bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Report of Orthodontic Undergraduate Education in Two Dental Schools: Toronto, Canada and Liverpool, England
Authors: Burton R. R. , Metaxas A. , Pender N.
Published: December 2014

The undergraduate orthodontic courses at Toronto and Liverpool are compared. Each course comprises more than 250 hours of teaching and within that, more than 100 hours involve clinical tuition. Both courses contain laboratory modules for the teaching of removable and fixed appliance technique. Undergraduates treat their own patients with both simple and complex appliances, within their clinical training period which extends over at least 2 years. Liverpool undergraduates treat more patients per student than their counterparts in Toronto (P<0·05). During the third year of study, the clinical experience of the Liverpool students (P<0·001) is made up of a greater proportion of patients treated with removable appliances. In both centres, senior students treat patients with a greater preponderance of fixed appliance techniques and two-arch treatments.
The Finite Element Analysis of Stress in the Periodontal Ligament when Subject to Vertical Orthodontic Forces
Authors: Wilson A. N. , Middleton J. , Jones M. L. , McGuinness N. J.
Published: December 2014

In the past, vertical intrusive movement of teeth has been considered difficult and most routine clinical vertical movement of teeth has been confined to extrusion. It has been suggested that attempts at intrusion may result in an increased incidence of root resorption and also in occasional devitalization.

The displacement and resulting stress fields associated with such treatment can be successfully studied using the finite element method. In the case being considered initial movements are known to be small; therefore, the assumption in the study that the material behaves linear-elastically is considered to be reasonable.

This study of vertical tooth movement demonstrated that the maximum cervical margin stress in the periodontal ligament was 0·0046 N/mm2, whilst the highest apical stress was 0·00205 N/mm2 when intrusive and extrusive forces of 1 Newton were applied to the buccal surface of the crown of a tooth model. These stresses were evaluated in the light of previous studies and found to be within the suggested clinical optimum level. However, the periodontal stress distribution following orthodontic loading within this three-dimensional finite element model was found to be highly complex.
The Palatal Canine and the Adjacent Lateral Incisor: A Study of a West of Scotland Population
Authors: Mossey P. A. , Campbell H. M. , Luffingham J. K.
Published: December 2014

The hypothesis that palatally-displaced canines are associated with smaller than average lateral incisors or with congenital absence of adjacent lateral incisors was tested on a West of Scotland population.

A retrospective study of the records of orthodontic patients attending Glasgow Dental Hospital was carried out. One-hundred-and-eighty-two subjects with palatally displaced canines were identified. The tooth length of lateral and central incisors was measured on radiographs and the crown widths of lateral incisors were measured on study casts. One-hundred-and-six extracted maxillary lateral incisors were examined to allow more accurate measurement of crown width and root length than was possible from radiographs.

An association was sought between the size of the lateral incisor or its absence, the position of the adjacent maxillary canine, and between crown size and root length of the lateral incisor. The conclusions supported the hypothesis that there is a weak association between palatally displaced maxillary canines and lateral incisors of smaller than average crown width. There was weak support for the association between palatal canines and absence of the adjacent lateral incisor. There was no correlation between lateral incisor crown width and root length.
An Ex Vivo Investigation into the Release of Fluoride from Fluoride-containing Orthodontic Bonding Composites
Authors: Ghani Sarah H. A. , Creanor Stephen L. , Luffingham John K. , Foye Richard H.
Published: December 2014

This study was concerned with an evaluation of fluoride release from commercially available orthodontic bonding composite resins, known as Reliance® and Mirage Dual Cure®, which are claimed to release ionic floride. Forty-eight premolar teeth had brackets bonded with four different composite resins—Mirage Dual Cure®, Reliance®, Right-on® and Heliosit®. They were then immersed in a demineralizing solution. The amount of fluoride released from the composites into the solution was measured. The results indicated that Mirage Dual Curereg; released statistically significant amounts of fluoride over the first 2 days. A similar pattern was noted with Reliance® albeit releasing a lesser amount. From the third day onwards, fluoride release levelled out to concentrations similar to those of the two control materials, Right-on® and Heliosit®(i.e. 0·09 ppm). Fluoride-releasing composite resins, therefore, failed to demonstrate any potential long-term fluoride release within the ex vivo model. Even in the short term, the amount of fluoride released was very small.
Facial Growth of Males and Females Compared by Tensor Analysis
Authors: Battagel Joanna M.
Published: December 2014

This study compares and contrasts the longitudinal differences in facial development between 18 male and 22 female subjects, employing the technique of tensor analysis. Children were examined in two age ranges: prepubertal (aged 7–10 years) and post-pubertal (15–20 years of age). Both the changes over time and the differences in amount and direction of growth between the sexes were subjected to statistical analysis.

A tensor analysis permits the computation of differences in form (that is in size and shape) without specifically measuring either. Mean values for 21 hard and soft tissue landmarks were determined for both males and females at each age. Customized computer software allowed examination of the growth changes between 32 selected groups of points.

