bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Apolipoprotein A‐I Gene Expression by Obesity‐Associated Endocannabinoids
Authors: Haas Michael J. , Mazza Angela D. , Wong Norman C.W. , Mooradian Arshag D.
Published: October 2011

Obesity is associated with increased serum endocannabinoid (EC) levels and decreased high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc). Apolipoprotein A‐I (apo A‐I), the primary protein component of HDL is expressed primarily in the liver and small intestine. To determine whether ECs regulate apo A‐I gene expression directly, the effect of the obesity‐associated ECs anandamide and 2‐arachidonylglycerol on apo A‐I gene expression was examined in the hepatocyte cell line HepG2 and the intestinal cell line Caco‐2. Apo A‐I protein secretion was suppressed nearly 50% by anandamide and 2‐arachidonoylglycerol in a dose‐dependent manner in both cell lines. Anandamide treatment suppressed both apo A‐I mRNA and apo A‐I gene promoter activity in both cell lines. Studies using apo A‐I promoter deletion constructs indicated that repression of apo A‐I promoter activity by anandamide requires a previously identified nuclear receptor binding site designated as site A. Furthermore, anandamide‐treatment inhibited protein‐DNA complex formation with the site A probe. Exogenous over expression of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CBR1) in HepG2 cells suppressed apo A‐I promoter activity, while in Caco‐2 cells, exogenous expression of both CBR1 and CBR2 could repress apo A‐I promoter activity. The suppressive effect of anandamide on apo A‐I promoter activity in Hep G2 cells could be inhibited by CBR1 antagonist AM251 but not by AM630, a selective and potent CBR2 inhibitor. These results indicate that ECs directly suppress apo A‐I gene expression in both hepatocytes and intestinal cells, contributing to the decrease in serum HDLc in obese individuals.
Feeding History and Obese‐Prone Genotype Increase Survival of Rats Exposed to a Challenge of Food Restriction and Wheel Running
Authors: Diane Abdoulaye , Pierce W. David , Heth C. Donald , Russell James C. , Richard Denis , Proctor Spencer D.
Published: October 2011

We hypothesized that obese‐prone genotype and history of food restriction confer a survival advantage to genetically obese animals under environmental challenge. Male juvenile JCR:LA‐cp rats, obese‐prone and lean‐prone, were exposed to 1.5 h daily meals and 22.5‐h voluntary wheel running, a procedure inducing activity anorexia (AA). One week before the AA challenge, obese‐prone rats were freely fed (obese‐FF), or pair fed (obese‐PF) to lean‐prone, free‐feeding rats (lean‐FF). Animals were removed from protocol at 75% of initial body weight (starvation criterion) or after 14 days (survival criterion). AA challenge induced weight loss in all rats, but percent weight loss was more rapid and sustained in lean‐FF rats than in obese‐FF or obese‐PF animals (P < 0.04). Weight loss was significantly higher in obese‐FF rats than obese‐PF rats, 62% of which achieved survival criterion and stabilized with zero weight loss. Obese‐PF rats survived longer, on average (12.0 ± 1.1 day) than obese‐FF (8.2 ± 1.1 day) and lean‐FF rats (3.5 ± 0.2 day) (P < 0.02). Wheel running increased linearly in all groups; lean‐FF increased more rapidly than obese‐FF (P < 0.05); obese‐PF increased at an intermediate rate (P < 0.02), and those rats that survived stabilized daily rates of wheel running. Prior food restriction of juvenile obese‐prone rats induces a survival benefit beyond genotype, that is related to achievement of homeostasis. This metabolic adaptive process may help explain the development of human obesity in the presence of an unstable food environment which subsequently transitions to an abundant food supply.
Click JAHAs: conformationally restricted ferrocene-based histone deacetylase inhibitors
Authors: Spencer John , Amin Jahangir , Boddiboyena Ramesh , Packham Graham , Cavell Breeze E. , Syed Alwi Sharifah S. , Paranal Ronald M. , Heightman Tom D. , Wang Minghua , Marsden Brian , Coxhead Peter , Guille Matthew , Tizzard Graham J. , Coles Simon J. , Bradner. James E.
Published: October 2011

The ferrocene analogue 4b had an IC50 = 4 nM (HDAC1), 180 nM (HDAC8) and was effective in a Xenopus model of tubulin deacetylation. Analogue 4a displayed mainly μM IC50 values against HDACs apart from HDAC6 (IC50 = 69 nM).
Degradation of diflubenzuron, ivermectin, cyromazine and temephos in soil following surface disposal of sheep dipping and jetting solutions
Authors: Levot G. W.
Published: October 2011

