bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decision-Making Model for Emergency Evacuation Based on the Lens Model Using Machine Learning and Monte-Carlo Simulation for Incomplete Information Environment
Authors: Alabi Miriam , Seong Younho , Yi Sun
Published: February 2021

Preparing for emergencies reduces significant losses to infrastructure and the economy. In this study, a decision-making analysis tool, Lens model (LM), is used to characterize the decision behavior during an emergency evacuation based on multiple cues. Five Supervised Machine Learning (SML) algorithms were used to derive the LM parameters. The decision to evacuate under uncertain and incomplete information is always challenging. However, the LM consisting of the ecological-judgment models was created to understand evacuation behavior in uncertain environments fully. The judgment model was consolidated from historical data, whereas the ecological data, the incomplete information, was simulated using the Monte-Carlo Simulation (MCS). The SML models were evaluated using prediction accuracy (PA), and their performance validated by comparing the measures to the LM parameters. Experimental results show that k-nearest neighbor (KNN) achieved the least error in the ecology model as the LM parameter, Re corresponds to the performance of the algorithm model.
Providing a foundation for interpretable autonomous agents through elicitation and modeling of criminal investigation pathways
Authors: Hepenstal Sam , Zhang Leishi , Kodogoda Neesha , William Wong B.L.
Published: February 2021

Criminal investigations are guided by repetitive and time-consuming information retrieval tasks, often with high risk and high consequence. If Artificial intelligence (AI) systems can automate lines of inquiry, it could reduce the burden on analysts and allow them to focus their efforts on analysis. However, there is a critical need for algorithmic transparency to address ethical concerns. In this paper, we use data gathered from Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA) interviews of criminal intelligence analysts and perform a novel analysis method to elicit question networks. We show how these networks form an event tree, where events are consolidated by capturing analyst intentions. The event tree is simplified with a Dynamic Chain Event Graph (DCEG) that provides a foundation for transparent autonomous investigations.
A Model of Monitoring as Sensemaking: Application to Flight Path Management and Pilot Training
Authors: Billman Dorrit , Mumaw Randall , Feary Michael
Published: February 2021

Monitoring is a critical part of supervisory control and plays a critical role on the flight deck. Monitoring the flight path is critical to aviation safety. Recently, there has been interest in improving training of monitoring. We propose a model of expert monitoring that can serve as the basis for training. We claim that effective monitoring is much more than a scan pattern or where eyes point. In aviation, monitoring is centered around the pilot’s Situation Model, which integrates and represents the pilot’s knowledge from mental models in memory with observations about the current state. Effective monitoring is a cycle of posing a monitoring question, identifying how to gather the evidence needed to answer the question, and assessing implications for action. These processes may be fluent or effortful but depend on strategic regulation. We step through implications of our model for training.
Evaluating Situation Assessment in Distributed Network Electricity Control
Authors: W.Wiggins Mark , Auton Jaime , Sturman Daniel
Published: February 2021

Situation assessment is a critical skill amongst electricity distribution controllers but can be difficult to assess in practice. In the present research, we adapted a psychometric approach based on the principle that expert situation assessment engages cue-based associations from memory. Using consortium norming, we acquired performance data from 320 network control operators for five network control-related tasks that comprised the electricity network service provider edition of the EXPERT Intensive Skills Evaluation (EXPERTise 2.0) software. Operators were distributed across 11 Distributed Network Service Providers (DNSP), with data collected over three phases. Data were examined across the three phases of data collection and suggest that DNSPs can monitor the situation assessment of network controllers at an individual and at an organisational level, affording the opportunity to identify changes in performance and implement remedial strategies as appropriate.
The Planning Bias in the Spatial Rendezvous: Partial Compensation for Temporal Uncertainty
Authors: Patton Colleen E. , Wickens Christopher D. , Clegg Benjamin A. , Zhou Xiaoyan
Published: February 2021

Rendezvous behaviors involve meeting at a time and place, therefore requiring accurate prediction and planning of both your own and the target trajectory. Previous work suggests that the planning bias occurs in spatial situations, with control decisions in a basic ship simulation producing a general tendency towards late rendezvous arrivals. The current experiment introduced temporal uncertainty, operationalized through intermittent delays in the trajectory of the participant’s ship on only some trials. Most trends found under certainty, such as preference for dual axis control, were replicated. Compensation for the possible delays resulted in improved accuracy overall, although not enough to overcome the delays themselves; late arrivals were still prevalent on those trials. Experiencing uncertainty therefore influences the planning bias, and the inclusion of some unpredictable events may counterintuitively improve overall performance. The implications for real-world planning and decision making are discussed.
Real-Time Speech Workload Estimation for Intelligent Human- Machine Systems
Authors: Fortune Julian , Heard Jamison , Adams Julie A.
Published: February 2021

