bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Herder, Johann Gottfried
Authors: Keßler Martin
Published: August 2021

Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803) was a key intellectual figure in the transition period between the German Enlightenment and Idealism. A personal pupil of Kant and Hamann, he moved on to become one of the most versatile and universal thinkers of his time. As an author, he was a central literary figure in Weimar in the so‐called “classic age” of German literature. Professionally, he worked in high church offices throughout his life.
Böhme, Jacob
Authors: Weeks Andrew
Published: August 2021

Jacob Böhme (1575–1624), one of the foremost German mystical authors, created a voluminous body of work with an extensive, multi‐faceted influence on religion, philosophy, and literature. Notwithstanding the originality of his thought, his writings incorporate elements of Lutheran doctrine and piety, as well as promptings from the new sciences of alchemy, astronomy, and astrology.
Clarke, Samuel
Authors: Yenter Timothy
Published: August 2021

A decade after developing a modal cosmological argument for God's existence and attributes, Samuel Clarke (1675–1729) debated Leibniz on miracles, divine freedom, and the nature of the world. Clarke's theories of freedom, divine activity, the soul, and ethics influenced Joseph Butler, Jonathan Edwards, David Hume, Thomas Reid, and many others. His attacks on the materialism, pantheism, and “atheism” of Thomas Hobbes, Spinoza, John Toland, Anthony Collins, and the deists were interwoven with his defenses of Newtonian natural philosophy, which he was largely responsible for popularizing. His research on and theory of the Trinity was a milestone of early eighteenth‐century philosophical theology.
Conway, Anne
Authors: Yenter Timothy
Published: August 2021

Anne Conway (1631–1679) was one of the most intellectually adventurous and well‐read philosophers of religion in the seventeenth century. Her unfinished systematic treatise, posthumously published as
The Principles of the Most Ancient and Modern Philosophy
, moves from the divine attributes through a theodicy based on universal salvation to a rejection of substance dualism. Her approach demonstrates a syncretist approach to religion that blends multiple intellectual traditions, including Cambridge Platonism, Quakerism, and the Kabbalah. Her admirers included Henry More, Francis von Helmont, and G.W. Leibniz.
Liang Shuming
Authors: Alitto Guy
Published: August 2021

Liang Shuming (1893–1988) was renowned in multiple roles in modern Chinese history: forefather of New Confucianism (
xin rujia
), scholarly man of action, philosopher, Confucian cultural revivalist, rural reform leader, political actor, and “private” devout Buddhist. His public life as an activist ended in 1953, when he confronted and was publicly criticized by his former friend, Mao Zedong. However, he remained involved intellectually behind the scenes into the mid‐1980s, producing his final book
The Human Mind–Heart and Human Life
.

Liang is often remembered as the sole defender of traditional Chinese culture and Confucianism to emerge during the New Culture–May Fourth era (1915–1927) with his book
Eastern and Western Cultures and Their Philosophies
(1921). In the 1930s, he was the philosophical leader of the nationwide Rural Reconstruction movement, which was meant to create a modernized China that retained the core of its traditional culture. Because he was publicly known as a champion of Confucianism and an advocate of a popular revival of Confucian morality, the first biography of him was titled “The Last Confucian.” Yet he privately retained his commitment to Buddhism, especially in his later years.
Mozi
Authors: Loy Hui‐chieh
Published: August 2021

Mozi was a thinker from the classical period of ancient China who founded a quasi‐religious community dedicated to spreading his teachings. As with other mainstream thinkers in ancient China, he sought to offer a practical response to the perceived social and political problems besetting the world of his time. This he did by propounding a consequentialist proper way for people to live and for the human collective to order its affairs. He presents this way as grounded in the will of an impartial Heaven and supported by the sanctions of providential spirits. While a major force to be reckoned with in the classical period, Mozi's school disappeared in the early imperial age, though its ideas were incorporated into other Chinese philosophical traditions.
Iranian Thought: Pre‐Islamic
Authors: Choksy Jamsheed K.
Published: August 2021

This entry discusses the conditions and places, main thinkers, schools and movements, and impacts and legacies of religious and philosophical thought among ancient Iranian peoples and societies. The period under examination ranges from the second millenniumbceto the first millenniumce.The geographical region covers the areas inhabited by Iranian peoples and therefore extends from Central Asia through present‐day Iran and Iraq. The major schools of thought examined are Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism, and Mandaeism. The impact of these faiths and movements on Judaism, Christianity, and Islam is discussed through tenets such as good versus evil, combat theology, life and death, judgment and afterlife, apocalypse and eschatology, resurrection, and heaven on earth.
Calvin, John
Authors: Rudd Anthony
Published: August 2021

John Calvin (1509–1564) was a French theologian and one of the leading figures in the Protestant Reformation. Although he rejects Scholastic philosophical theology and seeks to build his theology on a strictly biblical foundation, he allows philosophy a subordinate role in theology and some of his theological themes – such as the extent and limits of our natural knowledge of God, and the implications of God's absolute sovereignty – have considerable philosophical interest.
Evolutionary Religion
Authors: Schellenberg J.L.
Published: August 2021

This entry discusses two ways of developing the notion of “evolutionary religion,” one descriptive and due to Samuel Alexander, the other normative and due to J.L. Schellenberg. It also considers Alvin Plantinga's evolutionary argument against naturalism, which can be seen as inviting discussion of the religion‐friendliness of evolution.
Hinduism
Authors: Kapstein Matthew T.
Published: August 2021

