bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential habitat associations in peripheral populations of threatened species: The case of the Caucasian grouse
Authors: Habibzadeh Nader , Storch Ilse , Ludwig Tobias
Published: January 2019

Treating a species as an evolutionally homogenous entity over its entire range and ignoring the effect of local adaptations and the consequences of species functional response to environmental gradients can lead to misguided conservation measures. The spatially distinct Caucasian grouse (CG) (Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi) populations across discontinuous range in the Caucasus Mountains would likely possess different adaptation traits which are of importance for conservation management. Using a separate distribution model for each of four different regions with the MaxEnt technique, we investigated if CG's functional responses to habitat features differ between the core and peripheral populations and thus, the occurrence‐habitat relationships could be better explained by region‐specific models than a single, range‐wide model. We validated the models using each region as a geographically independent dataset. The results revealed that although there was a similar response to elevation in the four regions and the species occurrence probability was highest at altitude about 2,500 m, there was a consistently higher mean annual temperature in the species' southeastern Lesser Caucasus range compared to the western and eastern parts of the Greater Caucasus region (p < 0.001). The southeastern population of CG was living under separate and unique climate conditions and did not share the same affinity to climate conditions as CG elsewhere; this may lead the species to be adapted this special climate condition through phenotypic plasticity or local adaptation. Long‐term evolutionary studies are essential to confirm CG intra‐specific variations, but in lack of knowledge of local adaptation, our recommendation is to treat CG as geographically distinct populations that may each require specific management.
Common and distinctive adaptive traits expressed in Dickeya dianthicola and Dickeya solani pathogens when exploiting potato plant host
Authors: Raoul des Essarts Yannick , Pédron Jacques , Blin Pauline , Van Dijk Erwin , Faure Denis , Van Gijsegem Frédérique
Published: January 2019

Blackleg and soft rot are devastating diseases on potato stem and tuber caused by Pectobacterium and Dickeya pectinolytic enterobacteria. In European potato cultures, D. dianthicola and D. solani species successively emerged in the past decades. Ecological traits associated to their settlement remain elusive, especially in the case of the recent invader D. solani. In this work, we combined genomic, metabolic and transcriptomic comparisons to unravel common and distinctive genetic and functional characteristics between two D. solani and D. dianthicola isolates. The two strains differ by more than a thousand genes that are often clustered in genomic regions (GRs). Several GRs code for transport and metabolism functions that correlate with some of the differences in metabolic abilities identified between the two Dickeya strains. About 800 D. dianthicola and 1100 D. solani genes where differentially expressed in macerated potato tubers as compared to when growing in rich medium. These include several genes located in GRs, pointing to a potential role in host interaction. In addition, some genes common to both species, including virulence genes, differed in their expression. This work highlighted distinctive traits when D. dianthicola and D. solani exploit the host as a resource.
Roasting Kinetics and Chemical Composition Changes of Robusta Coffee Beans During Hot Air and Superheated Steam Roasting
Authors: Chindapan Nathamol , Soydok Supatcha , Devahastin Sakamon
Published: January 2019

As it is known that Robusta coffee beans exhibit more bitterness, less acidity, and lacks sweetness with unbalance flavor as compared to their Arabica counterpart, a means to improve the quality of Robusta coffee beans is desirable. As a step that contributes to the coffee quality, it is interesting to determine if an alternative roasting technique could lead to the desired improved quality. Here, roasting kinetics and changes in pH and composition of Robusta coffee beans undergoing hot air and superheated steam (SHS) roasting at 190 to 250 °C were investigated. SHS roasting led to higher rates of bed temperature increase, moisture loss and decrease in lightness (L* value) of the beans. Evolutions of the moisture content and L* value of the beans could be well described by the adopted kinetic equations. pH, caffeine, sugars, and organic acids contents of the beans were significantly affected by the temperature and degree of roasting. Interestingly, beans roasted in SHS had lower pH, higher sucrose, glucose, and arabinose contents. Their fructose and acetic acid contents were nevertheless lower, indicating that the beans probably exhibited higher sweetness and citrus‐like acidity, but lower unfavorable vinegar‐like acidity.

Practical Application

This study illustrates the possibility to improve the quality of Robusta coffee beans via a physical process. Use of superheated steam roasting at appropriate condition can enhance some desirable characters of Robusta beans; such beans indeed exhibit more resemblance to the more sought‐after Arabica beans. This should be of much value to a roasting house and blender in such a way that a higher proportion of Robusta beans can be used in a commercial blend of coffee beans.
Dynamic Detection of Biogenic Amines as a Quality Indicator and Their Relationship with Free Amino Acids Profiles in Large Yellow Croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea)
Authors: Wang Yanbo , Bao Xingyue , Wang Feifei , Wang Haiyan , Fu Linglin
Published: January 2019

The production of biogenic amines (BAs) set considerable obstacles in seafood preservation. However, the characteristic BAs and their roles in the spoilage profiles in large yellow croaker were still poorly understood. The BAs contents, free amino acids (FAAs) contents, aerobic bacterial count, sensory evaluation and several characteristic physicochemical indexes were monitored during storage at 4 °C. It's forcefully uncovered that the putrescine and cadaverine were the main BAs and the sum value of them could be used as a novel quality indicator instead of BAI. The reasonable limitation for unaccepted corruption was suggested be around 60 mg/kg. The regression model (r > 0.8, P < 0.05) at 4 °C indicated a significant correlation between the main BAs and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N), protein hydrolysis index (P.I.%) as well as pH value, offering a new interpretation form for the physiochemical properties of BAs in aquatic products. Additionally, the evolution of FAAs show the predominant role of lysine, proline, histidine, glycine, and alanine during the whole storage and it can be concluded that BAs biosynthesis in large yellow croaker were moderately related with their precursor substance. This work provides a preliminary insight into the origin of BAs in large yellow croaker.

