bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enantioseparation of DL‐isocitric acid by a chiral ligand exchange CE with Ni(II)‐D‐quinic acid system
Authors: Kodama Shuji , Taga Atsushi , Yamamoto Atsushi , Ito Yuji , Honda Yoshitaka , Suzuki Kentaro , Yamashita Tomohisa , Kemmei Tomoko , Aizawa Sen‐ichi
Published: October 2010

The ratio of citric acid to D‐isocitric acid can be used to distinguish authentic and adulterated fruit juices. To separate DL‐isocitric acid enantiomers, we used ligand exchange CE. D‐Quinic acid was used as a chiral selector ligand and Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) ions were used as the central ions of the chiral selector in the BGE. DL‐Isocitric acid was found to be enantioseparated with the above metal ions except for Mn(II) ion. The optimum running conditions for the analysis of D‐ and L‐isocitric acids along with citric acid, an isomer of isocitric acid, were found to be a BGE (pH 5.0) containing 30% ACN, 20 mM acetic acid, 20 mM NiSO4, and 80 mM D‐quinic acid. Under these conditions, DL‐isocitric and citric acids in fruit juices were analyzed successfully.
Im Heiligtum der Löwengöttin
Authors: El‐Sayed Rafed
Published: October 2010

Athribis ist die letzte große unerforschte Tempelanlage des antiken Ägypten. Ein binationales Langzeitprojekt will dem Geheimnis des einzigartigen Kalksteintempels näherkommen.
The trainee in context: Examining the relationship between self‐efficacy and transfer climate for transfer of training
Authors: Sookhai Fiona , Budworth Marie‐Hélène
Published: October 2010

Trainee perceptions of transfer climate have been found to be an important predictor of transfer of training. Self‐efficacy has also been identified as an important individual difference related to transfer. Few studies have examined how these variables work together to enhance or limit performance following training. In a field study of 37 trainees, supervisors were randomly selected for training in how to provide their subordinates with opportunities to use the learned skills on the job and reinforce attempts at application. It was found that trainees who had a supervisor who participated in the intervention perceived a better transfer climate than trainees whose supervisors did not participate in training. Transfer climate mediated the relationship between self‐efficacy and transfer of training.
Environmental risk from the development of PFA fill earthwork structures and an improved code of practice to mitigate potential impacts
Authors: Cross M. , Studds P. G.
Published: October 2010

Leaching tests have demonstrated that metals and other inorganic contaminants are released from pulverised fuel ash (PFA) under laboratory conditions. Consequently, it is necessary to review the potential risks posed by large earthwork structures constructed of PFA. In this study, the findings of the recently completed risk assessment for unbound PFA in the Waste Protocols Project are compared to the results of equivalent risk assessments carried out using leachate data for PFA samples collected from the Barlow PFA storage mound at Drax Power Station. Current recommendations for an environmental code of practice for the construction of earthworks using PFA are considered in relation to the results of the generic risk assessments. A tiered methodology for the impact assessment, investigation and risk assessment to be adopted for the placement of PFA fill in large construction projects or within above ground storage mounds is presented. This methodology is intended to provide a framework for earthwork design engineers to use in order to ensure that a thorough assessment is made of the possible effects of PFA bulk fill earthworks or above ground storage mounds on the environment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Market orientation and marketing in nonprofit organizations. Indications for fundraising from Victoria
Authors: Brady Erica , Brace‐Govan Jan , Brennan Linda , Conduit Jodie
Published: October 2010

The effectiveness of a market orientation has been established in other parts of the world. Using a modified replication study of 401 nonprofit organizations from Victoria, this research took some initial steps to assess fundraising and marketing activities. Studies in Australia have usually focused on only one part of the Third Sector. This study takes a different view and uses a criteria sampling method to survey all 11 sections named by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The self‐reported data of fundraising activities showed that there were several choices available to all nonprofit organizations that can lead to an improvement in organizational performance. Results suggest that should nonprofit organizations have knowledge generating systems that evaluate their performance, this will improve outcomes for them. Even though organizational size is strongly linked to fundraising performance, there are key drivers that can aid even small organizations in their efforts. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetics and mechanism of the pyridinolysis of N‐aryl‐P,P‐diphenyl phosphinic amides in dimethyl sulfoxide
Authors: Guha Arun Kanti , Kim Chan Kyung , Lee Hai Whang
Published: October 2010

Kinetic studies for the reactions of Z‐N‐aryl‐P,P‐diphenyl phosphinic amides with X‐pyridines have been carried out in dimethyl sulfoxide at 85.0 °C. The two strong π‐acceptor substituents, X = 4‐Ac and 4‐CN in the X‐pyridine, exhibit positive deviations from both the Hammett and Brönsted plots. The Hammett plots for substituent Z variations are anomalously biphasic concave upwards with a break point at Z = H, and the sign of ρZ changes from negative for electron‐donating to positive for electron‐withdrawing substituents Z in the leaving group. The negative sign of the cross‐interaction constants (ρXZ) for both electron‐donating (large magnitude of ρXZ = −1.54) and ‐withdrawing (ρXZ = −0.27) substituents Z indicates that the reaction proceeds through a concerted mechanism. These results are indicative of frontside and backside nucleophilic attacks at the P reaction center for electron‐donating and ‐withdrawing substituents Z, respectively. The poor leaving group mobility of NHPhZ yields the change of the nucleophilic attacking direction, resulting in biphasic concave upwards Hammett plots for substituent Z variations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and properties of novel phosphorus‐containing thermotropic liquid crystalline copoly(ester imide)s
Authors: Serbezeanu Diana , Vlad‐Bubulac Tachita , Hamciuc Corneliu , Aflori Magdalena
Published: October 2010

