bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patient‐Specific Bone Particles Bioprinting for Bone Tissue Engineering
Authors: Ratheesh Greeshma , Vaquette Cedryck , Xiao Yin
Published: November 2020

Although bioinks with both high printability and shape fidelity while maintaining high cell viability are developed, the biofunctionality of the resulting bioprinted construct is often overlooked. To address this, a methacrylated gelatin (GelMA)‐based bioink biofunctionalized with bone particles (BPs) is developed as a personalized treatment strategy for bone regeneration. The bioink consists of incorporating BPs of various sizes (0–500 µm) in GelMA at various concentrations (ranging from 5 to 15% w/v). The printability of the bioink is systematically investigated and it is demonstrated that a 15% w/v BP‐loading results in high print quality for 10% and 12.5% GelMA concentrations. Rheological evaluation reveals a strong shear thinning behavior essential for printing and a high gel strength in bioink with 15% w/v 0–500 µm BPs for both GelMA concentrations. In addition, the printability of the bioink and the metabolic activity of the resulting scaffolds are dependent on both the concentration of hydrogel and size of the BPs. Importantly, the cells initially contained in the BPs are able to migrate and colonize the bioprinted scaffold while maintaining their capacity to express early osteogenic markers. This study demonstrates the feasibility of bioprinted viable BPs and may have some potential for chairside clinical translation.
Enhancing the Performance of Organic Solar Cells by Prolonging the Lifetime of Photogenerated Excitons
Authors: Guo Qingxin , Liu Yahui , Liu Ming , Zhang Hao , Qian Xiquan , Yang Jinjin , Wang Jing , Xue Wenyue , Zhao Qian , Xu Xinjun , Ma Wei , Tang Zheng , Li Yunliang , Bo Zhishan
Published: November 2020

Exciton lifetime (τ) is crucial for the migration of excitons to donor/acceptor interfaces for subsequent charge separation in organic solar cells (OSCs); however, obvious prolongation of τ has rarely been achieved. Here, by introducing a solid additive 9‐fluorenone‐1‐carboxylic acid (FCA) into the active layer, which comprises a nonfullerene acceptor, 3,9‐bis(2‐methylene‐((3‐(1,1‐dicyanomethylene)‐6/7‐methyl)‐indanone))‐5,5,11,11‐tetrakis(4‐hexylphenyl)‐dithieno[2,3‐d:2′,3′‐d′]‐s‐indaceno[1,2‐b:5,6‐b′]dithiophene (IT‐M), τ is substantially prolonged from 491 to 928 ps, together with obvious increases in fluorescence intensity and quantum yield. Time‐resolved transient infrared spectra indicate the presence of an intermolecular vibrational coupling between the electronic excited state of IT‐M and the electronic ground state of FCA, which is first observed here and which can suppress the internal conversion process. IT‐M‐based OSCs display an improved short‐circuit current and fill factor after the addition of FCA. Thus, the power conversion efficiency is increased, particularly for devices with a large donor/acceptor ratio of 1:4, whose efficiency is increased by 56%. This study describes a novel method, which is also applicable to other nonfullerene acceptors, for further improving the performance of OSCs without affecting their morphology and light absorption properties.
Development of a Polydimethylsiloxane‐Based Electrode Array for Electrocorticography
Authors: Lee Kyeong Yeon , Moon Hyunmin , Kim Boil , Kang Yoo Na , Jang Jae‐Won , Choe Han Kyoung , Kim Sohee
Published: November 2020

Neural interfaces play an essential role to disclose neural networks and to assist paralyzed patients in past decades. As the conformability and longevity become vital issues for neural interfaces, flexible materials are increasingly engaged in the development of such devices. However, the development of devices comprised of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is bothered because of its incompatibility with silicon microfabrication technology, mainly caused by different thermal expansion coefficients between metals and PDMS. Here, a PDMS‐based electrode array is developed through a single‐wafer processing by employing an intermediate parylene‐C layer, which allows stable and simple fabrication as well as easy miniaturization and integration with other components. The developed electrode array can detect visual evoked potentials (VEPs) through in vivo experiments using mice. The conformal contact and high spatial resolution are achieved by detecting distinctive VEPs from all 16 channels. To investigate the effect of electrode sizes on signal quality, three different diameters ranging from 20 to 120 µm are used, resulting in no clear correlation between the electrode size and signal quality. The developed device suggests the potential of PDMS‐based bioelectronics in various applications where the flexibility and conformability as well as the robustness of the device are all desired.
Conformal Coating of Freestanding Particles by Vapor‐Phase Infiltration
Authors: Liapis Andreas C. , Subramanian Ashwanth , Cho Sangyeon , Kisslinger Kim , Nam Chang‐Yong , Yun Seok‐Hyun
Published: November 2020

A novel atomic layer method for encapsulating individual micro‐ and nano‐particles with thin (sub‐10‐nm) dielectric films is presented. This method leverages the diffusion of vapor‐phase precursors through an underlying inert polymer film to achieve growth of a metal oxide film on all sides of the particle simultaneously, even on the side that is in contact with the substrate. Crucially, the deposition is performed on stationary particles and does not require an agitation mechanism or a special reaction chamber. Here, conformal coatings of alumina are shown to improve stability in aqueous environments for two optically relevant particles: compound semiconductor laser microparticles and lead halide perovskite nanocrystals.
A Compact Full 2π Flexoelectro‐Optic Liquid Crystal Phase Modulator
Authors: Wang Xiuze , Fells Julian A. J. , Shi Yuping , Ali Taimoor , Welch Chris , Mehl Georg H. , Wilkinson Timothy D. , Booth Martin J. , Morris Stephen M. , Elston Steve J.
Published: November 2020

