bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancing the representation of functional connectivity networks by fusing multi‐view information for autism spectrum disorder diagnosis
Authors: Huang Huifang , Liu Xingdan , Jin Yan , Lee Seong‐Whan , Wee Chong‐Yaw , Shen Dinggang
Published: October 2018

Functional connectivity network provides novel insights on how distributed brain regions are functionally integrated, and its deviations from healthy brain have recently been employed to identify biomarkers for neuropsychiatric disorders. However, most of brain network analysis methods utilized features extracted only from one functional connectivity network for brain disease detection and cannot provide a comprehensive representation on the subtle disruptions of brain functional organization induced by neuropsychiatric disorders. Inspired by the principles of multi‐view learning which utilizes information from multiple views to enhance object representation, we propose a novel multiple network based framework to enhance the representation of functional connectivity networks by fusing the common and complementary information conveyed in multiple networks. Specifically, four functional connectivity networks corresponding to the four adjacent values of regularization parameter are generated via a sparse regression model with group constraint (
l2,1‐norm), to enhance the common intrinsic topological structure and limit the error rate caused by different views. To obtain a set of more meaningful and discriminative features, we propose using a modified version of weighted clustering coefficients to quantify the subtle differences of each group‐sparse network at local level. We then linearly fuse the selected features from each individual network via a multi‐kernel support vector machine for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis. The proposed framework achieves an accuracy of 79.35%, outperforming all the compared single network methods for at least 7% improvement. Moreover, compared with other multiple network methods, our method also achieves the best performance, that is, with at least 11% improvement in accuracy.
Economic benefit of leptospirosis prevention in Kelantan, Malaysia: Willingness‐to‐contribute approach
Authors: Saizan Sarah , Sukeri Surianti , Zahiruddin Wan Mohd , Shafei Mohd Nazri , Rukman Awang Hamat , Malina Osman , Jamaluddin Tengku Zetty Maztura Tengku , Aziah Daud
Published: October 2018

Leptospirosis is an endemic disease in Malaysia. Despite the increasing incidence rate, knowledge on the economic assessment of preventing leptospirosis is still limited. This paper introduces the willingness‐to‐contribute (WTC) method for estimating the economic benefit of preventing leptospirosis. A cross‐sectional study using the WTC method was applied to measure how much time respondents in Kelantan were willing to contribute toward preventing leptospirosis. Study respondents were wet market traders aged 18 years old and above who were fluent in the Malay language. The average WTC value was multiplied by the population of Kelantan to derive the monetary value of preventing leptospirosis. Two hundred and fifty respondents participated in the study. The mean time contribution was 6.68 hours (SD9.01) per month. The average WTC corresponded to a monthly cost savings of US$4.94 per person. Approximately between US$106.7 million to US$315 million per annum can be saved through the prevention of leptospirosis in Kelantan. Preventing leptospirosis is beneficial to Kelantan and would bring major economic savings. The findings are intended to help policy makers in the planning and management of leptospirosis policies and interventions.
Using a personalized clinical decision support system for bromdihydrochlorphenylbenzodiazepine dosing in patients with anxiety disorders based on the pharmacogenomic markers
Authors: Zastrozhin Michael S. , Sorokin Aleksandr S. , Agibalova Tatyana V. , Grishina Elena A. , Antonenko Anastasiya Р. , Rozochkin Ilya N. , Duzhev Denis V. , Skryabin Valentine Y. , Galaktionova Tatyana E. , Barna Ilya V. , Orlova Anna V. , Aguzarov Albert D. , Savchenko Ludmila M. , Bryun Evgeny A. , Sychev Dmitry A.
Published: October 2018

Introduction

Although pharmacogenetic tests provide the information on a genotype and the predicted phenotype, these tests themselves do not provide the interpretation of data for a physician. There are currently approximately two dozen pharmacogenomic clinical decision support systems used in psychiatry. Implementation of clinical decision support systems capable of forming recommendations on drug and dose selection according to the results of pharmacogenetic testing is an urgent task. Fulfillment of this task may allow increasing the efficacy of therapy and decreasing the risk of undesirable side effects.

Materials and methods

The study included 51 male patients (21 in the main group and 30 in the control group) with alcohol withdrawal syndrome. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of therapy, several international psychometric scales and rating scales to measure side effects were used. Genotyping was performed using real‐time polymerase chain reaction with allele‐specific hybridization. Pharmacogenetic test results were interpreted using free software PGX2 (www.pgx2.com).

Results

Statistically significant differences between the scores derived from all psychometric scales were revealed. For instance, the total score on CIWA‐Ar scale by day 3 was 13.5 [11.2; 16.0] for the main group and 18.0 [17.0; 22.0] (p < 0.001) for the control group; by day 5, it was 6.5 [4.2; 8.0] for the main group and 15.0 [14.0; 16.0] (p < 0.001) for the control group. The UKU side effect rating scale (UKU) also revealed a statistically significant difference. The total score on UKU scale by day 3 was 6.0 [5.0; 7.0] for the main group and 7.0 [6.0; 8.0] (p < 0.001) for the control group; by day 5, this difference grew significantly: 5.5 [3.0; 9.0] for the main group and 14.0 [12.0; 19.0] (p < 0.001) for the control group. The groups were representative (there was no difference between the scores at the inclusion of patients).

