bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tamoxifen Resistance: Emerging Molecular Targets
Authors: Rondón-Lagos Milena , Villegas Victoria , Rangel Nelson , Sánchez Magda , Zaphiropoulos Peter
Published: August 2016

17β-Estradiol (E2) plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of breast cancer. As a result, blockade of the E2 signal through either tamoxifen (TAM) or aromatase inhibitors is an important therapeutic strategy to treat or prevent estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer. However, resistance to TAM is the major obstacle in endocrine therapy. This resistance occurs either de novo or is acquired after an initial beneficial response. The underlying mechanisms for TAM resistance are probably multifactorial and remain largely unknown. Considering that breast cancer is a very heterogeneous disease and patients respond differently to treatment, the molecular analysis of TAM’s biological activity could provide the necessary framework to understand the complex effects of this drug in target cells. Moreover, this could explain, at least in part, the development of resistance and indicate an optimal therapeutic option. This review highlights the implications of TAM in breast cancer as well as the role of receptors/signal pathways recently suggested to be involved in the development of TAM resistance. G protein—coupled estrogen receptor, Androgen Receptor and Hedgehog signaling pathways are emerging as novel therapeutic targets and prognostic indicators for breast cancer, based on their ability to mediate estrogenic signaling in ERα-positive or -negative breast cancer.
Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-2 Attenuation of Protein Kinase C-Induced Inflammation in Human Ovarian Granulosa Cells
Authors: Chao Yi-Ning , Sun David , Peng Yen-Chun , Wu Yuh-Lin
Published: August 2016

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) are two important inflammatory mediators in ovulation. Ghrelin may modulate inflammatory signaling via growth hormone secretagogue receptors. We investigated the role of ghrelin in KGN human ovarian granulosa cells using protein kinase C (PKC) activator phorbol 12, 13-didecanoate (PDD) and synthetic ghrelin analog growth hormone releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2). GHRP-2 attenuated PDD-induced expression of protein and mRNA, the promoter activity of COX-2 and IL-8 genes, and the secretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and IL-8. GHRP-2 promoted the degradation of PDD-induced COX-2 and IL-8 proteins with the involvement of proteasomal and lysosomal pathways. PDD-mediated COX-2 production acts via the p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathways; PDD-mediated IL-8 production acts via the p38, JNK and ERK pathways. GHRP-2 reduced the PDD-induced phosphorylation of p38 and JNK and activator protein 1 (AP-1) reporter activation and PDD-induced NF-κB nuclear translocation and reporter activation. The inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) and protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A) reduced the inhibitory effect of GHRP-2 on PDD-induced COX-2 and IL-8 expression. Our findings demonstrate an anti-inflammatory role for ghrelin (GHRP-2) in PKC-mediated inflammation of granulosa cells, at least in part, due to its inhibitory effect on PKC-induced activation of p38, JNK and NF-κB, possibly by targeting to MKP-1 and PP2A.
Antimicrobial Protein Candidates from the Thermophilic Geobacillus sp. Strain ZGt-1: Production, Proteomics, and Bioinformatics Analysis
Authors: Alkhalili Rawana , Bernfur Katja , Dishisha Tarek , Mamo Gashaw , Schelin Jenny , Canbäck Björn , Emanuelsson Cecilia , Hatti-Kaul Rajni
Published: August 2016

A thermophilic bacterial strain, Geobacillus sp. ZGt-1, isolated from Zara hot spring in Jordan, was capable of inhibiting the growth of the thermophilic G. stearothermophilus and the mesophilic Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella typhimurium on a solid cultivation medium. Antibacterial activity was not observed when ZGt-1 was cultivated in a liquid medium; however, immobilization of the cells in agar beads that were subjected to sequential batch cultivation in the liquid medium at 60 °C showed increasing antibacterial activity up to 14 cycles. The antibacterial activity was lost on protease treatment of the culture supernatant. Concentration of the protein fraction by ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis separation and analysis of the gel for antibacterial activity against G. stearothermophilus showed a distinct inhibition zone in 15–20 kDa range, suggesting that the active molecule(s) are resistant to denaturation by SDS. Mass spectrometric analysis of the protein bands around the active region resulted in identification of 22 proteins with molecular weight in the range of interest, three of which were new and are here proposed as potential antimicrobial protein candidates by in silico analysis of their amino acid sequences. Mass spectrometric analysis also indicated the presence of partial sequences of antimicrobial enzymes, amidase and dd-carboxypeptidase.
Performing, Representing, and Archiving Belief: Religious Expressions among Jazz Musicians
Authors: Booker Vaughn
Published: August 2016

The archives of African American jazz musicians demonstrate rich sites for studying expressions of religious belief and daily religious practice in public and private arenas, in professional and personal capacities. Highlighting print material from the archives of Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington (1899–1974) and Mary Lou Williams (1910–1981), this article examines the ways that these musicians worked to articulate their beliefs in print and to make meaning of their routine practices. Ellington and Williams produced written records of their aspirations for non-clerical religious authority and leadership, novel notions of religious community, and conceptions of quotidian writing tasks as practices with devotional value in the middle decades of the twentieth century. In preparation for his Sacred Concert tours of American and Western European religious congregations, Ellington theologized about the nature of God and the proper language to address God through private hotel stationery. Following her conversion to Roman Catholicism, Williams managed a Harlem thrift shop and worked to create the Bel Canto Foundation for musicians struggling with substance abuse and unemployment. This study of the religious subjectivity of African Americans with status as race representatives employs archival historical methods in the effort to vividly approximate complex religious interiority.
Imaging of Metabolic Status in 3D Cultures with an Improved AMPK FRET Biosensor for FLIM
Authors: Chennell George , Willows Robin , Warren Sean , Carling David , French Paul , Dunsby Chris , Sardini Alessandro
Published: August 2016

