bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Empreendedor inovando o bem simbólico na rede de negócios: Produção & consumo de software no porto digital
Authors: Gomes de Paiva Júnior Fernando , De Souza Martins Wemerson , Luís da Cunha Fernandes Osíris , Diego Farias da Silva Anderson , De Freitas Guedes Rainier Emanuel Freire
Published: December 2015

Neste estudo, objetiva-se compreender como ocorre o processo de inovação de um bem simbólico pelo empreendedor de software em meio a sua articulação na rede de negócios. Assim, o lócus de investigação deste trabalho é o Porto Digital, como polo de Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) e Economia Criativa da Região Metropolitana do Recife, estado de Pernambuco. Esse arranjo produtivo se destaca nacionalmente pelo desenvolvimento de produtos e serviços com alto valor simbólico. Foi desenvolvida uma análise de conteúdo de dados obtidos por pesquisa documental e entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com empreendedores de empresas de desenvolvimento de software, associadas à Associação para Promoção da Excelência do Software Brasileiro (SOFTEX). Identificou-se uma articulação que potencializa a dinâmica empreendedora nesse arranjo, evidenciando-se que o engajamento do empreendedor nas redes de negócio possibilita a emergência de processos inovadores.
Apoio ao processo de acompanhamento e avaliação das ações do Programa Nacional de Banda Larga – PNBL: uma análise multicriterial
Authors: Aires Renan Felinto de Farias , Salgado Camila Cristina Rodrigues , Araújo Afrânio Galdino de , Ferreira Luciano
Published: December 2015

Objetivou-se neste trabalho apoiar o processo de acompanhamento e avaliação das ações do Programa Nacional de Banda Larga – PNBL, por meio de uma análise multicriterial, tomando-se como base aspectos referente ao acesso e a cobertura da internet banda larga no Brasil. O método empregado foi o Electre II, juntamente com o da Entropia que auxiliou na definição dos níveis de importância dos critérios de avaliação. Para a realização do estudo de caso, foram coletados dados referentes à internet banda larga fixa, móvel e popular no Ministério das Comunicações, sendo posteriormente analisados. O resultado da pesquisa é apresentado por meio de um ranking dos estados brasileiros, bem como das suas implicações para o PNBL.
Análise da qualidade do ar interno sob a abordagem da manutenção preditiva e da inovação
Authors: Cavalcanti André Marques , Cavalcanti filho André Marques , Passos Fortes Gustavo , De Souza Neto Janaína Karla , De Sousa Pereira Leydiana
Published: December 2015

A qualidade do ar em interiores tem influência direta no bem-estar das pessoas que ocupam ou transitam nesses locais. A climatização surge da necessidade em oferecer condições de conforto para seus ocupantes, bem como dispor de sistemas que os protejam de impurezas contidas no ar. Em alguns ambientes com climatização artificial, os ocupantes podem desenvolver enfermidades, como: fadiga, infecções, irritação nos olhos e mucosas, náuseas, tonturas etc. Estes sintomas caracterizam, segundo a OMS, a “Síndrome do Edifício Doente”. Este artigo, por uma metodologia descritiva e exploratória, trata da avaliação da qualidade do ar interior, indicando a manutenção preditiva e seus aspectos de inovação como minimizadores dos agentes causadores de enfermidades que podem desenvolver-se nesses ambientes. Para tal, analisaram-se dez clientes de uma empresa especializada em climatização. Como resultado, encontraram-se inconformidades em alguns aspectos analisados, possibilitando a confecção de um plano de ação para adequação aos parâmetros legais.
Inovando a estratégia de gestão da qualidade pelo uso do Desdobramento da Função Qualidade combinado com SERVPERF em empresas de prestação de serviços
Authors: De Barros Jerônimo Taciana , Valente de Queiroz Bruna , Da Silva Carla Fernanda , Da Silva Nogueira Patrícia , Marques Cavalcanti André
Published: December 2015

A satisfação do consumidor é um importante critério para julgar a qualidade das empresas de prestação de serviços. Assim, é preciso inovar ao aplicar técnicas e ferramentas de aferição da qualidade, para desenvolvê-la conforme requisitos do serviço percebidos pelos clientes. Neste trabalho, propõe-se um modelo que combina Quality Function Deployment (QFD) e método SERVPERF. Pela extração dos requisitos do cliente, busca-se identificar o desempenho dos serviços prestados, discriminando quais as variáveis que promovem sua satisfação utilizando-se o modelo proposto. Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa do tipo survey, a partir da aplicação do SERVPERF em uma amostra aleatória de 150 hóspedes além do gestor do hotel em estudo. Após coletarem-se dados, identificaram-se problemas existentes e alternativas que podem melhorar a satisfação dos consumidores e o posicionamento competitivo do hotel a partir da análise técnica das variáveis em confronto com a percepção do cliente, justapostos com a aplicação do QFD. Com esta pesquisa, contribuiu-se para o aprofundamento do conhecimento para adequação dos serviços de acordo com o esperado pelos consumidores, buscando-se inovar na definição de estratégias de competição.
Fatores indutores de inovação em redes de negócio mediadas por empreendedores em empresas de software
Authors: Gomes de Paiva Júnior Fernando , De Souza Martins Wemerson , Da Cunha Fernandes Osíris Luís , De Souza Melo André , Da Silva Auristela Maria
Published: December 2015

