bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tensile, Impact, and Chemical Resistance Properties of Granite Powder-Epoxy Composites
Authors: Krishna H. V. Rama , Priya S. Padma , Rai S. K. , Rajulu A. Varada
Published: March 2005

Granite powder-reinforced epoxy composites have been developed with varying granite powder content by weight percentage. The variation of tensile strength and impact strength has been studied and the tensile strength and impact strength were found to be at a maximum for the 50% granite powder-reinforced epoxy composite. The chemical resistance test indicates that the composite materials are resistant to acetic acid, concentrated hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, and n-hexane.
An Elastic-Plastic Stress Analysis in Silicon Carbide Fiber-reinforced Magnesium Metal-Matrix Composite Beam having Rectangular Cross Section under Transverse Loading
Authors: Okumus Fuat
Published: March 2005

In this work, an elastic-plastic stress analysis has been conducted for silicon carbide fiber-reinforced magnesium metal-matrix composite beam. The composite beam has a rectangular cross section. The beam is cantilevered and is loaded by a single force at its free end. In solution, the composite beam is assumed perfectly plastic to simplify the investigation. An analytical solution is presented for the elastic-plastic regions. In order to verify the analytical solution results were compared with the finite element method. A rectangular element with nine nodes has been chosen. A composite plate is meshed into 48 elements and 228 nodes with simply supported and in-plane loading conditions. Predictions of the stress distributions of the beam using finite elements were overall in good agreement with the analytical values.

Stress distributions of the composite beam are calculated with respect to its fiber orientation. Orientation angles of the fiber are chosen as 0, 30, 45, 60, and 90. The plastic zone expands more at the upper side of the composite beam than at the lower side for 30, 45, and 60 orientation angles. Residual stress components of x and xy are also found in the section of the composite beam.
An Elastic-Plastic Stress Analysis in a Unidirectional Reinforced Steel Fiber Thermoplastic Composite Cantilever Beam Loaded by a Single Force at the Free End
Authors: Arslan Nurettin , Ozben Tamer
Published: March 2005

In this study an elastic-plastic analysis is carried out in a unidirectional reinforced thermoplastic composite cantilever beam loaded by a constant single force at its free end. The composite beam consists of stainless steel fiber and low-density homogeneous polyethylene matrix. An analytical solution is performed for satisfying both the governing differential equation in the plane stresses case and boundary conditions for small plastic deformation. The composite material is assumed to be hardening linearly. The Tsai-Hill theory is used as a yield criterion. The intensity of the residual stress components of x is at the maximum at the upper or lower surfaces of the beam.
A Hygroelastic Self-consistent Model for Fiber-reinforced Composites
Authors: Jacquemin F. , Freour S. , Guillen R.
Published: March 2005

Stress analyses are performed in unidirectional fiber-reinforced composites, exposed to ambient fluid, by extending a classical self-consistent model to hygroelastic solicitations. Constitutive laws are given for the macroscopic elastic properties and Coefficients of Moisture Expansion (CME) by considering a jump in moisture content between the fiber and the matrix. Inverse forms for the unknown CME of the constituent matrix are proposed. The macroscopic (ply) and local (fiber and matrix) internal stress states are evaluated for various moisture content ratios between the matrix and the ply. The macroscopic stresses are calculated by using continuum mechanics formalisms and the local stresses are deduced from the scale transition model.
Elastic-Plastic Stress Analysis of Woven Cr-Ni-reinforced Composite-laminated Plates with a Hole under In-plane Loading
Authors: Yapici Ahmet , Sah_Iin Omer Sinan , Uyaner Mesut
Published: March 2005

An elastic-plastic stress analysis and the expansion of plastic zone in layers of woven steel fiber-reinforced thermoplastic matrix-laminated plates are studied by using the Finite Element Method and the First-order shear deformation theory for small deformations. Composite structures consisting of woven Cr-Ni wire as a fiber and F2.12 low-density polyethylene as a thermoplastic matrix were manufactured by hot-press molding. The mechanical properties were experimentally determined. The effect of orientation angle and symmetric-antisymmetric structures were investigated. It is assumed that the laminated plates are subjected to in-plane uniform loads. Loading is gradually increased from yield point of the plate as 0.01 MPa at each load step. Load steps are chosen as 300, 400, and 500.
Buckling of Composite Beam-columns with Stochastic Properties
Authors: Ganesan Rajamohan , Kowda Vijay Kumar
Published: March 2005

