bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vaccinations for waste-handling workers. A review of the literature
Authors: Tooher Rebecca , Griffin Tabatha , Shute Elen , Maddern Guy
Published: February 2005

A review of the literature relating to the need for vaccination against infectious disease in the solid waste industry was conducted, focusing on hepatitis A, hepatitis B and tetanus. Databases (Medline, PreMedline, EMBASE, CINAHL, Current Contents, Cochrane Database, HTA Database, DARE, OSHROM) were searched up to and including August 2003. Articles were included in the review if they reported the prevalence of immunity to hepatitis A, hepatitis B or tetanus in solid waste workers or the incidence of clinical infection with any of these diseases. Papers about hazardous or medical waste, incineration or other infectious diseases were excluded. Fortyfour papers constituted the evidence database. Only one paper studied the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A and hepatitis B in solid waste workers compared with sewage plant workers and office workers, and no difference was found between these groups of workers. There was some evidence to support a theoretical risk of infection with hepatitis A, B and tetanus; however, no studies could be found of the risk of these diseases in solid waste workers. No single cases of these diseases being acquired occupationally in solid waste management were identified in the literature. Workers in the solid waste industry may theoretically be at increased risk of acquiring infectious diseases occupationally. However, at present no studies could be found which have documented this risk.
Comparative performance between temperaturephased and conventional mesophilic two-phased processes in terms of anaerobically produced bioenergy from food waste
Authors: Youn Jong-Ho , Shin Hang-Sik
Published: February 2005

Comparative evaluation of bioenergy production from food waste was carried out with both a temperature-phased and a conventional mesophilic two-phased process at different organic loading rates (OLRs). No methane was detected in the temperature-phased thermophilic-acidogenic fermenter at all the OLRs tested. However, a significant amount of methane content was detected in the conventional two-phased mesophilicacidogenic fermenter, with increments depending on the organic loading rate [from 17% at 3 g VS L – 1 day – 1 to 25% at 8 g VS L – 1 day – 1 (VS, volatile solid)]. Acetate and butyrate were the main volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in the temperaturephased thermophilic-acidogenic fermenter; conversely propionate was a major VFA in the conventional two-phased mesophilicacidogenic fermenter. Through the chemical oxygen demand (COD) balance of both temperature-phased and conventional mesophilic two-phased processes, the fraction of the feed-COD converted to the hydrogen-COD in the thermophilicacidogenic fermenter within the former process was estimated from 7.9 to 9.3%, with a peak at ORL of 6 g VS L – 1 day – 1, whereas it was quantified from 0.3 to 0.9% in the mesophilicacidogenic fermenter within the latter one. Moreover, the fraction of the feed-COD converted to the methane-COD in the mesophilic-acidogenic fermenter within the conventional twophased process ranged from 5.4 to 7.9%. On the other hand, conversion of the feed-COD to the methane-COD in the mesophilicmethanogenic fermenter of both temperature-phased and conventional mesophilic two-phased processes ranged from 66.2 to 72.3% and from 63.5 to 70.5%, respectively, with decrements related to the increase of organic loading rate.
Biotechnology for aerobic conversion of food waste into organic fertilizer
Authors: Stabnikova Olena , Ding Hong-Bo , Tay Joo-Hwa , Wang Jing-Yuan
Published: February 2005

A biotechnology for aerobic conversion of food waste into organic fertilizer under controlled aeration, stirring, pH and temperature at 55–65°C, is proposed. To maintain neutral pH at the beginning of the bioconversion 5% CaCO 3 was added to the total solids of the food waste. The addition of 20% horticultural waste compost as a bulking agent to the food wastes (w.w./w.w.), improved the bioconversion and increased the stability of the final product. No starter culture was needed for aerobic bioconversion of food waste into organic fertilizer for 10 days. The low contents of heavy metals in the raw materials used in the bioconversions ensured the safety of fertilizer from food waste for application in agriculture. The addition of 4% organic fertilizer to the subsoil increased the yield and growth of Ipomoea aquatica(Kang Kong) by 1.5 to 2 times. The addition of phosphorus is required to enhance the positive effect of organic fertilizer on plant growth.
Microbial succession associated with organic matter decomposition during thermophilic composting of organic waste
Authors: Nakasaki Kiyohiko , Nag Kazuki , Karita Shuichi
Published: February 2005

Using dog food as a model of the organic waste, thermophilic composting was carried out for 14 days at a fixed temperature of 60 C. The relationship between organic matter decomposition measured by CO2 evolution during the bio-stabilization process and microbial succession expressed as the changes over time in the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns of 16S rDNA sequences, of micro-organisms associated with the composting material was also examined. The CO 2 evolution rate peaked on day 3 and gradually decreased until it became extremely small after day 9 of composting, indicating that vigorous organic matter decomposition ceased around this time. On the other hand, the RFLP pattern changed drastically from day 0 to day 4 or 5, then remained stable until day 7 or 8, reaching its final configuration, with little variations, after day 9 of composting. RFLP analysis therefore indicates that microbial succession continued into the later stage of composting. Nevertheless, by day 9, the rate of organic matter decomposition was so low that its influence on microbial populations could be hardly recognized by conventional methods of dilution plating. Moreover, the compost produced by day 9 showed no inhibitory effect on the growth of Komatsuna ( Brassica campestrisL. var. rapiferafroug), indicating that the maturity of compost is sufficient for plant growth when the rate of organic matter decomposition has become extremely low and the RFLP patterns become stable.
Construction waste management based on industrial management models: a Swedish case study
Authors: Stenis Jan
Published: February 2005

