bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Translation and Original
Authors: van Leuven-Zwart Kitty M.
Published: January 2011

This article presents a method for the establishment and description of shifts in integral translations of narrative texts. The method is based on the premise that both micro- and macrostructural shifts in translation can furnish indications of the translational norms adopted by the translator, his interpretation of the original text and the strategy applied during the process of translation. In the first installment of the article (Target 1:2) the first component of the method was discussed, acomparative model for the classification of microstructural shifts. In addition, the theoretical basis of the second component, the descriptive model, was presented, focusing on the effects of microstructural shifts on the macrostructural level. The second installment gives a detailed explanation of the descriptive model (Section 4) and a brief account of the results which were obtained when the method was applied.
'Die Seefahrt an den Nagel hängen'?
Authors: Königs Frank G.
Published: January 2011

Le présent article se donne pour objectif d'aborder sur trois plans différents la question de la métaphore. La première partie offre une brève esquisse des progrès accomplis par notre connaissance du phénomène. Il est montré que ce savoir s'est développé grâce à l'inclusion d'une série de composants qui l'ont en même temps considérablement complexifié. La seconde partie se réfère à des traductions allemandes de textes espagnols et français, témoignant ainsi des di-verses manières possibles de traduire les métaphores. Les solutions proposées par les traducteurs sont comparées entre elles et sont ensuite évaluées. Cette procédure forme la base d'une troisième partie, consacrée à l'examen des consquences de tout ce qui précède pour la science de la traduction. Quelle place y est faite à la métaphore? Comment peut-elle être intégrée de façon systematique à la discipline?
Translation Anthologies
Authors: Essmann Helga , Frank Armin Paul
Published: January 2011

Anthologies (i.e. collections of texts and other printed matter) are a special type of widely distributed books. Like museum curators, anthologists select for exhibition items that are considered of cultural importance and/or sales value; by arranging the exhibits, they project an interpretation and evaluation of a given field and invite readers to make use of the cultural store. Translation anthologies serve essentially the same purposes internationally. The case study traces the fate of Poe (prose and verse) and Whitman in the 600-odd German anthologies containing specimens of American literature (1859-1985) which we have so far surveyed.
Institutional Transmission and Literary Translation
Authors: Martens Klaus
Published: January 2011

If target texts should be accorded the same amount of serious critical attention usually reserved for source-side literature, increased study of the institutional forces instrumental in its production and mediation is necessary. Such study, to be of documentary value, could be conducted empirically on a case-by-case basis in order to uncover pre-textual elements as, among others, legal and socio-economic issues, in-house rules, publisher-translator relations, and the often rhizomatic personal constellations formative in the constitution of the translated text. The sample case chosen is meant to open further discussion of the issues involved.
Film (Adaptation) as Translation
Authors: Cattrysse Patrick
Published: January 2011

This paper proposes an application of some particular theories, known as the 'polysystem' theories of translation, to the study of film adaptation. A preliminary and experimental analysis of a series of film adaptations made in the American film noir of the 1940s and 1950s shows that this approach provides the basis for a systematic and coherent method with theoretical foundations, and that it permits the study of aspects of film adaptation which have been neglected or ignored so far.
Mixed Translation Patterns
Authors: Schwarzwald Ora (Rodrigue)
Published: January 2011

The present study is a linguistic analysis of the translations of some Biblical and Mishnaic verb forms into Ladino inPirke Avot'Ethics of the Fathers'. The liturgical Hebrew text includes both language layers, Biblical and Mishnaic. It is read by Sephardic Jewry from Passover to Pentecost a chapter a week, and has been translated into Ladino, the Judeo-Spanish calque-type language, in a variety of places since 1552. The article focuses on the morphological aspects of the translations. The results show that whereas Ladino translators opted forliteraltranslations of the Biblical verses, they adoptedfreerrenditions of the less sacred Mishnaic text. The differences stem from the difference in attitudes towards the sanctity of the two linguistic layers.
Semantic Models and Translating
Authors: Kussmaul Paul
Published: January 2011

This paper examines the relevance of three semantic models for translation. Structural semantics, more specificallysemantic feature analysis, has given rise to the maxim that we should translate "bundles of semantic features".Prototype semanticssuggests that word-meanings have cores and fuzzy edges which are influenced by culture. For translation this means that we do not necessarily translate bundles of features but have to decide whether to focus on the core or the fuzzy edges of the meaning of a particular word.Scenesand-frames semanticssuggests that word meaning is influenced by context and the situation we are in. Word-meaning is thus not static but dynamic, and it is this dynamism which should govern our decisions as translators.
Did Adapa Indeed Lose His Chance for Eternal Life?
Authors: Izre'el Shlomo
Published: January 2011

This paper takes as a model for discussing the issue of translating ancient texts into a modern language and for a modern western society an ancient Mesopotamian myth written in the Semitic Akkadian language. Aiming for an oral production for a Hebrew-speaking audience in contemporary Israel, the translator has tackled problems of transmission in both poetics and language. The genre and linguistic gaps have been bridged by the existent proximity of the two cultures in poetic meter. Both the theoretical approach and some practical problems and solutions are discussed.
A Review of Conference Interpretation
Authors: Mackintosh Jennifer
Published: January 2011

