bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surviving the Nursing Shortage: Developing a Nursing Orientation Program to Prepare and Retain Intensive Care Unit Nurses
Authors: Cavanaugh Debra A , Huse Anita L
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

The shortage of nurses has reached crisis proportions around the world. In response to a critical shortage of qualified neonatal intensive care nurses, one institution developed an educational program so comprehensive that they were able to increase their nursing staff by 20% and staff the neonatal intensive care unit with well-prepared and proficient nurses. This strategy has also resulted in high retention rates, a decrease in overtime, and a relatively low error rate by new nurses.
Influences of Patient Behavior on Clinical Nurses' Pain Assessment: Implications for Continuing Education
Authors: Horbury Carol , Henderson Amanda , Bromley Belinda
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

Pain management is an important consideration in the promotion of patients' comfort. However, research continues to indicate patients' pain management is poor. The nursing literature cites nurses' lack of knowledge as a significant determinant of poor pain management practices. The impetus for this study arose from poor attendance by nurses at inservice sessions discussing pain assessment and management. Knowledge of existing nursing practice and accompanying beliefs and attitudes in relation to pain management is paramount in the development of relevant continuing education for registered nurses. The aim of this investigation was to study nurses' intention to treat pain in different patients. A 10-page questionnaire with eight different patient scenarios was distributed to 886 nurses across all clinical divisions of an acute tertiary facility. Results indicate knowledge deficits regarding optimum pain relief for patients. This article highlights the need for innovative teaching strategies and approaches in the clinical context to heighten nurses' awareness of their lack of knowledge of pain assessment and management.
Teaching Teachers to Teach With Technology
Authors: Doutrich Dawn , Hoeksel Renee , Wykoff Leslie , Thiele Joan
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

As the local and national shortage of nursing faculty grew, the Washington State University College of Nursing revised and expanded their nursing education courses in a technologically intense pilot program. Reflections on all phases of the planning, implementation, and evaluation of the first course in this program are described as lessons learned with implications for future nursing education and research endeavors.
Peer Coaching: The Next Step in Staff Development
Authors: Waddell Donna L , Dunn Nancy
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

A common problem in continuing nursing education and staff development is the transfer of learning to clinical practice. Peer coaching offers a solution to this problem. Initiated by educators, peer coaching has been researched in educational settings and found to be effective in facilitating the transfer of newly acquired knowledge and skill into classroom teaching strategies. This article describes the background, components, process, characteristics, and benefits of peer coaching. A specific example of using peer coaching to teach clinical breast examination skills is used to illustrate the application of peer coaching to the staff development of healthcare professionals. Peer coaching is the next step in nursing staff development.
Do New Graduates of Registered Nursing Programs in Israel Perceive Themselves as Technically Competent?
Authors: Greenberger Haya , Reches Hiba , Riba Shoshana
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

Background: Technical competency of graduate nurses is a much sought after commodity by nurse managers in this age of limited human nursing resources. Clinical coursework in nursing school should provide the graduate with the core skills necessary to function safely and competently in a variety of clinical sites.

Methods: The research presented in this article examines the self-reported competency of 256 recent graduates of four different types of nursing programs in Israel, with respect to 53 technical skills. Information was collected via a structured questionnaire.

Results: Graduates generally perceive themselves as competent, although levels of competence varied for the different skills. Type of nursing program, opportunity for skill practice in nursing school, and employment in a healthcare facility were found to be related to competency.

Conclusions: Suggestions for improvement in competency levels, such as the provision of more opportunities for practice, are offered based on the specific findings of this study and in light of previous research.
Perceptions of Social Media Impact on Social Behavior of Students
Authors: Hashim Khairuddin , Al-Sharqi Laila , Kutbi Ibrahim
Published: January 2019

Social media has become pervasive, impacting the social fabric and culture of our society. This study investigates differences and similarities between students' and faculty's perceptions of social media impact on social behavior of students. Data were collected using a specially designed survey. The sample size was 2605 students and 507 faculty of different genders and ages. Research outcome indicates that students and faculty are familiar with and are immersed in social media use. The findings support the advantages of social media use on students' social behavior and do not indicate any obvious disadvantages. The findings of the study include identification of dominant group perceptions pertaining to advantages and disadvantages of social media use on social behavior of students. Common concerns of the two groups pertaining to students include physical inactivity, social introversion, exposure to bullying and domination attitudes; and mental dullness. These findings can help discern possible issues relating to use of social media affecting social behavior.
Virtual Communication
Authors: Baeva Liudmila V.
Published: January 2019

