bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fighting, worrying and sharing: Operation ‘Protective Edge’ as the first WhatsApp war
Authors: Malka Vered , Ariel Yaron , Avidar Ruth
Published: October 2015

This study looks at the roles that WhatsApp, the popular smartphone application, played in the lives of Israeli citizens, who were exposed to war menaces during July 2014. During the war, WhatsApp became the subject of public, media, and political discourse, especially within the context of disseminating information related to combat – ‘authentic’ news items (before they were published in the media) alongside rumors that were devoid of factual basis. Research questions focused on the ways in which citizens used the application, the attributed effects of that usage on their lives, and the possible connections between proximity of residence to combat areas, patterns of usage, and perceived implications. Data are based on a representative survey of 500 Israeli citizens aged 16–75, all of whom are smartphone users (maximum sample error 4.5%). The survey was conducted during the third week of the military operation ‘Protective Edge’, which took place between Israel and Hamas in the summer of 2014.

The authors’ findings suggest that WhatsApp played a central multi-functional role in the lives of its users during the wartime, functioning as a mass as well as interpersonal communication channel. Participants used the application on a daily basis for various purposes: getting news and updates regarding the war; checking on their loved ones; delivering humorous satirical messages; spreading war-related rumors; and helping to promote voluntary aid initiations. Users expressed their beliefs that the application enabled them to stay updated and ‘in the know’, helped them calm down, and deepened their communal and national sentiments. While findings regarding WhatsApp and similar applications usages have been collected for the last few years, this research exposes its centrality under extreme circumstances. Further on, this work suggests that WhatsApp may be thought of as a unique combination of mass and interpersonal communication channels.
The Emotion Dynamics of Transitional Justice: An Emotion Sharing Perspective
Authors: Karstedt Susanne
Published: October 2015

Since the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal, transitional justice (TJ) procedures have been cast in terms of emotion: disgust, horror, revenge, and remorse. For contemporary TJ, claims are made that it contributes to the emotional recovery of individual victims and conflict-torn societies after mass atrocity crimes. Empirical support for such claims is mixed at best. This article proposes a framework of “emotion sharing” in order to enhance our understanding of the emotion dynamics in TJ settings. It will focus on processes of emotion sharing in TJ fora, and discuss the specific limitations and conditions of the TJ settings in which emotion sharing takes place. Conclusions are drawn as to the claims, realities, and prospects of emotion dynamics in TJ fora.
Remorse and Criminal Justice
Authors: Bandes Susan A.
Published: October 2015

A defendant’s failure to show remorse is one of the most powerful factors in criminal sentencing, including capital sentencing. Yet there is currently no evidence that remorse can be accurately evaluated in a courtroom. Conversely there is evidence that race and other impermissible factors create hurdles to evaluating remorse. There is thus an urgent need for studies about whether and how remorse can be accurately evaluated. Moreover, there is little evidence that remorse is correlated with future law-abiding behavior or other legitimate penal purposes, and, in fact, there is evidence that remorse is often conflated with shame, which is correlated with increased future criminality. More accurate information on the nature and evaluation of remorse can be used to reform the criminal justice system.
Property and Emotions
Authors: Conway Heather , Stannard John
Published: October 2015

Relatively little has been written on the connection between property and emotions from a legal perspective, despite the centrality of property in everyday life and the complex relationships that exist between owners and their property. Scholars working in other disciplines have analyzed these links, identifying “proprietary” emotions and corresponding emotional traits. However, little has been mapped onto the field of law. This article looks at key emotions surrounding property as identified in psychological and, to a lesser extent, sociological literature. After mapping these onto selected areas of property law, it posits the need for a deeper and more collective field of inquiry.
Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease: a perspective review
Authors: Iqbal Kundan , Kelly Clive
Published: October 2015

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease affecting 0.5–1% of the worldwide population. Whilst predominantly causing chronic pain and inflammation in synovial joints, it is also associated with significant extra-articular manifestations in a large proportion of patients. Among the various pulmonary manifestations, interstitial lung disease (ILD), a progressive fibrotic disease of the lung parenchyma, is the commonest and most important, contributing significantly to increased morbidity and mortality. The most frequent patterns of RA-associated ILD (RA-ILD) are usual interstitial pneumonia and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia. New insights during the past several years have highlighted the epidemiological impact of RA-ILD and have begun to identify factors contributing to its pathogenesis. Risk factors include smoking, male sex, human leukocyte antigen haplotype, rheumatoid factor and anticyclic citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs). Combined with clinical information, chest examination and pulmonary function testing, high-resolution computed tomography of the chest forms the basis of investigation and allows assessment of subtype and disease extent. The management of RA-ILD is a challenge. Several therapeutic agents have been suggested in the literature but as yet no large randomized controlled trials have been undertaken to guide clinical management. Therapy is further complicated by commonly prescribed drugs of proven articular benefit such as methotrexate, leflunomide (LEF) and anti-tumour necrosis factor α agents having been implicated in both ex novo occurrence and acceleration of existing ILD. Agents that offer promise include immunomodulators such as mycophenolate and rituximab as well as newly studied antifibrotic agents. In this review, we discuss the current literature to evaluate recommendations for the management of RA-ILD and discuss key gaps in our knowledge of this important disease.
Big Data and The Phantom Public: Walter Lippmann and the fallacy of data privacy self-management
Authors: Obar Jonathan A
Published: October 2015

