bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of moisture content on the engineering properties of Jamun (Syzgium cuminii) seed
Authors: Bajpai Ayushi , Kumar Yogesh , Singh Himani , Prabhakar Pramod K. , Meghwal Murlidhar
Published: November 2019

Engineering properties as a function of moisture content are important for food processing and equipment designing, assessment of other properties, and for the product quality determination. Different engineering properties of Jamun seeds depending upon the moisture content in the range of 11.54 to 26% (db) were studied. It was noted that various properties like, length (L), breadth (B), thickness (T), and geometric mean diameter (Dg) increased linearly with increasing moisture content. The seed surface area (Sa), seed volume (V), thousand seed mass (M1000), increased from 220.5 to 303.2 mm2, 257.2–443.7 mm3, 0.28–0.37 kg, respectively, with increasing moisture content. As the moisture content increased, bulk density (ρb) and true density (ρt) decreased from 899.33 to 778.66 and 1,270.89 to 1077.75 kg/m3, respectively, while porosity increased nonlinearly from 26.2 to 27.7%. With the increased moisture in seeds, the angle of repose increased linearly from 27.4 to 33.5°. Static coefficient of friction also increased from 0.23 to 0.40, 0.29 to 0.42, and 0.57 to 0.73 for glass, cardboard and plywood surfaces, respectively, with the increasing moisture content.

Practical Applications

The physical properties of Jamun seeds will be helpful in machine designing for industrial processing and fabrication of postharvest handling equipment like sorter, grader, collector, dryer, pulper, and grinder. These properties may help in designing of grinding, packaging machines, and storage structures.
Life cycle assessment of emerging technologies: A review
Authors: Moni Sheikh Moniruzzaman , Mahmud Roksana , High Karen , Carbajales‐Dale Michael
Published: November 2019

In recent literature, prospective application of life cycle assessment (LCA) at low technology readiness levels (TRL) has gained immense interest for its potential to enable development of emerging technologies with improved environmental performances. However, limited data, uncertain functionality, scale up issues and uncertainties make it very challenging for the standard LCA guidelines to evaluate emerging technologies and requires methodological advances in the current LCA framework. In this paper, we review published literature to identify major methodological challenges and key research efforts to resolve these issues with a focus on recent developments in five major areas: cross‐study comparability, data availability and quality, scale‐up issues, uncertainty and uncertainty communication, and assessment time. We also provide a number of recommendations for future research to support the evaluation of emerging technologies at low technology readiness levels: (a) the development of a consistent framework and reporting methods for LCA of emerging technologies; (b) the integration of other tools with LCA, such as multicriteria decision analysis, risk analysis, technoeconomic analysis; and (c) the development of a data repository for emerging materials, processes, and technologies.
Study of SU‐8 photoresist cross‐linking process by atomic force acoustic microscopy
Authors: ZHAO Y. , LIU Y. , WANG Z. , WANG L. , LI L. , HOU F. , SONG Z. , WENG Z.
Published: November 2019

In this paper, a method is presented to detect the different phases of epoxy cross‐linking process and the subsurface structures of SU‐8 thin films by atomic force acoustic microscopy (AFAM). The AFAM imaging of SU‐8 thin films was investigated under different exposure and bake conditions. Optimized conditions were obtained for the cross‐linking of SU‐8 thin film at the exposure does of eight laser pulses with the laser fluence 10 mJ cm–2 per pulse and the post exposure bake (PEB) time at 90 s. The subsurface structures of undeveloped SU‐8 thin films were visible in the AFAM images. This method provides an effective and low‐cost way for the determination of different phases of epoxy cross‐linking process in nanostructured compounds, for the non‐destructive testing of subsurface defects, and for the evaluation of the quality of patterned structures.
Microglial Hv1 proton channels promote white matter injuries after chronic hypoperfusion in mice
Authors: Yu Ying , Luo Xiang , Li Chunyu , Ding Fengfei , Wang Minghuan , Xie Minjie , Yu Zhiyuan , Ransom Bruce R. , Wang Wei
Published: November 2019

Microglia are critical in damage/repair processes during ischemic white matter injury (WMI). Voltage‐gated proton channel (Hv1) is expressed in microglia and contributes to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase complex‐dependent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recent findings have shown that Hv1 is involved in regulating luminal pH of M1‐polarized microglial phagosomes and inhibits endocytosis in microglia. We previously reported that Hv1 facilitated production of ROS and pro‐inflammatory cytokines in microglia and enhanced damage to oligodendrocyte progenitor cells from oxygen and glucose deprivation. To investigate the role of Hv1 in hypoperfusion‐induced WMI, we employed mice that were genetically devoid of Hv1 (Hv1‐/‐), as well as a model of subcortical vascular dementia via bilateral common carotid artery stenosis. Integrity of myelin was assessed using immunofluorescent staining and transmission electron microscopy, while cognitive impairment was assessed using an eight‐arm radial maze test. Hv1 deficiency was found to attenuate bilateral common carotid artery stenosis‐induced disruption of white matter integrity and impairment of working memory. Immunofluorescent staining and western blotting were used to assay changes in oligodendrocytes, OPCs, and microglial polarization. Compared with that in wild‐type (WT) mice, Hv1‐/‐ mice exhibited reduced ROS generation, decreased pro‐inflammatory cytokines production, and an M2‐dominant rather than M1‐dominant microglial polarization. Furthermore, Hv1‐/‐ mice exhibited enhanced OPC proliferation and differentiation into oligodendrocytes. Results of mouse‐derived microglia‐OPC co‐cultures suggested that PI3K/Akt signaling was involved in Hv1‐deficiency‐induced M2‐type microglial polarization and concomitant OPC differentiation. These results suggest that microglial Hv1 is a promising therapeutic target for reducing ischemic WMI and cognitive impairment.
Sexual differences in the foraging ecology of 19th century beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the Canadian High Arctic
Authors: Szpak Paul , Julien Marie‐Hélène , Royle Thomas C. A. , Savelle James M. , Yang Dongya Y. , Richards Michael P.
Published: November 2019

