bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Survival and reproduction ofEuoniticellus intermedius(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in dung following application of cypermethrin and flumethrin pour-ons to cattle
Authors: Krüger K. , Lukhele O.M. , Scholtz C.H.
Published: November 2007

Cattle were treated with cypermethrin and flumethrin pour-ons to determine possible adverse effects of residues in dung on the survival, fecundity and fertility ofEuoniticellus intermedius(Reiche). Dung from both cypermethrin- and flumethrin-treated cattle was collected 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after treatment, with an untreated control for each. Mortality of adultE.intermediusexposed to dung collected from cypermethrin-treated cattle two to seven days after treatment ranged between 80% and 100%. Cypermethrin had no effect on adult and immature survival or on fecundity and fertility ofE.intermediusexposed to dung collected 1, 14, 21 and 28 days after treatment. Dung collected from flumethrin-treated cattle had no apparent effect on adult survival, egg production, immature survival, adult emergence, fecundity and fertility ofE.intermedius, except at seven days after treatment, when fewer brood balls were produced and consequently fewer adults emerged from dung from treated animals compared with the control.
Vine phenological stage during larval feeding affects male and female reproductive output of Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Torres-Vila L.M. , Rodríguez-Molina M.C. , Roehrich R. , Stockel J.
Published: November 2007

The effect of vine phenological stage during larval feeding on the reproductive output of Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller) adults was assessed. Larvae were reared under field conditions on vine inflorescences, unripe or ripe berries simulating the first, second and third insect generations respectively. The resulting adults showed significant differences in body weight, longevity and reproductive output as measured by oviposition period, total fecundity and reproductive efficiency (viable eggs/body weight) for females, and spermatophore number and volume of the first spermatophore for males. Viable egg number was positively correlated with female body weight for all treatments but male reproductive efficiency (spermatophores/body weight) was not. The reproductive output of females from larvae reared on a standard semisynthetic diet was comparable to that of females reared on ripe berries whereas males showed a higher reproductive output when reared on semisynthetic diet. These results clearly show that data obtained from insects reared on artificial diet cannot be extrapolated to ‘field-derived’ adults. The results suggest that the variation in L. botrana reproductive output due to the larval food source should be taken into account as a potential factor affecting insect population dynamics. It is suggested that different intervention thresholds, such as those based on pheromone catches, may be needed for each of the three moth generations, to compensate for the increased fecundity and potential to cause larger amounts of crop damage of later generations.
Variation in tospovirus transmission between populations of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Authors: van de Wetering F. , van der Hoek M. , Goldbach R. , Mollema C. , Peters D.
Published: November 2007

Fourteen populations of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande, originating from different hosts and countries in Asia, Europe, North America and New Zealand, were analysed for their competency and efficiency to transmit tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). All populations acquired and subsequently transmitted the virus, and were thus competent to transmit. They show marked differences in their efficiency, expressed as the percentage of transmitting adults. Efficiencies varied from 18% for a F. occidentalis population from the USA (US2) to 75% for a population from Israel (IS2). The differences between populations were not affected by the amount of virus ingested or by the host plant used. However, the tospovirus species studied and age at which the larvae acquired the virus affected the efficiency to transmit. First instar larvae of the NL3 population from The Netherlands were able to acquire tomato spotted wilt virus, whereas second instar larvae failed to do so. However, both instars of this population acquired impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV), another tospovirus. This and tomato spotted wilt virus were both acquired by both larval stages of the populations IS2 and US2, although their ability to acquire virus decreased with their age. Hence, it is likely that, in general, both instar larvae of most F. occidentalis populations are competent to acquire both tospoviruses. These results show that large differences exist in the efficiency by which tomato spotted wilt is transmitted by the various F. occidentalis populations and that the ability to acquire tospovirus decreases with the age of the larvae
The host range, annual cycle and parasitoids of the African rice gall midge Orseolia oryzivora (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in central and southeast Nigeria
Authors: Williams C.T. , Okhidievbie O. , Harris K.M. , Ukwungwu M.N.
Published: November 2007

Host range experiments and field sampling in Nigeria produced no evidence that African rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzivora Harris – Gagné, can develop on plants other than Oryza species. Sampling in three outbreak areas during 1994 showed that the insect's annual cycle varied according to the agroecological zone and rice cropping pattern. In the humid forest zone, Orseolia oryzivora persisted through the short dry season on ratoons of cultivated rice Oryza sativa at a rainfed site and on dry season rice crops at an irrigated one. In contrast, at rainfed sites in the moist savannah zone the pest survived the longer dry season on the perennial wild rice O. longistaminata, while ratoons and volunteers of O. sativa provided 'bridges' between the wild host and wet season rice crops. Early in the wet season at rainfed sites, galls of Orseolia oryzivora were not found at high density on wild rice, ratoons or volunteers. The heavy infestations which developed by October resulted primarily from rapid multiplication on rice crops themselves during the wet season. At all 13 sites sampled, the large majority of galls were found on fallow or cropped rice fields, rather than in ditches, bunds or uncultivated wetland, irrespective of the time of year or the hosts involved. From gall dissections, the parasitoids Aprostocetus procerae (Risbec) and Platygaster diplosisae Risbec caused over 30% mortality at some sites by October but generally increased too late to prevent crop damage. Implications of the results for the management of Orseolia oryzivora are discussed.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: special considerations for infants and children with cardiac disease
Authors: Peddy Stacie B. , Fran Hazinski Mary , Laussen Peter C. , Thiagarajan Ravi R. , Hoffman George M. , Nadkarni Vinay , Tabbutt Sarah
Published: November 2007

