bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF THE FRESHWATER SNAIL PHYSA FONTINALIS (L.)
Authors: Duncan C. J.
Published: August 2010

Physa fontinalis is a hermaphrodite gastropod in which the gametes formed in the ovotestis pass down the common hermaphrodite duct to the albumen gland, where the male and female systems separate. The spermatozoa are carried down the vas deferens to the penis and are introduced into the bursa copulatrix of the copulatory partner, whilst the eggs, after fertilisation, pass through the oviduct, where they receive the mucous coverings which form the egg capsule.

The morphology and histology of the reproductive system of P. fontinalis have been described, together with an account of the role of each of the genital organs. When mature, the spermatozoa are liberated from the ovotestis and are stored in the hermaphrodite duct, whereas, the eggs are released only immediately before oviposition and pass through the mass of male gametes. It is suggested that the muscle sheath which surrounds the junction of the hermaphrodite duct, vas deferens and oviduct constitutes a regulating mechanism, directing the ova and the majority of the spermatozoa into their correct channels.

The vas deferens is a ciliated, non‐glandular duct, but the semen receives secretory additions formed by the prostate follicles, the glandular products being driven out of these diverticula by the action of small, interstitial, ciliated cells. During the breeding season, the characteristic, glandular cells in the penis sheath and praeputial gland become greatly swollen and secrete mucopolysaccharides which probably facilitate the eversion of the penis.

The female duct is composed of a glandular oviduct and muscular vagina, the former being divisible into three regions. The bursa copulatrix serves as a receptacle for foreign sperm and its duct opens into the vagina. Unlike the representatives of the other families of the Hygrophila which have been studied, a true albumen gland duct is missing and the ova pass into the albumen gland before entering the oviduct.

In P. fontinalis fertilisation occurs in the lower part of the hermaphrodite duct and not in the “fertilisation pockets”. It appears that the animal is largely self‐fertilising, but it is suggested that after several generations have been produced by this means, a physiological barrier to the animal's own sperm is developed, so permitting fertilisation by foreign sperm.

The albumen gland secretes galactogen and, after fertilisation, the ova enter this organ to receive a coating of its nutritive secretion. As the eggs pass down the oviduct, they are surrounded by the mucous envelopes which constitute the egg capsule, each portion of the duct having a separate function in the formation of the different investments.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE BARNACLE ELMINIUS MODESTUS DARWIN IN FRANCE
Authors: Bishop M. W. H. , Crisp D. J.
Published: August 2010

The distribution of Elminius modestus along the coast of France may be divided into four sectors. From the Belgian frontier to Cap de la Hague, it is ubiquitous both on the coast and in harbours wherever suitable surfaces for settlement exist. From Cap de la Hague to the Trieux estuary, it is scarce or absent. From the Jaudy to the Rade de Brest, it is plentiful in all sheltered estuaries but scarce on the open coast. South of the Rade de Brest, only isolated individuals have been met in a few estuaries, the furthest afield being at St. Jean‐de‐Luz close to the Spanish frontier.

The distribution on the Channel coast of France resembles closely that on the coast of southern England

It is suggested that the tidal races and the absence of large bodies of sheltered water form a barrier to its westward spread both at Portland Bill and at Cap de la Hague

Conditions in the Gulf of St. Malo, unlike those in Lyme Bay, are probably not directly unfavourable to the growth and development of individuals, but are probably unfavourable for the initial establishment of a population on account of the large tides that occur there. These may sweep locally developing populations of larvae out of the river systems and so disperse them too widely for reproduction to be possible.

The Brittany population and that of the eastern part of the Channel must have been established independently. Both are now fairly stable and well established

The Brittany population is most likely to have been disseminated from the Rade de Brest; that east of Cap de la Hague either from Cherbourg or more likely from Le Havre, Trouville and the Seine estuary, perhaps at or soon after the Allied invasion in 1944

The populations in Holland and France, though now continuous: probably arose independently. The two populations probably merged on the coast of Belgium approximately in 1949–1950
ADAPTIVE FEATURES IN THE SKULLS OF AFRICAN SUIDAE
Authors: Ewer R. F.
Published: August 2010

The relevance of a functional understanding of the skull architecture of living forms to the study of fossils is pointed out.

A brief description of the food and feeding habits of the extant Bushpig (Potamochoerus koiroptamus) and Warthog (Phacochoerus africanus) is given, and the muscles of mastication and those controlling the movements of the rhinarium are described. The features in the skull of the Bushpig which are related to the digging habit and those of the Warthog which are related to its grass eating habit are pointed out.

The adaptive features in the skull of the Forest Hog (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni) are discussed.

The way in which an analysis in terms of the functional basis of skull characteristics may throw light on the modes of life of fossil suids is briefly indicated.
THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE GIRAFFE, GIRAFFA CAMELOPARDALIS, IN THE EASTERN TRANSVAAL
Authors: INNIS ANNE CHRISTINE
Published: August 2010

The giraffe in South Africa live entirely in the Eastern Transvaal, a lowveld region primarily of grass or veld with scattered bushes and low trees. The giraffe browse on a wide variety of trees in the spring and fall when few leaves are available, but in summer when all the trees are in foliage they are much more selective. The giraffe spend most of the day and part of the night feeding, especially the early morning and late afternoon. In the summer when food is abundant, the giraffe have more time during the day to chew their cud and lie down.

