bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analisis Yuridis Kedudukan Hukum Anak Perusahaan BUMN Terhadap Perusahaan Induk. (Studi Kasus Putusan Mahkamah Agung RI Nomor : 21 P/HUM/2017 dan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi RI Nomor : 01/PHPU-PRES/XVII/2019)
Authors: Moch Arif Mirahadisaputro  , Rohman Hakim  , Anna Miraharsari  , Anwari Anwari , Dahar Dahar
Published: July 2023

Konflik mengenai kepastian kedudukan kedudukan hukum anak perusahaan BUMN belum dipastikan secara jelas sehingga menimbulkan multitafsir. Peraturan Menteri Negara BUMN Nomor: 03/MBU/2012 dijelaskan bahwa anak perusahaan BUMN yang selanjutnya Anak Perusahaan adalah perseroan terbatas yang sebagian besar sahamnya dimiliki oleh BUMN atau perseroan terbatas yang dikendalikan oleh BUMN. Sehingga Hakim dalam mengadili pelaku tindak pidana harus melalui proses penyajian kebenaran dan keadilan dalam suatu putusan pengadilan sebagai rangkaian proses penegakan hukum. Dalam menjatuhkan putusan hakim harus memiliki darar pertimbangan yang didasarkan pada keyakinan serta didukung oleh adanya alat-alat bukti yang sah sehingga putusan yang dijatuhkan hakim benar-benar memenuhi rasa keadilan masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan dan menganalisis peraturan perusahaan BUMN di Indonesia. Dan untuk menjelaskan dan menganalisis pertimbangan putusan hakim Mahkamah Agung dan Mahkamah Konstitusi mengenai kedudukan hukum anak perusahaan BUMN. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif. Penelitian hukum yuridis normative. Adapun sumber bahan hukum yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa data primer dan sekunder. Analisis data, baik data primer, data sekunder, menempati posisi yang sangat menentukan dalam penelitian ini, yaitu analisis dengan menggunakan instrumen atau konsep sebagaimana dalam kerangka teori dan kajin pustaka sebagai jawaban terhadap pokok permasalahan yang menjadi isu utama, mengingat yang menjadi acuan utama adalah jenis penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan  kasus dan pendekatan konseptual serta berupaya membandingkan dengan kasus-kasus yang pernah ada untuk mendukung penulisan penelitian ini. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Mahkamah Agung di dalam pertimbangan Putusan MA 21P/HUM/2017 berpendapat bahwa bentuk BUMN yang membentuk anak usaha BUMN tidak menyebabkan anak usaha BUMN itu berubah menjadi Perseroan Terbatas biasa, namun tetap menjadi BUMNâ€. Namun demikian, Putusan MK 01/2019 Mahkamah Konstitusi mempunyai pendapat yang berbeda dengan menyatakan â€œanak perusahaan BUMN tidak dapat didefinisikan sebagai BUMN, melainkan tetap berstatus sebagai anak perusahaan BUMN (Perseroan Terbatas biasa) karena didirikan melalui penyertaan saham yang dimiliki oleh BUMNâ€.
Pertanggungjawaban Pers Terhadap Tindak Pidana Pencemaran Nama Baik di Media Sosial Ditinjau dari Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 Tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik
Authors: Supian Hadi  , Fattahul Anjab  , Ratminto Ratminto
Published: July 2023

Tanggung jawab sosial jika dikaitkan dengan jurnalis melibatkan pandangan yang dimiliki oleh pemilik media yang serta merta akan dibawa dalam media tersebut haruslah memprioritaskan tiga hal yaitu keakuratan, kebebasan dan etika. Tak pelak lagi profesionalisme menjadi tuntutan utama disini. Jadi pelaku pers tidak hanya bertanggung jawab terhadap majikan dan pasar namun juga kepada masyarakat. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian normatif dengan menggunakan beberapa pendekatan, yaitu: 1) Pendekatan Perundang-undangan (statute approach), dan 2) Pendekatan Konseptual (conseptual approach). Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pers mempunyai peranan yang sangat penting dan strategis dalam menyampaikan fakta, berita, maupun opini, yang sering kali dipakai sebagai kontrol masyarakat terhadap pemerintah/penguasa. Pers mendapatkan hak istimewa berupa kemerdekaan/kebebasan pers yang dijamin oleh konstitusi dan beberapa konvensi internasional. Dan pertanggungjawaban pidana atas pemberitaan dalam media sosial merujuk pada peran dan status penggunanya, yang secara spesifik difokuskan pada wartawan sebagai insan pers pengguna media sosial.
Pengaruh Beban Kerja dan Kualitas Individu terhadap Kinerja Pegawai pada Kantor Satuan Polisi Pamong Praja Kota Sibolga
Authors: Derawaldi Sitanggang  , Hadijah Sipahutar  , Nelly Azwarni Sinaga
Published: July 2023

Suatu organisassi akan maju, jika didukung oleh pegawai yang berkinerja tinggi. Pegawai berkinerja tinggi kalau beban kerja yang diberikan sesuai dengan kualitasnya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah Untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis pengaruh beban kerja dan kualitas individu terhadap kinerja pegawai pada Kantor Satuan Polisi Pamong Praja Kota Sibolga. Hipotesis pada penelitian ini adalah Beban kerja dan kualitas individu berpengaruh secara bersama-sama terhadap kinerja pegawai pada Kantor Satuan Polisi Pamong Praja Kota Sibolga. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah jenis penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif. Jumlah populasi sebesar 301 orang. Teknik pengambilan sampiling menggunakan rumus slovon berjumlah 75 orang. Sumber data berasal dari data primer dan sekunder. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisa deskriptif dan analisis kuantitatif. Hasil penelitan ditemukan bahwa beban kerja dan kualitas individu secara serempak berpengaruh positif terhadap kinerja pegawai Satuan Polisi Pamong Praja Kota Sibolga, dimana Fhitung (44,747) lebih besar dari Ftabel (3,13) atau (44,747 > 3,13). Secara parsial variabel beban kerja paling dominan berpengaruh terhadap kinerja pegawai, dimana nilai t-hitung 4,056 > nilai ttabel 1,993 (4,056> 1,993) atau signifikan (Sig-t) sebesar 0,000 < Î± (0,05). Secara parsial variabel kualitas individu berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja pegawai, dimana nilai t-hitung 2,823 > nilai ttabel 1,993 (2,823 > 1,993) atau signifikan (Sig-t) sebesar 0,006 < Î± (0,05). Koefisien determinasi R Square sebesar 0,554 berarti 55,4% kinerja pegawai dapat dipengaruhi oleh beban kerja dan kualitas individu. Sedangkan sisanya 44,6% dapat dipengaruhi oleh faktor- faktor lain yang tidak dibahas dalam penelitian ini. Model regresi liner berganda adalah Y = 10,148 + 0,402 X1 + 0,308 X2 menunjukkan kinerja kearah yang positif.
Identifikasi Atribut Tingkat Lebih Tinggi untuk Prediksi Umur Bug
Authors: Suluh Sri Wahyuningsih  , Nursalim
Published: July 2023

