bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
South Africa
Authors: Boutros Andrew
Published: May 2019

The South African legal regime recognizes the role of international law and treaties, and much of South Africa’s anti-corruption legislation has been enacted to give effect to various international conventions and treaties. Accordingly, this chapter will discuss and detail the material developments in respect of bribery and anti-corruption legislation and further consider the interplay between applicable South African legislation and international conventions. This chapter will further, inter alia, cover legal issues relating to certain presumptions applicable to statutory offenses, the nature of what is referred to as “facilitation payments,” how “gifts, gratuities and hospitality” are dealt with in terms of applicable legislation, whistle-blower protection, international cooperation and extradition agreements, and the South African corporate practice regarding the foregoing. Where one is in breach of certain anti-corruption legislation, it should be noted that one may inadvertently also be in breach of South African anti-trust legislation, and these issues will be further considered and detailed herein.
Investigations, Privacy and Data Security Issues
Authors: Boutros Andrew
Published: May 2019

When conducting internal investigations, it is critical to understand and consider various U.S. and international privacy and data protection laws. Some of the key laws investigators must consider include the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. In addition, Sarbanes-Oxley in the United States and privacy and data security regimes in other countries and regions, for example Australia and the European Union, contain critical data security provisions, of which internal investigators must be aware. This chapter also includes discussion of other laws pertaining to the subject, such as the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act, the Communications Act, and the Driver’s Privacy Protection Act.
Afro-Electric Counterpoint
Authors: Scherzinger Martin
Published: May 2019

Using Electric Counterpoint as a central reference, this chapter outlines the constitutive role played by audible cultures of the non-West in shaping the distinctive sound of Steve Reich’s music. Reich’s involvement with African music, in particular, extends beyond the common historical narrative of “influence” (construed as mostly confirmation and encouragement for an already formed style). Electric Counterpoint draws on a host of African musical strata—ranging from literal quotations and paraphrases to the application of techniques and principles—derived from local expressive cultures, ritual traditions, biospiritual practices, and musical cosmologies from Ghana, Nigeria, Central African Republic, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Uganda, and Mozambique. The project tracks the way music and sound circulates within different regimes of meaning, mediation, and value, with a particular interest in retrieving the often tributary and ephemeral phenomena found in geographically remote cultures that, for complex reasons, are systematically written out of world history.
Can Animals Be Persons?
Authors: Rowlands Mark
Published: May 2019

According to the standard conception of persons, an individual qualifies as a person if it satisfies four conditions, broadly construed. First, the individual is conscious, in the sense that there is something it is like to be it. Second, it is rational, in the sense that it can execute at least some rational inferences and possesses the required materials for such inferences, such as beliefs and desires. Third, the individual must be self-aware, aware of itself as an individual persisting through time. Finally, it must be other-aware, aware of the mindedness of others. This book argues that many animals can satisfy all of these conditions and so qualify as persons. Unlike recent debates that concern whether we should extend personhood as far as the great apes, it is argued that personhood extends quite widely through the animal kingdom.
The Three Pillars of Radicalization
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Bélanger Jocelyn J. , Gunaratna Rohan
Published: May 2019

This book identifies the three major determinants of radicalization that progresses into violent extremism, the three Ns of radicalization. The first determinant is the need: Individuals’ universal desire for personal significance. The second determinant is the narrative. Because significance is conferred by members of one’s group, the group’s narrative guides members in their quest for significance. The third determinant is the network: membership of one’s group who validate the narrative and who dispense rewards (respect and veneration) to members who implement it. The quest for significance is activated in one of three major ways: (a) through a loss of significance occasioned by personal failure or affront to one’s social identity (e.g., ethnicity, religion, race), (b) through a threat of significance loss if one failed to respond to a challenge or to defend one’s group values, and/or (c) through an opportunity for a significance gain (e.g., becoming a hero or a martyr) by selflessly defending one’s group values. In groups that see their values (e.g., religion, sovereignty, culture) under threat from some (real or imagined) actor, the narrative often justifies violence against the detractor and portrays it as a supreme road to significance. Especially where violence is contrary to the norms of the mainstream society, validation of the violence–significance link by the local network is particularly important. The present 3N model of radicalization and the varied empirical evidence that supports it are leveraged to interpret prior theories of radicalization and to address major issues in the domains of deradicalization and recidivism.
Housing
Authors: Mehdipanah Roshanak , Eisenberg Alexa K. , Schulz Amy J.
Published: May 2019

Urban areas concentrate large numbers of people in a relatively small geographic area. This makes the provision of safe, affordable housing a sentinel urban challenge. In countries where the pace of urbanization is fastest, provision of suitable, affordable housing for millions has become one of the sentinel challenges for rapidly emerging economies. In more established urban areas in high-income countries, the provision of affordable housing is often a flash point of political discord. At the same time, innovations in housing are emerging, showing the way to sustainable urban living. This chapter discusses housing as a determinant of health in urban areas, including how housing represents both a challenge and an opportunity for cities.
“Not in My Front Yard”
Authors: Makse Todd , Minkoff Scott , Sokhey Anand
Published: May 2019

