bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of implant cleaning on titanium particle dissolution and cytocompatibility
Authors: Kotsakis Georgios A. , Black Rachel , Kum Jason , Berbel Larissa , Sadr Ali , Karoussis Ioannis , Simopoulou Mara , Daubert Diane
Published: September 2020

Background

Peri‐implantitis treatments are mainly based on protocols for teeth but have not shown favorable outcomes for implants. The potential role of titanium dissolution products in peri‐implantitis necessitate the consideration of material properties in devising treatment protocols. We assessed implant cleaning interventions on (1) bacterial removal from Ti‐bound biofilms, (2) Ti surface alterations and related Ti particle dissolution, and (3) cytocompatibility.

Methods

Acid‐etched Ti discs were inoculated with human peri‐implant plaque biofilms and mechanical antimicrobial interventions were applied on the Ti‐bound biofilms for 30 seconds each: (1) rotary nylon brush; (2) Ti brush; (3) water‐jet on high and (4) low, and compared to sterile, untreated and Chlorhexidine‐treated controls. We assessed colony forming units (CFU) counts, biofilm removal, surface changes via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Ti dissolution via light microscopy and Inductively‐coupled Mass Spectrometry (ICP‐MS). Biological effects of Ti particles and surfaces changes were assessed using NIH/3T3 fibroblasts and MG‐63 osteoblastic cell lines, respectively.

Results

Sequencing revealed that the human biofilm model supported a diverse biofilm including known peri‐implant pathogens. WJ and Nylon brush were most effective in reducing CFU counts (P < 0.01 versus control), whereas Chlorhexidine was least effective; biofilm imaging results were confirmatory. Ti brushes led to visible streaks on the treated surfaces, reduced corrosion resistance and increased Ti dissolution over 30 days of material aging as compared to controls, which increase was amplified in the presence of bacteria (all P‐val < 0.05). Ti particles exerted cytotoxic effects against fibroblasts, whereas surfaces altered by Ti brushes exhibited reduced osteoconductivity versus controls (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Present findings support that mechanical treatment strategies selected for implant biofilm removal may lead to Ti dissolution. Ti dissolution should become an important consideration in the clinical selection of peri‐implantitis treatments and a necessary criterion for the regulatory approval of instruments for implant hygiene.
Linear Alkylbenzenes Sulfonation: Design of Film Reactor and its Influence on the Formation of Deactivating components
Authors: Ivanchina Emiliya , Ivashkina Elena , Dolganova Irena , Dolganov Igor , Solopova Anastasiya , Pasyukova Maria
Published: September 2020

Linear alkylbenzene sulfonic acid (ABSA) is a valuable product of inorganic chemistry that is used to obtain linear alkylbenzene sulfonates. The current method for industrial production of ABSA includes sulfonation of linear alkylbenzene (LAB) with sulfur trioxide in tubular falling film reactors. In this work, we analyze the dependence of the dynamics of the deactivating components formation (tetralines and sulfones) on the structural parameters for a multi‐tube film sulfonation reactor. To achieve this, we used an unsteady‐state mathematical model that considers the feedstock composition and the change in the reaction medium activity. We determined that the film sulfonation reactor of optimal construction has 40 tubes of diameter of 43 mm. It was revealed that with an increase of the LAB supply to the reactor tube, the mass transfer coefficient also increases. For LAB flows of (95∙10−5) and (2.86∙10−5) m3 s−1 per tube, the mass transfer coefficient is (1.73∙10−2) m s−1 and (2.08∙10−2) m s−1, respectively.
Consumer acceptability and chemical composition of whole‐wheat breads incorporated with brown seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) or red seaweed (Chondrus crispus)
Authors: Lamont Timothy , McSweeney Matthew
Published: September 2020

BACKGROUND

Seaweeds have been eaten in the diets of coastal cultures for centuries; however, consumption of seaweeds has been limited in Western diets owing to undesirable sensory characteristics and lack of familiarity. Apart from healthful bioactive metabolites, seaweeds are good sources of fibre and minerals. They are nearly a complete protein and have a low fat content (mainly mono‑ or polyunsaturated). The objectives were (i) to investigate if the addition of brown seaweed, Ascophyllum nodosum, or red seaweed, Chondrus crispus, altered the chemical composition and sensory properties of whole‐wheat bread; and (ii) to determine what percentage the addition of brown or red seaweed to whole‐wheat bread is acceptable to consumers. The two seaweeds were incorporated into separate batches of whole‐wheat bread by percentage weight flour at 0% (control), 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%.