We describe an approach to non-invasively map spatiotemporal biochemical and physiological changes in 3D cell culture using Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) biosensors expressed in tumour spheroids. In particular, we present an improved Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP) Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) FRET biosensor, mTurquoise2 AMPK Activity Reporter (T2AMPKAR), for fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) readouts that we have evaluated in 2D and 3D cultures. Our results in 2D cell culture indicate that replacing the FRET donor, enhanced Cyan Fluorescent Protein (ECFP), in the original FRET biosensor, AMPK activity reporter (AMPKAR), with mTurquoise2 (mTq2FP), increases the dynamic range of the response to activation of AMPK, as demonstrated using the direct AMPK activator, 991. We demonstrated 3D FLIM of this T2AMPKAR FRET biosensor expressed in tumour spheroids using two-photon excitation.
Seed production timing influences seedling fitness in the tropical live oak Quercus oleoides of Costa Rican dry forests
Authors: Center Alyson , Etterson Julie R. , Deacon Nicholas John , Cavender‐Bares Jeannine
Published: August 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:

Reproductive phenology is important for tree species that occur in seasonally dry environments, particularly for those with desiccation‐sensitive, nondormant seeds. In this study, we compared germination, growth, and survival of seeds of the evergreen tropical live oak Quercus oleoides produced at different times during the wet season at two sites that differ in rainfall along an elevation gradient. Our goal was to determine the effects of reproductive timing on germination and juvenile fitness for this widespread species in seasonally dry forests of northwestern Costa Rica.

METHODS:

We collected seeds early and late in a single wet season from two populations with contrasting rainfall and reciprocally planted them into common gardens. Two watering treatments (ambient and supplemental watering) were established at the drier low‐elevation garden. Seeds were exposed to ambient rainfall at the wetter high‐elevation garden. We conducted selection analyses using aster models to examine variation in selection on seed size and timing of germination.

KEY RESULTS:

Trees of Q. oleoides had higher fitness when seeds were produced, dispersed and germinated late in the wet season. Postgermination, water limitation during the dry season reduced seedling fitness by decreasing survival but not growth.

CONCLUSIONS:

In contrast to studies in temperate climates where earlier germination is typically favored, we show that selection on days to germination is temporally and spatially heterogeneous. Selection was found to favor either rapid or delayed germination depending on seed cohort and habitat.
COSTS ANALYSIS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SCENARIOS: IASI – ROMANIA CASE STUDY
Authors: GHINEA Cristina , GAVRILESCU Maria
Published: August 2016

Effective management of solid waste has become environmentally and economically mandatory due to the increase of environmental problems. In this context, the evaluation of economic aspects is imperative since the implementation of a solid waste management system is connected with considerable investment and operating costs. The goal of this study is to assess and report the performance of various waste management scenarios in terms of costs and to determine the most suitable alternative. For this purpose, we analyzed a case study in a typical Romanian urban area, in terms of the economic impacts of four waste management scenarios. The economic evaluation was performed based on a cost structure, which we have elaborated to analyze the waste management scenarios from a cost perspective. The results indicated that the most suitable alternative for implementation from economic viewpoint in the studied area is scenario which included the following treatment/elimination methods: sorting, composting and landfilling.
MAPPING OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION IN ALLUVIAL SOILS OF THE MIDDLE NILE DELTA OF EGYPT
Authors: SHOKR Mohamed S. , BAROUDY Ahmed A. EL , FULLEN Michael A. , EL-BESHBESHY Talaat R. , ALI Ramadan R. , ELHALIM Abd , GUERRA Antonio J. T. , JORGE Maria C. O.
Published: August 2016

Areas contaminated by heavy metals were identified in the El-Gharbia Governorate (District) of Egypt. Identification used remote sensing and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) as the main research tools. Digital Elevation Models (DEM), Landsat 8 and contour maps were used to map physiographic units. Nine soil profiles were sampled in different physiographic units in the study area. Geochemical analysis of the 33 soil samples was conducted using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). Vanadium (V), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) concentrations were measured. V, Ni and Cr concentrations exceeded recommended safety values in all horizons of the soil profiles, while Cu had a variable distribution. Zn concentrations slightly exceeded recommended concentration limits. Concentrations were mapped in each physiographic unit using the inverse distance weighted (IDW) function of Arc-GIS 10.1 software. Pollution levels were closely associated with industry and urban areas.
Quand la prison prend soin ?
Authors: Lancelevée Camille
Published: August 2016

Cet article s'intéresse à la gestion des troubles mentaux en milieu carcéral. À partir du cas de Yasemin ­ le placement dans la cellule sécurisée de la prison pour femmes de Grünstadt, en Allemagne, d'une jeune détenue et les nombreuses discussions professionnelles qui l'accompagnent ­ nous montrons comment le registre psychologique est mobilisé pour comprendre et qualifier le comportement de la jeune femme, puis y répondre. Cette opération permet de légitimer le mandat de professionnel-le-s aux prises avec les limites de l'institution mais également de réintégrer l'usage de la contrainte dans des pratiques de care. Au-delà du cas de Yasemin, cette opération met au jour les modalités d'une psychologisation des établissements pénitentiaires.
ESCALA GEOGRÁFICA E ESCALA CARTOGRÁFICA: DISTINÇÃO NECESSÁRIA
Authors: Marques Américo José , Galo Maria De Lourdes Bueno Trindade
Published: August 2016

