bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The reactivity of p-nitrophenyl esters with surfactants in apolar solvents. VII. Substituent effects on the reactivity of 4'-nitrophenyl 4-substituted benzoates in benzene solutions of dodecylammonium propionate and butane-1,4-diamine bis(dodecanoate)
Authors: O'Conner CJ , Lomax TD
Published: October 2006

The rate of decomposition
of a series of 4'-nitrophenyl 4-substituted benzoates has been measured at 341
K in benzene solutions of dodecylammonium propionate
and butane-1,4-diamine bis-(dodecanoate). The
bimolecular rate constant due to general acid-general base catalysis from the head-group
components of the surfactants is dependent on the nature of the substituents,
and the rate data have been correlated by Hammett σ and σ+, Tsuno-Yukawa, and Taft dual substituent parameter linear
free energy relationships. The reactivity of the esters has also been compared
with the 13C n.m.r. chemical shift of their carbonyl carbon atoms.
The results are consistent with a mechanism involving a general-acid-catalysed aminolysis of the unprotonated
ester.
Cation-exchange chromatography and selective complexation in the isolation of branched acyclic polyamines : Syntheses of Ethylidynetris(methanamine) [tame], 2,2-Bis(aminomethyl)propan-1-ol [hmmp], 4,4',4''-Ethylidynetris(3-azabutan-1-amine) [sen] and 5,5',5'-Ethylidynetris(4-azapentan-1-amine) [stn]
Authors: Geue RJ , Searle GH
Published: October 2006

Large-scale syntheses of ethylidynetris(methanamine)*
(tame), 2,2-bis(aminomethyl)propan-1-ol* (hmmp), 4,4',4?-ethylidynetris(3-azabutan-1-amine)* (sen) and 5,5',5''-ethylidynetris(4-azapentan-1-amine)*
(stn) are described. The pure hydrochloride salts of tame,
hmmp, sen and stn are isolated directly from the crude amine mixtures by
acidification and cation-exchange chromatography. Alternatively, selective complexation as [Co(hexamine)] Cl3 followed by
Zn/HCl reduction and cation-exchange chromatography
is used to isolate the hexamines sen
and stn as their hexahydrochloride
salts. These isolation procedures are exceptionally efficient compared with the
conventional solvent extraction and (often pyrolytic)
high-vacuum distillation methods.
The chemistry of Pinus radiata. VI. The water-soluble galactoglucomannan
Authors: Brash DJ
Published: October 2006

The two major components of
the water-soluble polysaccharides extracted from the sapwood of Pinus radiata were
a galactoglucomannan and an arabinogalactan.
The galactoglucomannan had a number average degree of
polymerization of approximately 30, and on complete acid hydrolysis it yielded
D-mannose, D-galactose and D-glucose in the ratio 4.5 : 1.3 : 1.0. The
structural determination of this polysaccharide by methylation analysis and 13C
n.m.r. suggested that it is a linear glucomannan with
α-D-galactopyranosyl residues as single side units.
No evidence could be found of any branches in the polymer, although the
possibility of a small degree of branching cannot be dismissed.
Purine analogues as amplifiers of phleomycin. VIII. Some Thiazolo[4,5-b]pyrazines and related compounds
Authors: Barlin GB
Published: October 2006

The preparations of a
series of thiazolo[4,5-b]pyrazines
by ring closure of 3-aminopyrazine-2-thiols with orthoesters,
and potassium ethyl xanthate are described.
2-Amino-5-bromopyrazine-3-thiol with potassium ethyl xanthate
gave both 6-bromothiazolo[4,5-b]pyrazine-2-thiol and thiazolo[4,5-b]-
pyrazine-2,6-dithiol. Various S-alkyl derivatives are reported. As amplifiers
of phleomycin, 2-(5,6-dimethylthiazolo[4,5-b]pyrazin-2-yltho)-
NN-dimethylethylamine, 2-{6- (2-dimethylamino- ethylthio)thiazolo[4,5-b]pyrazin-2-ylthio)-N,N-dimethylethylamine, and N,N-dimethyl-2-(2-methyl- thiazolo[4,5-b]pyrazin-6-ylthio)ethylamine each showed
moderate activity.
Micellar aggregation numbers of short-chained ionic surfactants through viscosity measurements
Authors: Adair DAW , Hicks JR , Jobe DJ , Reinsborough VC
Published: October 2006

Micellar aggregation
numbers (n) have been determined for short-chained surfactants through viscosity
measurements at 20�C by simple application of the Guth-Simha
relationship assuming spherical micelles and neglecting the electroviscous
effect. Values of n obtained were: sodium heptyl
sulfate 23 (40°C), sodium octyl sulfate 29, sodium decyl sulfate 32, sodium octanoate
16,hexylammonium chloride 20 and octylammonium
chloride 25 in agreement with literature values where known. This approximate
method appears to be satisfactory for surfactant chain length of six to ten
carbon atoms.
The structure of isopannarin
Authors: Djura P , Sargent MV
Published: October 2006

The structure proposed by Yosioka for the product obtained by the treatment of the depsidone pannarin
(2-chloro-3-hydroxy-8-methoxy-1,6,9-trimethyl-11-oxo-11H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxepin-4-carbaldehyde) (2) with concentrated
sulfuric acid is revised to 5-chloro-6-hydroxy-4'-methoxy-2',4,5'-trimethyl-3,6'-dioxo-
2,3 -dihydrospiro[benzofuran-2,1'- cyclohexa - 2',4'- dienel-7-carbaldehyde (5).
Adsorption and desorption of heavy metals on α-alumina
Authors: Lowson RT , Evans JV
Published: October 2006