Wavefront shaping, which is often achieved using liquid crystal (LC) spatial light modulators, is particularly important for a wide range of applications including laser microfabrication and micromanipulation, microscopy, and quantum optics. In this work, results are presented for the first integrated LC phase modulator that combines a flexoelectro‐optic LC layer (that behaves as a switchable λ/2 waveplate) with a polymerized reactive mesogen layer (which acts as a λ/4 waveplate) and a mirrored substrate that creates a double‐pass geometry. For a flexoelectro‐optic LC layer that exhibits switching angles of ±45° at a voltage of ±85 V a full 2π phase modulation is observed when driven by a 1 kHz waveform. Experimental results are also compared with modeling using Jones calculus of the amplitude and phase variation when the LC and the polymer layer deviate from their desired waveplate conditions. The development and demonstration of an integrated device is particularly significant for applications where size and cost are critical factors such as in LiDAR for the Space and Automotive industries, respectively.
High‐Throughput Separation of Microvesicles from Whole Blood Components Using Viscoelastic Fluid
Authors: Nam Jeonghun , Yoon Jung , Jee Hyunseul , Jang Woong Sik , Lim Chae Seung
Published: November 2020

Cell‐derived microvesicles (MVs, also known as microparticles, MPs) are known as important biomarkers of various diseases including cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, and cancer. Development of techniques for blood cell removal and MV isolation is required for downstream analyses in biological and clinical applications. A sheathless, label‐free, viscoelastic microfluidic device is proposed for the separation of submicrometer platelet‐derived MPs (PDMPs) from whole blood. Flow rate and channel length dependent performance of the device is evaluated using 2‐µm particles as analogs to platelets and hematocrit (Hct) dependent flow characteristics of red blood cells (RBCs) are observed. In addition, the removal rate of nanoparticles of sizes 300, 500, 700, and 1000 nm is evaluated, and finally, the device is applied to examine the recovery of PDMPs from diluted whole blood sample. At Q = 200 µL min−1 in a 15‐mm long microchannel, RBCs at 5% Hct and platelets are removed to the central outlet without platelet activation, while PDMPs are successfully isolated to the side outlets within ≈2 min. The PDMPs collected from the device are analyzed by flow cytometry. The device exhibits ≈4.8‐fold enhanced isolation performance compared to the centrifugation method.
Flexible and Stretchable Microwave Electronics: Past, Present, and Future Perspective
Authors: Zhang Huilong , Lan Yu , Qiu Shuoyang , Min Seunghwan , Jang Hokyung , Park Jeongpil , Gong Shaoqin , Ma Zhenqiang
Published: November 2020

Microwave electronics have evolved from bulky waveguide and vacuum tube‐based format to smaller and lighter board‐based electronics, and then to the highly miniaturized, chip‐based solid‐state form. Spurred by the advent of high‐performance flexible inorganic single‐crystalline semiconductors, a new opportunity of technology evolution from rigid microwave electronics to flexible and/or stretchable microwave electronics has emerged. The new forms of microwave electronics are expected to provide novel functions to be achieved with advanced materials, device, and system design considerations and innovative fabrication methods. Over the last years, some microwave components, modules, and systems with operation frequency greater than or equal to 1 GHz in the flexible/stretchable form factors are demonstrated. These demonstrations have alluded to the prospects of the new stage of microwave electronics evolution. Herein, a comprehensive review of the microwave/flexible microwave electronics that are demonstrated up to date is provided. An introduction to the need of flexible/stretchable microwave electronics emphasizes the motivation and potential influences of this new growing field. This review also highlights important developments in transistors, diodes, various passives, antennas, circuits, and system demonstrations, all in flexible or stretchable forms. Finally, an outlook for specific technical gaps at both the fundamental and applications levels is presented.
Real‐Time Optical Process Monitoring for Structure and Property Control of Aerosol Jet Printed Functional Materials
Authors: Tafoya Rebecca R. , Cook Adam W. , Kaehr Bryan , Downing Julia R. , Hersam Mark C. , Secor Ethan B.
Published: November 2020

Aerosol jet printing is a popular digital additive manufacturing method for flexible and hybrid electronics, but it lacks sophisticated real‐time process control schemes that would enable more widespread adoption in manufacturing environments. Here, an optical measurement system is introduced to track the aerosol density upstream of the printhead. The measured optical extinction, combined with the aerosol flow rate, is directly related to deposition rate and accurately predicts functional materials properties such as the electrical resistance of printed graphene films. This real‐time system offers a compelling solution for process drift and batch‐to‐batch variability, rendering it a valuable tool for both real‐time control of aerosol jet printing and fundamental studies of the underlying process science.
Frequency‐Controlled Focusing Using Achromatic Metasurface
Authors: Lu Huan , Zheng Bin , Cai Tong , Qian Chao , Yang Yihao , Wang Zuojia , Chen Hongsheng
Published: November 2020