In 1927, Walter Lippmann published The Phantom Public, denouncing the ‘mystical fallacy of democracy.’ Decrying romantic democratic models that privilege self-governance, he writes: “I have not happened to meet anybody, from a President of the United States to a professor of political science, who came anywhere near to embodying the accepted ideal of the sovereign and omnicompetent citizen.” Almost 90 years later, Lippmann’s pragmatism is as relevant as ever, and should be applied in new contexts where similar self-governance concerns persist. This paper does just that, repurposing Lippmann’s argument in the context of the ongoing debate over the role of the digital citizen in Big Data management. It is argued that proposals by the Federal Trade Commission, the White House and the US Congress, championing failed notice and choice privacy policy, perpetuate a self-governance fallacy comparable to Lippmann’s, referred to here as the fallacy of data privacy self-management. Even if the digital citizen had the faculties and the system for data privacy self-management, the digital citizen has little time for data governance. We desire the freedom to pursue the ends of digital production, without being inhibited by the means. We want privacy, and safety, but cannot complete all that is required for its protection. If it is true that the fallacy of democracy is similar to the fallacy of data privacy self-management, then perhaps the pragmatic solution is representative data management: a combination of non/for-profit digital dossier management via infomediaries that can ensure the protection of personal data, while freeing individuals from what Lippmann referred to as an ‘unattainable ideal.’
Being In-Between
Authors: Abo-Zena Mona M. , Pavalow Maura
Published: October 2015

The “in-between” position of emerging adults (EAs) aligns with the in-between position of participatory action research (PAR), where individuals are both participants and researchers. Through PAR, academics and participants partner in a cyclical process of exploration, knowledge construction, and action. EAs’ foray into diverse social contexts, broadening emotion regulation capacities, and neurological maturation provides EAs with metacognitive abilities to reflect on complex social interactions. Research aimed at understanding EAs can benefit from utilizing the increased capacities of EAs by involving them in designing, executing, and interpreting the findings through methodologies like PAR, thus increasing its ecological validity (or quality as defined in PAR contexts). This article outlines the utility of PAR in studying both common and understudied issues and populations relevant to EAs and provides a case study to illustrate a PAR project on intersectionality and microaggressions among an undergraduate population at an institution of higher education in the United States.
Delivery of HIV Transmission Risk-Reduction Services by HIV Care Providers in the United States—2013
Authors: Beer Linda , Weiser John , West Brady T. , Duke Chris , Gremel Garrett , Skarbinski Jacek
Published: October 2015

Objectives:

Evidence-based guidelines have long recommended that HIV care providers deliver HIV transmission risk-reduction (RR) services, but recent data are needed to assess their adoption.

Methods:

The authors surveyed a probability sample of 1234 US HIV care providers on delivery of 9 sexual behavior– and 7 substance use–related HIV transmission RR services and created an indicator of “adequate” delivery of services in each area, defined as performing approximately 70% or more of applicable services.

Results:

Providers were most likely to encourage patients to disclose HIV status to all partners since HIV diagnosis (81%) and least likely to ask about disclosure to new sex and drug injection partners at follow-up visits (both 41%). Adequate delivery of sexual behavior– and substance use–related RR services was low (37% and 43%, respectively).

Conclusion:

The majority of US HIV care providers may need additional support to improve delivery of comprehensive HIV transmission RR services.
The Meniscus-Deficient Knee
Authors: Rao Allison J. , Erickson Brandon J. , Cvetanovich Gregory L. , Yanke Adam B. , Bach Bernard R. , Cole Brian J.
Published: October 2015

Meniscal tears are the most common knee injury, and partial meniscectomies are the most common orthopaedic surgical procedure. The injured meniscus has an impaired ability to distribute load and resist tibial translation. Partial or complete loss of the meniscus promotes early development of chondromalacia and osteoarthritis. The primary goal of treatment for meniscus-deficient knees is to provide symptomatic relief, ideally to delay advanced joint space narrowing, and ultimately, joint replacement. Surgical treatments, including meniscal allograft transplantation (MAT), high tibial osteotomy (HTO), and distal femoral osteotomy (DFO), are options that attempt to decrease the loads on the articular cartilage of the meniscus-deficient compartment by replacing meniscal tissue or altering joint alignment. Clinical and biomechanical studies have reported promising outcomes for MAT, HTO, and DFO in the postmeniscectomized knee. These procedures can be performed alone or in conjunction with ligament reconstruction or chondral procedures (reparative, restorative, or reconstructive) to optimize stability and longevity of the knee. Complications can include fracture, nonunion, patella baja, compartment syndrome, infection, and deep venous thrombosis. MAT, HTO, and DFO are effective options for young patients suffering from pain and functional limitations secondary to meniscal deficiency.
The generalized viscosity implicit rules of nonexpansive mappings in Hilbert spaces
Authors: Ke Yifen , Ma Changfeng
Published: October 2015

