bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cortical and subcortical white matter abnormalities in adults with remitted first‐episode mania revealed by Tract‐Based Spatial Statistics
Authors: Chan Wai‐Yen , Yang Guo‐Liang , Chia Ming‐Ying , Woon Puay‐San , Lee Jimmy , Keefe Richard , Sitoh Yih‐Yian , Nowinski Wieslaw Lucjan , Sim Kang
Published: June 2010

Chan W‐Y, Yang G‐L, Chia M‐Y, Woon P‐S, Lee J, Keefe R, Sitoh Y‐Y, Nowinski WL, Sim K. Cortical and subcortical white matter abnormalities in adults with remitted first‐episode mania revealed by Tract‐Based Spatial Statistics. Bipolar Disord 2010: 12: 383–389. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Objectives:  Abnormalities of brain white matter have been noted in structural magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies of bipolar disorder, but there are fewer investigations specifically examining white matter integrity early in the course of illness. In this study, we employed DTI to elucidate white matter changes in adult patients with remitted first‐episode mania and hypothesized that first‐episode mania was associated with decreased fractional anisotropy in cortical (frontal) and subcortical (thalamus, striatum) white matter as well as white matter tracts (cingulum, corpus callosum).

Methods:  Diffusion tensor images were acquired from 16 patients with remitted first‐episode mania and 16 healthy controls matched for age, gender, handedness, and years of education. Fractional anisotropy and radial and axial diffusivities were analyzed using Tract‐Based Spatial Statistics.

Results:  Patients had lower fractional anisotropy and higher radial diffusivity in the left anterior frontal white matter, right posterior thalamic radiation, left cingulum, and bilateral sagittal striatum. In addition, increased radial diffusivity was found in the left corpus callosum.

Conclusion:  Our findings highlighted that white matter abnormalities were present by the time of remission of first‐episode mania. The widespread occurrence of these white matter abnormalities both in first‐episode mania and chronic bipolar disorder suggested that disruption of white matter cortical‐subcortical networks as well as projection, associative, and commissural tracts is a hallmark of the illness.
Cross‐prevalence of migraine and bipolar disorder
Authors: Ortiz Abigail , Cervantes Pablo , Zlotnik Gregorio , Van De Velde Caroline , Slaney Claire , Garnham Julie , Turecki Gustavo , O’Donovan Claire , Alda Martin
Published: June 2010

Ortiz A, Cervantes P, Zlotnik G, van de Velde C, Slaney C, Garnham J, Turecki G, O’Donovan C, Alda M. Cross‐prevalence of migraine and bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2010: 12: 397–403. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Objective:  In two related studies, we explored the prevalence of migraine and its associated clinical characteristics in patients with bipolar disorder (BD) as well as psychiatric morbidity in patients treated for migraine.

Method:  The first study included 323 subjects with BD type I (BD I) or BD type II (BD II), diagnosed using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, Lifetime version (SADS‐L) format, or the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV Axis I Disorders (SCID). Migraine history was assessed by means of a structured questionnaire. In a second sample of 102 migraine patients, we investigated current and lifetime psychiatric morbidity using the SADS‐L. Statistical analyses were conducted using nonparametric analysis and log‐linear models.

Results:  A total of 24.5% of BD patients had comorbid migraine; those with BD II had a higher prevalence (34.8%) compared to BD I (19.1%) (p < 0.005). BD patients with comorbid migraine had significantly higher rates of suicidal behaviour, social phobia, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and obsessive‐compulsive disorder (all p < 0.05). In the sample of migraine patients, 34.3% had a current psychiatric diagnosis, and 73.5% had a lifetime psychiatric diagnosis. The prevalence of BD I was 4.9%, and 7.8% for BD II.

Discussion:  Migraine is prevalent within the BD population, particularly among BD II subjects. It is associated with an increased risk of suicidal behaviour and comorbid anxiety disorders. Conversely, migraine sufferers have high rates of current and lifetime psychopathology. A greater understanding of this comorbidity may contribute to our knowledge of the underlying mechanisms of BD.
Herbivore‐induced volatiles of cabbage (Brassica oleracea) prime defence responses in neighbouring intact plants
Authors: Peng J. , van Loon J. J. A. , Zheng S. , Dicke M.
Published: June 2010

When attacked by herbivores, plants release herbivore‐induced plant volatiles (HIPV) that may function in direct defence by repelling herbivores or reducing their growth. Emission of HIPV may also contribute to indirect defence by attracting natural enemies of the herbivore. Here, cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) plants (receiver plants) previously exposed to HIPV and subsequently induced through feeding by five Pieris brassicae L. caterpillars attracted more Cotesia glomerata L. parasitoids than control plants. HIPVs to which receiver plants had been exposed were emitted by B. oleracea infested with 50 P. brassicae caterpillars. Control plants had been exposed to volatiles from undamaged plants. In contrast, there were no differences in the attraction of wasps to receiver plants induced through feeding of one or ten larvae of P. brassicae compared to control plants. In addition, RT‐PCR demonstrated higher levels of LIPOXYGENASE (BoLOX) transcripts in HIPV‐exposed receiver plants. Exposure to HIPV from emitter plants significantly inhibited the growth rate of both P. brassicae and Mamestra brassicae caterpillars compared to growth rates of caterpillars feeding on control receiver plants. Our results demonstrate plant–plant signalling leading to priming of both indirect and direct defence in HIPV‐exposed B. oleracea plants.
Monitoring oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and peach twig borer (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) with clear delta‐shaped traps
Authors: Knight A. L. , Pickel C. , Hawkins L. , Abbott C. , Hansen R. , Hull L.
Published: June 2010

