bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coda: An Expanding Research Agenda for the Use of Instructional Materials
Authors: HARWOOD NIGEL
Published: March 2021

The rationale behind this special issue is to underscore the importance of studying instructional materials in context—that is, how materials and textbooks are used by teachers and learners. Research on teaching materials needs to reach beyond traditional ‘armchair’ analyses and evaluations to appreciate the place of instructional materials in the wider social and educational context, and to do so in a methodologically and analytically principled manner. I begin by comparing and contrasting the concept of ‘materials use,’ which underpins the contributions to this issue, with my own concept of ‘materials consumption.’ The bulk of the coda identifies and explores various themes emerging from this special issue, including student‐generated materials, teacher and learner resistance to materials, practitioner takeaways, and the importance of content and production focused research. I compare and contrast the articles with high quality research on materials elsewhere, highlighting potentially fruitful avenues of enquiry for the next generation of studies in this rapidly growing field.
Learning Potentials Afforded by a Film in Task‐Based Language Classroom Interactions
Authors: SERT OLCAY , AMRI MARWA
Published: March 2021

The use of films as teaching and learning materials can provide a variety of opportunities for interaction in second language classrooms. Research on the usage of films in language‐learning tasks to provide opportunities for learning and interaction, however, is scarce. Drawing on a database of video‐recorded interactions in an upper‐secondary English‐as‐a‐foreign‐language classroom in Sweden and using multimodal conversation analysis, this study examines affordances of student interactions during a film‐based discussion task. Taking a sociomaterial perspective, we focus on students’ co‐narrations of the film in a group task and show how the emergent discussions about the film facilitate collaborative attention work (CAW). Our findings reveal that the CAW in this film‐based discussion task unfolds when students (a) correct each other, or (b) collaboratively search for words while discussing the scenes in the film. Our analysis of these sequences reveals the learning potentials that emerge in film‐based discussions. The findings have direct implications for the use of audio‐visual materials—in particular, films and movies—in language‐learning tasks.
Tandem DNA repeats contain cis‐regulatory sequences that activate biotrophy‐specific expression of Magnaporthe effector gene PWL2
Authors: Zhu Jie , Jeong Jun Seop , Khang Chang Hyun
Published: March 2021

During plant infection, fungi secrete effector proteins in coordination with distinct infection stages. Thus, the success of plant infection is determined by precise control of effector gene expression. We analysed the PWL2 effector gene of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae to understand how effector genes are activated specifically during the early biotrophic stages of rice infection. Here, we used confocal live‐cell imaging of M. oryzae transformants with various PWL2 promoter fragments fused to sensitive green fluorescent protein reporter genes to determine the expression patterns of PWL2 at the cellular level, together with quantitative reverse transcription PCR analyses at the tissue level. We found PWL2 expression was coupled with sequential biotrophic invasion of rice cells. PWL2 expression was induced in the appressorium upon penetration into a living rice cell but greatly declined in the highly branched hyphae when the first‐invaded rice cell was dead. PWL2 expression then increased again as the hyphae penetrate into living adjacent cells. The expression of PWL2 required fungal penetration into living plant cells of either host rice or nonhost onion. Deletion and mutagenesis experiments further revealed that the tandem repeats in the PWL2 promoter contain 12‐base pair sequences required for expression. We conclude that PWL2 expression is (a) activated by an unknown signal commonly present in living plant cells, (b) specific to biotrophic stages of fungal infection, and (c) requires 12‐base pair cis‐regulatory sequences in the promoter.
Isavuconazole nonwildtype Aspergillus fumigatus isolates from a global surveillance study display alterations in multiple genes involved in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway not previously associated with resistance to other azoles
Authors: Castanheira Mariana , Collingsworth Timothy D. , Davis Andrew P. , Deshpande Lalitagauri M. , Pfaller Michael A.
Published: March 2021

Objectives

We evaluated 35 azole nonwildtype Aspergillus fumigatus isolates that were collected during 2017–2018 using whole genome sequencing (WGS) to detect alterations in the genes involved in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway as well as other genes associated with azole resistance.

Methods

Among 297 A fumigatus isolates collected worldwide, 36 isolates displayed nonwildtype MIC values to isavuconazole, itraconazole, or voriconazole when tested by the CLSI reference broth microdilution method. Isolates were submitted to WGS and results were compared to 2 azolewildtype isolates.

Results

Among the 35 sequenced isolates (1 failed to produce quality sequences), 29 were nonwildtype to isavuconazole, 16 were nonwildtype to itraconazole, and 9 were nonwildtype to voriconazole (CLSI M59Ed2 criteria). A total of 9 isolates carried Cyp51A TR34/L98H alterations (8 from Italy and 1 from Belgium) and had nonwildtype MIC values for ≥2 azoles. A Cyp51B Q42L mutation was detected in 3 isolates, 1 nonwildtype voriconazole and 2 nonwildtype isavuconazole isolates. Three isolates harboured multiple mutations in Cyp51A (F46Y, M172V, E427K ± N248T, and D255E), including 1 isolate with the Cyp51B Q42L mutation. Mutations causing frameshifts, early termination, and duplications were observed among several genes and were more prevalent in isavuconazole nonwildtype isolates (66.7%) than in the isolates that were nonwildtype to 1 or 2 other azoles (22.2%). Nine isolates harboured frameshift mutations in a ERG25 homologue that is usually associated with changes in other genes and should be further evaluated.

