H-labelled dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHAS). Approximately 80% of the radioactive material administered was recovered from the various foetal tissues and perfusates.

With the exception of the liver, which exhibited an approximately equal concentration of the two isotopes, all foetal tissues contained more 14C-than 3H-labelled material. On an average, 27% of the 14C-, and 8% of the 3H-labelled material administered was retained by the foetal organism. Approximately 80% of the 14C-labelled material recovered from the foetal tissues was in a conjugated form; very little, if any of the 3H-labelled material was recovered as unconjugated (free) material.

More than 90% of the conjugated radioactive material present in the different foetal tissues, except the liver and residual foetus, was isolated and identified as DHAS. The 3H- to 14C-ratio of the DHAS isolated from various tissues showed marked differences; it was lowest in the lungs and adrenals, indicating that these organs are active sites of sulpho-conjugation of DHA.

In addition to DHAS, androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol 3-sulphate (Δ5-DIOLS) and androst-5-ene-3β,16α,17β-triol 3-sulphate (Δ5-TRIOLS) were isolated from the liver and a smaller amount of Δ5-TRIOLS from the residual foetal tissues. From the perfusates, 3β,16α-dihydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one 3 sulphate (16αHO-DHAS) was isolated. The 3H- to 14C-ratio of the Δ5-TRIOLS isolated from the liver was considerably lower than those of Δ5-DIOLS and DHAS isolated from the same organ.

It is concluded that

DHA is extensively sulphurylated by a variety of foetal tissues,

very little, if any DHAS is hydrolysed by the foetal organism,

DHAS and also some DHA is 16α-hydroxylated by the previable foetus,

the foetal liver is the principal site of 16α-hydroxylation of the DHAS circulating in the foeto-placental unit.
STUDIES ON THE METABOLISM OF C-21 STEROIDS IN THE HUMAN FOETO-PLACENTAL UNIT
Authors: Palmera R. , Eriksson G. , Wiqvist N. , Diczfalusy E.
Published: December 2008

Two midterm human placentas were perfused in situ with pregnenolone-7α-3H sulphate and the unconjugated metabolites present in the placentas and perfusates were analyzed. Eighty-five and 54% of the radioactive material recovered from the placentas was in an unconjugated form, whereas only 1 and 3% of that found in the perfusates was unconjugated. Eighty-one and 76% of the unconjugated material recovered from the placentas was isolated as progesterone and 2 and 6% as pregnenolone. Fifty-two and 42% of the unconjugated material recovered from the perfusates was isolated as progesterone and 30 and 36% as pregnenolone.

Of the total radioactive material administered 1.1 and 2.7% was isolated as progesterone and 0.24 and 0.45% as unconjugated pregnenolone. More than 90% of the conjugated radioactive material recovered from the perfusate was unchanged pregnenolone sulphate.

The results indicate that the midterm placenta converts circulating pregnenolone sulphate into pregnenolone and progesterone and secretes both of these compounds to the foetus.
DISTRIBUTION OF SOME STEROID SULPHOKINASES IN FOETAL HUMAN TISSUES
Authors: Wengle Bo
Published: December 2008

A study of the pattern of various steroid sulphokinases and phenol sulphokinase in human foetal adrenals, cerebrum, choroid plexus, heart muscle, jejunum, kidneys, liver, lungs, skeletal muscle, skin and thymus has been undertaken, using 35S-labelled 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulphate (PAPS). Oestrone sulphokinase is present in all the foetal tissues studied, except the cerebrum. Significant amounts of steroid alcohol sulphokinases (e. g. DHA and DOC sulphokinase) are detected in the adrenals, jejunum, kidneys and liver. Phenol sulphokinase is also present in these tissues, as well as in the lungs.

A qualitative similarity is observed between the adrenals, jejunum and liver with regard to the pattern of steroid alcohol sulphokinases, although the adrenals are a much richer source of these enzymes than the two last-mentioned organs. The activity of DOC sulphokinase is equal to, or slightly higher than, that of DHA sulphokinase in the kidney preparations, in contrast to all other human tissues containing steroid sulphokinases.

