bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pressure Sensing in High-Refractive-Index Liquids Using Long-Period Gratings Nanocoated with Silicon Nitride
Authors: Smietana Mateusz , Bock Wojtek J. , Mikulic Predrag , Chen Jiahua
Published: December 2010

The paper presents a novel pressure sensor based on a silicon nitride (SiNx) nanocoated long-period grating (LPG). The high-temperature, radio-frequency plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor-deposited (RF PECVD) SiNx nanocoating was applied to tune the sensitivity of the LPG to the external refractive index. The technique allows for deposition of good quality, hard and wear-resistant nanofilms as required for optical sensors. Thanks to the SiNx nanocoating it is possible to overcome a limitation of working in the external-refractive-index range, which for a bare fiber cannot be close to that of the cladding. The nanocoated LPG-based sensing structure we developed is functional in high-refractive-index liquids (nD > 1.46) such as oil or gasoline, with pressure sensitivity as high as when water is used as a working liquid. The nanocoating developed for this experiment not only has the highest refractive index ever achieved in LPGs (n > 2.2 at λ = 1,550 nm), but is also the thinnest (
A Ferrocene-Quinoxaline Derivative as a Highly Selective Probe for Colorimetric and Redox Sensing of Toxic Mercury(II) Cations
Authors: Zapata Fabiola , Caballero Antonio , Molina Pedro , Tarraga Alberto
Published: December 2010

A new chemosensor molecule 3 based on a ferrocene-quinoxaline dyad recognizes mercury (II) cations in acetonitrile solution. Upon recognition, an anodic shift of the ferrocene/ferrocenium oxidation peaks and a progressive red-shift (Δλ = 140 nm) of the low-energy band, are observed in its absorption spectrum. This change in the absorption spectrum is accompanied by a colour change from orange to deep green, which can be used for a “naked-eye” detection of this metal cation.
Bioinspired Electronic White Cane Implementation Based on a LIDAR, a Tri-Axial Accelerometer and a Tactile Belt
Authors: Pallejà Tomàs , Tresanchez Marcel , Teixidó Mercè , Palacin Jordi
Published: December 2010

This work proposes the creation of a bioinspired electronic white cane for blind people using the whiskers principle for short-range navigation and exploration. Whiskers are coarse hairs of an animal's face that tells the animal that it has touched something using the nerves of the skin. In this work the raw data acquired from a low-size terrestrial LIDAR and a tri-axial accelerometer is converted into tactile information using several electromagnetic devices configured as a tactile belt. The LIDAR and the accelerometer are attached to the user’s forearm and connected with a wire to the control unit placed on the belt. Early validation experiments carried out in the laboratory are promising in terms of usability and description of the environment.
Profound Differences in Virus Population Genetics Correspond to Protection from CD4 Decline Resulting from Feline Lentivirus Coinfection
Authors: Padhi Abinash , Ross Howard , Terwee Julie , VandeWoude Sue , Poss Mary
Published: December 2010

CD4 decline is a hallmark of disease onset in individuals infected with Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) or Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1). Cats that are infected with a poorly replicating, apathogenic FIV (PLV) prior to exposure to a virulent FIV strain (FIVC) maintain CD4 numbers by mechanisms that are not correlated with a measurable adaptive immune response or reduction in circulating viral load. We employed population genetic approaches based on the 3' portion of the viral genome to estimate the population structure of FIVC from single and dual infected cats. In dual infected cats, FIVC effective population size was decreased during the initial viral expansion phase, and after three weeks of infection, the population declined sharply. The FIVC population recovered to pre-bottleneck levels approximately seven weeks post-FIVC infection. However, the population emerging from the bottleneck in dual infected cats was distinct based on estimates of temporal population structure and substitution profiles. The transition to transversion rate ratio (k) increased from early to late phases in dual infected cats due primarily to a decrease in transversions whereas in single infected cats, k declined over time. Although one clone with extensive G to A substitutions, indicative of host cytidine deaminase editing, was recovered from a dual infected cat during the bottleneck, the post bottleneck population had an overall reduction in G to A substitutions. These data are consistent with a model of PLV-induced host restriction, putatively involving host DNA editing, that alters the dynamics of FIVC throughout the course of infection leading to disease attenuation.
The Mediterranean Trajectory of Aristotle's Economic Canon
Authors: Baeck Louis
Published: December 2010