Sebuah perangkat lunak yang berkualitas dapat diartikan sebagai suatu produk yang memiliki jumlah kesalahan atau bug yang sedikit. Berbagai cara dilakukan untuk menggurangi jumlah bug, seperti sistem pelacak bugzilla informasi yang disimpan dapat digunakan untuk menyelidiki fenomena yang berbeda. Manajemen proyek perlu memperkirakan waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk menangani suatu bug  agar dapat membuat perencanaan proyek yang baik. Penelitian sebelumnya  menggunakan atribut primitif (Low Level Attribute)  untuk prediksi umur bug, merekomendasikan penggunaan atribut bug tingkat yang lebih tinggi. Oleh karena itu, atribut tingkat lebih tinggi diprediksi keberhasilan dengan akurasi umur bug. Dalam penelitian ini, identifikasi atribut tingkat lebih tinggi digunakan untuk meningkatkan akurasi prediksi umur sebuah bug. Untuk mengidentifikasi atribut mana yang signifikan pengaruhnya terhadap prediksi umur bug digunakan pencarian nilai informasi (infogain). Langkah kedua, yaitu mengukur akurasi klasifikasi berdasarkan atribut-atribut yang ditemukan, oleh karena itu menggunakan sejumlah metode, yaitu Zerro_R, One_R , Decision Tree, dan Naive Bayes. Metode-metode ini baik digunakan untuk dataset yang memiliki korelasi, melibatkan 24 buah atribut, 7 kelas bug_lifetime dan data set sebesar 1000 bug. Hasil penelitian mengidentifikasi 6 atribut tingkat tinggi, dimana 2 diantaranya (summary, dan last change time) dianggap memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan dalam memprediksi umur bug. Kombinasi atribut tingkat tinggi (2 atribut), tingkat rendah (3 atribut) dan seleksi (1 atribut) menghasilkan indeks kappa tingkat substantial (0,81). Hal tersebut menunjukkan dengan penambahan atribut tingkat lebih tinggi untuk prediksi umur bug dapat bekerja lebih baik dari penelitian sebelumnya yang menghasilkan indek kappa moderate (0,60).
Pengaruh Motivasi dan Pelatihan terhadap Kinerja Karyawan pada PT Mujur Timber
Authors: Sela Fortuna  , Nelly A Sinaga  , Heriyawan Hutagalung
Published: July 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ada atau tidaknya pengaruh motivasi dan pelatihan terhadap kinerja karyawan pada PT. Mujur Timber Sibolga. Metode penelitian yang digunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan bantuan program komputer SPSS 21.0. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik non probability sampling dengan jenis sampling purposive, dengan jumlah responden 42 orang. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis deskriptif dan analisis regresi linear berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: Motivasi (X1) dan Kinerja Karyawan (Y) mempunyai hasil dalam kategori baik, sedangkan variabel Pelatihan (X2) memiliki hasil dalam kategori tidak baik. Besarnya pengaruh motivasi dan pelatihan bersama â€“ sama sebesara 40,1% terhadap kinerja karyawan sisanya dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain yang tidak diteliti dalam penelitian ini. Secara parsial variabel motivasi dan pelatihan berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja karyawan.
Analisis Supply Chain Management pada PT. Toyota Manufacturing Indonesia
Authors: Sherry  , Rizqi Anantia  , Kristina  , Jessica Valeria  , Selen Angelina
Published: July 2023

Penerapan Supply Chain Management (SCM) menjadi salah satu strategi perusahaan dalam meningkatkan kinerja perusahaan yang lebih efektif. Dengan strategi SCM, PT. Toyota dapat memaksimalkan proses produksi sehingga dapat menghasilkan produk yang berkualitas dan harga yang kompetitif agar dapat bertahan untuk bersaing dengan perusahaan otomotif lainnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan data sekunder sebagai metode penelitian untuk mengetahui bagaimana strategi SCM pada PT. Toyota selama sebelum, saat, dan sesudah pandemi Covid-19.
Pasar Halal Dan Pemajuan Produk Umat Islam Perspektif Teori Deprivasi: Studi Kasus Produk HNI-HPAI
Authors: Hariyanto  , Muhammad Munir Sajali Harahap
Published: July 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara pasar halal, pemajuan produk umat Islam dengan kacamata teori deprivasi dengan fokus pada studi kasus HNI-HPAI di Pekanbaru, Riau. Pasar halal dan pemajuan produk umat Islam telah menjadi topik penting dalam konteks global saat ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan teori deprivasi untuk memahami motivasi dan keputusan konsumen Muslim dalam mencari produk halal serta memajukan produk yang sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip agama Islam Metode penelitian ini melibatkan pengumpulan data melalui wawancara dengan konsumen produk HNI-HPAI di Pekanbaru, Riau. Data yang terkumpul kemudian dianalisis menggunakan Metode analisis tematik. Hasil temuan penelitian ini menemukan bahwa produk halal HNI HPAI muncul sebagai alternatif yang memenuhi kebutuhan umat Muslim yang merasa terdeprivasi oleh produk non-Muslim. Dengan memastikan kepatuhan terhadap standar syariah Islam, produk halal ini memberikan kenyamanan dan keyakinan kepada umat Muslim dalam mengonsumsi produk sesuai dengan keyakinnya. Selain itu, persepsi diskriminasi dan ketidakadilan ekonomi juga memicu perasaan terdeprivasi pada masyarakat Muslim. Dalam konteks ini, produk HNI-HPAI dipilih sebagai respons terhadap dominasi produk non-Muslim di pasar internasional. Umat Muslim juga terpengaruh oleh luka sejarah dan konflik dengan keyakinan agama tertentu sehingga membuat umat muslim mencari alternatif produk yang sesuai dengan identitas dan nilai-nilai agamanya.
Strategi Pemanfaatan Instagram sebagai Media Komunikasi Pemasaran digital pada Batik Malai
Authors: Muhamad Hanif Ahda  , Adli
Published: July 2023

