bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jihād, Gender, and Religious Minorities in the Siyar Literature: the Diachronic View
Authors: Afsaruddin Asma
Published: May 2019

Siyar in Islamic law refers to the law of nations or international law. This study focuses on five siyar works composed between the 2nd/8th and 7th/13th centuries in order to compare and analyze their content diachronically in connection with two specific topics. The first topic is concerned with changing juridical conceptualizations of the role of the combative or military jihād in the Muslim polity’s relations with non-Muslim ones during this period. The second has to do with the evolution of siyar rules governing the treatment of non-Muslim and female participants in the military jihād, especially in the matter of the division of spoils. Four of these works represent the four major Sunnī madhāhib while the fifth is an early work predating the formation of these schools of law. Comparison of the content of these works allows us to draw certain conclusions about the nature and purview of the military jihād, as progressively articulated by jurists during the period under discussion. One of the major conclusions to be drawn from this study is that the combative jihād became an exclusively masculine and Muslim activity and effectively excluded women and non-Muslims from participation in it after the 2nd/8th century.
New Buddhists, ‘Treasure’ Discoveries and (Re)constructed Protective Deities of Kalmykia
Authors: Gazizova Valeriya
Published: May 2019

This article investigates how a number of Buddhist groups in Kalmykia, a republic in the southwest of Russia where Buddhism is historically practised by most of its titular population, try to create what they perceive as elements of the local form of Buddhism. Based on interviews with non-monastic Buddhist specialists, the article focuses on the introduction of the worship of two protective deities in several Kalmyk Buddhist centres. Central to the discussion is the deployment of the Tibetan practice of ‘treasure’ discoveries in this renewal.
Solar Energy for ICT Advancement: an Empirical Study on Coastal Areas in Bangladesh
Authors: Uddin Nasir , Faisal Hasan Mahmud , Zannat Rubaiya
Published: May 2019

This paper examines the application of solar energy and the role that solar energy can play to enhance information and communication technology (ICT) usage in coastal areas in Bangladesh. The empirical data were collected using interview and focus group discussions (FGD) in two unions on the coastal island of Kutubdia. The results of the analysis indicate that coastal areas have witnessed an accelerated shift towards solar technology to meet the gap between the demand for and the supply of electricity, along with other energy sources. The access to ICT tools in local communities has risen, with infrastructure which has completely changed the coastal way of life. It concludes that the use of ICT-based devices has opened a new window for remote communities, where solar energy has made great contributions. Therefore, a comprehensive approach is needed for people across the country to encourage and support them to use solar-based electricity.
The Form and Content of ‘Digital Spatiality’: Mapping the Soft Power of DreamWorks Animation in Asia
Authors: Grincheva Natalia
Published: May 2019

The article explores a series of blockbuster exhibitions of DreamWorks Animation developed by the Australian Centre of the Moving Image (ACMI) in collaboration with one of the largest Hollywood producers. Curated by ACMI, this blockbuster exhibition was designed to provide a behind-the-scenes look into collaborative processes involved in DreamWorks animations. This exhibition travelled across the Asia-Pacific in 2015-2017 and was hosted by a number of museums, such as the ArtScience Museum in Singapore, the Te Papa Museum in New Zealand, the Seoul Museum of Art in South Korea, and the National Taiwan Science and Education Centre in Taiwan. It displayed over 400 unique objects from the studio’s archive ‘of rare and never before displayed material’, such as drawings, models, maps, photographs, posters, and other artworks. The article explores the highly favourable reception to the DreamWorks Animation blockbuster in different cities in Asia. It employs a geo-visualization of Asian engagement with the blockbuster exhibit to reveal and explain local and global mechanisms of ‘attraction’ power, generated by DreamWorks in different Asian countries. Contributing to the special issue, this article engages with two aspects of it: the form, cultural digital mapping; and the content, the nature of media pop culture exemplified through the traveling blockbuster.
‘Holy and Important Duty’ – The Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church in America as a Preserver of the Finnish Language and Culture from the 1890s to 1920s
Authors: Meriläinen Juha
Published: May 2019

From its establishment in 1892 until the 1920s the largest Finnish ethnic church in the United States, the Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, better known as the Suomi Synod, was among the staunchest defenders of Finnish language and culture. The synod built a network of Sunday and summer schools, coordinated by the Michigan-based Suomi College, that not only offered religious instruction but also spread the Finnish language and national romantic ideals to immigrant children. Tightening immigration laws and increasing demands for national unity in the 1920s led many immigrant institutions, including the ethnic Lutheran churches, to Americanisation. A debate concerning a language reform also started in the Suomi Synod, but was rejected by the nationalistic-minded wing. Adherence to the Finnish language alienated the younger generation and led to a drastic but temporary decline in the church’s membership.
The Optics of Prediction in The Faerie Queene: Merlin’s Reflecting Telescope
Authors: Pivetti Kyle
Published: May 2019

