bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regional Structural Analysis and Reinterpretation in the Bonai-Keonjhar Belt, Singhbhum Craton: Implication for Revision of the Lithostratigraphic Succession
Authors: Mohakul J. P. , Bhutia S. P.
Published: May 2015

The Mesoarchaean Iron Ore Group (IOG) of rocks in Bonai-Keonjhar belt is disposed in a horseshoe shaped synclinorium structure in the western part of the Singhbhum Craton. Morphology of this synclinorium is expressed by a near continuous western ridge and dissected eastern highlands with the broad Jamda-Koira valley at the centre. Detailed structural analysis in the northern part of the belt suggests that the synclinorium is in fact a series of NE-SW to NNESSW trending shallow plunging, second generation (D2) syncline and anticline which have overturned, inclined, relatively tight geometry in the western part and upright, open to gentle in the eastern part. This structure is clearly manifested by synclinal ridges and anticlinal valleys. Evidence of an early deformational event (D1) manifested by the presence of isoclinal folds on outcrop scale has been recorded. D1 and D2 are near co-axial. The last deformational event (D3) has led to dome and basin interference pattern due to cross folding along NW-SE striking axial planes. The volcano-sedimentary package in the belt commenced with platformal package represented by basic volcanic-quartzite association. The Bonai range volcanic, Nuakot volcanic and the Jagannathpur volcanic occurring in the western, southern and eastern parts of the belt has been interpreted to be correlatable representing the basal volcanic suite. The linear body of basic volcanic occurring at the central part of the belt is found to be occupying the core part of a shallow plunging anticlinal axial trace and thus has also been equated with the basal volcanic suite. There is but only one major BIF horizon in the Bonai-Keonjhar belt which has been structurally repeated across the belt, BIF occurring as NNE-SSW trending synclinal ridges flanked on either side by the older phyllitic sequences.
The Cauvery Suture Zone: Map of Structural Architecture and Recent Advances
Authors: Chetty T. R. K.
Published: May 2015

A new structural-architectural map of the Cauvery Suture Zone revealing broad lithology, shear zones, fold forms, foliation trajectories and other structural fabrics, along with kinematic displacements has been brought out by making use of available data sets to fulfill the essential requirement of all geoscientists. Recent advances in understanding the tectonothermal history of the CSZ are also highlighted.
Climatically Induced Levee Break and Flood Risk Management of the Gorakhpur Region, Rapti River Basin, Ganga Plain, India
Authors: Singh Dhruv Sen , Prajapati Shailendra Kumar , Singh Prashant , Singh Kailash , Kumar Dhirendra
Published: May 2015

A densely populated city, Gorakhpur, located on the bank of Rapti river in the Ganga plain, is frequently affected by flooding. The Rapti river exhibits narrow channel within wide valley, channel bars, natural levee and river terraces. Artificial levees are constructed in the valley during low discharge period to mitigate the flood and also to provide the additional land to the society. These levees break during prolonged heavy rain and induce the catastrophic flood because it is not constructed by analyzing the capacity of the bracketed channel to accommodate the high discharge of the river. The precipitation, discharge, sediment load, and river water levels are correlated by making graphs between these parameters to analyze and identify the threshold limits and main reasons for flood. It explains that discharge and sediment load increases with precipitation during monsoon season, whereas the water storage capacity of the river decreases due to siltation and artificial levee. Hence, during heavy rain in this region, water rises in the channel, which either overtops the bank or breaks the levee and creates the flood.

Flood inundation map was prepared using GIS techniques from 70 m base level to 81.5 m high level, which indicate the inundated area with every 1-2.5 m rise in the Rapti river water level. Rating curves and flood frequency curves have been prepared to identify the recurrence interval for major floods. It is concluded that prolong heavy precipitation, discharge variability of the river, siltation in the river bed, artificial levee, and anthropogenic impacts on younger river terraces and river valley leads to flood. Its affect is devastating when water level, discharge and sediment loads are above 77 m, 5000 m3/sec, and 5 metric tones respectively. The flood inundation map and recurrence interval are useful parameters for flood risk management, whereas the upland terrace is flood-free surface suitable for settlement. This study can be used as a model for other flood prone regions.
Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Fenitized Nephelinites of the Amba Dongar Complex, Gujarat
Authors: Viladkar S. G.
Published: May 2015

In the Amba Dongar sub-volcanic complex, nephelinite plugs and dikes of phonolites were emplaced before the carbonatites. The fenitizing fluids released from carbonatite magma caused extensive fenitization in nephelinites with intensity varying from mild carbonatization (CO2 metasomatism accompanied by hematitization) in the distal outcrops, to a high degree of K-fenitization (feldspathization, phlogopitization) in outcrops closer to the carbonatite bodies. The intensely fenitized rocks are the xenoliths of nephelinites within the sövite. The primary texture of the nephelinites is mostly preserved, but the highly feldspathised nephelinites look more like nepheline syenite with water clear poikilitic K-feldspar in the groundmass. Invariably, nepheline is largely replaced by hydromuscovite and to lesser extent by zeolite (mainly natrolite and phillipsite). Cancrinite is also noticed in some thin sections. Pyroxene has been partially or totally replaced by phlogopite while the groundmass has been feldspathised with formation of poikilitic Kfeldspar (Or>90%). On the basis of mineralogical study, back scattered electron images and elemental mapping on microprobe, three processes of fenitization, namely, K-metasomatism (formation of hydromuscovite, phlogopite and Kfeldspar), zeolitization and CO2-metasomatism along with hematitization are identified. K-feldspar in the norms of fenitized nephelinite varies from 9% to 36%. Fenitized nephelinites show enrichment in trace and rare earth elements over the unfenitized nephelinites.
The art of limitations
Authors: Lingard Lorelei
Published: May 2015

