bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quasi‐static estimation of background‐error covariances for variational data assimilation
Authors: Inverarity G. W.
Published: May 2014

Variational data assimilation produces an analysis (estimated atmospheric state) that depends on the background‐error covariance matrix (B matrix), which can be estimated from a sample of training data following the same statistical distribution. A quasi‐static iterative estimation procedure is proposed that can be started without prior knowledge of the background‐error characteristics. The initial iteration limits non‐stationary error growth by only using a small number of assimilation/forecast cycles. Increased confidence in the updated estimate of the B matrix then allows the number of cycles to be increased in the next iteration, continuing the process until the desired number of cycles has been reached. The iterative procedure then continues using the full set of cycles until the convergence criteria have been satisfied. The use of a robust Gauss‐Newton algorithm allows ill‐conditioned minimizations (resulting from poor B matrix estimates in early quasi‐static iterations) to be completed successfully, allowing the iterative process to continue until a sensible B matrix has been generated. This quasi‐static technique is particularly useful for idealized data assimilation experiments, which can be prone to non‐stationarity when there is no prior knowledge of the background‐error characteristics or existing training data. It could also reduce the computational cost of retuning the B matrix of an operational forecast/assimilation system following a significant model or observing‐system change. The technique is illustrated using the three‐body gravitational model with an observational configuration in which the global average influence of the observations on the analysis matches that of an operational weather forecasting system.
Impact and Assessment of Measurement Systems that Meet the 4:1 Rule
Authors: Hamada M.S.
Published: May 2014

This article considers the impact of a measurement system that meets the 4:1 rule. Probabilities of accepting a bad part and rejecting a good part are evaluated. A simulation study calculates the increased estimates of the population standard deviation when the measurement error is ignored, where both non‐trending and trending populations are considered. Also, the impact of sample size is evaluated on estimates and upper confidence bounds of the measurement system standard deviation that are used to assess the 4:1 rule capability; both measurement systems from a single and multiple sources of variation are explored. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Empirical Study on the Dynamic Relationship between Higher Educational Investment and Economic Growth using VAR Model
Authors: Yu Haiqing , Zhao Shukuan , Xu Xiaobo , Wang Yilin
Published: May 2014

Previous research has studied the relationship between higher education and economic growth, but the results are mixed. This paper analysed higher educational investment and economic growth theoretically and studied the long‐term dynamic relationship between them by using Johansen test, Granger causality test, impulse response function, variance decomposition and other empirical methods based on vector autoregressive model. The result indicates a long‐term stable equilibrium relationship among higher educational fund investment, human capital investment and economic growth. Specifically, higher educational fund investment and human capital investment have a significant positive impact on economic growth. Both higher educational fund investment and human capital investment are Granger causes of economic growth. Fund input is Granger cause of human input. Therefore, fund input is a major and driving impetus for higher education to promote economic growth. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chloroquine Eliminates Cancer Stem Cells Through Deregulation of Jak2 and DNMT1
Authors: Choi Dong Soon , Blanco Elvin , Kim Yoo-Shin , Rodriguez Angel A. , Zhao Hong , Huang Tim Hui-Ming , Chen Chun-Liang , Jin Guangxu , Landis Melissa D. , Burey Lacey A. , Qian Wei , Granados Sergio M. , Dave Bhuvanesh , Wong Helen H. , Ferrari Mauro , Wong Stephen T. C. , Chang Jenny C.
Published: May 2014

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is known to contain a high percentage of CD44+/CD24−/low cancer stem cells (CSCs), corresponding with a poor prognosis despite systemic chemotherapy. Chloroquine (CQ), an antimalarial drug, is a lysotropic reagent which inhibits autophagy. CQ was identified as a potential CSC inhibitor through in silico gene expression signature analysis of the CD44+/CD24−/low CSC population. Autophagy plays a critical role in adaptation to stress conditions in cancer cells, and is related with drug resistance and CSC maintenance. Thus, the objectives of this study were to examine the potential enhanced efficacy arising from addition of CQ to standard chemotherapy (paclitaxel) in TNBC and to identify the mechanism by which CQ eliminates CSCs in TNBCs. Herein, we report that CQ sensitizes TNBC cells to paclitaxel through inhibition of autophagy and reduces the CD44+/CD24−/low CSC population in both preclinical and clinical settings. Also, we are the first to report a mechanism by which CQ regulates the CSCs in TNBC through inhibition of the Janus-activated kinase 2 (Jak2)—signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathway by reducing the expression of Jak2 and DNA methyltransferase 1. Stem Cells  2014;32:2309–2323
Survey of wind farm control—power and fatigue optimization
Authors: Knudsen Torben , Bak Thomas , Svenstrup Mikael
Published: May 2014