A mirror or a crystal ball? That interpretive crux arises at the heart of Book iii of Spenser’s The Faerie Queene – when Britomart discovers Merlin’s “glassy globe” and first sees Arthegall in its surface. The “looking-glasse,” that is, not only reflects Britomart but also tells the future. This essay revisits the problem of Merlin’s glass by locating it in the context of rapidly developing sixteenth-century optics, and one invention in particular: the reflecting telescope. By 1590, a range of thinkers from John Dee to Leonard Digges discovered in the reflective properties of mirrors innovative ways to understand human sight, cognition, and prediction. And it is Digges that proposes a reflecting telescope, a device that Merlin employs in Book iii. These scientific advances, in turn, inform Spenser’s references to vision and reflection throughout the poem, granting his allegory the ability both to distort sight and counter-intuitively to produce the future. Indeed, The Faerie Queene uses misrepresentation to protect its queen and to protect budding projects of nationalism. To see, for Spenser, is to change “the world it self” and to bring about its British futures.
Why We Need a New Ethic for Animals
Authors: Fraser David
Published: May 2019

In Western culture, animal ethics has traditionally emphasized acts of deliberate cruelty and, in the twentieth century, institutionalized harms to animals through activities such as meat production and biomedical research. However, with a large human population and technologies that developed mostly during the last century, a new set of harms—unintended and often acting indirectly—now injure and kill vast numbers of animals. Unintended harms arise from human artifacts such as cars, windows and communication towers. Indirect harms occur from disturbances to the balances and processes of nature, for example through pollution, introduction of alien species and climate change. These harms will undoubtedly increase unless they become a focus of attention and mitigation. A new animal ethic is needed to incorporate these harms into ethical thought. It will need to address such issues as responsibility for unintended versus intended harms, and for collective versus individual actions, and it will greatly narrow the gap between animal ethics and environmental ethics.
Maps in Newspapers
Authors: Reyes Novaes André
Published: May 2019

Maps in newspapers generated many discussions among cartographers and geographers working from different approaches and theoretical backgrounds. This work examines these maps from a historiographical as well as a historical perspective. It considers three main questions, namely how maps in the press should be conceptualized, how cartographic images in newspapers have been studied, and how these images changed over time. In order to provide a perspective on the origins, development, and impact of war maps in the press, this work will explore maps representing three geopolitical conflicts for Brazilian audiences: The War of the Triple Alliance (1864–1870), World War II (1939–1945) and the War on Drugs in Rio de Janeiro’s favelas (1994–2010). By exploring these war maps, specific cartographic practices used in this genre as well as the connections that this mode has with other types of map production and consumption will be identified.
The Modernity of Aristotle’s Ethics
Authors: Freeland Charles
Published: May 2019

Aristotle understood ethics to be a practical rather than a theoretical science. It is a pragmatics, if you will, concerned with bringing about a good life . But the problem and the question from which Aristotle’s ethics begins arid to which it constantly returns concerns the relation of the theoretical to the practical: his concern is for the type or mode of discourse one could use in providing an account of the good life (Eudaimonia). Is this a propositional, apophantic discourse, a discourse claiming to represent the truth and what is true and from which one could then go on to prescribe a course of action, or, and this may be closer to Aristotle, is the philosophical discourse on ethics rather a descriptive one which takes humankind for what it is, not what it ought to be? This relation between theory and practice, between description and prescription, between science and action, is a question and a problem for Aristotle. It is my purpose to take up this question in connection with Aristotle’s texts on Eudaimonia. Another question shall be raised here: What is the relevance of Aristotle’s treatment of Eudaimonia to our contemporary, “modern” concern for ethics and the good life? I would assume, naively perhaps, that even today we are not indifferent to this question of what is a good life, and that we are not indifferent to the many ways in which the “good life” has been described. It would seem, then, that Aristotle’s texts have a particularly striking importance for us today insofar as we prolong the philosophical questioning of the possibilities for ethical and political discourse today and continue to ask who and what we are as human beings.
The King and I: Another Orientalia in Commercial Theatre?
Authors: Mahasarinand Pawit
Published: May 2019

One of the most popular American musicals, The King and I has always been, and probably will forever be, banned in Thailand. Its current Broadway production, ironically, petitioned to premiere in Thailand and, without hesitation, was immediately turned down by the Royal Thai Government. Instead, it was developed in Australia and moved to Broadway where it received critical as well as commercial success.
Doing the Business of Faith: The Captalistic Dhammakaya Movement and the Spiritually-Thirsty Thai Middle Class
Authors: Chalermsripinyorat Rungrawee
Published: May 2019

Dhammakaya, an active, affluent and expanding Buddhist religious movement, became a focus of public attention and media scrutiny in the last quarter of 1998 due to its controversial practice of dogged solicitation for donations to build a grand Maha Dhammakaya Jedi Structure worth nearly one billion US$, in the face of severe economic recession. Some Buddhist monks and scholars, both orthodox and radical, attacked the movement as a distortion and commercialization of Buddhism. If the Dhammakaya movement offers a novel religious package as alleged by some critics, it is worth examining why this consumer product has gained an upsurge of popularity among urban middle classes in modern Thai society. This paper argues that even though capitalistic as the Dhammakaya has been viewed, it is ironically one of the most successful resurgent Buddhist movements in contemporary Thailand. It offers the urban middle classes an alternative path to realize their novel vision of Buddhism and construct their new identity. The popularity of the movement, in turn, manifests the failure of the Sangha in coming to terms with changing Thai society. The first section of this paper discusses how Buddhism has been transformed in the process of modernization. In the second section, I examine the case of Wat Phra Dhammakaya as a new religious movement in contemporary Thailand. The last section discusses the Dhammakaya controversy and its implications.
Asian Aesthetics Alive – The Visualising Power of Contemporary National Style
Authors: Thaulow Mirja
Published: May 2019