In Greece of the fourth century BCE, Xenophon was a famous author of practical textbooks on household management and on the financial management of the polis; but in the conceptual domain Aristotle was a richer source since he pioneered in fundamentals. In his works on practical philosophy he initiated an analytical thematization on three cardinal topics, namely on the transition from a natural household economy towards a society moved by the chrematistic spirit; on justice in the terms of trade; and on the nature of money. For almost a millennium and a half the scholars of the succeeding civilizations in the Mediterranean gave but little attention to and even criticized Aristotle s analytical schemes. With the advent of the Late Middle Ages, however, the Stagirite's constructs underwent a spectacular revival with the novel and trend-setting commentaries of the Arab scholar Ibn Rushd. And in the "summae" of the Latin Scholastics his "peri economias" flowered into a canon. In the Latin Scholastic texts the Aristotelian canon was amended by Christian ethics with a medieval flavour. The Latin Scholastics, more than preceding schools of moral philosophy, came to grips with the challenge of explaining the new and disturbing market forces in their feudal societies. The rhetoric schools of the Italian humanists re-interpreted Aristotle 's political and economic thematizations from their own historical context. With a greater emphasis on utility and hedonism, the humanists produced significant hermeneutical shifts. In the reworkings of the "Quattrocento ", economic attitudes and humanistic culture met halfway. The humanists announced the spirit of modern times, characterized by the assumption that human beings possess an innate self-interested and economic mentality. With the breakthrough of this modern mindset, Aristotle's concept of development went into decline.
Sur la critique des données démographiques en Afrique
Authors: Stengers Jean
Published: December 2010

The use of demographic data on Africa can be difficults, il not extremely hazardous, without a critical approach. In order to avoid errors and traps, it is advisable to analyse the data via four critical questions :

- what is the type of operation which is the source of the figures ? (estimate, count, census or demographic survey, suspicion of the authorities, of the vocabulary, of the series data, of the registration);

- what are the abilities of the team that led the operation ? (competence of the census taker faced with constraints of time, distances and methods);

- how far were the people surveyed able to answer the questions ?

- what were the intentions of the surveying team in terms of their objectives, assuming that the intention of the survey may not solely be aimed at discovering the truth ? (temptation to increase or reduce the figures according to financial or political interests).
L'ancrage de l'hindouisme dans le paysage mauricien : transfert et appropriation
Authors: Claveyrolas Mathieu
Published: December 2010

L’île Maurice est une jeune nation née de la société de plantation et de nombreux flux migratoires. La nation mauricienne s’est construite sur un rapport de force démographique qui a fait des engagés une majorité défendant sa légitimité à représenter et diriger la nation tout en revendiquant sa spécificité par rapport aux autres communautés mauriciennes. Ce ne sont plus alors les références à l’esclavage, à la rupture avec les racines, qui sont pensées comme fondatrices, mais bien l’héritage indien censément apporté et préservé par les engagés. Entre hindouisme créole (né du contact entre cultures dans le contexte de la société de plantation) et crispation autour des identités indiennes, la communauté hindoue à Maurice a su ancrer localement ses pratiques religieuses, ce que j’étudie ici à travers l’invention de Maurice comme paysage hindou et, à un autre niveau, l’appropriation de l’espace public via la démultiplication des lieux de culte.
Esprits sans patrie : une analyse de la « religion du voyage » dans les îles du Cap-Vert
Authors: Laurent Pierre-Joseph , Plaideau Charlotte
Published: December 2010

À la découverte des îles au XV e siècle, la spiritualité capverdienne se construit sur un double mouvement où la conversion forcée des esclaves africains au catholicisme va de pair avec une familiarisation des Européens aux systèmes de pensées de l’Afrique. Au fil des siècles, ce métissage fait naître un imaginaire catholique populaire où l’esprit du défunt ( finado ) s’établit comme l’un des ciments de la société ; par sa mainmise symbolique sur le sort de ces familles de migrants tourmentées entre ici et là-bas, l’esprit « apatride » devient le commun dénominateur entre le natif et le migrant, le jeune et le vieux, le populaire et l’érudit, le catholique et le protestant, le continental et l’insulaire, l’Africain et l’Européen. Qu’il soit « errant » – inférieur – ou « de lumière » – supérieur –, l’esprit du défunt est également l’entité convoquée par le rationalisme chrétien pour (re)créer du lien. Ce n’est pas un hasard puisque cette doctrine spiritualiste née au Brésil en 1910 s’est répandue à l’étranger en accompagnant la diaspora capverdienne. Ses « irradiations » et séances de « dédoublement et nettoyage psychique » dirigées vers le monde entier, en font une spiritualité délocalisée, permettant de relier les destins humains par-delà les frontières géopolitiques.
« Axé Ilê Portugal » : parcours migratoires et religions afro-brésiliennes au Portugal
Authors: Guillot Maïa
Published: December 2010

La relation entre migration et religion dans la transnationalisation des religions afro-brésiliennes au Portugal est principalement due au retour de Portugais qui avaient émigré vers le Brésil et à l’immigration de Brésiliens au Portugal. J’analyserai dans cet article les parcours migratoires d’initiés ainsi que les formes de leur influence au sein du candomblé et de l’umbanda en terre portugaise. Les réinterprétations de ces parcours se sont construites en puisant dans les imaginaires nationaux brésiliens et portugais, mais aussi dans les logiques propres aux religions afro-brésiliennes. La migration provoque également, au sein de la pratique au Portugal, des négociations et créations rituelles trouvant légitimité et sens à la lumière de logiques religieuses afro-brésiliennes et de représentations portugaises. Nous verrons alors comment la relation migration/adaptations participe à la recomposition d’un imaginaire transnational des religions afro-brésiliennes, qui est propre et spécifique au contexte portugais dans lequel il s’opère.
Le culte de Maximón.
Authors: Pédron-Colombani Sylvie
Published: December 2010