Field studies evaluated the relative performance of a clear versus several coloured (white, orange, and red) delta‐shaped traps baited with sex pheromone or a food bait for two key moth pests of stone fruits: oriental fruit moth (OFM), Grapholita molesta (Busck); and peach twig borer (PTB), Anarsia lineatella Zeller. Preliminary studies in 2008 found that the clear was more effective than a coloured trap for G. molesta in a sex pheromone‐treated peach orchard (OFM‐MD); and for both species in an untreated (non‐MD) peach orchard. Similarly, the clear outperformed the orange trap when both were baited with terpinyl acetate (TA) plus (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐yl acetate lures. Studies were expanded during 2009 to include commercial orchards in WA, OR, CA, and PA. Trap comparisons with sex pheromone lures of G. molesta were more variable with clear outperforming coloured traps in three of six trials in non‐MD orchards. The clear outperformed the coloured trap with sex pheromone lures for A. lineatella in all four non‐MD orchards. Seasonal catches of G. molesta in sex pheromone‐baited traps in OFM‐MD orchards were ≤0.3 moths per trap in all but one study with no significant difference found between traps. Seasonal catches of A. lineatella in PTB‐MD orchards were generally low with both traps and significantly higher in clear traps in only one study. Traps baited with TA outperformed sex pheromone lures for G. molesta in OFM‐MD peach orchards; and clear outperformed coloured traps. Clear traps baited with TA plus (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐yl acetate caught significantly more G. molesta than similarly‐baited red traps in an almond orchard and more than both trap types baited with TA alone. Catches of A. lineatella in the OFM/PTB‐MD almond orchard were low with both lures in either trap.
Reproductive Parameters of Mangalarga Marchador Mares in a Commercial Embryo Transfer Programme
Authors: Lopes E de P , Siqueira JB , Pinho RO , Guimarães JD , Rocha AN , de Carvalho GR , Torres CAA
Published: June 2010

Contents

The objective of this study is to evaluate the reproductive efficiency in donors and recipient Mangalarga Marchador mares in commercial programmes of embryo transfer (ET) and the effects of some reproductive characteristics and ET methodology on conception rates in the recipient mares. A total of 1140 flushing procedures were performed and 830 embryos (72.8%) were recovered. There were no differences between the rates of embryonic recovery in the different breeding seasons (p > 0.05) and 92.8% of the recovered embryos were 8–9 days old. There was no difference in the embryonic recovery regarding the collection order from the first to the ninth embryo collection along the breeding season, as well as among mares inseminated during the foal heat or subsequent cycles (p > 0.05). Pregnancy rates observed in the total period of all reproductive seasons at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of pregnancy were 73.4, 69.9, 66.7 and 64.5%, respectively. Differences in pregnancy rate and early embryonic loss rates were not observed between embryos transferred immediately after collection (66.8% and 13.5%) and embryos transported at room temperature for periods of <1 h (62.9% and 14.4%; p > 0.05). Pregnancy rates were higher when the interval between ovulations of donor and recipient mares remained between −3 and −2 days (p < 0.05), and the lowest rates were observed for intervals of −6 days (p < 0.05) with intermediary values for intervals of −1, 0 and +1 (p > 0.05). Embryonic loss rates, however, did not differ between intervals of ovulation’s synchronism between donor and recipient mares (p > 0.05). This flexibilization in the ovulatory synchronism between donor and recipient mares optimizes the use of recipient mares, thus reducing costs and facilitating management of horse breeding farms.
Healthy minds for country youth: Help‐seeking for depression among rural adolescents
Authors: Hernan Andrea , Philpot Benjamin , Edmonds Anne , Reddy Prasuna
Published: June 2010

Objective:  To assess depression recognition, barriers to accessing help from health professionals and potential sources of help for depression among rural adolescents.

Design:  Cross‐sectional survey.

Setting:  Two rural secondary schools in south‐east South Australia.

Participants:  Seventy‐four secondary school students aged 14 to 16 years.

Main outcome measure(s):  Depression recognition was measured using a depression vignette. Helpfulness of professionals, barriers to seeking help and help‐seeking behaviours for depression were assessed by self‐report questionnaire.

Results:  Depression was identified in the vignette by 73% (n = 54) of participants. Participants indicated that it would be more helpful for the vignette character to see other health professionals (98.6%, 95% CI, 92.0–100.0%) than a doctor (82.4%, 72.1–89.6%). Barriers to seeking help from doctors and other health professionals were categorised into logistical and personal barriers. Participants agreed more strongly to personal (mean = 2.86) than logistical barriers (mean = 2.67, P < 0.05) for seeing a doctor. Boys and girls responded differently overall, and to personal barriers to seeing an other health professional. Sources of help were divided into three categories: formal, informal and external. Informal sources of help (mean = 4.02) were identified as more helpful than both formal (mean = 3.66) and external sources (mean = 3.72, P < 0.001). Gender differences were observed within and between the three sources of help categories.