A series of novel phosphorus‐containing polyesterimides were prepared from diols—a mixture of a new aromatic phosphorus‐containing bisphenol, namely 1,4‐bis[N‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)phthalimidyl‐5‐carboxylate]‐2‐(6‐oxido‐6H‐dibenz<1,2>oxaphosphorin‐6‐yl)‐naphtalene, with aliphatic diols such as 1,3‐propanediol, 1,4‐butanediol, 1,5‐pentanediol, 1,6‐hexanediol, and 1,12‐dodecanediol—and an aromatic diacid chloride containing two preformed ester groups, namely terephthaloyl‐bis‐(4‐oxibenzoyl‐chloride), via high‐temperature polycondensation in o‐dichlorobenzene. The structures of monomers and polymers were verified by means of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The molar ratio of aromatic bisphenol to aliphatic diol was varied to generate a series of copolyesterimides with tailored physicochemical properties, structure–properties relationships being established. The effect of the phosphorus content on the thermal properties and the flame retardancy was evaluated by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), TGA–FTIR, and scanning electron microscopy. The polymers were stable up to 340 °C showing a 5% weight loss in the range of 340–395 °C and a 10% weight loss in the range of 370–415 °C. The char yields at 700 °C were in the range of 13.6–38% increasing with the content of phosphorus‐containing bisphenol. The effect of the aliphatic content on the liquid crystalline behavior was investigated by polarized light microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X‐ray diffraction. The transition temperatures from crystal to liquid crystalline melt were in the range of 209–308 °C. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Synthesis and characterization of fluorine‐containing PAA‐b‐PTPFCBPMA amphiphilic block copolymer
Authors: Li Yongjun , Zhang Sen , Liu Hao , Li Qingnuan , Li Wenxin , Huang Xiaoyu
Published: October 2010

A series of perfluorocyclobutyl (PFCB) aryl ether‐based amphiphilic diblock copolymers containing hydrophilic poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and fluorophilic poly(p‐(2‐(p‐tolyloxy)perfluorocyclobutoxy)phenyl methacrylate) segments were synthesized via successive atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). 2‐MBP‐initiated and CuBr/N,N,N′,N′,N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine‐catalyzed ATRP homopolymerization of the PFCB‐containing methacrylate monomer, p‐(2‐(p‐tolyloxy)perfluorocyclobutoxy)phenyl methacrylate, can be performed in a controlled mode as confirmed by the fact that the number‐average molecular weights (Mn) increased linearly with the conversions of the monomer while the polydispersity indices kept below 1.38. The block copolymers with narrow molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn ≤ 1.36) were synthesized by ATRP using Br‐end‐functionalized poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) (PtBA) as macroinitiator followed by the acidolysis of hydrophobic PtBA block into hydrophilic PAA segment. The critical micelle concentrations of the amphiphilic diblock copolymers in different surroundings were determined by fluorescence spectroscopy using N‐phenyl‐1‐naphthylamine as probe. The morphology and size of the micelles were investigated by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic laser light scattering, respectively. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of a typical hydrophobic monomer of styrene within microreactor of shell‐corona hollow microspheres suspending in water
Authors: Zhang Minchao , Zhang Wangqing
Published: October 2010

Reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of a typical hydrophobic monomer of styrene within microreactor of shell‐corona hollow microspheres of poly(styrene‐co‐methacrylic acid) suspending in water is studied. The shell‐corona hollow microspheres contain a hydrophilic corona of poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) and a cross‐linked polystyrene shell, which can suspend in water because of the hydrophilic corona of PMAA. The size of the shell‐corona hollow microspheres is about 289 nm and the extent of the microcavity of the hollow microsphere is 154 nm. These shell‐corona hollow microspheres can act as microreactor, within which the typical hydrophobic monomer of styrene, the RAFT agent of S‐benzyl dithiobenzoate and the initiator of 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile can be encapsulated and RAFT polymerization of styrene takes place in well controlled manner in water. It is found that the resultant polymer of polystyrene has a competitively low polydispersity index and its number‐average molecular weight linearly increases with monomer conversion. The method is believed to be a new strategy of RAFT polymerization of hydrophobic monomer in aqueous solution. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
New hydrogels from interpenetrated physical gels of agarose and chemical gels of polyacrylamide: Effect of relative concentration and crosslinking degree on the viscoelastic and thermal properties
Authors: Fernández Emiliano , Hernández Rebeca , Teresa Cuberes M. , Mijangos Carmen , López Daniel
Published: October 2010