Beam-columns made of polymer-matrix fiber-reinforced composite materials are increasingly being used in automotive, aerospace, structural, and mechanical engineering industries. Their buckling loads are of paramount importance in the design and development of high-performance composite mechanical components. Composite laminates display significant variability in their material, geometric, and structural properties. As a result, the buckling loads of composite beam-columns become stochastic variables. Therefore, in the design and failure prediction these variations have to be taken into account. The statistics of buckling loads are needed in the reliability-based design of composite structural systems. The first part of the paper considers the buckling of prismatic composite beam-columns with the objective of determining the mean values, mean square values, and standard deviation values of the buckling loads. The randomness in the material and geometric properties of the laminated beam-columns is modeled using homogeneous stochastic fields in space. The perturbation method is employed in the context of stochastic analysis. Using the sample realizations and the first-order second-moment probabilistic analysis the statistics of buckling modes are determined. The second part of the paper considers the local buckling of composite thin-walled beam-columns. In the design of thin-walled beam-columns local buckling is a priority over the global buckling. The bending rigidities are obtained based on the laminate analysis of flange and web sections. The local buckling analysis is conducted using the Ritz method in the context of stochastic plate analysis under uniaxial compressive forces and probabilistic characteristics of critical buckling loads are determined. A parametric study on both the prismatic and the thin-walled beam-columns made of NCT-301 graphite-epoxy composite material is conducted.
Viscoelastic Properties of PEEK-IM7 Related to Temperature
Authors: Melo Jose Daniel D. , Radford D. W.
Published: March 2005

Damping is a very important parameter for the design and analysis of many structures. Thus, understanding damping in composite laminates has become a topic of great interest. Unfortunately, the parameters that completely characterize a transversely isotropic viscoelastic material are difficult to obtain experimentally and, thus, only limited viscoelastic property data is presently available. Recently, an approach leading to the complete 3-D viscoelastic characterization of transversely isotropic materials using a reduced number of measured parameters was developed. This study assesses the feasibility of the use of the approach developed to perform viscoelastic property measurements, over a temperature range. Viscoelastic properties of a PEEK-IM7 lamina are determined for the temperature range of 20 to 120 C. After the material characterization is complete, the properties determined are used to predict the viscoelastic properties of a given off-axis beam and the results are then compared with experimentally measured values, for the same angle, for verification. All experiments are conducted with subscale specimens, using a Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer.
Vibration Control of Beams with Negative Capacitive Shunting of Interdigital Electrode Piezoceramics
Authors: Park Chul H. , Baz Amr
Published: March 2005

A pair of interdigital electrode (IDE) piezoceramics is used to simultaneously suppress multimode vibrations of a cantilevered beam. This is achieved by connecting the IDE piezoceramics in parallel to a negative capacitive shunt circuit. The governing equations of motion of an IDE piezo/beam system and associated boundary conditions are derived using the Hamilton principle. The obtained mathematical model is validated experimentally Attenuations ranging between 5 and 20 dB are obtained for all the vibration modes over the frequency range of 0-3000 Hz. The presented theoretical and experimental techniques provide invaluable tools for designing simple and effective passive vibration dampers for structures with closely packed modes.
Longitudinal Vibration Modeling and Control of a Flexible Transporter System with Arbitrarily Varying Cable Lengths
Authors: Zhang Yuhong , Agrawal Sunil K. , Hagedorn Peter
Published: March 2005

We present a systematic procedure for deriving the model of a cable transporter system with arbitrarily varying cable lengths. The Hamilton principle is applied to derive the governing equations of motion. The derived governing equations are nonlinear partial differential equations. The results are verified using the Newton law. The assumed mode method is used to obtain an approximate numerical solution of the governing equations by transforming the infinite-dimensional partial differential equations into a finite-dimensional discretized system. We propose a Lyapunov controller, based directly on the governing partial differential equations, which can both dissipate the vibratory energy during the motion of the transporter and guarantee the attainment of the desired goal point. The validity of the proposed controller is verified by numerical simulation.
Development of a Variable Stiffness and Damping Tunable Vibration Isolator
Authors: Cronjé Johan M. , Heyns P. Stephan , Theron Nico J. , Loveday Philip W.
Published: March 2005

In this paper we report on the development of a variable stiffness and damping Liquid Inertia Vibration Eliminator (LIVE) vibration isolator. The result is the ability to shift the isolation frequency of the isolator and also to change the amplification at resonance. A practical variable stiffness spring was developed by using a compound leaf spring with circular spring elements. A wax actuator, controlled by a hot-air gun with a closed-loop displacement and velocity feedback control system, was used to separate the springs at the center. An experimental isolator was constructed and tested. The isolation frequency was shifted from 22.8 to 36.2 Hz by changing the stiffness of the spring by 270%. A transmissibility of less than 10% was achieved over the whole range. The viscous damping ratio was changed from 0.001 to 0.033 by increasing the flow losses in the system.
A Numerical Study of a Simple Stochastic/ Deterministic Model of Cycle-to-Cycle Combustion Fluctuations in Spark Ignition Engines
Authors: Litak G. , Wendeker M. , Krupa M. , Czarnigowski J.
Published: March 2005

