bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENGARUH TINDAKAN PENDINGINAN AREA INJEKSI (PRE-COOLING) SAAT ANESTESI TERHADAP PENURUNAN PERSEPSI ANAK DI RSGM SOELASTRI
Authors: Kaswindiarti Septriyani
Published: February 2023

Penanganan nyeri yang tepat pada anak dapat membangun kepercayaan antara pasien dan dokter, menghilangkan ketakutan pasien sehingga memberikan sikap perawatan yang positif. Salah satu upaya penanganan nyeri yang juga dapat memicu timbulnya nyeri dalam perawatan kedokteran gigi anak adalah pemberian anestesi infiltrasi. Pre-cooling merupakan salah satu metode yang dapat digunakan untuk mengurangi nyeri yang dinilai aman dan praktis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat adanya pengaruh pendinginan area injeksi (pre-cooling) saat anestesi terhadap penurunan tingkat persepsi nyeri anak dengan pegukuran langsung dan tidak langsung di RSGM Soelastri. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan yaitu true eksperimental dengan post-test only control group design. Metode pre-cooling pada penelitian ini menggunakan bahan ice tube dan dilakukan pada subjek penelitian sebanyak 34 anak yang dibagi kedalam 2 kelompok perlakuan, yaitu kelompok pre-cooling dan tanpa pre-cooling. Pada kedua kelompok perlakuan dilakukan pengukuran persepsi nyeri secara langsung dengan Wong Baker Face Pain Rating Scale dan tidak langsung dengan Sound Eyes Motoric. Hasil pengukuran persepsi nyeri secara tidak langsung dilakukan analisis menggunakan Mann-Whitney U Test. Hasil pengukuran persepsi nyeri secara langsung dilakukan uji normalitas dengan Shapiro Wilk kemudian dilakukan uji homogenitas menggunakan Levene Test dan dilanjutkan analisis data dengan Independent T-Test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan (p0,05) antara kedua kelompok perlakuan dan kelompok perlakuan pre-cooling memiliki tingkat persepsi nyeri yang lebih rendah dibandingkan kelompok tanpa pre-cooling. Metode pre-cooling dapat digunakan untuk menurunkan persepsi nyeri anak saat anestesi. Kata Kunci:
PENGARUH MENGUNYAH BUAH APEL MANALAGI TERHADAP PENURUNAN INDEKS PLAK USIA 9-12 TAHUN
Authors: Karyadi Edi , Roza Maissi Ardha
Published: February 2023

Akumulasi plak gigi merupakan etiologi utama karies gigi dan penyakit periodontal, diperlukan usaha untuk mencegah akumulasi plak pada permukaan gigi dan gingiva. Kontrol plak dilakukan dengan mengunyah makanan yang padat dan berserat. Efek mekanis dari gerakan mengunyah dapat membersihkan plak pada permukaan gigi. Buah apel (Malus sylvestris Mill.) mempunyai efek kimiawi karena mengandung zat aktif anti bakteri yaitu tannin. Mengunyah buah Apel Manalagi (Malus sylvestris Mill.) dapat menstimulasi aliran saliva sebagai efek fisiologis self cleansing. Siswa sekolah dasar usia 9-12 tahun merupakan periode yang tepat untuk menanamkan sikap positif terhadap kesehatan gigi dan mulut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh mengunyah buah Apel Manalagi (Malus sylvestris Mill.) terhadap penurunan indeks plak kajian dilakukan pada siswa usia 9-12 tahun di SD Muhammadiyah 11 Mangkuyudan Surakarta. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian eksperimental semu. Teknik sampling yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah purposive sampling. Pengukuran plak gigi menggunakan indeks PHP-M untuk periode gigi bercampur. Jumlah sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian yaitu sebanyak 30 subjek. Data yang diperoleh dari hasil penelitian dianalisis menggunakan uji t berpasangan menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan dengan signifikansi p0.05. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh mengunyah buah Apel Manalagi (Malus sylvestriss Mill.) terhadap penurunan indeks plak.Kata kunci: Buah Apel Manalagi, indeks plak, mengunyah
PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN SERAT KEPOMPONG ULAT SUTRA (Bombyx moriL.) TERHADAP KEKUATAN TARIK DIAMETRAL RESIN KOMPOSIT FLOWABLE
Authors: Murdiyanto Dendy
Published: February 2023

Composite flowable is composite that have low viscocity and have amount of filler 60% from the total weight. The low amount of the filler make resin composite flowable have lower mechanical properties then the conventional resin composite. One of the important mechanical propeties is the diametral tensile strength, the force that make a material elongated and stretch before the material finally break. The additional of fiber can increase the toughness of tensile. Silkworm fiber (bombyx mori L.) actually have high tensile strength until 600Mpa. The objective of this research is to determine the effect of adding cocoon silkworm fiber on flowable composite resin diametral tensile strength and to determine the effect of adding cocoon silkworm fiber on the increase of diametral tensile strength. The study design was post-test-only control design which measures the diametral tensile strength of flowable composite resin with and without the addition of silkworm cocoons fibers. The object for the research was flowable composite resin groups as 32 samples were divided into 2 groups: control group and treatment group. Independent T-Test result showed that there was significant means difference (0.05) with 43,086 MPa for the treatment group and 38,504MPa for the control group. Conclusion of this study was the additional of silkworm cocoons fiber have influence to the diametral tensile strength. The addition of silkworm cocoon fiber increase the diametral tensile strength of flowable composite resin.
PEMBENTUKAN DENTINAL BRIDGE SEBAGAI RESPON PENYEMBUHAN PASCA DIRECT PULP CAP P I N G ME N G G U N A K A N ME D I K A ME N MTA DAN RESIN KOMPOSIT BIOAKTIF (Literature Review)
Authors: Cahyani Cahyani
Published: February 2023

