bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermal convection and radiation in a rotating cabinet with time-dependent heat-generated solid element and heat-conducting solid walls
Authors: Mikhailenko Stepan , Ghalambaz Mohammad , Sheremet Mikhail A.
Published: February 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to study numerically the simulation of convective–radiative heat transfer under an effect of variable thermally generating source in a rotating square chamber. The performed analysis deals with a development of passive cooling system for the electronic devices.

Design/methodology/approach

The domain of interest of size H rotating at a fixed angular velocity has heat-conducting solid walls with a constant cooling temperature for the outer boundaries of the vertical walls and with thermal insulation for the outer borders of the horizontal walls. The chamber has a heater on the bottom wall with a time-dependent volumetric heat generation. The internal surfaces of the walls and the energy element are both grey diffusive emitters and reflectors. The fluid is transparent to radiation. Computational model has been written using non-dimensional parameters and worked out by the finite difference technique. The effect of the angular velocity, volumetric heat generation frequency and surface emissivity has been studied and described in detail.

Findings

The results show that growth of the surface emissivity leads to a diminution of the mean heater temperature, while a weak rotation can improve the energy transport for low volumetric thermal generation frequency.

Originality/value

An efficient computational approach has been used to work out this problem. The originality of this work is to analyze complex (conductive–convective–radiative) energy transport in a rotating system with a local element of time-dependent volumetric heat generation. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, an interaction of major heat transfer mechanisms in a rotating system with a heat-generating element is scrutinized for the first time. The results would benefit scientists and engineers to become familiar with the analysis of complex heat transfer in rotating enclosures with internal heat-generating units, and the way to predict the heat transfer rate in advanced technical systems, in industrial sectors including transportation, power generation, chemical sectors and electronics.
Soft computing for availability optimization of a crushing system of sugar plant using PSO
Authors: Aggarwal Anil Kr. , Kumar Amit
Published: February 2021

Purpose

In this paper, the objective is to perform mathematical modeling to optimize the steady-state availability of a multi-state repairable crushing system of a sugar plant using the evolutionary algorithm of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The system availability is optimized by evaluating the optimal values of failure and repair rate parameters concerned with the subsystem of the system.

Design/methodology/approach

Mathematical modeling of the multi-state repairable system is performed to develop the first-order differential equations based on the exponential distribution of the failure and repair rates. These differential equations are recursively solved to obtain the availability under normalizing conditions. The availability of the system is optimized by using the PSO algorithm. The results obtained by PSO are validated by using the Genetic Algorithm (GA).

Findings

The availability analysis of the system concludes that the cane preparation (F1) is critical of the crushing system and the optimized availability of the system using PSO is achieved as high as 87.12%.

Originality/value

A crushing system of the sugar plant is evaluated as it is the main system of the sugar plant. The maintenance data associated with failure and repair rate parameters were analyzed with the help of maintenance records/logbook and by conducting personal meetings with maintenance executives of the plant. The results obtained in the paper helped them to plan maintenance strategies accordingly to get optimal system availability.
Studying approaches: samples in China, Kuwait, and USA
Authors: Fusilier Marcelline , Bhuyan Rafiqul , Russell John , Lin Shan , Yang Shuai
Published: February 2021

Purpose

Student approaches to studying were explored in business courses with samples in China, Kuwait and the USA. Information on approaches to studying is critical as delivery and content of educational practices are increasingly adapted to different world regions.

Design/methodology/approach

The Revised Approaches to Studying Inventory (RASI) was administered to address the extent to which students focused studying on deep learning of concepts, surface learning/memorization of material or strategic maximization of grades.

Findings

Results suggested (1) acceptable reliability for the RASI scales, (2) higher mean scores on deep, surface and strategic approaches for the Kuwait versus the China or USA samples, and (3) an interaction effect between country sample and strategic studying on the dependent variable of reported grade point average.

Originality/value

The research focuses on student initiative in the educational process. Also, comparative evidence from the Middle Eastern context is provided. This area has received relatively little attention in the literature.
Siting refugee camps in mainland Greece using geographic information systems-based multi-criteria decision-making
Authors: Denekos Sotirios N. , Koutsoukis Nikitas-Spiros , Fakiolas Efstathios T. , Konstantopoulos Ioannis , Rachaniotis Nikolaos P.
Published: February 2021

Purpose

Refugee camps are not easily welcomed by local communities. The purpose of this paper is to outline a structured approach to support the decision-making process for siting refugee camps in mainland Greece using multiple criteria, including local opposition. A suitability analysis generates a list of potential sites and a multiple criteria evaluation is applied. The motivation is the development of a methodology that can support choices and policies regarding the refugee camps siting problem, incorporating the need to address local opposition.

Design/methodology/approach

The proposed methodology combines geographic information systems (GIS) with multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques. These are used to develop a location classification and ranking model based on related criteria and subcriteria, attributes and weights. The region of Peloponnese in Greece is selected as a case study to validate the approach.

