bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors for cancer: 68 cases from the Food and Drug Administration database and review
Authors: Tanios Georges E. , Doley Peter B. , Munker Reinhold
Published: October 2018

Background

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) are widely used in modern oncology and have improved the prognosis of lung cancer, malignant melanoma, and other malignancies. Unlike cytotoxic chemotherapy, drugs such as nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and ipilimumab are associated with immune‐related adverse effects. We recently observed a patient with lung cancer who developed a fulminant warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA).

Objectives

Investigate the frequency and prognosis of AIHA secondary to CPI in a public database and review the literature.

Results

A total of 68 cases were identified in the database of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 43 were associated with nivolumab, 13 with pembrolizumab, seven with ipilimumab, and five with atezolizumab. All episodes of AIHA were listed as serious. If the total number of adverse events cases reported to the FDA is taken as a reference, AIHA is rare, but occurred more frequently with PD‐1 or PD‐L1 targeting agents (0.15%‐0.25%) than with CTLA‐4 inhibitors (0.06%). In addition to our case, the literature review identified 11 similar cases. Most cases of AIHA responded to steroids, but two of 12 were fatal.

Conclusion

We describe AIHA as a new and serious immune‐related side effect of CPI. Early aggressive management is necessary.
Range change evolution of peat mosses (Sphagnum) within and between climate zones
Authors: Shaw A. Jonathan , Carter Benjamin E. , Aguero Blanka , da Costa Denise Pinheiro , Crowl Andrew A.
Published: October 2018

Peat mosses (Sphagnum) hold exceptional importance in the control of global carbon fluxes and climate because of the vast stores of carbon bound up in partially decomposed biomass (peat). This study tests the hypothesis that the early diversification of Sphagnum was in the Northern Hemisphere, with subsequent range expansions to tropical latitudes and the Southern Hemisphere. A phylogenetic analysis of 192 accessions representing the moss class Sphagnopsida based on four plastid loci was conducted in conjunction with biogeographic analyses using BioGeoBEARS to investigate the tempo and mode of geographic range evolution. Analyses support the hypothesis that the major intrageneric clades of peat‐forming species accounting for >90% of peat moss diversity originated and diversified at northern latitudes. The genus underwent multiple range expansions into tropical and Southern Hemisphere regions. Range evolution in peat mosses was most common within latitudinal zones, attesting to the relative difficulty of successfully invading new climate zones. Allopolyploidy in Sphagnum (inferred from microsatellite heterozygosity) does not appear to be biased with regard to geographic region nor intrageneric clade. The inference that Sphagnum diversified in cool‐or cold‐climate regions and repeatedly expanded its range into tropical regions makes the genus an excellent model for studying morphological, physiological, and genomic traits associated with adaptation to warming climates.
Genotypic variation in phenological plasticity: Reciprocal common gardens reveal adaptive responses to warmer springs but not to fall frost
Authors: Cooper Hillary F. , Grady Kevin C. , Cowan Jacob A. , Best Rebecca J. , Allan Gerard J. , Whitham Thomas G.
Published: October 2018

Species faced with rapidly shifting environments must be able to move, adapt, or acclimate in order to survive. One mechanism to meet this challenge is phenotypic plasticity: altering phenotype in response to environmental change. Here, we investigated the magnitude, direction, and consequences of changes in two key phenology traits (fall bud set and spring bud flush) in a widespread riparian tree species, Populus fremontii. Using replicated genotypes from 16 populations from throughout the species’ thermal range, and reciprocal common gardens at hot, warm, and cool sites, we identified four major findings: (a) There are significant genetic (G), environmental (E), and GxE components of variation for both traits across three common gardens; (b) The magnitude of phenotypic plasticity is correlated with provenance climate, where trees from hotter, southern populations exhibited up to four times greater plasticity compared to the northern, frost‐adapted populations; (c) Phenological mismatches are correlated with higher mortality as the transfer distances between provenance and garden increase; and (d) The relationship between plasticity and survival depends not only on the magnitude and direction of environmental transfer, but also on the type of environmental stress (i.e., heat or freezing), and how particular traits have evolved in response to that stress. Trees transferred to warmer climates generally showed small to moderate shifts in an adaptive direction, a hopeful result for climate change. Trees experiencing cooler climates exhibited large, non‐adaptive changes, suggesting smaller transfer distances for assisted migration. This study is especially important as it deconstructs trait responses to environmental cues that are rapidly changing (e.g., temperature and spring onset) and those that are fixed (photoperiod), and that vary across the species’ range. Understanding the magnitude and adaptive nature of phenotypic plasticity of multiple traits responding to multiple environmental cues is key to guiding restoration management decisions as climate continues to change.
Thromboelastography and thrombin generation assay in inherited afibrinogenemia
Authors: Young Guy Aaron , Carmona Roxana , Cano Garcia Viridiana
Published: October 2018