The main goal of this paper is to establish the present state of the art for wind farm control. The control area that will be focused on is the mechanical/aerodynamic part, which includes the wind turbines, their power production, fatigue and wakes affecting neighbouring wind turbines. The sub‐objectives in this area of research are as follows: (i) maximizing the total wind farm power production; (ii) following a reference for the total wind farm active power; and (iii) doing this in a manner that minimizes fatigue loading for the wind turbines in the farm. Each of these sub‐objectives is discussed, including the following important control issues: choice of input and output, control method and modelling used for controller design and simulation. The available literature from industry is also considered. Finally, a conclusion is presented discussing the established results, open challenges and necessary research. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On Two Solvate Crystals of Di‐μ‐sulfido(‐dithiocarbamate)‐tin­(IV): [Sn(S2CNH2)2S]2·2H2O·EtOH and [Sn(S2CNH2)2S]2·­4EtOH
Authors: Teske Christoph Ludwig , Bensch Wolfgang
Published: May 2014

[Sn(S2CNH2)2S]2·2H2O·EtOH (A) was prepared via oxidation of Sn2+ with thiuram sulfide in aqueous alcohol solution. The compound [Sn(S2CNH2)2S]2·4EtOH (B) crystallizes from a saturated alcoholic solution of A. The monoclinic unit cell of A, space group P21/n (No. 14), a = 12.9169(9), b = 9.7222(5), c = 19.504(12) Å and β = 99.802(8) °, contains four formula units. B crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Fddd (No. 70), a = 12.9500(4), b = 13.7737(4), c = 34.6012(12) Å with Z = 8 formula units per unit cell. The crystal structures consist of dinuclear Sn(S2CNH2)2 units doubly bridged by two sulfide (S2–) anions forming a centrosymmetric Sn2S2 square. These units are interlaced by primarily strong hydrogen bonds originating from the solvate molecules and the amino groups (O–H···S, N–H···O and N–H···S for A and N–H···O and O–H···S for B). The two solvate crystals can be interconverted via their alcoholic solution. B recrystallizes after saturation and A precipitates if a suitable portion of water is added.
Recent Discoveries of Polyhalogen Anions – from Bromine to Fluorine
Authors: Haller Heike , Riedel Sebastian
Published: May 2014

In this review we discuss the recent discoveries in polyhalide anion chemistry with the main focus on polybromide, ‐chloride, and ‐fluoride anions. Based on novel synthetic strategies either in ionic liquids or in neat halogens several new polyhalides of bromine and chlorine were synthesized. Beyond these discoveries the chemistry of polyfluoride monoanions is reviewed. Such species were investigated under cryogenic conditions at 4 K in conjunction with quantum‐chemical calculations. In addition to these bonding and structural discussions, an overview of possible applications of such polyhalide anions is provided.
Adduct Formation of Tantalum(V)‐ and Niobium(V) Fluoride with Neutral Group 15 Donor Ligands, an Example for Ligand Induced Self‐Ionization
Authors: Haiges Ralf , Deokar Piyush , Christe Karl O.
Published: May 2014

The complexes [MF4(py)4][MF6], [MF4(2, 2′‐bipy)2][MF6] and [MF4(dppe)2][MF6]·½CH3CN (M = Nb, Ta) were obtained from niobium and tantalum pentafluoride by reaction with the donor ligands pyridine (py), 2, 2′‐bipyridine (2, 2′‐bipy), and bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ethane (dppe) in acetonitrile solution. The complexes were characterized by their vibrational spectra and, in case of the pyridine and dppe adducts, by their crystal structure. The pairs of corresponding niobium and tantalum compounds [NbF4(py)4][NbF6] and [TaF4(py)4][TaF6], as well as [NbF4(dppe)2][NbF6]·½CH3CN and [TaF4(dppe)2][TaF6]·½CH3CN were found to be isostructural and to consist of isolated, distorted square‐antiprismatic cations [MF4D4]+ (D = donor atom) and octahedral [MF6]– anions. In all cases, the donor ligands induce self‐ionization of these pentafluorides.
Are tropical butterflies more colorful?
Authors: Adams Jonathan M. , Kang Changku , June‐Wells Mark
Published: May 2014

There is a common and long‐standing belief that tropical butterflies are more striking in their coloration than those of cooler climates. It has been suggested that this is due to more intense biotic selection or mate selection in the tropics. We tested whether there were differences in coloration by examining the dorsal surface color properties of male butterflies from three regions of the western hemisphere: the Jatun‐Satcha Reserve in lowland Ecuador (tropical), the state of Florida, USA (subtropical) and the state of Maine, USA (cool temperate). We digitally photographed the dorsal wing and body surface of male butterfly specimens from Maine, Florida, and Ecuador. For each photograph, we analyzed the mean and variation for the color‐parameters that are thought to be related to colorfulness; namely Hue, saturation and intensity. Overall, the Ecuadorian sample exhibited more varied intensity, saturation, and Hue compared to the other regions. These results suggest a more complex assemblage of colors and patterns regionally and on a butterfly‐by‐butterfly basis in the tropics. The greater complexity of colors within each butterfly in our Ecuadorian sample suggests that tropical butterflies are indeed more ‘colorful’, at least by some measures. Possible reasons for this include stronger predation pressure selecting for aposematism, greater species diversity selecting for camouflage or warning coloration against potential predators, and easier recognition of potential mates in a species rich environment.
The protective effect of CD40 ligand–CD40 signalling is limited during the early phase of Plasmodium infection
Authors: Inoue Shin-Ichi , Niikura Mamoru , Inoue Megumi , Mineo Shoichiro , Kawakami Yasushi , Uchida Akihiko , Ohnishi Hiroaki , Kamiya Shigeru , Watanabe Takashi , Kobayashi Fumie
Published: May 2014