The generalized viscosity implicit rules of nonexpansive mappings in Hilbert spaces are established. The strong convergence theorems of the rules are proved under certain assumptions imposed on the sequences of parameters. The results presented in this paper extend and improve the main results of Refs. (Moudafi in J. Math. Anal. Appl. 241:46-55, 2000; Xu et al. in Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2015:41, 2015). Moreover, applications to a more general system of variational inequalities, the constrained convex minimization problem and K-mapping are included.
Hox11genes regulate postnatal longitudinal bone growth and growth plate proliferation
Authors: Pineault Kyriel M. , Swinehart Ilea T. , Garthus Kayla N. , Ho Edward , Yao Qing , Schipani Ernestina , Kozloff Kenneth M. , Wellik Deneen M.
Published: October 2015

Hox genes are critical regulators of skeletal development and Hox9-13 paralogs, specifically, are necessary for appendicular development along the proximal to distal axis. Loss of function of both Hoxa11 and Hoxd11 results in severe malformation of the forelimb zeugopod. In the radius and ulna of these mutants, chondrocyte development is perturbed, growth plates are not established, and skeletal growth and maturation fails. In compound mutants in which one of the four Hox11 alleles remains wild-type, establishment of a growth plate is preserved and embryos develop normally through newborn stages, however, skeletal phenotypes become evident postnatally. During postnatal development, the radial and ulnar growth rate slows compared to wild-type controls and terminal bone length is reduced. Growth plate height is decreased in mutants and premature growth plate senescence occurs along with abnormally high levels of chondrocyte proliferation in the reserve and proliferative zones. Compound mutants additionally develop an abnormal curvature of the radius, which causes significant distortion of the carpal elements. The progressive bowing of the radius appears to result from physical constraint caused by the disproportionately slower growth of the ulna than the radius. Collectively, these data are consistent with premature depletion of forelimb zeugopod progenitor cells in the growth plate of Hox11 compound mutants, and demonstrate a continued function for Hox genes in postnatal bone growth and patterning.
MAP3K1 function is essential for cyto-architecture of mouse organ of Corti and survival of auditory hair cells
Authors: Yousaf Rizwan , Meng Qinghang , Hufnagel Robert B. , Xia Ying , Puligilla Chandrakala , Ahmed Zubair M. , Riazuddin Saima
Published: October 2015

MAP3K1 is a serine/threonine kinase that is activated by a diverse set of stimuli and exerts its effect through various downstream affecter molecules, including JNK, ERK1/2 and p38. In humans, mutant alleles of MAP3K1 are associated with 46, XY sex reversal. Until recently, the only phenotype observed in Map3k1tm1Yxia mutant mice was open eyelids at birth. Here, we report that homozygous Map3k1tm1Yxia mice have early-onset profound hearing loss accompanied by the progressive degeneration of cochlear outer hair cells. In the mouse inner ear, MAP3K1 has punctate localization at the apical surface of the supporting cells in close proximity to basal bodies. Although the cytoarchitecture, neuronal wiring and synaptic junctions in the organ of Corti are grossly preserved, Map3k1tm1Yxia mutant mice have supernumerary functional OHCs and Deiters' cells. Loss of MAP3K1 function resulted in the down-regulation of Fgfr3, Fgf8, Fgf10 and Atf3 expression in the inner ear. Fgfr3, Fgf8 and Fgf10 have a role in the otic placode induction or in otic epithelium development in mice and their functional deficits cause defects in cochlear morphogenesis and hearing loss. Our studies suggest that MAP3K1 has an essential role in the regulation of these key cochlear morphogenesis genes. Collectively, our data highlight the critical role of MAP3K1 in the development and function of the mouse inner ear and hearing.
Types of scientific rationality in aspects of the three paradigm
Authors: Карпин  , Karpin V. , Живогляд  , Zhivoglyad R. , Гудкова  , Gudkova S. , Козупица  , Kozupitsa G.
Published: October 2015

Since the release of the well-known work of W. Weaver «Science and Complexity» (1948) only V.S. Stepin had taken some significant efforts to develop the doctrine of the three types of systems in nature. In this case, the main achievements of V.S. Stepin in postnonclassic reduced to two fundamental results: violation of the basic principle of T. Kuhn´s contradictions when changing paradigms (V.S. Stepin shows the effect of «investments», when complex systems operate classical and nonclassical rationality simultaneously) and repeated emphasis on the possibility of «change ... the probability of emerging of other (the system) conditions». At the same time, V.S. Stepin in his last works (monographs) identified a particular role of self-organization and self-development in case of complex biosocial systems. All this in theory of chaos and self-organization form 5 basic principles of functioning of complexity (or systems of the third type - STT). In fact, V.S. Stepin laid the foundation for the future (new) philosophy and developed now theory of chaos and self-organization in which humanity moved into the area of uncertainty of living (social in particular) systems completely. However, the rationality of the third type (postnonclassic) requires corrections and additions, as shown in a number of monographs of V.S. Stepin.
Stochastic processing of chaotic dynamics outcome of biomechanical parameters in human
Authors: Берестин  , Berestin D. , Игуменов  , Igumenov D. , Рассадина  , Rassadina Yu. , Шиляева  , Shilyaeva O.
Published: October 2015