The entry provides a basic orientation to Hinduism as it is treated in the
Encyclopedia of Philosophy of Religion
. The use of the modern term “Hinduism” as designating the majority religion of India and its larger diffusion is surveyed in the first part. This is followed by a brief introduction to relevant entries devoted to Hinduism in the encyclopedia.
Ṣiddīqīn
Argument
Authors: Morvarid Mahmoud
Published: August 2021

The
ṣiddīqīn
argument (
burhān al‐ṣiddīqīn
, also translated as “the proof of the sincere” and “the demonstration of the truthful”) is a kind of argument for the existence of God, initially proposed by Ibn Sīnā (980–1037), and thereafter restructured in one way or another during the history of Islamic philosophy. In this kind of argumentation, the existence of God, as a (or the)
necessary existent by itself
(
wājib al‐wujūd bi‐l‐dhāt
), is to be established not through His acts and creatures, but through reflection upon existence itself. In this entry, several variations of the
ṣiddīqīn
argument are concisely presented; in particular, those formulated by Ibn Sīnā, Mullā Ṣadrā, and Ṭabāṭabāʾī, as well as two versions of the so‐called “mystical
ṣiddīqīn
argument” developed in Islamic mysticism.
Al‐Māturīdī
Authors: Ahmed Sulaiman
Published: August 2021

Abū Manṣūr al‐Māturīdī (Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Mahmud Abu Mansur al‐Māturīdī) was an Islamic philosopher and theologian, who was responsible for establishing one of the two main Sunni theological schools. This entry provides a brief overview of the philosophical and theological views that formed his doctrine. It conveys an insight into al‐Māturīdī, his works, his connection to Abū Ḥanīfah, and his position on issues such as reason, revelation, belief, human free will, natural theology, anthropomorphism, wisdom, the beatific vision, and the theory of knowledge. There is also an explanation on how al‐Māturīdī approached ambiguous verses of the Qurʾān. This summary will highlight the creed of one of the two orthodox Sunni schools and bring it back to the forefront of academic research.
Al‐Ṭūsī
Authors: Saeedimehr Mohammad
Published: August 2021

Khwājah Naṣīr al‐Dīn al‐Ṭūsī (1201–1274) was one of the most prominent Shiʿite theologians, and played a leading role in rebuilding an Islamic systematic theology on the basis of philosophical principles. Wherever possible, he adopted a rational attitude towards theological issues, but, nonetheless, he never neglected Islamic revelation and scriptures as the pillars of theological doctrine. God's existence, attributes, and actions, as well as prophethood and resurrection, are some of the main issues discussed by al‐Ṭūsī in his philosophical theology.
Investigation of a Template‐Based Process Chain for Investment Casting of Open‐Cell Metal Foams
Authors: Kubelka Pierre , Körte Fabian , Heimann Johann , Xiong Xin , Jost Norbert
Published: August 2021

Herein, a holistic investigation of the process chain of polymer foam template manufacturing for the investment casting of open‐cell metal foams and their evaluation in terms of mechanical response under compressive loading is presented. Polymer foam templates are manufactured using sucrose beads as spaceholders with a body‐centred cubic (bcc) stacking and epoxy resin as matrix material. These templates are used in a modified investment casting process to produce commercial pure open‐cell Al foams (AA 1050 A). The materials used for the polymer foam templates are suitable for the template production and the use in investment casting. The structure of the template can be exactly reproduced by investment casting and no byproducts from the pyrolysis step can be detected within the molds or the Al foams. The mechanical properties under compressive loading are comparable with high‐strength Al‐alloy foams with a structure factor of C1 of 0.60. The characteristic plastic deformation is dominated by buckling, showing a local plastic failure of the struts within cell layers. Due to a high node‐to‐strut thickness ratio, neither small defects in the microstructure nor stacking errors of the template impact this deformation behavior.
Superfast Water Transport Zwitterionic Polymeric Nanofluidic Membrane Reinforced by Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Ji Yan‐Li , Gu Bing‐Xin , Xie Shi‐Jie , Yin Ming‐Jie , Qian Wei‐Jie , Zhao Qiang , Hung Wei‐Song , Lee Kueir‐Rarn , Zhou Yong , An Quan‐Fu , Gao Cong‐Jie
Published: August 2021

Nanofluidics derived from low‐dimensional nanosheets and protein nanochannels are crucial for advanced catalysis, sensing, and separation. However, polymer nanofluidics is halted by complicated preparation and miniaturized sizes. This work reports the bottom‐up synthesis of modular nanofluidics by confined growth of ultrathin metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) in a polymer membrane consisting of zwitterionic dopamine nanoparticles (ZNPs). The confined growth of the MOFs on the ZNPs reduces the chain entanglement between the ZNPs, leading to stiff interfacial channels enhancing the nanofluidic transport of water molecules through the membrane. As such, the water permeability and solute selectivity of MOF@ZNPM are one magnitude improved, leading to a record‐high performance among all polymer nanofiltration membranes. Both the experimental work and the molecular dynamics simulations confirm that the water transport is shifted from high‐friction‐resistance conventional viscous flow to ultrafast nanofluidic flow as a result of rigid and continuous nanochannels in MOF@ZNPM.
Smart Table Tennis Racket with Tunable Stiffness for Diverse Play Styles and Unconventional Technique Training
Authors: Zhou Xuefeng , Wang Lijuan , Huang Dongyang , Liang Yudai , Shi Quan , Yaying Hong , Zhang Mengying , Pu Huayan , Wen Weijia , Wu Jinbo
Published: August 2021