Conclusion

Pharmacogenetic‐guided personalization of drug dose in patients with alcohol withdrawal syndrome can reduce the risk of undesirable side effects and pharmacoresistance. It allows recommending the use of pharmacogenomic clinical decision support systems for optimizing drug dosage.
Recent Advances of Novel Proteinoids and Proteinoid Nanoparticles and Their Applications in Biomedicine and Industrial Uses
Authors: Kolitz‐Domb Michal , Margel Shlomo
Published: October 2018

Proteinoids, thermal polymers composed of amino acids, discovered and studied by Fox, spontaneously self‐assemble in spherical structures, microspheres, which Fox presented as the protocells of life. Fox's findings opened up a scope of applicable easy‐to‐make protein‐like particles. In recent years, interest in proteinoids has increased among nanobiomedicine research workers. These structures are suitable for biomedical applications, due to their protein‐like nature, biocompatibility, non‐toxicity and safety. Several new proteinoids made of a specific selection of amino acids were introduced for biomedical and agricultural industries. Several proteinoids include specific additives polymerized within their backbone, providing special chracteristics for a specific application. These proteinoids, their corresponding nanoparticles and their diverse applications are presented here, primarily focusing on proteinoids for cancer diagnostics and therapy, cosmetic and anti‐fog proteinoids.
Dual‐Targeted Supramolecular Vesicles Based on the Complex of Galactose Capped Pillar[5]Arene and Triphenylphosphonium Derivative for Drug Delivery
Authors: Shang Kun , Wang Yang , Lu Yuchao , Pei Zhichao , Pei Yuxin
Published: October 2018

In this study, a dual targeted supramolecular glycol‐vesicle based on the host‐guest complexation of galactose capped pillar[5]arene (GALWP5) and triphenylphosphonium derivative (D‐TPP) have been constructed (GALWP5⊃D‐TPP), which showed dual target potential (cell and mitochondria targeting) resulting from its galactose units and TPP units, respectively. The dual targeted glycol‐vesicle displays ignorable cytotoxicity and good mitochondria targeting. Our work presents a good example of rational design for an effective cell and subcellular organelles dual targeted delivery system.
Physical layer authentication of Internet of Things wireless devices using convolutional neural networks and recurrence plots
Authors: Baldini Gianmarco , Giuliani Raimondo , Dimc Franc
Published: October 2018

This letter addresses the problem of Internet of Things (IoT) authentication when cryptographic means are not feasible or they have limited applicability due to constraints in the context or due to the limited computing capabilities of the IoT devices. This letter presents a novel approach for the authentication of IoT wireless devices using their Radio Frequency (RF) emissions where Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) in combination with Recurrence Plots (RP) are applied. In recent years various studies have demonstrated that wireless devices can be authenticated on the basis of their RF emissions because physical differences generate different features in the RF signal during communication. Recently Deep Learning (DP) techniques based on CNN and other algorithms have been applied to this authentication problem. In this letter we present a novel application of CNN based on the use of RP where the original time series derived from the digitized RF emissions is transformed into images on which CNN are applied. The proposed approach is applied to an experimental data set of RF emissions collected from 11 IoT devices of the same model. The results show that this technique can provide superior performance if compared to conventional machine learning algorithms based on the extraction of statistical features.
How the intracellular partitioning of tRNA and tRNA modification enzymes affects mitochondrial function
Authors: Paris Zdeněk , Alfonzo Juan D.
Published: October 2018

Organisms have evolved different strategies to seclude certain molecules to specific locations of the cell. This is most pronounced in eukaryotes with their extensive intracellular membrane systems. Intracellular compartmentalization is particularly critical in genome containing organelles, which because of their bacterial evolutionary ancestry still maintain protein‐synthesis machinery that resembles more their evolutionary origin than the extant eukaryotic cell they once joined as an endosymbiont. Despite this, it is clear that genome‐containing organelles such as the mitochondria are not in isolation and many molecules make it across the mitochondrial membranes from the cytoplasm. In this realm the import of tRNAs and the enzymes that modify them prove most consequential. In this review, we discuss two recent examples of how modifications typically found in cytoplasmic tRNAs affect mitochondrial translation in organisms that forcibly import all their tRNAs from the cytoplasm. In our view, the combination of tRNA import and the compartmentalization of modification enzymes must have played a critical role in the evolution of the organelle. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(12):1207–1213, 2018
Working Critically and Creatively With Fake News
Authors: Comber Barbara , Grant Helen
Published: October 2018

This department explores critical perspectives on issues at the intersection of policy and practice in order to generate fresh questions about enduring dilemmas, new challenges, and debates.
Quantitative subsurface spatial frequency‐domain fluorescence imaging for enhanced glioma resection
Authors: Sibai Mira , Wirth Dennis J. , Leblond Frederic , Roberts David W. , Paulsen Keith D. , Wilson Brian C.
Published: October 2018

