bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Lotus Blossom Strategy To Improve Students’ Writing Ability Of Report Text At The Ninth Grade Of Smp It Future Islamic School Pekanbaru
Authors: Rahmansyah Didik , Dahler
Published: August 2018

The background of this research was the students’ low ability in writing, especially in writing report text, the students were difficult to use the correct formula of present tense, they were difficult to organize a report text structure, they were difficult to develop their ideas, and also lack of vocabulary. The researcher conducted this research to improve students’ ability in writing report text through Lotus Blossom strategy. The participants in this research were 22 students at the ninth grade of SMP IT Future Islamic School Pekanbaru. This research design was Classroom Action Research (CAR). This research consisted of one cycle which is consisted of four meetings. In collecting the data, the researcher used test, observation, field note, and interview as the instruments. After conducting this research by using Lotus Blossom strategy, it was found that the students’ ability in writing report text was improved in cycle 1. Here, the average of students score was 76.61 in the test cycle I. Compared to the average of based score, which was 59.43, it had improvement that is 17.18 point. This research furthermore showed that there were some factors influencing their improvement, they are; the students’ interest and enthusiasm, media used, teacher’s explanation and also the Lotus Blossom strategy that used in the class. In conclusion, Lotus Blossom strategy could improve students’ ability in writing report text.
Young Children are Sensitive to Task Context When Learning Predictive Patterns
Authors: Kalish Charles , Riggs Anne , Noll Nigel
Published: August 2018

Previous research suggests that young children often fail to preferentially learn task-relevant over task-irrelevant information, suggesting they may learn the same thing regardless of the task context. To investigate this hypothesis, two hundred and ninety-five children ranging from four- to eight-years old learned to predict patterns of features (e.g., eyes, noses) of novel faces in four task contexts. Results demonstrate that young children do in fact tailor what they are learning to specific task demands. When tasks required participants to learn a single predictive pattern, they learned that one pattern well but not other equally reliable patterns (e.g., pick mouths given eyes, but not noses given hats). However, when tasks allowed or required attention to multiple patterns, only older children showed evidence of learning any of the patterns. Thus, for young children, focusing on one thing compromises their ability to learn other things, but trying to learn too much at once may mean learning nothing. These results demonstrate tradeoffs between broad and narrow learning, that may be especially severe for younger children.
Letting Easton Be Easton— An Interpretivist
Authors: Kelleher William J.
Published: August 2018

Until now, political science has lacked a clear, comprehensive methodological paradigm to offer as an alternative to the dominant positivistic approach, with its myth of “objectivity” and obsessions with quantification, replication, and verification. Former American Political Science Association president, David Easton, has bequeathed to the profession a complete statement of Interpretive Political Science, which gives empathy a central role in research and acknowledges intersubjective agreement as the means for validating claims to knowledge. As John Gunnell, historian of the profession, has observed, Easton’s true approach has never been accurately portrayed. It has generally been lumped in with positivistic “behavioralism.” This essay sets Easton free.
Reaction of Different Rice Lines Against Leaf and Neck Blast under Field Condition Of Chitwan Valley
Authors: Puri KD , Shrestha SM , Joshi KD , KC GB
Published: August 2018

The severity of the rice blast disease (Pyricularia grisea) of both leaf and neck varies with different environment and it becomes destructive under favorable condition. The leaf and neck blast resistance and susceptible interaction of 30 different tropical rice lines were evaluated under low-, mid- and up-land conditions of Chitwan district and classified on the basis of disease severity with respect to susceptible check, Masuli. Of them, 5, 10, 12 and 3 rice lines were resistant to leaf blast, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible susceptible, respectively. Similarly, for the neck blast nine lines were resistant, thirteen moderately resistant, seven moderately susceptible and one was susceptible. The progenies from Masuli/MT4 had the highest leaf and neck blast susceptible reaction, while the most of progenies from IPB (Irradiated Pusa Basmati), KalinghaIII_IR64, Radha 32_ KIII and Masuli_IR64 were resistant, and the most promising sources against leaf and neck blast resistance. Therefore, the progenies from these parents can be used in breeding the resistant variety.

Key words: Pyricularia grisea, resistance, rice lines

J. Inst. Agric. Anim. Sci. 27:37-44 (2006)
Effect of Climate Change and CO2 Concentration on Growth and Yield of Rice and Wheat in Punjab: Simulations Using CSM-CERES-Rice and CSM-CERES-Wheat Models
Authors: Amgain LP , Devkota NR , Timsina J , Bijay-Singh B
Published: August 2018