This paper describes a methodology for estimating the true internal costs of construction waste, aimed at promoting environmentally friendly waste management. The study employs cost–benefit analysis, contribution margin analysis, the polluterpays principle and a mathematical model: the model for Efficient Use of Resources for Optimal Production Economy (EUROPE), which has been introduced previously by the author for assigning industrial costs to waste. The calculations are performed on construction waste created in a case study of a building project. Moreover, waste is regarded as, in a business sense, having the same basic status as any normal industrial product, namely the ‘equality principle’. Application of the methodology is suggested to create incentives for environmental and profitability improvement in construction companies and other types of industrial sectors. The results of the case study show the generation of construction waste to substantially decrease the final operating income, due to the internal shadow price cost it creates. This paper is intended to reduce the gap between the choice of waste management procedures and their economic impact, the overall objective being to accomplish an improved industrial environmental situation.
Characterization of solid waste disposed at Columbia Sanitary Landfill in Missouri
Authors: Zeng Yinghui , Trauth Kathleen M. , Peyton Robert L. , Banerji Shankha K.
Published: February 2005

Waste sorts were conducted during each of the four quarters (or seasons) of 1996 at the City of Columbia Sanitary Landfill. A detailed physical sampling protocol was outlined. Weight fractions of 32 waste components were quantified from all geographic areas that contribute to the Columbia Sanitary Landfill using a two-way stratification method, which accounted for variations in geographical regions and seasons. Comparisons of solid waste generated between locations and seasons were conducted at the 80% confidence level. The composition of the entire waste stream was 41% paper, 21% organic, 16% plastic, 6% metal, 3% glass and 13% other waste. Paper was the largest composition and glass was the smallest composition for all geographical regions. The result of this study was also compared with a 1987 Columbia, Missouri study conducted by EIERA (1987), with studies conducted in other states such as Minnesota, Wisconsin, Oregon and with national study conducted by the USEPA (USEPA 530-R-96-001, PB96-152 160. US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste, Washington, DC). The results of studies from other states are different from this study due to different local conditions, different methodologies and a different scope. There was a small (5%) increase in per capita weight from 1987 to 1996. The total per capita weight in the present study was 60% greater than the national per capita weight reported by the USEPA (1996) due to that the USEPA report excluded industrial, construction and certain commercial waste. The total per capita weight agrees with the national per capita weight for municipal waste reported by Tchobanoglous (1993), which included industrial, construction and commercial sources. The geographical and seasonal effects on the waste composition are evaluated and discussed. Statistical analysis indicates that waste characteristics are different among geographical regions and seasons. The potential for waste recovery and reduction is also discussed.
Chloride extraction for quality improvement of municipal solid waste incinerator ash for the concrete industry
Authors: Boghetich Giancarlo , Liberti Lorenzo , Notarnicola Michele , Palma Maria , Petruzzelli Domenico
Published: February 2005

Coal ash from power stations has long been used successfully in the cement industry as binders in several Portland formulations. This is not the case for municipal solid waste (MSW) ash as chloride concentrations, ranging from 10 to 200 g kg – 1 dry weight in the bottom and fly ash, respectively, exceed the maximum allowable concentration in most cement mixtures. To reduce chloride content in MSW bottom ash, a laboratory investigation was carried out based on the exhaustive washing in tap water. The influence of operative parameters such as temperature, granulometric properties and solid/liquid ratio of extraction was evaluated. In addition to optimization of the mentioned operative parameters for full-scale application, the paper gives preliminary indications on mechanistic aspects of the washing operation.
Method and Theoretical Psychology
Authors: Osbeck Lisa M.
Published: February 2005

Few discussions of method appear in relation to the conception and practice of theoretical psychology, despite calls for a theoretical subdiscipline and other forms of organization. This paper argues that the popular conception of method as explicit rule detracts from recognition of the practical and ethical implications of attention to theoretical psychology's own implicit methodological problems. It challenges the necessity of the method as rule view through analysis of two divergent historical accounts of method (Descartes and Vico) arising in relation to the emergence of modern science. The principal argument is that a broader conception of method is both historically warranted and appropriate to the projects of theoretical psychology.
On the Nature of a Critical Methodology
Authors: Yanchar Stephen C. , Gantt Edwin E. , Clay Samuel L.
Published: February 2005