The shift of the real communication to the virtual sphere has influenced the nature of interpersonal relations. The article focuses on the characterization of the phenomenon ‘virtual communication', playing the dominating role in the electronic world culture. Drawing from a socio-cultural analysis and the theory of simulacra by J. Baudrillard, the article proposes the classification of the virtual communication types in terms of the nature of human relations and illustrates their peculiarities and features. Using the axiological approach, the author characterizes the phenomenon of the virtual communication and the existential and ethical aspects of the interpersonal relation transfer to the sphere of the information contact. The research resulted in revealing the features and peculiarities of the virtual communication and the benefits and risks for human beings and society.
Human Factor Role for Cyber Threats Resilience
Authors: Minchev Zlatogor Borisov
Published: January 2019

The chapter describes the problem of building cyber threats resilience for the human factor as the technological growth is constantly changing the security landscape of the new digital world. A methodological framework for meeting the problem by using the “scenario method” and experts' support is outlined. An implementation of comprehensive morphological and system analyses of cyber threats are performed, followed by agent based mixed reality validation, incorporating biometrics monitoring. The obtained results demonstrate a correlation of experts' beliefs for cyber threats identification, related to human factor biometric response, whilst using social networks and inhabiting smart environments of living. The achieved results prove “use with care” necessity for new technologies, concerning cyber threats landscape for assuring a sustainable resilience balance from the human factor perspective.
Integrating Smartphone Talking Applications, Trust, Switching Cost and Customer Switching Behaviour in the Mobile Phone Market
Authors: Abdelkader Ali
Published: January 2019

In recent years, free talking applications via smartphones and tablets have emerged. These applications are considered as a substitute service for phone calls. This study investigates the effect of providing smartphone talking applications (as a substitute service) upon the switching behaviour of mobile phone service users, from phone call to free talking applications call, in Egypt. Additionally, it investigates the impact of trust and switching cost on the strength and trend of this relationship, in order to develop a conceptual model in the mobile phone market in Egypt. Three hypotheses were tested and developed by using a sample of 353 Egyptian mobile phone users. Results found that providing smartphone talking applications (as a substitute service) has a significant impact upon the switching behaviour of mobile phone service users in all communication services, except urgent calls. The strength of this relationship is increased when the trust and the switching cost (as intervening or mediating variables) are available. Recommendations are made to help mobile phone companies in Egypt prevent customers from switching to competitors.
Safe Distances
Authors: Hai-Jew Shalin
Published: January 2019

Online human-to-human (and human-to-robot) hyper-personal relationships have evolved over the years, and their prevalence has broadened the available cyberattack surfaces. With the deployment of malicious socialbots on social media in the virtual and AI-informed embodied socialbots in the real, human interests in socializing have become more fraught and risky. Based on the research literature, abductive reasoning from in-world experiences, and analogical analysis to project into the Fourth Industrial Revolution, this work suggests the importance of greater awareness of the risks in interrelating in the virtual and the real and suggests that there are no safe distances.
The Effect of Parental Demographics on Parental Assessment of Adolescent Internet Addiction
Authors: Ok Chiho , Lim Jisun
Published: January 2019

This article investigates how adolescent Internet addiction is assessed by parents based on children's Internet use time and parental demographic characteristics. The authors measured children's level of Internet addiction based on Young's scale evaluated by their parents to mitigate the social desirability bias in self-reported surveys when children evaluate themselves. Based on Korean General Social Survey data, which is nationally representative in South Korea, they analyzed 219 individuals and found that as the time of Internet use of children increased, the level of Internet addiction evaluated by parents increased. In addition, this relationship was moderated by parental demographic characteristics such that higher age, lower educational attainment, and higher Internet use time tend to decrease the parental evaluation of their children's Internet addiction. Results suggest that policies and programs related to children's Internet addiction should be focused more on parents from specific demographic groups.
Smartwatches vs. Smartphones
Authors: Giang Wayne C.W. , Chen Huei-Yen Winnie , Donmez Birsen
Published: January 2019

