bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF CATHODE RAYS ON THE PROTEINS OF SERUM
Authors: Baker Lillian E. , Corey Robert B.
Published: June 2004

The effects of cathode rays on the proteins of serum appear to be (1) denaturation of a large proportion of the albumin and globulin with the formation of products that are soluble at the pH of the serum; (2) the production of a tough and exceedingly insoluble substance on the window of the cell where most of the absorption of electrons occurs; (3) a slight hydrolytic cleavage of the protein molecule producing a small quantity of products having properties so near to those of the protein that they are precipitated by trichloracetic acid but are not removed by coagulation at the isoelectric point; (4) the production of a small amount of hydrolytic products not precipitated by trichloracetic acid; and (5) the formation of a small amount of ammonia, part of which at least is derived from the urea in the serum.

It is interesting to note that these changes are such as would bring about exactly those effects on fibroblasts which were observed when cultures were grown in serum which had been subjected to cathode ray irradiation. The proteins of serum have a retarding effect on the growth of fibroblasts. We might, therefore, expect their removal by denaturation and coagulation to result in the slightly larger growth which was observed. The production of SH groups in the denatured protein molecule would also tend to have a beneficial effect, as has been observed in experiments with denatured albumin. A concentration of protein split products equal to that in the irradiated sera has been observed to produce cells of characteristic appearance, full of cytoplasmic granulations and possessing long, active pseudopods, such as those noted in colonies cultivated in serum which had been subjected to cathode rays.
CELL PROLIFERATION RESPONSE TO SULFHYDRYL IN MAMMALS
Authors: Hammett F. S. , Reimann S. P.
Published: June 2004

These experiments establish the fact that the sulfhydryl group is stimulative of cell proliferation in mammals as in lower organisms. The fact that the stimulation is exhibited in such a wide diversity of species including both plants and animals is justification for the belief that it is the expression of a fundamental biological phenomenon. The literature and discussion of the subject are to be found in the papers cited.
ANTIBODY AND AGGLUTININ IN PNEUMOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA
Authors: Lord Frederick T. , Nesche George E.
Published: June 2004

1. Protective substances and agglutinins were not demonstrated in the blood of patients with pneumonia untreated with serum before the fall in the temperature by crisis or lysis.

2. Protective substances and agglutinins were frequently demonstrated in serum treated patients during the course of the disease.

3. Protective substances and agglutinins were usually present at the time of the temperature fall in patients untreated with serum and persisted for days or weeks thereafter.

4. Protective substances have an important bearing on the outcome. A large proportion of those with protection recover and a large proportion without it die.

5. Agglutinin and antibody may appear simultaneously or one may precede or be present without the other.

6. Tests for agglutinin are unreliable as a control of dosage of specific serum.
ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo , Muller Henry R. , Tilden Evelyn B. , Tyler Joseph R.
Published: June 2004

In the experiments here reported, definite verruga lesions, in which the presence of Bartonella bacilliformis was established by culture or by passage to rhesus monkeys, were produced in a dog and in a donkey by inoculation of cultures or monkey passage strains. The reaction induced in these animals was entirely local, however; blood cultures were sterile. Histologically, the lesions produced were similar to those obtained in monkeys by inoculation of Bartonella bacilliformis, except for the presence of a marked polynuclear leucocytic exudate.

In another donkey a lesion histologically suggestive of verruga was produced, while in one donkey and a horse the results of inoculation were negative or indefinite.

The intravenous injection of a filtrate or of heat-killed cultures of Bartonella bacilliformis into two donkeys was followed by the appearance of large, soft, subcutaneous swellings, on various parts of the body, not resembling in any way verruga lesions.
DIFFERENTIATION OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI OF HUMAN AND OF DAIRY ORIGIN BY METHYLENE BLUE TOLERANCE AND FINAL ACIDITY
Authors: Avery Roy C.
Published: June 2004

A grouping of 138 strains of hemolytic streptococci based on differences in dye-sensitiveness and in final hydrogen-ion concentration of cultures is presented. Three groups are distinguished; (1) human parasitic strains, defined by a final pH range of 5.2 to 5.0 and by failure to reduce methylene blue (1:5000) in milk, (2) bovine strains parasitic in the udder, characterized by a final pH range of 4.5 to 4.2 and by failure to reduce methylene blue (1:5000) in milk, (3) saprophytic strains, characterized by a final pH range of 4.5 to 4.2 and by ability to reduce methylene blue.

Methylene blue was bactericidal for the strains of hemolytic streptococci that fail to reduce it, but neither bacteriostatic nor bactericidal for the strains that caused its reduction.
THE FINAL RESPONSE OF THE SMALL CUTANEOUS VESSELS
Authors: Rous Peyton , Gilding H. P.
Published: June 2004

A study of the blanchings (Bier's spots) which develop in human skin deprived of circulation has proved them referable to the same general causes that lead to ischemic patching of the skin of animals, and that they are conditioned by the same factors. Both are expressions of a secondary contraction of vessels that have become hyperirritable owing to an inadequate circulation. The contraction is favored by emptying the vessels, but it occurs pronouncedly even when there is a trickle through them of arterial blood. In the case of man the contractile impulse is sometimes so great as to overcome the maximum pressure that the vessels will support.

