bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On big pieces approximations of parabolic hypersurfaces
Authors: Bortz Simon , Hoffman John , Hofmann Steve , Luna-Garcia Jose Luis , Nyström Kaj
Published: March 2022

Let \(\Sigma\) be a closed subset of \(\mathbb{R}^{n+1}\) which is parabolic Ahlfors-David regular and assume that \(\Sigma\) satisfies a 2-sided corkscrew condition. Assume, in addition, that \(\Sigma\) is either time-forwards Ahlfors-David regular, time-backwards Ahlfors-David regular, or parabolic uniform rectifiable. We then first prove that \(\Sigma\) satisfies a weak synchronized two cube condition. Based on this we are able to revisit the argument of Nyström and Strömqvist (2009) and prove that \(\Sigma\) contain suniform big pieces of Lip(1,1/2) graphs. When \(\Sigma\) is parabolic uniformly rectifiable the construction can be refined and in this case we prove that \(\Sigma\) contains uniform big pieces of regular parabolic Lip(1,1/2) graphs. Similar results hold if \(\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^{n+1}\) is a connected component of \(\mathbb{R}^{n+1}\setminus\Sigma\) and in this context we also give a parabolic counterpart of the main result of Azzam et al. (2017) by proving that if \(\Omega\) is a one-sided parabolic chord arc domain, and if \(\Sigma\) is parabolic uniformly rectifiable, then \(\Omega\) is in fact a parabolic chord arc domain. Our results give a flexible parabolic version of the classical (elliptic) result of David and Jerison (1990) concerning the existence of uniform big pieces of Lipschitz graphs for sets satisfying a two disc condition.
Initial and 1-Year Radiographic Comparison of Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty With a Short Versus Standard Length Stem
Authors: Erickson Brandon J. , Denard Patrick J. , Griffin Justin W. , Gobezie Reuben , Lederman Evan , Werner Brian C.
Published: March 2022

Introduction:

In an effort to preserve bone, humeral stems in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) have gradually decreased in length. The purpose of this study was to compare the immediate postoperative radiographic appearance of short-length with standard-length RTSA stems.

Methods:

Patients who underwent RTSA using a press-fit standard-length or short-length humeral implant with a consistent geometry (Univers Revers or Revers Apex) were evaluated in a multicenter retrospective review. Initial postoperative radiographs were used to assess initial alignment and filling ratios. In addition, radiographs were evaluated for early signs of stress shielding and/or loosening. Clinical outcome scores and range of motion were also evaluated.

Results:

Overall, 137 short-length stems and 139 standard-length stems were analyzed. Initial radiographs demonstrated a significantly higher percentage of stems placed in neutral alignment in the short-stem group (95.6% vs 89.2%, P = 0.045). Similar metaphyseal filling ratios were seen between groups, but a significantly higher diaphyseal filling ratio was observed in the short-stem group (57% vs 34%, P < 0.001). Less calcar osteolysis (2.2% vs 12.9%; P = 0.001) and fewer overall number of radiographic changes (tuberosity resorption, lucencies, and subsidence) (0.7% vs 5.0%; P = 0.033) were seen with short stems compared with the standard-length stems.

Conclusion:

RTSA with a short-stem humeral implant demonstrates excellent radiographic outcomes, including low rates of loosening and subsidence at 1 year, with less early calcar osteolysis compared with a standard-length stem.

Level of Evidence:

III (Case-control)
Features of the production of cement asphalt concrete using fuel ash
Authors: Aryngazin Kapar , Zhulasheva Mariya , Abisheva Assem , Takirova Aygerim , Aligozhina Dina
Published: March 2022

In this work, the objects of research are cement asphalt concrete obtained on the basis of cement binder and bitumen emulsion, using as mineral additives, waste from thermal power plants, in the form of fuel ash of various types. The analysis of foreign and domestic literature on this topic is carried out. In order to reduce the amount of inorganic binder (cement) consumed, as well as modification of organic binder (bitumen emulsion), fuel ashes of two domestic producers, ashes of CHP-2 and CHP-3 of Pavlodar based on Ekibastuz coals, were studied in the work. The influence of fuel ash on the properties of binders used in the work, as well as the properties of cement asphalt concrete compositions based on binders using fuel ash, has been established. The features of the production of cement asphalt concrete using fuel ash are described. The results of testing cement asphalt concrete without the use and with the use of fuel ash are presented.
Knowledge, attitude and perceptions towards COVID-19 vaccination among the Pakistani population
Authors: Haris Sobia , Haris Muhammad , Deeba Farah , Khan Muhammad Jehangir
Published: March 2022

To assess the knowledge, attitude and perceptions towards COVID-19 vaccination among the Pakistani population. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted for about 02 months in COVID-19 clinic of Qazi Hussain Ahmad Medical Complex, Nowshera, Pakistan. Data was collected through non probability convenient sampling after obtaining the ethical approval from Institutional Ethical Review Board (IERB), NMC. Sample size of 385 was calculated. All those who presented to COVID-19 clinic and were 18 years or above and were suspected of having COVID-19 irrespective of gender were included whereas those who were below 18 years and presented for other medical problems were excluded from this study. Results: In the current study male participation was observed more than females (Male=271, 64.8%) and (Females=147, 35.2%). Out of whole sample (n=221, 52.9%) were previously vaccinated. More than half of the study participants were among 18-25 years of age (n=240, 57.4%). Among the whole sample (n=148, 35.4%) participants were married while (n=270, 64.6%) were unmarried and also most the participants were living with joint family system (n=279, 66.7%). Most of the study participants were educated. Conclusion: The present study found high knowledge but low favorable attitudes for COVID-19 vaccinations among the Pakistani population.
The environmental dependence of the stellar velocity dispresion of active galactic nucleus (AGN) host galaxies and dependence of the clustering properties of AGN host galaxies on the stellar velocity dispersion
Authors: Xin Yong , Xin-Fa Deng
Published: March 2022

