bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Неравенство Бернштейна для производных Вейля тригонометрических полиномов в пространстве $L_0$
Authors: Leont'eva Anastasiya Olegovna
Published: July 2018

Получена логарифмическая асимптотика поведения по $n$ точной
константы в неравенстве Бернштейна для производной Вейля
положительного нецелого порядка тригонометрических полиномов
порядка $n$ в пространстве $L_0$. Оказалось, что порядок поведения
этой константы по $n$ для положительных нецелых порядков производных
имеет показательный рост, в отличие от степенного роста в хорошо
исследованном случае классических производных целого положительного
порядка.
Библиография: 24 названия.
О дифференциальных инвариантах и классификации ОДУ
вида $y-A(x,y)y'+B(x,y)$
Authors: Bibikov Pavel Vitalievich
Published: July 2018

В работе с помощью методов геометрии пространств джетов
и геометрической теории дифференциальных уравнений изучается
класс обыкновенных дифференциальных уравнений второго порядка
вида $y-A(x,y)y'+B(x,y)$. Вычислена группа симметрий этого
класса уравнений, описано поле дифференциальных инвариантов
ее действия на уравнениях. С помощью этих результатов формулируется
и доказывается критерий локальной эквивалентности двух невырожденных
ОДУ вида $y-A(x,y)y'+B(x,y)$ с рациональными по $x$ и $y$
коэффициентами $A$ и $B$.
Библиография: 24 названия.
Универсальный подход к арифметике формальных групп
Authors: Vostokov Sergei Vladimirovich , Klimovitskii Iosif Leonidovich , Pital Petr Nikolaevich
Published: July 2018

В данной работе описан способ построения базиса кольца Лазара
с использованием коэффициентов универсальной изогении и даны
примеры применения этого метода.
Библиография: 4 названия.
Об асимптотике решений двучленных дифференциальных уравнений с сингулярными коэффициентами
Authors: Konechnaja Natalja Nikolaevna , Mirzoev Karakhan Agahan ogly , Shkalikov Andrei Andreevich
Published: July 2018

В работе получены асимптотические формулы при $x\to \infty$
для фундаментальной системы решений уравнения вида
\begin{equation*}
l(y): = (-1)^n(p(x)y^{(n)})^{(n)}+q(x)y=\lambda y, \qquad
x\in [1,\infty),
\end{equation*}
где локально суммируемая функция $p$ допускает представление
$$
p(x) = (1+r(x))^{-1},\qquad r\in L^1(1,\infty),
$$
а $q$ - обобщенная функция, представимая при некотором фиксированном $k$, $0\leqslant k\leqslant n$, в виде
$q= \sigma^{(k)}$, где
$$
\begin{aligned}
\sigma &\in L^1(1,\infty), \qquad если\quad k <n,

|\sigma|(1+|r|) (1+ |\sigma|)
&\in L^1(1,\infty), \qquad если\quad k = n.
\end{aligned}
$$
Аналогичные результаты получены для функций, допускающих при некотором фиксированном $k$, $0\leqslant k\leqslant n$, представление
$$
p(x) = x^{2n+\nu}(1+ r(x))^{-1},\qquad
q= \sigma^{(k)},\qquad \sigma(x)=x^{k+\nu} (\beta +s(x)),
$$
где функции $r$ и
$s$ удовлетворяют некоторым условиям интегрального убывания. Получены также теоремы об индексах дефекта минимального симметрического оператора, порожденного дифференциальным выражением $l(y)$
(при условии вещественности функций $p$ и $q$), и теоремы о спектрах соответствующих самосопряженных расширений. Полные доказательства даны только для случая $n=1$.
Библиография: 18 названий.
Stand-off Bridges in the Frankenstein Variorum Project
Authors: Beshero-Bondar Elisa E. , Viglianti Raffaele
Published: July 2018

Developing the Frankenstein Variorum Project has necessitated a reconciliation of extremely divergent markup ecosystems supporting multiple editions of a single novel. The reconciliation process involves breaking or flattening the original hierarchies to prioritize units of low-level lateral intersection, points shared in common to construct “bridge” or intermediary formats for processing with automated collation via CollateX. The output from the automated collation process also serves as an intermediary format that we transform into a TEI form of stand-off parallel segmentation, in which stand-off pointing mechanisms operate like a switchboard for connecting the individual editions which can remain (for the most part) undisturbed or unmarked from the collation process. The TEI “stand-off bridge” negotiates the distinct markup ecosystems in ways that can break the “silo” effect of isolating specially encoded editions. Far from an ephemeral support structure, the stand-off bridge upholds the whole as the “spine” of the variorum project because it improves the interoperability and interchangeability of all the markup ecosystems involved. Building the stand-off bridge effectively reconstitutes the hierarchies in a way that expresses intersections essentially as a graph structure of nodes with edge pointers to comparable nodes.