Adsorption of Mn, Zn, Co, Ba and Ra from
solutions in the range 10-5-10-10
mol-1 was measured in varying degrees of detail on α-alumina.
It was found that (i) below a limiting concentration
of about 1 × 10-1 moll-1, the logarithmic adsorption
isotherm was linear whereas, above this limit, the logarithmic adsorption
isotherm was curvilinear for Ba, Ra, Mn, and Co but linear for Zn with a slope of 0.51 ; (ii)
below this limiting concentration, the pH at 50% adsorption was independent of
solution concentration; and (iii) this limiting concentration was independent
of the adsorbing metals studied. An adsorption model for the
concentration-independent regime was developed based on adsorption at high
energy, negatively charged adsorption sites by M(OH)n+ ions without
accompanying proton release from either the surface or the adsorber.
Dissociation kinetics of metal complexes in aqueous acid. III. The effects of methyl substitution and chelate ring size on the rates of dissociation of copper(II) triazamacrocyclic complexes
Authors: Graham PG , Weatherburn DC
Published: October 2006

The acid dissociation
kinetics of mono copper(II) complexes of the ligands 2-methyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane,
mznn ; 1,4,7-triazacycloundecane, zaud
; 1,4,7-triazacyclododecane, zadd ; and
1,5,9-triazacyclotetradecane, zted were studied in
aqueous solution over a range of acid concentra- tions (0.025-0.5 mol 1-1), I1.0 (NaN03). Cu(mznn)2+
displays a first-order dependence on [H+] with kH
(298 K) 26 1. mol-1 s-1. The other complexes show an acid
dependence at low [H+] but become independent of acid at higher concentrations.
The acid-independent rate constants k1 were determined to be Cu(zaud)2+, 67 s-1 (280 K); Cu(zadd)2+, 45 s-1 (298 K); Cu(zted)2+ 50 s-1 (298 K). The results
are compared with those obtained with other copper(II) triazamacro-
cyclic complexes.
X- and Y-Polarized Spectra of Chlorophyll a and Pheophytin a in the Red Region: Resolution Enhancement and Gaussian Deconvolution
Authors: Norden B , Fragata M , Kurucsev T
Published: October 2006

The red region of the X- and Y-polarized spectra obtained from the measurement of linear dichroism of chlorophyll a and pheophytin a oriented in a liquid crystal-1 has been reexamined. A combination of resolution enhancement of the spectra involving their Fourier transformation and manipulation in the Fourier domain, and deconvolution into Gaussian bands on the wavenumber scale has produced results conforming to previous conclusions that place the origin of the Qx transition in chlorophyll a some 800-900 cm-1 to the blue relative to the origin of the Qy transition. In pheophytin a, however, the separation between
the Qx and QY bands is much larger, about 3600 cm-l. The results also confirm previous reports of an angle near 70� between the transition moment directions of the Qy transitions and the molecular X-axis for both chlorophyll a and pheophytin a. The resolved vibronic bands in the case of the Qy transition of chlorophyll a, at least, have their counterparts in both solution spectra and high-resolution low-temperature fluorescence excitation spectra.
Synthesis of Porphyrins Derived From the Amidation of Protoporphyrin IX for Use as Potential Chemotherapeutic Agents
Authors: Woodburn KW , Bellinger GCA , Phillips DR , Reiss JA
Published: October 2006

A series of pure porphyrins (3)-(11) derived from amidation of the carboxylic acid groups of protoporphyrin IX was synthesized in high yield by using 1,11-carbonyldiimidazole as the coupling reagent. Preliminary biological evaluation of these porphyrins revealed that (3) and (10) localize in tumour tissue in concentrations 20 times greater than the surrounding normal tissue. Porphyrins (3)-(5) were found to localize in mitochondria, and this is proposed to account for their greater photosensitivity effectiveness when compared with hematoporphyrin derivative. The extent of binding of the basic porphyrins (3) and (4) to DNA was ascertained by absorbance titrations with DNA, and binding constants were found to be (1.0-1.5) × 106 dm3 mol-1 with six base pairs occluded for both compounds.
Stereoselective Titanium-Mediated Aldol Reactions of Menthyl Acetate Enolates, and Allylations With Benzaldehyde
Authors: Cambie RC , Coddington JM , Milbank JBJ , Pausler MG , Rustenhoven JJ , Rutledge PS , Shaw GL , Sinkovich PI
Published: October 2006

The enolates of (+)- and (-)- menthyl acetate, formed by transmetallation from lithium with chloro ( cyclopentadienyl )bis(1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucofuranosato-O3)titanium [ CpTi (DAGO)2Cl] (1), react with benzaldehyde from the Re-face with high stereoselectivities (95 and 92% diastereomeric excess) when 12-crown-4 is used during the transmetallation . Use of the chiral cyclopentadienyltitanium-α,α,αα,αα-tetraaryl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4,5-dimethanol (TADDOL) complex (3) gives lower diastereoselectivities (58 and 40%) but the Si -face of benzaldehyde is attacked preferentially. Transmetallation of the 2-methylprop-2-enyl moiety to CpTi (DAGO)2Cl gives an allyltitanium reagent (2) which reacts with benzaldehyde from the Re-face with 88% enantiomeric excess.
The Electrochemically Formed Palladium-Deuterium System. I. Surface Composition and Morphology
Authors: Dillon CT , Kennedy BJ
Published: October 2006