γδ T cells are essential for eliminating Plasmodium berghei XAT. Because administration of the agonistic anti‐CD40 antibody can induce elimination of P. berghei XAT parasites in γδ T cell‐deficient mice, we considered that γδ T cells might activate dendritic cells via CD40 signalling during infection. Here we report that administration of the anti‐CD40 antibody to γδ T cell‐deficient mice 3–10 days post‐P. berghei XAT infection could eliminate the parasites. Our data suggest that dendritic cell activation via γδ T cells expressing CD40 ligand is critical during the early phase of infection.
Prominent J‐wave and T‐wave alternans associated with mechanical alternans in a patient with takotsubo cardiomyopathy
Authors: Hojo Rintaro , Fukamizu Seiji , Kitamura Takeshi , Komiyama Kota , Tanabe Yasuhiro , Tejima Tamotsu , Nishizaki Mitsuhiro , Sakurada Harumizu , Hiraoka Masayasu
Published: May 2014

A 74‐year‐old woman with takotsubo cardiomyopathy developed polymorphic ventricular tachycardia during the acute phase. She exhibited prominent J‐wave and T‐wave alternans preceding ventricular tachycardia. These abnormalities disappeared after recovery from myocardial stunning.
Testing for financial contagion based on a nonparametric measure of the cross‐market correlation
Authors: Li Fuchun , Zhu Hui
Published: May 2014

When contagion is defined as a significant increase in market comovement after a shock to one country, we propose a test for financial contagion based on a nonparametric measure of the cross‐market correlation. Monte Carlo simulation studies show that our test has reasonable size and good power to detect financial contagion, and that Forbes and Rigobon's test (2002) is relatively conservative, indicating that their test tends not to find evidence of contagion when it does exist. Applying our test to investigate contagion from the 1997 East Asian crisis and the 2007 Subprime crisis, we find that there existed international financial contagion from the two financial crises.
Paleofloods and ancient fishing weirs in NW Iberian rivers
Authors: Viveen Willem , Sanjurjo-Sanchez Jorge , Goy-Diz Ana , Veldkamp Antonie , Schoorl Jeroen M.
Published: May 2014

A 15-m-thick, fluvial sedimentary record of the NW Iberian lower Miño River was studied. Grain-size analyses were performed and twelve samples were dated using optically stimulated luminescence dating techniques, documenting a 1300-yr-old reconstructed fluvial record that does not match with known climate fluctuations in the area, but is linked instead to the construction of a series of ancient fishing weirs (pesqueiras). The sedimentation phases are in agreement with known episodes of increased population density, which suggests active use of the pesqueiras. A number of sedimentation hiatuses in the fluvial record point towards damage to the pesqueiras during large-scale flooding in the Miño River basin, and a sudden drop in population probably due to the arrival of the plague in the 13th century AD. The oldest sedimentation phases started just after 700 AD, and we infer that the first pesqueiras were constructed around this time. This timing coincides with the transition of the NW Iberian landscape towards a more intensively used agricultural landscape, as evidenced from other geo-archeological investigations. The results demonstrate that the pesqueiras are several hundreds of years older than known from historical records, but not so old as to date back to the Roman occupation.
The Atlantic Telegraph
Authors: Russell William Howard
Published: May 2014

In 1866, William Howard Russell (1820–1907) published this work, the official account of the July 1865 expedition on board the Great Eastern to lay a cable along the Atlantic Ocean floor between Valentia, Ireland, and Foilhummerum Bay in Newfoundland. It is illustrated with 26 lithographs of watercolours by Robert Dudley, who also travelled with the expedition. The cable, constructed by the Telegraph Construction & Maintenance Company, was designed to create a communications bridge between North America and Europe, enabling telegrams to be sent and received within minutes, when previously messages could be sent only by ship. The 1865 expedition was the fourth attempt to lay the cable, and although after 1200 miles the cable broke and was lost in the ocean, an expedition the following year was finally successful. This lively account of a pioneering attempt will appeal to anyone with an interest in the history of technology.
Oil, Democracy, and Development in Africa
Authors: Heilbrunn John R.
Published: May 2014

Oil, Democracy, and Development in Africa presents an optimistic analysis of the continent's oil-producing states. With attention to the complex histories, the interactions of key industry actors and policy makers, and the goals of diverse groups in society, this contribution fills a gap in the literature on resource-abundant countries. John R. Heilbrunn presents a positive assessment of circumstances in contemporary African oil exporters. The book demonstrates that even those leaders who are among the least accountable use oil revenues to improve their citizens' living standards, if only a little bit. As a consequence, African oil producers are growing economically and their people are living under increasingly democratic polities. Heilbrunn thus calls for a long-overdue reassessment of the impact of hydrocarbons on developing economies.
Stochastic Equations in Infinite Dimensions
Authors: Da Prato Giuseppe , Zabczyk Jerzy
Published: May 2014