In this article, we report on the viscoelastic and thermal properties of agarose–polyacrylamide (PAAm) interpenetrating polymer hydrogels (IPHs) and semi‐IPHs as a function of agarose concentration and PAAm crosslinking degree. The results demonstrated that the agarose is able to gel in the presence of crosslinked and linear IPHs. In addition, the reticulation of PAAm in the presence of agarose is confirmed for the case of IPHs giving rise to systems with dimensional stability at high temperatures. The formation of a fully IPH was ascertained at low agarose concentrations. A study of the morphology and nanoscale elasticity of the different systems has been carried out with atomic force microscopy/ultrasonic force microscopy (UFM). UFM data provide further evidence of interpenetration, allowing us to visualize—if present—phase‐separated domains with nanoscale resolution for the various crosslinking degrees and PAAm and agarose concentrations used during the formation of the IPHs. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2010
Hemoglobin depletion from plasma: Considerations for proteomic discovery in Sickle Cell disease and other hemolytic processes
Authors: Williams Lisa M. , Fu Zongming , Dulloor Pratima , Yen Timothy , Barron‐Casella Emily , Savage William , Van Eyk Jennifer E. , Casella James F. , Everett Allen
Published: October 2010

Purpose: Hemoglobin (Hb) depletion with nickel affinity chromatography has been shown to increase the number of proteins identified in proteomic studies of erythrocytes, but limited data exist on the application of this technique in depletion of Hb from plasma or serum required for clinical biomarker studies. The aim of this study was to explore the potential of using nickel‐beads for Hb depletion of plasma.

Experimental design: Nickel–nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni–NTA) affinity chromatography was used to deplete Hb from hemolyzed plasma samples obtained from children with sickle cell disease (SCD, n=7) and normal human plasma (n=4). Ni–NTA‐bound proteins were analyzed by one‐dimensional GE, followed by in‐gel digestion for characterization using an LTQ‐Orbitrap hybrid mass spectrometer. In addition, the loss of two non‐Hb‐related plasma proteins, thrombospondin1 and L‐selectin, by Ni–NTA was determined by ELISA (SCD n=6, non‐SCD controls n=2).

Results: Ni–NTA resulted in an average 60% decrease in plasma protein concentration, which was not hemolysis dependent. Specifically, Hb (7 peptides) and the top three proteins, α‐2‐macroglobulin (75 peptides), apolipoprotein B‐100 (73 peptides), and albumin (42 peptides) were Ni–NTA bound. In addition, using an ELISA assay two non‐Hb‐associated plasma proteins thrombospondin1 and L‐selectin were decreased by Ni‐NTA.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: Hb depletion with Ni–NTA is effective for Hb removal but is not specific. There is a potential for deleterious depletion of potential biomarkers that may limit the applicability of this method. Consideration of alternate methods of Hb depletion for clinical proteomics may be warranted.
An efficient scheme to handle bursty behavior in secure group communication using binomial key trees
Authors: Aparna R. , Amberker B. B.
Published: October 2010

Secure group communication (SGC) is one of the important research areas and numerous applications are relied upon SGC model. In some applications, such as pay‐per‐view, periodical electronic information distribution, etc., many users join and leave the group at the same moment known as bursty behavior. In this paper, we propose a scheme for handling bursty behavior. We use binomial key tree (BKT) for managing the secure group, which is quite efficient in handling rekeying strategies. We handle all the possible bursty behavior scenarios and analyze the communication and computation costs for the worst cases. We compare our scheme with the scheme proposed by Wong et al. and show that our scheme is efficient in terms of cost of encryptions and cost of key generation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tunable Vancomycin Releasing Surfaces for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Shukla Anita , Avadhany Sareena N. , Fang Jean C. , Hammond Paula T.
Published: October 2010

Local drug delivery methods allow for the opportunity to supply potent multispectrum antibiotics such as vancomycin hydrochloride to sites of infection, while avoiding systemic toxicity. In this work, layer‐by‐layer assembly of polymer multilayer films is applied to create vancomycin delivery coatings. By taking advantage of the versatile layer‐by‐layer spray and dip coating techniques, thin films were generated based on electrostatic and other secondary interactions discovered to exist between the film components. The importance of film interdiffusion during growth in promoting interactions between film components is found to be critical in the direct incorporation of the weakly charged vancomycin drug in these multilayer films. The resulting coatings are engineered with unprecedented drug densities ranging from 17–220 μg mm−3 (approximately 20 wt%) for films that are micron to submicron scale in thickness, delivering vancomycin over timescales of 4 h to 2.5 days. The released drug is highly effective in inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus growth in vitro. Taking advantage of the difference in release characteristics between dip and spray assembled films, a composite film architecture was engineered to have both a bolus vancomycin release followed by a period of linear sustained drug release. The control over drug densities and release profiles displayed in this work is necessary to address the requirements of varying medical conditions, including those where immediate infection elimination is needed or long term infection prevention is required.
Group scanning scheme for fast target channel decision in seamless handover of wireless networks
Authors: Choi Jae‐Kark , Yoo Sang‐Jo
Published: October 2010