Au Guatemala, Maximón est un personnage aux multiples facettes issu de la rencontre entre deux univers de sens – maya et catholique. Son culte, identifié il y a seulement quelques décennies à un territoire, une culture, voire un groupe ethnique, est aujourd’hui pris dans un processus de translocalisation. Il s’est répandu sous diverses formes dans l’ensemble du pays – y compris parmi les couches métisses urbaines –, mais également au Mexique et aux Etats-Unis, au gré des flux migratoires des guatémaltèques. Cet article propose une réflexion conjointe sur les dynamiques nationales et internationales du culte, sur les transformations et re-significations du culte, ainsi que sur les revendications identitaires sous-jacentes. À partir d’un travail de terrain mené dans la ville de Los Angeles, nous verrons notamment comment le culte a pris une dimension individuelle et syncrétique, s’éloigne du monde maya et devient porteur d’un ensemble de significations collectives propres au monde des migrants latino-américains.
Altérités religieuses, migrations et constructions identitaires à la frontière entre l'Argentine, le Paraguay et le Brésil
Authors: Mallimaci Fortunato , Giménez Béliveau Verónica
Published: December 2010

Les courants migratoires sont depuis longtemps liés à l’émergence, à la mobilité et au développement des confessions religieuses. Dans la « province » de Misiones, située au nord-est de l’Argentine, à la limite avec le Paraguay et le Brésil, la présence de groupes de migrants qui traversent les frontières ont donné lieu historiquement à des échanges culturels, économiques et religieux. Le paysage social de chacun des trois pays limitrophes, l’Argentine, le Brésil et le Paraguay, profondément marqué par la matrice culturalo-religieuse d’origine nationale, trouve dans cette « Triple Frontière » les textures caractéristiques des territoires de frontières : mélange de langues et traditions, influences culturelles diverses, pratiques religieuses métissées. Reposant sur un travail ethnographique entamé en 2004, cet article se propose de travailler les récits sur l’autre (confessionnel, ethnique, national), et les transformations de ces discours à partir de l’arrivée de nouveaux migrants d’origine islamique dans la région. Les dynamiques de construction de l’identité religieuse et nationale, longtemps soutenues par le jeu des différences et d’identifications entre un catholicisme hégémonique et des christianismes protestants d’origine européenne, font actuellement face à la présence d’une confession vécue comme radicalement autre, qui requestionne les repères identitaires et politiques des groupes religieux dans la région de la « Triple Frontière ».
Les cultes de la kola dans l'Afrique coloniale : trajectoires et appropriations d'un phénomène religieux
Authors: Manière Laurent
Published: December 2010

Au cours de la première moitié du XX e siècle, les cultes de la kola connurent un important succès dans l’Afrique coloniale, se propageant du nord de la Gold Coast jusqu’au Nigéria, en passant par les territoires du Togo et du Dahomey. Les populations littorales intégrèrent la noix de kola et d’autres éléments rituels venus du Nord dans leurs systèmes religieux avec des développements assez différents selon les régions. La noix de kola étant un élément essentiel de ces rites, on les regroupe souvent sous le nom générique de Goro (kola en hausa) ou Gorovodu mais on les connaît également sous les appellations de Atike (médicament), Kunde , Tron . Derrière ces dénominations se cachent en réalité plusieurs divinités dont les mouvements (tant au point de vue géographique que symbolique) se révèlent difficiles à appréhender tant leurs rituels semblent s’être constitués par agrégation d’influences diverses (chrétiennes, vodu , musulmanes), évoluant selon les territoires qu’elles traversaient. Le succès de ces cultes déplut aux missionnaires chrétiens qui décrivirent le phénomène dans une série de monographies. Les analyses consacrées aux cultes de la kola ont souvent commenté leur aspect symbolique mais ne se sont pas réellement intéressées à leur trajectoire historique et spatiale. Si dans les années 1920, la capacité d’emprunter et d’innover en matière religieuse n’était absolument pas un phénomène nouveau, la nature et l’intensité des réseaux humains et matériels, les nouvelles frontières mises en place, l’action évangélisatrice de certaines sociétés missionnaires, la désorganisation sociale et les rivalités politiques nées avec la colonisation ont eu en effet une influence déterminante dans le parcours de ces cultes. En quelques années seulement, ils ont pu traverser les lignes et les frontières du monde colonial et trouvé leur place dans un nouvel espace intermédiaire trans-culturel et trans-social.
Protestantisme en migration : entre les îles Cook et la Nouvelle-Zélande
Authors: Malogne-Fer Gwendoline
Published: December 2010