Findings

The lack of predefined candidate sites for refugee camps necessitates, initially, tackling a site search problem to generate a pool of potential sites through a suitability analysis. Subsequently, using the GIS the pool yields a subset of potential sites, satisfying all the criteria to setup a refugee camp. Through the current analysis the suitability of the single existing refugee camp site in Peloponnese can be evaluated. Finally, a “with and without” analysis, excluding the social criterion, depicts the changes in the candidate sites pool and their scores.

Research limitations/implications

There is a lack of relevant literature taking into account the local opposition or sociopolitical implications as decision criteria. The selection of the appropriate criteria is a complex process that involves the cooperation of many experts. The main criteria, subcriteria and their attributes were determined according to existing literature and authors' informed judgment.

Originality/value

The proposed methodology can help decision-makers to setup a decision-making system and process for identifying refugee camps' sites using multiple criteria, including local opposition.
Investigating the impact of knowledge sharing system on workplace deviance: a moderated mediated process model in Indian IT sector
Authors: Malik Pooja , Malik Parul
Published: February 2021

Purpose

This study aims to ascertain the impact of perceived knowledge sharing systems on destructive and constructive deviance through employee engagement. Also, this study explores the moderating role of perceived organizational support (POS).

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected from 403 entry-level IT employees. Structural equation modeling and PROCESS macro by Preacher and Hayes were used to examine the proposed hypotheses.

Findings

Results specified a significant impact of perceived knowledge sharing systems on employee engagement, which in turn, exhibited a negative relationship with a destructive and positive relationship with constructive deviance, respectively. Results revealed that employee engagement significantly mediated the relationship between perceived knowledge sharing systems and destructive and constructive deviance. Concerning moderating role of POS, it was found that at a high level of POS, the effect of knowledge sharing systems on employee engagement was significant in a positive direction and reached its highest level. Finally, for moderated mediation, results only supported the indirect effects of knowledge sharing systems on destructive deviance through employee engagement at different levels of POS.

Research limitations/implications

This study infers that IT organizations must implement measures to enhance employee engagement and POS by investing in embedded knowledge sharing systems. This will not only cater to the customized needs of employees but will also reduce destructive deviance and stimulate constructive deviance.

Originality/value

Given a few studies integrating workplace deviance, this is the first study that proposes an integrated process model to overcome destructive and stimulate constructive deviance among IT employees by assessing the role of knowledge sharing systems as an antecedent, employee engagement as a mediator and POS as a moderating variable.
Feedback effects of economic growth on innovation: a country-level empirical study
Authors: Thangavelu Senthilkumar , Gunasekar Sangeetha , Jyotishi Amalendu
Published: February 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to understand the nature of the feedback effects of economic growth on innovation. The question is whether the economies with higher levels of endowments have a declining feedback effect of income on innovation and contribute to the development of effective innovation policies are raised.

Design/methodology/approach

This study hypothesizes that innovation input’s response to economic growth in terms of income is an inverted “U” shaped path, whereas the innovation output’s response to income is positive and asymptotic. This paper uses the global innovation index data of 154 countries over the period 2013–2017 on innovation and gross domestic product for the analysis using the fixed-effect regression models.

Findings

The results confirmed the inverted U shaped relationship in the line of Kuznets’s curve for innovation input and that of negative slope and asymptotic behaviour for innovation output.

Research limitations/implications

In this study, the analysis performed using the global innovation index 2013–2017 data. This study can be extended at each factor level to understand this phenomenon in depth with more data and to help in improving the innovation policies for the betterment of the economic growth.

Practical implications

This study suggests that developed countries need to guard against complacency in their innovation efforts because of the asymptotic nature exhibited through the effective development of innovation policies. The developing economies can look forward to establishing themselves in the domains of innovation input through imitation of technologies.

Originality/value

This paper extends the study of feedback effects of economic growth on innovation. This study brings out the nature of feedback effects of economic growth on input innovation and output innovation activities. The results show a declining feedback effect of income on innovation in economies with a higher level of endowments and highlight the inclusion of feedback effects of economic activities on the innovation while designing the innovation and economic policies of a country.
Effect of different temperature distribution on multi-stack BGA package
Authors: Tung Lun Hao , Ng Fei Chong , Abas Aizat , Abdullah M.Z. , Samsudin Zambri , Tura Ali Mohd Yusuf
Published: February 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to determine the optimum set of temperatures through correlation study to attain the most effective capillary flow of underfill in a multi-stack ball grid array (BGA) chip device.

Design/methodology/approach

Finite volume method is implemented in the simulation. A three-layer multi-stack BGA is modeled to simulate the underfill flow. The simulated models were well validated with the previous experimental work on underfill process.

Findings

The completion filling time shows high regression R-squared value of up to 0.9918, which indicates a substantial acceleration on the underfill process because of incorporation of thermal delta. An introduction of 11 °C thermal delta to the multi-stacks BGA managed to reduce the filling time by up to 16.4%.

Practical implications

Temperature-induced capillary flow is a relatively new type of driven underfill designed specifically for package on package BGA components. Its simple implementation can further improve the productivity of existing underfill process in the industry that is desirable in reducing the process lead time.