Latar Belakang: Direct pulp capping merupakan suatu perawatan yang bertujuan untuk mempertahankan vitalitas pulpa yang telah terpapar akibat karies, trauma ataupun kecelakaan saat preparasi gigi atau iatrogenik bisa menyebabkan infeksi dan menimbulkan rasa sakit pada gigi pasien dengan kedalaman kurang dari 2 mm. Perawatan direct pulp capping bisa menggunakan bahan liner seperti kalsium hidroksida, MTA, biodentine, dan resin komposit bioaktif. Perawatan direct pulp capping dapat dianggap berhasil apabila tidak ada gejala nyeri spontan, nyeri tekan, pembengkakan, dan adanya pembentukan dentinal bridge. Resin komposit bioaktif dapat menginisiasi pembentukan dentinal bridge. Tujuan: untuk mengetahui potensi keberhasilan resin komposit bioaktif sebagai bahan baru pada perawatan direct pulp capping. Metode: literature review ini menggunakan data sekunder yang didapat melalui beberapa e-database diantaranya Proquest, PubMed, Willey, Science Direct, Elesevier, Google Scholar, dan NCBI. Berdasarkan kata kunci dan rentan waktu yang telah ditentukan. Kriteria yang digunakan adalah jurnal tahun 2010-2021. Hasil: Perawatan direct pulp caping dengan bahan MTA dan resin komposit bioaktif terjadi pembentukan dentinal bridge dan respon inflamasi. Kesimpulan: bahan MTA dan resin komposit bioaktif yang digunakan dalam perawatan direct pulp capping dapat terjadi pembentukan dentinal bridge dengan rata-rata ketebalan yaitu 0,15-0,25mm setelah dilakukan perawatan direct pulp capping dan terjadi penurunan respon inflamasi.
DAMPAK PROMOSI KESEHATAN TERHADAP PENINGKATAN PERILAKU KUNJUNGAN KE DOKTER GIGI PADA ANAK USIA 6-12 TAHUN: SCOPING REVIEW
Authors: Retnowati Dyah
Published: February 2023

Background: Regular visits to the dentist have an impact on dental and oral health. Health promotion about the importance of visiting the dentist, raising awareness in maintaining oral and dental health in elementary school children, thereby improving the behavior of visiting the dentist. This literature review is a type of scoping review that discusses the impact of health promotion in children aged 6-12 years on improving the behavior of visits to the dentist. Objective: To find out how health promotion has an impact on improving the behavior of visits to the dentist in children aged 6-12 years. This scoping review used a search process that refers to statements with the PCC method, namely Population (P), Concept (C), and Context (C). Inclusion Criteria: (1) articles from 2016-2021, (2) children aged 6-12 years, (3) articles discussing changes in the behavior of visits to the dentist, (4) cross-sectional articles, (5) articles using English. Sources of evidence: Databases from: (1) Springer, (2) PubMed, (3) ScienceDirect, (4) SAGEjournal, and (5) Google Scholar. Charting method: Used a PRISMA flow diagram. Result: The health promotion programs used in the four articles are HPS (Health Promoting School), SOHPP (School Oral Health Promotion Programme) and Education. The results of visits to the dentist after being given a health promotion program were found to increase in SOHPP and HPS, while education was found to be no improvement. Conclusion: The HPS and SOHPP health promotion programs created by the government have the effect of increasing visits to dentists in children aged 6-12 years. Factors related to visits to the dentist found can be influenced by the lack of parental time and logistical problems.
KURETASE GINGIVA PADA GIGI INCISIVUS RAHANG BAWAH DENGAN KASUS PERIODONTITIS KRONIS PADA GIGI 31, 41 DAN 42
Authors: Anwaristi Aprilia Yuanita , Nurfitria Ieka
Published: February 2023

Penyakit periodontal adalah kondisi yang menyebabkan peradangan dan kerusakan pada jaringan penyangga gigi yaitu gingiva, ligamen periodontal, sementum dan tulang alveolar. Periodontitis merupakan salah satu penyakit periodontal yang menyebabkan destruksi jaringan periodontal permanen yang dikarakteristikkan dengan inflamasi kronis, migrasi epitelium, kehilangan jaringan ikat dan kehilangan tulang alveolar. Periodontitis dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu periodontitis kronis dan periodontitis agresif. Periodontitis kronis berhubungan dengan akumulasi plak dan kalkulus, secara umum berkembang lambat, nampak periode destruksi cepat dan kehilangan tulang horizontal. Laporan kasus ini memaparkan tentang kuretase gingiva pada gigi 31,41,42 pada pasien laki-laki berusia 25 tahun dengan kasus periodontitis kronis. Pemeriksaan gingival indeks menunjukkan skor 0,5, plak indeks 53,4% dan skor OHI 6. Pemeriksaan poket periodontal pada gigi 33,32,31,41,42,43 yaitu 3-4 mm disertai BOP positif. Perawatan dikunjungan pertama adalah scaling root planing, evaluasi seminggu kemudian masih terdapat inflamasi berupa pembesaran gingiva disertai kemerahan dan kedalaman probing pada gigi 31,41,42 yaitu 3-4 mm dengan BOP positif sehingga dilanjutkan perawatan fase 2 yaitu kuretase. Hasil evaluasi 3 minggu setelah kuretase didapatkan penurunan kedalam probing pada gigi 31,41,42 menjadi 2 mm dengan BOP negatif. Berdasarkan hasil evaluasi perawatan kuretase gigi 31,41,42 dengan kasus periodonditits kronis pada laporan kasus ini dikatan berhasil.
SIKAP DAN PERILAKU KONSUMEN RUMAH TANGGA TERHADAP PRODUK RAMAH LINGKUNGAN
Authors: Sutrisno Sutrisno
Published: February 2023

In increasing awareness of environmental safety and health, various parties, both individuals and groups, have done various things to the community so that it leads to household consumers. The purpose of this study was to find out whether the attitudes and behavior of household consumers on environmentally friendly products in Kapas District, Bojonegoro Regency were consistent. This study was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistical analysis used the average score category, while the Spearman Rank correlation coefficient analysis was used. The results showed that the attitudes and behavior of household consumers tend to be contradictory. The attitudes of household consumers tend to be in the high and very high categories. Behavior is in the low category. The results of the Spearman rank correlation analysis of household consumer attitudes and behavior are not always consistent, even the parameters are contradictory.
CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS (CFA) OF THE ACCOUNTING TEACHER PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY SCALE (ATPIS)
Authors: Syah Muhammad Fahmi Johan , Janudin Sharul Effendy , Mansor Mahaliza
Published: February 2023

