bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of root hairs in root water uptake - Insights from an image-based 3D model
Authors: Duddek Patrick , Ahmed Mutez Ali , Javaux Mathieu , Vanderborght Jan , Lovric Goran , King Andrew , Carminati Andrea
Published: February 2023

Root hairs, tubular protrusions of epidermal root cells, are considered a key rhizosphere feature: by substantially increasing the contact area between roots and soil, they enhance the ability of plants to capture soil resources. Hence, they are considered a breeding target for improving drought tolerance and yield stability of crops. While their pivotal role in the uptake of immobile nutrients such as phosphorus is well accepted, their effect on root water uptake remains controversial as it varies across plant species. By means of image-based modelling, our objective was to identify environmental conditions (e.g. soil water content) and hair traits (e.g. root hair length and density) that determine the effectiveness of root hairs in root water uptake. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of drought stress-induced root hair shrinkage on root water uptake.We scanned root compartments of 8 days old maize seedlings (Zea Mays L.) grown in a loamy soil using synchrotron radiation X-ray CT. Based on the collected image-data, we implemented a 3D root water uptake model. By solving Richards equation numerically, we computed the propagation of water potential gradients across the root-soil continuum which allowed to quantify root water uptake. The high spatial resolution of the acquired images enabled us to explicitly take rhizosphere features, such as root hairs and root-soil matrix contact into account. We determined the key parameters governing the effectiveness of root hairs in water uptake by comparing a set of six maize root compartments before and after digitally removing their hairs. The quantification of root hair turgor-loss in response to progressive soil drying allowed us to implement hair shrinkage within our model.We found that the effect of root hairs in root water uptake is governed by 1) the root hair induced increase in root soil contact and 2) root hair length. Furthermore, our results suggest that root hairs potentially facilitate root water uptake under dry soil conditions (< -0.1MPa). However, in the dry range, root hair shrinkage severely reduces the effect of hairs. Depending on their turgor-loss curve, root hairs may still provide a positive effect on root water uptake in a narrow range of soil matric potential. In summary, the effect of root hairs on root water uptake depends on soil water content, root-soil contact, root hair length and the turgor-loss point of hairs.
A new theoretical framework for parameterizing nonequilibrium fractionation during evaporation from the ocean
Authors: Duetsch Marina , Fairall Christopher W. , Blossey Peter N. , Fiorella Richard P.
Published: February 2023

The evaporation isotope model proposed by Craig and Gordon (1965) is used in most atmospheric isotope models for the parameterization of fractionation during evaporation from the ocean. It describes the isotope ratios in the evaporation flux as a function of the isotope ratios in liquid water and the atmosphere, relative humidity, the equilibrium fractionation factor, and the nonequilibrium fractionation factor (kiso). Of these parameters, kiso is the most uncertain. Many isotope models use the formulation of Merlivat and Jouzel (1979), which parameterizes kiso as a function of wind speed and distinguishes between a smooth and a rough regime to account for the fact that waves act as roughness elements, inducing perturbations that significantly influence gas transfer rates. The resulting discontinuity in kiso and therefore isotope ratios, which usually occurs at around 7m/s wind speed, has been disputed by several empirical studies, based on measurements of deuterium excess and 17O-excess in the near-surface boundary layer. However, a theoretical framework, which would be in line with the measurements, is still lacking. Here, we present a new approach to parameterizing kiso by explicitly accounting for the influence of wave drag on the momentum flux near the surface. Following recent work by Cifuentes-Lorenzen et al. (2018), we add a third wave-induced component to the total momentum flux, in addition to the viscous and turbulent components, and extend the definition of the eddy viscosity to account for the loss of friction velocity due to ocean waves and the fall-off of turbulence close to the surface. The new scheme predicts a slight decrease of kiso with wind speed, similar to the values from Merlivat and Jouzel (1979) if the smooth-regime parameterization were used at all wind speeds. In a second step, we incorporate the new parameterization into the isotope-enabled Community Earth System Model, and run nudged simulations for the years 2000-2020, to analyze the effect on vapor and precipitation isotopes. While δD and δ18O remain nearly unaffected, the deuterium excess tends to be higher in the simulation with the new scheme than in the control simulation, especially in regions with high wind speeds. ReferencesCifuentes-Lorenzen, A., Edson, J. B., and Zappa, C. J. (2018). Air–sea interaction in the southern ocean: Exploring the height of the wave boundary layer at the air–sea interface. Bound.-Layer Meteorol., 169(3), 461-482.Craig, H. and Gordon, L. I. (1965). Deuterium and oxygen 18 variations in the ocean and the marine atmosphere. In Stable Isotopes in Oceanographic Studies and Paleo-Temperatures, pp. 9–130. Lab. Geol. Nucl., Pisa, Italy.Merlivat, L. and Jouzel, J. (1979). Global climatic interpretation of the deuterium-oxygen 18 relationship for precipitation. J. Geophys. Res., 84(C8):5029–5033.
Climate change adaptation through integrated management of water reuse technologies
Authors: Sangiorgio Matteo , Weber Enrico , Cananzi Davide , Zatarain Salazar Jazmin , Micotti Marco , Castelletti Andrea
Published: February 2023

