bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of the product term on reliability prediction of integrated circuits
Authors: Kumar K.
Published: May 2004

Data for reliability prediction of integrated circuits is obtained either from well designed accelerated life tests or from MIL‐HDBK‐217E. Although a number of researchers have questioned the validity of prediction based on the data derived from this standard, it continues to remain the main source of failure data. Manufacturers normally specify chip reliability by a single failure rate, which is known to be incorrect. In a chosen reliability test, devices fail with different failure mechanisms characterized by their associated Arrhenius parameters. An overall failure rate for an integrated circuit is obtained by adding the individual failure rates. This amounts to ignoring the terms containing the product of probability of failure for different failure mechanisms. These terms can be ignored only if different failure mechanisms are mutually exclusive. Highlights this point, by using the published data and shows that a significant improvement is obtained by including the product terms. Demonstrates the idea of dropping the product term is sterile from theoretical as well as practical points of view and as such must be included. The chosen model and the example considered are for illustration only and the conclusion arrived at is not affected by the inherent uncertainties buried under the prediction process and associated tools. In this case it is equivalent to an improvement by 6 FITS. This approach is likely to have a meaningful impact on the economics of reliability prediction.
Toyota and Management Change in the East Midlands
Authors: Winfield Ian , Kerrin Maire
Published: May 2004

Outlines a research project being carried out within the East Midlands,
which is examining change in management ideas owing to the presence of a
large Japanese car manufacturer. If management ideas are found to
alter, there will eventually follow the implementation of new ideas in
both production practices and employment practices. This will make
itself felt throughout the region. Change will come in the
implementation of new ideas and techniques, some of which are
successful, others not. What the research will investigate is how senior
managers′ ideas and strategies develop and change over time as a direct
result of Toyota′s presence. Using well‐established techniques the
study will track changes by conducting surveys and in‐depth interviews.
Both qualitative and quantitative data will be used to map the flow of
changed practices through the business network.
Work and Love: A Frame of Reference for Personal Counselling of Managers
Authors: Popper Micha
Published: May 2004

Deals with the manager and the organization from the point of view of
personal counselling of managers. Sharpens the different perspectives
from which organizational counsellors may view the work of counselling,
perspectives that are apt to lead to conflicts of perception between
helping the manager and helping the organization. Dilemmas of this kind
are demonstrated by presenting the counselling process from a
psychoanalytical viewpoint and from a typically organizational
viewpoint, looking at the organization and diagnosing it with the help
of various metaphors in which the manager, his position, his function
and the expectations directed at him are interwoven.
The Effects of Structural and Organizational Factors on
Socio‐psychological Orientation in Joint Ventures
Authors: Wang Zhong‐Ming , Satow Takao
Published: May 2004

Social and psychological factors such as self‐responsibility and
collectivist value orientation are crucial to understanding the dynamics
of joint venture management. Tests the hypothesis that structural
factors influence the socio‐psychological orientation of managers in
terms of self‐responsibility and collectivist values which, in turn,
affects the performance of companies. Discusses the findings from
interviews and questionnaires with 151 top and middle managers from 72
companies. Found that top managers have a higher internally determined
self‐responsibility and a stronger group adaptation value orientation
than middle managers. These factors are crucial indicators of managerial
performance in joint ventures. Therefore the results support the
hypothesis.
Leadership Styles and Organizational Effectiveness in Chinese‐Japanese
Joint Ventures
Authors: Wang Zhong‐Ming , Satow Takao
Published: May 2004

A change in leadership styles is a key characteristic of joint ventures.
Overseas managers often use an adaptation of their home culture.
Discusses the findings of the survey presented in the previous article
in terms of leadership styles and their resulting organizational
effectiveness in joint ventures with different structural features.
Presents four functional dimensions of leadership style: expectancy;
sentiment; informativeness; and trustworthiness. Indicates these are
particularly crucial for international joint ventures where cultural and
managerial compatibility is most important in achieving organizational
success.
Cultural and Organizational Factors in Human Resource Management in China and Japan
Authors: Satow Takao , Wang Zhong‐Ming
Published: May 2004

The focus of human resource management has shifted from traditional topics to concepts such as globalization and international strategy. Management styles of Chinese‐Japanese and Chinese‐foreign joint ventures have been important areas of HRM research. Modern Chinese HRM practices and thinking are rooted in the cultural traditions of the country. Japanese cultural and geographical history has affected its business practices. Discusses Chinese and Japanese cultural characteristics in relation to business management and reviews the research literature. Presents the research study of Chinese‐Japanese joint venture management on which other articles by the same authors are based.
Teamthink: beyond the groupthink syndrome in self‐managing work
teams
Authors: Manz Charles C. , Neck Christopher P.
Published: May 2004

