bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Antarctic Ozone Depletion and Recovery on Southern Hemisphere Precipitation, Evaporation, and Extreme Changes
Authors: Purich Ariaan , Son Seok-Woo
Published: January 2012

The possible impact of Antarctic ozone depletion and recovery on Southern Hemisphere (SH) mean and extreme precipitation and evaporation is examined using multimodel output from the Climate Model Intercomparison Project 3 (CMIP3). By grouping models into four sets, those with and without ozone depletion in twentieth-century climate simulations and those with and without ozone recovery in twenty-first-century climate simulations, and comparing their multimodel-mean trends, it is shown that Antarctic ozone forcings significantly modulate extratropical precipitation changes in austral summer. The impact on evaporation trends is however minimal, especially in twentieth-century climate simulations. In general, ozone depletion has increased (decreased) precipitation in high latitudes (midlatitudes), in agreement with the poleward displacement of the westerly jet and associated storm tracks by Antarctic ozone depletion. Although weaker, the opposite is also true for ozone recovery. These precipitation changes are primarily associated with changes in light precipitation (1–10 mm day−1). Contributions by very light precipitation (0.1–1 mm day−1) and moderate-to-heavy precipitation (>10 mm day−1) are minor. Likewise, no systematic changes are found in extreme precipitation events, although extreme surface wind events are highly sensitive to ozone forcings. This result indicates that, while extratropical mean precipitation trends are significantly modulated by ozone-induced large-scale circulation changes, extreme precipitation changes are likely more sensitive to thermodynamic processes near the surface than to dynamical processes in the free atmosphere.
The Role of Barents Sea Ice in the Wintertime Cyclone Track and Emergence of a Warm-Arctic Cold-Siberian Anomaly
Authors: Inoue Jun , Hori Masatake E. , Takaya Koutarou
Published: January 2012

Sea ice variability over the Barents Sea with its resultant atmospheric response has been considered one of the triggers of unexpected downstream climate change. For example, East Asia has experienced several major cold events while the underlying temperature over the Arctic has risen steadily. To understand the influence of sea ice in the Barents Sea on atmospheric circulation during winter from a synoptic perspective, this study evaluated the downstream response in cyclone activities with respect to the underlying sea ice variability. The composite analysis, including all cyclone events over the Nordic seas, revealed that an anticyclonic anomaly prevailed along the Siberian coast during light ice years over the Barents Sea. This likely caused anomalous warm advection over the Barents Sea and cold advection over eastern Siberia. The difference in cyclone paths between heavy and light ice years was expressed as a warm-Arctic cold-Siberian (WACS) anomaly. The lower baroclinicity over the Barents Sea during the light ice years, which resulted from a weak gradient in sea surface temperature, prevented cyclones from traveling eastward. This could lead to fewer cyclones and hence to an anticyclonic anomaly over the Siberian coast.
Influence of Wind Stress, Wind Stress Curl, and Bottom Friction on the Transport of a Model Antarctic Circumpolar Current
Authors: Nadeau Louis-Philippe , Straub David N.
Published: January 2012

Eddy-permitting simulations of a wind-driven quasigeostrophic model in an idealized Southern Ocean setting are used to attempt to describe what sets the wind-driven circumpolar transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). For weak forcing, the transport is well described as a linear sum of channel and basin components. The authors’ main focus is on stronger forcing. In this regime, an eddy-driven recirculation appears in the abyssal layer, and all time-mean circumpolar streamlines are found to stem from a Sverdrup-like interior. The Sverdrup flux into Drake Passage latitudes can then be thought of as the sum of one part that feeds the circumpolar current and another that is associated with the recirculation. The relative fractions of this partitioning depend on the bottom drag, the midchannel wind stress, and the wind stress curl. Increasing the strength of the bottom drag reduces the recirculation and increases circumpolar transport. Increasing a zero-curl eastward wind stress reduces the upper-layer expression of the recirculation and increases the transport. Increasing the curl-containing portion of the forcing (while holding the midchannel stress constant) increases the recirculation and decreases the transport.

The weakly forced regime is also considered, as are the relative roles of large and small-scale eddies in transporting momentum vertically through the water column in the Drake Passage latitude band. It is found that the vertical momentum flux associated with transient structures can be used to distinguish between different regimes: these structures transmit momentum upward when the dynamics is dominated by the large-scale recirculation gyre and downward when it is not.
Retrieval of Key Aerosol Optical Parameters from Spectral Direct and Diffuse Irradiances Observed by a Radiometer with Nonideal Cosine Response Characteristic
Authors: Khatri Pradeep , Takamura Tamio , Yamazaki Akihiro , Kondo Yutaka
Published: January 2012