Surface analysis of palladium cathodes after prolonged electrolysis in D2O electrolytes shows evidence for the electrodeposition of Pt, Zn and Cu. The platinum comes from the platinum anode used in the work, whilst zinc and copper are present in the D2O. Scanning electron microscopy studies of cast palladium cathodes revealed a diverse surface topology with no single feature present. The effect of electrode pretreatment on the appearance of the microcrystallites is discussed, and evidence for a palladized overlay is presented.
M30C45, a Possible Super-Pentagonal Metallocarbohedrane With D5h Symmetry
Authors: Dance IG
Published: October 2006

A new structure M30C45 is proposed for observed high-mass [MxCy]+ ions. The structure has D5h symmetry, is composed only of pentagons of which one is C5 and 55 are M2C3, contains three- and four-coordinate titanium and carbon, and can adapt to different bond distances without strain.
Can the Judas technique be applied to pest birds?
Authors: Woolnough Andrew P. , Lowe Tim J. , Rose Ken
Published: October 2006

The Judas technique was evaluated for its use as a technique to assist with the control of the common starling (Sturnus vulgaris). This technique uses the natural behaviour of a gregarious animal to betray the location of itself and its companions through radio-telemetry. Two trials were conducted to assess and develop the technique for starlings. The first trial was conducted near the western edge of the starling’s current established range in Australia, at Penong in South Australia. Nine out of ten radio-tagged birds were successfully tracked from the ground and air. Estimates of the areas utilised varied from 1.1 km2 to 96.5 km2 (100% convex polygons). Night-time roosts were found for three of the nine radio-tagged birds and control (shooting) recovered just one bird directly associated with a Judas starling, as well as the radio-tagged bird. The second trial was conducted at Munglinup near Esperance in Western Australia. Munglinup is the site of a recent infestation of starlings and is the most western-known outlier of this pest in Australia. At this site, five radio-tagged starlings tracked from the ground and air, utilised areas ranging from 0.7 km2 to 51.6 km2. Reduced fidelity to roosting trees impaired our ability to destroy starlings here. However, the real value of the Munglinup trial was to expand the geographical area known to be occupied by this population from 103 km2 to more than 225 km2 and to identify habitats and roost sites used by the starlings. We conclude that the Judas technique could be applied to starlings and other pest birds with similar social structures as a means of strategic surveillance rather than as an adjunct to control per se.
GenoProfiler: batch processing of high-throughput capillary fingerprinting data
Authors: You Frank M. , Luo Ming-Cheng , Gu Yong Qiang , Lazo Gerard R. , Deal Karin , Dvorak Jan , Anderson Olin D.
Published: October 2006

Summary: High-throughput content fingerprinting techniques employing capillary electrophoresis place new demands on the editing of fingerprint files for the downstream contig assembly program, FPC. A cross-platform software application, GenoProfiler, was developed for automated editing of sized fingerprinting profiles generated by the ABI Genetic Analyzers. The batch-processing module extracts the sized fragment information directly from the ABI raw trace files, or from data files exported from GeneMapper or other size calling software, removes the background noise and undesired fragments, and generates fragment size files compatible with the FPC software.

Availability:  

Contact:  oandersn@pw.usda.gov
Preparation of SiO2 Glass from Model Powder Compacts: I, Formation and Characterization of Powders, Suspensions, and Green Compacts
Authors: SACKS MICHAEL D. , TSENG TSEUNG‐YUEN
Published: October 2006

Dense SiO2 glass was produced at ∼1000°C by using highly ordered compacts of spherical, nearly monosized, amorphous SiO2 particles. In Part I of this study, the formation and characterization of powders, suspensions, and green bodies are described. Thermogravimetry and DTA revealed that substantial loss of bound water occurs in powders calcined at temperatures as low as 200°C. Surface area and density measurements were used to show that the water loss occurs without micropore formation. FTIR spectroscopy revealed that residual silanol groups persist to the highest temperatures (1050°C) studied. The state of particulate dispersion in suspensions was modified by pH adjustment and monitored by rheological measurements. Flocculated suspensions (low pH) produce inhomogeneous, low‐density powder compacts with highly bimodal pore‐size distributions. Uniform green bodies (with higher packing densities) were prepared using well‐dispersed suspensions (high pH). Two‐dimensional, close‐packed hexagonal arryas of particles were observed in these compacts. Pore‐size distributions were narrower, but still bimodal due to the presence of three‐particle and four‐particle pore channels. The sintering behavior of these compacts is described in part II.
Copper‐Alkali Ion Exchange of Alkali Aluminosilicate Glasses in Molten CuCl—An Ion Exchange Controlled by the Cu+→Cu2+ Oxidation Reaction in Glass
Authors: Yoko Toshinobu , Kamiya Kanichi , Ishino Yoshihiro , Sakka Sumio
Published: October 2006

The kinetics of copper‐potassium ion exchange of potassium aluminosilicate glass have been investigated in molten CuCl at 550°C in air and nitrogen. The presence of oxygen dissolved in molten CuCl has a great effect on the Cu‐K ion‐exchange kinetics, i.e. ion exchange in nitrogen is controlled by the interdiffusion process of Cu+ and K+ in the glass, whereas ion exchange in air seems to be controlled by the Cu+→Cu2+ oxidation reaction.
Solubility of Refractory Oxides in Soda‐Lime Glass
Authors: Manfredo Louis J. , McNally Robert N.
Published: October 2006

A method for measuring the solubility limit of refractory oxides in glass is presented, and the solubilities of Al2O3, ZrO2, SnO2, and Cr2O3 in soda‐lime glass are given as a function of temperature. The order of solubility in soda‐lime glass is Al2O3ZrO2SnO2Cr2O3 at 1300° to 16Q0°C. The solubility of ZrO2 in Al2O3‐saturated soda‐lime glass is much lower than that in pure soda‐lime glass.
Effect of Etched Depth on Glass Strength
Authors: Saha Chandan Kumar , Cooper Alfred R.
Published: October 2006

