bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Duty to Describe
Authors: Brown Sacha D. , Furrow David , Hill Daniel F. , Gable Jonathon C. , Porter Liam P. , Jacobs W. Jake
Published: November 2014

Although many researchers have discussed replication as a means to facilitate self-correcting science, in this article, we identify meta-analyses and evaluating the validity of correlational and causal inferences as additional processes crucial to self-correction. We argue that researchers have a duty to describe sampling decisions they make; without such descriptions, self-correction becomes difficult, if not impossible. We developed the Replicability and Meta-Analytic Suitability Inventory (RAMSI) to evaluate the descriptive adequacy of a sample of studies taken from current psychological literature. Authors described only about 30% of the sampling decisions necessary for self-correcting science. We suggest that a modified RAMSI can be used by authors to guide their written reports and by reviewers to inform editorial recommendations. Finally, we claim that when researchers do not describe their sampling decisions, both readers and reviewers may assume that those decisions do not matter to the outcome of the study, do not affect inferences made from the research findings, do not inhibit inclusion in meta-analyses, and do not inhibit replicability of the study. If these assumptions are in error, as they often are, and the neglected decisions are relevant, then the neglect may create a good deal of mischief in the field.
p-Curve and Effect Size
Authors: Simonsohn Uri , Nelson Leif D. , Simmons Joseph P.
Published: November 2014

Journals tend to publish only statistically significant evidence, creating a scientific record that markedly overstates the size of effects. We provide a new tool that corrects for this bias without requiring access to nonsignificant results. It capitalizes on the fact that the distribution of significant p values, p-curve, is a function of the true underlying effect. Researchers armed only with sample sizes and test results of the published findings can correct for publication bias. We validate the technique with simulations and by reanalyzing data from the Many-Labs Replication project. We demonstrate that p-curve can arrive at conclusions opposite that of existing tools by reanalyzing the meta-analysis of the “choice overload” literature.
On a finite family of variational inclusions with the constraints of generalized mixed equilibrium and fixed point problems
Authors: Ceng Lu-Chuan , Chen Chi-Ming , Pang Chin-Tzong
Published: November 2014

In this paper, we introduce two iterative algorithms for finding common solutions of a finite family of variational inclusions for maximal monotone and inverse-strongly monotone mappings with the constraints of two problems: a generalized mixed equilibrium problem and a common fixed point problem of an infinite family of nonexpansive mappings and an asymptotically strict pseudocontractive mapping in the intermediate sense in a real Hilbert space. We prove some strong and weak convergence theorems for the proposed iterative algorithms under suitable conditions.

MSC:49J30, 47H09, 47J20, 49M05.
TRPV1 Antagonist Attenuates Postoperative Hypersensitivity by Central and Peripheral Mechanisms
Authors: Uchytilova Eva , Spicarova Diana , Palecek Jiri
Published: November 2014

Background:

Acute postoperative pain is one of the frequent reasons for pain treatment. However, the exact mechanisms of its development are still not completely clear. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptors are involved in nociceptive signaling in various hypersensitive states. Here we have investigated the contribution of TRPV1 receptors expressed on cutaneous peripheral nociceptive fibers and in the spinal cord on the development and maintenance of hypersensitivity to thermal and mechanical stimuli following surgical incision. A rat plantar incision model was used to test paw withdrawal responses to thermal and mechanical stimuli. The effect of the TRPV1 receptor antagonist SB366791 was investigated 1) by intrathecal injection 15 min before incision and 2) intradermal injection before (30 min) and immediately after the surgery. Vehicle-injected rats and naïve animals treated identically were used as controls.

Results:

Plantar incision induced mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia and thermal hyperalgesia. A single intrathecal administration of SB366791 significantly reduced postincisional thermal hyperalgesia and also attenuated mechanical allodynia, while mechanical hyperalgesia remained unaffected. Local intradermal SB366791 treatment reduced thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia without affecting mechanical hyperalgesia.

Conclusions:

Our experiments suggest that both peripheral and spinal cord TRPV1 receptors are involved in increased cutaneous sensitivity following surgical incision. The analgesic effect of the TRPV1 receptor antagonist was especially evident in the reduction of thermal hyperalgesia. The activation of TRPV1 receptors represents an important mechanism in the development of postoperative hypersensitivity.
Genomics and infectious disease: a call to identify the ethical, legal and social implications for public health and clinical practice
Authors: Geller Gail , Dvoskin Rachel , Thio Chloe L , Duggal Priya , Lewis Michelle H , Bailey Theodore C , Sutherland Andrea , Salmon Daniel A , Kahn Jeffrey P
Published: November 2014