Some physiological implications of these results are discussed.
THE PARATHYROIDS IN PREGNANT ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS AND THEIR OFFSPRING
Authors: Hansson C. Görna , Angervall Lennart
Published: December 2008

In non-insulinized alloxan diabetic pregnant rats an altered calciumphosphorus homeostasis was demonstrated and in addition morphological parathyroid changes occurred in the diabetic rats and their offspring. This was manifested by enlargement of the parathyroid glands and increased mitotic rate, suggesting parathyroid stimulation. The parathyroid volume in the offspring of the alloxan diabetic rats exhibited a significant negative relationship with the maternal serum calcium and a significant positive relationship with the maternal serum phosphorus. Hence it is reasonable to assume that the altered calcium-phosphorus homeostasis in the diabetic pregnant rats is responsible for the morphological changes in the foetal parathyroids.
ETUDES IN VIVO. SUR LE METABOLISME DES ANDROGENES APRES ADMINISTRATION DE STEROIDES INHIBITEURS DE L'OVULATION
Authors: Mauvais-Jarvis Pierre
Published: December 2008

Radioactive dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and testosterone, which are two circulating compounds in humans, have been injected into normal men, women and patients with Stein-Leventhal syndrome. These injections were made before and after administration of ethinyl-oestradiol, lynoestrenol and association of lynoestrenol and mestranol (Lyndiol®).

The per cent conversion of injected steroids into 17-ketonic and 17β-hydroxylated urinary metabolites was calculated. The results observed can be summarized as follows: in all cases, the yields of sulfate metabolites formed from radioactive precursors were more important after treatment by antiovulatory steroids, especially urinary dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate derived from injected dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate: aetiocholanolone and androsterone formed from testosterone.

The modifications in the 5β/5α ratio of androstanediols suggest that oral synthetic oestrogens and progestins inhibit the 5α-Δ4 reductase implicated in the »17β-hydroxyl metabolic pathway« of testosterone. A change in 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity is also postulated, because testosterone was more metabolized into androsterone via androstenedione, and less reduced into androstanediol after antiovulatory steroids.
THE EFFECTS OF ACTH AND HCG ON THE URINARY EXCRETION OF TESTOSTERONE IN MALE PATIENTS WITH VARIOUS ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
Authors: Tamm J. , Apostolakis M. , Voigt K. D.
Published: December 2008

The effects of HCG and/or ACTH administration have been investigated in 2 normal subjects and in 12 male patients suffering from various endocrinopathies. It was found that:

In normal adult males 3000 IU HCG given daily over three days appear to be sufficient to obtain a significant increase in urinary testosterone excretion. The degree of the increase appears to be dependent on the age of the patient.

Prolonged HCG administration in secondary hypogonadism can lead to significant sustained increases of testosterone and epitestosterone excretions.

Endogenous HCG of the type produced by chorionepitheliomas does not necessarily have an effect on testosterone and epitestosterone production in male patients.

HCG stimulates the testosterone and epitestosterone secretion of the testes only; it thus has no effect on orchiectomized patients.

Exogenous ACTH increases the testosterone and epitestosterone production of the adrenal cortex, the latter apparently more than the former; the testosterone/epitestosterone quotient in the urine falls.

In orchiectomized patients ACTH administration leads to an increase of oestrogen production from the adrenal cortex and of oestriol excretion in the urine.
THE UPTAKE OF RADIOACTIVE ISOMERS OF A SYNTHETIC OESTROGEN IN VARIOUS ORGANS OF IMMATURE MICE
Authors: Terenius Lars
Published: December 2008

The meso- and rac.isomers of hexoestrol were labelled with tritium and administered systemically into immature female mice. Following the injection of meso-hexoestrol. the concentration of radioactivity was 10—20 times higher in the uterus, vagina and liver than in the skeletal muscle for at least 15 hours. 1 and 4 hours following injection, most of the recovered radioactivity in the uterus and vagina appeared to be unchanged meso-hexoestrol. In the plasma, most of the radioactivity was more polar.

