bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular Cage, One‐Dimensional Tube and Two‐Dimensional Polycatenane obtained from Reactions of Flexible Tripodal Ligand 1,3,5‐Tris(imidazol‐1‐ylmethyl)‐2,4,6‐trimethylbenzene with Copper Salts
Authors: Meng Wen‐Li , Fan Jian , Okamura Taka‐aki , Kawaguchi Hiroyuki , Lv Yang , Sun Wei‐Yin , Ueyama Norikazu
Published: August 2006

Three novel copper complexes, [CuII(titmb)(N3)2]·0.5H2O (1), [CuI3(titmb)2](ClO4)3 (2), and [CuII(titmb)(SO4)]·2.2H2O (3), were obtained by reactions of flexible tripodal ligand 1,3,5‐tris(imidazol‐1‐ylmethyl)‐2,4,6‐trimethylbenzene (titmb) with the corresponding copper(II) salts using hydrothermal method and their structures were determined by X‐ray crystallography. Complex 1 exhibits a one‐dimensional (1D) tube‐like chain structure, while the 2 possesses a M3L2 molecular cage‐like structure, in which the copper atom has a valence of +1, indicating that the CuII is reduced to CuI under the hydrothermal condition. Complex 3 has a polycatenated network structure with inclined interpenetration of (6,3) networks. Ligand titmb adopts a cis,cis,cis‐conformation in all of the three complexes. The results indicate that the anions play important roles in the structure of the complexes. In addition, complex 2 was further investigated by electrospray massspectrometry.
Funktionelle Zinkkomplexe mit einem p‐Nitrophenyl‐substituierten TREN‐Liganden
Authors: Calvo José A. Maldonado , Vahrenkamp Heinrich
Published: August 2006

Functional Zinc Complexes of a p‐Nitrophenyl Substituted TREN‐Ligand

The new ligand tris{2‐[(p‐nitrophenylmethyl)amino]ethyl}amine (L) was synthesized from tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine (TREN) and p‐nitrobenzaldehyde. With zinc halides it forms the complexes [L·ZnCl]Cl and [L·ZnBr]Br. Its reactions with zinc nitrate and zinc perchlorate yield the aqua complexes [L·Zn(OH2)](NO3)2 and [L·Zn(OH2)](ClO4)2. One equivalent of KOH converts the latter in situ to the hydroxido complex [L·Zn‐OH]+. This picks up CO2 from the atmosphere producing the dinuclear carbonato complexes [L·Zn‐O‐CO‐O‐Zn·L]X2, with X = nitrate or perchlorate. This CO2 uptake is inhibited, just like in the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, by thiocyanate, resulting in the thiocyanato complex [L·Zn‐NCS]ClO4. The structures of the chloro, aqua, and carbonato complexes were determined.
Ba11In6O3: Ein Indid‐Oxid mit neuartigen [In6]‐Baugruppen
Authors: Wendorff Marco , Röhr Caroline
Published: August 2006

Ba11In6O3: An Indide Oxide with Novel [In6] Building Units

The indide oxide Ba11In6O3 was synthesized from stoichiometric amounts of the elements starting from barium and indium in combination with barium oxide or barium peroxide respectively at a maximum temperature of 850 °C. Its crystal structure was solved and refined from single crystal diffractometer data. The title compound crystallizes with a new structure type (tetragonal, space group I4/mcm, a = 1555.8(3), c = 1121.6(2) pm, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0265) and exhibits planar [In6] anions besides oxide ions coordinated by Ba cations in an octahedral arrangement. The [OBa6] octahedra are connected via corners to form a three‐dimensional network closely related to the one in the antiperowskites like Ba3SnO. The group‐subgroup relation connecting the two metal rich oxides is presented. The indide anion [In6]16− is similar in shape to tetrafluorethene with a central short In‐In bond (288.4 pm) and four longer In‐In contacts towards the terminal In atoms. The formal electron deficiency and the shape of the anion are discussed on the basis of the calculated electronic structure (using FP‐LAPW bandstructure methods) and compared to the bonding situation in other binary alkaline earth indides and indide nitrides.
Rare‐Earth Nickel Nitridoborates with (BN) Anions: Characterized RENi(BN) and Anticipated REM(BN) Compounds
Authors: Neukirch Michael , Blaschkowski Björn , Häberlen Marco , Meyer H.‐Jürgen
Published: August 2006

The compounds RENi(BN) with RE = Y, La, Ce, Pr, Tm and Yb were synthesized by solid state reactions from metal powders and α‐BN at temperatures between 1000° and 1200 °C. In addition, the mixed phases (Ca,Yb)Ni(BN) and (Ca,Tm)Ni(BN) were synthesized. All products were characterized by powder XRD measurements and indexed isotypic with the structure of CaNi(BN), consistent with the tetragonal space group P4/nmm. The bonding conditions of the (BN) anion are discussed in a perspective view on new nitridoborate compounds REM(BN) containing transition metal atoms (M) other than Ni.
Coordination Chemistry of Acrylamide. 5. Crystal Structures of Complexes of Metal(II) Perchlorates and Tetrafluoroborates with Acrylamide
Authors: Girma Kibatu B. , Lorenz Volker , Blaurock Steffen , Edelmann Frank T.
Published: August 2006