Self‐managing teams have been credited with many positive payoffs.
These include increased quality, productivity, employee quality of work
life, and decreases in absenteeism and turnover. Significant attention
has been devoted to the actual benefits derived from these group
applications. What is typically lacking is exploration of the
road‐blocks to self‐managed team success. Examines an important
challenge to SMT success – the threats that groups face when
making decisions. Notable evidence indicates that cohesive groups (such
as self‐managing teams) tend to create internal pressures towards
conformity that interfere with constructive critical analysis and
ultimately lead to dysfunctional decisions. The term groupthink has been
coined for this process that threatens effective group decision making.
Addresses this challenge in some detail. In particular, proposes a new
effective group condition – teamthink – a group
decision‐making process that enables groups to make effective decisions
while avoiding the pitfalls of groupthink.
Teamwork aspects of fixed‐price and cost‐plus contracts in “bespoke” engineering companies
Authors: Mossadeghian Golestani Manoucher , van Zwanenberg Nigel
Published: May 2004

Aims to measure the differences which may exist between a number of team aspects for groups working on projects with two different contractual bases: cost‐plus (CP) and fixed‐price (FP). Investigates work groups from engineering companies. Measures team characteristics and their perceived value to team members using self‐report questionnaires. Analyses the primary data obtained using statistical means. The findings show that team members did perceive differences in about half of the team aspects studied. Generally the feeling of “teamness” was higher in the CP project groups. Discusses the implications for management of the impact of the contractual base on the environment of teams, and suggests that the questionnaire may have application elsewhere as a management tool.
The competence of top team members
Authors: Thompson John E. , Stuart Roger , Lindsay Philip R.
Published: May 2004

Presents the research frame, methods and results of a study of top team competences in small‐ to medium‐sized enterprises sponsored by the Training and Employment Agency in Northern Ireland. Explores a “postulated” framework of competence using a modified version of repertory grid with 31 successful companies who have a working top team. The results confirmed the framework and give core competences at two linked levels: competence domains, areas of activity regarded as an important focus for performance excellence and competences, integrated sets of behaviour which can be directed towards successful goals achievement within competence domains. Validation of the results is given by the outcomes of follow‐up interviews and the comparison with other work. Holds that the results emphasize a radical insight into the notion of managerial competence in the smaller company.
Competence in command: recent R&D in the London Fire Brigade
Authors: Burke Eugene
Published: May 2004

Provides snapshots of several research and development actions aimed at addressing the question of what characterizes competent command of a fire ground incident. Looks at two aspects of this question: how to describe fire ground command (what is it that fire ground commanders do?) and what qualities should be looked for in prospective fire ground commanders (what are the underlying aptitudes or competences required for effective fire ground command?). Brings together data drawn from cognitive task analysis, teamwork analysis, a recent model of incident command developed for the London Fire Brigade (LFB), job analysis focusing on aptitude requirements for fire ground commanders, and assessment centres designed for selecting fire crew commanders and senior LFB officers.
Fighting fires? – emergency hospital admission and the concept of prevention
Authors: Glasby Jon , Littlechild Rosemary
Published: May 2004

Although the UK’s health and social care system has always been geared towards dealing with crises, evidence suggests that this is becoming increasingly the case. Changes in health care and the prioritisation of scarce resources have resulted in a situation where those with low level needs are often left unsupported until they experience a major life crisis. To rectify this situation, the government has introduced a range of policies designed to emphasise the need for preventive work. Against this background, this paper focuses on the issue of emergency hospital admissions, critiquing the research methodologies that have been used to investigate the scope for preventive work in this area. Despite the use of more sophisticated and objective research tools, there is a need to develop new ways of researching emergency admissions which build on the strengths of existing approaches while at the same time incorporating more of a user perspective.
A systems‐based methodology for structural analysis of health care operations
Authors: Keating Charles B.
Published: May 2004