Smart technologies bring innovation to the life and sports arena. To adapt to diverse play styles and improve unconventional technique of table tennis players, a smart table tennis racket with tunable stiffness based on anisotropic electrorheological elastomers (EREs) is developed. The EREs are prepared in the designed mold under the electric field to form an anisotropic structure that consisted of electrorheological particles and facilitated the generation of interparticle saturation surface polarization and the local electric field. Therefore, the electrorheological property of anisotropic EREs is significantly promoted, attaining a relative electrorheological effect of 17 160% in shear mode, and the incremental shear storage and compression modulus of 5.2 and 6.4 MPa. By applying an electric field, the smart racket successfully changes the trajectory of balls, reduced ejection angle by 11% and increased ejection velocity by 2%.
Flexible and Anisotropic Strain Sensors Based on Highly Aligned Carbon Fiber Membrane for Exercise Monitoring
Authors: Wu Yuting , Yan Tao , Zhang Keqin , Pan Zhijuan
Published: August 2021

Flexible strain sensors have promising applications in deformation detection and have attracted tremendous attention. However, it is still a challenge to detect multidirectional strains and further enhance the sensing performance including high sensitivity and durability. Herein, successfully prepared aligned graphene oxide/polyacrylonitrile composite fiber membrane by optimized microfluidic spinning process is presented, and highly aligned carbon fiber membrane (CFM) by stabilization and carbonization is obtained. The flexible strain sensors are fabricated based on the CFM with different fiber arrangement directions, exhibiting good sensing performance and remarkable anisotropic electromechanical behaviors. When the fiber arrangement is parallel to the direction of stress application, the gauge factors (GFs) of the sensor are 399 in the strain range of 0‐12%, and 10 688 of 12‐15% strain. When the fiber arrangement is perpendicular to the stress direction, the GFs of the sensor are 49.8 and 830.7 under the strain of 0‐45% and 45‐50%, respectively. Meanwhile, the flexible and anisotropic strain sensors are endowed with excellent linearity, dynamic stability under different stretching rates and strain levels, rapid response time (< 300 ms), and good durability (over 1000 cycles). Remarkably, it has been demonstrated the anisotropic strain sensors could be applied in detecting human activity and assisting badminton training.
Magnetic Field Controlled Interlayer Coupling in MoS2 Field Effect Transistors
Authors: Yang Yuying , Li Alei , Wei Mengmeng , Gong Youpin , Qin Wei
Published: August 2021

The understanding of interlayer couplings should be paid much more attention owing to their importance in 2D materials with different layers. Here, through changing the number of layers, the tunability of interlayer coupling by external magnetic field in 2D material based field effect transistors is studied. External magnetic field can increase triplet electron‐hole (e‐h) pairs to promote interlayer coupling, where larger source‐drain current is induced. Moreover, increasing the gate voltage or source‐drain voltage, dipole–dipole interaction among the layers will be enhanced to weaken the tunability of source‐drain current by magnetic field. This result reveals the magnetic field dependence of interlayer couplings in 2D materials and provides a guidance to develop new functional 2D material devices.
The impact of land fragmentation on food security in the North Central Coast, Vietnam
Authors: Tran Tuyen Quang , Van Vu Huong
Published: August 2021

While the effect of land fragmentation on farm efficiency and production diversification in Vietnam has been well established, no evidence exists for its effect on household food security. Using a unique dataset from household surveys in combination with micro‐econometric models, the current study examines the impact of land fragmentation on food security in the poorest districts of Vietnam’s North Central Coast. Even after controlling for other factors in the models, we provide the first evidence that in Vietnam, ethnic minority households whose land holdings are fragmented are more likely to suffer from food insecurity. A higher likelihood of achieving food security is found for households whose members have better education and non‐farm self‐employment. The findings suggest that land policies that encourage land consolidation and improve the access of ethnic minorities to better education and non‐farm self‐employment would help them improve their food security. Such policies should be promoted in the study area.
Isoëtes sabatina (Isoëtaceae, Lycopodiopsida): Taxonomic distinctness and preliminary ecological insights
Authors: Bolpagni Rossano , Magrini Sara , Coppi Andrea , Troìa Angelo , Alahuhta Janne , Mjelde Marit , Azzella Mattia M.
Published: August 2021

Isoëtes sabatina is the rarest aquatic quillwort in Europe. Although recently found (2013) in Lake Bracciano (central Italy), the species is just one step away from extinction with an estimated population not exceeding 400 individuals and a spatial range of a few hundred square metres.

Lake Bracciano is a deep, oligo‐mesotrophic Mediterranean volcanic lake that has been subjected to human activities. From January to October 2017, the lake experienced a dramatic water level decrease (up to −1.50 m), which significantly affected the littoral zone and the habitat of I. sabatina.

To improve the chances of survival of I. sabatina, the first eco‐taxonomic investigation on this species was carried out to describe its genetic distinctness, physical and chemical requirements and companion species.

The phylogenetic position of I. sabatina was investigated by applying standard DNA barcoding methods. Simultaneously, during summer 2019, the physical and chemical features of water and sediments of the I. sabatina population and five small Alpine lakes colonized by Isoëtes echinospora – a supposed close relative – were characterized. These data were then compared with the available data on the trophic requirements of the target obligate aquatic Isoëtes, together with Isoëtes lacustris and Isoëtes malinverniana.