This study aims to test the ATPIS which has previously been developed using exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). This scale consists of five latent factors with 23 manifest variable items. The target population is Indonesian accounting teachers in Central Java who are members of the Accounting Subject Teachers' Conference (MGMP), totaling 1747 people. From the total population, 351 respondents were selected. The data analysis technique of this research was CFA and model fit analysis. The results showed that the proposed model was proven to be valid where the ATPI loading factor for the five factors had a value of more than 0.70. In contrast, the latent sub-construct variable in the manifest variable had a loading factor of more than 0.50. Revision of the model was done by eliminating one latent variable, APC3, a manifest variable from active in professional communities. The results of the model revision indicated that the overall loading factor value increased with the better model fit. Therefore, this ATPIS can be utilized as an instrument to measure the professional identity of accounting teachers. Nevertheless, it is still possible to develop a revised version of ATPIS with several new sub-construct latent variables that have not been tested.
Biochemical Markers of COVID -19: Role in Diagnosis, Management and Predicting Severity of the Disease
Authors: BHAT KIRAN , Ahmad Sohaib
Published: February 2023

The emergence of variants of corona which are getting transmitted easily and are more virulent and fatal has made things more difficult and the need to know about the prognostic markers has taken a priority besides vaccination. All COVID-19 RT PCR positive patients were categorized into mild, moderate and severe category any time during hospital stay based on the WHO guidelines 2021. Comparison of all clinical and selected biochemical parameters (Ferritin, LDH, IL-6, TLC, NLR, albumin, D-dimer and procalcitonin) was done.
The Aim of the study was to establish a cut off level of the biomarkers of COVID -19 which could determine the severity of the disease and act as prognostic factors too. These biochemical markers include NLR, serum D-dimer, CRP, IL-6, ferritin, LDH, albumin, procalcitonin, AST and ALT(p<0.001). A total of 240 patients who were RT-PCR positive were included in the study. Compared to patients with mild disease, those with moderate to severe disease had a significant higher levels of the markers except serum albumin(p<0.0001). Albumin was significantly lower in these patients. A significant association was also seen between these markers and the outcome of the disease. Those who expired or left against medical advice (LAMA) had a significant higher levels of D-dimer, IL-6, CRP, procalcitonin and LDH as compared to those who were cured. IL-6, D-dimer, LDH, CRP, Procalcitonin and albumin are really helpful in knowing the severity of the disease and in disease surveillance.
Evaluation of Medial Open Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy in Osteoarthritis of Knee
Authors: Kumar Dr. Nitin , Chopra Dr. R. K. , Jaiman Dr. Ashish , Sodhi Dr. Simarjot Singh , Mittal Dr. Deepanshu , Bajaj Dr. Prashant , Krishnan Dr. Rohan
Published: February 2023

Study Design: Prospective and Interventional Randomized Comparative Study. Duration of study: 18 months. Objective: 1. To estimate pain relief in a patient with primary degenerative osteoarthritis of knee after medial open wedge high tibial osteotomy (HTO) using visual analog scale(VAS). 2. To assess the change in femorotibial angle, weight bearing line deviation and tibial slope pre and post operatively. 3. To compare pre- and post-operative WOMAC (The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index) index. Methodology: This study is a prospective analysis of patients with the requisite inclusion criteria, done over 18 months in the Central Institute of Orthopaedics, VMMC & SJH, and New Delhi. It includes a total of 20 patients who were followed up for 6 months. After initial preoperative evaluation, they underwent medial open wedge HTO for primary degenerative osteoarthritis of knee. Post operatively, patients were assessed clinically, functionally and radiologically for the benefits & drawbacks of this technique. This study is used to compare the clinical, radiological and functional improvement using this technique in patients pre-operatively and post-operatively. Observation and Result: Based on our observation we conclude that the study suggest that medial open wedge HTO using TomoFixTM should be recommended for treatment of primary degenerative osteoarthritis of knee primarily involving the medial compartment of knee.
How Product Quality, Price and Service Quality Impact Customer Satisfaction? Case Study at Son Hajisony Meatball
Authors: Rufaidah Erlina
Published: February 2023

Customer satisfaction is assessed after transaction or as a result of a comparison between what is felt and what is hoped. Customer satisfaction can thus be used to evaluate a company's future prospects based on how well or poorly it is currently performing. The effect of product quality, price, and service quality perspectives on customer satisfaction at Bakso Son Hajisony during the COVID-19 pandemic will be studied in this study. The results of the descriptive verification approach were examined using the ex post facto methodology and surveys in this study. 75 respondents were used to test the hypotheses using simple linear regression and multiple linear regression. Product quality, price and service quality all have significant effect on customer satisfaction according to the data.
Patterns of Early Childhood Media Consumption in the Digital Television Era
Authors: Lukitowati Suci , Suwarso Widha Anistya , Varanida Dea
Published: February 2023

This study aims to analyze consumption patterns of children's programs on digital media in Indonesia. The research uses a qualitative approach with the uses and gratification theory as a theoretical framework—collecting research data through in-depth interviews with respondents. The research respondents were ten informants aged at least 21 years with children ranging in age from 2 to 6 years. The respondents were interviewed in-depth to get answers regarding the pattern of watching children's entertainment media shows in their respective homes. The study results reveal that parents choose television and YouTube as entertainment media for their early childhood. Parents give these two media because YouTube has three elements: interactivity, demassification, and asynchronous, while television is considered a counterbalance to smartphone addiction in children. The media consumption patterns of each family are remarkably diverse but have identical motives. The primary reason parents provide children's entertainment. Digital television has not been popular as an entertainment media option for early childhood.
Exploring the contextual risk factors and characteristics of individuals who died from the acute toxic effects of opioids and other illegal substances: listening to the coroner and medical examiner voice
Authors: Thompson Tamara , Rotondo Jenny , Enns Aganeta , Leason Jennifer , Halverson Jessica , Huyer Dirk , Kuo Margot , Lapointe Lisa , May-Hadford Jennifer , Orpana Heather
Published: February 2023

Introduction

Substance-related acute toxicity deaths continue to be a serious public health concern in Canada. This study explored coroner and medical examiner (C/ME) perspectives of contextual risk factors and characteristics associated with deaths from acute toxic effects of opioids and other illegal substances in Canada.