Penggunaan media sosial akhir-akhir ini fungsinya tak lagi sekedar saling sapa dan menjalin hubungan sesama manusia, namun lebih dari itu, media sosial kini berkembang menjadi media pemasaran online. Mulai dari memasarkan usaha baik produk, jasa, bahkan karya musisi, karya desain, dan banyak lainnya untuk menjangkau pasar yang lebih luas dengan biaya yang tidak besar. Adapun salah satu media sosial yang banyak digunakan untuk media pemasaran adalah Instagram, aplikasi ini sangat mensupport untuk penggunanya untuk melakukan kegiatan bisnis, marketing, dan promosi dikarenakan terdapat pilihan akun bisnis pada salah satu fiturnya. Tak terkecuali brand Batik Malai pun memanfaatkan aplikasi Instagram sebagai media pemasaran utamanya. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui strategi pemasaran Batik Malai yang digunakan dalam menggunakan media Instagram, dengan metode SOSTAC yakni Situation analysis, Objectives, Strategy, Tactics, dan Control, Akun Instagram yang dimanfaatkan sebagai media pemasaran adalah @batikriau dengan jumlah 33.100 pengikut, dan 3.623 postingan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan menggunakan jenis penelitian deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan yaitu dengan melakukan wawancara, observasi langsung, dokumentasi, dan studi kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian ini yaitu kegiatan pemasaran di Instagram Batik Malai yang berasal dari unggahan konten baik melalui fitur feed maupun fitur story yang buat semenarik mungkin dan juga pemanfaatan fitur chat dan comment yang disediakan Instagram untuk berinteraksi dengan pengikutnya, Batik Malai secara konsisten menggunakan Instagram setiap harinya, dan memasarkan penjualannya untuk menarik perhatian target marketnya agar mencapai tujuannya yaitu meningkatkan penjualan
Pengaruh Nilai Pelanggan dan Kepuasan Pelanggan terhadap Word of Mounth (WOM) pada Ivan Showroom di Kota Palu
Authors: Merry Septianti  , Dwi Wahyono  , Titi Kuswani Wati
Published: July 2023

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis pengaruh variabel-variabel nilai pelanggan dan kepuasan pelanggan terhadap word of mounth baik secara simultan maupun secara parsial. Analisa data menggunakan analisis regresi linear berganda. Hasil analisis menunjukkan nilai pelanggan dan kepuasan pelanggan mampu meningkatkan word of mounth dengan baik. Analisis menghasilkan persamaan Y = yang berarti bila nilai pelanggan dan kepuasan pelanggan tidak berubah maka word of mounth bernilai tetap. Bila nilai pelanggan meningkat 100% maka word of mounth 47,3%. Sedangkan bila kepuasan pelanggan meningkat 100% maka word of mounth meningkat 56,4%. Adapun koefisien korelasi serempak (Multiple R) = 0,627 berarti nilai pelanggan dan kepuasan pelanggan memiliki hubungan positif yang kuat dengan word of mounth. Selanjutnya koefisien determinasi R Square 0,493 berarti nilai pelanggan dan kepuasan pelanggan mempengaruhi 49,3% word of mounth, dan sisanya dipengaruhi variabel-variabel yang tidak diteliti. Uji F menghasilkan Fhiung (18,426) > Ftabel (3,16) berarti nilai pelanggan dan kepuasan pelanggan secara serempak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap word of mounth.
A mudança do perfil do jornalista correspondente internacional: presença feminina na profissão
Authors: Cubas Maria Eduarda , Figueiró Belisa Brião
Published: July 2023

Este artigo analisa a atuação dos jornalistas correspondentes internacionais, com foco na atividade exercida pelas mulheres nesse cargo, e como a presença feminina cresceu nos últimos anos. Como método, aplica a pesquisa exploratória com base em revisão bibliográfica, pesquisa de campo quantitativa e entrevistas. A revisão bibliográfica foi usada como base teórica para explicar os seguintes conceitos: o que é o jornalismo internacional, origem, quais as atribuições do profissional e como se difere da cobertura feita pelas agências de notícias internacionais pelos jornalistas brasileiros. Para agregar informações contemporâneas com a realidade da atuação dos profissionais, foram realizadas entrevistas, com foco no exercício da mulher, para entender e explicar como é o dia a dia delas, algumas das experiências que já passaram e a percepção das profissionais sobre o aumento de mulheres ocupando o cargo de correspondentes internacionais. Já a pesquisa de campo quantitativa teve como objetivo validar, em números e dados, a forte presença feminina na profissão. O levantamento foi realizado utilizando a plataforma LinkedIn, nos perfis das principais emissoras nacionais. Por meio deste estudo, foi possível examinar como é a atuação do jornalista correspondente internacional e verificar como cresceu o número de mulheres que hoje ocupam o cargo de correspondente internacional.
A seletividade social e o racismo estrutural sob o aspecto da micropolítica no Brasil
Authors: Manaf Marcos Aurélio , Barbara Silva Danilo
Published: July 2023