The present survey confirmed the taxonomic and ecological distinctness of I. sabatina – providing the first evidence of genetic differentiation from I. echinospora. Isoëtes sabatina grows in waters with temperature, conductivity and total alkalinity up to 30°C, 561 μS cm−1 and 3.45 meq L−1, respectively.

The edaphic requirements of I. sabatina confirm its outstanding conservation value, and this study offers a basic understanding of how to prevent its extinction. Now, all possible actions must be taken immediately to save this species.
An examination of observational learning using Skinner's taxonomy of verbal behavior
Authors: Rudy Zaltzman Tali , Parry‐Cruwys Diana , MacDonald Jacquelyn , Sweeney‐Kerwin Emily
Published: August 2021

Learning by observing others allows individuals to emit novel skills without directly contacting contingencies. Previous research on teaching skills necessary to emit observational learning (OL) responses are promising but an analysis using Skinner's taxonomy of verbal behavior is lacking. The purpose of the present study was to address the limitations of previous research by conceptualizing OL using Skinner's taxonomy of verbal behavior. After teaching one child diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder to emit a chain of vocal verbal responses, she correctly tacted previously unknown pictures after observing a model tacts a nonverbal stimulus. Future research should continue to analyze OL using Skinner's taxonomy of verbal behavior as it may lead, not only to a more parsimonious and conceptually systematic analysis, but allow practitioners to be more effective in designing procedures to teach this repertoire.
Blockage of undesirable endocytosis of recombinant human growth/differentiation factor‐5 in Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures requires heparin analogs with specific chain lengths
Authors: Kim Mi Gyeom , Lee Gyun Min
Published: August 2021

Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG)‐mediated endocytosis lowers the yield of recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins (rhBMPs), such as rhBMP‐2 and rhBMP‐4, from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cultures. Exogenous recombinant human growth/differentiation factor‐5 (rhGDF‐5), a member of the BMP family, bound to cell surface HSPGs and was actively internalized into CHO cells. Knockdown of heparan sulfate (HS) synthesis enzymes in CHO cells revealed that the chain length and N‐sulfation of HS affected the binding of rhGDF‐5 to HSPGs and subsequent rhGDF‐5 internalization. To increase product yield by minimizing rhGDF‐5 internalization in recombinant CHO (rCHO) cell cultures, heparin, and dextran sulfate (DS) of various polysaccharide chain lengths, which are structural analogs of HS, were examined for blockage of rhGDF‐5 internalization. Heparin fragments of four monosaccharides (MW of 1.2 kDa) and DS (MW of 15 kDa) did not inhibit rhGDF‐5 internalization whereas unfractionated heparin and DS of 200 kDa could significantly inhibit it. Compared to the control cultures, supplementation with unfractionated heparin or DS of 200 kDa at 1 g L‐1 resulted in more than a 10‐fold increase in the maximum rhGDF‐5 concentration. Taken together, the supplementation of structural HS analogs improved rhGDF‐5 production in rCHO cell cultures by inhibiting rhGDF‐5 internalization.
Risk factors for inducing violence in patients with delirium
Authors: Tachibana Masako , Inada Toshiya , Ichida Masaru , Ozaki Norio
Published: August 2021

Background

Violence in patients with delirium may occur suddenly and unpredictably in a fluctuating state of consciousness. Although various factors are involved, appropriate assessment and early response to factors related to violence in delirium are expected to prevent dangerous and distressing acts of violence against patients, their families and medical staff, and minimize the use of physical restraint and excessive drug sedation.

Methods

Subjects were 601 delirium cases referred to the department of psychiatry over the course of 5 years at a general hospital. The demographic, clinical, and pharmacological variables of patients with violence (n = 189) were compared with those of patients without violence (n = 412). Logistic regression analysis was applied to determine whether any specific individual factors were associated with violence.

Results

Current smoker status (p < .0005), older age (p < .0005), male gender (p = .004), and use of intensive care units (p = .043) were identified as factors associated with violence in patients with delirium.

Conclusions

Screening tools for violence in patients with delirium and adequate management may assist in better outcomes for patients and medical staff. Further research should evaluate the usefulness of nicotine replacement treatment for the prevention of violence during nicotine withdrawal, including whether it is safe for elderly inpatients with a high incidence of delirium in clinical practice.
The Chemical Biology‐Medicinal Chemistry Continuum: EFMC′s Vision
Authors: Duca Maria , Gillingham Dennis , Olsen Christian Adam , Sbardella Gianluca , Skaanderup Philip R. , van der Stelt Mario , Vauzeilles Boris , Vázquez Olalla , Auberson Yves P.
Published: August 2021

The European Federation for Medicinal chemistry and Chemical biology (EFMC) is a federation of learned societies. It groups organizations of European scientists working in a dynamic field spanning chemical biology and medicinal chemistry. New ideas, tools, and technologies emerging from a wide array of scientific disciplines continuously energize this rapidly evolving area. Medicinal chemistry is the design, synthesis, and optimization of biologically active molecules aimed at discovering new drug candidates – a mission that in many ways overlaps with the scope of chemical biology. Chemical biology is by now a mature field of science for which a more precise definition of what it encompasses, in the frame of EFMC, is timely. This article discusses chemical biology as currently understood by EFMC, including all activities dealing with the design and synthesis of biologically active chemical tools and their use to probe, characterize, or influence biological systems.
STEMI telemedicine for 100 million lives
Authors: Mehta Sameer , Grines Cindy L. , Botelho Roberto , Fernandez Francisco , Cade Jamil , Dusilek Cesar , Prudente Mauricio , Cavalcanti Ricardo , Campos Carlos , Alcocer Gamba Marco
Published: August 2021

Background

Developing countries struggle to diagnose and treat ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients in a timely manner, and subsequent outcomes are suboptimal.