Practical Application

It was proposed that the sum value of putrescine and cadaverine which were the main BAs can be used as a novel quality indicator instead of BAI in large yellow croaker. And the regression models of BAs and other physiochemical indexes provided a new perspective for comprehending the spoilage profiles involving BAs biosynthesis. The study may potentially contribute to improving the evaluation of seafood freshness and provide new target site for seafood preservation.
World Congress on Clinical Trials in Diabetes 2018
Authors: Kurian Martin J. , Rentzepis Peter J. , Carracher Ann M. , Close Kelly L.
Published: January 2019

Martin J. Kurian, Peter J. Rentzepis, Ann M. Carracher, and Kelly L. Close are of Close Concerns (http://www.closeconcerns.com), a healthcare information company focused exclusively on diabetes and obesity care. Close Concerns publishes Closer Look, a periodical that brings together news and insights in these areas. Each month, the Journal of Diabetes includes this News feature, in which Kurian, Rentzepis, Carracher, and Close review the latest developments relevant to researchers and clinicians.
Heliorhodopsins are absent in diderm (Gram‐negative) bacteria: Some thoughts and possible implications for activity
Authors: Flores‐Uribe José , Hevroni Gur , Ghai Rohit , Pushkarev Alina , Inoue Keiichi , Kandori Hideki , Béjà Oded
Published: January 2019

Microbial heliorhodopsins are a new type of rhodopsins, currently believed to engage in light sensing, with an opposite membrane topology compared to type‐1 and type‐2 rhodopsins. We determined heliorhodopsins presence/absence is monoderms and diderms representatives from the Tara Oceans and freshwater metagenomes as well as metagenome assembled genome collections. Heliorhodopsins are absent in diderms, confirming our previous observations in cultured Proteobacteria. We do not rule out the possibility that heliorhodopsins serve as light sensors. However, this does not easily explain their absence from diderms. Based on these observations, we speculate on the putative role of heliorhodopsins in light‐driven transport of amphiphilic molecules.
Venous thromboembolism in the critically ill: A prospective observational study of occurrence, risk factors and outcome
Authors: Beitland Sigrid , Wimmer Henning , Lorentsen Torleif , Jacobsen Dag , Drægni Tomas , Brunborg Cathrine , Kløw Nils Einar , Sandset Per Morten , Sunde Kjetil
Published: January 2019

Background

The aim of the study was to explore occurrence, risk factors and outcome of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in intensive care unit (ICU) patients.

Methods

Prospective observational study of ICU patients receiving thromboprophylaxis at Oslo University Hospital in Norway. Adult medical and surgical patients with ICU length of stay (LOS) longer than 48 hours were included. For detection of VTE, Doppler ultrasound screening of neck, upper and lower extremity veins was used, and computed tomography angiography when clinically indicated for any medical reason.

Results

Among 70 included patients, 79% were males and mean age was 62 (±12.1) years. All received thromboprophylaxis with dalteparin, and 44 (63%) used graduated compression stockings. VTE was found in 19 (27%) patients; deep vein thrombosis in 15 (21%) and pulmonary embolism in 4 (6%). Among the VTEs, 11 (58%) presented within the first 48 hours after admission, two (11%) were located in the lower limbs and five (26%) were symptomatic. Risk factors for VTE in multivariable analyses were malignancy, abdominal surgery and SAPS II score <41 with an AuROC (95% CI) of 0.72 (0.58‐0.85, P = 0.01). Patients with and without VTE had comparable ICU LOS (13 vs 11 days, P = 0.27) and mortality (16% vs 20%, P = 0.72).

Conclusion

Venous thromboembolism was observed in 27% of ICU patients receiving thromboprophylaxis. Factors associated with increased risk of VTE were malignancy, abdominal surgery and SAPS II score <41. Presence of VTE did not impact on patient outcome.
Association Between Gabapentin Receipt for Any Indication and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test—Consumption Scores Among Clinical Subpopulations With and Without Alcohol Use Disorder
Authors: Rentsch Christopher T. , Fiellin David A. , Bryant Kendall J. , Justice Amy C. , Tate Janet P.
Published: January 2019

Background

Current medications for alcohol use disorder (AUD) have limited efficacy and utilization. Some clinical trials have shown efficacy for gabapentin among treatment‐seeking individuals. The impact of gabapentin on alcohol consumption in a more general sample remains unknown.

Methods

We identified patients prescribed gabapentin for ≥180 consecutive days for any clinical indication other than substance use treatment between 2009 and 2015 in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study. We propensity‐score matched each gabapentin‐exposed patient with up to 5 unexposed patients. Multivariable difference‐in‐difference (DiD) linear regression models estimated the differential change in Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test—Consumption (AUDIT‐C) scores during follow‐up between exposed and unexposed patients, by baseline level of alcohol consumption and daily gabapentin dose. Analyses were stratified by AUD history. Clinically meaningful changes were a priori considered a DiD ≥1 point.

