bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UNESCO Activities for the Protection of Cultural Heritage in the Territory of Partially Recognized and Unrecognized States
Authors: Kochieva A. A.
Published: September 2022

UNESCO is the leading international organization of the UN system for the development of international humanitarian cooperation and the protection of historical and cultural heritage throughout the world. The organization has a unique institutional capacity to carry out core activities in relation to disputed states. However, today the problem of insufficient representation of the organization in unrecognized and partially recognized states remains. The relevance of this study lies in the absence of works that systematically analyze the problems that UNESCO faces in countries that have the status of unrecognized states. The subject of the work is the UNESCO’s policy for the protection of cultural and natural heritage in the disputed territories. In each case, episodes of interaction or attempts of cooperation between the leadership of the above-mentioned countries with UNESCO are considered from a historical perspective. The article uses the case study method, for the analysis the cases of unrecognized states with a rich tangible and intangible cultural heritage — Kosovo, Taiwan, Nagorno-Karabakh, Palestine, Abkhazia and South Ossetia — were selected. In each case, episodes of interaction or attempts of cooperation between the leadership of the above-mentioned countries with UNESCO are considered in a historical perspective. The novelty of the study lies primarily in the identification of obstacles UNESCO missions face and in the adjustment and improvement of conventional mechanisms and methods for the harmonious coexistence of different cultures, in the development of strategies and canons for the protection of cultural heritage in each of the cases mentioned above. The author comes to the conclusion that one of the most significant factors is the international context in which UNESCO's work is carried out in relation to each of the unrecognized and partially recognized states. In the process of implementing its activities in the context of acute collisions, UNESCO faces obstacles in the form of politicization of the issue of preservation and ownership of cultural heritage sites. At the same time, UNESCO provides an extremely constructive platform that contributes to the establishment of cooperation in the field of preserving the cultural heritage of these territories based on common humanistic values.
Extending the W. Leontief's model by limiting the production system material resource – The objectivist concept of value
Authors: KURYSHEV Nikolai I.
Published: September 2022

Subject. This article deals with the issues related to the definition of the laws of pricing, as well as to the W. Leontief's economic circulation concept development.
Objectives. The article aims to determine the principles of the objectivist concept of value on the basis of the analytical apparatus of the input-output method and build a mathematical model of price formation.
Methods. For the study, I used the methods of logical and mathematical analyses.
Results. The article formulates the principle of formation of prices of production products in terms of the concept of economic circulation developed by W. Leontief, on the basis of limiting the volume of physical resources of the economic system.
Conclusions. The solution of the problem of value within the framework of the input-output concept is possible, and this solution in terms of simplicity and commonality of initial prerequisites, is not inferior to the W. Leontief's economic circulation principle. The input-output concept, taking into account this addition, should be considered not just as an analytical tool, but a complete macroeconomic theory of production, as well.
The major stages in the development of a regional centre. The case of Pécs (Hungary)
Authors: Horeczki Réka
Published: September 2022

The aim of the study is to provide an overview of the main milestones in the development of a regional centre in Hungary. Pécs is a centre of a depressed region. The Transdanubian region is among the 20 most disadvantaged regions of the European Union which shows a significant decline compared to previous years. This justifies the need for professional research directed at changing this situation by performing some tangible efforts. Pécs is a 2,000-years old city, acquiring various historical and mutually reinforcing central functions, by virtue of which it has developed into a regional centre. Of the historical drivers of the development of Pécs, the study is able to identify three groups of factors 1) centrality within its region, the regional functions it has fulfilled throughout its history, 2) culture and multiculturalism, and 3) industrial development. This study will analyse the relation of the cultural centre position and the other function of Pécs. The study is the first descriptive result of a research project1 that reviews the development and governance characteristics of a typical case of peripheral regions. Ongoing empirical analysis will allow the development of a development policy concept.
Between declaration and action – an analysis of the results of research on circular behaviours taken up by the households and perceived benefits from them
Authors: Szczygieł Elżbieta , Lwowska Aleksandra , Hajduk-Stelmachowicz Marzena
Published: September 2022

The main aim of the paper is to analyse and evaluate the possible relation between taking up of the circular behaviours by the households’ members and perceiving the benefits. The paper presents the results of the research conducted among Polish households on the territory of two voivodeships: Podkarpackie and Małopolskie. In the article the authors present the result of the statistical analysis of the frequency of undertaking those behaviours in the households and perception of the benefits. To indicate the possible dependences the Chi2 Test of Independence and The U Mann-Whitney Test were used. Obtained results indicate that undertaking circular behaviours may have an influence on the perceived benefits of varying magnitude. It could be important due to the establishment of support activities aiming at increasing the overall level of circularity among the households (as an economic sector). The originality of the research consists the methodology used and novel questionnaire prepared by one of the authors. The questionnaire joins 9R’s circularity concept (normally used in circularity assessments in business companies) with typically households’ behaviours. This article is the sixth one in the publication series devoted to circular economy and sustainable development matters.
Comorbidade entre transtorno bipolar e transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo: aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e terapêuticos.
Authors: Nascimento Flávio , Olmos Carolina , Boaventura Vinicius , Cheniaux Elie , Baldaçara Leonardo Rodrigo , Diaz Alexandre Paim , Sanches Marsal
Published: September 2022