Conclusions:  Recognising symptoms of depression was demonstrated in this study. Helpfulness of professionals, barriers to seeking help and potential sources of help for depression were identified. More work is required for improving depression literacy and providing effective interventions specifically for rural adolescents.
The effect of Education with workplace supports on practitioners’ evidence‐based practice knowledge and implementation behaviours
Authors: Novak Iona , McIntyre Sarah
Published: June 2010

Background/aim:  Individual and workplace barriers affect uptake of evidence‐based practice (EBP). This study evaluated the effects of a 1‐day workshop with workplace supports on allied health professionals’ EBP knowledge and behaviour.

Methods:  A prospective longitudinal pre‐post design was used. A total of 88 allied health professionals participated. Knowledge was measured using the Adapted Fresno Test (AFT), behaviour was measured using frequency counts of presentations using EBP methodologies and critically appraised topics (CATs) were produced. Mean differences were analysed using paired
t
‐tests.

Results:  EBP knowledge significantly improved immediately after education on the AFT (from 36.67 to 46.84/156) a mean change of 10.17 points (95% confidence interval (CI): 7.19–13.50) (
P
 < 0.001). Behaviour also changed over 18 months. EBP content in presentations increased from 3 to 100% (
t
 = 24.39,
P
 < 0.001, 95%CI: 0.86–1.03). CATs produced significantly increased by 0.26 per head (
t
 = 5.55,
P
 < 0.001, 95% CI: 0.17–0.35).

Conclusions:  Education with workplace supports (supervision, incentives, resource allocation and working groups) may lead to improvements in EBP knowledge and implementation.
Tuberculous mediastinal lymphadenitis that evolved into pulmonary tuberculosis following transbronchial needle aspiration
Authors: GOMEZ Mario , PRESTON CHURCH L.W. , JUDSON Marc A.
Published: June 2010

This case report describes a patient with multi‐drug‐resistant mediastinal lymph node tuberculosis that evolved to smear‐positive pulmonary tuberculosis following transbronchial needle aspiration. This is the first report of this complication, and bronchoscopists should be vigilant for its occurrence.
Prophylactic cefdinir for pediatric cases of complicated urinary tract infection
Authors: Oishi Tomohiro , Ueno Kazuyuki , Fukumoto Kyoko , Matsui Kou , Tsukano Shinya , Taguchi Tetsuo , Uchiyama Makoto
Published: June 2010

Background:  This study evaluated the effect of prophylactic cefdinir (3 mg/kg given once daily) for the prevention of recurrent and complicated urinary tract infections (UTI) in pediatric patients.

Methods:  The study included 14 infants who were observed for at least 6 months following the first signs of infection (eight boys, six girls; mean age at admission [±SD]: 6.2 [±7.4] months). Twelve patients had vesico‐ureteric reflux (grade I, two; grade II, three; grade III, six; grade IV, one), and two patients had ureteropelvic junction stenosis.

Results:  No patients discontinued medication due to diarrhea or other adverse drug reactions. The patients had a 6‐month recurrence‐free rate of 93% (13/14); only one patient had recurrent UTI. The mean urinary cefdinir concentration was 16.3 [±11.7]µg/mL; there was considerable variability among individual measurements, even though the samples were collected at similar intervals after drug intake (mean 18.00 [±2.63] h after dose). However, the lowest measured urinary cefdinir concentration (1.16 µg/mL) was sufficient to eradicate Escherichia coli, one of the most significant causes of UTI. Fecal cultures, obtained at monthly clinic visits during the observation period, indicated that the patients' E. coli strains were very sensitive to cefdinir. No patients were infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or other non‐fermenting Gram‐negative bacilli or fungi.

Conclusions:  These results show that cefdinir given 3 mg/kg once daily is very effective and safe for preventing recurrent complicated UTI in infants.
Role of sodium during formation of edema in children with nephrotic syndrome
Authors: Gurgoze Metin Kaya , Gunduz Zubeyde , Poyrazoglu Muammer Hakan , Dursun Ismail , Uzum Kazım , Dusunsel Ruhan
Published: June 2010

Background:  The pathogenesis of edema in nephrotic syndrome is not entirely understood. The aim of this study was to contribute to the discussion on edema pathogenesis in nephrotic syndrome by following changes in volume and sodium retention for the course of the disease in children with steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS).

Methods:  Forty‐one children with SSNS were included in the study. The patients were divided into three groups (group I: relapse‐edematous; group II: relapse‐edema free; group III: remission). We investigated the value of the significance and area of sodium retention and vasoactive hormones. In addition, we measured parameters such as inferior vena cava collapsibility index, left atrium diameter, and total body water (TBW) to determine the volume load and cause of edema in children with SSNS.

Results:  TBW increased in the relapse‐nephrotic syndrome group and the difference was statistically significant among groups (P < 0.001). However, inferior vena cava collapsibility index and left atrium diameter were not different among groups. Fractional sodium excretion was lower in children with relapse nephrotic syndrome (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:  Although TBW increases in children with SSNS, intravascular volume is normal. In addition, hypoalbuminemia and sodium retention of the proximal tubule cause edema in children with SSNS.
Primary trabeculectomy with mitomycin C: safety and efficacy at 2 years
Authors: Lusthaus Jed A , Kubay Olena , Karim Rushmia , Wechsler David , Booth Frances
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Purpose:  To examine the rates of intermediate‐term intraocular pressure (IOP) control after trabeculectomy with adjunctive mitomycin C (MMC) and assess for associated complications.

