bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling energy consumption in diesel multiple units
Authors: Salvador Pablo , Martínez Pablo , Villalba Ignacio , Insa Ricardo
Published: October 2017

This study presents a train simulation tool for the evaluation of a train journey and its energy consumption. The simulation tool consists of a train motion model and an energy consumption model, specifically developed for a diesel multiple unit. The underlying equations are numerically solved following the finite difference method. The models’ performances are tested against a set of measured data including fuel consumption and speed profiles from real operation services. The results yield adjustment errors below 9% in all simulations, including simplified route profiles. The consideration of wind speed and direction further contributes to improve speed adjustment by 1.5% in those stretches where such variables are taken into account. Hence, the simulation tool can be used to predict the travel time and fuel consumption in any potential railway service even at an early stage design.
Modification of train resistance formulae for container trains based on operational run-down tests
Authors: Michálek Tomáš
Published: October 2017

The method currently used for the estimation of train resistance based on specific train resistance has some shortcomings. This method is applied by various railway infrastructure managers, e.g. in the Czech Republic. In this article, first, the Czech formulae for the calculation of train resistance of freight trains are introduced and compared with selected foreign methods. Operational experience from recent years shows that the train resistance formulae used are too conservative and do not correspond to the state-of-the-art railway technology. Therefore, a modified approach for the estimation of train resistance is proposed in this paper. The modification is based on an analysis of run-down tests conducted with ordinary container trains currently operating on the Central European railway network. The contributing factors in the proposed train resistance formula are discussed.
Investigation of transient flow characteristics inside a centrifugal compressor for design and off-design conditions
Authors: Zhao Jiayi , Wang Zhiheng , Zhao Yang , Xi Guang
Published: October 2017

As the flow rate decreases from the design to the rotating stall condition, the enhanced impeller–diffuser interaction considerably deteriorates the flow condition at the diffuser inlet, which may trigger stall and blade vibration problems. In order to reveal the underlying mechanism and estimate the impact of the interaction within the impeller and diffuser passages, measurements using the wireless acquisition technique and high-frequency response system have been conducted on a 1.5 stage centrifugal compressor with the vaned diffuser. The details of its transient flow characteristics suggest that the effects of the impeller sweep extensively propagate in the diffuser passage. Distinctions of the shroud reversed vortex effect exist between the main and splitter blades at the impeller outlet, which initiates the predominant passage passing frequency at the diffuser inlet under small flow rate condition. In addition, the present study explains why the dominant disturbance shifts back and force between the passage passing frequency and blade passing frequency for different positions of the diffuser and flow rates. Through flow throttling, the diffuser reaction toward the impeller passage considerably strengthens due to the growing pressure potential near the convex surface of the diffuser vane, which is associated with the reversed flow.
Comparison of the re-adhesion control strategies in high-speed train
Authors: Uyulan Caglar , Gokasan Metin , Bogosyan Seta
Published: October 2017

Excessive driving force applied to the trains leads to an inadequate utilization of the adhesion phenomenon occurred at the wheel–rail contact, and an unnecessary power consumption, while inadequate driving force causes the train to run inefficiently. For this reason, the necessity of re-adhesion control in the safe and reliable operation, in the balance of energy consumption, is indisputable. A comparison of the two re-adhesion control strategies, one of which is robust adaptive and the other of which is the modified super-twisting sliding mode, has been presented in this article. These control algorithms developed suppress the wheel slip on time and maintain optimal traction performance after re-adhesion under the nonlinear properties of the traction system and the uncertainties of the adhesion level at the wheel–rail interface. Due to the complex nonlinear relationship between the adhesion force and the slip angular velocity, such a problem becomes a hard problem to overcome as long as the optimal slip ratio is not known. An optimal search strategy has also been developed to estimate and to track the desired slip angular velocity. By means of the proposed strategies, the traction motor control torque is automatically adjusted so as to ensure that the train operates away from the unstable slip zone but adjacent to the optimal adhesion region, and the desired traction capability is attainable once adhesion is regained. Mathematical analyzes are also provided to ensure the ultimate boundedness of the algorithms developed. The effectiveness of the proposed re-adhesion strategies is validated through the theoretical analysis and numerical simulations conducted in MATLAB and Simulink. As a result of consecutive simulations, modified super-twisting algorithm has shown better performance as compared to the robust adaptive one in tracking the optimal slip velocity as wheel–rail contact conditions switch suddenly.
Profile of BAFF and its receptors’ expression in lupus nephritis is associated with pathological classes
Authors: Suso J P , Posso-Osorio I , Jiménez C A , Naranjo-Escobar J , Ospina F E , Sánchez A , Cañas C A , Tobón G J
Published: October 2017

Background/Objective

B-cell activating factor (BAFF) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. However, the role of BAFF in lupus nephritis (LN) is not understood. Our aim was to evaluate the expression of BAFF and its three receptors in renal biopsy samples from patients with LN and investigate a relationship with pathological class.

