bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DIMENSIONS OF PRODUCT COMPLEXITY FROM DESIGNERS’ PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Holliman Alexander ′Freddie′
Published: June 2023

The perceived complexity of a product (product complexity) is doubtless an influential phenomenon in a design project. Insight into this factor and how it can be measured, is key to understanding its influence, supporting project planning and resource demand estimation. Opinions on product complexity vary greatly, with many definitions, scales and techniques to measure product complexity available; many of which draw their conclusions from engineering design research. Yet the field of product (or industrial) design companies, whose designers work across a vast range of product types, from domestic to industrial remains under researched. These designers have a tacit understanding of many influences over their projects, of which product complexity is one.

This paper presents an analysis of the dimensions (or measures) of product complexity found in literature and compares its findings to the measures defined by practicing product designers. This paper will demonstrate the process used to identify these dimensions and the scales developed to assess product complexity in a practical way and will make conclusions on the perspectives held on product complexity by product designers.
ENHANCED FINDABILITY AND REUSABILITY OF ENGINEERING DATA BY CONTEXTUAL METADATA
Authors: Altun Osman , Oladazimi Pooya , Wawer Max Leo , Raumel Selina , Wurz Marc , Barienti Khemais , Nürnberger Florian , Lachmayer Roland , Mozgova Iryna , Koepler Oliver , Auer Sören
Published: June 2023

Complex research problems are increasingly addressed by interdisciplinary, collaborate research projects generating large amounts of heterogeneous amounts of data. The overarching processing, analysis and availability of data are critical success factors for these research efforts. Data repositories enable long term availability of such data for the scientific community. The findability and therefore reusability strongly builds on comprehensive annotations of datasets stored in repositories. Often generic metadata schema are used to annotate data. In this publication we describe the implementation of discipline specific metadata into a data repository to provide more contextual information about data. To avoid extra workload for researchers to provide such metadata a workflow with standardised data templates for automated metadata extraction during the ingest process has been developed. The enriched metadata are in the following used in the development of two repository plugins for data comparison and data visualisation. The added values of discipline-specific annotations and derived search features to support matching and reusable data is then demonstrated by use cases of two Collaborative Research Centres (CRC 1368 and CRC 1153).
ENVIRONMENT-BASED DESIGN (EBD): USING ONLY NECESSARY KNOWLEDGE FOR DESIGNER CREATIVITY
Authors: Yang Jiami , Dou Yi , Zeng Yong
Published: June 2023

Design is a highly nonlinear chaotic dynamic process with many possible solutions, which requires enormous knowledge for designers. This paper investigates how environment-based design (EBD) methodology can help designers use only necessary knowledge for their creativity based on three methods: information search, knowledge acquisition and knowledge application. The methods are applied in an aircraft pylon design, which is evaluated by two aerospace design specialists. The paper discussed the different roles of EBD for novice and expert designers in regard to overcoming emotion and knowledge barriers to achieving designer creativity.
EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE ON SYSTEM GENERATION ENGINEERING BY THE EXAMPLE OF THE IPHONE
Authors: Pfaff Felix , Götz Gregor Theodor , Rapp Simon , Albers Albert
Published: June 2023

Industrial practice shows that products are developed in generations. Innovation success with complex technical systems can only be achieved economically by using existing solutions as references. These references come from predecessors, competitors, and even industry-external sources. The model of SGE – System Generation Engineering describes these relationships. The iPhone is often used as an example of an innovative product developed in generations. Multiple studies have examined the iPhone. However, none of these studies systematically considers the influence of the product context on references and variations. In this contribution, an evolutionary descriptive model based on the model of SGE is applied to 15 iPhone product generations. The central result is an overview of the variation shares over the generations and the relationships between context factors, reference-based variation activities, and innovation success and hypotheses for causalities. This is one of a series of case studies to investigate these causalities. The study showed how the iPhone remained successful in its context: not through a high new development share, but through strategically placed variations and the use of references from various sources.
EXPLICIT ANNOTATED 3D-CNN DEEP LEARNING OF GEOMETRIC PRIMITIVES INSTANCES
Authors: Hilbig Arthur , Holtzhausen Stefan , Paetzold-Byhain Kristin
Published: June 2023

In reengineering technical components, the robust automation of reverse engineering (RE) could overcome the need for human supervision in the surface reconstruction process. Therefore, an enhanced computer-based geometric reasoning to derive tolerable surface deviations for reconstructing optimal surface models would promote a deeper geometric understanding of RE downstream processes. This approach integrates advanced surface information into a deep learning-based recognition framework by explicitly labeling geometric outliers and subsurface boundaries. For this purpose, a synthetic dataset is created that morphs nominal surface models to resemble the macroscopic surface pattern of physical components. For the detection of regular geometry primitives, a 3D-CNN is used to analyze the voxelized components based on signed distance field data. This explicit labeling approach enables surface fitting to derive suitable shape features that fulfill the underlying surface constraints.
EXPLORING HEALTH AND DESIGN EVIDENCE PRACTICES IN EHEALTH SYSTEMS’ DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Morales Ornelas Hosana Cristina , Kleinsmann Maaike , Kortuem Gerd
Published: June 2023