Os avanços nos estudos da genética e com a contribuição da antropologia, o conceito de raça entre os seres humanos tornou-se inválido, estando atualmente em desuso nas ciências sociais. No entanto, esse conceito ainda é utilizado, de forma equivocada, pelo senso comum de certa categoria social, para manter seu falso status de dominação, em franco retrocesso social, com a hierarquização histórica entre os brasileiros. A hierarquização, sob aspectos sociais, econômicos, políticos e jurídicos, se estrutura pelo não reconhecimento das identidades e da cidadania de determinados grupos sociais, e as suas causas e efeitos se formalizam, na atualidade, pela prática do racismo, constituído sob novas formas de dominação em modos distintos do exercício do poder, dirigido em maior frequência às pessoas negras, tendo seu endosso pela parametrização de condicionantes relacionados à pobreza, à precariedade da saúde, ao baixo nível de escolaridade, ao desemprego ou subemprego, criminalidade etc. Os efeitos do racismo estrutural são perceptíveis no exercício da necropolítica, que resulta em profunda manutenção da desigualdade social, engendrada e empreendida na divisão de raças, na manutenção do ciclo de perpetuação simbólica, material e secular voltada à segregação racial e social no Brasil.
A intersecção entre a cidadania, o ensino e a sociedade
Authors: Lopes Mario Marcos , Ferreira Emerson Benedito
Published: July 2023

A presente resenha tem como objetivo apresentar uma reflexão crítica da obra “Pesquisas em educação: cidadania, ensino e sociedade”. Neste contexto, os organizadores selecionaram pesquisas das mais variadas áreas da educação para uma necessária e abrangente intersecção entre cidadania, ensino e sociedade. Desse modo temas como a pedagogia tradicional, pensamento crítico e reflexivo, BNCC, tecnologias móveis, sala de aula invertida, geografia e cidadania, literatura no contexto prisional, infância, raça e moral, patrimonialismo e formação do estado brasileiro, socialização e sociabilidade são abordados de forma irrestrita para que o tema educação não seja só uma questão meramente reservada ao ambiente escolar, mas sim, que sirva como instrumento possibilitador de mudanças reais para toda a sociedade.
SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF STREET FOODS IN THE BOLGATANGA MUNICIPALITY OF THE UPPER EAST REGION, GHANA
Authors: AOVARE O. P. , KENDIE S. B. , OSEI-KUFUOR P.
Published: July 2023

Street foods provide a convenient diet for many people in developing countries with the consumption supporting the livelihood of several individuals. However, street food safety is a major global concern due to poor food handling and insanitary conditions that often lead to coliform bacteria contamination resulting in the outbreak of foodborne diseases. This paper analyses the microbial content of food served by food vendors in the Bolgatanga Municipality of Ghana, which has recorded high levels of foodborne diseases. Using a mixed research approach, and a cross-sectional design, a total of 150 food vendors were sampled from 10 communities within the Municipality. Food samples from the vendors were taken and subjected to microbial load analysis. Out of the 66 food samples tested, 42.4 percent recorded the presence of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) with only six recording the presence of S. typhi (S. typhi). All the samples that were isolated for Escherichia coli (E. coli) had microbial loading of 1 and above, with the lowest recorded to be 1.6 ± 0.6 log CFU/g. The highest contamination by E. coli was in the samples of tomato sauce, followed by samples of rice balls and then by groundnut soup. The high microbial quality of the street foods sampled suggests that the safety of food vendors’ food handling practices was largely compromised and so most of the foods were contaminated above acceptable levels for consumption. The study recommends that food vendors should be educated on proper personal hygiene and to avoid making direct skin contact with food.
In-vitro COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BIOACTIVITIES (ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITIES) OF CRUDE EXTRACTS OF THREE Paulownia Ssp. LEAVES CULTIVATED IN SETIF – ALGERIA
Authors: SOFIANE GAAMOUNE , WAFA NOUIOUA , OUARDA DJAOUT
Published: July 2023

Paulownia culture is a new experience in Algeria which deserves to be considered. This research work focuses on the biological activities of leaves of three species cultivated in south of Setif departments. Antioxidant activity was tested by DPPH, the antimicrobial activity with three Gram-positive bacteria, three Gram-negative bacteria and one yeast and the Human Red Blood Cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method was used for the anti-inflammatory activity. Statistic treatment was realised with one-way ANOVA and two-way ANOVA to determine followed by Newman-Keuls Multiple Comparison. The obtained results indicated an excellent value with a very significant difference against the used standards at a very low concentration.
AMELIORATIVE POTENTIALS OF DICHLOROMETHANE EXTRACT OF Musa paradisiaca BRACT IN INDOMETHACIN ADMINISTERED WISTAR RATS
Authors: BELLO R. , OHIRI R. C. , AMADI B. A.
Published: July 2023

This study aimed to ascertain the ameliorative potentials of dichloromethane extract of Musa paradisiaca bract in Wistar rats administered indomethacin. The bracts were processed and extracted using dichloromethane and the bioactive components in sample were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods. Forty five male Wistar rats (120-180g) in five groups of nine rats each were used for in-vivo analysis. A single oral dose of 40mg/kg body weight indomethacin was administered to study groups and faecal occult blood tests (FOB) of animals were carried out using immunochromatographic sandwich methods. Study groups were treated with 200mg, 150mg and 100mg/kg bodyweight of extract for three weeks. The animals were sacrificed and selected biochemical indices, hematological parameters and histopathology of kidney, stomach and liver were determined. GC-MS analyses revealed eleven bioactive compounds; fatty acids, amides and amines in the sample analysed. FOB tests were positive (+) at week 0 and week one, then negative (-) at weeks two and three in all treated groups. Significant dose-dependent increases (p≤ 0.05) in packed cell volume, hemoglobin and red blood count was observed in treated groups (38.80 ± 0.15%, 12.93 ± 0.05g/dl and 5.85 ± 0.05x109/L) respectively compared to untreated control (21.70 ± 0.12%, 7.24 ± 0.04g/dl, and 3.75 ± 0.05x109/L).  Serum levels of Aspartate aminotransferase, Alanine aminotransferase, Alkaline phosphatase, creatinine and urea showed a dose-dependent decrease significantly at (p≤ 0.05) in treated groups, compared to untreated control. Kidney, stomach and liver tissues in treated groups showed no cellular degeneration after three weeks of treatment, compared to control. This study revealed that the dichloromethane extract of M. paradisiaca bract showed dose-dependent ameliorative potentials and non-impairment of hepatorenal function in Wistar rats administered indomethacin.
CONTROL OF BEAN WEEVILS USING SEED EXTRACT OF GINGER (Zingiber officinale) AND TUMERIC (Curcuma longa)
Authors: EJIMOFOR C. F.
Published: July 2023

Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) belonging to the family Fabaceae is one of the commonly  grown and consumed  crop in Africa especially Nigeria. In most developing countries of the world like Nigeria, beans constituent constitutes a major protein source for human consumption; it can also serve as an animal feed. However, a sizeable amount of stored beans´ grain is often lost by pest infestation. Zabrote subfasciatus (Bean weevil) is one of the most common bean pests. Z. subfasciatus grows exponentially on untreated grain and can account for up to 100% damage of the product. This study examined the control of bean weevil using the seed extracts of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and Turmeric (Curcuma longa). A laboratory analysis of the sample was adopted in carrying out the work. Beans samples were bought from Unizik junction market and about 30 pieces of bean weevils were collected from the already infested bean. Turmeric and ginger were extracted using a Soxhlet extractor and ethanol as the extraction solvent. The weevil specimens were treated with 4mg/l and 8mg/l for each of the extracts respectively. From the analysis, results showed that 4 mg/l dosage of turmeric extract recorded 23% mortality rate of the bean weevil while the same dosage of ginger extract recorded 17% mortality only. The results also shows that 8 mg/l dosage of turmeric extract yielded a higher mortality rate of bean weevil with about 29% than ginger extract which yielded lower mortality rate of bean weevil with about 20%. Turmeric extract of 8 mg/l dosage was more effective as compared to the 4 mg/l as there is high mortality rate among specimen treated with 8mg/l dose turmeric extract than ginger extract. Therefore, the study recommended that turmeric extract should be used by farmer as a control of weevil during and out of storage to prevent weevil infestation and damage on beans.
ASSESSMENT OF THE MICROBIAL QUALITY OF SOME CASSAVA GRANULES (GARRI) SOLD AT UMUOJI MAJOR MARKETS, ANAMBRA STATE NIGERIA
Authors: CHUKWUMA OKAFOR UGOCHUKWU , MMADUABUCHI CHIAMAKA ERNESTINA
Published: July 2023

Selected cassava granules (garri) sold at Umuoji Market, Anambra State, Nigeria were analyzed for the presence of microorganisms. Six composite samples of red and white ‘garri’ varieties were purchased from different vendors in three major markets in Umuoji and analyzed microbiologically. The bacterial and fungal isolates were counted, identified and characterized. Samples A and B showed the highest mean counts of 2.71 x103 Cfu/g, and 2.9 x103 Cfu/g were recorded for the bacterial and fungal isolates respectively while the lowest mean counts of 1.92 x103 Cfu/g, and 1.8 x103 Cfu/g were also recorded for the bacterial and fungal isolates respectively. Samples C and D showed that the highest mean count of 2.02 x103 Cfu/g and 38.5 x103 Cfu/g were recorded for bacterial and fungal counts respectively while the lowest mean count of 8.05 x103 Cfu/g and 1.6 x103 Cfu/g were recorded for its bacteria and fungi respectively. Then for Samp les E and F, the highest mean counts of 2.47 x103 Cfu/g and 2.3 x103 Cfu/g were recorded for bacteria and fungi respectively while the lowest mean count of 1.50 x103 Cfu/g and 1.75 x103 Cfu/g were recorded for its bacteria and fungi respectively. The bacterial isolates from the cassava granules include Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., Bacillus sp. and Staphylococcus aureus while the fungal isolates include Cladosporium sp., Mucor sp., Fusarium sp. and Aspergillus sp. This study shows the presence of some imminent contaminants in cassava granules that are inimical to the health of the consumers if consumed. This is as a result of improper and unhygienic production processes which should be taken care of by ensuring that standard operational procedures and hygienic practices are adhered to during the production and processing stages of cassava granules.
VARIABILITY OF Chrysoperla carnea STEPHENS (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE) PREDATION RATE TO Aphis gossypii GLOVER (HEMIPTERA: APHIDIDAE) UNDER INSECTICIDE EXPOSURE
Authors: TAHA HANAN SALAH EL-DIN
Published: July 2023

Pest resurgence as insect pest possessions as Aphis gossypii Glover and plant attack severities over plant maturation stages and plant damage causes intensive insecticide application lead to efficacy failure and exploration on another compound have other target site of action. Insecticide usefulness surveys must performs periodically to predict changes in success of compounds and pest population.  Formerly flonicamid and fenbutatin oxide tested by residual contact effect on the predator Chrysoperla carnea Stephens, results of LC50 values were 11.6 and 11, 7 ppm for both respectively. Results recorded of net consumption rate (K0) about 349.4, 202.84 and 367.5 of A. gossypii individual consumed and mean predation time (Tk) 19.0, 17.97 and 18.15 days of feeding,  the pest kill rate (km) of A.gossypii was 0.32, 0.295 and 0.325, all mentioned values was for control, flonicamid and fenbutatin oxide respectively. The net reproductive rate (R0) was 1.6,1.3 and 1.4, intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was 0.113, 0.069 and 0.064, also finite rate of increase was 1.12,1.07 and 1.066 and mean generation time was 3.76, 3.8 and 5.24 days, addition, population doubling time (DT) was 6.12, 10.04 and 10.79 days, this data, for control, flonicamid and fenbutatin-oxide treatments, respectively. C. carnea adult longevity was 6.6, 7.4 and 9.9 in days while pupae formation was 58%, 65% and 77% of the survived individuals and female ratio was 43%, 37% and 40%. also female fecundity as total egg deposited from females was 130,140 and 153 egg/ total female and then 3.9, 3.7 and 9.2 egg deposited/ female /day, that all for flonicamid, fenbutatin oxide and control, respectively.
EXTENT OF URBANIZATION IMPACT ON FOREST RESOURCES IN OJU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, BENUE STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: JANDE J. A. , IDO G. O. , IKYAAGBA E. T.
Published: July 2023