This article describes an expanded view of methodology— termed a critical methodology—in the wake of criticisms of the received view of scientific method. A critical methodology would involve a deemphasis on method per se, the need for methodological innovation and the continual critical examination of the assumptions that undergird methods and other research resources. It is argued that under a critical methodology, the processes of theory construction and research would be essentially processes of argument construction, where arguments can be supported with many types of evidence. Although there is no final certainty through method under this framework, progress can result from the tension between various perspectives in context.
A Semiotic Reflection on Selfinterpretation and Identity
Authors: Andacht Fernando , Michel Mariela
Published: February 2005

In order to posit an alternative to Cartesian introspection as a form of privileged access to self-knowledge, the paper argues for a communicative embodied self which does not jeopardize human agency. Based on classical pragmatism, namely on Peirce's triadic semiotic, the text posits a non-reductionist alternative to the dualistic Cartesian cogito. Our goal is to advance the solution to an age-old paradox: how to understand the multiplicity of identities that constitute the self as well as our sense of unity and consistency across time. The triadic sign is considered a valuable theoretical tool to account for the unity of the self and for the diversity in human identity, without favoring either of the two terms. The self is construed as a sign in continuous growth through a reflexive, interpretive dialogue that aims to integrate multiple particular identities into the unity of a generative process.
From Therapeutic Power to Resistance?
Authors: Guilfoyle Michael
Published: February 2005

Four ideas are used to conceptually link local therapeutic practices with macro sociocultural arrangements, and to question the feasibility of therapeutically derived resistances against them: power as a productive force; the power–knowledge integration; the power–resistance relationship; and power in context. Narrative therapy is presented as an example of a ‘therapy of resistance’, which at a micro level challenges the therapist–client power relation and privileges clients’ local knowledges, and hence, at a macro level, promotes resistance against dominant discourses and practices. However, at least two fundamental problems face therapies advocating resistance. At a macro level, they are vulnerable to neutralization when they engage in broader power relations. And at a micro level, they cannot escape the institutionalized therapist–client power imbalance, which renders ethically problematic the use of the therapeutic encounter to promote resistance. Strategies for addressing these problems are discussed.
The Mind of the Modernist
Authors: Scaff Lawrence A.
Published: February 2005

Georg Simmel is known for his ‘formal’ sociology and discussion of interaction using spatial imagery. Responding to the standard view of Simmel, this article investigates his equally important ideas about time and temporality. In his philosophical and sociological writings Simmel explores the nature of knowledge of the past, mechanistic and organic conceptions of temporality, and the experience and social construction of time-consciousness. The modern money economy encourages a dynamic acceleration and compression of time, while cultural modernity ushers in an ‘eternal present’. Simmel's interpretation of time and temporality are central to his thought and contribute to his significance as a social theorist.
Sociotemporal Rhythms in E-mail
Authors: Flaherty Michael G. , Seipp-Williams Lucas
Published: February 2005

This study examines sociotemporal rhythms in the volume of e-mail. E-mail is available 24 hours a day, seven days a week, but we hypothesize that there are non-random patterns in the temporal flow of e-mail. We counted the total number of e-mail messages received per hour by any address at our college for more than eight months. Non-random patterns emerged in our data. The volume of e-mail per hour is above average during traditional working hours and below average during the early morning and evening hours. Also, there are significant differences in the mean number of messages per hour/per day.
Working Time, Industrial Relations and the Employment Relationship
Authors: Rubery Jill , Ward Kevin , Grimshaw Damian , Beynon Huw
Published: February 2005

This article explores the erosion of the standard working-time model associated with the UK's voluntarist system of industrial relations, and argues that its renegotiation is likely to be a critical factor in shaping the employment relationship of the future. As numerous studies over the last two decades have revealed, organizations have increasingly seen ‘time’ as a variable that can be manipulated to increase productivity or expand service provision, through making workers work harder, longer or according to management demands. These studies have also drawn our attention to the wider consequences of the increasing demands that organizations place on their employees in the name of ‘flexibility’, impacting both on what workers do while at work and how they organize and plan the other aspects of their lives. This article brings together two literatures, one on time and the other on industrial relations, and suggests that new working-time arrangements are changing the wage-effort bargain and blurring the previously clearly demarcated boundary between work and non-work time. Drawing on qualitative fieldwork in six large UK-based organizations, we argue that there is evidence of a move towards a new ‘temporality’ based on an employer-led model of working time, which differs significantly from both the traditional UK system of working-time regulation and that found in Continental Europe.
Moving to London Time
Authors: Jarvis Helen
Published: February 2005

This article calls for cross-disciplinary scrutiny of the costs of time squeeze – beyond current preoccupation with time allocation and the organization of employment. Discussion turns to an integrated, materially embedded infrastructure of everyday life, drawing on vignettes from in-depth biographies with London working families to put the time-squeeze into material context. Reference is made to generic decision ‘dilemmas’ commonly experienced across the sample: housing affordability, childcare shortage, transport failure and school choice. These illustrate the co-constitutive nature of urban inequalities and city time.
Long-term Employment and the Restructuring of the Labour Market in Europe
Authors: Doogan Kevin
Published: February 2005

