bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamics Energy Efficiency Analysis and Thermal Modeling of Data Center Cooling Using Open and Closed-Loop Cooling Systems
Authors: Heydari Ali
Published: January 2010

There is a strong need to improve our current capabilities in thermal management and electronic cooling, since estimates indicate that IC power density level could reach 500 W/cm2 in near future. This paper presents several possible closed and open loop cooling schemes for thermal management of electronic equipment in data centers. To be able to identify the overall energy consumption impact, a thermodynamics coefficient of performance (COP) analysis for a data center under each one of the proposed schemes is presented. A limited condition condition 2nd law of thermodynamics thermal efficiency (ηII) analysis of the proposed open-loop schemes is also presented. Using available performance data, the overall data center COP of open and closed-loop cooling schemes is evaluated. Also, the 2nd law efficiency of open-loop schemes is evaluated. To properly design and size the components of a liquid or refrigeration-assisted open or closed-loop cooling scheme requires heat exchanger modeling that need to be incorporated in existing CFD simulation models. For that, analytical modeling of two kinds of direct expansion refrigeration cooling evaporator and a secondary liquid cooling fan coil heat exchanger in conjunction with a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to analyze a refrigeration cooled high heat density electronic and computer data center installed on a raised floor is presented. Both models incorporate an accurate tube-by-tube thermal hydraulic modeling of the heat exchanger. The refrigeration coil analysis incorporates a multi region heat exchanger analysis for a more precise modeling of two phase refrigerant flow in the evaporator. The single phase secondary loop fan coil heat exchanger modeling uses an effectiveness method for regional modeling of the spot-cooling coil. Using an iterative method, results of the heat exchanger modeling is simultaneously incorporated in the CFD model and an optimal design of spot cooling heat exchanger is developed. The presented cooling schemes, theoretical thermodynamics analysis along with the detailed thermal-hydraulic heat exchanger simulation in conjunction with the state-of-the-art CFD simulation code should enable data center designers to be able to handle expected increased in heat density of the future data centers.
Die and Wafer-Level Hermetic Sealing for MEMS Applications
Authors: Fasoro Abiodun A. , Pandojirao-S. Praveen , Popa Dan O. , Stephanou Harry E. , Agonafer Dereje A.
Published: January 2010

Two of the primary causes of MEMS failure are stiction of the moving microparts due to moisture from environment and particulate contamination due to the degradation of organic materials. The use of getters such as sputtered Ti and Ba to maintain a moisture free environment within the MEMS package has been proposed and is well documented. Though getters ensure a moisture free environment within the package, they do not ensure hermeticity over long periods of time. Hermetic packaging is sometimes desirable for MEMS and optical MEMS (especially those that require long shelf lives) in order to guarantee operational reliability. This paper presents a hermetic fluxless die and wafer-level sealing process with adequate bond strength, assessed using the MIL-STD-883E standard. The hermetic sealing process is achieved via 80%Au-20%Sn eutectic solder rectangular seal rings deposited around the top die perimeter via evaporation and sputtering. We chose 80%Au-20%Sn eutectic solder for sealing because of its high resistance to surface oxide film formation as a result of its high gold content thereby eliminating the use of organic materials such as flux, and at the same time, providing hermetic seal at the die bond interface. The paper also discusses the use of linear regression analysis in packaging process development for our devices. The focus here is identifying process variables that significantly affect the process using as few packaged MEMS samples as available for reliability testing due to their high cost. The process parameters investigated in this paper apply to the shear strength of the resulting die stack, and include the applied bonding pressure, the maximum reflow temperature and the dwell time at the maximum reflow temperature. Conclusions are drawn based on experimental measurements conducted at the Texas Microfactory™ at UT Arlington, and at the Bennington Microtechnology Center (BMC) in Vermont, USA.
Closed Loop Liquid Cooling for High Performance Computer Systems
Authors: Kang Sukhvinder , Miller David , Cennamo John
Published: January 2010

The power dissipation levels in high performance personal computers continue to increase rapidly while the silicon die temperature requirements remain unchanged or have been lowered. Advanced air cooling solutions for the major heat sources such as CPU and GPU modules use heat pipes and high flow rate fans to manage the heat load at the expense of significant increases in the sound power emitted by the computer system. Closed loop liquid cooling systems offer an excellent means to efficiently meet the combined challenges of high heat loads, low thermal resistance, and low noise while easily managing die level heat fluxes in excess of 500 W/cm2. This paper describes the design and attributes of an advanced liquid cooling system that can cool single or multiple heat sources within the computer system. The cooling system described use copper cold plates with meso scale channels to pick up heat from CPU and GPU type heat sources and highly efficient liquid-to-air heat exchangers with flat copper tubes and plain fins to transfer the heat to air by forced convection. A water based coolant is used for high thermal performance and additives are used to provide burst protection to the cooling system at temperatures down to −40 °C and corrosion protection to critical components. A highly reliable compact pump is used to circulate the fluid in a closed loop. The overall system is integrated using assembly methods and materials that enable very low fluid permeation for long life.
Characterization of 1st Generation High-Strain Elastomer MEMS Sensors for Morphing Aircraft Applications
Authors: Madyala Arun , Huang Adam
Published: January 2010