The rate of complete resection of glioma has improved with the introduction of 5‐aminolevulinic acid‐induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence image guidance. Surgical outcomes are further enhanced when the fluorescence signal is decoupled from the intrinsic tissue optical absorption and scattering obtained from diffuse reflectance measurements, yielding the absolute PpIX concentration, [PpIX]. Spatial frequency domain imaging was used previously to measure [PpIX] in near‐surface tumors under blue fluorescence excitation. Here, we extend this to subsurface [PpIX] fluorescence under red‐light excitation. The decay rate of the modulation amplitude of the fluorescence signal was used to calculate the PpIX depth, which was then applied in a forward diffusion model to estimate [PpIX] at depth. For brain‐like optical properties in phantoms with PpIX fluorescent inclusions, the depth can be recovered up to depths of 9.5 mm ± 0.4 mm, with [PpIX] ranging from 5 to 15 μg/mL within an average deviation of 15% from the true [PpIX] value.
The influence of bone‐graft bio‐functionalization with plasma of argon on bacterial contamination
Authors: Genova Tullio , Pesce Paolo , Mussano Federico , Tanaka Kazushige , Canullo Luigi
Published: October 2018

Plasma of argon was demonstrated to improve protein and cell adhesion on bone grafts. On the other hand, increased surface energy and hydrophilicity could potentially amplify the risks of graft surface contamination in a clinical environment. The aim of the present study was to in vitro verify if the plasma of argon treatment could alter the graft characteristics affecting its ability to remain sterile. Six graft materials produced by different company were selected for this study, and randomly split by allocation either in the test (Plasma of argon treatment for 20′) or the control group (only removed from the plastic sterile vials). To replicate the surgical work flow, both test and control samples were left 2 min in the clinical environment simulated conditions. Samples were therefore transferred in a Biosafety level 2 culture room. Bacterial growth analysis was performed. Optical density at 600 nm was measured as readout of bacterial growth and, after 24 hours, colony forming unit (CFU) was evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed by using the ordinary one‐way ANOVA. The optical density confirmed no significant differences within groups and the number of CFU/ml for each measured sample (test and control) failed to present significant differences. Data from the present study highlighted that surface activation using plasma of argon did not affect the degree of contamination of the bone grafts, allowing to maintain a required sterility of the surface. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 67–70, 2019.
In vitro degradation of a unique porous PHBV scaffold manufactured using selective laser sintering
Authors: Diermann Sven H. , Lu Mingyuan , Edwards Grant , Dargusch Matthew , Huang Han
Published: October 2018

Biodegradable poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) scaffolds have shown great promise for bone tissue engineering applications. The investigation of their hydrolytic degradation is thus essential to understand the effect of hydrolysis on the complex biodegradation behavior of PHBV scaffolds. In this study, we investigated the degradation behavior of high molecular weight PHBV scaffolds manufactured using selective laser sintering (SLS) without using predesigned porous architectures. The manufactured scaffolds have high specific surface areas with great water‐uptake abilities. After an incubation of 6 weeks in phosphate‐buffered saline solution, the structural integrity of the scaffolds was unaffected. However, a significant decrease in molecular weight ranging from 39% to 46% was found. The measured weight loss was negligible, but their compressive modulus and strength both decreased, likely due to water plasticization. These findings suggest that hydrolytic degradation of PHBV by means of bulk degradation was the predominant mechanism, attributed to their excellent water absorptivity. Overall, the PHBV scaffolds manufactured using SLS exhibited adequate mechanical properties and satisfactory structural integrity after incubation. As a result, the scaffolds have great potential as candidates for bone repair in clinical practice. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 154–162, 2019.
The structure of (theta, pyramid, 1‐wheel, 3‐wheel)‐free graphs
Authors: Boncompagni Valerio , Radovanović Marko , Vušković Kristina
Published: October 2018

In this paper, we study the class of graphs defined by excluding the following structures as induced subgraphs: theta, pyramid, 1‐wheel, and 3‐wheel. We describe the structure of graphs in , and we give a polynomial‐time recognition algorithm for this class. We also prove that ‐free graphs in are 4‐colorable. We remark that includes the class of chordal graphs, as well as the class of line graphs of triangle‐free graphs.
Performance enhancement of ZnO‐based MSM photodiodes by optimizing structure parameters
Authors: Al‐Khalli Najeeb , Debbar Nacer
Published: October 2018

A two‐dimensional numerical simulation based on the drift‐diffusion model has been used to study the influence of the structural parameters on the ZnO‐based thin film metal‐semiconductor‐metal photodiode's (MSM‐PD) optical performance. A comparative study on photodiodes (PDs) with different structural parameters (active layer thickness, finger spacing, and width) at different illumination and biasing conditions has been conducted. The results of the simulation disclose the limit of using thicker active layer and wider finger spacing to achieve superior responsivity. In fact, the responsivity rapidly saturates, and a significant degradation in the response time befalls on the performance of the PD. The investigation suggests an optimum structure for the MSM‐PD with about 0.2 μm active layer thickness, 5 μm finger spacing, and minimum achievable contact finger width.
Identification of a novel member of the pH responsive pathway Pal/Rim in Ustilago maydis
Authors: Cervantes‐Montelongo Juan A. , Ruiz‐Herrera José
Published: October 2018