Our experience on the Frankenstein Variorum is consistent with other TEI projects that involve the curation of divergence, variance, and forking in text streams. Taken together, such projects illuminate how the TEI can organize textual data in ways other than an ordered hierarchy of content objects, and that the TEI can be turned to express unordered “lateral” intersections in ways that serve long-standing goals of the TEI community: interchangeability and interoperability of electronic texts. As Syd Bauman in particular has discussed, where interchangeability reflects the capacity for humans to negotiate and adapt to markup ecosystems from systematic navigation and documentation without needing to contact the encoder for help, interoperability reflects the capacity of software tools to process the markup without needing to change either it or the tools. Although we usually consider the needs of software interoperability as at odds with the richly expressive capacity of human-readable semantic interchange, this paper suggests that the TEI can be designed to prioritize the interests of both, from facilitating automated collation to generating an interlinking web interface that gives the user means to choose and change directions in navigating multiple editions as desired.
Flattening and unflattening XML markup: a Zen garden of XSLT and other tools
Authors: Birnbaum David J. , Beshero-Bondar Elisa E. , Sperberg-McQueen C. M.
Published: July 2018

From time to time, it may be necessary or expedient to flatten our XML documents by replacing the start- and end-tags of conventional XML content elements with empty place-marker elements (variously known as milestone elements or as Trojan horse markup). When we do, we will often wish, later, to restore the content elements we flattened. The purpose of this late-breaking presentation is to present a survey of ways to perform the task of unflattening or of raising: restoring a conventional XML element structure of content elements from a flattened XML document instance (or part of one), and comparing different solutions to see what we can learn from them.
How are dependent works realized?
Authors: Jett Jacob , Dubin David
Published: July 2018

When a work of authorship is published in a new edition, what exactly is the relationship between the edition and the contribution of the author or authors? Specifications in the FRBR family offer contrasting accounts of how we should understand the relationships among an edition, its text, and the work of authorship they realize. Resolving these puzzles could improve the integration of digital resources across widely distributed and increasingly heterogeneous projects, but simple recognition that these puzzles exist may prove as useful as (or even more so than) arguments that one account is more correct than the others.
Copy-fitting for Fun and Profit
Authors: Graham Tony
Published: July 2018

Copy-fitting is the fitting of words into the space available for them or, sometimes, adjusting the space available to fit the words. Copy-fitting is included in “Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) Requirements Version 2.0” and is a common feature of making real-world documents. This talk describes an ongoing internal project for automatically finding and fixing problems that can be fixed by copy fitting in XSL-FO.
White Hat Web Crawling: Industrial-Strength Web Crawling for Serious Content Acquisition
Authors: Gross Mark , Bilitzky Tammy , Dominelli Rich , Lieberman Allan
Published: July 2018

Much original source material today appears only on the web or with the web version as the copy of record. We have been developing methods and bots to facilitate high-volume data retrieval from hundreds of websites, in a variety of source formats (HTML, RTF, DOCX, TXT, XML, etc.), in both European and Asian languages. We produce a unified data stream which we then convert into XML for ingestion into derivative databases, data analytics platforms, and other downstream systems. We will examine the thought behind our approaches, the analysis techniques we used to detect and deal with website and content anomalies, our methods to detect meaningful content changes, and our approaches to verification.
TAGML: A markup language of many dimensions
Authors: Haentjens Dekker Ronald , Bleeker Elli , Buitendijk Bram , Kulsdom Astrid , Birnbaum David J.
Published: July 2018

This report presents new developments in three areas pertaining to Text As Graph (TAG), a data model that conceptualizes “what text really is” as a property hypergraph, which we first introduced at Balisage 2017. (Haentjens Dekker and Birnbaum 2017) In this new report 1) we propose a markup language for TAG, which we call TAGML; 2) we discuss a workflow, implemented in our Alexandria reference implementation of TAG, for editing TAG documents selectively, so as to retain a legible interface; and 3) we introduce some modifications in the TAG data model (principally the use of undirected edges to connect Text nodes).
Using Excel Spreadsheets to Communicate XML Analysis
Authors: Harvey Betty
Published: July 2018

What is the best approach for analyzing large XML datasets? Reading thousands (or possibly millions) of pages of raw XML to fully understand the markup constructs? This approach is just not feasible. CSS stylesheets are useful for displaying a few files of XML data but is not really efficient. I have found creating analysis information in Excel spreadsheets is a very useful tool for understanding the full XML data constructs. This approach is also understandable to stakeholders when trying to convey useful information about their datasets. This paper will describe an approach for creating document analysis Excel spreadsheets using XSLT and XML.
A lite DITA+ model for technical manuals
Authors: Jain Pradeep , Gollner Joe
Published: July 2018

Recent work with two major healthcare organizations on DITA XML revealed two somewhat contradictory requirements: (1) The DITA must be lightweight so that it is easy for non-technical users to understand, and (2) Additional elements and attributes were needed to manage organization-specific information. The content architecture team developed a method for creating derivatives of the DITA XML schema that accommodate these two requirements. The final XML content is compliant with DITA, and therefore allows open source and commercial software systems to be used. This presentation will describe the process and present some examples. We call it “Lite DITA Plus”!
The Journey of The History of the Accademia di San Luca, c. 1590-1635: Documents from the Archivio di Stato di Roma into and out of XML
Authors: Lukehart Peter M.
Published: July 2018