There is a widespread view that the permanent employment, associated with traditional employment patterns, has been fundamentally undermined with the advent of the ‘new economy’. Industrial restructuring and occupational change is said to have given rise to more precarious forms of employment characterized by insecure short-term jobs. Such widely held public perceptions are challenged by the analyses of long-term employment and industrial, occupational and compositional change in the European workforce. Contrary to the positions of Beck, Castells and Sennet and a host of high-profile commentators, the statistical evidence strongly suggests that contemporary labour market change in the European Union is moving in the opposite direction with significant increase in longterm employment across the member states.
Ethical Dilemmas of Critical Management Education
Authors: Fenwick Tara
Published: February 2005

Critical management education (CME) raises ethical issues, some of which have been debated in the broader literature of critical pedagogy and others that are particular to the unique balance of critical learning within contexts of management studies. Three issues in particular are explored in this article: the problematic positionality of the critical educator, the potential fragmentation of student subjectivities, and the contradictions between management practice and critical teaching. These issues are presented as ethical dilemmas for which no clear response can be postulated that does not entail further problematic issues. Mindful of this slipperiness, the discussion presents pedagogical approaches drawn from critical education theory and the author's own classroom struggles, approaches that attempt to sustain critical intent alongside respect for student needs, in a pragmatic and flexible pedagogy that incorporates action with critical analysis.
Organizational Learning and Organizational Knowledge
Authors: Chiva Ricardo , Alegre Joaquín
Published: February 2005

Organizational learning and organizational knowledge have seen important growth in both the academic and business worlds. However, both approaches face various problems, the most striking of which is their theoretical confusion and diversity. This is due to the great number of authors and publications on the theoretical concepts, which originate in different fields, and are dealt with from different perspectives. Despite their implicit links, the two areas of literature retain a relative distance. This article sets out to improve the situation by linking the two perspectives with the aim of providing an integrative approach. Furthermore, the analysis outlines some common unresolved issues in these debates: the epistemological and ontological principles that underpin our understanding of learning, knowledge, and the relationship between them, as well as the relationship between individual and organizational learning and knowing.
Complementary and Alternative Medical Reference Software for Personal Digital Assistants: Evidence of Clinical Applicability
Authors: Fischer Jonathan E. , Crowell Karen , Curtis Peter
Published: February 2005

To assess the quality and clinical applicability of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) software databases for personal digital assistants (PDAs), a standard challenge of 52 CAM clinical questions was developed. Benchmark answers were identified from standard texts. Aphysician evaluator then used each of 11 PDACAMsoftware programs to answer the challenge questions and assessed the programs for comprehensiveness, accuracy, and ease of use. Breadth of coverage of the challenge questions ranged from 23% to 87% and clinical reliability from 58% to 97%. The two most clearly useful products were the Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database and the Natural Standard. None of the programs covered combination substances, and only the Natural Standard provided some information on therapeutic modalities other than the herbal and supplement aspects of CAM. The use of a standard clinical challenge as an evaluation tool may be a good way to assess reference software in this clinical area.
Rural Older Adults’ Beliefs and Behavior Related to Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use
Authors: Arcury Thomas A. , Bell Ronny A. , Vitolins Mara Z. , Quandt Sara A.
Published: February 2005

Little research has considered older adults’ health beliefs related to the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Based on a conceptual model of health selfmanagement, this analysis delineates health beliefs and behaviors related to CAM use among community-dwelling rural elders. In-depth interviews were conducted with 145 female and male African Americans, Native Americans, and Whites aged 70 and older residing in two rural, central North Carolina counties. CAM therapies are widely used but are largely limited to folk and home remedies and vitamin and mineral supplements. These rural elders integrate CAM use with conventional health care, and they are concerned that remedies they use not interfere with prescribed conventional treatment. They justify CAM use in terms of advice from their physician or nurse or from published sources. Most rural elders state that their knowledge of CAM therapies is limited.
Safety Issues in the Interaction of Conventional, Complementary, and Alternative Health Care
Authors: Curtis Peter , Gaylord Susan
Published: February 2005

This article reviews issues of safety in health care, applied particularly to the interface between conventional medicine and complementary and alternative medicine. These issues include errors in treatment and medical management, adverse effects of pharmaceuticals, and defining risk for patients. For complementary and alternative medicine, especially dietary supplements, problems of quality control, licensing, regulation, and misrepresentation are discussed. An important issue is the interface between conventional and complementary therapies, in terms of drug/herb interactions, laboratory diagnosis, and lack of communication between clinicians about patients. Improvements in safety and quality will come from a commitment to better education and understanding between both types of care.
Synthesis of Hollow Titania Using Nanosized Calcium Carbonate as a Template
Authors: Gao Li-dong , Luo Lai-long , Chen Jian-feng , Shao Lei
Published: February 2005

Spherical hollow titania materials with a diameter of 60–100 nm and wall thickness of approximately 10 nm were synthesized using nanosized CaCO3 particles as inorganic templates. BET surface area of as-synthesized titania was 381.15 m2/g, and decreased to 124.36 m2/g after calcination at 500 °C for 2 h.
Lewis Base-catalyzed Strecker-type Reaction between Trimethylsilyl Cyanide and N-Tosylimines in Water-containing DMF
Authors: Takahashi Eiki , Fujisawa Hidehiko , Yanai Toshiharu , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: February 2005