Dissipation of diflubenzuron, ivermectin and cyromazine residues in soil was measured following the disposal of 250-L batches of dipping or jetting solutions by spraying onto 64-m2 pasture plots. Half-lives for the three insecticides in soil were estimated to be 80, 39 and 17 days, respectively. Temephos residues in soil were monitored for 224 days after disposal of 4800 L of dip solution (365 mg/L) onto a 450-m2 bunded plot. A half-life in soil of 62 days was estimated. This is significantly longer than that for diazinon, which it has largely replaced as the most commonly applied sheep dip insecticide. In consideration of the volume of dip solutions likely to be discharged on-farm and the half-lives of these commonly used insecticides the following recommendations should apply: permanent exclusion of grazing stock from land treated with diflubenzuron, and temporary exclusion of grazing stock for 3–6 months from land treated with cyromazine or temephos. No additional precautions over those already listed on ivermectin jetting product labels are considered to be warranted by these data.
Ser46 phosphorylation and prolyl-isomerase Pin1-mediated isomerization of p53 are key events in p53-dependent apoptosis induced by mutant huntingtin
Authors: Grison Alice , Mantovani Fiamma , Comel Anna , Agostoni Elena , Gustincich Stefano , Persichetti Francesca , Del Sal Giannino
Published: October 2011

Huntington disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the gene coding for huntingtin protein. Several mechanisms have been proposed by which mutant huntingtin (mHtt) may trigger striatal neurodegeneration, including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Furthermore, mHtt induces DNA damage and activates a stress response. In this context, p53 plays a crucial role in mediating mHtt toxic effects. Here we have dissected the pathway of p53 activation by mHtt in human neuronal cells and in HD mice, with the aim of highlighting critical nodes that may be pharmacologically manipulated for therapeutic intervention. We demonstrate that expression of mHtt causes increased phosphorylation of p53 on Ser46, leading to its interaction with phosphorylation-dependent prolyl isomerase Pin1 and consequent dissociation from the apoptosis inhibitor iASPP, thereby inducing the expression of apoptotic target genes. Inhibition of Ser46 phosphorylation by targeting homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2), PKCδ, or ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase, as well as inhibition of the prolyl isomerase Pin1, prevents mHtt-dependent apoptosis of neuronal cells. These results provide a rationale for the use of small-molecule inhibitors of stress-responsive protein kinases and Pin1 as a potential therapeutic strategy for HD treatment.
The Prevalence of Substance Use among Psychiatric Patients: The Case Study of Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza (Northern Tanzania)
Authors: Hauli Kiyeti A. , Ndetei David M. , Jande Mary B. , Kabangila Rodrick
Published: October 2011

World Health Organization (2004) documented that substance use or abuse and mental disorders are important causes of disease burden accounting for 8.8% and 16.6% of the total burden of disease in low income and lower middle-income countries, respectively. Alcohol use/abuse disorders alone contribute to 0.6%–2.6% of the total burden of disease in these countries. This cross-sectional descriptive study recruited 184 psychiatric patients seen at Bugando Medical centre and assessed them for substance involvement using the WHO Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test. The most frequently used substances among respondents were alcohol (59.3%), tobacco (38.6%), and cannabis (29.3%), while heroin and cocaine were least used (2.1% and 1.6%, respectively). Statistical significant difference existed between substance use and participants: level of education, formal employment, marital status, gender, family history of mental illness, and family history of substance use. About a third attributed their involvement into substance exclusively to peer pressure, 8.7 to both peer pressure and curiosity while 7.1% exclusively to curiosity. This result represents one of the most important risks to mental health, and is a leading factor that causes high rates of admission or reason to be seen by a psychiatrist, this cannot be ignored when managing psychiatric disorders and therefore calls for routing screening for substance involvement among clients seeking psychiatric treatment. It also calls for appropriate standard operation policy procedures that can be operationlized as a matter of clinical practice by mental health workers in their routine medical practice.
Linear operators with wild dynamics
Authors: Augé Jean-Matthieu
Published: October 2011

If

X
X

is a separable infinite-dimensional Banach space, we construct a bounded and linear operator

R
R

on

X
X

such that
\[

A
R

=
{
x
∈
X
,
‖

R
t

x
‖
→
∞
}

A_R=\{x \in X, \|R^tx\| \rightarrow \infty \}

\]
is not dense and has a non-empty interior with the additional property that

R
R

can be written

I
+
K

I+K

, where

I
I

is the identity and

K
K

is a compact operator. This answers two recent questions of Hájek and Smith.
Effects of dynein on microtubule mechanics and centrosome positioning
Authors: Wu Jun , Misra Gaurav , Russell Robert J. , Ladd Anthony J. C. , Lele Tanmay P. , Dickinson Richard B.
Published: October 2011

To determine forces on intracellular microtubules, we measured shape changes of individual microtubules following laser severing in bovine capillary endothelial cells. Surprisingly, regions near newly created minus ends increased in curvature following severing, whereas regions near new microtubule plus ends depolymerized without any observable change in shape. With dynein inhibited, regions near severed minus ends straightened rapidly following severing. These observations suggest that dynein exerts a pulling force on the microtubule that buckles the newly created minus end. Moreover, the lack of any observable straightening suggests that dynein prevents lateral motion of microtubules. To explain these results, we developed a model for intracellular microtubule mechanics that predicts the enhanced buckling at the minus end of a severed microtubule. Our results show that microtubule shapes reflect a dynamic force balance in which dynein motor and friction forces dominate elastic forces arising from bending moments. A centrosomal array of microtubules subjected to dynein pulling forces and resisted by dynein friction is predicted to center on the experimentally observed time scale, with or without the pushing forces derived from microtubule buckling at the cell periphery.
Diagnostic Medical Radiation in Pediatric Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Huang Jeannie S. , Tobin Allison , Harvey Lee , Nelson Thomas R.
Published: October 2011

Objectives:

Certain diagnostic radiology procedures may expose patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to radiation and increase the risk for cancer. In the present study, we quantify the acute and cumulative effective dose of diagnostic radiation received by a cohort of pediatric patients with IBD.

