bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High-power narrow-linewidth tunable blue laser diode array utilizing a blazed grating external cavity
Authors: Duan Changcheng , Wang Huipeng , Hu Xuanyu , Tang Xiahui , Xiao Yu , Peng Hao
Published: November 2024

High-power, narrow-linewidth blue laser sources have been in high demand for applications in laser pumping and spectral beam combining. In this paper, a blue laser source, consisting of 12 transistor-outline (TO) packaged laser diodes (LD), is established through space beam combining. An improved external cavity (EC) utilizing a blazed grating (BG), a beam splitter, and a beam expander is investigated. Through injection feedback and mode competition, a laser output, with 31.2 W power, 445.04 nm central wavelength, 0.18 nm full-width at half maximum (FWHM) linewidth, is achieved at a driving current of 3.0 A. A tunable range of 3.6 nm is observed at 2.0 A driving current. Additionally, the effect of the deformation of the aluminum-coated grating under a high-intensity blue laser is examined. The external cavity requires a moderately efficient blazed grating and prevents potential damage caused by high absorption and thermal stress concentration. The system exhibits excellent temporal stability in both output power and spectrum. Moreover, wavelength-locking experiments using both a volume Bragg grating (VBG) and a surface grating (SG) are conducted to serve as comparative tests for this study. Compared with volume Bragg gratings, blazed gratings offer spectral tunability and are insensitive to temperature perturbations and mechanical stress. Compared with surface gratings, blazed gratings offer a relatively high threshold and stable performance at high driving currents. Furthermore, blazed gratings are more cost-effective than VBGs, providing a competitive advantage. To the best of our knowledge, it’s the first blue laser source with over 30 W output and 0.18 nm FWHM linewidth utilizing a blazed grating external cavity.
Prediction of radiation transmittance and reflectance in ocean-sea fog coupled environment driven by wind speed forecasts
Authors: Peng Yuan , Liu Ji , Zhang Feng , Yuan Tao , Wang Yujin , Tong Xiuliang , Wu Jinhui
Published: November 2024

Frequent fog occurrences over the ocean surface pose significant challenges to remote sensing and target detection in marine environments. Considering the complexity and dynamism of the ocean surface, we propose a predictive transmittance and reflectance model (PTR), which is driven by wind speed and utilized for predicting the transmittance and reflectance of radiative transfer in coupled ocean-sea fog environments. The PTR combines a hierarchical two-dimensional convolutional time series prediction network named Conv2Times with the decomposable Monte Carlo (DMC) algorithm for calculating radiative transport. Conv2Times is designed for short-term wind speed forecasting tasks and features a unique time series reconstruction method termed "close to the correct answer (CCA)". Sea surface wind speed data were sourced from two buoy stations managed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Six wind speed prediction experiments were conducted with forecast lengths of 40, 60, and 80 minutes. Conv2Times achieved a mean absolute error (MAE) in these tasks of 0.621 m/s, 0.678 m/s, 0.721 m/s, 0.459 m/s, 0.514 m/s, and 0.562 m/s, respectively, demonstrating lower prediction errors compared to seven other benchmark algorithms. Incorporating forecasted wind speeds into the DMC model for predicting radiative transmittance and reflectance, a pronounced trend consistency is evident between the curves resulting from predicted and actual wind speeds. These results indicate that PTR effectively predicts radiation transmission characteristics, which is significant for remote sensing and target detection in marine environments.
Wavefront sensing based on large guide region in solar ground layer adaptive optics
Authors: Liu Yuhe , Ran Xian , Li Ziming , Zhang Lanqiang , Rao Changhui
Published: November 2024

In ground-based high-resolution solar observation, ground-layer adaptive optics (GLAO) offers a significant advancement by compensating for wavefront aberrations caused by near-ground atmospheric turbulence. GLAO overcomes the field-of-view limitations of conventional adaptive optics (AO), which is constrained by turbulence anisoplanatism. In conventional solar AO, wavefront sensing requires correlation calculations across an extended guide region to extract wavefront information. However, the cross correlation algorithm with a larger guide region size smooths the wavefront distortions caused by high-altitude turbulence, reducing the accuracy of single-line wavefront detection. This effect is particularly pronounced in GLAO systems that utilize large guide regions for ground layer wavefront sensing. This paper proposed a theoretical model for GLAO wavefront sensing using correlating Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors targeting extended objects. We quantitatively analyze the impact of the guide region size on wavefront detection accuracy and validate our findings through simulation experiments. Simulation results indicate that for a 1-meter telescope, the difference between the root mean square (RMS) of detected aberrations differs from the RMS of ground-layer aberrations by less than 1/30 wavelength when using the CP7 model at 60" and the MK8 model at 140". Results also indicate that increasing the guide region effectively enables the detection of ground-layer wavefront aberrations. This finding not only provides valuable guidance for achieving accurate ground-layer wavefront sensing in GLAO systems, but also offers what we believe to be new solutions for optimizing GLAO system performance.
Seedless velocimetry of high-enthalpy hypersonic boundary layers by nitric oxide ionization induced flow tagging and imaging at 100 kHz
Authors: Leonov Boris S. , Jiang Naibo , Siddiqui Farhan , Roy Sukesh , Miles Richard B.
Published: November 2024

