bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Informal Mentors and Role Models in the Lives of Urban Mexican‐Origin Adolescents
Authors: Stanton‐Salazar Ricardo D. , Spina Stephanie Urso
Published: November 2004

This article draws on a larger study investigating the social networks and help‐seeking practices of Mexican‐origin youth in San Diego, California. The authors present the subset of findings concerning adult, nonfamily informal mentors and role models. Using survey data, interviews, and a critical ethnographic perspective grounded in sociological theory, the article examines participating adolescents' critical understandings of these significant figures their lives, the rare and fortuitous nature of these relationships, and their empowering influence in the lives of urban, low‐income, immigrant Latino youth. Linkages to social capital and developmental theories are offered.
Race Bending: “Mixed” Youth Practicing Strategic Racialization in California
Authors: POLLOCK MICA
Published: November 2004

As more U.S. youth claim “mixed” heritages, some adults are proposing to erase race words altogether from the nation's inequality analysis. Yet such proposals, as detailed ethnography shows, ignore the complex realities of continuing racialized practice. At an urban California high school in the 1990s, “mixed” youth strategically employed simple “race” categories to describe themselves and inequality orders, even as they regularly challenged these very labels' accuracy. In so “bending” race categories, these youth modeled a practical and theoretical strategy crucial for dealing thoughtfully with race in 21st century America. [race, youth, youth culture, discourse, language]
The Power of Black and Latina/o Counterstories: Urban Families and College‐Going Processes
Authors: KNIGHT MICHELLE G. , NORTON NADJWA E. L. , BENTLEY COURTNEY C. , DIXON IRIS R.
Published: November 2004

This article examines the diversity of practices utilized by working‐class and poor black and Latina/o families to support their children's college‐going processes. We employ the work of feminists, scholars of color, and critical ethnographers to critique the power undergirding the monolithic model establishing one entry point of parental involvement in urban schools. Then, drawing on data from a one‐year critical ethnography of 27 black and Latina/o youth, we illustrate the ways counterstories expanded entry points of family involvement within the lives of black and Latina/o college‐bound youth. [minorities, youth, college‐going, family, counterstories]
Desired Division, Disavowed Division: An Analysis of the Labeling of the Bilingual Unit as Separatist in an Aotearoa/New Zealand School
Authors: Doerr Neriko Musha
Published: November 2004

In this article, I offer a new interpretation of non‐Mäori parents' claim that a Mäori/English bilingual school unit in Aotearoa/New Zealand is separatist. I show that while some use such a claim to defend monoculturalism and white hegemony, others use it to come to terms with Aotearoa/New Zealand's postcolonial nationhood, globalization, and a changing meaning of “ethnic harmony.” I suggest collaborations to rearticulate the latter parents' concerns, thereby creating new alliances to support minority education.
Critical Design Ethnography as Action Research
Authors: Reason Peter
Published: November 2004

“Critical Design Ethnography: Designing for Change” is reviewed in terms of action research under five dimensions: knowledge in practice, participation and democracy, many ways of knowing, emergence, and worthwhile purposes. Particular attention is paid to the tensions between the design agenda and the empowerment agenda.
The “Other” Story of Model Minorities: Korean American High School Dropouts in an Urban Context
Authors: LEW JAMIE
Published: November 2004

This article analyzes how socioeconomic backgrounds, social capital, and school resources affect Korean American youths' educational attainment and aspirations. In the context of limited social and economic support, students delineate differences within coethnic communities along class lines and adopt an oppositional cultural frame of reference to endure and resist institutional barriers. This study demonstrates the significance of distinguishing socioeconomic differences within Korean American communities and for whom the enclaves may be more beneficial.
Spiders, Firesouls, and Little Fingers: Necessary Magic in University–Community Collaboration
Authors: NOCON HONORINE
Published: November 2004

On the basis of extensive research on university–community collaborative education projects in southern California and southern Sweden, this article proposes two roles and a research strategy and approach as elements essential to sustained collaboration. Recognition and fulfillment of the roles of “spider” and “firesoul,” while “leading with the little finger,” contribute to educational anthropology by linking qualitative and ethnographic research with university and community learning, practice, and service in a process of involvement.
Apodicticity: The Problem of Absolute Certainty in,Transpersonal Ethnology
Authors: Laughlin Charles
Published: November 2004

This article introduces and evaluates the problem of apodicticity raised by Edmund Husserl, that is, the problem of how to access and interpret scientifically the quality of absolute necessity and certainty of insight that frequently accompanies transpersonal experiences and intuitions in contemplation. An important distinction is drawn between pure and relative apodicticity, and the common co‐occurrence of apodicticity and categorical fuzziness is examined. The analysis suggests that the sense of pure apodicticty that accompanies direct transpersonal experience and contemplative insights "spills over" into symbolic and rational reflections upon, and discursive descriptions of, such experience. The ethnological repercussions of the experience of pure apodicticity are explored.
Introducing Iceland
Authors: Wylie Jonathan
Published: November 2004

