bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revealing the Phagosomal pH Regulation and Inflammation of Macrophages after Endocytosing Polyurethane Nanoparticles by A Ratiometric pH Nanosensor
Authors: Wong Chui‐Wei , Pratiwi Feby Wijaya , Chen Peilin , Mou Chung‐Yuan , Hsu Shan‐hui
Published: December 2020

The effect of the intracellular pH of macrophages after taking up biodegradable polymer nanoparticles (NPs) on immunomodulating functions has not been explored so far. Previous studies have demonstrated that biodegradable polyurethane (PU) NPs exhibit immunosuppressive activity. Yet, the intracellular mechanism is not clearly understood. In this study, a uniquely designed pH nanosensor is employed for tracking the intracellular pH value of macrophages to reveal the intracellular journey of PU NPs and to clarify the intracellular pH effect on the corresponding inflammatory response. First, fluorescent mesoporous silica nanoparticles (FRMSNs) is used to detect the pH change in macrophages after endo/phagocytosis of PU NPs. Second, PU is coated on the external surface of FRMSNs to examine the intracellular trafficking process of PU in the macrophages. The results show that the majority of PU‐coated FRMSNs remain to stay at the cytosol‐early endosome/phagosome regions. The intracellular pH value and other supporting results show that the immune response of PU NPs may be correlated to their internalization journey. The retardation in the degradation process of the PU NPs may intervene with the lysosome activity and repress the immunostimulatory effect, which contributes to the low immune response of PU NPs.
In Vitro Corrosion Resistance and Antibacterial Performance of Novel Fe–xCu Biomedical Alloys Prepared by Selective Laser Melting
Authors: Guo Yingxue , Zhao Ming-Chun , Xie Bin , Zhao Ying-Chao , Yin Dengfeng , Gao Chengde , Shuai Cijun , Atrens Andrej
Published: December 2020

Antibacterial Fe–xCu biomedical alloys are designed to have a satisfactory biodegradation rate compared with pure iron. Fe–xCu (x = 0, 1.5, 2.3, 7.8, and 10.1 wt%) alloys are produced by selective laser melting (SLM). Alloying with Cu has a signiﬁcant influence on the grain size, hardness, biodegradation rate, and antibacterial performance of SLMed Fe–xCu alloys. Increasing Cu content decreases the grain size and increases the hardness. SLMed Fe–1.5Cu, Fe–2.3Cu, and Fe–10.1Cu have degradation rates similar to that of pure iron, while the degradation rate of SLMed Fe–7.8Cu is almost 2.5 times faster. The SLMed Fe–2.3Cu, Fe–7.8Cu, and Fe–10.1Cu produce strong antibacterial performance. The mechanisms of degradation behavior and antibacterial performance are clarified. SLMed Fe–7.8Cu had appropriate mechanical properties, satisfactory degradation rates, strong antibacterial performance, and good cytocompatibility, and therefore is a novel type of antibacterial biomedical alloy with good potential for clinical application.
Poly‐Cytosine Deoxyribonucleic Acid Strongly Anchoring on Graphene Oxide Due to Flexible Backbone Phosphate Interactions
Authors: Lopez Anand , Zhao Yu , Huang Zhicheng , Guo Yifan , Guan Shaokang , Jia Yu , Liu Juewen
Published: December 2020

Finding DNA sequences that can strongly adsorb on various nanomaterials is critically important for preparing bioconjugates, biosensors, and drug delivery. Poly‐cytosine (poly‐C) DNA is found to have stronger affinity compared to other DNA sequences of the same length on various nanomaterials ranging from graphene oxide (GO), MoS2, to many metal oxides and phosphates. In this work, the authors aim to understand the reason for such high affinity by varying pH and DNA sequence along with conducting molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using GO as a model surface. Poly‐C DNA adsorbs stronger only at neutral or basic pH, while its adsorption at acidic pH is weaker than other DNA homopolymers. The DNA sequence is further varied by inserting thymine into poly‐C DNA and by varying thymine/cytosine ratios, all confirming that a folded i‐motif structure is detrimental for adsorption. Using MD simulations, the authors reveal that the stronger adsorption of poly‐C DNA at neutral pH is due to more contributions from the phosphate backbone hydrogen bonding with GO surface relating to the flexibility of the DNA. Poly‐C DNA also uses its phosphate backbone to interact with metal oxide and phosphate nanoparticles, and this phosphate backbone interaction can unify all these observations.
Cation–dipole interaction that creates ordered ion channels in an anion exchange membrane for fastOH−conduction
Authors: Zhang Jianjun , He Yubin , Zhang Kaiyu , Liang Xian , Bance‐Soualhi Rachida , Zhu Yuan , Ge Xiaolin , Shehzad Muhammad A. , Yu Weisheng , Ge Zijuan , Wu Liang , Varcoe John Robert , Xu Tongwen
Published: December 2020

Precise control over polyelectrolyte architecture, engineered for self‐assembly of ion‐conducting channels, is of fundamental and technological importance to many fields, for example, fuel cells and redox flow batteries and electrodialysis. Building on recent advances with the supramolecular chemistry, we introduce inter/intra‐molecular cation–dipole interactions between pendent quaternary ammoniums cations and polar polyethylene glycol grafts in an anion‐exchange membrane (AEM). Such interactions lead to desirable, ordered ion‐conducting pathways when in the membrane form. Comparison of the results of molecular dynamics simulation with1H NMR and nano‐scale microscopy analyses show that the cation–dipole interactions enhance self‐assembly and the formation of interconnected ionic network domains, providing three‐dimensional pathways for both water and ion transport. The resultant AEM exhibits high OH−conductivity (49 mS cm−1at 30°C) and a completive peak power density of 622 mW cm−2at 70°C when tested in a H2/O2single‐cell alkaline membrane fuel cell.
Sensitivity of SARS‐CoV‐2 to different temperatures
Authors: Lv Qi , Liu Mingya , Qi Feifei , Gong Shuran , Zhou Shasha , Zhan Shisheng , Bao Linlin
Published: December 2020