This Letter describes the first, to the best of our knowledge, demonstration of a velocity measurement by nitric oxide ionization induced flow tagging and imaging (NiiFTI) of a high-enthalpy hypersonic flow utilizing naturally formed nitric oxide. The measurements were conducted in the hypervelocity expansion tunnel (HXT) at Texas A&M University in Mach 8.5 and Mach 10 flows near an ogive test article. The region of interest contained boundary layers (BL) and the hot flow region behind the oblique shock front. The BL profiles were recorded with the velocity ranging between 2516 m/s and 985 m/s measured as close as 0.5 mm to the model surface. Single-shot measurement in the core flow showed an average velocity of 2.5 km/s with a slight decelerating trend. Overall, NiiFTI demonstrated a good performance in high-enthalpy hypersonic flow, extending its usability to reacting environments.
Normal dispersion Kerr cavity solitons: beyond the mean-field limit
Authors: Seidel Thomas G. , Javaloyes Julien , Gurevich Svetlana V.
Published: November 2024

We predict the existence of a novel type of temporal localized
structure in injected Kerr–Gires–Tournois interferometers (KGTI).
These bright pulses exist in the normal dispersion regime, yet they do
not correspond to the usual scenario of domain wall locking that
induces complex shape multistability, weak stability, and a reduced
domain of existence. The new states are observed beyond the mean-field
limit and out of the bistable region. Their shape is uniquely defined,
with peak intensities beyond that of the upper steady state, and they
are stable over a broad range of the injection field, highlighting
their potential for optical frequency comb (OFC) generation.
Watt-scale near-diffraction-limited mid-infrared laser delivery by a chalcogenide anti-resonant fiber
Authors: Wang Xian-ge , Liang Xiaolin , Jiao Kai , Bai Shengchuang , Wang Xunsi , Wang Rongping
Published: November 2024

We have developed an effective one-step extrusion method to prepare a nodeless chalcogenide hollow-core anti-resonance fiber, characterized by excellent symmetry and less requirements for drawing pressure in achieving the desired wall thickness. The resulting fiber exhibits excellent uniformity, with an ultra-large effective mode area of 21970 µm2 and a low overlap factor of η = 0.03%. It can withstand an input power exceeding 10 W at 4.5 µm and maintain a stable output power of 1.2 W at an input power of 5.25 W, all while preserving a high beam quality with an M2 value of 1.09. The output single-mode laser remains highly stable when the translation offset of the laser coupling into the fiber is less than 100 µm. The chalcogenide hollow-core fibers with watt-level mid-infrared laser delivery power and near-diffraction-limited beam quality can be used for practical applications in industry, medicine, and defense.
Wide spectral coverage terahertz frequency upconversion detection with organic crystal OH1
Authors: Liu Pengxiang , Fu Qiaoqiao , Zhang Kang , Zhang Xinyuan , Guo Xu , Li Wei , Qi Feng , Li Weifan , Wu Yicheng
Published: November 2024

Organic-crystal-based optical terahertz (THz) sources and detectors are powerful tools for THz spectroscopy, owing to the wide frequency tunability. A drawback of this technique lies in the inherent absorption peaks of nonlinear crystals, leaving several gaps in the spectral coverage. As an alternative type of organic crystal, hydrogen-bonded OH1 is promising to complement the existing gaps. To demonstrate the potential of OH1, we set up an active and coherent THz frequency-domain system and investigate its performance in difference-frequency generation (DFG) and upconversion (UC) detection. Efficient frequency response extending from 1.58 to 33.38 THz is achieved at room temperature. A strong peak at 31.86 THz is observed for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. Compared with a commercial thermal detector Golay cell, the sensitivity of the OH1-based upconversion detection is 67.8 dB better. These results make it possible to provide a flat and wide THz spectral coverage with a high signal-to-noise ratio by the combination of different types of organic nonlinear crystals.
Tandem Raman microscopy: integration of spontaneous and coherent Raman scattering offering data fusion analysis to improve optical biosensing
Authors: Brzozowski K. , Pieczara A. , Nowakowska A. M. , Korona W. , Orzechowska B. , Firlej J. , Wislocka-Orlowska A. , Baranska M.
Published: November 2024

We provide tandem Raman microscopy (TRAM), a cutting-edge multimodal microscope that integrates the methods of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), and spontaneous (resonance) Raman scattering [(R)RS]. The device facilitates sequential continuous wave (CW)-driven RS imaging to collect full spectra from every sample location and rapid pulsed-wave-driven SRS-CARS scanning at specific wavenumbers, offering a reliable and efficient analytical tool. The fingerprint spectral region can be included in the spectral imaging capabilities of CARS and SRS. Data collected from a sample area using several techniques can be integrated and analyzed, significantly increasing reliability and predictions. We analyzed the in vitro model of nonadherent leukocytes (LCs) to illustrate the capabilities of this unique system, emphasizing the benefits of measuring the same sample with three different Raman techniques without having to transfer it between microscopes. Data fusion allowed for the correct classification of two subtypes of LCs based on the partial least squares (PLS) discrimination, increasing the prediction accuracy from approximately 83% in the case of textural and morphological data (SRS) to 100% when combined with spectral data (SRS and RS). We also present RRS images of LC labeled with astaxanthin, and reference data from SRS and CARS microscopy. Additionally, polystyrene beads were investigated as a non-biological material. The advantages of each Raman technique are utilized when (R)RS, SRS, and CARS are combined into a single device. This paves the way for dependable chemical characterization in a wide range of scientific and industrial fields.
Topographic Spatial Resolution Enhancement of Coherence Scanning Interferometry Through Pupil Modulation
Authors: Yuan Qun , Zhang Jiale , Fan Xiaoxin , Chen Lu , lei lihua , liu Liqin , Xu Zhiyi , Zhou Shenghang , Gao Zhishan
Published: November 2024

