bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conceptual design and finite element analysis of a high inclusion dough shaping machine using 3D‐computer aided design (CAD) (SolidWorks)
Authors: Salahuddin M.B.M. , Atikah A.F. , Rosnah S. , Zuhair M.N.M.
Published: March 2019

Due to unavailability of omit suitable machine to shape oat base cookies dough with large inclusion, inconsistency in size is a critical issue. Thus, a dough shaping machine is needed to improve the quality of the final product. The objectives of this research are to develop conceptual designs of a high inclusion dough shaping machine and to perform finite element analysis on the important part of the machine. The methodology including extraction of the design layout of the machine, development of the schematic drawing and wireframe model, the performance of stress and total deformation, and production of a complete drawing for fabrication purpose. Under finite element analysis, result of the maximum allowable stress was compared with the calculated static component strength against crack. Based on the analysis using SolidWorks, the maximum equivalent stress of the roller is 0.3469 MPa with maximum total deformation is 2.617 ⋅ 10−4 mm. The value of maximum equivalent stress is way too small as compared to that of the calculated static component strength against crack which is 15.31 MPa. Hence, the material used for the roller was found to be able to support the weight of dough without crack and avoid critical deformation during the production process.
Influence of welding parameters on lap joint between Al and Ti alloys using low power fiber laser
Authors: Janasekaran S. , Lemon S.M.B. , Yusof F.
Published: March 2019

Fiber laser beam welding has always been a user‐friendly and flexible method to join dissimilar materials despite differences in thermal coefficient. Many industrial applications such as automotive has replaced the conventional joining methods towards this because of the flexibility and reduction in time consumption. In the present study, dissimilar titanium alloy; Ti6Al4 V and aluminum alloy; AA2024‐0 were laser welded through a lap joint technique using a low power Yb‐fiber laser without any additional filler. The influence of welding speed on weld morphology was investigated using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The cross‐section of the joints revealed that the fusion zone (FZ) and heat affected zones (HAZ) are wider when welding speed decreases with lower laser power. This result shows that the low power fiber laser has sufficient energy to melt the base materials, forming a liquid bridge to facilitate the smooth flow of molten metal between the top and bottom layer. Therefore, at lower welding speeds with constant low laser power, it was shown that there are possibilities of laser welding between two non‐ferrous metals.
The effect of cooling rate during multiple reflow soldering on intermetallic layer of Sn‐4.0 Ag‐0.5Cu/ENImAg
Authors: Rabiatul Adawiyah M.A. , Hafiz A.B.M. , Saliza Azlina O. , Zolhafizi J. , Wan Nur Azrina W.M. , Shahrul Azmir O.
Published: March 2019

The effect of intermetallic compound layer between Sn‐4.0 Ag‐0.5Cu solder bump and electroless nickel/immersion silver (ENImAg) surface finish under different cooling rate during multiple reflow condition was investigated. The results show that the interfacial (Cu, Ni)6Sn5 intermetallic compound were formed at the early stage after the first reflow process. After multiple reflow processes, both (Cu, Ni)6Sn5 and (Ni, Cu)3Sn4 appeared as needle‐shaped at interface due to the amount of copper concentration into a solder balls. The spalling intermetallic compound of (Cu, Ni)6Sn5 was spotted in the solder which was caused by the formation of needle‐shaped from the gaps of (Cu, Ni)6Sn5. The intermetallic compound thickness and grain sizes became thicker and coarser with increasing reflow time, respectively. The results also perceived that the cooling rate condition can influence the growth of intermetallic compound formation. Faster cooling rate produced thinner intermetallic layer as well as smaller grain sizes compared to slow cooling rate. Hence, the cooling rate is a necessary parameter in the solder reflow process because it has an impact on the microstructure of morphology and intermetallic growth.
Prognosis of gas turbine remaining useful life using particle filter approach
Authors: Ahsan S. , Lemma T.A. , Muhammad M.
Published: March 2019

Gas turbines are commonly used in distributed power generation. Because of high speed nature, they require good maintenance for increased reliability and availability. Remaining useful life prediction is therefore an essential part of condition‐based maintenance to better foresee future state hence guaranteeing design efficiency, reduced maintenance cost, and improved safety. Gas turbines also contain a lot of sensors data that need to be processed for better prediction. In this paper, a probabilistic approach called particle filter is used for prediction. The proposed approach is tested using Turbofan degradation data provided by NASA as a benchmark problem. Meanwhile, through time the gas turbines experiences a change from normal state to degraded state attributed to aging, corrosion and erosion etc. Hence, in the context of abundant data, it is helpful to know the transition between states. For the same reason, the present paper suggests a statistical approach called Z‐test. The test results show that the proposed technique provides score and MAPE values of 559.9 and 21.6 respectively, comparable to past reported performance.
Characterization and stability analysis of oil‐based copper oxide nanofluids for medium temperature solar collectors
Authors: Akhter J. , Gilani S.I. , Al‐kayiem H.H. , Ali M. , Masood F.
Published: March 2019