Pulseless cardiac arrest, defined as the cessation of cardiac mechanical activity, determined by unresponsiveness, apneoa, and the absence of a palpable central pulse, accounts for around one-twentieth of admissions to paediatric intensive care units, be they medical or exclusively cardiac. Such cardiac arrest is higher in children admitted to a cardiac as opposed to a paediatric intensive care unit, but the outcome of these patients is better, with just over two-fifths surviving when treated in the cardiac intensive care unit, versus between one-sixth and one-quarter of those admitted to paediatric intensive care units. Children who receive chest compressions for bradycardia with pulses have a significantly higher rate of survival to discharge, at 60%, than do those presenting with pulseless cardiac arrest, with only 27% surviving to discharge. This suggests that early resuscitation before the patient becomes pulseless, along with early recognition and intervention, are likely to improve outcomes. Recently published reports of in-hospital cardiac arrests in children can be derived from the multi-centric National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation provided by the American Heart Association. The population is heterogeneous, but most arrests occurred in children with progressive respiratory insufficiency, and/or progressive circulatory shock. During the past 4 years at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3.1% of the average 1000 annual admissions to the cardiac intensive care unit have received cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Overall survival of those receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation was 46%. Survival was better for those receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac surgery, at 53%, compared with survival of 33% for pre-operative or non-surgical patients undergoing resuscitation. Clearly there is room for improvement in outcomes from cardiac resuscitation in children with cardiac disease. In this review, therefore, we summarize the newest developments in paediatric resuscitation, with an expanded focus upon the unique challenges and importance of anticipatory care in infants and children with cardiac disease.
Multiprofessionelles Geriatrisches Assessment
Authors: Gatterer Gerald
Published: November 2007

Zusammenfassung: Altern ist ein multifaktorielles Geschehen, welches sowohl biologische, psychologische und soziale Bereiche betrifft. Insofern ist die möglichst frühzeitige Erfassung pathologischer Veränderungen ein wesentlicher Faktor der Alternsprävention und -rehabilitation. Das Geriatrische Assessment stellt hierbei einen interdisziplinären Prozess zur Erfassung der Ressourcen und Defizite älterer Menschen mittels standardisierter Verfahren dar. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden erprobte aber auch neue Tests hinsichtlich ihrer Wertigkeit dargestellt und anhand eigener Untersuchungen diskutiert. Es zeigt sich, dass das Geriatrische Assessment gut zur “richtigen” Platzierung von Menschen in einem Geriatriezentrum geeignet ist.
Exekutive Funktionen
Authors: Drechsler Renate
Published: November 2007

Zusammenfassung: In diesem Übersichts-Artikel wird eine Taxonomie exekutiver Funktionen auf der Basis neuropsychologischer Modelle vorgestellt, an der sich eine klinische Diagnostik orientieren kann. Unterschieden werden vier Regulationsebenen, kognitive Regulation, Aktivitätsregulation, emotionale Regulation und soziale Regulation, denen sich klinisch beobachtbare Phänomene bei Störungen exekutiver Funktionen zuordnen lassen. Schließlich werden die besonderen Probleme thematisiert, die sich bei der Diagnostik exekutiver Funktionen hinsichtlich ökologischer Validität, Konstruktvalidität, Reliabilität und anderer methodischer Kriterien stellen.
Fathers of Girls, Fathers of Boys: Influence of Child’s Gender on Fathers’ Experience of, Engagement in, and Representations of Paternity
Authors: Rouyer Véronique , Frascarolo France , Zaouche-Gaudron Chantal , Lavanchy Chloé
Published: November 2007

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of child’s gender on several dimensions of paternity: the fathers’ personal experience of paternity, their involvement in child rearing, and their representations. A total of 147 Swiss fathers of 18-month-old children (65 girls and 82 boys) completed questionnaires. The child’s gender had little influence on paternal experience, relationship to the child or relationship with the child’s mother. Globally, the fathers took on few responsibilities which were largely devolved to mothers. Fathers of boys were more involved in child care than fathers of girls. Finally, a discrepancy was found between the fathers’ representations of paternal roles in rearing girls and boys and the actual level of responsibility that fathers adopted in their relationship with their child.
Psychopathie im Kindesalter
Authors: Koglin Ute , Petermann Franz
Published: November 2007

Zusammenfassung. Das Psychopathiekonzept wird zunehmend häufiger auch bei Kindern und Jugendlichen diskutiert. Es zeigt sich, dass Kinder mit Psychopathiemerkmalen schwerwiegenderes und vielfältigeres aggressiv-dissoziales Verhalten zeigen. Durch die Verwendung des Psychopathiekonzepts ist es möglich, eine spezifische Subgruppe von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit einer Störung des Sozialverhaltens zu identifizieren, die durch einen besonders schweren und chronischen Verlauf gekennzeichnet ist. Allerdings steht die Forschung zum Psychopathiekonzept im Kindes- und Jugendalter noch am Anfang und der deutlich negativ besetzte Begriff muss in der Praxis sehr vorsichtig verwendet werden. Es wird das Psychopathiekonzept beschrieben und einschlägige diagnostische Verfahren dazu vorgestellt; auf die Epidemiologie, komorbide Störungen und den Verlauf wird eingegangen.
Zugriff auf positive versus negative Zukunftsereignisse und Erinnerungen bei depressiven Probanden
Authors: Schulz Nele , Kroker Kristin , Mesker Antje , de Jong-Meyer Renate
Published: November 2007