This study was designed to investigate the sensitivity of SARS‐CoV‐2 to different temperatures, to provide basic data and a scientific basis for the control of COVID‐19 epidemic. The virus was dispersed in 1 mL basal DMEM medium at a final concentration of 103.2 TCID50/mL and then incubated at 4, 22, 30, 35, 37, 38, 39 and 40°C for up to 5 days. The infectivity of residual virus was titrated using the Vero E6 cell line. The results showed that the virus remained viable for 5 days at 4°C, and for 1 day only at 22 and 30°C. We found that the infectivity of the virus was completely lost after less than 12 hours at 37, 38 and 39°C, while at 40°C, the inactivation time of the virus was rapidly reduced to 6 hours. We show that SARS‐CoV‐2 is sensitive to heat, is more stable at lower temperatures than higher temperature, remains viable for longer at lower temperatures, and loses viability rapidly at higher temperatures.
Surgical Team Familiarity: An Integrative Review
Authors: Stucky Christopher H. , De Jong Marla J.
Published: December 2020

The dynamic nature of perioperative care often brings unfamiliar clinicians together yet requires them to collectively provide complex health care in a challenging environment. In this review, we comprehensively evaluated evidence regarding surgical team familiarity and its relationship to surgical team performance. Using a comprehensive and iterative search strategy, we searched PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo, and EMBASE for surgical team familiarity manuscripts. We identified 598 manuscripts, 16 of which met our inclusion criteria. We found that surgical team familiarity is associated with improved performance for many metrics, including shorter total operative time, team member safety, decreased surgical errors and disruptions, reduced miscommunication, and fewer patient readmissions. Although additional research would be helpful, surgical managers should consider team familiarity and consistency in team membership when assigning staff members to surgical teams to optimize surgical care, decrease inefficiencies, and promote safe patient outcomes.
Understanding information: Adding a non‐individualistic lens
Authors: Ma Yuanye
Published: December 2020

The individualistic lens refers to the understanding of problematic information as something that is clearly identifiable, with objective criteria of measurement. This article argues for adding a non‐individualistic lens for understanding information. The necessity for adding a non‐individualistic lens grows from that the existing individualistic lens appears inadequate to make sense of information phenomenon, in particular when it comes to understanding problematic information. Non‐individualistic is proposed as a complementary perspective, which needs to be further developed conceptually. To begin such development, this article directs information professionals' attention to the promising concept of information ecology. More specifically, this article pulls resources from philosophy of information (Floridi's infosphere) and information ethics (Capurro's Angeletics) to illustrate existing conceptualizations of information ecology. Information ecology appears to align with this sociotechnical view that information researchers have started to develop in the most recent years, though arguably information ecology may have an even broader scope. Lastly, this article also points out that the conceptualization of information ecology needs to be aware of, and cautious of the philosophical assumption that is relied on for understanding information.
Polyester‐ZrO2 Nanocomposite Electrolytes with High Li Transference Numbers for Ambient Temperature All‐Solid‐State Lithium Batteries
Authors: Lee Tian Khoon , Andersson Rassmus , Dzulkurnain Nurul Akmaliah , Hernández Guiomar , Mindemark Jonas , Brandell Daniel
Published: December 2020

Polyester‐ and polycarbonate‐based polymer electrolytes have attracted great interest after displaying promising functionality for solid‐state Li batteries. In this present work, poly(ϵ‐caprolactone‐co‐trimethylene carbonate) electrolytes are further developed by the inclusion of ZrO2 particles, prepared by an in situ sol‐gel method. SEM micrographs show that the ZrO2 particles are uniform and 30–50 nm in size. Contrary to many studies on filler‐polymer electrolytes, the changes in ionic conductivity are less significant upon addition of zirconia filler to the polymer electrolyte, but remain at ∼10−5 S cm−1 at room temperature. This can be explained by the amorphous nature of the polymer. Instead, high lithium transference numbers (0.83–0.87) were obtained. Plating/stripping tests with Li metal electrodes show long‐term cycling performance for >1000 cycles at 0.2 mA cm−2. Promising solid‐state lithium battery cycling results at ambient temperature using the material are also shown.
Redox‐Active Porous Organic Polymers for Energy Storage
Authors: Kang Chang Wan , Son Seung Uk
Published: December 2020

This review introduces synthesis and energy storage applications of recent redox‐active porous organic polymer (POP) materials. First, various redox‐active molecular systems were summarized and then, synthetic examples of redox‐active POP bearing the redox‐active molecular moieties were described. Various synthetic strategies based on diverse coupling reactions of building blocks were described. In addition, postsynthetic modification strategies for the preparation of redox‐active POP were described. Second, structures and electrochemical features of battery and pseudocapacitor devices were introduced. Then, electrochemical performance of various redox‐active POP materials was summarized and described. Finally, merits and weak points of redox‐active POPs as electrode materials were discussed and future research direction was suggested.
Rhubarb anthraquinone glycosides protect against cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion injury in rats by regulating brain–gut neurotransmitters
Authors: Guo Ying , Li Qiuying , Yu Xiahui , Liang Yuhua
Published: December 2020