When we first undertook the creation of a research database of documents concerning the early history of the Accademia di San Luca in Rome (one of the first artists’ academies in Europe and the model for most subsequent institutions worldwide), we were fully committed to following the guidelines of the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI: http://www.tei-c.org/). Based principally on early modern documents in Latin and Italian, the project seemed perfectly tailored for the rich organizing and searching capabilities TEI provides. It also promised to be a future-proof and sustainable platform, anchored as it was in XML. From its launch in 2010 until about 2014, the site performed very well and it served tens of thousands of international researchers. What we had not anticipated, however, was that our bespoke website depended very much on the knowledge and expertise of our web architect, who had created a hybrid of TEI that allowed for automatization of tag creation and for the site to interact with content on other areas of the National Gallery of Art’s (NGA) website (under whose umbrella we function). The web architect’s untimely death in 2010 put the project in a precarious position vis-à-vis making corrections and updates, as the coding was not documented. Each change required hiring consultants at high cost. Adding to our predicament, the NGA changed platforms for its website and was henceforth requiring that all projects conform with its HTML program (CQ, now AEM, both Adobe products). Any outliers were responsible for providing all of their own maintenance and consulting needs, an expensive and time-consuming prospect. Faced with these compelling challenges, we decided to yield to forces beyond our control and migrated the entire website from TEI to HTML, which took over a year—from mid-2014 to late 2015. Good news accompanies this tale of loss of our foundation in XML principles: members of the team can now add content without any training in TEI; there is greater interoperability with the other areas of digital content on the NGA’s website; and we are able to benefit from the NGA’s participation in the International Image Interoperability Format (IIIF) initiative.
In Defence of Style Guides
Authors: Nordström Ari
Published: July 2018

This is a paper about that twilight zone beyond schemas, the place where style guides, those arcane instructions to authors about house style and how to produce content that is not only valid but stylistically consistent, are supposed to kick in but, these days, increasingly don't. It's a paper written in defence of style guides, why they are needed, and why better tools cannot replace them.
Markup ethics: Trolley problems for text encoders
Authors: Renear Allen H.
Published: July 2018

We are engineering; we are solving problems, improving reliability, effectiveness, efficiency. But more generally encoding decisions determine whether, how, how much, when, and for whom the information in our documents will be useful. This seems to be important not just instrumentally, but with respect to larger human interests as well, or even to the very largest human interests. Just how else to explain the earnestness, anger, fear, and tears one sees at Balisage? But problems abound, and some tradeoffs appear not just incalculable, but incommensurable. Left track or right?
Representing concurrent document structures using Trojan Horse markup
Authors: Sperberg-McQueen C. M.
Published: July 2018

The need for markup to handle multiple concurrent document structures has been clear at least since SGML introduced the CONCUR feature to support such markup. Few SGML users found the use of CONCUR necessary, few products ever supported it, and the designers of XML dropped it as an unnecessary complication. But those who need concurrent markup really need it. Fortunately, the functionality of CONCUR can be recreated more or less successfully in XML: one document structure can use conventional XML, while others use Trojan-Horse markup (DeRose 2004). Rabbit/duck grammars can be used to validate the document and to guide the creation of conventional schemas for use in editing tools.
Why are we here?
Authors: Sperberg-McQueen C. M.
Published: July 2018

Sometimes our technological specifications give rise to unexpected ecological niches which in turn give rise to unexpected communities.
The Markup Declaration
Authors: Walsh Norman , Tovey Bethan
Published: July 2018

Markup is a modern solution to an old problem: how to make what we know storable, searchable, and retrievable. Markup allows us to enrich our content so that we, and others, have access to its structure. Markup Declaration—both as a document and as a movement—aims to provide outreach; to bring a principled approach to declarative markup to those who are already using it; and to introduce the idea of markup to those who don't yet realise how much they need it.
Transcending structure: Applying shared markup vocabularies with your friends and enemies
Authors: Beck Jeffrey
Published: July 2018

Markup makes it easier to share. We share documents with our peers, our partners, and even our competitors. Communities of interest form, they define document structures, test them in practice, and affirm them by adoption. Joining a community has obvious advantages: reduced development costs, ease of interchange, tried and tested tools, and an available pool of authors, editors, and developers already familiar with the vocabulary.

Over time, the pace of vocabulary evolution slows naturally. The major structures are developed, applied, tested, and accepted. New structures are added more slowly, and more reluctantly. The community has transitioned into maintenance mode where large scale refactorings and backwards-incompatible changes are known to have burdonsome costs and “best practices” are known to make sharing easier.

What can the “Markup Community in General” do to support these stricter best practices communities?
“Be in the Room Where It Happens”
Authors: Morrissey Sheila , Meyer John , Bhattarai Sushil
Published: July 2018

Institutions such as Portico that are engaged in ensuring that the digital record of our time is accessible, usable, discoverable, and verifiable for the very long term continually face the challenge of processing and managing content at very large scales, often with minimal, and sometimes diminishing, resources to accomplish the task.

