bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the factors determining social media instragram as promotion media on the online shop in DKI Jakarta area
Authors: Hazar Restu , Vikaliana Resista
Published: June 2020

Social media is basically regarded as one kind of communication media. Social media in general is a medium used to socialize (connection, either personal or group and so on) among the users, it is not any exception, Indonesia's business community is Instagram social media. Instagram is one of the social networking apps used to share photos and videos that allow users to take photos and share them with followers. This way is used by online shop to promote its products. This study aims to determine and analyze the factors that determine Instagram social media as a campaign media on the online shop 1) Cognitive, 2) Affective, 3) Personal Integration, 4)Social Integration, 5) Release Tension, 6) Accessibility, 7) Relative Cost, 8) Life Style Envy about 3 online shops @elzattahijab, @zoyalovers, and @rabbaniprofesorkerudung_shop which are selling or offering women's clothing. This research uses descriptive qualitative method. Informant in this research is divided into 2 (two) that is key informant and main informant. Data analysis using comparative constant model The process of data analysis includes data reduction, data category,and sisntesisation. The 8 (eight) factors that determine social media Instagram as media promotion on the online shop and there are 7 (seven) factors that determine the online shop @elzattahijab, @zoyalovers, and @rabbaniprofesorkerudung using Instagram as a media campaign on their online shop which is, cognitive, affective , personal identity, social identity, release of tension, easy accessibility, relative reasonable cost factors. For life style envy or jealousy lifestyle, online shop does not feel this factor has become one of the use of social media Instagram as a media campaign on their online shop. And researchers have found one factor that become online factor shop @elzattahijab, @zoyalovers, and @rabbaniprofesor kerudung using Instagram as a media campaign, the innovation feature on Instagram is Insta Stories and live broadcast. Keywords: Promotion, Instagram, Online Shop
Analysis on net profit earned by a company to dividend shared to investors (Case study of PT. Gudang Garam from 2014-2019)
Authors: Pramudena Sri Marti
Published: June 2020

Dividend is profits generated by the company distributed to shareholders. Dividend sharing depends not only on company profits but also on the working capital it obtains. Many companies survive and develop, but the distribution of dividends is fixed and not in line with the development of corporate profits. Thus, this study was aimed to determining the effect of the amount of capital and dividends distribution and the effect of company profits on the number of dividends. The indicator is the type of working capital used, company profits and dividends distributed to the company during the observation period. Research results show that there is no effect of working capital on dividends distributed. Keywords: Capital, Company Profit, Dividend Introduction
The effect of product quality, price and product availability upon the purchasing decision to buy electricity cable of kabel metal brand in the area of DKI Jakarta (Case Study at PT. KMI Wire and Cable Tbk.)
Authors: . Supriyatno , Hartoyo S.
Published: June 2020

This research aims to figure out the effect of Product Quality, Price and Stock Availability upon the Decision to Purchase Cable of Kabelmetal brand in DKI Jakarta. (Case Study at PT KMI Wire and Cable Tbk). Sampling technique of this research is sampling probability using Simple Random Sampling. This research has applied 100 respondents using quantitative descriptive approach and is located in DKI Jakarta. Therefore, data analysis has applied statistical analysis of multiple linear regression test. Data is processed by using SPSS Version 21. Result of analysis using SPSS version 21 indicates that only two of the three hypotheses have affected significantly. Result of the research has identified that Product Quality has affected significantly the Purchasing Decision which is 0.005 < 0.05 and Price has affected the Purchasing Decision which is 0.000 < 0.05. However, the hypothesis that has not affected the Purchasing decision is Product availability which value is 0.529 > 0.05. Keywords: Product Quality, Price, Product Availability, Purchasing Decision.
Icelandic Journalists & the Question of Professionalism
Authors: Guðmundsson Birgir , Kristinsson Sigurður
Published: June 2020

The question whether journalism constitutes a profession or not has been widely discussed in the literature in recent decades without a definite conclusion. Indeed some suggest that much of the contradictory views on professionalism and the professionalization of journalism may be traced to the unclear meaning of the very term “professionalism” or “professionalization” (Nolan 2008). Thus it is possible to put simultaneously forth plausible arguments suggesting de-professionalization of journalism on the one hand, and further professionalization of journalism on the other, based on different interpretations of the term “professionalism”. The terms “professional” and “professionalism” can refer to different social phenomena in different contexts. Thus an ongoing professionalization of journalism can be taking place in one sense at the same time as de-professionalization in a different sense, and of course, these different trends can also be taking place simultaneously in different parts of the media environment (Nolan, 2008; Hallin&Mancini, 2004; Witschge&Nygren, 2009; Schudson, 2001). In determining an approach to the concept of a profession it is helpful to establish some general criteria, against which journalistic practice may be measured. In finding these criteria, guidelines are given by the discussion of traditional professions – doctors, lawyers – and on that basis some characteristics can been said to signify a profession. To what extent is the work of Icelandic journalists characterised by professionalism, and to what extent do they, as an occupational group, exhibit the features normally associated with professions? The following analysis suggests that Icelandic journalists fulfil many of the key conditions associated with professions and their development in recent decades has been one of increased professionalism.
Freedom of the Press – Two Concepts
Authors: Meckl Markus
Published: June 2020

