bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Waktu Produksi Yolk Immunoglobulin (IGY) Kuning Telur Ayam yang Diimunisasi Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Azis Mufidana , N Dhinintya Hyta , R Aurita Siwi , M Kristiyani Dwi , L Norma Dias , Handajani Juni
Published: January 2017

Prevalensi karies di Indonesia menunjukkan angka yang tinggi. Karies diketahui sebagai penyakit multifaktorial rongga mulut yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Streptococcus mutans. Salah satu metode terbaru pencegahan karies gigi, yaitu, melalui imunisasi pasif menggunakan antibodi kuning telur ayam (Yolk Immunoglobulin/IgY). Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan waktu produksi IgY bervariasi dengan perbedaan teknik pengujian. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk memproduksi IgY kuning telur ayam yang diimunisasi S. mutans. Metode penelitian menggunakan 4 ekor ayam Hysex Brown sebagai kelompok perlakuan dan 1 ekor ayam sebagai kontrol. Suspensi S. mutans diinjeksikan pada ayam saat minggu pertama hari ke-1,2,3, kemudian ditambahkan Freund Adjuvant pada minggu ke-2 hingga minggu ke-4. Koleksi kuning telur ayam dilakukan mulai minggu ke-2 setelah imunisasi. Untuk mengetahui efektivitas vaksinasi dan keberadaan S.mutans, kuning telur ayam selanjutnya diuji dengan AGPT (Agar Gel Precipitation Test) dan hasilnya dinyatakan positif apabila terbentuk presipitasi diantara  sumuran  antigen dan antibodi.. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hasil positif pada kuning telur ayam minggu ke-5. Disimpulkan bahwa waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk produksi IgY spesifik S. mutans pada kuning telur ayam mulai minggu ke-5 setelah imunisasi.Production Time of Yolk Immunoglobulin (Igy) Yellow Chicken Egg Immunized with Streptococcus mutans. Dental caries prevalence in Indonesia appears in high rate. Caries is known as a multifactorial disease in oral cavity caused by Streptococcus mutans bacteria. The latest method to prevent dental caries is through passive immunization using chicken yolk antibody (Yolk Immunoglobulin /IgY). Some researches showed the variation of IgY production time using different testing technique. The purpose of this research is to determine the time required to produce IgY chicken yolk immunized by S. mutans. For the method, this research uses 4 chickens of Hysex Brown as the treatment group and a chicken as the control. S. mutans suspension is injected to the chicken from 1st, 2nd, and 3rdday in the first week; Freund Adjuvant was added in the 2ndtill 4thweeks. Collection of chicken yolk was started at 2ndweek after immunization. The chicken yolk then was tested using Agar Gel Precipitation Test (AGPT) to know the effectiveness of vaccination and the existence of S.mutans. The result of the test can be positive if it forms precipitation between antigen and antibody wells. The result has shown a positive response in chicken yolk in the 5thweek. From the test, it can be concluded that the time required for the production of IgY specific against S. mutans in chicken yolk is in the beginning of 5thweek after immunization.
Perawatan Satu Kunjungan Restorasi Pasak Fiber Reinforced Composite Pada Gigi Insisivus Atas
Authors: Ariani Ria , Hadriyanto Wignyo
Published: January 2017

Perawatan saluran akar satu kali kunjungan memberikan keuntungan antara lain memperkecil resiko kontaminasi mikroorganisme dan menghemat waktu perawatan. Pasak fiber reinforced composite memiliki ikatan yang baik dengan dentin menggunakan semen resin dan inti dari resin. Penggunaan pasak bisa mengurangi risiko fraktur. Tujuan penulisan laporan kasus ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi hasil restorasi gigi 11 nekrosis pulpa pasca perawatan saluran akar disertai restorasi dengan pasak fiber reinforced composite. Pasien wanita, 22 tahun datang ke Klinik Konservasi RSGM FKG UGM untuk merawat gigi depan atas kanan yang berlubang. Berdasarkan pemeriksaan subjektif, objektif dan radiografis diperoleh diagnosis gigi 11 nekrosis pulpa. pasca perawatan saluran akar gigi Gigi direstorasi dengan resin komposit dan pasak fiber reinforced composite. Kesimpula dari hasil evaluasi klinis saat kontrol tidak ada keluhan rasa sakit dan pasien merasa puas.One Visit Treatment of Fiber Reinforced Compositerestoration in Maxillary Right First Incisivus. One visit root canal treatment is advantageous to minimize the risk of microorganism contamination. It saves time and more tolerable for the patients. Fiber reinforced composite post is fabricated, and it has been known to have a good bond with dentinal wall of root space, resin cement and composite resin core. The use of this post could decrease the risk of fracture. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of dental restoration 11 pulp necrosis after root canal treatment with resin composite restorations and post fiber reinforced composite. A 22 year-old female patient who came to Faculty of Dentistry UGM complained about her maxillary right incisor teeth which decayed and needed a treatment. Based on the subjective, objective and radiograph examinations, it was diagnosed that the pulp was necrotic. After one visit root canal treatment and based on clinical evaluation, it is concluded that the right upper incisor that was restored using fiber reinforced composite post and composite resin showed no pain, and patient was satisfied.
Perawatan Ortodontik Inkonvensional Gigi Atas Berjejal Dengan Keberadaan Kista
Authors: Soewito Timothy , Sutantyo Darmawan , Farmasyanti Cendrawasih A
Published: January 2017

