bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kapitał ukryty jako determinanta rozwoju lokalnego
Authors: Dworak Janusz
Published: September 2022

Teoria ugruntowana może być bardzo przydatnym narzędziem przy stawianiu hipotez badawczych. Dzięki procesowi ich weryfikacji można dostrzec zasoby, które w przyszłości mogą przyczynić się do generowania zysków dla lokalnych społeczności. W zasadzie teoria ugruntowana nakierowana jest na badanie problemów wymykających się poznaniu innymi metodami. Ponadto umożliwia ona także odkrywanie zjawisk, których na początku badań nikt nie poszukiwał. Ten sposób postępowania doprowadził do odkrycia kolejnych determinant wzrostu gospodarczego. W artykule przedstawiono subiektywne wrażenia badacza, by na ich podstawie wygenerować specyficzne hipotezy. Po tym zabiegu powinien nastąpić drugi – poszukiwanie metod weryfikacji, ale tym zagadnieniem autor pragnie zająć się w przyszłości.
Uwarunkowania przedsiębiorczości kobiet w województwie warmińsko-mazurskim
Authors: Kisiel Roman , Sawulska Donata
Published: September 2022

W niniejszym opracowaniu przedstawiono działalność przedsiębiorczą kobiet ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem powodów zakładania i prowadzenia firmy oraz związanych z tym trudności. Zawarto charakterystykę kobiet przedsiębiorczych i prowadzonych przez nie firm, przeanalizowano sytuację zawodową badanych przed założeniem działalności gospodarczej oraz łączenie przez nie prowadzenia przedsiębiorstwa z obowiązkami rodzinnymi. Przyczyny zakładania przez respondentki własnej działalności gospodarczej są heterogoniczne – część z nich zdecydowała się na samozatrudnienie pod wpływem czynników pozytywnych (np. potrzeby niezależności), a część – negatywnych (np. poprawy warunków finansowych). Do najczęściej wskazywanych ogólnych barier przy prowadzeniu firmy należą wysokie podatki oraz nadmierna biurokracja, z kolei do trudności odnoszących się przede wszystkim do kobiet – problemy z dostępem do urlopów i zasiłków (m.in. macierzyńskich).
Edukacja na rzecz rozwoju regionu – ocena założeń wieloletnich ram finansowych 2014–2020 w RPO województwa mazowieckiego
Authors: Kowalska Iwona
Published: September 2022

Głównym celem Regionalnego Programu Operacyjnego Województwa Mazowieckiego 2014–2020 (RPO WM) jest inteligentny, zrównoważony rozwój zwiększający spójność społeczną i terytorialną przy wykorzystaniu potencjału mazowieckiego rynku pracy. Program stanowi narzędzie realizacji polityki rozwoju prowadzonej przez Samorząd Województwa Mazowieckiego. Polityka ta obejmuje również rozwój w obszarze edukacji. Warto zatem podjąć się wstępnej oceny założeń wieloletnich ram finansowych 2014–2020 w RPO WM w części dotyczącej edukacji. Celem artykułu jest próba dokonania tej oceny z uwzględnieniem trzech aspektów: – zakresu przedmiotowego w konfrontacji z zapisami RPO WM 2007–2013, obszarem inteligentnych specjalizacji dla Mazowsza 2014–2020 oraz z założeniami Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza, Edukacja Rozwój 2014–2020 (POWER); – procedury pozyskania wsparcia finansowego (konkurencyjność versus preferencje programowe); – nakłady i instrumenty finansowe (środki bezzwrotne versus środki zwrotne). W artykule poddano weryfikacji następującą hipotezę: zakres przedmiotowy finansowania Osi Priorytetowej X: Edukacja dla regionu w RPO WM 2014–2020 nie pokrywa się z zakresami innych programów operacyjnych w tej perspektywie, a kwestia konkurencyjności jest osłabiona szeroką skalą preferencyjności w wyborze projektów przy zastosowaniu bezzwrotnych instrumentów finansowych (dotacji). Przy opracowaniu artykułu korzystano z materiałów źródłowych Komisji Europejskiej, krajowych dokumentów dotyczących strategii rozwoju oraz literatury przedmiotu dotyczącej absorpcji środków unijnych na projekty społeczne.
Production and consumption aspects of biogas in cattle farming businesses of Ukraine
Authors: Doronin Andriy , Rybchak Vitaliy
Published: September 2022

Production and consumption aspects of biogas at farm enterprises of Ukraine were identified. Preconditions of negative changes in cattle farming were studied. The research done made it possible to evaluate production efficiency of both beef and alternative fuel – biogas – at farm enterprises. A polynomial model, which describes potential of biogas production in the years of 1990–2013 and envisages further increase of this indicator, was developed. It has been established that biogas production and consumption from cattle substrates at farm enterprises will allow producing ecologically clean alternative fuel, ensuring food safety, creating new jobs, increasing business profits, reducing import fuel dependence. The research results can help solve practical problems of farm enterprises in cattle farming and in agrarian business in general.
Rola władz lokalnych w procesie collective learning na przykładzie samorządów gmin przyrodniczo cennych województwa lubelskiego
Authors: Guzal-Dec Danuta
Published: September 2022

