bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conceptualizing Psychopathy in Triarchic Terms: Implications for Treatment
Authors: Patrick Christopher , Drislane LauraE. , Strickland Casey
Published: December 2012

Clarifying the nature and origins of psychopathy is crucial to establishing effective methods for treating this severe form of pathology. The Triarchic Model of Psychopathy (Patrick, Fowles, & Krueger, 2009) is presented as a framework for resolving historic debates regarding the nature of psychopathy, and for guiding research on neurobiological influences contributing to its characteristic symptom picture. Evidence is reviewed for two distinct processes underlying “boldness” and “disinhibition” components of psychopathy in particular: underreactivity of the brain's defensive motivational system, and impairment in fronto-cortical regulatory circuitry. A third symptomatic facet, “meanness” (or callous-unemotionality) is theorized to reflect dysfunction in brain systems important for emotional empathy, and in endogenous neuromodulators such as oxytocin and vasopressin. We discuss how this variegated perspective on the nature and etiology of psychopathy can inform approaches to treatment. Specifically, focusing on feedback-based response modification and attentional retraining approaches as examples, we describe how specific neurobiologically-informed interventions might be developed to address distinct symptomatic components of psychopathy.
Adapting Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) for the Treatment of Psychopathy
Authors: Galietta Michele , Rosenfeld Barry
Published: December 2012

Few mental abnormalities create more havoc for society than the psychopathic personality, however interventions specifically designed to address this form of psychopathology are few. One treatment that has received growing attention in the forensic mental health community is Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT). This paper describes an adaptation of DBT for the treatment of psychopathic offenders. A case study is used to highlight salient elements of this treatment approach, as well as the challenges to successful treatment posed by this population of offenders.
SM2miR: a database of the experimentally validated small molecules’ effects on microRNA expression
Authors: Liu Xinyi , Wang Shuyuan , Meng Fanlin , Wang Jizhe , Zhang Yan , Dai Enyu , Yu Xuexin , Li Xia , Jiang Wei
Published: December 2012

Summary: The inappropriate expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is closely related with disease diagnosis, prognosis and therapy response. Recently, many studies have demonstrated that bioactive small molecules (or drugs) can regulate miRNA expression, which indicates that targeting miRNAs with small molecules is a new therapy for human diseases. In this study, we established the SM2miR database, which recorded 2925 relationships between 151 small molecules and 747 miRNAs in 17 species after manual curation from nearly 2000 articles. Each entry contains the detailed information about small molecules, miRNAs and evidences of their relationships, such as species, miRBase Accession number, DrugBank Accession number, PubChem Compound Identifier (CID), expression pattern of miRNA, experimental method, tissues or conditions for detection. SM2miR database has a user-friendly interface to retrieve by miRNA or small molecule. In addition, we offered a submission page. Thus, SM2miR provides a fairly comprehensive repository about the influences of small molecules on miRNA expression, which will promote the development of miRNA therapeutics.

Availability: SM2miR is freely available at http://bioinfo.hrbmu.edu.cn/SM2miR/.

Contact:  jiangwei@hrbmu.edu.cn or lixia@hrbmu.edu.cn
Deficiency of FRAS1-related extracellular matrix 1 (FREM1) causes congenital diaphragmatic hernia in humans and mice
Authors: Beck Tyler F , Veenma Danielle , Shchelochkov Oleg A , Yu Zhiyin , Kim Bum Jun , Zaveri Hitisha P , van Bever Yolande , Choi Sunju , Douben Hannie , Bertin Terry K , Patel Pragna I , Lee Brendan , Tibboel Dick , de Klein Annelies , Stockton David W , Justice Monica J , Scott Daryl A
Published: December 2012

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a common life-threatening birth defect. Recessive mutations in the FRAS1-related extracellular matrix 1 (FREM1) gene have been shown to cause bifid nose with or without anorectal and renal anomalies (BNAR) syndrome and Manitoba oculotrichoanal (MOTA) syndrome, but have not been previously implicated in the development of CDH. We have identified a female child with an isolated left-sided posterolateral CDH covered by a membranous sac who had no features suggestive of BNAR or MOTA syndromes. This child carries a maternally-inherited ∼86 kb FREM1 deletion that affects the expression of FREM1's full-length transcripts and a paternally-inherited splice site mutation that causes activation of a cryptic splice site, leading to a shift in the reading frame and premature termination of all forms of the FREM1 protein. This suggests that recessive FREM1 mutations can cause isolated CDH in humans. Further evidence for the role of FREM1 in the development of CDH comes from an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea -derived mouse strain, eyes2, which has a homozygous truncating mutation in Frem1. Frem1eyes2 mice have eye defects, renal agenesis and develop retrosternal diaphragmatic hernias which are covered by a membranous sac. We confirmed that Frem1 is expressed in the anterior portion of the developing diaphragm and found that Frem1eyes2 embryos had decreased levels of cell proliferation in their developing diaphragms when compared to wild-type embryos. We conclude that FREM1 plays a critical role in the development of the diaphragm and that FREM1 deficiency can cause CDH in both humans and mice.
Soluble HLA-G modulates miRNA-210 and miRNA-451 expression in activated CD4+ T lymphocytes
Authors: Morandi Fabio , Pistoia Vito
Published: December 2012