Conclusions

Cyp51A L98H/TR34 was the most common alteration observed among the azole nonwildtype A fumigatus isolates from a large surveillance study; however, only isolates that were nonwildtype to isavuconazole had alterations in multiple analysed genes. These isolates deserve further evaluation.
Unsettled autonomy: Ethnicity, tribes and subnational politics in Mizoram, North‐east India*
Authors: Roluahpuia
Published: March 2021

This article takes a critical look at the relationship between subnational struggles, tribal politics and political aspirations in Mizoram, North‐east India. It examines how community dynamics and relationships shape the demand for autonomy in a diverse and complex region like North‐east India. Looking at communities registered as tribes in the government scheme of classification, it underlies how autonomy becomes an arena where communities mobilise both against the central state and within themselves. The paper examines the formation of Lushai Hills District Council and the Pawi–Lakher Regional Council (PLRC) in Mizoram, their subsequent development as in the case of the Mizo Hill District Council to Union Territory and statehood and the split in the case of the PLRC into three distinct autonomous councils. Based on ethnographic fieldwork, it notes that while territorial autonomy requires recognition and legitimation from the state, the way ethnic groups deploy demands for autonomy is inspired, if not instigated, by the nature of the relationship and interface within and across communities.
miR‐5191 acts as a tumor suppressor in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma by targeting Notch‐2
Authors: Li Zhi , Zhang Qian , Su Han , Li Hu‐Yue , Cao Gang , Xu Jin‐Ke , Wang Jun‐Lan , Niu Chun‐Zi , Zhang Feimin , Yang Jian , Chen Wei
Published: March 2021

Objective

This study sought to investigate the effect of miR‐5191 on proliferation, invasion and metastasis in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC).

Materials and Methods

The differential expression level of miR‐5191 between 5 primary tumor and adjacent non‐neoplastic samples, and in two SACC cell lines was detected by quantitative real‐time PCR. Cell proliferation, invasion, and migration were performed, followed by luciferase reporter assay and western analysis. The effect of miR‐5191 on cell proliferation and apoptosis was evaluated by cell growth and apoptosis assay. The function of miR‐5191 in SACC tumorigenesis and metastasis in vivo was investigated by nude mice experiment. The associations between miR‐5191/Notch‐2 expression and clinicopathological features were analyzed.

Results

miR‐5191 was downregulated in primary tumor tissues and SACC‐LM cells. By targeting Notch‐2, miR‐5191 expression level affected the migration, invasion, and proliferation of SACC cells. Overexpression of miR‐5191 inhibited the expression levels of Notch‐2, followed by the decreased expression of c‐Myc, Bcl‐2, Hes‐1, Hey‐1, and Cyclin D1. In vivo, miR‐5191 overexpression suppressed the SACC tumorigenesis and pulmonary metastasis in mice. In SACC patients, higher expression of miR‐5191 was related to better prognoses and lower possibility of metastasis.

Conclusions

miR‐5191 acts as a tumor suppressor in SACC by targeting Notch‐2.
Alternative splicing dynamics and evolutionary divergence during embryogenesis in wheat species
Authors: Gao Peng , Quilichini Teagen D. , Zhai Chun , Qin Li , Nilsen Kirby T. , Li Qiang , Sharpe Andrew G. , Kochian Leon V. , Zou Jitao , Reddy Anireddy S.N. , Wei Yangdou , Pozniak Curtis , Patterson Nii , Gillmor C. Stewart , Datla Raju , Xiang Daoquan
Published: March 2021

Among polyploid species with complex genomic architecture, variations in the regulation of alternative splicing (AS) provide opportunities for transcriptional and proteomic plasticity and the potential for generating trait diversities. However, the evolution of AS and its influence on grain development in diploid grass and valuable polyploid wheat crops are poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we developed a pipeline for the analysis of alternatively spliced transcript isoforms, which takes the high sequence similarity among polyploid wheat subgenomes into account. Through analysis of synteny and detection of collinearity of homoeologous subgenomes, conserved and specific AS events across five wheat and grass species were identified. A global analysis of the regulation of AS in diploid grass and polyploid wheat grains revealed diversity in AS events not only between the endosperm, pericarp and embryo overdevelopment, but also between subgenomes. Analysis of AS in homoeologous triads of polyploid wheats revealed evolutionary divergence between gene‐level and transcript‐level regulation of embryogenesis. Evolutionary age analysis indicated that the generation of novel transcript isoforms has occurred in young genes at a more rapid rate than in ancient genes. These findings, together with the development of comprehensive AS resources for wheat and grass species, advance understanding of the evolution of regulatory features of AS during embryogenesis and grain development in wheat.
Low‐grade IVH in preterm infants causes cerebellar damage, motor, and cognitive impairment
Authors: Sakaue Satoshi , Hasegawa Tatsuji , Sakai Koji , Zen Yui , Tozawa Takenori , Chiyonobu Tomohiro , Yamada Kei , Morimoto Masafumi , Hosoi Hajime
Published: March 2021

Background

Few studies have examined the effect of low‐grade intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) on the white matter in the cerebellum and its association with neurodevelopment. We evaluated cerebellar white matter at term‐equivalent age (TEA) in preterm infants with low‐grade IVH. Furthermore, we assessed neurodevelopmental outcomes at 3 years of age to examine the influence of low‐grade IVH on neurodevelopment.