In these times of globalization, it sometimes appears as if all cultural particularrities are about to vanish. But, at the same time, a strong current of public affection for national values can be detected all over the world, especially in the visual culture. Here, an international aesthetic of the national is being developed and it can be termed as “the style of the national” or “national style”. By employing this term in the analysis of national pictures from two very different Asian countries, Thailand and Uzbekistan, this article will show that Asian aesthetics are very much alive in the present.
Rethinking Tradition—Another Look at the Essential Characteristics and Meanings of Ruen Thai
Authors: Thaveeprungsriporn Piyalada Devakula
Published: May 2019

The essay explores the essential experiential characteristics of the traditional house, particularly those which may be appropriately interwoven into the fabric of Thai urban dwellings today. With hermeneutic phenomenology as its philosophical framework, the in-depth exploration takes the form of four comparative case studies, each representing a point in the line of tradition. Through a layering descriptive and interpretive process, five essential patterns emerge, each of which finds its meanings richly traceable to the various facets of the Thai culture. Together, the patterns and their meanings give rise to a framework, which reveals the many facets of a dwelling place, as well as their interrelationship and significance to the human experience. This evolving place structure underscores the long deserved significance of the aesthetic and metaphysical aspects of place. Finally, the essay points out that tradition has served as a mirror which helps fostering an understanding of the present world. Through the everyday language and gestures, traces of forgotten meanings from the past re-emerge into light. In the end, the discoveries put forth in this paper raise a few issues revolving around the very idea of tradition—e.g. whether tradition can be viewed not as a “thing,” but rather a process in which the old interacts with the new, a selecting and filtering process wherein time is an essential agent, and we human are thus inherently conditioned by it.
“Mai Pen Rai” on Communicative Phenomena in Thai Culture
Authors: Chaimanee Nittaya
Published: May 2019

This paper discusses patterns of use and various functions of the frequent Thai expression mai pen rai, which can be roughly glossed as 'never mind'. The study is based on conversational data: face-to-face and by phone. Mai pen rai is a linguistic pattern requiring appropriate knowledge for its practical use in the culture of everyday human communication. The expression mai pen rai implies a pragmatic response to culture, and acts as a psychological mechanism reflecting the influence of Buddhism (Buddhadasa Bhikkhu, 1956; Phra Khantipalo, 1993; Phra Rajakittimoli, 1997) in a relaxed Thai lifestyle. Mai pen rai demonstrates a unique communication pattern for different situations in life. It further reveals speech strategies resulting from the application of natural phonological processes, as discussed by Stampe (1979), Dressler (1989) and Foltin and Dressler (1997). Mai pen rai can be considered as a back-channel expression (Iwasaki and Rorie, 2003; Chaimanee, 1999), which is sent out as a mental response formula: a reply of thankfulness or pardon or a sign of social care, or as a politeness formula (Brown and Levinson, 1987). Since mai pen rai has multiple and effective uses, the expression highlights a practical phase of human language in communication. Communicating with the universally underlying semantic structure –'never mind'- would help all of us to live in harmony with a peaceful mind in this Global World.
Decolonization and Demystification: One Hundred Years of Solitude and Nationhood
Authors: Chotiudompant Suradech
Published: May 2019

This essay aims to explore how the interconnected issues of nationhood and national identity are treated in Gabriel García Márquez's novel Cien años de soledad (One Hundred Years of Solitude). Through a discussion of the two basic yet complex themes of reality and history set against the exclusive backdrop of Colombian history, it is also intended to show how the author reinscribes the myth of nationhood by decentering what Jean-François Lyotard terms the metanarratives of the West, while simultaneously demystifying the monolithic concept of national identity in this work.
The Buddha Image in Thailand
Authors: Kantamara Kukdej
Published: May 2019

Buddha images bear traits that are indicative of the ethnicity of their creators. The Thai Buddha images have unique characteristics which vary according to times and regions. This paper discusses the development in the artistic styles of the Thai schools of Buddha images, the characteristics of each school and the factors that influence it such as ethnicity and current culture.
Tonal Variation and Change in Dialects in Contact: A Case Study of Lao
Authors: Akharawatthanakun Phinnarat
Published: May 2019

The data here are from Lao spoken by majority groups and minority groups in contact with the other Lao dialects. When Lao dialects have long been in contact with each other, it is worthwhile to investigate whether tone variation and change have occurred.
Reconceptualizing Indianization: A Study of the Art of the Local Female Deities
Authors: Poungpattana Rattanaporn
Published: May 2019