In wireless networks, when a mobile roaming station decides to initiate a handover, it should scan multiple channels operated by neighboring base stations (BSs) (or access points (APs)) in order to find an appropriate target base station before the actual handover. In some wireless networks, the active base station is able to provide a list of channels operated by neighboring base stations. However, some of these candidate channels may not be accessible to the mobile station (MS); nonetheless, the MS scans the candidate channels consecutively. For this reason, it may take a relatively long time for the MS to select an adequate target base station channel. This process can degrade the quality of service (QoS) during handovers. To shorten the scanning latency efficiently, in this paper we propose a cooperative channel scanning method whereby groups of MSs scan candidate channels using a dispersive schedule. They then share the scanning results amongst themselves, which results in a fast handover channel decision. To apply the proposed method to a real network environment, we present a group scanning architecture and detailed application scenarios appropriate for IEEE 802.16e worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) networks. Numerical analyses and simulation results show that our proposed method achieves a shorter target channel scanning latency. Our method is thus more efficient in terms of scanning time and channel selection accuracy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nitrogen turnover and loss during storage of slurry and composting of solid manure under typical Vietnamese farming conditions
Authors: TRAN M. T. , VU T. K. V. , SOMMER S. G. , JENSEN L. S.
Published: October 2010

A high proportion of plant nutrients present in animal feed are excreted and therefore animal manure can be an important source of nitrogen (N) for crop production if losses of plant nutrients to the environment during storage and processing are minimized. The present study examines gaseous N losses from stored pig slurry and during composting of solid manure as affected by protein and fibre content in the feed and manure management. Two slurry storage treatments (with and without cover) and three additives to solid manure composting (straw only, straw+lime and straw+superphosphate) were examined for three common types of pig feed in Vietnam (low-protein high-fibre, medium-protein medium-fibre and high-protein low-fibre).

Feed type was found to affect the N content in pig slurry or manure and thus potential N losses. The fraction of N loss caused by N emission from covered slurry storage was 0·25–0·30 of initial N content, while that from uncovered slurry was 0·60–0·70. After 90 days of storage, 1·15–1·20 times the initial ammonium-N (NH4-N) was found in the covered slurry and 0·40–0·50 in the uncovered. The fraction of N lost during composting with superphosphate was 0·25–0·35 of initial total N, while with lime or straw the total N loss was 0·45–0·55. With added superphosphate, 1·25–1·60 times the initial NH4-N in manure was found in the compost after 80 days compared with only 0·11–0·22 for lime and 0·22–0·36 for straw only. Covering stored slurry and addition of superphosphate when composting solid pig manure are thus important methods for Vietnamese farmers to minimize N losses and produce compost with a high content of plant-available N.
Slug genesis in cylindrical pipe flow
Authors: DUGUET Y. , WILLIS A. P. , KERSWELL R. R.
Published: October 2010

Transition to uniform turbulence in cylindrical pipe flow occurs experimentally via the spatial expansion of isolated coherent structures called ‘slugs’, triggered by localized finite-amplitude disturbances. We study this process numerically by examining the preferred route in phase space through which a critical disturbance initiates a ‘slug’. This entails first identifying the relative attractor – ‘edge state’ – on the laminar–turbulent boundary in a long pipe and then studying the dynamics along its low-dimensional unstable manifold, leading to the turbulent state. Even though the fully turbulent state delocalizes at Re ≈ 2300, the edge state is found to be localized over the range Re = 2000–6000, and progressively reduces in both energy and spatial extent as Re is increased. A key process in the genesis of a slug is found to be vortex shedding via a Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism from wall-attached shear layers quickly formed at the edge state's upstream boundary. Whether these shedded vortices travel on average faster or slower downstream than the developing turbulence determines whether a puff or a slug (respectively) is formed. This observation suggests that slugs are out-of-equilibrium puffs which therefore do not co-exist with stable puffs.
Looking Like a Winner: Candidate Appearance and Electoral Success in New Democracies
Authors: Lawson Chappell , Lenz Gabriel S. , Baker Andy , Myers Michael
Published: October 2010

A flurry of recent studies indicates that candidates who simply look more capable or attractive are more likely to win elections. In this article, the authors investigate whether voters' snap judgments of appearance travel across cultures and whether they influence elections in new democracies. They show unlabeled, black-and-white pictures of Mexican and Brazilian candidates' faces to subjects living in America and India, asking them which candidates would be better elected officials. Despite cultural, ethnic, and racial differences, Americans and Indians agree about which candidates are superficially appealing (correlations ranging from .70 to .87). Moreover, these superficial judgments appear to have a profound influence on Mexican and Brazilian voters, as the American and Indian judgments predict actual election returns with surprising accuracy. These effects, the results also suggest, may depend on the rules of the electoral game, with institutions exacerbating or mitigating the effects of appearance.
The Q fever epidemic in The Netherlands: history, onset, response and reflection
Authors: ROEST H. I. J. , TILBURG J. J. H. C. , VAN DER HOEK W. , VELLEMA P. , VAN ZIJDERVELD F. G. , KLAASSEN C. H. W. , RAOULT D.
Published: October 2010