Marine mammals often exhibit significant sexual segregation in their diet and habitat use but these differences have not been studied systematically in historic or ancient populations due to the difficulties associated with determining the sex of skeletal elements based on gross morphology. Using a combined ancient DNA and stable isotope approach, we document a sexual difference in the foraging ecology of late 19th century beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the Canadian High Arctic. Using two PCR assays that coamplify fragments of the Y‐linked SRY and X‐linked ZFX genes, we assigned reproducible sex identities to 35 beluga specimens. This provided a basis for investigating sex‐specific differences in foraging ecology using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses of bone collagen. These isotopic data demonstrate that although both males and females primarily consumed Arctic cod, males utilized a wider range of prey than females, feeding on high trophic level benthic prey (sculpins) to a greater extent. Because bone collagen integrates prey isotopic compositions over the course of several years these sex‐based differences in beluga bone collagen isotopic compositions reflect long‐term and sustained sexual differences in foraging.
The fungal subtilase AsES elicits a PTI‐like defence response in Arabidopsis thaliana plants independently of its enzymatic activity
Authors: Caro María del Pilar , Holton Nicholas , Conti Gabriela , Venturuzzi Andrea Laura , Martínez‐Zamora Martin Gustavo , Zipfel Cyril , Asurmendi Sebastian , Díaz‐Ricci Juan Carlos
Published: November 2019

Acremonium strictum elicitor subtilisin (AsES) is a 34‐kDa serine‐protease secreted by the strawberry fungal pathogen A. strictum. On AsES perception, a set of defence reactions is induced, both locally and systemically, in a wide variety of plant species and against pathogens of alternative lifestyles. However, it is not clear whether AsES proteolytic activity is required for triggering a defence response or if the protein itself acts as an elicitor. To investigate the necessity of the protease activity to activate the defence response, AsES coding sequences of the wild‐type gene and a mutant on the active site (S226A) were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Our data show that pretreatment of Arabidopsis plants with inactive proteins, i.e. inhibited with phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride (PMSF) and mutant, resulted in an increased systemic resistance to Botrytis cinerea and expression of defence‐related genes in a temporal manner that mimics the effect already reported for the native AsES protein. The data presented in this study indicate that the defence‐eliciting property exhibited by AsES is not associated with its proteolytic activity. Moreover, the enhanced expression of some immune marker genes, seedling growth inhibition and the involvement of the co‐receptor BAK1 observed in plants treated with AsES suggests that AsES is being recognized as a pathogen‐associated molecular pattern by a leucine‐rich repeat receptor. The understanding of the mechanism of action of AsES will contribute to the development of new breeding strategies to confer durable resistance in plants.
Risk factors and mortality in invasive Rasamsonia spp. infection: Analysis of cases in the FungiScope® registry and from the literature
Authors: Stemler Jannik , Salmanton‐García Jon , Seidel Danila , Alexander Barbara D. , Bertz Hartmut , Hoenigl Martin , Herbrecht Raoul , Meintker Lisa , Meißner Arne , Mellinghoff Sibylle C. , Sal Ertan , Zarrouk Marouan , Koehler Philipp , Cornely Oliver A.
Published: November 2019

Background

The new Rasamsonia spp. complex can develop invasive infection in immunosuppression or chronic pulmonary disease. It has potential to be misidentified as other genera due to morphological similarities. Nowadays, there is a gap of knowledge on this fungi.

Objectives

To provide knowledge base of risk factors and therapeutic decisions in invasive Rasamsonia spp. complex infection.

Patients/Methods

Cases of invasive infection due to Rasamsonia spp. (formerly Geosmithia/Penicillium spp.) from FungiScope® registry and all reported cases from a literature were included.

Results

We identified 23 invasive infections due to Rasamsonia spp., six (26.1%) in the FungiScope® registry. Main risk factors were chronic granulomatous disease (n = 12, 52.2%), immunosuppressive treatment (n = 10, 43.5%), haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (n = 7, 30.4%), graft‐versus‐host disease and major surgery (n = 4, 17.4%, each). Predominantly affected organs were the lungs (n = 21, 91.3%), disease disseminated in seven cases (30.4%). Fungal misidentification occurred in 47.8% (n = 11), and sequencing was used in 69.6% of the patients (n = 16) to diagnose. Breakthrough infection occurred in 13 patients (56.5%). All patients received antifungal treatment, mostly posaconazole (n = 11), caspofungin (n = 10) or voriconazole (n = 9). Combination therapy was administered in 13 patients (56.5%). Susceptibility testing showed high minimum inhibitory concentrations for azoles and amphotericin B, but not for echinocandins. No preferable treatment influencing favourable outcome was identified. Overall mortality was 39% (n = 9).