Results indicated that the tensor analysis reinforced and supplemented the more conventional descriptions of facial growth. Females grew a smaller amount over the period examined than their male peers and development was in a relatively more vertical direction. These differences in growth between the sexes were highly statistically significant.
Hypersensitivity to an Orthodontic Bonding Agent. A Case Report
Authors: Hutchinson I.
Published: December 2014

A case report of a 14-year-old male who developed an allergic reaction shortly after the placement of Edgewise stainless steel orthodontic brackets with Unite®, a composite bonding agent, is reported.

Patch testing revealed that he was allergic to the set composite and the catalyst paste. The brackets were replaced by stainless steel orthodontic bands cemented with Poly F® Zinc polycarboxylate cement which allowed treatment to progress without further incident.
An Alternative Method of Occlusal Registration for Functional Appliances
Authors: Mitchell L.
Published: December 2014

Although wax is commonly used to record the protrusive occlusal registration for functional appliances, it is not without its disadvantages. In restorative dentistry silicone occlusal registration materials have been developed to overcome some of the drawbacks of wax. This paper presents a method of utilizing these new materials in orthodontics.
Chernoff Faces: An Orthodontic Application
Authors: Battagel Joanna M.
Published: December 2014

This retrospective study examined 21 children (12 males and nine females) with Class III malocclusions, who had been successfully treated by a non-extraction technique and for whom follow-up records were available at least 2 years after all treatment and retention had ceased. On the basis of their post-retention records, children were divided into two groups: those who remained stable (n=10) and those whose treatment relapsed (n=11).

A graphical technique of data description, Chernoff faces, in which variables for each individual may be portrayed by appropriate scaling of selected facial features, was used to construct cartoon faces for each child. Seven variables, overjet, overbite, upper and lower incisor inclination, the numbers of anterior and posterior teeth in lingual occlusion and the angle ANB were chosen and diagrammatic faces drawn using data from both the start of treatment and post-retention stages. These were arranged according to relapse status and scrutinized to determine whether the groups possessed any common features which were related to the outcome of treatment.

The faces showed a wide range of variation, especially at the pretreatment stage. Whilst the cartoons were easy to read, no typical features could be identified at the start of treatment which might indicate that therapy would later relapse.
Long-term Evaluation of Treated Class II Division 1 Malocclusions Utilizing the PAR Index
Authors: Otuyemi O. D. , Jones S. P.
Published: December 2014

The PAR Index was used to evaluate treatment and long-term post-retention results obtained from 50 Class II division 1 malocclusions. Dental casts were used to record the occlusions pre- and post-treatment as well as 1 and 10 years post-retention. The results suggested a high treatment standard, as indicated by mean percentage PAR score reduction.

However, maintenance of post-treatment results 1 and 10 years post-retention was only achieved in 60 and 38 per cent of cases, respectively. The major factor involved in this deterioration appeared to be late lower anterior crowding.
Partial Glossectomy for the Treatment of Anterior Open Bite. A Case Report
Authors: Ball Judith V. , Horrocks Elisabeth N.
Published: December 2014

A 24-year-old Afro-Caribbean with a pronounced anterior open bite and bimaxillary protrusion was successfully treated to a stable result with a partial glossectomy and fixed appliance therapy. Although transient sialorrhea and paraesthesia were experienced post-operatively, speech and function showed some improvement 2 years after treatment.
Discontinued Orthodontic Treatment in the General Dental Services of England and Wales (1990–1991)
Authors: Richmond S. , Andrews M.
Published: December 2014

Relevant features of a sample of discontinued treatments were investigated, including status at the start and at the time of discontinuation. In a comparison between two discontinued groups, those patients who simply failed to return tended to have lower pretreatment PAR scores, and were more likely to have received non-extraction treatments in which removable appliances were employed. However, when discontinued treatments were compared to completed treatments undertaken in 1987/8, the completed cases were only reduced by two further PAR points.
Retirement from Orthodontic Practice
Authors: Orme-Smith D.
Published: December 2014

Retirement from orthodontic practice is discussed from the financial, practice, home, and personal aspects. The paper is a guide to planning for retirement and includes a list of the various agencies that should be contacted at the appropriate time. The recent changes made to the National Health Service Pension Scheme are outlined together with the various methods for disposal of the practice.
“Starting from Scratch”
Authors: Ferguson K. R. , Yates M. A.
Published: December 2014

The process of establishing a new orthodontics service in any area requires a combination of patience and perseverance. It is a prolonged project littered with frustrating experiences, many of which we encountered. We endeavour to outline the pros and cons of such an undertaking and described our experiences in implementing a marketing strategy prior to the practice opening. This was specifically geared to running a practice in a ‘mixed’ NHS/Private environment.
The Effects of Extracting Upper Second Permanent Molars on Lower Second Permanent Molar Position
Authors: Smith R.
Published: December 2014

There is some controversy over whether the extraction of upper second permanent molars as part of orthodontic treatment leads to the over eruption of unopposed lower second permanent molars. A study was established to investigate the presence of any over-eruption in a group of subjects who had upper second permanent molars extracted as part of a previous course of orthodontic treatment. These subjects (the experimental group) were compared with a control group of subjects, matched for age and sex. Upper and lower impressions were taken, and the vertical positions of the posterior teeth were objectively assessed from the study models using the travelling microscope.