The most important signal transduction mechanism related to environmental pH responses in fungi is the Pal/Rim pathway. Our knowledge of this pathway came initially from studies on Ascomycota species where it is made by seven members divided into two complexes, one located at the plasma membrane, and other at the endosomal membrane. In Basidiomycota sepecies only the homologs of the endosomal membrane complex (genes PalA/Rim20, PalB/ Rim13, and PalC/ Rim23), plus the transcription factor PacC/Rim101 have been identified. In this study, we describe the identification in Ustilago maydis of a gene encoding a Rho‐like protein (tentatively named RHO4) as a novel member of this pathway. The RHO4 gene possibly plays, among other functions, a role in the second proteolytic cleavage that leads to the activation of the transcription factor PacC/Rim101. Mutants in this gene showed a pleiotropic phenotype, displaying similar characteristics to the Pal/Rim mutants, such as a lower growth rate at alkaline pH, high sensitivity to ionic and osmotic stresses, and impairment in protease secretion, but no alteration of the yeast‐to‐mycelium dimorphic transition induced by acid pH whereas it has a function in the dimorphic transition induced by fatty acids.
Early Marine Isotope Stage 3 human occupation of the Shandong Peninsula, coastal North China
Authors: Li Feng , Wang Jian , Zhou Xinying , Wang Xiaomin , Long Hao , Chen Yupeng , Olsen John W. , Chen Fuyou
Published: October 2018

Archeological studies of coastal sites have yielded a large body of information regarding the dispersal of modern humans from Africa and the coastal adaptations of various hominin groups. Coastal areas have been attractive to humans since at least the late Middle Pleistocene, according to research conducted in Africa and the circum‐Mediterranean region. However, little information concerning Paleolithic occupations has come to light in coastal areas of China. Here, we report on the chronology, archeology and paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the Pleistocene Dazhushan site on the east coast of the Shandong Peninsula in North China. Evidence indicates that prehistoric humans employing a flake technology occupied the current coastal area of the peninsula by at least early Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3; c. 57–29 ka) when the region was an inland area dominated by a mixed broadleaved forest and grassland environment occupied by terrestrial herbivores. Based on archeological evidence brought to light along the current Chinese coastline, correlated with sea level changes that have occurred since MIS 3, we suggest that future studies of coastal migrations and adaptations in eastern China will be considerably enhanced by a deeper understanding of the geomorphological evolution of those coastal regions.
A database of Raman spectra of precious gemstones and minerals used as cut gems obtained using portable sequentially shifted excitation Raman spectrometer
Authors: Culka Adam , Jehlička Jan
Published: October 2018

Raman spectra of 42 minerals, commonly and less frequently used as gemstones in gemmology s. s. or works of arts, have been recorded using a portable sequentially shifted excitation Raman spectrometer. Analyzed minerals include chrysoberyl, diamond, emerald, garnets, magnesiotaaffeite‐2N'2S (taaffeite), magnesiotaaffeite‐6N'3S (musgravite), ruby, topaz as well as other less precious minerals. Some minerals are represented by several different samples with various causes for fluorescence in order to ascertain the results of the fluorescence removal process on a larger set of natural mineralogical samples. This novel instrumentation is able to effectively suppress the laser‐induced fluorescence that is sometimes present in the Raman spectra of natural and often coloured samples of mostly silicate minerals, and at the same time allow the analyses of gemstones and works of arts in situ, which can be important in many cases.
Changes in the content of anthocyanins, flavonols, and antioxidant activity in Fragaria ananassa var. Camarosa fruits under traditional and organic fertilization
Authors: Ruiz Antonieta , Sanhueza Mario , Gómez Francisca , Tereucán Gonzalo , Valenzuela Tamara , García Susana , Cornejo Pablo , Hermosín‐Gutiérrez Isidro
Published: October 2018

Background

Strawberries are consumed worldwide. In Chile, strawberry production has been established in Andisols, were phosphorus is scarce. Traditional fertilization (TF) and organic fertilization (OF) have both been established there. This study examined their impact on the polyphenolic content of strawberries.

Results

Two anthocyanins were identified by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC‐DAD‐ESI‐MS/MS). The average total anthocyanin concentrations were found to be 651 mg kg−1 fresh weight in 100% OF, which represents a 56% increase compared to fruits that were not fertilized. In the case of flavonols, only quercetin‐rhamnoside was identified, and its concentration reached 14.6 mg kg−1 with 100% OF. The ascorbic acid concentration reached 0.54 g kg−1 in 50% TF (a 20% increase over fruits without fertilization, WF). The antioxidant activities slightly increased in the fruits subjected to TF and OF in comparison with WF treatment.