Studies of fracture strength of abraded and as‐received glass tubes as a function of etching depth showed that at depths less than the calculated initial flaw depth (∼50 μm) the strength increase was almost entirely due to reduction inflow depth from etching. This result is consistent with model 1 proposed by Proctor; it disagrees with his interpretation of his own results, no doubt because his study focused on etching depths of ≥100 μm.
Problems Associated with the Melting of Oxynitride Glasses
Authors: Wusirika Raja
Published: October 2006

Carbon dioxide from carbonate batch materials oxidizes Si3N4, causing N2 loss from oxynitride glass melts. Lithia is the only alkali which is compatible with oxynitride melts; all other alkalis are reduced and volatilized during melting. A high partial pressure of oxygen (P02 over oxynitride melts oxidizes Si3N4, leading to N2 loss, whereas a low Po2, results in vaporization of SiO.
Subsolidus Phase Relations in the Pseudoternary System ZrO2‐YO1.5‐CrO1.5 in Air
Authors: Jayaratna Manikpurage , Yoshimura Masahiro , Somiya Shigeyuki
Published: October 2006

The pseudoternary system ZrO2‐YO1.5CrO1.5 was studied between 1300° and 1600C in air by °a quenching method. No ordered phase of the type ZrY6O11 was detected, but an ordered Zr3Y4O12 phase at 1300°C and YCrO3 were observed as intermediate compounds. Solid solutions ofZrO2 and YO1.5 coexisting with CrO1.5 and/or YCrO3 formed; the apex occurred between 26.5 and 27.5 wt% YO1.5 for the cubic ZrO2+CrO1.5+YCrO3, three‐phase region; CrO1.5 is slightly soluble in ZrO2(ss).
NH+4 Absorption in Fluoride Glass Infrared Fibers
Authors: France Paul w. , Carter Stephen F. , Williams John R.
Published: October 2006

Molecular ion absorption due to NH4+ was observed in fluoride glass infrared fibers. The absorption has a double peak at 2.96 and 3.04 μm, and vibrational assignments were made by analogy with other host materials. The position of these peaks could influence the minimum‐loss wavelength.
Nucleation of Cavities During Creep of Liquid‐Phase‐Sintered Materials
Authors: THOULESS M. D. , EVANS A. G.
Published: October 2006

The nucleation of cavities in the two‐grain channels and three‐grain pockets of liquid‐phase‐sintered ceramics was studied. A thermodynamic approach is used to derive regions of existence for cavities of various morphologies (i.e., spherical, oblate, or prolate) as a function of the nucleating stress and the site dimensions. Classical nucleation theory is also used to predict the nucleation rates for these cavities. Rate restrictions exert a further limitation on the existence of cavities. These considerations suggest that experimentally observed nucleation rates are probably associated with transient stress concentrations, e.g., owing to grain‐boundary sliding.
Kinetics and Mechanisms of High‐Temperature Creep in Silicon Carbide: II, Chemically Vapor Deposited
Authors: CARTER C. H. , DAVIS R. F. , BENTLEY J.
Published: October 2006

Chemically vapor deposited (CVD) silicon carbide was subjected to constant compressive stresses (110 to 220 MN/m2) at high temperatures (1848 to 2023 K) in order to determine the controlling steady‐state creep mechanisms under these conditions. An extensive TEM study was also conducted to facilitate this determination. The strong preferred crystallographic orientation of this material causes the creep rate to be very dependent on specimen orientation. The stress exponent, n, in the equation εασn was calculated to be 2.3 below 1923 K and 3.7 at 1923 K. The activation energy for steady‐state creep was determined to be 175 ± 5 kJ/mol throughout the temperature range employed. At temperatures between 1673 and 1873 K, the controlling creep mechanism for CVD Sic is dislocation glide, which is believed to be controlled by the Peierls stress. Although the activation energy does not change, the increase in the stress exponent for samples deformed at 1923 K suggests that the controlling creep mechanism becomes dislocation glide/climb controlled by climb.
Sintering of CdO Under Low Applied Stress
Authors: RAHAMAN MOHAMED N. , DE JONGHE LUTGARD C.
Published: October 2006

A loading dilatometer of novel design was used to study the sintering behavior of CdO powder compacts subjected to stresses between 0 and 0.25 MPa at 973 to 1123 K. Densification and creep occur simultaneously. Although both the volumetric densifcation rate and the uniaxial creep rate show an approximately inverse relation with time, the creep rate increases with stress, whereas the densification rate is independent of stress.
Internal Reactions in Oxide Solid Solutions
Authors: OSTYN K.M. , CARTER C.B. , KOEHNE M. , FALKE H. , SCHMALZRIED H.
Published: October 2006

Oxidation of wustite‐type solid solutions (A, B)0 and reduction of sesquioxide solid solutions (A, B)203 can lead to the precipitation of a spinel phase (A, B)304 at an inner reaction front. A representation of the reaction scheme and kinetics for each of the two cases will be given. Observations on the macroscopic morphology of the spinel precipitates and on the structure of the precipitate/matrix interphase boundary are discussed.
Dehydration of Gels and Glasses in the Systems B2 O3‐SiO2 and ZrO2‐SiO2 Prepared by the Sol‐Gel Process from Metal Alkoxides
Authors: Nogami Masayuki
Published: October 2006