Topographic spatial resolution is a metrological characteristic that describes the ability of a surface topography measuring instrument to distinguish closely spaced surface features. The optical and the topographic spatial resolutions are intuitively correlative for coherence scanning interferometry (CSI), and the latter is larger than the former. This paper aims to develop a model to study their relationships, and pursue the topographic spatial resolution improvement through pupil modulation. First, we construct a comprehensive Fourier model for CSI with the grating taken as the typical sample under test, in which the effect of pupil modulation is also considered. Second, the model is employed to generate the interference signal at the sampling point either away from or close to the edge of the grating adopting the pupil modulation. Then the scheme of the topographic spatial resolution enhancement by pupil modulation is investigated. Third, the topographic spatial resolution of the grating is quantified using the small scale fidelity limit, which is explained and defined based on the proposed threshold determined by both period and height. Using the RS-N resolution standard and the Siemens star as measurement samples, and adopting the obscuration ratio as 0.5 with optical pupil modulation, we demonstrate that optical resolution is enhanced by 20%, leading an improvement in topographic spatial resolution by 20% as well, which is in good agreement with the predictions deduced from the model.
Molecular dynamics simulations of a multicellular model with cell-cell interactions and Hippo signaling pathway
Authors: Umegaki Toshihito , Moriizumi Hisashi , Ogushi Fumiko , Takekawa Mutsuhiro , Suzuki Takashi
Published: November 2024

The transcriptional coactivator Yes-associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional co-activator with PDZ binding motif (TAZ) induces cell proliferation through nuclear localization at low cell density. Conversely, at extremely high cell density, the Hippo pathway, which regulates YAP/TAZ, is activated. This activation leads to the translocation of YAP/TAZ into the cytoplasm, resulting in cell cycle arrest. Various cancer cells have several times more YAP/TAZ than normal cells. However, it is not entirely clear whether this several-fold increase in YAP/TAZ alone is sufficient to overcome proliferation inhibition (contact inhibition) under high-density conditions, thereby allowing continuous proliferation. In this study, we construct a three-dimensional (3D) mathematical model of cell proliferation incorporating the Hippo-YAP/TAZ pathway. Herein, a significant innovation in our approach is the introduction of a novel modeling component that inputs cell density, which reflects cell dynamics, into the Hippo pathway and enables the simulation of cell proliferation as the output response. We assume such 3D model with cell-cell interactions by solving reaction and molecular dynamics (MD) equations by applying adhesion and repulsive forces that act between cells and frictional forces acting on each cell. We assume Lennard-Jones (12-6) potential with a softcore character so that each cell secures its exclusive domain. We set cell cycles composed of mitotic and cell growth phases in which cells divide and grow under the influence of cell kinetics. We perform mathematical simulations at various YAP/TAZ levels to investigate the extent of YAP/TAZ increase required for sustained proliferation at high density. The results show that a twofold increase in YAP/TAZ levels of cancer cells was sufficient to evade cell cycle arrest compared to normal cells, enabling cells to continue proliferating even under high-density conditions. Finally, this mathematical model, which incorporates cell-cell interactions and the Hippo-YAP/TAZ pathway, may be applicable for evaluating cancer malignancy based on YAP/TAZ levels, developing drugs to suppress the abnormal proliferation of cancer cells, and determining appropriate drug dosages. The source codes are freely available.
Capturing cell heterogeneity in representations of cell populations for image-based profiling using contrastive learning
Authors: van Dijk Robert , Arevalo John , Babadi Mehrtash , Carpenter Anne E. , Singh Shantanu
Published: November 2024

Image-based cell profiling is a powerful tool that compares perturbed cell populations by measuring thousands of single-cell features and summarizing them into profiles. Typically a sample is represented by averaging across cells, but this fails to capture the heterogeneity within cell populations. We introduce CytoSummaryNet: a Deep Sets-based approach that improves mechanism of action prediction by 30–68% in mean average precision compared to average profiling on a public dataset. CytoSummaryNet uses self-supervised contrastive learning in a multiple-instance learning framework, providing an easier-to-apply method for aggregating single-cell feature data than previously published strategies. Interpretability analysis suggests that the model achieves this improvement by downweighting small mitotic cells or those with debris and prioritizing large uncrowded cells. The approach requires only perturbation labels for training, which are readily available in all cell profiling datasets. CytoSummaryNet offers a straightforward post-processing step for single-cell profiles that can significantly boost retrieval performance on image-based profiling datasets.
A live online exercise program for older adults improves depression and life-space mobility: A mixed-methods pilot randomized controlled trial
Authors: Coletta Giulia , Noguchi Kenneth S. , Beaudoin Kayla D. , McQuarrie Angelica , Tang Ada , Griffin Meridith , Ganann Rebecca , Phillips Stuart M.
Published: November 2024

Background

Aging is the primary risk factor for sarcopenia and mobility limitations. Exercise reduces these risks, but older adults have low levels of participation in physical activity and exercise. We investigated the preliminary effectiveness of a live, online exercise program on community-dwelling older adults’ physical activity levels.

