bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Discriminative Analysis of Fine-Grained Semantic Relations including Presupposition: Annotation and Classification
Authors: Tremper Galina , Frank Anette
Published: October 2013

In contrast to classical lexical semantic relations between verbs, such as antonymy, synonymy or hypernymy, presupposition is a lexically triggered semantic relation that is not well covered in existing lexical resources. It is also understudied in the field of corpus-based methods of learning semantic relations. Yet, presupposition is very important for semantic and discourse analysis tasks, given the implicit information that it conveys. In this paper we present a corpus-based method for acquiring presupposition-triggering verbs along with verbal relata that express their presupposed meaning. We approach this difficult task using a discriminative classification method that jointly determines and distinguishes a broader set of inferential semantic relations between verbs.

The present paper focuses on important methodological aspects of our work: (i) a discriminative analysis of the semantic properties of the chosen set of relations, (ii) the selection of features for corpus-based classification and (iii) design decisions for the manual annotation of fine-grained semantic relations between verbs. (iv) We present the results of a practical annotation effort leading to a gold standard resource for our relation inventory, and (v) we report results for automatic classification of our target set of fine-grained semantic relations, including presupposition. We achieve a classification performance of 55% F1-score, a 100% improvement over a best-feature baseline.
The analysis of size-segregated cloud condensation nuclei counter (CCNC) data and its implications for cloud droplet activation
Authors: Paramonov M. , Aalto P. P. , Asmi A. , Prisle N. , Kerminen V.-M. , Kulmala M. , Petäjä T.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Ambient aerosol, CCN (cloud condensation nuclei) and hygroscopic properties were measured with a size-segregated CCNC (cloud condensation nuclei counter) in a boreal environment of southern Finland at the SMEAR (Station for Measuring Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relations) II station. The instrumental setup operated at five levels of supersaturation S covering a range from 0.1–1% and measured particles with a size range of 20–300 nm; a total of 29 non-consecutive months of data are presented. The median critical diameter Dc ranged from 150 nm at S of 0.1% to 46 nm at S of 1.0%. The median aerosol hygroscopicity parameter κ ranged from 0.41 at S of 0.1% to 0.14 at S of 1.0%, indicating that ambient aerosol in Hyytiälä is less hygroscopic than the global continental or European continental averages. It is, however, more hygroscopic than the ambient aerosol in an Amazon rainforest, a European high Alpine site or a forested mountainous site. A fairly low hygroscopicity in Hyytiälä is likely a result of a large organic fraction present in the aerosol mass comparative to other locations within Europe. A considerable difference in particle hygroscopicity was found between particles smaller and larger than ~100 nm in diameter, possibly pointing out to the effect of cloud processing increasing κ of particles > 100 nm in diameter. The hygroscopicity of the smaller, ~50 nm particles did not change seasonally, whereas particles with a diameter of ~150 nm showed a decreased hygroscopicity in the summer, likely resulting from the increased VOC emissions of the surrounding boreal forest and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. For the most part, no diurnal patterns of aerosol hygroscopic properties were found. Exceptions to this were the weak diurnal patterns of small, ~50 nm particles in the spring and summer, when a peak in hygroscopicity around noon was observed. No difference in CCN activation and hygroscopic properties was found on days with or without atmospheric new particle formation. During all seasons, except summer, a CCN-inactive fraction was found to be present, rendering the aerosol of 75–300 nm in diameter as internally mixed in the summer and not internally mixed for the rest of the year.
Planning the improvement of a seismic network for monitoring active volcanic areas: the experience on Mt. Etna
Authors: D'Alessandro A. , Scarfì L. , Scaltrito A. , Di Prima S. , Rapisarda S.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Seismology and geodesy are generally seen as the most reliable diagnostic tools for monitoring highly active or erupting volcanoes, like Mt. Etna. From the early 1980's, seismic activity was monitored at Mt. Etna by a permanent seismic network, progressively improved in the following years. This network has been considerably enhanced since 2005 by 24-bit digital stations equipped with broad-band (40 s) sensors. Today, thanks to a configuration of 33 broad-band and 12 short-period stations, we have a good coverage of the volcanic area as well as a high quality of the collected data. In the framework of the VULCAMED project a workgroup of Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia has taken on the task of developing the seismic monitoring system, through the installation of other seismic stations. The choice of optimal sites must be clearly made through a careful analysis of the geometry of the existing seismic network. In this paper, we applied the Seismic Network Evaluation through Simulation in order to evaluate the performance of the Etna Seismic Network before and after the addition of the stations in the candidate sites. The main advantage of the adopted method is that we can evaluate the improvement of the network before the actual installation of the stations. Our analysis has permitted to identify some critical issues of the current permanent seismic network related to the lack of stations in the southern sector of the volcano, which is nevertheless affected by a number of seismogenic structures. We have showed that the addition of stations at the candidate sites would greatly extend the coverage of the network to the south by significantly reducing the errors in the hypocenter parameters estimation.
Eurasian Arctic climate over the past millennium as recorded in the Akademii Nauk ice core (Severnaya Zemlya)
Authors: Opel T. , Fritzsche D. , Meyer H.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Understanding recent Arctic climate change requires detailed information on past changes, in particular on a regional scale. The extension of the depth–age relation of the Akademii Nauk (AN) ice core from Severnaya Zemlya (SZ) to the last 1100 yr provides new perspectives on past climate fluctuations in the Barents and Kara seas region. Here, we present the easternmost high-resolution ice-core climate proxy records (δ18O and sodium) from the Arctic. Multi-annual AN δ18O data as near-surface air-temperature proxies reveal major temperature changes over the last millennium, including the absolute minimum around 1800 and the unprecedented warming to a double-peak maximum in the early 20th century. The long-term cooling trend in δ18O is related to a decline in summer insolation but also to the growth of the AN ice cap as indicated by decreasing sodium concentrations. Neither a pronounced Medieval Climate Anomaly nor a Little Ice Age are detectable in the AN δ18O record. In contrast, there is evidence of several abrupt warming and cooling events, such as in the 15th and 16th centuries, partly accompanied by corresponding changes in sodium concentrations. These abrupt changes are assumed to be related to sea-ice cover variability in the Barents and Kara seas region, which might be caused by shifts in atmospheric circulation patterns. Our results indicate a significant impact of internal climate variability on Arctic climate change in the last millennium.
A Skyscraping Feat
Authors: Roberts Sarah A. , Lee Jean S.
Published: October 2013