Les îles Cook, État associé à la Nouvelle-Zélande, connaissent depuis les années 1950 une intensification des migrations internes – des îles éloignées vers Rarotonga, l’île principale – et internationales : en 2006 les Cook Islanders étaient 20000 aux îles Cook et 58000 en Nouvelle-Zélande. Cet article analyse les répercussions de ces migrations en termes de croyances et de pratiques religieuses, d’organisations ecclésiales et de redéfinition des identités culturelles. Ces migrations s’inscrivent, en Nouvelle-Zélande comme aux îles Cook, dans un paysage religieux marqué par une forte diversification, notamment au sein du protestantisme. Cette diversification de l’offre religieuse soulève d’une part la question de l’« authenticité » des pratiques religieuses et culturelles et d’autre part celle de la gestion institutionnelle de ce pluralisme religieux.
New Media and Children: Internet Content Preferences of Primary School Children in Turkey
Authors: Atici Bünyamin , Bati Uğur
Published: December 2010

As the technology develops and expands, computers have a very significant role in the world of children. The aim of this survey is to study the internet habits of 6-13 age groups of children. Moreover, we will deal with how they utilize the new media tools in Turkey. A questionnaire is prepared content with this research and is applied on 366 participants from various regions of Turkey. Sampling of the research consists of 366 children of 6-13 age groups. The research data are analyzed in the program of SPSS 10.0 in the frequency and chi square test analysis. The results of the field survey reveals: 61,9 % of children have internet access at home. In addition, 95,8 % of the children are internet users. 49,1 % of the children are in the internet to play games, 26 % of them to communicate with friends and only 6,0 % of the children use internet to do â??homework
Factors Influencing Students' Use of Electronic Resources and their Opinions About this Use: The Case of Students at An-Najah National University
Authors: Shaqour Ali , Daher Wajeeh M.
Published: December 2010

Electronic resources are becoming an integral part of the modern life and of the educational scene, especially the high education scene. In this research we wanted to verify what influences first degree university students' use of electronic resources and their opinions regarding this use. Collecting data from 202 students and analyzing it using SPSS, we found that more than one half of the participants had high level of electronic media use and more than one third had moderate level of electronic media use. These levels of use indicate the students' awareness of the role and benefits of electronic media use. Regarding the factors that influence the students' se of electronic resources we found that the student's use of electronic resources had significant strong positive relationships with the provision of electronic resources by the academic institution. It had significant moderate positive relationships with the resources characteristics and the course requirement, and had significant weak relationships with the instructor's support and the student's characteristics. We explained these relationships as resulting from the influence of the surrounding community.

Regarding the students' opinions about the use of electronic resources, we found that the student's opinion of electronic resources has significant strong positive relationships with student's use of electronic resources, level of this use, the academic institution available facilities, student's characteristics and resources characteristics. It does not have significant relationships with the instructor's support or the course requirement. We explained these relationships depending on activity theory and its integration with ecological psychology.
Transoral Robotic Surgery (TORS) for the Head and Neck: Current and Future Indications
Authors: Quon Harry , O'Malley Bert W , Weinstein Gregory S
Published: December 2010

Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) offers many technical advancements to existing endoscopic and transoral surgical approaches. This has faciliated a safer, less morbid and potentially more effective application of surgery to the management of both benign and malignant diseases in the head and neck. As this surgical approach gains widespread acceptance, it is important for all members of the treatment team to understand the strengths and current limitations especially when TORS is applied for malignant diseases. As of December 2009, Federal Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the use of the da Vinci® surgical system and TORS for selected malignancies of the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx and all benign disease. Of these sites, the greatest experience and longest duration of follow-up has been in the use of TORS for the management of oropharyngeal carcinomas where at least comparable oncologic outcomes and reduced long-term feeding tube dependency rates have been reported. Other anatomic sites where TORS has shown benefit based on preclinical studies and early human experiences include the larynx, hypopharynx, parapharyngeal space and infratemporal fossa for both benign and selected malignant tumors. Experience to date has demonstrated that the improved visualization with the robotic system offers the potential for improved oncologic resection with reduced morbidity. Based on present studies and outcomes data in conjunction with ongoing investigations, it is anticipated that TORS will make a major impact in the way we manage benign and malignant tumors within the head and neck and skull base.
Mucosal Melanoma of the Head and Neck: Tata Memorial Hospital Experience
Authors: Murthy Vedang , Budrukkar Ashwini , Tejpal Gupta , Agarwal Jai Prakash , Singh Suruchi , Ghosh-Laskar Sarbani , Kane Shubhda , D'Cruz Anil K
Published: December 2010

Background

Primary mucosal melanoma of the head and neck (MMHN) is a rare, aggressive tumor of neural-crest origin. Despite universal progress in cancer care, the prognosis of MMHN continues to remain dismal.

Aims

To analyze and report the outcomes of primary head and neck mucosal melanomas treated at Tata Memorial Hospital.

Methods

Retrospective chart review of all patients with a diagnosis of nonocular MMHN presenting to the institute between 1995 to 2003. Locoregional control and disease-free survival were used as outcome measures.

Results

42 patients presenting within the study period with nonocular MMHN (oral-55%, sinonasal-40%, and pharyngeal-5%) at a median age of 53 years constituted the demographic cohort. 11 (26%) patients not amenable to any active anticancer treatment were treated with best supportive care alone and excluded from outcome analysis. 26 patients underwent surgery with complete resection of tumor. Seven (27%) also received adjuvant radiotherapy due to the adverse histopathologic features. Two patients were treated with radical radiotherapy due to unresectability, two patients received palliative chemotherapy, while one patient was treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy. With a mean follow-up of 11 months (range 1-58 months), the 3-year locoregional control and disease-free survival was 41% and 12% respectively. Age, sex, site of primary, tumor stage, surgical resection, margin status, depth of infiltration, and adjuvant radiotherapy did not affect outcome significantly.