It was formerly known and agreed generally that the earliest Southeast Asian people did not create their own civilization, but adopted models from India. Accordingly, civilization in Southeast Asia is called "Indianization". Yet there are three mains schools of thought giving different views of the characteristics of Southeast Asian civilization. While the first school, led by Coedes, points out that civilization in Southeast Asia is not so different from its Indian models, the second school, led by Wolters, suggests that Southeast Asian civilization is completely different from the Indian one due to the process called 'localization'. Compromisingly, the last school, led by Mabbett, proposes the harmonious living of the two cultures in local societies. As the debates are still uncompromised, the article offers the examination of the case study of female deities in an attempt to compromise those debates. According to the observation on the case study, it can be summed up that Wolters and Mabbett's suggestions seem closer to the real situation, and that Southeast Asia has its own typical civilization.
Moral Dilemma in the Bodhisattva Ideal: A Re-Reading of Vessantara Jataka Tale
Authors: Satha-Anand Suwanna
Published: May 2019

This article offers an analysis of various situations of moral dilemma generated by the Bodhisattva ideal of extreme self-sacrifice, with special reference to the career of Vessantara. The analysis focuses on the dilemmas resulting from his marvelous giving of gifts (dana), as a prince of a kingdom, as a royal son to his parents, as a husband and as a father. Emphasis will be directed to the various lines of reasoning, both supportive and oppositional to the gift giving, voiced by the people around him who were directly effected by his generosity. Finally, some possibilities for reconciliation will be explored.
English Language Education in Japan: From Westernization to Globalization
Authors: Phadvibulya Tavicha
Published: May 2019

Japan is one of the most influential countries in the world's economy and politics. Although the country is perceived as being well-equipped technologically and having an industrious, highly literate, and energetic population, foreign language education, especially in English, has long been a critical issue. From the time of the Meiji Restoration (1868-1945), the Japanese have considered studying foreign languages to be tool to facilitate the Westernization of the country. It was also a key factor in Japan's recovery and rapid economic growth in the decades following the end of World War II (1945-1952). After the postwar period (1960s- present), however, foreign languages, previously seen as a one-way tool for absorbing Western civilization, became a tool for two-way communication where ideas are shared and exchanged. This has been due to the fact that, with the arrival of the 21st century, Japanese society is facing many more challenges as a result of changing cultural norms, advances in science and, most importantly, the progress of globalization in the economy and in society. Accordingly, in 2004, the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT) inaugurated a policy for the improvement of communication skills in English, viewing it as essential for the Japanese to acquire communication skills in English as a common international language in order to function in the 21st century. The series of reforms being introduced due to the changing needs of the country, including the efforts made, the outcomes gained and the quick expansion of foreign-language education, is worth keeping an eye on and, thus, constitutes the focal interest of this investigation.
From Dupin to Oedipa: Thomas Pynchon’s Parodic Take on Detective Fiction
Authors: Chotiudompant Suradech
Published: May 2019

This essay aims to investigate how Thomas Pynchon’s The Crying of Lot 49, when juxtaposed with Edgar Allan Poe’s Dupin short stories, can be read as a parodic reworking on the genre of detective fiction. By placing the works of the two authors in relation to theoretical lines of detective fiction, the essay intends to highlight how the world-views of the two authors are dis-tinctively formed, especially in terms of a hermeneutical search for ultimate meaning.
Working Between two Worlds: New Roles for Traditional Thai Dance and Dancers
Authors: Damrhung Pornrat
Published: May 2019

Thailand’s financial collapse and new constitution in 1997 brought issues of commercialization, education reform, and decentralization to the forefront of arts and culture. The paper focuses on three aspects of the current situation of the traditional arts and artists in Thailand.
Advisory Facilities for Long-Stay Japanese Senior Travellers in Chiangmai
Authors: Hongsranagon Prathurng
Published: May 2019

This paper is focused on the requirements of 63 long-stay Japanese senior travellers in Chiangmai, Thailand, regarding advisory facilities. Similar to other long stay Japanese senior travellers around the globe, these 63 senior travellers can afford to stay, in excess of one month as tourists, living off their pension fund. Their aim is to share in the daily life of locals during their stay. However, as newcomers, they must go through stages of cross-cultural adjustment during their long term stay in the province. It is recommended that Chiangmai set up advisory facilities capable of providing advice and orientation in the Japanese language to these senior travellers. This will upgrade the services offered by Thailand for long stay tourism, which is vital to its success and sustainability.
Significance and Role of the Chicken in the Akha Worldview
Authors: Sujachaya Sukanya , Sitisarn Chomnard
Published: May 2019

Myth, beliefs and ritual about the chicken reflect the Akha’s world view regarding the chicken will facilitate a better understanding of the link between the chicken and man. And these can be seen as an important connection to domestication.
Trauma, Repressed Memory, and the Question of ‘Authenticity’: Reading see Under: Love and Beloved Through Bhabha
Authors: Chittiphalangsri Phrae
Published: May 2019