Thermal oils are widely used as heat transfer fluids in medium temperature applications. Addition of small amounts of nanoparticles in such fluids can significantly improve their thermophysical properties. This paper presents experimental investigation of an oil‐based nanofluids prepared by dispersing different concentrations (0.25 wt%–1.0 wt%) of copper oxide nanoparticles in Therminol‐55 oil using two‐step method. Shear mixing and ultrasonication were used for uniform distribution and de‐agglomeration of nanoparticles to enhance the stability of the suspensions. The effect of nanoparticles concentrations on thermophysical properties of the nanofluids was analysed by measuring thermal conductivity, dynamic viscosity, effective density and specific heat capacity at different temperatures (25 °C–130 °C). Thermal conductivity exhibited increasing trend with rising temperature and increase in nanoparticles loading. A significant decrease in dynamic viscosity and effective density against increasing temperature makes it suitable for medium temperature applications. Nano‐oils with improved thermal properties are expected to increase the efficiency of concentrating solar thermal collectors.
Ophthalmologic manifestations in Taiwanese patients with mucopolysaccharidoses
Authors: Lin Hsiang‐Yu , Chan Wei‐Chun , Chen Lee‐Jen , Lee Yuan‐Chieh , Yeh Shu‐I , Niu Dau‐Ming , Chiu Pao Chin , Tsai Wen‐Hui , Hwu Wuh‐Liang , Chuang Chih‐Kuang , Lin Shuan‐Pei
Published: March 2019

Background

Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are a group of rare lysosomal storage disorders characterized by the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in various tissues and organs. Ocular problems that affect the cornea, trabecular meshwork, sclera, retina, and optic nerve are very common in these patients. However, there was limited literature focusing on comprehensive ocular findings in different types of MPS.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the clinical ophthalmologic features and electrodiagnostic results of 50 Taiwanese patients with a diagnosis of MPS (34 males and 16 females; age range, 1.1–34.9 years; nine with MPS I, 17 with MPS II, 17 with MPS IV, and seven with MPS VI).

Results

Among 44 patients with available data for visual acuity, 15 patients (34%) had a visual acuity of less than 0.5 (6/12) equivalent in their better eye, including 71% of those with MPS VI, 38% with MPS IV, 29% with MPS I, and 14% with MPS II. Severe corneal opacities existed in 57% of MPS VI patients and 11% of MPS I patients, compared with none for MPS II and MPS IV patients. Among 80 eyes with available data of refraction, 11 eyes (14%) had myopia (≦−0.50 D), 55 eyes (69%) had hyperopia (≧0.50 D), and 55 eyes (69%) had high astigmatism (≧1.50 D). Ocular hypertension was found in 45% (28/62) of eyes. There were 16% (14/90), 11% (10/90), 13% (12/90), 31% (27/86), and 79% (30/38) of MPS eyes with lens opacities, optic disc swelling, optic disc cupped, retinopathy, and visual pathway dysfunction, respectively. Intraocular pressure was positively correlated with the severity of corneal opacity (p < 0.01).

Conclusions

Ocular complications with significant reduction in visual acuity are common in MPS patients. Diagnostic problems may arise in these patients with severe corneal opacification, especially for those with MPS VI and MPS I.
A novel SMAD6 variant in a patient with severely calcified bicuspid aortic valve and thoracic aortic aneurysm
Authors: Park Jong Eun , Park Jin Seok , Jang Shin Yi , Park Seok Hee , Kim Jong‐Won , Ki Chang‐Seok , Kim Duk‐Kyung
Published: March 2019

Background

Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common congenital heart defect with a prevalence of 1%–2% in the general population. NOTCH1, SMAD6, and GATA5 are associated with BAV in humans, but few cases have been reported that did not involve NOTCH1. Here, we identified novel in‐frame variants in SMAD6 (c.1168_1173dup; p.Gly390_Ile391dup) in a BAV patient, who presented with dilatation of the ascending aorta and severe calcification of the aortic valve.

Methods

Twenty BAV associated genes were screened by exome sequencing. Functional effects of SMAD6 variant were investigated using bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling assays through in vitro functional study.

Results

Exome sequencing revealed he had novel in‐frame variants in the SMAD6 gene (c.1168_1173dup; p.Gly390_Ile391dup). SMAD6 is known to be an inhibitory protein in the BMP signaling pathway. In vitro functional study of the p.Gly390_Ile391dup variant revealed impaired inhibition of BMP signaling and BMP‐induced alkaline phosphatase activity.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we identified a novel SMAD6 variant causing a severely calcified BAV and TAA, which contributes to our understanding of the clinical and genetic background of SMAD6‐related BAV.
Global existence and bounds for blow‐up time in a class of nonlinear pseudo‐parabolic equations with a memory term
Authors: Luan Wenjing , Yang Zuodong
Published: March 2019

In this article, we consider the initial boundary value problem for a class of nonlinear pseudo‐parabolic equations with a memory term:

urn:x-wiley:mma:media:mma5535:mma5535-math-0001
Under suitable assumptions, we obtain the local and global existence of the solution by Galerkin method. We prove finite‐time blow‐up of the solution for initial data at arbitrary energy level and obtain upper bounds for blow‐up time by using the concavity method. In addition, by means of differential inequality technique, we obtain a lower bound for blow‐up time of the solution if blow‐up occurs.
On the Ulam‐Hyers stabilities of the solutions of Ψ‐Hilfer fractional differential equation with abstract Volterra operator
Authors: Sousa José Vanterler da C. , Kucche Kishor D. , Capelas de Oliveira Edmundo
Published: March 2019

In this paper, we consider the new class of the fractional differential equation involving the abstract Volterra operator in the Banach space and investigate existence, uniqueness and stabilities of Ulam‐Hyers on the compact interval Δ = [a,b] and on the infinite interval I = [a,∞). Our analysis is based on the application of the Banach fixed‐point theorem and the Gronwall inequality involving generalized Ψ‐fractional integral. At last, we performed out an application to elucidate the outcomes got.
Water/fat separation for distortion‐free EPI with point spread function encoding
Authors: Hu Zhangxuan , Wang Yishi , Dong Zijing , Guo Hua
Published: March 2019

Purpose

Effective removal of chemical‐shift artifacts in echo‐planar imaging (EPI) is a challenging problem especially with severe field inhomogeneity. This study aims to develop a reliable water/fat separation technique for point spread function (PSF) encoded EPI (PSF‐EPI) by using its intrinsic multiple echo‐shifted images.