None
A quantitative understanding of lac repressor’s binding specificity and flexibility
Authors: Zuo Zheng , Chang Yiming , Stormo Gary D.
Published: May 2015

Lac repressor, the first discovered transcriptional regulator, has been shown to confer multiple modes of binding to its operator sites depending on the central spacer length. Other homolog members in the LacI/GalR family (PurR and YcjW) cannot bind their operator sites with similar structural flexibility. To decipher the underlying mechanism for this unique property, we used Spec‐seq approach combined with site‐directed mutagenesis to quantify the DNA binding specificity of multiple hybrids of lacI and PurR. We find that lac repressor’s recognition di‐residues YQ and its hinge helix loop regions are both critical for its structural flexibility. Also, specificity profiling of the whole lac operator suggests that a simple additive model from single variants suffice to predict other multivariant sites’ energy reasonably well, and the genome occupancy model based on this specificity data correlates well with in vivo lac repressor binding profile.
Towards a Framework of a Salesperson's Resource Facilitation and Interaction
Authors: Zhang Annie Liqin , Glynn Mark S.
Published: May 2015

Positive outcomes for buyers and sellers often occur when both parties readily share resources, resulting in a trusting and communicative relationship. As boundary spanners, salespersons play an important role in facilitating the use of customer resources together with the resources of their own firm which leads to value creation. Extant research focuses on how salespersons use these internal resources to create customer value, but has not explored the processes involved in also using the customer's resources. This research investigates the salespersons relationship building processes activities and interactions in conjunction with the accessing of customer resources. The study has its focus on the salesperson bonds, resource ties, and activity links based on the IMP interaction model. In this research, in-depth interviews of managers with sales responsibility explore the nature of customer resources and identify six sales persons’ activities important in accessing these resources.
nagnag: Identification and quantification of NAGNAG alternative splicing using RNA‐Seq data
Authors: Yan Xiaoyan , Sablok Gaurav , Feng Gang , Ma Jiaxin , Zhao Hongwei , Sun Xiaoyong
Published: May 2015

Regulation of proteome diversity by alternative splicing has been widely demonstrated in plants and animals. NAGNAG splicing, which was recently defined as a tissue specific event, results in the production of two distinct isoforms that are distinguished by three nucleotides (NAG) as a consequence of the intron proximal or distal to the splice site. Since the NAGNAG mechanism is not well characterized, tools for the identification and quantification of NAGNAG splicing events remain under‐developed. Here we report nagnag, an R‐based NAGNAG splicing detection tool, which accurately identifies and quantifies NAGNAG splicing events using RNA‐Seq. Overall, nagnag produces user‐friendly visualization reports and highlights differences between the DNA/RNA/protein across the identified isoforms of the reported gene. The package is available on https://sourceforge.net/projects/nagnag/files/; or http://genome.sdau.edu.cn/research/software/nagnag.html.
Nuclear termination of STAT3 signaling through SIPAR (STAT3‐Interacting Protein As a Repressor)‐dependent recruitment of T cell tyrosine phosphatase TC‐PTP
Authors: Ren Fangli , Geng Yongtao , Minami Takayuki , Qiu Ying , Feng Yarui , Liu Chunxiao , Zhao Juan , Wang Yinyin , Fan Xuanzi , Wang Yangmeng , Li Mengdi , Li Jun , Chang Zhijie
Published: May 2015

STAT3 is associated with embryo development and survival as well as proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells. In a previous study, we demonstrated that STAT3‐Interacting Protein As a Repressor (SIPAR) enhances the dephosphorylation of STAT3 and negatively regulates its activity. However, it remains unclear how SIPAR inhibits phosphorylation of STAT3. Here we demonstrate that SIPAR directly interacts with T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase TC45 and enhances its association with STAT3. This interaction triggers an accelerated dephosphorylation process for STAT3. Furthermore, SIPAR inhibits the transcriptional activity of STAT3 in wild‐type MEF cells but not in TC45 null MEF cells. These results suggest that SIPAR terminates the activation of STAT3 through a dephosphorylation process that is dependent upon interaction with TC45 in the nucleus.
The directionality of processive enzymes acting on recalcitrant polysaccharides is reflected in the kinetic signatures of oligomer degradation
Authors: Hamre Anne Grethe , Schaupp Daniel , Eijsink Vincent G.H. , Sørlie Morten
Published: May 2015