The significance of the observations is discussed.
CHEMO-IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON CONJUGATED CARBOHYDRATE-PROTEINS
Authors: Goebel Walther F. , Avery Oswald T.
Published: June 2004

It has been demonstrated that many multiples of minimal doses of Bacillus typhosus reacting factors can be neutralized by specific immune sera.

The potency of a given serum can be conveniently titrated against increasing amounts of reacting factors.

If the immune serum is diluted or if the amount of the reacting factors is too large for a given amount of serum, there is obtained neutralization but only irregularly.

Normal and heterologous sera (therapeutic meningococcus and erysipelas horse sera) free of normal agglutinins or possessing normal agglutinins of a low titer (1:16) for Bacillus typhosus are not able to neutralize the reacting factors. There is obtained questionable neutralization with a serum possessing normal Bacillus typhosus agglutinins in dilution 1:64.

The titer of the neutralizing antibodies increases in the course of immunization.

Immune sera exercise a definite protection against the mortality induced by intravenous injection of Bacillus typhosus culture filtrates.
CHEMO-IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON CONJUGATED CARBOHYDRATE-PROTEINS
Authors: Avery Oswald T. , Goebel Walther F.
Published: June 2004

1. When two chemically different carbohydrate derivatives are bound to the same protein, the newly formed antigens exhibit distinct immunological specificity.

2. When the same carbohydrate radical is conjugated with two chemically different and serologically distinct proteins both of the sugar-proteins thus formed acquire a common serological specificity.

3. The newly acquired specificity of the artificially prepared sugar-proteins is determined by the chemical constitution of the carbohydrate radical attached to the protein molecules. Simple differences in the molecular configuration of the two isomers,—glucose and galactose—suffice to orientate protein specificity when the corresponding glucosides of the two sugars are coupled to the same protein.

4. The unconjugated glucosides, although themselves not precipitable in immune serum, inhibit the reaction between the homologous sugar-protein and its specific antibody. The inhibition test is specific.

5. The sugar derivatives unattached to protein exhibit the properties of carbohydrate haptens; they are non-antigenic but specifically reactive, as shown by inhibition tests, with antibodies induced by proteins containing the homologous diazotized glucoside.

6. The specificity of artificially prepared sugar-proteins is discussed with reference to the chemo-immunological nature of the bacterial antigens containing complex sugars.
BACTERIOLOGY OF THE BLOOD AND JOINTS IN RHEUMATIC FEVER
Authors: Cecil Russell L. , Nicholls Edith E. , Stainsby Wendell J.
Published: June 2004

1. During the Spring of 1928, 29 patients with acute rheumatic fever were subjected to blood cultures, of whom 9, or 31 per cent, yielded a streptococcus. During the Spring of 1929, 31 patients with acute rheumatic fever were studied by blood cultures, of whom 26, or 83.9 per cent, yielded a streptococcus. The higher percentage of positive cultures in the 1929 series appears to have been due to improved cultural methods.

2. Of the 35 strains of streptococci recovered from blood cultures, 33 have been classified as alpha streptococci (Str. viridans); one as a beta streptococcus (Str. hemolyticus); and one a gamma streptococcus (Str. anhemolyticus). Some of the viridans strains produced very little green on blood media.

3. Agglutination and absorption tests indicate that the strains of streptococcus viridans recovered from the blood of patients with rheumatic fever show a tendency to fall into specific biological groups.

4. In 7 patients with rheumatic fever who were subjected to cultures from affected joints, 5, or 71.4 per cent, yielded a streptococcus viridans. In 3 patients in whom green streptococci were recovered from both the blood and joint, agglutination and absorption tests proved the identity of the strains isolated from the two sources.

5. These findings corroborate those of previous investigators and make it difficult to escape the conclusion that rheumatic fever is a streptococcal infection usually of the alpha or viridans type.

6. The pathogenesis of rheumatic fever in respect to the joint lesions appears to be analogous to that of infectious arthritis and gonococcal arthritis. Bacterial allergy probably influences the clinical picture in all three conditions, but in each instance the joint manifestations are primarily dependent upon localization of bacteria in the joint, with subsequent infection.
NASOPHARYNGEAL FLORA IN HEALTH AND DURING RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN ISOLATED COMMUNITIES IN ALABAMA AND LABRADOR
Authors: Burky E. L. , Smillie W. G.
Published: June 2004

Studies of the bacterial flora of the nasopharynx were made in isolated communities in South Alabama and Labrador. The basic flora was determined in both communities. In Alabama an epidemic of common colds was studied. In Labrador cases of sporadic colds and an epidemic of tracheitis were studied.

Gram-negative cocci were found in nearly all normal individuals in moderate numbers. In pathological states there was a suppression of these organisms.

Staphylococci were found in small numbers in about half of the normal individuals. In pathological conditions they disappeared from most of those affected but were found in increased numbers in a few individuals.