The integrated management of water reuse technologies and their coordination with the operations of the other water system components are fundamental to fully exploit the reuse potential. Yet, these technologies are usually designed considering their individual parameters (e.g., efficiency, durability, maintenance costs, energy consumption), more than the integration with traditional water management practices, and the impacts on the final users at the system scale.Here, we adopt a portable framework based on optimal control methods and machine learning to evaluate the cross-sector impacts of water loops. The framework is developed for the Apulia Region, Southern Italy, a drought-prone area characterized by the presence of a complex water distribution network and multiple conflicting users across agricultural districts, industry, and drinking water supply.The robustness of each adaptation strategy is comprehensively investigated through a scenario-based approach, including the analysis of climatic, socio-economic (drinking, irrigation, and industrial water demand pattern), legal (environmental flow constraints), and technological (water reuse implementation) aspects.Results show that the combined effect of climate and socio-economic changes will dramatically affect the Apulia water system, leading to unsustainable pressure on freshwater resources. In addition, the implementation of the environmental flow constraints will further reduce the operation space. Future water deficit is thus expected to increase at half-century (2050-2059) as well as in the long-term (2090-2099), especially under the more extreme climate projection (RCP 8.5).Results also show that water reuse actions remarkably improve the situation, but the effect is only partial and far from entirely closing the gap with the current situation. This means that the specific adaptation actions here adopted are not sufficient and that it is necessary to further promote the spread of the reuse technologies and increase their efficiency.The proposed framework is a decision support system that aims at assisting policy-makers in the transition to a circular water economy by integrating water management and treatment-reuse technologies.
Blast Vibration Prediction
Authors: Trabi Bernd , Bleibinhaus Florian
Published: February 2023

Predicting the peak ground velocity (PGV) of blast vibrations is important for blast mining in order to set the right amount of charge weights so that they do not exceed certain thresholds. One problem is the large dispersion in the observed PGV due to unknown complexity of seismic waves spread. Classical prediction methods most often use one of several empirical formulas. One very common method is the Scaled Distance (SD) approach, which has the fewest parameters to calibrate, is widely used and works for a single sensor. In this study, we use a dataset of 55 mining production blasts recorded by 81 seismic sensors to compare the performance of the different methods. The large array allows us to apply multi-sensor inversion, which gives more information about the physical meaning of various parameters. Our results show that classical SD methods are less suitable, at least on the site we reviewed, as the data contradicts the previous link between the radial amplitude decay constant b and the load weight exponent c. For the last we find a value of 0.5, which we express as an expression of the physical relationship between the charge, energy and amplitude, suggesting that it may be a global value independent of the specific site.
The M-MATISSE mission: Mars Magnetosphere ATmosphere Ionosphere and Space weather SciencEAn ESA Medium class (M7) candidate
Authors: Sanchez-Cano Beatriz ,   the M-MATISSE team
Published: February 2023

The “Mars Magnetosphere ATmosphere Ionosphere and Space-weather SciencE (M-MATISSE)” mission is an ESA Medium class (M7) candidate currently in Phase 0 study by ESA. M-MATISSE’s main scientific goal is to unravel the complex and dynamic couplings of the Martian magnetosphere, ionosphere and thermosphere (MIT coupling) with relation to the Solar Wind (i.e. space weather) and the lower atmosphere. It will provide the first global characterisation of the dynamics of the Martian system at all altitudes, to understand how the atmosphere dissipates the incoming energy from the solar wind, including radiation, as well as how different surface processes are affected by Space Weather activity.M-MATISSE consists of two orbiters with focused, tailored, high-heritage payloads to observe the plasma environment from the surface to space through coordinated simultaneous observations. It will utilize a unique 3-vantage point observational perspective, with the combination of in-situ measurements by both orbiters and remote observations of the lower atmosphere and ionosphere by radio crosstalk between them.M-MATISSE is the product of a large organized and experienced international consortium. It has the unique capability to track solar perturbations from the Solar Wind down to the surface, being the first mission fully dedicated to understand planetary space weather at Mars. It will revolutionize our understanding and ability to forecast potential global hazard situations at Mars, an essential precursor to any future robotic & human exploration.
P- and SH-wave reflection seismics of the reactivated intraplate Osning Thrust in northern Germany
Authors: Wadas Sonja Halina , Tanner David Colin
Published: February 2023