Originality/value

The effect of temperature-induced capillary flow in underfill encapsulation on multi-stacks BGA by means of statistical correlation study is a relatively new topic, which has never been reported in any other research according to the authors’ knowledge.
Predicting future diseases based on existing health status using link prediction
Authors: Shabaz Mohammad , Garg Urvashi
Published: February 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to predict future diseases based on existing health status using link prediction and explores how long the link survives.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors aimed to compare SULP with other approaches of link prediction especially DLS and try to find which one is better on parameters like AUROC and precision over disease–disease network data set. The implementation is done over MATLAB.

Findings

The authors have found that on the parameters such as AUROC and precision, SULP performs better. The AUROC value of SULP is 0.9805 and lies in between the standard value of 0.5 and 1 and precision value is 0.76.

Originality/value

The approach is novel and is applicable on almost every type of network model.
Parental involvement in the education of their children with disabilities in primary schools of Bahir Dar, Ethiopia: Do education, income and employment status matter?
Authors: Wondim Mebrat G. , Asrat Getahun Dawit , Golga Dawit Negassa
Published: February 2021

This study explored the extent of parental involvement (PI) in the education of children with disabilities (CwDs), focusing on the influence of parents’ socio‐economic status (SES) on their involvement, and guided by Epstein’s PI framework. Data were collected using a questionnaire designed to measure six dimensions of PI from 143 parents (n = 143) and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Analysis revealed that among the six dimensions (parenting, communicating, volunteering, learning at home, decision‐making and collaborating) 'parenting' is more prevalent than others. Further ranking of the means of dimensions proved that parental participation in ‘parenting’ was the top‐ranked one, while the ‘decision‐making’ and ‘volunteering’ were the lower ranked dimensions. Significant differences were observed in PI based on employment and income status. However, no significant difference in PI was found for parents at different levels of education. Thus, irrespective of SES, the study found parents appeared to have minimal involvement in their child’s education. Similarities and divergence from previous research are highlighted. Educative programmes designed to help parents discharge their multifaceted responsibilities and support their child's education is a key recommendation.
Transitioning towards inclusion: a triangulated view of the role of educational assistants
Authors: Bennett Sheila , Gallagher Tiffany , Somma Monique , White Rebecca
Published: February 2021

The current work employs the use of multiple lenses to illuminate the integral role of the Educational Assistant (EA) in a Canadian school district’s transition from a segregated to inclusive service delivery model for students with special needs. Often compatible, but also distinctive viewpoints and understandings shape the role of EA in this journey towards inclusive practice in the context of a district that deployed Inclusion Coaches to support educators over the course of five years. Through deductive analysis, qualitative data (interviews, focus groups, blog‐style reflections) were analysed from EAs (n = 6), elementary and secondary school teachers (n = 31), and Inclusion Coaches (n = 13). Findings indicated that the voices of EAs, teachers, and Inclusion Coaches all align on three main themes: necessity of collaboration among educators, coordinated and dedicated time for programming and redefining relationships within the inclusive model. During the transition from segregated classrooms to full inclusion, it is imperative that the role of the Educational Assistant (EA) is understood by administrators, teachers and the EAs themselves. With a more clearly delineated and mutually understood role, EAs and educators can develop collaborative relationships, working towards incorporating differentiation and supporting all students in a diverse learning and social community.
Duckweed protein supports the growth and organ development of mice: A feeding study comparison to conventional casein protein
Authors: Roman B. , Brennan R.A. , Lambert J.D.
Published: February 2021

As global population growth and meat consumption increases, sustainable alternatives to conventional protein‐rich fodder crops for livestock are needed to reduce negative environmental impacts. Duckweed, a small floating aquatic plant, can generate 5 to 10 times higher protein yields than conventional land‐grown crops. Although some in vivo feeding trials with duckweed have been conducted, those measuring animal weight are limited, and those examining organ development are nonexistent. To secure broad acceptance of new protein sources, such controlled studies are critical. This study measured the food intake, growth, and final organ and adipose tissue mass of male CF‐1 mice fed a semi‐purified diet containing casein or diets in which 10% or 25% of the casein was replaced with duckweed protein (DWP). Proximate analysis showed that the DWP preparation used contained 39.9% protein (w/w), and contained all of the essential amino acids with Met as the limiting amino acid. The average growth rates were not significantly different among the treatment groups: 0.21 g/day; 0.24 g/day; and 0.25 g/day for the control, 10%, and 25% DWP protein diets, respectively. The daily food intake of both DWP diets was 6.5% to 8.0% higher than the control diet, but feeding efficiency did not differ among diets. The relative weight of the liver, spleen, kidneys, heart, and epidydimal fat, and colon length were not significantly different between treatment groups. The results from this study show that replacement of up to 25% dietary casein with DWP has no adverse effects on the growth rate and final organ and adipose tissue weights of laboratory mice.