We have developed the first MEMS high-strain sensor based on the recently developed fabrication technology, the Direct Polymer Patterning On Substrate Technique (DPPOST). DPPOST allows lithographically defined elastomer structures to be directly patterned on a substrate in a similar fashion like the lift-off process of evaporated metals. Silicone elastomers (RTV-11 or RTV-615) are used as the matrix materials for the sensor element due to its mechanical properties and widespread availability. Carbon black nano-particles are used to provide the sensing element electrical resistivity on the order 10 Ω-cm. This paper will discuss the design, fabrication, and development of the 1st generation MEMS high strain sensor; for experimental measurements on a highly elastic wing in a low-speed wind-tunnel.
Hot Spot Cooling Using Recycled Energy
Authors: Ouyang Chien , Gross Kenny , Heydari Ali
Published: January 2010

The paper describes a novel approach for achieving enhanced energy efficiency for computer servers. The paper teaches a novel solid-state technique and apparatus for recycling waste heat from chip packages and turning that wasted energy into hot-spot cooling for other IC packages in the same server. This approach brings the combined advantages of enhanced energy efficiency while smoothing out the spatial and temporal thermal gradients, thereby yielding better long term reliability for multiple-chip enterprise servers.
Transient Thermal Characterization of ErAs/In0.53Ga0.47As Thermoelectric Module
Authors: Ezzahri Y. , Singh R. , Fukutani K. , Bian Z. , Shakouri A. , Zeng G. , Bowers J. E. , Zide J. M. , Gossard A. C.
Published: January 2010

Embedded metallic nanoparticles in semiconductors have recently been proven to be of great interest for thermoelectric applications. These metallic nanoparticles play the role of scattering centers for phonons and a source of doping for electrons; they reduce simultaneously the thermal conductivity and increase the thermoelectric power factor of the semiconductor. It has also shown that metal/semiconductor heterostructures can be used to break the crystal momentum symmetry for hot electrons in thermionic devices, then increasing the number of electrons participating in transport. A thermoelectric module of 200 N-P pairs of InGaAlAs with embedded ErAs metallic nanoparticles has been fabricated. Network Identification by Deconvolution (NID) technique is then applied for transient thermal characterization of this thermoelectric module. The combination of this new representation of the dynamic behavior of the packaged device with high resolution thin film temperature measurement allows us to obtain information about heat transfer within the thermoelectric module. This is used to extract the thermal resistances and heat capacitances of the module.
Modeling of Micro/Nano-Particle Dissolution During Reflow of Lead-Free Composite Solders
Authors: Faizan Mohammad , Wang Guo-Xiang
Published: January 2010

The ever increasing miniaturization of electronic devices has pressed the need to find the alternate solders that can deliver the necessary strength and reliability of the solder joints. In this view the development of composite solders has become the focus for many researchers in recent years. This paper presents a mathematical model to simulate the dissolution behavior of metal particles in composite solders during reflow process. The mathematical model is based on basic mass diffusion process and involves the actual physical properties of various species (particle, IMC, solder etc) of the system. Thermal effects and related thermodynamic constraints together with the non-equilibrium interface kinetics of dissolving micro and nano-size particles are also considered. The growth of intermetallic compound (IMC) and terminal size of embedded particles for various reflow conditions are analyzed using the model. Dissolution behavior of micro-size Cu particles in lead-free, Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) alloy solder was studied. The end particle size and the thickness of the IMC layer around the particles are presented for various initial particle sizes and reflow conditions. Effects of initial copper content in Sn-Ag-Cu alloy solder and the interface reaction kinetics on the dissolution of copper particles and growth of intermetallic compound are also investigated. Results of the model show the interesting behavior of micron-size particle dissolution in liquid solders. The reaction kinetics at the IMC/solder interface was seen to play an important role in the dissolution of copper particles.
Generating Behavior of Whisker on Pb Free Sn Plating and Its Control
Authors: Takeshita Yuki , Kimura Yuji
Published: January 2010

The Sn-Pb alloy plating is mainly used for an electronic material now. However, there is a problem that Pb pollutes the environment. Therefore, Sn-Pb alloys are principally prohibited using in the electronic component with the RoHS instruction. Therefore, an alternative material of Pb is called upon now. However, whisker generation have been problem when an alternative material of Sn-Pb alloy is used. Therefore in this study, various investigations are conducted to prevent whisker generation when an alternative material of Pb is used on the basis of microstructure control for best plating material.
Thermal Characteristics of LED Light Source in Flat Panel Display Backlight System
Authors: Kim Sung Ki , Kang Joon , Kim Seo Young
Published: January 2010

Light Emitting Diode (LED) begins to be applied as backlight system in a flat panel display because of local dimming function, wide color gamut, longer lifetime and environmental-friendly feature. The performance of LED device is strongly dependent on the operating temperature, however, the operation beyond temperature limit could cause the luminosity decrease, wavelength shift and lifetime decrease including failure of electrode soldering in the package. Therefore, the thermal management in a LED backlight system is crucial to guarantee the image quality and the reliability of the display. However, narrow volume of flat panel displays cause low convective heat transfer showing non-uniform temperature distribution over the panel. It deteriorates the image quality that the inherent temperature difference over the flat panel display backlight system. The objective of present study aimed to investigate the effect of LED alignment in a direct-illuminating type backlight system. It is discussed thermal characteristics of backlights in flat panel with LED light source and evaluated performance of the heat spreading system to ensure the reliability of LED backlight system.
Screen-Printing of Yellow Phosphor Powder on Blue Light Emitting Diode (LED) Arrays for White Light Illumination
Authors: Lee K. H. , Lee S. W. Ricky
Published: January 2010

