bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Методичні підходи до формування й оцінки фінансового механізму аграрних підприємств
Authors: Tanklevska Natalia , Sinenko Alexander
Published: March 2023

Розглянуто основні форми реалізації фінансового механізму сільськогосподарських підприємств і методи оцінки їх фінансового механізму. Висвітлено можливі варіанти одержання найкращих результатів діяльності аграрного підприємства за допомогою ефективного фінансового механізму. Запропоновано методичні підходи до формування фінансового механізму, притаманні аграрним підприємствам, розглянуто ключову роль кожного методичного підходу в процесі його формування.
Покращання корпоративної культури в колективах
Authors: Fedorova Anastasiia
Published: March 2023

Метою статті є розкриття взаємозв’язку та взаємовпливу найважливіших складових частин корпоративної культури – цінностей і розробка шляхів поліпшення їх стану. Наведено структурування корпоративної культури різними авторами. Розглянуто поділ цінностей на групи та їх взаємозв’язок. Представлено розроблений автором проект Кодексу корпоративної культури для ВНЗ.
Перспективні напрями розвитку ринку продукції молочного скотарства
Authors: Chemerys Vasyl , Dushka Vitalii , Maksym Volodymyr
Published: March 2023

У статті представлено дослідження стану та перспектив розвитку ринку молока в Україні. На основі проведених розрахунків обґрунтовано необхідність розробки та впровадження державної цільової програми фінансової підтримки створення аграрних формувань з виробництва молока на базі господарств населення з метою зростання виробництва молочної продукції високої якості та сприяння соціально-економічному розвитку сільських територій.
Specific aspects of logistics enterprises in the fat-and-oil industry
Authors: Sumets Alexander
Published: March 2023

The article reveals the importance and the relevance of logistics management principles for the fat-and-oil industry enterprises. The priorities regarding the implementation of the logistical approach into the industry are specified. The specific aspects of logistics enterprises in the fat-and-oil industry are outlined. The types of material flows and the composition of the logistics industry enterprise system are identified. The factors of the synergistic effect as a result of the logistics information system implementation at the enterprises are stated. The usefulness of the logistics information system for producers and consumers of sunflower oil product are described. The specific domains of the logistics to be researched are identified.
The cooperative marketing development in Ukraine and in the world
Authors: Budnik Olga
Published: March 2023

The article presents a case study of the cooperative marketing, used in Ukraine and in the world. The author also focuses on the small business development. The influence and negative impact of different economic factors on small business are determined. The current problems and impossibility of getting the necessary financial resources for the small companies is accented. The special attention is paid to the importance of agricultural cooperation. The essence of the concept of agricultural cooperation is specified. The main cooperative trends in Ukraine economy as well as in the world companies are reviewed and systematized. The attention is paid to the research of the sales, service, marketing, processing, supply and multipurpose cooperatives. The research also shows the necessity of marketing approaches to the modern domestic agricultural company’s activity implementation. The organizational and economic aspects of cooperative marketing are grounded. The basic problems of market adaptation in the sphere of cooperative marketing are investigated. The special attention is paid to the advantages and prospects of cooperative marketing for agricultural organizations. The features and factors of the rural economy development based on the cooperative marketing are detailed. The cooperative marketing as an effective element of the agricultural producer’s protection is under consideration.
Innovative development of Ukraine as a basis for formation of bioeconomy
Authors: Butenko Vera
Published: March 2023

Innovation is an important factor for the economic development. Analysis of innovative development indicators makes it possible to determine the main directions of innovation as the basis of formation of the bioeconomy. There is considered the correlation dependence between the level of economic development and innovation. Ukraine has a strong position in the development of human capital (education, availability of skilled personnel, the labor market, patent activity of the population, educational and scientific infrastructure). But the organizational, institutional components and market and business environment hamper the development of innovation, the formation of the bioeconomy and economic growth. Ukraine has a high intellectual, creative and innovative potential but it does not use it in implicitly, which leads to deceleration of the economic growth and hamper the development of the bioeconomy. Ukraine will accelerate the formation of the bioeconomy, focusing on such components of the innovation as the human and resource capital, development of the high-tech economy.
Інноваційно-інвестиційна діяльність АПК: сучасний стан і проблеми розвитку
Authors: Ilchuk Valerii , Shpomer Tetiana
Published: March 2023

Проведено аналіз сучасного стану інноваційно-інвестиційної діяльності АПК України. Виявлено проблемні аспекти, що стримують розвиток вітчизняних сільськогосподарських підприємств. Запропоновано шляхи розв’язання проблем в інноваційно-інвестиційній сфері аграрного виробництва.
Державна підтримка технічного оснащення екологічно орієнтованих сільськогосподарських підприємств
Authors: Pyvovar Petro , Chaikin Oleksandr , Didukh Dmytro
Published: March 2023