Methods

The Latin America Telemedicine Network (LATIN) functioned between 2013 to present in four countries—Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and Argentina. A Hub and Spoke platform was developed to expand access to >100 million population for STEMI care. Patients were triaged at spokes that included small clinics and primary health care centers in remote South American locations. Three telemedicine command sites provided immediate 24/7 electrocardiogram diagnosis and teleconsultation of the STEMI process at 355 centers in four countries.

Results

LATIN Spokes (n = 313) screened up to 30,000 patients per month, and a total of 780,234 patients over the study period. Telemedicine experts diagnosed 8395 (1·1%) with STEMI, of which a total of 3872 (46·1%) were urgently treated at 47 Hubs. A total of 3015 patients (78%) were reperfused with percutaneous coronary intervention. Time‐to‐telemedicine diagnosis averaged 3·5 min. Average door‐to‐balloon time improved from 120 to 48 min during the study period and overall STEMI mortality was 5·2%.

Interpretation

Telemedicine transcends boundaries and enables access to millions of patients for STEMI care. With this initiative, LATIN has created a template for reducing disparities in STEMI management between developed and developing countries.
Sequential Hydrogen Tunneling ino‐Tolylmethylene
Authors: Lohmiller Thomas , Sarkar Sujan K. , Tatchen Jörg , Henkel Stefan , Schleif Tim , Savitsky Anton , Sanchez‐Garcia Elsa , Sander Wolfram
Published: August 2021

o‐Tolylmethylene1is a metastable triplet carbene that rearranges too‐xylylene2even at temperatures as low as 2.7 K via [1,4] H atom tunneling. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopical techniques were used to identify two conformers of1(antiandsyn) in noble gas matrices and in frozen organic solutions. Conformer‐specific kinetic measurements revealed that the rate constants for the rearrangements of theantiandsynconformers of1are very similar. However, the orbital alignment in thesynconformer is less favorable for the hydrogen transfer reaction than the orbital configuration in theanticonformer. Our spectroscopic and quantum chemical investigations indicate thatanti1andsyn1rapidly interconvert via efficient quantum tunneling forming a rotational pre‐equilibrium. The subsequent second tunneling reaction, the [1,4] H migration fromanti1to2, is rate‐limiting for the formation of2. We here present an efficient strategy for the study of such tunneling equilibria.
How Aromatic Fluorination Exchanges the Interaction Role of Pyridine with Carbonyl Compounds: The Formaldehyde Adduct
Authors: López Juan Carlos , Macario Alberto , Maris Assimo , Alkorta Ibon , Blanco Susana
Published: August 2021

The rotational spectrum of the weakly bound complex pentafluoropyridine⋅⋅⋅formaldehyde has been investigated using Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. From the analysis of the rotational parameters of the parent species and of the 13C and 15N isotopologues, the structural arrangement of the adduct has been unambiguously established. The full ring fluorination of pyridine has a dramatic effect on its binding properties: It alters the electron density distribution at the π‐cloud of pyridine creating a π‐hole and changing its electron donor‐acceptor capabilities. In the complex, formaldehyde lies above the aromatic ring with one of the oxygen lone pairs, as conventionally envisaged, pointing toward its centre. This lone pair⋅⋅⋅π‐hole interaction, reinforced by a weak C−H⋅⋅⋅N interaction, indicates an exchange of the electron‐acceptor roles of both molecules when compared to the pyridine⋅⋅⋅formaldehyde adduct. Tunnelling doublets due to the internal rotation of formaldehyde have also been observed and analysed leading to a discussion on the competition between lone pair⋅⋅⋅π‐hole and π⋅⋅⋅π stacking interactions.
Catalytic transesterification of glycerol with dimethyl carbonate to glycerol carbonate with Co3O4 nanoparticle incorporated MCM‐41 derived from rice husk
Authors: Arora Shivali , Gosu Vijayalakshmi , Subbaramaiah Verraboina , Zhang Tian C.
Published: August 2021

A rice husk‐derived MCM‐41 catalyst has been synthesized, and active metal Co3O4 nanoparticles were incorporated. The synthesized MCM‐41 derived from rice husk exhibited highly ordered p6mm hexagonal symmetry. The catalytic activity of the prepared catalyst was investigated for glycerol carbonate (GLc) synthesis through transesterification of glycerol (GLy) with dimethyl carbonate (DMC). Experimentally, it was found that 5 wt.% cobalt incorporated MCM‐41 activated at 400°C showed a higher yield of GLc, 60.2%, due to its optimum basicity. Approximately, 98.7 ± 1.2% GLy conversion and 94.1 ± 0.7% GLc yield was achieved with the batch reactor at adjusted conditions: a molar ratio of DMC‐to‐glycerol = 3, catalyst dosage = 6 wt.% (based on glycerol mass), reaction temperature = 90°C, and reaction time = 2 h. The transesterification reaction kinetics were also studied using the ODE 15s tool in MATLAB. The catalyst's activation energy was calculated as 58.2 ± 2.4 kJ/mol.
No pain, just gain: Painless, easy, and fast dried blood spot collection from fingertip and upper arm in doping control
Authors: Solheim Sara Amalie , Ringsted Thomas Kamm , Nordsborg Nikolai B. , Dehnes Yvette , Levernæs Maren Christin Stillesby , Mørkeberg Jakob
Published: August 2021