Methods:  Medical records of patients undergoing primary trabeculectomy with MMC at Concord Repatriation Hospital, Sydney between January 1997 and December 2005 were reviewed. All eyes with a minimum of 2‐year follow up were included. Follow‐up data were collected in a standardized form on postoperative IOP, bleb‐related and other complications. Success was measured as IOP ≤ 18 mmHg and ≥6 mmHg (criteria 1) with (qualified success) or without (absolute success) the use of glaucoma medications. A secondary outcome measure was an IOP reduction of greater than 20% from baseline (criteria 2). Eyes with preoperative IOP of 18 mmHg or less were included, but also analysed separately to those eyes with preoperative IOP above 18 mmHg.

Results:  Sixty eyes from 42 patients were included in the study, with 3‐year follow up on 48 eyes. Mean preoperative IOP was 25.3 mmHg (range 8–45) and mean postoperative IOP was 14.0 mmHg at 1‐ and 2‐year follow up, and 14.7 mmHg at 3 years (ranges: 3–31, 4–30 and 8–45 mmHg respectively). Cumulative success for criteria 1 was 85.0% at 2 years and 83.3% at 3 years, and for criteria 2 it was 80.0% and 79.2%, respectively. The number of eyes on glaucoma medications was reduced from 51 preoperatively to 30 at 3 years. Complications were infrequent. There was one eye with a shallow anterior chamber beyond the immediate postoperative period. One eye required cataract surgery at 1‐year follow up. Subgroup analysis was performed using the first operated eye only, and results did not differ significantly from overall results.

Conclusion:  MMC‐augmented trabeculectomy can significantly reduce IOP in the short and intermediate term, with a favourable safety profile.
Comparison of biomechanical parameters in penetrating keratoplasty and normal eyes using the Ocular Response Analyser
Authors: Laiquzzaman Mohammed , Tambe Katya , Shah Sunil
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Background:  To compare corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF) in eyes 1 year following penetrating keratoplasty (PK) with that of normal eyes using the Ocular Response Analyser.

Methods:  Prospective case comparison of 166 normal right eyes and 34 unilateral post‐PK eyes presenting to a teaching hospital in Birmingham, UK. The CH, CRF and Goldmann‐correlated intraocular pressure, of each eye was measured using the Ocular Response Analyser. The central corneal thickness (CCT) was measured using an ultrasonic pachymeter.

Results:  The mean CH was 10.6 ±2.0 mmHg, standard deviation (SD) and CRF was 10.2 ± 2.0 mmHg (SD) in normal eyes and 8.9 ± 3.3 mmHg and 8.1 ± 3.3 mmHg in post‐PK eyes, respectively. The mean CCT was 541.8 ± 36.1 µm in normal eyes and 556.0 ±69.2 µm in post‐PK eyes. The Goldmann‐correlated intraocular pressure was 16.1 ± 3.1 mmHg and 12.4 ± 2.9 mmHg in normal eyes and post‐PK eyes, respectively. The CCT was found to be higher in post‐PK eyes compared with normal eyes but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.5).

Conclusion:  Reduced biomechanical measures were found in post‐PK eyes despite a higher mean CCT. This may be due to the altered corneal structure following PK.
PANCREATIC DUCTAL DRAINAGE BY ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND‐ASSISTED RENDEZVOUS TECHNIQUE FOR PAIN CAUSED BY DUCTAL STRICTURE WITH CHRONIC PANCREATITIS
Authors: Das Kshaunish , Kitano Masayuki , Komaki Takamitsu , Sakamoto Hiroki , Noda Kazu , Suetomi Yoichiro , Kudo Masatoshi
Published: June 2010

With the advances in echoendoscopes, the frontier of therapeutic endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is expanding. A 50‐year‐old male presented to us with unrelenting pain following an episode of alcoholic pancreatitis. Imaging studies revealed evidence of pancreatic ductal hypertension with a pseudocyst in the head of the pancreas. Following unsuccessful attempts at drainage of the pancreatic duct (PD) via the minor or major papilla at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, he underwent endoscopic ductal drainage with the EUS‐assisted rendezvous technique. The PD was punctured under the guidance of EUS. A guidewire was then introduced into the PD and was guided into the duodenal lumen through the minor papilla. The tip of the guidewire was grasped with forceps coming out of a duodenoscope introduced instead of the echoendoscope. A pancreatic stent was inserted over the guidewire across the minor papilla. After the endoscopic pancreatic stenting, the patient achieved symptomatic relief.
ENDOSCOPIC BAND LIGATION WITH A WATER‐JET SCOPE FOR THE TREATMENT OF COLONIC DIVERTICULAR HEMORRHAGE
Authors: Ishii Naoki , Itoh Toshiyuki , Uemura Masayo , Maruyama Masataka , Horiki Noriyuki , Setoyama Takeshi , Matsuda Michitaka , Suzuki Shoko , Iizuka Yusuke , Fukuda Katsuyuki , Fujita Yoshiyuki
Published: June 2010

