bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Unified Smoking-Automated Calorimetric System for the Analysis of the Gas Phase of Cigarette Smoke and its Application to the Determination of Hydrogen Sulfide
Authors: Collins P. F. , Williams J. F.
Published: July 2016

A system has been developed wherein the gas phase produced on smoking a cigarette through a Cambridge pad is analysed, on a puff-by-puff basis, for a desired component using automated colourimetry. The system consists of an AutoAnalyser I and a simple, 1-port smoking machine. The continuous gas stream from the smoking machine, either gas phase or intervening air, is passed concurrently with a stream of absorbing solution through a glass coil. Following passage through the coil, the solution is separated from the gas stream and introduced into the AutoAnalyser for continuous measurement of the concentration of the absorbed component. The entire system is calibrated using standard gas mixtures puffed in the same manner as the cigarette. The puff profile is essentially rectangular. Chief benefits expected from use of this system include the ability to obtain puff-by-puff measurements, a minimum time for reaction to occur in the gas phase and essentially no sample handling other than smoking the cigarette. The system has been utilized for the determination of hydrogen sulfide in gas phase using 0.1 N NaOH as the absorbing solution and the "methylene blue" colourimetric reaction. Results obtained on a variety of commercial U.S. brands ranged from 18 to 50 µg of H2S per cigarette, similar to results reported by other investigators using wet chemical methods. The accuracy of the results is supported by recovery tests wherein gaseous H2S added to the gas phase is completely recovered. The average relative standard deviations obtained with 11 U.S. commercial or reference cigarette samples using random selection of the cigarettes is 10.8 % for µg of H2S per cigarette and 8.8 % for µg of H2S per puff for a single cigarette. The basic system is thought to be applicable to the determination of a number of other components in gas phase.
Some Factors Influencing Tobacco Leaf Senescence
Authors: DeJong Donald W. , Woodlief William G.
Published: July 2016

Tobacco leaf disks were subjected to various types of lighting and chemical solutions to determine the interaction of these factors in leaf senescence. Far-red light promoted senescence more than light of lower wave-lengths. Magnesium at 50 mM was a potent inhibitor of senescence, whereas EDTA-disodium salt at 50 mM promoted senescence in the light but retarded senescence in the dark. Additional work with the effect of ethylene on detached leaves demonstrated that hydrolytic enzyme activity for amylase, peptidase and protease increased as a result of treatment but esterase activity decreased. The response differed with regard to variety and leaf maturity. Exposure to ethylene increased chlorogenic acid oxidase in lower leaves of pale yellow tobacco but decreased the enzyme in NC-95 lower leaves. These data relate to the growth behaviour of the two genotypes in that physiological maturity occurs at considerably different rates in pale yellow and NC-95 plants. The results help to explain why leaves of pale yellow plants tend to ripen within a much shorter time than leaves of conventional green tobacco cultivars.
Pyrolytic Evaluation of Close-Grown Tobaccos
Authors: Higman H. C. , Severson R. F. , Chortyk O. T. , Arrendale R. F.
Published: July 2016

A pyrolytic method for evaluating the smoke properties of tobacco materials for their potential to produce biologically significant smoke phenols and PAH has been applied to close-grown tobacco, in comparison to conventionally grown tobacco. Analyses were performed on the lipids of tobacco samples to attempt correlations with amounts of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in pyrolyzates. Relative to a standard flue-cured tobacco, the close-grown tobacco samples contained lower nicotine, neophytadiene and hydrocarbon levels, and lower sterols, solanesol and fatty acid levels. Close-grown tobacco pyrolyzates contained equivalent PAH levels and higher levels of phenols. Based on the pyrolysis data, the close-grown tobaccos do not offer a more desirable smoking product than conventionally grown flue-cured tobaccos. However, the lower levels of nicotine and higher amounts of smoke phenols may possibly make the close-grown materials suitable for inclusion into low-nicotine tobacco sheet products.
The Determination of Nitric Oxide in Gas Phase Cigarette Smoke by Non-dispersive Infrared Analysis
Authors: Williams T. B.
Published: July 2016

Nitric oxide in cigarette smoke was conveniently determined by non-dispersive infrared analysis (NDIR). Recoveries of 95 % were obtained with standard gas-air mixtures but recoveries from smoke increased from 87% for high-yield to 91 % for low-yield cigarettes. Relative error was about 4 %. A reduction in the dead volume of Cambridge filter cassettes, to reduce the amount of NO reacted between puffs, increased NO deliveries of cigarettes by 4%. Deliveries of NO were estimated to average 4 % lower due to oxidation, but reaction with other smoke components reduced them further depending upon concentrations. The NO deliveries of cigarettes increased as blend nitrate increased and as the flow of air around cigarettes decreased. Nitric oxide in smoke and in standard gas-air mixtures, determined by non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) spectroscopy, was substantiated by an automated colorimetric analysis. Interfering smoke species were determined and circumvented in both methods.
A Convenient Method for the Determination of Ambient Nicotine
Authors: Crouse W. E. , Johnson L. F. , Marmor R. S.
Published: July 2016