Advances in genomics are contributing to the development of more effective, personalized approaches to the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Genetic sequencing technologies are furthering our understanding of how human and pathogen genomic factors - and their interactions - contribute to individual differences in immunologic responses to vaccines, infections and drug therapies. Such understanding will influence future policies and procedures for infectious disease management. With the potential for tailored interventions for particular individuals, populations or subpopulations, ethical, legal and social implications (ELSIs) may arise for public health and clinical practice. Potential considerations include balancing health-related benefits and harms between individuals and the larger community, minimizing threats to individual privacy and autonomy, and ensuring just distribution of scarce resources. In this Opinion, we consider the potential application of pathogen and host genomic information to particular viral infections that have large-scale public health consequences but differ in ELSI-relevant characteristics such as ease of transmission, chronicity, severity, preventability and treatability. We argue for the importance of anticipating these ELSI issues in advance of new scientific discoveries, and call for the development of strategies for identifying and exploring ethical questions that should be considered as clinical, public health and policy decisions are made.
Platelets induce a proinflammatory phenotype in monocytes via the CD147 pathway in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Rong Meng-yao , Wang Cong-hua , Wu Zhen-biao , Zeng Wen , Zheng Zhao-hui , Han Qing , Jia Jun-feng , Li Xue-yi , Zhu Ping
Published: November 2014

Introduction

Activated platelets exert a proinflammatory action that can be largely ascribed to their ability to interact with monocytes. However, the mechanisms that promote dynamic changes in monocyte subsets in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have not been clearly identified. The aim of this study was to determine whether platelet activation and the consequent formation of monocyte-platelet aggregates (MPA) might induce a proinflammatory phenotype in circulating monocytes in RA.

Methods

The surface phenotype of platelets and the frequencies of monocyte subpopulations in the peripheral blood of RA patients were determined using flow cytometry. Platelets were sorted and co-cultured with monocytes. In addition, monocyte activation was assessed by measuring the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. The disease activity was evaluated using the 28-joint disease activity score.

Results

Platelet activation, circulating intermediate monocytes (Mon2) and MPA formation were significantly elevated in RA, especially in those with active disease status. Furthermore, Mon2 monocytes showed higher CD147 expression and responded to direct cell contact with activated platelets with higher cytokine production and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) secretion, which increased the expression of CD147. After the addition of specific antibodies for CD147, those effects were abolished. Furthermore, the NF-κB-driven inflammatory pathway may be involved in this process.

Conclusions

These findings indicate an important role of platelet activation and the consequent formation of MPA in the generation of the proinflammatory cytokine milieu and for the promotion and maintenance of the pathogenically relevant Mon2 monocyte compartment in RA, which is likely to play an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity.
Potential role of the lectin pathway of complement in the pathogenesis and disease manifestations of systemic sclerosis: a case-control and cohort study
Authors: Osthoff Michael , Ngian Gene-Siew , Dean Melinda M , Nikpour Mandana , Stevens Wendy , Proudman Susanna , Eisen Damon P , Sahhar Joanne
Published: November 2014

Introduction

Repetitive episodes of ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) are a cardinal feature of the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc), which precedes tissue fibrosis. The complement system is a key mediator of tissue damage after I/R, primarily by activation of the lectin pathway. This study investigated whether serum levels and polymorphisms of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and ficolin-2 (FCN2), two pattern recognition receptors of the lectin pathway, are associated with the predisposition to and clinical features of SSc.

Methods

A case-control study was undertaken involving 90 patients with SSc from a single SSc outpatient clinic and 90 age- and sex-matched blood donors. MBL and FCN2 levels and polymorphisms were measured in both groups, and in cases correlated with clinical data.

Results

MBL levels and genotypes were equally distributed in cases and controls while there were some significant differences in FCN2 polymorphisms. Median MBL levels were higher in SSc cases with diffuse disease compared with controls (2.6 versus 1.0 μg/ml, P <0.001).

In cases, higher MBL levels were associated with the presence of clinical findings associated with vascular dysfunction and local tissue damage (digital ulcers, calcinosis and pitting). Moreover, MBL levels were associated with fibrotic disease manifestations as evidenced by the presence of diffuse disease (median 2.6 versus 0.8 μg/ml, P = 0.002), the modified Rodnan skin score (r = 0.39, P <0.001), and interstitial lung disease as measured by forced vital capacity (r = −0.33, P = 0.001). Importantly, MBL levels also correlated with the Scleroderma Health Assessment Questionnaire scores (r = 0.33, P = 0.002). The results for FCN2 levels were less striking. Phenotypic MBL results were largely confirmed by analysis of MBL polymorphisms. MBL levels were not associated with the presence of autoantibodies or hypocomplementaemia.

Conclusions

Overall, predisposition to SSc was not influenced by the lectin pathway of complement in our matched case-control study. However, our preliminary data suggest that MBL, and to a lesser extent FCN2, may modulate disease manifestations of SSc, particularly in diffuse cutaneous disease.
Packaging efficiency in phosphor-converted white LEDs and its impact to the limit of luminous efficacy
Authors: Sun Ching-Cherng , Chang Yu-Yu , Yang Tsung-Hsun , Chung Te-Yuan , Chen Cheng-Chien , Lee Tsung-Xian , Li Dun-Ru , Lu Chun-Yan , Ting Zi-Yan , Glorieux Benoît , Chen Yi-Chun , Lai Kun-Yu , Liu Cheng-Yi
Published: November 2014