O propósito do presente artigo é esclarecer e trazer à tona noções relacionadas à distinção entre escala geográfica e a escala cartográfica. Embora complementares e com estreita integração, é necessário ter clareza quanto à delimitação de uma e de outra. No que diz respeito a estudos da Ecologia da Paisagem, fica bastante clara essa complementaridade e afinidade. Procurou-se transmitir neste trabalho várias abordagens relacionadas a esta temática, pois o conceito de escala é usado em muitos contextos, denotando frequentemente diferentes aspectos no espaço e no tempo. O seu entendimento e uso correto são fundamentais em pesquisas geográficas, cartográficas e ambientais, ou em todas aquelas em que se realizem sobre o espaço geográfico no qual ocorrem os fenômenos.
Anna Reinhard Zwingli – ‘Apostolic Dorcas’, ‘dearest housewife’, ‘angel-wife’, ‘ziel van mijn ziel’ and ‘mater dolorosa of the Reformation’: From woman to valued citizen
Authors: Potgieter Raymond
Published: August 2016

A biography of Anna Zwingli might be compiled by skipping from one pinnacle point in her life to another. However, much of her story is relative to what is known about her husbands John Meier von Knonau and Ulrich Zwingli. But Anna was more than simply the wife of a lesser noble or a famous reformer. Her life story was also intertwined with development of the Reformation in Zurich and the impact it had upon her and her family. The Reformation did not only bring about religious reform but also had an impact on women and their ministerial roles. Anna was indeed a woman of the Reformation but also the wife of a reformer. Together with other women of the Reformation and of Zurich she served its cause from within its gender confines overshadowed by her husband, Ulrich Zwingli. The role of woman/women remains a contentious issue for many in the Christian church.
"Para que poucos usufruam muito, muitos não devem usufruir nada": Movimentos de Voz e Saída no filme "In time"
Authors: Baliscei João Paulo , Calsa Geiva Carolina , Stein Vinícius
Published: August 2016

Neste artigo o objetivo é discutir sobre predicativos da sociedade contemporânea globalizada cujo alicerce é estruturado sobre o capital e a cultura. Para tanto, desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa documental, sobre o filme In Time (2011), ficção que diz respeito a uma sociedade organizada através do tempo e do dinheiro. Utilizou-se do Image Watching (OTT, 2011) como ferramenta de análise aproximando o corpus de conceitos de Bauman (2007; 2010) Bourdieu (1989; 2014) e Hirschman (1979). Considerou-se que em uma economia alicerçada no consumismo, como a da ficção e a da contemporaneidade, a produtividade, o descarte, a distribuição assimétrica de bens e a dominação são estratégias que operam a manutenção do capitalismo. Enviado em: 05 de maio de 2016.Aprovado em: 13 de julho de 2016.
Ditos e não escritos sobre o mal-estar docente: a potência do ler e do escrever em ateliês de escrileituras
Authors: Gonçalves Rodrigues Carla , Wikboldt Schwantz Josimara
Published: August 2016

Trata-se de uma investigação qualitativa, que interroga sobre as causas e consequências do mal-estar docente na rede estadual de ensino de uma cidade do interior Sul do RS. Primeiramente, buscou por elementos sobre a temática através do exame bibliográfico na área da Saúde - mais especificamente da Psicologia - e na área da Educação. O segundo movimento visou fomentar os estudos relativos à metodologia cartográfica. Para a produção de dados, realizou pesquisa documental, utilizou entrevistas semiestruturadas e propôs atividades intervencionistas a partir de ateliês de escrileituras. Focaliza a escrita como exercício clínico, desde a Psicologia Institucional e a Filosofia da Diferença. Alguns resultados indicam a existência de uma cultura educacional de fuga do trabalho, borrando o que se denomina mal-estar docente. Entretanto, há causas e consequências apontadas que corroboram os achados de pesquisas anteriores.  Enviado em: 30 de maio de 2016.Aprovado em: 01 de agosto de 2016.
Les robots et l'intervention en déficience intellectuelle et trouble du spectre de l’autisme : enjeux cliniques, technologiques et de gestion
Authors: Lussier-Desrochers Dany , Godin-Tremblay Valérie , Dupont Marie-Eve , Pépin-Beauchesne Laurence , Paulin-Baril Hugo , Caouette Martin , Gounar Sonia
Published: August 2016

À l’heure actuelle, les robots sociaux représentent une innovation sociale dans le secteur de l’intervention auprès des personnes présentant une déficience intellectuelle (DI) ou un trouble du spectre de l’autisme (TSA). Toutefois, pour assurer leur déploiement optimal en intervention, il convient de réaliser une analyse de certaines dimensions. L'article réalise cette analyse en s'appuyant sur le MAP2S. Au niveau clinique des impacts positifs sont observés sur plusieurs dimensions. Au niveau technologique, des caractéristiques à considérer lors du choix du robot sont identifiées. Au niveau de la gestion, les couts et la compatibilité technique constituent des éléments considérés. En somme, la recherche devra poursuivre les travaux dans le domaine et aussi documenter les enjeux associés à l'utilisation de tels outils d'intervention.
Growth direction control of dendrite crystals in parallel direction to realize high-quality multicrystalline silicon ingot
Authors: Hiramatsu Takuya , Takahashi Isao , Matsushima Satoru , Usami Noritaka
Published: August 2016