Introdução: O transtorno bipolar (TB) e o transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo (TOC) são altamente comórbidos. Esta comorbidade está associada a impacto clínico significativo. Este artigo revisa os dados disponíveis sobre aspectos epidemiológicos, características clínicas e opções de tratamento da comorbidade TB-TOC. Métodos: Foi realizada revisão bibliográfica não sistemática na base de dados PUBMED, no idioma inglês. As seguintes palavras-chave foram incluídas na busca: obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, comorbidity. Resultados: Entre as amostras de pacientes com TB, a prevalência de TOC comórbido foi estimada em cerca de 17%. Entre as amostras de pacientes com TOC, a prevalência de TB foi estimada em, aproximadamente, 18%. Os dados sobre a validade diagnóstica da comorbidade são limitados. Os pacientes com TB-TOC parecem apresentar curso episódico dos sintomas obsessivo-compulsivos (SOC) com maior frequência do que os pacientes com TOC sem TB. A comorbidade parece estar associada à maior número total de episódios depressivos e à ocorrência mais frequente de comportamentos suicidas. Conteúdos obsessivos de simetria, agressão, religiosidade e acumulação parecem ser mais frequentes em pacientes com TB-TOC. O uso de estabilizadores do humor é a principal estratégia de tratamento. Conclusão: A prevalência da comorbidade parece ser relevante. O TB-TOC pode estar associado à caracteristicas clínicas particulares. Os dados sobre a validade diagnóstica da comorbidade são inconclusivos. A estabilização do humor é o primeiro objetivo no manejo clínico.
CHALLENGES IN THE EXAMINATION OF GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION CASES IN ADMINISTRATIVE COURT
Authors: Putra Hidayat Pratama
Published: September 2022

After the enactment of Law Number 30 of 2014 concerning government administration, there are basic things that have impacts on the authority of the administrative court, one of which is governmental real acts. This paper tries to analyze the potential problems that become challenges at the level of implementation of the settlement of cases of “government administrative actions” in the Administrative Court including misunderstanding of the concept of government administrative actions, the accountability regarding administrative tort due to government administrative actions, as well as compensation mechanisms for losses caused by it. Problems were analyzed based on normative legal research methods which were analyzed descriptively. The main challenge in the examination of government administrative actions is that there are many misperceptions about the concept of government administrative actions. Government administration actions are basically real act (Feitelijke handeling) and cannot be interpreted as government actions in a broad sense or known as bestuurshandelingen. Then the concept of accountability for administrative tort in the form of government administrative actions and compensation mechanisms for losses needs to be clarified through laws and regulations because currently there is no standard benchmark regarding the concept of accountability for an administrative tort in the form of government administrative actions, and its compensation mechanisms adequate to the damages for the losses.
Preoperative and Postoperative Complete Blood Cell Counts and Prediction of Surgical Site Infection After Cesarean Delivery: A Retrospective Case-Control Study
Authors: Aktoz Fatih , Tercan Can , Cigdem Busra , Vurgun Eren
Published: September 2022

BACKGROUND: Cesarean delivery (CD) is the most frequently performed surgery. Surgical site infection (SSI) is a common complication after CD. PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of complete blood count parameters in predicting the development of SSI after CD. METHODS: Patients who were hospitalized because of SSI after CD were included in the SSI group (n = 48). A control group (n = 45) was formed with healthy postpartum women who had also undergone CD. Preoperative and postoperative hemoglobin (Hb), white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, platelet count (PLT), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), mean platelet volume (MPV), and platelet-large cell ratio (P-LCR) were recorded. RESULTS: WBC, neutrophil count, and NLR levels increased while Hb, PLT, and lymphocyte count levels decreased after CD in both the SSI and control groups. PLR increased after CD in the SSI group but remained stable in the control group. However, the difference in PLR could not predict SSI after CD. CONCLUSION: Complete blood count parameters were not useful to predict SSI after CD. Larger prospective studies are needed.
Automated Optimization under Dynamic Flow Conditions
Authors: McMullen Jonathan , Wyvratt Brian
Published: September 2022