The males spend part of the day fighting with each other. Such matches are seldom serious and often end in sexual play with one male mounting the other. The most common heterosexual activity was the testing of the females' urine by the male. There is no breeding season among giraffe, and the young are born all through the year.

Giraffe are usually found in groups or herds, but they do not appear to communicate with each other, although they are capable of making sounds. The herds are loose associations of animals, generally with no definite leadership, and often include both adult males and females. Herds travelled very slowly, and often remained on the farm where they were studied for at least one year.

The giraffe on Fleur de Lys farm have become used to farm conditions; they jump fences instead of breaking through them, and drink water from the cattle troughs, often walking among the cattle to do so.
COPEPODA PARASITIC ON BRITISH AMPHIPODA (CRUSTACEA), WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF SPHAERONELLA
Authors: GREEN J.
Published: August 2010

Rhizorhina ampeliscae Hansen is recorded from Guernsey and the Clyde area.

Five species of the genus Sphaeronella are recorded from British waters for the first time. One of these, S. pikei, is a new species.

Sphaeronella elegantula Hansen is shown to be a synonym of S. leuckarti Salensky.

The larva of S. danica and the male of S. longipes are described for the first time.

The following new hosts are recorded. Aora typica parasitized by S. leuckarti. Erichthonius brasiliensis parasitized by S. danica. Ampelisca tenuicornis parasitized by S. frontalis. Pontocrates arenarius parasitized by S. pikei sp. n.
THE INFRAORBITAL FORAMEN IN THE HOMINOIDEA
Authors: ASHTON E. H. , ZUCKERMAN S.
Published: August 2010

The numbers and arrangement of infraorbital foramina have been recorded, and their position relative to the orbital and alveolar margins defined by measurement in 205 gorillas, 178 chimpanzees, 82 orangutans, 64 gibbons and 192 men of various ages.

In man there are, on an average, 1·05 infraorbital foramina in each maxilla; in the gibbon 1·2; in the gorilla 1·6; in the chimpanzee 2·4; and in the orang‐utan 3·3.

In adult men and gibbons the distance between the infraorbital foramen and the orbital margin is about twenty per cent of that between the foramen and the alveolar margin. The corresponding figure for the gorilla is forty‐five per cent, for the chimpanzee forty per cent and for the orang‐utan thirty‐five per cent.

The arrangement of the infraorbital apertures varies widely both within and between species.

While the milk teeth are erupting, the infraorbital foramen lies relatively nearer to the inferior orbital margin than in adults. In man, chimpanzee and gorilla, the adult position is reached by the time the first permanent molars are in line. In the orang‐utan, the position of the foramen apparently continues to change until maturity is reached.

The numbers and arrangement of the infraorbital foramina are not correlated with the more obvious facial features (such as degree of prognathism), nor with variation in the basic subdivisions of the infraorbital nerve.

The position of the foramen relative to the orbital and alveolar margins is closely related to the degree of prognathism.

Although a single aperture appears to have occurred more frequently in the Australopithecinae than in the extant great apes, the foramen in these fossils lay in a position characteristic of the gorilla, and much further down the facial skeleton than in either modern man or the extinct species Homo neander‐thalensis.
THE STOMACH IN THE EULAMELLIBRANCHIA; STOMACH TYPE IV
Authors: Purchon R. D.
Published: August 2010

The internal structure and function of the stomach is described for representatives of seventeen families of Eulamellibranchia.

Detailed comparisons are made among these and comparable data previously obtained from four families in the Filibranchia and Pseudolamellibranchia, and it is concluded that there are no grounds for sub‐dividing these twenty‐one families into two or more groups. In all cases the stomach is of Type IV.

A new definition for Stomach Type IV is provided.

It is concluded that on the basis of the internal structure of the stomach these twenty‐one families appear to comprise a natural and monophyletic assemblage.
A NEW SPECIES AND GENUS OF KRAUSSINIDAE (BRACHIOPODA) WITH A NOTE ON FEEDING
Authors: Atkins D.
Published: August 2010

A new species and genus, Pumilus antiquatus, of kraussinid brachiopod from shallow water, Lyttelton, New Zealand, is described and figured. It is characterized by the possession of a schizolophous lophophore in the adult, supported by both divergent lamellae and spicules: the shell is smooth, less than 5 mm. long and strongly sulcate. The gonad is hermaphrodite.

Notes are given on the ciliary feeding mechanism.

The affinities of P. antiquatus are briefly discussed: it is placed in the Kraussinidae.
On the Anatomy oH the Land Snails (Helicidæ)Cepæa hortensisMüller andCepæa nemoralisL.*
Authors: Aubertin Daphne
Published: August 2010

Summary.

 Two sets of individuals diagnosed on the characters of shell and genitalia asCepæa hortensisandCepæa nemoralishave been examined. Each set was obtained from colonies in Wiltshire, Devonshire, Cornwall, Suffolk, Buckinghamshire, and Middlesex.

 The following structures were examined: pulmonary vessels, genitalia, kidney, heart, pericardium, and nervous system.

 The measurements obtained are presented as they relate to:

 the differences between the colonies of each species;

 the differences between the species as currently designated.