In this chapter, we explore the variety of ways that people react to yard signs. First, we examine how citizens perceive signs and the act of displaying a sign in general, testing common beliefs about signs, such as the idea that people find signs informative, aesthetically displeasing, and indicative of political division. Second, we examine how citizens perceive norms favoring or opposing campaign signs—or rules prohibiting them—to paint a picture of neighborhood environments across the country. Third, we examine emotional reactions to yard signs, noting that a sizable number of people react to signs with pride, anxiety, and anger. Finally, we address whether citizens share the skepticism of many pundits about the impact of signs, viewing signs through the lens of political efficacy. Throughout the chapter we find substantial differences in attitudes between sign displayers and non-displayers, but also differences across social contexts.
Lower Stakes
Authors: Makse Todd , Minkoff Scott , Sokhey Anand
Published: May 2019

In this chapter, we revisit some of the themes from earlier chapters, but we turn our focus to signs for nonpresidential races, including House and Senate races, races for statewide offices, races for the state legislature and local office, and state and local ballot initiatives. First, we discuss how sign displaying might be different for down-ballot contests and describe similarities and differences between households that display down-ballot signs and those that display presidential signs. Second, we compare individual-level models of down-ballot displaying with the models presented in earlier chapters, exploring both household and individual-level traits. Finally, we utilize the clustering and joint clustering tests to examine whether down-ballot signs exhibit patterns of clustering that are similar to those we observed with respect to presidential contests. While we find differences in who displays down-ballot signs, the spatial patterns we observe are highly consistent with those in presidential races.
Taking Aim at Attack Advertising
Authors: Fridkin Kim , Kenney Patrick
Published: May 2019

This book develops and tests the “tolerance and tactics theory of negativity.” The theory argues that citizens differ in their tolerance of negative campaigning. Also, candidates vary in the tactics used to attack their opponents, with negative messages varying in their relevance to voters and in the civility of their tone. The interplay between citizens’ tolerance of negativity and candidates’ negative messages helps clarify when negative campaigning will influence citizens’ evaluations of candidates and their likelihood of voting. A diverse set of data sources was collected from U.S. Senate elections (e.g., survey data, experiments, content analysis, focus groups) across several years to test the theory. The tolerance and tactics theory of negativity receives strong empirical validation. First, people differ systematically in their tolerance for negativity, and their tolerance changes over the course of the campaign. Second, people’s levels of tolerance consistently and powerfully influence how they assess negative messages. Third, the relevance and civility of negative messages consistently influence citizens’ assessments of candidates competing for office. That is, negative messages focusing on relevant topics and utilizing an uncivil tone produce significant changes in people’s impressions of the candidates. Furthermore, people’s tolerance of negativity influences their susceptibility to negative campaigning. Specifically, relevant and uncivil messages are most influential for people who are least tolerant of negative campaigning. The relevance and civility of campaign messages also alter people’s likelihood of voting, and the impact of negative messages on turnout is more consequential for people with less tolerance of negativity.
The Value of a Psychological Approach
Authors: Juslin Patrik N.
Published: May 2019

Psychology is commonly defined as the study of mental processes and behaviour. The main focus is on describing and explaining how people sense the world (perception), how they think (cognition), feel (emotion), and behave (action). Music psychology focuses on mental processes and behaviours that occur in connection with music: it aims to observe, and develop theories about, the processes involved in composing, performing, and listening to music. This chapter argues that at its core, the study of music and emotion is concerned with relationships between ‘musical events’ and ‘emotional responses’.The interface between them consists of psychological processes in the human mind. Thus, psychology is key to understanding how and why a listener goes from ‘sound’ to ‘significance’.
How are Music and Emotion Links Studied?
Authors: Juslin Patrik N.
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers ways to establish links between musical features and specific emotions. The first step is usually to conduct an experiment, in which listeners rate the emotional expression of different excerpts of music — either music from commercial recordings or pieces created specifically for the study. The next step is to extract musical features associated with emotion categories. This can be done in four ways: analyzing the musical score of the pieces; relying on experts, such as music theorists and musicians, asking them to rate various aspects of the musical structure; measuring acoustic parameters of the music (e.g. sound level, timing, frequency spectrum of the timbre), using dedicated computer software; and manipulating specific musical features in synthesized (computerized) performances, to evaluate how they influence a listener's judgments of emotional expression.
Does Music Arouse Emotions? How do We Know?
Authors: Juslin Patrik N.
Published: May 2019