Celem pracy było zdefiniowanie potencjalnej roli władz samorządowych gmin przyrodniczo cennych w procesie collective learning oraz zdiagnozowanie aktywności w tym obszarze władz samorządowych reprezentujących gminy przyrodniczo cenne województwa lubelskiego. Zdefiniowano obszary aktywności władz lokalnych w procesie collective learning, takie jak: tworzenie wiedzy indywidualnej w urzędzie gminy, synergia wiedzy indywidualnej w urzędzie gminy, tworzenie warunków do wymiany wiedzy między urzędem a podmiotami otoczenia. Wykazano, że władze samorządowe gmin przyrodniczo cennych województwa lubelskiego w niedostatecznym stopniu wykorzystują możliwości kreowania procesu collective learning we wspieraniu zrównoważonego rozwoju lokalnego.
Kapitał intelektualny jako czynnik przedsiębiorczości i innowacyjności w turystyce wiejskiej
Authors: Roman Michał , Roman Antoni
Published: September 2022

Celem artykułu było przedstawienie kategorii kapitału intelektualnego, stanowiącego główny czynnik przedsiębiorczości i innowacyjności w turystyce wiejskiej. O znaczeniu przedsiębiorczości jako aktywie niematerialnym i o jej uruchomieniu decydują nakłady inwestycyjne poniesione nie tylko w zasoby materialne, lecz także w kapitał intelektualny, który docelowo może determinować wzrost wartości podmiotu gospodarczego. Kapitałem intelektualnym w turystyce wiejskiej są niematerialne zasoby procesu wytwarzania i realizacji produktu turystycznego (oferty turystycznej), stanowiące tajemnicę wiejskiego podmiotu gospodarczego.
Wykorzystanie technologii IT przez członków grup producentów rolnych trzody chlewnej
Authors: Sieczko Leszek
Published: September 2022

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badania ankietowego dotyczącego wykorzystania technologii IT przez rolników zrzeszonych w grupy producentów rolnych trzody chlewnej. Wyniki wskazują wysoki poziom wyposażenia rolników w komputery i dostęp do Internetu. Zrzeszeni rolnicy w dużym stopniu wykorzystują przelewy bankowe i dokonują zakupów w sieci. W pracy wskazano także źródła oraz częstości pozyskiwania informacji w Internecie.
Znaczenie promocji w rozwoju polskich gmin
Authors: Tyszkiewicz Rafał
Published: September 2022

Gminy na całym świecie podejmują różnorodne działania w celu zainteresowania i pozyskania inwestorów. Intensywnie angażują się na rzecz utrzymania istniejących na terenie gmin przedsiębiorstw, zapobiegają przeniesieniu ich do innych gmin lub krajów. Władze gmin zdają sobie sprawę z istotności promocji, aby gmina jako ośrodek życia społeczno-gospodarczego zaprezentowała się atrakcyjnie na zewnątrz. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie znaczenia promocji w rozwoju regionów i ocena działań promocyjnych podejmowanych przez władze gminy Olesno. Artykuł ma charakter teoretyczno-empiryczny.
Narzędzia marketingowe w promocji biura turystycznego
Authors: Werenowska Agnieszka
Published: September 2022

Promocja stała się nieodłącznym elementem zarządzania przedsiębiorstwem. Konkurencja na rynku turystycznym zmusza biura turystyczne do ciągłego doskonalenia strategii promocji, wykorzystując zarówno tradycyjne, jak i nowoczesne narzędzia. Wybór odpowiednich determinowany jest przez specyficzne cechy branży turystycznej, do których należy zaliczyć między innymi: sezonowość, duże koszty stałe, nietrwałość, nierozłączność (świadczenie obejmuje równocześnie usługę, klienta i sprzedawcę). Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie narzędzi marketingowych stosowanych w promocji firmy turystycznej. Przeprowadzono badania ankietowe wśród klientów biur turystycznych.
Autopromocja mediów lokalnych
Authors: Żurawski Jacek
Published: September 2022

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie zagadnienia autopromocji mediów lokalnych jako jednego z wymiarów promocji regionu w związku z komunikowaną problematyką o charakterze lokalnym i regionalnym. Zdefiniowano pojęcie mediów lokalnych i prawne aspekty autopromocji mediów elektronicznych. W artykule przedstawiono także działania w obszarze autopromocji prasy lokalnej w latach 1918–1939, ale również współczesne metody promowania lokalnej prasy oraz mediów elektronicznych. Charakterystyka ta została uzupełniona opisem wybranych kampanii reklamowych. Podkreślono również znaczenie mediów lokalnych w informowaniu o lokalnych wydarzeniach i przekazów reklamowych z uwagi na zasięg, treść i krąg odbiorców.
Znaczenie komunikacji wewnętrznej w zarządzaniu zmianą w przedsiębiorstwie
Authors: Jaska Ewa
Published: September 2022

Wśród czynników, które wywołują naruszenie stabilności przedsiębiorstwa, wymienia się między innymi zmiany i brak komunikacji wewnętrznej. Odpowiednie zarządzanie nimi powoduje wzrost motywacji i efektywności działań. Uczestnictwo menedżerów w zarządzaniu zmianą i wdrażaniu jej w zespołach pracowniczych jest kluczowe, a ich kompetencje komunikacyjne w okresie zmian są ważną determinantą skuteczności podejmowanych działań. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie znaczenia komunikacji wewnętrznej w procesie zarządzania zmianą i jej wpływu na motywacje oraz postawy pracownicze. Aby zrealizować tak zdefiniowany cel, przedstawiono istotę zarządzania zmianą, w tym proces komunikacji wewnętrznej w ujęciu teoretycznym, a także opinię pracowników branży ubezpieczeniowej na ten temat. W artykule wykorzystano literaturę przedmiotu oraz wyniki badania ankietowego.
Cechy przedsiębiorcy a rozwój małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw
Authors: Kamińska Alfreda
Published: September 2022

