bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long‐term cause‐specific mortality among five‐year survivors of childhood cancer
Authors: Cardous‐Ubbink M.C. , Heinen R.C. , Langeveld N.E. , Bakker P.J.M. , Voûte P.A. , Caron H.N. , van Leeuwen F.E.
Published: March 2004

Background

The purpose of our study was to assess long‐term cause‐specific mortality of 5‐year childhood cancer survivors.

Procedure

The study population consisted of 1,378 patients who had been treated for childhood cancer in The Netherlands between 1966 and 1996 and survived at least 5 years; follow‐up was complete for 99% of survivors. Cause‐specific mortality was compared with general population rates to assess relative and absolute excess risks of death (standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and AER).

Results

After a median follow‐up of 16.1 years, 120 patients had died. The overall SMR was 17‐fold (95% CI: 14.3–20.6) increased compared to the general population. Our cohort experienced an excess of 7 deaths per 1,000 person‐years. Patients who received combined modality treatment and were treated for at least one recurrence experienced the highest risk of death (SMR = 92.3; AER = 37.0 per 1,000 person‐years). The SMR appeared to stabilize at an about 4 to 5‐fold increased risk of death after 20 years of follow‐up. Only after more than 20 years of follow‐up excess mortality due to other causes than the primary cancer exceeded mortality from the primary childhood cancer (2.3 vs. 0.3/1,000 patients/year). The SMR for all causes other than primary cancer was 5.4 in 25‐year survivors. The overall risks of death strongly decreased with increasing attained age, with an SMR of 1.6 (n.s.) and an AER of 0.3 per 1,000 person‐years for survivors of 30 years or older.

Conclusions

The first primary cancer contributes most to the absolute excess risk of death in 5‐year survivors of childhood cancer, but after 25 years childhood cancer mortality is negligible. Relative risk of death due to other causes is still significantly increased after 25 years of follow‐up. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, inc.
Treatment of pediatric Hodgkin disease avoiding radiotherapy: Excellent outcome with the Rotterdam‐HD‐84‐protocol
Authors: Hakvoort‐Cammel Friederike G.A.J. , Buitendijk Saskia , van den Heuvel‐Eibrink Marry , Hählen Karel
Published: March 2004

Background

To reduce radiotherapy (XRT) induced toxicity of treatment of children with Hodgkin disease (HD) while maintaining a high cure rate, we introduced a risk‐adapted protocol consisting of chemotherapy (CT) alone in 1984.

Procedure

The outcome of 46 children treated for HD from 1984 until 2000 according to the Rotterdam‐HD‐84‐protocol was determined. Children with stage I–IIA disease (n = 23), were treated with six courses of epirubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (EBVD). Children with stage IIB–IV disease (n = 23), were treated with three to five alternating cycles of EBVD and mechlorethamine, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone (MOPP).

Results

At a median follow‐up time of 8.6 years (range 2.6–18.3 years), the 10‐year overall survival (OS) is 95% and the event‐free survival (EFS) 91%. In 5/46 patients XRT was administered because of residual mediastinal mass. Four children relapsed, two of them died. Up until now only one patient developed hypothyroidism; no symptomatic cardiac or pulmonary dysfunction, no second malignancy has been diagnosed.

Conclusions

Risk‐adapted treatment consisting of CT alone is highly efficacious for children with HD and toxicity is low. XRT was administered in only a small minority of children with HD. CT should be the first choice for HD in children and XRT should preferably be used for those with refractory or histologically proven residual disease or relapse. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
School psychology's significant discrepancy: Historical perspectives on personnel shortages
Authors: Fagan Thomas K.
Published: March 2004

Accurately describing personnel shortages is difficult in the absence of reliable sources and with problems defining terms. Despite periods when employment opportunities were limited, it appears there has never been a time when the supply of school psychologists was sufficient to meet the demand. Recent personnel shortages follow a period of several decades in which the overall growth of the field surged upward. Among the factors to explain recent shortages is an inverse relationship between professional regulation and the supply of future school psychologists in training. The shortage is predicted to continue indefinitely. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 419–430, 2004.
Achieving ethnic minority parity in school psychology
Authors: Zhou Zheng , Bray Melissa A. , Kehle Thomas J. , Theodore Lea A. , Clark Elaine , Jenson William R.
Published: March 2004

The article addresses the demographic characteristics of students in school psychology programs nationwide with respect to providing a rationale for the importance of increasing the proportion of minority school psychologists who are underrepresented. Emphasis on training culturally competent psychologists is reviewed within a historical context. Barriers impeding the graduate training of minority students in school psychology are delineated. Feasible strategies to recruit minority students and faculty are presented. The implications for training and practice are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 443–450, 2004.
The diplomate in school psychology: Implications for the science and practice of school psychology
Authors: Flanagan Rosemary
Published: March 2004