Neste estudo, visa-se a compreender os fatores que levam ao processo de inovação no desenvolvimento de software. O lócus investigativo é o Arranjo Produtivo Local de Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação denominado Porto Digital, composto de empresas desenvolvedoras de programas localizadas na cidade do Recife, Pernambuco. O estudo é de caráter descritivo e de natureza qualitativa, cujos dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, analisados com o suporte da técnica de análise de conteúdo auxiliada pelo software Nvivo. A articulação dos empreendedores em rede de negócios propicia o desenvolvimento de produtos e processos inovadores, pois ocorre intercâmbio de informações e conhecimentos entre suas equipes. A cultura de inovação e as competências relacionais desses empreendedores são também responsáveis pelo Arranjo se diferenciar com desempenho competitivo. Os fatores internos às organizações constituem forças controláveis imprescindíveis à consolidação dessas empresas nas redes de negócios e ao desenvolvimento de inovações compartilhadas.
Optimization of a Semiconductor Manufacturing Process Using a Reentrant Model
Authors: Valente Sarah Abuhab , Cecone Eduardo Christiano , Alvim Luiz Alberto Paoliello , Cassiano Douglas Alves
Published: December 2015

The scope of this work is the simulation of a semiconductor manufacturing model in Arena® software and subsequent optimization and sensitivity analysis of this model. The process is considered extremely complex given the amount of steps, machinery, parameters, and highly reentrant characteristics, which makes it difficult to reach stability of production process. The production model used was the Intel Five-Machine Six-Step Mini-fab developed by Karl Kempf (1994). It was programmed in Arena® and optimized by OptQuest®, an add-on. We concluded that variation in the number of machines and operators reflects on cycle time only if there is an increase of one unit of resource more than obtained in the optimization. As a result, we highlighted the scenario where a reduction in cycle time stood out, in which one extra unit was added in the second machine group, representing a 7.41% reduction in cycle time.
Les Poèmes adressés de Limerick
Authors: Jouet Jacques
Published: December 2015

Le poème adressé du jour (PPUP, Projet poétique universel et planétaire) s'adresse potentiellement à sept milliards d'êtres humains, chacun devant, à terme, recevoir son poème par voie postale ou de la main à la main.
C'est une entreprise commencée le 29 mai 2013 et à laquelle se sont joints un certain nombre de complices. Ces poèmes ont été composés à l'université de Limerick, au moment du colloque de l'ADEFFI 'Systèmes', les 16 et 17 octobre
2015. Pour des raisons d'ubiquité impossible, les six derniers poèmes ont été faits un peu plus tard à la lecture du texte de la communication correspondante.
A temible complication of ischemic stroke: pulmonary embolism
Authors: Iurato Linda , Randisi Giovanna , Torrisi Josita , Grimaldi Roberto , Naso Grazia , Verniccio Sara , Occhipinti Clorinda , Vecchio Michele Maria
Published: December 2015

Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability and is the third highest cause of death in the western world. Medical illness after ischemic stroke contribute substantially to poor stroke outcomes. The early in-hospital complications of stroke patients are mainly: pneumonia (hospital acquired pulmonary infection), increased intracranial pressure (neuroimaging evidence of cerebral edema or brain shift syndrome with clinical deterioration), urinary tract infection, intracerebral bleeding, recurrent stroke, epileptic seizures, thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. All these complications influence the patient’s outcomes and require diagnostic and therapeutic measures.Pulmonary embolism is a major contributor to in-hospital death after stroke. Although the rate of clinically overt pulmonary embolism after stroke has been estimated to be less than 1%, pulmonary emboli account for up to 50% of early deaths after stroke. In daily practice, the clinical burden of pulmonary embolism in patient with stroke is, however, underestimated since the clinical symptoms of stroke may obscure the recognition of this complication. The aim of this article is to describe the clinical and therapeutic aspects of pulmonary embolism as complication after stroke.
[Tenofovir and entecavir for chronic hepatitis B infection treatment: a single-center experience]
Authors: Tarsetti Fabio , Tarantino Giuseppe , Mosca Piergiorgio , Scarpellini Emidio , Fava Giammarco
Published: December 2015