The spectral direct and diffuse irradiances observed by a radiometer with a horizontal surface detector have been frequently used to study aerosol optical parameters, such as aerosol optical thickness (τaer) and single scattering albedo (ω). Such radiometers more or less lack an ideal cosine response. Generally, either the cosine error of observed diffuse irradiance was corrected by assuming an isotropic distribution of sky radiance or it was neglected in the past studies. This study presents an algorithm to retrieve τaer and ω from direct and diffuse irradiances observed by a radiometer with a nonideal cosine response characteristic by taking into account the cosine errors of observed irradiances in detail. The proposed algorithm considers the anisotropic distribution of sky radiance while correcting the cosine error of observed diffuse irradiance. This algorithm can also be used to calculate the cosine error correction factor of diffuse irradiance. The results show that the aerosol optical parameters and the aerosol direct effect (aerosol radiative forcing and the heating rate) can be heavily affected by the cosine errors of observed direct and diffuse irradiances. The study further shows that assuming the isotropic distribution of sky radiance while correcting the cosine error of observed diffuse irradiance can affect the retrieved ω at small and large solar zenith angles; thus, the estimated aerosol direct effect can be quantitatively affected. Because of the cosine errors, this study found the actual values of diffuse irradiances at different wavelengths were underestimated by around 5%–11%.
C-Escalation and D-Escalation
Authors: Collins Randall
Published: January 2012

Conflict escalates through a series of feedback loops. On the micro level, conflict generates conditions for intense interaction rituals, and internal solidarity fuels external conflict. Perceived atrocities reciprocally increase ideological polarization between opponents, while confrontational tension/fear makes violence incompetent and produces real atrocities. Conflict groups seek allies, drive out neutrals, and mobilize material resources. Both sides in a conflict counter-escalate through the same set of feedbacks. Winning and losing are determined by differences between rates of escalation and by attacks that one-sidedly destroy organizational and material capacity. Conflict de-escalates because both sides fail to find conditions for solidarity, cannot overcome confrontational tension/fear, and exhaust their material resources. Emotional burnout sets in through a time dynamic of explosion, plateau, and dissipation of enthusiasm. Defection of allies opens the way for third-party settlement. When both sides remain stalemated, initial enthusiasm and external polarization give way to emergent internal factions—a victory faction (hard-liners) versus a peace faction (negotiators)—creating new conflict identities. Ideals promoted at the outset of conflict become obstacles to resolution at the end.
Forms of Exchange and Integrative Bonds
Authors: Molm Linda D. , Whitham Monica M. , Melamed David
Published: January 2012

In this study we bring together two sociological traditions: experimental research on how different forms of exchange affect attachments to partners and relationships, and organizational research in natural settings on how embeddedness contributes to social capital. We conceptualize embeddedness in terms of the underlying forms of exchange—negotiated and reciprocal—that are associated with economic exchanges and the social relationships in which they are embedded. Building upon the reciprocity theory of social exchange, we test predictions of how relationship histories (i.e., different sequences of the two forms of exchange) and relationship contexts (i.e., embedding one form of exchange within an ongoing relation of the other form) modify effects of each form in isolation. Results from two experiments show that the reciprocal form of exchange, independent of close ties or personal associations, is critical for producing the strong trust and affective bonds typically associated with embedded relationships. A history or context of reciprocal exchange significantly boosts integrative bonds for negotiated exchange, whereas a history or context of negotiated exchange dampens integrative bonds for reciprocal exchange only moderately. The relative effects of history and context vary by actors’ positions of power.
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Discharge Preparedness
Authors: Smith Vincent C. , Dukhovny Dmitry , Zupancic John A. F. , Gates Heidi B. , Pursley DeWayne M.
Published: January 2012

Objective. To investigate specific post–neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) discharge outcomes and issues for families. Study design. The authors prospectively surveyed family’s discharge preparedness at the infant’s NICU discharge. In the weeks after the infant was discharged, families were interviewed by telephone for self-reported utilization of health services as well as any infant-associated problems or issues. Results. At discharge, 35 of 287 (12%) families were “unprepared” as defined by a Likert response of less than 7 by either the family member or nursing assessment. Unprepared families were more likely to report that their pediatrician could not access the infant’s NICU hospital discharge summary, problems with the infant’s milk/formula, and an inability to obtain needed feeding supplies. Conclusions. Although most of the families are “prepared” for discharge at the time of discharge, this study highlights several issues that primary care providers accepting care and NICU staff discharging infants/families should be aware.
Citizens’ Conceptualizations of Democracy
Authors: Canache Damarys
Published: January 2012

Empirical evidence of how citizens around the world understand democracy highlights the predominance of the liberal model of democracy. Yet the existence of a dominant view does not mean that all citizens in every nation exclusively endorse a liberal conceptualization. Hence, this article asks whether public beliefs about the meaning of democracy affect people’s political attitudes and behaviors. Using data from the 2006–2007 Latin American Public Opinion Project AmericasBarometer surveys, the author develops a taxonomy to categorize democratic conceptualizations in terms of structural complexity and substantive content. The author then examines the effects of the structure and substance of democratic conceptualizations on attitudes toward democracy and on patterns of political participation. Findings indicate that variance in the structure of citizens’ democratic conceptualizations brings several effects on political attitudes and behaviors. As to the substantive content of democratic conceptualizations, conceiving of democracy in terms other than liberty influences numerous aspects of citizens’ attitudes and behaviors.
Preforms and composites manufactured by novel flax/polypropylene cowrap spinning method
Authors: Jiang Jinhua , Chen Nanliang
Published: January 2012