Pfeiffer bacilli were absent or present only in small numbers in normal individuals. During the epidemic of colds in Alabama there was an increase in the number of strains recovered and an increase in the relative numbers of the bacilli in each throat. The highest prevalence was found one month after the epidemic had reached its height. In Labrador a similar increase was coincident with an epidemic of tracheitis. During normal periods the majority of the Pfeiffer strains were of the para non-indol-forming type. During epidemic periods the strains recovered were largely true indol-forming B. Pfeifferi.

Hemolytic streptococci were rarely found in normals. During disease prevalence periods they appeared in a small number of persons.

In Alabama, indifferent streptococci resembled the hemolytic streptococci in their distribution. In Labrador they were found to be widely distributed in both health and disease and composed apparently a part of the normal flora.

Green streptococci were found to be widely distributed in fairly large numbers both in health and disease.

Intermediates, or organisms midway between green streptococci and pneumococci, were found in moderate numbers in each series of persons studied. Early in the Alabama epidemic they were present in large numbers in nearly all persons.

Pneumococci were not found in Alabama in normal individuals. The epidemic of colds in Alabama was accompanied by a marked increase in the incidence of these organisms. In Labrador pneumococci seemed to be part of the normal flora as they were generally distributed throughout the community, in many instances comprising a large proportion of the flora of an individual's throat. The Labrador strains of pneumococci were avirulent.

A variety of other organisms such as diphtheroids, Gram-negative rods, and Gram-positive cocci were found in small numbers in many individuals both in health and disease.
DEVELOPMENT IN TISSUE CULTURES OF THE INTRACELLULAR CHANGES CHARACTERISTIC OF VACCINAL AND HERPETIC INFECTIONS
Authors: Rivers T. M. , Haagen E. , Muckenfuss R. S.
Published: June 2004

Characteristic vaccinal and herpetic lesions, including Guarnieri bodies and acidophilic nuclear inclusions respectively, regularly occur in rabbit corneas infected and cultivated in vitro according to the method here described.
A STUDY OF VACCINAL IMMUNITY IN TISSUE CULTURES
Authors: Rivers T. M. , Haagen E. , Muckenfuss R. S.
Published: June 2004

Normal corneas inoculated in vitro with vaccine virus and then cultivated in antivaccinal plasma developed typical vaccinal lesions associated with Guarnieri bodies. In such cultures, after an incubation period of 24 or 48 hours, active vaccine virus was demonstrated by means of appropriate methods.

Immune corneas inoculated in vitro with vaccine virus and then cultivated in normal or in antivaccinal plasma revealed either very mild vaccinal lesions or none at all. In some of the cultures after 24 and 48 hours of incubation, active vaccine virus was demonstrated.
THE FILTRABILITY OF YELLOW FEVER VIRUS AS EXISTING IN THE MOSQUITO
Authors: Sawyer W. A. , Frobisher Martin
Published: June 2004

The virus of yellow fever as it exists in Aëdes aegypti mosquitoes, both in their so-called infective stage and in the intermediate condition termed the "incubation period", is capable of passing through Berkefeld N filters when suspended in normal monkey serum, although earlier investigators have shown that the virus from infective mosquitoes will not do so when suspended in physiological salt solution.

The virus of yellow fever as it exists in mosquitoes behaves with regard to filtration through Berkefeld N filters as does the virus in the blood of infective monkeys.
THE ELECTRICAL CHARGE OF BACTERIOPHAGE
Authors: Krueger A. P. , Ritter R. C. , Smith S. P.
Published: June 2004

1. Two types of cataphoresis apparatus for determining, under aseptic conditions, the charge carried by biologically active substances, such as Bacteriophage are described. One cell depends upon the electrophoresis of particles into agar and their subsequent re-suspension in a fluid medium for testing purposes. This cell has certain advantages when employed in connection with agents of small dimensions ordinarily inactivated by prolonged exposure to required test conditions.

2. Several separate races of anti-coli Bacteriophage have been found to bear a negative charge within a range of H-ion concentrations from pH. 9.0 to pH. 3.4. At pH. 3.35 and below, the lytic particles migrate through agar to the cathode. It is likely that the reversal in direction of migration is due to the assumption of a positive charge by the Bacteriophage corpuscle.
STUDIES ON THE DISSOCIATION OF THE HOG CHOLERA BACILLUS
Authors: Li C. P.
Published: June 2004

1. Heat killed organisms of the MS (OH), MR (ØH), NS (O) or NR (Ø) forms of hog cholera bacilli failed to confer immunity, at least to any considerable degree, in hamsters or rabbits against virulent hog cholera bacilli.

2. Hamsters and rabbits were successfully immunized against virulent MS bacilli by vaccination with living MR (ØH) and NR (Ø) forms.

3. Hamsters were immunized against MS hog cholera bacilli with living R paratyphoid "C" bacilli and conversely against MS paratyphoid "C" bacilli with living R hog cholera bacilli.
ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK WITH THE PARTIAL ANTIGEN OF THE TUBERCLE BACILLUS
Authors: Enders John F.
Published: June 2004

1. Typical lethal anaphylactic shock has been produced in guinea pigs by means of the specific carbohydrate derived from a human strain of tubercle bacillus. The phenomenon has been observed in animals both actively and passively sensitized.