Wpływ czynników związanych z osobą właściciela przedsiębiorstwa na działalność i rozwój przedsiębiorstwa stanowi przedmiot licznych rozważań. W niniejszym opracowaniu przedstawiono wyniki badania współzależności między wiekiem, płcią, wykształceniem właściciela firmy oraz jego doświadczeniem w zarządzaniu a rozwojem przedsiębiorstw. Na podstawie wyliczonego współczynnika V-Cramera i rozkładu przedsiębiorstw w układzie rozwój – stagnacja – regres stwierdzono występowanie współzależności między wiekiem właściciela firmy i jego wykształceniem a wskaźnikiem rozwoju przedsiębiorstw.
Intensity and competitiveness of land use at regional level
Authors: Kucher Anatoliy
Published: September 2022

The purpose of the research is to evaluate the competitiveness of land use of agricultural enterprises in regions of Ukraine and impact on it of level of intensity. As result of investigation it was identified the economic substance of the competitiveness of land use of agricultural enterprises; proposed to identify potential and actual level of competitiveness of land use of agricultural enterprises. It is proposed and tested the scientific and methodical approach to rating evaluation of the competitiveness of land use of agricultural enterprises in regions.
Innovation strategy at the level of municipal government – the case of inclusive education
Authors: Nesterenko Galyna , Tereshchenko Maryna
Published: September 2022

Diversity pedagogy and inclusive education – understood as the integration of the representatives of heterogeneous groups into the educational community – is as an example of a very up-to-date, socially important innovation, which requires serious, systematic approach to its generation and diffusion. The paper shows that successful implementation of such innovation depends not only on what part of the population considers it to be socially useful, but also on the consistent and, in the long term perspective, logical steps taken to implement and disseminate the innovation. Such consistency can be accomplished most effectively within the framework of the strategic plan of innovation implementation.
Analiza rozwoju kapitału ludzkiego kadry branży turystycznej na Litwie
Authors: Katunian Alina
Published: September 2022

Celem artykułu było zaprezentowanie tendencji zmian w poziomie wymaganej wiedzy i umiejętności oraz trendów rozwojowych kapitału ludzkiego kadry zatrudnionej w branży turystycznej na Litwie. Jako odpowiedź na rozwój branży turystycznej na Litwie wzrósł popyt na kadrę świadczącą profesjonalne usługi turystyczne. W zarządzaniu branżą turystyczną zwraca się coraz baczniejszą uwagę na aspekt zmian, globalizacji, innowacji, a przede wszystkim coraz większych wymagań stawianych przez turystów. Powoduje to konieczność rozwoju i szkolenia kadr obsługujących ruch turystyczny
Turystyka uzdrowiskowa i jej postrzeganie przez kuracjuszy
Authors: Krzyżanowska Krystyna
Published: September 2022

Celem pracy było ukazanie powodów wyjazdów turystów do uzdrowisk, a także zaprezentowanie ich oceny poziomu świadczonych usług i efektów leczenia sanatoryjnego. W badaniach empirycznych posłużono się metodą sondażu diagnostycznego z wykorzystaniem techniki ankiety oraz analizą literatury przedmiotu. Badania przeprowadzono w 2016 r. i objęto nimi 114 osób, które co najmniej raz w życiu wyjechały do uzdrowiska i korzystały z zabiegów leczniczych. Głównym celem wyjazdu do uzdrowiska była poprawa stanu zdrowia, leczenie różnego rodzaju schorzeń i wypoczynek. Ankietowani najwyżej ocenili zakres i jakość zabiegów rehabilitacyjnych oferowanych w sanatoriach oraz profesjonalizm personelu w nich zatrudnionego, natomiast najniżej poziom usług dodatkowych oferowanych podczas pobytu i standard zakwaterowania.
Rola agroturystyki w zrównoważonym rozwoju obszarów wiejskich w Polsce
Authors: Sammel Anna
Published: September 2022

Rozwój ekonomiczny obszarów wiejskich ukierunkowany jest na nowe sposoby wykorzystania gospodarstw rolnych i aktywizację ich mieszkańców. Duże możliwości związane są z rozwojem różnorodnych form turystyki zrównoważonej. Coraz większe zainteresowanie wśród rolników wzbudza agroturystyka. Jest to forma wypoczynku odbywającego się na terenach wiejskich o charakterze rolniczym, oparta na bazie noclegowej i aktywności rekreacyjnej związanej z gospodarstwem rolnym lub równoważnym i jego otoczeniem (przyrodniczym, produkcyjnym, usługowym). Umiejętność obsługi ruchu turystycznego przez mieszkańców wsi związana jest zatem z rozwojem ich przedsiębiorczości i gotowością podejmowania nowych przedsięwzięć. Celem artykułu jest próba określenia roli agroturystyki w zrównoważonym rozwoju obszarów wiejskich w Polsce.
Turystyka naukowa jako specyficzna forma rynku spotkań biznesowych czy nowy rodzaj turystyki
Authors: Sokolova Sofiia
Published: September 2022