In current technology, white light generation from a light emitting diode (LED) can be achieved by combining the lights from three fundamental colors, namely, red, green and blue (RGB), of LEDs or by coating a phosphor layer onto the surface of a LED chip. The first method involving the RGB color mixing technique requires a complicated electrical circuit design for the control of light intensity and uniformity on the three different colors of LEDs and hence increases the costs of manufacturing. The second method is implemented by coating a layer of yellow phosphor on a blue LED chip for white light illumination. The quality of generated white light heavily depends on the packing density, the thickness and the uniformity of the phosphor coating. There have been some coating methods available in the industry. Each one of them has its own pros-n-cons. In the present study, a new yellow phosphor coating method by screen-printing on blue LED arrays is developed. Compared with conventional coating methods, this screen-printing method is considered relatively simple and rather effective. The newly developed method and the results of prototyping are introduced in this paper in detail.
Experimental and Computational Characterization of a Heat Sink Tester
Authors: Trivedi Aalok , Lakhkar Nikhil , Iyengar Madhusudhan , Ellsworth Michael , Schmidt Roger , Agonafer Dereje
Published: January 2010

With the continuing industry trends towards smaller, faster and higher power devices, thermal management continues to be extremely important in the development of electronics. In this era of high heat fluxes, air cooling still remains the primary cooling solution in desktops mainly due to its cost. The primary goal of a good thermal design is to ensure that the chip can function at its rated frequency or speed while maintaining the junction temperature within the specified limit. The first and foremost step in measurement of thermal resistance and hence thermal characterization is accurate determination of junction temperature. Use of heat sinks as a thermal solution is well documented in the literature. Previously, the liquid cooled cold plate tester was studied using a different approach and it was concluded that the uncertainty in heat transfer coefficient was within 8% with errors in appropriate parameters, this result was supported by detailed uncertainty analysis based on Monte-Carlo simulations. However, in that study the tester was tested computationally. In this paper, testing and characterization of a heat sink tester is presented. Heat sinks were tested according to JEDEC JESD 16.1 standard for forced convection. It was observed that the error between computational and experimental values of thermal resistances was 10% for the cases considered.
The Thermal-Circuit High-Speed Collaboration Layout Design for an Electronic System With Multi-Agent Method
Authors: Hayashi Shintaro , Iwata Yoshiharu , Satoh Ryohei , Fujimoto Kozo
Published: January 2010

Recently, electronics systems have become more complex resulting in a need for system design method that considers multiple physical phenomenons. However, it is difficult at the electronic system design level to reduce the design time and realize high precision. We have developed a collaborative highspeed thermal/circuit design method with a modularized model [1–2]. In this paper, we reconsider the optimization method of this design system. We obtain the local minimum solution for a very high-density device system. However, because the constraints associated with both thermal and electrical design become very strong, we applied an agent-oriented optimization method in defining the boundary conditions between device module and board module to ease the constraints on the thermal layout design. This method is characterized by making the design for device module design intelligent. In a case study, we achieved more than a 20% improvement in the design solution in the Pareto curve. We also reduced the design time by more than 10 times (one weight pattern: about 30sec, Pareto solution set: about 600sec). This enables the designer of electronics system to compare Pareto solution sets within a short time and to evaluate many different layout designs during the rough design phase of a system design.
Optimization of Copper Column Flip Chip Packages Incorporating a Variable Interconnect Compliance Configuration
Authors: Tay Andrew A. O. , Ho Siow Ling
Published: January 2010

This paper describes a parametric study of the reliability of solder joints in wafer level flip chip packages that employ copper column interconnects. In this study, the impact of the change in the compliance of the copper column interconnects on the fatigue life of the solder joints were investigated by varying the diameter of the copper column interconnects. 2-D elastic-plastic finite element analyses were carried out on packages with constant interconnect diameter as well as those with variable interconnect diameters within the same package. The effect of changing the pitch and the pad size were also studied. It was found that an effective strategy in increasing the fatigue life and hence the reliability of the solder joints is by distributing copper columns of lower compliance (greater diameter) near the center of the package and increasing the compliance of the copper columns (decreasing their diameter) towards the perimeter of the chip package. In addition, elastic-plastic-creep analysis was also performed on the packages. It was observed that the results from the elastic-plastic analysis and the elastic-plastic-creep analysis exhibit the same trend.
Parameter study for silicon grass formation in Bosch process
Authors: Jung KyuBong , Song WooJin , Lim Hyun Woo , Lee Caroline Sunyong
Published: January 2010