In the past decade, natural fiber composites with thermoplastic matrices have been embraced by many composite manufactures for its properties such as lightweight and low cost. Reinforced cowrap spinning yarns and thermoplastics offer a potential for low-cost manufacturing of complex-shaped and good, drapable composite parts, due to reduced impregnation times and resin flow distance during processing. In this article, the cowrap spinning yarns were produced by cowrap spinning method with flax and polypropylene (PP) and then woven to fabric preforms. The natural flax fibers were twistless in yarns and preforms, and PP served as a carrier for flax and prevented damage to flax fibers during processing, and became the polymer matrix in the final composites. To get an even distribution of fibers and thermoplastic resins in preforms and different flax fiber content, the main spinning parameters (hollow spindle twist and hollow spindle rotational speed) were analyzed and optimized. Besides fabric structure, the parameters affecting the mechanical properties of flax/PP preforms and composites were investigated. The fabric density, fabric structure (including plain, twill, and basket weave), and yarn tensile orientation (at 0°, 90°, and 45°) had a great influence on the tensile strength and elongation of preforms. Different pretreatments on flax/PP were investigated, and the microstructure and mechanical properties of thermoplastic composites showed improved wettability of impregnation and good adhesion and bonding interface between flax fiber and PP matrix in composites.
Prediction of material properties of biaxial and triaxial braided textile composites
Authors: Xu Lei , Kim Seong Jong , Ong Cheng-Huat , Ha Sung Kyu
Published: January 2012

Biaxial and triaxial braided composites are modeled using finite element methods to predict effective material properties: for biaxial braids, diamond pattern (1/1), regular pattern (2/2), and Hercules pattern (3/3) are modeled, while for triaxial braids, a regular pattern (2/2) is modeled. A micromechanical approach is adopted to calculate material properties of the tows, which are critical compositions of braided composites. By applying periodical boundary conditions (PBC), four representative unit cells (RUC) in correspondence to the four types of braids are analyzed and compared. Subsequently, effective material properties are obtained with the braiding angle varying from 15° to 75° with an increment of 5°, from which the variation of the engineering constants with the braiding angle is studied. The prediction results are compared with the experimental values for two material systems, and good agreement is achieved.
Use of full-field measurements to evaluate analytical models for laminates with intralaminar cracks
Authors: Farge Laurent , Varna Janis , Ayadi Zoubir
Published: January 2012

Full-field displacement measurements between intralaminar cracks in cross-ply laminates were performed to evaluate the accuracy of shear lag models and Hashin’s model. The dependence of the average crack opening displacement on the crack density was measured and compared with model predictions. It was found that Hashin’s model overestimates the average COD by at least 25%. The value of the shear lag parameter was back-calculated by fitting. With the same goal the strain in the middle between two cracks was measured rendering shear lag parameter which was only 1% different. The found value does not agree with any of the used shear lag models. Measurement shows nonzero intralaminar shear zones in both layers covering a part of the ply thickness.
Matrix damage in composite pressure vessels with a bias fiber orientation
Authors: Salavatian M , Smith LV
Published: January 2012

This study examined carbon/epoxy cylinders with a bias fiber orientation ranging from ±40° to ±60°. The cylinders were pressurized internally and they exhibited a matrix-dominated failure. Coupons with a fiber orientation of 50° or less exhibited a shear failure mode, while coupons with a fiber orientation of 55° or more had a transverse failure mode. The gradual failure process was modeled using a phenomenological approach, where the stiffness degradation was examined in the material coordinate system. Biaxial stress–strain curves were simulated for each fiber angle using Zinoviev damage and Sun plasticity models, extended for biaxial tension. The models were only able to describe the shear response of bias pressure vessels considered here. The experimental results showed slight hardening in shear and significant softening in the transverse direction. Accounting for these post-yield effects significantly improved the correlation with experiment.
Modeling compression-after-impact response of polymer matrix composites subjected to seawater aging
Authors: Krishnan Arun , Oskay Caglar
Published: January 2012

This manuscript presents a computational investigation of the compression-after-impact (CAI) response of polymer matrix composites subjected to seawater-induced environmental degradation. A multiscale computational model that accounts for seawater-induced property degradation in composite constituents is proposed to predict the CAI response of E-glass reinforced vinyl-ester composites. Predictions of the CAI response as a function of specimen saturation are validated against experimental observations. The investigations revealed that partially-saturated vinyl-ester matrix composites undergo a significant reduction in the CAI strength, part of which is recovered upon full matrix saturation. The proposed computational model captures the response characteristics of partially- and fully-saturated specimens.
On the dynamic response of a delaminated composite beam under the motion of an oscillating mass
Authors: Jafari-Talookolaei Ramazan-Ali , Kargarnovin Mohammad H , Ahmadian Mohammad T
Published: January 2012