Keberadaan kista dapat menghambat perawatan ortodontik konvensional yang diberikan pada pasien. Tujuan artikel ini adalah menyajikan laporan kasus perawatan ortodontik alternatif seorang pasien perempuan berusia 17 tahun dengan kondisi gigi atas berjejal berat dan kista jinak di antara gigi insisivus lateral dan kaninus kiri atas. Setelah menetapkan diagnosis ortodontik, perawatan pertama yang dilakukan adalah pengangkatan kista. Kista dikirim untuk biopsi dan didiagnosis sebagai kista jinak. Orang tua dan pasien memutuskan untuk mencabut gigi insisivus lateral atas setelah mengetahui bahwa gigi insisivus lateral kiri atas nekrosis. Setelah gigi dicabut, bracket ortodontik dipasang di gigi bawah pasien. Tiga bulan kemudian, bracket ortodontik dipasang di gigi atas pasien. Kondisi gigi atas yang berjejal terkoreksi dan kaninus atas menggantikan posisi insisivus lateral. Saat ini, perawatan aktif masih dilanjutkan dan terpasang bracket ortodontik dengan elastik kelas III pada pasien. Kesimpulan artikel ini adalah pendekatan perawatan ortodontik inkonvensional dapat menjadi pertimbangan ketika ditemukan hambatan seperti adanya kista. Pasien dan orang tua harus diberi informasi mengenai konsekuensi perawatan sebelum perawatan dimulai.Unconventional Orthodontic Treatment for Upper Teeth Crowding with Benign Cyst. The presence of a cyst can provide an obstacle to the conventional orthodontic treatment given to the patients. The purpose of this article is to describe a case report of a seventeen year-old girl with a severe crowding of maxilla and presence of benign cyst between lateral incisor teeth and upper left canine treated with an alternative orthodontic treatment plan. After orthodontic diagnosis, the first treatment to be conducted was the removal of the cyst. The cyst was sent for biopsy and diagnosed as non-malignant cyst. The patient and her parents decided to extract upper laterals incisor tooth after knowing that the upper left lateral incisor tooth was necrotic. After the extractions, orthodontic brackets were bonded on the mandible. Then three months later the maxilla was bonded. The upper crowding of teeth condition was resolved very promptly and the upper canines were used to replace the laterals incisor position. Currently, active treatment is still in progress, and the patient has full upper and lower orthodontic brackets with class III elastics. After the treatment so far, it can be concluded that unconventional orthodontic treatment is worth considering when an obstacle such as a cyst is present. Patients and parents must be informed about the consequences of the treatment before active treatment is started.
HASRAT NANO RIANTIARNO DALAM CERMIN CINTA: KAJIAN PSIKOANALISIS LACANIAN
Authors: Manik Ricky Aptifive
Published: January 2017

Literary works known as authors’ desire manifestation.  In its history, a desire comes from the feeling of the lack of subject.  Writing a literary work becomes an effort to hide it.  The effort can be seen through an author’s point of view on ego ideal in his works.  Novel of Cermin Cinta is chosen as a sample in order to search what and how Nano Riantiarno’s desires are.  The aim is to find out the reflecting of Nano’s ego ideal.  This study uses Lacanian Psychoanalysis (PL).  Metaphor and metonymy will be used through PL in looking deeply the signs of Nano’s desire in Cermin Cinta.  This study finds out that a desire of becoming a writer and an artist has guided Nano unconsciously to other symbolic signs, such as being a ‘tough’,  ‘consistent’, ‘determined’, ‘diligent’ writer, etc. His effort in setting up a theatre community where he becomes the characters writer and director which was reached from the images of Rendra, Putu Wijaya, Arifin C. Noor, and Teguh Karya becomes his desire about the ontological intactness for his identity.  Besides, ‘Freedom’ becomes  ‘object a’ of Nano to get jouissance for himself.
READING SIMULATION IN YANN MARTEL’S LIFE OF PI
Authors: Nurhidayah Sri
Published: January 2017

Yann Martel’s Life of Pi tells a story of a survivor boy floating on a lifeboat with a Bengal tiger passing Pacific Ocean with the brutal show between animals. He is insisted to tell about more realistic story, thus he tells it contains of similar conflicts with different characters; the animals are changed into humans. Here, it shows two stories in one story which blurs the true story behind it. This is what Baudrillard the process of simulation over simulacra; the reproduced false representation of the true reality. The two stories can be both true and thus, the questions can be problematized are; (1) How is simulation understood in Yann Martel’s Life of Pi? (2) What is the hyper-reality resulted as the impact of simulation represented in Yann Martel’s Life of Pi? The used method is objective approach (textually) and based on the analysis, the two stories are connected to each other, animal story represents human story while human story represents the animal story. The animal story can be seen as the false copy of the true story because it copies the human story, so can human story. This is simulation and this simulation results on the two true stories which are hyper-reality.
IMPOSSIBLE MODERNISM: T.S. ELIOT, WALTER BENJAMIN, AND THE CRITIQUE OF HISTORICAL REASON (2016)
Authors: Jacobson Jeffrey Willever
Published: January 2017

