bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soap‐based detergent formulations: VII. Sodium methyl alkylbenzoylsulfopropionates as lime soap dispersing agents
Authors: Marmer William N. , Van Horn David E. , Linfield Warner M.
Published: June 2007

Research was performed on the development of lime soap dispersing agents derived from alkylbenzenes. The sulfonation with sodium bisulfite of a variety of methyl β‐p‐alkylbenzoylacrylates (III) produced adducts (I) whose detergent properties were studied. Yields were optimized, model compounds were synthesized, and products characterized by NMR spectroscopy. The sulfonated adduct (I‐A) derived from a commercial mixture of alkylbenzenes can be formulated with tallow soap, sodium silicate, and sodium carboxy methylcellulose to give a product that is competitive with a standard linear alkylbenzenesulfonate‐phosphate household detergent.
Characteristics of pistachio kernel oils from Iranian cultivars
Authors: Kamangar T. , Farrohi F. , Mehran M.
Published: June 2007

Ten pistachio samples from various Iranian cultivars were examined for some botanical features of their nuts and oil characteristics of their kernels. The wt of 100 nuts varied from 78.5 to 136.9 g. The nuts contained 44.1–58.9% kernel. Moisture of the kernels was low, 2.5–4.1%, and the kernels contained 55.2–60.5% oil. Unsaponifiable matter (0.72–0.96%), saponification value (189.0–193.6), refractive index (1.4635–1.4643), and iodine value (98.1–100.5) showed little differences in various samples. Fatty acids detectable by gas chromatographic analysis were: traces of myristic; 9.2–13.4%, palmitic; 0.5–1.1%, stearic; traces of arachidic; 0.5–1.0%; palmitoleic; 56.1–64.0%, oleic; 22.6–31.0%, linoleic; and 0.1–0.4%, linolenic. There were no significant differences due to origin and/or cultivar of the samples.
Contribution of lipid to aroma of ripening mango(Mangifera indica L.)
Authors: Gholap A. S. , Bandyopadhyay C.
Published: June 2007

Pulp lipid composition of two commercial varieties of mango, ‘Alphonso’ and ‘Totapuri’, with wide differences in aroma and flavor during ripening was studied. Ripening of Alphonso mango was found to be associated with a marked increase in glyceride content and a rapid change in aroma and flavor, while in case of ‘Totapuri’ there were no appreciable changes in these parameters. Although the same type of fatty acids were present in both varieties, a variation in the distribution of fatty acids during ripening was observed. The ratio of palmitic to palmitoleic acid, which was correlated with aroma and flavor characteristics, was higher in the ‘Totapuri’ mango.
Oil characteristics of sweet and sour cherry kernels
Authors: Farrohi F. , Mehran M.
Published: June 2007

Oil content and oil characteristics of sweet and sour cherry kernels from 8 Iranian cultivars were examined. The ranges of values were: 20.5–37.9% for the oil content of the kernels; 0.77–1.19% for unsaponfiable matter; 188.2–191.5 for saponification value; 123.1–127.8 for iodine value (Hanus); and 1.4692–1.4721 for refractive index at 40 C. As to fatty acid composition of the samples, traces of myristic, 6.7–9.9% palmitic, 0.9–4.2% stearic, 0.3–1.1% arachidic, 0.3–0.7% palmitoleic, 38.6–53.2% oleic, 33.9–51.9% linoleic, and 0.2–0.8% linolenic acids were determined by gas chromatographic analysis.
Fatty acid composition of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) oil as influenced by seed position
Authors: Zimmerman D. C. , Fick G. N.
Published: June 2007

The variation in fatty acid composition of the oil from seeds located in different positions within an individual sunflower head was determined. Each head was divided into three ring‐shaped zones and four samples were taken from each zone. Ten heads from an inbred line and ten from an open‐pollinated variety were sampled. Position of the seed within the head had a significant effect on the fatty acid composition of the oil. The linoleic and palmitic acid contents of the oil increased and the oleic acid content decreased from the perimeter toward the center of the head.
Gas chromatographic determination of hydrophile‐lipophile balance of nonionic emulsifiers
Authors: Petrowski Gary E. , Vanatta John R.
Published: June 2007

The determination of the hydrophile‐lipophile balance (HLB) values of nonionic emulsifiers by a gas chromatographic method is described. Factors that affect this correlation have been examined. Attempts to extend this method to the determination of the required HLB values of fats and oils are presented. These data along with supplementary wet methods have been used to determine optimum conditions for emulsion stability of simple model systems (fat‐wateremulsifier).
Methylsterol compositions of 19 vegetable oils
Authors: Itoh Toshihiro , Tamura Toshitake , Matsumoto Taro
Published: June 2007

The unsaponifiables from 19 vegetable oils were divided into 4‐methylsterol fraction, triterpene alcohol fraction and two other fractions by thin layer chromatography. The 4‐methylsterol and triterpene alcohol fractions were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography, and identification of major components was carried out by gas liquid chromatography and combined gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Gramisterol(24‐methylenelophenol), citrostadienol and obtusifoliol were present in all oils, and the presence of a 4‐methylsterol, presumably cycloeucalenol, was indicated in most of the oils. Cycloartenol and 24‐methylenecycloartanol were found as common triterpene alcohols in all oils, and the occurrence of cyclobranol(24‐methylcycloartenol), cycloartanol, and α‐ and β‐amyrins was demonstrated in most of the oils.
Deuteration of methylcis‐9,cis‐15‐octadecadienoate with nickel catalyst
Authors: Koritala S. , Dutton H. J.
Published: June 2007