Now in its second edition, this book gives a systematic and self-contained presentation of basic results on stochastic evolution equations in infinite dimensional, typically Hilbert and Banach, spaces. In the first part the authors give a self-contained exposition of the basic properties of probability measure on separable Banach and Hilbert spaces, as required later; they assume a reasonable background in probability theory and finite dimensional stochastic processes. The second part is devoted to the existence and uniqueness of solutions of a general stochastic evolution equation, and the third concerns the qualitative properties of those solutions. Appendices gather together background results from analysis that are otherwise hard to find under one roof. This revised edition includes two brand new chapters surveying recent developments in the area and an even more comprehensive bibliography, making this book an essential and up-to-date resource for all those working in stochastic differential equations.
The Archaeology of Prehistoric Arabia
Authors: Magee Peter
Published: May 2014

Encompassing a landmass greater than the rest of the Near East and Eastern Mediterranean combined, the Arabian peninsula remains one of the last great unexplored regions of the ancient world. This book provides the first extensive coverage of the archaeology of this region from c.9000 to 800 BC. Peter Magee argues that a unique social system, which relied on social cohesion and actively resisted the hierarchical structures of adjacent states, emerged during the Neolithic and continued to contour society for millennia later. The book also focuses on how the historical context in which Near Eastern archaeology was codified has led to a skewed understanding of the multiplicity of lifeways pursued by ancient peoples living throughout the Middle East.
Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics of Macromolecular Systems
Authors: Bachmann Michael
Published: May 2014

The structural mechanics of proteins that fold into functional shapes, polymers that aggregate and form clusters, and organic macromolecules that bind to inorganic matter can only be understood through statistical physics and thermodynamics. This book reviews the statistical mechanics concepts and tools necessary for the study of structure formation processes in macromolecular systems that are essentially influenced by finite-size and surface effects. Readers are introduced to molecular modeling approaches, advanced Monte Carlo simulation techniques, and systematic statistical analyses of numerical data. Applications to folding, aggregation, and substrate adsorption processes of polymers and proteins are discussed in great detail. Particular emphasis is placed on the reduction of complexity by coarse-grained modeling, which allows for the efficient, systematic investigation of structural phases and transitions. Providing insight into modern research at this interface between physics, chemistry, biology, and nanotechnology, this book is an excellent reference for graduate students and researchers.
Diglossia and Language Contact
Authors: Sayahi Lotfi
Published: May 2014

This volume provides a detailed analysis of language contact in North Africa and explores the historical presence of the languages used in the region, including the different varieties of Arabic and Berber as well as European languages. Using a wide range of data sets, it provides a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms of language contact under classical diglossia and societal bilingualism, examining multiple cases of oral and written code-switching. It also describes contact-induced lexical and structural change in such situations and discusses the possible appearance of new varieties within the context of diglossia. Examples from past diglossic situations are examined, including the situation in Muslim Spain and the Maltese Islands. An analysis of the current situation of Arabic vernaculars, not only in the Maghreb but also in other Arabic-speaking areas, is also presented. This book will appeal to anyone interested in language contact, the Arabic language, and North Africa.
Law and Practice of Liability Management
Authors: Gkoutzinis Apostolos Ath.
Published: May 2014

Tender offers, exchange offers and consent solicitations in connection with debt securities are important instruments of corporate restructurings, corporate rescues, recapitalisations and other types of liability management of public and private companies. Although tender offers for shares, stocks and other equity securities are covered by a vast literature on public mergers, takeovers and acquisitions, the literature on liability management transactions for debt securities is scarce. Law and Practice of Liability Management rectifies this by providing a systematic treatise of the law relating to this significant aspect of the global capital market. It guides students and professionals through the complex legal and regulatory requirements applicable to these transactions, the increasing regulatory interest by the world's leading financial regulatory authorities, and recent innovations in the structuring, legal techniques and execution of the relevant transactions in international capital markets.
Giraldi Cambrensis opera
Authors: Giraldus Cambrensis  , Warner George F.
Published: May 2014

Despite a frustrated ecclesiastical career - his ongoing failure to secure the See of St David's embittered him - Giraldus Cambrensis (Gerald of Wales, Gerald de Barry, c.1146–1220/3) composed many remarkable literary works, initially while employed as a royal clerk for Henry II and, subsequently, in semi-retirement in Lincoln. Eight volumes of his works were compiled as part of the Rolls Series of British medieval material. Volume 1, edited by historian J. S. Brewer (1809–79) and published in 1861, with an introduction in English to the Latin texts, consists of Giraldus' polemical-apologetic account of his life and the St David's case, and a collection of his letters, poems, and prefaces. Giraldus is noted for his vigorous Latin and anecdotal style, and this volume gives a vivid portrait of medieval Britain and the power struggles of the Angevin court, while illuminating nineteenth-century interest in the period.
Optical Code Division Multiple Access
Authors: Kitayama Ken-ichi
Published: May 2014