Demanding task environments (e.g., supervising a remotely piloted aircraft) require performing tasks quickly and accurately; however, periods of low and high operator workload can decrease task performance. Intelligent modulation of the system’s demands and interaction modality in response to changes in operator workload state may increase performance by avoiding undesirable workload states. This system requires real- time estimation of each workload component (i.e., cognitive, physical, visual, speech, and auditory) to adapt the correct modality. Existing workload systems estimate multiple workload components post-hoc, but none estimate speech workload, or function in real-time. This manuscript presents an algorithm to estimate speech workload and mitigate undesirable workload states in real-time. The adaptive system uses the algorithm’s estimates to mitigate under/overload, a crucial step towards adaptive machine-human systems.
Effects of Task Switching In Baggage Screeners
Authors: Zish Kevin , Erchov Simone , Eisert Jesse , McKee Charles , Endres Daniel , Band David
Published: February 2021

Using a visual search and decision-making task, we investigated common task switching effects on baggage screeners. Like the general population, baggage screeners perform best when there is no task switching as shown by a high sustained d’ and fast decision time. Although baggage screeners continue to improve throughout the task, task switching results in functional decay of the memory for the current decision-criterion.
Lessons Learned in Leveraging Existing Simulations for Cybersecurity Training, Evaluation, and Research
Authors: Mabie Daniel , Schuster David
Published: February 2021

We provide lessons learned in leveraging existing simulations to conduct human-subjects cybersecurity experiments and develop training for cybersecurity professionals. First, we provide criteria for the evaluation and categorization of existing simulation tools into four categories (competitions, testbeds, tabletop exercises, and simulations used in published research). Following this, eight criteria are offered to evaluate simulations on their suitability for use in experiments. We evaluated one representative product in each category. This paper serves as a resource for practitioners who use simulation as a method of training or evaluation. Further, this work is a starting point for researchers to efficiently find and leverage simulations to conduct cybersecurity research.
Cyber Buzz: Examining Virality Characteristics of Cybersecurity Content In Social Networks
Authors: Shields Thomas , Li Hannah , Lebedev Peter , Dykstra Josiah
Published: February 2021

The Internet is a rich environment for information to spread rapidly and widely. The ability of cybersecurity content to achieve virality in social networks can be useful for measuring security awareness, policy adoption, or cybersecurity literacy. It may also reveal new and emerging cybersecurity events. Virality in online social networks can be characterized and measured many ways and have different causes. Leveraging existing research in social network virality measurements, we calculate and analyze virality measurements and correlations on an anonymized Reddit dataset, examining overall trends and characteristics of individual cybersecurity forums (subreddits). We reproduce content-based virality prediction algorithms and assess their performance, then introduce additional features beyond post title, including time of day, to improve prediction accuracy to ~71% for each of the virality scores. We examine the intersection of the virality facets to reveal correlations about the content and times when cybersecurity content is most viral.
Humans and Technology for Inclusive Privacy and Security
Authors: Das Sanchari , Gutzwiller Robert S. , Roscoe Rod D. , Rajivan Prashanth , Wang Yang , Jean Camp L. , Hoyle Roberto
Published: February 2021

Computer security and user privacy are critical issues and concerns in the digital era due to both increasing users and threats to their data. Separate issues arise between generic cybersecurity guidance (i.e., protect all user data from malicious threats) and the individualistic approach of privacy (i.e., specific to users and dependent on user needs and risk perceptions). Research has shown that several security- and privacy-focused vulnerabilities are technological (e.g., software bugs (Streiff, Kenny, Das, Leeth, & Camp, 2018), insecure authentication (Das, Wang, Tingle, & Camp, 2019)), or behavioral (e.g., sharing passwords (Das, Dingman, & Camp, 2018); and compliance (Das, Dev, & Srinivasan, 2018) (Dev, Das, Rashidi, & Camp, 2019)). This panel proposal addresses a third category of sociotechnical vulnerabilities that can and sometimes do arise from non-inclusive design of security and privacy. In this panel, we will address users’ needs and desires for privacy. The panel will engage in in-depth discussions about value-sensitive design while focusing on potentially vulnerable populations, such as older adults, teens, persons with disabilities, and others who are not typically emphasized in general security and privacy concerns. Human factors have a stake in and ability to facilitate improvements in these areas.
Investigating the Effects of Demographics and Framing on the Robot-Theater Program
Authors: Nadri Chihab , Dong Jiayuan , Swaim Haley , Ko Sangjin , Sanghavi Harsh , Jeon Myounghoon
Published: February 2021

While STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics) education programs have shown promise in increasing students’ interest in STEM and arts & design fields, the effects of demographic and other contextual factors have not been thoroughly investigated yet. While conducting robot-theater summer youth sessions with forty participants of the TechGirls international summer exchange program, we explored these factors. Participants in teams of four to six students created a script for a theater play that required the use of programmable robots. Results seem to suggest the influence of demographic factors such as nationality, as well as the effect of framing on participant attitudes towards robots and STEAM education. Subsequent validation of these effects in other studies is expected to contribute to refining the design of robot-theater and other STEAM education programs.
A Potential Case of Inattentional Blindness in a Police-Pursuit Collision
Authors: Martin Jeffrey A.
Published: February 2021