In 1644 the debate for freedom of expression started in modern times thanks to John Milton’s Areopagitica, where he still argued about God in order to justify his quest for freedom. With the enlightenment God lost his unifying role for society and could no longer serve as justification. Two arguments were brought then forward to justify freedom of the press: One by the continental movement of the enlightenment; the other from within the movement of utilitarianism, and most influentially by John Stuart Mill. Both underlined the importance of truth; however, they differed in their understanding on what truth was good for. This difference in their arguments had a lasting impact on the debate on the limits of freedom of the press.
Free Speech, Freedom of the Press, and the Tapestry of Lies
Authors: Karlsson Mikael M.
Published: June 2020

This paper comprises the text of the invited lecture presented at the international conference, “Tjáningarfrelsi og félagsleg ábyrgð – Kenningar og útfærsla” (Freedom of Expression and Social Responsibility – Theory and Practice), held at the University of Akureyri on 29 September 2014 and arranged by the Media Studies program and the Faculty of Social Sciences.
IMMI and Whistleblowing in Iceland – The New Regulatory Framework
Authors: Hoeren Thomas
Published: June 2020

The author describes in his short text the regulatory framework for whistleblowing platforms in Iceland, especially with a focus on the Icelandic Modern Media Initiative (IMMI)
Marie Stuart, Lettres de la dernière heure. Contribution à l’étude d’un « sous-genre » oublié
Authors: Winn Colette H. , Martin Hélène Camille
Published: June 2020

Cet article se propose d’examiner les lettres de la dernière heure écrites par Marie Stuart lors de sa captivité à Fotheringay avant sa mort le 8 février 1587. Adressées à ses contemporains, ces lettres permettent à Marie Stuart de contrôler jusqu’au bout l’image qui restera d’elle-même dans la mémoire collective et, dans le même temps, elles favorisent l’examen de conscience. La lettre de la dernière heure se nourrit largement d’autres genres littéraires tels que la lettre d’adieu, les écrits sur l’art de mourir et le testament. Toutefois, ce qui fait sa spécificité, c’est le lien qu’elle entretient avec le rituel de la mort tel qu’il est conçu à l’époque.

This article examines the letters of the last hour written by Mary Stuart during her captivity in Fotheringay before her death on February 8, 1587. Addressed to her contemporaries, these letters allow Mary Stuart to control until the end the image of her that will remain in collective memory and, at the same time, they promote self-examination. The letter of the last hour is closely related to several literary genres like the farewell letter, the arts of dying, and the testament but its specificity lies in its relation to the ritual of death as it was conceived at the time.
Minor if Entertaining Post-Utopian Nowheres
Authors: Prescott Anne Lake
Published: June 2020

Not all utopias are truly imaginative, yet minor ones can be instructive or amusing. This article explores the hierarchy-obsessed French Antangil as well as some minor English ones so as to deduce further what so entranced so many about Nowhere’s possibilities. None is as radical as Utopia itself—nor as intelligent. They do, however, show the uses to which a “utopia” can be put. After a glance at Antangil this article moves to a letter from the king of Utopia and thence to Edward Howard’s royalist drama Six Days in a New Utopia (1671), an interesting failure on stage. After a few glances at other utopias the article ends with a grimly amusing avian debate concerning the desire of foreign (French) canaries to settle in Utopia (England), where they will be safe from a persecutory eagle (Louis XIV). Utopia is “nowhere,” but it is a useful nowhere.

Les utopies ne sont pas toutes véritablement originales, toutefois certaines peuvent être instructives et amusantes. Cette étude explore l’Antangil, un ouvrage français obsédé par la hiérarchie, ainsi qu’un certain nombre d’ouvrages mineurs anglais, dans le but de mieux comprendre ce qui a séduit tant de lecteurs dans les possibilités d’un « Nulle part ». Aucune de ces oeuvres n’est aussi radicale que l’Utopie de More elle-même, ni aussi intelligente. Elles montrent cependant quelle peut être la fonction de telles utopies. Cette étude, après avoir considéré l’Antangil, se penche sur une lettre du roi d’Utopia, et sur le drame royaliste Six Days in a New Utopia d’Edward Howard (1671) ayant eu curieusement peu de succès sur scène. Après avoir survolé quelques autres textes similaires, on termine notre examen avec un amusant débat aviaire traitant du désir de canaris étrangers (français) de s’installer en Utopie (Angleterre), où ils seront à l’abris de la persécution d’un certain aigle (Louis XIV). On y constate qu’Utopie est un « nulle part », mais un « nulle part » utile.
Usos medicinais de plantas no Cariri paraibano: um estudo de caso
Authors: Alves Marcela de Souza , Rodrigues Erimágna de Morais , Silva Antonio James Oliveira , Gomes Aureliana Santos , Moura Débora Coelho
Published: June 2020