A comprehensive guide to optical fiber communications, from the basic principles to the latest developments in OCDMA for Next-Generation Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) systems. Part I starts off with the fundamentals of light propagation in optical fibers, including multiple access protocols, and their enabling techniques. Part II is dedicated to the practical perspectives of Next-Generation Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) technology. It covers the key building blocks of OCDMA, devices such as optical encoders and decoders, signal impairments due to noise, and data confidentiality, a unique property of OCDMA. This is followed by hybrid system architectures with TDM and WDM and practical aspects such as system cost, energy efficiency and long-reach PONs. Featuring the latest research, with cutting-edge coverage of system design, optical implementations, and experimental demonstrations in test beds, this text is ideal for students, researchers and practitioners in the industry seeking to obtain an up-to-date understanding of optical communication networks.
A Collection of the Chronicles and Ancient Histories of Great Britain, Now Called England
Authors: Wavrin Jean de
Published: May 2014

In the mid-1440s, French knight Jean de Wavrin (c.1400–c.1473) took on the monumental task of compiling the first full-length history of England, spanning almost two millennia. Wavrin, who belonged to a noble family of Artois, was a chronicler under Philip the Good and Charles the Bold, Dukes of Burgundy. During his military career, he often fought on the side of the English, and was keen to keep the kingdom as an ally. He gathered a unique collection of records and used his own first-hand observations to write a work that provides a fascinating insight into the interests and methods of a medieval historian. Part of the Rolls series of publications of historical documents, this volume, published in 1864, was translated and edited by the archivist and antiquarian Sir William Hardy (1807–87). It ranges from Albion's mythical origins to the abdication and conversion of King Cædwalla of Wessex.
Sea-Level Science
Authors: Pugh David , Woodworth Philip
Published: May 2014

Understanding sea-level processes, such as ocean tides, storm surges, tsunamis, El Niño and rises caused by climate change, is key to planning effective coastal defence. Building on David Pugh's classic book Tides, Surges and Mean Sea-Level, this substantially expanded, full-colour book now incorporates major recent technological advances in the areas of satellite altimetry and other geodetic techniques (particularly GPS), tsunami science, measurement of mean sea level and analyses of extreme sea levels. The authors discuss how each surveying and measuring technique complements others in providing an understanding of present-day sea-level change and more reliable forecasts of future changes. Giving the how and the why of sea-level change on timescales from hours to centuries, this authoritative and exciting book is ideal for graduate students and researchers in oceanography, marine engineering, geodesy, marine geology, marine biology and climatology. It will also be of key interest to coastal engineers and governmental policy-makers.
Drawn from the Ground
Authors: Green Jennifer
Published: May 2014

Sand stories from Central Australia are a traditional form of Aboriginal women's verbal art that incorporates speech, song, sign, gesture and drawing. Small leaves and other objects may be used to represent story characters. This detailed study of Arandic sand stories takes a multimodal approach to the analysis of the stories and shows how the expressive elements used in the stories are orchestrated together. This richly illustrated volume is essential reading for anyone interested in language and communication. It adds to the growing recognition that language encompasses much more than speech alone, and shows how important it is to consider the different semiotic resources a culture brings to its communicative tasks as an integrated whole rather than in isolation.
The War: From the Death of Lord Raglan to the Evacuation of the Crimea
Authors: Russell William Howard
Published: May 2014

William Howard Russell (1820–1907) is today credited with having shaped the image and role of the modern war correspondent. His dispatches for The Times during the Crimean War were so influential that they led to military reforms and the fall of the Aberdeen Government. Moreover, his unflinching accounts of the appalling and insanitary conditions endured by ill-provisioned troops helped inspire the work of Florence Nightingale. He was not afraid to highlight poor leadership and planning, and was quick to praise the heroism of the 'common' soldier. Wearing military-style clothes, he obtained his information through his easy relationships with junior officers, helped by his fondness for brandy and cigars. This volume, published in 1856, includes his last Crimean dispatches, concluding with poignant descriptions of visits by the soldiers to the battlefields to erect memorials to their fallen comrades.
Lestorie des Engles solum la translacion Maistre Geoffrei Gaimar
Authors: Gaimar Geoffrei
Published: May 2014

Published in two volumes for the Rolls Series between 1888 and 1889, this is the oldest surviving metrical chronicle in vernacular French. It was written by the Anglo-Norman poet and historian Geoffrei Gaimar (fl.1136–7), who lived in England at a time when French was still used among the aristocracy. The text is largely based on the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and also draws on various French, English and Latin sources. Gaimar's unique perspective breaks with the tradition of religious chronicles by offering the first secular account of the history of England. Edited by archivist and antiquary Sir Thomas Duffus Hardy (1804–78) and Charles Trice Martin (1842–1914), Volume 2 is a translation of the original text into modern English. It covers the period from the arrival of Cerdic in 495 to the death of Henry I and includes the story of Havelok the Dane.
A Grammar of the High Dialect of the Tamil Language, Termed Shen-Tamil
Authors: Beschi C. G.
Published: May 2014