The dynamic response of a delaminated composite beam under the motion of an oscillatory mass moving with a constant velocity has been studied. The delaminated composite beam is modeled as four interconnected sub-beams using the delamination limits as their boundaries. The constrained model is used to model the delamination region. The continuity and equilibrium conditions are forced to be satisfied between the adjoining beams. A set of derived governing differential equations along with those obtained by imposing boundary conditions are simultaneously solved in a closed form manner. The results for the response of the delaminated beam were compared with those of the intact beam. Furthermore, the possible separation of the moving oscillator from the beam during the course of the motion is investigated. The effects of the variation of different parameters such as the oscillator axial velocity, depth, and spanwise location of the delamination on the dynamic response of the beam and on the oscillator separation from the beam have been studied. It was shown that the delamination has significant influence on the dynamic response of the beam and on the oscillator separation from the beam.
Vanishing notch sensitivity approach to fatigue life prediction of notched cross-ply CFRP laminates at room temperature
Authors: Kawai M , Shiratsuchi T
Published: January 2012

The effect of notch on the constant amplitude fatigue behavior of cross-ply carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates with different stacking configurations is examined. An analytical procedure that allows the prediction of the S–N relationships for notched cross-ply CFRP laminates for any notch size is also developed. Fatigue tests are first performed at room temperature on unnotched and center circular notched specimens of three kinds of non-woven cross-ply laminates, A:[90/0]3S, B:[903/03]S, and C:[03/903]S, respectively. The results from these tests show that the notched fatigue strengths of the cross-ply laminates, regardless of stacking configuration, become lower than the unnotched fatigue strengths in the range of short life according to a reduction in static strength due to notch, but the effect of notch on fatigue strength turns insignificant in the range of long life. A new engineering method for predicting the notched fatigue strengths of composites is then developed assuming that notch sensitivity vanishes during fatigue loading. The proposed fatigue model for notched composite laminates is formulated using a fatigue life prediction model for unnotched specimens and a residual strength prediction model for notched specimens. It is demonstrated that the S–N relationships for notched specimens of the three kinds of cross-ply CFRP laminates can successfully be predicted using the proposed vanishing notch sensitivity model for fatigue, regardless of notch size and stacking configuration.
Frictional properties of cotton-Tencel yarns spun in different spinning systems
Authors: Kilic Gonca Balci , Sülar Vildan
Published: January 2012

In this study, frictional properties of Ne 30 yarns produced systematically in different spinning systems (ring, compact and vortex, αe = 3.7), with different raw materials (100% cotton, 50/50 cotton-Tencel blended and 100% Tencel) and with different twist factors (only for ring yarns αe = 3.4, 3.7, 4.0), have been investigated. The effect of yarn structural properties (raw material, spinning system and twist level) and test parameters (friction surface and input tension) on yarn frictional properties were evaluated. When the effect of raw material on test results was examined, it was observed that yarn-to-yarn friction (YY) decreases, while yarn-to-metal (YM) and yarn-to-ceramic (YC) friction increases with the increasing ratio of the Tencel in the blended yarn. The effect of spinning systems on test results indicates that friction coefficients of ring and compact were similar to each other for the same raw material, while the friction coefficient of vortex yarns was different. The friction coefficients of vortex yarns were the lowest for YY friction tests and the highest for YM and YC tests. In general, it was determined that the friction coefficient of spun yarns decreases by increasing input tensions. Mainly, it has been stated that yarn structural properties and test parameters examined in this study affect the yarn friction coefficient of spun yarns and especially, it is concluded that frictional behaviour of Tencel yarns are different from those of the yarns used in the study.
An optimum design study of the yarn-channel shape of the air-interlacing nozzle by analysis of fluid flow
Authors: Juraeva Makhsuda , Song Dong Joo , Ryu Kyung Jin
Published: January 2012

The air-interlacing process provides assurance in the downstream performance in weaving and knitting without changing the properties of the synthetic yarn. The air-interlacing nozzle is an important component for improving the performance in the air-interlacing process. The airflow inside the air-interlacing nozzle is investigated to design an optimum yarn-channel shape of the nozzle. The width and height of the yarn-channel and inlet pressure are the design variables of the air-interlacing nozzle. The design variables are evaluated by the vorticity. The design of experiments (DOE) approach is utilized to study the influence of the nozzle configuration. Minitab is used as a practical and effective tool in optimizing the nozzle geometry to improve performance. Computational simulations of the impinging airflow inside the nozzle are undertaken using ANSYS CFX. The airflow characteristics such as the vorticity, shock wave, and velocity distributions were discussed. Various cross-sectional shapes of the yarn-channel are investigated with the same inlet pressure. The cross-sectional shape of Shape 6 which has high vorticity is observed to find optimal configurations for the nozzle of the air-interlacing process. The design variables of the nozzle are the width and the height of the yarn-channel and the inlet pressure. The reason for the evaluation of the performance of the nozzle is the maximization of the vorticity. The response surface method (RSM) is applied for the shape optimization. The vorticity cannot increase at the high inlet pressure due to the shock wave. The air-interlacing nozzle, with optimum configurations, is verified numerically and experimentally.
Mathematical formulation of knitted fabric spirality using genetic programming
Authors: Chen Zeng Hai , Xu Bin Gang , Chi Zhe Ru , Feng Da Gan
Published: January 2012