We examine a simple, fuel-air model of combustion in a spark ignition (SI) engine with indirect injection. In our two-fluid model, variations of fuel mass burned in cycle sequences appear due to stochastic fluctuations of a fuel feed amount. We have shown that a small amplitude of these fluctuations affects considerably the stability of a combustion process strongly depending on the quality of the air-fuel mixture. The largest influence was found in the limit of a lean combustion. The possible effect of nonlinearities in the combustion process has been also discussed.
Crested Waves in Thermoelastic Plates Immersed in Liquid
Authors: Sharma J. N. , Pathania Vijayata
Published: March 2005

The propagation of circularly crested generalized thermoelastic waves in a homogeneous isotropic, thermally conducting plate, bordered with layers of inviscid liquid or half-space of inviscid liquid on both sides, is investigated in the context of conventional coupled thermoelasticity, and Lord-Shulman and Green-Lindsay theories of thermoelasticity. We derive secular equations for a circular homogeneous isotropic plate in closed form and isolated mathematical conditions for symmetric and antisymmetric wave modes in completely separate terms. Results for the uncoupled theory of thermoelasticity have been obtained as a particular case from the present one. Special cases, such as Lam6 modes, short wavelength waves, and thin plate waves of the secular equation, are also discussed. The secular equations for leaky Lamb waves are also obtained and deduced. The amplitudes of displacement components and temperature change have also been computed and studied. Finally, the numerical solution is carried out for aluminum epoxy composite material bordered with water. The dispersion curves for symmetric and antisymmetric wave modes and amplitudes of displacement and temperature change in the case of fundamental symmetric (SO) and skew symmetric (AO) modes are presented in order to illustrate and compare the theoretical results. The theory and numerical computations are found to be in close agreement.
On the Robust Stability of Segmented Driveshafts with Active Magnetic Bearing Control
Authors: Desmidt Hans A. , Wang K. W. , Smith Edward C. , Provenza Andrew J.
Published: March 2005

Many researchers and engineers have employed active control techniques, such as active magnetic bearings (AMBs), to suppress imbalance vibration in various subcritical and supercritical speed rotors dynamic applications. One issue that has not yet been addressed in previous AMB driveline control studies is the effect of non-constant velocity (NCV) flexible couplings, such as U-joint or disk-type couplings, present in many segmented drivelines. The NCV effects introduce periodic parametric and forcing terms into the equations of motion that are functions of shaft speed, driveline misalignment, and load-torque, resulting in a linear periodically time-varying system. Previous research has found that both internal damping and NCV terms greatly impact stability; thus, they must be accounted for in the control law design in order to ensure closed-loop stability of any AMB-NCV-driveline system. In this paper, numerical Floquet theory is used to explore the closed-loop stability of a flexible segmented NCV-driveline supported by AMBs with a proportional-derivative (PD) type controller. To ensure robust stability with respect to internal damping and NCV effects, the robust P and D gains and AMB locations are selected based on maximizing a stability index over a range of shaft speeds, driveline misalignments, and load-torques. It is found that maximum robustness occurs within a finite range of P and D gains for several different AMB locations. Finally, the range of robustly stabilizing P gains versus the shaft speed is examined for several misalignment and load-torque bounds.
Backstepping Control of a Shape Memory Alloy Actuated Robotic Arm
Authors: Elahinia M. , Koo J. , Ahmadian M. , Woolsey C.
Published: March 2005

This paper investigates a nonlinear controller designed to stabilize a single-degree-of-freedom rotary shape memory alloy (SMA) actuated robotic arm. To this end, a bias-type robotic arm was built using 150 pm Flexinol SMA wire. This robot is designed to lift and position lightweight objects. Upon complete phase transformation, the SMA wire actuates the robot to rotate up to 1350. A linear spring is used to extend the wire to its original length because the SMA wire can only apply force in one direction. To measure the angular position of the robotic arm, an optical rotary encoder was used. To stabilize the robot, a model-based controller was developed. The controller incorporates the SMA actuated robot model with nonlinear control techniques. The model consists of three parts: the dynamics/kinematics of the arm, the thermoruechanical behavior of SMA wire, and the heat transfer model of the wire. The model-based backstepping controller determines the applied voltage to the SMA wire for positioning the arm at the desired angle by first calculating the wire's stress to stabilize the arm. The voltage to the SMA wire is then calculated based on the desired stress and the SMA's thermomechanical and heat transfer models. A series of simulations were performed to investigate stabilizing performance of the controller. Moreover, other issues such as robustness of the control design was evaluated. The results show that the control algorithms is able to globally and asymptotically stabilize the robot. The results further indicate that the sliding mode control has better robustness properties.
Evaluation of Sliding Mode and Proportional-Integral-Derivative Controlled Structures with an Active Mass Damper
Authors: Guclu R. , Sertbas A.
Published: March 2005