Rhubarb anthraquinone glycosides (RAGs) have been proven to have significant therapeutic effects on ischemic stroke, and this effect may be related to the microbiome–gut–brain axis. In this study, an HPLC‐FLD method was established to measure brain–gut neurotransmitters of rats with cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion injury (CIRI), to explore whether the mechanism of RAGs against CIRI is related to the microbiome–gut–brain axis. A Shimadzu ODS‐3 C18 column was used for chromatographic separation, and 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT), 5‐hydroxy indole acetic acid (5‐HIAA), glutamic acid (Glu), aspartic acid (Asp), and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) were determined simultaneously. The results showed that there is an excellent linear relationship (R2≥ 0.9990) and a high separation degree in the HPLC‐FLD method. Whereas the contents of Asp and Glu in the brain and colon increased (p < 0.05), the contents of 5‐HT, 5‐HIAA, and GABA in the brain and colon decreased (p < 0.05) after CIRI. RAGs could effectively reduce the contents of Asp and Glu (p < 0.05), and increase the contents of 5‐HT, 5‐HIAA, and GABA in the brain and colon (p < 0.05). Combined with the previous experimental results, we can speculate that RAGs can regulate intestinal flora disorder caused by CIRI, and then regulate the imbalance between the release and decomposition of neurotransmitters caused by intestinal flora disorder.
Safety risk management for low molecular weight process‐related impurities in monoclonal antibody therapeutics: Categorization, risk assessment, testing strategy, and process development with leveraging clearance potential
Authors: Luo Haibin , Li Yuling , Robbins David , Wang Sheau‐Chiann , Xi Guoling , Cox Matthew , Nicholson Simone M. , Wei Chenghong , Pabst Timothy M. , Wang William K.
Published: December 2020

Process‐related impurities (PRIs) derived from manufacturing process should be minimized in final drug product. ICH Q3A provides a regulatory road map for PRIs but excludes biologic drugs like monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that contain biological PRIs (e.g. host cell proteins and DNA) and low molecular weight (LMW) PRIs (e.g., fermentation media components and downstream chemical reagents). Risks from the former PRIs are typically addressed by routine tests to meet regulatory expectations, while a similar routine‐testing strategy is unrealistic and unnecessary for LMW PRIs, and thus a risk‐assessment‐guided testing strategy is often utilized. In this report, we discuss a safety risk management strategy including categorization, risk assessment, testing strategy, and its integrations with other CMC development activities, as well as downstream clearance potentials. The clearance data from 28 mAbs successfully addressed safety concerns but did not fully reveal the process clearance potentials. Therefore, we carried out studies with 13 commonly seen LMW PRIs in a typical downstream process for mAbs. Generally, Protein A chromatography and cation exchange chromatography operating in bind‐and‐elute mode showed excellent clearances with greater than 1,000‐ and 100‐fold clearance, respectively. The diafiltration step had better clearance (greater than 100‐fold) for the positively and neutrally charged LMW PRIs than for the negatively charged or hydrophobic PRIs. We propose that a typical mAb downstream process provides an overall clearance of 5,000‐fold. Additionally, the determined sieving coefficients will facilitate diafiltration process development. This report helps establish effective safety risk management and downstream process design with robust clearance for LMW PRIs.
Metformin attenuates lipopolysaccharide‐induced epithelial cell senescence by activating autophagy
Authors: Wang Yiping , Chen Huiqiao , Sun Chenliang , Shen Haoliang , Cui Xiaoli
Published: December 2020

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a life‐threatening medical condition with higher mortality and morbidity in elderly patients. Recently, metformin, a drug commonly used to lower blood glucose in type 2 diabetes patients, has been shown to be an effective anti‐inflammatory agent in ALI. However, the mechanism of this regulation still remains poorly understood. In our study, we found that epithelial cell senescence was elevated after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure in vivo and in vitro, accompanied by decreased expression of ATG5 and impaired autophagy activity. To further discover the molecular regulation mechanism between cellular senescence and autophagy in LPS‐treated MLE‐12 cells, we demonstrated that inhibition of ATG5 could decrease autophagy levels and promote the senescence of MLE‐12 cells. On the contrary, elevating the expression of ATG5 could effectively suppress LPS‐induced cellular senescence via enhancing autophagy activity. In addition, we demonstrated that metformin could protect MLE‐12 cells from LPS‐induced senescence via increasing the expression of ATG5 and augmenting autophagy activity. Our data implicate that activation of autophagy by metformin may provide a preventive and therapeutic strategy for ALI.
MPP7 promotes the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells via EGFR/AKT signaling
Authors: Liao Wanqin , Fan Lixia , Li Mingchan , Deng Huizhi , Yang Anping , Liu Fang
Published: December 2020

Metastasis is a major cause of breast cancer death. MPP7 is a cell polarity controller highly linked to cell migration; however, the function of MPP7 in breast cancer remains unknown. In this study, we reported that MPP7 expression was upregulated in breast cancer tissues and high MPP7 expression predicted poor survival in patients with breast cancer. Ectopic expression of MPP7 markedly enhanced the migration and invasion in breast cancer cells. In contrast, depletion of MPP7 resulted in impaired cell mobility and metastasis. Moreover, we demonstrated that MPP7 exerted its promotional effect via modulation of EMT and activation of the EGFR/AKT cascade. Our study reveals an oncogenic role of MPP7 in breast cancer and suggests that MPP7 may serve as a potential target for exploring novel therapeutic strategies against breast cancer metastasis.
C1q/TNF‐related protein‐9 is elevated in hypertension and associated with the occurrence of hypertension‐related atherogenesis
Authors: Zhou Qi , Cheng Wenli , Wang Zuoguang , Liu Jielin , Han Jing , Wen Shaojun , Liu Jinghua
Published: December 2020