This work seeks to understand whether the unique features of a smartwatch, compared to a smartphone, mitigate or exacerbate driver distraction due to notifications, and to provide insights about drivers' perceptions of the risks associated with using smartwatches while driving. As smartwatches are gaining popularity among consumers, there is a need to understand how smartwatch use may influence driving performance. Previous driving research has examined voice calling on smartwatches, but not interactions with notifications, a key marketed feature. Engaging with notifications (e.g., reading and texting) on a handheld device is a known distraction associated with increased crash risks. Two driving simulator studies compared smartwatch to smartphone notifications. Experiment I asked participants to read aloud brief text notifications and Experiment II had participants manually select a response to arithmetic questions presented as notifications. Both experiments investigated the resulting glances to and physical interactions with the devices, as well as self-reported risk perception. Experiment II also investigated driving performance and self-reported knowledge/expectation about legislation surrounding the use of smart devices while driving. Experiment I found that participants were faster to visually engage with the notification on the smartwatch than the smartphone, took longer to finish reading aloud the notifications, and exhibited more glances longer than 1.6 s. Experiment II found that participants took longer to reply to notifications and had longer overall glance durations on the smartwatch than the smartphone, along with longer brake reaction times to lead vehicle braking events. Compared to the no device baseline, both devices increased lane position variability and resulted in higher self-reported perceived risk. Experiment II participants also considered that smartwatch use while driving deserves penalties equal to or less than smartphone use. The findings suggest that smartwatches may have road safety consequences. Given the common view among participants to associate smartwatch use with equal or less traffic penalties than smartphone use, there may be a disconnect between drivers' actual performance and their perceptions about smartwatch use while driving.
Authenticity in Online Religion
Authors: Tan Meng Yoe
Published: January 2019

In this article, the subject of online religion and how it can be researched is discussed. The dynamics of religious experience, authority, communication and more is subject of much discussion both in academia and religious discourses primarily because of the seemingly immaterial realm that is cyberspace. This article examines unique aspects of the nature of online religion and pays particular attention to the fluidity of online/offline relations and the subject of “authenticity” in the realm of online religion. Following from that is the discussion of how actor-network theory (ANT), first developed by Bruno Latour, can be deployed as a useful methodological approach to researching online religion, and to navigate potentially deterministic and oppositional discourses of online/offline relations.
The Effect of Flow Frequency on Internet Addiction to Different Internet Usage Activities
Authors: Yang Hui-Ling , Wu Wei-Pang
Published: January 2019

This study investigated the online flow frequency among college students in regard to different internet activities, and analyzed the effect of flow frequency on internet addiction. This study surveyed 525 undergraduate internet users in Taiwan by using convenience sampling to question participants. In this paper, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to examine the differences in usage activity regarding the level of flow frequency. To test the effects of the flow frequency factor on perceived internet addiction, multiple regression analysis was performed for the constructs of internet addiction from different internet usage activities. The analytical results indicate that online gaming by undergraduates in Taiwan reporting higher level of flow frequency than their primary internet activities and their flow frequency of online gaming will predict internet addiction.
Mobile Phone Use During Class at a Japanese Women's College
Authors: Kato Yuuki , Kato Shogo
Published: January 2019

A questionnaire survey was conducted with university students from a women's university in Japan on the use of mobile phones during a lecture. Topics specifically investigated included (1) whether students put their mobile phone on their desk during the lecture, (2) the reasons why students put their phone on their desk during the lecture, (3) responses to incoming calls during the lecture, and (4) the psychological impact on students of setting rules regarding the use of mobile phones during the lecture. Students were divided into two groups according to their responses to item (1): those who said they put their phone on their desk and those who said they did not do so. These groups were compared in terms of items (3) and (4). As a result, it was found that over 60% of students put their mobile phone on their desk during the lecture and that these students were more likely to use their mobile phone during the lecture. The survey suggested that students today are aware of mobile phone etiquette with respect to lectures, and are especially aware that communication etiquette conflicts with lecture etiquette.
Hacking Well-Being
Authors: Argenton Luca , Pallavicini Federica , Barone Gabriele , Zini Andrea , Garcea Giacomo , Zanacchi Andrea , Mantovani Fabrizia
Published: January 2019

Serious Games (SGs) have been able to shape new opportunities for human training and empowerment, imparting knowledge or skills in an engaging and motivating way to a new generation of learners. Further, they can be used to improve the quality of both individual and collective experience. In particular, SGs can nurture positive emotions promote engagement, as well as enhance social integration and connectedness. An in-depth analysis of each of these aspects will be presented in the chapter, with the support of concrete examples and case-analysis. Eventually, a game design practice will be discussed. Knowledge and awareness of hedonic, eudaimonic and social principles improve user-centered design models can be both fundamental to enhance learning effectiveness and retention and to improve players' well-being, contributing to the development of sustainable communities of practices.
The Social Networks of Cyberbullying on Twitter
Authors: Sterner Glenn , Felmlee Diane
Published: January 2019

