bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impacts of changed fire regimes on tropical riparian vegetation invaded by an exotic vine
Authors: RADFORD IAN J. , GRICE ANTHONY C. , ABBOTT BRETT N. , NICHOLAS D. MICHAEL , WHITEMAN LINDSAY
Published: February 2008

Abstract  Riparian habitats are highly important ecosystems for tropical biodiversity, and highly threatened ecosystems through changing disturbance regimes and weed invasion. An experimental study was conducted to assess the ecosystem impacts of fire regimes introduced for the removal of the exotic woody vine, Cryptostegia grandiflora, in tropical north‐eastern Australian woodlands. Experimental sites in subcatchments of the Burdekin River, northern Queensland, Australia, were subjected to combinations of early wet‐season and dry‐season fires, and single and repeated fires, with an unburnt control. Woody vegetation was sampled using permanent quadrats to record and monitor plants species, number and size‐class. Sampling was conducted pre‐fire in 1999 and post‐fire in 2002. All fire regimes were effective in reducing the number and biomass of C. grandiflora shrubs and vines. Few woodland or riparian species were found to be fire‐sensitive and community composition did not change markedly under any fire regime. The more intense dry‐season fires impacted the structure of non‐target vegetation, with large reductions in the number of sapling trees (<5 cm d.b.h.) and reductions in the largest tree size‐class and total tree basal area. Unexpectedly, medium‐sized canopy trees (10–30 cm d.b.h.) appear to have been significantly benefited by fires, with decreases in number of trees of this size‐class in the absence of fire. Although the presence of C. grandiflora as a vine in riparian forest canopies changed the nature and intensity of crown combustion patterns, this did not lead to the initiation of a self‐perpetuating weed–fire cycle, as invaders were unable to take advantage of gaps caused by fire. Low intensity, early wet‐season burning, or early dry‐season burning, is recommended for control of C. grandiflora in order to minimize the fire intensity and risk of the loss of large habitat trees in riparian habitats.
Effects of an alien invertebrate species and wave action on prey selection by African black oystercatchers (Haematopus moquini)
Authors: COLEMAN R. A. , HOCKEY P. A. R.
Published: February 2008

Abstract Shorebirds foraging in the intertidal have been shown to exert a significant effect on assemblage level processes; this is particularly true of the oystercatcher–limpet–algae system. The African black oystercatcher (Haematopus moquini) is endemic to the southern African coastline, where it plays a significant role in ecosystem processes as a rocky‐shore predator, especially of mussels and limpets. This understanding was based on studies of a rocky shore environment that has since been considerably modified following invasion of an alien mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis). This invasion has not only changed the relative proportions of different food types on the shore, but has also greatly increased overall food biomass. We tested the previous model that food selection by oystercatchers reflected prey abundance and that intake by male and female oystercatchers differed owing to bill morphology. We predicted that this difference would persist despite the changed nature of the food base. We also predicted that wave action would modify prey selection as a result of both its influence on prey behaviour and its impact on searching and handling times of the birds. Overall, both sexes consumed more limpets than expected by encounter rate alone, but contrary to prediction, the relative proportions of different prey types taken post invasion did not differ between the sexes. Dietary convergence is interpreted as a result of greatly increased food biomass on the shore, which is also reflected in increased oystercatcher densities since the invasion. Also contrary to prediction there was no evidence that waves acted as indirect modifiers of the interaction between oystercatchers and their prey. The results of this study indicate that models of trophic cascades will need to be altered in the event of a significant change in a trophic level, which then effects behavioural changes in the key predator.
The core characteristics and nursing care activities in psychiatric intensive care units in Sweden
Authors: Salzmann‐Erikson Martin , Lützén Kim , Ivarsson Ann‐Britt , Eriksson Henrik
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT:  Internationally, research on psychiatric intensive care units (PICUs) commonly reports results from demographic studies such as criteria for admission, need for involuntary treatment, and the occurrence of violent behaviour. A few international studies describe the caring aspect of the PICUs based specifically on caregivers' experiences. The concept of PICU in Sweden is not clearly defined. The aim of this study is to describe the core characteristics of a PICU in Sweden and to describe the care activities provided for patients admitted to the PICUs. Critical incident technique was used as the research method. Eighteen caregivers at a PICU participated in the study by completing a semistructured questionnaire. In‐depth interviews with three nurses and two assistant nurses also constitute the data. An analysis of the content identified four categories that characterize the core of PICU: the dramatic admission, protests and refusal of treatment, escalating behaviours, and temporarily coercive measure. Care activities for PICUs were also analysed and identified as controlling – establishing boundaries, protecting – warding off, supporting – giving intensive assistance, and structuring the environment. Finally, the discussion put focus on determining the intensive aspect of psychiatric care which has not been done in a Swedish perspective before. PICUs were interpreted as a level of care as it is composed by limited structures and closeness in care.
Levodopa improves skilled hand functions in the elderly
Authors: Floel Agnes , Vomhof Peter , Lorenzen Arne , Roesser Nina , Breitenstein Caterina , Knecht Stefan
Published: February 2008