The theory and practice of conference interpretation is reviewed in the first part. In a second section evidence pointing to the existence of an interpreting paradigm is adduced, and pointers to the existence of an associated teaching model are briefly discussed. The third section deals with the training of interpreter trainers and presents some recent developments. In each section reference is made to the most relevant literature, and a list of conferences and symposia on interpreting teaching appears at the end.
Text-Functions in Translation
Authors: Nord Christiane
Published: January 2011

As a text-type in their own right, titles and headings are intended to achieve six functions: distinctive, metatextual, phatic, referential, expressive, and appellative. Taking as a point of departure the hypothesis that translated texts have to "function" in the target situation for which they are produced by serving the purpose(s) they are intended for (which may or may not be the "same" as those of the source text), it is argued that the translator has to reconcile the conditions of functionality prevailing in the target culture with the communicative intentions of the source-title sender (= functionality + loyalty). The discussion of several examples from an extensive corpus of German, French, English, and Spanish titles and their translations shows how this methodological approach can be put into practice, establishing a model for the functional translation of other texts and text-types.
The Translator's Voice in Translated Narrative
Authors: Hermans Theo
Published: January 2011

When we read translated narrative, the original Narrator's voice is not the only which comes to us. The Translator's discursive presence in the translated text becomes discernible in certain cases, e.g. when the pragmatic displacement resulting from translation requires paratextual intervention for the benefit of the Implied Reader of the translated text; when self-reflexive references to the medium of communication itself are involved; when 'contextual overdetermination' leaves no other option. The ways in which the Translator's discursive presence manifests itself are demonstrated on the basis of different translations of the Dutch novel Max Havelaar (1860).
The Translation of English Passives into Arabic
Authors: Farghal Mohammed , Al-Shorafat Mohammed O.
Published: January 2011

The study aims to check the intuitions reported in studies on the translation of English passives into Arabic against empirical data that consist of translations of English passive utterances as they naturally occur in an English text. It inquires into the linguistic strategies and resources that translators from English into Arabic fall back on when encountering passive utterances. It is shown that translators employ many strategies with this order of frequency: nominalization, adjectivalization, passivization, activization and pseudo-activization. It is also shown that the claim that Arabic does not tolerate agentive passives is inadequate, since Arabic translators use a variety offormal markers in translating English agentive passives. Thus, the study demonstrates that English passivization is predominantly structure-based, whereas Arabic passivization is predominantly semantics-based.
Towards a Model of Translation Proficiency
Authors: Cao Deborah
Published: January 2011

This paper introduces the concept of translation proficiency and examines its nature. It then presents a tentative framework for dealing with translation proficiency in which areas of translation competence are identified, described and justified. The discussion integrates paradigms in translation studies and language testing, arguing that it is translation proficiency that should be tested and that translation testing should be incorporated as an integral part of the study of translation.
'Acceptability' and Language-Specific Preference in the Distribution of Information
Authors: Doherty Monika
Published: January 2011

The paper generalizes upon some basic aspects of acceptability concerning language-specific preferences in the distribution of information in original texts and translations. It is assumed that the pragmatic principle of Optimal Relevance and major grammatical parameters jointly determine language-specific processing conditions for an optimal distribution of information. The claims are illustrated by the German translation of a passage from an English novel, where the preferred translational variants meet different processing conditions in 'right-peripheral' German, as opposed to 'left-peripheral' English. The differences concern word order, including initial and final position in simple and complex sentences, and may have an impact on the semantic readings of formally similar sentence structures, which can require redistribution of information beyond sentence boundaries.
Language and Translation in an International Business Context
Authors: Steyaert Chris , Janssens Maddy
Published: January 2011

This article discusses the role of language and translation in the business context. Drawing on management literature, we identify two different perspectives on culture and language, and discuss their implications for translation and language learning. Within the first perspective of culture as a variable and language as representation, translation becomes a neutral act and language learning a technical skill. Within the second perspective of culture as a metaphor and language as action, translation becomes a managerial act and language learning a cultural production. We conclude by formulating research questions whereby the domains of management and translation studies interface each other.
Conflations of probability distributions
Authors: Hill Theodore
Published: January 2011

The conflation of a finite number of probability distributions

P
1

,
…
,

P
n

P_1,\dots , P_n

is a consolidation of those distributions into a single probability distribution

Q
=
Q
(

P
1

,
…
,

P
n

)

Q=Q(P_1,\dots , P_n)

, where intuitively

Q
Q

is the conditional distribution of independent random variables

X
1

,
…
,

X
n

X_1,\dots , X_n

with distributions

P
1

,
…
,

P
n

P_1,\dots , P_n

, respectively, given that

X
1

=
⋯
=

X
n

X_1=\cdots =X_n

. Thus, in large classes of distributions the conflation is the distribution determined by the normalized product of the probability density or probability mass functions.