Conclusion

These results support a management strategy for obtaining the best quality and potential beneficial effects in health by increasing anthocyanins and other polyphenols under OF. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Advantage of liquid chromatography with high‐resolution mass spectrometry for the detection of the small and polar molecules trifluoroacetic acid and sulfamic acid
Authors: Seitz Wolfram , Schulz Wolfgang , Winzenbacher Rudi
Published: October 2018

This study addresses the selectivity of liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of the polar analytes trifluoroacetic acid and sulfamic acid in water samples. Such analytes often lack sufficient retention in standard reversed‐phase liquid chromatography and rarely produce mass spectrometry transition products of high diagnostic evidence by collision‐induced dissociation. The chromatography based on an extra‐dense bonding liquid chromatography column for trifluoroacetic acid and on hydrophilic interaction chromatography for sulfamic acid. This enabled sufficient retention of more than twice the void volume for both analytes. Liquid chromatography coupled to low‐resolution mass spectrometry was compared with high‐resolution mass spectrometry. The limits of quantification for direct injection analysis were determined to <0.05 μg/L for trifluoroacetic acid and <0.5 μg/L for sulfamic acid. Correction of matrix effects either by internal standards or the standard addition is strongly recommended as matrix effects may vary strongly. The concentrations determined for trifluoroacetic acid and sulfamic acid for real samples were comparable between low and high‐resolution mass spectrometry. However, low‐resolution mass spectrometry does not fulfill the identification criteria of the analytes following the European Commission council directive 96/23/EC or the SANTE/11945/2015. Since low‐resolution mass spectrometry for these analytes may result in false‐positive findings, such findings may be controlled by high‐resolution mass spectrometry.
Separation of five naphtho‐γ‐pyrones from Pleurotus ostreatus by high‐speed countercurrent chromatography
Authors: Cai Xu , Yu Hongzhu , Yu Yang , Li Qian , Chen Benke , Huang Yun , Zou Xianwei , Huang Bisheng , Tang Jintian
Published: October 2018

A method to optimize a high‐speed countercurrent chromatography solvent system from many possible solvent systems was guided by average polarity and K values of crude samples, which was successfully applied in separation of the naphtho‐γ‐pyrones. This method expanded the scope of spectrophotometer application in the solvent systems selection, and showed the merits of simplicity, rapidity, and low reagent consumption. As a consequence of utilizing the method, an efficient separation procedure was established, and two groups of naphtho‐γ‐pyrone isomers (fonsecinone B and asperpyrone F; asperpyrone C, fonsecinone A, and aurasperone A) were obtained from Pleurotus ostreatus by high‐speed countercurrent chromatography with a solvent system composed of petroleum ether/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (5:5:5:5, v/v). The results indicate that high‐speed countercurrent chromatography could be a powerful technology for separation isomers and analogues, and the method guided by average polarity and K values of crude samples is feasible to optimize solvent system.
Microwave‐assisted‐demulsification dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the determination of triazole fungicides in water by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry
Authors: Wang Peng , Zhao Yiping , Wang Xiajun , Yu Guo‐Wei , Wang Jian , Li Zu‐Guang , Lee Maw‐Rong
Published: October 2018

A novel microwave‐assisted‐demulsification dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction technique was established for determination of three triazole fungicides in environmental water samples by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Importantly, microwave irradiation has been applied in demulsification to achieve the phase separation and enrichment of triazole fungicides in water samples successfully with low‐density toluene as extractant. The experimental variables, including microwave power, microwave time, ultrasonic time, type and volume of extraction solvent, and effect of salting out were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the method showed good linearity for myclobutanil, tebuconazole, and difenoconazole in the range of 1–100 μg/L. The limits of detection and the limits of quantification were within the range of 0.14–0.27 and 0.47–0.90 μg/L, respectively. The suitable enrichment factors for three triazole pesticides were in the range of 425–636. The recoveries were between 89.3 and 108.7%, and the relative standard deviations were from 5.4 to 8.6%. Finally, environmental water samples were used to verify the applicability of the proposed method for analysis of triazole fungicides targets. It can be concluded that the developed microwave‐assisted‐demulsification dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction gas chromatography with mass spectrometry method was a rapid, efficient, reliable, and environmental friendly way for analysis of triazole fungicides in water.
Molecularly imprinted polymer solid‐phase extraction of synthetic cathinones from urine and whole blood samples
Authors: Murakami Takaya , Iwamuro Yoshiaki , Ishimaru Reiko , Chinaka Satoshi , Hasegawa Hiroshi
Published: October 2018

In forensic drug analysis, extractive pretreatment is required prior to instrumental analysis to ensure successful detection of the target compounds. However, conventional extraction methods such as hydrophilic polymer‐based solid‐phase extraction and liquid–liquid extraction are unsuitable for an emerging class of new psychoactive substances, namely, synthetic cathinones, because they exhibit a lack of class selectivity and increased risk of target analyte decomposition during extraction. To address these issues, we describe a highly class‐selective sample clean‐up method for the extraction of synthetic cathinones from urine and whole blood samples, exploiting a molecularly imprinted polymer solid‐phase extraction cartridge. In terms of the influence of the synthetic cathinone molecular structure on the extraction recovery, we showed that while longer alkyl side chains slightly reduced the extraction efficiency, substituent variation on the aromatic ring exerted no effect. Molecularly imprinted polymer solid‐phase extraction of 11 synthetic cathinones from urine samples yielded higher recoveries than the two conventional extraction methods, and smaller matrix effect was observed than that with hydrophilic polymer‐based solid‐phase extraction. Molecularly imprinted polymer solid‐phase extraction from whole blood samples gave recoveries comparable to those of urine samples. Therefore, the proposed method is applicable for the extraction and quantitative determination of synthetic cathinones in biological samples.
Isolation of high‐purity peptide Val‐Val‐Tyr‐Pro from Globin Peptide using MCI gel column combined with high‐speed counter‐current chromatography
Authors: Pei Dong , Xi Xing‐Jun , Huang Xin‐Yi , Quan Kai‐Jun , Wei Jan‐Teng , Wang Ning‐Li , Di Duo‐Long
Published: October 2018