Проблеми технічного забезпечення характерні для підприємств, що запроваджують інноваційні технології, виробляють органічну продукцію. Доведено, що збитковість галузі, відсутність ліквідної застави, висока ймовірність неповернення кредитів і недосконалість законодавчих механізмів уповільнює оновлення технічного оснащення екологічно орієнтованих підприємств. Обґрунтовано, що економічна підтримка зазначених товаровиробників має бути одним з важливих складників державної аграрної політики.
Удосконалення моделі управління аграрними проектами
Authors: Prysiazhniuk Oksana , Plotnikova Maria
Published: March 2023

У статті обґрунтовано соціально-економічне значення та пріоритетні напрями аграрних проектів, розглянуто їх управлінський аспект, що передбачає орієнтир на загальнодержавну стратегію розвитку АПК. Запропоновано удосконалену модель управління аграрними проектами, що базується передусім на координації зусиль аграрних виробників зі спеціалістами відповідних відділів обласних державних адміністрацій.
Принципи стратегічного управління сталим розвитком агропродовольчої сфери регіону
Authors: Samofatova Victoria
Published: March 2023

У статті представлено передумови й основні принципи стратегічного управління сталим розвитком регіональної агропродовольчої сфери. Відзначено, що управління сталим розвитком агропродовольчої сфери регіону – це забезпечення сталості всіх її підсистем і складових частин – економічної, екологічної та соціальної. Охарактеризовано ознаки сталості регіональної агропродовольчої сфери. Науково обґрунтовано три комплексних напрями стратегії сталого розвитку агропродовольчої сфери регіону.
Agricultural sector in Bulgaria during the transition to market economy and the integration into the European Union
Authors: Rangelova Rossitsa , Vladimirova Katia
Published: March 2023

The paper is aimed at outlining the main features of the reforms in the agricultural sector and development in Bulgaria from 1989 onwards. This is the period of transition from centrally planned to market economy and the following integration into the European Union (EU). Firstly, the reforms in agriculture during the early transition to market economy in the 1990s are discussed. Further on the reforms in agriculture related to the integration of Bulgaria into the EU are described. Problems and challenges for the agricultural sector in Bulgaria under the conditions of EU membership, including the role of CAP are analyzed. The two periods for financing and development of the agricultural sector in Bulgaria are considered: First programming period (2007–2013) and Second programming period (2014–2020). Finally recommendations are given concerning building competitive Bulgarian agriculture in the conditions of the CAP.
Розвиток інноваційної інфраструктури аграрного виробництва Львівської області
Authors: Chemerys Vasyl , Dushka Vitalii , Maksym Volodymyr
Published: March 2023

Досліджено інноваційну інфраструктуру аграрного виробництва Львівщини й основні проблеми її розвитку. На основі проведеного кластерного аналізу запропоновано шість оптимальних зон кластеризації сільськогосподарського виробництва, що визначені за критерієм збалансованості кластерних утворень. Застосований підхід базується на врахуванні десяти ключових показників, які характеризують аграрний потенціал районів області. Кластеризація сприятиме зростанню ефективності функціонування аграрних підприємств, а також реалізації їхнього економічного потенціалу.
Форми господарювання в агарному виробництві: стан і можливості розвитку
Authors: Shulskyi Mykola
Published: March 2023

У статті проведено дослідження функціонування наявних в умовах сучасності різних форм господарювання в різних сферах аграрного виробництва. При цьому основну увагу сконцентровано на три найбільш поширені форми, функціонування яких відображається в діяльності трьох груп організаційно-господарських структур, а саме: сільськогосподарські підприємства, фермерські господарства та господарства населення. Кожна форма аграрного господарювання має перспективу розвитку, займаючи певну нішу в складних процесах продукування сільськогосподарської продукції.
Моделювання й прогнозування виробництва м’яса та яєць в Україні за допомогою сезонної ARIMA-моделі
Authors: Zomchak Larysa , Umrysh Hryhorii
Published: March 2023

У статті досліджено проблему сезонності у виробництві м’яса та яєць. Побудовано сезонні авторегресійні економіко-математичні моделі типу SARIMA (сезоннаARIMA) часових рядів, що описують динаміку виробництва м’яса та яєць в Україні на основі щомісячних статистичних даних за період 2009–2016 рр., а також на основі цих моделей одержано прогнози зазначених показників на найближчі два роки.
Рефреймінг моделей специфікації прав інтелектуальної власності в агробіоекономіці (інституціональний аналіз)
Authors: Lytvynchuk Iryna
Published: March 2023

Проведено комплексний аналіз актуальних моделей специфікації прав інтелектуальної власності в агробіоекономіці з позицій інституціональної економічної теорії. Виявлено тенденцію зростання полярності класичних схем, що базуються на одержанні ексклюзивних прав власності, та альтернативних моделей в рамках доктрин fair use, generis sui та public domain.
Ефективність державного регулювання системи фінансового забезпечення розвитку споживчої кооперації
Authors: Osadchuk Julia
Published: March 2023