We performed numerical calculations of temperature distributions in a furnace and clarified that a simple modification of heat insulators allows the realization of a complex temperature distribution for a parallel arrangement of adjacent dendrite crystals at the initial stage of the floating cast method. The temperature distribution included a unidirectional temperature gradient on the Si melt surface, which led to the preferential nucleation on one side of a square crucible. Numerical simulation was utilized to design crystal growth experiments, and we demonstrated the preferential formation of dendrite crystals on the expected side of the crucible.
Broadband light scattering spectroscopy utilizing an ultra-narrowband holographic notch filter
Authors: Fujii Yasuhiro , Katayama Daisuke , Koreeda Akitoshi
Published: August 2016

The broadband spectroscopic analysis over Brillouin, quasi-elastic, and Raman regions arising from the same position of the sample has been achieved by employing an ultra-narrowband holographic notch filter (HNF) and an optical isolator. Recently, HNFs are often employed to reject strong elastic scattering in low-frequency Raman experiments. Meanwhile, the rejected spectral component agrees with the frequency range that can be observed by a triple-pass tandem Fabry–Pérot interferometer. Thus the broadband spectroscopy can be accomplished by introducing the rejected light to the interferometer. This system, in combination with the local symmetry analysis by polarization-direction-resolved Raman spectroscopy, is particularly advantageous for the investigation of spatially inhomogeneous systems.
Suppression of rainfall by fires in African drylands
Authors: Saha Michael V. , Scanlon Todd M. , D'Odorico Paolo
Published: August 2016

Fire is a widespread agent of disturbance in African drylands, but the impact of fire on local precipitation remains poorly understood and large‐scale observational evidence has been lacking. Here we link fire to a reduction in precipitation across African drylands. Using 15 years of satellite observations over continental sub‐Saharan Africa, we find that more extensive and later dry season fires lead to wet season rainfall deficits of up to 30 mm (~10%). The effect is stronger in the Southern Hemisphere, a signal we attribute to the later timing of fires in the dry season. Given the coupling between rainfall, fuel loads, and fire in African drylands, a negative interannual feedback may arise between fire and precipitation, whereby fires suppress precipitation, thereby reducing fuel load and fire in the subsequent season. The reduced fuel load would, in turn, increase precipitation, completing the feedback loop. This feedback may contribute to a pervasive negative autocorrelation observed in Southern Hemisphere annual rainfall.
Solar wind‐driven variations of electron plasma sheet densities and temperatures beyond geostationary orbit during storm times
Authors: Dubyagin S. , Ganushkina N. Yu. , Sillanpää I. , Runov A.
Published: August 2016

The empirical models of the plasma sheet electron temperature and density on the nightside at distances between 6 and 11 RE are constructed based on Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions During Substorms (THEMIS) particle measurements. The data set comprises ∼400 h of observations in the plasma sheet during geomagnetic storm periods. The equatorial distribution of the electron density reveals a strong earthward gradient and a moderate variation with magnetic local time symmetric with respect to the midnight meridian. The electron density dependence on the external driving is parameterized by the solar wind proton density averaged over 4 h and the southward component of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF BS) averaged over 6 h. The interval of the IMF integration is much longer than a typical substorm growth phase, and it rather corresponds to the geomagnetic storm main phase duration. The solar wind proton density is the main controlling parameter, but the IMF BS becomes of almost the same importance in the near‐Earth region. The root‐mean‐square deviation between the observed and predicted plasma sheet density values is 0.23 cm−3, and the correlation coefficient is 0.82. The equatorial distribution of the electron temperature has a maximum in the postmidnight to morning MLT sector, and it is highly asymmetric with respect to the local midnight. The electron temperature model is parameterized by solar wind velocity (averaged over 4 h), IMF BS (averaged over 45 min), and IMF BN (northward component of IMF, averaged over 2 h). The solar wind velocity is a major controlling parameter, and IMF BS and BN are comparable in importance. In contrast to the density model, the electron temperature shows higher correlation with the IMF BS averaged over ∼45 min (substorm growth phase time scale). The effect of BN manifests mostly in the outer part of the modeled region (r > 8RE). The influence of the IMF BS is maximal in the midnight to postmidnight MLT sector. The correlation coefficient between the observed and predicted plasma sheet electron temperature values is 0.76, and the root‐mean‐square deviation is 2.6 keV. Both models reveal better performance in the dawn MLT sector.
The plasmasphere electron content paradox
Authors: Krall J. , Huba J. D.
Published: August 2016

Measurements show that plasmasphere refilling rates decrease with increasing solar activity, while paradoxically, the vertical integration of the plasmasphere electron density (pTEC) increases with increasing solar activity. Using the Naval Research Laboratory SAMI2 (Sami2 is Another Model of the Ionosphere) and SAMI3 (Sami3 is Also a Model of the Ionosphere) codes, we simulate plasmasphere refilling following a model storm, reproducing this observed phenomenon. In doing so, we find that the refilling rate and resulting pTEC values are sensitive to the oxygen profile in the thermosphere and exosphere: the supply of H+ in the topside ionosphere is limited by the local O+ density, through
charge exchange. At solar minimum, the O+ supply simply increases with the O density in the exosphere. At solar maximum, we find that O‐O+ collisions limit the O+ density in the topside ionosphere such that it decreases with increasing O density. The paradox occurs because the pTEC metric gives electrons in the topside ionosphere more weight than electrons in the plasmasphere.
Scaling of continuous twin screw wet granulation
Authors: Osorio Juan G. , Sayin Ridade , Kalbag Arjun V. , Litster James D. , Martinez‐Marcos Laura , Lamprou Dimitrios A. , Halbert Gavin W.
Published: August 2016