In this study, we have investigated the expression of 87 micro (mi)RNAs in activated CD4+ T cells cultured in the presence or absence of the immunoregulatory molecule soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G). We observed (i) a decreased miR-451 expression and (ii) an increased miR-210 expression in sHLA-G-treated CD4+ T cells. By transfecting CD4+ T cells with miR-210 and miR-451 mimics or inhibitors, we found that sHLA-G-mediated modulation of these miRNAs was not related to sHLA-G-mediated inhibition of (i) proliferation and (ii) CXCR3 expression in CD4+ T cells. Finally, we investigated the expression of 14 genes targeted by miR-210 or miR-451 in activated CD4+ T cells, treated or not with sHLA-G. We observed an increased expression of OSR-1 (odd-skipped related 1) and HBP-1 (HMG-box transcription factor 1) and a decreased expression of CXCL16 (chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 16) and C11orf30 (chromosome 11 open reading frame 30) in sHLA-G-treated CD4+ T cells. In conclusion, sHLA-G triggered a modulation of miRNA expression that may in turn modulate downstream gene expression, thus affecting CD4+ T-cell function.
Host Specificity and Variations in Aggressiveness of North Carolina Isolates of Phytophthora cryptogea and P. drechsleri in Greenhouse Ornamental Plants
Authors: Olson H. A. , Benson D. M.
Published: December 2012

Three isolates of Phytophthora cryptogea and three isolates of P. drechsleri were evaluated for host specificity and variations in aggressiveness on eight floriculture crops commonly grown in North Carolina. Plants were monitored for the development of foliar symptoms stemming from root rot caused by Phytophthora. No isolates of P. cryptogea or P. drechsleri had the same host range, though all P. cryptogea isolates caused foliar symptoms on gerbera daisy and annual stock, and all P. drechsleri isolates incited disease on osteospermum. No African marigold plants developed foliar symptoms of Phytophthora root rot. All P. cryptogea isolates caused foliar symptoms on at least three tested plant species. Isolates of P. drechsleri varied from highly specific and only causing disease on a single host species to relatively nonspecific and causing foliar symptoms on the majority of host plants. This is the first report of host specificity of ornamental isolates of P. drechsleri, and several of the tested plants are not reported hosts of P. drechsleri. Differences in isolate aggressiveness were found and depended on plant species; overall, isolates of P. drechsleri were more aggressive than P. cryptogea isolates. Isolations from nonsymptomatic inoculated plants suggest that these Phytophthora spp. could be moved between growers or from growers to consumers on nonsymptomatic infected ornamentals.
First Report of Brown Rot Caused by Monilia polystroma on Apple in Serbia
Authors: Vasić M. , Duduk N. , Ivanović M. S.
Published: December 2012

Monilia polystroma van Leeuwen is a new Japanese species, similar to M. fructigena but distinguishable based on morphological and molecular characteristics (3). After its first discovery on apple in Japan, occurance of M. polystroma in Europe has been reported in Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Switzerland (2,3,4). In October 2011, during a survey for apple fungal pathogens in the Bela Crkva district, 15 apple fruit (Malus domestica Borkh.) cv. Golden Delicious were collected. Two isolates of Monilinia polystroma were obtained from apple fruit showing brown rot, covered with small yellowish sporodohia. The pathogen was identified as M. polystroma based on morphological and molecular features (1,3). Upon isolation, colonies cultivated on PDA were white to grayish and the mycelium grew 8.85 mm per day at 22 ± 1°C in 12-h light/12-h dark regime. After 6 to 8 days of incubation, black stromatal plates were observed on the reverse sides of the inoculated petri dishes. Conidia were one-celled, limoniform, hyaline, 14.7 to 21.88 μm (16.2 mean) × 7.85 to 12.92 μm (10.8 mean), and were produced in branched monilioid chains on inoculated apple fruit. Morphological identification was confirmed by PCR (1) using genomic DNA extracted from the mycelium of pure cultures, and amplified products of 425 bp in length, specific for M. polystroma were amplified as expected with primers MO368-5 and MO368-8R. For one isolate, the ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region was obtained, using primers ITS1 and ITS4, and deposited in GenBank (Accession No JX315717). The sequence was 498 bp in length and showed 100% identity with sequences deposited for M. polystroma in NCBI GenBank (JN128835, AM937114, GU067539). Pathogenicity was confirmed by wound-inoculating five surface-sterilized, mature apple fruit with mycelium plugs (5 mm in diameter) of both isolates grown on PDA. Control fruit were inoculated with sterile PDA plugs. After 3 days of incubation in plastic containers, under high humidity (RH 90 to 95%) at 22 ± 1°C, typical symptoms of brown rot developed on inoculated fruit, while control fruit remained symptomless. Isolates recovered from symptomatic fruit showed the same morphological and molecular characteristics as original isolates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of M. polystroma in Serbia. Further studies are necessary to estimate the economic importance and geographic distribution of this organism in Serbia.

