bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REDES SOCIAIS: UMA ANÁLISE BASEADA NOS RELATÓRIOS DE GESTÃO DA CASA FAMILIAR RURAL DE PATO BRANCO
Authors: Massucatto Nayara , Marini Marcos Junior , Cavalcante de Almeida Antonio
Published: September 2016

A Pedagogia da Alternância (PA) é um modelo de ensino adotado pelas Casas Familiares Rurais (CFR) no Brasil, cuja finalidade é desenvolver o protagonismo do jovem agricultor e o seu meio. As redes sociais são sistemas de elos e relações que evidenciam a estrutural social. Quanto mais fortalecida for essa rede, maior será a probabilidade do desenvolvimento daquele determinado grupo.  Este trabalho tem por objetivo verificar como se organiza a rede social da Casa Familiar Rural de Pato Branco, localizada no Sudoeste do Paraná. Essa pesquisa se caracteriza como de caráter documental. Primeiramente foi realizada uma revisão de literatura sobre capital social e redes sociais. Em seguida foram analisados os relatórios de gestão da CFR dos anos de 2011, 2012 e 2013. Os resultados obtidos apontam a inexistência de uma rede social nas relações sociais, políticas e institucionais da CFR e que isso implica na dificuldade em atingir os objetivos da PA.
ENTRE EU E O OUTRO: IDENTIFICAÇÕES E RESISTÊNCIAS DO(A) PROFESSOR(A)
Authors: Lima Josciene De Jesus , Mascia Márcia Aparecida Amador
Published: September 2016

RESUMO: Este artigo tem por objetivo compreender os modos de identificação do(a) professor(a) junto à profissão docente. O referencial teórico-metodológico baseia-se nos postulados da Análise de Discurso, nos estudos foucaultianos e nos estudos culturais, considerando: o discurso de natureza tridimensional - linguagem, história e ideologia na perspectiva discursiva; modos de identificação como resultados dos processos de objetivação e de subjetivação e identidade na perspectiva cultural. O corpus consiste em excertos de entrevistas de três professoras. Os resultados indicam modos de identificação do(a) professor(a) com a profissão docente, principalmente, pelo aspecto negativo e por meio de  resistência,  na medida em que o(a) professor(a) dribla as adversidades, resiste e permanece na profissão docente. Palavras- chave: Modos de identificação. Profissão docente. Resistência ABSTRACT: This paper has the aim of understanding the modes of identification of the teacher in relation to his/her profession. The methodological framework consists of the Discourse Analysis, foucaultian studies and cultural studies considering: the discourse in a tridimensional nature - language, history and ideology in the discursive perspective; modes of identification as results of the process of objectivation and subjectivation, and identity in cultural perspective. The corpus consists in excerpts of interviews of three teachers. The results of the analysis indicate that the modes of identification of the teacher in relation to his/her profession has been, mainly, by the negative aspects and resistance, in the way the teacher overcomes the adversities, he/she resists and stays in the teacher profession. Keywords: Modes of identification. Teacher profession. Resistance.
O ESTAR-JUNTO NO COTIDIANO DA FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES DE BIOLOGIA: SOBRE POSSÍVEIS RELAÇÕES ENTRE AMBIÊNCIA E ACONTECIMENTOS CURRICULARES
Authors: Junior Clívio Pimentel
Published: September 2016

Partindo de um mergulho interpretativo nos cotidianos escolar e universitário vivenciados por uma turma de licenciandos em Ciências Biológicas, o texto tem como objetivo problematizar as maneiras de estar-junto identificadas em um grupo e suas ressonâncias nas práticas pedagógicas curriculares. O trabalho configura-se em uma pesquisa no/do cotidiano com aporte de técnicas interpretativas e etnográficas. Episódios interpretativos são construídos como modo de apreensão dos fenômenos cotidianos vivenciados em campo. As constatações construídas provocam a pensar em como a força da ambiência cotidiana pode ser estruturante dos modos como os licenciandos pensam e agem em sala de aula, determinando suas tomadas de decisão em contextos de prática de ensino.
MUTAÇÕES NA LEITURA: A INTERTEXTUALIDADE COMO MARCA NA LITERATURA INFANTIL CONTEMPORÂNEA
Authors: Martins Elaine Cristina da Silva , Neitzel Adair De Aguiar , Freitas Aline Amaral
Published: September 2016

O livro de literatura infantil tem passado por transformações quanto à forma. Assim, este artigo tem como objetivo analisar duas obras de literatura infantil contemporânea - Felpo Filva e Entre Caminhos - guiado pela questão problema: Como essas obras exploram a intertextualidade? A metodologia de pesquisa é qualitativa e a análise das obras teve em vista a classificação de transformação ou assimilação de Genette (1982) para revelar as marcas que atestam a presença de outros textos. Como resultados, indicamos: a) Felpo Filva é um livro que explora a intertextualidade por meio da citação; b) Entre Caminhos é um livro que optou pela alusão e pela citação indireta. Concluímos que uma narrativa tramada pelo viés da intertextualidade tende a ser mais aberta e a provocar uma leitura mais dinâmica.
Efficient generation of selection‐gene‐free rat knockout models by homologous recombination in ES cells
Authors: Lan He , Li Shuping , Guo Zihang , Men Hongsheng , Wu Yuanyuan , Li Ning , Bryda Elizabeth C. , Capecchi Mario R. , Wu Sen
Published: September 2016