C1q‐tumor necrosis factor‐related protein‐9 (CTRP9) is an important adipocytokine that is closely associated with cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to detect CTRP9 expression in hypertensive patients and mice and to analyze its effects on hypertension‐related atherogenesis. First, circulating CTRP9 levels were detected in both nonhypertensive subjects and hypertensive patients. The results showed that plasma CTRP9 levels were increased in hypertension patients compared with control subjects and gradually elevated in the Grade I, Grade II, and Grade III groups. While nondipper state did not affect CTRP9 expression in hypertension patients. Hypertension patients with carotid atherosclerotic plaque (CAP) exhibited higher CTRP9 levels and the high CTRP9 group exhibited significantly higher CAP morbidity, CTRP9 levels were positively correlated with the occurrence of CAP. Then, effects of CTRP9 on angiotensin II (Ang II)‐induced endothelial dysfunction were analyzed in vitro, and the results exhibited that treatment with Ang II significantly increased CTRP9 mRNA expression in endothelial cells (ECs), and downregulation of CTRP9 expression aggravated Ang II‐induced endothelial dysfunction in ECs. Mice were infused with Ang II, and CTRP9 was also increased in Ang II‐infused mice and mainly secreted by ECs. In Ang II‐infused ApoE−/− mice, treatment with recombinant CTRP9 significantly reduced atherosclerotic area and alleviated endothelial dysfunction. In conclusion, our results may found that CTRP9 delayed the progression of hypertension‐related arteriosclerosis by alleviating endothelial dysfunction.
Identifying ataxia‐telangiectasia in cancer patients: Novel insights from an interesting case and review of literature
Authors: Cao Jinyi , Tan Ryan Ying Cong , Li Shao‐Tzu , Courtney Eliza , Goh Ronald Chin Hong , Fan Bingwen Eugene , Sommat Kiattisa , Nadarajah Ravichandran , Ngeow Joanne
Published: December 2020

Timely genetic testing leading to early diagnosis of A‐T is crucial due to its plethora of implications on clinical management, particularly in those who develop malignancies. Thus, clinicians have to be astute in identifying diagnostic clues of A‐T.
Do Sulfonamides Interact with Aromatic Rings?
Authors: Jian Jie , Hammink Roel , McKenzie Christine J. , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias , Poater Jordi , Mecinović Jasmin
Published: December 2020

Aromatic rings form energetically favorable interactions with many polar groups in chemical and biological systems. Recent molecular studies have shown that sulfonamides can chelate metal ions and form hydrogen bonds, however, it is presently not established whether the polar sulfonamide functionality also interacts with aromatic rings. Here, synthetic, spectroscopic, structural, and quantum chemical analyses on 2,6‐diarylbenzenesulfonamides are reported, in which two flanking aromatic rings are positioned close to the central sulfonamide moiety. Fine‐tuning the aromatic character by substituents on the flanking rings leads to linear trends in acidity and proton affinity of sulfonamides. This physical‐organic chemistry study demonstrates that aromatic rings have a capacity to stabilize sulfonamides via through‐space NH–π interactions. These results have implications in rational drug design targeting electron‐rich aromatic rings in proteins.
Liquid‐Like Phase of N,N‐Dimethylpyrrolidinium Iodide Impregnated into COFs Endows Fast Lithium Ion Conduction in the Solid State
Authors: Wu Zhenzhen , Xu Qinchao , Li Juan , Zhang Xian‐Ming
Published: December 2020

A novel kind of solid‐state lithium electrolyte was fabricated by impregnating organic ionic plastic crystals (OIPCs) into the pores of covalent organic frameworks (COFs). The liquid‐like phase of confined N,N‐dimethylpyrrolidinium iodide (P1,1I) and the ordered nanochannels of COFs simultaneously stimulated the lithium ion conduction.
Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed Three‐Component [4+2+1] Cycloaddition of Two Vinylallenes and CO
Authors: Cui Qi , Tian Zi‐You , Yu Zhi‐Xiang
Published: December 2020

Transition metal‐catalyzed [4+2+1] reactions of dienes (or diene derivatives such as vinylallenes), alkynes/alkenes, and CO (or carbenes) are expected to be the most straightforward approach to synthesize challenging seven‐membered ring compounds, but so far only limited successes have been realized. Here, an unexpected three‐component [4+2+1] reaction between two vinylallenes and CO was discovered to give highly functionalized tropone derivatives under mild conditions, where one vinylallene acts as a C4 synthon, the other vinylallene as a C2 synthon, and CO as a C1 synthon. It was proposed that this reaction occurred via oxidative cyclization of the diene part of one vinylallene molecule, followed by insertion of the terminal alkene part of the allene moiety in another vinylallene, into the Rh−C bond of five‐membered rhodacycle. Then, CO insertion and reductive elimination gave the [4+2+1] cycloadduct. Further experimental exploration of why ene/yne‐vinylallenes and CO gave monocyclic tropone derivatives instead of 6/7‐bicyclic ring products were reported here.
Impact of Chimney‐draught Conditions on Combustion and Emission Behavior of a Wood‐burning Stove
Authors: Endriss Felix , Grammer Peter , Russ Michael , Thorwarth Harald
Published: December 2020