References: (1) M.-J. Côté et al. Plant Dis. 88:1219, 2004. (2) M. Hilber-Bodmer et al. Plant Dis. 96: 146, 2012. (3) G. C. M. van Leeuwen et al. Mycol. Res. 106: 444, 2002. (4) OEPP/EPPO Reporting Service. Retrieved from http://archives.eppo.int/EPPOReporting/2011/Rse-1106.pdf
First Report of Kudzu mosaic virus on Pueraria montana (Kudzu) in China
Authors: Zhang J. , Wu Z. J.
Published: December 2012

Kudzu (Pueraria montana), a weed widely distributed in southern China, is common in the Fuzhou region of Fujian Province, where many plants show yellow vein mosaic disease. In September 2008, four leaf samples from different plants exhibiting yellow vein mosaic symptom were collected in suburban district of Fuzhou (25°15′ N, 118°08′ E). Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) infestation was also observed in this region. Total DNA was extracted from all samples using a CTAB method (4). Universal primers (PA/PB) were used to amplify part of the intergenic region and coat protein gene of DNA-A of begomoviruses (1). An amplicon of approximately 500 bp was obtained from all four samples and then sequenced. Comparison of 500-bp fragments (GenBank Accession Nos. FJ539016-18 and FJ539014) revealed the presence of the same virus (98.8 to 99.4%). A pair of back-to-back primers (Yg3FL-F: 5′-GGATCCTTTGTTGAACGCCTTTCC-3′/Yg3FL-R: 5′-GGATCCCACATGTTTAAAGTAAAGC-3′) were designed to amplify the full-length DNA-A from the Chinese isolate identified as Yg3. Sequence analysis showed that full-length DNA-A of Yg3 isolate comprised 2,729 nucleotides (GenBank Accession No. FJ539014) and shared the highest nucleotide sequence identity (91.9%) with Kudzu mosaic virus (KuMV, GenBank Accession No. DQ641690) from Vietnam. To further test the association of DNA-B fragments with the four samples from southern China, rolling circle amplification (RCA) was performed (3). When RCA products were digested with Sph I, approximately 2.7 kb was obtained from all samples. Yg3 isolate was chosen to be sequenced. Sequence analysis showed that full-length DNA-B of Yg3 isolate comprised 2,677 nucleotides (GenBank Accession No. FJ539015) and shared the highest nucleotide sequence identity (76.8%) with KuMV DNA-B (GenBank Accession No. DQ641691) from Vietnam. Based on the current convention of begomovirus species demarcation of <89% sequence identity cut-off criterion (2), Yg3 was identified as an isolate of KuMV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of association of KuMV with yellow vein mosaic symptom of kudzu in China.

References: (1). D. Deng et al. Annals Appl. Biol. 125:327, 1994. (2). C. M. Fauquet et al. Arch. Virol. 148:405, 2003. (3). D. Haible et al. J. Virol. Methods 135:9, 2006. (4). Y. Xie et al. Chinese Sci. Bull. 47:197, 2002.
FoxO6 regulates memory consolidation and synaptic function
Authors: Salih Dervis A.M. , Rashid Asim J. , Colas Damien , de la Torre-Ubieta Luis , Zhu Ruo P. , Morgan Alexander A. , Santo Evan E. , Ucar Duygu , Devarajan Keerthana , Cole Christina J. , Madison Daniel V. , Shamloo Mehrdad , Butte Atul J. , Bonni Azad , Josselyn Sheena A. , Brunet Anne
Published: December 2012

The FoxO family of transcription factors is known to slow aging downstream from the insulin/IGF (insulin-like growth factor) signaling pathway. The most recently discovered FoxO isoform in mammals, FoxO6, is highly enriched in the adult hippocampus. However, the importance of FoxO factors in cognition is largely unknown. Here we generated mice lacking FoxO6 and found that these mice display normal learning but impaired memory consolidation in contextual fear conditioning and novel object recognition. Using stereotactic injection of viruses into the hippocampus of adult wild-type mice, we found that FoxO6 activity in the adult hippocampus is required for memory consolidation. Genome-wide approaches revealed that FoxO6 regulates a program of genes involved in synaptic function upon learning in the hippocampus. Consistently, FoxO6 deficiency results in decreased dendritic spine density in hippocampal neurons in vitro and in vivo. Thus, FoxO6 may promote memory consolidation by regulating a program coordinating neuronal connectivity in the hippocampus, which could have important implications for physiological and pathological age-dependent decline in memory.
Experience with exchange and archiving of raw data: comparison of data from two diffractometers and four software packages on a series of lysozyme crystals
Authors: Tanley Simon W. M. , Schreurs Antoine M. M. , Helliwell John R. , Kroon-Batenburg Loes M. J.
Published: December 2012