Embryonic stem cell (ES cell)‐based rat knockout technology, although successfully developed in 2010, has seen very limited usage to date due to low targeting efficiency and a lack of optimized procedures. In this study, we performed gene targeting in ES cells from the Sprague–Dawley (SD) and the Fischer 344 (F344) rat strains using an optimized procedure and the self‐excising neomycin (neo)‐positive selection cassette ACN to successfully generate Leptin and Trp53 knockout rats that did not carry the selection gene. These results demonstrate that our simplified targeting strategy using ACN provides an efficient approach to knock out many other rat genes.
Comment on “Climate and agricultural land use change impacts on streamflow in the upper midwestern United States” by Satish C. Gupta et al.
Authors: Foufoula‐Georgiou Efi , Belmont Patrick , Wilcock Peter , Gran Karen , Finlay Jacques C. , Kumar Praveen , Czuba Jonathan A. , Schwenk Jon , Takbiri Zeinab
Published: September 2016

This comment cautions against dismissing agricultural practices as a significant cause of hydrologic change in Midwestern agricultural landscapes.
Sensitivity of precipitation extremes to radiative forcing of greenhouse gases and aerosols
Authors: Lin Lei , Wang Zhili , Xu Yangyang , Fu Qiang
Published: September 2016

Greenhouse gases (GHGs) and aerosols are the two most important anthropogenic forcing agents in the 21st century. The expected declines of anthropogenic aerosols in the 21st century from present‐day levels would cause an additional warming of the Earth's climate system, which would aggravate the climate extremes caused by GHG warming. We examine the increased rate of precipitation extremes with global mean surface warming in the 21st century caused by anthropogenic GHGs and aerosols, using an Earth system model ensemble simulation. Similar to mean precipitation, the increased rate of precipitation extremes caused by aerosol forcing is significantly larger than that caused by GHG forcing. The aerosol forcing in the coming decades can play a critical role in inducing change in precipitation extremes if a lower GHG emission pathway is adopted. Our results have implications for policy‐making on climate adaptation to extreme precipitation events.
Roughness of the mantle transition zone discontinuities revealed by high‐resolution wavefield imaging
Authors: Wang Yinzhi , Pavlis Gary L.
Published: September 2016

We processed two independent data sets: 2,458,973 three‐component seismograms from all EarthScope Transportable Array (USArray) stations and 141,080 pairs of high‐quality receiver functions from the EarthScope Automated Receiver Survey using the generalized iterative deconvolution method and shaped the output with a 0.1 Hz Ricker wavelet. We used these data as input to our 3‐D plane wave migration method to produce an image volume of P to S scattering surfaces under all of the lower 48 states. Model simulations show that compared to the widely used common conversion point stacking method, our method is capable of resolving not only dipping discontinuities but also subtler details of amplitude and topography variations at scales near the diffraction limit. Maps of attributes derived from these discontinuities reveal several previously unobserved features of the 410 and 660 discontinuities (d410 and d660). Topography with many tens of kilometers is resolved at a range of scales. Additionally, we observed large variations of amplitude on the radial component and in the radial to transverse amplitude ratio that correlate with inferred variations in discontinuity topography. We argue that this combination of observations can be explained by roughness at a range of scales. The structural fabric we imaged is preferentially aligned orthogonal to the Farallon‐North American relative motion. Two regions we infer to have exceptional roughness show spatial correlation with locations where tomography models indicate that the subducted slab is passing through the transition zone. We suggest that these rough regions are indicators of vertical mantle flows through the transition zone.
Contribution of Asian dust and volcanic material to the western Philippine Sea over the last 220 kyr as inferred from grain size and Sr‐Nd isotopes
Authors: Jiang Fuqing , Zhou Ye , Nan Qingyun , Zhou Yu , Zheng Xufeng , Li Tiegang , Li Anchun , Wang Hongli
Published: September 2016

Asian dust and volcanogenic materials are two major components in the northwestern Pacific. Quantitatively distinguishing them and estimating their mass accumulation rates (MARs) are very important for understanding regional and global climate change. Here we present the grain‐size composition of detrital sediments and the radiogenic strontium (Sr) and neodymium (Nd) isotopic compositions of different grain‐size fractions of detrital sediments that were recovered from the western Philippine Sea. These new records show that the different grain‐size distributions can be associated with 1) Asian dust from the western and central Chinese deserts and Chinese loess and 2) volcanogenic materials that were derived from the Luzon Islands. The MARs of this Asian dust and volcanic materials are obtained by using Weibull‐function fitting. The MARs of Asian dust and volcanic materials are coupled with the glacial‐interglacial cycle; these values are found to have been higher and more variable during the glacial period than during the interglacial period. We argue that the strengthening aridity of the Asian continent, which is connected to solar insolation and ice volume variations from orbital eccentricity, constitutes an important mechanism that drives the high MARs of glacial dust in the western Philippine Sea. The internal positive feedback of dust may be another important mechanism. The significant increase in volcanic material during the glacial period was caused by sea level changes, which were driven by the ice volume and solar insolation at high latitudes, and by strengthened precipitation from the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which is driven by orbital eccentricity and precession cycles on the Luzon Islands.
Depiction of drought over sub‐Saharan Africa using reanalyses precipitation data sets
Authors: Zhan Wang , Guan Kaiyu , Sheffield Justin , Wood Eric F.
Published: September 2016