Frequency‐controlled metasurfaces have attracted significant attention for a variety of applications, such as radar imaging and 5G communication, owing to their small size and low cost. However, due to the inherent material dispersion of these devices, bandwidth is an essential requirement for their controlling their wavefront. To evaluate the broadband performance of frequency‐controlled metasurface focusing systems, a multiresonant model is used to achieve controlled manipulation of frequency‐splitting and focusing reflective metasurface; further, the transition from broadband disorder scattering to user‐desired reflection is obtained. It is shown that the focusing position can be controlled by the careful design of each unit cell. As a proof of concept, a broadband focusing metasurface with frequency‐splitting effect over the entire X band, i.e., 8–12 GHz, is designed and experimentally demonstrated, which can control the position of focal spots with different wavelengths by its achromatic and reflective characteristics. It is believed that the proposed metasurface will provide useful insights for wavefront manipulation in broadband and chromatically corrected imaging systems.
Color‐Tunable 3D InGaN/GaN Multi‐Quantum‐Well Light‐Emitting‐Diode Based on Microfacet Emission and Programmable Driving Power Supply
Authors: Wang Lai , Wang Xun , Bertram Frank , Sheng Bowen , Hao Zhibiao , Luo Yi , Sun Changzheng , Xiong Bing , Han Yanjun , Wang Jian , Li Hongtao , Schmidt Gordon , Veit Peter , Christen Jürgen , Wang Xinqiang
Published: November 2020

Color‐tunable InGaN/GaN multi‐quantum‐well (MQW) light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) are reported based on GaN microfacet structure directly grown on c‐plane patterned sapphire substrate by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) through promoting 3D growth. By adjusting GaN growth temperature and pattern arrangement, a GaN microfacet with almost pure {101} semipolar facets is obtained. The multifacetted InGaN/GaN MQW LED chip evolves three distinct emission peaks around 630, 530, and 450 nm in electroluminescence (EL) as injection current increases from 1 to 100 mA. The EL behavior originates from locally different facets of the complex 3D structure: MQWs grown on c‐planes and semipolar facets, respectively, which is confirmed by cathodoluminescence characterization in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM‐CL). Considering the dependence of emission wavelength and intensity on injection currents, a programmable power supply is designed to drive the LED. The specific color of the LED is tuned by time‐shared driving of the currents based on three channels with controllable magnitudes and duty cycle from the power supply, covering red, yellow, green, cyan, blue, and purple. Furthermore, white LEDs with high color rendering index (CRI) up to 96.1 and correlated color temperature (CCT) between 4000 and 10 000 K are achieved.
Visible Light Driven Hot‐Electron Injection by Pd Nanoparticles: Fast Response in Metal–Semiconductor Photodetection
Authors: Chen Liang , Mao Sui , Wang Pu , Yao Zhao , Du Zhonglin , Zhu Zhijun , Belfiore Laurence A. , Tang Jianguo
Published: November 2020

Hot‐electron injection induced by plasmon decay enables ultrafast electron transfer in femtosecond scale and therefore endows metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) promising potentials in high‐speed optoelectronics. With much higher density of states next to its Fermi level, palladium (Pd) can more efficiently launch hot electrons according to the theoretical prediction, as compared to the conventional plasmonic NPs. In this work, the optical properties of Pd NPs as well as the plasmon induced hot‐electron injection are investigated through confocal Kelvin probe force microscopy. Analysis based on surface potential redistribution suggests Pd NPs can initiate dense hot‐electron transfer in visible range. According to the photocurrent characterization of photo field effect transistors, in cooperation with TiOx the Pd NPs launch a rapid photocurrent increase with the excitation of 450 nm light as the hot‐electron injection improves the electron depleting situation in TiOx thin film. The result confirms that Pd hot electrons can be energetic at visible range for photoelectric applications.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Atropisomeric Biaryls using Biaryl 2,5‐Diphenylphospholanes as Ligands for Palladium‐Catalysed Suzuki‐Miyaura Reactions
Authors: Byrne Liam , Sköld Christian , Norrby Per‐Ola , Munday Rachel H. , Turner Andrew R. , Smith Peter D.
Published: November 2020

Here we describe the development of biaryl 2,5‐diphenylphospholanes as a new class of C2‐symmetric, monodentate ligands for asymmetric Suzuki‐Miyaura (ASM) reactions. Screening of a series of exemplary phospholanes led to the identification of two ligands that were used to prepare a range of atropisomeric biaryl and heterobiaryl products with good to excellent levels of enantioselectivity (up to 97:3 e.r.) under mild conditions. DFT studies suggest that the formation of a constraining ligand pocket and coordination of one of the biaryl methoxy groups in the optimised ligands to the metal centre is crucial for restricting conformational freedom in the bond‐forming step.

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Efficient Synthesis of Bulky 2,2’‐Bipyridine and (S)‐Pyridine‐Oxazoline Ligands
Authors: Zheng Zhipeng , Walsh Patrick J.
Published: November 2020

Bulky N,N’‐bidentate ligands can furnish catalysts with enhanced catalytic activity compared to commercially available ligands. Straightforward methods to effectively synthesize a broad range of these ligands, however, are uncommon. In this work, a simple and efficient method is developed for the synthesis of bulky N,N’‐bidentate ligands, including 2,2’‐bipyridines and enantioenriched pyridine‐oxazolines. The Pd/NIXANTPHOS catalyst system enabled synthesis of a series of bulky 2,2’‐bipyridine‐based ligands and (S)‐pyridine oxazoline‐based enantioenriched ligands with good to excellent yields. The ligands have been benchmarked in the aminofluorination of styrene.