Neotectonic movements can cause severe hazards and are scientifically and socially relevant, e.g. for seismic hazard assessment, and utilisation of the subsurface. In northern Germany, a presumed aseismic region, little is known about these processes and the associated structures, despite proven neotectonic activity, because many faults are hidden beneath sediments. To improve the knowledge of neotectonic activity, investigations of recently-active fault zones, like the Osning Lineament (OL) in North Rhine-Westphalia, are required.To better understand the neotectonic evolution of the OL, we use near-surface geophysics, which have not been used at the OL so far. We used a combined approach using high-resolution 2D P- and SH-wave reflection seismics. P-wave seismic alone can often not properly image near-surface impressions of faults due to poor shallow resolution, but this gap can be closed using SH-wave reflection seismics, which offers very high resolution, even at shallow depth. Three P-wave profiles were measured with a hydraulically-driven vibrator vehicle (sweep frequency: 20 to 200 Hz) with a source point spacing of 10 m and plugged vertical geophones at 5 m intervals. Additionally, four SH-wave profiles were surveyed using an electro-dynamic micro-vibrator (sweep frequency: 20 to 160 Hz) with a source point spacing of 2 or 4 m and a landstreamer with horizontal geophones at 1 m intervals.The seismic profiles show good results with respect to mapping the fault inventory. In the migrated depth sections of the P-wave profiles, several northward-dipping faults in the Cretaceous formations are recognizable, which are interpreted hitherto unknown extensions of the OL. The Quaternary, with a maximum thickness of 20 to 30 m, is only poorly imaged by the P-wave profiles, but there are nevertheless hints that the faults also extend into the Quaternary. The SH-wave profiles support this assumption, due to their higher resolution close to the surface, because of very-low wave velocities between 150 and 500 m/s. In the Quaternary sediments, further faulting and deformation features are recognizable, enabling a more comprehensive interpretation and understanding of the local fault geometry.In the course of the project, we also carry out a full waveform inversion of the P- and S-wave data to improve the fault imaging. This will be accompanied by testing of different migration methods and seismic attribute analysis.
New estimation to the turnover time of Lake Ohrid: an environmental isotope and noble gas study
Authors: Túri Marianna , Temovski Marjan , Kiss Gabriella Ilona , Csige István , Palcsu László
Published: February 2023

We present noble gas composition and environmental isotope signature (δ18O, δ2H, δ15NNO3-, 3H) of waters sampled from Lake Ohrid. The lake is one of Europe's deepest (max. depth ~288 m) and oldest lake, situated in southeastern part of the continent at the border between Albania and North Macedonia.The sampling campaign was in the summer of 2017, when 100 water samples were taken from 19 depth profiles (at depths of 5 m, 25 m, 50 m, 100 m, 150 m, 200 m and 250 m) for water stable isotopes, noble gases, and tritium. Samples for δ15NNO3- measurement of nitrate were collected at 7 m and 27 m depth.Lake Ohrid, situated between Galičica Mt. to the east and Jablanica and Mokra Mts to the west, is a large (surface area ~350 km2), oligotrophic, and one of the most voluminous lakes (~55 km3) and together with Lake Prespa represents the biggest water system in the Balkan region. Numerous studies have been carried out on the hydraulic connection between the two lakes using stable isotopes and hydrological modelling. The water balance of Lake Ohrid is dominated by inflow from karst aquifers, direct precipitation and with slightly smaller shares from river runoff. Lake Ohrid is strongly influenced by karstic springs, adjacent to large part of the coastline, sub-aquatic as well as surface springs which are particularly cool, clean and oxygen-rich inflowing water. The springs are fed by aquifers that are recharged from precipitation and, along the eastern shoreline, also by Lake Prespa.The lake sediment covers a record of the last 1.5 million years. To better understand the link between the atmosphere and the sediment, our goal is to estimate the water turnover time of Lake Ohrid and to give an isotopic overview about the lake system. Our measured stable isotope data provide background information about hydrogen and oxygen isotope variability of the lake. The stable isotope results together with tritium data present a prospect for estimating evaporation and mixing proportions. The noble gas results detail the layers of the estimated mixing processes. Nitrogen stable isotope data provides additional information about the locality and the type of potential pollution sources.
Demographics of presenters and convenors at the EGU General Assemblies 2015-2022 – are there differences between physical, virtual and hybrid meetings?
Authors: Stadmark Johanna , Conley Daniel J. , Alves de Jesus-Rydin Claudia
Published: February 2023

The first step for institutions committed to equality, diversity and inclusion is to know their demographics. This presentation includes descriptive statistics for 8 consecutive years (2015–2022) based on presentations and convenorship at the EGU General Assemblies.In the years 2015-2019, when the meeting was a physical meeting in Vienna, around 90% of the participants gave presentations. In 2020 the meeting was held online at short notice and the registration for participation was free of charge. In 2021 the entire meeting was planned online already at the time of submission of abstracts and the participant fee was lower than for the previous physical meetings. In 2022 the GA was held as a fully hybrid meeting with around 7000 participants in Vienna and 7000 online. This presentation will focus on the gender, career stage, and geographical distribution among presenters and convenors.The total number of presenters has increased over the time period 2015-2022, and this increase was observed throughout all career stages. The proportion of women presenters has increased from 32% in 2015 to 39% in 2022. A similar trend was observed for the convenors, an increase in total numbers over the years and a higher proportion (40%) of women in 2022 than in 2015 (26%).In the hybrid meeting in 2022 early career scientists to a higher extent participated physically in the meeting than online. Among more senior researchers a higher proportion attended the meeting virtually. While there were no differences in how women and men participated (online or physically), there are differences connected to the country affiliations. More than half of participants from countries in most of western Europe attended in Vienna, while participants from North America and Asia attended online.Since EGU General Assembly is the largest geosciences conference in Europe understanding the demographic evolution and their participation to EGU activities, including the GA, of various groups is an important tool for EGU governing body to draw targeted actions to ensure that the current procedures are fair and that all in the community are being and feeling included. We therefore aim to analyse the changes in demographics with regards to gender, career stage as well as to geographical distribution of the presenters and convenors also in coming years to better understand the potential impacts of meetings organized online or physically, or as a combination of both these modes.
On the co-estimation of static and monthly gravity field solutions from GRACE Follow-On data
Authors: Lasser Martin , Meyer Ulrich , Arnold Daniel , Jäggi Adrian
Published: February 2023

