bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shock-driven three-fluid mixing with various chevron interface configurations
Authors: West Scott R. , Sadler James D. , Powell Philip D. , Zhou Ye
Published: October 2024

When a shock wave crosses a density interface, the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability causes perturbations to grow. Richtmyer–Meshkov instabilities arise from the deposition of vorticity from the misaligned density and pressure gradients at the shock front. In many engineering applications, microscopic surface roughness will grow into multi-mode perturbations, inducing mixing between the fluid on either side of an initial interface. Applications often have multiple interfaces, some of which are close enough to interact in the later stages of instability growth. In this study, we numerically investigate the mixing of a three-layer system with periodic zigzag (or chevron) interfaces, calculating the dependence of the width and mass of mixed material on properties such as the shock timing, chevron amplitude, multi-mode perturbation spectrum, density ratio, and shock mach number. The multi-mode case is also compared with a single-mode perturbation. The Flash hydrodynamic code is used to solve the Euler equations in three dimensions with adaptive grid refinement. Key results include a significant increase in mixed mass when changing from a single-mode to a multi-mode perturbation on one of the interfaces. The mixed width is mainly sensitive to the density ratio and chevron amplitude, whereas the mixed mass also depends on the multi-mode spectrum. Steeper initial perturbation spectra have lower mixed mass at early times but a greater mixed mass after the reflected shock transits back across the layer.
A point of view of the elastocaloric effect associated with 7M and 5M modulated martensite in Ni–Mn–Ga alloys
Authors: López-Medina M. , Flores-Zúñiga H. , Soto-Parra D. E. , Ríos-Jara D.
Published: October 2024

Solid-state refrigeration has emerged as the most promising alternative to conventional refrigeration technology. However, for this technology to be applicable, the caloric effects produced in the alloys must be highly reversible. In this context, we compare the elastocaloric effect of two Ni–Mn–Ga alloys with different types of modulated martensite. The elastocaloric effect, quantified as the isothermal entropy change (ΔSela), was investigated in Ni50Mn28Ga22 and Ni50Mn30Ga20 alloys with 5M and 7M modulated martensite, respectively. Maximum ΔSela values obtained were 1.91 J kg−1 K−1 during cooling and 1.83 J kg−1 K−1 during heating in martensite 5M and 0.19 J kg−1 K−1 during cooling and 0.26 J kg−1 K−1 during heating in martensite 7M, for a constant applied stress of 10 MPa. However, although the 7M modulated martensite exhibited a lower ΔSela, its reversibility was higher. Therefore, our results could be useful for selecting a good material to be used in solid-state refrigeration.
Seasonal climate summary southern hemisphere (autumn 2020): another coral bleaching event for the Great Barrier Reef without an active El Niño
Authors: Smith Grant A.
Published: October 2024

Austral autumn 2020, inclusive of the months March, April and May, followed a period of hot and dry conditions over summer that led to high bushfire risk in Australia due to a strong positive Indian Ocean Dipole. The autumn period was also warmer and drier than average overall with strong differences across the states. Notable exceptions were rainfall across New South Wales, Tasmania and Victoria, and rainfall associated with Tropical Cyclone Esther near the Pilbara and the Northern Territory Top End. Overall, Australia maximum mean temperatures were +0.65°C above average, with Western Australia in the top 10 recorded temperatures at +1.53°C above average. South-east Australian rainfall led to flooding and extinguished the remaining fires of the 2019–2020 bushfire season. The rainfall did not reach coastal regions of south-east Queensland where severe rainfall deficiencies persisted. Autumn 2020 was classified as neutral in terms of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and marks the second time that the Great Barrier Reef has experienced mass coral bleaching due to elevated ocean temperatures in an ENSO neutral year. Elevated sea surface temperatures in the Coral Sea are largely attributed to a general warming trend in the region. Antarctic sea ice extent went from below average to close to average by the end of May 2020, aided by a positive Southern Annular Mode. At the end of autumn 2020, there were early signs of a La Niña event building, with negative temperature anomalies in the subsurface and cooling of sea surface temperatures along equatorial Pacific.
Nuevos retos (de recepción y comprensión intersemióticos) para la accesibilidad
Authors: Mogorrón Pedro
Published: October 2024

In this article, after defining the concept of cultural reference and limiting its treatment to the study
of phraseological units and intertextual references, we address these two phenomena in order to show the difficulty that users
without visual or acoustic perception problems have in identifying and understanding them. Then, after presenting the current
regulations designed to help disabled people in their daily lives, we show that cultural references have not been researched
in depth in the field of accessibility and that support measures are necessary so that the viewer can have a reception, at
least compensatory, of this phenomenon.
El SPS como herramienta transversal para la adquisición de competencias traductoras en el contexto de la enseñanza de la
traducción especializada
Authors: Martínez-Blasco Iván
Published: October 2024