Methods

We conducted a prospective descriptive study (2011–2014) on 52 kidney biopsy samples from patients with LN. Immunohistochemistry for BAFF, its receptors (transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interaction (TACI), protein maturation of B cells (BCMA), and BAFF-receptor (BAFF-R)), and CD20 expression was performed. Samples were scored according to the percentage of cells with positive expression.

Results

In class II LN, BAFF-R and TACI were not expressed, whereas BCMA and BAFF were lowly expressed in the interstitial inflammatory infiltrates. Proliferative class III/IV had elevated BAFF expression in the glomeruli, and TACI was expressed in interstitial inflammatory infiltrates and the glomeruli. Interestingly, the class IV cases with vasculopathy ( n = 4) had endothelial BAFF expression, which was not visible in thrombotic microangiopathy ( n = 4). Class V was characterized by low BAFF expression in interstitial inflammatory infiltrates and by BAFF, TACI, and BCMA expression in the glomeruli. BAFF expression was associated with inflammatory scores and CD20 positive infiltrates, mainly in class IV.

Conclusions

Expression patterns of BAFF and its receptors differ according to LN class. Our study provides evidence that BAFF could be used as a routine marker in LN biopsies and to determine which patients will benefit from anti-BAFF therapy.
Promoting Social Mobility in India
Authors: Krishna Anirudh , Agarwal Swapnil
Published: October 2017

Equality of opportunity is an important ideal to uphold in a just society. Beyond its long-standing commitment to affirmative action, relatively little has been done in India to realize this ideal. Compared to other countries, Indian children raised in poverty have a smaller chance of rising to high positions. Seized of this situation, a group of organizations has taken up the mission of social mobility promotion. Through coaching, mentorship, guidance, information provision and other means, these organizations are helping smart and hard-working children with backgrounds in poverty to aspire, and to achieve, superior career options. We identify five types of social mobility promoting organizations (SMPOs), examine their modes of action and indicate future directions.
Recommencing lithium in Older Adults with Bipolar I Disorder
Authors: Gallur Lara , Powell Alice , Flynn Patrick
Published: October 2017

Objectives:

This paper addresses considerations in recommencing lithium in elderly patients with Bipolar I Disorder and medical comorbidity. We focus on nephrotoxicity and cognitive impairment.

Methods:

Case reports and review of relevant literature.

Results:

Three elderly psychogeriatric inpatients admitted with severe manic relapse following lithium cessation are described. In all cases, lithium was recommenced safely with good response.

Conclusions:

Even with medical comorbidity it may be possible to recommence modified lithium therapy.
Comparison of Group Decision Making in Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, and Russia Using a Business Game
Authors: Morita Mitsuru , Iwai Chiaki , Rompho Nopadol , Phadoongsitthi Monvika
Published: October 2017

Background. Numerous preceding research studies have analyzed the relationship between strategy and culture through questionnaires and case studies. However, very few regard the input results of a business game’s decision making variables as strategy. Moreover, few conduct an analysis using the same scenario, under a controlled environment from the perspective of experimental business management studies, while using adult subjects with similar characteristics.

Aim. This study compared the group decision making of Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, and Russia, particularly analyzing each culture’s influence on strategy. We verified the relationship between the cultural dimensions used in the GLOBE project and strategies within the business game.

Method. This was a mixed methods study on the relation between cultural dimensions and business game entry strategies, based upon data collected by observation using a quasi-experimental approach that includes questionnaires and business games, and utterance analysis by counting the frequency of words.

Findings. Countries differ in their tendencies to engage in sharing, with an emphasis on strategies such as, product differentiation differentiation, being marketing emphasized, or cost saving. Further, we could confirm relationships between several cultural dimensions and strategy.
The Effectiveness of Developing Motor Skills Through Motion-Based Video Gaming: A Review
Authors: Jenny Seth E. , Schary David P. , Noble Kristy M. , Hamill Shelley D.
Published: October 2017

Background. Technology growth affords innovative teaching techniques as video gaming within education has increased in popularity. Motion-based video gaming (MBVG) is a type of gaming that requires the individual playing the game to be physically interactive. Thus, whatever movements the individual playing the game does is picked up by motion sensors and is mimicked via the on-screen character. MBVG provides constant feedback to learners and has been found to help motivate students, replace sedentary with active gaming, and can facilitate social interactions with peers.

Aim. This literature review reveals the current knowledge regarding the potential educational benefits of MBVG, particularly in physical education and sport pedagogy settings. Developments of video gaming in education as well as recent research regarding MBVG and its potential impact on physical skill development within educational environments are discussed.