E. Paul Durrenberger. Icelandic Essays: Explorations in the Anthropology of Modern Life. Iowa City: Rudi Publishing, 1995. + 157 pp.
A Delicate Science: A Critique of an Exclusively Emic Anthropology
Authors: Halperin Daniel
Published: November 2004

The increasing recognition of indigenous perspectives regarding religious practices such as shamanism and spirit possession offers a welcome respite from the excesses of scientific skepticism. Anthropologists may, however, become dogmatic in the opposite direction through accepting and even promoting at face value the officially presented "emic" view. At times, ritual practitioners themselves accuse one another of "faked possession" or exhibit other indications of a complex "native psychology." The Afro‐Brazilian possession rituals I have studied suggest the workings of a dynamic process of "negotiated reality." Must researchers with a genuine respect for the spirit world therefore eschew any psychocultural, sociological, or other looking‐in‐from‐the‐outside (etic) forms of inquiry? The ethnographic study of religions, like these spiritual traditions themselves, calls for the practice of a "delicate science" of anthropological exploration.
Becoming Savage: Western Representations and Cultural Identity in a Sepik Society
Authors: Brison Karen J.
Published: November 2004

This paper examines the impact of European representations on identity in a Papua New Guinean village. Local leaders reinforce their authority by echoing a colonial rhetoric portraying Melanesians as "ignoble savages." On other occasions the same leaders praise local society as orderly, showing that they do not entirely subscribe to European views. But villagers have internalized the European view that Melanesians are violent, an assumption that helps to keep villagers poor and powerless.
Walking a Tightrope: Saintliness, Gender, and Power in an Ethnographic Encounter
Authors: Khandelwal Meena
Published: November 2004

This is an account of my stay with a female renunciant. In spite of her contemplative lifestyle, I suggest that Anand Mata sought to teach me about the meaning of renunciation by instructing me to negotiate social interaction with the male head of her ashram (hermitage) in such a way as to balance contradictory goals. These include treating others with compassion while remaining detached and avoiding exploitation. This narrative describes the problems of gender among Hindu ascetics, illustrates the complex subject positions that define most ethnographic encounters, and ponders the nature of feminist ethnography.
Fieldworkers' Friendships
Authors: Ridler Keith
Published: November 2004

Bruce Grindal and Frank Salamone. eds. Bridges to Humanity: Narratives on Anthropology and Friendship. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1995. ix. 260 pp.
Tamil Literature in Performance
Authors: Meduri Avanthi
Published: November 2004

Saskia Kersenboom. Word Sound Image: The Life of the Tamil Text. Washington, DC: Oxford University Press, 1995. 259 pp.
In Search of the Cultural Supplement
Authors: Dorst John D.
Published: November 2004

Kathleen Stewart. A Space on the Side of the Road: Cultural Poetics in an "Other" America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996. 243 pp.
Globalizing Method: The Problems of Doing Ethnography in Transnational Spaces
Authors: Stoller Paul
Published: November 2004

The thrust Of this article is to consider how globalizing methods might enable social scientists to better comprehend the complexity of transnational/transcultural spaces. Accordingly, I first describe the global forces that have resulted in increased transnational flows of West Africans to North America. I then present a brief portrait of the community of West African traders in New York City. This sociological portrait is followed by a discussion of how the specter of transnationalism in North America has compelled me to reconsider some previously‐held epistemological and methodological assumptions. The article concludes with a brief consideration of how ethnographic confrontations in transnational spaces like New York City might affect future methods and concepts in anthropology.
The Local and the Global
Authors: De Jorio Rosa
Published: November 2004

Kate Crehan The Fractured Community: Landscapes of Power and Gender in Rural Zambia. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.258 pp.
Killing Death (That Bastard's Been Here Again)
Authors: Brady Ivan
Published: November 2004

Regarding the recent passing of Toni Flores and Marea Teski, the ever‐gentle Miles Richardson said to me that it was enough to "make you want to stand and shake a fist." I agree. Death enrages and defeats. Sometimes it inspires retaliation. The present piece engages death in a poetic mode properly called romantic irony. Its absurdity is therefore licensed. The ethnographic setting is an Irish pub. It is very easy to find someone in a classic Irish pub who will talk about anything, if not someone who is an expert on everything. Smooth and influential talk—blarney —is common in such settings. Sometimes deceitful, it is seldom just bullshit. Blarney draws its mark in fact from a sacred stone. And the best blarney always contains a bittersweet truth. In this case, a recent passing creates great sadness and raises the ancient and perennial prospect of giving personified death a dose of its own project—of defeating death by killing it. The magic weapon is language. Talking is balm for the survivor's grief, and it protects others from more of the same, even as it chokes the life out of death itself. The text is marked for performance context.
The Powers of the Guru: Sakti, "Mind," and Miracles in Narratives of Bengali Religious Experience
Authors: Samanta Suchitra
Published: November 2004