The aim of this article is to include Subtitling for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing audiences (SDH) as a
transversal competence in the teaching-learning of French-Spanish Technical-Scientific Translation, to implement a didactic
proposal that will help students to consolidate and expand the competences required by this branch of the discipline. To this
end, we aim to familiarise students with real working dynamics in the field of subtitling for deaf and hard-of-hearing people
by using simulated collaborative translation assignments in which students act in assigned roles, and which serve to raise
practical issues of the labour market in audiovisual translation and accessibility applied to the context of
technical-scientific translation.
Improvement of microwave absorbing capability on the soft magnetic/hard magnetic/perovskite composites
Authors: Gunanto Y E , Izaak M P , Sitompul H , Taryana Y , Mulyawan A , Setiawan J , Yunasfi Y , Adi W A , Taufiq A , Ramlan R
Published: October 2024

This paper reports an increase in the ability to absorb microwaves from a composite made of combination between soft and hard magnetic materials, perovskite material, and an epoxy as matrix of composite, Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4/Ba0.6Sr0.4Fe9.5Al0.5MnTiO19/FeTiO3/epoxy (NBFE) with a wt% ratio of 5:3:2:10. Composite samples were made using the mechanical alloying method with milling techniques and sintered at a temperature of 1000 °C for 5 h. NBFE composites were studied to increase the ability to absorb microwaves at 2–18 GHz frequencies with thickness variations of 1 mm and 2 mm. The results obtained, the composite sample Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4/Ba0.6Sr0.4Fe9.5Al0.5MnTiO19/FeTiO3/epoxy has the ability to absorb microwaves with the best reflection loss value −37.47 dB with a bandwidth almost reaches 11.32 GHz in the 2–18 GHz frequency range.
Super-resolution imaging quality enhancement method for distributed array infrared camera
Authors: Song Danying , Ma Xunuo , Jia Xinyu , Yu Nana , Xi Sixing , Ge Jingjing , Wang Xiaolei , Zhu Zhuqing
Published: October 2024

To address issues related to low resolution and high noise in infrared cameras, a distributed array infrared camera imaging system utilizing four cameras is proposed. The four cameras are arranged in an unconstrained array, and the combination algorithm of Projections onto Convex Sets (POCS) and Real-Enhanced Super-Resolution Generative Adversarial Networks (Real-ESRGAN) is applied to achieve high-quality super-resolution infrared imaging. The wavelet fusion algorithm is used to preprocess four low-resolution infrared images to reduce noise. Then, the POCS algorithm is used to reconstruct the preprocessed image. Finally, the Real-ESRGAN is employed for image reconstruction, resulting in an ultra-high-resolution infrared image. The results show that compared to single infrared camera imaging, the resolution of images reconstructed using the distributed infrared camera array is increased by 0.58 times, with the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) increased by 1.2 times. Additionally, the entropy is increased by 18.87%, the standard deviation is increased by 13.51%, and the Naturalness Image Quality Evaluator (NIQE) is reduced by 18.87%. This demonstrates a significant enhancement in the super-resolution imaging quality of the distributed infrared camera array.
The quantum vortices dynamics: spatio-temporal scale hierarchy and origin of turbulence
Authors: Talalov S V
Published: October 2024

This study investigates the evolution and interaction of quantum vortex loops with a small but non-zero radius of core a. The quantization scheme of the classical vortex system is based on the approach proposed by the author Talalov S V (2022 Eur. Journ. Mech B/Fluids
92 100-6), Talalov S V (2023 Physical Review Fluids
8 034 607-1-03460712). We consider small perturbations in the ring-shaped loops, which include both helical-type shape variations and small excitations of the flow in the vortex core. The quantization of the circulation Γ is deduced from the first principles of quantum theory. As a result of our approach, the set of quantized circulation values is wider than the standard one. The developed theory introduces a hierarchical spatio-temporal scale in the quantum evolution of vortices. We also explore the applicability of this model for describing the origins of turbulence in quantum fluid flows. To achieve this specific objective, we employ the method of random Hamiltonians to describe the interaction of quantum vortex loops.
Constraining UV freeze-in of light relics with current and next-generation CMB observations
Authors: Caloni Luca , Stengel Patrick , Lattanzi Massimiliano , Gerbino Martina
Published: October 2024

Cosmological observations allow to measure the abundance of light relics produced in the early Universe. Most studies focus on the thermal freeze-out scenario, yet light relics produced by freeze-in are generic for models in which new light degrees of freedom do not couple strongly enough to the Standard Model (SM) plasma to allow for full thermalization in the early Universe. In ultraviolet (UV) freeze-in scenarios, rates for light relic production associated with non-renormalizable interactions typical of beyond the SM (BSM) models grow with temperature more quickly than the Hubble rate. Thus, relatively small couplings to the SM can be probed by current and next-generation cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments. We investigate several representative benchmark BSM models, such as axion-like particles from Primakoff production, massless dark photons and light right-handed neutrinos. We calculate contributions to the effective number of neutrino species, ΔN
eff, in corners of parameter space not previously considered and discuss the sensitivity of CMB experiments compared to other probes. In contrast to freeze-out scenarios, ΔN
eff from UV freeze-in is more dependent on both the specific BSM physics model and the reheating temperature. Depending on the details of the BSM scenario, we find that the sensitivity of next-generation CMB experiments can complement or surpass the current astrophysical, laboratory or collider constraints on the couplings of the SM to the light relic.
Axion-induced patchy screening of the Cosmic Microwave Background
Authors: Mondino Cristina , Pîrvu Dalila , Huang Junwu , Johnson Matthew C.
Published: October 2024

Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) photons can undergo resonant conversion into axions in
the presence of magnetized plasma distributed inside non-linear large-scale structure (LSS). This
process leads to axion-induced patchy screening: secondary temperature and polarization
ani­sotropies with a characteristic non-blackbody frequency dependence that are strongly
correlated with the distribution of LSS along our past light cone. We compute the axion-induced
patchy screening contribution to two- and three- point correlation functions that include CMB
anisotropies and tracers of LSS within the halo model. We use these results to forecast the
sensitivity of existing and future surveys to photon-axion couplings for axion masses between
2 × 10-13 eV and 3 × 10-12 eV, using a combination of empirical estimates from
Planck data of the contribution from instrumental noise and foregrounds as well as modeled
contributions on angular scales only accessible with future datasets. We demonstrate that an
analysis using Planck and the unWISE galaxy catalogue would be complementary to the most sensitive
existing astrophysical axion searches, probing couplings as small as 3 × 10-12
GeV-1, while observations from a future survey such as CMB-S4 could extend this reach by
almost an additional order of magnitude.
Two texture zeros for Dirac neutrinos in a diagonal charged lepton basis*
Authors: Lenis Yessica , Gómez John D. , Ponce William A. , Benavides Richard H.
Published: October 2024

A systematic study of the neutrino mass matrix

with two texture zeros in a basis that the charged leptons are diagonal, and under the assumption that neutrinos are Dirac particles is performed. Our study is conducted without any approximation, first analytically and then numerically. Current neutrino oscillation data is used in our analysis. Phenomenological implications of

on lepton CP violation and neutrino mass spectrum are explored.
Robustness of N=152 and Z=108 shell closures in superheavy mass region*
Authors: Chen 陈 Buyu 布雨 , Dong 董 Jianmin 建敏 , Wang 王 Yaqian 亚乾 , Wu 吴 Guoqing 国庆
Published: October 2024

The neutron shell gap at

has been experimentally confirmed through high-precision mass measurements on nobelium (

) and lawrencium (

) isotopes. The experimental measurements on α-decay properties suggest that deformed doubly-magic nature of

Hs. However, the magic gaps in the superheavy region are generally expected to be fragile. In this study, we test the robustness of

shell closure in

isotones and

shell closure in Hs isotopes by employing an alternative approach where both theoretical analysis and available experimental data are required. Combined with existing experimental measurements on α-decay energies, it is determined that robust

neutron shell persists at least in

isotopes, and robust

proton shell persists in Hs isotopes with

. Additionally, the relativistic mean-field model is determined as unable to provide

shell. Thus, the conclusion that robust

shell exists at least in

isotopes, provides crucial benchmarks for constraining effective interactions suitable for superheavy nuclei in nuclear energy-density functional theory in future.
Evaluation of fission fragment moments of inertia forspontaneous fission of CF-252
Authors: Lyubashevsky D. E. , Kostryukov P. V. , Pisklyukov A. A. , Shcherbina J. D.
Published: October 2024

In the present study, methods for estimating the moments of inertia of fission fragments resulting from the spontaneous fission of isotope Cf-252 were analyzed. In particular, two main approaches were examined: statistical and microscopic. The classical and superfluid approaches for calculating the moments of inertia were also examined, along with their implementations in a variety of nuclear models. In this context, the impact of diverse oscillation modes and nucleon exchange on the moments of inertia and spin distributions of fission fragments was assessed. This study emphasizes the need for a comparative analysis of theoretical predictions and experimental data, which would contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the internal structure of nuclei and the mechanisms of fission.
Beam energy recovery in Neutral Beam Injections and related simulations
Authors: Variale V. , Cavenago M. , Valentino V.
Published: October 2024

