bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Different Screw Edge Width on Extrusion Quality of the Single-Screw Extruder
Authors: Gao Yuan Lou , Wang Xin , Zhou Li
Published: May 2014

The screw edge width is usually selected based on experience when designing screw extruders, and it is difficult to get the best extrusion quality. The extrusion process of screw extruder is a process of multi-phase flow, which includes gas, liquid and solid. Making it simplified to single-phase flow process can cause relatively large error. This paper adopts the method of multi-phase flow to simulate the extrusion process of single-screw extruder based on different screw edge width by using the finite element analysis software, and get the conclusion that increasing the screw edge width appropriately under the condition that the production efficiency is acceptable is helpful to improve the extrusion quality of single-screw extruders.
The Selection of Manufacturing Grid Resources Node Based on the Model
Authors: Hu Fan Hua , You Hao
Published: May 2014

The complex network model of the manufacturing grid was built based on complex network theory. Based on the model, the degree and its distribution, the mode dole, the average path length and clustering coefficient were studied. Taking an actual manufacturing task as example, the manufacturing resource node selection was performed integrated with the classical intelligent algorithm and the node selection performance is promoted. The research results are help to enhance the global optimization selection ability on the manufacturing resource node.
Calculation of Steady State Parameter in Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Motors by Analysis Method and FEM
Authors: Wang Ming Jie , Ma Zheng Xiang
Published: May 2014

The steady state parameters of permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM) has an important influence on the performance of the motor. Based on a linear permanent magnet horizontal motion synchronous motor, the paper adopts multi-layered model method to give the formulas of the air-gap flux density that the permanent magnet and armature winding act on alone, no-load back electromotive force, the thrust force in steady-state operation and vector control of thrust in the dq model equation, then compute the value of these parameters according to the formulas, and the finite element method (FEM) to each parameter is validated, the simulation curve is given, the experimental value is also done to prove the exactness of the two methods.
Analyses of the Relations Between Driving Types and Regenerative Braking in Electric Vehicles
Authors: Liu Jin Long , Gao Zhi Wei , Zhang Jing Ming
Published: May 2014

The relations between Electric Vehicle (EV) drive arrangement and efficiency of regenerative braking were discussed. Firstly, conclusions were concluded according to the analyses of theoretical models. And then the validity of conclusions was proved by the simulations basing on the software of MATLAB/SIMULINK. The results indicate that the EV with four-wheel drive (4WD) pattern has the highest efficiency in regenerative braking mode. It also shows that whether the EV with front-wheel drive (FWD) pattern has higher efficiency than the EV with rear-wheel drive (RWD) pattern in regenerative braking mode depends on the braking force distribution coefficient.
Characteristics of Wind Power Fluctuations
Authors: Xu Jia Yu
Published: May 2014

Wind power is also known as junk. This is because wind power fluctuations affect the security and stability operation. Wind power wind turbines created is mainly concerned with the speed of wind. Because of the wind direction uncertain, intermittent, and wake effects between each unit wind farm, wind turbines cannot make that kind of power according to the demand for energy as conventional generators. Due to the lack of experimental data, assess the volatility of wind power is still a lack of effective methods. This article studies the sample in a northeast wind farm power, and based on a sliding differential algorithm, distribution fitting and quantitative calculations describe the characteristics of wind power fluctuations. This article studies the sample in a northeast wind farm power, and based on a sliding difference algorithm, through the analysis showed that wind power fluctuations obey t location scale distribution. And it is affected by factors such as spatial and temporal distribution, there is a big difference between the output power fluctuation characteristics of wind farm output power and single wind turbine. This is due to the wind turbine suffered varying differences, and wake effects between field units, making the distribution of frequent power fluctuations; relative to a single unit, the fluctuation of the whole wind farm is more gentle, that is to say with the spatial distribution increased scale, wind power fluctuations presents certain "gentle effect."
The Broken Analysis of 220kV Transmission Line Tension Crimp Barrel Steel Core
Authors: Han Guo Dong , Wan Shu Ting , Wu Zhang Qin , Lv Zhan Jie , Liu Rong Hai , Wang Jin
Published: May 2014

Through the visual inspection, the appearance of size measurement, crimping size measurement, the steel core crimping length measurement and steel core tensile strength test of tension crimp barrel on 220kV transmission line. Made a detail analysis on test results combined with wire crimping theory. Pointed out the wire crimping defects caused by crimping irregularities. Analyzed the main causes of rupture accident, and made recommendations for improvement. Provides a reference to wire crimp and wire accident analysis.
Content Determination of Total Saponins in Different Parts of Plant Paris Polyphylla Var. Chinensis
Authors: Yang Hua , Zhang Jue , Wang Yue Hua , Tian Meng Liang
Published: May 2014

