bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Topological Rainbow Trapping of Plate‐Mode Waves Based on 1D Gradual Phononic Crystal Slabs
Authors: Bu Xiangzhen , Huang Hongbo , Chen Jiujiu , Xie Xiaoping
Published: July 2024

In this article, the concept of topological rainbow is introduced into the plate‐mode waves system of 1D phononic crystal slabs, achieving adjustable topological elastic rainbow trapping by employing gradient‐tuned Su–Schrieffer–Heeger (SSH) structures. First, based on the classical SSH model, a phononic crystal slab composed of steel and aluminum is set up, and the band structure of plate‐mode waves is studied using the finite‐element method. Band inversion can be induced by changing the height of the steel in the unit cell, leading to topological phase transitions. Then, phononic crystals with different topological properties are connected to form a phononic crystal slab, realizing topological interface states. Furthermore, a sandwich‐like ultrathin structure is constructed to couple the adjacent two topological interface states. Finally, a 1D alternating SSH structure of phononic crystal slab is designed under gradient structural parameters, and based on eigenfrequency and full‐wave simulation, adjustable topological rainbow trapping based on coupled interface states is achieved. The designed device can trap wide frequencies exceeding 15 kHz, providing more possibilities for the design of elastic‐energy‐harvesting devices.
Tracing the geographic origin of Atlantic cod products using stable isotope analysis
Authors: Wilson Juliet S. E. , McGill Rona A. R. , Steingrund Petur , Trueman Clive N.
Published: July 2024

Rationale

Increasing demand for fish and seafood means that the traceability of marine products is becoming ever more important for consumers, producers and regulators. Highly complex and globalised supply networks create challenges for verifying a stated catch region. Atlantic cod is one of the most commercially important species in the northeast Atlantic. Several regional fisheries supply cod into the trade network, of which some are at greater risk of overexploitation than others. Tools allowing retrospective testing of spatial origin would significantly assist sustainable harvesting of fish, reducing incentives for illegal fishing and fraud.

Methods

Here, we investigate whether stable isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur can be used to retrospectively identify the catch region of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). We measured the isotopic composition of muscle tissue from 377 cod from 10 catch regions across the northeast Atlantic and then applied three different assignment methods to classify cod by region of most likely origin. The assignment method developed was subsequently tested using independently sourced, known‐origin samples.

Results

Individual cod could be traced back to their true origin with an average assignment accuracy of 70–79% and over 90% accuracy for certain regions. Assignment success rates comparable to those using genetic techniques were achieved when assigning among restricted and pre‐selected regions. However, assignment accuracy to the fishery region estimated from independent samples across the whole geographic range of cod averaged ~25% overall, highlighting the need for careful application of isotope‐based approaches.

Conclusion

Stable isotope techniques can provide effective tools to test for origin in Atlantic cod, but not all catch regions are isotopically distinct. Stable isotopes could be combined with genetic techniques to result in higher assignment accuracy than could be achieved using either method independently. Assignment potential can be estimated from reference datasets, but estimates of realistic assignment accuracy require independently collected data.
In vitro effects of N‐acetylcysteine in combination with antifungal agents against Malassezia pachydermatis isolated from canine otitis externa
Authors: Jeon Minhae , Bae Seulgi
Published: July 2024

Background

Many clinicians prescribe antifungal agents to treat canine otitis externa (OE). However, studies evaluating the antifungal effects of N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) and its combinations are limited.

Hypothesis/objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal effects of NAC alone and in combination with other antifungal agents against Malassezia pachydermatis isolated from canine OE.

Materials and methods

M. pachydermatis samples were collected from 13 dogs with OE. The final concentration of the inoculum suspensions of M. pachydermatis was 1–5 × 106 colony forming units/mL. The concentrations of the test compounds ketoconazole (KTZ), terbinafine (TER), nystatin (NYS) and NAC were 0.02–300 µg/mL, 0.04–80 µg/mL, 0.16–40 µg/mL and 1.25–20 mg/mL, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was measured to evaluate the susceptibility of the M. pachydermatis to KTZ, TER, NYS and NAC. The checkerboard testing method and fractional inhibitory concentration index were used to evaluate the effect of NAC in combination with KTZ, TER and NYS against M. pachydermatis.

Results

The MIC90 values of M. pachydermatis were 4.6875–9.375 µg/mL, 1.25 µg/mL, 5–10 µg/mL and 10 mg/mL for KTZ, TER, NYS and NAC, respectively. The synergistic effects of KTZ, TER and NYS with NAC were identified in 0/13, 2/13 and 0/13 isolates, respectively.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

NAC had an antifungal effect against M. pachydermatis but did not exert synergistic effects when used with KTZ, TER and NYS. Thus, the use of NAC alone as a topical solution could be considered an effective treatment option for canine OE involving M. pachydermatis.
The comparisons of non‐linear models to describe the growth performance of Lori‐Bakhtiari sheep
Authors: Foroutanifar Saheb , Khaldari Majid
Published: July 2024

Background

The study of growth traits is of interest to many animal scientists, regardless of specialization, due to the economic importance of growth rate, mature weight and other related traits.