Although lower gastrointestinal bleeding generally has a less severe course and stops spontaneously in most cases without therapeutic intervention, some patients require endoscopic, surgical, or angiographic treatment depending on the nature of the bleeding. We applied endoscopic band ligation (EBL) with a water‐jet scope to bleeding colonic diverticula and evaluated the efficacy and safety of EBL retrospectively. Five consecutive patients were diagnosed as having colonic diverticular hemorrhage, and were treated with EBL at St Luke's International Hospital in Tokyo from June 2009 to August 2009. Comorbid diseases, usage of anti‐platelet agents, hemoglobin level on admission, procedural time, complications such as perforation and abscess formation, and rebleeding after EBL were retrospectively evaluated. In all cases, EBL achieved successful immediate hemostasis without any procedural complications. In four of five cases, bleeding colonic diverticula were everted after EBL. The mean length of hospital stay after EBL was 5 days (range 4–8 days). No patient exhibited clinical evidence of further bleeding during the mean follow‐up period of 3 months (range 2–4 months), and no further intervention was needed after EBL. EBL with a water‐jet scope is considered to be a safe and effective endoscopic treatment for colonic diverticular hemorrhage.
Are compound leaves an adaptation to seasonal drought or to rapid growth? Evidence from the Amazon rain forest
Authors: Malhado Ana C. M. , Whittaker Robert J. , Malhi Yadvinder , Ladle Richard J. , ter Steege Hans , Phillips Oliver , Aragão L. E. O. C. , Baker Timothy R. , Arroyo Luzmilla , Almeida Samuel , Higuchi Niro , Killeen Tim J. , Monteagudo Abel , Pitman Nigel C. A. , Prieto Adriana , Salomão Rafael P. , Vásquez‐Martínez Rodolfo , Laurance William F. , Ramírez‐Angulo Hirma
Published: June 2010

Aim  To assess the hypotheses that compound leaves of trees in the Amazon forest are an adaptation to drought and/or rapid growth.

Location  Amazon rain forest, South America.

Methods  Genera from 137 permanent forest plots spread across Amazonia were classified into those with compound leaves and those with simple leaves. Metrics of compound leaf prevalence were then calculated for each plot and regression models that accounted for spatial autocorrelation were used to identify associations between climate variables and compound leaf structure. We also tested for associations between compound leaf structure and a variety of ecological variables related to life history and growth strategies, including wood density, annual increase in diameter and maximum height.

Results  One plant family, Fabaceae, accounts for 53% of compound‐leaved individuals in the dataset, and has a geographical distribution strongly centred on north‐east Amazonia. On exclusion of Fabaceae from the analysis we found no significant support for the seasonal drought hypothesis. However, we found evidence supporting the rapid growth hypothesis, with possession of compound leaves being associated with faster diameter growth rates and lower wood densities.

Main conclusion  This study provides evidence that possession of compound leaves constitutes one of a suite of traits and life‐history strategies that promote rapid growth in rain forest trees. Our findings highlight the importance of carefully considering the geographical distribution of dominant taxa and spatial clustering of data points when inferring ecological causation from environment–trait associations.
Timing crisis information release via television
Authors: Wei Jiuchang , Zhao Dingtao , Yang Feng , Du Shaofu , Marinova Dora
Published: June 2010

When and how often to release information on television are important issues in crisis and emergency risk communication. There is a lot of crisis information, including warnings and news, to which people should have access, but most of it is not significantly urgent to interrupt the broadcasting of television programmes. Hence, the right timing for the release of crisis information should be selected based on the importance of the crisis and any associated communication requirements. Using recursive methods, this paper builds an audience coverage model of crisis information release. Based on 2007 Household Using TV (HUT) data for Hefei City, China, the optimal combination of broadcasting sequence (with frequencies between one and eight times) is obtained using the implicit enumeration method. The developed model is applicable to effective transmission of crisis information, with the aim of reducing interference with the normal television transmission process and decreasing the psychological effect on audiences. The same model can be employed for other purposes, such as news coverage and weather and road information.
Evaluating the Weight of Evidence by Using Quantitative Short Tandem Repeat Data in DNA Mixtures
Authors: Tvedebrink Torben , Eriksen Poul Svante , Mogensen Helle Smidt , Morling Niels
Published: June 2010

The evaluation of results from mixtures of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from two or more people in crime case investigations may be improved by taking not only the qualitative but also the quantitative part of the results into consideration. We present a statistical likelihood approach to assess the probability of observed peak heights and peak areas information for a pair of profiles matching the DNA mixture. Furthermore, we demonstrate how to incorporate this probability in the evaluation of the weight of the evidence by a likelihood ratio approach. Our model is based on a multivariate normal distribution of peak areas for assessing the weight of the evidence. On the basis of data from analyses of controlled experiments with mixed DNA samples, we exploited the linear relationship between peak heights and peak areas, and the linear relationships of the means and variances of the measurements. Furthermore, the contribution from one individual’s allele to the mean area of this allele is assumed to be proportional to the average of peak height measurements of alleles, where the individual is the only contributor. For shared alleles in mixed DNA samples, it is possible to observe only the cumulative peak heights and areas. Complying with this latent structure, we used the EM algorithm to impute the missing variables on the basis of a compound symmetry model. The measurements were subject to intralocus and interlocus correlations not depending on the actual alleles of the DNA profiles. Owing to factorization of the likelihood, properties of the normal distribution and use of auxiliary variables, an ordinary implementation of the EM algorithm solved the missing data problem.
Lavender, tea tree and lemon oils as antimicrobials in washing liquids and soft body balms
Authors: Kunicka‐Styczyńska A. , Sikora M. , Kalemba D.
Published: June 2010