We use two volume-limited active galactic nucleus (AGN) host galaxy samples constructed by Deng & Wen [47], and explore the environmental dependence of the stellar velocity dispersion in these two volume-limited AGN host galaxy samples. In the luminous volume-limited AGN host galaxy sample, the stellar velocity dispersion of AGN host galaxies apparently depends on local environments: AGN host galaxies with large stellar velocity dispersion exist preferentially in high density regime, while AGN host galaxies with small stellar velocity dispersion are located preferentially in low density regions. But in the faint volume-limited AGN host galaxy sample, this dependence is fairly weak. We also examine the dependence of the clustering properties of AGN host galaxies on the stellar velocity dispersion by cluster analysis, and find that in the luminous volume-limited AGN host galaxy sample, AGN host galaxies with small stellar velocity dispersion preferentially form isolated galaxies, close pairs and small groups, while AGN host galaxies with large stellar velocity dispersion preferentially inhabit the dense groups and clusters. In the faint volume-limited AGN host galaxy sample, although the fraction of isolated galaxies with small stellar velocity dispersion is apparently higher than the one with large stellar velocity dispersion, the trend in the luminous volume-limited sample is very difficultly observed. This likely is due to the galaxy number of the faint volume-limited AGN host galaxy sample being too small to ensure an ideal statistical analysis.
Околозвездные особенности Ве звезды Хербига HD 259431. I. Признаки магнитосферной аккреции
Authors: Погодин М. А.
Published: March 2022

Представлены результаты спектроскопического исследования Ае/
Ве звезды Хербига HD
259431, проведенного с 2010 по 2019гг. с использованием
спектрографов высокого разрешения:
а) Крымской астрофизической обсерватории, б) Южной
Европейской обсерватории ESO
(Чили), в) Обсерватории OAN SPM в Мексике и г) Коуровской
астрономической обсерватории
УрФУ. Проанализировано 245 спектров объекта, полученных в
области околозвездных линий
(в основном, H , H , HeI 5876, FeII 4923 и DNaI), а также
некоторых линий атмосферы
(HeI 4009, 4026). В этой статье обращается внимание только
на анализ циклической переменности параметров некоторых
околозвездных линий на временном масштабе порядка одного
дня. Обнаружено противофазное изменение бисекторной скорости
эмиссионного профиля
H и скорости границы красного крыла абсорбционной линии HeI
5876. Найден период
этих изменений Р = 2.839 сут. Предполагая, что эта величина
может быть периодом вращения
звезды, был оценен угол наклона оси вращения к лучу зрения i
= 48o ╠ 7
o
. Поскольку на
разных фазах этого периода профили H и H выглядели то как
PCyg-профиль, то как
двойной эмиссионный с депрессией в красном крыле, было
сделано предположение, что
наблюдаемая переменность связана с существованием
магнитосферы у HD 259431, имеющей
наклон магнитной оси по отношению к оси вращения. В этом
случае за один оборот
звезды на луче зрения появляется то аккрецируемый, то
истекающий поток вещества,
поскольку области с этими 2-мя типами кинематики, согласно
модели, расположены на
разных магнитных широтах. В пользу существования
магнитосферы говорят и очень большие
скорости границы красного крыла абсорбционной линии HeI 5876
(до +400 км/с),
наблюдаемые на фазах, когда на луче зрения оказывается
аккреционный поток. Было также
установлено, что подобные изменения демонстрируют также
линии H , HeI 6678 и OI
7773. В то же время в ряде линий, формирующихся в
околозвездной среде, удаленной от
района взаимодействия диск/звезда, такая циклическая
переменность не наблюдалась.
Отмечается, что это первый случай обнаружения магнитосферы у
Ве звезды Хербига такого
раннего спектрального класса (В6). Раньше считалось, что у
Ве звезд Хербига не могут
наблюдаться магнитосферы.
Исследование быстрой переменности BL Lac объекта MRK 421 в оптическом диапазоне
Authors: Сухарев А. , Рябов М. , Безруковс В. , Ульянов О. , Удовиченко С. , Кеир Л. , Дубовский П. , Кудзей И. , Коноваленко А. , Захаренко В. , Бакун Д. , Эглитис И.
Published: March 2022