Esse trabalho é pioneiro no estudo de uso de plantas medicinais, no município de Gado Bravo-PB. Assim, este estudo apresenta-se, com finalidade de resgate histórico e etnobotânico das plantas medicinais, que é comum em diversas comunidades humanas. No município de Gado Bravo – PB o uso de plantas medicinais é comum entre seus respectivos moradores, pois os mesmos utilizam estas, como terapia, alivio de dores e doenças consideradas simples. O objetivo deste estudo foi resgatar e sistematizar as informações populares, sobre as plantas medicinais utilizadas na cidade. Foi realizado um estudo em três ruas, com respectivamente 40 pessoas, de sexo e idade diferentes. Foram citadas neste estudo 16 famílias botânicas de 26 espécies de plantas medicinais usadas, como terapia pela comunidade. Apenas duas plantas entre as 16 citadas pertencem ao bioma Caatinga, que é a Aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão), e a Malva Rosa (Melochia tomentosa L.), as demais são exóticas. Durante as entrevistas os moradores demostraram, que a população possui um grande conhecimento acerca das plantas medicinais e suas propriedades terapêuticas.
Role of amylase and protease in germinatingSterculia urens Roxb
Authors: Botcha S , Prattipati SD
Published: June 2020

The present study explains the levels of proteins and enzymes like proteases and amylases associated with the breakdown of proteins and carbohydrates during various stages (0 day to 15th day) of seed germination of Sterculia urens Roxb.. Maximum protease activity (1.12 units/mg of protein) and amylase activity was observed on 12thday of seed germination (34 units/mg of protein) and decreased thereafter. Highest protein content was observed at initial stage of seed germination and decreased thereafter. Increased proteolytic activity and amylase activity proportionately increases free amino acid content and sugars that promotes the seedlings growth and development.

Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.55(2), 107-112, 2020
Stablization of medical waste incineration fly ash in cement mortar matrix
Authors: Ahmed T , Chowdhury R , Rahman M
Published: June 2020

Laboratory experiments were performed to assess the suitability of using medical waste incineration fly ash in cement as a construction material based on the engineering properties of fly ash-cement matrix and the leaching potential of toxic heavy metals from the stabilized mix. Fly ash-cement samples were prepared with different proportions of fly ash (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by weight) in the laboratory under controlled conditions. The solidified matrix exhibited a compressive strength from 3950 to 4980 psi when fly ash is mixed in varying proportions. The 28-day compressive strength has been found to decrease with the increase in fly ash content but it meets the minimum requirement of compressive strength for cement-mortar. Soundness test exhibited acceptable results for cement-mortar mixes having up to 15% fly ash. Final and initial setting times of cement have been found to generally increase with fly ash content. Water requirement (for normal consistency) also increased with the increase in fly ash content in cement. Based on physical properties of the cement-mortar matrix it is recommended that up to 10% (by weight) medical waste incineration fly ash can be incorporated for producing cement-mortar of optimum quality. Leaching behaviors of several targeted heavy metals (As, Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb, Hg and Zn) were analyzed using Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure (TCLP) of fly ash and solidified fly ash-cement matrix which shows that the leached concentrations of As, Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn were reduced by 80.13%, 89.47%, 33.33%, 23.9% and 100% respectively for 10% fly ash incorporated cement-mortar matrix compared to that of original fly ash. The leached concentrations of heavy metals from the matrix were far below the EPA land disposal limits. These results suggest that the solidified fly ash incorporated cement-mortar matrix can effectively confine and immobilize the heavy metals contained in the fly ash without significantly diminishing the engineering properties of cement-mortar.

Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.55(2), 131-138, 2020
Multi-phenyl structured aromatic hydrocarbon polymer
Authors: Hossain MA , Morium - , Elias M , Rahman MM , Rahaman MM , Ali MS , Razzak MA
Published: June 2020

Multi-phenyl structured random polymer was synthesized via condensation polymerization reaction by applying different monomer ratios and characterized by various spectroscopic methods (FT-IR, 1H NMR). The prepared polymers showed good thermooxidative stability up to 400 ºC. The surface morphology was studied by FESEM that showed the good linkage among the polymer chains. The EDS data of poly(fluorenylene ether ketone), PFEK; demonstrated that all the monomers participated in the copolymerization reaction. Inherent viscosity values of the polymers were obtained in the range of 0.76∼1.12 dL g-1. The polymers’ yield was within 85~90%. The obtained results indicate that the multi-phenyl structured polymer will be the good candidates to prepare the effective aromatic hydrocarbon polymer electrolyte membrane.

Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.55(2), 139-146, 2020
Ocean acidification impacts on biomass and fatty acid composition of a post-bloom marine plankton community
Authors: Dörner I , Hauss H , Aberle N , Lohbeck K , Spisla C , Riebesell U , Ismar-Rebitz SMH
Published: June 2020

A mesocosm approach was used to investigate the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on a natural plankton community in coastal waters off Norway by manipulating CO2 partial pressure (pCO2). Eight enclosures were deployed in the Raunefjord near Bergen. Treatment levels were ambient (~320 µatm) and elevated pCO2 (~2000 µatm), each in 4 replicate enclosures. The experiment lasted for 53 d in May-June 2015. To assess impacts of OA on the plankton community, phytoplankton and protozooplankton biomass and total seston fatty acid content were analyzed. In both treatments, the plankton community was dominated by the dinoflagellate Ceratium longipes. In the elevated pCO2 treatment, however, biomass of this species as well as that of other dinoflagellates was strongly negatively affected. At the end of the experiment, total dinoflagellate biomass was 4-fold higher in the control group than under elevated pCO2 conditions. In a size comparison of C. longipes, cell size in the high pCO2 treatment was significantly larger. The ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids of seston decreased at high pCO2. In particular, the concentration of docosahexaenoic acid (C 22:6n3c), essential for development and reproduction of metazoans, was less than half at high pCO2 compared to ambient pCO2. Thus, elevated pCO2 led to a deterioration in the quality and quantity of food in a natural plankton community, with potential consequences for the transfer of matter and energy to higher trophic levels
Temporal succession of a macrofaunal community associated with kelp fragment accumulations in an in situ experiment
Authors: de Bettignies F , Dauby P , Lepoint G , Riera P , Bocher E , Bohner O , Broudin C , Houbin C , Leroux C , Loisel S , Davoult D
Published: June 2020