Synopsis

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of commercial essential oils: lavender, tea tree and lemon, antimicrobials in washing liquid and O/W soft body balm. The inhibition efficacy of essential oils in washing liquid (1% alone or in mixtures), in soft body balm (0.5% alone), as well as combined with the synthetic preservative DMDM hydantoin and 3‐iodo‐2‐propynyl butyl carbamate mixture (0.1 and 0.3%), was tested against S. aureus ATCC 6538, P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Candida sp. ŁOCK 0008 and A. niger ATCC 16404 in compliance with the European Pharmacopoeia standards. The components of the system preserving soft body balm were supplemented with a solubilizer. Washing liquids containing only essential oils met Criterion A E.P. only for S. aureus, Candida sp. and A. niger. In soft body balm formulations, oils at a concentration of 0.5% did not reveal any preserving activity. The introduction of a solubilizer to a system containing 0.5% tea tree oil led to a substantial increase in the bacteriostatic activity of the formulation, but did not significantly affect its fungistatic properties. A combination of 0.5% tea tree oil, 5% solubilizer and 0.3% synthetic preservative ensured the microbiological stability of soft body balm in accordance with Criterion A E.P.
Temperature as a moisture cue in haptics on hair
Authors: Tanamachi H.
Published: June 2010

Synopsis

A mechanism for giving a moisturized or dried‐out feeling to hair was investigated. A two‐step approach was conducted in order to elucidate the issue. First, we have reviewed previous studies that are related to the sensory perception of materials not only in cosmetic industry but also in other fields, such as textile and architecture industries, and established a hypothesis. Second, we have verified the hypothesis derived from the first step and identified the mechanism for the moisturized or dried‐out feeling that people feel by measuring the heat transfer characteristic, qmax. The results revealed that the moisturized or dried‐out feeling that people feel at the moment of contact with hair was highly related to the temperature drop at the skin surface. The results also revealed that the moisturized or dried‐out feeling strongly depends on the hair shape (meandering and diameter), surface damage and the water content of hair fibres which constitute the hair swatch. The moisturized feeling, however, was not related to the water content of hair fibres at a constant relative humidity (RH), as the differences in the water content of the hair fibres at a constant RH were too small for the recognition of the difference in the moisturized feeling.
Autologous melanocyte–keratinocyte suspension in the treatment of vitiligo
Authors: El‐Zawahry BM , Zaki NS , Bassiouny DA , Sobhi RM , Zaghloul A , Khorshied MM , Gouda HM
Published: June 2010

Background  In stable vitiligo, several techniques of autologous transplantation of melanocytes are used. Autologous melanocyte transplantation of non‐cultured melanocytes is one of those techniques with variable reported outcomes.

Objective  The objective of this study was to evaluate the response to autologous melanocyte–keratinocytes suspension transplantation in cases of stable vitiligo.

Methods  A total of 25 cases of vitiligo were treated by autologous melanocyte–keratinocytes suspension transplantation. After 6–17 months, patients’ response was evaluated according to the extent of pigmentation (excellent 90–100%, good 50–89%, fair 20–49% and poor response <20%).

Results  Of the 25 patients treated, 22 continued the follow‐up period. Five (23%) patients showed excellent response, 7 (32%) good, 6 (27%) fair and 4(18%) showed poor response.

Conclusion  Unlike transplantation of cultured melanocytes, which requires experience in culture technique, autologous melanocyte–keratinocytes suspension transplantation is an easy economic technique, which may be used in resistant areas of stable vitiligo.
Repeatability for Gaussian and non‐Gaussian data: a practical guide for biologists
Authors: Nakagawa Shinichi , Schielzeth Holger
Published: June 2010

Repeatability (more precisely the common measure of repeatability, the intra‐class correlation coefficient, ICC) is an important index for quantifying the accuracy of measurements and the constancy of phenotypes. It is the proportion of phenotypic variation that can be attributed to between‐subject (or between‐group) variation. As a consequence, the non‐repeatable fraction of phenotypic variation is the sum of measurement error and phenotypic flexibility. There are several ways to estimate repeatability for Gaussian data, but there are no formal agreements on how repeatability should be calculated for non‐Gaussian data (e.g. binary, proportion and count data). In addition to point estimates, appropriate uncertainty estimates (standard errors and confidence intervals) and statistical significance for repeatability estimates are required regardless of the types of data. We review the methods for calculating repeatability and the associated statistics for Gaussian and non‐Gaussian data. For Gaussian data, we present three common approaches for estimating repeatability: correlation‐based, analysis of variance (ANOVA)‐based and linear mixed‐effects model (LMM)‐based methods, while for non‐Gaussian data, we focus on generalised linear mixed‐effects models (GLMM) that allow the estimation of repeatability on the original and on the underlying latent scale. We also address a number of methods for calculating standard errors, confidence intervals and statistical significance; the most accurate and recommended methods are parametric bootstrapping, randomisation tests and Bayesian approaches. We advocate the use of LMM‐ and GLMM‐based approaches mainly because of the ease with which confounding variables can be controlled for. Furthermore, we compare two types of repeatability (ordinary repeatability and extrapolated repeatability) in relation to narrow‐sense heritability. This review serves as a collection of guidelines and recommendations for biologists to calculate repeatability and heritability from both Gaussian and non‐Gaussian data.
Impeding Dispossession, Enabling Repossession: Biological Open Source and the Recovery of Seed Sovereignty
Authors: KLOPPENBURG JACK
Published: June 2010

