bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward an Operational Anthropogenic CO2 Emissions Monitoring and Verification Support Capacity
Authors: Janssens-Maenhout G. , Pinty B. , Dowell M. , Zunker H. , Andersson E. , Balsamo G. , Bézy J.-L. , Brunhes T. , Bösch H. , Bojkov B. , Brunner D. , Buchwitz M. , Crisp D. , Ciais P. , Counet P. , Dee D. , Denier van der Gon H. , Dolman H. , Drinkwater M. R. , Dubovik O. , Engelen R. , Fehr T. , Fernandez V. , Heimann M. , Holmlund K. , Houweling S. , Husband R. , Juvyns O. , Kentarchos A. , Landgraf J. , Lang R. , Löscher A. , Marshall J. , Meijer Y. , Nakajima M. , Palmer P. I. , Peylin P. , Rayner P. , Scholze M. , Sierk B. , Tamminen J. , Veefkind P.
Published: February 2020

Under the Paris Agreement (PA), progress of emission reduction efforts is tracked on the basis of regular updates to national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories, referred to as bottom-up estimates. However, only top-down atmospheric measurements can provide observation-based evidence of emission trends. Today, there is no internationally agreed, operational capacity to monitor anthropogenic GHG emission trends using atmospheric measurements to complement national bottom-up inventories. The European Commission (EC), the European Space Agency, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites, and international experts are joining forces to develop such an operational capacity for monitoring anthropogenic CO2 emissions as a new CO2 service under the EC’s Copernicus program. Design studies have been used to translate identified needs into defined requirements and functionalities of this anthropogenic CO2 emissions Monitoring and Verification Support (CO2MVS) capacity. It adopts a holistic view and includes components such as atmospheric spaceborne and in situ measurements, bottom-up CO2 emission maps, improved modeling of the carbon cycle, an operational data-assimilation system integrating top-down and bottom-up information, and a policy-relevant decision support tool. The CO2MVS capacity with operational capabilities by 2026 is expected to visualize regular updates of global CO2 emissions, likely at 0.05° x 0.05°. This will complement the PA’s enhanced transparency framework, providing actionable information on anthropogenic CO2 emissions that are the main driver of climate change. This information will be available to all stakeholders, including governments and citizens, allowing them to reflect on trends and effectiveness of reduction measures. The new EC gave the green light to pass the CO2MVS from exploratory to implementing phase.
Gastropharyngeal Anastomotic Leak in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Following Initiation of a Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor: A Case Report of an Unusual Side Effect of Cabozantinib
Authors: Ackerman Jaeger , Kent Sean , Walker Paul
Published: February 2020

Background:

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) accounts for 1% to 2% of thyroid cancers in the United States. When identified early, total thyroidectomy is most often curative. However, in advanced disease, more aggressive treatment such as laryngectomy and esophagectomy may be indicated. Postsurgical fistula formation and leak is a potential complication in such cases. These fistulas are most likely to occur at the anastomotic site in cases of laryngectomy or esophagectomy. Concomitant chemotherapy and radiation increase this risk. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) such as Cabozantinib are used as therapy for metastatic MTC. These drugs have previously been associated with dehiscence of anastomotic sites in the gastrointestinal tract. While previously identified in the bowel, this report represents the first documented case of gastropharyngeal anastomosis leak described in the context of TKI use for head and neck cancer.

Case Presentation:

We present the case of a 72-year-old male previously diagnosed with MTC. His gastropharyngeal anastomosis status-post laryngopharyngectomy and gastric pull up had been stable for 23 years. Over the past year, he developed back pain and was found to have spinal metastases of MTC. He was subsequently started on Cabozantinib to slow the progression of the disease. Within months of starting this TKI, a bleeding pharyngocutaneous fistula developed at the anastomosis site of the gastric pull up and pharynx. Upon discontinuation of Cabozantinib, the fistula healed with no further complications.

Conclusions:

To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of gastropharyngeal anastomotic leak related to TKI use. A causal relationship is highly plausible given the previously stable anastomosis and the suspicious advent of complications within months of initiation of this new drug. While previously limited to cases of intraabdominal bowel dehiscence, this report now suggests that wound dehiscence must be considered a known side effect of TKIs throughout the gastrointestinal tract, including the gastropharynx. As such, the risk of anastomotic dehiscence should be discussed with the patient prior to starting a TKI.
The King and the Two Prostitutes (1 Kgs 3:16–27): A Case for the Relevance of Narratorial Comment in Biblical Narratives
Authors: Omodunbi Olumuyiwa Anthony
Published: February 2020