The endogenous dopamine system is a potent modulator of motor function and learning. Previous studies have demonstrated that, in the elderly, age‐related degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system may contribute to deficits in execution of skilled motor functions. The present double‐blind, randomized cross‐over study examined whether pharmacologically replenishing dopamine improves the execution of complex motor tasks. Twenty healthy young and 20 healthy elderly subjects were studied in two different sessions: (i) after three doses of levodopa (each 100 mg levodopa plus 25 mg carbidopa) and (ii) after three doses of placebo. For each session, subjects completed a functional motor test that reflects hand activities of daily living (Jebsen‐Taylor test). In the elderly, but not in the young, Jebsen‐Taylor test performance improved significantly (4%) with levodopa compared with placebo, particularly for fine motor functions. Attention to the task, level of fatigue, and positive and negative feelings were similar between sessions. These results demonstrate that increasing the dopaminergic drive pharmacologically may be helpful when the motor system is challenged in the ageing process.
Premotor transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) affects primary motor excitability in humans
Authors: Boros Klára , Poreisz Csaba , Münchau Alexander , Paulus Walter , Nitsche Michael A.
Published: February 2008

Recent studies have shown that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the premotor cortex (PM) modifies the excitability of the ipsilateral primary motor cortex (M1). Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a new method to induce neuroplasticity in humans non‐invasively. tDCS generates neuroplasticity directly in the cortical area under the electrode, but might also induce effects in distant brain areas, caused by activity modulation of interconnected areas. However, this has not yet been tested electrophysiologically. We aimed to study whether premotor tDCS can modify the excitability of the ipsilateral M1 via cortico‐cortical connectivity. Sixteen subjects received cathodal and anodal tDCS of the PM and eight subjects of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Premotor anodal, but not premotor cathodal or prefrontal tDCS, modified selectively short intracortical inhibition/intracortical facilitation (SICI/ICF), while motor thresholds, single test‐pulse motor‐evoked potential and input–output curves were stable throughout the experiments. Specifically, anodal tDCS decreased intracortical inhibition and increased paired‐pulse excitability. The selective influence of premotor tDCS on intracortical excitability of the ipsilateral M1 suggests a connectivity‐driven effect of tDCS on remote cortical areas. Moreover, this finding indirectly substantiates the efficacy of tDCS to modulate premotor excitability, which might be of interest for applications in diseases accompanied by pathological premotor activity.
Laryngeal mask airway insertion in children: comparison between rotational, lateral and standard technique
Authors: GHAI BABITA , MAKKAR JEETINDER KAUR , BHARDWAJ NEERJA , WIG JYOTSNA
Published: February 2008

Background:  The purpose of the study was to compare the success and ease of insertion of three techniques of laryngeal mask airway (LMA) insertion; the standard Brain technique, a lateral technique with cuff partially inflated and a rotational technique with cuff partially inflated.

Methods:  One hundred and sixty‐eight ASA I and II children aged 6 months to 6 years undergoing short elective surgical procedures lasting 40–60 min were included in the study. A standard anesthesia protocol was followed for all patients. Patients were randomly allocated into one of the three groups i.e. standard (S), rotational (R) and lateral (L). The primary outcome measure of the study was success rate at the first attempt using three techniques of LMA insertion. Secondary outcomes measures studied were overall success rate, time before successful LMA insertion, complications and maneuvers used to relieve airway obstruction.

Results:  Successful insertion at the first attempt was significantly higher in group R (96%) compared with group L (84%) and group S (80%) (P = 0.03). Overall success rate (i.e. successful insertion with two attempts) was 100% for group R, 93% for group L and 87% for group S (P = 0.03). Time for successful insertion was significantly lower in group R compared with group L and S (P < 0.001). The incidence of complications was lower in group R.

Conclusions:  A rotational technique with partially inflated cuff is associated with the highest success rate of insertion and lowest incidence of complications and could be the technique of first choice for LMA insertion in pediatric patients.
Pediatric laryngospasm
Authors: HAMPSON‐EVANS DARRYL , MORGAN PATRICK , FARRAR MARK
Published: February 2008

Pediatric laryngospasm is an anesthetic emergency. It is a relatively common phenomenon that occurs with varying frequency dependent on multiple factors. In view of this and the clear risks to the patient when it occurs, a consensus committee has been established to determine the evidence based management of this condition. This article will cover the definition, causes and recognition of laryngospasm and the evidence behind a proposed algorithm for its' management.
Intraoperative gastric tonometric examinations in children and infants with a new probe, combined with measurement of the endtidal PCO2
Authors: KIRÁLY ÁGNES , BODA DOMOKOS , TÁLOSI GYULA , BODA KRISZTINA
Published: February 2008

Background:  Important progress relating to the early prediction of postoperative complications was recently achieved through the combined use of endtidal PCO2 (PETCO2) and gastric tonometry. The aim of this article was to present results obtained with a new tonometric instrument, proving its feasibility and extending its use to the control of anesthetized infants and children.