Results

Among patients with AUD, AUDIT‐C scores decreased 0.39 points (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.05, 0.73) more among exposed than unexposed patients (p < 0.03). Potentially clinically meaningful differences were observed among those with AUD and exposed to ≥1,500 mg/d (DiD 0.77, 95% CI 0.15, 1.38, p < 0.02). No statistically significant effects were found among patients with AUD at doses lower than 1,500 mg/d or baseline AUDIT‐C ≥4. Among patients without AUD, we found no overall difference in changes in AUDIT‐C scores, nor in analyses stratified by baseline level of alcohol consumption.

Conclusions

Patients exposed to doses of gabapentin consistent with those used in clinical trials, particularly those with AUD, experienced a greater decrease in AUDIT‐C scores than matched unexposed patients.
Support vector machine‐based multivariate pattern classification of methamphetamine dependence using arterial spin labeling
Authors: Li Yadi , Cui Zaixu , Liao Qi , Dong Haibo , Zhang Jianbing , Shen Wenwen , Zhou Wenhua
Published: January 2019

Arterial spin labeling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging has been widely applied to identify cerebral blood flow (CBF) abnormalities in a number of brain disorders. To evaluate its significance in detecting methamphetamine (MA) dependence, this study used a multivariate pattern classification algorithm, ie, a support vector machine (SVM), to construct classifiers for discriminating MA‐dependent subjects from normal controls. Forty‐five MA‐dependent subjects, 45 normal controls, and 36 heroin‐dependent subjects were enrolled. Classifiers trained with ASL‐CBF data from the left or right cerebrum showed significant hemispheric asymmetry in their cross‐validated prediction performance (P < 0.001 for accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, kappa, and area under the curve [AUC] of the receiver operating characteristics [ROC] curve). A classifier trained with ASL‐CBF data from all cerebral regions (bilateral hemispheres and corpus callosum) was able to differentiate MA‐dependent subjects from normal controls with a cross‐validated prediction accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, kappa, and AUC of 89%, 94%, 84%, 0.78, and 0.95, respectively. The discrimination map extracted from this classifier covered multiple brain circuits that either constitute a network related to drug abuse and addiction or could be impaired in MA‐dependence. The cerebral regions contribute most to classification include occipital lobe, insular cortex, postcentral gyrus, corpus callosum, and inferior frontal cortex. This classifier was also specific to MA‐dependence rather than substance use disorders in general (ie, 55.56% accuracy for heroin dependence). These results support the future utilization of ASL with an SVM‐based classifier for the diagnosis of MA‐dependence and could help improve the understanding of MA‐related neuropathology.
Data centers as infrastructural in‐betweens:
Authors: JOHNSON ALIX
Published: January 2019

On Iceland's Reykjanes peninsula, a new industry is taking root in the ruins of a US military base: digital data storage. The new data centers, where transnational corporations pay to store terabytes of information, have been lauded as transformative for the region. But as they engage the military base's physical infrastructures, spatial orders, and affective resonances, they reprise and cement Reykjanes's former role as aninfrastructural in‐between: a node in others’ networks, both built in and left out. Thus, while digital networks are often imagined as overcoming marginality through the “death of distance” or “compression of space‐time,” their layering amid imperial legacies means that on Reykjanes they perpetuate marginality. These conditions illustrate the unevenly emplaced impacts of cloud computing and unsettle the techno‐utopian ideal of connectivity. [infrastructure, information technology, data centers, militarism, intermediarity, marginality, Iceland]
Effect of resveratrol on growth performance, rectal temperature and serum parameters of yellow‐feather broilers under heat stress
Authors: He Shaoping , Li Si , Arowolo Muhammed Adebayo , Yu Qifang , Chen Fu , Hu Ruizhi , He Jianhua
Published: January 2019

This study investigated the effect of dietary resveratrol supplementation on growth performance, rectal temperature, and serum parameters of yellow‐feather broilers under heat stress. A total of 480 yellow‐feather broilers (28‐day‐old) were randomly allotted to five groups with six replicates. A thermoneutral group (TN) (24 ± 2°C) received a basal diet and another four heat‐stressed groups (37 ± 2°C for 8 hr/day and 24 ± 2°C for the remaining time) were fed the basal diet or basal diet with 200, 350, and 500 mg/kg resveratrol for 14 consecutive days. The results revealed that resveratrol supplementation improved average daily gain (p = 0.001), and decreased (p < 0.05) rectal temperature from d 3 when compared with heat‐stressed group without resveratrol. In addition, supplementation with resveratrol at 350 or 500 mg/kg lowered (p < 0.05) the contents of corticosterone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, malonaldehyde, and activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase, increased (p < 0.05) the levels of triiodothyronine, the ratio of triiodothyronine to thyroxine, total protein, glutathione, and activities of alkaline phosphatase, total superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, though with few fluctuation. In conclusion, supplementation with resveratrol can improve the growth performance by positively regulating serum metabolic parameters and alleviating tissue oxidant damage of broilers under heat stress.
Production of porcine aminopeptidase N (pAPN) site‐specific edited pigs
Authors: Chen Jianwen , Pan Kaiyuan , Chen Zhen , Li Yunsheng , Ding Biao , Han Chunyang , Cao Zubing , Bao Wenbin , Zhang Yunhai
Published: January 2019