Reanalysis precipitation is routinely used as a surrogate for observations due to its high spatial and temporal resolution and global coverage, and it has been widely used in hydrologic and agricultural applications. The resultant product and analysis are largely dependent on the accuracy of the reanalysis precipitation data set. In this study, we analyze the impact of reanalysis precipitation uncertainties on drought depiction. Five reanalyses precipitation data sets (Climate Forecast System Reanalysis, R1: National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis, R2: NCEP/Department of Energy reanalysis II, 20CR: The Twentieth Century Reanalysis version 2 and Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications) are evaluated from 1979 to 2012 over sub‐Saharan Africa against an observational‐based reference: The Princeton Global Meteorological Forcing data set. Results show that all the reanalyses precipitation data sets provide a relatively good representation of the long‐term statistics of spatiotemporal drought characteristics in sub‐Saharan Africa. However, deficiencies are found in the estimation of drought severity, the spatial pattern, and temporal persistency of droughts. Drought depiction over central Africa appears more problematic due to a lack of observational data. A comparison of drought depiction based on the Standardized Precipitation Index reveals higher monthly to seasonal precipitation variability that further increases after ~1999 due to changes in the observations included in the reanalyses assimilation systems.
Remote sensing of cirrus cloud microphysical properties using spectral measurements over the full range of their thermal emission
Authors: Palchetti L. , Di Natale G. , Bianchini G.
Published: September 2016

The thermal emission of cirrus clouds, spectrally resolved in the 100–1400 cm−1 range (100–7.1 μm), has been modeled and compared with measurements performed during two field campaigns from the ground‐based site of Testa Grigia on the Italian Alps at 3480 m of altitude. The analysis of cirrus microphysics, through spectral fitting, shows the importance of using also the far infrared portion of the emitted spectrum at wave numbers below the 667 cm−1 carbon dioxide absorption band, where only a few measurements exist because of the high opacity of the atmosphere caused by the strong water vapor absorption. The resulted distribution of the fitted cloud parameters is in good agreement with the typical statistical distribution of the midlatitude cirrus cloud parameters.
Martian polar vortices: Comparison of reanalyses
Authors: Waugh D. W. , Toigo A. D. , Guzewich S. D. , Greybush S. J. , Wilson R. J. , Montabone L.
Published: September 2016

The structure and evolution of the Martian polar vortices is examined using two recently available reanalysis systems: version 1.0 of the Mars Analysis Correction Data Assimilation (MACDA) and a preliminary version of the Ensemble Mars Atmosphere Reanalysis System (EMARS). There is quantitative agreement between the reanalyses in the lower atmosphere, where Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) data are assimilated, but there are differences at higher altitudes reflecting differences in the free‐running general circulation model simulations used in the two reanalyses. The reanalyses show similar potential vorticity (PV) structure of the vortices: There is near‐uniform small PV equatorward of the core of the westerly jet, steep meridional PV gradients on the polar side of the jet core, and a maximum of PV located off of the pole. In maps of 30 sol mean PV, there is a near‐continuous elliptical ring of high PV with roughly constant shape and longitudinal orientation from fall to spring. However, the shape and orientation of the vortex varies on daily time scales, and there is not a continuous ring of PV but rather a series of smaller scale coherent regions of high PV. The PV structure of the Martian polar vortices is, as has been reported before, very different from that of Earth's stratospheric polar vortices, but there are similarities with Earth's tropospheric vortices which also occur at the edge of the Hadley Cell, and have near‐uniform small PV equatorward of the jet, and a large increase of PV poleward of the jet due to increased stratification.
Validation of a weather forecast model at radiance level against satellite observations allowing quantification of temperature, humidity, and cloud‐related biases
Authors: Bani Shahabadi Maziar , Huang Yi , Garand Louis , Heilliette Sylvain , Yang Ping
Published: September 2016

An established radiative transfer model (RTM) is adapted for simulating all‐sky infrared radiance spectra from the Canadian Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) model in order to validate its forecasts at the radiance level against Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) observations. Synthetic spectra are generated for 2 months from short‐term (3–9 h) GEM forecasts. The RTM uses a monthly climatological land surface emissivity/reflectivity atlas. An updated ice particle optical property library was introduced for cloudy radiance calculations. Forward model brightness temperature (BT) biases are assessed to be of the order of ∼1 K for both clear‐sky and overcast conditions. To quantify GEM forecast meteorological variables biases, spectral sensitivity kernels are generated and used to attribute radiance biases to surface and atmospheric temperatures, atmospheric humidity, and clouds biases. The kernel method, supplemented with retrieved profiles based on AIRS observations in collocation with a microwave sounder, achieves good closure in explaining clear‐sky radiance biases, which are attributed mostly to surface temperature and upper tropospheric water vapor biases. Cloudy‐sky radiance biases are dominated by cloud‐induced radiance biases. Prominent GEM biases are identified as: (1) too low surface temperature over land, causing about −5 K bias in the atmospheric window region; (2) too high upper tropospheric water vapor, inducing about −3 K bias in the water vapor absorption band; (3) too few high clouds in the convective regions, generating about +10 K bias in window band and about +6 K bias in the water vapor band.
A novel method to estimate the maximization ratio of the Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) using regional climate model output
Authors: Rouhani Hassan , Leconte Robert
Published: September 2016