This article discusses oral accounts given by Bengali disciples of gurus in which the disciples relate their personal experiences of the extranormal powers of their preceptors, as manifested, for example, in psychic healing or in rebirth in the disciple's family. I propose that these experiences, crucial to the guru‐disciple relationship, may be understood in terms of the indigenous concepts of divine power (Sakti), "experiential knowing" or "miracle" (anubhuti), and a unique concept of the "mind" (man), and that these experiences are meaningful because they are powerfully transformative of the disciple's "self" as culturally defined.
Learning Womanhood in China
Authors: Hongnan Ma , Rosenberg Ed
Published: November 2004

Childbirth, a seemingly singular event in China, is nonetheless momentous. Bearing a child transforms a girl into a woman and a mother. Motherhood, in most traditional cultures, symbolizes both the major achievement and the full attainment of femininity. This is particularly true of contemporary China.
"He's Too Cold!" Children and the Limits of Culture on a Greek Island
Authors: Sutton David
Published: November 2004

This article explores how the presence of my son in the field led me to challenge some of my most basic assumptions about the nature of culture, the workings of cultural relativism, and the value of representing other peoples as bearers of cultural difference. During fieldwork on the Greek island ofKalymnos I found that the islanders had an 'anthropological" tolerance and curiosity concerning cultural and religious differences but did not extend such tolerance to practices of child rearing. And, strangely, 1 found myself sharing their intolerance. This article explores the limits of "culture,' both for anthropologists and for their ethnographic subjects.
Memories of Difference: From Lur to Anthropologist
Authors: Loeffler Agnes Gertrud
Published: November 2004

I repeatedly accompanied my anthropologist parents and older sister to Deh Koh, a mud village in Iran, in the time of the shah as well as in postrevolutionary times. The sites where I grew up thus shifted between the German‐speaking Austria of my grandparents and of my own earliest years, the Luri‐speaking village of my parents' anthropological field work‐where the unreflected purpose in life for my sister and me was to be Lurs‐and the United States, where I and my family now reside. Having disconcertingly come to the recognition in my teens that I was more "other" than the Lur I had considered myself to be as a small child as well as neither Austrian nor American but a bit of "other" everywhere, I now regard myself as trilingual and believe that this "not belonging anywhere" may even be the source of security that enabled me to make the decision not to belong to one discipline exclusively but, rather, to become a biprofessional in medicine and anthropology.
Blessing for a Long Time: A Circle of Stories
Authors: Anderson Jeffrey D.
Published: November 2004

Robin Ridington and Dennis Hastings. Blessing for. Long Time: The Sacred Pole of the Omaha Tribe. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997. Xv. 259 pp.
Art Imitating Life: Fragmented Writing in a Fragmented World
Authors: Reck Gregory G
Published: November 2004

Carol Clark D'Lugo. The Fragmented Novel in Mexico: The Politics of Form. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997. Xvi. 281 pp.
Field of Dreams: The Anthropologist Far Away at Home
Authors: D'Alisera JoAnn
Published: November 2004

The extent to which personal narrative is seen as a valid component of ethnography has been debated by generations of anthropologists. Critics contend that self‐reflection trivializes the text, while supporters assert that self‐reflection mediates contradictions between personal and scientific authority inherent in the discipline. Through such self‐reflection and description, this essay challenges the basic fieldwork narrative in which notions of distance/nearness and foreign/native are imagined as bounded categories of experience.
State and Subject in China
Authors: Schein Louisa
Published: November 2004

Ann Anagnost. National Past‐Times: Narrative, Representation, and Power in Modern China. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997. 231 pp.
Scientific Anthropology
Authors: Durrenberger E. Paul
Published: November 2004

Lawrence A. Kuznar Reclaiming. Scientific Anthropology. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 1997. xi. 284 pp.
Surrogates, Slips, and Incidental Intrusions: The Tale of Raja Bakaléwat's Dog
Authors: Steedly Mary Margaret
Published: November 2004

Questions ofintentionality, mastery, disclosure, and verisimilitude have been raised by practices of ethnographic writing as well as by critiques of ethnographic fieldwork. Less attention has been paid to ethnographic and narrative mishaps, like the slip that put me in touch with the story of Raja Bakaléwat. This article offers a retelling of that story, a literal cliff‐hanger, as a reflection on the relation between artistry and accident in ethnographic storytelling.
Revising the Text, Revisioning the Field: Reciprocity over the Long Term
Authors: Gottlieb Alma , Graham Philip
Published: November 2004

In Parallel Worlds (Gottlieb and Graham 1994), we chronicle our first two stays in Beng villages in Cote d'lvoire. The present essay updates the aftermath of Parallel Worlds on the Beng community and, especially, our relationship with that community. Returning to Bengland in summer 1993, we aimed to offer royalties from the sale of our memoir to two Beng villages, to be used for community development projects of their choosing. Would the residents of these villages agree on small‐scale projects, or would various subgroups diverge, perhaps bitterly, in their opinions? What role, if any, should we play in trying to steer a project toward our own values concerning democracy and appropriate development? While rooted in our experiences, this essay also serves as a prolegomenon to a more general meditation on the obligations that devolve on the ethnographer of a place, any place, over the long term, and it further reflects on the parallels between the continual processes and demands of revising a text and of revisioning our relations—ethical, literary, and otherwise—with the communities that (willingly or not) host us.
Ethnography and Fiction: Where Is the Border?
Authors: Narayan Kirin
Published: November 2004