Fibrinogen is a glycoprotein with a crucial role in blood coagulation. Upon enzymatic cleavage by thrombin, fibrinogen is converted from its soluble form to insoluble fibrin which is key structural protein of a clot. It also participates in platelet aggregation by binding to GPIIb/IIIa. Genetic alterations can lead to either complete or partial, quantitative or qualitative defects of fibrinogen. Inherited afibrinogenemia is a rare bleeding disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance due to a complete absence of fibrinogen. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether 70 mg/kg of human fibrinogen concentrate (HFC) is an adequate dose in subjects with inherited afibrinogenemia to reach normal levels of plasmatic fibrinogen (1.5‐2 g/L). Secondary aims included assessing changes in thromboelastography (TEG) and thrombin generation assay (TGA) before and after a dose of HFC. Four patients were included, and each underwent pre‐and post (one time‐point) HFC dose laboratory testing. Two patients needed dose adjustments to reach a normal post‐dose fibrinogen level. In addition, we noted that the TEG parameter maximum amplitude (MA) improved in accordance with correction of the fibrinogen levels. TGA results were normal in all subjects. Our results suggest that individualized dosing based on fibrinogen levels may be necessary.
Bismuth‐containing quadruple therapy versus concomitant quadruple therapy as first‐line treatment for Helicobacter Pylori infection in an area of high resistance to clarithromycin: A prospective, cross‐sectional, comparative, open trial
Authors: Macías‐García Fernando , Bastón‐Rey Iria , de la Iglesia‐García Daniel , Calviño‐Suárez Cristina , Nieto‐García Laura , Domínguez‐Muñoz Juan Enrique
Published: October 2018

Background

Concomitant quadruple (CQT) or bismuth‐containing quadruple therapy (BQT) is recommended as first‐line treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection depending on antibiotic resistance.

Aim

To compare the efficacy, safety, and compliance of CQT and BQT as first‐line therapy for H. pylori eradication in real clinical practice in an area of high resistance to clarithromycin.

Methods

A prospective, open, comparative cross‐sectional study including dyspeptic patients >18 years with H. pylori infection and with no previous eradication treatment was performed. CQT (omeprazole 20 mg + clarithromycin 500 mg + amoxicillin 1 g + metronidazole 500 mg, all given twice daily, for 14 days) or BQT (omeprazole 20 mg twice daily + 3 capsules of Pylera® 4 times a day, for 10 days) was prescribed at the discretion of the prescribing physician. Eradication was tested by 13C‐urea breath test. Efficacy was assessed by intention‐to‐treat (ITT) and per‐protocol (PP) analyses.

Results

One hundred and four consecutive patients were included (64.4% female, age 52.9 years). Fifty patients received CQT and 54 BQT. Eradication rate was similar with both therapies at the PP (CQT 97.9%, 95% CI: 93.9‐100 vs BQT 96.2%, 95% CI: 90.9‐100, P = 0.605) and ITT analyses (CQT 98.0%, 95% CI: 94‐100 vs BQT 94.4%, 95% CI: 88.1‐100, P = 0.346). The rate of adverse events was also similar with CQT (56%) and BQT (46.3%). One patient in each group discontinued the treatment due to significant adverse events.

Conclusion

The use of CQT and BQT as first‐line treatment against H. pylori is similarly effective and safe strategy in an area of high clarithromycin resistance.
Gender and proficiency effects on metaphor use among Greek learners
Authors: Galantomos Ioannis
Published: October 2018

The goal of this study is twofold. First, to highlight the place of metaphoric competence in L2 pedagogy and second to investigate the effect of two individual factors, namely gender and proficiency, on the use of metaphors among Greek learners. Metaphoric competence is an integral component of a learners’ overall L2 communicative competence. Therefore, we designed a small‐scale study in order to measure the amount of metaphors used by B2 and C2 Greek learners putting a special emphasis on the variables of gender and proficiency. Our results are in line with available data and suggest on the one hand a female advantage over men at using metaphors and on the other hand a differentiation across language levels with respect to the ability to use metaphors.
Therapeutic approaches to pyogenic granuloma: an updated review
Authors: Plachouri Kerasia‐Maria , Georgiou Sophia
Published: October 2018

Pyogenic granuloma is a benign vascular proliferation of the skin and mucous membranes, whose pathogenesis is not fully understood. Despite its benign nature, it can have a significant negative impact on patients’ quality of life, and therefore appropriate therapy is needed. Over the years, a lot of therapeutic modalities have been used in order to successfully treat this condition. This paper is an updated systematic overview of all the reported successful treatments described in the literature and was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews. Articles derived from the databases PubMed, EMBASE, and SCOPUS, published between 1981 and 2018, were analyzed for this study. In the literature, there are several studies, case series, and case reports that demonstrate encouraging results with the use of various methods, such as surgical intervention or laser treatment, but also with more conservative approaches, including the application of topical and systemic agents. The selection of the appropriate treatment should be made individually, depending on severity of the disease and patient characteristics. Both research efforts as well as clinical reporting are necessary in order to provide more insight on the management of these vascular tumors. This paper aims to provide a summarized update on the reported therapies and to raise awareness for the need to conduct larger systematic studies in order to adequately evaluate and compare the effectiveness of the presented therapeutic strategies.
Microstructures and photovoltaic performances of bismuth‐ion doped Cu(In,Ga)Se2 films prepared via sputtering process
Authors: Lu Chung‐Hsin , Lin Shin‐Hom
Published: October 2018