Conclusion

Primary mucosal melanoma of the head and neck is a rare, but, aggressive tumor with a dismal prognosis. Surgical resection with clear margins offers the best chance of cure for early localized disease. The high incidence of locoregional as well as distant failures after surgical resection supports the use of adjuvant therapy. Deeper insights into the pathobiology of disease can help develop more specific and effective treatment strategies to improve long-term outcomes.
Clinical Features and Follow-up Results of Sporadic Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Patients Surgical Treatment
Authors: Romanchishen Anatoly F , Lisovsky OV , Vabalayte KV
Published: December 2010

Objectives

Influence of lymphatic metastases presence at immediate and follow-up results of pts surgical treatment is controversial especially for sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma (SMTC).

Methods

3330 thyroid cancer pts were operated on (1973-2009), among them—226 (6.8%) medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) patients. In 11 observations MTC was appeared as a part of MEN syndrome. Sporadic character of disease was confirmed in 215 (95.1%) cases. There were 140 (80.8%) females and 33 (19.2%) males (4.2:1.0) with average age 48.6 ± 2.7. Long-term results (1-40 years) were investigated in 173 (94.2%) cases. All SMTC patients were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 made of 80 (46.2%) T1- 3N0M0, Group 2 made of 47 (27.3%) T1-3N1a-bM0, 3 Group made of 46 (26.6%) T4N1a-bM0 patients.

Results:

Group 1

Organ-sparing operations were carried out in 59 (73.7%), thyroidectomies—in 21 (26.3%) patients. Multicentric tumor growth (MTG) was observed in 19.1%: in T1 cases—5.7%, T2—20.5%, T3—46.7%. All patients were undergone ipsilateral prophylactic central neck dissection (CND). Average period of postoperative observation (APPO) made 12.0 ± 1.7. 5 years survival rate made 98.4%, 10—91.7%. Local relapse of MTC was found in 1 patients (in contralateral thyroid lobe).

Group 2

Organ-sparing operations were carried out in 20 (42.6%), thyroidectomies—27 (57.4%) with curative central or central and lateral lymphadenectomy (LAE). MTG took place in 47.2%. 6 group metastases only (T1a) were found in 38.9% and CND was performed. In other cases (61.1%) CND, lateral and mediastinal (8.3%) LAE were performed. APPO correspondent to 10.8 + 2.1 years. Repeated LAE because lymphatic metastases were carry out in 15 (31.9%) patients through 7.2 ± 2.4 years in average after initial operations. Tumor relapses were not found in thyroid remnant. 5 years survival rate made 89.2%, 10—67.8%.

Group 3

MTG was observed in 64.3%. Central compartment group lymphatic metastases were revealed in 93.3%, in 2 to 5 groups — 86.7%, in mediastinum—38.5%, distant metastases—in 22.0%. Combined operations were performed in 58.9%, palliative—in 45 (26.6%) cases. Operations were completed by Tracheostomy in 38.4%. Adjuvant therapy (X-ray, chemotherapy) was applied in 28.9%. Postoperative lethality made 6.5%. APPO corresponded to 3.3 ± 0.8 (1-10 years). During first year, 8 patients have dead. 5 years survival rate made 32.4%.

Conclusion

Detection of regional metastases of SMTC during the first patients presentation significantly worsen survival rate. Early diagnose of SMTC by calcitonin level detection is the best way to improve results of treatment. Organ-sparing thyroidectomies with mandatory ipsilateral prophylactics CND are justified only at T1N0M0 sporadic MTC.
Primary Cutaneous Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of Scalp
Authors: Krishnamurthy Arvind , Vaidhyanathan Anitha
Published: December 2010

The scalp is a unique anatomical site that can be involved with a variety of malignant and premalignant conditions, although a majority of the lesions are benign. Adenoid cystic carcinoma is most commonly seen as a neoplasm of the salivary glands and seromucinous glands of the upper respiratory tract. Primary cutaneous adenoid cystic carcinoma (PCACC) is a rare appendageal tumor should only be considered if there is no history or evidence of extracutaneous adenoid cystic carcinoma. It usually has an indolent course but has a high tendency to recur locally. Lymph node and distant metastasis are exceedingly rare with only a handful of cases being reported. We report a case of a large scalp PCACC in a 61 years old gentleman with lymph node involvement at presentation.
TEACHER EFFICACY OF NOVICE TEACHERS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION IN OHIO AT THE END OF THE SCHOOL YEAR
Authors: Whittington M. Susie , McConnell Elaine , Knobloch Neil A.
Published: December 2010