In this paper, we start from the study on the packaging efficiency of the phosphor-converted white LED via a new way to measure and calculate the blue light from the blue die to the encapsulation lens. Then we try to estimate the limit of luminous efficacy of a pcW-LED with Type VII structure. In the calculation, with the EQE of 81% of the blue die and Stokes loss, we obtain the optimal limit of luminous efficacy. The largest one reaches 300 lm/W, and occurs for green-white light with CCT from 4000K to 5000K. More practical limit is calculated in considering phosphor quantum loss and geometry loss, and the practical limit of luminous for CRI around 60 is around 210 lm/W, and for CRI larger than 80 is around 175 lm/W. Luminous efficacy will be sacrificed to obtain higher CRI. In order to know the real optical flux on the illuminated target, we introduce the optical utilization factor (OUF). Three application cases are discussed. The OUFs for light bulb, automotive head lamp, and street light are 90%, 60% and 45%, respectively. In considering human factors, it is interesting to find that a light source with lower luminous efficacy can perform higher illumination luminous efficacy (ILE). Therefore it is important to use ILE rather than LE when a light source is practically applied to lighting.
Safety and neurological assessments after autologous transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in subjects with chronic spinal cord injury
Authors: Mendonça Marcus Vinícius Pinheiro , Larocca Ticiana Ferreira , de Freitas Souza Bruno Solano , Villarreal Cristiane Flora , Silva Luiz Flávio Maia , Matos André Costa , Novaes Marco Antonio , Bahia Cláudia Maria Pinheiro , de Oliveira Melo Martinez Ana Carine , Kaneto Carla Martins , Furtado Sissi Brandão Carneiro , Sampaio Geraldo Pedral , Soares Milena Botelho Pereira , dos Santos Ricardo Ribeiro
Published: November 2014

Introduction

The administration of stem cells holds promise as a potential therapy for spinal cord injury (SCI). Mesenchymal stem cells have advantages for clinical applications, since they can be easily obtained, are suitable for autologous transplantation and have been previously shown to induce regeneration of the spinal cord in experimental settings. Here we evaluated the feasibility, safety and potential efficacy of autologous transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells in subjects with chronic complete SCI.

Method

We conducted a phase I, non-controlled study in 14 subjects of both genders aging between 18 to 65 years, with chronic traumatic SCI (>6 months), at thoracic or lumbar levels, classified as American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) A - complete injury. Baseline somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP), spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and urodynamics were assessed before and after treatment. Pain rating was performed using the McGill Pain Questionnaire and a visual analogue score scale. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells were cultured and characterized by flow cytometry, cell differentiation assays and G-band karyotyping. Mesenchymal stem cells were injected directly into the lesion following laminectomy and durotomy.

Results

Cell transplantation was an overall safe and well-tolerated procedure. All subjects displayed variable improvements in tactile sensitivity and eight subjects developed lower limbs motor functional gains, principally in the hip flexors. Seven subjects presented sacral sparing and improved American Spinal Injury Association impairment scale (AIS) grades to B or C – incomplete injury. Nine subjects had improvements in urologic function. One subject presented changes in SSEP 3 and 6 months after mesenchymal stem cells transplantation. Statistically significant correlations between the improvements in neurological function and both injury size and level were found.

Conclusion

Intralesional transplantation of autologous mesenchymal stem cells in subjects with chronic, complete spinal cord injury is safe, feasible, and may promote neurological improvements.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01325103 – Registered 28 March 2011
Myofiber Androgen Receptor Promotes Maximal Mechanical Overload-Induced Muscle Hypertrophy and Fiber Type Transition in Male Mice
Authors: Ferry Arnaud , Schuh Mélanie , Parlakian Ara , Mgrditchian Takouhie , Valnaud Nicolas , Joanne Pierre , Butler-Browne Gillian , Agbulut Onnik , Metzger Daniel
Published: November 2014

The first aim of this study was to examine the role of myofiber androgen receptor (AR) in male mice on muscle performance gain and remodeling-induced muscle mechanical overloading (OVL) that mimics resistance training. The response of OVL in mice in which AR is selectively ablated in myofibers (ARskm−/y) was compared with that of wild-type (WT) mice. In addition, we determined whether the synthetic anabolic androgen nandrolone administration affects the OVL response. We found that OVL increased absolute maximal force and fatigue resistance in both mouse genotypes (P < .05). However, the absolute maximal force increased more in ARskm−/y mice as compared with WT mice (+88% vs +63%) (P < .05). Muscle weight increased less in response to OVL in ARskm−/y mice (+54%) than in WT mice (+115%) (P < .05). The fiber number per cross-section similarly increased in both mouse genotypes after OVL (P < .05). In contrast to WT mice, the diameter of the fibers expressing myosin heavy chain (MHC)-2x decreased after OVL in ARskm−/y mice (P < .05). The MHC-2b to MHC-2a fiber type transition in response to OVL was reduced in ARskm−/y mice as compared with WT mice (P < .05). Finally, nandrolone administration during OVL did not further improve absolute maximal force and fatigue resistance and markedly alter muscle remodeling in both mouse genotypes. Together, our results indicate that myofiber AR is required for a complete response to OVL and that exogenous androgens do not increase muscle performance during intensive remodeling in male mice.
Gold Nanosweepers (AuNSs): A Novel Application of PEGylated AuNPs
Authors: Yang Guiying , Li Na , Chow Ho-Yin , Xu Qinying , Zhang Huanlin , Ruiz Jaime , Lai Xinchun , Astruc Didier , Wong Kwok-Yin , Zhao Pengxiang
Published: November 2014