Recent trends of a decline or stagnation in the yield of rice and wheat in rice-wheat (RW) systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) have raised serious concerns about the regional food security. The effect of future climate change on crop production adds to this complex problem. The validated CSM-CERES-Rice and CSM-CERES-Wheat (Ver. 4.0) data were used to test the sensitivity of the models in Punjab, India. The models were sensitive to climatic parameters (temperature, CO2 concentration, solar radiation and rainfall) on yields of both crops. Simulated rice yields were sensitive to weather as there was 13% less yield of rice in 1999 than in 2001. Similarly, simulated wheat yields were also sensitive to weather, with the highest yield in 2001, and the lowest in 2003. Increments in both maximum and minimum temperatures by 4°C, decreased rice yield by 34% and wheat yield by 4% as compared to base scenario with current weather data. By increasing 4°C for both maximum and minimum temperature along with an increase in solar radiation by 1MJ/m2/day, rice yield decreased by 32% as compared to base scenario while wheat yields were not affected. With the increase in maximum and minimum temperatures by 4°C, and also an increase in CO2 concentration by 20 ppm from the standard CO2 concentration of 335 ppm, the reduction in rice yield was 33%, but in wheat yield was only 3%. Rainfed wheat yield increased by 7%, by increasing daily rainfall by 1.5 times, and by 13%, by doubling the rainfall, both after 96 days of sowing (DAS) to maturity. Lowering rainfall to zero, for each day after 96 DAS to until maturity reduced wheat yield by 18%. The increasing maximum and minimum temperatures irrespective of whether the CO2 concentration increased or not, seemed to have more adverse effects on rice than to wheat. Simulations demonstrated that CSM-CERES-Rice and CSM-CERES- Wheat are sensitive to CO2 and climatic parameters, and can be used to study the impact of future climate change on rice and wheat productivity in RW systems in Asia.

Key words: CSM-CERES-Rice, CSM-CERES-Wheat, climate change, yield, phenology

J. Inst. Agric. Anim. Sci. 27:103-110 (2006)
Performance of Cucumber Cultivars at Low Hill During Summer-Rainy Seasons
Authors: Sharma MD , Bhattarai SP
Published: August 2018

This experiment was conducted in randomized block design with three replications in the farmers' field conditions at Yampaphant, Tanahun during April - July 2000. The cultivars included in this study were one commercial namely Bhaktapur Local and the four exotic cultivars and hybrids namely Malini, Korean White, Japanese Green and Green Long. The hybrid Malini was found significantly more vigor and earlier (first picking at 42 days) and produced significantly higher number of fruits (252 thousands/ha) and significantly higher yield (69.6 t/ha). The commercial variety Bhaktapur Local remained androecious and did not produce fruit when grown during summer -rainy season.

Key words: Cucumber, summer-rainy season, marketable yield

J. Inst. Agric. Anim. Sci. 27:169-171 (2006)
SWOT analysis of plant health clinics as perceived by plant doctors in Nepal
Authors: Adhikari R. K. , Regmi P. P. , Thapa R. B , G.C. Y. D. , Boa E.
Published: August 2018

This paper identified and examined the internal and external forces that enable or inhibit the performance of plant clinics in Nepal. The study used web-based online survey tool to collect primary information. Likert scaling and indexing techniques were used on data analysis. Pretested set of questionnaires were mailed to 209 plant doctors and the response rate was 54.54%. Being ninth country to initiate plant health clinics, Nepal is successful to adapt this novel approach into the existing extension system. It has increased access to plant health services by providing wide range of services at a place. However,limited understanding and only profit motive of local private agro-vet and input dealers has created some biased-understanding and un-trust with clinic organizers. This SWOT analysis clearly spells the scope of plant clinics to fulfill the gap between farmers need and existing services provided by public extension system.Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science.Vol. 33-34, 2015, page: 137-146
Rice seed system and its effect in rice production of Nepal
Authors: Sapkota S.
Published: August 2018

To access various types of seeds used in rice production and its effect in production a study was conducted in Kavre and Rupandehi districts of Nepal. A random sample of 50 households from Kavre district and 50 from Rupendehi districts was selected for the purpose of study. Study methods included were PRA tools, field visits including key informants’ interviews (KII), and household survey. Statistical mean, percentage, regression analysis, paired T- test were used to analyze the data. Private seed companies in Rupandehi district were found to be prominent in comparison to Kavre district. In Rupandehi district major chunk of seed was delivered through private company whereas in case of Kavre district community sector played major role to deliver seed. There was significantly high correlation (at 0.01%) between education and the use of seed. The study revealed that tendency to use improved seed was more among the educated farmers. Price of output, education level, improved seed, quantity of seed, were the explanatory variables assessed to find out their effect in rice production. The coefficient of multiple determinations (R2) of the linear return function was 0.331 indicating 33.1% of the variation in the grain yield being explained by the variables included in the equation. The F value 12.529 was highly significant. The study thus concludes that easy access of quality seed has positive impact on the rice production of Nepal.Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science.Vol. 33-34, 2015, page: 151-156
Growth, phenology and yield of drought tolerant rainfed rice cultivars to staggered transplanting dates under changing climatic scenarios of central terai, Nepal
Authors: Karki D. B. , Amgain L. P.
Published: August 2018

