bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some derivatives of morpholinophosphorodichloridate and dichloridothioate
Authors: Cremlyn Richard J. , Patel Kantilal , Wu Luke
Published: April 2009

Morpholinophosphorodichloridate and dichloridothioate reacted with amines (2 molar equivalents) to give the amidic chlorides which were treated with nucleophilic reagents to give sixty‐four derivatives. However the dichloridothioate with primary amines (1 molar equivalent) only gave diamidic thioates, the reasons for the failure to obtain the expected amidochloridothioates are briefly discussed.
Novel synthesis of isoxazolo[5,4‐b]quinolines
Authors: Neelima  , Bhat Balkrishen , Bhaduri Amiya Prasad
Published: April 2009

Isoxazolo[5,4‐b]quinolines have been prepared by reacting 3‐acyl or aroyl‐2‐chloro‐6‐alkoxy or 6,7‐dialkoxyquinolines with hydroxylamine. The method is of general applicability for obtaining this class of compounds and involves the use of easily available starting materials.
Heterocycles. Part V. Reaction of α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds with arylacetamides. A synthesis of 2‐pyridone derivatives
Authors: El‐Rayyes N. R. , Al‐Hajjar F. H.
Published: April 2009

The reaction of 1,3‐diaryl‐2‐propene‐1‐ones I with arylacetamides II, in the presence of sodium ethoxide under reflux, for two hours, gave the corresponding 3,4,6‐triaryl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2(1H)‐pyridones IV. However, when the reaction of these ketones was carried out in the presence of sodium hydride, they gave the corresponding 3,4,6‐triaryl‐2(1H)‐pyridones VI or a mixture of IV and VI. When 1,3‐diaryl‐2‐propyne‐1‐ones V were reacted with arylacetamides, in the presence of sodium hydride, they yielded the corresponding 2‐pyridones VI. Treatment of compounds IV with selenium produced the corresponding 2‐pyridones VI. Acetylation of the latter compounds gave the corresponding 2‐acetyl derivatives VIII. The structure of all products was confirmed by chemical and spectroscopic evidence, and the mechanism of the reactions was discussed.
Synthèse et étude structurale du N‐méthyl‐aza‐10‐bicyclo[4,3,1]decane‐8‐spiro‐5′‐hydantoïne
Authors: Trigo G. Gonzalez , Muñoz E. Martínez , Llama‐Hurtado E.
Published: April 2009

On décrit pour la première fois la synthèse de la spirohydantoïne derivée du N‐méthyl‐homogranatane [N‐méthyl‐aza‐10‐bicyclo[4,3,1]decane] avec centre spiranique en C‐8. Nous avons attribué la configuration α à ce centre. La conformation et les associations que cette molécule présente à l'état solide ont été étudiées en les comparant avec celles des homologues inférieurs. Quelques bases de Mannich ont également été préparées.
Synthèse de β‐imidazolylcétones
Authors: Montignoul Claude , Richard Marie‐Josée , Vigne Christian , Giral Louis
Published: April 2009

Nous décrivons la synthèse de β‐imidazolylcétones 1 et 2. Les composés 1 sont obtenus par action de l'imidazole sur des β‐N,N‐diméthylaminocétones obtenues au préalable par réaction de Mannich. Les composés 2 sont préparés soit par alkylation directe de l'imidazole par une β‐halogénocétone ou une cétone α‐éthylénique, soit par action du β‐cétol sur le thionyldiimidazole.
Utilisation des plans factoriels fractionnaires pour l'étude de la réaction de bucherer‐bergs: Synthèse de la cyclohexane spirohydantoîne
Authors: Pedregal Carmen , Trigo Gregorio G. , Espada Modesta , Mathieu Didier , Tan Luu Roger Phan , Barceló Carlos , Lamarca Joaquin , Elguero José
Published: April 2009

L'utilisation d'une matrice factorielle fractionnaire de seulement seize expériences permet d'étudier l'effet de sept facteurs (volume du récipient, concentrations en cyanure et en carbonate d'ammonium, volumes d'eau et d'éthanol, température et temps de réaction) sur le rendement en cyclohexane spirohydantoïne. La stratégie expérimentale et les résultats sont comparés avec ceux d'une publication récente utilisant la méthode d'optimisation du Simplex, montrant une connaissance plus précise de la réaction après une matrice factorielle.
Synthesis of 3‐amino‐2,4(1H,3H)‐quinazolinediones for testing as anticonvulsants
Authors: Kornet M. J. , Varia T. , Beaven W.
Published: April 2009

A number of 3‐amino‐2,4(1H,3H)‐quinazolinediones were synthesized from o‐aminobenzoylhydrazines and ethyl chloroformate in pyridine or from 2‐methoxycarbonylphenyl isocyanate and 1,1‐disubstituted hydrazines. Four of the ten compounds screened exhibited anticonvulsant activity in mice.
Synthesis of 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐5H‐[1]benzopyrano[3,4‐c]pyridin‐5‐ones. I. 3‐unsubstituted compounds
Authors: Connor David T. , Unangst Paul C. , Schwender Charles F. , Sorenson Roderick J. , Carethers Mary E. , Puchalski Chester , Brown Richard E.
Published: April 2009

Synthesis of 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐5H‐[1]benzopyrano[3,4‐c]pyridin‐5‐ones via a Pechmann condensation of 3‐carbethoxy‐1‐methyl‐4‐piperidone with various phenols is described. The limitations of this method are discussed. Synthesis of the parent ring system 3a via reduction of 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐3‐(phenylmethyl)‐8‐[(1‐phenyl‐1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)oxy]‐5H‐[1]benzopyrano[3,4‐c]pyridin‐5‐one (5) is also described.
Regiospecific synthesis of 1‐arylpyrazoles
Authors: Alberola Angel , Andrés Celia , Ortega Alfonso González , Pedrosa Rafael
Published: April 2009

