bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stability of caregiver‐reported manual ability and gross motor function classifications of cerebral palsy
Authors: IMMS CHRISTINE , CARLIN JOHN , ELIASSON ANN‐CHRISTIN
Published: May 2009

Aim To examine the stability of caregiver‐reported classifications of function of children with cerebral palsy (CP) measured 12 months apart.

Method Participants were 86 children (50 males, 36 females) with CP of all motor types and severities who were recruited into a population‐based longitudinal study. Children were aged 11 years 8 months (SD 6mo) on the first assessment and 12 years 8 months (SD 6mo) on the second assessment. Data were gathered through a postal survey. Caregivers reported on the Manual Ability Classification System (MACS), the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), and other demographic characteristics. The percentage absolute agreement and the intraclass coefficient correlation (ICC) equivalent of the weighted kappa were calculated to assess consistency between assessments for the MACS and GMFCS. We also examined associations between changes in classification and background variables.

Results Fifty‐eight caregivers (67%) classified their child at the same MACS level on both assessments (ICC 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.87–0.95), whereas 79% did so with the GMFCS (ICC 0.95; 95% CI 0.92–0.96). The evidence suggests that caregivers who were not born in Australia or who spoke a language other than English in the home were more likely to classify their child differently on the MACS at the second assessment, although this was not evident for the GMFCS.

Interpretation Caregiver‐reported MACS and GMFCS levels were generally stable over 12 months.
Psychopathic traits moderate the interaction between cognitive and affective processing
Authors: Dvorak‐Bertsch Jeremy D. , Curtin John J. , Rubinstein Tal J. , Newman Joseph P.
Published: May 2009

Cognitive‐attentional factors may moderate emotion deficits associated with psychopathy (Newman & Lorenz, 2003). This study examined the role of these factors in moderating fear‐potentiated startle (FPS) as a function of Fearless Dominance and Impulsive Antisociality—personality dimensions with links to psychopathy. University students performed a task that required them to focus on a (a) threat dimension under low working memory load, (b) threat‐irrelevant dimension under low load, or (c) threat‐irrelevant dimension under high load. Attentional focus, but not working memory load, moderated the relationship between Fearless Dominance and FPS. Fearless Dominance was negatively correlated with FPS only when attention was directed away from the threat. There were no significant findings for Impulsive Antisociality. Results provide evidence that reduced fear response associated with psychopathy may result from an attentional mechanism.
Why do you sigh? Sigh rate during induced stress and relief
Authors: Vlemincx Elke , Van Diest Ilse , De Peuter Steven , Bresseleers Johan , Bogaerts Katleen , Fannes Stien , Li Wan , Van Den Bergh Omer
Published: May 2009

Whereas sighing appears to function as a physiological resetter, the psychological function of sighing is largely unknown. Sighing has been suggested to occur both during stress and negative emotions, such as panic and pain, and during positive emotions, such as relaxation and relief. In three experiments, sigh rate was investigated during short imposed states of stress and relief. Stress was induced by exposure to a loud noise stressor or by anticipation of it. Relief was induced by the end of the stressor or the anticipation that no stressor would follow. Breathing parameters were recorded continuously by means of the LifeShirt System. Results consistently showed that more sighing occurred during conditions of relief compared to conditions of stress.
The art therapy large group as a teaching method for the institutional and political aspects of professional training
Authors: Skaife Sally E. , Jones Kevin
Published: May 2009

This paper discusses a unique experiential teaching method in the context of training for art psychotherapists and raises issues relevant to teaching for all workers in health and social care. The art therapy large experiential group of all the students and all the staff (80+), which is held six times a year on the 2‐year full‐time/3‐year part‐time programme, is identified with three educational components: learning about art therapy processes, learning about the educational process of becoming a professional, and learning about institutional and political issues relevant for the work‐place. This educational method engages the unconscious dynamics of both students and staff and brings this together, through creative activity, with a critical engagement in social and political issues. The group has implications for all health workers in its attention to non‐verbal communication, activity as a means to learning and agency in institutional issues in the work‐place. The paper brings together a case example in which students were able to process the impact of a nationwide, union strike in the university, with relevant literature from large group theory, small art therapy group theory and performance art. Discussion is given to the process by which the art therapy large group meets its learning objectives.
How Much Choice Is Too Much? The Case of the Medicare Prescription Drug Benefit
Authors: Hanoch Yaniv , Rice Thomas , Cummings Janet , Wood Stacey
Published: May 2009

Objective. To study the impact of the number of choices and age on measures of performance in choosing a Medicare prescription drug plan.

Data Source/Study Setting. One hundred ninty‐two healthy individuals age 18 and older, half age 65 or older, in Claremont, California.

Study Design. Participants were randomly assigned to 3, 10, or 20 hypothetical drug plans and asked four factual questions. Statistical models controlled for experimental group, age, gender, race, education, income, marital status, and health status.

Primary Findings. Older age and greater number of plans were significantly associated with fewer correct answers. Although older adults were less likely to identify the plan that minimized total annual cost, they were more likely to state that they were “very confident” they chose the correct plan.