Skyscraper Windows, a high cognitive demanding algebra task, addresses the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics.
Problems before Procedures: Systems of Equations
Authors: Allen Kasi C.
Published: October 2013

Students today come to first-year algebra with considerable prior experience and a wide range of skills. Teachers need to modify their instructional strategies accordingly.
The Back Page: My Favorite Lesson: Perfect Sample and Population Mean Formula
Authors: Lienhard Clarence W.
Published: October 2013

Typically, students readily understand the concepts of the sample mean and a discrete random variable X with its probability mass function. However, they find the population mean formula unduly difficult to comprehend. Using a perfect sample, the author guides readers to discover the population mean formula from the sample mean.
AlN Grown on a- and n-Plane Sapphire Substrates by Low-Pressure Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy
Authors: Goriki Naoki , Miyake Hideto , Hiramatsu Kazumasa , Akiyama Toru , Ito Tomonori , Eryu Osamu
Published: October 2013

We have studied the properties of AlN layers grown by low-pressure hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) on n-plane (112̄3) sapphire substrates and compared them with those of AlN layers on a-plane (112̄0) sapphire substrates. c-Plane AlN was grown on a-plane sapphire. In the case of AlN growth on n-plane sapphire, the c-axis of AlN was tilted by about 1.2° relative to the n-axis of sapphire, unlike AlN growth on a-plane sapphire. For AlN grown on a-plane sapphire, the in-plane epitaxial relationship between AlN and sapphire changed with nitridation temperature in the initial-stage of growth, but it remained constant for AlN grown on n-plane sapphire.
Novel Structure of Double-H Tuning Fork for Dual-Axis Quartz Micro-Electro-Mechanical System Angular Rate Sensor
Authors: Zhao Ke , Feng Lihui , Wang Qianqian , Cui Fang , Sun Yunan
Published: October 2013

A novel structure of a double-H tuning fork for an angular rate sensor, which can detect two-axial angular rates on a single quartz chip, is proposed in this article. Multiple sensing forks, which are separated from driving forks, guarantee the sensitivities of the two-axial effect and suppress couplings among each mode. Simulation with the finite element method (FEM) is used to analyze the resonance frequencies, electrode distributions, and outputs of this structure. The results show that this double-H tuning fork resonator can be used as an angular rate sensor to detect two-axial angular rates effectively.
InSb Mid-Infrared Photon Detector for Room-Temperature Operation
Authors: Ueno Koichiro , Camargo Edson Gomes , Katsumata Takashi , Goto Hiromasa , Kuze Naohiro , Kangawa Yoshihiro , Kakimoto Koichi
Published: October 2013

We developed a small InSb mid-infrared (2–7 µm wavelength range) photon detector that operates at room temperature. The photodiode was made from (hetero epitaxial) InSb layers that were grown on a semi-insulating GaAs substrate by molecular beam epitaxy. To suppress the effects of the diffusion current of the p–i–n photodiode, we used an AlInSb barrier layer that raises the resistance of the photodiode. We also optimized the device's doping concentration and the infrared incidence window structure. These optimization steps realized high photoelectric current output in a room-temperature environment. We also increased the signal-to-noise ratio of the detector by connecting multiple photodiodes in series. The size of this detector is 1.9×2.7×0.4 mm3 and the detectivity is 2.8×108 cm Hz1/2/W at 300 K. This is a practical IR detector that can be used in general signal amplification ICs.
Low Surface Traps Induced Noise ZrZnO Thin-Film Transistor Using Field-Plate Metal Technology
Authors: Chiu Hsien-Chin , Wang Hsiang-Chun , Luo Yi-Cheng , Huang Fan-Hsiu , Kao Hsuan-Ling , Hsueh Kuang-Po
Published: October 2013

This study proposes a high-performance top-gate ZrZnO thin-film transistor (TFT) with a novel field-plate (FP) structure. The experimental results show that the I
on/I
off ratio of the FP TFT is higher than that of a conventional structure. The leakage current and interface traps are reduced simultaneously. The measured low frequency noise spectra also demonstrated that the flicker noise generated by the surface traps can be suppressed by adopting field-plate metal structure for TFT. The field-plate ZrZnO TFT achieved a threshold voltage (V
TH) of 0.5 V and the sub-threshold slope (SS) is 0.21 V/decade. In addition, the I
on/I
off ratio also reached 2.65×104 and the Hooge parameter, αH, is in the range, 10-5 to 10-4 which is a comparatively low trap induced noise range compared to previous studies.
Theoretical Investigation of Graphene Nanoribbon Field-Effect Transistors Designed for Digital Applications
Authors: Harada Naoki , Sato Shintaro , Yokoyama Naoki
Published: October 2013