The narrative of the King and the Two Prostitutes (1 Kgs 3:16–27) presents the reader with a riddle to identify the true mother of the living child. While the king knows and sees the true mother, the reader is to discover the same through the literary indications within the narrative. However, some translations of the bible explicitly affirm that the first woman is the mother of the living child. Such identification is seen in the Septuagint (LXX) and some modern English translations (NRSV, NEB, RSV). This essay, however, takes a different stand from the popular opinion expressed in these translations. The essay argues that paying attention to narratorial comment and its implications for reading the entire narrative leads the reader to conclude that the second woman could have been the true mother of the living child.
Development of School Food Education: Teachers’ Teaching Interventions in Urban Middle Schools of Northern Taiwan
Authors: Whang Nai-Ying , Yan Ling-Fang
Published: February 2020

This research explores current teaching interventions in the development of school food education in urban schools of northern Taiwan, focusing on the relationship between teachers’ teaching attitudes, teaching knowledge, and teaching commitments. As the urban schools of northern Taiwan (Taipei, New Taipei City, and Taoyuan City) are all classified as metropolitan areas, schools in these areas place a greater emphasis on students’ dietary habits. This study therefore selected urban middle schools of these three connected municipalities as the research area. It adopted stratified random methods for sampling and designed questionnaires to collect data. A total of 748 urban middle school teachers were selected as research participants. A total of 652 valid questionnaires were recovered, which generated an effective recovery rate of 87.17% among 59 urban middle schools. The results for teaching attitudes, environmental awareness, and food awareness are important. For teaching knowledge, teachers’ professional knowledge, class management knowledge, and academic research knowledge are significant. They will facilitate the development of school food education. Despite the limitations, the study can provide teachers with multiple technologies to fulfill food education through teaching interventions.
Designing for Adaptation in Workers’ Individual Behaviors and Collective Structures With Cognitive Work Analysis: Case Study of the Diagram of Work Organization Possibilities
Authors: Elix Ben , Naikar Neelam
Published: February 2020

Objective

We demonstrate that the diagram of work organization possibilities, a recent addition to cognitive work analysis, can be used to develop designs that promote adaptation in the workplace.

Background

Workers in sociotechnical systems adapt not just their individual behaviors but also their collective structures in dealing with instability, uncertainty, and unpredictability in their tasks. However, conventional design approaches are limited in supporting adaptations in both workers’ behaviors and structures, especially during unforeseen situations. The work organization possibilities diagram has the potential to meet these requirements, but its value for design has not been established.

Method

We present a case study of a future system for maritime surveillance that provides an analytical demonstration of the utility of the diagram for design and empirical validation of the impact, uniqueness, and feasibility of this approach in an industrial setting.

Results

This application results in a team design that is integrated with the career and training progression pathway of the crew in a way that maximizes the system’s behavioral and structural possibilities for adaptation. Further, the approach has impact on practice, makes a distinct contribution to design relative to other techniques, and is implemented feasibly in an industrial setting.

Conclusion

The work organization possibilities diagram can contribute to the development of an integrated system design that supports actors’ possibilities for behavioral and structural adaptation in a unified fashion.

Application

This research provides a basis for designing interfaces, teams, training, and automation that preserve a system’s inherent capacity for adaptation.
Integrating internet of things in electrical engineering education
Authors: Alharbi Fahd
Published: February 2020

The Saudi Vision 2030 plan is based on three pillars: the Kingdom’s statues as a center for Arab and Islamic countries, stimulating the economy by diversifying revenues and taking advantage of the strategic location that makes the country a center of trade and gateway to the world. The initiative to establish the city of Neom emerges to achieve the objective of reducing the country’s dependence on oil, diversifying its economy, and developing public services sectors. NEOM project focuses on several sectors such as energy and water, mobility, biotech, advanced manufacturing, and digital sciences. One of the main sustainability factors for a smart city as NEOM project is the human factor. It is important to qualify engineers to be able to operate and maintain digital technology such as internet of things applications and devices. In this article, we propose integrating the internet of things technology and applications into the electrical engineering education to introduce students to the future skills and enable them to participate in the sustainability of Saudi Vision 2030.
Tensile properties of ply splice fiber reinforced composite laminates
Authors: Zhu Meng , Chen Dingding , Xing Suli , Hu Qigao , Wang Rui
Published: February 2020

To fabricate large-scale or unusually shaped composite structures, pieces of reinforcement plies can be spliced to match specific size and shape requirements, forming ply splice structures. The junction of different plies can be considered a defect in the final material, affecting the mechanical properties. In this paper, ply splice carbon fiber reinforced plastics were studied to analyze the fracture mechanism caused by the ply splice, including the effects of the junction geometry and the ply angle. Tensile tests were performed, assisted with digital image correlation for strain distribution analysis and acoustic emission for break mode analysis. The finite element method was also performed using ABAQUS software to study the fracture mechanism. In order to analyze the interlaminar fracture, the interface was simulated with cohesive elements. The results showed that, for a unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced plastics with ply splice, fracturing occurred first at the junction location and then at the interfaces between the splicing layers and the continuous layers. The final strength was determined by the number of continuous layers. The ply-angle had evident effects on the properties of carbon fiber reinforced plastics with ply splices. For a stacking sequence of [± 30°]5S, the effects of the ply splice on the strength and the fracture mode were similar to the effect with unidirectional plates. For a stacking sequence of [± 45°]5S, the ply splice had no effect on the fracture mode, but it did decrease the strength slightly. For a stacking sequence of [± 60°]5S, almost no effect of the ply splice structure could be observed.