Bosch process is one type of silicon etching technology for high-aspect ratio where silicon grass is one of the by-products. Previously, most of the studies have been focused on eliminating these silicon grasses. However, in this study, the optimized condition for obtaining silicon grasses was studied using inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching for its potential application as silicon wires in the field of lithium ion batteries as electrodes and texturing of Si solar cells. It was found that the diameter for silicon grass was found to be proportional to the pattern size. The diameter and length of silicon grass were found to be dependent on the chuck power, duty cycle, SF6 pressure, etch/passivation time ratio, and ratio of flow rate. As chuck power decreases, the diameter and density of silicon grass increase. Low duty cycle and high chamber pressure are favorable for obtaining high density of silicon grass formation. Moreover, it was found that the relative time ratio of SF6 to C4F8 being 7:2 seems to be the optimal condition for sub-micrometer-sized grass formation. Finally, the flow rate of SF6 was found to be inversely proportional to the grass formation; the flow ratio of SF6 and C4F8 being 2:1 is the optimum condition to obtain high density of silicon grass. Overall, various parameters can be controlled in Bosch process to control the diameter and length of silicon grasses.
Photon-added Bell-type entangled coherent state and some nonclassical properties
Authors: Yuan Hong-Chun , Li Heng-Mei , Fan Hong-Yi
Published: January 2010

We introduce a class of the photon-added Bell-type entangled coherent states (PABECSs) obtained from Bell-type entangled coherent states by applying creation operators. We investigate their entanglement characteristics by analyzing the entropy of entanglement and discuss the influence of photon excitations on quantum entanglement. It is shown that applying a creation operator can increase the amount of entanglement. We also study the statistical properties of such states by discussing the behavior of the quasi-probability functions graphically. In addition, a possible scheme is presented to produce the PABECSs by using cavity quantum electrodynamics and quantum measurements.
DESIGNING A MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF URBAN PLANS IN CHINA
Authors: BAO CUN-KUAN , GAO YING-WEI , ZHOU YING-LIE , OU-YANG LI , HUANG HE , JIANG DAHE , BROWN A. L.
Published: January 2010

Based on the revision of the Methods for Urban Plan Formulation and the Technical Guidelines of Environmental Impact Assessment for Urban Master Plan (in draft), this paper proposes a management framework for Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of Urban Plans. In this context, the urban plan compilation system and the requirements for Urban Plan SEAs are explained. This is followed by the introduction of three types of urban plan SEAs, namely forecasting SEA, monitoring or follow-up SEA, and retrospective SEA. The relationship among the institutions/agencies involved in urban planning SEAs is discussed and three implementation modes are proposed, including an internal-implementation mode, an external-implementation mode and a mixed-implementation mode. Finally, substantive SEA aspects for various types of urban plans are identified.
DIFFERENCES IN PERCEPTIONS OF EFFECTIVE SEA IN THE UK AND CHINA
Authors: FISCHER THOMAS B. , HE XU
Published: January 2010

This paper presents results of a project, funded by the British Academy, on perceptions of SEA effectiveness in two countries with formal SEA requirements, but with very different planning and decision-making traditions: the UK and China. Similarities and differences are described, based on a questionnaire survey, conducted at two workshops with local and regional authority representatives, private consultants and academics; at Liverpool University (October 2006) and at Nankai University (March 2007). Whilst many similarities in perceptions are found, some differences are established, particularly regarding the SEA process (which Chinese representatives think should be more flexible versus UK representatives who mostly think it should be more rigorous) and regarding current shortcomings (lack of real influence and non-existence of relevant baseline data for China; too much unused baseline data for the UK). Overall, there was a more positive perception of many Chinese respondents regarding SEA's potential to lead to more effective decision making, greater efficiency of tiered decision making and an ability to enable more effective involvement.
New discoveries of
Isochirotherium herculis
(Egerton 1838) and a reassessment of chirotheriid footprints from the Triassic of the Isle of Arran, Scotland
Authors: Clark N. D. L. , Corrance H.
Published: January 2010

Synopsis

Several
in situ
trackways and individual chirotheriid footprints have been found at a number of locations along the southern coast of the Isle of Arran. A locality on the coast near Sliddery has five trackways with three of over 17 footprints and one locality west of Kildonan also has a trackway with over 10 footprints. They are all from the Triassic Auchenhew Beds, but may belong to several levels within these beds. The state of preservation of the footprints is variable, but a combination of morphological characters and landmark polygons suggests that they belong to
Isochirotherium herculis
(Egerton) 1838. Previously described footprints from Arran, originally described as
Chirotherium barthii
(Clark
et al
. 2002), are reidentified as
I. herculis
.
The camerate crinoid
Eucalyptocrinites
sp. from the Silurian(?) of Scotland
Authors: Donovan Stephen K.
Published: January 2010

Synopsis

An unusual specimen in the collections of the Hunterian Museum, labelled as a ‘ten point star crinoid ossicle’, is re-identified as the distal spiniferous canopy of the anal tube of a camerate crinoid. It is referred to the monobathrid
Eucalyptocrinites
sp. and is close to the type species,
Eucalyptocrinites rosaceous
Goldfuss (Middle Devonian, Germany). The new specimen is probably Silurian; there are three other British Silurian
Eucalyptocrinites
. If the locality is correct, it is the first member of this genus from Scotland.
Bottom-current variability during the last glacial-deglacial transition, Northern Rockall Trough and Faroe Bank Channel, NE Atlantic
Authors: McIntyre Kate L. , Howe John A.
Published: January 2010