The International Union of Crystallography has for many years been advocating archiving of raw data to accompany structural papers. Recently, it initiated the formation of the Diffraction Data Deposition Working Group with the aim of developing standards for the representation of these data. A means of studying this issue is to submit exemplar publications with associated raw data and metadata. A recent study on the effects of dimethyl sulfoxide on the binding of cisplatin and carboplatin to histidine in 11 different lysozyme crystals from two diffractometers led to an investigation of the possible effects of the equipment and X-ray diffraction data processing software on the calculated occupancies andBfactors of the bound Pt compounds. 35.3 Gb of data were transferred from Manchester to Utrecht to be processed withEVAL. A systematic comparison shows that the largest differences in the occupancies andBfactors of the bound Pt compounds are due to the software, but the equipment also has a noticeable effect. A detailed description of and discussion on the availability of metadata is given. By making these raw diffraction data sets availableviaa local depository, it is possible for the diffraction community to make their own evaluation as they may wish.
Crystallographic relations during decomposition of the ferritic phase by isothermal ageing of duplex stainless steel
Authors: Berecz Tibor , Szabo Peter J.
Published: December 2012

In highly alloyed and duplex stainless steels the range of alloying elements leads to many different phases precipitating at higher temperatures. Duplex stainless steels consist of almost equal ratios of austenite and ferrite, and between 923 and 1273 K the ferrite begins decomposing into secondary austenite (γ2) and the σ phase. Several orientation relations between the austenitic, ferritic and σ phases have been determined by other researchers. The calculation and testing of mathematical expressions for these orientations are important for a close understanding of changes in duplex steel hardness, ductility, and other qualitative measures imposed by annealing or heat ageing. The method described in this article also offers an approach for determining parent phase orientations from inherited orientations in other metallic microstructures. When the orientation relations of adjacent grains calculated from mathematical equations and those measured by electron backscatter diffraction were compared, naturally it was found that the average orientation differs less between grains that inherit matrix structure from common parents. However, it was also found that the degree of difference depended on the variants involved in the orientations. This phenomenon can be explained by features of the microstructure and decomposition of the ferritic phase: initially the microstructure contains only primary austenite (γ1) and ferrite, then after a while it contains [beside primary (γ1) austenite] increasing amounts of secondary (γ2) austenite and the σ phase, and decreasing amounts of ferrite. The presence of two variants of austenite makes it difficult to verify parent relations for secondary (γ2) austenites.
Merohedral twin interpretation spreadsheet, including command lines forSHELXL
Authors: Flack Howard D. , Wörle Michael
Published: December 2012

Tables of alphanumeric data concerning crystals twinned by merohedry are presented, assembled into a spreadsheet. The twin table is structured on the 230 space groups and contains the following information: centrosymmetric/chiral indicator, polar axes, twin index, twin operators, some physical property relations, symmetry-related reflections, inversion techniques and a pointer to software use. The software table contains the preceding information translated into command lines forSHELXL[Sheldrick (2008).Acta Cryst.A64, 112–122]. The macromolecular table contains a reduced form of the twin table applicable to enantiomerically pure compounds of known absolute configuration.
The life cycle, achievements and transformation of the New Zealand Mental Health Commission: opportunities and risks
Authors: McGeorge Peter
Published: December 2012

Purpose

The aim of the paper is to describe the “organisational lifecycle” of the New Zealand Mental Health Commission (NZ MHC) including factors that led to it being established, the evolving phases of the work it undertook and its key achievements, the critical success factors, the rationale behind its disestablishment and transfer of its core functions to another entity.

Design/methodology/approach

The methodology is a review of relevant documents and interviews of previous Commissioners, and insights of the final two Chair Commissioners and authors.

Findings

The NZ MHC was established to provide government with independent advice on how to develop the capacity and capability of mental health and addictions services for those people with the highest and most complex needs, estimated to be approximately 3 percent of the population. Having successfully led changes to achieve this goal as set out in The Blueprint of 1998 it is now influencing government policy and services to achieve better mental health and well‐being for the whole population as per Blueprint II, published in 2012. The NZ Government clearly values the role of Mental Health Commissioner which has been transferred to the Office of the Health and Disability Commissioner from July 2012 at the time the Commission is disestablished.

Research limitations/implications

The paper relies on insights of those in Commission leadership roles.

Practical implications

Other Commissions may gain insight into their own evolutionary pathways and proactively manage them.

Social implications

Optimal mental health and wellbeing for society requires policy that simultaneously takes a “whole of society” approach and focuses on responding to people with the highest needs.

Originality/value

The paper shows that there are significant concerns about the disestablishment of the Mental Health Commission in New Zealand and little understanding of the underlying rationale for the organisational changes.
The contribution of the Mental Health Commission in Ireland to the reform of mental health services
Authors: O' Farrell Lisa , Gilheaney Patricia , Smyth Rosemary
Published: December 2012

Purpose

This paper aims to describe the establishment and evolution of Ireland's Mental Health Commission including its functions, strategic objectives and the challenges encountered.

Design/methodology/approach

This case study is based on an analysis of the outputs of the organisation to date, legislative reviews, and available evidence on the contributions of the organisation to the development of services.

Findings

The organisation has a breadth of responsibilities. It has administered reviews of 9,896 involuntary admissions to inpatient units to date since its inception. It has regulatory and enforcement powers in terms of the licensing of inpatient mental health facilities in Ireland. It has issued numerous codes of practice and rules for the guidance of those working across services. It also has an independent Inspectorate arm that inspects the quality of mental health services annually.