The impinger tube/gas chromatograph sampling technique has distinct advantages in specificity, simplicity and accuracy over the older literature methods for airborne nicotine sampling and analysis. The impinger/GC method was found to be useful in determining nicotine concentrations in both low and high nicotine environments.
The Generation of Water in the Tobacco Oven Volatile Test
Authors: Bourlas M. C. , Magin D. F. , Kornfeld R. A.
Published: July 2016

An investigation into the standard oven volatile procedure has been completed. Results have been presented which support the conclusion that ≈ 0.5 % (tobacco dry weight basis) of the oven volatiles are generated via decomposition of tobacco constituents. The use of oxygen-18 labelled water for equilibrating tobacco has provided the probe necessary to differentiate between equilibrium moisture and water generated during the oven volatile test. Mass spectrometry was utilized to detect isotopically labelled tobacco constituents. Observations that 34 % of the acetic acid and a significant portion (> 50 %) of the reducing sugars exhibit oxygen-18 incorporation indicate the dynamic and interactive nature of the tobacco/ water system.
Automated Method for Simultaneous Gas-chromatographic Analysis of Nicotine and Water in the Condensate of Tobacco Smoke/Automatisierte gaschromatographische Simultanbestimmung von Nicotin und Wasser im Tabakrauchkondensat
Authors: Hollweg J. , Schumacher H.J. , Seehofer F.
Published: July 2016

A rapid, automated method for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of nicotine and water in the condensate of tobacco smoke was developed. With the process, it is also possible to quantify the propylene glycol and diethylene glycol, as well as the triacetin contents of the condensate. The apparatus comprises an isotherm gas chromatograph with an automatic injector. A variable split is connected to the injector block, which distributes the sample between two separation columns, as analysis of all substances in a single column does not succeed in a short time. The signals of the two detectors used (thermal conductivity detector and flame ionisation detector) are transferred one after another, time-switched, to an electronic single-channel integrator to be evaluated. With the system described, up to sixty analyses a day are made possible.
Kinetics of Oxidation of Tobacco Char
Authors: Muramatsu Motohiko , Umemura Setsuko
Published: July 2016

In this paper, thermal analyses (thermogravimetry, TG: derivative thermogravimetry, DTG: differential scanning calorimetry, DSC) of the tobacco char left after pyrolysis of tobacco shreds were carried out in a nitrogen atmosphere containing given amounts of oxygen under a linear heating or an isothermal condition. The principal object of the present work is to obtain apparent kinetic parameters useful in predicting the overall rate of the tobacco char - oxygen reaction. The TG-DTG-DSC curves obtained under linear heating conditions showed that the oxidation process of the tobacco char apparently consisted of two main steps ( I and II), which were independent of each other. Assuming that a uniform reaction model based on reaction rate - determined processes could be applied to the tobacco char - oxygen reactions in both steps, the oxidation rates for both steps were determined. The results showed that the oxidation rates of both steps could be expressed as:

The values of activation energies, E, and pre-exponential factors, Z, for the oxidation reactions in steps I and II were found to be 19-21, 33-40 kcal/mol and 5.9 × 105-5.7x 106, 5.5 × 109 4.5 × 1011/ min atm1/2, respectively.

Nomenclature

As reactant (solid phase, tobacco char)

E activation energy [kcal mol-1, 1 cal = 4.184 J]

po2,∞ ambient oxygen partial pressure [atm, 1 atm = 1.013 × 105 Pa]

R gas constant [ 1.98 cal mol-1 K-1]

T temperature [K]

t time [min]

W weight loss of tobacco char up to time, t, or temperature, T [mg]

Wc weight loss of tobacco char at completion of reaction [mg]

Z pre-exponential factor [min-1 atm-m]

a fraction of As decomposed at time, t, defined by a = W/Wc
A Study of Chemical Deliveries as a Function of Cigarette Butt Length
Authors: Young J. C. , Robinson J. C. , Rickert W. S.
Published: July 2016

It should be emphasized that the major conclusion of this paper is not that any particular parameter is linear on any particular scale, but that there are highly significant differences in slope, intercept and perhaps even linearity between brand groups and even brands within groups. In fact, although several brands do seem to be adequately linear on either arithmetic or logarithmic scales they very clearly do behave differently from each other. There is also quite strong evidence that condensate and nicotine are not linear on the same scale, with condensate being approximately linear on the logarithmic scale and nicotine approximately linear on the arithmetic scale. On the basis of the above it is quite clear that the ranking of brands on the basis of measured value of any parameter will depend strongly on the butt length at which the parameter was measured. It is therefore apparent that international comparison of deliveries requires redetermination of deliveries at the new butt length standard rather than mathematical manipulation using a single functional relationship. The form of a suitable functional relationship for HCN cannot be ascertained from the present study and will require additional experimentation. The statistical design and analysis proved worthwhile in model discrimination for the other three parameters.
Altering Condensate Levels in Tobacco Smoke by Genetic Techniques
Authors: Chaplin James F. , Spurr Harvey W.
Published: July 2016