Published in 1822, but completed in manuscript form almost 100 years earlier, this work was designed to accompany Beschi's earlier Grammar of Common Tamil. While the latter enabled the student to speak the language, this reissue offers a way into reading Tamil's classical literature with its complexity of thought and technique. One of the earliest and most distinguished pioneers in the field of Tamil studies, C. G. Beschi (1680–1747) was a Jesuit missionary in Madura, as well as a translator and composer of Tamil poetry. Since this treatise was not previously formally printed, this translation by B. G. Babington (1794–1866), from the original Latin, is based on a collation of texts, transcriptions and copies. In his preface, Babington outlines errata and problems stemming from this process, and makes explanatory notes where necessary. The work nevertheless remains a groundbreaking study of an ancient and complex language by a sensitive and thorough scholar and a gifted translator.
A Grammar of the Mahratta Language
Authors: Carey William
Published: May 2014

Marathi, an official language of Maharashtra and Goa, is among the twenty most widely spoken languages in the world. The southernmost Indo-Aryan language, it is also spoken in Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, and Daman and Diu, and is believed to be over 1,300 years old, with its origins in Sanskrit. First published in 1805, this grammar of Marathi (then known as Mahratta) was compiled by the Baptist missionary William Carey (1761–1834) during his time in India. Its purpose was to assist Carey's European students at Fort William College in their learning of the language, and it is comprehensive in ITS coverage, providing numerous examples. Containing detailed descriptions of Marathi's Devanagari alphabet, its word and sentence formation, and its complex tense, voice, gender, agreement, inflection, and case systems, the work remains an invaluable resource for linguists today. Carey's 1810 dictionary of Marathi is also reissued in this series.
The Auto-Biography of Goethe
Authors: Goethe Johann Wolfgang von
Published: May 2014

The playwright and critic John Oxenford (1812–77) had an acute aptitude for languages. Although he translated both Molière and Calderón into English, he specialised in German translations and set high standards, not least with his rendering of several works by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832). Among the greatest literary figures of his day, Goethe combined considerable achievements as a poet, novelist and playwright with his diverse interests in natural science and politics. This two-volume translation of his autobiography first appeared in 1848–9. In Volume 1, Goethe tells the story of his life from the day he was born until the publication of The Sorrows of Young Werther, which attained cult status almost immediately after it was released in 1774. As the protagonist of his own story, Goethe reflects here on how he himself came of age.
The Complete Concordance to Shakspere
Authors: Clarke Mary Cowden
Published: May 2014

Daughter of the music publisher Vincent Novello, Mary Cowden Clarke (1809–98) grew up in London amid her father's literary and artistic circle. Charles and Mary Lamb were family friends, and their Tales from Shakespeare (1807) inspired the young Mary to become a scholar of the Bard. This monumental concordance - which took twelve years to compile and a further four to see through the press - was first published between 1844 and 1845 in eighteen monthly parts, and then in book form in 1845. The preface opens with a statement that reflects Cowden Clarke's great admiration and ambition: 'Shakspere [sic], the most frequently quoted, because the most universal-minded Genius that ever lived, of all Authors best deserves a complete Concordance to his Works.' It was to remain the standard work of its kind for half a century and is still a fascinating and diverting source of information on Shakespeare's extraordinary vocabulary.
A Classical and Topographical Tour through Greece
Authors: Dodwell Edward
Published: May 2014

The archaeologist Edward Dodwell (c.1776–1832) published this two-volume work in 1819. Elected an honorary member of Berlin's Royal Academy in 1816, Dodwell had been educated at Cambridge, toured France and Germany, and lived in Rome and Naples. Writing extensively on Greek antiquity, he made three tours of Greece, where he produced hundreds of drawings, recording in particular the Athenian Acropolis and the city walls of Argos. He also collected coins and discovered or acquired many valuable artefacts, notably bronzes and vases. Including reproductions of his accomplished illustrations, Volume 2 covers the end of his tour of 1805 and the whole of his final tour of 1806. Dodwell touches on the culture of contemporary Greece, covering also the Echinos ruins, the pass of Thermopylae, and the artefacts of Corinth. His detailed account, mixing travelogue with serious scholarship, remains of interest and relevance to classical archaeologists.
The impact of a change in prescribing policy on antipsychotic prescribing in a general adult psychiatric hospital
Authors: Kelly J. , Kelly F. , Santlal K. , O’Ceallaigh S.
Published: May 2014

Objectives

To examine the impact of a change in local prescribing policy on the adherence to evidence-based prescribing guidelines for antipsychotic medication in a general adult psychiatric hospital.

Methods

All adult in-patients had their clinical record and medication sheet reviewed. Antipsychotic prescribed, dose prescribed and documented indications for prescribing were recorded. This was done before and after the implementation of the change in hospital antipsychotic prescribing policy.

Results

There were no significant differences in age, sex, Mental Health Act status, psychiatric diagnosis or documented indications for prescribing multiple or high dose antipsychotics between the two groups. There was an increase in the preferential prescribing of multiple second-generation antipsychotics (p=0.01) in the context of a significant reduction in the prescribing of multiple antipsychotics overall (p=0.02). There were no significant reductions in prescribing of mixed generations of antipsychotics (p=0.12), high dose antipsychotics (p=1.00) or as required (PRN) antipsychotics (p=0.74).