Nanometer-scale, single-gate graphene nanoribbon Schottky barrier field-effect transistors (FETs) were theoretically investigated using self-consistent atomistic simulation. The device geometry was determined by referring to the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. The target performance levels were the requirements specified in the roadmap for 2024, particularly a maximum leakage current of 0.1 A/m, an on-current of 2017 A/m, and a delay time of 0.13 ps. The device conditions needed to meet these requirements were found to be a bandgap larger than 1.1 eV, a supply voltage of 0.6 V, and a gate length of 7 nm.
Analytical Model for Drift Region Voltage Drop in 4H-SiC Vertical Double Implanted Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor: Effect of Anisotropy
Authors: Abood Imhimmad , Šašić Rajko M. , Ostojić Stanko M. , Lukić Petar M.
Published: October 2013

Silicon carbide (4H-SiC as well as 6H-SiC) is known to be an anisotropic material. Among others, the transport parameters in the c-direction such as low field mobility and saturation velocity, are moderately different from those in the a- and b-directions in the case of 4H-SiC, while this difference becomes remarkable in the case of 6H-SiC. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of this anisotropy on an analytical model for “drift region voltage drop” in a 4H-SiC vertical double implanted metal oxide semiconductor (VDIMOS) structure.
Effect of Nitrogen Doping on the Structure and Optical Band Gap of Fluorinated Diamond-Like Carbon Films
Authors: Jianrong Xiao , Aihua Jiang , Zhiyong Wang
Published: October 2013

Radio-frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition technology was applied to the manufacture of nitrogen-doped fluorinated diamond-like carbon films under different nitrogen flow ratios. Atomic force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy were performed to determine the surface morphology, microscopic structure, and optical properties of the films. The spectra of the films were analyzed using a Gaussian peak-fitting algorithm. The films manufactured using this technology were compact and even. As the nitrogen flow ratio increased, the surface roughness of the films decreased. Nitrogen doping was favorable for graphite phase formation in the films. Moreover, the number of sp2structures increases. The optical band gap initially increased and then decreased as the nitrogen flow ratio increased slightly.
Optimum Conditions of Dynamic Fields for the Three-Dimensional Magnetic Alignment of Magnetically Biaxial Particles
Authors: Yamaguchi Masuhiro , Yamamoto Isao , Kimura Tsunehisa
Published: October 2013

Three-dimensional magnetic alignment (3DMA) is analytically investigated for different dynamic fields when the biaxial susceptibility χ1>χ2>χ3 and the maximum magnetic field B are given. We determine the conditions of each field with which the ordering of the easy magnetization axis χ1 is equivalent to that of the hard magnetization axis χ3, and the ordering of the intermediate magnetization axis χ2 takes a maximum. All the methods of dynamic fields can optimize 3DMA when appropriate conditions of each field are adopted.
Phase Boundary Shift by Thermal Strain in 100-Oriented Epitaxial Pb(ZrxTi1-x)O3 Film Grown on CaF2 Substrates
Authors: Ehara Yoshitaka , Oikawa Takahiro , Yamada Tomoaki , Funakubo Hiroshi
Published: October 2013

100-oriented epitaxial Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 [PZT] films with various Zr/(Zr+Ti) ratios from 0 to 0.8 were grown on (100)c SrRuO3∥(100) SrTiO3 and (100)c SrRuO3∥(100) LaNiO3∥(001) CaF2 substrates. 200-nm-thick films grown on CaF2 substrates consisted of a pure tetragonal phase up to the Zr/(Zr+Ti) ratio of 0.8. On the other hand, the phase of the films on SrTiO3 substrates changed from pure tetragonal below the Zr/(Zr+Ti) ratio of 0.4 to rhombohedral above the Zr/(Zr+Ti) ratio of 0.6 through their mixture phase within the Zr/(Zr+Ti) ratio range from 0.4 to 0.6. The larger polarization value was observed to be lager for PZT films on CaF2 substrates than for PZT films on SrTiO3 substrates for all Zr/(Zr+Ti) ratios and was in good agreement with the estimated one assuming tetragonal symmetry. The tetragonal region can be expanded to a Zr/(Zr+Ti) ratio of 0.8 below 1 µm in thickness for films on CaF2 substrates. The present results show that the large thermal strain induced by CaF2 substrates having with a large thermal expansion coefficient can expand the tetragonal symmetry region up to large a Zr/(Zr+Ti) ratio and thicker films.
Effects of Eu3+ Doping on Characteristics of (Bi3.25Nd0.75)Ti3O12 Nanoplates
Authors: Kobune Masafumi , Kaneko Yusaku , Kishimoto Ryo , Kugimiya Takuya , Ueshima Satoshi , Nishioka Hiroshi , Kikuchi Takeyuki , Fujisawa Hironori , Nakashima Seiji , Shimizu Masaru , Fukumuro Naoki , Matsuda Hitoshi
Published: October 2013