Condensate deliveries from cigarettes can be reduced by manufacturers in various ways. Lines or cultivars of tobacco can also be developed whose cured leaf, upon pyrolysis, delivers less condensate in the smoke. Since there appears to be an association between condensate and nicotine in smoke, the condensate : nicotine ratio is important to the development of lines of tobacco that deliver low condensate levels. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential for genetically controlling condensate delivery in cigarette smoke and data are presented. In general, when comparing the condensate delivery potential for different classes of tobacco, Burley delivered higher condensate values followed by dark fire-cured, dark air-cured, flue-cured and Maryland cultivars. In selecting genotypes for lowering condensate deliveries, the condensate / g of tobacco smoked is a better index than condensate/cigarette. In evaluating low-alkaloid tobaccos, the condensate delivery did not decrease appreciably as the total alkaloids were decreased. On an average, the decrease was about 4 mg of condensate / cigarette when compared with normal-alkaloid types but the condensate : nicotine ratio increased greatly. The ratio of condensate : nicotine was lowered when lines high in nicotine were produced. In one test reported, the ratio of condensate : nicotine ranged from 5.3 (TI 717) to 75.0 for a low-nicotine line. N. rustica had higher nicotine than N. tabacum cultivars and a lower condensate : nicotine ratio. The gene(s) responsible for the production of nicotine in N. rustica were transferred into N. tabacum and some of the derived lines had a nicotine content about 1 % higher than SC 58, the highest-nicotine cultivar, or flue-cured tobacco available. The condensate delivery / g of tobacco smoked was lower for these lines when compared with SC 58. All of the lines tested gave a condensate : nicotine ratio lower than SC 58. The data showed that condensate deliveries from tobaccos vary with the environment, cultural practices and the weather conditions under which the tobacco is produced. To make progress in breeding for lower condensate delivery in tobacco, it is necessary to assay large numbers of samples and methods for doing this were discussed. To breed low-condensate delivery lines with good smoking flavour, it will be necessary, simultaneously, to select for certain flavour compounds. More research is needed on flavour chemicals of tobacco and their relationship to condensate.
Variation of Sidestream Gas Formation during the Smoking Cycle
Authors: Baker R.R.
Published: July 2016

External contour distributions for gas temperatures and for the concentrations of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and oxygen are reported at successive times in the smoking cycle. The sidestream gases leave the coal in a vertical column centering at about 3 mm in front of the paper burn line. The levels of oxygen and the carbon oxides outside the coal are not primarily determined by any diffusion gradient originating in the inner coal. Rather, the external levels are determined partly by a convective current set up by the hot coal, and influenced by buoyancy effects. The oxygen in the convection stream forms the oxides of carbon on the hot surface of the coal, and the convected air is transported around the coal in an upwards direction. On the other hand, the hydrogen levels outside the coal result from diffusion from the inner coal, although much of this outward diffusing hydrogen is oxidised to water on the surface of the coal. The visible sidestream smoke column is about 3 mm in diameter and its centre is about 5 mm behind the sidestream gas column, becoming visible when the temperatures in the gas column are below about 150°C. The vapour which eventually condenses to form mainstream and sidestream smoke is released in the general pyrolysis / distillation region of the cigarette, just behind the paper burn line. Some of this vapour diffuses to the outside of the cigarette, through the partially degraded paper, and it condenses to form the sidestream smoke particles once outside the coal.
Neutron Activation Analysis in Tobacco and Cigarette Smoke Studies: The Halogens
Authors: Jenkins R.W. , Newman R.H. , Lester G.F. , Frisch A.F. , Williamson T.G.
Published: July 2016

The mass balance for chlorine and bromine in the burning 1R1 Kentucky reference cigarette has been determined using neutron activation analyses. Gas radiochromatography has been used to measure dynamically the amounts of gamma-emitting isotopes as they elute from a gas chromatograph. The sidestream and mainstream gas phases which elute from a gas chromatograph appear to be qualitatively identical in their organohalogens, differing only in their quantitative values. The results show that a substantial conversion of ionic halides to organohalogens takes place during smoke formation and this transformation has a threshold temperature below that established during either the puffing or static burn modes of the cigarette. The chemical nature of the halogens present in the mainstream particulate smoke was 10.8 % organochlorine, 88.6 % ionic chloride, 13.3 % organobromine and 86.0 % ionic bromide
Cigarette Smoke Formation Studies: Vll. The Fate of (5-14C)-Methoprene in Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Frisch A.F. , Francis B.W. , Chavis M.K. , Jenkins R.W.
Published: July 2016

An insect growth regulator, (5-
Surfactant Residues in Maryland Tobacco Treated with a Fatty-Alcohol-Type Sucker-Control Formulation
Authors: Cheng A.L.S. , Steffens G.L.
Published: July 2016

Surfactant residues (Tween 80 Esters and Tween 80 free Polyols) were determined in Maryland tobacco treated with a fatty-alcohol-type sucker-control formulation. The levels of residues in leaves decreased throughout the growing and air-curing periods, but decreased the most during the first 24 hours after treatment. Factors affecting Tween 80 residue levels included dosage and location of leaves on the plant.
The Effect of Some Nitrogenous Blend Components on NO/NOx and HCN Levels in Mainstream and Sidestream Smoke
Authors: Norman V. , Ihrig A.M. , Larson T.M. , Moss B.L.
Published: July 2016