The moisture maximization approach has a simple technique for controlling the risk of overestimating the Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP): the maximization ratio is limited by an upper bound. The upper bound limit depends on storm records and watershed characteristics. However, it is not readily available in many watersheds. A robust scientific justification for limiting the maximization ratio is missing. In this paper, a novel approach is proposed to estimate the maximization ratio which does not impose an upper limit. The new approach, which uses regional climate model data, is based on constructing annual maximum precipitable water time series with precipitable water values for which atmospheric variables are similar to the original event to be maximized. These time series are then used to estimate the 100 year return period of the precipitable water value required to calculate the ratio. The new approach was tested in three watersheds in the province of Québec, Canada. Results showed that maximization ratio values were lower than the proposed upper bound value for these watersheds. In comparison to the approach using an upper bound, the proposed approach reduced the PMPs in these watersheds by 11%.
Precipitation estimation using L‐band and C‐band soil moisture retrievals
Authors: Koster Randal D. , Brocca Luca , Crow Wade T. , Burgin Mariko S. , De Lannoy Gabrielle J. M.
Published: September 2016

An established methodology for estimating precipitation amounts from satellite‐based soil moisture retrievals is applied to L‐band products from the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) and Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite missions and to a C‐band product from the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) mission. The precipitation estimates so obtained are evaluated against in situ (gauge‐based) precipitation observations from across the globe. The precipitation estimation skill achieved using the L‐band SMAP and SMOS data sets is higher than that obtained with the C‐band product, as might be expected given that L‐band is sensitive to a thicker layer of soil and thereby provides more information on the response of soil moisture to precipitation. The square of the correlation coefficient between the SMAP‐based precipitation estimates and the observations (for aggregations to ∼100 km and 5 days) is on average about 0.6 in areas of high rain gauge density. Satellite missions specifically designed to monitor soil moisture thus do provide significant information on precipitation variability, information that could contribute to efforts in global precipitation estimation.
Mentoring and Informal Learning as Continuing Professional Education
Authors: Hansman Catherine A.
Published: September 2016

This chapter examines the role of mentoring in continuing professional education from a critical perspective, addressing informal and formal mentoring relationships while highlighting their potential to encourage critical reflection, learning, and coconstruction of knowledge.
Developing Continuing Professional Education in the Health and Medical Professions Through Collaboration
Authors: Tisdell Elizabeth J. , Wojnar Margaret , Sinz Elizabeth
Published: September 2016

This chapter focuses on how to negotiate power and interest among multiple stakeholders to develop continuing professional education programs as graduate study for those in the health and medical professions.
Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of 2D–SiCf/SiC and Hastelloy N Joints Using 82.5Au–17.5Ni Brazing Filler
Authors: Liu Min , Yang Xinmei , Zhou Haijun , Gao Yantao , Xia Huihao , Huai Ping , Zhou Xingtai , Lu Yanling
Published: September 2016

In this paper, SiC fiber reinforced SiC composite (SiCf/SiC) is joined to Hastelloy N alloy using 82.5Au–17.5Ni (wt%) foil as brazing filler. The microstructural evolution of the joints is investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy. The shear strengths of the joints are tested by the mechanical testing machine. The results show the formation of nanocrystalline graphites, Ni2Si layer, and Ni31Si12 phases. With increasing temperature, Ni2Si is transformed gradually into Ni31Si12. The shear strength reaches a maximum value of 24.5 MPa when the joint is brazed at 1 000 °C for 30 min.
Microstructure, Mechanical, and Impression Creep Properties of AlMg5–0.5 vol% Al2O3 Nanocomposites
Authors: Talari Mahesh Kumar , Kishore Babu N. , Kallip Kaspar , Leparoux Marc , Koller Roland E. , AlOgab Khaled A. , Maeder Xavier
Published: September 2016

Microstructural and impression creep properties of hot pressed bulks made from unmilled AlMg5 powders, milled AlMg5, and AlMg5 powders milled with 0.5 vol% of Al2O3 nanoparticles are investigated. Microstructural, high‐temperature impression creep, and high‐temperature tensile properties investigation is carried out. Activation energies and stress exponent values are determined from the steady state creep rate obtained at different temperatures and creep stresses. AlMg5–0.5 vol% Al2O3 samples display superior strength values at 298 K compared to unmilled AlMg5 and milled AlMg5 samples. However, AlMg5–0.5 vol% Al2O3 nanocomposite exhibits higher creep rate and tensile elongation with a decrease in strength at 473 K due to activation of grain boundary sliding mechanism.
A Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Core with Graphene Oxide Nanoribbon Shell as Anode Material for Sodium Ion Batteries
Authors: Chen Han‐Yi , Bucher Nicolas , Hartung Steffen , Li Linlin , Friedl Jochen , Liou Huei‐Ping , Sun Chia‐Liang , Stimming Ulrich , Srinivasan Madhavi
Published: September 2016