Synopsis

Two sediment gravity cores and a multicore collected from contourite sediment drifts north and south of the Wyville Thomson Ridge provide a detailed textural record of bottom-current variability since the last glaciation. Four radiocarbon dates indicate that collectively the cores span the last
c
. 40 ka including the last stadial-interstadial cycle. The Northern Rockall Trough drift cores contain contouritic sediments of Last Glacial Maximum to Holocene age (
c
. 18 ka to present). The core from the Faroe Bank Channel contains glaciomarine contouritic sediments of mid-Devensian to Holocene age (
c
. 40 ka to present). Both gravity cores were analysed for magnetic susceptibility, wet bulk density, fractional porosity and P-wave velocity further to detailed (1 cm interval) grain-size analyses. The mean sortable silt fraction (10 to 63 μm) of the grain-size data is used to reconstruct the ancestral flow of two different water masses: Norwegian Sea Deep Water in the Faroe Bank Channel and North Atlantic Deep Water in the Northern Rockall Trough. During glaciation, the flow of both water masses was suppressed, although still active, with mean sortable silt values of between 25 and 30 μm during the Last Glacial Maximum. Ice-rafted debris dated at 37 935
14
C years in the Faroe Bank Channel may correspond to Heinrich Event H4. The bottom-current response to the climate amelioration of the early Holocene is one of a steady increase in flow. This response is noted at both sites suggesting a deep-water connectivity between the Northern Rockall Trough and Faroe Bank Channel. Present day flow of North Atlantic Deep Water in the Northern Rockall Trough has been measured at up to 11 cm s
−1
corresponding to mean sortable silt values of 36 to 40 μm, compared to glacial and stadial values of <30 μm, suggesting weaker North Atlantic and Norwegian Sea Deep Water flows of <10 cm s
−1
during this time.
The ichnofossils
Gordia
Emmons and
Chondrites
von Sternberg from the Deerhope Formation, North Esk Inlier (Silurian, Llandovery)
Authors: Donovan Stephen K. , Fearnhead Fiona E. , Clarkson Euan N. K.
Published: January 2010

Synopsis

Few trace fossils are known from the North Esk Inlier. Hitherto, only four ichnospecies have been identified from the Deerhope Formation, three in open nomenclature. To this meagre total are added two further ichnotaxa, both morphologically distinct from those already known, namely very numerous
Chondrites
isp. and much rarer
Gordia marina
Emmons. Casts of burrows were preserved in partial convex hyporelief by erosion, then infill by a mass flow sand. The low topography and contrast of these specimens led to photography being supplemented by pencil and wax crayon rubbings of the bedding surface, providing a superior record of the gross morphology of
G. marina
.
Rock-slope failure at Baosbheinn, Wester Ross, NW Scotland: age and interpretation
Authors: Ballantyne Colin K. , Stone John O.
Published: January 2010

Synopsis

A massive arcuate ridge composed of large tabular boulders below a failure scar at the NW extremity of Baosbheinn has previously been interpreted as a protalus rampart or talus rock glacier of Loch Lomond Stadial (
c
. 12.9–11.5 ka) age. The ridge occurs downslope of a rockslide failure zone flanked by steep rock buttresses, and is here reinterpreted as consisting of rockslide debris produced by failure of 0.5–0.6 Mt of rock from the backing slope. The runout debris is inferred to have lost momentum as it impacted the basal break of slope and consequently accumulated as a steep-fronted ridge with a gentle backing depression, partly burying a lateral moraine attributed to the Wester Ross Readvance (WRR) of
c
. 14.0–13.5 ka. Cosmogenic
10
Be exposure ages for large boulders on the rockslide runout debris indicate that the rockslide occurred between 14.0 ± 1.6 ka and 13.3 ± 1.2 ka under cool temperate conditions during the Lateglacial Interstade. Failure probably occurred within a few centuries after deposition of the over-ridden WRR moraine, and is attributed to rock-slope weakening due to deglacial unloading and consequent paraglacial stress release, possibly enhanced by thaw of ice within bedrock joints.
Geological controls on radon potential in Scotland
Authors: Scheib C. , Appleton J. D. , Miles J. C. H. , Green B. M. R. , Barlow T. S. , Jones D. G.
Published: January 2010

Synopsis

222
Rn, a natural radioactive gas produced by the radioactive decay of
238
U, accounts for about 50% of the total radiation dose to the average person in the UK. Geology is the most important factor controlling the source and distribution of radon; which has been linked to an increased risk of lung cancer. In order to prevent the public receiving high exposures to radon, it is necessary to identify those areas most at risk. We present results of new mapping of radon potential for Scotland using a method that allows the spatial variation in radon potential to be delineated both within and between geological groupings.

The main geological and geochemical associations with moderate to high radon potential areas are described. The highest radon potential values in Scotland are associated with U-rich, highly evolved Siluro-Devonian biotite granite intrusions, notably those clustered within a zone to the west of Aberdeen and at Helmsdale, in Caithness. U mineralization plays a role in areas including the Helmsdale granite and the Middle Old Red Sandstone of the Orcadian Basin. Elevated radon potential is also associated with limestones – where fracture permeability is influential – and with Ordovician–Silurian greywackes. The radon potential of unconsolidated deposits, and how this affects the radon potential of the underlying bedrock, reflects both their permeabilities and their compositions.
The form of the Cairngorm Granite Pluton
Authors: Harry W. T.
Published: January 2010

Synopsis

The Cairngorm Granite mass appears to be a discordant stock-like intrusion. It comprises at least two important units, the Main Granite, which is largely a more or less even-grained microcline-oligoclase-biotite granite, and the Porphyritic Granite generally distinguished by conspicuous felspar phenocrysts. Contacts between these two units are steep, like the external boundaries of the entire granite mass.
Potassium-argon age determinations on rocks from St Kilda and Rockall
Authors: Miller J. A. , Mohr P. A.
Published: January 2010

Synopsis

St Kilda intrusive rocks have yielded the following ages:

Post-granophyre dykes and sheets
35 m.y. (approx.)