This article seeks to identify writing practices that indicate the presence of a border between ethnography and fiction. I trace a short history of anthropologists writing fiction and draw on a short extract from a novel I am writing that was inspired byfieldwork. Writing ethnographic texts and writing fiction, I argue, involves different perspectives on (1) the disclosure of process, (2) generalization, (3) representations of subjectivity, and (4) accountability. Such orienting landmarks indicate the presence of a border, but it is a border neither impermeable nor fixed. To acknowledge this border is also to allow for mindful border crossings that may potentially enrich both ethnography and fiction.
The Case against Moral Relativism: A Philosopher's Critique of an Anthropological Doctrine
Authors: Arno Andrew
Published: November 2004

John. Cook. Morality and Cultural Differences. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. xii. 204 pp.
"Pay No Attention to the Man behind the Curtain": Irreverent Notes on Gender and Ethnography
Authors: Wiener Margaret
Published: November 2004

This article argues the importance of gender roles and ideologies in understanding the theory and practice of ethnography. It begins by evoking four female "muses" who provide insight into the process of making ethnographic knowledge. It then argues that fieldwork potentially produces multiply positioned individuals and that skills conventionally regarded as "feminine" in late‐20th‐century America enable such processes.
"Do You Have Anything to Add?" Narrative as Reflection and Commentary on the Social Experience of Mental Illness
Authors: Appleton Ann
Published: November 2004

This article argues that a phenomenological study of mental illness constructed from first‐person subjective narratives can make a substantial contribution to our understanding of illness in terms of ordinary human experience. I suggest that the social experience of mental illness is primarily one of alienation and that this is both an internal and externally imposed experience. I conclude by proposing that the anthropological perspective—seeing the person within his or her wider cultural context, including both spatial and temporal dimensions—has the potential to generate new insights into how we might mitigate the alienating and depersonalizing effects of the mental illness experience. On another level, this article represents my attempt, as a mother, to come to terms with a mental health crisis within my own family.
Unpacking Unpacking Culture
Authors: Wood W. Warner
Published: November 2004

Ruth B. Phillips and Christopher B. Steiner. eds. Unpacking Culture: Art and Commodity in Colonial and Postcolonial Worlds. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. xv. 424 pp.
Fictive Feasting: Mixing and Parsing Bolivian Popular Sentiment
Authors: Albro Robert
Published: November 2004

In this article I analyze the vitalizing relationships between fictive kinship (compadrazgo) and Andean cultural practice. I distinguish several recognized strategies of fictive kinship in the region of Quillacollo, Bolivia. While provincial folk are quick to insist that Andean culture, as such, no longer exists in this region, at the same time ritual kinship, recognized as a remainder of Andean cultural practice, is one typical way that "the Andean," as a cultural trope and moral discourse, continues to permeate peoples' lives. This argument uses Fernandez's insights about "wholes" and "parts" to emphasize the play of synecdoches, a regional preoccupation with "partness" and the right relation among parts, expressed by the orchestration of fictive ties.
Tone and the Moral Imagination: An Anthropological Look at Chinese Literary Essay Battles
Authors: Scoggin Mary
Published: November 2004

This essay examines the function of "tone," an organizing metaphor that captures "expressions of mood" in a particular genre of cultural criticism, through the lens of a literary debate over tone between two newspaper editors. Over the span of 50 years, this debate concerns a specific type of essays called zawen, which are frequently published in Chinese media, and which operate as moral commentary upon the times. The two positions on tone display a classic division between spontaneous communitas, a revolutionary force, and the recapture of that force for normative communitas, a conservative force.
Disastrous Rites: Liminality and Communitas in a Flood Crisis
Authors: Jencson Linda
Published: November 2004

A sense of communitas, well noted by social scientists, occurs in human societies during times of natural disaster. Using the Red River Valley Flood of 1997 as a case example, it is found that disaster communitas has similarities to ritual communitas specifically because people consciously ritualize and mythologize their actions during disaster. While this sacralization of practical action serves to optimize disaster response, it also creates an expanded sense of self, community, and purpose that can leave many survivors of disaster with a sense that they have undergone a profoundly meaningful peak experience.
Culture and the Human Brain
Authors: Turner Robert
Published: November 2004

This article discusses the assumption of cultural relativism that anthropologists make in ethnographic practice, from the point of view of brain science. Our current knowledge of human brain structures is briefly summarized. While neurologists tend to assume that all brains are fundamentally alike, it has also become clear that experience can modify brain organization. Cultures and their associated worldviews represent relatively coherent and systematic shapings of individual experience, and, hence, could result in consistent biases in brain functional anatomy. New harmless methods based on MRI for mapping of human brain activity will allow empirical study of such effects.
Could She Be Dying? Dis‐Orders of Reality around Death in an American Hospital
Authors: Chapple Helen S.
Published: November 2004