2. Typical contractions have been evoked in the isolated uterus of guinea pigs upon the addition of the specific carbohydrate to the bath.

3. True anaphylactic shock against the specific carbohydrate in guinea pigs sensitized with the tubercle bacillus does not prevent or diminish the cutaneous reaction to O. T. in those animals which recover.
A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF THE PRECIPITIN REACTION BETWEEN TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCUS POLYSACCHARIDE AND PURIFIED HOMOLOGOUS ANTIBODY
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Kendall Forrest E.
Published: June 2004

1. A quantitative study of the reaction between the soluble specific substance of Type III pneumococcus and its homologous antibody has been made.

2. The entire reaction, from excess of antibody, to excess of specific substance with its accompanying inhibition zone effect, may be expressed by three mass-law equations.

3. The significance of these findings is discussed.
STUDIES IN AGGLUTINATION
Authors: Shibley Gerald S.
Published: June 2004

1. The agglutination inhibition zone, artificially produced by heating, has been studied.

2. The phenomenon is specific and is dependent upon the presence in the inhibition zone serum of altered agglutinin (agglutinoid).
INTRADERMAL IMMUNIZATION OF MONKEYS WITH ONE SET OF INJECTIONS OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS
Authors: Rhoads C. P.
Published: June 2004

1. By means of a single large dose of poliomyelitis virus, distributed at a number of intradermal sites, active immunity has been produced in Macacus rhesus monkeys, as shown by skin neutralization and intracisternal tests.

2. In the small series (four animals) of monkeys so treated, neither abortive nor paralytic signs of experimental poliomyelitis appeared.
THE TRANSFORMATION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL TYPES
Authors: Dawson Martin H.
Published: June 2004

1. Type-specific S pneumococci may be transformed from one specific S type into other specific S types through the intermediate stage of the R form.

2. R forms of pneumococi, derived from any specific S type, may be transformed into S organisms of other specific types by the following procedure:—The subcutaneous injection, in white mice, of small amounts of living R forms together with vaccines of heterologous S cultures.

(i) S vaccines heated for 15' at temperatures between 60° and 80°C., are effective in causing R forms, derived from heterologous S types, to revert to the type of the vaccine.

(ii) S vaccines heated for 15' at temperatures between 80° and 100°C., are not effective in causing R forms, derived from heterologous S types, to revert to the type of the vaccine.

(iii) S vaccines heated for 15' at temperatures between 80° and 100°C., may cause 2 R and 3 R cultures to revert to their original S type.

(iv) S vaccines of any type, including Type I, heated for 15' at temperatures between 80° and 100°C., are not effective in causing 1 R cultures to revert to their original S type.

(v) S vaccines heated for periods as long as two hours at 60°C. are effective in causing R forms, derived from heterologous types, to revert to the type of the vaccine.

3. A single cell R strain, derived from a Type II S pneumococcus, has been successively transformed into a Type III S, a Type I S and a Group IV S culture.

4. Corresponding with the various degrees of "degradation" of the R form there are varying degrees of "development" of the S form.

5. The nature of the conditions responsible for alteration of type as induced by these procedures has been investigated and the causes responsible for the transformations are discussed.

6. All attempts to produce transformation of type in vitro have been unsuccessful.

7. The rô1e which the phenomenon of transformation of type may play in problems of infection and epidemiology is indicated.
SURVIVAL OF VACCINE VIRUS SEPARATED FROM LIVING HOST CELLS BY COLLODION MEMBRANES
Authors: Muckenfuss R. S. , Rivers T. M.
Published: June 2004

Vaccine virus, suspended in a mixture of serum and Tyrode's solution and separated by collodion membranes from a suspension of living kidney cells in serum and Tyrode's solution, remained active at 37°C. for a longer period of time than did vaccine virus incubated only in a mixture of serum and Tyrode solution.
THE RÔLE OF THE RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM IN IMMUNITY
Authors: Jungeblut Claus W. , Newnan Gladys
Published: June 2004

1. Guinea pigs blocked by intravenous injection of either India ink or trypan blue succumbed with fatal shock after the intravenous injection of heterophile immune serum, although the time of death was somewhat delayed as compared with normal controls.

2. Local blockade of the skin of guinea pigs with trypan blue inhibited completely the development of the characteristic skin reaction following intracutaneous injection of Forssman serum within the blocked area.

3. Infiltration of the skin of guinea pigs with India ink afforded no protection against the full development of the toxic skin reaction.
A COMPARISON OF THE METHOD OF EXCRETION OF NEUTRAL RED AND PHENOL RED BY THE MAMMALIAN KIDNEY
Authors: MacKay Eaton , Oliver Jean
Published: June 2004

A direct examination with the method of perfusion of the excretion by the frog's kidney of phenol red and neutral red has shown that the dyes are eliminated in different manners as a result of different mechanisms. The former is excreted in much the greater part by the glomeruli; the latter by the tubules. Urea is excreted in a manner similar to phenol red.