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Bimodal Imaging‐Visible Nanomedicine Integrating CXCR4 and VEGFa Genes Directs Synergistic Reendothelialization of Endothelial Progenitor Cells
Authors: Yu Bingbo , Dong Bing , He Jiang , Huang Hui , Huang Jinsheng , Wang Yong , Liang Jianwen , Zhang Jianning , Qiu Yumin , Shen Jun , Shuai Xintao , Tao Jun , Xia Wenhao
Published: November 2020

A major challenge to treat vascular endothelial injury is the restoration of endothelium integrity in which endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) plays a central role. Transplantation of EPCs as a promising therapeutic means is subject to two interrelated processes, homing and differentiation of EPCs in vivo, and thus a lack of either one may greatly affect the outcome of EPC‐based therapy. Herein, a polymeric nanocarrier is applied for the codelivery of CXCR4 and VEGFa genes to simultaneously promote the migration and differentiation of EPCs. Moreover, MRI T2 contrast agent SPION and NIR dye Cy7.5 are also loaded into the nanocarrier in order to track EPCs in vivo. Based on the synergistic effect of the two codelivered genes, an improved reendothelialization of EPCs is achieved in a rat carotid denuded model. The results show the potential of this bimodal imaging‐visible nanomedicine to improve the performance of EPCs in repairing arterial injury, which may push forward the stem cell‐based therapy of cardiovascular disease.
A Novel Stateful Logic Device and Circuit for In‐Memory Parity Programming in Crossbar Memory
Authors: Yoon Kyung Jean , Han Jin‐Woo , Bae Woorham
Published: November 2020

As one application of stateful logic computation in crossbar array, a in‐array parity programming method is proposed. A single programming step within the array can simultaneously program and store a parity bit right adjacent to the data bits, minimizing the overhead from a complex parity calculation and transfer process from outside of the array. Sensing on the basis of a gray code for a multi‐bit memristor is the key enabler for generating an even or odd parity. A memristor device that features an altering resistance switching behavior according to monotonous change in electrical bias size, complementary resistive switching (CRS), is deployed to improve data per parity ratio. A step‐by‐step derivation of the array scheme optimal for this purpose is shown through margin analysis. A simulation based on the experimental parameters of a 2‐bit per CRS parity cell proves that the proposed current driven scheme enables an output voltage linearization on the parity cell node with varying resistance states of 6‐bit data cells while meeting the voltage requirements of both the parity and data cells. Such in‐memory parity programming is thought to improve the robustness of current crossbar memory technology with the miniscule overhead, further extending the versatility of the in‐memory logic applications.
A Comparative Study on Printable Solid Electrolytes toward Ultrahigh Current and Environmentally Stable Thin Film Transistors
Authors: Cherukupally Nikhil , Divya Mitta , Dasgupta Subho
Published: November 2020

Printed oxide thin film transistors (TFTs) have outperformed their organic counterparts in the recent past; printable solid electrolytic insulators have also emerged as a suitable alternative to oxide dielectrics. In the present study, multiple composite solid polymer electrolytes (CSPEs) and an easy‐to‐formulate ion gel are fabricated and characterized for their double‐layer capacitance (CDL) values and the quality of electrostatic coupling. In the next step, alongside printed In2O3 as the semiconductor channel, the performance of the solid electrolytes is evaluated using printed top‐gate TFTs. The semiconductor ink formulation and the device architecture are optimized to ensure unsurpassed device performance. In effect, unprecedented transistor performance is observed for all the three electrolytic insulators, with drive currents >10 mA and linear mobility >100 cm2 V−1 s−1; a rigorous discussion on the reliability factors and the merit/demerit of the linear versus saturation mobility values suggests reporting of only the linear mobility, henceforth. Next, the lifetime studies on the electrolyte‐gated TFTs have shown superior environmental stability of the CSPE‐gated devices. The present study not only provides a recipe to formulate a set of high‐performance electrolytic gate insulators, but also offers a method to fabricate high‐current power transistors, using the standard printing techniques.
Boosted Hydrogen‐Evolution Kinetics Over Particulate Lanthanum and Rhodium‐Doped Strontium Titanate Photocatalysts Modified with Phosphonate Groups
Authors: Kageshima Yosuke , Kawanishi Toshiki , Saeki Daisuke , Teshima Katsuya , Domen Kazunari , Nishikiori Hiromasa
Published: November 2020

Phosphonate groups loaded on the surface of the visible‐light‐responsive photocatalyst Ru‐loaded La,Rh‐doped SrTiO3 (Ru/La,Rh:STO) via a silane‐coupling treatment enhance the photocatalytic activity of this material during the hydrogen evolution reaction. Surface modification with an alkylsilane phosphonate accelerates the supply of reactants to active sites and is much more effective at improving the photocatalytic activity than the utilization of a phosphate‐buffered electrolyte as a reaction solution. In contrast, the incorporation of amine, sulfonate, and propyl groups does not improve the activity. The effects of these functional groups introduced via silane coupling on the reaction kinetics of hydrogen evolution are evaluated separately from the oxidative reaction using electrochemical methods. It was also demonstrated that the present alkylsilane phosphonate modification increases the photocatalytic activity even under a low photon flux.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Chiral Monohydrosilanes by Intramolecular C−H Functionalization of Dihydrosilanes
Authors: Ma Wenpeng , Liu Li‐Chuan , An Kun , He Tao , He Wei
Published: November 2020