Conclusion

Rasamsonia spp. are emerging fungi causing life‐threatening infections, especially in immunocompromised and critically ill patients. Mortality is high. Treatment is challenging and clinicians dealing with this patient population should become aware of this infection constituting a medical emergency.
Multiplex CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated metabolic engineering increases soya bean isoflavone content and resistance to soya bean mosaic virus
Authors: Zhang Peipei , Du Hongyang , Wang Jiao , Pu Yixiang , Yang Changyun , Yan Rujuan , Yang Hui , Cheng Hao , Yu Deyue
Published: November 2019

Isoflavonoids, which include a variety of secondary metabolites, are derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway and are distributed predominantly in leguminous plants. These compounds play a critical role in plant–environment interactions and are beneficial to human health. Isoflavone synthase (IFS) is a key enzyme in isoflavonoid synthesis and shares a common substrate with flavanone‐3‐hydroxylase (F3H) and flavone synthase II (FNS II). In this study, CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated multiplex gene‐editing technology was employed to simultaneously target GmF3H1, GmF3H2 and GmFNSII‐1 in soya bean hairy roots and plants. Various mutation types and frequencies were observed in hairy roots. Higher mutation efficiencies were found in the T0 transgenic plants, with a triple gene mutation efficiency of 44.44%, and these results of targeted mutagenesis were stably inherited in the progeny. Metabolomic analysis of T0 triple‐mutants leaves revealed significant improvement in isoflavone content. Compared with the wild type, the T3 generation homozygous triple mutants had approximately twice the leaf isoflavone content, and the soya bean mosaic virus (SMV) coat protein content was significantly reduced by one‐third after infection with strain SC7, suggesting that increased isoflavone content enhanced the leaf resistance to SMV. The isoflavone content in the seeds of T2 triple mutants was also significantly increased. This study provides not only materials for the improvement of soya bean isoflavone content and resistance to SMV but also a simple system to generate multiplex mutations in soya bean, which may be beneficial for further breeding and metabolic engineering.
The Yin and Yang of PDT and PTT
Authors: Wilson Brian C. , Weersink Robert A.
Published: November 2019

In Chinese philosophy, yin and yang ("dark‐bright," "negative‐positive") describe how seemingly opposite or contrary forces may actually be complementary, interconnected and interdependent. This paper provides this perspective on photodynamic and photothermal therapies, with a focus on the treatment of solid tumors. The relative strengths and weaknesses of each modality, both current and emerging, are considered with respect to the underlying biophysics, the required technologies, the biological effects, their translation into clinical practice and the realized or potential clinical outcomes. For each specific clinical application, one or the other modality may be clearly preferred, or both are effectively equivalent in terms of the various scientific/technological/practical/clinical trade‐offs involved. Alternatively, a combination may the best approach. Such combined approaches may be facilitated by the use of multifunctional nanoparticles. It is important to understand the many factors that go into the selection of the optimal approach and the objective of this paper is to provide guidance on this.
A Bayesian Hierarchical Model for Related Densities by using Pólya Trees
Authors: Christensen Jonathan , Ma Li
Published: November 2019

Bayesian hierarchical models are used to share information between related samples and to obtain more accurate estimates of sample level parameters, common structure and variation between samples. When the parameter of interest is the distribution or density of a continuous variable, a hierarchical model for continuous distributions is required. Various such models have been described in the literature using extensions of the Dirichlet process and related processes, typically as a distribution on the parameters of a mixing kernel. We propose a new hierarchical model based on the Pólya tree, which enables direct modelling of densities and enjoys some computational advantages over the Dirichlet process. The Pólya tree also enables more flexible modelling of the variation between samples, providing more informed shrinkage and permitting posterior inference on the dispersion function, which quantifies the variation between sample densities. We also show how the model can be extended to cluster samples in situations where the observed samples are believed to have been drawn from several latent populations.
The effect of education and telephone follow‐up intervention based on the Roy Adaptation Model after myocardial infarction: randomised controlled trial
Authors: Turan Kavradim Selma , Canli Özer Zeynep
Published: November 2019

Background

Patients’ lifestyle changes after myocardial infarction reduce the risk of infarction. Nursing interventions are important for the initiation and maintenance of lifestyle adaptation.

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of education and telephone follow‐up intervention based on the Roy Adaptation Model for improving myocardial infarction patients’ self‐efficacy, quality of life and lifestyle adaptation.

Method

In this parallel, randomised controlled trial, patients were randomly allocated to a control group or an intervention group (n = 33/group). The control group received routine care, while the intervention group received routine care plus a telephone follow‐up intervention, which consisted of a predischarge education programme and three telephone follow‐up sessions. Data were collected before discharge, in the 12th week after discharge between April 2016 and August 2017. All outcomes were assessed at baseline and at 12 weeks, and included quality of life, coping adaptation process, self‐efficacy and lifestyle changes. The CONSORT checklist was used in the study.