Measurements from the study models showed that the distal aspect of the lower second permanent molar had over erupted in the experimental group when compared to the control (P <0·001 right, P<0·05 left). The degree of over-eruption was influenced on the mesial aspect by the distal position of the upper first permanent molar (P<0·01), but the distal aspect was not. Eruption of the upper third molar did not affect the over-eruption of the lower second permanent molar in the experimental group. The majority of upper third molars had erupted at least 3 years since the upper second molars had been extracted, but the majority had erupted into an unfavourable contact position with the Just permanent molar.
Distal End Cutters—Efficiency, Safety and Design
Authors: O'Neill Julian R. S.
Published: December 2014

This investigation aimed to evaluate the efficiency of a range of different distal end cutters in cutting and holding the ends of orthodontic arch wires.

Fourteen different types of distal end cutter were used to cut a range of orthodontic arch wires under standard conditions. The arch wires comprised nickel-titanium and stainless steel wires of different dimensions, as well as twist flex and coaxial wires. The number of times each wire was successfully cut and held by each cutter was recorded. Significant differences in performance between the cutters were noted, particularly in holding the cut distal ends.

Small diameter nickel-titanium wires were significantly less well held than heavier grade or stainless steel wires. Twist flex and coaxial wires were less easily cut cleanly than nickel-titanium and plain staiidess steel wires.
The Effect of Static Loading in Orthodontic Bonding
Authors: Ireland A.J. , Sherriff M.
Published: December 2014

The aim of this investigation was to determine the effect of static loading on the measured shear bond strength of steel attachments bonded to enamel. Sixty steel attachments were bond to extracted and prepared premolar teeth with Orthodontic Concise (3M St Paul, Minnesota, USA) and allowed to bench cure for 2 weeks. Half the specimens had 78 g weights suspended from the attachment, close to the bondline, prior to testing. The mean shear bond strenght for the statically loaded sample was 127 N and indicating that static loading prior to shear testing significantly increase shear bond strength.
Prader-Willi Syndrome—a Case Report of the Multidisciplinary Management of the Orofacial Problems
Authors: Banks P. A. , Bradley J. C. , Smith A.
Published: December 2014

A 24-year-old man with Prader-Willi syndrome presented with a class III malocclusion, featuring maxillary hypoplasia and severe enamel deficiency. Treatment involved orthodontic alignment, surgical advancement of the maxilla and restorative treatment to augment vertical facial height, improve the final occlusion and increase short clinical dental crown heights. The principal features of the syndrome and the management of this case are discussed.
Factors Influencing the Uptakes of Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: O'Brien K. , McComb J. L. , Fox N. , Wright J.
Published: December 2014

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the factors that influenced the uptake of orthodontic treatment for patients who were referred for orthodontic treatment to two types of orthodontic treatment provider; a fee per item and hospital service. The following data were collected: (i) basic demographic data; (ii) the need for orthodontic treatment as measured by IOTN; and (iii) the outcome of the consultation. The data analysis with logistic regression revealed that the following variables had a predictive effect on the uptake of treatment: (i) the need for orthodontic treatment; and (ii) the patient's gender. Most of the patients that were referred and accepted for treatment had a definite need for orthodontic treatment.
Contour Photography
Authors: Robertson N. R. E.
Published: December 2014

A method of producing three dimensional photographic records of the human face is described. The equipment utilizes components which can be easily obtained. It is based on telecentric photography in which projected grid lines are made parallel and divergence errors eliminated from the recording camera. It is suggested that such records might be of value in orthodontics and in plastic surgery.
The Function Regulator of Fränkel: Clinical Management
Authors: Eirew H. L.
Published: December 2014

The first in a series of articles describing the fabrication and clinical management of the diverse types of function regulator appliances.
A Method of Removable Orthodontic Appliance Construction
Authors: Roberts Eric E. , Knapp John A.
Published: December 2014

A description is given of how various forms of removable orthodontic appliances can be made, utilizing a pressure moulding machine. The information presented in a practical format, is the outcome of a 3 year period of intense clinical and laboratory experimentation.
The Magnetic Susceptibility of some High Resilience Orthodontic Wires
Authors: Williams D. W.
Published: December 2014

A method of measuring the magnetic susceptibility of 0·4 mm diameter stainless steel orthodontic wires is described. Experiments are reported, using the above technique, which show the variability of composition and structure which exists between samples of wire from different manufacturers. Additional results indicate the effect, on magnetic susceptibility, of work hardening as a result of bending and also heat treatment. Recommendations are made for the clinical use of the wires tested.
The Heat Treatment of Wires: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Waters N. E. , Houston W. J. B. , Stephens C. D.
Published: December 2014