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Depressive unterscheiden sich von gesunden Kontrollpersonen durch reduzierten Zugriff auf positive bei vergleichbarem Zugriff auf negative Zukunftsereignisse ( MacLeod, Tata, Kentish & Jacobson, 1997 ). Fragestellung: Ziel ist eine Replikation der Befunde zum valenzspezifischen Zugriff auf Zukunfts- und Vergangenheitsereignisse. Zudem werden Korrelationen zwischen den Häufigkeiten der Zukunftsvorstellungen und Ängstlichkeit bzw. Sorgenneigung (Worrying) untersucht. Methode: 24 depressive (BDI > 16) und 22 nicht-depressive Probanden (BDI < 9) bearbeiteten ein Wortflüssigkeitsparadigma, bei dem sie positive oder negative Zukunftsvorstellungen bzw. Erinnerungen nennen sollten. Ängstlichkeit und Worrying wurden mit Fragebögen erhoben. Ergebnisse: Die depressiven Probanden generierten signifikant weniger positive aber nicht mehr negative Zukunftsvorstellungen und Erinnerungen als die Kontrollprobanden. Das Verhältnis zwischen positiven und negativen Ereignissen war innerhalb der depressiven Gruppe ausgewogen, während die Kontrollprobanden mehr positive als negative Ereignisse nannten. Schlussfolgerungen: Es wird diskutiert, welche Faktoren den reduzierten Zugriff auf positive Ereignisse der Depressiven erklären könnten.
Zeitliche und sequenzielle Muster von nonlinearen Veränderungen im Therapieverlauf
Authors: Lutz Wolfgang , Bachmann Franziska , Tschitsaz Armita , Smart David W. , Lambert Michael J.
Published: November 2007

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Studien zu Sudden Gains bestätigten in hoher Übereinstimmung die prädiktive Validität jener Gains für das Therapieergebnis. Diese Gains wurden bisher in erster Linie als isoliertes, veränderungsinduzierendes Strukturmerkmal eines Therapieverlaufes betrachtet. Unter Routine-Praxisbedingungen fanden sich sehr starke Fluktuationen in den Symptomberichten und eine geringe Stabilität von Sudden Gains über den Therapieverlauf. Fragestellung: Diese Studie untersucht zeitliche und sequentielle Aspekte von substanziellen, nonlinearen Veränderungen in Therapieverläufen mit plötzlichen Gains und/oder Losses. Methode: Untersucht wurden 1640 Psychotherapiepatienten einer US-amerikanischen, universitären Ambulanz mit 5-75 unter Routinebedingungen stattfindenden Psychotherapiesitzungen. Resultate: Sudden Gains traten im Rahmen eines verstärkten Trends zu frühen, großen Verbesserungen auf und gingen mit einem positiven Therapieergebnis einher, insbesondere, wenn Sudden Gains vor der 5. Sitzung auftraten. Mit 11% ist der Anteil von Patienten mit Sudden Gains gering, zudem weisen diese Fälle starke Fluktuationen und eine Rückfallrate von 48% auf. Schlussfolgerung: Unter Routinepraxisbedingungen sind Sudden Gains als Bestandteil einer Reihe substanzieller, plötzlicher Veränderungen zu betrachten; wobei in diesen Therapieverläufen Verbesserungen überwiegen und gehäuft bereits in frühen Therapiephasen auftreten.
Plötzliche Gewinne und Verluste im Behandlungsverlauf von Angststörungen, depressiven und komorbiden Störungen
Authors: Lutz Wolfgang , Tschitsaz Armita
Published: November 2007

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: In der aktuellen Psychotherapieforschung wird die Identifikation und Vorhersage von individuellen sowie kontinuierlichen und diskontinuierlichen Therapieverläufen in Form plötzlicher Gewinne und Verluste immer bedeutsamer. Fragestellungen: Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist die Identifikation von plötzlichen Gewinnen und Verlusten im Therapieverlauf sowie deren Vorhersagbarkeit und deren Zusammenhang zum Therapieerfolg. Zudem wird eine Erweiterung des Konzeptes der Gewinne in negative Richtung vorgenommen, um Verluste im Behandlungsverlauf zu identifizieren. Methode: In einer ambulanten Patientenstichprobe (N = 434) mit depressiven Patienten (n = 55), Angststörungspatienten (n = 115) und komorbid Angst- und depressiven Störungen (n = 225), wurden die Therapieverläufe hinsichtlich des Auftretens von Veränderungssprüngen sowie deren Zusammenhang zu dem Therapieergebnis untersucht. Resultate: In 26.27% der Patientenstichprobe traten Veränderungssprünge auf. Interessanterweise haben insbesondere Patienten, welche einen Gewinn und einen Verlust in ihrem Verlauf erleben, eine signifikant längere Therapiedauer sowie niedrigere Effektstärken auf der Symptomebene am Therapieende (BSI und BDI). Schlussfolgerung: In dieser Studie werden spezifische Vorgehensweisen zur Analyse von Therapieverläufen, der Identifikation fluktuierender oder negativer Behandlungsverläufe sowie deren Bedeutung für die patientenorientierte Forschung und der Evaluation von Behandlungsfortschritt aufgezeigt und diskutiert.
Probability of a given‐magnitude earthquake induced by a fluid injection
Authors: Shapiro S. A. , Dinske C. , Kummerow J.
Published: November 2007