Automated optimization in flow reactors is a technology that continues to gain interest in academic and industrial research. For drug substance applications, where limited material is available for extensive studies, it is imperative that the automated optimization procedure identify ideal conditions for manufacturing in a resource sparing manner. It is equally as important that these investigations provide data-rich results so that the information can be used for process understanding. Achieving these two objectives in parallel is challenging with traditional automated optimization systems that rely on steady-state data. Dynamic flow systems, which adjust process inputs in a controlled manner to collect transient reaction results, maximize reaction information content. In this work, the gains in reaction knowledge by performing the automated optimization in a dynamic flow system are demonstrated using a nucleophilic aromatic substitution as a case study. A gradient-based search algorithm is used to optimize a multi-faceted objective function that accounts for yield, material input, and productivity. The immense dataset from the automated dynamic optimization was used to establish a reaction model to provide greater insight to the reaction kinetics and selectivity.
The Influence of Sintering Condition on Microstructure, Phase Composition, and Electrochemical Performance of the Scandia- Ceria- Co-Doped Zirconia for SOFCs
Authors: ELAHI POOYA , Winterholler Elizabeth , Sparks Taylor
Published: September 2022

Samples of 6 mol% Sc2O3- 1 mol% CeO2 co-doped ZrO2 were fabricated by conventional ceramic processing methods and sintered at various temperatures from 1000 °C to 1650 °C in air. The sintering conditions on microstructure and phase content are investigated using various characterization methods, including pycnometry, diffraction, and spectroscopy. The electrical conductivity of samples was investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The effect of inductive load (measured from room temperature to 800 °C) is discussed in low to high-temperature regimes. At T<400 °C since the arc is not a complete semicircle, the high-frequency arc could be fit using a constant phase element (CPE), while by subtraction of inductive load, a good fit is achieved using a capacitor element instead of CPE. The Arrhenius conductivity plot of samples reveals that the specimen sintered at 1600 °C for 6 hours exhibits the highest conductivity. The activation energy (Ea) and conductivity pre-exponential (σ0) factor are calculated from a linear fit to data that decreases by the increase in sintering temperature.
Surfactant-free colloidal syntheses of precious metal nanoparticles for improved catalysts
Authors: Quinson Jonathan , Kunz Sebastian , Arenz Matthias
Published: September 2022

Colloidal syntheses of nanomaterials offer multiple benefits to study, understand and optimize un-supported and supported catalysts. In particular, colloidal syntheses are relevant to synthetize (precious) metal nanoparticles. By separating the synthesis of the active phase nanoparticles from supporting steps, a deeper knowledge and a rational control on supported catalyst properties is gained. The effect of nanoparticle size, shape, composition, nature of support or metal loading on a support can be studied in more systematic ways. The fundamental knowledge gained paves the way for catalyst optimization by tuning the catalyst activity, selectivity, and stability. However, a major drawback is that most colloidal syntheses require the use of additives or surfactants, which are detrimental to most catalytic reactions since they typically block catalyst active sites. Surfactant removal typically adds complexity, can introduce a lack of reproducibility, is energy consuming, generates waste, and prevents the full exploitation of the many benefits of colloidal syntheses for catalysis. Several surfactant-free strategies to obtain stable colloidal nanoparticles are here reviewed. A focus is given to laser synthesis and processing of colloids (LSPC), solution plasma process (SPP), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), polyols, and recently reported mono-alcohols based syntheses. The relevance of these synthetic approaches for catalysis is detailed with a focus on heterogeneous catalysis and electro-catalysis.
A Davidsonian Truth-theoretic Semantics Treatment of an EkeGusii Proverb
Authors:   Kisii University, Kenya, E.G. Mecha , Opande I.N ,   Kisii University, Kenya
Published: September 2022

The paper examines some doctrines of the Davidsonian Programme of truth conditional Semantics that relates truth to meaning using Tarski’s T-Convention, in relation to its efficacy in a semantic valuation of the EkeGusii proverb: Nda ’indongi ereta morogi ereta moibi which exemplifies a kind of complex sentence that a given system of Semantics is meant to account for. The coverage of Davidsonian truth-conditional notion of T-convention and that of compositionality are considered to have only a partial reach in accounting for the meaning of the proverb by not incorporating pragmatic aspects. The failure of T-convention is not alleviated by the adoption of radical interpretation as posited by Davidson but is extended to consider aspects of pragmatic enrichment and dynamic Semantics.
Ranging and Positioning Accuracy for Selected Correlators under VHF Maritime Propagation Conditions
Authors: Bronk Krzysztof , Januszewska Magdalena , Koncicki Patryk , Lipka Adam , Niski Rafał , Wereszko Błażej ,   National Institute of Telecommunications, Warsaw, Poland
Published: September 2022