Research limitations/implications

There is a risk of potential bias given the authors work for the organisation, however, attempts have been made to support observations with evidence from external sources.

Practical implications

The organisation's work has been seminal in enhancing the protection of the human rights of persons accessing mental health services. Regulatory measures have also led to changes in the behaviour of service providers, but it has proven to be more challenging to change attitudes and culture within services.

Social implications

The Commission has contributed to the reform agenda by focusing greater attention on rights‐based, participatory and recovery‐oriented models of care provision.

Originality/value

This paper documents the work of the Mental Health Commission and highlights the impact changes have had both for those using services and those providing them.
The Mental Health Commission of Canada: the first five years
Authors: Goldbloom David , Bradley Louise
Published: December 2012

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the progress of the Mental Health Commission of Canada (MHCC) over the first five years of its existence toward stated goals while existing outside the constitutional framework of health care funding.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is a review of the outputs of the MHCC with emphasis on its first‐ever mental health strategy for Canada, knowledge exchange network, anti‐stigma initiatives, randomized controlled trial of housing‐first initiatives for the homeless mentally ill, as well as other completed projects.

Findings

Consultation and collaboration are essential aspects of working successfully with people with lived experience of mental illness, their families, health professionals, and governments. At the same time, when expectations are high, needs are great, and opinions are varied, disappointment and frustration are inevitable.

Research limitations/implications

Although the MHCC initiatives include the largest single funded research project in mental health in Canadian history, and evaluation is built into other initiatives, the political dimension of its work does not lend itself to research evaluation.

Practical implications

The creation of an organization outside the constitutional framework of health care funding may allow for a catalytic role in precipitating change.

Social implications

The emphasis on anti‐stigma campaigns targeted at defined populations (youth, health professionals, workforce, journalists) may combat the discrimination people with mental illnesses and their families experience.

Originality/value

The paper shows that the Canadian experience is, to date, largely undescribed in the peer‐reviewed literature and may influence other jurisdictions. One of its interventions is already being replicated internationally.
Prevention better than cure for optimised active ageing
Authors: Minett Christopher
Published: December 2012

Purpose

This article aims to reflect on the role of prevention with respect to active ageing and why early action and intervention to promote active ageing at a societal, familial and personal level has potentially become somewhat of a necessity.

Design/methodology/approach

The article is the observations of injury prevention and contemporary active ageing initiatives in the UK from a practitioner's perspective.

Findings

The potential contribution of prevention towards optimised active ageing has frequently been recognised and supported by studies and programs from around the world. This article supports the theme that prevention can play an important role in promoting active ageing.

Originality/value

The article provides a simple and structured reflection upon the potential role of injury prevention in active ageing and also provides a framework for further analysis and discussion.
The process and impact of intergenerational theatre making
Authors: Petherbridge Jonathan , Kendall David
Published: December 2012

Purpose

The aim of this article is to share the process and outcomes of an intergenerational community theatre project run by London Bubble in 2011.

Design/methodology/approach

The article is a narrative describing the process of the project written by the project director followed by an observational evaluation from the Centre for Urban Community Research at Goldsmiths College.

Findings

The process of making community drama from gathered oral histories has positive outcomes for elders, children and adults as individuals, and the theatre that results has a wider positive impact on audiences drawn from the immediate community.

Originality/value

This process is unusual, if not unique. The article points the reader towards a fuller evaluation study, and a follow up project.
Weakly Coupled Dusty Plasma With a High Dust Temperature and Low Thermal Energy Density
Authors: Fisher Ross , Thomas Edward
Published: December 2012

Relatively large values of the temperature for the dust component of plasma systems are an area of concern in the understanding of such systems. Dust temperatures are regularly observed to be several orders of magnitude higher than the temperatures of the other plasma components, leading to questions of the validity of the measurements. In order to address such concerns, the phase space distribution was measured for a weakly coupled dusty plasma system. The measurements are used to illustrate the differences between two metrics of the thermal motion of the dust component, namely, the temperature and the thermal energy density. It is shown that, by considering the thermal energy density, instead of the temperature, the energy associated with the random motion of the dust component is comparable to that of the other plasma species.
Emotional memory modulation in schizophrenia: an overview
Authors: Dieleman S. , Röder C. H.
Published: December 2012

Objective

In healthy controls, the emotional charge of stimuli influences how well stimuli are remembered. Although patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) have deficits in memory and in emotional processing, studies on emotional memory modulation (EMM) in SCZ report contradictory results. The aim of this review was to investigate whether methodological differences could explain these contradictory results.

Method

We reviewed the literature to investigate whether task differences could explain these differences. Due to the methodological differences, a meta‐analysis was not possible.

Results

Fourteen studies were identified that used a total of 22 tasks to study EMM in patients with SCZ. Two‐thirds of the tasks showed no differences in EMM between patients with SCZ and healthy controls. Differences in EMM were found more often when long‐term compared to short‐term memory was measured, when memory instructions were implicit instead of explicit and when stronger emotional stimuli were used. An overall memory deficit or the mode of retrieval was not related to EMM.