This paper proposes the use of genetic programming for the mathematical formulation of knitted fabric spirality. Both dry relaxed and wash-and-dry relaxed states of fabric spirality are studied. In total, six parameters are investigated, in which three parameters are derived from yarn and fabric, and the other three parameters are from the knitted condition. The three yarn and fabric parameters used are yarn twist liveliness, tightness factor and dyeing method, and the three knitting parameters are the number of feeders, rotational direction and gauge. Genetic programming is adopted to formulize the mathematical relationships between above the six parameters and two states of fabric spirality, respectively. For a comparison, a multiple linear regression approach is studied as well. The formulas generated by genetic programming and multiple regression for two states of spirality are comprehensively investigated and compared. Experimental results show that genetic programming, which can model non-linear mathematical relationships, obtains more accurate expressions than multiple regression for both dry relaxed and wash-and-dry relaxed states of spirality, demonstrating that genetic programming is a promising alternative for the mathematical formulation of fabric spirality.
Zinc oxide-linen fibrous composites: morphological, structural, chemical and humidity adsorptive attributes
Authors: Tanasa Diana , Vrinceanu Narcisa , Nistor Alexandra , Hristodor Claudia Mihaela , Popovici Eveline , Bistricianu Ionut Lucian , Brinza Florin , Chicet Daniela-Lucia , Coman Diana , Pui Aurel , Grigoriu Ana Maria , Broasca Gianina
Published: January 2012

The main result and characterizing aspect of the research consists of the effectiveness of novel ZnO-linen fibrous composites synthesized by means of hydrothermal deposition of zinc oxide onto linen fibers, with the assistance of two surfactants. This has a direct implication on the relationship between the morphological, structural and chemical attributes and water vapor sorption-desorption behavior. Methodology consists of the hydrothermal synthesis of zinc oxide onto linen fibrous substrates previously grafted with MCT-β-CD (MonoChloroTriazinyl–β-CycloDextrin) via a hydrothermal process.

The morphological, structural and chemical properties of the samples were examined, in terms of a co-assisted investigation system: SEM images for the morphology, EDX analysis for surface composition, FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry for structural samples features. Dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) analysis will complete this study.

According to the results provided by the characterization technique, the uniformity of the fabric coated with ZnO powder hydrothermally synthesized with assistance of CTAB (Cetyl TrimethylAmmonium Bromide) is better than that of ZnO powder hydrothermally synthesized in the presence of Pluronic P123 and possesses good washing fastness. X-ray diffraction results have indicated that the composites exhibited a more ordered structure and higher water vapor sorption-desorption capacity (obtained by DVS analysis) compared with those of the reference fibrous linen supports.
Achievement Goal Orientations of Community College Mathematics Students and the Misalignment of Instructor Perceptions
Authors: Mesa Vilma
Published: January 2012

This study reports on the results of a survey of achievement goal orientations administered to a sample of 777 students enrolled in remedial and college-level mathematics courses at a community college. Results indicate that students’ achievement goal orientations are consistent with adaptive learning patterns: Students are interested in developing competence, expect and believe they can handle challenging work, avoid self-handicapping behaviors, and exhibit a positive mathematics self-concept. However, interviews with faculty members teaching the courses in which the students were enrolled revealed that instructors had a more negative perspective. This discrepancy suggests that instructors might not be taking advantage of the high confidence and motivation to learn that their students bring to the mathematics classroom.
Troubled Relationships
Authors: Lopez Vera , Corona Rosalie
Published: January 2012

This qualitative study explored 18 high-risk adolescent Latinas’ perceptions of their relationships with nonresident fathers. A number of interrelated factors—early childhood memories, mothers’ interpretations, and fathers’ behaviors—shaped girls’ perceptions, which in turn, influenced how they interacted with fathers. Some girls struggled to make sense of fathers’ diminished involvement and continued to long for them. Others grew angry and refused to have anything to do with hostile and aggressive fathers. Some girls never knew or did not remember their fathers, and they were largely indifferent. In contrast, other girls were conflicted and shifted back and forth between being angry with fathers, longing for them, and attempting to assume an air of indifference. Only one girl noted that she had a positive, loving relationship with her father. Implications for study findings are discussed.
Grounding the argument-based framework for validating score interpretations and uses
Authors: Oller John W.
Published: January 2012