The results of the stochastic analysis of postural tremor (as alleged involuntary movement) and tapping (as supposedly voluntary movement) are considered in a comparative perspective. It is proved that the stochastic analysis of the results of chaotic dynamics in tremorogramms and tapping does not give significant differences (absence of voluntariness). Typically, all samples are significantly different and it is impossible to distinguish subjects in their tremorogramms or tapingramm. The significant differences between sites of tremorogramms in terms of a normal distribution or a non-parametric distribution are demonstrated. A continuous variation of the distribution function is observed: parametric distribution shifts to non-parametric distribution, but among themselves they (distribution function) are all different. It is well known that the unpredicta-bility and continuing changes in the state are characteristic feature of chaos. The evidence of special kind of chaos in biosystems which differs significantly from the deterministic chaos of Tom – Ar-nold is given.
Statistical methods for the analysis of pathological conditions population
Authors: Григоренко  , Grigorenko V. , Соколова  , Sokolova A. , Вохмина  , Vokhmina Yu. , Черников  , Chernikov N.
Published: October 2015

An algorithm for calculating statistical indicators variational series interpulse distances for the three age groups of women of the indigenous population of Ugra. Dynamics of changes in the parameters of cardio indicates a significant decrease in the variance σx, which automatically decreases the yield values for the pulse interval of 10 sigma values for the older age group of women - Khanty.
Evaluation of effectiveness of kinesotherapy according to stochastics and chaos
Authors: Сагадеева  , Sagadeeva S. , Синенко  , Sinenko D. , Гараева  , Garaeva G. , Еськов  , Eskov Valeriy , Шакирова  , Shakirova L.
Published: October 2015

Evaluating the effectiveness of treatment of a disease (in this paper is kinesotherapy treatment of acute cerebrovascular accidents and physical therapy for hypertension in the North of the Russian Federation) is traditionally carried out by the results of the monitoring of relevant parameters of the disease in patient before treatment and after treatment measures. However, it is quite often that with multi-parameter monitoring of the patient is not all of the observed parameters xi may show substantial (in the framework of stochastic criteria) change of parameters of the entire state vector xi of the human body in the form x = x (t) = (x1, x2,..., xm)T where m is dimension of the phase space of states. In such cases there is an uncertainty of type 1 (sort) when the stochastics show low efficiency. Then it is supposed that there is a efficiency of treatment, otherwise there is a need to find other methods allowing more accurate measurement of real change of xi within the course of treatment. We show two ways of solving the problem of uncertainty of 1st type on the basis of the calculation of quasi-attractors of the state vector of the human body.
Chaotic analysis of parameters of cardiovascular system in aboriginal and non-aboriginal female population of Ugra
Authors: Проворова  , Provorova O. , Соколова  , Sokolova A. , Филатова  , Filatova O. , Родионов  , Rodionov V.
Published: October 2015

In the 15-th measured phase space of states (m=15) the motion of the state vector in female – representatives of aboriginal (khanty) and non-aboriginal population of Ugra was studied. The parameters xi of the cardiovascular system of groups of women of three ages were ranged bounding volumes VG phase space of states, which are defined as quasi-attractor. These volumes VG determined and compared to the khanty and non-aboriginal population, thus establishing the fun-damental differences in the dynamics of VG: if the natives give almost exponential decrease VG, then it´s population in the age aspect demonstrates a parabolic relationship with at least middle age. It is assumed that a parabola cannot contribute to prolongation of life in general and an increase in the length of the working-age women of Ugra.
Estágios de mudança de comportamento para atividade física em adolescentes: revisão sistemática
Authors: Silva Jaqueline , Silva Kelly
Published: October 2015

Identificar a intenção do indivíduo em adotar um novo comportamento é uma importante estratégia para melhor compreensão do comportamento relacionado à atividade física. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão sistemática sobre os estudos que investigaram estimativas e/ou fatores associados aos estágios de mudança de comportamento para atividade física (EMC), baseados no Modelo Transteorético, em adolescentes. A busca foi realizada em cinco bases de dados (Medline/Pubmed, Sports Discus, Lilacs, PsycInfo e Google Acadêmico), com termos correspondentes aos estágios de mudança de comportamento, atividade física e adolescente (15 a 19 anos de idade), incluindo artigos publicados de 2003 a 2013.  Dos 22 estudos analisados, verificou-se que grande parte deles não utilizaram amostras randomizadas (64,0%) e representativas (59,0%) da população de estudo, e analisaram os EMC de forma agrupada (50,0%). Observou-se maior prevalência de adolescentes no estágio de manutenção, com valores variando de 26,9% a 54,9%, e o estágio com menor prevalência foi o de pré-contemplação (de 0% a 20%). Nas moças, a prevalência diminuiu conforme o avançar nos estágios e observou-se situação oposta entre os rapazes. Houve associação negativa entre EMC com estado nutricional e percepção de barreiras. Foi encontrada associação positiva entre EMC com prática de atividade física, auto-eficácia, suporte social, percepção de benefícios e balança decisional. Os resultados sugerem diferenças entre sexos para os EMC e associações positivas substanciais entre variáveis psicossociais, de prática de atividade física e EMC em adolescentes.  
Physical activity and gait kinematics in the elderly
Authors: Pitzer Neto Victor , Rombaldi Airton , Saes Mirelle , Siqueira Fernando
Published: October 2015