Theory and Methods

EPI with PSF encoding can achieve distortion‐free imaging and can be highly accelerated using the tilted‐CAIPI technique. In this study, the chemical‐shift encoding existing in the intermediate images with different time shifts of PSF‐EPI is used for water/fat separation, which is conducted with latest water/fat separation algorithms. The method was tested in T1‐weighted, T2‐weighted, and diffusion weighted imaging in healthy volunteers.

Results

The ability of the proposed method to separate water/fat using intrinsic PSF‐EPI signals without extra scans was demonstrated through in vivo T1‐weighted, T2‐weighted, and diffusion weighted imaging experiments. By exploring different imaging contrasts and regions, the results show that this PSF‐EPI based method can separate water/fat and remove fat residues robustly.

Conclusion

By using the intrinsic signals of PSF‐EPI for water/fat separation, fat signals can be effectively suppressed in EPI even with severe field inhomogeneity. This water/fat separation method for EPI can be extended to multiple image contrasts. The distortion‐free PSF‐EPI technique, thus, has the potential to provide anatomical and functional images with high‐fidelity and practical acquisition efficiency.
Mapping and correcting hyperpolarized magnetization decay with radial keyhole imaging
Authors: Niedbalski Peter J. , Willmering Matthew M. , Robertson Scott H. , Freeman Matthew S. , Loew Wolfgang , Giaquinto Randy O. , Ireland Christopher , Pratt Ronald G. , Dumoulin Charles L. , Woods Jason C. , Cleveland Zackary I.
Published: March 2019

Purpose

Hyperpolarized (HP) media enable biomedical imaging applications that cannot be achieved with conventional MRI contrast agents. Unfortunately, quantifying HP images is challenging, because relaxation and radio‐frequency pulsing generate spatially varying signal decay during acquisition. We demonstrate that, by combining center‐out k‐space sampling with postacquisition keyhole reconstruction, voxel‐by‐voxel maps of regional HP magnetization decay can be generated with no additional data collection.

Theory and Methods

Digital phantom, HP 129Xe phantom, and in vivo 129Xe human (N = 4 healthy; N = 2 with cystic fibrosis) imaging was performed using radial sampling. Datasets were reconstructed using a postacquisition keyhole approach in which 2 temporally resolved images were created and used to generate maps of regional magnetization decay following a simple analytical model.

Results

Mean, keyhole‐derived decay terms showed excellent agreement with the decay used in simulations (R2 = 0.996) and with global attenuation terms in HP 129Xe phantom imaging (R2 > 0.97). Mean regional decay from in vivo imaging agreed well with global decay values and displayed spatial heterogeneity that matched expected variations in flip angle and oxygen partial pressure. Moreover, these maps could be used to correct variable signal decay across the image volume.

Conclusions

We have demonstrated that center‐out trajectories combined with keyhole reconstruction can be used to map regional HP signal decay and to quantitatively correct images. This approach may be used to improve the accuracy of quantitative measures obtained from hyperpolarized media. Although validated with gaseous HP 129Xe in this work, this technique can be generalized to any hyperpolarized agent.
Serum cytokine patterns in immunoglobulin m monoclonal gammopathy‐associated polyneuropathy
Authors: Stork Abraham C. J. , Rijkers Ger T. , Vlam Lotte , Cats Elisabeth A. , de Jong Ben A. W. , Fritsch‐Stork Ruth D. E. , Veldink Jan H. , van den Berg Leonard H. , Notermans Nicolette C. , van der Pol W‐Ludo
Published: March 2019

Introduction: Polyneuropathy with immunoglobulin M monoclonal gammopathy (IgM‐PNP) is associated with the presence of IgM antibodies against nerve constituents such as myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG) and gangliosides. Methods: To test whether B‐cell‐stimulating cytokines are increased in IgM‐PNP, we measured serum concentrations of 11 cytokines in 81 patients with IgM‐PNP and 113 controls. Results: Median interleukin (IL)‐6 concentrations were higher in patients with IgM‐PNP, and median IL‐10 concentrations were higher in the subgroup with anti‐MAG IgM antibodies. These serum concentrations were not increased in 110 patients with multifocal motor neuropathy. Discussion: Median IL‐6 and IL‐10 serum concentrations differ between patients with anti‐MAG neuropathy and other patients with IgM‐PNP compared with healthy and neuropathy controls. These differences may indicate differences in immune‐mediated disease mechanisms. Muscle Nerve 59:694–698, 2019
Association of index finger palpatory assessment of pubovisceral muscle body integrity with MRI‐documented tear
Authors: Sheng Ying , Low Lisa Kane , Liu Xuefeng , Ashton‐Miller James A. , Miller Janis M.
Published: March 2019

Aims

Pubovisceral (PV) muscle tears are associated with pelvic floor disorders. The goal of this study was to determine whether index finger palpatory assessment of PV muscle body integrity through the lateral vaginal wall is a reliable indicator of PV muscle tear severity diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods

We studied 85 women, 7 weeks after vaginal birth. All had at least one risk factor for obstetric‐related PV muscle tear. The ordinal outcome measure of MRI‐documented PV muscle tear was defined as: none, less than 50% unilateral tear, 50% or greater unilateral tear or less than 50% bilateral tear, and 50% or greater bilateral tear. PV muscle body integrity by palpatory assessment was scored on a matrix, with each side scored independently and classified as PV muscle body “present” (assuredly felt), “equivocal” (not sure if felt), or “absent” (assuredly not felt). Proportional odds models were constructed to estimate the relationship between PV muscle body integrity palpatory assessment and MRI‐documented PV muscle tears.