Methods

In-depth interviews were conducted with 36 C/MEs in eight provinces and territories between December 2017 and February 2018. Interview audio recordings were transcribed and coded for key themes using thematic analysis.

Results

Four themes described the perspectives of C/MEs: (1) Who is experiencing a substance-related acute toxicity death?; (2) Who is present at the time of death?;(3) Why are people experiencing an acute toxicity death?; (4) What are the social contextual factors contributing to deaths? Deaths crossed demographic and socioeconomic groups and included people who used substances on occasion, chronically, or for the first time. Using alone presents risk, while using in the presence of others can also contribute to risk if others are unable or unprepared to respond. People who died from a substance-related acute toxicity often had one or more contextual risk factors: contaminated substances, history of substance use, history of chronic pain and decreased tolerance. Social contextual factors contributing to deaths included diagnosed or undiagnosed mental illness, stigma, lack of support and lack of follow-up from health care.

Conclusion

Findings revealed contextual factors and characteristics associated with substance-related acute toxicity deaths that contribute to a better understanding of the circumstances surrounding these deaths across Canada and that can inform targeted prevention and intervention efforts.
《史通》叙事觀的文學史意義
Authors: 董 乃斌
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
中國文學有悠久深厚的抒情傳統，也有悠久深厚的叙事傳統。但對後者，以往的研究較弱，亟需加强。唐劉知幾《史通》是一部史學理論著作，但因中國自古文史不分，而且史述本身也是一種叙事文體，故《史通》所論多與文學，特别是文學叙事有關。當我們從叙事角度重審中國文學史，不能不十分重視《史通》的一系列觀點。概括而言，《史通》之叙事觀有三個方面，即對叙事行爲的尊崇、對求真原則的强調和以切實尚簡爲叙事文字之高標。這些觀點雖針對史學而發，但在文學史上也產生過巨大而持久的影響。本文著重論述其與叙事文學有關者數點，以闡明其在中國文學史上的意義。一、《采撰》、《載文》等篇指出史書必含文章的事實，進而討論了史書載文的標準等問題，具體地肯定史述與文學不可分的深刻因緣關係。二、以《曲筆》篇爲主，並涉及《直書》、《品藻》、《鑒識》、《探賾》等篇，探討了史述失真的種種弊端和惡果，却又允許“避諱”，從而爲文史寫作中的虚構叙事留下了餘地。三、《言語》、《浮詞》、《叙事》等篇對叙事語言時代性、地域性的論述，给文學創作提供了直接的指導性意見。四、《叙事》篇論“用晦”，對詩詞與小説創作均有深刻影響。《史通》所論與文學有關者，尚不止此，但僅上述已足以使其在中國文學史和批評史上佔據重要地位。Chinese literature enjoys a time-honored and profound tradition of lyricism and narrative, but past research has scarcely addressed the latter and further study is required. Shitong (Generality of Historiography) is a work of historiography criticism written by Liu Zhiji in the Tang dynasty, but thanks to China’s age-old tradition of non-separation of literature and history, and the fact that history writing itself is a genre of narrative, much discussion in the book revolves around literature, especially literary narrative. When we re-examine the history of Chinese literature in terms of narratology, we can hardly ignore the significant views illustrated in Shi-tong, which consist of three aspects: valuing the conduct of narrative, emphasizing the principles of seeking truth and giving priority to accuracy and conciseness. Despite the fact that these views were originally directed at historiography, they have exerted enormous and lasting influence on the history of literature. This paper aims to illustrate the significance of the narrative perspective of Shitong in Chinese literary history by emphasizing its direct bearing upon narrative literature. First, chapters of Caizhuan (Selection and Composition) and Zaiwen (Recording Documents) reveal the fact that historical books necessarily involve literariness, and proceed with the discussion of the criteria for incorporating literariness into historical writing, and finally confirm the deeply entangled relationship between the two. Second, mainly in Qubi (Unfaithful Recording) but also in Zhishu (Objective Recording), Pinzao (Judgment and Evaluation), Jianshi (Examination and Appraisal) and Tanze (Distinguishing the True from the Untrue), Liu Zhiji discusses the shortcomings and negative effects caused by deviation from truth in historical writing while allowing “bihui” (purposeful selection and omission), which leaves room for fiction. Third, Yanci (Words and Speeches), Fuci (Decorative Description), Xushi (Narrative) and some others expound the diachroneity and locality of narrative language and provide literature with direct guidance. Fourth, “yong-hui” (expressing the most with the least), illustrated in Xushi, produced profound effects on poetry, Ci poetry and fiction writing. Not all the relevant literature in Shitong is mentioned above, but this is enough to secure its important position in the history of Chinese literature and literary criticism.
四聲發現與吠陀三聲的二點思考
Authors: 盧 盛江
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