The indirect examination of the function of the mammalian kidney by means of excretion ratios has shown a like contrast between the manner of elimination of the two dyes, and here again was found a similarity in the manner of excretion of phenol red and urea.

This would seem to be as close an examination as can be made with our present methods of experimentation of the question of the mechanism of the excretion of these substances by mammals. As the facts stand they constitute strong presumptive evidence that in mammals and amphibia the like results have arisen from like causes, phenol red and urea being eliminated chiefly through the glomeruli in both instances while neutral red is excreted principally through the tubules.
THE EFFECT OF THE X-RAY ON THE NODULES OF VERRUGA PERUANA
Authors: Muller Henry R. , Tyler Joseph R.
Published: June 2004

The supposition that X-ray would affect the developing and the developed verruga nodules experimentally induced in the monkey, has proved correct. The experiments show that the early verruga nodules when exposed to a single, properly graduated dose of X-ray producing merely erythema of the skin, are inhibited in their evolution. Moreover, the skin of Macacus rhesus monkeys is modified by a single erythema dose of X-ray in such a way that infection of it with Bartonella bacilliformis is rendered more difficult.

These results are sufficiently striking to warrant the trial of X-ray in suitably guarded doses in the treatment of verruga nodules in man. Should the employment of convalescent serum influence the course of Carrion's disease favorably and the use of X-ray bring about a more certain and rapid devolution of verruga nodules in man, two practically applicable therapeutic measures will have been provided for the treatment of the two forms of the human disease.
IS THE LOCAL VASODILATATION AFTER DIFFERENT TISSUE INJURIES REFERABLE TO A SINGLE CAUSE?
Authors: Rous Peyton , Gilding H. P.
Published: June 2004

Experiment shows that the vascular contraction responsible for Bier's spotting prevails over the local vasodilatation due to mechanical injury of the skin, and causes the local reddening to blanch. It is without effect, however, upon the local vasodilatation caused by histamine pricked into the skin. The results raise doubts concerning the validity of the hypothesis referring all local vasodilatations to the action of a single chemical substance or set of substances ("H substance"), liberated within the tissues.
ON THE ISOLATION, CULTIVATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE SO-CALLED INTRACELLULAR "SYMBIONT" OR "RICKETTSIA" OF PERIPLANETA AMERICANA
Authors: Glaser R. W.
Published: June 2004

In Periplaneta americana, the large American roach, bacteriocytes are found in both sexes. These bacteriocytes are scattered throughout the fat tissue and their cytoplasm is filled with microorganisms. Evidence is presented to show that the intracellular forms are diphtheroidal bacilli. These diphtheroids are transmitted from one generation to another through the ova.

A method is described whereby tissues, free from contaminants, may be obtained from Periplaneta. A medium and a new method, the "spotting technique," are described, by means of which initial cultures of the parasites were obtained from eggs within capsules, from ova and fat tissue bacteriocytes. Two conditions appear necessary, one to initiate adaptation to the new environment, the other to bring its complete realization to fruition. When development has been properly initiated, further adaptation occurs with successive transfers until finally certain other media appear suitable. Approximately 14 per cent of the isolation and cultivation attempts succeeded. All of the isolations were studied and it was found that three morphologically distinct types had been cultivated. In general one host yielded only one type, but one female revealed three types and another two. One type was also isolated once from a fecal emulsion. The probable reason for this result is discussed.

The three types isolated were diphtheroidal bacilli resembling one another closely enough to be considered a single species but invariably offering distinct minor differences to warrant a separation into three distinct types. These three types have remained true to their original forms and sizes through 52 transfers. The sizes, general morphology, and tinctorial reactions of the three types cultivated correspond to the intracellular parasites of Periplaneta americana. The cultural and biochemical activities of the strains did not reveal any sound characters for differentiating types. Serologically, however, useful distinctions were found.

Some additional evidence along immunological lines is offered to show that the microorganism cultivated is a representative of the identical species parasitic within Periplaneta americana.

The evidence appears sound to the writer that the Periplaneta parasite has been isolated and cultivated over 20 times and that it is a bacterium belonging to the genus Corynebacterium (the diphtheroids). For the species the name Corynebacterium periplanetae nov. sp. variety americana is proposed.

The three cultural types did not produce forms small enough to pass through the pores of Berkefeld "N" candles.
STUDIES IN THE BLOOD CYTOLOGY OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise , Casey Albert E.
Published: June 2004

A study of the blood cytology of normal male rabbits was carried out from October 20, 1927 to November 22, 1928 in connection with an investigation of constitutional and environmental factors related to the occurrence and course of disease. In 1110 observations on 174 animals, total red and white cells counts, differential white cell counts by the supravital method, and hemoglobin estimations were made.

A statistical analysis of the results obtained is presented. Attention is directed to the occurrence of wide variations in the numbers of the various white cells as contrasted with comparatively small variations in the numbers of red cells and of hemoglobin content.