 The only absolute distinctions in internal anatomy between the speciesC. hortensisandC. nemoralisas recognized by the shell‐characters are:

 the shape of the dart;

 the arrangement of the mucous glands.

 The colonies of each species may differ significantly from one another, when the individual characters are treated statistically.

 It is probable that a sample drawn from a few colonies only, even though it contain a large number of individuals, is of little value for the determination of the characters of a larger population.

The differences found, however, are valid for the section studied, and it may be that they represent definite differential tendencies in the population as a whole, which might be correlated with the shell‐characters.

 Certain organs show a wider range of variability than others:e.g., the pulmonary vessels, genitalia, and kidney are markedly more variable than the heart, pericardium, and nervous system.

 The order of variability of the organs is almost identical in the two species and in their colonies.

 The various organs do not show the same amount of divergence when those of the one population sample are compared with those of the other. Thus there is more marked divergence between the length of the dart‐sac of“nemoralis”individuals and that of“hortensis”individuals than there is between the kidney of the two groups. The following list gives the order (from greatest divergence to least) in which such divergence is manifested in the two samples;—

Length of duct of receptaculum seminis.

Length of dart‐sac.

Length of diverticulum.

Length of main pulmonary vein.

Length of kidney.

Pericardium.

Distance between optic nerves.

 The organs inC. nemoralisare, on the whole, more variable than those inC. hortensis.
On Fossil Fishes from the Karroo System, and some General Considerations on the Bouy Fishes of the Triassic Period
Authors: BROUGH JAMES
Published: August 2010

The foregoing discussion on this group of Palsoniscid derivatives reveals three main points:

That the two families owe their similarity to a Palsoniscid origin and to the limited nature of the evolutionary changes in which they have subsequently been involved.

In consideration of the distinct differences in the structure of the skull, the lack of intermediate forms, and their co‐existence side by side throughout Triassic time, it is probable that the two families arose from separate Palaoniscid stocks. Their many resemblances to the Palaeoniscids are genuine, and denote a true relationship.

The resemblances to the Semionotidae are, on the other hand, clearly due to convergence, for the structure of the head in Semionotids is much modified from that of these or any of the older groups. Stensio's suggestions that the Semionotidae may have been derived from the Catopterid‐Perleidid group is very highly improbable, for the Semionotids had already arisen as a separate Offshoot from the Palsoniscids in Mid‐Permian time, apparently long before either Catopterids or Perleidids had come into existence.
1. An Investigation into the Occurrence, Structure, and Life‐Histories of the Trematode Parasites of Four Species of Lymnœa (L. truncatula (Müll.), L. pereger (Müll.), L. palustris (Müll.), and L. stagnalis (Linné), and Hydrobia jenkinsi (Smith) in Glamorgan and Monmouth
Authors: Rees F. Gwendolen
Published: August 2010

Summary.

I. Pour species of snails of the genus Lymnœa have been collected from Glamorgan and Monmouthshire in South Wales. A general survey of the area under observation has been given, together with comments on the incidence of infection of these snails by larval trematodes.

II. Over five thousand snails have been dissected with a view to investigating the occurrence, structure, and life‐histories of their trematode parasites.

III. Ten different catagaries were found. Seven could be identified and are as follows:—

The remaining three are new:

Various structural details have been added to the different stages in the life‐cycles of those previoasly known. In C. cambrensis I. the cyst has been found, and in C. limbifera the metacercaria has been associated, for morphological reasons, with an adult echinostome Echinostomum aluid (Nicoll).
The Spinal Accessory Nerve uf the Camel.
Authors: Kiss Francis , Zuckerman S.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

1. An external spinal accessory nerve was lacking in a bactrian camel which was available for study. Nevertheless the accessory nerve had a spinal origin which extended downwards into the second cervical segment. The ascending stem of the nerve joined the 10th nerve, and sent branches into the posterior roots of the first and second cervical nerves.

2. The sterno‐cephalic and brachio‐cephalic muscles were supplied by cervical nerves.
The Cranial Morphology of Crinia georgiana Tschudi (Cystignathidæ, Amphibia).
Authors: Toit C. A. DU
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The alary forms the lateral support of the entire lateral wall of the apertura externa and vestibulum.

The crista subnasalis is absent.

The anterior undivided part of the crista intermedia is much bigger than in Rana.

The posterior vestibular “Wulst” is absent.

The plica obliqua is suspended from the tectum nasi.

The infundibulum possesses an extra antero‐ventral extension.

A well‐developed recessus sacciformis is present.

The cavum medium, being more posteriorly situated than in the European Rana, does not share in the formation of the recessus sacciformis.

The ductus nasolacrimal opens into the roof of the horizontal part of the infundibulum.

The recessus lateralis attains an enormous size.

The plica isthmi is absent.

The intermaxillary gland opens into tho buccal cavity by two main ducts only.

The septomaxillary consists of an anterior unpaired portion which has two posteriorly‐directed processes.

The connective‐tissue between the latter bone and the lamina inferior tends to disappear.

The vomer (prevomer) is divided, consisting of an anterior edentulous and a posterior dentigerous portion.

The os en ceinture is paired.

The foramen for the IVth nerve is situated in front of the foramen opticum.