MRK 421, гигантская эллиптическая галактика в созвездии Большой Медведицы, ядро которой обладает всеми свойствами объекта типа BL Lac. Она демонстрирует высокую активность и переменность от радио до гамма-диапазонов на временной шкале от нескольких часов до более чем 10 лет. MRK 421 обладает крупным спутником - спиральной, вероятно также активной галактикой MRK 421-5. В данной работе представлены результаты анализа наблюдений (в полосах V, R, I), в рамках совместного латвийско-украинского проекта по изучению переменности ярких АЯГ. Кроме этого, проведен анализ кривых блеска MRK 421, из базы данных AAVSO (Американская ассоциация наблюдателей переменных звезд), для подтверждения результатов периодограммного анализа. В итоге на исследуемом интервале времени у MRK 421 заподозрена циклическая переменность с характерным временем в интервале 9.3-13.4 дня, определенным двумя разными методами (аппроксимация данных синусоидами и метод CLEANest), что подтверждается анализом более длительных наблюдений MRK 421 в полосе V (по данным AAVSO). Дополнительно была проанализирована длительная переменность MRK 421. Получен результат, что в V, R, I кривых блеска AAVSO максимумы LS-периодограмм соответствуют периодам 1.6-1.7 года. Это близко к более ранним результатам анализа исторических кривых блеска MRK 421, которые были получены другими авторами. Также, по данным AAVSO, предположено наличие у MRK 421 более длительного цикла изменения блеска с характерным временем 20-30 лет.
Dunántúli hosszanti sáncok
Authors: Patay Pál
Published: March 2022

A szerző a baranyai, a tolnai és a somogyi, feltehetőleg azonos célból készült, egy rendszerbe tartozónak látszó hosszanti sáncokat ismerteti. Összefüggést lát közöttük és a bácskai u.n. Kis római sánc, sőt esetleg még a Bácska-Kiskunság-Körös menti sánc között is. Utóbbi esetben Pannóniának a rómaiak által történt feladását követően készülhettek.
Adatok az avar kori cserépbográcsok és sütőharangok kronológiájához
Authors: Hajnal Zsuzsanna
Published: March 2022

A tanulmány a Kölked-feketekapui avar kori telepen előkerült kézikorongolt és kézzel formált bográcsok, kézzel formált sütőharangok, valamint a korongolt mély sütőtálak és korongolt sütőharangok formáit és időrendjét vizsgálja. Tárgyalja a felsorolt tárgytípusok kölkedi telepen belüli helyzetét, és az edényformák eredet-kérdését. A kölkedi telepen a tárgyalt tárgytípusok és a szabadon álló kemencék megjelenése a 7. század utolsó harmadában bekövetkező életmódbeli változással függ össze.
Újabb feltárások a Budapest-Tabán késő la Téne-kori fazekastelep területén (Előzetes jelentés a 2005-2008. évi ásatásokról)
Authors: Maráz Borbála
Published: March 2022

A cikk a Bónis É. által 1969-ben közölt Badapest-tabáni késő kelta fazekastelep 2005-2008. között fe ltá rt részletét ismerteti. Bemutatja az újabban előkerült települési jelenségeket és azok gazdag kerámiaanyagát, valamint összefoglalja a település természetföldrajzi elhelyezkedésére és szerkezetére vonatkozó adatokat.
Hernádbűd-Várdomb bronzkori telep állatcsontleletei
Authors: Tugya Beáta
Published: March 2022

Hernádbűd-Várdomb lelőhelyen 2007-ben végeztek terepbejárást, melynek során közepes mennyiségű, összesen 658 állatcsontot gyűjtöttek össze egy 730 méter hosszúságú, 230-280 méter szélességű területről. A lelőhely a hatvani kultúra korai szakaszába tartozik, a terület jelenleg szántóföld.
A honti ispánsági vár kutatása 2011-ben
Authors: Mordovin Maxim
Published: March 2022

Hont falu területén csatornázási munkákhoz kapcsolódóan megelőző régészeti feltárást végeztünk. A több helyszínen nyitott szondák többsége negatívnak bizonyult, jelezve a lelőhely nagymértékű pusztulását. Ugyanakkor az egyetlen pozitív szondában az ispánsági vár különleges szerkezetű sáncának maradványaira bukkantunk. Az erődítés belső favázának gerendái mintavételre is alkalmasak voltak. További leletanyag rendkívül csekély mennyiségben került elő. Ez szinte kizárólag kora Árpád-kori kerámiából állt.
Elmélet és gyakorlat Méri István templom- és temetőfeltárásain
Authors: Szathmári Imre
Published: March 2022

A szerző példákon mutatja be, hogyan rögzítette Méri István különböző ásatásain a régészeti jelenségeket rajzban, fotón és írásban. Megállapítható, hogy Méri ezen a területen is alapvetően újat alkotott: a jelenségeket, tisztán és egyértelműen rögzítette, amelynek, persze alapfeltétele volt e jelenségek alapos megismerése és felismerése.
Középkori faluhely Lajosmizse határában
Authors: Biczó Piroska
Published: March 2022

A rövid szondázó ásatással kutatott lelőhely nagy valószínűséggel Lajosszállás/Lajos kun eredetű településsel azonos, a kun szállás Árpád-kori település területén jö tt létre. A leletek XII XIII. századra keltezik az Árpád-kori településrészlet korát. Az ásatásunkon feltárt egyetlen ház kemencéje és a bejárat helye szempontjából érdemes kiemeltebb figyelemre. Az ásatás tanúsága szerint Lajosszállás és az Árpád-kori település között nincsfolyamatosság, a XIII. században elnéptelenedett településrészleten a kun település legkorábbi leletei a XV. századból származnak. A budai kerámia és néhány más, kereskedelem révén távolabbi vidékről idekerült kerámiatárgy előfordulása a leletanyagban a település kedvező földrajzi helyzetével lehet összefüggésben.
Méri István munkásságának jelentősége a néprajztudományban (Tálasi István és Méri István barátsága
Authors: Filep Antal
Published: March 2022