Practical Application

Duckweed can produce 5 to 10 times more protein per area than land‐grown crops such as soybean. In this study, up to a 25% replacement of casein with duckweed protein had no observable effect on the growth or organ development of laboratory mice. Thus, duckweed has the potential to be used as a protein supplement for livestock, poultry, and fish, thereby decreasing environmental impacts from land‐grown crops used for animal feed.
Blood T cell diversity associated with the prognosis of advanced non‐small cell lung carcinoma treated with first‐line pemetrexed based chemotherapy
Authors: Qian Li , Zhaohui Zhang , Yaping Xu , Zhentian Liu , Zhentao Liu , Qiqi Wang , Yangchun Gu , Yan'e Liu , Wencheng Yin , Fumei Yi , Yanhong Yao , Baoshan Cao , Li Liang
Published: February 2021

Background

The tumor microenvironment is associated with prognosis in advanced non‐small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between blood T cell diversity and survival of patients treated with pemetrexed‐based chemotherapy for nonsquamous NSCLC.

Methods

This prospective clinical study enrolled 26 patients with advanced NSCLC treated with 4–6 cycles of first‐line pemetrexed combined with platinum‐based therapy. The complementarity‐determining region 3 (CDR3) located in the T cell receptor beta chain (TCR β chain) was captured and deeply sequenced using next‐generation sequencing (NGS) technology, and the correlation between TCR changes and efficacy after chemotherapy was analyzed.

Results

Patients with an inferior quarter diversity index showed a significantly shorter progression‐free survival (PFS) than the others (median, 5.0 months vs. 8.1 months, P = 0.014). After two cycles of chemotherapy, the TCR diversity was significantly higher than the baseline (P = 0.034). Just as with the baseline, patients with an inferior quarter diversity index at the endpoint of cycle 2 showed a shorter progression‐free survival (PFS) than the others (median, 5.0 months vs. 8.4 months, P = 0.024).

Conclusions

In advanced NSCLC patients treated with first‐line pemetrexed combined with platinum, the low level of blood TCR diversity at baseline with an endpoint of two cycles of chemotherapy was correlated with a poor prognosis.
Durvalumab‐induced lesions of bronchiolitis and fully reversible bronchiectasis in a patient with non‐small cell lung cancer: A case report
Authors: Domblides Maël , Geier Margaux , Decroisette Chantal , Descourt Renaud
Published: February 2021

Durvalumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting programmed cell death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1), leading to an antitumor activity, used as consolidation therapy in patients with locally advanced unresectable non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Several immune‐related adverse events (irAEs) have previously been described in patients following treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). To the best of our knowledge, we report the first case of immunotherapy‐induced fully reversible bronchiolitis and bronchiectasis, despite the fact that its pathophysiological mechanism has been previously considered to be irreversible.
From unwanted squatters to good tenants: Ectosymbionts and their relationships with body condition of Atlantic Forest Passeriformes
Authors: Fratoni Rafael de Oliveira , De La Torre Gabriel Massaccesi , Freitas Fernando José Ferneda , Guaraldo André de Camargo , Manica Lilian Tonelli
Published: February 2021

Many organisms live in or on birds, with arthropods being the best studied ones. Ectosymbiotic arthropods may parasitise birds by feeding upon blood or feathers, thereby causing injury or competing for essential resources. Nevertheless, ectosymbionts sometimes cause no adverse effect to birds because they consume only excess preening oil, debris and microorganisms on feathers. The influence of these ectosymbionts on host body condition is still poorly understood, especially for species living in one of the most endangered biomes, the Atlantic Forest in South America. We tested for the relationships between ectosymbionts and host’s morphological traits: flight muscle condition, mass index and feather growth rate. We inspected the body surface of 282 individual birds of 45 understory‐dwelling species looking for ectosymbionts and estimated vane‐dwelling feather mite load in their remiges. We calculated ectosymbiont prevalence and mean infestation intensity in 193 individual birds from 11 species. In seven species (n = 106 individual birds), we tested for the relationship between ectosymbionts and morphological traits using generalised linear mixed models. We found a negative relationship between the presence of ectoparasites and the host pectoral muscle condition, supporting the parasitic nature of tissue‐feeding symbionts. Nevertheless, we found no relationship between vane‐dwelling feather mite loads and hosts’ morphological traits, which supports the hypothesis of likely commensalism between these organisms.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of active flying Diptera predators among different farmland habitats
Authors: Harterreiten‐Souza Érica S. , Togni Pedro H.B. , Capellari Renato S. , Bickel Daniel , Pujol‐Luz José R. , Sujii Edison R.
Published: February 2021

Farmland habitats comprise an arrangement of cropped, uncropped and natural vegetation among the farms. Despite the differences in these habitats' features, generalist highly mobile predators are more likely to explore them in time and space.

We investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics of the species of Dolichopodidae (Diptera) in organic vegetable farms because they are one of the most abundant generalist highly mobile predators in Brazilian agroecosystems.

We simultaneously sampled the abundance of Condylostylus Bigot and Chrysotus Loew adults (both Dolichopodidae) in the crop, fallow areas, agroforests and forest fragments within five organic farms for 2 years.

Predators preferred open‐field habitats to agroforests and forest fragments. Probably, open‐field habitats present more opportunities to prey foraging, resulting in higher population densities.

To the extent that abiotic conditions become more restrictive during the dry season, agroforests and forests act as breeding sites and shelter, thereby maintaining the predators' populations in the overall farmland habitat.