Conclusions. The results raise concerns about the difficulties that older adults may have in navigating the wide range of drug plan choices available.
A critical cysteine residue in monoacylglycerol lipase is targeted by a new class of isothiazolinone‐based enzyme inhibitors
Authors: King AR , Lodola A , Carmi C , Fu J , Mor M , Piomelli D
Published: May 2009

Background and purpose:  Monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) is a presynaptic serine hydrolase that inactivates the endocannabinoid neurotransmitter, 2‐arachidonoyl‐sn‐glycerol. Recent studies suggest that cysteine residues proximal to the enzyme active site are important for MGL function. In the present study, we characterize the role of cysteines in MGL function and identify a series of cysteine‐reactive agents that inhibit MGL activity with nanomolar potencies by interacting with cysteine residue 208.

Experimental approach:  A series of cysteine traps were screened for the ability to inhibit MGL in vitro. Rapid dilution assays were performed to determine reversibility of inhibition. Molecular modelling and site‐directed mutagenesis were utilized to identify cysteine residues targeted by the inhibitors.

Key results:  The screening revealed that 2‐octyl‐4‐isothiazolin‐3‐one (octhilinone) inhibited purified rat recombinant MGL (IC50= 88 ± 12 nM) through a partially reversible mechanism. Initial structure–activity relationship studies showed that substitution of the n‐octyl group of octhilinone with a more lipophilic oleoyl group increased inhibitor potency (IC50= 43 ± 8 nM), while substitution with a methyl group produced the opposite effect (IC50= 239 ± 68 nM). The inhibitory potency of octhilinone was selectively decreased by mutating cysteine 208 in MGL to glycine (IC50; wild‐type, 151 ± 17 nM; C208G, 722 ± 74 nM), but not by mutation of other cysteine residues (C32, C55, C201, C208 and C242).

Conclusions and implications:  The results indicated that cysteine 208 plays an important role in MGL function and identified a novel class of isothiazolinone‐based MGL inhibitors with nanomolar potency in vitro.
Alcohol Exposure Impairs Myeloid Dendritic Cell Function in Rhesus Macaques
Authors: Siggins Robert W. , Bagby Gregory J. , Molina Patricia , Dufour Jason , Nelson Steve , Zhang Ping
Published: May 2009

Background:  Alcohol intoxication suppresses both the innate and adaptive immunities. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the major cell type bridging the innate and acquired immune responses. At the present time, the effects of alcohol on DC development in hematopoietic tissues and the functional activities of DCs are incompletely elucidated. This study investigated the impact of chronic alcohol exposure on the alteration of hematopoietic precursor cell and DC populations in the bone marrow and peripheral blood of rhesus macaques.

Methods:  Rhesus macaques were administered alcohol or isocaloric sucrose daily for a period of 3 months through surgically implanted gastric catheters. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and bone marrow cells (BMCs) were isolated for flow cytometric analysis after 3 months. Monocytes were cultured with human IL‐4 (10 ng/ml) and GM‐CSF (50 ng/ml) in the absence and presence of alcohol (50 mM). On day 6 of the culture, a cocktail of stimulants including IL‐1β (18 ng), IL‐6 (1800 U), TNF‐α (18 ng), and PGE2 (1.8 μg) were added to the designated wells for transformation of immature dendritic cells (iDCs) to mature myeloid DCs. The cells were analyzed on day 8 by flow cytometry for expression of DC costimulatory molecule expression.

Results:  EtOH‐treated animals had significantly lower numbers of myeloid DCs (lineage‐HLA‐DR+CD11c+CD123−) in both the PBMCs and BMCs compared to controls (5,654 ± 1,273/106 vs. 2,353 ± 660/106 PBMCs and 503 ± 34 vs. 195 ± 44/106 BMCs). Under culture conditions, the number of lineage‐HLA‐DR+CD83+ cells was low in control wells (0.38 ± 0.08%). Alcohol inhibited the increase in the number of lineage‐HLA‐DR+CD83+ cells in iDC wells (2.30 ± 0.79% vs. 5.73 ± 1.40%). Alcohol also inhibited the increase in the number of lineage‐HLA‐DR+CD83+ cells in mature DC wells (1.23 ± 0.15% vs. 4.13 ± 0.62%).

Conclusions:  Chronic EtOH decreases the bone marrow and circulating pools of myeloid DCs. Additionally, EtOH suppresses costimulatory molecule CD83 expression during DC transformation, which may attenuate the ability of DCs to initiate T‐cell expansion.
Beer But Not Wine, Hard Liquors, or Pure Ethanol Stimulates Amylase Secretion of Rat Pancreatic Acinar Cells In Vitro
Authors: Gerloff Andreas , Singer Manfred V. , Feick Peter
Published: May 2009

Background:  In contrast to pure ethanol, the effect of alcoholic beverages on the exocrine pancreas is greatly unknown. Besides ethanol, alcoholic beverages contain numerous nonalcoholic constituents which might have pathophysiological effects on the pancreas. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether some commonly used alcoholic beverages and pure ethanol influence the main function of rat pancreatic acinar cells, i.e., enzyme output in vitro.

Methods:  Rat pancreatic AR4‐2J cells were differentiated by dexamethasone treatment for 72 hours and freshly isolated pancreatic acini were prepared from Sprague–Dawley rats using collagenase digestion. After incubation of cells in the absence or presence of 1 to 10% (v/v) beer (containing 4.7% v/v ethanol), 10% (v/v) wine (containing 10.5 to 12.5% v/v ethanol), 10% (v/v) hard liquor (such as whisky, rum, and gin), or of the corresponding ethanol concentrations (4.03 to 80.6 mM) for 60 minutes, protein secretion was measured using amylase activity assay.