Bismuth‐ion doped Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells were fabricated via sputtering technique. The influence of bismuth‐ion doping on structural and photovoltaic characteristics of the fabricated CIGS films were explored in details. With doping of bismuth ions, the grain sizes of CIGS layers were enhanced appreciably due to liquid‐phase sintering with the yielded intermediate compound. The secondary ion mass spectroscopy profile results indicated that the diffusion of bismuth ions into CIGS layers promoted dissemination of gallium species from the back contacts to the surface of CIGS layers. According to Hall measurement analysis, the carrier concentration in CIGS films was enhanced significantly with the doping of bismuth ions in the prepared films. The conversion efficiency of the bismuth‐ion doped samples was increased approximately 10% in comparison with undoped samples due to the elevated gallium‐ion diffusion and grain growth. Various photovoltaic parameters including saturated current and diode factors of the prepared doped CIGS solar cells were decreased owing to the inhibition of electron‐hole recombination. This investigation demonstrated the improved photovoltaic performance and the structural characteristics of fabricated CIGS films after the doping of bismuth ions.
Effect of Mg2+and fluorine on the network and highly efficient photoluminescence of Eu3+ion in MgF2–BaO–B2O3glasses
Authors: Shinozaki Kenji , Sukenaga Sohei , Shibata Hiroyuki , Akai Tomoko
Published: October 2018

The glass structure and photoluminescence of new oxyfluoride glasses with the composition ofxMgF2–(66.7−2x/3)BaO–(33.3−x/3)B2O3(x = 10‐50 mol%) were investigated in this work. The structure of the glasses was investigated by magic‐angle spinningNMR,XAS, and Raman scattering spectroscopies. It was revealed that the glasses are mainly composed ofBO3units with a disconnected borate network consisting mainly of ortho‐ and pyro‐borate units, and ortho‐borate increases with the addition of MgF2. The fluorine atoms are surrounded by Mg2+and Ba2+ions. The photoluminescence of Eu3+‐doped samples were investigated. It was indicated that asymmetry of the Eu3+site increased with the addition of MgF2. The photoluminescence quantum yield (η) of the glasses are very high and increased with MgF2addition; red photoluminescence is observed withη = 82% for 10MgF2andη = 98% for 50MgF2for excitation at 393 nm.
Novel micro‐spherical Si3N4 nanowire sponges from carbon‐doped silica sol foams via reverse templating method
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyan , Huo Wenlong , Chen Yugu , Hu Zunlan , Wang Yali , Gan Ke , Yang Jinlong
Published: October 2018

A novel kind of nanowire sponges, namely Si3N4 nanowire‐weaving microspheres, synthesized from a simple, convenient, high‐efficient approach are proposed here. As the reverse template, three‐dimensional foam skeleton structure with uniform pores and ultrathin pore walls is constructed via the effective particle‐stabilized foam method, where the silica sol and carbon black are chosen as the raw materials, providing the sufficient space for the growth of nanowires during the carbothermal reduction reaction process. The formation mechanism of this novel sponge is studied via multiple characterization methods. Si3N4 nanowires formed microspheres possess uniform and curving morphology due to the stable environment for growing via vapor–solid mechanism, leading to the relatively high specific surface area of 86.77 m2/g. Owing to in‐situ oxidation process, micro‐spherical SiO2 nanowire sponges with similar morphology are synthesized, which present diameter in range of 20‐40 nm and specific surface area of 50.47 m2/g. This work provides insights for the design of high‐performance nanowire sponges with promising applications in the filtration, thermal insulators, and catalyst supports fields.
Good thermal stability, giant permittivity, and low dielectric loss for X9R‐type (Ag1/4Nb3/4)0.005Ti0.995O2 ceramics
Authors: Peng Hui , Liang Pengfei , Zhou Xiaobin , Peng Zhanhui , Xiang Yichen , Chao Xiaolian , Yang Zupei
Published: October 2018

With the intense demand of the developing microelectronics market, the study of giant permittivity dielectric materials is being promoted. However, it is difficult to obtain suitable dielectric materials for such applications, especially due to high dielectric loss at low frequencies. In this work, Ag+Nb codoped TiO2 ceramics were designed and fabricated in a conventional solid reaction by sintering at 1290‐1340°C for 5‐10 hours. The issue of how the microstructure and dielectric properties of (Ag1/4Nb3/4)0.005Ti0.995O2 ceramics are affected by the sintering conditions was discussed. By optimizing sintering conditions, a dense microstructure, a high dielectric constant (εr ≈ 9410), and a low dielectric loss (tanδ ≈ 0.037) at 1 kHz were achieved. Most importantly, the temperature coefficient value of εr at different frequencies remained stable between −14.3% and 13.7% within the temperature range from −190 to 200°C, which has potential applications in X9R capacitor.
Assessment of potential biopesticide options for managing fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in Africa
Authors: Bateman Melanie L. , Day Roger K. , Luke Belinda , Edgington Steve , Kuhlmann Ulrich , Cock Matthew J. W.
Published: October 2018