Objective

This study aimed to compare six non‐linear models for describing the growth of Lori‐Bakhtiari sheep.

Methods

In order to collect weight data, 85 lambs (41 males and 44 females) were reared from birth to 140 days of age, and their growth patterns were recorded by measuring their body weight at 10‐day intervals. Various mathematical functions, including the negative exponential, Brody, Gompertz, Logistic, Morgan–Mercer–Flodin (MMF) and Weibull, were used to model the relationship between body weight records and age.

Results

The results showed that the MMF and Gompertz models provided the best fit to the body weight data, whereas the negative exponential model exhibited the worst fit. In all models, the asymptotic weight of male lambs was higher than females. The research also revealed differences in growth patterns between male and female lambs. Overall, females had a lower absolute growth rate than males, but they reached their peak growth at an earlier period, and their growth rate declined faster.

Conclusions

The differences in growth patterns between males and females indicate the importance of analysing male and female data separately when describing growth. As a result, Gompertz model can be recommended to Lori‐Bakhtiari female and male lamb breeders to determine more accurate growth traits. In addition, it should be considered that feeding male and female lambs separately according to absolute growth rate values may increase growth performance.
Starobinsky inflation in the swampland
Authors: Lüst Dieter , Masias Joaquin , Muntz Benjamin , Scalisi Marco
Published: July 2024

Abstract

We argue that the Starobinsky model of inflation, realised via an R2 term in the Lagrangian, can originate from quantum effects due to a tower of light species. By means of two separate arguments, we show how this implies that the scale of the R2 term must be of order of the species scale Λs, namely the energy at which gravity becomes strongly coupled. We discuss the implications and challenges of this scenario for inflation, inflationary reheating, and string theory embeddings. In this context, we collect strong evidence to conclude that Starobinsky inflation lies in the Swampland.
Substructures of the Weyl group and their physical applications
Authors: Martini Riccardo , Paci Gregorio , Sauro Dario , Vacca Gian Paolo , Zanusso Omar
Published: July 2024

Abstract

We study substructures of the Weyl group of conformal transformations of the metric of (pseudo)Riemannian manifolds. These substructures are identified by differential constraints on the conformal factors of the transformations which are chosen such that their composition is associative. Mathematically, apart from rare exceptions, they are partial associative groupoids, not groups, so they do not have an algebra of infinitesimal transformations, but this limitation can be partially circumvented using some of their properties cleverly. We classify and discuss the substructures with two-derivatives differential constraints, the most famous of which being known as the harmonic or restricted Weyl group in the physics literature, but we also show the existence of a lightcone constraint which realizes a proper subgroup of the Weyl group. We then show the physical implications that come from invariance under the two most important substructures, concentrating on classical properties of the energy-momentum tensor and a generalization of the quantum trace anomaly. We also elaborate further on the harmonic substructure, which can be interpreted as partial gauge fixing of full Weyl invariance using BRST methods. Finally, we discuss how to construct differential constraints of arbitrary higher-derivative order and present, as examples, generalizations involving scalar constraints with four and six derivatives.
Angling for insights: illuminating light new physics at Mu3e through angular correlations
Authors: Knapen Simon , Langhoff Kevin , Opferkuch Toby , Redigolo Diego
Published: July 2024

Abstract

We examine the capability of Mu3e to probe light new physics scenarios that produce a prompt electron-positron resonance and demonstrate how angular observables are instrumental in enhancing the experimental sensitivity. We systematically investigate the effect of Mu3e’s expected sensitivity on the parameter space of the dark photon, as well as on axion-like particles and light scalars with couplings to muons and electrons.
Perturbations of Q-balls: from spectral structure to radiation pressure
Authors: Ciurla Dominik , Dorey Patrick , Romańczukiewicz Tomasz , Shnir Yakov
Published: July 2024

Abstract

We investigate Q-balls in a 1+1 dimensional complex scalar field theory. We find that the relaxation of a squashed Q-ball is dominated by the decay of a normal mode through nonlinear coupling to scattering modes and a long-lasting quasi-normal mode. We also study how these Q-balls behave when exposed to scalar radiation, finding that for certain conditions they can experience negative radiation pressure.
Dipole superfluid hydrodynamics. Part II.
Authors: Jain Akash , Jensen Kristan , Liu Ruochuan , Mefford Eric
Published: July 2024

Abstract

We present a dissipative hydrodynamic theory of “s-wave dipole superfluids” that arise in phases of translation-invariant and dipole-symmetric models in which the U(1) symmetry is spontaneously broken. The hydrodynamic description is subtle on account of an analogue of dangerously irrelevant operators, which requires us to formalize an entirely new derivative counting scheme suitable for these fluids. We use our hydrodynamic model to investigate the linearized response of such a fluid, characterized by sound modes ω ~ ±k – ik2, shear modes ω ~ –ik2, and magnon-like propagating modes ω ~ ±k2 – ik4 that are the dipole-invariant version of superfluid “second sound” modes. We find that these fluids can also admit equilibrium states with “dipole superflow” that resemble a polarized medium. Finally, we couple our theory to slowly varying background fields, which allows us to compute response functions of hydrodynamic operators and Kubo formulas for hydrodynamic transport coefficients.
Data-driven topology optimization using a multitask conditional variational autoencoder with persistent homology
Authors: Sugai Tomotaka , Shintani Kohei , Yamada Takayuki
Published: July 2024