In this paper, both a sliding mode controller (SMC) and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller are designed for a multi-degrees-of-freedom structure, which has an active mass damper (AMD) to suppress earthquakeor wind-induced vibration. Since the model might have uncertainties and/or parameter changes, a SMC has been included because of its robust character and performance. The structural system has five degrees of freedom and has been simulated against an initial displacement of the first floor. At the end of the paper, we present the time histories of the first floor, top floor, and AMD displacements, the control voltage and frequency response of the uncontrolled, PID controlled, and sliding mode controlled structures, and we discuss the results.
The Radical Right in The Alps
Authors: McGann Anthony J. , Kitschelt Herbert
Published: March 2005

The Austrian Freedom Party (FPÖ) and the Swiss People's Party (SVP) in 1999 became the only far-right parties in post-war Western Europe to outpoll their mainstream conservative competitors. As such, they are limiting cases and yield a great deal of information about the development and prospects for the far-right in Europe. We analyze the evolution and success of these parties, using survey data to track their changing electorates. We find that the FPÖ and SVP have evolved into the typical profile of ‘new radical-right’ parties in terms of their appeal and supporters. However, they have also been able to appeal to a broader electorate, which in part explains their success.
Cartel Parties in Western Europe?
Authors: Detterbeck Klaus
Published: March 2005

In this article I discuss the empirical validity of the cartel thesis, and review three analytical dimensions of the concept: organizational change, functional change and change of party competition in Denmark, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. I use the empirical findings to elaborate the cartel party model, with three main results. First, in Denmark and Germany party cartels have developed in different ways; second, while the cartel thesis points to important developments, some assumptions are far-fetched and we therefore have to look for the core defining elements of cartel parties; third, the favourable and unfavourable conditions facilitating or hindering the development of party cartels have to be clarified.
Parties as Programmatic Agents
Authors: Lyne Mona M.
Published: March 2005

The received wisdom in the study of Brazilian parties holds that Brazilian electoral law precludes programmatic parties. Yet we have little comprehensive data on party behavior in Brazil, and the electoral law thesis of party weakness has never been directly tested. I test the theory by examining party behavior in two periods of democratic rule (1945–64 and 1989–2002) in which electoral law is constant. I examine several features of governing and opposition coalition behavior, including inter-coalition divisiveness and intra-coalition unity in legislative voting, and party alliances in legislative elections and governing cabinets. All three indicators demonstrate more programmatic behavior in the current period, despite the constancy of electoral law. The results indicate that Brazilian parties are more coherent collective actors than previously recognized, and that scholars must augment institutional analysis with other variables in order to develop a general theory of party behavior.
The Ballot as a Party-System Switch
Authors: Walker Lee Demetrius
Published: March 2005

Diverging from the generally accepted argument that Australian ballot adoption in the USA was the work of anti-party forces, this article revitalizes Key's taxonomy of the political party and advances the argument that the merger of party organization and party-in-government interests in part led to adoption of the ballot and facilitated the 1896 party-system change. The pattern of Australian ballot adoption – particularly the rapid adoption of the ballot in Western states – indicates that the state party organization and the party-in-government were united in their frustration prompted by their mutual inability to curb opposition party success and unpredictability of party-in-the-electorate activity at the congressional level. Using the Australian ballot as an outcome variable in a prior-to-adoption model and as an explanatory variable in a subsequent-to-adoption model, findings indicate that state party organizations accepted the ballot partly to obtain control over congressional election outcomes.
Patterns of Stability
Authors: Bakke Elisabeth , Sitter Nick
Published: March 2005