Both predatory genera occupy habitats with distinct features across time, forming a dynamic and contiguous population unit within the farm. Therefore, conservation biological control strategies in organic crops should consider the role of agroforests and forest fragments in species conservation beyond the plot level.
Effects of dried natto diet on the transcript levels of the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ, coactivator‐1α and ‐1β, and nuclear receptor corepressor 1 genes in laying hens
Authors: Seo Yuta , Kubota Takuya , Sudo Masami , Toda Naomi , Ogawa Yasuki , Miyaguchi Yuji
Published: February 2021

The effects of natto, a fermented soybean food, on transcript levels of hen peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ (PPARG), PPARG coactivator‐1α and −1β (PPARGC1A and PPARGC1B), and nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCOR1) were investigated using real‐time polymerase chain reaction in white leghorn (Julia strain) hens. Twenty‐one‐ and 34‐week‐old hens were fed a basic or 3% dried natto‐supplemented diet for 8 weeks. In the 21‐ and 34‐week‐old hens fed the natto‐supplemented diet, hepatic PPARGC1B and NCOR1 transcript levels and adipose and hepatic PPARG transcript levels were significantly lower, respectively, than those in the control group. Furthermore, 34‐ and 42‐week‐old hens were fed a basic diet supplemented with 3% of the protein/fiber‐enriched fraction (PFB) or 0.6% of the fat‐enriched fraction (FAT) of natto, respectively, for 8 weeks. Adipose PPARG transcript levels were higher in the FAT diet group and significantly lower in the PFB diet group than in the control group. However, both FAT and PFB diet groups showed significantly lower hepatic PPARG transcript levels than did the control group. These results suggest that dried natto influences the transcript levels of PPARG, PPARGC1B, and NCOR1, and the FAT and PFB of natto influence the adipose and hepatic PPARG transcript levels in hens.
Quality indicator selection for the Canadian Partnership against Cancer rectal cancer project: A modified Delphi study
Authors: Pooni Amandeep , Schmocker Selina , Brown Carl , MacLean Anthony , Hochman David , Williams Lara , Baxter Nancy , Simunovic Marko , Liberman Sender , Drolet Sébastien , Neumann Katerina , Jhaveri Kartik , Kirsch Richard , Kennedy Erin D.
Published: February 2021

Aim

It is well established that (i) magnetic resonance imaging, (ii) multidisciplinary cancer conference (MCCs), (iii) preoperative radiotherapy, (iv) total mesorectal excision surgery and (v) pathological assessment as described by Quirke are key processes necessary for high quality, rectal cancer care. The objective was to select a set of multidisciplinary quality indicators to measure the uptake of these clinical processes in clinical practice.

Method

A multidisciplinary panel was convened and a modified two‐phase Delphi method was used to select a set of quality indicators. Phase 1 included a literature review with written feedback from the panel. Phase 2 included an in‐person workshop with anonymous voting. The selection criteria for the indicators were strength of evidence, ease of capture and usability. Indicators for which ≥90% of the panel members voted ‘to keep’ were selected as the final set of indicators.

Results

During phase 1, 68 potential indicators were generated from the literature and an additional four indicators were recommended by the panel. During phase 2, these 72 indicators were discussed; 48 indicators met the 90% inclusion threshold and included eight pathology, five radiology, 11 surgical, six radiation oncology and 18 MCC indicators.

Conclusion

A modified Delphi method was used to select 48 multidisciplinary quality indicators to specifically measure the uptake of key processes necessary for high quality care of patients with rectal cancer. These quality indicators will be used in future work to identify and address gaps in care in the uptake of these clinical processes.
Multi‐angle face expression recognition based on generative adversarial networks
Authors: Lu Lihua
Published: February 2021

Because of the different features of the same facial expressions from different angles, most of the methods are only suitable for face images, and the accuracy of facial expression recognition is low. Therefore, a multi‐angle facial expression recognition method based on generative adversarial networks (GAN) is proposed. Firstly, the depth regression network is used to detect the key points of the face image to achieve face alignment, so as to reduce the difficulty of feature extraction. Then, the image is input to GAN. The generator is composed of encoder and decoder, and a skip connection is designed. In the encoding phase, the generator can unlock the correlation between the facial expression image and the angle, and in the decoding stage, it can generate different angle facial expression images by adding other angle information. Finally, the multi‐angle facial expression images are sent to the convolution neural network for classification and learning, in which the loss weight is adjusted dynamically to improve the recognition accuracy by introducing resistance loss, recognition loss, content loss, and center loss. The experimental results on Multi‐pose illumination expression (PIE) and celebrities in frontal profile (CFP) datasets show that the performance of the proposed method is the best when the learning rate is 0.0002, and the recognition accuracy under different angles is higher than other comparison methods, so it has practical application significance.
Does younger age at marriage affect divorce? Evidence from Johnson's Executive Order 11241
Authors: Bailey Martha J. , Beam Emily A. , Wentz Anna
Published: February 2021