The arteria carotis cerebralis enters the skull through a separate foramen.

The foramen perilymphaticum superius does not communicate with the jugular foramen.

The fronto‐parietal fontanelle is large.

There is only one dorsal fenestra in the chondocranium.

The annulus tympanicus is sickle‐shaped.

The hyomandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve is ventrally situated to the plectrum.

The posterior part of the operculum is weakly perichondrally ossified.

The articular region differs from that of Rana.

Crinia possesses a bursa angularis oris.

The hyale is confluent with the otic capsule.
25. The Distribution of Brunner's Glands in the Duodenum of Mammals
Authors: Caeleton Alice
Published: August 2010

It will be seen that, among the animals examined, there is much diversity in the manner of entry of the pancreatic and bile ducts (see PL I.). There may be a common duct, as in the monkey, sheep, rat, and mouse, or two ducts entering side by side, as in the cat. The bile and pancreatic ducts may be separated by a considerable length of gut, as in the pig, rabbit, and cow, in which case the bile duct is always the higher of the two. An accessory pancreatic duct may be present; this may enter above the common duct, as in man and the stoat, or between the bile and pancreatic ducts, as in the dog and the guinea‐pig.

With regard to Brunner's glands, these observations on the whole support Villemin's contention that the glands cease where the pancreatic duct enters, whether singly or in common with the bile duct, though small variations about this level are found. In the pig and the guinea‐pig, however, the glands extend half a metre or more beyond this level, though the gland mass at the beginning of the duodenum is unusually large in the pig. The Carnivores examined all possess a short compact gland mass, just reaching or falling short of the common duct; but in the dog the mass fails to reach even the bile duct entry.

I wish to thank Sir Charles Sherrington and the late Professor Georges Dreyer for facilities accorded me in their departments, Professor Florey and Dr. H. E. Harding, of Sheffield, for the human material, and Colonel Hamerton, C.M.G., D.S.O., for animal material from the Zoological Gardens. I also wish to thank Mr. W. Chesterman and Mr. T. Marsland for much help in section‐cutting and staining.
The Activity and Metabolism of Poikilothermal Animals in Different Latitudes.—I.
Authors: Fox H. Munro
Published: August 2010

This is the first comparative study of the activity and metabolism of poikilothermal animals living in different latitudes.

For seven pairs of species of marine invertebrates, inhabiting respectively English waters and more northern seas, the oxygen consumption of the warmerwater species is greater than that of the colder‐water species (measured at the normal temperatures at which each species lives) although the locomotory activity of the former is apparently no greater (Table I., text‐figs. 1 & 2). It is suggested that the similar locomotory activities of the two species require approximately equal amounts of oxygen, but that the non‐locomotory oxygen consumption of the warm‐water species is higher than that of the cold‐water species.

The rate of ciliary movement on the gill of the scallop Chlamys varia from English waters is higher than that of C. septemradiata from more northern waters, each measured at the temperatures at which the animals live (Table II., text‐fig. 3).

The respiratory movements of English species of Crustacea are no more rapid than those of corresponding species in more northern waters (Table III., text‐fig. 4).

The rate of heart‐beat has also been compared in species of Crustacea in English and more northern waters (Table III., text‐fig. 5).

The rate of scaphognathite‐beat of the prawn Pandalus montagui is no more rapid in English than in more northern colder waters (Table III., text‐fig. 4). This is a case of variation within a single species in seas of different temperatures; it is parallel to what has been described above for pairs of different species inhabiting colder and warmer seas respectively.
60. Some Aspects of the Breakdown of Coral at Ghardaqa, Red Sea.
Authors: Bertram G. C. L.
Published: August 2010

The coral reefs off Ghardaqa are pictured and their conditions described in regard to growth and to decay. Attached corals living on the more seaward reefs are frequently broken off by strong waves. The effect of such on Acropora, Lobophyllia, and Porites is examined, and it is estimated that 60 per cent, of the broken‐off corals were weakened by boring‐sponges, 20 per cent, by boring molluscs, defects in growth form being responsible for the remainder.

The infection of corals by boring‐algæ is studied. The algal zone is seen in a green coloration extending about 7 mm. below the surface‐layer of polyps; in the deeper skeleton yellow concentric markings indicate its former position. Almost all dead coral is infected.

The boring animals are reviewed, the sponges, worms, and bivalve molluscs (Lithophaga) being especially considered.

The undercutting of cliffs of elevated coral rock is important. Boring‐algæ by softening the surface of their limestone proved to be the chief factor in their formation. Boring and rasping organisms are also destructive. Solution of the rock acts through the organisms, not directly.

Holothurians were examined in respect to their supposed action in grinding down sand in its passage through their bodies. They were studied both on the reefs and in tanks. In feeding they were often found to select the larger grains from any sand surface on which they were living. The sand contents of the head and tail portions of the gut of 64 specimens were sieved in comparison with the sand on which they were living. The opinion is expressed that any grinding or solvent action in the gut is small.
A Contribution to the Anatomy of the Avian Heart as seen in the Kiwi (Apteryx australis) and the Yellow‐crested Penguin (Megadyptes antipodum).
Authors: Adams W. E.
Published: August 2010

1. The earlier accounts of the heart of Apteryx have been elaborated, and the description of the heart of this Ratite bird correlated, where possible, with that of a Carinate–the Penguin.