Methods

Thirteen infants with low‐grade IVH and 26 without IVH, born at <30 weeks’ postmenstrual age (PMA), were enrolled in this study. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) parameters, including fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in the middle and superior cerebellar peduncles (SCP), were measured. Neurodevelopmental outcomes at three years of age were assessed and the correlation between DTI parameters and developmental quotient (DQ) was analyzed.

Results

Preterm infants with IVH showed lower FA values (P < 0.01) and higher ADC values (P < 0.05) in the SCP at TEA than the no‐IVH group. Lower Postural‐Motor and Cognitive‐Adaptive DQ at 3 years of age were observed in the IVH compared to the no‐IVH group. A significant correlation between the FA values in the SCP at TEA and the Posture‐Motor DQ was observed at three years of age (P = 0.043, r = 0.50).

Conclusions

These data suggest that low‐grade IVH in preterm infants affects the SCP at TEA and that impaired cerebellar white matter correlates with poor motor development at three years of age.
Psychosocial outcomes in pediatric patients with ventricular assist devices and their families: A systematic review
Authors: Rea Kelly E. , McCormick Amanda M. , Lim Heang M. , Cousino Melissa K.
Published: March 2021

Ventricular assist device (VAD) therapy has provided pediatric patients with severe heart failure new therapeutic options. However, pediatric patients and families receiving VAD therapy also experience psychosocial challenges. No synthesis of the literature on psychosocial outcomes within the pediatric VAD population has been conducted; thus, the current review sought to systematically investigate the impact of pediatric VAD on patient, parent, and family psychosocial outcomes and assess variables associated with poorer outcomes. Literature searches were conducted in PsycInfo, PubMed, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases and full texts were assessed according to pre‐established inclusion criteria. Main findings and study quality were reviewed. Sixteen studies were included in the present review. Findings highlighted the likelihood for psychological sequelae among pediatric patients and families receiving VAD therapy, including decreased psychological and emotional well‐being, elevated stress, and difficulty coping with changes to family dynamics and responsibilities. Health‐related quality of life was reported comparable to that of healthy peers and children with other cardiac conditions. Patients and families on VAD therapy experience significant difficulties in psychological well‐being and challenges related to adjustment. The current review underscores the importance of ongoing support for families and continued assessment of psychosocial functioning across VAD support. Three critical periods for increased distress were identified: 1) immediately following VAD implantation, 2) discharge home and the weeks following discharge, and 3) long‐term VAD therapy.
Spectrofluorometric Insights into the Application of PAM Fluorometry in Photosynthetic Research
Authors: Sma‐Air Suhailar , Ritchie Raymond J.
Published: March 2021

Although pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) fluorometry has revolutionized photosynthetic studies, Photosynthetic Electron Transport Rate (ETR) cannot be measured using PAM technology in some organisms. We compare in vivo absorbance information on a selection of photosynthetic organisms using an integrating sphere spectrophotometry on a variety of oxygenic and nonoxygenic photo‐organisms and provide fluorescence data to help in understanding why PAM technology is unsuccessful on some organisms, particularly cyanobacteria. The study includes anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria: Afifella marina, Rhodopseudomonas palustris and Thermochromatium which are all RC‐2 type photosynthetic bacteria (Bacteriochlorophyll a or BChl a) which are known to have measureable delayed fluorescence, Yield and hence measureable ETR. The common unicellular green alga, Chlorella sp (Chl a + b) uses the same primary photosynthetic pigments as vascular plants. Comparisons are made to some other representative oxygenic unicellular organisms: Trebouxia (Chlorophyta, Chl a + b), Chaetoceros (a diatom, Chl a + c1c2) and the unusual cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina which has Chl d + a but uses Chl d as its primary photosynthetic pigment. Synechococcus R‐2 (Cyanobacteria) has only Chl a. Its fluorescence is outside the range normally used for measuring photosynthesis using PAM technology: delayed fluorescence is not readily detectable.
Anti‐tick and pathogen transmission blocking vaccines
Authors: van Oosterwijk Jolieke G.
Published: March 2021

Ticks and tick‐borne diseases are a challenge for medical and veterinary public health and often controlled through the use of repellents and acaricides. Research on vaccination strategies to protect humans, companion animals, and livestock from ticks and tick‐transmitted pathogens has accelerated through the use of proteomic and transcriptomic analyses. Comparative analyses of unfed versus engorged and uninfected versus infected ticks have provided valuable insights into candidates for anti‐tick and pathogen transmission blocking vaccines. An intricate interplay between tick saliva and the host's immune system has revealed potential antigens to be used in vaccination strategies. Immunization of hosts with targeted anti‐tick vaccines would ideally lead to a reduction in tick numbers and prevent transmission of tick‐borne pathogens. Comprehensive control of tick‐borne diseases would come from successful anti‐tick vaccination, vaccination preventing transmission of tick‐borne diseases or a combination. Due to the close interaction with wildlife and ticks, with wildlife reservoirs enabling propagation of pathogens between ticks, the vaccination of these reservoirs is an attractive target to reduce human contact with ticks and tick‐borne diseases through a one‐health approach. Wildlife vaccination presents formulation and regulatory challenges which should be considered early in the development of reservoir‐targeted vaccines.
Association between bed bugs and allergic reactions
Authors: Sheele Johnathan M.
Published: March 2021

Aims

To evaluate whether bed bugs are associated with allergic reactions in patients seen in the emergency department (ED).