Evidence-based practices play an essential role in the development of eHealth systems. Prior research has investigated the challenge of shared understanding between professionals from the fields of health sciences and design and has highlighted the need for effective alignment of development and research practices in eHealth. However, there is a limited understanding of epistemological differences between these fields and how professionals conceptualise evidence. In this paper, we investigate how healthcare and design professionals think about evidence and how they implement evidence practices in their work. We interviewed eight professionals and used reflexive thematic analysis to identify the challenges and strategies associated with their evidence practices. Our results identify five shared evidence practices between healthcare and design professionals: stakeholder-driven, process-driven, problem-driven, effect-driven, and solution-driven. These five evidence practices indicate opportunities for closer alignment of development and research practices among healthcare and design professionals and offer a basis to create a shared understanding of evidence between both fields.
EXPLORING THE POTENTIAL FOR A FEA-BASED DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS TO DEVELOP DESIGN TOOLS FOR BULK-METAL JOINING PROCESSES
Authors: Hatherell Jacob , Marmier Arnaud , Dennis Grant , Curry Will , Matthews Jason
Published: June 2023

Over the last 20 years, finite element analysis (FEA) has become a standard analysis tool for metal joining processes. When FEA tools are combined with design of experiments (DOE) methodologies, academic research has shown the potential for virtual DOE to allow for the rapid analysis of manufacturing parameters and their influence on final formed products. However, within the domain of bulk-metal joining, FEA tools are rarely used in industrial applications and limit DOE trails to physical testing which are therefore constrained by financial costs and time.

This research explores the suitability of an FEA-based DOE to predict the complex behaviour during bulk-metal joining processes through a case study on the staking of spherical bearings. For the two DOE outputs of pushout strength and post-stake torque, the FEA-based DOE error did not exceed ±1.2% and ± 1.5 Nm respectively which far surpasses what was previously capable from analytically derived closed-form solutions. The outcomes of this case study demonstration the potential for FEA-based DOE to provide an inexpensive, methodical, and scalable solution for modelling bulk-metal joining process
EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENDER IDENTITY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SHARED UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN DESIGNERS
Authors: Johnson Erin , Krishnakumar Sandeep , Letting Cynthia , Soria-Zurita Nicolas , Menold Jessica
Published: June 2023

Prior work has demonstrated that gender identity affects team psychological safety, which is critical to the development of a shared understanding of the task. Further, we know that a shared understanding can increase team cohesion and team performance. Little work has investigated how gender differences affect communicative acts within the context of design, and more specifically how gender differences may affect the development of a shared understanding of the design concept between designers. As a first step towards filling this gap, the current work presents findings from a controlled study conducted at The Pennsylvania State University with 22 design dyads (44 designers). The findings from this study indicate that gender identity within design dyads does not affect participants’ shared understanding of a design concept.
EXTENDED REALITY IN INDUSTRY: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Spadoni Elena , Bordegoni Monica , Carulli Marina , Ferrise Francesco
Published: June 2023

The industry's interest in Virtual and Augmented Reality (VR and AR) technologies started from the beginning of their appearance in the research world. Over the years, scholars observed ups and downs, to which various factors contributed. In recent years these technologies, now known as eXtended Reality (XR), have returned to fascinate the industrial world, mainly because most of the related enabling technologies have improved to the point of pushing companies to re-invest in them. The introduction of approaches such as the digital twin one and the recent hype on the metaverse is also a push in this direction. A few questions arise: what are the benefits of such technologies in the industry today, and what are the unexplored possibilities? Starting from a systematic literature review and exploring the practical implications of integrating technologies in the industrial field, the paper tries to answer these questions. The paper is not intended as a technological forecast but as a stimulus for future research.
FREE-ENERGY MODEL OF SENSE OF AGENCY FOR HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACE DESIGN BASED ON COMPARATOR MODEL
Authors: Taniyama Kensaku , Yanagisawa Hideyoshi
Published: June 2023

Sense of agency is the sense that one is causing an action. The increase in machine or system autonomy leads to an increase in the loss of sense of agency for the operation causing the loss of pleasure in the operation or sense of responsibility for the consequences of operations. Designing a sense of agency is necessary, especially in the context of machine autonomy. This calls for the control of the sense of agency, which requires the construction of a model to predict the sense of agency and establishing a design methodology to manipulate the factors of sense of agency. We propose the mathematical model that predicts the sense of agency in a human-machine system based on the comparator model and free-energy principle and what to design to enhance the sense of agency. Proposed model explains the effects of prediction error, prediction uncertainty, and observation uncertainty for body, machine, and environment feedback on the sense of agency. The model generally reveals the interaction effect between prediction error and prediction uncertainty and between prediction error and observation uncertainty. The model prediction can be widely applied as a design guide for enhancing sense of agency of human-machine interfaces.
FROM TEXT TO IMAGES: LINKING SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS TO IMAGES USING JOINT EMBEDDING
Authors: Chen Cheng , Carroll Cody , Morkos Beshoy
Published: June 2023