Purpose: Test the content determination of total saponins in different parts of the plant Paris Polyphylla Var. Chinensis. Method: Take dioscin as reference substance and adopts ultraviolet spectrophotometry on the place of 310.5 nm to test the content determination of total saponins on different parts of the plant Paris Polyphylla Var. Chinensis. Results: the linearity of dioscin in the scope of 0.128mg~0.768mg is good, and the regression equation is A=3.1775C+0.2668(r=0.9994); the test results of average recovery shows that the average recovery ratio is 101.13%, and RSD is 2.31%(n=6). Conclusion: there are larger differences in the content determination of total saponins on different parts of the plant Paris Polyphylla Var. Chinensis; among them, the content in the rhizome of Paris Polyphylla Var. Chinensis is the highest 2.021%, the secondary high content is in the root 0.263%, while dioscin is not detected in the terrestrial stem and leaves.
Real-Time Weld Process Monitoring
Authors: Kah Paul , Layus Pavel , Hiltunen Esa , Martikainen Jukka
Published: May 2014

Welding defects result infailure of the machinery and other negative consequences. Therefore, they need to be detected as they appear to ensure efficient and high-quality production. There is a raising interest in the implementation of sensors to provide highly accurate and robust real-time welding process monitoring. This work describes the four most widely used techniques of welding process monitoring. These monitoring techniques are arc sensors, optical sensors, infrared sensors, and ultrasonic sensors. This work explains their principles of operation: discuss their advantages and limitations and give typical areas of application. Arc sensors, optical sensors, infrared sensors, and ultrasonic sensors are described in detail with the necessary figures and schemes in the first part of the present study. The physical background, the strengths and weaknesses, and real life examples of the sensing techniques are given in this part. The results of the research show that each sensing method has its specific features thatcan play an important role in certain welding applications. Arc sensors do not requireadditional equipment in the welding zone. Thisis why they can be used where operational space is limited. Optical sensors allow the observation of the weld pool behavior. Infrared sensors can create the temperature profile of the weld. Ultrasonic sensors usually have good resolution and can provide accurate data. This paper will help welding engineers to choose the optimal sensing equipment for aspecific industrial application.
The Load Ratio on the Common Work of Micro-Pile and Soil Foundation in the Building Heightening and Transformation
Authors: Zhang Su Juan
Published: May 2014

Analyze the stress mechanism of micro-pile and existing mechanism, and come up with the analytic method of pile-soil-(foundation) pile cap interaction grounded upon penetration deformation of pile ends and compression of soil between piles. Hyperbolic model is adopted to simulate the development of tip resistance and side resistance in accordance with deformation to reflect the nonlinearity of pile-soil work, Boussinesq solution is utilized to calculate the stresses generated in soil by foundation (pile cap) plate, Mindlin stress solution is used to calculate the stress produced in the soil between piles by side resistance and end resistance, and the stress of soil is the superposition of the two solutions. Through iterative calculation analytic program RTLOAD for the sharing ratio of a single pile is compiled through VC++.
Cr and Ni Recovery and Oxidational Dephosphorization of Stainless Steel Dust during the Iron-Bath Smelting Reduction Process
Authors: Niu Shuai , Ren Yong , Zhang Hua , Fu Hui Long , Hong Xin
Published: May 2014

According to the comprehensive utilization of 300 series and 400 series stainless steel dust (SSD), and the dephosphorization of the reclaimed Cr-Ni contained hot metal, an experimental method of smelting reduction in iron-bath and oxidational dephosphorization was studied. The result shows: The yield rate of Cr in 300SSDand 400SSDis 98.13% and 98.39% respectively, the yield rate of Ni is almost 100%; During the dephosphorization, through the BaO and CaO-BaO based dephosphorizer has a higher Dephosphorization rate, it can bring pollution problems and the cost is too high, however, under some circumstance when the requirement of phosphorus content is not critical, the CaO based dephosphorizer can also achieved the dephosphorization goal.
Optimization Method of Controller Parameter Tuning Based Immune Principle for Complicated System
Authors: Tan Xian Kun , Li Lei
Published: May 2014

In order to solve the puzzle of parameter tuning of the controller in complicated system, the paper proposed a model of parameter tuning based on immune principle. Firstly it defined the antibody, antigen and affinity in tuning parameter needed, secondly explored the process of parameter tuning based on immune principle in detail, thirdly discussed the tuning method by means of optimizing parameter of the controller. And finally it took the control of high-order process as an example, and made the simulation to a highly non-minimum phase process. The simulation result shows that the proposed method is better in control quality and more effective compared with other tuning methods.
The Way Analysis of Obtain C4H5O+ Molecular Ions by the Ring of C7H12O+
Authors: Chen Hong Bin , Zhu Ying , Wu Jie
Published: May 2014

Using the CIS (Configuration Interaction with Single Substitute) method, we calculated structure of cycloheptanone ion excited state and frequency of vibration. Comparison can be seen from the table 3, the path formed by the debris path C lowest energy structure, so the stable structure of C4H5O+ fragmentation can be shown in path C. It is the parent ion 1C-7C, 4C-5C fracture formation, one of 9H and 10H migration. 11H and 12H migrated from 3C to 4C, formed C4H5O+ fragmentation. It mainly through the fifth excited state occur the dissociation process.
Computerized Automatic Generation Method of Categorized Hub Spectrum According to its Form
Authors: Sun Li , Wu Jian Tao , Liang Xiao Xue
Published: May 2014