Peptides have gained increased interest over the past several decades because of their therapeutics. In this research, a strategy combining MCI gel column chromatography and high‐speed countercurrent chromatography was developed for the separation of high‐purity peptide Val‐Val‐Tyr‐Pro from Globin Peptide. First, the fraction of Val‐Val‐Tyr‐Pro mixtures with a purity of 15.8% was obtained by using MCI gel column with a mixture of ethanol/water (20:80, v/v/v). Then, the high‐purity Val‐Val‐Tyr‐Pro was separated by high‐speed countercurrent chromatography with a aqueous two phase systems of ethanol/acetonitrile/iso‐propyl alcohol/(NH4)2SO4 Saturated solution/H2O (0.5:0.5:0.25:1.5:0.7,v/v). The ammonium sulfate from high‐speed countercurrent chromatography fractions was removed from target compound by MCI gel column chromatography using ethanol/water in stepwise elution mode. A 78 mg of Val‐Val‐Tyr‐Pro was successfully purified with the purities of 98.80% from 30 g crude Globin Peptide. The amino acid sequence of the Val‐Val‐Tyr‐Pro was determined by electrospray ionization high resolution tandem mass spectrometry. The method presents a practical strategy for the large‐scale separation of pure peptide Val‐Val‐Tyr‐Pro from Globin Peptide, and provides a reference method for obtaining high‐purity peptide from other polypeptide mixtures.
A study of some kinetic aspects of the CCl4 interaction with oxide ions in KCl‐SrCl2 melts with different content of SrCl2
Authors: Cherginets Victor L. , Rebrova Tatyana P. , Ponomarenko Tamara V. , Rebrov Alexander L. , Yurchenko Oleg I.
Published: October 2018

A comparative investigation of a complex process of the interaction between CCl4 vapor and oxide ions O2– (carbochlorination) in K2SrCl4 and KSr2Cl5 melts at 973 K was performed by the potentiometric method using Pt(O2)|ZrO2(Y2O3) membrane oxygen electrode as reversible to oxide ion. The analysis of the limiting stages of this process was made on the basis of van't Hoff diagrams. The entire process can be divided into three stages with corresponding limiting processes: the rate of CCl4 dissolution in the melts for stage 1, the chemical reaction in the melts for stage 2, and the rate of the contamination of the melts with oxygen‐containing admixtures for the stage 3. The rate constants of the carbochlorination process in both melts at 973 K were calculated using the data corresponding to stage 2 as (4.4 ± 0.25) × 105 kg mol−1 min−1 for K2SrCl4 and (1.83 ± 0.5) × 105 kg mol−1 min−1 for KSr2Cl5. The final concentration of oxide ions after the treatment is higher ( = (1.6 ± 0.7) × 10−7 mol kg−1 for KSr2Cl5 and  = (2.5 ± 1.3) × 10−8 mol kg−1 for K2SrCl4 melt, respectively). This corresponds to the difference in the oxoacidic properties of the studied melts.
Capturing the multiple benefits associated with nature‐based solutions: Lessons from a natural flood management project in the Cotswolds, UK
Authors: Short Chris , Clarke Lucy , Carnelli Fabio , Uttley Chris , Smith Brian
Published: October 2018

Following severe flooding in 2007, a decision was taken in 2012 to explore nature‐based solutions in 250‐km2 river catchment in the southern Cotswolds in the United Kingdom. The project involves working with landowners to create in channel, riparian, field, and woodland structures aimed at attenuating high flows or increasing infiltration rates to reduce flood risk. After 3 years, it is clear that the threshold for effectiveness requires the implementation of measures throughout large areas of the upstream catchment. Early results suggest that social, as well as natural, capital has been enhanced through the project. What is clear is the beneficial role of working with multiple stakeholders to implement natural flood management on a catchment wide scale. In this sense, the project has adopted a comanagement approach that brings together the knowledge of hydrologists, ecologists, farmers, woodland owners, and the local community to implement locally agreed solutions within a broader project framework. This paper will outline the initial findings and the governance structure within a theoretical framework of comanagement and suggest how this type of framework is suitable for a range of nature‐based solutions across Europe. However, the challenge remains in capturing the multiple benefits that such projects offer as these are often missed through conventional approaches such as cost–benefit analysis. The paper concludes by presented along with a potential way forward for a proof of concept for nature‐based solutions.
Readdressing the Middle Hepatic Vein in Right Lobe Liver Donation: Triangle of Safety
Authors: Goja Sanjay , Kumar Yadav Sanjay , Singh Soin Arvinder
Published: October 2018

