bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inventing caste history: Dalit mobilisation and nationalist past
Authors: Narayan Badri
Published: March 2007

In this article I have tried to show how dalit communities are inventing their caste histories in the present context as stories of self-respect. These self-respect centred histories are continuously being reshaped in today's socio-cultural and political context. Many sources, including archaeological, linguistic and ethnomusical sources, are cited to sub stantiate their authenticity. These histories are not merely presented as narratives; com memorations, celebrations and festivities are also organised around them so that they are ingrained in the memory of the dalits. Local heroes are also created in this process to symbolise the glory of the community. Uda Devi is one such heroic person, who has emerged as a symbol of mobilisation of the dalit communities, especially the Pasis, in their struggle for contemporary socio-political empowerment. The mobilisational poten tialities of such caste histories and heroes are the reason why different political parties have made them an integral element of their modern democratic, electoral and mobil isational discourses. The study focuses on the invention of caste heroes and histories of the Pasi community of Uttar Pradesh, and the political mobilisation centred around them.
There's more than One Way to Run a Democratic Enterprise
Authors: Rothschild-Whitt Joyce
Published: March 2007

This article describes a unique system of self-management, the Breman system, that has developed in the Netherlands. Arising in a small village in the north of Holland, the Breman system has been relatively insulatedfrom the influence of other international models of worker particpation, and as a result, has developed some novel social innovations to achieve its ends. Since its conversion in 1972from an ordinary family-owned corporation to a self-managed system, it has shown an impressive capacity for financial growth, organizational productivity, and worker satisfaction. The last section of this article draws out some of the lessons of the Breman experience for democratizing enterprises in other capitalist settings such as the United States.
Improvements in Urethane Sponge for Canvas Shoe Soles
Authors: Murai K. , Fukuda K.
Published: March 2007

As an application of urethane sponge for articles of daily use, studies have been made to manufacture canvas shoe soles by the in-situ molding of carbon dioxide blown liquid urethane elastomers obtained from tolylene diisocyanate and ethylene oxide capped polypropylene ether glycol. As for the catalyst system, bis-(N,N- dimethylaminoethyl) ether in combination with triethylene diamine gave good results in this case. Canvas shoe soles have been suc cessfully made by machine. The results on the put-on test of these canvas shoes are quite satisfactory.
Microcellular Elastomers by Single-Stage Technology
Authors: Saaty N.N. , Abercrombie L.W. , Reymore H.E. , Sayigh A.A.R.
Published: March 2007

A series of single-stage, ambient cured microcellular polyure thane elastomers, based on liquid methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate), was prepared employing a variety of polyols and extenders at varying isocyanate indices and polymer densities. Significant dif ferences in polymer properties may be obtained by employing various high molecular weight base polyols. However, for any given system, polymer properties can be varied through increasing isocyanate index and polymer density. In general, hardness and strength properties are increased with increasing isocyanate in dices and polymer density, while elongation and cold flexing are decreased. Optimum tear strengths are obtained by using a slight excess of isocyanate required to react with all active hydrogen. These polymers which can be processed on conventional foam metering and dispensing equipment are suitable for energy ab sorbing, abrasion resistant and high flexing applications.
Elastoplastic Applications for Encapsulation of the Electrical and Electronic Devices
Authors: Worley A.A.
Published: March 2007

The need and requirements for Elasto-Plastics materials for the encapsulation of pressure, temperature, and environmental sensitive devices is described. The properties of these materials that make them suitable to meet these requirements are discussed and the problems that have been associated with the use of other more rigid encapsulation systems is described. The applications of Elasto- Plastics materials as used at the Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric Company is described in some detail along with the proc essing requirements. These applications include transformers, glass enclosed switches, inductors, capacitors, coatings and adhesives. Materials that are used include polyurethane, RTV silastic, and flexible epoxy resins. The miniaturization of electronic devices has made feasible many applications that would have been too costly if large quantities of materials were required in the encapsulation.
Silicones in the Automotive and Construction Equipment Industries
Authors: Machek A.L.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the various types of silicone rubbers available, such as heat vulcanized, two-part RTV, one-component RTV. Silicone rubbers' unique physical properties come into play at either very high or very low temperatures. Automotive applications include pump seals, diaphragms, spark plug covers, carburetor check valves, radiator hoses, window hinges, gaskets, etc. Two factors influencing increased use of silicone rubber in the auto motive industry are higher operating temperatures caused by higher performance engines, and more emphasis on reliability resulting from extended warranties.
A Low Compression Set Fluoroelastomer for the Transportation Industry
Authors: Maier J.E. , Stivers D.A.
Published: March 2007

The next large market now developing for fluoroelastomers is the automobile. Emphasis on reliability resulting from extended warranties is resulting in the use of longer-lasting fluoroelastomer seals. Such critical items as carburetor valve tips are being made from fluoroelastomers. This article describes a new type of fluoro elastomer called Fluorel which yields compression sets approxi mately one-half of those previously attainable.
Transcrystalline Phenomena and Adhesion
Authors: Frisch H.L. , Schonhorn H. , Kwei T.K.
Published: March 2007