W artykule zaprezentowano analizę pojęcia „turystyka naukowa”. Chociaż aktywność tego typu towarzyszy człowiekowi od dawna, to jej zdefiniowanie nie jest proste, a próby w tym zakresie podejmowane w nielicznych opracowaniach kończą się dość rozbieżnymi konkluzjami. Przedstawiono także autorskie pojmowanie pojęcia „turystyka naukowa”, opartego na refleksji naukowej, jak również na własnych doświadczeniach autorki zdobyte podczas organizowania programów naukowo-turystycznych. W artykule zawarto również wzory autorskich programów aktywności grupowej i indywidualnej z zakresu turystyki naukowej.
Asymptotic expansions for the Wallis sequence and some new mathematical constants associated with the Glaisher-Kinkelin and Choi-Srivastava constants
Authors: Han Xue-Feng , Chen Chao-Ping , Srivastava H.M.
Published: September 2022

The celebrated Wallis sequence Wn, which is defined by Wn := ?nk=1 4k2/4k2?1, is known to have the limit ?/2 as n ? ?. Without using the Bernoulli
numbers Bn, the authors present several asymptotic expansions and a
recurrence relation for determining the coefficients of each asymptotic
expansion related to the Wallis sequence Wn and the newly-introduced
constants D and E, which are analogous to the Glaisher-Kinkelin constant A
and the Choi-Srivastava constants B and C.
Development of an analytical model for copper heap leaching from secondary sulfides in chloride media in an industrial environment
Authors: Saldaña Manuel , Salinas-Rodríguez Eleazar , Castillo Jonathan , Peña-Graf Felipe , Roldán Francisca
Published: September 2022

In multivariate analysis, a predictive model is a mathematical/statistical model that relates a set of independent variables to dependent or response variable(s). This work presents a descriptive model that explains copper recovery from secondary sulfide minerals (chalcocite) taking into account the effects of time, heap height, superficial velocity of leaching flow, chloride concentration, particle size, porosity, and effective diffusivity of the solute within particle pores. Copper recovery is then modelled by a system of first-order differential equations. The results indicated that the heap height and superficial velocity of leaching flow are the most critical independent variables while the others are less influential under operational conditions applied. In the present study representative adjustment parameters are obtained, so that the model could be used to explore copper recovery in chloride media as a part of the extended value chain of the copper sulfides processing.
A clinical study of using a phentolamine alcohol wet dressing in the treatment of extravasation after a 20% fat emulsion intravenous infusion - a randomised trial
Authors: Yuan-Wei Fu , Zhen-Yuan Liu
Published: September 2022

Introduction/Objective. The aim of our paper was to investigate the clinical efficacy of using a phentolamine alcohol wet dressing to treat the extravasation of an intravenously administered infusion of milk fat. This study was designed as a randomized trial, and was done at the Hengshui people?s Hospital, Hebei Province, China, from June 2019 to June 2020. Methods. In total, 300 patients were randomly divided into two groups. In the experimental group, the patients were treated using a phentolamine alcohol wet dressing, whereas in the control group, the patients were treated using a hydropathic compress with a 50% magnesium sulphate solution. The cure rate, healing time, and patient satisfaction of the two groups were compared and analyzed. Results. The cure rate of intravenous infusion extravasation was 92.67% (139/150) in the experimental group and 70.67% (106/150) in the control group (p < 0.05). In the experimental group, there were 66 patients whose cure time was less than 24 hours, 62 patients whose cure time was between 24 and 48 hours, and 22 patients whose cure time was over 48 hours. The cure time of the patients was significantly shorter in the experimental group than the control group. After treatment, in the experimental group, 67 patients were very satisfied, 52 patients were satisfied, 21 patients were generally satisfied, and 10 patients were dissatisfied; in the control group, 32 patients were very satisfied, 40 patients were satisfied, 56 patients were generally satisfied, and 22 patients were dissatisfied. The satisfaction of patients was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group. Conclusion. The effect of using a phentolamine alcohol wet dressing to treat the extravasation of an intravenous infusion of milk fat is significantly better than the effect of using a magnesium sulphate solution, and this type of dressing is worthy of clinical application.
The use of adipose-derived stem cells, platelet-rich and platelet-poor plasma in the maxillary cyst treatment
Authors: Simoncic Boris , Dimitrijevic Maja , Juloski Jelena , Vulicevic Zoran
Published: September 2022

Introduction. The case report describes the effect of combination therapy using adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC), platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and platelet-poor plasma (PPP) in the treatment of a maxillary cyst. Case outline. A maxillary cyst between the central incisors was identified in a healthy 54-year-old male patient during a routine dental check-up. Following thorough clinical and radiographic examinations, the treatment plan was presented and explained to the patient and written informed consent was obtained. Initially, the conservative periodontal treatment was performed. Afterwards, the adipose tissue was collected from the patient?s belly fat and ADSC, PRP, and PPP were obtained, following the Institution?s surgical and laboratory protocols. The maxillary cyst was then surgically removed and ADSC, PRP, PPP, and resorptive collagenous membrane were placed on the surgical site. Three-year-follow up radiographs showed significantly reduced radiolucency and bone regeneration around apexes of central incisors. Clinically, there were no signs of inflammation or pain. Conclusion. The positive outcome of the case presented in this report could be considered as a promising way to treat large bone defects using ADSC, PRP, and PPP.
Magnetic resonance imaging vs. arthroscopy in diagnosing anterior cruciate ligament and meniscus injuries - is there a difference
Authors: Mirkovic Milan , Crnobaric Aleksandar , Mirkovic Sanja , Baljozovic Andreja , Stevanovic Vladan , Glisic Miodrag , Jevtic Aleksandar , Slavkovic Nemanja , Bascarevic Zoran
Published: September 2022