The shortage of school psychologists is apparent at all levels of the profession. The Diplomate, awarded by the American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP), is the highest credential a practitioner can receive, yet few professional psychologists aspire to this high goal. The diploma and the examination process are described. The implications of the standards espoused by the Diplomate examination process are explored for school psychology. Given that these standards are higher than entry level, it is expected that the quality of services offered to children would increase. The incorporation of evidence‐based practice in routine school psychological service would be facilitated in that the ABPP practice sample standards are consistent with evidence‐based practice, providing a model for its implementation in the school setting. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 481–487, 2004.
Addressing the shortage of school psychologists: A summative overview
Authors: Davis Andrew S. , McIntosh David E. , Phelps LeAdelle , Kehle Thomas J.
Published: March 2004

The role of the school psychologist has evolved from the traditional position of psychometrician to a scientist‐practitioner who assumes a more progressive, proactive leadership position in initiating reform in the schools. This shift is guided by a changing paradigm from child deviance, or child pathology, to a collaborative, problem‐solving orientation that is characterized by a focus on interventions and altering student outcomes (Ysseldyke & Elliot, 1999). This shifting philosophy mandates that school psychologists, to serve as effective advocates for children, should focus on outcomes, employ more preventative techniques, utilize empirically supported interventions, and take an active role in initiating changes in their schools and the communities (Davis, 2001). A more preventative approach increases the role, and the necessity, of school psychologists working directly with children in special education and children not in special education. Yet, the field continues to undersupply the number of school psychologists needed to effectively meet these critical goals. The paucity of school psychologists available to serve children in the schools is reflected in the shortfalls in higher education and with practitioners (e.g., Reschly, 2000; Tingstrom, 2000). Additionally, school psychologists face disparities in gender, ethnic, and racial representation relative to the U.S. population, with the majority of school psychologists being Caucasian females (e.g., Curtis, Grier, Abshier, Sutton, & Hunley, 2002; Thomas, 1998). This may lead to a lack of identification from the student's perspective or a deficiency of culturally sensitive methods and techniques from the school psychologist, especially in poor areas where minorities tend to be overrepresented (Steinberg, 2002). The shortage of school psychologists, especially minority school psychologists, is reaching a crisis state. To overcome this shortage, a call to action is proposed to all practicing school psychologists, trainers in higher education, professional organizations, and legislators. Taking progressive, proactive steps may involve reconceptualizing the practice of school psychology, increasing visibility of the profession, becoming more involved in politics and legislation, employing unique approaches to recruitment, utilizing technology in training programs, and actively recruiting minority candidates. The purpose of this article is to review past solutions to this problem, analyze what is currently being done, and propose new resolutions to address these concerns. Additionally, some solutions to these issues discussed in this journal issue will be reviewed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 489–495, 2004.
Spin‐dependent momentum density distribution and Fermi surface of Ho via 2D‐ACAR measurements
Authors: Hamid A. S. , Uedono A.
Published: March 2004

The first direct measurements of the spin‐dependent positron–electron momentum density and Fermi surface of Ho are presented. The measurements were performed using two‐dimensional angular correlation of annihilation radiation (ACAR) experiments with reversal magnetic field directions parallel and anti‐parallel to the polarization direction of the positron. The analysis confirmed that two hybrid bands influence the Fermi surface of Ho. They are 5d–6s conduction hybrid bands and partial hybridization of 4f–5d bands. In fact, the measured Fermi surface revealed the behavior of the magnetic electrons. Further, the reciprocal lattice points revealed the electronic spin density distribution behavior. The general layout of the Fermi surface of Ho showed a multiply connected surface as an open hole running along the ΓA axis with minority spin distribution and two electron surfaces centered on K and H points, respectively. Furthermore, this Fermi surface showed anti‐ferromagnetic character. The measured Fermi surface of Ho showed agreement with the results of a previous band structure calculation method. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
1D and 2D STLS dielectric functions for carriers in the lowest subband
Authors: Reyes J. A. , del Castillo‐Mussot M.
Published: March 2004

When electrons or holes in 1D (quantum wires) and 2D (quantum layers) systems are confined in the lowest subband by transverse harmonic potentials, it is possible to find useful analytical expression for some important physical properties, such as the 1D and 2D effective interparticle Coulomb potentials, their Fourier transforms and their STLS dielectric functions with the corresponding collective plasma modes. Finite thickness effects of the confinement potentials can be easily identified and expanded in all formulae for carriers in the lowest subband. Finite thickness effects are much more pronounced in 1D than in 2D. We also calculate broadening effects with the Mermin correction of STLS. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Transport properties of hydrogen‐doped (Zr803d20)1−xHx (3d = Co, Ni) metallic glasses
Authors: Kokanović I. , Leontić B. , Lukatela J.
Published: March 2004