Methods and Results

This retrospective study included data from 9 EDs in Ohio between February 2011 and February 2017. The study comprised 332 patients with bed bug infestation matched 1:15 with 4952 control patients without bed bugs on the basis of age, sex and the presenting ED. Compared with uninfested patients, patients infested with bed bugs were more likely to have an ED or inpatient diagnosis of pruritus, hives or urticaria (odds ratio [OR], 9.12 [95% CI, 3.41‐24.42]) and to be treated in the ED with an antihistamine (OR, 3.20 [95% CI, 1.87‐5.50]) or albuterol (OR, 1.59 [95% CI, 1.07‐2.36]) (P ≤ .02 for all). There were no significant differences in the rates of anaphylaxis and angioedema diagnosed in patients with and without bed bugs, which occurred in <1% in both groups.

Conclusion

Bed bug–infested patients are more likely to be diagnosed and treated for itchy cutaneous rashes, but are not clearly associated with more severe allergic reactions.
Monitoring methods of feeding behaviour to answer key questions in penaeid shrimp feeding
Authors: Darodes de Tailly Jean‐Benoît , Keitel Jonas , Owen Matthew A.G. , Alcaraz‐Calero Jose M. , Alexander Mhairi E. , Sloman Katherine A.
Published: March 2021

The penaeid shrimp farming industry is a fast‐growing sector which continues to suffer from significant feeding inefficiencies. Shrimp are slow to feed on pellets, with consumption dependent on a wide range of environmental and physiological parameters. Feed management on farms remains mainly based on feeding trays which can be difficult to observe and often result in overfeeding. While our understanding of shrimp feeding behaviour is beginning to improve under laboratory conditions, much less is known about shrimp behaviour in production ponds. Consequently, there is a growing interest within the industry to improve observations of shrimp feeding behaviour in situ, although this can be difficult due to high water turbidity and the benthic nature of shrimp. This review identifies key questions that remain unanswered in relation to shrimp feeding behaviour under commercial aquaculture conditions, and considers how they could be addressed using state‐of‐the‐art applications based on three technologies commonly used in other areas of aquaculture. The use of passive acoustics, computer vision and telemetry are highlighted, alongside their potential to help farmers achieve better feeding efficiencies and sustainability as well as to help understand shrimp feeding behaviour in relation to various biotic and abiotic parameters.
Continuous renal replacement therapy and the COVID pandemic
Authors: Stevens Jacob S. , Velez Juan Carlos Q. , Mohan Sumit
Published: March 2021

Severe COVID‐19 illness and the consequent cytokine storm and vasodilatory shock commonly lead to ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI). The need for renal replacement therapies (RRTs) in those with the most severe forms of AKI is considerable and risks overwhelming health‐care systems at the peak of a surge. We detail the challenges and considerations involved in the preparation of a disaster response plan in situations such as the COVID‐19 pandemic, which dramatically increase demand for nephrology services. Taking careful inventory of all aspects of an RRT program (personnel, consumables, and machines) before a surge in RRT arises and developing disaster contingency protocol anticoagulation and for shared RRT models when absolutely necessary are paramount to a successful response to such a disaster.
A forecasting model to estimate the drop in blood supplies during the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic in Italy
Authors: Pati Ilaria , Velati Claudio , Mengoli Carlo , Franchini Massimo , Masiello Francesca , Marano Giuseppe , Veropalumbo Eva , Vaglio Stefania , Piccinini Vanessa , Pupella Simonetta , Liumbruno Giancarlo M.
Published: March 2021

Objectives

To estimate the number of actually Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infected blood donors applying a statistical forecasting model.

Background

Following the outbreak of the SARS‐CoV‐2 epidemic, a drop in blood donation has been observed. It is crucial to determine the actual number of potential SARS‐CoV‐2‐positive donors to define the measures and ensure adequate blood supply.

Methods

The cumulative incidence of SARS‐CoV‐2 positivity, calculated on the general population, was applied to the donor population by estimating the number of positive subjects. The calculation model was validated by the linear interpolation method. The number of blood units actually discarded based on post‐donation information was also taken into account.

Results

Three months after the outbreak, 5322 donors were estimated to be positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 and were therefore potentially excluded from donation. A total of units of blood components were discarded following post donation information. The estimated number of donors deceased (180) and the number of clinically recovered individuals in the same period was also considered.