Simple PEGylated-AuNPs are prepared by a modified Turkevich method, followed with thiolate–mPEG ligand substitution. These widely used AuNPs are first investigated as a “gold nanosweeper” (AuNS) to remove the “dust” (acrylamide) both in hydrophobic and aqueous media.
Diphenyltetrahedrane Derivative: A Molecule with an Extended π–σ–π Conjugation
Authors: Kobayashi Yuzuru , Nakamoto Masaaki , Sekiguchi Akira
Published: November 2014

The reaction of phenyltris(trimethylsilyl)tetrahedrane with MeLi results in the formation of isolable phenylbis(trimethylsilyl)tetrahedryllithium (4a), which was characterized by X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. The derivatization of 4a via nucleophilic or cross-coupling reactions produced new tetrahedrane derivatives, including a diphenyltetrahedrane derivative with an extended π–σ–π conjugation between the σ-orbital of the tetrahedrane core and the two aryl π-systems.
Synthesis of SBA-15 Functionalized by a Sulfopropyl Group Anchored onto the Surface through a Si–C Covalent Bond
Authors: Kugita Tsuyoshi , Ambo Kanako
Published: November 2014

An allyl group was introduced to SBA-15 by the reaction of allylmagnesium bromide with chlorinated SBA-15 obtained by the treatment of calcined SBA-15 with thionyl chloride. The allyl group was converted to a mercaptopropyl group by photochemical reaction with liquid hydrogen sulfide, and then the sulfopropyl group-functionalized SBA-15 was obtained by acidification. The sulfopropyl group in the resulting material was anchored to the SBA-15 surface by a Si–C covalent bond and showed high thermal stability in comparison with that introduced by the conventional silane-coupling method.
Response Characteristics and Mechanisms of Dynamic Fluid Field for Well Interference of Coal Bed Methane Group Wells in Production Block
Authors: Liu Shiqi , Sang Shuxun , Zhu Qipeng , Liu Huihu
Published: November 2014

According to production data and reservoir data of 16 coal bed methane (CBM) wells in southern Qinshui Basin, this paper draws the contour map of groundwater fluid potential at 8 moments in the production monitoring area and establishes three-dimensional visualization model of superimposed pressure drop funnel in CBM well with Matlab mathematical software; discusses the response relationship between well interference and dynamic fluid field on the basis of analyzing dynamic change features of groundwater fluid potential and evolution features of superimposed pressure drop funnel and puts forward an evaluation program of dynamic fluid field for well interference. The research result shows that dynamic fluid field has a good response relationship with well interference of CBM well and is manifested by the corresponding relation between evolutionary phase and space distribution. Evolution features of dynamic fluid field can be used to judge the phase and degree of well interference. The stage when well interference does not form is corresponding to the failure stage of original groundwater fluid potential and evolutionary phase of single-well pressure drop funnel. CBM wells do not have well interference and pressure drop funnel exists in the form of independent funnel. The space distribution of groundwater fluid potential is balanced. Due to the influence of groundwater fluid potential distribution, formation water flows to the shaft from the scope of pressure drop funnel. The stage when well interference forms preliminarily is corresponding to the stage of differentiation and reconstruction of groundwater fluid potential and formation stage of local superimposed pressure drop funnel. CBM wells start to have well interference and the degree of superposition of pressure drop funnel increases in local areas. “Low-lying” collecting area of groundwater fluid potential forms in superimposed area. Coal bed water flows to this area. The stabilization stage of well interference is corresponding to the formation and stabilization stage of new groundwater fluid potential and formation stage of regional superimposed pressure drop funnel. Regional superimposed pressure drop funnel is basically mature. New groundwater fluid potential centering on superimposed pressure drop funnel basically forms and coal bed water flows to the center of well network from surrounding areas.
New Expression of Oil/Water Relative Permeability Ratio vs. Water Saturation and its Application in Water Flooding Curve
Authors: Xu Feng , Mu Longxin , Wu Xianghong , Sun Tianjian , Ding Yutao , Tian Xiao , Jin Rongrong
Published: November 2014

This study attempted to more accurately predict the production performance and recoverable reserves in the late development stage, by formulating a new expression of Kro/ Krw versus Sw by regression for the whole relative permeability curve. Further, on the basis of the Buckley-Leverett's frontal-drive equation and the Welge's average water saturation equation, two kinds of new water flooding curve were derived from the new expression of Kro/ Krw, which are more applicable for predicting the final recoverable reserve. The laboratory tests conducted in the study show that the new cubic water flooding curve R- fw follows the experimental curve, and the the final oil recovery calculated in the tests are the amount predicted by the new water flooding curve. An oilfield case study was also carried out, which indicates that the economically recoverable reserve at the water cut of 98% is 2.789 × 104 m3 through the new approach, which has the smallest percentage of error 0.12%.
Mixed Weibull Distribution: A Case Study on Ichanda, India
Authors: Kumaravel R , Varun C , Sarfudeen M
Published: November 2014