The perceptual phenomenon of “inattentional blindness” has been widely acknowledged in the scientific literature for 30 years. In addition to the laboratory-based examples, real-life examples appear in the literature. This paper provides a case study where a deputy sheriff’s patrol car collided with a fleeing motorcyclist – with unique circumstances – as recorded on in-car-camera (ICC) videos. Although the motorcyclist brought suit alleging the deputy intentionally collided with him, the deputy reported that he first noticed another deputy running after the motorcyclist prior to seeing the fleeing motorcyclist. However, the ICC video from the involved deputy’s patrol car strongly supports the motorcyclist was visible from the deputy’s perspective before the on-foot deputy appeared. The facts of this incident are compared to the widely accepted characteristics of inattentional blindness in exploring whether that perceptual phenomenon may have been at play in this case.
An Eye Tracking-Based Forensic Analysis of Motorcyclist Conspicuity During a Left Turn Maneuver
Authors: Borzendowski Stephanie A. Whetsel , Hartman Leah S. , Campbell Alan O.
Published: February 2021

Research has identified drivers’ failure to detect motorcyclists as a causal factor in collisions, with drivers often looking towards or at a motorcycle but reporting that they never saw the motorcycle. Driving is a complex task and it is important to understand where and how drivers allocate their attention. Using mobile eye tracking technology, the present study was conducted as part of the forensic analysis of a collision between a passenger vehicle and a motorcycle. Gaze patterns of eight individuals were recorded as they made left-hand turns across traffic. Data from this study indicated that half of the participants fixated the motorcycle. However, none of the participants appeared to detect the motorcycle-initiated motion towards them as they made their left turn. These findings suggest that drivers were able to peripherally detect the motorcycle but failed to see it or judged the motorcycle not to be an imminent threat.
Designing For Diversity: Implications for Research and Practice
Authors: Wooldridge Abigail R. , Roscoe Rod D. , Roscoe Rod D. , Roberts Shannon C. , Valdez Rupa , Wooldridge Abigail R.
Published: February 2021

The Diversity Committee of HFES has led sessions at the Annual Meeting for the past three years focused on improving diversity, equity and inclusion in the society as well as providing support to human factors and ergonomics (HF/E) researchers and practitioners who aim to apply HF/E knowledge and principles to improve diversity, equity and inclusion through their work. In this panel, we bring together researchers actively engaged in designing technology and systems by considering issues of diversity, equity and inclusion to share insights and methods. Topics include the thoughtful design of sampling strategies and research approaches, alternative and participatory methods to understand the impact of automation and technology on equity, scoping design problems to be inclusive and equitable through interdisciplinary partnerships, and the application of sociotechnical system design and team science to develop interdisciplinary teams. By sharing our experiences, we hope to prepare others to successfully approach these topics.
Planning the sabbatical: Potential benefits, options, and strategies
Authors: Bass Ellen J. , Caldwell Barrett S. , Cao Caroline G. L. , Lee John D. , Miller Christopher
Published: February 2021

The goal of the Mid-career Professional Group of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society is to support the development and mentoring of mid-career professionals. One opportunity for which early mid-career professionals lack knowledge is the sabbatical. Following a designated number of years of consecutive service, a sabbatical can provide a time for personal and professional development through an approved leave of absence. While sabbaticals provide time for deep consideration of a particular topic and/or to reconsider one’s career options, few mid-career professionals are prepared to plan and to execute a sabbatical period. This panel will introduce the benefits of a sabbatical and will highlight options and strategies for those who are considering the sabbatical opportunity.
How to Maximize Success in Industry as a UX Researcher
Authors: Harper Christy , Harper Christy , Meingast Melissa , Edwards Rochelle E. , Greene Maya , Valdez Tasha D. , Sidhu Maguire Amrita
Published: February 2021

Planning academic research, learning about human computer interaction, understanding cognitive biases, and using statistics are fundamentals that help to prepare students for industry. However, to succeed as a UX researcher, there are other strategies, mindsets and knowledge needed to be successful. Our experienced industry professionals will provide insight to help early career professionals transition to and succeed in an applied industry role. We will touch on communication in the business world, adapting methodologies, going beyond the textbook to acquire skills, becoming a bold leader, learning how to demonstrate value, and adjusting research as we consider future technologies. A moderator will collect questions via Sli.do and significant time will be spent on audience discussion.
Provider Burnout as it relates to the Electronic Health Record and Clinical Workflow
Authors: Saleem Jason J. , Price Meredith , Read Jacob M. , Bae Ki-Hwan , Gentili Monica , Becker Jonathan A. , Eli Pendleton Michael
Published: February 2021