A large part of the production ofLaminaria hyperboreakelp forests is not directly consumed by grazers, but is exported during storm events or natural annual blade erosion. Drifting kelp fragments are transported and can accumulate temporarily over subtidal benthic habitats. The decay process is particularly slow (>6 mo for complete decay during spring-summer) andL. hyperboreafragments are able to maintain their primary production function for several months. If they accumulate in low subtidal habitats, fragments can have a long residence time, thus modifying habitat structure. Based on a 6 mo cage experiment, we investigated macrofaunal colonization and community succession within accumulations ofL. hyperboreafragments on a low subtidal (-10 m) sandy bottom ecosystem. Stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N) measurements were carried out to describe the structure and development of the trophic food web and the role of detritus as a food source. Kelp tissues were rapidly and abundantly colonized by macrofauna, and a classical ecological succession occurred, with changes in species dominance and increase in diversity during decay. The food web was based on 2 main sources: particulate organic matter from the water column and decaying kelp tissues. Kelp contributed significantly to the diet of numerous species that are commonly consumed by local predators (fish, shrimp). Following community succession, diets diversified and the food web became more complex during the decay process. Our results indicate that drift kelp accumulations structure their associated communities and food web during the whole decay process.
Deriving pasture growth patterns for Land Use Capability Classes in different regions of New Zealand
Authors: Cichota R. , Vogeler I. , Li F.Y. , Beautrais J.
Published: June 2020

Abstract Farm system models are increasingly being used to assess the implications of land use and practice changes on profitability and environmental impacts. Exploring implications beyond individual farms requires the linkage of such models to land resource information, which for pastoral systems includes forage supply. The New Zealand Land Resource Inventory (LRI) and associated Land Use Capability (LUC) database includes estimates of the potential stock carrying capacity across the country, which can be used to derive annual, but not seasonal, patterns of pasture growth. The Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) was used, with generic soil profiles based on descriptions of LUC classes, to generate pasture growth curves (PGCs) in three regions of the country. The simulated pasture yields were similar to the estimates in the LRI spatial database, and varied with LUC Class within and across regions. The simulated PGCs also agreed well with measured data. The approach can be used to obtain spatially discrete estimates of seasonal pasture growth patterns across New Zealand, enabling investigation of land use and management changes at regional scales. Key words: APSIM modelling, pasture growth curve (PGC), year to year variability, farm system analysis
The production and water extraction of lucerne and ryegrass under different irrigation frequencies on a shallow soil.
Authors: Michel A.J. , Brown H.E. , Teixeira E.I. , Meenken E.D. , Maley S. , George M.J. , Gillespie R.N.
Published: June 2020

Abstract A field experiment was conducted on a shallow soil (low plant available water holding capacity) at Lincoln (Canterbury, New Zealand) to compare the biomass production of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) under four different irrigation frequencies: (T1) replacing water use (WU) twice a week (replicating centre pivot rewetting frequencies); (T2) replacing WU fortnightly (replicating travelling irrigator); (T3) replacing WU every 3 weeks (replicating border dyke); (T4) nil irrigation (rain fed only). Soil water content was measured hourly at 0-30 cm depth and fortnightly at 0-150 cm depth. Plots were sown in March 2011 and defoliated on eight (ryegrass) and five to six (lucerne) occasions each season between September 2011 and May 2014. Annual biomass production during the first year was highest for ryegrass under each treatment because the lucerne crops were still establishing. During the second and third year of experimentation ryegrass yielded higher or similar to lucerne under the irrigated treatments (T1, T2 and T3). This was attributed to a decline in lucerne stands due to weed pressure. It is important to note that the ryegrass crop has received 250-700 kg N/ha per year depending on the irrigation treatment. Under dry conditions (T4) ryegrass yielded more than lucerne in both year 2 and 3. This result contrasts the literature and is attributed to the greater capacity of ryegrass to grow in cooler season and the stony sub-soil meaning lucerne received no summer yield advantage from its deep tap root. Key words: Medicago sativa L., Lolium perenne, biomass, water extraction, irrigation frequency
Identification and effectiveness of rhizobial strains that nodulate Lupinus polyphyllus
Authors: Ryan-Salter T.P. , Black A.D. , Andrews M. , Moot D.J.
Published: June 2020

Abstract Lupinus polyphyllus plants were heavily nodulated at 10 field sites sampled across the South Island. Twenty-two bacterial isolates from these nodules formed functional nodules on L. polyphyllus indicating that rhizobia that nodulate L. polyphyllus were present across a wide range of sites in the South Island. Gene sequences identified all 22 isolates and the Group G commercial inoculant as Bradyrhizobium. Eleven isolates and the Group G inoculant were tested for their effectiveness on growth of L. polyphyllus plants in a high country soil in a glasshouse. All plants nodulated regardless of inoculum treatment but there was variability in effectiveness. This suggests that it may be beneficial to use a rhizobial inoculant for high country soils, but further work is required before a recommendation can be made. Keywords: nitrogen fixation, perennial lupin, Lupinus polyphyllus
Rising plate meters and a capacitance probe estimate the biomass of chicory and plantain monocultures with similar accuracy as for ryegrass-based pasture
Authors: Haultain J. , Wigley K. , Lee J.M.
Published: June 2020