Topology optimization is crucial for the mechanical design of vehicles and aircraft, allowing changes in the shape of structures and the placement of features. Recent advances have integrated deep generative models, particularly convolutional neural networks, to streamline this process.to streamline this process. However, these models struggle to preserve subtle structural features. To overcome these limitations, this study introduced a generative model adept at identifying the topological features inherent in real shapes, such as connectivity and holes, to enhance the effectiveness of topology optimization. A conditional variational autoencoder (CVAE) was employed to predict both the shape and compliance simultaneously. This model, CVAE with persistent homology, generates optimal material distributions by considering topological properties. The learning process introduced a term that minimizes the difference in topological features between true and reconstructed shapes. The proposed model can generate optimal material distributions by considering topological properties, eliminating the need for iterative calculations. This approach was validated using two numerical examples. The accuracy of the generated material distributions was compared with conventional methods using the mean-squared error. An average improvement in accuracy of approximately 36.85% was observed across the two results. This confirms that shapes considering compliance and connectivity can be accurately predicted.
Pre- and in-process dimensional compensation in the selective thermoplastic electrophotographic process
Authors: Shan Shuo , Yeh Hao-Ping , Hansen Hans Nørgaard , Hattel Jesper Henri , Zhang Yang , Calaon Matteo
Published: July 2024

As a cutting-edge additive manufacturing (AM) technology, the selective thermoplastic electrophotographic process (STEP) has opened up possibilities for mass production with its combination of real engineering plastics and potential high part quality. To improve the accuracy and fidelity of STEP for the most demanding applications, this paper proposes a novel method encompassing both pre-processing and in-process dimensional compensations. Iterative compensation before production is achieved through physics-driven simulation, resulting in input masks that better match the required dimensions at the design level. Layer-wise compensation is implemented during the production process through the laser profiler system, thereby suppressing the accumulation of surface unevenness during printing. With the compensation method proposed in this paper, the maximum distortion during simulated printing is decreased by 86.2%, and surface unevenness is effectively controlled during the printing process.
Oswald Schmiedeberg (1838–1921)
Authors: Greim Helmut
Published: July 2024

Oswald Schmiedeberg was born in one of the former Baltic provinces of Russia. He studied medicine in Dorpat (Tartu) and joined the Institute of Pharmacology of Rudolf Buchheim in Dorpat. After promotion (1866) and habilitation (1868), he succeeded Buchheim as director of the institute. During this time, he further developed the experimental methods leading to the improvement of pharmacological knowledge introduced by Buchheim. In 1872, he became director of the Institute of Pharmakologie of the newly founded Kaiser-Wilhelm University in Strasbourg. He held this position for over 42 years until the end of the World War 1 when all Germans had to leave the former Reichsland Elsass-Lothringen. He settled next to his friend and colleague Naunyn in Baden-Baden, where he died in 1921. Holmstedt and Liljestrand’s (1963) History of Pharmacology and Toxicology noted, “Schmiedeberg was undoubtedly the most prominent pharmacologist of his time.” He had about 120 pupils, about 40 of them occupied pharmacology chairs throughout the world. In the USA, John Jacob Abel, after his return to the USA, became the “father of American pharmacology”. In 1873, Schmiedeberg, together with the pathologist Klebs (Prague) and the clinician Naunyn (Königsberg), founded the Archiv für experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. When Naunyn died in 1925, the periodical was named Naunyn–Schmiedeberg’s Archiv, from volume 110 onwards. In 1969, the designation “experimental pathology” was dropped, since nearly all papers submitted for some time past dealt with pharmacology. In 1883, Schmiedeberg published the Grundriss der Arzneimittellehre, the later edits with the title Grundriss der Pharmakologie in Bezug auf Arzneimittellehre und Toxikologie.
Equivariant Topological T-Duality
Authors: Dove Tom , Schick Thomas
Published: July 2024

Topological T-duality is a relationship between pairs (E, P) over a fixed space X, where $$E \rightarrow X$$

E
→
X

is a principal torus bundle and $$P \rightarrow E$$

P
→
E

is a twist, such as a gerbe for a principal $$PU({\mathcal {H}})$$

P
U
(
H
)

-bundle. This is of interest to topologists because of the T-duality transformation: a T-duality relation between pairs (E, P) and $$({\hat{E}}, {\hat{P}})$$

(

E
^

,

P
^

)

comes with an isomorphism (with degree shift) between the twisted K-theory of E and the twisted K-theory of $${\hat{E}}$$