This paper presents a case study of a new methodology to accurately characterize and predict the annual variation of wind conditions applied on Ichanda site, Tamil Nadu, India showing dual behaviour. The estimate of the distribution of wind conditions is necessary to quantify the available energy (power density) at a site, and to design an optimum wind farm. Wind speed frequency distribution for some sites with two distinct peaks is not represented accurately by the typical two parameter Weibull distribution. The wind characteristics of Ichanda has been analysed by using wind data recorded by meteorological mast installed at that location. By examining the analysis, it shows that wind speed distribution is not demonstrated precisely by two parameter Weibull distribution. A mixed Weibull probability distribution function (PDF) is applied to analyse wind speed frequency distribution in that region. This model can be applied to regions where the wind speed distribution presents a bimodal distribution to predict wind speed probability distribution and annual energy production accurately.
Development of a Contactless Pitch Angle Measurement System
Authors: Jauch Clemens , Nussel Norbert
Published: November 2014

In this article a pitch angle sensor is described that can be installed in a wind turbine as add-on sensor, e.g., for research purposes. One of the most important features of this sensor is that it does neither interfere with the sensory system nor with the control system of the wind turbine. Since it does not contain any electric or electronic components in the rotating hub, it does not use the rotary feedthrough of the wind turbine. The proposed system is based on distance measurement using a laser sensor. Hence, the pitch angle is measured remotely without contact taking place. The components of the system are described, and guidelines for dimensioning these components are given. Such a sensor is installed at a wind turbine; hence the performance is illustrated with measured time series. The conclusion is that the proposed sensor is simple in its design and that it works reliably.
New Approach for Placing Wind Turbines in a Wind Farm Using Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Moorthy C. BalaKrishna , Deshmukh M.K. , Mukherejee Darshana
Published: November 2014

In the present work, genetic algorithm has been used to resolve the placement of wind turbines in a wind park giving maximum power and efficiency with minimum number of turbines. Unlike past approaches where each plot was subdivided into smaller square grids at the centre of which a turbine can be placed, the present study does not require division of the plot. Thus, a turbine now has more flexibility to be placed anywhere outside a radius of 200 m of each other yielding better results. The case of unidirectional uniform wind is considered and 600 individuals evolve 3000 generations. Along with the optimal layout, fitness value, total power output, efficiency and number of turbines have also been reported. Comparison with results of earlier study and possible explanation is also provided.
A Comparative Study of a Three Rotor and a Single Rotor 5 MW Wind Turbine Based on Economic and Structural Considerations
Authors: Manwell James F. , McGowan Jon G. , Brena Sergio , Verma Preeti
Published: November 2014

Wind turbines with more than one rotor on a single support structure have been topics of interest for at least a hundred years. In this paper we assess the potential of the multi-rotor concept through a comparison of a three rotor, single tower turbine with a total rated capacity of 5 MW with a conventional, single rotor turbine with the same rated output. Except for the number of rotors, the turbines are in all other ways as similar as possible. The comparison first involves estimating the weights and costs of the two turbines. The three rotor turbine also requires a distinct rotor nacelle assembly support structure (RNASS) which is not required in a conventional turbine. A plausible design for such a structure is developed and analyzed. The weight and cost of that structure is estimated as well. Those are used to estimate the total weight and total cost of the part of the turbine which would correspond to the rotor nacelle assembly of the single rotor turbine. The results of this study show that the weight of the three rotor turbine, including the RNASS is likely to be comparable to or higher than that of a single rotor turbine, but that the cost of the three rotor turbine may well be less. The reason for the lower cost is in effect the substitution of less expensive material (structural steel) for more expensive material (blades and drive train components). The overall conclusion is that multiple rotor turbines look most attractive for those situations where a turbine with a very large rated capacity is for some reason desirable. The most obvious situation where this may the case is offshore, where the cost of support structures is very high.
Experimental Investigation of a Double Expansion Chamber Reactive Muffler for Stationary Diesel Engine
Authors: Ingle Ravindra , Jadhav J.M. , Manvi V.S. , Sawant M.A. , Talekar V.D.
Published: November 2014

The increasing need to control noise levels in our environment produced by internal combustion engines, demands the accurate designing of mufflers to meet specific noise emission norms. This paper describes a theoretical and experimental study of a circular double expansion chamber reactive muffler designed specifically for a stationary generator engine. For the theoretical approach, the equations are solved by four pole transfer matrix method using MATLAB software to obtain optimized dimensions of three mufflers at desired maximum transmission loss and at frequencies at which highest sound level is observed. MATLAB software is also used to obtain the graphs for transmission loss versus frequency. In the experimental method a white noise 1D plane wave is generated in the impedance tube attached on both sides of the muffler to obtain the transmission loss. The theoretical results obtained are then compared with experimental results for validation. The theoretical results are well correlated with the experimental results.
Development of Pre-Tensioning Device for CFRP Strips and Applicability to Repair of Cracked Steel Members
Authors: Nakamura H. , Yamamura Y. , Ito H. , Lin F. , Maeda K.
Published: November 2014