Results:  Incubation of AR4‐2J cells with beer caused a dose‐dependent stimulation of basal amylase secretion that was significant at doses of beer above 0.5% (v/v). Stimulation with 10% (v/v) beer induced 92.7 ± 25.2% of maximal amylase release in response to the most effective cholecystokinin (CCK) concentration (100 nM). In contrast, ethanol (up to 80.6 mM) did neither stimulate nor inhibit basal amylase release. Lactate dehydrogenase measurement after treatment of AR4‐2J cells with beer for 24 hours indicated that the increase of amylase release was not due to cell membrane damage. Wine and hard liquor had no effect on basal amylase secretion neither diluted to the ethanol concentration of beer nor undiluted. In freshly isolated rat pancreatic acinar cells beer dose‐dependently stimulated amylase secretion in a similar manner as in AR4‐2J cells.

Conclusions:  Our data demonstrate that beer dose‐dependently increases amylase output. Since neither ethanol nor the other alcoholic beverages tested caused stimulation of amylase release, our findings indicate that nonalcoholic constituents specific for beer are responsible for this increase. These as yet unknown compounds have to be identified and considered in further studies of ethanol‐induced pathological and functional changes of the pancreas.
The Relationships of the Level of Response to Alcohol and Additional Characteristics to Alcohol Use Disorders Across Adulthood: A Discrete‐Time Survival Analysis
Authors: Trim Ryan S. , Schuckit Marc A. , Smith Tom L.
Published: May 2009

Background:  A low level of response (LR) to alcohol has been shown to relate to a higher risk for alcohol use disorders (AUDs). However, no previous research has examined the association between LR and the development of AUDs in the context of additional robust risk factors for AUDs. This study evaluated whether LR and other related characteristics predicted the occurrence of AUDs across adulthood using discrete‐time survival analysis (DTSA).

Methods:  A total of 297 probands from the San Diego Prospective Study reported on the LR to alcohol, a family history (FH) of AUDs, the typical drinking quantity, the age of drinking onset, the body mass index and the age at the baseline (T1) assessment. Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) were evaluated at the 10‐year (T10), T15, T20, and T25 follow‐ups.

Results:  A low LR to alcohol predicted AUD occurrence over the course of adulthood even after controlling for the effects of other robust risk factors. Interaction effects revealed that the impact of FH on AUDs was only observed for subjects with high T1 drinking levels, and probands with high T1 drinking were at high risk for AUDs regardless of their age of onset.

Conclusions:  The findings illustrate that LR is a unique risk factor for AUDs across adulthood, and not simply a reflection of a broader range of risk factors. The continued investigation of how LR is related to AUD onset later in life will help inform treatment providers about this high‐risk population, and future longitudinal evaluations will utilize DTSA to assess rates of AUD remission as well as the onset of drinking outcomes in adolescent samples.
Informal Self‐Employment in Developing Countries: Entrepreneurship or Survivalist Strategy? Some Implications for Public Policy
Authors: Temkin Benjamin
Published: May 2009

A central debate around labor market informality, which has enormous implications for the design and implementation of public policy, relates to the nature of informal employment. Is informal employment and, in particular, informal self‐employment, a symptom and, at the same time, a reproductive factor of precariousness and inequality, as well as social and individual poverty? Or is it, on the contrary, a space of individual and social action that reflects economic initiative and business potential which, if channeled and fostered properly, could contribute to social and economic development and, consequently, to the reduction of inequality and poverty? In this article, the findings of the 2005 edition of the Mexican version of the World Value Survey—concerning relevant values and attitudes of informal participants in the labor force in Mexico—are used to assess whether informal self‐employment is a reflection of incipient entrepreneurship and individual choice or, rather, a survival strategy forced on individuals by their precarious circumstances. This article explores the public policy implications of the results obtained.
Properties of ZrB2–SiC Ceramics by Pressureless Sintering
Authors: Zhang Hui , Yan Yongjie , Huang Zhengren , Liu Xuejian , Jiang Dongliang
Published: May 2009

Pressureless sintering was used to densify ZrB2–SiC ultra‐high temperature ceramics. The physical, mechanical, thermal, electrical, and high temperature properties were investigated. This comprehensive set of properties was measured for ZrB2 containing 20 vol% SiC in which B4C and C were used as the sintering aids. The three‐point flexural strength was 361±44 MPa and the elastic modulus was 374±25 GPa. The Vickers hardness and fracture toughness were 14.7±0.2 GPa and 4.0±0.5 MPa·m1/2 respectively. Scanning electron microscopy studies of the microstructure of ZrB2–SiC showed that SiC particles were distributed homogenously in the ZrB2 matrix with little residual porosity.
Electrochemical Synthesis and Characterization of Barium Tungstate Crystallites
Authors: Song Zuwei , Ma Junfeng , Li Xuyun , Sun Yong , Fang Jingrui , Liu Zhengsen , Gao Chang
Published: May 2009