PACS (optional, as per journal): 75.40.-s; 71.20.LP
Readability of statutory letters issued by Forensic Services in NHS Scotland
Authors: Lim Ying Tian , Bennett Daniel M
Published: February 2020

Written material provides an important way for services to communicate with patients. Those who require detention under the Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003 or the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 in Forensic Services within NHS Scotland are usually issued with statutory letters that contain information about their detention. To ensure that letters are readable by patients, templates of such letters were obtained from all health boards in Scotland and analysed using readability indices. Response rate across health boards was 92% (12/13). The results were compared according to readability threshold, types of letters, legal orders and health boards. Between 11.9% and 57.6% of issued letters were found not to be readable. It was also found that there were significant differences in readability across health boards. The study modified the original template of letters, and post-modification readability significantly improved. It may be helpful for patients if NHS Scotland issued such letters with improved readability or introduced a standard template.
Desensitizing Effect of Frequently Witnessing Death in an Occupation: A Study With Turkish Health-Care Professionals
Authors: Baykan Necmi , Arslantürk Gökhan , Durukan Polat
Published: February 2020

This study aimed to investigate anxiety and fear of death created by the consciousness of death in professionals who frequently witness death and to determine variables related to the dimensions of mortality awareness. Data were gathered from 212 health-care employees, primarily those in emergency medicine and intensive care. Variance analysis was used to assess sex and experience groups using the Bonferroni post hoc test. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to determine the predictive relationships. Health-care employees’ fear of death decreased with experience. No significant difference was observed between the experience groups in terms of conservatism values such as conformity, tradition, and security in the theory of basic human values. Empathy level was determined to be significantly predictive of the mortality awareness dimensions. These findings indicate a desensitization effect of witnessing the death, contrary to that predicted by the terror management theory.
No Differences in Active Young Adults’ Affective Valence or Enjoyment Between Rowing and Cycling
Authors: Astorino Todd A. , Oriente Chandler , Peterson Jill , Alberto Giannina , Castillo Erica Elena , Vasquez-Soto Ulices , Ibarra Esmerelda , Guyse Victoria , Castaneda-Garcia Ivan , Marroquin Joel R. , Dargis Rachel , Thum Jacob
Published: February 2020

Regular participation in continuous exercise modalities including running, walking, cycling, and rowing is an effective way to satisfy public health recommendations for moderate intensity continuous training. Rowing and cycling are each nonweight bearing, yet they differ, based on the size of muscle mass required. As it is unknown whether this discrepancy alters participants’ perceptual responses to exercise, this study examined differences in affective valence and enjoyment between rowing and cycling. Active men and women ( N = 22; Mage = 27.4, SD =7.7 years; Mbody mass index = 23.6, SD =  2.8 kg/m2) initially performed incremental exercise on the cycle ergometer and rowing ergometer to assess maximal oxygen uptake. During two subsequent sessions, they performed 30 minutes of graded exercise on either modality at intensities equal to 60-65%, 70-75%, and 80-85% maximal heart rate, during which we measured affective valence (Feeling Scale), rating of perceived exertion (RPE: 6–20), and enjoyment. Results showed a significant increase in RPE ( p < .001) and decrease in affective valence ( p <  .001) during exercise, but no difference in RPE, affective valence, or enjoyment in response to cycling versus rowing. In total, nine participants preferred cycling to rowing, while 13 preferred rowing to cycling. Overall, rowing and cycling elicit similar changes in RPE, affective valence, and enjoyment. Future work is needed to assess the applicability of these findings to larger and more diverse populations.
ICD-10-CM–Based Definitions for Emergency Department Opioid Poisoning Surveillance: Electronic Health Record Case Confirmation Study
Authors: Slavova Svetla , Quesinberry Dana , Costich Julia F. , Pasalic Emilia , Martinez Pedro , Martin Julia , Eustice Sarah , Akpunonu Peter , Bunn Terry L.
Published: February 2020

Objectives:

Valid opioid poisoning morbidity definitions are essential to the accuracy of national surveillance. The goal of our study was to estimate the positive predictive value (PPV) of case definitions identifying emergency department (ED) visits for heroin or other opioid poisonings, using billing records with International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) codes.