Methods:  The new tonometric probe, which is balloon free, consists basically of silicone rubber tubing. The room air initially inside the tubes of the probe equilibrates with the PCO2 of the body cavity throughout its full length. The PCO2 content of the gastric cavity (PgCO2) and simultaneously PETCO2 were measured with a microcapnograph. A total of 108 measurements were performed intraoperatively on 25 infants and young children operated on at the Surgical Unit of the Department of Pediatrics. The patients were divided into elective surgery cases <2 years of age, group I; elective surgery cases >2 years of age, group II; and acute surgery cases, independently of age, group III. To examine the degree of agreement between the measurements, Pearson’s correlation coefficients were determined and Bland–Altman analysis was performed. A mixed model repeated measurements anova was used to compare the differences between the groups.

Results:  PETCO2 and PgCO2 for groups I and II were nearly identical, and statistically not significantly different (mean difference 0.10 mmHg and 0.85 mmHg, P = 0.96 and 0.45, respectively), whereas the corresponding data for group III differed significantly from those for groups I and II (P = 0.03 and 0.001, respectively). On Bland–Altman analysis, the bias value for groups proved to be statistically significantly different (P = 0.001).

Conclusions:  The tested new probe worked very well in small children. The clinical implications of the large gaps found between PETCO2 and PgCO2 values in acutely ill children and children undergoing elective operations must be investigated further.
Management of critically ill children with traumatic brain injury
Authors: ORLIAGUET GILLES A. , MEYER PHILIPPE G. , BAUGNON THOMAS
Published: February 2008

The management of critically ill children with traumatic brain injury (TBI) requires a precise assessment of the brain lesions but also of potentially associated extra‐cranial injuries. Children with severe TBI should be treated in a pediatric trauma center, if possible. Initial assessment relies mainly upon clinical examination, trans‐cranial Doppler ultrasonography and body CT scan. Neurosurgical operations are rarely necessary in these patients, except in the case of a compressive subdural or epidural hematoma. On the other hand, one of the major goals of resuscitation in these children is aimed at protecting against secondary brain insults (SBI). SBI are mainly because of systemic hypotension, hypoxia, hypercarbia, anemia and hyperglycemia. Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP = mean arterial blood pressure – intracranial pressure: ICP) should be monitored and optimized as soon as possible, taking into account age‐related differences in optimal CPP goals. Different general maneuvers must be applied in these patients early during their treatment (control of fever, avoidance of jugular venous outflow obstruction, maintenance of adequate arterial oxygenation, normocarbia, sedation–analgesia and normovolemia). In the case of increased ICP and/or decreased CPP, first‐tier ICP‐specific treatments may be implemented, including cerebrospinal fluid drainage, if possible, osmotic therapy and moderate hyperventilation. In the case of refractory intracranial hypertension, second‐tier therapy (profound hyperventilation with PaCO2 < 35 mmHg, high‐dose barbiturates, moderate hypothermia, decompressive craniectomy) may be introduced, after a new cerebral CT scan.
Mutations in lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic genes impair maize rhizosphere and root colonization of Rhizobium tropici CIAT899
Authors: Ormeño‐Orrillo Ernesto , Rosenblueth Monica , Luyten Ellen , Vanderleyden Jos , Martínez‐Romero Esperanza
Published: February 2008

Three transposon mutants of Rhizobium tropici CIAT899 affected in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis were characterized and their maize rhizosphere and endophytic root colonization abilities were evaluated. The disrupted genes coded for the following putative products: the ATPase component of an O antigen ABC‐2 type transporter (wzt), a nucleotide‐sugar dehydratase (lpsβ2) and a bifunctional enzyme producing GDP‐mannose (noeJ). Electrophoretic analysis of affinity purified LPS showed that all mutants lacked the smooth LPS bands indicating an O antigen minus phenotype. In the noeJ mutant, the rough LPS band migrated faster than the parental band, suggesting a truncated LPS core. When inoculated individually, the wzt and noeJ mutants colonize the rhizosphere and root to a lower extent than the parental strain while no differences were observed between the lpsβ2 mutant and the parental strain. All mutants were impaired in competitive rhizosphere and root colonization. Pleiotropic effects of the mutations on known colonization traits such as motility and growth rate were observed, but they were not sufficient to explain the colonization behaviours. It was found that the LPS mutants were sensitive to the maize antimicrobial 6‐methoxy‐2‐benzoxazolinone (MBOA). Only the combined effects of altered growth rate and susceptibility to maize antimicrobials could account for all the observed colonization phenotypes. The results suggest an involvement of the LPS in protecting R. tropici against maize defence response during rhizosphere and root colonization.
Social network analysis: A methodological introduction
Authors: Butts Carter T.
Published: February 2008

Social network analysis is a large and growing body of research on the measurement and analysis of relational structure. Here, we review the fundamental concepts of network analysis, as well as a range of methods currently used in the field. Issues pertaining to data collection, analysis of single networks, network comparison, and analysis of individual‐level covariates are discussed, and a number of suggestions are made for avoiding common pitfalls in the application of network methods to substantive questions.
Causal relationship between Internet use and social capital in Japan
Authors: Miyata Kakuko , Kobayashi Tetsuro
Published: February 2008