This study aimed to determine and compare the perception, painfulness, and usability of the minimally invasive dried blood spot (DBS) collections from fingertip versus upper arm from different athlete populations: males and females representing sports dependent on hand/arm, sports less dependent on hand/arm and para‐athletes. To accomplish this, 108 national level athletes from Denmark were recruited (♀ = 49, ♂ = 59, 25 ± 6 years; mean ± SD) and 11 Doping Control Officers (DCOs) collected manual fingerprick DBS (HemaSpot HF) and automated upper‐arm DBS (Tasso‐M20) from each athlete. Athletes and DCOs responded to questionnaires regarding the perception of sample collection procedures. On a 0–10 scale, the athletes reported a low pain score and a very good general experience for both sampling sites, but following upper‐arm DBS collection, the associated pain was rated lower (−0.4 ± 1.6, p < 0.05), and the general experience rated better (+0.6 ± 2.3, p ≤ 0.001) than after the fingerprick DBS collection. The DCOs rated the general experience with the upper‐arm DBS collection better (+1.6 ± 1.1, p ≤ 0.01) than the fingerprick DBS collection, partly because problems occurred more frequently during the DBS collection from the fingertip (28%) than from the upper arm (6%). In conclusion, it appears that DBS sampling is affiliated with minimal sensation of pain and is preferred by both DCOs and athletes, independent of gender and discipline, over conventional sample collection methods. Collection of DBS from the upper arm was preferred over fingerprick by both athletes and DCOs.
A national‐scale dataset for threats impacting Australia’s imperiled flora and fauna
Authors: Ward Michelle , Carwardine Josie , Yong Chuan J. , Watson James E. M. , Silcock Jennifer , Taylor Gary S. , Lintermans Mark , Gillespie Graeme R. , Garnett Stephen T. , Woinarski John , Tingley Reid , Fensham Rod J. , Hoskin Conrad J. , Hines Harry B. , Roberts J. Dale , Kennard Mark J. , Harvey Mark S. , Chapple David G. , Reside April E.
Published: August 2021

Australia is in the midst of an extinction crisis, having already lost 10% of terrestrial mammal fauna since European settlement and with hundreds of other species at high risk of extinction. The decline of the nation's biota is a result of an array of threatening processes; however, a comprehensive taxon‐specific understanding of threats and their relative impacts remains undocumented nationally. Using expert consultation, we compile the first complete, validated, and consistent taxon‐specific threat and impact dataset for all nationally listed threatened taxa in Australia. We confined our analysis to 1,795 terrestrial and aquatic taxa listed as threatened (Vulnerable, Endangered, or Critically Endangered) under Australian Commonwealth law. We engaged taxonomic experts to generate taxon‐specific threat and threat impact information to consistently apply the IUCN Threat Classification Scheme and Threat Impact Scoring System, as well as eight broad‐level threats and 51 subcategory threats, for all 1,795 threatened terrestrial and aquatic threatened taxa. This compilation produced 4,877 unique taxon–threat–impact combinations with the most frequently listed threats being Habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation (n = 1,210 taxa), and Invasive species and disease (n = 966 taxa). Yet when only high‐impact threats or medium‐impact threats are considered, Invasive species and disease become the most prevalent threats. This dataset provides critical information for conservation action planning, national legislation and policy, and prioritizing investments in threatened species management and recovery.
Predicting the potential of capacitive deionization for the separation of pH‐dependent organic molecules
Authors: Wagner Robin , Winger Sebastian , Franzreb Matthias
Published: August 2021

One of the main steps in the biotechnological production of chemical building blocks, such as, e.g. bio‐based succinic acid which is used for lubricants, cosmetics, food, and pharmaceuticals, is the isolation and purification of the target molecule. A new approach to isolate charged, bio‐based chemicals is by electrosorption onto carbon surfaces. In contrast to ion exchange, electrosorption does not require additional chemicals for elution and regeneration. However, while the electrosorption of inorganic salts is well understood and in commercial use, the knowledge about electrosorption of weak organic acids including the strong implications of the pH‐dependent dissociation and their affinity towards physical adsorption must be expanded. Here, we show a detailed discussion of the main pH‐dependent effects determining the achievable charge efficiencies and capacities. An explicit set of equations allows the fast prediction of the named key figures for constant voltage and constant current operation. The calculated and experimental results obtained for the electrosorption of maleic acid show that the potential‐free adsorption of differently protonated forms of the organic acid play a dominating role in the process. At pH 8 and a voltage threshold of 1.3 V, charge efficiencies of 25% and capacities around 40 mmol/kg could be reached for a constant current experiment. While this capacity is clearly below that of ion exchange resins, the required carbon materials are inexpensive and energy costs are only about 0.013 €/mol. Therefore, we anticipate that electrosorption has the potential to become an interesting alternative to conventional unit operations for the isolation of charged target molecules.
Permutation tests for equality of distributions of functional data
Authors: Bugni Federico A. , Horowitz Joel L.
Published: August 2021

Economic data are often generated by stochastic processes that take place in continuous time, though observations may occur only at discrete times. Such data are called functional data. This paper is concerned with comparing two or more stochastic processes that generate functional data. The data may be produced by a randomized experiment in which there are multiple treatments. The paper presents a method for testing the hypothesis that the same stochastic process generates all the functional data. The results of Monte Carlo experiments and an application to an experiment on pricing of natural gas illustrate the usefulness of the test.
Effects of m6A RNA methylation regulators on endometrial cancer
Authors: Zhang Yanli , Yang Yingjie
Published: August 2021

Background

The modification 6‐methyladenine (m6A) is the most common type in RNA methylation. Our study aims to explore the bioinformatic analysis of m6A in endometrial cancer.