This paper introduces a systems‐based methodology for conducting analysis of organizational structure for health care operations. Increasingly, health care organizations must operate in turbulent environments characterized by rapid change, high levels of uncertainty, and increasing levels of complexity. A fundamental issue for effective performance in these environments is the development and maintenance of organizational structures that simultaneously provide both operational stability and agile response to environmental turbulence. Drawing from systems science, a systems‐based methodology for structural analysis of healthcare operations is developed. This methodology identifies operational deficiencies stemming from inadequate organizational structure and suggests focal areas for structural modification. The results from an application of the methodology in a health care organization are examined. Implications and limitations for use of the methodology by health care professionals are provided.
The construction of a network at Health Waikato – The “towards clinical budgeting” project
Authors: Lowe Alan
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this paper is to provide an explanation and understanding of developments in casemix and related information systems at a large regional hospital, Health Waikato (HW), in the centre of the North Island of New Zealand. The themes will be explicated and theorised, drawing on the sociology of translation (Latour). A central idea will be the use of accounting techniques to influence decision makers both within and outside the health institutions. The power of accounting in the translation and inscription of data (the fabrication of accounting systems per Preston et al.), will be a central theme in understanding the role of accounting systems as technology. Drawing from Latour has helped to provide a frame of reference to allow an assimilation of disparate changes and influences as they have come to affect the health sector at a national level, within New Zealand, and also at an organisational level, within a large regional health provider. This paper provides a detailed description of events at the research site, a large regional hospital (HW). The paper consists primarily of a descriptive case study of aspects of the change process as it has impacted on the research site.
Development of human resources for medical research
Authors: Vartanian Felix
Published: May 2004

Acknowledges that progress in health care depends on achievements in biomedical research. Discusses the continuing professional development of research workers and the role of international organizations such as the WHO and UNESCO. Argues that a creative approach is necessary to ensure stability in health development.
Recent trends, future needs: management training for consultants
Authors: Horsley Stephen , Roberts Emilie , Barwick Diane , Barrow Steve , Allen David
Published: May 2004

Describes the results of a postal questionnaire survey of all 1,383 hospital consultants in the North Western Region of the UK in 1994; updating a similar survey conducted in 1987. In both surveys, consultants were asked to describe their current management role, management training received and any perceived future training needs. A series of open questions in the 1994 survey explored barriers and incentives to the take‐up of management training. The results show that in 1994 more doctors were taking on greater management responsibility and from an earlier age. Consequently, the proportion of consultants expressing a need for management training had risen from 62 per cent in 1987 to 73 per cent in 1994. The most useful courses were local budgeting and business planning. However, many consultants described problems in accessing training. Concludes by highlighting policy implications arising from the surveys which will need to be addressed if consultants are to fulfil their management potential.
The Role of the Law of Value in the Rise and Fall of Socialism in the
USSR
Authors: Riha Tomas J.F.
Published: May 2004

The law of value performs its regulatory function in the capitalist
system where the private ownership of means of production and commodity
production prevail. Under the centrally directed system of socialism,
the economic process must be determined by plans and valuations of the
central authority to maintain the consistency of the system′s internal
co‐ordinating mechanism. In theory, the process of building socialism is
a process of the withering away of the operation of the law of value.
Recognition of the law of value as a permanent feature of the socialist
economic system means conceding either a lack of understanding of the
fundamental differences between capitalism and socialism, or the failure
of the Marxist‐Leninist dogma. It also acknowledges that the Soviet
system of socialism was exposed to increasing contamination by elements
incompatible with socialism and was gradually transformed into its
opposite – a form of centrally regulated exchange economy where a new
ruling class, grown from the Party, was (and temporarily still is) in
control of public ownership of means of production, as well as of all
markets. The evolution of Soviet socialism from the October Revolution
to its disintegration can be characterized by its passage through
distinct “official” attitudes towards the role of the law of value. Its
denial under the totally centralized economy of War Communism was
followed by its temporary reintroduction under the New Economic Policy,
then the recognition of its restricted functioning during the transitory
phase from socialism to communism, then its recognition as a permanent
feature of socialism, and finally its abandonment together with the rest
of the Marxist‐Leninist dogma following both the doctrinal and economic
crises in the 1990s.
Gorbachev, Perestroika and Democratizing Socialism
Authors: Elliott John E. , Dowlah A.F.
Published: May 2004

Continues an examination of the Gorbechev era (1985‐91) in Soviet
development as an example of a movement towards a more democratized form
of Soviet‐style socialism. An earlier artilce focused on underlying
causes and origins of this democratized version of Soviet socialism and
its institutions and policy measures. Extends analysis of the Gorbachev
period to consideration of its economic and political consequences and
its tensions and contradictions, leading to disintegration of the Soviet
politico‐economic system.
The development of Professor Hayek′s research programme
Authors: Conway O′Brien John
Published: May 2004

Discusses the ideas and theories of Professor F.A. Hayek and
assesses their relevance to present day social economics. Opens with the
theory of business‐cycles and compares Hayek′s ideas with those of
Keyne′s in this area. Follows on with dynamic market theory and the
theory of evolution of social institutes. Concludes with a summary of
all three expanding their legacy – that they are models for future
research.
Sustainable development: passing fad or potential reality?
Authors: Sathiendrakumar R.
Published: May 2004