Dying in an American hospital is a site of conflict among clinicians with competing orders of reality differing from each other and from the patient and family. Anthropological studies of death have often shown that the participants share a cosmology in common. Hospitalized patients may die among strangers, clinicians who exert different forms of control and attempt to make their own meanings out of the dying process. Their efforts can interfere with the patient and family's opportunity to reconnect with their life worlds at the time of death. A particular case from a research project on the dying process in the hospital is used to illustrate these points.
Small Animal Exploitation and its Relation to Hunting, Scavenging, and Gathering in the Italian Mousterian
Authors: Stiner Mary C.
Published: November 2004

The remains of small aquatic animals are preserved in many Mousterian caves along the Mediterranean coast. These faunas offer clues about hominids' strategies of searching for and transporting small food packages, an important complement to information on ungulate exploitation in the same region. Marine shellfish and tortoise remains from Grotta dei Moscerini, a shallow cave on the Tyrrhenian (west‐central) Italian coast, are examined from taphonomic, zooarchaeologic, and biogeographic perspectives. Mousterian use of large mobile versus small sessile prey are compared to related practices by some “fully modern” human cultures.
Hunting in the Gravettian: An Examination of Evidence from Southwestern France
Authors: Pike‐Tay Anne , Bricker Harvey M.
Published: November 2004

Five southwest French sites containing Gravettian occupations provide zooarchaeological, artifactual, and paleoenvironmental data for an integrated examination of hunting strategies in the region during the latest part of the Early Upper Palaeolithic. New season‐of‐death and age‐at‐death data on red deer, based on dental annuli analysis, are combined with previously published data on reindeer to suggest possible hunting patterns. Evidence from these samples is consistent with a foraging strategy where the hunters were skilled enough to obtain prime‐age individuals with as much success as they did the very young and very old. A survey of Gravettian weapon armatures notes that (a) lithic armatures are numerically very predominant in most assemblages considered; (b) organic armatures actually outnumber lithic ones in a few assemblages; and (c) microlithic armatures for composite weapons make their first appearance in the region in the latest Gravettian assemblages.
Upper Palaeolithic Procurement and Processing Strategies in Southwest France
Authors: Boyle Katherine V.
Published: November 2004

Detailed consideration of faunal assemblage structure shows that regularities occur in the way resources were obtained during the Upper Palaeolithic of Western Europe; research into anatomical element representation and butchery marks sheds light on the probable function of individual sites and their role in the regional subsistence system. Both published and unpublished data from three Magdalenian deposits from southwest France (St.‐Germain‐la‐Rivière, Limeuil, and Reignac) are considered. The predominance of species such as reindeer at Limeuil and Reignac reflects prevailing hunting and butchery strategies in addition to environmental conditions prevailing at the time of assemblage formation.
Simulating Mammoth Hunting and Extinction: Implications for the Late Pleistocene of the Central Russian Plain
Authors: Mithen Steven
Published: November 2004

Mammoths were an important resource for Upper Palaeolithic hunter‐gatherers. Their remains are frequently found in faunal assemblages, their bones were used for the construction of dwellings, and they figure significantly in Palaeolithic art. Mammoths became extinct in North America at ca. 11,000 BP, in Eurasia at ca. 12,000 BP, and in Siberia at ca. 10,000 BP, and there has been considerable debate as to whether human predation was a causal factor. The computer simulation model described in this paper explores the effect of different types of hunting strategies on mammoth populations in a range of different environmental situations. It demonstrates that mammoth populations are extremely sensitive to predation. The simulation results are discussed with reference to the settlements on the Central Russian Plain. The results agree with Soffer's suggestion that the majority of mammoth remains probably derive from collecting, rather than hunting.
Season and Reason: The Case for a Regional Interpretation of Mesolithic Settlement Patterns
Authors: Rowley‐Conwy Peter
Published: November 2004

Danish early and late Mesolithic lakeside settlements are examined. Season of occupation is examined through tooth eruption and bone growth of wild boar (Sus scrofa); the early Mesolithic sites were all occupied in summer (including Holmegaard V, previously believed to be a winter settlement), whereas late Mesolithic Ringkloster was occupied in winter and spring. Skeletal element frequency indicates that Ringkloster was a hunting camp and the early Mesolithic sites were not. There were considerable differences between sites of the two periods, despite their very similar locations, because of their different settlement systems. It is therefore argued that Mesolithic settlements cannot be understood by studying individual site location; the settlement system of which each site was a part exerts a crucial influence.
Variability and Function among Gravette Points from Southwestern France
Authors: Harrold Francis B.
Published: November 2004