Results

In the 12th week after discharge, patients in the intervention group had significant improvements in self‐efficacy, quality of life and coping adaptation process compared with the control group. The intervention group also had more adaptation lifestyle changes concerning patients nutrition and physical activity in the 12‐week follow‐up.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that education and telephone follow‐up intervention based on Roy Adaptation Model was had positive and significant results after 12 weeks compared with usual care. The findings of this study are important for supporting nursing practice and health professionals who care for individuals with myocardial infarction to develop nursing care.
From Conflict to Bridges: Towards Constructive Use of Conflict Frames in the Control of Bovine Tuberculosis
Authors: Keenan Caroline , Saunders Clare , Price Stephan , Hinchliffe Stephen , McDonald Robbie A.
Published: November 2019

Control of bovine tuberculosis in cattle (bTB) in England and Wales is characterised by conversational and policy impasses, particularly in relation to badger culling. We created four online discussion groups comprising of badger cull supporters, cull‐opponents, aligned antagonists (mixing supporters and opponents affiliated with farming or an environmental/conservation group) and non‐aligned antagonists (mixing supporters and opponents who were not affiliated with a particular group). We held five different discussions with each grouping over the course of a week. We aimed to identify frames held by the opposing groupings within the bTB control controversy, which could either contribute to conflict and impasse, or alternatively could provide a potential conversational bridge between those who differed. Our analysis identified elements of the framings of the bTB control problem, which, particularly in the mixed groupings, lead to deadlock. We also identified some aspects of the framings which allowed those who differed to communicate together more effectively. We argue that these more transformative frames can be used to bridge conflict.
Elementary content specialization: Perspectives on perils and promise
Authors: Brobst Joseph A. , Markworth Kimberly A.
Published: November 2019

We conducted a multi‐year study of specialization in elementary mathematics and/or science, using data drawn from a local sample of teachers and a nationwide sample of principals. Using the theory of planned behavior, we compare and contrast teacher and principal views and decision‐making processes related to elementary content specialization (ECS). Survey data indicate that specialist models were conceived as a way to better meet students' academic needs while relieving some of the rigorous demands placed on elementary teachers in the context of new content standards. In contrast, self‐contained classrooms were retained in elementary schools largely due to beliefs that these traditional structures provide the best social and emotional stability for students. After presentation of survey findings, we use three local case studies to present ECS at different stages of maturity (from newly enacted to well‐established), with corresponding discussion of benefits, challenges, and lessons learned. Our case study data indicate that, while newly adopted ECS models tended to face the most challenges, there may still be critical model‐specific concerns at play even when specialization has been ongoing for decades. Our findings have implications for teachers and principals, as well as researchers and professional development providers.
A dual‐center evaluation of platelet culture vials to detect the presence of microorganisms in platelets
Authors: Denys Gerald , Tulpule Anagha , Roth Jessica , Warns Patty , Collins Tiffany , Mindel Susan
Published: November 2019

BACKGROUND

Microorganism contamination of platelets results in a high risk of transfusion‐related sepsis. Here, the ability of culture vials (BD BACTEC Platelet Aerobic/F and Platelet Anaerobic/F vials, Becton, Dickinson and Company) to detect microorganisms in leukoreduced apheresis platelets (LRAPs) and leukoreduced whole blood platelet concentrates (LRWBPCs) was assessed.

METHODS

LRAPs or LRWBPCs were inoculated into Aerobic/F and Anaerobic/F vials and placed in a blood culturing system (BD BACTEC FX System, Becton, Dickinson and Company) for growth/monitoring over 7 days to detect preexisting contamination during false‐positive testing. Subsequently, platelets were seeded with microorganisms at approximately 10 CFU/mL or approximately 1 CFU/mL to simulate contamination. Aerobic/F and Anaerobic/F vials were inoculated with platelets (sets of 12). Microorganism growth was detected in the BACTEC FX instrument over 7 days. Overall, 2925 vials were tested.

RESULTS

Of the 1905 vials included in the microorganism detection phase, 63 (3.3%) Aerobic/F and 16 (0.8%) Anaerobic/F vials were both BACTEC FX and subculture negative. From the remaining 1827 vials, two (0.1%) Anaerobic/F vials were false positive; no false positives were observed in Aerobic/F vials, and no false negatives occurred in either vial type. Of the remaining 1825 vials (99.9%), 955 Aerobic/F and 870 Anaerobic/F vials were true positives. The mean‐time‐to‐detection range was 8.5 to 77 hours. All true‐positive Aerobic/F and Anaerobic/F vials showed 100% agreement with subculture for positive identification of seeded microorganisms.