2. Particular attention has been paid to the sinus venosus, as that region of the heart which, in different birds, shows the greatest variation. In Apteryx it is extremely simple, and is very similar to the reptilian sinus. This resemblance is increased by the presence of a sinu‐ventricular band corresponding to the dorsal ligament of the reptilian heart.

3. The right auriculo‐ventricular (muscular) valve of Apteryx has been shown to conform in all respects to that in other birds. This fully confirms the observations of Lankester and Beddard.

4. A brief description of the distribution of the coronary vessels is given.

5. In Apteryx no well‐defined sinus node was isolated. The sinu‐auricular connection is at the base of the right venous valve, and consists both of diffuse muscular connections at the upper part of the valve and of a region of “nodal tissue” at its lower part. In the Penguin the destruction of the heart, in the region where the sinus node has been described, prevented any satisfactory observation being made.

6. The auriculo‐ventricular connections of the hearts of both birds are described. In general the observations correspond precisely to the descriptions of Ohmori and Davies, but in the case of the Penguin no right a.‐v. ring of Purkinje fibres could be distinguished, and there appear to be, in this region, direct connections between the auricular and ventricular musculature.

7. Although the distribution of Purkinje fibres in the auricles and ventricles is essentially typical, it was observed that in the Penguin the distribution in the auricles is more extensive than Davies has described, as Purkinje fibres were present on both surfaces of the inter‐auricular septum. Furthermore, in the ventricle definite Purkinje fibres were found about the superficial myocardial veins, and also those tributaries of the coronary veins which lie in the anterior and posterior inter‐ventricular sulci. These have been referred to as peri‐venous Purkinje fibres, which, with the peri‐arterial fibres, have been considered to form a peri‐vascular network.
On Acanthostoma vorax Credner.
Authors: Steen Margaret C. , Brough Mrs. James
Published: August 2010

The vertebral column and “part of the limbs” in Acanihostoma vorax were known to Credner in a single specimen, in which he states the vertebras occur as a weak impression. On this statement, and Geinitz and Deichmuller's figures (1882. pi. vii. fig. 9), Acanthostoma vorax has been regarded as a Phvllo‐spondvl (Jaekel, 1009, p. 254; Romer, 1930, pp. 117–118; Steen, 1931, p. 889).

The vertebra! are, however, Labyrinthodont in type, although unique in the structure of the centra (both pleura‐ and intercentra being ossified as right and left hemicyclinders unfused in the mid‐dorsal or mid‐ventral line).

In the development of the Acanthostoma vertebra, as in those of the Labyrinthodont Archegosaurus, ossification of the neural arch precedes that of the centra, the neural arches passing through a stage which is very similar to the neural arches of an adult Phyllospondyl. It is also important to point out that short straight ribs expanded at both ends, as well as occurring in the Phyllo‐spondyli, also occur as a stage in the development of the rib in Acanthostoma and Archegosaurus.

Such resemblances suggest that the Phyllospondyli are more closely related to the Labyrmthodonta than to the other amphibian orders.
A Comparative Study of the Form and Dermatoglyphs of the Extremities of Primates
Authors: Wolff Dr. Charlotte
Published: August 2010

The most important results indicated are:–(1) the left hand and foot are longer than the right hand and foot, but the toes of the right foot are more mobile than those of the left. (2) Antagonism of the dexterity of the extremities (a, the left hand is more mobile than the right; b, the right foot is more mobile than the left). The gorilla is left‐handed and right‐footed. (3) The hand and foot of the gorilla are more similar to the extremities of man than the hand and foot of the orang utan and the chimpanzee. (4) Four crease‐lines of the hand demarcate the hollow of the palm by a quadrangle. (5) The crease‐lines differ only slightly in each hand. (6) The papillary ridges on the fingers are more primary than those of man. The papillary ridges on the balls at the base of the fingers are more complicated than those of man. (7) The papillary ridges on the terminal phalange of the thumb are like those of a special type on the human thumb. (8) The papillary ridges on the thumb show the same conformation on both phalanges, differing only in position. The papillary ridges on the thumb merit special consideration. For thousands of years the thumb‐print has been a method of identification, and there is much evidence that the papillary ridges, especially those of the thumb, have a correlation with the gyri of the brain, as stated by Alix and Kollmann. The latter even names the papillary ridges “gyri of the skin,” and says that the development of the gyri of the skin is analogous to that of the gyri of the brain.

The papillary ridges on the gorilla's thumb are quite different from those on the fingers. They differ (1) by a more complicated conformation similar to man, and (2) by the fact that they are alike on both phalanges.

This is of unusual psychological interest. We do not find this arrangement of papillary ridges in any of the primates or in man. If we assume that there is a correlation of the gyri of the skin and those of the brain, the phenomena described may reveal a different mentality and perhaps even temperament of the gorilla. Also owing to the unique conformation on the second phalange of the thumb it is possible that the gorilla has some highly developed mental functions which are not found in man.
The Effect of the Reduction of Light in Spring on the Breeding Season of the Minnow (Phoxinus Isevis Linn.)
Authors: Bullough W. S.
Published: August 2010

1. The relation of light to the sexual development of the minnow (Phoxinus Isevis Linn.) has been investigated by restricting the daily light periods in the early months of the year. Groups of fish were kept either in total darkness or in seven hours of light per day.