The changes induced by a heat treatment have been examined on a standard 18/8 Stainless Steel wire (grade 302 S25 of BS 970: Part 4), and a heat treatable wire of cobalt—chrome—nickel alloy. The flexural rigidity, elastic properties after forming over a wide strain range, resistance to failure in bending and elastic recovery after a heat treatment were examined. The optimal heat treatments were found to be 400–450°C and 475–525°C for the 18/8 and cobalt—chrome—nickel alloy respectively. These optima were unchanged for heat-treatment times between 1 and 16 minutes.
Four Handed Orthodontics
Authors: Parkhouse Richard C.
Published: December 2014

A low seated orthodontic surgery greatly facilitates handling of fixed appliances with trained chairside assistance.
Centre of Rotation of a Maxillary Central Incisor under Orthodontic Loading
Authors: Yettram A. L. , Wright K. W. J. , Houston W. J. B.
Published: December 2014

The finite element method of stress analysis is used to model a maxillary central incisor, and the supporting structures of periodontium and alveolar bone. Analyses are then carried out for the tooth under various orthodontic-type loading conditions. In particular, attention is given to how the location of the instantaneous centre of rotation of the tooth is affected by such factors as the position and direction of the applied force and the mechanical properties of the periodontium.
An Investigation using Holographic Interferometry, of Surface Strain in Bone Induced by Orthodontic Forces: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Hewitt A. B.
Published: December 2014

The use of the technique of interferometric holography in examining the effects of a few orthodontic systems on a dried primate skull is described. It was found that the effects of the applied forces were not confined to the dento-alveolar region, but had a wider involvement throughout the entire craniofacial complex.
The Universal Appliance: A Segmental Approach
Authors: Palmer Monica E.
Published: December 2014

This article is intended as an introduction to the segmental use of the Universal appliance technique. Recent textbooks (Stoller, 1971; Fastlicht, 1971) and literature reports (Dixon, 1968; Fastlicht, 1973; Gawley and Gawley, 1971; Yudelson, 1967, 1972, 1974) have fully discussed the history, philosophy and Potentials of the Universal appliance, they will not therefore, be discussed in this article.
The Effects of Begg Treatment on the Lower Labial Segment in Class II Cases
Authors: Edler R. J.
Published: December 2014

A report is presented on eleven Class II cases which had been treated by the Begg technique. The cases were analysed from 1 to 3·5 years following retention, with particular emphasis being placed on changes to the lower labial segment. Where relevant, comparisons are made with growth study standards. The use of the lower incisor—Mandibular planes angle (IMPA) is described and criticized and an alternative linear measurement is used to describe changes in the sagittal position of the lower incisors. The results indicate that despite widely held views, it is possible to obtain stable results, following radical alteration to the lower incisor position. There was a trend towards an overall lingual movement of lower incisor apices.
Instanding Upper Lateral Incisor in the Adult: A New Method for its Management
Authors: Lewis D. H.
Published: December 2014

A case report is presented to show treatment of an instanding lateral incisor avoiding extractions and complicated orthodontic treatment.
Retention of the Conventional Orthodontic Band
Authors: Mizrahi E.
Published: December 2014

In this study 1,976 bands were cemented onto the teeth of 102 patients. The mean duration of active treatment for a case was 702 (± 182) days, during which time 419 bands, i.e. 21·2 per cent were recemented. Bands which required most frequent recementing were those affixed to the upper central incisor teeth. Of the 102 bands cemented on the upper central incisors 28·4 per cent remained intact, while 71·6 per cent required recementing. The possible causes for the high incidence of recementation of the incisor bands are discussed. The performance of the direct attachment technique in relation to the conventional orthodontic band is reviewed in the light of the data presented in this survey.
Reorientation of the Mandible and Tongue during Growth
Authors: Cohen A. M.
Published: December 2014

A longitudinal study was carried out on the position of the mandible and tongue at different ages.

Most of the individuals measured showed an antero-superior growth rotation of the mandible during the period studied. In the majority of cases, the tongue rotated in the same direction as the mandible, but to a greater extent.

These findings were related to measurements of the vertical position of the tongue at the ages concerned and to previous studies on the growth of the tongue and inter-maxillary space. The results were discussed in relation to functional considerations.
The Orthodontic Movement of a Metal Implant
Authors: Wigglesworth S. W.
Published: December 2014

A case is reported in which an upper central incisor was lost, and replaced by a metal implant at the age of 8 years. Four Years later, orthodontic treatment was carried out, and implant was successfully retracted to reduce the overjet using removable appliances.
Simple Controlled Tooth Movement with the Edgewise Appliance
Authors: Levason John A.
Published: December 2014

The attainment of an optimal occlusion for our patients must be our aim wherever possible. This usually demands very careful control which the Edgewise appliance can provide. The three plane control afforded by this appliance is considered, together with some of the implications of attempting to effect bodily control.
Impacted Tooth Position: Unexpected Improvements
Authors: Howard R.D.
Published: December 2014