Transcrystalline regions possess physical properties which differ from bulk regions. The bearing of these differences on various aspects of adhesion is reviewed. Surface morphology of semicrystalline polymers seemingly is related to their adhesiveness.
Solvent-Resistant Polyurethanes Prepared From β-Cyanoethyl Glycidyl Ether
Authors: Cantor Stephen E. , Hiatt Norman A.
Published: March 2007

Solvent-resistant polyurethanes have been prepared from polyols containing pendant nitrile functions. The polyols were prepared by cationic co- & terpolymerization of β-cyanoethyl glycidyl ether (CEGE) with tetrahydrofuran, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide or epichlorohydrin. CEGE-based polyurethanes combine the hydrolytic, stability of the polyether-based materials with the solvent resistance of polyester-based materials. Physical properties of the polyurethanes are somewhat defensive, but sufficient to prepare coated fabrics. Solvent-resistant polyurethane foams were prepared from the triol produced via reaction of CEGE and N-aminoethylpiperazine.
Polyurethane Emulsions
Authors: Ney E.A. , Regos N. , Labb P.
Published: March 2007

A method for the preparation of stable film-forming polyure thane emulsions from polyalkylene glycols and toluene diisocyanate is described. The chain extension reaction between prepolymer and water is controlled by the presence in the aqueous phase of a polycarboxylic emul sifier-stabiliser in its free acid form. The method permits the preparation of polyurethane emulsions which have an improved balance of mechanical stability, film-forming properties and film physical properties.
Elastomer Blends: Dependence of Properties On the Nature of the Polymers and the Cure Systems
Authors: Trexler Harold E.
Published: March 2007

Blends of chloroprene with nitrile-butadiene, urethane with chlorinated polyethylene, and styrene-butadiene with butadiene polymers were evaluated to determine the effect of blending on physical properties. The effect of cure system — sulfur, peroxide, and radiation — on physical properties was also determined. Results show that the oil resistance of most of the blends is represented by a mathematical average of the oil swell values of the components. Substantial improvement in low temperature properties of an elastomer can be obtained by blending it with low concen trations of a second elastomer having a lower stiffness temperature. The cure system in some cases has a significant effect on the resultant proper ties. This is evidenced by the variations in original and aged tensile proper ties as well as compression set properties. In most compounds a high degree of blending was obtained. Fatigue data and glass transition temperatures data are also discussed.
Rubber Modification of Crystalline Polystyrene
Authors: Usmani Arthur M. , Salyer I.O.
Published: March 2007

Crystalline polystyrene was toughened with eth ylene propylene rubber (EPR) by mixing and curing the rubber simultaneously.
Weight Loss of Plastics At Various Temperatures
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Huttlinger Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

Weight loss data at various temperatures were ob tained for selected plastics. Of the plastics evaluated, polyetheri mide appeared to exhibit the highest thermal stability, followed by polyethersulfone and polycarbonate.
Cure Conditions for Isocyanurate Polymers
Authors: Carleton P.S. , Proctor G.C.
Published: March 2007

Structural RIM (MM/RIM) Composites are materials for use by automotive as well as industrial, agricultural, marine and leisure industries. Most often these composites are pictured as having sheet form because the re inforcement is made this way. Normal thicknesses are 0.100-0.125 inches; however, parts with different thicknesses may be required. For parts thicker than 0.125 inches Spectrim* MM composites based on polyisocyanurates are ideal because they do not scorch and parts up to 6-7 inches thick have been made which are well cured. To make parts thinner than 0.125 inches both ade quate wet-out of the glass reinforcement and cure of the polymer must be achieved. Because these polymers cure from the heat evolved in the reaction, cure is a function of the volume percent polymer contained in the mold. Thin parts have been found to have the same mechanical properties as thicker parts, but the cure is not complete as shown by the tendency of parts to be overly flexi ble on demold or to have poor green strength. It has been shown that the glass transition temperature, as determined by DMTA, is diagnostic for cure. Those parts which have too low a glass transition temperature require postcure. It has also been found that the state of cure is related to the maximum exotherm obtained during reaction and the duration of that exotherm. Thus, bulk polymerizations, in which the thickness is 2-5 inches, have exotherms which can exceed 400 °F and remain above 350 °F for about an hour. By contrast, thin parts may have exotherms which are not higher than the mold temperature.
Strain-Induced Crystallization and Melting Behavior of Polyetheramide Block Copolymer
Authors: Warner Steve
Published: March 2007

The soft segment of poly (polyamide-polytetramethylene glycol) esters crystallize at strains beginning at about 500%, raising the observed crys tal melting temperature from about 7 to 38°C. Accompanying the strain- induced crystallization, the polymer hardens, changing from elastic to plastic. Upon melting of the PTMO crystallites, Pebax reasserts its elastic character.
Modified Polyetheramines in RIM
Authors: Grigsby R.A. , Rice D.M.
Published: March 2007

Polyurea RIM, because of its production speed, internal release characteristics, high temperature dimensional stability, and increased resis tance to water absorption is finally coming to the forefront as a better route to producing automotive body panels and fascia. One of the barriers that held back the rapid replacement of polyurethane-urea RIM by this new technology has been the increased reaction rate typically exhibited by polyurea RIM. The throughputs of existing RIM equipment were not high enough to produce some of the larger fascia and body panel parts.