Basic spectrum of categorized hub according to its form is obtained based on search of radical method. Various level codes arise with increasing number of hub samples which belong to basic spectrum subcodes. Transitional form can be created by computerized continuous deformation technique, according to which new codes are generated automatically, and then the codes auto differentiation can be realized. By this way, automatic adjustment, richness and perfectness of the basic spectrum can be achieved, and the efficiency and initiative of categorization can also be improved.
Design of the Micro-Arc Oxidation Surface Protection GTAW Integrated Pulse Power
Authors: Guo Yu Peng , Di Shi Chun , Liu Hui , Sun Shu Fa
Published: May 2014

Design a welding and micro-arc oxidation integrated pulse power toward micro-arc oxidation problems of the welding parts of aluminum, magnesium, titanium and its alloy, which can achieve the samples surface protection after welding. Adopting modular design, by adjusting PWM inverter buck and high-frequency inverter boost to get the setting voltage value, the power supplying current and voltage value via chopper inverter to realize. The hardware of system makes STM32 as the core, using CPLD as the basis to design the power control system. Software based on block control strategy applying DA to control the power parameters. Load test proved the feasibility of the power supply design. The power supply can output stable operating parameters. Polarization curve test indicated that the power supply improve the corrosion resistance of the weld joint.
Based on the Sound Spectrum Detection Engine Mechanical Characteristics Monitoring and Consistency Analysis Research
Authors: Jin Shi Hong , Yun Li , Jia Jia Ning
Published: May 2014

According to the different engine materials and mechanical properties, we use sound spectrum detection methods to check mechanical noise. We design a system to monitor the consistency of the engine material mechanical properties. The system should be prior to detect and store the object sound spectrum characteristics, then according to the typical standard parts, do a lot of experiments through the frequency-domain analysis algorithm. The experimental results show the system has the very good identification characteristics for source frequency relatively stable mechanical system. So the system in the product identification, design, consistency evaluation plays an important role.
Design of Seeding Machine Based on the SolidEdge
Authors: Jiang Xu , Wu Tao
Published: May 2014

A device to control the amount of seeding is designed, which replaces the people in the entire reseeding process of double digging, planting, covering soil. So the work efficiency is improved. According to the design requirements of the seeding device, Solid Edge V18 software is used to build 3D model. On the software platform, the parts are designed and assembled. The correctness of the design scheme and feasibility is confirmed. Linkage has two functions such as blocking soil and protecting the seed. Using the software for 3D modeling greatly shortens the design cycle, improves design efficiency and design quality, and reduces the cost.
An Artificial Compound-Eyes Imaging System Based on Micro-Lens Array with Multiple-Focus
Authors: Di Si , Liu Peng , Jin Jian
Published: May 2014

Comparing to the single aperture imaging system, Artificial Compound-Eyes (ACE) imaging system has some nice features, such as small size and stereo vision. This paper introduces our multiple-focus ACE imaging system. The system mainly consists of (a) a micro-lens array fabricated by Micro-Electro-Mechanical-System (MEMS) technology, (b) a CMOS chip, (c) a 3D mechanical moving stage, and (d) an auto-focus software module. It can simultaneously observe the object by several channels with different focus, therefore the focal length of the system can be adjusted by selecting different channels. Besides, a software module is developed to carry out auto-focus. The system is applicable to the fields of industry inspection, bio-medical imaging and robot vision.
The Design and Implementation of Spread Spectrum Communication System
Authors: Shi Hong Mei
Published: May 2014

The main research content of this article is to design a direct sequence spread spectrum communication system based on software radio technology. In this paper, design of spread spectrum receiver system directly to intermediate frequency sampling signal processing, after internal processing directly output transmission baseband signal information.
Study on the Mechanism of Industrial Cluster Promoting the Development of the Equipment Manufacturing Industry
Authors: Zhang Hui Yi , Wei Da Peng
Published: May 2014

Equipment manufacturing industry belongs to "high technology, high value-added" industry, providing equipment for other industries and protecting Chinas industry security. The paper study how to take advantage of the industry clusters to support the development of equipment manufacturing industry. Firstly, the paper analysed the present stage of China's manufacturing industry clusters,and Concluded that Chinas primary industry cluster stage has been completed. In this case, the model of Chinas industry cluster should transfer from "low technology, low value-added, low wage" to "high technology, high value-added, high wage". Secondly, the paper analyzed the internal industries interaction in cluster and the interaction between the cluster and the external area, and how they support the development of the equipment manufacturing industry. The paper pointed out: Industrial cluster has many benign interaction mechanisms, and the upstream and downstream industries inside the clusters can form a mutual promoting and spillover effect, and this effect will influenced the development of equipment manufacturing industry. Meanwhile, the interaction of cluster and external educational institutions, research institutes will support the development of the equipment manufacturing industry.
A Linearization Regression Method to Determine Life Data Distribution Type
Authors: Qin Jin Lei , Niu Yu Guang , Li Zheng
Published: May 2014

