bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Privileged dependence, precarious autonomy: Parent/young adult relationships through the lens of COVID‐19
Authors: van Stee Elena G.
Published: November 2022

Objective

This article identifies how social class differences in undergraduates' relationships with their parents shaped their responses to educational disruptions caused by the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Background

The mechanisms through which parents transmit class advantages to children are often hidden from view and therefore remain imperfectly understood. This study uses the case of the COVID‐19 pandemic to examine how young adults from different social class backgrounds expect, negotiate, and attach meaning to parental support.

Methods

This study draws from in‐depth interviews with 48 Black and White upper‐middle and working‐class undergraduates from a single elite university, along with 10 of their mothers.

Results

Facing pandemic‐related disruptions, upper‐middle‐class students typically sought substantial direction and material assistance from parents. In contrast, working‐class students typically assumed more responsibility for their own—and sometimes other family members'—well‐being. These classed patterns of “privileged dependence” and “precarious autonomy” were shaped by students' understandings of family members' authority, needs, and responsibilities.

Conclusion

Upper‐middle‐class students' greater dependence on parents functioned as a protective force, enabling them to benefit from parents' material and academic support during the transition to remote instruction. These short‐term protections may yield long‐term payoffs denied their working‐class peers. Beyond the immediate context of the COVID‐19 pandemic, the concepts of “privileged dependence” and “precarious autonomy” offer scholars a set of theoretical tools for understanding class inequality in other young adult contexts.
Myeloid‐derived suppressor cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells are associated with oncogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Kouketsu Atsumu , Haruka Saito , Kuroda Kanako , Hitoshi Miyashita , Kensuke Yamauchi , Tsuyoshi Sugiura , Takahashi Tetsu , Hiroyuki Kumamoto
Published: November 2022

Myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) help establish the tumor microenvironment by suppressing T‐cell response in tumor‐bearing hosts. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) activate antigen‐specific T cells, thereby, maximizing their antitumor effects. IDO1 is associated with both MDSCs and pDCs and plays a major role in the formation of the tumor‐mediated immunosuppressive environment. We utilized immunohistochemistry to examine the involvement of IDO1 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs, precancerous lesions). We examined the expression of MDSC markers, CD11b and CD33, as well as pDC markers, CD303 and IDO1, in 60 OSCC and 45 precancerous lesion specimens and analyzed their association with clinicopathological parameters. Expression of these biomarkers identifying MDSCs and pDCs was high in precancerous lesions in patients with severe dysplasia and OSCC. While detecting pDCs, high CD303 and IDO1 expression levels were frequently observed in moderately or poorly differentiated OSCCs. CD11b, CD33, and CD303 levels were significantly correlated with the mode of invasion; CD33 was correlated with OSCC invasion depth while the other three markers tended to be highly expressed in superficial cancer cases showing microinvasion. Expression levels of all four biomarkers were significantly associated with the cancerization of OPMDs to OSCCs. We show, for the first time, that the infiltration of MDSCs and pDCs is significantly associated with progression of premalignant lesions to OSCC. This suggests that these cells may act as prognostic biomarkers for premalignant lesion progression and that immunotherapeutic approaches that control each of these immunosuppressive cells may protect against progression to malignancy.
UPLC‐MS‐based plasma metabolomics for identifying energy metabolism biomarkers of maintenance in growing pigs
Authors: Liu Hu , Liu Dewen , Wang Wenhui , Jiang Zhaoning , Ma Xi , Wang Fenglai
Published: November 2022

The purpose of this study is to explore the potential plasma metabolism biomarkers reflecting the maintenance status of growing pigs. The repeated measurement design was used in this experiment, and six barrows (28.6 ± 0.5 kg BW) were selected and kept in metabolism crates. The feeding level in growing pigs close to ad libitum was 2400 kJ ME/kg BW0.6·day−1 during Day 1 to Day 7, while a feeding level of 782 kJ ME/kg BW0.6·day−1 was provided as energy requirement for maintenance during Day 8 to Day 14. Plasma samples of each pig were collected from the anterior vena cava on the morning of Day 8 and Day 15. The metabolites of plasma were determined by high‐resolution mass spectrometry using a metabolomics approach. Results showed that metabolomics analysis between ad libitum‐fed state and maintained status revealed differences in 16 compounds. Identified compounds were enriched in metabolic pathways related to linoleic acid metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, and alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism. In conclusion, linoleic acid metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, alanine, aspartate and glutamic acid metabolism pathways played a major regulatory role in the maintenance status of growing pigs. The potential metabolism biomarkers of maintenance in growing pigs were linoleic acid, glutamine and tyrosine.
Antibodies as drugs—a Keystone Symposia report
Authors: Cable Jennifer , Saphire Erica Ollmann , Hayday Adrian C. , Wiltshire Timothy D. , Mousa Jarrod J. , Humphreys David P. , Breij Esther C. W. , Bruhns Pierre , Broketa Matteo , Furuya Genta , Hauser Blake M. , Mahévas Matthieu , Carfi Andrea , Cantaert Tineke , Kwong Peter D. , Tripathi Prabhanshu , Davis Jonathan H. , Brewis Neil , Keyt Bruce A. , Fennemann Felix L. , Dussupt Vincent , Sivasubramanian Arvind , Kim Philip M. , Rawi Reda , Richardson Eve , Leventhal Daniel , Wolters Rachael M. , Geuijen Cecile A. W. , Sleeman Matthew A. , Pengo Niccolo , Donnellan Francesca Rose
Published: November 2022