Introduction/Objective. The knee joint is prone to injuries caused by direct or indirect trauma. The meniscus and ligament injuries, cannot be completely diagnosed with clinical examination; therefore, we use additional non-invasive and invasive diagnostic methods such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and arthroscopy. The aim was to compare the accuracy of MRI and objective knee findings based on arthroscopic examination in case of meniscus and anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Methods. The study involved 50 patients treated with elective surgery which mandatory involved arthroscopic visualization of the knee structures. We compared the MRI findings, obtained from different institutions, and arthroscopic knee findings for all the patients involved in the study. Results. There were 50 patients included in the study with mean age of 31 years. MRI showed that Anterior cruciate ligament was damaged in 41 patients, while arthroscopy confirmed damage in 43 patients. Medial meniscus was damaged in 31 patients on MRI and in 27 on arthroscopic examination. Lateral meniscus was injured in 35 patients on MRI and arthroscopy showed damage in 32 patients. Using ?2 test we found no significant difference between MRI and arthroscopy as diagnostic methods. Wilcoxon signed-rank test shows similar results between MRI and arthroscopy findings. Conclusion. A comparative analysis of MRI and arthroscopy diagnostic value in case of anterior cruciate ligament, medial meniscus and lateral meniscus injuries have shown that there is no significant difference between these two methods.
The advantage of the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio over neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as novel markers of erythropoietin resistance in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Golubovic Sonja , Knezevic Violeta , Azasevac Tijana , Celic Dejan , Milenkovic Vladimir
Published: September 2022

Background/Aim. Inflammation is one of the common factors that contribute to erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESA) treatment resistance in hemodialysis patients. Lately, it is assessed by using new markers of inflammation, which are platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR). Their association with this therapy has not been fully investigated. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between PLR, NLR, and ESA hyporesponsiveness index (EHRI). Methods. The research was conducted as a cross-sectional study and included 90 hemodialysis patients, who underwent clinical and laboratory testing in the form of physical examination and biochemical analyses. In all patients, the EHRI calculation was performed. Results. It is shown that EHRI had a statistically significant positive correlation with PLR (p < 0.01) and a negative correlation with hemoglobin levels (p < 0.01). Significant differences for logarithmically converted values of EHRI and PLR (p < 0.05) were found but not f or EHRI a nd N LR ( p = 0.13). Conclusion. Re-search has shown that PLR, together with NLR, could be used in assessing not only inflammation but also erythropoietin resistance in hemodialysis patients.
Myeloid-derived suppressor-like cells - a potential biomarker for prognosis of colorectal cancer?
Authors: Brcerevic Irina , Doder Radoje , Vojvodic Danilo , Perisic Nenad , Petrovic Stanko
Published: September 2022

Background/Aim. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) represent a heterogeneous group of immature cells that have the ability to inhibit both the innate and adaptive immune response. Due to their immunosuppressive effect, MDSCs can promote the growth and progression of cancer. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers in the general population for whose advanced stages there is still no successful therapy. In addition to contributing to the development and spread of CRC, MDSCs could potentially be seen as markers of its prognosis. The aim of the study was to examine the potential prognostic role of peripheral blood MDSC counts in CRC patients. Methods. This prospective study analyzed the possibility of using CD16low granulocytes and monocytic MDSC (M-MDSC) like cells, as well as neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), CD16high/CD16low granulocytes ratio, and monocyte-to-M-MDSC like cells ratio, before the start of the treatment, as biomarkers for overall survival (OS) in patients with CRC. The hazard ratio with the corresponding confidence interval of 95% ( 95% CI) was calculated to evaluate the prognostic role of MDSC in CRC. Results. The analysis was performed in 47 patients with stages III and IV of CRC according to the TNM/AJCC disease classification. Reliable data were obtained from 32 patients. Patient blood samples were taken before the possible start of treatment (surgery, chemotherapy). Increased percentages and absolute values of CD16low granulocytes, as well as absolute values of M-MDSC like cells, were associated with shorter OS (p < 0.0066, p < 0.0013, and p < 0.0119, respectively). The relationship between CD16high/CD16low granulocytes ratio and monocyte/M-MDSC like cells ratio with OS indicated the existence of positive correlations between these parameters, where the higher value of this relationship indicated longer OS of patients (p < 0.0054 and p < 0.0148, respectively). The relationship between OS and NLR showed a statistically significant inverse correlation (p = 0.0349). No statistical significance was found in the relationship between OS and LMR. Conclusion. Percentages and absolute numbers of CD16low granulocytes, a s w ell a s t he absolute n umbers of M -MDSC like cells, the CD16high/CD16low granulocytes ratio, monocyte/M-MDSC like cells ratio, and NLR ratio, may be reliable indicators of OS in patients with CRC.
Evidence Based Management of Oligohydramnios
Authors: JN Modi
Published: September 2022