The electrical resistivities of hydrogen‐doped (Zr803d20)1−xHx (3d = Ni, Co; x ≤ 0.11) metallic glasses have been measured at temperatures between 2 K and 110 K and in magnetic fields up to 1 T for various dopant concentrations. These systems have a high room‐temperature resistivity (ρ > 160 μΩ cm) and become superconducting below 4 K. The increase of the room‐temperature resistivity and its temperature coefficient with hydrogen dopant concentration is explained as due to an increase of disorder with hydrogen‐doping. The temperature and magnetic field dependence of the resistivity has been analysed using theoretical models of weak‐localisation and electron–electron interaction in disordered conductors. The hydrogen dopant is found to reduce the effective electron diffusion constant, D, the spin‐orbit scattering rate, τ−1so, the superconducting transition temperature, Tc, and broadens the superconducting transition region. The contribution of the Maki‐Thompson interaction to the magnetoresistivity is also reduced. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dislocated micro‐ and nanopipes with surface steps
Authors: Gutkin M. Yu. , Sheinerman A. G.
Published: March 2004

The steps at the inner surfaces of micro‐ and nanopipes containing screw superdislocations are theoretically investigated and discussed. The stress fields of dislocated pipes with small axially symmetric steps are derived in a closed approximate form. The pipes in an infinite medium as well as the pipes perpendicular to a flat free surface are examined. The forces acting on pipe steps are also calculated, and the equilibrium positions for the steps are found. It is shown that subsurface pipe steps repulse from the free surface if they decrease the pipe radius. It is also demonstrated that the same‐sign steps attract each other (at least, as long as they are small), and so the formation of large enough steps at the pipe surface is possible. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Acoustic wave propagation in layered spherical structures
Authors: Yun‐tuan Fang , Ting‐gen Shen , Xilin Tan
Published: March 2004

Radiation from acoustic sources located inside quasi‐periodically layered structures is studied using the transfer matrix method. In contrast to the periodically layered cases the transmission in the quasi‐periodic systems has different band structures and decreases more slowly with the number of layers than in the periodic systems. The transmission periodically changes with the variation of media thickness in both types of systems, which may be useful in designing phonic devices. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Retailers' tagging practices: a potential liability?
Authors: Bix Laura , Sansgiry Sujit S. , Clarke Robert , Cardoso Fernando , Shringarpure Gauri S.
Published: March 2004

This study investigates the coverage of federally mandated information on over‐the‐counter (OTC) drug labels by electronic article surveillance (EAS) tags applied to the exterior of cartons. Using adult‐strength analgesics containing acetaminophen as a case study, researchers investigated the issue in Houston, Texas (24 stores) and Lansing, Michigan (33 stores). The information obscured by EAS tags was identified and classified for a total of 849 packages using a standardized data collection instrument. The results indicated that 293 packages examined, or 34.5%, had information mandated by the US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) fully or partially obscured by the EAS tags. Retailers and manufacturers should be aware of such practices to reduce potential liability. Recommendations for improving EAS tag usage on OTC products are presented. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐pressure processing effects on the mechanical, barrier and mass transfer properties of food packaging flexible structures: a critical review
Authors: Caner Cengiz , Hernandez Ruben J. , Harte Bruce R.
Published: March 2004

Food products can be high‐pressure processed (HPP) either in bulk or prepackaged in flexible or semi‐rigid packaging materials. In the latter case the packaging material is subjected, together with the food, to high‐pressure treatment. A number of studies have been performed to quantify the effects of high‐pressure processing on the physical and barrier properties of the packaging material, since the integrity of the package during and after processing is of paramount importance to the safety and quality of the food product. This article reviews the results of published research concerning the effect of HPP on packaging materials. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxygen barrier properties of thermoformed trays manufactured with different drawing methods and drawing depths
Authors: Pettersen Marit Kvalvåg , Gällstedt Mikael , Eie Thomas
Published: March 2004

A comparison was made of oxygen barrier properties and wall thickness distribution of different thermoformed trays. The thermoformed trays were manufactured with three drawing depths and two different thermoforming methods; with and without plug‐assist. Four different polymer combinations were evaluated. The oxygen transmission rate (OTR) [cm3/(package/day)] was measured at three conditions (23°C/50% relative humidity (RH) with 0% RH inside, 6°C/80% RH with 0% RH inside, and 6°C/80% RH with 100% RH inside. Wall thickness was measured at five different positions in the trays. In general, temperature had more influence on the oxygen transmission rate (OTR) than the humidity. The OTR in the packages increased with increasing drawing depth, but the increase was not linear. Other effects besides thinning, such as orientation, may have influenced the OTR, since the relationship between OTR, given as cm3/(m2/day), and the drawing depth was not linear. Plug‐assisted thermoforming only had an effect on the OTR in trays with 70 mm drawing depth made of 600 µm thick laminate of PP/PE, which was probably due to exceeding the maximum drawing depth of this material. There was no correlation between the OTR value in the packages and the wall thickness in either of the positions, but a quite high correlation between the drawing depth and the relative wall thickness in all measured positions was observed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Random sampling of 3‐colorings in ℤ2
Authors: Goldberg Leslie Ann , Martin Russell , Paterson Mike
Published: March 2004