Dehydration of gels prepared by the sol‐gel process from metal alkoxides in the systems B2O3‐SiO2 and ZrO2‐SiO2 was determined by measuring the shrinkage of the gel on heating. Dehydration was enhanced with increased ZrO2 content, whereas it decreased with B2O3 content. Diffusion of water was also measured in the nonporous glasses obtained by heating the gels. The diffusion rate was independent of the composition of the glass.
Plasma‐Sprayed Ceramic Reaction Couples
Authors: Karthikeyan Jeganathan , Venkatramani Narayanan , Rohatgi Vijay Kumar
Published: October 2006

In preparing specimens for studying reaction kinetics, it is essential to ensure proper contact between couple end‐members. In the present work, reaction couples were prepared by spraying layers of the end‐member materials over one another. This method has many advantages, including precise control over the properties of the end‐members.
Diffusion of Deuterium in Amorphous Cordierite
Authors: GONZALEZ R. , CHEN Y. , TSANG K.L.
Published: October 2006

Diffusion of deuterons from D2O vapor into cordierite was performed at elevated temperatures. The presence of deuterons is monitored with infrared absorption of OD− ions at 2630 cm−1. The diffusion coefficient D at 1273 K is about 2 × 10−11 m2/s. The activation energy E in the Arrhenius equation is 3 × 105 J/mol. Out‐diffusion of D+ ions can be enhanced by application of an electric field.
Raman Study of Grain Size Effects in the Melting Behavior of 15Na2CO3‐10BaCO3‐75SiO2 Batches
Authors: KROL D. M. , JANSSEN R. K.
Published: October 2006

By means of Raman spectroscopy the melting behavior of 15Na2CO3−10BaCO3−75SiO2 batches with different grain sizes of raw materials was investigated both qualitatively and quantitatively. The results show that the reaction rate at low temperatures (T≤800° to 900°C) increases when finer grains of all raw materials are used; upon pelletizing the fine batch the reaction rate increases even further. At high temperatures (T > 900°C) the grain size of SiO2 is the main determining factor, the melting rate being increased when fine SiO2 grains are used.
Effects of Particle Distribution on Transformation‐Induced Toughening in an MgO‐PSZ
Authors: BHATHENA N. , HOAGLAND R. G. , MEYRICK G.
Published: October 2006

The fracture toughness of an 8.5 mol% MgO‐PSZ showed an unusual dependence on aging temperature, with a very sharp peak at about 1470°C, independent of aging time up to 6 h. The maximum toughness measured was ∼;12 MN/m3/2. Mi‐crostructural examination revealed that t‐ZrO2 precipitates nucleate homogeneously and are uniformly distributed below 1470°C. Above 1470°C they form widely spaced planar arrays, which are believed to result from elastic interactions between nuclei and growing t‐ZrO2 particles.
SHORT CHAIN FATTY ACID INHIBITION OF RAT BRAIN Na‐K ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASEI
Authors: Dahl D. R.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— The possibility was considered that the sleep‐like state seen after injection of short chain fatty acids salts into animals is a result of inhibition of the sodium‐potassium activated ATPase. Tris salts of short chain fatty acids inhibited brain Na‐K ATPase activity in vitro at concentrations similar to intravenous levels causing narcosis in vivo. The inhibition depended on the logarithm of the concentration of a given acid. The concentration of acid anion which caused 50 per cent inhibition of the enzyme system (I50) was determined for straight and branched chain acids with 4–12 carbon atoms per molecule. The log of I50 concentrations plotted against the number of carbon atoms in the molecule gave a straight line; the inhibitory capacity of an acid increased by a factor of 2·3 for each ‐CH2‐ added to the carbon chain.
Rise of the Department Store and the Aestheticization of Everyday Life in Early 20th Century Japan
Authors: Tamari Tomoko
Published: October 2006

Abstract: This paper focuses on the ways in which the department store has become a key site for the constitution of Japanese modernity through the introduction of images and goods taken from the West, along with the emphasis on “Western design” and “Western taste”. These new consumer spaces have become aestheticized in various ways so that we can speak of an “aestheticization” of everyday life. Yet this was also a modernizing learning process for Japanese consumers, hence a key problem was how these new experiences were to be classified and ordered into a relatively stable habitus. The rise of the department store has had an important mediating function here. Department stores not only provided new goods along with interpretations of how to use them, but also acted as theatres, as rehearsal spaces, with front and back stage areas where one can watch the performance, try out for oneself new roles. This is especially the case for women in the city, who were able to explore a new identity space with a new set of competence experiences and pleasures. In this process, the department store also provided a form of women's public sphere where they could enjoy shopping, entertainment and learning opportunities. Department stores encouraged not only a sense of luxury and theatrical settings, but also help to teach women how to assemble new tastes and styles into their lifestyle. In addition, it should be emphasized that in the Japanese case, department stores also played an important role not just as a new cultural initiative on the part of the businessmen and cultural intermediaries who invented consumer culture, but also as a political initiative on the part of the government who sought to link them to the reform of everyday life and the production of good Japanese citizens.
Acute Effects of Vigabatrin on Brain GABA and Homocarnosine in Patients with Complex Partial Seizures
Authors: Petroff Ognen A. C. , Hyder Fahmeed , Collins Theresa , Mattson Richard H. , Rothman Douglas L.
Published: October 2006

Summary: Purpose: The acute, subacute, and chronic effects of vigabatrin (VGB) were studied in patients with refractory complex partial seizures. VGB increases human brain γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the related metabolites, homocarnosine and 2‐pyrrolidinone.

Methods: In vivo measurements of GABA and homocarnosine were made of a 14‐cc volume in the occipital cortex by using 1H spectroscopy with a 2.1‐Tesla magnetic resonance spectrometer and an 8‐cm surface coil. Six patients (three women) were studied serially during the initiation and maintenance of VGB as adjunct therapy.