Therapeutic antibodies have broad indications across diverse disease states, such as oncology, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. New research continues to identify antibodies with therapeutic potential as well as methods to improve upon endogenous antibodies and to design antibodies de novo. On April 27–30, 2022, experts in antibody research across academia and industry met for the Keystone symposium “Antibodies as Drugs” to present the state‐of‐the‐art in antibody therapeutics, repertoires and deep learning, bispecific antibodies, and engineering.
Environmental context determines pollution impacts on ecosystem functioning
Authors: Burdon Francis J. , Reyes Marta , Schönenberger Urs , Räsänen Katja , Tiegs Scott D. , Eggen Rik I. L. , Stamm Christian
Published: November 2022

Global change assessments have typically ignored synthetic chemical pollution, despite the rapid increase of pharmaceuticals, pesticides and industrial chemicals in the environment. Part of the problem reflects the multifarious origins of these micropollutants, which can derive from urban and agricultural sources. Understanding how micropollutants harm ecosystems is a major scientific challenge due to asymmetries of stress across trophic levels and ecological surprises generated by multiple drivers interacting in human‐impacted landscapes. We used field assays above and below municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in 60 sampling locations across 20 Swiss streams to test how micropollutants and nutrients originating from WWTPs affect two trophic levels (microbes and detritivores) and their role in leaf litter processing. Wastewater impacts were asymmetric across trophic levels, with the detritivore contribution declining relative to microbial‐driven decomposition. The strength of negative impacts were context dependent, peaking at sites with the highest upstream abundances of detritivorous invertebrates. Diffuse pollution from intensive agriculture and wastewater‐born micropollutants contributed to reduced litter processing rates, including indirect effects apparently mediated through negative influences of insecticides on detritivores. Asymmetries in stress responses across trophic levels can introduce quantitative changes in consumer–resource dynamics and leaf litter processing. This means functional redundancies at different trophic levels are insufficient to compensate for biodiversity losses, causing environmental stressors such as chemical pollutants to have pervasive ecosystem‐level impacts.
Supporting the spirituality of older people living with dementia in nursing care: A hermeneutic phenomenological inquiry into older people's and their family members' experiences
Authors: Toivonen Kristiina , Charalambous Andreas , Suhonen Riitta
Published: November 2022

Background

Supporting spirituality is an essential aspect of the holistic nursing care of older people living with dementia. Spirituality is defined as a search for answers to questions about the meaning and purpose of life and the individual's relationship with the sacred or transcendent. This relationship may or may not involve an affiliation with a specific religion.

Objective

To understand how older people living with dementia and their family members experience spirituality and its support in nursing care.

Design

A qualitative study informed by the principles of Ricoeurian hermeneutic phenomenology.

Settings

We conducted the study in home care and long‐term care settings in Southern Finland.

Participants

We collected data between 2017–2020 from a purposive sample of 10 older people living with dementia and their 9 family members (n = 19).

Methods

We used interviews to collect data and adapted and used Ricoeur's theory of interpretation as a method for analysis.

Results

The findings of this study show that older people living with dementia need spiritual support in nursing care based on their personal understanding of spirituality. The four elements of this spirituality that emerged were: religion, meaningful relationships, nature, and art. The participants addressed some challenges to spiritual support in the nursing care of older people living with dementia including: the competence and abilities of nursing, time available, presence and experience.

Conclusions

Older people living with dementia and their family members consider spiritual support an important aspect of nursing care. To support the spirituality of these older people, the elements of spirituality need to be understood as these are central to each person's spiritual position. Additionally, spiritual support requires understanding knowledge, experience, time and presence, to manage all four elements with individuals.
RETRACTED: High consumption of whole grain foods decreases the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: Framingham Offspring Cohort
Authors: Wang Kanran , Tang Weimin , Hao Xingchen , Liu Hong
Published: November 2022

Aims

To examine the longitudinal associations between total and individual whole grain (WG) food intake and the risk of all‐cause dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia.

Methods

This study included 2958 subjects (mean age at baseline was 61 ± 9 years) from the Framingham Offspring Cohort. Standardized interviews, physician examinations, and laboratory tests were collected approximately every 4 years, and the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was conducted in cycle 5. Proportional hazards models and cubic spline regression examined associations between WG foods and all‐cause dementia and AD dementia.