Many researchers consider emotional reactions to music to be of major importance. However, the notion that music arouses emotions has been the subject of controversy — much more so than the notion that music is heard as expressive of emotions. The first part of the book defined emotion partly in terms of various ‘components’ that together constitute an ‘emotion episode’. Any attempt to answer whether music can arouse emotions should then proceed from this definition: To what extent might listening to music produce reactions in the different components of emotion? This chapter examines the components one by one: feeling, expression, psychophysiology, neural activation, action tendency, and regulation, also collectively referred to as the FEPNAR components.
Get Into the Groove
Authors: Juslin Patrik N.
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers a psychological mechanism that can arouse musical emotions called rhythmic entrainment. If brain stem reflexes focus on music as sound and sensation, entrainment focuses on rhythm. This is a primary feature of life. After all, we live in a rhythmic environment (e.g. seasons of the year, periods of daylight and dark), and our bodies are ‘symphonies of rhythm’, as reflected in processes such as heart rate, brain waves, and sleeping patterns. Rhythmic entrainment refers to a process whereby an emotion is evoked by a piece of music because a powerful, external rhythm in the music influences some internal bodily rhythm of the listener (e.g. heart rate), such that the latter rhythm adjusts towards and eventually ‘locks in’ to a common periodicity.
Ring My Bell
Authors: Juslin Patrik N.
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers the psychological mechanism known as evaluative conditioning. Evaluative conditioning is defined as a process whereby an emotion is evoked by a piece of music just because this stimulus has been paired, repeatedly, with other positive or negative stimuli, which are not necessarily logically connected to the music in any way. It is a special form of classic conditioning that involves the pairing of an initially neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) with an affectively valenced, unconditioned stimulus (US). After the pairing, the CS acquires the ability to arouse the same affective state as the US in the perceiver. The remainder of the chapter discusses the characteristics of evaluative conditioning, the emotions that conditioning might arouse, and the role of conditioning in everyday life.
The Last Chorus
Authors: Juslin Patrik N.
Published: May 2019

This chapter provides a synthesis of the discussions in the preceding chapters. It suggests that having read the previous chapters, readers will agree that little more can be said about musical emotions these days. However, much work remains to explore and understand fully the manifold mechanisms involved. Even now, it is possible to suggest possible ways of explaining how these mechanisms could produce some of the most complex and rewarding emotions experienced with music in daily life. The chapter also considers another paradox of music and emotion, which needs to be resolved: People tend to avoid experiencing sadness in everyday life, yet they seem to find the experience of sadness pleasurable in music listening.
‘It is the next best thing to a “chat” in St J squ’
Authors: Davey Jennifer
Published: May 2019

At heart of this book lie thousands of letters sent to and from Mary. These letters have either been overlooked or underused by political historians. This chapter considers what Mary’s letters can tell us about Victorian political culture and it is divided into three parts. The first section charts the history of Mary’s archive. It draws attention to the uneven patterns of survival that characterize the archives of aristocratic women and stresses the importance of historicizing the archives used by historians of high politics. The second section explores how Mary used the letter as a political tool to amass and exercise political influence. The final section explores the composition and form of Mary’s political network. Using network analysis, it reconstructs Mary’s position in political society and plots her proximity to the networks that sustained political life at Westminster. Overall, it argues that a close reading of epistolary culture offers a valuable insight into the labyrinthine networks that sustained Victorian political life.
‘Begin afresh’
Authors: Davey Jennifer
Published: May 2019

Complementing the discussion in Chapter 4, Chapter 5 examines Mary’s interaction with the machinery of the Liberal Party. It considers Mary’s attempts to work with and act alongside members of the Liberal Party in the late 1870s and 1880s. In contrast to her involvement with the Conservatives, her relationship with the Liberal Party was born out of necessity rather than ideological impulse and speaks to the restraints aristocratic women often worked within. In 1878, Mary and her husband found themselves cutting all ties with the Conservative Party. In an attempt to keep her political influence alive, Mary turned to the Liberal Party. This chapter considers, in turn, her relationship with local party officials, her only recorded electioneering efforts, her alliances with the Liberal leadership in the build-up to her husband’s appointment as Colonial Secretary in 1882, and her experiences of and involvement in Liberal cabinet politics.
International Refugee Law and the Protection of Stateless Persons
Authors: Foster Michelle , Lambert Hélène
Published: May 2019

This book addresses a critical gap in existing scholarship by examining statelessness through the prism of international refugee law, in particular by examining the extent to which the 1951 Refugee Convention protects de jure stateless persons. It responds to the need for a coherent and inclusive legal framework to address the plight of stateless individuals who fear persecution. The central hypothesis of this book is that the capacity and potential of the 1951 Refugee Convention to protect stateless persons has been inadequately developed and understood. This is particularly so when we consider the significant transformation that has occurred over the past sixty years in delimiting state discretion in matters of nationality, including in relation to the acquisition and deprivation of nationality, and the treatment of non-nationals. While it may once have been correct to assume that matters of nationality were largely outside the realm of international law, the advent of international human rights law in particular has limited state sovereignty in this respect. Accordingly, whether a stateless person is also a refugee potentially admits of a very different answer in light of modern international human rights law as compared to 1951.
The Mode of Infinite Regression
Authors: Sienkiewicz Stefan
Published: May 2019