<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: ";Calibri";,sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: ";MS Mincho";; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: ";Times New Roman";; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">The paper proposed to analyze the gait kinematics of different physical activity levels. A cross-sectional study, with 60 seniors, divided according to level of physical activity into groups of active, insufficiently active and inactive seniors. The kinematic parameters investigated in gait were stride length, gait speed, distance between the ground and the hallux and the angles of the hip, knee and ankle. Kinovea 0.8 and ImageJ were used for photogrammetric data analysis and STATA 9.2 was used for statistical analysis. Average stride length, gait speed and distance between the hallux and the ground were significantly higher among physically active seniors. As for the ankle joint angle, during the gait phase referred to as toe-off, the angle was greater in the active group (82.98, SD 5.96) compared with the inactive group (86.05, SD 5.44) (p=0.025). Average knee joint angles in degrees during the toe-off phase were 151.02 (SD 10.03) in the active group, 151.12 (SD 7.79) in the insufficiently active and 143.35 (SD 7.08) (p= 0.006) in inactive group. In the acceleration phase the results were 126.81 (SD 7.26), 123.81 (6.60) and 130.4 (6.94) in each group (p=0.015), respectively. Our findings demonstrated that physical activity is important to reduce changes to gait caused by the natural aging process. Physical activity should therefore be widely encouraged among the elderly as a preventive and health promotion in measure this population.
Associação entre prática religiosa e comportamentos de risco à saúde em adolescentes de Pernambuco, Brasil
Authors: Santos Ana , Oliveira Luciano , Farias Júnior José , Silva Priscilla , Silva Emília , Freitas Clara
Published: October 2015

<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: ";Calibri";,sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: ";Times New Roman";; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Objetivou-se analisar a associação entre a religiosidade e os comportamentos de risco à saúde (baixo nível de atividade física, consumo de álcool, drogas ilícitas, tabaco e comportamento sexual), de forma isolada e simultânea, em 6.264 adolescentes do Ensino Médio da Rede Pública no Estado de Pernambuco. Trata-se de estudo epidemiológico transversal que coletou informações por meio do questionário Global School-Based Student Health Survey. Na análise dos dados recorreu-se ao teste de qui-quadrado (χ2) e à regressão logística binária. Os resultados revelaram que, entre os rapazes e as moças que estavam expostos aos 5 comportamentos de risco de forma simultânea, 61 e 90% (P<0,001), respectivamente, não possuíam ou não praticavam uma religião.  Os adolescentes que não têm ou não praticam uma religião possuem mais chances de consumir álcool, cigarros, drogas ilícitas e ter um número elevado de parceiros sexuais, quando comparados aqueles que possuem e praticam uma determinada religião (P<0,05). Foi observado na análise ajustada que a prática de uma religião, independentemente da religião, foi considerada como fator de proteção para o consumo de álcool, cigarros, drogas ilícitas e número elevado de parceiros sexuais, quando comparados aqueles que tinham, mas não praticavam sua religião, sendo esta associação maior entre as moças que entre os rapazes. Não foi encontrada associação entre a prática religiosa e o nível de atividade física. Conclui-se que a religiosidade, independentemente da religião, mostrou-se associada à proteção aos comportamentos de risco à saúde neste grupo de adolescentes.
Taking care of our children and young people
Authors: Tingle John
Published: October 2015

John Tingle discusses two reports looking at the health, care and wellbeing of children
Inconsistent reporting of minimally invasive surgery errors
Authors: White AD , Skelton M , Mushtaq F , Pike TW , Mon-Williams M , Lodge JPA , Wilkie RM
Published: October 2015

Introduction

Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is a complex task requiring dexterity and high level cognitive function. Unlike surgical ‘never events’, potentially important (and frequent) manual or cognitive slips (‘technical errors’) are underresearched. Little is known about the occurrence of routine errors in MIS, their relationship to patient outcome, and whether they are reported accurately and/or consistently.

Methods

An electronic survey was sent to all members of the Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland, gathering demographic information, experience and reporting of MIS errors, and a rating of factors affecting error prevalence.

Results

Of 249 responses, 203 completed more than 80% of the questions regarding the surgery they had performed in the preceding 12 months. Of these, 47% reported a significant error in their own performance and 75% were aware of a colleague experiencing error. Technical skill, knowledge, situational awareness and decision making were all identified as particularly important for avoiding errors in MIS. Reporting of errors was variable: 15% did not necessarily report an intraoperative error to a patient while 50% did not consistently report at an institutional level. Critically, 12% of surgeons were unaware of the procedure for reporting a technical error and 59% felt guidance is needed. Overall, 40% believed a confidential reporting system would increase their likelihood of reporting an error.