During the decade and a half since the collapse of communism in 1989, the four Central European states have achieved a remarkable degree of party system stability, confounding pessimistic predictions about unstable competition, weak parties and limited institutionalization. This stability, and variations within the region, raises important questions about party system stability and change. The present article explores the patterns of party competition in Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and finds that party system stability is largely a function of party strategy. The broadly successful strategies of former communist and new social democratic parties have stabilized the left wing of the systems in the first three cases, whereas the Slovak left has struggled. However, while efforts to define and dominate the centre–right have yielded some stabilization in Hungary and the Czech Republic, similar efforts in Poland have been less decisive. In Slovakia, the struggle against Mec .iar has eclipsed other bloc-building strategies, and accounts for much of the instability. In both Poland and Slovakia, relatively open electoral systems in the early years worked against unitary strategies, at least for some parties. However, apart from this, constraints on party strategy were weak in the first decade, and many strategies were attempted. In such a context, party strategy therefore becomes a particularly powerful explanation of differences in patterns of party system stability.
Towards a Phenomenology of the Concrete Megastructure
Authors: Melhuish Clare
Published: March 2005

The Brunswick Centre is a concrete megastructure, comprising a shopping precinct and flats, built in central London between 1968 and 1972. This article, presenting a re-reading of its spatial characteristics, is part of a larger project concerned with revealing the layers of cultural meaning invested in a building conventionally regarded as a work of abstract modernism. It sets out to develop a reinterpretation of the building through a phenomenological approach based on a multi-dimensional exploration of its design and occupation, bringing to the fore issues of perception and embodiment, or ‘beinginthe-world’, at individual and collective level.
Embodying a Site
Authors: Royo Alessandra Lopez Y
Published: March 2005

The article re-engages with the 9th century CE temple complex of Prambanan, in Central Java, as a performance locus, discussing the different phases of a bodily interaction with the site from the reconstitution of its dance units, retrievable from the dance reliefs of the main temple, to an exploration of the temple–dance–site connection. The author proposes that archaeology can be conceived and experienced as an embodied and performative practice: the Prambanan site has been incorporated in the archaeological process of dance movement reconstitution and its re-embodiment. This in turn has enabled a choreography of the site through an exploration of the architecture/dance relationship, mutually inscribed as a corporeality.
Death of a Mural
Authors: Mccormick Jonathan , Jarman Neil
Published: March 2005

This article focuses on what happens when mural paintings in Northern Ireland come to the end of their effective lifespan. It begins from a perspective of mural painting as a socially constructed artefact, which is involved in dynamic interaction with the local environment. But while most work on this subject area has focused on the reasons why paintings are created in the first place and/or on the meanings of their symbolic content, the article analyses what happens when the murals are no longer of any social interest and explores a number of reasons for their transformation, removal and disappearance. It defines a framework of seven categories: retirement, redundancy, recycling, redevelopment, reclamation, remonstration and restoration that can be used to explore how and why mural paintings that have reached the end of their life are removed or replaced.
Cultivating Japanese Whiteness
Authors: Ashikari Mikiko
Published: March 2005

This article examines the strong preference for light complexions observed among Japanese women. Since the late 1980s, consumption of ‘whitening’ cosmetics has remained at consistently high levels, and a ‘white’ complexion has been considered trendy and desirable in contemporary Japan. This social phenomenon should not be understood simply either as a reflection of admiration for the West, or as an expression of traditional values of female beauty in Japan. Rather, the skin tones of Japanese people are recognized and expressed as a dichotomy of ‘white’ and ‘black’, which is linked to a further dichotomy of ‘us’ and ‘them’. Through this link, the white skin becomes a symbolic physical characteristic for identifying the Japanese people. Although the white skin can be interpreted in many different ways, both good and bad, in everyday life, other meanings are often subjugated to the white skin as a symbol of Japaneseness. This article argues that the meaning of a symbol is not simply produced or reproduced but represented and authorized through the body decoration in public.
Common Senses
Authors: Strang Veronica
Published: March 2005

This article is concerned with the relationship between sensory experience, material realities and the creation of cross-cultural meanings. Focused on water, it offers a comparison of two, highly diverse, ethnographic examples: one an Aboriginal community living alongside the Mitchell River in Far North Queensland, and the other describing the groups inhabiting a river valley in the south of England. It considers how engagements with water are experienced and interpreted within these specific cultural contexts. Drawing on theoretical developments from studies of art and material culture, analyses of cross-cultural aesthetics, and accounts of how meanings are encoded in natural objects, it describes the formal qualities of water and human interactions with these. It suggests that two important ‘ universalities’– the particular qualities of water, and the physiological and cognitive processes that are common to all human beings – generate cross-cultural themes of meaning that persist over time and space. Thus the ethnographic analysis provides the basis for a discussion about the relationship between universal and cultural experiences, contributing to the critique of cultural relativism and suggesting a need for anthropological theory to recall its comparative foundations.
Aspects of the sequential organization of mobile phone conversation
Authors: Hutchby Ian , Barnett Simone
Published: March 2005