Patients and Methods:

Patients with IBD were identified from the medical records of a pediatric tertiary care center. The number and type of radiology procedures for each patient were determined from medical record review. Cumulative effective radiation dose was calculated using radiation effective dose estimates.

Results:

One hundred five patients with IBD underwent radiation‐associated abdominopelvic diagnostic radiology procedures with an average cumulative radiation exposure dose of 15 (18) [mean (SD)] mSv. Forty‐two percent of the patients were exposed to acute radiation doses ≥10 mSv, and 6 patients (6%) were exposed to levels of cumulative radiation exposure ≥50 mSv, which has been associated with an increased risk of cancer development. Patients with Crohn disease, an increased number of hospital admissions, and a history of surgery were more likely to have been exposed to higher levels of cumulative radiation than their clinical counterparts.

Conclusions:

A majority of patients with IBD are exposed to radiation from typical diagnostic radiology procedures. Radiation‐sparing procedures should be strongly considered in certain pediatric patients with IBD to reduce their risk for cancer given an already present increased lifetime malignancy potential.
Detection of human papillomavirus oncoprotein E7 in liquid-based cytology
Authors: Lidqvist Maria , Nilsson Olle , Holmgren Jan , Hölters Sebastian , Röijer Eva , Dürst Matthias , Fermér Christian
Published: October 2011

The selection and characterization of a set of mouse mAbs against high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) E7 oncoprotein and the development of protocols for immunocytochemistry (ICC) are described here. A large number of antibodies raised towards HPV16 and 18 E7 were tested for high-risk specificity by ELISA using a panel of HPV E7 proteins. Antibodies detecting low-risk E7 were discarded, resulting in 38 high-risk HPV E7-specific antibodies. The corresponding epitopes were mapped using overlapping HPV E7 fragments displayed on phage particles. Functionality in ICC against formalin-fixed cervical cancer cell lines was demonstrated for ten mAbs; their high-risk specificity was confirmed by Western blot analysis and ICC on transiently transformed cells expressing high- or low-risk HPV E7. These mAbs were specific for one or several of the high-risk strains HPV16, 18, 31, 35 and 45. Specific E7 staining of liquid-based cytology (LBC) samples was demonstrated for seven mAbs and optimized protocols were established. The E716-41 and E718-79 mAbs demonstrated particularly strong and specific staining of cells stored in LBC fluid for at least 6 months. It is proposed that the high-risk HPV E7 staining protocols established in this study may have the potential to be included in a complementary test for the detection and identification of malignantly transformed cells, in for example atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance samples.
Glycoprotein M is important for the efficient incorporation of glycoprotein H–L into herpes simplex virus type 1 particles
Authors: Ren Yudan , Bell Susanne , Zenner Helen L. , Lau S.-Y. Kathy , Crump Colin M.
Published: October 2011

Herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein M (gM) is a type III membrane protein conserved throughout the family Herpesviridae. However, despite this conservation, gM is classed as a non-essential protein in most alphaherpesviruses. Previous data have suggested that gM is involved in secondary envelopment, although how gM functions in this process is unknown. Using transfection-based assays, we have previously shown that gM is able to mediate the internalization and subcellular targeting of other viral envelope proteins, suggesting a possible role for gM in localizing herpesvirus envelope proteins to sites of secondary envelopment. To investigate the role of gM in infected cells, we have now analysed viral envelope protein localization and virion incorporation in cells infected with a gM-deletion virus or its revertant. In the absence of gM expression, we observed a substantial inhibition of glycoprotein H–L (gH–L) internalization from the surface of infected cells. Although deletion of gM does not affect expression of gH and gL, virions assembled in the absence of gM demonstrated significantly reduced levels of gH–L, correlating with defects of the gM-negative virus in entry and cell-to-cell spread. These data suggest an important role of gM in mediating the specific internalization and efficient targeting of gH–L to sites of secondary envelopment in infected cells.
Molecular evolution of the insect-specific flaviviruses
Authors: Cook Shelley , Moureau Gregory , Kitchen Andrew , Gould Ernest A. , de Lamballerie Xavier , Holmes Edward C. , Harbach Ralph E.
Published: October 2011

There has been an explosion in the discovery of ‘insect-specific’ flaviviruses and/or their related sequences in natural mosquito populations. Herein we review all ‘insect-specific’ flavivirus sequences currently available and conduct phylogenetic analyses of both the ‘insect-specific’ flaviviruses and available sequences of the entire genus Flavivirus. We show that there is no statistical support for virus–mosquito co-divergence, suggesting that the ‘insect-specific’ flaviviruses may have undergone multiple introductions with frequent host switching. We discuss potential implications for the evolution of vectoring within the family Flaviviridae. We also provide preliminary evidence for potential recombination events in the history of cell fusing agent virus. Finally, we consider priorities and guidelines for future research on ‘insect-specific’ flaviviruses, including the vast potential that exists for the study of biodiversity within a range of potential hosts and vectors, and its effect on the emergence and maintenance of the flaviviruses.
Alcohol brand appearances in US popular music
Authors: Primack Brian A. , Nuzzo Erin , Rice Kristen R. , Sargent James D.
Published: October 2011

Aims  The average US adolescent is exposed to 34 references to alcohol in popular music daily. Although brand recognition is an independent, potent risk factor for alcohol outcomes among adolescents, alcohol brand appearances in popular music have not been assessed systematically. We aimed to determine the prevalence of and contextual elements associated with alcohol brand appearances in US popular music.