Conclusions

Changes in local prescribing policy can improve adherence to quality prescribing guidelines and cause clinically significant improvements in patterns of prescribing in a general adult psychiatric hospital.
Male flight phenology of the European grapevine moth Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in different wine-growing regions in Spain
Authors: Ortega-López V. , Amo-Salas M. , Ortiz-Barredo A. , Díez-Navajas A.M.
Published: May 2014

Lobesia botrana is the most significant pest of grape berries in Spain. Further knowledge of its phenology would enable wine growers to decide on an optimal treatment schedule. The aim of this study is, therefore, to predict the flight peaks of L. botrana in seven wine-growing regions of Spain. The main goal is to provide a prediction model based on meteorological data records. A logistic function model, based on temperature and humidity records, together with an exhaustive statistical analysis, were used to compare the wine-growing regions in which the male flight phenology of L. botrana displays similar patterns and to sort them into groups. By doing so, a joint study of the dynamics of the moth is possible in the regions within each group. A comparison of the prediction errors before and after applying the Touzeau model confirmed that the fit of the latter model is not sufficiently accurate for the regions under study. Moth flight predictions with the logistic function model are good, but accuracy may still be improved by evaluating other non-biotic and biotic factors.
When Unpaid Workers Need a Legal Status: Family Workers and Reforms to Labour Rights in Twentieth-Century France
Authors: Martini Manuela
Published: May 2014

In the second half of the twentieth century small family businesses were still widespread in France. An important reason for this resilience was the share of unpaid work performed by kin in producing for the market. The unpaid work of family members in a range of craft and commercial family businesses – particularly by spouses, sons, and daughters – contributed to both the survival of the businesses and the well-being of the families, as is testified to in numerous sources, albeit statistically undocumented. Although social rights in France are considered to be some of the most advanced in Europe, the French Parliament was extremely slow to define the legal status of these family workers. It was not until 1982 that a law was finally enacted to bestow occupational status on collaborating spouses and to define a procedure optionally to register this unpaid work and to secure social security benefits for those carrying it out. This article focuses on the process that led to a new definition of the demarcation between the marital duty to assist, and work that exceeds this moral and legal obligation, thus creating a legal right to be compensated. Two empirical perspectives, involving an analysis of the reasons behind the shifting position of trade associations on this issue, and an assessment of the influence of long-standing gendered institutions, such as marital authority, on the formal and informal rules regulating family business are used to illustrate this slow and tortuous process of acquiring occupational rights for family workers.
Religious Rhetoric and the Evolution of George W. Bush's Political Philosophy
Authors: FRANCES TUREK LAUREN
Published: May 2014

This essay surveys George W. Bush's public statements from 1993 to 2001 to examine the evolution of his religious and political rhetoric. Bush's personal religiosity and his use of religious rhetoric during his campaigns for the presidency and in his two terms in office have received extensive comment from the press as well as from scholars. Yet very little scholarly work has considered the role of religion in his earlier political career. Although Bush had evinced a deep and genuine evangelical faith for years before he launched his bid for the governorship, he did not begin his political career as an overtly Christian leader. Instead, over the course of his governorship, he gradually incorporated Christian tropes in his speeches to develop, explain, and gain support for his “compassionate conservative” policies and to build rapport with voters.
Phase space scales of free energy dissipation in gradient-driven gyrokinetic turbulence
Authors: Hatch D. R. , Jenko F. , Bratanov V. , Navarro A. Bañón
Published: May 2014

A reduced four-dimensional (integrated over perpendicular velocity) gyrokinetic model of slab ion temperature gradient-driven turbulence is used to study the phase-space scales of free energy dissipation in a turbulent kinetic system over a broad range of background gradients and collision frequencies. Parallel velocity is expressed in terms of Hermite polynomials, allowing for a detailed study of the scales of free energy dynamics over the four-dimensional phase space. A fully spectral code – the DNA code – that solves this system is described. Hermite free energy spectra are significantly steeper than would be expected linearly, causing collisional dissipation to peak at large scales in velocity space even for arbitrarily small collisionality. A key cause of the steep Hermite spectra is acritical balance– an equilibration of the parallel streaming time and the nonlinear correlation time – that extends to high Hermite numbern. Although dissipation always peaks at large scales in all phase space dimensions, small-scale dissipation becomes important in an integrated sense when collisionality is low enough and/or nonlinear energy transfer is strong enough. Toroidal full-gyrokinetic simulations using theGenecode are used to verify results from the reduced model. Collision frequencies typically found in present-day experiments correspond to turbulence regimes slightly favoring large-scale dissipation, while turbulence in low-collisionality systems like ITER and space and astrophysical plasmas is expected to rely increasingly on small-scale dissipation mechanisms. This work is expected to inform gyrokinetic reduced modeling efforts like Large Eddy Simulation and gyrofluid techniques.
Authoritarian Parochialism: Local Congressional Representation in China
Authors: Manion Melanie
Published: May 2014