Methylcis‐9,cis‐15‐octadecadienoate was partially deuterated with nickel catalyst, and the product was separated into saturate, monoene and diene fractions. Monoenes were separated intotransandcisfractions, and dienes intotrans,trans, cis,transandcis,cisfractions. Monoene isomers with double bonds at the 9 and 15 positions predominated in bothcis‐ andtrans‐monoene fractions. Considerable amounts of isomers with double bonds situated on either side of the original 9 and 15 positions were found in thetrans‐monoene fraction. Diene was extensively isomerized to positional and geometrical isomers, and deuterium was incorporated into these isomers. Double bond migration was greatest intrans,trans‐dienes and smallest incis,cis‐dienes. The amount of deuterium in the dienes was proportional to the extent of isomerization experienced by the dienes.
Deuteration of methyl linoleate with nickel, palladium, platinum and copper‐chromite catalysts
Authors: Koritala Sambasi Varao , Selke E. , Dutton H. J.
Published: June 2007

Samples taken during deuteration of methyl linoleate with the title catalysts were separated into saturate, monoene and diene fractions. Monoenes were further separated intocis andtrans fractions. A comparison of the double bond distribution in monoenes with those from hydrogenation of alkaliconjugated linoleate indicated that up to 59% of the linoleate was reduced through a conjugated intermediate with nickel catalyst. The respective percentages for palladium and platinum catalysts were 51 and 23. Copper catalysts have previously been shown to reduce linoleate solely through conjugated intermediates. Copper‐chromite catalyst showed infinite selectivity for the reduction of linoleate, because stearate did not form. The decreasing order of various catalysts for the selective reduction was copper‐chromite>>>Ni at 195 C>Pd>Ni at 100 C>Pt. Computer simulation of platinum reduction indicated that ca. 20% of the linoleate was directly reduced to stearate through a shunt. Geometrical isomers of linoleate were formed during reduction with all catalysts except copper‐chromite. Nickel catalyst formed bothtrans,trans‐ andcis,trans‐isomers, as well as nonconjugatable dienes. These isomers were favored at the higher temperature and deuterium was incorporated into them. Palladium and platinum did not isomerize linoleate to nonconjugatable dienes. Because conjugated dienes are more reactive than linoleate, they were not found in appreciable amounts during reduction. Conjugated dienes were the only isomers formed with copper‐chromite catalyst. Deuterium was found in these conjugated dienes, which were also extensively isomerized. As a result of isomerization and exchange during reduction of linoleate‐as well as further exchange between deuterium and monoenes‐a wide distribution of isotopic isomers in monoenes was found with nickel, palladium and platinum catalysts. Since isomerization of monoenes with copper‐chromite is negligible, the isotopic distribution of monoenes must be due to exchange of intermediate conjugated dienes followed by addition.
Kinetics of hydrogenation of conjugated triene and diene with nickel, palladium, platinum and copper‐chromite catalysts
Authors: Koritala S. , Butterfield R. O. , Dutton H. J.
Published: June 2007

A mixture of methyl linoleate and alkali‐conjugated methyl linoleate was reduced with nickel, palladium, platinum and copper‐chromite catalysts. The course of hydrogenation was followed by gas liquid chromatography of samples withdrawn at intervals. Relative rate constants of reactants and inermediates were calculated by a computer. Conjugated linoleate was 10–18 times more reactive than methyl linoleate with all catalysts except platinum, which showed no selectivity at 60 C. At 150 C conjugated diene reacted four times faster than methyl linoleate with platinum catalyst. A conjugated diene‐to‐stearate shunt was observed with palladium and platinum catalysts. When β‐eleostearate was hydrogenated with the same catalysts, 50–97% of the triene was reduced directly to monoene with all catalysts except copper chromite, which selectively reduced conjugated triene to conjugated diene. On the basis of present kinetic data and previous knowledge about the mode of hydrogen addition to conjugated systems, a scheme has been proposed to account for the products formed during hydrogenation of methyl linolenate.
Determination of the total unsaturation of tung oil by catalytic hydrogenation
Authors: Pack F. C. , Planck R. W. , Dollear F. G.
Published: June 2007

The use of catalytic hydrogenation as a quantitative method for the measurement of total unsaturation in tung oil and related products containing conjugated unsaturation, has been investigated.

The apparatus, which comprises essentially a gas burette, manometer, and reaction vessel, is relatively simple, is constructed entirely of glass, and employs an externally mounted magnetic agitator. The weighed sample and platinum catalyst are suspended in glacial acetic acid during hydrogenation. In the case of tung oil and partially hydrogenated tung oil, heating of the reaction vessel is necessary to complete the hydrogenation.

Hydrogen iodine values representing the total unsaturation in domestic and imported oils, alpha‐ and beta‐eleostearic acids, the residual unsaturation in partially hydrogenated tung oils, and the unsaturation of other organic materials are reported. Tung oil and eleostearic acid gave hydrogen iodine values of approximately 240 and 271, respectively.