A new regiospecific synthesis of 1‐aryl‐substituted pyrazoles by reaction of aryl‐hydrazines with β‐aminoenones is reported.
Synthesis of fluorescent and coloured pyrylium and pyridinium salts
Authors: Katritzky Alan R. , Schwarz Otto A. , Abdel Rahman Abdu E. , Leahy David E.
Published: April 2009

The synthesis is described of fluorescent and coloured pyrylium and pyridinium salts, including water‐soluble derivatives, designed to serve as marker reagents for primary amines.
Ring transformation of 5‐aroyl‐3(2H)‐isothiazolones to 1,2,5‐oxathiazole and 1,2,3‐thiadiazole derivatives
Authors: Tsolomitis A. , Sandris C.
Published: April 2009

Reaction of 2‐substituted‐5‐aroyl‐3(2H)‐isothiazolones 2 with hydroxylamine and phenylhydrazine was found to give (N‐substituted‐carboxamido)methylene derivatives of 1,2,5‐oxathiazole and 1,2,3‐thiadiazole, 5 and 7, respectively. The formation of these heterocycles was ascribed to a mononuclear heterocyclic rear‐rangement of the initially formed ketone derivatives, oximes and hydrazones, through a nucleophilic attack of the = N‐OH and = N‐NH‐ groups on the SN bond of the isothiazolone ring. In a similar manner, reaction of isothiazolones 2 with hydrazine was found to give 4‐aryl‐5‐(N‐substituted‐carboxamido)methyl‐1,2,3‐thiadiazoles 17.
Synthesis of 3‐amino‐3,4‐dihydro‐2(1H)‐quinazolinones as potential anticonvulsants
Authors: Kornet M. J. , Varia T. , Beaven W.
Published: April 2009

Thirteen 3‐amino‐3,4‐dihydro‐2(1H)‐quinazolinones have been synthesized from ethyl chloroformate and o‐aminobenzylhydrazines. The latter compounds were obtained from the metal hydride reduction of either o‐aminobenzhydrazides or o‐acylaniline hydrazones. All compounds were evaluated in mice in the maximal electroshock (MES) seizure and pentylenetetrazole (sc Met) seizure threshold tests for anticonvulsant activity and in the rotorod test to determine neurotoxicity. Five of the compounds showed activity in one or both tests at a dose of 300 mg/kg or lower. The most active compound is 3‐dimethylamino‐3,4‐dihydro‐2(1H)‐quinazolinone.
Non‐steroidal antiinflammatory agents. 2. Synthesis of 4‐hydroxy‐1‐methyl‐2‐oxo‐dihydroquinolin‐3‐yl acetic acid and related tetrazolyl derivatives
Authors: Faber Kurt , Kappe Thomas
Published: April 2009

The synthesis of some potential antiinflammatory compounds, such as the tetrazole derivatives 7 and 9, as well as the heteroaryl acetic acid 12 and its lactone 13, has been accomplished starting from the readily available pyronoquinolone 2.
Activated nitriles in heterocyclic synthesis. Part III. Synthesis of N‐amino‐2‐pyridone, pyranopyrazole and thiazolopyridine derivatives
Authors: Elmoghayar Mohamed Rifaat Hamza , El‐Agamey Abdel‐Ghani Ali , Nasr Mohamed Yousri Abdel‐Samad , Sallam Mohamed Mohamed Mohamed
Published: April 2009

The reaction of 2‐cyanoethanoic acid hydrazide and arylidenemalononitrile was studied as a new route for the synthesis of N‐amino‐2‐pyridones. Pyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazole and thiazolo[2,3‐a]pyridine could be prepared from the reaction of arylideneazolones with the same reagent.
A novel serotonin antagonist 2,2′‐bis[3‐(2‐N,N‐dimethylaminoethyl)indolyl]sulfide (BDIS)
Authors: Chu C. K. , Wander J. D. , Tackett R. L. , Iturrian W. B. , Schmitz J. P. , Garner G. E. , Chae K.
Published: April 2009

A novel serotonin antagonist, 2,2′‐bis[3‐(2‐N,N‐dimethylaminoethyl)indolyl]sulfide (BDIS) was synthesized in one step from the reaction ofN,N‐dimethyltryptamine with thionyl chloride.
An unexpected product from the reaction of imidazole with ethyl 3‐ethoxy‐2‐nitropropenoate
Authors: Hartman George D. , Hartman Richard D.
Published: April 2009

Treatment of ethyl 3‐ethoxy‐2‐nitropropenoate with imidazole afforded ethyl 1‐imidazoyl(hydroximino)‐acetate rather than the expected addition‐elimination product.
Conditional aid effectiveness: A meta‐study
Authors: Doucouliagos Hristos , Paldam Martin
Published: April 2009

One branch of the aid effectiveness literature (AEL) analyzes conditional models where aid effectiveness depends upon a conditioning variable z. The leading candidates for z are a good policy index and aid itself, so that the model has an aid squared term. In this paper, meta‐analysis techniques are used (i) to determine whether the AEL has established the said interaction terms, and (ii) to identify some of the determinants of the differences in results between studies. We find no support for conditionality with respect to policy, nor with respect to aid itself. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Air temperature change due to human activities in Taiwan for the past century
Authors: Lai Li‐Wei , Cheng Wan‐Li
Published: April 2009