Conclusion

This forecasting model can be used to obtain information on blood donors' involvement during future SARS‐CoV‐2 outbreaks, especially in case of changes concerning epidemiology, incidence by age bracket and geographical distribution and also for new outbreaks of emerging viruses.
The Initiation and Propagation of the Plastic Zone in a Tension Bar of Mild Steel Under Eccentric Loading
Authors: Miklowitz Julius
Published: March 2021

The results of several tests with flat tension bars of mild steel under eccentric loading are presented. Particular attention is focused on the wedge-shaped plastic zones that form under this type of loading. A theory is formulated describing how the first wedges, which initiate at the fillets on the load side of the bar, are able to propagate two thirds of the way across the bar, under a practically constant and reduced yield load. The theory also describes how further yielding of the initial wedges and the formation of additional wedges along the bar come about. Several tests, in which the loading was applied centrically are included. The results of these tests, in which the gage length of the specimen was varied, are used in a comparison of yielding under both types of loading.
Bending of Clamped Plates
Authors: Stiles W. B.
Published: March 2021

The exact solution of thin rectangular plates clamped on all or part of the boundary requires the solution of two infinite sets of simultaneous equations in two sets of unknowns. A method of obtaining an approximate solution based upon minimization of energy and requiring the solution of the first i equations of a single infinite set of simultaneous equations is described and illustrated in this paper. The approximation functions are derived from functions representing the normal modes of a freely vibrating membrane for the same region. Solutions are obtained for a rectangular clamped plate supporting a uniform or a central point load and for a square plate clamped on two adjacent edges and pinned on the other two edges with either a uniform or a central point load. Analytical results are compared with experimentally determined deflections and stresses.
The Influence of Size on the Brittle Strength of Steel
Authors: Davidenkov N. , Shevandin E. , Wittmann F.
Published: March 2021

In this paper the influence of size effect on the impact cold brittleness of carbon steel is discussed. Static bending of notched specimens shows the same size effect, so that an assumption of the special role played by high velocity must be rejected. The experiments on the determination of the critical temperature of brittleness for impact-tension tests also display the size effect and therefore exclude any possible influence of the stress gradient. Experiments on static tension and bending of cylindrical specimens of brittle phosphorous steel in liquid air reveal the statistical nature of the size effect and give a good qualitative verification of Weibull’s theory. Weibull’s homogeneity exponent m calculated from experiments with tension and bending is found to have nearly identical values (namely 23.5 and 25.4). The theoretical values of the brittle strength of small specimens calculated with this value of m differ from the experimental ones by about 3 per cent; the ratio of the strengths in the case of bending and tension is found experimentally to be 1.40 against 1.39, according to the theory. The “scatter” in particular values for large specimens, as predicted by theory, is smaller than for small ones.
Experimentation on Tube Drawing With a Moving Mandrel
Authors: Espey G. , Sachs G.
Published: March 2021

The process of tube drawing with a moving mandrel differs from other drawing processes in that, on the two contact surfaces between metal and tools, the frictions act in different directions. Therefore the analysis of such a process yields rather complex relations. These were confirmed by experimentation on several materials exhibiting various degrees of strain hardening. This investigation also yielded some low but consistent values of friction coefficients.
Correlation of Tension Creep Tests With Relaxation Tests
Authors: Popov E. P.
Published: March 2021

This paper shows that a satisfactory estimate of a relaxation graph may be obtained from the usual tension creep curves. The validity of methods for simple relaxation is demonstrated on the basis of experimental agreement between calculated and test results. Inadequacy of the usual methods of computations are pointed out by comparison with the test results. Then the analytical schemes that appear satisfactory are extended for relaxation with the elastic follow-up.
Torsion and Shear Effects of Members Upon General Instability of Semimonocoque Structures Under Compression
Authors: Wang Tsun Kuei
Published: March 2021

Basic considerations of general instability of semi-monocoque structures under compression have been published in a previous paper (1). In order to make complete the theoretical treatment of the structure, both torsional effects of rings and stringers, and the shearing effect of the skin are investigated in the present paper. The final results are shown in Equation [28] and also are plotted in Figs. 4 and 5, for practical applications. The formula as derived involves use of more geometrical characteristics and section properties than have the formulas previously derived by other authors. It appears sufficiently general to cover longitudinal variations as well as radial variations of the structure concerned. A criterion is also developed for determining whether the cross section of the structure, under loading, buckles into an “elliptical shape,” or “multilobe pattern.”
Buckling of Transverse Stiffened Plates Under Shear
Authors: Wang Tsun Kuei
Published: March 2021

This paper presents an analysis of buckling of simply supported rectangular plates reinforced by any number of transverse stiffeners and subjected to shearing forces uniformly distributed along the edges. Two cases are considered: (a) The case of a plate with a finite length; (b) one in which the length is infinite. The critical shearing stresses in both cases are expressed in similar forms, that is, τ cr d 2 E p t 2 = - π 4 384 ( 1 - ν 2 ) d r b Ω in Equation (13), and τ cr d 2 E p t 2 = π 2 24 ( 1 - ν 2 ) K in Equation (24), respectively. Design curves are drawn as shown in Figs. 2, 3, and 5.
Morphological Analysis of the Right Ventricular Endocardial Wall in Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Bordones-Crom Alifer , Patnaik Sourav S. , Menon Prahlad G. , Murali Srinivas , Finol Ender
Published: March 2021