Pollutants from combustion in wood‐burning stoves are influenced by many factors, including the exhaust gas system. This is responsible for the air supply due to the draught generated. Contrary to results reported in literature the experiments in this study show no effect on temperature related to increasing air supply and a total dust decreasing at higher draughts. The results also show no significant impact of the draught on gaseous emissions (CO/OGC/NOx). The most significant loss was determined at thermal efficiency, which lost up to 13 % absolute with increasing draught.
Systemic inflammation and symptomatology in patients with prostate cancer treated with androgen deprivation therapy: Preliminary findings
Authors: Hoogland Aasha I. , Jim Heather S. L. , Gonzalez Brian D. , Small Brent J. , Gilvary Danielle , Breen Elizabeth C. , Bower Julienne E. , Fishman Mayer , Zachariah Babu , Jacobsen Paul B.
Published: December 2020

Background

Increases in fatigue, depressive symptomatology, and cognitive impairment are common after the initiation of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer. To date, no studies have examined the potential role of inflammation in the development of these symptoms in ADT recipients. The goal of the current study was to examine circulating markers of inflammation as potential mediators of change in fatigue, depressive symptomatology, and cognitive impairment related to the receipt of ADT.

Methods

Patients treated with ADT for prostate cancer (ADT+; n = 47) were assessed around the time of the initiation of ADT and 6 and 12 months later. An age‐ and education‐matched group of men without a history of cancer (CA–; n = 82) was assessed at comparable time points. Fatigue, depressive symptomatology, and cognitive impairment were assessed with the Fatigue Symptom Inventory, the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, and a battery of neuropsychological tests, respectively. Circulating markers of inflammation included interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1RA), interleukin 6 (IL‐6), soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II (sTNF‐RII), and C‐reactive protein (CRP).

Results

Fatigue, depressive symptomatology, and serum IL‐6 increased significantly over time in the ADT+ group versus the CA– group; rates of cognitive impairment also changed significantly between the groups. No significant changes in IL‐1RA, sTNF‐RII, or CRP over time were detected. Treatment‐related increases in IL‐6 were associated with worsening fatigue but not depressive symptomatology or cognitive impairment.

Conclusions

Results of this preliminary study suggest that increases in circulating IL‐6, perhaps due to testosterone inhibition, may play a role in fatigue secondary to receipt of ADT. Additional research is needed to determine whether interventions to reduce circulating inflammation improve fatigue in this population.
Visible‐Light Absorbing TiO2 : Curcumin Thin Films with ALD/MLD
Authors: Philip Anish , Ghiyasi Ramin , Karppinen Maarit
Published: December 2020

Curcumin is known for its antimicrobial effects. Here we use the atomic/molecular layer deposition (ALD/MLD) thin‐film technique to embed monomolecular curcumin layers within a photocatalytic TiO2 matrix into different superlattice structures with the anticipation of intriguing synergistic effects. We demonstrate the extension of the light absorption to the entire visible range which could pave the way for the use of these films for light‐driven destruction of pathogens.
Phase 1 Study of the Effects of the Tuberculosis Treatment Pretomanid, Alone and in Combination With Moxifloxacin, on the QTc Interval in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Li Mengchun , Saviolakis George A. , El‐Amin Wael , Makhene Mamodikoe K. , Osborn Blaire , Nedelman Jerry , Yang Tian J. , Everitt Daniel
Published: December 2020

Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a serious threat to public health throughout the world. Newer treatments are needed that could offer simplified regimens with activity against both drug‐sensitive and drug‐resistant bacilli, while optimizing safety. Pretomanid (PA‐824), a nitroimidazooxazine compound, is a new drug for the treatment of pulmonary TB that was recently approved in the United States and Europe in the context of a regimen combined with bedaquiline and linezolid. This phase 1 double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled crossover study specifically examined the effect of single‐dose administration of pretomanid 400 or 1000 mg and pretomanid 400 mg plus moxifloxacin 400 mg on the QTc interval in 74 healthy subjects. Subjects were fasting at the time of drug administration. Pretomanid concentrations following single 400‐ or 1000‐mg doses were not associated with any QT interval prolongation of clinical concern. Moxifloxacin did not alter the pharmacokinetics of pretomanid, and the effect of pretomanid 400 mg plus moxifloxacin 400 mg on the individually corrected QT interval was consistent with the effect of moxifloxacin alone. Both drugs were generally well tolerated. Although supratherapeutic exposure of pretomanid relative to the now‐recommended dosing with food was not achieved, these findings contribute to the favorable assessment of cardiac safety for pretomanid.
Metal‐Binding Foldamers
Authors: Rao Shilpa R. , Schettler Shelby L. , Horne W. Seth
Published: December 2020

Sequence‐defined oligomeric molecules with discrete folding propensities, termed foldamers, are a versatile source of agents with tailored structure and function. An inspiration for the development of the foldamer paradigm are natural biomacromolecules, the sequence‐encoded folding of which is the basis of life. Metal ions and clusters are common features in proteins, where the role of metal varies from supporting structure to enabling function. The ubiquity of metals in natural systems suggests promise for metals in the context of folded artificial backbones. In this Minireview, we highlight efforts to realize this potential through a survey of published work on the design, synthesis, and characterization of metal‐binding foldamers.
Theoretical and Experimental Insights into the Self‐Assembly and Ion Response Mechanisms of Tripodal Quinolinamido‐Based Supramolecular Organogels
Authors: Li Zhao‐Hui , Yang Hai‐Long , Adam Khalid Mohammed , Yao Hong , Wei Tai‐Bao , Zhang You‐Ming , Lin Qi
Published: December 2020