Design  Qualitative content analysis.

Setting  We used Billboard Magazine to identify songs to which US adolescents were most exposed in 2005–07. For each of the 793 songs, two trained coders analyzed independently the lyrics of each song for references to alcohol and alcohol brand appearances. Subsequent in‐depth assessments utilized Atlas.ti to determine contextual factors associated with each of the alcohol brand appearances.

Measurements  Our final code book contained 27 relevant codes representing six categories: alcohol types, consequences, emotional states, activities, status and objects.

Findings  Average inter‐rater reliability was high (κ = 0.80), and all differences were easily adjudicated. Of the 793 songs in our sample, 169 (21.3%) referred explicitly to alcohol, and of those, 41 (24.3%) contained an alcohol brand appearance. Consequences associated with alcohol were more often positive than negative (41.5% versus 17.1%, P < 0.001). Alcohol brand appearances were associated commonly with wealth (63.4%), sex (58.5%), luxury objects (51.2%), partying (48.8%), other drugs (43.9%) and vehicles (39.0%).

Conclusions  One in five songs sampled from US popular music had explicit references to alcohol, and one‐quarter of these mentioned a specific alcohol brand. These alcohol brand appearances are associated commonly with a luxury life‐style characterized by wealth, sex, partying and other drugs.
The efficacy of tailored interventions for self‐management outcomes of type 2 diabetes, hypertension or heart disease: a systematic review
Authors: Radhakrishnan Kavita
Published: October 2011

radhakrishnan k. (2012) The efficacy of tailored interventions for self‐management outcomes of type 2 diabetes, hypertension or heart disease: a systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing68(3), 496–510.

Aim.  To evaluate the evidence on the effectiveness of tailored interventions on self‐management behaviours in individuals with heart disease, hypertension or type 2 diabetes.

Background.  Tailored interventions are designed for individuals based on their unique characteristics, related to the outcome of interest, and derived from an individual assessment. Recognizing the differences between individuals and delivering interventions tailored to the individual could increase the likelihood of sustained self‐management of long‐term conditions.

Review methods.  A review of randomized controlled trials published between 2001 and 2010 was undertaken using the following databases: Pubmed, WOS, CINAHL, ERIC, ASP, PsychInfo and SSA. The search terms included tailored intervention(s), and self‐management of chronic diseases included in the aim. Reference lists from relevant articles were also examined for additional references.

Results.  Ten studies were included in the review. Tailored interventions had no impact on self‐management activities such as medication adherence, self‐monitoring, exercise, smoking, or diet control. However, tailored interventions were modestly successful in improving specific self‐management behaviours of dietary fat intake, levels of physical activity or screening. Studies included in the review generally suffered from compromised methodological issues of inadequately powered sample size, non‐blinding of data collection or intervention delivery and inadequate reporting of the randomization process.

Conclusion.  When cost and resource utilization is taken into consideration, tailored interventions may not be more effective than standard interventions in improving self‐management behaviours in individuals with long‐term conditions. Future research should explore the effect of robust and resource‐optimized tailored interventions on self‐management outcomes for long‐term conditions with high‐quality trials.
Morphometrical Variations of the Carpal Bones in Thoroughbreds and Ponies
Authors: Abdunnabi A. H. , Ahmed Y. A. , Philip C. J. , Davies H. M. S.
Published: October 2011

With 5 figures and 3 tables

There is scant morphological data for equine carpal bones despite the frequent pathology in Thoroughbreds (TB). This study aimed to identify morphological and morphometrical variations and similarities in carpal bones between and within TB and Ponies (Po). Carpal bones from nine TB and 13 Po were prepared by boiling and drying. Lateromedial width, dorsopalmar depth, proximodistal height, relative density and volume of each bone were measured. Normalized measurements of the radial (Cr) and third (C3) carpal bones were significantly different in all dimensions, and there were significant variations in relative sizes of articular facets of the ulnar (Cu), C3 and fourth (C4) carpal bones between the groups. Bilaterally, the proportionate volume of the intermediate carpal bone (Ci) was significantly greater in Po while that of Cu and C4 were significantly greater in TB. Relative density of most bones was greater in Po. The palmar tuberosity of the proximal surface of Ci and palmar tubercle on the palmar surface of Cu were more prominent and relatively larger in TB. In the second carpal bone (C2), the distal extent of the proximal articular surface on the palmar surface was greater in Po. The inconsistent first carpal bone (C1) was relatively larger in Po. Morphometrical similarities and differences in carpal bones between TB and Po indicate potential effects of selection for body size or fast exercise.
Ontogeny of the stomach in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco): detection and quantifictation of pepsinogen and H+/K+‐ATPase gene expression
Authors: Gao C. , Yang R. B. , Hu W. B. , Wang J.
Published: October 2011

Yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) is an important commercial species with high aquaculture potential in China. To better understand the process of digestive functioning of gastric gland development during the larval from 1 dph (day post‐hatching) to 30 dph, real‐time PCR was used to detect and quantify the pepsinogen and H+/K+‐ATPase gene expression in P. fulvidraco. These data were also compared with the adult situation. The results showed that the expression of pepsinogen and H+/K+‐ATPase genes in P. fulvidraco larvae both started at 1 dph, though the expression level was very low until 3 dph. The quantification of pepsinogen gene expression increased significantly from 4 to 8 dph, increased fluctuantly from 8 to 23 dph and rose sharply from 23 to 30 dph. In comparison with adult fish, there were no significant differences with larvae at 5 and 23 dph. However, data of 10 and 30 dph larvae were obviously higher than those of adult group. H+/K+‐ATPase gene expression increased linearly from 1 to 30 dph. However, it was significantly lower than that of adult. The results show that P. fulvidraco larvae have an earlier functional stomach, though the function of the stomach is still not perfect. There is a gradual acidification environment within the stomach during the P. fulvidraco larvae development. Based on these results, we suggest that the weaning time for P. fulvidraco larvae would be much better after 23 dph.
Endoscopic resection for mucosal neoplasia: Pushing the boundaries, confronting the reality
Authors: Bourke Michael J
Published: October 2011

See article in J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2011; 26: 1619–1625.
Sorafenib, doesn't it have any competitor in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma?
Authors: Kim Do Young , Han Kwang‐Hyub
Published: October 2011

See article in J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2011; 26: 1612–1618.
Unemployment Insurance Reform – 1991–2006: A New Balance between Rights and Obligations in France, Germany, Portugal and Spain
Authors: Arcanjo Manuela
Published: October 2011

The purpose of this article is twofold. First, focusing on unemployment insurance schemes, the article seeks to identify the development of social rights and obligations in four countries (France, Germany, Portugal and Spain), representative of the conservative regime, over the period 1991–2006. Second, the article aims to verify whether or not there was a common reform trajectory in time as well as in space, given the already known divergence over the appropriateness of classifying Mediterranean countries within the framework of a specific regime.

Based on analysis of 25 legislative changes concerning entitlement and eligibility criteria, the study presents three major findings. First, the four insurance schemes reveal a new balance between (weaker) social rights and (stronger) obligations, which may indicate a trend toward a re‐commodification of work. Second, Portugal adopted a specific trajectory while the Spanish reform process more closely resembled that carried out by France and Germany. Finally, two waves of reform may be identified: first, between 1991 and 1997 and justified by cost‐containment concerns and, subsequently, from 2001 onwards, associated with a stronger recalibration of benefit rights.
From Assistance to Prevention: Categorizing Young Carer Support Services in Australia, and International Implications
Authors: Purcal Christiane , Hamilton Myra , Thomson Cathy , Cass Bettina
Published: October 2011

Young people who provide unpaid care for a relative with chronic illness or disability are a growing focus of public policy and research in Australia and internationally. Support services for these young carers have emerged, but not enough is known about their effectiveness. This article develops an analytical framework that categorizes young carer support services according to their goals and the types of intervention provided. The analytical framework is based on Australian data. It is applied to young carer support services available in Australia but may be applicable to other countries. The aim of the framework is to provide a structure for assessing the effectiveness of current services in supporting young carers by clarifying service goals and identifying gaps in existing service provision. The framework contributes to conceptual discussions about young carer supports, and it can be used to guide future policy development.

The article draws on Australian and international literature as well as findings from a recent Australian study on young carers. The proposed framework groups young carer support services according to three overarching goals: assisting young people who provide care; mitigating the care‐giving responsibility; and preventing the entrenchment of a young person's caring role. The framework is applied to an audit of Australian support services for young carers, illustrating how it can be used to assess existing supports for young carers and inform future policy development. The findings suggest that most services in Australia fall into the categories of assistance and mitigation, while few contain preventative elements.
Continuous Dependence on the Heat Source in Resonant Porous Penetrative Convection
Authors: Straughan B.
Published: October 2011

I study the structural stability for a problem in a porous medium when the density of saturating liquid is a nonlinear function of temperature and an internal heat source is present. It has been shown that for this problem when one considers thermal convection in a plane infinite layer then resonance may occur between internal layers that arise. A key parameter is the internal heat source and its presence may lead to oscillatory instability inducing resonance. Therefore, in this paper, I analyze the general structural stability problem of continuous dependence on the heat source itself for a model of nonisothermal flow in a porous medium of Forchheimer type, in a general three‐dimensional domain.
Finite element analysis of ursid cranial mechanics and the prediction of feeding behaviour in the extinct giant Agriotherium africanum
Authors: Oldfield C. C. , McHenry C. R. , Clausen P. D. , Chamoli U. , Parr W. C. H. , Stynder D. D. , Wroe S.
Published: October 2011