The Neutral Beam Injectors (NBI) will be used to further increase the plasma temperature for the ignition of the fusion reactions in the ITER project. For future applications of electric energy production, the NBI efficiency is crucial. Since the gas neutralizer gives large residual ion fractions of D+ and D-, adequate energy recovery systems may be necessary. Recently a conceptually simple beam energy recovery based on space charge effects has been proposed; it can also work as an ion dump device, with advantages in removing the residual ions with reduced power dissipation. Preliminary simulation results were evidence of that the proposed device can remove all the residual ions by collecting them at very low energy on proper electrodes. In this contribution, further simulations with more accurate space charge calculations are reported to mostly confirm the high residual ion collection efficiency obtained in the preliminary simulations. The simulated operation voltage is also increased from 20 kV to 500 kV in steps. Higher efficiencies require some increase of the collector length, especially at higher operation voltage, as here discussed. Some design detailed features are also updated.
Optimizing charge transport simulation for hybrid pixel detectors
Authors: Xie X. , Barten R. , Bergamaschi A. , Braham B. , Brückner M. , Carulla M. , Dinapoli R. , Ebner S. , Ferjaoui K. , Greiffenberg D. , Hasanaj S. , Heymes J. , Hinger V. , King T. , Kozlowski P. , Lopez-Cuenca C. , Mezza D. , Moustakas K. , Mozzanica A. , Paton K.A. , Ruder C. , Schmitt B. , Sieberer P. , Thattil D. , Zhang J. , Fröjdh E.
Published: October 2024

To enhance the spatial resolution of the MÖNCH 25 µm pitch hybrid pixel detector, deep learning models have been trained using both simulation and measurement data.
Challenges arise when comparing simulation-based deep learning models to measurement-based models for electrons, as the spatial resolution achieved through simulations is notably inferior to that from measurements.
Discrepancies are also observed when directly comparing X-ray simulations with measurements, particularly in the spectral output of single pixels.
These observations collectively suggest that current simulations require optimization.

To address this, the dynamics of charge carriers within the silicon sensor have been studied using Monte Carlo simulations, aiming to refine the charge transport modeling.
The simulation encompasses the initial generation of the charge cloud, charge cloud drift, charge diffusion and repulsion, and electronic noise.
The simulation results were validated with measurements from the MÖNCH detector for X-rays, and the agreement between measurements and simulations was significantly improved by accounting for the charge repulsion.
Characterization of EJ-276D plastic scintillator and its comparison with EJ-299-33A and BC-501A
Authors: Pant Pankaj , Banerjee K. , Roy P. , Shil R. , Saha A.K.
Published: October 2024

A characteristic study of the new generation EJ-276D plastic
scintillator detector, measuring 5 inches in diameter and 5 inches
in length, was conducted. This study compared it with the earlier
EJ-299-33A plastic scintillator and the BC-501A liquid
scintillator. Key characteristics such as pulse height response,
pulse shape discrimination, efficiency, and time resolution were
measured and compared for each detector of the same dimensions. The
results show that the performance of EJ-276D is superior to
EJ-299-33A in every aspect. It exhibits comparable efficiency but
lower pulse shape discrimination capabilities compared to the
BC-501A liquid scintillator. Notably, the stability of the EJ-276D
over time was also studied and found to be satisfactory.
Fast high voltage pulser for the southern advanced photon source
Authors: Zhu Jianbin , Lin Munan , Li Haibo , Zhang Wenqing , Liu Yuntao , Qi Xin
Published: October 2024

The Southern Advanced Photon Source (SAPS) is a planned
fourth-generation synchrotron radiation facility featuring a
low-emittance storage ring. For the H-7BA lattice design, the
dynamic aperture is significantly smaller than the physical
aperture, necessitating the use of a strip-line kicker based on an
on-axis injection scheme. To minimize interference from the pulser
on adjacent beams, a nanosecond pulser with stringent rise and fall
time requirements is essential. A prototype pulser, based on a
semiconductor opening switch, was developed to meet these demands. A
nonlinear transmission line loaded with ferrite was utilized for
pulse shaping, yielding favorable results. The prototype generated a
pulse at a 50 Ω load with a rise time (10%–90%) of
2.4 ns, a fall time (90%–10%) of 3.9 ns, a pulse width
(10%–10%) of 7.8 ns, and an amplitude of 19.8 kV. This paper
presents the detailed design, optimization, and performance
evaluation of the pulser.
The cascade integration model based on machine learning to predict gestational diabetes
Authors: Ma Jinlong , Shi Xiaoyue , Xu Liwei , Wang Shengpu , Zheng Rui , Du Lijia , Yang Zhifeng
Published: October 2024

Machine learning has significant advantages in the research environment of disease prediction due to its data analysis and exploration capabilities. In recent years, despite progress in identifying risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), however no predictive models have been developed in clinical practice to date. This work improves GDM predictive models by developing a new integrated learning model building approach to more fully utilise the benefits of machine learning models to bring the disease management port forward. Initially, the clinical data set is normalized. Then, according to the principle of removing the redundant features of each machine learning model, the first nine high-importance features of the five single models are filtered respectively. Finally, the GDM Cascade integration prediction model is constructed and compared with the Blending model and Stacking model, it is obvious that the proposed model construction method has superior performance and the AUC value reaches 0.9536.
An algorithm that excavates suboptimal states and improves Q-learning
Authors: Zhu Canxin , Yang Jingmin , Zhang Wenjie , Zheng Yifeng
Published: October 2024