Porcine viral diarrhea is an acute and highly contagious enteric disease in pigs which causes huge economic losses in pig industry worldwide. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is main pathogens responsible for piglets viral diarrhea. Knockout the host cellular surface receptor for TGEV may be an effective way to accelerate the breeding of resistant pigs. In this study, we applied site‐specific editing pAPN which is effective in swine testis (ST) cells. Site‐specific editing of pAPN reduced TGEV proliferation in ST cells by 96%–99% at different time periods post‐infection. Next, the site‐specific editing of pAPN porcine fetal fibroblasts were produced, and then the cell colonies were used as donor cells to generate the site‐specific editing of pAPN pigs. Our research findings will not only offer a more thorough understanding of the pathogenesis of piglet diarrhea and lay the foundation for breeding TGEV‐resistant piglets, but also understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in coronaviral infections.
Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and effect on serum uric acid of the myeloperoxidase inhibitor AZD4831 in a randomized, placebo‐controlled, phase I study in healthy volunteers
Authors: Gan Li‐Ming , Lagerström‐Fermér Maria , Ericsson Hans , Nelander Karin , Lindstedt Eva‐Lotte , Michaëlsson Erik , Kjaer Magnus , Heijer Maria , Whatling Carl , Fuhr Rainard
Published: January 2019

Aims

Myeloperoxidase activity can contribute to impaired vascular endothelial function and fibrosis in chronic inflammation‐related cardiovascular disease. Here, we investigated the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of the myeloperoxidase inhibitor, AZD4831.

Methods

In this randomized, single‐blind, placebo‐controlled, phase I, first‐in‐human study, healthy men in five sequential cohorts were randomized 3:1 to receive a single oral dose of AZD4831 (5, 15, 45, 135 or 405 mg) or placebo, after overnight fasting. After at least 7 days' washout, one cohort additionally received AZD4831 45 mg after a high‐calorie meal.

Results

Forty men participated in the study (eight per cohort: AZD4831, n = 6; placebo, n = 2). AZD4831 distributed rapidly into plasma, with a half‐life of 38.2–50.0 hours. The area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) increased proportionally with dose (AUC0–∝ slope estimate 1.060; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.9943, 1.127). Increases in maximum plasma concentration were slightly more than dose proportional (slope estimate 1.201; 95% CI 1.071, 1.332). Food intake reduced AZD4831 absorption rate but did not substantially affect overall exposure or plasma half‐life (n = 4). Serum uric acid concentrations decreased by 71.77 (95% CI 29.15, 114.39) and 84.42 (58.90, 109.94) μmol L−1 with AZD4831 135 mg and 405 mg, respectively. Maculopapular rash (moderate intensity) occurred in 4/30 participants receiving AZD4831 (13.3%). No other safety concerns were identified.

Conclusions

AZD4831 was generally well tolerated, rapidly absorbed, had a long plasma half‐life and lowered uric acid concentrations after single oral doses in healthy men. These findings support the further clinical development of AZD4831.
Design thinking in social organizations: Understanding the role of user engagement
Authors: Kummitha Rama Krishna Reddy
Published: January 2019

Design thinking has recently gained significant attention as a potential approach to address major global problems. Although its practice is proven to contribute to advance organizational efficiency and address user needs, lack of understanding about its practice in social organizations limits our understanding about its social context. With this background, we study how users persuade social organizations to adopt design thinking. We conducted a qualitative study in four social organizations in India during 2008–2013 and interviewed 38 respondents to answer our research question. Our results indicate that the designer roles are blurred when social organizations adopt design thinking, where users in the form of interconnecting agency reduce the gap between designers and communities.
PIK3CD induces cell growth and invasion by activating AKT/GSK‐3β/β‐catenin signaling in colorectal cancer
Authors: Chen Jing‐Song , Huang Jiong‐Qiang , Luo Bing , Dong Shi‐Hao , Wang Rong‐Chang , Jiang Ze‐kun , Xie Ying‐Kang , Yi Wei , Wen Guang‐Ming , Zhong Jian‐Feng
Published: January 2019

The catalytic subunit p110δ of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) encoded by PIK3CD has been implicated in some human solid tumors. However, its roles in colorectal cancer (CRC) remain largely unknown. Here we found that PIK3CD was overexpressed in colon cancer tissues and CRC cell lines and was an independent predictor for overall survival (OS) of patients with colon cancer. The ectopic overexpression of PIK3CD significantly promoted CRC cell growth, migration and invasion in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. In contrast, inhibition of PIK3CD by specific small‐interfering RNA or idelalisib dramatically suppressed CRC cell growth, migration and invasion in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Moreover, PIK3CD overexpression increased AKT activity, nuclear translocation of β‐catenin and T‐cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF) transcriptional activity and decreased glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK‐3β) activity, whereas PIK3CD inhibition exhibited the opposite effects. Furthermore, PIK3CD‐mediated cell growth, migration and invasion were reversed by blockade of AKT signaling or depletion of β‐catenin. In addition, PIK3CD expression in colon cancer tissues positively correlated with β‐catenin abnormal expression, which was an independent predictor for OS of colon cancer patients. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that PIK3CD is an independent prognostic factor in CRC and that PIK3CD induces CRC cell growth, migration and invasion by activating AKT/GSK‐3β/β‐catenin signaling, suggesting that PIK3CD might be a novel prognostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for CRC.
KEYNOTE‐025: Phase 1b study of pembrolizumab in Japanese patients with previously treated programmed death ligand 1–positive advanced non–small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Nishio Makoto , Takahashi Toshiaki , Yoshioka Hiroshige , Nakagawa Kazuhiko , Fukuhara Tatsuro , Yamada Kazuhiko , Ichiki Masao , Tanaka Hiroshi , Seto Takashi , Sakai Hiroshi , Kasahara Kazuo , Satouchi Miyako , Han Shi Rong , Noguchi Kazuo , Shimamoto Takashi , Kato Terufumi
Published: January 2019

Pembrolizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against programmed death 1 (PD‐1), has been shown to improve overall survival (OS) in patients with previously treated advanced non–small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) tumor proportion score (TPS) ≥1%. We report safety and efficacy results from the phase 1b KEYNOTE‐025 study, which evaluated pembrolizumab in Japanese patients with previously treated NSCLC. Eligible patients had histologically/cytologically confirmed advanced NSCLC with PD‐L1 TPS ≥1% and had received ≥1 platinum‐doublet chemotherapy. Patients received pembrolizumab 10 mg/kg once every 3 weeks for 2 years or until disease progression/unacceptable toxicity. Primary objectives were to evaluate the safety of pembrolizumab in patients with PD‐L1 TPS ≥1% and the objective response rate (ORR) per RECIST version 1.1 in patients with PD‐L1 TPS ≥50%. Thirty‐eight patients were enrolled and received ≥1 pembrolizumab dose. The median (range) age was 66.0 (41‐78) years, and 61% had received ≥2 prior systemic therapies. Eleven patients (29%) experienced grade 3‐5 treatment‐related adverse events (AE); 9 patients (24%) experienced immune‐mediated AE and infusion reactions, with pneumonitis (11%; any grade) being most common. Among evaluable patients with PD‐L1 TPS ≥50% (n = 11), ORR was 27% (95% CI, 6‐61). Among evaluable patients with PD‐L1 TPS ≥1% (n = 37), ORR was 22% (95% CI, 10‐38). Median (95% CI) progression‐free survival and OS were 3.9 (2.0‐6.2) months and 19.2 (8.0‐26.7) months, respectively. In summary, pembrolizumab was generally well tolerated and showed promising antitumor activity in Japanese patients with previously treated PD‐L1–expressing NSCLC. Outcomes were consistent with those from the phase 3 KEYNOTE‐010 study. (Trial registration number: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02007070.)
Very Early Identification and Intervention for Infants at Risk of Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Transdiagnostic Approach
Authors: Finlay‐Jones Amy , Varcin Kandice , Leonard Helen , Bosco Anthony , Alvares Gail , Downs Jenny
Published: January 2019

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) begin in the earliest months of life, but the clinical manifestations of many such disorders—including intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder—are often not seen until much later. Theoretically, very early intervention provides the best chance for optimizing outcomes for children at risk. However, opportunities for early intervention may be thwarted by a dependence on assessing overt phenotypic or behavioral symptoms that often emerge later in childhood. In this article, we examine the utility of a transdiagnostic, dimensional approach to very early identification and intervention for infants at risk of NDDs. We consider how insights from epidemiology, systems biology, and developmental neuroscience may be integrated to aid identifying at‐risk infants and developing targeted, adaptive interventions. We also highlight directions for research.
Compliance with ivory trade regulations in the United Kingdom among traders
Authors: Harris Lindsey , Gore Meredith , Mills Morena
Published: January 2019

Global demand for elephant ivory is contributing to illegal poaching and significant decline of African elephant (Loxondonta africana) populations. To help mitigate decline, countries with legal domestic ivory markets were recommended by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora to close domestic markets for commercial trade. However, implementing stricter regulations on wildlife trade does not necessarily mean compliance with rules will follow. Using an online questionnaire, we examined the relationship between self‐reported compliance with ivory trade regulations among 115 ivory traders in the United Kingdom and 4 dimensions (control, deterrence, legitimacy, and social norms) hypothesized to influence compliance with conservation regulations. Although most traders supported regulations, a large number did not always check that they comply with them when trading objects containing ivory. The main factors influencing compliance with ivory trade regulations were traders’ ability to comply and their perceptions of the regulations and punishments to deter illegal trade. These findings demonstrate the utility of conservation criminology to improve wildlife trade regulations and identify opportunities to reduce illegal ivory entering the market in the United Kingdom. Compliance could be improved by clearer regulations that facilitate easier detection of illegal ivory products and stronger prosecution of violations.
Evaluation and training of Executive Functions in genocide survivors. The case of Yazidi children
Authors: Pellizzoni Sandra , Apuzzo Gian Matteo , De Vita Chiara , Agostini Tiziano , Passolunghi Maria Chiara
Published: January 2019

Executive Functions (EFs) development is critically affected by stress and trauma, as well as the socioeconomic context in which children grow up (Welsh, Nix, Blair, Bierman, & Nelson, 2010, Journal of Educational Psychology, 102, 43–53). Research in this field is surprisingly lacking in relation to war contexts. This study represents a first attempt at addressing this topic by evaluating EFs in Yazidi children. The Yazidi community is an ethnic and religious minority living in Iraq. From August 2014 onwards, the Yazidi community has been the target of several atrocities perpetrated by ISIS and described as genocide by the international community at large. The University of Trieste, thanks to a program financed by the Friuli Venezia Giulia Region, developed a study aimed at (a) evaluating hot and cool EFs in children living in a war context and (b) developing a specific training method to enhance hot and cool EFs in Yazidi children of preschool age (N = 53). Data related to this group of children were compared with a sample of typically developing Italian children randomly assigned to either an EFs training group (N = 55) or a passive control group (N = 51). Results indicate different baselines in EFs in Yazidi and Italian samples and a significant effect of the program on both trained groups, especially in tasks measuring hot EFs. Data are discussed in terms of hot and cool EFs in children growing in adverse environments, as well as the evaluation of educational and developmental opportunities to prevent children who survived genocide from becoming a ‘lost generation’. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://youtu.be/7t_08TbxR_8.
Epigenetic control in skin development, homeostasis and injury repair
Authors: Kang Sangjo , Chovatiya Gopal , Tumbar Tudorita
Published: January 2019

