bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pengembangan Madrasah melalui Modal Sosial
Authors: Munif Fatkhan
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this research is to describe the study of social capital as capital for madrasa in development of their institutions. Madrasa is an educational institution labeled as Islamic which initially did not immediately receive  public attention. Many attempts have been made to obtain the legality of recognition of its existence. In addition, madrasa are educational institutions that have a close image with community contributions in the sense that madrasa cannot be separated from society. This contribution is an important asset for the survival and existence of madrasa. Madrasa in its development involves the community as the center of the progress of the institution. This community contribution is a social capital that can improve the quality of madrasa through their role and support. In the study of social capital, there are three main elements, namely trust, value and network. The three of them are related to each other and form a bond as an asset in developing madrasa. Madrasa and communities establish close relationships as a strategic step in improving the quality of educational institutions. Therefore it is necessary to have a harmonious relationship between madrasa and society so that common goals can be achieved.
The sino-soviet border conflict in the middle of the XX century
Authors: Chernysheva Elena , Budykina Vera , Shadrina Ekaterina
Published: September 2021

The article is devoted to the analysis of the peculiarities of relations between the USSR and the PRC in the middle of the XX century. The authors analyze the circumstances of the deterioration of relations between the two countries since Nikita Khrushchev assumed leadership of the USSR and the condemnation of the cult of personality of Joseph Stalin. The nature of "cartographic aggression" and "great power chauvinism" is revealed. Besides, typological rhetoric, common and specific features in mutual accusations of the Soviet and Chinese sides are shown. The illegality of the territorial claims of the PRC, the betrayal of socialist ideals by its leadership, attempts to discredit the Soviet Union in the international arena, and the desire to undermine the world communist movement used to be the main theses in the research of the Soviet historians of the 1960s-1980s. It is concluded that the interpretation of Sino-Soviet relations in Soviet historiography was primarily propagandistic and closely related to the state interests of the Soviet Union.
Evolution of the bolshevik doctrine on the peasant question in 1917–1929
Authors: Baksheev Andrei Ivanovich , Novikov Pavel Alexandrovich , Safronov Sergey Alekseevich , Shtumpf Svetlana Petrovna , Rakhinsky Dmitry Vladimirovich
Published: September 2021

The objective of this research is to analyze the frameworks and views on the peasant question in Soviet Russia over the examined period. Using the historical, descriptive narrative, comparative, and typological methods, the authors look into the 1917 land reform, attempts to organize large-scale socialist agriculture in 1918–1920, the specific features of the temporary solutions to the peasant question in the period of the New Economic Policy, and the subsequent focus on industrialization and forced collectivization of agriculture. The authors conclude that the Bolshevik doctrine evolutionized and preserved full strategic continuity, having undergone several timely tactical adjustments. Each of these stages represented the Bolsheviks’ attempts to retain political control over the predominantly agrarian country, for which purpose the “leading” (in other words, the commanding, dictating, or domineering) role of the working class and the poorest layers of countrymen was persistently proclaimed in relation to peasants who produced surplus goods and had a different system of value (worldview) priorities.
Regulatory policy on ensuring sustainability of tax revenues of EU-28 countries
Authors: Abramova Alla , Chub Anton , Kotelevets Dmytro , Lozychenko Oleksandr , Zaichenko Kateryna , Kupchyshyna Olga
Published: September 2021

The purpose of the article is to develop theoretical and applied principles for studying the stability and sustainability of tax revenues of the EU-28 and the introduction on this basis of a system of regulatory tax policy measures. The analysis of the stability of tax revenues of the studied countries is carried out due to a comprehensive approach, the methodology of which is based on a combination of static characteristics that demonstrate their state at a given time and GDP elasticity coefficients that determine the intensity of their dynamics. The scientific approach to the interpretation of the concept of "sustainability of tax revenues" is systematized. The state of stability and stability of tax payments in the EU-28 countries is analyzed, the main trends are identified. Led by classical principles and traditional measures of influence on tax policy, in particular, on the growth of tax revenues, an up-to-date view is proposed on the directions of implementation of regulatory tax policy in the studied countries.
Exploration of the cyanidioschyzon merolae intron landscape
Authors:   , Slat Viktor
Published: September 2021