Raises the question, how can sustainable development be achieved and what are the limiting constraints in achieving it? Focuses on key conceptual issues of “sustainable development” with important operational implications for its attainment but is not designed to generate a general theory of sustainability. Uses the definition put forward by Peace and Warford, which defines sustainable development as “development that secures increases in the welfare of the current generation provided that welfare in the future does not decrease”. Using this definition, considers four important sub‐objectives of sustainable development, namely: equity and social justice issues, ecological issues, economic issues (maximizing service to a given stock of resources) and environmental issues (minimizing throughput to maintain a given level of stock). Using this framework, considers the conditions necessary for sustainable development, namely: maintaining a minimum population, reducing poverty, optimal depletion of non‐renewable resources, optimal depletion of renewable but exhaustible resources, preventing environmental degradation and improving energy efficiency. Also emphasizes the need to change the current measurement of growth which fails to account for sustainability principles.
The APEC experiment: an open economic association in the Asia Pacific
Authors: Drysdale Peter , Elek Andrew
Published: May 2004

Presents an essay on Asia Pacific Economic Co‐operation (APEC), an innovative and flexible form of co‐operation designed to accommodate the diversity of the economies on the Pacific Rim. The main challenge for the APEC process is finding a workable compromise between different approaches to economic co‐operation. Points out that the structure of APEC will need great flexibility to accommodate the declining influence of the USA in the Asia Pacific and the increasing strength of the Chinese and South East Asian economies compared to both Japan and the USA. Appendix contains an executive summary of the targets which were agreed by APEC governments, at Bogor, Indonesia, in 1994, in order to realize their vision of free and open trade and investment.
Capitalism at the crossroads
Authors: Slabbert André
Published: May 2004

Proposes that, as a result of retrenchment and re‐engineering, unemployment is escalating to catastrophic proportions, and that specific remedial actions need to be instituted to address this problem. Global unemployment of massive proportions has profound implications for the continued existence of capitalism as an ideology. Major alterations to the fabric of both international economies and socio‐political behaviour will take place if significant reverses to the trend of escalating unemployment do not occur. Proposes that, first, managers should become cognizant of the long‐term ramifications of this phenomenon, as only their interventions can affect this social/economic disaster. Interventions should be on three levels: short term, medium term and long term. Second, managers must develop an active interest in politics, as it is visualized that, in a geopolitical sense, business managers will replace politicians on all fronts. Politicians can simply not be entrusted with the survival of the human race on a global level. Third, recognition that there is a symbiotic relationship between company and customer will lead to the maintaining of surplus staff on company payrolls, in order to stimulate buying power. In order for this to be successful, inter‐company competition should be replaced by a co‐operative spirit internationally. It is believed that this fusion of two ideologies, capitalism and socialism (referred to as capisocism), is the only solution for the problems which are facing humanity and, in this sense, represents a radical departure from traditional capitalist thinking.
Human resource management in the process of transformation of the Polish economy
Authors: Szalkowski Adam
Published: May 2004

Presents the key issues in the field of human resource management against the background of the socio‐economic system transformation in Poland. These issues concern the impact of external conditions on this management process. The crucial ones among such conditions are: the economic situation, labour market, legal regulations and the activity of trade unions. Shows the changes occurring in human resource management through the examples of workers’ post‐communist attitudes, the general procedure of employee recruitment and the selection of managerial staff. Illustrates the process by outlining the changes that occurred in Poland after 1990. Finally, points at the emergence of entrepreneurial attitudes of employees, determined by the qualities of market economy system.
Cultural lag: conception and theory
Authors: Brinkman Richard L. , Brinkman June E.
Published: May 2004

Sets out to review the points for and against the concept of cultural lag. First clarifies the cultural lag concept and theory. Addresses the issue of empirical verification, and discusses the relevance of the concept and theory of cultural lag to socioeconomic policy.
Marketing HRD – An Overview
Authors: Frank Eric
Published: May 2004

Briefly describes the three activity areas within human resource
development, namely training, education and development and gives
definitions for each. Provides an explanation of marketing from the
viewpoint of the HRD practitioner, discussing in turn: customer
orientation and the need to communicate effectively; the differences
between external and internal marketing; the importance of market
analysis and research; marketing strategy and marketing mix; and
finally, the need for a carefully worked out plan to give firm direction
to the marketing operation.
A comparison of HRD in France and the UK
Authors: Tregaskis Olga , Dany Françoise
Published: May 2004