Conclusion

These data indicate inconsistent reporting of operative errors, and highlight the need to better understand how and why technical errors occur in MIS. A confidential ‘no blame’ reporting system might help improve patient outcomes and avoid a closed culture that can undermine public confidence.
Contemporary surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism without intraoperative parathyroid hormone measurement
Authors: Mownah OA , Pafitanis G , Drake WM , Crinnion JN
Published: October 2015

Introduction

Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is usually the result of a single adenoma that can often be accurately located preoperatively and excised by a focused operation. Intraoperative parathyroid hormone (IOPTH) measurement is used occasionally to detect additional abnormal glands. However, it remains controversial as to whether IOPTH monitoring is necessary. This study presents the results of a large series of focused parathyroidectomy without IOPTH measurement.

Methods

Data from 2003 to 2014 were collected on 180 consecutive patients who underwent surgical treatment for pHPT by a single surgeon. Preoperative ultrasonography and sestamibi imaging was performed routinely, with computed tomography (CT) and/or selective venous sampling in selected cases. The preferred procedure for single gland disease was a focused lateral approach guided by on-table surgeon performed ultrasonography. Frozen section was used selectively and surgical cure was defined as normocalcaemia at the six-month follow-up appointment.

Results

Focused surgery was undertaken in 146 patients (81%) and 97% of these cases had concordant results with two imaging modalities. In all cases, an abnormal gland was discovered at the predetermined site. Of the 146 patients, 132 underwent a focused lateral approach (11 of which were converted to a collar incision), 10 required a collar incision and 4 underwent a mini-sternotomy. At 6 months following surgery, 142 patients were normocalcaemic (97% primary cure rate). Three of the four treatment failures had subsequent surgery and are now biochemically cured. There were no complications or cases of persistent hypocalcaemia.

Conclusions

This study provides further evidence that in the presence of concordant preoperative imaging, IOPTH measurement can be safely omitted when performing focused parathyroidectomy for most cases of pHPT.
Models wearing Balenciaga in the fashion press: A comparative study
Authors: Balda Arana Ana
Published: October 2015

This article analyses to what extent Cristóbal Balenciaga’s 1956 censure of the fashion press affected the subsequent coverage of his creations in major fashion magazines. The study focuses on the models that wore Balenciaga’s designs as they were displayed in L’Officiel and American editions of Vogue and Harper’s Bazaar from 1937, the date of Balenciaga’s first appearance in the fashion press, and 1968, the year the designer retired, and makes a comparative analysis of the models to determine if there was a change in the fashion coverage of Balenciaga after 1956. In order to assess any possible variation, the study takes into account the evolving context of modelling throughout the period being studied and the characteristics of the models working exclusively for Maison Balenciaga.
Children and how they came into fashion on printed textiles between 1770 and 1840
Authors: Gril-Mariotte Aziza
Published: October 2015

In the eighteenth century, education rather than childhood became a real challenge for the philosophers. The making of the ‘new man’ now came by way of childhood, at a time when the child is seen as an entirely separate being and an adult-to-be. The feeling of childhood, to recall the words of Philippe Ariés, is reflected in the printed textile. At the end of the eighteenth century, these representations evolved into the placing of the child at the centre of the family, reflecting the arrival of a middle-class society in which the child’s education became a real focus. Between the second half of the eighteenth and first half of the nineteenth centuries, the presentation of childhood was changing, the fabric makers following the taste and motifs spread by the print process. Starting with the biggest French manufacturers between 1770 and 1840, we will see how the idea of childhood was spread via the fabrics designed to persuade the biggest number of buyers to choose them for their interiors. And we will see how, in the nineteenth century, these designs promoted a real dialogue centred on the child.
Perfume as an interpretive key to the Song of Songs
Authors: Yaar Dana Keren
Published: October 2015

The Song of Songs is a biblical text filled with the names of perfumes and, in terms of form, it is infused with ambiguity, vagueness and loose connections. The article suggests that perfume is an essential element in the biblical text. The image of perfume is not a mere diversion that is subordinate to a coherent plot, but is rather a means to undermine the plot and set the open and effervescent tone of the entire song. In the same spirit, the article does not attempt to offer a unified interpretation, but instead adapts to the expansive character of the ‘perfumed’ biblical text, inviting multiple readings. The present reading searches for the various appearances of the perfume motif in order to locate the mother figure. This marginal and almost hidden figure in the Song of Songs is related to the aspect of scent and is mysteriously juxtaposed with the figure of the lovers. The article claims that by sliding down the fragrant, yet obscure, path connecting the love between lovers to the love of a mother for her children, we discover that the mother proves to be the source of the bond between the lovers and a critical figure in the development of love.
Book Reviews
Authors: Miller Sanda , Jones Carla
Published: October 2015

Writing Fashion in Early Modern Italy (From Sprezzatura to Satire), Eugenia Paulicelli (2014, first edition) Farnham: Ashgate, 261 pp., ISBN: 9781472411709, Hardback, £65.00