Temporal gravity field modelling from GRACE Follow-On data is usually performed by computing monthly snapshots of spherical harmonic coefficients representing the state of the Earth’s gravity field. Associated to this, the spherical harmonic series has to be truncated at a certain point, commonly atdegree/order 96. Higher degrees and orders are fixed to the a priori used background gravity field model.We present an investigation on the influence of the high degrees and orders of different a priori background gravity field models on monthly gravity field model computations from GRACE Follow-On data. Furthermore, we extend the temporal gravity field modelling to additionally co-estimate a static gravity field for the GRACE Follow-On satellite mission along with the monthly snapshots to provide for a consistent handling of correlations between temporal and static gravity field coefficients.Moreover, we model the stochastic noise of the data with an empirical description of the noise based on the post-fit residuals between the final GRACE Follow-On orbits, that are co-estimated together with the gravity field, and the observations, expressed in position residuals to the kinematic positions and in K-band range-rate residuals, to further study the influence of the high degrees and orders of the a priori background gravity field model on such noise models.We compare and validate the monthly solutions with the models from the operational GRACE Follow-On processing at AIUB by examining the stochastic behaviour of the respective post-fit residuals, by investigating areas where a low noise is expected and by inspecting the mass trend estimates in certain areas of global interest. Finally, we investigate the influence in a combination of monthly gravity fields based on other approaches as it is done by the Combination Service for Time-variable Gravity fields (COST-G) and make use of noise and signal assessment applying the quality control tools routinely used in the frame of COST-G.
Runoff impact on ice velocities in Southwest Greenland
Authors: Halas Paul , de Fleurian Basile , Mouginot Jeremie , Langebroek Petra
Published: February 2023

Ice velocities of the Greenland Ice Sheet and surface runoff has been shown to be related, both at short timescales as well as decadal timescales. While the short timescales are necessary to comprehend the physical processes connecting subglacial water pressure and ice motion, the yearly displacement of ice is paramount to assess the future behavior of glaciers in a warming climate. In this study, we assess for 5 land-terminating basins in Southwest Greenland the relationship between annual ice velocities anomalies derived from optical feature-tracking, and runoff anomalies derived from ERA5-MAR reanalysis over the 2013-2021 period. We find that the relationship between velocities and runoff is not linear and seems to be flattening out with altitude for all basins, indicating a less important impact of an increase of runoff in altitude. We also find that for lower altitudes, the reaction of velocities to runoff input is varying for every basin of our study. We therefore recommend considering basins and altitudes individually and avoid extrapolating velocity – runoff relationship from one basin to another. This would be especially important for modeling purposes, where large scale hydrologic models might be needed to correctly assess the effect of meltwater lubrication on ice dynamics. 
Characteristics of African Sahel Precipitation in global storm-resolving Climate Models
Authors: Spät Dorian , Schuhbauer David , Voigt Aiko
Published: February 2023

The simulation of precipitation in the African Sahel region is challenging for current global climate models. These models conventionally work with grids with horizontal resolution larger than 100 km and therefore must use parametrization schemes to simulate deep convection. The nextGEMS project, on the other hand, performs global simulations with two new climate models (adapted versions of ICON and IFS) with fine resolutions of a few kilometers. At such high resolution, deep convection is resolved, which allows for a much more realistic representation of precipitation. This is particularly promising for simulating convection in the African Sahel, where most precipitation originates from mesoscale convective systems resolved at these simulation scales. We present a preliminary analysis of the cycle two nextGEMS simulations focusing on Sahel precipitation and the West African monsoon. We show that some characteristics of precipitation, such as low autocorrelation with one day lag, are much closer to measurements compared to conventional climate models. We also discuss some of the problems that still persist in the simulations and compare the two models depending on different features of Sahel precipitation.
Landslide monitoring and triggering mechanism detection in case of composed landslide in northwestern Slovenia
Authors: Peternel Tina , Janža Mitja , Šegina Ela , Jemec Auflič Mateja , Jež Jernej , Bezak Nejc , Maček Matej
Published: February 2023