Conclusion. MBVG may be beneficial with novices in teaching basic sport concepts or with individuals with special needs who might otherwise not be able to participate in the full authentic version of the sport. However, empirical evidence is lacking which supports the effective use of MBVG in accurately teaching authentic sport-specific motor skills.
Probabilistic fatigue life prediction and reliability assessment of a high pressure turbine disc considering load variations
Authors: Zhu Shun-Peng , Liu Qiang , Lei Qiang , Wang Qingyuan
Published: October 2017

In the present work, a probabilistic framework for fatigue life prediction and reliability assessment of an engine high pressure turbine disc is proposed to incorporate the effects of load variations and mean stress, which provides a reference for engine structural design under a given target failure probability. Within this framework, a new probabilistic fatigue damage accumulation model under random loadings is elaborated based on a ductility exhaustion model, and probabilistic [Formula: see text] curves for the high pressure turbine disc under different flight missions are derived based on experimental data of turbine disc alloy GH4169. The influence of random load variations on fatigue reliability of the high pressure turbine disc has been investigated and quantified by combining the engine load spectrum with finite element analysis.
Evaluating the Impact of a Clinical Decision Support Tool to Reduce Chronic Opioid Dose and Decrease Risk Classification in a Veteran Population
Authors: Patel Shardool , Carmichael Jan M. , Taylor Janice M. , Bounthavong Mark , Higgins Diana T.
Published: October 2017

Background: Chronic opioid therapy–clinical reminder (COT-CR) is a decision support tool to prompt providers to carefully assess patients prescribed chronic opioids. This tool was developed to address inappropriate opioid prescribing. Objective: To determine COT-CR’s impact on reducing morphine equivalent monthly dose (MEMD) and risk index for overdose or serious prescription opioid-induced respiratory depression (RIOSORD) values in veterans receiving chronic opioids. Methods: This retrospective cohort review matched patients with a complete COT-CR to patients with an incomplete COT-CR using propensity scores. In the primary aim, an interrupted time series design evaluated for changes in MEMD 12 months before and 6 months after the index date. The index date was the first pain or primary care provider visit post COT-CR installation. In the secondary aims, a retrospective cohort design was used to evaluate the changes in RIOSORD index score and risk class 6 months after the index date. Results: After matching, 3801 patients were included in the complete and incomplete COT-CR groups, respectively. Greater average reduction in MEMD (−11.6 MEMD; 95% CI = −0.97 to −22.25 MEMD; P = 0.032) and RIOSORD index score (−0.53 RIOSORD index score; 95% CI = −1.00, −0.05 RIOSORD index score; P = 0.030) was observed in patients with a complete COT-CR compared to patients with an incomplete COT-CR. Differences in RIOSORD risk class were insignificant. Conclusion: Completing the COT-CR was associated with reduced MEMD and RIOSORD values. This suggests that active monitoring can change prescribing patterns, thereby, reducing the overall risk of opioid overdose in at-risk veterans.
Domestic Politics and Changes in Foreign Aid Allocation: The Role of Party Preferences
Authors: Greene Zachary D. , Licht Amanda A.
Published: October 2017

Resources for foreign aid come under attack when parties that care little for international affairs come to power. Internationally focused parties of the left and right, however, prefer to use aid as a tool to pursue their foreign policy goals. Yet varying goals based on left–right ideology differentiate the way donors use foreign aid. We leverage sector aid to test hypotheses from our Partisan Theory of Aid Allocation and find support for the idea that domestic political preferences affect foreign aid behavior. Left-internationalist governments increase disaster aid, while parochial counterparts cut spending on budget assistance and aid that bolsters recipients’ trade viability. Conservative governments favor trade-boosting aid. We find consistent, nuanced, evidence for our perspective from a series of Error Correction Models (ECMs) and extensive robustness checks. By connecting theories of foreign aid to domestic politics, our approach links prominent, but often disconnected, fields of political research and raises important questions for policymakers interested in furthering the efficacy of development aid.
Using Confidence Intervals for Assessing Reliability of Real Tests
Authors: Oosterwijk Pieter R. , van der Ark L. Andries , Sijtsma Klaas
Published: October 2017

Test authors report sample reliability values but rarely consider the sampling error and related confidence intervals. This study investigated the truth of this conjecture for 116 tests with 1,024 reliability estimates (105 pertaining to test batteries and 919 to tests measuring a single attribute) obtained from an online database. Based on 90% confidence intervals, approximately 20% of the initial quality assessments had to be downgraded. For 95% confidence intervals, the percentage was approximately 23%. The results demonstrated that reported reliability values cannot be trusted without considering their estimation precision.
Detecting Inconsistent Responding on the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory–Short Form
Authors: Kelley Shannon E. , Edens John F. , Donnellan M. Brent , Somma Antonella , Fossati Andrea , de Ruiter Corine , Eisenbarth Hedwig , Vaughn Michael G.
Published: October 2017

The Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory–Short Form (YPI-S) is a convenient measure for assessing psychopathy in settings with constraints on resources. However, the YPI-S does not contain a means of detecting careless or random response styles. The present study describes the development and evaluation of an inconsistent responding scale for the YPI-S using five archival samples that vary in language (English, German, Italian, Dutch) and other participant characteristics (juvenile offenders, adolescent students). Inconsistency scores resulting from the new scale effectively distinguished genuine participant responses from randomly generated cases (area under the ROC curve [AUC] = .85-.90) and from cases in which 50% of original responses were replaced with random data (AUC = .75-.82). The associations between the YPI-S and theoretically relevant correlates were reduced among participants exceeding proposed cutoff scores for profile validity compared with associations among more consistent respondents.
Acceleration of the IMplicit–EXplicit nonhydrostatic unified model of the atmosphere on manycore processors
Authors: Abdi Daniel S , Giraldo Francis X , Constantinescu Emil M , Carr Lester E , Wilcox Lucas C , Warburton Timothy C
Published: October 2017

We present the acceleration of an IMplicit–EXplicit (IMEX) nonhydrostatic atmospheric model on manycore processors such as graphic processing units (GPUs) and Intel’s Many Integrated Core (MIC) architecture. IMEX time integration methods sidestep the constraint imposed by the Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy condition on explicit methods through corrective implicit solves within each time step. In this work, we implement and evaluate the performance of IMEX on manycore processors relative to explicit methods. Using 3D-IMEX at Courant number C = 15, we obtained a speedup of about 4× relative to an explicit time stepping method run with the maximum allowable C = 1. Moreover, the unconditional stability of IMEX with respect to the fast waves means the speedup can increase significantly with the Courant number as long as the accuracy of the resulting solution is acceptable. We show a speedup of 100× at C = 150 using 1D-IMEX to demonstrate this point. Several improvements on the IMEX procedure were necessary in order to outperform our results with explicit methods: (a) reducing the number of degrees of freedom of the IMEX formulation by forming the Schur complement, (b) formulating a horizontally explicit vertically implicit 1D-IMEX scheme that has a lower workload and better scalability than 3D-IMEX, (c) using high-order polynomial preconditioners to reduce the condition number of the resulting system, and (d) using a direct solver for the 1D-IMEX method by performing and storing LU factorizations once to obtain a constant cost for any Courant number. Without all of these improvements, explicit time integration methods turned out to be difficult to beat. We discuss in detail the IMEX infrastructure required for formulating and implementing efficient methods on manycore processors. Several parametric studies are conducted to demonstrate the gain from each of the abovementioned improvements. Finally, we validate our results with standard benchmark problems in numerical weather prediction and evaluate the performance and scalability of the IMEX method using up to 4192 GPUs and 16 Knights Landing processors.
Lessons From the Social Innovation Fund
Authors: Zandniapour Lily , Deterding Nicole M.
Published: October 2017

Tiered evidence initiatives are an important federal strategy to incentivize and accelerate the use of rigorous evidence in planning, implementing, and assessing social service investments. The Social Innovation Fund (SIF), a program of the Corporation for National and Community Service, adopted a public–private partnership approach to tiered evidence. What was learned from implementing this ambitious program? How can large funding initiatives promote evaluation capacity in smaller organizations and evidence building in a sector broadly, increasing knowledge about how to address important social problems? And what can evaluators and evaluation technical assistance providers not working within a tiered evidence framework learn from the SIF? We provide an overview of the SIF model and describe how the fund operationalized “evidence building.” Materials developed to support SIF grantees represent practical, best practice strategies for successfully completing rigorous, relevant evaluations. Key lessons from overseeing over 130 evaluations—and their utility for other local evaluators—are discussed.
Forecasting travellers in Spain with Google’s search volume indices
Authors: Camacho Maximo , Pacce Matías José
Published: October 2017

We examine whether Google’s search volume indices help economic agents with real-time predictions about the checked-in and overnight stays of travellers in Spain. Using a dynamic factor approach and a real-time database of vintages that reproduces the exact information that was available to a forecaster at each particular point in time, we show that the models, including Google’s query volume indices, outperform models that exclude these leading indicators. In this way, we are the first in finding conclusive evidence that tourism-related queries help to improve tourism forecast in Spain. Our finding is of significance in this literature, since Spain is one of the world’s top tourism destinations and extremely depends on tourism.
Maximum efficiencies for internal combustion engines: Thermodynamic limitations
Authors: Caton Jerald A
Published: October 2017