Methods

A mixed-method pilot randomized controlled trial was conducted according to CONSORT 2010 statement: extension for pilot and feasibility trials. Sedentary older adults (65–80 years) were randomly assigned to the online exercise intervention (ACTIVE) or a waitlist control (CON) group. Outcomes were measured pre-randomization and following the 8-week intervention for ACTIVE and CON and two months following the end of the intervention for the ACTIVE group. Outcomes included habitual physical activity levels, depression, anxiety, loneliness, life-space mobility, nutrition risk, and feasibility. All participants were invited to participate post-intervention in individual semi-structured qualitative interviews. Reporting of the qualitative research followed the checklist for the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting research.

Results

Seventeen older adults (71% women) were allocated to ACTIVE group, while 15 were allocated to CON group (87% women). Following the intervention, participants in the ACTIVE group reported reduced symptoms of depression (ACTIVE: pre = 4.2 ± 2.5; post = 2.2 ± 1.9; CON: pre = 3.5 ± 2.1, post = 3.5 ± 2.1; p <0.001) and improved life-space mobility (ACTIVE: pre = 62.4 ± 14.7; post = 71.8 ± 16.0; CON: pre = 65.1 ± 19.0, post = 63.6 ± 22.0; p = 0.003) compared to waitlist control participants. The ACTIVE group had good adherence (97%) and acceptability (98%). Twenty-two participants participated in qualitative interviews. Five themes were identified, including (1) Feasibility of the online exercise program; (2) Perceived health benefits and improvements; (3) Registered Kinesiologists and Physiotherapists contributed to perceived safety; (4) Social connectivity associated with synchronous/live delivery; and (5) Growing old gracefully and preventing disability.

Conclusions

Our online exercise program was acceptable to older adults, had good adherence, reduced depression, and increased life space. Participants reported improved functional and mental health benefits. Further research is warranted to expand on these findings.

Trial registration

NCT04627493; 13/11/2020.
Critical role of Babesia bovis spherical body protein 3 in ridge formation on infected red blood cells
Authors: Fathi Atefeh , Hakimi Hassan , Sakaguchi Miako , Yamagishi Junya , Kawazu Shin-ichiro , Asada Masahito
Published: November 2024

Babesia bovis, an apicomplexan intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite, causes serious economic loss to cattle industries around the world. Infection with this parasite leads to accumulation of infected red blood cells (iRBCs) in the brain microvasculature that results in severe clinical complications known as cerebral babesiosis. Throughout its growth within iRBCs, the parasite exports various proteins to the iRBCs that lead to the formation of protrusions known as “ridges” on the surface of iRBCs, which serve as sites for cytoadhesion to endothelial cells. Spherical body proteins (SBPs; proteins secreted from spherical bodies, which are organelles specific to Piroplasmida) are exported into iRBCs, and four proteins (SBP1-4) have been reported to date. In this study, we elucidated the function of SBP3 using an inducible gene knockdown (KD) system. Localization of SBP3 was assessed by immunofluorescence assay, and only partial colocalization was detected between SBP3 and SBP4 inside the iRBCs. In contrast, colocalization was observed with VESA-1, which is a major parasite ligand responsible for the cytoadhesion. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed localization of SBP3 at the ridges. SBP3 KD was performed using the glmS system, and effective KD was confirmed by Western blotting, immunofluorescence assay, and RNA-seq analysis. The SBP3 KD parasites showed severe growth defect suggesting its importance for parasite survival in the iRBCs. VESA-1 on the surface of iRBCs was scarcely detected in SBP3 KD parasites, whereas SBP4 was still detected in the iRBCs. Moreover, abolition of ridges on the iRBCs and reduction of iRBCs cytoadhesion to the bovine brain endothelial cells were observed in SBP3 KD parasites. Immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry analysis detected the host Band 3 multiprotein complex, suggesting an association of SBP3 with iRBC cytoskeleton proteins. Taken together, this study revealed the vital role of SBP3 in ridge formation and its significance in the pathogenesis of cerebral babesiosis.
TRIM32 inhibits Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection by targeting a late step in viral entry
Authors: Xie Yifan , Cao Jie , Gan Shuyi , Xu Lingdong , Zhang Dongjie , Qian Suhong , Xu Feng , Ding Qiang , Schoggins John W. , Fan Wenchun
Published: November 2024