A novel core–shell heterostructure with multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as the core and graphene oxide nanoribbons (GONRs) as the shell (MWCNT@GONR) is investigated for the first time as anode material for Na‐ion batteries (NIBs) in this study. The MWCNT@GONR material with carboxylic acid groups has been synthesized through unzipping of MWCNTs by a microwave‐assisted process. The influence of the amount of carboxylic acid groups on the electrochemistry of MWCNT@GONR is investigated in this work by applying thermal treatment at different temperatures. In this MWCNT@GONR core‐shell structure, the MWCNTs between flat GONR sheets prevent the restacking problem of graphene and enable penetration of the electrolyte. MWCNTs provide high electronic conductivity and direct electron transfer path while GONRs provide high surface area and defect sites (carboxylic acid groups, COOH‐) that can adsorb more Na ions on the surface thereby increasing capacity. MWCNT@GONR provides high capacity (317 mA h g−1) at a current density of 50 mA h g−1 in the second cycle. A full cell using MWCNT@GONR as anode and P2‐NaxMnO2 as cathode is fabricated and it exhibits a high energy density of 99 Wh kg−1 which successfully demonstrates that MWCNT@GONR is a promising anode material for NIB applications.
From Fluorine to Fluorene—A Route to Thermally Stable aza‐BODIPYs for Organic Solar Cell Application
Authors: Lorenz‐Rothe Melanie , Schellhammer Karl Sebastian , Jägeler‐Hoheisel Till , Meerheim Rico , Kraner Stefan , Hein Moritz P. , Schünemann Christoph , Tietze Max L. , Hummert Markus , Ortmann Frank , Cuniberti Gianaurelio , Körner Christian , Leo Karl
Published: September 2016

Despite favorable absorption characteristics, borondipyrromethenes (BODIPYs) often lack thermal stability preventing their application in vacuum‐processed organic solar cells. In this paper, the replacement of the BF2 unit by borafluorene as a new functionalization strategy for this molecule class is explored. This approach is applied to a set of prototype molecules and demonstrates improved thermal stability, strong absorption in the red and near‐infrared region of the sun spectrum, as well as excellent solar cell performance. Synthesis is realized from free ligands via complexation with 9‐chloro‐9‐borafluorene giving high yields up to 81%. Planar heterojunction cells of these complexes exhibit high fill factors of more than 70%. Bulk heterojunction solar cells with C60 are optimized yielding power conversion efficiencies up to 4.5%, rendering the investigated prototype compounds highly competitive among other NIR‐absorbing small‐molecule donor materials. Comprehensive experimental material characterization and solar cell analysis are carried out, and the results are discussed together with simulations of molecular properties. Based on this analysis, additional performance improvements are proposed by engineering the intramolecular steric interactions towards further red‐shifted absorption.
Strong Electrical Manipulation of Spin–Orbit Torque in Ferromagnetic Heterostructures
Authors: Yan Yinuo , Wan Caihua , Zhou Xiangjun , Shi Guoyi , Cui Bin , Han Jiahao , Fan Yihong , Han Xiufeng , Wang Kang L. , Pan Feng , Song Cheng
Published: September 2016

Electrical control of current‐induced spin–orbit effects in magnets is supposed to reduce the power consumption in high‐density memories to the utmost extent, but the efficient control in metallic magnets at a practical temperature remains elusive. Here, the electrical manipulation of spin–orbit torque is investigated in perpendicularly magnetized Pt/Co/HfOx heterostructures in a nonvolatile manner using an ionic liquid gate. The switching current of magnetization can be reversibly tuned by a factor of two within a small gate voltage range of 1.5 V. The modulation of effective spin Hall angle and the corresponding damping‐like torque mainly accounts for the strong electrical manipulation of switching current. Besides the fundamental significance, the findings here may advance the process toward the compatible memory and logic devices driven by dual electrical means, the electric field, and current.
Die Wassergas‐Shift‐Reaktion in der organischen Synthese
Authors: Ambrosi Andrea , Denmark Scott E.
Published: September 2016

Seit ihrer Entdeckung vor mehr als hundert Jahren hat die Wassergas‐Shift‐Reaktion (WGSR) entscheidende Bedeutung in der industriellen Chemie, indem sie den Wasserstoff zur Beschickung grundlegender großtechnischer Prozesse wie der Haber‐Bosch‐Synthese von Ammoniak liefert. Obwohl die Produktion von Wasserstoff immer noch die Hauptanwendung der WGSR ist, markierte die Einführung der homogenen Katalyse in den 1970er Jahren den Beginn einer Synergie zwischen der WGSR und der organischen Chemie. Dabei wurde das Reduktionsvermögen des CO/H2O‐Paars in der Synthese von Feinchemikalien nicht nur für Hydrierungsreaktionen genutzt, sondern auch für katalytische Prozesse, deren Umsatz einen Reduktionsschritt im Katalysezyklus erfordert. Ungeachtet des Potenzials und der einzigartigen Eigenschaften der WGSR sind ihre Anwendungen in der organischen Synthese bisher noch wenig entwickelt. Dieses Thema wird hier kritisch besprochen in der Hoffnung, dass eine erhöhte Wahrnehmung zu neuen, kreativen Arbeiten auf dem Gebiet anregt.
Place‐based approaches to marine mammal conservation
Authors: di Sciara Giuseppe Notarbartolo , Hoyt Erich , Reeves Randall , Ardron Jeff , Marsh Helene , Vongraven Dag , Barr Bradley
Published: September 2016

Place‐based conservation can be an effective tool for addressing threats to marine mammals, but this approach presents many challenges, such as the dilemma of whether to aim for protection at appropriately large scales or through networks of smaller protected areas, and how to address the socio‐economic conditions of human societies whose welfare may conflict with marine mammal survival.