The thermodynamic limitation for the maximum efficiencies of internal combustion engines is an important consideration for the design and development of future engines. Knowing these limits helps direct resources to those areas with the most potential for improvements. Using an engine cycle simulation which includes the first and second laws of thermodynamics, this study has determined the fundamental thermodynamics that are responsible for these limits. This work has considered an automotive engine and has quantified the maximum efficiencies starting with the most ideal conditions. These ideal conditions included no heat losses, no mechanical friction, lean operation, and short burn durations. Then, each of these idealizations is removed in a step-by-step fashion until a configuration that represents current engines is obtained. During this process, a systematic thermodynamic evaluation was completed to determine the fundamental reasons for the limitations of the maximum efficiencies. For the most ideal assumptions, for compression ratios of 20 and 30, the thermal efficiencies were 62.5% and 66.9%, respectively. These limits are largely a result of the combustion irreversibilities. As each of the idealizations is relaxed, the thermal efficiencies continue to decrease. High compression ratios are identified as an important aspect for high-efficiency engines. Cylinder heat transfer was found to be one of the largest impediments to high efficiency. Reducing cylinder heat transfer, however, is difficult and may not result in much direct increases of piston work due to decreases of the ratio of specific heats. Throughout this work, the importance of high values of the ratio of specific heats was identified as important for achieving high thermal efficiencies. Depending on the selection of constraints, different values may be given for the maximum thermal efficiency. These constraints include the allowed values for compression ratio, heat transfer, friction, stoichiometry, cylinder pressure, and pressure rise rate.
Working in partnership: The role of Peer Assisted Study Sessions in engaging the Citizen Scholar
Authors: McIntosh Emily A
Published: October 2017

This article argues that peer learning, specifically Peer Assisted Study Sessions, supported by academic tutors, is a valuable part of the agenda to emphasise the social mission of higher education. This study draws on data collected at two time points from respondents who were trained as Peer Assisted Study Sessions leaders. The data reveal that peer learning interventions nurture specific proficiencies and attributes of the Citizen Scholar, particularly creativity and innovation, design thinking and resilience. This study focuses on how Peer Assisted Study Sessions leader respondents conceptualise and articulate their own learning, relating it to the development of these specific proficiencies and attributes. It also offers insight into how Peer Assisted Study Sessions leaders foster the skills of citizen scholarship for those participating in their sessions.
Understanding experiences of undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation: one-year follow-up
Authors: Baumbusch Jennifer , Lauck Sandra B , Achtem Leslie , O’Shea Tamar , Wu Sarah , Banner Davina
Published: October 2017

Background:

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is the treatment of choice for frail, older adults with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis. Although research about long-term clinical outcomes is emerging, there is limited evidence from the perspectives of patients and family caregivers on their perceived benefits and challenges after TAVI.

Aims:

The aim of this study was to describe older adults and family caregivers’ perspectives on undergoing TAVI at one year post-procedure.

Methods:

Qualitative description was the method of inquiry. A purposive sample of 31 patients and 15 family caregivers was recruited from a TAVI programme in western Canada. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants one year after TAVI. Data were analysed thematically.

Results:

All participants were satisfied with the decision to undergo TAVI. There were three central themes. First, recovery was experienced in the context of aging and comorbidities, which was shaped by patients’ limited options for care and post-procedure symptom burden. Second, reconciling expectations with reality meant that, for some patients, symptom burden remained prevalent and was also influenced by others’ expectations. Third, recommendations for recovery related to having information needs met, keeping informed of evolving care processes, and addressing individualised needs for support.

Conclusions:

The perspectives of participants provide a valuable contribution to the literature about undergoing TAVI. Clinicians need to be attentive to patients’ expectations of benefit and temper these with consideration of the individual’s broader health situation to provide treatment decision support. Patients and family caregivers also need adequate teaching and support to facilitate safe transition home given the shift towards early discharge after TAVI.
Numerical study of the flow and the near acoustic fields of an underexpanded round free jet generating two screech tones
Authors: Gojon Romain , Bogey Christophe
Published: October 2017

The flow and near acoustic fields of a supersonic round free jet are explored using a compressible large eddy simulation. At the exit of a straight pipe nozzle, the jet is underexpanded, and is characterized by a Nozzle Pressure Ratio of 4.03 and a Temperature Ratio of 1. It has a fully expanded Mach number of 1.56, an exit Mach number of 1, and a Reynolds number of 6×104. Flow snapshots, mean flow fields and convection velocity in the jet shear layers are consistent with experimental data and theoretical results. Furthermore, two screech tones are found to emerge in the pressure spectrum calculated close to the nozzle. Using a Fourier decomposition of the pressure fields, the two screech tones are found to be associated with anticlockwise helical oscillation modes. Besides, the frequencies of the screech tones and the associated oscillation modes both agree with theoretical predictions and measurements. Moreover, pressure fields filtered at the screech frequencies reveal the presence of hydrodynamic-acoustic standing waves. In those waves, the regions of highest amplitude in the jet are located in the fifth and the sixth cells of the shock cell structure. The two screech tones therefore seem to be linked to two different loops established between the nozzle and the fifth and sixth shock cells, respectively. In the pressure fields, three other acoustic components, namely the low-frequency mixing noise, the high-frequency mixing noise and the broadband shock-associated noise, are noted. The directivity and frequency of the mixing noise are in line with numerical and experimental studies. A production mechanism of the mixing noise consisting of sudden intrusions of turbulent structures into the potential core is discussed. Then, the broadband shock-associated noise is studied. This noise component is due to the interactions between the turbulent structure in the shear layers and the shocks in the jet. By analyzing the near pressure fields, this noise component is found to be produced mainly in the sixth shock cell. Finally, using the size of this shock cell in the classical theoretical model of this noise component, a good agreement is found with the simulation results.
Airframe noise from a hybrid wing body aircraft configuration
Authors: Hutcheson Florence V , Spalt Taylor B , Brooks Thomas F , Plassman Gerald E
Published: October 2017