Abstract It is useful to gain an estimate of herbage biomass when feed budgeting. However, none of the tools that are available to estimate biomass (e.g., the rising plate meter (RPM) or capacitance probe (CP)) have been tested on popular forage herbs, such as chicory or plantain. We tested the hypothesis that RPM and CP could be used to estimate biomass of first year pure chicory and plantain swards with accuracy at least as great as for ryegrassbased pasture. In two summer experiments at different locations in the Waikato, RPM, CP and uncompressed sward height (SH) readings were taken throughout regrowth within 0.2 m² quadrats in chicory and plantain swards, and ryegrass-based pasture. The herbage was then cut to ground level and oven-dried to estimate biomass. Linear equations relating biomass to mean readings were generated for each method, both within each experiment and as pooled datasets. In ryegrassbased pasture, the correlation coefficients (R²) were 0.73, 0.43 and 0.51 for RPM, CP and SH, respectively. For chicory swards, the pooled correlation coefficients (R²) were 0.73, 0.73 and 0.81 for RPM, CP and SH, respectively, while for plantain swards the R2 were 0.70, 0.59 and 0.68 for RPM, CP and SH, respectively. This led to the conclusion that the RPM was a suitable tool for the estimation of biomass in pure chicory or plantain swards as it had similar accuracy to calibration equations for ryegrass-based pasture. Farmers, at least in the Waikato, can estimate first year chicory or plantain biomass through the summer and autumn period using the following equations: Chicory biomass (kg DM/ha) = 86 × RPM reading + 235, or = 0.64 × CP reading + 437, or = 94 × SH - 190. Plantain biomass (kg DM/ha) = 94 × RPM reading + 455. Keywords: rising plate meter (RPM), capacitance probe (CP), chicory, plantain
Productivity and seedling recruitment of naturalised annual clovers versus sown clovers Trifolium repens and Trifolium subterraneum
Authors: Maxwell T.M.R. , Moir J.L. , Edwards G.R.
Published: June 2020

Abstract Naturalised annual clover (NAC) species (suckling clover, cluster clover, striated clover, and haresfoot clover) are commonly present to locally abundant in summer dry hill and high country areas where white and subterranean (sub) clover abundance is limited. This field trial investigated NAC species dry matter production and seedling regeneration compared to white and sub clover. Autumn seedling recruitment was measured in response to low (75 kg/ha) or high (200 kg/ ha) superphosphate (SP) application. Over two growing seasons, NAC species contributed >90% to pasture legume content while white and sub clover contributed
Water use efficiency of fodder beet crops
Authors: Chakwizira E. , De Ruiter J.M. , Maley S. , Dellow S.J. , George M.J. , Michel A.J.
Published: June 2020

Abstract In New Zealand, summer rainfall is unpredictable and usually insufficient to meet crop water requirements. The impact of water availability on yield potential of fodder beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is unknown. A single year, single site replicated field experiment investigating biomass production, water use (WU) and water use efficiency (WUE) was carried out on a deep Templeton silt loam soil at Lincoln in 2013. The experiment had four water treatments: 1: Rain fed control, 2: Full potential evapotranspiration (ETo) replaced weekly, 3: 50% of ETo replaced every 3 weeks and 4: 50% of ETo replaced weekly. Final dry matter (DM) yield differed with treatments, increasing from an average of 24 t/ha for the rain fed crops and those receiving 50% of ETo weekly to 28 t/ha for the full ETo replacement crops and those receiving 50% of ETo once every 3 weeks. Water use more than doubled with full irrigation compared with the rain fed crops (774 vs 316 mm). The WU for the intermediate crops was 483 mm. However, DM yield was higher for the treatment with 50% of ETo replaced every 3 weeks rather than weekly. Water use was related to DM yield and accounted for the observed variation (R2=0.75) in final yield. The WUE decreased with water supply, from 80 kg DM/ha/mm for the rain fed crops to 46 kg DM/ha/mm for the full ETo replacement treatments, and 64 and 57 kg DM/ha/mm for the 50% of ETo replaced weekly and every 3 weeks, respectively. Similar DM yield and marginal WUE for the full ETo treatments and those receiving 50% of ETo replaced every 3 weeks, meant that the most economic WUE was 57 kg DM/ha/mm. Although these results are from a single and site, they suggest that full ETo replacement was uneconomic in this type of soil and therefore partial irrigation to 50% of ETo replaced every 3 weeks may be the optimum for this type of soil. It is recommended to investigate similar treatments on shallow and stony soils. Keywords: Beta vulgaris L., evapotranspiration, water use, water use efficiency, water extraction pattern, water extraction depth.
Effect of timing of harvest on nutritive value of four cultivars of kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala)
Authors: Westwood C.T. , Cutts M.K. , Russell R.J. , O'Brien K.M.
Published: June 2020