RESULTS

The products containing the highest amounts of A. nodosum and C. crispus had the highest ash and total dietary fibre. A. nodosum and C. crispus breads were acceptable at 4% and 2% levels respectively. The attributes of no aftertaste, soft, and chewy drove consumer liking of the whole‐wheat bread, whereas attributes dry, dense, strong aftertaste, and saltiness detracted from liking.

CONCLUSION

This project's significance is to demonstrate the acceptability of seaweed in a Western population, which may lay the groundwork to encourage and promote the consumption of seaweed or to exemplify seaweed incorporation into foodstuffs. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Tiliacora triandra extract and its major constituent attenuates diabetic kidney and testicular impairment by modulating redox imbalance and pro‐inflammatory responses in rats
Authors: Song Peng , Sun Chen , Li Jinbo , Long Tong , Yan Yixin , Qin Hongping , Makinde Emmanuel Ayobami , Famurewa Ademola C , Jaisi Amit , Nie Ying , Olatunji Opeyemi Joshua
Published: September 2020

BACKGROUND

Literature has demonstrated that diabetes is associated with renal complication and testicular dysfunctions. The current study explored the potential of Tiliacora triandra extract and its major component against diabetic kidney and testicular damages in rats.

METHODS

Diabetes was induced by high fat diet/streptozotocin (HFD/STZ) and treated orally with Tiliacora triandra extract (TTE, 100 and 400 mg kg−1 body weight) and its major component, 5,7‐dihydroxy‐6‐oxoheptadecanoic acid (DHA, 25 mg kg−1 body weight) for 30 consecutive days. Testicular activities of testicular enzymes, serum levels of testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), sperm parameters and urinalysis for protein and albumin levels were evaluated. Renal and testicular biomarkers of oxidative stress and pro‐inflammation were analysed along with histology.

RESULTS

The experimental diabetes induced significant alterations in the levels and activities of indices evaluated compared to non‐diabetic normal rats. The 28‐day treatment of diabetic rats with TTE and DHA markedly improved activities of testicular enzymes, restored levels of testosterone, LH and FSH and sperm parameters compared to untreated diabetic rats. TTE and DHA abrogated proteinuria and reversed urine albumin level. Testicular and renal oxidative stress and pro‐inflammation were attenuated in diabetic rats treated with TTE and DHA. The diabetes‐mediated histopathological damage was alleviated in the kidney and testis.

CONCLUSION

The protective effect of TTE and DHA against diabetes induced kidney and testicular damages may be related to its antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Identification and determination of by‐products originating from ozonation of chlorpyrifos and diazinon in water by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Lee Yunhee , Kim Yun‐Ji , Khan Muhammad Saiful Islam , Na Yun‐Cheol
Published: September 2020

The degradation of two organophosphates, chlorpyrifos and diazinon, in water using microplasma equipment to produce ozone and the identification of their products were studied by using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The organophosphates gradually decreased with time and were completely removed after 10 min, and diazinon was degraded at a relatively fast rate compared to chlorpyrifos. The products formed during the process were identified and determined with accurate mass measurements and tandem mass spectrometry spectra, providing reliable structural determination. Chlorpyrifos oxon was formed through the oxidation of chlorpyrifos, followed by the formation of 3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridinol and diethyl phosphate by hydrolysis. Diazinon formed various products through more complicated degradation processes than those of chlorpyrifos. The major products of diazinon degradation were 2‐isopropyl‐6‐methyl‐4‐pyrimidinol and diethyl phosphate by hydrolysis after oxidation, exhibiting diazoxon as an intermediate at trace levels. Direct hydrolysis of diazinon also occurred, producing diethyl thiophosphate, which was observed at a low concentration for a transient time and exhibited a less favorable process than sequential oxidation and hydrolysis. The other products, hydroxy diazinons and hydroxy‐2‐isopropyl‐6‐methyl‐4‐pyrimidinols, formed by hydroxylation, were also identified, but they were present in low amounts. Degradation mechanisms of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were proposed with the quantitatively evaluated products.
Recent advances in separation applications of polymerized high internal phase emulsions
Authors: Luo Jinhua , Huang Zhujun , Liu Linqi , Wang Haiyan , Ruan Guihua , Zhao Chenxi , Du Fuyou
Published: September 2020

Polymerized high internal phase emulsions as highly porous adsorption materials have received increasing attention and wide applications in separation science in recent years due to their remarkable merits such as highly interconnected porosity, high permeability, good thermal and chemical stability, and tailorable chemistry. In this review, we attempt to introduce some strategies to utilize polymerized high internal phase emulsions for separation science, and highlight the recent advances made in the applications of polymerized high internal phase emulsions for diverse separation of small organic molecules, carbon dioxide, metal ions, proteins, and other interesting targets. Potential challenges and future perspectives for polymerized high internal phase emulsion research in the field of separation science are also speculated at the end of this review.
Quantitative Evaluation of Neonatal Brain Elasticity Using Shear Wave Elastography
Authors: Garcés Iñigo Enrique , Llorens Salvador Roberto , Escrig Raquel , Hervás David , Vento Máximo , Martí‐Bonmatí Luis
Published: September 2020

Objectives

To demonstrate the feasibility of 2‐dimensional brain ultrasound shear wave elastography (SWE) and to define the average elasticity values of the gray and white matter in term neonates.