The article presents an analysis of the features of selected correlators impacting the accuracy of determining the receiver’s range and position in VHF marine environment. The paper introduces the concept of various correlators – including the double delta correlator – and describes the proposed measurement scenarios that have been designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of those components. The entire work was performed as part of the R-Mode Baltic and R-Mode Baltic 2 projects, with our goals including analyzing the impact of multipath phenomena, changes in the sampling frequency or Signac type on the determination of the received signal delay at the receiver. The measured data were processed in a signal correlation application and in a TOA-based tool in order to determine the receiver’s position. This process made it possible to compare the selected correlating devices. The results presented in this article are to be used by IALA in developing a current version of the VHF data exchange system’s (VDES) specification.
Clinical Observation on the Treatment of Early Pre-Eclampsia Abortion with the Combination of Enhanced “Shou Tai Wan” Soup and Progesterone
Authors: Chen Yao , Cao Yu , Li Huifang
Published: September 2022

Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy of the combination of enhanced “Shou Tai Wan” soup and progesterone in the treatment of early pre-eclampsia miscarriage. Methods: 86 patients with early pre-eclampsia miscarriage in our hospital from July 2021 to July 2022 were selected and randomly divided into two groups of 43 cases each. The control group was treated with progesterone, while the study group was treated with an addition of enhanced “Shou Tai Wan” soup. The treatment effects of the two groups and the changes in the inflammatory factor levels and sex hormone levels before and after the treatment were observed. Results: INF-? and Il-2 were lower and IL-4 was higher in the study group than in the control group after treatment (p-value < 0.05); the total effective rate of treatment was higher in the study group (95.35%) than in the control group (74.42%), (p-value < 0.05); the levels of P, E2 and ?-hCG were higher in the study group than in the control group after treatment (p-value < 0.05). Conclusion: The combined application of enhanced “Shou Tai Wan” soup and progesterone in patients with early preterm abortion is more effective by improving the patients’ sex hormone levels and reducing the level of inflammatory factors, which is conducive to the improvement of the treatment effect and worthy of promotion.
Computational Investigation of Seakeeping Performance of a Surfaced Submarine in Regular Waves
Authors: Jung Doojin , Kim Sanghyun
Published: September 2022

A submarine is optimized to operate below the water surface because it spends most of its time in a submerged condition. However, the performance in free surface conditions is also important because it is unavoidable for port departure and arrival. Generally, potential flow theory is used for seakeeping analysis of a surface ship and is known for excellent numerical accuracy. In the case of a submarine, the accuracy of potential theory is high underwater but is low in free surface conditions because of the nonlinearity near the free surface area. In this study, the seakeeping performance of a Canadian Victoria Class submarine in regular waves was investigated to improve the numerical accuracy in free surface conditions by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The results were compared to those of model tests. In addition, the potential theory software Hydrostar developed by Bureau Veritas was also used for seakeeping performance to compare with CFD results. From the calculation results, it was found that the seakeeping analysis by using CFD gives good results compared with those of potential theory. In conclusion, seakeeping analysis based on CFD can be a good solution for estimating the seakeeping performance of submarines in free surface conditions.
The Effectiveness of the Advanced Organizations Strategy in the Cognitive Preference of Second-Stage Students, the Department of Social Sciences in the Subject of History And Islamic Civilization
Authors: Aziz Karem Ahmad
Published: September 2022

This research has aimed at (the effectiveness of the advanced organizations strategy in the cognitive preference of second-stage students, the Department of Social Sciences in the subject of History and Islamic Civilization). To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher chose the experimental design with partial control on a random sample consisting of (30) students, with (15) students in the experimental group and (15) students in the control group. The two groups were rewarded in the variables of chronological age, intelligence, and history subject scores for the previous stage). The researcher selected the scientific subject that he studied and prepared a test for it, cognitive preference and daily teaching plans for the topics chosen by the researcher in the history of Islamic civilization. The two groups were studied for ten weeks, and after the completion of the teaching, the cognitive preference test was conducted for the students of the research sample. The results indicated that there were statistically significant differences between the average scores of students who studied the history of Islamic civilization using the advanced organizations strategy compared to the usual method in favor of the experimental group in three patterns of the cognitive preference test, except for the superiority of the control group in one pattern (critical questioning). In light of the results of the research, the researcher recommended using the advanced organizations strategy in teaching history and suggested conducting a similar research in other disciplines.
Promoting Self-Directed Learning as Learning Presence through Cooperative Blended Learning
Authors: Bosch Chantelle , Laubscher Dorothy J
Published: September 2022