吠陀經典有無比的神聖性，吠陀吟誦是印度宗教祭祀儀式的重要内容，必須正確發音。婆羅門必須每天精勤地記誦吠陀。直到今天，仍有婆羅門吟誦吠陀，從事宗教祭祀活動。靠這種嚴格無誤的口耳相傳的記誦，保存了四吠陀豐富的内容，也因此保存了基本的吟誦方法和吠陀三聲。古典梵語保持了吠陀梵語的基本語音結構特徵。《波你尼經》研究的吠陀三聲也應該是當時活著的自然的語言。婆羅多牟尼《舞論》指出吟誦的高調、低調、降調，和吠陀三聲應該是一回事。梵語戲劇戲文既從吠陀中擷取吟誦、歌唱、表演，就可能從中擷取吟誦吠陀的三聲。梵語戲劇有吠陀頌詩，用吠陀三聲是很自然的。吠陀三聲確實以某種方式延伸到古典梵語，延伸到古典梵語的戲劇文學作品。吠陀三聲還應該進入中土的佛經轉讀，因而啓示人們認識漢語四聲現象。Vedas sutra is very divine. Vedas recitation with correct pronunciation was important for sacrificial ceremony in Indian Religions. Brahman recited Vedas and engaged religious ceremony until now. By words of mouth, four Vedas were kept, so was the basis way of recitation and three tones of Vedas. Ancient Sanskrit preserved the tone structure characteristics of the Vedaic. Three tones of Vedas re-searched in Astlātura were likely to be all-pervading language at that time. Nātyasāstra by Bharatamuni pointed that high tone, low tone and falling tone should be the three tones of Vedas. Since Sanskrit theatre selected recitation, singing and performance from Vedas, it might select three tones for recite Vedas. Sanskrit theatre contained Vedas odes, so it was natural to use three tones. It was truth that three tones of Vedas was kept by the ancient Sanskrit theatre. Three tones of Vedas might be accepted by Zhuandu in Chinese sutra, which enlightened people how to understand four tones in Chinese.
從吳浣素到吕碧城
Authors: 傅 瑛
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

中國文學歷史上，婦女文學創作之母系傳承現象衆多，但以往的研究，大多注目於同一歷史時期此種現象的介紹與解讀，本文則以跟蹤研究的方法，剖析了一個母女相傳五代之久、歷經乾隆、嘉慶、道光、咸豐、同治、光緒、宣統以至民國的文學創作個案，揭示了從清中期到近現代，中國婦女文學在社會背景、女性意識、地域分佈、美學風格等方面的諸多變化，展現了我國知識女性由古代進入現代的坎坷歷程。In the development of Chinese literature, matrilineage is a very common phenomenon in female literary practice. Studies of this issue used to focus on specific historical eras. The present thesis, however, traces the materilineage through five generations, extending from individual literary practices during the reign of Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi, Guangxu, Xuantong until that in the National Government period. The thesis intends to demonstrate the changes that Chinese female literature has experienced through mid Qing Dynasty to modem times in several aspects such as social background, female consciousness, geographic and aesthetic features; meanwhile, it also attempts to delineate the thorny path that carries Chinese female intellectuals from ancient era to modem times.
近世廣東詞社考論
Authors: 謝 永芳
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

近世廣東詞壇至少存在過越臺、花田、訶林、山堂、風餘等六個詞社。綜合相關詞集序跋、方志、詞作題序和自注等文獻資料，可以從結社緣起、組成人員、存在時間、集會地點、雅集次數、唱酬情形等方面考知這六個詞社的大概情形。近世廣東詞社的出現，是粤東詞學發展内在的規律、粵東文壇傳統的結社之風的影響、時局的劇變、詞人群體意識的逐漸增强以及存在一個以血緣、里籍和師友關係凝聚起來的龐大詞學網絡等使然。近世廣東詞社是近世廣東詞壇詞體創作繁榮興旺的重要表徵，考察和討論近世廣東詞社及其興廢與詞史意義，可以爲全面勾畫和深刻洞悉近世廣東詞史提供幫助。Through detection, we can find that Ci-tan of Guangdong in modem times once existed at least six Ci-agencies, suah as Yue-tai, Huatian, Helin, Santang, Fengyu, etc. Their emergence was relying on inside development regulation of Ci-xue in Guangdong, influence of tradition of forming agencies in the literary circles of Guangdong, violent of situation change, community realize to build up and the exist of a huge Ci-xue networks that was coagulate with blood relationship, the native place relationship and teachers and friends relation. Ci-agency of Guangdong in modem times were an important token of the prosperous creations of Guangdong in modem times. Investigating and discussing Ci-agency of Guangdong in modem times can provide a beneficial observation angle for completely delineating and thoroughly understanding Ci-history of Guangdong in modem times.
《文學與感傷》
Authors: 王 力
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese only.

《文學與感傷》一書，是田崇雪博士的一部學術著作，其主要内容是：從“感傷與文學藝術創作的不解之緣”出發，在文藝心理學的視域内，分析傳統文藝理論“詩可以怨”的局限，提出“感傷”這一現代文藝理論範疇並加以細緻釐辨，得出若干值得深思的觀點。(撮要取自內文首段)
《説文》籀文形體特點試探——兼論籀文與西周金文之關係
Authors: 李 詠健
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
《説文》籀文出自《史籀篇》，《史籀篇》的時代問题，向來頗有爭議。班固（32—92）、許慎（約58—約147）以《史籀篇》爲周宣王太史所作，歷代學者皆沿用其説，惟清末王國維别爲新説，以籀文爲戰國時西土秦國通行之文字。此後，學者紛紛重新審視籀文的時代，至今未有定論。值得注意的是，王國維以籀文爲戰國文字，乃基於其對籀文形體特點之觀察。本文針對王國維對籀文特點的看法作進一步探討，認爲王氏所描述的籀文特點大致不誤，惟他以此論定籀文爲戰國文字則難以成立。事實上，籀文的特點與西周晚期金文的風格十分相似，二者可視爲同類書體。原本《史籀篇》或取材於西周晚期之文字材料，並將字形稍加整齊化而寫成。《史籀篇》中的籀文，是太史籀在西周晚期衆多字體中確立的“正體”字。For more than two thousand years, “Zhou-wen” 籀文, as the form of character used in Shizhoupian 史籀篇, has been considered as a kind of script prevailing in the Western Zhou dynasty 西周. This viewpoint was initiated by Ban Gu 班固 (32-92 A.D) and Xu Shen 許慎 (58?-147? A.D) in the period of Eastern Han 東漢. However, in the late Qing period 晚清, by observing the style and characteristics of “Zhou-wen” presented in Shuowenjiezi 説文解字, Wang Guowei 王國維 argues that “Zhou-wen” may not belong to the period of Western Zhou, but rather is a form of character practiced in Qin 秦 of the Warring States period (475-221 B.C.). This argument leads to a point of controversy about the formulation of “Zhou-wen”.
My study is an investigation of the style and characteristics of “Zhou-wen “. Comparing “Zhou-wen” with the inscriptions in Shang 商 and Zhou 周 dynasty, I conclude that the description of characteristics made by Wang Guo Wei was probably correct. Nevertheless, Wang’s judgment on the forming age of “Zhou-wen” is not precise. It is because the style and characteristics of “Zhou-wen” is similar to the inscriptions of the late Western Zhou period rather than those in the Warring State period. Hence, I believe in the traditional views initiated by Ban Gu 班固 and Xu Shen 許慎, that Shizhoupian 史籀篇 should be established in the late Western Zhou period by Tai Shi Zhou 太史籀. “Zhou-wen” should be the standardized form of character which practiced in China within that period.
蔡上翔《王荆公年譜考略》詩文繋年正誤
Authors: 壽 湧
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