The 2007–2009 human Q fever epidemic in The Netherlands attracted attention due to its magnitude and duration. The current epidemic and the historical background of Q fever in The Netherlands are reviewed according to national and international publications. Seroprevalence studies suggest that Q fever was endemic in The Netherlands several decades before the disease was diagnosed in dairy goats and dairy sheep. This was in 2005 and the increase in humans started in 2007. Q fever abortions were registered on 30 dairy goat and dairy sheep farms between 2005 and 2009. A total of 3523 human cases were notified between 2007 and 2009. Proximity to aborting small ruminants and high numbers of susceptible humans are probably the main causes of the human Q fever outbreak in The Netherlands. In general good monitoring and surveillance systems are necessary to assess the real magnitude of Q fever.
Poverty, development, and environment
Authors: BARBIER EDWARD B.
Published: October 2010

This paper examines the complex relationship that exists between poverty and natural resource degradation in developing countries. The rural poor are often concentrated in fragile, or less favorable, environmental areas. Consequently, their livelihoods can be intimately dependent on natural resource use and ecosystem services. The relationship between poverty and natural resource degradation may depend on a complex range of choices and tradeoffs available to the poor, which in the absence of capital, labor, and land markets, is affected by their access to outside employment and any natural resource endowments. The paper develops a poverty–environment model to characterize some of these linkages, and concludes by discussing policy implications and avenues for further research.
Healthy food purchasing among African American youth: associations with child gender, adult caregiver characteristics and the home food environment
Authors: Surkan Pamela J , Coutinho Anastasia J , Christiansen Karina , Dennisuk Lauren A , Suratkar Sonali , Mead Erin , Sharma Sangita , Gittelsohn Joel
Published: October 2010

Objective

To examine how factors related to the home food environment and individual characteristics are associated with healthy food purchasing among low-income African American (AA) youth.

Subjects

A total of 206 AA youth (ninety-one boys and 115 girls), aged 10–14 years, and their primary adult caregivers.

Setting

Fourteen Baltimore recreation centres in low-income neighbourhoods.

Design

Cross-sectional study. We collected information about food purchasing, the home food environment, sociodemographic and psychosocial factors drawn from social cognitive theory. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the factors associated with the frequency and proportion of healthy food purchases in all youth and stratified by gender. Low-fat or low-sugar foods were defined as healthy.

Results

Youth purchased an average of 1·5 healthy foods (range = 0–15) in the week before the interview, comprising an average of 11·6 % (range = 0–80 %) of total food purchases. The most commonly purchased healthy foods included water and sunflower seeds/nuts. Healthier food-related behavioural intentions were associated with a higher frequency of healthy foods purchased (OR = 1·4,P< 0·05), which was stronger in girls (OR = 1·9,P< 0·01). Greater caregiver self-efficacy for healthy food purchasing/preparation was associated with increased frequency of healthy purchasing among girls (OR = 1·3,P< 0·05). Among girls, more frequent food preparation by a family member (OR = 6·6,P< 0·01) was associated with purchasing a higher proportion of healthy foods. No significant associations were observed for boys.

Conclusions

Interventions focused on AA girls should emphasize increasing food-related behavioural intentions. For girls, associations between caregiver self-efficacy and home food preparation suggest the importance of the caregiver in healthy food purchasing.
Modeling phytoplankton growth rates and chlorophyll to carbon ratios in California coastal and pelagic ecosystems
Authors: Li Qian P. , Franks Peter J. S. , Landry Michael R. , Goericke Ralf , Taylor Andrew G.
Published: October 2010

To understand and quantify plankton community dynamics in the ocean, high‐resolution models are needed to capture the temporal and spatial variations of physical, biological, and biogeochemical processes. However, ecosystem models often fail to agree with observations. This failure can be due to inadequacies in the data and/or inadequacies in the model formulation and parameterization. Here we parameterize and optimize a two‐phytoplankton functional type model of phytoplankton growth rate and chlorophyll/carbon (Chl:C) ratio using data from the Lagrangian field measurements conducted during process cruises of the Long‐Term Ecosystem Research–California Current Ecosystem (CCE) program. We parameterize the model based on a small coastal subset of the data and then extend and test it with the full data set, including data from offshore regions. The CCE process studies were focused on quantifying the size‐resolved planktonic growth, grazing, production, and export rates while following water parcels. The resulting data therefore provided strong constraints for the model we employed. The modeled growth rates and Chl:C ratios were in good agreement with observations. Our results indicate that the model can accurately predict Chl:C ratios, biomasses, and growth rates of dominant functional types using relatively easily measured environmental variables (temperature, nutrients, and bulk chlorophyll). The model also accurately reproduces the subsurface maxima of growth rates, the spatial separation of carbon and chlorophyll maxima, and many other observations in the California Current coastal and pelagic ecosystems.
Shredding of environmental signals by sediment transport
Authors: Jerolmack Douglas J. , Paola Chris
Published: October 2010

Landscapes respond to climate, tectonic motions and sea level, but this response is mediated by sediment transport. Understanding transmission of environmental signals is crucial for predicting landscape response to climate change, and interpreting paleo‐climate and tectonics from stratigraphy. Here we propose that sediment transport can act as a nonlinear filter that completely destroys (“shreds”) environmental signals. This results from ubiquitous thresholds in sediment transport systems; e.g., landsliding, bed load transport, and river avulsion. This “morphodynamic turbulence” is analogous to turbulence in fluid flows, where energy injected at one frequency is smeared across a range of scales. We show with a numerical model that external signals are shredded when their time and amplitude scales fall within the ranges of morphodynamic turbulence. As signal frequency increases, signal preservation becomes the exception rather than the rule, suggesting a critical re‐examination of purported sedimentary signals of external forcing.
Onset of magnetic reconnection in the presence of a normal magnetic field: Realistic ion to electron mass ratio
Authors: Pritchett P. L.
Published: October 2010