This article draws on evidence from loosely structured interviews and data from original surveys of 5,130 delegates in township, county and municipal congresses to argue that congressional representation unfolds as authoritarian parochialism in China. It makes three new arguments. First, popularly elected local congresses that once only mechanically stood in for the Chinese mass public, through demographically descriptive and politically symbolic representation, now work as substantively representative institutions. Chinese local congressmen and women view themselves and act as “delegates,” not Burkean trustees or Leninist party agents. Second, this congressional representation is not commonly expressed in the quintessentially legislative activities familiar in other regime types. Rather, it is an extra-legislative variant of pork-barrel politics: parochial activity by delegates to deliver targeted public goods to the geographic constituency. Third, this authoritarian parochialism is due to institutional arrangements and regime priorities, some common to single-party dictatorships and some distinct to Chinese authoritarianism.
Advent of the Second (Oba) Dynasty: Another Assessment of a Benin History Key Point
Authors: Bondarenko Dmitri M.
Published: May 2014

There is no other theme in precolonial Benin Kingdom studies around which so many lances have been broken as that of consolidation of the present-day Second (Oba) dynasty and the person of its founder Oranmiyan (Oranyan in Yoruba). The main reason for this is the existence of considerable disagreements between numerous Bini and Yoruba versions of the oral historical tradition. Besides this, the story of Oranmiyan is one of the Bini and Yoruba oral history pages most tightly connected with mythology. This fact becomes especially important if one takes into account that the oral tradition is no doubt the main (though not the only) source on the consolidation of theObaDynasty in Benin. The key point on which different Bini and Yoruba traditions openly contradict each other, and which scholars debate, is the origin of the Dynasty. Who initiated its founding: Bini or Yoruba? Was it a request or a conquest? Are the characters of the oral tradition relations historical figures? Finally, what were historical, sociocultural, and political circumstances of theObaaccession?

If one disengages from details, three groups of traditional versions that describe the origin and life of Oranmiyan (including its period connected with Benin) can be distinguished. These groups may be designated as the Yoruba one, the Benin “official” (i.e., traditionally recognized byObathemselves and most widely spread among common Bini) and Benin “apocryphal” traditions. In the meantime it should be borne in mind that Bini and Yoruba native gatherers and publishers of the oral historical tradition could influence each other. For example, the Yoruba Johnson could influence the Bini Egharevba, while the latter in his turn could influence another Yoruba, Fabunmi, and so on.
Fount of Deep Culture: Legacies of theJames Stuart Archivein South African Historiography
Authors: Carton Benedict
Published: May 2014

The 2001 launch of the fifth volume of theJames Stuart Archivereinforces this publication's reputation as a mother lode of primary evidence. TheArchive'sexistence is largely due to the efforts of two editors, Colin De B. Webb and John Wright, who transformed a tangle of notes into lucid text. They deciphered the interviews that Natal colonist James Stuart conducted with a range of informants, many of them elderly isiZulu-speaking men. Transcribed by Stuart between the 1890s and 1920s, these discussions often explored in vivid detail the customs, lore, and lineages of southern Africa. Although references to theArchiveabound in revisionist histories of southern Africa, few scholars have assessed how testimonies recorded by Stuart have critically influenced such pioneering research. Fewer still have incorporated the compelling views of early twentieth-century cultural change that Stuart's informants bring to a post-apartheid understanding of South Africa's past.

Well before the University of Natal Press published volume 5, the evidence presented in theArchivehad already led scholars of South African history into fertile, unmarked terrain. One example of groundbreaking data can be found in the statements of volume 4's master interpreter of Zulu power, Ndukwana kaMbengwana. His observations of the past anchor recent studies that debunk myths surrounding the early-nineteenth-century expansion of Shaka's kingdom. Ever timely, the endnotes in volume 5 discuss these reappraisals of historical interpretation and methodology. Editor John Wright elaborates in his preface: “By the time we picked up work on volume 5, we were starting to take note … that oral histories should be seen less as stories containing a more or less fixed ‘core’ of facts than as fluid narratives whose content could vary widely.”
Survival of the Fittest? Darwinian Adaptation and the Transmission of Information
Authors: Henige David
Published: May 2014

These people [the Maori] have carried their history in theirmemories for the last thirty generations, and what shouldsurprise us historical most is the continuity and thewonderful richness of the material they can supply.My word is pure and free of all untruth; it is the wordof my father; it is the word of my father's [father],I will give you my father's words just as I received them;royal griots do not know what lying is.So, why are my lords laughing? My lords think it isn't true?By the love of God, that's how it was!My father heard the story from his grandfather,who heard it from his grandfather …But the scribe who wrote Hamman's tablet made a mistake.He wrote “Aparha” on a tablet and, without getting heard,encased it in a clay envelope.”

In 1652 Henry Holden expressed a precocious notion of the printed text:

In fine therefore it is evident, that the Books of the Holy Scripture, especially of the New Testament … having been written, as it were, accidentally upon several occasions … a thousand and thousand times copied out by unlearned as well as learned Clerks (what a number of faults must there not needs be in these pies) printed over and over, God knowes how many times, and in how many places (how different these Editions must be with various Lections, let any man imagine?) translated I know not Into how many tongues by particular and private men (with what security of a faithful expression of the true sense, who dare say?)…