Q
Q

is shown to be the unique probability distribution that minimizes the loss of Shannon information in consolidating the combined information from

P
1

,
…
,

P
n

P_1,\dots , P_n

into a single distribution

Q
Q

, and also to be the optimal consolidation of the distributions with respect to two minimax likelihood-ratio criteria. In that sense, conflation may be viewed as an optimal method for combining the results from several different independent experiments. When

P
1

,
…
,

P
n

P_1,\dots , P_n

are Gaussian,

Q
Q

is Gaussian with mean the classical weighted-mean-squares reciprocal of variances. A version of the classical convolution theorem holds for conflations of a large class of a.c. measures.
Concerted Changes in Gene Expression and Cell Physiology of the CyanobacteriumSynechocystissp. Strain PCC 6803 during Transitions between Nitrogen and Light-Limited Growth
Authors: Aguirre von Wobeser Eneas , Ibelings Bas W. , Bok Jasper , Krasikov Vladimir , Huisman Jef , Matthijs Hans C.P.
Published: January 2011

Physiological adaptation and genome-wide expression profiles of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 in response to gradual transitions between nitrogen-limited and light-limited growth conditions were measured in continuous cultures. Transitions induced changes in pigment composition, light absorption coefficient, photosynthetic electron transport, and specific growth rate. Physiological changes were accompanied by reproducible changes in the expression of several hundred open reading frames, genes with functions in photosynthesis and respiration, carbon and nitrogen assimilation, protein synthesis, phosphorus metabolism, and overall regulation of cell function and proliferation. Cluster analysis of the nearly 1,600 regulated open reading frames identified eight clusters, each showing a different temporal response during the transitions. Two large clusters mirrored each other. One cluster included genes involved in photosynthesis, which were up-regulated during light-limited growth but down-regulated during nitrogen-limited growth. Conversely, genes in the other cluster were down-regulated during light-limited growth but up-regulated during nitrogen-limited growth; this cluster included several genes involved in nitrogen uptake and assimilation. These results demonstrate complementary regulation of gene expression for two major metabolic activities of cyanobacteria. Comparison with batch-culture experiments revealed interesting differences in gene expression between batch and continuous culture and illustrates that continuous-culture experiments can pick up subtle changes in cell physiology and gene expression.
ZmPep1, an Ortholog of Arabidopsis Elicitor Peptide 1, Regulates Maize Innate Immunity and Enhances Disease Resistance
Authors: Huffaker Alisa , Dafoe Nicole J. , Schmelz Eric A.
Published: January 2011

ZmPep1 is a bioactive peptide encoded by a previously uncharacterized maize (Zea mays) gene, ZmPROPEP1. ZmPROPEP1 was identified by sequence similarity as an ortholog of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) AtPROPEP1 gene, which encodes the precursor protein of elicitor peptide 1 (AtPep1). Together with its receptors, AtPEPR1 and AtPEPR2, AtPep1 functions to activate and amplify innate immune responses in Arabidopsis and enhances resistance to both Pythium irregulare and Pseudomonas syringae. Candidate orthologs to the AtPROPEP1 gene have been identified from a variety of crop species; however, prior to this study, activities of the respective peptides encoded by these orthologs were unknown. Expression of the ZmPROPEP1 gene is induced by fungal infection and treatment with jasmonic acid or ZmPep1. ZmPep1 activates de novo synthesis of the hormones jasmonic acid and ethylene and induces the expression of genes encoding the defense proteins endochitinase A, PR-4, PRms, and SerPIN. ZmPep1 also stimulates the expression of Benzoxazineless1, a gene required for the biosynthesis of benzoxazinoid defenses, and the accumulation of 2-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one glucoside in leaves. To ascertain whether ZmPep1-induced defenses affect resistance, maize plants were pretreated with the peptide prior to infection with fungal pathogens. Based on cell death and lesion severity, ZmPep1 pretreatment was found to enhance resistance to both southern leaf blight and anthracnose stalk rot caused by Cochliobolis heterostrophus and Colletotrichum graminicola, respectively. We present evidence that peptides belonging to the Pep family have a conserved function across plant species as endogenous regulators of innate immunity and may have potential for enhancing disease resistance in crops.
Empathy, identity and engagement in person‐centred medicine: the sociocultural context
Authors: Cox John L.
Published: January 2011

Aims  This paper considers in outline the complexity of the empathic process from subjective, philosophical and psychological perspectives, and suggests that compassionate empathy is a core requirement of a person‐centred approach to health care delivery. Empathy is facilitated by secure attachments in infancy (intersubjectivity) and a subsequent firm sense of self and personal identity. Empathic understanding is enhanced by the medical humanities, but the neglect of musical appreciation in this regard is surprising.