The enzymatic degradation of the closely related insoluble polysaccharides; cellulose (β(1–4)‐linked glucose) by cellulases and chitin (β(1–4)‐linked N‐acetylglucosamine) by chitinases, is of large biological and economical importance. Processive enzymes with different inherent directionalities, i.e. attacking the polysaccharide chains from opposite ends, are crucial for the efficiency of this degradation process. While processive cellulases with complementary functions differ in structure and catalytic mechanism, processive chitinases belong to one single protein family with similar active site architectures. Using the unique model system of Serratia marcescens with two processive chitinases attacking opposite ends of the substrate, we here show that different directionalities of processivity are correlated to distinct differences in the kinetic signatures for hydrolysis of oligomeric tetra‐N‐acetyl chitotetraose.
Characterization of the interactions between β‐amyloid peptide and the membranes of human SK‐N‐SH cells
Authors: Liu Ruiqin , Tian Tian , Jia Jianping
Published: May 2015

Interaction of β‐amyloid peptide (Aβ) with cell membranes is thought to be an initial step in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, some data are controversial and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this report, two populations of Aβ were found in human SK‐N‐SH neuroblastoma cells. Notably, one of the Aβ populations was tightly inserted into the plasma membrane whilst the other was only peripherally associated with it. Here we show that reducing membrane cholesterol decreased the number of membrane‐embedded Aβs and increased the number of membrane‐attached Aβs. We also found that cholesterol depletion inhibited Aβ degradation and exacerbated Aβ‐mediated cytotoxicity. Our detailed and direct observations provide specific insights into the mechanism of Aβ membrane‐associated toxicity.
The DRBD13 RNA binding protein is involved in the insect‐stage differentiation process of Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Jha Bhaskar Anand , Gazestani Vahid H. , Yip Chun Wai , Salavati Reza
Published: May 2015

DRBD13 RNA‐binding protein (RBP) regulates the abundance of AU‐rich element (ARE)‐containing transcripts in trypanosomes. Here we show that DRBD13 regulates RBP6, the developmentally critical protein in trypanosomatids. We also show DRBD13‐specific regulation of transcripts encoding cell surface coat proteins including GPEET2, variable surface glycoprotein (VSG) and invariant surface glycoprotein (ISG). Accordingly, alteration in DRBD13 levels leads to changes in the target mRNA abundance and parasite morphology. The high consistency of the observed phenotype with known cell membrane exchanges that occur during progression of T. brucei through the insect stage of its life cycle suggests that DRBD13 is an important regulator in this largely unknown developmental process.
The 4D nucleome: Evidence for a dynamic nuclear landscape based on co‐aligned active and inactive nuclear compartments
Authors: Cremer Thomas , Cremer Marion , Hübner Barbara , Strickfaden Hilmar , Smeets Daniel , Popken Jens , Sterr Michael , Markaki Yolanda , Rippe Karsten , Cremer Christoph
Published: May 2015

Recent methodological advancements in microscopy and DNA sequencing‐based methods provide unprecedented new insights into the spatio‐temporal relationships between chromatin and nuclear machineries. We discuss a model of the underlying functional nuclear organization derived mostly from electron and super‐resolved fluorescence microscopy studies. It is based on two spatially co‐aligned, active and inactive nuclear compartments (ANC and INC). The INC comprises the compact, transcriptionally inactive core of chromatin domain clusters (CDCs). The ANC is formed by the transcriptionally active periphery of CDCs, called the perichromatin region (PR), and the interchromatin compartment (IC). The IC is connected to nuclear pores and serves nuclear import and export functions. The ANC is the major site of RNA synthesis. It is highly enriched in epigenetic marks for transcriptionally competent chromatin and RNA Polymerase II. Marks for silent chromatin are enriched in the INC. Multi‐scale cross‐correlation spectroscopy suggests that nuclear architecture resembles a random obstacle network for diffusing proteins. An increased dwell time of proteins and protein complexes within the ANC may help to limit genome scanning by factors or factor complexes to DNA exposed within the ANC.
Treatment of stress urinary incontinence with a generic transobturator tape
Authors: Abougamrah Amgad , Ibrahim Moustafa , Elsabaa Haitham , Ellaithy Mohamed , Sweed Mohamed
Published: May 2015

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of using a generic tape tailored from type 1 monofilamentous, macroporous polypropylene mesh during transobturator tape (TOT) surgery.

Methods

A prospective study was performed in a tertiary center in Cairo, Egypt, between July 2004 and December 2013. Women with stress urinary incontinence scheduled for TOT surgery using the outside‐in technique were recruited. Monarc tape was used in all patients until November 2005, after which it was used for patients who could afford it only; generic tape was used in the other patients. The primary outcome measures were the objective and subjective cure rates.

Results

Overall, 431 women were included in analyses. After 5 years of follow‐up, objective cure was achieved in 143 (94.1%) of 152 women who received Monarc tape and 249 (89.2%) of 279 who received the generic tape (P = 0.135). Subjective cure was achieved in 121 (79.6%) women who received the Monarc tape and 236 (84.6%) women who received the generic tape (P = 0.229). There were no significant between‐group differences in postoperative urgency, de novo urgency, urge incontinence, voiding dysfunction, urinary retention, vaginal erosion, or the frequency of TOT‐related reoperation or repeat anti‐incontinence procedures.