The purpose of the study was to describe teacher efficacy at the end of the school year in novice (first through third-year) teachers in agriculture in Ohio related to stage of development, summer activities, classroom variables, and their future plans in teaching. The study was survey research comprised of multiple one-shot case studies. Demographics were collected as part of a previous study, at the beginning of the school year. A mailed questionnaire generated a 74% response rate (N = 73). First, second, and third-year teachers were similarly efficacious at the end of the school year. Although stage of development is theoretically important (Richardson & Placier, 2001), there was not enough variability in teacher efficacy across the three stages of development to find a significant relationship. Forty-two teacher characteristic variables were correlated with the summed efficacy score and six were found to have significance. Out of these six variables, only twoñthe teachersí agreement with the statement that their student teaching experience was excellent, and the number of class preparations for which the teacher is responsible-were found to have significant relationships to teaching efficacy. When the teacher characteristics and demographics were reviewed, it was found that novice teachers in agriculture were efficacious at the end of the school year. It was also found that teachers in the study who had mentors felt that their mentors were competent and supportive, that teachers had generally chosen teaching as a long-term career goal, felt that their job matched their personal and family needs, and felt confident about teaching in agriculture.
A CASE STUDY OF WOMEN’S EXPERIENCES IN A
PRESERVICE TEACHER PREPARATION PROGRAM
Authors: Kelsey Kathleen D.
Published: December 2010

Because women are underrepresented in all domains of the agricultural education profession, this case study sought to explore women’s experiences in a preservice teacher preparation program at Oklahoma State University. The study sought to discover what role, if any, the program played in contributing to the lack of women in the profession. Results indicated that women were treated equitably by teacher education faculty and staff. However, they experienced sex stereotyping and gender bias from male student peers, male secondary agricultural education teachers, and male school administrators. Teacher education faculty were reported to be sanguine in their approach to dealing with female under representation in the profession, at times suggesting that being female was an advantage in regard to securing employment as a secondary agricultural education teacher in a state where 97% of the secondary agricultural education teachers are male. Teacher education faculty should engage their students in diversity education. They should also inform female students about gender bias and work to equip them with requisite coping skills. A theory is needed to explain the role of gender and ethnicity in career entry and development in secondary agriculture education.
Analysis of beam plasma instability effects on incoherent scatter spectra
Authors: Diaz M. A. , Semeter J. L. , Oppenheim M. , Zettergren M.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. Naturally Enhanced Ion Acoustic Lines (NEIALs) detected with Incoherent Scatter Radars (ISRs) can be produced by a Langmuir decay mechanism, triggered by a bump on tail instability. A recent model of the beam-plasma instability suggests that weak-warm beams, such those associated with NEIAL events, might produce Langmuir harmonics which could be detected by a properly configured ISR. The analysis performed in this work shows that such a beam-driven wave may be simultaneously detected with NEIALs within the baseband signal of a single ISR. The analysis shows that simultaneous detection of NEIALs and the first Langmuir harmonic is more likely than simultaneous detection of NEIALs and enhanced plasma line. This detection not only would help to discriminate between current NEIAL models, but could also aid in the parameter estimation of soft precipitating electrons.
Emulating Atlantic overturning strength for low emission scenarios: consequences for sea-level rise along the North American east coast
Authors: Schleussner C. F. , Frieler K. , Meinshausen M. , Yin J. , Levermann A.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. In order to provide probabilistic projections of the future evolution of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), we calibrated a simple Stommel-type box model to emulate the output of fully coupled three-dimensional atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). Based on this calibration to idealised global warming scenarios with and without interactive atmosphere-ocean fluxes and freshwater perturbation simulations, we project the future evolution of the AMOC within the covered calibration range for the lower two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) until 2100 obtained from MAGICC6. For RCP3-PD with a global mean temperature median below 1.0 °C warming relative to the year 2000, we project an ensemble median weakening of up to 11% compared to 22% under RCP4.5 with a warming median up to 1.9 °C over the 21st century. Additional Greenland melt water of 10 and 20 cm of global sea-level rise equivalent further weakens the AMOC by about 4.5 and 10%, respectively. By combining our outcome with a multi-model sea-level rise study we project a dynamic sea-level rise along the New York City coastline of 4 cm for the RCP3-PD and of 8 cm for the RCP4.5 scenario over the 21st century. We estimate the total steric and dynamic sea-level rise for New York City to be about 24 cm till 2100 for the RCP3-PD scenario, which can hold as a lower bound for sea-level rise projections in this region.
Long-range correlation and nonlinearity in geochemical time series of gas discharges from Mt. Etna, and changes with 2001 and 2002–2003 eruptions
Authors: Paonita A.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. In this paper, spectral and detrended fluctuation analyses, as well as time reversibility and magnitude-sign decomposition, have been applied to the 10-year time-series data resulting from geochemical monitoring of gas emissions on the flanks of Mt. Etna, and gases from a CO2 exploitation well located tens of kilometers from the volcano. The analysis of the time series which showed main effects of fractionation between gases due to selective dissolution in aquifers (e.g., the CO2 concentration series), revealed the occurrence of random fluctuations in time, typical of systems where several processes combine linearly. In contrast, the series of He isotopic composition exhibited power-law behavior of the second-order fluctuation statistics, with values of the scaling exponent close to 0.9. When related to the spectral exponent, this value indicates that the isotopic series closely resemble fractal flicker-noise signals having persistent long-range correlations. The isotopic signals also displayed asymmetry under time reversal and long-range correlation of the associated magnitude series, therefore it was statistically proved the presence of nonlinearity. Both long-range correlation and nonlinearity in time series have been generally considered as distinctive features of dynamic systems where numerous processes interact by feedback mechanisms, in accordance with the paradigm of self-organized criticality (SOC). Thus, it is here proposed that the system that generated the isotope series worked under conditions of SOC. Since the fluctuations of the isotope series have been related to magma degassing, the previous results place constraints on the dynamics of such process, and suggest that nonequilibrium conditions must be dominant. It remains unclear whether the signature of SOC is directly due to volatile degassing from magma, or if it derives from the interaction between melt and the stress field, which certainly influences magma decompression. The strength of scaling appears to increase after 2002 (α values from 0.8 up to 1.2), focusing on transition of the Etnean system from typical SOC toward conditions of lower criticality. By comparing this transition with those of geophysical observables, it can be suggested that the drop in the rate of magma supply, subsequent to the paroxysms of 2001 and 2002–2003, was the main cause of the scaling change.
Dust from the dark region in the western ablation zone of the Greenland ice sheet
Authors: Wientjes I. G. M. , Van de Wal R. S. W. , Reichart G. J. , Sluijs A. , Oerlemans J.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. A dark region of tens of kilometres width is present on the western ablation zone of the Greenland ice sheet. The dark appearance is caused by higher amounts of dust. This dust has either been deposited recently or was brought to the surface by outcropping ice. Because the resulting lower albedos may have a significant effect on melt rates, we analysed surface dust, also called cryoconite, from locations in the dark region as well as locations from the brighter surrounding reference ice with microscopic and geochemical techniques to unravel the composition and origin. We find that (part of) the material indeed crops out from the ice, and that there is little difference between dust from the dark region and from the reference ice. Although, the dust from the dark region seems enriched in trace and minor elements that are mainly present in the current atmosphere because of anthropogenic activity. This enrichment is probably caused by higher precipitation and lower melt rates in the dark region relative to the ice marginal zone. The rare earth elemental ratios of the investigated material are approximately the same for all sites and resemble Earths average crust composition. Therefore, the cryoconite does probably not contain volcanic material. The mineralogical composition of the dust excludes Asian deserts, which are often found as provenance for glacial dust in ice cores, as source regions. Consequently, the outcropping dust likely has a more regional origin. Finally, we find cyanobacteria and algae in the cryoconite. Total Organic Carbon accounts for up to 5 weight percentage of the cryoconite from the dark region, whereas dust samples from the reference ice contain only 1% or less. This organic material is likely formed in situ. Because of their high light absorbency, cyanobacteria and the organic material they produce, contribute significantly to the low albedo of the dark region.
No More Heroes: Entrepreneurial Learning in the SME Management Team
Authors: McKeown Ian
Published: December 2010

