bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneously Catalyzed Ammoxidation: A Valuable Tool for One‐Step Synthesis of Nitriles
Authors: Martin Andreas , Kalevaru Venkata Narayana
Published: August 2010

Ammoxidation is a partial oxidation with selective insertion of nitrogen into a methyl group (aldehyde or alcoholic groups are also able to react) that is in the α‐position to double bonds of olefinic, aromatic or heteroaromatic hydrocarbons to produce corresponding nitriles. The reaction is accelerated by heterogeneous catalysis and carried out in continuous process, in general. The heterogeneously catalyzed ammoxidation of various hydrocarbons to synthesize a wide range of industrially important nitriles has been the subject of great interest in recent times because nitriles are very useful basic chemicals (e.g. acrylonitrile) and organic intermediates (e.g. nicotinonitrile) used in the manufacture of numerous value‐added fine chemicals. The reaction proceeds with H abstraction from the methyl group, leading to an allylic or benzylic intermediate that reacts with catalyst lattice oxygen to form an oxygen‐containing intermediate through the Mars–van Krevelen mechanism. Nitrogen insertion seems to be due to adsorbed N species. Finally, nitrile formation occurs via an imine intermediate. Alkanes could be converted in a similar way, albeit with catalysts that possess a dehydrogenation function to give rise to the intermediate allylic species. Furthermore, ammoxidation is a very “green” reaction because oxygen or air is used as oxidant and water is generally the only byproduct. The ammoxidation reaction is used in the production of large‐scale chemicals, such as acrylonitrile, as well as that of intermediates, specialty chemicals, and fine chemicals in the agrochemical, health, and nutrition industries. The reaction is mostly carried out in the gas phase using supported transition metal oxides as catalysts. The most important advantage is that the ammoxidation is a simple, single‐step, eco‐friendly reaction. Nevertheless, one bottleneck is that only less‐functionalized reactants can be converted; that is, higher substituted molecules are often subject to side‐reactions. However, at present, ammoxidation is indeed a lucrative field of study, which has recently found much wider application in industry and hence will in years to come continue to offer exceptional commercial rewards for the production of industrially important nitriles.
“On‐Water,” Microwave‐Assisted, Pd‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Indoles from Imines and o‐Difunctionalized Arenes
Authors: Barluenga José , Jiménez‐Aquino Agustín , Aznar Fernando , Valdés Carlos
Published: August 2010

Regioselectively substituted indoles are prepared by a Pd‐catalyzed CC/CN bond‐forming sequence from imines and o‐dihaloarenes or o‐haloarene sulfonates. The heterogeneous reaction as a suspension in water and under microwave heating offers important advantages in comparison with the conventional reaction in an organic solvent, among them, operational simplicity, the employment of KOH solutions instead of alkoxides, and a dramatic reduction of reaction times.
Formation of Surface Traps on Quantum Dots by Bidentate Chelation and Their Application in Low‐Potential Electrochemiluminescent Biosensing
Authors: Liu Xuan , Cheng Lingxiao , Lei Jianping , Liu Hui , Ju Huangxian
Published: August 2010