Background: Oligohydramnios, or abnormally decreased amount of amniotic fluid, complicates approximately 1 to 2 percent of pregnancies. It poses a risk to the fetus by contributing to perinatal morbidity and mortality, and due to iatrogenic preterm delivery. An increa se in operative delivery increases the risk to the mother. Oligohydramnios may result from known etiological factors or it may accompany other pregnancy complications. When no etiological factor or association is identified, it is termed “Isolated Oligo hydramnios’. Treatment strategies: This review presents the various treatment options for oligohydramnios in the light of current available evidence. Maternal hydration whether orally or by intravenous route is perhaps the most well studied intervention. Many therapeutic agents have also been tried. Of these, L - arginine and sildenafil have been supported by several studies but conclusive evidence for the same could not be identified Conclusions: In cases of isolated oligohydramnios, therapeutic interventi on is desirable to prolong the pregnancy so as to avoid preterm delivery and to prevent adverse perinatal outcome. Based on present scientific evidence we recommend that oral hydration therapy should be offered to the eligible women. Use of sildenafil citr ate for this purpose cannot be recommended till its safety is well established in view of the recent reports of adverse fetal outcome.
A Study on the Fetomaternal Outcome in Cases of Previous Three Caesarean Section
Authors: DK Rajshree
Published: September 2022

Introduction: Caesarean section is the most common obstetrical surgery performed worldwide. Its incidence continuously rising. The rate of caesarean section is 24.4% in urban educated India. In our college LSCS rate of previous 5 years is 25.4%, amongst which 0.2% were previous three LSCS. Methodology: A retrospective observational stu dy of 200 cases of caesarean deliveries from January 2010 to December 2017 in a tertiary care centre. Cases were divided in four groups such as first LSCS, second LSCS, third LSCS and fourth LSCS, each group contained 50 cases. Results: Patients were group ed as per number of caesarean deliveries. There is an increase in maternal morbidity with increase in the number of previous caesarean deliveries. There is increased morbidity in the form of adherent placenta, blood loss, bladder, ureter injury, intra - oper ative adhesions, scar dehiscence, need for ICU admission. Conclusion: Cases of previous 2 and previous 3 LSCS are bound to increase in near future, such cases need proper referral to tertiary care centre for proper management based on the risk of varied co mplications.
Bacteriophage Therapy: An Alternative Approach to Antibiotic Therapy
Authors: RK Pundir
Published: September 2022

The worldwide spread of pathogenic bacteria that are resistant to a variety of antibiotics and the significant problems involved with their control threaten to reduce modern medicine to a state reminiscent of the pre-antibiotic era
Use of Video/Listening Content Transcripts in English for Coronavirus Awareness and Information
Authors: NE Saka
Published: September 2022

Triangulation of data through a variety of data sources (data from multiple sources) / different angles /perspectives enriches the analysis of findings and validates the results of a study. Buch, et al. [1] defines data triangulation as “the elicitation of different types of data sources at dfferent times and situations.”
Community Prevention and Further Research Areas to Explore in COVID 19 Positive Patients
Authors: A Ganesh Shanmugasundaram
Published: September 2022

Amidst the growing corona virus pandemic which this has already affected nearly 2 million people around the globe, of which nearly 134615 people have lost their lives [1]. As on date we still do not have a very effective drug of choice to cure the corona virus. So it is high time to think about effective community prevention activities which can be introduced into the community in a larger scale
Truth about Bats: Transmit so Many Viruses
Authors: A Mohammad
Published: September 2022

A fifth of all current mammal species are bats. And that is incredible, because they help us in many ways. Like, they pollinate many plants; help regenerate forests and control pests, and their excrement is a pretty good fertilizer. Plus, they are really cool.
Association of Interleukin 6 (IL6) and 8(IL8) among Women with Spontaneous Abortion in Khartoum State 2018
Authors: FA Mohamed
Published: September 2022

Background: Interleukin 6 and Inetrleukin 8 are secreted by macrophage and have been shown to exert deleterious effects on pregnancy, inhibiting fetal growth and development. Possible immunologic causes of spontaneous miscarriages have been extensively researched. The change in the cytokines balance synthesis in favor of those synthesized by macrophage cells with an increase of interleukin 6 and interleukin8 secretion is considered essential for maintaining a normal pregnancy. Aim: To determine the level of cytokines (interleukin6 and interleukin8 ) in pregnant and aborted women to assess the role of cytokines (IL 6 and IL8 ) as a factor to predict the outcome of pregnancy and To compare between serum interleukin 6 and 8 in women with spontaneous abortion and pregnant women. Method: This across sectional study tested using Five ml of venus blood were collected from patients with abortion and healthy pregnant and non-pregnant control in plain container. All samples were centrifugated at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes and seperated sera were collected in sterile tubes. Serum was treated according to uniform standards and stored at – 20 refrigerators until analysed. Serum IL 6 and IL8 were determined by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) .All samples were run according to manufacturer instructions (Human IL, Bio legend, USA) with linearity range 0.94- 60.0 pg/ml. Results: There is a highly significant increase of control of pregnant women (P<0.01) in concentration of IL6 (6.8 ±5.1)pg/ml in compare to aborted women in different trimesters of pregnancy. Whereas healthy control non pregnant women show highly significant decrease in concentration (1.6 ±0.65)pg/ml compared to abortion patients. The results of this study showed there was a highly significant increased (P<0.01) concentration of IL-8 (26.5 ±13.1) pg/ml in serum of aborted women in trimesters of pregnancy,compared with control group of non-pregnant women which were(6.9 ±0.93) while control group of pregnant women show slightly significance increased(P<0.01) concentration (31.1 ±14.1)pg/ml compared with aborted women. Conclusion: The serum level of interleukin 6 and 8 was significantly higher in pregnant women as compared to aborted women .The serum level of interleukin6 and 8 in aborted women was significantly higher as compared to non-pregnant women. The results indicated there is no clarify association between cytokines (IL6 and IL8) and abortion.
The Impact of E-Learning (Distance Learning) Implementation during COVID-19 Virus Pandemic on Intended Learning Outcomes Achievement in Universities
Authors: EA Shalaby
Published: September 2022