《王荆公年譜考略》是歷來研究王安石的學者們不可不讀的經典之作。然《考略》的重點在於辨解和批駁，而忽略了李燾《續資治通鑒長編》的有關記載及相關史實，再加上對王安石詩文的文本分析及寫作背景探求不夠，故全書對相關詩文的繫年產生了不少疏誤。本文對其繫年疏誤者均按原著寫作順序依次揭出，並依據史料，逐一辨正。希望能借此進一步實現先生的學術初衷，提高《考略》的參考價值。本文涉及到的詩文共有四十六則。A Brief Study of the Chronology of Wang Jinggong by Cai Shangxiang (Jinshi 1761) has long been regarded as seminal reading for scholars of Wang Anshi (1021-1086). However, this book primarily focuses on serving as an exculpation of Wang’s charges and refutation against Wang’s enemies. The author neglected relevant historical facts recorded in Li Tao’s (1115-1184) Xu Zizhi tongjian changbian and he did not do enough analysis and research into the works and their backgrounds. As a result, there are many errors in the dating of some of Wang’s poetry and prose. The present essay aims to correct these mistakes in the chronology of some of his compositions. These works are listed in the sequence found in primary sources and their dates of composition are reconstructed according to relevant historical records. The present study is a means to restore and achieve the original goal of Cai Shangxiang in order to enhance the book’s practical use in academic research. The total number of poems and prose pieces for examination is forty-six.
李燾《六朝通鑑博議》的和戰思想
Authors: 蔡 崇禧
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

南宋史家李燾對史學發展貢獻良多，得到“宋儒史學第一”的稱譽。他在仕宦生涯中縱然未能擔負軍政重任，但關心時局，一生念念不忘要爲國效力。宋室在靖康之難後只能偏安一隅，戰與和遂成爲國是爭論的所在，這位史學大家如何看待和戰問題實在是饒富意義的課題。然而，李燾的詩文已多所散佚，他又鮮有在其鉅著《續資治通鑑長編》中發表議論，要瞭解其對時局的看法殊非易事。幸好他撰寫的《六朝通鑑博議》仍然存世，該書内容以《資治通鑑》中的六朝史事爲骨幹，李燾在史事後附上評論，以求宋室君臣能夠“監彼之失而求吾之所以得”。由於這些史論是李燾按當日的情勢而發，故此透過深入研究這部史書，我們可以一窺李燾的和戰思想，而這正爲本文撰寫之旨。Song regime lost the control of northern China after the Jing-kang Incident and was confronted with Jin and Mongols. There had been a huge controversy over the Southern Song’s policy on whether to fight or to negotiate peace. Being one of the greatest historians in Song Dynasty, Li Tao’s view on the situation of the Song is worthwhile to be studied. It is difficult to understand Li’s thought as most of his literatures were lost and he also seldomly revealed his comments in the Xu Zizhi tongjian changpian. Fortunately in his Liuchao tongjian boyi that still exists, Li had accompanied his commentaries on the history of Six Dynasties in the Zizhi tongjian, aiming to persuade the Emperor of Song to learn from the history. Since his commentaries was made based on the actual circumstances of Song, studying the Liuchao tongjian boyi enables us to understand more on Li’s thought. This article provides in-depth study on the Liuchao tongjian boyi, aiming to comprehend Li Tao’s perspective on Song’s situation at that period.
《吳漁山及其華化天學》
Authors: 黄 佳欣
Published: February 2023

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese only.

近年來，學界對明清之際天主教入華史的研究，逐漸從以西方爲中心的傳教學範式，轉向漢學的範式。即從關注傳教士個人在華的傳教經歷，轉移到關注中國人如何對待基督教以由宗教所帶來的西方文化與學問的問題上。(撮要取自內文首段)
Přímá podpora jako nástroj pro efektivní hospodaření se srážkovou vodou
Authors: Hejduková Pavlína , Kureková Lucie
Published: February 2023

Water is not only a part of nature but an essential commodity of the economic and social system. The reason is that water is needed in people's lives, in industry and in other sectors of every country's economy. Because of the many studies that point to climate change occurring on planet Earth, there is increasing discussion about measures that could improve the condition of planet Earth and slow down the predictions regarding climate change, as well as adaptation to the already ongoing climate change. In connection with the above, rainwater management has become a crucial topic not only in the Czech Republic in recent years. The fundamental disruption of the natural hydrological cycle is caused by urbanization, the rapidly increasing rate of land consolidation and the expansion of cities and towns, which is currently a strong trend. Therefore, finding new tools and procedures for effective rainwater management is essential, while it is already possible to use many different tools and measures. One of the important economic tools is direct support in the form of projects that financially support modern and, at the same time, sustainable practices for rainwater management. The contribution focuses on direct support that is provided and used in the Czech Republic. First, the position of direct support in a set of other tools supporting efficient rainwater management is presented. Furthermore, specific possibilities of direct support are specified. In the application part of the contribution, attention is focused on using direct support in the Czech Republic. At the end of the contribution, the findings are summarized, and a discussion is opened for the future development of the monitored tool.
Situação vacinatória da tríplice e da tetra viral em crianças matriculadas na Educação Infantil
Authors: Andrade Fabrina Rafaela Nascimento de , Santos Paula Fernanda Brandão Batista dos , Silva Bárbara Coeli Oliveira da , Silva Ionara da , Lobato Vanessa Cristina Simões Barbosa
Published: February 2023