Results

Over an average of 12.6 years of follow‐up, there were 322 dementia cases, of which 247 were AD dementia. After multivariate and dietary adjustments, individuals with the highest category for total WG food consumption had a lower risk of all‐cause dementia [HR 0.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.51–0.81] and AD dementia (HR 0.60, 95% CI 0.46–0.78) than individuals with the lowest category. The results remained comparable in different subgroups stratifying for age, sex, education, body mass index, and smoking status without significant interaction. Moreover, these inverse associations were seen for most individual WG foods except popcorn. A nonlinear dose–response association was shown between total WG intake and all‐cause dementia and AD dementia, where the rate reduction slightly plateaued at more than one and two servings/day, respectively.

Conclusions

Higher consumption of total and several common individual WG foods was strongly associated with a lower risk of all‐cause dementia and AD dementia.
Population Redistribution Trends in Nonmetropolitan America, 2010 to 2021☆
Authors: Johnson Kenneth M.
Published: November 2022

Given the turbulent conditions of the early 21st century and the release of data from the 2020 Census, it is an appropriate time to examine contemporary population redistribution trends in nonmetropolitan America. Analysis centers on the major demographic components of population change: migration; and natural increase. The analysis demonstrates that the turbulent economic, social, and now epidemiological conditions of recent years altered traditional demographic trends in nonmetropolitan America. For the first time in history, nonmetropolitan America lost population between 2010 and 2020 because of shifts in migration trends and diminishing natural increase. In contrast, post‐censal population estimates suggest that nonmetropolitan population gains exceeded those in metropolitan areas for the first time in 50 years between 2020 and 2021. The recent widespread nonmetropolitan population increases are the result of substantial net migration gains that offset the growing natural decrease fostered by COVID‐19. Sustained net migration gains in nonmetro areas provides a demographic lifeline to many counties that would otherwise face depopulation because of accelerating natural decrease. Whether these migration patterns can be sustained remains to be seen.
Real‐time wrinkle evaluation method using Visual Illusion‐based image feature enhancement System
Authors: Fujino Saori , Iwanaga Tetsuro
Published: November 2022

Background

Several advanced methods for evaluating wrinkles are currently available, however, with limitations in their application because wrinkle structures change in response to facial expressions and surrounding environments. A Visual Illusion‐based image feature enhancement System (VIS) was used to develop a real‐time evaluation method.

Objectives

This study expands the VIS application into the wrinkle evaluation method by adjusting VIS to evaluate facial wrinkles, evaluating the age‐dependent wrinkles, and validating it for real‐time wrinkle evaluation.

Methods

Wrinkles in various Japanese men and women were evaluated using VIS and the current methods. Furthermore, the effectiveness of an eye cream containing niacinamide was evaluated before and after the 4‐week treatment.

Results

VIS qualitatively detects even fine wrinkles and numerically records them without any special instrument. Moreover, VIS can be applied to moving images, revealing the effectiveness of the antiwrinkle formulation qualitatively and quantitatively even when the subjects are smiling.

Conclusion

This paper presents an epoch‐making wrinkle evaluation method that is qualitative and quantitative, with high sensitivity in real‐time and relies solely on digital images without any difficulties. Therefore, these results imply that this method enables the wrinkle evaluation under real‐life conditions.
In vivo evaluation of vulvar lichen sclerosus with reflectance confocal microscopy and therapeutic monitoring in children
Authors: Chen Lixin , Wang Ying , Gao Xibo , Qin Bei , Ren Min , Zhang Wanxing , Wei Ran , Su Haihui , Li Qinfeng
Published: November 2022

Background

Vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS) in girls presents with itching, dysuria, and constipation and may result in the loss of vulvar architecture. In patients with an ambiguous clinical presentation, reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) could be a helpful noninvasive diagnostic tool. The aim of this study was to describe the RCM characteristics of VLS and explore the clinical application value of RCM in therapeutic monitoring.

Methods

Sixteen patients with VLS were included in the study. All patients were periodically evaluated clinically with RCM, and different treatment regimens were given based on the patient's clinical appearances and RCM features.

Results

Some major key diagnostic features of VLS can be observed by RCM, including round to oval cyst‐like structures with medium‐to‐low‐refractive keratinoid substances (75%), thinning of the epidermal thickness (100%), destruction of the ring‐like structures around dermal papillae (100%), disorderly distributed coarse medium‐refractive fibrous material (100%),polygonal, plump, high‐refractive cellular structures and linear low‐refractive canalicular structures (100%). All of these characteristics had a high correspondence with histopathological features. The clinical manifestations improved after individualized treatment regimens based on the clinical appearances and RCM features.

Conclusion

RCM allows the visualization of major key diagnostic features of VLS and represents a valid option for objective therapeutic monitoring.
The novel HLA‐B*15:644 allele, identified by Sanger dideoxy nucleotide sequencing in a Chinese individual
Authors: Shi Zhuo‐yue , Zheng Zhong‐zheng , Du Ke‐ming , Wu Gong‐qiang , Zhao Yan‐min
Published: November 2022

HLA‐B*15:644 differs from HLA‐B*15:17:01:02 by one nucleotide in exon 4.
Fungal infection and colonization in lung transplant recipients with chronic lung allograft dysfunction
Authors: Pennington Kelly M. , Aversa Meghan , Martinu Tereza , Johnson Bradley , Husain Shahid
Published: November 2022

Background

The incidence and impact of de novo fungal airway colonization and infection in lung transplant recipients (LTRs) with known chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) has not been established. We aimed to determine the 1‐year cumulative incidence and risk factors of de novo fungal colonization or infection in LTRs with CLAD and assess the impact of colonization or infection on post‐CLAD survival.