CONCLUSION

Aerobic/F and Anaerobic/F vials facilitate contamination detection in LRAPs and LRWBPCs down to approximately 1 CFU/mL. These results support the use of Aerobic/F and Anaerobic/F vials for quality control testing of platelets before transfusion.
A modified CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell isolation strategy from cryopreserved human umbilical cord blood
Authors: Mata Marcia F. , Hernandez Diana , Rologi Evangelia , Grandolfo Davide , Hassan Enas , Hua Peng , Kallmeier Robert , Hirani Swatisha , Heuts Frank , Tittrea Vickram , Choo Yen , Baradez Marc‐Olivier , Watt Suzanne M. , Tarunina Marina
Published: November 2019

BACKGROUND

Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is a source of hematopoietic stem cells for transplantation, offering an alternative for patients unable to find a matched adult donor. UCB is also a versatile source of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (hCD34 + HSPCs) for research into hematologic diseases, in vitro expansion, ex vivo gene therapy, and adoptive immunotherapy. For these studies, there is a need to isolate hCD34 + HSPCs from cryopreserved units, and protocols developed for isolation from fresh cord blood are unsuitable.

STUDY DESIGN

This study describes a modified method for isolating hCD34 + HSPCs from cryopreserved UCB. It uses the Plasmatherm system for thawing, followed by CD34 microbead magnetic‐activated cell sorting isolation with a cell separation kit (Whole Blood Columns, Miltenyi Biotec). hCD34 + HSPC phenotypes and functionality were assessed in vitro and hematologic reconstitution determined in vivo in immunodeficient mice.

RESULTS

Total nucleated cell recovery after thawing and washing was 44.7 ± 11.7%. Recovery of hCD34 + HSPCs after application of thawed cells to Whole Blood Columns was 77.5 ± 22.6%. When assessed in two independent laboratories, the hCD34+ cell purities were 71.7 ± 10.7% and 87.8 ± 2.4%. Transplantation of the enriched hCD34 + HSPCs into NSG mice revealed the presence of repopulating hematopoietic stem cells (estimated frequency of 0.07%) and multilineage engraftment.

CONCLUSION

This provides a simplified protocol for isolating high‐purity human CD34 + HSPCs from banked UCB adaptable to current Good Manufacturing Practice. This protocol reduces the number of steps and associated risks and thus total production costs. Importantly, the isolated CD34 + HSPCs possess in vivo repopulating activity in immunodeficient mice, making them a suitable starting population for ex vivo culture and gene editing.
A more efficient preparation system for HLA‐eliminated platelets
Authors: Hayashi Tomoya , Aminaka Ryota , Fujimura Yoshihiro , Koh Yangsook , Sugaya Sari , Hayashi Akihiro , Ueno Yoshiyuki , Furuta Rika A. , Tani Yoshihiko , Takihara Yoshihiro , Hirayama Fumiya
Published: November 2019

Background and objectives

Although HLA‐eliminated platelets can facilitate transfusions to patients possessing HLA antibodies, no such products are currently available commercially perhaps because the platelet collection rate is not yet economically viable. We have improved this process’ efficiency by employing a hollow‐fibre system at the last step of the production process after an acid and a reaction buffer have been washed out conventionally by centrifugation.

Materials and methods

HLA‐eliminated platelets were prepared via four distinct steps: chilled on ice, treated with an acid solution, diluted and finally washed using the hollow‐fibre system. The efficiency of this platelet recovery process was determined. The resulting products’ platelet characteristics, including a capacity for HLA expression, were evaluated in vitro and compared in detail to their corresponding originals.

Results

The average efficiency of platelet recovery was 91%. Although the expression levels of CD62P, a molecular marker for platelet activation, were approximately threefold higher on new platelets than on the original platelets, their HLA expression levels were lower. The phagocytosis assay, with monoclonal antibodies and cognate HLA antibody‐containing sera, suggested that HLA‐ABC molecules on the cell surface were sufficiently removed. The platelet functions, including the agonist‐induced aggregability and adherence/aggregability of the collagen‐coated plates under certain conditions, were conserved and not significantly different from the original ones.

Conclusion

We propose a novel preparation system for producing HLA‐eliminated platelets without centrifugation, which ensures a highly efficient, and therefore, much more economical method of platelet recovery that also retains their key functionality.
Long‐term outcomes after pantarsal arthrodesis with medial plate fixation without external coaptation in 30 dogs
Authors: Anesi Simone , Clarke Stephen , Gemmill Toby , Oxley Bill , Pink Jonathan , Smith Kinley , Rutherford Scott
Published: November 2019

Objective

To report long‐term outcomes of dogs treated with pantarsal arthrodesis (PTA) with medial plate fixation without external coaptation.

Study design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

Client‐owned dogs (n = 30).

Methods

Medical records of dogs that had undergone a PTA with a medially applied plate without adjunctive rigid external coaptation were reviewed. Data collected included signalment, complications, and assessment of function at last physical examination. Follow‐up information was obtained by phone conversations with owners. Complications were classified as minor, major II, major I, and catastrophic.

Results

Thirty‐six PTA were performed in 30 dogs. Recorded complications included eight (22.2%) minor complications, 11 (30.6%) major II complications and 11 (30.6%) major I complications. One (2.8%) dog required amputation because of catastrophic complication. Owners provided follow‐up for 26 dogs at a median duration of 1215 days (range, 325‐3495) after surgery. The outcome was reported as full function in 12 dogs and acceptable function in 14 dogs, with no owners reporting unacceptable function. The owner of the dog in which amputation was required was not contacted. Incorrect contact details prevented owner follow‐up in the other three dogs, but all had acceptable function at last veterinary follow up.