Historically, predicting ursid feeding behaviour on the basis of morphometric and mechanical analyses has proven difficult. Here, we apply three‐dimensional finite element analysis to models representing five extant and one fossil species of bear. The ability to generate high bite forces, and for the skull to sustain them, is present in both the giant panda and the gigantic extinct Agriotherium africanum. Bite forces for A. africanum are the highest predicted for any mammalian carnivore. Our findings do not resolve whether A. africanum was more likely a predator on, or scavenger of, large terrestrial vertebrates, but show that its skull was well‐adapted to resist the forces generated in either activity. The possibility that A. africanum was adapted to process tough vegetation is discounted. Results suggest that the polar bear is less well‐adapted to dispatch large prey than all but one of the five other species considered.
Phylogeography of the Greater Egyptian Jerboa (Jaculus orientalis) (Rodentia: Dipodidae) in Mediterranean North Africa
Authors: Ben Faleh A. R. , Granjon L. , Tatard C. , Othmen A. Ben , Said K. , Cosson J. F.
Published: October 2011

The Mediterranean Basin is an acknowledged hotspot for biodiversity, yet historical processes that shaped this biodiversity in North Africa remain poorly understood. This study aimed to elucidate the phylogeographic pattern of an endemic species of Mediterranean areas of North Africa, the Greater Egyptian Jerboa, Jaculus orientalis. The extent of phylogeographic patterns and molecular genetic diversity (mitochondrial cytochrome b gene) were addressed in a survey of 45 jerboas from 24 localities. Our phylogeographical analyses show a strong genetic subdivision into three areas along a west‐east axis, corresponding to (1) Morocco and western Algeria; (2) eastern Algeria, Tunisia and western Libya; (3) eastern Libya and Egypt. Demographic analyses revealed different modalities of population expansion since the last glacial age depending on geographic areas. The dating using relaxed molecular clock analyses revealed that most splits occurred during the Quaternary (<1 million of years ago). Finally, we discussed the relative roles of geological and climatic change in generating this pattern of genetic structure observed for the Greater Egyptian Jerboa and other vegetal and animal species in North Africa.
Elevated serum thymidine kinase activity in canine splenic hemangiosarcoma*
Authors: Thamm D. H. , Kamstock D. A. , Sharp C. R. , Johnson S. I. , Mazzaferro E. , Herold L. V. , Barnes S. M. , Winkler K. , Selting K. A.
Published: October 2011

Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is a soluble biomarker associated with DNA synthesis. This prospective study evaluated serum TK1 activity in dogs presenting with hemoabdomen and a splenic mass. An ELISA using azidothymidine as a substrate was used to evaluate TK1 activity. Sixty‐two dogs with hemoabdomen and 15 normal controls were studied. Serum TK1 activity was significantly higher in dogs with hemangiosarcoma (HSA) than in normal dogs (mean ± SEM = 17.0 ± 5.0 and 2.01 ± 0.6, respectively), but not dogs with benign disease (mean ± SEM = 10.0 ± 3.3). Using a cut‐off of 6.55 U/L, TK activity demonstrated a sensitivity of 0.52, specificity of 0.93, positive predictive value of 0.94 and negative predictive value of 0.48 for distinguishing HSA versus normal. When interval thresholds of <1.55 and >7.95 U/L were used together, diagnostic utility was increased. Serum TK1 evaluation may help to discriminate between benign disease and HSA in dogs with hemoabdomen and a splenic mass.
Extending the Phenotypic Spectrum of Keratitis‐Ichthyosis‐Deafness Syndrome: Report of a Patient with GJB2 (G12R) Connexin 26 Mutation and Unusual Clinical Findings
Authors: Lazic Tamara , Li Qiaoli , Frank Michael , Uitto Jouni , Zhou Linda H.
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  Keratitis‐ichthyosis‐deafness (KID) syndrome is a rare ectodermal dysplasia, characterized mainly by the presence of hyperkeratotic skin lesions, neurosensory hearing loss, and vascularizing keratitis. Most mutations that have been discovered as a cause of KID syndrome are autosomal dominant, found in exon 2 of the Connexin (Cx) 26 gene. A G12R (p.Gly12Arg) is a GJB2 mutation reported in only two patients with KID syndrome to date. This article describes a patient with the G12R mutation and KID syndrome with interesting additional features, which include a porokeratotic eccrine ostial and dermal duct nevus, follicular occlusion triad, and unusual persistent oral mucosal papules. We compare this patient’s phenotype with the only two other patients described with the same (G12R) mutation. The phenotypic heterogeneity of KID syndrome, inexplicable according to our current understanding of these proteins, speaks to the complexity of the connexin system and its overlapping expression patterns in different tissues.
Bra‐Associated Allergic Contact Dermatitis: P‐Tert‐Butylphenol Formaldehyde Resin as the Culprit
Authors: Herro Elise M. , Friedlander Sheila F. , Jacob Sharon E.
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  P‐tert‐butylphenol formaldehyde resin (PTBPFR) is recognized as a significant source of allergic contact dermatitis in adults and children in association with athletic gear, shoes, and neoprene. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of allergic contact dermatitis with PTBPFR associated with padded foam bras.
Intrauterine Herpes Simplex Virus Infection Presenting with Hypopigmented Lesions
Authors: Low Lynette C.M. , Carton James , Walker Marjorie , Tudor‐Williams Gareth , Hardman Catherine
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  Genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a sexually transmitted infection that can be transmitted from mother to child in utero, perinatally, or postnatally. Cutaneous infection with HSV commonly presents as vesicles affecting the skin, eyes, or mouth. In our case, we report a well child with cutaneous hypopigmented patches at birth that preceded typical blistering.
Tinea Faciei Due to Microsporum canis in Children: A Survey of 46 Cases in the District of Cagliari (Italy)
Authors: Atzori Laura , Aste Natalia , Aste Nicola , Pau Monica
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  Dermatophytoses are frequent in children, but involvement of the facial skin has peculiar aspects that should be considered a separate entity: tinea faciei. Microsporum canis infection in tinea faciei has not been widely documented. To review cases of tinea faciei due to M. canis in children diagnosed at the Dermatology Clinic, University of Cagliari. Between 1990 and 2009, all children with dermatophyte infections of the facial skin were recruited for the study after parental consent. Diagnosis was made through direct microscopic and cultural examination. Age, sex, clinical form, illness duration, identified dermatophyte, source of infection, and treatment were recorded. Forty‐six cases of tinea faciei due to M. canis in children aged 11 months to 15 years (29 male/17 female) were diagnosed. In 42 (91.3%) children, the illness was the result of contact with pets, and 4 (8.7%) cases resulted from contact with children affected by tinea capitis due to M. canis. Clinical manifestations were typical ringworm in 34 (74%) patients, whereas in 12 (26%) cases, atypical forms mimicking atopic dermatitis, impetigo, lupus erythematosus, and periorificial dermatitis were observed. In 18 (39%) cases, involvement of the vellus hair follicle was documented as ectothrix invasion. Topical or systemic antifungal therapy was effective in all patients. Tinea faciei shows a complex spectrum of differential diagnosis and age‐related variations with respect to other superficial dermatophytosis. M. canis is the main organism responsible in children residing in Cagliari, capitol city of Sardinia, Italy. Close collaboration with veterinary and educational programs within infant communities are required for adequate prevention.
Circumscribed Alopecia: An Unusual Manifestation of Pediculosis Capitis
Authors: Hall Rebecca R. , McMichael Amy J.
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  A healthy 10‐year‐old girl was referred for evaluation of patchy hair loss on the scalp of longer than 6 months duration. She had been diagnosed and treated for head lice approximately 1 month before onset of the hair loss. Examination of the scalp showed discrete ovoid patches of hair loss at the vertex scalp. A scrape of the area of hair loss was performed, and a nit was visible on microscopic examination. Focal hair loss may represent an atypical manifestation of ongoing pediculosis capitis.
Pupil Dilation and Object Permanence in Infants
Authors: Sirois Sylvain , Jackson Iain R.
Published: October 2011