The purpose of this study was to statistically examine air temperature change and to analyse the anthropogenic factors potentially influencing air temperature changes in Taiwan for the period 1897–2005 using homogenized temperature measurement time series. In this study, the standard normal homogeneity test was used to attain homogeneity of all air temperature series. To analyse air temperature data from 1897 to 2005, a time‐series regression model and a product–moment correlation were used. The annual mean maximum temperatures (Tmax), annual mean minimum temperatures (Tmin) and the number of days in which the air temperature ≥ 30 °C increased significantly in most regions in Taiwan, and the rate of increase for Tmin was higher than that of Tmax. In other words, in the past century the night temperatures have become higher and the period of hot days in Taiwan have become longer. However, over the past century and before 1962, the trend of Tmax in central Taiwan (i.e. Jihyuehtan and Taichung) decreased significantly, which is inconsistent with greenhouse gas warming and general warming observed in other sites in Taiwan. Furthermore, during the economic growth experienced between 1962 and 2005, the rates of increase for Tmax and Tmin in major cities with similar climate conditions (i.e. Tainan and Kaohsiung) were significantly different, as were the correlation coefficients between temperature changes and the number of various economic sectors in the cities. The results of these statistical analyses suggest that human activities strongly affected air temperature changes in these urban areas. The obvious lack of spatial homogeneity indicates that various non‐greenhouse gas processes have played roles in climate change in Taiwan, and these factors must be considered when analysing long‐term air temperature variations. Caution should be exercised when using grid data to assess temperature trends at the grid‐box level. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Variability and trends in the directional wave climate of the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Hemer Mark A. , Church John A. , Hunter John R.
Published: April 2009

The effect of interannual climate variability and change on the historic, directional wave climate of the Southern Hemisphere is presented. Owing to a lack ofin situwave observations, wave climate in the Southern Hemisphere is determined from satellite altimetry and global ocean wave models. Altimeter data span the period 1985 to present, with the exception of a 2‐year gap in 1989–1991. Interannual variability and trends in the significant wave height are determined from the satellite altimeter record (1991 to present), and the dominant modes of variability are identified using an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. Significant wave heights in the Southern Ocean are observed to show a strong positive correlation with the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), particularly during Austral autumn and winter months. Correlation between altimeter derived significant wave heights and the Southern Oscillation Index is observed in the Pacific basin, which is consistent with several previous studies.

Variability and trends of the directional wave climate are determined using the ERA‐40 Waves Re‐analysis for the period 1980–2001. Significant wave height, mean wave period and mean wave direction data are used to describe the climate of the wave energy flux vector. An EOF analysis of the wave energy flux vector is carried out to determine the dominant modes of variability of the directional seasonal wave energy flux climate. The dominant mode of variability during autumn and winter months is strongly correlated to the SAM. There is an anti‐clockwise rotation of wave direction with the southward intensification of the Southern Ocean storm belt associated with the SAM. Clockwise rotation of flux vectors is observed in the Western Pacific Ocean during El‐Nino events.

Directional variability of the wave energy flux in the Western Pacific Ocean has previously been shown to be of importance to sand transport along the south‐eastern Australian margin, and the New Zealand region. The directional variability of the wave energy flux of the Southern Ocean associated with the SAM is expected to be of importance to the wave‐driven currents responsible for the transport of sand along coastal margins in the Southern Hemisphere, in particular those on the Southern and Western coastal margins of the Australian continent. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Changes in atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic and sea‐surge variations along the Belgian coast during the twentieth century
Authors: Ullmann A. , Monbaliu J.
Published: April 2009

Wintertime (October‐to‐March period) 99th percentile of sea level (sea surges) at Ostend has increased at a rate of + 3 mm/year (+1 mm/year) from 1925 to 2000. Relationships between daily sea surge at Ostend and five weather regimes—Zonal (ZO), East Atlantic (EA), Greenland Above (GA), Blocking (BL), and Atlantic Ridge (AR)—over the northeast Atlantic and Europe (40°W–40°E, 30° –70°N) are analysed during the period of 1925–2000. More than 70% of sea surges ≥ 65 cm occur during the AR weather regime, ahead of low pressure travelling on a northern track from Iceland to Scandinavia. The relationships between monthly/wintertime frequency of the AR weather regime and 99th percentile of sea surge at Ostend tend to strengthen during the twentieth century: for example, correlation between wintertime frequencies of AR and 99th percentile of sea surge increases from 0.21 in 1925–1950 to 0.74 in 1975–2000. This increase is associated with the pressure rise over the near Atlantic, between (30°W and 15°W), (30°N and 50°N), leading to an increase in the frequency of strong surge‐related pressure gradient during AR days. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Differing atmospheric scales of motion and their impact on air pollutants
Authors: Levy Ilan , Dayan Uri , Mahrer Yitzhak
Published: April 2009

Identifying the dominant atmospheric scale of motion over a given airshed can be of great importance for many applications such as air pollutants dispersion, pollen dispersion and wind energy. In this work, a method is proposed for differentiating between the synoptic, meso and local scales that can be applied on a daily basis from data collected at several wind‐measuring sites in a given airshed. The method is based on the daily mean quantitative measure of wind recirculation measured at each site, and the mean and standard deviation between sites.