Bidentate chelation, meso‐2,3‐dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), was used as a stabilizer for the synthesis of CdTe quantum dots (QDs). The bidentate chelate QDs, characterized with FT‐IR, PL, and UV/Vis spectroscopy; element analysis; and high‐resolution transmission electron microscope, exhibited surface traps due to the large surface/volume ratio of QD particle and the steric hindrance of the DMSA molecule. The unpassivated surface of the QDs produced a narrower band gap than the core and electrochemiluminescent (ECL) emission at relatively low cathodic potential. In air‐saturated pH 7.0 buffer, the QDs immobilized on electrode surface showed an intense ECL emission peak at −0.85 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). H2O2 produced from electrochemical reduction of dissolved oxygen was demonstrated to be the co‐reactant, which avoided the need of strong oxidant as the co‐reactant and produced a sensitive analytical method for peroxidase‐related analytes. Using hydroquinone/horseradish peroxidase/H2O2 as a model system, a new, reagentless, phenolic, ECL biosensor for hydroquinone was constructed, based on the quenching effect of ECL emission of QDs by consumption of co‐reactant H2O2. The biosensor showed a linear range of 0.2–10 μM with acceptable stability and reproducibility. This work opens new avenues in the search for new ECL emitters with excellent analytical performance and makes QDs a more attractive alternative in biosensing.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Synthetic Fluoride Phosphate of Mixed‐Valence Iron: Cs8Fe3+ 8Fe2+ 7F10(PO4)12.
Authors: FRENZEN G. , YAKUBOVICH O. V. , MEL'NIKOV O. K.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereochemical Control in the Silyl Triflate‐Mediated Claisen Rearrangement of Allylic Esters.
Authors: KOBAYASHI M. , MASUMOTO K. , NAKAI E. , NAKAI T.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of 1,5‐Diaryl‐1,5‐pentanediones and 1,5‐Diaryl‐3‐(thia) selena‐1,5‐pentanediones with PCl5.
Authors: DREVKO B. I. , ZHUKOV O. I. , KHARCHENKO V. G.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Envirocat EPZG as an Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for Thioacetalization of Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: KASTURE S. P. , BANDGAR B. P. , SARKAR A. , WADGAONKAR P. P.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Pagodane → Dodecahedrane Concept ‐ Shorter Routes, Higher Yields.
Authors: BERTAU M. , LEONHARDT J. , WEILER A. , WEBER K. , PRINZBACH H.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: (E)‐N‐Isopropyl‐5‐tosyl‐4‐pentenamide: A Vinyl Sulfone as Precursor of a New δ‐Acyldienyl Anion Equivalent.
Authors: CATURLA F. , NAJERA C.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Preparative Method for Optically Active 2,2′‐ and 4,4′‐ Dihydroxybiphenyl Derivatives. A New Chiral Host Compound 4,4′‐ Dihydroxy‐2,2′,3,3′,6,6′‐hexamethylbiphenyl.
Authors: TANAKA K. , MORIYAMA A. , TODA F.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Photooxygenation of Naphthofurans and Naphthodifurans.
Authors: HASHEMI M. M. , BALALAIE S.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The First Syntheses of 6‐/10‐Membered Ring Analogues and of a 6‐/11‐ Membered Ring Analogue of the Dienediyne Core of the Neocarzinostatin Chromophore by Ring‐Closure According to the Nozaki‐Hiyama Reaction.
Authors: ECKHARDT M. , BRUECKNER R.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of 2‐Carboxy‐3,4‐substituted Pyrrole Haptens and Synthesis of Porphobilinogen.
Authors: ADAMCZYK M. , REDDY R. E.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Characterization of a Macrocyclic Fulleropyrrolidine.
Authors: BANG G. S. , CHANG W. , MOON J.‐M. , KIM S. H. , JEON I. C.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2,7‐Diazabicyclo(3.3.0)octane and 2,7‐Diazabicyclo(3.3.0) oct‐4‐ene Derivatives via Cyclization Reaction and Julia Reaction.
Authors: LEE J. W. , SON H. J. , JUNG Y. E. , LEE J. H.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Investigation of Reaction of Indolin‐3‐ones and Pyrrolin‐4‐ones with Hippuric Acid and Its Derivatives.
Authors: AZIMOV V. A. , TROFIMKIN YU. I. , RYABOVA S. YU. , ALEKSEEVA L. M. , GRANIK V. G.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Rearrangement of 5‐(Bromomethyl)‐1‐pyrrolinium Salts into Functionalized Piperidines.
Authors: DE KIMPE N. , BOELENS M. , CONTRERAS J.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyrrolo(2,3‐d)pyrimidines. Part 2. Synthesis of Some New Pyrrolo(2,3‐d) pyrimidin‐4‐amines and Other Related Derivatives with Molluscicidal Properties.
Authors: BASYOUNI W. M. , EL‐BAYOUKI K. A. M. , EL‐SAYED M. M. , HOSNI H.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and X‐Ray Structure of a Tris(trimethylsilyl)oxacalix(3) arene.
Authors: HAMPTON P. D. , DAITCH C. E. , DUESLER E. N.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction in in‐situ Generated α‐Silylated Allylic Phosphonate Carbanions with Aldehydes. An Unexpected Cyclization Reaction.
Authors: AL‐BADRI H. , ABOUT‐JAUDET E. , COLLIGNON N.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Synthesis of Tetrakis(N‐methylbenzothiazole‐2(3H)‐ selone)selenium(2+) Tetrafluoroborate: An Uncommon Dication Containing the Mixed‐Valence Se5 Framework.
Authors: ADAMO C. , DEMARTIN F. , DEPLANO P. , DEVILLANOVA F. A. , ISAIA F. , LELJ F. , LIPPOLIS V. , LUKES P. , MERCURI M. L.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Almazole D, a New Type of Antibacterial 2,5‐Disubstituted Oxazolic Dipeptide from a Red Alga of the Coast of Senegal.
Authors: N'DIAYE I. , GUELLA G. , MANCINI I. , PIETRA F.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: C‐Disaccharides of Ketoses.
Authors: STREICHER H. , GEYER A. , SCHMIDT R. R.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (ent)‐Korupensamine D.
Authors: HOYE T. R. , CHEN M.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 5‐Phenylcytosine Nucleoside Derivatives.
Authors: KRECMEROVA M. , HREBABECKY H. , HOLY A.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Fusaricidin A, a New Depsipeptide Antibiotic Produced by Bacillus polymyxa KT‐8. Taxonomy, Fermentation, Isolation, Structure Elucidation, and Biological Activity.
Authors: KAJIMURA Y. , KANEDA M.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Chelant‐assisted Phytostabilization of Paint‐contaminated Residential Sites
Authors: Andra Syam S. , Sarkar Dibyendu , Saminathan Sumathi K. M. , Datta Rupali
Published: August 2010