a- and b-axis-oriented (Bi3.25Nd0.75 - x
Eu
x
)Ti3O12 (BNEuT, x = 0–0.75) films of 3.0 µm thickness were fabricated on conductive Nb:TiO2(101) substrates containing 0.79 mass % Nb by high-temperature sputtering at 650 °C, and their structural and ferroelectric characteristics were investigated. All the films had a mostly single-phase orthorhombic structure, with high degrees of a- and b-axis orientations of 99.0–99.8%. The lattice parameters (a-, b-, and c-axis lengths) and the calculated orthorhombic lattice distortion decreased monotonically with increasing Eu content. The microstructure of BNEuT films with x = 0–0.50 was nanoplate-like, whereas that of films with x≥0.60 was significantly more bulk-like. The real room-temperature remanent polarization (2P
r
*), taking the porosity between the nanoplates into account, had a maximum value of 2P
r
* = 87 µC/cm2 at x = 0.10, which was approximately 1.3 times larger than that (65 µC/cm2) of the nondoped BNT film. It is shown that lattice distortion caused by rotation of octahedra in the a–b plane due to the Eu substitution plays a significant role in the improvement of ferroelectricity.
Crystal Structure Analysis of Hydrothermally Synthesized Epitaxial (KxNa1-x)NbO3 Films
Authors: Shiraishi Takahisa , Kaneko Noriyuki , Einishi Hiro , Shimizu Takao , Kurosawa Minoru , Uchida Hiroshi , Kobayashi Takeshi , Kiguchi Takanori , Konno Toyohiko J. , Funakubo Hiroshi
Published: October 2013

Epitaxial (K
x
Na1-x
)NbO3 films with various compositions x were deposited on Nb-doped (100)SrTiO3 single crystal substrates at 240 °C by the hydrothermal method. Detailed crystal structures were analyzed by X-ray diffraction. All the (K
x
Na1-x
)NbO3 films consisted of a perovskite phase without any impurity phase. High-temperature XRD data showed that (K
x
Na1-x
)NbO3 films with x = 0.03 and 0.86 transformed to a single cubic phase at 600 °C through the intermediate phase. On the other hand, (K
x
Na1-x
)NbO3 films with x = 0.24 showed two diffraction peaks at 600 °C originating from individual phases having different unit cell volumes. The result shows that these films consisted of a mixture of two perovskite phases with K- and Na- rich (K
x
Na1-x
)NbO3 composition.
Influence of Lattice Distortion Induced by a Vicinal SrTiO3(001) Substrate in Single-Domain BiFeO3 Thin Films Prepared by Radio Frequency Planar Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Nakashima Seiji , Takada Yusuke , Seto Shota , Fujisawa Hironori , Sakata Osami , Katsuya Yoshio , Kobune Masafumi , Shimizu Masaru
Published: October 2013

Single-domain BFO thin films are prepared on a SrRuO3-buffered SrTiO3 (STO) (001) substrate by RF planar magnetron sputtering. A domain structure is controlled by vicinal direction of the STO substrate. The BFO thin films on vicinal STO along <110> show single-domain structure without any domain walls. To confirm the influence of epitaxial strain on lattice distortion and ferroelectricity, single-domain BFO thin films with thicknesses ranging from 10–1000 nm are prepared. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction reveals that lattice relaxation and step bunching occur in the thickness range of 50–200 nm. The BFO films with thicknesses over 300 nm are almost free from the influence of the epitaxial strain induced by (001)-oriented substrates. The remanent polarization P
r is almost constant at about 60 µC/cm2. However, P
r slightly increases in the BFO films with thicknesses less than 200 nm. Even the 100-nm-thick BFO film show fully saturated D–E hysteresis at RT, and the P
r is 65 µC/cm2.
Energy Harvesting Devices Utilizing Resonance Vibration of Piezoelectric Buzzer
Authors: Ogawa Toshio , Sugisawa Ryosuke , Sakurada Yuta , Aoshima Hiroshi , Hikida Masahito , Akaishi Hiroshi
Published: October 2013

A piezoelectric buzzer for energy harvesting was investigated. Although an external force was added to a buzzer, a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) unimorph in the buzzer, the ceramic disc diameter, thickness, and capacitance of which were respectively 14 mm, 0.2 mm, and 10 nF, generated resonance vibration. As a result, alternating voltages of around 30 V and a frequency of 5 kHz were observed. When the generated voltages were applied to a LED lamp, new devices such as a “night-view footwear” and a “piezo-walker” were developed. It was confirmed that the piezo-buzzer for energy harvesting utilizing resonance vibration is an effective tool for obtaining clean energy.
Pressure-Sensitive Touch Panel Based on Piezoelectric Poly(L-lactic acid) Film
Authors: Ando Masamichi , Kawamura Hideki , Kitada Hiroaki , Sekimoto Yasuyuki , Inoue Takafumi , Tajitsu Yoshiro
Published: October 2013

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a widely used biomass-derived polymer. It is chiral because the lactic acid monomer has an asymmetric carbon. If the L-lactide is polymerized, then the PLA polymer is an L-type PLA or poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA); if the D-lactide in PLA is polymerized, then the polymer is a D-type PLA (PDLA). When these polymers undergo drawing or elongation, they exhibit shear piezoelectricity. PLA films are highly transparent and do not exhibit pyroelectricity because of the lack of intrinsic polarization. Therefore, if a PLLA film is used for a touch panel, which is operated by pressure, there is no spurious signal due to heating from the fingers. This suggests that PLLA films may be suitable for touch panels using pressure detection. We used PLLA as the base film of a projected capacitive touch panel with multiple electrodes, and demonstrated a multitouch gesture screen that was sensitive to pressure applied on the screen. This touch panel technology has potential applications for smart phones and tablet personal computers.
Local Structure Analysis of BaTiO3 Nanoparticles
Authors: Yoneda Yasuhiro , Kohara Shinji , Kato Kazumi
Published: October 2013