Results

Thirty‐five percent of study participants exhibited varying degrees of MRI‐documented PV muscle tears. Using palpatory assessment, we identified “PV muscle body present bilaterally” in 20%, “equivocal unilaterally or present contralaterally” in 8%, “equivocal or absent unilaterally” or “equivocal bilaterally” in 62%, and “absent bilaterally” in 9%. The odds ratio for estimating MRI results from palpatory assessment was 3.62 (95% confidence interval = 1.70‐7.73, P = 0.001).

Conclusions

A rapid and inexpensive palpatory assessment in the clinic was highly associated with the risk of MRI‐documented PV muscle tear and is a useful component of a clinical assessment.
A posteriori error estimates for finite element approximations to the wave equation with discontinuous coefficients
Authors: Deka Bhupen
Published: March 2019

We derive residual‐based a posteriori error estimates of finite element method for linear wave equation with discontinuous coefficients in a two‐dimensional convex polygonal domain. A posteriori error estimates for both the space‐discrete case and for implicit fully discrete scheme are discussed inL∞(L2)norm. The main ingredients used in deriving a posteriori estimates are new Clément type interpolation estimates in conjunction with appropriate adaption of the elliptic reconstruction technique of continuous and discrete solutions. We use only an energy argument to establish a posteriori error estimates with optimal order convergence in theL∞(L2)norm.
Reducing pain in children with cancer: Methodology for the development of a clinical practice guideline
Authors: Loeffen Erik A.H. , Kremer Leontien C.M. , van de Wetering Marianne D. , Mulder Renée L. , Font‐Gonzalez Anna , Dupuis Lee L. , Campbell Fiona , Tissing Wim J.E. ,   on behalf of the Pain in Children with Cancer Guideline Development Panel
Published: March 2019

Although pain is one of the most prevalent and bothersome symptoms children with cancer experience, evidence‐based guidance regarding assessment and management is lacking. With 44 international, multidisciplinary healthcare professionals and nine patient representatives, we aimed to develop a clinical practice guideline (following GRADE methodology), addressing assessment and pharmacological, psychological, and physical management of tumor‐, treatment‐, and procedure‐related pain in children with cancer. In this paper, we present our thorough methodology for this development, including the challenges we faced and how we approached these. This lays the foundation for our clinical practice guideline, for which there is a high clinical demand.
Use of granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor and risk of relapse in pediatric patients treated for acute myeloid leukemia according to NOPHO‐AML 2004 and DB AML‐01
Authors: Løhmann Ditte J. A. , Asdahl Peter H. , Abrahamsson Jonas , Ha Shau‐Yin , Jónsson Ólafur G. , Kaspers Gertjan J. L. , Koskenvuo Minna , Lausen Birgitte , De Moerloose Barbara , Palle Josefine , Zeller Bernward , Hasle Henrik
Published: March 2019

Background

Supportive‐care use of granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains controversial due to a theoretical increased risk of relapse and limited impact on neutropenic complications. We describe the use of G‐CSF in patients treated according to NOPHO‐AML 2004 and DB AML‐01 and investigated associations with relapse.

Procedure

Patients diagnosed with de novo AML completing the first week of therapy and not treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the first complete remission were included (n = 367). Information on G‐CSF treatment after each course (yes/no) was registered prospectively in the study database and detailed information was gathered retrospectively from each center. Descriptive statistics were used to describe G‐CSF use and Cox regression to assess the association between G‐CSF and risk of relapse.

Results

G‐CSF as supportive care was given to 128 (35%) patients after 268 (39%) courses, with a large variation between centers (0‐93%). The use decreased with time—the country‐adjusted odds ratio was 0.8/diagnostic year (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.7‐0.9). The median daily dose was 5 μg/kg (range 3‐12 μg/kg) and the median cumulative dose was 75 μg/kg (range 7‐1460 μg/kg). Filgrastim was used in 82% of G‐CSF administrations and infection was the indication in 44% of G‐CSF administrations. G‐CSF was associated with increased risk of relapse—the adjusted hazard ratio was 1.5 (95% CI 1.1‐2.2).

Conclusions

G‐CSF as supportive care was used in a third of patients, and use decreased with time. Our results indicate that the use of G‐CSF may be associated with an increased risk of relapse.
Potential features of a 3D compatible polyethyleneimine‐graphene oxide interface in WPCs via nano‐self‐assembly‐modification
Authors: Ye Xianzhu , Wang Hua , Tian Xingyou , Zhang Yafei
Published: March 2019

A simple self‐assembly method to construct a polyethyleneimine (PEI)‐graphene oxide coating on wood surface is proposed to fabricate a 3D nano‐interface of recyclable wood‐polypropylene composites. The structure and assembly morphology were analyzed by ZETA potentials, FTIR spectra, scanning electron microscope images, and X‐ray diffraction spectra. Due to the sufficient load transfer and interfacial adhesion of modified graphene, tensile, and flexural properties were improved greatly as well as the reinforcement of anti‐degradation capability (shielding and migration). Additionally, with the enhancement of compatibility, water absorption value for measuring penetration also decreases apparently from 9.88 to 1.13 wt% when soaking for 24 h. Importantly, the low percolation threshold also illustrates that the assembled graphene interface formed a segregated network, which makes it uniquely potential for advancements in electron‐transmission and thermal‐management materials. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:3233–3241, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Tetradentate schiff base ligand/MCln initiating systems for the controlled cationic polymerization of isobutyl vinyl ether: Effects of the ligand framework
Authors: Kigoshi Sensho , Kanazawa Arihiro , Kanaoka Shokyoku , Aoshima Sadahito
Published: March 2019