Fluid injections in geothermic and hydrocarbon reservoirs induce small earthquakes (−3 < M < 2). Occasionally, however, earthquakes with larger magnitudes (M ∼ 4) occur. We investigate magnitude distributions and show that for a constant injection pressure the probability to induce an earthquake with a magnitude larger than a given value increases with injection time corresponding to a bi‐logarithmical law with a proportionality coefficient close to one. We find that the process of pressure diffusion in a poroelastic medium with randomly distributed sub‐critical cracks obeying a Gutenberg‐Richter relation well explains our observations. The magnitude distribution is mainly inherited from the statistics of pre‐existing fracture systems. The number of earthquakes greater than a given magnitude also increases with the strength of the injection source and the tectonic activity of the injection site. Our formulation provides a way to estimate expected magnitudes of induced earthquakes. It can be used to avoid significant earthquakes by correspondingly planning fluid injections.
Warming may create substantial water supply shortages in the Colorado River basin
Authors: McCabe Gregory J. , Wolock David M.
Published: November 2007

The high demand for water, the recent multiyear drought (1999–2007), and projections of global warming have raised questions about the long‐term sustainability of water supply in the southwestern United States. In this study, the potential effects of specific levels of atmospheric warming on water‐year streamflow in the Colorado River basin are evaluated using a water‐balance model, and the results are analyzed within the context of a multi‐century tree‐ring reconstruction (1490–1998) of streamflow for the basin. The results indicate that if future warming occurs in the basin and is not accompanied by increased precipitation, then the basin is likely to experience periods of water supply shortages more severe than those inferred from the long‐term historical tree‐ring reconstruction. Furthermore, the modeling results suggest that future warming would increase the likelihood of failure to meet the water allocation requirements of the Colorado River Compact.
A method for determining the drift velocity of plasma depletions in the equatorial ionosphere using far‐ultraviolet spacecraft observations
Authors: Park S. H. , England S. L. , Immel T. J. , Frey H. U. , Mende S. B.
Published: November 2007

The Far‐Ultraviolet Imager (IMAGE‐FUV) on board the NASA IMAGE satellite has been used to observe plasma depletions in the nightside equatorial ionosphere. Observations from periods around spacecraft apogee, during which equatorial regions are visible for several hours, have allowed the velocity of these plasma depletions to be determined. A new method for determining the velocity of these depletions using an image analysis technique, Tracking Of Airglow Depletions (TOAD), has been developed. TOAD allows the objective identification and tracking of depletions. The automation of this process has also allowed for the tracking of a greater number of depletions than previously achieved without requiring any human input, which shows that TOAD is suitable for use with large data sets and for future routine monitoring of the ionosphere from space. Furthermore, this automation allows the drift velocities of each bubble to be determined as a function of magnetic latitude, which will give us the capability of retrieving geophysically important parameters such as the electric field, which are believed to vary rapidly with magnetic latitude.
A simple model of the magnetic emission from a dust devil
Authors: Kurgansky Michael V. , Baez Leonardo , Ovalle Elías M.
Published: November 2007

A simple Rankine‐like vortex model of the dust devil behaving as a magnetic solenoid has been constructed. It is augmented with a one‐dimensional model describing steady vertical distribution of the electric charge in the dust devil. For terrestrial dust devils, the model permits uniform vertical distribution of the negatively charged dust within the main vortex flow. For higher electric conductivity of air on Mars, the model hints on a rapid decay with altitude of the dust electrification, with e‐folding height order of several tens of meters, which is much less than the total dust column height. It is shown that some characteristic features of recently discovered ULF magnetic emission from the terrestrial dust devil can be interpreted in terms of interaction between negatively charged smaller‐scale vortex filaments inside the main vortex. It is conjectured that such ULF magnetic emission should be accompanied by the emission of sound waves of approximately doubled frequency.
THE RESPONSE OF THE POPLITEAL LYMPH NODE OF THE SHEEP TO SWINE INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Smith JB , Morris Bede
Published: November 2007

The response of the political lymph node of the sheep to influenza virus has been studied by following the changes in the cell population and antibody content of the efferent lymph. Antibody did not appear in the lymph in the primary response until about 140 hr. after challenge; this was well after the blast cell response in the lymph had passed its peak. In the secondary response antibody appeared in the lymph at the same time as the blast cells. The antibody produced in the primary response was almost all IgG with only small amounts of IgM and it was thought that this explained the dissociation of the blast cell and the antibody response.