Students often feel isolated when they do blended learning courses and they do not always have the necessary skills to work on their own. Blended learning courses need to be thoughtfully planned to actively involve students in the learning processes. Cooperative learning is an active teaching strategy that can assist students to engage in online and blended courses and is known to promote self-directed learning. The communities of inquiry framework is often used as a framework to design blended learning. In this study, we focused on an additional dimension of the communities of inquiry framework, namely courses learning presence, which is closely linked with self-directed learning skills. In this basic qualitative study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with post-graduate Mathematics Education students (n = 8) to establish their experience of the cooperative blended learning course. Data were coded and analysed using a deductive approach. The aim of this article is to describe how self-directed learning as learning presence can be enhanced through a cooperative blended learning course. The findings showed that the use of cooperative learning was a useful strategy to promote self-directed learning as learning presence. Furthermore, matters relating to motivation as a component of self-directed learning were incorporated into the design of the course, such as allowing students to manage their own learning, making the learning experience enjoyable, and providing encouraging feedback. Aspects of the course design that assisted in promoting self-directed learning as learning presence included the use of authentic tasks, allowing students to develop and apply their own learning strategies, and providing students with the opportunity to socially construct knowledge.
Presencia y abundancia de aves de la Isla Farallón de San Ignacio, Sinaloa
Authors: Guevara Medina Miguel Angel , Castillo Guerrero José Alfredo , González Bernal Marco Antonio
Published: September 2022

Para determinar la presencia y abundancia de aves que utilizan la isla Farallón de San Ignacio, Sinaloa, documentamos las aves observadas durante 46 visitas de cinco días a la isla entre 2003 y 2008. Registramos 57 especies de aves. En la isla anidaron regularmente cinco especies de aves marinas:Sula nebouxii, S. leucogaster, Phaethon aethereus, Phalacrocorax auritus y Larus heermanni. En 2008 anidó una rapaz, Falco peregrinus. Además, observamos 24 especies de aves acuáticas no reproductoras y 27 especies de aves terrestres. La temporada reproductiva de las especies anidantes coincide con la época de alta productividad primaria en el sur del Golfo de California. La isla es importante como sitio de anidación para P. aethereus y es una de las dos colonias más importantes en el Golfo de California. Para el resto de las especies anidantes, la isla tiene una importancia marginal, pues otras islas albergan colonias mayores. Debido a la ausencia de vegetación, las aves terrestres usan la isla sólo de manera ocasional y por breves periodos, especialmente los migrantes neotropicales durante la migración. Al comparar con otras islas de la parte sur del Golfo de California, Farallón de San Ignacio exhibió una riqueza de especies mayor a lo esperado de acuerdo con su tamaño. Esta discordancia se podría explicar por un esfuerzo mayor en el muestreo y posiblemente por la existencia de una mayor cantidad de especies de aves terrestres usando los hábitats costeros de Sinaloa y dispersándose ocasionalmente a islas cercanas.
La Colección Zoológica Regional (Aves) del Instituto de Historia Natural de Chiapas, México
Authors: Altamirano González Ortega  Marco Antonio , Guzmán Hernández Jaqueline
Published: September 2022

La Colección Zoológica Regional (Aves) del Instituto de Historia Natural de Chiapas, México, alberga 7,173 ejemplares que pertenecen a 17 órdenes, 68 familias, 339 géneros y 575 especies. La mayoría de los especimenes son de Chiapas (72.4%), Oaxaca (15.4%) y Veracruz (10.8%). Las familias con mayor número de ejemplares pertenecen a las familias Parulidae (1,432), Tyrannidae (823), Trochilidae (709), Thraupidae (371) y Emberizidae (343). El 90% de los ejemplares están preservados en piel de estudio, el 8% en anatómicos y el 2% en esqueletos. La colección resguarda ejemplares de 126 especies en alguna categoría de riesgo por la normativa ambiental mexicana (10 en peligro de extinción, 41 amenazadas y 75 sujetas a protección especial). Las regiones fisiográficas de Chiapas con mayor representatividad de ejemplares depositados corresponden a la Sierra Madre de Chiapas, la Planicie Costera del Pacífico, las Montañas del Oriente y la región Montañas del Norte. No obstante su importancia regional, la producción científica derivada de su análisis ha sido escasa, por lo que es necesario promover su consulta por parte de investigadores y estudiantes interesados en la distribución geográfica, historia natural y ecología de la avifauna de la región sur-sureste de México.
Registro del gavilán pescador (Pandion haliaetus) en el valle de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán, norte de Oaxaca
Authors: Vázquez Leopoldo , Vázquez Reyes José Alejandro , Del Coro Arizmendi María
Published: September 2022

El 17 de septiembre de 2005 se registró al gavilán pescador, Pandion haliaetus, en la localidad de Santiago Quiotepec, al norte del estado de Oaxaca. Éste es el primer registro de la especie en la región árida del valle de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán. Se obtuvo respaldo fotográfico del registro.
Registros adicionales de algunas especies de aves en la cuenca baja del Río Verde, Oaxaca, México
Authors: Bojorges Baños José Cruz
Published: September 2022