Acrylamide complexes of metal perchlorates and tetrafluoroborates, [M(OC(NH2)CH=CH2)6][X]2 (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Zn; X = ClO4, BF4), have been prepared and characterized using single crystal X‐ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy and elemental analyses. The complexes contain metal(II) cations surrounded by an octahedral array of acrylamide ligands accompanied by the anions. The tetrafluoroborate or perchlorate counter anions do not coordinate to the metal atoms or take part in strong secondary interactions such as hydrogen bonds with coordinated ligands. Single crystal X‐ray structures of these complexes prove that the ligands are coordinated exclusively via the carbonyl oxygen atom. Bonding through the nitrogen atom has not been observed in these complexes.
Chiral Cadmium(II), Nickel(II) Complexes of C2‐symmetric (R, R)‐et‐pybox: Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Spectral Properties
Authors: Li Jianping , Zhao Jianshe
Published: August 2006

Two novel chiral complexes Ni((R, R)‐et‐pybox)(H2O)2Cl]Cl (1) and [Cd((R, R)‐et‐pybox)Cl2]·0.5CHCl3 (2) ((R, R)‐et‐pybox is C2‐symmetric 2,6‐bis[4′‐(R)‐ethoxyoxazolin‐2′‐yl]pyridine) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, UV, TG and single crystal X‐ray diffraction. A feature of interest is noted in the unit cells of the two complexes, there exist two types of molecules per asymmetric unit, which are only slightly differ in the orientation of the coordinated atoms to the central metal atoms. Each Ni atom in 1 has a distorted octahedral and each Cd atom in 2 has a distorted trigonal bipyramidal coordination environment. In complex 1 the two types of molecules interact with each other by O–H···Cl hydrogen bonds, giving rise to one‐dimensional ribbon structure.
Syntheses and Structures of Lithium and Sodium Salt Complexes with Alkylpolyamine Ligands
Authors: Buttery Jarrod H. N. , Plackett Neil C. , Skelton Brian W. , Whitaker Claire R. , White Allan H.
Published: August 2006

Syntheses and single crystal X‐ray structural characterizations are recorded for some complexes of lithium and sodium halides, MX, X = Cl, Br, I, with various alkylpolyamine ligands ‘lm(n)’ = [H2N(CH2)lNH(CH2)m(NH(CH2)n)NH2], lm(n) = 22, 222, 343, also 22′2″ = N((CH2)2NH2)3, and ‘apz’ = bis‐1,4‐(2‐aminoethyl)piperazine, obtained by crystallization of the metal salt from solution in the neat base, or with the base in methanol solution. The complex LiCl : 22 (2:2) is a discrete dimer, the four‐coordinate lithium atoms being bridged by the pair of polyamine ligands, with the chlorine atoms terminally bound. The complex LiBr : 22 (2:3) comprises a one‐dimensional cationic polymer, four‐ and five‐coordinate lithium atom types both being coordinated by discrete tridentate bases, and catenated by another, the anions remaining uncoordinated. A hydrolysis product LiBr : 22 : H2O (4:5:1) comprises a cationic web in two dimensions, the counterion remaining uncoordinated. The series of isomorphous complexes NaX : 222 (2:3), X = Br, I, are two‐dimensional polymers, the sodium ions (on crystallographic 3‐axes) being linked into a web normal to those axes by ligands which behave as chelates with pendant groups linking Na(en)3 (en = 1,2‐ethane‐diamine) type arrays, the counterions remaining uncoordinated. The adduct LiCl : apz (2:1), derivative of impurity in the 222 ligand, is also a two‐dimensional web, the four‐coordinate lithium atoms being linked by counterions in one dimension, and chelate‐pendant‐bridging ligands in the other. The complex LiI : 343 (1:1) is a one‐dimensional helical polymeric cation, the four‐coordinate lithium atoms being linked by bis(chelate)‐bridging ligands with unbound counterions. The complexes of 22′2″ take two extreme forms, both manifested in LiCl : 22′2″ (2:2), wherein one set of crystallographically independent lithium atoms, disposed on crystallographic 3‐axes, are linked by extended 22′2″ ligands centred about another set of such axes, (the counterions remaining unbound), into a two‐dimensional web normal to the 3‐axes of the crystal, the other set being bound by the other set of ligands as mononuclear tripod arrays, a motif found in other complexes where the counterion may or may not occupy a fifth coordination site. Here it does not, but in the complex LiBr : 22′2″ (2:2), we find both possibilities: [BrLi(22′2″)][Li(22′2″)]Br, the Li‐Br distance in the neutral aggregate being 2.83(2) Å, while in LiI : 22′2″ (1:1) we have the remarkable prospect of the lithium atoms of a pair of [Li(22′2″)]+ cations confronting each other along a crystallographic 3‐axis (Li…Li 2.82(2) Å), the counterions being disposed on another set of 3‐axes between the cations. The adduct NaI : 22′2″ (1:1) is [INa(22′2″)], Na‐I 3.101(2) Å.
The Structural Characterization of some t‐Butanol Solvates of some Lithium Halides, of LiX : tBuOH(1 : 4,6) Ratio
Authors: Buttery Jarrod H. N. , Plackett Neil C. , Skelton Brian W. , Whitaker Claire R. , White Allan H.
Published: August 2006