Conclusion

Dogs treated with PTA by medially applied plate had a high incidence of complications requiring surgical or medical management, although full or acceptable function was achieved in 29 of 30 dogs.

Clinical significance:Pantarsal arthrodesis offers a predictably good medium to long‐term outcome in spite of a high risk of complications.
Preparation, characterization, and xenotransplantation of the caprine acellular dermal matrix
Authors: Asodiya Foram A. , Kumar Vineet , Vora Shruti D. , Singh Vivek K. , Fefar Dhaval T. , Gajera Harsukh P.
Published: November 2019

Background

Caprine skin is a promising biomaterial for tissue‐engineering applications. However, tissue processing is required before its xenogenic use.

Aims

Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the structural integrity and biocompatibility of the caprine skin after de‐epithelialization, using sodium chloride (NaCl) and trypsin solutions, followed by de‐cellularization using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution.

Materials & Methods

The caprine skin was de‐epithelialized using NaCl (2‐4 mol/L) and trypsin (0.25%‐0.5%) followed by the treatment of SDS (1%‐4%) solution over a period of time. Acellularity of the prepared matrix was confirmed histologically and characterized by appropriate staining, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), DNA quantification, and Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The caprine acellular dermal matrix (CADM) was used for the repair of spontaneously occurring abdominal hernia in ten buffaloes. The biocompatibility of the CADM was evaluated using clinical, hematological, biochemical, and anti‐oxidant parameters.

Results

Histologically, the skin treated with 0.25% trypsin in 4 mol/L NaCl for 8 hours resulted in complete de‐epithelialization. Further treatment with 2% SDS for 48 hours demonstrated complete acellularity and orderly arranged collagen fibers. The SEM confirmed a preservation of collagen arrangement within CADM. The DNA content was significantly (P < .05) lower in CADM (46.20 ± 7.94 ng/mg) as compared to fresh skin (662.56 ± 156.11 ng/mg) indicating effective acellularity. The FTIR spectra showed characteristic collagen peaks of amide A, amide B, amide I, amide II, and amide III in CADM. All the 10 animals recovered uneventfully and remained sound. Hematological, biochemical, and anti‐oxidants findings were unremarkable.

Conclusion

Results indicated the acceptance and biocompatibility of the xenogenic caprine acellular dermal matrix for abdominal hernia repair in buffaloes without complications.
Spotted fever group rickettsiae canine serosurveillance near the US–Mexico border in California
Authors: Estrada Irais , Balagot Caroline , Fierro Marian , Kriner Paula , Iniguez‐Stevens Esmeralda , Kjemtrup Anne , Foley Janet
Published: November 2019

Background

Dogs are vulnerable to pathogens transmitted by brown dog ticks. An epidemic of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is underway in Mexicali, a Mexican city bordering California affecting people and dogs; several human cases have been reported in California residents who travelled to Mexico. To evaluate risks of RMSF, we conducted seroprevalence surveys in Imperial County in 2016 and 2017 using dogs as sentinels.

Methods

Blood was collected from 752 dogs and was tested for antibodies against R. rickettsii, E. canis and A. phagocytophilum (as a proxy for A. platys). Samples were considered seropositive to spotted fever group rickettsia (SFGR) if the R. rickettsia titre was ≥1:64 and seropositive to E. canis and A. phagocytophilum if the titre was ≥1:32. Owners provided information on dog age, exposure risks, health status and tick prevention. We assessed associations between SFGR seropositivity and driving distance to the nearest US–Mexico border crossing station, whether proximity to a border crossing increased likelihood of taking dogs across the border, and whether distance to the border was associated with seropositivity. Logistic regression was performed to assess relationships between the titre classes and other predictor variables.

Results

12.2% of dogs were seropositive against SFGR. Dogs close to the border were significantly more likely to be taken across the border and to be seropositive. Risk factors that increased seropositivity included owners seeing ticks on the dog (OR = 1.9), being an adult dog, travel to Mexico (OR = 3.0) and living in a rural area (OR = 4.0). There was statistically significant co‐exposure to SFGR and Anaplasma spp.

Conclusion

Surveillance for brown dog tick‐vectored pathogens can help identify dogs and people at risk for RMSF. Tick prevention, particularly in dogs, and surveillance of tick‐borne pathogens can help prevent the spread of rickettsioses and other diseases in this dynamic border region.
The Relationship between Perceived Overqualification and Counterproductive Work Behaviors: Moderating Role of Perceived Distributive Justice
Authors: BICKES Durdu Mehmet , YILMAZ Celal , SAMUR Arif , DEMIRTAS Ozgur
Published: November 2019