The atomic-scale structure of nanocrystalline BaTiO3 powders has been studied using high-energy X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption fine structure, and atomic pair-distribution function analysis techniques. Studies show that the materials are well-ordered at nanometer distances. The three-dimensional atomic ordering in BaTiO3 is cubic on average, but locally shows slight tetragonal distortions, similarly to that occurring in coarse-grained bulk crystals. Ferroelectric coherence is facilitated in part by control of the particle morphology. The spatial extent of cooperative ferroelectric distortions is found to be degraded in nanometer-sized building blocks. The new structural information obtained helps one to understand better the dielectric properties of these nanomaterials.
Ferroelectric Domain Contribution to the Tunability of Ba0.8Sr0.2TiO3 Ceramics
Authors: Teranishi Takashi , Sogabe Tsuyoshi , Hayashi Hidetaka , Kishimoto Akira , Fujimori Kazuhiro
Published: October 2013

Polarization contributions to the tunable properties of Ba0.8Sr0.2TiO3 ceramics were quantitatively studied by microwave measurements. The width of the ferroelectric domain walls (90° domain walls) decreased with decreasing average grain size. The variation in domain size with grain size for grains smaller than 10 µm was roughly proportional to the square root of the grain size, consistent with previous reports on BaTiO3. The smaller size of the 90° domains (i.e., higher domain-wall density) resulted in greater tunability at an applied DC electric field of 6.7 kV/cm. The tunability of the specimen with a domain size of 161 nm was 26.5%, which was 4.4 times that of the specimen with a domain size of 259 nm (T = 6.0%). Under a relatively low DC field, the density of the domain-wall motion was the dominant factor determining the overall tunable properties, while the contributions of the ionic and electronic polarizations were relatively small in Ba0.8Sr0.2TiO3.
Synthesis of Lead-Free Air-Sintered BaTiO3–(Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3-Based Positive-Temperature-Coefficient of Resistance Ceramics by Ca Addition and the Defect Chemistry of Semiconductivity
Authors: Zubair Mohammad A. , Takeda Hiroaki , Hoshina Takuya , Tsurumi Takaaki
Published: October 2013

Lead-free n-type [Ba0.9(Ba1/2Na1/2)0.1]TiO3-based positive-temperature-coefficient of resistance (PTC) ceramics with T
C > 158 °C were successfully synthesized by addition of 2–4 mol % CaO through a mixed oxide fabrication route and adopting an atmospheric sintering condition. All ceramics exhibited single phase BaTiO3 structure with 64.21(1) Å3 cell volume. A drop in room-temperature resistivity (ρRT) by 7–8 orders magnitude in presence of the CaO was attributed to residual Ba2+ site Bi3+ acting as donor defect owing to filling up of vacancies introduced by the preferential evaporation of Na+ over Bi3+ by Ca2+. Increases in ρRT and the maximum PTC resistivity (ρmax) from 0.316 to 2.11 kΩ·cm and from 0.085 to 2.94 MΩ·cm, respectively, with 2 to 4 mol % CaO addition were attributed to the gradual incorporation of Ca2+ into both Ba2+ and Ti4+ sites, which oxidized the electron hopping centers (Ti3+) through the generation of holes. The optimum CaO content (3.5 mol %), sintering time (2 h) and temperature (1160 °C) were established to achieve [Ba0.9(Ba1/2Na1/2)0.1] TiO3-based semiconducting PTC ceramics by adopting an atmospheric sintering environment.
Research & Developments for Millimeter-Wave Dielectric Forsterite with Low Dielectric Constant, High Q, and Zero Temperature Coefficient of Resonant Frequency
Authors: Tsunooka Tsutomu , Ando Minato , Suzuki Sadahiko , Yasufuku Yoshitoyo , Ohsato Hitoshi
Published: October 2013

Forsterite Mg2SiO4 is a candidate for millimeter-wave dielectrics because of its high Q and low dielectric constant εr. Commercial forsterite has been improved with a high Q of 240,000 GHz using high-purity and fine raw materials, and the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (TCf) can also be adjusted to near-zero ppm/°C by adding 24 wt % rutile compared with that in a previous study. In this study, the TCf, TCε, and εr of forsterite ceramics with rutile added are studied for the tuning conditions. Zero ppm/°C TCf of the forsterite with 30 and 25 wt % rutile added was achieved at 1200 °C for 2.5 and 2.25 h, respectively. The εr values of the near-zero TCf forsterite with 30 and 25 wt % rutile added are 11.3 and 10.2, respectively.
Novel Low Temperature Co-Fired Ceramic Material System Composed of Dielectrics with Different Dielectric Constants
Authors: Sakamoto Sadaaki , Adachi Hiroshige , Kaneko Kazuhiro , Sugimoto Yasutaka , Takada Takahiro
Published: October 2013

We found that the co-firing low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) materials of different dielectric constants (εr) with Cu wiring is achievable using a novel, original design. It was confirmed that the dielectric characteristics of the dielectrics designed in this study are very suitable for the use of the dielectrics in electronic components such as filters mounted in high-speed radio communication equipment. The dielectric constants of the lower- and higher-dielectric-coefficient materials were 8.1 and 44.5, respectively, which are sufficiently effective for downsizing LTCC components. Observing the co-fired interface, it was confirmed that excellent co-firing conditions resulted in no mechanical defects such as delamination or cracks. On the basis of the results of wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometry (WDX) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD), it was confirmed that co-firing with minimal interdiffusion was realized using the same glass for both dielectrics. It is concluded that the materials developed are good for co-firing in terms of the mechanical defects and interdiffusion that appear in them.
Compact Electro-Optic Sensor Module for Intra-Body Communication Using Optical Pickup Technology
Authors: Shinagawa Mitsuru , Sasaki Ai-ichiro , Furuya Akinori , Morimura Hiroki , Aihara Kimihisa
Published: October 2013