A középkori magyar falukutatás kialakulása együtt járt a különböző szakterületek (régészet, néprajz, földrajz, történettudomány, történeti földraj) képviselőinek összefogásával és együttműködésével is. A dolgozat a kiváló néprajztudós, Tálasi István és Méri István szakmai együttműködését és emberi barátságát eleveníti fel.
An Early Bronze Age boat-like representation from Rakamaz, Northeast Hungary
Authors: Oravecz Hargita
Published: March 2022

This article offers an analysis o f an Early Bronze Age boat-like small vessel probably datable to the period o f the Nyírség Culture around the year 2500 BC, and gives an overview of previous findings of boat remains and the main types thereof. It is argued that this small vessel displays a number of technical features that are characteristic of plank boats. The hypothesis of an early familiarity with and use of this boat type is supported by the wooden boat remains found in various major European bodies of water. A further hypothesis raised in the article is that this find, isolated as it is, must have served a special rather than a quotidian purpose as a grave object linked to some funerary rite. This idea is based on such considerations as the miniature size of the object, its symbolic boat-like shape, the context of similar clay representations, and the presence within the territory of Hungary of various boat-related concepts (boat shaped urn funerals, tree-trunk coffins, etc.).
Garadna-Kastély zug. A római császárkori germán teleprészlet újraértékelése
Authors: Soós Eszter
Published: March 2022

A Hernád völgyében fekvő Garadna-Kastély zug kis felületen, kutatóárkokkal vizsgált lelőhelyen szintenként, rétegenként dokumentált kerámia leletanyag legközelebbi analógiái a Kelet-Szlovákiában feltárt, császárkori településeken találhatóak. Hiányoznak a Sajó-völgyi lelőhelyek anyagára jellemző, erős késő vaskori hagyomány nyomai, és a Beregsurányi-típusú, bepecsételt díszkerámiát gyártó műhelyek termékei is. A garadnai teleprészlet a kerámiaanyag és a provinciális eredetű tárgyak alapján a Kr.u. 2. század végétől a 4. század középső harmadáig keltezhető.
Archaeology and Nationalism. the Endless Struggle for Dăbâca (G.: Dobeschdorf; H.: Doboka). Thoughts on research development and archaeological realities
Authors: Gáll Erwin
Published: March 2022

The excavation of Dăbâca castle started in the early 1960s. The contextualization of the results was heavily influenced by ideological preconceptions since the fortification was identified as the political-military centre of legendary “lord Gelou” by archaeologists, based on the material of only three seasons of archaeological research and a written source from a much later period. According to the archaeological and numismatic finds, the fortification was built in/after the first third of the 11th century, but the castle system reached the peak of its life in the 12th century. This is clearly demonstrated by the coins those were found in the graves in Castle Area IV, A. Tămaş’s garden and the graveyard of Boldâgă/Boldogasszony, just like by the diverse structures of the settlement. The transformation of the castle as a political and administrative center can be dated to the late 13th century. It seems that the changes in Dăbâca’s role were not the result of the Mongolian invasion, and can be traced back to other, both administrative and political reasons.
A királyházi Nyalábvár 2. helyisége
Authors: Prohnenko Igor , Zsilenko Mária
Published: March 2022

A királyházai Nyaláb vár az ukrajnai Kárpátalja egyik kulcsfontosságú késő középkori–kora újkori emléke. A dokumentumok alapján az erősség a 13. század végétől a 17. század harmadik negyedéig működött. A 2014. évi ásatási idényben a várpalota déli falánál nyitottuk a III ásatási szelvényt. Területét a 2. helyiség (36,5 négyzetméter) falai határolták be. A kultúrréteg a feltárt területen 4,5 m vastag. A stratigráfiai megfigyelések alapján két réteget különítettünk el. Az I réteg alján egy cserépkályha maradványait rögzítettük. A leletanyag elemzése alapján a III szelvényben feltárt 2 szobát a 16. században és a 17. század elején használták.
​Anthropological remains from Feature 3 at the site Borjád-Kenderföldek
Authors: Zoffmann Zsuzsanna
Published: March 2022

Feature 3 contained the remains of the inhumation of a single individual. The buried person was a female aged between 23 and 39 years. It was not possible to reconstruct her skull due to its poor, fragmented, distorted, and incomplete condition. Therefore the skull could only partially be analyzed. The same applies to the long bones. As a result, the height of the individual could not be determined. Traces of lesions on the bones could not be observed. The remains allowed to determine only that the deceased was a relatively short, dolichomorph woman of gracile stature. She possibly belonged to the Gracile Mediterranean subtype, which is relatively common amidst the population of the Lengyel Culture.
A new greave from the Late Bronze Age hoard found at Lengyeltóti in southern Transdanubia
Authors: Honti Szilvia , Jankovits Katalin
Published: March 2022