Modest Fashion: Styling Bodies, Mediating Faith, Reina Lewis (ed.) (2013, first edition) London/New York: I.B. Tauris, 256 pp., ISBN: 9781780763828, Hardback, US$90.00; ISBN: 9781780763835, Paperback, US$28.00
Radio-Sensitization of Human Leukaemic MOLT-4 Cells by DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase Inhibitor, NU7026
Authors: Tichý Aleš , Novotná Eva , Ďurišová Kamila , Šalovská Barbora , Sedlaříková Radka , Pejchal Jaroslav , Zárybnická Lenka , Vávrová Jiřina , Šinkorová Zuzana , Řezáčová Martina
Published: October 2015

In this paper we describe the influence of NU7026, a specific inhibitor of DNA-dependent protein kinase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, and ATM-kinase on molecular and cellular mechanisms triggered by ionising irradiation in human T-lymphocyte leukaemic MOLT-4 cells. We studied the effect of this inhibitor (10 μM) combined with gammaradiation (1 Gy) leading to DNA damage response and induction of apoptosis. We used methods for apoptosis assessment (cell viability count and flow-cytometric analysis) and cell cycle analysis (DNA content measurement) and we detected expression and post-translational modifications (Western blotting) of proteins involved in DNA repair signalling pathways. Pre-treatment with NU7026 resulted into decreased activation of checkpoint kinase-2 (Thr68), p53 (Ser15 and Ser392), and histone H2A.X (Ser139) 2 hours after irradiation. Subsequently, combination of radiation and inhibitor led to decreased amount of cells in G2-phase arrest and into increased apoptosis after 72 hours. Our results indicate that in leukaemic cells the pre-incubation with inhibitor NU7026 followed by low doses of ionising radiation results in radio-sensitising of MOLT-4 cells via diminished DNA repair and delayed but pronounced apoptosis. This novel approach might offer new strategies in combined treatment of leukaemia diseases.
Venous Thromboembolism in Adolescents
Authors: Samková Aneta , Lejhancová Kateřina , Hak Jiří , Lukeš Antonín
Published: October 2015

The incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) during childhood is low with two peaks – neonatal and adolescent age. This retrospective study is focused on clinical characteristics of VTE during adolescence. The main goals are to assess the most frequent inherited and acquired risk factors and to evaluate the benefit of D-dimers in diagnostics of venous thromboemblism. The data of 18 adolescents were analysed – 16 girls (88.9%), 2 boys (11.1%). In 9 patients (50%) thrombosis of the lower limb deep veins was diagnosed, six patients (33.3%) suffered from symptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE) and 3 patients (16.7%) from thrombosis at unusual sites. One patient had an idiopathic VTE, the mean number of the inherited and acquired risk factors was 2.6. The most frequent inherited risk factor was Leiden mutation of factor V (27.8%). The most frequent acquired risk factor was oral contraception (OC) in 12 out of 16 girls (75%). All of our patients on oral contraception had one or more additional risk factors. 10 out of 18 (55.6%) patients with VTE had elevated activity of factor VIII. The sensitivity of D-dimers was low (50%) in patients with distal lower limb thrombosis, but very high (100%) in patients with PE.
Quantitative Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor in the Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Mashayekhi Farhad , Salehi Zivar , Jamalzadeh Hamid Reza
Published: October 2015

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common cause of nontraumatic neurological disability in Europe and North America. Growth factor expression could participate in the repair process of the demyelinating disease. Among growth factors, brain derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF) has been demonstrated to play an important role in neuronal and axonal survival. In the central nervous system (CNS), neurons are the main source of BDNF. Another potential source are activated astrocytes, which are present in inflamed areas in the CNS as shown in MS. In this study, total protein concentration (TPC) and BDNF levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from the patients with MS (n = 48) and control subjects (n = 53) were measured using a Bio-Rad protein assay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). No significant change in the CSF TPC of patients with MS was seen as compared to normal CSF. The presence of BDNF in the CSF samples was shown by Western blot. Using ELISA, it was shown that the level of BDNF in the MS CSF is higher than in normal CSF. It is concluded that BDNF is a constant component of human CSF. Moreover, it could be implicated in the pathophysiology of MS.
The Number of Immunoregulatory T Cells is Increased in Patients with Psoriasis after Goeckerman Therapy
Authors: Kondělková Kateřina , Vokurková Doris , Krejsek Jan , Borská Lenka , Fiala Zdeněk , Hamáková Květoslava , Andrýs Ctirad
Published: October 2015

Regulatory T cells (Treg) are a specialized subpopulation of T cells that act to suppress inadequate immune response. Psoriasis is recognized as a T-cell driven immune-mediated systemic inflammatory disease with skin manifestation. Effective therapeutical approach to treat psoriasis is Goeckerman therapy (GT). The aim of this study was to compare the number of Treg in the peripheral blood of 27 psoriatic patients and 19 controls and to evaluate the influence of GT on Treg population in peripheral blood of patients with psoriasis. There was no significant difference in the relative number of Treg cells in the peripheral blood of healthy blood donors and patients with psoriasis before initiation of GT (P = 0.2668). In contrary, the relative number of Treg cells in peripheral blood of patients with psoriasis after GT was significantly higher than those found in healthy blood donors (P = 0.0019). Moreover, the relative number of Treg is significantly increased in psoriatic patients after Goeckerman therapy compared to the pre-treatment level (P = 0.0042). In conclusion, this significant increase in Treg count after GT is probably associated with amelioration of inflammation by GT, as disease activity expressed as PASI decreased in our patients by GT (P = 0.0001).
Unexpected Finding in Ocular Surface Trauma: A Large Intraorbital Foreign Body (Bullet)
Authors: Detorakis Efstathios T. , Symvoulakis Emmanouil K. , Drakonaki Eleni , Halkia Ekaterini , Tsilimbaris Miltiadis K.
Published: October 2015