A key resource in meeting the challenge of preserving born-digital and digitized scholarly literature has been the NLM and JATS standards, and the community of practice centered on those standards. We will be talking about our shared experience in developing those standards: what motivated our participation, what benefits we have seen, and what challenges we still face.
JATS/BITS/NISO STS
Authors: Usdin B. Tommie , Lapeyre Deborah Aleyne
Published: July 2018

The Journal Article Tag Suite is an application of NISO Z39.96-2015, which defines a set of XML elements and attributes for tagging journal articles. BITS, the Book Interchange Tag Suite, and NISO STS, the NISO Standards Tag Suite, are applications of NISO Z39.96-2015 for books and standards. All of the models share a common foundation, customized to meet the needs of specific document types.
Simulation of atmospheric organic aerosol using its volatility–oxygen-content distribution during the PEGASOS 2012 campaign
Authors: Karnezi Eleni , Murphy Benjamin N. , Poulain Laurent , Herrmann Hartmut , Wiedensohler Alfred , Rubach Florian , Kiendler-Scharr Astrid , Mentel Thomas F. , Pandis Spyros N.
Published: July 2018

Abstract. A lot of effort has been made to understand and constrain the atmospheric aging of the organic aerosol (OA). Different parameterizations of the organic aerosol formation and evolution in the two-dimensional volatility basis set (2D-VBS) framework are evaluated using ground and airborne measurements collected in the 2012 Pan-European Gas AeroSOls-climate interaction Study (PEGASOS) field campaign in the Po Valley (Italy). A number of chemical aging schemes are examined, taking into account various functionalization and fragmentation pathways for biogenic and anthropogenic OA components. Model predictions and measurements, both at the ground and aloft, indicate a relatively oxidized OA with little average diurnal variation. Total OA concentration and O : C ratios are reproduced within experimental error by a number of chemical aging schemes. Anthropogenic secondary OA (SOA) is predicted to contribute 15–25 % of the total OA, while SOA from intermediate volatility compound oxidation contributes another 20–35 %. Biogenic SOA (bSOA) contributions varied from 15 to 45 % depending on the modeling scheme. Primary OA contributed around 5 % for all schemes and was comparable to the hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA) concentrations derived from the positive matrix factorization of the aerosol mass spectrometer (PMF-AMS) ground measurements. The average OA and O : C diurnal variation and their vertical profiles showed a surprisingly modest sensitivity to the assumed vaporization enthalpy for all aging schemes. This can be explained by the interplay between the partitioning of the semi-volatile compounds and their gas-phase chemical aging reactions.
Three-dimensional imaging from laser scanner, photogrammetric and acoustic non-destructive techniques in the characterization of stone building materials
Authors: Bianchi Maria Giovanna , Casula Giuseppe , Cuccuru Francesco , Fais Silvana , Ligas Paola , Ferrara Concetta
Published: July 2018

Abstract. When combined, the three-dimensional imaging of different physical properties of architectural monumental structures acquired through different methodologies can highlight with efficiency the characteristics of the stone building materials. In this work, we compound high resolution Digital Color Images (DCI) and Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) data for a dense 3-D reconstruction of an ancient pillar in a nineteenth century building in the town of Cagliari, Italy. The TLS technique was supported by a digital photogrammetry survey in order to obtain a natural color texturized 3-D model of the studied pillar. Geometrical anomaly maps showing interesting analogies were computed both from the 3-D model derived from the TLS application and from the high resolution 3-D model detected with the photogrammetry. Starting from the 3-D reconstruction from previous techniques, an acoustic tomography in a sector of prior interest of the investigated architectural element was planned and carried out. The ultrasonic tomography proved to be an effective tool for detecting internal decay or defects, locating the position of the anomalies and estimating their sizes, shapes, and characteristics in terms of elastic-mechanical properties. Finally, the combination of geophysical and petrographical data sets represents a powerful method for understanding the quality of the building stone materials in the shallow and inner parts of the investigated architectural structures.
Characterization and correction of stray light in TROPOMI-SWIR
Authors: Tol Paul J. J. , van Kempen Tim A. , van Hees Richard M. , Krijger Matthijs , Cadot Sidney , Snel Ralph , Persijn Stefan T. , Aben Ilse , Hoogeveen Ruud W. M.
Published: July 2018

Abstract. The shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectrometer module of the Tropospheric
Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), on board the ESA Copernicus Sentinel-5
Precursor satellite, is used to measure atmospheric CO and methane columns.
For this purpose, calibrated radiance measurements are needed that are
minimally contaminated by instrumental stray light. Therefore, a method has
been developed and applied in an on-ground calibration campaign to
characterize stray light in detail using a monochromatic quasi-point light
source. The dynamic range of the signal was extended to more than 7 orders of magnitude by performing measurements with different exposure times,
saturating detector pixels at the longer exposure times. Analysis of the
stray light indicates about 4.4 % of the detected light is correctable stray
light. An algorithm was then devised and implemented in the operational data
processor to correct in-flight SWIR observations in near-real time, based on
Van Cittert deconvolution. The stray light is approximated by a far-field
kernel independent of position and wavelength and an additional kernel
representing the main reflection. Applying this correction significantly
reduces the stray-light signal, for example in a simulated dark forest scene
close to bright clouds by a factor of about 10. Simulations indicate that
this reduces the stray-light error sufficiently for accurate gas-column
retrievals. In addition, the instrument contains five SWIR diode lasers that
enable long-term, in-flight monitoring of the stray-light distribution.
The importance of surface reflectance anisotropy for cloud and NO2 retrievals from GOME-2 and OMI
Authors: Lorente Alba , Boersma K. Folkert , Stammes Piet , Tilstra L. Gijsbert , Richter Andreas , Yu Huan , Kharbouche Said , Muller Jan-Peter
Published: July 2018