Entrepreneurship is increasingly viewed as a plural rather than singular endeavour. This paper develops a conceptual framework of team-based entrepreneurial learning, challenging the myth of the entrepreneurial ‘Lone Ranger’ and revealing the significance of power structures in the SME management team in mediating what is and is not learnt. Entrepreneurial learning in this context is complex and often messy, involving co-participation in the development of opportunities, which, however, is frequently fractured and dysfunctional, with team members struggling to challenge existing practices and strongly affected by issues such as legitimacy of engagement, changing identity, emotional commitment, leadership, trust and conflict.
Towards a Theory of University Entrepreneurship
Authors: Woollard David
Published: December 2010

This paper sets out to develop a robust theory in a largely atheoretical field of study. The increasing importance of entrepreneurship in delivering the ‘Third Mission’ calls for an enhanced understanding of the university entrepreneurship phenomenon, not solely as a subject of academic interest but also to guide the work of practitioners in the field. By adopting a systematic approach to theory building, a model has been derived by integrating theoretical conjectures from corporate entrepreneurship and university entrepreneurship literature. The integrated theoretical model developed locates university entrepreneurship as an organizational process in an entrepreneurial system depicted as an input-process-output model. Characterizations of the entrepreneurial process and system conditions that would justify an institution being classified as an entrepreneurial university are proposed; and the inter-relationships between the system, the system components and moderators of the effectiveness of the system are outlined. The integrated theory described in this paper contributes to academic knowledge and understanding of university entrepreneurship and, equally importantly, presents a model and relationships that can be useful to third-stream practitioners and senior institutional managers. The paper is among the first to derive systematically a theoretical construct for creating and sustaining university entrepreneurship. It should help to stimulate a debate that might add clarity to an increasingly important field of organizational development.
Searching NCBI's dbSNP Database
Authors: Bhagwat Medha
Published: December 2010