We consider the problem of uniformly sampling proper 3‐colorings of an m × n rectangular region of ℤ2. We show that the single‐site “Glauber‐dynamics” Markov chain is rapidly mixing. Our result complements an earlier result of Luby, Randall, and Sinclair, which demonstrates rapid mixing when there is a fixed boundary (whose color cannot be changed). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2004
Self‐destructive percolation
Authors: van den Berg J. , Brouwer R.
Published: March 2004

Consider ordinary site percolation on an infinite graph in which the sites, independent of each other, are occupied with probability p and vacant with probability 1 − p. Now suppose that, by some “catastrophe,” all sites which are in an infinite occupied cluster become vacant. Finally, each vacant site gets an extra enhancement to become occupied. More precisely, each site that was already vacant or that was made vacant by the catastrophe, becomes occupied with probability δ (independent of the other sites). When p is larger than but close to the critical value pc one might believe (for “nice” graphs) that only a small δ is needed to have an infinite occupied cluster in the final configuration. This appears to be indeed the case for the binary tree. However, on the square lattice we strongly conjecture that this is not true. We discuss the background for these problems and also show that the conjecture, if true, has some remarkable consequences. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2004
Exact and approximative algorithms for coloring G(n,p)
Authors: Coja‐Oghlan Amin , Taraz Anusch
Published: March 2004

We investigate the problem of coloring random graphsG(n, p) in polynomial expected time. For the casep≤ 1.01/n, we present an algorithm that finds an optimal coloring in linear expected time. Forp≫ ln6(n)/n, we give algorithms which approximate the chromatic number within a factor ofO( ). We also obtain anO(/ln(np))‐approximation algorithm for the independence number. As an application, we propose an algorithm for deciding satisfiability of random 2k‐SAT formulas overnpropositional variables with ≥ ln7(n)nkclauses in polynomial expected time. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2004
Large deviations for sums of partly dependent random variables
Authors: Janson Svante
Published: March 2004

We use and extend a method by Hoeffding to obtain strong large deviation bounds for sums of dependent random variables with suitable dependency structure. The method is based on breaking up the sum into sums of independent variables. Applications are given to U‐statistics, random strings and random graphs. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2004
Slave Economy and Society in Minas Gerais and São Paulo, Brazil in 1830
Authors: LUNA FRANCISCO VIDAL , KLEIN HERBERT S.
Published: March 2004

The current analysis of slave society in Brazil has involved a rethinking of the traditional plantation-dominated model, with a new stress on the wide dispersion of slaves among whites and non-whites and their involvement in a lively internal economy as well as in extractive industries. This general picture is confirmed in a detailed analysis of the economy and slavery practised in the two major provinces of Minas Gerais and São Paulo in the late 1820s and early 1830s. Slaves were held in small units and they could be found in every region and occupied in every major economic activity. Some regions even had positive growth rates of the resident slave population despite the massive arrival of Africans. Finally we find women and free coloured as significant slave-owners, with the latter especially concentrated in the trades.
Joseph Welsh: A British Santanista (Mexico, 1832)
Authors: FOWLER WILL
Published: March 2004

Joseph Welsh was the British Vice Consul in the port of Veracruz at the time of the uprising of 1832 by General Antonio López de Santa Anna against the government of Anastasio Bustamante. Contravening the orders of his superiors, who reiterated the view that it was his obligation to observe the strictest neutrality in the conflict and not interfere in Mexican politics, Welsh found himself supporting Santa Anna and the rebels. As a result, at the end of March, Bustamante's administration demanded that he be removed from office. The British Minister Plenipotentiary, Richard Pakenham, acquiesced. This article provides a narrative of the events that led to Welsh's forced resignation and explores what they tell us about British diplomacy in Mexico during the early national period. It also analyses Welsh's understanding of the revolt and his views on Santa Anna, providing some insights, from a generally ignored British perspective, into Santa Anna's notorious appeal and politico-military measures.
Children's Rights and the Tenuousness of Local Coalitions: A Case Study in Nicaragua
Authors: MACLURE RICHARD , SOTELO MELVIN
Published: March 2004

Since Nicaragua's endorsement of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the legislative passage of its own Code of Childhood and Adolescence, improvements in the welfare of marginalised youth have depended largely on community-based actions that are sponsored by NGOs and civic groups, many of which function in tangent with municipal government authorities and international aid agencies. In this article we review three community initiatives that have aimed at resolving problems associated with youth alienation and violence in a poor, heavily populated district of Managua. While some modest successes have been achieved, these relatively isolated initiatives have had no evident effect on either the magnitude or the systemic nature of youth marginalisation in Managua. In a context in which the central state is severely constrained by fiscal weakness and corporatist traditions, it is questionable whether in fact the organs of civil society do in fact possess the organisational capacity to generate the structural reforms necessary for the advancement of children's rights at community levels. Nevertheless, despite the amorphous nature of much of civil society in Nicaragua, in the long run children's rights legislation may help to foster growing solidarity among disparate civic forces working to improve the bleak livelihoods of many children.
The phonology of pitch accents in Chickasaw
Authors: Gordon Matthew
Published: March 2004