A method of repairing cracked steel members with pre-tensioned CFRP strips was investigated experimentally. Since a compressive force is introduced into the steel members by releasing the pre-tension in the CFRP strips after bonding, this technique is an effective fatigue crack repair method. With the aim of applying the method to a real structure, a simple, compact pre-tensioning device prototype was developed, and the effectiveness of the repair method was verified experimentally. The preliminary experiments were conducted using flat steel plates and varying the pre-tension of the CFRP strips. Results of tensile and creep tests revealed that it was possible to introduce a compressive force of approximately 36 kN into the steel plate rationally. Moreover, strain in the steel plate was measured for approximately 3 yrs. after introducing the compressive force, and a pre-stress loss of approximately 20% due to creep of the adhesive joint was observed under room-temperature conditions. Fatigue test results confirm that the application of this method to fatigue crack repair is feasible.
Compression Behavior of Concrete Cylinders Externally Confined by Flax Fiber Reinforced Polymer Sheets
Authors: Xia Yuanyuan , Xian Guijun , Kafodya Innocent , Li Hui
Published: November 2014

In this article, a bi-directional flax fiber fabric with room temperature curable epoxy was used to confine concrete cylinders. The compression performances of the confined cylinders were tested on the compressive behaviors. For comparison, unidirectional basalt fiber fabric reinforced polymer (BFRP) confined cylinders were also tested. Compared to the BFRP wet layups, the flax fiber reinforced polymer (FFRP) composite exhibits nonlinear in tension, and relatively lower tensile strength and modulus, but higher elongation. FFRP in weft direction exhibits higher strength and modulus but lower elongation than that that in warp direction. The compressive test results of confined concrete cylinders indicate that FFRPs improved the ultimate strain and stress of the confined cylinders, remarkably. The coefficients of confinement of FFRP on the ultimate compression stress are slightly higher than that of BFRP. The confined cylinders with FFRP showed much higher ultimate axial strain than those with BFRP.
NEUROCOMPUTER use in an assessment of chaotic dynamics of parameters of neuromuscular system of the person at various acoustic influences
Authors: Нехайчик  , Nekhaychik S. , Козлова  , Kozlova V. , Берестин  , Berestin D. , Прасолова  , Prasolova A.
Published: November 2014

The behavior of the human body state vector (for example, the reaction of tremoro-gram parameters) in response to different acoustic impacts (white noise, rhythmic music, classical music, hard rock) was studied by using the methods of neurocomputing. We showed the distinctions in the estimation of the behavioral dynamics of the parameters of the neuromuscular system, such as various motor reaction (tremor) of the left and right hands on the acoustic impact. The common regularities in the dynamics of behavior parameters of tremor at various acoustic impact on Surgut students hands were revealed. The analysis of quasi-attractors of differentiated reactions of left and right hands using neural emulators showed significant distinction on different types of acoustic impacts. Asymmetry of motor responses from the standpoint of the theory of chaos and self-organization was more marked than according to the stochastic approach. Neural emulator demonstrated the significance of all impacts on tremor parameters (system synthesis problem is being solved).
Philosophical aspects of homeostasis for biosystems: from human body to societies and earth biosphere
Authors: Вохмина  , Vokhmina Yu. , Джумагалиева  , Dzhumagalieva L. , Хадарцева  , Khadartseva K. , Филатова  , Filatova O.
Published: November 2014

V.I. Vernadsky´s ideas of individual autotrophy should be extended to social autotro-phy. Russia has three order parameters that pretend us from evolving; we "flicker" within some bounded space. From the prospective of theory of chaos and self-organization we should decide where the final attractor is and move to there. American and European developmental models have no perspectives for evolution, but the initial vector of development was chosen right. Thus, not each motion is evolution, since evolution means shifting center of quasi-attractors. Each system element (each person in society) is important to participate, otherwise, evolution will not happen. A leader cannot provide evolution of all society, but he can simply interrupt the process (to choose wrong vector of development is enough). Human organism has organs that are main and that also can stop evolution of the body (as ageing) or hold fatal outcome, although death is teleologically determined in contrast to society.
Possibilities of stochastic processing of system parameters with chaotic dynamics
Authors: Берестин  , Berestin D. , Попов  , Popov Yuriy , Вохмина  , Vokhmina Yu. , Хадарцева  , Khadartseva K.
Published: November 2014

The paper presents the first attempt to combine methods of stochastics (mathematical statistics) and methods of theory of chaos and self-organization for studying such complex (chaotic) processes as postural tremor. It was established that when re-registering tremor in each subject by n=15 or n=30 obtained tremorograms do not exhibit normal distribution, and non-parametric distributions show distinctions at pairwise comparison on Wilcoxon test (only 2 or 3 pairs from 210 may belong to the same general population). Static physical load sharply changes this picture and the number of such ("similar") pairs increases. The estimation method for effect of a load on tremor is proposed. Simultaneously, within calculating quasi-attractors there is a clear picture of division of chaotic dynamics of tremor parameters with load and without load. Prospects of a new method application in physiological measurements are discussed. Limited method of stochas- tics in description of complexity is underlined, and necessity of calculation quasi-attractor´s parameters in phase space of state is proved.
Does the maternal experience of childbirth affect mother-infant attachment and bonding?
Authors: McGowan Stephen
Published: November 2014