Conclusion

The TOT outside‐in procedure can be easily, safely, and effectively performed in low‐resource settings using a generic polypropylene tape.
Implementation of childhood obesity identification and prevention strategies in primary care
Authors: Rankin Audra , Blood-Siegfried Jane , Vorderstrasse Allison , Chlebowy Diane Orr
Published: May 2015

The high incidence and prevalence of childhood obesity, coupled with significant morbidity and financial burden, clearly suggest the need for identification and implementation of effective pediatric obesity prevention strategies in primary care. A solution to this problem includes evidence based clinical guidelines that provide concise, culturally appropriate infor-mation on the identification and prevention of childhood obesity in primary care settings. The objective of this quality improvement project was to implement childhood obesity identifica-tion and prevention guidelines from evidence-based recommendations into practice. Guide-lines were implemented during preventative care visits through the use of a tracking form. The development of the tracking form included input from practice staff resulting in increased fidelity. The tracking form included directions for clear and concise guideline implementation and provided opportunities to record patient BMI, nutritional intake, physical activity, familial obesity prevention education and motivational interviewing and facilitated a practice increase in childhood obesity identification and education. Presence of chart indicators, including nutri-tion and exercise history, were analyzed to determine the fidelity of the practice change in obesity identification and prevention education. Key outcomes included a significant (p < .0001) practice increase in childhood obesity identification as well as a significant in-crease (p < .05) in documentation of obesity prevention education through motivational inter-viewing. Practice change incorporating childhood obesity identification and familial prevention guidelines had positive effects in a pediatric population. Implementation of evidence-based guidelines can result in increased identification of children at risk for childhood obesity and enhanced familial obesity prevention education; leading to the long-term goal of creating healthier lifestyles and decreasing risk factors in a vulnerable population.
Participatory Methodologies with Victims: An Emancipatory Approach to Transitional Justice Research
Authors: Robins Simon , Wilson Erik
Published: May 2015

Transitional justice seeks to address legacies of violence around political transition from authoritarianism and armed conflict. It does so in ways driven by a global discourse that is prescriptive and often remote from the contexts in which it is articulated and the populations it claims to serve. Transitional justice is also embedded in teleological liberal approaches to transition, with a perceived endpoint of liberal democracy. Critical approaches to transitional justice have used qualitative methodologies to understand the agendas of those—notably victims of violence—that transitional justice foregrounds, and to demonstrate that transitional justice mechanisms often serve elite agendas, while minimizing the agency of socially excluded populations. An alternative, minimally explored route to victim engagement with such processes has been the mobilization of victims and victim organizations, an emancipatory approach that seeks to provide a space for victims to engage in transitional justice debates on their own terms. Here, a research engagement with a victims’ organization through a Participatory Action Research modality is described in which researchers support victim engagement in peer research to catalyze a social movement of victims in post-conflict Nepal.
Towards a New Study of the So-CalledTārīkh al-fattāsh
Authors: Nobili Mauro , Mathee Mohamed Shahid
Published: May 2015

This article advances a new theory about the composition of the chronicle generally referred to asTārīkh al-fattāsh.TheTārīkh al-fattāsh, allegedly written in the sixteenth-seventeenth century, is one of the most famous chronicles on which scholars have relied for information about West Africa’s pre-colonial history. However, there are still many puzzling issues and unsolved problems associated with this work, as edited by Octave V. Houdas and Maurice Delafosse in the early twentieth century. This analysis uses unexplored manuscripts that were either unknown or unavailable to previous scholars, and advances a new theory on the genesis and authorship of the chronicle: that the edited text in fact conflates two texts, a seventeenth-century chronicle and a nineteenth century one.
Suitcases and the Poetics of Oddities: Writing History from Disorderly Archives
Authors: Bernault Florence
Published: May 2015

I argue here against two things: fetishizing the power and wholesomeness of colonial archives, and equating the scarcity of post-1960 repositories with new difficulties to write the past of Africa. Instead, I suggest the productive power of odd findings, and the necessity for historians to trust the energy of heterodox pieces to create original and meaningful historical narratives.
Anxiety and styles of coping with occupational stress resulting from work with ‘dangerous’ prisoners in prison service officers
Authors: Tsirigotis Konstantinos , Gruszczyński Wojciech , Pęczkowski Sebastian
Published: May 2015

Objective

Prisoners categorised as ‘dangerous’ are a category of prisoners that require and/or force into using special measures of caution, protection and security. The aim of the study was to examine the intensity of anxiety (as a state and as a trait) experienced by officers working with ‘dangerous’ prisoners and styles of coping with stress they adopt.