The preparation of chiral monohydrosilanes remains a rarely achieved goal. To this end a Rh‐catalyzed desymmetrization of dihydrosilanes by way of intramolecular C(sp2)−H functionalization under simple and mild conditions has now been developed. This method provides easy access to a broad range of chiral monohydrosilanes in good yields with excellent enantioselectivities (up to >99 % ee). The resulting monohydrosilanes constitute a good platform to access stereogenic silicon compounds, as well as useful compounds to probe silicon stereochemistry.
Enhanced energy storage of polyvinylidene fluoride‐based nanocomposites induced by high aspect ratio titania nanosheets
Authors: Zhu Congcong , Yin Jinghua , Li Jialong , Li Yanpeng , Zhao He , Yue Dong , Pan Lin , Wang Jimin , Feng Yu , Liu Xiaoxu
Published: November 2020

To enhance the discharge energy density (Ue) of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), two‐dimensional (2D) titania nanosheets (TNSs) with high aspect ratio were introduced into PVDF. The results show that the TNSs are uniformly dispersed in matrix and the existence of matrix‐filler interface is confirmed by small angle X‐ray scattering. Introducing of high aspect ratio TNSs is beneficial to enhance the concentration of polar β‐phase and interfacial polarization, which can improve the permittivity (εr) of nanocomposites. Meanwhile, the shape of 2D TNSs plays an important role in enhancement of breakdown strength (Eb). The εr and Eb of the nanocomposites are two significant factors of their high energy storage performance. Therefore, the Ue increases to 0.32 J/cm3, which is 28% higher than that of pure PVDF (~0.25 J/cm3). The energy efficiency of this typical nanocomposite is similar as that of pure PVDF (~90%). This work might provide a method of fabricating promising energy storage dielectric materials.
Recent Progress and Perspectives on Electrochemical Regeneration of Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH)
Authors: Immanuel Susan , Sivasubramanian R. , Gul Rukhsana , Dar Mushtaq Ahmad
Published: November 2020

NAD is a cofactor that maintains cellular redox homeostasis and has immense industrial and biological significance. It acts as an enzymatic mediator in several biocatalytic electrochemical reactions and undergoes oxidation/reduction to form NAD+ or NADH, respectively. The NAD redox couple (NAD+/NADH) mostly exists in enzyme‐assisted metabolic reactions as a coenzyme during which electrons and protons are transferred. NADH shuttles these charges between the enzyme and the substrate. In order to understand such complex metabolic reactions, it is vital to study the bio‐electrochemistry of NADH. In addition, the regeneration of NADH in industries has attracted significant attention due to its vast usage and high cost. To make biocatalysis economically viable, primary methods of NADH regeneration including enzymatic, chemical, photochemical and electrochemical methods are widely used. This review is mainly focused on the electrochemical reduction of NAD+ to NADH with specific details on the mechanism and kinetics of the reaction. It provides emphasis on the different routes (direct and mediated) to electrochemically regenerate NADH from NAD+ highlighting the NAD dimer formation. Also, it describes the electrocatalysts developed until now and the scope for development in this area of research.
The Learning, Social and Emotion Adaptation Questionnaire‐Short Form: A Measure of Adaptive Behavior for Primary School Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Tse Hannah Man‐yan , Ho Irene T. , Wong Kathy
Published: November 2020

Students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) studying in mainstream classrooms have diverse adjustment difficulties in learning, social interaction, and emotion regulation. It is crucial to identify the areas these students find most challenging so that teachers can provide training and support accordingly. We therefore developed, examined, and provided norms for the Learning, Social and Emotion Adaptation Questionnaire‐Short Form (LSEAQ‐S), a teacher report instrument measuring 53 essential adaptive behaviors for mainstream primary school students in Hong Kong. Teachers completed the LSEAQ‐S for three samples of 2,298, 2,690, and 3,305 students with ASD from 204 schools and a sample of 1,869 students without ASD from 112 schools. Our study showed that an 11‐factor structure best describes the LSEAQ‐S, which has high internal consistency and good convergent validity examined with the Social Responsiveness Scale‐Second Edition (SRS‐2). Normative data of the LSEAQ‐S stratified by gender and grade (grades 1 to 3; grades 4 to 6) are presented. Gender and grade differences were found, with girls with ASD lagging behind their same‐gender peers in related skills more than boys with ASD did, across both grade levels and especially in senior grades. The LSEAQ‐S, together with its normative data, can reveal students' difficulties and needs, inform intervention priorities, and help monitor training progress.

Lay Summary

This study introduces the Learning, Social and Emotion Adaptation Questionnaire‐Short Form (LSEAQ‐S), a teacher report instrument developed in Hong Kong measuring school adaptation of students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in mainstream primary schools. The measure helps education personnel identify behaviors in which a student falls behind his/her peers and facilitate training and support targeting those behaviors. Autism Res 2021, 14: 959–972. © 2020 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Perinatal nicotine exposure alters lung development and induces HMGB1‐RAGE expression in neonatal mice
Authors: Tsai Chin‐Yen , Chou Hsiu‐Chu , Chen Chung‐Ming
Published: November 2020

Background

Maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation adversely affect lung development of their children. High‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is the encoded non‐histone, nuclear DNA‐binding protein that regulates transcription, and is involved in organization of DNA. Receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a receptor for HMGB1 and activates nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) signaling. Animal and human studies have found cigarette smoke exposure upregulates RAGE expression, suggesting that the HMGB1‐RAGE pathway might be involved in maternal nicotine‐induced lung injury.