This article presents an investigation of the organization and structures of talk-in-interaction over mobile phone. The analysis is based upon naturally occurring data consisting of a corpus of calls recorded during everyday activities of a young adult. Using these data we reveal a range of sequential phenomena associated with mobile phone usage. Established conversation analytic work on landline telephone conversation is used in order to build a comparative analysis of how actions such as openings, caller–called identity management, and topic introduction are accomplished in mobile vs landline telephone conversation. We first show that, far from revolutionizing the organization of telephone conversation, mobile phone talk retains many of the norms associated with landline phone talk. Subsequently, focusing on those modifications that are identifiable in our data, we show how these are related to aspects of the communicative affordances of mobile phones, orientations to which are observable in the talk of participants in mobile phone conversation.
Stance and engagement: a model of interaction in academic discourse
Authors: Hyland Ken
Published: March 2005

A great deal of research has now established that written texts embody interactions between writers and readers. A range of linguistic features have been identified as contributing to the writer's projection of a stance to the material referenced by the text, and, to a lesser extent, the strategies employed to presuppose the active role of an addressee. As yet, however, there is no overall typology of the resources writers employ to express their positions and connect with readers. Based on an analysis of 240 published research articles from eight disciplines and insider informant interviews, I attempt to address this gap and consolidate much of my earlier work to offer a framework for analysing the linguistic resources of intersubjective positioning. Attending to both stance and engagement, the model provides a comprehensive and integrated way of examining the means by which interaction is achieved in academic argument and how the discoursal preferences of disciplinary communities construct both writers and readers.
Alternative questions used in conversational repair
Authors: Koshik Irene
Published: March 2005

This article adds to the conversation analytic literature on repair and on preference structure by examining a previously-undescribed otherinitiated repair practice, using the form of an alternative question, and the various actions that this practice is used to accomplish. Alternative question repair initiations can present alternate hearings or understandings of a prior utterance for clarification. They can also be used to initiate error correction by targeting a trouble source in a prior utterance with the first alternative and providing a candidate correction with the second. In the latter case, rejection of the candidate preference can be done as a dispreferred response. Recipients can make use of both turn design and context to interpret the actions being done through this form of repair.
Science books for children as a preparation for textbook literacy
Authors: Parkinson Jean , Adendorff Ralph
Published: March 2005

This article examines science books for children, a genre that has been neglected both in studies of science discourse and in studies of literature for children. It compares this genre to two other science genres, textbooks and popular science articles, and finds great similarities between science textbooks and science books for children, both in terms of register and cultural values. As a result of these similarities, it suggests that science books for children are valuable in providing access to textbook literacy, which is highly prized in the later school years.
The syntax of repair in Indonesian
Authors: Wouk Fay
Published: March 2005

This study looks at the syntax of conversational same turn self-repair (STSR) in Indonesian. STSR is the process by which speakers make alterations to the turn in progress. Patterns of repetition in STSR allow us to determine which syntactic categories speakers make use of in organizing self-repair. Previously observed cross-linguistic variation in this area has been explained in terms of projectability. The majority of Indonesian repairs prove to be limited in scope to a single word or a single immediate constituent. However, larger scope recycling involving constituents such as clause and verb phrase do occur. Indonesian findings are compared with those of previously published studies of other languages. The results support an interpretation in terms of projectability.
The usual suspects?
Authors: Mcara Lesley , Mcvie Susan
Published: March 2005

This article explores children's experience of policing. Drawing on findings from the Edinburgh Study of Youth Transitions and Crime, it argues that the police may be unfairly targeting certain categories of young people. Evidence is presented on the ways in which police working rules (relating to previous ‘form’ and suspiciousness) serve to construct a population of permanent suspects among children. While street-life places youngsters at greater risk of adversarial contact, ‘availability’ by itself, cannot explain this aspect of policing practice. The police appear to make distinctions about the respectable and unrespectable, children who can be accorded leniency and those who cannot; distinctions which are based as much on socio-economic status as serious and persistent offending. The article concludes that the police act less as legal subjects and more as class subjects in their interactions with young people and that the policing of children may serve to sustain and reproduce the very problems which the institution ostensibly attempts to contain or eradicate.
Why are there no lessons learned from road traffic incidents involving the police?
Authors: Best David , Eves Kate
Published: March 2005

An analysis of 64 investigations of pursuits undertaken by the police between 1998 and 2001, resulting in 71 deaths, highlighted a number of concerns about the post-incident management of pursuits by police forces in England and Wales. The current article examines the investigations from the same set of incidents to assess what actions the police forces have taken to prevent such incidents from occurring in future. However, evidence of learning is sparse— with few officers disciplined for their actions, infrequent recommendations for policy change and little sign of systematic organizational learning. The article concludes by considering the consequences for organizational culture of this apparent learning failure and challenges the effectiveness of the current system and the willingness of police forces to change their practices in the light of such large numbers of police-related fatalities.
Disentangling the effects of correctional education
Authors: Batiuk Mary Ellen , Lahm Karen F. , Mckeever Matthew , Wilcox Norma , Wilcox Pamela
Published: March 2005