Analytical hydrogenation, as described, is particularly well suited for the determination of unsaturation in conjugated systems.
Nonionic surfactants derived from a new hydrophobic base
Authors: Vaughn Thomas H. , Jackson Donald R. , Lundsted Lester G.
Published: June 2007

A versatile new class of nonionic surfactants has been prepared essentially from ethylene and propylene oxides. The new products are based upon the discovery that a polyoxypropylene glycol having a molecular weight of approximately 900 or higher will function as the hydrophobic unit of a nonionic surfactant which may presumably be represented as HO (C2H4O)a (C3H6O)b (CH2O4)cH. By selection of a polyoxypropylene glycol having a suitable molecular weight and by adjusting the weight ratio of oxypropylene to oxyethylene units in the product, nonionics have been prepared which range in physical form from liquids to solids which are sufficiently hard that they may be flaked.

The possibility of wide variation in the molecular weight of the hydrophobic unit and in the weight ratio of the hydrophobic to hydrophilic units in the molecules allows extensive tailoring of the products to give specific control of properties such as solubility in water, detergency, wetting action, and surface tension lowering.
Effect of selected oat sterols on the deterioration of heated soybean oil
Authors: White Pamela J. , Armstrong Lillian S.
Published: June 2007

Two sterol fractions of different purity, each containing both Δ5‐avenasterol and β‐sitosterol, were separated from oat oil, and their antioxidant effects studied in soybean oil at 180 C. Oil samples with added pure β‐sitosterol and control samples (no added sterol) also were studied.

Fatty acid changes, conjugated diene formation and polymerization were monitored in all samples. All heated oils with added oat‐sterol fractions containing Δ5‐avenasterol deteriorated more slowly than did the controls. Oil with added pure β‐sitosterol was altered at a rate similar to that of the controls.
Chemical and microscopic studies of the matrix substance in pigment glands of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seeds
Authors: Yatsu Lawrence , Jacks Thomas J. , Kircher Henry W. , Godshall Mary An
Published: June 2007

Cottonseeds contain gossypol, a toxic substance, that renders the otherwise nutritious seeds inedible. However, because the gossypol is concentrated in small, intercellular glands, it is possible to separate gossypol from other seed constituents by pulverizing the seeds and removing the glands. This procedure is practicable because gossypol remains with the glands even during seed pulverization and manipulation in hexane. Many believe that the gossypol remains within the glands because the glands are virtually indestructible, protected by tough, resilient “plates.” However, we show that most of the isolated glands are broken after comminution. The gossypol is held in a water‐soluble matrix within the lumen of the glands. Analysis of aqueous extracts of isolated glands showed that the bulk of the extract is a non‐dialyzable arabinogalactan. We suggest that the matrix substance is an arabinogalactan.
Effect of protein cationicity on inhibition of in vitro epidermis curling by alkylbenzene sulfonate
Authors: Tavss Edward A. , Eigen Edward , Temnikow Victor , Kligman Albert M.
Published: June 2007

Dilute solutions of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), an anionic detergent, caused strips of epidermis to twist and curl. Four commercially available protein hydrolysate mixtures and a synthetic peptide, when added to the LAS solution, countered this to varying degrees, from the epidermis being as distorted as the LAS control to as flat as the water control. A study to determine the contribution of these materials’ positive charge (isoionic point) to in vitro epidermis flatness demonstrated a direct linear relationship, i.e., the more positive the charge the flatter the epidermis. This effect was even discernible in a 1 to 30 ratio of a highly cationic protein to detergent. One of the protein mixtures, which was then fractionated according to charge, showed a linear regression correlation coefficient of 0.86 for this relationship. Because the twisting and curling of epidermis has been demonstrated to be related to human skin irritation, these results suggest that positively charged proteins might increase the mildness of solutions containing anionic detergents.
A kinetic approach to detergent synergism
Authors: Jennings Walter G.
Published: June 2007

It is shown that kinetic theory can be applied to the removal of a heterogeneous soil by detergent solutions. By assuming first‐order kinetics, const permitting rate comparisons were calculated for the removal of baked P32 milk films from stainless steel test discs by NaOH, a nonionic surfactant, and combinations of the two. Values for E* were obtained from Arrhenius plots. The data indicate an abrupt change in the activity of the nonionic detergent occurred as it passed through the cloud point region. Synergism was demonstrated in solutions of NaOH‐surfactant maintained below cloud point temps; at higher temps, this synergism was apparently lost. Possible explanations of synergism and detergency as affected by the could point phenomenon are discussed.
The preparation of hydroxystearic acids from red oil (Commercial oleic acid)
Authors: Munns W. O. , Kairys S. , Manion Dilys A. , Meade E. M.
Published: June 2007

The hydroacetoxylation of red oil (commercial oleic acid) in acetic acid solution has been studied. The optimum hydroacetoxylation conditions were obtained under anhydrous conditions using sulphuric acid as a catalyst at:

a concentration of 1% (based on the wt of red oil).

at a reaction temp of 70C,

at a ratio of acetic acid: oleic acid of 3蝘1.

Some 70 hr were required under these conditions to obtain maximum (60舑70%) addition to the double bond.

Some 50% (based on the wt of red oil) of pure hydroxystearic acids was isolated from this acetoxylation mixture by simultaneous deacetylation and esterification, followed by distillation, saponification, acidification, and crystallization of the acids from hexane.

For the isolation of a less pure (50舑60%) hydroxystearic acid, the mixture following distillation was hydrogenated, saponified, and acidified. Suitable hydrogenation conditions were found to be 110舑115C, at a pressure of 300 psi for 4 hr. Selectol C was the catalyst of choice used at a concentration of 0.2% (nickel based on the wt of fatty acids). An 85% wt yield of this product was obtained.
Hydrogenation of methyl linolenate. I. The formation of methyl isolinoleate on the hydrogenation of methyl linolenate
Authors: Rebello Damascene , Daubert B. F.
Published: June 2007

A highly purified sample of methyl linoleate was prepared from linolenic acid obtained by debromination of hexabromostearic acid. The methyl linolenate was hydrogenated to varying degrees of saturation, using palladium on barium sulfate as the catalyst. Ethyl acetate was used as the solvent and all hydrogenations were conducted at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The hydrogenated samples were analyzed for their fatty acid composition (as methyl esters).