The single crystal structural characterization of an array of t‐butanol solvates of the lithium halides LiX, X = Cl, Br, I is recorded. Two series have been identified, of LiX : tBuOH ratio 1:4 and 1:6, represented by the formulations [Li(HOtBu)4]X (X = Cl, I; not isomorphous) and [Li(HOtBu)4]X·2tBuOH (all X = Cl, Br, I, also BH4); isomorphous, triclinic $P{\bar 1}$, a ∼ 10.3, b ∼ 13, c ∼ 14.4Å, α ∼ 73, β ∼ 70, γ ∼ 68°, Z = 2. Li‐O are 1.97Å, in an environment of $quasi-{\rm \bar 4}{\rm 2}m$ symmetry, the pair of O‐Li‐O angles trans to each other which contain the hydroxyl hydrogen atoms being reduced to (range) 92.9(2)‐98.2(3)°. Interactions between these hydroxylic hydrogen atoms with the anions link the cations and anions alternately into chains in the 1:4 adducts; in the 1:6 adducts these chains are extended by interposed solvent molecules by way of hydrogen‐bonding interactions.
Facile Routes to Sodium Tetradecaphosphide Na4P14 and Molecular Structure of Na4(DME)7.5P14 and Na4(en)6P14 (DME = 1,2‐dimethoxyethane; en = ethylenediamine)
Authors: Miluykov Vasili , Kataev Alexander , Sinyashin Oleg , Lönnecke Peter , Hey‐Hawkins Evamarie
Published: August 2006

Tetrasodium tetradecaphosphide Na4P14 was obtained either from the reaction of PCl3 with sodium in refluxing THF or from the reaction of red phosphorus and sodium in ethylenediamine at room temperature. The solid‐state structures of Na4(DME)7.5P14 (1a) and Na4(en)6P14 (1b) (DME = 1,2‐dimethoxyethane; en = ethylenediamine) are described.
Dimorphic CeZnPO and PrZnPO
Authors: Lincke Hannes , Nilges Tom , Pöttgen Rainer
Published: August 2006

Well‐shaped single crystals of the phosphide oxides CeZnPO and PrZnPO were obtained from the rare earth metals, zinc oxide, and red phosphorous in an equimolar NaCl/KCl flux in sealed quartz ampoules. The high‐temperature (β) NdZnPO type modifications were obtained at 1170 K while the low‐temperature (α) ZrCuSiAs type modifications crystallized at 970 K. The four compounds were characterized by X‐ray diffraction on powders and single crystals: P4/nmm, a = 401.08(9), c = 882.0(4) pm, wR2 = 0.1277, 173 F2 values, 9 variables for α–CeZnPO, a = 399.3(2), c = 877.2(7) pm, wR2 = 0.0583, 220 F2 values, 12 variables for α–PrZnPO, and R3m, a = 401.2(4), c = 3121(3) pm, wR2 = 0.0221, 509 F2 values, 14 variables for β–CeZnPO, a = 399.0(2), c = 3108(1) pm, wR2 = 0.0452, 291 F2 values, 14 variables for β–PrZnPO. In both modifications we observe clear separation into rare earth–oxygen and zinc–phosphorous layers without any P–P and Zn–O interactions, leading to electron precise formulations Ce3+Zn2+P3−O2− and Pr3+Zn2+P3−O2− for these transparent compounds. The crystal chemical peculiarities are briefly discussed.
LiBx (0.82 < × ≤ 1.0) – an Incommensurate Composite Structure below 150 K
Authors: Wörle Michael , Nesper Reinhard , Chatterji Tapan K.
Published: August 2006

The lithium boride LiBx (0.82 < × ≤ 1.0) contains linear boron chains isolelectronic to carbyne. The negatively charged boron chains are embedded in and stabilized by a lithium matrix. At room temperature they are disordered with respect to each other and also not commensurate with the Li matrix. Below about 150 K a phase transition takes place, where the boron chains successively order with respect to each other, but remaining still incommensurate with the Li substructure. The crystal structure of LiBx at 2 K was determined from neutron powder diffraction data and refined in the (3+1)‐dimensional superspace group $P{\bar 1}$(αβγ) The unit cell parameters are a = 4.012(1) Å, b = 4.012(1) Å, c = 2.794(1) Å, α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 120° for the lithium and a = 4.017(1) Å, b = 4.019(1) Å, c = 1.578(1) Å, α=93.35(1), β = 92.83(1)°, γ = 119.71(1)° for the boron substructure, respectively. The q‐vector is (0.1267 0.1482 1.7707). The boron atoms within the linear chains are equidistant, suggesting a cumulated double bond system, similar to a cumulenic chain in the carbon case. Band structure calculations and the electron localization function give more insight into the unusual physical properties of LiBx.
DNA diagnosis of pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency in female patients with congenital lactic acidaemia
Authors: Matsuda J. , Ito M. , Naito E. , Yokota I. , Kuroda Y.
Published: August 2006