The study deals with the composed landslide Urbas, located in the hinterland of the densely populated settlement in northwestern Slovenia at the foothills of the Karavanke mountain ridge. The Urbas landslide was recognized as the largest landslide among five other landslides that pose a direct danger to the underlying settlement of Koroška Bela. The Urbas landslide has a length of 500 m and a width of about 440 m. The landslide covers an area of 177,000 m2. The formation of the Urbas landslide is related to complex geological and tectonic conditions. It is defined as a rotational landslide and was formed at the tectonic contact between the Triassic carbonate and the Carboniferous clastic rocks, mainly composed of siltstone and claystone. To determine the characteristics and mechanism of the Urbas landslide, several investigations and monitoring projects have been carried out using data from the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), a wire extensometer, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry and hydrometeorological sensing (groundwater table, precipitation). The results of this study show that the dynamics of the Urbas landslide exhibited different kinematic trends associated with different triggering mechanisms, depending on local geological and hydrogeological conditions. Consequently, certain parts of the landslide are at different evolutionary states and respond differently to the same external triggers.Reference: Peternel, T.; Janža, M.; Šegina, E.; Bezak, N.; Maček, M. Recognition of Landslide Triggering Mechanisms and Dynamics Using GNSS, UAV Photogrammetry and In Situ Monitoring Data. Remote Sens. 2022, 14, 3277. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14143277Acknowledgments: This research was funded by Slovenian Research Agency through grants Z1-2638, P1- 0419, P2-0180 and J6-4628. Additional financial support was provided by the Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning, and the Municipality of Jesenice.   
Achievable storage capacity assessment for multiple trap storage site – a case study of carbon dioxide storage in the German North Sea sector
Authors: Gasanzade Firdovsi , Markowitsch Jannis , Bauer Sebastian
Published: February 2023

In order to dampen the effects of anthropogenic climate change, a significant reduction of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has to be achieved. Geological sequestration of CO2 in porous formations represents a potential long-term and large-scale carbon sink. The suitability of a storage site depends upon of wide range of geological parameters, like adequate depth, sufficient storage capacity, favourable petrophysical parameters and safe containment. Existing storage facilities, however, demonstrate that in some cases the initially assessed storage capacity cannot be reached during the implementation stage, which is commonly linked to the hydrodynamic nature of the multiphase flow regime induced. Numerical simulation of the injection dynamics should thus allow to reduce the uncertainty in capacity estimations. This study, therefore, aims to develop a workflow and methods to allow for improved quantification of the achievable dynamic storage capacity.

An existing geological structure and its large-scale subsurface setting within the German North Sea sector is investigated as a potential storage site for this study, which is currently characterised within the GEOSTOR research project. The storage structure was mainly formed by salt pillow growth in the Zechstein (Late Permian) and formed the anticline trap in the Middle Buntsandstein (Lower Triassic) sandstone formations with an average pay thickness of about 40 m. Three structural closures at the site could be identified. Using depth-dependent parameters, static storage capacities of 184 Mt, 106 Mt and 96 Mt are estimated. Two closures can be combined into one connected trap at a depth of about 2 km (structural spill-point), which allows to double the static capacity.

To quantify the site-specific hydrodynamic effects, a storage aim of 300 Mt CO2 injection over 30 years at a constant rate of 10 Mt/a, followed by a 100-year post-injection period, is assumed as a basis for the injection strategy development. Numerical simulations are performed using a 3D reservoir model with a model domain of 25 km x 30 km, accounting for the regional boundary conditions and the regional hydrostatic pressure gradient. Simulation results show strong density stratification in the storage reservoir as well as effects of gravity override and pressure superposition. The consideration of the far-field geological boundary conditions leads to a large-scale and long-term pressure accumulation in the model, which limits injection rates. Based on these, suitable well positions and completions ensuring long-term confinement are identified.
Detecting Extreme Temperature Events Using Gaussian Mixture Models
Authors: Paçal Aytaç , Hassler Birgit , Weigel Katja , Kurnaz M. Levent , Eyring Veronika
Published: February 2023

Extreme events are rare atmospheric phenomena that cause signiﬁcant damage to humans and natural systems, but detecting extreme events in the future in a changing climate can be challenging. Traditionally, temperature distributions were assumed to follow a normal distribution and certain thresholds were used to define extreme events. However, the mean and the variance of temperatures are expected to change in a future climate, which might limit the application of traditional methods for detecting extreme events.We found that daily maximum surface temperature data can be described accurately using a multimodal distribution. In this study, we therefore used a statistical method called Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) to fit a multimodal distribution to daily near-surface maximum air temperature data from simulations participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) for 46 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) land regions. GMM allowed us to use the parameters from the Gaussian distribution ﬁtted to the higher temperatures to define the thresholds for the return period of extreme events. We analysed the change in the return periods of extreme temperature events in study regions compared to the historical period (1980-2010) under future Global Warming Levels (GWL) of 1.5°C, 2°C, 3°C and 4°C for each Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP) scenarios. 
The record-breaking flood in Central Italy in September 2022: preliminary impacts analysis from a field survey campaign
Authors: Molinari Daniela , Arrighi Chiara , Da Porto Francesca , Domeneghetti Alessio , Scorzini Annarita
Published: February 2023