COVID-19 (2019–20 coronavirus) pandemic has affected the educational systems in all the world countries, leading to the near-total closures of universities, colleges and schools. As of 21 March 2020, approximately more than 632 from Arab universities have been affected (closures) in response to the pandemic. According to UNICEF monitoring, 186 countries have implemented nationwide closures and 8 have implemented local closures, impacting about 98.5 percent of the world’s student population.
Covid-19: A Hypothetical View on Infection
Authors: M Dragan Nikolic
Published: September 2022

Coronaviruses are a large group of related RNA viruses causing illness in animals or humans [1]. In humans, several coronaviruses cause respiratory infections ranging from mild such as common cold to more severe diseases with a possible lethal outcome, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS ) and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19 )
Virus in Human Health
Authors: A Ortiz-Plata
Published: September 2022

Virus discovery as submicroscopic entities, data from the end of the 19th century, which marked the beginning of a new research discipline, the viruses study. Since then, the presence of viruses has been found in cancer and in multiple diseases whose origin was unknown. Viruses have shown their great potential in triggering infections, causing pandemics at a high cost to society as the Spanish Flu in 1918. The challenge of acting at the health emergency due to the outbreak of diseases caused by new viruses, has led to research with the application of new technologies, in order to find strategies, diagnostic methods, treatment and development of vaccines.
Perception, Attitude and Practice of Personal Protective Measures by Nigerians during the COVID-19 Outbreak: An Online Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: MC Ugwu
Published: September 2022

Objective: People’s compliance to control measures is dependent on their perception, attitudes and practices towards COVID-19. This survey evaluated the perception, attitude and practice of personal protective measures by Nigerians during the COVID-19. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using an internet-based survey/questionnaire. A total of 731 Nigerians (male and female: age >14 years) were selected between April 15 and 26, 2020 to complete an online survey. Results: Majority (> 50 %) of the participants in all the geopolitical zones would always wash their hands with soap and/ use hand sanitizers. Many of the participants (>40%) across all the zones self-reported that they always wash their hands with soap and use hand sanitizer after a hand shake. More than 70 % of the participants had at least Bachelors degree. Majorities are civil servants and mostly obtain their COVID-19 information from WhatsApp (71.4%), Television (65.3%) and National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) (62.5%).
Possible Use of Ganoderma Mushroom Extracts for the Treatment of Some Chronic Risk Factors Associated with Severe Covid-19
Authors: EI Ohimain
Published: September 2022

The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019 causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The disease has caused a pandemic that had disrupted social and economic life globally. Intense research is ongoing to understand the nature of the virus and pathogenesis as well as the development of drugs and vaccines. Ample evidence suggests that the elderly people, those with pre-existing chronic medical conditions, such as lung disease, heart disease, diabetes, obesity, chronic kidney disease, compromised immunity and even men may be at higher risk of serious illness and intensive care. The virus tends to trigger the over-production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which results in multiorgan damage, resulting in death. Following this review, we proposed the use of Ganoderma mushroom extracts, which have certain properties relevant to the management of COVID-19 complications including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, immune modulatory, and antioxidant, anti-aging and multiorgan protection. Most of this research has been done on rodent models with few clinical trials. Since, the mushroom is generally regarded as safe (GRAS) and have been used for centuries in Asian traditional medicine, we recommend the use of this mushroom in the management of the disease including as active ingredients in COVID-19 drugs, and alternatives to synthetic drugs, health supplements, adjuvant therapy or functional foods.
Effects of COVID-19 Outbreaks on Livestock Sector
Authors: NK Singh
Published: September 2022

A like others, livestock industries are badly affected during lockdown periods due to COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 disease outbreak was originated in Wuhan city of Hubei province of China during the month of December 2019. On the basis of whole virus genome sequence analysis and other phylogenetic characteristics, International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) group classified that COVID-19 is a caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS Cov2). Its genome sequence homology analysis also revealed that the nucleotides sequence of human corona virus (SARS Cov-2 virus) is 87.5% - 96.3% similar to corona viruses of bat’s origin. During lockdowns, it is relatively easy to close down the factories, IT parks, hotels, Shopping malls and multiplexes but it is not so easy with agriculture and animal husbandry; these sectors will continue to produce.
Mycobacterial Tuberculosis Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Authors: A Abdelmoktader
Published: September 2022

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is an acid fast bacterium (AFB); it has tough cell wall and circular chromosome. It is transmitted through the airborne route and cause tuberculosis (TB). The distribution of tuberculosis is not uniform across the globe; about 80% of the population in many Asian and African countries and it is the second most common cause of death from infectious disease after HIV. Organisms deposited mainly in the upper lung zones, kidneys and bones. In persons with intact cell-mediated immunity (CMI), collections of activated T cells and macrophages form granulomas that limit multiplication and spread of the organism. The Status of CMI will determine if the patient will get active or latent TB infection.
Covid and the Elderly What are the Lessons We´ve Learned?
Authors: M Rozenek
Published: September 2022