Smart manufacturing enterprises rely on adapting to rapid engineering changes while minimizing the generated risk. Making informed decisions related to engineering changes and managing risks against unexpected costs requires more information to be extracted from limited data. However, limited information in early-stage design can come in many forms, namely text and images. The development of innovative design tools and processes to link multisource data together is essential to assist designers in building model-based engineering (MBE) systems. However, the formal computational linking of multisource data is yet to be realized in MBE. We propose a framework to implement transfer learning and integrate domain specific knowledge to bridge this information gap. A synthetic dataset is created using web scraping techniques based on keywords extracted from the requirements. Requirement-image pairs are used to fine tune a contrastive language-image pretraining model to acquire domain knowledge. The results demonstrate how the content of images can be used to indicate all affected requirements for tracing engineering changes in a complex system.
GUIDELINES FROM LITERATURE TO PRACTICE: FIRST KEY TO IMPLEMENT ECO-INNOVATION IN AN INNOVATION LABORATORY
Authors: Coustillac Lili , Bazzaro Florence , Meyer Yann , Lobbé Justine , Guillaud-Vallée Patrick
Published: June 2023

Today, eco-innovation is a major challenge for companies. This new innovation approach requires to renew current practices to meet new societal and environmental issues. To do this, more and more companies create innovation laboratories to support them in this process, by providing different tools and methods adapted to their needs. To integrate eco-innovation in these new spaces, tools must answer to differents criteria. The only tool proposed by the literature is the guidelines tool but by confronting it with current practices, limits of this tool and of the innovation laboratory practices were defined. In this paper we will question and deconstruct guidelines tool in order to propose a new vision of it through identification of eco-innovation attributes.
HOW ARE EMOTIONAL ATTACHMENT STRATEGIES CURRENTLY EMPLOYED IN PRODUCT-SERVICE SYSTEM CASES? A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW UNDERSCORING DRIVERS AND HINDRANCES
Authors: Aguiar Marina Fernandes , Costa Janaina Mascarenhas Hornos , Pigosso Daniela C. A.
Published: June 2023

Aiming to decouple value creation from resource consumption, the Circular Economy is considered an alternative to the current linear model of production and consumption. Among the innovative circular business models, Product-Service Systems (PSS) have been recognized as a possible route to achieve enhanced sustainability performance through the extension of product lifespans and the reduction of product substitution. However, PSS may lead to rebound effects due to less careful behavior during the use phase, which compromises product durability. Currently, the effect of non-ownership models on product care is not yet fully understood, nor are the strategies that could enable better product care. This research aims to deeper comprehend the consumer-product relationships in PSS solutions, as well as to shed light on the potential role of emotional durability in PSS development for product attachment. In order to do so, this paper analyses twelve Product-Service System cases derived from a systematic literature review, categorizing the emotional attachment strategies in each case, and identifying how these strategies might hinder or potentialize PSS solutions.
HVLV ENGINEERING WITH MODULE SYSTEM(S), ETO AND LEAN DESIGN – STUDY ON PRACTITIONER INFORMATION NEEDS
Authors: Juuti Tero Sakari , Heikkinen Teuvo , Heino Tero , Graf Ilari , Tomberg Juha-Pekka , Oja Hannu
Published: June 2023

This research elaborates the engineering design of high value low volume (HVLV) artefacts (aka Capital goods, investment goods). Our goal is to describe what information needs the practitioners have when doing sales engineering and engineering in HVLV projects. The research approach uses Design Research Methodology with four company cases.

Our findings are that engineering design of HVLV artefacts reuses several module systems, module libraries, technology catalogues, engineering-to-order and variety of design support systems, configurators, design guidelines, parametric models and lean-based design reasoning patterns etc. This poses major challenges for the engineers; how to use all relevant information and how to find it from different IT-systems.