Floods are growing phenomena both in terms of intensity and frequency, due to climate change and rapid urbanization. In fact, several extreme flood events hit populations and assets around the Globe in recent years; one example is the exceptional flood that it the Marche region (Central Italy) between the 15th and 16th of September 2022, with rainfall reaching local cumulated peaks of 400mm. The intense precipitation triggered widespread landslides, as well as the flooding of several rivers; the short warning that characterized the event prevented the implementation of mitigation measures, causing 12 fatalities and severe damages to activities and buildings.In the aftermath of the event, several Italian universities and private companies mobilized to conduct an intensive field survey, to collect data enabling a better understanding of the causes of the event, the involved physical phenomena as well as factors leading to damage (https://sites.google.com/view/misa2022/home-page). This contribution describes the activity carried out by 6 of them (i.e., 5 universities and an engineering company) aimed at the survey of the damage occurred to the various exposed assets (such as residential buildings, economic and agricultural activities, infrastructure, and cultural heritage). The survey campaign was carried out between October and December 2022 in the municipalities of Senigallia, Ostra and Tre Castelli, where 126 residential buildings, 135 economic activities (manufacturing and commercial), 12 cultural heritage sites and a little number of agricultural activities were investigated. A preliminary descriptive analysis of collected data shows that the water depths recorded in correspondence of the exposed elements frequently exceeded 1 m and, in some cases, reached 3 m, causing severe damage. The most affected buildings are, almost 3 months after the event, still uninhabited and damaged; while some economic activities are not able to reopen. Most of them suffered widespread damage to buildings, stock, and equipment and were not insured. With respect to agriculture, mainly fruit and vegetable companies suffered damage, while fields of cereal and oleaginous plants production were bare, limiting the damage to the soil. For what concern the cultural heritage, the damage was concentrated in assets such as churches, Roman bridges, and examples of industrial archaeology. However, more quantitative results will be available at the time of the conference. Data collected in this project will be used in future analyses both for understanding the main vulnerabilities of the affected area and for developing and improving damage models for more effective risk management, in planning and emergency phases.Acknowledgement: authors acknowledge with gratitude all the researcher involved in the field survey campaign and data analysis that were not nominated due to space issues.
Reduced carbon uptake by European forests during the summer drought of 2022
Authors: van der Woude Auke , Peters Wouter ,   2022 Drought Task Force
Published: February 2023

Recent years have seen repeated record breaking temperatures and high impact events such as floods, storms, and droughtsacross Europe, in line with the expected consequences of its +1.5 oC of warming over the past thirty years. In many metricsthe 2018 summer drought has ranked top of the list for severity and impacts, including in reductions of carbon exchange byforests. Drought conditions thought unprecedented over the past 500 years trigger strong responses in forest, sufferingfrom leaf-level vapor-pressure deficits and root-level moisture deficits simultaneously. We report here that in the summer of2022 close to 30% of the European continent was again under severe or exceptional drought, with temperatures exceedingthose even of 2018 and a similarly large size of area affected (3.4 million km2). Although a stationary blocking atmosphericpressure pattern over the Atlantic was responsible for both droughts, the 2018 event mostly affected northwestern Europe whilethe 2022 drought was centered over France. The more southerly centering exposed more drought resilient semi-arid vegetationwhich dampened the peak loss of carbon uptake by forests relative to 2018. Observations and models suggest that vaporpressure deficits rather than lack of soil moisture played a dominant role in reducing photosynthesis in 2022. Nevertheless wefind a similar cumulative reduction of net ecosystem carbon exchange (~50 TgC less uptake) in 2022, with specifically highimpacts in southern France where widespread summertime carbon release by forests, as well as extensive wildfires (emittingclose to 5 TgC) occurred. Our analysis demonstrates a much improved capacity in our community to rapidly quantify droughtimpacts from the atmospheric and ecosystem monitoring network. However, strong impacts on eastern European broadleafforests suggested from observed near-infrared reflection by vegetation and simulated by terrestrial carbon cycle models cannot be confirmed currently through in-situ observations, signaling an important gap in our capacity to track carbon exchange inthe European terrestrial biosphere.
An assessment of CO2 storage and sea-air fluxes for the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea between 1985 and 2018
Authors: Perez Fiz F. , Gehlen Marion , Tjiputra Jerry , Olsen Are , Becker Meike , Lopez-Mozos Marta , Müller Jens D. , Goris Nadine , Hauck Judith
Published: February 2023