The eukaryotic process of pre-mRNA splicing involves the removal of noncoding intron sequences and the fusion of the remaining protein-coding exon sequences. The splicing reaction is catalyzed by the spliceosome, a dynamic multi-megadalton ribonucleoprotein complex that, in humans, is composed of 5 small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and over 200 associated proteins acting on more that 200,000 introns present within 25,000 genes. The unicellular red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae possesses a more tractable splicing environment, with only 4 snRNAs and 75 associated proteins interacting with 27 annotated introns found in 26 our of 5,331 genes. Intron-rich genomes can confer benefits to their host species such as improved gene expression, incredible proteomic diversity, and increased genetic stability. This raises the question of why intron-poor C. merolae has retained such a small number of introns and a dramatically reduced spliceosome. A comprehensive investigation into the precise role that introns play in C. merolae would require the systematic removal of introns and an analysis of the effects thereof. The ability to elucidate the role of splicing in C. merolae via genome-wide intron deletion, however, hinges on the feasibility of establishing the efficiently scalable CRISPR genome engineering tool in C. merolae. It also follows that such an endeavour would require an accurate picture of the intron landscape of C. merolae, and since the number of annotated introns in C. merolae is relatively small, it is especially vital to determine whether any introns are missing from the C. merolae annotation. To that end, a stable and inducible Cas9-expressing strain of C. merolae was successfully developed. Transcriptome analysis using RNA-seq data revealed the discovery of 11 novel introns and 1 misannotated intron, as well as the presence of alternative splicing in the form of alternative splice site usage.
Systematic conservation planning in Tsay Keh Dene Territory: incorporating climate change and interweaving traditional ecological knowledge
Authors:   , Morgan Christopher
Published: September 2021

Systematic Conservation Planning (SCP) is the practice of comprehensively assessing a landscape for its conservation value via geospatial analysis. This research project applied SCP principles and tools to Tsay Keh Dene Nation Territory in north-central British Columbia, Canada. Working with the Tsay Keh Dene community, we articulated conservation goals and determined important features on the landscape that helped attain those goals. This effort also examined climate change and connectivity impacts on conservation, comparing which lands are most worth conserving today versus 30 and 60 years from now. Finally, this work explored the interweaving of Traditional Ecological Knowledge with the Western science-based SCP framework to ensure a more holistic and inclusive outcome. Our findings both validated ongoing conservation efforts in the Territory and identified additional high-value areas for future consideration. This research can also serve as a guide for other accessible TEK-focused or community-led SCP efforts.
Capital Structure, Working Capital Management and Potential Growth of a Business: The Case of the Sri Lankan Stockbroking Industry
Authors:   School of Economics, Wuhan University of Technology, China, Senarathne Chamil W. , Malawana Viraj ,   Strategic Business Innovator (Pvt) Ltd, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Published: September 2021

The objective of this paper is to examine the financial and strategic implications of regulatory restrictions for working capital management of firms operating in the stockbroking industry. The present regulatory frameworks require banks and other financial services sector firms to have more equity capital in the capital base, without regard to the financial and operating characteristics of the firms. Based on the Sri Lankan stockbroking industry, this paper shows how the return on equity deteriorates and potential growth restricted, when the regulations require firms to deduct certain assets from the capital base to meet the minimum capital requirements. The results show that the potential growth and return on equity reduce substantially after compliance with the regulation. Further, the regulation restricts a firm’s attempt to diversify the collateral portfolio in the market in order to reduce the systematic risk attached to the securities in the collateral portfolio. These regulatory restrictions also add an additional stress level to corporate management to leverage the number of times of sales (sales turnover) in order to overcome the issue, which may result in overtrading. It may also create ethical issues on soliciting clients and induce them to trade in the stock market, without proper justifications. Keywords: net capital, Basel regulation, working capital hedging, potential growth analysis, DuPont analysis, return on equity
Examining the Effect of Motivation on the Influence of Human Resource Practices and Normative Commitment Among SMEs in Selangor
Authors:   Arshad Ayub Graduate Business School, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia, Johar Elaina Rose , Mat Nor Norzanah ,   Arshad Ayub Graduate Business School, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia, Hassan Roshidi ,   Arshad Ayub Graduate Business School, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia, Musa Rusnifaezah ,   School of Business Management, College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia
Published: September 2021