The results recorded are regarded as representing approximate rather than fixed values of normality.
THE TRANSFORMATION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL TYPES
Authors: Dawson Martin H.
Published: June 2004

R forms of Pneumococcus may be converted into S forms of the homologous Type. In addition to the methods previously reported,—(1) animal passage and (2) growth in anti-R sera,—conversion may be effected by the following procedures as employed by Griffith; (1) The subcutaneous injection, in white mice, of large amounts of living R organisms. (2) The subcutaneous injection, in white mice, of small amounts of living R organisms together with the heat-killed bacteria from large amounts of homologous S cultures. There are "varying degrees of constancy of the R variant"; but by these means it has been possible to effect conversion of all R forms selected. Attempts to cause a further "degradation" of R organisms by continued growth in homologous immune serum have been unsuccessful.

Type II S and III S vaccines are equally effective in producing conversion when heated for 15' at 60°C., or for 15' at 100°C. Type I S vaccine, however, while effective in causing conversion when heated for 15' at 60°C., apparently loses this property when heated for 15' at 100°C.

R vaccines, and vaccines of other organisms, when injected together with live R cultures, have always failed to produce conversion.

The causes responsible for conversion under these experimental conditions are discussed and the possibility of the occurrence of a similar process under natural conditions in human beings is indicated.
ON THE RELATION OF THE ORGANISMS IN THE TUNICA VAGINALIS OF ANIMALS INOCULATED WITH MEXICAN TYPHUS TO RICKETTSIA PROWAZEKI AND TO THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF THAT DISEASE
Authors: Mooser H. , Dummer Clyde
Published: June 2004

Healthy lice became infected with Rickettsia prowazeki after feeding on monkeys inoculated with a strain of Mexican typhus. The same result was obtained in 100 per cent of lice by rectal inoculation of an emulsion of tunica vaginalis of guinea pigs reacting to the same strain. In the tunica vaginalis of guinea pigs and rats inoculated intraperitoneally with an emulsion of lice containing Rickettsia prowazeki the intracellular organism constantly associated with the passage strain appeared regularly. Rickettsia prowazeki found in lice and the organism constantly present in the tunica of guinea pigs and rats reacting to our strain of tabardillo are indistinguishable morphologically and tinctorially and their mode of intracellular multiplication is alike in every respect. It is concluded that they are identical. This organism is constantly associated with the causative agent of Mexican typhus, both in mammals and in lice, and all of our attempts to separate them have failed.
THE RECOVERY OF VACCINE VIRUS AFTER NEUTRALIZATION WITH IMMUNE SERUM
Authors: Long Perrin H. , Olitskly Peter K.
Published: June 2004

1. When vaccine virus and its specific antiserum are brought together, no evidence of stable union between them can be determined by the experimental methods employed.

2. A definite relationship exists between the degree of dilution of a neutral vaccine virus-antiserum mixture and the size of the lesion produced by endermic inoculation of rabbits of any given dilution.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF FOWL CHOLERA
Authors: Hughes Thomas P.
Published: June 2004

1. A bacteriological study has been made of 210 fresh strains of Pasteurella obtained from typical cases of fowl cholera on seven widely separated poultry farms.

2. The strains have proved identical in consisting of small, pleomorphic, bipolar staining, Gram-negative, non-motile bacilli. They grew rapidly in infusion broth plus a trace of hemolgobin. They formed acid but no gas in media containing dextrose, saccharose, and mannite; indol was produced.

3. The strains fall into three distinct groups, according to their colony formation on hemoglobin agar. The "fluorescent" colony was large, whitish, opaque, exhibiting, under suitable conditions marked fluorescence. The "blue" colony was smaller, clear slate-blue, and non-fluorescent. The "intermediate" colony was moderately fluorescent at 15–18 hours growth, and "blue" thereafter. It was "blue" at all times when crowded and occasionally of "ring" form. "Fluorescent" colony cultures developed "blue" colony forms under certain conditions; otherwise all forms were stable.

4. Strains from "fluorescent" colonies were resistant to precipitation by acids, to sedimentation by centrifuging, and although they combined with specific antiserum, did not agglutinate. They were relatively highly virulent and occurred in flocks where fowl cholera was epidemic.

5. Strains from "blue" colonies were precipitated by acids over a wide range of concentration and agglutinated strongly in antisera. They were relatively of low virulence and occurred in flocks where fowl cholera was endemic.

6. Strains from "intermediate" colonies varied in behavior betweee the "fluorescent" and "blue" strains. They came from a flock where fowl cholera was epidemic.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF FOWL CHOLERA
Authors: Hughes Thomas P. , Pritchett Ida W.
Published: June 2004

1. In the experiments here presented, P. avicida proved incapable of inciting fowl cholera when introduced directly into the alimentary tract. On the other hand, when administered into the upper respiratory passages, it induced typical disease.

2. When P. avicida was introduced into the nasal passages of controlled, selected chickens, some died of typical septicemic cholera, a few developed chronic pneumonias and other conditions and succumbed, a few developed localized upper respiratory inflammations, such as rhinitis, roup, and wattle involvement, while yet a few others became "healthy" nasal carriers. Usually, however, more than 50 per cent resisted infection. Repeated titrations of this sort gave, in general, uniform results, save that in spring and summer the per cent mortality decreased.