Based on longitudinal data collected from a random sample panel survey, the present study found that different types of Internet usage are differentially related to social networks. The more social ties people have, the more likely they are to use personal computer (PC) email, and the use of PC email increases social ties. The results also show that the more supportive ties people have, the more they tend to use mobile phone email; however, it does not prove the use of mobile phone email increases supportive ties. However, participation in an online community is not related social networks. These findings suggest that PC email may increase the size of personal social networks, whereas mobile phone email is useful in maintaining existing strong ties which provide social support.
The role of moral intensity and moral philosophy in ethical decision making: a cross‐cultural comparison of China and the European Union
Authors: Vitell Scott J. , Patwardhan Abhijit
Published: February 2008

The present study uses cross‐cultural samples of marketing practitioners from two European Union (EU) nations (the United Kingdom and Spain) and China to examine the relationships between moral intensity, personal moral philosophies and ethical decision making. Additionally, cross‐cultural comparisons were made regarding intentions, personal moral philosophies and moral intensity. Results indicate that both samples tend to use the perceived harm construct (e.g. magnitude of consequences, probability of effect, temporal immediacy and concentration of effect) to determine intentions in situations involving ethical issues. However, social consensus tends to be situation‐specific for both groups and proximity seems not to be used at all when making decisions in situations involving ethics. As for personal moral philosophies, idealism is only used by the EU sample; however, for both samples, the use of relativism depends upon the specific situation.
The effect of culture on consumers' willingness to punish irresponsible corporate behaviour: applying Hofstede's typology to the punishment aspect of corporate social responsibility
Authors: Williams Geoffrey , Zinkin John
Published: February 2008

This paper explores the relationship between attitudes to corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the cultural dimensions of business activity identified by Hofstede & Hofstede using a sample of nearly 90,000 stakeholders drawn from 28 countries. We develop five general propositions relating attitudes to CSR to aspects of culture. We show that the propensity of consumers to punish firms for bad behaviour varies in ways that appear to relate closely to the cultural characteristics identified by Hofstede. Furthermore, this variation appears to be understandable in terms of the standard interpretation of the Hofstede dimensions, suggesting that cultural variation in the attitudes of consumers may play an important role in helping us to understand variations in CSR across countries. This in turn has implications for how managers of multinational companies should implement CSR strategies in different cultural contexts.
Emotional Policy: Personal Sadness and Anger Shape Judgments about a Welfare Case
Authors: Small Deborah A. , Lerner Jennifer S.
Published: February 2008

When making decisions about a welfare case, it is reasonable for one's thoughts and feelings about the potential welfare recipient to influence the decision. It is less reasonable for one's “incidental” feelings (e.g., sadness or anger arising from an event in one's personal life) to influence such decisions. In two studies, however, data reveal that incidental anger and sadness do in fact carry over, shaping welfare policy preferences. Study 1 found that incidental anger decreased the amount of welfare assistance participants recommended providing relative to neutral emotion, whereas sadness increased the amount recommended. Study 2 replicated the results and found that limiting participants’ cognitive resources eliminated the difference between sadness and anger, thus implying that differences in depth‐of‐thought drove the effects. In sum, the results reveal ways in which: (a) personal emotions carry over to shape preferences for public policies, (b) emotions of the same valence have opposing effects, and (c) differential depth‐of‐cognitive‐processing contributes to such effects.
Anger, Fear, or Sadness: Faculty Members' Emotional Reactions to Collective Pay Disadvantage
Authors: Smith Heather J. , Cronin Tracey , Kessler Thomas
Published: February 2008

As part of a mail survey about their work experiences, university faculty members reported their specific emotional reactions to group inequities in faculty pay and benefits. The results indicate that sadness, fear, and anger are distinct emotional responses to a collective disadvantage. Group‐based anger mediated the relationship between collective disadvantage and willingness to protest whereas group‐based sadness mediated the relationship between collective disadvantage and organizational loyalty. Based on an integration of cognitive appraisal models of emotion with RD theory, four other predictors of intergroup emotions—(1) the legitimacy of the process that produced the deprivation, (2) whether another agent was responsible, (3) group efficacy, and (4) whether the situation would improve or become worse—were identified and tested. The measurement of specific emotional reactions to perceived collective disadvantage extends and refines RD approaches to collective action and organizational loyalty.
Is a Worried Citizen a Good Citizen? Emotions, Political Information Seeking, and Learning via the Internet
Authors: Valentino Nicholas A. , Hutchings Vincent L. , Banks Antoine J. , Davis Anne K.
Published: February 2008

In this study we explore the mediating role of emotions in the process of becoming a politically informed citizen. Contrary to previous studies, we expect that anger and anxiety will have much different effects on this process. We suspect the role of anxiety is somewhat unique even among negative emotions as mediator of the causal effect of political threats on information seeking and learning. In addition, we speculate that anxiety should improve thequalityof information seeking, not just its quantity. In one experiment, we induce emotions directly and find that while anger, enthusiasm, and anxiety can lead people to claim they will pay attention to the campaign, anger actually depresses total information seeking. In a second experiment, we examine the impact of realistic political threats and find that exposure triggers several emotions but that only anxiety boosts information seeking and learning.
COMPUTERS
Authors: PICCININI GUALTIERO
Published: February 2008