Presento información de cinco especies de aves registradas en la cuenca baja del Río Verde, Oaxaca, en las inmediaciones del Parque Nacional Lagunas de Chacahua. Para Hylocichla mustelina, este es el primer registro en la planicie costera del suroeste de Oaxaca; los registros de Falco femoralis, Aramus guarauna y Peucaea humeralis amplían nuestro conocimiento sobre su distribución en esta parte de Oaxaca, mientras que el de Aramides axillaris es sólo el segundo registro para el estado.
Dietary polyphenols in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases
Authors: Koyuncu Açelya Gül , Akyüz Elvan Yılmaz
Published: September 2022

Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, caused by chronic inflammation in the digestive tract, are inflammatory bowel diseases and have similar symptoms. Abnormal immune responses play a pretty important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Proinflammatory mediators trigger inflammation, stimulate cell signaling molecules, and induce disease onset. Corticosteroids, anti-tumor necrosis factor-α antibodies, and immunosuppressants are some drugs used to treat the disease. However, these drugs have some side effects. In addition, surgical methods might be used in the treatment, but these methods may have some complications. Due to the negative impact on treatment options, alternative methods for reliable, inexpensive, and effective treatment are being sought. Secondary plant compounds with an aromatic or phenolic ring structure, so-called polyphenols or phenolic compounds, may modulate cellular signaling pathways and reduce intestinal inflammation due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Polyphenols may be evaluated as alternative methods for inflammatory bowel disease based on these properties. This review aims to investigate the effect of some polyphenols on inflammatory bowel disease.
Religious Schism of the Russian Orthodox Church in Official Notes of I. S. Aksakov (1849–51)
Authors:   Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, Russian Federation, Madzharov Alexander S.
Published: September 2022

I.S. Aksakov’s “Notes” on the history of the Schism of the Russian Orthodox Church appeared in 1849–51 and in 1866–89 were introduced into scientific use. In 2002 they have been republished and provided with scientific commentary. The documents as a source of theoretical conclusions about the Schism did not attract the researchers’ attention, and I.S. Aksakov’s doctrine on Old Believers was not elucidated. Thus, it is necessary to examine the “Notes” as a historiographical source, to determine its place in the literature of the 1850s. The study of texts has included analyzing their origin and content, comparing the evidence in notes and letters, correlating doctrines. I.S. Aksakov explained the meaning of the Schism in a new way, disavowing views of Platon (Levshin), Filaret Drozdov, Ignatius, Makarius, and others who reduced the phenomenon to rite, “ignorance” of the opponents of the church and state. He described the Schism as a spiritual and material dissonance in the life of society, provided insights into the meaning of protest resulting from inconsistency of the activities of protestants, church, and state with the moral ideal, tradition. I.S. Aksakov's conclusions were based on analysis of history and modernity of the process. The religious scholar assessed the scale of the phenomenon, its depth and danger to society. Having studied life and customs of the Old Believers of Bessarabia, he became convinced that the church was dealing with an “organized” “cohesive” “society” supported by “huge capital.” His familiarity with current life of dissenters led I.S. Aksakov to reject the key thesis of clerics about their ignorance. In a “Brief Note on Wanderers or Runaways,” he noted that a “well-read” heretic could surpass “any rural priest” in discussion of religious issues. Contrary to position of historians of the scholastic school, who blamed solely Old Believers for the crisis, I.S. Aksakov believed that responsibility for the split lay with the church and state. Hid reports note “bureaucratic nature of the church,” venality of clerics. In a letter to his family dated January 22, 1850, he reproached the “clergy” for abusing the “administrative and police trend.” However, the root cause of the Schism development in the 18th – 19th centuries in the Slavophile’s opinion was reforms of Peter I that changed the masses’ way of life. In his “Notes” (1849–51), I.S. Aksakov rejected the scholastic method of church historians and was the first to investigate the Schism as a historical phenomenon generated by contradictions in the society. Within frameworks of a different ideology and methodology, this trend was continued by A.P. Shchapov, S.M. Solovyov, N.I. Kostomarov, and other scientists whose works determined the specifics of the new historiography of the Schism.
Daily Life of the Kalmyk Steppe Officials in the Second Half of the 19th – Early 20th Century
Authors:   Federal Research Centre The Southern Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation, Lidzhieva Irina V.
Published: September 2022