This study indicates that in HVLV context such engineering strategy is required, which guides and drives tactical and operational engineering decisions not only within a project delivery but across project deliveries. Operative and tactical engineering is done during the delivery project and value capture is not achieved in full potential if the engineering strategy is neglected or overruled. This is challenge for current modularisation and ETO-methods and tools.
IDEA - TOWARDS AN INTERACTIVE TOOL THAT SUPPORTS CREATIVITY SESSIONS IN AUTOMOTIVE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Kaschub Verena Lisa , Wechner Reto , Krautmacher Lara , Diers Daniel , Bues Matthias , Lossack Ralf , Kloos Uwe , Riedel Oliver
Published: June 2023

The basis for developing future products in the automotive industry is finding creative and innovative solutions. Ideas can be found by means of creativity methods that support product developers throughout the creative process. Product developers are provided with a variety of different and new methods. This leads to a “method jungle” in which it is difficult for product developers to find the most suitable path. The successful use of methods in product development goes hand in hand with the acceptance and implementation of the methods. Despite the added value, only a low use is observed in the development process. The field of Creativity Support Tools also offers a wide variety of different tools that support the creativity process. Although a chasm exists between the many CSTs that are developed and what creative practitioners actually use. Therefore, previous studies iteratively developed a user-centered tool called “IDEA” that tries to provide a tool that responds to users' needs. The question arises how the developed tool IDEA performs in “real life setting” regarding its UX and usability as well as the creativity method acceptance and level of mental workload.
IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF UNCERTAINTIES AS THE FOUNDATION OF AGILE METHODS
Authors: Pendzik Martin , Sembdner Philipp , Paetzold Kristin
Published: June 2023

To remain competitive, companies today are increasingly faced with the challenge of reacting adequately in dynamic development environments. For product development, in particular, it is necessary to organize decision-making processes so they can react quickly and flexibly to changes in the development environment. To describe the dynamics and changeability, the term VUCA is used, which is a synonym for volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity, and thus summarises the most diverse forms of changeability. An adaptation of agile methods to the development context makes it necessary to specify the causes of uncertainty in more detail. The article presents a framework that analyses these influencing factors and differentiates them more precisely to specify problems in dealing with VUCA and to develop recommendations for action for the goal-oriented adaptation of agile methods.
IDENTIFICATION AND RETRIEVAL OF RELEVANT INFORMATION FOR INSTANTIATING DIGITAL TWINS DURING THE CONSTRUCTION OF PROCESS PLANTS
Authors: Layer Max , Neubert Sebastian , Tiemann Lea , Stelzer Ralph
Published: June 2023

While volume-driven industries such as automotive are characterized by a high degree of data backflow across all production cycles, there is still a certain residue in the planning and construction of process plants. This is firstly due to the high proportion of customer-specific requirements and secondly to the significant amount of value added on site during construction. To handle recurring project-specific process plants as time- and cost-efficiently as possible, optimal information exchange among contractors of various disciplines and the plant developer is a prerequisite. For this purpose, a holistic digital representation of the plant is created, which consolidates all relevant information in one place serving as a foundation of multiple digital twins. An approach to identify and define relevant information depending on their subsequent use is developed. On this basis, a framework is proposed to enable a multipliable BOM-based automatic definition of information backflow to instantiate digital representations in parallel to the planning and construction process. Furthermore, project-specific contextual information will be captured and referenced in a structured form preventing their loss for subsequent similar projects.
IMPLEMENTATION OF A DESIGN GUIDELINE FOR ALUMINUM FOAM SANDWICH BASED ON INDUSTRIAL DEMANDS
Authors: Hommel Patrick , Roth Daniel , Binz Hansgeorg , Kreimeyer Matthias
Published: June 2023

Aluminum foam sandwich (AFS) is an innovative material for lightweight structures, consisting of an aluminum foam core surrounded by two face sheets of aluminum. The advantages of AFS are a low density combined with a high bending stiffness, good energy absorption properties, and high recyclability, meaning it can be used for many different applications. However, the number of realized series applications with AFS is low caused by a lack of design knowledge, as shown in various studies. In order to address this lack of design knowledge, a design guideline is to be developed. This paper focuses on the development of such a design guideline based on requirements and demands from the industry and presents a structure. In addition, the individual contents of the design guideline are explained in more detail in order to clarify how designers can be supported in the future when designing products with AFS, so that the full potential of this material can be realized. Finally, a survey in an industrial context evaluates the extent to which this design guideline is a useful form of support, in order to check whether its application can improve the design process with AFS.
IMPLICATIONS OF EU INSTRUMENTS ON COMPANY CAPABILITIES TO DESIGN MORE SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS–PRODUCT ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT AND DIGITAL PRODUCT PASSPORT
Authors: Lövdahl Josefin , Hallstedt Sophie I. , Schulte Jesko
Published: June 2023

In the EU, initiatives with concrete instruments for measuring and storing sustainability-related product data are now introduced in legislation. Based on literature review and semi-structured interviews, this study investigates two EU instruments, the Product Environmental Footprint method and Digital Product Passports, and their potential implications for company capabilities to design and select more sustainable solutions in a strategic way. The results show that these instruments can lead to increased transparency and traceability in the design and comparison of solutions, allowing for more effective collaboration across the value chain. By applying a strategic sustainability perspective, it was found that these EU instruments have major limitations as they lack a systems perspective, do not include a full socio-ecological sustainability perspective, and do not support strategic decision-making. This results in risks for suboptimization and the design of solutions that turn out to be costly dead-ends on the way towards a sustainable society. Research is therefore recommended to investigate how these instruments can facilitate a strategic development of sustainable solutions.
LAYING THE FOUNDATIONS FOR A METHODOLOGY TO INTEGRATE AND MANAGE THE CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ISSUES OF A COMPANY IN THE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
Authors: Capomaccio Anne-Laure , Reyes Carrillo Tatiana , Richet Sophie
Published: June 2023