This chapter analyses the mode of infinite regression. It argues that the main interpretations that have been given of the mode have been dogmatic ones, that is to say they have been interpretations which capture perfectly well how a dogmatic philosopher might come to suspend judgement on the basis of the mode but not how a sceptic might do so. The chapter concludes by suggesting a way in which the sceptic might come to suspend judgement on the basis of the mode by interpreting it in light of the sceptic’s method of equipollence.
The Mode of Reciprocity
Authors: Sienkiewicz Stefan
Published: May 2019

This chapter offers an account of the mode of reciprocity. It identifies the type of priority on which the mode turns and—similarly to Chapter 3—argues that the standard way in which the mode has been interpreted has been a dogmatic one and offers a version of the mode according to which the sceptic might come to suspend judgement by interpreting the mode in light of the sceptic’s method of equipollence.
The Mode of Relativity
Authors: Sienkiewicz Stefan
Published: May 2019

This chapter distinguishes between three different versions of the mode of relativity which can be extracted from Sextus’ text. It argues that only one of these versions is non-trivial and that this non-trivial version is incompatible with the mode of disagreement. Given the centrality of the mode of disagreement to making sense of the sceptic’s practice if the Sextan interpreter is faced with a choice between rejecting relativity or disagreement, it is argued that relativity should be the mode that is jettisoned.
The Legitimacy of Whom?
Authors: Roughan Nicole
Published: May 2019

This chapter argues that a complete account of a state’s legitimacy must evaluate not only its powers and its institutions, but also its officials. It gives reasons for separate evaluation of officials before suggesting that, to be legitimate, officials who claim a state’s authority must seek to improve the legitimacy of both the state’s powers and institutions. In exercising the state’s authority, officials owe relational duties towards those subject to the state’s powers and institutions. Finally, the chapter emphasizes that an assessment of the ‘micro-legitimacy’ of officials may be integrated with a pluralist dimension of ‘macro-legitimacy’, in which the state is one among many claimants of authority, one among many principals with official agents.
Perfectionist Liberalism and the Legitimacy of International Law
Authors: Sevel Michael
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines Joseph Raz’s perfectionist liberalism, an alternative to liberal neutrality. Perfectionists, unlike neutralists, have done little to extend their view beyond the state to international law and institutions. It considers whether perfectionist liberalism can be a theory of legitimacy in this sphere. The discussion focuses on the neutralist worry that the moral pluralism and the conception of autonomy that are aspects of Raz’s view fail to respect moral diversity and the equal standing of citizens across state boundaries. In particular, it looks at Martha Nussbaum’s claim that Raz’s liberalism is less stable than John Rawls’s because it is incompatible with the moral views of many people. The chapter argues that this critique is not persuasive in the state context and, even if it were compelling, it would be less so in the suprastate context, due to well-known attributes of international institutions, including their limited jurisdiction and their relatively limited capacity to enforce norms and decisions.
Kant’s Radical Critique of Ontotheology
Authors: Abacı Uygar
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the way Kant’s revolutionary theory of modality radicalizes his critique of ontotheology in the Ideal of Pure Reason. First it shows how Kant’s downgrading of his own precritical ‘only possible argument’ from an objectively valid demonstration of the real necessity of the existence of God to a subjectively valid demonstration of the necessity of assuming the idea of such a being is due to his shift from an ontological to an epistemological interpretation of the actualist principle. Second, it argues that Kant’s refutation of the traditional ontological argument in the Ideal follows a multilayered strategy, consisting of a combination of two historical lines of objection, only the second of which presupposes his negative thesis that existence is not a real predicate, as well as an additional, third objection based on his further thesis that all existential judgments are synthetic, albeit in a peculiar sense.
Knowledge and Belief from Plato to Locke
Authors: Ayers Michael , Antognazza Maria Rosa
Published: May 2019

This essential historical introduction to the main themes of the book starts with a close, sympathetic, and significantly novel analysis (with reference to associated arguments) of a famous argument in Plato’s Republic in which Plato draws a distinction of kind between knowledge and belief, and between their objects. It is then demonstrated that the distinction, broadly so understood, remained a dominant force, in one form or another, in all non-sceptical branches of the European philosophical tradition, including empiricism (not least, Locke’s), until the eighteenth century (the epistemology of the Stoics and of Aquinas being particularly striking examples). It is argued that there is much to learn from this history (so different from the myth of a ‘traditional analysis’ of knowledge as ‘justified true belief’), and specific features of the traditional distinction are identified as deserving the further, sympathetic consideration given, in effect, in later chapters.
International development assistance and health
Authors: Labonté Ronald , Ruckert Arne
Published: May 2019