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a chronic progressive disease diagnosed when the pressure in the main pulmonary artery, assessed by right heart catheterization (RHC), is greater than 25 mmHg. Changes in the pulmonary vasculature due to the high pressure yield an increase in the right ventricle (RV) afterload. This starts a remodeling process during which the ventricle exhibits changes in shape and eventually fails. RV models were obtained from the segmentation of cardiac magnetic resonance images at baseline and 1-year follow-up for a pilot study that involved 12 PH and 7 control subjects. The models were used to create surface meshes of the geometry and to compute the principal, mean, and Gaussian curvatures. Ten global curvature indices were calculated for each of the RV endocardial wall reconstructions at the end-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV) phases of the cardiac cycle. Statistical analysis of the data was performed to discern if there are significant differences in the curvature indices between controls and the PH group, as well as between the baseline and follow-up phases for the PH subjects. Six curvature indices, namely, the Gaussian curvature at ESV, the mean curvature at EDV and ESV, the L2-norm of the mean curvature at ESV, and the L2-norm of the major principal curvature at EDV and ESV, were found to be significantly different between controls and PH subjects (p < 0.05). We infer that these geometry measures could be used as indicators of RV endocardial wall morphology changes. Two global parameters, the Gaussian and mean curvatures at ESV, showed significant changes at the one-year follow-up for the PH subjects (p < 0.05). The aforementioned geometry measures to assess changes in RV shape could be used as part of a noninvasive computational tool to aid clinicians in PH diagnostic and progression assessment, and to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment.
The Impact of an Open-Book Pelvic Ring Injury on Bone Strain: Validation of a Finite Element Model and Analysis Within the Gait Cycle
Authors: Salo Zoryana , Kreder Hans , Whyne Cari Marisa
Published: March 2021

The threshold for surgical stabilization for an open-book pelvic fracture is not well defined. The purpose of this research was to validate the biomechanical behavior of a specimen-specific pelvic finite element (FE) model with an open-book fracture with the biomechanical behavior of a cadaveric pelvis in double leg stance configuration under physiologic loading, and to utilize the validated model to compare open book versus intact strain patterns during gait. A cadaveric pelvis was experimentally tested under compressive loading in double leg stance, intact, and with a simulated open-book fracture. An intact FE model of this specimen was reanalyzed with an equivalent simulated open-book fracture. Comparison of the FE generated and experimentally measured strains yielded an R2 value of 0.92 for the open-book fracture configuration. Strain patterns in the intact and fractured models were compared throughout the gait cycle. In double leg stance and heel-strike/heel-off models, tensile strains decreased, especially in the pubic ramus contralateral to the injury, and compressive strains increased in the sacroiliac region of the injured side. In the midstance/midswing gait configuration, higher tensile and compressive FE strains were observed on the midstance side of the fractured versus intact model and decreased along the superior and inferior pubic rami and ischium, with midswing side strains reduced almost to zero in the fractured model. Identified in silico patterns align with clinical understanding of open-book fracture pathology suggesting future potential of FE models to quantify instability and optimize fixation strategies.
The Effect of Impact Angle and Fall Height on Skull Fracture Patterns in Infants
Authors: Yan Jiawei , He Junyan , Spear Ashely , Coats Brittany
Published: March 2021

Skull fracture is a common finding for both accidental and abusive head trauma in infants and young children, and may provide important clues as to the energy and directionality of the event leading to the skull fracture. However, little is understood regarding the mechanics of skull fracture in the pediatric skull, and how accidental fall parameters contribute to skull fracture patterns. The objectives of this research were to utilize a newly developed linear elastic fracture mechanics finite element model of infant skull fracture to investigate the effect of impact angle and fall height on the predictions of skull fracture patterns in infants. Nine impact angles of right parietal bone impacts were simulated from three different heights onto a rigid plate. The average ± standard deviation of the distance between the impact location and fracture initiation site was 8.0 ± 5.9 mm. Impact angle significantly affected the fracture initiation site (p < 0.0001) and orientation (p < 0.0001). A 15 deg variation in impact angle changed the initiation site up to 47 mm. The orientation of the fracture pattern was dependent on the impact location and ran either horizontal or vertical toward the ossification center of the bone. Fall height significantly affected the fracture length (p = 0.0356). Specifically, at the same impact angle, a 0.3 m increase in fall height increased the skull fracture length by 21.39 ± 34.26 mm. These data indicate that environmental variability needs to be carefully considered when evaluating infant skull fracture patterns from low-height falls.
Untethered Microrobot Motion Mechanism With Increased Longitudinal Force
Authors: Demircali Ali Anil , Varol Rahmetullah , Erkan Kadir , Uvet Huseyin
Published: March 2021