Results: The first, 3 g dose of VGB increased brain GABA by 2.0 μmol/g within 81 min of oral administration. After 2 h, median edited GABA remained essentially the same for 2 days. The response to the second, 3‐g dose of VGB given at 48 h was considerably less than that to the first dose, with a median increase of 0.5 μmol/g within 72 min. After 2–3 months, rechallenging patients taking 1.5‐g VGB twice daily with 6 g increased GABA by 0.4 μmol/g within 87 min. Homocarnosine increased more gradually than GABA to above‐normal levels after a week of VGB therapy.

Conclusions: VGB promptly elevates brain GABA and presumably offers partial protection against further seizures within hours of the first oral dose. Once‐a‐day dosing is sufficient to increase GABA. Patients may be expected to experience the effects of increased homocarnosine within 1 week.
REM Sleep Components Predict the Response to Initial Treatment of Infantile Spasms
Authors: Kohyama Jun , Sugimoto Junko , Itoh Masahiro , Sakuma Hiroshi , Shimohira Masayuki , Hasegawa Takeshi , Iwakawa Yoshihide
Published: October 2006

Summary: Purpose: The phasic inhibition index (PII) is the rate of the simultaneous occurrence of rapid eye movement bursts (RBs) and phasic chin muscle activity (PCMA) during rapid eye movement sleep (REMS). PII is low insofar as physiologically occurring REM‐related phasic inhibition acts on chin muscles. Previously we found that PII was significantly higher in patients with infantile spasms (ISs) who had a recurrence of convulsions than in patients with ISs who exhibited no recurrence. We aimed to predict the response of patients with ISs to conventional anticonvulsants (AEDs) by means of REMS components including PII, expecting to facilitate avoidance of potentially hazardous hormonal therapy.

Methods: REMS, recorded before the beginning of any medication, was retrospectively examined in 15 patients with ISs. The patients were classified into two groups according to the response to initial treatment with conventional AEDs. Conventional AEDs were enough to control the spasms in six good responders (GRs), whereas further hormonal therapy was required in nine poor responders (PRs) to control the spasms.

Results: The amount of REMS was significantly lower in patients with ISs than in controls. GRs had less REMS than did PRs, although no significant difference was observed. Although the frequencies of RB and PCMA showed no significant differences among GRs, PRs, and controls, the average PII value in PRs (12.6 ± 3.4; mean ± SD) was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than that in GRs (6.1 ± 1.7).

Conclusions: PII is a useful parameter for differentiating GRs from PRs.
Top‐down effects on population dynamics of Eriocrania miners (Lepidoptera) under pollution impact: does an enemy‐free space exist?
Authors: Zvereva E. L. , Kozlov M. V.
Published: October 2006

In areas disturbed by pollution, populations of herbivorous insects may reach high densities. This study was conducted to test one of the hypotheses attempting to explain this phenomenon – that pollution creates an enemy‐free space for herbivores. We monitored the population densities of Eriocrania leaf‐mining moths on mountain birch, Betula pubescens subsp. czerepanovii, in the vicinity of the nickel–copper smelter in Monchegorsk (Kola Peninsula, NW Russia) over twelve years (1994–2005) and assessed larval mortality from parasitoids, ants and birds. The mean density (mines/birch leaf area) of Eriocrania populations in severely disturbed habitats (industrial barrens) was about 2.7 times higher, and peak densities 2–4 times higher, than in pristine forests. Temporal population variability (measured as the coefficient of variation of log‐transformed densities) increased with an increase in pollution load. The proportion of infested trees was not affected by pollution, but mine distribution among trees was more clumped in the polluted sites. Eriocrania populations in disturbed sites fluctuated independently of each other, whereas populations in forest sites fluctuated in synchrony. Larval mortality caused by parasitoids was lower in disturbed sites only during those years when populations of Eriocrania reached high densities; mortality from ants and birds did not differ between disturbed and undisturbed habitats in either high or low density years. In undisturbed forests the rate of population change correlated negatively with previous‐year parasitism, suggesting that parasitoids are the key demographic factor in Eriocrania population dynamics. In the habitats heavily disturbed by pollution no such correlation was found, which means that negative feedback with parasitoids is disrupted: parasitoids fail to follow host population growth, thus creating an enemy‐free space for Eriocrania leafminers.
Differences in Microbial Activity and Microbial Populations of Peat Associated with Suppression of Damping-Off Disease Caused by
Pythium sylvaticum
Authors: Hunter Paul J. , Petch Geoff M. , Calvo-Bado Leo A. , Pettitt Tim R. , Parsons Nick R. , Morgan J. Alun W. , Whipps John M.
Published: October 2006

The microbiological characteristics associated with disease-suppressive peats are unclear. We used a bioassay for
Pythium sylvaticum
-induced damping-off of cress seedlings to identify conducive and suppressive peats. Microbial activity in unconditioned peats was negatively correlated with the counts of
P. sylvaticum
at the end of the bioassay. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiling and clone library analyses of small-subunit rRNA gene sequences from two suppressive and two conducive peats differed in the bacterial profiles generated and the diversity of sequence populations. There were also significant differences between bacterial sequence populations from suppressive and conducive peats. The frequencies of a number of microbial groups, including the
Rhizobium-Agrobacterium
group (specifically sequences similar to those for the genera
Ochrobactrum
and
Zoogloea
) and the
Acidobacteria
, increased specifically in the suppressive peats, although no single bacterial group was associated with disease suppression. Fungal DGGE profiles varied little over the course of the bioassay; however, two bands associated specifically with suppressive samples were detected. Sequences from these bands corresponded to
Basidiomycete
yeast genera. Although the DGGE profiles were similar, fungal sequence diversity also increased during the bioassay. Sequences highly similar to those of
Cryptococcus
increased in relative abundance during the bioassay, particularly in the suppressive samples. This study highlights the importance of using complementary approaches to molecular profiling of complex populations and provides the first report that basidiomycetous yeasts may be associated with the suppression of
Pythium-
induced diseases in peats.
Synthetic Statistical Approach Reveals a High Degree of Richness of Microbial Eukaryotes in an Anoxic Water Column
Authors: Jeon S.-O. , Bunge J. , Stoeck T. , Barger K. J.-A. , Hong S.-H. , Epstein S. S.
Published: October 2006