The Single‐Nucleotide Polymorphism database (dbSNP) is a variation database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). It is a public repository of submitted nucleotide variations and is part of NCBI's search and retrieval system Entrez. This unit describes two basic protocols to search dbSNP effectively, one to perform a text‐based search and another to perform a sequence‐based search. The unit also describes one of the result display formats called GeneView to obtain information about all submitted SNPs in a particular gene. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 32:1.19.1‐1.19.18. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Thermodynamics of electrodes and cells
Authors: Hamnett A.
Published: December 2010

In this chapter the thermodynamic consequences of the Galvani potential difference at the electrode–electrolyte interface are explored. The Nernst equation is derived for a simple redox couple in solution, and extended to gas electrodes. The experimental consequences of the Nernst equation in terms of measurable cell quantities are discussed, and conventions used in describing cells covered.
Introduction to fuel‐cell types
Authors: Hamnett A.
Published: December 2010

This chapter reviews the difficulties encountered in the use of hydrogen as the main fuel in modern fuel cells, and then considers in turn five major types of hydrogen/oxygen fuel cells: the alkaline cell, the phosphoric acid cell, the molten carbonate cell, the solid‐oxide cell, and the solid‐polymer‐electrolyte cell. The direct methanol cell is also described as one using an alternative fuel. The limitations and advantages of each of these cells are described.
Mass transfer at two‐phase and three‐phase interfaces
Authors: Weber A. , Darling R. , Meyers J. , Newman J.
Published: December 2010

This chapter reviews the mathematical modeling of fuel cells, with emphasis on the different modes of transport. The chapter begins with a simple model of an acid fuel cell that describes current density variations as a function of reactant utilization. This introduction is followed by a discussion of mass transport through the various phases and layers in a fuel cell. This discussion includes examining the conservation laws of classical physics, the constitutive equations for momentum and mass transfer, and the kinetic equations for charge transfer reactions needed to model the physical phenomena occurring during fuel cell operation. Finally, simulations from a one‐dimensional model of the cathode of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell are discussed.
Mass transfer in flow fields
Authors: Scott K.
Published: December 2010

The purpose, function and types of design of flow fields in different fuel cells is introduced. The fluid dynamics and mass transport behavior in flow fields and the mathematical models used to describe the behavior are developed. The interactions of the flow and transport in the flow channels with other transport phenomena in other components of fuel cells is discussed. In particular this chapter considers the important interaction between electrode, gas diffusion layer media and flow channels in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. The influence of transport phenomena in flow channels on current distribution is described. The mass transport in other fuel cells: high temperature cells and direct methanol cells are discussed.
Low temperature fuel cells
Authors: Divisek J.
Published: December 2010

The principle of energy conservation determines the energy balance equation, which can be generally formulated as the sum of single rates of energy input and output, energy production and accumulation. In a fuel cell, the balance takes into account the thermal and the electrical energy. There are three modes of heat transfer process occurring in a fuel cell: conduction, convection and radiation. The fundamentals of these processes are discussed together with the heat transfer occurring with the change of state, such as evaporation, condensation and additional chemical reactions.

The general energy balance equation is analyzed with respect to the heat sources, energy balances for single phases, boundary conditions and parameter definition. An approach for the delocalization of reaction entropy in fuel cells is also given.

Based on the general heat transfer equations, water and heat management for low temperature fuel cells (hydrogen and direct methanol) is discussed considering cell structure, current density and temperature distribution.

Heat transfer in high temperature fuel cells (HTFCs) is extremely important for the system evaluation. Heat management for high temperature fuel cells (molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs)) is analyzed. Heat generation in HTFCs is strongly influenced by chemical reactions, such as methane/water reforming. Thermodynamic analysis and reaction kinetics of the reforming reaction are presented. A performance analysis of MCFCs and planar and tubular SOFCs is made considering the cell geometry, current density and temperature distribution. Finally, heat removal for cogeneration in SOFCs is dealt with.
History of low temperature fuel cells
Authors: Sandstede G. , Cairns E. J. , Bagotsky V. S. , Wiesener K.
Published: December 2010

From this chapter it will be seen that the history of the development of fuel cells runs through several phases. In a beforehand phase, the development of energy in its various forms and also of automobiles and especially electric vehicles has been described. Then it has been discussed that three scientific fields were beforehand of the fuel cell effect, namely the Chemical Technology of gases (discovery of hydrogen and oxygen), Catalysis, and electrochemistry (discovery of the battery by Alessandro Volta). The first phase started with the discovery of the fuel cell effect by Christian Friedrich Schoenbein in January 1839 and the invention of the fuel cell by William Robert Grove in 1842 and passed through the invention of porous electrodes and_stack formation to the introduction of a matrix for the uptake of the electrolyte in 1889. The second phase began with motivation by Wilhelm Ostwald. Many researchers dealt with high and low‐temperature fuel cells and the development of hydrophobic electrodes. In the middle of the last century, the third phase began and the basis of our present systems was laid. The cell types of Bacon and Grubb lead to the application in space. The fourth phase started with the phosphoric acid fuel cell, and the uptake of the development of the proton exchange fuel cell and solid oxide fuel cell, also in Japan, which was followed by the technology development of fuel cells for transportation, for education, for stationary and for portable application.