This research applies a social network perspective to the issue of cyber aggression, or cyberbullying, on the social media platform Twitter. Cyber aggression is particularly problematic because of its potential for anonymity, and the ease with which so many others can join the harassment of victims. Utilizing a comparative case study methodology, the authors examined thousands of Tweets to explore the use of denigrating slurs and insults contained in public tweets that target an individual's gender, race, or sexual orientation. Findings indicate cyber aggression on Twitter to be extensive and often extremely offensive, with the potential for serious, deleterious consequences for its victims. The study examined a sample of 84 aggressive networks on Twitter and visualize several social networks of communication patterns that emanate from an initial, aggressive tweet. The authors identify six social roles that users can assume in the network, noting differences in these roles by demographic category. Serious ethical concerns pertain to this technological, social problem.
Exploring the Relationship Between Sport Fan Identification and Addiction to Digital Sports Media
Authors: Clark John S. , Maher Jill K.
Published: January 2019

Social media has proved to be a constant source of information and entertainment for sport fans. These social media sites allow sport organizations to provide news about the organizations and the athletes that play for them, as well as serving as a means of communication between the organization and fans, or between the fans themselves. Smartphones have enabled this communication to be nearly constant, allowing sport fans to access information around the clock. Anecdotal evidence suggests this on-demand access to information about a fan's favorite team will increase the avidity by which the fan consumes the sport product. In a parallel development, researchers have investigated the detrimental effects devoting too much time to social media has on consumers. This research bridges these lines of inquiry and examines the relationship between social media addiction and highly identified and committed sport fans. Data were collected from college students, and a multiple regression analysis was performed which resulted in no statistically significant relationship between addiction to social media and high levels of sport identification and commitment. The results suggest that for sport organizations, social media is not a one-size-fits-all approach to reaching a segmented (based on identification and commitment) market.
A Cyber-Psychological and Behavioral Approach to Online Radicalization
Authors: Topal Reyhan
Published: January 2019

This chapter attempts to synthesize the mainstream theories of radicalization and the cyber-psychological and behavioral approaches with a view to identifying individuals' radicalization online. Based on the intersections of those two fields, this chapter first elaborates how radical groups use cyberspace with a specific concentration on the so-called cyber caliphate claimed by the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS). Second, it revisits mainstream theories of radicalization and specifies the psychological and behavioral facets of the radicalization processes proposed by those theories. Following that, it integrates theories of radicalization with cyber-psychological and behavioral explanations of online radicalization to reveal how ISIS's use of cyberspace attracts individuals and facilitates online radicalization.
Building and Maintaining Relationships Through Social Media
Authors: Agozzino Alisa
Published: January 2019

In recent years, social media tools such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and blogs have rocked the higher education world. No longer is just being present on these mediums enough. Integration of social media tools into daily practices through monitoring, teaching, and collaboration allows those in higher education to build and maintain relationships with key publics. From devising social media goals and objectives to monitoring channels and evaluating efforts, social media can be integrated into the higher education arena. In this chapter, multiple dimensions of social media tools and the various ways those in higher education can integrate those tools into operation are exposed and elaborated upon. In an effort to provide readers with best practices, ideas are shared to present those in higher education with optimal ways to connect, build, and maintain relationships with others both internally and externally.
Cyber Aggression and Victimization Among Emerging Adults
Authors: Wright Michelle F.
Published: January 2019

This chapter describes a study with the objective to examine cyber aggression involvement among emerging adults across technologies and relationships. Another purpose was to investigate the bidirectional associations between emerging adults' cyber aggression involvement and adjustment difficulties over four years. Participants were 1,483 emerging adults (Mage = 24.67; 60% female) from Southeastern universities in the United States. Emerging adults completed questionnaires on their cyber aggression involvement and adjustment difficulties. The most frequently utilized digital technologies and tool to harm others were text messages. Ex-friends were frequently involved in cyber aggression. Cyber aggression involvement predicted all adjustment difficulties across four years and all adjustment difficulties predicted cyber aggression involvement, suggesting bidirectional relationships among these variables. There were magnitude differences such that the bidirectional relationships were stronger when predicting all adjustment difficulties from cyber aggression and cyber victimization.
Factors Influencing Online Shopping Behavior of Urban Consumers in India
Authors: Nittala Rajyalakshmi
Published: January 2019