Molecular surveys suggest that communities of microbial eukaryotes are remarkably rich, because even large clone libraries seem to capture only a minority of species. This provides a qualitative picture of protistan richness but does not measure its real extent either locally or globally. Statistical analysis can estimate a community's richness, but the specific methods used to date are not always well grounded in statistical theory. Here we study a large protistan molecular survey from an anoxic water column in the Cariaco Basin (Caribbean Sea). We group individual 18S rRNA gene sequences into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) using different cutoff values for sequence similarity (99 to 50%) and systematically apply parametric models and nonparametric estimators to the OTU frequency data to estimate the total protistan diversity. The parametric models provided statistically sound estimates of protistan richness, with biologically meaningful standard errors, maximal data usage, and extensive model diagnostics and were preferable to the available nonparametric tools. Our clone library exceeded 700 clones but still covered only a minority of species and less than half of the larger protistan clades. Our estimates of total protistan richness portray the target community as very rich at all OTU levels, with hundreds of different populations apparently co-occurring in the small (3-liter) volume of our sample, as well as dozens of clades of the highest taxonomic order. These estimates are among the first for microbial eukaryotes that are obtained using state-of-the-art statistical methods and can serve as benchmark numbers for the local diversity of protists.
Prevalence of a Non-Male-Killing Spiroplasma in Natural Populations of
Drosophila hydei
Authors: Kageyama Daisuke , Anbutsu Hisashi , Watada Masayoshi , Hosokawa Takahiro , Shimada Masakazu , Fukatsu Takema
Published: October 2006

Male-killing phenotypes are found in a variety of insects and are often associated with maternally inherited endosymbiotic bacteria. In several species of
Drosophila
, male-killing endosymbionts of the genus
Spiroplasma
have been found at low frequencies (0.1 to 3%). In this study, spiroplasma infection without causing male-killing was shown to be prevalent (23 to 66%) in Japanese populations of
Drosophila hydei
. Molecular phylogenetic analyses showed that
D. hydei
was infected with a single strain of spiroplasma, which was closely related to male-killing spiroplasmas from other
Drosophila
species. Artificial-transfer experiments suggested that the spiroplasma genotype rather than the host genotype was responsible for the absence of the male-killing phenotype. Infection densities of the spiroplasma in the natural host,
D. hydei
, and in the artificial host,
Drosophila melanogaster
, were significantly lower than those of the male-killing spiroplasma NSRO, which was in accordance with the hypothesis that a threshold infection density is needed for the spiroplasma-induced male-killing expression.
Blooms of Single Bacterial Species in a Coastal Lagoon of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Piccini Claudia , Conde Daniel , Alonso Cecilia , Sommaruga Ruben , Pernthaler Jakob
Published: October 2006

We investigated seasonal differences in community structure and activity (leucine incorporation) of the planktonic bacterial assemblage in the freshwater and brackish-water zones of a shallow coastal lagoon of the southwestern Atlantic Ocean.
Alphaproteobacteria
formed the dominant microbial group in both zones throughout the sampling period. After an intrusion of marine water, members of the SAR11 lineage became abundant in the brackish-water zone. These bacteria were apparently distributed over the lagoon during the following months until they constituted almost 30% of all prokaryotic cells at both sampling sites. At the first sampling date (March 2003) a single alphaproteobacterial species unrelated to SAR11,
Sphingomonas echinoides
, dominated the microbial assemblages in both zones of the lagoon concomitantly with a bloom of filamentous cyanobacteria. Pronounced maxima of leucine incorporation were observed once in each zone of the lagoon. In the freshwater zone, this highly active microbial assemblage was a mix of the typical bacteria lineages expected in aquatic systems. By contrast, a single bacterial genotype with >99% similarity to the facultative pathogen gammaproteobacterial species
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
formed >90% of the bacterial assemblage (>10
7
cell ml
−1
) in the brackish-water zone at the time point of highest bacterial leucine incorporation. Moreover, these bacteria were equally dominant, albeit less active, in the freshwater zone. Thus, the pelagic zone of the studied lagoon harbored repeated short-term blooms of single bacterial species. This finding may have consequences for environmental protection.
Molecular Evidence for the Broad Distribution of Anaerobic Ammonium-Oxidizing Bacteria in Freshwater and Marine Sediments
Authors: Penton C. Ryan , Devol Allan H. , Tiedje James M.
Published: October 2006

Previously available primer sets for detecting anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (anammox) bacteria are inefficient, resulting in a very limited database of such sequences, which limits knowledge of their ecology. To overcome this limitation, we designed a new primer set that was 100% specific in the recovery of ∼700-bp 16S rRNA gene sequences with >96% homology to the “
Candidatus
Scalindua” group of anammox bacteria, and we detected this group at all sites studied, including a variety of freshwater and marine sediments and permafrost soil. A second primer set was designed that exhibited greater efficiency than previous primers in recovering full-length (1,380-bp) sequences related to “
Ca
. Scalindua,” “
Candidatus
Brocadia,” and “
Candidatus
Kuenenia.” This study provides evidence for the widespread distribution of anammox bacteria in that it detected closely related anammox 16S rRNA gene sequences in 11 geographically and biogeochemically diverse freshwater and marine sediments.
Quantitative Effect of
luxS
Gene Inactivation on the Fitness of
Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Lee Woo-Kon , Ogura Keiji , Loh John T. , Cover Timothy L. , Berg Douglas E.
Published: October 2006