У статті ідентифіковано головні вади системи державного регулювання фінансового забезпечення розвитку споживчої кооперації України. Визначено, що форми державної підтримки в цій сфері мають набувати фінансово-економічного, організаційно-правового й соціального характеру. Доведено, що базовими типами стратегій державної фінансової підтримки є ризикова, помірна, активна та консервативна.
Становлення родових садиб як основа сільського розвитку в умовах децентралізації влади
Authors: Plotnikova Mariia
Published: March 2023

Описано альтернативні поселення як системи соціально-економічного й екологічного розвитку сільських територій. Визначено роль родових садиб як явища збалансованого саморозвитку територіальних громад. Прийняття нових ідей свідомістю суспільства має ознаки концентрації і переходу кількісних змін у якісні: зростання накопиченої енергії призводить до трансформації системи в якісно новій основі. Тому просування соціальних ідей здійснюється на основі алгоритму: пізнавально-роз’яснювальна робота; сприйняття і прийняття ідеї суспільством; формування стійкої основи реалізованої ідеї; систематичне здійснення ідеї як прийнятого в суспільстві; управління та контроль процесу, ідея досягає свого максимуму; вихід ідеї на якісно новий рівень; формування нового етапу в циклі еволюційного сходження.
Економічні аспекти виробництва та споживання м’яса та м’ясопродуктів
Authors: Cherednichenko Оlena
Published: March 2023

У статті розглянуто економічні аспекти виробництва й споживання м’яса та м’ясопродуктів в Україні. На основі проведеного аналізу виявлено чинники впливу на виробництво, реалізацію та споживання цієї продукції. Визначено оптимальні обсяги виробництва м’яса та м’ясопродуктів, які дадуть змогу забезпечити потреби населення згідно з нормами раціонального харчування. Окреслено потенційні можливості підвищення якості харчової сировини для одержання додаткових резервів продовольства.
Ukrainian restaurant business in formation of food safety under eurointegration conditions
Authors: Dyadyuk Marina , Fylypenko Olena
Published: March 2023

The scientific view at the restaurant industry which affects on the level of the Ukrainian population food supplying is presented in the research paper. The role of the out of the house meals in improving of the food safety system of Ukraine is shown. Priority economic and organizational tendencies of restaurant business development in Ukraine as the mean of counteraction to the expansion of European brands, producers and suppliers of raw materials were identified. Prospective analysis of state measures which are aimed at activating the formation of Euro-oriented business environment was carried out. It is proved that the gradual bringing of the management principles to European norms already has positive impact on the business climate and creates the necessary conditions for increasing the level of sectoral competitiveness of the national restaurant business enterprises; increasing of investments in this economy sector, in particular, connected with the use of European resources; promotes the intensification of demand for products and services of restaurant enterprises.

It is shown that the developed restaurant economy is profitable sector of the country's economy, which, apart from servicing different contingents of consumers and providing them with food services, positions the country profitably on the international market. As the European restaurant business is the most stable in the world, it makes its actual example for national restaurateurs’ imitation. Priority market segments of the out-of-home market for the further development of restaurant business enterprises: medium, medium plus and lower segments with quality improving are identified and it meets the expectations of restaurant audiences where competition intensifying is expected.

The complex of progressive competitive forms, formats and popular trends of restaurant business was proposed, the schemes of their adaptation and optimization to the national realities which are aimed at preserving national color and authentic traditions were substantiated for solving of Ukrainian restaurant business applied problems in order to European level achieving.
Current state of organic production in Ukraine
Authors: Martunyuk Andrey
Published: March 2023

Ukraine is the largest producer of organic agricultural products in Eastern Europe. The purpose of the paper is to highlight the peculiarities of organic production in Ukraine, its state and development prospects. The dynamics of the area of agricultural lands occupied by organic crops and the number of farms engaged in conducting organic production are analyzed. The structure of agricultural lands certified according to organic standards is presented. The analysis of legal regulation of production of this type of products and development of the market of organic products is carried out. The place of Ukraine in Europe and the world was determined by the area of agricultural crops certified according to organic standards. Organic agriculture creates conditions for ecologically safe land use by preserving and restoring soil fertility, overcoming the negative effects of economic activity on the natural environment. A significant advantage of organic production is substantial contribution to solving food security problems by meeting the needs of the population in safe and high quality food products.
Problems of providing of agro raw materials for solid fuel sector of bioenergetics in Ukraine
Authors: Stepanova Irina
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the problems and prospects of providing of solid fuel sector of bioenergetics with agro raw materials in Ukraine. The modern condition of domestic solid biofuel production from agricultural waste is researched in the article. This paper presents data regarding developments in the field of renewable energy sources based on agricultural raw material, in particular, straw and sunflower husks. It has come to light that the Ukrainian undeveloped market of biomass is characterized by specific problems as to logistics, accessibility of agro raw materials, difficulty of keeping agricultural waste, absence of biomass stock exchange, insufficiency of reliable biomass suppliers, absence of motivation among agrarians, intricacy of making long-term contracts, risk of biomass low quality. Modernized measures permitting to change the existing situation of providing the bioenergetics sector with agricultural waste are determined, among them: creation of biomass stock exchange, formation of complex transport infrastructure, introduction a purveying scheme into the production cycle, creation of bioenergetical clasters. The possibilities of the agrarian sector to be an equal supplier of raw materials for the needs of solid fuel bioenergetics are summarized.
Methodical approaches to determination of essence and classification of insurance
Authors: Tanklevskaya Nataliya , Yarmolenko Vitalina
Published: March 2023