The diagnosis of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) E1α deficiency, which is an X‐linked inborn error of metabolism, is usually established by the measurement of PDH complex activity in cultured cells. However, heterozygous female patients with PDH E1α deficiency may be misdiagnosed when the normal X chromosome is predominantly expressed in the cultured cells. Therefore, in female patients with convincing clinical presentations of PDH E1α deficiency and the normal enzyme activity, the X‐inactivation pattern should be analysed and the PDH E1α gene screened for mutations. For this screening, we applied the method of single‐strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) and DNA sequencing and examined 11 female patients with congenital lactic acidaemia whose PDH complex activity was normal in cultured cells. In 2 of the 11 female patients, we found distinct pathogenic missense mutations in the PDH E1α gene (G89S and G291R). Both affected patients showed a similar clinical presentation and had been diagnosed as West syndrome. In 3 of the 11 patients, we found a polymorphic base‐pair substitution in exon 9 of the PDH E1α gene which resulted in a changed amino acid residue (M282L). We conclude that PCR‐SSCP analysis of the PDH E1α gene, followed by DNA sequencing, is a useful method to screen for mutations of the PDH E1α gene in female patients with congenital lactic acidaemia who have normal enzyme activities in available samples, normal ratio of lactate to pyruvate, and predominantly raised lactate concentration in cerebrospinal fluid.
Mutations in the galactose‐1‐phosphate uridyltransferase gene of two families with mild galactosaemia variants
Authors: Sommer M. , Gathof B. S. , Podskarbi T. , Giugliani R. , Kleinlein B. , Shin Y. S.
Published: August 2006

Classical galactosaemia, deficiency of galactose‐1‐phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT), is characterized by acute symptoms of hepatomegaly, jaundice, sepsis, cataracts and growth retardation. Treatment with dietary galactose restriction corrects these complications immediately; however, most of these children develop long‐term complications of verbal dyspraxia, mental retardation and ovarian failure. Our previous molecular study showed that the most common mutation of the GALT gene is a missense mutation of Q188R (replacement of glutamine‐188 by arginine) in approximately 60–65% of the German galactosaemic population. The coding region of GALT was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction from genomic DNA of classical galactosaemic individuals, who are negative or heterozygous for Q188R, and was further characterized by direct sequencing. Three new disease‐causing mutations, two missense and a stop codon mutation, were identified in three patients from two families with mild galactosaemic variants: firstly R67C, replacement of arginine‐67 by cysteine and W316X, the stop codon at tryptophan‐316 in one male; secondly A330V, replacement of alanine‐330 by valine in two female siblings. In the first family the patient was also heterozygous for the polymorphism N314D and in the second family both girls were compound heterozygotes for Q188R and A330V. All three galactosaemic individuals have a considerable amount of the residual GALT activity in RBC and the galactose‐1‐phosphate (GALP) level decreased much faster on treatment than that of other galactosaemic patients with missense mutations such as Q188R. The clinical and biochemical data of these patients were much more favourable in comparison with those of two female galactosaemic individuals, one homozygous for L195P and the other compound heterozygous for Q188R and L195P. These three missense mutations (R67C, L195P and A330V) also occur in highly conserved regions. These observations suggest that the phenotypic variation in galactosaemic individuals may be due to different molecular aetiologies.
Biochemical, clinical and neuroradiological (MRI) correlations in late‐detected PKU patients
Authors: Leuzzi V. , Trasimeni G. , Gualdi G. F. , Antonozzi I.
Published: August 2006

Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in 17 late‐detected PKU patients (aged 2.8–25 years). Twelve subjects had been treated late (0.7–4.5 years), and 5 not at all. Four were still on diet when the study was performed. Mental development was normal in 4 subjects, mildly retarded in 6, and moderately or severely retarded in 7. None had exhibited mental or neurological deterioration. On MRI examination a symmetrical increase of T2‐weighted signal in the periventricular white matter was found in all patients, although to different degrees. Concomitant signal decrease on the T1‐weighted sequences was detected in 9 patients. Ten subjects showed focal white‐matter abnormalities. A variable degree of cortical and subcortical atrophy was found in 12 subjects, and asymmetry of lateral ventricles in 4.

White‐matter involvement correlated with phenylalanine concentrations during the year preceding (rs=0.5706;p<0.02) and at the time of (rs=0.6182,p<0.01) the investigation. Cortical and subcortical atrophy correlated with the patient's age (rs=0.5889,p<0.02, andrs=0.5929p<0.02, respectively).

We conclude that late‐detected PKU patients showed the same MRI abnormalities reported in early‐treated subjects and in subjects who underwent neurological deterioration; white‐matter abnormalities possibly result from the recent exposure to high phenylalanine concentrations; in late‐detected PKU subjects cerebral atrophy could be the late result of chronic exposure to high phenylalanine concentrations.
Correlates of Depressive Symptoms Among Women Seeking Cancer Genetic Counseling and Risk Assessment at a High‐Risk Cancer Clinic
Authors: Kodl Molly Middlecamp , Lee Judith W. , Matthews Alicia K. , Cummings Shelly A. , Olopade Olufunmilayo I.
Published: August 2006

The aims of this study were to (1) assess the level of depression among women seeking cancer genetic counseling and risk assessment and to (2) identify and describe the demographic, health history, and health behavior correlates of clinically significant depression. Participants were 280 women presenting for an intake appointment at a university cancer risk clinic. During intake, participants completed questionnaires assessing demographics, health history, health practices, and depression. Twenty‐eight percent of the sample met criteria for at least mild depression. Descriptive statistics indicated that depressed women were more likely to be African American, to have more children, less likely to receive a mammogram, and consumed fewer alcoholic drinks per week than nondepressed women. Given the known associations between depression, health behaviors such as cancer screening, and potential responses to the genetic testing process, assessment of mood disturbance remains an important consideration for genetic counselors.
Miniband-related 1.4–1.8 μm luminescence of Ge/Si quantum dot superlattices
Authors: Talalaev V.G. , Cirlin G.E. , Tonkikh A.A. , Zakharov N.D. , Werner P. , Gösele U. , Tomm J.W. , Elsaesser T.
Published: August 2006