To address this need of some molders to process polyurea RIM in lower throughput RIM machines, we have investigated various modifications of our polyetheramines. Among the modifications investigated were the recently in troduced ketimine technology, N-alkyl substituted polyetheramines and polyether amines having aromatic amine termination. The processing charac teristics and physical properties of some of these slower polyether amines in polyurea RIM formulations will be discussed.
Synthesis and Characterization of New Crosslinked Polyureas
Authors: Haridas K.R. , Rajalingam P. , Radhakrishna G.
Published: March 2007

New crosslinked polyureas with high thermal stability based on amino-benzoic acids were prepared. The polymers were obtained by decompos ing the corresponding azides in dimethyl formamide (DMF). All polymers ex hibit good thermal stability which is inferred by differential scanning calorimetry.
Hysteresis Loss of Swollen Rubber Vulcanizates in Force—Retraction Measurement and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
Authors: Neogi Chanchal , Bhowmick Anil K. , Basu Sakti P.
Published: March 2007

Hysteresis loss of swollen gum, filled natural rubber (NR), and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) vulcanizates have been determined from force-retraction measurement and dynamic mechanical analysis. The lowest value of hysteresis loss measured from force-retraction curve has been ob tained for vulcanizates swollen in xylene. Hysteresis loss is greater at 40% elongation than at 1% elongation for all the vulcanizates. The values obtained under dynamic conditions for swollen rubber vulcanizates show some anoma lous behaviour. Storage modulus ( E') decreases both for NR and SBR vulcanizates on swelling. Samples swollen in xylene give the lowest value. As expected, E' values are higher at lower amplitudes. Loss modulus ( E") in creases with loading of filler both for unswollen NR and SBR vulcanizates. On swelling of the vulcanizate, the loss modulus shows the same trend as above at high amplitude whereas low amplitude results illustrate the opposite trend. Loss tangent of the swollen vulcanizates shows the same anomalous behaviour as E" at low amplitude.
Scanning Electron Microscope Study of SBR Formulations Containing Fertilizers and Molluscicides
Authors: Helaly F.M. , El-Awady M.M. , El-Awady N.I.
Published: March 2007

Scanning electron microscopy is a valuable technique for study ing surface changes of controlled release plaques. It is used to study the mechanism of controlled release bioactive materials from SBR binding matrix after soaking in water. Before soaking the plaque in water, the micrographs showed that there is some degree of surface homogeneity distribution of the particles encased within the binding matrix. So, there is good compatibility among the particles of the ingredients incorporated with SBR matrix. After im mersion in water, appreciable changes on the surface of the plaque occurred. In the absence of bioactive materials the swelling of the soaked binding matrix was remarkable—pores, voids, and cracks were absent. In the case of the pres ence of bioactive materials, there were observed a great number of distinct pore structures in the plaque surface and a high degree of compactness among the different particles encased within the binding matrix. Also, tortusic pass and "sponge like" structure were observed.
Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers Made from High Molecular Weight POLY-L® Polyols
Authors: Smith C.P. , Reisch J.W. , O'Connor J.M.
Published: March 2007

High molecular weight polyether polyols formed by the poly merization of epoxides, especially propylene oxide, using conventional KOH catalysis contain high levels of unsaturation. This unsaturation is in the form of allyl and isopropenyl end groups and results in a loss of functionality. A diol that ideally has a functionality of 2.0 can be as low as 1.70 for a conventional 4000 molecular weight polyol. As the molecular weight increases the func tionality decreases. Since the unsaturation is a function of molecular weight, a limiting molecular weight will be reached where further propylene oxide fails to add to the chain and to increase molecular weight.

High molecular weight polyether diols containing low unsaturation were pre pared using double metal cyanide catalysts. With these catalysts ultra high molecular weight polyols can be made without a concomitant increase in the rate of formation of unsaturated end groups. A 4000 molecular weight diol was made that had unsaturation levels five times lower than a comparable polyol prepared by conventional KOH catalysis. Additionally, 5500 and 6600 molec ular weight diols containing very low unsaturation levels were also made. All of the polyols were capped with ethylene oxide to give high levels of primary hydroxyl groups. These polyols were evaluated in thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer formulations.

The thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers were based on MDI and chain ex tended with butanediol. Those prepared from polyols with low unsaturation levels had significantly higher physical properties than thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers prepared with conventionally made polyols. Soft ther moplastic polyurethane elastomers were made from high molecular weight polyols containing low unsaturation levels. These soft thermoplastic polyure thane elastomers are softer than any currently commercially available. They exhibited good tensile strength, excellent elongation and high resilience prop erties.
100% Solids Aliphatic Spray Polyurea Elastomer Systems
Authors: Primeaux Dudley J.
Published: March 2007

Regulations are continually being passed that limit the volatile organic content (VOC) of elastomer coating systems. Because of this restriction, high solids, two-component spray elastomers and coatings are attaining in creases in market interest and sales volume. As this interest grows, the research and development effort focuses on newer and better polymer materials. The development of 100% solids aromatic polyurethane elastomer systems has shown promise with respect to the VOC issues. Recently, a further refined 100% solids spray elastomer system, based on polyurea RIM technol ogy, has also been demonstrated. These systems, like polyurea RIM materials, are based on aromatic isocyanates, aromatic amine chain extenders and amine- terminated polyether resins. In order to take full advantage of the leading edge polyurea elastomer technology, 100% solids aliphatic polyurea elastomer systems have been developed. Amine-terminated polyether resins along with aliphatic isocyanates are incorporated into this next generation of spray elastomer materials.

Aliphatic spray polyurea elastomer systems, like the aromatic polyurea elastomer systems, require no catalysts and are extremely fast in reactivity and cure. Due to this fast reactivity and cure, these systems are virtually unaf fected by moisture during processing. Application of the aliphatic polyurea systems is also possible in a variety of temperature ranges with little effect on the reaction profile and cure. Any VOC standards or regulations are easily com plied with due to the 100% solids characteristic. Excellent elastomer physical properties are also noted at varied temperature ranges. Obviously, spray elastomer systems based on this aliphatic polyurea technology are good candi dates for both coating and noncoating-type applications. Recent advances in the aliphatic spray polyurea elastomer technology will be discussed in this paper.
Tailoring Thermoplastic Olefin Elastomers for Automotive Applications through Intensive Mixing
Authors: Lau Edmund , Goodman John
Published: March 2007

Use of thermoplastic olefin elastomers (TPO) is expected to enjoy a 12% annual growth worldwide through 1996. The majority of growth is in au tomotive applications such as bumper fascia, claddings, exterior panels, airbag covers and instrument panels, etc. This healthy forecast is fueled by the overall cost/performance, the wide range of properties available, the ease of processing and the recyclability of this class of material. The current TPO business is dominated by compounded grades which offer: freedom in formulation to meet specific customer needs, good balance of physical properties, minimal dimen sional change during processing, and flexibility to incorporate colors and other additives for tailored applications.

In compounding, the dispersion and distribution of polymer phases as well as fillers and additives can be controlled through mixing. This article discusses the methodology involved in studying the effect of mixing on the performance of TPO formulations with different filler levels in a laboratory scale intensive batch mixer. Variables studied are mix time and batch size. Properties ana lyzed include heat elongation, tear strength, mold shrinkage, melt flow rate, density and cold temperature impact. The behavior of these compounds is graphically illustrated using a statistical software package. The results, in gen eral, suggest an optimal mix time of around three minutes for most of the
Studies on Curing Characteristics of Natural Rubber-, Nitrile Rubber- and Silicone Rubber-Based Gum Vulcanizates in the Presence of Boron Compounds
Authors: Maity S.K. , Chakraborty K.K.
Published: March 2007

The effects of some boron compounds on the curing characteristics of natural rubber-, nitrile rubber-, and silicone rubber-based gum vulcanizates have been studied. The kinetic parameters have been evaluated through analy sis of rheographs using Coran's model. For comparison of the related parame ters, results of swelling measurements have been included. The identified retardability of a boron compound has been compared with that of conventional retarders.
Photostability of Polyurethane Elastomers Based on Two Types of Diisocyanates
Authors: Rek V. , Govorcin E. , Sendijarevic A. , Sendijarevic V. , Frisch K.C.
Published: March 2007

The effect of UV irradiation on the mechanical and ther momechanical properties of polyurethane (PU) elastomers and their morphol ogy was studied. The chemical changes in the PU elastomers exposed to UV radiation were studied by means of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The PU elastomers were based on an aromatic isocyanate (4,4' diphenylmethane diisocyanate) and a cycloaliphatic isocyanate (4,4' dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate). Poly(caprolactone) glycol of 1250 molecular weight was the polyol used and 1,4-butanediol was the chain extender. The elastomers were prepared in a two-step procedure. First, prepolymers were pre pared from poly(caprolactone) glycol by reacting with the corresponding iso cyanate at NCO/OH ratios of 2/1 and 4/1. The prepolymers were then chain- extended with 1,4-butanediol and the mixture was press-molded in a platen press at 100°C. The results showed that the stability of the investigated PU elastomers depended on the chemical structure of the diisocyanate and the hard/soft segment ratio. The processes of photooxidative degradation are more prevalent in PU elastomers based on cycloaliphatic isocyanate than those based on the aromatic isocyanate. In the case of PU elastomers based on the cycloaliphatic isocyanate it was found that the photodegradative processes were enhanced with increasing hard segment concentration. The degree of pho tooxidative degradation of PU elastomers, as studied by FTIR, correlated very well with the extent of morphological changes and changes in mechanical prop erties. Although PU elastomers based on the aromatic isocyanate undergo color changes, they exhibited better retention of mechanical properties com pared to those based on the aliphatic isocyanate.
Erving Goffman's Sociological Legacies
Authors: LOFLAND JOHN
Published: March 2007