A field experiment entitled “growth, phenology and yield of drought tolerant rainfed rice cultivars to staggered transplanting dates under changing climatic scenarios of central terai, Nepal” was conducted at farmer’s field in Dhobadi VDC, Nawalparasi (27°40'N, 84°05'E and 235 masl) during June to November, 2012. The experimental soil was determined silt loam with slightly acidic reaction (pH-5.67). About 1960.40 mm of total rainfall was recorded at the experimental site during crop growing period which was 17.56% lower than average of the past 15 years (2378 mm). The experiment consisted sixteen treatment combinations arranged in split-plot design i.e. four transplanting dates in main-plot and four cultivars in sub-plot with three replications. The statistical result on grain yield revealed significant differences among dates of transplanting, however, varietal differences were found to be non-significant. The maximum (2.46 t ha-1) and minimum (0.30 t ha-1) grain yield were recorded for first transplanting date (July 15) and last transplanting date (August 14), respectively. Grain yield, number of grains panicle-1, filled grains panicle-1 and test weight recorded under July 15, July 25 and August 4 transplanted condition were statistically at par but was significantly superior over August 14 transplanting. The reduction in grain yield due to successive delay of 10 days from July 15 upto August 4 was to the extent of 12.6 and 28.6 percent, respectively. GDD received by rice cultivars was found significantly higher (2830 °C) for July 15 transplanted rice at maturity stage, whereas, August 14 transplanted rice received significantly lower GDD (2689 °C) for maintaining maturity stage. Cultivar Sukkha Dhan-2 was found relatively more stable in using heat for all transplanting dates (86.31%) followed by Sukkha Dhan-3 (86.66 %), Sukkha Dhan-1 (88.31%) and Radha-4 (88.37 %). Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science.Vol. 33-34, 2015, page: 157-164
Fruit set, fruit retention and yield of chilli genotypes under hot and dry condition of western terai of Nepal
Authors: Dahal K. C. , Sharma M. D. , Sapkota R.
Published: August 2018

Thirteen selected chilli genotypes were evaluated in randomized completely block design with three replications to study the flowering, fruit set and yield potential during spring-summer of 2005 at Khajura, Banke (Western terai district of Nepal). High temperature, long drought period and hot wind blow during flowering and fruiting period severely affected the fruit set and fruit size. Only 18.81% flowers set fruits while 72.41% of set fruits reached to marketable size (harvesting). Wide variations observed in yield potential of the genotypes ranging total fruit number per plant from 6 to 71 and in total fruit yield 7.97 to 95.33 q/ha. The genotype Mr. Lee No. 3 Selex produced maximum marketable fresh fruit yield (90.69 q/ha) which was 234.5% higher than that of Jwala (standard check) with 50.57% fruit set and 74.93% fruit retention. One fruit per plant was 0.63 and 0.52 coefficient of fruit set (%) and fruit retention (%) respectively. Highly significant coefficient of determination (R2=0.86) of the product of fruit number per plant and 100 fruit weight (g) against fresh fruit yield (q/ha) showed that chilli genotypes yield can be predicted considering fruit number per plant and fruit weight in hot and dry summer condition.Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science.Vol. 33-34, 2015, page: 229-236
TECHNOLOGY BLOKCHEIN IN THE FIELD OF FINANCIAL SERVICES OF THE ENTERPRISE
Authors: Sadchenko E.V.
Published: August 2018

The article deals with the main approaches to the technology of blockade management of financial flows between enterprises and between the state and enterprises. Ukraine's entry into the global information space and the introduction of �ryptocurrency in the domestic financial market will expand the investment market and provide targeted budget investments to national producers that can provide increased production through the end product, services, net exports or the creation of products that replace the imported. Three important functions of the financial services sector are proposed based on the blockade technology: at the enterprise registration of transactions, confirmation of the identity of the person (legal address) and the conclusion of contracts. The principles of state policy in the sphere of activity of financial institutions in the market of cryptography are described, in accordance with the draft Law of Ukraine "On stimulation of the market of �ryptocurrency and its derivatives in Ukraine" and supplemented with the principles that most fully reveal the peculiarities of public administration with the help of blockade technology. Professional market participants are not responsible for the obligations of the state, and the state - on the obligations of such market participants are crying. All operations on the market of crying are carried out by their participants at their own risk. The state guarantees the observance and protection of property and other rights and legitimate interests of professional market participants in the cryptographic market and other persons who carry out property or transactions with cryptic foreign currency, the conditions of free competition in the provision of financial services in the market of �ryptocurrency. �ryptocurrency have protection in the form of a cryptographic code, which allows them to emit them by any user-operator to bypass the actions and positions of the central bank. All operations on the market of crying are carried out by their participants at their own risk. The state guarantees the observance and protection of property and other rights and legitimate interests of professional market participants in the cryptographic market and other persons who carry out property or transactions with cryptic foreign currency, the conditions of free competition in the provision of financial services in the market of cybercurrencies.
Falling Apart Together
Authors: Allen Ira
Published: August 2018

I could not hear weeping as the screen fell dark. But the glistening cheeks and too-bright eyes spoke loudly enough when the lights rose. We had confronted together a loss of revolutionary possibility, and a refusal of that same loss, that touched nearly every body in the theater. To view Syrian filmmaker Mohammad Ali Atassi’s Our Terrible Country (2014) in Beirut, scarcely seventy-five miles from a Damascus whose dying and lost flowed continuously into Lebanon even as we watched for Syrian hope on the screen, was to be swept up in the civil war’s terrible pull of collective suffering and loss. Swept up, for many in the salle, perhaps all, all the more than each was already. Less than a decade earlier, Syrian military checkpoints had controlled movement throughout Lebanon entire. Lebanon had been the fractured vassal state, Syria its wise but firm tutor. In the “now” of 2014, however, there was no longer a Syria but only an increasingly dim possibility that one might come someday again to be. Syrian refugees swelled Lebanon’s population, crowded Beirut and Tripoli and the mountain towns and the verdant Bekaa Valley. And many sitting silent and wet-eyed through the film’s still-terrible credits had friends and loved ones not only from but still in the terrible, devastated spaces we had together watched passing across the screen—spaces still falling apart in 2014 as we watched, scarcely two hours away, scarcely further than the length of the film itself, falling apart before our eyes in the 2013 of the film’s shooting as they had been falling apart for two years already before that. As they are falling apart still, now in 2018, with only proper names exchanged: Ghouta, Raqqa, Homs, Aleppo, today Ghouta again. Tomorrow? Their terrible country, indeed.
Reflection of Religious Value in The Poem of Prayist
Authors: Asis Abdul
Published: August 2018