Human resources are vital to the success or failure of the organization. However, there exist challenges in maintaining these human resources although human resource practices are deliberated as an important factor to improve employees’ commitment to the organization. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the nature of relationship that exists between human resource practices and normative commitment with motivation as the mediator. Employed a quantitative research approach, 64 SME employees in Selangor were surveyed. It was found that all human resource practices have positive effect on normative commitment with compensation, training and employee involvement-decision being significant. This study also revealed that motivation has a mediating effect for the relationship of training and both employee involvement with normative commitment. Thus, it can be concluded that both training and employee involvement create sense of loyalty and obligation to stay when employees are motivated. Keywords: human resource practices, motivation and normative commitment
Implementation of Target Costing in Indonesia: The Influence of Dynamic Capabilities, Dysfunctional Behaviour and Success Factors in Manufacturing Companies
Authors:   University of Merdeka Malang, Indonesia, Chandrarin Grahita , Omar Normah ,   Accounting Research Institute, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia, Yuniawan Dani ,   Faculty of Engineering, University of Merdeka Malang, Indonesia, Lisetyati Eni ,   Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Merdeka Malang, Indonesia
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this research is to explore and describe the implementation of the Target Costing (TC) system as well as its effect on the dynamic capabilities (DC), success factors (SF) and dysfunctional behaviours (DB) of manufacturing firms in Indonesia. As there had been no prior research conducted on the consequences of the target costing implementation in Indonesia, this study, which had been one of the projects undertaken for improving the validity of variables and costing studies in Asia Pacific countries, was therefore performed by way of surveys along with the descriptive-quantitative and multiple regression analyses for gauging its impact on the company’s internal and competitive environment. It was found that better company performance results (PR) had not only stemmed from a low DB level, but were also influenced by the resulting strong DC from the implemented TC system. Apart from demonstrating the target pricing systems as being a triggering factor of DB, this study also discovered SF as being an insignificant aspect for determining the successful implementation of the target costing system. Keywords: target costing, dynamic capabilities, dysfunctional behaviour, target costing implementation, product pricing
Why Does Headquarters Voluntarily Transfer its Bargaining Power to Business Units?
Authors:   Graduate School of Economics, Nagoya City University, Japan, Okuda Shin’ya , Kubota Takaya ,   Graduate School of Economics, Nagoya University, Japan, Chujo Yoshimi ,   Faculty of Management Information, Hannan University, Japan
Published: September 2021

The objective of our paper is to provide the reason why the headquarters voluntarily transfer its bargaining power to the business unit by stylizing an incomplete contract model. Our model shows that the equilibrium bargaining power selected by the headquarters is negatively correlated with the importance attached to the business unit’s operations. It means when incomplete contracts severely restrict an important business unit’s incentive to invest because of holdup problem, then the headquarters should necessarily provide the business unit with some degree of bargaining power. This result is consistent with the fact that the independence of a business unit (e.g., spin-offs) is a commonly observable practice. Building on our model, independence of the business unit can be interpreted as a consequence of a gradual delegation of authority by the headquarters. Our paper contributes to both of economics and management accounting literature through providing a model concerning to a decision of organizational structure. Keywords: bargaining power; cost structure; independence of business unit
Impact of Board Structure and Firm Performance on Chief Executive’s Compensation
Authors:   Institute of Business Administration, Karachi, Pakistan, Patel Mohsin Ali
Published: September 2021

The corporate board usually influences all important decisions of a firm including setting of its long-term goals, developing a corporate strategic policy, as well as hiring and setting the compensation of the chief executive. Moreover, the organization of the board may have a significant effect on the monitoring and governance of the company. This paper analyses the impact of structure of the board and firm performance on chief executive compensation, in an emerging economy context specifically, Pakistan. Chief executive compensation is one of the controversial and sought after topics in research nowadays. Interestingly, the exploration into the topic has found that there is a significant and positive impact of the non-executive directors serving on the corporate boards on the compensation of chief executive. Furthermore, the size of the board has also showed to have a significant and positive impact on the chief executive’s compensation which logically means that the companies in which the boards are larger than the mean size will relatively pay higher to their chief executives. Also it was found that the performance of the firm does not have a statistically significant impact on chief executive compensation. These results have policy implications and are important to corporate stakeholders. Keywords: corporate governance, board structure, firm performance, Pakistan
Target Costing: Adoption and its Relationships with Competition Intensity, Intended Strategy and Firm Size
Authors:   Rennes School of Business, France, Hammami Helmi , Al-Omiri Mohammed ,   Um Al Qura University, Saudi Arabia, Bouraoui Taoufik ,   Rennes School of Business, France, Ousama A. A. ,   Qatar University, Qatar
Published: September 2021