The hoard V from Lengyeltóti (County Somogy) contained over seven hundred artefacts, most of which can be dated to the Kurd horizon (Ha A1), although there are a few articles that can be assigned to the Gyermely horizon (Ha A2). One of the most remarkable pieces in the hoard is a greave decorated with wheel-shaped motifs. Greaves were part of the typical defensive weaponry of the Ha A1 period in southern Transdanubia.
Bugac-Bimbó lelőhely állatcsontanyagának archaeozoológiai értékelése
Authors: Kovács Eszter Zsófia
Published: March 2022

A bugaci archaeozoológiai együttes fajösszetétele a szarmata településekre jellemző képet mutatja. A háziállatok dominálnak az anyagban, amely az állattartás fejlettségére utal. A háziállatok között – a sztyeppei eredetű pásztorkultúrákra jellemző módon – a kiskérődzők szerepelnek legnagyobb arányban, míg a szarvasmarha a második leggyakoribb faj. A szarmata településekre jellemző képnek megfelelően a házisertés kis mennyiségben volt jelen. Vágásnyomok kiskérődző-, szarvasmarha-, sertés- és lócsontokon is megfigyelhetők, melyeknek egy része az állatok leölését követő darabolásból származó nyom, más részük a konyhakész darabok előállítása, illetve a konyhai feldolgozás során keletkezhetett. A kiskérődzők, sertés és marha esetében a testrégiók között a húsban gazdagabb részek szerepeltek magasabb arányban, míg a ló esetében a húsban szegényebb részek. A településen meghatározott ló marmagassági értéke azt mutatta, hogy jelen volt anagytermetű római típus is.
Tausírozott, fogazott és poncolt szalagfonatos ötvöstárgyak a zamárdi avar kori temetőben
Authors: Garam Éva
Published: March 2022

A Zamárdi avar kori temető férfi és női övei, többféle technikával díszített, tausírozott,- fogazott- és poncolt szalagfonat mintás, részben azonos funkciójú fémtárgyait vizsgáljuk. A meroving gyökerű minta avar kori használta a női öltözethez tartozó csüngős övű viselet nagyszíjvégén a Dunántúl germán eredetű tárgyakban gazdag temetőiből ismert (Budakalász, Csákberény, Kölked A, B), legnagyobb számban a Zamárdi temetőben fordul elő. Zamárdin a minta és a vele díszített tárgyak átalakulása, egyszerűsödése a 6. század végétől a 8. század elejéig követhető. Hasonló képet mutatnak a Közép-Tisza-vidék avar kori temetői, kiemelten a 7. század közepén indított tiszafüredi temető, amelyben a női viselethez tartozó tárgyak eredete (pl. csüngős övek szíjvéggel, felhúzott lemezgömbös fülbevalók és női munkaeszközök) a dunántúli hasonló tárgyakkal azonos.
Baks-Temetőpart. Analysis of a Gáva-ceramic style mega-settlement
Authors: Kósa Polett
Published: March 2022

This paper focuses on the analysis and interpretation of the ceramic material discovered in 2007 during the excavations of the site Baks-Temetőpart (Csongrád County). This was the first time when an excavation took place on this previously researched Late Bronze Age site, resulting a rather intense amount of finds. The most significant part of the material consists of ceramic fragments (approximately 4000 pieces), which are kept in the Móra Ferenc Museum in Szeged. The pottery as evaluated typologically and correspondence analysis as a statistical method was also applied. The results from these methods are specifically meant for this particular material, which indicates that a further study or a larger amount of ceramic fragments can in some extent affect the conclusions described below.
Free-born negotiatores in Scarbantia
Authors: Szabó Melinda
Published: March 2022

The paper presents a survey of the backgrounds of two free-born negotiatores known from Scarbantia. This study is the first step of a comprehensive research on the negotiatores in the towns of Pannonia, examining their social status. Detailed definition of the concept of negotiator may give us a starting point for further research about the role of these people in the society.
A marosgombási honfoglalás kori gyöngyök tipokronológiai és technikatörténeti vizsgálata
Authors: Fülöp Réka
Published: March 2022

Marosgombás (Gâmbaș) kutatástörténeti szempontból kiemelkedő lelőhely, mivel Erdély első honfoglalás kori temetője. A tanulmány a temetőben előkerült gyöngyöket elemzi, felhasználva a Szilágyi Katalin által megalkotott tipológiai rendszert. A tárgytípus több szempontú vizsgálatára törekedtem, így a gyöngyök kronológiai, tipológiai és készítéstechnológiai aspektusból is elemzésre kerültek.
Torts – Strict Products Liability in California: Scandinavian Airlines System v. United Aircraft Corp., 601 F. 2d 425 (9th Cir. 1979)
Authors: Leslie Frank Susan
Published: March 2022

Strict Liability Under California Law Is Not Available as a Means to Obtain Relief for Property Damage Resulting from a Defective Aircraft Part Whenever an Airline and an A ircraft Manufacturer Negotiate a Contract of Sale from Positions of Relatively Equal Economic Strength
A Common Approach to Aviation Emissions Trading
Authors: Hardeman Andreas
Published: March 2022