The article defines different methodological approaches to the essence of insurance. Insurance is a special type of economic activity in the process of which an insurance fund is created, from which, in the event of an insured event provided for by law or contract, payments to policyholders are made. In a market economy, insurance is, on the one hand, a means of protecting business and the well-being of people, and on the other – a kind of entrepreneurial activity that generates profit. The basis for the classification of insurance is the discrepancy: in the areas of insurance companies, in approaches to providing insurance protection of property interests of legal and natural persons, as well as in determining the objects of insurance and in the forms of its conduct. Classification of types of insurance is carried out on a historical, legal and economic basis. The emphasis was placed on the importance and necessity of insurance protection for economic entities from various unfavorable consequences of actions of devastating phenomena from the standpoint of various aspects. The need for insurance protection is due to the desire to limit both tangible and intangible losses associated with certain risks. Today insurance is one of the most important sectors of the economy for any country, because thanks of insurance, pressure on the expenditure part of the budget is reduced for damages. Insurance also contributes to attracting investment funds into the economy, solving social problems in society.
Development of active social programs
Authors: Venelin Venelin , Dimitrova Sevdalina , Stoyanov Evgeniy
Published: March 2023

The paper presents an active model of a social program and discusses its strategic advantage. The analyses made are based on a study of the experience of the Republic of Bulgaria in the  transition period and afterward. Active social policies are considered and a methodology of development of an active social program is concerned examining characteristics of an active social program of human development and the components of the mechanism of social program activation.
Peculiarities of labor market development in the Republic of Bulgaria
Authors: Terziev Venelin , Dimitrova Sevdalina
Published: March 2023

The paper examines development of labor market in the Republic of Bulgaria during the transition to a market economy and afterward in conditions to joining the EU. The questions connected to the heritage at the beginning of the transition, structural changes in employment and unemployment, individual labor supply and policy of building a functioning labor market are discussed. Specific factors of the unemployment and the growth in the country are scrutinized, as well as the movement of the flows of the unemployed. Some general conclusions about future development are drawn on the basis of the examined aspects of labor market development influenced by the periods of economic development and the place and the roles of labor market policies in the general economic policy.
Using IT to enhance the educational achievement of students
Authors: Stoyanova-Doycheva Asya , Ivanova Vanya
Published: March 2023

This article presents the use of information technology (IT) in the education of students in Software Engineering and in English at the Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics at Plovdiv University. The teaching process incorporates traditional methods with applications based on the E-learning standards QTI and SCORM. The use of IT has been applied to the education of full-time and part-time Bachelor degree students from the 1st to the 4th year of studies. Based on the statistics from the teaching some conclusions have been drawn regarding the students’ performance and possible ways of enhancing their educational achievement.
Application of block programming and game-based learning to enhance interest in computer science
Authors: Glushkova Todorka
Published: March 2023

More rapid development of the information society poses increasingly acute issue to increase the effectiveness of training in the field of computer science. The fact is that students prefer more applied fields of information and communication technologies in comparison with the informatics and programming. To solve this problem, leading universities and software companies develop multiple environments for block programming, which is inherently more interesting, motivating, fun and practical. It is known that game-based learning significantly increased interest and activity of the students and significantly increases the effectiveness of the training. The article will present a model for application of block programming in the development of educational games for standard and mobile devices and their application in both computer science students and secondary school students. Will be presented the experience of the team in the use of e-learning environments and implementation of these applications in developed courses. The application of the model currently shows increasing interest of all groups of students to programming. All this gives grounds for continuing the work and research in this direction.
Role of foundations, funding research and innovation in the Bulgarian society
Authors: Nikolov Stefan E. , Nakova Albena , Gornev Galin
Published: March 2023

This report analyses the role of foundations, funding and/or carrying out research and innovation programs in Bulgaria supporting the development of science and scientific institutions. In particular, we examine the types of foundations; origin of their funds and main sources of funding; their investments in research and innovation; supported key research areas; their role in the sphere of research and innovation. Empirical data in the report were collected through a large-scale survey of EU foundations and NGOs, funding and/or engaged in research and innovation, where ISSK – BAS was the Bulgarian partner. The survey was funded by the European Commission and was carried out in the period 2013-2014 in all EU Member States plus Switzerland and Norway. Coordinator of the research was the Department of Social Sciences at the Free University (VU) in Amsterdam.
The cultural and natural heritage in the western part of the Republic of Macedonia and their impact on the spatial development
Authors: Todorova Anita , Ljakoska Marija
Published: March 2023