Furanone
metabolites called AI-2 (autoinducer 2), used by some bacterial species
for signaling and cell density-regulated changes in gene expression,
are made while regenerating
S
-adenosyl methionine (SAM) after
its use as a methyl donor. The
luxS
-encoded enzyme, in
particular, participates in this activated methyl cycle by generating
both a pentanedione, which is transformed chemically into these AI-2
compounds, and homocysteine, a precursor of methionine and SAM.
Helicobacter pylori
seems to contain the genes for this
activated methyl cycle, including
luxS
, but not genes for AI-2
uptake and transcriptional regulation. Here we report that deletion of
luxS
in
H. pylori
reference strain SS1 diminished its
competitive ability in mice and motility in soft agar, whereas no such
effect was seen with an equivalent
ΔluxS
derivative of
the unrelated strain X47. These different outcomes are consistent with
H. pylori
's considerable genetic diversity and are reminiscent
of phenotypes seen after deletion of another nonessential metabolic
gene, that encoding polyphosphate kinase 1. We suggest that synthesis
of AI-2 by
H. pylori
may be an inadvertent consequence of
metabolite flux in its activated methyl cycle and that impairment of
this cycle and/or pathways affected by it, rather than loss of quorum
sensing, is deleterious for some
H. pylori
strains. Also
tenable is a model in which AI-2 affects other microbes in
H.
pylori
's gastric ecosystem and thereby modulates the gastric
environment in ways to which certain
H. pylori
strains are
particularly
sensitive.
Identification of Virulence Genes Linked with Diarrhea Due to Atypical Enteropathogenic
Escherichia coli
by DNA Microarray Analysis and PCR
Authors: Afset Jan Egil , Bruant Guillaume , Brousseau Roland , Harel Josée , Anderssen Endre , Bevanger Lars , Bergh Kåre
Published: October 2006

The role of atypical enteropathogenic
Escherichia coli
(EPEC) in childhood diarrhea is controversial. The aim of the present study was to search for genes linked with diarrhea in atypical EPEC strains from a case-control study among Norwegian children. Using DNA microarray analysis, genomic DNAs from strains isolated from children with (
n
= 37) and without (
n
= 20) diarrhea were hybridized against 242 different oligonucleotide probes specific for 182 virulence genes or markers from all known
E. coli
pathotypes. PCR was performed to test the strains for seven putative virulence genes not included in the microarray panel. The OI-122 gene
efa1/lifA
was the gene with the strongest statistical association with diarrhea (
P
= 0.0008). Other OI-122 genes (
set/ent
,
nleB
, and
nleE
) and genes with other locations (
lpfA
,
paa
,
ehxA
, and
ureD
) were also associated with diarrheal disease. The phylogenetic marker gene
yjaA
was negatively associated with diarrhea (
P
= 0.0004). Atypical EPEC strains could be classified in two main virulence groups based on their content of OI-122,
lpfA
, and
yjaA
genes. Among children with diarrhea, atypical EPEC isolates belonging to virulence group I (OI-122 and
lpfA
positive,
yjaA
negative) were the most common, while the majority of isolates from healthy children were classified as virulence group II strains (OI-122 negative,
lpfA
and
yjaA
positive;
P
< 0.001). In conclusion, using DNA microarray analysis to determine the virulence gene profile of atypical EPEC isolates, several genes were found to be significantly associated with diarrhea. Based on their composition of virulence genes, the majority of strains could be classified in two virulence groups, of which one was seen mainly in children with diarrhea.
Staphylococcus aureus
Genotyping Using Novel Real-Time PCR Formats
Authors: Huygens Flavia , Inman-Bamber John , Nimmo Graeme R. , Munckhof Wendy , Schooneveldt Jacqueline , Harrison Bruce , McMahon Jennifer A. , Giffard Philip M.
Published: October 2006

One approach to microbial genotyping is to make use of sets of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in combination with binary markers. Here we report the modification and automation of a SNP-plus-binary-marker-based approach to the genotyping of
Staphylococcus aureus
and its application to 391
S. aureus
isolates from southeast Queensland, Australia. The SNPs used were
arcC
210,
tpi
243,
arcC
162,
gmk
318,
pta
294,
tpi
36,
tpi
241, and
pta
383. These provide a Simpson's index of diversity (
D
) of 0.95 with respect to the
S. aureus
multilocus sequence typing database and define 61 genotypes and the major clonal complexes. The binary markers used were
pvl
,
cna
,
sdrE
, pT181, and pUB110. Two novel real-time PCR formats for interrogating these markers were compared. One of these makes use of “light upon extension” (LUX) primers and biplexed reactions, while the other is a streamlined modification of kinetic PCR using SYBR green. The latter format proved to be more robust. In addition, automated methods for DNA template preparation, reaction setup, and data analysis were developed. A single SNP-based method for ST-93 (Queensland clone) identification was also devised. The genotyping revealed the numerical importance of the “South West Pacific” and “Queensland” community-acquired methicillin-resistant
S. aureus
(MRSA) clones and the clonal complex 239 “Aus-1/Aus-2” hospital-associated MRSA. There was a strong association between the community-acquired clones and
pvl
.