The pursuit of global health gains has been one the aims of international development policy for several decades. Along with migration, trade agreements and dominant macroeconomic policies (i.e., neoliberalism), development assistance (aid) is one of the defining elements of contemporary globalization, a noblesse oblige on the part of wealthier nations to support the improvement of lives in poorer, often former colonized, nations. Rarely achieving its stated commitments, and declining since its peak-generosity in the 1960s, aid has been subject to intense disagreements, vacillating between being seen as creating a neocolonial dependency, to arguments for its absolute necessity in saving lives. Since 2000 the aid discourse has been dominated by global development goals, the first set expiring in 2015 (the Millennium Development Goals) and the next and more exhaustive set running until 2030 (the Sustainable Development Goals). Whether these new goals will deliver on their commitments remains an open question.
The gendered face of global health
Authors: Labonté Ronald , Ruckert Arne
Published: May 2019

Globalization’s misallocation of opportunities and risks applies not only between countries, but within them. One of those that stand out applies to women and girls. There are gendered health implications of globalization for men, but a longer litany of gender inequities in the social distribution and practices of power manifest in health inequalities facing women. Concern for women’s health has also assumed global policy prominence for at least the past three decades. Despite gains in child and some maternal health outcomes over this period, gendered health inequities are still unnecessarily large and derive from persistent (in some instances worsening) inequalities in the allocation of resources essential to health, such as income and food security. These structural curtailments on women’s well-being, many of them grounded in globalization processes, have not prevented mobilizing counter-measures; nor have they been devoid of some elements of female empowerment, notably in new employment opportunities for women.
The Problem of Education Quality in Developing Countries
Authors: Hossain Naomi , Hickey Sam
Published: May 2019

The universalization of basic education was set to be one of the great policy successes of the twentieth century, yet millions are still unenrolled, and many of those who attended school learned little. The ‘learning crisis’ now dominates the global education policy agenda, yet little is understood of why education quality reforms have had so little success compared to earlier expansionary reforms. This chapter sets out the rationale for this book, which is to explore how the nature of the political settlement or distribution of power between contending social groups in a given country shapes efforts to get learning reforms on the policy agenda, how they are implemented, and what difference they make to what children learn. It discusses debates about the sources and determinants of the learning crisis, examining its extent and nature and providing a rationale for the key themes the book takes up in subsequent theoretical, empirical, and comparative chapters.
Boom Cities
Authors: Saumarez Smith Otto
Published: May 2019

Boom Cities: Architect-Planners and the Politics of Radical Urban Renewal in 1960s Britain is the first published history of the profound transformations of British city centres in the 1960s. It details the rise and fall of this complex and notorious subject, of which it has often been said that urban planners did more damage to Britain’s cities than even the Luftwaffe had managed. The result is the first account to reveal the origins and dissolution of the cross-party consensus on modernist urban planning, before the ideological smearing that has ever since characterized the high-rise towers, dizzying ring roads, and concrete precincts that were left behind. The rebuilding of British city centres during the 1960s drastically affected the built form of urban Britain, including places ranging from traditional cathedral cities through to the decaying towns of the Industrial Revolution. Throughout the course of the book many cities are visited, but, more importantly, Boom Cities uncovers both the planning philosophy, and the political, cultural, and legislative background that created the conditions for these processes to occur across the country. It reveals the role of architect-planners in these transformations. The book also provides an unconventional account of the end of modernist approaches to the built environment, showing it from the perspective of planning and policy elites, rather than through the emergence of public opposition to planning.
In Pursuit of Proof
Authors: Sriraman Tarangini
Published: May 2019

The imperative to produce proof of identity has shaped the very life-chances of people inhabiting the diverse geographies, socio-economic groups, and timescales of India and yet, a history of identification documents is nowhere on the horizon. How did the ration card, which went by different names such as the food card, the household consumer card, and more recently, the food security card, crystallize into proof of residence? After the Partition of India, how did the Indian state classify refugees as poor, displaced, and lower caste? Might there be alternative conceptualizations of the period corresponding to what has been regarded the vile and malignant ‘Licence Raj’ and the ‘Inspector Raj’? These questions are now more relevant than ever owing to the changes that the political and technological messiahs behind the Aadhaar have promised within the welfare landscapes of India. In attempting to illuminate the paper regimes of welfare that are now being radically transformed, the author deploys eclectic forms of ethnography and archival research to bring forth the historical quest for proof in the urban margins of India, and Delhi in particular. In Pursuit of Proof moves with methodological agility across moments as disparate as the Second World War, the Partition, ‘Licence Raj’, a forgotten but portentous enumeration initiative, and the production of a unique number. What, however, weaves this vast and ambitious narrative together is the book’s intricate and layered exposition of a state whose welfare capacities of governing are drawn from popular practices of knowledge around documenting and proving identities.
Nietzsche’s Anti-Realism about Value
Authors: Leiter Brian
Published: May 2019