Trauma and the repressed memory of Jewish Holocaust survivors and African- American slaves are issues that require the notion of ‘authenticity’ in fictional representation. The Zionist discourse demands that Holocaust fictions be written by true witnesses of the genocide and with respectful seriousness, for the Holocaust is a sacred, incomparable phenomenon in Jewish history. In the same manner, the Black American narrative needs authenticity to articulate the Black’s own voice, which has been predominately constructed by White Americans since the early history of America. David Grossman’s See Under: Love (1999) nevertheless deals with the problem of ‘authenticity’ in describing the Holocaust, despite the fact that the writer never experienced the Holocaust directly and even wrote it in a postmodern, humorous, and fantastic manner. Likewise, Toni Morrison’s Beloved (1987) introduces a new way to write an authentic African- American narrative, i.e. magical realism. This essay explores the problem of authenticity by applying Homi K. Bhabha’s cultural theory to analyse it in four parts. The first part investigates the causes and the culturally specific backgrounds of the Zionist and the American Africanist’s views towards ‘authenticity’ in literary representation. The second part clarifies the argument by situating ‘authenticity’ in Bhabha’s framework of the pedagogical. The third part furthers the argument by detailing the performative use of the fantastic and magical realism to render the effect of liminality. The last part concludes the notion of ‘authenticity’ by pointing out the supplementary aspect of Bhabha’s theory when applied to the two novels.
The Meanings of the Horse-Faced Mask in the Story of Kaeo Na Ma
Authors: Ruengruglikit Cholada
Published: May 2019

This paper aims to study the meanings of the heroine’s horse-faced mask in the story of Kaeo Na Ma. The two versions investigated here are the version composed by Prince Phuwanetnarinrit and that of the Ratcharoen written by Nai But and influenced by the former version. Since Prince Phuwanetnarinrit’s version firstly indicates that the heroine’s horse face can be removed, it is considered as a mask in this paper. Like other masks in Khon or masked drama, the horse face controls the behavior and personality of the wearer. This horse face not only signifies the heroine’s tomboyish manners as stated in other studies, but also communicates various hidden meanings complying with her other characteristics and behaviors. Five meanings are discussed here including the heroine’s unrefined behavior, self hiding, protective gear, ugliness and peculiarity, and masculinity. All of these meanings also exist in Thai sayings, in some literary works, and in the context of the story itself. This horse-faced mask enables the heroine to present her ‘self’ in three different guises and personalities, namely the character of a comedian in the figure of Nang Kaeo; a heroine in the figure of Nang Mani; and a hero in the figure of Manop, an unnamed man. Compared to the abstract meaning of wearing many masks at the same time, Nang Kaeo is very efficient in performing several duties at the same time. She takes good care of her family and society. It can be said that she is really the first warrior heroine in Thai literature and has much influence on other warrior heroines in Thai tales. Nonetheless, as beauty is a typical characteristic of Thai heroines, the hero in this story has to remove Nang Kaeo’s horse face before appointing her his queen — the act that proves the denial of an ugly heroine in Thai tales.
The Conservation and Management of the Cultural Heritage of Thailand: The Drafting of the Charter
Authors: Shinawatra Weeraphan
Published: May 2019

This paper is an attempt to explain problems of cultural heritage conservation and management in Thailand due to the neglect of the State and the weakness of the society in understanding and protecting their cultural heritage especially the “folk culture” against globalization. The paper also points out that the impending Thailand Charter for cultural heritage conservation and management is the key solution to counterbalance today’s threats. Non-government organizations should take the lead in drafting the Charter with full public participation. Meanwhile local cultural heritage organizations which are at risk should immediately respond, with all stakeholders involved, before it is too late.
Transformations for the Survival of Traditional Water-Based Communities in Amphawa District, Samut Songkhram Province
Authors: Phamornsuwan Wilawan , Peerapun Wannasilpa , Silapacharanan Siriwan
Published: May 2019

The water-based communities in Amphawa District have evolved in their settlements over a long period of time. They all have specific and unique characteristics in terms of natural and cultural heritages. In the past, the communities have been affected by various transformations and changes not only in the natural environment but also through the direct and indirect developments which have been undertaken in the Mae Klong River basin. Despite these changes, however, the traditional water-based communities have been able to adjust themselves for survival up to the present day. This study aims to describe certain issues which affect the survival of traditional water-based communities in Amphawa, i.e., (1) transformations of traditional water-based communities, (2) factors affecting the transformations and survival of water-based communities, and (3) trends in transformations and capabilities for the survival of water-based communities. The findings of this research should be useful for preliminary deliberations of the appropriate policy recommendations for maintaining the uniqueness and the survival of water-based communities.
Eunuchs and Concubines in the History of Islamic Southeast Asia
Authors: Clarence-Smith William Gervase
Published: May 2019

In the early 17th century, male servant eunuchs were common, notably at the Persianised Acehnese court of Iskandar Muda. By mid-century, the castration of male slaves mysteriously disappeared. Concubinage, however, lasted much longer. While there were sporadic attempts to stamp out abuses, for example sexual relations with pre-pubescent slave girls, and possibly, clitoridectomy, a reasoned rejection of the institution of concubinage on religious grounds failed to emerge. This paper discusses the sexual treatment of slaves across Islamic Southeast Asia, a subject which sheds important light on historical specificities pertaining to both Islam and sexuality in the region, yet which continues to be treated with silence, embarrassment or even scholarly condemnation.
Filial Piety and Chastity in Nguyen du’s The Tale of Kieu
Authors: Rato Montira
Published: May 2019