This paper examines the phonology of pitch accents in Chickasaw, a Muskogean language of Oklahoma. Chickasaw is typologically unusual in displaying a predominantly top-down prominence system, in which phonological and morphological factors that are irrelevant for word-level stress play a crucial role in positioning the pitch accent in an Intonational Phrase. Word-level stress docks on the same syllable as the pitch accent, leading to asymmetries between stress patterns found in words carrying a pitch accent and words without a pitch accent. This type of top-down prominence system emerges naturally in Optimality Theory through an inviolable constraint requiring alignment of pitch accents and stress, coupled with the ranking of certain phrasal pitch-accent constraints above word-level stress constraints.
Flow deceleration as a method of determining drag coefficient over roughened flat beds
Authors: Thompson C. E. L. , Amos C. L. , Lecouturier M. , Jones T. E. R.
Published: March 2004

The drag coefficient (CD) is a fundamental parameter in the determination of shear stress or the drag force between a fixed object and fluid moving over it. In natural settings, conventional methods of defining it are largely impractical and so either smooth‐bed CD or constant values are used irrespective of bed roughness or flow strength. This paper deals with the determination of CD over naturally roughened beds. The work was carried out in two annular flumes of known, constant water mass. In an otherwise balanced system, flow deceleration is a manifestation of the total drag force exerted at the rigid boundaries (Newton's second law). The inversion of this relationship is used to yield the bed drag coefficients. The advantages of this method include its accurate use over rough and irregular beds, as shown by experiments over patchy and homogeneous gravel beds and over a wide range of Reynolds numbers. The value of CD was found to converge to the constant value of 3 × 10−3 determined by Sternberg [1968] at intermediate velocities, and a reduction in the drag coefficient occurred at high velocities. Results showed that patch spacing did not influence the shear stress value in the case of one‐grain‐thick gravel patches. A modification of the equipment for field use may give advantages where traditional methods fail due to difficulties in obtaining accurate velocity profile measurements.
The unique radar properties of silicic lava domes
Authors: Plaut Jeffrey J. , Anderson Steven W. , Crown David A. , Stofan Ellen R. , van Zyl Jakob J.
Published: March 2004

Silicic lava domes exhibit distinct morphologic characteristics at scales of centimeters to kilometers. Multiparameter radar observations capture the unique geometric signatures of silicic domes in a set of radar scattering properties that are unlike any other natural geologic surfaces. Backscatter cross‐section values are among the highest observed on terrestrial lava flows and show only a weak decrease with incidence angle. Cross‐polarization backscatter (HV) shows a unique behavior, increasing with increasing wavelength. Circular polarization ratios are relatively high, in the 0.3–0.95 range, and increase with increasing wavelength. Field measurements of boulder size frequency distributions and microtopography indicate that silicic dome surfaces are among the roughest ever measured. Rms heights at a 1 m lateral scale range from 13 cm to 50 cm. Rms slopes at 1 m spacing range from 12 to 43 degrees. Modeling of the scattering behavior suggests it results from a combination of rough surface (facet) scattering and scattering from block edges that act as a random collection of dipoles. The unusual wavelength dependence of the radar parameters appears to result from a higher component of edge scattering at large wavelengths, producing, for example, higher cross‐polarized backscatter at P band (68 cm). Steep‐sided volcanic domes on Venus superficially resemble terrestrial silicic domes in plan view gross morphology, but few similarities remain when the radar scattering and three‐dimensional shapes of the features are compared. The unique radar scattering properties suggest that such volcanic surfaces can be identified with multiparameter radar observations in future planetary radar missions and in active terrestrial volcanoes, where dome development can represent serious hazards.
Reconstruction of paleoproductivity in the Sea of Okhotsk over the last 30 kyr
Authors: Seki O. , Ikehara M. , Kawamura K. , Nakatsuka T. , Ohnishi K. , Wakatsuchi M. , Narita H. , Sakamoto T.
Published: March 2004

Marine‐ and terrestrial‐derived biomarkers (alkenones, brassicasterol, dinosterol, and long‐chainn‐alkanes), as well as carbonate, biogenic opal, and ice‐rafted debris (IRD), were measured in two sediment cores in the Sea of Okhotsk, which is located in the northwestern Pacific rim and characterized by high primary productivity. Down‐core profiles of phytoplankton markers suggest that primary productivity abruptly increased during the global Meltwater Pulse events 1A (about 14 ka) and 1B (about 11 ka) and stayed high in the Holocene. Spatial and temporal distributions of the phytoplankton productivity were found to be consistent with changes in the reconstructed sea ice distribution on the basis of the IRD. This demonstrates that the progress and retreat of sea ice regulated primary productivity in the Sea of Okhotsk with minimum productivity during the glacial period. The mass accumulation rates of alkenones, CaCO3, and biogenic opal indicate that the dominant phytoplankton species during deglaciation was the coccolithophorid,Emiliania huxleyi, which was replaced by diatoms in the late Holocene. Such a phytoplankton succession was probably caused by an increase in silicate supply to the euphotic layer, possibly associated with a change in surface hydrography and/or linked to enhanced upwelling of North Pacific Deep Water.
Effect of early marine diagenesis on coral reconstructions of surface‐ocean 13C/12C and carbonate saturation state
Authors: Müller Anne , Gagan Michael K. , Lough Janice M.
Published: March 2004