Alphaviruses are mosquito borne RNA viruses that are a reemerging public health threat. Alphaviruses have a broad host range, and can cause diverse disease outcomes like arthritis, and encephalitis. The host ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) plays critical roles in regulating cellular processes to control the infections with various viruses, including alphaviruses. Previous studies suggest alphaviruses hijack UPS for virus infection, but the molecular mechanisms remain poorly characterized. In addition, whether certain E3 ubiquitin ligases or deubiquitinases act as alphavirus restriction factors remains poorly understood. Here, we employed a cDNA expression screen to identify E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM32 as a novel intrinsic restriction factor against alphavirus infection, including VEEV-TC83, SINV, and ONNV. Ectopic expression of TRIM32 reduces alphavirus infection, whereas depletion of TRIM32 with CRISPR-Cas9 increases infection. We demonstrate that TRIM32 inhibits alphaviruses through a mechanism that is independent of the TRIM32-STING-IFN axis. Combining reverse genetics and biochemical assays, we found that TRIM32 interferes with genome translation after membrane fusion, prior to replication of the incoming viral genome. Furthermore, our data indicate that the monoubiquitination of TRIM32 is important for its antiviral activity. Notably, we also show two TRIM32 pathogenic mutants R394H and D487N, related to Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD), have a loss of antiviral activity against VEEV-TC83. Collectively, these results reveal that TRIM32 acts as a novel intrinsic restriction factor suppressing alphavirus infection and provides insights into the interaction between alphaviruses and the host UPS.
Malnutrition disrupts adaptive immunity during visceral leishmaniasis by enhancing IL-10 production
Authors: Amorim Sacramento Laís , Gonzalez-Lombana Claudia , Scott Phillip
Published: November 2024

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is a risk factor for developing visceral leishmaniasis (VL). While nutrient deficiency can impair immunity, its mechanistic impact on protective adaptive immune responses following Leishmania infection remains unknown. To determine the potential negative impacts of malnutrition on anti-parasitic responses in chronic VL, we provided mice with a polynutrient-deficient diet (deficient protein, energy, zinc, and iron) that mimics moderate human malnutrition. The polynutrient-deficient diet resulted in growth stunting and reduced mass of visceral organs and following infection with Leishmania infantum, malnourished-mice harbored more parasites in the spleen and liver. Malnourished and infected mice also had fewer T lymphocytes, with reduced T cell production of IFN-γ required for parasite clearance and enhanced production of the immunosuppressive cytokine, IL-10. To determine if IL-10 was causative in disease progression in the malnourished mice, we treated infected mice with monoclonal antibody α-IL-10R. α-IL-10R treatment reduced the parasite number in malnourished mice, restored the number of T cells producing IFN-γ, and enhanced hepatic granuloma formation. Our results indicate that malnutrition increases VL susceptibility due to defective IFN-γ-mediated immunity attributable to increased IL-10 production.
An Explanation for Dark Energy from Whittaker Potential Theory
Authors: Titleman Mark
Published: November 2024

A recent article found that black holes with posited vacuum energy interior solutions alongside cosmological boundaries have a cosmological coupling constant of k=3, meaning that black holes gain mass proportional to a
3 in a parameterization equation within a Robertson Walker cosmology – thus making black holes a cosmological dark energy species (Farrah et al. 2023). The mechanism for this is unknown. Two papers by E. T. Whittaker in 1903 and 1904 showed that all force potential could be understood as resulting from standing waves (static non-local solution) and propagating waves (local solution changing in time). This unification of gravitational and electromagnetic potential has been neglected even though it opens up new mathematical avenues and physical features. The mass-proportionality and preferred direction of the longitudinal waves within the two underlying Whittaker potentials can explain many features of General Relativity (Titleman 2022). They also offer a simple Newtonian explanation for dark energy stemming from Whittaker potential theory – it is produced as longitudinal motion within the Whittaker potentials only when dynamic electromagnetism is separate from time-static gravity in intergalactic space.
"The Geometry of Flat and Full: Comparing 2D and 3D Shapes"
Authors: Odvese Akpusugh Verse Ephraim , Tertsea Dekpoghol
Published: November 2024

This journal, titled "The Geometry of Flat and Full: Comparing 2D and 3D Shapes,"

explores the fundamental differences and relationships between two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) shapes. Beginning with the basics, the study introduces 2D shapes, or "flat" shapes, which include polygons like squares, circles, and triangles, each defined by length and width but lacking depth. It then contrasts these with 3D, or "full," shapes, such as cubes, spheres, and pyramids, which possess depth in addition to length and width, giving them volume and creating new structural elements like edges, faces, and vertices. The journal investigates how these shapes are constructed, their distinct properties, and the mathematical concepts associated with each. It discusses calculations for perimeter and area in 2D shapes and expands to surface area and volume for 3D shapes. Visual diagrams and real-life examples demonstrate where each type of shape is commonly found, allowing readers to understand the practical applications of each. By comparing the characteristics of 2D and 3D shapes, this journal aims to provide a foundational understanding of geometry and highlight how moving from flat to full dimensions transforms both visual perspective and mathematical approach. This comparison serves as a basis for more advanced geometry topics and helps cultivate spatial awareness, critical for fields like architecture, engineering, and art.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE NATURE OF PEER

RELATIONSHIP AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

IN

AKOKO SOUTH-WEST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ONDO
Authors: Oluwatosin Blessing Oyedokun , Promise Okunola , Dayo Esther Chibuoke , Oluwabunkunmi Esther Oyepitan , Micheal Timileyin Ademola , Iyanu Damilola Oniyitan , OLAYINKA TIMOTHY AMOKEOJA
Published: November 2024