The paper aims to examine the level of the adoption of the target costing (TC) system by Saudi manufacturing companies and its relationships with competition intensity, intended strategy and firm size. The paper used a questionnaire survey to measure the adoption of TC and the effect of competition intensity and intended strategy on this adoption. Descriptive statistic and regression analysis were preformed to analyse the data and obtain the results. This study found that Saudi manufacturing companies were interested to adopt the TC system. In addition, it found that the competition intensity positively affects TC adoption. Moreover, the study found that companies that used a differentiation strategy were more inclined to adopt the TC than those that used a cost leadership strategy. Finally, it found that large manufacturing companies tend to adopt TC more than small ones. This is among the pioneer studies to study the TC system in Saudi Arabia, introducing a new area of investigation. Moreover, the study contributes to managerial accounting research in developing economies by providing new insights into the underexplored Saudi Arabia market. The findings of this paper could elucidate the importance of adoption of TC as a technique with a potential to support the economic growth of the country. Keywords: target costing, competitive environment, cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy, emerging markets, Saudi Arabia
Redefining The Doctor-Patient Relationship in the Era of Artificial Intelligence – Modern Medicine’s Dilemma
Authors:   ", Rusu Roxana Elena ,   PhD Student, ",   ",   Grigore T. Popa",   ",   University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania,   E-mail: roxana1rusu@yahoo.com ", Ioan Beatrice Gabriela ,   "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
Published: September 2021

"Nowadays, the traditional relationship between doctors and patients is changed by the artificial intelligence (AI) and its involvement in the medical act – ranging from diagnosis to therapeutic recommendations or personalized treatment. The balance in this triangular relationship is hard to find especially in a digitalized world, in which patients have access to unfiltered information that may lead to inaccurate self-diagnosis. When it comes to the diverse background of a disease, only a doctor will be able to draw the right conclusion. It is hard to imagine that AI will soon be able to recognize problems such as domestic violence or mental illness. Ultimately, this means that AI is only a means to an end and the responsibility of any taken decision lies with the doctor. Doctors are more than decision making machines and the emotional intelligence cannot be replaced, but the advantages of using AI in the medical field are widely recognized and ultimately the goal is to ensure the best care for the patient. The purpose of this paper is to point out ethical aspects that rise from the involvement of AI in the doctor-patient relationship and to describe the new roles of the doctor and the patient in the era of AI. "
Economically Unsustainable Drugs and Intergenerational Health Care Justice
Authors:   Associate Professor, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy, Sacchini Dario ,   E-mail: dario.sacchini@unicatt.it, Refolo Pietro ,   Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy, Spagnolo Antonio G. ,   Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
Published: September 2021

"Introduction. The recent introduction of extremely effective drugs in treating diseases, but associated with exorbitant costs raised several issues in terms of distributive justice. However, in this debate justice is widely thought in intragenerational terms. The work will explore the concept of intergenerational health care justice, in particular the argument, often used to justify the introduction of this type of drugs, according to which the vast amount of money spent now will allow to have savings in the long run. The recent introduction of some drugs that are extremely effective in treating diseases but associated with exorbitant costs, raised several issues in terms of distributive justice. However, in this debate justice is widely thought in intragenerational terms. Methods: A review of key documents on intergenerational justice was conducted, followed by a nonsystematic review of peer-reviewed and gray literature. The existing material was analyzed and a draft manuscript was prepared and discussed. Some experts carried out the revision of the manuscript until consensus was reached. Results: The concept of intergenerational health care justice has never been well explored. From an intergenerational point of view, the argument – which is often supported by pharmaco-economic evaluations – according to which the vast amount of money spent now for this type of drugs will allow to have savings in the long run is not in itself coherent with the main theories of justice. Conclusions: Considerations that are extrinsic to the assumptions of the main theories of justice are needed in order to justify the argument above. "
The Concept of Vulnerability in Aged Care: A Systematic Review of Argument-Based Ethics Literature
Authors:   ", Sanchini Virginia ,   Assistant Professor, Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Italy,   Centre for Biomedical Ethics and Law, KU Leuven, Belgium,   E-mail: virginia.sanchini@unimi.it ", Sala Roberta ,   Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy, Gastmans Chris ,   Centre for Biomedical Ethics and Law, KU Leuven, Belgium
Published: September 2021