The method is applied to a 5‐year time series of wind observations at seven sites in the Tel Aviv airshed on the East Mediterranean Sea. The high frequency of synoptic‐scale dominant flows is found during winter and December in particular, whereas high dominance of mesoscale flows is found during October. The coastal location of the airshed causes the land–sea breeze to overrule local‐scale variations. While NOx and SO2 concentrations are shown to increase as the dominant scale is smaller, O3 concentrations decrease as a result of titration with NOx on the one hand and the contribution of long‐range transport on the other. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Simultaneous evaluation of neonicotinoids in cotton seed cake using reverse phase high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Mohan Chander , Kumar Yogesh , Madan Jyotsana , Saxena Navneet , Lal D
Published: April 2009

BACKGROUND: The cotton crop accounts for more than 52% of total insecticide usage in India. Neonicotinoids, being newer insecticides, have found greater use in the northern region. In this study a rapid and sensitive high‐performance liquid chromatography method was developed for measuring neonicotinoid residues in cotton seed cake (CSC). The method involves the extraction of three neonicotinoids from CSC with acetonitrile/water (80:20 v/v), followed by liquid–liquid partitioning and column clean‐up prior to injection.

RESULTS: Recoveries at 0.5–2 µg g−1 spiking levels varied from 95.60 to 79.50% for imidacloprid, from 92.89 to 84.00% for acetamiprid and from 96.96 to 88.36% for thiacloprid. Minimum detectable levels using this method were 5, 10 and 20 ng g−1 for imidacloprid, acetamiprid and thiacloprid respectively.

CONCLUSION: The method developed in this study allows rapid and reliable measurement of the insecticides imidacloprid, acetamiprid and thiacloprid in CSC. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Nanoparticles of chromium picolinate enhance chromium digestibility and absorption
Authors: Lien Tu‐Fa , Yeh Hui‐Shuang , Lu Fu‐Yin , Fu Chao‐Ming
Published: April 2009

BACKGROUND: Trivalent chromium (Cr) is a trace element that is difficult to digest and absorb. The objective of this study was to determine whether reducing organic Cr to nanometre size would increase its digestibility.

RESULTS: Forty‐eight 8‐week‐old female Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments: (1) basal diet (control); (2) basal diet plus 300 µg kg−1 Cr as chromium chloride (CrCl3); (3) basal diet plus 300 µg kg−1 Cr as chromium picolinate (Crpic); (4) basal diet plus 300 µg kg−1 Cr as nanoparticulate Crpic (nanoCrpic). NanoCrpic was prepared from Crpic with a particle size of 55–100 nm. The experiment lasted 48 days. Cr digestibility and serum Cr concentration were 1.66 and 1.96 times greater respectively in rats fed nanoCrpic than in rats fed Crpic (P < 0.05). The average daily gain was greater in rats fed nanoCrpic or Crpic than in control rats (P < 0.05). The high‐density lipoprotein content increased while the very‐low‐density plus low‐density lipoprotein content decreased in rats fed nanoCrpic as compared with rats fed Crpic or CrCl3 (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION: This study indicates that reducing the particle size of Crpic enhances Cr digestibility and absorption in rats and alters some blood metabolite concentrations. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of the types and concentrations of alkali on the color of cocoa liquor
Authors: Rodríguez Pablo , Pérez Elevina , Guzmán Romel
Published: April 2009

BACKGROUND: The alkalization process is extensively used in the cocoa industry, but information is scarce and not easy to acquire. The goal of the study was to evaluate the effect of different types and concentrations of alkali on the color of cocoa liquor. Dried beans from Chuao (state Aragua, Venezuela) were used to produce cocoa liquors. Samples of liquors were alkalized with solutions of NaHCO3, Na2CO3 and NaOH at concentrations of 10, 20 and 30 g kg−1.

RESULTS: The data showed that values of the coordinates L*, a* and b* decrease when liquors were treated with the three different types and concentrations of alkalis. Almost all samples had ΔE* values above 1. The ratios b*/a* and a*/b* and the proximate composition were also modified. Crude protein, crude fat and polyphenol concentrations were decreased and the ash content augmented as concentrations of the alkalis were increased. The fatty acid and sugar profiles were also affected. These ratios were most pronounced when NaOH was used.

CONCLUSION: The selection of the type or concentration of alkali is a function of the type of product to be elaborated. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Optimization of a gastrointestinal model applicable to the evaluation of bioaccessibility in fish feeds
Authors: Hamdan Mariam , Moyano Francisco J , Schuhardt Dominique
Published: April 2009

BACKGROUND: Although several types of in vitro digestibility assays have been applied to nutritional evaluation of feeds for aquatic organisms, all of them are based on the use of closed reactors and do not simulate the gastric phase of the digestion. Our objective was to evaluate the suitability of a gastrointestinal model based on the use of a digestion cell provided by a semi‐permeable reaction chamber, which allows continuous removal of digestion products as they are produced. We tested the effects of some factors, like the inclusion of a gastric phase, reaction temperature or bile salts on the hydrolysis of feed proteins by fish enzymes.

RESULTS: We found that the most suitable operational conditions to simulate the digestion process must include a short acid pre‐digestion as well as the use of bile salts in the reaction mixture. Acid pre‐digestion resulted in a significant increase in the liberation of amino acids which represented more than twice that measured when using a single phase. The addition of two bile salts (45 µmol L−1 sodium taurocholate + chenodesoxycolate) resulted in almost a threefold increase in the hydrolysis of feed protein. The use of the described open system also allows the evaluation of carbohydrate hydrolysis as well as determination of residual undigested matter, in a similar manner to that carried out in ruminants with the DAISY system.