Following the basic incubation study, a greenhouse experiment was conducted to elucidate the efficiency of vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides L.), with or without chelating agents, in remediating lead (Pb)‐contaminated soils from actual residential sites where Pb‐based paints were used. Because the primary factor affecting Pb phytoavailability in soils is soil pH, we used two soil types widely varying in pH that have total Pb concentrations above 1500 mg kg−1 soil. Lead‐contaminated, low pH, acidic soils were collected from residential sites in Baltimore, MD and high pH, alkaline soils were collected from residential sites in San Antonio, TX. Based on the soil characterization results, two most appropriate soils (one from each city, having similar Pb levels but variable soil physico‐chemical properties) were selected for this study. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and [S,S′]ethylenediaminedisuccinate (EDDS) were applied at 5, 10, and 15 mmol kg−1 soil. Lead uptake and translocation in vetiver was determined on day 10 after chelants addition. Plant and soil analysis show that EDTA treated soils have maximum Pb uptake and lower total soil Pb levels. Prediction models developed for exchangeable Pb show a strong correlation for total Pb accumulated in vetiver grass. Results of the sequential chemical extraction of the soils at both initial and final time‐points, indicates a significant mobilization of Pb by the two chelants from carbonate‐bound fraction to exchangeable pool. Information on physico‐chemical properties of contaminated residential soils help in predicting Pb phytoextraction and thus further help in calibrating a successful chelant‐assisted phytoremediation model.
How to measure the transmetallation of a gadolinium complex
Authors: Laurent S. , Vander Elst L. , Henoumont C. , Muller R. N.
Published: August 2010

The suitability of paramagnetic complexes as contrast agents depends not only on their relaxivity but also on their stability and inertness towards transmetallation processes by endogenous ions. In this work, we describe a convenient method to study the stability of paramagnetic Gd complexes through the evolution of the paramagnetic longitudinal relaxation rate of water protons at 37 °C. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neuroanatomy of the complex tibial organ in the splay‐footed cricket Comicus calcaris Irish 1986 (Orthoptera: Ensifera: Schizodactylidae)
Authors: Strauß Johannes , Lakes‐Harlan Reinhard
Published: August 2010

The subgenual chordotonal organ complex in insects is modified in ensiferan taxa like Gryllidae and Tettigoniidae into hearing organs with specific sets of auditory receptors. Here, this sensory organ complex is documented in the nonhearing splay‐footed cricket Comicus calcaris. The tibial chordotonal organ consists of three parts: the subgenual organ, the intermediate organ, and the crista acustica homolog. The latter is an array of linearly organized neurons homologous to auditory receptors in the tibial hearing organs of Tettigoniidae. The tibial organ is structurally similar in all three leg pairs, with similar neuron numbers in the fore‐ and midleg, but lower numbers in the hindleg. The foreleg crista acustica homolog consists of 34 ± 4 neurons, the highest number in an atympanate Ensiferan. Additionally, an accessory chordotonal organ with 15 ± 5 neurons innervated by nerve 5B1 is present in the foreleg. The central projection of the tibial organreveals ipsilateral sensory terminals in the primary sensory neuropil, the medial ventral association center with terminations close to the midline. As determined from extracellular recordings, the entire tibial organ is vibrosensitive. The organization of the tibial organ is compared to other ensiferan auditory and nonauditory tibial organs. Spatial orientation of neurons in the crista acustica homolog is not reminiscent of auditory structures, and the neuroanatomy is discussed with respect to stridulation behavior and the evolutionary origin of hearing in Ensifera. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:4567–4580, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Delayed appearance of the scaffolding proteins PSD‐95 and homer‐1 at the developing rat calyx of held synapse
Authors: Soria Van Hoeve John S. , Borst J. Gerard G.
Published: August 2010