Abstract. The angular distribution of the light reflected by the Earth's surface
influences top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance values. This surface
reflectance anisotropy has implications for UV/Vis satellite retrievals of
albedo, clouds, and trace gases such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2). These
retrievals routinely assume the surface to reflect light isotropically. Here
we show that cloud fractions retrieved from GOME-2A and OMI with the FRESCO
and OMCLDO2 algorithms have an east–west bias of 10 % to 50 %, which
are highest over vegetation and forested areas, and that this bias originates
from the assumption of isotropic surface reflection. To interpret the
across-track bias with the DAK radiative transfer model, we implement the
bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) from the Ross–Li
semi-empirical model. Testing our implementation against state-of-the-art
RTMs LIDORT and SCIATRAN, we find that simulated TOA reflectance generally
agrees to within 1 %. We replace the assumption of isotropic surface
reflection in the equations used to retrieve cloud fractions over forested
scenes with scattering kernels and corresponding BRDF parameters from a daily
high-resolution database derived from 16 years' worth of MODIS measurements.
By doing this, the east–west bias in the simulated cloud fractions largely
vanishes. We conclude that across-track biases in cloud fractions can be
explained by cloud algorithms that do not adequately account for the effects
of surface reflectance anisotropy. The implications for NO2 air mass
factor (AMF) calculations are substantial. Under moderately polluted
NO2 and backward-scattering conditions, clear-sky AMFs are up to 20 %
higher and cloud radiance fractions up to 40 % lower if surface
anisotropic reflection is accounted for. The combined effect of these changes
is that NO2 total AMFs increase by up to 30 % for backward-scattering
geometries (and decrease by up to 35 % for forward-scattering
geometries), which is stronger than the effect of either contribution alone.
In an unpolluted troposphere, surface BRDF effects on cloud fraction
counteract (and largely cancel) the effect on the clear-sky AMF. Our results
emphasise that surface reflectance anisotropy needs to be taken into account
in a coherent manner for more realistic and accurate retrievals of clouds and
NO2 from UV/Vis satellite sensors. These improvements will be
beneficial for current sensors, in particular for the recently launched
TROPOMI instrument with a high spatial resolution.
Parameter calibration in global soil carbon models using surrogate-based optimization
Authors: Xu Haoyu , Zhang Tao , Luo Yiqi , Huang Xin , Xue Wei
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Soil organic carbon (SOC)
has a significant effect on carbon emissions and climate change. However, the
current SOC prediction accuracy of most models is very low. Most evaluation
studies indicate that the prediction error mainly comes from parameter
uncertainties, which can be improved by parameter calibration. Data
assimilation techniques have been successfully employed for the parameter
calibration of SOC models. However, data assimilation algorithms, such as the
sampling-based Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), generally have high
computation costs and are not appropriate for complex global land models.
This study proposes a new parameter calibration method based on surrogate
optimization techniques to improve the prediction accuracy of SOC.
Experiments on three types of soil carbon cycle models, including the
Community Land Model with the Carnegie–Ames–Stanford Approach
biogeochemistry submodel (CLM-CASA') and two microbial models show that the
surrogate-based optimization method is effective and efficient in terms of
both accuracy and cost. Compared to predictions using the tuned parameter
values through Bayesian MCMC, the root mean squared errors (RMSEs) between
the predictions using the calibrated parameter values with surrogate-base
optimization and the observations could be reduced by up to 12 % for
different SOC models. Meanwhile, the corresponding computational cost is
lower than other global optimization algorithms.
A generic pixel-to-point comparison for simulated large-scale ecosystem properties and ground-based observations: an example from the Amazon region
Authors: Rammig Anja , Heinke Jens , Hofhansl Florian , Verbeeck Hans , Baker Timothy R. , Christoffersen Bradley , Ciais Phillipe , De Deurwaerder Hannes , Fleischer Katrin , Galbraith David , Guimberteau Matthieu , Huth Andreas , Johnson Michelle , Krujit Bart , Langerwisch Fanny , Meir Patrick , Papastefanou Phillip , Sampaio Gilvan , Thonicke Kirsten , von Randow Celso , Zang Christian , Rödig Edna