Manufacturing companies are urged to take responsibility for their impacts on the environment and on society, to contribute to a more sustainable development. The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has therefore gained a lot of interest in the last decades. The Product Development Process (PDP) is a key activity in the operationalization of CSR in a company. However, little is known about the capabilities needed for companies to integrate and manage their CSR issues in their PDP. Therefore, this article aims at contributing to (1) identifying the capabilities to integrate and manage the CSR issues during the PDP, and (2) providing a maturity model to assess the level of capabilities for the integration of the CSR issues in the PDP. Insofar as CSR aims at contributing to sustainable development, the existing literature on capabilities for integrating sustainability in the PDP has been studied and taken as a basis to identify the capabilities for integrating and managing CSR in the PDP. A maturity model has then been built based on these capabilities. This contribution lays the foundation for a methodology to support companies in the improvement of their maturity level in terms of CSR-PDP interaction.
MANAGING FUNCTIONAL TRADE-OFFS IN THE MECHANICAL DESIGN OF INTEGRATED PRODUCTS USING MULTIOBJECTIVE MONOTONICITY ANALYSIS
Authors: Sigurdarson Nokkvi S. , Papalambros Panos Y. , Eifler Tobias
Published: June 2023

With the continuously increasing integration of (mechanical) products, the identification and management of trade-offs becomes a major task in product synthesis, with substantial effect on optimality and robustness of the final solution. At the same time, a rigorous and comprehensive study of trade-offs through mathematical design optimisation is often impractical in design, as efforts spent on modeling and optimizing are likely wasted if a chosen design is changed. Extending research on configuration redesign based on a multiobjective monotonicty analysis (MOMA), this paper presents three levels of evaluation for early design or redesign: (I) informal evaluation, (II) opportunistic evaluation, and (III) exhaustive evaluation. The chosen level depends on what knowledge the designer wants to gain, and the higher the level, the larger the analysis effort, the lesser the re-use of the information gained from the initial MOMA analysis respectively. The approach is illustrated using a novel drug delivery device, the Self-Orienting Millimeter-Scale Applicator (SOMA), for the oral delivery of protein compounds such as insulin.
MANAGING SMART SYSTEMS FOR THE NET ZERO AGENDA – HOW CAN DIGITAL TWIN TECHNOLOGIES AND SMART PRODUCTS DELIVER CUSTOMER VALUE?
Authors: Markey Charlotte Lucinda , Ahmed-Kristensen Saeema
Published: June 2023

Using the case study of a smart green blue roof pilot project in Greater Manchester, the authors have coded and analysed a series of semi structured interviews. We present our findings which are specifically focused on how 'smart' was understood by the multiple stakeholders involved in the project and how product complexity is managed when digital technologies are integrated into nature based solutions that are becoming more popularised in the construction sector. This integration of digital twin and sensor technologies with physical drainage products to create the next generation of smart green blue infrastructure, presents numerous challenges for organisations in the construction sector. We conclude that the need for smart systems of systems in this sector necessitates organisational change and new methods of knowledge transfer across organisations who work together to deliver the holistic physical and digital services to the client.
MAPPING STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT NEEDS IN EARLY-STAGE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
Authors: Yip Man Hang
Published: June 2023

Companies design, develop, and market new systems of products and services, through the process of translating beneficiaries’ needs into design specifications, where beneficiaries are those who generate value when using the new product or experiencing the new service enabled by the product. Successful new systems of products and services attract potential beneficiaries. This study explores how to identify the stakeholder engagement requirements of a new system at its early stage of development.

The study proposes a procedure and a tool - a new visual representation called the stakeholder-value map - to show the system development team how stakeholders are to interact with the system's key elements, and hence inform the timing of stakeholder involvement, for realising the value proposition of the new system. A working theoretical construct is also emerged from the study: for a new system to have a higher chance of market adoption, one can first visualise the ‘route’ of value-creation, from the lowest value-level product/service elements to the highest value-level service elements; then, identify the requirements for stakeholder engagement in the new system development.
MEDICAL DEVICE OR FASHION ACCESSORY? A CASE STUDY OF A REDESIGNED CHILD'S PROSTHETIC UPPER LIMB APPLYING PRINCIPLES OF PERCEPTION AND SEMANTICS TO REFRAME SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE
Authors: Sansoni Stefania , Torrens George Edward , Yang Fan , Hanim Binti Suroya Suhaiza , Wang Yi
Published: June 2023