Reinforcement learning is inspired by the trial-and-error method in animal learning, where the reward values obtained from the interaction of the agent with the environment are used as feedback signals to train the agent. Reinforcement learning has attracted extensive attention in recent years. It is mainly used to solve sequential decision-making problems and has been applied to various aspects of life, such as autonomous driving, game gaming, and robotics. Exploration and exploitation are the main characteristics that distinguish reinforcement learning methods from other learning methods. Reinforcement learning methods need reward optimization algorithms to better balance exploration and exploitation. Aiming at the problems of unbalanced exploration and a large number of repeated explorations in the Q-learning algorithm in the MDP environment, an algorithm that excavates suboptimal states and improves Q-learning was proposed. It adopts the exploration idea of ‘exploring the potential of the second-best’, and explores the state with suboptimal state value, and calculates the exploration probability value according to the distance between the current state and the goal state. The larger the distance, the higher the exploration demand of the agent. In addition, only the immediate reward and the maximum action value of the next state are needed to calculate the Q value. Through the simulation experiments in two different MDP environments, The frozenLake8x8 environment and the CliffWalking environment, the results verify that the proposed algorithm obtains the highest average cumulative reward and the least total time consumption.
Business Freedoms and Fundamental Rights in European Union Law
Authors: O'Connor Niall
Published: October 2024

The recognition of the freedom to conduct a business as a fundamental right within European Union law has reignited debate as to the proper place of competing economic freedoms and fundamental social rights within the European Union legal order. In particular, the Court of Justice of the European Union has relied on freedom of contract as a component of the freedom to conduct a business in order to undermine the protection of competing employment rights. Using the employment law context as a case study, this book argues that the potential regulatory consequences of the freedom to conduct a business as a fundamental right can only properly be understood within its wider constitutional and social dimensions. A holistic assessment of the value placed on business freedoms within the legal reasoning of the Court of Justice of the European Union demonstrates that there is nothing inherently deregulatory in granting fundamental rights status to such freedoms, with the freedom to conduct a business as a fundamental right also being contoured by competing ‘social’ rights, interests, and values. The freedom to conduct a business is thereby also shown to be a malleable fundamental rights concept in that its precise reach remains dependent on the underlying constitutional context whether that be within national constitutional law, the general principles of EU law, the Charter of Fundamental Rights, or in those arrangements governing the United Kingdom’s departure from—and new relationship with—the European Union.
The Fragmentary Constitutionalization of Rights, Freedoms, and (General) Principles
Authors: O'Connor Niall
Published: October 2024

The purpose of this chapter is to re-evaluate the fragmented relationship between the diverse sources of European Union fundamental rights. In particular, it is demonstrated that the general principles have an ongoing constitutional role despite the purported codification of Union fundamental rights within the European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights. The ambiguous relationship between the general principles and the Charter as well as that between ‘rights’ and ‘principles’ remains crucial to understanding the inconsistencies that have emerged within the Court of Justice of the European Union’s interpretation and application of the freedom to conduct a business in differing constitutional and social rights contexts.
The Evolution of the Freedom to Conduct a Business as a Fundamental Right
Authors: O'Connor Niall
Published: October 2024

This chapter argues that there has been a ‘reconstitution’ of the freedom to conduct a business as a fundamental right in the sense that although this freedom emerged from the general principles, it is also vitally distanced from those same general principles through its further (re)constitutionalization within the European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights. It is shown that the Court of Justice of the European Union’s interpretation and application of the freedom to conduct a business has evolved over time depending on the constitutional (rights) context. The chapter assesses the restricted nature of the freedom to conduct a business in the early jurisprudence of the Court, notably through the explicit recognition of that freedom’s ‘social function’ and which can be contrasted with the purpose underlying the inclusion of the freedom to conduct a business within the Charter, which was intended to act as a counterweight to the Charter’s social rights.
The Jurisprudential Significance of the Freedom to Conduct a Business as a Fundamental Right
Authors: O'Connor Niall
Published: October 2024

This chapter assesses the materiality and significance of the freedom to conduct a business as a fundamental right in the judicial reasoning of the Court of Justice of the European Union. Particular attention is paid to tracing the Court’s expansive conception of that freedom in relation to protective social legislation. It is shown that inconsistency is the hallmark of the case law concerning the freedom to conduct a business, including freedom of contract. Expansive conceptions of the freedom to conduct a business as a fundamental right are reinforced through that freedom’s connection to the fundamental economic freedoms of the European Union’s internal market, leading to the mutual reinforcement of deregulatory (rights) concepts. Deficiencies in the Court’s approach to legal reasoning within the fundamental rights context, including the absence of a binding doctrine of precedent, compound the existing gaps in the application of the social function of business freedoms.
Law's Machinery
Authors: Funk Kellen R
Published: October 2024