Lewis base-catalyzed Strecker-type reaction between trimethylsilyl cyanide and N-tosylimines proceeded smoothly in dry DMF or water-containing DMF and the corresponding α-amino compounds were obtained in good to high yields.
Supramolecular Polymers from a Cyclodextrin Dimer and Ditopic Guest Molecules
Authors: Ohga Kahori , Takashima Yoshinori , Takahashi Hirokazu , Miyauchi Masahiko , Kawaguchi Yoshinori , Yamaguchi Hiroyasu , Harada Akira
Published: February 2005

Novel supramolecular polymers have been prepared from a β-cyclodextrin dimer and ditopic guest dimers having adamantyl groups. A guest dimer (C0) with a 4,4′-bipyridinium group as a stiff spacer between adamantyl groups gave linear supramolecular polymers with high molecular weight, although guest dimer (C2) with flexible methylene spacers gave cyclic supramolecular polymers in aqueous solutions.
Sulfate-promoted Titania Photocatalyst for High Efficiency Gas Phase Toluene Degradation
Authors: Barraud Elodie , Bosc Florence , Keller Nicolas , Keller Valérie
Published: February 2005

A regenerable, halide-free, sulfate-promoted titania photocatalyst was developed for the high-efficiency, room temperature gas phase photodegradation of toluene at higher than trace concentrations.
Acceptor Number of Room Temperature Ionic Liquid Determined by the Raman Spectrum of Diphenylcyclopropenone
Authors: Kimura Yoshifumi , Fukuda Masanori , Fujisawa Tomotsumi , Terazima Masahide
Published: February 2005

Raman spectrum of diphenylcyclopropenone has been measured in various liquids including room temperature ionic liquids. We found a good linear correlation between the solvent acceptor number and the vibrational frequency of the C=C and C=O stretching mode. From the correlation, we have successfully determined acceptor number of several room temperature ionic liquids.
Ruthenium(II) Tricarboxyterpyridyl Complex with a Fluorine-substituted β-Diketonato Ligand for Highly Efficient Dye-sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Islam Ashraful , Chowdhury Firoz A , Chiba Yasuo , Komiya Ryoichi , Fuke Nobuhiro , Ikeda Noriaki , Han Liyuan
Published: February 2005

We have developed a new β-diketonato Ru(II) complex, Ru(4,4′,4″-tricarboxy-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine) [4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)butane-1,3-dionato](NCS)[(C4H9)4N]2 (1) which shows very efficient panchromatic sensitization of nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cell over the whole visible range extending into the near IR region (ca. 950 nm). A solar energy conversion efficiency of 8.9% was attained under standard AM 1.5 irradiation (100 mW cm−2) with a short-circuit photocurrent density of 20.4 mA cm−2, an open-circuit photovoltage of 0.65 V, and a fill factor of 0.67.
Triple-stranded Helicates as a Synthetic Template: Synthesis of Pyridine-containing Macrocyclic Compounds
Authors: Kawano Tomikazu , Nakanishi Masataka , Kato Takahiro , Ueda Ikuo
Published: February 2005

Triple-stranded helicates possessing polyether side chains have been prepared from the reaction of oligo(ethynylpyridines) with copper(I) ions. Ring-closing metathesis of the helicates by using Grubbs’ catalyst has led to the formation of pyridine-containing macrocyclic compounds.
Bardot and Godard in 1963 (Historicizing the Postmodern Image)
Authors: PAIGE NICHOLAS
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT The photographic image—conceived as .at, reproducible, and mobile—is integral to Fredric Jameson's influential description of the postmodern as marking an evacuation of historical thinking. This essay argues that Jean-Luc Godard's early work, and his 1963 film Le Mé;pris (Contempt) in particular, represents a sustained attempt to use images to promote a type of historical thinking for which Jameson's definition of the postmodern, however relevant to Godard, cannot account.
Memory and Historicism: Reading Between the Lines of the Built Environment, Germany c. 1900
Authors: UMBACH MAIKEN
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT This article examines how the juxtaposition between the two rival approaches to the past, history and memory, was configured in and through the built environment in the decades around 1900. It argues that memory was not, as some contemporary polemicists suggested, the opposite of academic historicism. It is better understood as a logical continuation of historicism's inherent deconstructivist tendencies.
Individual differences in children's recall and suggestibility: the effect of intelligence, temperament, and self‐perceptions
Authors: Chae Yoojin , Ceci Stephen J.
Published: February 2005