This paper explores the value of the visual features of assistive products for a positive psychological impact on users. The research focuses on upper limb prosthetic devices and their aesthetic impact on the user. Within the presented study, these products are identified not only as assistive products but also as fashion accessories. A case study is presented that applies an understanding of human behaviour, motivation, and perception of semantic cues within the cultural context of a given society to deliver a more socially acceptable child's upper limb prosthetic.
METHOD FOR REFERENCE-BASED MANUFACTURING COST ESTIMATION – EVALUATION STUDY USING A PROTOTYPE
Authors: Hellweg Fynn , Cacaj Ardian , Haneke Simon , Albers Albert
Published: June 2023

Within product development, manufacturing cost estimation provides a sound basis for design and management decisions. This secures companies profitability, but the effort is high and deep knowledge at the interface of design, manufacturing and costs is needed. These issues can be eased with automation enabled by semantic technologies. Therefore, the authors developed a method for reference-based manufacturing cost estimation and created a prototype. This research evaluates the method and the prototype. Observation, interview and questionnaire were conducted with ten experienced cost engineers at a large German manufacturing company.

Based on its results, the study shows the methods contribution to lower estimation effort, while the impact on transparency and the knowledge base was only partly verified. The method steps show different automation potential, so an incremental automation should be considered. Even though semantic technologies show high potential for identifying reference system elements in this study, the limiting factor for automation in manufacturing cost estimation remains the low availability of product and manufacturing information and missing knowledge of its connection within product development.
METHOD FOR THE INTEGRATION OF COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING DATA IN LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
Authors: Quernheim Niklas , Winter Sven , Arnemann Lars , Schleich Benjamin
Published: June 2023

Precise sustainability assessment becomes increasingly important in decision-making, marketing, and regulations. Therefore, reliable and comparable LCA becomes mandatory. Currently, primary data is rarely available due to vastly complex value chains. Secondary data from eco-databases provide a remedy to estimate the sustainability impacts of up- and downstream processes. While giving insights and estimations, this data is seldom fitting exactly to the own processes and lacks comparability. Therefore, this paper proposes a method to close the gap between unreliable secondary data and unavailable primary data. This gap is to be closed by the integration of simulated process data. CAM is a tool during the work preparation to assess the design's manufacturability, decrease set-up times and optimize the NC code. However, integrating DES into LCA is still subject to research and will be discussed in this paper. This paper answers the question of the necessary steps to integrate the simulated production process in an LCA to increase the quality and reliability of sustainability indicators. A method is presented, and the implementation of the steps with the help of a developed assistance system on an example is performed.
MITIGATING UNCERTAINTY IN CONCEPTUAL DESIGN USING OPERATIONAL SCENARIO SIMULATIONS: A DATA-DRIVEN EXTENSION OF THE EVOKE APPROACH
Authors: Bertoni Alessandro
Published: June 2023

The paper presents an approach where the iterative replication of Discrete Event Simulations on future operational scenarios is used to derive data-driven design merit functions. The presented contribution proposes an extension of the EVOKE (Early Value Oriented Design Exploration with Knowledge Maturity) approach determining when and how the experience-based judgment about maximization, minimization, optimization, and avoidance functions, correlating value drivers and quantified objectives, can be substituted by data-driven mathematical functions obtained by scenarios simulations. The approach is described through a simplified case concerning the development of autonomous electric vehicles to complement the public transport system in the city of Karlskrona in Sweden. The consideration of value drivers and quantified objectives presented is meant to support a preliminary screening of potential design configurations to support the definition of high-level product and system-related functional requirements, to be run before a more detailed conceptual design analysis.
MODEL-BASED SYSTEMS ENGINEERING USING SECURITY DESIGN PATTERNS IN THE CONTEXT OF ISO/SAE 21434
Authors: Japs Sergej , Faheem Faizan , Anacker Harald , Husung Stephan , Dumitrescu Roman
Published: June 2023

The development of modern vehicles is complex, especially regarding compliance with security and safety. ISO/SAE 21434 considers security and safety along the entire product life cycle. According to the standard, a system architecture, a risk analysis, and the application of countermeasures are carried out in the early system design. Design patterns are solutions to known design problems. Security Design Patterns (SDP) describe countermeasures and are used to reduce risk. After our literature review, we did not find a suitable approach that presents SDPs that would be applicable in early system design. In this paper, we present 10 SDPs for early system design, which we evaluated during an 11-week student project with 28 teams. We present the results of the quantitative analysis and the evaluation of the feedback.
MODULAR MAINTENANCE DECISION ARCHITECTURE
Authors: Agergaard Julie Krogh , Sigsgaard Kristoffer Wernblad , Mortensen Niels Henrik , Didriksen Simon , Hansen Kasper Barslund , Ge Jingrui
Published: June 2023