Objetivo
Descrever a situação vacinal de crianças matriculadas nos Centros Municipais de Educação Infantil da Zona Sul do município de Natal, Rio Grande do Norte com relação às vacinas de tríplice e tetra viral.
Método
Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico, descritivo e retrospectivo, realizado a partir da análise de cartões de vacina de crianças matriculadas em 15 instituições, nas quais foi possível reunir 773 cartões que foram analisados a partir do calendário básico de vacinação do ano 2015. Os cartões foram classificados em: esquema vacinal completo, incompleto e/ou não vacinado.
Resultados
Observou-se que 576 (75,51%) crianças estavam com o esquema vacinal completo, sendo o esquema considerado finalizado com a segunda dose da tríplice ou com a tetra viral. A melhor situação vacinal foi atingida nas crianças de dois a quatro anos, com uma cobertura de 84,31%, sendo que 83,3% das crianças dessa faixa etária estavam com o esquema completo e 12,79% das crianças estavam com o esquema vacinal incompleto. Um total de 67 crianças (8,66%) não apresentaram registros de vacina. Com relação à tetra viral, 226 crianças (29,73%) apresentaram esquema vacinal completo.
Conclusão
Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo revelam uma situação vacinal abaixo da meta estabelecida pelo Programa Nacional de Imunização.
توزيع درجات الحرارة خلال التربة في مدينة بغداد (دراسة تجريبية)
Authors: عاطف علي حسن
Published: February 2023

يهدف البحث الى قياس توزيع درجات حرارة داخل تربة المناطق المزيجية  (رملية-طينية) ذات التظليل الجزئي خلال فترة الصيف (نيسان لغاية أيلول) لعمق يصل الى  1.6 م  في مدينة بغداد (خط عرض 33.2 درجة شمالاً) فوجد أن متوسط درجة الحرارة خلال هذا العمق والفترة الزمنية هي 24.11 °م
The politics of animal extinction and conservation: Interests, framing, and policy
Authors: Armoudian Maria , Poulsen Walter
Published: February 2023

Why do conservation policies fail to prevent species extinctions and die-offs in contravention of stated intentions and goals? Bringing together a range of literature, including political ecology, political theory, conservation science, communication theory, environmental communication, with original data, this article explores this question, then addresses these failures within Aotearoa New Zealand's context. Using the New Zealand case, it offers a systems-level view of these failures, focusing on the influences and limitations that arise from the political-economic structures, fractured governance, interest group influence, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in representative democracies. Secondly, in these settings, we argue that communication and framing by the interested parties—politicians, government officials, interest groups and NGOs—buttress this system, partly by normalizing it, obscuring scientific realities, shifting focus away from deeper issues, and thus limiting the possibility of substantive solutions in what might be called a colonization of consciousness. Together, this economic-political-communication complex has failed to prevent—and in some ways aided—mass die-offs of native animal species. The article then suggests exploring alternative models, such as deliberative democracy, to this seemingly intractable problem, to strengthen the influence of scientific expertise, better inform decision-makers, advance public understandings of science, and improve democracy by engaging members of the public in decision-making processes. While this study focuses on New Zealand, the issues related to political ecology, the political-economic systems, and the framing of issues, apply to many democratic countries.
Foreword
Authors: Chamberlain C. Page , Rye Danny M.
Published: February 2023

As Editors of the American Journal of Science we are pleased to announce our expanded efforts to publish papers in the broad field of Earth Systems History. This focus builds upon our long history of publishing papers that cross-interdisciplinary boundaries since the foundation of the journal in 1818.

Our renewed focus on Earth System History in particular is a celebration of Professor Robert A. Berner’s (Yale University) distinguished and defining career in this field. Professor Berner’s contributions in Earth System History and geochemistry have been recognized by numerous awards and honors including: membership in the National Academy of Sciences, V.M. Goldschmidt Medal (Geochemical Society), the Arthur L. Day medal (Geological Society of America), the Murchison Medal (Geological Society of London), the Vernadsky Medal (International Association of Geochemistry), and the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Earth and Environmental Science among many others.

Professor Berner served as Editor of the American Journal of Science from1980 to 1990, and as an Associate Editor from 1991 to the present. He published many of his now classic papers in Earth System History in the American Journal of Science. As editor and as author Bob has inspired us to view Earth as a complex system, and at the same time appreciate how each part of the system works (see this issue for his autobiography). As such, we are particularly interested in soliciting research papers that: 1) examine the coupling of the solid earth, ocean and atmosphere systems through time; 2) investigate the relationships and feedbacks between climate and tectonics; and 3) probe the connection between the biological and the chemical evolution of the planet and its atmosphere.
Peringatan Dini Keberadaan Arsen (As) pada Air dan Sedimen di Hilir Sungai Tukad Badung, Bali
Authors: Sari Alfi Hermawati Waskita , Kartika I Wayan Darya
Published: February 2023

Tukad Badung is a large river in Bali that crosses Denpasar City which is densely populated and has a variety of activities: household activities, agriculture, animal husbandry, hotels, hospitals and industry. These various activities result in the entry of various heavy metals into the river water, including Arsenic (As), which eventually settles in the sediment. Arsenic has high toxicity and is included in Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs). Information related to the presence of Arsenic in waters and sediment is very necessary to prevent its negative impact on ecosystems and human health. This research method is descriptive. Arsenic was 0.769 mg/L at point I, was not detected at points II and III, while at point IV Arsenic was measured at 0.081 mg/L. Arsenic (As) at point I and IV exceeded the threshold set based on PP number 82 of 2001 concerning Water Quality Management and Water Pollution Control, because it measured > 0.05 mg/L. The content of Arsenic (As) in downstream river sediment Tukad Badung, taken at point IV, measured 22.895 mg/kg; this value has also exceeded the threshold.
Aplikasi Teknologi Drone Sebagai Pelengkap Data Survei Lapang Untuk Pemetaan Ekosistem Terumbu Karang Menggunakan Citra Worldview-2
Authors: Sugara Ayub , Suryanita Amelia , Maulana Alfiqi , Anggoro Ari , Siregar Vincentius P.
Published: February 2023