This study examines the factors influencing online shopping behavior of urban consumers in the State of Andhra Pradesh, India and provides a better understanding of the potential of electronic marketing for both researchers and online retailers. Data from a sample of 1500 Internet users (distributed evenly among six selected major cities) was collected by a structured questionnaire covering demographic profile and the factors influencing online shopping. Factor analysis and multiple regression analysis are used to establish relationship between the factors influencing online shopping and online shopping behavior. The study identified that perceived risk and price positively influenced online shopping behavior. Results also indicated that positive attitude, product risk and financial risk affect negatively the online shopping behavior.
Cyber Security Crime and Punishment
Authors: Abu-Taieh Evon , Alfaries Auhood , Al-Otaibi Shaha , Aldehim Ghadah
Published: January 2019

Cyberspace and the existence of the internet allows different types of crimes to appear. Hence, there is a need for new laws to be set with a collective, comprehensive, view of crime and a global understanding. This article studies 5 different countries' laws pertaining to cybercrimes namely: Jordan, Oman, Kuwait, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia. These different countries issued different laws at different times, some in 2007 others are as new as 2015. The article looks at the laws from an academic definition of different crimes, and also describes the laws from a perspective of each country.
Cyber Security Patterns Students Behavior and Their Participation in Loyalty Programs
Authors: Chmielarz Witold , Szumski Oskar
Published: January 2019

Despite of the number of public advice campaigns, researchers have found that individuals still engage in risky cyber behaviour. The first part of this article is focused on the general approach to the cyber security and safety of personal data kept and processed by different entities from the perspective of students, while the second part is dedicated to the privacy aspects from the perspective of loyalty programs. Researchers have found that individuals are typically aware of online security and how to protect their privacy in the network, Nonetheless, individuals are still inclined to take risks because they are unrealistically optimistic and believe that negative events are less likely to happen to them. The survey also shows that even though respondents are aware that retailers collect, and process personal data and respondents feel that the amount of personal data of program members is far beyond the accepted level they still participate in such programs. Authors found also interesting patterns related to behaviour of respondents influenced by demographical data and the area of loyalty.
Teaching Students about Online Professionalism
Authors: Lancaster Thomas
Published: January 2019

Many students appear to be continually connected to social media sites such as Facebook. Such social media sites can be pervasive in nature. The use of these sites through mobile devices often extends into the classroom, sometimes to the detriment of scheduled teaching activities. Further, many students do not seem to be aware of the negative effect that ill-considered information placed on social media sites can have towards their future employment. This chapter reviews the positives and negatives of social media as it relates to the future employability of students. Due to the changing nature of this field, the chapter is largely presented from practical experience, rather than a traditional academic research-led approach. Much of the focus is on the ways that students can present themselves online in a manner which should encourage employers to offer students jobs and placement opportunities. The chapter reviews a number of the major Websites where students should establish professional profiles. It also looks at the overall need for students to establish a professional presence online and show that they are a desirable employee. The chapter concludes by looking at the challenges involved with integrating the teaching of employability through social media into existing teaching. A number of research areas for further consideration are also presented.
How People Choose and Use Their Smartphones
Authors: Almunawar Mohammad Nabil , Anshari Muhammad , Susanto Heru , Chen Chin Kang
Published: January 2019

Global adoption of smartphones has changed the way people communicate, interact and perform their daily tasks. Smartphones have many highly attractive features that assist people in performing their daily tasks. This paper discusses a survey on the utilization of smartphones by consumers in Brunei Darussalam (Brunei). We use the Theory of Reasoned Action Model to reveal customers preference in choosing a specific product over the other. We conducted a survey with consumers, stressing on product preferences, consumption behavior of smartphones, as well as opinions on the functionality of smartphones. Smartphones are considered very useful by the majority of the respondents who are strongly attached to them as they are heavily used in social networking. As such, smartphones have reached to become necessary devices in Brunei and for many Bruneians, performance and appearance are more important than price.
Cyberterrorism
Authors: Dillon Leevia
Published: January 2019

The cyber threat landscape has continued to evolve with time and enhanced technology. With the advent of new breeds of terrorists and cybercriminals, the cyberterrorism debate has again wielded global attention. In this chapter, the author will attempt to delve deeper into the concept of cyberterrorism. Firstly, it will discuss the related issues which include the definition consensus, perception, and media abuse problems. The next section draws on parallels from research on cyber threats and terrorism based on six themes (i.e., modus operandi, domain, targets, impact, antagonists and motivations) to formulate a cyberterrorism conceptual framework. The third section will provide a hypothetical four-step cyberterrorism attack sequence and suggestions for countering cyberterrorism. This chapter will then conclude by highlighting several implications of interest.
Attribution
Authors: Guitton Clement
Published: January 2019