Barium tungstate (BaWO4) crystallites were successfully synthesized at room temperature via an easily‐manipulated electrochemical method, using tungsten plates as electrodes and Ba(OH)2 solution as electrolyte. Effects of electric current value and reaction time on the crystallization and development of BaWO4 crystallites were initially studied and characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, and photoluminescent (PL) spectra technique, respectively. Experimental results showed that well‐crystallized BaWO4 crystallites with ca. 2 μm in diameter could be obtained at 0.5 A and a short reaction time of 10 min. XRD analysis showed that the as‐prepared sample was a pure tetragonal phase of BaWO4 with scheelite structure. PL spectra revealed that BaWO4 crystallites displayed a very strong PL peak at 448 nm with the 380 nm excitation wavelength.
Role of Si in the Luminescence of AlN:Eu,Si Phosphors
Authors: Dierre Benjamin , Yuan Xiao L. , Inoue Kazuo , Hirosaki Naoto , Xie Rong‐Jun , Sekiguchi Takashi
Published: May 2009

The luminescence properties of Si,Eu‐codoped AlN phosphors were investigated by means of cathodoluminescence. The concentration of Eu was kept constant, while that of Si was varied from 0 to 9.0 at.% using two different Si‐source starting powders, Si3N4 and SiC. The luminescence of Eu2+ in AlN is only observed for samples doped with Si. On the other hand, a concentration quenching is observed for samples doped with high amount of Si from Si3N4 while not for those doped from SiC. These results show the importance of Si in the luminescence properties of Eu2+‐doped AlN.
Synthesis and Structure Refinement of Zinc‐Doped β‐Tricalcium Phosphate Powders
Authors: Kannan Sanjeevi , Goetz‐Neunhoeffer Friedlinde , Neubauer Jürgen , Ferreira Jose M.F.
Published: May 2009

Zinc substituted β‐tricalcium phosphate [β‐Ca3(PO4)2] was formed by substituting a zinc precursor in calcium‐deficient apatite through aqueous precipitation technique. Heat treatment at 1000°C led to the formation of well crystalline β‐Ca3(PO4). Refinement technique was used to determine the influence of incorporated zinc in the β‐Ca3(PO4) structure. The structural data for all the four different zinc substituted β‐Ca3(PO4) ranging from 0–9 mol% of zinc investigated in the present study confirmed the rhombohedral structure of β‐Ca3(PO4) in the hexagonal setting (space group R3c). The incorporation of lower sized Zn2+ (0.745 Å for sixfold coordination with O) at the higher sized Ca2+ (1.00 Å for sixfold coordination with O) site in the β‐Ca3(PO4) structure led to the contraction of unit cell parameters. The added zinc prefers to occupy the Ca(5) site of β‐Ca3(PO4) structure.
SiO2–PbO–CaO–ZrO2–TiO2–(B2O3–K2O), A New Zirconolite Glass–Ceramic System: Crystallization Behavior and Microstructure Evaluation
Authors: Mahmoudysepehr Mohsen , Marghussian Vahak K.
Published: May 2009

Zirconolite (CaZrTi2O7) is a mineral that has a high containment capacity for actinides and lanthanides and is considered to be a good candidate for the immobilization of radioactive wastes. The glass–ceramic technique seems to be a very suitable and convenient method to produce zirconolite crystals by precipitating them in a specific glass matrix. In this study, development of a new zirconolite‐based glass–ceramic belonging to SiO2–PbO–CaO–ZrO2–TiO2–(B2O3–K2O) system was investigated. The presence of PbO, together with B2O3 and K2O, allowed the preparation of a X‐ray diffraction (XRD) amorphous glass with a relatively high concentration of ZrO2 and TiO2, which was successfully converted to a glass–ceramic containing 34 wt% of zirconolite after heating at 770°C for 4 h. Differential thermal analysis, XRD, scanning electron microscope, and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy were used to determine the crystallization conditions, identify the crystallized phases, determine their compositions and quantities and observe and analyze the microstructures. The zirconolite crystals showed a platelet morphology with a monoclinic structure characterized by a=1.246 nm, b=0.7193 nm, c=1.128 nm, and β=100.508°.
Effect of BiScO3 and LiNbO3 on the Piezoelectric Properties of (Na0.5K0.5)NbO3 Ceramics
Authors: Sun Xueyi , Deng Jinxia , Sun Ce , Li Jichao , Chen Jun , Yu Ranbo , Liu Guirong , Xing Xianran , Qiao Lijie
Published: May 2009

Lead‐free potassium sodium niobate‐based piezoelectric ceramics (1−y)(Na0.5−0.5xK0.5−0.5xLix)NbO3−yBiScO3 ( y=0.01, x=0–0.06) have been prepared by an ordinary sintering process. The XRD analysis showed that the structure changes from orthorhombic to tetragonal with the increase of x (at y=0.01, abbreviated as KNNBSL100x). At room temperature, the polymorphic phase transition from the orthorhombic to the tetragonal phase was identified at approximately 0.02≤x≤0.04. The piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties were significantly enhanced. The temperature dependences of the relative permittivity revealed that the Curie temperature was increased with the addition of LiNbO3. These solid solution ceramics are promising as potential lead‐free candidate materials.
Densification and Phase Transformation of β‐SiAlON–Cubic Boron Nitride Composites Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Hotta Mikinori , Goto Takashi
Published: May 2009