Examines the French and UK traditions of management training and education, and how these have shaped organizational approaches to human resource development. Presents results from a Price Waterhouse Cranfield survey which shows data based on human resource issues in European organizations. Concludes that French and UK organizations focus differently on training and development. States that these are clearly a reflection of the legislative and cultural environment in which the organization is operating.
Competence development ‐ a challenge for HRM professionals: core competences of organizations as guidelines for the development of employees
Authors: Bergenhenegouwen G.J.
Published: May 2004

Explains the theory on the core competences of the organization and the competences of individual employees. Looks at the management style in competence‐based organizations and the way in which a competence‐based human resource management (HRM) system can help in achieving the organization’s objectives, as well as examining competence management and empowerment. A concrete application of a competence‐based HRM system in the petro‐chemicals industry illustrates the task of linking an organization’s core competences to the personal competences of employees by making use of HRM instruments. Ends with a summary of the challenges HRM professionals face in competence‐based organizations.
Merging public and private security for collective benefit: Philadelphia’s center city district
Authors: Greene Jack R. , Seamon Thomas M. , Levy Paul R.
Published: May 2004

Gives historical background to the new interest in “showcasing” inner cities of the USA. Focuses on Philadelphia as an example of government‐business alliance. Notes the former negative attitudes of public and private police toward each other and contrasts this with the growing understanding of their complementary roles.
Image control: how police affect the presentation of crime news
Authors: Chermak Steven
Published: May 2004

Public opinion and political ideology affect the way in which police departments formulate responses to crime. Examines how departments construct public images to ensure favorable media presentation. Uses direct observation of news production process for more specific data on how police sources impact on crime‐news presentation. Finds that news media can hold police accountable to the public, but news media are also businesses and have to provide news that will attract consumers. News media rely on willing participants to produce crime stories cost‐effectively. Police look to the media to reaffirm their status as law enforcers; they invest resources in helping the media and thus influence crime presentation. Finds that police categorization of crime is self‐promoting and supportive of traditional responses, while reporters are not critical of police.
The relative importance of race and ethnicity on citizen attitudes toward the police
Authors: Webb Vincent J. , Marshall Chris E.
Published: May 2004

Undertakes research in Omaha, Nebraska on factors found to be predictors of attitudes toward the police (ATP). Addresses the question of whether ATP are primarily a function of police‐citizen interaction or if they derive from the transmission of cultural values. If the former, strategies to modify police and citizen behavior are required; if the latter, an impact on socialization may be needed to improve ATP. Summarizes the nature and measurement of ATP. Finds, in common with earlier research, that although age, gender and police contact have significant effects, race variables have the greatest effect. In contrast with other research, finds that social class has some influence on ATP. Compares Hispanic, black and white respondents’ ATP. Suggests that neighborhood is an important influence on ATP. Recommends further studies on the development of ATP in youth.
Public attitudes toward the police
Authors: Jesilow Paul , Meyer J’ona , Namazzi Nazi
Published: May 2004

Surveys attitudes to police (ATP) in Santa Ana, California by asking respondents what they most like or dislike about police. Finds inter alia that the primary indicator of ATP is how people feel about their location. Contrasts sharply with previous research in finding that ethnicity is not a very good predictor of ATP. Points out that unrealistic expectations for law enforcement may be ameliorated by community policing, which involves citizens in decision making and neighborhood improvement.
Felonious killings of state police and highway patrol officers: a descriptive and comparative evaluation
Authors: Edwards Terry D.
Published: May 2004

Uses statistics from FBI annual reports (1985‐1992) to compare felonious killings, analyzing and comparing with data for deaths of non‐state police officers. Finds that state police officers are feloniously killed in proportional numbers to non‐state officers, with both classes showing a recent downward trend. Calls for further research, by region or state, into the higher percentage of killings in Southern USA. Finds similar patterns in state and non‐state police officer killings but identifies some elements of divergence. Recommends that this data be used in police training to emphasize high‐risk factors such as routine traffic stops. Notes that domestic disputes do not cause a large number of police killings. Suggests that the wearing of body armor be made mandatory.
Socio‐demographic factors: reference groups and the career orientations, career aspirations and career satisfaction of Canadian police officers
Authors: Buckley Leslie B. , Petrunik Michael G.
Published: May 2004

Takes a random sample of 156 respondents from municipal and rural police forces in Canada to examine the relationship between various factors concerning their careers. Finds that a significant number of officers perceive their career orientation to have changed over time. Presents findings on social activists, enforcers, careerists, specialists and self investors. Differs from previous research linking career orientation to personality type by seeing career orientation as changing with time, stages of career and circumstances. Remarks that policing needs to be technically sophisticated, cost‐effective, community‐based and sensitive to the realities of a multicultural society. Recommends that police departments consider the career orientation of recruits and establish a reward structure suited to the varied career types
Female police officers: gender bias and professionalism
Authors: Cuadrado Mary
Published: May 2004