The law of equipments or products life is the calculation fundament of reliability indexes in power plant. Aim to how to determine the most fitted life distribution type, the linear regression and correlation coefficient had been employed in this paper. The linearization of common distribution like as: exponential distribution, normal distribution and logarithmic normal distribution, is complied with the principle of linear regression. After the comparison of correlation coefficient, the most fitted distribution type is quickly found out. The result also shows that the inferred distribution type is in accord with the facts. We may draw the conclusion from this research that the optimized linear regression and correlation coefficient is effective and valid for the inference of life data distribution type.
The Application of Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method in Mine
Authors: Tong Yong Xing , Zhou Zhen , Jiang Yong Qing , Ma De Zhong
Published: May 2014

Mine is a high-risk industry and the security will have a direct impact on its reputation, economic and employees survival. In recent years, frequent coal mine accidents have caused enormous social and economic losses. Conducted scientifically and systematically, safety can eliminate harmful risk factors, reduce the occurrence of the accident and improve the security of enterprise management level. So, it is especially important to safety evaluation for the coal industry. There are many risk factors in the production process of coal mine and the factors analysis is the premise of safety evaluation. Researchers evaluated the safety status of mine by fuzzy comprehensive evaluation measure. The study was discussed on the main five factors, including personnel of condition, environmental factors, security management, coal comprehensive conditions and emergency rescue system. Establishing eighteen single factor index layer and getting the index weight values by fuzzy analytic hierarchy. Using the expert evaluation method for the 18 single factors and drawing their membership vector. Finally, combing the evaluation index and weights, it can get a general level to a coal mine in Heilongjiang by fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. Finally, analyzing the practical of this method and give some advises to these analysis results.
Survey on Data Streams Clustering Techniques
Authors: Ma Wei Hua
Published: May 2014

Data stream in a popular research topic in big data era. There are many research results on data stream clustering domain. This paper firstly has a brief introduction to data stream methodologies, such as sampling, sliding windows, etc. Finally, it presents a survey on data streams clustering techniques.
Research on Middle and Small Manufacture Enterprise E-Commerce Application Systems
Authors: Zhu Ming Qiang , Zou Zu Xu
Published: May 2014

The article first analyses e-commerce new environment on medium manufacturing enterprise requires, current medium manufacturing enterprise achieved e-commerce has many difficult, should e-commerce correctly awareness, and full planning, and points step implementation, and e-commerce and enterprise integration, and construction features of e-commerce platform, and procurement and supply chain of collaborative management, and attention customer management, and variety e-commerce of mode mixed, and flexible effective operations, and logistics socialization, views, focus on small and medium manufacturing enterprises in e-commerce applications to be innovative in design, production and management of agile and flexible production strategies.
Construction Planning Model for Agricultural Products Wholesale Market
Authors: Zhu Xiao Qiang , Chen Xu
Published: May 2014

The agricultural products wholesale market holds an important part in the circulation of agricultural products in China. Regarding the construction planning for the agricultural productswholesale market as the aim of study, this paper systematically deeply studies the issues of wholesale market arranging from planning, construction to operation and management for building innovatively the construction planning model based on the wholesale market. The model is a conceptual one that consists of three related submodels, covering all the respects of the market from its beginning to development.Thismodel will offer the theoretical support and the methodical basis for construction and operation of the agricultural products wholesale market.
Smoothing Short Duration Capacity Problems in Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems: An Algorithmic Approach
Authors: Al-Magsoosi Muneam Zamzeer
Published: May 2014

Successful implementation of ERP systems should take full advantage of the access to information, but not be constrained by many of the deficiencies associated with infinite capacity scheduling methodologies.
In this paper an algorithm is developed which improves the performance of the ERP system. Lot sizing decisions based on capacity availability are used as an instrument to integrate more effectively capacity requirements planning (CRP) and Material Requirements Planning (MRP). MRP is a planning tool for a sub-set of manufacturing system specially in hierarchal multi-product, multi-period and multi-stage production planning and inventory control system.
The Vehicle used for this integration is planned order release (POR) quantity. The algorithm requires minimal deviation from the MRP logic. In this sequential process MRP first issues the action notices and then the algorithm analyses the capacity situation in the work centers.
The algorithm scans all planned order release quantities of lower level items in the action bucket before orders are released to the shop. For each item a delta value is computed identifying the degree orders are contributing to capacity problems. This delta is specific to each POR. The POR causing the highest overload and the one passing through the lowest utilized work centers are selected for a lot size decrease, respectively, an increase. After identifying the candidates, a series of checks analyses the suitability of the candidates for that change. The planned order release quantities of more items can be performed. Projected capacity profile after iteration will be updated and capacity requirements over a short duration are smoothed.
The experiments are performed with MAP/3000 as a simulation model for this study. The developed algorithm is added to MAP/3000 as additional subroutines. The design of the experiments consists of a base test identifying the significance of different environmental parameters of MRP systems and a main test which performs a detailed evaluation. The results are evaluated using analysis of variance techniques.
Most ERP systems built on the historical development of MRP and CRP systems, and the assumption of infinite capacity is affecting the performance of those systems badly. This paper is presenting an algorithm to smooth capacity problems by using the existed capacity.
Model Path of E-Commerce Adoption in SMEs
Authors: Zheng Qi
Published: May 2014