Employee behaviors can be classified into two basic groups as positive and negative organizational behaviors. One of the negative organizational behaviors is counterproductive work behaviours. It is aimed to reveal the effects of perceived overqualification on counterproductive work behaviours and moderating role of distributive justice through an empirical study. In this respect, the data obtained from 398 employees in hospitality enterprises was analyzed by means of structural equation modelling (SEM). It is found that there is a positive relationship between perceived overqualification and counterproductive work behaviours, and perceived distributive justice moderates the relationship between perceived overqualification and counterproductive work behaviours towards colleagues. Some theoretical and managerial implications are offered about the variables. Distributive justice is effective in reducing counterproductive work behaviours which emerged from perceived overqualification. Managers need to control the factors that lead to perceived overqualification and implement strategies that can activate catalyst variables, lessening or eliminating its negative consequences. In addition, limitations of the study and suggestions for future studies are provided.
Derived categories of surfaces, O’Grady’s filtration, and zero-cycles on holomorphic symplectic varieties
Authors: Shen Junliang , Yin Qizheng , Zhao Xiaolei
Published: November 2019

Moduli spaces of stable objects in the derived category of a $K3$ surface provide a large class of holomorphic symplectic varieties. In this paper, we study the interplay between Chern classes of stable objects and zero-cycles on holomorphic symplectic varieties which arise as moduli spaces. First, we show that the second Chern class of any object in the derived category lies in a suitable piece of O’Grady’s filtration on the $\text{CH}_{0}$-group of the $K3$ surface. This solves a conjecture of O’Grady and improves on previous results of Huybrechts, O’Grady, and Voisin. Second, we propose a candidate for the Beauville–Voisin filtration on the $\text{CH}_{0}$-group of the moduli space of stable objects. We discuss its connection with Voisin’s recent proposal via constant cycle subvarieties, and prove a conjecture of hers on the existence of special algebraically coisotropic subvarieties for the moduli space.
Detection of System Compromise in Additive Manufacturing Using Video Motion Magnification
Authors: Arul Prakash Sakthi Kumar , Mahan Tobias , Williams Glen , McComb Christopher , Menold Jessica , Tucker Conrad S.
Published: November 2019

Three-dimensional printing systems have expanded the access to low cost, rapid methods for attaining physical prototypes or products. However, a cyber attack, system error, or operator error on a 3D-printing system may result in catastrophic situations, ranging from complete product failure, to small types of defects which weaken the structural integrity of the product. Such defects can be introduced early-on via solid models or through G-codes for printer movements at a later stage. Previous works have studied the use of image classifiers to predict defects in real-time and offline. However, a major restriction in the functionality of these methods is the availability of a dataset capturing diverse attacks on printed entities or the printing process. This paper introduces an image processing technique that analyzes the amplitude and phase variations of the print head platform arising through induced system manipulations. The method uses an image sequence of the printing process to perform an offline spatio-temporal video decomposition to amplify changes attributable to a change in system parameters. The authors hypothesize that a change in the amplitude envelope and instantaneous phase response as a result of a change in the end-effector translational instructions to be correlated with an AM system compromise. Two case studies are presented, one verifies the hypothesis with statistical evidence in support of the method while the other studies the effectiveness of a conventional tensile test to identify system compromise. The method has the potential to enhance the robustness of cyber-physical systems such as 3D printers.
Optimal Sensor Configuration for Fatigue Life Prediction in Structural Applications
Authors: Khalil Mohamed , Kouroudis Ioannis , Wüchner Roland , Bletzinger Kai-Uwe
Published: November 2019

Structural health monitoring is spreading widely across engineering domains. Its added value is not restricted to observing structural behavior, but crosses over to enabling the assessment of structural integrity under varying operating conditions. Damage prognosis is one vital demand from structural health monitoring solutions. Many methods have been developed to update damage predictions based on sensor data, nonetheless the selection and positioning of sensors to alleviate the prediction errors remains a question under investigation. In this work, an optimal sensor placement method is proposed for fatigue damage prediction in structures. An optimization problem is formulated to minimize the a-posteriori damage estimation error based on a Kalman filter. The derivation of the objective function is presented, along with a discussion of algorithm-related issues. Finally, the mentioned damage prediction approach is applied to two structures to verify the adequacy of the sensor configurations proposed by the method.
Solution of the Benchmark Control Problem by Scenario Optimization
Authors: Rocchetta Roberto , Crespo Luis G. , Kenny Sean P.
Published: November 2019

This article introduces a scenario optimization framework for reliability-based design given measurements of the uncertain parameters. In contrast to traditional methods, scenario optimization makes direct use of the available data thereby eliminating the need for assuming a distribution class and estimating its hyper-parameters. Scenario theory provides formal bounds on the probabilistic performance of a design decision and certifies the system ability to comply with various requirements for future/unseen observations. This probabilistic certificate of correctness is non-asymptotic and distribution-free. Furthermore, chance-constrained optimization techniques are used to detect and eliminate the effects of outliers in the resulting optimal design. The proposed framework is exemplified on a benchmark robust control challenge problem having conflicting design objectives.
Active Vibration Rejection in Multi Actuator Drives: Data Driven Approach
Authors: Shah Prateek , Horowitz Roberto
Published: November 2019

Multi Actuator Technology was unveiled in December 2017 by Seagate, a breakthrough that can double the data performance of the future generation hard disk drives. This technology will equip drives with dual actuators operating on the same pivot point. Each actuator will control half of the drives arms.