Protecting places to conserve marine mammals started about 50 years ago, when the first parks and reserves were established to protect the critical habitat of specific populations. However, the challenges of protecting habitats that cross national borders and span oceans including the high seas remain problematic. International cooperation is needed, e.g. within the framework of multilateral environmental agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS), as well as a potential new agreement through the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).

Increasingly, the process of demarcating marine protected areas (MPAs) is being supported by other spatial designations, including CBD's ecological or biologically significant areas (EBSAs), the International Maritime Organization's particularly sensitive sea areas (PSSAs), IUCN's key biodiversity areas (KBAs), and biologically important areas (BIAs) adopted by the USA and Australia. Recently, the important marine mammal areas (IMMA) designation has been introduced by the IUCN Task Force on marine mammal protected areas. Such approaches have the potential to increase the protection of marine mammals within the overarching approach of systematic marine spatial planning.

Considering the attributes of marine mammals as sentinel, umbrella and flagship species, it is likely that emerging place‐based approaches that incorporate IMMAs will not only benefit marine mammal populations, but also contribute more generally to the conservation of marine and aquatic species and ecosystems.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Co‐operation between large‐scale MPAs: successful experiences from the Pacific Ocean
Authors: Friedlander Alan M. , Wagner Daniel , Gaymer Carlos F. , Wilhelm T. ‘Aulani , Lewis Nai‘A , Brooke Samantha , Kikiloi Kekuewa , Varmer Ole
Published: September 2016

Nations have recently committed to protecting 20–30% of the ocean at various global summits; however, marine protected areas currently cover <3% of the ocean. Large‐scale marine protected areas (LSMPAs, >100 000 km2) are a new concept in global marine conservation that offer real hope in achieving global conservation targets.

Many of the existing LSMPAs are remote islands in the Pacific that share common natural history, threats, culture, as well as scientific and management needs.

As a result of their common ancestry, many Pacific cultures have a long history of collaboration, including sharing resources, information and expertise to ensure the long‐term sustainability of their resources.

Management, governance and research capacity limitations are magnified in LSMPAs, therefore highlighting the need to return to these prior forms of collaboration to achieve conservation objectives.

Several LSMPAs in the Pacific have collaborated to achieve their management and scientific goals, including documented collaborations among the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, the Phoenix Islands Protected Area, the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, the Marianas Trench Marine National Monument, the Motu Motiru Hiva Marine Park, the Natural Park of the Coral Sea, and the Cook Islands Marine Park.

Collaborations among LSMPAs in the Pacific include bilateral agreements, learning exchanges, as well as research, monitoring and enforcement activities. By working together, Pacific LSMPAs have been able to overcome some of the management and scientific challenges associated with conserving vast areas of the oceans.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fishing livelihoods as key to marine protected areas: insights from the World Parks Congress
Authors: Charles Anthony , Westlund Lena , Bartley Devin M. , Fletcher Warrick J. , Garcia Serge , Govan Hugh , Sanders Jessica
Published: September 2016

Marine protected areas (MPAs) have become a widely used tool for marine conservation and fisheries management. In coastal areas, it has become clear that the success of MPAs, and the achievement of sustainable fishery production, requires a combination of effective management and conservation frameworks, maintenance of decent fisheries livelihoods, and a governance system that allows for effective participation of coastal communities, fishing people, and other ocean users in considering, designing and implementing MPAs. These ingredients are crucial to provide the social sustainability needed to achieve ecological sustainability, and in particular, to reconcile fisheries and marine conservation objectives, in light of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and Aichi targets of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).

Since its inception in 1962, the series of World Parks Congresses (WPC) has focused on protected areas, in both terrestrial and marine domains. The 2014 WPC in Sydney reinforced the apparent movement, started at the Durban WPC of 2003, towards recognition of social and economic issues related to MPAs, including the importance of food security and livelihoods, and the crucial nature of interactions between MPAs and fisheries. Many discussions at the 2014 WPC focused on these human dimensions of MPAs, and the need to incorporate them into MPA decision‐making.

This article examines the process and outcomes of the 2014 WPC, with emphasis on the role of people (in particular, fishers) in marine conservation, and particularly in coastal MPAs. In doing so, the article examines the process of producing a Marine Statement at the end of the WPC, as a component of the final ‘Promise of Sydney’ declaration. That process led to a range of concerns including (i) issues over transparency and inclusiveness in the statement's development, and (ii) content issues focused on representation of the social and economic conclusions, and advocacy of a specific MPA target for no‐take areas. The article focuses on potential strategies for moving constructively beyond the still existing tensions between environment‐ and people‐focused conservation and development.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Building towards the marine conservation end‐game: consolidating the role of MPAs in a future ocean
Authors: D. Spalding Mark , Meliane Imen , J. Bennett Nathan , Dearden Philip , G. Patil Pawan , D. Brumbaugh Robert
Published: September 2016

Progress on spatial conservation efforts in marine environments is often summarized with the simplistic metric of extent. However, targets require a more nuanced view, where ecological effectiveness, biodiversity, representation, connectivity and ecosystem services must all be recognized. Furthermore, these targets must be achieved through equitable processes and produce equitable outcomes.