A primary response could be elicited in the node by injecting the virus beneath the skin of the leg but no response occurred in the node when the injection was made intravenously. Secondary responses occurred in nodes primed by a local subcutaneous injection when the secondary challenge was given either locally or intravenously.
Towards the development of universal, fast and highly accurate docking/scoring methods: a long way to go
Authors: Moitessier N , Englebienne P , Lee D , Lawandi J , Corbeil C R
Published: November 2007

Accelerating the drug discovery process requires predictive computational protocols capable of reducing or simplifying the synthetic and/or combinatorial challenge. Docking‐based virtual screening methods have been developed and successfully applied to a number of pharmaceutical targets. In this review, we first present the current status of docking and scoring methods, with exhaustive lists of these. We next discuss reported comparative studies, outlining criteria for their interpretation. In the final section, we describe some of the remaining developments that would potentially lead to a universally applicable docking/scoring method.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, S7–S26; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707515; published online 26 November 2007
Pathophysiology of ischaemic stroke: insights from imaging, and implications for therapy and drug discovery
Authors: Moustafa R R , Baron J‐C
Published: November 2007

Preventing death and limiting handicap from ischaemic stroke are major goals that can be achieved only if the pathophysiology of infarct expansion is properly understood. Primate studies showed that following occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA)––the most frequent and prototypical stroke, local tissue fate depends on the severity of hypoperfusion and duration of occlusion, with a fraction of the MCA territory being initially in a ‘penumbral’ state. Physiological quantitative PET imaging has translated this knowledge in man and revealed the presence of considerable pathophysiological heterogeneity from patient to patient, largely unpredictable from elapsed time since onset or clinical deficit. While these observations underpinned key trials of thrombolysis, they also indicate that only patients who are likely to benefit should be exposed to its risks. Accordingly, imaging‐based diagnosis is rapidly becoming an essential component of stroke assessment, replacing the clock by individually customized management. Diffusion‐ and perfusion‐weighted MR (DWI‐PWI) and CT‐based perfusion imaging are increasingly being used to implement this, and are undergoing formal validation against PET. Beyond thrombolysis per se, knowledge of the individual pathophysiology also guides management of variables like blood pressure, blood glucose and oxygen saturation, which can otherwise precipitate the penumbra into the core, and the oligaemic tissue into the penumbra. We propose that future therapeutic trials use physiological imaging to select the patient category that best matches the drug's presumed mode of action, rather than lumping together patients with entirely different pathophysiological patterns in so‐called ‘large trials’, which have all failed so far.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, S44–S54; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707530; published online 26 November 2007
Regional differences in nitrergic innervation of the smooth muscle of murine lower oesophageal sphincter
Authors: Zhang Y , Mashimo H , Paterson W G
Published: November 2007

Background and purpose:

Anatomical and pharmacological studies have demonstrated that the lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) is not a simple homogenous circular muscle with uniform innervation. Regional differences have been demonstrated in several species including humans. We investigated, for the first time in mice LES, regionally distinct physiological and pharmacological characteristics of the neuromusculature.

Experimental approach:

Conventional intracellular recordings and pharmacological techniques were employed to evaluate electrical properties and functional innervation of smooth muscle cells. Results from CD1 (control), nNOS(−/−) and eNOS(−/−) genetic knockout mice were compared.

Key results:

Smooth muscle of sling and clasp LES displayed unitary membrane potentials of 1– 4 mV. Transmural nerve stimulation produced a monophasic inhibitory junction potential (IJP) in the sling, whereas in the clasp a biphasic IJP, consisting of a brief IJP followed by a long‐lasting slow IJP (lsIJP), was induced. Pharmacological interventions and genetically modified mice were used to demonstrate a monophasic apamin‐sensitive (purinergic) component in both LES regions. However, the nitrergic IJP was monophasic in the sling and biphasic in the clasp. Unitary membrane potentials and IJPs were not different in CD1 and eNOS(−/−) mice, suggesting no involvement of myogenic NOS.

Conclusion and implications:

These data in mouse LES indicate that there are previously unreported regional differences in the IJP and that both the apamin‐resistant monophasic and biphasic IJPs are mediated primarily by nitrergic innervation.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 517–527; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707573; published online 26 November 2007
Gender‐specific vascular effects elicited by chronic ethanol consumption in rats: a role for inducible nitric oxide synthase
Authors: Tirapelli C R , Fukada S Y , Yogi A , Chignalia A Z , Tostes R C , Bonaventura D , Lanchote V L , Cunha F Q , de Oliveira A M
Published: November 2007

Background and purpose:

Epidemiological data suggest that the risk of ethanol‐associated cardiovascular disease is greater in men than in women. This study investigates the mechanisms underlying gender‐specific vascular effects elicited by chronic ethanol consumption in rats.

Experimental approach:

Vascular reactivity experiments using standard muscle bath procedures were performed on isolated thoracic aortae from rats. mRNA and protein for inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and for endothelial NOS (eNOS) was assessed by RT‐PCR or western blotting, respectively.