The focus of this research project is on the nature of peer relationship among secondary school students. The random sampling technique was adopted in the selection of research participants across the selected secondary schools in Ondo State. Five hundred copies of the questionnaire were administered in five secondary schools in Ondo state. Simple percentage was used to analyze the data collated from the research field. Based on research findings, it was discovered that most adolescents normally visit their friend of other sex, and that they also frequently interact, learn and imitate certain pattern of behavior or attitude from one another. It was also revealed that their close friend of opposite sex does not advise them to attend parties. It was also revealed that most students' close friends of the opposite sex do not take advice to break school rules. Likewise, it is also revealed that students' close friends of the opposite sex do not advise them to respect their parents. It is therefore recommended that teachers, parents, counselors, and many others should assist adolescents so that they may know how to interact reasonably well with their peers which will make their behavior fall in line with the socially acceptable behavior.
Production of functional ice cream with probiotic addition from camel milk
Authors: Bulca Selda , Bayrakçıoğlu Monica , Yıldırım Oğuzhan , Yüksel Nergiz
Published: November 2024

Nos últimos anos, o uso do leite de camelo ganhou popularidade devido aos seus benefícios nutricionais e de saúde, como suas propriedades anticancerígenas, antidiabéticas, antioxidantes, antiobesidade e contra o autismo. Portanto, o objetivo primário deste estudo foi incorporar essas propriedades do leite de camelo na produção de sorvetes. O leite de camelo também é conhecido por apresentar um ambiente favorável para o crescimento de bactérias probióticas. Para avaliar esse potencial, bactérias probióticas Bifidobacterium bifidum foram adicionadas às amostras de sorvete feitas com 100% de leite de camelo (com e sem adição de probiótico - Controle), uma mistura de 50% de leite de vaca e 50% de leite de camelo e 100% de leite de vaca. Observou-se que a multiplicação de probióticos foi maior no sorvete feito com 100% de leite de vaca. Além disso, várias análises foram realizadas nas amostras de sorvete, incluindo viscosidade, tempo de primeiro gotejamento, tempo de derretimento, overrrun, matéria seca total, compostos voláteis e análises sensoriais. Nos testes físico-químicos, o sorvete produzido a partir de leite 100% camelo, com adição de probióticos, apresentou os menores valores de pH e viscosidade. As diferenças nos valores de viscosidade foram atribuídas a variações no teor de matéria seca dos sorvetes. Entre as quatro amostras de sorvete, a mistura de 50% de leite de vaca e 50% de leite de camelo apresentou o menor tempo de primeiro gotejamento e derretimento completo. Os resultados da análise sensorial indicaram que o sorvete preferido foi aquele feito com 100% de leite de camelo sem adição de probióticos. A 2-heptanona foi detectada em todas as quatro amostras de sorvete, sendo sua concentração mais alta no sorvete de leite de vaca.
Compact Defected Ground Structure Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wi-Fi Applications
Authors: Sakle Dipak Omprakash , Deshmukh Manish
Published: November 2024

In recent years microstrip patch antennas having minute size is an exciting topic for many researchers and design engineers. In this paper a novel miniaturized microstrip patch antenna for Wi-Fi applications is proposed. The concept of defected ground plane (DGS) is used for achieving miniaturization. The prototype is designed and analyzed by CST Microwave Studio. Low cost FR-4 substrate having thickness of 0.8 mm is used for the design of the antenna. The antenna is having compact size of 16 × 17 mm2. The simulated results demonstrate that the antenna has bandwidth of 2.02% (49 MHz) with -41.46 dB reflection coefficient at resonating frequency. The antenna has bidirectional radiation pattern. The proposed design provides a size reduction of 75.46% in comparison to conventional patch. The proposed antenna is having compact size and is low cost which makes it a suitable candidate for 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi band.
Analisis Karakteristik Sampah Laut dan Tingkat Kebersihan di Pantai Sendang Biru dan Pelabuhan Perikanan Pondokdadap, Kabupaten Malang, Jawa Timur
Authors: Zahra Nabila Nuralya Az , Dewanti Arum Kusuma , Yona Defri , Aliviyanti Dian , Dewi Citra Satrya Utama , Yamindago Ade
Published: November 2024

Kenaikan jumlah penduduk akan mengakibatkan naiknya volume sampah yang dihasilkan dari aktivitas antropogenik. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Pantai Sendang Biru dan Pelabuhan Perikanan Pondokdadap, Kabupaten Malang. Minimnya informasi mengenai karakteristik sampah laut juga tingkat kebersihan lingkungan pantai dan pelabuhan menjadi alasan perlunya penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui penanganan sampah laut yang lebih tepat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi jenis sampah laut, menganalisis kelimpahannya, serta menentukan tingkat kebersihan wilayah pesisir berdasarkan indeks kualitas kebersihan Clean-Coast Index (CCI) dan General Index (GI). CCI digunakan untuk menghitung tingkat kebersihan berdasarkan keberadaan sampah plastik saja, sedangkan GI menentukan kebersihan pantai berdasarkan semua kategori sampah. Pengambilan data sampah laut dilakukan dengan menggunakan kuadran transek berukuran 5 x 5 m pada area pantai dan pelabuhan. Identifikasi sampah berdasarkan kategori dilakukan secara langsung di lapang, termasuk penghitungan jumlah dan berat sampah. Sampah plastik merupakan kategori sampah yang mendominasi dengan persentase 73,25 % di Pantai Sendang Biru dan 68 % di Pelabuhan Pondokdadap. Sub-kategori sampah plastik yang mendominasi yaitu plastik sekali pakai dengan persentase 84,28 % di Pantai Sendang Biru dan 90 % di Pelabuhan Pondokdadap. Hasil perhitungan CCI mengkategorikan Pantai Sendang Biru (32.32 ± 17.63) dan Pelabuhan Pondokdadap (48,60±9,50) serta GI Pantai Sendang Biru (44,12 ± 19,52) dan Pelabuhan Pondokdadap (74,3 ± 20,28) termasuk ke dalam kategori sangat kotor, sehingga diperlukan tindakan pemulihan kawasan yang tercemar hingga kembali pada kondisinya semula, dan juga monitoring sampah secara berkelanjutan.
The Preliminary Study about Physico-Chemical Property of Bio-Enzyme Produced from Orange Fruits Waste Treated with Different Concentrations of Probiotic
Authors: Kurniawan Andri , Mustikasari Diah , Kurniawan Ardiansyah , Muntoro Muntoro , Setiadi Jhodi , Kholishah Nur Afifah
Published: November 2024