Coral reefs are one of the important ecosystems that need data inventory in order to manage marine resources both spatially and temporally. Remote sensing with drone technology is one of the vehicles for collecting data related to coral reef ecosystems in real time. Along with the times, drones are widely used in research both in terrestrial and in coastal areas. This research was conducted on December 4 – 10, 2018 in the Karang Lebar, Seribu Islands, Jakarta. The purpose of this research was to explored the ability of drones as a vehicle to complement field survey data for coral reef mapping. In addition, conducting a pixel-based analysis for coral reef classification based on WorldView-2 satellite imagery using field survey data and additional data from drone data. Based on the results of the study, information was obtained that drone imagery can help visual interpretation in detecting coral reefs. Thus, field survey data that are not covered in the research area can be assisted by the use of drones as a complementary vehicle for field survey data. The coral reef classification process using WorldView-2 imagery can be mapped well. Drone imagery has proven to be an alternative in field data collection as a training area in identifying coral reef objects, such as with massive coral lifeforms that can be clearly seen from drone images. It's just that visual interpretation is limited because of the water column, making it difficult to identify objects.
Tool geometry effect on material flow and mixture in FSW
Authors: Ratković Nada , Jovanović Pešić Živana , Arsić Dušan , Pešić Miloš , Džunić Dragan
Published: February 2023

FSW is a solid-state joining process. It is widely used for joining hard alloys like steel, titanium, and aluminium which are very difficult to join by fusion welding. FSW joint quality is mainly influenced by shoulder and pin geometry, its diameter, tool material, tool rotation speed, and linear traveling speed. The paper presents a brief overview of the tools used during the FSW procedure. The influence of the tool pin on the material flow and mixture was analysed in detail. In addition, the primary and secondary material flow and how it is affected by the shape and dimensions of the tool pin are also discussed.
TECNOLOGIA COMPUTACIONAL E PARTICIPAÇÃO DO PACIENTE NA SEGURANÇA MEDICAMENTOSA: REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA
Authors: Pereira Francisco Gilberto Fernandes , Alcântara Lays Lustosa , Machado Ana Larissa Gomes , Figueiredo Iolanda Golçalves de Alencar , Carvalho Rhanna Emanuela Fontenele Lima de
Published: February 2023

Objetivou-se investigar as tecnologias computacionais utilizadas para a participação do paciente no tocante à segurança medicamentosa em ambiente hospitalar. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa realizada entre julho a dezembro de 2022, sem recorte temporal, nas bases de dados Web of Science, CINAHL e MedLINE. Os resultados consistiram em 117 artigos, dos quais 16 foram incluídos no estudo. Verificou-se que as tecnologias computacionais desenvolvidas foram: aplicativos móveis, plataformas interativas e prontuário eletrônico. Destaca-se que o tablet foi o recurso mais utilizado para o acesso das informações pelos pacientes, e que estes apresentaram satisfação moderada a elevada quanto ao uso do equipamento. No tocante ao sistema de medicação, verificou-se que oito publicações citavam que o respectivo produto tecnológico testado era específico à etapa de administração dos medicamentos, duas na prescrição e administração, e apenas uma integrava pelo menos três etapas, a saber: prescrição, dispensação e administração. Conclui-se que a participação do paciente se dá mediada por aplicativos móveis via tablet, evidenciando possibilidades para melhorar a segurança medicamentosa durante a internação hospitalar.
Hadiths on the Ethics of the Teacher in the Prophetic Sunnah (Objective Study)
Authors: Awad Khaled
Published: February 2023

Praise be to Allah, and prayers and peace be upon the Messenger of Allah, his family, his companions, and those who appointed him. And after: The job of the teacher is one of the most honorable jobs in this world, and the teacher needs to have morals and qualities in order to be a role model among his students and in his society. every teacher's heart; Because among the best that a person can elevate with  Allah  is good manners. In this research, we try to identify the most important morals that a teacher should possess in the light of our reading of the hadiths of the Prophet (may  Allah  bless him and grant him peace), and review the sayings of scholars (explainers of hadiths) in explaining the meanings of the hadiths that are cited with mentioning the benefits and lessons learned, and presenting educational applications. While explaining these hadiths, and trying to return all those in charge of the educational process to the morals of prophecy that the first teacher, the Messenger of  Allah  (may Allah bless him and grant him peace).
Shadow-Robust Silhouette Reconstruction for Small-Body Applications
Authors: Panicucci Paolo , Lebreton Jérémy , Brochard Roland , Zenou Emmanuel , Delpech Michel
Published: February 2023

Small bodies’ exploration highlighted the need to develop new algorithms for deep space probes navigation. The estimation of the small-body shape is a crucial step for relative navigation, mission planning, and gravity investigation. This paper develops a shape from silhouette algorithm that takes as input a series of images to construct a polyhedral shape for small bodies of the solar system. First, the silhouette associated with the visible part of the body is extracted and modified to account for shadowing effects. Second, the shape is computed by intersecting the viewing cones, i.e., the cone whose apex is the camera center and whose vertices are the silhouette points. The algorithm output is a polyhedral shape whose reconstruction is robust to shadowing. The algorithm is validated by reconstructing the shape of Itokawa and Bennu from synthetic images simulated with Airbus Defence & Space’s rendering engine SurRender™. Moreover, the algorithm is tested on real images from Hayabusa’s approach. Results prove the capability to provide an efficient shape reconstruction for small-body applications.