E
^

. We formulate topological T-duality for circle bundles in the equivariant setting, following the definition of Bunke, Rumpf, and Schick. We define the T-duality transformation in equivariant K-theory and show that it is an isomorphism for all compact Lie groups, equal to its own inverse and uniquely characterized by naturality and a normalization for trivial situations.
Dupilumab induces hair regrowth in pediatric alopecia areata: a real-world, single-center observational study
Authors: David Eden , Shokrian Neda , Del Duca Ester , Meariman Marguerite , Glickman Jacob , Ghalili Sabrina , Jung Seungyeon , Tan Kathryn , Ungar Benjamin , Guttman-Yassky Emma
Published: July 2024

Alopecia areata (AA) is nonscarring hair loss characterized by Th1 and concomitant Th2 skewing, particularly in atopic patients. Despite novel developments for adult AA, safe and effective treatments for pediatric patients remain limited. Dupilumab, with a well-studied safety profile, may have therapeutic potential for atopic pediatric AA. To evaluate the ability of dupilumab to regrow hair in pediatric AA patients. We conducted a single-center, retrospective, observational study to evaluate hair regrowth [using Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT)] with dupilumab in 20 children with both AD and AA (age range 5–16 years, mean 10.8 years; baseline SALT range 3–100, mean 54.4). Patient demographics, atopic history, IgE and SALT scores were collected at 12wk follow-up visits, up to > 72wks, to evaluate hair regrowth. Spearman correlations with clinical data were performed. Patients showed clinical improvement over the follow-up period (range 24 to > 72wks, mean 67.6wks) with significant mean(± SD) reduction in SALT at 48wks versus baseline [20.4(± 35.1) vs 54.4(± 37.6), respectively; p < 0.01] and continued improvement up to > 72wks [2.2(± 4.9), p < 0.01]. Baseline SALT positively correlated with disease duration (r = 0.54, p < 0.01), and negatively correlated with improvement in SALT at weeks 24, 36, and 48 (|r|≥ 0.65, p < 0.01 for all comparisons). Baseline IgE positively correlated with improvement in SALT at week 36 (r > 0.60, p < 0.05). Dupilumab was well-tolerated, with no new safety concerns. These real-world data support the utility of dupilumab to safely treat pediatric AA patients, corroborating the role of Th2 skewing in children with AA and associated atopy, warranting larger clinical trials.
Platelet rich fibrin augmented tympanoplasty versus cartilage tympanoplasty: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Al-Arman Ahmad Muhammad , Moneir Waleed , Amer Hazem Emam , Ebada Hisham Atef
Published: July 2024

Objectives

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the efficacy of PRF-augmented fascia tympanoplasty versus cartilage tympanoplasty in repair of large TM perforations.

Methods

This randomized clinical trial included 156 patients with dry large tympanic membrane perforations. Patients were randomly allocated into 2 groups, cartilage tympanoplasty group (n = 77) and platelet rich fibrin (PRF) augmented tympanoplasty group (n = 79). Graft take rates, hearing outcomes, operative time, and postoperative complications were documented and compared.

Results

Graft take rate was 96.1% in the cartilage group and 93.7% PRF group with no statistically significant difference. Operative time was significantly longer in the cartilage group. No differences in the hearing outcomes and postoperative complications were reported.

Conclusion

Application of PRF on the fascia in tympanoplasty promotes healing of the tympanic membrane. PRF is safe, cheap, readily available, and easily prepared and applied. It increases the success rates of large tympanic membrane perforations without the need for cartilage grafts.
The Association between Social Support and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis use among Sexual Minority Men in the United States: A Scoping Literature Review
Authors: Nacht Carrie L. , Reynolds Hannah E. , Jessup Owen , Amato Marianna , Storholm Erik D.
Published: July 2024

Sexual minority men (SMM) are disproportionately affected by HIV. Although pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective way of reducing HIV incidence, PrEP use has remained relatively low. Social support may be one effective factor in increasing PrEP use among SMM, but the association between social support and PrEP use/adherence is not well understood. The objective of this paper was to summarize the current literature on the association of social support and PrEP use among SMM in the United States. A systematic search was conducted using six different databases MEDLINE / PubMed, PsycINFO, Cochrane CENTRAL, Google Scholar, Embase, and Web of Science using terms established from keywords and medical subject headings (MeSH) terms before being adapted to each database. Data were extracted for key study factors (e.g., study population, geographic location, study design) and main findings. This search produced eleven articles: ten manuscripts and one conference abstract. Of these, two were randomized control trials, two were interventions, three were qualitative, and four were cross-sectional. The studies were widespread across the country, but most were in major metropolitan areas. From the articles included in this review, findings were inconsistent in the association between social support; some studies showed null findings, others that only certain sources of social support were significant, and others that there was a significant association between social support and PrEP use. This review highlights the complexity of the relationship between social support and PrEP use among SMM, indicating the need for further research to identify specific types and sources of support that effectively enhance PrEP uptake and adherence. Targeted interventions based on these insights could significantly reduce HIV incidence in the population.
A hybrid method for the intelligent effectiveness management of production operators
Authors: Kochańska Joanna , Musiał Kamil , Łapczyńska Dagmara , Xavior M. Anthony , Jeyapandiarajan P.
Published: July 2024