Two‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell simulations with a realistic ion to electron mass ratio are used to investigate the impact of an externally applied convection electric field on the stability of a moderately thick (1.6c/ωpi) current sheet configuration containing a nonzero Bz. The imposition of the electric field produces a thinning of the current sheet associated with the formation of an embedded electron current layer and a reduction in the normal magnetic field component. The time scale for these processes is found to be nearly independent of the electron mass. Once kxρen becomes of order unity (kx is the wave number for the maximally growing tearing mode, and ρen is the electron gyroradius in the normal field), fluctuations drive Bz southward over a subion‐inertia‐length scale region; further driving then leads to a conventional reconnection process featuring Bz pulses (dipolarization fronts) propagating away from the X line. Consistent with earlier results with heavier electrons, strong parallel electric fields and an electron current layer form on scales of about an ion inertia length in the outflow direction, while electron outflow jets extend over much larger distances downstream from the X line.
The Discovery of Piragliatin, a Glucokinase Activator
Authors: Sarabu Ramakanth , Tilley Jefferson W. , Grimsby Joseph
Published: October 2010

Glucokinase (GK) plays a key role in whole-body glucose homeostasis by catalyzing the phosphorylation of glucose in cells that express this enzyme, such as pancreatic β-cells and hepatocytes. Glucokinase activators (GKA) represent a novel class of antidiabetic agents that act by increasing the enzymatic activity of GK through its effects on augmenting its maximum velocity and glucose affinity. The discovery and action of the archetypical GKA, RO0281675, has been reported to reduce glucose levels in several rodent models of type 2 diabetes (T2D) mellitus by dual actions on insulin release and suppression of glucose production in the liver. This review describes the medicinal chemistry efforts undertaken to address the formation of an undesirable thiourea metabolite of RO0281675 and research that culminated in the discovery of piragliatin. Piragliatin was found to be devoid of pre-clinical safety concerns, displayed comparable in vivo efficacy in rodent models of type 2 diabetes (T2D) to RO0281675 and was advanced to phase II clinical trials. In a five and a half day multiple ascending dose trial in T2D patients, piragliatin showed rapid, dose-dependent reductions in 24-hour glucose levels resulting from decreases in both fasting and postprandial plasma glucose. In general, piragliatin was safe and well tolerated except for mild to moderate hypoglycemia at the highest doses. Based on the experience gained from piragliatin, Roche is continuing its development of GK activators with subsequent compounds.
Novel Androgen Receptor Antagonists for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer
Authors: Gavai Ashvinikumar V. , Foster William R. , Balog Aaron , Vite Gregory D.
Published: October 2010

The etiology and progression of prostate cancer is dependent on androgens and their signaling, which is mediated by the androgen receptor (AR). Standard treatment for prostate carcinoma involves androgen depletion with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists, or surgical orchiectomy, often in concert with an anti-androgen, such as bicalutamide. After a favorable initial response, the tumors often evolve to regain their ability to grow despite low levels of circulating androgens. Recent studies have implicated elevated AR expression as the molecular cause of drug resistance and highlighted a need for more potent AR pan-antagonists. At Bristol-Myers Squibb, a structure-based design approach using a [2.2.1]-oxabicyclo-imide scaffold led to discovery of BMS-641988, which has 10-fold increased AR antagonist potency compared with bicalutamide. Importantly, BMS-641988 exhibited robust anti-tumor activity in tumors that failed bicalutamide treatment. However, BMS-641988 exhibited only a 5-fold safety margin against QT prolongation observed in telemetrized dogs. Significant variability was observed across species in the ratio of parent BMS-641988 to BMS-949, an active metabolite that caused convulsions in animals at high doses. A second active metabolite, BMS-511, was the primary species at steady-state in humans, but it was not observed in any preclinical studies. Development of BMS-641988 was halted due to unfavorable clinical findings on safety and efficacy. Further structural modifications yielded BMS-779333, a novel AR pan-antagonist with significantly improved cardiovascular and metabolic profiles compared to BMS-641988. It exhibited broad spectrum efficacy in four tumor xenograft models dependent on wild-type and/or mutant AR, and generated a transcriptomic profile resembling castration. However, further development was stopped after BMS-779333 induced seizures in dogs. Several important lessons can be gleaned from this research experience, including: 1) the necessity of navigating through an unpredictable and diverse set of liabilities that may not be related to the biological target, e.g. convulsions and QT prolongation and 2) increased investigation of active metabolites, especially when lead compounds suffer from severe toxicity without premonitory signs, such as seizure.
Polymer Nanocomposites by Radiolytic Polymerization
Authors: Choi Seong-Ho , Kwen Hai-Doo
Published: October 2010