The luminescence properties of highly strained, Sb-doped Ge/Si multi-layer heterostructures with incorporated Ge quantum dots (QDs) are studied. Calculations of the electronic band structure and luminescence measurements prove the existence of an electron miniband within the columns of the QDs. Miniband formation results in a conversion of the indirect to a quasi-direct excitons takes place. The optical transitions between electron states within the miniband and hole states within QDs are responsible for an intense luminescence in the 1.4–1.8 µm range, which is maintained up to room temperature. At 300 K, a light emitting diode based on such Ge/Si QD superlattices demonstrates an external quantum efficiency of 0.04% at a wavelength of 1.55 µm.
Aggregate structure of hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) and HRGP assisted dispersion of carbon nanotubes
Authors: Wegenhart Ben , Tan Li , Held Michael , Kieliszewski Marcia , Chen Liwei
Published: August 2006

Hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGP) comprise a super-family of extracellular structural glycoproteins whose precise roles in plant cell wall assembly and functioning remain to be elucidated. However, their extended structure and repetitive block co-polymer character of HRGPs may mediate their self-assembly as wall scaffolds by like-with-like alignment of their hydrophobic peptide and hydrophilic glycopeptide modules. Intermolecular crosslinking further stabilizes the scaffold. Thus the design of HRGP-based scaffolds may have practical applications in bionanotechnology and medicine. As a first step, we have used single-molecule or single-aggregate atomic force microscopy (AFM) to visualize the structure of YK20, an amphiphilic HRGP comprised entirely of 20 tandem repeats of: Ser-Hyp4-Ser-Hyp-Ser-Hyp4-Tyr-Tyr-Tyr-Lys. YK20 formed tightly aggregated coils at low ionic strength, but networks of entangled chains with a porosity of ~0.5–3 μm at higher ionic strength. As a second step we have begun to design HRGP-carbon nanotube composites. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) can be considered as seamless cylinders rolled up from graphene sheets. These unique all-carbon structures have extraordinary aromatic and hydrophobic properties and form aggregated bundles due to strong inter-tube van der Waals interactions. Sonicating aggregated SWNT bundles with aqueous YK20 solubilized them presumably by interaction with the repetitive, hydrophobic, Tyr-rich peptide modules of YK20 with retention of the extended polyproline-II character. This may allow YK20 to form extended structures that could potentially be used as scaffolds for site-directed assembly of nanomaterials.
Gold nanowires and the effect of impurities
Authors: da Silva Edison Z. , Novaes Frederico D. , da Silva Antônio J.R. , Fazzio A.
Published: August 2006

Metal nanowires and in particular gold nanowires have received a great deal of attention in the past few years. Experiments on gold nanowires have prompted theory and simulation to help answer questions posed by these studies. Here we present results of computer simulations for the formation, evolution and breaking of very thin Au nanowires. We also discuss the influence of contaminants, such as atoms and small molecules, and their effect on the structural and mechanical properties of these nanowires.
Paranasal sinus computed tomography findings in patients treated for lepromatous leprosy
Authors: Kiris A , Karlidag T , Kocakoc E , Bozgeyik Z , Sarsilmaz M
Published: August 2006

Aim: Nasal and paranasal sinus involvement is common in lepromatous leprosy and is of considerable epidemiological significance. The aim of this study was to investigate paranasal sinus abnormalities in treated lepromatous leprosy cases and to evaluate the findings in comparison with those of previous studies.

Materials and methods: Thirty-eight patients who had been treated for lepromatous leprosy were included. All patients had been treated with dapsone and rifampicine for six months, and followed with dapsone, rifampicine and clofamizine for a minimum of two years. All patients received a clinical examination, a coronal computed tomography (CT) examination of the paranasal sinuses and ethmoidal sinus endoscopy, in order to investigate the involvement of the paranasal sinuses in the leprosy. Ethmoidal sinus biopsies were taken in 18 of the 21 cases of ethmoidal sinus involvement noted on CT scan.

Results: Twenty-three patients had sino-nasal symptoms. Endoscopic examination showed different pathologies in 21 of these patients. Abnormalities in the paranasal CT images were observed in 27 patients. The ethmoidal, maxillary, frontal and sphenoid sinuses were affected in 21, 18, three and two patients, respectively. Various degrees of nasal septum perforation were noted in 18 cases. In six of the 18 patients biopsied, the biopsy specimen showed involvement by lepromatous leprosy.