In Buginese society Elong ugi means song. In literature, elong ugi is a kind of poetry that has similarity to poem and
traditional poetry. Elong ugi is an effective medium to express feeling and thought. Elong ugi to panrita is divided into
elong onronna sempqjannge andpangaja panrita sulesanae. The research used descriptive qualitative method involving
collecting and analyzing data. Research found some reflections of religious value in elong ugi, which were I)
virtue of praying, 2) the virtue ofgood behavior, 3) keeping clean, 4) self controlling, 5) daily worshipping, 6) doing
more prayers, and 7) having firmer belief and piety
PROSES PEMBELAJARAN AKTIF, INTERAKTIF DAN MENYENANGKAN Studi Tindakan Kelas (PTK) Pada Proses Pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam di Kelas X SMA Negeri 14 Makassar
Authors: Badruzzaman Badruzzaman
Published: August 2018

Penelitian tindakan kelas ini bertujuan untuk menemukan tingkat pretasi Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) dengan menggunakan
proses pembelajaran Aktif, Interaktif, dan Menyenangkan. Pembelajaran dibentuk dengan tiga formasi, yaitu Formasi
Pembelajran Aktif dan Interaktif; Aktif dan Menyenangkan dan Interaktif dan Menyenangkan. Setiap formasi pembelajaran
dilakukan dengan dua tahap, yaitu tahap pertama pembelajaran konvensional yang sering dilakukan oleh guru agama
yang diakhiri dengan protest. Tahap kedua dilakukan dengan pembelajaran formasi di atas yang diakhir dengan postest.
Hasil penelitian menujukkan bahwa prestasi belajar siswa setelah dilakukan ketiga formasi pembelajaran tersebut meningkat.
Prestasi belajar PAI siswa sebelum pembelajaran Aktif dan Interaktif, r= 5,29 pada protest meningkat menjadi r= 9,16 pada
posttest; pada pembelajaran Aktif dan Menyenangkan protest r= 6,94, meningkat pada postest r= 9,71; dan pada formasi
Interaktif dan Menyenangkan protest r= 6,84 meningkat pada postest r= 9,76. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan bahwa
dalam upaya meningkatkan prestasi belajar PAI siswa yang dominan merupakan meteri pelajaran yang bersifat hafalan
dibanding penalaran hendaknya menggunakan metode-metode pembelajaran yang merangsang daya hafalan setiap siswa
seperti Metode Pembelajaran Aktif, Interaktif dan Menyenangkan. Selain itu, pertimbangan yang lain yang urgen untuk
diperhatikan adalah pelibatan tiga jenis bentuk aktivitas belajar dalam setiap pembelajaran yaitu membaca, mengungkapkan
hasil bacaan, dan menulis, khususnya pada pembelajaran PAI yang dominan merupakan meteri hafalan.
SISTEM KEKERABATAN ORANG BUGIS DI SULAWESI SELATAN (SUATU ANALISIS ANTROPOLOGI - SOSIAL)
Authors: Meiyani Eliza
Published: August 2018

Sistem kekerabatan masyarakat Bugis Bone memiliki struktur bati na wija sebagai pranata sosial yang
menjadi wadah pembentukan knalitas masyarakat untuk mendukung sistem sosial dan sistem budaya
masyarakat yang harmonis. Masyarakat Bugis Bone sejak dahulu telah menjadikan bati na wija sebagai
sarana yang membentuk sistem pemerintahan efektif dan efisien. Membantu pemimpin dan pemuka
masyarakat yang berkualitas dan mampu menjadi pioner dalam membangun sistem kerajaan yang besar
yaitu kerajaan Bone, Kerajaan Gowa dan Kerajaan Luwu. Namun, saat ini peran wija na bati mulai
tergeser berangsur-angsur ke pembentukan kualitas individual, masyarakat dan pemimpin pada
pendidikan dan harta benda menjadi tolak ukur. Bergesernya peran wija na bati tersebut sebagai akibat
lemahnya ketahanan budaya orang Bugis-Bone untuk menjadikannya sebagai sarana pembentukan
kualitas individual, kemimpinan dan kualitas masyarakat. Peranan sistem kekerabatan yang menyimpan
nilai-nilai kekerabatan yang dianut pada masa lalu tidak lagi menjadi sarana yang efektif membentuk
struktur sosial masyarakat Bugis- Bone yang harmonis. Meskipun demikian, mash ada sebagian kecil
kelompok masyarakat Bugis-Bone yang masih konsisten menggunakan nilai-nilai kekerabatan sebagai
sarana pembentukan kualitas individual, pemimpin dan masyarakat, teruma pada daerah-daerah yang
masih terdapat orang-orang yang menjunjung tinggi tradisi budaya masyarakat Bugis-Bone yang diyakini
sebagai tradisi yang sudah dianut oleh para pendahulunya.
MENENGOK KEBERISLAMAN KELOMPOK MAJELIS ILMI AL-AMIN DI KABUPATEN BOALEMO
Authors: Arafah St.
Published: August 2018