This paper calls for a clearer definition of what is to be ‘counted’ in assessing progress in marine conservation, through the use of both traditionally defined marine protected areas and a limited subset of other equivalent areas. It calls for future effort to draw a clear distinction between non‐extractive areas such as no‐take marine reserves, and the more numerous extractive areas. To be considered protected, sites must be ecologically effective, and be equitably managed to support all stakeholders.

Spatial extent of coverage is only one constituent part of conservation effort, however, and much greater effort is needed to ensure that sites are selected to achieve optimum conservation outcomes for biodiversity and for ecosystem services. The paper reviews some of the existing views and approaches to defining and delimiting marine protection priorities.

It recommends that with a clearer set of metrics for defining protection, and for assessing progress and setting future targets, marine conservation will be better placed to achieve lasting outcomes, including halting biodiversity loss and securing or enhancing ecosystem service provision. Protected spaces will continue to play a major role in future oceans, but they also need to be configured within a wider spatial framework.
Optically Biaxial, Re‐entrant and Frustrated Mesophases in Chiral, Non‐symmetric Liquid Crystal Dimers and Binary Mixtures
Authors: Padmini Vediappen , Babu Palakurthy Nani , Nair Geetha G. , Rao D. S. Shankar , Yelamaggad Channabasaveshwar V.
Published: September 2016

Sixteen optically active, non‐symmetric dimers, in which cyanobiphenyl and salicylaldimine mesogens are interlinked by a flexible spacer, were synthesized and characterized. While the terminal chiral tail, in the form of either (R)‐2‐octyloxy or (S)‐2‐octyloxy chain attached to salicylaldimine core, was held constant, the number of methylene units in the spacer was varied from 3 to 10 affording eight pairs of (R & S) enantiomers. They were probed for their thermal properties with the aid of orthoscopy, conoscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray powder diffraction. In addition, the binary mixture study was carried out using chiral and achiral dimers with the intensions of stabilizing optically biaxial phase/s, re‐entrant phases and important phase sequences. Notably, one of the chiral dimers as well as some mixtures exhibited a biaxial smectic A (SmAb) phase appearing between a uniaxial SmA and a re‐entrant uniaxial SmA phases. The mesophases such as chiral nematic (N*) and frustrated phases viz., blue phases (BPs) and twist grain boundary (TGB) phases, were also found to occur in most of the dimers and mixtures. X‐ray diffraction studies revealed that the dimers possessing oxybutoxy and oxypentoxy spacers show interdigitated (SmAd) phase where smectic periodicity is over 1.4 times the molecular length; whereas in the intercalated SmA (SmAc) phase formed by a dimer having oxydecoxy spacer the periodicity was found to be approximately half the molecular length. The handedness of the helical structure of the N* phases formed by two enantiomers was examined with the aid of CD measurements; as expected, these enantiomers showed optical activities of equal magnitudes but with opposite signs. Overall, it appears that the chiral dimers and mixtures presented herein may serve as model systems in design and developing novel materials exhibiting the apolar SmAb phase possessing D2h symmetry and nematic‐type biaxiality.
Reaction of Amino Acids, Di‐ and Tripeptides with the Environmental Oxidant NO3.: A Laser Flash Photolysis and Computational Study
Authors: Nathanael Joses G. , Hancock Amber N. , Wille Uta
Published: September 2016

Absolute rate coefficients for the reaction between the important environmental free radical oxidant NO3. and a series of N‐ and C‐protected amino acids, di‐ and tripeptides were determined using 355 nm laser flash photolysis of cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate in the presence of the respective substrates in acetonitrile at 298±1 K. Through combination with computational studies it was revealed that the reaction with acyclic aliphatic amino acids proceeds through hydrogen abstraction from the α‐carbon, which is associated with a rate coefficient of about 1.8×106 m−1 s−1 per abstractable hydrogen atom. The considerably faster reaction with phenylalanine [k=(1.1±0.1)×107 m−1 s−1] is indicative for a mechanism involving electron transfer. An unprecedented amplification of the rate coefficient by a factor of 7–20 was found with di‐ and tripeptides that contain more than one phenylalanine residue. This suggests a synergistic effect between two aromatic rings in close vicinity, which makes such peptide sequences highly vulnerable to oxidative damage by this major environmental pollutant.
Thyroid function and survival following breast cancer
Authors: Brandt J , Borgquist S , Almquist M , Manjer J
Published: September 2016

Background

Thyroid function has been associated with breast cancer risk, and breast cancer cell growth and proliferation. It is not clear whether thyroid function affects prognosis following breast cancer but, if so, this could have an important clinical impact. The present study analysed prospectively collected measurements of free tri-iodothyronine (T3), free thyroxine (T4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-Ab) in relation to breast cancer survival.