Corporate appropriation of genetic resources, development and deployment of transgenic varieties, and the global imposition of intellectual property rights are now widely recognized as moments of accumulation by dispossession. Though robust and globally distributed, opposition to such processes have been largely defensive in orientation, and even accommodationist in demands for the development of market mechanisms for compensating those from whom germplasm is being collected. A more radical stance founded on legal and operational mechanisms drawn from the open‐source software movement could not only function to impede processes of dispossession, but might actually facilitate the repossession of ‘seed sovereignty’. Implementation of ‘biological open‐source’ arrangements could plausibly undergird the creation of a protected commons populated by farmers and plant breeders whose materials would be freely available and widely exchanged, but would be protected from appropriation by those who would monopolize them.
Tendon‐derived stem/progenitor cell aging: defective self‐renewal and altered fate
Authors: Zhou Zuping , Akinbiyi Takintope , Xu Lili , Ramcharan Melissa , Leong Daniel J. , Ros Stephen J. , Colvin Alexis C. , Schaffler Mitchell B. , Majeska Robert J. , Flatow Evan L. , Sun Hui B.
Published: June 2010

Aging is a major risk factor for tendon injury and impaired tendon healing, but the basis for these relationships remains poorly understood. Here we show that rat tendon‐derived stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs) differ in both self‐renewal and differentiation capability with age. The frequency of TSPCs in tendon tissues of aged animals is markedly reduced based on colony formation assays. Proliferation rate is decreased, cell cycle progression is delayed and cell fate patterns are also altered in aged TSPCs. In particular, expression of tendon lineage marker genes is reduced while adipocytic differentiation increased. Cited2, a multi‐stimuli responsive transactivator involved in cell growth and senescence, is also downregulated in aged TSPCs while CD44, a matrix assembling and organizing protein implicated in tendon healing, is upregulated, suggesting that these genes participate in the control of TSPC function.
Retrospective Study: Incidence of transfusion reactions to commercial equine plasma
Authors: Hardefeldt Laura Y. , Keuler Nicholas , Peek Simon F.
Published: June 2010

Objective
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To report on the incidence of transfusion reactions to commercial equine plasma in a hospital‐based population of horses, to characterize these reactions and report on outcome.

Design
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Retrospective study.

Setting
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University teaching hospital.

Animals
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Client‐owned horses referred to the University of Wisconsin.

Interventions
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Intravenous administration of 2 commercial equine plasma products when clinically indicated.

Measurements and Main Results
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Medical records of 107 horses that received plasma transfusions between 2003 and 2008 were evaluated. Transfusion reactions were recorded in 6 of 107 transfusions. All individuals were administered plasma from 1 commercial source. Foals <30 days of age received a hypergammaglobulinemic product and all adults received a lower IgG concentration product. No reactions were recorded in adults. In foals (<30 d) reactions were recorded in 6 of 69 cases (8.7%), all of which occurred in neonates <7 days of age (6/62; [9.7%]). The most frequent reactions were fever (4/6), tachycardia (2/6), tachypnea (2/6), and colic (2/6). All affected foals survived the reaction. There were no statistically significant differences (P<0.05) in any of the variables examined between those foals that did and those that did not experience transfusion reactions.

Conclusion
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The incidence of transfusion reactions was 8.7% in foals and 0% in adult horses in our referral population. Five of 6 foals responded to medical therapy and eventually received the clinically indicated transfusion. No transfusion related mortality occurred.
Reading the Psalms with Athanasius and Seneca: Stoicism and providence in the Earl of Clarendon's Contemplations
Authors: Burton Simon J. G.
Published: June 2010

The Earl of Clarendon's Contemplations and Reflections upon the Psalms of David remains a relatively undiscovered work, which is surprising given the unique perspective it offers on the personal faith and devotion of such an influential figure of the seventeenth century. This article therefore considers the ethos of the Contemplations and seeks to place it within its broader intellectual context. In particular, it considers three central aspects of the work – its roots in the Athanasian tradition of reading the Psalms, its distinctive Royalist Providentialism and its links to Christian Neo‐Stoicism. The main thesis of the article is that it is through these three overlapping contexts, all of which can be shown to stem from the ideology of the Great Tew Circle, that Hyde's religious convictions should be construed. In this light the Contemplations emerges as a work truly Renaissance in character.
Cryopreservation of peripheral blood stem cell: the influence of cell concentration on cellular and hematopoietic recovery
Authors: Alencar Sibelle , Garnica Márcia , Luiz Ronir R. , Nogueira Carmen M. , Borojevic Radovan , Maiolino Angelo , Dutra Hélio S.
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND: The optimal cryopreservation cell concentration during the peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) collection is a controversial topic. We evaluated the influence of cryopreservation concentration on the recovery of hematopoietic progenitor cells and the kinetics of hematopoietic recovery of autologous stem cell transplant patients.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, we compared two different cryopreservation protocols: 1 × 108 cells/mL (Protocol A) and 2 × 108 cells/mL (Protocol B). A total of 419 PBSCs were analyzed with regard to the number of viable cells and colony‐forming units–granulocytes‐monocytes (CFU‐GM) progenitors. The hematopoietic recovery of 275 patients who received PBSCs cryopreserved at a dose of 1 × 108 cells/mL (Group A) and 2 × 108 cells/mL (Group B) were compared.