Questions a sample of criminal justice students to show that when officer competence is evaluated in terms of professionalism rather than confrontational issues, bias against women is not found, whereas evaluation variables based on potentially violent situations promote the belief that women are not as well fitted as men for constant exposure to violent confrontation. Cautions against the danger of presenting discrete images of a male “brute force” and a female “professional force”. Finds indications that increased recruitment of women, gender sensitivity training and a higher level of officers’ education may change existing attitudes toward the police.
A multivariate analysis of individual, situational and environmental factors associated with police assault injuries
Authors: Kaminski Robert J. , Sorensen David W.M.
Published: May 2004

Uses data on 1,550 nonlethal assaults recorded by Baltimore County Police Department. Examines factors that are associated with the likelihood of officer injury after an assault. Notes that factors affecting the probability of assault do not necessarily correspond with the factors that affect the likelihood of injury. Analyzes a broader spectrum of contributory factors than those addressed by other research. Finds inter alia that greater officer proficiency in unarmed defensive tactics may reduce their assault‐related injuries, since most incidents do not involve arms; that in‐service training should be biased toward less experienced officers who are at greater risk; that officer height is a significant variable; that many officers suffer multiple attacks; that domestic disturbances do not rank higher than other dangers, but that this may reflect the possibility that officers anticipate potential violence and take better precautions before attending the scene.
Strategies to avoid arrest: crack sellers’ response to intensified policing
Authors: Johnson Bruce D. , Natarajan Mangai
Published: May 2004

Interviews over 120 sellers and low‐level distributors of the drug “crack” in New York City. Documents seller strategies to counter police tactics. Finds that crack sellers and distributors have developed several important strategies to limit vulnerability to arrest, but that success in avoiding arrest diminishes considerably once they are detected by police. Suggests that problem‐oriented approaches are better than crackdowns, since they permanently disrupt the environmental conditions that foster drug market sites.
The future terrorists in America
Authors: Carlson Joseph R.
Published: May 2004

Looks at the self‐reported perceptions of police chiefs in a majority of US cities with a population exceeding 100,000. Identifies, regionally and nationally, those internal domestic groups that have the greatest potential for terrorism within the next two years. Finds that anti‐abortionists were predicted to be the most likely group to attack at national level, but that when predictions were sought for geographical areas, each respondent believed that there was a greater likelihood of terrorism in Washington DC or New York City than in their own area. Finds that there had been no significant increase in planning against terrorism.
Examining differential officer effects in the Minneapolis domestic violence experiment
Authors: Gartin Patrick R.
Published: May 2004

Reassesses the Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment (MDVE) data of the 1980s which said that “arrest works best”. Examines the potential effects of a small number of officers generating a relatively large number of MDVE cases. Expresses concern that a few officers submitting a high rate of cases might have an inordinately large effect on the experimental outcomes. Seeks to determine whether they followed the experimental protocol but finds instead that it was the low rate officers who failed to do so. Finds that officers who submitted experimental cases at a high rate were also different in other ways from the rest of the officers. Finally, excludes findings relating to lower case officers and thereby reveals that recidivism in domestic violence was not reduced by the arrests.
Drug abuse resistance education program effectiveness
Authors: Sigler Robert T. , Talley Gregory B.
Published: May 2004

Presents information on the Drug abuse resistance education (DARE) program, a set of 17 lessons on drug resistance given by police officers to sixth grade children. Measures attitudes toward drug use and degree of reported use. Indicates that DARE is successful in providing information but that the levels of reported behavior do not show significant improvement in self‐reported drug use compared to two control groups. Urges caution in expanding the program, since positive results are limited at present.
The county sheriff as a distinctive policing modality
Authors: Falcone David N. , Wells L. Edward
Published: May 2004

Argues that US county‐level policing is distinct from municipal policing. Examines differences between them in terms of historical, political, geographical, functional, organizational and regional variations. Suggests how research might be focused to explicate these differences. In particular, presents the idea of a militia, a group organized out of and by a community for its own protection. Contrasts this with the professional paramilitary model associated with large municipal departments. Points out that most police agencies are not large or urban. The greater part of the USA is policed by approximately 3,000 county‐level agencies. Proposes the militia model as a template for further research.
Moving toward community policing: the role of postmaterialist values in a changing profession
Authors: Zhao Jihong , Lovrich Nicholas P. , Gray Kelsey
Published: May 2004