CONCLUSION: Results suggest the system can be a very suitable model for evaluation of bioaccessibility in fish feeds. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of nitrogen fertilizer application rate on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) flour quality and Chinese noodle quality
Authors: Ma Dongyun , Guo Tiancai , Wang Zhijie , Wang Chenyang , Zhu Yunji , Wang Yonghua
Published: April 2009

BACKGROUND: Understanding wheat flour noodle quality responses to N management will improve the quality of recommendations made to growers for specific end‐uses. Two winter wheat cultivars, with six N rates, planted during the course of a 2‐year experiment were used to determine the effect of N application rate on Chinese white noodle quality.

RESULTS: Wheat flour protein content, development time (DT) and stability time (ST) increased with N application rate, maximal at 360 kg N ha−1 and decreasing thereafter. When the N fertilizer application rate changed from 0 to 270 or 360 kg N ha−1, redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) of both flour and noodle increased, while brightness (L*) decreased. The hardness and chewiness of cooked noodles improved at lower N application rate and degenerated at higher N rate.

CONCLUSION: A low rate of N fertilizer application (from 0 to 270 kg N ha−1) improved flour quality. Flour protein content and protein quality parameters displayed a significant negative correlation with brightness (L*) values. Generally, high flour protein content and protein quality, as well as good noodle texture, could be achieved by topdressing N fertilizer (in the range 270–360 kg N ha−1). Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
No improvement in fruit quality through chemical flower thinning in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)
Authors: Schoedl Katharina , Denk Andrea , Hummelbrunner Stefan , Modl Peter , Forneck Astrid
Published: April 2009

BACKGROUND: Chemical flower thinning with ammonium thiosulfate (ATS) was applied on branches of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars ‘Blaze Star’, ‘Samba’, ‘Techlovan’ and ‘Merchant’ (all grafted on GiSelA 5) in a two‐year field study in 2006 and 2007. Different concentrations of ATS (8.82 and 17.64 g L−1) and different application times were studied. Fruit quality parameters analysed included crop load, fruit size, fruit weight, flesh/stone ratio, content of soluble solids, pH value and content of titratable acids.

RESULTS: Crop load was significantly affected (P < 0.01) by application, cultivar and year. Fruit size, fruit weight and content of titratable acids were not improved by any of the application strategies. An influence of cultivar and application on pH value was observed (P < 0.05). Flesh/stone ratio was significantly enhanced (P < 0.05) in ‘Blaze Star’ only, while content of soluble solids was significantly affected in ‘Techlovan’ only in 2007.

CONCLUSION: No general improvement in quality parameters was achieved by chemical flower thinning in the P. avium cultivars studied over a two‐year field experiment. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Stir bar sorptive extraction for the analysis of short‐chain chlorinated paraffins in water
Authors: Llorca‐Porcel Julio , Martínez‐Soriano Esther , Valor Ignacio
Published: April 2009

An optimised method using stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and a thermal desorption‐GC‐electron capture detector (GC‐ECD) for the determination of short‐chain chlorinated paraffins from water samples was developed. Recoveries near to 100% were obtained by using 20 mm×0.5 mm (length×film thickness) PDMS commercial stir bars from 200 mL spiked water samples and 20% methanol addition with an extraction period of 24 h. Method sensitivity, linearity and precision were evaluated for surface water and wastewater spiked samples. A LOD of 0.03 and 0.04 μg/L was calculated for surface and wastewater, respectively. The precision of the method given as an RSD was below 20% for both matrices. The developed method was applied for the analysis of two real samples from a contaminated river and a wastewater treatment plant. Results were in accordance with those obtained using a previously developed method based on solid phase microextraction (SPME).
Noninvasive laser vasectomy: Preliminary ex vivo tissue studies
Authors: Cilip Christopher M. , Jarow Jonathan P. , Fried Nathaniel M.
Published: April 2009

Background and Objectives

Male sterilization (vasectomy) is more successful, safer, less expensive, and easier to perform than female sterilization (tubal ligation). However, female sterilization is more popular, primarily due to male fear of vasectomy complications (incision, bleeding, infection, and scrotal pain). The development of a completely noninvasive vasectomy technique may eliminate these concerns.

Materials and Methods

Ytterbium fiber laser radiation with a wavelength of 1,075 nm, average power of 11.7 W, 1‐second pulse duration, 0.5 Hz pulse rate, and 3‐mm‐diameter spot was synchronized with cryogen cooling of the scrotal skin surface in canine tissue for a treatment time of 60 seconds.

Results

Vas thermal lesion dimensions measured 2.0±0.3 mm diameter by 3.0±0.9 mm length, without evidence of skin damage. The coagulated vas bursting pressure measured 295±72 mm Hg, significantly higher than typical vas ejaculation pressures of 136± 29 mm Hg.

Conclusions

Noninvasive thermal coagulation and occlusion of the vas was produced in an ex vivo canine tissue model. However, chronic in vivo animal studies will be necessary to optimize the laser/cooling treatment parameters and confirm long‐term vas occlusion with absence of sperm in the ejaculate, before clinical application. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:203–207, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo effects of low level laser therapy on inducible nitric oxide synthase
Authors: Moriyama Yumi , Nguyen Jacqueline , Akens Margarete , Moriyama Eduardo H. , Lilge Lothar
Published: April 2009

Background and Objective

Low level laser therapy (LLLT) has been demonstrated to modulate inflammatory processes with evidence suggesting that treatment protocol, such as wavelength, total energy, and number of treatments determine the clinical efficacy. In this study, the effects of LLLT mediated by different wavelengths and continuous versus pulsed delivery mode were quantified in a transgenic murine model with the luciferase gene under control of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

LLLT modulated iNOS gene expressed in the acute Zymosan‐induced inflammation model is quantified using transgenic mice (FVB/N‐Tg(iNOS‐luc)). Here an energy density of 5 J cm−2 at either 635, 660, 690, and 905 nm in continuous wave mode and at 905 nm for short pulse delivery were evaluated. Age of the animals was determined as additional modulating the inflammatory response and the LLLT efficacy for some treatment protocols.