Recent research suggests that future decreases in the carbonate saturation state of surface seawater associated with the projected build‐up of atmospheric CO2 could cause a global decline in coral reef‐building capacity. Whether significant reductions in coral calcification are underway is a matter of considerable debate. Multicentury records of skeletal calcification extracted from massive corals have the potential to reconstruct the progressive effect of anthropogenic changes in carbonate saturation on coral reefs. However, early marine aragonite cements are commonly precipitated from pore waters in the basal portions of massive coral skeletons and, if undetected, could result in apparent nonlinear reductions in coral calcification toward the present. To address this issue, we present records of coral skeletal density, extension rate, calcification rate, δ13C, and δ18O for well preserved and diagenetically altered coral cores spanning ∼1830–1994 A.D. at Ningaloo Reef Marine Park, Western Australia. The record for the pristine coral shows no significant decrease in skeletal density or δ13C indicative of anthropogenic changes in carbonate saturation state or δ13C of surface seawater (oceanic Suess effect). In contrast, progressive addition of early marine inorganic aragonite toward the base of the altered coral produces an apparent ∼25% decrease in skeletal density toward the present, which misleadingly matches the nonlinear twentieth century decrease in coral calcification predicted by recent modeling and experimental studies. In addition, the diagenetic aragonite is enriched in 13C, relative to coral aragonite, resulting in a nonlinear decrease in δ13C toward the present that mimics the decrease in δ13C expected from the oceanic Suess effect. Taken together, these diagenetic changes in skeletal density and δ13C could be misinterpreted to reflect changes in surface‐ocean carbonate saturation state driven by the twentieth century build‐up of atmospheric CO2.
Plio‐Pleistocene time‐averaged field in southern Patagonia recorded in lava flows
Authors: Mejia V. , Opdyke N. D. , Vilas J. F. , Singer B. S. , Stoner J. S.
Published: March 2004

Paleomagnetic directions were obtained from stepwise alternating‐field or thermal demagnetization of 53 lava flows from southern Patagonia (latitudes 49.5°–52.1°S) that include the Pali‐Aike volcanic field and the Meseta Viscachas plateau lavas. In addition to previous Miocene‐late Quaternary ages of these flows, 40Ar/39Ar dates spanning from 0.1 to 15.4 Ma were obtained for 17 of the sites. All except one of the magnetic polarities coincide with the expected polarities of the magnetic polarity timescale [Cande and Kent, 1995] for the obtained 40Ar/39Ar ages. The mean direction from 33 sites (eliminating sites ≥4 Ma) that pass a selection criteria of α95 ≤ 5° is Dec = 358.7°, Inc = −68.2°, α95 = 3.5°, a value that coincides within the statistical uncertainty with the direction of the geocentric axial dipole for that area (Inc = −68.1°). Likewise, the mean virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) coincides within the statistical uncertainty with the geographic North Pole. The secular variation described by the VGP angular standard deviation for these sites is 17.1°, a value expected for that latitude according to Model G of paleosecular variation [McFadden et al., 1988]. The characteristics of the data presented are optimum for time‐averaged field (TAF) studies because of the good age control and good quality of the paleomagnetic data: (1) primary components of magnetization were obtained using principal component analysis [Kirschvink, 1980] from at least five points and maximum angular deviation ≤5°, (2) site means were calculated with Fisher statistics using at least three samples, and (c) 38 of the 53 flows had α95 ≤ 5°. No results (five sites) or high α95 values (>5°) were obtained primarily from sites affected by lightning.
High‐resolution heat flow density in the lower Congo basin
Authors: Lucazeau Francis , Brigaud Frédéric , Bouroullec Jean Luc
Published: March 2004

Heat flow density (HFD) has been derived in the lower Congo basin from 293 conventional probe measurements, 424 oil exploration data, and about 1,000,000 Bottom Simulating Reflector (BSR) values. Each set of data provides independent estimates of temperature gradients associated with specific uncertainties and geographic distributions, but a statistical comparison in overlapping domains shows a relatively good consistency. In situ conductivity has been measured in conventional surveys and estimated from rock composition and porosity in oil exploration boreholes: in the deep offshore, measurements and estimates are consistently low and increase significantly toward the shelf domain. Thermal conductivity does not change significantly in the interval between the water bottom and the BSR and can be estimated from the surface measurements to provide an inference of HFD. The combined sets of HFD in the lower Congo basin cover the overall domain of the continental margin and a part of the oceanic domain. High‐resolution imaging of the BSR by three‐dimensional (3‐D) seismic studies provides, in addition, good quality (nominal resolution of ∼500 m) in the deep offshore. At short length scales (on the order of kilometers), large variations of HFD (from 30 to 140 mWm−2) exist above salt diapirs and canyons, related to heat refraction. On the other hand, no small‐scale effect related to fluid flow has been detected, although active venting is known. At larger length scale, HFD in the deep offshore is different on both sides of the Congo submarine channel (54 ± 8 mWm−2 to the north and 48 ± 12 mWm−2 to the south), which are also characterized by different basin‐tectonic styles. At the margin scale, HFD is significantly different in the oceanic domain (42 ± 3 mWm−2), the deep continental offshore (52 ± 10 mWm−2), and the continental shelf (65 ± 15 mWm−2). A progressive reduction of the radiogenic heat contribution in the extended continental crust is the more likely the cause of these differences. Mantle heat flow below the continental margin is consequently high compared to that expected (∼15 mWm−2) for old shields such as Congo.
Interaction between large and small scales in the canopy sublayer
Authors: Poggi D. , Porporato A. , Ridolfi L. , Albertson J. D. , Katul G. G.
Published: March 2004