Conclusion

Deficits in EMM in long‐term compared to short‐term memory point toward impaired emotional modulation of memory consolidation. Reduced EMM on implicit, but not explicit, tasks suggests a deficit in unconsciously using emotional content to modulate memory.
Culture and the mode of thought: A review
Authors: Ishii Keiko
Published: December 2012

This review highlights studies examining cultural differences in the mode of thought. The theoretical framework of studies from a cross‐cultural perspective suggests that views of self, social norms, communication practices, and modes of thought are interconnected. The independent view of self, dominant in Western cultures, promotes low‐contextual communication and corresponds to an analytic and logical mode of thought. On the other hand, the interdependent view of self, dominant in East Asian cultures, promotes high‐contextual communication and corresponds to a holistic and dialectical mode of thought. The expected cultural variations of the mode of thought have been supported by empirical findings regarding causal attribution, attention, reasoning, categorization, and comprehension of utterances. Moreover, it has become clear that cultural knowledge of ideas and beliefs, which are activated by linguistic symbols and icons, guides the corresponding psychological tendencies including analytic and holistic modes of thought. Furthermore, studies of cultural neuroscience have shown cultural differences in behavioural as well as neural responses. A growing body of research supports cultural differences in the mode of thought; however, there is still much room for this research area to progress. Future directions suggesting further investigations in relation to socialization, cultural products, and gene–culture interaction are discussed.
Enrichment of Oct3/4‐positive cells from a human bronchial epithelial cell line
Authors: Li Xin , Jia Lanling , Jia Xinshan , Shi Mumu , Li Xiaolei , Ye Xulv , Wang Ruiyue , Xiong Yanlei , Wang Enhua , Li Fang
Published: December 2012

Most adult stem cells are in the G0 phase of the cell cycle, accounting for only a small percentage of the cells in the tissue. Thus, isolation of stem cells from tissues for further study represents a major challenge. The anti‐tumor drug 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) selectively kills proliferating cells, sparing cells in the G0 phase. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine whether 5‐FU can be used to enrich stem cells in a human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cell population in vitro. Side population (SP) cells were isolated from untreated HBE cells or HBE cells treated with 5‐FU, and the resulting cells were subjected to colony formation assays, culturing of cell spheres, and tumorigenicity assays. Expression of Oct3/4, Sox2, PCK, and β‐catenin were examined by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence. Treatment with 5‐FU increased the percentage of SP cells from 0.3% to 1.5%, and the clonogenic ability of 5‐FU‐treated cells was more than twofold higher than that of HBE cells. Cells that survived after 5‐FU treatment exhibited a higher capacity for sphere formation. Furthermore, spheres formed from 5‐FU‐treated cells possessed the capacity to generate differentiated progenies. Cells treated with 5‐FU also exhibited tumorigenic potential, based on tumor formation assays in nude mice, and Oct3/4‐positive cell aggregates were identified in the resulting tumors. In this study, we have shown that 5‐FU treatment enriched the population of cells expressing the putative embryonic markers Oct3/4 and Sox2 and exhibiting nuclear accumulation of β‐catenin. Furthermore, 5‐FU‐treated cells expressed low levels of the epithelial differentiation marker PCK. Analysis of epigenetic modifications suggested that Oct3/4‐positive cells possessed characteristics of stem cells. These results demonstrate that treatment with 5‐FU can enrich the stem cell population present in a human bronchial epithelial cell line, and implicate combined treatment with 5‐FU and serum‐free medium as a new method for isolation of stem‐like cells from the HBE cell line.
Pharmacological and clinical dilemmas of prescribing in co‐morbid adult attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and addiction
Authors: Pérez de los Cobos José , Siñol Núria , Pérez Víctor , Trujols Joan
Published: December 2012

The present article reviews whether available efficacy and safety data support the pharmacological treatment of adult attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in patients with concurrent substance use disorders (SUD). Arguments for and against treating adult ADHD with active SUD are discussed. Findings from 19 large open studies and controlled clinical trials show that the use of atomoxetine or extended‐release methylphenidate formulations, together with psychological therapy, yield promising though inconclusive results about short term efficacy of these drugs in the treatment of adult ADHD in patients with SUD and no other severe mental disorders. However, the efficacy of these drugs is scant or lacking for treating concurrent SUD. No serious safety issues have been associated with these drugs in patients with co‐morbid SUD‐ADHD, given their low risk of abuse and favourable side effect and drug–drug interaction profile. The decision to treat adult ADHD in the context of active SUD depends on various factors, some directly related to SUD‐ADHD co‐morbidity (e.g. degree of diagnostic uncertainty for ADHD) and other factors related to the clinical expertise of the medical staff and availability of adequate resources (e.g. the means to monitor compliance with pharmacological treatment). Our recommendation is that clinical decisions be individualized and based on a careful analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of pharmacological treatment for ADHD on a case‐by‐case basis in the context of active SUD.
Enterovirus infections in early childhood and the risk of atopic disease – a nested case‐control study
Authors: Korhonen L. , Kondrashova A. , Tauriainen S. , Haapala A. M. , Huhtala H. , Ilonen J. , Simell O. , Knip M. , Lönnrot M. , Hyöty H.
Published: December 2012

Background

Enterovirus infections in childhood have been associated with a reduced risk of atopy in cross‐sectional studies.