The importance of an untethered microrobotic platform that can operate on high flowrate microfluidic channels for in vitro applications is increasing rapidly. This article presents a method to manipulate a microrobot in a fluidic chip when high flowrates (4 ml/min, 82.304 mm/s) are applied. This method is based on a novel permanent magnet-based diamagnetic levitation configuration. This configuration includes a thin layer of pyrolytic graphite, which is placed just below the microrobot. In this way, microrobot stability and manipulation capability are increased. Also, we aim to increase the longitudinal forces imposed on the microrobot to withstand the drag force proportional to the flowrate. Hence, magnetic field lines are generated more linearly around the microrobot by a different combination of permanent magnets. The proposed magnetic configuration, named “KERKAN configuration,” significantly improves the microrobot’s longitudinal forces. In this configuration, two different ring-shaped ferromagnetic magnets are used. One of the magnets has a smaller diameter than the other magnet. A combination of one smaller and one bigger magnet is placed above and below the microrobot. To validate the advantages of this configuration, analytical and simulation studies are conducted. Their results are then compared with experimental results. Experimental results are on par with analytical and simulation studies. KERKAN configuration has a lower displacement than the next best configuration at the highest flowrate we applied (relatively 3301 μm, %21.8).
Validation of a finite element modelling approach for mitigated and unmitigated pile driving noise prognosis
Authors: von Pein Jonas , Lippert Stephan , von Estorff Otto
Published: March 2021

Piles are the state-of-the-art foundation type for offshore structures like offshore wind turbines. The pile driving process induces high sound pressure levels into the water, which are potentially harmful for the marine environment. To protect the marine life, regulations for these levels apply in many regions of the world. Therefore, detailed pile driving noise models are necessary to allow for both a prognosis of the underwater noise levels and the dimensioning and optimization of possible noise mitigation systems. In this paper, an established model based on a finite element approach is validated by means of three measurement campaigns. These have been conducted at different sites in the North Sea and include piling with and without noise mitigation measures. The noise mitigation systems are modelled as fully absorbing by applying a mixed Dirichlet-Neumann boundary condition at its position. Therefore, the computational results with noise mitigation measures are generally below the measured data and present the highest achievable noise reduction. The measurement campaigns have been conducted with a big bubble curtain and a noise mitigation screen. The occurring differences between the modelled and measured results with and without noise mitigation are shown.
Building and Sustaining Organizational Capacity in Voluntary Sports Clubs: Findings From a Longitudinal Study
Authors: Elmose-Østerlund Karsten , Cuskelly Graham , Høyer-Kruse Jens , Voldby Christian Røj
Published: March 2021

Despite a rich literature on organizational capacity (OC) in voluntary sports clubs (VSCs), few studies have examined OC building and its long-term sustainability. Against this background, the authors identified changes in OC among VSCs that participated in a club development program and examined the sustainability of these changes. The authors collected survey data 9 months after participation comparing the participating VSCs (n = 62) with similar nonparticipating VSCs (n = 64). A selection of the participating VSCs was then contacted 3–4 years later for a follow-up survey (n = 48) and focus group interviews (n = 5). The results show that (a) significant differences in human resource capacity, planning and development capacity, and infrastructure and process capacity were visible between the participating and nonparticipating VSCs, and that (b) certain changes in OC remain in the clubs 3–4 years after participation. A sustainable change was that core volunteers related differently to the work in their respective VSCs.
What Does Entrepreneurship Add to the Understanding of Corporate Social Responsibility Management in Sport?
Authors: Schyvinck Cleo , Babiak Kathy , Constandt Bram , Willem Annick
Published: March 2021

Despite the widespread growth of corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives in sport, the majority of professional sport teams still manage social engagement in an opportunistic manner. Tactical attempts toward CSR management can provide discrete and short-term benefits, but lack the ability to create lasting social and economic impacts. This study uses an entrepreneurship perspective to study CSR management in sport. More specifically, it builds on the concept of corporate social entrepreneurship (CSE) to study the transition toward more strategic CSR approaches. Through an in-depth study of a single professional soccer case in Belgium, the drivers of CSE and their relation to strategic CSR development and implementation were explored. The findings indicate the importance of having an intrapreneur, an enabling organization, and, to some extent, stakeholder alliances. Challenges, however, arise at the level of organizational culture and aiming for shared value creation.
Giant detectors could hear murmurs from across universe
Authors: Cho Adrian
Published: March 2021

Rival designs pit Yankee brawn versus continental sophistication.
Lipid presentation by the protein C receptor links coagulation with autoimmunity
Authors: Müller-Calleja Nadine , Hollerbach Anne , Royce Jennifer , Ritter Svenja , Pedrosa Denise , Madhusudhan Thati , Teifel Sina , Meineck Myriam , Häuser Friederike , Canisius Antje , Nguyen T. Son , Braun Johannes , Bruns Kai , Etzold Anna , Zechner Ulrich , Strand Susanne , Radsak Markus , Strand Dennis , Gu Jian-Ming , Weinmann-Menke Julia , Esmon Charles T. , Teyton Luc , Lackner Karl J. , Ruf Wolfram
Published: March 2021

A lipid-protein autoimmunity target

Several autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and primary antiphospholipid syndrome, are characterized by the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs). These molecules can activate the complement and coagulation cascades, which contributes to pathologies such as thrombosis, stroke, and pregnancy complications. Müller-Calleja
et al.
found that endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) in complex with lysobisphosphatidic acid (LBPA) is the cell-surface target for aPL and mediates its internalization (see the Perspective by Kaplan). aPL binding to EPCR-LBPA resulted in the activation of tissue factor–mediated coagulation and interferon-α production by dendritic cells. Interferon-α, in turn, fueled the expansion of B1a cells, which secrete aPLs. The specific blockade of this target in mice inhibited the development of aPL autoimmunity, offering hope for future therapies for these conditions.