Munculnya kelompok yang dianggap sempalan akan berpontesi melahirkan konflik, mereka hadir membawa paham dan praktik keagamaan yang berbeda dengan yang dianut kebanyakan umat di Indonesia dan secara kuantitas jumlah mereka sangat sedikit. Disisi lain, kehadiran kelompok atau paham yang berbeda ini akan membawa pada sikap destruktif. Penelitian mendeskripsikan tentang keberadaan kelompok Majelis Ilmi Al-Amin, yang oleh pembimbingnya mengkalim telah menerima ilham, hidayah bahkan menyebutnya “wahyu”,  mengenai ilmu kegaiban melalui proses dialog. Proses penelusuran data dengan menggunkana teknik wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelompok  Majelis Ilmi Al-Amin telah eksis sejak 2007 hingga kini walaupun telah mengalami pelemparan dan pengusiran oleh masyarakat hingga akhirnya kelompok ini berpindah tempat untuk melakukan aktifitas. Kelompok ini oleh masyarakat dan pemerintah menklaim sebagai kelompok yang memiliki ajaran yang menyimpang utamanya dalam hal pelaksanaan syari’ah, bahkan bagi para jama’ah tidak lagi melaksanakan shalat sebagaimana lazimnya karena kelompok ini tidak mau dikatakan “riya” jika mereka melaksanakan shalat khususnya berjama’ah di masjid, sehingga shalat itu dilakukan secara bhatin saja, pada pelaksanaan puasa mereka telah berada pada tingkatan al-khawaisul khawas, dan haji tidak perlu ke tanah suci.
DIVERSION FUNCTION OF WAQF LAND USE (Review of Islamic Law and Acts No. 41 Year 2004)
Authors: Sari Nilam , Sari Nilam
Published: August 2018

Benefaction is one of facility to increase quality and quantity of worship to Allah has a main foundation that was Al-Qur’an and hadits, because as worship, benefaction has regulated for its legal requirement by Allah SWT. The provisions of benefaction and other worships that will performed by human being as means to close him selves to Allah. This article discussed about stipulation of diversion of benefaction property function according to stipulation of Islamic law (fiqh) and laws No. 41 Year 2004 concerning to benefaction. Related to diversion of function of benefaction property use have happened some perspectives among of several theologians, there was part of theologian prohibited to change function and advantage of such benefaction of property, when such benefaction property in form of a building such as mosque, house and others. But in other hand, some theologians allowed change of function of waqf land during its original form do not changed and it not change to other name of such benefaction property. Such benefaction property which has diverse should be more strategic property, productive and empowered for religion and Islam community. Difference between Islamic law (fiqh) and positive law concerning to diversion of benefaction property function where in provision of fiqh jumhur of theologian was allowed the diversion of benefaction property function so long as do not change purpose of benefaction and do not change the object name which has donated. While the positive law was not regard such things, substantially it fulfilled economic value and productive and it not in opposition to law of sharia provision.
KEBINEKAAN YANG MENGESANKAN ; WAWASAN KEBERBAGAIAN GURU AGAMA DAN SISWA DI SMPN 1 TOMONI TIMUR
Authors: Mujizatullah Mujizatullah
Published: August 2018

Penelitian ini dilatari oleh suatu asumsi bahwa guru agama dan siswa saat ini banyak terjangkiti penyakit intoleransi. Asumsi ini berdasarkan pada penelitian yang telah dilakukan oleh beberapa lembaga sebelumnya, seperti PPIM UIN Jakarta (2016)  yang menunjukkan intoleransi meningkat di kalangan guru agama. Padahal sejatinya pendidikan agama bertujuan untuk menguatkan wawasan kebinekaan guru agama dan para siswa. Karena itulah tulisan yang merupakan hasil penelitian ini berupaya menggambarkan wawasan kebinekaan guru agama dan siswa dengan melihat kasus pada SMPN 1 Tomoni Timur, Mangkutana, Luwu Timur.  Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara  kualitatif.  Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara dengan Guru Agama, siswa serta mengamati langsung proses pembelajaran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sekolah yang terdiri dari siswa dan guru yang beragam agama dan etnis ini, mampu menerapkan toleransi dengan cukup baik.  Guru agama dan siswa yang selama ini dipersepsi intoleran, tidak terjadi di sekolah ini. Sebaliknya wawasan kebinekaan, baik guru agama maupun siswa terlihat sangat baik. Hal itu tercermin tidak hanya pada pengetahuan dan pemahaman tentang kebinekaan, tapi juga dalam penerapan sehari-hari dalam relasinya dengan guru atau pun siswa yang berbeda agama dan etnis
Maternal diet, LCPUFA status and prematurity in Indian mothers: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Ranade Prachi S. , Rao Shobha S.
Published: August 2018