The exploration and understanding of self‐assembly and stimuli‐responsive mechanisms of supramolecular systems are of fundamental importance for researchers to plan syntheses reasonably. Herein, the self‐assembly and ions responsive mechanisms of a tripodal quinolinamido‐based supramolecular organogel (TBT‐gel) were investigated through experiments and theoretical calculations including independent gradient model (IGM), localized orbitals locator (LOL) and hole‐electron theory. According to these studies, the self‐assembly mechanism of TBT‐gel was based on strong threefold H‐bonding and π–π interactions, which induced the TBT forming helical, one‐dimensional supramolecular polymer. After addition of Fe3+ into the TBT‐gel, the one‐dimensional supramolecular polymer had been crosslinked by the Fe3+ through coordination interaction and formed a metallogel (TBT‐Fe‐gel). Interestingly, the TBT‐gel showed selective fluorescent response for Fe3+ and F− based on a competitive coordination mechanism. Moreover, the study on fluorescence responsive mechanism of TBT‐gel for Fe3+ and F− implied the ICT mode governs both the electron excitation and de‐excitation processes. The calculated results were in agreement with the corresponding experimental results. Notably, the quantum chemical calculations provided a deep understanding and visualized presentation of the assembly and stimuli‐responsive mechanisms.
Urgent dental care on a national level during the COVID‐19 epidemic
Authors: Ostrc Tadej , Pavlović Krunoslav , Fidler Aleš
Published: December 2020

Objective

This paper aims to report and discuss the organization and statistics of dental care during the COVID‐19 epidemics on the national level in Slovenia, providing helpful information to health policy planners worldwide.

Material and methods

During an eight‐week lockdown, Emergency Dental Centers (EDCs) were established and coordinated on the national level to treat patients' urgent dental conditions. Telemedicine was used on the first level of triage to reduce contacts between healthcare workers and patients. Weekly coordination between EDCs was supported by real‐time data acquisition on the number of patient visits, prescribed medicine, the number and type of dental procedures, and the usage of personal protective equipment (PPE).

Results

In EDCs, 27,468 patients were serviced, on average 235 patients per day/million people. The care was provided by 4798 man days of dental health care workers. Except for the first week, treatment and triage visits showed a slight increase. The number of incisions was nearly constant, while the number of extractions increased. A nearly threefold increase was found for emergency endodontic treatments (EET). The number of antibiotic prescriptions demonstrated an increasing trend. Analgesic prescriptions showed a decreasing trend from the beginning of lockdown.

Conclusions

The reorganization and centralization of dental care proved to be an efficient model in Slovenia for the provision of urgent dental care, and the management of the healthcare workforce and PPE. Data from this study may provide helpful information for planning the needs and corresponding resources for the next waves of epidemics of COVID‐19.
Equity mutual funds' interest in the environmental, social and governance policies of target firms: Does gender diversity in management teams matter?
Authors: Gangi Francesco , Daniele Lucia Michela , Varrone Nicola , Vicentini Francesca , Coscia Maria
Published: December 2020

The current paper analyzes whether and to what extent gender diversity (GD) in investment management teams impacts equity mutual funds' interest in the environmental, social and governance (ESG) policies of target firms. The impact of GD has been investigated from a dual perspective: the link between the proportion of women on management teams and the application of ESG screens and the role of critical mass theory in teams' decision‐making process. Based on a sample of 212 European equity mutual funds over the 2014–2018 study period, we find a positive impact of the proportion of women and critical mass on the ESG rating of investment portfolios. Evidence from the current study advances the literature on the GD effect and ESG screening while providing additional indications for equity mutual funds seeking the best ESG performance and sustainable development of target firms.
Oridonin alleviates d‐GalN/LPS‐induced acute liver injury by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome
Authors: Zhang Tao , Chen Yulian , Zhan Zhikun , Mao Zhihao , Wen Yu , Liu Shuwen , Tang Lan
Published: December 2020

Acute liver injury (ALI) is a serious syndrome that is associated with high mortality, but there are few effective treatments. The activation of NLRP3 inflammasome is associated with ALI. Oridonin is a natural substance with an anti‐inflammatory effect and has been reported to be an inhibitor of NLRP3. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of oridonin on d‐galactosamine (d‐GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced ALI and whether the effect is mediated by NLRP3. Mice were pretreated with oridonin (5 or 10 mg/kg) for 3 days. Then, they were injected with d‐GalN (400 mg/kg) and LPS (40 μg/kg). The levels of inflammatory factors were measured by RT‐PCR, Western blot, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. We confirmed that oridonin significantly alleviated ALI induced by d‐GalN/LPS in mice. Oridonin markedly decreased the inflammatory response by reducing the levels of inflammatory cytokines. More importantly, oridonin markedly reduced the expression of NLRP3, caspase‐1, IL‐18, and IL‐1β. This study showed that oridonin has a protective effect on d‐GalN/LPS‐induced ALI, and the underlying mechanisms may be associated with the inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammatory pathways.
Sister species diverge in modality‐specific courtship signal form and function
Authors: Hebets Eileen A. , Bern Mitch , McGinley Rowan H. , Roberts Andy , Kershenbaum Arik , Starrett James , Bond Jason E.
Published: December 2020