Methods

This study evaluated prenatal and perinatal nicotine effects on lung development and HMGB1 and RAGE expression in mouse offspring. Nicotine was administered to pregnant mice by subcutaneous osmotic mini‐pump at a dose of 6 mg kg−1 day−1 from gestational Day 14 to birth (prenatal) or to postnatal Day 21 (perinatal). A control group received an equal volume of saline by the same route. Three study groups were obtained: prenatal normal saline (NS), prenatal nicotine, and perinatal nicotine groups. The mice were euthanized on postnatal Day 21, and the lung tissues were collected for histological and Western blot analyses.

Results

Mice exposed to prenatal nicotine exhibited significantly higher lung mean chord length and oxidative stress marker 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine and NF‐κB expression compared to mice exposed to NS. Perinatal nicotine exposure further enhanced these harmful effects. These perinatal nicotine effects on lung development were associated with increased HMGB1 and RAGE expression.

Conclusions

HMGB1‐RAGE pathway may be involved in the pathogenesis of altered lung development induced by perinatal nicotine exposure.
Can immunological manipulation defeat SARS‐CoV‐2? Why G‐CSF induced neutrophil expansion is worth a clinical trial
Authors: Katayama Hiroshi
Published: November 2020

Immunity against SARS‐CoV‐2 that is acquired by convalescent COVID‐19 patients is examined in reference to (A) the Th17 cell generation system in psoriatic epidermis and (B) a recently discovered phenomenon in which Th17 cells are converted into tissue‐resident memory T (TRM) cells with Th1 phenotype. Neutrophils that are attracted to the site of infection secrete IL‐17A, which stimulates lung epithelial cells to express CCL20. Natural Th17 (nTh17) cells are recruited to the infection site by CCL20 and expand in the presence of IL‐23. These nTh17 cells are converted to TRM cells upon encounter with SARS‐CoV‐2 and continue to exist as ex‐Th17 cells, which exert Th1‐like immunity during a memory response. G‐CSF can induce nTh17 cell accumulation at the infection site because it promotes neutrophil egress from the bone marrow. Hence, G‐CSF may be effective against COVID‐19. Administration of G‐CSF to patients infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 is worth a clinical trial.
Can we get back together? Measuring brand relationship breakup
Authors: Lopez Alberto
Published: November 2020

The phenomenon of consumers developing relationships with brands is well documented. However, few researchers have addressed the brand relationship breakup process. Since consumers choose to break up with brands for several reasons, the purpose of this study is to better understand brand relationship breakups and reconciliation through the development and validation of a measure of the valence of the brand relationship breakup (i.e., how positively, negatively, or neutrally the consumer perceives the brand relationship breakup). The findings indicate that a more positive brand relationship breakup makes consumers more prone to reconcile with the brand and less likely to spread negative word of mouth. In addition, consumer desire for vengeance mediates this relationship. Finally, this paper explores how the valence of a brand relationship breakup influences the type of recovery strategies a company should use to reestablish the brand relationship with the consumer.
Determinants of consumer loyalty towards celebrity‐owned restaurants: The mediating role of brand love
Authors: Trivedi Jay , Sama Ramzan
Published: November 2020

Research examining consumer behavior towards celebrity‐owned ventures is limited. This study is in the context of celebrity‐owned restaurants. It observes the effect of celebrity endorsement and perceived food quality on brand love, further leading to brand loyalty and e‐WOM. The moderating role of customer experience between celebrity endorsement, perceived food quality, and the dependent variable brand love is also studied. A structured questionnaire was administered to the respondents who had experienced dining at a celebrity‐owned restaurant, and 532 responses were obtained. The results established that a celebrity‐owned restaurant would enjoy a robust consumer–brand relationship owing to its association with the celebrity.
Puzzling Out the Colchicine Biosynthetic Pathway
Authors: Stander Emily A. , Papon Nicolas , Courdavault Vincent
Published: November 2020

Colchicine is among the oldest plant natural products (NPs) still used for treating a broad spectrum of human diseases including gout and other articular inflammation disorders. This molecule is synthesized by several herbaceous species related to the Liliaceae family, but in very low quantities in whole plants. As for many pharmaceutical compounds from plants, the production of colchicine still depends on the natural resource from which it is extracted. From the past decade, metabolic engineering has progressively become a credible alternative for the cost‐effective large‐scale production of several valuable NPs. In the same vein, Nett and colleagues recently reported an unprecedented advance in the field for colchicine. By using a combination of transcriptomics, metabolomics and pathway reconstitution, Sattely's group deciphered a near‐complete biosynthetic pathway to colchicine without prior knowledge of biosynthetic genes. Besides constituting a benchmark for the elucidation of natural product biosynthetic pathways, it opens unprecedented perspectives regarding metabolic engineering of colchicine biosynthesis.
Photo‐recycling the Sacrificial Electron Donor: Towards Sustainable Hydrogen Evolution in a Biphasic System
Authors: Ge Peiyu , Hojeij Mohamad , Scanlon Micheál D. , Girault Hubert H.
Published: November 2020