We developed a compact and low-cost electro-optic (EO) sensor module for intra-body communication using optical pickup technology. An EO crystal of zinc telluride (ZnTe) mainly contributes to use of the cost-effective optical pickup technology. ZnTe has the shortest wavelength for optical transmission, about 570 nm; therefore it can use a low-cost 790-nm wavelength laser diode widely used in compact disc players. The measured modulation depth of the new EO sensor module was about 1.56 times deeper than our old one. The measured value agreed with the calculated value; therefore, there is no performance deterioration by downsizing the sensor module. The sensor module was successfully applied to 10-Mbps half-duplex intra-body communication.
Electro-Optical Sensor Fabricated Using a Bulk Cleavage Technique and Its Characteristics for Near-Field Intra-Body Communication
Authors: Furuya Akinori , Sasaki Ai-ichiro , Morimura Hiroki , Aihara Kimihisa , Shinagawa Mitsuru
Published: October 2013

This paper describes how to obtain a low cost electro-optical (EO) sensor module for the mass production of near-field intra-body communication devices. In this study, we used a bulk cleavage technique to fabricate EO modulators without the need for any optical polishing or washing processes, and clarified the feasibility of assembling optical components using only a passive alignment technique with a compact housing.
A Feasibility Study of 25 GB/Layer Dynamic Recording Using Two-Photon Material and Heat-Mode Bump Formation Method
Authors: Sasaki Toshio , Mochizuki Hidehiro , Mikami Tatsuo , Kitahara Toshiyuki , Tsuyama Hiroaki , Inoue Kenichirou
Published: October 2013

We developed a novel heat-mode bump formation method using a two-photon material, and its feasibility for high-capacity recording was experimentally demonstrated. This unique recording method exhibits a very high recording resolution and uses a material with excellent optical transparency. These characteristics are very appropriate for realizing high-capacity multilayer optical discs. We also examined the high-density recording feasibility of a Blu-ray-equivalent format and we obtained a jitter value of 22%. We also fabricated quad-layer media and their recording performance was examined. All the layers exhibited almost identical performance characteristics (2T random pattern; jitter, 14.5 to 16.5%) under the same recording and reading conditions.
Ultrahigh-Sensitivity Biomarker Sensing System Based on the Combination of Optical Disc Technologies and Nanobead Technologies
Authors: Tsujita Koji , Hasegawa Yuichi , Ono Masayuki , Itonaga Makoto , Sakamoto Satoshi , Hatakeyama Mamoru , Handa Hiroshi
Published: October 2013

The detection of biomarkers in body fluids is useful for the early detection of diseases or preventive medical care. Various types of equipment that detect biomarkers have been developed and used for various occasions. It is expected that further improvement of the detection sensitivity of biomarkers will enable the extension for their applications to various diseases. In this paper, we propose a new biomarker sensing system with higher sensitivity. In the system, by combining optical disc technologies and nanobead technologies, we developed a new sensing method. Target biomarkers are specifically immobilized onto the optical disc surface through an antigen-antibody reaction, then the nanobeads are immobilized on top of the biomarkers. Since the biomarkers and beads bind to each other one-on-one, the number of target biomarkers can be measured by counting the number of nanobeads using an optical pickup. The most significant advantage of this method is that measurement can be carried out in a fully digital scheme, in contrast to current sensing systems which measure light intensity in an analog scheme.
Super-Resolution Optical Disc with Radial Density Increased by Narrowed Track Pitch Corresponding to Diffraction Limit
Authors: Nakai Kenya , Ohmaki Masayuki , Takeshita Nobuo , Hyot Bérangère , André Bernard , Poupinet Ludovic , Shima Takayuki
Published: October 2013

In–Sb-based super-resolution near-field structure read-only-memory discs with radial density increased by introducing a narrow track pitch corresponding to the diffraction limit of an optical system were developed. Using an optical system with a laser diode with a wavelength of 405 nm and an objective lens with a numerical aperture of 0.85, we confirmed that differential phase detection (DPD) could detect track errors from disc samples recorded random data including a minimum pit length of 75 nm in a 240 nm track period. It has higher capability of track error detection than push–pull detection at a narrowed track pitch. Moreover, bit error rates satisfying the criterion of 3.0×10-4 were experimentally obtained for 66.7-GB-capacity disc samples with a 240 nm track pitch through signal processing with the partial response maximum likelihood of the (1,2,2,1)-type, by applying DPD to tracking servo control. The feasibility of increasing the track density of the Blu-ray DiscTM physical format by 1.33 times was indicated.
Three-Dimensional Prints with Pinned Cylindrical Lens Arrays
Authors: Yasuda Shin , Shimizu Keishi
Published: October 2013

An application of pinned cylindrical lens arrays (CLAs) reported in Opt. Rev. 19 (2012) 287 to three-dimensional prints is presented for the first time. This lens fabrication method features the easy control of the pitch and radius of curvature of the lens arrays by taking advantage of the pinning effect that the partition walls created on a polymeric substrate by scratching with a cutter blade prevent the ultraviolet curable polymer dispensed between the walls from spreading. It is demonstrated in this paper that a three-dimensional print was realized successfully with the pinned CLA fabricated with our method.
Advanced Radial Position Control of a Recording Beam for Super Multilayer Disc with Separated Guide Layer
Authors: Tanaka Hiroyuki , Takahashi Kazuo , Ogasawara Masakazu , Taniguchi Shoji
Published: October 2013