Attribution, finding the identity of actors behind an attack, is of primary importance to be able to classify an attack as a criminal act, an act of war, or an act of terrorism. But attribution is difficult. Many experts and analysts have explained this difficulty with technical arguments. This chapter seeks to bring nuances to such arguments closely analysing how attribution functions. It brings a focus on political factors constraining attribution, and on specifically three ones: standards of evidence, time, and private companies. It makes three main arguments. Firstly, standards of evidence are only secondary to the political will to attribute an attack. Secondly, time cannot only be reduced; the context surrounding attribution is as much important. Thirdly, companies' important role in attribution also gives ground for accused party to easily undermine their claims. The chapter concludes with opening up the debate on the usefulness of meta-data for attribution.
Russian Cyberwarfare Taxonomy and Cybersecurity Contradictions Between Russia and EU
Authors: Lukin Kimberly
Published: January 2019

This article analyzes the similarities and differences between the EU's and Russia's cyber preparedness, management structures, governmental security controls and cyber strategies. In comparing the cyber capabilities of the EU and Russia, we use military tactics and criteria as a basis for evaluating tactical, operational and strategic maturity. Russia has implemented cyberwar part of military strategic movements and certain taxonomy can be recognized in Russian based cyberattacks. Furthermore this study evaluates the following criteria: what are the EU's and Russia's procedures to prevent cyberwar, how their situational awareness is gathered and shared and is cyber used alongside with other military weaponry and tactics. This study claims that Russia has a better cyber war fighting capability than the EU countries. Based on the findings and recommendations in our article information can be used to create new threat models, to detect cyberattacks and finally point towards action to develop governmental cybersecurity in the EU.
PKK-Related Asylum Applications from Turkey
Authors: Güler Arzu
Published: January 2019

More than forty thousand people in Turkey lost their lives because of PKK terrorist organization. While fighting against PKK since 1984, it is necessary for Turkey to limit some rights of PKK-related people through arrest, detention and interrogation for the pressing objectives of national security, territorial integrity and public order. Based on such limitations, there are PKK-related asylum applications from Turkey. However, these asylum applicants are quite restrictively excluded from refugee status and are commonly found as credible witnesses for their well-founded fear of persecution mainly for reason of political opinion. This paper questions the reasons that make such applicants granted refugee status by examining six case laws with positive decisions. It identifies two reasons, first, restrictive application of exclusion clauses and second, the subjectivity in the understanding of ‘necessary', which is one of the required conditions to limit human rights. Then, it provides three tentative suggestions for Turkey to enable applicants aiding and/or funding PKK to be excluded from refugee status and to prevent its counter-terrorism measures to be perceived as persecution by countries of asylum: a universally accepted definition of what constitutes terrorist offences, a stronger international presentation of counter-terrorism measures as necessary in a democratic society and a strict adherence to zero tolerance policy on torture.
Intelligence Studies, Theory, and Intergroup Conflict and Resolution
Authors: Mastors Elena , Campos Joseph H.
Published: January 2019

The study of intelligence traditionally relies on descriptive and case study approaches. However, the study of intelligence should shift from this reliance on case study approaches to one grounded in multidisciplinary theory. In particular, social psychological approaches should be fully integrated into an intelligence studies curriculum. These theories inform our understanding of intergroup processes, specifically intergroup conflict, so that we can begin to develop appropriate conflict resolution strategies.
Teaching New Dogs Old Tricks
Authors: Duckworth Neal , de Silva Eugenie
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses how the basics of espionage have remained the same, even in the digital age. The pendulum of espionage--and protection from it--has swung wide over the past century. Different public and private sectors have renewed focus on not only cyber protections, but on increased physical protection of critical assets and ensuring trusted personnel in the workforce. Within this chapter, the authors review the basics of protecting critical assets to ensure that changes in espionage can be mitigated at an early stage. While the techniques of espionage have many variables, especially in a digital age, the authors have established that the use of a risk assessment that focuses on identifying the threats, the specific variables or methods of espionage, and developing and implementing mitigation measures is of the utmost importance.
The World is Polluted With Leaked Cyber Data
Authors: Burke Ivan D. , van Heerden Renier P.
Published: January 2019