With global climate change high on the international political agenda, pressure on the aviation sector is mounting to address its growing share of global CO2 emissions. In this article, emissions trading is considered as a measure to limit aviation’s impact on the global atmosphere, comparing its use with other types of economic measures and outlining emerging regulations within ICAO and in Europe. Concrete proposals under development by the European Commission have raised questions about whether States can integrate international aviation emissions from aircraft operators of other States in their emissions trading scheme without mutual agreement. In the absence of bilateral or multilateral agreements between States to specifically address aviation’s atmospheric impact on a consensual basis, the author seeks to provide answers within the boundaries of the existing legal framework of the 1944 Chicago Convention, the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and its 1997 Kyoto Protocol. Having established that the intended effect and operational implications of emissions trading obligations are of an international, trans-boundary nature and thus potentially affecting the sovereignty of other States, the conclusion is that there are fundamental doubts that international aviation emissions could be included without mutual agreement if these emissions occur or originate outside the territory of parties to the trading scheme.
Science in Service of Power: Space Exploration Initiatives as Catalysts for Regime Evolution
Authors: Martinez Larry F.
Published: March 2022

Since the turn of the millennium, a growing number of governments have announced major space exploration initiatives, highly-visible commitments requiring trillions of dollars in additional space budget expenditures to reach their goals on the ‘Moon, Mars, and beyond’. The initiatives represent a significant transformation in the international political economy of outer space, signaling the re-emergence of governments into an increasingly civilian-commercialized space arena, which, over the past two decades, has become dominated by privatized multinational consortia. The initiatives appear to indicate that leading space-faring nations are taking steps to reassert their decision-making prerogatives about how space is used and regulated, with profound implications for the outer space legal regime. In particular, these space-faring nations are using the initiatives to legitimize their proposals to shift the regime’s basis for decision-making from inclusive, principles-based treaties and organizations, to more exclusive, science-based agreements over which they exert a controlling influence. In so doing, the international space legal regime is evolving in a direction paralleling other technology-based commons regimes, such as those for Antarctica and the Internet.
From Star Wars to Space Wars – The Next Strategic Frontier: Paradigms to Anchor Space Security
Authors: Freeland Steven , Nyamuya Maogoto Jackson
Published: March 2022

Military blueprints by major space-faring powers now encapsulate concepts of ‘space support’ and ‘force enhancement’ which point to a central role of space assets in facilitating military operations while notions of ‘space control’ and ‘force application’ suggest the weaponization of space, and the putative view that space may in the near future be a theatre of military operations. As defence goals increasingly focus on space as the final frontier evident in development of national missile defence systems, anti-satellite weapons and other space-based systems, international peace and security faces a new challenge. Creators of the current legal regime for space failed to foresee the rapid rate at which technological and engineering breakthroughs would take place. Now the shortcomings in the current regime beg the question of how the law can keep up and address space technology. It is imperative that the international community act now rather than later. In light of the existing lacunae in the international space law regime, this Article seeks to explore avenues/paradigms through which the militarization of space may be regulated and its weaponization addressed.
An international civil liability regime for the Galileo services: A proposal
Authors: Manzini Pietro , Masutti Anna
Published: March 2022

According to several studies, the Galileo system is expected to be extremely widespread on a global level. It represents an evolution in and a substantial improvement of the satellite radionavigation systems currently existing. Its very nature will make it significant in various economic sectors and in sectors of substantial public interest.

Considering Galileo’s potential global scope, the risk of loss is significant and may even be catastrophic. The absence of an international uniform law causes a number of problems. Such problems include the risks of multiple applicable jurisdictions, the difficulty and costs of identifying the responsible party, uncertainty relating to the notion of reimbursable loss, the introduction of effective loss recovery mechanisms, and difficulties in coordinating with existing convention regimes.

Analysis of the convention scenario concerning uniform civil liability rules highlighted a set of well consolidated approaches in practice on an international level. Our proposal is to make a broad reference to these approaches when devising a specific regime for civil liability for loss deriving from Galileo services. In our opinion, the above mentioned regime should include: the strict liability rule; liability channelling; limit to liability; compulsory insurance for at least the limit of liability; the provision for supplementary compensation to guarantee satisfactory reimbursement of losses; and the criteria for identifying the applicable jurisdiction.
Liability for Third Party Damage on the Ground — Some fundamental issues for consideration by the Council of ICAO prior to a Diplomatic Conference
Authors: Caplan Harold
Published: March 2022

The previous issue of this Journal contained two original articles of outstanding importance:

– One by the distinguished Chairman of an ICAO group, explaining for the first time the thinking behind two Conventions proposed by his group to govern the liability of civil aircraft operators for damage to persons and property on the ground caused by an aircraft in flight.

– The other by an eminent member of the Editorial Board – offering independent reflections on the group’s proposals.

In advance of a Diplomatic Conference, the present article [March 2008] attempts to analyze and evaluate both articles and the accompanying draft texts.

States would be free to adopt either or both the proposed Conventions. Unfortunately, both proposals are flawed.

The draft with the best potential for ratification is referred to as the ‘General Risks’ Convention. It is dedicated to accidents which are not caused by unlawful interference with aircraft. This is marred principally by:

– A failure to preserve or update provisions of the 1952 Rome Convention with continuing relevance – such as air carrier defences in the event of armed conflict; and

– applying the concept of limits and defences designed for passenger liability to the completely different circumstances of third parties on the ground.

The other draft text, dealing with crashes caused by unlawful interference with aircraft (e.g. terrorism) is inspired by the highest humanitarian considerations. It aims to strike a fair balance between the needs of victims and those of air transport. The basic flaws in this draft are that:

– In relation to terrorism, air transport itself is a victim; and

– leading nations are already committed to the provision of compensation for death and injury caused by violent crime (including terrorism), and to give support for terrorism risks in the insurance of property.