Formation of administrative system in the Kalmyk steppe in the first quarter of the 19th century led to emergence in that inorodtsy environment of a professional group of officials characterized by diverse class composition, various levels of education and confessional affiliation, which was radically different from autochthonous population leading a nomadic life and professing quite different religious views. Despite abundant historiography on the problem of bureaucracy in the Russian Empire, this professional group serving in the inorodtsy directorates remained out of researchers’ eye. However, it represents the social capital of the region, thus explaining the interest in the issue. The research assesses everyday life of the ulus administration officials who lived on the territory of the Kalmyk steppe in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century highlighting three areas: image of home and home comfort; intra-family relations; and infrastructure. It draws on documentary materials from the fonds of the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia containing personal data of civil servants and paperwork. The socio-demographic picture of the professional group in question was obtained through analysis of service lists and certificates. Integrated use of reconstruction methods and content analysis of documentary materials, as well as descriptions compiled by researchers, permits to reconstruct the appearance of the ulus stavka, administrative center where the officials lived; interior of the trustee's house and to assess his welfare and intra-family communications. The author concludes that everyday life of the ulus officials depended not only on their official position, level of education, financial solvency, and mindset, but also on such factors as natural and climatic conditions, autochthonous population’s economic management, and incorporation of the territory in the national socio-economic and political-legal space. Isolation from familiar environment and established communication ties and lack of accessible infrastructure predetermined changing role of women in this micro society, which was formed on the principle of service.
Classification of documents as a theoretical problem in office work and in the archive
Authors:   Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow, Russian Federation, Surovtseva Nataliya G.
Published: September 2022

For archival and documentary studies, classification issues are of key importance for the development of the methodology of scientific research, the results of which should be applied in practice. The issues of document classification were raised by scientists and specialists in the field of working with documents throughout the Soviet period. K.G. Mityaev paid a lot of attention to the problem of document classification. He was the first to draw attention to the fact that it is necessary to achieve conjugation in the classification of documents in office work and archive. In archival science and archival work, the question of the classification of documents has traditionally been associated with the development of lists of documents with an indication of storage periods. The purpose of the selection of documents for archival storage determined the approach to the classification of documents as the formation of complexes of document systems and subsystems formed as a result of documenting various areas of society. In document science, the problem of document classification resulted in the development of the concept of "document type" and the construction of a specific classification scheme. The problem of classification was actualized in connection with the development of unified documentation systems and raised in the scientific research of A.N. Sokova on document systematics. Her attempt to deepen the classification scheme to the level of a document was unsuccessful and in document science the concept of "document type" was fixed in the meaning of the classification unit of documents with a common self-designation, functional purpose and design features. Modern possibilities of using information technologies in working with documents allow us to take a different look at solving the problem of document classification. It is necessary to abandon the idea of constructing a universal hierarchical classification, which is a flat, linear model. It is necessary to create an integral classification structure, which is based on numerous internal relationships between meanings. The model of such an integral classification is the database of the information system. The classification scheme of the database is based on specific measurements (details, attributes, indicators), the meanings of which are determined using the reference book. At the same time, the composition of classification measurements for all documents in one information system will be the same, but the values of these measurements for each document will be different. Practical possibilities for classifying documents are associated with the need to solve a number of theoretical problems. It is necessary to determine the composition of measurements for constructing a classification scheme and to establish those that are uniform for information systems in management and in the archive.
Letter from Z. A. Voskresenskaya to the Chairman of the Leningrad City Executive Committee P. S. Popkov with a Request for Food Aid (1943)
Authors:   Institute of History of St. Petersburg State University, Tverdyukova Elena D. ,   St. Petersburg Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
Published: September 2022

The article analyzes the text of the letter from Zinaida Andreevna Voskresenskaya, wife of Nikolai Alekseevich Voskresensky, a historian of law of the Petrine era, written on March 2, 1943 and addressed to the chairman of the Executive Committee of the Leningrad City Council of Workers’ Deputies Petr Sergeevich Popkov. N. A. Voskresensky (1889–1948) spent many years identifying and systematizing documents and deciphering autographs of the first Russian emperor. Working as a teacher in a Leningrad school, without being member of any scientific community or academic institution, he independently analyzed about 3,500 monuments of the legislation of Peter the Great, studied the legislative process of the Petrine era, and assessed the role of foreign law in its formation. Voskresensky did not interrupt his work even in the days of the siege. Together with his wife, he prepared 80 author’s sheets of texts for printing. The couple survived the first blockade winter thanks to food parcels on behalf of the Leningrad City Executive Committee, scientist’s registration under the category of workers in supply standards, as well as assistance from the Food Commission of the Military Council of the Leningrad Front, by decision of which he received academic rations in a special store. The activities of the Food Commission and the scale of assistance to Leningraders in the winter of 1942 have been assessed in recent historiography, but the events of 1943 have not yet been covered by scientific literature. The published letter is the second known petition sent by the Voskresenskys to P. S. Popkov. It has been found in the fond of the Main Department of Trade of the Leningrad City Executive Committee in the Central State Archive of St. Petersburg. Unlike the first letter published by N. A. Lomagin in 2017, the decision on which was made in March 1942 by the Food Commission, apparently collegially, the instruction to provide food assistance to the Voskresensky family following this second letter was given personally by the head of the Trade Department of the Leningrad City Executive Committee I. A. Andreenko in March 1943. Anthropological approach has led to the use of biographical method. When preparing the documentary publication, various methods of source criticism, historical-comparative and problem-chronological methods have also been used. The publication of the letter of Z. A. Voskresenskaya along with commentary clarifies some biographical data on N. A. Voskresensky and completes the picture of food supply of scientists after the breaking of the blockade of Leningrad.
Deliverance of St. Macarius from the June Fire of 1547 in the Novinsky Monastery
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow, Russian Federation, Davidenko Dmitry G.
Published: September 2022