Before President Johnson's Executive Order 11241 in August 1965, married men received lower draft priority for military service. As the Vietnam War escalated in the summer of 1965, anecdotal evidence suggests draft‐eligible men sought marriage to lower their likelihood of serving. This paper quantifies the effects of these Vietnam‐era policies on marriage and finds that they significantly reduced the age at first marriage and altered the choice of spouse. However, younger marriages induced by the war were less likely to result in divorce 15 years later. Evidence also suggests that these younger marriages had little effect on long‐term outcomes.
Direct evidence for eoarchean iron metabolism?
Authors: Hassenkam Tue , Tsai Esther H. R. , Sørensen Henning O. , Dalby Kim N. , Mackenzie David M. A. , Holler Mirko , Ferreira Dario , Grolimund Daniel , Bruns Stefan , Rosing Minik T.
Published: February 2021

Metasedimentary rocks from Isua, West Greenland (> 3,700 million years old) contain carbonaceous compounds, compatible with a biogenic origin (Hassenkam, Andersson, Dalby, Mackenzie, & Rosing, 2017; Ohtomo, Kakegawa, Ishida, Nagase, & Rosing, 2014; Rosing, 1999). The metamorphic mineral assemblage with garnet and quartz intergrowths contains layers of carbonaceous inclusions contiguous with carbon‐rich sedimentary beds in the host rock. Previous studies (Hassenkam et al., 2017; Ohtomo et al., 2014; Rosing, 1999) on Isua rocks focused on testing the biogenic origin of the carbonaceous material, but here we searched for evidence which could provide new insights into the nature of the life that generated this carbonaceous material. We studied material trapped in inclusions armoured within quartz grains inside garnet porphyroblasts by non‐destructive ptychographic X‐ray nanotomography (PXCT). The 3D electron density maps generated by PXCT were correlated with maps from X‐ray fluorescence tomography and micro‐Raman spectroscopy. We found that the material trapped inside inclusions in the quartz grains consist of disordered carbon material encasing domains of iron‐rich carbonaceous material. These results corroborate earlier claims (Hassenkam et al., 2017; Ohtomo et al., 2014; Rosing, 1999) for biogenic origins and are compatible with relics of metamorphosed biological material originally containing high iron/carbon ratios, comparable to ratios found in most extant organisms. These iron‐rich domains represent the oldest evidence for organic iron complexes in the geologic record and are consistent with Fe‐isotopic evidence for metabolic iron fractionation in > 3,700 Ma Isua banded iron formation (Czaja et al., 2013; Whitehouse & Fedo, 2007).
Characterization of thunderclap headache in a reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome case series
Authors: Smith Jonathan H. , Amer Mohammed A. , Schwedt Todd J.
Published: February 2021

Objectives

To empirically address how thunderclap headache (TCH) is described in a relevant real‐world setting.

Background

TCH refers to a highly recognizable description of a severe headache that reaches maximum severity within 1 minute and endures for at least 5 minutes. The use of a numerical rating scale (NRS) to appraise TCH severity, as well as assessment of TCH progression in patients with pre‐existing headache at the time of TCH onset has not been previously evaluated.

Methods

This was a retrospective case series of adults with a diagnosis of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS), identified through a search of the electronic health record. Individuals meeting International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd Edition criteria for acute headache attributed to RCVS were included. Attacks described using a verbal descriptor scale (VDS), NRS, or both were recorded to evaluate acute headache characteristics.

Results

In all, 56 individuals with available descriptions of 120 acute headaches were included in the study analysis. Patients were female (35, 62.5%) with a median age of 46 (range: 19–67). The majority of patients reported a RCVS trigger (39, 69.6%). Acute headaches were characterized using a VDS (52, 43.3%), NRS (51, 42.5%), or both (17, 14.1%). Acute headaches were always described as severe when a VDS was utilized, and with a median NRS of 10 (range: 4–10). Four patients (7%) did not have a single headache characterized as either severe or with a NRS 8 or greater. In the 10 cases for which there was a pre‐TCH baseline headache, it was either rated as mild or with a median NRS of 3 (range: 2–6).

Conclusions

TCH in RCVS can be recognized using either VDS or NRS, with a broader range of peak intensities than previously recognized. TCH remains recognizable despite pre‐existing baseline headache.
Searching for the fundamentals of rehydroxylation dating of archaeological ceramics via NMR and IR microscopy
Authors: Avramovska Marija , Chmelik Christian , Derkowski Arkadiusz , Fantalkin Alexander , Freude Dieter , Haase Jürgen , Hare Vincent , Kärger Jörg , Kuligiewicz Artur , Moinester Murray
Published: February 2021