This study explored the effect of intelligence, temperament, and self‐perceptions on children's recall and suggestibility. The relationship between recall and suggestibility was also examined. A total of 134 children, 63 preschoolers and 71 second graders, were exposed to a staged event involving an argument between two adults in their classrooms and were interviewed approximately 1 week later. Children were then administered verbal and performance intelligence tests and a self‐perception measure assessing perceived general competence and social acceptance. Additionally, teachers completed a questionnaire to evaluate children's shyness and emotionality. Results revealed that children with higher verbal intelligence recalled more information spontaneously than those with lower verbal intelligence and that children who provided more accurate cued recall were less suggestible than those who gave less accurate cued recall. There was also a significant interaction effect of verbal intelligence×age on suggestibility, with verbal intelligence being associated with suggestibility for younger children, but not for older children. The effect of individual difference factors on recall and suggestibility differed across age groups. Possible explanations for the results and implications for future studies are discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Salinity and Mangrove Detritus on Desorption of Metals from Brackish Water Desorption of Metals from Brackish Water and Shrimp
Authors: Guhathakurta Himadri , Kaviraj Anilava
Published: February 2005

Desorption and bioaccumulation of Cd, Zn, and Pb were studied using naturally contaminated sediment from a brackish water pond in the Sunderban Biosphere Reserve in India. Pattern of desorption of the metals from the sediment and bioaccumulation in fingerlings of the teleost Oreochromis mossambicusand postlarvae of the shrimp Penaeus monodon were studied as a function of salinity and loading of detritus of a mangrove plant. Effects of both salinity and loading of detritus on bioaccumulation of the metals were studied under two conditions: either the animals were allowed free access to the sediment or access was denied. Ninety‐six hour experiments showed that desorption of Cd and Pb from sediment into water increased with salinity of the medium while desorption of Zn decreased. Salinity of the medium also had a significant effect on the bioaccumulation of metals by fish; Cd and Pb accumulation decreased in saline medium while the accumulation of Zn increased. Conditions of access to sediment had no effect on the bioaccumulation of metals by fish; effect of interaction between salinity and access condition was also insignificant. The access conditions, however, significantly influenced accumulation of metal by the shrimp postlarvae. The effect of interaction between salinity and access condition was insignificant in influencing the bioaccumulation of all metals except Zn. The accumulation of Zn increased as a function of the salinity of the medium when shrimp postlarvae were allowed access to the sediment. Desorption of metals from sediment to water were below detection limits when detritus of a mangrove plant was added to the medium. Both the level of detritus and the conditions of access influenced accumulation of metals by fish, but the effect of interaction between the two factors were found to be insignificant. Shrimp postlarvae showed net accumulation only of Pb in the presence of detritus and the accumulation of Pb increased when the larvae were separated from the sediment. The results are important in understanding the mobility of metals between solid and aqueous phases in brackish water environments that experience periodic fluctuations in salinity and fluxes of organic load in the form of mangrove detritus.
Study on the nonisothermal crystallization process of mLLDPE/EVA blends using FTIR micro‐spectroscopy
Authors: Wu Tong , Li Ying , Wu Qiang , Wu Gang , Tan Hui‐Min
Published: February 2005

The nonisothermal crystallization process has been investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) micro‐spectroscopy for the 40/60 wt % blends of metallocene linear low density polyethylene (m‐LLDPE) and ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) at the molecular level. In the cooling process, thermal spectra of mLLDPE/EVA blends were collected between 150°C and 67°C at 1°C interval. According to the van't Hoff equation at constant pressure, the changes of absorbance ratio corresponding to high and low vibrational states were calculated; hereby, apparent enthalpy differences of vibration energy states transformation (▵Hv) of characteristic groups could be obtained. Combining with DSC analysis, two exothermal peaks were examined in the crystallization process, corresponding to mLLDPE‐rich and EVA‐rich domains, respectively; while in comparison of the ▵Hv values of various characteristic groups corresponding to the two exothermal peaks, the bending vibrational mode of methylene groups has been found to make a prominent contribution to the movement and regular arrangement of mLLDPE and EVA chain segments towards each rich domain in the crystallizing process. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 261–267, 2005
Some properties of styrene‐based ionomers II
Authors: Suchocka‐Gałaś K.
Published: February 2005

Some properties of styrene‐based ionomers obtained from copolymers styrene (S) and acrylic acid (AA) or methacrylic acid (MA) obtained in emulsion containing alkali metal salts have been investigated. A study has been conducted to examine the influence of the acid content and nature (acrylic or methacrylic) and nature of alkali metal salt on the glass transition temperature, density, melt index, and activation energy of flow of the styrene‐based ionomers.

The present studies have indicated that the temperature of glass transition (Tg) of sodium ionomers increases as the sodium content rises, but the increase is lower than in the case of the ionomers based on copolymers obtained in bulk.