Understanding the relative importance of different sources of selection (e.g., the environment, social/sexual selection) on the divergence or convergence of reproductive communication can shed light on the origin, maintenance, or even disappearance of species boundaries. Using a multistep approach, we tested the hypothesis that two presumed sister species of wolf spider with overlapping ranges and microhabitat use, yet differing degrees of sexual dimorphism, have diverged in their reliance on modality‐specific courtship signaling. We predicted that male Schizocosa crassipalpata (no ornamentation) rely predominantly on diet‐dependent vibratory signaling for mating success. In contrast, we predicted that male S. bilineata (black foreleg brushes) rely on diet‐dependent visual signaling. We first tested and corroborated the sister‐species relationship between S. crassipalpata and S. bilineata using phylogenomic scale data. Next, we tested for species‐specific, diet‐dependent vibratory and visual signaling by manipulating subadult diet and subsequently quantifying adult morphology and mature male courtship signals. As predicted, vibratory signal form was diet‐dependent in S. crassipalpata, while visual ornamentation (brush area) was diet‐dependent in S. bilineata. We then compared the species‐specific reliance on vibratory and visual signaling by recording mating across artificially manipulated signaling environments (presence/absence of each modality in a 2 × 2 full factorial design). In accordance with our diet dependence results for S. crassipalpata, the presence of vibratory signaling was important for mating success. In contrast, the light and vibratory environment interacted to influence mating success in S. bilineata, with vibratory signaling being important only in the absence of light. We found no differences in overall activity patterns. Given that these species overlap in much of their range and microhabitat use, we suggest that competition for signaling space may have led to the divergence and differential use of sensory modalities between these sister species.
Prognostic impact of 6 min walk test distance in patients with systolic heart failure: insights from the WARCEF trial
Authors: Matsumoto Kenji , Xiao Yi , Homma Shunichi , Thompson John L.P. , Buchsbaum Richard , Ito Kazato , Anker Stefan D. , Qian Min , Di Tullio Marco R. ,   for the WARCEF Investigators
Published: December 2020

Aims

This study aimed to investigate the impact of baseline 6 min walk test distance (6MWTD) on time to major cardiovascular (CV) events in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and its impact in clinically relevant subgroups.

Methods and results

In the WARCEF (Warfarin versus Aspirin in Reduced Cardiac Ejection Fraction) trial, 6MWTD at baseline was available in 2102 HFrEF patients. Median follow‐up was 3.4 years. All‐cause death and heart failure hospitalization (HFH) exhibited a significant non‐linear relationship with 6MWTD (P = 0.023 and 0.032, respectively), whereas a significant association between 6MWTD and CV death was shown in a linear model [hazard ratio (HR) per 10 m increase, 0.989; P = 0.011]. In linear splines with the best cut‐off point at 200 m, the positive effect of a longer 6MWTD on all‐cause death and HFH was only observed for 6MWTD > 200 m (HR per 10 m increase, 0.987; P = 0.0036 and 0.986; P = 0.0022, respectively). The associations between 6MWTD and CV outcomes were consistent across clinical subgroups; for age, a significant relationship between 6MWTD and HFH was observed in patients ≥60 years (HR per 10 m increase, 0.98; P < 0.001), but not in patients <60 years (HR per 10 m increase, 1.00; P = 0.98; P = 0.02 for the interaction).

Conclusions

In HFrEF, 6MWTD is independently associated with all‐cause death, CV death, and HFH. 6MWTD of 200 m is the best cut‐off point for predicting these adverse events. The prognostic impact of 6MWTD for HFH was only observed in older patients.
Synthesis of Trifluoromethylated Dithiocarbamates via Photocatalyzed Substitution Reaction: Pentafluoropyridine as Activating Reagent
Authors: Zemtsov Artem A. , Lunkov Sergey S. , Levin Vitalij V. , Dilman Alexander D.
Published: December 2020

A method for the synthesis of trifluoromethyl‐substituted dithiocarbamates from aldehydes is described. The reaction involves nucleophilic trifluoromethylation, derivatization of the silyloxy‐group with pentafluoropyridine, and substitution of the fluorinated pyridinyloxy group by dithiocarbamate anion. The substitution step is performed in the presence of 12‐phenyl‐12H‐benzo[b]phenothiazine and copper cyanide under irradiation of 400 nm LED.
DiMIZA: A dispersion modeling based impact zone assessment of mercury (Hg) emissions from coal‐fired power plants and risk evaluation for inhalation exposure
Authors: Karaca Ferhat , Kumisbek Aiganym , Inglezakis Vassilis J. , Azat Seitkhan , Zhakiyenova Almagul , Ormanova Gulden , Guney Mert
Published: December 2020

Coal‐fired combined heat and power plants (CHPPs) serving large districts are among the major sources of mercury (Hg) emissions globally, including Central Asia. Most CHPPs reside on the outskirts of urban areas, thus creating risk zones. The impact of atmospheric Hg levels on health is complex to establish due to the site‐specific nature of the relationship between CHPP emissions and hotspots (i.e., localized areas where Hg concentrations greatly exceed its background value). However, a methodological identification of “emission impact zones” for atmospheric Hg emissions from CHPPs with potential adverse public health outcomes has not yet been fully studied. The present work suggests an easy‐to‐use and cost‐free impact zone identification method based on HYSPLIT dispersion modeling for atmospheric Hg emissions from CHPPs. The dispersion modeling based impact zone assessment, DiMIZA, merges short‐term dispersion runs (e.g., hourly) into long‐term emission impacts (e.g., yearly), which allows to identify the source impact zones. To perform a case study using the suggested method, a CHPP plant in Nur‐Sultan (capital of Kazakhstan) was selected. First, traditional ad‐hoc measurements were performed to identify the level of dispersions at ground level in different atmospheric stability characteristics. Then, HYSPLIT dispersion model was run for the same days and times of those particular periods when the field measurements were performed. The model results were evaluated via a comparison with the ground measurements and assessed for their atmospheric stability and diel conditions. Due to different emission loads in heating and non‐heating periods, two separate pairs of impact zone maps were generated, and public Hg exposure health risks (acute and chronic) were assessed.
Cranberry polyphenols‐gut microbiota interactions and potential health benefits: An updated review
Authors: Prasain Jeevan K. , Barnes Stephen
Published: December 2020