Vapour phase NO concentrations in mainstream and sidestream smoke correlated well with blend nitrate levels over the range from 0.07 to 3.70 %. Native and added nitrate fit the same correlation. No measurable amounts of NO
Study of the Action of Smoke on Alcohol Dehydrogenase, Lactic Dehydrogenase and Malate Dehydrogenase Enzymes
Authors: Neri M. , Carugno N.
Published: July 2016

The aim of this study is to acquire better knowledge of the action of the whole smoke and the vapour phase on alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and malate dehydrogenase (MDH). The method developed provides that smoke comes into direct contact with the various enzymatic solutions without any preventive extraction, as in previous methods. It is based on the determination of the degree of inhibition of sulfhydryl reagent groups of enzyme by smoke. Additionally, the efficiency of cigarette filters for the reduction of this inhibition was evaluated. The purpose of this study also included the examination of the protective effect of thiol groups of enzymes against the inhibitory action of smoke. The results obtained show a high reactivity of smoke with sulfhydrylic groups of the enzymes examined. The effect of this reactivity is different for the three enzymes considered and dependent upon the role that sulfhydryl reagent groups had in the enzymatic activity. In particular, it was found that alcohol dehydrogenase, which needs all its sulfhydryl groups for its own activity, undergoes a strong inhibition due to smoke, while lactic dehydrogenase shows a negligible inhibition. The tests made have also shown the protective action of thiol on the inhibited enzymes.
An Automatic Device for the Addition of Precise Amounts of Radiolabelled Material to Cigarettes
Authors: Ringrose A. , Crawley F. E. H. , Coggins C. R. E.
Published: July 2016

A microprocessor-controlled device for the spiking of cigarettes with variable amounts of radiolabelled material is described. Cigarettes can be spiked at rates in excess of 100/min, compared with the very slow manual methods in existence. The deposition of the radiolabelled material ([16,17-
Factors Influencing Tobacco Leaf Quality: an Investigation of the Literature
Authors: Mendell S. , Bourlas E. C. , DeBardeleben M. Z.
Published: July 2016

This paper comprises a review of the published literature (1936-1979) dealing with the relationship between the chemical constituents of tobacco and smoke and tobacco and smoke quality. Various components thought to be influential in determining quality are identified; conclusions of researchers regarding the effects of these components are recorded and discussed. A summary table is presented which details the nature of the relationship between these constituents and tobacco quality.
The Distribution of Cigarette Smoke Components between Mainstream and Sidestream Smoke: II. Bases
Authors: Sakuma H. , Kusama M. , Yamaguchi K. , Matsuki T. , Sugawara S.
Published: July 2016

Yields in sidestream smoke (SS) and mainstream smoke (MS) and sidestream smoke to mainstream smoke distribution ratios (SS/MS) of 34 bases were examined from four types of cigarettes made from bright, Burley, Turkish and domestic (c.v. Matsukawa) tobacco. Irrespective of tobacco variety, major bases in sidestream smoke were ammonia, nicotine, 3-vinylpyridine, pyridine and 3-hydroxypyridine, and those in mainstream smoke were nicotine, 3-hydroxypyridine, ammonia, 3-picoline and pyridine. SS/ MS ratios of the bases were generally larger than 1.0 and the largest SS/MS ratio was that of ammonia, followed by those of 3-vinylpyridine, 3-cyanopyridine, nicotyrine and pyridine in that order. The preponderance of bases in sidestream smoke over mainstream smoke might be one of the major causes for the differences in aroma and irritation between sidestream smoke and mainstream smoke.
Isolation and Identification of N´ -Acylalkaloids of Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Snook M. E. , Chortyk O. T. , Arrendale R. F.
Published: July 2016

Methods have been developed for the analyses of the minor high-boiling bases of smoke. Fused silica glass capillary columns coated with Superox-4 were prepared and used successfully for the GC analyses of the basic fraction of smoke, containing compounds covering a wide range of volatility and polarity (nicotine to norbarman). The Superox-4 capillary column also produced an excellent separation of the numerous Nacylalkaloids, which have been reported in tobacco and tobacco smoke. Several new N´-acylalkaloids are reported. The described methodology should be a great asset in future isolation and identification studies of these and other, as yet to be characterized, minor bases of smoke and leaf.
The Distribution of Cigarette Smoke Components between Mainstream and Sidestream Smoke: III. Middle and Higher Boiling Components
Authors: Sakuma H. , Kusama M. , Yamaguchi K. , Sugawara S.
Published: July 2016

Yields in sidestream smoke (SS) and mainstream smoke (MS) and sidestream smoke to mainstream smoke distribution ratios (SS/MS) of middle and higher boiling compounds, including neutral ones, were investigated for four types of unblended cigarette (bright, Burley, Turkish and domestic (cv. Matsukawa)). Both sidestream and mainstream smokes were separately collected with a combination of a glass fiber filter assembly, a small Elmenhorst cold trap and a liquid trap containing acetone cooled by dry ice - methanol. Of the 31 components quantitatively determined by gas chromatography, nicotine and acetic acid were the predominant components in both sidestream and mainstream smokes from all types of tobacco, followed by limonene, phenol, 3-vinylpyridine and 2-furaldehyde in sidestream smoke and neophytadiene, 3-hydroxypyridine, phenol and acetamide in mainstream smoke. The SS/MS ratios of the major compounds were as follows: pyridine, 10.2-13.3; limonene, 4.3-2.1; 3-picoline, 5.2-10.1; 2-cyclopentenone, 2.9-3.8; 2-furaldehyde, 4.9-7.4; pyrrole, 9.0-13.7; furfuryl alcohol, 3.0-4.8; acetamide, 0.8-1.7; 2.4-pentadien-4-olide, 5.2-8.9; neophytadiene, 1.0-1.8.
Flavor Composition of Maryland Tobacco
Authors: Schumacher Joseph N.
Published: July 2016