Cell‐type‐ and cell‐state‐specific patterns of covalent modifications on DNA and histone tails form global epigenetic profiles that enable spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression. These epigenetic profiles arise from coordinated activities of transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers, which result in cell‐type‐specific outputs in response to dynamic environmental conditions and signalling pathways. Recent mouse genetic and functional studies have highlighted the physiological significance of global DNA and histone epigenetic modifications in skin. Importantly, specific epigenetic profiles are emerging for adult skin stem cells that are associated with their cell fate plasticity and proper activity in tissue regeneration. We can now begin to draw a more comprehensive picture of how epigenetic modifiers orchestrate their cell‐intrinsic role with microenvironmental cues for proper skin development, homeostasis and wound repair. The field is ripe to begin to implement these findings from the laboratory into skin therapies.
Crowdfunding models: Keep‐It‐All vs. All‐Or‐Nothing
Authors: Cumming Douglas J. , Leboeuf Gaël , Schwienbacher Armin
Published: January 2019

Reward‐based crowdfunding campaigns are commonly offered in one of two models via fundraising goals set by an entrepreneur: “Keep‐It‐All” (KIA), where the entrepreneur keeps the entire amount raised regardless of achieving the goal, and “All‐Or‐Nothing” (AON), where the entrepreneur keeps nothing unless the goal is achieved. We hypothesize that AON forces the entrepreneur to bear greater risk and encourages crowdfunders to pledge more capital enabling entrepreneurs to set larger goals. We further hypothesize that AON is a costly signal of commitment for entrepreneurs yielding a separate equilibrium with higher quality and more innovative projects with greater success rates. Empirical tests support both hypotheses.
Fish assemblage structure in relation to seasonal environmental variation in sub‐lakes of the Poyang Lake floodplain, China
Authors: Jin Bin‐Song , Winemiller Kirk O. , Shao Bo , Si Ji‐Ke , Jin Jie‐Feng , Ge Gang
Published: January 2019

The Yangtze River and its watershed have undergone vast changes resulting from centuries of human impacts, yet ecological knowledge of the system is limited. The seasonal variation and spatial variation of three sub‐lakes of Poyang Lake, a huge wetland in the middle Yangtze Basin, were investigated to examine how fish assemblages respond to seasonal hydrology and associated environmental conditions. In all three sub‐lakes, fish assemblage structure revealed strong variations associated with seasonal water level fluctuation. Fish species richness in all sub‐lakes was highest during the middle of the monsoon season and lowest during the dry season. Fish numerical abundance and biomass varied significantly, with several of the most common species having inconsistent patterns of seasonal variation among sub‐lakes. Fish assemblage structure was significantly associated with environmental gradients defined by water level, aquatic macrophyte coverage, conductivity and dissolved oxygen concentration. Assemblage composition in all three sub‐lakes underwent strongest shifts between December and April, the period when water levels were lowest and fishing has the greatest impact on fish stocks. Future impacts that change the hydrology of the middle Yangtze would alter the dynamics of habitat connectivity and affect environmental conditions and fish assemblages of the Poyang Lake wetland system.
Association of serum interferon‐λ3 levels with hepatocarcinogenesis in chronic hepatitis C patients treated with direct‐acting antiviral agents
Authors: Inoue‐Shinomiya Emi , Murakawa Miyako , Asahina Yasuhiro , Nakagawa Mina , Tsuchiya Jun , Sato Ayako , Tsunoda Tomoyuki , Miyoshi Masato , Nitta Sayuri , Kawai‐Kitahata Fukiko , Itsui Yasuhiro , Azuma Seishin , Kakinuma Sei , Murata Kazumoto , Mizokami Masashi , Watanabe Mamoru
Published: January 2019

Aim

Although the efficacy of hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment is improved dramatically by direct‐acting antiviral agents (DAAs), the assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains important. Interferon lambda 3 (IFN‐λ3) is associated with liver fibrosis and inflammation in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients, but its impact on carcinogenesis remains controversial and little is known about its effects after viral clearance. To determine the contribution of IFN‐λ3 to hepatocarcinogenesis after HCV clearance, we analyzed IFNL3 genotypes and serial serum IFN‐λ3 levels in CHC patients who achieved sustained virologic responses (SVR).

Methods

This study comprised 201 CHC patients treated with DAAs. Serum samples were collected sequentially and IFN‐λ3 levels were quantified by chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay. The IFNL3 polymorphism (rs8099917) was genotyped in 195 patients.