Incomplete Internet environment and business affairs of the distribution of information, we Multi-Agent-based collaborative commerce market structure, research and established a trading model and market information efficiency model, which the statute of the e-commerce market microstructure structure and operation mechanism, to avoid the risk of market information asymmetry brought the market allocation of resources to promote cost-effective, reasonable market price for the structural behavior, and optimize trading efficiency and market efficiency of the foundation.
Design of Green Processing Chain for Processing of Ginseng Fruit Vinegar
Authors: Nie Yu Shuang , Sun Guang Ren , Zhang Xian Ling
Published: May 2014

Using ginseng, wild wine and acetic acid to the orthogonal experiment method to determine the fermentation process, low temperature and cryogenic grinding fermentation brewing vinegar. The results showed that: cryogenic grinding with a significant impact on the quality of the wine, the best ginseng vinegar fermentation parameters for initial dosage of 6% alcohol, fermentation temperature was 31 °C, fermentation time was 96h.By mixed fermentation Changbai Mountain forest berries and ginseng significantly alter the flavor of vinegar.
Thermal Expansion of Cu-Ga-Sn Alloys
Authors: Bykov V.A. , Kulikova T.V. , Shunyaev K.Yu. , Shubin A.B.
Published: May 2014

The thermal and microstructural properties of five copper-gallium-tin alloys (Cu-Ga-Sn) and two important intermetallic compounds Cu3Sn and CuGa2 have been investigated by dilatometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction. The temperature dependence of thermal expansion and coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CLTE) were obtained.
Diffusion Induced Changes in Eutectic Carbides in Inoculated M2 High-Speed Steel at Austenitising
Authors: Chaus Alexander S. , Beznák Matej , Šuba R. , Bajčičák M.
Published: May 2014

Three types of eutectic carbides, M2C, M6C and MC, were revealed in the as cast microstructure of the AISI M2 type high-speed steel inoculated with different additions to the melt. The thermal stability of these carbides were analysed in the range of austenitising temperature from 1180°C up to 1260°C. It was found that the M6C and MC eutectic carbides were stable up to 1240°C and 1260°C, respectively. The M2C carbide started to decompose at substantially lower austenitising temperature and its thermal stability was shown to depend on both the morphology and the chemical composition, and the origin of the inoculating additions used before casting.
Analysis of Laser Weldments for Dual-Phase and Martensitic Steel Sheets for Automotive Applications
Authors: Ahn Young Nam , Kang Min Jung , Kim Cheol Hee
Published: May 2014

Laser weldability was investigated for advanced high-strength steel sheets for automotive applications. Dual-phase steel (DP780) and martensitic steel (MS1300) sheets were employed as base materials; laser-butt and overlap welding experiments were conducted on combinations of steels with similar and dissimilar strength. The tensile strength and metallurgical morphology were analysed for the butt-welded specimens; tensile-shear strength and bead shapes were analysed for the overlap-welded specimens. Even with laser welding, martensite in the heat-affected zone disintegrated and resulted in a softened, heat-affected zone as compared with the base materials. The tensile strength of a butt weldment was determined by the strength of the heat-affected zone. The tensile-shear strength of an overlap weldment was determined by not only the strength of the heat-affected zone but also bead shapes such as blow holes, underfill, and the bead width at the faying surface.
The Effects of Shape and Tool Material on Aluminum Sheet Spinning
Authors: Elyasi Majid , Ghafari Mohsen , Bakhshi-Jooybari Mohammad
Published: May 2014

In this paper the effects of shape and tool material on the output parameters on spinning of aluminum sheets are investigated. To achieve this purpose, four kinds of roller tools with the same shapes and with different materials including mild steel, ertalon, polyamid and caoutchouc were used and some parts were spun by the same geometric form; moreover, in order to investigate the effects of roller nose radius on output parameters such as surface smoothness and thickness distribution, three caoutchouc roller tools with different nose radius were used at the same condition. The results show that using a caoutchouc roller tool for spinning of aluminum sheets leads to the best surface smoothness, while using a steel tool because of its roughness is not suitable. Ertalon and polyamid roller tool have a high rate of wearing. Furthermore, in the constant feedrate by increasing of roller nose radius the contact area between roller and workpiece is increased and surface smoothness is followed, relatedly.
Inverse Analysis of Forming Processes Based on FORGE Environment
Authors: Marie Stephane , Ducloux Richard , Lasne Patrice , Barlier Julien , Fourment Lionel
Published: May 2014