The dynamic and thermohaline characteristics of the Atlantic Ocean linked to the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) give it a specific role in the accumulation of heat and CO2, either of natural or anthropogenic origin (Cant), from the surface layer to the deep waters, significantly mitigating the impacts of anthropogenic climate change. Here, we evaluate the annual mean, long-term trends, seasonal cycle and interannual variability of net sea-air CO2 fluxes (FCO2) between 1985 and 2018 based on observation products (pCO2-products) and global ocean biogeochemical models (GOBMs) for the Atlantic from 30ºS to the Nordic Seas (~79ºN) and the Mediterranean. The mean contemporary FCO2 (sum of anthropogenic and natural components) is estimated to be 0.362 ± 0.067 and 0.47 ± 0.15 Pg C yr-1 using pCO2-products and GOBMs, respectively. The GOBMs show consistent growth trends in CO2 uptake with rates similar to the atmospheric CO2 growth, however trends obtained from CO2-products show a sharp increase from the pre-2000 period to the post-2000 period. There is overall agreement between pCO2-products and GOBMs results for mean values, seasonal cycle and interannual variability in all biomes, except for the North Atlantic subpolar biome, where pCO2-products show lower mean values, larger trends, and a different seasonal cycle than GOBMs. The GOBMs and pCO2-products show very concordant values in equatorial and subtropical regions, where CO2 variability is strongly determined by temperature. For the period 1994-2007, GOBMs show concordant values in annual Cant storage rate with carbonate marine system observations (Gruber et al., 2019) with values of 0.506 ± 0.106 Pg C yr-1 vs 0.673 ± 0.066 Pg C yr-1, respectively. The Cant storage rate agreement between GOBMs and observations are also registered in the different biomes, although in both permanently stratified subtropical in North and South Atlantic biomes, the storage rates in GOBMs show a larger spread with their mean values 30 and 40% lower than those estimated from observations. In general, the Atlantic accumulates more Cant than that inferred from the cumulative FCO2 changes, partly due to a significant lateral Cant transport from the Southern Ocean (about 30%).
Using satellite probabilistic estimates to assess modeled relative humidity : application to a NWP model
Authors: Radice Chloé , Brogniez Hélène , Kirstetter Pierre-Emmanuel , Chambon Philippe
Published: February 2023

Assessing model forecasts using remote sensing data is often and generally done by confronting past simulations to observations. We developed a novel probabilistic comparison method that evaluates tropical atmospheric relative humidity profiles simulated by the global numerical model for weather forecasting ARPEGE (Météo France) using probability density functions of finer scale satellite observations as reference.The global relative humidity field is simulated by ARPEGE every 6 hours on a 0.25 degree grid over 18 vertical levels ranging from 100 hPa to 950 hPa. The reference relative humidities are retrieved from brightness temperatures measured by SAPHIR, the passive microwave sounder onboard satellite Megha-Tropiques. SAPHIR has a footprint resolution ranging from 10 km at nadir to 23 km at the edge of the swath, with a vertical resolution of 6 vertical pressure layers (also from 100 hPa to 950 hPa).  Due to the particular orbit of the satellite, each point of the Tropical belt is observed multiple times per day. Footprint scale RH probability density functions are aggregated (convoluted) over the spatial and temporal scale of comparison to match the model resolution and summarize the patterns over a significant period. This method allows to use more sub-grid information by considering the finer-scale distributions as a whole. Thisprobabilistic approach avoids the classical determinist simplification consisting of working with a simple ”best” estimate. The resulting assessment is more contrasted while better adapted to the characterization of specific situations on a case-by-case study. It provides a significant added-value to the classical deterministic comparisons by accounting for additional information in the evaluation of the simulated field, especially for model simulations that are close to the traditional mean.Comparison results will be shown over the April-May-June 2018 period for two configurations of the ARPEGE model (two parametrization schemes for convection). The probabilistic comparison is discussed with respect to a classical deterministic comparison of RH values.
Waterbelt states controlled by sea-ice thermodynamics
Authors: Hörner Johannes , Voigt Aiko
Published: February 2023

Snowball Earth refers to multiple periods in the Neoproterozoic during which geological evidence indicates that Earth was largely covered in ice. A Snowball Earth results from a runaway ice-albedo feedback, but it is still under debate how the feedback stopped: with fully ice-covered oceans or with a strip of open water around the equator. The latter are called waterbelt states and are an attractive explanation for the Snowball Earth events because they provide a refugium for the survival of photosynthetic aquatic life, while still explaining Neoproterozoic geology. Waterbelt states can be stabilised by bare sea ice in the subtropical desert regions with lower surface albedo stopping the ice-albedo feedback. However, the sea-ice model used in climate simulations can have a significant impact on the snow cover of ice and hence the surface albedo. Here we investigate the robustness of waterbelt states with respect to the thermodynamical representation of sea ice. We compare two thermodynamical sea-ice models, an idealised 0-layer Semtner model and a 3-layer Winton model that takes into account the heat capacity of ice. We deploy the atmospheric part of the ICON-ESM model (ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic - Earth System Model) in a comprehensive set of simulations to determine the extent of the waterbelt hysteresis. The thermodynamic representation of sea ice strongly influences snow cover on sea ice over the range of all climate states. Including heat capacity by using the 3-layer Winton model increases snow cover and enhances the ice-albedo feedback. The hysteresis of the stable waterbelt state found using the 0-layer model disappears when using the 3-layer model. This questions the relevance of a subtropical bare sea-ice edge for waterbelt states and might help explain drastically varying model results on waterbelt states in the literature.
Lava flow delineation by using Sentinel2 and Landsat8 images: Kīlauea -Leilani 2018, Italy Etna 2021, La Palma Cumbre Vieja 2021 cases
Authors: musacchio massimo , Silvestri Malvina , Buongiorno Maria Fabrizia , Rabuffi Federico , Falcone Sergio
Published: February 2023