A number of morphological and metric variables were recorded for a sample of 1,451 Gravette points deriving from ten sites in southwestern France. Size, macrowear, and base treatment covaried in a manner suggesting that some Gravette “points” in fact functioned as knives. The sample artifacts, however, did not segregate neatly into two distinct morphological‐functional types of knives and points, but rather formed a continuum from more knife‐like to more point‐like pieces. Some probably functioned in both ways during their use lives. Considerable differences in size and other attributes between collections suggest different activity emphases at different sites. Some stylistic variation is apparent, but the bulk of the variation observed seems to be functional.
Tribes as Heterarchy: A Case Study from the Prehistoric Southeastern United States
Authors: Rogers Rhea J.
Published: November 2004

Heterarchy is used as a basis for interpreting the archeological and ethnohistoric records of the Late Woodland social system of the upper Yadkin River Valley of North Carolina (ca. AD 1500). Modeling egalitarian (i.e., tribal) social relations according to heterarchical structuring principles yields a clearer picture of social organization in the upper Yadkin and points to the complex nature of egalitarian politics and decision‐making processes in this region. Far from being a series of small, autonomous sociopolitical units, the tribes of the northwest North Carolina Piedmont are better understood as protean and interactive networks that were unbounded in terms of both personnel and space. This study has further indicated that recognizing heterarchically arranged social systems means that archeologists must modify their expectations of what constitutes meaningful patterning. Traditional archeological constructs that emphasize or reify the spatial boundedness of social groups may obscure patterning indicative of an egalitarian heterarchy.
Hierarchy and Heterarchy: The Unity of Opposites
Authors: Zagarell Allen
Published: November 2004

The significance of the concepts of heterarchy and hierarchy are discussed with reference to the first and second millennium AD cultures of the Nilgiri Hills of southern India. The nineteenth century ethnographic evidence of multiple, ethnically defined, isolated communities is compared with archeological evidence of earlier, morestratified and more‐centralized polities. Archeological evidence includes inscriptions, megalit hie tombs, and carved pictorial representations of warfare, armed horsemen, and other figures. A linear, evolutionary model cannot account for the complexity seen in the Nilgiri Hills, while heterarchy better illuminates the socio‐political developments in this region.
Water, Urbanization, and Disease in Ancient Indonesia
Authors: Miksic John N.
Published: November 2004

Were ancient “tropical” civilizations fundamentally different from “non‐tropical” ones? Judging from the relative scarcity of reported ancient cities in the tropics compared to the temperate regions, the answer to this question is “yes.” One reason for the relative scarcity of ancient cities in tropical areas is probably the greater difficulty encountered in obtaining potable water in hot climates. In the 14th century the people of eastern Java ameliorated waterborne disease by expanding hydraulic facilities originally designed for ceremonial purposes and then adapting them to utilitarian ends. Experience obtained from elaborate systems created to channel water from catchment areas to bathing places, symbolic pools, and moats, apparently constituted a valuable pre‐adaptation for tropical urban life in Java.
Staple Finance, Ritual Pig Sacrifice, and Ideological Power in Ancient Hawai'i
Authors: Kolb Michael J.
Published: November 2004

This article explores the role of ritual pig sacrifice in Hawai'i from an archaeological perspective, tracing political change through time. Hawai'i represents an interesting case study of how insular tropical environments dictate unique solutions to problems of social control. Results indicate that staple foods, in the absence of other wealth items, can become imbued with distinctive political values for materializing power relationships and shaping discrete politico‐economic realities. The late but rapid rise of ceremonial pig sacrifice generated a corresponding economic demand for pigs, resulting in pork becoming an elite commodity and status food, further strengthening its economic and political value among the Hawai'ian elite.
Chapter 7. Situating Sardinia's Giants' Tombs in Their Spatial, Social, and Temporal Contexts
Authors: Blake Emma
Published: November 2004

The positioning of Sardinia's Bronze Age tombs was as carefully planned as their design. Working from that premise, this chapter analyzes the spatial patterning of these tombs in relation to contemporary settlements, for insights into the tombs' function. Standard interpretations of the tombs' purpose are weighed against the spatial data and artifactual evidence, and are discarded. A more nuanced picture of the tombs' role in Nuragic society emerges, one that downplays their mortuary and cosmological importance and emphasizes instead their practical significance as spaces of community gatherings, whether secular or sacred. This role would have been both manifest in and reaffirmed by these spatial arrangements.
Chapter 8. A Landscape of Ancestors: The Space and Place of Death in Iron Age West‐Central Europe
Authors: Arnold Bettina
Published: November 2004