Conclusions  The biopsychosocial model is reviewed, and a body‐mind‐spirit paradigm is proposed as a more optimal framework for health care delivery in a multicultural society.
The Multicultural Quality of Life Index: presentation and validation
Authors: Mezzich Juan E. , Cohen Neal L. , Ruiperez Maria A. , Banzato Claudio E. M. , Zapata‐Vega Maria I.
Published: January 2011

Rationale and objectives  Quality of life has emerged as a crucial concept for the assessment of health and the planning of health care. Desirable features for the evaluation of quality of life include comprehensiveness, self‐ratedness, cultural sensitivity, practicality and psychometric soundness. An attempt to meet these challenges led to the development of a brief multicultural quality of life instrument and to the appraisal of its applicability, reliability and validity.

Methods  The development of the proposed assessment instrument was based on a wide review of the literature and the engagement of a multicultural mental health scholarly team. Its validation was conducted on samples of psychiatric patients (n = 124) and hospital professionals (n = 53) in New York City.

Results  A new generic culture‐informed and self‐rate instrument, the Multicultural Quality of Life Index, has been developed. Its 10 items cover key aspects of the concept, from physical well‐being to spiritual fulfilment. Concerning its applicability, mean time for completion was less than 3 minutes and 96% of raters found it easy to use. Test–retest reliability was high (r = 0.87). A Cronbach's α of 0.92 documented its internal consistency and a factor analysis revealed a strong structure. With regard to discriminant validity, a highly significant difference was found between the mean total scores of professionals (x = 8.41) and patients (x = 6.34) presumed to have different levels of quality of life.

Conclusions  The Multicultural Quality of Life Index is a brief and culturally informed instrument that appears to be easy to complete, reliable, internally consistent and valid.
Attitudes towards drug‐eluting stent use and the distribution of motivation type among interventional cardiologists
Authors: Qian Feng , Phelps Charles E. , Ling Frederick S. , Hannan Edward L. , Veazie Peter J.
Published: January 2011

Objectives  The safety of drug‐eluting stent (DES) use was called into question in 2006. However, the attitudes towards DES use after DES safety concerns were expressed and the distribution of chronic motivation type among interventional cardiologists are unknown. This study aims to examine the current attitudes towards DES use among interventional cardiologists and to investigate the distribution of chronic motivation type among these doctors.

Methods  A questionnaire survey of interventional cardiologists was conducted in New York State from October 2008 to April 2009. The questionnaire included face valid items to measure the attitudes towards DES use, valid Regulatory Focus Questionnaire to measure the chronic motivation type, and items collecting demographic information.

Results  A total of 119 valid responses were received (response rate: 47%). There were no statistically significant differences regarding the demographic factors between the respondents and the non‐respondents. The vast majority of interventional cardiologists (92%) agreed that ‘DES is a revolutionary technology’ and that ‘DES use will increase in the future’ (70%). The chronic motivation type of the respondents was predominantly sensitive to positive outcomes (89%).

Conclusions  Interventional cardiologists had a very positive attitude regarding DES technology and predicted future growth of DES use. The vast majority of interventional cardiologists were found to be concerned about achieving positive outcomes and wanted to prevent errors of omission. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the distribution of chronic motivation type among doctors.
Intravascular myopericytoma: An interesting case of a long‐standing large, painful subcutaneous tumor
Authors: Ko Joo Yeon , Choi Won Jun , Kang Ho Song , Yu Hee Joon , Park Moon Hyang
Published: January 2011

Myopericytoma is a benign neoplasm consisting of cells that appear to have a distinct differentiation towards presumed perivascular myoid cells. Amongst myopericytoma, an intravascular variant appears to have been reported only rarely. A 67‐year‐old man presented with a 15‐year history of a painful, slow growing 3 × 3.5 cm sized mass in the subcutis of his right lateral thigh. Histopathological studies showed a subcutaneous mass entirely within the lumen of a vein. The tumor was composed of spindle‐shaped myoid‐appearing cells in a concentric arrangement, intimately associated with thin‐walled vascular channels. Tumor cells were diffusely positive for smooth muscle actin, focally positive for CD34, and negative for desmin and CD31. From these findings, we diagnosed this lesion as intravascular myopericytoma. Unlike previous reports, our case showed a relatively large painful subcutaneous mass, although this tumor has an intravascular nature.
Therapeutic potential of purinergic signalling for diseases of the urinary tract
Authors: Burnstock Geoffrey
Published: January 2011

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Purinergic signalling, i.e. ATP acting as an extracellular messenger, has been implicated in control of urinary tract function since 1972. For example, it was shown to be a cotransmitter with acetylcholine in parasympathetic control of bladder contraction and purinoceptors on suburothelial sensory nerves mediating both reflex voiding and pain in response to ATP released from urothelial cells during bladder and ureter distension.

The most recent studies of purinergic signalling in lower urinary tract pathology includes consideration of the therapeutic potential of purinergic compounds in incontinence, pain, cancer, and in acupuncture, widely used for the treatment of urinary disorders.