Background: Recently, certain long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) have been shown to exert functional benefits with regards to gestational length. The present study examined the association of maternal LCPUFA intake, specifically Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Arachidonic acid (ARA), and plasma status at delivery with duration of gestation and risk of premature delivery in Indian mothers.Methods: In a cross-sectional nested case-control study, 191 mother-baby pairs [164 Full term (FT) and 27 Preterm (PT)] were examined for differences in maternal habitual diet pattern and plasma fatty acid composition in relation to the length of gestation.Results: The frequency of intake of n-3 fatty acid rich varieties of fish was higher (p<0.05) in FT mothers compared to PT mothers. Maternal plasma fatty acid concentration of n-3 Alpha Linolenic acid (ALA), Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), DHA and total n-3 fatty acids at delivery was significantly associated with intake of vegetarian ALA sources such as millets, dark whole pulses, dry fruits like walnuts, and green leafy vegetables. Among age, parity, and neonatal sex matched case-control pairs, PT mothers had significantly (p<0.01) higher levels of n-6 ARA, but lower (p<0.01) levels of n-3 DHA and total n-3 fatty acids compared to FT mothers irrespective of socioeconomic group. In fact, mothers with plasma DHA levels below median (<3.0%) had ten times higher risk (OR-10.47; 95% CI: 3.03-36.48) of delivering prematurely compared to those who had plasma DHA levels above median.Conclusion: Results underscore the importance of consuming varied sources of ALA and DHA for their role as functional lipids in determining gestational length.Key words: LCPUFA, maternal diet, omega 3, DHA, preterm birth, relative risk
Flavocoxid (Limbrel ®) manages osteoarthritis through modification of multiple inflammatory pathways: a review
Authors: Burnett Bruce P. , Levy Robert M.
Published: August 2018

Limbrel (flavocoxid) is marketed as an FDA-regulated medical food for the clinical dietary management of osteoarthritis (OA) to be used under physician supervision. Flavocoxid is composed of a >90% mixture of baicalin and catechin and represents a non-targeted anti-inflammatory which works differently than non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that bind to and only inhibit the cyclooxygenase moieties of COX-1 and COX-2. Flavocoxid binds to and weakly modulates the peroxidase activity of the COX enzymes permitting low level expression of prostaglandins (PGs), prostacyclin (PGI2) and thromboxane (TxA2). In addition, flavocoxid weakly inhibits phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) as well as increases IϰBα and prevents nuclear factor kappa B (NFϰB) activation/induction of inflammatory genes such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), interleukin-1β (IL-1 β), IL-6, COX-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and 5-LOX. In clinical studies, flavocoxid shows equivalent efficacy to naproxen with statistically fewer renal (edema) and upper gastrointestinal (GI) side effects, does not affect platelet function and bleeding times, does not change international normalized ratio (INR) in warfarinized patients, is well-tolerated in patients with previous NSAID-induced GI side effects, and decreases or eliminates the use of gastroprotective medications in patients who previously required them to tolerate NSAIDs. With its broad, non-targeted and multiple weak activities which result in fewer side effects compared to NSAIDs, flavocoxid represents a different way managing OA by working on the underlying and multiple causes of cartilage degradation as well as joint inflammation.  Keywords: Flavocoxid, Limbrel, osteoarthritis, inflammatory pathways, and medical foods
Chemical composition of water buffalo milk and its low-fat symbiotic yogurt development
Authors: Han Xue , Lee Frank L. , Zhang Lanwei , Guo M. R.
Published: August 2018

Background: Water buffalos are the second most widely available milk source in countries around the world. While typical average milk compositions are readily available, information on seasonal variation in chemical composition of buffalo milk is limited -especially in the Northeastern region of the United States. Data collected in this study can be useful for the manufacture of a wide variety of specialty dairy products such as symbiotic buffalo milk yogurt. To analyze functionality, symbiotic low fat buffalo milk yogurt prototypes (plain and blueberry) were developed using a commercial starter containing probiotics. Methods: During a one-year cycle, physicochemical and mineral contents of buffalo milk were analyzed. Prototype yogurts were manufactured commercially and samples of the yogurt prototypes were analyzed for physicochemical and microbiological properties and for the survivability of probiotics during ten weeks of storage.Results: Average contents of total solids, fat, lactose, crude protein, ash, specific gravity, and conjugated linoleic acid in the milk ranged from 16.39-18.48%, 6.57-7.97%, 4.49-4.73%, 4.59-5.37%, 0.91-0.92%, 1.0317-1.0380%, and 4.4-7.6 mg/g fat, respectively. The average mineral contents of calcium, phosphorous, potassium, magnesium, sodium, and zinc in the milk were 1798.89, 1216.76, 843.72, 337.20 and 7.48 mg/kg, respectively, and remained steady throughout the year. The symbiotic low fat buffalo milk yogurts evaluated in this study contained higher amounts of protein, carbohydrates, and calcium than similar yogurts manufactured with cows’ milk. During refrigerated storage, the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus was viable (>1×106 CFU/g) for the first two weeks, while Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus casei remained viable during the entire ten weeks. Reducing the acidity and enhancing the flavor of the yogurts could improve the overall acceptability.Conclusion: The results indicated that the low fat buffalo milk yogurt are a rich source of nutrients and are nutritionally preferable to cows’ milk yogurts. The shelf life analysis indicated it to be a good vehicle for developing symbiotic yogurt.Keywords: Buffalo milk, conjugated linoleic acid, symbiotic yogurt, probiotic survivability, physicochemical properties, acceptability
Differential Effects of Tea Extracts on Growth and Cytokine Production by Normal and Leukemic Human Leukocytes
Authors: Bayer Diana , Jansen Jonathon , Beltz Lisa A.
Published: August 2018