Methods

Prospectively collected Toronto Lung Transplant Program database and chart review were used for double‐LTRs who were diagnosed with CLAD from January 1, 2016 to January 1, 2020 and who were free of airway fungi within 1 year prior to CLAD onset. International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation definitions were used to define clinical syndromes. Cox‐Proportional Hazards Models were used for risk‐factor analysis. Survival analysis could not be completed secondary to low number of fungal events; therefore, descriptive statistics were employed for survival outcomes.

Results

We found 186 LTRs diagnosed with CLAD meeting our inclusion criteria. The 1‐year cumulative incidence for any fungal event was 11.8% (7.0% for infection and 4.8% for colonization). Aspergillus fumigatus was a causative pathogen in eight of 13 (61.5%) patients with infection and six of nine (66.7%) patients with colonization. No patients with fungal colonization post‐CLAD developed fungal infection. Peri‐CLAD diagnosis (3 months prior or 1 month after) methylprednisolone bolus (hazards ratio: 8.84, p = .001) increased the risk of fungal events. Most patients diagnosed with fungal infections (53.8%) died within 1‐year of CLAD onset.

Conclusion

De novo IFIs and fungal colonization following CLAD onset were not common. Fungal colonization did not lead to fungal infection. Methylprednisolone bolus was a significant risk factors for post‐CLAD fungal events.

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Dynamic and fluctuating generation of hydrogen peroxide via photorespiratory metabolic channeling in plants
Authors: Li Xiangyang , Liao Mengmeng , Huang Jiayu , Chen Linru , Huang Haiyin , Wu Kaixin , Pan Qing , Zhang Zhisheng , Peng Xinxiang
Published: November 2022

The homeostasis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a key regulator of basic biological processes, is a result of the cooperation between its generation and scavenging. However, the mechanistic basis of this balance is not fully understood. We previously proposed that the interaction between glycolate oxidase (GLO) and catalase (CAT) may serve as a molecular switch that modulates H2O2 levels in plants. In this study, we demonstrate that the GLO–CAT complex in plants exists in different states, which are dynamically interchangeable in response to various stimuli, typically salicylic acid (SA), at the whole‐plant level. More crucially, changes in the state of the complex were found to be closely linked to peroxisomal H2O2 fluctuations, which were independent of the membrane‐associated NADPH oxidase. Furthermore, evidence suggested that H2O2 channeling occurred even in vitro when GLO and CAT worked cooperatively. These results demonstrate that dynamic changes in H2O2 levels are physically created via photorespiratory metabolic channeling in plants, and that such H2O2 fluctuations may serve as signals that are mechanistically involved in the known functions of photorespiratory H2O2. In addition, our study also revealed a new way for SA to communicate with H2O2 in plants.
The trade‐GDP ratio as a measure of openness
Authors: Bleaney Michael , Tian Mo
Published: November 2022

The ratio of trade to GDP is often used as a summary measure of a country's openness to the rest of the world. It is well‐known that the trade–GDP ratio is affected by relatively time‐invariant factors, such as country size and remoteness from trading partners, that can largely be controlled for in cross‐country panels by using country fixed effects. It is shown here that there are also other important, time‐varying influences on the trade‐GDP ratio that have been little investigated, such as the prices of commodity exports and imports, the real effective exchange rate, and the ratio of investment to GDP. These factors are shown to be significant, and not only in the short run, and need to be taken into account in estimating the long‐run effects of transport costs or trade policy on the trade/GDP ratio.
CT features of malignant tubular genital tract tumors in seven goats
Authors: Collins‐Webb Alexandra G. , Löhr Christiane V. , Stieger‐Vanegas Susanne M.
Published: November 2022