"Background. Vulnerability is a key concept in traditional – as well as contemporary – bioethics and medical ethics (Ten Have 2015, 2016). Within this literature, the concept of vulnerability is mostly defined in relation to autonomy: vulnerability refers to conditions of impaired and/or diminished autonomy (Belmont Report 1979; CIOMS 1991, 1993, 2002; WMA 2000, 2008; Bracken-Roche et al. 2017). Historically, vulnerability has been associated with several categories of agents, amongst which the elderly are paramount. However, no clear and unique conceptualization of vulnerability, when referred to the ageing population, is currently present – especially in domains other than research ethics: some refer to physiological degradation as a defining tenet, some others appeal to autonomy impairment, some others point to loneliness and isolation (Kahana et al. 1995; Slaets 2006; Dodds 2007; Andrew et al. 2008: Sternberg et al. 2011; Clegg et al. 2013). To fill this gap, we examined the meaning, foundations, and uses of vulnerability as ethical concept in the literature of aged care. Method. Using PRISMA procedure, we conducted a systematic review of argument-based ethics publications in 4 major databases (Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, and Philosopher’s Index) of biomedical, philosophy, bioethical, and anthropological literature that focused on vulnerability in aged care. 5,735 results were obtained. Titles and abstracts were all screened. We are now in the process of full articles screening. All includes articles will then be critically analyzed. The results of this analysis process as well as a critical reflection on the results will be presented at the EACME conference. "
Understanding Global Challenges of Rapidly Developing Technologies: Digital Methods for Empirical Bioethics
Authors:   PhD Student, ETH Zürich, Switzerland, Schneider Manuel ,   E-mail: manuel.schneider@hest.ethz.ch, Blasimme Alessandro ,   ETH Zürich, Switzerland, Vayena Effy ,   ETH Zürich, Switzerland
Published: September 2021

"Since the first successful application of the gene editing method based on the CRISPR/Cas-system, the technology has demonstrated great potential but also sparked a series of ethical concerns. Some of the issues are already known from earlier gene editing debates. However, the possibility of CRISPR to target genes with high accuracy and the easy application that allows a biohacker to experiment with a simple toolkit ordered online have introduced new ethical challenges. Further, thanks to preprint servers such as bioRxiv, biomedical research results are more and more accessible with little delay after an experiment was conducted. This enables researchers all over the world to participate and conduct their own experiments, making it a global endeavour. Not only does this make it difficult to monitor and regulate the technology but also speeds up the technological development significantly.CRISPR is only one of many examples of recent advancements with potentially high consequences for society at large. We think it is therefore paramount to identify new issues, understand their nature and assess their impact in a timely manner. In this paper, we propose the integration of digital methods into the toolbox of modern empirical bioethics and demonstrate their potential with two examples: We used 1) crawling and network analysis for hypothesis building, and 2) sentiment analysis to assess the public’s attitudes towards CRISPR on Twitter over a six and a half years period. "
A Conceptual Framework for the Ethical Evaluation of Supported Decision-Making
Authors:   ", Scholten Matthé ,   Postdoc, Institute for Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany,   E-mail: matthe.scholten@rub.de ", Gather Jakov ,   Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital and Institute for Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany, Vollmann Jochen ,   Institute for Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
Published: September 2021

"Background: Supported decision-making (SDM) refers to all types of interventions support persons with impaired decision-making capacity (DMC) in making informed treatment decisions. It encompasses a wide range of interventions, such as enhanced consent procedures, elaborated plain language and involvement of family, friends or peers in the informed consent process. Empirical research showed that SDM can enhance DMC. The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which has been ratified by 180 states parties to date, pronounces in article 12(3) that “states parties shall take appropriate measures to provide access by persons with disabilities to the support they may require in exercising their legal capacity.” At the same time, medical ethicists and legal scholars have raised the concern that persons with impaired DMC are more likely to become subject to undue influence under SDM arrangements. Objectives: The aim of this presentation is to provide a conceptual framework to facilitate an ethical evaluation of various forms of supported decision-making. Methods: Empirically informed conceptual analysis. Various SDM interventions are analyzed. Findings: It is necessary to distinguish between input, process and output support. Input support involves influencing factors that are negatively correlated with DMC; process support involves interpreting a person’s preferences and carrying out intellectual processing; and output support involves enabling a person to communicate decisions to others. Conclusion: Most forms of input and output support are promising, but ethical issues in relation to framing and interpersonal leverage must be addressed. Forms of process support that involve “outsourcing” decision-making capacities are ethically problematic. "
Opportunities and Risks of Self-Binding Directives: Results from Interview Studies with Stakeholders in Germany and The Netherlands
Authors:   ", Scholten Matthé ,   Institute for Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum Germany,   E-mail: matthe.scholten@rub.de ", Van Melle Laura ,   Institute for Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum Germany; Department of Medical Humanities, Department of Medical Humanities, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Gather Jakov ,   Institute for Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany, Voskes Yolande ,   Department of Medical Humanities, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Widdershoven Guy ,   Department of Medical Humanities, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Vollmann Jochen ,   Institute for Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
Published: September 2021