Robert S. Lehman, dalam bukunya Impossible Modernism: T.S. Eliot, Walter Benjamin, and the Critique of Historical Reason (2016), memosisikan dirinya sebagai sarjana 'modernis tradisional'. Lehman menyatakan bahwa bukunya mengemukakan "suatu interpretasi atas modernisme Eropa". Namun, Lehman menemukan potensi dalam pemikiran Eliot dan Benjan untuk suatu kritik atas apa yang dia anggap sebagai "titik buta" kajian modernis baru, yakni, historisismenya.
Accounting In Malaysia In The Post-New Economic Policy (NEP) Era
Authors: Ali Azham Md.
Published: January 2017

Following the economic recession in 1985-86 but prior to the Asian Financial Crisis in the third quarter 1997, accounting in Malaysia appeared to have been energised with major amendments of the Companies Act 1965, activation of the statutory accounting body Malaysian Institute of
Accountants (MIA) and talks over the setting up the Malaysian Accounting Standards Board (MASB). This study attempts to find out the reality of these changes and the reasons behind this reality. By applying the political economic approach to accounting (Cooper & Sherer, 1984) and with data obtained from primary and secondary source documentation and in-depth
interviews, it is found that superficial accounting changes had taken place: Companies Act amendment on additional auditor reporting duty was lacking in enforcement, the revived MIA acted inadequately as accounting regulator; and, the MASB was established with no enforcement capability.
These changes were consistent with and stemmed from Malaysia's social,
economic and political attributes which were supported by the elite class.
Legitimacy in Green: Pollution vs. Profit in Canadian Oil Refineries
Authors: Magness Vanessa
Published: January 2017

This paper examines the correlation of financial and environmental performance in the petroleum refinery sector. Emissions fell while profits
rose over a ten-year period. Ongoing efforts to legitimize companies in
light of changing societal expectations have created an external environment that encourages the development of new technologies that promote cost efficiencies and good environmental performance simultaneously.  Russo and Fouts (1997) argued that industries subject to rapid technological advance are well suited to respond to these changes in the external environment. The findings of this paper suggest that the petroleum refinery sector of the oil and gas industry may be meeting the challenge of the environmental movement.
Illicit financial flows and foreign direct investment in developing countries
Authors: Edoun Emmanuel Innocents , Dipita Alexandre Essome , Motsepe Dikgang
Published: January 2017

Africa is facing a number of challenges that are negatively affecting socio-economic development at all levels of governments and local governments are expected to play a leading role for Africa’s development. One of these challenges are illicit financial flows that are perceived by many as a crime against Africa’s transformation. The continent is losing billions of dollars every year because of tax evasion, corruption and inappropriate transfer pricing and maladministration. With tax being one of Africa’s main sources of revenue, current and past researches revealed that, illicit financial flows (IFFs) cripple African Governments tax base as a results of capital outflows and lack of good governance. This situation obviously is a challenge for Africa’s development as governments struggle to finance structuring projects and this in turn compels these governments to seek funds from international organisations at very high interest rates. It is also important to reveal that Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) rapidly grew after the Second World War with the intention to maximize profit on investment in less developed countries and specifically in the African continent. In competing in Africa, most multinationals main objective is to pay less tax, make extensive profits and transfer the proceeds to their country of origin. This subsequently gave rise to illicit financial flows in Africa where the continent is losing billions of dollars. Past studies equally revealed that, Africa’s revenue could increase between 55 and 65%, if appropriate mechanisms of monitoring the flows were in place. This study therefore is based on the premise that, tax evasion, illicit financial flows, corruption and abusive transfers pricing are all factors that affect Africa’s development. Using appropriate method of inquiry, this study wants to demonstrate the presence of FDI’s in Africa as a modus operandi behind tax evasion. It also using the “Appropriability Theory” to explain the rationale for FDI in Africa.
The effect of the adoption of international financial reporting standards on capital market integration in the Gulf cooperation сouncil сountries
Authors: Alnodel Ali A.
Published: January 2017

This paper examines the effect of the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards on the integration of capital market in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. First, it uses the correlation matrix of the stock market index returns for the insurance sector from 2007 to 2013 as a proxy for the national stock market index return. Then, the causal nexus among financial variables has been investigated by employing cointegration analysis. The study finds that the adoption of IFRS by GCC stock markets has no significant impact on the integration of the capital market. Rather, the results show that the relation among these markets are mostly representing world trend toward more integration as well as the possible impact of the nature of their economy. This could be due to other institutional elements which might have some influence on the magnitude of the role of accounting standards in capital markets. Thus regulators in GCC countries should consider the interplay between accounting standards and market institutional elements in order to enhance their capital market integration.
Pension fund regulation: Unintended consequences of foreign investment restrictions in an emerging market economy
Authors: Erasmus Coert Frederik , van Huyssteen Johan
Published: January 2017