The operation of large production assets requires many decisions from the acquisition and design of new assets to the choice of lubricant for a specific piece of equipment. The decisions made in maintenance have a direct effect on the management of the production process, making it important to ensure correct maintenance decision making. However, studies on maintenance decision making tend to focus on smaller areas of decisions being made in a process, but rarely the entire process. To introduce more studies that consider the entire maintenance process, this paper proposes using a modular Maintenance Decision Architecture. The paper introduces a framework for structuring information sources into standardized information modules and mapping them to maintenance decisions made across the entire organization. The application of approaches from product, system, and service engineering are used to support the management of the complexities of maintenance of large production facilities.
MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION-MAKING METHODS APPLIED TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABLE DESIGN: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: Xu Tianming , Liu Wei , Zhu Zicheng
Published: June 2023

Sustainability is an issue concerned with social, economic and environmental problems. The primary aim of sustainability is to fulfil the needs of the present society without compromising potential needs of future generations. Product design has a significant impact on sustainability, and a sensible decision-making process that considers trade-offs at early design stage is critical to the success of product design that addresses environmental sustainability issues. This study aims to identify and review the decision-making process for environmentally sustainable design. A comprehensive literature review has been performed to establish the trends over the past two decades. The decision-making process for sustainable design has been summarised, and the frequently-used decision-making methods, such as ANP/AHP, TOPSIS, and BWM, have been identified and discussed. A framework for the selection of Multi-criteria Decision-making (MCDM) methods has been developed to aid researchers to select appropriate MCDM methods in sustainable design. In addition, future research opportunities have also been identified.
NEEDFINDING PRACTICE: ENHANCING STUDENTS' PROBLEM FRAMING SKILLS THROUGH ITERATIVE OBSERVATION FOR BUSINESS INNOVATION
Authors: Kim Seoyoung , Kim Sohyeong , Koo Jeamin
Published: June 2023

The ambidextrous balance of combining quantitative and qualitative approach is crucial to achieve business innovation in our ever-changing society. While exploring the early stages of a problem space, profound and iterative observations of human behaviors allow designers to discover unusual insights and users’ needs. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to introduce the Needfinding Practice course at KAIST and emphasize the importance of observational research to frame new business opportunities. Main learning goal of this course is to expand the problem finding phase for enhancing students’ creativity and divergent thinking abilities. In this study, we have conducted a literature review on needfinding through observation and how the early stage of design thinking process is related to understanding users deeply. By presenting students’ field research projects, we highlighted the process of identifying unexpected latent needs to gain qualitative data for future business implications.
NEW OPPORTUNITIES AND BENEFITS IN THE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS USING THE MACHINE LEARNING BASED DIRECT INVERSE METHOD FOR MATERIAL PARAMETER IDENTIFICATION
Authors: Meißner Paul , Vietor Thomas
Published: June 2023

Finite element (FE) simulations can be used both in the early product development phase to evaluate the performance of developed components as well as in later stages to verify the reliability of functions and components that would otherwise require a large number of physical prototype tests. This requires calibrated material cards that are capable of realistically representing the specific material behavior. The necessary material parameter identification process is usually time-consuming and resource-intensive, which is why the direct inverse method based on machine learning has recently become increasingly popular. Within the neural network (NN) the generated domain knowledge can be stored and retrieved within milliseconds, which is why this method is time and resource-efficient. This research paper describes advantages and potentials of the direct inverse method in the context of the product development process (PDP). Additionally, arising transformation opportunities of the PDP are discussed and an application scenario of the method is presented followed by possible linkage potentials with existing development methods such as shape optimization.
OPERATIONALISING CONCEPTS OF DIGITAL TWINS ON DIFFERENT MATURITY LEVELS (FOETAL, CHILD, ADULT) FOR THE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS
Authors: Emir Isik Gülbahar , Hubertus Achten Henri
Published: June 2023

A digital twin is the mapping of a physical twin between hybrid spaces. The lifecycle of digital and physical twins occurs through the concepts of foetal, child, and adult twins. This technology can be used to assist clients and designers with real-time data. The use of digital twin technology in architectural design can be realised at various stages, from design to operation. Designers will be able to gain knowledge of the past, present, and future using this technology. This will reveal possible design scenarios. In this study, a hypothetical scenario is designed, in which designers build a building while already having a digital twin template. To do this, Building Information Modelling (BIM) is used as a reference model for digital twins, along with the fidelity levels of digital twins and the level of detail-development of BIM. When designers want to design a new project related to their predecessors, they already use the same type of digital twin-building portfolio they can use for their new design. A digital twin will help optimise the new process. Therefore, the digital twin of a building with a similar building type can be used to extract relevant data for the design process.
OPERATOR 4.0 FOR HYBRID MANUFACTURING
Authors: Fillingim Kenton Blane , Feldhausen Thomas
Published: June 2023