The relative reactivities of the various polyunsaturated acids towards hydrogenation were calculated and may be represented by the following whole numbers: oleic (including isooleic) acid, 1; isolinoleic acid, 5; linoleic, 27; linolenic, 27.

A procedure was outlined for effecting a concentration of an isolinoleic acid (methyl ester) by low temperature crystallization. The fraction isolated contained 95.8% methyl isolinoleate.
Estimation of monocarbonyl compounds in rancid foods
Authors: Pool M. F. , Klose A. A.
Published: June 2007

A convenient method for the determination of monocarbonyl compounds in rancid foods is described. The quantitative procedure is based on the formation of the 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones of monocarbonyl compounds in benzene solution, the removal of excess hydrazine reagent and the hydrazones of dicarbonyl compounds with alumina, and the colorimetric determination of the remaining hydrazones of monocarbonyl compounds in alkaline solution. Applicability to aldehydes varying in molecular size and degree of unsaturation has been demonstrated. The method may be used on the crude benzene extracts of rancid foods. Illustrative data are presented.
Catalytic dehydrogenation of methyl 12‐hydroxystearate to methyl 12‐ketostearate
Authors: Freedman Bernard , Applewhite T. H.
Published: June 2007

Economically attractive catalytic methods for the conversion of methyl 12‐hydroxystearate to methyl 12‐ketostearate have been developed on a laboratory scale. With 1.0 wt% copper chromite catalyst, pure methyl 12‐hydroxystearate is dehydrogenated at 180舑263C to methyl 12‐ketostearate in 99% yield and 97% purity. Commercial methyl 12‐hydroxystearate required 3% catalyst but gave a 98% conversion to product and 100% crude yield.
Identification of 2, 4, 6‐trialkyl‐1, 3, 5‐trioxanes from autoxidized methyl linoleate by mass spectrometry
Authors: Horvat Robert J. , McFadden W. H. , Ng H. , Lane W. G. , Shepherd A. D.
Published: June 2007

2,4‐Dibutyl‐6‐pentyl‐1,3,5‐trioxane, 2‐butyl‐4,6‐dipentyl‐1,3,5‐trioxane, and 2,4,6‐tripentyl‐1,3,5‐trioxane have been identified in the volatile products from autoxidizing methyl linoleate by mass spectrometry. The principal component is 2,4,6‐tripentyl‐1,3,5‐trioxane. These compounds appear to be formed from condensation of hexanal and pentanal, the two major aldehydes in the volatiles from autoxidizing methyl linoleate (5).
The preparation of alkyl esters from highly unsaturated triglycerides. II
Authors: Lehman L. W. , Gauglitz E. J.
Published: June 2007

A previously described procedure for the basecatalyzed alcoholysis of fish‐oil triglycerides with alcohols of low molecular weight has been applied to the preparation of alkyl esters using high molecular weight, aromatic, and terminally unsaturated alcohols. Some monoethers of ethylene‐and diethylene glycol have also been used in this work. Thin‐layer chromatography was used to follow the course of the reaction and determine optimum reaction times and yields of products.
Kamlolenic acid and other conjugated fatty acids in certain seed oils
Authors: Chisholm M. J. , Hopkins C. Y.
Published: June 2007

The major fatty acid of the seed oil ofTrewia nudiflora is shown to be ॅ‐kamlolenic acid, not ॅ‐eleostearic acid as believed earlier. Other conjugated acids were found and identified in seed oils not previously studied, viz., ॅ‐eleostearic acid inParinari insularum andRicinodendron rautanenii; trans,8‐trans,10‐cis,12‐octadecatrienoic acid inCalendula stellata.

The identity of the conjugated acids in four other seed oils was established, viz., ॅ‐eleostearic acid inPrunus yedoensis andValeriana officinalis; punicic acid inCucurbita digitata andC. palmata.
The composition of safflower seed
Authors: Applewhite T. H.
Published: June 2007

Safflower has some interesting variations in composition. Current commercial seed types have about 40% hull, 37% oil, and 23% meal. Varities also exist with from 59–18% hull and inversely varying oil and meal percentages. The fatty acid composition of the linoleic acid type oils is quite constant at about 78% linoleic, 11% oleic, 3% stearic, 6% palmitic. Experimental types have been described with about 45% oleic: 45% linoleic, 80% oleic: 10% linoleic, and with 10% stearic. Compositional data are reviewed with particular attention to major and minor constituents (especially linolenic acid) that influence safflower use.
Safflower oil utilization in surface coatings
Authors: Rheineck A. E. , Cummings L. O.
Published: June 2007

The unique high linoleic acid content of 78% in safflower oil makes it especially suitable to the coatings industry. The high content of linoleic acid, low amount of saturated acids, and absence of linolenic acid constitutes an oil which forms fast‐drying, nonyellowing films that have an excellent through dry and low wrinkling characteristics.