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The current treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection (CHBV) has achieved several step-ups thanks to the introduction of the new-generation nucleos(t)ide analogs. Entecavir and tenofovir have shown a high genetic resistance barrier and a low rate of side effects. In literature, there are a few studies comparing entecavir and tenofovir in the treatment of CHBV. Thus, we describe the results of our experience in managing CHBV patients with tenofovir vs. entecavir.MATERIALS AND METHODS: We have retrospectively evaluated, from 2007 to date, 20 CHBV patients treated with entecavir and tenofovir. All the patients underwent basal and periodical clinical follow-up, blood tests, virological tests, Fibroscan® test or liver biopsy and also upper abdominal ultrasound examination. Study endpoints were: viral replication inhibition, viral antigens seroconversion and transaminases normalization. Drug-associated side effects were also registered.RESULTS: After 12 weeks of therapy, entecavir and tenofovir lead to HBV-DNA negativization in 44% and 62% of patients, respectively. A case of viral seroconversion for HBeAg and HBsAg was evident in entecavir group, while no cases were registered in tenofovir group. After 12 weeks, 11% of entecavir treated patients and 37% of tenofovir treated patients showed normalization of transaminases.DISCUSSION: Tenofovir seems to exert a better viral replication inhibition (though not statistically significant) and to show transaminases improvement in comparison with entecavir, which, in turn, results more effective in HBeAg/HBsAg seroconversion. Both drugs have a high safety profile in terms of side effects.[Article in Italian]
Ontario’s Family Health Teams
Authors: Ashcroft Rachelle
Published: December 2015

This article provides an overview of political decisions that led up to the implementation of the Ontario Family Health Team (FHT) model. FHTs have broadened primary health care in Ontario by bringing together family physicians with various interdisciplinary professionals. Political decisions have long influenced the shape and need for the FHT model. Knowledge of historically imbedded elements in the FHT model helps to strengthen current and future policy and decision-making. This article is informed by qualitative data collected from interviews with seven policy informants and 29 FHT leaders.
Leadership Support of Supervision in Social Work Practice
Authors: Vito Rosemary
Published: December 2015

This article discusses research findings that highlight the importance of leadership support of supervision for social workers in human service organizations. While supervision is considered a cornerstone of social work practice, whether and how such supervision is supported by human service leaders is not adequately analyzed. Using qualitative research data from interviews with supervisors and managers in southern Ontario, this article presents the vital role social work leaders play in supporting supervision by modelling values, and creating a safe organizational culture. The challenges of providing this support are also discussed in the current context of new public management. The article concludes with a series of recommendations, including: prioritizing supervision to promote organizational learning, organizational restructuring to reduce power differentials, modelling social work values to create a safe learning culture, and supporting supervisory and leadership training for social workers. Findings may be of interest to social workers who are leading, supervising, teaching or practicing in human service organizations.
Symptom Co-occurrences Associated with Smoking in Individuals with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Newland Pamela , Flick Louise , Xian Hong , Thomas Florian P.
Published: December 2015

Background: The impact of tobacco on the multiple sclerosis (MS) disease process and symptoms is complex and not clearly understood. Tobacco may be used to self-treat some symptoms but also seems to intensify others. Studies to date have not characterized co-occurring symptoms (symptom patterns) and their association with tobacco use.

Methods: This study describes tobacco use in patients with relapsing-remitting MS and associated symptoms and symptom co-occurrences. In this cross-sectional study, 101 participants with an average age of 43 years completed a survey adapted from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and the revised MS-Related Symptom Checklist. Data reduction was performed using factor analysis on the 43 items of the checklist, and linear regression was used to detect associations between symptom clusters (factors) and smoking.

Results: Using the factor analysis result, the linear regression analysis found that tobacco use is positively associated with co-occurring symptoms and symptoms of factor 1: Mental/Emotional (anxiety, loneliness, depression, and difficulty sleeping) and factor 4: Neuro/Autonomic (urinary).

Conclusions: Smoking is associated with patterns of symptoms. The study of MS and tobacco use over time will allow determination of the temporal pattern of tobacco use and MS symptoms.
Evaluation of predictions of the stochastic model of organelle production based on exact distributions
Authors: Craven C Jeremy
Published: December 2015

We present a reanalysis of the stochastic model of organelle production and show that the equilibrium distributions for the organelle numbers predicted by this model can be readily calculated in three different scenarios. These three distributions can be identified as standard distributions, and the corresponding exact formulae for their mean and variance can therefore be used in further analysis. This removes the need to rely on stochastic simulations or approximate formulae (derived using the fluctuation dissipation theorem). These calculations allow for further analysis of the predictions of the model. On the basis of this we question the extent to which the model can be used to conclude that peroxisome biogenesis is dominated by de novo production when Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells are grown on glucose medium.
Global occurrence rate of elves and ionospheric heating due to cloud‐to‐ground lightning
Authors: Blaes P. R. , Marshall R. A. , Inan U. S.
Published: December 2015

We present ground‐based observations of elves made using an optical free‐running photometer along with VLF/LF observations of the lightning electromagnetic pulse (EMP) magnetic field. We use these experimental observations to investigate the properties of the lightning return stroke that control the production of optical elve emissions. Two summers of data containing observations of over 600 elves along with the LF magnetic field of the associated lightning are analyzed. By training a classifier on features of the EMP ground wave, we find that we are able to accurately predict whether or not a stroke produced an elve. We find that the peak current of the causative discharge predicts elve production with 90% accuracy. Further, we find that the production probability of elves as a function of peak current fits a linear regression, with a 50% elve probability for peak currents of 88 kA. We use this finding along with global data from the GLD360 lightning geolocation network to extrapolate the global elve production rate; we show that ∼0.8% of all cloud‐to‐ground lightning discharges produce elves. Finally, using GLD360 data and a numerical model of the lightning EMP, we estimate the total amount of ionospheric heating due to lightning, amounting to approximately 2 MW of continuous power dissipated globally in the lower ionosphere.
Observation of 2.45 MeV neutrons correlated with natural atmospheric lightning discharges by Lead‐Free Gulmarg Neutron Monitor
Authors: Ishtiaq P. M. , Mufti S. , Darzi M. A. , Mir T. A. , Shah G. N.
Published: December 2015