β‐SiAlON–cubic boron nitride (cBN) composites were prepared from β‐SiAlON and cBN powders at 1600°–1900°C under a pressure of 100 MPa by spark plasma sintering. The effects of cBN content and sintering temperature on densification and phase transformation of the β‐SiAlON–cBN composites were studied. When 10–30 vol% cBN was added to β‐SiAlON, the shrinkage rate of the compacts increased. The compacts of β‐SiAlON–BN composites originally containing 10–30 vol% cBN ceased to shrink at a temperature lower than that of β‐SiAlON and the density of the composites increased. The densification of β‐SiAlON–BN composites originally containing >40 vol% cBN was suppressed. The phase transformation of cBN to hexagonal BN in the β‐SiAlON–BN composite was inhibited to a greater degree than that in the cBN body.
Effect of Sb2O3 on Thermal Properties of Glasses in Bi2O3–B2O3–SiO2 System
Authors: Zhang Yaping , Yang Yunxia , Ou Yuwen , Hua Wei , Zheng Jiahua , Chen Guorong
Published: May 2009

Glasses with compositions 50Bi2O3–xSb2O3–10B2O3–(40–x) SiO2 (x=0, 1, 3, 5, 8, 10) have been prepared by conventional melt quench technique. Substitution of Sb2O3 for SiO2 exerted an obvious effect on properties of glasses, especially, increased glass transition temperature (Tg) and crystalline temperature (Tc) greatly. Results of infrared transmission spectra attributed the effect to the formation of new bridging bonds of Sb–O–B and Sb–O–Si in glass network.
Manners of Killing and Rituals in Apulian Mafia Murders*
Authors: De Donno Antonio , Santoro Valeria , Rossi Anna Paola , Grattagliano Ignazio , Introna Francesco
Published: May 2009

Abstract:  The Apulian (South of Italy) territory saw the birth of a criminal organization called Sacra Corona Unita (SCU, United Holy Crown) which transformed the rules of traditional mafia organizations. This work examined 83 victims of the SCU between 1980 and 2000. The bodies were mainly of SCU members and in some cases, of police and law enforcement officers and other citizens caught in the crossfire. Some of these were discovered; thanks to the collaboration of “repented” SCU members who became police informers. The condition of the bodies varied in relation to the date and manner of killing. In some cases anthropometric research methods were necessary. In 73% of the cases, lesions of the head were the only marks left on the body. In conclusion, the existence of some social aspects connected with the symbolisms and membership rites that characterized the origin, evolution, and decline of the SCU is stressed.
The Use of Mitochondrial DNA Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms to Assist in the Resolution of Three Challenging Forensic Cases
Authors: Just Rebecca S. , Leney Mark D. , Barritt Suzanne M. , Los Christopher W. , Smith Brion C. , Holland Thomas D. , Parsons Thomas J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract:  Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in an 11‐plex assay were typed in three missing person cases involving highly degraded human remains. Unlike the traditional forensic approach to analyzing mtDNA which focuses on sequencing portions of the noncoding Control Region, this assay targets discriminatory SNPs that reside principally in the coding region. In two of the cases, the SNP typing successfully excluded one of two reference families that could not be excluded on the basis of mtDNA hypervariable region sequencing alone, and resulted in the final resolution of both decades‐old cases. In a third case, SNP typing confirmed the sorting and reassociation of multiple commingled skeletal elements. The application of a specific mtDNA SNP assay in these cases demonstrates its utility in distinguishing samples when the most common Caucasian hypervariable region type is encountered in forensic casework.
Soils of Contrasting pH Affect the Decomposition of Buried Mammalian (Ovis aries) Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Authors: Haslam Tamsin C. F. , Tibbett Mark
Published: May 2009

Abstract:  Little is known about the effect of edaphic conditions on the decomposition of buried mammalian tissues. To address this, we set up a replicated incubation study with three fresh soils of contrasting pH: a Podsol (acidic), a Cambisol (neutral), and a Rendzina (alkaline), in which skeletal muscle tissue (SMT) of known mass was allowed to decompose. Our results clearly demonstrated that soil type had a considerable effect on the decomposition of SMT buried in soil. Differences in the rate of decomposition were up to three times greater in the Podsol compared with the Rendzina. The rate of microbial respiration was correlated to the rate of soft tissue loss, which suggests that the decomposition of SMT is dependent on the microbial community present in the soil. Decompositional by‐products caused the pH of the immediate soil environment to change, becoming more alkaline at first, before acidifying. Our results demonstrate the need for greater consideration of soil type in future taphonomic studies.
Modified Shotguns in Turkey from 2006 to 2008
Authors: Sarıbey Aylin Yalçın , Hannam Abigail Grace , Tarımcı Çelik
Published: May 2009

Abstract:  This study investigates the legal status of modified shotguns in Turkey by examining the cases submitted to the Aydın Regional Criminal Laboratory between January 2006 and August 2008. A total of 351 shotguns used in crimes were examined. These guns were evaluated in respect of their type, size, caliber, fitness for use, and legal classification. Eleven percent of these shotguns had been modified and it was found that 55% of the modified shotguns were classified according to law 6136 and qualified as a pistol and 45% were classified according to law 2521 and qualified as nonstandard shotguns. Within the Turkish criminal justice system, a nonstandard shotgun attracts a less stringent sentence than a pistol. It would therefore appear that this sentencing structure is considered when modifying shotguns in Turkey. This is clearly a loop‐hole in the legislation that could perhaps be investigated and closed.
A Perspective on Errors, Bias, and Interpretation in the Forensic Sciences and Direction for Continuing Advancement*
Authors: Budowle Bruce , Bottrell Maureen C. , Bunch Stephen G. , Fram Robert , Harrison Diana , Meagher Stephen , Oien Cary T. , Peterson Peter E. , Seiger Danielle P. , Smith Michael B. , Smrz Melissa A. , Soltis Greg L. , Stacey Robert B.
Published: May 2009