For equipoising donor safety and optimal recipient outcomes, we adopted an algorithmic “triangle of safety” approach to retrieve 3 types of right lobe liver grafts (RLGs), namely, the modified extended right lobe graft (MERLG), the partial right lobe graft (PRLG), and the modified right lobe graft (MRLG). Reconstruction to achieve a single wide anterior sector outflow was ensured in all patients. We present donor and recipient outcomes based on our approach in 665 right lobe (RL) living donor liver transplantations (LDLTs) performed from January 2013 to August 2015. There were 347 patients who received a MERLG, 117 who received a PRLG, and 201 who received a MRLG. A right lobe graft (RLG) with a middle hepatic vein was retrieved only in 3 out of 18 donors with steatosis >10%. Cold ischemia time was significantly more and remnant volume was less in the MRLG group. Of the donors, 29.3% had complications (26% Clavien‐Dindo grade I, II) with no statistically significant difference among the groups. The Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease score was higher in the MERLG group. There were 34 out of 39 with a graft‐to‐recipient weight ratio (GRWR) of <0.7% who received a MERLG with inflow modulation. Out of 4 patients who developed small‐for‐size syndrome in this group, 2 died. The 90‐day patient survival rate was similar among different GRWRs and types of RLG. In conclusion, a selective and tailored approach for RL donor hepatectomy based on optimal functional volume and metabolic demands not only addresses the key issue of double equipoise in LDLT but also creates a safe path for extending the limits.
Bark resin of Schinus molle as an eco‐friendly inhibitor for API 5L X70 pipeline steel in HCl medium
Authors: Taoui Hicham , Bentrah Hamza , Chala Abdelouahad , Djellab Mounir
Published: October 2018

The inhibition effect of bark resin of Schinus molle (BRSM) on the corrosion of API 5L X70 pipeline steel in hydrochloric acid solution has been studied for the first time by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements; also, surface morphology has been analyzed by SEM‐EDX. The inhibitor (BRSM) has been characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results show that BRSM is a good inhibitor in hydrochloric acid solution. The maximum percentage inhibition efficiency is equal to 94% at 2 gL−1. The adsorption of BRSM on API 5L X70 pipeline steel surface obeys Langmuir adsorption isotherm, and involves physical adsorption. Polarization curves reveal that BRSM acts as a mixed‐type inhibitor in hydrochloride acid.
Advances in Polymeric Materials for Electromechanical Devices
Authors: White B. Tyler , Long Timothy E.
Published: October 2018

Electroactive polymers (EAP) provide lightweight and cost‐effective materials that enable the next generation of electromechanical devices. Commercial polymers have historically dominated research in EAP devices due to their availability. However, several drawbacks of these materials have limited their commercial applications, necessitating new materials for the commercial success of future EAP devices. This review highlights recent advances in novel EAPs for ionic polymer‐metal composites (IPMC) and dielectric elastomer actuators (DEA). Ion‐containing block copolymers and charged segmented condensation polymers demonstrate suitable electromechanical properties competitive with Nafion‐based IPMCs. In addition, swelling ionic polymer membranes with free ionic liquid enhances ionic conductivity and promotes electromechanical actuation. Synthetic approaches to increasing permittivity in dielectric elastomers are also explored as a method of producing more efficient DEAs. Incorporating polar functional groups into siloxane and acrylic elastomers through grafting or blending provides high‐dielectric elastomers for use in DEAs with low driving voltages.
Genetic relatedness of the Escherichia coli fecal population and strains causing urinary tract infection in the same host
Authors: Bahadori Maryam , Motamedifar Mohammad , Derakhshandeh Abdollah , Firouzi Roya , Motamedi Boroojeni Azar , Alinejad Mohsen , Naziri Zahra
Published: October 2018

It is common knowledge that fecal microbiota is a primary source of Escherichia coli causing urinary tract infections (UTIs) via the fecal‐perineal‐urethral route. But, it is still unknown whether E. coli UTI is mainly caused by dominant fecal E. coli isolates (prevalence hypothesis) or the isolates that possess more virulence factors (special pathogenicity hypothesis). In the present study, the urine E. coli isolates of 30 women with UTI were compared with the fecal E. coli isolates of the same patients and healthy control individuals according to the phylogenetic group, virulence genotype, and antibiotic susceptibility pattern. The genetic relatedness of the isolates was specified and compared by pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). PFGE analysis showed that most patients (73.3%) had distinct urine isolates which were not similar to any of their fecal isolates. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, most of the urine and fecal isolates of healthy women were assigned to phylogenetic group B2, followed by D. The distribution of phylogenetic groups was significantly different between the urine and the fecal isolates of patients (p < 0.05). The prevalence of fimH and ompT among urine isolates was significantly more than that among fecal isolates. The level of multidrug resistance was higher among urine isolates. Although more in‐depth researches are required, the present study could be supported by pathogenicity hypothesis. Furthermore, concerning the antibiotic resistance pattern among uropathogenic E. coli should be highly considered.
An update on adaptive deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Habets Jeroen G.V. , Heijmans Margot , Kuijf Mark L. , Janssen Marcus L.F. , Temel Yasin , Kubben Pieter L.
Published: October 2018