Abstract A single site, single year replicated study in Canterbury investigated change in nutritive value and dry matter (DM) yield of four kale cultivars harvested monthly between May and September. The proportion of leaf relative to stem was significantly higher for an intermediate kale ('Regal') and short marrow-stem kale ('Kestrel') compared with two giant kales 'Gruner' and 'Rawera'. Late winter loss of leaf was greater for 'Gruner' and 'Rawera' compared with 'Regal' or 'Kestrel'. Whole plant DM% remained stable through winter (average 11.9%). Lower stem contained more DM than top stem or leaf. The DM% of 'Gruner' was significantly higher than other cultivars. 'Kestrel' contained significantly more megajoules of metabolisable energy than other kales. Energy content of leaf and top sections of stem averaged 2.5 MJME/kg DM more than lower stem. Dry matter yield peaked in June then declined monthly thereafter for giant kales 'Gruner' and 'Rawera', but not 'Regal' or 'Kestrel'. The use of intermediate and short marrow-stem kales 'Regal' and 'Kestrel' is one management option to improve the leafiness and whole plant energy content of late winter feed crops. Keywords: Forage brassica, kale, nutritive value, winter feed, yield
Environment and ryegrass genetics - multisite trial of advanced breeding populations
Authors: Easton H.S. , Jahufer M.Z.Z. , Flay C. , Schmidt J. , Rolston M.P. , Trethewey J.A.K. , Ryan D.L. , Faville M.J.
Published: June 2020

Developing a genomic selection (GS) strategy for ryegrass requires field data for training GS models and to gain insight into how ryegrass agronomic performance varies, within and among populations and across locations. Families from five perennial ryegrass breeding populations are being evaluated in eight trials in Northland, Waikato, Hawke's Bay, Manawatu and Canterbury to establish a data set for development of a genomic selection model. Statistically robust variances are evident among families within populations, both for visual scoring of herbage bulk and dry matter measurements. Multi-trial analysis of data showed significant (P
Selection of sub clover cultivars for New Zealand dryland pastures
Authors: Lucas R.J. , Mills A. , Wright S. , Black A.D. , Moot D.J.
Published: June 2020

New Australian-bred cultivars of subterranean (sub) clover with high levels of hardseededness are being promoted in New Zealand based on their superior performance in Australia. These new cultivars may not be suited to cooler New Zealand conditions. The "soft" seeded sub clover 'Denmark' dominated the hardseeded cultivar 'Rosabrook' in the second year of a dryland grazing experiment near Lincoln (630 mm mean annual rainfall), but in autumn of the third year the 'Rosabrook' population recovered to contribute 30% of total sub clover plants. A second field experiment, sown in March 2014 at Lincoln University, compared 10 sub clover cultivars sown with cocksfoot. 'Antas', 'Narrikup' and 'Woogenellup' were most productive at the September 2014 harvest. 'Antas', 'Woogenellup' and 'Leura' had the highest dry matter yields at the November 2014 harvest. In autumn 2015 'Narrikup' re-established most seedlings and 'Antas' the least. Until we have better knowledge of the production and persistence of "new" sub clover cultivars under New Zealand conditions, farmers are urged to sow binary mixtures (50:50) of a "new" plus an "older" cultivar. Keywords: cocksfoot, Dactylis glomerata, grazing experiment, hardseededness, re-establishment, Trifolium subterraneum
How to optimise pasture production off uncultivatable hill country
Authors: Daniell D. , Buckley S.
Published: June 2020

Around 70 percent (guesstimate) of New Zealand's sheep and beef population is farmed on uncultivatable hill country. There are large areas where individual farms have less than ten percent available for cultivation. Wairere is such a property. Originally the southern end of the "seventy mile bush", the soils are poor, derived from sandstone and clay, with pHs of 4.9-5.2 and phosphorus (P) levels of 1-2. Following initial land clearing there were several rounds of reversion to Manuka until the mid 1960s when my father John embarked on a programme which included large inputs of lime, at 5 t/hectare, super at 1 t/hectare, and DAP at 100 kg/hectare, all flown on in the first 28 months. This programme took from 1965 to 1982. I personally spent nine months cutting scrub—more recently I have been a shareholder in a manuka honey company planting scrub, how things go round! This programme was accompanied by subdivision and provision of stock water by the construction of dams. There were invasions of porina and manuka beetle following development, and porina control is still required on a regular basis. Wairere has run performance recorded sheep since 1967, based on a registered Romney stud started by my grandfather in 1929. We winter around 9500 sheep and 340 cattle on 1070 effective hectares. The 5300 ewes wean 145 percent average; the 2000 ewe hoggets (all in lamb) wean around 1700 lambs. All hoggets have been mated for the past 50 years; the 1800-2000 ram hoggets are culled lightly in late winter, and taken through to private sale in November; the 300 cows (replacements bought in) calve from mid October, with most wearers sold in April.
A comparison of liveweight gain of two groups of weaners of different entry liveweight in an ad libitum fodder beet feeding system for finishing beef cattle
Authors: Gibbs S.J. , Saldias B. , White J. , Walsh D. , Stocker N. , Trotter C. , Fisher B. , Fisher A. , Banks B. , Hodge S.
Published: June 2020