A high fidelity aeroacoustic test was conducted in the NASA Langley 14- by 22-Foot Subsonic Tunnel to establish a detailed database of component noise for a 5.8% scale HWB aircraft configuration. The model has a modular design, which includes a drooped and a stowed wing leading edge, deflectable elevons, twin verticals, and a landing gear system with geometrically scaled wheel-wells. The model is mounted inverted in the test section and noise measurements are acquired at different streamwise stations from an overhead microphone phased array and from overhead and sideline microphones. Noise source distribution maps and component noise spectra are presented for airframe configurations representing two different approach flight conditions. Array measurements performed along the aircraft flyover line show the main landing gear to be the dominant contributor to the total airframe noise, followed by the nose gear, the inboard side-edges of the LE droop, the wing tip/LE droop outboard side-edges, and the side-edges of deployed elevons. Velocity dependence and flyover directivity are presented for the main noise components. Decorrelation effects from turbulence scattering on spectral levels measured with the microphone phased array are discussed. Finally, noise directivity maps obtained from the overhead and sideline microphone measurements for the landing gear system are provided for a broad range of observer locations.
A qualitative study of practice, culture and education of doctors in Sri Lanka regarding ‘do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation’ decisions and disclosure
Authors: Dodd Alexander , De Silva Vijitha , Fritz Zoë
Published: October 2017

Background

Doctors and the Sri Lanka Medical Association recognise the importance of do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation decisions and disclosure; however, few previous studies exist examining these practices in Sri Lanka. Resuscitation decisions have seen significant changes in the UK in recent years, with a legal imperative for clear communication and a move to understand patients’ preferred outcomes before recommending clinical guidance.

Methods

Participants from two Sri Lankan hospitals were selected purposively to represent a range of specialties and seniorities for semi-structured interview.

Results

Fifteen participants of varying seniorities were recruited. Practice of do not resuscitate and informing patients is highly variable; there is no definitive guidance published on best practice of these issues in Sri Lanka. Participants felt that inpatients were generally not aware of their medical conditions or treatments. With the poor social and palliative care service provision in Sri Lanka comes a pressure to involve families in the patient care, particularly at the end of life. This feeds into a culture where patient autonomy plays a subordinate role to family involvement. Participants understand the ethical need for do not resuscitate, however, it is viewed to be a consideration for when the patient is close to death.

Conclusion

Do not resuscitate does not appear to be a prominent feature of end-of-life care in Sri Lanka and thus consideration of the appropriateness of resuscitation is commonly left late in a patient’s deterioration. Education, inclination and respect for doctors are suggested barriers to effective inclusion of patients in their healthcare and end-of-life decisions.
Review of Undergraduate Student Retention and Graduation Since 2010: Patterns, Predictions, and Recommendations for 2020
Authors: Barbera Salvatore A. , Berkshire Steven David , Boronat Consuelo B. , Kennedy Michael H.
Published: October 2017

A plethora of research spanning several decades has attempted to understand predictors of retention and graduation in undergraduate bachelor’s degree programs. The topic is no less important today, as larger and larger swaths of the American population attend college each year. Studies have demonstrated that key demographic variables, indicators of academic readiness, and financial challenges all appear to be important predictors of student retention and graduation. In addition to these historically important indicators, other modern considerations, such as an increasing number of nontraditional students and the availability of online programs, deserve mention. In this review, we covered both historical predictors of success, as well as more novel challenges to the college experience, limiting our discussion to research published since 2010. We also discuss relevant theoretical models for synthesizing this broad array of findings and provide suggestions for the future of research on this topic for the upcoming decade.
Metacarpal Lengthening in Adults With Brachymetacarpia
Authors: Lam Aaron , Fragomen Austin T. , Rozbruch S. Robert
Published: October 2017