Abstract:I offer an explication of the notion of computer, grounded in the practices of computability theorists and computer scientists. I begin by explaining what distinguishes computers from calculators. Then, I offer a systematic taxonomy of kinds of computer, including hard‐wired versus programmable, general‐purpose versus special‐purpose, analog versus digital, and serial versus parallel, giving explicit criteria for each kind. My account is mechanistic: which class a system belongs in, and which functions are computable by which system, depends on the system's mechanistic properties. Finally, I briefly illustrate how my account sheds light on some issues in the history and philosophy of computing as well as the philosophy of mind.
Towards aspectual problem frames: an example
Authors: Lencastre Maria , Araújo João , Moreira Ana , Castro Jaelson
Published: February 2008

Abstract: Problem frames provide an approach to an initial requirements structure which can subsequently help the developer to analyse a problem and to understand its nature. Aspect‐oriented software development offers complementary techniques to handle crosscutting concerns in a systematic and effective way, providing improved support for software maintenance and evolution. This paper explores the integration of aspect concepts with problem frames with the eventual aim of providing a more modular, evolvable requirements structure.
The quality of exogenous organic matter: short‐term effects on soil physical properties and soil organic matter fractions
Authors: Leroy B. L. M. , Herath H. M. S. K. , Sleutel S. , De Neve S. , Gabriels D. , Reheul D. , Moens M.
Published: February 2008

We examined the short‐term effect of five organic amendments and compared them to plots fertilized with inorganic fertilizer and unfertilized plots on aggregate stability and hydraulic conductivity, and on the OC and ON distribution in physically separated SOM fractions. After less than 1 year, the addition of organic amendments significantly increased (P < 0.01) the aggregate stability and hydraulic conductivity. The stability index ranged between 0.97 and 1.76 and the hydraulic conductivity between 1.23 and 2.80 × 10−3 m/s for the plots receiving organic amendments, compared with 0.34–0.43, and 0.42–0.64 × 10−3 m/s, respectively, for the unamended plots. There were significant differences between the organic amendments (P < 0.01), although these results were not unequivocal for both soil physical parameters. The total OC and ON content were significantly increased (P < 0.05) by only two applications of organic fertilizers: between 1.10 and 1.51% OC for the amended plots versus 0.98–1.08% for the unamended and between 0.092 and 0.131% ON versus 0.092–0.098% respectively. The amount of OC and ON in the free particulate organic matter fraction was also significantly increased (P < 0.05), but there were no significant differences (P < 0.05) in the OC and ON content in the POM occluded in micro‐aggregates and in the silt + clay‐sized organic matter fraction. The results showed that even in less than 1 year pronounced effects on soil physical properties and on the distribution of OC and ON in the SOM fractions occurred.
A decision support framework for identifying soil constraints to the agricultural productivity of tropical upland soils
Authors: Moody P. W. , Cong P. T. , Legrand J. , Chon N. Q.
Published: February 2008

Sustainable agricultural systems are based on managing soils according to their capabilities and constraints. To facilitate the identification of constraints and appropriate management strategies for upland soils, a decision support framework ‘Soil Constraints and Management Package’ (SCAMP) has been developed. Basic soil data (both field and laboratory) are entered into an Access database and are processed to output reports that identify soil constraints to productivity and that tabulate appropriate management strategies. Where spatially referenced soil data are available, maps of constraints can be readily produced in a Geographic Information System. To demonstrate the ability of SCAMP to identify soil constraints at plot scale, it was applied to soil data sets from the two major soil types (Ferralsols and Acrisols) of Gia Lai Province, Vietnam. Phosphorus (P) fixation, aluminium toxicity and low cation exchange capacity (CEC) were identified as common constraints to productivity on Ferralsols, and low plant available water capacity, compaction and low K status as common constraints to productivity on Acrisols. Field experiments were undertaken on a Ferralsol and an Acrisol to assess management strategies for minimizing these constraints in the presence of adequate N, P and K. Maize (Zea mays) yields from the Ferralsol were increased by applying a plant amendment (Tithonia diversifolia) (selected to increase soil pH and decrease P fixation) and high activity clay (selected to increase CEC). Water‐soluble P fertiliser recovery was increased in this high P‐fixing soil by placing the fertiliser in a sub‐surface band. For the Acrisol, maize was grown in mounded rows and yields were maximized by applying a super‐absorbent material (selected to increase soil water holding capacity) or a high activity clay (selected to increase the low CEC of this soil). To demonstrate the usefulness of SCAMP on a catchment/regional scale, spatially referenced soil survey data of the Herbert River catchment, Queensland, Australia, were used to produce a map identifying areas of low pH, high acidification hazard and low CEC. These applications demonstrate the usefulness of SCAMP for linking soil data to management strategies for sustainable productivity at both plot and catchment scale.
Soil phosphorus monitoring at the regional level by means of a soil test database
Authors: Lemercier B. , Gaudin L. , Walter C. , Aurousseau P. , Arrouays D. , Schvartz C. , Saby N. P. A. , Follain S. , Abrassart J.
Published: February 2008