Key results:

In male rats, chronic ethanol consumption enhanced phenylephrine‐induced contraction in both endothelium‐intact and denuded aortic rings. However, in female rats, chronic ethanol consumption enhanced phenylephrine‐induced contraction only in endothelium denuded aortic rings. After pre‐incubation of endothelium‐intact rings with L‐NAME, both male and female ethanol‐treated rats showed larger phenylephrine‐induced contractions in aortic rings, compared to the control group. Acetylcholine‐induced relaxation was not affected by ethanol consumption. The effects of ethanol on responses to phenylephrine were similar in ovariectomized (OVX) and intact (non‐OVX) female rats. In the presence of aminoguanidine, but not 7‐nitroindazole, the contractions to phenylephrine in rings from ethanol‐treated female rats were greater than that found in control tissues in the presence of the inhibitors. mRNA levels for eNOS and iNOS were not altered by ethanol consumption. Ethanol intake reduced eNOS protein levels and increased iNOS protein levels in aorta from female rats.

Conclusions and implications:

Gender differences in the vascular effects elicited by chronic ethanol consumption were not related to ovarian hormones but seemed to involve the upregulation of iNOS.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 468–479; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707589; published online 26 November 2007
Both α1 and α2‐adrenoceptors mediate the cardiovascular responses to noradrenaline microinjected into the bed nucleus of the stria terminal of rats
Authors: Crestani C C , Alves F H F , Resstel L B , Corrêa F M A
Published: November 2007

Background and purpose:

We have previously shown that noradrenaline microinjected into the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BST) elicited pressor and bradycardiac responses in unanaesthetized rats. In the present study, we investigated the subtype of adrenoceptors that mediates the cardiovascular response to noradrenaline microinjection into the BST.

Experimental approach:

Cardiovascular responses following noradrenaline microinjection into the BST of male Wistar rats were studied before and after BST pretreatment with different doses of the selective α1‐adrenoceptor antagonist WB4101, the α2‐adrenoceptor antagonist RX821002, the combination of WB4101 and RX821002, the non‐selective β‐adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol, the selective β1‐adrenoceptor antagonist CGP20712 or the selective β2‐adrenoceptor antagonist ICI118,551.

Key results:

Noradrenaline microinjected into the BST of unanaesthetized rats caused pressor and bradycardiac responses. Pretreatment of the BST with different doses of either WB4101 or RX821002 only partially reduced the response to noradrenaline. However, the response to noradrenaline was blocked when WB4101 and RX821002 were combined. Pretreatment with this combination also shifted the resulting dose‐effect curve to the left, clearly showing a potentiating effect of this antagonist combination. Pretreatment with different doses of either propranolol or CGP20712 increased the cardiovascular responses to noradrenaline microinjected into the BST. Pretreatment with ICI118,551 did not affect cardiovascular responses to noradrenaline.

Conclusion and implications:

The present results indicate that α1 and α2‐adrenoceptors mediate the cardiovascular responses to noradrenaline microinjected into the BST. In addition, they point to an inhibitory role played by the activation of local β1‐adrenoceptors in the cardiovascular response to noradrenaline microinjected into the BST.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 583–590; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707591; published online 26 November 2007
Viscous fingering in a horizontal flow through a porous medium induced by chemical reactions under isothermal and adiabatic conditions
Authors: Swernath Subramanian , Pushpavanam S.
Published: November 2007

In this work we analyze the viscous fingering instability induced by an autocatalytic chemical reaction in a liquid flowing horizontally through a porous medium. We have analyzed the behavior of the system for isothermal as well as adiabatic conditions. The kinetics of the reaction is chosen so that the rate depends on the concentration of only a single species. Since the reaction is autocatalytic the system admits a traveling wave solution. For endothermic reactions the concentration wave and temperature wave are mirror images, whereas for an exothermic reaction they are similar or parallel. The viscosity of the fluid is assumed to depend strongly on the concentration of the product and temperature of the medium. The dependence of viscosity on concentration (decrease with concentration) can destabilize the traveling wave resulting in the formation of viscous fingers. We have performed a linear stability analysis to determine the stability of the base traveling wave solution. The stability predictions have been confirmed by nonlinear simulations of the governing equations based on a finite difference scheme. We observe that including the temperature dependency of viscosity stabilizes the flow for an endothermic reaction, i.e., regions which exhibited viscous fingering now demonstrate stable displacement. For exothermic systems, however, the system exhibits less stable behavior under adiabatic conditions, i.e., it is destabilized by both concentration and temperature dependencies of viscosity.
Computer simulation of three-dimensional heavy ion beam trajectory imaging techniques used for magnetic field estimation
Authors: Ling C. , Connor K. A. , Demers D. R. , Radke R. J. , Schoch P. M.
Published: November 2007

A magnetic field mapping technique via heavy ion beam trajectory imaging is being developed on the Madison Symmetric Torus reversed field pinch. This paper describes the computational tools created to model camera images of the light emitted from a simulated ion beam, reconstruct a three-dimensional trajectory, and estimate the accuracy of the reconstruction. First, a computer model is used to create images of the torus interior from any candidate camera location. It is used to explore the visual field of the camera and thus to guide camera parameters and placement. Second, it is shown that a three-dimensional ion beam trajectory can be recovered from a pair of perspectively projected trajectory images. The reconstruction considers effects due to finite beam size, nonuniform beam current density, and image background noise. Third, it is demonstrated that the trajectory reconstructed from camera images can help compute magnetic field profiles, and might be used as an additional constraint to an equilibrium reconstruction code, such as MSTFit.
Configuration-selective spectroscopic studies of Er3+ centers in ErSc2N@C80 and Er2ScN@C80 fullerenes
Authors: Tiwari Archana , Dantelle Geraldine , Porfyrakis Kyriakos , Taylor Robert A. , Watt Andrew A. R. , Ardavan Arzhang , Briggs G. Andrew D.
Published: November 2007