Scaling rules were developed and tested for a continuous twin screw wet granulation process using three scales (11, 16, and 24 mm barrel diameter) of twin screw granulators (TSG). The distributive feed screw configuration used produced high porosity granules (50–60%) with broad bimodal size distributions, especially in the 16 and 24 mm TSGs. Three dimensionless numbers, Froude number (Fr), liquid‐to‐solid ratio (LSR), and powder feed number (PFN), were identified and their effect on granule size distribution (GSD), porosity and liquid distribution tested. Granule size increased with increasing LSR as expected. However, Fr and PFN had no significant effect on d10 or d50 and only a small effect on d90. In contrast, granulator scale had a strong effect on GSD, with d90 increasing almost linearly with barrel diameter. This is consistent with breakage of large granules being a dominant mechanism and directly controlled by the geometry of the screw. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 921–932, 2017
See Something, Do Something: Predicting Sexual Assault Bystander Intentions in the U.S. Military
Authors: Holland Kathryn J. , Rabelo Verónica Caridad , Cortina Lilia
Published: August 2016

Sexual assault is a pervasive problem in the U.S. military, especially against women. Bystander intervention is increasingly promoted as important for reducing sexual violence, and it may be particularly helpful in contexts with high rates of sexual violence. Bystander training encourages and enables people to intervene safely and stop sexual violence. In this study, we drew from an ecological model to investigate intrapersonal, microsystem, and exosystem factors that predicted Service members' assumption of personal responsibility to intervene in an alcohol‐involved sexual assault. Moreover, we examined how these predictors played a role in decisions about how to intervene: confronting the perpetrator, assisting the victim, or finding someone to help. We analyzed data from 24,610 active duty personnel collected by the Department of Defense. Several factors significantly related to Service members' bystander intentions: gender, rank, morale, attitudes about sexual assault, training, and trust in the military sexual assault system predicted the likelihood and method of bystander intervention. These findings help identify how and why people intervene (or fail to intervene) when they witness situations that could develop into sexual violence.
Review of the recurrent 8q13.2q13.3 branchio‐oto‐renal related microdeletion, and report of an additional case with associated distal arthrogryposis
Authors: Au Ping‐Yee Billie , Chernos Judy E. , Thomas Mary Ann
Published: August 2016

Recurrent 2.65 Mb deletions of 8q13.2q13.3 encompassing EYA1 have been recently described in the literature as a cause of branchio‐oto‐renal syndrome (BOR). Other clinical features of this recurrent microdeletion syndrome are still being delineated. We describe an additional patient with BOR due to microdeletion of 8q13.2q13.3. In addition to BOR related features, our patient presented with distal arthrogryposis that was detected prenatally, a phenotype that has not previously been described in patients with this deletion. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Precision assessment of public attitudes toward genetic testing
Authors: Shen Jun
Published: August 2016

Public attitudes toward genetic testing are largely unknown. Furthermore, as medical practices vary widely among different regions around the world due to differences in cultural, sociopolitical, and economical environments, people from different regions may have drastically different attitudes. Even for the same individual, the attitude may vary depending on the purpose and type of genetic testing and the disorder to be tested for. It seems to me what is called for is a “precision” approach to gauging people's attitude toward genetic testing. In the current issue of the American Journal of Medical Genetics: Part A, Fu et al. reported a carefully designed study that began to fill this gap, although more work need to be done for different disorders and among other populations. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Accessing 2‐Arylbenzofurans by CuI2(pip)2‐Catalyzed Tandem Coupling/Cyclization Reaction: Mechanistic Studies and Application to the Synthesis of Stemofuran A and Moracin M
Authors: Qin Dan‐Dan , Chen Wei , Tang Xiao , Yu Wen , Wu An‐An , Liao Yi , Chen Hong‐Bin
Published: August 2016

An asymmetric dinuclear copper(I) complex, CuI2(pip)2 (pip=(2‐picolyliminomethyl)pyrrole anion), was used to catalyze the tandem coupling/cyclization reaction of o‐iodophenols and terminal alkynes, which led to the formation of valuable 2‐arylbenzofurans in good yields. DFT calculations showed that the two proximate copper atoms play cooperative roles throughout the catalytic cycle. Using this catalytic protocol, bioactive natural products stemofuran A and moracin M were concisely synthesized.
A Protonated Water Cluster as a Transient Proton‐Loading Site in Cytochrome c Oxidase
Authors: Supekar Shreyas , Gamiz‐Hernandez Ana P. , Kaila Ville R. I.
Published: August 2016

Cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) is a redox‐driven proton pump that powers aerobic respiratory chains. We show here by multi‐scale molecular simulations that a protonated water cluster near the active site is likely to serve as the transient proton‐loading site (PLS) that stores a proton during the pumping process. The pKa of this water cluster is sensitive to the redox states of the enzyme, showing distinct similarities to other energy converting proton pumps.
The First Synthesis of the Sterically Encumbered Adamantoid Phosphazane P4(NtBu)6: Enabled by Mechanochemistry
Authors: Shi Yan X. , Xu Kai , Clegg Jack K. , Ganguly Rakesh , Hirao Hajime , Friščić Tomislav , García Felipe
Published: August 2016