Methods

The expression of 23 m6A RNA methylation regulators was compared through The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database among 406 endometrial tissue and 19 normal tissue samples. The Wilcoxon test was applied to compare the relationship between the clinicopathological characteristics and expression. Cox regressions were performed to identify the prognostic factors associated with overall survival. Gene ontology (GO) and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) were performed to evaluate the potential pathways.

Results

YTHDF2, HNRNPA2B1, HDRNPA2B1, YTHDF1, FMR1, IGF2BP3, METTL13, RBM15B, IGF2BP1, YTHDF3, YTHDC1, ZC3H13 IGF2BP2, KIAA1429, METTL14, RBMX, FTO, ALKBH5, and METTL16 were significantly abnormally expressed in endometrial cancer tissue samples. Both univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses indicated that age, grade, and risk score were independent risk factors. High expression of FTO was associated with worse overall survival.

Conclusion

M6A RNA methylation regulators play vital role in endometrial cancer.
The role of experiential avoidance in the relationship between traumatic distress and yearning in sudden and unexpected bereavement
Authors: Hardt Madeleine M. , Williams Joah L. , Jobe‐Shields Lisa
Published: August 2021

Background

Distressing preoccupation with the circumstances of the death, experiential avoidance, and yearning often manifest in pathological forms of grief following the sudden or unexpected death of a loved one. Traumatic distress—the emotional distress linked to circumstances or reminders of a death—often leads to avoidance behaviors, whereas yearning has been conceptualized as an emotional state which leads to proximity‐seeking behaviors following bereavement. A gap exists in the literature explaining how these variables may interact and perpetuate one another.

Aims

The present study aims to examine the role of experiential avoidance in the relationship between traumatic distress and yearning in a sample of suddenly and unexpectedly bereaved young adults. Results suggest that the association between traumatic distress and yearning may be partially mediated by experiential avoidance. Implications of these findings for theoretical models of grief and yearning are discussed.

Materials & Methods

Data include a sample of 606 bereaved young adults (Mage = 21.25; 77.4% female) who participated in a larger, online survey study conducted at two universities in the United States exploring the prevalence of trauma exposure in college students.

Results

Mediation analysis demonstrated experiential avoidance as partially mediating the relationship between traumatic distress and yearning (ab = .21, SE = .10, 95% CI [.02, .40]) when controlling for presence at the scene of death or injury. This indirect effect accounted for 11.67% of the total effect. An additional moderated mediation analysis indicated this indirect effect was present across all levels of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) symptom severity.

Discussion

Results indicate that the association between traumatic distress and yearning may be partially mediated by experiential avoidance across all levels of PGD symptom severity.

Conclusion

Findings suggest that bereaved individuals experiencing recurrent, death‐related intrusive thoughts, imagery, and/or other memories related to the circumstances of the death may be more likely to experience intense yearning for the deceased in part due to attempts to avoid painful internal experiences associated with such cues.
Pembrolizumab for the treatment of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy following anti‐CD19 CAR‐T therapy: a case report
Authors: Mackenzie Strachan , Shafat Manar , Roddy Harriet , Hyare Harpreet , Neill Lorna , Marzolini Maria A. V. , Gilhooley Michael , Marafioti Teresa , Kara Eleanna , Sanchez Emilie , Rees Jeremy , Lynch David S. , Thomson Kirsty , Ardeshna Kirit M. , Laurence Arian , Peggs Karl S. , O'Reilly Maeve , Roddie Claire
Published: August 2021

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is an opportunistic brain infection with few treatment options and poor survival when reversal of the underlying immune dysfunction is not achievable. JC polyomavirus reactivation resulting in PML can rarely complicate chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell (CAR‐T) therapy. We describe successful treatment of PML with Programmed death‐1 (PD‐1) blockade using pembrolizumab, 4 months following axicabtagene ciloleucel. Radiological features of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome without clinical deterioration were seen. Evidence of anti‐viral immune reconstitution by in vitro detection of JC‐specific T‐cells and sustained neurological recovery in this patient suggest PD‐1 blockade may be an effective treatment approach for PML post‐CAR‐T.
Delayed surgical resection of primary left‐sided obstructing colon cancer is associated with improved short‐ and long‐term outcomes
Authors: de Roos Marnix A. J. , Hugen Niek , Hazebroek Eric J. , Spillenaar Bilgen Ernst J.
Published: August 2021

Background and Objectives

It is unclear what time interval is optimal between presentation and surgical resection of left‐sided obstructive colon cancer (LSOCC). This study aims to determine whether a time interval beyond 4 weeks is associated with a better outcome.