Older people are disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic; although it is not the most affected age group, it is the one with the most serious forms and the highest fatality. This may be related to several issues: higher proportion of comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, etc, all of which are associated with both a higher frequency of infection and a higher fatality rate; less psychological and biological reserves, and finally immune senescence: immunological changes associated with aging. The pandemic presents itself, evolves diversely and impacts in different ways in the lives of young adults and elderly. In this brief review we try to explore diagnosis and evolvement of COVID-19 and impact of isolation in older adults.
How Will the Covid-19 Vaccines Help Shape the Herd Immunity against Covid-19?
Authors: T Weitao
Published: September 2022

Severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2 and the related disease COVID-19) has revealed the devastating impact of the pandemic on a susceptible human population. Herd immunity is considered as an effective intervention to restrict the viral spread based on the conception that the proportion of individuals immune to SARS-CoV-2 is greater than the herd immunity threshold at which persistent transmission is unlikely to occur so that the pandemic is likely to decline. Herd immunity threshold varies with environmental, epidemiological and immunological settings. Establishment of herd immunity against SARS-CoV-2 within a population can be achieved by two approaches. The first is a large scale of vaccination that demands a safe and effective vaccine. The principles of vaccination against COVID-19 stem from cross-reactive immunity based on evidence from the pre-existing cross-reactive immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 that primarily originates from previous exposure to common cold coronaviruses circulating in the human population. The second is natural recurrent infections, the consequences of which are more serious and far-reaching at the cost of infection of a large proportion of the human population and death of the susceptible people. In the absence of the vaccines, many countries have implemented social distancing mandates and quarantine strategies to limit transmission and lower the infection rate; but another solution is effective vaccination, both of which facilitate herd immunity. A COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b1 has been developed, which is a lipid nanoparticle-formulated nucleoside-modified mRNA coding for the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein on the SARS-CoV-2 virion. The phases I/II trial data indicate that the vaccine is safe with mild side effects and induces both antibody and T cell responses, making it promising for phase III trial. Conclusions from the preliminary phase III data demonstrate efficacy of this candidate. Here we intend to provide insights about the role of vaccination in development of herd immunity and perspectives of the mRNA-based vaccine candidate in the context of pandemics.
COVID-19 Pandemic: How Prepared is Sub-Sahara Africa to Deal with this Dreadful "Guest "?
Authors: O Balogun
Published: September 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic is a public health challenge of international concern with the death toll on the rise. COVID-19 began from Wuhan, in China and has spread to over 210 countries of the world with over 85.7 million being infected and 1.85M mortality. Africa’s first reported case occurred in Egypt on 14th February 2020 and the sub-Saharan Africa first index case was confirmed in Nigeria on 27th February 2020. A total 2.8 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 were reported from 55 African countries and about 68 thousand deaths recorded. Community transmission remains the major mode of spread in Africa. Countries in the region are implementing variable measures to mitigate the spread depending on their capabilities. After extensive literature searches via Google scholar, Biomedical Central and PubMed databases. We reviewed the responses of some African countries toward COVID-19 pandemic and the need for unwavering governments’ commitment at improving on the stretched healthcare facilities and services in Africa to mitigate the spread of the disease
EBV Serology and Plasma EBV DNA Load as a Combined Tool for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC) Diagnosis and Monitoring in Non-Endemic Regions
Authors: V Gurtsevitch
Published: September 2022

There is limited information regarding the clinical significance of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) markers for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) diagnoses and monitoring in non-endemic areas. Low NPC incidence in non-endemic countries made it difficult to form a representative group of patients for research this issue. Moreover, NPC cases are often characterized into morphologically different tumor types based upon the geographic and ethnic variability. Since viral and serological markers reflect the different biological events accompanying the development of NPC, it is important to compare their clinical value in the context of different disease manifestations. The implementation of such a study in a non-endemic region is of particular interest, allowing the investigation of the potential impact of differences in the genetic and ethnic characteristics of the population, versus those in populations from endemic regions. In present study, we analyzed clinical significance of two EBV markers (serological and molecular) in large group (96 cases) of undifferentiated non-keratinizing carcinoma of nasopharyngeal type (UNPC) Russian patients. It has been shown that IgA/ VCA antibody titers elevated on patient's admission and being valuable markers for primary UNPC diagnosis do not allow to adequately assessing patients’ state after the treatment. In contrast to EBV serology, the plasma EBV DNA load was found to be valuable marker for clinical evaluation of UNPC patient’s state, such as remission and relapse. It was also shown that the concentration of viral DNA correlated with the UNPC patients' overall survival. The proposed study, conducted on UNPC patients from a non-endemic region, for the first time revealed a direct correlation between IgG/IgA antibody titers to EBV virus capsid antigen (VCA) and the levels of plasma EBV DNA load, and the absence of such correlation between plasma EBV DNA burden and serological responses to EBV. It has also been demonstrated that the combined assessment of plasma EBV DNA load and EBV-specific antibody titers provides a reliable approach to UNPC diagnosis, disease monitoring, and therapeutic response assessment.
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Genome Sequence Variations, Virus Strain Classifications and EBV-Associated Tumors
Authors: V Gurtsevitch
Published: September 2022

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a member of the Herpesviridae family, belonging to the Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily, has been associated with several nonmalignant and malignant diseases, including Burkitt’s lymphoma, gastric cancer, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In recent years numerous EBV genome sequences have been analyzed to answer the question of whether EBV genome variations are tumor-specific, ethnically or geographically determined. A clear answer regarding the "specialization" of EBV strains has not yet been received; however, attempts are being made to identify high-risk EBV strains. This mini-review analyzes the most well-known EBV classifications, EBV sequence variations and their association with EBV-associated human pathologies.