Methods:

We examined billing records for ED visits from 4 health care networks (12 EDs) from October 2015 through December 2016. We conducted medical record reviews of representative samples to estimate the PPVs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of (1) first-listed heroin poisoning diagnoses (n = 398), (2) secondary heroin poisoning diagnoses (n = 102), (3) first-listed other opioid poisoning diagnoses (n = 452), and (4) secondary other opioid poisoning diagnoses (n = 103).

Results:

First-listed heroin poisoning diagnoses had an estimated PPV of 93.2% (95% CI, 90.0%-96.3%), higher than secondary heroin poisoning diagnoses (76.5%; 95% CI, 68.1%-84.8%). Among other opioid poisoning diagnoses, the estimated PPV was 79.4% (95% CI, 75.7%-83.1%) for first-listed diagnoses and 67.0% (95% CI, 57.8%-76.2%) for secondary diagnoses. Naloxone was administered in 867 of 1055 (82.2%) cases; 254 patients received multiple doses. One-third of all patients had a previous drug poisoning. Drug testing was ordered in only 354 cases.

Conclusions:

The study findings suggest that heroin or other opioid poisoning surveillance definitions that include multiple diagnoses (first-listed and secondary) would identify a high percentage of true-positive cases.
The effect of additives and process parameters on the pilot-scale manufacturing of polylactic acid sub-microfibers by melt electrospinning
Authors: Koenig Kylie , Hermanns Stefan , Ellerkmann Jacqueline , Saralidze Katie , Langensiepen Fabian , Seide Gunnar
Published: February 2020

Sub-microfibers are polymer filaments less than 1 µm in diameter that can be fabricated into highly flexible materials with a large specific surface area. They are often produced by solvent or melt electrospinning. The former is a scalable process that produces thinner fibers but requires hazardous solvents, whereas the latter is more environmentally sustainable due to the absence of solvents but is more challenging to scale up. Here we investigated the manufacturing of biobased polylactic acid (PLA) sub-microfibers by melt electrospinning using a single-nozzle laboratory-scale device and a novel 600-nozzle pilot-scale device combined with conductive and viscosity-reducing additives: sodium stearate (NaSt), sodium chloride (NaCl) and a polyester-based plasticizer. We determined the effect of different additive concentrations on fiber diameter, thermal properties, polymer degradation, and fiber deposition. At the laboratory scale, the minimum average fiber diameter (16.44 µm) was accomplished by adding 2% (w/w) NaCl, but a stable spinning process was not achieved and the plasticizer did not reduce the melt viscosity. NaSt was the most effective additive in terms of adapting the material properties of PLA for melt electrospinning, but extensive polymer degradation occurred at higher temperatures and with higher concentrations of the additive. At the pilot-scale, the minimum average fiber diameter (3.77 µm) was achieved by adding 6% (w/w) NaSt, with a spinneret temperature of 195℃ and a spin pump speed of 0.5 rpm (0.16 cm3), without further improvements such as the integration of a heating chamber. The smallest single-fiber diameter (1.23 µm) was achieved under the same conditions but using a spin pump speed of 2 rpm. The scaled-up melt-electrospinning device therefore offers significant potential for the production of biobased sub-microfibers, bridging the gap between laboratory-scale and pilot-scale manufacturing.
CEO Greed, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Organizational Resilience to Systemic Shocks
Authors: Sajko Miha , Boone Christophe , Buyl Tine
Published: February 2020

In this study, we explore how top executives affect the well-being of multiple stakeholders and long-run organizational outcomes. In the context of the 2008 global financial crisis (GFC), we examine how CEO greed impacts firms’ stance toward corporate social responsibility (CSR) prior to the onset of the GFC and how this, in turn, shapes firms’ fate during and after the GFC. We argue that CEO greed will be negatively associated with CSR, because in their unbridled pursuit of personal wealth, greedy CEOs are more likely to exhibit myopic behaviors and neglect investment in CSR. We also adopt a person-pay interactionist logic to theorize that the willingness of greedy executives to invest in CSR will be especially sensitive to different types of pay instruments. Next, we build on recent findings from research on CSR that suggest that stakeholder engagement is a defining feature of resilient organizations. We expect that, due to low CSR investment, firms led by greedy CEOs will experience greater losses in the short run and will take longer time to recover from the 2008 GFC. For a sample of 301 CEOs of public U.S. organizations, we analyzed the stock prices and found general support for our hypotheses.
Reasonableness as a virtue of citizenship and the opacity respect requirement
Authors: Liveriero Federica
Published: February 2020