Fruit wastes are reported as among the main contributors to the food waste production. They have impact on the environment so they need to be treated. To reduce the negative effects, fruit wastes must be treated before they are released into environment. Meanwhile, the fruit wastes have been reported about their functional properties and nutritional as bio-enzyme. This preliminary study aimed to provide information about the physico-chemical characteristics of bio-enzyme, including pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), color, and smell of bio-enzyme from orange fruit wastes treated different concentrations of probiotic in anaerobic fermentation. Bio-enzyme was a fermented solution made from a mixture of 15 g brown sugar : 5 kg orange fruit waste : 12 L water. We designed treatments of bio-enzyme fermentation with addition of probiotic, namely 0 ml (control), 80 ml (P1), 160 ml (P2), 240 ml (P3), and 320 ml (P4) for each closed plastic drums 25 L in volume and then were fermented for 35 days. The preliminary study resulted that efficiency of brown sugar and effectivity of fruit waste to produced bio-enzyme with pH 3.4-3.6, TDS 982.7-1152.5 ppm, DO 1.4-2.2 ppm, N total 0.017-0.035%, P 0.017-0.02%, K -.046-0.056%, C organic 0.782-0.936%, C/N ratio 28.29-47.36, reduction sugar 0.005-0.134%, total plate number 4.9 x 104 to 1.1 x 105 colony/g, mold & yeast 2.2 x 104 to 5.8 x 104, light brown of liquid color, little sour to sour and freshness in odor, fungi covered surface of the liquid, Si 12.93-22.53%, Al 1.96-2.39%, Ca 3670-6940 ppm, and Fe 214-806 ppm. This research continues for up to 3 months to determine the metagenome diversity of anaerobic microorganism in bio-enzyme fermentation, characteristics of enzyme, reducing sugar production, and chemical properties of bio-enzyme from orange fruit wastes.
Green guardians: Harnessing biopesticides for sustainable vegetable pest management
Authors: Priya Varshini A C , Suganthy M , Sowmiya A , Preetha G , Janaki P , Parameswari E , Krishnan R
Published: November 2024

Insect pests pose significant challenges to vegetable crops, causing not only economic losses but also compromising the quality of our food. Shockingly, up to 20 % of globally produced goods fall victim to these insidious invaders. While chemical insecticides have historically bolstered food production, they come with notable drawbacks, including handling risks, residue concerns and negative impacts on non-target species and the environment.Though they have not yet completely replaced chemical insecticides, biopesticides are becoming key in reducing pesticide overuse and promoting safer, residue-free food and environments. Derived from plants and microorganisms, biopesticides offer a safer alternative, ranging from plant extracts to microbial agents such as bacteria, fungi, viruses and nematodes. Additionally, insect hormones and semiochemicals, along with silica-based mineral products like activated clay and rice husk, contribute to eco-friendly pest control solutions. Cutting-edge nano biopesticides also deliver unparalleled pest control with precision targeting and excellent environmental credentials.In this comprehensive exploration, we delve deep into the myriad forms of biopesticides, their commercial availability, modes of action and the advantages and disadvantages in vegetable pest management. Crucially, we illuminate the path toward integrating biopesticides into holistic pest management strategies, which can lead to healthier crops, increased yields and more sustainable agricultural practices. By emphasizing biopesticides, we can promote environmental safety and support a greener future in agriculture.
The Funnel Transformative Model of Science Education
Authors: Reyna Jorge , Romero Ariza Marta , Quesada Armenteros Antonio
Published: November 2024