Methods

A total of 40 officers working with ‘dangerous’ prisoners (the study group, SG) and 60 officers of the security department not working with ‘dangerous’ prisoners (the reference group, RG) were studied. The intensity of anxiety was assessed applying the Polish version of ‘State-Trait Anxiety Inventory’ (STAI); styles of coping with stress were explored employing the Polish version of ‘Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations’ (CISS) and the author’s own questionnaire. Data were analysed using the mean, standard deviation, difference testing (the Mann–Whitney U test), correlation–regression procedure (Kendall’s tau, τ correlation coefficient and forward stepwise multiple regression).

Results

Officers in the SG faced verbal and physical aggression; nevertheless, scores of officers in both the groups were within the interval of mean scores for all the studied STAI and CISS variables. Officers in the SG achieved significantly higher scores on the state-anxiety scale and the Emotion-Oriented Style (EOS), and lower scores on the Task-Oriented Style (TOS) and Social Diversion (SD). The correlation-regression procedure indicated that there were relationships between anxiety and styles of coping with stress but they differed slightly between the groups.

Conclusions

Officers in the SG feel state anxiety stronger and display a stronger preference for the EOS than officers in the RG. Officers in the RG more strongly prefer the TOS and SD. State anxiety is a variable negatively explaining the TOS in the SG, whereas anxiety as a trait is a variable explaining the EOS in both the groups. The coping styles of warders dealing with dangerous prisoners are different and may need specific psychological counselling and training programmes.
Institutional Transfer: The Beginnings of Insurance in Southeast Asia
Authors: Borscheid Peter , Haueter Niels-Viggo
Published: May 2015

At the turn of the nineteenth century, modern insurance started to spread from the British Isles around the world. Outside Europe and the European offshoots in North and South America, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, it began to compete with other forms of risk management and often met with stiff opposition on religious and cultural grounds. Insurance arrived in Southeast Asia via British merchants living in India and Canton rather than through agencies of European firms. While the early agency houses in Bengal collapsed in the credit crisis of 1829–1834, the firms established by opium traders residing in Macau and Hong Kong, and advised by insurance experts in London, went on to form the foundations of the insurance industry in the Far East. Until the early twentieth century, they sought to use the techniques of risk management that they had developed in Europe to win Europeans and Americans living in Southeast Asia as clients, along with members of the local population familiar with Western culture.
Distribution and conservation status of Shortridge's capped langurs Trachypithecus shortridgei in China
Authors: Cui Liang-Wei , Li Ying-Chun , Ma Chi , Scott Matthew B. , Li Jin-Fa , He Xiao-Yang , Li Dong-Hui , Sun Jun , Sun Wen-Mo , Xiao Wen
Published: May 2015

We conducted community interviews and field surveys to determine the distribution and population of the Endangered Shortridge's capped langur Trachypithecus shortridgei, and the threats to the species, in the Dulong and Nu River valleys of north-western Yunnan Province, China. We found that c. 19 groups of T. shortridgei reside in the Dulong valley, mostly located in the southern portion of the valley. According to interview and observational records in the Gaoligong Mountains to the west of the Nu River, 12 individuals and no groups were observed. Family groups consist of one adult male, 2–3 adult females and up to five young. We estimate the population of T. shortridgei in China to be c. 250–370 individuals. Threats to the species include habitat loss and poaching. We suggest several measures to conserve T. shortridgei, such as a review of the Gaoligong National Nature Reserve management strategy, and increasing engagement, education, inclusion of local people in forest management, and the consistency of enforcement.
Cognitive–behavioural therapy in medication-treated adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and co-morbid psychopathology: a randomized controlled trial using multi-level analysis
Authors: Young S. , Khondoker M. , Emilsson B. , Sigurdsson J. F. , Philipp-Wiegmann F. , Baldursson G. , Olafsdottir H. , Gudjonsson G.
Published: May 2015

Background

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by high rates of co-morbid psychopathology. Randomized controlled trials of multimodal interventions, combining pharmacological and psychological treatments, have shown a robust treatment effect for ADHD symptoms but outcomes for co-morbid symptoms have been mixed. This may be accounted for by the type of intervention selected and/or by methodological problems including lack of follow-up and low power. The current study addressed these limitations in a parallel-group randomized controlled trial conducted in Iceland.

Method

A total of 95 adult ADHD patients who were already being treated with medication (MED) were randomly assigned to receive treatment as usual (TAU/MED) or 15 sessions of cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT/MED) using theR&R2ADHDintervention which employs both group and individual modalities. Primary measures of ADHD symptoms and severity of illness, and secondary measures of anxiety, depression and quality of life were given at baseline, end of treatment and 3-month follow-up. Primary outcomes were rated by clinicians blind to treatment condition assignment.

Results

CBT/MED showed overall (combined outcome at end of treatment and 3-month follow-up) significantly greater reduction in primary outcomes for clinician-rated and self-rated ADHD symptoms. Treatment effect of primary outcomes was maintained at follow-up, which suggests robust and lasting findings. In contrast to the primary outcomes, the secondary outcomes showed significant improvement over time.