The first experimental evidence of detecting the neutrons correlated with the natural atmospheric lightning discharges (NALD) was obtained with Lead‐Free Gulmarg Neutron Monitor (LFGNM) operating at High Altitude Research Laboratory, Gulmarg, Kashmir, India, and was reported in the year 1985. The neutron observations still continue with LFGNM. However, the current configuration of LFGNM is the upgraded version of the system used earlier to record neutron bursts (in the recording period of 320 μs in four successive electronic gates of 80 μs each) supposedly originating from an NALD. In the current system the neutron recording time period/interval has been extended to 1260 μs with 63 successive gates of 20 μs each. The system also simultaneously records the differential times—maximum up to 14—between the consecutive strokes of a multistroke lightning flash. The distance between an NALD channel and LFGNM setup is determined empirically by making use of the time delay (td)/time of flight (TOF) measurement of the first detected neutron subsequent to the sensing of the electrostatic field variation caused by the initiation of an NALD in the ambient atmosphere of the LFGNM setup. Assuming a priori incident energy as 2.45 MeV of the detected neutrons supposedly generated due to the fusion of deuterium ions in the lightning discharge channel leads to quantifying the neutron emission flux if the NALD channel distance with respect to the LFGNM setup is established. In this paper we discuss the experiment and the time profiles of several of a large number of the major neutron burst events recorded with LFGNM in association with NALDs. Moreover, a rare and an extraordinary neutron burst event, in terms of its associated “td/TOF” of first detected neutron after triggering, recorded by this system is specifically discussed. In this event, the recorded TOF of 14 μs of the escaping neutron detected by the system immediately after getting triggered by the NALD that struck a nearby tree found located just around 300 m (physically measured) away from the detector position indicates the energy of the detected neutron ϵn ≈2.45 MeV. In the light of this only event, we, therefore, cautiously suggest deuteron‐deuteron fusion reaction, 2H(2H,n)3He, as one of the possible mechanisms of the neutron generation correlated with an NALD. Nonetheless, the observations so far have reconfirmed production of neutrons in an NALD.
Black carbon simulations using a size‐ and mixing‐state‐resolved three‐dimensional model: 2. Aging timescale and its impact over East Asia
Authors: Matsui H.
Published: December 2015

This study evaluates the aging timescale and the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of black carbon (BC) over East Asia and its outflow region using a size‐ and mixing‐state‐resolved three‐dimensional model, the Weather Research and Forecasting model with chemistry (WRF‐chem) with the Aerosol Two‐dimensional bin module for foRmation and Aging Simulation (ATRAS) and the Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry (MOSAIC). The WRF‐chem/ATRAS‐MOSAIC model explicitly calculates BC aging (condensation and coagulation) and removal processes, with 12 size and 10 BC mixing state bins (128 bins in total). The model reveals large spatial and temporal variability of the BC aging timescale and the CCN activity of BC‐containing particles over East Asia (spring 2009) with their strong size and supersaturation dependence. The BC aging timescale differs from 0.19 to 3.1 days (period and domain average at an altitude of 1 km), depending on the choice of size (mass or number) and supersaturation (1.0% or 0.1%). As a result, almost 100% of BC‐containing particles are CCN‐active at a supersaturation of 1.0%, whereas 20–50% of BC‐containing particles are CCN‐inactive at a supersaturation of 0.1%, with a strong size dependence. These results show the importance of resolving BC aging processes and their dependence on size and supersaturation in models for more accurate simulations of BC concentrations and their distribution and lifetime. A sensitivity simulation without resolving BC mixing state shows the underestimation of total BC mass concentrations by 5–10% and the BC mass concentrations in the CCN‐inactive particles (at a supersaturation of 0.1%) by 40–60% over the outflow region (at 150°E), compared with the simulation resolving BC mixing state. Because BC aging speed is very slow at 150°E and eastward, the change in BC mass and its CCN activity by resolving BC mixing state will continue over long distances and may have a large impact on BC transport from East Asia to remote regions such as North America and the Arctic.
A targeted DNA substrate mechanism for the inhibition of HIV‐1 integrase by inhibitors with antiretroviral activity
Authors: Ammar Farah F. , Hobaika Zeina , Abdel‐Azeim Safwat , Zargarian Loussinée , Maroun Richard G. , Fermandjian Serge
Published: December 2015