The territory of Western Macedonia covers an area of 10473 km², or 40.7% of the total territory of the Republic of Macedonia. The territory includes Polog, Pelagonia and the Southwest Plan Regions. The cultural and the natural heritage in the western part exceeds the country borders, so some of them are important tourist destinations in the Balkans and Europe. The transformation of the area can be observed through the number of visitors, realized overnight stays, participation of the tourism in the national GDP and their impact on the development of linear and institutional infrastructure in this part of the country.
Opportunities for development of bioenergy production as a prerequisite for the viability of the rural development in Bulgaria
Authors: Tepavicharova Milena
Published: March 2023

The process of restructuring of the agricultural sector in Bulgaria, which is characterized by a large number of unproductive small farms, can be stimulated to diversify the activities by encouraging the development of bioenergy. The investment in production facilities for the production of bioenergy is an important tool for improving competitiveness and potential for enhancing the economic performance in manufacturing and businesses in rural areas. This helps increase the viability of the rural economy in Bulgaria, which is currently heavily dependent on agriculture. The purpose of this article is to present and analyze opportunities for bioenergy production as a precondition for improving the viability of rural areas in Bulgaria.
Challenges to labor market development in Bulgaria
Authors: Terziev Venelin , Stanchev Stefan
Published: March 2023

The paper examines challenges to labor market in the Republic of Bulgaria. The analyses of its development from the beginning of the transition to the market economy, structural changes in employment and unemployment, individual labor supply and policy of building a functioning labor market reveal specific factors of the unemployment and the growth in the country. Current problems are dicussed and general conclusions about future development are drawn on the basis of the examined aspects of labor market development influenced by the periods of economic development and the place and the roles of labor market policies in the general economic policy.
Research on the status of social entrepreneurship in Bulgaria: a presentation of a project report’s primary data
Authors: Terziev Venelin
Published: March 2023

The study “Research Report about the status of Social Entrepreneurship in Europe and how the status can be enhanced: National Report for Bulgaria” conducted under the Project SESBA: Social Enterprise Skills for Business Advisers presents an analysis on what extent is developed and adopted the concept of social entrepreneurship and the role of social enterprises for socio-economic development of Bulgaria by exploring opportunities to promote social entrepreneurship in the country through government policy, NGOs, business initiative, training and counseling. The report presents and compares different points of view, particularly with regard to recommendations on regulatory changes, and it is prepared in a form allowing each piece to be read and used independently.
Study on the needs of continuing vocational training for social workers in Bulgaria
Authors: Dimitrova Preslava
Published: March 2023

The occupation of the social worker in modern times is challenged by the dynamically changing economic and social environment, growing requirements to their qulifications and competences and the needs of gaining new skills and permanen development and improvement. The aim of the presented study of defining the needs for continuing vocational training of specialists providing social services is to provide recommendations regarding the need of training for skills contributing to the increase in the degree of correspondence between labor supply and demand on the labor market, contributing to the improvement of the quality of the labor force in the country as a competitive factor with an increasing importance for successful economic development. The investigation and the specific examples discussed can be a solid basis for future studies and development of models for improvement the system of continuing and vocational training for acquiring the needed knowledge, skills and competences for effective work.
Economic efficiency and investment implementation in energy saving projects
Authors: Terziev Venelin , Enimaneva Svetoslava , Filipov Stefan
Published: March 2023

Investment in building thermoinsulation is a subject to appraisal for efficiency from the position of discounted cash flows taken specifically by energy saving. The appraisal of investment as optimal is attended by achieving the shortest term for investment implementation, the lowest investment outlays, the maximum total net value of energy savings, the shortest investment payback period. The complex application of the dynamic methods for appraising economic efficiency of an investment – net present value, internal rate of return, profitability index and discounted payback period, involves drawing of particular values which comparison definitely will show if this kind of investment is practically “attractive”. However, the question for significance weight of each of these indicators above in decision making for implementation a particular real investment still remains unsolved. This requires working out a system of criteria, priorities that can determine which of the indicators for economic efficiency of specific investment project will have the highest significance.
Customer's profitability analyses and customer service policies
Authors: Terziev Venelin , Banabakova Vanya , Georgiev Marin
Published: March 2023