The fall armyworm (FAW, Spodoptera frugiperda) originates from the tropical and sub‐tropical regions of the Americas. Recently it was reported for the first time in Africa and has since spread rapidly across more than 30 countries in the continent. Chemical pesticides are being promoted and used for FAW management, but where application practices and/or the active ingredients are unsafe there is a need to make effective, low‐risk products available. Given that biopesticides such as microbials and microbial extracts, macrobials and semiochemicals are generally considered to be lower risk options for pest management, they are a promising avenue for exploration. When used in conjunction with good crop management, they can help to keep pest levels under control, reducing the need to apply other pesticides. This study provides a basis for designing interventions to make biopesticides more widely available for FAW control in Africa. It summarizes assessments of the registered pesticides and biopesticides for 30 countries, 11 in FAW's native range and 19 in Africa. The report identifies biopesticide active ingredients (AI) which are registered for use against FAW and provides an assessment of how appropriate these will be for use by smallholder farmers in Africa. For each biopesticide AI identified, detailed profiles were developed which covered the efficacy of the AI against FAW; the human health and environmental hazards associated with the AI; the agronomic sustainability of the AI; and whether or not the AI is practical for smallholder farmers to use. Using these data, a list of priority biopesticides for which follow‐up action is recommended was compiled. Fifty biopesticide AI were identified, which have been registered in one or more of the 30 countries for FAW management. Twenty‐three of these are recommended for follow‐up, for example field trials or bioassays.
Mass‐trapping trials for the control of pine processionary moth in a pine woodland recreational area
Authors: Trematerra Pasquale , Colacci Marco , Sciarretta Andrea
Published: October 2018

The pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea pityocampa, causes serious defoliation to Cedrus, Pinus and Pseudotsuga trees, as well as health problems in humans, pets and farm animals due to their urticating hairs. Environmentally friendly strategies for the management of T. pityocampa include: removal of egg batches, removal of nests, trapping of migrant larvae, spraying microbial or Insect Growth Regulator (IGR) insecticides and biocontrol, as well as pheromone‐based adult trapping and mating‐disruption. In the present paper, results on innovative technology for the control of T. pityocampa infestation using pheromone mass‐trapping are reported. Two 1‐ha plots were identified in the study area (central‐south Italy), a pine woodland recreational site growing Pinus halepensis. In the experimental plot (MT‐plot), 10 G‐traps (funnel trap type) baited with (Z)‐13‐hexadecen‐11‐ynyl acetate sex pheromone component were placed for mass‐trapping of adults; the other plot was used as a control‐plot (C‐plot). The T. pityocampa population was monitored using the two central traps in the MT‐plot and two traps positioned in the C‐plot. In addition, the winter nests made by T. pityocampa larvae overwintering on pine trees were counted. After 2 years of mass‐trapping, the number of adults trapped by the monitoring pheromone traps decreased in the MT‐plot, but not in the C‐plot, whereas the number of nests decreased in both plots. Statistical results highlighted significant differences in trap catches between the two plots but not between years. In the case of nests, differences among plots were not significant before the mass‐trapping, but significant after 1‐year treatment. According to our results, the mass‐trapping technique is able to reduce T. pityocampa infestations. This pheromone method can be applied in combination with other control systems in the context of integrated pest management in recreational areas.
Body condition, rather than size, predicts risk‐taking and resource holding potential in hatchery reared juvenile lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens
Authors: Bjornson Forrest , Anderson Gary W.
Published: October 2018

To test how body size might influence lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens anti‐predator behaviour, asymmetrically body‐size‐matched individuals were exposed to conspecific chemical alarm cues with the presence or absence of food. Additionally, to test resource holding potential (RHP), hatchery‐reared juvenile A. fulvescens were asymmetrically (c. 60% mass difference) and symmetrically (c. 3% mass difference) size matched in individual tanks. Results suggest that A. fulvescens of higher body condition, rather than body length or mass, may take greater risks when presented with foraging opportunities and realize a higher RHP. As hatcheries are likely to select individuals of higher body condition, more research is necessary to understand the role body condition may have on behavioural responses and ensuing fitness post‐release.
Identification of eggshell crack using multiple vibration sensors and correlative information analysis
Authors: Lin Hao , Xu Pei‐Ting , Sun Li , Bi Xia‐kun , Zhao Jie‐wen , Cai Jian‐rong
Published: October 2018

Timely detection of cracks eggs is of great significance in egg production and processing. This article presents a novel method for egg crack detection using multiple vibration sensors analysis. Three accelerated vibration sensors were located on different directions of shell eggs. Signals collection was achieved by impaction of different regions of shell eggs through vibration sensors. Characteristics from each vibration sensor and their corresponding correlation information were analyzed. Distinguish index (D.I.) values were employed for evaluation of the selected effective characteristics, and then were inputted into linear discrimination analysis model. The rates for identification of cracked eggs ranged from 83.75 to 93.75% in prediction set when the vibration sensor was impacted twice on the surface of shell eggs. Based on the results, it was concluded that multiple vibration sensors analysis has significant potential for cracked eggs detection with convenient and effective way.