Neoplasia of the tubular genital tract in goats, while rarely described, is most commonly reported as uterine adenocarcinoma, leiomyoma, or leiomyosarcoma. In this retrospective, single‐center, case series, medical records were searched for goats with a computed tomography (CT) diagnosis of tubular genital mass and a definitive histologic (surgical biopsy or necropsy) diagnosis of malignant neoplasia. Data recorded from CT images were presence of peritoneal/retroperitoneal fluid, urinary tract obstruction, abdominal lymphadenomegaly, additional abdominal nodules/masses, and pulmonary nodules. For masses, maximum cross‐sectional area, contrast enhancement, and uterine luminal fluid accumulation were also recorded. Seven goats met the inclusion criteria (leiomyosarcoma n = 5, adenocarcinoma n = 2). Both goats with adenocarcinoma had upper urinary tract obstruction, moderate to severe regional lymphadenopathy, peritoneal fluid, and peritoneal or hepatic nodules/masses; one goat with adenocarcinoma was discharged and subsequently euthanized, and the other had palliative mass debulking and was lost to follow up. Goats with leiomyosarcoma had infrequent, mild peritoneal fluid and mild sublumbar lymphadenopathy. Of the goats with leiomyosarcoma, two were euthanized at or near the time of CT imaging, two were euthanized at the time of surgery due to perceived mass non‐resectability, and one had mass regression approximately four months post ovariohysterectomy but was subsequently lost to follow up. Five goats had pulmonary nodules, three of which had pathologic confirmation (pulmonary metastasis in a single patient with adenocarcinoma, and lungworm granulomas in two goats with leiomyosarcoma). Severe sublumbar lymphadenopathy and obstructive uropathy were sequelae in the two caprine patients with genital adenocarcinoma, and in none with leiomyosarcoma.
A guide to using technological applications to facilitate systematic reviews
Authors: Gibbs Karen DiValerio , Loveless Jennifer , Crane Stacey
Published: November 2022

Background

A systematic review (SR) synthesizes evidence in a reproducible way and informs evidence‐based decision‐making. SRs are time‐intensive, particularly with respect to staying organized, maintaining records, and managing different phases of the process. Although there are numerous methodological guides to lead researchers in the approach to SRs to minimize bias and enhance rigor, there is less focus on technological approaches that can make the SR process easier for researchers.

Aim

To guide researchers through the currently available technological applications that can assist with the SR process and synthesis of scientific literature.

Methodology

Key ways that technological applications can facilitate the SR process are examined.

Results

Specific applications are discussed and stratified by their support of one or multiple phases of the systematic review process. Key features, strengths, and limitations are provided for technological applications that support the SR process.

Linking Evidence to Action

This paper guides researchers in different ways technology can support SRs. Through use of these applications, the researcher can complete SRs in a timely manner and manage the process effectively.
Digital Archaeological Archiving Policies and Practice in Europe: the EAC perspective
Authors: Novak David , Oniszczuk Agnieszka , Gumbert B
Published: November 2022

This article discusses the results of the recent European digital archiving survey, together with related analysis, interpretations and recommendations for policy makers.
Experimental Study of Effect of Injection Timing on Port Fuel Injection Gasoline, Port Fuel Injection Compressed Natural Gas, and Direct Injection Compressed Natural Gas Engine Performance, Combustion, and Emissions Characteristics
Authors: Sahoo Sridhar , Srivastava Dhananjay Kumar
Published: November 2022

Compressed natural gas (CNG) has gained popularity due to its wide availability, higher efficiency, and lower emissions compared to gasoline. However, the lower flame speed characteristics of CNG with conventional port injection reduce the CNG engine volumetric efficiency and power output. CNG's lower gas jet momentum during a low load operation creates a non-uniform air-fuel mixture that affects ignition and combustion quality. Direct injection of CNG with optimum injection timing is expected to improve volumetric efficiency, ignition quality, and combustion process. In this study, a comparative study on the effect of end-of-injection (EOI) timing on volumetric efficiency, thermal efficiency, combustion duration, and emissions was carried out in a single-cylinder port fuel injection (PFI) spark-ignition engine using gasoline and CNG, and direct injection (DI) spark ignition engine using CNG. The experiments were performed at two-part load operations of 20% and 40% throttle at 900 and 1500 rpm. Experimental results indicate that the PFI CNG engine is more influential in EOI timing than gasoline engines. The performance of the PFI CNG engine is improved when the injection occurs during the intake valve open period compared to the closed valve period with higher thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency, and indicated mean effective power (IMEP). A shorter flame development angle and combustion duration were observed when EOI timing was in the open intake valve condition. DI CNG improved volumetric efficiency at advanced EOI timing compared to the PFI CNG engine. However, the combustion process is critically dependent on injection timing and air-fuel mixing duration. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulation was conducted to evaluate the effect of advanced and retarded EOI timing on DI CNG engine's in-cylinder turbulent kinetic energy development and in-cylinder equivalence ratio near the ignition point. An excess advanced EOI timing resulted in stratified rich and retarded EOI timing results in loss of turbulence energy, leading to a slightly rich and lean mixture for advanced and retarded EOI timing, respectively. Hence, an optimum EOI timing provides a conducive environment to initiate the combustion and flame front propagation. Further, advanced EOI timing was required at higher throttle opening and engine speed. The emissions in DI CNG were also greatly affected by EOI timing.
Controlling Damage Evolution in Geometrically Identical Cold Forged Parts by Counterpressure
Authors: Gitschel Robin , Hering Oliver , Schulze André , Erman Tekkaya A.
Published: November 2022