All reported attempts to synthesize the tert‐butyl‐substituted adamantoid phosph(III)azane P4(NtBu)6 have failed, leading to the classification of this molecule as inaccessible and a literature example of steric control in chemistry of phosphorus‐nitrogen compounds. We now demonstrate that this structure is readily accessible by a solvent‐free mechanochemical milling approach, highlighting the importance of mechanochemical reaction environments in evaluating chemical reactivity.
Enantioselective Generation of Adjacent Stereocenters in a Copper‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Coupling of Imines, Allenes, and Diboranes
Authors: Yeung Kay , Ruscoe Rebecca E. , Rae James , Pulis Alexander P. , Procter David J.
Published: August 2016

A highly enantio‐ and diastereoselective copper‐catalyzed three‐component coupling affords the first general synthesis of homoallylic amines bearing adjacent stereocenters from achiral starting materials. The method utilizes a commercially available NHC ligand and copper source, operates at ambient temperature, couples readily available simple imines, allenes, and diboranes, and yields high‐value homoallylic amines that exhibit versatile amino, alkenyl, and boryl units.
Total Biosynthesis of Legionaminic Acid, a Bacterial Sialic Acid Analogue
Authors: Hassan Mohamed I. , Lundgren Benjamin R. , Chaumun Michael , Whitfield Dennis M. , Clark Brady , Schoenhofen Ian C. , Boddy Christopher N.
Published: August 2016

Legionaminic acid, Leg5,7Ac2, a nonulosonic acid like 5‐acetamido neuraminic acid (Neu5Ac, sialic acid), is found in cell surface glycoconjugates of bacteria including the pathogens Campylobacter jejuni, Acinetobacter baumanii and Legionella pneumophila. The presence of Leg5,7Ac2 has been correlated with virulence in humans by mechanisms that likely involve subversion of the host's immune system or interactions with host cell surfaces due to its similarity to Neu5Ac. Investigation into its role in bacterial physiology and pathogenicity is limited as there are no effective sources of it. Herein, we construct a de novo Leg5,7Ac2 biosynthetic pathway by combining multiple metabolic modules from three different microbial sources (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, C. jejuni, and L. pneumophila). Over‐expression of this de novo pathway in Escherichia coli that has been engineered to lack two native catabolic pathways, enables significant quantities of Leg5,7Ac2 (≈120 mg L−1 of culture broth) to be produced. Pure Leg5,7Ac2 could be isolated and converted into CMP‐activated sugar for biochemical applications and a phenyl thioglycoside for chemical synthesis applications. This first total biosynthesis provides an essential source of Leg5,7Ac2 enabling study of its role in prokaryotic and eukaryotic glycobiology.
Fiscal Challenges for Australia: The Next Decade and Beyond
Authors: Daley John , Wood Danielle
Published: August 2016

In Australia, both the Commonwealth and state governments are running substantial budget deficits, and future challenges are likely to make these problems worse. This paper presents the key challenges facing these budgets. Falling terms of trade and lower nominal economic growth will drag on government revenues. Spending in health and infrastructure has grown faster than GDP. State government revenues are also affected by Commonwealth decisions to reduce grants to them. We also show how the government's short‐term and medium‐term projections rely on overly‐optimistic assumptions about organic revenue growth and spending restraint. As such, a drift back to surplus is unlikely and restoring budget sustainability will require Australian governments to make more politically difficult decisions. While containing spending is important, both the politics of budget repair and the sheer size of the budget gap means that they will not be able to bring their budgets to balance without also boosting revenues.
An Efficient Finite Difference Method for The Time‐Delay Optimal Control Problems With Time‐Varying Delay
Authors: Jajarmi Amin , Hajipour Mojtaba
Published: August 2016

In this paper, an efficient finite difference method is presented for the solution of time‐delay optimal control problems with time‐varying delay in the state. By using the Pontryagin's maximum principle, the original time‐delay optimal control problem is first transformed into a system of coupled two‐point boundary value problems involving both delay and advance terms. Then the derived system is converted into a system of linear algebraic equations by using a second‐order finite difference formula and a Hermite interpolation polynomial for the first‐order derivatives and delay terms, respectively. The convergence analysis of the proposed approach is provided. The new scheme is also successful for the optimal control of time‐delay systems affected by external persistent disturbances. Numerical examples are included to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the new technique. Some comparative results are included to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
R.I.P. to the PIP: PCNA‐binding motif no longer considered specific
Authors: Boehm Elizabeth M. , Washington M. Todd
Published: August 2016

Many proteins responsible for genome maintenance interact with one another via short sequence motifs. The best known of these are PIP motifs, which mediate interactions with the replication protein PCNA. Others include RIR motifs, which bind the translesion synthesis protein Rev1, and MIP motifs, which bind the mismatch repair protein Mlh1. Although these motifs have similar consensus sequences, they have traditionally been viewed as separate motifs, each with their own target protein. In this article, we review several recent studies that challenge this view. Taken together, they imply that these different motifs are not distinct entities. Instead, there is a single, broader class of motifs, which we call “PIP‐like” motifs, which have overlapping specificities and are capable of binding multiple target proteins. Given this, we must reassess the role of these motifs in forming the network of interacting proteins responsible for genome maintenance.
Young adolescents' advertising literacy and purchase intention in social network games: Influence of perspective taking and need for cognition
Authors: Vanwesenbeeck Ini , Ponnet Koen , Walrave Michel
Published: August 2016