Granophyres and associated sheets
56 m.y.

Dolerites and basic sheets
60 m.y.

Eucrite
?60 m.y. +

A sample of aegerine-granite from Rockall has provided an age of 60±10 m.y.
The stratigraphy and structure of the Whithorn area of Wigtownshire, Scotland
Authors: Rust B. R.
Published: January 2010

Synopsis

The rocks of the Whithorn area comprise two groups of Silurian strata: the Riccarton Beds, of Wenlock age, and the Hawick Rocks. The boundary between these groups is reinterpreted as a strike fault with major southward downthrow.

Five fold movements have been recognised in the area. The first two comprise N.E.-S.W. folds and are responsible for the major monoclinal structure of the area. Folds of the third movement have E-W axial planes and steep plunges, and are considered contemporaneous with members of the Caledonian dyke suite. Fourth generation folds have low-angle axial planes, and are associated with late thrusts and mineralisation (probably Hercynian). The latest folds, dextral kink bands with N-S modal trend, are believed to post-date a Tertiary dyke series.

Early thrusts are associated with the first folds, and a conjugate set of wrench faults with the second folds. It is suggested that strike faults originated as dip-slip fractures before or during the second fold movement, and were later reactivated by strike- and oblique-slip movement.

The structural history of the area is found to be comparable with those of other parts of the southern Caledonian fold belt, especially the Silurian areas.
The buried channel of the River Nith and its marked change in level across the Southern Upland Fault
Authors: Lumsden G. I. , Davies A.
Published: January 2010

Synopsis

The base of the buried channel of the River Nith falls eastwards (in the same direction as the flow of the present river) from 650 ft above Ordnance Datum to 400 ft O.D. as it approaches the outcrop of the Southern Upland Fault. Across the fault the base of the channel is proved again at 520 ft O.D. and falls eastwards to 400 ft O.D. at Sanquhar. Ice-gouging is an unlikely explanation of the anomalous levels across the Southern Upland Fault. The possibility of late movement along the Southern Upland Fault, with a resultant downthrow to the north of a little under 200 ft is supported by the details of the buried channel of the neighbouring River Doon. Such probable late fault movement can be dated no more closely than at some time after the Upper Cretaceous (but probably much later) and before the end of the Glacial period.
The structural dating of the sillimanite-grade metamorphism of the Moines in Ardgour (Argyll) and Moidart (Inverness-shire)
Authors: Dalziel Ian W. D. , Brown Richard L.
Published: January 2010

Synopsis

The occurrence of sillimanite in the Moine schists and gneisses of Ardgour (Argyll) and Moidart (Inverness-shire) is discussed. The relationship of sillimanite in pods
(faserkiesel)
to planar and linear structural elements leads to the conclusion that the sillimanite-grade metamorphism began prior to the second regional fold episode. This is in keeping with evidence that the regional migmatisation in the southwestern part of the Moines preceded in part the main movements of the second fold episode.
Geomorphic evolution in Hebridean Scotland
Authors: George T. Neville
Published: January 2010

Synopsis

The view is challenged that the Highland plateau in Scotland originated during later Palaeozoic times and evolved as a complex ‘peneplain’.

The view is also challenged that the Highland plateau originated as an emergent Cretaceous sea-floor. Although Cretaceous rocks were repeatedly deformed by Palaeogene earth-movement and igneous action, there is no sign of a ‘Hebridean rift’ to which the complexities of Hebridean geology may be relegated. Arran, of Hebridean igneous facies in an alien structural context, confirms other evidence in demonstrating that the evolution of regional relief is not to be separated into one mode in a conjectural rift, another in a mainland massif.

The primary Hebridean landform appears to be the product of the pulsed emergence of little-warped wave-cut benches. The benches continue uninterruptedly from the Hebridean province into the Highlands, and prove an original geomorphic unity of the whole country. Since the benches bevel the Palaeogene igneous masses and are later than the mid-Tertiary folds and faults, the regional landscape is essentially Neogene in origin. So also appears to be the landscape of other parts of Britain.
The stratigraphy and structure of north-eastern Morar, Inverness-shire
Authors: Poole A. B.
Published: January 2010

Synopsis

North-eastern Morar is composed of a complex of high grade Moine and Lewisian rocks. The succession is closely comparable to that of western Knoydart though reduced in total thickness. Four phases of folding are recognised, early isoclinal folding of Moine and Lewisian, followed by the development of an antiform in the west, and later a complex synform further east. A fourth phase of folding about east-west axes has produced a series of folds in the east of the area and given a steep southerly plunge to the earlier north-south trending folds and their associated minor structures.
Cryptic layering in the Belhelvie intrusion, Aberdeenshire
Authors: Wadsworth W. J. , Stewart F. H. , Rothstein A. T. V.
Published: January 2010