Sometimes intraorbital foreign bodies lead to unexpected findings. A 16-year old boy was referred due to ocular surface trauma. A conjunctival laceration was detected at the level of the left caruncle with associated left exotropia, reduced adduction as well as a preretinal hemorrhage along the nasal periphery of the fundus. A blow-out fracture of the medial orbital wall was suspected and a CT scan of the orbits was scheduled which revealed the presence of a large intraorbital foreign body. The removal of the intraorbital foreign body (which proved to be a bullet) and precautionary laser photocoagulation along the nasal periphery of the left eye were performed. Ocular surface trauma may reveal unexpected findings, such as an intraorbital foreign body, requiring investigation by a CT scan.
Our Experience with Double Metatarsal Osteotomy in the Treatment of Hallux Valgus
Authors: Mathew Pradeep George , Šponer Pavel , Pavlata Jaroslav , Shaikh Haroun Hassan
Published: October 2015

Adolescent hallux valgus (HV) is a progressive deformity of adolescent age consisting of metatarsus primus varus and hallux valgus. It has a high recurrence rate after conventional surgical correction. Ten feet in nine patients (two males, seven females) were treated surgically with the Peterson Newman bunion procedure, with a minimum follow‑up of one year. During the final follow‑up all these patients had no complaints of pain, joint stiffness or limping. Even though the patients had some mild loss of range of movements at the MTP joints 4–6° compared to preoperative value, it did not cause any functional impairment and all were satisfied with the final outcome. The double ostetomy for treatment of hallux valgus is technically precise procedure, provides excellent correction and stability and has low rate of recurrence of deformity. We had an excellent outcome in 10 feet in our study without residual deformity or complications.
Colorectal Cancer In The Elderly Patient
Authors: Pelzer Oskar , Tobiasz Krzysztof , Berezowski Piotr , Nyc Rafał , Frejlich Ewelina , Kielan Wojciech
Published: October 2015

It is extremely difficult to determine the limit at which the elderly age starts. According to the commonly accepted WHO definition, persons aged over 65 years are considered elderly. However, this is a very rough definition which does not take the social and economical diversity of a society into account. In addition, it seems important to consider the clinical status of a patient, namely a widely understood biological age as it determines the course of a disease and its treatment. Therefore the therapy of elderly people requires a through analysis and a special, interdisciplinary approach due to the concurrent or additional medical problems.
Porcine Model In The Laparoscopic Liver Surgery Training
Authors: Komorowski Andrzej L. , Mituś Jerzy W. , Hurtado Miguel Angel Sanchez , Margallo Francisco Miguel Sanchez
Published: October 2015

The aim of the study was to evaluate the possibility to use live anesthetized pigs as a model for laparoscopic liver resection. During two days laparoscopy course two trainees were operating on two live animals performing exposure of the liver, Pringle manoeuver, division of liver ligaments, dissecting of the structures inside the hepatoduodenal ligament, dissection of the hepatic veins and left lateral liver sectionectomy. Exposure of the liver and Pringle manoeuver were performed correctly within 50 and 35 minutes. Left lateral sectionectomy has been performed correctly within 2 hours. The full dissection of the hepatoduodenal ligament and exposure of the hepatic veins were judged as insufficient by experienced laparoscopic tutors. There was one injury to the suprahepatic vena cava that was managed laparoscopically. The porcine model can be used as an advanced training for laparoscopic liver surgery.
Public Aspects of Pain in Late Antiquity: The Testimony of Chrysostom and the Cappadocians in their Graeco-Roman Context
Authors: Samellas Antigone
Published: October 2015

This article is a study of pain from a comparative perspective according to the criteria that have been established in the patristic, philosophical, and medical literature of late antiquity. My overall aim is to examine the mode of evaluation of the severity of a pain and, especially, whether Christianity brought about a change in the prevailing attitudes towards pain. On the evidence of the works of Gregory of Nyssa and Galen, it will be claimed that public calamities were deemed far more grievous than any private misfortune. I will also examine the medical and patristic sources that deal with disfiguring diseases in order to make evident that in the period under observation the homilies of the Church Fathers betray a novel sensitivity to the pain provoked by the isolation and marginalization of those in need. This new awareness, I shall argue, was related to the forging of a Christian emotional community of co-sufferers. Some key passages of Gregory of Nazianzus, but also of Chrysostom and Gregory of Nyssa, will show how the transformation of the ancient pedagogy of pain into a life-long martyrdom brought the Christians closer to the suffering body.