H2 may be evolved biphasically using a polarised liquid|liquid interface, acting as a “proton pump”, in combination with organic soluble metallocenes as electron donors. Sustainable H2 production requires methodologies to recycle the oxidised donor. Herein, the photo‐recycling of decamethylferrocenium cations (DcMFc+) using aqueous core‐shell semiconductor CdSe@CdS nanoparticles is presented. Negative polarisation of the liquid|liquid interface is required to extract DcMFc+ to the aqueous phase. This facilitates the efficient capture of electrons by DcMFc+ on the surface of the photo‐excited CdSe@CdS nanoparticles, with hydrophobic DcMFc subsequently partitioning back to the organic phase and resetting the system. TiO2 (P25) and CdSe semiconductor nanoparticles failed to recycle DcMFc+ due to their lower conduction band energy levels. During photo‐recycling, CdS (on CdSe) may be self‐oxidised and photo‐corrode, instead of water acting as the hole scavenger.
Discrete Supertetrahedral Tn Chalcogenido Clusters Synthesized in Ionic Liquids: Crystal Structures and Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Peng Yingchen , Hu Qianqian , Liu Yifan , Li Jianrong , Huang Xiaoying
Published: November 2020

Discrete supertetrahedral Tn chalcogenido clusters, which can be regarded as the smallest semiconductor quantum dots with precise chemical composition, have attracted considerable attention due to their outstanding photoluminescent, photoelectric, and photo/electrocatalytic properties. Such discrete molecular clusters are suitable for solution processing towards functional materials and can be used as precursors for constructing open‐framework chalcogenides. Traditionally they were synthesized hydro(solvo)thermally with molecular solvents (e. g. water or organic amines), while until recently imidazolium‐based ionic liquids (ILs) were found suitable for their preparation acting as reactive solvent and stabilizer for molecular clusters. We discuss herein recent advances in the syntheses, crystal structures, and selected properties of discrete supertetrahedral Tn chalcogenido clusters obtained in ILs. In particular, the enhanced photocatalytic properties of monodispersed Tn clusters in solvents are highlighted.
Proton Transfer and SN2 Reactions as Steps of Fast Selenol and Thiol Oxidation in Proteins: A Model Molecular Study Based on GPx
Authors: Dalla Tiezza Marco , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias , Flohé Leopold , Orian Laura
Published: November 2020

The so‐called peroxidatic cysteines and selenocysteines in proteins reduce hydroperoxides through a dual attack to the peroxide bond in a two‐step mechanism. First, a proton dislocation from the thiol/selenol to a close residue of the enzymatic pocket occurs. Then, a nucleophilic attack of the anionic cysteine/selenocysteine to one O atom takes place, while the proton is shuttled back to the second O atom, promoting the formation of a water molecule. In this computational study, we use a molecular model of GPx to demonstrate that the enzymatic environment significantly lowers the barrier of the latter SN2 step. Particularly, in our Se‐based model the energy barriers for the two steps are 29.82 and 2.83 kcal mol−1, both higher than the corresponding barriers computed in the enzymatic cluster, i. e., 21.60 and null, respectively. Our results, obtained at SMD‐B3LYP‐D3(BJ)/6‐311+G(d,p), cc‐pVTZ//B3LYP‐D3(BJ)/6‐311G(d,p), cc‐pVTZ level of theory, show that the mechanistic details can be well reproduced using an oversimplified model, but the energetics is definitively more favorable in the GPx active site. In addition, we pinpoint the role of the chalcogen in the peroxide reduction process, rooting the advantages of the presence of selenium in its acidic and nucleophilic properties.
From Synthetic to Biological Fe4S4 Complexes: Redox Properties Correlated to Function of Radical S‐Adenosylmethionine Enzymes
Authors: Bím Daniel , Alonso‐Gil Santiago , Srnec Martin
Published: November 2020

By employing the computational protocol for calculation of reduction potentials of the Fe4S4‐containing species validated using a representative series of well‐defined synthetic complexes, we focused on redox properties of two prototypical radical SAM enzymes to reveal how they transform SAM into the reactive 5’‐deoxyadenosyl radical, and how they tune this radical for its proper biological function. We found the reduction potential of SAM is indeed elevated by 0.3–0.4 V upon coordination to Fe4S4, which was previously speculated in the literature. This makes a generation of 5’‐deoxyadenosyl radical from SAM less endergonic (by ca. 7–9 kcal mol−1) and hence more feasible in both enzymes as compared to the identical process in water. Furthermore, our calculations indicate that the enzyme‐bound 5’‐deoxyadenosyl radical has a significantly lower reduction potential than in referential aqueous solution, which may help the enzymes to suppress potential side redox reactions and simultaneously elevate its proton‐philic character, which may, in turn, promote the radical hydrogen‐atom abstraction ability.
Towards an understanding of neurophysiological self‐regulation in early childhood: A heuristic and a new approach
Authors: Holochwost Steven J. , Kolacz Jacek , Mills‐Koonce W. Roger
Published: November 2020

Self‐regulation in early childhood encompasses both “top down,” volitional processes, as well as the “bottom up” activity of three neurophysiological systems: the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), and the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis. In this paper we briefly review the structure, function, and early development of each of these systems and then explain why neurophysiological self‐regulation is most accurately defined as a function of their joint activity. We note that while there are a number of predictive models that employ this definition, the field would benefit from a straightforward heuristic and aligned methods of visualization and analysis. We then present one such heuristic, which we call neurophysiological space, and outline how it may facilitate a new, collaborative approach to building a better understanding of self‐regulation in early childhood. We conclude with a presentation of early education as one setting in which our heuristic and methods could be applied.
Voltammetric Study of the Antihistamine Drug Bilastine: Anodic Characterization and Quantification Using a Reusable MWCNTs Modified Screen Printed Carbon Electrode
Authors: Teixeira Jorge Ginja , Oliveira João
Published: November 2020