We investigated the cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers using metal complex catalysts with salen and salphen ligands. Metal complexes were generated in situ from the reaction of a ligand and a metal chloride. The choice of a ligand and a central metal was crucial for tuning the catalyst function such as catalytic activity and controllability of the polymerization. Among metal chlorides employed, ZrCl4 was the most efficient for controlled polymerization. Cationic polymerization of isobutyl vinyl ether (IBVE) proceeded using the salen and salphen‐type ligand/ZrCl4 initiating systems, yielding polymers with predetermined molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions. Importantly, the structural effects of the complex catalysts were responsible for the polymerization behavior. For example, the polymerization using the salen‐type ligand/ZrCl4 system was much slower than that using the salphen‐type ligand/ZrCl4 system. In addition, the polymerization of IBVE using the salen‐type ligand/FeCl3 system proceeded in a controlled manner, which was in contrast to uncontrolled polymerization using the salphen‐type ligand/FeCl3 system. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 989–996
Women's perceptions of personalized risk‐based breast cancer screening and prevention: An international focus group study
Authors: Rainey Linda , Jervaeus Anna , Donnelly Louise S. , Evans D. Gareth , Hammarström Mattias , Hall Per , Wengström Yvonne , Broeders Mireille J.M. , van der Waal Daniëlle
Published: March 2019

Objective

Increased knowledge of breast cancer risk factors enables a shift from one‐size‐fits‐all breast cancer screening to a risk‐based approach, tailoring screening policy to a woman's individual risk. New opportunities for prevention will arise. However, before this novel screening and prevention program is introduced, its acceptability from a woman's perspective needs to be explored.

Methods

Women eligible for breast cancer screening in the Netherlands, United Kingdom, and Sweden were invited to take part in focus groups. A total of 143 women participated. Data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis.

Results

Analysis identified five themes across the three countries. The first theme “impact of knowledge” describes women's concern of not being able to unlearn their risk, perceiving it as either a motivator for change or a burden which may lead to stigma. The second theme “belief in science” explains women's need to trust the science behind the risk assessment and subsequent care pathways. Theme three “emotional impact” explores, eg, women's perceived anxiety and (false) reassurance, which may result from knowing their risk. Theme four “decision making” highlights cultural differences in shared versus individual decision making. Theme five “attitude to medication” explores the controversial topic of offering preventative medication for breast cancer risk reduction.

Conclusions

Acceptability of risk‐based screening and prevention is mixed. Women's perceptions are informed by a lack of knowledge, cultural norms, and common emotional concerns, which highlights the importance of tailored educational materials and risk counselling to aid either shared or individual informed decision making.
Measuring the Local Thickness of Laser‐Induced Graphitized Layer on Diamond Surface by Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Komlenok Maxim S. , Dezhkina Margarita A. , Khomich Andrey A. , Orekhov Andrey S. , Orekhov Anton S. , Konov Vitaly I.
Published: March 2019

This paper reports the analysis of the intensity of diamond line in the Raman spectra of laser modified layers with different thickness on a diamond surface. Since the diamond line passing from substrate through the absorbing layer of moderate thickness can be registered, the thickness of local area is estimated from its micro‐Raman spectra. The comparison between Raman scattering and direct observation of the graphitized layer by transmission electron microscopy shows that Raman spectroscopy can be used as an alternative non‐destructive method for measuring a moderate thickness of graphitized layers.
Brassinin, a phytoalexin in cruciferous vegetables, suppresses obesity‐induced inflammatory responses through the Nrf2‐HO‐1 signaling pathway in an adipocyte‐macrophage co‐culture system
Authors: Kang Bobin , Kim Chae Young , Hwang Jisu , Suh Hyung Joo , Choi Hyeon‐Son
Published: March 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of brassinin (BR), a phytoalexin found in plants belonging to the Brassicaceae family, on the obesity‐induced inflammatory response and its molecular mechanism in co‐culture of 3T3‐L1 adipocytes and RAW264.7 macrophages. BR effectively suppressed lipid accumulation by down‐regulating the expression of adipogenic factors, which in turn, were regulated by early adipogenic factors such as CCAAT‐enhancer‐binding protein‐β and Kruppel‐like factor 2. Production of inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, induced by adipocyte‐conditioned medium, was significantly decreased in BR‐treated cells. This effect of BR was more prominent in contact co‐culture of adipocytes and macrophages with a 90% and 34% reduction in IL‐6 and MCP‐1 levels, respectively. BR also restored adiponectin expression, which was significantly reduced by culturing adipocytes in macrophage‐conditioned medium. In the transwell system, BR increased the protein levels of nuclear factor (erythroid‐derived 2)‐like 2 (Nrf2) and its target molecule, hemoxygenase‐1 (HO‐1), by 55%–93% and 45%–48%, respectively, and also increased Nrf2 translocation into the nucleus. However, knockdown of Nrf2 or HO‐1 in RAW264.7 cells restored this BR‐mediated inhibition of IL‐6 and MCP‐1 production. These results indicated that BR inhibited obesity‐induced inflammation via the Nrf2‐HO‐1 pathway.
Hydrologic connectivity and backswamp water quality during a flood in the Atchafalaya Basin, USA
Authors: Baustian Joseph J. , Piazza Bryan P. , Bergan James F.
Published: March 2019