2. In the female fish, these experimental conditions, although not entirely. preventing the development of the ovaries, caused a delay in that development.

This delay was more marked in the fish kept in total darkness than in those allowed seven hours of light daily. A blind female fish possessed very poorly developed ovaries.

3. In the male fish, a slight delay in development was discernible in the experimental groups in April, but all fish had reached full breeding condition by June.

4. As other external factors may be eliminated, these results are interpreted as indicating that an internal reproductive rhythm exists within the minnow, and that this internal rhythm is capable of acting in the absence of those external seasonal changes which may normally reinforce it and render it more precise in its time of action.
The Variation in the Colour of certain Species ofArctocorisa(Hemiptera, Corixidse) and its Significance
Authors: Popham E. J.
Published: August 2010

The scores obtained by the three colours of insects “n,”“l” and “i” on background “n” are 163, 271 and 376 respectively, and show that insects differing greatly from the colour of the background are destroyed, while those agreeing with it are preserved. Insects coloured “l” are only partial misfits and occupy an intermediate condition. These conclusions are confirmed by the experiments on background “i,” where the order of destruction is reversed. The scores of 270, 284, 278 and 274 obtained by insects coloured “1” on backgrounds “a” to “g” respectively suggest that these differences have no significance, but are fluctuations about a mean value (probably 270). The scores obtained by insects coloured “n,” 362, 300, 282 and 270 for back‐grounds “g” to “a” respectively, show that on passing to the lighter backgrounds the scores approximate more and more to those of insects coloured “1.” The insects coloured “i” obtained scores of 174, 232, 244 and 270 for backgrounds “g” to “a,” and show a similar tendency. As the difference between the colour of the background and the insects increases, any variation in the colour of the latter is rendered more and more inconspicuous, and in consequence the fish find more difficulty in distinguishing between the three types of prey. One advantage of the Ostwald Colour Chart is that there is a constant apparent difference between two adjacent standards, and, therefore, the predators must experience the same difficulties in distinuishing between insects coloured “1” and “i” on background “a” as between insects coloured “n” and “1” on background “c.” This means that the scores of 270 obtained by insects coloured “1” and “i” on background “a” are a measure of the extent to which the predator is able to distinguish between the two types of prey differing from the background by four and five standards, and these can therefore be added to the scores of 282 and 284 obtained by insects coloured “n” and “1” on background “c.” Combining these two sets of figures, it will be seen that the scores of 552 and 554 were obtained by insects differing in colour from he background by five and four standards respectively. Experiments performed with greater accuracy might show that predators can distinguish between these two types of prey. Even if the results obtained from the original set of experiments on background “a” are combined with the above figures, the scores are increased to 7718 and 784 respectively, still failing to give any evidence of selection. Another advantage of the constant apparent difference between any two adjacent standards is that it is possible to compare the results of any one set with those of the next, and so combine all the sets and deduce the results which might be obtained were seven sets of insects (coloured. “a” to “n”) used on backgrounds (‘i “and’(n.” The calculations are very simple, as the probable results would be in proportion to the differences between the figures already obtained. The results are given in Table XVI.
Translocations of the Organizer in the Gastrula of Discoglossus.
Authors: Waddington C. H.
Published: August 2010

1. Translocations of different regions of the organizer were carried out in young gastrulae of Diacoglossus pictus. In one series of experiments the presumptive anterior mesoderm was exchanged with presumptive posterior mesoderm; in another set the anterior‐posterior axis of the presumptive axial mesoderm was reversed.

2. The translocated pieces retained their original potentialities for gastrula‐tion movements, both in magnitude and direction.

3. The gastrulation movements of the host and of the graft were such that only very incomplete mingling of anterior and posterior regions was brought about; and, perhaps for this reason, little evidence was seen of any inductive interactions between different regions.

4. There was very complete regulation of the host to form a complete embryo within which the graft lay as a more or less independent mass of tissue.
Plasmodium struthionis, sp. n., from Sudanese Ostriches and Sarcocystis salvelini, sp. n., from Canadian Speckled Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), together with a record of a Sarcocystis in the Eel Pout (Zoarces angularis).
Authors: Fantham H. B. , Porter Annie
Published: August 2010

The morphology of Plasmodium struthionis, sp. n., parasitic in Sudanese ostriches, Struthio camelus, is described and figured. It is shown to differ morphologically from the species now considered valid, and also is smaller and different from the unnamed Plasmodium from the emu, described shortly by Carini and Maciel. The hosts belong to nearly related families and the parasites may eventually prove to belong to a small natural group.

The occurrence of Sarcosporidia in fishes is recorded for the first time. Sarcocystis salvelini, sp. n., parasitic in the abdominal muscles of Canadian speckled trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, is described and illustrated. A different species of Sarcocystis is notified from the eel pout, Zoarces angularis, obtained in Montreal.
SWIMMING AND FEEDING IN CRUSTACEAN LARVAE: THE NAUPLIUS LARVA
Authors: GAULD D. T.
Published: August 2010

An account is given of swimming and feeding in the nauplii of Artemia, Balanus, Calanus and Oithona, with observations on other nauplii. Previous work is reviewed.