We have developed an advanced radial position control system for a super multilayer disc with a separated guide layer to realize stable recording on the plane recording layers located far from the guide layer. The developed system consists of an advanced sled servo system and a specially designed optics based on the advanced push–pull method. Recorded signals on all recording layers were evaluated by using integrated-maximum likelihood sequence error estimation (i-MLSE) as the evaluation indicator. As a result, we confirmed sufficient recorded signal qualities and feasibility at the quad-speed continuous recording with a constant track pitch of 0.32 µm, the same as that of Blu-ray disc (BD). We believe that our proposed concept is the most practical solution for the next-generation optical disc system and our control system is essential to realize stable multilayer recording with a constant track pitch.
Multilayer Microholographic Optical Data Storage with Two-Photon Recording
Authors: Steinberg Ilya , Shepetkin Yury , Belikov Andrey
Published: October 2013

The results of experimental study of multilayer optical memory with two-photon recording and collinear heterodyne reading are presented. The description of the experimental setup for multilayer data recording in the form of microholograms with relative phase modulation is given. The recording and readout of microholograms matrix in 20 layers in undoped lithium tantalate crystal is demonstrated.
Improvement of Bit Error Rate in Holographic Data Storage Using the Extended High-Frequency Enhancement Filter
Authors: Kim Do-Hyung , Cho Janghyun , Moon Hyungbae , Jeon Sungbin , Park No-Cheol , Yang Hyunseok , Park Kyoung-Su , Park Young-Pil
Published: October 2013

Optimized image restoration is suggested in angular-multiplexing-page-based holographic data storage. To improve the bit error rate (BER), an extended high frequency enhancement filter is recalculated from the point spread function (PSF) and Gaussian mask as the image restoration filter. Using the extended image restoration filter, the proposed system reduces the number of processing steps compared with the image upscaling method and provides better performance in BER and SNR. Numerical simulations and experiments were performed to verify the proposed method. The proposed system exhibited a marked improvement in BER from 0.02 to 0.002 for a Nyquist factor of 1.1, and from 0.006 to 0 for a Nyquist factor of 1.2. Moreover, more than 3 times faster performance in calculation time was achieved compared with image restoration with PSF upscaling owing to the reductions in the number of system process and calculation load.
Tilt Servo Control by Intelligent Algorithm in Holographic Data Storage System
Authors: Kim Jang Hyun , Jeong Wooyoung , Yang Hyunseok
Published: October 2013

Tracking servo and tilt servo control are very important research in holographic data storage system. In this paper, we propose intelligent servo control by fuzzy rules in holographic data storage system. Hence, we have found pattern of tilt servo control in holographic data storage system through fuzzy system. Fuzzy rules were generated by subtractive clustering algorithm for controlling tilt servo. Therefore, we control tilt servo using fuzzy rules in holographic data storage system. Consequently, practical pattern of tilt servo control was found by intelligence algorithm in holographic data storage system.
Double-Referential Holography and Spatial Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
Authors: Zukeran Keisuke , Okamoto Atsushi , Takabayashi Masanori , Shibukawa Atsushi , Sato Kunihiro , Tomita Akihisa
Published: October 2013

We proposed a double-referential holography (DRH) that allows phase-detection without external additional beams. In the DRH, phantom beams, prepared in the same optical path as signal beams and preliminary multiplexed in a recording medium along with the signal, are used to produce interference fringes on an imager for converting a phase into an intensity distribution. The DRH enables stable and high-accuracy phase detection independent of the fluctuations and vibrations of the optical system owing to medium shift and temperature variation. Besides, the collinear arrangement of the signal and phantom beams leads to the compactness of the optical data storage system. We conducted an experiment using binary phase modulation signals for verifying the DRH operation. In addition, 38-level spatial quadrature amplitude modulation signals were successfully reproduced with the DRH by numerical simulation. Furthermore, we verified that the distributed phase-shifting method moderates the dynamic range consumption for the exposure of phantom beams.
Page Data Multiplexing for Vector Wave Memories Having Polarization Recording Material Doped with Aromatic Ketone Derivative
Authors: Ando Toshio , Masaki Kazuyoshi , Shimizu Takehiro
Published: October 2013

We have developed a new polarization recording material doped with the photodegradative aromatic ketone derivative AK1-H, modified from our conventional material AK1 for vector wave memories (VWMs) to improve signal stability as well as recording characteristics. 10-multiplex page data recording was performed for the first time in VWMs with AK1-H, exhibiting a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 or higher and an estimated symbol error rate of 10-4 or lower for most pages, respectively. VWM media having AK1-H were also found to show a much higher signal stability than those having the conventional material AK1.
Two-Dimensional Soft Output Viterbi Algorithm with a Variable Reliability Factor for Holographic Data Storage
Authors: Koo Keunhwi , Kim Soo-Yong , Jeong Jae Jin , Kim Sang Woo
Published: October 2013

In a practical holographic data storage system, the reconstruction process for a data page should account for the processing time as well as the bit error rate (BER) performance. To improve both aspects, we introduce two-dimensional (2D) partial response maximum likelihood composed of a 2D partial response (PR) target including diagonal elements and a 2D soft output Viterbi algorithm (SOVA) with a variable reliability factor. The 2D SOVA performs two one-dimensional (1D) SOVAs in structural accordance with the 2D PR target where extrinsic information uses the expected value calculated on a synchronization pattern. Finally, the 2D SOVA exports a weighted average using the reliability factor that is updated similarly as the optimization scheme for each page. The simulation results show that the proposed method has superior BER performance, despite using only two 1D SOVAs as compared with the modified 2D SOVA composed of four 1D SOVAs.
Disturbances Analysis Considering an Effective Servo System for Holographic Disc Drive
Authors: Lim Sung-Yong , Lee JongJin , Lee Jae-Seong , Jeong Wooyoung , Yang Hyunseok , Park No-Cheol , Park Kyoung-Su , Park Young-Pil
Published: October 2013