Retirement savings allow investors to earn income after retirement by saving while being part of the workforce. Retirement savings comprise the largest portion of retirement savings and should be safeguarded by effective regulation. To safeguard retirement savings, exposure to foreign asset investments is limited. However, in an emerging economy, limiting foreign asset investments, especially investment in developed markets, could hamper the potential investment returns due to the translation risk. To assess the effect of translation risk, a preservation provident fund was used in the present study to determine whether the returns of this preservation provident fund would be adversely affected by investment allocation regulation. The findings indicated how the translation effect affected the preservation provident fund, illustrating the adverse unintended consequences of investment regulation in emerging market economies. Consequently, regulators should reconsider the maximum allowed foreign asset investment in pension fund regulations to enhance investment returns from foreign asset investments
RESENSI BUKU : Pollock, John L. and Joseph Cruz 2003. Contemporary Theories of Knowledge, Second Edition. Rowman & Littlefield: Lanham
Authors: Agusta Ivanovich
Published: January 2017

Bahwa dalam edisi pertama buku ini langsung digolongan menjadi buku klasik, menunjukkan kualitas isinya yang tinggi. Sedangkan edisi kedua ini, selain digunakan sendiri oleh John L. Pollock –profesor filsafat dan ilmu pengetahuan kognitif di Universitas Arizona—untuk mata kuliah Theory of Knowledge (Teori tentang Pengetahuan) yang dia asuh, buku ini juga digunakan di universitas-universitas lain. Telah puluhan buku lain yang menggunakan citasi dari buku ini. Bahkan banyak yang menyatakan bahwa buku ini jauh lebih bagus dalam menerangkan teori-teori pengetahuan dibandingkan dengan buku-buku serupa, bahkan yang terbit beberapa tahun kemudian, misalnya Introduction to ContemporaryEpistemology (1985) karya Jonathan Dancy, Groundless Belief edisi kedua (1999) dan Problems of Knowledge: A Critical Introduction toEpistemology (2001) karya Michael Williams, Epistemology: Classic Problems and Contemporary Responses (2002) karya Laurence BonJour, dan Knowledge (2001) karya Michael Welbourne (Traiger 2004).
Electrochemical determination of 5-dodecylsalicylaldoxime and 2′-hydroxy-5′-nonylacetophenone oxime in commercial extractants
Authors: Elizalde María , Rúa Sol , Huebra Marta , Menoyo Begoña
Published: January 2017

A differential pulse voltammetric method using a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) was optimized for the determination of 5-dodecylsalicylaldoxime in hydro-alcoholic solutions using factorial and central composite designs. The Taguchi design methodology was used to extend the formerly optimized method to the determination of 2?-hydroxy-5?-nonylacetophenone oxime. The method was successfully applied to quantify 5-dodecylsalicylaldoxime and 2?-hydroxy-5?-nonylacetophenone oxime in samples of commercial extractants over the concentration range 0.05?2.45 and 0.07?0.82 mg L-1, respectively, with detection limits of 0.034 and 0.019 mg L-1, respectively.
De la biografía a la hagiografía en época visigoda: Félix de Toledo y la 'Vita Sancti Iuliani'
Authors: Guiance Ariel
Published: January 2017

Único texto que nos llegado de su autor, la Vita sancti Iuliani de Félix de Toledo se inscribe en una larga tradición literaria, de antecedentes clásicos, retomada por varios obispos hispanos. Antecesor de Félix en la sede toledana, Julián se revela como una de las personalidades más interesantes de la Iglesia y la cultura visigodas del siglo VII. Por lo mismo, su sucesor buscó crear una imagen acerca de él donde se superponen aspectos biográficos y características laudatorias, en un marco de exaltación del personaje y, junto a ello, de la sede en cuestión. El artículo propone indagar en esos elementos, subrayando esa dinámica de criterios ideológicos y literarios, todos ellos insertos en el marco general de la historia eclesiástica de la Hispania goda.
A modernidade lusa expressa na trajetória dos sabores entre os séculos XVII-­XVIII: análise de livros de cozinha
Authors: Merlo Patrícia M. S. , Viana Júnior Fernando Santa Clara
Published: January 2017

A Época Moderna foi marcada pela transição dos sabores marcantes das especiarias usadas em abundância e a opulência excessiva na apresentação dos pratos no medievo, por sabores mais delicados e temperos que valorizavam o gosto natural dos alimentos. Este trabalho analisa a modificação na trajetória dos gostos alimentares lusos entre os séculos XVII­XVIII, influenciada por tendências francesas, consideradas modelos para grande parte da Europa moderna. Para além das alterações de técnicas culinárias, buscou-se observar também a mudança dos ingredientes, que constituíram o principal foco de inovações do período. Para tanto, tomou-se como base de análise os dois primeiros livros de cozinha portugueses publicados: Arte de Cozinha (1680), de Domingos Rodrigues, e Cozinheiro Moderno ou Nova Arte de Cozinha (1780), de Lucas Rigaud. A partir das obras busca-se esquadrinhar, em linhas gerais, quais foram as transformações ocorridas no paladar português ao longo do período em tela.
Batalhas para além de confetes e serpentinas: a espetacularização no carnaval pernambucano e nos maracatus-nação
Authors: Lima Ivaldo
Published: January 2017

O presente artigo discute os maracatus nação recifenses em meio aos processos de disputa entre duas concepções de carnaval, assim como discorre sobre as trocas e diálogos entre esta manifestação e as escolas de samba pernambucanas.
Évaluation de la qualité d'un partenariat dans le cadre de la mise en place d'une intervention intersectorielle de type école, famille et communauté
Authors: Leclerc Bernard-Simon , Lessard Sabrina
Published: January 2017