Conclusion: These findings suggest that although these lepromatous leprosy patients had been treated, persistent infection was still commonly encountered. Paranasal sinus CT examination is a useful method for the evaluation of patient response to treatment and follow up; however, a CT scan alone cannot determine whether the leprosy is active.
Rapid changes in the epiphytic macrolichen flora on sites in southern Sweden
Authors: MATTSSON Jan-Eric , LÄTTMAN Håkan , MILBERG Per
Published: August 2006

A relatively quick and simple method is presented for monitoring changes in distribution and in site and substratum preferences of epiphytic macrolichens; the method also records the natural turnover of common species. Changes in the epiphytic lichen flora in southern Sweden were recorded at 64 sites in 1986 and again in 2003. In total 1990 observations of lichens were recorded on 15 tree species, mainly on trunks but also on branches up to 2 m above the ground. Almost all species showed a high turnover with regard to substratum, including very abundant species such as Hypogymnia physodes. Many of the species had changed substratum within their sites, possibly reflecting a general change in the ecological quality of sites. Canonical Correspondence Analysis was used to extract the variation in species composition over time, using 1685 records of 55 lichen species on 8 different substrata. Some species such as Hypogymnia tubulosa had increased in abundance whilst others such as Vulpicida pinastri had decreased.
Translocation of Rarotonga Monarchs Pomarea dimidiata within the southern Cook Islands
Authors: ROBERTSON HUGH A. , KARIKA IAN , SAUL EDWARD K.
Published: August 2006

The translocation of species to a new site plays an important role in the conservation of many threatened birds; however, the problems and processes involved in planning and implementing such translocations are rarely reported. In order to establish a second secure ‘insurance’ population of the endangered Rarotonga Monarch Pomarea dimidiata, or Kakerori, 30 young birds were moved from the Takitumu Conservation Area on Rarotonga to the 2,700 ha island of Atiu between 2001 and 2003. The translocation of this single-island endemic was to a site outside the historical range of the species, because the small, but rapidly growing, population on Rarotonga was considered to be highly vulnerable to a catastrophe, such as a cyclone, or the arrival of a new bird disease or predator. The translocation followed consultation with local communities, an assessment of the suitability of islands in the southern Cook Islands, and an assessment of the disease risk posed by the translocation. The translocation appears to have been successful because Rarotonga Monarchs have bred well in a variety of forest habitats on Atiu.
Recent changes in the status of Steller's Eider Polysticta stelleri wintering in Europe: a decline or redistribution?
Authors: ŽYDELIS RAMŪNAS , LORENTSEN SVEIN-HÅKON , FOX ANTHONY D. , KURESOO ANDRES , KRASNOV YURI , GORYAEV YURI , BUSTNES JAN OVE , HARIO MARTTI , NILSSON LEIF , STIPNIECE ANTRA
Published: August 2006

Steller's Eider Polysticta stelleri has a restricted arctic breeding range. The world population declined to c. 220,000 individuals in the late 1990s from an estimated 400,000–500,000 in the 1960s. The species has a limited global wintering distribution, occurring in marine habitats in north-east Europe, islands close to Kamchatka in Russia, and the eastern Aleutian Islands and south-west Alaska. European wintering numbers were estimated at 30,000–50,000 in the early 1990s, when the population was considered of favourable conservation status. Recent census data from the most important European wintering sites show annual declines of 8% in Norway since 1984, 9% in Estonia since 1994 and 22% in Lithuania since 1995, suggesting an overall 65% reduction in Europe. Counts in 1994 suggested that 30–50% of the European population wintered in Russia at that time. Current census data from Russia show similar declines along monitored sections of the Kola Peninsula wintering grounds since 1994. Accounting for trends in Russia, the current European wintering population could possibly stand at 10,000–15,000 individuals (a more than a 50% decline in 10 years), qualifying this population as Endangered under IUCN criteria. The changes in Baltic/Norwegian wintering numbers did not correlate with changes in the extent of ice-free marine waters in the Kola Peninsula/White Sea areas, but changes in annual numbers in Norway were correlated with winter North Atlantic Oscillation indices. Variation in annual numbers in the Baltic Sea correlated with projected number of juveniles among wintering birds. However, none of the possible causes discussed in this paper could fully explain the decline in Steller's Eider, confirming the need for comprehensive monitoring of the population throughout its winter range and for cohesive demographic monitoring to target effective conservation action.
The Problems of Biological Design
Authors: Lewens Tim
Published: August 2006

Here is one way that philosophers and biologists sometimes speak of Darwin’s explanatory innovation: ‘Eyes, organs of echolocation, camouflage and the like are all wonderful instances of contrivance, of complex adaptation, of good design. Paley and the other natural theologians sought to explain this good design by appeal to an intelligent designer. Darwin, on the other hand, offers us a superior explanation for the appearance of this same property: Darwin shows us that we can explain good design through the action of selection. Indeed, selection is the only process that can explain good design in nature. And that is why evolutionary biologists can continue to use a version of the argument from design called the argument from biological design: when we see an instance of good design in nature, we should infer not the guiding hand of God, but the hand of selection at work.’
Are There Genes?
Authors: Dupré John
Published: August 2006

Contrary to one possible interpretation of my title, this paper will not advocate any scepticism or ontological deflation. My concern will rather be with how we should best think about a realm of phenomena the existence of which is in no doubt, what has traditionally been referred to as the genetic. I have no intention of questioning a very well established scientific consensus on this domain. It involves the chemical DNA, which resides in almost all our cells, which is capable of producing copies of itself that accurately reproduce a very long sequence of components, and which plays a role in the physiology of the cell which in certain basic respects is quite well understood. This substance has also achieved a remarkable iconic status in contemporary culture. It is seen as fundamental to personal identity both in the practical sense of providing a criterion of identity through DNA testing, and in the much deeper sense of being seen as, somehow, defining who we are. The latter role is illustrated, for example, by the recent debate about the right of children conceived by sperm donation to know who are their fathers. Such people, it is passionately argued, must be able to find out where they came from, who they really are. On a daily basis we are confronted with claims about the discovery of the genetic basis of—or in fact very often the ‘gene for’—all manner of psychological and physical characteristics, and all kinds of disorders. This holds out apparent possibilities
Introduction
Authors: Olsaretti Serena
Published: August 2006