The calyx of Held synapse is a giant axosomatic synapse that acts as a fast relay in the sound localization circuit of the brainstem. In rodents it forms within a relatively brief period starting around the second postnatal day (P2). The relative timing of the formation of its pre‐ and the postsynaptic compartment are not yet known. By means of fluorescent immunohistochemistry in neonatal rats we therefore compared the developmental expression patterns of the vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT)‐1 and the postsynaptic density scaffolding proteins Homer‐1 and PSD‐95 in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB). Before its formation, colocalized punctate staining of VGLUT‐1 and Homer‐1 or PSD‐95 was observed on principal neurons, in agreement with earlier work showing that they are already innervated by fibers from the cochlear nucleus before the calyx forms. The expression of VGLUT‐1 clusters within the nascent calyx of Held synapse preceded the expression of Homer‐1 and PSD‐95 clusters, as indicated by the presence of principal neurons with only a large contiguous cluster (LCC) of VGLUT‐1 at P2‐3, whereas no neurons with only an LCC for Homer‐1 or PSD‐95 were seen. At P3 the first principal neurons with both a pre‐ and a postsynaptic LCC were observed, and at P12 all principal neurons had both a pre‐ and a postsynaptic LCC. The relatively late appearance of Homer‐1 and PSD‐95 within the developing calyx of Held synapse suggests that they play a role in its stabilization and the recruitment of additional receptors to its postsynaptic density. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:4581–4590, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experience‐induced plasticity of thalamocortical axons in both juveniles and adults
Authors: Wimmer Verena C. , Broser Philip J. , Kuner Thomas , Bruno Randy M.
Published: August 2010

We examined the effect of sensory deprivation on thalamocortical (TC) projections to the rat primary somatosensory cortex at different postnatal ages ranging from P0 to P96. Rats had their whiskers clipped off with one or two vibrissae spared. TC axons innervating barrel cortex were specifically labeled by injecting virus expressing fluorescent proteins into the corresponding primary (VPM) and/or secondary (POm) thalamic nuclei. The density of VPM axons in deprived columns was ≈34% lower relative to spared columns with a concomitant decrease in bouton density, suggesting a deprivation‐induced retraction of VPM axons. Axonal changes were reversible upon regrowth of the clipped whiskers and independent of age at deprivation, indicating the absence of a critical period for anatomical plasticity. The POm projection was not obviously altered by sensory deprivation. We suggest that retraction and regrowth of TC axons substantially contribute to long‐term deprivation‐dependent functional plasticity. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:4629–4648, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Axonal branching patterns of nucleus accumbens neurons in the rat
Authors: Tripathi Anushree , Prensa Lucía , Cebrián Carolina , Mengual Elisa
Published: August 2010

The patterns of axonal collateralization of nucleus accumbens (Acb) projection neurons were investigated in the rat by means of single‐axon tracing techniques using the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine. Seventy‐three axons were fully traced, originating from either the core (AcbC) or shell (AcbSh) compartment, as assessed by differential calbindin D28k‐immunoreactivity. Axons from AcbC and AcbSh showed a substantial segregation in their targets; target areas were either exclusively or preferentially innervated from AcbC or AcbSh. Axon collaterals in the subthalamic nucleus were found at higher than expected frequencies; moreover, these originated exclusively in the dorsal AcbC. Intercompartmental collaterals were observed from ventral AcbC axons into AcbSh, and likewise, interconnections at pallidal and mesencephalic levels were also observed, although mostly from AcbC axons toward AcbSh targets, possibly supporting crosstalk between the two subcircuits at several levels. Cell somata giving rise to short‐range accumbal axons, projecting to the ventral pallidum (VP), were spatially intermingled with others, giving rise to long‐range axons that innervated VP and more caudal targets. This anatomical organization parallels that of the dorsal striatum and provides the basis for possible dual direct and indirect actions from a single axon on either individual or small sets of neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:4649–4673, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential distribution of neurons in the gyral white matter of the human cerebral cortex
Authors: García‐Marín V. , Blazquez‐Llorca L. , Rodriguez J.R. , Gonzalez‐Soriano J. , DeFelipe J.
Published: August 2010

The neurons in the cortical white matter (WM neurons) originate from the first set of postmitotic neurons that migrates from the ventricular zone. In particular, they arise in the subplate that contains the earliest cells generated in the telencephalon, prior to the appearance of neurons in gray matter cortical layers. These cortical WM neurons are very numerous during development, when they are thought to participate in transient synaptic networks, although many of these cells later die, and relatively few cells survive as WM neurons in the adult. We used light and electron microscopy to analyze the distribution and density of WM neurons in various areas of the adult human cerebral cortex. Furthermore, we examined the perisomatic innervation of these neurons and estimated the density of synapses in the white matter. Finally, we examined the distribution and neurochemical nature of interneurons that putatively innervate the somata of WM neurons. From the data obtained, we can draw three main conclusions: first, the density of WM neurons varies depending on the cortical areas; second, calretinin‐immunoreactive neurons represent the major subpopulation of GABAergic WM neurons; and, third, the somata of WM neurons are surrounded by both glutamatergic and GABAergic axon terminals, although only symmetric axosomatic synapses were found. By contrast, both symmetric and asymmetric axodendritic synapses were observed in the neuropil. We discuss the possible functional implications of these findings in terms of cortical circuits. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:4740–4759, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuroprotective effects of testosterone in a naturally occurring model of neurodegeneration in the adult avian song control system
Authors: Thompson Christopher K. , Brenowitz Eliot A.
Published: August 2010