It is investigated to what extent the evolution of ductile damage in cold forging can be controlled without changing the geometry of the produced part. Besides the effects of strain hardening and residual stresses, damage, which is the nucleation, growth and coalescence of voids on microscopic level, affects product properties of the manufactured components such as fatigue strength, impact strength, or elastic stiffness. Former investigations have shown that the load path-dependent damage evolution in forward rod extrusion, and thus, the performance of produced parts can be controlled by the process parameters extrusion strain and shoulder opening angle. As these parameters also affect the geometry of extruded parts, design requirements of components might be violated by varying these. Thus, counterpressure is used to superpose purely hydrostatic stresses to forward rod extrusion in order to decrease triaxiality in the forming zone without causing geometric variations in the produced parts. The counterpressure is either introduced by a counterpunch or by modified process routes. The achieved improvements in product performance are in agreement with results obtained by variation of extrusion strain and shoulder opening angle as described in the literature. In addition, it is observed in tensile tests that damage in cold extruded parts does not significantly affect flow stress. All advancements in product performance are realized without affecting the products’ geometries.
Large Eddy Simulation of Transitional Separated Flow Over a Low Reynolds Number Cambered Airfoil
Authors: Zilstra Alison , Johnson David A.
Published: November 2022

The accurate simulation of the aerodynamic behavior of low Reynolds number (Re) cambered airfoils requires the ability to capture the transitional separated boundary layer (BL) that occurs naturally on the surface of the airfoil. In this study, simulations are performed using a modern cambered airfoil designed for use in low Re applications, which are an advancement from previous studies using flat plate geometries or symmetric NACA airfoils. The cambered SD 7037 airfoil is simulated using wall-resolved large eddy simulation (LES) at a modest Re of 4.1×104 and at 1 deg, 5 deg, and 7 deg angles of attack (AOAs), with results validated against experimental data. Simulated predictions of pressure and skin friction coefficients clearly capture the correct location of the laminar separated bubble (LSB) which forms during the natural BL transition process. Sensitivity to elevated inflow turbulence is found to cause early BL reattachment at higher AOAs without impacting the location of BL separation. An integral BL analysis verifies the accuracy of the simulated velocity profiles against experimental values. The scale of horseshoe structures visualized in the transitional BL is larger in comparison to airfoil chord length than what is seen in previous simulations at Re of the order of 105, which highlights the importance of investigating cambered airfoils at a modest Re.
Synthetic Image Assisted Deep Learning Framework for Detecting Defects During Composite Sheet Layup
Authors: Manyar Omey M. , Cheng Junyan , Levine Reuben , Krishnan Vihan , Barbič Jernej , Gupta Satyandra K.
Published: November 2022

Automation of high-performance manufacturing processes such as prepreg composite layup has been gaining a lot of interest lately. Reliable and accurate defect detection methods play a crucial role in the automation of such processes to maintain the desired quality. The composite prepreg layup process involves manipulation of sheet-like material. Traditional machine vision-based defect detection techniques are inept in detecting defects for such complex processes due to the nature of the defects. Advanced defect detection techniques enabled by deep learning are the key for such applications. However, Deep learning usually requires an enormous amount of physical images of the process which is infeasible in high-mix manufacturing applications. In this paper, we resolve the data generation problem for deep learning by presenting an approach where with a combination of finite element-based simulation and advanced graphics techniques we generate a dataset of photorealistic images of the defects. Approximately, 10000 synthetic images are generated and combined with around 1000 images of real sheets to train a ResNeSt-based deep learning model. We have also devised an efficient 2-stage methodology for training the deep learning network to detect wrinkle-like defects. With the trained model and data augmentation techniques, our method can achieve a mean Average Precision (mAP) of 0.98 on actual production data for detecting defects. The code and the entire dataset are available at: https://github.com/RROS-Lab/DeepSynthDefectDetector.
A Scalable Graph Learning Approach to Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem Using Capsule Networks and Attention Mechanism
Authors: Paul Steve , Chowdhury Souma
Published: November 2022

This paper introduces a new graph neural network architecture for learning solutions of Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problems (CVRP) as policies over graphs. CVRP serves as an important benchmark for a wide range of combinatorial planning problems, which can be adapted to manufacturing, robotics and fleet planning applications. Here, the specific aim is to demonstrate the significant real-time executability and (beyond training) scalability advantages of the new graph learning approach over existing solution methods. While partly drawing motivation from recent graph learning methods that learn to solve CO problems such as multi-Traveling Salesman Problem (mTSP) and VRP, the proposed neural architecture presents a novel encoder-decoder architecture. Here the encoder is based on Capsule networks, which enables better representation of local and global information with permutation invariant node embeddings; and the decoder is based on the Multi-head attention (MHA) mechanism allowing sequential decisions. This architecture is trained using a policy gradient Reinforcement Learning process. The performance of our approach is favorably compared with state-of-the-art learning and non-learning methods for a benchmark suite of Capacitated-VRP (CVRP) problems. A further study on the CVRP with demand uncertainties is conducted to explore how this Capsule-Attention Mechanism architecture can be extended to handle real-world uncertainties by embedding them through the encoder.
Hall Effect Sensor Design Optimization With Multi-Physics Informed Gaussian Process Modeling
Authors: Xu Yanwen , Zheng Zhuoyuan , Arora Kanika , Senesky Debbie G. , Wang Pingfeng
Published: November 2022