Two characteristics that distinguish canopy sublayer (CSL) turbulence from its atmospheric surface layer (ASL) counterpart are short‐circuiting of the energy cascade and formation of Kelvin‐Helmholtz (KH) vortices near the canopy top. These two phenomena lead to nonlinear and poorly understood interactions between small and large scale eddies within the CSL absent from classical ASL turbulence. Using velocity scaling arguments and nonlinear time series analysis, we explore the degree of interaction between large and small scales in a canopy composed of densely arrayed cylinders. We found that such interactions are dynamically divided into four regions depending on the distance from the wall, and posses various degrees of nonlinearity and interaction strengths. The broader impact to CSL Large Eddy Simulations (LES) and low‐dimensional dynamical systems (LDDS) models of coherent eddies is briefly discussed.
Observations of transient luminous events (TLEs) associated with negative cloud to ground (−CG) lightning strokes
Authors: Bering E. A. , Benbrook J. R. , Bhusal L. , Garrett J. A. , Paredes A. M. , Wescott E. M. , Moudry D. R. , Sentman D. D. , Stenbaek‐Nielsen H. C. , Lyons W. A.
Published: March 2004

A balloon campaign was conducted in summer, 1999, to measure the stratospheric electromagnetic fields associated with sprites. Ground observations for detection of sprites included low light level TV (LLTV) observations from three sites. Flight 1 flew from Palestine, Texas at 01:14:31 UTC to 09:45:00 UTC on 07/06/1999. Flight 3 of the campaign flew from Ottumwa, Iowa at 00:39:32 UTC to 11:12:00 UTC on 08/21/99. During flight 3, 26 sprite halos associated with positive cloud‐to‐ground (+CG) strokes and 17 −CG sprite halos were observed. Of these, 22 +CG and 12 −CG sprite halos were observed by the ground observatories. Seven of the +CG and all 17 −CG halos were not followed by sprites. Next the balloon data were examined during and after the times of the recorded NLDN strokes during 4.1 hours of data. An additional 88 −CG TLEs were found in the flight 3 data and 56 TLEs (7 +CG, 49 −CG) were found in the flight 1 data. It appears that −CG TLEs, mostly spriteless halos, occurred 5–7 times more often than the +CG TLEs. The halo appears to be a fundamental mesospheric response to lightning.
A slow streamer blowout at the Sun and Ulysses
Authors: Suess S. T. , Bemporad A. , Poletto G.
Published: March 2004

On 10 June 2000 a streamer on the southeast limb slowly disappeared from LASCO/C2 over ∼10 hours. A small CME was reported in C2. A substantial interplanetary CME (ICME) was later detected at Ulysses, which was at quadrature with the Sun and SOHO at the time. This detection illustrates the properties of an ICME for a known solar source and demonstrates that the identification can be done even beyond 3 AU. Slow streamer blowouts such as this have long been known but are little studied.
Urban effects on low‐level clouds around the Tokyo metropolitan area on clear summer days
Authors: Inoue Tadao , Kimura Fujio
Published: March 2004

The frequency distribution of low‐level clouds was estimated around the Tokyo metropolitan area on summer days without regional‐scale cloud cover using NOAA satellite images from 1200 to 1500 LST during an 11‐year period. The urban area is determined by the NDVI obtained by the same satellite. The low‐level cloud frequency is higher over this large urban area than over rural areas in the early afternoon, especially over the radially extending urban areas along major highways or railways from the metropolis. We can conclude that the frequency of the low‐level clouds is enhanced over the urban area, since the cloud frequency is negatively well correlated with the NDVI and their peaks fit well within a shift of about 2 km. The frequency of low‐level clouds, however, is quite low in the coastal zone, even in the urban area, because of sea breezes.
Predictability of volcano eruption: Lessons from a basaltic effusive volcano
Authors: Grasso Jean‐Robert , Zaliapin Ilya
Published: March 2004