Social network games (SNGs) are popular online venues for young adolescents. The aim of this study is to examine how individual traits, need for cognition (NFC) and perspective taking (PT), are related to young‐adolescents' conceptual (i.e. understanding selling and persuasive intentions) and attitudinal (i.e. critical attitude) advertising literacy in these SNGs. The current study also examines how a child's conceptual and attitudinal advertising literacy is related to purchase intentions after seeing advertising in an SNG. In total, 781 young adolescents (aged 10–14 years) took part in our study. First, participants were shown a 5‐min video clip of an SNG including advertising. After watching the video clip, the participants completed a questionnaire about, among others, NFC, PT, conceptual advertising literacy, attitudinal advertising literacy and purchase intentions. NFC was found predictive of children's understanding of the selling and persuasive intent of SNG advertising. This means that children who score higher on the NFC scale are also more likely to have a higher conceptual knowledge of SNG advertising. PT was found to negatively influence children's critical attitude towards SNG advertising. As expected, critical attitude towards advertising was negatively related to purchase intentions. Finally, purchase intention was only partially related to conceptual advertising literacy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical report: variable phenotypic expression in a large sibling cohort with a deletion of 4p16.1
Authors: Guy Carrie , Wang Xianfu , Lu Xianglan , Lu Jin , Li Shibo
Published: August 2016

Key Clinical Message

We report a half‐sibling cohort with deletion of 4p16.1, astigmatism, gross and fine motor delay, variable intellectual disability, and variable behavioral concerns. However, two siblings without the deletion also had learning delays and psychological concerns. Thus, variable phenotypic expression was seen and the significance of deletion of 4p16.1 remains unclear.
Hierarchical Cu@MnO2 Core–shell Nanowires: A Nonprecious‐Metal Catalyst with an Excellent Catalytic Activity Toward the Reduction of 4‐Nitrophenol
Authors: Du Cheng , He Shuijian , Gao Xiaohui , Chen Wei
Published: August 2016

A nonprecious catalyst of hierarchical Cu@MnO2 core–shell nanowires was fabricated by a facile hydrothermal route and the nanostructured material showed a high catalytic activity toward the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol in the presence of NaBH4. With an intact core–shell structure and porous MnO2 shell, the Cu@MnO2 nanowires exhibited an excellent catalytic activity with an activity factor of 571 s−1 g−1 and high recyclability with a conversion of 96 % after seven catalytic cycles.
Reaction of Paramagnetic Synthon, Lithiated 4,4,5,5‐Tetramethyl‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐imidazol‐1‐oxyl 3‐oxide, with Cyclic Aldonitrones of the Imidazole Series
Authors: Tolstikov Svyatoslav E. , Tretyakov Evgeny V. , Gorbunov Dmitry E. , Zhurko Irina F. , Fedin Matvey V. , Romanenko Galina V. , Bogomyakov Artem S. , Gritsan Nina P. , Mazhukin Dmitry G.
Published: August 2016

It was shown that dipole‐stabilized paramagnetic carbanion lithiated 4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐imidazol‐1‐oxyl 3‐oxide can be attached in a nucleophilic manner to either isolated or conjugated aldonitrones of the 2,5‐dihydroimidazole 3‐oxide and 2H‐imidazole 1‐oxide series to afford adducts the subsequent oxidation of which leads to polyfunctional mono‐ and diradicals. According to XRD, at least two polymorphic modifications can be formed during crystallization of the resulting paramagnetic compounds, and for each of them, geometric parameters of the molecules are similar. An EPR spectrum of the diradical in frozen toluene has a complicated lineshape, which can be fairly well reproduced by using X‐ray diffraction structural analysis and the following set of parameters: D=14.9 mT, E=1.7 mT; tensor a(14N)=[0.260 0.260 1.625] mT, two equivalent tensors for the nitronyl nitroxide moiety a(14N)=[0.198 0.198 0.700] mT, and g≈2.007. According to our DFT and ab initio calculations, the intramolecular exchange in the diradical is very weak and most likely ferromagnetic.
Mechanism of Ligand‐Controlled Regioselectivity‐Switchable Copper‐Catalyzed Alkylboration of Alkenes
Authors: Xu Zheng‐Yang , Jiang Yuan‐Ye , Su Wei , Yu Hai‐Zhu , Fu Yao
Published: August 2016

Cu‐catalyzed alkylboration of alkenes with bis(pinacolato)diboron ((Bpin)2) and alkyl halides provides a ligand‐controlled regioselectivity‐switchable method for the construction of complex boron‐containing compounds. Here, we employed DFT methods to elucidate the mechanistic details of this reaction and the origin of the different regioselectivity induced by Xantphos and Cy‐Xantphos. The calculation results reveal that the catalytic cycle mainly proceeds through the migratory insertion of alkenes on Cu‐Bpin complex, the oxidative addition of alkyl halides, and the reductive elimination of a C−C bond. Meanwhile, the rate‐ determining step is the oxidative addition of alkyl halides and the regioselectivity‐determining step is the migratory insertion of alkenes. The bulky cyclohexyl group of Cy‐Xantphos facilitates the approach of the substituents of alkenes to Bpin in the migratory insertion step and thus leads to the Markovnikov products. The less bulky phenyl group on Xantphos prefers keeping the substituents of alkenes away from the Bpin moiety in the migratory insertion step and thus results in anti‐Markovnikov products.
[2+2+2] Cycloisomerisation of Aromatic Cyanodiynes in the Synthesis of Pyridohelicenes and Their Analogues
Authors: Klívar Jiří , Jančařík Andrej , Šaman David , Pohl Radek , Fiedler Pavel , Bednárová Lucie , Starý Ivo , Stará Irena G.
Published: August 2016