Low temperature photoluminescence (PL) and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectroscopy of high purity ErSc2N@C80 and Er2ScN@C80 fullerenes reveal at least two metastable configurations of the Er3+ ion within the cage, consistent with previous observations from x-ray diffraction. Using PLE measurements at a number of different emission wavelengths we have characterized the ground state, I15∕24, and the first excited state, I13∕24, of the various Er3+ configurations and their crystal-field splitting. We present detailed energy level diagrams for the ground and excited states of the two dominant configurations of ErSc2N@C80 and Er2ScN@C80.
Clustering of aromatic rings in near-frictionless hydrogenated amorphous carbon films probed using multiwavelength Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Arenal R. , Liu A. C. Y.
Published: November 2007

Multiwavelength Raman spectroscopy has been used to study the structure of hydrogenated amorphous carbon films synthesized by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The analysis of different parameters from the Raman spectra demonstrates that the diameter, structural, and topological orders of the sp2-bonded ring clusters increase with increasing fractions of hydrogen in the source gas. We report the existence of an unusual peak at 867cm−1 that in such extended clusters of aromatic rings, could correspond to a graphitic mode activated by a relaxation of the phonon selection-rule resulting from defects.
Gyrokinetic secondary instability theory for electron and ion temperature gradient driven turbulence
Authors: Plunk Gabriel
Published: November 2007

The instabilities that drive turbulence and transport in tokamaks themselves become unstable at finite amplitude to secondary instabilities. These “secondaries” are a key part of the nonlinear physics. This work presents a fully gyrokinetic secondary instability theory for electron temperature gradient (ETG) and ion temperature gradient (ITG) driven turbulence. The electrostatic gyrokinetic equation is solved in the local approximation to find “fast” secondary modes that satisfy γs≫γp and can therefore lead to mode saturation. Finite Larmor radius and other kinetic effects are treated exactly capturing kρ>1 as well as kρ≪1 quasisingular behavior. This theory is therefore well suited to describe the intermediate regime of ITG/ETG coupling. The secondary instability of toroidal (k∥=0) and slab (LT∕R=0) primary modes is computed along with spectral characteristics and parametric dependence. The results of this paper include a robust secondary growth rate at high kρ and, in the case of ETG, a strong sensitivity to the kinetic form of the primary mode. The convergence properties of the computation of the secondary instability of ETG toroidal modes underscores the need for proper k-space resolution in simulations. The parametric dependence of the secondary mode growth rate reveals a mechanism for the transport suppression near marginal stability that is associated with the Dimits shift. A strengthening of secondary instability at small LT∕R suggests that secondary instabilities may play a role in the formation of electron internal transport barriers.
Dielectric flashover with triple point shielding in a coaxial geometry
Authors: Benwell A. , Kovaleski S. D. , Gahl J.
Published: November 2007

Increasing performance of vacuum insulator barriers is a common goal in pulsed power. Insulating performance is continually being improved while new methods are developed. Triple point shielding techniques have been shown to increase flashover voltage, but the role of cathode versus anode shielding is still not fully understood. Open circuit flashover characteristics were obtained for a coaxial geometry to view the effects of triple point shielding for this geometry. The tests included applying various combinations of triple point shields on zero and +45° insulators. Shielding was tested at the cathode triple point outside of the dielectric and at the anode triple point inside the dielectric. The role of anode versus cathode triple point shielding was examined. Flashover voltage was observed to increase when either a cathode or anode triple point shield was applied; however, adding a shield to both regions lowered the flashover threshold. Both triple point regions were found to be important and dependent on each other for some coaxial geometries.
Finite element design of double bevel anvils of large volume cubic high pressure apparatus
Authors: Han Qigang , Ma Hongan , Zhou Lin , Zhang Cong , Tian Yu , Jia Xiaopeng , Li Rui
Published: November 2007

A double bevel anvil of the cubic high pressure apparatus (CHPA) was developed, adopting tungsten carbide as the anvil material. We have performed finite element analyses of conventional single bevel anvil and double bevel anvil. The results indicate that the double bevel anvil has two advantages. Firstly, to gain the same chamber pressure, the oil pressure of CHPA using double bevel anvil decreases about 10.8% than that using single bevel anvil. Secondly, double beveling can maintain the pressurized seal stability of the sample chamber, which is often sacrificed with improve the pressure of sample chamber. The results of finite element analyses are well consistent with the experimental results at CHPA (SPD-6×1200 type).
Direct visualization of surface acoustic waves along substrates using smoke particles
Authors: Tan Ming K. , Friend James R. , Yeo Leslie Y.
Published: November 2007