This review of the literature investigates the effects of the maternal experience of birthing on maternal-infant attachment and bonding, and the implications of the findings for health visiting practice. A systematic review of relevant identified databases was used to locate evidence as well as the reading of relevant non-electronic material. Seven papers were selected and themes of preterm birth, other differential births and separation were identified. The findings suggested that separation (physical or psychological) during the birthing experience presented as one of the factors most likely to affect maternal-infant attachment. The findings are discussed in relation to current health visitor provision and suggestions for practice include: health visitors working antenatally with families universally; health visitors being taught therapeutic techniques to facilitate attachment; appropriate psychological services being available at the relevant time; and the trialling of specialist ‘attachment’ health visitor roles.
Recurrent Small Intestinal Ileus Due to Valsartan; Compulsive Behaviors Related to Rasagiline Use; Lacosamide-Induced Acute Pancreatitis; Brief Psychotic Disorder after Abrupt Withdrawal of Hydroxyzine; Hydroxyurea-Associated Acral Erythema; Penicillamine-Induced Degenerative Dermatosis
Authors: Mancano Michael A.
Published: November 2014

The purpose of this feature is to heighten awareness of specific adverse drug reactions (ADRs), discuss methods of prevention, and promote reporting of ADRs to the US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) MEDWATCH program (800-FDA-1088). If you have reported an interesting, preventable ADR to MEDWATCH, please consider sharing the account with our readers.
Krill Oil for Cardiovascular Risk Prevention: Is it for Real?
Authors: Backes James M. , Howard Patricia A.
Published: November 2014

Omega-3 fatty acids play an important role in cardiovascular health. Although it is suggested that individuals obtain these nutrients through diet, many prefer to rely on supplements. Fish oil supplements are widely used, yet large capsule sizes and tolerability make them less than ideal. Recently, krill oil has emerged as a potential alternative for omega-3 supplementation. This article will discuss what is known about krill oil and its potential use in cardiovascular risk prevention.
Cerebral Vasospasm in Critically III Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Does the Evidence Support the Ever-Growing List of Potential Pharmacotherapy Interventions?
Authors: Kiser Tyree H.
Published: November 2014

The occurrence of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a significant event resulting in decreased cerebral blood flow and oxygen delivery. Prevention and treatment of cerebral vasospasm is vital to avert neurological damage and reduced functional outcomes. A variety of pharmacotherapy interventions for the prevention and treatment of cerebral vasospasm have been evaluated. Unfortunately, very few large randomized trials exist to date, making it difficult to make clear recommendations regarding the efficacy and safety of most pharmacologic interventions. Considerable debate exists regarding the efficacy and safety of hypervolemia, hemodilution, and hypertension (triple-H therapy), and the implementation of each component varies substantially amongst institutions. There is a new focus on euvolemic-induced hypertension as a potentially preferred mechanism of hemodynamic augmentation. Nimodipine is the one pharmacologic intervention that has demonstrated favorable effects on patient outcomes and should be routinely administered unless contraindications are present. Intravenous nicardipine may offer an alternative to oral nimodipine. The addition of high-dose magnesium or statin therapy has shown promise, but results of ongoing large prospective studies are needed before they can be routinely recommended. Tirilazad and clazosentan offer new pharmacologic mechanisms, but clinical outcome results from prospective randomized studies have largely been unfavorable. Locally administered pharmacotherapy provides a targeted approach to the treatment of cerebral vasospasm. However, the paucity of data makes it challenging to determine the most appropriate therapy and implementation strategy. Further studies are needed for most pharmacologic therapies to determine whether meaningful efficacy exists.
Inpatient Prescribing and Monitoring of Fentanyl Transdermal Systems: Adherence to Safety Regulations
Authors: McEvoy Theresa , Moore Joann , Generali Joyce
Published: November 2014

Background

National safety guidelines were developed to minimize the occurrence of serious adverse drug events (ADEs) associated with the use of the fentanyl transdermal system (FTS), however, reports of use in opioid-naïve patients for treatment of acute pain and associated ADEs continue to occur.

Objective

To evaluate the prescribing patterns of the FTS for adherence to recent US regulatory recommendations and identify the impact of health information technology (HIT) on adherence rates.

Methods

A retrospective pre- and postintervention analysis was performed in hospitalized adult patients receiving FTS. Electronic medication order instructions and text questions were incorporated into FTS electronic medication orders. The primary outcome measure was adherence of FTS medication orders to regulatory guidelines defined as (a) a new order in an opioid-tolerant patient for use in moderate to severe chronic pain or (b) continuation of the documented home dose in use for at least 7 days. Safety measures included respiratory rate and documented ADEs.