This article defends a specific account of reasonableness as a virtue of liberal citizenship. I specify an account of reasonableness that I argue is more consistent with the phenomenology of intersubjective exchanges among citizens over political matters in contexts of deep disagreement. My reading requires reasonable citizens to undertake an attitude of epistemic modesty while deliberating public matters with agents who hold views different from theirs. In contrast with my view, I debate Martha Nussbaum’s and Steven Wall’s accounts of reasonableness and specify why I believe that these proposals, although interesting, both require revisions. Distinguishing my account from theirs, I specify the normative relation between reasonableness and a general framework of political legitimacy that identifies citizens as ‘co-authors of democratic decisions’. Here, I argue that the liberal ideal of ascribing to each member of the constituency the status of putative epistemic authority can be properly fulfilled if coupled with a correct specification of the political ideal of mutual respect. I conclude claiming that opacity respect, a notion of respect according to which the recognition respect that is owed to individuals is expressed by the idea that we have to treat them as ‘opaque’, is the most adequate concept of political respect when dealing with interpersonal deliberations at political level in contexts of deep disagreement.
(Re-)Defining Disadvantage: Untouchability, Criminality and ‘Tribe’ in India, c. 1910s–1950s
Authors: Gandee Sarah
Published: February 2020

In contemporary India, the arena of identity politics and ‘reservations’ is highly contentious, with groups clamouring for official recognition within the categories of Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe or Other Backward Class. This article sheds new light on the wider processes of inclusion and exclusion among these categories by delineating the contested position of the so-called ‘criminal tribes’ within this framework. Until the 1920s, these criminalized communities were generally positioned as a separate group alongside ‘untouchable’ and ‘tribal’ communities, each of which was considered to have faced particular forms of disadvantage which demanded certain protections and ‘uplift’. Between the 1920s and 1950s, however, this distinct status was withdrawn amid debates over the boundaries, purpose and indeed responsibilities of representation within the evolving framework of group rights. While there was continued recognition of their distinct status in debates over definitions of disadvantage (in terms of a shared history of criminalization), this did not translate into official recognition as a separate category of disadvantaged citizen after independence, thereby complicating these communities’ ability to access the preferential policies inaugurated by the independent constitution in 1950. The article challenges the idea that these political categories are innate or fixed, and simultaneously historicizes the demands of the denotified (ex-‘criminal’) and nomadic tribe movement, which today campaigns for a separate constitutional classification within the ‘reservations’ regime.
Musical taste, in-group favoritism, and social identity theory: Re-testing the predictions of the self-esteem hypothesis
Authors: Lonsdale Adam J
Published: February 2020

Musical taste is thought to function as a social “badge” of group membership, contributing to an individual’s sense of social identity. Following from this, social identity theory predicts that individuals should perceive those who share their musical tastes more favorably than those who do not. Social identity theory also asserts that this in-group favoritism is motivated by the need to achieve, maintain, or enhance a positive social identity and self-esteem (i.e., the “self-esteem hypothesis”). The findings of the present study supported both of these predictions. Participants rated fans of their favorite musical style significantly more favorably than fans of their least favorite musical style. The present findings also offer, for the first time, evidence of significant positive correlations between an individual’s self-esteem and the in-group bias shown to those who share their musical tastes. However, significant relationships with in-group identification also indicate that self-esteem is unlikely to be the sole factor responsible for this apparent in-group bias. Together these findings suggest that those who share our musical taste are likely to be regarded as in-group members and will be subject to in-group favoritism according to our self-esteem and how strongly we identify with our fellow music fans.
Properties of 3D Printing Mortar with the Development of a 3D Construction Printing (3DCP) Delivery System
Authors: Verian Kho P. , Kowaleski Scott R. , Carli Matthew D. , Bright Randall P. , Maandi Eerik , Sill Gary
Published: February 2020

Over the last few years, 3D construction printing (3DCP), also known as additive manufacturing (AM) or rapid prototyping (RP), has increased in popularity in the construction industry. This method, which integrates automation in the building process, provides advantages over conventional construction techniques. These advantages include reduced cost, increased time efficiency, and safer construction process. This paper provides information regarding test methods and the properties of a prototype cementitious material designed for 3DCP. The tests include the determination of fresh properties (i.e., flow, unit weight, viscosity, and set times) and mechanical properties (i.e., compressive, tensile, and shear strengths). The potential of the material is demonstrated by 3D printing a structure 100 cm (40 in.) long and 30 cm (12 in.) high. The potential application of a “cured-on-demand” technique in 3DCP is also demonstrated.
Retears and Concomitant Functional Impairments After Rotator Cuff Repair: Shoulder Activity as a Risk Factor
Authors: Chen Yuzhou , Jiang Fangyi , Li Hong , Chen Shiyi , Qiao Yang , Li Yunxia , Hua Yinghui , Chen Jiwu , Ge Yunshen
Published: February 2020

Background:

Most patients return successfully to shoulder involving sports or activity after rotator cuff repairs. It has not been decided yet whether postoperative participation in shoulder activity adds to the risk of retear.