3. P. avicida was recovered from a number of cases of "spontaneous" roup, rhinitis, and wattle disease.

4. Groups of chickens reacted similarly to doses of virulent P. avicida varying from 20,000,000 to 20,000. Outside these limits, dosage exercised a marked influence on mortality.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF FOWL CHOLERA
Authors: Pritchett Ida W. , Beaudette F. R. , Hughes T. P.
Published: June 2004

Field studies of fowl cholera on two commercial poultry farms are described. One farm, previously free of cholera, was studied during an active epidemic, which occurred during the winter months. The strains of P. avicida recovered, both from "autopsy" and from "healthy carriers" proved generally similar, and to be of the "fluorescent" or "intermediate" colony type, which is of relatively high virulence. After the subsidence of the epidemic, these strains tended to disappear.

The second flock consisted of a small group of birds which had survived an epidemic of cholera the previous year, and in which the infection was prevailing in endemic form. No deaths occurred during the period of observation, but the number of birds with localized lesions and the number of carriers increased to a high level during the winter months. The strains of P. avicida were apparently of the "blue" colony form, although some, as shown by their acid and serum agglutination reactions, resembled the "intermediates." These strains appeared to be spreading rather than dying out. The individual fowls differed in their response to the presence of infection; some showed localized lesions, others were carriers, while still others seemed entirely refractory.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF FOWL CHOLERA
Authors: Pritchett Ida W. , Beaudette F. R. , Hughes T. P.
Published: June 2004

An investigation of endemic fowl cholera, the common form of the disease in this locality, has been made at a poultry farm in Belle Meade, N. J. The focus or reservoir of P. avicida proved to be the healthy pullets which had become carriers the previous year and which were selected as the breeding stock for the ensuing season. From these carriers, the organisms spread and gave rise during the winter months to the various forms of infection, including the carrier state, localized upper respiratory disease, and typical cholera. Strains of P. avicida were in general very similar and of the "blue" colony type. They were all of the same low degree of virulence; no differences were demonstrable between a) "carrier" and "autopsy" strains, b) strains where the infection was spreading and severe, and strains where disease was rare, and c) "autumn" and "winter" strains. In general, a relatively high carrier rate was accompanied by a high mortality rate, although in one instance, a community with high carrier incidence plus a probable high degree of host resistance suffered but little fatal infection. An attempt was made to reduce the amount of cholera by the removal of carriers. The results of this measure indicate that such a procedure is both effective and practical.
EARLY PULMONARY LESIONS IN PARTIALLY IMMUNE ALCOHOLIZED MICE FOLLOWING INHALATION OF VIRULENT PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Stillman Ernest G. , Branch Arnold
Published: June 2004

1. The serial section examination of 71 partially immune alcoholised mice which were killed at intervals following the inhalation of virulent pneumococci showed pulmonary localisation in 7 or 9%.

2. In the case of the mouse the initial lesion of pneumococcus pneumonia is in the alveolar wall and the exudate into the alveolar lumen occurs secondarily.
STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION
Authors: Menkin Valy , Menkin Miriam F.
Published: June 2004

1. By means of a colorimetric method the concentration of trypan blue in capillaries can be estimated by direct observation and its changes followed as the dye passes out of the circulating blood stream.

2. The change in concentration of trypan blue in the capillaries of both the normal and the inflamed mesentery of frogs can be described by two separate exponential equations of the type: y = be-ax.

3. From these equations it is found that the rate of fall of concentration following intraventricular injection of the dye is almost twice as great in the capillaries of the inflamed as in those of the normal mesentery. This difference is a measure of increased permeability with inflammation.
THE BACTERIAL GROWTH INHIBITOR (LACTENIN) OF MILK
Authors: Jones F. S. , Simms Henry S.
Published: June 2004

The bacterial growth inhibitory substance found in milk is called lactenin in this paper. It is stable for 1½ hours at pH 4 and at pH 10 and for longer periods in neutral solution. It is not associated with salts and carbohydrates and may be separated from them by dialysis.

Lactenin is removed by agents which precipitate the proteins of whey. Part of these proteins may be hydrolyzed by tryptic digestion and the resulting split products, together with the salts and sugar, may then be removed by dialysis without appreciable loss of lactenic activity.

This dialysis may be performed in a concentrating dialyzer, under sterile conditions and at low temperature, thus reducing the solution to small volume. The material may then be completely desiccated and kept 3 months with practically no loss of activity. The residue, on treating this dried material with salt solution, is 200 times as active as the original milk, on a dry weight basis.