Some cases are presented in which improvement in the position of unerupted impacted teeth took place following simple treatment. Some suggestions are made to account for the phenomena.
The Effects on the Lower Third Molar of the Extraction of the Lower Second Molar
Authors: Lawlor John
Published: December 2014

A survey was carried out on 60 patients for whom lower second molar removal had been recommended at least 5 years previously, no other treatment being indicated in the lower arch. Of the 114 teeth recommended for removal, only 84 were extracted. Eighty four per cent of third molars erupted satisfactorily, where second molars had been extracted, while only 36 per cent of third molars erupted into good occlusion where the recommended extractions had not been carried out. In the extraction group, factors associated with a poor result were lack of third molar root formation at the time of removal of the second molar and space between the third molar crypt and the lamina dura of the second molar.
Early Orthopaedic Treatment of Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Shaw W. C.
Published: December 2014

Serial frontal and lateral cephalometric radiographs with implants and study models of 31 infants' who received orthopaedic treatment for unilateral cleft lip and palate, were analysed with an electronic XY reader. Partial data for 50 normal infants and 10 isolated palatal cleft patients were included to allow certain comparisons.

The records at birth indicate that the size of the alveolar cleft in unilateral cleft cases is governed mainly by the degree of transverse segmental separation which is present and only to a lesser extent by deficiency of alveolar tissue, except in a minority of cases.

It is clear that in the early months of life, the divided maxillary arch can be made to assume near normal dimensions by inward rotation of the anterior ends of the segments, at the alveolar and basal level, around axes in the tuberosity regions. Appositional growth of the cleft margins makes little contribution to the reduction in cleft size.

The significance of the findings is discussed.
The Effect of Orthodontic Treatment on the Skeletal Pattern
Authors: Mills J. R. E.
Published: December 2014

This paper reviews the principal scientific investigations into the effect of orthodontic treatment on the skeletal pattern. Both animal experiments and human studies are considered, covering attempts to move the upper jaw posteriorly by extra-oral forces and to move the mandible anteriorly, by functional appliances, or posteriorly, by use of a chin cap. It is concluded that if such changes occur, they are small in amount and prolong the treatment time unduly.
Theoretical Considerations of Headgear Therapy: A Literature Review 2. Clinical response and usage
Authors: Bowden D. E. J.
Published: December 2014

In Part 1 the literature on the direction and moment force systems of headgear therapy was discussed. The magnitude and duration of forces were briefly dealt with. In Part 2 the clinical response to the main directions of headgear force as reported in the literature will be described. Recommendations on the most appropriate direction and moment force systems for particular clinical situations will be made.
Bilateral Transposition of Mandibular Canines and Lateral Incisors: Orthodontic Management of a Case
Authors: Shapira Y.
Published: December 2014

A case of bilateral transposition of mandibular canines and lateral incisors is reported. The orthodontic management which called for alignment of teeth in their transposed position was discussed.
Orthodontic Tooth Movement of a Transplanted Canine: A Case Report
Authors: Seel Derek
Published: December 2014

When a transplant is planned it is usual for the surgery to be the final procedure and for all tooth movements to have been completed. Ideally, the precise amount of space required for the transplant is collected in the required position. This case illustrates the possibility for further correction. A transplanted canine was moved about 2·5 mm along the line of the arch after it had been transplanted.
An Adaptation of the Adams Cephalostat for Use with Standard Hospital X-ray Equipment
Authors: Clark J. D.
Published: December 2014

A method of mounting an Adams Cephalostat on a vertical Potter-Bucky frame is described and its performance investigated.
Tooth Position after Orthodontic Extractions: A Follow-up Study after Activator Treatment
Authors: Pancherz Hans
Published: December 2014

The long term result of orthodontic extractions of mandibular second premolars and permanent first molars was investigated by measuring the degree of tooth tipping mesial and distal to the extraction sites in cases with complete and incomplete closure of extraction spaces after treatment and/or at follow-up examination. Tooth inclination was determined from photographs taken of dental casts made after treatment and follow-up examination. The inclination of the teeth was measured in relation to each other and in relation to the occlusal line. The results of the investigation revealed that teeth which were tipped mesial and/or distal to the extraction sites after orthodontic treatment had a tendency to upright in relation to each other and in relation to the occlusal line. Uprighting was pronounced in cases which had extraction spaces remaining after treatment, but which were closed at the time of follow-up examination, and in cases with closed extraction spaces after treatment. However, minimal changes in inclination of the teeth adjacent to the extraction sites were found in cases with incomplete space closure after treatment and at follow-up.
A Correlation Study of Two Methods of Assessing Skeletal Pattern
Authors: Bhatia S. N. , Akpabio T. A.
Published: December 2014

A study was carried out to compare the two current methods, Downs' method and the conversion (Ballard's) method, of assessing skeletal pattern.

Correlations were moderate to high for the Class I and Class III groups (+0·6 and +0·76 respectively), but low for the Class II group(+0·35). The latter correlation, however, improved to +0·54 when the angle ANB was corrected for the value of the angle SNA. The point of rotation of the incisors, whether at the apex or apical third of the root, and the adjustment in the lower incisor angulation for the maxillary-mandibular plane angle value did not make any appreciable difference to the correlations obtained. The correlation for the total sample was about +0·7. When the cases were classified into the three skeletal categories the correspondence between the two methods was about 69 per cent.