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Comparing model output and observed data is an important step for assessing model performance and quality of simulation results. However, such comparisons are often hampered by differences in spatial scales between local point observations and large-scale simulations of grid-cells or pixels. In this study, we propose a generic approach for a pixel-to-point comparison that accounts for the uncertainty resulting from landscape variability and measurement errors in ecosystem variables, and provide statistical measures. The basic concept of our approach is to determine the statistical properties of small-scale (within-pixel) variability and observational errors, and to use this information to correct for their effect when large-scale area averages (pixel) are compared to small-scale point estimates. We demonstrate our approach by comparing simulated values of aboveground biomass, woody productivity (woody net primary productivity, NPP) and residence time of woody biomass from four dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) with measured inventory data from permanent plots in the Amazon rainforest, a region with the typical problem of low data availability, a scale mismatch and high model uncertainty. We find that the DGVMs under- and overestimate aboveground biomass by 25 % and up to 60 %, respectively. Our comparison metrics provide a quantitative measure for model-data agreement and show moderate to good agreement with the region-wide spatial biomass pattern detected by plot observations. However, all four DGVMs overestimate woody productivity and underestimate residence time of woody biomass even when accounting for the large uncertainty range of the observational data. This is because DGVMs do not represent the relation between productivity and residence time of woody biomass correctly. Thus, the DGVMs may simulate the correct large-scale patterns of biomass but for the wrong reasons. We conclude that more information about the underlying processes driving biomass distribution are necessary to improve DGVMs. Our approach provides robust statistical measures for any pixel-to-point comparison, which is applicable for evaluation of models and remote sensing products.
Global aerosol modeling with MADE3 (v3.0) in EMAC (based on v2.53): model description and evaluation
Authors: Kaiser J. Christopher , Hendricks Johannes , Righi Mattia , Jöckel Patrick , Tost Holger , Kandler Konrad , Weinzierl Bernadett , Sauer Daniel , Heimerl Katharina , Schwarz Joshua P. , Perring Anne E. , Popp Thomas
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Recently, the aerosol microphysics submodel MADE3 was introduced as a successor to MADE and MADE-in. It includes nine aerosol species and nine lognormal modes to represent aerosol particles of three different mixing states throughout the aeroso size spectrum. Here we describe the implementation of the most recent version of MADE3 into the atmospheric chemistry general circulation model EMAC, including a detailed evaluation of a ten-year aerosol simulation with MADE3 as part of EMAC. We compare simulation output to station network measurements of near-surface aerosol component mass concentrations, to airborne measurements of aerosol mass mixing ratio and number concentration vertical profiles, to ground-based and airborne measurements of particle size distributions, and to station network and satellite measurements of aerosol optical depth. Furthermore, we describe and apply a new evaluation method, which allows a comparison of model output to size-resolved electron microscopy measurements of particle composition. Although there are indications that fine mode particle deposition may be underestimated by the model, we obtained satisfactory agreement with the observations. Remaining deviations are of similar size as those identified in other global aerosol model studies. Thus, MADE3 can be considered ready for application within EMAC. Due to its detailed representation of aerosol mixing state, it is especially useful for simulating wet and dry removal of aerosol particles, aerosol-induced formation of cloud droplets and ice crystals as well as aerosol-radiation interactions. Besides studies on these fundamental processes, we also plan to use MADE3 for a reassessment of the climate effects of anthropogenic aerosol perturbations.
Brief communication: Rapid assessment of damaged residential buildings in the Florida Keys after Hurricane Irma
Authors: Xian Siyuan , Feng Kairui , Lin Ning , Marsooli Reza , Chavas Daniel , Chen Jie , Hatzikyriakou Adam
Published: July 2018