Volcano eruption forecast remains a challenging and controversial problem despite the fact that data from volcano monitoring significantly increased in quantity and quality during the last decades. This study uses pattern recognition techniques to quantify the predictability of the 15 Piton de la Fournaise (PdlF) eruptions in the 1988–2001 period using increase of the daily seismicity rate as a precursor. Lead time of this prediction is a few days to weeks. We formulate a simple prediction rule, use it for retrospective prediction of the 15 eruptions, and test the prediction quality with error diagrams. The best prediction performance corresponds to averaging the daily seismicity rate over 5 days and issuing a prediction alarm for 5 days. 65% of the eruptions are predicted for an alarm duration less than 20% of the time considered. Even though this result is concomitant of a large number of false alarms, it is obtained with a crude counting of daily events that are available from most volcano observatories.
Cause of plasmasphere corotation lag
Authors: Burch J. L. , Goldstein J. , Sandel B. R.
Published: March 2004

It is hypothesized that the recently observed plasmasphere corotation lag is caused by a corresponding corotation lag in the upper ionosphere. Rotation rates of long‐lived plasmaspheric notches are compared to ionospheric drifts observed on DMSP spacecraft in the same longitude sectors. Good agreement between the two observations is found, and the cause of the corotation lag is identified as the ionospheric disturbance dynamo. The observed corotation lag will have to be accounted for in future magnetospheric convection models, which until now have assumed strict plasmasphere corotation.
Relative importance of climate and land use in determining present and future global soil dust emission
Authors: Tegen I. , Werner M. , Harrison S. P. , Kohfeld K. E.
Published: March 2004

The current consensus is that up to half of the modern atmospheric dust load originates from anthropogenically‐disturbed soils. Here, we estimate the contribution to the atmospheric dust load from agricultural areas by calibrating a dust‐source model with emission indices derived from dust‐storm observations. Our results indicate that dust from agricultural areas contributes <10% to the global dust load. Analyses of future changes in dust emissions under several climate and land‐use scenarios suggest dust emissions may increase or decrease, but either way the effects of climate change will dominate dust emissions.
Longitudinal structure of Pc3 pulsations on the ground near the magnetic equator
Authors: Tanaka Y.‐M. , Yumoto K. , Yoshikawa A. , Shinohara M. , Kawano H. , Kitamura T.‐I.
Published: March 2004

It has been generally accepted that there are two models for the propagation mechanism of Pc3 pulsations observed on the ground near the magnetic equator, as follows: (1) Compressional waves, propagating along the equatorial plane of the magnetosphere across the ambient magnetic field lines, arrive at the equatorial ionosphere and couple with the magnetic perturbations on the ground through the ionosphere (compressional wave model); (2) Alfvén waves or compressional waves, propagating into the high‐latitude ionosphere, generate large‐scale ionospheric current oscillations there, and then they leak to the low latitude and cause Pc3 pulsations near the magnetic equator (ionospheric current model). In order to clarify which of these models is more suitable for Pc3 pulsations on the ground near the magnetic equator, the longitudinal structures of their coherence, amplitude, and phase were statistically studied by using three longitudinally separated subequatorial stations, CRI (Φ = 3.01°, Λ = 273.44°), GUA (Φ = 5.60°, Λ = 215.50°), and MUT (Φ = 6.24°, Λ = 192.17°). We found a nearly inphase structure in the 0730–1700 LT sector and a nearly 180° phase shift across 0730 LT for high‐coherence Pc3 events in the H component. The longitudinal phase structure can be explained by the ionospheric current model; in this case, the 180° phase shift across 0730 LT means a meridional current along the dawn terminator supplied from the source at higher latitudes. The compressional wave model cannot explain the 180° phase shift across 0730 LT if the ionosphere is assumed as an infinitely thin sheet; however, the compressional wave model still remains as a candidate if we treat the ionosphere as that having a finite thickness. The data at hand do not let us conclude which of the two models is more appropriate; still, the longitudinal phase structure, shown in this paper, is a new finding that has never been reported and is important for understanding how Pc3 pulsations propagate from the magnetosphere to the equatorial ionosphere.
Multiple flux rope magnetic ejecta in the solar wind
Authors: Hu Qiang , Smith Charles W. , Ness Norman F. , Skoug Ruth M.
Published: March 2004

Four magnetic flux rope events observed by Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) in the solar wind at 1 AU are examined by the Grad‐Shafranov reconstruction technique. Their 2D cross sections obtained from magnetic field and plasma measurements show configurations of multiple, nonsymmetric, cylindrical flux ropes embedded within their boundaries. Each boundary is defined in consistency with two‐dimensional magnetohydrostatic theory. Among the four events, three have double flux rope configurations, and the fourth is a triplet. Parameters characterizing the events are derived. The orientation of cylindrical axis is obtained, and associated uncertainty is estimated. All events have unidirectional axial magnetic field and axial currents. The total axial magnetic flux is of the order ∼1012 Wb, and the total axial current is of the order ∼108 A. Each flux rope in the doubled flux rope pair and the triplet has the same chirality as its partner(s). Magnetic X points are formed between adjacent flux ropes on the plane perpendicular to the cylindrical axis. One event with abrupt change in magnetic field direction and another related to energetic particles are discussed.