The paper presents a hybrid method for the effective management of human resources when executing production processes. The method was proposed for managing production operators in systems of relatively high complexity—with the possibility of multiple alternative ways of designating operators to production stations. The method combines a novel approach of assessing the effectiveness of production operators, the use of an intelligent algorithm and the risk assessment method. The concept of effectiveness was used in the sense of a praxeological approach. Availability, performance and quality were defined as its components, and were evaluated through the prism of losses occurring in production processes. The aim of the study is to develop a hybrid method in order to delegate production operators to tasks, not only on the basis of a competence metric, but also on the basis of an individual effectiveness indicator and the risk assessment of production process stages. For this purpose, a novel method of assessing the effectiveness of the use of available resources when implementing production processes (based on a set of quantitative indicators and taking into account the categorization of production losses) was juxtaposed using the Tabu Search algorithm and the FMEA method. The method enables a near-optimal solution to be generated—one in which operators are assigned to production tasks in the most effective way possible, which in turn minimizes both the risk of production delays and quality defects due to operator fault.
Reduced accrual of mineral-associated organic matter after two years of enhanced rock weathering in cropland soils, though no net losses of soil organic carbon
Authors: Sokol Noah W. , Sohng Jaeeun , Moreland Kimber , Slessarev Eric , Goertzen Heath , Schmidt Radomir , Samaddar Sandipan , Holzer Iris , Almaraz Maya , Geoghegan Emily , Houlton Benjamin , Montañez Isabel , Pett-Ridge Jennifer , Scow Kate
Published: July 2024

Enhanced rock weathering (ERW), the application of crushed silicate rock to soil, can remove atmospheric carbon dioxide by converting it to (bi) carbonate ions or solid carbonate minerals. However, few studies have empirically evaluated ERW in field settings. A critical question remains as to whether additions of crushed rock might positively or negatively affect soil organic matter (SOM)—Earth’s largest terrestrial organic carbon (C) pool and a massive reservoir of organic nitrogen (N). Here, in three irrigated cropland field trials in California, USA, we investigated the effect of crushed meta-basalt rock additions on different pools of soil organic carbon and nitrogen (i.e., mineral-associated organic matter, MAOM, and particulate organic matter, POM), active microbial biomass, and microbial community composition. After 2 years of crushed rock additions, MAOM stocks were lower in the upper surface soil (0–10 cm) of plots with crushed rock compared to unamended control plots. At the 2 sites where baseline pre-treatment data were available, neither total SOC nor SON decreased over the 2 years of study in plots with crushed rock or unamended control plots. However, the accrual rate of MAOM-C and MAOM-N at 0–10 cm was lower in plots with crushed rock vs. unamended controls. Before ERW is deployed at large scales, our results suggest that field trials should assess the effects of crushed rock on SOM pools, especially over multi-year time scales and in different environmental contexts, to accurately assess changes in net C and understand the mechanisms driving interactions between ERW and SOM cycling.
Looking through the lens of “essential workers”: a landscape of (im)mobility, labor, and social reproduction
Authors: Caglar Ayse
Published: July 2024

This article explores the contradictions the category of “essential workers” entails, especially in conjunction with the governance of their mobility, citizenship, and the dilemmas thereof. I concentrate on the temporary/seasonal migrant workers as the epitome of essential workers’ paradoxical assemblage of rights and value to scrutinize both labor and its production and reproduction in contemporary capitalism. The essential workers were not only caught between mobility and immobility but also between visibility and invisibility vis-à-vis their activity as labor and, outside of it, between worthlessness and being of value. Their governance and location in society and economy reveal the structural dilemmas of capital and labor, as well as social reproduction in contemporary capitalism.
The Effect of Playback Speed and Distractions on the Comprehension of Audio and Audio-Visual Materials
Authors: Chen Ashley , Kumar Suchita E. , Varkhedi Rhea , Murphy Dillon H.
Published: July 2024

In the modern age, we often consume content at faster than its normal speed. Prior research suggests that watching lecture videos at speeds up to 2x does not significantly affect performance, but the mechanisms by which comprehension is preserved at faster playback speeds are not fully understood. Therefore, we sought to investigate whether there is an effect of speed when the content is audio only, varies in modality (audio-only, audio-visual) and content (textual, pictorial), or is accompanied by distractions. In four experiments, we found that: (1) increasing playback speed to 2.5x speed did not impair test performance (though we still do not advise exceeding 2x speed); (2) having a visual aspect (i.e., presentation slides, instructor images) to learning can be advantageous, especially when processing information at faster speeds; (3) there was a small benefit of receiving textual over pictorial presentations, and the effect did not vary by speed; (4) computer-based distractions (i.e., phone calls, text messages, email notifications) did not impact performance at 1x or 2x speed. Hence, students are more adept at learning at faster speeds than conventional wisdom would suggest, even with distractions present, demonstrating intact comprehension at double the natural speed of to-be-learned material. Furthermore, multimedia presentations can help mitigate the negative costs of accelerated speeds, especially when information is processed by separate working memory components (i.e., narration in the auditory channel, text or pictures in the visual channel), which reduces cognitive load.
Shame-Sensitive Public Health
Authors: Cooper Fred , Dolezal Luna , Rose Arthur
Published: July 2024