The density of films rises with the content of alkali metal salt introduced to the polystyrene chain, and it is higher than in the case of the ionomers based on copolymers obtained in bulk containing almost the same content of alkali metal salts. Styrene ionomers containing alkali metal acrylates have higher densities than those containing alkali metal methacrylates. The melt index of the investigated ionomers depends on the amount and type of introduced acid and salt, as well as on the molecular weight of the initial copolymer. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 268–275, 2005
Mechanical properties and failure surface morphology of amine‐cured epoxy/clay nanocomposites
Authors: Miyagawa Hiroaki , Foo Kit H. , Daniel Isaac M. , Drzal Lawrence T.
Published: February 2005

The tensile and impact properties of amine‐cured diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A based nanocomposites reinforced by organomontmorillonite clay nanoplatelets are reported. The sonication processing scheme involved the sonication of the constituent materials in a solvent followed by solvent extraction to generate nanocomposites with homogeneous dispersions of the organoclay nanoplatelets. The microstructure of the clay nanoplatelets in the nanocomposites was observed with transmission electron microscopy, and the clay nanoplatelets were well dispersed and were intercalated and exfoliated. The tensile modulus of epoxy at room temperature, which was above the glass‐transition temperature of the nanocomposites, increased approximately 50% with the addition of 10 wt % (6.0 vol %) clay nanoplatelets. The reinforcing effect of the organoclay nanoplatelets was examined with respect to the Tandon–Weng and Halpin–Tsai models. The tensile strength was improved only when 2.5 wt % clay nanoplatelets were added. The Izod impact strength decreased with increasing clay content. The failure surfaces of the nanocomposites were observed with environmental scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The roughness of the failure surface was correlated with the tensile strength. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 281–287, 2005
Comparison about the structure and properties of PAN‐based activated carbon hollow fibers pretreated with different compounds containing phosphorus
Authors: Sun Junfen , Wu Lishun , Wang Qingrui
Published: February 2005

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) hollow fibers were pretreated with five different compounds containing phosphorus, including ammonium dibasic phosphate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, triammonium phosphate, phosphoric acid, and metaphosphoric acid, and then further oxidized in air, carbonized in nitrogen, and activated with carbon dioxide. The effects of different compounds containing phosphorus as pretreating agents on the properties and structure of the resultant oxidized hollow fibers, carbon hollow fibers, and activated carbon hollow fibers are discussed. Comparing the Brunaner‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) surface area of PAN‐activated carbon hollow fibers (ACHF) pretreated with five different compounds, ammonium dibasic phosphate > triammonium phosphate > ammonium dihydrogen phosphate > phosphoric acid > metaphosphoric acid, and the surface area of mesopores in PAN‐ACHF pretreated with ammonium dibasic phosphate reaches maximum, 174 m2 g−1. The adsorption ratio to mesomolecule adsorbate, VB12, of PAN‐ACHF pretreated with ammonium dibasic phosphate also reaches maximum, 97.7 wt %. Moreover, the dominant pore sizes of PAN‐ACHF range from 2 to 5 nm in diameter. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 294–300, 2005
Structure and properties of strain‐induced crystallization rubber–clay nanocomposites by co‐coagulating the rubber latex and clay aqueous suspension
Authors: Wang Yiqing , Zhang Huifeng , Wu Youping , Yang Jun , Zhang Liqun
Published: February 2005

Natural rubber (NR)–clay (clay is montmorillonite) and chloroprene rubber (CR)–clay nanocomposites were prepared by co‐coagulating the rubber latex and clay aqueous suspension. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the layers of clay were dispersed in the NR matrix at a nano level, and the aspect ratio (width/thickness) of the platelet inclusions was reduced and clay layers aligned more orderly during the compounding operation on an open mill. However, X‐ray diffraction indicated that there were some nonexfoliated clay layers in the NR matrix. Stress–strain curves showed that the moduli of NR were significantly improved with the increase of the amount of clay. At the same time, the clay layers inhibited the crystallization of NR on stretch, especially clay content of more than 10 phr. Compared with the carbon‐black‐filled NR composites, NR–clay nanocomposites exhibited high hardness, high modulus, high tear strength, and excellent antiaging and gas barrier properties. Similar to NR–clay nanocomposites, CR–clay nanocomposites also exhibited high hardness, high modulus, and high tear strength. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 318–323, 2005
Thermal analysis characterization of the degradation of biodegradable starch blends in soil
Authors: Lluch A. Vallés , Felipe A. Martínez , Greus A. Ribes , Cadenato A. , Ramis X. , Salla J. M. , Morancho J. M.
Published: February 2005

Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis were used to monitor the degradation of biodegradable blends in soil from vegetal sources consisting of dispersed thermoplastic starch and cellulosic derivatives. First, the viscoelastic behavior of this blend was studied. A prominent relaxation process at about 90°C and an overlapped small relaxation in the vicinity of 160°C were identified and characterized. The specific parameters were evaluated as a function of the soil burial time. Interesting changes in the mechanical relaxation spectra were observed. The intensity of the prominent peak at 90°C tended to decrease with degradation as a result of the reduction in the number of amylose chains in the starch. Second, thermogravimetric thermograms provided a register of the moisture content in the samples and the starch chain removal due to the degradation process. The nonisothermal kinetics of the decomposition processes were analyzed by means of Broido's integral method. The thermal stabilities of the nondegraded and degraded blends were estimated. The activation energies related to the correspondent reactions were calculated and evaluated as a function of the soil burial time. Furthermore, we used DSC as a complementary characterization technique to obtain information about the combined effect of moisture and the morphological changes that took place at molecular levels during the biodegradation process. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 358–371, 2005
Spectroscopic characterization of microorganisms by Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy
Authors: Yu Chenxu , Irudayaraj Joseph
Published: February 2005