The use of fodder beet as the primary diet for finishing beef cattle is a recent New Zealand innovation. A system using ad libitum grazed fodder beet through autumn and winter to finish spring-born steers between 12 and 18 months old was developed. Fodder beet is a high energy yet comparatively low protein content feed, and the fodder beet system requires high liveweight gains on the crop and an early slaughter age for cost effective production. Lower liveweight weaners have a greater protein requirement for optimal weight gain, and the threshold entry liveweight for satisfactory performance in this feeding system was not yet established. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of the entry liveweight of weaners on liveweight gain in the fodder beet feeding system. A group of 392 rising 1-year-old beef cattle fed using this system were divided at entry into three groups on unfasted liveweight (kg): A, 290-370; B, 240-260; and the remaining animals. The heaviest (group A: steer n=67, 316 ±2.7 kg; heifer n=45, 312 ±2.5 kg) and lightest (group B: steer n=77, 249 ±0.7 kg; heifer n=19, 251 ±1.0 kg) groups were then treated identically on ad libitum fodder beet to compare liveweight gain across 130 days on crop. The mean liveweight daily gain (kg/ day) for group A was significantly greater than group B, and greater for the steers compared to heifers in group A (0.98 and 0.85), but not in group B (0.82 and 0.81). Mean liveweight gain as a proportion of entry liveweight was greater in group B, and greater in steers. Both mean daily liveweight gain and mean liveweight gain as a proportion of entry liveweight were positively correlated with entry liveweight, but the R2 of both was low (0.14 and 0.05, respectively). Mean daily liveweight gain values of this magnitude are greater than those previously reported for alternative winter crops, and satisfactory for finishing beef cattle in this system. This study suggests the use of beef cattle above 240 kg liveweight as weaners in this fodder beet feeding system, both steers and heifers, is satisfactory for achieving acceptable slaughter liveweight before 18 months old. Keywords: beef production, fodder beet, finishing cattle, ad libitum fodder beet intakes.
A comparison of New Zealand and overseas white clover cultivars under grazing in New Zealand
Authors: Widdup K.H. , Ford J.L. , Cousins G.R. , Woodfield D.R. , Caradus J.R. , Barrett B.A.
Published: June 2020

A large number of white clover cultivars bred both in New Zealand and overseas are available for use by New Zealand pastoral farmers. Unfortunately, there is little published data on the merits of many of these cultivars under grazing in New Zealand. Data from a series of trials established in the Manawatu between 1996 and 2005 containing a range of cultivars from Europe, the Mediterranean, North and South America and New Zealand were used in a meta-analysis to assess the general adaptive yield and persistence potential of these contrasting cultivar types. All trials were maintained over 2 to 4 years, and revealed significant cultivar effects. Overall, New Zealand bred cultivars showed better adaptation than overseas cultivars. However, overseas cultivars containing Mediterranean germplasm, particularly from southern France, Italy and Syria exhibited beneficial features in the trials, and many recently bred New Zealand cultivars contain germplasm from these origins. In addition to using the appropriate parent germplasm when developing cultivars, it is equally important to evaluate and select under local conditions, in competition with grass, under grazing, over multiple environments and years. New Zealand farmers may benefit from an industrywide benchmarking system for white clover cultivars, possibly by incorporation into the DairyNZ Forage Value Index. Keywords: white clover, cultivars, germplasm, local, overseas, adaptation
Sustainable perennial pastures in Northland
Authors: Ussher G.R. , Hume D.E.
Published: June 2020

In the northern half of Northland, perennial ryegrassbased pastures have exhibited poor persistence. Nineteen tall fescue and ryegrass pastures in the region infected with either MaxP or AR37 fungal endophytes, respectively, had high levels of endophyte-infected tillers and low levels of contamination from wild endophytes. On surveyed farms, MaxP-infected tall fescue pastures had good contents of sown grass, which were higher than sown grass contents in AR37-infected ryegrass pastures, but on two far-north monitor farms these temperate grasses failed to compete with summer active C4 grasses such as kikuyu and carpet grass. For tall fescue and perennial ryegrass to form productive pastures in this region, sown seed should have high levels of viable endophyte, soil fertility should be adequate for good grass and legume growth, and pastures should be well managed. Summer droughts may still be too severe in some years for these temperate grasses to persist in the face of C4 grass competition. Keywords: Endophyte, Epichloë, Neotyphodium, Lolium perenne, Festuca arundinacea, soil fertility
The true cost of maize silage
Authors: Fausett B.J. , Rowarth J.S. , Scrimgeour F.G.
Published: June 2020

The New Zealand dairy industry has increased significantly in size in over the last two decades. One of the drivers that has made this intensification possible is the use of maize silage as a feed supplement. Growing maize on farm imposes production and opportunity costs on the farm business. Opportunity cost was calculated using data from DairyNZ as the profit foregone due to not milking from the maize-growing hectares. Opportunity cost was added to Pioneer's calculated cost of maize silage production to represent the cost that is incurred for each hectare of maize silage that is planted on farm. The true cost of maize silage grown on farm at differing milksolid (MS) payout levels and farm systems was estimated. The findings indicate the economic appropriateness of growing maize silage on farm depends upon the farm system, the value of MS and the cost to purchase maize silage in a given year. Keywords: Maize, milksolid payout, opportunity cost
Pasture-tree systems - Modelling potential implications for animal performance and greenhouse gas emissions
Authors: Vibart R.E. , Douglas G.B. , Mackay A.D. , Dodd M.B. , Mcivor I.R.
Published: June 2020