Objective

To study the relation between enterovirus infections in the first 2 years of life and atopic disease with IgE sensitization in a prospective study setting.

Methods

This was a nested case‐control study among children who had been followed from birth. Neutralizing antibodies against 12 enterovirus serotypes were analysed at the age of 2 years from 71 atopic children and 142 non‐atopic control children. Atopy was defined as having an atopic disease and IgE antibodies against at least one aeroallergen by the age of 5 years.

Results

Cumulative exposure to different enterovirus serotypes was inversely associated with atopy [odds ratio (OR) 0.73; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.56‐0.96]. The most pronounced protection was seen when echoviruses were analysed as a separate group (OR 0.63; 95%CI: 0.46–0.88).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

We propose that exposure to several different enteroviruses in early childhood is inversely associated with atopic diseases. Our results support the hypothesis that repeated microbial infections in early life may protect from atopic sensitization and atopic diseases.
Klinkenberg et al. reply
Authors: Klinkenberg Sylvia , Aalbers Marlien W , Vles Johan S , Cornips Erwin MJ , Rijkers Kim , Leenen Loes , KesselS Fons GH , Aldenkamp Albert P , Majoie Marian
Published: December 2012

Please also see the Letter on this paper by Robinson on page 195 of this issue.
Predation of cotton bollworm by green lacewings in the presence of cotton aphid as alternative prey on transgenic Bt and conventional cotton
Authors: Bahar Md Habibullah , Stanley John , Gregg Peter , Socorro Alice Del
Published: December 2012

Experiments were conducted in small arenas and on whole plants to explore the effect of cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), as alternative prey on the predation of Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae by green lacewing larvae, Mallada signatus Schneider (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Transgenic Bt (Bollgard II®) and conventional cotton plants were included to explore potential differences in the predator's performance on these cotton types. In small arenas, the presence of 20 aphids reduced predation on H. armigera larvae by 22% (from 5.5 to 3.3 of 10) by a single lacewing larva over a 24‐h period. The presence of H. armigera reduced predation on aphids by ca. 29% (from 16.8 to 11.0 of 20) over 24 h. On whole plants, the presence of alternative prey had no effect on the number of H. armigera larvae or aphids remaining after 3 days. The presence of H. armigera larvae alone, without the predator, caused a 24% reduction in the numbers of aphids on conventional, but not on Bt cotton plants. The combination of Bt cotton and lacewing larvae caused a 96.6% removal of early‐stage H. armigera larvae, a statistically significant increase over the addition of the proportions (91.6%) removed by each factor measured separately, providing evidence of synergism. These studies suggest that the presence of aphids as alternative prey would not necessarily disrupt the predation by green lacewing on larvae of H. armigera, especially on Bt cotton.
Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, vector of citrus huanglongbing disease
Authors: Hall David G. , Richardson Matthew L. , Ammar El‐Desouky , Halbert Susan E.
Published: December 2012

The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), is an important pest of citrus because it transmits phloem‐limited bacteria [Candidatus Liberibacter spp., notably Ca. L. asiaticus (LAS)] associated with huanglongbing (HLB; citrus greening disease), currently considered the world's most serious disease of citrus. Asian citrus psyllid transmits LAS in a persistent manner and, although the rate of LAS transmission by ACP individuals usually is low, HLB can spread rapidly in a citrus grove and the geographic range of the disease is expanding, threatening citrus industries in new areas. Intensive chemical control of ACP is the primary management strategy currently advocated for HLB, but this strategy is costly, unsustainable, and generally ineffective. The scientific community is searching aggressively for solutions to HLB on many fronts, but it could still be years before solutions are found and implemented. Plant resistance to LAS is one area of research being pursued, whereby traits that confer resistance are identified and incorporated into citrus germplasm through conventional or transgenic methods. It remains to be seen if a solution to HLB can be found that specifically targets ACP, but research on ACP has been stepped up in a number of areas, notably on ACP–LAS–plant interactions, on host plant resistance to ACP, and on molecular methods of silencing ACP genes to induce mortality or to block its ability to transmit HLB‐causing bacteria. Advancements in these and other research areas may depend greatly on a better understanding of basic ACP biology and vector–pathogen–host plant interactions at the molecular, cellular, and community levels. Here, we present an updated review of ACP and HLB with an emphasis on the problem in Florida.
Reducing boll weevil populations by clipping terminal buds and removing abscised fruiting bodies
Authors: Neves Robério C.S. , Showler Allan T. , Pinto Ézio S. , Bastos Cristina S. , Torres Jorge B.
Published: December 2012