Results

Animals younger than 15 weeks showed mostly reduction of iNOS expression, while older animals showed increased iNOS expression for some LLLT protocols. Intensity and time course of inducible nitric oxide expression was found to not only depend on wavelength, but also on the mode of delivery, continuous, or pulsed irradiation.

Conclusion

LLLT exhibit different effects in induced inflammatory process according to different wavelengths and wave mode. Upregulation of iNOS gene following 905 nm pulsed wave suggests a different mechanism in activating the inflammatory pathway response when compared to the continuous wave. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:227–231, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High contrast near‐infrared polarized reflectance images of demineralization on tooth buccal and occlusal surfaces at λ = 1310‐nm
Authors: Wu J. , Fried D.
Published: April 2009

Background and Objectives

Sound enamel manifests peak transparency in the near‐IR (NIR) at 1310‐nm, therefore the near‐IR is ideally suited for high contrast imaging of dental caries. The purpose of this study was to acquire images of early demineralized enamel on the buccal and occlusal surfaces of extracted human teeth using NIR reflectance imaging and compare the contrast of those images with the contrast of images taken using other methods.

Materials and Methods

Fifteen human molars were used in this in vitro study. Teeth were painted with a clear acid‐resistant varnish, leaving two 2 mm × 2 mm windows on the buccal and occlusal surfaces of each tooth for demineralization. Artificial lesions were produced in the exposed windows after a 2‐day exposure to a demineralizing solution at pH 4.5. Lesions were imaged using NIR transillumination, NIR and visible light reflectance, and fluorescence imaging methods. Crossed polarizers were used where appropriate to improve contrast. Polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS‐OCT) was also used to non‐destructively assess the depth and severity of demineralization in each sample window.

Results

NIR reflectance imaging had the highest image contrast for both the buccal and occlusal groups and it was significantly higher contrast than visible light reflectance (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The results of the study suggest that NIR reflectance imaging is a promising new method for acquiring high contrast images of early demineralization on tooth surfaces. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:208–213, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Performance assessment of novel side firing flexible optical fibers for dental applications
Authors: George Roy , Walsh Laurence J.
Published: April 2009

Background and Objective

Use of lasers in dentistry in root canals of teeth and in periodontal pockets for disinfection would be more effective if energy was delivered laterally. This study examined the energy emission profiles of fibers modified in various ways to enhance their lateral emissions for dental use.

Materials and Methods

Commercial optical fibers were altered by tube etching with hydrofluoric acid, modified tube etching (after removing the protective polyimide coating), alumina abrasive particle beams, and by etching and particle beams used in combination. Three free‐running pulsed infrared lasers (Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, and Er,Cr:YSGG) were employed to test the modified fibers, with 25 fibers for each laser (modified or unmodified). Surface topography of fibers was examined using SEM. Laser emissions forward and laterally were measured, and thermally sensitive paper used to record the emission profiles. Visible tracing of emissions was undertaken using coaxial He–Ne or InGaAsP diode laser emissions.

Results

The etching/abrasion/etching combination gave a unique honeycomb surface configuration with grating‐like properties, whilst etching alone gave a conical end. Conical and honeycomb tips showed greater lateral and lower forward emissions compared with plain fibers, with fourfold improvements in lateral emission. The most regular lateral emissions were from the honeycomb configuration.

Conclusion

The honeycomb and the conical fiber modifications show dramatic improvements in lateral emissions. The unique emission profile obtained for the honeycomb fibers could play a significant role in increasing the efficiency of laser delivery for endodontic and periodontal applications in dentistry, as well as in other fields. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:214–221, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Method for disruption and re‐canalization of atherosclerotic plaques in coronary vessels with photothermal bubbles generated around gold nanoparticles
Authors: Lukianova‐Hleb Ekaterina Y. , Mrochek Alexander G. , Lapotko Dmitri O.
Published: April 2009

Background and Objectives

Rapid and safe re‐canalization of totally occluded coronary vessels, especially those with the calcified plaques, represent a challenge for cardiology.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

We have suggested to employ photothermal microbubbles (PTMBs) that are generated around injected to plaque or thrombus gold nanoparticles with a short laser pulse for selective mechanical disruption and removal of the plaque tissue and without thermal and mechanical damage to arterial wall. PTMBs were generated in vitro around 30–250 nm gold spheres and with 10 nanoseconds laser pulse at 532 nm in three models: the layer of the living fibroblasts, the epoxy layers, and human arteries with plaques.

Results

In all three models, complete removal of the material was observed after 1–10 single laser pulses. The size of cleared zones (20–220 µm) was found to be 500–1,000 times bigger than the size of the nanoparticles applied. PTMB generation did not increase the temperature of the microenvironment outside PTMB and the debris size was below 2 µm.