The uptake of meso-hexoestrol in the uterus and vagina was depressed by simultaneous administration of carrier. Pretreatment with 17β-oestradiol also inhibited the uterine and vaginal uptake while pretreatment with 17α-oestradiol was less efficient. The uptake in the liver and skeletal muscle was not inhibited.

Following the injection of rac.-hexoestrol, there was no selective accumulation of radioactivity in the uterus or vagina in relation to skeletal muscle. The liver content equalled that found following the injection of the meso-isomer.
SIGNIFICANCE OF TRIIODOTHYRONINE FOR THYROID HORMONE SUPPLY DURING STIMULATION
Authors: Emrich Dieter , Pfannenstiel Peter , Hoffmann Günter , Keiderling Walter
Published: December 2008

The metabolism of the two thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) and particularly the T4/T3 ratio was studied by the 131I technique in rats and rabbits during stimulation. Both exogenous TSH and experimentally increased endogenous TSH (secondary to the partial inhibition of thyroid function by sodiumperchlorate) caused a change in the T4/T3 ratio in favour of T3. This response of thyroid hormone production (in rats) and secretion (in rabbits) was found at different times after the use of 131I. It depended on the intensity of the direct or indirect thyrotrophic stimulation. From this observation it is suggested that the synthesis and the secretion of the biologically more effective T3 is more markedly increased during stimulation than is T4 probably in order to compensate more successfully for deficiencies in the peripheral thyroid hormone supply.
TRANSHYDROGENATION IN THE HUMAN PLACENTA
Authors: Crist Robert D. , Warren James C.
Published: December 2008

Human placental 17β-oestradiol dehydrogenase exists in two electrophoretic forms which are either isozymes or components of a monomerpolymer system. Both forms utilize NAD+ and NADP+ as cofactor and 17β-oestradiol-3-sulfate and testosterone as substrate. Using a method developed to detect transhydrogenase activity on starch gel after electrophoresis, both forms were shown to mediate transhydrogenation but transhydrogenase:dehydrogenase activity ratios of the two forms were different. No oestrogen-sensitive transhydrogenase distinct from 17β-oestradiol dehydrogenase was observed on electrophoresis of placental crude supernatant and purified preparations at several pH values.
THE RENAL CLEARANCE OF FOLLICLE-STIMULATING AND LUTEINIZING HORMONE IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN
Authors: Keller Paul J.
Published: December 2008

The renal clearance of follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormone (FSH, LH) was studied in seven postmenopausal women. The clearance values for FSH ranged from 0.16 to 0.70 (mean 0.58) ml/min, and those for LH from 0.03 to 0.26 (mean 0.14) ml/min. Thus the mean FSH clearance was 4.1 times greater than the LH clearance. The difference was statistically confirmed by the Wilcoxon test.

Similarly the mean FSH/LH ratio was four times higher in urine than in plasma when results were expressed in terms of NIH-FSH-S2 and NIH-LH-S3, or in terms of the 2nd International Reference Preparation for Human Menopausal Gonadotrophin. Consequently, the plasma contained relatively more LH than the corresponding urine samples. A nonspecific effect of plasma proteins on the bioassay of FSH and LH was excluded.
INFLUENCE OF CHOLESTYRAMINE ON ABSORPTION AND EXCRETION OF THYROXINE IN SYRIAN HAMSTER
Authors: Bergman F. , Heedman P.-A. , van der Linden W.
Published: December 2008

Syrian hamsters were treated for one month with a diet containing 5 mg/100 g 1-thyroxine. If after this treatment with thyroxine the hamsters were fed a thyroxine-free diet with cholestyramine for one month, the thyroid glands were normal while in the controls they still had a »resting« appearance. In a second experiment hamsters were given a diet containing 131I 1-thyroxine with and without cholestyramine. A significantly smaller fraction of the radioactivity was found in the carcass, exclusive of the gastrointestinal tract, of the cholestyramine treated animals than in that of the controls. In a third experiment hamsters were injected intravenously with 131I 1-thyroxine and given diets with and without cholestyramine. The radioactivity of the cholestyramine treated animals was found to decrease more rapidly than that of the controls due to a larger excretion of radioactive material in the faeces. It is concluded that cholestyramine diminishes the absorption and promotes the excretion in the faeces of thyroxine or its iodine containing derivates.
TYPICAL AND ATYPICAL CASES OF PENDRED'S SYNDROME IN ONE FAMILY
Authors: Bax G. M.
Published: December 2008

Pendred's syndrome is a condition which, in its complete form, is characterized by congenital deaf-mutism, goitre, and defective organic binding of iodide in the thyroid. However, there are less typical cases, e. g. without a goitre, with only limited hearing loss, or a normal perchlorate discharge test.