Most organizations do not pay attention to the customer's profitability. It is also appropriate to improve this activity by first applying a model of customer profitability analysis. One of the basic principles of customer return analysis, which the provider must implement, is to disclose and describe all the expenses, specific to each individual customer. A useful way to uncover these costs is to determine which expenses will be dropped if the customer is discontinued. Appropriate use of ABC is a differentiation analysis to identify which goods and services, which customers are more and which are less profitable for the organization, and depending on how to define the policy for serving different categories of customers and the sale of goods and services with different participation in sales and profits. The present study explores the opportunities of measuring customer profitability, analyzes the connection- service’ expenses, a cost-effective client and presents the application of the ABC method - analysis to distinguish the customer service policy.
Population, productivity and economic growth relations: the case of Bulgaria
Authors: Terziev Venelin , Can Hamit
Published: March 2023

In this study the relationship between population, elderly population and economic growth is analyzed theoretically, taking into account the demographic change of the Bulgarian population and the more aging phenomenon. Thus, the change in the age structure of the Bulgarian population was investigated and the factors affecting the growth of the relationship between economic growth were investigated. In this study, attempts were made to determine the size of the changes taking place in the country's economy, depending on the livelihoods in Bulgaria.
Opportunities of optimization in administrative structures for efficient management
Authors: Terziev Venelin , Georgiev Marin
Published: March 2023

Current paper presents studies on the administrative structures in order to optimize the activities and the overall management through the example of the Bulgarian Commission for Protection against Discrimination. It aims at establishing duplicate functions in the organization under study. The main tasks in the analysis are related to the display of the basic findings and conclusions for the strongest sides and the fields for improvement regarding the relevance, the effectiveness and the efficiency of the administration of the Commission for Protection against Discrimination in Bulgaria. The following areas are thoroughly and critically analyzed: relevance of the functions and efficiency of the activity. As a result of the study a Strategy for Organizational Development and a Training Plan have been drafted.
Problems and perspectives in military professional education and realization of cadets in Bulgaria
Authors: Banabakova Vanya , Georgiev Marin
Published: March 2023

The military professional forming of cadets is in the core of the mission of Vasil Levski National Military University - Bulgaria and of the training process. Despite of this, the efforts not always achieve the desired results during the training of each cadet. All these require the military professional realization of the cadets to be subjected to an overall and profound analysis and on that base to find out the achievements, to reveal the weaknesses and difficulties of the process, to identify the reasons for them and to outline the directions and means for its improvement.
E-Gov and sustainability: a literature review
Authors: Pougel François , Bonnel Soline , Beier Grischa
Published: March 2023

E-governance (e-gov) might provide the missing tools in order to move closer to the good governance ideal, often depicted as a key element for a sustainable future. But how is sustainability considered in the scientific debate around e-gov? The main objective of this paper is to review the current research at the intersection of e-gov and sustainability in order to provide insights on the identified challenges and opportunities arising from e-gov as well as the preconditions for sustainable e-gov. A systematic review of the existing body of scientific literature published since 2012 has been performed, and after several screenings - from the 180 documents initially identified - 30 articles were selected and analysed in-depth. The results of the analysis are structured based on the sustainability perspective and governance perspective respectively, with authors from developing countries rather looking into development opportunities while authors from developed countries focus on efficiency gains.
Modern challenges and perspectives in development of academic staff in higher schools and peculiarities of military education system
Authors: Hristov Neno
Published: March 2023

Current paper presents a book review made by Colonel Assoc. Prof. Neno Hristov, D.Sc. on the monograph “Modern challenges and perspectives in development of academic staff in higher schools and peculiarities of military education system” – an edition of Innovations and Sustainability Academy – Bulgaria authored by Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Natural History Prof. Dr. Eng. Venelin Terziev and Colonel Assoc. Prof. Dr. Eng. Georgi Georgiev from Vasil Levski National Military University – Veliko Tarnovo.
Policies and instruments for social development
Authors: Bogdanova Margarita
Published: March 2023

Current paper presents a book review made by Prof. Dr. Margarita Bogdanova on the monograph “Policies and instruments for social development” – an edition of Innovations and Sustainability Academy – Bulgaria authored by Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Natural History Prof. Dr. Eng. Venelin Terziev.
Bancassurance – application and advantages for the insurance market in Bulgaria
Authors: Ninova Valentina
Published: March 2023

In the world practice there is interweaving of various economic activities, including activities in the field of banking and insurance. This fact inevitably raises the question of the relationship and interaction between the insurance companies and the commercial banks. An example of this collaboration over the last three decades is the so-called “bancassurance”. Its main purpose is the possibility of distributing insurance services by the use of the banking network by the insurance companies. In this study an attempt has been made to present the practice of applying bancassurance in Bulgaria and the benefits for customers, commercial banks and insurance companies are derived.
Microinsurance – potential for development in Bulgaria
Authors: Ninov Nikolay , Ninova Valentina
Published: March 2023