Law’s Machinery tells how Americans, in an age of industrialization, began to think of law as a tool, one that could be forged and reformed to fit their needs without regard to the traditional ways of litigating cases in court. By legislating a “code of practice,” innovators like New York attorney David Dudley Field and his associates across the elite American bar attempted to rebuild the practice of law from the ground up in the mid-nineteenth century. While many of their reforms proved futile or misguided over time, ultimately, the codifiers succeeded in making American law a machine run by, and in the interests of, professional lawyers like themselves. Often overlooked in histories of the world’s great code systems, the United States settled on a code of practice that elevated lawyers as the dominant force among America’s legal institutions. This account ranges widely from the Jacksonian Era to the end of the Gilded Age, from industrializing Gotham to the periphery of the American West and Reconstruction South, from the parlors of Brooklyn pastors and merchants to the ornamented courthouses of Wall Street. Drawing on innovative methods in digital legal history, Law’s Machinery offers a sweeping intellectual, cultural, and political history of the modernization of American legal practice.
Introduction
Authors: Funk Kellen R
Published: October 2024

This introduction sketches the central arguments and themes of Law’s Machinery. This book tells a story of legal practice in the United States as it underwent a transformation from an all-encompassing law of practice to a segmented law of substance and procedure. Its central focus is the New York Code of Procedure, known colloquially as the Field Code after its chief drafter, Manhattan trial lawyer David Dudley Field. Codifiers like Field repeatedly returned to one central metaphor for their reforms, describing procedure as “law’s machinery.” As a neutral, mechanical supplement to the real law, procedure was both inoffensive enough for legislative reform and technical enough that lawyerly experts had to control it. However, because American procedure codes classified remedies as procedural, the domain of procedure continued to expand into substantive law and politics and threatened to swallow the law itself. What Field and his imitators ultimately achieved was the creation of a peculiarly lawyerly code, written and enacted by lawyers and written for and addressed to the trial bar. But most of all, the code was a lawyer’s code for what it did not say. Despite its attempt at comprehensiveness, the massive code neglected to define the key terms of its most fundamental requirements for legal practice, leaving it to the lawyers to fill the gaps with inherited habits of thought and practice.
The Rule of Writs
Authors: Funk Kellen R
Published: October 2024

This chapter surveys legal practice in the courts of common law and equity in early nineteenth-century New York. Subtle changes in the practice of law coupled with industrialization and an expanding economy brought unprecedented strains on the daily work of practitioners. They created a complex system of civil justice that was constantly evolving. Meanwhile, jurists continued to pursue a century-long project to reformulate the common law as a system of principles and rules rather than a set of ad hoc practices and modes of reasoning about legal remedies—a movement from a “rule of writs” to a “rule of law.” New York’s first experiment with codification in the late 1820s failed to end the rule of writs, but it sharpened ideas about legislative supremacy and practical reform. It also provided the legislative strategy that legal reformers would later use to steer codification through the vicissitudes of politics by treating “practice” as a distinct field for legal reform.
The Nature of Things
Authors: Funk Kellen R
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines the wide-ranging debates over the fusion of law and equity and whether such fusion could be accomplished through a procedure code. After describing the central themes of the fusion debate in the New York Constitutional Convention of 1846, the chapter traces David Dudley Field’s ideas about fusion in the litigation strategy Field undertook in the “Erie Wars.” The Erie Railroad litigation shows how fully equity—especially in its provisional remedies—did not inhere in articulable principles of substantive law but in chancery’s traditional power to change the game of litigation without changing the conventional rules. After attempting to reduce equity to a list of procedures and remedies on a page, Field showed how greatly those remedies had depended on traditional structures of uncodified thought to keep them within practical bounds, especially the bounds of conscience. The fusion of law and equity was a joint project across the common law world in the nineteenth century. In general, one might say that Field Code states sought to accomplish fusion largely through equity’s diffusion. Under the code, every trial judge became a chancellor, and every case was a potential application of equitable remedies. Yet throughout the code, both initially and as finalized by the commissioners, rights to specific remedies and modes of proceeding depended on the form of the complaint, which in turn depended on the remedy sought, which in turn depended on the traditions distinguishing legal from equitable relief.
Loss of STIM1 and STIM2 in Salivary Glands Disrupts ANO1 Function but Does Not Induce Sjogren’s Disease
Authors: Son Ga-Yeon , Zou Anna , Wahl Amanda , Huang Kai Ting , Zorgit Saruul , Vinu Manikandan , Zhou Fang , Wagner Larry , Idaghdour Youssef , Yule David I , Feske Stefan , Lacruz Rodrigo S
Published: October 2024