Seasonal regression of the avian song control system, a series of discrete brain nuclei that regulate song learning and production, serves as a useful model for investigating the neuroprotective effects of steroids. In seasonally breeding male songbirds, the song control system regresses rapidly when males are transferred from breeding to nonbreeding physiological conditions. One nucleus in particular, the HVC, regresses in volume by 22% within days of castration and transfer to a nonbreeding photoperiod. This regression is mediated primarily by a 30% decrease in neuron number, a result of a caspase‐dependent process of programmed cell death. Here we examine whether testosterone (T) can act locally in the brain to prevent seasonal‐like neurodegeneration in HVC. We began to infuse T intracerebrally near HVC on one side of the brain in breeding‐condition male white‐crowned sparrows 2 days prior to T withdrawal and shifting them to short‐day photoperiods. The birds were killed 3 or 7 days later. Local T infusion significantly protected ipsilateral HVC from volume regression and neuron loss. In addition, T infusion significantly reduced the number, density, and number/1,000 neurons of activated caspase‐3 cells and cells positive for cleaved PARP, both markers for programmed cell death, in the ipsilateral HVC. T infusion near HVC also prevented regression of ipsilateral efferent targets of HVC neurons, including the volumes of robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA) and Area X and the soma area and density of RA neurons. Thus T can act locally in the brain to have a neuroprotective effect and act transsynaptically to prevent regression of efferent nuclei. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:4760–4770, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential postsynaptic compartments in the laterocapsular division of the central nucleus of amygdala for afferents from the parabrachial nucleus and the basolateral nucleus in the rat
Authors: Dong Yu‐Lin , Fukazawa Yugo , Wang Wen , Kamasawa Naomi , Shigemoto Ryuichi
Published: August 2010

Neurons in the laterocapsular division of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeC), which is known as the “nociceptive amygdala,” receive glutamatergic inputs from the parabrachial nucleus (PB) and the basolateral nucleus of amygdala (BLA), which convey nociceptive information from the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and polymodal information from the thalamus and cortex, respectively. Here, we examined the ultrastructural properties of PB– and BLA–CeC synapses identified with EGFP‐expressing lentivirus in rats. In addition, the density of synaptic AMPA receptors (AMPARs) on CeC neurons was studied by using highly sensitive SDS‐digested freeze‐fracture replica labeling (SDS‐FRL). Afferents from the PB made asymmetrical synapses mainly on dendritic shafts (88%), whereas those from the BLA were on dendritic spines (81%). PB–CeC synapses in dendritic shafts were significantly larger (median 0.072 μm2) than BLA–CeC synapses in spines (median 0.058 μm2; P = 0.02). The dendritic shafts that made synapses with PB fibers were also significantly larger than those that made synapses with BLA fibers, indicating that the PB fibers make synapses on more proximal parts of dendrites than the BLA fibers. SDS‐FRL revealed that almost all excitatory postsynaptic sites have AMPARs in the CeC. The density of AMPAR‐specific gold particles in individual synapses was significantly higher in spine synapses (median 510 particles/μm2) than in shaft synapses (median 427 particles/μm2; P = 0.01). These results suggest that distinct synaptic impacts from PB– and BLA–CeC pathways contribute to the integration of nociceptive and polymodal information in the CeC. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:4771–4791, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Direct projections of omnipause neurons to reticulospinal neurons: A double‐labeling light microscopic study in the cat
Authors: Grantyn Alexej , Kuze Bunya , Brandi Anne‐Marie , Thomas Marie‐Annick , Quenech'du Nicole
Published: August 2010

Omnipause neurons (OPNs) are inhibitory neurons located in the midline region of the caudal pons. Their role in gating the discharges of saccade‐related burst neurons is well known, but there is no agreement concerning their influence on brainstem neurons that control other muscle groups participating in rapid gaze shifts. In the present study, we inquired whether OPNs project directly to pontobulbar reticulospinal neurons (RSNs) in the cat. Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase from the cervical spinal cord was used to label RSNs and an anterograde tracer (biocytin) was iontophoresed at sites of extracellular recording of the OPN activity. Somadendritic characteristics of biocytin‐labeled OPNs were largely similar to those obtained previously with intracellular labeling. Three‐dimensional reconstruction of axonal trajectories and collaterals revealed that projections of OPNs, regarded as a population, are bilateral. Their terminals were restricted to the reticular formation and midline structures throughout the rostral bulbar and pontine tegmentum. Appositions of synaptic boutons originating from five fully stained OPNs were detected on 38 retrogradely labeled RSNs, each of the OPNs contacting 3–13 cells. The numbers of boutons (1–46; mean 11.8) on the RSN somata and proximal dendrites indicate that the anatomical strength of paired OPN‐RSN connections is comparable to that of other similarly studied inhibitory neurons in the cat. The existence of connections with RSNs supports the hypothesis of a generalized influence of OPNs on several effectors participating in orienting gaze shifts as opposed to the idea of their strict specialization for the control of eye saccades. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:4792–4812, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Distinctive layering pattern of mouse dentate granule cells is generated by developmental and adult neurogenesis
Authors: Mathews Emily A. , Morgenstern Nicolás A. , Piatti Verónica C. , Zhao Chunmei , Jessberger Sebastian , Schinder Alejandro F. , Gage Fred H.
Published: August 2010