The size of hemolytic zones of the scarlet fever streptococcus grown on a medium containing lactenin is found to furnish a simple and reliable measure of lactenic activity.
CHANGES IN HUMORAL IMMUNITY OCCURRING DURING THE EARLY STAGES OF EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTION
Authors: Terrell Edward E.
Published: June 2004

A study was made of the changes in humoral immunity occurring during the early phases of experimental pneumococcus infection in the dog and cat. The methods devised by Robertson and Sia were employed to demonstrate the presence of anti-pneumococcus properties in the serum of animals naturally resistant to this micro-organism. It was found that with a generalized and overwhelming infection accompanied by early blood invasion, there was a prompt and rapid decrease in the concentration of natural humoral immune bodies which frequently disappeared entirely by the time of death. This same early diminution of humoral immune substances, opsonins, agglutinins, and pneumococcidal-promoting bodies was observed in animals that survived a moderately severe generalized infection but the concentration of immune bodies rose again with the onset of recovery. The decrease in concentration of humoral immune substances during a severe generalized infection appeared to be due to the combination of "S" substance with the normal immune bodies.

When the pneumococcus infection was more localized as in the case of true lobar pneumonia a quite different sequence of events was observed to occur. Several animals, in which extensive lobar pneumonia was produced, showed the presence in quantity of humoral immune bodies in the blood throughout the course of an infection terminating fatally.

These findings suggest that after the inception of pneumococcus infection in the dog and cat the chief function of natural anti-pneurnococcus substances in the blood is to limit or prevent blood invasion. When pneumococcic infection is localized these circulating antibodies appear to have little effect either in preventing the spread of the process or determining the outcome of the disease.
REACTIONS OF RABBITS TO INTRACUTANEOUS INJECTIONS OF PNEUMOCOCCI AND THEIR PRODUCTS
Authors: Julianelle Louis A.
Published: June 2004

1. Sixty rabbits were immunized by the repeated injections into the skin of small doses of suspensions of heat-killed Type I pneumococci. In 53 of the rabbits no type-specific antibodies appeared in the serum, and in the remaining seven the titre of these antibodies in the serum was very low. In all cases, however, the sera possessed a high titre of species-specific antibodies.

2. Forty-five rabbits similarly immunized by injections of heat-killed Type III pneumococci also failed to form type-specific antibodies but did form species-specific antibodies.

3. Suspensions of heat-killed R pneumococci and solutions of bacterial substances when injected into the skin stimulated the production of species-specific antibodies, although they failed to stimulate the production of any type-specific antibodies.

4. Animals which had been immunized by intracutaneous injections still possessed the ability to form type-specific antibodies when they were subsequently given intravenous inoculations of type-specific pneumococci.
REACTIONS OF RABBITS TO INTRACUTANEOUS INJECTIONS OF PNEUMOCOCCI AND THEIR PRODUCTS
Authors: Julianelle Louis A.
Published: June 2004

1. Injection of suspensions of heat-killed pneumococci into the skin of rabbits is followed by an active immunity which is effective against intravenous infection by homologous and heterologous types of Pneumococcus.

2. This form of active immunity may be induced by the injection of S or R strains of Pneumococcus.

3. Intracutaneous immunization with soluble derivatives of Pneumococcus does not induce active immunity to infection.

4. The sera of seventy-nine per cent of the rabbits immunized to Type I Pneumococcus by intracutaneous injections afforded no protection to mice against infection with pneumococci.

5. None of the sera of rabbits intracutaneously immunized to the type-specific Type III (S) pneumococci, to R cells, or to soluble derivatives of Pneumococcus protected white mice against infection.

6. The sera of rabbits immunized first intracutaneously and subsequently intravenously possess a high titre of protective antibodies.

7. It may be concluded that when type-specific pneumococci are injected into the skin they lose the property of stimulating an active immunity of a specific type and of stimulating the production of type-specific antibodies, but they act just as do the degraded or R forms, causing the animals to become resistant to infection with pneumococci of all types without the development of any type-specific antibodies in the serum.
REACTIONS OF RABBITS TO INTRACUTANEOUS INJECTIONS OF PNEUMOCOCCI AND THEIR PRODUCTS
Authors: Julianelle Louis A.
Published: June 2004

1. Following repeated intracutaneous injections of heat-killed pneumococci rabbits acquire an increased skin reactivity.

2. The increased skin reactivity reaches a maximum after 4 to 6 injections have been made, after which it becomes greatly diminished.

3. The relationship of increased skin reactivity to active resistance to infection by Pneumococcus, and to the presence of species-specific antibodies in the blood, is still obscure.

4. The increased skin reactivity is not transferable by serum from a highly reactive to a normal rabbit.

5. After regression of the reaction to the first injection of Pneumococcus into the skin, there frequently follows a recrudescence, or exacerbation, of the reaction.

6. The increased skin reactivity and secondary reactions are incited alike by all types and all forms of Pneumococcus.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF COLOSTRUM
Authors: Smith Theobald , Little Ralph B.
Published: June 2004

Under certain safeguards, such as isolation, calves from a large dairy herd have been raised by feeding normal and immune cow serum in place of colostrum. The losses were about one out of ten in the later experiments. This outcome may probably be improved by the subcutaneous injection of serum during the first day. This loss may be no greater than that under ordinary conditions, since sporadic deaths among calves are not infrequent. However, no satisfactory statistics are available for comparison with results as given above.