Ca2+ signaling via the store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) mediated by STIM1 and STIM2 proteins and the ORAI1 Ca2+ channel is important in saliva fluid secretion and has been associated with Sjogren’s disease (SjD). However, there are no studies addressing STIM1/2 dysfunction in salivary glands or SjD in animal models. We report that mice lacking Stim1 and Stim2 [Stim1/2K14Cre(+)] in salivary glands exhibited reduced Ca2+ levels and hyposalivate. SOCE was functionally required for the activation of the Ca2+ activated Cl− channel ANO1. Ageing Stim1/2K14Cre(+) mice showed no evidence of lymphocytic infiltration or increased levels of autoantibodies characteristic of SjD, possibly associated with a downregulation of toll-like receptor 8 (Tlr8) expression. Salivary gland biopsies of SjD patients showed increased expression of STIM1 and TLR7/8. Our study shows that SOCE activates ANO1 function and fluid secretion in salivary glands and highlights a potential link between SOCE and TLR signaling in SjD.
Changes in Dental Care Use Following Marital Status Change in the Health and Retirement Study
Authors: Hubbard Shaw , Cornell Portia Y
Published: October 2024

Background and Objectives

Previous studies have indicated that married people are generally healthier than unmarried people, with lower mortality rates. Most work in this area has employed cross-sectional data, and few studies have examined change in marital status from married to unmarried as a potential social ecological determinant of dental health behavior. Here, we used longitudinal data to examine change in dental behavior over time following marital status change, and to explore whether self-reported gender may play a modifying role in any behavioral change.

Research Design and Methods

Employing panel data from the Health and Retirement Study (1996–2018) to follow all individuals who entered the study in married/partnered status, and using both 2-way fixed effects and group-time average difference-in-difference models, we analyzed the association between any change in marital status and dental care use, compared with individuals who remained married. All analyses were stratified by gender.

Results

Both types of difference-in-difference analyses indicated that both widowhood and divorce were associated with a decrease in dental care use in both genders. Divorced men saw the greatest decrease in dental care use. We found gender had a moderating effect on strength of association in all analyses.

Discussion and Implications

This research suggests that any change in marital status from married to unmarried has a detrimental effect on dental health behavior for both genders. Future research might investigate other potential barriers to dental care access these populations might face, in order to develop effective interventions.
Codesigning training for health providers to improve detection and response to elder abuse
Authors: Brijnath Bianca , Cavuoto Marina G , Feldman Peter , Dow Briony , Antoniades Josefine , Ostaszkiewicz Joan , Nakrem Sigrid , Stevens Catriona , Reyes Patricia , Renshaw Gianna , Peters Micah D J , Gilbert Andrew , Manias Elizabeth , Mortimer Duncan , Enticott Joanne , Cooper Claudia , Durston Cheryl , Appleton Brenda , O’Brien Meghan , Eckert Marion , Markusevska Simona
Published: October 2024

Background and Objectives

Screening for elder abuse can improve detection, but many health providers lack the necessary skills and confidence. To address this, training for health providers on elder abuse screening was co-designed as part of a trial aimed at improving elder abuse detection and response.

Research Design and Methods

Between March and April 2023, 7 health providers and 10 older people and family carers participated in two national Australian online codesign workshops. Using the World Café method, discussions focused on what knowledge and skills health providers needed for screening; clinical and social issues affecting screening and referral; and support older people needed throughout the process. Data were thematically analyzed.

Results

Participants said health providers should take a trauma-informed, person-centered approach to screening, and explain the limits of confidentiality to older people. Clinical, social, and systemic issues such as dementia, ethnic diversity, and housing availability complicated screening and referrals. To facilitate disclosure, participants said health providers needed to reflect on whether they held ageist views. There were differing opinions on the length of the training and if all health providers or only social workers should screen for abuse.

Discussion and Implications

Participants’ feedback on trauma-informed care, consent, and cognitive impairment concorded with evidence on best practice responses to elder abuse and were integrated in the training. Given operational constraints in health services, feedback from health providers about the training length and the inclusion of all health providers in screening were prioritized. The training is being evaluated in a national trial.
Risks and Outcomes of New Onset of Unmet Need for Mobility and Self-Care Daily Activities
Authors: Sands Laura P , Lee Lina , Zhu Xiaofan , Khan Maham , Du Pang
Published: October 2024

Background and Objectives

Among community-living older adults who have limitations in completing activities of daily living (ADLs), unmet need occurs when they cannot complete an ADL task because no one was available to help. Prior research described correlates of existing unmet needs but did not consider which older adults are at risk for new onset of unmet needs. This study assessed health characteristics that increased risk for new onset of unmet needs within a year and subsequent health outcomes.

Research Design and Methods

Data are from 2011 to 2019 annual interviews of the National Health and Aging Trends Study. For each pair of 2 consecutive annual interviews, we determined whether new onset of unmet needs occurred between the first and second consecutive interviews. Mixed effects logistic regression models were computed to assess risks for new onset of unmet need across 14,890 paired observations from persons who needed help with mobility tasks and 12,514 paired observations from persons who needed help with self-care tasks.

Results

Although demographic characteristics and chronic conditions had modest associations with new onset of unmet need, hospitalization between the 2 consecutive interviews was associated with a twofold increase in risk for new onset of unmet need. New onset of unmet need was associated with hospitalization, nursing home placement, and death in the year following the 2 consecutive annual interviews.