Kane’s argument-based framework is summarized and examined. He implicitly appeals to the backgrounded concepts of fairness and justice. From there it is a short distance to grounding the whole system in the mundane notion of truth. In fact, valid argument systems must depend on representations that are ‘true’ by virtue of agreement with purported facts. As a friendly amendment, therefore, I argue that (provided the ceteris paribus, all else being equal, requirement is met) agreement with known facts in testing, experimental research, and scientific measurement counts for a great deal more than disagreement. It follows by Peircean ‘exact logic’ that higher test scores (if the tests have any validity at all) are invariably more informative (interpretable in general) and thus more useful than lower scores. Why? Because higher scores show more agreement between the test-makers and the higher scoring test-takers about whatever facts (or performances) may be at issue. Exceptions are cases where the ceteris paribus requirement is not met. Necessary (but testable) inferences follow for interpretations and uses of ‘cutscores.’
The panicolytic-like effect of fluoxetine in the elevated T-maze is mediated by serotonin-induced activation of endogenous opioids in the dorsal periaqueductal grey
Authors: Roncon Camila M , Biesdorf Carla , Santana Rosangela G , Zangrossi Hélio , Graeff Frederico G , Audi Elisabeth A
Published: January 2012

Serotonin (5-HT), opioids and the dorsal periaqueductal grey (DPAG) have been implicated in the pathophysiology of panic disorder. In order to study 5-HT–opioid interaction, the opioid antagonist naloxone was injected either systemically (1 mg/kg, i.p.) or intra-DPAG (0.2 μg/0.5 μL) to assess its interference with the effect of chronic fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, i.p., daily for 21 days) or of intra-DPAG 5-HT (8 μg/0.5 μL). Drug effects were measured in the one-escape task of the rat elevated T-maze, an animal model of panic. Pretreatment with systemic naloxone antagonized the lengthening of escape latency caused by chronic fluoxetine, considered a panicolytic-like effect that parallels the drug’s therapeutic response in the clinics. Pretreatment with naloxone injected intra-DPAG antagonized both the panicolytic effect of chronic fluoxetine as well as that of 5-HT injected intra-DPAG. Neither the performance of the inhibitory avoidance task in the elevated T-maze, a model of generalized anxiety nor locomotion measured in a circular arena was affected by the above drug treatments. These results indicate that the panicolytic effect of fluoxetine is mediated by endogenous opioids that are activated by 5-HT in the DPAG. They also allow reconciliation between the serotonergic and opioidergic hypotheses of panic disorder pathophysiology.
Effects of 0.4g/kg alcohol on attentional bias and alcohol-seeking behaviour in heavy and moderate social drinkers
Authors: Fernie Gordon , Christiansen Paul , Cole Jon C , Rose Abigail K , Field Matt
Published: January 2012

Alcohol intoxication is known to influence attentional biases for alcohol-related cues and alcohol-seeking behaviour. It is unknown if heavier drinkers are more or less sensitive to these effects of alcohol, or whether the effects of alcohol on attentional bias are associated with subsequent alcohol-seeking behaviour. In the present study, 55 social drinkers were administered either 0.4 g/kg alcohol or placebo in a repeated measures, double-blind experimental design. Participants completed a visual probe task with eye movement monitoring (to measure attentional bias) and a bogus taste test (to measure alcohol-seeking) in both alcohol and placebo sessions. Heavy drinkers showed an attentional bias for alcohol cues that was unaffected by alcohol, whereas in moderate drinkers attentional bias was present after alcohol administration, but was absent after placebo. All participants voluntarily consumed more beer during the taste test after administration of alcohol compared with placebo. The effects of alcohol on attentional bias were unrelated to the effects of alcohol on beer consumption. Results are consistent with the development of tolerance, rather than sensitization, to the acute effects of alcohol on attentional biases in heavy drinkers. However, alcohol-induced increases in attentional bias were not related to the effects of alcohol on the motivation to drink.
Trajectory generation and control for precise aggressive maneuvers with quadrotors
Authors: Mellinger Daniel , Michael Nathan , Kumar Vijay
Published: January 2012

We study the problem of designing dynamically feasible trajectories and controllers that drive a quadrotor to a desired state in state space. We focus on the development of a family of trajectories defined as a sequence of segments, each with a controller parameterized by a goal state or region in state space. Each controller is developed from the dynamic model of the robot and then iteratively refined through successive experimental trials in an automated fashion to account for errors in the dynamic model and noise in the actuators and sensors. We show that this approach permits the development of trajectories and controllers enabling such aggressive maneuvers as flying through narrow, vertical gaps and perching on inverted surfaces with high precision and repeatability.
Geographies of children and youth III
Authors: Jeffrey Craig
Published: January 2012