We recently reported that viral DNA could be the primary target of raltegravir (RAL), an efficient anti‐HIV‐1 drug, which acts by inhibiting integrase. To elucidate this mechanism, we conducted a comparative analysis of RAL and TB11, a diketoacid abandoned as an anti‐HIV‐1 drug for its weak efficiency and marked toxicity, and tested the effects of the catalytic cofactor Mg2+ (5 mm) on drug‐binding properties. We used circular dichroism and fluorescence to determine drug affinities for viral DNA long terminal repeats (LTRs) and peptides derived from the integrase active site and DNA retardation assays to assess drug intercalation into DNA base pairs. We found that RAL bound more tightly to LTR ends than did TB11 (a diketo acid bearing an azido group) and that Mg2+ significantly increased the affinity of both RAL and TB11. We also observed a good relationship between drug binding with processed LTR and strand transfer inhibition. This unusual type of inhibition was caused by Mg2+‐assisted binding of drugs to DNA substrate, rather than to enzyme. Notably, while RAL bound exclusively to the cleavable/cleaved site, TB11 further intercalated into DNA base pairs and interacted with the integrase‐derived peptides. These unwanted binding sites explain the weaker bioavailability and higher toxicity of TB11 compared with the more effective RAL.
A
ccademia
d
ei
L
incei
Authors: Clericuzio Antonio
Published: December 2015

The Accademia dei Lincei was the first European academy devoted to the natural sciences. It was founded in Rome in 1603 by four young men: Federico Cesi, Johannes Heckius, Francesco Stelluti and Anastasio de Filiis. The Lincei adopted the emblem of the Lynx, an animal remarkable for the quickness of its sight. The Academy met at Cesi family Palazzo, opposed traditional learning and promoted a new way of investigating nature, by means of observation and experiments. The Lynceans pursued research in chemistry, natural history and physics. They were attracted by antiquarian studies too. The Academy established a network of correspondence with naturalists and savants from all Europe. Galilei joined the Academy in 1611 and was supported by Cesi and his colleagues in his endeavour to promote the heliocentric cosmology. Cesi was mainly interested in natural philosophy, gave noticeable contributions to botany and paid special attention to the investigation of fungi. Entomology played a relevant part in the research carried out by the Lincei who published two broadsheets devoted to the bees. They were also meant to revere the Barberini family, whose emblem was a trigon of bees. Academicians sought the Barberini's support, and, after Maffeo Barberini became Urban VIII, Cesi and his colleagues became part of the Barberini system of patronage. Galilei unsuccessfully tried to gain the Pope's support for his effort to have Copernicanism accepted by the Church. The Academy actually closed in 1630 when Federico Cesi died. In 1874 the Accademia dei Lincei was restored as Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. In 1939 the Fascist regime ordered the fusion of the Accademia dei Lincei with the Accademia d'Italia, which was under Benito Mussolini's control. In 1944 the Accademia d'Italia was suppressed and the Accademia dei Lincei was reestablished and was housed in the Renaissance Villa Farnesina in Rome.

Key Concepts

The Accademia dei Lincei contributed to the reorientation of science from individual work to a collaborative enterprise.

Scientific illustration and visual communication were two cornerstones of the Lynceans projects.

The Lynceans adopted Paracelsian medicine and paved the way to the diffusion of chemical medicine in Italy.

Cesi and Galilei embodied two different views of nature, i.e. vitalism and mechanism.
Bitemarks: Their Use in the Contemporary Justice System
Authors: Pretty Iain Alastair
Published: December 2015

Bitemark evidence has been used in criminal matters since the mid 1960s. However, since the introduction of the science, there has never been a strong evidence base for the principles and practices of positively identifying an individual from a bitemark. The 2009 National Academy of Sciences report into forensic science highlighted bitemark analysis as an area of practice without the necessary evidence base, including error rates, validity, and reliability testing. Since that time, the published research has cast further doubt on the science and has been accompanied by numerous cases of wrongful convictions where bitemark analysis has been shown to be at fault. This article describes how bitemark evidence must be limited if it is to have any continued place within the criminal justice system.
Memory: Reconstructive
Authors: Cochran Kevin J. , Bogart Daniel F. , Peterson Tiamoyo , Loftus Elizabeth F.
Published: December 2015

Rather than working like a recording device, memory is an active, creative, and reconstructive process prone to a number of errors and biases. Memories can be influenced by these biases when they are initially encoded, when they are recalled, or during the intervening retention interval. A number of experimental paradigms and theoretical frameworks have been developed to study the reconstructive memory process, including the misinformation paradigm, the rich false memory paradigm, and the source monitoring framework. The reconstructive nature of memories and the potential for the introduction of errors into memory have important implications for autobiographical memories and eyewitness testimony.
Firesetting
Authors: Beaman Jason
Published: December 2015

Firesetting is an activity that is unique in its relation with behavior. When an individual is engaged in firesetting behavior, it is important for the investigator and clinician to understand the clinical signifigance. Firesetting in the context of arson is linked to both psychological and non psychological motives (seePsychodynamics of Arson). The purpose of this article is to address the actual behavior to provide insight into possible mental health symptoms that may help others place this behavior in context of being either normal or abnormal.
SolutionNMRof the Light Main Group Metals
Authors: Hanusa Timothy P.
Published: December 2015