The γ-ray irradiation polymerization is beneficial technology that is environmentally friendly and energy efficient in the preparation of polymer nanocomposites. Two active species such as a free radical and a hydrated electron generated during γ-ray irradiation are used in preparing polymer-clay nanocomposites, polymer-metal nanocomposites, and polymer-carbon nanotube at room temperature and under ambient pressure. Various polymer-clay nanocomposites using γ-ray polymerization of the desired monomers can be prepared in a one step process. The prepared polymer-clay nanocomposites have the improved mechanical properties, enhanced thermal stability, and reducing gas permeability. Precious metals have been studied most extensively among polymer-metal nanocomposites and used as catalysts, in sensors, photochromic and electrochromic devices, and recording materials. Various functional groups can be introduced on the CNT surface by γ-ray irradiation polymerization as a one-step process. The polymer-CNT nanocomposites can be used as supports to immobilize biomolecules in the biosensor. This radiolytic preparation of polymer nanocomposites is expected to have actual applications in industrial fields because this method is very simple, has low cost, and can be produced at room temperature, with or without solvents.
Polymer–Clay Nanocomposites by Miniemulsion Polymerization
Authors: Mičušík Matej , Reyes Yuri , Paulis María , Leiza Jose Ramon
Published: October 2010

To prepare PCN by means of in-situ miniemulsion polymerization is not an easy task, since clay can interact with all components in the system (monomer, surfactant, hydrophobe) influencing thus the droplet size distribution after miniemulsification step as well as the polymerization loci. As a result the mechanisms of miniemulsion polymerization in the presence of the clay are not fully understood and stable latexes with reasonable solids content are difficult to achieve. The ideal case of miniemulsions stabilized by surfactants is, when the organoclay platelets are encapsulated inside the polymer particles. Despite that the clear evidence of fully encapsulated clay platelets inside the polymer particles was not achieved up to now, the idea of clay inside the droplets/particles not influencing the stability, providing high solids content with low surfactant loading (high amounts of surfactant might impart deleterious properties to the films cast from the latexes) and generally not bringing another complexity to already complex miniemulsion polymerization, is very attractive.
Supporting Literacy Development in Adolescents Through Written Language Intervention
Authors: Ward-Lonergan Jeannene M.
Published: October 2010

Speech-language pathologists play a critical role in supporting literacy development in adolescents with Language Impairments through both direct therapeutic intervention and collaboration with other related professionals in school settings. The purpose of this article is to present numerous curriculum-based, language intervention goals and specific techniques that are designed to facilitate the development of literacy skills in these students in the areas of morphology/syntax, semantics, pragmatics/discourse, and vocational language.
Characteristics of isometric and dynamic strength loss following eccentric exercise‐induced muscle damage
Authors: Byrne C. , Eston R. G. , Edwards R. H. T.
Published: October 2010

Angle‐specific isometric strength and angular velocity‐specific concentric strength of the knee extensors were studied in eight subjects (5 males and 3 females) following a bout of muscular damaging exercise. One hundred maximal voluntary eccentric contractions of the knee extensors were performed in the prone position through a range of motion from 40° to 140° (0°=full extension) at 1.57 rad  ·  s−1. Isometric peak torque was measured whilst seated at 10° and 80° knee flexion, corresponding to short and optimal muscle length, respectively. Isokinetic concentric peak torque was measured at 0.52 and 3.14 rad  ·  s−1. Plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity was also measured from a fingertip blood sample. These measures were taken before, immediately after and on days 1, 2, 4, and 7 following the eccentric exercise. The eccentric exercise protocol resulted in a greater relative loss of strength (P<0.05) at short muscle length (76.3±2.5% of pre‐exercise values) compared to optimal length (82.1±2.7%). There were no differences in the relative strength loss between isometric strength at optimal length and isokinetic concentric strength at 0.52 and 3.14 rad  ·  s−1. CK activity was significantly elevated above baseline at days 4 (P<0.01) and 7 (P<0.01). The greater relative strength loss at short muscle length appeared to persist throughout the seven‐day testing period and provides indirect evidence of a shift in the angle–torque relationship towards longer muscle lengths. The results lend partial support to the popping sarcomere hypothesis of muscle damage, but could also be explained by an impairment of activation at short muscle lengths.
Two dimensional density and its fluctuation measurements by using phase imaging method in GAMMA 10
Authors: Yoshikawa M. , Negishi S. , Shima Y. , Hojo H. , Mase A. , Kogi Y. , Imai T.
Published: October 2010

Two dimensional (2D) plasma image analysis is useful to study the improvement of plasma confinement in magnetically confined fusion plasmas. We have constructed a 2D interferometer system with phase imaging method for studying 2D plasma density distribution and its fluctuation measurement in the tandem mirror GAMMA 10. 2D profiles of electron density and its fluctuation have been successfully obtained by using this 2D phase imaging system. We show that 2D plasma density and fluctuation profiles clearly depends on the axial confining potential formation with application of plug electron cyclotron heating in GAMMA 10.
Soft x-ray continuum radiation transmitted through metallic filters: An analytical approach to fast electron temperature measurements
Authors: Delgado-Aparicio L. , Tritz K. , Kramer T. , Stutman D. , Finkenthal M. , Hill K. , Bitter M.
Published: October 2010