Practical applications

Cracks on eggshell are commonly produced by mechanical stress during packing and/or transportation. Storage life would be shortened and consequently result in significant economic loss. Therefore, the timely detection of cracks on eggshell is of great significance. This article presents a novel method for egg crack detection by using multiple vibration sensors analysis, to replace the conventional multiple impacting acoustic resonance analysis. The research data presents a potential way for fast, non‐destructive and effective detection of crack in egg industry.
Diversity of antibiotic‐resistant Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli serogroups in foodstuffs of animal origin in northern India
Authors: Khan Javed A. , Rathore Ram S. , Abulreesh Hussein H. , Al‐thubiani Abdullah S. , Khan Shaheen , Ahmad Iqbal
Published: October 2018

This study aimed to determine the diversity of antibiotic‐resistant Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups in 600 foodstuff samples of animal origin in the northern part of India. Of the 158 (26.33%) E. coli isolates that were detected in food samples the ‘O’ antigen‐based serotyping revealed the abundance of serogroups O60, O86, O154, O73, O50, O8, and O68. Overall, 45 (28.4%) E. coli isolates were potentially verotoxin producers as determined by verotoxin assay and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), of which 42.2% of the STEC isolates originated from raw beef. Among 45 STEC isolates, 51.1% harbored vt
1 gene whereas 48.9% of the serogroups carried vt
2 gene. Chi‐squared test revealed significant difference (p = .001) in the prevalence of STEC serogroups in different foodstuffs. STEC serogroups showed higher resistance to nalidixic acid (71.7%) followed by ampicillin (66.6%). Multidrug resistance (i.e., resistance to 3 or more antimicrobial classes) was exhibited by 55.6% of STEC serogroups.

Practical applications

This investigation demonstrated the diversity of STEC, particularly multidrug‐resistant serogroups in various foodstuffs, which is a matter of serious concern from a public health stand point. Foodstuffs of animal origin available for human consumption in the city of Bareilly, may pose significant health threats due to contamination of various toxigenic and multidrug‐resistant non‐O157 STEC serogroups, and call for public health authorities to enhance surveillance/monitoring programs to prevent the spread of multidrug‐resistant toxigenic non‐O157 STEC serogroups in Indian communities and for better public health protection.
Improved RANKL expression and osteoclastogenesis induction of CD27+CD38− memory B cells: A link between B cells and alveolar bone damage in periodontitis
Authors: Han Yakun , Jin Ying , Miao Yibin , Shi Tie , Lin Xiaoping
Published: October 2018

Background and Objective

Periodontitis is a bacteria‐induced disease that often leads to alveolar bone damage. Its mechanisms were considered to be complicated, involving an imbalance of the formation and resorption of bone. We sought to disclose the antibody‐independent function of B cells during periodontitis.

Material and Methods

Production of receptor activator for nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL) by total lymphocytes or sorted B‐cell subsets in gingiva from healthy or experimental periodontitis animals was examined by flow cytometry, real‐time polymerase chain reaction, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. To define the effects of lymphocytes or B‐cell subsets on osteoclastogenesis induction, bone marrow mononuclear cells were culture in culture medium of lymphocytes or cocultured with B‐cell subsets. Osteoclasts were enumerated by tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase staining. Constituent ratio of B‐cell subsets in healthy or experimental periodontitis was also detected by flow cytometry.

Result

Gingiva B cells produce more RANKL and support more osteoclastogenesis than T and other lymphocytes, and this potential improved in periodontitis. Memory B cells (CD27+CD38−) decreased their percentage in periodontitis. Memory B cells have the highest propensity for RANKL production. Remarkably, memory B cells from periodontitis animals expressed significantly more RANKL compared to healthy controls. Memory B cells supported osteoclast differentiation in vitro in a RANKL‐dependent manner, and the number of osteoclasts was higher in cultures with memory B cells from periodontitis animals than in those derived from healthy ones. Other B‐cell subsets have limited impact on osteoclast formation.

Conclusion

Findings of this study further disclose the roles of B cells engaged in periodontal immunomodulation and reveal the considerable importance of memory B cells in alveolar bone homeostasis and their likely contribution to alveolar bone destruction in periodontitis.
Multi‐block analysis for the correlation of physico‐chemical and rheological data of 42 fruit pulps
Authors: Stafussa Ana Paula , Rampazzo Valéria , Fernandes Rubens Rosario , Franco Admilson Teixeira , Bona Evandro , Maciel Giselle Maria , Haminiuk Charles Windson Isidoro
Published: October 2018

The common dimension (ComDim) chemometric method for multi‐block analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to evaluate the data obtained from the physico‐chemical and rheological characterization of 42 commercial fruit pulps. The physico‐chemical characteristics and the rheological behavior of the pulps were found to be considerably different. The Herschel–Bulkley equation was fit to the steady‐state flow curves of the fruit pulps, and it was found to appropriately describe the materials, which showed a wide range of yield stresses. The soluble solids content and the yield stress were the main factors responsible for the sample discrimination in the multivariate statistical analysis. The ComDim model indicates that these parameters may have a direct correlation. Namely, the soluble solids amount can influence the viscosity, as demonstrated by the similar scores of the samples in both common components, and this corroborated with the HCA analysis.