Abstract: The partnership represents a principle of action at the heart of public policies of various kinds. It can be defined as a formal association between organizations that decide to cooperate to achieve a common goal. The formative evaluation of quality conditions of the collaborative action is useful to support partners in improving their practice. This article describes first a tool available to achieve a collective diagnosis by members of a partnership investing voluntarily in an evaluation process and then presents a concrete application of it. It concludes by exposing some knowledge and lessons learned from the experience of the evaluation of a partnership for a comprehensive and integrated cross-sectoral school-community intervention.
Increasing the Utility of AAMC Canadian Graduation Questionnaire Data for Program Evaluation: Subscale Development
Authors: Rusticus Shayna A. , Peterson Linda N. , Lovato Chris. Y.
Published: January 2017

Abstract: The AAMC Canadian Graduation Questionnaire (CGQ) is widely used for evaluating undergraduate MD programs; however, the analysis of individual items limits its usefulness. To aid in the management and interpretation of the CGQ for use in program evaluation, this study combined items from the sections on clinical learning experiences, physician competencies, and student services into scales and examined their internal structure and reliability. Factor analyses conducted on data from 517 undergraduate medical students supported combining the items into 15 scales. Two examples illustrate how the scales can be used to evaluate student experiences for different cohorts over time and across sites.
A Critical Exploration of Culture in International Development Evaluation
Authors: Chouinard Jill Anne , Hopson Rodney
Published: January 2017

Abstract: In this article we provide a comprehensive review of 71 studies on evaluation in international development contexts published over the past 18 years. The primary purpose of the review is to explore how culture is being conceptualized and defined in international development contexts and how evaluation practitioners, scholars, and/or policymakers who work in international development evaluation frame the role of culture and cultural context in these settings. In this article we ask: How is culture framed in the international development evaluation literature? To what extent do descriptions of evaluation (design, processes, and outcomes) reflect other knowledge and value systems and perspectives? Whose values and world-views inform the evaluation design and methodology? How does the community's cultural context inform the evaluation methodology and methods used? Based on our analysis, we identify and discuss five themes: the manifestation of culture along a continuum from explicit to implicit, a cultural critique of participatory practice in international development, the limits of social constructivist epistemologies and representations of voice, evaluation as a cultural practice, and cultural engagement and the multifaceted evaluator role.
Net Impacts of Streetcar Operations on Traffic Congestion in Melbourne, Australia
Authors: Nguyen-Phuoc Duy Q. , Currie Graham , De Gruyter Chris , Young William
Published: January 2017

Public transit is widely recognized to reduce urban traffic congestion, as it encourages automobile travelers off the road. However, streetcars have been criticized for causing traffic congestion because large trams must operate in mixed traffic on narrow, congested streets. At the same time, streetcars reduce congestion by encouraging automobile drivers to use trams. So what is the net effect of streetcars on congestion? This paper presents a new method for assessing the net traffic congestion effects associated with streetcar operations in Melbourne, Australia, which has the largest streetcar network in the world. Impacts were determined with the use of a traffic network model to compare congestion with trams and without trams. The positive impacts of trams were estimated by using mode shift from tram to automobile when tram services were removed. Negative impacts were explored by considering streetcar traffic operations, the impact of curbside tram stops, and the effect of exclusive priority tram lanes on traffic flow. Findings show that the streetcar network in inner Melbourne results in a net congestion benefit to traffic; a 3.4% decrease in vehicle time traveled and total delay on the road network was established. The streetcar network also contributes to reducing the number of moderately congested links by 16%. Areas for future research are suggested, such as exploring the spatial distribution of the mode shift to automobile and the long-term effect of trams on traffic.
Umweltökonomische Gesamtrechnung für den Wald: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen
Authors: Dieter Matthias
Published: January 2017

Environmental and economic accounting for forests: feasibilities and limits

The European Parliament and the Council of the Member States of the European Union point out the need to further develop a system of environmental accounts, including physical and monetary accounts for natural capital and ecosystem services. For the forestry sector such a system already exists. The European framework for integrated environmental and economic accounting for forests (IEEAF) consists of a series of logically ordered tables. Basically it shows the flow of wood from the forest to the different intermediate and final use purposes in a consistent manner. Supplementary, IEEAF provides tables that present production and generation of income in the forestry sector, inform about defoliation, and show the key figures on forest carbon balances. The economic key figures of IEEAF are broadly in accordance with the European system of national accounting, and hence comparable with the respective overall economic key figures. In contrast, ecological indicators are not yet appropriately developed. Hence, ecosystem services on the whole are insufficiently accounted for. Provision with wood as well as carbon sequestration are the only ecosystem services which are covered rather comprehensively. Table systems or at least appropriate indicators for other ecosystem services like water purification and fresh water supply, biodiversity or recreation in forests are missing and deserve recording in the IEEAF framework. Natural capital and its ecosystem services on the whole can hardly be meaningfully evaluated in monetary terms. Changes, though, can. For this purpose it would be sufficient to include above mentioned ecosystem services into the IEEAF in physical terms only. Monetary evaluations could then be conducted for the changes of the services between the individual years.
Auswirkungen von Nutzungsrestriktionen auf die Wertschöpfungskette Holz – Beispiel Österreich
Authors: Schwarzbauer Peter , Braun Martin
Published: January 2017