In conventional angle-multiplexed holographic data storage, data pages are recorded and are retrieved with stop–go rotation. In this paper, we propose an effective servo method based on the disturbance analysis of holographic disc drives. Our experimental results indicate that the eccentricity and deviation of the disc provide sufficient information in the disturbance estimations to stabilize the servo system. The results also show that the vibration due to stop–go rotation can be ignored.
Near-Field Optical Recording Using Solid Immersion Lens for High-Density Flexible Optical Disks
Authors: Koide Daiichi , Kajiyama Takeshi , Sato Ryuji , Tokumaru Haruki , Takano Yoshimichi , Ohishi Kiyoshi
Published: October 2013

We propose a near-field optical recording flexible optical disk (NFR-FOD) for high-density recording at a high data transfer rate. We built a prototype high-density NFR-FOD that had a track pitch of 0.16 µm and we stacked some recording layers on a thin substrate that was 0.1 mm thick. We rotated the NFR-FOD closing the mechanical stabilizer on a drive system with less than 10 µmp–p axial run-out and achieved precise gap servo operation at a high rotational speed. We demonstrated near-field optical recording with a solid immersion lens with a numerical aperture (NA) of 1.84 on the NFR-FOD. The NFR-FOD has a fourfold higher recording density than the current Blu-ray disc, corresponding to a capacity of 100 Gbytes per layer, and a high data transfer rate of 250 Mbps, while rotating at half the speed.
Improved Nanogap Servo System Using an Error-Based Disturbance Observer for High-Speed in Solid Immersion Lens-Based Plasmonic Lithography
Authors: Lim Geon , Kim Taeseob , Lee Won-Sup , Choi Guk-Jong , Park Kyoung-Su , Park Young-Pil , Yang Hyunseok , Park No-Cheol
Published: October 2013

We proposed an advanced nanogap servo system using the error-based disturbance observer (EDOB) system. To achieve the feedback control over the nanogap based on the gap error signal (GES) in the near-field region, a precise gap-curve was obtained experimentally between a solid immersion lens and a photoresist-coated wafer using a piezo nanoposition actuator. With an accurate nanogap servo system, the EDOB was designed with a low-pass filter of 2.0 kHz bandwidth. Due to the powerful properties of the EDOB, which include stable robustness and disturbance rejection, a high-speed nanogap servo was achieved with up to 400 and 300 mm/s at the desired gaps of 20 and 15 nm, respectively. The disturbance rejection performance was evaluated from the GES, and the maximum deviation value was reduced by approximately 40% over that of the servo system without the EDOB.
Recent Advances and Future Prospects in Functional-Oxide Nanoelectronics: The Emerging Materials and Novel Functionalities that are Accelerating Semiconductor Device Research and Development
Authors: Akinaga Hiroyuki
Published: October 2013

Nanoelectronics is a fundamental technology that supports industry and society. Recently, new nanomaterials and nanostructures have been incorporated into device fabrication processes, leading to significant developments in nanoelectronics. In this review, the current status and future prospects of the research and development of functional oxide devices, in which a phase transition in strongly correlated electron systems and a current-induced redox reaction are utilized, are discussed as typical examples of recent developments. In addition, a scheme for research and development is proposed to accelerate the development of ecosystem in the field of nanoelectronics by systematizing the technologies related to new materials and structures.
Behavior of Ultrasonically Levitated Object above Reflector Hole
Authors: Tanaka Hiroki , Wada Yuji , Mizuno Yosuke , Nakamura Kentaro
Published: October 2013

Using an axis-symmetric model comprising a flat reflector with a hole and a piston vibrator, we simulate the radiation force acting on a small object levitated near the hole, and predict that the position of the object shifts from the center line of the hole. We also experimentally investigate the behavior of a levitated polystyrene sphere approaching the hole. As predicted, the sphere avoids approaching the hole with some distance, depending on the reflector/vibrator interval and the hole diameter. We believe that this effect is useful in discriminating the droplets to be dispensed from those that should not be dispensed.
Tunable Single-Pair Hollow-Beam-Converter Dark-Field Microscopy
Authors: Tsai Che-Liang , Hsu Long , Huang Kuang-Lung , Hsu Ken-Yuh
Published: October 2013

A tunable single-pair hollow-beam-converter (TSHBC) dark-field microscopy is proposed and fabricated. The TSHBC is composed of one pair of parallel reflective mirrors of complementary cone shape. By simply adjusting the longitudinal separation between the two mirrors of TSHBC, a dark-field image with more high contrast and high energy efficiency can be obtained for a given objective lens. Furthermore, the selection criteria of the condenser lens and objective lens are provided for the structure of an optimal dark-field microscopy with TSHBC.
Fabrication of ∼1 µm Period Poled Structures in MgO:LiNbO3 by Bipolar Pulse Application
Authors: Suzuki Takashi , Suhara Toshiaki
Published: October 2013

Periodically poled (PP) structures in photorefractive damage resistant MgO:LiNbO3 offer variety of applications for quasi-phase-matching (QPM) nonlinear-optic devices. Formation of PP structures of short period, however, is difficult. In this paper, we propose a new fabrication method of PP MgO:LiNbO3 with a period of ∼1 µm by a bipolar voltage pulse application. We succeeded in fabricating PP structures with periods of 1.0, 1.2, and 3.0 µm with enough depth for application to waveguide QPM devices. The usefulness of PP structures was confirmed by fabrication of a waveguide QPM-SHG (second-harmonic generation) device and ultraviolet SHG experiment.