This review begins with background information about the discovery and conceptual steps contributing to our current knowledge of purinergic signalling. It then deals with several topics concerned with the physiology and pathophysiology of the lower urinary tract, including: the involvement in the voiding reflex of ATP released as a co‐transmitter with acetylcholine from parasympathetic nerves supplying the bladder and ATP released from urothelial cells during bladder distension to initiate the voiding reflex via P2X3receptors on suburothelial low‐threshold sensory nerve fibres; this latter mechanosensory transduction pathway is also involved via high‐threshold fibres in the initiation of pain. Treatment of prostate and bladder cancer with ATP not only appears to be effective against the primary tumours, but also improves the systemic symptoms associated with advanced malignancy. There is dual control of the tone of blood vessels: constriction by ATP released as a co‐transmitter from sympathetic nerves and vasodilatation via ATP released from endothelial cells during shear stress acting on endothelial P2 receptors to release nitric oxide. A purinergic hypothesis is discussed for the mechanism underlying acupuncture, widely used for the treatment of urinary disorders.
The Spaces of Capital: The Political Form of Capitalism and the Internationalization of the State1
Authors: Hirsch Joachim , Kannankulam John
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  In the course of the neoliberal globalization offensive capital has become more international. This development has placed the question of the state on the agenda once again. The central issue here is the extent to which the existing plurality of states should be seen as a historically contingent state of affairs which might not in principle last indefinitely, or as a structural component of the capitalist mode of production. One important aspect of this issue is the question of how the relationship between the “political form” of capitalism and “institutions” is understood. More often than not, even approaches that use Marxist theory have tended to address this question in an unsatisfactory manner.
Second‐Order Condensations of Societal Power Relations: Environmental Politics and the Internationalization of the State from a Neo‐Poulantzian Perspective1
Authors: Brand Ulrich , Görg Christoph , Wissen Markus
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  This article develops an understanding of the internationalization of the state which draws on materialist state theory, regulation theory and the scale debate in radical geography. It introduces the concept of “second‐order condensations of societal relationships of forces” which aims at advancing Poulantzas’ state theoretical approach and applying it to the analysis of international state apparatuses, their functions and their relationship to state apparatuses on other spatial scales. The empirical and political relevance of the theoretical considerations is elucidated with examples from international resource and environmental policy.
Clinical Predictors of Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device‐Related Infective Endocarditis
Authors: LE KATHERINE Y. , SOHAIL MUHAMMAD R. , FRIEDMAN PAUL A. , USLAN DANIEL Z. , CHA STEPHEN S. , HAYES DAVID L. , WILSON WALTER R. , STECKELBERG JAMES M. , BADDOUR LARRY M. ,   for the Mayo Cardiovascular Infections Study Group
Published: January 2011

Background: Cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED)‐related infective endocarditis (CIED‐IE) is a serious complication of cardiac device infection and is associated with increased mortality. At present, there exist no criteria to predict CIED‐IE in patients who present with CIED infection.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all cases of CIED infection seen at Mayo Clinic Rochester between 1991 and 2008. CIED‐IE was classified using pathologic and clinical criteria. Clinical predictors of CIED‐IE were identified using logistic regression, and quantified using a summary score and plotted against the distribution of CIED‐IE.

Results: Ninety‐three (22.4%) of the 416 patients with CIED infection had CIED‐IE. Host factors including chronic immunomodulator therapy exclusive of corticosteroid (odds ratio [OR], 3.79 [confidence interval (CI) 1.10, 13.04]), chronic corticosteroid therapy (OR, 2.15 [CI 0.93, 5.00]), hemodialysis (OR, 3.24 [CI 1.39, 7.55]), or remote infection (OR, 1.77 [CI 0.99, 3.14]) were associated with increased odds of CIED‐IE. Patients with CIED‐IE were at increased odds of presenting with fever (OR, 3.78 [CI 1.93, 7.40]), or malaise (OR, 1.87 [CI 1.02, 3.41]), and have findings of leukocytosis (OR, 3.61 [CI 1.51, 8.62]). In marked contrast, they were at decreased odds of exhibiting signs/symptoms of infection at the generator pocket site (OR, 0.19 [CI 0.10, 0.36]). Summary scores of 6 and 11 predicted CIED‐IE in approximately 50% and 90% of cases, respectively.

Conclusions: Certain comorbid conditions and systemic manifestations of infection were associated with CIED‐IE. In contrast, pocket site infection was negatively associated with CIED‐IE. These findings should assist clinicians in identifying patients who would more likely benefit from further investigation of CIED‐IE with transesophageal echocardiography. (PACE 2011; 34:450–459)
Inference Is Bliss: Using Evolutionary Relationship to Guide Categorical Inferences
Authors: Novick Laura R. , Catley Kefyn M. , Funk Daniel J.
Published: January 2011