Purpose/Hypothesis:

The purpose was to verify whether patients who participate in shoulder activities after rotator cuff repair have a higher risk of structural failure than nonactive patients and to investigate the relationship between postoperative shoulder function and tendon integrity in active and nonactive patients. The hypotheses were that (1) active patients have a higher retear rate than nonactive patients and (2) structural failure is associated with worse functional outcomes in active patients.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

A cohort study was performed using 145 patients who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair from 2015 to 2017. Functional assessments and magnetic resonance imaging were performed at least 24 months postoperatively. Shoulder activities since 6 months after surgery were rated in 4 categories (sports, job, activities of daily life, and weight of general lifting) as sedentary, light, moderate, or strenuous. The activity level of each patient was defined by the highest rated category. Patients who were involved in light, moderate, and strenuous activity were identified as active for the present study, and the rest were defined as sedentary. The proportion of retears between groups and the functional conditions between retorn and intact tendons were compared.

Results:

A total of 48 patients were enrolled in the active group, and 97 were enrolled in the sedentary group. The active group demonstrated a significantly higher retear rate than the sedentary group (27.1% vs 11.3%, respectively; P = .016; risk ratio, 2.39 [95% CI, 1.16-4.93]). In the active group, patients with retears showed higher visual analog scale scores for pain, decreased abduction strength, and lower shoulder functional scores (American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score, Fudan University Shoulder Score, and Constant-Murley score) than those with healed tendons, whereas in the sedentary group, functional outcomes were generally similar across patients with and without retears.

Conclusion:

Shoulder activity after the early postoperative period was associated with a high risk of retears in patients who underwent rotator cuff repair. A correlation between inhibited function and structural failure was detected but only in active patients, while sedentary patients with retears retained functional improvements similar to those with intact tendons.
The legacy of war: The effect of militias on postwar repression
Authors: Carey Sabine C , González Belén
Published: February 2020

How do wartime legacies affect repression after the conflict ends? Irregular forces support the government in many civil wars. We argue that if this link continues after the war, respect for human rights declines. As “tried and tested” agents they are less likely to shirk when given the order to repress. Governments might also keep the militias as a “fall-back option”, which results in more repression. Analyzing data from 1981 to 2014 shows that pro-government militias that were inherited from the previous conflict are consistently associated with worse repression, but newly created ones are not. Wartime pro-government militias target a broader spectrum of the population and are linked to worse state violence. New militias usually supplement wartime ones and use violence primarily against political opponents. This study highlights the detrimental impact of war legacies.
Economic sanctions and income inequality: impacts of trade restrictions and foreign aid suspension on target countries
Authors: Jeong Jin Mun
Published: February 2020

This research examines the relationship between economic sanctions and income inequality of sanctioned states. Economic sanctions have a discernible effect on target income inequality. I argue that such an effect significantly varies across sanctions instruments and economic conditions of sanctioned countries. Data analysis for 152 countries from 1974 to 2011 shows that import sanctions increase inequality of labor-abundant targets, but such an effect disappears in labor-scarce targets, whereas the findings provide no reliable evidence for the effect of export sanctions. The results also suggest that foreign aid sanctions reduce the inequality of targets that are significantly dependent on foreign assistance.
The Right to a Good Defense: Investigating the Influence of Attorney Type Across Urban Counties for Juveniles in Criminal Court
Authors: Zane Steven N. , Singer Simon I. , Welsh Brandon C.
Published: February 2020

Juvenile defendants in criminal court represent an especially vulnerable group for whom quality legal representation is critical. While some juvenile defendants are able to obtain private counsel, indigent defendants are provided an attorney by the government. One long-standing concern is that these court-appointed attorneys are less effective. Using data on juveniles in criminal court across 37 large, urban counties, the present study examines conviction and sentencing outcomes by comparing private counsel, public defenders, and assigned counsel. Results indicate that defendants with public defenders were less likely to be convicted, less likely to be incarcerated in prison, and served shorter prison sentences compared to defendants with assigned counsel. Contrary to hypotheses, however, the effect of attorney type was not conditioned by court urbanism. The findings suggest that public defenders provide effective legal representation for juveniles in criminal court. Research is needed to determine whether this holds across different contexts (e.g., rural).
Stronger State School Nutrition Laws Are Associated With Healthier Eating Behaviors and Optimal Weight Status in US Adolescents
Authors: Sanjeevi Namrata , Lipsky Leah M. , Nansel Tonja R. , Haynie Denise , Liu Aiyi , Simons-Morton Bruce
Published: February 2020

Purpose:

To investigate relationships of farm-to-school, school meal, and competitive food state laws with eating behaviors and weight status and to examine interaction between different types of state laws.

Design:

Observational cohort study.