Magnetic field sensor devices have been widely used to track changes in magnetic flux concentration, and the Hall sensors are promising in many engineering applications. Design optimization of the Hall effect sensor is required to ensure the quality and capability of the device when in service. Even though there has been empirical models established from experiments to guide the design of the Hall effect sensor, the underlying relationship in Hall effect sensor design parameters and corresponding performances has not been looked into thoroughly. This paper presents a physics-informed machine learning technique to optimize the geometry design of Hall magnetic sensors for a low offset and high sensitivity characteristic. Multi-physics based finite element models were first developed to simulate and predict the Hall voltage, offset voltage and sensor sensitivity of different Hall effect sensors with various geometries. In addition, to improve the design efficiency, Gaussian Process (GP) based surrogate models were constructed from multiphysics-based simulation results to effectively investigate the Hall sensor performances with an adaptive sampling strategy. Three types of geometries of Hall sensor were studied and optimized with the proposed physics-informed GP model, the obtained results were consistent with the empirical experimental result.
Exploring the Perceived Complexity of 3d Shapes: Towards a Spatial Visualization VR Application
Authors: Busheska Angela , Lopez Christian
Published: November 2022

The objective of this work is to explore the perceived complexity of 3D shapes used in spatial visualization tasks and leverage Machine Learning to create a model that can predictthis perceived complexity using the visual features of the shapes. This could help automate the process of generating 3D shapes for a Virtual Reality (VR) application designed to help develop spatial visualization skills. Spatial visualization skills are important skills needed in the STEM fields. While VR has been used to help develop these skills, most of the existing applications do not necessarily tailor their content to the skills level of individuals. Automatically generating shapes can help VR applications tailor spatial visualization tasks to the skills level of users. However, in order to do this, it is important to first understand how humans perceive the complexity of 3D shapes, and how this relates to their performance in spatial visualization tasks. The results of this work indicate that while participants perceived complexity of 3D shapes is correlated to their performance in spatial visualization tasks that use the same 3D shapes, this perceived complexity by itself is not enough to predict their performance in such tasks. Moreover, the results indicate that certain visual features of 3D shapes can help explain the perceived complexity of the shape as well as the performance of individuals in spatial visualization tasks that implement those 3D shapes.
Perspectives on Component Downsizing in Electro-Hydraulic Variable-Speed Drive Networks
Authors: Schmidt Lasse , Ketelsen Søren , Hansen Kenneth Vorbøl
Published: November 2022

The field of electro-hydraulic variable-speed drive technology is expanding, and application areas are increasing across both stationary and mobile industry segments. Developments have mainly concerned standalone drives, and the effective compensation of asymmetric volume variation in cylinders, fully closed circuit functionalities and so forth. In multi-cylinder systems, conventional valve-controlled drives supplied by centralized power units, provide for flexible power distribution among cylinders but generally suffer from poor efficiencies. On the contrary, standalone electro-hydraulic variable-speed drives provide much improved efficiency in comparison, but suffer from inflexible power distribution necessitating maximum cylinder power to be installed for each actuator, hence resulting in potentially high cost levels. Component downsizing potentials of electro-hydraulic variable-speed drive systems with multiple cylinders have only been considered to a minor extend at this point. In this area, recently introduced electro-hydraulic variable-speed drive networks allow for a more flexible distribution of hydraulic power compared to standalone drives, while providing efficiencies on a similar level. Furthermore, such drive networks may eliminate the necessity for various auxiliary valves and potentially allow to reduce the number of variable-speed drives to be installed compared to standalone solutions. The study presented aims to demonstrate that components in electro-hydraulic variable-speed drive networks may be substantially reduced compared to standalone drive systems, via considerations on the dimensioning load cycles for a given application. A case study on a crane application is used to exemplify the downsizing potential, and results here demonstrate a reduction in the required installed power of up to 25% compared to standalone solutions.
Sideband peak count-index technique for monitoring multiple cracks in plate structures using ordinary state-based peri-ultrasound theory
Authors: Zhang Guangdong , Li Xiongbing , Zhang Shuzeng , Kundu Tribikram
Published: November 2022

This work presents a peri-ultrasound theory based on ordinary state-based peridynamics for modeling elastic waves propagating in three-dimensional (3-D) plate structures and interacting with multiple cracks. A recently developed nonlinear ultrasonic technique called sideband peak count-index (or SPC-I) is adopted for monitoring one or more cracks with thickness values equal to 0 mm (crack-free), 1, 2, and 4 mm. Three separate scenarios—one crack, two cracks, and four cracks in 3-D plate structures—are investigated. These cracks can be classified as thin and thick cracks depending on the horizon size, which is mentioned in peri-ultrasound theory. Computed results for all three cases show larger SPC-I values for thin cracks than for thick cracks and the case of no cracks. This observation is in line with the previously reported results in the literature and proves that the state-based peri-ultrasound theory can capture the expected nonlinear response of elastic waves interacting with multiple cracks without changing the cracks' surface locations artificially, and this is always needed in most of the other numerical methods. The proposed state-based peri-ultrasound theory is more flexible and reliable for solving 3-D problems, and the out-of-plane wave field can be obtained for engineering analysis.
Piezo1 regulates the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscles via orchestration of stem cell morphological states
Authors: Ma Nuoying , Chen Delia , Lee Ji-Hyung , Kuri Paola , Hernandez Edward Blake , Kocan Jacob , Mahmood Hamd , Tichy Elisia D. , Rompolas Panteleimon , Mourkioti Foteini
Published: November 2022