Background: Metacarpal lengthening by distraction osteogenesis has been well documented in pediatric patients but limited in older patients. Fewer studies have assessed the success of the procedure through outcome measure scores. The purpose of this study is to assess the outcomes of distraction osteogenesis in skeletally mature adults with brachymetacarpia and patients’ perspectives on their satisfaction through outcome measure scores. Methods: Retrospective chart review of a consecutive series of metacarpal lengthenings for the treatment of brachymetacarpia was performed. Key parameters collected include starting metacarpal length, amount lengthened, range of motion of metacarpophalangeal joint, type of fixator used, distraction time, and total time in fixator. Relevant comorbidities and complications encountered were recorded as well. The Body Image Quality of Life Inventory (BIQLI) and Limb Deformity Modified Scoliosis Research Society (LD-SRS) score were given to evaluate patients’ perspectives on their satisfaction of surgery. Results: Seven metacarpal lengthenings were performed in 4 adult females (average age: 22.8 years) between 2005 and 2016. The average amount lengthened was 1.5 cm (range, 1.2-2.1 cm), corresponding to a mean percent lengthening of 44.4% (range, 33.3%-57.1%). The mean distraction rate was 0.432 mm/day (range, 0.286-0.724 mm/day). The mean distraction time was 38 days (range, 28-55 days). External fixation index was 71.8 days/cm (range, 53.5-99.2 days/cm). No functional loss was observed. Conclusions: Progressive distraction osteogenesis can obtain functionally successful results and improvement in aesthetics and body image without severe complications in skeletally mature adults with brachymetacarpia.
Human Dignity as the Foundation of Democratic Political Culture: Legal and Philosophical Perspective
Authors: Kleindienst Petra , Tomšič Matevž
Published: October 2017

The presence of the concept of human dignity has been increasing worldwide and it seems to be a fundamental concept in the democratic societies. The article introduces the meaning of human dignity not only as a philosophical and legal concept but as the common ground of democratic political culture as well. By explaining Kant’s theory and emphasizing the existence of the two dimensions of human dignity, it reveals a great significance of human dignity. Focusing on the Slovenian case as an example of post-communist society, the article explains the relevance of relationship between cultural orientations and institutional settings for democratic performance.
Wikipedia as a space for discursive constructions of globalization
Authors: Rubira Rainer , Gil-Egui Gisela
Published: October 2017

The notion of globalization has yielded a rich literature, both scholarly and popular, that reveals the highly contested nature of the meaning of the term. This article focuses on Wikipedia as one of the most popular reference sites worldwide, and compares, through computer-assisted text analysis and qualitative reading, entries for the word ‘globalization’ in six major Western languages: English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian. Given Wikipedia’s model of open editing and open contribution, it would be logical to expect that definitions of globalization across different languages reflect variations related to diverse cultural contexts and collective writing. Results show, however, more similarities than differences across languages, demonstrated by an overall pattern of economic framing of the term, and an overreliance on English language sources. Our findings support some scholars’ arguments about the inherent ambiguity of the idea of globalization, and highlight broader questions of linguistic, technological, and cultural hegemony.
Dose Accuracy, Injection Force, and Usability Assessment of a New Half-Unit, Prefilled Insulin Pen
Authors: Kappes Christopher M. , Kershner James R. , Morwick Tina M. , Corrigan Sheila M.
Published: October 2017

Background:

This study examines the utility of the first prefilled, rapid-acting insulin pen that can be dialed in half-unit increments. Dose accuracy and injection force were examined through a series of design-verification tests, and usability was established by human factors validation testing.

Methods:

Devices were tested for dose accuracy at 3 different doses and temperatures and under free fall, vibration, and cold storage conditioning. Injection force was measured at the maximum dose (30 units). Both experiments used the same semiautomated testing system. Usability was validated in a human factors simulated-use study that included 60 participants (patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes [aged 10-79 years], adult caregivers, and health care providers).

Results:

The pen met the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 11608-1:2014 requirements for dose accuracy at all settings and conditions tested. Furthermore, all individual results were within the ISO specification limits. Mean injection force across temperature settings ranged from 9.25 to 10.85 N at the highest dose. The usability validation study confirmed that use-related risks were reduced to the extent possible and that additional modifications were not likely to afford further reductions.

Conclusions:

The results from these studies demonstrated accurate dosing over the dose range (0.5-30 units) at different temperatures and conditions with an injection force that should accommodate the intended users. Use safety and usability in patients with diabetes, caregivers, and health care professionals were validated. The added convenience of this new half-unit, prefilled pen may ease the burden of diabetes management for patients who require smaller incremental dosing.
The many Anthropocenes: A transdisciplinary challenge for the Anthropocene research
Authors: Toivanen T , Lummaa K , Majava A , Järvensivu P , Lähde V , Vaden T , Eronen JT
Published: October 2017

The debate on the Anthropocene has become passionate during the past few years. This is partly because social scientists and humanists have adapted the concept creatively for their own research, as well as criticized the dominant role of natural sciences in defining the Anthropocene. We claim that to achieve a new level of transdisciplinarity it is vital for the Anthropocene research to fully acknowledge the theoretical, methodological and practical issues involved. We argue that inevitable as well as fruitful antagonisms can be identified between different disciplines and practices of trans- and interdisciplinary research improved by learning from these experiences. Here we analyze three ideas to enhance future transdisciplinary communication. First, we shed light on the current condition of transdisciplinarity in Anthropocene research by examining the challenges in Earth System science. Second, we widen the view on Anthropocene research by defining four different disciplinarily oriented research approaches to the Anthropocene: geological, biological, social, and cultural Anthropocene. Third, we reflect on the future challenges of merging these approaches into a new transdisciplinary Anthropocene research.
Older adults’ satisfaction of wearing consumer-level activity monitors
Authors: Farina Nicolas , Lowry Ruth G
Published: October 2017