Synopsis

A re-investigation of the northern part of the Belhelvie intrusion indicates that the layered sequence can be divided into three main units (A, B, and C), based on the successive cumulus mineral assemblages olivine, olivine-plagioclase, and olivine-plagioclase-2 pyroxenes. In this part of the intrusion the thickness of the layered series is at least 6000 ft, and cryptic variation is from Fo
86→80
, An
81→74
, En
85→78½
, and Ca
42
Mg
51
Fe
7
to Ca
41
Mg
48
Fe
11.
Over much of the outcrop the rhythmic layering is nearly vertical, but in the eastern part there is evidence that the succession is almost horizontal. The Belhelvie intrusion is considered in its regional setting, and compared with the other ‘younger gabbros’ of north-east Scotland.
The composition of some Ben Ledi grits and its bearing on the origin of albite schists in the south-west Highlands
Authors: Bowes D. R. , Convery H. J. E.
Published: January 2010

Synopsis

The Ben Ledi Grits between the Highland Boundary Fault at Loch Venachar and the Balquhidder district contain a considerable proportion of albite of detrital origin. The proportion of Na
2
O in twenty-one new rock analyses of grit bands, which varies from 1.2 to 4.8 per cent, is sufficient to account for the Na
2
O proportions present in the albite schists of the south-west Highlands. It is suggested that these albite schists developed during metamorphism as the result of local transfer of sodium from grit bands to pelitic bands.
Trace fossils from the Lower Cambrian Pipe Rock of the north-west Highlands
Authors: Hallam A. , Swett K.
Published: January 2010

Synopsis

Detailed descriptions are given of the trace fossils
Skolithos
and
Monocraterion
in the Lower Cambrian Pipe Rock, which have hitherto been referred to as ‘ordinary pipes’ and ‘trumpet pipes’ respectively. They are interpreted as the dwelling burrows of the same type of suspension-feeding worm-like organism.
Skolithos
was probably formed during periods of negligible sedimentation, whereas
Monocraterion
probably resulted from upward movement in adjustment to influxes of sediment.
Recent evidence for the age of the Hagshaw Hills Silurian Inlier, Lanarkshire
Authors: Ian Rolfe W. D. , Fritz Madeleine A.
Published: January 2010

Synopsis

A graptolite fauna discovered in the basal beds of the Hagshaw Hills Inlier suggests an Upper Valentian age. Fragments of stromatoporoid and bryozoan colonies found in the hitherto unfossiliferous Parishholm Conglomerate indicate derivation from a source rock of Wenlock age. Since the Parishholm Conglomerate is thus younger than some part of the Wenlock it supports the recent suggestion that this conglomerate is paraconformable. The new evidence implies that the upper ‘fish’ beds of the Midland Valley inliers are post-Wenlock and therefore Ludlow in age as maintained by Westoll, but that a greater time interval separates upper from lower ‘fish’ beds than was formerly allowed. An overlooked publication by Peach in 1902 records a shelly fauna from the base of the Lesmahagow succession which permits closer correlation between the Hagshaw Hills and Lesmahagow inliers.
Sedimentary affiliations and stratigraphic correlation of the Dalradian rocks in the South-west Highlands of Scotland
Authors: Roberts John L.
Published: January 2010

Synopsis

The concept of sedimentary affiliations (cf. the sedimentary associations of Knill 1959) is introduced, and three such affiliations (the black slate, the graded quartzite, and the greywacke affiliations) are described from the Dalradian metasediments younger than the Easdale Slates. The stratigraphic distribution of these affiliations is the basis for the proposed stratigraphic correlations. The difficulties of correlation across the Cowal Antiform and along the Highland Border are discussed. Current directions and facies changes allow the palaeogeography to be outlined. The distinction between the graded quartzite and greywacke affiliations provides evidence on the ‘greywacke problem’.
The Oxford Clay of Skye, Scalpay and Eigg
Authors: Turner Judith
Published: January 2010

Synopsis

Callovian and Oxfordian rocks outcrop on the Inner Hebridean Islands of Skye, Scalpay and Eigg. The Callovian and Lower Oxfordian argillaceous beds in Staffin Bay are described. The deposits are fossiliferous and include all zones from the Jason Zone of the Middle Callovian to the Plicatilis Zone of the Middle Oxfordian. In Strathaird the lowest proved zone is of Lamberti or possibly Upper Athleta Zone age. In Strathaird, on Scalpay and in Staffin Bay the succession reaches the Upper Oxfordian, while even higher beds occur in Staffin Bay and on Mull. The name Staffin Shales is proposed for the fine-grained sediments of North Skye.
Woolly rhinoceros from the Scottish Pleistocene
Authors: Ian Rolfe W. D.
Published: January 2010

Synopsis

Evidence for the existence in Scotland of the woolly rhinoceros,
Coelodonta antiquitatis
(Blumenbach), has previously been confined to one metacarpal bone. An additional tibia, humerus and molar tooth are now known and are briefly described. All finds are from different localities in the Kelvin valley of the Bishopbriggs district, Lanarkshire. Collagen from the humerus has yielded a radiocarbon date of 27 550 years B.P. This date implies either that the bone is derived from an earlier deposit or that the Kelvin valley sands and gravels are much older than recently suggested and of Middle/Late Weichselian interstadial age.
The geological interpretation of potassium-argon ages of metamorphic rocks from the Scottish Caledonides
Authors: Harper C. T.
Published: January 2010

Synopsis

The K-Ar age pattern in the Scottish Caledonides is interpreted in terms of a cooling history. Eighty-four new K-Ar ages are reported and these are systematically related to be retentivities of the materials dated and to the structural position of the rocks sampled. Dalradian slates near the Highland Border with a flow-cleavage associated with the initial (F
1
) deformation yield whole-rock ages averaging 505±6 m.y. This is a minimum age for F
1
in the Scottish Dalradian.