Provider burnout has reached epidemic levels, especially with primary care-oriented specialties such as Family Medicine. Guided by a sociotechnical systems perspective, we investigated contributing burnout factors that relate to the electronic health record (EHR) and clinical workflow in an academic healthcare institution. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 10 family medicine and geriatrics providers and administered EHR usability and workflow integration surveys. Findings are organized around recurrent, overarching themes: (1) Clinic Workflow, (2) Documentation, (3) EHR Workflow and Usability, (4) Patient Complexity, (5) Staffing, and (6) Technical Issues. The most consistent finding across all provider interviews was poor EHR usability as a contributing factor to burnout; especially the number of clicks needed to complete EHR tasks. This finding is supported by low usability and workflow integration survey ratings. Using a sociotechnical systems framework, we demonstrate social, technological, and environmental contributors to burnout and discuss potential interventions to mitigate these contributing factors.
The Impact of Nurse Experience and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment on Nurses’ Workflow in an Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Kasaie Alireza , Hyup Kim Jung , Guo Wenbin , Despins Laurel
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this study is to understand the impact of Nurse Experience (NE) and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) on nurses’ workflow and process time in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU). In this study, a combination of data from the time-motion study observations, ICU nurses’ Real-Time Location System (RTLS), and the Real-Time Measurement System (RTMS) data were used to develop multiple Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA) charts. HTA chart helped us to identify the ICU nurses’ workflow patterns. The results showed that ICU nurses spent over 47% of their time on performing primary care (in-room activities) and 25% on out-of-room activities. Furthermore, NE levels and SOFA scores had significant impacts on the average process time of nurse handoff, in-room Electronic Medical Record (EMR) charting, and the workflow patterns of out-of-room activities and out-of-room EMR usage. The outcomes of this study will provide a detailed workflow of ICU nurses and might help nurse managers to conduct a better strategy for improving ICU nurse’s workflow.
The Path to ‘Dieps by Dinner’ Involves The Entire Operative Team
Authors: Law Katherine E. , Linden Anna R. , Harless Christin , Nguyen Minh-Doan T. , Hallbeck M. Susan
Published: February 2021

More and more breast cancer patients are turning to autologous options for reconstruction. Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator (DIEP) flap reconstruction is considered the gold standard flap breast reconstruction procedure; however, it requires a significant number of resources, including two surgeons and microsurgical equipment. A multidisciplinary group was tasked with reducing operative time of DIEP flap procedures by 25% so that complex surgeries can become more routine and accessible to patients. Using participatory ergonomics, members of the operative team were engaged to identify interventions. Following implementation, 22 DIEP flap cases were evaluated using workload surveys and patient outcomes to determine the success of the interventions. DIEP flap surgical durations were reduced by 25% on average (M=12.9 hours, SD=5.7 to M=9.7 hours, SD=1.4). When cases lasted longer than 9 hours, surgeons reported 31% more physical demand and 78% more fatigue than cases that were 9 hours or less. Survey results linked positive team characteristics to reduced frustrations and distractions.
Exploring Work System Adaptations in Providing Care for Children with Medical Complexity in the Home
Authors: Barton Hanna J. , Loganathar Shanmugapriya , Singhe Nawang , Ehlenbach Mary L. , Katz Barbara , Coller Ryan J. , Werner Nicole E.
Published: February 2021

Children with medical complexity (CMC) rely on family caregivers to provide advanced medical care in the home. Yet, family caregivers are often under-supported. To better support family caregivers, we must understand and identify the ways that the work system is not designed to support their work. Work system adaptations can uncover where the work system is not designed to support the worker. This study sought to identify and categorize caregiver adaptations to the work system. We conducted 30 home-visit interviews with caregivers of CMC. Inductive content analysis revealed that family caregivers were making work system adaptations on multiple levels including: medical devices, direct care, auxiliary care, and integration of caregiving into everyday life. Our findings imply that family caregivers are attempting to address barriers on multiple levels by adapting the work system. Critical next steps should create system interventions to address the mismatch between the caregivers’ needs and the work system.
Children with Medical Complexity: Challenges and Opportunities for Human Factors/Ergonomics
Authors: Barton Hanna , Coller Ryan , Finesilver Sara , Lunsford Christopher , Valdez Rupa S. , Werner Nicole E.
Published: February 2021

For vulnerable patient populations, such as children with medical complexity (CMC), the patient journey is fraught with challenges. By providing a range of perspectives including clinicians, a family caregiver, and Human Factors/Ergonomics (HF/E) experts, the present panel will describe the unique opportunities for HF/E to design jointly optimized systems for CMC and their family caregivers, including an explication of some of the specific challenges and complexities related to studying the work of and designing systems for this population. We will also highlight the ways in which HF/E could help in the design of solutions to improve outcomes for families.
Closing the Loop in Computer Agent/Patient Communication
Authors: Morrow D. , Azevedo R. F. L. , Sari L. , Gu K. , Sakakini T. , Hasegawa-Johnson M. , Bhat S. , Graumlich J. , Huang T. , Hariharan A. , Shao A. , Cox E.
Published: February 2021