There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that consumer-level activity monitors are a valid means of measuring physical activity in older adults. Understanding whether older adults are satisfied with wearing these activity monitors is an important step to ensuring that devices can be successfully implemented in clinical and research settings. Twenty-five older adults (mean age = 72.5 years, standard deviation = 4.9) wore two consumer-level activity monitors (Misfit Shine and Fitbit Charge HR) for seven consecutive days. After the week, participants were asked for their views and satisfaction of wearing each device, measured in part by the Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with assistive Technology. Participants were generally satisfied with most aspects of the devices, though they were significantly more satisfied with the Misfit Shine. Participants were critical about their ability to adjust the fit of both the Misfit Shine and Fitbit Charge HR. Interestingly, the perceived satisfaction with the device was not associated with participants’ consideration of wearing the device again. Future research needs to consider whether the design of consumer-level activity monitors are best suited for older adults.
Use of touchscreen tablet technology by people with dementia in homes: A scoping review
Authors: Hitch Danielle , Swan Jodie , Pattison Ruth , Stefaniak Rachel
Published: October 2017

Background

The aim of this scoping review was to identify the range, extent and nature of research around the use of touchscreen tablets by people with dementia in their home environment, particularly in regards to its use as a means of supporting participation in meaningful and socially connected activity.

Methods

A review of both peer-reviewed and grey literature was undertaken across 61 databases, along with reference list checking for articles published between 2010 and 2016.

Results

Twelve articles were included in this review, predominantly from Western European cultures and community-based home environments. The studies were exploratory in nature, with the majority focusing on the development of applications for people with dementia.

Conclusions

The study identified a range of exploratory research related to the use of touchscreen tablets by people with dementia. However, there were significant gaps within this evidence base, which provide opportunities for further research using more robust methodologies. Given the ubiquitous nature of touchscreen tablets in modern communities, further research could facilitate their use as a minimally stigmatizing and culturally appropriate form of support for people with dementia.
Ambulatory cleft lip surgery: A value analysis
Authors: Arneja Jugpal S , Mitton Craig
Published: October 2017

Background

Socialized health systems face fiscal constraints due to a limited supply of resources and few reliable ways to control patient demand. Some form of prioritization must occur as to what services to offer and which programs to fund. A data-driven approach to decision making that incorporates outcomes, including safety and quality, in the setting of fiscal prudence is required. A value model championed by Michael Porter encompasses these parameters, in which value is defined as outcomes divided by cost.

Objectives

To assess ambulatory cleft lip surgery from a quality and safety perspective, and to assess the costs associated with ambulatory cleft lip surgery in North America. Conclusions will be drawn as to how the overall value of cleft lip surgery may be enhanced.

Methods

A value analysis of published articles related to ambulatory cleft lip repair over the past 30 years was performed to determine what percentage of patients would be candidates for ambulatory cleft lip repair from a quality and safety perspective. An economic model was constructed based on costs associated with the inpatient stay related to cleft lip repair.

Results

On analysis of the published reports in the literature, a minority (28%) of patients are currently discharged in an ambulatory fashion following cleft lip repair. Further analysis suggests that 88.9% of patients would be safe candidates for same-day discharge. From an economic perspective, the mean cost per patient for the overnight admission component of ambulatory cleft surgery to the health care system in the United States was USD$2,390 and $1,800 in Canada.

Conclusions

The present analysis reviewed germane publications over a 30-year period, ultimately suggesting that ambulatory cleft lip surgery results in preservation of quality and safety metrics for most patients. The financial model illustrates a potential cost saving through the adoption of such a practice change. For appropriately selected patients, ambulatory cleft surgery enhances overall health care value.
BRAFV600E accelerates disease progression and enhances immune suppression in a mouse model of B-cell leukemia
Authors: Tsai Yo-Ting , Lakshmanan Aparna , Lehman Amy , Harrington Bonnie K. , Lucas Fabienne McClanahan , Tran Minh , Sass Ellen J. , Long Meixiao , Flechtner Alan D. , Jaynes Florinda , La Perle Krista , Coppola Vincenzo , Lozanski Gerard , Muthusamy Natarajan , Byrd John C. , Grever Michael R. , Lucas David M.
Published: October 2017

Key Points

Mutated BRAF accelerates disease and enhances immune abnormalities in murine B-cell leukemia. This new model will be valuable for understanding and targeting disease-induced immune modulation in MAPK-mutated B-cell malignancies.