Muscle stem cells (MuSCs) are essential for tissue homeostasis and regeneration, but the potential contribution of MuSC morphology to in vivo function remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that quiescent MuSCs are morphologically heterogeneous and exhibit different patterns of cellular protrusions. We classified quiescent MuSCs into three functionally distinct stem cell states: responsive, intermediate, and sensory. We demonstrate that the shift between different stem cell states promotes regeneration and is regulated by the sensing protein Piezo1. Pharmacological activation of Piezo1 is sufficient to prime MuSCs toward more responsive cells. Piezo1 deletion in MuSCs shifts the distribution toward less responsive cells, mimicking the disease phenotype we find in dystrophic muscles. We further demonstrate that Piezo1 reactivation ameliorates the MuSC morphological and regenerative defects of dystrophic muscles. These findings advance our fundamental understanding of how stem cells respond to injury and identify Piezo1 as a key regulator for adjusting stem cell states essential for regeneration.
Somatosensory cortical signature of facial nociception and vibrotactile touch–induced analgesia
Authors: Lu Jinghao , Chen Bin , Levy Manuel , Xu Peng , Han Bao-Xia , Takatoh Jun , Thompson P. M. , He Zhigang , Prevosto Vincent , Wang Fan
Published: November 2022

Pain relief by vibrotactile touch is a common human experience. Previous neurophysiological investigations of its underlying mechanism in animals focused on spinal circuits, while human studies suggested the involvement of supraspinal pathways. Here, we examine the role of primary somatosensory cortex (S1) in touch-induced mechanical and heat analgesia. We found that, in mice, vibrotactile reafferent signals from self-generated whisking significantly reduce facial nociception, which is abolished by specifically blocking touch transmission from thalamus to the barrel cortex (S1B). Using a signal separation algorithm that can decompose calcium signals into sensory-evoked, whisking, or face-wiping responses, we found that the presence of whisking altered nociceptive signal processing in S1B neurons. Analysis of S1B population dynamics revealed that whisking pushes the transition of the neural state induced by noxious stimuli toward the outcome of non-nocifensive actions. Thus, S1B integrates facial tactile and noxious signals to enable touch-mediated analgesia.
Single-digit-micrometer-resolution continuous liquid interface production
Authors: Hsiao Kaiwen , Lee Brian J. , Samuelsen Tim , Lipkowitz Gabriel , Kronenfeld Jason M. , Ilyn Dan , Shih Audrey , Dulay Maria T. , Tate Lee , Shaqfeh Eric S. G. , DeSimone Joseph M.
Published: November 2022

To date, a compromise between resolution and print speed has rendered most high-resolution additive manufacturing technologies unscalable with limited applications. By combining a reduction lens optics system for single-digit-micrometer resolution, an in-line camera system for contrast-based sharpness optimization, and continuous liquid interface production (CLIP) technology for high scalability, we introduce a single-digit-micrometer-resolution CLIP-based 3D printer that can create millimeter-scale 3D prints with single-digit-micrometer-resolution features in just a few minutes. A simulation model is developed in parallel to probe the fundamental governing principles in optics, chemical kinetics, and mass transport in the 3D printing process. A print strategy with tunable parameters informed by the simulation model is adopted to achieve both the optimal resolution and the maximum print speed. Together, the high-resolution 3D CLIP printer has opened the door to various applications including, but not limited to, biomedical, MEMS, and microelectronics.
Chimera states among synchronous fireflies
Authors: Sarfati Raphaël , Peleg Orit
Published: November 2022

Systems of oscillators often converge to a state of synchrony when sufficiently interconnected. Twenty years ago, the mathematical analysis of models of coupled oscillators revealed the possibility for complex phases that exhibit a coexistence of synchronous and asynchronous clusters, known as “chimera states.” Beyond their recurrence in theoretical models, chimeras have been observed under specifically designed experimental conditions, yet their emergence in nature has remained elusive. Here, we report evidence for the occurrence of chimeras in a celebrated realization of natural synchrony: fireflies. In video recordings of
Photuris frontalis
fireflies, we observe, within a single swarm, the spontaneous emergence of different groups flashing with the same periodicity but with a constant delay between them. From the three-dimensional reconstruction of the swarm, we demonstrate that these states are stable over time and spatially intertwined. We discuss the implications of these findings on the synergy between mathematical models and collective behavior.