Correctional policies, such as the elimination of Pell Grants to prisoners, often limit inmate educational opportunities. Thus, examination of the possible negative consequences of such actions seems important. Though characterized by some inconsistency, previous research has suggested that post-secondary education within prison has the beneficial effect of reducing recidivism. What is missing is an explicit comparison of the effects of different types of correctional education programs, with a specific focus on discerning the relative effects of college versus non-college education. The present study addresses this issue through analysis of 972 Ohio inmates paroled or released from prison between 1989 and 1992. Our results suggest that college has a substantially stronger negative impact upon recidivism hazard rates than do other forms of correctional education (e.g. high school, GED, vocational education) and imply that, perhaps, the current policy regarding post-secondary correctional education programs is misguided.
A distant reality
Authors: Hinton Mercedes S.
Published: March 2005

Two decades after Argentina and Brazil emerged from repressive military rule, democratic controls over the state's instruments of coercion remain tenuous. This article argues that, notwithstanding obvious differences between the two countries, they share a common nucleus of problems that have shaped similar state responses to public insecurity, and that continue to hinder the development of the police into a professional, accountable and universal public service. After examining the historical, social and political roots that led to the extreme politicization of the police during authoritarian rule, the article highlights the factors that have negatively affected police governance and the institutionalization of checks and balances since the restoration of electoral democracy. The article concludes that the similarities found between the Argentine and Brazilian cases carry disturbing implications for the prospects of democratic consolidation in Latin America as a whole.
International school educators and their children
Authors: Zilber Ettie
Published: March 2005

English

What is the impact of the international school experience on the children of educators who live and study in close proximity with their parents and parents' colleagues? In this study, educators, who are teachers, counselors, specialists and administrators, describe their impressions of the benefits and challenges of this unique expatriate family experience. Many of the challenges are due to the multiple, and sometimes blurred, roles of both the educator-parents and their children. Raising children overseas within the international school context, however, was evaluated by most participants as a positive and rewarding experience for all members of the family.

French

Quel impact ont les établissements scolaires internationaux sur les enfants des agents d'éducation qui vivent et étudient à proximité de leurs parents et des collÉgues de ces derniers? Dans cette étude, des agents d'éducation, c'est à dire des enseignants, des conseillers pédagogiques et des membres de la direction, partagent leurs impressions sur les avantages et les inconvénients de cette expérience unique parmi les familles expatriées. Plusieurs inconvénients sont dus aux rôles multiples et parfois flous des parents agents d'éducation et de leurs enfants. Cependant, élever des enfants à l'étranger dans le cadre d'un établissement scolaire international a été décrit par la plupart des participants comme étant une expérience positive et enrichissante pour tous les membres de la famille.

Spanish

'Cómo afecta la experiencia de la educación internacional a los hijos de educadores que viven y estudian en estrecha proximidad con sus padres y los colegas de sus padres? En este artículo, varios educadores (profesores, pedagogos, especialistas y directores de colegios) describen'sus impresiones sobre los beneficios y las dificultades de esta experiencia familiar única de vivir y recibir educación en el extranjero. Muchas de las dificultades se deben a los múltiples (y a veces difusos) roles de los educadores-padres y de sus hijos. La'mayoría de los participantes consideraron que educar a hijos en el'extranjero en el contexto de un colegio internacional es una experiencia positiva y gratificante para toda la familia.
Culture shock and the international student ‘offshore’
Authors: Pyvis David , Chapman Anne
Published: March 2005

English

Within the context of higher education, it is the international student who travels to another country to study who is typically identified as the subject at risk of culture shock. This paper attempts to go further by suggesting that international students studying in their home country with an overseas institution may also experience culture shock as an effect of this engagement. To support this contention, the paper reports findings of an interpretive case study of a group of masters' degree students in Singapore taught by an Australian university in partnership with a local provider.

French

Dans l'enseignement supérieur, les étudiants internationaux s'installant dans un pays étranger dans le cadre de leurs études sont en principe identifiés comme des sujets à risque de choc culturel. Cet'article tente d'approfondir cette réflexion en suggérant que les étudiants internationaux scolarisés dans un établissement étranger implanté dans leur pays d'origine connaissent également un choc culturel. Pour justifier cet argument, l'article rend compte des résultats d'une étude de cas interprétative portant sur un groupe d'étudiants de maîtrise à Singapour étudiant dans une université australienne en partenariat avec un prestataire local.