In a number of debates in contemporary moral and political philosophy and philosophy of economics, philosophers hold the conviction that preferences have normative significance. A central assumption that underlies this conviction is that a cogent account of preference-formation can be developed. This is particularly evident in debates about well-being. Those who defend subjective accounts of well-being, on which a person’s life goes better for her to the extent that her preferences are satisfied, often qualify that account so that it does not include malformed or adaptive preferences (that is, preferences formed in non-autonomous ways, or humble preferences tailored to stifling circumstances), the satisfaction of which does not seem to contribute to well-being. This assumes that there is a normative standard of preference-formation with which to identify those preference that are malformed or adaptive in the relevant sense. An account of preference-formation is also important for philosophers who uphold an objective theory of well-being, on which well-being consists of the pursuit of objectively valuable goals, but who also believe in the value of freedom and thus emphasise the importance of respecting individuals’ choices among various goals. For they, too, in extolling the importance of respect for choices, assume that these choices are not distorted by inauthentically formed preferences, and thus also need an account of preference-formation to help distinguish those cases in which we ought to respect people’s choices from those in which we do not. In the vast literature on preferences, however, relatively little attention has been devoted to the
Desire Formation and Human Good
Authors: Arneson Richard
Published: August 2006

In Wuthering Heights a man and a woman fall in love and their passion for each other wreaks havoc on several lives, theirs included. Long after his beloved is dead, Heathcliff’s life revolves entirely around his love for her. Frustrated by events, his grand romantic passion expresses itself in destructive spasms of antisocial behavior. Catherine, the object of this passion, marries another man on a whim, but describes her feelings for him as like superficial foliage, whereas ‘her love for Heathcliff resembles eternal rocks beneath.’ ‘I am Heathcliff,’ she declares, shortly before dying at the age of nineteen.
Taking unconsidered preferences seriously
Authors: Sugden Robert
Published: August 2006

In normative economic analysis, it is conventional to treat each person’s preferences as that person’s own standard of value, and as the standard by which the effects of public policies on that person should be valued. The proposal that preferences should be treated in this way is usually qualified by two apparently natural conditions—that preferences are internally coherent, and that they reflect the considered judgements of the person concerned. However, there is now a great deal of evidence suggesting that, in many economic environments, preferences of the required kind simply do not exist. It seems that the preferences that govern people’s actual behaviour are often incoherent and unstable. This prompts the following question: Is there a defensible form of normative economics which respects each individual’s actual preferences, whatever form they take? I shall try to show that there is.
Preference Change and Interpersonal Comparisons of Welfare
Authors: Voorhoeve Alex
Published: August 2006

Suppose that we agree that for questions of justice in a pluralistic society, we need a public standard of welfare. An appropriate public standard of welfare will have to meet the following two requirements. First, its conception of each person’s welfare should, to the greatest reasonable extent, be something that each person can recognise as encompassing the things she wants for herself and as giving these things weights that reflect the relative importance she gives to them. Second, it should be sensitive to the fact that reasonable people hold conflicting conceptions of what constitutes an individual’s welfare. It should therefore, to the greatest reasonable extent, respect neutrality of judgement by refraining from endorsing any particular conception of welfare as superior to any other.
Plasma waves and fine structure emission bands within a plasmapause density cavity source region
Authors: Menietti J. D. , Yoon Peter H.
Published: August 2006

We report observations of plasma waves and banded fine structure within a density cavity in the terrestrial nightside plasmapause. The observations were obtained by the wideband receiver of the plasma wave instrument on board the Polar spacecraft. We can identify Langmuir/upper hybrid emission and Z‐mode emission within two distinct frequency zones of the density cavity source region. These observations appear to be consistent with eigenmode trapping of partially electrostatic waves. The plasma waves appear to be trapped within the density cavity bounded at low frequencies by the L = 0 surface. A second distinct region of plasma waves exists bounded at low frequencies by f = fpe (plasma frequency), but includes Z‐mode at higher frequencies up to f = fUH (upper hybrid frequency). Intense fine structure emission bands are observed in both regions of the density cavity. We conclude that density cavities are an important source of plasma waves including continuum and kilometric continuum emission and the fine structure can be a remote diagnostic of density structures within the plasmapause/plasmasphere region.
Seasonal and regional differentiation of bio‐optical properties within the north polar Atlantic
Authors: Stramska Malgorzata , Stramski Dariusz , Kaczmarek Sławomir , Allison David B. , Schwarz Jill
Published: August 2006