Settings:

US adolescents.

Participants:

The NEXT study is a nationally representative sample of adolescents assessed annually for 7 years. Data (N = 2751) from students attending public schools from the first (W1) and third (W3) assessment waves (2010 and 2012), occurring during grades 10 and 12, respectively, of the NEXT study were included.

Measures:

Eating behaviors and weight status of adolescents were linked with Classification of Laws Associated with School Students scoring for state laws.

Analysis:

Regression analyses examined associations of laws with intake and weight status, accounting for complex survey design and school-level clustering.

Results:

Adolescents in states with strong farm-to-school laws had greater W1 whole fruit, lower soda, and snack intakes versus those in states with no laws. Strong school meal laws were associated with lower W1 soda intake. Adolescents in states with strong competitive food laws had lower soda intake and overweight/obesity odds than those in states with no laws in W3. Strong farm-to-school laws were inversely associated with W3 overweight/obesity odds only in states with strong competitive food laws.

Conclusions:

Stronger laws governing school nutrition were related to healthier eating behaviors and optimal weight status in this nationally representative sample of adolescents. Further, farm-to-school laws may be more effective in reducing obesity when combined with strong competitive food legislation.
Race/Ethnic Variations in Predictors of Health Consciousness Within the Cancer Prevention Context
Authors: Nevarez Lucinda , Hovick Shelly R. , Enard Kimberly R. , Lloyd Stacy M. , Kahlor Lee Ann
Published: February 2020

Purpose:

Although the literature establishes a link between health consciousness (HC) and prevention behavior, less explored are the individual, social, and health characteristics that are associated with increased HC. Similarly, underexamined is the influence of race and ethnicity on the relationship of these characteristics to higher levels of HC.

Design:

This cross-sectional study aims to identify and assess the relative importance of factors associated with higher levels of HC, highlighting the role of race and ethnicity.

Participants:

Participants came from a national research panel survey (N = 1007).

Measures:

Participants completed a 4-item scale capturing key concepts of HC as well as questionnaires capturing demographic profiles, social support, social networking activities, and health status.

Analysis:

A stepwise multiple regression was used to identify significant predictors of HC.

Results:

Female and more educated participants report higher levels of HC. African American and Hispanic participants report higher levels of HC compared to white participants. Findings indicate social support, social network participation, education, cancer survivorship, and health status were positively associated with higher HC for the collective sample. However, results revealed variations in factors associated with higher HC when stratified by race/ethnicity.

Conclusion:

Findings suggest that interventions aiming to motivate cancer prevention behaviors within at-risk communities may find more success by incorporating factors that are aligned with increased HC among culturally diverse populations.
Policy Narratives of Accountability and Social-Emotional Learning
Authors: Allbright Taylor N. , Marsh Julie A.
Published: February 2020

The paradigm of test-based accountability has been a dominant force for decades, yet some argue that we have recently witnessed a dramatic change in the key beliefs influencing educational policy. To understand the extent of this transformation, we investigated the policy narrative supporting the adoption of a multiple measure accountability system in California’s CORE Districts. Our data revealed a narrative integrating key beliefs about knowledge, accountability, and social-emotional learning. This narrative continues the major themes of the previous accountability paradigm, but with two notable differences regarding the use of measurement data and role of social-emotional learning.
Business-Inspired School Reform in the Era of Financialization: Not Business as Usual
Authors: Cohen Michael Ian
Published: February 2020

Business-inspired school reform policies in the United States date back to the late 19th century. In the last four decades, however, while school reformers have continued to borrow policies and practices from the business world, the dominant business model itself has changed dramatically as part of the financialization of the economy. Once a bureaucratically governed social institution, focused on long-term stability and committed to multiple stakeholders, the corporation has become a destabilized network of temporary contracting relationships, singularly focused on maximizing shareholder value. This conceptual article explores what it means for schools, as public and democratic institutions, to emulate business in the era of financialization. Through analysis of several recent trends in business-inspired school reform policy, I demonstrate the diffusion of financialization logic and practices into public schools. I argue that while business may have historically been a problematic model for educational policy, business is now a uniquely unqualified model.
Test Scores, Identities, and Cultural Possibilities
Authors: Apple Michael W.
Published: February 2020

In my Reviewing Policy section of this journal I have often analyzed a number of significant books that focus on other nations. Such an international agenda is important. Analytically such a wider perspective provides fresh insights into the lenses we employ to understand crucial sets of social relations that are created by and create educational and larger dynamics. This international view has now taken a very interesting turn with the publication of Paul Willis’s newest book, Being Modern in China: A Western Cultural Analysis of Modernity, Tradition and Schooling in China Today. At the center of his analysis is the public school and especially the power of the national examinations in China as both structures that divide populations but also as powerful devices that embody identities both now and in the future. But it is much more than this. With its primary focus on both commodified and lived youth cultures, the book constitutes a substantive contribution to the questioning of the orthodox view of economic determinism within the political economy of education. Given this, it is definitely worth reading the book, but it is important to remember that this is indeed a “western” analysis.
The effect of glucose absorption from peritoneal dialysates on changes in lipid profiles in prevalent peritoneal dialysis patients
Authors: Law Steven , Davenport Andrew
Published: February 2020