This paper examines the relative merits of looking time and pupil diameter measures in the study of early cognitive abilities of infants. Ten‐month‐old infants took part in a modified version of the classic drawbridge experiment used to study object permanence (Baillargeon, Spelke, & Wasserman, 1985). The study involved a factorial design where angle of rotation and presence or absence of an object were crossed. Looking time results are consistent with previous work and could suggest object permanence if one ignored data from all cells of the factorial design. When all cells are considered, the data rather suggest a perceptual interpretation. Dynamic changes in pupil diameter uniquely support this interpretation, illustrating which aspects of events (and when) infants primarily respond to. Overall, the results fail to support object permanence in 10‐month‐olds, and pupil dilation provides a much finer‐grained interpretation of infants’ information processing, relative to looking time.
Foreign Language Words and Phrases in American Periodicals
Authors: Lorenz Charlotte M.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— This is a list of French, German, Italian, and Spanish words and phrases used in eight widely‐read American periodicals during the year 1935. It aims to bring out the types of foreign language terms encountered in general reading, and thus to serve where significant as an aid in the teaching of vocabulary.
An Experiment in Extemporaneous Conversation
Authors: Clement Besse
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— In a course intended to supplement conversation classes with assigned topics—to approximate everyday use of the language—a wide range of material and many different devices of procedure were used. The chief benefit to the students was the ease of expression developed by extemporaneous conversation.
Modern Trends in the German Language
Authors: Radimersky George William
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Two different trends are noticeable in present‐day German: an “external” change, represented by (1) replacement of foreign words, (2) introduction of foreign words, and (3) new formations from technical abbreviations; and an “internal,” or organic, change, represented by (1) simplification of spelling, (2) contraction of certain common compounds, and (3) grammatical changes in verbs.
A Defense of Modern Foreign Languages—With Reservations*
Authors: Perry Chester Dwight
Published: October 2011