Conclusions

The study provides evidence for the effectiveness ofR&R2ADHDand demonstrates that there are differential effects over time for ADHD symptomsversusco-morbid problems, the latter taking longer to show positive effects.
Effects of motion type and modality on word learning in English
Authors: EMERSON SAMANTHA N. , ÖZÇALIŞKAN ŞEYDA , FRISHKOFF GWEN A.
Published: May 2015

Languages show typological variation in the expression of manner versus path of motion. However, studies examining the effects of these differences on cognitive representations of motion have led to inconclusive results. To elucidate this prior work, the present study examines word-learning outcomes for adult English speakers who were exposed to new motion words paired with animations that depict either different manners or different paths of motion. The results indicate better learning of words that represent path rather than manner of motion. The outcomes were similar for training with and without accompanying gestures. These findings support the centrality of path in the cognitive representation of motion events and may have important implications for language typology and understanding interactions between language and cognition.
Number fields without small generators
Authors: VAALER JEFFREY D. , WIDMER MARTIN
Published: May 2015

Let D > 1 be an integer, and let b = b(D) > 1 be its smallest divisor. We show that there are infinitely many number fields of degree D whose primitive elements all have relatively large height in terms of b, D and the discriminant of the number field. This provides a negative answer to a question of W. Ruppert from 1998 in the case when D is composite. Conditional on a very weak form of a folk conjecture about the distribution of number fields, we negatively answer Ruppert's question for all D > 3.
IMMANENT METAPHOR, BRANCHING FORM(S), AND THE UNMAKING OF THE HUMAN IN ALICE AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES
Authors: Tazudeen Rasheed
Published: May 2015

Forms are plastic, names cannot determine the essence of living things, and ceaselessly changing organisms cannot be conceived as elements within a signifying system. Each of these precepts of evolutionary theory finds itself reflected in Lewis Carroll's Alice books: Alice grows bigger and smaller without relation to any notion of a normal or standard size, fantastic organisms such as the “bread-and-butterfly” are generated out of metaphors and puns on taxonomic names, and the Queen's croquet game cannot function properly because the animals do not fulfill their prescribed roles. Lewis Carroll familiarized himself thoroughly with Darwinian theory in the years leading up to his composition of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and Through the Looking-Glass (1871). He “read widely on the subject of evolution” (Woolf 191), possessing “nineteen books on Darwin, his theories and his critics” (Smith 8), as well as five works of social evolutionist Herbert Spencer, including First Principles (1862), which put Darwinian theory in dialogue with religious understandings of the world (Cohen 350; Stern 17). As a lecturer in mathematics at Christchurch Oxford from 1855 to 1881, he was present during the famous 1860 debate at Oxford University Museum between Thomas Henry Huxley, one of the main proponents of evolutionary theory in the late nineteenth century, and Bishop of Oxford William Wilberforce, one of its major critics.
Characterization of Darai Limestone Composition and Porosity Using Data-Constrained Modeling and Comparison with Xenon K-Edge Subtraction Imaging
Authors: Mayo Sheridan C. , Yang Sam Y.S. , Pervukhina Marina , Clennell Michael B. , Esteban Lionel , Irvine Sarah C. , Siu Karen K. , Maksimenko Anton S. , Tulloh Andrew M.
Published: May 2015

Data-constrained modeling is a method that enables three-dimensional distribution of mineral phases and porosity in a sample to be modeled based on micro-computed tomography scans acquired at different X-ray energies. Here we describe an alternative method for measuring porosity, synchrotron K-edge subtraction using xenon gas as a contrast agent. Results from both methods applied to the same Darai limestone sample are compared. Reasonable agreement between the two methods and with other porosity measurements is obtained. The possibility of a combination of data-constrained modeling and K-edge subtraction methods for more accurate sample characterization is discussed.
Morphometry of volcanic cones on Mars in perspective of Astrobiological Research
Authors: Gilichinsky Michael , Demidov Nikita , Rivkina Elizaveta
Published: May 2015

The permanently frozen volcanic sediment is one of the most promising geological objects for searching life on Mars. On Earth, volcanic intrusions into permafrost result in formation of the unique microbial communities. We propose several terrestrial analogues of Martian polar volcanoes, such as the permanently frozen volcanic sediments on the Kamchatka peninsula and in Antarctica. The present study shows applicability of the morphometric analysis for demonstration of the morphological similarity between the terrestrial and Martian cinder cones. In the present work, the morphometric analysis of young Martian landforms is based on the assumption that the conical structures identified on digital terrain model (DTM) are volcanic cinder cones. Morphometric analysis of the studied cones showed a range of degradation. The extent of degradation may be an indicator of age based on comparison with volcanic cinder cones on Earth. A morphometric analysis of potentially young volcanic cones in the North Polar Region of Mars was performed to estimate their relative age. The 14 potential cinder cones were identified using the DTM provided by Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC), allowing for the basic morphometric calculations. The majority of the cinder cones are localized in the Chasma Boreale region within the area 79°–81°N and 261°–295°E. The calculated morphometric parameters showed that the cone average steepness varied from 3.4° to 11.8°, cone height-to-width ratio varied from 0.025 to 0.12, and the ratio between surface and basal area of the cone varied from 1.005 to 1.131. The studied cinder cones were classified with respect to the morphometric ratios assuming that larger values correspond to the younger structures. Employing the terrestrial analogy of morphometric ratios as a proxy for relative geological age, we suggest that existing microorganisms may be found in permafrost of young Martian cinder cones.
EUGENICS AND PRAGMATISM: F. C. S. SCHILLER'S PHILOSOPHICAL POLITICS
Authors: SKODO ADMIR
Published: May 2015