While patient-centered communication supports patient self-care, providers rarely have enough time to consistently use patient- centered communication techniques. Technology has potential to support patient-centered communication, but frequently older adults prefer face-to-face communication with providers. Conversational agents (CAs) may support provider communication with older adults by emulating best practices from face-to-face communication. We investigated older adults’ response to a prototype CA communication system that served as a virtual provider and presented medication instructions using teachback, a recommended best practice that involves asking patients questions to ‘close the communication loop’. Older adults were told how to take medications by a CA who used (or did not use) teachback, and then were interviewed. Older adults were open to interacting with the CA and thought it would help support self-care. They thought the CA was a more effective teacher when using teachback and that this interactive strategy helped them remember the instructions. However, teachback did not improve instruction memory.
Training Decay Selection for Usability Validation: Pilot Study Methodology and Results for an FDA Research Grant
Authors: Sum Kelli , Sneath Lana , Clark Shannon , Nathan-Roberts Dan
Published: February 2021

As medical devices become more technologically advanced, patients risk forgetting their training and missing critical steps. Existing literature explores ways to train patients on medical devices but does not quantify how long information is retained, which is essential for valid medical device testing before approval. The aim of the research presented is to validate a robust method of quantifying training decay research across multiple periods. Some participants were trained on an insulin pump and assigned to decay periods of one hour, one day, or one week. Additionally, an untrained cohort represented a theoretical maximum decay. Although results are not statistically significant due to a small sample size, task performance shows possible differences between time points and task types. Improvements and considerations translating this pilot study into a more extensive main study are also discussed.
Relating Subjective Workload and Effort to Performance During Stable and Shifting Task Demands: A Multilevel Approach
Authors: Rockwood Justine , Mracek Derek L. , Day Eric Anthony
Published: February 2021

Interrelations between subsystems in control theories of self-regulation are frequently studied at the between- person level, despite being within-person phenomena. The current study models within-person variations of comparator, effector, and output subsystems through relationships in subjective workload, subjective effort, and objective performance on a complex decision-making task during stable and shifting task demands. Effects are examined at both immediate and downstream time points. Results provided mixed support for the proposed subsystem interrelationships, fully supporting the model during stable task demands, partially supporting it following an increase in task demands, but not supporting the model following a decrease in task demands. Results indicate dynamic within-person relationships between self-regulatory subsystem indicators and task performance, underscoring the importance of using longitudinal, multilevel approaches for disaggregating within-person and between-person components.
Eye tracking data analytics in virtual reality training: Application in Deepwater Horizon oil drilling operation
Authors: Kang Ziho , Jeon Jiwon , Salehi Saeed
Published: February 2021

Virtual reality (VR) enable us to train in a safe environment using computer-generated simulations. One such simulated environment is the Deepwater Horizon operation, and VR enables us to evaluate trainees’ and operators’ situation awareness (SA) in a non-hazardous environment. One unobtrusive and viable SA evaluation method might be the use of eye movements, specifically the time-ordered visual scan paths. In this research, we investigated how SA can be associated with visual scan paths in an anomaly detection task within the oil drilling rig virtual reality simulator. The results show that the trainees having lower SA tended to create random visual scan paths whereas the trainees having higher SA tended to create concentrated and refined visual scan paths. The results show promise in developing timely intervention methods through analyzing the visual scan path characteristics of the trainees.
Utilizing Cognitive Load Theory and Evidence-Centered Design to Inform the Design of Game-Based Learning Environments
Authors: Bounajim Dolly , Rachmatullah Arif , Boulden Danielle , Mott Bradford , Lester James , Lord Trudi , Reichsman Frieda , Horwitz Paul , Dorsey Chad , Wiebe Eric
Published: February 2021

Digital game-based learning (DGBL) environments are increasingly utilized to facilitate classroom instruction. For the game in our study, a formative stealth assessment tool, in the form of an intelligent tutoring system (ITS) is guided by evidence-centered assessment design (ECD). Cognitive Load Theory and ECD are utilized as diagnostic tools to analyze upsurges in hints delivered by the ITS and inform game design revisions that will promote improved learner support and learning outcomes.
Crew Endurance Training in the United States Navy: Interim Assessment of a 3-year Project
Authors: Shattuck Nita Lewis , Matsangas Panagiotis , Clifton Heather , Hart Jennifer , Czeisler Charles , Barger Laura
Published: February 2021