Furthermore there appears to have been no consideration of apparent conflicts with the 1944 Chicago Convention (including prior Council policy), a United Nations Resolution of 1985 and (in relation to EU members) a Directive of 2004 requiring States to assume responsibility for compensating victims of violent crime (including terrorism).

Suggestions are offered to promote ratification of two unlinked international agreements:

– The proposed ‘General Risks’ Convention; and

– a new Terrorism Compensation Treaty for consideration by the United Nations.
Overcoming the Barriers to International Aviation Greenhouse Gas Emissions Abatement
Authors: Macintosh Andrew
Published: March 2022

Under business–as–usual conditions, international aviation greenhouse gas emissions will grow substantially over the next twenty to thirty years. The realization of the likely trajectory of international aviation emissions has sparked debate about the future of aviation and the existing governance and policy structures. This article reviews the progress made on international aviation emissions abatement, provides an analysis of the reasons for the delay and outlines a proposal to advance the debate on how to impose carbon prices on emissions. The conclusion is reached that criticisms of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) are, to some extent, unfounded. ICAO’s failings are a product of political differences between Member States on fundamental climate policy issues. These political problems are compounded by the fact that under existing international aviation law, there are restrictions on the rights of a State to unilaterally impose carbon pricing requirements on foreign aircraft. To overcome these problems, ICAO Member States should consider the imposition of an international aviation emission charge that is indexed to account for equity concerns and partially hypothecated to support land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) projects.
Proposals for the Regulation of Unmanned Air Vehicle Use in Common Airspace
Authors: Masutti Anna
Published: March 2022

In the past UAVs have mainly been used for military purposes. Recently, UAV applications for civil use have been developed, but a clear legal framework is needed so as to permit UAVs to fly outside segregated areas with other traffic, assuring the same safety and security standards as for manned aircraft. Modern UAVs are in effect an entire system, i.e. UAS (Unmanned Air System), which comprises the aircraft and the ground control station. The correct interpretation of EU Regulation 216/08 leads to the conclusion that even UAVs are subject to the same airworthiness requirements as those for manned aircraft. The certification of the system, while a fairly complex exercise, should not penalize this sector with excessive requirements. Beyond the need of a legal framework relating to the airworthiness and operations of UAVs, special attention should be given to further legal implications deriving from the use of these aircraft, such as civil liability regulations for damage to persons or property caused by an incident involving a UAV. The resolution of this problem would be a decisive contribution to increasing the use of UAVs for civil purposes outside segregated areas. One of the aims of this article is to identify the international and European Community legislation established for manned vehicles that could be applied also to UAVs.
Aviation Policy in the Philippines and the Impact of the Proposed Southeast Asian Single Aviation Market
Authors: Khee-Jin Tan Alan
Published: March 2022

This article analyses the challenges facing the liberalization of international civil aviation in the Republic of the Philippines. In particular, it assesses the political dynamics surrounding the Philippines’ bilateral and multilateral air services negotiations and the government’s attempts to balance industry relaxations with national carriers’ interests. The government’s desire to liberalize foreign carriers’ access into an alternative airport near the capital is discussed, together with the resistance to such a move. The contextual implications of an impending single aviation market (SAM) arrangement in the southeast Asian region are also raised, especially in relation to market access, ownership and control, and external relations issues.
The Implications of the EU Accession to the Cape Town Convention
Authors: Crans Berend
Published: March 2022

On 28 April 2009 the European Community deposited an instrument of accession to the Cape Town Convention. To understand the implications thereof, one needs to understand the scope of the powers conferred upon the Community to conclude international agreements. In this case accession by the Community implies that the Member States are bound by the Cape Town Convention to the extent the provisions thereof fall within Community competence. The Community declaration, lodged in conjunction with the accession instrument, indicates that Member States have transferred competence to the Community with respect to matters affecting the Brussels I–Regulation, the Insolvency Regulation and the Rome I–Regulation. In practice it will, however, still be difficult to determine which provisions of the Convention fall within Community competence. The Community’s accession to the Cape Town Convention is perhaps mainly to be seen as paving the way for individual Member States to ratify the Convention.
Liability of Aviation Security Service Providers and Responsibility of States
Authors: Hong Jane
Published: March 2022

Following the events of 9/11, dramatic changes have been implemented in aviation security standards. Along with the changes in public regulation, there was an entity that newly emerged in the eyes of public – the aviation security service providers (ASPs).

This article elaborates on the responsibility and liability of ASPs and suggests several options for ASPs to protect the business itself from unlimited third-party liability in case of an act of terrorism. Then it inquires into the responsibility of States in this regard.
Aviation Security: Technical and Regulatory Measures against MANPADS
Authors: Kaiser Stefan A.
Published: March 2022

The public has paid only little attention to the threat of ‘Man-Portable Air Defence Systems’ (MANPADS) against aviation security. MANPADS are cheap, efficient, portable, and simple to use. They are easily accessible on the international arms markets and thus an ideal ‘poor man’s weapon’ for asymmetric conflicts since they can be used offensively with a devastating effect. In 2004, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) listed over forty MANPAD incidents against civil aircraft, more than half of which were successful, resulting in almost 600 casualties.