New neurons are continuously added throughout life to the dentate gyrus of the mammalian hippocampus. During embryonic and early postnatal development, the dentate gyrus is formed in an outside‐in layering pattern that may extend through adulthood. In this work, we sought to quantify systematically the relative position of dentate granule cells generated at different ages. We used 5′‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU) and retroviral methodologies to birth date cells born in the embryonic, early postnatal, and adult hippocampus and assessed their final position in the adult mouse granule cell layer. We also quantified both developmental and adult‐born cohorts of neural progenitor cells that contribute to the pool of adult progenitor cells. Our data confirm that the outside‐in layering of the dentate gyrus continues through adulthood and that early‐born cells constitute most of the adult dentate gyrus. We also found that substantial numbers of the dividing cells in the adult dentate gyrus were derived from early‐dividing cells and retained BrdU, suggesting that a subpopulation of hippocampal progenitors divides infrequently from early development onward. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:4479–4490, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dealloying to Nanoporous Silver and Its Implementation as a Template Material for Construction of Nanotubular Mesoporous Bimetallic Nanostructures
Authors: Xu Caixia , Li Yingying , Tian Fang , Ding Yi
Published: August 2010

Nanoporous silver (NPS) is fabricated by selectively dissolving Al from AgAl alloys in corrosive electrolytes at room temperature. Electron spectroscopy characterizations demonstrate that the NaOH electrolyte is beneficial to the formation of a three‐dimensional bicontinuous porous nanostructure with uniform and tunable pore and ligament dimensions of a few tens of nanometers, while processing in HCl electrolyte easily lead to coarsened porous nanostructures. The high‐surface‐area Ag nanostructures are demonstrated as novel effective template materials to the construction of nanotubular mesoporous Pt/Ag and Pd/Ag alloy structures, which are realized via room temperature galvanic replacement reactions with H2PtCl6 and K2PdCl4 solutions by adding a high concentration of Cl− ions as a coordinating agent. Electrochemical measurements indicate that the resulting hollow and porous bimetallic nanostructures show enhanced electrocatalytic activities and CO‐tolerance with better durability toward methanol and formic acid oxidation due to alloying with Ag.
Effect of citric acid concentration as emulsifier on perovskite phase formation of nano‐sized SrMnO3 and SrCoO3 samples
Authors: Khazaei M. , Malekzadeh A. , Amini F. , Mortazavi Y. , Khodadadi A.
Published: August 2010

In this study the effects of citric acid concentration, used as organic emulsifier, on the perovskite phase formation of the nano strontium manganite or cobaltite samples were studied. Stoichiometric perovskites in the absence and presence of citric acid were prepared by drying a solution containing molar ratio of Sr(NO3)2/Mn(NO3)2·4H2O and Sr(NO3)2/Co(NO3)2·6H2O = 1 followed by calcination at 900 °C for 5 h. Citric acid concentration, selected to be 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.0, 1.3, 2.5 and 5 times of the total number of moles of the nitrate ions. The results revealed that increase in the citric acid concentration, larger than number of moles of the nitrate ions equivalent, deteriorates the perovskite phase formation. Instead, a new phase of carbonates and metal oxides are appeared. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Determination of the specific surface free energy of natural quartz crystals using measurement of contact angle of liquid droplets
Authors: Suzuki T. , Kasahara H.
Published: August 2010

Contact angle of water and formamide droplets on natural quartz crystals were observed. The specific surface free energy (SSFE) of m, r, and z faces, calculated using the Fowkes approximation, were approximately 54‐69 mN/m. The length of the normal line from the center of the crystal to each face (hi) was observed and compared with the SSFE. Though, Wulff's relationship was well satisfied for synthesized crystals,hiwas not proportional to SSFE for natural crystal. We propose an idea of “γcenter”, which correspond to Wulff's point for ideal equilibrium shape crystal. We concluded that, crystal face with the larger SSFE has larger growth rate even for natural crystal. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis of highly‐ordered hierarchical ZnO nanostructures and their application in dye‐sensitized solar cells
Authors: Zhu Y. F. , Zhou G. H. , Ding H. Y. , Liu A. H. , Lin Y. B. , Li N. L.
Published: August 2010