We have developed a methodology for the synthesis of pyridohelicenes and their analogues based on the Ni0‐, CoI‐ or RhI‐mediated intramolecular [2+2+2] cycloisomerisation of cyanodiynes. It allows for folding the linear precursors into the corresponding helical backbones comprising the newly formed pyridine unit in their central part. Along with racemic pyrido[n]helicenes (n=5,6,7) and their derivatives, both enantio‐ and diastereomerically pure pyrido[n]helicene‐like molecules (n=5,6) were prepared by employing the chiral substrate‐controlled cyclisation of the corresponding enantiopure cyanodiynes.
Hypervalent Pentafluoroethylgermanium Compounds, [(C2F5)nGeX5−n]− and [(C2F5)3GeF3]2− (X=F, Cl; n=2–5)
Authors: Pelzer Stefanie , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Ignat'ev Nikolai , Hoge Berthold
Published: August 2016

This paper gives an account on hypervalent fluoro‐ and chloro(pentafluoroethyl)germanium compounds. The selective synthesis of the tris(pentafluoroethyl)dichlorogermanate salt [PNP][(C2F5)3GeCl2] as well as its X‐ray structural analysis is described. As a representative example for pentafluoroethylfluorogermanates, the synthesis and structure of 2,4,6‐triphenylpyryliumtris(pentafluoroethyl)difluorogermanate [C23H17O][(C2F5)3GeF2] is reported. Fluoride‐ion affinities for pentafluoroethylgermanes were calculated using quantum chemical methods, disclosing (C2F5)3GeF as a weaker Lewis acid than (C2F5)3SiF or (C2F5)3PF2. The theoretical results were confirmed by experiments and give the basis of a synthetic protocol for (C2F5)3GeF. Pentakis(pentafluoroethyl)germanate [PPh4][Ge(C2F5)5] was detected as an intermediate during the synthesis of [PPh4][(C2F5)4GeF] starting from tris(pentafluoroethyl)difluorogermanate and LiC2F5.
Modelling particle growth under saturated and starved conditions in emulsion polymerization
Authors: Brunier Barthélémy , Sheibat‐Othman Nida , Othman Sami , Chevalier Yves , Bourgeat‐Lami Elodie
Published: August 2016

Modelling of particle growth under saturated and starved conditions in emulsion polymerization was investigated in order to allow describing the broadening of the particle size distribution and account for the effects of restricted diffusion inside the monomer‐swollen polymer particles. In emulsion polymerization, if particle nucleation and coagulation are avoided, the reaction proceeds as a consequence of radical capture, desorption, and termination reactions inside the particles. Therefore, first, investigation of radical entry and desorption models was done under saturation of polymer particles with monomer, where diffusion parameters are constant. The discrimination criterion of the different models was based on fitting the reaction and the total particle size distribution. Indeed, the broadening of the particle size distribution was found to reveal a dependency of radical capture on the particle size; such an effect would be misestimated if only the mean particle size is considered. Second, the models for starved conditions that account for the variation of radical diffusion inside the polymer particles, such as the gel and glass effects, were investigated with comparison to a wide variety of experimental conditions spanning from weak to strong gelation. The dominating mechanisms as well as the interests of both intervals are highlighted.
Lernwege zum Experimentieren beim Wettbewerb „Jugend forscht“
Authors: Paul Jürgen , Schanze Sascha , Groß Jorge
Published: August 2016

Fachgemäße Denk‐ und Arbeitsweisen stehen zunehmend im Zentrum des naturwissenschaftlichen Unterrichts und sind ein wichtiger Bereich fachdidaktischer Forschung. Die erklärte Absicht des Schülerwettbewerbs Jugend forscht ist, solche naturwissenschaftlichen Denk‐ und Arbeitsweisen wie das Experimentieren gezielt zu fördern. Auf der Grundlage von 57 Interviews mit am Wettbewerb teilnehmenden Jugendlichen fasst die vorliegende qualitative Studie die auftretenden Konzepte zum Experimentieren zusammen und leitet aus den Vorstellungsänderungen zugehörige Lernwege ab. Dabei lassen sich fünf verschiedene Lernweg‐Dimensionen erkennen, innerhalb derer Lernprozesse stattfinden können. Diese sind das Verfahren, der Zweck, die Materialien, die Kontrolle und die Zeit. Die erhobenen Vorstellungsänderungen führen die teilnehmenden Jugendlichen auf zwei wesentliche Ursachen zurück: (1) Auf die Möglichkeit, sehr nahe am realen naturwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisweg zu arbeiten. (2) Auf die vielfältigen Austauschmöglichkeiten, welche eine bewusste Reflexion des eigenen Projekts fördern. Die Befunde legen eine stärkere Verankerung ergebnisoffener Experimente auch im Schulunterricht nahe.