Materials and Methods

Consecutive patients who underwent surgical resection of LSOCC between January 2010 and December 2019 were collected from a prospective database. Patients were divided into three groups: (1) Emergency resection (ER group), (2) surgery in less than 4 weeks (early group), and (3) surgery beyond 4 weeks (late group).

Results

The ER group consisted of 74 (44.0%), the early group of 38 (22.6%), and the late group of 56 (33.3%) patients. Ninety‐day mortality was lower in the Late group than in the ER group and the early group (1.8% vs. 12.2%, p = 0.029 vs. 15.3%, p = 0.011). In the late group 5‐year recurrence‐free survival was better than in the early group (82.1% vs. 63.2%, p = 0.039) and 5‐year overall survival (OS) was better than in the ER group (75% vs. 51.4%, p = 0.021). Definitive surgical resection beyond 4 weeks was an independent prognostic factor for OS (Hazard ratio: 0.402, 95% CI: 0.204–0.793, p = 0.009).

Conclusion

In this study surgical resection beyond 4 weeks after presentation seems to have a better short‐ and long‐term outcome for LSOCC.
Mid‐Infrared Single‐Photon Edge Enhanced Imaging Based on Nonlinear Vortex Filtering
Authors: Wang Yinqi , Fang Jianan , Zheng Tingting , Liang Yan , Hao Qiang , Wu E , Yan Ming , Huang Kun , Zeng Heping
Published: August 2021

Edge enhanced imaging via the spiral phase contrast enables to reveal the phase or amplitude gradients of a target, which has been proved useful in feature recognition, machine vision, and object identification. A long quest is to extend the operation wavelength into the mid‐infrared (MIR) region, as highly demanded in various fields including infrared sensing, astronomic observation, and biomedical diagnosis. Here, ultra‐sensitive MIR imaging at the single‐photon level based on nonlinear frequency upconversion is demonstrated, where the spectrally converted replica of the MIR object image at 3070 nm is captured by a silicon electron multiplying charged coupled device. The imaging sensitivity is significantly improved by the coincidence pulsed pumping with a spectro‐temporal optimization. Furthermore, the edge enhancement is realized by imprinting the spiral phase pattern of the pump onto the upconverted field at the Fourier plane within the nonlinear crystal. Such a nonlinear spatial filter not only provides an effective way to implement the required high‐fidelity vortex screening in the edge enhanced detection, but also renders the MIR illumination into a visible image in an efficient and low‐noise fashion. The presented system for MIR edge enhanced imaging might facilitate immediate applications in label‐free histopathological diagnosis and non‐destructive defect inspection.
Combined atomic and molecular (CAM) ionization with the liquid sampling‐atmospheric pressure glow discharge microplasma
Authors: Kenneth Marcus R. , Hoegg Edward D. , Hall Katja A. , Williams Tyler J. , Koppenaal David W.
Published: August 2021

In a world where information‐rich methods of analysis are often sought over those with superior figures of merit, there is a constant search for ionization methods which can be applied across diverse analytical systems. The liquid sampling‐atmospheric pressure glow discharge (LS‐APGD) is a microplasma device which has the inherent capabilities to operate as a combined atomic and molecular (CAM) ionization source. The plasma is sustained by placement of a high voltage (~500 V, dc) onto an electrolytic solution through which the analyte is generally delivered to the discharge. Judicious choice of the solvent provides a means of obtaining atomic/elemental and/or molecular mass spectra. Presented here are the diverse modes of sample introduction and mass spectrometer platforms to which the LS‐APGD has been interfaced. Likewise, representative spectra and figures of merit are presented towards elemental and isotope ratio measurements, as well as application to small organic molecules, organometallic complexes, and intact proteins. It is believed that the diversity of analytical applications and ready implementation across the entirety of mass spectrometry platforms portends a level of versatility not realized with other ionization sources.
Lyapunov functions for fractional‐order nonlinear systems with Atangana–Baleanu derivative of Riemann–Liouville type
Authors: Martínez‐Fuentes Oscar , Fernández‐Anaya Guillermo , Muñoz‐Vázquez Aldo Jonathan
Published: August 2021

Stability analysis plays an essential role in control systems design. This analysis can be done using different techniques that show the equilibrium points are stable (or unstable). This paper focuses on fractional systems of order 0 < α < 1 modeled by the Atangana–Baleanu derivative of Riemann–Liouville type (ABR), which allows consistent modeling of a large class of physical systems with complex dynamics. The main contribution of the paper consists of some novel inequalities for the Atangana–Baleanu derivative of the Riemann–Liouville type. Furthermore, the proposed study allows considering both quadratic and convex Lyapunov functions to analyze stability in ABR systems by applying the Direct Lyapunov Method.
MET D1228N and D1246N are the Same Resistance Mutation in MET Exon 14 Skipping
Authors: Tsai Jonathan M. , Hata Aaron N. , Lennerz Jochen K.
Published: August 2021

Comprehensive genetic profiling using next-generation sequencing technologies has become an integral part of precision oncology. Variant annotation requires translating the DNA findings into protein level predictions. In this article we highlight inconsistencies in variant annotation for the MET D1228N exon 19 resistance mutations. MET D1228N and D1246N represent the same resistance mutation in MET exon 14 skipping alterations annotated on different transcripts. Additional examples of relevant variants annotated on different transcripts emphasize the importance of avoiding erroneous interpretation when realizing precision oncology.