A new set of analytic formulas describes the transmission of soft x-ray continuum radiation through a metallic foil for its application to fast electron temperature measurements in fusion plasmas. This novel approach shows good agreement with numerical calculations over a wide range of plasma temperatures in contrast with the solutions obtained when using a transmission approximated by a single-Heaviside function [S. von Goeler et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 70, 599 (1999)]. The new analytic formulas can improve the interpretation of the experimental results and thus contribute in obtaining fast temperature measurements in between intermittent Thomson scattering data.
Down-scattered neutron imaging detector for areal density measurement of inertial confinement fusion
Authors: Arikawa Y. , Yamanoi K. , Nakazato T. , Estacio E. S. , Shimizu T. , Sarukura N. , Nakai M. , Hosoda H. , Norimatsu T. , Hironaka Y. , Azechi H. , Izumi N. , Murata T. , Fujino S. , Yoshida H. , Kamada K. , Usuki Y. , Suyama T. , Yoshikawa A. , Satoh N. , Kan H.
Published: October 2010

A custom developed L6i glass scintillator (APLF80+3Pr) for down-scattered neutron diagnostics in inertial confinement fusion experiments is presented. L6i provides an enhanced sensitivity for down-scattered neutrons in DD fusion and its experimentally observed 5–6 ns response time fulfills the requirement for down-scattered neutron detectors. A time-of-flight detector operating in the current mode using the APLF80+3Pr was designed and its feasibility observing down-scattered neutrons was demonstrated. Furthermore, a prototype design for a down-scattered neutron imaging detector was also demonstrated. This material promises viability as a future down-scattered neutron detector for the National Ignition Facility.
Development of two-channel prototype ITER vacuum ultraviolet spectrometer with back-illuminated charge-coupled device and microchannel plate detectors
Authors: Seon C. R. , Choi S. H. , Cheon M. S. , Pak S. , Lee H. G. , Biel W. , Barnsley R.
Published: October 2010

A vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) spectrometer of a five-channel spectral system is designed for ITER main plasma impurity measurement. To develop and verify the system design, a two-channel prototype system is fabricated with No. 3 (14.4–31.8 nm) and No. 4 (29.0–60.0 nm) among the five channels. The optical system consists of a collimating mirror to collect the light from source to slit, two holographic diffraction gratings with toroidal geometry, and two different electronic detectors. For the test of the prototype system, a hollow cathode lamp is used as a light source. To find the appropriate detector for ITER VUV system, two kinds of detectors of the back-illuminated charge-coupled device and the microchannel plate electron multiplier are tested, and their performance has been investigated.
Implementation of multifilter based twin-prototypes for core electron temperature measurements in the TJ-II stellarator
Authors: Baião D. , Medina F. , Ochando M. A. , Varandas C. , Molinero A. , Chércoles J.
Published: October 2010

The design and preliminary results from a prototype of a multifilter based electron temperature diagnostic for the TJ-II stellarator are presented. The diagnostic consists of four photodiodes with filters of different thicknesses to determine the electron temperature in a wide variety of plasma compositions, thanks to the set of six different signal-pairs ratios available. The impurity transport code IONEQ, the TJ-II soft x-ray tomography, and the VUV survey diagnostics give the necessary information to assess the proposed diagnostic reliability. In parallel, a vacuum-compatible multichannel electronic board has been designed for a future linear array to determine electron temperature profiles in high-density plasmas.
Simulated plasma facing component measurements for an in situ surface diagnostic on Alcator C-Mod
Authors: Hartwig Z. S. , Whyte D. G.
Published: October 2010

The ideal in situ plasma facing component (PFC) diagnostic for magnetic fusion devices would perform surface element and isotope composition measurements on a shot-to-shot (∼10 min) time scale with ∼1 μm depth and ∼1 cm spatial resolution over large areas of PFCs. To this end, the experimental adaptation of the customary laboratory surface diagnostic—nuclear scattering of MeV ions—to the Alcator C-Mod tokamak is being guided by ACRONYM, a Geant4 synthetic diagnostic. The diagnostic technique and ACRONYM are described, and synthetic measurements of film thickness for boron-coated PFCs are presented.
X-ray spectroscopy of Cu impurities on NSTX and comparison with Z-pinch plasmas
Authors: Safronova A. S. , Ouart N. D. , Lepson J. K. , Beiersdorfer P. , Stratton B. , Bitter M. , Kantsyrev V. L. , Cox P. G. , Shlyaptseva V. , Williamson K. M.
Published: October 2010

X-ray spectroscopy of mid-Z metal impurities is important in the study of tokamak plasmas and may reveal potential problems if their contribution to the radiated power becomes substantial. The analysis of the data from a high-resolution x-ray and extreme ultraviolet grating spectrometer, XEUS, installed on NSTX, was performed focused on a detailed study of x-ray spectra in the range 7–18 Å. These spectra include not only commonly seen iron spectra but also copper spectra not yet employed as an NSTX plasma impurity diagnostic. In particular, the L-shell Cu spectra were modeled and predictions were made for identifying contributions from various Cu ions in different spectral bands. Also, similar spectra, but from much denser Cu plasmas produced on the UNR Z-pinch facility and collected using the convex-crystal spectrometer, were analyzed and compared with NSTX results.