This theoretical paper proposes a model to address the multifaceted challenges of science education by integrating two evidence-based approaches: the Learner-Generated Digital Media (LGDM) projects framework and the Cognitive Acceleration through Science Education (CASE) framework. The Model is analogous to a funnel, with its wide top representing the broad field of science education and its narrow bottom symbolising transformative learning. It leverages LGDM’s self-regulation benefits and CASE’s structured five-stage approach – Concrete Preparation, Cognitive Conflict, Social Construction, Metacognition, and Bridging. The model categorises the complexity of science learning into six critical pillars: lack of conceptual understanding, cognitive challenges, language barriers, lack of hands-on learning, lack of robust assessments, and social issues. Applying the Funnel Model aims to develop cognitive skills, enhance learning strategies, and foster practical skills. This paper presents the Funnel Model and discusses a methodological approach to validation using Design-Based Research (DBR). The research plans to address three key questions to refine and enhance the Funnel Model in improving science education outcomes.
Technology-enhanced Learning in Information Systems Education
Authors: Kurnia Sherah , Chow Winn Wing-Yiu , Linden Tanya
Published: November 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted higher education but also accelerated the adoption of technology-enhanced learning and innovative teaching practices to promote student-centred learning in higher education. Nevertheless, traditional, didactic, teacher-centred approaches in university teaching are still prevalent. Specifically, Information Systems (IS) and other technology-related disciplines are expected to adopt technological innovations more readily. Moving beyond the pandemic, there is a need to reassess the current state of Information Systems education and explore technologies that have been effectively deployed to identify best practices. This study involves reviewing thirteen subjects as part of a Master of Information Systems course offered by one of Australia’s leading universities. It aims to identify innovative technology-enhanced practices that promote student-centred learning, assess their adoption levels and impact, and reflect on any difficulties hindering their adoption. We identified three innovative technology applications that effectively facilitate student-centred learning: web-based interactive content, online collaborative workspaces, and simulation games. However, we found that these technologies are primarily adopted for tutorials. Nevertheless, the use of technology has led to a notable shift from the traditional teaching approach to a flipped classroom model. The findings highlight the need for university-wide support, policy changes, and investments in time, resources, and staff training to enhance student-centred learning through the use of technology.
Navigating the places we now inhabit
Authors: Schwenger Bettina , Nguyen Nhung , Carvalho Lucila
Published: November 2024

Learning design involves creating educational opportunities that are engaging and effective. In many countries, this process must attune to indigenous ways of being and knowing. In the context of Aotearoa New Zealand, the learning design process requires the ability to create culturally inclusive learning opportunities that are respectful of Maori culture, but also beneficial to all learners - a process that calls for deeper reflection and understanding of tikanga Maori (Maori customs and practices). This paper highlights the experiences of migrant learning designers and teachers in Aotearoa New Zealand, who work at the intersection of Maori knowledge and Western educational practices. As non-indigenous immigrants, learning designers, teachers, and educational researchers, the authors drew on autoethnography as the methodology, to analyse and reflect on their role as allies of Maori, the indigenous people of Aotearoa New Zealand. This research aims to find and share ways of reconciling principles of learning design with different ways of knowing, whilst honouring the Maori culture. The paper contributes to wider debates in education that discuss how indigenous knowledge systems can enrich modern educational practices.
Understanding TVET students’ self-regulated learning and online participation on a blended course
Authors: Choy Tsoi Kern , Quek Choon Lang Gwendoline
Published: November 2024

The purpose of this research was to investigate students’ perceived self-regulated learning and participation in a blended environment. A shorten Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) was administered to 63 first-year students at a Singaporean Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET). Trace data was collected from the learning management system to gain insight into students’ online participation. The survey show that students were extrinsically motivated, used rehearsal strategy the most, but scored the lowest in critical thinking. Trace data revealed that students primarily accessed group activity worksheets, and spent the most time on quizzes. Positive correlations were found between time spent on resources and organization, elaboration, as well as critical thinking.
Using LLMs to support teacher reflections on using questions to deepen learning and promote student engagement
Authors: Abidi Aman , Ali Farhan , Quek Choon Lang Gwendoline , Koh Ruilin Elizabeth
Published: November 2024

While much attention has been focused on improving student outcomes, there is growing interest in supporting teachers' reflection on their teaching practice using Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) technologies. This paper examines the application of Large Language Models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 to automate the analysis of secondary school teachers' teaching practice in Singapore, specifically within the context of one of the teaching areas identified by the Singapore Teaching Practice model: using questions to deepen learning. We aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of LLMs in analyzing classroom lessons in this teaching area. The methodologies employed in this study included the collection of classroom data and their analysis, both manually and using LLMs. Specifically, this involved transcribing the classroom lessons and analyzing each question using LLMs, with the results compared to a ground-truth dataset created through manual analysis. The findings suggest that LLMs are effective in providing, forming the basis for future teacher reflection and the potential for automated self-reflection tools in Singapore schools.
Evaluating the Impact of an AI Critical Friend on Student Research Proposals, Critical AI Literacy, and Transparent Collaborative Assessment Practices
Authors: Gander Tim , Parsons David
Published: November 2024

This paper presents a work-in-progress report on an innovative approach to integrating generative AI capabilities into the assessment process, focusing on research proposal development. Specifically, the study explores the impact of incorporating an AI-powered "critical friend" that provides targeted feedback and guidance to students as they craft their research proposals. The aim is to evaluate how this AI-powered support system affects students' critical AI literacy, the quality and transparency of the collaborative assessment process, and, ultimately, the strength of the final research proposals. Through a mixed-methods approach combining surveys, focus groups, and analysis of student work and interactions with generative AI, the researchers seek to uncover key insights on the benefits, challenges, and ethical considerations of leveraging AI to enhance the research proposal development experience. The findings from this study will contribute to the growing body of literature on the role of AI in academic assessments and provide practical recommendations for educators and institutions looking to responsibly integrate these emerging technologies.