The early 19th century Vietnamese masterpiece, The Tale of Kieu by Nguyen Du, is a story that famously highlights the conflict between the Confucian concepts of filial piety and female chastity, and between personal obligations and personal morality. This paper explores how issues of love and sexual relationships, as portrayed in the Tale of Kieu, influenced the thinking of Vietnamese intellectuals in the early 20th century. Drawing on parallels to Kieu’s plight, it is argued that the Vietnamese, who collaborated with the French, often made sense of their actions in terms of sexual submission and sacrifice as well as being compelled to prostitute themselves for the sake of a higher obligation - in their case to the nation. The portrayal of female sexuality and morality in Nguyen Du’s story continued to be discussed by Vietnamese intellectuals well into the 20th century. This paper charts the course of this debate and the wider discussions relating to sexuality and literature up until the 1945 August Revolution with the aim of showing how closely female chastity, Confucianism, and nationalism, came to be interlinked.
Women, Sexuality and Politics in Modern Cambodian Literature: The Case of Soth Polin’s Short Story
Authors: Amratisha Klairung
Published: May 2019

This essay aims to explore the political messages found in the work of Soth Polin, one of Cambodia’s influential writers in the 1970s. Soth’s short story, Sramol Ptī Oey..Khluon Ūn Rahaek [My Dear Husband…My Body Was Torn Apart] illustrates how Cambodia was in a state of physical and moral decay during the Vietnam War as a result of attacks from Vietnamese Communists and American influence over the Cambodian leaders during the Vietnam War. In Soth’s stories, pornographic, philosophical and political elements are artistically interwoven. The author uses women’s bodies and sexuality as both a site of patriarchal control and as a site of negotiation between the female subject and the patriarchal power. The feminised body of Cambodia symbolizes the political oppression of foreign powers and resistance to these powers. Soth’s text shows the continuity of traditional concepts and new creativity in modern Cambodian literature.
The Anatomy of Thai Face
Authors: Persons Larry Scott
Published: May 2019

This article, based upon qualitative ethnographic research from the perspective of social anthropology, clarifies the meanings of five abstract social constructs in Thai society: nata, kiat, saksi, chuesiang, and barami. The author proposes that these five words form the “anatomy” of Thai “face.” The central argument is that although these words adhere together in the minds of Thai people, data from field research reveal that they are distinct, though not mutually exclusive, in meaning. The author offers a visual model that demonstrates the dynamic relationship shared by these five constructs.
The Concept of the “Perfectly Virtuous Woman”: Constructed Identity of Khmer Women for the Nation
Authors: Hutinta Areeya
Published: May 2019

The Concept of the “Perfectly Virtuous Woman”: Constructed Identity of Khmer Women for the Nation aims to explore Khmer women’s constructed identity as it has changed throughout Khmer history.
Ethics of Timeliness in Confucianism
Authors: Arunkhajornsak Sarinya
Published: May 2019

By exploring Confucius’ attitude towards time, change, and transformation in the “Analects”, this paper aims to illustrate that temporality plays a crucial role in Confucian ethics. Confucius uses the notion of timeliness as an ethical guide in self-cultivation and moral practice in order to harmonize human beings with all the events of change. This paper argues that timely sagehood is a key quality of the junzi or “excellent person.” To be a timely sage, a junzi must cultivate the virtue of yi. This paper presents a conceptualization of “yi” in the “Analects” and proposes that its meanings limited to “righteousness” and “appropriateness” in the sense of morality, legitimacy and justice, include a sense of timeliness, namely, the quality of timely action and the inner intellectual capacity of a junzi to evaluate and work out the appropriate course of an action in an actual situation.
Placental Development in the Sheep and its Relation to Fetal Development
Authors: Stegeman Jenny H. J.
Published: May 2019

A quantitative macroscopic and microscopic investigation was performed upon the placenta of the sheep.

Macroscopic data were obtained from 235 cases of single pregnancy, 285 cases of twin pregnancy, 45 cases of triplet pregnancy, and from one case of quadrulet pregnancy. Macroscopic data obtained include: weight of the uterine horns, weight of the fetal membranes, weight of the total cotyledonary mass, and weight of the fetus.

Microscopic data were mainly obtained from twin pregnancies (about 30 placentas in each of the nine age groups, group I being excluded from this investigation). The following microscopic data were calculated: vascularization of the caruncles (being the maternal component), degree of branching of the villi, total villous surface, vascularization of the villi, and total villous blood volume.
Tolerance Differences and Interspecific Competition in three Members of the Amphipod Genus Gammarus
Authors: Dennert Henk G.
Published: May 2019

In a series of experiments with G. pulex, G, duebeni celticus and G. duebeni duebeni populations, pure or mixed, their tolerances for several temperature/salinity conditions have been determined. Tested were 100%, 10%, 1% and 0.1% seawater in combination with temperatures of 5°, 10° or 15°C. In general all species preferred the 5°C conditions above those with a higher temperature, and the middle salinity range (1% for G. pulex, 1% and 10% for G. d. celticus and G. d. duebeni) above the lower or higher salinities.