Nietzsche defends the metaphysical thesis that there are no objective (i.e. mind-independent) facts about values, including moral values. His primary arguments for his moral anti-realism are “best explanation” arguments: the best explanation of our moral judgments, indeed of the two-millennium long disagreements among moral philosophers, make no reference to objective moral facts. The details of an “inference to the best explanation” are laid out, and illustrated with Nietzsche’s own texts. Contemporary attempts to defend the explanatory role of moral facts are critiqued, and the radical implications of the argument from disagreement among philosophers considered and defended.
The Galactic center lobe filled with thermal plasma
Authors: Nagoshi Halca , Kubose Yuzo , Fujisawa Kenta , Sorai Kazuo , Yonekura Yoshinori , Sugiyama Koichiro , Niinuma Kotaro , Motogi Kazuhito , Aoki Takahiro
Published: May 2019

An observational result of a radio continuum and H92α radio recombination line of the Galactic center lobe (GCL), using the Yamaguchi 32 m radio telescope, is reported. The obtained spatial intensity distribution of the radio recombination line shows two distinctive ridge-like structures extending from the Galactic plane vertically to the north at the eastern and western sides of the Galactic center, which are connected to each other at a latitude of ${1{^{\circ}_{.}}2}$ to form a loop-like structure as a whole. This suggests that most of the radio continuum emission of the GCL is free–free emission, and that the GCL is filled with thermal plasma. The east ridge of the GCL observed with the radio recombination line separates 30 pc from the radio arc, which has been considered a part of the GCL, but coincides with a ridge of the radio continuum at a Galactic longitude of 0°. The radial velocity of the radio recombination line is found to be between −4 and +10 km s−1 across the GCL. This velocity is much smaller than expected from the Galactic rotation, and hence indicates that the GCL exists apart from the Galactic center. These characteristics of the GCL suggest that the long-standing hypothesis that the GCL was created by explosive activity in the Galactic center is unlikely, but favor that the GCL is a giant H ii region.
Food Deserts and the Causes of Nutritional Inequality*
Authors: Allcott Hunt , Diamond Rebecca , Dubé Jean-Pierre , Handbury Jessie , Rahkovsky Ilya , Schnell Molly
Published: May 2019

We study the causes of “nutritional inequality”: why the wealthy eat more healthfully than the poor in the United States. Exploiting supermarket entry and household moves to healthier neighborhoods, we reject that neighborhood environments contribute meaningfully to nutritional inequality. We then estimate a structural model of grocery demand, using a new instrument exploiting the combination of grocery retail chains’ differing presence across geographic markets with their differing comparative advantages across product groups. Counterfactual simulations show that exposing low-income households to the same products and prices available to high-income households reduces nutritional inequality by only about 10%, while the remaining 90% is driven by differences in demand. These findings counter the argument that policies to increase the supply of healthy groceries could play an important role in reducing nutritional inequality.
NRAMP1 promotes iron uptake at the late stage of iron deficiency in poplars
Authors: Chen Hui-Min , Wang Yi-Ming , Yang Hai-Ling , Zeng Qing-Yin , Liu Yan-Jing
Published: May 2019

Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient for plant survival and proliferation. Plants have evolved complex mechanisms to maintain Fe homeostasis in response to Fe deficiency. In this study, we evaluated the physiological, biochemical and transcriptomic differences between poplars grown under Fe-sufficient and Fe-deficient conditions to elucidate the mechanistic responses of poplars to Fe deficiency. Our results revealed that chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis were inhibited under Fe-deficient conditions. The inhibition of these pathways caused chlorosis and reduced shoot growth. Although both photosynthetic systems (PSI and PSII) were inhibited under Fe limitation, PSI was affected more severely and earlier than PSII. Fe deficiency also promoted root growth and increased the accumulation of divalent metal ions in roots. IRT1 and NRAMP1 are both Fe2+ transporters for iron uptake in Arabidopsis. In this study, however, only NRAMP1 was induced to promote Fe2+ uptake in roots at the late stage of Fe deficiency response. It indicated that NRAMP1, rather than the more well-known IRT1, might be a major Fe2+ transporter at the late stage of Fe-deficiency in poplars.
Molecular mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance and phylogenetic relationships of Salmonella enterica isolates from febrile patients in Yangon, Myanmar
Authors: Oo Khine Mar , Myat Tin Ohn , Htike Wah Win , Biswas Ambarish , Hannaway Rachel F , Murdoch David R , Crump John A , Ussher James E
Published: May 2019

Background

Enteric fever is common in southeast Asia. However, there is little information on the circulating Salmonella enterica strains causing enteric fever in Myanmar.

Methods

We performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole genome sequencing on S. enterica bloodstream isolates from febrile patients aged ≥12 y attending two hospitals in Yangon, Myanmar, from 5 October 2015 through 4 October 2016. We identified the serovar of S. enterica, determined antimicrobial susceptibility and the molecular mechanisms of resistance. We analysed phylogenetic relationships among Myanmar S. enterica isolates and those with isolates from neighbouring countries.