Post-500 m.y. Dalradian mica ages reflect cooling times following the main (post-F
2
, pre-F
3
) metamorphism, but a lower limit of 471±18 m.y. for this metamorphism is obtained from whole-rock analyses of high-level Dalradian slates, among the first rocks to cool after the metamorphic peak. The F
3
deformation is dated from peripheral slates with F
3
strain-slip cleavage of the Middle Dalradian and Ballapel successions, which yield whole-rock ages averaging 448±13 m.y. and 443±14 m.y. respectively. Uplift associated with F
3
accelerated cooling of the main mass of Dalradian and Moine schists and gneisses and these yield mica averages of 451±17 m.y. (muscovite) and 440±13 m.y. (biotite). Intrusion of Newer Granites occurred between 425 and 390 m.y. ago, and localised high temperatures associated with this activity are evidenced in the age pattern obtained from the metamorphic rocks.
Formation and fractionation of basic magmas at high pressures
Authors: O’Hara M. J. , Yoder H. S.
Published: January 2010

Synopsis

Experiments were conducted at 30 kilobars on dry synthetic mixtures in the join diopside (CaMgSi
2
O
6
)-pyrope (Mg
3
Al
2
Si
3
O
12
), on a small number of compositions in adjacent parts of the plane CaSiO
3
-MgSiO
3
-Al
2
O
3
and one composition in the plane diopside-pyrope-forsterite. In addition, experiments were made at the same pressure on the joins chrome diopside-enstatite, chrome diopside-pyrope, and chrome diopside-pyrope-olivine using the separated analysed minerals of a natural garnet-peridotite nodule in kimberlite, and the join garnet-omphacite using the separated analysed minerals of an eclogite nodule in kimberlite. A few experiments were made on the whole-rock sample of some eclogite nodules in kimberlite. The results have an important bearing on the range ofcomposition of clinopyroxene solid solutions, the conditions of equilibration and original formation of eclogite and kimberlite, and the existence of an orthopyroxene-liquid reaction relationship in olivine and hypersthene-normative liquids at 30 kilobars pressure. They lead to the construction of a new fractionation scheme at high pressure in which a hypersthene-normative picrite or olivine tholeiite magma is the primary liquid, formed by partial melting of a garnet-peridotite mantle. Precipitation of garnets and clinopyroxenes (eclogite accumulates) leads to me development of alkaline and silica-poor mafic magmas from this primary liquid.
Limb structure, affinity and diet of the Carboniferous ‘centipede’
Arthropleura
Authors: Ian Rolfe W. D. , Ingham J. K.
Published: January 2010

Synopsis

The limb of
Arthropleura
is shown to be uniramous and not biramous as suggested by Waterlot and accepted by all subsequent authorities except Størmer. The functional significance of some of the limb features is apparent from comparison with living myriapods. The rosette, K- and B-plates are suggested to be sub-coxal sclerites and not limb segments, appendages or organs as previously maintained. New reconstructions of the limb and of the whole animal are presented.
Arthropleura
is here regarded as a member of a distinct class of Myriapoda, the Arthropleurida, which differs from all other myriapods in the large number of segments in the limb and in the presence of the rosette plate. A juvenile specimen of
Arthropleura
has lycopod fragments preserved as gut contents, proving that this creature was herbivorous and not carnivorous as suggested by Waterlot. This herbivorous habit is one of several features indicating parallel evolution of the Arthropleurida and the living polydesmid millipedes.
Deposition of some Upper Old Red Sandstone conglomerates in the Clyde area: A study in the significance of bedding
Authors: Bluck Brian J.
Published: January 2010

Synopsis

On the basis of structure and texture, the Upper Old Red Sandstone conglomerates and conglomeratic sandstones of the Clyde area of Western Scotland are divided into four types which represent the accumulations of alluvial fans (mudflow and stream), braided streams, and floodplains. The deposits of alluvial fans show a relationship between bed thickness and maximum particle size, but this relationship is not clear in the case of floodplain deposits. The relationship of the bed thickness to maximum particle size and the nature of the frequency distribution of both maximum particle size and bed thickness are shown to be of considerable importance in determining conglomerate genesis.

Stratigraphical sections show an upward reduction in grain size together with a change from fan mudflow to fan stream to braided stream to floodplain deposition. These features suggest the diminishing effects of the source areas through time at any one locality; probably due to erosion and planation of newly emergent fault-bounded mountains. The transition from essentially untrenched mudflow deposits to channel-filling stream deposits and possibly braided stream deposits is regarded as the inevitable change an alluvial fan suffered in the tectonic setting of the Clyde area during Upper Old Red Sandstone times.