It is concluded that there are insufficient grounds for the recent criticism of the conversion method.
A Combined Wire Dispenser and Ligator
Authors: Clark E. T.
Published: December 2014

A new wire dispenser is described which facilitates the placement of ligatures.
On-line Digitizing: A Basic System
Authors: Birnie D. J.
Published: December 2014

A basic on-line digitizing system is described. The design and writing of cephalometric programs and the limitations imposed by the amount of memory available are discussed together with the principal advantages and disadvantages of the system.
The Superimposition of Lateral Skull Radiographs by Subtraction: A New Method
Authors: Lee R. T.
Published: December 2014

A method of direct superimposition of an individual's lateral skull radiographs using a radiographic subtraction technique is outlined. The errors introduced by superimposition on two different occasions by the same operator are quantified, 30 pairs of radiographs being superimposed on the anterior cranial base. The average landmark displacement is less than 1·16 mm and very little rotational displacement occurs in relation to the plane of superimposition, this being an average 0·38°. In cephalometric superimposition the errors occurring add to those in landmark identification and should be considered in individual case analysis.
The Soft Tissue Environment of Teeth and Jaws. An Experimental and Clinical Study: Part 1
Authors: Moss J. P.
Published: December 2014

The soft tissue factors which result in the equilibrium position of the tooth in the dental arch are reviewed. The experimental evidence available would indicate that equilibrium position of the tooth is not a simple pressure relationship, but is the result of forces from the cheeks, tongue, muscles of mastication, the periodontal tissues and the growth of the tissues.
The Dentoalveolar Compensatory Mechanism: Background and Clinical Implications
Authors: Solow Beni
Published: December 2014

The present paper aims to survey the background and clinical implications of the dento-alveolar compensatory mechanism by which the teeth and alveolar arches are adapted to the varying jaw relationships. The background, a large individual variability in the growth pattern of the jaws, is presented in some detail. The operation of the system is described, and possible underlying factors outlined. The relation to the development of malocclusion is analysed, and some consequences for the interpretation of cephalometric analysis systems and for orthodontic treatment planning are discussed.
Acute Idiopathic Oedema of the Lips Associated with Function Regulator Treatment
Authors: Haynes Sydney , Wood Peter
Published: December 2014

An acute idiopathic oedema of the lips is described in a patient undergoing function regulator treatment. The event was associated with the fitting of the patient's second appliance which was successfully reintroduced following antihistamine therapy.
Changes in Orthodontic Treatment Patterns within One Orthodontic Practice over a 15 Year Period
Authors: Cousins A. J. P. , Lewis H. G. , Viader P. H. J.
Published: December 2014

Fifty consecutive treatment case records were analysed for each of the years 1964, 1971, 1974, 1976 and 1978. The following variables were examined: sex distribution, age at start of treatment, extractions undertaken (if any), type of appliance used, completeness or incompleteness of treatment, treatment duration and one final category termed ‘other clinical procedures’ dealing with cephalometry, photography and surgery. The sex distribution fluctuated only slightly with a predominance of females throughout. The age of onset of treatment was fairly constant at around 12 years. Over the 15 years a rise in the number of non-extraction cases was noted and the number of patients treated by extraction only, fell. The use of fixed appliances increased steadily and in 1978 55 per cent of cases received some form of fixed appliance therapy. The mean number of incomplete cases was 17 per cent for all years with no rise latterly despite the use of more complex appliances. The treatment duration time showed a steady decrease over the 15 year period. Few referrals for oral surgery were made, although the use of pericision following rotation correction has increased.
Apical Resorption of a Maxillary Lateral Incisor from a Misplaced Canine in a 17 Year Old. A Case Report
Authors: Brown I. D. , Matthews R. W.
Published: December 2014

A case is presented showing apical resorption to an upper lateral incisor in close proximity to an unerupted and misplaced canine. This happened at an age when many would say that such resorption was not likely to occur.
Whip Arch Modification
Authors: McCartney T. I.
Published: December 2014

A method of derotating teeth is described using the fixed/removable approach and utilizing a Siamese edgewise bracket.
A Study of Class II Division 1 Malocclusions Treated by the Andresen Appliance
Authors: Cohen A. M.
Published: December 2014

A study was carried out of Class II, Division 1 cases treated by the Andresen appliance. Results were determined in terms of overjet reduction and the reasons for failure were recorded for those cases who did not complete their treatment. Growth and treatment changes were assessed cephalometrically. It was found that those cases showing the more complete overjet reduction also tended to show more growth in facial height and a faster rate of growth in facial height when compared with the less successfully treated cases.
An Introduction to Centroid Cephalometrics
Authors: Johnson J. S. , Hubbold R. J.
Published: December 2014