In nearly all situations tested G. pulex had a lower survival rate than G. d. celticus and G. d. duebeni.

Notwithstanding the sometimes unfavourable conditions for G. pulex, this species can compete successfully with G. d. celticus under most of the experimental conditions, but the interspecific relations between G. pulex and G. d. duebeni end in the competitive exclusion of the first species. These results support two theories: (1) G. pulex is able to compete successfully with G. d. celticus and to expel the latter from its niche, and (2) G. d. duebeni is able to invade freshwater and to establish inland populations.

The differences demonstrated between G. d. celticus and G. d. duebeni are an argument for a different development and different capabilities of both subspecies.

Sterile interspecific matings between G. pulex and both subspecies of G. duebeni are temperature dependent and do not play a major role in the interspecific relations connected with competition.
Geographical Variation in Cavolinia Tridentata (Mollusca, Pteropoda)
Authors: van der Spoel S.
Published: May 2019

A redescription is given for five formae of Cavolinia tridentate and four formae new to science are described. The distribution of the species is given and the zoogeography of the formae is discussed.
Ecological Aspects of the Distribution of Reef Corals in the Netherlands Antilles
Authors: Bak Rolf P. M.
Published: May 2019

The vertical and horizontal patterns of the distribution of corals and coral reefs (to a depth of 90 m) are discussed in relation to the environmental factors: geomorphology of the bottom, available substrate, light, turbidity, sedimentation, water movement and temperature. There is a general pattern which is comparable to other well-developed Caribbean reefs. However, as in other areas variations are found, e.g. the depth and growth form of Acropora palmata will depend on the degree of exposure to water movement. There are strong correlations between the environmental variables and the occurrence of coral species and their growth form, the species composition of coral communities and the character of the coral reef. In some cases the relationship is not that obvious. The absence of Agaricia species at certain points along the coast of Aruba and the dominance of Sargassum on the deep bottom at some places along the windward coast of Curaçao is not yet explained.

The relative importance of the different factors in an environmental setting is shown by a comparison of reef communities and reef habitats with a coral community of a muddy, shallow inland bay. The community of the bay consists, apart from the hardier coral species, of corals which are characteristic of the deep reef: Scolymia lacera, S. cubensis and Helioseris cucullata. These corals are adapted to sedimentation and low light intensities and are apparently able to withstand a temperature and salinity range much broader than that of their deep reef habitat.

The paucity of corals and coral reef development around the islands of the Windward Group (deeper habitat included) can generally be explained by the morphology of the sea floor, the lack of suitable substrate and the effect of hurricanes. The exposed coasts of Saba and St. Eustatius, being virtually unexplored, may have richer coral growth.

A new list of species of the Scleractinia of the Leeward and Windward groups, consisting of 57 species, is included.
The South American Plated Catfish Genus Aspidoras R. von Ihering, 1907,
Authors: Nijssen H. , Isbrücker I.J.H.
Published: May 2019

The South American callichthyid catfish genus Aspidoras R. von Ihering, 1907, is redefined on the basis of thirteen nominal species. Morphological differences with the related genus Corydoras Lacépède, 1803, are discussed. Two species originally described in Corydoras, viz., Corydoras raimundi and Corydoras pauciradiatus are herein transferred to Aspidoras.

Aspidoras now consists of the following previously described nominal species: (1) Aspidoras rochai R. von Ihering, 1907 (type-species of the genus), known from Brazil, Est. Ceará, Fortaleza, (2) Aspidoras raimundi (Steindachner, 1907) from Brazil, Est. Moararnhão, Rio Parnaíba system, (3) Aspidoras lakoi P. de Miranda Ribeiro, 1949, from Brazil, Est. Minas Gerais, Rio Paranaíba system, and (4) Aspidoras pauciradiatus (Weitzman & Nijssen, 1970) from Brazil, Est. Goiás, Rio Araguaia system.

Nine new species from Brazil are described herein: (1) Aspidoras albater from Est. Goiás, Rio Tocantinzinha, (2) Aspidoras brunneus from Est. Mato Grosso, Serra do Roncador, (3) Aspidoras carvalhoi from Est. Ceará, Guaramiranga, (4) Aspidoras eurycephalus from Est. Goiás, Córego Vermelho, (5) Aspidoras fuscoguttatus from Est. Mato Grosso, Córrego Corguinho, (6) Aspidoras maculosus from Est. Bahia, Rio Itapicurú system, (7) Aspidoras menezesi from Est. Ceará, Rio Salgado system, (8) Aspidoras poecilus from Est. Mato Grosso, upper Rio Xingu, and from Est. Goiás, Rio Araguaia, and (9) Aspidoras spilotus from Est. Ceará, a tributary of Rio Acaráu, and from Cachoeira do Gusmão. In addition to these nominal species some material is described and figured under the provisional designation of Aspidoras sp. aff. poecilus. These specimens may represent another species, but are not formally named.
The Respiratory Area of the Gills of Some Teleost Fishes in Relation to their Mode of Life
Authors: de Jager S. , Smit-Onel M.E. , Videler J.J. , van Gils B.J.M. , Uffink E.M.
Published: May 2019

From computations (by means of graphic interpolation and graphic integration) of the respiratory area, and transposition of these values to a respiratory area of a standard fish of 200 g (A200 value), it could be made plausible that the relation between respiratory area and mode of life of the fishes mentioned in this paper (Cod, Plaice, Conger, Flounder, Dab and Pike) fits in with the general pattern found in an earlier paper, although intraspecific differences were sometimes considerable.