Three experiments, adopting an evolutionary biology perspective, investigated subjects’ inferences about living things. Subjects were told that different enzymes help regulate cell function in two taxa and asked which enzyme a third taxon most likely uses. Experiment 1 and its follow‐up, with college students, used triads involving amphibians, reptiles, and mammals (reptiles and mammals are most closely related evolutionarily) and plants, fungi, and animals (fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants). Experiment 2, with 10th graders, also included triads involving mammals, birds, and snakes/crocodilians (birds and snakes/crocodilians are most closely related). Some subjects received cladograms (hierarchical diagrams) depicting the evolutionary relationships among the taxa. The effect of providing cladograms depended on students’ background in biology. The results illuminate students’ misconceptions concerning common taxa and constraints on their willingness to override faulty knowledge when given appropriate evolutionary evidence. Implications for introducing tree thinking into biology curricula are discussed.
The Cognitive Dynamics of Negated Sentence Verification
Authors: Dale Rick , Duran Nicholas D.
Published: January 2011

We explored the influence of negation on cognitive dynamics, measured using mouse‐movement trajectories, to test the classic notion that negation acts as an operator on linguistic processing. In three experiments, participants verified the truth or falsity of simple statements, and we tracked the computer‐mouse trajectories of their responses. Sentences expressing these facts sometimes contained a negation. Such negated statements could be true (e.g., “elephants are not small”) or false (e.g., “elephants are not large”). In the first experiment, as predicted by the classic notion of negation, we found that negation caused more discreteness in the mouse trajectory of a response. The second experiment induced a simple context for these statements, yet negation still increased discreteness in trajectories. A third experiment enhanced the pragmatic context of sentences, and the discreteness was substantially diminished, with one primary measure no longer significantly showing increased discreteness at all. Traditional linguistic theories predict rapid shifts in cognitive dynamics occur due to the nature of negation: It is an operator that reverses the truth or falsity of an interpretation. We argue that these results support both propositional and contextual accounts of negation present in the literature, suggesting that contextual factors are crucial for determining the kind of cognitive dynamics displayed. We conclude by drawing broader lessons about theories of cognition from the case of negation.
Association of FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5) gene rs4713916 polymorphism with mood disorders: a meta-analysis
Authors: Feng Xiao-Liang , Wang Fang , Zou Yan-Feng , Li Wen-Fei , Tian Yang-Hua , Pan Fa-Ming , Huang Fen
Published: January 2011

Background: Several studies have investigated the association of FKBP5 gene polymorphisms with mood disorders, but findings are not always consistent. The aim of our study was to assess the association of FKBP5 gene polymorphisms with mood disorders using a meta-analysis.

Methods: Data were collected from the following electronic databases: PubMed, Elsevier Science Direct, Cochrane Library, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang, with the last report up to March 2010. Meta-analysis was performed in a fixed/random effect model.

Results: We identified six studies using search, and one study was excluded because of unavailable data. One study contained data on two different ethnicities and we treated them independently. Thus, six separate studies (2655 cases and 3593 controls) were included in the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis was performed for three FKBP5 gene polymorphisms (rs1360780, rs3800373 and rs4713916) in overall and Caucasian populations. We did not detect any association of FKBP5 gene rs1360780 and rs3800373 polymorphisms with mood disorders (p > 0.05). However, a significant association of FKBP5 gene rs4713916 polymorphism with mood disorders was found, and the heterozygous individual (GA genotype) was more susceptible to mood disorders in comparison to homozygous analogues (GG or AA genotype) [overall: GA vs. GG: OR (odds ratio) = 1.20, 95% CI (confidence interval) = 1.03–1.40, p = 0.02; GA vs. AA: OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.09–1.90, p = 0.009; Caucasian: GA vs. GG: OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.04–1.44, p = 0.01; GA vs. AA: OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.09–1.89, p = 0.01].

Conclusion: This meta-analysis shows that mood disorders are associated with FKBP5 gene rs4713916 polymorphism, but not with rs1360780 and rs3800373.
Study of the Efficacy of Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
Authors: Chen Celia S. , Lee Andrew W. , Campbell Bruce , Paine Mark , Lee Tien , Fraser Clare , Grigg John , Markus Romesh , Williams Keryn , Coster Doug J.
Published: January 2011

Rationale

Central retinal artery occlusion is a stroke of the eye caused by a blockage of its main blood supply by platelet-fibrin clot. Systemic thrombolysis has been successful in restoring perfusion to ischaemic tissue by fibrin-platelet clot lysis in ischaemic stroke and myocardial infarction. Several open-label studies have demonstrated efficacy of thrombolysis in the treatment of central retinal artery occlusion, with up to 60–70% of treated subjects experiencing an improvement in visual acuity. Most of these are given intraarterially, which is an invasive procedure and not widely applicable to all treatment centres. An alternative is the intravenous infusion of tissue plasminogen activator using existing stroke thrombolysis protocols. A systematic review of all observational studies of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator in acute central retinal artery occlusion showed that 48·5% of subjects had a four line or more visual acuity improvement with an acceptable rate of haemorrhagic complications, creating the equipoise necessary to conduct a randomised controlled trial.

Aim

To determine the efficacy of intravenous thrombolysis in acute treatment of central retinal artery occlusion.

Design

A phase II, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised controlled trial comparing intravenous tissue plasminogen activator at 0·9 mg/kg to placebo (normal saline) 100 ml in a 1 : 1 block randomisation.