In order to improve the performance of ZnO‐based solar cells, highly‐ordered hierarchical ZnO nanostructures were design and fabricated. The hierarchical nanostructures were grown on FTO (fluorine doped tin oxide, SnO2:F) glass substrates via a facile, low‐temperature, and low‐cost chemical route. The morphology and structure of the obtained products has been confirmed by field‐emission scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction measurements. The performance investigation of the prepared dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) demonstrates that the hierarchical ZnO nanostructure‐based solar cell shows a higher short‐circuit current density compared with the ZnO nanowire counterpart. The enhanced current density may be due to the fact that the surface area of the hierarchical nanostructures is increased. These results indicate that hierarchical ZnO nanostructures are more suitable for the application as photoelectrode of DSSCs. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Biomineralization of struvite crystals by Proteus mirabilis from artificial urine and their mesoscopic structure
Authors: Prywer J. , Torzewska A.
Published: August 2010

In order to investigate the mineralization of struvite we performed the experiment of struvite growth process from artificial urine. The crystallization process was induced by Proteus mirabilis, as these bacteria are mainly isolated from infectious stones. The crystallization process occurred at conditions mimicking the real urinary tract infection. Our results show that struvite exhibits polar properties. This feature of struvite crystals is potentially very important in the case of binding additives which may either enhance or inhibit crystallization process. It seems also that the differences in the polarity of opposite faces of c‐axis play important role in directing the struvite mesoscopic arrangement. We also described recent developments concerning curcumin – pigment extracted from the roots of turmeric commonly known as a spice added to various food preparations. Curcumin exhibited the effect against Proteus mirabilis inhibiting the activity of urease and consequently decreasing the efficiency of struvite growth. Therefore, curcumin belongs to phytoterapheutic components, which may be the alternative with relation to the antibiotic therapy. The paper concludes with a future outlook and goals in this field of research. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Combustion synthesis of one‐dimensional nanocrystalline silicon carbide
Authors: Soszyński M. , Dąbrowska A. , Bystrzejewski M. , Huczko A.
Published: August 2010

Beta‐SiC (cubic phase) nanowires (SiCNWs) have been grown spontaneously during the autothermal self‐propagating high‐temperature synthesis (SHS) from elemental silicon and poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) powder mixtures in oxygen‐enriched atmosphere. The combustion process was on‐line monitored using high‐speed photography in order to estimate the reaction processing time which was well below 1 s. From the emission spectroscopy the averaged combustion temperature was evaluated to be close to 2000 K. The products were characterized by wet chemical analysis, X‐ray diffraction, scanning and transmission microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The raw products were processed by wet chemistry to obtain pure (above 90%) well‐crystallized one‐dimensional single crystals of SiCNWs. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structure–Property Relationship of Red‐ and Green‐Emitting Iridium(III) Complexes with Respect to Their Temperature and Oxygen Sensitivity
Authors: Tian Nan , Lenkeit Daniel , Pelz Simon , Fischer Lorenz H. , Escudero Daniel , Schiewek Ralf , Klink Dennis , Schmitz Oliver J. , González Leticia , Schäferling Michael , Holder Elisabeth
Published: August 2010

We report on the structural design and characterization of a series of neutral heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes equipped with 2‐phenylpyridine, 2‐(naphthalen‐1‐yl)pyridine, and 1‐phenylisoquinoline as cyclometalating ligands. To gradually increase the unsymmetrical architecture of the heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes, they have been furnished with 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylheptane‐3,5‐dione, 1‐(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)‐5,5‐dimethylhexane‐2,4‐dione, and 1‐[3,6‐bis(4‐hexylphenyl)‐9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl]‐5,5‐dimethylhexane‐2,4‐dione as ancillary ligands. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of these asymmetric IrIII complexes have been investigated experimentally as well as theoretically by using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The properties of these new neutral heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes have been experimentally compared to homoleptic IrIII complex structures that reveal symmetrical architectures due to three similar cyclometalating ligands. The emission intensity of the herein described two classes of IrIII complexes is clearly influenced by applying changes to temperature and air pressure. The emphasis is on general design rules for oxygen‐sensitive IrIII emitters due to the correlation of the structure‐dependent oxygen sensitivity to their phosphorescence lifetimes.
Triple Alkyl C–H Bond Activation Mediated by Ruthenium(II): Preparation of Isopropenyl‐Substituted Carbene Complexes
Authors: Wolf Robert , Plois Markus
Published: August 2010