Several researches have been carried out on urbanization especially urban areas in Nigeria and globally, but were mostly centred on major cities and little has been done on the growth of smaller towns. This study was carry out to determine the impact of urbanization on forest resources of Oju local Government Areas of Benue State, Nigeria.. Specifically the study determined the extent and growth rate of urban areas and their impacts on forest resources in Oju local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria. Remotely sensed images of Landsat TM and ETM+ were acquired for 1998 and 2008 while Operational Landsat Imager (OLI) was used for 2018 respectively. The images were subjected to various image processing techniques and a supervised classification using Maximum Likelihood Classifier was performed in Integrated Land and Water Information System (ILWIS) software. The classification resulted in five classes of Land use and Land cover (LULC) of forested areas, farmland, vegetation, built-up areas and water. The results shows that between 1998 and 2018 forest decreased by -231.5.km2 (63.24%) representing an annual rate of -3.16%. The built-up area increased by 150.45km2 (108.99%) at an annual rate of change of 5.45% Farmland area decreased by -30.56 km2 (-6.5%) at an annual growth rate of 0.32%. The study revealed that, loss of naturally vegetated areas was mainly as a results of urban growth and expansion, farming and logging activities with commercial activities. The study recommends awareness creation against deforestation and encouragement of community and urban forestry.
In vivo ANTAGONISM OF Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Phaseoli, AND GROWTH PROMOTION IN COMMON BEAN (Phaseolus vulgaris) (FABACEAE) BY Trichoderma spp.
Authors: MEDEIROS MILENA DA SILVA , CARNAÚBA JULIANA PAIVA , SANTOS TANIA MARTA CARVALHO DOS , ALVES ELIZABETH SIMÕES DO AMARAL , FRANÇA KEVISON ROMULO DA SILVA , SILVA CLAYTON DOS SANTOS , DA SILVA JOÃO MANOEL
Published: July 2023

The aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenic capacity of Fusarium oxysporum, the antagonistic capacity, and growth promotion of the strains of Trichoderma spp. in vivo in common beans. The experiment was carried in two steps. First, the pathogenicity evaluation test of the F. oxysporum strain was carried out in 200 mL pots, and the biometry of the bean plants was subsequently evaluated. In the second experiment, were used pots of 5L containing sterile soil. Four strains of Trichoderma, and one strain of F. oxysporum were used. The bean seeds were previously sterilized, followed by inoculation with the pathogen previously grown in Petri dishes with Mannitol, followed by planting the infected seeds. The antagonists were grown in petri dishes, and after five days scraping was performed obtaining a spore suspension (10-4 spores per ml), followed by direct inoculation in the soil after planting the seeds. In all experiments, a completely randomized design with three replications was adopted. After 57 days, their agronomic and biometric characters were evaluated, namely: number of leaves, plant height, basal diameter, root length, root weight, leaf area. The data obtained were tabulated, and submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the means compared by the Skott-Knott test (P = .05). Plants treated with Trichoderma inoculum show the best results regarding biometric parameters, can acting as plant growth promoters. Among these parameters, biomass and dry mass are the most significant for this crop. Trichoderma strains used in this study can inhibit the damage of F. oxysporum, and promote bean growth.
DYNAMICS OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON AS SUB-INDICTOR FOR LAND RESTORATION IN ETHIOPIA: IMPLICATION FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF GOAL-15
Authors: TESHOME TAMIRAT , BELETE GORAW
Published: July 2023

Land degradation is one of severe environmental problems, which affect the organic carbon accumulation by reducing land productivity of most productive soils of Ethiopia. The effort of forest landscape restoration is widely practiced through community and public resource mobilization for the last three decades. Soil organic carbon accumulation is one of strategic sub-indicator for the implementation of sustainable development goal-15 which signifies making land suitable for life and achievable by 2030. The dynamics of soil organic carbon was studied from 2000-2015 using secondary data from Trend Earth Global Observation in Praise-3 portal of United Nations Convention for Combating Desertification (UNCCD). The soil organic carbon dynamics of six land use and land cover classes were analyzed within in the total land mass of the country. Result showed that the total land mass of Ethiopia is 1,119,715.5 km2. The organic carbon contained in 4,059.5 km2 area has improved accounting 0.36% and  the organic carbon in 278.9 km2 area was degraded which accounted 0.29%, while 1,112,128.4 km2 remained stable accounting 99.32% over 15 years land use/cover changes. Findings of the present study revealed that the overall rate of soil organic carbon improvement is less than one percent as the decomposition of organic matter took longer period of time from the target year to the baseline year. The highest positive rate of change from target year to baseline year was analyzed for artificial/ built up area accounting 111.78 % while, the least was analyzed for wetland 0.46%, On other hand,  the highest negative rate of change was analyzed for grassland accounting -1.48%, while  the least was analyzed for other land -0.18%., The correlations depicting trends of amount of organic carbon dynamics among the land use and land cover classes showed linear positive relationships, while negative linear correlation was observed between cropland and grassland.  Hence, the effort of forest landscape restoration practices through community and government initiatives need to integrate area ex-closure, climate smart agriculture and diverse physical conservation technologies to improve below ground soil organic carbon accumulation.  This study concluded that rate of soil organic carbon decomposition is very slow process for improvement of soil organic carbon accumulation as sub indicator of sustainable development goal-15 to ensure reversing land degradation and combating desertification and drought.
TOXICITY OF OIL EFFLUENT ON OXYGEN UPTAKE, FILTRATION RATE AND GLYCOGEN IN Lamellidens marginalis (BIVALVIA: UNIONIDAE) UNDER LABORATORY CONDITION
Authors: BALAMURUGAN SOLAMUTHU , VEERASAMY PARAMASIVAM
Published: July 2023