The British philosopher F. C. S. Schiller (1864–1937) was a leading pragmatist in the early twentieth century. His critiques of formal logic and his attempts to construct a humanist logic, derived from an anti-foundationalist humanism, are recognized as lasting philosophical achievements. But scholars have failed to consider that Schiller was passionately committed to the British eugenics movement. This essay explores the relationship between Schiller's pragmatism and his eugenicism. It argues that Schiller represents the broad scope of pragmatism in the early twentieth century through his involvements not only with eugenics, but also with psychical research as well. Underneath Schiller's various undertakings lies a common theme: the self, conceived in voluntaristic, historicist, and concrete terms. By tracing the trajectory of this theme in Schiller's thought, this essay demonstrates that Schiller's eugenicism was confined to the presuppositions of his pragmatist logic, which steered Schiller's eugenicism toward a distinctively nondeterministic and non-social-Darwinist kind.
Intersecting Identities, Divergent Views: Interpreting the Experiences of Women Politicians in the Pacific Islands
Authors: Corbett Jack , Liki Asenati
Published: May 2015

Anecdotally, it is assumed that the factors that constrain women from entering parliament spill over into the way they experience holding public office, thus limiting their influence. Drawing on in-depth biographical interviews and other publically available materials we test this supposition by investigating the experiences of women who have served in parliament in the Pacific Islands, a region famous for its low levels of women's representation. We ask if and how women see their gender as influencing their parliamentary roles. We identify two narratives. The first aligns with the orthodox assumption where prevailing patriarchal norms stymie the influence of women MPs. The second, however, is a counternarrative that defies the conventional reading and instead posits that gender matters little once inside parliament with MPs, highlighting the importance of other identities—family, community, religious, etc.—to their constituent representation and reelection campaigns. In turn, women MPs who hold to this latter perspective are often critical of what they see as the imposition of gender norms by foreign donors. Employing the concept intersectionality allows us to simultaneously acknowledge and problematize this duality, thus providing a more nuanced reading of the impact of gender on parliamentary life in the Pacific region.
Putting meaning into medicine: why context matters in psychiatry
Authors: Carpenter-Song E.
Published: May 2015

Mainstream psychiatry emphasises controlling symptoms by taking medications. This approach ignores the role of context in shaping illness experiences and how people engage with mental health professionals. The focus on symptom control and medication management also narrows the function of the psychiatrist. This editorial argues that knowledge of patients’ lives is important for providing empathic care that is oriented to the outcomes that matter to patients. In addition, care that attends to the person-in-context motivates and sustains mental health providers by putting meaning back into medicine. Truly patient-centred care demands pushing back against the reductionism of contemporary psychiatry to thoughtfully engage with the complexities of patients’ lives.
A novel antibody–drug conjugate targeting SAIL for the treatment of hematologic malignancies
Authors: Kim S Y , Theunissen J-W , Balibalos J , Liao-Chan S , Babcock M C , Wong T , Cairns B , Gonzalez D , van der Horst E H , Perez M , Levashova Z , Chinn L , D‘Alessio J A , Flory M , Bermudez A , Jackson D Y , Ha E , Monteon J , Bruhns M F , Chen G , Migone T-S
Published: May 2015

Although several new therapeutic approaches have improved outcomes in the treatment of hematologic malignancies, unmet need persists in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), multiple myeloma (MM) and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Here we describe the proteomic identification of a novel cancer target, SAIL (Surface Antigen In Leukemia), whose expression is observed in AML, MM, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and follicular lymphoma (FL). While SAIL is widely expressed in CLL, AML, MM, DLBCL and FL patient samples, expression in cancer cell lines is mostly limited to cells of AML origin. We evaluated the antitumor activity of anti-SAIL monoclonal antibodies, 7-1C and 67-7A, conjugated to monomethyl auristatin F. Following internalization, anti-SAIL antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) exhibited subnanomolar IC50 values against AML cell lines in vitro. In pharmacology studies employing AML cell line xenografts, anti-SAIL ADCs resulted in significant tumor growth inhibition. The restricted expression profile of this target in normal tissues, the high prevalence in different types of hematologic cancers and the observed preclinical activity support the clinical development of SAIL-targeted ADCs.
Volatile affairs in microbial interactions
Authors: Schmidt Ruth , Cordovez Viviane , de Boer Wietse , Raaijmakers Jos , Garbeva Paolina
Published: May 2015