Cotton pests damaging fruiting bodies (squares and young bolls) are difficult to control and their damage results in direct yield loss. Small growers, with low technological inputs, represent a large portion of cotton growers worldwide comprising more than 76 countries; they rely mainly on cultural practices to counteract pest attack in their crops. Boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), oviposition involves puncturing cotton squares and young bolls, causing abscission. We examined the impact on boll weevil population of collecting abscised cotton fruiting bodies and clipping plant terminals at 50% boll maturation in the field during two cotton‐growing seasons and under field cage conditions. Greatest numbers of damaged squares occurred ca. 117 days after planting and clipped plants resulted in reduction of abscised structures and adult boll weevils compared with non‐clipped plants, irrespective of cotton variety. Damaged young bolls were found ca. 128 days after planting in 2009 and 2011, but clipping had no effect. Numbers of boll weevils found in plants of the varieties BRS 201 and BRS Rubi (both in 2009) and BRS Rubi (in 2011) were, respectively, 13‐, 17‐, and 20‐fold greater when clipping plus collecting abscised fruiting bodies were not practiced. Furthermore, the average percentage of the boll weevil parasitoid Bracon vulgaris Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) emerging from abscised and collected structures was similar between clipped and non‐clipped plant terminals in both seasons. Clipping plant terminals did not result in yield reduction and reduced adult boll weevil production. Collecting abscised reproductive structures, clipping plant terminals, and using both practices together reduced boll weevil populations by as much as 63, 57, and 79%, respectively, in cage trials. Thus, these practices cause significant impact on boll weevil populations and are feasible of adoption, especially for smallholder cotton growers.
Cryptic maternal effects in Hippodamia convergens vary with maternal age and body size
Authors: Vargas German , Michaud J.P. , Nechols James R.
Published: December 2012

Maternal effects can mold progeny phenotypes in various ways and may constitute ecological adaptations. By examining the effect of oviposition sequence on progeny produced by different size classes of female ladybird beetles (produced by controlling larval access to food), we show that maternal signals can change through adult life and alter the developmental programs of progeny, ostensibly to synchronize their life histories with predictable resource dynamics, thus maximizing maternal fitness. We also show that female body size, as determined by larval food supply, interacts with female age to influence progeny fitness. When fed ad libitum as adults, small females reared with limited food access laid fewer, smaller eggs than large females reared with ad libitum food access. Maternal body size interacted with oviposition sequence to influence progeny development, but the latter had greater impact. Eggs laid later by medium and large females hatched faster than those laid earlier, larvae fed longer in the fourth instar, their pupation period was shorter, total developmental time was reduced, and adults emerged with greater mass, most notably daughters. Oviposition sequence effects on progeny from small mothers were non‐significant for total developmental time and progeny mass. Only large mothers increased egg size over time and egg mass was not consistently correlated with developmental parameters, indicating that progeny phenotype was impacted by other, more cryptic, maternal signals. Such signals appear costly, as food limitation during development constrained not only fecundity and egg size but also maternal ability to manipulate progeny phenotype. The production of faster‐developing offspring that mature to larger sizes late in the oviposition cycle may be adaptive for exploitation of ephemeral aphid outbreaks with predictable dynamics of prey abundance and competition.
Plant chemistry underlies herbivore‐mediated inbreeding depression in nature
Authors: Campbell Stuart A. , Thaler Jennifer S. , Kessler André
Published: December 2012

The cost of inbreeding (inbreeding depression, ID) is an important variable in the maintenance of reproductive variation. Ecological interactions such as herbivory could modulate this cost, provided that defence traits harbour deleterious mutations and herbivores are responsible for differences in fitness. In the field, we manipulated the presence of herbivores on experimentally inbred and outcrossed plants of Solanum carolinense (horsenettle) for three years. Damage was greater on inbred plants, and ID for growth and fitness was significantly greater under herbivory. Inbreeding reduced phenolic expression both qualitatively (phytochemical diversity) and quantitatively, indicating deleterious load at loci related to the biosynthesis of defence compounds. Our results indicate that inbreeding effects on plant–herbivore interactions are mediated by changes to functional plant metabolites, suggesting that variation in inbreeding could be a predictor of defence trait variation. The magnitude of herbivore‐mediated, ecological ID indicates that herbivores could maintain outcrossing mating systems in nature.
A test of critical thresholds and their indicators in a desertification‐prone ecosystem: more resilience than we thought
Authors: Bestelmeyer Brandon T. , Duniway Michael C. , James Darren K. , Burkett Laura M. , Havstad Kris M.
Published: December 2012

Theoretical models predict that drylands can cross critical thresholds, but experimental manipulations to evaluate them are non‐existent. We used a long‐term (13‐year) pulse‐perturbation experiment featuring heavy grazing and shrub removal to determine if critical thresholds and their determinants can be demonstrated in Chihuahuan Desert grasslands. We asked if cover values or patch‐size metrics could predict vegetation recovery, supporting their use as early‐warning indicators. We found that season of grazing, but not the presence of competing shrubs, mediated the severity of grazing impacts on dominant grasses. Recovery occurred at the same rate irrespective of grazing history, suggesting that critical thresholds were not crossed, even at low cover levels. Grass cover, but not patch size metrics, predicted variation in recovery rates. Some transition‐prone ecosystems are surprisingly resilient; management of grazing impacts and simple cover measurements can be used to avert undesired transitions and initiate restoration.