More safflower oil is utilized in the manufacture of alkyd resins than any other single nonedible use. The oil alcoholizes rapidly with polyols and heat‐bleaches to very ligh colors in cooking the alkyd resins. These alkyds have the best combination of fast‐drying and nonyellowing properties of any drying oil alkyd of equal oil content.

Heat‐bodies safflower oil has uniform polymer structure as shown by its viscosity reduction curves. Heat‐bodied and low viscosity safflower oils are used in exterior house paints. These paints show good through dry, low wrinkling and resistance to dew flatting.

Specialty uses for safflower oil include urethane resins, caulks and putties, linoleum and oil emulsion exterior house paints.
An Odyssey of Islet Transplantation for Therapy of Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Warnock Garth L. , Liao Yu Huan Theresa , Wang Xiaojie , Ou Dawei , Ao Ziliang , Johnson James D. , Verchere C. B. , Thompson David
Published: June 2007

Canadian surgical contributions to the field of islet transplantation have a rich heritage and a promising future. In this article, some seminal Canadian contributions to this field are reviewed, including contributions at the basic research laboratory and translational applications to bedside therapy of type 1 diabetes.
Objective Assessment of Technical Performance
Authors: Fried Gerald M. , Feldman Liane S.
Published: June 2007

Technical skills are essential to the practice of surgery. They can be taught in the operating room and in the surgical skills laboratory. The use of simulators allows the development of reproducible curricula with measurement of performance using objective metrics. The goal of those designing metrics for the simulation laboratory should be to establish measures that are consistent with those of high quality surgery in the operating room. Once these metrics have been shown to be reliable, valid, practical to use, and meaningful to the learner, they can form the basis of a learning program based on the acquisition of proficiency. Performance in the skills laboratory should ultimately be predictive of performance in the clinical setting.
Over‐connected? A qualitative exploration of the relationship between Australian youth and their mobile phones
Authors: Walsh Shari P. , White Katherine M. , Young Ross M.
Published: June 2007

In Australia, youth are the most prolific users of mobile phones, however, there is little research investigating this phenomenon. This paper reports a qualitative exploration of psychological factors relating to mobile phone use amongst Australian youth. 32 participants, aged between 16 and 24 years, took part in focus group discussions. Thematic data analysis focussed on identifying the psychological benefits arising from mobile phone use and whether mobile phone addiction was occurring amongst this group. Mobile phone use was believed to provide numerous benefits to users and is an intrinsic part of most young people's lives. It emerged that some young people are extremely attached to their mobile phone with symptoms of behavioural addiction revealed in participants’ descriptions of their mobile phone use. The study provides a solid foundation for further work investigating addictive patterns of mobile phone use amongst youth.
Paleoenvironmental proxy records from Lake Hovsgol, Mongolia, and a synthesis of Holocene climate change in the Lake Baikal watershed
Authors: Prokopenko Alexander A. , Khursevich Galina K. , Bezrukova Elena V. , Kuzmin Mikhail I. , Boes Xavier , Williams Douglas F. , Fedenya Svetlana A. , Kulagina Nataliya V. , Letunova Polina P. , Abzaeva Anna A.
Published: June 2007

Here we discuss paleoenvironmental evolution in the Baikal region during the Holocene using new records of aquatic (diatom) and terrestrial vegetation changes from Hovsgol, Mongolia's largest and deepest lake. We reconcile previous contradictory Baikal timescales by constraining reservoir corrections of AMS dates on bulk sedimentary organic carbon. Synthesis of the Holocene records in the Baikal watershed reveals a northward progression in landscape/vegetation changes and an anti-phase behavior of diatom and biogenic silica proxies in neighboring rift lakes. In Lake Baikal, these proxies appear to be responsive to annual temperature increases after 6 ka, whereas in Lake Hovsgol they respond to higher precipitation/runoff from 11 to 7 ka. Unlike around Lake Baikal, warmer summers between 6 and 3.5 ka resulted in the decline, not expansion, of forest vegetation around Lake Hovsgol, apparently as a result of higher soil temperatures and lower moisture availability. The regional climatic proxy data are consistent with a series of 500-yr time slice Holocene GCM simulations for continental Eurasia. Our results allow reevaluation of the concepts of ‘the Holocene optimum’ and a ‘maximum of the Asian summer monsoon’, as applied to paleoclimate records from continental Asia.
Hepatic structural alteration in adult programmed offspring (severe maternal protein restriction) is aggravated by post-weaning high-fat diet
Authors: Souza-Mello Vanessa , Mandarim-de-Lacerda Carlos A. , Aguila Márcia B.
Published: June 2007

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of a post-weaning high-fat (HF) diet upon hepatic morphology in rats subjected to perinatal protein restriction. Pregnant Wistar rats were assigned to a normal-protein diet (NP; with 19 % of protein) or a low-protein (LP) diet (with 5 % of protein). At weaning, the following groups were formed: NP and NP-HF, males and females, which were fed standard chow and an HF diet, respectively. Likewise, LP rat dams originated LP and LP-HF offspring, both sexes. Euthanasia was performed at 6 months of age. Three-way ANOVA disclosed a three-factor interaction among sex, perinatal diet and HF diet in relation to body mass, retroperitoneal fat pad, liver mass:tibia length ratio, binucleation rate and hepatocyte area at 6 months old (P < 0·05). The high-fat diet intensified the effects of perinatal protein restriction concerning systolic blood pressure, genital fat pad and hepatocyte number (P < 0·05; two-way ANOVA). Furthermore, higher steatosis rates and insulin and leptin concentrations were found in males fed on the HF diet, indicating a sex–post-weaning diet interaction (P < 0·05; two-way ANOVA). Fetal programming and HF diet as a single stimulus caused mild hypertension at 3 months, an important reduction in hepatocyte number as well as stage 1 steatosis at 6 months. However, hypertension and hepatocyte number deficit were worsened and grade 2 steatosis occurred after exposure to the HF diet. All of these serve to highlight the paramount importance of intra-uterine conditions and postnatal diet quality when it comes to the pathogenesis of chronic diseases.
A survey of annual pesticide usage during the control of sheep ectoparasites in Northern Ireland, 2005
Authors: JESS S. , KEARNS C. , MATTHEWS D. I.
Published: June 2007