Advancing conventional open‐loop DBS as a therapy for PD is crucial for overcoming important issues such as the delicate balance between beneficial and adverse effects and limited battery longevity that are currently associated with treatment. Closed‐loop or adaptive DBS aims to overcome these limitations by real‐time adjustment of stimulation parameters based on continuous feedback input signals that are representative of the patient's clinical state. The focus of this update is to discuss the most recent developments regarding potential input signals and possible stimulation parameter modulation for adaptive DBS in PD. Potential input signals for adaptive DBS include basal ganglia local field potentials, cortical recordings (electrocorticography), wearable sensors, and eHealth and mHealth devices. Furthermore, adaptive DBS can be applied with different approaches of stimulation parameter modulation, the feasibility of which can be adapted depending on specific PD phenotypes. Implementation of technological developments like machine learning show potential in the design of such approaches; however, energy consumption deserves further attention. Furthermore, we discuss future considerations regarding the clinical implementation of adaptive DBS in PD. © 2018 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Increasing the Selectivity of the Stone Crab Menippe mercenaria Trap by the Addition of a Cull Ring
Authors: Gandy Ryan L. , Crowley Claire E. , Leone Erin H. , Crawford Charles R.
Published: October 2018

The fishery for stone crab Menippe mercenaria in Florida is dominated by plastic traps that do not require a cull ring or device that limits retention of prerecruits and bycatch. An experiment was conducted to determine what size of cull ring would reduce the catch of prerecruit stone crabs and bycatch while maintaining legal catch. Catch compositions of crabs from unmodified plastic commercial stone crab traps and traps fitted with a 54.0-, 55.6-, or 57.2-mm cull ring were compared in the stone crab fishery across Florida's west coast. Traps outfitted with cull rings retained bigger crabs, less bycatch, and fewer prerecruit stone crabs and, for most cull ring sizes tested, yielded the same number of legal-size claws. Retention of prerecruit crabs in traps with cull rings varied among regions because of the sexual dimorphism in carapace length (males, 58.2 mm; females, 64.6 mm) observed when an original crusher claw has reached legal size (>70 mm). We recommend that a minimum size cull ring of 55.6-mm (23∕16 in) be used in stone crab traps fished in state and federal waters off Florida.
Yo‐Yo Dieting is Better than None
Authors: Di Germanio Clara , Di Francesco Andrea , Bernier Michel , de Cabo Rafael
Published: October 2018

See accompanying article, pg. 1733.
Hierarchical optimal control of a binary distillation column
Authors: Ramezani Mohammad Hossein , Sadati Nasser
Published: October 2018

This paper presents a two‐level optimal control for the binary distillation column. From the control point of view, the binary distillation column is a high‐order system consisting of several interconnected subsystems (trays) that aim to maximize output purity. Controlling the system in a hierarchical manner not only decreases complexity and solution time but also can improve the control structure's reliability. In this study, the distillation column is decomposed into NT second‐order subsystems, each representing one stage (one tray). Accordingly, the cost function is decomposed, and thus, the overall problem is converted into NT lower‐order subproblems where each tray has its own controller. A two‐level interaction prediction approach provides optimal control for the overall system. The task of the first level is to solve the subproblems using the predicted values of the coordination parameters, whereas the second level acts as a coordinator to update the coordination parameters. Simulation results show the capability and efficacy of the proposed two‐level control method in finding the optimal solution with less complexity and lower solution time than those of the centralized method.
The association of parental and offspring educational attainment with systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and waist circumference in Latino adults
Authors: Cruz Whitley Jessica , Peralta Carmen A. , Haan Mary , Aiello Allison E. , Lee Anne , Ward Julia , Zeki Al Hazzouri Adina , Neuhaus John , Moyce Sally , López Lenny
Published: October 2018

Objective

The objective of the study is to evaluate the association of intergenerational educational attainment with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among US Latinos.

Methods

We used cross‐sectional data from the Niños Lifestyle and Diabetes Study, an offspring cohort of middle‐aged Mexican‐Americans whose parents participated in the Sacramento Latino Study on Aging. We collected educational attainment, demographic and health behaviours and measured systolic blood pressure (SBP), fasting glucose and waist circumference. We evaluated the association of parental, offspring and a combined parent–offspring education variable with each CVD risk factor using multivariable regression.

Results

Higher parental education was associated only with smaller offspring waist circumference. In contrast, higher offspring education was associated with lower SBP, fasting glucose and smaller waist circumference. Adjustment for parental health behaviours modestly attenuated these offspring associations, whereas adjustment for offspring health behaviours and income attenuated the associations of offspring education with offspring SBP and fasting glucose but not smaller waist circumference, even among offspring with low parental education.

Conclusions

Higher offspring education is associated with lower levels of CVD risk factors in adulthood, despite intergenerational exposure to low parental education.