In all cases the antennae are the principal locomotion organs. The antennules may play little or no part in locomotion and are mainly balancing organs.

In Artemia the antennae are also the chief food collecting organs. Particles are swept into the oral region by the antennal setae and then carried to the mouth by spines on the reduced mandibles.

In Balanus and most planktonic copepods, the principal food collecting appendage is the mandible; particles are swept into the oral region by its long ventral setae and passed to the mouth by spines like those of Artemia.

The nauplii of Penaeidea and Euphausiacea and of Euchaeta (Calanoida) do not feed.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EUPHAUSIACEA (CRUSTACEA) ESPECIALLY THAT OF MEGANYCTIPHANES NORVEGICA (M. SARS)
Authors: MAUCHLINE J.
Published: August 2010

The larval development of Meganyctiphanes norvegica in the Clyde sea area has been investigated and found to be different from that described by Macdonald (1927 b). The conclusion is reached that it can be divided into four phases, these being termed furcilia I, II, III and IV. A few notes on larval ecology are presented.

The facts required to elucidate the course of development in any one euphausiid species are discussed. It is pointed out that the environmental conditions appear to affect the development.
SPHAERONELLA SEROLIS MONOD, AND A NEW SPECIES OF RHIZORHINA, COPEPODS PARASITIC ON THE ISOPOD SEROLIS BROMLEYANA SUHM (CRUSTACEA)
Authors: GREEN J.
Published: August 2010

The male and female of Rhizorhina serolis sp. n. are described and figured. This copepod is parasitic on the isopod Serolis bromleyana, from Chatham Rise, between Chatham Island and New Zealand.

Sphaeronella serolis Monod is recorded from the same host and locality. The hitherto unknown larva and male pupa of S. serolis are figured.

The male of Rhizorhina shows a great similarity to the larva of Sphaeronella, and is considered to be neotenic.
PNEUMATIC OSTEOLYSIS IN THE ELEPHANT SKULL
Authors: CAVE A. J. E.
Published: August 2010

The occurrence is reported of infranarial pseudo‐ossicles in mature Asiatic and African elephant skulls.

The nature of these formations is shown to result from pneumatic osteolysis.

The effects of maxillary sinus enlargement upon maxilla and premaxilla are detailed.
THE MATERNAL AND NEONATAL WEIGHTS OF SOME MAMMALIA
Authors: LEITCH I. , HYTTEN F. E. , BILLEWICZ W. Z.
Published: August 2010

When a comparison is made between maternal weight and weight of young in mammals the significant relation is of maternal weight to total weight of young at a birth.

A collection of data for 114 species is presented. The logarithms of maternal and newborn weights have a straight line relation from bats to whales. Relatively the larger mammals carry a smaller weight of young.

Sources of variation in the ratio of weight of young to weight of mother are discussed and a brief comparison is made with the results of Heinroth's analysis of weights of birds and their eggs.
THE FEEDING HABITS OF THE WATER SHREW, NEOMYS FODIENS BICOLOR SHAW, IN CAPTIVITY AND THE EFFECT OF ITS ATTACK UPON ITS PREY
Authors: CRANBROOK THE EARL OF
Published: August 2010

A poison is known to be secreted by the submaxillary gland of the European Water Shrew but this does not affect small mammals or frogs when injected subcutaneously. The feeding habits of a captive water shrew are described and it is suggested that this poison, transmitted by its bite, enabled it to minimise the struggles of its larger invertebrate prey. The bites of a common shrew and of a mole have no such effect.
THE ANCYLIDAE OF LAKE OCHRID AND THEIR BEARING ON INTRALACUSTRINE SPECIATION
Authors: HUBENDICK BENGT
Published: August 2010

The endemic Ancylidae of Lake Ochrid (three species of Ancylus and two species of Acroloxus), have been described conchologically and anatomically. One of the species, Ancylus lapicidus, is new. Another of the species, Acroloxus macedonicus, occurs in separated populations with different morphological characteristics. These characteristics are concluded to be genotypical. Two species are confined to the shore zone, three to the shell zone. These two depth zones are separated by the intermediary Chara zone. The occurrence of the ancylid populations is spotted.

The distribution of the ancylid species in Lake Ochrid is discussed; the spotted distribution of their populations, and the occurrence of Ancylidae in the Palearctic region in general leads to the conclusion that intralacustrine speciation is probable among Ancylidae in Lake Ochrid.

It is pointed out that the term “spatial isolation” is much to be preferred to “geographical isolation” in confined areas and therefore would have a more universal applicability.
TUBERCULOSIS OF A PUMA CUB (FELIS CONCOLOR) ACCOMPANIED BY SKELETAL DEFORMITIES RESEMBLING RICKETS
Authors: T‐W‐FIENNES R. N.
Published: August 2010

A case of bovine tuberculosis is described in a ten month old captive puma which was born at Whipsnade Zoo.

The organs affected were the liver, kidneys, and left adrenal gland.