Erving Goffman bequeaths us four main kinds of sociological legacies: the substantive study of the interaction order; a special intellectual perspective on sociology more generally; a reverent spirit, attitude, or mood with which to deal with scholarship; and a distinctive mode of being a scholar, colleague, and friend.
Womb of the World: Baptism and the Priesthood of the New Covenant in Hebrews 10.19-22
Authors: Leithart Peter J.
Published: March 2007

'Womb of the World' examines how baptism is an effective sign of the socio- religious reorganization of the world in the New Covenant. The article maintains that the phrase 'our bodies washed with pure water' in Heb. 10.22 refers to baptism, and therefore implies in context that baptism initiates into the Christian priesthood. The article then explores portions of Heb. 1-2 and Heb. 7 to fill out the background to 10.22. The article concludes that, because baptism is applied indiscriminately to Jew and Gentile, Levite and non-Levite, it breaks down the ritualized boundaries that formed Israel's order of 'graded holiness' and forms a new community of priests.
The Question of the Authenticity of the Ban On Swearing (Matthew 5.33-37)
Authors: Ito Akio
Published: March 2007

This is a critical reply to G. Dautzenberg's arguments against the authenticity of Jesus' prohibition of swearing (Mt. 5.33-37), which are: (1) widespread Jewish negative attitudes towards oaths, (2) a tension between the prohibition and Jesus' use of asseverations and 'amen', (3) James' ignorance of its dominical origin (Jas 5.12) and (4) Paul's ignorance of the prohibition. Against these, the following arguments should be put forward. (1) However fine the distinction may appear, Jesus' prohibi tion is more radical and comprehensive than other Jewish negative attitudes. (2) Although a tension can be detected, it is quite possible to harmonize it. (3) Although James does not attribute the prohibition to Jesus, he probably assumes its dominical origin. (4) Although Paul does not acknowledge the prohibition, we can detect his awareness of it. Therefore, Dautzenberg's arguments are not sufficient to disprove its authenticity.
Marital Expectations of Church Leaders in the Pastoral Epistles
Authors: Page Sydney
Published: March 2007

The pastoral epistles state that a person aspiring to church leadership is to be μιας γυναικός άνήρ. The meaning of this phrase is disputed. Often it is understood to refer to the candidate's marital status. It is interpreted as excluding from leadership positions those who (1) are unmarried, (2) were polygamous, (3) had been divorced or (4) had remarried after being bereaved. None of these explanations is totally satisfactory. Preferable is the interpretation that the disputed phrase refers to the quality of being faithful to one's wife. This accords much better than the alternatives with both the immediate and broader literary contexts and with the historical context. The major objection which has been raised against this view is that it requires an unnatural interpretation of the language, but this objection is insubstantial.
Ancient Editors and Copyists and Modern Partition Theories: the Case of the Corinthian Correspondence
Authors: Stewart-Sykes Alistair
Published: March 2007

Partition theories for the Pauline epistles have been proposed and discussed on broadly literary criteria. The article shows that ancient editorial methods were essen tially conservative, and suggests that this is because of the physical problems that were faced by editors and copyists employing rolls. Any partition theory pre supposes a redactor, who would have to perform certain physical tasks. On this basis it is suggested that partition theories should be in part evaluated according to the physical process which the hypothetical redactor would have to perform. Some parti tion theories proposed for the Corinthian correspondence are examined in this light. and it is suggested that since the complex theories proposed involve complex and difficult scribal tasks they are less tenable than theories which would involve a scribe in simple tasks. In any event, a complex and difficult scribal process must involve a compelling editorial justification, which is often not supplied by proponents of division hypotheses.
Jewish Proselytism At the Time of Christian Origins: Chimera or Reality?
Authors: Paget James Carleton
Published: March 2007