The article examines an episode recorded in various narratives and well-known to historians of medieval Moscow, although never studied specifically — rescue of Metropolitan Macarius from the famous fire of 1547, when he was suffocating in the Kremlin Assumption Cathedral engulfed in smoke. The historiography cites three Moscow monasteries as possible place of his evacuation: Novospassky, Novodevichy, and Novinsky. This issue never caused controversy, as it was considered peripheral and secondary and because traditional 20th century historiography stepped away from church and local history issues. However, the problem may be of interest in order to clarify the mechanisms of historiographical legends formation (i.e. unintentional distortion of information from older historical sources in later narratives) and to determine the proximity of metropolitan monastery to the court of Moscow metropolitans. Presently, since the discovery of the Postnik Chronicler compiled in the 16th century, most historians stand by its information that the Moscow Novinsky Monastery was the place of Metropolitan Makarius’s evacuation. A.A. Zimin, however, considered it to be the Novodevichy convent. Authors of historical descriptions of the Moscow Novospassky Monastery, classics of the 19th century historiography (N.M. Karamzin, S.M. Solovyov), and some researchers of the late 20th century (V.B. Kobrin, A.I. Pliguzov) believe that this monastery was the place of metropolitan’s salvation. The article demonstrates that the 19th century historiographers could have drawn on late chronicle monuments of the 17th century. In any case, the Mazurinsky chronicle (1680s) clearly states that Metropolitan Makarius was taken “to the Savior on the New.” The article argues that the author of the Mazurinsky chronicler showed great interest in the Novospassky Monastery (New Monastery of the Savior), stimulated by the prominent role of this monastery in the church hierarchy, especially in the era of the first Romanovs. The inference of the Postnik chronicler that the Novinsky Monastery was the place of Makarius’s salvation have been long disregarded by historians due to unofficial nature of the source and its rarity. The article also forays in the history of the Novodevichy, Novinsky, and Novospassky monasteries, commenting on their status and role in the history of medieval Moscow and the Russian Church as a whole.
Ecological Culture of the Soviet Peasantry: Traditional Values and Modern Challenges
Authors:   Penza State University, Penza, Russian Federation, Sukhova Olga A. , Inozemtsev Ivan N. ,   Penza State University, Penza, Russian Federation
Published: September 2022

The article analyzes the process of evolution of ethics and practices of social behavior that characterize reproduction of traditional values in the field of harmonization of man/nature relations in the 20th century. The thesis of specific formation of the source base has been substantiated: in the absence of a unified system of administrative regulations, most data becomes dispersed, mostly reflected in the testimonies of contemporaries and sources of mass origin (materials of Oral history). The key identifier of the concept of ecological culture is system of ideas, meanings and values, symbols and myths of the rural community, which falls within the subject field of everyday history. The article is to provide source analysis of the problem of studying ecological culture of the Russian peasantry in the post-reform and Soviet eras as a system of social ideas and behavioral strategies reflecting perception of factors and means of ensuring the vitality of the rural world, “saving one’s own place.” The research ascertains the localization structure of ecological consciousness manifestations: ecology of mankind, habitation, settlements, and economic activity. Several major factors transforming the content of ideas have been identified: the need to adapt to the environmental crisis (depletion of the main resource of the traditional economic system of the Russian peasantry); the regulatory activity of the state; public initiatives in the field of environmental education. A periodization of the process of evolution and replacement of traditional ethics and behaviors in the field of ecology is proposed: 1861 – late 1920s; 1929 – late 1940s; 1950–1960s; 1970s – early 1990s. Periods of the Revolution of 1917 and the Civil War in Russia, as well as the 1930–40s are considered in the context of extreme destruction of peasants’ ecological ideas. The division criteria are: change in technological patterns, formation of appropriate environmental strategies, formation and development of environmental education. Strategies of ecological behavior of peasantry in the field of health saving and land use are consistently considered. It is noted that the main trend in the development of environmental consciousness in the 20th century was a break in the historical continuity and desacralization of traditional values, which resulted in ecological absenteeism bordering on self-destruction of social identity.