In the field of materials forming processes, the use of simulation coupled with optimization is a powerful numerical tool to support design in industry and research. The finite element software Forge®, a reference in the field of the two-dimensional and three-dimensional simulation of forging processes, has been coupled to an automatic optimization engine. The optimization method is based on meta-model assisted evolutionary algorithm. It allows solving complex optimization problems quickly. This paper is dedicated to a specific application of optimization, inverse analysis. In a first stage, a range of reverse analysis applications are considered such as material rheological and tribological characterization, identification of heat transfer coefficients and, finally, the estimation of Time Temperature Transformation curves based on existing Continuous Cooling Transformation diagrams for steel quenching simulation. In a second part, a novel inverse analysis application is presented in the field of cold sheet forming, the identification of the material anisotropic constitutive parameters that allow matching with the final shape of the component after stamping. The advanced numerical methods used in this kind of complex simulations are described along with the obtained optimization results. This article shows that automatic optimization coupled with Forge® can solve many inverse analysis problems and is a valuable tool for supporting development and design of metals forming processes.
The Calibration of High Energy-Rate Impact Forging Hammers by the Copper-Column Upsetting Method and High Speed Camera Measurements
Authors: Galdos Lander , Sáenz de Argandoña Eneko , Herrero Nuria , Ongay Mikel , Adanez Julen , Sanchez Meritxell
Published: May 2014

The hammer forging is a well-known technology to incrementally produce geometrically complex forgings by compressing the material against the dies using several forming blows. When forging aeronautical components with this technology, it is crucial to control the final grain size of the part since this variable highly influences the high temperature low cycle fatigue properties.
Nowadays, it is common practice to use the finite element models coupled with recrystallization models to optimize the process parameters and strategy. However, a very important variable to conduct these simulations is the real available hammer energy, which must be calibrated, not being an easy task since very high forces are generated in the impact of the anvils.
In the present paper, the copper-column upsetting method is compared with a novel method where a high speed camera has been used to compute the anvils’ velocity and corresponding energies. The compressive behavior of the copper samples has been characterized using Rastegaev compression tests. The experimental and calculated results using the high speed camera are compared to the ones obtained using high purity copper samples. These measurements have enable to quantify the influence the friction and the elastic rebound have during the energy transfer from the anvils to the billet. This makes possible a precise future characterization of hammers using the conventional copper-column upsetting method if high speed cameras are not available in workshop.
Improving Computational Efficiency in LCM by Using Computational Geometry and Model Reduction Techniques
Authors: Cueto Elías , Ghnatios Chady , Chinesta Francisco , Montes Nicolas , Sanchez Fernando , Falco Antonio
Published: May 2014

LCM simulation is computationally expensive because it needs an accurate solution of flowequations during the mold filling process. When simulating large computing times are not compatiblewith standard optimization techniques (for example for locating optimally the injection nozzles)or with process control that in general requires fast decision-makings. In this work, inspired by theconcept of medial axis, we propose a numerical technique that computes numerically approximatedistance fields by invoking computational geometry concepts that can be used for the optimal locationof injection nozzles in infusion processes. On the other hand we also analyze the possibilities thatmodel order reduction offers to fast and accurate solutions of flow models in mold filling processes.
Forming Limits of Thermoplastic Composites
Authors: Wolthuizen Devi J. , Schuurman Joran , Akkerman Remko
Published: May 2014

Defects and shape distortions can arise during thermoforming of thermoplastic composites. Design guidelines for thermoplastic composites can help to prevent such defects. The material selection and geometry definition are part of the design guidelines. A test to check the formability of a material is developed as an aid for the material selection. Strips of varying widths are thermoformed inducing double curvature, in order to find the width at which the material starts to wrinkle. The thermoformed strips of quasi-isotropic UD carbon/PEEK and quasi-isotropic 8HS glass/PPS show a clear difference in formability. The UD carbon and the 8HS glass strips develop wrinkles through-the-thickness of the laminate at a width of 40 mm and 90 mm respectively. The test shows good potential to be used as part of the design guidelines.
Characterization of Hybrid Components Consisting of SEBM Additive Structures and Sheet Metal of Alloy Ti-6Al-4V
Authors: Schaub Adam , Juechter Vera , Singer Robert F. , Merklein Marion
Published: May 2014