Hybrid manufacturing, a combination of additive and subtractive manufacturing capabilities in one system, has recently become a more viable production option across several industries. Although current hybrid manufacturing research covers a broad range of topics, there is a lack of focus on how this new technology impacts both the designer and the operator of hybrid systems. This paper identifies areas of literature across design theory and Industry/Operator 4.0 research efforts and presents a path for applying this research to hybrid manufacturing users. The unique relationship between operator and designer is highlighted as they learn new strategies and develop new intuitive judgements over time to become the first experienced/expert users of hybrid manufacturing. The potential impact of excessive cognitive workload due to the novel combination of processes is discussed. This paper begins a critical discussion about proper knowledge transfer to other hybrid designers and operators, as well as towards efforts of monitoring, inspecting, and automating hybrid manufacturing processes.
OPTIMISED MODELS FOR AR/VR BY USING GEOMETRIC COMPLEXITY METRICS TO CONTROL TESSELLATION
Authors: Dammann Maximilian Peter , Steger Wolfgang , Paetzold-Byhain Kristin
Published: June 2023

AR/VR applications are a valuable tool in product design and lifecycle. But the integration of AR/VR is not seamless, as CAD models need to be prepared for the AR/VR applications. One necessary data transformation is the tessellation of the analytically described geometry. To ensure the usability, visual quality and evaluability of the AR/VR application, time consuming optimisation is needed depending on the product complexity and the performance of the target device.

Widespread approaches to this problem are based on iterative mesh decimation. This approach ignores the varying importance of geometries and the required visual quality in engineering applications. Our predictive approach is an alternative that enables optimisation without iterative process steps on the tessellated geometry.

The contribution presents an approach that uses surface-based prediction and enables predictions of the perceived visual quality of the geometries. This contains the investigation of different geometric complexity metrics gathered from literature as basis for prediction models. The approach is implemented in a geometry preparation tool and the results are compared with other approaches.
OPTIMIZING REQUIREMENTS FOR MAXIMUM DESIGN FREEDOM CONSIDERING PHYSICAL FEASIBILITY
Authors: Rodrigues Della Noce Eduardo , Zimmermann Markus
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACT

Solution spaces are sets of designs that meet all quantitative requirements of a given design problem, aiding requirement management. In previous works, ways of calculating subsets of the complete solution space as hyper-boxes, corresponding to a collection of permissible intervals for design variables, were developed. These intervals can be used to formulate independent component requirements with built-in tolerance. However, these works did not take physical feasibility into account, which has two disadvantages: first, solution spaces may be useless, when the included designs cannot be realized. Second, bad designs that are not physically feasible unnecessarily restrict the design space that can be used for requirement formulation.

In this paper, we present the new concept of a requirement space that is defined as the largest set of designs that (1) allows for decomposition (e.g., into intervals when it is box-shaped), (2) maximizes the useful design space (good and physically feasible), and (3) excludes the non-acceptable design space (bad and physically feasible). A small example from robot design illustrates that requirement spaces can be significantly larger than solution spaces and thus improve requirement decomposition.
PARAMETRIC MODELLING OF THE EXTERIOR DESIGN OF AUTONOMOUS SHUTTLES
Authors: Hafemann Philipp , Daumoser Manuel , Lienkamp Markus
Published: June 2023

Autonomous vehicles for the last mile are a promising use case for advancing autonomous driving in real-world traffic. For this purpose, traditional car manufacturers and newcomer companies develop a new vehicle concept: the autonomous shuttle. During the development, components from the automation domain, such as the sensors, must be placed and integrated into the vehicle body. The trade-offs between the functional performance of the perception and the exterior design must be evaluated early in the design process. For this purpose, a model of the vehicle exterior is needed. In this contribution, we present a method for parametric modeling of the vehicle exterior of autonomous shuttles. We define 17 input parameters and use computer-aided design to create a virtual model of the body and the wheelhouses. In the results, we validate our method by ensuring that existing shuttles can be modeled with our approach and also analyze the limitations. The model supports decision-making in the early design phase by enabling quick iterations between sensor placement and exterior design.
PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF NON-LINEAR SYSTEMS BASED ON GLOBAL SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS AND MODELICA LANGUAGE
Authors: Vuillod Bruno , Panettieri Enrico , Hallo Ludovic , Montemurro Marco
Published: June 2023

In the last few years, the growing need of highly reliable and time-effective strategies to perform preliminary design of complex systems has led industries to adopt the Model Based System Engineering (MBSE) approach. In MBSE, systems are split into multiple sub-systems and the relevant physical phenomena are described via analytical or numerical models. When a significant number of design variables are to be considered, a smart approach to reduce the number of analyses to perform would be to make use of the Global Sensitivity Analysis (GSA) to higlight those variables that have a more significant influence on the system output. Moreover, an even more significant reduction of computational cost to perform the GSA can be achieved if the complex system modelled via the MBSE approach is exported under the Functional Mock-Up Interface (FMI) norm. In this context, this paper proposes an original approach to address the study of two constructive solutions of an acceleration measuring device typically used on airbags for which the use of a new solution characterized by a porous material is compared with a classical one.