A family was studied in which Pendred's syndrome was found in two generations. The complete form was present in two members; two other members were considered to show less typical forms of the same disorder. All were euthyroid. Three out of five sons were deaf-mute and goitrous. Perchlorate caused a discharge of radioiodine from the thyroid in two of them, and also in the father who had no goitre and a slight loss of hearing only detectable by audiometry.

Peripheral deiodination of radioactive diiodotyrosine was normal in all patients, but had been abnormal in one son while he was hypothyroid.
COMPOSITION EN ACIDES AMINES DE LA THYROGLOBULINE DE DIFFERENTES ESPECES ANIMALES
Authors: Rolland Marcel , Bismuth Janine , Fondarai Joseph , Lissitzky Serge
Published: December 2008

Amino acid composition of S19 thyroglobulin of eight species (seven mammals and one bird) has been determined. A statistical study of the results shows significant variations of all amino acids except valine, leucine and cystine. Beef, horse and hog thyroglobulins have a very similar, if not identical, amino acid composition. The remarkable constancy of the valine, leucine and cystine contents as well as the sum of the amino acids with hydrophobic side chain, suggests a great similarity of the secondary and tertiary structures of the studied thyroglobulins.
COMPOSITION EN ACIDES AMINES DE THYROGLOBULINES PROVENANT DE SUJETS EUTHYROIDIENS ET GOITREUX
Authors: Bismuth Janine , Rolland Marcel , Lissitzky Serge
Published: December 2008

Amino acid composition of S19 thyroglobulin purified from three normal human thyroid glands, a hyperthyroid goiter, two hypothyroid familial goiters and a euthyroid goiter, has been determined.

No significant differences in amino acid composition has been observed.
URINARY 17-HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROID EXCRETION IN GUINEA-PIGS WITH HYPOTHALAMIC LESIONS
Authors: Benson Bryant
Published: December 2008

An attempt was made to localize an anatomic site in the hypothalamus where mechanisms are to be found for the control of pituitary adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) secretion in the adult male guinea-pig. Daily urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (17-OHCS) excretion and the effects of cold exposure and insulin on base-line 17-OHCS excretion levels were determined preoperatively. Each animal acted as a self control. Bilateral electrolytic coagulation lesions were placed in a variety of hypothalamic sites in sixty-eight animals, and base-line 17-OHCS excretion levels and the 17-OHCS response to cold exposure and insulin injection were again determined. Preoperative and postoperative values were compared and the ablated anatomic sites noted.

Animals with bilateral lesions in the ventromedian and dorsomedian nuclei displayed a significant reduction in daily 17-OHCS excretion, and 17-OHCS responses to cold exposure and insulin injection. Animals with posterior hypothalamic lesions and sham operated animals had postoperative daily 17-OHCS values and 17-OHCS responses to cold and to insulin that were above or equal to the preoperative values. It was postulated that in the guinea-pig the hypothalamic mechanisms in control of ACTH are to be found in the middle and anterior hypothalamus, in the neuropil associated with the ventromedian and dorsomedian nuclei.
IMMUNOLOGICAL CROSS REACTION BETWEEN HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN AND HUMAN PITUITARY GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: Robyn C. , Hubinont P. O. , Diczfalusy E.
Published: December 2008

Immunologically mono-specific antisera prepared against human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) preparations completely neutralized in vitro as well as in vivo the luteinizing hormone (LH) and also the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) activity of both human hypophyseal gonadotrophin (HHG) and human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG) preparations.