Impacts of harvest reductions on the value-added wood chain – the case of Austria

Wooden biomass availability and the possibility of a scarcity due to a potential harvest reduction are of crucial importance to the Austrian forest-based sector but also relevant for decision makers in environmental policy. The simulation model of the Austrian forest-based sector (model: “Forst- und Holzwirtschaft”, FOHOW) was used to simulate two independent scenarios with harvest reduction in forests available for wood supply (FAWS). In one scenario the reductions are implemented on FAWS of “average” profitability, in the other scenario the reductions take place on FAWS with “poor” profitability. On the one hand, the aim of the study was the analysis of the impacts of reduced wood supply on the value-added wood chain until 2025, on the other hand the impact intensities of the two scenarios have been compared. In general, a harvest reduction resulting in less wood supply has a negative impact on the Austrian forest-based sector. While forestry and the sawmill industry suffer more from a harvest reduction in FAWS with average profitability (because of the lower supply of coniferous roundwood), a harvest reduction in FAWS with lower profitability would affect the panel and paper industry as well as the wood-based energy sector more negatively; reduced harvests in these forest areas would mainly reduce the supply of non-coniferous wood. This, in turn would fuel the competition between the use of wood for materials vs. energy and push pulp- and fuelwood prices up.
Vaccination Status and Awareness of Hepatitis B among Undergraduate Medical Students of Two Medical Colleges in Bangladesh
Authors: Akhter Maj Shahida , Rizwan ASM , Wahiduzzaman Md
Published: January 2017

Hepatitis B is a pandemic disease affecting millions of people. Vaccination and preventive knowledge is crucial for all especially health care professionals. To evaluate the vaccination status and level of knowledge and awareness regarding hepatitis B among undergraduate medical students ranging from first to fifth year. This is a cross-sectional study which was conducted in Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka during July 2012 to July 2015. Total 217 students participated in the study (36.4% male and 63.6% female). Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20. Most of the responders were female (63.6%) and from first year (31.3%). Only 41.4% were vaccinated properly and another 9.2% received incomplete doses. Those who had more knowledge regarding hepatitis B were practicing more preventive measures. The present study showed that there is much lack of knowledge and awareness about hepatitis B among medical college students that make them vulnerable to acquire the disease. Moreover, the vaccination status is also not satisfactory which should be taken seriously.Medicine Today 2016 Vol.28(1): 27-29
Management of Rapidly Progressing Periodontitis: An Overview
Authors: Sadat SM Anwar , Chowdhury Naim Mahmud , Baten Redwan Bin Abdul
Published: January 2017

History of periodontal diseases recognition and treatment is ancient for at least 5000 years. There are different presentations of periodontal diseases. Rapidly progression periodontitis or aggressive periodontitis causes rapid destruction of the periodontium which leads to early tooth loss. It may be generalized or localized. Periodontitis may be treated surgically or non-surgically but patients with rapidly progressing periodontitis do not respond predictably to conventional therapy due to its multi factorial etiology. Successful management of the disease is difficult if not diagnosed early and treated appropriately. Regenerative therapy, tissue engineering and genetic technologies are the new hope for the treatment of rapidly progressing periodontitis.Medicine Today 2016 Vol.28(1): 32-38
Resistivity and Its Anisotropy Characterization of 3D-Printed Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Copolymer (ABS)/Carbon Black (CB) Composites
Authors: Zhang Jie , Yang Bin , Fu Feng , You Fusheng , Dong Xiuzhen , Dai Meng
Published: January 2017

The rapid printing of 3D parts with desired electrical properties enables numerous applications. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) using conductive thermoplastic composites has been a valuable approach for such fabrication. The parts produced by FDM possess various controllable structural features, but the effects of the structural features on the electrical properties remain to be determined. This study investigated the effects of these features on the electrical resistivity and resistivity anisotropy of 3D-printed ABS/CB composites. The effects of the process parameters of FDM, including the layer thickness, raster width, and air gap, on the resistivity in both the vertical and horizontal directions for cubic samples were studied because the internal structure of the printed parts depended on those process parameters. The resistivities of printed parts in different parameter combinations were measured by an impedance analyzer and finite element models were created to investigate the relationship between the resistivity and the internal structure. The results indicated that the parameters remarkably affected the resistivity due to the influence of voids and the bonding condition between adjacent fibers. The resistivity in the vertical direction ranged from 70.40 ± 2.88 Ω·m to 180.33 ± 8.21 Ω·m, and the resistivity in the horizontal direction ranged from 41.91 ± 2.29 Ω·m to 58.35 ± 0.61 Ω·m at the frequency of 1 kHz. Moreover, by adjusting the resistivities in different directions, the resistivity anisotropy of the printed parts can be manipulated from 1.01 to 3.59. This research may serve as a reference to fabricate parts with sophisticated geometry with desired electrical resistivity and resistivity anisotropy.
Viroimmunotherapy of Thoracic Cancers
Authors: Dash Alexander , Patel Manish
Published: January 2017