Background: Tea is one of the world’s most highly consumed beverages, second only to water. It is affordable and abundant and thus has great potential for improving health of those in both developed and developing areas. Green, oolong, and black teas differ in the extent of fermentation and types of bioactive polyphenols produced. Green tea and its major polyphenol decrease growth of some cancer cells and effect production of immune system cytokines. This study compares the effects of different types of tea extracts on viability and cytokine production by normal and leukemic human T lymphocytes. Generation of the toxic reactive oxygen species H2O2 by extracts was also examined.Methods: The Jurkat T lymphoblastic leukemia cells and mitogen-stimulated normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were used in this study. Cell viability was determined by (3-4,5-dimethylthiamizol-2-yl)-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and production of interleukin-2 by Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay. Levels of H2O2 generated by tea extracts were determined using the xylenol-orange method.Results: We found that green, oolong, and black tea extracts differentially effect the growth and viability of T lymphoblastic leukemia cells and normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells, substantially decreasing both growth and viability of leukemic T lymphocytes and having much lesser effects on their normal counterparts. Tea extracts also had differential effects on the production of the T lymphocyte growth factor interleukin-2, significantly decreasing production by leukemic cells while having only minor effects on normal cells. All three extracts induced H2O2 generation, with green and oolong tea extracts having the greatest effect. Leukemic cells were much more susceptible to growth inhibition and killing by H2O2 than normal lymphocytes. Conclusions: The three tea extracts studied altered leukemic T lymphocyte functions, decreasing cell viability, growth, and production of a major cell growth factor and the H2O2 generated by solutions of extracts may be partially responsible. Normal cells were affected to a far lesser degree by tea extracts and are also more resistant to killing by H2O2 than leukemic cells. This study has implications for using tea extracts for chemotherapeutic and immunomodulatory purposes.Key Words: Tea extracts, interleukin-2, hydrogen peroxide, leukemia, T lymphocytes
Anti-Cancer Effect of Angelica Sinensis on Women’s Reproductive Cancer
Authors: Zhu Hong-Hong , Huang Guo-Hui , Tate Patricia L. , Larcom Lyndon L.
Published: August 2018

Objective: Danggui, the root of Angelica Sinensis, has traditionally been used for the treatment of women’s reproductive disorders in China for thousands of years. This study was to determine whether Danggui have potential anti-cancer effect on women’s cancer and its potential mechanism. Methods: Danggui was extracted by ethanol. The Cell Titer 96® Aqueous Non-Radioactive Cell Proliferation Assay was used to compare the effects of Danggui on human breast (MCF-7 and 7368) and cervical (CaSki and SiHa) cancer cells with its effects on normal fibroblasts (HTB-125). A revised Ames test was used to test for antimutagenicity. The standard strains of Salmonella typhimarium (TA) 100 and 102 were used in the test. Methyl methane sulfonate (MMS) and UV light were used as positive mutagen controls and ethanol and double distilled water (DDW) as controls. The SAS statistical software was used to analyze the data. Results: Danggui was found to be much more toxic to all cancer cell lines tested than to normal fibroblasts. There was a significant negative dose-effect relationship between Danggui and cancer cell viability. Average viability of MCF-7 was 69.5%, 18.4%, 5.7%, 5.7%, and 5.0% of control for Danggui doses 0.07, 0.14, 0.21, 0.32, and 0.64 ug/ul, respectively, with a Ptrend < 0.0001. Half maximal inhibitory dose (ID50) of Danggui for cancer cell lines MCF-7, CaSki, SiHa and CRL-7368 was 0.10, 0.09, 0.10 and 0.07 ug/ul, respectively. For the normal fibroblasts, ID50 was 0.58 ug/ul. At a dose of 0.32 ug/ul, Danggui killed over 90% of the cells in each cancer cell line, but at the same dose, only 12.3 % of the normal HTB-125 cells were killed. Revertants per plate of TA 100 decreased with the introduction of increasing doses of Danggui extracts with a Ptrend < 0.0001 when UV light was used as a mutagen. There was no difference in revertants per plate between ethanol and DDW control groups. Conclusions: Danggui could be used as a safe and effective adjuvant therapy to prevent and treat breast and cervical cancers. Anti-cancer effects may be due to its anti-mutagenicity. Danggui should be investigated as a potential adjuvant anti-cancer therapy for women’s cancer treatment and prevention of recurrence. Key words: Angelica Sinensis, Danggui, cancer, women’s reproductive disorders
Dialysis Free Protocol for Some End Stage Renal Disease Patients (Khosroshahi Protocol)
Authors: Khosroshahi Hamid Tayebi , Kalantar-zadeh Kamyar
Published: August 2018

Background: The number of patients with End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) is growing annually around the world. Provision of renal replacement therapy in the form of dialysis and transplant is relatively expensive. Recent studies have shown no survival benefit of early initiation of dialysis. Given recent outcome data of the timing of dialysis treatment and the expenses and logistics of hemodialysis procedure have stimulated research on alternative strategies. The aim of this study is to introduce another type of renal replacement therapy for selective patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD).Methods: In a case series we used a so-called “dialysis free protocol” consisting of a low protein diet, uremic toxin adsorbents, and prebiotics for selective ESRD patients who had dialysis access constraints or did not agree placement of hemodialysis vascular access or peritoneal dialysis catheter. Findings: clinical and biochemical results of this study showed that these patients were not deteriorating during the study period and Blood Urea Nitrogen (Bun) & serum creatinin levels were not elevated in these months. Participating patients were relatively well throughout the study without signs of florid uremia and without a need for emergent or urgent dialysis. Conclusion: We conclude that our proposed dialysis free protocol reduces the need for dialysis treatment at least transiently. Whether this protocol can reduce the need for dialysis treatment requires additional studies. Key words: End Stage Renal Disease, Low Protein Diet, Prebiotics, Activated Charcoal
Biomarkers in Mild Stages of Alzheimer’s disease: Utility in clinical practice and their relation with nutritional and lifestyle factors
Authors: Dillon Carol , Leguizamon Patricio Pérez , Heisecke Silvina , Castro Diego M. , Camelo Jorge Lopez , Lon Leandro , Serrano Cecilia M. , Guelar Veronica , Taragano Fernando E.
Published: August 2018