Results

One hundred and twenty‐five patients were rs8099917 T/T and 70 were non‐T/T. Serum IFN‐λ3 levels did not differ significantly with IFNL3 genotype, dropped markedly by 1 week and remained low up to 24 weeks after the end of treatment. Interferon‐λ3 levels were significantly higher after viral clearance in patients who developed HCC and were associated with a higher potential for hepatocarcinogenesis, such as a higher frequency of non‐hypervascular hypointensive nodules (P = 0.046), higher stages of liver fibrosis (P < 0.001), and higher post‐treatment levels of Wisteria floribunda agglutinin positive Mac‐2 binding protein (P < 0.001) and alanine aminotransferase (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Serum IFN‐λ3 levels after HCV clearance are associated with the potential for HCC development. Interferon‐λ3 could be helpful for elucidating the relationships among immunologic status, liver fibrosis, liver inflammation, and hepatocarcinogenesis, after achieving SVR.
Incidence and risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma change over time in patients with hepatitis C virus infection who achieved sustained virologic response
Authors: Yamada Ryoko , Hiramatsu Naoki , Oze Tsugiko , Urabe Ayako , Tahata Yuki , Morishita Naoki , Kodama Takahiro , Hikita Hayato , Sakamori Ryotaro , Yakushijin Takayuki , Yamada Akira , Hagiwara Hideki , Mita Eiji , Oshita Masahide , Itoh Toshifumi , Fukui Hiroyuki , Inui Yoshiaki , Hijioka Taizo , Inada Masami , Katayama Kazuhiro , Tamura Shinji , Inoue Atsuo , Imai Yasuharu , Tatsumi Tomohide , Hamasaki Toshimitsu , Hayashi Norio , Takehara Tetsuo
Published: January 2019

Aim

In patients with chronic hepatitis C, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurs at a certain frequency, even if a sustained virologic response (SVR) is achieved by antiviral treatment. Old age, liver fibrosis, and high post‐treatment α‐fetoprotein (AFP) level are typical risk factors of post‐SVR HCC. We examined whether the frequencies and factors of HCC in patients with an SVR achieved from interferon treatment changed. Methods

Among patients prospectively registered for pegylated interferon and ribavirin treatment, 2021 with an SVR without HCC development during the treatment period were followed up. The mean observation period was 49.5 ± 26.2 months.

Results

The multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that older age, diabetes mellitus, advanced liver disease, and higher post‐treatment AFP level were the independent risk factors throughout the observation period. The annual occurrence rate of HCC was 0.74% in the third year, 0.54% in the fourth year, and 0.40% in the fifth year; it gradually decreased from the third year. Because the time course hazards for HCC changed at 48 months, we separately analyzed its risk factors before and after this change point. The multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that the four above‐mentioned factors were significantly related to HCC development within 4 years. Conversely, the univariable Cox regression analysis only identified diabetes mellitus as a significant factor for HCC development after 4 years.

Conclusion

The frequency of HCC in hepatitis C patients who achieved an SVR from interferon treatment decreased during the observation period, and its risk factors changed between the early and late periods.
Laser deposition‐additive manufacturing of Ti–B/TiC ceramics reinforced microlaminates
Authors: Li Jianing , Zhao Zhongkui , Wang Xiaolin , Xu Shubo
Published: January 2019

Ti‐B/TiC ceramics reinforced microlaminates were fabricated by a laser cladding (LC) technique on the TC17 titanium alloy substrate made by the laser deposition‐additive manufacturing technique. The Stellite 7‐B4C mixed powders were used to produce a bottom‐layer; then the Stellite 7‐B4C‐Al‐Cu‐Mn mixed powders were deposited on this bottom‐layer to produce an upper‐layer. With the addition of Al‐Cu‐Mn mixed powders, the AlCu2Mn UNs with a L21 (face‐centered cubic system) structure were produced in an upper‐layer, which increased the free energy of the crystal boundaries, and this can increase the density of the point defects, resulting in the lattice distortions. The identification of the AlCu2Mn UNs in the laser‐treated composites contributes theoretical and experimental basis to improve the quality of the laser 3D print materials . To have a quantitative understanding of the strengthening effects, this paper has provided the laser‐induced technological and the related theoretical basis to fabricate the ultrafine nanocrystals (UNs) modified microlaminates on the metal.
Tailoring the photoluminescent properties of samarium and dysprosium codoped calcium zirconate perovskites for WLED applications
Authors: Venugopal Meenu , Padma Kumar Hariharan , Satheesh Ramachandran , Jayakrishnan Ramakrishnan
Published: January 2019

This study investigates the photoluminescent properties of Dy3+/Sm3+ single and codoped CaZrO3perovskites that were prepared through conventional solid state ceramic route method. X‐ray diffraction studies confirmed the orthorhombic (Pnma) perovskite structure of the calcined samples. Photoluminescence studies of Dy3+doped CaZrO3 systems showed emission peaks at 484 nm and 575 nm due to the transition between 4F9/2–6H15/2 and 4F9/2–6H13/2 levels respectively. Intense red emissions were observed for Sm3+ doped CaZrO3 systems at around 567 nm, 603 and 646 nm that corresponds to the 4G5/2 → 6H5/2, 4G5/2 → 6H7/2 and 4G5/2 → 6H9/2 transitions of Sm3+. Two different emissions were observed at different excitations for Dy3+/Sm3+ codoped CaZrO3systems. Pleasant white light emission was achieved for the CaZr0.9Sm0.025Dy0.075O3 system at 354 nm excitation with CIE color coordinates (0.3310, 0.3349) with a quantum yield of 16.14%, makes this system a promising candidate for WLED and display device applications. Uniform grain morphology and elemental composition of CaZr0.9Sm0.025Dy0.075O3 sample was revealed from scanning electron microscopic and electron dispersive X‐ray analysis. The presence of elements and their oxidation states in the calcined samples for doubly doped system was confirmed from X‐Ray photoelectron spectroscopicstudies.
The correlation between symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia and the quality of life: A field study
Authors: Özcan Ayşegul , Özdil Kamuran , Kaya Şenay Ş
Published: January 2019