Metal‐centered NMR spectroscopy in solution has long been an important complement to the nonmetal nuclei (e.g.,1H,13C, and31P) routinely used in the NMR characterization of organic, organometallic, and coordination compounds. The chemical shifts of metal nuclei can be sensitive to small changes in molecular geometry and coordination number, revealing subtle differences in the solution composition of complexes, and can be used to study interchange mechanisms. This article is intended as an overview of the characteristics of the NMR‐active nuclei of the seven lightest metals as measured in solution, and as studied with computational methods. All of these elements (Li, Be, Na, Mg, Al, K, and Ca) possess one or more isotopes with nuclear spins that are potentially observable with solution NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) techniques. They all possess quadrupole moments, and their resonances are often broad in asymmetric environments. Apart from those characteristics, they constitute a varied group, with their relative receptivity (a measure of their ease of observation) varying by a factor of over 400 000 to 1. Issues of detection and characteristic chemical shift ranges are discussed, with the aim of assisting the experimentalist in deciding whether metal‐based NMR will be useful in characterizing a system of concern and what information is likely to be obtained. An emphasis is placed on spectra obtained in nonaqueous solutions; in such media, ion‐pairing effects are the greatest, and it is where the species with the largest chemical shifts are typically found. Reviews on individual nuclei are cited where available.
Reimagining theGrignard Reaction
Authors: Krieck Sven , Westerhausen Matthias
Published: December 2015

Grignard reagents count as the most widely used reagents in organic and organometallic chemistry. These reagents are easily available and exhibit a broad reactivity spectrum depending on the nature of the organic groups (bulkiness, electronic properties, nucleophilicity, and denticity owing to peripheral functionalities), solvent, temperature, and additives such as other organometallic components. In recent years, this Grignard‐type chemistry has moved in diverse directions to solve various synthetic challenges. For classic Grignard reactions, the spectrum of applicable solvents has been extended to ionic liquids and even aqueous media. The reactivity of Grignard‐type reagents can be altered by adding more electropositive alkali metal salts, leading to heterobimetallic alkaline earth metallates, or by formation of alkaline earth metal metalates with more electronegative p‐block or transition metals. Species with magnesium‐metal bonds (the so‐called inorganic Grignard reagents) exhibit enormous reactivity as reducing reagents.

An attractive alternative to magnesium‐based Grignards is offered by the heavier homologous organoalkaline earth metal derivatives that represent very reactive organometallics. Within the heavier homologous Grignard reagents, the calcium congeners represent the most attractive compounds. Calcium is nontoxic, globally abundant, easily accessible, and inexpensive. Its use is hampered by the enormous reactivity difference of the metal itself (requiring activation procedures before use) and the organometallics derived from it (often leading to ether degradation reactions). Therefore, alkylcalcium complexes usually are stabilized by bulky trialkylsilyl (kinetic stabilization by steric protection) or phenyl groups (electronic protection by delocalization of the anionic charge). The arylcalcium derivatives are easily available and exhibit persistence in ethereal media comparable to organolithium complexes.
Solar Energy and Photovoltaics
Authors: Jäger‐Waldau Arnulf
Published: December 2015

Among all energy resources, solar energy is the most abundant one, and compared to the rate at which all energy is used on this planet, the rate at which solar energy is intercepted by the Earth is about 10 000 times higher. There is a whole family of solar technologies that can deliver heat, cooling, electricity, lighting, and fuels for a host of applications. One of these technologies is photovoltaics, which converts solar energy directly into electricity using semiconductors that exhibit the photovoltaic effect and are called solar cells. The photovoltaic effect was discovered by Alexandre‐Edmond Becquerel in 1839, but it was not until 1954—more than a hundred years later—that scientists at the Bell Laboratories developed the first modern solar cell, using a silicon semiconductor to convert light into electricity. Since those early days of modern photovoltaics, prices for solar modules have decreased from over USD 1500 per Wp (Watt‐peak) in 1955 (in 1955 USD) to less than USD 1 per Wp in 2014 (in 2014 USD). During the same time, commercial production increased from a few hundred Watts to power satellites—in 1958, Vanguard I, the first satellite powered by solar cells, went into orbit—to a production volume of about 50 GW in 2014. This article explores the role that the lightest natural metals—lithium, beryllium, magnesium, aluminum and calcium, and the adjacent metalloid boron—play in this dynamic technology field.
Ste24
Metalloproteases
Authors: Quigley Andrew , Pryor Edward E , Clark Kathleen M , Wiener Michael C , Carpenter Elisabeth P , Dumont Mark E
Published: December 2015

The transmembrane proteases of the Ste24 family catalyze dual proteolytic cleavages as part of a pathway of protein isoprenylation at
C
‐terminal CaaX (cysteine‐aliphatic‐aliphatic‐anything) sequences. The only known substrate for the yeast enzyme Ste24p is the precursor to the mating pheromone
a
‐factor. The only known substrate for the human enzyme ZMPSTE24 is prelamin A, the precursor to a nuclear scaffold protein. Defects in processing of prelamin A by ZMPSTE24 result in premature aging. The function of Ste24 enzymes appears to be conserved across eukaryotic organisms and more distantly related Ste24‐related proteases of the M48 family are found in all kingdoms of life. Ste24 enzymes are zinc metalloproteases containing a conserved HEXXH sequence motif. On the basis of the structures of the human and yeast enzymes, the active site of Ste24 exhibits striking structural similarity to that of the well‐studied zinc metalloprotease thermolysin. Significant aspects of Ste24 proteolysis, such as the basis for cleavage at multiple unrelated cleavage sites, the mechanisms of substrate access to the large internal cavity, and the relationship between Ste24 proteolysis and other steps of protein isoprenyl processing, remain to be defined.
Aluminum‐Based Catalysis
Authors: Mason Mark R.
Published: December 2015