Microorganisms are important factors in shaping our environment. One key characteristic that has been neglected for a long time is the ability of microorganisms to release chemically diverse volatile compounds. At present, it is clear that the blend of volatiles released by microorganisms can be very complex and often includes many unknown compounds for which the chemical structures remain to be elucidated. The biggest challenge now is to unravel the biological and ecological functions of these microbial volatiles. There is increasing evidence that microbial volatiles can act as infochemicals in interactions among microbes and between microbes and their eukaryotic hosts. Here, we review and discuss recent advances in understanding the natural roles of volatiles in microbe–microbe interactions. Specific emphasis will be given to the antimicrobial activities of microbial volatiles and their effects on bacterial quorum sensing, motility, gene expression and antibiotic resistance.
Marked seasonal variation in the wild mouse gut microbiota
Authors: Maurice Corinne F , Knowles Sarah C L , Ladau Joshua , Pollard Katherine S , Fenton Andy , Pedersen Amy B , Turnbaugh Peter J
Published: May 2015

Recent studies have provided an unprecedented view of the microbial communities colonizing captive mice; yet the host and environmental factors that shape the rodent gut microbiota in their natural habitat remain largely unexplored. Here, we present results from a 2-year 16 S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing-based survey of wild wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) in two nearby woodlands. Similar to other mammals, wild mice were colonized by 10 bacterial phyla and dominated by the Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria. Within the Firmicutes, the Lactobacillus genus was most abundant. Putative bacterial pathogens were widespread and often abundant members of the wild mouse gut microbiota. Among a suite of extrinsic (environmental) and intrinsic (host-related) factors examined, seasonal changes dominated in driving qualitative and quantitative differences in the gut microbiota. In both years examined, we observed a strong seasonal shift in gut microbial community structure, potentially due to the transition from an insect- to a seed-based diet. This involved decreased levels of Lactobacillus, and increased levels of Alistipes (Bacteroidetes phylum) and Helicobacter. We also detected more subtle but statistically significant associations between the gut microbiota and biogeography, sex, reproductive status and co-colonization with enteric nematodes. These results suggest that environmental factors have a major role in shaping temporal variations in microbial community structure within natural populations.
Evolutionary transition in symbiotic syndromes enabled diversification of phytophagous insects on an imbalanced diet
Authors: Sudakaran Sailendharan , Retz Franziska , Kikuchi Yoshitomo , Kost Christian , Kaltenpoth Martin
Published: May 2015

Evolutionary adaptations for the exploitation of nutritionally challenging or toxic host plants represent a major force driving the diversification of phytophagous insects. Although symbiotic bacteria are known to have essential nutritional roles for insects, examples of radiations into novel ecological niches following the acquisition of specific symbionts remain scarce. Here we characterized the microbiota across bugs of the family Pyrrhocoridae and investigated whether the acquisition of vitamin-supplementing symbionts enabled the hosts to diversify into the nutritionally imbalanced and chemically well-defended seeds of Malvales plants as a food source. Our results indicate that vitamin-provisioning Actinobacteria (Coriobacterium and Gordonibacter), as well as Firmicutes (Clostridium) and Proteobacteria (Klebsiella) are widespread across Pyrrhocoridae, but absent from the sister family Largidae and other outgroup taxa. Despite the consistent association with a specific microbiota, the Pyrrhocoridae phylogeny is neither congruent with a dendrogram based on the hosts’ microbial community profiles nor phylogenies of individual symbiont strains, indicating frequent horizontal exchange of symbiotic partners. Phylogenetic dating analyses based on the fossil record reveal an origin of the Pyrrhocoridae core microbiota in the late Cretaceous (81.2–86.5 million years ago), following the transition from crypt-associated beta-proteobacterial symbionts to an anaerobic community localized in the M3 region of the midgut. The change in symbiotic syndromes (that is, symbiont identity and localization) and the acquisition of the pyrrhocorid core microbiota followed the evolution of their preferred host plants (Malvales), suggesting that the symbionts facilitated their hosts’ adaptation to this imbalanced nutritional resource and enabled the subsequent diversification in a competition-poor ecological niche.
The dynamics of methylammonium ions in hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite solar cells
Authors: Leguy Aurelien M. A. , Frost Jarvist Moore , McMahon Andrew P. , Sakai Victoria Garcia , Kockelmann W. , Law ChunHung , Li Xiaoe , Foglia Fabrizia , Walsh Aron , O’Regan Brian C. , Nelson Jenny , Cabral João T. , Barnes Piers R. F.
Published: May 2015

Methylammonium lead iodide perovskite can make high-efficiency solar cells, which also show an unexplained photocurrent hysteresis dependent on the device-poling history. Here we report quasielastic neutron scattering measurements showing that dipolar CH3NH3+ ions reorientate between the faces, corners or edges of the pseudo-cubic lattice cages in CH3NH3PbI3 crystals with a room temperature residence time of ∼14 ps. Free rotation, π-flips and ionic diffusion are ruled out within a 1–200-ps time window. Monte Carlo simulations of interacting CH3NH3+ dipoles realigning within a 3D lattice suggest that the scattering measurements may be explained by the stabilization of CH3NH3+ in either antiferroelectric or ferroelectric domains. Collective realignment of CH3NH3+ to screen a device’s built-in potential could reduce photovoltaic performance. However, we estimate the timescale for a domain wall to traverse a typical device to be ∼0.1–1 ms, faster than most observed hysteresis.