Thoracic cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), small cell lung cancer (SCLC), and malignant pleural mesothelioma (MM), cause the highest rate of cancer mortality worldwide. Most of these deaths are as a result of NSCLC; however, prognoses for the other two diseases remain as some of the poorest of any cancers. Recent advances in immunotherapy, specifically immune checkpoint inhibitors, have begun to help a small population of patients with advanced lung cancer. People who respond to these immune therapies generally have a durable response and many see dramatic decreases in their disease. However, response to immune therapies remains relatively low. Therefore, intense research is now underway to rationally develop combination therapies to expand the range of patients who will respond to and benefit from immune therapy. One promising approach is with oncolytic viruses. These oncolytic viruses (OVs) have been found to be selective for or have been engineered to preferentially infect and kill cancer cells. In pre-clinical models of different thoracic cancers, it has been found that these viruses can induce immunogenic cell death, increase the number of immune mediators brought into the tumor microenvironment and broaden the neoantigen-specific T cell response. We will review here the literature regarding the application of virotherapy toward augmenting immune responses in thoracic cancers.
Evaluation of TRMM 3B42 V7 Rainfall Product over the Oum Er Rbia Watershed in Morocco
Authors: Ouatiki Hamza , Boudhar Abdelghani , Tramblay Yves , Jarlan Lionel , Benabdelouhab Tarik , Hanich Lahoucine , El Meslouhi M. , Chehbouni Abdelghani
Published: January 2017

In arid and semi-arid areas, rainfall is often characterized by a strong spatial and temporal variability. These environmental factors, combined with the sparsity of the measurement networks in developing countries, constitute real constraints for water resources management. In recent years, several spatial rainfall measurement sources have become available, such as TRMM data (Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission). In this study, the TRMM 3B42 Version 7 product was evaluated using rain gauges measurements from 19 stations in the Oum-Er-Bia (OER) basin located in the center of Morocco. The relevance of the TRMM product was tested by direct comparison with observations at different time scales (daily, monthly, and annual) between 1998 and 2010. Results show that the satellite product provides poor estimations of rainfall at the daily time scale giving an average Pearson correlation coefficient (r) of 0.2 and average Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 10 mm. However, the accuracy of TRMM rainfall is improved when temporally averaged to monthly time scale (r of 0.8 and RMSE of 28 mm) or annual time scale (r of 0.71 and RMSE of 157 mm). Moreover, improved correlation with observed data was obtained for data spatially averaged at the watershed scale. Therefore, at the monthly and annual time scales, TRMM data can be a useful source of rainfall data for water resources monitoring and management in ungauged basins in semi-arid regions.
Hybrid Forecasting Approach Based on GRNN Neural Network and SVR Machine for Electricity Demand Forecasting
Authors: Li Weide , Yang Xuan , Li Hao , Su Lili
Published: January 2017

Accurate electric power demand forecasting plays a key role in electricity markets and power systems. The electric power demand is usually a non-linear problem due to various unknown reasons, which make it difficult to get accurate prediction by traditional methods. The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel hybrid forecasting method for managing and scheduling the electricity power. EEMD-SCGRNN-PSVR, the proposed new method, combines ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD), seasonal adjustment (S), cross validation (C), general regression neural network (GRNN) and support vector regression machine optimized by the particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSVR). The main idea of EEMD-SCGRNN-PSVR is respectively to forecast waveform and trend component that hidden in demand series to substitute directly forecasting original electric demand. EEMD-SCGRNN-PSVR is used to predict the one week ahead half-hour’s electricity demand in two data sets (New South Wales (NSW) and Victorian State (VIC) in Australia). Experimental results show that the new hybrid model outperforms the other three models in terms of forecasting accuracy and model robustness.
Multi-Objective Optimization of Thin-Film Silicon Solar Cells with Metallic and Dielectric Nanoparticles
Authors: Aiello Giovanni , Alfonzetti Salvatore , Rizzo Santi , Salerno Nunzio
Published: January 2017

Thin-film solar cells enable a strong reduction of the amount of silicon needed to produce photovoltaic panels but their efficiency lowers. Placing metallic or dielectric nanoparticles over the silicon substrate increases the light trapping into the panel thanks to the plasmonic scattering from nanoparticles at the surface of the cell. The goal of this paper is to optimize the geometry of a thin-film solar cell with silver and silica nanoparticles in order to improve its efficiency, taking into account the amount of silver. An efficient evolutionary algorithm is applied to perform the optimization with a reduced computing time.
A Nobel Prize for Property Rights Theory
Authors: Holden Richard
Published: January 2017

This article provides a brief overview of the Property-Rights Theory of the firm, pioneered by Grossman and Hart (1986) and Hart and Moore (1990), and situates the theory in other literatures.
Customized a Ti6Al4V Bone Plate for Complex Pelvic Fracture by Selective Laser Melting
Authors: Wang Di , Wang Yimeng , Wu Shibiao , Lin Hui , Yang Yongqiang , Fan Shicai , Gu Cheng , Wang Jianhua , Song Changhui
Published: January 2017