This study was undertaken to determine if Maryland tobacco contains any unique flavour components and to compare its composition to that of flue-cured and Burley tobaccos. Methylene chloride extracts prepared from these tobaccos were fractionated by liquid-liquid partitions and by preparative liquid chromatography. The resulting fractions were analysed by glass capillary gas chromatography and by glass capillary gas chromatography / mass spectroscopy. The essential oils of these tobaccos were also examined. Only one minor component was found in Maryland tobacco that was not found in the other tobaccos. If the minor and trace components were further studied, other differences might be found. Based on this study, however, the uniqueness of Maryland tobacco is primarily, if not entirely, due to quantitative differences. Also, Maryland tobacco is no more similar to Burley (middle-stalk or low-stalk leaves) than it is to flue-cured tobacco.
A Liquid Chromatography Procedure for Analysis of Nicotine on Cellulose Acetate Filters
Authors: Green CR , Conrad FW , Bridle JKA , Borgerding MF
Published: July 2016

A procedure has been developed for filter analysis whereby the cellulose acetate is dissolved in acetonitrile to release any trapped nicotine. Dissolving the filter eliminates time consuming steam distillation or solvent extraction steps and assures that the recovery of nicotine is complete. After the filter is dissolved, the cellulose acetate is precipitated by addition of an amine-phosphate buffer and an aliquot of the filtered solution is analysed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two methods of HPLC analysis are described. In both cases the separation is achieved on a cyano-bonded silica column and detection is by ultra-violet absorption at 254 nm. Different mobile phases are used in the two methods. In the first procedure, a diethylamine-phosphate buffer at pH 7.56 is used while in the second procedure, a dimethylamine-phosphate buffer at pH 3.00 is used. Analytical results are equivalent for both chromatographic methods, but the second procedure may offer extended analytical column life. Results of a study relating the structure of the amine in the mobile phase to nicotine retention are presented. The amount of nicotine trapped on cellulose acetate filters during smoking was determined with increasing intervals between smoking and analysis. These results demonstrate that nicotine is stable on filters and previous problems of analysis were caused by difficulty in removal from aged filters.
Neutron Activation Analysis in Tobacco and Cigarette Smoke Studies: 2R1 Cigarette Composition, Smoke Transference and Butt Filtration
Authors: Jenkins RW , Goldey C , Williamson TG
Published: July 2016

Presented are the results from the use of neutron activation analyses to determine some of the inorganic components of the complete 2R1 reference cigarette, the tobacco filler, the cigarette paper, the dropped ash and the mainstream particulate smoke. Transference values are given for Na, K, Br, Cl, Co, Rb, Al, Sc and Mn. Neutron activation analyses were used to determine butt filtration of selected inorganics in the tobacco rod and in cellulose acetate filters. Butt filtration curves for each 5 mm section behind the cigarette coal were constructed from the data. Na, K, Br and Cl appeared to be removed by normal filtration mechanisms (direct impaction, interception, or diffusion) of entrained particles of inorganic residue coming from the cigarette coal. Vapour condensation of the inorganics studied was not considered a major filtration mechanism because a uniform filtration was observed at distances far enough behind the coal that the smoke would have been at room temperature with essentially all condensation completed. Calcium and magnesium were shown to be removed in such a manner as to indicate a removal mechanism dependent on very large particles enriched in these elements. A proposed mechanism is given to account for the lack of any detectable transference of these elements to mainstream smoke.
Effect of Cigarette Circumference on Formation Rates of Various Components in Mainstream Smoke
Authors: Yamamoto T , Suga Y , Tokura C , Toda T , Okada T
Published: July 2016

Using cigarettes of different circumference but a constant packing density, the effect of circumference on the rate of formation (ratio of total delivery to the weight loss of tobacco during puffs) of various components was investigated. The rates of formation of CO and HCN increased and that of B[a]P decreased with decreasing circumference, while those of CO2, NO and vapour phase CH3CHO were independent of circumference. The differences in the effect of circumference on the rate of formation of CO, B[a]P and HCN can be explained by differences in their thermal formation during puffs.
Influence of Genetic and Cultural Factors on Chemical and Physical Properties of Tobacco: II. Cell Wall Biopolymers
Authors: Ryan WS , Bokelman GH , Sun HH , Terrill TR
Published: July 2016