The Atchafalaya River Basin (ARB) is the largest distributary basin of the Mississippi River and contains the largest tract of forested wetlands in North America. However, hydrologic manipulations for flood control, logging, and mineral extraction have altered how water flows through the ARB and have led to widespread stagnation and hypoxia. To address this, the State of Louisiana has developed a hydrologic restoration plan to increase connectivity between the Atchafalaya River and backswamp areas on the floodplain. Here, we report on water quality changes in the forested wetlands of the ARB during a flood pulse as part of a prerestoration monitoring programme. Monitoring stations were set up in the backswamp to collect data on water levels, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, temperature, and specific conductance. We found that when water levels were high enough to overtop bayou banks and spoil banks, north‐to‐south flow patterns were reinstated and water quality in the backswamp was improved. Specifically, hypoxic conditions, which had been common before the flood, were alleviated whereas the swamps were receiving flowing, oxygenated river water. The magnitude and duration of dissolved oxygen improvement was dependent on the length of time a site received river water. Our results suggest that stagnation and hypoxia can be alleviated in the ARB by increasing the amount of time river water can access to floodplain swamps.
Enabling Large-Scale Ex Vivo Production of Megakaryocytes from CD34+ Cells Using Gas-Permeable Surfaces
Authors: Martinez Andres F. , Miller William M.
Published: March 2019

Patients suffering from acute or sustained thrombocytopenia require platelet transfusions, which are entirely donor-based and limited by challenges related to storage and fluctuating supply. Developing cell-culture technologies will enable ex vivo and donor-independent platelet production. However, critical advancements are needed to improve scalability and increase megakaryocyte (Mk) culture productivity. To address these needs, we evaluated Mk production from mobilized peripheral blood CD34+ cells cultured on a commercially available gas-permeable silicone rubber membrane, which provides efficient gas exchange, and investigated the use of fed-batch media dilution schemes. Starting with a cell-surface density of 40 × 103 CD34+ cells per cm2 (G40D), culturing cells on the membrane for the first 5 days and employing media dilutions yielded 39 ± 19 CD41+CD42b+ Mks per input CD34+ cell by day 11—a 2.2-fold increase compared with using standard culture surfaces and full media exchanges. By day 7, G40D conditions generated 1.5-fold more CD34+ cells and nearly doubled the numbers of Mk progenitors. The increased number of Mk progenitors coupled with media dilutions, potentially due to the retention of interleukin (IL)-3, increased Mk production in G40D. Compared with controls, G40D had higher viability, yielded threefold more Mks per milliliter of media used and exhibited lower mean ploidy, but had higher numbers of high-ploidy Mks. Finally, G40D-Mks produced proplatelets and platelet-like-particles that activate and aggregate upon stimulation. These results highlight distinct improvements in Mk cell-culture and demonstrate how new technologies and techniques are needed to enable clinically relevant production of Mks for platelet generation and cell-based therapies.
Benzo[b]carbazolediones Synthesis and Inhibitory Effects on Nucleotide Pyrophosphatases/Phosphodiesterases
Authors: Huy Do Hoang , Ejaz Syeda Abida , Molenda Ricardo , Ohlendorf Lars , Villinger Alexander , Khan Shafi Ullah , Lecka Joanna , Sévigny Jean , Iqbal Jamshed , Ehlers Peter , Langer Peter
Published: March 2019

Two new and efficient methods for the synthesis of benzo[b]carbazolediones have been developed. Various derivatives were synthesized by either a three‐component one‐pot reaction or a two‐component domino reaction in moderate to good yield. Moreover, inhibition studies of these compounds against nucleotide pyrophosphatases (NPPs) have been carried out. An interesting and promising inhibitory effect was observed by the influence of different substituents. Substitution with a methyl group located at the indole moiety was found sensitive towards h‐NPP1 (4b; IC50 ±SEM = 0.57 ± 0.05 μM), while the unsubstituted derivative exhibited a higher sensitivity towards h‐NPP3 (4a; IC50 ± SEM = 0.16 ± 0.06 μM). Both derivatives presented non‐selective inhibition of both isozymes. Among all the derivatives, two derivatives with anisyl groups showed the highest selectivity towards h‐NPP3 and no interaction with h‐NPP1. Finally, the free binding energies were calculated and molecular docking studies were performed in order to provide an insight into putative binding modes of these inhibitors.
Preparation and Enhanced UV‐Visible Light Photoelectrocatalytic Activity of TiO2‐Fe2O3/Cu Ternary Nanocomposites
Authors: Zhao Hexi , Kang Jie , Nan Hui , Yang Guijun , Wei Haomin , Chen Huiyuan , Wang Gang , Lin Hong
Published: March 2019

Fe2O3, TiO2, TiO2‐Fe2O3 and TiO2‐Fe2O3/Cu nanomaterials were synthesized by hydrothermal methods. The crystal structure and chemical valence of the samples were characterized by X‐ray diffractometry (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet‐visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV‐vis DRS). The results show that the TiO2‐Fe2O3/Cu nanocomposites have been successfully synthesized and have good UV‐Vis absorption properties. The electrocatalytic properties of the samples were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectra(EIS) and Tafel polarization curve (Taf). The TiO2‐Fe2O3/Cu nanocomposites have the highest cathode potential and current density, and the charge transfer resistance in EIS is TiO2 > Fe2O3 > TiO2‐Fe2O3 > TiO2‐Fe2O3/Cu. It is indicated that TiO2‐Fe2O3/Cu nanocomposites had good electrocatalytic properties. Finally, the photocatalytic properties of Fe2O3, TiO2, TiO2‐Fe2O3 and TiO2‐Fe2O3/Cu for the degradation of methyl orange (MO) were studied under UV‐vis irradiation. The results show that the reaction rate constants k of TiO2‐Fe2O3/Cu is the relatively highest(12.91×10−3 min−1), indicating the synthetic of TiO2‐Fe2O3/Cu have good photocatalytic properties, which are due to the highest light utilization of TiO2‐Fe2O3/Cu and the best charge transfer performance.
Green Synthesis of Graphene Quantum Dots from Cotton Cellulose
Authors: Chen Weifeng , Shen Jialu , Lv Guo , Li Dejiang , Hu Yulin , Zhou Changlin , Liu Xiang , Dai Zhongxu
Published: March 2019