In pelvic fracture operations, bone plate shaping is challenging and the operation time is long. To address this issue, a customized bone plate was designed and produced using selective laser melting (SLM) technology. The key steps of this study included designing the customized bone plate, metal 3D printing, vacuum heat treatment, surface post-processing, operation rehearsal, and clinical application and evaluation. The joint surface of the bone plate was placed upwards with respect to the build platform to keep it away from the support and to improve the quality of the joint surface. Heat conduction was enhanced by adding a cone-type support beneath the bone plate to prevent low-quality fabrication due to poor heat conductivity of the Ti-6Al-4V powder. The residual stress was eliminated by exposing the SLM-fabricated titanium-alloy bone plate to a vacuum heat treatment. Results indicated that the bone plate has a hardness of HV1 360–HV1 390, an ultimate tensile strength of 1000–1100 MPa, yield strength of 900–950 MPa, and an elongation of 8%–10%. Pre-operative experiments and operation rehearsal were performed using the customized bone plate and the ABC-made pelvic model. Finally, the customized bone plate was clinically applied. The intraoperative C-arm and postoperative X-ray imaging results indicated that the customized bone plate matched well to the damaged pelvis. The customized bone plate fixed the broken bone and guides pelvis restoration while reducing operation time to about two hours. The customized bone plate eliminated the need for preoperative titanium plate pre-bending, thereby greatly reducing surgical wounds and operation time.
Computational Approaches to tRNA-Derived Small RNAs
Authors: Xu Wei-Lin , Yang Ye , Wang Yi-Dan , Qu Liang-Hu , Zheng Ling-Ling
Published: January 2017

tRNA-derived small RNAs (tDRs) are a group of small, non-coding RNAs derived from transfer RNAs (tRNAs). They can be classified as tRNA halves and tRNA-derived small RNA fragments (tRFs). Accumulating experimental evidence suggests their functional roles in cells and in various biological processes. Advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques allow a large amount of small RNA deep-sequencing data to be generated. To investigate tDRs from these data, software to identify tDRs and databases to retrieve or manage tDR data have been devised. In this review, we summarized the tools and databases for tDR identification and collection, with the aim of helping researchers choose the best tools for their analysis and inspiring the invention or improvement of tools in the field.
Postprandial Glycemic and Insulinemic Responses to Common Breakfast Beverages Consumed with a Standard Meal in Adults Who Are Overweight and Obese
Authors: Li Jia , Janle Elsa , Campbell Wayne
Published: January 2017

Breakfast beverages with different nutrient compositions may affect postprandial glycemic control differently. We assessed the effects of consuming (1) common breakfast beverages (water, sugar-sweetened coffee, reduced-energy orange juice (OJ), and low-fat milk (LFM)); and (2) fat-free, low-fat, and whole milk with breakfast on postprandial plasma glucose and insulin responses in adults who were overweight/obese. Forty-six subjects (33F/13M, body mass index: 32.5 ± 0.7 kg/m2, age: 50 ± 1 years, mean ± SEMs) consumed a standard sandwich with one of the six beverages on separate mornings in randomized order. The test beverages (except water) each contained 12 g digestible carbohydrate. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were measured from blood obtained pre- and post-meal at 30-min intervals for 4 h and incremental areas under the curve (AUC) were computed. We found (1) among different beverage types, glucose AUC was higher for coffee versus water, OJ, and LFM. Insulin AUC was higher for coffee and LFM versus OJ and water; (2) Glucose AUCs were not different among water and milks while insulin AUC was higher for milks versus water. In conclusion, consumption of water, reduced-energy OJ, or milk (irrespective of fat content) with a meal may be preferable to consuming sugar-sweetened coffee for glucose control in middle-aged adults who are overweight and obese.
On Comparison of Stochastic Reserving Methods with Bootstrapping
Authors: Tee Liivika , Käärik Meelis , Viin Rauno
Published: January 2017

We consider the well-known stochastic reserve estimation methods on the basis of generalized linear models, such as the (over-dispersed) Poisson model, the gamma model and the log-normal model. For the likely variability of the claims reserve, bootstrap method is considered. In the bootstrapping framework, we discuss the choice of residuals, namely the Pearson residuals, the deviance residuals and the Anscombe residuals. In addition, several possible residual adjustments are discussed and compared in a case study. We carry out a practical implementation and comparison of methods using real-life insurance data to estimate reserves and their prediction errors. We propose to consider proper scoring rules for model validation, and the assessments will be drawn from an extensive case study.
Unpacking Framing Dynamics Across Distinct Media Writing Genres: Tourism and Economic Environment in Brazil
Authors: Santos Carla A. , McKenna Erin F.
Published: January 2017

The current article calls for a comprehensive approach to framing research in tourism. Specifically, the identifying and examining of how different levels of frames develop and operate across distinct media writing genres that dialogue with each other to communicate a more multifaceted
narrative. By examining American newspaper travel writing, business reporting, and international news reporting on Brazil, the study advances an understanding of the ways in which the US print media interprets and represents Brazil and Brazilians for an American audience. The study proposes
three different levels of frames that dialogue with each other and ultimately communicate with the audience: meso-, micro-, and macroframes. The study advances the argument that different levels of frames transmit certain messages on their own, but they also interact with other levels of frames
to communicate a more complete or, at times, divergent narrative.