Spectroscopic fingerprints of bacteria were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy for the elucidation of chemical composition and structural information during growth. Good differentiation of six microorganisms was achieved down to the strain level. The inherent compositional and structural differences of cell envelopes and cytoplasm were investigated and utilized to obtain more detailed analysis of the spectroscopic features. Bands or regions of key functional groups were also identified in the original spectra. Microspectroscopic monitoring of bacterial growth demonstrated that FTIR spectroscopy cannot only provide molecular fingerprints of the cell envelope, but also compositional and metabolic information of the cytoplasm under different physiological conditions. This approach could be an effective alternative to traditional nutritional and biochemical methods to monitor and assess the effects of inhibitors and other environmental factors on microbial cell growth. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 77: 368–377, 2005
PdII‐Catalyzed Oxidative Dimeric Cyclization–Coupling Reaction of 2,3‐Allenoic Acids: An Efficient Synthesis of Bibutenolide Derivatives
Authors: Ma Shengming , Yu Zhanqian , Gu Zhenhua
Published: February 2005

Three sets of convenient catalytic systems have been developed for the oxidative dimeric cyclization coupling of differently substituted 2,3‐allenoic acids catalyzed by PdII, affording bibutenolides that are not otherwise readily available. The advantages and disadvantages of these systems are discussed. Although the diastereoselectivity for the bicyclization of racemic 2,3‐allenoic acids is low, excellent diastereoselectivity was realized in the bicyclization reaction of optically active 2,3‐allenoic acids, leading to the optically active bibutenolides in high yields and ee. Based on a mechanistic study, it is believed that the reaction may proceed by means of a double oxypalladation and reductive elimination to yield butenolide 3 and Pd0 species, which may be reoxidized to the catalytically active PdII species in the presence of alkyl iodide/air, metallic iodide/air, or benzoquinone.
Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder
Authors: Choong Nicholas W. W. , Quevedo J. Fernando , Kaur Judith S.
Published: February 2005

BACKGROUND

Small cell carcinoma (SCC) of the urinary bladder accounts for 0.35–0.70% of all bladder tumors. There is no standard approach to the management of SCC of the urinary bladder.

METHODS

The authors performed a retrospective study at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN) to characterize the clinical and pathologic features of patients with SCC of the urinary bladder diagnosed between 1975 and 2003 with emphasis on management.

RESULTS

Forty‐four patients were identified who had primary bladder SCC, 61.4% of whom had pure SCC. The male:female ratio was 3:1, the mean age was 66.9 years, and the mean follow‐up was 3.2 years. Twelve patients (27.3%) had Stage II disease, 13 patients (29.6%) had Stage III disease, and 19 patients (43.2%) had Stage IV disease. The overall median survival was 1.7 years. The 5‐year survival rates for patients with Stage II, III, and IV disease were 63.6%, 15.4%, and 10.5%, respectively. Six of eight patients with Stage II bladder SCC achieved a cure with radical cystectomy. Five patients with Stage IV disease had obvious metastases and received chemotherapy. Fourteen patients underwent radical cystectomy and were diagnosed later with locally advanced disease (T4b) or lymph node metastasis (N1–N3; Stage IV disease). Only 2 of 19 patients with Stage IV disease who received adjuvant chemotherapy were alive at 5 years.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with bladder SCC should undergo radical cystectomy except when metastatic disease is present (M1), in which case, systemic chemotherapy is indicated. Adjuvant treatment is not indicated for patients with Stage II disease after radical cystectomy but should be considered for patients with Stage III and IV disease. Chemotherapy should be a platinum‐based regimen. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Retracted: Tumor necrosis factor enhances SN38‐mediated apoptosis in mesothelioma cells
Authors: Russo Patrizia , Catassi Alessia , Malacarne Davide , Margaritora Stefano , Cesario Alfredo , Festi Luigi , Mulé Antonino , Ferri Luigi , Granone Pierluigi
Published: February 2005

In the April 1, 2005, issue of Cancer, an article entitled “Tumor necrosis factor enhances SN38‐mediated apoptosis in mesothelioma cells: The role of nuclear factor‐κB pathway activation” was published by Dr. Russo and colleagues. On October 6, 2009, we were alerted to concerns about the integrity of the data in the article. A formal investigation was conducted by the Institutional Office for Research Integrity (UIR) at the National Institute for Cancer Research (IST) in Genoa, Italy. The investigation report from the UIR President, dated November 4, 2009, stated the following:

“1) The internal investigation is concluded and no further analyses are planned on the issue.

2) The UIR concluded that the article contains evidence of data fabrication/duplication.

3) All the authors (either belonging or not to the IST) have been informed of the concerns about data integrity. Some authors acknowledged the conclusion stated in the previous point 2, others did not; however, none of them accepted the responsibility of having fabricated the data.”

Based on this report and our concerns about the validity of the study, we hereby retract this article from Cancer and from the medical literature.

Raphael E. Pollock, MD, PhD