Results

Of 73 S. enterica isolated, 39 (53%) were serovar Typhi and 34 (47%) were Paratyphi A. All isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole but resistant to ciprofloxacin. We identified mutations in chromosomal genes gyrA, gyrB and parC as responsible for fluoroquinolone resistance. All S. enterica Typhi isolates were of 4.3.1 subclade (formerly known as H58) and formed two closely related genotypic clusters; both clusters were most closely related to isolates from India from 2012. All S. enterica Paratyphi A were lineage C, clade C4 and were closely related.

Conclusion

Our study describes currently circulating S. enterica serovars in Myanmar, the genetic basis of their antimicrobial resistance and provides a genotypic framework for epidemiologic study.
Diabetes
Authors: Dickinson Jane K. , Funnell Martha M.
Published: May 2019

Nurses can make a difference by carefully considering the language they use to talk to or about patients with diabetes. This article discusses the importance of words and messages in healthcare, particularly in diabetes education.
Accuracy of the Menopause Rating Scale and the Menopause Quality of Life Questionnaire to discriminate menopausal women with anxiety and depression
Authors: Martin Carolina Marín , Larroy Cristina , López-Picado Amanda , Fernández-Arias Ignacio
Published: May 2019

Objective:

The aim of the study was to evaluate the accuracy of the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) and the Menopause Quality of Life Questionnaire (MENQOL) to discriminate women suffering from anxiety (AD) and depression disorder (DD).

Methods:

A cohort of 416 women aged 45 to 65 years (51.7 ± 3.8) completed the MRS, MENQOL and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, plotting receiver operator curves to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the MRS and MENQOL items related to anxiety and depression.

Results:

Both the MRS6 (area under the ROC curve [AUC] 0.773, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.721-0.824) and MENQOL5 (AUC: 0.772, 95% CI 0.723-0.822) proved to be accurate tools to identify individuals with anxiety or with a likelihood to develop AD. Likewise, the items MRS4 (AUC: 0.771, 95% CI 0.625-0.797) and MENQOL8 (AUC: 0.744, 95% CI 0.668-0.821) appeared to be suitable to discriminate individuals with DD. Two cut-off points were established for each item in the different scales to optimize their capacity to detect and discriminate problems of anxiety and depression. Lower cut-off values (MRS ≥ 1; MENQOL ≥ 2) were established to detect AD and DD, the sensitivity of which varied between 76.0% and 84.6%% and a negative predictive value varying between 86.7% and 95.3%. A more specific cut-off was established for the discrimination of AD and DD (MRS ≥ 2; MENQOL ≥ 7), with a specificity ranging from 86.2% to 99.4% and a positive predictive value varying between 68.6% and 92.6%.

Conclusions:

The MRS and MENQOL display moderate accuracy in discriminating menopausal women with symptoms of anxiety and depression. The intensity of the symptoms appears to be related to the probability of detecting a probable or definitive disorder.
Addressing Workforce Challenges in Healthcare Calls for Proactive Leadership
Authors: Parsons James E.
Published: May 2019

The challenges that healthcare leaders face are many, and workforce challenges are among the most important. For most healthcare entities, the workforce is their largest expense. Fortunately, many issues can be avoided with proper planning and review.

Workforce planning is both a science (analysis) and an art (execution). It comprises a set of business processes for analyzing the supply and demand of talent in an organization and determining how that supply and demand might change over time. Turnover rates, retirement projections, and retention data are some of the tools commonly used in the workforce planning process. Because the increase in healthcare jobs is expected to outpace growth in all other fields and industries, recruitment and retention will be matters of special interest to all healthcare leaders during the next several years.
The effect of Benson relaxation method on anxiety in the emergency care
Authors: Ibrahim Abdullah , Koyuncu Gönül , Koyuncu Nazmiye , Suzer Neslihan Ergun , Cakir Oya Durmus , Karcioglu Ozgür
Published: May 2019

Objective:

To analyze clinical and sociodemographic properties of the patients as measured by the “Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-HADS” including the subscale regarding anxiety (HAD-A) in emergency department (ED) and to detect the effect of a session of Benson relaxation method (BRM) on high anxiety level.

Methods:

Adult patients presented to the state hospital ED in seven days were recruited in this prospective study. Patients with high (≥8) scores were randomized to the treatment or control groups. They were asked to pursue BRM to alleviate anxiety.

Results:

Six hundred thirty-four patients were recruited (mean age 44.1 and 52% were female). Patients with acute exacerbation or with psychiatric illness, with a systemic disease and higher acuity level had higher HAD-A scores (P < .05). BRM group had a mean score change higher than controls (7.2 ± 2.9 vs 3.4 ± 2.6, t test, P = .026).