The influence of genetic factors and cultural management conditions on the cell wall biopolymer composition of tobacco was investigated. Five tobacco cultivars - Pennbel 69 (cigar filler), Catterton (Maryland), Coker 319 (bright), Burley 21 (Burley), and Little Sweet Orinoco (sun-cured) - were grown and cured under both flue-cured and dark fire-cured cultural management systems. The cell wall biopolymer composition of both freeze-dried mature (ripe) leaf and cured tobacco samples was determined by our standard fractionation procedure. For all five tobacco cultivars the levels of most cell wall biopolymers in the freeze-dried mature leaf did not vary significantly as a function of cultural management conditions. However, for Pennbel 69, Catterton and Coker 319 changing from flue-cured to dark fire-cured growing conditions relatively lowered starch contents by values between 32 % and 74 % while increasing the quantities of ethanol solubles and protein. The following general trends were noted for changes in chemical composition as a function of curing: protein decreased, lignin increased, soluble ash decreased and insoluble ash increased. Coker 319 and Little Sweet Orinoco were found to be generally lower in pectin, lignin, and cellulose than the other cultivars regardless of cultural regime.
An Automated Procedure for the Determination of Total Alkaloids in Cigarette Smoke Using On-line Cyanogen Chloride Generation from Low Hazard Starting Materials
Authors: Lidzey RG , Savage GP
Published: July 2016

An automated procedure is described for the determination of alkaloids in cigarette smoke using low toxicity reagents. Cyanogen chloride is formed on line from potassium thiocyanate and sodium hypochlorite. The procedure is compared with the previously used cyanogen bromide method which also uses Auto Analyser II methodology.
Residues of Fluvalinate and Permethrin on Flue-cured Tobacco
Authors: Leidy RB , Sheets TJ , Nelson LA
Published: July 2016

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with C18 reverse-phase columns was used to determine residues of fluvalinate and permethrin applied in the field to flue-cured tobacco in 1980 and 1981. Methods were developed to determine residue levels in both green and cured samples. In 1980 field tests, residues of fluvalinate applied at rates of 0.1 and 0.2 kg/ha averaged 3.3 and 7.2 ppm, respectively, on green tobacco harvested immediately after application, and declined to 0.3 and 2.7 ppm by 12 days after application. In 1981, with the same application rates, residues averaged 1.7 and 3.0 ppm (0 time) and declined to 0.4 and 0.5 ppm after 16 days, respectively. A new formulation of fluvalinate, applied at 0.06 and 0.01 kg/ha, averaged 0.9 and 1.3 ppm on day 0 and declined to 0.3 and 0.6 ppm after 16 days, respectively. Flue curing reduced fluvalinate residues approximately by 61 % both years. Immediately after application, residues of permethrin, applied at 0.2 kg/ha, averaged 9.6 ppm in 1980 and at application rates of 0.1 and 0.2 kg/ha averaged 3.5 and 3.8 ppm, respectively, in 1981. Residues declined to 7.0 ppm after 12 days in 1980 and to 3.2 and 3.5 ppm after 16 days in 1981. Losses of permethrin due to curing averaged 67 %.
Tobacco-specific N-Nitrosamines [TSNA] in Green Mature and Processed Tobacco Leaves from India
Authors: Bhide SV , Nair J , Maru GB , Nair UJ , Kameshwar Rao BV , Chakraborty MK , Brunnemann KD
Published: July 2016

Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines [TSNA] and tobacco alkaloids were determined in green mature tobacco leaves, sun-dried leaves and processed tobacco from the species N. rustica and N. tabacum cultivated in two different locations. Analyses showed the presence of TSNA in green mature tobacco leaves and the levels of TSNA increased further upon sun-drying and processing. N. rustica showed relatively higher amounts of nornicotine as well as of N’-nitrosonornicotine [NNN]. A clear correlation between the amount of nicotine and nornicotine and the use of fertilizers was not found.
Automated Tobacco Investigation Using Flow-Injection Analysis (FIA) - AutomatisierteTabakuntersuchungmittelsFliessinjektionsanalyse (FlA)
Authors: Finster P , Hollweg J , Kausch E , Burmester U
Published: July 2016

Watery tobacco extracts were examined with the aid of flow-injection analysis (FIA) for the substances nicotine, nitrate, chloride, ammonium and phosphate. The results proved to be exact and reproducible for the most part and the speed of analysis was between 37 and 113 measurements per hour. Because of its simple modular design the appliance is flexible in its application and is above all suited for the analysis for several components in small series of samples. A special FIA technique (stopped-flow method) enables the undersurface absorption stemming from the sample matrix to be excluded. The solutions used must exhibit uniform fluid composition and the formation of gas bubbles in the analysis system must be excluded.
The Transfer of Tobacco Additives to Cigarette Smoke: Examination of the Possible Contribution of Pyrolysis Products to Mainstream Smoke Composition
Authors: Green JD , Chalmers J , Kinnard PJ
Published: July 2016

The distribution of six radiolabelled model flavourants in cigarette smoke has been described. The possibility of pyrolytic products occurring in the mainstream smoke has been thoroughly examined. Of the six flavourants used four showed no detectable decomposition. Anisaldehyde underwent some decomposition that was detectable in the mainstream smoke. Even so the major radiolabelled smoke product was unchanged anisaldehyde (91.4 %). Vanillin decomposition, although suspected, was only detected in the sidestream gases in these experiments.
Factors Influencing the Concentration of Solanesol in Burley Tobacco
Authors: Burton HR , Leggett E , Phillips RE
Published: July 2016