According to the World Bank 1.5% of the Bulgarian population lives below $1.90 per day. For a population of Bulgaria as of 31st December 2014, comprising 7 202 198 people, this share covers approximately 108 032 people. At the same time, in relation to the implementation of social assistance activities, according to the Social Assistance Act (SAA) and the Regulation on the Implementation of the Social Assistance Act (RISAA), from the begging of 2014 until the end of December of the same year under the Regulation on the Implementation of the Social Assistance Act with one-of, targeted and monthly social benefits in the country, a total of 63 932 persons and families were supported. This fact demonstrates an alarming trend in particular that not a small number of people remain out of the coverage of the publicly organized social assistance system – approximately 44 100 people, who are not eligible for social benefits for various reasons. All this gives us reason to look for alternative solutions to improve social protection, especially to those being absolutely poor in our country. One of these alternatives, which is widespread in the world and unfortunately almost unknown in our country, is microinsurance. The latter has the potential to increase the social security of those who are in extreme poverty and to expand the activity of the insurance companies in Bulgaria.
ICTs and development in Pakistan: a review
Authors: Arif Muhammad
Published: March 2023

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) projected as a dynamic solution for socio-economic development are extensively utilized in the developing countries. Pakistan has witnessed a high growth of ICTs use in the last decade. This review addresses the question: How ICTs are potentially aiding the development process in Pakistan. While doing so, it reviews the key literature on Information and Communication Technologies 4 Development (ICT4D) and Information Systems (IS). The inclusive review of literature is undertaken for identifying different aspects and roles played by ICTs in social and economic development universally with a specific emphasis on Pakistan.

The key finding of this review is that ICTs are enabling pivotal transformations in Pakistan by becoming a key element in economic and social development. ICTs are advancing society by improving access of millions of people to many amenities such as financial and health in Pakistan. A set of two case studies from the field of Mobile Money, and Telemedicine are used to reinforce these claims. Given the poor socio-economic and development indicators of Pakistan, a way forward is proposed. This study is an initial attempt to review the potentials as well as different roles played by ICT-led initiatives in the socio-economic development of Pakistan. It is expected to form the basis for the further investigations with regards to ICT4D projects in Pakistan. The study is primarily based on qualitative data to enforce its claims. Unfortunately, primary data on the topic is either non-existent or cannot be accessed when it comes to Pakistan.
Opportunities for development of defense cooperation between Southeastern European countries
Authors: Bekiarova Natalia , Petkov Marin
Published: March 2023

The article considers the multilayer military cooperation between the SEE countries over the past 20 years. The need exists to enhance cooperation from mere "interaction" to the possibility of joint acquisition and sharing of arms and equipment and a real increase in military capabilities in the countries of the region. The Bulgarian initiative SEEDEFCO (Southeastern Europe Defense Cooperation) is introduced. The challenges that stimulate or hinder the implementation of this policy are reviewed. The conclusion is that the Balkan countries are not yet ready to transform their synergy into modern regional military cooperation.
The stability and growth pact: pursuing sound public finances and coordinating fiscal policies in the EU member states
Authors: Terziev Venelin , Bankov Stefcho , Georgiev Marin
Published: March 2023

The so-called Stability and Growth pact was created in the 1990s with the idea of imposing upon member states (MS) which were already part of the Eurozone budgetary requirements. The Eurozone countries were initially complying with said budgetary requirements, but once they were granted admission into the “euro club”, they no longer had any incentives to maintain budgetary prudency. Hence, many countries started having excessive budgetary deficits which ultimately led, inevitably, to the accrual of higher debts. This was in violation of the current Article 126 TFEU which prohibits MS from having excessive government deficits, where deficit was to be assessed based on: the ratio of the planned/actual government deficit to gross domestic product, and the ratio of government debt to gross domestic product. The exact reference values of the acceptable levels of deficit and of debt are currently found in Protocol No 12 annexed to the Treaties, which puts the bar at 3% for deficit and 60% for debt.
The role of the security policy in Kosovo
Authors: Terziev Venelin , Brava Feim
Published: March 2023

Writing for security and security policies in Kosovo is a special pleasure. As it is well known, the Republic of Kosovo is one of the newest states in the world since it was separated from the Republic of Serbia in 1999 after the NATO military intervention, internationally recognized as an independent state from 116 countries around the world it should be noted that only 23 European Union countries have been recognized as independent states by 28 as the EU has. Kosovo as a new country with about 1.8 million people has had great achievements in the field of national security. A serious problem is the non-recognition of Kosovo as an independent state from five European countries (Spain, Greece, Slovakia, Cyprus and Romania), problems which continue to this day because of Kosovo's need for support from these countries around the membership in International Security Organizations, where their vote is very important. Another challenge is the consequence of the first problem and not having the opportunity for the new state to join international security organizations (such as Europol, Interpol), mainly due to non-recognition by the five European countries, which mentioned above. A very important element is the control of Kosovo's territory by Kosovo's security forces, which is a constant challenge but with many achievements. It is worth pointing out that Kosovo's security organs are very well formed. The socio-economic situation and the global crisis that has affected especially Balkan countries, Kosovo is still in the process of pursuing its goals for its citizens and high security for foreign visitors.
The change in the approach of the court of Justice of the European Union in the context of market freedoms and internal situations
Authors: Terziev Venelin , Bankov Stefcho , Georgiev Marin
Published: March 2023