The current paper presents information from a survey of the practices associated with the control of ectoparasites on sheep in Northern Ireland in 2005, including the estimated total quantities of pesticide active ingredients used. It also provides comparative data to that obtained from previous surveys in 1981 (Jess & Marks 1986), 1988 (Foy et al.1995) and 1997 (Jess et al.2000). The total number of sheep farms in Northern Ireland decreased by 25% to 8822 farms with a consequent 26% reduction in total sheep population to 2·1 million sheep compared with the previous survey in 1997. During this period, the number of sheep treated for ectoparasites decreased by 40%. The total quantity of organophosphorus (OP) compounds used for ectoparasite control decreased by approximately 67%, from 7·8 tonnes in 1997 to 2·6 tonnes in 2005, during which an estimated 0·38 of all sheep treated for ectoparasites received the OP active ingredient diazinon. The survey results indicate a decline in the practice of plunge-dipping sheep for ectoparasite control with the proportion of farms using this treatment method decreasing from 0·58 to 0·16 between 1997 and 2005. In 1997, an estimated 0·8 of all sheep treated for ectoparasites in Northern Ireland were plunge-dipped, which reduced significantly to 0·28 during 2005. Conversely, the use of alternative methods has increased with pour-on formulations of insecticides, macrocyclic lactones and growth regulators being applied to 0·33 of all sheep treated in 2005 compared with 0·09 in 1997. Use of intramuscular or subcutaneous injections of macrocyclic lactones for ectoparasite control has also increased to 0·24 of all sheep treated in 2005 compared with 0·1 in 1997. The proportion of sheep treated in communal spray showers also increased from 0·01 in 1997 to 0·14 in 2005. Control of blowfly maggots (Lucilia spp.) and prevention of sheep scab (Psoroptes ovis) were the main reasons given by farmers for sheep treatments. On the farms that plunge-dipped, an estimated 0·68 of surplus dip wash was disposed of immediately after dipping took place, with 0·8 of farms emptying the dipping tanks using a vacuum tanker and 0·54 spreading the surplus dip wash directly onto land. An estimated 0·35 of these farmers mixed the dip wash with slurry pre-disposal. The survey suggests that the products used for spray showers are those recommended for plunge-dipping as there are no contemporary products recommended for use in spray showers. Macrocyclic lactone injections recorded in the survey had the dual function of controlling both endo- and ectoparasites.
Intercropping with pulses to concentrate nitrogen and sulphur in wheat
Authors: GOODING M. J. , KASYANOVA E. , RUSKE R. , HAUGGAARD-NIELSEN H. , JENSEN E. S. , DAHLMANN C. , VON FRAGSTEIN P. , DIBET A. , CORRE-HELLOU G. , CROZAT Y. , PRISTERI A. , ROMEO M. , MONTI M. , LAUNAY M.
Published: June 2007

The effects of intercropping wheat with faba bean (Denmark, Germany, Italy and UK) and wheat with pea (France), in additive and replacement designs on grain nitrogen and sulphur concentrations were studied in field experiments in the 2002/03, 2003/04 and 2004/05 growing seasons. Intercropping wheat with grain legumes regularly increased the nitrogen concentration of the cereal grain, irrespective of design or location. Sulphur concentration of the cereal was also increased by intercropping, but less regularly and to a lesser extent compared with effects on nitrogen concentration. Nitrogen concentration (g/kg) in wheat additively intercropped with faba bean was increased by 8% across all sites (weighted for inverse of variance), but sulphur concentration was only increased by 4%, so N:S ratio was also increased by 4%. Intercropping wheat with grain legumes increased sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-sedimentation volume. The effect of intercropping on wheat nitrogen concentration was greatest when intercropping had the most deleterious effect on wheat yield and the least deleterious effect on pulse yield. Over all sites and seasons, and irrespective of whether the design was additive or replacement, increases in crude protein concentration in the wheat of 10 g/kg by intercropping with faba bean were associated with 25–30% yield reduction of the wheat, compared with sole-cropped wheat. It was concluded that the increase in protein concentration of wheat grain in intercrops could be of economic benefit when selling wheat for breadmaking, but only if the bean crop was also marketed effectively.
Evidence for sex ratio distortion by a new microsporidian parasite of a Corophiid amphipod
Authors: MAUTNER S. I. , COOK K. A. , FORBES M. R. , McCURDY D. G. , DUNN A. M.
Published: June 2007