This report analyses recent geographical scholarship and young people’s protest around the world in 2010 and 2011 in order to challenge two central themes in literature on politics and civil society. First, I critically examine the idea that young people, especially unemployed youth, are engaged only in a type of romantic, ineffective politics. Second, I question the notion that ‘civil society’ – in the sense of deliberative, non-violent politics that acts as a positive check on state power – occurs principally through formal organizations representing a generalized public interest. In making these points I argue for a new approach to analysis of civil society in human geography – one that allows for political mobilization that is informal, non-local, and based upon particularistic identities such as religion and caste.
Cliqued Up
Authors: Trulson Chad R. , Caudill Jonathan W. , Haerle Darin R. , DeLisi Matt
Published: January 2012

This study examines the interrelationship between gang affiliation and commitment for a gang-related homicide on the postincarceration recidivism of a sample of 1,804 serious and violent delinquents released from a large southern juvenile correctional system. Controlling for a battery of preincarceration youth characteristics, delinquent background, and social history measures, this research revealed that gang murderers—gang-affiliated offenders committed for a gang-related homicide—were more likely to experience any rearrest and any felony rearrest postrelease than those not considered gang murderers. General homicide offenders without gang affiliations were also more likely to experience felony rearrest postrelease. Being considered a gang murderer or a general homicide offender, however, was not related to the frequency of postrelease rearrests. Analyses also revealed consistent support for the effect of gang affiliation on all measures of postrelease recidivism, regardless of incarceration offense. Implications for research and practice are explored.
Social Support as a Moderator for Alcohol-Related Partner Aggression During the Transition to Parenthood
Authors: Caldeira Valerie , Woodin Erica M.
Published: January 2012

Alcohol-related partner aggression is a pervasive social problem throughout various life stages, including the transition to parenthood. Previous research shows that alcohol use is associated with partner aggression perpetration for both men and women; however, not all individuals who consume alcohol act aggressively. In this study, the moderating effects of general social support and partner-specific support on the association between prepregnancy alcohol use and recent partner physical aggression are investigated using a community sample of 98 pregnant couples. For men, high levels of general appraisal social support (i.e., someone to talk to about one’s problems) increases the strength of the association between alcohol use and aggression perpetration, whereas partner-specific emotional support serves as a buffer. For women, general social support is not a significant moderator, but high levels of partner-specific instrumental support strengthens the association between alcohol use and aggression. These results can be applied to prevention and treatment programs for alcohol-related partner aggression.
Examining the Determinants of Sexual Violence Among Young, Married Women in Southern India
Authors: Chibber Karuna S. , Krupp Karl , Padian Nancy , Madhivanan Purnima
Published: January 2012

The prevalence of sexual violence is increasingly being studied in India. Yet the determinants of sexual violence, irrespective of physical violence, remain largely unexplored. Here the authors identify the determinants of sexual violence, and additionally, explore how the presence of physical violence modifies these determinants. A cross-sectional analysis is conducted using baseline data from a longitudinal study involving young married women attending reproductive health clinics in Southern India. A multivariable logistic regression analysis is conducted to first identify determinants of sexual violence and then repeated after stratifying elements based on presence or absence of physical violence identified from participants’ reports. 36% and 50% of the participants report experiencing sexual and physical violence, respectively. After adjusting for other covariates, women’s partners’ characteristics are found most significantly associated with their odds of experiencing sexual violence. These characteristics include husbands’ primary education, employment as drivers, alcohol consumption, and having multiple sex partners. Women’s contribution to household income also increases their odds of experiencing sexual violence by almost twofold; however, if they are solely responsible for “all” household income, the relationship is found to be protective. Physical violence modifies the determinants of sexual violence, and among women not experiencing physical violence, husbands’ primary education and employment as drivers increase women’s odds of experiencing sexual violence nearly threefold, and women who contribute “all” the household income ( n = 62) do not experience sexual violence. These relationships are not significant among women experiencing physical violence. Study findings improve the understanding of the determinants of sexual violence. Future research is needed to examine the risk factors for different types of GBV independently and to tease apart the differences in risk factors depending on women’s experiences. The significance of male partners’ characteristics warrants in-depth research, and in order to promote gender-equitable norms, future interventions need to focus on male behaviors and men’s day-to-day survival challenges, all of which likely influence conflicts in marital relationships.
Sex, Race/Ethnicity, and Context in School-Associated Student Homicides
Authors: Kaufman Joanne M. , Hall Jeffrey E. , Zagura Michelle
Published: January 2012