"Self-binding directives (SBDs) are a special type of psychiatric advance directive in which service users agree in advance to (coercive) treatment they might late refuse during a mental health crisis. SBDs aim to empower and protect service users by enabling them to state their values and to plan their (coercive) treatment in advance in consultation with the treating psychiatrist. SBDs have been widely discussed in the ethics literature. Topics include ethical issues surrounding competence, revocation and the ethical justification of involuntary commitment and treatment based on SBDs. Little empirical research on SBDs has been conducted thus far. The Netherlands is to the best of our knowledge the only country with explicit legal provisions for SBDs. On the 1st of January 2020, the new Dutch Law on Compulsory Mental Health Care (Wvggz) entered into force. The implications of this law for the use of SBDs are still unclear. In this presentation, we will present insights from a qualitative interview study on stakeholders’ experiences with SBDs under the new law and their views on the ethical opportunities and challenges of SBDs. Based on the results, we give recommendations for the implementation of SBDs in other European countries. "
Decision-Making Ethics with Regard to Life-Sustaining Interventions: Summoning what other Patients Chose
Authors:   ", Sterie Anca ,   PhD, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland,   E-mail: anca-cristina.sterie@chuv.ch ", Rubli Truchard Eve ,   Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland, Jox Ralf J. ,   Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
Published: September 2021

"Health decisions occur in a rich context in which social influences are omnipresent. The tendency to compare oneself with others has been described as one of the critical social factors influencing decision making. Based on a collection of 43 audio-recordings of hospital admission encounters which were analyzed though a conversation analytic methodology, we present findings and reflections in regard to how patients and physicians discuss cardio-pulmonary resuscitation. The phenomena of interest concerns how and when patients and physicians refer to what other people decide (for example: “Often the patients tell us: No futile care”). This practice is encountered in 6 of the conversations recorded. Reference to other people’s decisions is a way to talk about options, but it does much more than just enumerating them. As a resource in interaction, this reference is employed when the patient can’t or doesn’t express a preference (thereby clarifying options) or when the preference the patient expressed is problematic (because contrary to expectations). By using this reference, decision making is projected as a matter of membership to a group of individuals, and not as a matter of individual prognostic.The ethical implications of referring to other people’s choices are significant, since it can influence the patient and pose a serious threat to autonomous decisions. We argue that findings such as ours, stemming from data-driven studies of healthcare communication, are pivotal for informing ethics education in its effort to address the biases that physicians impose upon patients during decision making. "
Euthanasia and Withdrawal of Treatment in People with Disabilities and Intractable Diseases: Comparison Between Japan and Western Countries
Authors:   ", Tanaka Miho ,   MPH, Japan Medical Association Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan E-mail: mipomipotky@gmail.com", Kodama Satoshi ,   Kyoto University, Japan
Published: September 2021

"Background: In Japan, groups advocating for people with disabilities and intractable diseases (hereafter “PWDs”) have recently voiced serious concerns regarding end-of-life care policies. For example, when non-partisan MPs announced a draft bill on allowing forgoing life-sustaining treatments (LSTs) in 2012, these groups protested. One group in particular strongly protested against a TV documentary by the Japanese public broadcasting corporation in 2019, in which a patient with a serious neurologic intractable disease died by physician-assisted suicide in Switzerland. Objective: To present the specific concerns voiced by PWDs regarding end-of-life care policies and to compare debates between Japan and Western countries on the topic. Method: Comprehensive literature review. Results: Several important points emerged. In Japan, PWDs felt that those living with LSTs would consider it a life without dignity. In Western countries, the following issues surfaced: negative images of people with disabilities have deep roots in society due to the long and tragic history of discrimination; people with disabilities might become victims of society’s value judgment, such as “life with a severe disability is not worth living”; and laws and safeguard policies cannot eliminate the concerns of a slippery slope. Conclusion: Western countries have recently discussed the risks of legalising euthanasia, while discussions in Japan have focused more on the risks of legislation on forgoing LSTs. Future literature review studies and interviews with advocacy groups aimed at identifying similar situations in other East Asian countries are warranted. "
The Value of Privacy in Smart Dementia Care: Empirical and Ethical
Authors:   ", Schweda Mark ,   Professor, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany,   E-mails: mark.schweda@uni-oldenburg.de,   eike.buhr@uni-oldenburg.de ", Buhr Eike ,   Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
Published: September 2021