In this article, we argue that shaming interventions and messages during Covid-19 have drawn the relationship between public health and shame into a heightened state of contention, offering us a valuable opportunity to reconsider shame as a desired outcome of public health work, and to push back against the logics of individual responsibility and blame for illness and disease on which it sits. We begin by defining shame and demonstrating how it is conceptually and practically distinct from stigma. We then set out evidence on the consequences of shame for social and relational health outcomes and assess the past and present dimensions of shame in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, primarily through a corpus of international news stories on the shaming of people perceived to have transgressed public health directions or advice. Following a brief note on shame (and policymaking) in a cultural context, we turn to the concept and practice of ‘shame-sensitivity’ in order to theorise a set of practical and adaptable principles that could be used to assist policymakers in short- and medium-term decision-making on urgent, tenacious, and emerging issues within public health. Finally, we consider the longer consequences of pandemic shame, making a wider case for the acknowledgement of the emotion as a key determinant of health.
Changes in Adolescents’ COVID-19-Health-Related Stress, Parent-Adolescent Relationships, and Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Effect of Personality Traits
Authors: Donker Monika H. , Mastrotheodoros Stefanos , Yanagida Takuya , Branje Susan
Published: July 2024

Previous studies investigated short-term effects of COVID-19 on families. However, much is unknown about how families with adolescents fared throughout the pandemic, as well as factors that might explain interindividual differences in adjustment. The current study used latent change score models to investigate associations between changes in adolescents’ mental health, parent-adolescent relationship quality, and COVID-19-health-related stress from Fall 2019 to Spring 2021, and whether personality predicted changes in adolescents’ mental health, relationship quality, and stress. Participants were 242 adolescents (Mage = 11.56, SD = 0.44, 50% girls). Parent-adolescent negative interactions decreased from before the pandemic to the first lockdown, and stronger decreases (both in this period and between Fall 2020 and Spring 2021) were associated with simultaneous stronger increases in mental health. From Spring to Fall 2020, decreases in stress were stronger for less extraverted adolescents and were associated with better mental health. More agreeable adolescents reported a stronger decrease in stress between Fall 2020 and Spring 2021. The findings suggest that it is important to consider heterogeneity in designing future intervention and prevention programs. Especially adolescents with existing problems and from multi-problem families might be at risk for adverse consequences during pandemic-like situations.
Antimicrobial silver loading onto reused high-density polyethylene matrices grafted with poly(4-vinylpyridine)
Authors: Gómez-Lázaro Belén , López-Saucedo Felipe , Flores-Rojas Guadalupe Gabriel , Camacho-Cruz Alejandro , Bucio Emilio
Published: July 2024

High-density polyethylene HDPE is a highly polluting plastic, and its reuse, reprocessing and modification are subjects of current research to mitigate environmental pollution. In recent times, it has been modified for specialized purposes as a harmless and resistant polymer. The present work details the modification of HDPE (obtained from Bonafont, Coke, and Gatorade caps) with the monomer 4-vinylpyridine (4VP) via radiation-induced grafting copolymerization initiated by gamma rays from a Co-60 source and with the subsequent Ag(I) loading using the reagent AgNO3 in aqueous medium. Poly(4VP) is widely used to retain metals and manufacture pH-responsive polymers, while Ag(I) is a recognized bactericide harmless to humans at therapeutic concentrations; therefore, both poly4VP and Ag(I) can work in a synergistic system against pathologic bacteria as is here proposed. We advance a favorable antimicrobial activity of the Ag-loaded graft copolymers evaluated in vitro with Kirby-Bauer tests against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, FTIR-ATR, TGA, contact angle, swelling, and pH response were carried out to complete the characterization.
From invisible to visible: a concise review on conjugated polymer materials in latent fingerprint analysis
Authors: Bashir Khushboo , Amin Muneeba , Majid Mansha , Butt Fayaz Ahmad , Rather Jahangir Ahmad , Wani Waseem A. , Khanday Waheed Ahmad , Malik Akhtar Hussain , Yatoo Mudasir A.
Published: July 2024

Over the past decades, significant scientific and technological advancements have been made in the field of forensic science, particularly in the advancement of fingerprint technology. Latent fingerprints (LFPs) are considered to be the most crucial evidence found at crime scenes, necessitating extensive research efforts for their advancement. Conversely, conjugated polymers are extremely adaptable substances that are utilized in many domains like photonics, bio-imaging, optoelectronics, nanomedicine, and more. Conjugated polymers, especially conjugated polymer nanoparticles and polymer dots, exhibit remarkable photophysical and chemical features that contribute to their high resolution, enhanced selectivity, and heightened sensitivity in the development of LFPs. This provides a detailed overview of the production of LFPs utilizing conjugated polymers, as well as the imaging techniques employed for their visualization. Particular attention is given to conjugated polymer nanoparticles and polymer dots. In addition, the most often employed techniques for producing conjugated polymer-based nanoparticles have also been examined. Additionally, it encompasses the historical background of LFP identification and offers a valuable understanding of the diverse conventional approaches investigated for their advancement. This article offers a comprehensive examination of conjugated polymers as contrasting agents for imaging LFPs on different surfaces.
Analysis of drying characteristics and quality attributes in peach slices dried via electrohydrodynamic, hot air and electrohydrodynamic-hot air methods
Authors: Polat Ahmet
Published: July 2024