This study assessed the importance of sex, race/ethnicity, and geographic context for incidents of school-associated student homicides between July 1, 1994 and June 30, 1999, covering 5 academic years. Using data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention School Associated Violent Deaths Study ( n = 125 incidents), we compared percentages and medians of victim, offender, motive, and school characteristics for incidents by geographic context and race/ethnicity of the offenders. Most incidents involved urban areas (53.6%), Black and Latino offenders and victims, moderately high youth poverty, and male on male violence (77.6%) driven by disputes and gang-related motives. Suburban area incidents (31.2%) often involved offenders and victims of a different race/ethnicity (51.3%). Multiple victims and White offenders were more common in rural areas (15.2%). More than 50% of the rural incidents involved male offenders and female victims. White offender incidents more often included multiple victims and female victims while Black and Latino offenders more often included single victims of the same sex. These results emphasize the utility of an incident-based analysis of school-associated student homicides in highlighting important variations by intersections of sex, race/ethnicity, and geographic context.
Prospective Effects of Method of Coercion in Sexual Victimization Across the First College Year
Authors: Griffin Melissa J. , Read Jennifer P.
Published: January 2012

Women who enter college with a sexual victimization (SV) history may be at particular risk for deleterious outcomes including maladaptive alcohol involve posttraumatic stress, and re-victimization. Further, pre-college SV may be an impediment for the achievement of academic mile and may negatively impact the transition into college. Recent work shows that the method of coercion used in SV may be an important predictor of post-victimization outcomes. As such, the identification of pathways between type of SV and outcomes can aid in early identification and intervention for those at highest risk. In a sample of newly-matriculated female college students, this study examined unique outcomes associated with two specific types of SV, (1) threats/use of physical force (Force SV) or (2) incapacitation (Incap SV). Participants completed assessments of SV, alcohol involvement, posttraumatic stress, and academic outcomes at 6 time-points over their first year of college. Results showed differential outcomes based on pre-matriculation exposure to Force SV or Incap SV. Women with Incap SV were higher on problem drinking indices whereas women with Force SV were at greater risk for re-victimization and marginally more PTSD symptoms. Having a history of either type of SV predicted attrition, but there were no differences when comparing Force SV to Incap SV. Overall, results from this study support the utility of delineating SV experiences by method of coercion, and point to the potential of highlighting different outcomes in tailored intervention programs.
Stories from the Cage
Authors: Sobre-Denton Miriam Shoshana
Published: January 2012

This autoethnography examines white privilege and systemic discrimination within contexts of my experiences as a white woman encountering workplace bullying, presented and examined on three levels. In sections marked “Then,” I integrate my own memories of my employment at AAA. In sections titled “Now,” I analyze my experiences through three interpretive lenses: first workplace bullying, then cultural enactments of gender discrimination, and finally white privilege theory to reinterpret the organizational dynamics that took place at AAA. In a section called “Next Time,” I present descriptions of what I would do differently given what I know now in the form of two letters. Throughout, I engage in self-investigation and self-implication. In short, through weaving together the past, present, and future of my experiences, sense-making, and theoretical prose, I examine the intersections of race, class, and gender in workplace bullying behaviors, to make sense of my experiences and to help others.
Black Guys and White Guise
Authors: Hughey Matthew W.
Published: January 2012

This article explores how discursive repertories about black masculinity inform the construction of white masculinity in two settings assumed diametrically opposed: white nationalists and white antiracists. Drawing from in-depth semi-structured interviews, year-long ethnographic field notes, and content analysis from two nationwide white nationalist and white antiracist organizations, the author finds three common discursive frames to saturate both groups’ discourse: black male dysfunctionalism, paternalistic surveillance of black masculinity, and the patriarchal protection of femininity from black masculinity. Through these shared patterns, both groups rationalize essentialist, racist, and unequal social relations and thus reproduce white masculine identity as normative, functional, and superior.
The Two Different Worlds of Black and White Fraternity Men
Authors: Ray Rashawn , Rosow Jason A.
Published: January 2012

There has been limited empirical research on how individuals “do privilege.” As a result, our understandings are incomplete about how high-status groups continue reaping the benefits of privilege. Using data from fifty-two men in three white and four black fraternities at a predominately white institution, this paper demonstrates that visibility and accountability function as mechanisms of privilege. Because of a large community size, central fraternity house, and influential alumni, white fraternity men are afforded a hyper level of invisibility and unaccountability. Because of the small black community and the obligation black fraternity men perceive having to be the ideal black student, they reap a hyper level of visibility and accountability based on expectations from and interactions with a host of others (e.g., university officials, white students, black community, women). By showing how high-status whites epitomize an ideal white racial identity and preserve inter- and intraracial boundaries, we advance theoretical discussions on hegemonic whiteness.
Exotica
Authors: Myers Kristen
Published: January 2012

Binaries simplistically reduce complex relationships to two juxtaposed categories. Although binaries are myth rather than reality, they pit people against each other in everyday life. Many articles theorize the importance of binaries, but few provide empirical evidence of their impact. This paper analyzes more than six hundred incidents of racetalk from more than three hundred subjects to explore the ways that people construct and deploy the intersecting binaries of sexuality, gender, class, and race. Through a form of racetalk that I call “exotica,” subjects perpetuated false divisions across raced, classed, and gendered lines. Exotica operated as a controlling discourse, simultaneously eroticizing racial difference and proscribing heterosexual coupling with racial “others.”