Cranberry fruits are rich in polyphenols, comprising small‐molecule flavonols, anthocyanins, and oligomeric A‐type proanthocyanidins. It is becoming increasingly clear that the gut microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining the metabolic health of the human host, and the cranberry polyphenols‐gut microbiota interactions result in the production of an array of metabolites along with the compositional change of microbiota. Cranberry polyphenols‐induced these changes may be associated with improved host health and disease prevention. However, it is unclear to what extent microbiota‐derived metabolites are absorbed into the systemic circulation and exert pharmacological effects. Because the composition of gut microbiota influences the host energy metabolism and have systemic effects on lipid homeostasis, intake of cranberry rich diet may be beneficial in preventing metabolic syndrome associated with chronic diseases. Exploring connections between alterations in gut microbiome composition, and host metabolic health after chronic exposure to cranberry products is critical for understanding the potential health benefits of cranberry fruits.
Effects of enzymatic treatments on the hydrolysis and antigenicity reduction of natural cow milk
Authors: Liang Xiaona , Yang Hui , Sun Jing , Cheng Jiao , Luo Xue , Wang Zongzhou , Yang Mei , Bing Tao Dong , Yue Xiqing , Zheng Yan
Published: December 2020

Cow milk (CM) allergy is one of the most common food allergies worldwide; the most abundant CM proteins, such as casein (CN), β‐lactoglobulin (β‐LG), and ɑ‐lactalbumin (ɑ‐LA), are all potentially allergenic. Reducing the antigenicity of CM continues to be a major challenge. However, previous studies have focused on the antigenicity of individual allergic CM proteins. Thus, in the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of different food‐grade enzymes on the antigenicity of CN, β‐LG, ɑ‐LA in natural CM. The degree of hydrolysis (DH) and molecular mass (MW) distribution of CM hydrolysates were assessed. Additionally, the residual antigenicity of CM hydrolysates was evaluated through enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting with anti‐CN, anti‐β‐LG, and anti‐ɑ‐LA rabbit polyclonal antibodies. The results showed that Alcalase‐ and Protamex‐mediated hydrolysis could efficiently reduce the antigenicity of CN, β‐LG, and ɑ‐LA, inducing a higher DH, the loss of density of CM proteins, and the increasing levels of low MW (<3 kDa) peptides in CM hydrolysates. Further, Protamex and Alcalase could more efficiently hydrolyze the major allergenic components of CM than the other enzymes, which could represent an advantage for the development of hypoallergenic CM. These findings add further knowledge about the study and development of hypoallergenic CM.
Neuroticism, negative life events, and dementia in older White and Black Brazilians
Authors: Capuano Ana W. , Wilson Robert S. , Leurgans Sue E. , Sampaio Carolina , Barnes Lisa L. , Farfel Jose M. , Bennett David A.
Published: December 2020

Objective

Exposure to negative life events (NLEs) and neuroticism are associated with dementia. It is unknown whether neuroticism explains or modifies the association of NLEs with dementia in older Black and White Brazilians.

Methods

A total of 1747 decedents 65 years and older White and Black (11% Black and 23% Mixed) Brazilians, 53% women, were included in the analyses. Data were obtained in a face‐to‐face interview with an informant (71% their children) who knew the decedents for 47 years on average. Dementia was classified using the Clinical Dementia Rating. NLEs were assessed with a 10‐item scale involving common problems (e.g., death, illness, alcoholism, and financial). Neuroticism was assessed with a 6‐item neuroticism scale adapted from the NEO Five‐Factor Inventory. Models adjusted for age, sex, and education. Black and mixed‐race were combined in the analyses.

Results

NLEs (median of 2) were more common in Blacks than Whites (2.04 vs. 1.82, p = 0.007). More NLEs increased the odds of dementia (OR = 1.112, β = 0.106, p = 0.002), similarly in Blacks and Whites (β
interaction = 0.046, p = 0.526). More NLEs were also associated with higher neuroticism (β = 0.071, p < 0.0001), in Whites but not in Blacks (β
interaction = −0.048, p = 0.006). Neuroticism was associated with higher odds of dementia (OR = 1.658, β = 0.506, p=<0.001), in Whites but not in Blacks (β
interaction = −0.420, p = 0.040). Overall, 34% of the effect of NLEs on dementia was associated with the underlying neuroticism trait in Whites (65%, Indirect OR = 1.060, p < 0.001) but no association was evident in Blacks (6%, Indirect OR = 1.008, p = 0.326). Neuroticism did not moderate the association of NLEs with dementia (OR = 0.979, β = −0.021, p = 0.717).

Conclusion

The association of NLEs and dementia is partially explained by neuroticism in older White but not in Blacks Brazilians.