In recent times some significant books on ancient Jewish proselytism have appeared. The contention of a number of these is that at the time of Christian origins Jews had no perception of themselves as missionaries to a wider world. Proselytes to Judaism certainly existed but there is no evidence for the view that these people were actively sought out. The conclusion to draw from this is that Christianity's insistence on the need for a mission to the outside world differentiates it strongly from the Judaism out of which it emerged. In the present article an attempt is made to assess this thesis, and to show that the evidence, or lack of evidence, upon which it is based, is not as convincing as it might at first appear. The writer accepts that the evidence is not as replete as it might be, but that it exists in sufficient measure to allow us to argue for the existence of a missionary consciousness among some Jews, which makes the fact of Christian mission less surprising and distinctive than it might appear.
Matthew 15.21-28: a Test-Case for Jesus' Manners
Authors: Scott J. Martin C.
Published: March 2007

Commentators adopting a historical-critical approach to the story of Jesus' encounter with a Canaanite woman (Mt. 15.21-28) have spent much time trying to justify, or explain away his rudeness towards her. In engaging in a narrative reading we uncover the way in which this story adds to the understanding of the themes of conflict, inadequate faith and rejection which characterize the central section of Matthew's story. In a clever reversal of expectations, the Canaanite woman is seen to adopt the role normally taken by Jesus, giving herself in humility to achieve the liberation of her daughter. This facilitates the narrative development of the Gospel by allowing Jesus to reorientate his understanding of the mission of God, into which the reader is being drawn. The conversion of Jesus by an 'outsider' in turn encourages the reader to move from an exclusive to an inclusive understanding of Christian discipleship.
Manuscripts, the Codex and the Canon
Authors: Elliott J.K.
Published: March 2007

The article analyses the contents of the most significant MSS of the New Testament and identifies the major differences between them regarding their contents and the sequences of the books they contain. It is argued that one of the reasons why the New Testament canon became relatively firmly fixed from an early date was that Christians used the codex. For the Old Testament the contents were far more fluid. The article draws attention to the differences not only between the Hebrew and Alexandrian canons but also between the often fluctuating contents of the Hebrew, Syriac, Latin and Greek MSS of the Old Testament. It is shown how the main MSS, especially within the Greek tradition, have affected modern printed editions of the Septuagint. A description of how the varying traditions in Latin and Greek have influenced modern versions is also included.
Functionalist linguistic theory and language acquisition
Authors: Van Valin Robertd
Published: March 2007

Most theoretical work in developmental psycholinguists has been informed by ideas from formalist linguistic theories, and this paper argues that functionalist linguistic theories, in particular Role and Reference Grammar, have much to contribute to theories of language acquisition. The contrasts between formalist and functionalist linguistic theories and their differing implications for acquisition are characterized, and then specific areas of acquisition are discussed: the acquisition of tense, aspect, modality and negation, and the learning of the constraints on extraction phenomena known as 'island constraints' or 'subiacency' from evidence readily available to the child. Finally, the consequences of this account of extraction constraints for the issue of modularity are explored.
'What's your cousin Arthur's mommy's name?': Features of family talk about kin and kin terms
Authors: Goldfield Beverly A. , Snow Catherine E.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines conversations about kin terms and kin relations between one child and her family over a period of almost three years, when the child was aged 2;3 to 5;1. Transcripts of conversations in which kin members were explicitly discussed were coded for categories that distinguished progressive levels of children's knowledge of kin terms: identification statements and routines, characteristic features, and defining features. Throughout the period under study, talk about the characteristic features of kin members predominated, and included personal characteristics, the exchange of gifts, and the rights, responsibilities and rituals that bound family members. From ages four to five, some of these features were also applied more generally to kinship categories. Conversations that incorporated defining features were relatively infrequent, but appeared as early as age 2;10. Although only one child was observed, these results are consistent with the notion that, from a very early age, children begin to learn the rule system governing relationships among different kin categories along with the formal semantics of kin terms.
The impact of input: language acquisition in the visually impaired
Authors: Andersen Elaine S. , Dunlea Anne , Kekelis Linda
Published: March 2007

Variation in language development between blind and sighted children may result from a diminution of experience or differences in linguistic input, or it may be a product of other factors. Researchers argue about the relative weighting of these. We examine this argument by reviewing data and findings from our studies of blind children's language and we evaluate the possible impact of input, both environmental and linguistic. We show that variation cannot be uniquely attributed to either of these, but find evidence that experiential input may influence some areas while linguistic input more strongly affects others. Moreover, there is a complex interaction between these. We also find independent adaptive strategies by the children, pointing to a plasticity in the acquisition process itself.
Word meaning biases or language-specific effects? Evidence from English, Spanish and Korean
Authors: Mueller Gathercole Virginia C. , Min Haesik
Published: March 2007

This study examines the hypothesis that children learning distinct languages will show differential adherence to proposed word- meaning biases. English-, Spanish-, and Korean-speaking pre schoolers were tested for their extension of new nouns to referents that shared shape, substance and/or functional properties with the initial referent. English- and Spanish-speaking subjects performed differently from Korean-speaking children. Korean speakers gave more substance-based responses than the other groups, and their responses took functional information into account, while those of Spanish and English speakers did not. Results lend support to the position that children's first best guesses about the meanings of new words are dependent on the structure of the language they are learning, and they challenge the notion that children have universal word learning biases.
Learning to produce passive utterances through discourse
Authors: Tomasello Michael , Brooks Patricia J. , Stern Elissa
Published: March 2007