The early Iron Age peoples of west‐central Europe invested a considerable amount of energy in the construction, maintenance, and co‐option of mortuary space. The “landscapes of ancestors'” created between about 600 and 400 B.C. represented the social and ideological relationships within and between human groups as well as between humans and the Otherworld. Burial mounds containing over one hundred individuals are situated in the landscape in patterns that suggest their use as lineage monuments as well as territorial markers. This period of time is associated with various changes in mortuary ritual, including the gradual replacement of cremation by inhumation as the dominant mortuary rite and the transition from small mounds containing a single individual to large, corporate monuments representing as‐yet unknown social units. Later Iron Age groups in the same region seem to have constructed their ritual landscapes with explicit reference to these earlier mortuary “communities.”1 The association between the enigmatic rectangular enclosures known as Viereckschanzen that characterize the late Iron Age landscape and early Iron Age mortuary complexes is an example of the recycling, through co‐option, of geographically marked ritual potency. This chapter presents a regional analysis of mortuary practices centered on the ritual landscape of the late Hallstatt Heuneburg hillfort in southwest Germany as the starting point for an examination of the relationship between the space and place of death in this complex period of European prehistory.
Chapter 9. Placing the Physical and the Incorporeal Dead: Stonehenge and Changing Concepts of Ancestral Space in Neolithic Britain
Authors: Pearson Mike Parker
Published: November 2004

The abodes of the dead or the ancestors are not always those places where mortal remains are laid to rest. This chapter investigates how we might identify prehistoric monuments, ostensibly not funerary in character, as being places of the ancestors. It examines the case of Stonehenge within the context and landscapes of Neolithic Wessex to explore the symbolic significance of the wooden and stone materials out of which the great monuments of the Neolithic in England were constructed. This concern with “materiality” is extended to the ceramics of that period, showing that similar structuring principles were in use not only in the contexts of use for certain ceramic styles but also in the tempering agents added to their clays. This is an attempt at a contextual archaeology in which the duality of structure and agency is central to understanding the prehistoric past.
Chapter 11. Narratives of Identity and History in Modern Cemeteries of Lima, Peru
Authors: Silverman Helaine
Published: November 2004

Cemeteries are an important and multidimensional aspect of mortuary behavior. They are a rich source of information on a society's culture, sociopolitical organization, ethnic identities, economic relationships, and ideology. Cemeteries are dynamic loci, able to convey information to the living and subject to continuing interpretation. The architect of Lima's earliest cemetery attempted to fix its meaning through the plan of the burial ground he designed. Changed historical circumstances due to revolution, however, permitted a physical rewriting of that late Colonial Period script. In the aftermath of subsequent wars, coups, and other revolutions, Lima's cemeteries have continued to be venues of social commentary and social and political action. Today, Lima's elite cemeteries are fully planned cultural landscapes in which some of the traditional patterns of mortuary behavior are superceded. This chapter examines why and how individuals, families, groups, and even the nation‐state manipulate and negotiate the space and place of burial for the purposes of asserting identity and controlling historical narrative.
The “Microblade Adaptation” and Recolonization of Siberia during the Late Upper Pleistocene
Authors: Goebel Ted
Published: November 2004

In Siberia, a scarcity of sites 22,000 to 18,000 years in age suggests that human populations unable to cope with extreme conditions of the last glacial maximum abandoned the region. After 18,000 years ago, as glaciers retreated and the tree line gradually advanced northward, humans wielding microblade technology recolonized the Asian north, ultimately spreading to the high arctic by 11,000 years ago. This chapter recounts the evidence for the timing of this colonization event and summarizes technological, subsistence, and settlement data from over 20 sites to reconstruct hunter‐gatherer adaptations during the Siberian late Upper Paleolithic. Results suggest that late glacial microblade‐producing populations were highly mobile hunters who commonly exploited single prey species from short‐term camps.
Why Microliths? Microlithization in the Levant
Authors: Belfer‐Cohen Anna , Goring‐Morris Nigel
Published: November 2004

Microlith production in the Levant began with the Upper Paleolithic. Two microlithic production techniques have been observed: straight retouched (Ahmarian) bladelets from a blade bladelet‐oriented reduction sequence; and tiny, twisted “Dufour” (Levantine Aurignacian) bladelets, intentional and/or unintentional byproducts of carination. Twisted bladelets appear in varying frequencies throughout the Upper Paleolithic. The straight variety ultimately dominates and characterizes the fully fledged microlithic Epipaleolithic. A major conceptual change occurs in fashioning microliths during the late Upper Paleolithic/Early Epipaleolithic. Earlier assemblages were produced by a predetermined chaine operatoire and blanks closely parallel the microliths in shape and size. During the Early Epipaleolithic tool shapes increasingly resulted from subsequent blank modification, by invasive retouch and, sometimes, use of the microburin technique. By the late Epipaleolithic almost any small, elongated flake was opportunistically fashioned into a microlith. Explanations for the appearance of microliths include developments in economizing behaviors, hafting practices, projectile‐point propulsion mechanisms, and functional variability. The described changes could be interpreted as declining knapping abilities, yet such developments probably reflect increasing efficiency and flexibility.
Grannies, Mothers and Babies: An Examination of Traditional Southern Appalachian Midwifery
Authors: Scott Shaunna
Published: November 2004