Determining absolute ages of archaeological ceramics is crucial for understanding past societies and reconstructing their accurate chronologies. The amount of OH hydroxyl chemically combined with ceramic material has been claimed to provide an ‘internal clock’ that can be read via RHX dating to determine the elapsed time since it was fired. The hydroxylation reaction, controlled by the slow diffusion of water molecules within the structure of clay minerals, has been described by a quartic root (time)1/4power law dependence. However, previous attempts of RHX dating by gravimetric methods have not been successful, since the mass gain due to OH hydroxylation or H2O hydration could not be distinguished. We carried out a preliminary study of RHX dating via Infrared (IR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of three pure clay minerals, beidellite, illite and muscovite, as analogues for components of archaeological materials. Our study of RHX kinetics via IR microscopy gives important evidence regarding the quartic root time power law dependence. Furthermore, NMR allows us to study the structural as well as dynamic features of clays. Through observing the H/D exchange, we obtain access to the relevant activation energies and diffusion coefficients. We show that IR and NMR methods hold significant potential to refine the RHX dating method by understanding the elementary processes of mass transfer and hydroxylation in pure clays.
The delivery of smoking cessation interventions by nurses who smoke: A meta‐ethnographic synthesis
Authors: Zhang Siqi , Jose Duaso Maria
Published: February 2021

Aims

To gain new insights into the experiences of nurses who smoke and to understand the impact of those experiences on their delivery of smoking cessation interventions.

Design

A meta‐ethnographic synthesis.

Data sources

CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, PsychINFO, Web of Science and grey literature databases were searched from their inception to April 2019.

Review Methods

Meta‐ethnography was employed to synthesize findings from included studies. The CASP qualitative checklist was used to appraise the quality of each study, and the GRADE‐CERQual approach to appraise review findings. The synthesis is reported in accordance with the eMERGe reporting guidance.

Results

From an initial search outcome of 6,019 citations, 13 studies were included detailing the experiences of 195 nurses who were smokers or ex‐smokers. Four main themes were identified beliefs, dissonance, coping mechanisms and workplace policies. An integrated conceptual map was proposed on the basis of findings. Nurses who smoke were aware of tobacco harms and their role in addressing tobacco use, which resulted in experiences of guilt and stigma. Workplace policies played a crucial role in the creation of cognitive dissonance. Nurses used different strategies to cope with dissonance such as rationalizing smoking benefits, hiding their smoking behaviour, denial of smoking risks, and failing to engage with smoking cessation interventions. Some nurses expressed more positive aspirations to cope with their dissonance, including a willingness to quit and to embrace smoking cessation interventions with their patients.

Conclusion

Implementing smoke‐free policies and supportive interventions targeting nurses’ cognitive dissonance may assist them to quit smoking and improve their engagement in smoking cessation practices.
Long‐term risk of end‐stage renal diseases with maintenance dialysis among chronic hepatitis C patients after antiviral therapy in Taiwan
Authors: Hsieh Meng‐Hsuan , Bair Ming‐Jong , Tsai Pei‐Chien , Tseng Kuo‐Chih , Lo Ching‐Chu , Chen Chi‐Yi , Kuo Hsing‐Tao , Hung Chao‐Hung , Lai Hsueh‐Chou , Peng Cheng‐Yuan , Wang Jing‐Houng , Chen Jyh‐Jou , Lee Pei‐Lun , Chien Rong‐Nan , Yang Chi‐Chieh , Lo Gin‐Ho , Kao Jia‐Horng , Liu Chun‐Jen , Liu Chen‐Hua , Yan Sheng‐Lei , Lin Chun‐Yen , Su Wei‐Wen , Chu Cheng‐Hsin , Chen Chih‐Jen , Tung Shui‐Yi , Tai Chi‐Ming , Lin Chih‐Wen , Cheng Pin‐Nan , Chiu Yen‐Cheng , Wang Chia‐Chi , Cheng Jin‐Shiung , Tsai Wei‐Lun , Lin Han‐Chieh , Huang Yi‐Hsiang , Yeh Ming‐Lun , Huang Chung‐Feng , Huang Jee‐Fu , Dai Chia‐Yen , Yu Ming‐Lung , Chuang Wan‐Long ,   T‐COACH investigators
Published: February 2021

Background and Aim

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with impaired renal function. The aim of this study is to explore the risk of and factors associated with end‐stage renal diseases (ESRD) under maintenance dialysis among HCV patients after anti‐HCV therapy.

Methods

A total of 12 696 HCV‐infected patients with interferon‐based therapy, including 9679 (76.2%) achieving sustained virological response (SVR), were enrolled from 23 hospitals in Taiwan.

Results

During a mean follow‐up period of 5.3 years (67 554 person‐years), the annual incidence of 4.1/10 000 person‐years, 4.0/10 000 and 4.7/10 000 person‐years among SVR patients and non‐SVR patients, respectively. History of diabetes and baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/m2, instead of SVR, were the significant risk factors for developing ESRD with maintenance dialysis after anti‐HCV therapy (adjusted hazard ratio 7.75 and 9.78).

Conclusion

Diabetes and baseline impaired renal function were strongly associated with progression to ESRD with maintenance dialysis among chronic HCV‐infected patients after antiviral therapy.
Frictions in an Experimental Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Economy
Authors: Noussair Charles N. , Pfajfar Damjan , Zsiros Janos
Published: February 2021

We construct experimental economies, populated with human subjects, with different institutional features that have a structure and incentives similar to a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model. An experimental economy with monopolistic competition and no menu costs generates empirical patterns that are closer to the U.S. economy than simulations or the other experimental environments. We observe greater welfare and output in a setting where goods are perfect substitutes compared to treatments with monopolistic competition. Discretionary human central bankers produce lower output and welfare compared to an automated instrumental rule. Menu costs reduce inflation volatility.
Nursing home staff's perceptions of barriers and needs in implementing person‐centred care for people living with dementia: A qualitative study
Authors: Kong Eun‐Hi , Kim Hyang , Kim Hyejin
Published: February 2021

Aims and objectives

This study explored nursing home staff's barriers and needs in implementing person‐centred care for people with dementia.