This new technology brings new control challenges with it. Since two actuators operate independently on the same pivot timber, the control forces and torques generated by one actuator can affect the operation of the other actuator. The independent functioning of the two actuators will lead to a scenario of one actuator in the track seeking mode while the other actuator is in the track following mode. It is expected that the track seeking actuator will impart vibration onto the track following actuator, worsening its performance drastically.

In this paper, we propose a methodology to estimate this imparted vibration and to design feedforward controllers for the voice coil motor and the micro actuator, of the track following actuator, to suppress the estimated vibration. The vibration estimation is performed using power spectral factorization techniques. Whereas, the feedforward controllers are designed using a mixed H2 – H∞ data driven methodology to obtain a robust design.
A New Approach to Model Constant Curvature Continuum Robot Dynamics
Authors: Liu Yujiong , Ben-Tzvi Pinhas
Published: November 2019

Inspired by nature, continuum robots show their potential in human-centered environments due to the compliant-to-obstacle features and dexterous mobility. However, there are few such robots successfully implemented outside the laboratory so far. One reason is believed to be due to the real time control challenge for soft robots, which require a highly efficient, highly accurate dynamic model. This paper presents a new systematic methodology to formulate the dynamics of constant curvature continuum robots. The new approach builds on several new techniques: 1) using the virtual work principle to formulate the equation of motion, 2) using specifically selected kinematic representations to separate integral variables from the non-integral variables, and 3) using vector representations to put the integral in a compact form. By doing so, the hard-to-solve integrals are evaluated analytically in advance and the accurate inverse dynamics are established accordingly. Numerical simulations are conducted to evaluate the performances of the newly proposed model.
Magnetically Actuated Artificial Microswimmers As Mobile Microparticle Manipulators
Authors: Buzhardt Jake , Tallapragada Phanindra
Published: November 2019

Publisher’s Note:

This paper was selected for publication in ASME Letters in Dynamic Systems and Control.

https://www.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/lettersdynsys/article/doi/10.1115/1.4046581/1075682/Magnetically-Actuated-Artificial-Microswimmers-as
Neural-Based Control of Compliant Foils With Spanwise Flexibility
Authors: Haecker Annika-verena , Carryon Gabriel N. , Tangorra James L. , Sattel Thomas
Published: November 2019

The ability to change the spatial distribution of a compliant foil’s flexural rigidity can enhance the foil’s swimming performance capabilities but pose challenges to neural-based control of these types of foils. The same property that makes these foil’s effective propulsors also makes them challenging to control with a neural oscillator, namely the variation in the mechanical properties will cause the amplitude and phase of the sensory feedback signal to vary depending upon the placement of the sensor. In this study we investigate the effect of sensor placement on the entrainment characteristics of a coupled-system consisting of a neural oscillator driving a series of compliant foils with spanwise flexibility (i.e. spatially varying mechanical properties in the dorsal-ventral direction). We find that acquiring sensory feedback from the foil’s stiff region produces a broader range of frequencies over which entrainment occurs compared to acquiring feedback from the compliant region of a foil. Additionally, we characterize the thrust and lift forces generated by spanwise foils as a function of the foil’s flapping frequency and flexural rigidity.
Energy Optimal Routing of a Delivery Vehicle Fleet With Diverse Powertrains
Authors: Arasu Mukilan T. , Anwar Hamza , Ahmed Qadeer , Rizzoni Giorgio
Published: November 2019

In this paper, an algorithm framework is developed to find energy-optimal routes for a mixed fleet of delivery vehicles. The fleet could be composed of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), and Internal Combustion Engine-powered conventional Vehicles (ICEVs) operating over the same service area from a common depot. Additionally, in the case of an HEV, the onboard energy management optimization determines the power split between the power sources on the vehicle based on the route information available. The framework presented in this paper takes into account information related to static conditions (such as topography, payload, and driving distance) and dynamic driving conditions (such as traffic incidents and traffic lights). The route optimization can then be done for various cost functions such as energy consumption, operating costs or maximizing goods throughput. The simulation results demonstrate elements of the route planning framework for benchmark grid problems and real-world road maps.
Multi-Physics Dynamic Modeling and Transient Simulation of a Multi-Stage Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG)
Authors: McConnell Jonathan , Das Tuhin , Caesar Andres , Hoy James , Veeravalli Prithvi
Published: November 2019

This paper presents a dynamic model of a three-pressure-stage Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) system. It is developed on the Siemens T3000 plant monitoring environment. The multi-physics mathematical model captures essential physical phenomena of the HRSG system such as thermodynamics, heat transfer, phase change, fluid dynamics, etc. as well as their couplings. Fast simulation of the dynamic model is achieved and real-time execution is feasible. Aside from heat exchange elements such as economizers and superheaters, the critical components of the model are the high, intermediate, and low pressure boilers. Here, phase transitions and widely different operating pressures pose unique computational challenges and demand accurate modeling of mass and energy balance during unsteady conditions. A two-mode dynamics has been implemented in modeling the boilers. The model switches between these modes during transients. Through collaboration with Siemens Energy Inc., the model’s transient behavior and steady values have been validated with selected transient startup-data from a real HRSG.