Science
, this issue p.
eaay1833
; see also p.
1100
Type III secretion system effectors form robust and flexible intracellular virulence networks
Authors: Ruano-Gallego David , Sanchez-Garrido Julia , Kozik Zuzanna , Núñez-Berrueco Elena , Cepeda-Molero Massiel , Mullineaux-Sanders Caroline , Naemi Baghshomali Yasaman , Slater Sabrina L. , Wagner Naama , Glegola-Madejska Izabela , Roumeliotis Theodoros I. , Pupko Tal , Fernández Luis Ángel , Rodríguez-Patón Alfonso , Choudhary Jyoti S. , Frankel Gad
Published: March 2021

Infections with many Gram-negative pathogens, including
Escherichia coli
,
Salmonella
,
Shigella
, and
Yersinia
, rely on type III secretion system (T3SS) effectors. We hypothesized that while hijacking processes within mammalian cells, the effectors operate as a robust network that can tolerate substantial contractions. This was tested in vivo using the mouse pathogen
Citrobacter rodentium
(encoding 31 effectors). Sequential gene deletions showed that effector essentiality for infection was context dependent and that the network could tolerate 60% contraction while maintaining pathogenicity. Despite inducing very different colonic cytokine profiles (e.g., interleukin-22, interleukin-17, interferon-γ, or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor), different networks induced protective immunity. Using data from >100 distinct mutant combinations, we built and trained a machine learning model able to predict colonization outcomes, which were confirmed experimentally. Furthermore, reproducing the human-restricted enteropathogenic
E. coli
effector repertoire in
C. rodentium
was not sufficient for efficient colonization, which implicates effector networks in host adaptation. These results unveil the extreme robustness of both T3SS effector networks and host responses.
Investigating a tsunamigenic megathrust earthquake in the Japan Trench
Authors: Kodaira Shuichi , Iinuma Takeshi , Imai Kentaro
Published: March 2021

The legacy of Tohoku-oki

Ten years ago, the magnitude 9 Tohoku-oki earthquake rocked Japan and caused massive damage. The earthquake also generated a destructive tsunami, the impacts of which are still being managed today. Kodaira
et al.
review what was learned from the tremendous number of observations from the great earthquake that unexpectedly ruptured into a shallow part of the megathrust fault. Postseismic deformation is ongoing, as is the risk of another very large normal fault earthquake seaward of the Japan Trench.

Science
, this issue p.
eabe1169
Dinitrogen complexation and reduction at low-valent calcium
Authors: Rösch B. , Gentner T. X. , Langer J. , Färber C. , Eyselein J. , Zhao L. , Ding C. , Frenking G. , Harder S.
Published: March 2021

Calcium catches dinitrogen

Although lithium reduces dinitrogen, the other alkali and alkaline Earth metals have proven largely inert to the gas under ambient conditions. Rösch
et al.
report that with just the right β-diketiminate ligand and an assist from potassium as terminal reductant, calcium can mediate dinitrogen reduction. Crystallography and spectroscopic characterization revealed a product in which doubly reduced dinitrogen adopted a side-on bridging motif between two calcium centers. A subsequent reaction with coordinated tetrahydrofuran appeared to release diazene.

Science
, this issue p.
1125
Linking clotting and autoimmunity
Authors: Kaplan Mariana J.
Published: March 2021

A receptor for phospholipid antibodies drives clotting and inflammation
Validation of Available Extended-Spectrum-Beta-Lactamase Clinical Scoring Models in Predicting Drug Resistance in Patients with Enteric Gram-Negative Bacteremia Treated at South Texas Veterans Health Care System
Authors: Madrid-Morales Julieta , Sharma Aditi , Reveles Kelly , Velez-Mejia Carolina , Hopkins Teri , Yang Linda , Walter Elizabeth , Cadena Jose
Published: March 2021

Extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
are increasingly common; however, predicting which patients are likely to be infected with an ESBL pathogen is challenging, leading to increased use of carbapenems. To date, five prediction models have been developed to distinguish between patients infected with ESBL pathogens.
Interferon Inducer IFI35 Regulates RIG-I-Mediated Innate Antiviral Response through Mutual Antagonism with Influenza Virus Protein NS1
Authors: Yang Hui , Winkler Wendy , Wu Xiaopeng
Published: March 2021

Influenza A virus (IAV) infection poses a global health threat and is among the most common contagious pathogens to cause severe respiratory infections in humans and animals. ISGs play a key role in host defense against IAV infection.
The PRRA Insert at the S1/S2 Site Modulates Cellular Tropism of SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 Usage by the Closely Related Bat RaTG13
Authors: Liu Shufeng , Selvaraj Prabhuanand , Lien Christopher Z. , Nunez Ivette A. , Wu Wells W. , Chou Chao-Kai , Wang Tony T.
Published: March 2021

The four-residue insert (PRRA) at the boundary between the S1 and S2 subunits of SARS-CoV-2 has been widely recognized since day 1 for its role in SARS-CoV-2 S protein processing and activation. As this PRRA insert is unique to SARS-CoV-2 among group b betacoronaviruses, it is thought to affect the tissue and species tropism of SARS-CoV-2.