Factors influencing solanesol concentration in Burley tobacco have been investigated. A fivefold difference in solanesol concentration was found among genetic lines and the growing season effected a tenfold difference of this nonaprenol for certain tobacco genotypes. Soil-moisture deficits enhanced solanesol concentration at least fourfold. Irrigation of the stressed tobacco decreased the solanesol level. Data for the 1984 and 1985 growing seasons substantiated this observation and showed that solanesol may be a good indicator of small soil-moisture deficits. In 1984 and 1985 the solanesol concentration increased dramatically after topping for the top stalk position and there were smaller increases for the bottom and middle stalk positions. Nitrogen fertilization had only a minimal influence on solanesol concentration. The data show that it is possible to control solanesol concentration through genetic selection and, more importantly, through production practices.
Heavy Metals in Tobacco Smoke II: Trace Metals Cadmium, Lead, Copper, Cobaltand Nickel in Austrian Cigarettesand in Particle Phase and Smoke Gas - Schwermetalle in Tabaken und in Tabakrauch ll: Spurenelemente Cadmium, Blei, Kupfer, Kobalt und Nickel in oesterreichischen Zigaretten und deren Rauchkondensaten und Rauchgasen
Authors: Nitsch A , Kalcher K , Greschonig H , Pietsch R
Published: July 2016

The trace metals cadmium, lead, copper, cobalt and nickel have been analysed in 14 different Austrian filter cigarettes. The results show a good conformity thus allowing the calculation of a characteristic mean value. The same metals were analysed separately in the gas and particle phase. From this data and the results obtained from butt and ash analysis, the sidestream concentrations and the transfer rates for both fractions could be evaluated. A classification into light and heavy cigarettes on the basis of heavy metal contents could not be made due to the similarity of the results.
Steady State Flow in the Cigarette and its Influence on Pressure Drop - Die stationäreStrömung in der Cigarette und derenEinfluß auf den Zugwiderstand
Authors: Gaißer H
Published: July 2016

A theoretical treatment of steady state fluid mechanics of filtered cigarettes has been developed. By assuming laminar fluid flow, the well knownKozeny-Carman equation has been used to evaluate the flow resistance of the tobacco rod and the linear relationship of cigarette pressure drop to flow rate. Based on this relationship, models with distributed parameters (using impedances per unit length and differential equations) and lumped parameters (using a four terminal network of flow impedances and difference equations) have been established. These were used to calculate spatial flow variables such as pressure drop, volumetric flow rate and degree of ventilation. The effects of changes in coal resistance and reduction in rod length during smoking are demonstrated in a parameter study. A great advantage of mathematical modeling based on physical principles is the wide range of validity which allows a deeper insight into the behaviour of the fluid flow process. This is illustrated using a canonical example. Invariant model parameters such as the characteristic wave impedance and the propagation coefficient have been calculated and are presented as measurable. In order to calculate the dynamic fluid flow pattern of filtered cigarettes smoked on a conventional smoking machine, the model must be extend to include kinetic terms according to the Bernouilli equation. This will be presented in a later paper.
Comparative Investigations of the Influence of Polyvalent Alcohols and Fruit Extracts on the Physicochemical Properties of Tobacco
Authors: Stoilova A , Kratchanova M , Kratchanov C
Published: July 2016

Laboratory investigations have been carried out into the application of water pectin extracts from dry apple pressings and orange peels as a moisture-retentive substance for use with tobacco from the unaromatizedRodopi blend. It has been established from comparative experiments with extracts, water pectin solutions and commonly applied humectants such as glycerol, diethylene glycol and propylene glycol that fruit pectin extracts can be used as humectants in tobacco production. The increase in the pectin content of the extract improves the moisture-retentive ability of tobacco, as does the addition of enzyme hydrolysate to the extract. The type of extracting acid has a definite effect. Tobacco treated with a nitric acid extract has better moisture absorption properties. The extracts decrease the tar and carbon monoxide deliveries in tobacco smoke compared to the usual humectants, glycerol, diethylene glycol and propylene glycol. The application of pectin extracts has a greater effect than the application of pure pectin solutions on the moisture-retentive properties of tobacco and the composition of tobacco smoke.
Fluiddynamik in der Cigarette und deren Einfluß auf den Zugwiderstand
Authors: Gaißer H
Published: July 2016