Practical applications

Fruit pulps can be used as raw materials in the food industry to obtain several products, such as nectars, jellies, ice creams, and juices, which can also be sold directly to consumers. To evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of those industrial processes, it is important to know the physico‐chemical properties of the products. Therefore, in this study we attempt to correlate the physical–chemical and rheological data using a new statistical approach.
Experience, Aptitude, and Individual Differences in Linguistic Attainment: A Comparison of Native and Nonnative Speakers
Authors: Dąbrowska Ewa
Published: October 2018

This study compares the performance of native speakers and adult second language (L2) learners on tasks tapping proficiency in grammar, vocabulary, and collocations. In addition, data were collected on several predictors of individual differences in linguistic attainment, including some related to language experience (print exposure, education, and—for L2 speakers—length of residence and use of English) and some relating to an individual's aptitude to learn (language analytic ability and nonverbal intelligence) as well as age and (for L2 speakers) age of arrival. As anticipated, the native group outperformed L2 speakers on all three language measures, although the effect sizes were much larger for collocations than for grammar or vocabulary. Crucially, there were vast individual differences in both groups and considerable overlap between groups, particularly for grammar. Regression analyses revealed both similarities and differences between native and nonnative speakers in which nonlinguistic measures best predict performance on the language tasks.
Impact of maternal obesity and breastfeeding intention on lactation intensity and duration
Authors: Marshall Nicole E. , Lau Bernard , Purnell Jonathan Q. , Thornburg Kent L.
Published: October 2018

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) has numerous maternal health benefits. However, EBF rates are lower in mothers with obesity. We sought to better understand whether maternal body composition measurements in early pregnancy are also predictive of lower rates of EBF. Healthy pregnant women with prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) of 17.5–51 kg/m2 underwent determination of percent body fat (% body fat) in early (12–16 weeks) and late (37 weeks) gestation. Intent and duration of EBF were determined by surveys completed at 6 weeks and 6 months postpartum (PP). Unadjusted and adjusted analyses were performed to compare EBF rates and weaning by maternal BMI and % body fat. Increasing BMI and % body fat in early pregnancy were significantly associated with lower rates of EBF among women intending EBF. Women with BMI ≥ 25 were less likely to be EBF at 6 weeks and 6 months PP compared with women of normal BMI (67 and 37% vs. 91 and 79%, P value 0.005 and 0.001, respectively). Among primiparous women intending EBF, 100% of women in the lowest two body fat quartiles in early pregnancy were EBF at 6 weeks PP compared with 66.7 and 63.6% of women in the higher quartiles (P = 0.03). Lactation cessation by 6 months PP was higher with increasing maternal BMI (P = 0.001). Maternal obesity in early gestation is associated with lower EBF rates among women intending EBF and earlier weaning. Excess adiposity in early pregnancy may impede EBF.
Navigating complexity in team‐based clinical settings
Authors: LaDonna Kori A , Field Emily , Watling Christopher , Lingard Lorelei , Haddara Wael , Cristancho Sayra M
Published: October 2018

Context

Educators must prepare learners to navigate the complexities of clinical care. Training programmes have, however, traditionally prioritised teaching around the biomedical and the technical, not the socio‐relational or systems issues that create complexity. If we are to transform medical education to meet the demands of 21st century practice, we need to understand how clinicians perceive and respond to complex situations.

Methods

Constructivist grounded theory informed data collection and analysis; during semi‐structured interviews, we used rich pictures to elicit team members’ perspectives about clinical complexity in neurology and in the intensive care unit. We identified themes through constant comparative analysis.

Results

Routine care became complex when the prognosis was unknown, when treatment was either non‐existent or had been exhausted or when being patient and family centred challenged a system's capabilities, or participants’ training or professional scope of practice. When faced with complexity, participants reported that care shifted from relying on medical expertise to engaging in advocacy. Some physician participants, however, either did not recognise their care as advocacy or perceived it as outside their scope of practice. In turn, advocacy was often delegated to others.

Conclusions

Our research illuminates how expert clinicians manoeuvre moments of complexity; specifically, navigating complexity may rely on mastering health advocacy. Our results suggest that advocacy is often negotiated or collectively enacted in team settings, often with input from patients and families. In order to prepare learners to navigate complexity, we suggest that programmes situate advocacy training in complex clinical encounters, encourage reflection and engage non‐physician team members in advocacy training.
Incorporating tides into the acoustic ecology of humpback whales
Authors: Barlow Dawn R. , Fournet Michelle , Sharpe Fred
Published: October 2018

North Pacific humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) migrate annually to foraging grounds in Southeast Alaska that are characterized by semidiurnal tidal cycles. Tidal activity is an important driver of marine mammal behavior on foraging grounds, but is often omitted in studies of acoustic ecology. To better understand the role of sound in this vocal species we investigated the influence of tidal height and direction on humpback whale nonsong calling behavior in Frederick Sound and described new call types for this population. The likelihood of detecting a call from the low‐frequency‐harmonic, pulsed, or noisy‐complex call classes was independent of tidal activity. The likelihood of detecting a call from the tonal call class, and a feeding call in particular, was 2.1 times higher during flood tides than during ebb tides (95% CI 1.1–4.4). This likely reflects an indirect relationship between humpback whale foraging and tides.
What is animal happiness?
Authors: Webb Laura E. , Veenhoven Ruut , Harfeld Jes Lynning , Jensen Margit Bak
Published: October 2018