Within this paper the characterization of hybrid components consisting of selective electron beam melting (SEBM) additive structures and sheet metal of alloy Ti-6Al-4V will be presented. Key idea of the new production approach is the combination of the advantages of two different manufacturing processes. On the one hand the very high flexibility of the additive manufacturing process and on the other hand the economic production of conventional geometries by deep drawing operations. Main challenge within this new and innovative process is the identification and quality of the properties of the new hybrid components after the manufacturing process. The necessary evaluation consists of three parts: the analysis of the deep drawing blanks, the additive manufactured structure and finally the connection between both. Whereas standardized testing methods are available for the testing of the blanks and the additive structure, there are hardly scientific publication which deals with the investigation of the connection between them. Therefore, a new testing methods and consequently a new tool design was developed in order analyze the specimens in dependency of different strain- and stress conditions. At the end microstructural investigations were performed to identify the fundamental mechanisms which lead to the different properties on macroscopic scale. The result proofed that in particular the electron beam power has a high influence on the production process and thereby the connection quality.
Investigation of Different Liquid Silicone Rubbers for Micro Pinch Valves
Authors: Loth Andreas , Förster Ralf
Published: May 2014

A novel pinch valve has been developed for micro fluidic applications. It has significant advantages regarding dead volume, pressure tolerance, replaceability, scalability and dosage frequency in comparison to competing valve principles and other pinch valves. The transfer of the valve from laboratory sample to an industrial usage required particularly a modification of the tubes. A new geometry has to be developed and sufficient tube material has to be identified. Different silicone rubbers were examined in the course of prototype manufacturing. Preliminary investigations were carried out to qualify the manual manufacturing of the silicones, according to the manufactures specification. Based on these results, the new developed tubes were manufactured and compared to its technical properties. The required parameters were achieved by using heat-cured silicone elastomer. Preliminary dosage tests of the final developed pinch valve had shown good results and satisfy industrial specification.
Measurement of the Thermal Conductivity of Polydimethylsiloxane Polymer Using the Three Omega Method
Authors: Al-Khudary Nadine , Cresson Pierre Yves , Orlic Yovan , Coquet Philippe , Pernod Philippe , Lasri Tuami
Published: May 2014

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has widely appeared in different electronic and medical applications. The knowledge of the thermal properties of PDMS and especially its thermal conductivity is required while processing PDMS to design a particular device. In this paper measurement of the thermal conductivity of PDMS using the three omega method is presented at different temperatures. The three omega method has been chosen because of its ease of use and accuracy. It requires the fabrication of metallic lines which act as heaters and thermometers on the surface of the material under test. A different procedure is introduced in this paper through which the metallic lines are embedded in the surface of PDMS. Experimental results are then compared to Cahill's approximate solution and to the results obtained by numerical simulations using a finite element method.
The Search for Metrics for a Musicians Performance Style
Authors: Solovyeva Nadezda
Published: May 2014

This research study two performances of one piano work. It includes charts tracking changes in tempo and dynamics, distribution histograms, statistical parameters. These numerical and graphic values are compared with the text of which is given a description of these performances.
Measuring Social Progress: Indicators of Vertical Growth
Authors: Petrov Vladimir M.
Published: May 2014

Out of various standpoints concerning social development,systemic-informational approachshould be singled out, because it is common both for physical world and mental one. One of its partial models deals with the so-calledvertical dimensionresponding to progressive way from Low to High, i.e., increasing energy (in physical systems), more noble behavior (in psychology), perfect works of art,etc.The criterion of the Height of the state of any system (or its element) isentropy. The equation formutual informationbetween the system and its environment consists of a sum of three free items, optimization of each of them being capable of deducingindicators of vertical growth. A set of 16 groups of indicators gives an opportunity to identify thedirectionand to measure therateof the movement of the social system studied, in any given moment toward either High pole or Low one. In application to Russia, evidences were obtained in favor of rather regressive trajectory of its social system during last two decades.
Model and Measurement Method of Optical Nonlinearities Caused by the Heterodyne and Homodyne Interference Terms in the Heterodyne Interferometer
Authors: Fu Hai Jin , Tan Jiu Bin , Hu Peng Cheng , Fan Zhi Gang
Published: May 2014

The heterodyne laser interferometer is widely applied in ultra-precision displacement measurement, but its accuracy is seriously restricted by the optical nonlinearity which arises from the optical mixing in the reference and measurement arms. In an ideal heterodyne laser interferometer, the beam from the laser source consists of two orthogonally linear-polarized components with slightly different optical frequencies and the two components can be completely separated by the polarizing optics, one traverses in the reference arm, the other traverses in the measurement arm, both of them are in the form of a pure optical frequency. However, in a real heterodyne laser interferometer, due to the imperfect laser polarization, the optics defect and the misalignment, the two components of the laser beam cant be perfectly separated, therefore both of the reference arm and the measurement arm contain a portion of the two laser components, which leads to an optical mixing in the two arms of the heterodyne interferometer and causes the cyclic nonlinearity of several to tens of nanometers.
Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of Welded Joints in New Generation Ferritic and Duplex Stainless Steels
Authors: Sirén Mika , Pohjanne Pekka , Kujanpää Veli , Hirn Justus , Romu Jyrki , Heikkinen Hannu Pekka
Published: May 2014