Study outcome

The primary outcome measure is an improvement of three lines or more on the Snellen visual acuity chart, which signifies a doubling of the visual angle.
Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Arterial Blood Flow Steal Represent Linked Therapeutic Targets in Cerebral Ischaemia
Authors: Barlinn Kristian , Alexandrov Andrei V.
Published: January 2011

The pathogenic link between sleep-disordered breathing and early neurological deterioration in acute ischaemic stroke patients is now a subject of clinical investigations. Vasomotor reactivity and intracranial blood flow steal in response to changing vasodilatory stimuli like carbon dioxide play a pivotal role in clinical deterioration with reversed Robin Hood syndrome. A mechanical ventilatory correction in selected acute stroke patients might have a beneficial effect on sleep-disordered breathing and brain perfusion. This is a novel therapeutic target and the missing link in the pathogenesis of early neurological deterioration and stroke recurrence.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease and its Use as a Surrogate Disease Marker
Authors: Patel Bhavini , Markus Hugh S.
Published: January 2011

Cerebral small vessel disease is an important cause of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. On brain imaging, discrete lacunar infarcts and/or more diffuse regions of white matter hyperintensities or leucoaraiosis are seen. Magnetic resonance imaging plays a crucial role in diagnosis, and advanced magnetic resonance imaging techniques are providing new information on disease mechanisms and offering potential as surrogate disease markers. Longitudinal studies have demonstrated detectable progression of lesion load over short time periods, and weak correlations with cognition. Stronger correlations with cognition have been found with diffusion tensor imaging, which is more sensitive to white matter tract structure, supporting a role for disconnection in the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment. Brain volume also consistently correlates with cognition in asymptomatic small vessel disease, sporadic small vessel disease, and Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy. Gradient echo magnetic resonance imaging identifies microbleeds in a significant proportion of patients with small vessel disease, although their role in clinical management remains to be determined. Surrogate markers to monitor disease progression and evaluate new therapies would have major clinical use. The greater sensitivity of diffusion tensor imaging parameters and brain volume to change, and the stronger correlation of these parameters with cognition, suggest that they may be more powerful surrogates. However, data from longitudinal and intervention studies are required to determine if this is indeed the case. In this systematic review, we describe the use of both conventional and advanced magnetic resonance imaging techniques in patient groups with the full spectrum of clinical small vessel disease, from normal populations with WMH to patients groups with lacunar stroke and dementia.
Management of Radial Head Fractures: Current Concepts
Authors: Kaas Laurens , Jupiter Jesse B. , Dijk C. Niekvan , Eygendaal Denise
Published: January 2011

Radial head fractures are common injuries and are accompanied by clinically relevant associated injuries in over one-third of patients. They are commonly classified by the Mason classification or one of its modifications. Type I fractures are treated conservatively with early mobilization. Type II fractures can be treated conservatively or by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), depending on fragment size and dislocation. Bony restriction in forearm rotation is an indication for surgical treatment. Type III fractures are treated surgically, by means of ORIF, prosthetic replacement or excision. Comminuted fractures with more than three fragments are regarded as unsuitable for ORIF. However, optimal treatment of type II and III fractures is still the subject of debate and there is a strong need for randomized clinical trials and uniform fracture classification and outcome measures.
Exercise‐induced liver chemokine CXCL‐1 expression is linked to muscle‐derived interleukin‐6 expression
Authors: Pedersen Line , Pilegaard Henriette , Hansen Jakob , Brandt Claus , Adser Helle , Hidalgo Juan , Olesen Jesper , Pedersen Bente Klarlund , Hojman Pernille
Published: January 2011

Non‐technical summary  Exercise is known to stimulate the production of various exercise factors including the well‐described muscle‐derived interleukin‐6 (IL‐6). We show that exercise causes a massive expression of the chemokine CXCL‐1 in serum, in skeletal muscle and especially in the liver. Furthermore we find that this exercise‐induced liver CXCL‐1 expression is regulated by IL‐6 and that muscle‐derived IL‐6 is capable of stimulating liver CXCL‐1 expression. Such knowledge of the regulation of exercise factors contributes to the understanding of how the liver and muscle communicate in response to exercise.
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as intracellular signals in skeletal muscle
Authors: Powers Scott K. , Talbert Erin E. , Adhihetty Peter J.
Published: January 2011

Abstract  It is well established that contracting skeletal muscles produce free radicals. Given that radicals are known to play a prominent role in the pathogenesis of several diseases, the 1980s–90s dogma was that contraction‐induced radical production was detrimental to muscle because of oxidative damage to macromolecules within the fibre. In contrast to this early outlook, it is now clear that both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) play important roles in cell signalling pathways involved in muscle adaptation to exercise and the remodelling that occurs in skeletal muscle during periods of prolonged inactivity. This review will highlight two important redox sensitive signalling pathways that contribute to ROS and RNS‐induced skeletal muscle adaptation to endurance exercise. We begin with a historical overview of radical production in skeletal muscles followed by a discussion of the intracellular sites for ROS and RNS production in muscle fibres. We will then provide a synopsis of the redox‐sensitive NF‐κB and PGC‐1α signalling pathways that contribute to skeletal muscle adaptation in response to exercise training. We will conclude with a discussion of unanswered questions in redox signalling in skeletal muscle in the hope of promoting additional research interest in this field.
Microtransplantation of acetylcholine receptors from normal or denervated rat skeletal muscles to frog oocytes
Authors: Bernareggi Annalisa , Reyes‐Ruiz Jorge Mauricio , Lorenzon Paola , Ruzzier Fabio , Miledi Ricardo
Published: January 2011