The disease was associated with severe symptoms of rickets which are supposed to have been secondary to tuberculosis of the kidneys. It was thus a case of osteodystrophia fibrosa of renal origin.
THE BREEDING BIOLOGY OF EQUATORIAL VERTEBRATES: REPRODUCTION OF THE LIZARD AGAMA AGAMA LIONOTUS BOULENGER AT LAT. 0·01′ N.
Authors: MARSHALL A. J. , HOOK RAYMOND
Published: August 2010

The equatorial lizard Agama agama Eionotus possesses a distinct breeding period which occurs during the peak of the seasonal harvest of protein animal food that follows the so‐called “long rains”. The males contain bunches of spermatozoa throughout the year.

As the proportion of ingested animal food increases, the sexual condition of the females heightens. There is a concurrent growth of large leaf‐shaped abdominal fat bodies. Widespread egg‐laying occurs during four months of the year (June‐September inclusive), the peak being in July and early in August.

During the height of reproduction three distinct phases of egg development can be seen macroscopically: 1, a layer of colourless ovarian eggs surmounted by 2, a series of yolked eggs and 3, a clutch of ten to twelve shelled oviducal eggs. This device enables quick and repeated ovulation during the period of the maximum insect harvest.

During the period of study one ovulation only was recorded after the so‐called “short rains”. This occurred in February and after unusually heavy precipitation during the, previous December.

Any possibility of the photoperiodic control of reproduction was eliminated by the choice of the collecting locality. It is suggested that the sexual cycle of Agama agama is timed not by rainfall but by the seasonal appearance of proteinous insect food. Vegetable food of various kinds seems to be relatively abundant throughout the year. It is not known whether widespread reproduction after the secondary “short rains” is inhibited by a relative lack of protein food or, perhaps more probably, by the comparatively low night temperatures that occur from December to February inclusive.

A. agama is almost omnivorous, feeding on grass, berries, seeds, flowers, caterpillars, beetles, spiders, ants, Hymenoptera and the eggs of smaller reptiles.
KEYS TO THE ETHIOPIAN TACHINIDAE—III MACQUARTIINAE
Authors: EMDEN F. I. VAN
Published: August 2010

[The present ieport was completed by Dr van Emden with the exception of one description, of the figures (to which, however, he had made reference in the appropriate places) and of the section dealing with the biology of the group. The biological data have kindly been summarised by Dr S. V. Peris, of the Instituto de Edafologia, Madrid, and the bibliographical references at the end of the paper were provided to support this part.

It had been ran Emden's intention to include a paragraph of thanks in ths introduction. This was not completed, but acknowledgments of help received are given at various places in the text, and on his behalf thanks are here tendered to the authorities of the British Museum for the facilities which they have so kindly afforded.

The present annotator is responsible for the description of Marshalloniyia and its single speries, for the text figures and for following the original orthography of the generic namcs Acemya, Linnaeniya and Echinomya. As both forms of the latter part of each of these names (rnyia, mya) are given in the lexicon and as the original orthography corresponds with one of them, there is no evidence of positive error. Kone of the subsequent emendations has been placed on the Official List of Generic Names and all must be held to be invalid.‐R. G. Fennah.]
EARLY PRONEPHRIC GROWTH IN NEOCERATODUS LARVAE
Authors: FOX H.
Published: August 2010

The pronephric systems of eight Neoceratodus larvae ranging from 11·5 to 16 mm. total length were analysed quantitatively and the measurements were treated statistically for two groups of mean total length 11·5 mm. and 15·3 mm. In the 15·3 mm. group the means of the measurements of the nuclear population, total volume of cells, overall pronephros volume and the internal surface area of the tubules show a significant superiority over the means of those in the 11·5 mm. group, but the mean of the glomus length is significantly lower. The individual cell volume which does not change significantly had a maximum range of 6500–6800 μ3. Quantitatively in terms of cell volume and qualitatively the pronephric systems of larvae of Neoceratodus, Anura and urodeles are similar, and have evolved in a parallel manner during phylogeny.
DEGENERATIVE ARTERIAL DISEASE OF ANIMALS IN CAPTIVITY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Authors: RIGG KATHLEEN J. , FINLAYSON R. , SYMONS C. , HILL K. R. , T‐W‐Fiennes R. N.
Published: August 2010

A study has been made of the morbid anatomy and histology of aortic lesions found at post‐mortem of seventy‐one animals at the London Zoological Garden, with special reference to the relationship between these lesions and atherosclerosis in Man.

In this small series the type of lesion found most commonly in the aorta resembled human atherosclerosis in many respects. Twenty‐two per cent of the animals were so affected; the incidence being higher in birds than mammals. Atherosclerotic lesions were not seen in the few reptiles examined.

The literature on the comparative pathology of atherosclerosis is reviewed briefly. It would appear that degenerative arterial disease is increasing in frequency in animals but, unlike in Man, thrombotic complications are uncommon.

It is thought that extension of this preliminary survey to include a larger number of animals, together with a detailed study of their age, life history and diet, would be a valuable method of advancing knowledge of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
REPORT ON A SMALL COLLECTION OF MYSIDACEA FROM SINGAPORE WATERS
Authors: TATTERSALL OLIVE S.
Published: August 2010

A list of the species represented in the collection is given. Five of them are recorded for the first time since they were originally described and additional descriptive notes, with some figures, are given. Two species are recorded with some reserve and the differences shown by the present specimens from the published descriptions are fully discussed, with figures. One species, new to science, is fully described and figured.