"To protect people with dementia (PwD) from harm, smart technologies are developed to monitor their everyday life and activities and to intervene if necessary. For example, such technologies comprise wearables or video sensors that rely on human-machine interaction. In the ethical and political debate, such monitoring devices are usually discussed under the aspect of privacy. Generally, privacy is understood as a right that entails an active and deliberate control over one’s own decisional, informational and topological concerns. In short, the right to privacy is closely connected to personal autonomy. However, this conception raises problems when applied to PwD. Due to cognitive decline, they lose the ability to actively control their own concerns so that it might seem as though they also forfeit their right to privacy. Yet, this contradicts common moral intuitions as well as empirical studies which suggest that PwD value privacy as an important part of their quality of life (Dichter 2016). Against this backdrop, our contribution explores the “value of privacy” (Rössler 2001) in the context of smart dementia care. First, we determine the limits of common understandings of privacy when applied to PwD. Starting from empirical studies on the subjective experience of PwD, we then discuss how the moral significance of privacy can be spelled out without tying it explicitly and exclusively to autonomy. On this basis, we discuss preconditions of privacy for PwD in smart dementia care settings, formulating recommendations for future technology development and smart dementia care. "
Ethical Models in the Double Relationship Physician-Patient when Establishing Child Custody in Parental Divorce and Separation with Intense Conflictuality: Different Concepts for Physician and for Psychologist?
Authors:   Professor, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest, Romania, Curca George Cristian ,   E-mail: cgcurca@yahoo.com, Diac Iuliana ,   University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania, Dobrescu Iuliana ,   Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia, Bucharest, Romania, Andrei Lucia-Emanuela ,   Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia, Bucharest, Romania, Stancu Mihaela ,   University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest, Romania, Rad Florina ,   University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest, Romania, Stefanache Elena ,   National Institute Of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici Bucharest, Romania, Dragomirescu Simona ,   National Institute Of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici Bucharest, Romania, Culea Georgia Francesca ,   National Institute Of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici Bucharest, Romania
Published: September 2021

"Introduction. Child custody judicial course usually are intense conflictual raising a lot of pressure both on adult parents as on children. Always require a forensic psychiatry set-up at the court request and a professional team, legal doctors, psychiatrists, psychologists of adult and children from the legal medicine institution and from the hospital. Children are carefully looked upon separately by psychologists in a special setu-up diregarding intruding and manipulation. Objective of this presentation is to identify ethical aspects of the relationship physician-patient (the adult parent and separate the child) and psychologist-patient (i.e. similar) in custody litigation. Material and methods. We have casuistry with a high diversity of parental alienation in child custody cases. Discussions: Does physicians (psychiatrist or legal doctor) and psychologists uses different ethical models and concepts to approache the adult parent or the child? Forensic psichiatry examinations are completed with psychiatry examination and psychology examination as much as documents examinations which are presented in the dossier. Social inquiry is very important. Conclusions: similar to physician-patient relationship in pediatry, psychologist-minor patient relationship is based on the same moral values and ethical principles: beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, loialty, trust, mostly in a paternalistic model to sustain always the best interest of the child/children. Lack of autonomy of the minor child creates correlativity obligations to protect his rights and to sustain the best interests of the child as a primary consideration. Beneficence in forensic psychiatry may take into consideration maintaining also beneficial emotional relationships with both parents after the separation. "
Covid-19, The Perfect Time to Broaden our Horizons About Social Media Use in Oncology?
Authors:   Senior researcher, Institute for Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Switzerland, de Clercq Eva ,   E-mail: eva.declercq@unibas.ch, Rost Michael ,   Institute for Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Switzerland, Elger Bernice ,   Institute for Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Switzerland
Published: September 2021

"Objective: The study aims to explore the attitudes of Swiss healthcare professionals towards the use of social media in adolescent and young adult oncology and to examine whether the ongoing social restrictions due COVID-19 might have altered these attitudes. Methods: This study was cross-sectional in design. The subjects were healthcare providers working in pediatric or adult oncology settings in Switzerland. We performed descriptive and inferential statistical analyses. Results: While considered useful, only a small minority of participants actually used social media for professional reasons and considered themselves skillful in using these platforms. Although institutional guidelines were deemed crucial to improve social media use, many respondents seemed unaware of their existence. Only a minority reported an impact of Covid-19 on their attitudes towards the professional implementation of social media. Conclusion: The global health crisis creates important challenges for young patients with cancer and their healthcare providers. In times of social restrictions, social media may be promising tools to facilitate health information provision, connectivity and patient care. Virtual mentorship and target social media training interventions might be the best way to improve familiarity with social media and with ethical guidelines for their use. "
Using At-Home DNA Tests for Criminal Investigations – A Call for a Collective Approach to Investigative Genetic Genealogy
Authors:   MSc MA, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands, de Groot Nina ,   E-mail: n.f.de.groot@vu.nl
Published: September 2021