RESULTS: There were no significant differences in recovery of viable cells between Protocol A and Protocol B. The median of recovery of CFU‐GM progenitors was significantly higher in Protocol B (41.2 vs. 57.3, p < 0.01). The median times to neutrophil recovery (≥500 × 106/L) and platelet (PLT) recovery (≥20 × 109/L) in Groups A and B were 11 days versus 11 days and 12 days versus 12 days, respectively. However, by Kaplan and Meier analyses, Group B recovered neutrophils with a little delay (p = 0.01). No difference was observed with regard to time to PLT recovery. On multivariate analysis, we found that the number of CD34+ cells and CFU‐GM progenitors had a significant influence on hematopoietic recovery.

CONCLUSION: Cryopreservation of PBSCs at a dose of 2 × 108 cells/mL did not affect the recovery rate of viable cells or the hematopoietic recovery of autologous stem cell transplant patients.
Development of a rapid emergency hemorrhage panel
Authors: Chandler Wayne L. , Ferrell Chris , Trimble Sara , Moody Suzanne
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND: Evaluation of hemostasis in bleeding patients requires both accuracy and speed.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: As an alternative to point‐of‐care testing, we developed an emergency hemorrhage panel (EHP: prothrombin time [PT], fibrinogen, platelet count, hematocrit) for use in making transfusion decisions on bleeding patients with a goal of less than 20‐minute turnaround time (TAT) when performed in the clinical laboratory on automated instruments. Because point‐of‐care samples are not checked for clotting or hemolysis, we evaluated their effect on automated testing.

RESULTS: TAT was reduced by moving the sample immediately to testing and shortening centrifugation times. Clotting in samples was rare (1.1%) and shortened the PT by only 0.7 seconds. It lowered fibrinogen on average 18%, but resulted in only one of 2300 samples changing from normal to low fibrinogen. Hemolysis had no clinically significant effect on the PT or fibrinogen. Therefore, hemolysis checks were eliminated and clot checks minimized. Initially TAT averaged 15 ± 4 minutes (range, 8‐30 min), but 9% of samples exceeded the 20‐minute goal due to low fibrinogens that slowed testing. A revised fibrinogen assay with expanded calibration range resulted in a TAT of 14 ± 3 minutes (range, 6‐28 min) with only 2% of samples exceeding the 20‐minute goal. By limiting EHPs to patients that were actively bleeding, EHPs accounted for only 8 of 243 coagulation samples per day.

CONCLUSION: Limiting EHPs to bleeding patients and modifications to the process and assays used for hemostasis testing lead to TATs of less than 20 minutes for critical testing in the clinical laboratory.
Who Learns from What in Policy Diffusion Processes?
Authors: Gilardi Fabrizio
Published: June 2010

The idea that policy makers in different states or countries may learn from one another has fascinated scholars for a long time, but little systematic evidence has been produced so far. This article improves our understanding of this elusive argument by distinguishing between the policy and political consequences of reforms and by emphasizing the conditional nature of learning processes. Using a directed dyadic approach and multilevel methods, the analysis of unemployment benefits retrenchment in OECD countries demonstrates that policy makers learn selectively from the experience of others. Right governments tend to be more sensitive to information on the electoral consequences of reforms, while left governments are more likely to be influenced by their policy effects.
The Origins of Institutional Crises in Latin America
Authors: Helmke Gretchen
Published: June 2010

Institutional instability and interbranch crises pose a fundamental challenge to democracies in Latin America and the developing world more generally. Combining a standard game theoretic model of crisis bargaining with a unique dataset on courts, executives, and legislatures for 18 Latin American countries between 1985 and 2008, the article develops a strategic account of how interbranch crises emerge and evolve. In addition to providing the first systematic picture of the frequency, type, and location of interbranch crises for the region, the article demonstrates that the decision to initiate an interbranch crisis is influenced by the allocation of institutional powers, public support for the targeted branch, and the expectations of success based on recent experiences. Building on these results, the article identifies several novel directions for future research on institutional instability.
The Game of Electoral Fraud and the Ousting of Authoritarian Rule
Authors: Magaloni Beatriz
Published: June 2010

How can autocrats be restrained from rigging elections when they hold a huge military advantage over their opponents? This article suggests that even when opposition parties have no military capacity to win a revolt, opposition unity and a consequent threat of massive civil disobedience can compel autocrats to hold clean elections and leave office by triggering splits within the state apparatus and the defection of the armed forces. Opposition unity can be elite‐driven, when parties unite prior to elections to endorse a common presidential candidate, or voter‐driven, when elites stand divided at the polls and voters spontaneously rebel against fraud. Moreover, the article identifies some conditions under which autocrats will tie their hands willingly not to commit fraud by delegating power to an independent electoral commission. The article develops these ideas through a formal game and the discussion of various case studies.
Structural Change in U.S. Presidents' Use of Force
Authors: Hee Park Jong
Published: June 2010

Has there been a structural change in the way U.S. presidents use force abroad since the nineteenth century? In this article, I investigate historical changes in the use of force by U.S. presidents using Bayesian changepoint analysis. In doing so, I present an integrated Bayesian approach for analyzing changepoint problems in a Poisson regression model. To find the nature of the breaks, I estimate parameters of the Poisson regression changepoint model usingChib's (1998)hidden Markov model algorithm andFrühwirth‐Schnatter and Wagner's (2006)data augmentation method. Then, I utilize transdimensional Markov chain Monte Carlo methods to detect the number of breaks. Analyzing yearly use of force data from 1890 to 1995, I find that, controlling for the effects of the Great Depression and the two world wars, the relationship between domestic conditions and the frequency of the use of force abroad fundamentally shifted in the 1940s.