The practice of applying large amounts of P to agricultural land over several previous decades, particularly in regions with intensive livestock production, has resulted in P accumulation in soils with an increased risk of P losses into water bodies and thus of eutrophication. This work is aimed at analyzing the spatiotemporal changes in extractable soil P content at the regional level by means of a soil test database and then comparing results with independent data from agricultural censuses. A total of 228 079 soil P‐test values [Dyer method: 1:5 soil‐citric acid solution (20 g/L) ratio] generated between 1980 and 2003 by certified commercial laboratories in Brittany (northwestern France) were integrated into a database. Changes in P were analysed by considering four 4–6 year periods between 1980 and 2003 using cumulative frequencies and summary statistics performed on raw soil test values. Then data were aggregated into discrete entities (canton: administrative entities) and summary statistics, linear regression and spatial distribution were carried out. P balances were measured for the same entities taken from the agricultural censuses of 1979, 1988 and 2000. Over the entire study period, a marked spatial variability was observed with higher P content in the western part of Brittany, as well as a systematic increase in median P content with lower amplitude over the past decade. The mean cantonal soil P surplus accumulated over 24 years amounted to 763 kg P/ha of usable agricultural land. Similar P balances sometimes gave rise to widely different increases in P. Cumulative balances were positively correlated with an increase in soil P (r2 = 0.34).
THE EFFECTS OF HIGH IRRADIANCE ON THE SETTLEMENT COMPETENCY AND VIABILITY OF KELP ZOOSPORES1
Authors: Cie Damien K. , Edwards Matthew S.
Published: February 2008

Elevated irradiance has a profound effect on the successful dispersal and establishment of kelp zoospores, affecting their physiology and viability. The research to date, however, has been on zoospores localized near the benthos, with little attention on the importance of vertical transportation and subsequent exposure to increased irradiance. Therefore, we wanted to investigate the effects of exposure to high irradiance on the reproductive planktonic life‐history stages of kelps Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Agardh and Pterygophora californica Rupr. Zoospores of both species were exposed to different irradiances (75, 275, 575, 1,025 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1) over varying durations (1, 2, 4, 8, 12 h) and subsequently monitored for settlement competency, gametophyte development, and reproductive viability. Settlement success for M. pyrifera was uniform throughout all irradiance × time treatments, while settlement for P. californica decreased with increasing exposure time but not irradiance, although settlement was generally reduced at the highest irradiance level. Following zoospore settlement, germ tube development was visible in the gametophytes of both species within 1 week, although a significant decline of germ tube density in P. californica was observed with increasing irradiance. Similarly, a decrease in germ tube development with increasing exposure was observed across all irradiance levels for M. pyrifera, but irradiance itself was not significant. Further development into embryonic sporophytes was remarkably similar to gametophyte development, suggesting that the effect of exposure of kelp zoospores to high irradiance on subsequent sporophyte production is mediated through gametophyte development as well as zoospore survival.
IDENTIFICATION OF CROSS‐FERTILIZED CONCHOCELIS USING CLEAVED AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC SEQUENCE MARKERS IN CROSS‐EXPERIMENTS OF PORPHYRA YEZOENSIS (BANGIALES, RHODOPHYTA)1
Authors: Park Eun‐Jeong , Fukuda Satoru , Endo Hirotoshi , Kitade Yukihiro , Saga Naotsune
Published: February 2008

As a part of the construction of a Porphyra yezoensis Ueda genetic linkage map, we conducted intraspecific cross‐experiments and subsequent screening of cross‐fertilized conchocelis by cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) analysis. The cross‐experiments were carried out between males of the wildtype (KGJ) and females of the recessive green mutant (TU‐2) using two methods, controlled and random crosses. A total of 42 and 186 wildtype‐colored conchocelis colonies were obtained from the former and latter experiments, respectively. Among those, 49 DNA samples (14% and 23% obtained from the former and latter crosses, respectively) showed biparental CAPS patterns in the two gene regions (EF‐1α open reading frame [ORF] region and V‐ATPase). This study represents the first report in which the cross‐fertilized conchocelis of P. yezoensis has been directly confirmed by molecular marker. The combination of the simple DNA extraction and CAPS analysis may be applicable in genetic studies of other macroalgae that are monoecious and/or grow slowly in laboratory culture.
Effect of Extracurricular Geriatric Medicine Training: A Model Based on Student Reflections on Healthcare Delivery to Elderly People
Authors: Goldenhar Linda M. , Margolin E. Gordon , Warshaw Gregg
Published: February 2008