Fabrication of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) often requires strong acids or organic solvents, and their green synthesises on sustainable routes still face challenges. Herein, an eco‐friendly synthetic process has been developed, in which the natural polymer cellulose has been utilized as a new precursor for the first time. The reaction system is only composed of cellulose and water, in absence of any other chemical reagents. Moreover, the products contain only GQDs, carbide precipitates, and water, leading to easy separation and avoiding complicated post‐processes. In addition, the synthetic mechanism is presented that the formation process of GQDs consists of the first hydrolyzation and the following cyclic condensation. With highly photoluminescent (PL) properties, favourable hydrophilicity, low cytotoxicity and excellent biocompatability, the as‐synthesized GQDs have been successfully applied in bioimaging. This work not only develops a sustainable route for the green synthesis of GQDs, but also finds a renewable resource as the raw material, which significantly facilitates the extensive applications of GQDs in biological fields.
Molecular Ferroelectric Piperidine‐4‐ylmethanaminium Perchlorate with Superior Switchable Dielectric Properties
Authors: Gan Xuecheng , Tang Zheng , Wang Yan , Zhang Wenjun , Sun Xiaofan , Wu YiZhang , Gao Zhangran , Cai Hong‐Ling , Wu X. S.
Published: March 2019

A new piperidyl‐based molecular ferroelectric piperidine‐4‐ylmethanaminium perchlorate (compound 1) has been successfully synthesized, which undergoes a reversible phase transition around Tc = 258.8 K. The spontaneous polarization of compound 1 is about 0.63 μC/cm2 and coercive field as small as 1.14 kV/cm at 192 K. The variable‐temperature single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction reveals that the space group transforms from a polar space group of P21 at 173 K to a centrosymmetric space group of P212121 at 293 K. Especially, the dielectric anomaly at the phase transition temperature increases more than 4 times, which indicates potential applications in switchable dielectric devices.
Boron‐Doped Diamond for Hydroxyl Radical and Sulfate Radical Anion Electrogeneration, Transformation, and Voltage‐Free Sustainable Oxidation
Authors: Cai Junzhuo , Niu Tiezheng , Shi Penghui , Zhao Guohua
Published: March 2019

Boron‐doped diamond‐based electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (BDD‐EAOPs) have attracted much attention. However, few systematic studies concerning the radical mechanism in BDD‐EAOPs have been published. In situ electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry is used to confirm that SO4•− is directly electrogenerated from SO42−. Then, excess SO4•− dimerizes to form S2O82− and accumulates in the BDD‐EAOP system. But no S2O82− accumulates at pH = 10 owing to the rapid transformation of SO4•− and S2O82−. Above the overpotential of water oxidation, •OH is electrogenerated and cooperated with SO4•−. In the power‐off phase, the accumulated S2O82− can be reactivated to SO4•− via specific degradation intermediates to achieve sustainable degradation. Di‐n‐butyl phthalate (DnBP), a typical endocrine disruptor, is selected as a model contaminant. Surprisingly, 99.8% of DnBP (initial concentration of 1 mg L−1) is removed, using an intermittent power supply strategy with a periodic 10 min power‐on phase at a duty ratio of 1:2, reducing the electrical energy consumption (1.8 kWh m−3) by more than 30% compared with continuous power supply consumption. These radical electrogeneration transformation mechanisms reveal an important new strategy for sustainable oxidation, especially for in situ water restoration, and are expected to provide a theoretical basis for BDD applications.
Reasonable and Risk‐Based? Replacing NFIP Generally Subsidized Rates with a Means‐Tested Subsidy
Authors: Miller Benjamin , Dixon Lloyd , Clancy Noreen
Published: March 2019

The National Flood Insurance Program was created to seek two often conflicting goals: (i) shifting risks from federal taxpayers to those who choose to live in flood plains and (ii) ensuring flood insurance is available to everyone at “reasonable” rates. Efforts to accomplish the second goal currently take the form of subsidies based on location and the date a home was constructed. The resulting revenue from subsidized insurance premiums is not sufficient to cover the true cost of flood insurance, and federal taxpayers have paid the difference: $30 billion to date. Based on a detailed survey of households in the high‐risk flood zones of New York City (NYC), we find that replacing existing premium subsidies with risk‐based prices and a subsidy for low‐income housing‐burdened households could better meet both goals by ensuring low‐income individuals have access to affordable flood insurance while still saving the federal taxpayer up to $183 million per year in NYC alone.
Effects of egg yolk and soybean lecithin on sperm quality determined by computer‐assisted sperm analysis and confocal laser scanning microscope in chilled canine sperm
Authors: Nguyen Vui V. , Ponchunchoovong Samorn , Kupittayanant Sajeera , Kupittayanant Pakanit
Published: March 2019