Results

Adherence rates were significantly increased in the postintervention cohort as compared to the preintervention cohort (48.7% vs 85.0%; P < .0001). Incidence of ADEs was significantly lower post intervention (34.7% vs 23.3%; P = .043), including a lower incidence of respiratory depression (16.7% vs 8.3%; P = .043). Documentation was increased in the postintervention cohort (76% vs 100%). However, supporting documentation confirmed responses in only 59.2% of records reviewed.

Conclusions

Incorporation of HIT via electronic order text questions increased overall adherence rates to regulatory recommendations, increased documentation, and decreased the rate of associated ADEs.
The dancer at work: The aesthetic and politics of practice clothes and leotard costumes in ballet performance
Authors: Tomic-Vajagic Tamara
Published: November 2014

This article focuses on the aesthetic implications innate to the introduction of tight-fitting rehearsal-style costume, a leotard, to the dance studio and stage. In ballet, the pared-down and subtle design of such costumes is found in many dance works from the twentieth century until today, including the ‘black and white ballets’ by George Balanchine, or ‘ballet-ballets’ by William Forsythe. These works are also considered plotless and seem to deter the viewer from the theatrical conventions of plot lines, characters and narratives. This article is concerned with that which is highlighted in such works: the dancer’s moving body and the leotard as a costume that particularly refers to the performer at work and in own cultural setting. The look into the relationship between the dancers and leotard as a costume type communicates important information about the performer’s work and their development of roles in such repertoire. The closer consideration of this relationship in reference to the aesthetic of practice-clothes ballet also discloses plenty about the artistic potentials in such choreography and performance, revealing how the use of leotard as a stage costume has both furthered and challenged some of ballet’s traditions and cultural conventions.
Study of the Growth and Dislocation Blocking Mechanisms in InxGa1−xAs Buffer Layer for Growing High-Quality In0.5Ga0.5P, In0.3Ga0.7As, and In0.52Ga0.48As on Misoriented GaAs Substrate for Inverted Metamorphic Multijunction Solar Cell Application
Authors: Nguyen H. Q. , Yu H. W. , Hsu C. H. , Phan V. T. H. , Chang E. Y.
Published: November 2014

Effects of growth conditions and buffer structures on crystal quality of 1.9-eV In
On the restricted summability of Walsh–Kaczmarz–Fejér means
Authors: Nagy Károly
Published: November 2014

The main aim of this paper is to discuss the properties of the maximal operator of two-dimensional Walsh–Kaczmarz–Fejér means, where the set of indices is inside a cone-like set. We prove that the maximal operator σ
L

κ,* is bounded from Hp
to Lp
for 1/2 < p and is of weak type (1,1). As a corollary, we get Simon's theorem [Monatsh. Math. 131 (2000), no. 4, 321–334] on the convergence almost everywhere of cone-restricted two-dimensional Fejér means of integrable functions. In the endpoint case p = 1/2, we show that the maximal operator σ
L

κ,* is not bounded from the Hardy space H
1/2 to the space L
1/2.
Health on the Home Front: Infant Deaths and Industrial Accidents during Mobilization for World War II
Authors: Fishback Price V. , Jaworski Taylor
Published: November 2014

The view that the US economy and living standards benefited from mobilization for World War II is commonplace. The main source of evidence is aggregate comparisons of standard macroeconomic variables over the Great Depression and war years. In this paper, we use newly collected data on infant health and industrial accidents to document changes in health conditions during World War II. The findings suggest that infant health and work conditions deteriorated in the early 1940s. Opening or expanding a plant for war production is associated with 7 additional infant deaths (per 1,000 live births) in 1942 and incidence of industrial accidents increased by 16 percent. The war years interrupted the long-run trend toward improved health along a number of dimensions, however, recovery to pre-war levels occurred quickly after 1945.
X-ray Reflectometry and Related Surface Near X-ray Scattering Methods
Authors: Seeck Oliver H.
Published: November 2014

Surface sensitive X-ray scattering methods are mostly non-destructive
tools which are frequently used to investigate the nature of thin
films, interfaces and artificial near surface structures. Discussed
here are diffraction based methods, namely reflectometry and the
related techniques grazing incidence diffraction and crystal
truncation rod measurements. For the experiment, an X-ray beam is
diffracted from surface near structures of the sample and detected by
adequate detectors. To analyze the data the according X-ray scattering
theory has to be applied. The full theory of surface sensitive X-ray
scattering is complex and based on general considerations from wave
optics. However, instructive insights into the scattering processes
are provided by the Born-approximation which in many cases yields
sufficient results. The methods are applied to solve the structure of
a mercury-electrolyte interface during a chemical reaction and to
determine the strain distribution in surface near SiGe quantum dots.
A Paradigm of Resilience
Authors: Katz Meighen
Published: November 2014

Taken by a host of talented photographers, the Farm Security Administration photographs have become the defining visual imagery of the Great Depression. Familiar, beautifully composed, and free from reproduction copyright, these photographs have become an essential tool for interpreting a number of facets of the 1930s, especially that of poverty. As useful as the images are, the nature of their creation and the embedded messages regarding hardship mean that they are not as universal as is sometimes presumed. This article examines how the images facilitate interpretation of Great Depression history, particularly that which pertains to the experience of poverty, and the repercussions and limitations of their use.