Using field data from the north polar Atlantic, we examined seasonal variability of the spectral absorption, a(λ), and backscattering, bb(λ), coefficients of surface waters in relation to phytoplankton pigments. For a given chlorophyll a concentration, the concentrations of accessory pigments were lower in spring than in summer. This effect contributed to lower chlorophyll‐specific absorption of phytoplankton and total particulate matter in spring. The spring values of the green‐to‐blue band ratio of a(λ) were higher than the summer ratios. The blue‐to‐green ratios of bb(λ) were also higher in spring. The higher bb values and lower blue‐to‐green bb ratios in summer were likely associated with higher concentrations of detrital particles in summer compared to spring. Because the product of these band ratios of a and bb is a proxy for the blue‐to‐green ratio of remote‐sensing reflectance, the performance of ocean color band‐ratio algorithms for estimating pigments is significantly affected by seasonal shifts in the relationships between absorption, backscattering, and chlorophyll a. Our results suggest that the algorithm for the spring season would predict chlorophyll a that is higher by as much as a factor of 4–6 compared to that predicted from the summer algorithm. This indicates a need for a seasonal approach in the north polar Atlantic. However, we also found that a fairly good estimate of the particulate beam attenuation coefficient at 660 nm (a proxy for total particulate matter or particulate organic carbon concentration) can be obtained by applying a single blue‐to‐green band‐ratio algorithm regardless of the season.
Olivine hydration in the deep upper mantle: Effects of temperature and silica activity
Authors: Smyth J. R. , Frost D. J. , Nestola F. , Holl C. M. , Bromiley G.
Published: August 2006

Although water controls the biology and geology of the surface, hydrogen is perhaps the most poorly constrained compositional variable in the bulk Earth. Its concentration in the upper mantle appears to be controlled by its solubility as hydroxyl in the nominally anhydrous silicate phases, olivine, pyroxene, garnet, wadsleyite, and ringwoodite. Here we describe a series of experiments showing that the solubility of H2O in olivine at 12 GPa increases with temperature to 8900 ppm by weight at 1250°C and decreases at higher temperature with the onset of melting. Sample characterization by infrared spectroscopy indicates that the primary hydration mechanism is the substitution of 2H+ for Mg2+. Similar results obtained from samples coexisting with clinohumite (low‐silica) and with clinoenstatite (high‐silica) indicate that silica activity has minimal effect on hydration under these conditions. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction measurements constrain the volume of hydration and indicate significant M‐site vacancies. Hydrogen thus appears to become a geochemically compatible element as depths approach 400 km.
Atmospheric contribution to the dissipation of the gravitational tide of Phobos on Mars
Authors: Rondanelli Roberto , Thayalan Vid , Lindzen Richard S. , Zuber Maria T.
Published: August 2006

Here, we investigate the possibility of a significant atmospheric contribution to the tidal dissipation of the Phobos‐Mars system. We apply the classical tidal theory and we find that most of the gravitational forcing is projected onto the first symmetric Hough mode which has an equivalent depth of about 57 km and is significantly trapped in the vertical. Therefore, no significant dissipation occurs through the vertical propagation of energy and subsequent breaking of the tidal wave as the wave amplifies with height. Alternatively, from the energy stored in the first trapped mode we estimate that the time scale required for the dissipative mechanisms to account for the total dissipation of the tides is of order 102 s. This time scale is unrealistically short, since it would contradict observations of propagating thermal tides in Mars atmosphere. Therefore we conclude that the dissipation of the tidal potential that explains the observed acceleration of Phobos most likely occurs within the solid planet.
Influence of increased greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols concentration upon diurnal temperature range over Africa at the end of the 20th century
Authors: Caminade C. , Terray L.
Published: August 2006

In order to investigate the diurnal temperature range response under enhanced greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols concentrations over Africa, two ensembles of 19 integrations are conducted using the ARPEGE climate model. The ensembles are forced with the same observed changes in sea surface temperature and sea‐ice extents but differ in terms of the anthropogenic direct effect included. When accounting for the additional anthropogenic effect due to the direct radiative forcing, diurnal temperature range significantly decreases during the last two decades of the 20th century over Africa. Over North and Southern Africa, this decrease is related to a significant increase of minimum temperatures mainly due to the additional greenhouse effect. Over West Africa, an increase of cloud albedo causes the daily maximum temperature to decrease resulting in a weakening of the diurnal temperature range. Simulated diurnal temperature range is then compared to the observed one to assess confidence in the results.
Estimating uncertainties of projected Baltic Sea salinity in the late 21st century
Authors: Meier H. E. Markus , Kjellström Erik , Graham L. Phil
Published: August 2006

As the uncertainty of projected precipitation and wind changes in regional climate change scenario simulations over Europe for the late 21st century is large, we applied a multi‐model ensemble approach using 16 scenario simulations based upon seven regional models, five global models, and two emission scenarios to gain confidence in projected salinity changes in the Baltic Sea. In the dynamical downscaling approach a regional ocean circulation model and a large‐scale hydrological model for the entire Baltic Sea catchment area were used. Despite the uncertainties, mainly caused by global model biases, salinity changes in all projections are either negative or not statistically significant in terms of natural variability.
Impact of floods versus routing events on the thermohaline circulation
Authors: Meissner Katrin J. , Clark Peter U.
Published: August 2006

The last deglaciation was interrupted by three major cooling events, the Younger Dryas, the Preboreal Oscillation and the 8.2‐ka cold event. As the Laurentide Ice Sheet retreated, different outlets from Lake Agassiz became available causing the proglacial lake to drain to a new level in a rather short timescale (flood) and divert continental runoff over hundreds of years (routing). Here we use an Earth System Model to investigate the impact of floods (short term, high amplitude) versus routing events (long term, low amplitude) on the thermohaline circulation and the resulting climate change. We show that the initial outbursts of freshwater are not strong enough to influence large‐scale climate and can therefore not be the cause of millennial‐scale climate variability. However, routing events have the potential of weakening the thermohaline circulation and therefore causing a cool event in the Northern Hemisphere.