Abstract. On 10 September 2017, Hurricane Irma made landfall in the Florida Keys and
caused significant damage. Informed by hydrodynamic storm surge and wave
modeling and post-storm satellite imagery, a rapid damage survey was soon
conducted for 1600+ residential buildings in Big Pine Key and Marathon.
Damage categorizations and statistical analysis reveal distinct factors
governing damage at these two locations. The distance from the coast is
significant for the damage in Big Pine Key, as severely damaged buildings
were located near narrow waterways connected to the ocean. Building type and
size are critical in Marathon, highlighted by the near-complete destruction
of trailer communities there. These observations raise issues of
affordability and equity that need consideration in damage recovery and
rebuilding for resilience.
Changing seasonality of moderate and extreme precipitation events in the Alps
Authors: Brönnimann Stefan , Rajczak Jan , Fischer Erich M. , Raible Christoph C. , Rohrer Marco , Schär Christoph
Published: July 2018

Abstract. The intensity of precipitation events is expected to increase in the future.
The rate of increase depends on the strength or rarity of the events; very
strong and rare events tend to follow the Clausius–Clapeyron relation,
whereas weaker events or precipitation averages increase at a smaller rate
than expected from the Clausius–Clapeyron relation. An often overlooked
aspect is seasonal occurrence of such events, which might change in the
future. To address the impact of seasonality, we use a large ensemble of
regional and global climate model simulations, comprising tens of thousands
of model years of daily temperature and precipitation for the past, present,
and future. In order to make the data comparable, they are quantile mapped to
observation-based time series representative of the Aare catchment in
Switzerland. Model simulations show no increase in annual maximum 1-day
precipitation events (Rx1day) over the last 400 years and an increase of
10 %–20 % until the end of the century for a strong (RCP8.5) forcing
scenario. This fits with a Clausius–Clapeyron scaling of temperature at the
event day, which increases less than annual mean temperature. An important
reason for this is a shift in seasonality. Rx1day events become less frequent
in late summer and more frequent in early summer and early autumn, when it is
cooler. The seasonality shift is shown to be related to summer drying. Models
with decreasing annual mean or summer mean precipitation show this behaviour
more strongly. The highest Rx1day per decade, in contrast, shows no change in
seasonality in the future. This discrepancy implies that decadal-scale
extremes are thermodynamically limited; conditions conducive to strong events
still occur during the hottest time of the year on a decadal scale. In
contrast, Rx1day events are also limited by other factors. Conducive
conditions are not reached every summer in the present, and even less so in
the future. Results suggest that changes in the seasonal cycle need to be
accounted for when preparing for moderately extreme precipitation events and
assessing their socio-economic impacts.
Characteristics of surface damage in China during the 25 April 2015 Nepal earthquake
Authors: Wu Zhonghai , Barosh Patrick J. , Yao Xin , Xu Yongqiang
Published: July 2018

Abstract. The seismic effects in Nyalam, Gyirong, Tingri and Dinggye counties along the southern border of Tibet were investigated during 2–8 May, 2015, a week after the great Nepal earthquake along the Main Himalaya Thrust. The intensity was VIII in the region and reached IX at two towns on the Nepal border; resulting in the destruction of 2700 buildings, seriously damaging over 40 000 others, while killing 27 people and injuring 856 in this sparsely populated region. The main geologic effects in this steep rugged region are collapses, landslides, rockfalls, and ground fissures; many of which are reactivations of older land slips. These did great damage to the buildings, roads and bridges in the region. Most of the effects are along four incised valleys which are controlled by N–S trending rifts and contain rivers that pass through the Himalaya Mountains and flow into Nepal; at least two of the larger aftershocks occurred along the normal faults. Areas weakened by the earthquake pose post-seismic hazards. Three valleys have the potential for dangerous post-seismic debris flows that could create dangerous dams especially during the monsoon season. Loosened rock and older slides also may fail. In addition, there is an increased seismic hazard along active N–S trending grabens in southern Tibet due to the shift in stress resulting from the thrust movement that caused the Nepal earthquake. NW trending right-lateral strike-slip faults also may be susceptible to movement. The results of the findings are incorporated in some principle recommendations for the repair and reconstruction after the earthquake.
Characterising the behaviour of surge and non-surge type glaciers in
the Kingata Mountains, Eastern Pamir, from 1999 to 2016
Authors: Lv Mingyang , Guo Huadong , Lu Xiancai , Liu Guang , Yan Shiyong , Ruan Zhixing , Ding Yixing , Quincey Duncan J.
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Glaciers in the Pamir Mountains are generally acknowledged to be in a stable state and show the least glacial retreat in High Mountain Asia; however, they are also some of the most dynamic glaciers in the region and their behaviour has been spatially variable in recent decades. Few data exist for these glaciers, in particular relating to how they are responding to recent climatic changes. Here, we utilize Landsat 7, Landsat 8, and ASTER optical images acquired between 1999 and 2016 to characterise the dynamics of the glaciers in the Kingata Mountains, located in the eastern Pamir. We quantify the velocity, areal, and frontal changes of these glaciers, which provide us with valuable data on their recent dynamic evolution and an indication of how they may evolve in future years. We highlight 28 glaciers among which 17 have changed markedly over the study period. We identify 4 advancing glaciers, 1 receding glacier, and 12 surge-type glaciers. The dynamic evolution of the glacier surges shows some similarity with those of the nearby Karakoram, suggesting that both hydrological and thermal controls are important for surge initiation and recession. Topography seems to be a dominant control on non-surge glacier behaviour in the KM, with the north-side of the divide characterised by steep, avalanche-fed basins and glacier tongues now approaching recession in contrast to those on the south-side of the divide that capture the majority of precipitation and have much broader plateau-like accumulation zones. This study is the first synthesis of glacial motion across this region and provides a baseline with which to compare future changes.
On the time and length scales of the Arctic sea ice thickness anomalies: a study based on fourteen reanalyses
Authors: Ponsoni Leandro , Massonnet François , Fichefet Thierry , Chevallier Matthieu , Docquier David
Published: July 2018