Data breaches are becoming more common and numerous every day, where huge amount of data (corporate and personal) are leaked more frequently than ever. Corporate responses to data breaches are insufficient, when commonly remediation is minimal. This research proposes that a similar approach to physical pollution (environmental pollution) can be used to map and identify data leaks as Cyber pollution. Thus, IT institutions should be made aware of their contribution to Cyber pollution in a more measurable method. This article defines the concept of cyber pollution as: security vulnerable (such as unmaintained or obsolete) devices that are visible through the Internet and corporate networks. This paper analyses the recent state of data breach disclosures Worldwide by providing statistics on significant scale data breach disclosures from 2014/01 to 2016/12. Ivan Burke and Renier van Heerden model security threat levels similar to that of pollution breaches within the physical environment. Insignificant security openings or vulnerabilities can lead to massive exploitation of entire systems. By modelling these breaches as pollution, the aim is to introduce the concept of cyber pollution. Cyber pollution is a more tangible concept for IT managers to relay to staff and senior management. Using anonymised corporate network traffic with Open Source penetration testing software, the model is validated.
Social Media Analytics for Intelligence and Countering Violent Extremism
Authors: Hui Jennifer Yang
Published: January 2019

Social media analytics are increasingly incorporated into security practices due to the rise in online criminal and extremist activities. Social media research, however, has not become established in either intelligence practice or academic-based approach. This chapter aims to fill the gap by discussing collection methods and analytical tools for the study of social media data for intelligence and countering violent extremism: social network analysis, sentiment analysis, multilingual analysis, geo-coding, automated entity extraction, semantic search, and multimedia analysis. While technological capabilities of social media analytics are improving rapidly, it needs to be complemented with nuanced perspectives from the social sciences. Understanding of the epistemology of social media and dynamics between the online-offline interaction as well as data access will put practitioners in a better position to reap the benefits of the social media. Attention should be given to train practitioners in relevant technological skills while also incorporating social science knowledge.
US-China Relations
Authors: Wilson Clay , Drumhiller Nicole
Published: January 2019

It is assumed by most observers that China is copying or stealing vast amounts of intellectual property from US military and private industry through its cyber espionage activities, and then sharing that information with state-owned industries, giving them unfair economic advantages. The US also conducts cyber espionage against China and other nations, but chooses to not share the vast collections of intellectual property and data with its own domestic industries. By choosing not to do the same thing as China, the US may be placing itself at an economic disadvantage, and may also mistakenly be accusing China of threatening cyber warfare. What is needed is a clearer understanding of differences in national cultures that contribute to intolerance between the US and China when it comes to economics, threats of war, and the evolving new role of cyber espionage.
Public-Private Partnerships in Support of Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources
Authors: Negrón Martin A. , Taha Doaa
Published: January 2019

In the absence of unlimited resources, governments typically face significant challenges in the process of allocating resources to optimize the benefits to the majority of the members of the society. Government officials look for new and creative ways to address the existing and emerging social needs. It is virtually impossible to identify universal solutions, and for that reason, it is essential to understand the implications as well as the risks associated with the use of new governance methods. This chapter describes emerging challenges in the protection of critical government assets as a result of natural and emerging man-made threats and describes the benefits and limitations derived from the use of Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) to proactively plan for the protection of those assets the government considers critical.
Consumer Cooperation in Sustainability
Authors: Mkhize Njabulo , Ellis Debbie
Published: January 2019

The planet is under threat. Unless all stakeholders, that is governments, businesses, and consumers, become more environmentally friendly, some predict dire consequences for the earth and all those who inhabit it. While governments and businesses have a role to play, green consumer behavior is vital to the sustainability of the environment. Consumers have been shown to express increasing concern for the environment, but in many studies this concern has been found not to be matched by actions, a phenomenon labelled the green gap. This chapter describes a study that investigated the existence and extent of the green gap amongst a sample of South African adult consumers and sought to determine possible reasons for a lack of green behavior. Recommendations are made to marketers and policy makers to encourage consumer cooperation in environmental sustainability.
Green Supply Chain Management Model for Sustainable Manufacturing Practices
Authors: Bag Surajit , Anand Neeraj , Pandey Krishan Kumar
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this chapter is to identify the dimensions of green supply chain and their impact on manufacturing practices. In this study, the authors used two extended strategies. First thorough review of literature was done considering articles from reputed journals. Second the factors identified from literature review was further refined through experts by forming a problem solving group consisting of seven experts from the manufacturing sector. These factors were used to develop the green supply chain management model using Interpretive structural modeling. Further MICMAC analysis was used to identify the driving and dependence power of the factors. The results of the analysis are very encouraging. Finally, the authors have presented the relationship management strategy for sustainable manufacturing practices.
Green Customer Satisfaction
Authors: Sima Violeta , Gheorghe Ileana Georgiana
Published: January 2019