The anodic behaviour and the electroanalytical quantification of the second‐generation antihistamine bilastine (BIL) were investigated for the first time. A multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) film‐coated screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE), as well as cyclic (CV) and linear sweep (LSV) voltammetry, were used for that purpose. The results showed that BIL undergoes an irreversible two‐electron oxidation process at the MWCNTs‐SPCE sensor. It was also found that the sensor can be reused after a simple and rapid reconditioning procedure. The proposed method was applied to the quantification of BIL in pharmaceutical formulations and spiked urine samples, and good recoveries were obtained.
Improved Al2O3/SiNx and SiO2/SiNx stack passivation layer structure PERC sc‐silicon solar cells on mass production line
Authors: Liu Hao , Wang Ya , Dong Liming , Wang Haiou , Zhang Zhengzhong
Published: November 2020

In this study, we have successfully developed an industrially feasible stack rear Al2O3/SiNx and front SiO2/SiNx passivation layer PERC solar cells fabrication method based on the existing PERC sc‐silicon solar cells production line. The manufacturing parameters of the deposition processes were adapted to get the best passivation effect. The front SiO2/SiNx passivation layer deposition parameters were researched for the best front passivation effect. The fabrication parameters of the first high refractive index SiNx layer were improved. And a new thin low refractive index SiNx capping layer at SiO2/SiNx interface was introduced. Meanwhile, the stack rear Al2O3/SiNx layer structure with double SiNx layers was also researched, which exhibited good passivation results for the rich hydrogen content in high refractive index SiNx layer. The industrial stack passivation layers PERCs with new thin low refractive index SiNx capping layer possess good performances with an efficiency of 22.15%.
Relationship between neuropsychiatric symptoms and Alzheimer's disease pathology: An in vivo positron emission tomography study
Authors: Yasuno Fumihiko , Minami Hiroyuki , Hattori Hideyuki ,   for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: November 2020

Objectives

To investigate the relationship between amyloid‐β‐ and tau‐based Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathologies assessed using positron emission tomography imaging and neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in a sample of AD continuum including clinically normal subjects and patients with mild cognitive impairment or AD.

Methods

We analyzed datasets of the Alzheimer's disease Neuroimaging Initiative and included amyloid‐positive subjects who underwent an AV‐45 scan within 1 year of an AV‐1451 scan (n = 99). Correlation between standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) of AV‐45 and AV‐1451 and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) score (and its four domain subscores for hyperactivity, psychosis, affective, and apathy) was evaluated. Stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to examine the influence of SUVRs on the presence of NPS. SUVRs were also tested for their ability to discriminate the group with NPS using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses.

Results

Significant positive relationships were found between the total NPI score and affective symptoms and Braak 1&2 (transentorhinal region) AV‐1451 SUVR. Stepwise logistic regression analysis identified tau accumulation in the area of Braak 1&2 as a significant covariate discriminating the presence of affective symptoms. The area under the ROC curve analysis showed that subjects with affective symptoms were discriminated by AV‐1451 SUVR with an accuracy of 77.7%.

Conclusions

Tau aggregation in the transentorhinal region, where neurodegeneration affected by tau pathology was seen in the early stage of AD, correlated with more severe NPS, especially affective symptoms. Therefore, tau pathology in the transentorhinal cortex might be associated with affective symptoms in the early stage of AD.
Impacts of Early Kasai Portoenterostomy on Short-Term and Long-Term Outcomes of Biliary Atresia
Authors: Okubo Ryuji , Nio Masaki , Sasaki Hideyuki
Published: November 2020

There are discrepancies regarding the clinical impact of age at Kasai portoenterostomy (KP) on surgical outcomes. Hence, we re-assessed the clinical significance of age at KP. We analyzed 224 patients with type III (atresia of bile duct at the porta hepatis) biliary atresia at Tohoku University Hospital. We classified patients into two groups: KP at ≤60 days of age (group TE) and >60 days of age (group TL). Group TE was subdivided into three groups (TE1, TE2, and TE3) according to age at time of surgery. Subsequently, 2,643 patients in the Japanese Biliary Atresia Registry were classified similarly. Background and surgical outcomes were compared. Of the 2,643 cases, 323 patients who underwent revision KP were analyzed separately. The jaundice clearance rates (JCRs) were 81.4%, 100%, 64.7%, 83.0%, and 65.2% of patients in the TE, TE1, TE2, TE3, and TL groups, respectively. The 15-year native liver survival rates of patients in the TE, TE1, TE2, TE3, and TL groups were 62.2%, 88.9%, 33.9%, 64.4%, and 42.9%, respectively. The 30-year native liver survival rates of patients in the TE, TE1, TE2, TE3, and TL groups were 38.6%, 74.1%, 25.4%, 35.8%, and 31.7%, respectively. The JCRs were 66.2%, 69.4%, 64.1%, 66.7%, and 59.7% for patients in groups JE, JE1, JE2, JE3, and JL, respectively. The 15-year native liver survival rates were 48.1%, 56.7%, 43.9%, 48.9%, and 37.2% for patients in groups JE, JE1, JE2, JE3, and JL, respectively. The JCRs following revision KP were higher in the JE1 group than in the other groups. Conclusion: Early KP was associated with favorable outcomes except in patients aged 31-45 days.