In this paper, we describe the occurrence of a microsporidian parasite in female-biased populations of an intertidal amphipod,Corophium volutator(Pallas), at mudflat sites in the Bay of Fundy, Canada. Sequence data for the parasite's 16S rDNA indicate that it is a novel microsporidian species. This parasite was found principally in female host gonads, indicating that it might be a vertically transmitted, sex-distorting microparasite. At 4 sites each sampled in early and mid-summer, parasite prevalence varied from 0 to 21%. In the lab, infected mothers gave rise to more female-biased broods, than did uninfected mothers. Infection was not associated with size of females or with lowered survivorship of their young. Surprisingly, infected mothers actually had higher fertility controlling for body length than did uninfected mothers. Taken together, our results suggest that this novel microsporidian is likely a feminizing microparasite and is a contributing factor to local and widespread sex ratio distortion inC. volutator.
Biased emotional attention in post-traumatic stress disorder: a help as well as a hindrance?
Authors: VYTHILINGAM M. , BLAIR K. S. , McCAFFREY D. , SCARAMOZZA M. , JONES M. , NAKIC M. , MONDILLO K. , HADD K. , BONNE O. , MITCHELL D. G. V. , PINE D. S. , CHARNEY D. S. , BLAIR R. J. R.
Published: June 2007

Background

From a cognitive neuroscience perspective, the emotional attentional bias in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) could be conceptualized either as emotional hyper-responsiveness or as reduced priming of task-relevant representations due to dysfunction in ‘top-down’ regulatory systems. We investigated these possibilities both with respect to threatening and positive stimuli among traumatized individuals with and without PTSD.

Method

Twenty-two patients with PTSD, 21 trauma controls and 20 non-traumatized healthy participants were evaluated on two tasks. For one of these tasks, the affective Stroop task (aST), the emotional stimuli act as distracters and interfere with task performance. For the other, the emotional lexical decision task (eLDT), emotional information facilitates task performance.

Results

Compared to trauma controls and healthy participants, patients with PTSD showed increased interference for negative but not positive distracters on the aST and increased emotional facilitation for negative words on the eLDT.

Conclusions

These findings document that hyper-responsiveness to threat but not to positive stimuli is specific for patients with PTSD.
Attitudes to depression and its treatment in primary care
Authors: WEICH SCOTT , MORGAN LOUISE , KING MICHAEL , NAZARETH IRWIN
Published: June 2007

Background

Undertreatment of depression in primary care is common. Efforts to address this tend to overlook the role of patient attitudes. Our aim was to validate and describe responses to a questionnaire about attitudes to depression and its treatment in a sample with experience of moderate and severe depressive episodes.

Method

Cross-sectional survey of 866 individuals with a confirmed history of an ICD-10 depressive episode in the 12 months preceding interview, recruited from 7271 consecutive general practitioner (GP) attendees in 36 general practices in England and Wales. Attitudes to and beliefs about depression were assessed using a 19-item self-report questionnaire.

Results

Factor analysis resulted in a three-factor solution: factor 1, depression as a disabling, permanent state; factor 2, depression as a medical condition responsive to support; and factor 3, antidepressants are addictive and ineffective. Participants who received and adhered to antidepressant medication and disclosed their depression to family and friends had significantly lower scores on factors 1 and 3 but higher scores on factor 2.

Conclusions

People with moderate or severe depressive episodes have subtle and divergent views about this condition, its outcome, and appropriate help. Such beliefs should be considered in primary care as they may significantly impact on help seeking and adherence to treatment.
A nationwide US study of post-traumatic stress after hospitalization for physical injury
Authors: ZATZICK DOUGLAS F. , RIVARA FREDERICK P. , NATHENS AVERY B. , JURKOVICH GREGORY J. , WANG JIN , FAN MING-YU , RUSSO JOAN , SALKEVER DAVID S. , MACKENZIE ELLEN J.
Published: June 2007

Background

Injured survivors of individual and mass trauma are at risk for developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Few investigations have assessed PTSD after injury in large samples across diverse acute care hospital settings.

Method

A total of 2931 injured trauma survivors aged 18–84 who were representative of 9983 in-patients were recruited from 69 hospitals across the USA. In-patient medical records were abstracted, and hospitalized patients were interviewed at 3 and 12 months after injury. Symptoms consistent with a DSM-IV diagnosis of PTSD were assessed with the PTSD Checklist (PCL) 12 months after injury.

Results

Approximately 23% of injury survivors had symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of PTSD 12 months after their hospitalization. Greater levels of early post-injury emotional distress and physical pain were associated with an increased risk of symptoms consistent with a PTSD diagnosis. Pre-injury, intensive care unit (ICU) admission [relative risk (RR) 1·17, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·02–1·34], pre-injury depression (RR 1·33, 95% CI 1·15–1·54), benzodiazepine prescription (RR 1·46, 95% CI 1·17–1·84) and intentional injury (RR 1·32, 95% CI 1·04–1·67) were independently associated with an increased risk of symptoms consistent with a PTSD diagnosis. White injury survivors without insurance demonstrated approximately twice the rate of symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of PTSD when compared to white individuals with private insurance. By contrast, for Hispanic injury survivors PTSD rates were approximately equal between uninsured and privately insured individuals.