The objective of the theoretical study is to present a model that simulates the instationary flow characteristics within cigarettes which are adjusted to a routine smoking machine. By assuming laminar fluid flow the well knownKozeny-Carman equation is used to evaluate the flow impedance of cigarettes. The model parameters are determined by five variations of routine pressure-drop measurements yielding the entire set of flow impedances, which are necessary for describing a steady state Fluid-Network. Using this relation further elements of the fluid dynamics, e.g. the Fluid-Inductor, a storage element of kinetic energy (fluid inertor), and the Fluid-Capacitor, a storage element of potential energy (fluid volume), are evaluated. In addition, the electrical and fluid dynamical analogies are demonstrated. The model uses a set of distributed parameters including pneumatic impedances, capacitors and inductors, to represent filtered cigarettes and a second order linear partial differential equation to describe the fluid flow within the cigarettes. A simple presentation of the Fluid-Network with lumped parameters is analysed and its significant time constants are determined. A characteristical value for the time constant of the cigarette fluid-inertor is given by TL ≈ 0.02 ms and depending on the fluid volume of cigarette their dominant time parameter is given by TC ≈ 2 ms. Finally the transient fluid flow within cigarettes in a conventional smoking machine is considered including a simulation of their fluid dynamics. A simple estimation gives the time response of the system (consisting of cigarettes and routine smoking machine) with TcR ≈ 70 ms as a product of dead and sweep volume times the pressure drop of unencapsulated cigarettes. Variation of parameters caused by cigarette pressure drops and dead volumes of the smoking machine are simulated and discussed.
Development of Experimental Methods for Study of Gas-Phase Charge-Reversal Charge Transfer Processes of Potential Interest in Smoke Chemistry
Authors: Jensen NJ , Sumpter T
Published: July 2016

Gas phase reactions are of fundamental interest in smoke chemistry. Many types of reactions and decompositions have been characterized. However, one type of reaction, the charge transfer process, is very difficult to characterize by conventional means. Methods have been developed using a four sector tandem mass spectrometer for chemical characterization of charge-reversal charge transfer reaction products. This is accomplished by operating two of the sectors of the instrument in the negative ion mode and the other two sectors of the instrument in the positive ion mode with inert gas collision at the interface to facilitate charge transfer. For example if a negatively charged ion generated and selected in MS I is collisionally activated at the interface and the products are analysed with MS II in the positive ion mode, then only chemical species generated in charge-reversal charge transfer processes of the original parent anion are identified. This technique has been applied to fundamental studies of model compounds including fatty acids, solanesol, sugars and humectants.
The Regulation and Biochemical Action of Natural Fungicides in Tobacco
Authors: Eberhardt HJ
Published: July 2016

The biochemical interactions between the tobacco plant and a fungal pathogen are complex and poorly understood. Upon infection, the fungus overcomes the natural defence mechanism of the host by the lytic activity of enzymes and by suppressing the hypersensitive reaction of N. tabacum. The ability of the tobacco plant to resist a fungal attack is based on macroscopic properties and the biosynthesis of natural fungicides. The physical and biochemical character of the leaf surface (e.g. trichome exudates, cuticular components) may prevent the fungus from entering the organism. Constitutive natural fungicides such as phenolics and terpenes operate as enzyme inhibitors, or impair the germination of the fungal spores. Newly synthesized polysaccharides of the cell wall of leaf cells may delay the penetration of the fungus. Lignification of the surrounding cells occurs to protect the healthy tissue against attack. Toxic substances created during the melanization process of the tobacco plant can destroy the fungal cells. Biosynthesis of natural fungicides, such as phytoalexins, pathogenesis-related proteins and proteinase inhibitors is induced by exogenous or endogenous elicitors. These active protection systems may interfere with the fungal metabolism. Phytoalexins and pathogenesis-related proteins are highly effective defence responses which offer a broad spectrum of variability and resistance against a fungal infection. New strategies for engineering crop protection are based on these defence systems.
Rapid Near Infra-red Reflectance Analysis (NIRA) of Mainstream Smoke Collected on Cambridge Filter Pads
Authors: DiLuzio C , Morzilli S , Cardinale E
Published: July 2016

Near infra-red (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy has been used for rapidly and reproducibly measuring the NIR spectra of mainstream smoke collected on Cambridge filter pads and quantifying the chemical composition from the spectral data. This technique has four main advantages: speed, simplicity of sample preparation, multiple analytes from one scan of a sample, and non-destruction of the sample. The study has been conducted in our research laboratory to define the possible use of NIRA (Near Infra-red Reflectance Analysis) as an instrumental screening tool for analysing mainstream smoke collected on Cambridge Filter pads. A major advantage of this method is that it eliminates the use of dangerous chemicals such as cyanogen bromide or chloride involved with some standard assays. Using specific wavelengths, we are able to determine with acceptable accuracy water, nicotine and tar. Correlation coefficients of NIRA results compared with those obtained by standard methods are better than 0.9 for all analyses. NIRA cannot replace ISO standard methods, flow analysis or chromatography, but as a reliable screening analysis, it could reduce the routine work load by 80 %. These savings could be achieved by prescreening samples with NIRA and analysing only suspect samples by distillation or continuous flow analysis.
Conference Report - 50th “Deutsche Pflanzenschutztagung”, September 23-26, 1996, Muenster, Germany
Authors: Eberhardt HJ
Published: July 2016

From 23.-26. September 1996 the Biologische Bundesanstalt fuer Land- und Forstwirtschaft heldthe 50th ‘Deutsche Pflanzenschutztagung’ (German Plant Protection Conference) in Muensterwithmorethan 1000 participants. Approximately 350 presentations were classified into different specialities which were discussed in five parallel sessions. In addition, a poster session with 250 posters also included the culture and pesticide protection of the tobacco plant. The subjects treated in the various sessions were very broud. Besides the increasing importance of natural plant protection agents, modern biotechnological and genetic methods used for pest control and analysis of pest organisms in cultivars were a major discussion topic. Manufacturers of agrochemicals used the opportunity to present their newly developed products.