Kīlauea is a broad shield volcano built against the southeastern slope of Mauna Loa. The summit presently has a caldera that is roughly 4km by 3.2km wide, and walls of between 0 m and 120 m high. In the 2018, late April an eruption interesting both the summit crater and the lower East Rift Zone (LERZ) occurred. A quasi real time estimation of the evolution of radiant lava flow extension starting from May 2018 for Kīlauea –Leilani eruption using satellite image data has been produced. The active lava flow evolution is obtained by using Copernicus Sentinel2 (S2) and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)-Landsat8 (L8) polar satellites acquiring medium/high spatial resolution images (20mx20m and 30mx30m respectively) in the visible-Short Wave Infra Red- Thermal Infra Red (VIS-SWIR-TIR) spectral range. Remote sensing has become an important information source for environmental monitoring and in particular during eruption assisting volcanologists for lava flow mapping. In the contest of Leilani 2018 eruption the combination of L8 and S2 data has offered the unique opportunity to observe the LERZ area, nominally, every 3,6 days (30 images in 97 days) at medium (<30m) spatial resolution. Because of the Kīlauea eruption extension and duration, a multi sensor approach has been used in order to improve the timing of the information derived by high spatial resolution remote sensed data merging two missions with different revisit time. To process the data acquired we have adopted a modified version of Murphy algorithm (2016) which reduces, in the case of very high thermal event, the misinterpretation of hottest pixels. It is fundamental to remind that the method used may recognize only the radiant portion of the lava flow sensed during a satellite passage that lasts a few time with respect to the lava flow emplacement. Therefore, it can be used for mapping the hottest area and not the whole lava flows produced over time (Musacchio et al., 2020).

Beside the Kīlauea -Leilani 2018 event, results for Italy Etna 2021 and La Palma Cumbre Vieja 2021 are presented also including ASI-PRISMA datasets.

 

Murphy, S. W., de Souza Filho, C. R., Wright, R., Sabatino, G., & Pabon, R. C. (2016). HOTMAP: Global hot target detection at moderate spatial resolution. Remote sensing of environment, 177, 78-88.

Musacchio, M., Silvestri, M., Rabuffi, F., Buongiorno, M. F., & Falcone, S. (2020). Kīlauea–Leilani 2018 lava flow delineation using Sentinel2 and Landsat8 images. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 519(1), SP519-2020.
Evaluation of reference evapotranspiration techniques for seasonal forecasting applications in Croatia
Authors: Sviličić Petra , Ceglar Andrej , Anić Mislav , Milić Velimir
Published: February 2023

Seasonal climate predictions are becoming important to increase preparedness and adapt agricultural decision making before and within the growing season. Evapotranspiration represents a major component of the water cycle and agricultural water balance, and is thus of key relevance also for assessment of crop growth and irrigation water needs. This study investigates the comparison of different empirical methods for reference evapotranspiration calculation with the reference Penman Monteith method, implemented in the AquaCrop model, over different climate zones of Croatia using national high resolution high quality meteorological dataset in comparison with EOBS and AgERA5 datasets. This research aims to address the appropriateness of using the method with limited data to reduce uncertainty in crop yield modelling with seasonal climate forecasts. The motivation for the research stems from the need to use a reduced number of parameters for ETo calculation, which as such enters the crop yield model. Estimation of seasonal predictions of ETo relies on the skill of prediction of multiple meteorological variables; in the case of Penman Monteith, the estimates would rely on the skill of temperature, vapour pressure, winds speed and global solar radiation prediction. Reducing the number of input variables for estimating the reference evapotranspiration might reduce the overall reliance on the limited skill of seasonal predictions of above-mentioned meteorological variables. In testing the usefulness of the methods, the interpolated field of the national data network, EOBS dataset, and AgERA5 for the period from 1981 to 2020 are used. Preliminary results show that for the continental area of Croatia the Trajkovic method is satisfactory for ETo calculation, and the EOBS dataset provides better results than AgERA5 when compared to high resolution national dataset. In addition, we analyse the ETo seasonal prediction skill by comparing both methods, original Penman Monteith and Trajkovic method with reduced number of input variables. This will give us an important insight on the relevance of the meteorological dataset choice as well as the ET0 method selection for seasonal prediction purposes. Since there is no comprehensive research on the reference crop evapotranspiration in Croatia, this research fills the gap of knowledge at the local level, but also contributes to the global picture