The outline of a six‐year French course is followed by the defense of certain inclusions [emphasis on reading, isolation of grammar] and exclusions [daily translation, use of realia, oral work] and by the defense—with reservations—of the modern foreign languages as a secondary‐school subject. A digression gives some of the writer's experiences that indicate the impossibility of learning to speak French in the classroom.)
Some Guiding Principles for Outside Reading
Authors: Gaede William R.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— (1) An attempt to set up criteria on the best methods for outside reading; (2) a report on the practical application of these methods.
Spanish in the Intensive Study Plan at the University of Washington
Authors: Wilson William E.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— With the threefold purpose of concentrating on one subject a quarter, allowing students to set their own pace, and developing student leadership, the plan described below was tried out at the University of Washington last year under the guidance of Dean E. H. Lauer.)
You Can Wake Them Up in French
Authors: Arnold Frank R.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— To wake up his French classes, the ideal teacher should be well versed in every phase of French language, literature, and life.
The Reading Knowledge Test in the Foreign Languages: A Survey
Authors: Frantz Adolf I.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— The reading knowledge tests now in use are still open to adverse criticism. There is great divergence both in the form and in the manner in which they are administered at present. Only by wholehearted co‐operation on the part of all college and university teachers can the quality of these tests be improved.
Etiquette in Contemporary France
Authors: Schwartz William Leonard
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Notes on the less familiar differences between social usages in France and America, presented in the hope that they will clarify our understanding of la politesse française. One doesn't “speak like a native” until he knows how a native acts when he speaks in this year 1939.
Words or War?
Authors: Smith M. Margaret
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— There is an obvious need for an adequate artificial language. Esperanto seems to be the most successful; its merits are great. Various auxiliary languages, with their advantages and drawbacks, are briefly discussed.
Teaching Language as Logic
Authors: Walpole H.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— A discussion of the advantages of an artificial self‐contained Language as a first stage in learning the complete language; and of the improvements in teaching methods arid gradation of materials which are rendered possible by the existence of such a Language.
Discovering and Salvaging Modern Language Risks
Authors: Maronpot Raymond P.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— In the first place, this article points out that pupils of low‐linguistic aptitude may be discovered by a study of three factors: the I.Q., the general scholastic average, and the score in a reliable prognosis test. Secondly, it suggests a course of study for these language risks.
Terminal French Course for Colleges
Authors: Curcio Louis L.
Published: October 2011

A two‐year‐college‐French program with a per se value which enables students to gain contact, in French, with the whole of French literature under the guidance of a teacher who adds interpretation necessary to the full appreciation of the masterpieces. The “learning to read” tool, itself not a terminal function, is thus utilized in gaining access to a great literature.)
Half‐Time Honors Work in French: Theory, Practice, Results
Authors: Bagley Charles R.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— A short account of a tutor's experience with various types of Honors Work in French over a period of nineteen years, with special reference to the half‐time program.
German Idioms
Authors: Willey Norman L.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— German idioms should be distinguished from mere Germanisms and German figurative language.
The Value of Knowing Modern Foreign Languages
Authors: Engel E. F.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— An analysis of the pros and cons of teaching modern foreign languages and a proposed remedy for the ailments which have been attributed to present‐day instruction.
Recognizing Our Problems
Authors: Farmer Emma Lee
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Modern language educators can show the crying need for unrestricted opportunity of high school students to elect a modern foreign language at least as early as the ninth grade; they can demonstrate to educators generally the contributions of modern language studies to general education.
Methods of Varying the Teaching of French
Authors: Rogers Alice M.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Procedures for making the study of French of greater interest to High School students.
The Rôle of Spanish and Teachers of Spanish in American Education
Authors: Shoemaker William H.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Discussion of (1) The Modern Language Teacher's need to formulate and define his aims; (2) certain errors and weaknesses of which we ourselves have been guilty, especially the limitation of objectives to “reading knowledge”; (3) the erroneous and unjust charges of our most bitter opponents and the educational deceptions and perversions involved in the substitutes with which modern languages have been replaced in our schools, especially the “Social Subjects”; (4) the superior social values inherent in the study of language and literature, with particular reference to Spanish.
The Selection of Heads of Modern Language Departments, Appointments of Modern Language Teachers and Their Supervision
Authors: Waldman Mark
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— The article discusses desirable qualifications of heads of departments, the testing of prospective teachers and their supervision, and the art of teaching.
Why Teach Literature?
Authors: Barksdale Norval P.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— A wider appeal can be made by stressing literature less exclusively and the whole field of foreign culture more sharply.)
Time Out for Fun and Learning
Authors: Stevens Ruth C.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— A method for teaching new vocabulary to first and second year language pupils or for reviewing vocabulary with third year pupils.
Little Read Writing‐Hood and Gramma Translation
Authors: Irwin John Scott
Published: October 2011

Author's note: I have often wondered what would happen if one were to take two folk tales and mix them, as if two folk tunes were to be played simultaneously. As an experiment, I have selected Little Red Riding‐Hood and Daudet's La Chèvre de M. Seguin. To these I have added miscellaneous ingredients, including, as I trust will appear, a pinch of salt and a quarter‐teaspoonful of seriousness. This mixture I stirred with a stick and brought to a boil over a slow fire. The vapor is as follows.
Things to Put into French Grammars
Authors: Schwartz William Leonard
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— A rule for the gender of English words used in French; how to translate: “on the radio”; the syntax of titles of literary works; a new “mute ‘h’”.)
Propaganda in General Language Texts
Authors: Staubach Charles N.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Language teachers who see in General Language a boon to their teaching field should be on guard against those texts which undermine rather than build interest in foreign language study.)