Although many professional and accrediting bodies have identified competencies for medical students pertaining to caring for older patients, including understanding the basics of the healthcare delivery system, the highly structured curriculum in medical school provides few opportunities for these competencies to be achieved. One possible solution is to let students participate in geriatrics‐related extracurricular educational and clinical activities and ask them to reflect on their experiences. This article presents the results of a qualitative analysis of student reflections from participating in such a program implemented at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. One hundred thirty of 321 student journal entries (collected over 3 academic years) containing any mention of the healthcare system were qualitatively analyzed. The themes and resulting model that emerged from the data includes three distinct levels of healthcare delivery: individual, organizational, and systems. Each level is presented and explained using illustrative student quotes. As a whole, the model indicates that students in this innovative extracurricular experience gained important knowledge about how medical care is provided to elderly people. The model developed may provide additional structure for future medical students as they reflect on their early encounters with the complex health and social forces affecting the quality of care received by older adults.
Effects of a Home Visiting Program for Older People with Poor Health Status: A Randomized, Clinical Trial in the Netherlands
Authors: Bouman Ans , Van Rossum Erik , Ambergen Ton , Kempen Gertrudis , Knipschild Paul
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of a home visiting program on health‐related measures in a population of older people with poor health status.

DESIGN: Randomized, clinical trial.

SETTING: Community‐dwelling citizens in the Netherlands.

PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred thirty people aged 70 to 84 randomly assigned to an intervention group (n=160) or a control group (n=170).

INTERVENTION: Eight home visits, lasting 1 hour or more, with telephone follow‐up, over an 18‐month period, conducted by experienced home nurses under supervision of a public health nurse; key elements of the (systematic) visits were assessment of health problems and risks, advice, and referral to professional and community services.

MEASUREMENTS: Self‐rated health, functional status, quality of life, and changes in self‐reported problems.

RESULTS: No differences were found between the intervention and control group in these and other outcome measures at the end of the intervention period (18 months).

CONCLUSION: The home visiting program did not appear to have any effect on the health status of older people with poor health and are probably not beneficial for such persons.
The Mediating Role of C‐Reactive Protein and Handgrip Strength Between Obesity and Walking Limitation
Authors: Stenholm Sari , Rantanen Taina , Heliövaara Markku , Koskinen Seppo
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVES: To study the association between different obesity indicators and walking limitation and to examine the role of C‐reactive protein (CRP) and handgrip strength in that association.

DESIGN: A cross‐sectional, population‐based study.

SETTING: The Health 2000 Survey with a representative sample of the Finnish population.

PARTICIPANTS: Subjects aged 55 and older with complete data on body composition, CRP, handgrip strength, and walking limitation (N=2,208).

MEASUREMENTS: Body composition, anthropometrics, CRP, medical conditions, handgrip strength, and maximal walking speed were measured in the health examination. Walking limitation was defined as maximal walking speed less than 1.2 m/s or difficulty walking half a kilometer.

RESULTS: The two highest quartiles of body fat percentage and CRP and the two lowest quartiles of handgrip strength were all significantly associated with greater risk of walking limitation when chronic diseases and other covariates were taken into account. In addition, high CRP and low handgrip strength partially explained the association between high body fat percentage and walking limitation, but the risk of walking limitation remained significantly greater in persons in the two highest quartiles than in those in the lowest quartile of body fat percentage (odds ratio (OR)=1.75, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.19–2.57 and OR=2.80, 95% CI 1.89–4.16). The prevalence of walking limitation was much higher in persons who simultaneously had high body fat percentage and low handgrip strength (61%) than in those with a combination of low body fat percentage and high handgrip strength (7%). Using body mass index and waist circumference as indicators of obesity yielded similar results as body fat percentage.

CONCLUSION: Low‐grade inflammation and muscle strength may partially mediate the association between obesity and walking limitation. Longitudinal studies and intervention trials are needed to verify this pathway.
The Relationship Between Exercise and Risk of Venous Thrombosis in Elderly People
Authors: Van Stralen Karlijn J. , Doggen Carine J. M. , Lumley Thomas , Cushman Mary , Folsom Aaron R. , Psaty Bruce M. , Siscovick David , Rosendaal Frits R. , Heckbert Susan R.
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVES: To study whether exercise is associated with the risk of venous thrombosis in elderly people.

DESIGN: Observational study with a median follow‐up of 11.6 years.

SETTING: The Cardiovascular Health Study in four U.S. communities.

PARTICIPANTS: People aged 65 and older without prior venous thrombosis (deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism).

MEASUREMENTS: Self‐reported exercise was measured two or three times during follow‐up and was defined as expending more than 500 kcal/wk on exercise, including walking for exercise. Venous thrombosis cases were verified using medical record review.

RESULTS: Of 5,534 participants, 171 developed a first venous thrombosis. Self‐reported exercise at baseline was not related to the risk of venous thrombosis after adjustment for sex, age, race, self‐reported health, and body mass index (adjusted hazard ratio (HRadj)=1.16, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.84–1.61), although with exercise modeled as a time‐varying exposure, overall results were in the direction of greater risk of venous thrombosis (HRadj=1.38, 95% CI=0.99–1.91). For mild‐intensity exercise, such as walking, there was a nonsignificant finding in the direction of benefit (HRadj=0.75, 95% CI=0.49–1.16), but strenuous exercise, such as jogging, was associated with greater risk of venous thrombosis (HRadj=1.75, 95% CI=1.08–2.83) than no exercise at all.