Although the transition from midwife‐ to doctor‐attended childbirth ended around 1920 in most parts of the United States, some groups, including ethnic minorities and rural dwellers, continued to rely on the midwife for delivery assistance well into the 1930s and 1940s. Interviews conducted with the members of one of these groups, the people of the southern Appalachian Mountains, yields information concerning the techniques and training of traditional Appalachian midwives, midwifery succession patterns, reasons for the lengthy persistence of this midwifery system, and, lastly, characteristics that may be compared and contrasted to the midwifery system used by rural southern blacks during the same time period (roughly 1920‐1950).
Two Sides to Every Story: An Ethnohistorical Approach to Organizational Partnerships
Authors: Baba Marietta L.
Published: November 2004

Organizational partnerships are special forms of interorganizational cooperation which permit two or more independent entities to pool resources for achievement of a common goal. Although partnerships of various types promise significant benefits to organizations and to society, the literature suggests that such unions are subject to high rates of instability and failure. Existing hypotheses of interorganizational failure are not able to explain or predict outcomes in many cases of partnership. Limitations of existing hypotheses may derive from theoretical and methodological biases which have constrained the range of phenomena investigated in partnership research. This paper proposes an ethnohistorical research strategy for the study of interorganizational partnerships. The new approach, called ethnohistorical mapping, provides a reliable means to reconstruct a partnership's past from the perspectives of two or more organizational entities. Map data are analyzed to isolate contrasts in the content of reported experience, and contrasts are used to discover and illuminate microorganizational processes and variables underlying partnership development. The new approach is illustrated using preliminary data on an international joint‐venture organization. Tentative conclusions drawn from casestudy analysis suggest enhancements to existing explanations of partnership outcomes, and also suggest the utility of ethnohistory as a tool in organizational management, [ethnohistory, interorganizational relations, methodology, organizational theory, partnerships]
“As Soon as They Fire One of Us They Hire One O'Them”: Ethnic Succession in a St. Louis Sweatshop
Authors: White Carmen
Published: November 2004

The garment industry has been aptly described as a "quintessentially immigrant industry.” Garment firms have relied heavily on "cheap" labor to ensure low production costs—and more often than not this cheap labor has translated into immigrant labor. While cheap labor has tended to connote tolerance for both low wages and substandard working conditions, more emphasis has been placed on the former in the literature. Based on 11 weeks of participantobservation in a St. Louis garment factory, this article deals with the interim of ethnic succession from the perspective of the marginalized, "established" sector. Here the emphasis will be placed upon how the maintenance of substandard working conditions appears to be equally dependent on a work force with few employment alternatives and represents the last vestige available to the dependent‐sector firm attempting to minimize production costs through the hiring of new immigrants, [sweatshop, working conditions, ethnic succession, marginalized labor]
Competition and Cooperation in Contemporary American Urban Development
Authors: Plotnicov Leonard
Published: November 2004

GLOBAL ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING has profoundly altered the heavy industrial bases of American cities, creating an increase in poverty, homelessness, and squatters in its wake. In a scramble to revive their failing or stagnant regional economies, cities have embarked on a strategy of diversification, with emphases on attracting service industries and luring visitor trade. While cooperation for economic development takes place in many forms of public‐ and private‐sector alliances, conflict occurs within cities over land use, and competition exists between cities for the presumed means of economic recovery and urban vitality, [economic restructuring, homeless, squatters, urban development, urban professionals, tourism, middle‐range analyses]
Declining Social Services and the Threat to Social Reproduction: An Urban Dilemma
Authors: Jones Delmos J. , Turner Joan , Montbach Joan
Published: November 2004

RECENT FISCAL CRISES experienced by city and federal governments, together with changes in the economy, have resulted in a decline in basic urban services. Since these services are important aspects of the material resources necessary for survival, their decline is threatening the ability of poor and working‐class populations to maintain themselves. The magnitude of current urban problems suggests that we are in the midst of a nationwide crisis in social reproduction. The complex relationship between production for profit and the provision of goods and services for social existence is discussed. This topic is explored in New York City, in the context of decentralization–a recent reform in city government designed to improve service delivery that involves local organizations and other interest groups having a voice in the decision making affecting the quality of the local environment. The relationship between the needs of neighborhood residents, the organizations that emerge to represent their interests, and urban economic policies are discussed, [decentralization, social reproduction, local organizations, social conflict, urban services, urban neighborhoods, citizen participation]
Third World at Home: Social Banditry as Metaphor for Urban Grassroots Leaders in A U.S. Midwestern City
Authors: Halperin Rhoda H.
Published: November 2004

Social Banditry Offers a useful metaphor for urban grassroots leaders in an enclaved working class community in the mid western United States. Bandits operate at the borders of social strata, at times teetering precariously on the edges of the communities and classes of which they are a part, and the power structures with which they must deal. The urban hegemonic system views the local leaders and their communities as belonging to the third world—that is, as foreign, mysterious and dangerous. At the same time, the local elites exhibit practices of noblesse oblige towards the poor and marginal who live in the city, but are not of it. [U.S., grassroots leaders, hegemony and marginality]