Abstract. The ocean–sea ice reanalyses are the main source of Arctic sea ice thickness information in terms of spatio-temporal coverage, since observations are still sparse in time and space. In this work, we first aim at comparing how the sea ice thickness from an ensemble of fourteen reanalyses compares with different sources of observations, such as moored upward-looking sonars, submarines, airbornes, satellites and ice boreholes. Second, based on the same reanalyses, we intent to characterize the time (persistence) and length scales of sea ice thickness anomalies. We investigate whether data assimilation of sea ice concentration by the reanalyses impacts the realism of sea ice thickness as well as its respective time and length scales. The results suggest that reanalyses with sea ice data assimilation do not necessarily perform better in terms of sea ice thickness compared with the reanalyses which do not assimilate sea ice concentration. However, data assimilation has a clear impact on the time and length scales: reanalyses built with sea ice data assimilation present shorter time and length scales. The mean time and length scales for reanalyses with data ssimilation vary from 2.5–5.0 months and 337.0–732.5 km, respectively, while reanalyses with no data assimilation are characterized by values from 4.9–7.8 months and 846.7–935.7 km, respectively.
CMC and Its Psychological Motives in Communication: A Case Study in Japanese Mobile Phone-E-Mail
Authors: Sakai Noboru
Published: July 2018

The study investigates 60 young people aged 18 to 30 who are familiar with mobile phone e-mail (Keitai-mail) practices in Japan (a 1-to-1 ratio of male and female, the participants’ domiciles in several big Japanese cities) using a questionnaire on how they feel about CMC communication, in order to elucidate one type of widely used communication methods in the time the IT has been offering the variety of communication platforms. The result shows that senders are ruled by the norms entailed in Keitai-mail communication: Keitai-mail should be responded to immediately but should also be a complete sentence or message. In addition, the expressions used in Keitai-mail vary based on the interlocutors, making Keitai-mail a heavily context-dependent communication medium.
On the Influence of Chinese Newspapers and Periodicals on Japanese Chinese Literature
Authors: Zhang Jirong
Published: July 2018

Japanese Chinese literature is a Literature written by overseas Chinese in Japan using Chinese characters. Its emergence and development are related to the Chinese newspapers and periodicals. The Chinese newspapers and periodicals in Japan, represented by the Chinese Review Weekly, provided a platform for the publication of literary works and a spiritual home to the overseas Chinese in Japan. Chinese journals in the Mainland of China, represented by the Fiction World, have played a decisive role in the construction and dissemination of Japanese Chinese literature in Chinese Mainland. Both of them played an important role in the emergence, development, and dissemination of Japanese Chinese literature.
A Study on the Origin and Evolution of Shape and Structure of ‘Gui-Yi’ in Ancient China
Authors: Bian Xiang Yang , Cao Aijuan
Published: July 2018

Most of the existing studies on Gui-Yi, which is a kind of ancient women’s dress of China, are barely about the interpretation of Xian (ie. a long ribbon made of silk) and Shao (ie. a hanging fabric of cloth, shaped like a swallow tail, tied to the waist) of Gui-Yi, on whose origin, development and evolution of the shape and structure there are few discussions. Based upon summarizing the literature, this paper points out that Gui-Yi in Han Dynasty was originated from a relic of San-di (ie. three kinds of ceremonial dress worn by queens in The Rites of Zhou Dynasty-a classical book in ancient China on the bureaucratic establishment system of Zhou Dynasty and the system of states in Warring States Period). In the paper, Gui-Yi is divided into two kinds according to images in archaeological studies, namely, the ‘Gui-Yi in one-piece system’ (‘one-piece system’ is Chinese robe) and ‘Gui-Yi in separate system’ (‘separate system’ is a kind of suit that consists of blouses and skirts). The former was popular in Han Dynasty, and the latter was popular in Wei &Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties. The change of the shape and structure of Gui-Yi conforms to the historical trend that the ‘Gui-Yi in one-piece system’ entered a recession in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and the ‘Gui-Yi in separate system’ became a popular mainstream in Wei &Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties. In addition, the paper points out female images wearing Gui-Yi in Gu Kaizhi's paintings influenced the expression of Gui-Yi image of Wei & Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties, and Gui-Yi were gradually brought into immortal statues during painters’ artistic processing of that time.
CSR Reporting in Locally Owned Hotel Chains in Malaysia
Authors: Tiong Weng Adrian Wee , Smith Phil Michael Ross
Published: July 2018

This study explores the corporate social responsibility or CSR reporting of the top 8 Malaysian owned and operated hotel chains. Using content analysis this report examines what and how do the local hotel chains report their CSR activities. This study finds CSR reporting to be limited and primarily focused on community based initiatives. And despite its growth and popularity especially among the young, CSR reporting on websites remain minimal. As such, several recommendations have been made to encourage more reporting and more reporting on websites.
Research on the Differences of Apparel Brand Value Perception of the Intellectual 80’s Women: A Case Study of Hangzhou
Authors: Zhang Yiling , Bian Xiangyang , Yu Ziying
Published: July 2018

With the hot competition in apparel market, improving customer value has become a key measure for garment enterprises to win. As for the trend of diversification of apparel market demand, this article examines brand value from the perspective of consumers, and investigates attitude of the intellectual 80’s women in Hangzhou. Then the results show that the intellectual 80’s women are rational in apparel brand consumption. They pay attention to the functionality of garments, the symbolism of brand, the fashion and culture taste, the consumption experience. And according to the results of the partial correlation analysis and T-test, this paper finds that due to the difference of sample characteristics, there are significant differences in the dimensions perceived value.