Background: The use of biomarkers in basic and clinical research as well as in clinical practice has become so common that their presence as primary endpoints in clinical trials is now accepted. A biomarker refers to a broad subcategory of medical signs. The aims of this article are to consider the of use biomarkers in Mild stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in research and clinical settings, in addition to defining their utility in clinical practice relating this with nutritional and lifestyle factors as possible treatment. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, PubMed, and AgeLine databases using different keywords.Conclusions: A summary of the utility of biomarkers in AD and nutritional and lifestyle factors used as treatment in mild stages are described.Key words: Biomarkers, Alzheimer’s disease, Dementia, Utility, Clinical practice, Nutritional
Protective effects of active hexose correlated compound in a rat model of liver injury after hepatectomy
Authors: Nakatake Richi , Tanaka Yoshito , Ueyama Yosuke , Miki Hirokazu , Ishizaki Morihiko , Matsui Kosuke , Kaibori Masaki , Okumura Tadayoshi , Nishizawa Mikio , Kon Masanori
Published: August 2018

Background: Recent evidence has indicated that a functional food, active hexose correlated compound (AHCC), has liver-protective effects via suppression of inflammatory mediators, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α.Objective: This study aimed to investigate whether AHCC has beneficial effects in a rat model of endotoxin-induced liver injury after partial hepatectomy, in addition to clarifying the mechanisms of action of AHCC.Methods: Rats were treated with 70% of partial hepatectomy and lipopolysaccharide (PH/LPS) to induce acute liver injury. A normal diet with or without 2% AHCC was administered orally 10 days before 70% hepatectomy. Inflammatory mediators were analyzed.Results: AHCC improved the survival rate by 70% in PH/LPS rats. AHCC prevented an increase in serum transaminase levels, and histopathological changes and apoptosis in the liver. AHCC reduced iNOS mRNA and protein expression in the liver, resulting in inhibition of nitric oxide production. AHCC also reduced TNF-α, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1, and interleukin-6 mRNA expression, but enhanced expression of interleukin-10. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay with hepatic nuclear extracts demonstrated that AHCC reduced the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB induced by PH/LPS treatment.Conclusion: AHCC inhibits induction of inflammatory mediators, including iNOS and TNF-α, in part through inhibition of NF-κB activation in a rat model of liver injury. Our findings suggest that AHCC prevents postoperative liver failure after liver resection.Keywords: active hexose correlated compound, inducible nitric oxide synthase, liver injury, nuclear factor-κB, tumor necrosis factor-α
Antioxidant activity of Rosa multiflora Thunb. flower extract and suppressive activity on proinflammatory mediator production in lipopolysaccharide- stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages
Authors: Kwak Chungshil , Choi Hye In , Yang Jiwon
Published: August 2018

Background: Oxidative stress and inflammation are associated with various ageing-related chronic diseases. The fruits and roots of Rosa multiflora Thunb. have been used in medicine for the treatment of edema and inflammatory diseases in Eastern Asia. Dried Rosa multiflora Thunb. flower (RMF) have been consumed as a tea in Korea, but reports on the biological activity of RMF are lacking. We evaluated the in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of an ethanol extract from RMF as well as various solvent fractions from the extract.Methods: The ethanol extract (Et) of RMP was fractionated sequentially by hexane (Hx), dichloromethane (DM), ethylacetate (EA), n-butanol (Bt) and distilled water (DW). Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content, scavenging activities of the 2,2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl radical and 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical and ferric-reducing antioxidant power were measured. Anti-inflammatory effects in terms of levels of nitric oxide and prostaglandin (PG) E2 and production of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages were measured, and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 were measured by Western blot analysis.Results: EA treatment showed the highest total phenolic and total flavonoid content and strongest antioxidant activity, followed by Bt and Et, measured by three different methods. Treatment with Et and all fractions significantly suppressed (p<0.05) nitric oxide production in a dose-dependent manner in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages via reduction of expression of iNOS protein. Treatment with Et, DM and EA significantly suppressed (p<0.05) PGE2 production induced by LPS treatment, however, only Bt treatment significantly reduced (p<0.05) the expression of COX-2 protein. Treatment with DM, EA and Bt suppressed IL-6 production significantly (p<0.05) in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages, and treatment with Et, DM, EA and Bt suppressed TNF-α production significantly (p<0.05).Conclusions: These data suggest that the ethanol extract of Rosa multiflora Thunb. flower and its dichloromethan, ethylacetate and n-butanol fractions have potent antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory activities.Keywords: Rosa multiflora Thunb. flower, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, RAW 264 7 macrophages, cytokines, iNOS, COX-2