Traditional cephalometry has depended upon measuring the relationship of anatomical points and lines (or planes) to each other. A centroid approach defines two relatively stable lines, each of which can be used for reference purposes and for analysing craniofacial changes elsewhere.
Root Surface Resorption in Two Cases of Rapid Maxillary Expansion
Authors: Odenrick L. , Lilja E. , Lindbäck K-F.
Published: December 2014

The purpose of the present investigation was to study the root surfaces of maxillary first premolars after rapid maxillary expansion. In one girl and one boy with posterior skeletal cross-bites and bimaxillary crowding, midpalatal expansion appliances anchored to the first maxillary premolars and molars were used. After the transversal expansion period all first premolars were examined radiographically and then extracted and investigated histologically. The histological investigation revealed active surface resorption of the maxillary first premolars.
Analysis and Classification of the Rotational Growth Pattern without Implants
Authors: Lavergne J. , Gasson N.
Published: December 2014

A morphogenetic classification of malocclusion based upon a group of implant patients is applied to a group of patients without implants. This allows an analysis of the general trend of the rotational growth Pattern of the jaws without the use of implants.
The Casual Attender
Authors: Oliver R. G.
Published: December 2014

Patterns of casual attenders at a teaching hospital over a 17-week period are analysed and show that fixed appliances are more prone to problems than removable appliances, and younger patients tend to break appliances more frequently than older patients.
Combined image and genomic analysis of high-grade serous ovarian cancer reveals PTEN loss as a common driver event and prognostic classifier
Authors: Martins Filipe C , Santiago Ines de , Trinh Anne , Xian Jian , Guo Anne , Sayal Karen , Jimenez-Linan Mercedes , Deen Suha , Driver Kristy , Mack Marie , Aslop Jennifer , Pharoah Paul D , Markowetz Florian , Brenton James D
Published: December 2014

Background

TP53 and BRCA1/2 mutations are the main drivers in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC). We hypothesise that combining tissue phenotypes from image analysis of tumour sections with genomic profiles could reveal other significant driver events.

Results

Automatic estimates of stromal content combined with genomic analysis of TCGA HGSOC tumours show that stroma strongly biases estimates of PTEN expression. Tumour-specific PTEN expression was tested in two independent cohorts using tissue microarrays containing 521 cases of HGSOC. PTEN loss or downregulation occurred in 77% of the first cohort by immunofluorescence and 52% of the validation group by immunohistochemistry, and is associated with worse survival in a multivariate Cox-regression model adjusted for study site, age, stage and grade. Reanalysis of TCGA data shows that hemizygous loss of PTEN is common (36%) and expression of PTEN and expression of androgen receptor are positively associated. Low androgen receptor expression was associated with reduced survival in data from TCGA and immunohistochemical analysis of the first cohort.

Conclusion

PTEN loss is a common event in HGSOC and defines a subgroup with significantly worse prognosis, suggesting the rational use of drugs to target PI3K and androgen receptor pathways for HGSOC. This work shows that integrative approaches combining tissue phenotypes from images with genomic analysis can resolve confounding effects of tissue heterogeneity and should be used to identify new drivers in other cancers.
Complete mitochondrial genome sequences of three rhombosoleid fishes and comparative analyses with other flatfishes (Pleuronectiformes)
Authors: Wang Shu-Ying , Shi Wei , Miao Xian-Guang , Kong Xiao-Yu
Published: December 2014

Background

Peltorhamphus novaezeelandiae, Colistium nudipinnis, and Pelotretis flavilatus belong to the family Rhombosoleidae of Pleuronectiformes. Their high phenotypic similarity has provoked great differences in the number and nomenclature of the taxa that depend primarily on morphological features. These facts have made it necessary to develop molecular markers for taxonomy and phylogenetic studies. In this study, the complete mitogenomes (mtDNA) of the three rhombosoleid fishes were determined for the comparative studies and potential development of molecular markers in the future.

Results

The lengths of the complete mitogenome of the three flatfishes are 16,889, 16,588, and 16,937 bp in the order mentioned above. The difference of lengths mainly results from the presence of tandem repeats at the 3′-end with variations of motif length and copy number in the control regions (CR). The gene content and arrangement is identical to that of the typical teleostean mtDNA. Two large intergenic spacers of 28 and 18 bp were found in P. flavilatus mtDNA. The genes are highly conserved except for the sizes of ND1 (which is 28 bp shorter than the two others), ND5 (13 bp longer), and tRNA

Glu
(5 bp longer) in P. flavilatus mtDNA. The symbolic structures of the CRs are observed as in other fishes, including ETAS, CSB-F, E, D, C, B, A, G-BOX, pyrimidine tract, and CSB2, 3.