Conclusions

New proposed method for non‐thermal mechanical and localized removal of plaque tissue with PTMB can provide safe and rapid re‐canalization of totally occluded and calcified arteries without collateral damage. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:240–247, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low‐energy laser irradiation promotes synovial fibroblast proliferation by modulating p15 subcellular localization
Authors: Taniguchi Daigo , Dai Ping , Hojo Tatsuya , Yamaoka Yoshihisa , Kubo Toshikazu , Takamatsu Tetsuro
Published: April 2009

Background and Objective

Low‐energy laser irradiation (low‐level laser therapy) (LELI/LLLT/photobiomodulation) has been found to modulate various biological effects, especially those involved in promoting cell proliferation. Synovial fibroblasts are important in maintaining the homeostasis of articular joints and have strong chondrogenetic capacity. Here, we investigated the effect and molecular basis of LELI on synovial fibroblast proliferation.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

HIG‐82 rabbit synovial fibroblasts were cultured, and laser irradiation (660 nm) was applied at the power density of 40 mW/cm2 for 2 minutes, corresponding to laser fluence of 4.8 J/cm2. The effect of LELI on cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and expression of cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) were investigated. We also examined whether the effects of LELI on HIG‐82 cell proliferation were affected by cAMP content, which is known to influence the cell cycle via inducing CKIs.

Results

LELI promoted HIG‐82 synovial fibroblast proliferation and induced cytoplasmic localization of cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor p15 (INK4B/CDKN2B). Moreover, the proliferation of HIG‐82 synovial fibroblasts was reduced by cAMP, while cAMP inhibitor, SQ22536, induced p15 cytoplasmic localization and as a result, elevated synovial fibroblast proliferation was observed. In addition, the promotive effect of LELI‐induced HIG‐82 synovial fibroblast proliferation was abolished by cAMP treatment. Our findings suggest that cAMP may be involved in the effect of LELI on synovial fibroblast proliferation.

Conclusion

We revealed the effect and molecular link involved in synovial fibroblast proliferation induced by 660‐nm LELI. Our study provides new insights into the mechanisms by which LELI has biological effects on synovial fibroblast proliferation. These insights may contribute to further investigation on biological effects and application of LELI in regenerative medicine. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:232–239, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increase of neuronal sprouting and migration using 780 nm laser phototherapy as procedure for cell therapy
Authors: Rochkind Shimon , El‐Ani Dalia , Nevo Zvi , Shahar Abraham
Published: April 2009

Background and Objectives

The present study focuses on the effect of 780 nm laser irradiation on the growth of embryonic rat brain cultures embedded in NVR‐Gel (cross‐linked hyaluronic acid with adhesive molecule laminin and several growth factors). Dissociated neuronal cells were first grown in suspension attached to cylindrical microcarriers (MCs). The formed floating cell‐MC aggregates were subsequently transferred into stationary cultures in gel and then laser treated. The response of neuronal growth following laser irradiation was investigated.

Materials and Methods

Whole brains were dissected from 16 days Sprague–Dawley rat embryos. Cells were mechanically dissociated, using narrow pipettes, and seeded on positively charged cylindrical MCs. After 4–14 days in suspension, the formed floating cell‐MC aggregates were seeded as stationary cultures in NVR‐Gel. Single cell‐MC aggregates were either irradiated with near‐infrared 780 nm laser beam for 1, 4, or 7 minutes, or cultured without irradiation. Laser powers were 10, 30, 50, 110, 160, 200, and 250 mW.

Results

780 nm laser irradiation accelerated fiber sprouting and neuronal cell migration from the aggregates. Furthermore, unlike control cultures, the irradiated cultures (mainly after 1 minute irradiation of 50 mW) were already established after a short time of cultivation. They contained a much higher number of large size neurons (P<0.01), which formed dense branched interconnected networks of thick neuronal fibers.

Conclusions

780 nm laser phototherapy of embryonic rat brain cultures embedded in hyaluronic acid—laminin gel and attached to positively charged cylindrical MCs, stimulated migration and fiber sprouting of neuronal cells aggregates, developed large size neurons with dense branched interconnected network of neuronal fibers and, therefore, can be considered as potential procedure for cell therapy of neuronal injury or disease. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:277–281, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of low‐level laser therapy on proliferation and differentiation of murine bone marrow cells into osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Authors: Bouvet‐Gerbettaz Sébastien , Merigo Elisabetta , Rocca Jean‐Paul , Carle Georges F. , Rochet Nathalie
Published: April 2009

Background and Objective

Low‐Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) has been suggested to improve bone tissue healing. The cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in this effect are still unclear but bone cell proliferation and differentiation alteration have been proposed. The aim of the present study was to investigate, in vitro, the effect of LLLT on bone cell proliferation, osteoblastic and osteoclastic differentiation, both involved in bone remodeling and regeneration.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Murine bone marrow cells, which contain both osteoblast and osteoclast progenitors, were cultured and induced to differentiate in the absence or in the presence of LLLT. Laser exposition parameters were determined using a powermeter and consisted in an 808 nm infrared wavelength laser light in continuous mode, with an energy density of 4 J/cm2 administered three times a week. Cell proliferation and differentiation were assessed after specific staining and microscopic analysis of the cultures after various times, as well as by quantitative RT‐PCR analysis of a panel of osteoblast and osteoclast markers after nucleic acid extraction.

Results

The use of a powermeter revealed that the power emitted by the optical fiber of the laser device was markedly reduced compared to the displayed power. This allowed to adjust the LLLT parameters to a final energy density exposure of 4 J/cm2. In these conditions, proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells as well as osteoclast or osteoblast differentiation of the corresponding progenitors were found similar in control and LLLT conditions.