The potential animal performance and greenhouse gas (GHG) abatement benefits from pastures and wide-spaced poplars on a typical lower-North Island sheep and beef farm operation were explored using farm-scale models. The analysis included reductions in understory pasture production, increased ewe reproductive performance (i.e., lambing and weaning percentage) with additional tree shelter and increased dry matter intake from poplar foliage. The pasture-tree systems demonstrated reductions in sheep stocking rates and total meat production, but increases in ewe efficiency and emissions intensity, reflecting a shift in feed energy use from maintenance to production. Inclusion of ewe fecundity and supplementary feed benefits largely overcame reductions in stocking rate and meat production due to pasture shading. An integrated assessment of the multiple benefits of pasture-tree systems should be incorporated in future farming scenario testing, strengthening our knowledge on the impacts of these systems compared with pastureonly systems. Keywords: pasture-tree systems, animal performance, greenhouse gas emissions.
Clover root weevil tolerance of clover cultivars
Authors: Ferguson C.M. , Barton D.M. , Philip B.A.
Published: June 2020

Clover root weevil arrived in New Zealand about 20 years ago causing major loss of productivity as it progressively spread across the whole country. It is now largely controlled by an introduced parasitic wasp biocontrol agent Microctonus aethiopoides (Irish ecotype). However, management of insect pests should not rely on a single mechanism and clovers resistant or tolerant to this weevil would be a useful augmentation for farmers to have. This investigation reports on the suitability of 22 clover cultivars to attack from the weevil. Results have shown that contrary to popular belief, red clovers are not universally less favourable to the weevil than white clovers and usefully, within both species cultivar differences point to the possibility of resistance to this pest. Keywords: Clover root weevil, Sitona obseletus, clover cultivars
Pathways ahead for New Zealand hill country farming
Authors: Scrimgeour F.G.
Published: June 2020

This paper provides a stocktake of the status of hill country farming in New Zealand and addresses the challenges which will determine its future state and performance. It arises out of the Hill Country Symposium, held in Rotorua, New Zealand, 12-13 April 2016. This paper surveys people, policy, business and change, farming systems for hill country, soil nutrients and the environment, plants for hill country, animals, animal feeding and productivity, and strategies for achieving sustainable outcomes in the hill country. This paper concludes by identifying approaches to: support current and future hill country farmers and service providers, to effectively and efficiently deal with change; link hill farming businesses to effective value chains and new markets to achieve sufficient and stable profitability; reward farmers for the careful management of natural resources on their farm; ensure that new technologies which improve the efficient use of input resources are developed; and strategies to achieve vibrant rural communities which strengthen hill country farming businesses and their service providers. Keywords: farming systems, hill country, people, policy, productivity, profitability, sustainability
Earthworms stimulate pasture production in sheep and beef systems: their economic value
Authors: Schon N.L. , Gray R.A. , Mackay A.D.
Published: June 2020

Earthworms have long been recognised to promote plant growth but their contribution to pasture production in managed pastures may be undervalued. At three field sites pasture production was measured in an area where surface active communities were found compared to a more diverse area where the additional deep burrowing earthworm Aporrectodea longa had been introduced. Caution is needed when interpreting the results, as all data are from paired areas and not replicates. The influence of earthworms on pasture production was positively correlated with the difference in abundance of the topsoil species Aporrectodea caliginosa, with this species being more abundant in the presence of A. longa at two sites. Overall, the value of diverse earthworm communities to pasture production was estimated to be $365-$440/ha annually. In managed pasture systems there is need to recognise the value of maintaining and enhancing earthworm populations. Keywords: pasture production, earthworm functional diversity
A comparison of nutrient losses to waters following pasture renewal by cultivation or direct-drilling
Authors: Smith L.C. , Mcdowell R.W. , Cosgrove G.P.
Published: June 2020

Agricultural soils enriched in phosphorus (P) have been linked to increases in P losses and declining water quality. Cultivation of pastures near sensitive waterways lowers surface soil P and therefore the concentration of P in surface runoff. However, such a practise can increase the mineralisation of organic nitrogen (N), negating this as a mitigation option for N sensitive catchments. A field trial was set up to compare pasture renewal using either direct-drilling or cultivation (which mixed the plough layer to 150 mm) on hydraulically-isolated runoff plots at Tussock Creek near Invercargill, Southland. The trial ran from March to December 2015. Soil P concentrations (0-150 mm depth) decreased in the cultivated plots by about 20%, 8 months after cultivation. Concentrations of nitrate-N in surface runoff and shallow drainage, and P in shallow drainage only, were not different between directdrilling and cultivation treatments. Cultivation reduced filterable reactive P (FRP) losses in surface runoff by 69% (P=0.047) compared to direct-drilled plots. This study showed that mixing P within the plough layer decreased P loss over the 10 months of measurement. Conventional tillage that inverts the plough layer may result in even larger decreases in soil P concentrations. Tillage can therefore be used as a strategy to decrease P loss in small areas where surface runoff is likely, with little risk of increasing catchment-scale N loss. This includes near stream areas, but care must be taken to leave an adequate buffer strip to prevent sediment (and P) loss via erosion of bare soil. Keywords: phosphorus-enriched soil, cultivation, direct-drilling, runoff, drainage