"Tens of millions of people worldwide have taken a commercial at-home DNA test out of interest in their genetic ancestry, disease risks, cilantro taste aversion, or athletic performance capacities. Yet, this consumer DNA data is also of interest to law enforcement: the data can be used to identify criminal suspects. By uploading a genetic profile from an unknown suspect, found at the crime scene, to a database with consumer’s genetic data, one could find a distant relative of the suspect. Through the mapping of this relative’s family tree, police can eventually zero in on the actual perpetrator. However, this investigative genetic genealogy (IGG) raises ethical concerns. In this presentation, I aim to contribute to the bioethical analysis of IGG by exploring the limitations of an individual-based model for IGG. I discuss two ethical concerns of IGG: privacy and informed consent. However, I argue that IGG raises specific ethical challenges that extend beyond these two autonomy-related concepts. Because of the far-reaching scope to identify even very distant relatives, IGG could identify a vast majority of a target population, thus making it also a collective issue. I explore how the ethical approach of individual consent and relatives in the biomedical genetic context can be helpful for the debate on IGG. Additional ethical concerns arise from the international, transgenerational, and commercial nature of IGG. I call for a more collective approach to IGG in the ethical debate. "
Ethics of First-in-Human Transplantation Trials of Bioartificial Organs
Authors:   MSc., Erasmus MC, The Netherlands, de Jongh Dide ,   E-mail: d.dejongh.1@erasmusmc.nl, Bunnik Eline ,   Erasmus MC, The Netherlands , Massey Emma ,   Erasmus MC, The Netherlands 
Published: September 2021

"The most effective treatment for type 1 diabetes is transplantation of either a whole pancreas from a deceased donor or islet cells derived from multiple deceased donors. However, transplantation has several limitations, including shortage of post-mortem donors and the need for post-transplant patients to use life-long immunosuppressive medication. In the last decade, the field of regenerative medicine has combined engineering and biological technologies in the attempt to regenerate organs. The European VANGUARD project aims to develop immune-protected bioartificial pancreases for transplantation into non-immunosuppressed type 1 diabetic patients. This project is creating a ‘combination product’ using cells and tissue from a variety of sources, including placentas and deceased donors. The clinical development of this complex product raises ethical questions for first-in-human (FIH) clinical trials. Under what conditions can bio-artificial organs safely are transplanted in humans for the first time? How can patients be selected, recruited and informed responsibly? In this presentation, we investigate the ethical conditions for clinical trials of bio-engineered organs, focusing inter alia on study design, subject selection, risk-benefit assessment, and informed consent. We present the results of a review of the literature on the ethics of clinical trials in regenerative medicine, cell and gene therapy and transplantation, and specify existing ethical guidance in the context of FIH transplantation trials of bioartificial organs. We conclude that this new and innovative area at the intersection of regenerative medicine, cell and gene therapy and transplantation requires adequate consideration of the ethical issues in order to guide responsible research and clinical implementation. "
Moral Competence, Moral Teamwork, Moral Action – Outcomes of Moral Case Deliberation in the Euro-MCD 2.0 For Evaluating Clinical Ethics Support
Authors:   MA MSc, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdem, the Netherlands, de Snoo-Trimp Janine ,   E-mail: j.desnoo@amsterdamumc.nl
Published: September 2021

"Background: For Moral Case Deliberation (MCD), like any form of Clinical ethics support (CES), it is important to know whether it reaches its presumed goal of supporting healthcare professionals in their ethical challenges. Evaluation is needed to gain insight in the value of MCD. Therefore, the Euro-MCD instrument was developed to assess outcomes of MCD, and has now been revised. The aim of this presentation is to present the revised Instrument: the Euro-MCD 2.0. Methods: The revision process was an iterative dialogue in which field study findings were integrated with theoretical reflections and expert-input. Results: The Euro-MCD 2.0 has three domains: 1) Moral Competence, 2) Moral Teamwork and 3) Moral Action. Moral Competence includes items on moral sensitivity, analytical skills and a virtuous attitude, like ‘I speak up in ethically difficult situations’. Moral Teamwork refers to open dialogue and supportive relationships, for example ‘We feel secure to share emotions in ethically difficult situations’. Moral Action includes items about moral decision-making and responsible care, like ‘We are able to explain and justify our care towards patients and their families’. Discussion: The Euro-MCD 2.0 is shorter and more strongly substantiated by empirical data and theoretical reflections. At the conference, we will reflect on the revision process and the underlying foundations of the domains. The revised instrument helps to get insight in the MCD related outcomes for healthcare professionals in their daily practice. Our research can further improve implementation of MCD and contribute to the research field of evaluation of CES in general. "