Abstract:  The forensic sciences are under review more so than ever before. Such review is necessary and healthy and should be a continuous process. It identifies areas for improvement in quality practices and services. The issues surrounding error, i.e., measurement error, human error, contextual bias, and confirmatory bias, and interpretation are discussed. Infrastructure is already in place to support reliability. However, more definition and clarity of terms and interpretation would facilitate communication and understanding. Material improvement across the disciplines should be sought through national programs in education and training, focused on science, the scientific method, statistics, and ethics. To provide direction for advancing the forensic sciences a list of recommendations ranging from further documentation to new research and validation to education and to accreditation is provided for consideration. The list is a starting point for discussion that could foster further thought and input in developing an overarching strategic plan for enhancing the forensic sciences.
Allergic contact dermatitis from fragrance components in specific topical pharmaceutical products in Belgium
Authors: Nardelli Andrea , D’Hooghe Ellen , Drieghe Jacques , Dooms Marc , Goossens An
Published: May 2009

Objectives:  To determine which topical pharmaceutical products marketed in Belgium contain fragrances and to examine the nature of the fragrance allergens in specific pharmaceutical products having caused iatrogenic contact dermatitis.

Methods:  All topical pharmaceutical products marketed in Belgium, that is 3820 products, were examined as to their fragrance content as labelled. Data of 18 960 patients investigated for contact allergy between 1978 and 2008 were retrieved from our database, including information on the nature of the topical pharmaceutical products used, the results of patch tests, and the sensitization sources.

Results:  Three hundred and seventy (10%) of 3280 of the topical pharmaceutical products were found to contain a total of 66 fragrance substances. Among 3378 patients suffering from iatrogenic allergic contact dermatitis, 127 were found to react to 48 specific products, for which 38 different fragrance substances gave relevant positive reactions. Women were more affected than men, and legs, hands, and face were the most commonly affected body sites.

Conclusions:  Fragrances, the presence of which is in most cases unnecessary, do contribute to iatrogenic allergic contact dermatitis. Moreover, sensitized patients have difficulties in avoiding their specific allergens because standardized labelling of the ingredients in pharmaceutical products is lacking.
Photopatch testing with an extended series of photoallergens: a 5‐year study
Authors: Cardoso JoséCarlos , Canelas Maria Miguel , Gonçalo Margarida , Figueiredo Américo
Published: May 2009

Objective:  We conducted a retrospective study (2003–07) evaluating the results of photopatch tests (PPTs) performed with an extended series with the objective of determining the main photoallergens in our region and whether they would be detected by a recently recommended baseline PPT series.

Materials and methods:  83 patients (58 females/25 males, mean age 54.8 years) were tested with a photoallergen series, and among these, 30 were also tested with a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) series, irradiated at D2 with 5 J/cm2 ultraviolet A (UVA).

Results:  Thirty‐six of 83 patients (43.3%) had at least one positive reaction, with 21 (25.3%) reacting in the photoallergen series. The main relevant reactions were as follows: 10 to ultraviolet filters (benzophenone‐3 and benzophenone‐4, 3 patients each), 7 to promethazine, and 2 to chlorpromazine. Twenty of 30 patients tested (70%) had a relevant positive PPT to an NSAID, 9 to piroxicam because of systemic photosensitivity, 8 to benzydamine from a topical gel or oral solution, and 2 to ketoprofen.

Conclusions:  Our results are discordant with most recently published studies because of the particularities of the population studied and to regional prescribing habits. Therefore, apart from the recommended baseline series of photoallergens, other substances must be tested according to regional peculiarities.
Ecological realism and mechanisms by which diversity begets stability
Authors: Romanuk Tamara N. , Vogt Richard J. , Kolasa Jurek
Published: May 2009

We investigated how ecological realism might impact the outcome of three experimental manipulations of species richness to determine whether the patterns and the mechanisms underlying richness–variability relationships differ as ecological communities are increasingly exposed to external forces that may drive richness–variability patterns in nature. To test for such an effect, we conducted experiments using rock pool meio‐invertebrate communities housed in three experimental venues: controlled laboratory microcosms, artificially constructed rock pools in the field, and naturally occurring rock pools in the field. Our results showed that experimental venue can have a strong effect on the outcome of richness manipulation experiments. As ecological realism increased, the strength of the relationship between species richness and community variability declined from 32.9% in the laboratory microcosms to 16.8% in the artificial pools to no effect of species richness on community variability in the natural rock pools. The determinants of community variability also differed as ecological realism increased. In laboratory microcosms, community variability was driven solely by mechanisms related to increasing species richness. In artificial rock pools, community variability was driven by a combination of direct and indirect environmental factors as well as mechanisms related to increasing species richness. In the natural rock pools community variability was independent of species richness and was only related to environmental factors. In summary, we found that stabilizing mechanisms associated with species interactions were influential in establishing species richness–variability relations only in the less realistic experimental venues (the laboratory microcosms and the artificial rock pools in the field), and that these mechanisms diminished in importance as ecological realism and complexity of the experimental venue increased. Our results suggest that the effects of diversity might be more difficult to detect in natural systems due to the combined effects of biotic and abiotic forcing, which can mask our ability to detect richness effects.
The distribution and abundance of animal populations in a climate of uncertainty
Authors: Berggren Åsa , Björkman Christer , Bylund Helena , Ayres Matthew P.
Published: May 2009