Two studies of English-speaking children's acquisition of the passive construction are reported. In the first study children at 3.0 and 3.5 years of age were taught to produce full passive utterances with a nonce verb through rich discourse interaction. All the older children learned to produce a passive with the nonce verb, whereas only two-thirds of the younger children learned to do this - and they needed three times as many adult utterances to do so. In the second study, also using a nonce verb, some 3.0-year-old children were given rich discourse interactions containing truncated passives, passive questions, and by phrases — all of which added up to a full passive — but they never heard a full passive utterance as a whole. Other children were given only models of full passive utterances with no discourse scaffolding. Only children who heard full passive utterances produced them. The children who participated in rich discourse interactions produced truncated passives (as they had heard). These results demonstrate that children can learn to produce full passive sentences with a nonce verb at 3 years of age, but, in accordance with Tomasello's (1992) verb island hypothesis, they tend to do so only within the syntactic constructions in which they have heard adults using that verb.
The Schoolchild with Epilepsy
Authors: Stores Gregory
Published: March 2007

To most people epilepsy is a little understood and disturbing illness. Yet given proper treatment and attention, epileptic children can be helped a great deal, and psychologists have an important part to play in this when it comes to the heightened emotional and educational problems that such children face.
The Cultural Boundaries of Education and Non Western Alternatives
Authors: Pedersen Paul
Published: March 2007

At the same time as pressures mount for the inclusion of intercultural perspec tives in the curriculum, resources for international education are diminishing. Against this backdrop the author develops a test of reasonable opposites to contrast Western and non-Western assumptions about educational objectives. Suggestions are made for increasing the non-formal, informal and individua lized educational opportunities in education as a cost-effective vehicle of inter national and intercultural education in the curricula.
School Problems and Family Background: A Norwegian Follow-up Study
Authors: Svendsen Dagmund
Published: March 2007

A cohort consisting of 1,015 pupils, 508 girls and 507 boys, were followed during the first three years of primary school. Reports from all individual examinations undertaken by school psychologists were available, as well as information about different forms of special education offered the first three years at school. A clear relationship between social background and individual examination at the School Psychology Service was revealed. Recruitment both to special classes for school beginners and classes for special education in mathematics was biased towards an overrepresentation of children of workers. Only small and insignificant group differences were found in special educa tion in Norwegian. The results may go contrary to Bernstein's theory of social class and language code.
School Psychologists' Perceptions of Their Work: Satisfactions and Dissatisfactions in the United States
Authors: Miller C. Dean , Witt Joseph C. , Finley Jeff L.
Published: March 2007

Forty school psychologists in two districts of the U.S.A. were interviewed using a structured interview format to obtain their perceptions of satisfactions and dissatisfactions associated with their work. Four areas of satisfaction and five of dissatisfaction were identified. A major finding was that many of the school psychologists did not appear to have had adequate training in coping with the pressures, stress, and dissatisfactions which they were experiencing.
The Intensive Insulin Therapy Team
Authors: Flavin Karen , White Neil H.
Published: March 2007

The use of a team approach to the management of patients using intensive insulin therapy (IIT) has been supported by policy/position statements of both the American Association of Diabetes Educators and the American Diabetes Association. A course designed and taught by a health care team within the Washington University Diabetes Research and Training Center was offered to 18 multidisciplinary health care teams desiring information about initiating IIT programs. Course outcomes demonstrated positive responses to the team approach to team education but raised questions about the actual compo sition and functioning of the health care "team." While a well- defined team with IIT knowledge and skills is essential for the development of a comprehensive and safe approach to IIT programs, it is not clear who should be offering these programs.
Periodontal Diseases and Diabetes
Authors: Wilson Thomas G.
Published: March 2007

Inflammatory periodontal diseases are common in the United States. The incidence of gingivitis and periodontitis appears to be the same for persons with controlled diabetes as for those in the nondiabetic population. For patients with uncontrolled diabetes, however, periodontal diseases progress more rapidly than in their controlled counterparts. In addition, once a person with diabetes has periodontitis, the disease is usually more aggressive than in nondiabetic controls. These differences may be due to microangiopathy, altered polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis, increased dental plaque formation , or other causes. Patients with diabetes should be counseled to have a periodontal screening, which must include the use of a probe to measure the depth of the periodontal pockets. When problems are found, they should be treated and the patient should be placed in maintenance therapy.
Adherence to Diabetes Regimens: Empirical Status and Clinical Applications
Authors: Kurtz Steven M.S.
Published: March 2007