Conclusion

Using the present experimental protocol, we concluded that an 808 nm wavelength infrared LLLT does not alter murine bone progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation. Moreover our results confirm the necessary use of a powermeter to fix LLLT protocol parameters. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:291–297, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ALA‐PDT results in phenotypic changes and decreased cellular invasion in surviving cancer cells
Authors: Tsai Tsuimin , Ji Hong Tai , Chiang Pei‐Chi , Chou Ruey‐Hwang , Chang Wun‐Shaing Wayne , Chen Chin‐Tin
Published: April 2009

Background and Objectives

The mechanisms of photodynamic therapy (PDT) have been studied on the cellular and tissue levels. However, the cellular behaviors of cancer cells survived from PDT are still not clear. This study attempted to investigate the influence of 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA)‐based PDT on the invasion ability as well as molecular changes in surviving cancer cells and their progeny.

Materials and Methods

The systematic effects of ALA‐PDT were evaluated using human invasive carcinoma cells (lung adenocarcinoma CL1‐5 cells, melanoma A375 cells and breast carcinoma MDA‐MB‐231 cells). To study the cellular behaviors of surviving cancer cells, PDT‐derived variants were established as stable cell lines after consecutive treatment with ALA‐PDT. Scratch wound assay and invasion assay were performed to evaluate the migration and invasion ability in the surviving cancer cells and the established PDT‐derived variants. RT‐PCR and immunoblot analysis were performed to examine the expression levels of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).

Results

Though ALA‐PDT caused differential phototoxicity among these invasive carcinoma cells, reduced migration was found in all the surviving cancer cells Compared to parental cancer cells, the established PDT‐derived variants exerted significant phenotypic changes of cellular morphology, reduced mitochondrial function and a suppressed cellular invasiveness. Furthermore, correlated with the reduced invasion ability, expression of EGFR was downregulated in these established PDT‐derived variants.

Conclusions

Except for direct cell killing, ALA‐PDT could reduce EGFR expression and invasion ability of the surviving cancer cells and these effects could further pass to the progeny. The results from this study provide insights into a new mechanism by which PDT might affect cellular behaviors and tumor metastasis. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:305–315, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low level light effects on inflammatory cytokine production by rheumatoid arthritis synoviocytes
Authors: Yamaura Maki , Yao Min , Yaroslavsky Ilya , Cohen Richard , Smotrich Michael , Kochevar Irene E.
Published: April 2009

Background and Objective

Low level light therapy (LLLT) is being evaluated for treating chronic and acute pain associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other inflammatory diseases. The mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of LLLT for pain relief in RA are not clear. The objectives of this study were to determine whether LLLT decreased production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines by cells from RA joints, and, if so, to identify cellular mechanisms.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Synoviocytes from RA patients were treated with 810 nm radiation before or after addition of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α). mRNA for TNF‐α, interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐8 was measured after 30, 60, and 180 minutes using RT‐PCR. Intracellular and extracellular protein levels for 12 cytokines/chemokines were measured at 4, 8, and 24 hours using multiplexed ELISA. NF‐κB activation was detected using Western blotting to follow degradation of IκBα and nuclear localization of the p65 subunit of NF‐κB.

Results

Radiation at 810 nm (5 J/cm2) given before or after TNF‐α decreases the mRNA level of TNF‐α and IL‐1β in RA synoviocytes. This treatment using 25 J/cm2 also decreases the intracellular levels of TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and IL‐8 protein but did not affect the levels of seven other cytokines/chemokines. TNF‐α‐induced activation of NF‐κB is not altered by 810 nm radiation using 25 J/cm2.

Conclusions

The mechanism for relieving joint pain in RA by LLLT may involve reducing the level of pro‐inflammatory cytokines/chemokines produced by synoviocytes. This mechanism may be more general and underlie the beneficial effects of LLLT on other inflammatory conditions. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:282–290, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cisplatin resistance conferred by the RAD51D (E233G) genetic variant is dependent upon p53 status in human breast carcinoma cell lines
Authors: Nadkarni Aditi , Rajesh Preeti , Ruch Randall J. , Pittman Douglas L.
Published: April 2009

RAD51D, a paralog of the mammalian RAD51 gene, contributes towards maintaining genomic integrity by homologous recombination DNA repair and telomere maintenance. A RAD51D variant, E233G, was initially identified as a potential susceptibility allele in high‐risk, site‐specific, familial breast cancer. We describe in this report that the Rad51d (E233G) genetic variant confers increased cisplatin resistance and cell growth phenotypes in human breast carcinoma cell lines with a mutant p53 gene (BT20 and T47D) but not with a wild‐type p53 gene (MCF‐7). Treatment with a p53 specific inhibitor, pifithrin α, restored this resistant phenotype in the MCF‐7 cell line. Additionally, Rad51d (E233G) conferred increased cisplatin resistance of an MCF7 cell line in which p53 expression was stably knocked down by shRNAp53, indicating that the effect of this variant is dependent upon p53 status. Further study of Rad51d (E233G) will provide mechanistic insight towards the role of RAD51D in cellular response to anticancer agents and as a potential target for cancer therapy. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Complete assignments of 1H and 13C NMR data for new dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans from Kadsura oblongifolia
Authors: Liu Hai‐Tao , Xu Li‐Jia , Peng Yong , Yang Jun‐Shan , Yang Xiu‐Wei , Xiao Pei‐Gen
Published: April 2009

Two new dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans, named kadoblongifolins A (1) and B (2), and one new natural product dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan, named kadoblongifolin C (3), were isolated from the stems of Kadsura oblongifolia (K. oblongifolia), together with five known ones, schizanrin F (4), propinquanin C (5), schisantherin G (6), heteroclitin Q (7), kadsurarin (8). The structures of these new lignans were elucidated by a combination of high‐resolution electron ionization mass spectrometry (HR‐EI‐MS), 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY spectra. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.