Current predictions regarding the ecological consequences of climate change on animal populations are generally autecological and species‐specific, and/or non‐mechanistic extrapolations of recent short‐term patterns. To better understand and predict the effects of climate change on the distribution of species and the abundance of populations we offer a novel, broad theoretical framework. Climate‐induced changes in trophic structure may actually be more predictable than effects on individual species. The logic is that there are general differences in climatic sensitivity among trophic levels – specifically, that as one moves up trophic levels, there is an increase in the temperature sensitivity of vital rates. More precisely, we provide: (1) a formal mathematical definition of distribution limits that is both operational and conceptual, introducing the concept DL50, defined as the geographic and climatic isoline representing an equilibrium occupancy of half of the suitable habitats; (2) a matrix of the possible changes in trophic structure from climate change and the general theoretical consequences; and (3) a new idea that predicts broad effects of climatic warming on trophic systems. Our intention is to help meet the challenge of developing and testing general theoretical models that can predict which species will be winners and losers in ecological time, which evolutionary traits will be favoured or selected against, and what will be consequences for ecosystem structure and function.
The Effect of Metformin in Overweight Patients with Type 1 Diabetes and Poor Metabolic Control
Authors: Jacobsen Iben Brock , Henriksen Jan Erik , Beck‐Nielsen Henning
Published: May 2009

Abstract:  Metformin as adjunct to intensive insulin therapy may improve glucose metabolism and thereby prevent the development of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 1 diabetes. Double‐blinded intervention with 2000 mg metformin or placebo daily in 24 type 1 diabetic patients as adjunct to intensive insulin therapy. Primary endpoint was HbA1c, while secondary endpoints were body weight, frequency of hypoglycaemia, blood pressure, lipids, insulin dosage and self‐monitored blood glucose profiles were measured. After 24 weeks, no difference in HbA1c was seen between the metformin and placebo groups (−0.5 ± 0.3 vs. −0.2 ± 0.2%, P = 0.26. Δ mean ± S.E.M). Mean diurnal blood glucose profiles showed no statistical significant difference between the groups. The total daily insulin dose (IU) was significantly reduced in the metformin group compared to placebo after 24 weeks (−5.9 ± 2.2 vs. 2.9 ± 1.7, P = 0.004. Δ mean ± S.E.M). An increase in the frequency of hypoglycaemia was seen in the metformin group (0.7 ± 0.9 vs. 0.3 ± 0.5 events patient−1 week−1, P = 0.005), and a reduction in body weight was found using metformin compared to placebo (−3.0 ± 1.0 vs. 0.8 ± 1.1, P = 0.02. Δ mean ± S.E.M). Lipids and blood pressure did not differ significantly after intervention. Metformin, as adjunct to intensive insulin therapy, was associated with a reduction in the total daily insulin dose and a significant weight loss in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
ANALYSIS OF MEDIATION AGREEMENTS OF FAMILIES REPORTING SPECIFIC TYPES OF INTIMATE PARTNER ABUSE
Authors: Beck Connie J. A. , Walsh Michele E. , Weston Rose
Published: May 2009

The purpose of this study was to carefully measure Intimate Partner Abuse (IPA) behaviors among a large (n = 864 couples) sample of pairs of husbands and wives who were mandated to attend divorce mediation and then to: categorize the behaviors into theoretically‐driven types of IPA, determine the number of cases screened out of mediation for any reason, and investigate whether measured outcomes of mediation (primary physical and legal custody) were related to IPA. Results indicated that rarely was IPAnotreported—the most frequently reported IPA behavior was psychological abuse (98% of wives; 97% of husbands), followed by physical abuse (58% of wives; 54% of husbands), escalated physical abuse (62% of wives; 50% of husbands), and sexual intimidation, coercion and rape (56% of wives; 29% of husbands). Rarely were couples reporting IPA screened out of mediation (5%), and rarely were supervised parenting time or restrictions on contact between parents included in mediated agreements made by couples reporting IPA (6.5%). The overall level of IPA was unrelated to the specific terms of mediated agreements; however, by far the most frequent type of mediated agreement the couples' negotiated in mediation was for primary physical custody to go to the wife and for the husband and wife to have joint legal custody (59% of cases). Analysis of the implications of these findings and policy recommendations are included.
FAMILY COURT–UNIVERSITY PARTNERSHIP TO BENEFIT DIVORCING FAMILIES: THE EXPERIENCE OF MARICOPA COUNTY (ARIZONA) FAMILY COURT DEPARTMENT AND ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY'S PREVENTION RESEARCH CENTER*
Authors: Hita Liza Cohen , Braver Sanford L. , Sandler Irwin N. , Knox Phillip , Strehle Marylou
Published: May 2009

Using evidence‐based methods to help divorcing families requires the combined best efforts of legal professionals, courts, judges and administrators, mental health oriented service providers, and university researchers. Collaborative program development, implementation, and evaluation involve a complicated process of negotiation between professionals, yet this process is hardly ever described. The current article describes the processes we underwent in forging an alliance of researchers from Arizona State University's Prevention Research Center with professionals from the Maricopa County (Arizona) Family Court, a collaboration that involved a true dialogue and cooperation from the earliest stages and continuing throughout the project. A Community‐Based Participatory Research model was the underlying basis for our partnership; its lynchpin device was a Joint Planning Committee.
COLLABORATION BETWEEN JUDGES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCHERS IN FAMILY LAW
Authors: Beck Connie J. A. , Holtzworth‐Munroe Amy , D'Onofrio Brian M. , Fee Hon. William C. , Hill Hon. Frances G.
Published: May 2009