This chapter aims to identify those factors that determine green consumer satisfaction, having as the emerging point the definition of consumer behavior and the concept of sustainable development. The authors propose a new approach of the dimensions of the evaluation model for customer satisfaction including a new one, called The Green Dimension. An important goal is identifying the drivers of the consumer purchasing. The authors identify three main specific levels of the green dimension of customer satisfaction. They are related to: Company, Product/Service, and Price. Then some considerations regarding an integrated approach of strategic mix from a ‘green' perspective are presented. According to the U.S. consultancy Boston Consulting Group, in order to obtain a Green Advantage, companies should enhance their strategic mix, taking into consideration green planning, green processes, green product and green promotion. The authors add two more elements, namely people and eco-efficiency, resulting “The Green Strategy Mix”.
The Role of a Strategic and Sustainable Orientation in Green Supply Chain Management
Authors: Chu Kuo Ming
Published: January 2019

The environmental problems we're facing today, with their growing severity and increasingly global nature, are often referred to as humanity's greatest challenge. This paper develops a model that identifies the antecedents and outcomes associated with sustainable supply chain management linkage. The model starts by identifying two antecedents (internal and external orientation) that firms may adopt in order to cope with their sustainability goals. The hypotheses are tested based on the major survey data from 342 Taiwanese and Chinese public corporations. This study not only demonstrates that both the internal supply chain and external environmental orientation exert a positive on green SCM, sustainability orientation, and alliance performance, but also, more importantly, they delineate how green SCM is practiced. This study also sheds light on the role of a sustainable orientation in strategic supply chain alliance's performance, and builds a comprehensive conceptual framework that fills some key gaps in previous research.
Cloud Computing Technologies for Green Enterprises
Authors: Ravi Parkavi , Chinnaiah Priyanka , Abbas Sheik Adullah
Published: January 2019

Green computing, also called green equipment, is the environmentally sustainable to use of computers and related resources like - monitors, printer, storage devices, networking and communication systems - effectively with minimal or no impact on the environment. Green cloud is a catchphrase that refers to the potential environmental benefits that information technology (IT) services delivered over the Internet will present society. The word combines the words green meaning environmentally gracious and cloud, the traditional image for online and the shortened name for a type of service delivery model known as cloud processing.
Collective Green Creativity and Eco-Innovation as Key Drivers of Sustainable Business Solutions in Organizations
Authors: Fields Ziska , Atiku Sulaiman Olusegun
Published: January 2019

The main objective of this chapter was to explore if collective green creativity and eco-innovation can create novel and sustainable business and management practices. A literature review approach was conducted on the link between collective creativity, innovation, and sustainable business practices. It was found that collective green creativity and eco-innovation can create sustainable business practices. The process starts with the creative individual which needs creative thinking skills, creative motivation, green mindfulness and green self-efficacy. A creative collective is then created using their creative intelligence and creative exchange to create a shared green vision. The creative collective requires green transformational leadership with access to green dynamic capabilities and resources to be effective in the business environment. This creative collective follows the six-step creative problem-solving process which enables the collective to create eco-innovation using an additional four steps. The end result is novel and sustainable business practices and solutions.
Green Marketing as a Tool for Reducing Environmental Footprint of the Construction Industry
Authors: Sertyesilisik Begum
Published: January 2019

The world's habitat is being deteriorated in an accelerated way. Construction industry is one of the industries which affect the environment adversely due to its processes' and outputs' environmental footprint. Green marketing can play an important role in changing unsustainable production and consumption patterns in the construction industry and in enhancing its sustainability performance. For this reason, this chapter aims to introduce green marketing as a tool for reducing environmental footprint of the construction industry for establishment of the sustainable built environment. This chapter covers the following topics: need for reducing environmental footprint of the construction industry; need for and ways of as well as advantages of, potential drivers for and barriers against using green marketing as a tool for reducing environmental footprint of the construction industry.
Green Information Systems for Sustainability
Authors: Raisinghani Mahesh S. , Idemudia Efosa Carroll
Published: January 2019

Green Information Systems (IS) refers to the use of IS to achieve environmental objectives, whereas green Information Technology (IT) refers to the practice and study of using IT and computer resources in a more environmentally responsible and effective manner (Dedrick, 2010). Information Systems, computers and computing in general consume an immense amount of natural resources, the energy used to power them, and the problems that arise in the disposing of obsolete hardware. Mark O'Neill, the author of Green IT for Sustainable Business Practice defines green IT as, “a collection of strategic and tactical initiatives that directly reduces the carbon footprint of an organization's computing operation” (O'Neill, 2010). Issues of sustainability have started to become a significant topic of discussion in the information systems community. IT practitioners are focused more now than ever on reducing the direct impact that IT use has on the environment (Dedrick, 2010).