The majority of peritoneal dialysates contain glucose, which can potentially be absorbed from the peritoneal cavity. Previous studies have reported an observation between dialysate glucose exposure and increases in total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) and triglycerides (TGs). As most of these studies reported glucose exposure in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), we wished to determine whether measured peritoneal glucose absorption resulted in an increase in lipid profile with CAPD and automated PD (APD) cycler treatments. Glucose absorption was measured in 143 patients; 89 (62.2%) males, 53 (37.1%) diabetics, mean age 61.3 ± 14.9 years, with 90 (62.1%) using a daytime icodextrin exchange; 37 (25.9%) CAPD, attending for their first assessment of peritoneal membrane function, when PD prescriptions were then individualised for peritoneal transporter status and repeated after 12 months. Median glucose absorption was 172.5 (75.5–265.5) mmol/day. Although glycated haemoglobin increased (42 ± 16 to 45.4 ± 17.7 mmol/mol, p = 0.006), there was no change in TC (4.8 ± 1.3 to 4.7 ± 1.3 mmol/L), high-density lipoproteins (1.39 ± 0.45 to 1.33 ± 0.51 mmol/L), LDL (2.48 ± 1.12 to 2.21 ± 0.87 mmol/L) or TGs (2.0 (1.3–2.6) to 2.0 (1.3–2.8) mmol/L, adjusted p > 0.05). We found no association between glucose absorption and either lipid profiles or changes in serum lipids. In the current era of APD cyclers and icodextrin, PD prescriptions can be individualised to accommodate patients with a different peritoneal transport status, so that despite daily glucose absorption from dialysates, and a minor increase in glycated haemoglobin, we were unable to demonstrate any significant increase in standard lipid profiles.
An unexpected cause of residual renal function loss
Authors: Soares Elsa , Valério Patricia , Abrantes Catarina , Furtado Teresa , Assunção José , Vaz Alvaro G
Published: February 2020

The residual renal function (RRF) in a peritoneal dialysis (PD) patient is clinically important because it contributes to dialytic adequacy, quality of life and mortality. We present the case of a patient in PD with a marked decrease in RRF. Even after the increase of dialysis, the patient maintained asthenia and anorexia, was prostrate and showed no improvement analytically. The study revealed hypothyroidism, iatrogenic due to the use of amiodarone. After suspension of the drug and replacement with levothyroxine, there was a normalization of thyroid function and recovery of RRF to baseline values. A thyroid dysfunction is associated with several changes in renal function, in most cases reversible after obtaining euthyroid state. The association between thyroid dysfunction and loss of RRF continues to be under-recognized. We should consider monitoring thyroid function annually as routine in this group of patients.
Life cycle cost analysis for the top-of-rail friction-modifier application: A case study from the Swedish iron ore line
Authors: Khan Saad Ahmed , Lundberg Jan , Stenström Christer
Published: February 2020

The application of top-of-rail friction modifiers (TOR-FMs) is claimed by their manufacturers as a well-established technique for minimising the damages in the wheel–rail interface. There are various methods for applying friction modifiers at the wheel–rail interface, among which stationary wayside systems are recommended by TOR-FM manufacturers when a distance of a few kilometres is to be covered. An on-board system is recommended when an area of many kilometres has to be covered and focus is more on particular trains. Trafikverket in Sweden is considering the implementation of the TOR-FM technology on the iron ore line. Directly implementing such technology can be inappropriate and expensive, because the life cycle cost of a TOR-FM system has never been assessed for the conditions of the iron ore line. In the present study, the life cycle cost is calculated for wayside and on-board application systems, by taking inputs from the research performed on iron ore line. The present research has taken the iron ore line as a case study, but the results will be applicable to other infrastructure with similar conditions. The results have shown that the wayside equipment is economically unfeasible for the iron ore line. In this case, the life cycle cost increases by 4% when the friction modifier is applied on all curves with a radius smaller than 550 m and by 19% when the friction modifier is applied on all curves with a radius smaller than 850 m. The on-board system used in this study is shown to be economically feasible, as it has a significantly lower operation and maintenance cost than the wayside equipment. The reduction in the maintenance (grinding and rail replacement) cost when the cost of the friction modifier application is added is 27% when the friction modifier is applied on curves with a radius smaller than 550 m and 23% when the friction modifier is applied on curves with a radius smaller than 850 m.