Non‐technical summary Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) expressed by skeletal muscle are the key proteins of the motoneuron–muscle communication necessary to induce muscle contraction. The biophysical and pharmacological characterization of the receptors in adult human skeletal muscle is limited by the difficulties associated with obtaining, and maintaining, suitable biopsy material. In this paper, we characterized some nAChR properties of innervated and denervated skeletal muscle by injecting the membranes intoXenopusoocytes. Such an approach, termed the microtransplantation technique, offers two main advantages: (1) direct characterization of the original receptors, still embedded in their natural lipid environment with their associated molecules; and (2) the possibility of using membranes isolated from postmortem frozen tissues. We demonstrate that this technique can be a very simple and useful approach to study skeletal muscle receptors and ion channels under different physiological and pathological conditions.
A Comprehensive Study of the RL Series Resonant Shunted Piezoelectric: A Feedback Controls Perspective
Authors: Kozlowski Matthew V. , Cole Daniel G. , Clark Robert L.
Published: January 2011

The resonant shunted piezoelectric has been shown a viable solution for stable vibration control. Two main implementations of the single mode shunt circuit have been developed; the original with a series connection of the resistive and inductive element forming the shunt, and the second, a parallel interconnection, which claimed marginal tuning improvements. More recently, multimodal shunting circuits have been developed where a gain in achievable bandwidth may be viewed as offset by the difficulty in properly tuning. In this paper, the original series shunt formulation is presented in unique detail. Here, the electromechanical analogy is developed, along with a unique technique for accurately tuning the shunt circuit. Experimental results are presented to the theoretical foundations.
Welding of Alumina Using a Pulsed Dual-Beam CO2 Laser
Authors: Harris J. , Akarapu R. , Segall A. E.
Published: January 2011

Despite the many advantages of using lasers for welding ceramics (alumina in particular), cracks induced by the resulting and severe thermal stresses are often detrimental to weld quality and strength. While many factors contribute to the formation of these cracks, it is the inevitable and localized increase in temperature and the ensuing thermal stresses that usually cause the damage. To help avoid the use of a separate preheating step, while at the same time allowing for faster joining, a unique method of dual-beam laser welding was developed and qualitatively assessed. The approach outlined in this paper utilizes two beams split from a single, 500 W (1.5 kW peak) CO2 system to more gradually introduce the energy required to melt and bond alumina. The first or lead beam raises the local temperature just below the melting point, while the second beam introduces additional heat sufficient to melt and bond the samples. Using feed rates of 5.1 mm/s and beam separation distances ranging from 0.5 mm to 2.3 mm, clean and relatively straight weld geometries were observed at total power levels of approximately 250 W+. Relatively straight and uniform welds with considerable dross occurred at smaller beam separations and higher power levels. Uneven weld lines sans discernible cracks were observed at power levels below 206 W. Based on these preliminary observations, the two-beam approach was qualitatively shown to be capable of influencing and, in some instances, improving weld characteristics in terms of overall quality, dross, and crack formation.
Compact holographic lithography system for photonic-crystal structure
Authors: Hsieh Mei-Li , Lin Shawn-Yu
Published: January 2011

The authors report the design and a successful implementation of a compact holographic lithography system for fabricating a variety of two-dimensional photonic-crystal structures. In the authors’ optical system, apertures, prisms, and polarizers for multibeam control are well integrated, leading to a stable and reliable system. The path lengths of the multiple beams, which form the interference pattern, are set to be the same. Consequently, the authors’ setup can generate a high contrast interference pattern and, hence, a high quality photoresist exposure of photonic crystals. In this article, the desirable parameters of the authors’ optical system will be discussed. Photonic-crystal templates with different lattice periods and lattice symmetries recorded in the photoresist will also be illustrated.
Work function of fluorine doped tin oxide
Authors: Helander M. G. , Greiner M. T. , Wang Z. B. , Tang W. M. , Lu Z. H.
Published: January 2011

Fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) is a commonly used transparent conducting oxide in optoelectronic device applications. The work function of FTO is commonly cited as 4.4 eV, which is incommensurate with recent device performance results. Using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the authors measured the work function of commercial FTO to be 5.0±0.1 eV. UV ozone treatment was found to increase the work function by ∼0.1 eV due to surface band bending. The origins of the much lower work function previously reported are also discussed and are found to be a result of carbon contamination and UV induced work function lowering.