Discussion and Implications

The findings inform the need for frequent assessments of ADL care needs with the goal of preventing new onset of unmet needs, especially after hospitalization.
Non–Exercise-Based Interventions to Support Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Koh Wei Qi , Wora Nutyathun , Liong Natasha Wing Laam , Ludlow Kristiana , Pachana Nancy A , Liddle Jacki
Published: October 2024

Background and Objectives

Healthy aging is a multidimensional construct, where various factors play a role in influencing well-being in older age. Many studies heavily emphasize the importance of physical activity, negating other aspects such as psychosocial or cognitive influences. This review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of non-exercise-based interventions on the quality of life (QoL) and life satisfaction of community-dwelling, healthy older adults.

Research Design and Methods

A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was conducted. Four electronic databases were searched from inception. Three independent reviewers screened the articles and appraised the risk of bias. Data relating to study characteristics, interventions, and outcomes were extracted. The mean difference and standardized mean difference with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were synthesized to pool effect sizes. Outcomes that could not be included in the meta-analysis were synthesized narratively.

Results

Thirty-six articles from 35 randomized controlled trials, involving 6,127 older adults, were included. Most were multicomponent interventions and involved supporting lifelong learning. Most participants were females (70.2%). Pooled analyses revealed small but statistically significant effects on overall QoL (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.26, CI: 0.00 to 0.53), and QoL subscales relating to mental health and psychological well-being (SMD = 0.26, CI: 0.12 to 0.41) and environment (SMD = 0.31, CI: 0.03 to 0.58). Effects on social health and functioning, and role functioning related to physical health were marginal. There were no improvements in other subscales. Results revealed nonstatistically significant improvements in life satisfaction.

Discussion and Implications

Multicomponent non-exercise-based interventions that support lifelong learning in older adults can support healthy aging, particularly in improving overall QoL, and mental health, social health, and environment QoL subscales.
Efficacy and safety of lumateperone for bipolar depression and schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Peng Hanrui , Yan Kewen , Liu Shouhuan , Li Xin , Wang Xin , Peng Pu , Li Xueyi , Wu Min , Xu Huixue , Wu Qiuxia , Liu Tieqiao , Li Zejun
Published: October 2024

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of lumateperone in treating bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases and websites from inception to July 16, 2024, to identify both published and unpublished randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Meta-analyses were performed using random-effects or fixed-effects models depending on statistical heterogeneity. Relative risks (RRs) or standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to summarize the effects. Out of 931 records screened, 7 RCTs (four focusing on bipolar depression and 3 on schizophrenia) were eligible for inclusion. Lumateperone was efficacious in reducing depressive symptoms in bipolar depression (SMDs = −0.36, 95% CI: −.59 to −.13). In treating schizophrenia, lumateperone exhibited a lower combined SMD of -0.14 (95% CI: −.27 to 0, P = .051, I² = 49.6%), showing no significant difference from the placebo group, although the P-value approached significance. The lumateperone group showed significantly higher response rates compared with placebo in both bipolar depression (RRs = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.07 to 1.51) and schizophrenia (RRs = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.12 to 1.86). Common treatment-emergent adverse events included somnolence, dry mouth, dizziness, nausea, and headache (RRs = 1.30 to 3.29). Importantly, lumateperone did not significantly increase extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS, RRs = 1.46, 95% CI = .84 to 2.53). Lumateperone is effective in treating bipolar depression but does not significantly reduce symptom severity in schizophrenia. It has a favorable safety and tolerability profile. However, caution is warranted in interpreting these findings due to the limited number of studies included.
Experience with expanded use of oritavancin in a tertiary hospital: indications, tolerability and outcomes
Authors: Bandaranayake Thilinie Dulanjalee , Radcliffe Christopher , Cvercko Melanie , Golden Marjorie , Hao Ritche Manos
Published: October 2024

Background

Oritavancin is a lipoglycopeptide antibacterial agent used to treat infections caused by Gram-positive organisms. It is FDA-approved for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and soft tissue infections (ABSSIs) but is increasingly being used off-label to treat invasive bacterial infections such as osteomyelitis, prosthetic joint infection and infective endocarditis.

Objectives

This study describes the clinical outcomes and adverse reactions related to oritavancin.

Patients and methods

This was a retrospective study conducted over a 5 year period at a tertiary care medical centre. Ninety-five adult patients were included in this study and were followed for 1 year after the last dose of oritavancin.

Results

The most common indication for oritavancin at our institution was osteomyelitis, followed by ABSSI. Other indications were vertebral infection, hardware-associated infection, bacteraemia and infective endocarditis. Fourteen percent (13/95) of patients developed an adverse reaction to oritavancin during the study period. Cure with no recurrence up to 1 year after the last dose of oritavancin was achieved in 74% (53/71) of patients, and the treatment failure rate was 19% (14/71 patients).

Conclusions

Oritavancin is an effective agent that can be used to treat invasive Gram-positive bacterial infections other than ABSSI. Adverse events requiring drug discontinuation were common.