Methods

The Malmö Diet and Cancer Study is a prospective cohort study of 17 035 women in Sweden. Study enrolment was conducted between 1991 and 1996. Patients with incident breast cancer were identified through record linkage with cancer registries until 31 December 2006. Information on vital status was collected from the Swedish Cause of Death Registry, with the endpoint breast cancer mortality (31 December 2013). Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95 per cent confidence intervals (c.i.) were obtained by Cox proportional hazards analysis.

Results

Some 766 patients with incident breast cancer were identified, of whom 551 were eligible for analysis. Compared with patients in the first free T4 tertile, breast cancer mortality was lower among those in the second tertile (HR 0·49, 95 per cent c.i. 0·28 to 0·84). There was an indication, although non-significant, of lower breast cancer mortality among patients in the second TSH tertile (HR 0·63, 0·37 to 1·09) and in those with positive TPO-Ab status (HR 0·61, 0·30 to 1·23). Free T3 showed no clear association with mortality.

Conclusion

In the present study, there was a positive association between free T4 levels and improved breast cancer survival.
Synthesis of Microwave Sol–Gel Derived NaCaLa(WO4)3:Ho3+/Yb3+ Phosphors and Their Spectroscopic Properties
Authors: Lim Chang Sung
Published: September 2016

Ho3+/Yb3+ co‐doped NaCaLa1−x(WO4)3 ternary tungstates with the proper concentrations of doping for Ho3+ and Yb3+ (x = Ho3+ + Yb3+, Ho3+ = 0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2, and Yb3+ = 0, 0.2, and 0.45) were precisely synthesized using the sol–gel method assisted by the microwave technique; their upconverted spectroscopic properties were studied in detail. The particles provided well‐crystallized morphology with a homogeneous and fine morphology, showing the grain sizes of 2–5 µm. After the low excitation at 980 nm, the NaCaLa0.7(WO4)3:Ho0.1/Yb0.2 and NaCaLa0.5(WO4)3:Ho0.05/Yb0.45 ternary tungstates provided strong upconverted yellow emissions, which are based on a strong green emission band of 545 nm and a strong red emission band of 655 nm. The optimal Yb3+:Ho3+ ratio was obtained to be 9:1, as indicated by the composition‐dependent quenching effect of Ho3+ ions. The Raman spectra for the doped ternary tungstates showed the presence of strong peaks at higher frequencies, which were superimposed by strong Ho3+ luminescence lines. The dependence of pump power and Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) chromaticity of the upconverted emission intensity was investigated in detail.
Public Figure Fixation: Cautionary Findings for Mental Health Practitioners
Authors: Pathé Michele T. , Lowry Timothy J. , Haworth Debbie J. , Winterbourne Paul , Day Leanne
Published: September 2016

Research in western nations has found that pathologically fixated individuals pose a risk of serious harm to public figures, and that many of these fixated persons are mentally ill and require treatment. Over the past decade, integrated fixated threat assessment agencies have been established in western Europe and Australia to specifically assess and manage this group. The current study examines 400 consecutive referrals to a fixated threat assessment center in Queensland, Australia, with a particular focus on the mental health and risk profile of those who engage in inappropriate contact with public office holders. It considers the high proportion of delusional disorders in this cohort, and their identification and management by psychiatric services. The authors conclude with a discussion of the mental health response to this group and impediments to mitigating the risks posed by fixated persons. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐dimensional motion analysis of facial movement during verbal and nonverbal expressions in healthy subjects
Authors: Sidequersky Fernanda V. , Mapelli Andrea , Annoni Isabella , Zago Matteo , De Felício Cláudia M. , Sforza Chiarella
Published: September 2016

Functional impairments of facial expressions alter the quality of life and their quantitative analysis is key to describing and grading facial function and dysfunction. The aim of this investigation was to quantify 3D lip movements in a group of healthy young subjects. Lip movements during five repetitions of common and random sequences of vowels and nonverbal expressions were recorded using an optoelectronic 3D motion analyzer. The mean maximum displacement of facial landmarks was used to compute 3D unilateral mobility and the symmetry indices (SI) separately for each sex. Facial mobility was significantly greater during open‐mouth than closed‐mouth smiles. Facial movement among the subjects was largest during articulation of the vowel /a/ and smallest for /i/. Lips were pursed with a SI very close to 95%, while smiles were slightly more asymmetric. The vowel /a/ was articulated with significantly greater symmetry than /e/, /i/ and /u/. The outcomes suggest that the proposed method characterized normal facial animations satisfactorily, so it could be a useful tool for assessing patients with facial lesions and dentofacial deformities. Patient assessment would profit from this quantitative approach, which would reduce discrepancies among several clinical examinations. Clin. Anat. 29:991–997, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structure‐Guided Redesign of CYP153AM.aq for the Improved Terminal Hydroxylation of Fatty Acids
Authors: Hoffmann Sara M. , Danesh‐Azari Hamid‐Reza , Spandolf Claudia , Weissenborn Martin J. , Grogan Gideon , Hauer Bernhard
Published: September 2016

The structure of a P450 ω‐hydroxylase bound to its fatty acid product was determined, which revealed a narrow substrate tunnel that leads to the heme. The introduction of an arginine side chain in proximity to the carboxyl group of the fatty acid led to a reduced KM value for dodecanoic acid, which suggests the importance of an anchoring point in the active site. An increase in the flexibility of the substrate recognition region was also engineered, which resulted in a threefold improved product formation.