The applications of aluminum compounds to homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyses are reviewed. This article starts with a brief overview of the synthesis, reactivity, and Lewis acidity of catalytically relevant aluminum alkyls, aluminum hydrides, and aluminum complexes, including insertion of small molecules into Al–H and Al–C bonds. The following section focuses on alkylaluminoxanes with emphasis on the synthesis, structure, and reactivity of methylaluminoxane (MAO) and modified methylaluminoxanes (MMAO). Polymerization and oligomerization of alkenes are the subjects of the next section. Coverage includes the use of organoaluminum activators, such as triethylaluminum, MAO, and MMAO, for large‐scale transition metal‐catalyzed reactions including Ziegler–Natta and single‐site metallocene‐catalyzed polymerization of alkenes and selective alkene dimerization and trimerization processes. Also discussed are aluminum‐catalyzed oligomerization of ethylene to long‐chain terminal alkenes, polymerization of ethylene by cationic aluminum complexes, and the Lewis pair polymerization of conjugated polar alkenes catalyzed by frustrated Lewis pairs of aluminum. The ring‐opening polymerization of epoxides, lactides, and lactones is then reviewed. Proposed monometallic and bimetallic mechanisms are discussed. This section also includes the aluminum‐catalyzed copolymerization of epoxides with carbon dioxide to give polycarbonates and conversion of epoxides to cyclic carbonates. The next‐to‐last section of this article overviews the roles of aluminum in heterogeneous catalysis, and includes acid‐catalyzed reactions on alumina, zeolites, and aluminophosphates. Transition metal catalysts supported on alumina are also discussed, both those where the transition metal is the active catalyst and bifunctional catalysts where both the alumina support and the transition metal contribute to the catalytic activity. This includes a brief discussion of large‐scale commercial processes such as methanol to olefins technology and the hydrodesulfurization, hydrodenitrogenation, catalytic cracking, and reforming of petroleum. The final section briefly provides a few examples of the applications of aluminum catalysts to organic synthesis and fine chemicals production. Readers are referred to leading works that more adequately describe the extensive use of homogeneous and heterogeneous aluminum catalysts in these areas. One hundred four reviews and original works are cited.
Nanostructured Silicon Anodes for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Rahman Md. Arafat , Song Guangsheng , Bhatt Anand I. , Wong Yat Choy , Wen Cuie
Published: December 2015

Despite the high theoretical capacity of Si anodes, the electrochemical performance of Si anodes is hampered by severe volume changes during lithiation and delithiation, leading to poor cyclability and eventual electrode failure. Nanostructured silicon and its nanocomposite electrodes could overcome this problem holding back the deployment of Si anodes in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) by providing facile strain relaxation, short lithium diffusion distances, enhanced mass transport, and effective electrical contact. Here, the recent progress in nanostructured Si‐based anode materials such as nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanowires, porous Si, and their respective composite materials and fabrication processes in the application of LIBs have been reviewed. The ability of nanostructured Si materials in addressing the above mentioned challenges have been highlighted. Future research directions in the field of nanostructured Si anode materials for LIBs are summarized.
Physically Crosslinked Biocompatible Silk‐Fibroin‐Based Hydrogels with High Mechanical Performance
Authors: Luo Kunyuan , Yang Yuhong , Shao Zhengzhong
Published: December 2015

Developing hydrogel which combines superior mechanical performance and biocompatibility attracts researchers’ attention in recent years. Here, a novel biocompatible hydrogel with excellent mechanical performance, comprised of regenerated silk fibroin (RSF) and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), is fabricated by simply mixing and heating. It is found that both of compressive modulus and tensile modulus of the optimal RSF/HPMC hydrogel are over 1.0 MPa. Meanwhile, the break energy is up to 3500 J m−2, which is higher than that of some natural elastomers, such as cartilage, cork, and skin. The investigation of gelation mechanism reveals that more uniformly dispersed crosslinks dominated by smaller β‐sheet structures, which is attributed to the synergistic effects of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction between HPMC and RSF molecules, contribute to the superior mechanical performance of RSF/HPMC hydrogel. This biocompatible high strength silk protein based hydrogel diversifies the robust hydrogels and holds a great promise as candidates for load‐bearing materials in biomedical field.
Interface Driven Pseudo‐Elasticity in a‐Fe Nanowires
Authors: Yang Yang , Li Suzhi , Ding Xiangdong , Sun Jun , Salje Ekhard K. H.
Published: December 2015