Lamellidens marginalis, a freshwater bivalve, was experimentally exposed to 1/4th and 1/10th sublethal concentrations of oil effluent to examine the filtration rate, oxygen uptake, and glycogen level of foot, gill, and digestive gland tissues for healthy assessment for reuse in oil effluent intoxicated aquatic environments. The treated group's oxygen uptake was higher than the control group's by (10.43±3.476 ml oxygen/hr) in 1/4th and (11.37±3.790 ml oxygen/hr) in 1/10th exposures, which peaked at 48 hours and then declined. The concentrations of oil effluent exposure gradually increased and peaked at (205± 68.344 ml oxygen/hr) 72 hours in 1/4th and (172± 57.346 ml oxygen/hr) 42 hours in 1/10th concentrations, followed by a moderate decline trend.When compared to the control of all hours, oil effluent uptake peaked at 84 hours in 1/4th foot tissues (512±170.675 µg g-1);1/10th foot tissues (498±166.014µg g-1); 1/4th gill tissues (516±172.013 µg g-1); 1/10th gill tissues (464±154.69µg g-1) and 1/4th digestive gland tissues (540±180.012 µg g-1); 1/10th digestive gland tissues (522±174.03 µg g-1) of freshwater mussel.Mean glycogen concentrations ranged from 1.934 mg to 3.262 mg/g wet tissue in 1/4th and 2.318 mg to 3.286 mg/g wet tissue in 1/10th of sublethal exposures in foot tissues; 1.705 mg to 3.579 mg/g wet tissue in 1/4th and 2.324 mg to 3.074 mg/g wet tissue in 1/10th of exposures in gill tissues ;1.852 mg to 3.314 mg/g wet tissue in 1/4th and 1.989 mg to 3.364 mg/g wet tissues in 1/10th of exposures in digestive gland tissues. Our study concluded that the freshwater bivalve, L.marginalis can be used as biomarkers for animal health assessment and provide a new opportunity for researching the energetic reserves and health status of freshwater mussels.
PERI-URBAN ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: PERCEPTION OF THE VISITORS OF THE PARK OF FUNAAB ZOO, ABEOKUTA, NIGERIA
Authors: OLUKUNMI ADELEYE AFEEZ , ABDOUL-AZIZE HAMIDOU TAFFA , SOULE MOUSSA , ABIDEMI ATANDA TOYEEB
Published: July 2023

Zoo parks are mainly perceived as recreational areas. However, they could be suppliers of ecosystem services, which could enhance overall societal wellbeing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the visitors’ perception of the ecosystem services provided by FUNAAB recreational zoo park Abeokuta in the State of Ogun in the Republic of Nigeria. Primary data were collected from the visitors of the Zoo and a Likert scale technique was used to evaluate the visitors’ perception of the ecosystem services by the Zoo park. The findings showed that most visitors were aware of numerous specific ecosystem services provided by the Zoo park. Accordingly, most visitors were aware of medicinal and cosmetic plants, education/interpretation, soil purification as ecosystem services provided by the zoo park. However, only few visitors were aware of the microclimate regulation role of zoo park Abeokuta. Consequently, the study ends with some recommendations for the managers of Zoo Park to increase the awareness of visitors about the key role of Zoo Park in supplying numerous ecosystem services for overall society wellbeing. This study provides an insight, which constitutes a baseline situation to enable sustainable decision making via the incorporation of urban zoological park into policy. This can facilitate more effective planning and management of the FUNAAB zoological park.
COMPARISON OF VARIED FOREST INVENTORY METHODS AND OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR ESTIMATING ABOVE-GROUND BIOMASS IN MALAWI’S MIOMBO WOODLANDS
Authors: KADZUWA HENRY , MISSANJO EDWARD
Published: July 2023

This study assessed forest inventory methods and standard operating procedures (SOPs) for estimating above-ground biomass (AGB) and carbon, as employed in the key REDD+ Miombo Forest Reserves of Malawi. Analysis of Variance statistical technique was applied to investigate the following methods and SOPs: (i) allometry, (ii) sample plot configuration, and (iii) dendrometric measurements. Results indicate that the allometric equations parameter significantly (P<0.001) affected the AGB estimations and was the highest contributor (97.95%) of the total variation. Malawi’s specific allometry provided the highest AGB estimate (113.08±1.56 t/ha). In contrast, the Pan-Tropical/generalized allometric models substantially underestimated AGB within the range of 16.7-67.9%. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate that the use of varied sampling plot sizes significantly (P<0.001) affected the estimates of AGB. However, the plot size parameter contributed only 1.65% to the total variation. The 20m radius plot size registered the highest AGB (75.31±0.77 t/ha) compared to the 17.84m radius plot (66.12±1.61 t/ha). This signifies that the plot size of 17.84m radius underestimated the AGB by 12.2%. However, results on dendrometric measurements showed no significant (P>0.05) differences in the AGB estimates between the use of diameter tape (D-tape) and calliper in measuring dbh of individual trees despite the former yielding higher estimates of AGB (74.65±0.93 t/ha) than the latter (72.53±0.98 t/ha). This demonstrates that the use of calliper in measuring dbh underestimated AGB t/ha by only 2.8% compared to the use of D-tape. Therefore, the study recommends; employment of local allometry, adoption of a circular sampling design of 20m radius, and consistent use of D-tape in measuring dbh for AGB in Malawi’s Miombo Woodlands. In conclusion, incorporation of these changes is envisaged to facilitate quick realisation of Malawi’s REDD+ carbon payments, smooth running of the National Forest Inventory system, robust implementation and global recognition of the REDD+ efforts.
COMBINED EFFECT OF DIFFERENT POTATO ASSOCIATED Pseudomonas STRAINS FOR IMPROVED BIO CONTROL OF Rhizoctonia solani
Authors: RAFIQ FAHEEM , HASSAN AHMAD , MURAD SADIA , HABIB AMER , NAQVI SYAD HUSNAIN KUMAIL , SHAHID M. USMAN , MURAD M. TAHIR , RAHMAN M. SHAFIQ U. , RAZZAQ AYSHA , FATIMA ISHRAT
Published: July 2023