Conclusions

Nationwide in the USA, more than 20% of injured trauma survivors have symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of PTSD 12 months after acute care in-patient hospitalization. Coordinated investigative and policy efforts could target mandates for high-quality PTSD screening and intervention in acute care medical settings.
Editorial
Authors: Crago Martha
Published: June 2007

It gives me great pleasure to introduce this Special Issue of Applied Psycholinguistics. One might say that it was very Canadian in its conception. The period between Christmas and New Years 2004 was particularly cold in Montreal and Toronto. It was during this very cold snap that Ellen Bialystok, Fred Genesee, and I decided to apply to the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada for special funding to host a conference on bilingualism. To make matters worse, one of our universities only heated its offices to the bare minimum during the holidays, and Ellen Bialystok's furnace broke down. With cold fingers, time running short, and the holiday period in full swing, we nevertheless managed to contact a dozen leading researchers from several countries who consented to become main speakers at the conference, Language Acquisition and Bilingualism: Consequences for a Multilingual Society, held in Toronto in May 2006 (a much warmer event). These researchers were joined by more than 300 people from 34 countries around the world, 119 of whom presented posters of their research (chosen from 250 submissions). The eager response of our research and practitioner communities for the conference and the compelling importance of the policy, educational, and program implications of bilingualism in a global context convinced me, as Editor of the Journal, that we should share the interest of the conference with you, the readers of Applied Psycholinguistics. This Special Issue contains articles by a number of the conference's speakers, and it was jointly edited by Ellen Bialystok and me with the help of Fred Genesee.
When timing is everything: Age of first-language acquisition effects on second-language learning
Authors: MAYBERRY RACHEL I.
Published: June 2007

The present paper summarizes three experiments that investigate the effects of age of acquisition on first-language (L1) acquisition in relation to second-language (L2) outcome. The experiments use the unique acquisition situations of childhood deafness and sign language. The key factors controlled across the studies are age of L1 acquisition, the sensory–motor modality of the language, and level of linguistic structure. Findings consistent across the studies show age of L1 acquisition to be a determining factor in the success of both L1 and L2 acquisition. Sensory–motor modality shows no general or specific effects. It is of importance that the effects of age of L1 acquisition on both L1 and L2 outcome are apparent across levels of linguistic structure, namely, syntax, phonology, and the lexicon. The results demonstrate that L1 acquisition bestows not only facility with the linguistic structure of the L1, but also the ability to learn linguistic structure in the L2.
An outbreak of psittacosis in a bird park in Japan
Authors: MATSUI T. , NAKASHIMA K. , OHYAMA T. , KOBAYASHI J. , ARIMA Y. , KISHIMOTO T. , OGAWA M. , CAI Y. , SHIGA S. , ANDO S. , KURANE I. , TABARA K. , ITAGAKI A. , NITTA N. , FUKUSHI H. , MATSUMOTO A. , OKABE N.
Published: June 2007

An outbreak of psittacosis related to a bird park occurred in Matsue City, Shimane Prefecture, Japan, during winter 2001. Seventeen cases of psittacosis (12 visitors, three staff, and two student interns) were confirmed. A cohort study was conducted among the park staff and students to determine the risk factors for the development of acute serologically confirmed psittacosis (SCP) infection. Being ‘bird staff’ had an increased risk of SCP infection (RR 3·96, 95% CI 1·48–10·58). Entering the staff building, where ill birds were maintained without proper isolation, was also associated with an increased risk of SCP infection (RR 3·61, 95% CI 1·03–12·6). Isolation of ill birds and quarantine measures were found to be insufficient. Dehumidifiers and a high-pressure water spray under a closed ventilation environment may have raised the concentration of Chlamydophila psittaci in the hothouses. Bird park staff and visitors should be educated about psittacosis.
An outbreak of pig rabies in Hunan province, China
Authors: JIANG Y. , YU X. , WANG L. , LU Z. , LIU H. , XUAN H. , HU Z. , TU C.
Published: June 2007

The first dog-associated outbreak of rabies in swine in China (Hunan province) has been diagnosed and the related virus isolated. Sequence analysis showed that the pig isolate was a genotype 1 rabies virus with a very high nucleotide identity to local dog isolates.
The Use of Questions in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy: Identification of Question Type, Function and Structure
Authors: James Ian A. , Morse Rachel
Published: June 2007

An exploration of trainees' abilities to identify question types, their function and the process of questioning was carried out with 25 trainees who were studying for either a Diploma in Cognitive Therapy or a Doctorate in Clinical Psychology. The results showed that trainees were best at determining the functions of questions, but were poor overall at identifying the different elements of questioning. This study highlights the absence of terminology for breaking down therapeutic dialogue into its component parts. It is concluded that research is needed to explore ways in which the components of questioning can be better articulated and conceptualized so as to aid our ability to reflect on questions in a meaningful way.
Maternal Disciplinary Style with Preschool Children: Associations with Children's and Mothers' Trait Anxiety
Authors: Robinson Rebecca , Cartwright-Hatton Sam
Published: June 2007

This study explored associations between maternal discipline, maternal trait anxiety and anxiety in preschool-aged children. The sample comprised 47 mothers and their children, aged 2–3 years. Maternal discipline was assessed by maternal self-report; and child anxiety by maternal and play leader report. Positive associations were found between self-reported, ineffective, maternal discipline and symptoms of anxiety in preschool-aged children. Associations were not found between self-reported “verbose” discipline (long reprimands or reliance on talking) and preschoolers' anxiety. There were also no associations between play leaders' reports of preschoolers' anxiety and any of the mothers' self-reported discipline measures. Positive associations were found between maternal trait anxiety and the use of self-reported ineffective disciplinary behaviours. Over-reactive discipline was shown to be a stronger predictor of preschoolers' anxiety symptoms than maternal anxiety or lax discipline. It was concluded that children's internalizing symptoms (according to mother report) may be associated with use of ineffective disciplinary strategies. Increased use of these strategies was also associated with anxiety in mothers, and it is suggested that use of ineffective discipline strategies might partially account for the association between maternal and child anxiety.