This project was designed to support the US Navy’s (USN) implementation of circadian- based watchbills by providing guidance on sleep management and shipboard practices which support crew endurance. In the first two years of the three-year effort, we identified specific training needs and developed instructor-led materials. We delivered the training to two audiences all active duty members of the US Navy or US Marine Corps: senior leaders and entry-level to mid-level personnel (N=353 participants; 15 training sessions total). Following the training, we administered a short questionnaire to obtain individual feedback. Responses from both audiences showed a high level of satisfaction with the training. Future efforts will focus on improving the training materials, further assessing training, and developing additional materials designed for specific military audiences at increased risk of insufficient sleep.
Assessment of the fixed 4-hours on/8-hours off watchstanding schedule on a surface vessel of the Swedish Royal Navy
Authors: Lewis Shattuck Nita , Matsangas Panagiotis , Dahlman Joakim , Dahlman Anna
Published: February 2021

We assessed the utility of the 3-section, fixed, 4hrs-on/8hrs-off watchstanding schedule on a ship of the Swedish Royal Navy (HSwMS ORIOΝ). Data from the ORIOΝ (n=12 sailors) were compared with data from three USN vessels (n=22). Daily sleep duration, number of sleep episodes/day, and daily work duration were equivalent in the two samples. Compared to their USN peers, however, sailors on the ORION were more alert, reported better sleep quality, less severe insomnia symptoms, and better mood. Also, sailors on the ORION were faster and made fewer errors on the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT). Analysis of daily activities suggests that Swedish sailors may have felt and performed better because sailors working night shifts were allowed to wake up later. Our findings suggest the sailor well-being when standing watch on the fixed 4/8 can be improved when sailors are allowed flexible wake up times in the morning after a night shift.
Scaling Our Impact: Emerging Human Factors Applications Addressing Societal Challenges
Authors: Rogers Courtney , Valdez Rupa S. , Gilbert Juan E. , Lange Morales Karen , Rogers Wendy , Thatcher Andrew , Wooldridge Abigail R.
Published: February 2021

There is an increasing need and interest for Human Factors and Ergonomics (HFE) professionals to apply our discipline to a larger context. HFE researchers are starting to conduct research outside of traditional settings, focusing their efforts on complex societal challenges; however, this type of work is still in its infancy and there is a need to define how HFE can be used in broader contexts, outside of formal institutions. In this panel, we begin a formalized conversation of how our field can scale its impact. Each panelist will introduce a societal challenge they are addressing and discuss how HFE can be adapted to this context. The topics of this panel will span elections technology, sustainability and climate change, universal access to mental healthcare, social isolation in older adults, and food insecurity. This session will conclude with a moderated discussion between the panelists and audience to brainstorm specific societal challenges that HFE can address as well as how methods can be adapted to this context.
Evaluation of Hologram Distances in Reducing Shoulder Stress During Augmented Reality Interactions
Authors: Kim Jeong Ho , Ari Hemateja , Madasu Charan , Hwang Jaejin
Published: February 2021

This study investigated the effect of different hologram distances on the shoulder postures, muscle activities, and the task performance (speed) during Augmented Reality (AR) interactions. With a repeated- measures design, 20 participants (10 males) performed the 3-D cube task involving gaze, pinching, and dragging gestures by different hologram distances: near (30 cm), middle (60 cm), and far (90 cm) relative to the participant. Meanwhile, muscle activities (upper trapezius, anterior and middle deltoid) and the right shoulder postures were measured. The results showed that hologram distances significantly affected middle deltoid muscle activities and shoulder flexion and abduction angles, and task performance during 3-D cube task ( p’s < 0.001). The far hologram distance resulted in higher middle deltoid muscle activity and shoulder angles compared to the near and middle distances. Task performance was higher when the hologram was displayed in the middle compared to the near and far distances ( p’s < 0.001). These results indicate that a hologram distance may be an important design factor affecting users’ shoulder stress and task performance during AR interactions.
Psychophysically Based Physical Capability Limits For Right Angle Power Tool Operation
Authors: Valencia Jonathan , Cort Joel
Published: February 2021

A psychophysical methodology was utilized to examine 40 non-skilled female participants performing right-angle power tool (RAPT) fastening tasks. A combination of two between subject variables were examined for a total of four between-subject groups: joint orientation (horizontal and vertical planes) and joint hardness (hard and soft joints). Participants were evenly distributed into one of four joint orientation- hardness groups. Within each group, a combination of three fastening strategies and three fastening frequencies were performed by each participant. The chosen target torque determined the physical capability limits (PCL). A mixed-design repeated analysis of variance with Tukey’ significance post hoc test were used to determine any significance with the measured variables ( p<0.05). Fastening strategy and frequency influenced the chosen torque magnitude. Participants chose significantly higher target torques with the Turbo Tight strategy in comparison to the other two strategies. Furthermore, participants chose to accept lower target torques and forces as fastening frequency increased.
Comparison of bus driving posture in USA and India
Authors: Mallembakam Veda Rasmi , Lu Yang , Freivalds Andris , Kim Eunsik
Published: February 2021