Background

Person‐centred care is an imperative international policy and the best‐practice standard for dementia care. However, a gap exists between policy and practice. Moreover, there is a lack of qualitative studies that explored nursing home staff's barriers and needs in implementing person‐centred care for people living with dementia.

Design

A qualitative descriptive approach was adopted.

Methods

Using convenience sampling method, a total of 24 staff members (nurses, nurse's aides, or care workers) were recruited from six nursing homes in Korea. Two in‐depth, face‐to‐face, one‐to‐one interviews were conducted with all participants (a total of 48 interviews). A semi‐structured interview guide was used and field notes were written after each interview. Data were collected until data saturation was reached. Qualitative content analysis was used. This study followed the COREQ guidelines.

Results

Four themes emerged from data analysis: insufficient resources, lack of education, negative mindset and poor relationships. This study showed that nursing home staff experienced many barriers and unmet needs in implementing person‐centred care for people with dementia.

Conclusion

The findings indicated that nursing home staff faced many barriers and needs in implementing person‐centred care for people with dementia. Nursing home staff need more legitimate, financial, educational and emotional support.

Relevance to clinical practice

The study indicates more national and organisational support are needed for nursing home staff to successfully implement person‐centred care for people living with dementia. Nursing home leaders need to recognise the importance of their role in overcoming the barriers and provide effective support for staff in implementing person‐centred dementia care.
Occurrence and characterization of virus species associated with black pepper (piper nigrum l.) virus diseases in Hainan province, China
Authors: Che Haiyan , Cao Xueren , Liu Peipei , Luo Daquan
Published: February 2021

Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is one of the most ancient spice crops in the world. Hainan Province is the largest black pepper‐producing region in China. Viral disease is one of the main factors affecting black pepper. However, there are rarely studies on black pepper viral disease in China. We performed a survey in five major black pepper‐growing counties (Qionghai, Wenchang, Wanning, Haikou and Ding'an) of Hainan Province and collected 589 samples, with virus‐like symptoms from 2014 to 2019. Various viruses were identified including cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), piper yellow mottle virus (PYMoV), Piper DNA virus 1 (PDV‐1) and Piper DNA virus 2 (PDV‐2) using small RNA deep sequencing. The RT‐PCR screening of field samples indicated three types of infection: CMV alone (5.56%), PYMoV + PDV‐1 + PDV‐2 (25.00%) and PYMoV + CMV +PDV‐1 + PDV‐2 (69.44%). The data suggested that PYMoV might be the main pathogen causing virus diseases of black pepper. Two complete genome sequences of PYMoV were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PYMoV isolates from China were placed in a branch distinct from PYMoV isolates from India. To our knowledge, this is the first report of PYMoV, PDV‐1 and PDV‐2 naturally infecting black pepper, and the first genome sequence of PYMoV in China.
Hepatitis C related cognitive impairment: Impact of viral and host factors and response to therapy
Authors: Bar Nir , Levy Sharon , Deutsch Liat , Leshno Moshe , Rabinowich Liane , Younis Fadi , Shibolet Oren , Katchman Helena
Published: February 2021

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with cognitive impairment via several suggested mechanisms including direct neurotoxicity and minimal hepatic encephalopathy. The prevalence of HCV‐related cognitive impairment and whether it is reversed by anti‐viral therapy is unknown. We aimed to assess predictors and reversibility of cognitive impairment of HCV‐infected patients after successful treatment. Consecutive HCV patients treated during the EMERALD study (AbbVie 3D regimen for protease inhibitors failure) underwent neuropsychological (number connection test A [NCTA] and digital symbol test [DST]) and neurophysiological (critical flicker frequency [CFF]) tests at baseline and at 12 weeks post‐treatment. Patient self‐reported outcomes (PROs) were prospectively collected. Patients with a history of hepatic encephalopathy were excluded. Thirty‐two patients underwent the cognitive tests at baseline. Seven of them had abnormal CFF test findings. Twenty‐five (25/32, 78%) patients had repeated evaluations 3 months post‐treatment. High viral loads were significantly associated with abnormal CFF across fibrosis levels (area under the ROC curve 0.817). CFF results significantly improved following viral eradication, from 40.9 (interquartile range 38.6–42.9) at baseline to 41.5 (39.8–44), p = .042, at follow‐up. Both NCTA and DST results improved, but not significantly. There was improvement in the PROs of general health perception and vitality. The NCTA and DST results were more significantly associated with PROs than CFF. This prospective interventional study showed greater cognitive impairment in HCV patients with high viral load and demonstrated partial reversibility of HCV neurotoxicity and subsequent improvement in PROs following treatment.