Today, we see a growing concern for the quality of life of nonhuman animals and an accompanying call for viable means of assessing how well animals thrive. Past research focused on minimizing negatives such as stress, while more recent endeavors strive to promote positives such as happiness. But what is animal happiness? Although often mentioned, the term lacks a clear definition. With recent advances in the study of animal emotion, current interest into positive rather than negative experiences, and the call for captive and domesticated animals to have good lives, the time is ripe to examine the concept of animal happiness. We draw from the human and animal literature to delineate a concept of animal happiness and propose how to assess it. We argue that animal happiness depends on how an individual feels generally—that is, a typical level of affect.
Lumbosacral and thoracolumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid volume changes in neonates, infants, children, and adolescents: A retrospective magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Jang Young‐Eun , Lee Joon‐Hee , Seo Yun‐Seok , Yoon Hee‐Chul , Lee Hyun‐Sung , Lee Hyun‐Jeong , Jo Hyung‐Dong , Lee Ji‐Hyun , Kim Jin‐Tae
Published: October 2018

Background

The volume of cerebrospinal fluid can affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of local anesthetics for spinal anesthesia and other intrathecal medications.

Aims

The objective of this study was to estimate the lumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid volume and thoracolumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid volume using magnetic resonance images in pediatric patients from neonates and infants to adolescents.

Methods

Spinal magnetic resonance images of 500 pediatric patients (age <18 years) were reviewed. The lumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid volumes of 418 patients and thoracolumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid volumes of 248 patients were measured. The relationship between cerebrospinal fluid volumes and age, height, and weight were evaluated. The lumbosacral and thoracolumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid volumes per weight were calculated to elucidate developmental changes.

Results

The lumbosacral and thoracolumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid volumes showed linear correlations with height (r2 = 0.730 and r2 = 0.661, respectively), whereas they showed curvilinear correlations with age (r2 = 0.752 and r2 = 0.717, respectively) and weight (r2 = 0.734 and r2 = 0.734, respectively). The mean lumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid volume per weight (mL/kg) was 0.85 (standard deviation [SD]: 0.19, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.81‐0.90) in neonates and infants, 0.86 (SD: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.83‐0.89) in toddlers and preschoolers, 0.71 (SD: 0.26, 95% CI: 0.66‐0.76) in schoolers, and 0.54 (SD: 0.20, 95% CI: 0.49‐0.60) in adolescents. The mean thoracolumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid volume per weight (mL/kg) was 1.95 (SD: 0.37, 95% CI: 1.86‐2.04) in neonates and infants, 1.82 (SD: 0.41, 95% CI: 1.75‐1.88) in toddlers and preschoolers, 1.38 (SD: 0.40, 95% CI: 1.23‐1.52) in schoolers, and 0.99 (SD: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.45‐1.53) in adolescents.

Conclusion

The lumbosacral and thoracolumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid volumes in pediatric patients were much smaller than previously presented values, showing linear correlations with height, and demonstrate curvilinear correlations with age and weight.
Successful nivolumab therapy in an allogeneic stem cell transplant child with post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder
Authors: Kassa Csaba , Reményi Péter , Sinkó János , Kállay Krisztián , Kertész Gabriella , Kriván Gergely
Published: October 2018

Primary CNS PTLD is an extremely rare complication after allogeneic HSCT. At our centre, an 11‐year‐old patient developed nausea, vomiting, and diplopy on day +82 following HSCT. On brain MRI, multiple white matter lesions were seen. Histology showed a diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma with high load of EBV in tissue. Despite stopping immunosuppression, treatment with EBV‐specific cytotoxic T cells, systemic rituximab, HD‐MTX, and intrathecal chemotherapy, progression was observed. With a combination of HD‐MTX and cytarabine, only a partial response could be achieved. Having all conventional modalities not only failed but resulted in significant toxicity, a salvage monotherapy with biweekly nivolumab has been instituted. The starting dose was 1.1 mg/kg, later escalated to 2.2 mg/kg. After 8 months of nivolumab therapy, PET‐CT showed complete metabolic remission. Subsequently, the patient has been switched to a maintenance dosage of 1.1 mg/kg. No cytopenias, graft failure, GvHD, or any other alloimmune complications were seen during nivolumab therapy. In conclusion, nivolumab may be considered as an effective and safe option for CNS PTLD therapy when all other modalities have failed.
Deciding How to Decide: Cultural Theory and Rule Making in Collaborative Watershed Organizations
Authors: Horndeski Kimberly A. , Koontz Tomas M.
Published: October 2018