In the last years, a wave of resolutions and decisions about MANPADS were taken in several international organizations and other fora. Many measures undertaken by States, airlines, and airport operators are kept confidential. This article gives a general overview of these technical and regulatory measures and the underlying rationale of the actors. At the same time, it provides an insight into decentralized international rule making of a subject matter, which States feel compelled to act upon, but for reasons of their own national defence, they do not agree on an internationally legally binding agreement.
Legal and Aeronautical Issues Concerning the Earthquake in Haiti
Authors: Abeyratne Ruwantissa
Published: March 2022

The earthquake that devastated the capital of Haiti and much of its environs in January 2010, causing massive fatalities and damage to property, could be distinguished from the Tsunami of December 2004 in that the latter left the government infrastructure and machinery intact. The earthquake, on the other hand, crippled the Haitian government and infrastructure, rendering government authorities weak in the running of the country. From an aeronautical perspective, this brought to bear issues of sovereignty within the parameters of relief flights and humanitarian law. Another devastation that was unique to the earthquake was that although the only runway at the airport was undamaged, the rest of the aviation infrastructure lay in a shambles. The flow of the numerous relief flights that came into Haiti after the fact had therefore to be managed with caution and diligence. This article addresses these issues in the backdrop of the applicable principles of public international law and the regulatory regime of international civil aviation.
Regulation of Sub-orbital Space Tourism in Europe: A Role for EU/EASA?
Authors: Masson-Zwaan Tanja
Published: March 2022

Taking into account that several plans related to sub-orbital space tourism exist within European Union (EU) Member States, the article outlines the European Space Agency’s (ESA) position about this activity and how that may influence the way space tourism will be treated under EU law. The extent of the competence and legislative powers of the EU under the Lisbon Treaty will be addressed according to three scenarios, that is, treating sub-orbital space tourism as tourism, as aviation or as space activity under the Treaty. Observing that sub-orbital space tourism will probably be regarded as aviation within the EU context, the possible involvement of the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) will then be discussed.
The Continuing Development of Montreal Convention 1999 Jurisprudence
Authors: Tompkins Jr George N.
Published: March 2022

The Montreal Convention 1999 (MC99) replaces the 1929 Warsaw Convention (WC29). MC99 was adopted on 28 May 1999 and came into force on 4 November 2003 with the deposit of the thirtieth instrument of ratification by the United States on 5 September 2003. There are, as of 12 November 2010, nine-seven State Parties to MC99.

The drafters of MC99 were vigilant in not changing the substantive wording of the principle liability rules of WC29, so as to preserve the validity of the seventy-five years of WC29 legal precedents for courts when applying the comparable liability rules of MC99.

Since MC99 came into force, the courts interpreting and applying the MC99 liability rules have been ever cognizant of this intent of the drafters of MC99. This is the third article summarizing MC99 court decisions for the benefit of the readers of A&SL and this summary will appear each year as court decisions are rendered in the States Party to MC99 applying the MC99 liability rules.
The Montreal Convention 1999 and the Decisions of the ECJ in the Cases of IATA and Sturgeon  in Harmony or Discord?
Authors: Lawson Robert , Marland Tim
Published: March 2022

This article considers Regulation (EC) No. 261/2004 in so far as it deals with delay in the carriage by air of passengers, as interpreted by the European Court of Justice in the cases of R. (on the application of International Air Transport Association and European Low Fares Airline Association) v. Department of Transport and Sturgeon v. Condor Flugdienst GmbH and Böck v. Air France SA. It considers whether these two cases are consistent with each other and with the Montreal Convention (in respect of carriage to which the Convention and Regulation 261 both apply). It concludes that they are irreconcilable with each other and that if the IATA case is consistent with the Montreal Convention, as it purports to be, then Sturgeon is not.
Foreign Plaintiffs, Forum Non Conveniens, and the 1999 Montreal Convention
Authors: Mendelsohn Allan I.
Published: March 2022

The purpose of this article is not so much to focus on the multitude of successful forum non conveniens motions that have been granted in recent years by US courts, but rather to focus on the increasing frequency of foreigners (i.e., non-citizens and non-residents) opting to sue in the United States. They do this because in many instances they are aggressively solicited by US-employed so-called 'consultants' who tell them that they can not only enjoy contingency fee arrangements in retaining their US lawyers, but that they can also enjoy the likelihood of much larger financial recoveries than could be expected from the courts in their own countries. Even if these representations are in fact true, the issue addressed by the author is the propriety of foreigners seeking access to US courts for these purposes.

The author briefly examines the decisions in several of the more recent aviation accident cases. A disproportionate number of them, as can be seen, involve accidents that occurred abroad, on foreign airlines - many of which do no business in the United States and, hence, are not subject to US jurisdiction - and with victims that are mostly or all citizens of foreign countries.

Finally, the author proposes an approach that he believes would help to eliminate or, at the least, lessen the frequency with which foreign citizens resort to US courts following aviation accidents abroad while, at the same time, providing foreign plaintiffs who are victims of international air mishaps with faster and more certain resolution of their claims. The author also proposes what he believes is a much better and more efficient system for determining whether courts abroad are available and adequate for purposes of allowing a US court to grant a forum non conveniens dismissal.