This study aimed to investigate drying times mathematical models and assess the color, rehydration capacity, and microstructure of dried peach using electrohydrodynamic (EHD), hot air, and electrohydrodynamic-hot air (EHD-hot air) drying methods. Peach samples were subjected to drying with two different air temperatures (50 and 55 °C) and electric field (EF, 6.67 and 10 kV cm−1) under constant air velocity (1.5 m s−1). The longest drying durations were obtained in the EHD method (720 and 600 min), followed by hot air (290 and 260 min) and EHD-hot air method (120, 140, 170, and 200 min), respectively. The drying curves were best described by the Midilli et al. and Logarithmic models. The L* values of the samples subjected to hot air drying were found to be lower than those obtained through other methods. No significant effect of the electric field on rehydration capacity was observed. The study revealed that increased temperature and electric field led to surface cracks on the peach. The study highlights the compatibility of the EHD method with the hot air method, suggesting its potential application within the drying industry. From these findings, it was seen that the EHD-hot air combination method could be an alternative to the hot air method in the food industry by reducing the drying time of peaches and considering that the color parameters are generally better than the hot air method.
Investigation of the Filling of a Spherical Pore Body with a Nonwetting Fluid: A Modeling Approach and Computational Fluid Dynamics analysis
Authors: Salama Amgad , Kou Jisheng , Sun Shuyu , Hefny Mahmoud
Published: July 2024

Understanding the dynamics of the filling process of a pore body with a nonwetting fluid is important in the context of dynamic pore network models and others. It can justify many of the assumptions behind the different rules that describe how the network behaves during imbibition and drainage processes. It also provides insight into the different regimes pertinent to this system. The filling process starts with the contact line pinning at the pore entrance. Three regimes can be identified during the filling process that is related to how the contact line advances. In the first two regimes, the contact line pins at the pore entrance while the emerging droplet develops, and in the third one, the contact line departs the entrance of the pore and advances along the pore surface. During the first regime, which is brief, the curvature of the meniscus increases, and likewise, the corresponding capillary pressure, while in the other two regimes, the curvature decreases and so does the capillary pressure. Such behavior results in the rate at which the nonwetting fluid invades the pore to change. It initially decreases, then increases as the meniscus advances. The radius of curvature of the meniscus, eventually, increases to infinity for which the interface assumes a flat configuration. A one-dimensional modeling approach is developed that accounts for all these regimes. The model also considers the two immiscible fluids over a wide spectrum of contrast in viscosity. Information about the mean velocity of the invading fluid, the location of the contact line, the radius of curvature of the meniscus, the volume of the emerging droplet, and several others are among the details that the model provides. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation has also been considered to confirm the proposed fates of the interface and to provide a framework for comparisons. The results of the validation process show, generally, a very good match between the model and the CFD analysis.
Life cycle assessment of a circular textile value chain: the case of a garment made from chemically recycled cotton
Authors: Hammar Torun , Peñaloza Diego , Hanning Anne-Charlotte
Published: July 2024

Purpose

The textile industry faces major challenges in reducing environmental impacts along the whole value chain. The overall aim of this paper was to assess the potential environmental benefit of a circular textile value chain, by evaluating a garment partly made from a chemically recycled cellulose carbamate fibre. The cellulose carbamate technology is a novel technology that turns cotton-rich textile waste into a cotton-like regenerated fibre.

Methods

Life cycle assessment was performed to evaluate the environmental impacts of a garment made from the chemically recycled fibre, considering the whole life cycle. The evaluation also considered that the garment was part of a take-back system, meaning that the garment is collected for recycling after consumer use and thereby helps in closing the loop of the circular textile value chain. The focus of the assessment was on climate impact, water scarcity impact and land use impact. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses were included to test parts of the European Commission’s product environmental footprint method, e.g. the impact of applying the circular footprint formula.

Results and discussion

The results showed that (1) using a recycled cellulose carbamate fibre over primary conventional cotton showed benefits in all considered environmental impact categories; (2) compared to organic cotton, the benefits were also shown for the land use impact category; (3) the cradle to gate processes were the main hotspots for the garment’s life cycle, meaning that using a recycled feedstock is not the only measure needed to reduce environmental burdens; (4) the use phase, and in particular using the garment to its full life length, is crucial for mitigating the environmental impact per garment use; and (5) methodological choices related to the use of recycled feedstock, and sending materials to recycling at end-of-life, affect the outcome of the study.