The reduction of spermatozoa survival time is a major problem of canine chilled sperm for artificial insemination. The aim of the study was to improve the quality of canine chilled sperm during storage time. We therefore, evaluated the effects of eight treatments with different levels of soybean lecithin concentration (1, 3 and 5%) and egg yolk (20%) in Tris‐citric‐fructose or Tris‐citric‐fructose‐mineral salts extender on chilled canine sperm quality during 10 days of storage. The sperm motility was analysed by computer‐assisted sperm analysis (CASA), whereas plasma membrane integrity, acrosome membrane integrity and mitochondrial membrane potential parameters were determined using a fluorescent staining combination of propidium iodide (PI), Hoechst 33342 (H342), fluorescein isothiocyanate‐conjugated Pisum sativum agglutinin (FITC‐PSA) and 5,5′,6,6′‐tetrachloro‐1,1′,3,3′‐tetraethylbenzimidazolyl‐carbocyanine iodide (JC‐1) by confocal laser scanning microscope. The results showed that egg yolk was found to be better than soybean lecithin in Tris‐citric‐fructose or Tris‐citric‐fructose‐mineral salts extender for maintaining the quality of chilled canine sperm within 10 days of storage (P < 0.05). Although egg yolk in Tris‐citric‐fructose extender could maintain the motility better than other extenders, egg yolk in Tris‐citric‐fructose‐mineral salts extender was the highest in intact plasma membrane, intact acrosome membrane and high mitochondrial membrane potential (P < 0.05). In contrast, the sperm quality of soybean lecithin in Tris‐citric‐fructose‐mineral salts extender was lower than that of soybean lecithin in Tris‐citric‐fructose extender, and soybean lecithin 1% was greater than soybean lecithin 3% and 5% in plasma membrane integrity, acrosome membrane integrity and mitochondrial membrane potential (P < 0.05). In conclusion, soybean lecithin cannot replace egg yolk in Tris‐citric‐fructose or Tris‐citric‐fructose‐mineral salts extenders, and egg yolk in Tris‐citric‐fructose‐mineral salts extender is superior to other extenders in chilling canine sperm.
Partial $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 2 supersymmetry breaking and deformed hypermultiplets
Authors: Farakos Fotis , Kočí Pavel , Tartaglino-Mazzucchelli Gabriele , von Unge Rikard
Published: March 2019

Abstract

We study partial supersymmetry breaking from$$ \mathcal{N} $$N= 2 to$$ \mathcal{N} $$N= 1 by adding non-linear terms to the$$ \mathcal{N} $$N= 2 supersymmetry transformations. By exploiting the necessary existence of a deformed supersymmetry algebra for partial breaking to occur, we systematically use$$ \mathcal{N} $$N= 2 projective superspace with central charges to provide a streamlined setup. For deformed$$ \mathcal{O} $$O(2) and$$ \mathcal{O} $$O(4) hypermultiplets, besides reproducing known results, we describe new models exhibiting partial supersymmetry breaking with and without higher-derivative interactions.
Field redefinitions in effective theories at higher orders
Authors: Criado J. C. , Pérez-Victoria M.
Published: March 2019

Abstract

The invariance of physical observables under redefinitions of the quantum fields is a well-known and important property of quantum field theory. We study perturbative field redefinitions in effective theories, paying special attention to higher-order effects and their impact on matching to an ultraviolet theory at the classical and quantum levels.
Ethics in Global Pediatric Surgery: Existing Dilemmas and Emerging Challenges
Authors: Cunningham Aaron J. , Stephens Caroline Q. , Ameh Emmanuel A. , Mshelbwala Philip , Nwomeh Benedict , Krishnaswami Sanjay
Published: March 2019

The rapid growth of global pediatric surgery beyond direct care delivery into research, education, and advocacy necessitates re‐evaluation of the traditional ethical paradigms which have governed our partnerships in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC). Within this paper, we consider current and emerging ethical challenges and discuss principles to consider in order to promote autonomous systems for pediatric surgical care in LMIC.
Simple Analysis of the Computed Tomography Features of Gastric Schwannoma
Authors: Wang Jian , Zhang Wenming , Zhou Xiaoxuan , Xu Junliang , Hu Hong-jie
Published: March 2019

Objective

The objective of this study was to assess the computed tomography (CT) findings of gastric schwannoma (GS) and identify the difference between large (> 5 cm) and small (≤ 5 cm) GS.

Materials and Methods

CT findings of 38 pathologically proven cases of GSs were retrospectively reviewed. The CT evaluation of GS included categorical variables (location, contour, growth pattern, enhancement pattern, necrosis, ulceration, calcification, and lymph nodes) and continuous variables (size, CT value of 3 phases, and enhancement degree). The lesion was divided into 2 groups (large [> 5 cm] and small [≤ 5 cm] GS) according to the tumor size. The Fisher exact test was used for categorical variables and the Student t or Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables.

Results

Of the 38 patients, there were 32 women and 6 men. The median age was 54.5 years (range 39–79). Most of patients (65.8%, [25 of 38]) had nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal or gastric pain, fullness and discomfort, bleeding, and melena. The tumors were mainly located in the stomach body (71.1% [27 of 38]), and the mean diameter was 3.7 cm (range 1.5 cm-10.3 cm), of which included large (> 5 cm) (n = 8) and small (≤ 5 cm) (n = 30). All of the GSs were benign, 9 of whom had palpable perigastric lymph nodes, which confirmed by pathology for the reactive inflammatory hyperplasia. Growth pattern, pattern of enhancement, necrosis, calcification, surface ulceration, and lymph node in the CT images were found to be significant variables for differentiating large (> 5 cm) and small (≤ 5 cm) GS ( P < .05).

Conclusion

GSs were predominantly located at the gastric body and occurred most frequently in women between the ages of 40–70 years, and showed gradual enhancement after contrast enhancement. Palpable perigastric lymph nodes could not be considered as malignant factor of GS. There 7 computed CT criteria are significant difference between large (> 5 cm) and small (≤ 5 cm) GS.