In its jurisprudence the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has changed its approach towards the purely internal situation rule applicable in the context of the market freedoms. From the 1990s onwards the Court has showed a greater leniency in accepting that certain cases fall within the scope of Union law, as compared to in the years before. This has been done in various ways, depending on the specific fundamental freedom at stake in the case, but always resulted in a relaxing of the fulfilment of the test used for determining whether a case falls within the scope of a market freedom - the linking factor test. More specifically, the Court seems to be accepting that hypothetical future scenarios are sufficient to bring a case within the scope of EU law even though the underlying facts of the case do not satisfy the test, or even to rule in cases which clearly do not fulfil some of the conditions of the test. The overall change of approach towards the purely internal rule can also be seen in an issue of jurisdiction, and not scope, which is still however relevant. This is the fact that the Court has begun issuing preliminary reference rulings in purely internal cases whereby the question referred is in reality hypothetical. It will be claimed that the CJEU does so without requiring sufficient proof by the domestic court that an EU law interpretation is required.
Thirty Years of Consanguineous Marriages in Pakistan
Authors: Bashir Saima , Nazir Saman
Published: March 2023

Almost half of all marriages in Pakistan are consanguineous. Despite its high prevalence, little is known about the change over time in consanguineous unions in Pakistan. Examining the patterns of the cousin marriages is particularly important given the substantial improvement in women’s education which is often associated with the decline in consanguineous unions across the world. Our analysis, based on four waves of nationally representative Pakistan Demographic and Health Surveys - PDHS (1990-91, 2006-07, 2012-13, and 2017-18), shows that the prevalence of consanguineous unions remains stable over time. Further, women’s education is negatively associated with cousin marriages. Hypergamous (husband is more educated than her wife) unions are more prevalent, but a consistent rise in educational hypogamy (wife is more educated than her husband) is observed during this time. The results show that consanguineous marriages are more likely to be hypogamous than non-consanguineous marriages. Moreover, contraceptive use is lower among women in consanguineous unions. An inverse relationship has been found between the mean fertility and cousin marriages. Women in consanguineous marriages are likely to have fewer children than women in non-consanguineous marriages. Overall, the results show that consanguinity patterns are stable, and there is no evidence that the societal changes such as improvement in women’s education and urbanization over time have led to a decline in cousin marriages in Pakistan.
Abwägung im Kommunikationsstrafrecht - Strafrechtliche Verbote an der Grenze zur Grundrechtsausübung
Authors: Schallmoser-Schweiberer Nina Marlene
Published: March 2023

Strafrechtliche Normen schränken den Handlungsspielraum des Einzelnen ein, weil sie als Verbote Sanktionen für bestimmte Verhaltensweisen androhen. Das Kommunikationsstrafrecht verbietet gewisse sprachliche Inhalte und greift damit sogar in ein Grundrecht, die Kommunikationsfreiheit, ein. Derartige Eingriffe sind besonders rechtfertigungsbedürftig. Diese Rechtfertigung ist durch eine Abwägung der Kommunikationsfreiheit mit anderen schutzwürdigen Interessen (wie etwa Ehre, Privatsphäre) vorzunehmen: Um Strafrecht als Grundrechtseingriff zu legitimieren, muss die Abwägung ergeben, dass der Schutz anderer Interessen im Einzelfall gewichtiger ist als die Kommunikationsfreiheit. So zwingend Abwägung daher für die Entscheidung über die Pönalisierung eines kommunikativen Verhaltens ist, so sehr hadert sie mit Methodik, Struktur und Objektivität. Das ist brisant, weil Abwägungsfehler eine Grundrechtsverletzung bedeuten. Hier setzt die Arbeit an: Zunächst wird die Pflicht des Strafgesetzgebers begründet, Abwägungen auf Verbotsebene selbst vorzunehmen, wenn Grundrechte eingeschränkt werden sollen, weil sonst das Bestimmtheitsgebot verletzt wäre. Zudem wird ein eigenes, strafrechtliches Abwägungsmodell entwickelt, um eine methodisch strukturierte Grundlage für künftige Abwägungsvorgänge zu schaffen. Weiters wird geklärt, ob die Ehrdelikte (§§ 111ff StGB) als Beispiel für kommunikationsstrafrechtliche Normen gegenwärtig den erarbeiteten Anforderungen genügen: Liegt ihnen ein transparenter und nachvollziehbarer Abwägungsprozess zugrunde? Sind sie somit ausreichend bestimmt? Schließlich wird ein Alternativvorschlag vorgestellt, der dem entwickelten Abwägungsmodell folgt.