Conclusions

Comparative genomic analysis within rhombosoleids revealed that the mitogenomic feature of P. flavilatus was significantly different from that of the two others. Base composition, gene arrangement, and CR structure were carried on in the 17 mitogenomes. Apart from gene rearrangement in two tongue soles (Cynoglossus semilaevis and Cynoglossus abbreviatus), the gene order in 15 others is identical to that of the typical fish mitogenomes. Of the 16 studied mitogenomes, 15 species (except for Zebrias zebrinus) have tandem repeats at the 3′-, 5′-, or both 3′- and 5′-ends of the CRs. Moreover, the motif length and copy number intraspecies or interspecies are also variable. These phenomena fully indicate the diversity of repeats in flatfish mtDNA and would provide useful data for studies on the structure of mitogenomes in fishes.
Long-Term Follow-Up of a Large Active Surveillance Cohort of Patients With Prostate Cancer
Authors: Klotz Laurence , Vesprini Danny , Sethukavalan Perakaa , Jethava Vibhuti , Zhang Liying , Jain Suneil , Yamamoto Toshihiro , Mamedov Alexandre , Loblaw Andrew
Published: December 2014

Purpose

Active surveillance is increasingly accepted as a treatment option for favorable-risk prostate cancer. Long-term follow-up has been lacking. In this study, we report the long-term outcome of a large active surveillance protocol in men with favorable-risk prostate cancer.

Patients and Methods

In a prospective single-arm cohort study carried out at a single academic health sciences center, 993 men with favorable- or intermediate-risk prostate cancer were managed with an initial expectant approach. Intervention was offered for a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) doubling time of less than 3 years, Gleason score progression, or unequivocal clinical progression. Main outcome measures were overall and disease-specific survival, rate of treatment, and PSA failure rate in the treated patients.

Results

Among the 819 survivors, the median follow-up time from the first biopsy is 6.4 years (range, 0.2 to 19.8 years). One hundred forty-nine (15%) of 993 patients died, and 844 patients are alive (censored rate, 85.0%). There were 15 deaths (1.5%) from prostate cancer. The 10- and 15-year actuarial cause-specific survival rates were 98.1% and 94.3%, respectively. An additional 13 patients (1.3%) developed metastatic disease and are alive with confirmed metastases (n = 9) or have died of other causes (n = 4). At 5, 10, and 15 years, 75.7%, 63.5%, and 55.0% of patients remained untreated and on surveillance. The cumulative hazard ratio for nonprostate-to-prostate cancer mortality was 9.2:1.

Conclusion

Active surveillance for favorable-risk prostate cancer is feasible and seems safe in the 15-year time frame. In our cohort, 2.8% of patients have developed metastatic disease, and 1.5% have died of prostate cancer. This mortality rate is consistent with expected mortality in favorable-risk patients managed with initial definitive intervention.
Randomized Phase II Trial of Gemcitabine Plus TH-302 Versus Gemcitabine in Patients With Advanced Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Borad Mitesh J. , Reddy Shantan G. , Bahary Nathan , Uronis Hope E. , Sigal Darren , Cohn Allen L. , Schelman William R. , Stephenson Joe , Chiorean E. Gabriela , Rosen Peter J. , Ulrich Brian , Dragovich Tomislav , Del Prete Salvatore A. , Rarick Mark , Eng Clarence , Kroll Stew , Ryan David P.
Published: December 2014

Purpose

TH-302 is an investigational hypoxia-activated prodrug that releases the DNA alkylator bromo-isophosphoramide mustard in hypoxic settings. This phase II study (NCT01144455) evaluated gemcitabine plus TH-302 in patients with previously untreated, locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer.

Patients and Methods

Patients were randomly assigned 1:1:1 to gemcitabine (1,000 mg/m2), gemcitabine plus TH-302 240 mg/m2 (G+T240), or gemcitabine plus TH-302 340 mg/m2 (G+T340). Randomized crossover after progression on gemcitabine was allowed. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary end points included overall survival (OS), tumor response, CA 19-9 response, and safety.

Results

Two hundred fourteen patients (77% with metastatic disease) were enrolled between June 2010 and July 2011. PFS was significantly longer with gemcitabine plus TH-302 (pooled combination arms) compared with gemcitabine alone (median PFS, 5.6 v 3.6 months, respectively; hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.43 to 0.87; P = .005; median PFS for metastatic disease, 5.1 v 3.4 months, respectively). Median PFS times for G+T240 and G+T340 were 5.6 and 6.0 months, respectively. Tumor response was 12%, 17%, and 26% in the gemcitabine, G+T240, and G+T340 arms, respectively (G+T340 v gemcitabine, P = .04). CA 19-9 decrease was greater with G+T340 versus gemcitabine (−5,398 v −549 U/mL, respectively; P = .008). Median OS times for gemcitabine, G+T240, and G+T340 were 6.9, 8.7, and 9.2 months, respectively (P = not significant). The most common adverse events (AEs) were fatigue, nausea, and peripheral edema (frequencies similar across arms). Skin and mucosal toxicities (2% grade 3) and myelosuppression (55% grade 3 or 4) were the most common TH-302–related AEs but were not associated with treatment discontinuation.

Conclusion

PFS, tumor response, and CA 19-9 response were significantly improved with G+TH-302. G+T340 is being investigated further in the phase III MAESTRO study (NCT01746979).