This study covers the very preliminary results of welding and characterisation of one novel duplex and two ferritic stainless steel grades. The so-called ”lean duplex” grade EN 1.4162 (UNS S32101) has 21.5% Cr-5% Mn-1.5% Ni-N, the ferritic EN 1.4509 (UNS S43940, AISI 441) 17% Cr, and the other, improved 21% Cr ferritic grade that fulfills also UNS S44330 standard requirements, but has no standard EN designation yet. Both ferritic stainless steels have low (< 0.02%) carbon content and double (Nb+Ti) stabilisation. The materials were used as 1.5 and 2 mm sheets, hence laser and resistance spot welding were selected for welding experiments. The joints were subjected to mechanical testing and critical pitting temperature (CPT) corrosion tests, which were performed on both the base materials and welds.
The mechanical tests of the welds did not reveal any significant softening effect due to welding operations. Comprehensive CPT data were achieved for base materials and their welds using two different polarisation potentials, and the new 21% Cr ferritic grade shows a great promise in both as-received and welded conditions.
This paper was written as part of the Finnish Metals and Engineering Competence Cluster (FIMECC)’s Demanding Applications (DEMAPP) program.
Effect of Austenite Grain Size on the Mechanical Properties in Air-Cooled 0.1C-5Mn Martensitic Steel
Authors: Hanamura Toshihiro , Torizuka Shiro , Tamura Soutaro , Enokida Shohei , Takech Hiroshi
Published: May 2014

In 0.1C-5Mn steels, 5%Mn addition increases hardening ability and makes 100% martensitic transformation even in air cooling without water quenching. Their Ms and Mf temperatures are in the range of 350-250°C, and subzero treatment is not needed. This makes it possible to measure Ms and Mf temperatures accurately by dilatometry. Utilizing a newly developed experimental technique that makes it possible to examine phase transformation behavior and conduct tensile testing with the same specimen, we examined these relationships with identical specimens and obtained the following results. Ms temperature decreases as much as 40 K with a decrease in austenite grain size from 254 to 30 m. Regarding martensite structure, the packet size and the block length decrease, while the lath width does not change, with the refinement of austenite grain size by about one tenth. True stress - true strain curves obtained up to fracture elucidates that the austenite refinement substantially improves true fracture strength and greatly increases true fracture strain of martensite, potentially invalidating the conventional concept of a trade-off balance between strength and ductility.
Inter-Relationship among Skin Pass Reduction, 3D and 2D Roughness Parameters and the Stampability/Paintability of Cold Rolled Steel Sheets for the Automotive Industry: A Preliminary Analysis
Authors: Nunes Eduardo , de Oliveira Antonio Fabiano , Sekeres Thiago , Wichern Christian , Plaut Ronald Lesley
Published: May 2014

The aim of this research work is to study the inter-relationship, under controlled industrial conditions, among skin pass reductions, surface topography (characterized by 2D and 3D) roughness parameters, stampability and painted surface finish quality for automotive steel sheet stampings.Different surface textures obtained from cold rolling finishing have been evaluated in terms of paintability tests (rating and spectral curve) and tentatively related to roughness parameters (2D and 3D) obtained from the cold finished sheets. Some relevant tendencies have been established amongst these parameters.The results presented here are in accordance with other recently published research showing that there is a clear relationship between these parameters, and that further detailed studies are needed.
Effects of Mn, Si and Cr Addition on the Spheroidization of Cementite in Hypereutectoid Fe-1mass%C Steel
Authors: Zhang Guo Hong , Suh Dong Woo , Wu Kai Ming
Published: May 2014

Effect of Mn, Si and Cr on spheroidization of cementite in Fe-1mass%C steel has been investigated over a range of austenitizing temperatures. In Fe-1C steel, a fully spheroidized structure is obtained but some large cementite particles are formed. The addition of 1.5 mass% Si or Cr accelerates spheroidization of cementite. An addition of Cr remarkably refine the cementite particle size, but the influence of Si addition on the cementite particle size is not remarkable. A fully spheroidized structure fails to develop in steel with the addition of 1.5% Mn under the condition used in present study. Some lamellar cementite still exist in the 1.5Mn steel. The pearlite-promoting effect of Mn is possibly attributed to the inhomogeneous distribution of cementite particles during the intercritical austenitization.
Modification of Banding in Dual-Phase Steels via Thermal Processing
Authors: Mukherjee K. , Thomas L.S. , Bos C. , Matlock David K. , Speer John G.
Published: May 2014

The potential to utilize controlled thermal processing to minimize banding in a DP780 steel with 2 wt pct Mn was evaluated on samples processed on a Gleeble® 3500 thermomechanical processing simulator. All processing histories were selected to result in final dual-phase steel microstructures simulating microstructures achievable during annealing of initially cold rolled sheet. Strip samples were processed to evaluate the effects of heating rate, annealing time, annealing temperature, and cooling rate. The degree of banding in the final microstructures was evaluated with standard light optical microscopic techniques. Results are presented to illustrate that the extent of banding depended on control of both heating and cooling rates, and a specific processing history based on a two-stage heating rate can be used to minimize visible banding in selected final heat treated products.