CONCLUSION: In elderly people, strenuous exercise was associated with a higher risk of venous thrombosis than no exercise at all. Future studies are needed to explain this unexpected higher risk.
RESPIRATORY TRACT NEOPLASMS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS
Authors: Brodey Robert S.
Published: February 2008

This paper is not intended to serve as an all inclusive documentation of respiratory tract neoplasms in domestic animals. Rather I will attempt to highlight the major sites and types of neoplasia that affect each species (Table I). In this way, a general overview of the problem can be gained by the reader. In some instances I have tried to suggest further areas of research that may aid in the development of a comprehensive understanding of the diagnosis, treatment, etiopathogenesis and prophylaxis of these lesions.
NUTRITION AND REHABILITATION FOR THE TRAUMA PATIENT
Authors: Bild Charles E.
Published: February 2008

This is a report of 20 years use of force feeding of the canine with medical or surgical nutritional deficits. Usually it has been the hourly administration (1) (2) of table sugar, dry non‐fat milk, raw egg yolk, a vitamin‐mineral mixture, and often an oral electrolyte. (LYTREN)* Diarrhea has not been a problem. The routine enhances early recovery and chances for survival. Importantly, when this hourly force feeding routine is followed, the dog usually drinks the water it requires.
MORPHOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS OF VALUE TO THE VETERINARY SURGEON
Authors: Mackey Walter J.
Published: February 2008

The preservation of dissections by drying is centuries old but the technique is much improved by modern methods of embalming, complete degreasing, selective bleaching, spacing of parts and coloring. The preparation techniques require painstaking attention to detail but the results are gratifying. The finished specimens are most instructive in the hands of the teacher, surgeon and clinician.
Surgical Management of Traumatic Atlanto‐Occipital Instability in a Dog
Authors: CRANE STEPHEN W.
Published: February 2008

An unusual case of atlanto‐occipital instability resulted from traumatic disruption of the lateral atlanto‐occipital ligament and fracture dislocation of the dens in a 13‐month‐old male Basset Hound. Initial treatment was traction‐immobilization splintage followed by decompressive dorsal laminectomy of the atlas. Wiring the wing of the atlas to the base of the occipital condyle provided lateral, rotational and dorsoventral stability of the atlanto‐occipital articulation.
Surgical Stabilization of the Equine Cervical Spine
Authors: WAGNER PAMELA C. , BAGBY GEORGE W. , GRANT BARRIE D. , GALLINA ANTHONY , RATZLAFF MARC , SANDE RON
Published: February 2008

The Cloward technique for intervertebral fusion was utilized on 12 horses ranging from 3 months to 2 years of age. Of the 12 horses, 9 had been diagnosed as having equine cervical vertebral malformation (CVM) or “wobbles,” and 3 were normal controls. A large hole was drilled from the ventral border of the vertebral bodies spanning the intervertebral disc and the vertebral end plates of the 2 articulating vertebrae. Frozen homologous bone dowels of slightly larger diameter from equine cadaver ilia were inserted in the holes. No adverse postoperative complication arose. Clinical improvement was seen in all horses with CVM. Three months postoperatively, partial or complete fusion was evident radiographically in 11 of the 12 horses. Necropsies were performed 3–6 months postoperatively to evaluate the quality of the fusion. Cadaver manipulation demonstrated reduced intervertebral movement at the operative site in all cases. The articulations of the equine cervical spine can be operatively fused by the Cloward technique, and surgically induced trauma is minimal. This technique can be used for stabilizing subluxations and may be applicable for treating fractures and osteolytic processes that have weakened vertebrae.
Pretaping of the Aorta Prior to Patent Ductus Arteriosus Ligation
Authors: BERZON J. L. , HOFFER R.E.
Published: February 2008

SURGICAL repair of the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is one of the most common cardiovascular procedures performed in veterinary and human medicine.1–3 The techniques have been well documented and used successfully.2–5
Experimental Use of Fluoroalkyl Cyanoacrylate in Canine Urethral Anastomosis
Authors: JACKSON DENNIS A. , BRASMER TIMOTHY H. , STEVENS JERRY B.
Published: February 2008

The results of a study designed to evaluate a fluoroalkyl cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive as an adjunct to suture anastomosis of the severed canine pelvic urethra are presented. The urethral anastomotic sites were evaluated by contrast radiography, gross pathology, and histopathology. Urethral anastomosis resulted in a clinically functional urethra in all 6 control dogs (suture anastomosis) and 5 of the 6 test dogs (suture anastomosis plus adhesive). A severe stricture at the anastomotic site developed in 1 dog in the test group. Evidence of leakage was detected by contrast radiography in 1 dog of each group. Microscopic evidence of incomplete closure was detected in 4 control dogs and 2 test dogs. An extensive granulomatous inflammatory reaction was associated with use of the adhesive. The lower incidence of microscopic leakage observed in the test dogs was attributed to fibroplasia induced by the cyanoacrylate and not to the adhesive properties of the cyanoacrylate.