Is there any correlation between symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and quality of life in men aged 40 years and over? This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the BPH symptoms and the quality of life and to determine the views and attitudes about this disease. BPH is one of the most common health problems in men and adversely affects the quality of life. The study was conducted in 2016 by using quantitative and qualitative research methods. The data were collected using the Information Form, the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), the Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy Quality of Life Scale (BPH‐QLS) and the Semi‐structured Interview Form. While quantitative data were assessed by numbers, percentages, chi‐square test, Kruskal‐Wallis test, Mann‐Whitney U test and Spearman's correlation coefficient, qualitative data were assessed using content analysis. There was a statistically significant correlation between BPH‐QLS score and age, educational level, presence of micturition problem and the state of applying to health institution (P < 0.005). A positive correlation was found between IPSS and BPH‐QLS (Spearman's r = 0.695, P = 0.000). When qualitative data were evaluated, views such as “identification of the disease as virility or sexual inability,” “feeling of embarrassment about the disease,” “being hesitant to be examined” and “seeming unnecessary to pay a fee to be examined” were determined. In this context, it is recommended for public health nurses to conduct population‐based studies on BPH.
The anthelmintic drug praziquantel promotes human Tr1 differentiation
Authors: Eyoh Enwono , McCallum Patrick , Killick Justin , Amanfo Seth , Mutapi Francisca , Astier Anne L
Published: January 2019

Praziquantel (PZQ) is an anthelminthic human and veterinary drug used to treat trematode and cestode worms. Changes in immune responses have been demonstrated in humans following curative PZQ treatment of schistosome infections. These changes have been attributed to the removal of immunosupressive worms and immune responses to parasite antigens exposed from dying worms. To date, there has been no study investigating the potential direct effect of PZQ on the host immune cells. Herein, we analyzed the effect of PZQ on human CD4+ T cells classically costimulated by CD3/CD28 or costimulated by the complement regulator CD46 to induce Type 1 regulatory T cells (Tr1). Our results show that PZQ enhanced T‐cell proliferation, increased secretion of IL‐17 and IL‐10 but had no effect on secretion of GM‐CSF or IFNγ. Moreover, PZQ increased the coexpression of CD49b and LAG‐3, a hallmark of Tr1 cells, suggesting increased Tr1 differentiation. Indeed, supernatants from PZQ‐treated cells were able to decrease bystander T‐cell activation, and this was partly reduced when blocking IL‐10. Hence, our study demonstrates that PZQ directly modulates human T‐cell activation and promotes Tr1 differentiation, suggesting that PZQ may have immunomodulatory functions in parasite‐unrelated human inflammatory diseases.
Social comparisons, social media addiction, and social interaction: An examination of specific social media behaviors related to major depressive disorder in a millennial population
Authors: Robinson Anthony , Bonnette Aaron , Howard Krista , Ceballos Natalie , Dailey Stephanie , Lu Yongmei , Grimes Tom
Published: January 2019

Although studies have shown that increases in the frequency of social media use may be associated with increases in depressive symptoms of individuals with depression, the current study aimed to identify specific social media behaviors related to major depressive disorder (MDD). Millennials (N = 504) who actively use Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and/or Snapchat participated in an online survey assessing major depression and specific social media behaviors. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify specific social media behaviors associated with the presence of MDD. The results identified five key social media factors associated with MDD. Individuals who were more likely to compare themselves to others better off than they were (p = 0.005), those who indicated that they would be more bothered by being tagged in unflattering pictures (p = 0.011), and those less likely to post pictures of themselves along with other people (p = 0.015) were more likely to meet the criteria for MDD. Participants following 300 + Twitter accounts were less likely to have MDD (p = 0.041), and those with higher scores on the Social Media Addiction scale were significantly more likely to meet the criteria for MDD (p = 0.031). Participating in negative social media behaviors is associated with a higher likelihood of having MDD. Research and clinical implications are considered.
Preparation of Mn2+‐Cu+ co‐doped P2O5–ZnO–Al2O3 glasses and their red fluorescence properties
Authors: Wada Noriyuki , Hanai Jyoji , Furukawa Mikiya , Kojima Kazuo
Published: January 2019

To make a Mn2+‐doped red glass phosphor that can be excited with ultraviolet (UV) light of light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), 60P2O5‐35ZnO‐5Al2O3‐8MnO‐xCu2O glasses (x = 0‐1.00) were prepared by a melt‐quenching method at 1200‐1400°C for 30‐180 minutes in atmospheric air, and the redox of Mn and Cu as well as fluorescence properties were investigated. The Mn2+ ion was not reduced and oxidized in the melting, quenching, and annealing processes. The valence of Cu in the glasses changed in the order of 0, 1+, and 2+ with the increase in the amount of Cu2O and in the melting temperature and time. In this study, a 60P2O5‐35ZnO‐5Al2O3‐8MnO‐0.10Cu2O glass melted at 1250°C for 90 minutes, having the highest Cu+ concentration, showed the strongest Mn2+ red fluorescence under the UV light at 275 nm. This strong Mn2+ red fluorescence has been caused by the energy transfer from excited Cu+ ions to Mn2+ ions.