Explains Inglehart’s theory that in advanced industrial societies, individual values have moved from materialism to a greater emphasis on freedom, self‐expression and the quality of life, or “postmaterialism”, and observes that postmaterialists want to work with people they like and to do interesting work rather than have a high salary or job security. Applies Inglehart’s theory of societal value change to assess a police organizational reform. Conducts a survey of the Washington State Police. Finds that command staff show the highest profession of postmaterialist values and troopers show the lowest. Believes leadership turnover is more likely than conversion to new values to bring about management commitment to community policing.
Officer retention patterns: an affirmative action concern for police agencies?
Authors: Doerner William G.
Published: May 2004

Studies agency compliance with affirmative action mandate on black and/or female personnel. Examines turnover in sworn personnel in a municipal police department at Tallahassee, Florida. Looks at characteristics of “stayers” and “quitters” in the context of race and gender. Discusses possible ramifications of differential turnover. Notes pronounced attrition rate for black females. Suggests that female turnover may be due to their having a higher educational level than male officers, since college‐educated personnel are more likely to grow disenchanted with routine beat duties.
Private Brands
Authors: Nandan Shiva , Dickinson Roger
Published: May 2004

Describes the problems that major brand suppliers face in the context of
the growing attractiveness of private brands to the retailer and the
consumer. Discusses the factors contributing to this growth. Describes
the roles that private brands perform for the retailer. Offers model for
the retailer′s decision whether or not to adopt a private brand. Offers
supplier options. Delineates management implications.
Competitive Advantage
Authors: Jüttner Uta , Wehrli Hans Peter
Published: May 2004

The understanding of strategic marketing has evolved to an
integrated part of market‐oriented business policy. Subsequently,
marketing and management concepts have become even more closely related.
Recently, the “competence‐based perspective” added an
innovative approach to strategic management concepts. It suggests that
competitive reality requires a new thought and action orientation in
order to reach competitive advantages. Examines the role of
business‐to‐business marketing within the competence‐based view of
strategic management. Summarizes the main theses of the competence‐based
view to provide a basis for the development of a competence‐based
marketing model. Proposes a practicable framework to strategy
formulation in marketing management.
The ins and the outs of electronic publishing
Authors: Wills Mathew
Published: May 2004

Electronic publishing needs a strong input of marketing thinking. Technological hype has created a sales fetish which has little evidence to support its claims. The substantive benefits when a broader perspective is taken for authors and readers are very significant, including considerably faster publication and much wider dissemination via Internet. Archival knowledge and current awareness/browsing of the body of knowledge and information require quite different marketing approaches. Little attention has been given to their discrete needs. Draws comparisons from retailing theory and from the emerging range of experimental cases from Internet pioneers to identify robust strategies for short‐ and medium‐term action by publishers. They imply a determined effort to avoid hard selling and product‐driven mindsets in favor of exploitation of the scope for interactive and integrated marketing to authors and readers alike.
The virtual library ‐ a market perspective
Authors: Neal Stella
Published: May 2004

Considers macro‐level strategic marketing management issues facing the library and information industry as technology brings the potential for change. Suggests that, in a competitive and changing information environment, libraries wishing to use the virtual library opportunity may need to evaluate their target audiences and position themselves appropriately. Explains how, by creating in the minds of clients and funders the same perceptions and expectations as they have of themselves, they may establish a clear identity and brand role. Points out that, in a world where information content and accessibility are increasing exponentially, libraries hold a key brand differentiator with which to secure positioning: information expertise.
Public and private organizations in Latin America: a comparison of reward preferences
Authors: Snyder Monteze M. , Osland Joyce
Published: May 2004

Compares Latin American graduate students in management with work experience in government and business. Explores similarities and differences in work‐related incentives between public and private sector groups. Finds that while administrative reforms in developing countries may assume differences in the importance of job security across the two sectors and neglect the possibility of a national or community service orientation, these assumptions are not supported by this study. Discovers that although the two groups showed no difference in the importance of salary, financial incentives related to performance were significantly more important to private sector respondents as a reason to stay in the sector. Finds differences between the groups on public service motivation, an issue not previously explored in this region. Claims these findings have important implications for Civil Service reform and development of incentive systems for privatization strategies.
Management development in a Dutch Ministry
Authors: Schrijver Hubert W.N. , Vermeulen Alex H.
Published: May 2004

The Dutch Ministry of VROM (Housing, Physical planning and Environment) employs more than 4,000. Discusses its progressive track record over recent years on organization and personnel management. Shows how the Ministry, by a process of “learning by doing”, is adopting and adapting new ways in personnel and organizational development.
Managerialism and beyond: the case of criminal justice
Authors: Raine John W. , Willson Michael J.
Published: May 2004