Molecular dynamics simulations of bent [100] α‐Fe nanowires show the nucleation of twins and nanoscale interfaces that lead to pseudo‐elasticity during loading/unloading cycles. The new type of interfaces along {110} stems from the accumulation of individual <111>/{112} twin boundaries and stores high interfacial energies. These nonconventional interfaces provide a large part of the driving force for shape recovery upon unloading, while the minimization of surface energy is no longer the dominant driving force. This new pseudo‐elastic effect is not much affected by surface roughness, and can be extended over a wide range of wire diameters, if the sample is seeded with conventional twin boundaries, which will transform to the desired {110} interfaces under bending.
Living Cell Factories ‐ Electrosprayed Microcapsules and Microcarriers for Minimally Invasive Delivery
Authors: Naqvi Syeda M. , Vedicherla Srujana , Gansau Jennifer , McIntyre Tom , Doherty Michelle , Buckley Conor T.
Published: December 2015

Minimally invasive delivery of “living cell factories” consisting of cells and therapeutic agents has gained wide attention for next generation biomaterial device systems for multiple applications including musculoskeletal tissue regeneration, diabetes and cancer. Cellular‐based microcapsules and microcarrier systems offer several attractive features for this particular purpose. One such technology capable of generating these types of systems is electrohydrodynamic (EHD) spraying. Depending on various parameters, including applied voltage, biomaterial properties (viscosity, conductivity) and needle geometry, complex structures and arrangements can be fabricated for therapeutic strategies. The advances in the use of EHD technology are outlined, specifically in the manipulation of bioactive and dynamic material systems to control size, composition and configuration in the development of minimally invasive micro‐scaled biopolymeric systems. The exciting therapeutic applications of this technology, future perspectives and associated challenges are also presented.
A Water‐Proof Triboelectric–Electromagnetic Hybrid Generator for Energy Harvesting in Harsh Environments
Authors: Guo Hengyu , Wen Zhen , Zi Yunlong , Yeh Min‐Hsin , Wang Jie , Zhu Liping , Hu Chenguo , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: December 2015

Packaging is a critical aspect of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) toward practical applications, since the performance of TENG is greatly affected by environmental conditions such as humidity. A waterproof triboelectric–electromagnetic hybrid generator (WPHG) for harvesting mechanical energy in harsh environments is reported. Since the mechanical transmission from the external mechanical source to the TENG is through a noncontact force between the paired magnets, a fully isolated packaging of TENG part can be easily achieved. At the same time, combining with metal coils, these magnets can be fabricated to be electromagnetic generators (EMG). The characteristics and advantages of outputs from both TENG and EMG are systematically studied and compared to each other. By using transformers and full‐wave rectifiers, 2.3 mA for total short‐circuit current and 5 V for open‐circuit voltage are obtained for WPHG under a rotation speed of 1600 rpm, and it can charge a supercapacitor (20 mF) to 1 V in 22s. Finally, the WPHG is demonstrated to harvest wind energy in the rainy condition and water‐flow energy under water. The reported WPHG renders an effective and sustainable technology for ambient mechanical energy harvesting in harsh environments. Solid progress in both the packaging of TENG and the practical applications of the hybrid generator toward practical power source and self‐powered systems is presented.
Advanced fundamental modeling of the kinetics of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis
Authors: Zhou Liping , Froment Gilbert F. , Yang Yong , Li Yongwang
Published: December 2015

The kinetic modeling of Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis on an iron catalyst starting from experimental data collected in a spinning basket reactor and proceeding through the Single Event approach to limit the number of independent parameters is reported. The elementary steps are based on the carbide mechanism with hydrogen assisted CO insertion and CH2 as the growth monomer. The evolution with the chain length of alkane‐, alkene‐, and alcohol‐selectivities in the synthesis product and their exponential‐like behavior is fundamentally generated by accounting for the effect of the structure of reactants and transition state intermediates on the rate coefficients. The olefin readsorption is included in the model but its influence on the product distribution is found to be negligible. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 1668–1682, 2016
Chronic neutrophilic leukemia 2016: Update on diagnosis, molecular genetics, prognosis, and management
Authors: Elliott Michelle A. , Tefferi Ayalew
Published: December 2015

Chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL) is a potentially aggressive myeloproliferative neoplasm, for which current WHO diagnostic criteria include leukocytosis of ≥25 × 109/L (of which >80% are neutrophils) and with <10 and <1% circulating immature granulocytes and blasts, respectively without dysplasia, clinical, or molecular criteria for other myeloproliferative disorders, nor an identifiable cause for physiologic neutrophilia in the absence of markers of myeloid clonality. Such a pathogenic clonal marker has now been identified as a somatic activating mutation of CSF3R, most commonly CSF3R T618I, thus demanding revision of the current WHO diagnostic classification to include the molecular criterion of mutated CSF3R. The clinical presentation, disease course and prognosis of CSF‐R mutated CNL have been recently outlined. Co‐operative mutations in SETBP1 and ASXL1 appear to be of prognostic significance and correlate with disease progression. Advances in the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of CNL, have not yet fully translated into satisfactory therapeutic strategies, but the foundations for these are strengthening. Am. J. Hematol. 91:342–349, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.