The reaction of [RuCl2(cod)]x (cod = 1,5‐cyclooctadiene), 1,3‐diisopropyl‐4,5‐dimethylimidazol‐2‐ylidene (IPr), tricyclohexylphosphane (PCy3) and KOtBu in a 1:1:2:1 ratio affords the new alkenyl carbene complex [RuCl(IPr″)(PCy3)2] (1) in 24 % isolated yield. Triphenylphosphane complex [RuCl(IPr″)(PPh3)2] (2) was isolated together with the single C–H activated complex [RuCl(IPr′)(PPh3)2] (3). Complexes 1 and 2 feature a metalated isopropenyl substituent on the IPr″ ligand, which results from the triple C–H activation of an isopropyl group. A stepwise mechanism for the formation of complexes 1 and 2 is proposed.
The First Cyanomethyl Complex of Gold, Synthesized by Reaction of a AuI Complex with Acetonitrile in the Presence of a New Guanidine N‐Superbase
Authors: Emeljanenko Dimitri , Peters Anastasia , Vitske Viktoriia , Kaifer Elisabeth , Himmel Hans‐Jörg
Published: August 2010

Herein we report on the synthesis of the new strong N‐base and electron donor tdmegb [1,2,4,5‐tetrakis(N,N′‐dimethylethyleneguanidino)benzene]. Compared to the previously synthesized ttmgb [1,2,4,5‐tetrakis(tetramethylguanidino)benzene], this compound turned out to be a slightly better electron donor and a slightly weaker base. In experiments in which [AuCl(PPH3)] was dissolved in CH3CN together with tdmegb, we observed the formation of the first cyanomethyl complex of Au, namely [Au(CH2CN)(PPh3)] in good yield. This reaction does not take place for ttmgb. Moreover, in CH2Cl2 solutions containing the three components [AuCl(PPh3)], tdmegb and a nitrile (in large excess), only AuI reduction leading to a [Au11Cl3(PPh3)7] cluster is observed. Possible reaction mechanisms for this unusual reaction are discussed.
Intravenous bufadienolides‐loaded lipid microspheres for improving chemical stability
Authors: Weng Yan , Li Fang , Chen Wei , Miao Yuqiang , Tang Xing
Published: August 2010

This study focused on the degradation kinetics of bufalin (B), cinobufagin (C), and resibufogenin (R) in bufadienolides‐loaded lipid microsphere (BU‐LM) and bufadienolides‐loaded aqueous solution (BU‐S). The chemical stability of bufadienolides both in BU‐LM and BU‐S at different pH values and temperatures was monitored by HPLC. Photon correlation spectroscopy and electrophoretic light scattering technology were used to evaluate the physical characteristic of BU‐LM. Under the most stable pH range of 6.0–6.5, the half‐lives of B, C, and R in BU‐LM were 22, 15, and 20 days at 80 °C but 4510, 1717, and 3300 days at 25 °C, whereas for BU‐S only 11, 3, and 10 days at 80 °C and 71, 18, and 49 days at 25 °C. The results indicated that BU‐LM significantly increased the chemical stability of bufadienolides, especially at low temperatures. The degradation of bufadienolides took place mostly in the aqueous phase and the diffusion process of bufadienolides from the oil phase through the interfacial layer to the aqueous phase was the rate‐limiting step for the drug degradation. A low temperature slowed down of the diffusion rate leading to a slower degradation and longer half‐lives. Among the three bufadienolides in BU‐LM, C was protected from degradation to the greatest extent.

Practical applications: Bufadienolides, consisting of bufalin (B), cinobufagin (C), and resibufogenin (R) have poor aqueous solubility between 20 and 60 µg/mL and are easily degradable by acids or bases. Here we propose a new strategy to overcome stability problems by using lipid microspheres (LM) as the drug vehicle. By incorporating the drugs into the interior oil phase and the oil–water interfacial film, a direct contact of the drug with body fluids and tissues is avoided. Thus the drug is protected from degradation and possible side effects are minimized. Our results indicate that BU‐LM significantly increased the chemical stability of bufadienolides, especially at low temperatures. Among the three bufadienolides in BU‐LM, C was protected from degradation to the greatest extent.
Expedient Pathway into Optically Active 2‐Oxopiperidines
Authors: van den Broek Sebastiaan (Bas) A. M. W. , Rensen Peter G. W. , van Delft Floris L. , Rutjes Floris P. J. T.
Published: August 2010

The piperidine ring system is one of the most common structural subunits and is found in many natural products. Moreover, piperidine alkaloids and derivatives thereof are of great interest for the pharmaceutical industry since they exhibit a wide range of biological activities. Consequently, short and valuable routes to highly functionalized building blocks for this important ring system are of general interest. A ring‐closing metathesis (RCM)‐mediated approach based on linear (substituted) dehydroamino esters was developed to provide cyclic dehydroamino esters. These structures represent valuable intermediates en route to highly substituted pipecolic acids as well as more elaborate heterocycles.