Spanish

En el contexto de la educación superior, son los estudiantes internacionales que se trasladan a estudiar al extranjero a quienes generalmente se identifica como individuos con riego de choque cultural. Este artículo va más allá y sugiere que los estudiantes internacionales que cursan estudios en sus países de origen en una institución extranjera también pueden experimentar un choque cultural. Para justificar este argumento, el artículo presenta los resultados de un estudio de caso de carácter interpretativo sobre un grupo de estudiantes de un máster impartido en Singapur por una universidad australiana en asociación con una institución local.
Perspectives on international schools and the nature and extent of local community contact
Authors: Bunnell Tristan
Published: March 2005

English

The concept of public relations is a wide-ranging one and local community contact is usually a key area of activity. This activity with regard to international schools has generally drawn criticism from writers. It is a complex and ever-changing relationship, yet is arguably central to the founding ethos of many schools. This paper reports on the surveying of 34 schools in 22 different countries, which revealed that they undertook little formal contact with the local community. Several possible political and moral reasons for this are discussed and outlined alongside a number of possible management and organizational factors.

French

Les relations publiques sont un concept largement répandu et les relations avec la communauté locale sont généralement un secteur d'activité clé. Dans ce domaine d'activité, les établissements scolaires internationaux ont fait l'objet de critiques de la part de certains auteurs. Ce sont des relations complexes, en constante évolution et néanmoins primordiales à l'ethos fondateur de nombreux établissements. Cet article fait état d'une étude menée dans 34 établissements dans 22 pays différents et qui révèle que ces derniers établi peu de contacts formels avec leur communauté locale. Plusieurs raisons politiques et morales pouvant expliquer ce fait sont examinées et exposées ici, parallèlement à de possibles facteurs organisationnels et de gestion.

Spanish

El concepto de relaciones públicas es muy amplio y el contacto con la comunidad local es generalmente un área de actividad clave. Algunos autores han criticado la relación existente entre los colegios internacionales y la comunidad local. Üsta es una relación compleja, en constante evolución, pero podría decirse que forma una parte esencial de los valores fundamentales de muchos colegios. Este artículo presenta los resultados de un estudio realizado en 34 colegios de 22 países distintos y revela que éstos últimos mantienen escaso contacto formal con sus comunidades locales. Se intenta explicar este fenómeno con posibles razones morales y políticas, así como una serie de posibles factores organizativos y de gestión.
Internationalization strategies in Japan
Authors: Tsuneyoshi Ryoko
Published: March 2005

English

In the past few decades, new governmental efforts to internationalize Japanese higher education have been in progress. One move has been to provide assistance to study abroad programs using English as the language of instruction. Though seen as an effective internationalization strategy, the consequences are by no means culturally neutral. This article focuses on the critical case of the University of Tokyo, the oldest national university in Japan. Analyzing the first four years of the implementation of English-medium lectures, the article analyzes the consequences, especially the cultural dilemmas that arise alongside the adoption of a foreign language - English - as the medium of instruction.

French

Au cours des dernières décennies, de nouveaux efforts gouvernementaux ont été développés afin d'internationaliser l'enseignement supérieur au Japon. Ces efforts ont notamment porté sur l'aide apportée pour étudier à l'étranger des programmes d'études utilisant l'anglais comme langue d'enseignement. Bien que ces efforts sont perµus comme une véritable stratégie d'internationalisation, leurs conséquences ne sont pas 'culturellement neutres'. Cet article se concentre sur le cas de l'Université de Tokyo, qui est la plus ancienne université du Japon. Se basant sur l'étude des quatre premières années de la mise en place des cours dispensés en anglais, cet article analyse les conséquences et plus particulièrement les dilemmes culturels que suscite l'adoption d'une langue étrangère, à savoir l'anglais, comme langue d'apprentissage.

Spanish

En las últimas décadas, hemos presenciado nuevos esfuerzos por parte del gobierno para lograr la internacionalización de la educación superior japonesa. Una de las iniciativas ha consistido en proporcionar apoyo a los programas de estudio en el extranjero utilizando el inglés como lengua de instrucción. Aunque se la considera una estrategia de internacionalización eficaz, resulta evidente que tiene ciertas consecuencias culturales. Este artículo se centra en el caso de la Universidad de Tokio, la universidad nacional más antigua de Japón. A través del análisis de los primeros cuatro años en que las clases se han dictado en idioma inglés, el artículo estudia las consecuencias que ello ha tenido, y especialmente los dilemas culturales vinculados a la adopción de un idioma extranjero como lengua de instrucción.