The aim of this project is to compare driving postures in India and the USA in order to develop seat designs to improve driver posture. The postures of 14 bus drivers from the USA and 9 from India were evaluated by RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment) analysis, and various seat dimensions from India ware collected and compared with standard dimension in the USA. For both countries, low posture occurred most frequently, showing a RULA score of 3, indicating a need for posture change and further investigations. Among drivers who exhibited high posture, posture in American drivers displayed a RULA score of 4, and posture in Indian drivers showed a RULA score of 6. Furthermore, the component ratio of the high posture group in India was about 10 times higher than that of the high posture group in the USA.
Survey of One-handed Lifting in Manufacturing Industry: A Cross-sectional Study of the BackWorks Study Cohort
Authors: Tang Ruoliang , Kapellusch Jay M. , Merryweather Andrew S. , Thiese Matthew S. , Hegmann Kurt T. , Ferguson Sue A. , Marras William S. , Lu Ming-Lun
Published: February 2021

Low back pain (LBP) is a common health problem and a major cause of lost productivity in workplaces. Manual materials handling (MMH) jobs have traditionally been regarded as risk factor for LBP. Compared to two-handed lifting, one-handed lifting has received little attention in both epidemiological and biomechanical research. In addition, one frequent complaint of the revised NIOSH lifting equation (RNLE) has been the lack of capability to directly evaluate one-handed lifting. Modifications have been proposed by the European Union, however their efficacy and influence have not yet been evaluated. This cross-sectional study provided objective survey of the MMH jobs, especially the one-handed lifting performed in manufacturing industry and investigated the outcomes of three proposed methods to address one-handed lifting using RNLE approach. Preliminary results suggest that workers with some one-handed lifting are associated with higher physical exposure. However, the increase was more significant among those who perform primarily one-handed lifting.
Workload Issues among Commercial Cleaning Workers (Discussion Panel)
Authors: Bao Stephen , Walker Ben , Milek Debra , Lee Wonil , Ryan Andrew , Lin Jim Jia-Hua , Goggins Richard , Rivera Cynthia
Published: February 2021

Cleaning is a generic and essential job in various sectors and workplaces, commonly under the categories of janitorial or custodial services. Cleaning activities in organizations are often not the main business outputs of those organizations that they serve. Such jobs are performed either by an organization’s own employees, or more often, contracted out to external service providers. Therefore even organizations may have well-established occupational health and safety programs, the issues of cleaning workers’ work conditions are often overlooked (Seixas et al. 2013), thus resulting in high workers’ compensation claims (Lynch 2011, Smith and Anderson 2017). In the University of California system alone, there were 761 workers’ compensation claims among the custodial workers in 2010, with an actuarial estimated ultimate direct cost of $7.1 million (Lynch 2011). It has been suggested that workload among commercial cleaning workers has been increasing over the years, which may be responsible for the increased workers’ compensation claims among cleaning workers (Simcox et al. 2013, Teran and vanDommelen-Gonzalez 2017). It seems that it is necessary to understand the workload situation among commercial janitors so that proper protection ideas and mechanisms can be developed and implemented. However, current knowledge about cleaning workers’ workload is still very limited. Standard worktimes, which are normally based on time studies, are often used to develop “acceptable” janitorial workloads in the cleaning industry (Walker 2018). However, ergonomics researchers have been observing high musculoskeletal disorder risks among janitorial workers (Messing et al. 1998, Norman et al. 2003, Schwartz et al. 2019). Since the risk factors are multifaceted, this Discussion Panel consisting of a number of content experts including researchers, government health and safety specialists, and industry practitioners aim to help janitorial/custodial work conditions. We hope we will be able to develop a framework for future research on establishing healthy and safe workload for cleaning workers.
Assessing the Ergonomic Benefits of a New Adjustable Forklift Backrest
Authors: Kuber Pranav Madhav , Rashedi Ehsan
Published: February 2021

A new forklift backrest has been developed by incorporating adjustability concepts into the design to facilitate comfort to a wide range of users. We have conducted a comparative study between the new and original backrests to assess the effectiveness of design features. Using the phenomenon of restlessness, discomfort of the user was associated with the amount of body movement, where we have used a motion- capture system and a force platform to quantify the individuals’ movement for a wide range of body sizes. Meanwhile, subjective comfort and design feedback were collected using a questionnaire. Our results showed a reduction in the mean torso movement and the maximum center of pressure change of location by 300 and 6 mm, respectively, for the new design. Taking advantage of adjustability feature, the new backrest design exhibited enhanced comfort for longer durations and reduced magnitude of discomfort for a wide range of participants’ body sizes.
Inclusive Design Guidance: External Autonomous Vehicle Interfaces
Authors: Roundtree Karina A. , Hattrup Steven , Swaminathan Janani , Zerbel Nicholas , Klow Jeffrey , Shitole Vivswan , Fallatah Abrar , Khanna Roli , Adams Julie A.
Published: February 2021