Recent discussions between social science researchers, advocates, judges, lawyers, and family court personnel highlight the strong commitment of professionals across disciplines to work together to assess critically important issues in family law. The difficulty has been bridging the gap between the professions to create true understanding and collaboration and to develop empirical research that can advance the field of family law. To help further collaboration, this article first summarizes a series of discussions between researchers and judges concerning the similarities and differences between the law and social sciences in (1) the methods through which the disciplines pursue truth, (2) the standards used to evaluate evidence, and (3) the methods to pursue justice. With a clearer understanding of the philosophical similarities and differences between the disciplines, the manuscript then reviews the concerns and roadblocks that currently limit social science research in family courts, while identifying possible solutions.
RESPONDING TO THE CALL FOR CHILD CUSTODY EVALUATORS TO JUSTIFY THE REASON FOR THEIR PROFESSIONAL EXISTENCE: SOME THOUGHTS ON KELLY AND RAMSEY (2009)
Authors: Austin William G.
Published: May 2009

Kelly and Ramsey (2009) propose that it is time to examine the costs and benefits courts and participants derive from child custody evaluations. A structure for a research program was suggested. This article endorses this call for such an examination on the system that provides for forensic mental health evaluations for custody disputes. There is a need to examine the costs and benefits of various types of approaches that are emerging, including the comprehensive evaluation and brief, focused evaluations. This article suggests that there is a need for forensic quality control of the work product that is produced by evaluators. Courts are cognizant of the need to encourage settlement between parties, but they also need to be accurate in making judicial determinations that will be in the best interests of children. Quality evaluations are a cornerstone in working toward this goal. Kelly and Ramsey are mindful of the need for evaluations to facilitate settlement, but also to get it right for the court on accurate predictions about children's developmental outcomes.
GOING TO COURT AS A LAST RESORT: ESTABLISHING A DUTY FOR ATTORNEYS IN DIVORCE PROCEEDINGS TO DISCUSS ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION WITH THEIR CLIENTS
Authors: Vu Thomas D.
Published: May 2009

This Note advocates for the creation of a uniform ethical requirement that all attorneys in divorce proceedings involving children inform their clients about alternative dispute resolution (ADR), particularly mediation and collaborative law. By emphasizing cooperation and negotiation among the divorcing parents, both mediation and collaborative law offer these would‐be litigants the opportunity to move forward with their parental duties long after the divorce is finalized. Using the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct as a template, this ethical requirement will ensure that clients are fully informed of the availability of ADR and of the chance to forgo potentially unnecessary litigation. Ultimately, the implementation of an ethical requirement holds the potential to minimize the impact of divorce on children by facilitating the process of moving forward for the family as a whole.
In Maggie's shadow
Authors: Katwala Sunder
Published: May 2009

Thirty years after Thatcher's general election victory, history has referred her case to the court of appeal, yet British politics remain in her shadow, says Sunder Katwala. What is her legacy, both for Cameron's ‘Progressive Conservatism’ and for Labour and the left?
‘Rare and refreshing fruit’: Lloyd George's People's Budget
Authors: Morgan Kenneth O.
Published: May 2009

In its centenary year, Kenneth O. Morgan, explains the profound significance of Lloyd George's People's Budget for our political, social and economic history
Justice on the rack
Authors: Hull Andy
Published: May 2009

Andy Hull on the politics of torture and the rule of law
Glass‐Ceramic Tiles Prepared by Pressing and Sintering DC Plasma‐Vitrified Air Pollution Control Residues
Authors: Devaraj Amutha Rani , Cheeseman Chris R. , Boccaccini Aldo R. , Deegan David
Published: May 2009

Air pollution control (APC) residues produced from cleaning gas emissions at energy from waste (EfW) plants processing municipal solid waste are a problematic hazardous waste. In this research they have been treated using DC plasma technology and this produces an inert glass. Glass‐ceramic tiles were prepared by powder pressing and sintering fritted APC residue‐derived glass. Tile samples prepared with high levels of plasma treated APC residue glass had comparable physical properties to commercially available ceramics such as porcelain and monoporosa, with high bulk density (2.4 g/cm3), low water absorption (<6%) and high flexural strength (∼60 MPa).
Cell Proliferation of Human Fibroblasts on Alumina and Hydroxyapatite‐Based Ceramics with Different Surface Treatments†
Authors: Marchi Juliana , Delfino Carina S. , Bressiani José C. , Bressiani Ana H. A. , Marques Márcia M.
Published: May 2009

Biocompatibility is an important characteristic of dental implant material, and in vitro tests are required to elucidate the interaction between these materials and human tissues. Cell proliferation assays were done with fibroblasts plated on the surface of alumina and hydroxyapatite sintered samples, each with a different surface treatment (sintered, rectified, or polished). After 1, 2, and three days, the samples were prepared for scanning electron microscopy observations. The data were compared by analysis of variance followed by Tukey's test. It was concluded that neither the hydroxyapatite or alumina substrate is cytotoxic, and hydroxyapatite is more biocompatible than alumina.