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a cash crop belonging to family Solanaceae having dicotyledonous and genetically diverse crop. There are about 90 genera and 2,800 known species of potato across the world. Potato is cultivated in 149 countries with annual production is about 72 million tons. Number of pathogens like fungi, bacteria, viruses and nematodes are responsible for causing more than 40 different diseases in potato crop. Rhizoctonia solani (Thanatephorus cucumeris) has a wide range of host. The fungus isolates are separated into subgroups which are closely related but genetically different R. solani known strains have 13 anastomose groups and the most notable anastomose classes are AG-4, AG-3 and AG-2. Anastomose class 3 (AG-3) is responsible for the development of sclerotia on potato tubers. Pseudomonas is known of having fast-growing character and used as a biological control of R. solani. Different antimicrobial compounds are produced by Pseudomonas like phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA), pyoluteorin (Plt), hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and pyrrolnitrin (Prn).Maximum inhibitory efficiency was observed by Pseudomonas strains IUB310 (98.4%) while the KAR1220 (59.2%) showed minimum control efficiency against R. solani. Completely randomized design CRD was used in lab. For comparing the differences between the means least significant difference test (LSD) was used at the 5% variation.  In vivo experiments biocontrol adequacy and percent yield increment by different bacterial antagonists were assessed. Measurable examination showed that both Pseudomonas strains IUB310 and Ck2020 were the best with 78.64 and 76.16 percent biocontrol adequacy, just as 59.12 and 54.32 percent yield increment, separately. The ultimate aim of present research is to replace synthetic chemicals by using Pseudomonas strains to control R. solani that cause sclerotic in potato.
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE TRAITS OF SWEET PEPPER AS INFLUENCED BY COPPER NANOPARTICLES
Authors: BATOOL ISHRAT , HASSAN IMRAN , HASAN SYED ZIA UL , RAFIQUE TANZILA , SALEEM ADNAN , HUSSAIN TANVEER , KHALID SAMINA , RAFIQUE RIZWAN , ASGHAR SANA , AKHTAR ATTIQ , ALI IRFAN
Published: July 2023

Sweet pepper (Capsicum annum L.) is a main group of Solanaceous family. Sweet peppers are a great source of vitamin C. Sweet pepper is used in culinary and salads and possess colors and flavor variation. Nanotechnology is capable of enhancing agricultural production and food security insurance. The present study was conducted for determination of possible role of copper nanoparticles for increasing germination of sweet pepper while copper nanoparticles were used as foliar sprays to enhance the growth and production of sweet pepper. Regarding germination percentage, the application of 20 mg l-1 Cu NPs gave (95%) best results as compared to 30 mg l-1 (85%), 40 mg l-1 (60%) and control (40%). In Pre harvest treatment, with different concentrations of Cu NPs it was found that 20 mg l-1 Cu NPs had the most significant improved pre and post-harvest parameters except weight loss as compare to 30 mg l-1, 40 mg l-1 and control. It was minimum at 20 mg l-1 Cu NPs other concentrations. Maximum numbers of fruits were at 20 mg l-1 Cu NPs (21.5) as compare to 30 mg l-1 (16.5), 40 mg l-1 (16.75) and control (17.25). The findings of this research would be helpful for future studies regarding the quality enhancement of commercially grown vegetables.
NUTRITIONAL PROFILE AND MYCOCHEMISTRY ANALYSIS OF SOME MUSHROOMS IN WEST BENGAL
Authors: PANDEY KOUSHIK , GHOSH SWAPAN KUMAR
Published: July 2023

Six edible mushrooms like Pleurotus sajar-caju, Pleurotus florida, Pleurotus austraeus, Astraeus asiaticus, Agaricus bisporus, and Lentinus edodes consumed in different parts of West Bengal, were considered here to research their nutritional and bioactive components by standard assay techniques. Acetone and chloroform extracts of all six edible mushrooms were subjected to different mycochemical assays, and antioxidant contents, and radical scavenging assays (DPPH). The moisture contents of these mushrooms ranged from 3.54 ± 0.30c to 93.61 ± 0.31a %, the protein ranging from 3.36 ± 0.12d to 28.53 ± 0.35a %, fat from 1.87 ± 0.08b to 8.61 ± 0.33a %, fibre from 11.49 ± 0.39c to 23.41 ± 0.11a %, ash from 0.78 ± 0.11c to 4.63 ± 0.25a %, and carbohydrate from 55.53 ± 0.32c to 70.25 ± 0.13a %. Among the extracts, Acetone extract of A. asiaticus had the highest phenolic content (15.84 ±1.10 mg GAE/g), acetone extract of P. sajar-caju had the highest flavonoid content (7.98 ± 0.47 mg QE/g), and acetone extract of P. florida had the highest ascorbic acid content (1.88 ± 0.23 mg AAE /g). The acetone extract of A. asiaticus demonstrated the highest level of radical scavenging activity and its IC50 value was 40.63±0.50 µg/mL. In conclusion, these mushrooms have the ability to serve good nutritional factors as well as natural antioxidants for beneficial to public health and the Astraeus asiaticus is the best among the others.
ECOFRIENDLY APPLICATIONS OF PLANT HORMONES TO ENHANCE RICE RESISTANCE AGAINST BROWN SPOT OF RICE DISEASE
Authors: IMRAN MUHAMMAD , ATIQ MUHAMMAD , SAHI SHAHBAZ TALIB , ASGHAR MUHAMMAD NADEEM , MUSTAFA SHAHBAZ
Published: July 2023

The plant hormones application increased the resistance in rice plants against brown leaf spot disease. That’s, why, the effect of five plant hormones (salicylic acid, citric Acid, K2HPO4, KH2PO4, benzoic acid) on the resistance of rice plants (Oryzae sativa L.) to brown leaf spot disease cause by Bipolaris oryzae were evaluated in field. The results showed that all of the plant hormones evaluated distinctly increased resistance of rice to BLS disease. All plant hormones employed at three concentrations (0.5, 0.75 and 1%), significantly decreased the incidence of brown leaf spot. Salicylic Acid exhibited minimum disease incidence (%) as compared to benzoic acid, K2HPO4, KH2PO4, and citric acid under greenhouse and field condition as compared to control. Interaction between treatments and concentration (T×C) expressed that salicylic acid expressed minimum disease incidence at 0.05% (22.52), 0.75% (19.92) and 1.0% (17.32) %, followed by benzoic acid (27.26,25.23,22.92), K2HPO4 (28.78,25.72,22.83), KH2PO4 (32.61,29.94,27.62) and citric acid (36.96,34.27,31.55) % respectively in field condition. These results recommended that plant hormones have key role in controlling the brown leaf spot disease through inducing resistance in rice plants.