Smoke particles (SPs) are used to directly visualize surface acoustic waves (SAWs) propagating on a 128°-rotated Y-cut X-propagating lithium niobate (LiNbO3) substrate. By electrically exciting a SAW device in a compartment filled with SP, the SP were found to collect along the regions where the SAW propagates on the substrate. The results of the experiments show that SPs are deposited adjacent to regions of large vibration amplitude and form a clear pattern corresponding to the surface wave profile on the substrate. Through an analysis of the SAW-induced acoustic streaming in the air adjacent to the substrate and the surface acceleration measured with a laser Doppler vibrometer, we postulate that the large transverse surface accelerations due to the SAW ejects SP from the surface and carries them aloft to relatively quiescent regions nearby via acoustic streaming. Offering finer detail than fine powders common in Chladni figures [E. Chladni, Entdeckungen über die Theorie des Klanges (Weidmanns, Erben und Reich, Leipzig, Germany, 1787)] the approach is an inexpensive and a quick counterpart to laser interferometric techniques, presenting a means to explore the controversial phenomena of particle agglomeration on surfaces.
Correlation between luminescence and compositional striations in InGaN layers grown on miscut GaN substrates
Authors: Kryśko M. , Franssen G. , Suski T. , Albrecht M. , Łucznik B. , Grzegory I. , Krukowski S. , Czernecki R. , Grzanka S. , Makarowa I. , Leszczyński M. , Perlin P.
Published: November 2007

The influence of the miscut angle of GaN substrate on compositional and optical properties of InxGa1−xN epilayers (0.05<x<0.1) was examined using x-ray diffraction, photoluminescence (PL), cathodoluminescence, and Z-contrast scanning electron microscopy. We show that single atomic steps bunch during growth of InGaN and form macrosteps. Indium is incorporated differently at treads and risers of these macrosteps, which causes the layer to decompose and induces the formation of compositional growth striations. Since the growth step density increases with growing miscut angle of the substrate, the average indium concentration decreases and the average PL peak energy blueshifts and broadens with increasing miscut angle. The presented work enables understanding on microscopic scale effects related to the inhomogeneous distribution of indium in InGaN layers on miscut substrates, which is significant from the point of view of optoelectronic applications.
Impact of interface crystallization on inelastic tunneling in Al∕AlOx∕CoFeB
Authors: Paluskar P. V. , Bloom F. L. , Kohlhepp J. T. , Swagten H. J. M. , Koopmans B. , Snoeck E.
Published: November 2007

We report the change in inelastic electron tunneling spectra (IETS) for Al∕AlOx∕CoFeB∕Al junctions when the structure of CoFeB at its interface with AlOx is intentionally changed from quasiamorphous to highly textured fcc. While for the quasiamorphous interface there are signs of the size quantization of magnons, the spectra for the fcc interface show distinct excitations at bias voltages associated with known surface magnon modes in fcc Co. These results demonstrate that IETS can be used as a tool to probe distinct structural changes of the magnetic electrode in tunnel junctions.
Electrical injection and detection of spin-polarized carriers in silicon in a lateral transport geometry
Authors: van ’t Erve O. M. J. , Hanbicki A. T. , Holub M. , Li C. H. , Awo-Affouda C. , Thompson P. E. , Jonker B. T.
Published: November 2007

We present the electrical injection, detection, and magnetic field modulation of lateral diffusive spin transport through silicon using surface contacts. Fe∕Al2O3 tunnel barrier contacts are used to create and analyze the flow of pure spin current in a silicon transport channel. Nonlocal detection techniques show that the spin current detected after transport through the silicon is sensitive to the relative orientation of the magnetization of the injecting and detecting contacts. Hanle effect measurements demonstrate that the spin current can be modulated by a perpendicular magnetic field, which causes the spin to precess and dephase in the transport channel.
The epidemiology and management of bacterial blight (Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi) of field pea (Pisum sativum) in Australia: a review
Authors: Hollaway G. J. , Bretag T. W. , Price T. V.
Published: November 2007

Bacterial blight caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi is an important, but sporadic, disease of field peas (Pisum sativum) in Australia. The presence of P. syringae pv. pisi reduces the profitability of peas due to yield loss and, in some cases, it also limits Australia’s export of peas to some countries. Pseudomonoas syringae pv. pisi is primarily a seed-borne pathogen, but infected pea trash can be an important source of inoculum. Alternative hosts and soil are not regarded as epidemiologically important sources of inoculum. P. syringae pv. pisi survives, multiplies and spreads epiphytically in pea crops. Epiphytic populations of P. syringae pv. pisi only become pathogenic following crop damage caused by frost or severe weather conditions. Frost damage is especially important because the ice nucleating activity of P. syringae pv. pisi initiates frost damage at higher temperatures than occurs in the absence of the bacterium. In addition early-sown crops are more prone to damage from bacterial blight than crops sown later in the season. Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi consists of seven identified races. One of these (Race 6) lacks all avirulence genes and is common around the world and in Australia. Globally, Race 2 and Race 6 predominate; however, in Australia, Race 3 predominates due to the widespread cultivation of cultivars susceptible to Race 3, but resistant to Race 2. Resistance to Race 6 within P. sativum has not been found but attempts are being made to incorporate a race non-specific resistance identified from P. abyssinicum into field pea. Bacterial blight can be successfully controlled using an integrated disease management strategy incorporating crop rotation, pathogen-free seed, avoidance of planting in areas prone to frequent frosts or extreme wet weather, crop hygiene and avoiding early sowing. Seed treatment and application of foliar bactericides have limited use in control of this disease.