In comparison with A200 values of other species, the Cod has a respiratory area that fits in with his mode of life and that of other typical sprinters. The Flounder has a considerably larger respiratory area than Plaice and Dab. Flounder feeds mainly on small fishes, while Plaice and Dab feed on molluscs and worms. Conger has to be considered a crawler. The Pike, as a typical sprinter, shows nevertheless large differences in its A200 values.

It was known already that freshwater biotopes do not allow fishes to develop into typical stayers. Thus, large differences between freshwater sprinters and crawlers can hardly be expected.

The relation between respiratory area and body surface cannot be used in a comparison between fishes of different species.
Genetic differentiation in Gammarus fossarum and G. caparti (Crustacea, Amphipoda) with reference to G. pulex pulex in northwestern Europe
Authors: Scheepmaker Maarten , van Dalfsen Jan
Published: May 2019

Genetic differentiation among G. fossarum Koch, 1835 from different stations in Germany, Switzerland, Belgium and northern France, and the closely related Belgian form G. caparti Pètre-Stroobants, 1980 was investigated by electrophoresis at 20 enzyme loci. Although morphologically variable, geographically distant populations of G. cf. fossarum were hitherto considered conspecific. In the present study, populations of G. cf. fossarum and G. caparti were examined with reference to G. pulex pulex as an estimate for genetic differentiation at the species level.

With G. p. pulex as a standard, genetic differentiation among geographically distant populations of G. cf. fossarum is occasionally observed at species level. The populations of G. caparti studied were shown to be genetically very similar to certain populations of G. fossarum. The taxonomic status of G. caparti and the genetically distinct forms of G. fossarum is discussed.
Genetic differentiation and estimated levels of gene flow in members of the Gammarus pulex-group (Crustacea, Amphipoda) in western Europe
Authors: Scheepmaker Maarten
Published: May 2019

Genetic differentiation of morphologically variable members of the G. pulex-group in northwestern Europe was investigated by electrophoresisat 20 enzyme loci. Five recently described related forms were examined with reference to the “classical” species G. pulex, G. wautieri and G. fossarum. G. pulex and G. wautieri were shown to be genetically homogeneous and clearly distinct species. In the other species, morphologicallysimilar forms were shown to be genetically distant, and inter-areal intraspecific genetic differentiation may warrant recognition of subspecies or sibling species. In some cases, levels of reproductive isolation of the forms involved could be assessed by cross-breeding experiments. To estimate dispersal capabilities, gene flow levels were indirectly estimated from gene frequency data. Gene flow levels are generally low and fluctuating population sizes may enhance the occurrence of stochastic processes. Dendrograms derived from genetic distances were compared with zoogeographical and paleoclimatological evidence. The distribution areas of the species involved correspond to patterns predicted by these data.
Genetic differentiation, origin and dispersal of Gammarus gauthieri from the Iberian peninsula and North Africa (Crustacea, Amphipoda)
Authors: Scheepmaker Maarten
Published: May 2019

Genetic differentiation among population samples of G. gauthierion both sides of the Strait of Gibraltar was investigated by enzyme electrophoresis at 20 enzyme loci with reference to G. gauthieri and G. ibericus from different areas in the Iberian peninsula.

Levels of divergence resolved suggest that G. gauthieri reached North Africa from the Iberian peninsula, and not vice versa. With reference to geological evidence, this was likely to occur during the Messinian (6–5 My ago). As the opening of the Strait of Gibraltar represents a well dated geological event, an attempt has been made to calibrate the molecular clock for the G. pulex- group.

Indirect estimations of gene flow levels were shown to be extremely low. Probably as a consequence of frequently occurring semi-arid conditions, populations of G. gauthieri are strongly subdivided and likely to be subject to stochastic processes. Therefore, even within areas, population samples may be genetically markedly different.

Dendrograms of genetic distances were compared with geological evidence. From these data an hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships is proposed.
Beschreibung der sechs Nauplius-Stadien von Parastenocaris phyllura Kiefer, 1938 im Vergleich mit P. vicesima Klie, 1935 (Copepoda, Harpacticoida)
Authors: Glatzel Thomas
Published: May 2019

Six non-overlapping size classes and morphologically distinct nauplius stages of Parastenocaris phyllura are studied using light microscopy. The nauplii have been reared in laboratory cultures. A comparative analysis of the morphology of the nauplius stages of P. phyllura and P. vicesima (cf. Schminke, 1982) is presented.