Conclusions

Selecting a chemically recycled cellulose carbamate fibre over primary fibres showed environmental benefits for the evaluated garment, but there are however trade-offs between different environmental impact categories and fibre types. Furthermore, using recycled fibres is one important step in reducing the environmental concerns of garments, but it is important to also make improvements along the whole textile value chain.
Forschungsethik, Barrierefreiheit und inklusive Forschung in der Kommunikationswissenschaft
Authors: Bigl Benjamin , Gognelashvili Ketevan , Gehrau Volker
Published: July 2024

Der Überblicksbeitrag analysiert das Verhältnis zwischen forschungsethischen und forschungsmethodischen Anforderungen einerseits und barrierefreier und inklusiver Forschung andererseits. Dabei werden unterschiedliche Perspektiven aufgezeigt und diskutiert: Erstens zeigt er Implikationen aus der Forschungsethik in Bezug auf barrierefreie und inklusive Forschung auf. Zweitens stellt er die rechtlichen Grundlagen und deren Implikationen für die Forschungspraxis vor. Drittens wird eine aktuelle Online-Befragung der Scientific Community in Bezug auf die Kenntnisse rechtlicher Regelungen sowie die Verpflichtung zur Barrierefreiheit in der eigenen Forschungspraxis präsentiert. Viertens werden inklusive Studien in der Kommunikationswissenschaft betrachtet. Zum einen werden die Ergebnisse einer systematischen Literaturanalyse von Studien zu Medien und unterschiedlichen Aspekten von Behinderungen referiert. Zum anderen wird mit einer inklusiven Studie mit Menschen mit Behinderungen zu kommunikativen Mitteln für eine barrierefreie Umfrageforschung gezeigt, wie inklusive Forschung in der Kommunikationswissenschaft gelingen kann. Abschließend werden Implikationen für die kommunikationswissenschaftliche Forschungspraxis erörtert.
Pharmacological Treatment of Fibromyalgia Syndrome: A Practice-Based Review
Authors: Giorgi Valeria , Sarzi-Puttini Piercarlo , Pellegrino Greta , Sirotti Silvia , Atzeni Fabiola , Alciati Alessandra , Torta Riccardo , Varrassi Giustino , Fornasari Diego , Coaccioli Stefano , Bongiovanni Sara Francesca
Published: July 2024

Purpose of Review

Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) is a complex chronic pain condition characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain and numerous other debilitating symptoms. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview, based on everyday clinical practice, of the drugs presently employed in the treatment of FMS.

Recent Findings

The treatment of FMS is based on a multimodal approach, with pharmacologic treatment being an essential pillar. The drugs used include tricyclic antidepressants, serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, other antidepressants, anticonvulsants, myorelaxants, and analgesics. The effectiveness of these medications varies, and the choice of drug often depends on the specific symptoms presented by the patient. Many drugs tend to either address only some domains of the complex FMS symptomatology or have a limited effect on pain.

Each treatment option comes with potential side effects and risks that necessitate careful consideration. It may be beneficial to divide patients into clinical subpopulations, such as FMS with comorbid depression, for more effective treatment. Despite the complexities and challenges, the pharmacological treatment remains a crucial part for the management of FMS. This review aims to guide clinicians in prescribing pharmacological treatment to individuals with FMS.
An exploratory study of the mental health and emotional challenges of women inside Ghanaian witches’ camps
Authors: Yakubu Yakubu H. , Siegert Richard J. , Krägeloh Christian U. , Aziato Lydia , Holroyd Eleanor
Published: July 2024

For years, older women accused of witchcraft have been persecuted and forced into sanctuaries known as witch camps. This highlights a lack of public policies and social support for older women facing disabilities, aging, and dementia. Labelling them as witches and isolating them from their families and familiar surroundings profoundly impacts their emotional well-being. However, little is known about the mental health of older women in witch camps in northern Ghana. This study interviewed 15 women from the Gambaga witches camp, identifying five main themes and 21 related sub-themes: ‘Physical and Mental Health Issues,’ ‘Psychological Impacts of Displacement and Trauma,’ ‘Social Isolation and Emotional Distress,’ ‘Living Conditions,’ and ‘Community Support and Strategies for Improving Well-being.’ The sub-themes included ‘Physical problems (chronic body pain) impacting upon general health and well-being’, ‘Anxiety and nervousness’, ‘Sleep and restlessness- “can’t sit still”, ‘Suicidal thoughts and anger’, ‘Forgetfulness’, ‘Concentration and confusion’, ‘Loneliness, sadness from family disconnection’ and ‘stigma – self and others’, ‘Loss of respect and dignity (‘Dariza’)’, ‘Frailty and loss of independence’, ‘Feelings of helplessness, unhappiness, and despair’, ‘Lack of family support and dignity’, ‘Lack of basic needs, and inadequate social facilities’. Findings revealed the negative effects of cultural beliefs and discrimination on the mental health of these women. Addressing public stigma and challenging these beliefs can improve healthcare and outcomes, allowing older women to stay connected with their families, reduce depression, and lead meaningful lives.