The growing field of collaborative governance has long sought to explain processes of collective decision making. Insights from institutional analysis highlight the influence of rules in shaping collective decisions. Yet, less is known about how such rules are created; in other words, how collaborative organizations decide how to decide. By drawing on concepts from Cultural Theory, we examine the connections between worldviews and decision rules across four collaborative watershed organizations in Ohio, United States. Results from this comparative case analysis indicate correlations between the group dimension of worldview and decision rules about choice, as well as between the grid dimension of worldview and two different types of decision rules, choice and aggregation. These results highlight the explanatory value of integrating aspects of Cultural Theory with the Institutional Analysis and Development framework. Results also suggest how governments might more effectively engage with collaborative organizations.
Carbon stock assessment of mangrove ecosystems in Batticaloa Lagoon, Sri Lanka, with different degrees of human disturbances
Authors: Jonsson Maja Naemi , Hedman Astrid Margaretha
Published: October 2018

This article presents a carbon stock assessment to illustrate the organic carbon distribution and storage within mangrove ecosystems in Sri Lanka. The living tree biomass and soil carbon pools were investigated in three sites with varying degree of human disturbance in Batticaloa Lagoon. Soil carbon content was derived by the Walkley Black method from soil samples and mangrove trees were measured for calculations in general allometric equations. The mangroves that were extremely converted into a shrimp farm in Kokkaddicholai recorded a carbon (C) stock of 100.9 kg m‐2. Dominated by the poisonous Excoecaria agallocha stands, the regenerating mangroves in Manmunai Bridge Island hosted the largest C stock measuring 786.4 kg C m‐2. The Kannankudah site—dominated by Avicennia marina, Lumnitzera racemosa and Excoecaria agallocha stands, recorded a C stock of 593.1 kg C m‐2. Cuts and stumps indicated wood harvesting for local livelihoods. The soil C content pool contributed most significantly to the total C stock, with the top 30 cm containing the largest C concentration in all soil profiles. The soil carbon content was highest (5.1 per cent) in Kannankudah, second highest (3.6 per cent) in the disturbed but regenerating forest at Manmunai Bridge Island, and the lowest (0.3 per cent) at the converted site of Kokkaddicholai.
A typology of activation incentives
Authors: Dinan Shannon
Published: October 2018

Activation has received an enormous amount of attention over the past decade and a half. Despite the immense academic interest, activation policies remain difficult to compare. This is notably because these policies can be adapted multiple ways and are not confined to one policy area. Furthermore, common activation indicators such as expenditures can be misleading as not all activation instruments affect spending levels. These limitations notwithstanding, states continue to create and adapt activation policies. With the objective of identifying and comparing second‐order change, the author proposes a typology of activation policies according to how they affect target population behavior through incentives. The typology first identifies the lever to the labor market, supply, or demand. Second, it determines whether the mechanism for labor market integration is financial or human capital. In so doing, it allows for a more detailed understanding of the policy instruments adopted. This can be used as a tool in qualitative analysis to identify a change in policy instruments within and between cases.
Biophysical properties of striae rubra and striae alba in human skin: Comparison with normal skin
Authors: Cho Changhui , Cho Eunbyul , Kim Nahee , Shin Juhee , Woo Sanga , Lee Jiun , Lee Jungok , Lee Eunyoung , Ha Jaehyoun
Published: October 2018

Background

Striae distensae are common dermal lesions that progress through two different stages: the striae rubra, which appears to be erythematous, and striae alba, which is characterized by a hypopigmented feature. The clinical characteristics between striae distensae stages and normal skin remain unknown.

Objectives

We aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics according to stages of striae distensae in terms of their biophysical properties, using objective noninvasive measurements in comparison with adjacent normal skin.

Methods

Sixty‐one healthy female subjects with striae distensae were included as follows: 30 with striae rubra and 31 with striae alba on the abdomen and thighs. Hydration of the epidermis and dermis, skin color brightness, and Erythema index were measured. Skin elasticity, roughness, and dermal echo‐density of the skin with striae distensae and adjacent normal skin were also measured.

Results

Hydration of the epidermis and dermis showed no significant difference between the skin with striae distensae and normal skin. Brightness of skin with striae alba and normal skin was significantly higher than that of skin with striae rubra. Erythema index of skin with striae rubra was significantly higher than that of skin with striae alba and normal skin. Skin with striae rubra and striae alba had a rougher surface than normal skin. Elasticity and dermal echo‐density were significantly lower in striae distensae skin.

Conclusions

Striae rubra and striae alba had similar biophysical properties in terms of skin hydration, elasticity, roughness, and dermal density. Moreover, striae distensae have less elasticity, more roughness, and lower dermal density than normal skin.
Trees and wood: working with natural river processes
Authors: Gurnell Angela , England Judy , Burgess‐Gamble Lydia
Published: October 2018

A history of land clearance and riparian tree and wood management has resulted in limited riparian woodland and wood along British rivers. However, river management approaches are now being promoted that ‘work with natural processes’ to reduce flood risk through measures intended to restore, protect and emulate the natural function of catchments, rivers, estuaries and coasts. Wood has started to be reintroduced into river channels during river restoration and natural flood management activities, but this needs to be undertaken using appropriate quantities, locations and designs that mimic natural tree‐wood features. This paper reviews the knowledge that is needed to support wood reintroduction activities including (i) the characteristics of the riparian tree species and wood that are present; (ii) the importance of river size relative to that of trees and wood pieces; and (iii) the way trees, wood and geomorphic processes interact across rivers and floodplains of different energy and style.