Focuses on criminal justice, and especially on the courts, as a case study to illustrate some of the main changes which public sector managerialism has imposed on public sector institutions. Presents both theoretical and empirical evidence to suggest that the relevance of managerialism is now receding as contemporary concerns and conditions are encouraging a focus on new priorities and a post‐managerial style of organization. Finally, considers the ways in which postmanagerialism is likely to develop, again using criminal justice as the case study to illustrate possibilities and their implications for the wider public sector.
A comparison of three approaches to programme implementation
Authors: Ryan Neal
Published: May 2004

Suggests that recent models of programme implementation have attempted to accommodate both “top‐down” and “bottomup” concerns within their framework. Some analysts have argued that future development of implementation analysis requires further consolidation of these models and the range of variables identified as having a significant impact on outcomes. Compares the commonalities and differences between three recent implementation analytical frameworks. Argues that a diversity in approaches strengthens the capacity of implementation analysis to accommodate differences in policy environments. Thus, future implementation would be better served by developing analytical tools which assist practitioners to choose appropriate implementation models for different policy situations.
Public purchasing in the European Union: some evidence from contract awards
Authors: Martin Stephen , Hartley Keith , Cox Andrew
Published: May 2004

Explains that the public sector is a major buyer of goods and services. In the mid‐1980s discriminatory (buy national) public purchasing was identified as one of the barriers to the completion of the Single European Market. Studies suggested that a more liberal public purchasing regime would bring significant economic benefits with increased competition for contracts reducing public sector procurement costs and facilitating the creation of a more competitive European industrial base. These ideas led to a series of European Union procurement directives designed to prohibit preferential public purchasing. Uses data on contract awards from 1993 to investigate the extent to which public purchasing still discriminates in favour of domestic firms. This evidence casts doubts on the true extent of openness in EU public procurement markets.
The road to privatization: TQM and business planning
Authors: Bennington Lynne , Cummane James
Published: May 2004

Provides an overview of the literature on public sector reform, total quality management (TQM) and strategic planning. Traces the change efforts and road to privatization of Asset Services, which is a maintenance contractor with about 2,000 staff and a business unit of a large Australian government department. Describes how, during the period 1989‐1996, Asset Services undertook a process which illustrates the integration of customer focus, quality principles and strategic business planning. Introduces the concept of the business improvement leader, and discusses some of the many TQM and business planning activities undertaken to the point of being fully commercialized. Identifies a number of factors influencing the success of this business unit.
Intellectual capital accounting in the UK
Authors: Roslender Robin , Fincham Robin
Published: May 2004

Accounting for intellectual capital is increasingly recognised to be one of the most fascinating and potentially far‐reaching challenges facing the accountancy profession. A growing literature, encompassing theoretical, empirical and practical elements, is currently emerging as researchers and practitioners endeavour to account for the hidden value that the intellectual capital concept denotes, and its pivotal role in the value creation process. To date, many of the most instructive advances have emanated from Scandinavia, reflecting these societies' sustained interest in necessity of accounting for the worth of employees, arguably the principal progenitor of intellectual capital accounting. Reports from a number of Australian, Canadian and European enquiries have added to the momentum of the intellectual capital accounting project, whilst affirming its links with contemporary debates about the information society, intangibles, knowledge management and business reporting. This paper reports and discusses some of the findings of a recently completed field study of intellectual capital accounting developments in the UK, funded by one of the professional accountancy bodies. Drawing on a series of semi‐structured interviews, it documents how senior managers in six knowledge‐based organisations view intellectual capital and related developments, their evolving attempts to respond to the challenges these present, and their progress in measuring and reporting their performance in these areas.
Language, translation and the problem of international accounting communication
Authors: Evans Lisa
Published: May 2004

The use of technical terms to communicate accounting information can lead to misunderstandings when the meaning of such terms is not fully appreciated by the recipient of the information. The discipline of translation studies suggests that full equivalence in translation between languages is rare. This suggests that the risk of misunderstanding is exacerbated when technical terms are translated into another language. This paper examines the implications of mistranslations of technical terms in the context of theories from linguistics, which suggest that language influences the way we think. It uses three examples of accounting terminology to illustrate these problems. It concludes that the choice of an inappropriate label in the translation of accounting terminology is detrimental to international accounting communication and creates problems for users and preparers of translated financial statements as well as for researchers in, and students of, international accounting and for those involved in harmonisation and standardisation of accounting.