Autonomous vehicles are expected on roads in the near future and need to interact safely with external road users, such as manual motor drivers, cyclists, and pedestrians. The particular needs of the external road users, such as children, adults, older adults, and individuals with visual, auditory, and/or cognitive impairments, will vary greatly and must be considered in order to design effective inclusive interfaces for all users. Current interface designs lack effective communication between an autonomous vehicle and external road users with regard to conveying and understanding the mobility intent of each party. The goal is to provide inclusive design guidance for an external human-vehicle interface that enables effective communication between autonomous vehicles and external road users. Factors related to communicating intent, the external road users, and environmental constraints, were used to inform the design guidance.
What’s the Difference? Reconciling Knowledge Structure Concepts to Aid AI Development for Human-Machine Teaming
Authors: Newton Olivia B. , Fiore Stephen M.
Published: February 2021

A significant challenge for the development of artificial social intelligence for effective human-machine teams is defining the forms of artificial knowledge structures needed for machine agents to meaningfully engage in collaboration. Relevant to this, individual and shared knowledge structure concepts have been proposed across a variety of disciplines, resulting in a lack of conceptual clarity and impeding their operationalization for human-machine teaming. To reconcile conceptual differences across disciplines and enable the emergence of complex socio-cognitive abilities in machine agents, research is needed to integrate theory on the knowledge structures that underpin complex cognition. Toward this end, we survey research from the cognitive and computational sciences to develop a framework for the systematic application and evaluation of knowledge structure concepts for machine agents in teams. Our approach focuses on contextual factors, specifically the task environment structure and the situation temporality, that can help guide knowledge structure requirements for artificial social intelligence.
Attention Allocation to Physically Separate Task and Situation Displays in a Command and Control Setting
Authors: Golan H. , Parush A. , Jaffe E.
Published: February 2021

Using a simulated Emergency Medical Services (EMS) dispatch center during multi-casualty incident management, this study explored whether the presence of a separate situation display in a Command and Control (C2) setting might require attention at the expense of attending an individual task display, and how it influenced performance and situational awareness. Overall, participants always attended the task display more than the situation display. However, the situation display drew attention at the expense of attending less the task display. The presence of the situation display was related to improved performance and better situational awareness (SA), particularly in the projection level of the SA, which could account also for the better decision-making performance. Participants may have developed an attention allocation strategy to effectively utilize the information of the situation display and execute their tasks on the task display.
Usability Testing for the Operation of a Mobile Robotic Telepresence System by Older Adults
Authors: Olatunji Samuel , Potenza Andre , Oron-Gilad Tal , Kiselev Andrey , Loutfi Amy , Edan Yael
Published: February 2021

Mobile robotic telepresence (MRP) systems feature a video conferencing interface on a mobile robot, enabling pilot users to remotely control the robot while communicating with a local user. For older adults in an assisted living facility, the operators are mostly caregivers or remote family members. This small-sample usability testing aimed to evaluate the use of MRP by the older adult. Participants navigated the robot to locations in the home, e.g., to check if the front-door is closed. Two levels of automation were introduced; assisted teleoperation and autonomous. Observations revealed that the older adults enjoyed the dexterity with which the robot could be teleoperated in the assisted teleoperation mode. Yet, they preferred the operation of the MRP at the autonomous mode where the robot navigated autonomously towards the locations the user indicated. Usability, preference and objective findings raise awareness regarding elder care assistive robot developmental factors. Future experimental plans are discussed.
Effects of Individual Differences, Attention, and Memory Deficits on Driver Distraction
Authors: Arca Alejandro A. , Stanford Kaitlin M. , Mouloua Mustapha
Published: February 2021

The current study was designed to empirically examine the effects of individual differences in attention and memory deficits on driver distraction. Forty-eight participants consisting of 37 non-ADHD and 11 ADHD drivers were tested in a medium fidelity GE-ISIM driving simulator. All participants took part in a series of simulated driving scenarios involving both high and low traffic conditions in conjunction with completing a 20-Questions task either by text- message or phone-call. Measures of UFOV, simulated driving, heart rate variability, and subjective (NASA TLX) workload performance were recorded for each of the experimental tasks. It was hypothesized that ADHD diagnosis, type of cellular distraction, and traffic density would affect driving performance as measured by driving performance, workload assessment, and physiological measures. Preliminary results indicated that ADHD diagnosis, type of cellular distraction, and traffic density affected the performance of the secondary task. These results provide further evidence for the deleterious effects of cellphone use on driver distraction, especially for drivers who are diagnosed with attention-deficit and memory capacity deficits. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed, and directions for future research are also presented.