Adherence to diabetes treatment regimens has proved to be a conceptual and empirical enigma. Consequently, reliable and valid applications to the clinical practice of diabetes care and education have been wanting. Rates of nonadherence are staggeringly high, regardless of the methodology employed, and verification of self-reports is complicated by social desirability to appear compliant. Low intertask correlations further complicate our understanding of adherence-metabolic control relationships. Studies relating to the Health Belief Model, social learning theory, and the psychology of interpersonal relationships that have sought to identify determinants of adherence behaviors have specific relevance to the clinical practice of diabetes education.
The Experience of Living With Insulin-Dependent Diabetes: Lessons for the Diabetes Educator
Authors: Hernandez Cheri A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this grounded theory study was to investigate the experience of living with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Data were collected from interviews with four participants, and from their diabetes papers and journals. This article summarizes the results of the data collection and presents implications for diabetes educators. The results challenge the traditional compliance/adherence paradigm within which current diabetes education programs operate and provide evidence of the need to move to a new integration paradigm. The new paradigm would replace adherence relationships with collaborative alliances between clients and educators and encourage educators to practice empathy as a way of knowing.
Using Focus Groups to Identify Psychosocial Issues of Urban Black Individuals With Diabetes
Authors: ANDERSON ROBERT M. , BARR PATRICIA A. , EDWARDS GLORIA J. , FUNNELL MARTHA M. , FITZGERALD JAMES T. , WISDOM KIMBERLYDAWN
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this focus group research was to identify issues that could serve as topics for a series of educational videos portraying psychosocial issues of urban black individuals with diabetes. Four focus groups involving 34 black adults were conducted in the Detroit area. Psychosocial issues were identified and rated in order of priority by an expert panel. The major psychosocial issues identified were the importance of food and eating in the black culture, the necessity for learning more about diabetes and its complications, learning to interact effectively with healthcare providers and systems, and the need for help and support in managing psychosocial issues related to diabetes. Black individuals with diabetes face unique psychosocial challenges. Focus groups are an effective method for obtaining relevant, culturally specific, in-depth information about living with diabetes from patients who are members of minority groups.
The Relationship Between Nonroutine Use of Insulin, Food, and Exercise and the Occurrence of Hypoglycemia in Adults With IDDM and Varying Degrees of Hypoglycemic Awareness and Metabolic Control
Authors: CLARKE WILLIAM L. , COX DANIEL J. , GONDER-FREDERICK LINDA A. , JULIAN DIANA , SCHLUNDT DAVID , POLONSKY WILLIAM
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine objectively the relationships between changes in the usual amount of insulin injected, food eaten, and exercise performed, and the subsequent occurrence of low blood glucose (<3.9mM) in adults with IDDM and varying degrees of hypoglycemic awareness and metabolic control. Subjects used a handheld computer to record whether their most recent insulin, food, and exercise had been omitted or were greater than, less than, or about the same as usual following every measured blood glucose level of <3.9mM and >5.6mM. Responses for each self-management behavior were compared for the two blood glucose ranges. Food was omitted more frequently prior to a low glucose reading and exercise was omitted more frequently prior to a high glucose reading. More insulin, less food, and more exercise each were associated with low glucose levels. These findings underscore the importance of traditional diabetes education.
Moving Diabetes Management From Clinic to Community: Development of a Prototype Based on Automated Voice Messaging
Authors: Piette John D.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study is twofold. First, it provides a review of the literature supporting the development of a new service to help patients with diabetes and their providers manage their care. This service, automated voice messaging (A VM) with nurse follow-up, allows for systematic and intensive patient monitoring and diabetes education as well as a means of focusing clinical resources where they are most needed. Second, it provides a description of a prototype AVM-based diabetes management service that has been developed as part of two ongoing, randomized, controlled trials to test the efficacy of AVM care for patients with Type 2 diabetes. Preliminary findings from implementing this service in two large public healthcare systems suggest that AVM-supported care is feasible, desirable by clinicians and patients with diabetes, and may identify serious health problems that otherwise would go unnoted through standard means of clinic-based patient care.
Salience of Initial Ratings and Attitude Change in the "Forbidden Toy" Paradigm
Authors: Swann William B. , Pittman Thane S.
Published: March 2007

The effects of level of initial attitude salience and severity of threat on attitude change were assessed utilizing the forbidden toy paradigm. Second and third grade children were warned to refrain from playing with a preferred toy, using either a mild or severe threat. Initial attitude salience was varied by having a second experimenter either show the subjects their initial rating during the temptation period or not. A significant interaction between threat and salience was obtained when derogation scores were analysed. With mild threat, increased salience led to increased derogation of the forbidden toy. With severe threat, increased salience had no effect on derogation.
Experimentation and College Students in Social Psychology Research
Authors: Higbee Kenneth L. , Lott Wayne J. , Graves J. Peter
Published: March 2007

In research published in four social psychology journals at the beginning of the 1970s, experimental research predominated over correlational research, and college students predominated over non-college samples. However, there was considerable variation among the different journals. It was suggested that the use of experimentation on college students does not necessarily make research ungeneralizable or irrelevant.