Conclusions:

Patients who underwent BRM had larger decreases in HAD-A scores than others.
Whole-lesion ADC histogram analysis is not able to reflect microvessel density in HNSCC
Authors: Meyer Hans-Jonas , Hamerla Gordian , Leifels Leonard , Höhn Anne Kathrin , Surov Alexey
Published: May 2019

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is a functional imaging technique sensitive to microstructure in tissues. It is widely acknowledged to reflect cellularity in tumors. A small part of DWI is also sensitive to perfusion-related information and might therefore be also be able to reflect microvessel density in tumor tissues. Aim of the present study was to elucidate possible correlations between microvessel density and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Thirty-four patients with histologically proven primary HNSCC were included in the study. DWI was performed with a 3 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (b-values 0 and 800 s/mm2) and histogram analysis was calculated with a whole lesion measurement. In every case, microvessel density was estimated with CD105-stained specimens.

There were no statistically significant correlations between ADC histogram parameters and microvessel density. The calculated correlation coefficients ranged from r = -0.27, P = .13 for entropy and vessel area to r = 0.16, P = .40 for ADCmin and vessel count.

Whole-lesion histogram analysis of ADC values cannot reflect microvessel density in HNSCC.
Teratoma-associated anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis
Authors: Yan Bin , Wang You , Zhang Ying , Lou Weihua
Published: May 2019

Rationale:

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is an autoimmune disease associated with the NMDA receptor and has a good response to treatment. However, only few cases related to teratoma have been reported. Here, we report a case of teratoma-associated anti-NMDAR encephalitis.

Patient concerns:

A 25-year-old woman presenting with fever for 20 days and psychiatric symptoms for 9 days was admitted to the hospital. The patient progressed to a minimally conscious state consistent with encephalitis.

Diagnosis:

Considering the possibility of autoantibody-mediated encephalitis, laboratory tests were conducted to detect anti-NMDAR antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid and serum. Results confirmed the diagnosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Furthermore, gynecological ultrasound investigation detected teratoma in the left ovary.

Interventions:

After resection of the teratoma with laparoscopic adnexectom, the patient was treatment with immunosuppressive therapy.

Outcomes:

The patient recovered gradually and was discharged 2 months after the operation.

Lessons:

Anti-NMDAR encephalitis remains difficult to diagnose because of its vague manifestations, and no clinical practice guidelines for prevention and treatment of the disease have been established yet. The clinical data of a case of teratoma-related anti-NMDAR encephalitis were analyzed, and relevant studies were reviewed.
Golgi localized β1-adrenergic receptors stimulate Golgi PI4P hydrolysis by PLCε to regulate cardiac hypertrophy
Authors: Nash Craig A. , Wei Wenhui , Irannejad Roshanak , Smrcka Alan V.
Published: May 2019

Increased adrenergic tone resulting from cardiovascular stress leads to development of heart failure, in part, through chronic stimulation of β1 adrenergic receptors (βARs) on cardiac myocytes. Blocking these receptors is part of the basis for β-blocker therapy for heart failure. Recent data demonstrate that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including βARs, are activated intracellularly, although the biological significance is unclear. Here we investigated the functional role of Golgi βARs in cardiac myocytes and found they activate Golgi localized, prohypertrophic, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, that is not accessed by cell surface βAR stimulation. This pathway is accessed by the physiological neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) via an Oct3 organic cation transporter. Blockade of Oct3 or specific blockade of Golgi resident β1ARs prevents NE dependent cardiac myocyte hypertrophy. This clearly defines a physiological pathway activated by internal GPCRs in a biologically relevant cell type and has implications for development of more efficacious β-blocker therapies.
The maternal-fetal interface of successful pregnancies and impact of fetal sex using single cell sequencing
Authors: Sun Tianyanxin , Gonzalez Tania L. , Deng Nan , DiPentino Rosemarie , Clark Ekaterina L. , Lee Bora , Tang Jie , Wang Yizhou , Stripp Barry R. , Yao Changfu , Tseng Hsian-Rong , Karumanchi S. Ananth , Koeppel Alexander F. , Turner Stephen D. , Farber Charles R. , Rich Stephen S. , Wang Erica T. , Williams John , Pisarska Margareta D.
Published: May 2019

The first trimester is a critical window of maternal-fetal communication for pregnancy. Therefore, we characterized crosstalk in ongoing human pregnancies at 11-13 weeks gestation. RNA-sequencing of matched maternal decidua and placenta identified 818 receptors and 3502 ligands, including 126 differentially expressed receptor-ligand pairs. Using single cell RNA-sequencing to further dissect placenta heterogeneity, we identified five major cell types (trophoblasts, stromal cells, hofbauer cells, antigen presenting cells and endothelial cells) with unique crosstalk at the maternal-fetal interface. We identified seven unique trophoblast subclusters, including new subtypes that transition into the terminal cell types, extra-villous trophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts. As fetal sex impacts pregnancy, we analyzed sex differences in each cell type and identified differences in immune cell function. TGFβ1, β-estradiol, and dihydrotestosterone emerge as upstream regulators of sexually dimorphic genes in a cell type specific manner. Thus, the fetal contribution at the maternal-fetal interface is cell and sex specific.