Methods

This work was a prospective observational single‐center study including 55 healthy term neonates consecutively recruited in the maternity ward between the second and third postnatal days. All were successfully evaluated with a cerebral SWE examination performed with a multifrequency 4–9‐MHz transducer. Bilateral sagittal planes of the thalamus and corona radiata were used to measure stiffness using a quantitative SWE method. Several elastograms with 5 to 15 nonoverlapping areas were obtained from the 2 different anatomic locations. The 5 most central measurements were averaged as representative values.

Results

The 55 neonates ranged from 37 to 40 weeks' gestation. The estimated mean velocity values of the thalamus (1.17 m/s; 95% confidence interval, 1.13, 1.22 m/s) and corona radiata (1.60 m/s; 95% confidence interval, 1.57, 1.64 m/s) were statistically different (P < .001). There was no significant influence of laterality, gestational age, cephalic perimeter, sex, length, or type of delivery on the stiffness measurements.

Conclusions

Brain ultrasound SWE is feasible and allows measurements of neonatal brain elasticity. The elasticity of the thalamus and corona radiata at the frontal white matter in healthy term neonates is different. The knowledge of normal SWE ranges in term neonates allows comparative studies under pathologic conditions.
Semiclassical transition state theory/master equation kinetics of HO + CO: Performance evaluation
Authors: Barker John R. , Stanton John F. , Nguyen Thanh Lam
Published: September 2020

Previously, master equation (ME) simulations using semiclassical transition state theory (SCTST) and high‐accuracy extrapolated ab initio thermochemistry (HEAT) predicted rate constants in excellent agreement with published experimental data over a wide range of pressure and temperatures ≳250 K, but the agreement was not as good at lower temperatures. Possible reasons for this reduced performance are investigated by (a) critically evaluating the published experimental data and by investigating; (b) three distinct ME treatments of angular momentum, including one that is exact at the zero‐ and infinite‐pressure limits; (c) a hindered‐rotor model for HOCO that implicitly includes the cis‐ and trans‐conformers; (d) possible empirical adjustments of the thermochemistry; (e) possible empirical adjustments to an imaginary frequency controlling tunneling; (f) including or neglecting the prereaction complex PRC1; and (g) its possible bimolecular reactions. Improvements include better approximations to factors in SCTST and using the Hill and van Vleck treatment of angular momentum coupling. Evaluation of literature data does not reveal any specific shortcomings, but the stated uncertainties may be underestimated. All ME treatments give excellent fits to experimental data at T ≥ 250 K, but the discrepancy at T < 250 K persists. Note that each ME model requires individual empirical energy transfer parameters. Thermochemical adjustments were unable to match the experimental H/D kinetic isotope effects. Adjusting an imaginary frequency can achieve good fits, but the adjustments are unacceptably large. Whether PRC1 and its possible bimolecular reactions are included had little effect. We conclude that none of the adjustments is an improvement over the unadjusted theory. Note that only one set of experimental data exists in the regime of the discrepancy with theory, and data for DO + CO are scanty.
Addition of Wendler Glottoplasty to Voice Therapy Improves Trans Female Voice Outcomes
Authors: Brown Sarah K. , Chang Joseph , Hu Shirley , Sivakumar Ganesh , Sataluri Medha , Goldberg Leanne , Courey Mark S.
Published: September 2020

Objectives/Hypothesis

VT is often considered the preferred treatment for vocal feminization in transgender patients. However, Wendler glottoplasty offers a surgical option for increasing fundamental frequency and perception of vocal femininity. We aimed to determine whether the addition of glottoplasty to VT results in greater fundamental frequency elevation and improvement in quality‐of‐life measures.

Study Design

Retrospective case series.

Methods

Forty‐eight trans female patients were treated for vocal feminization. Twenty‐seven patients underwent VT, and 21 patients underwent VT with additional glottoplasty (VTWG). Pre‐ and posttreatment acoustic measures, Trans Woman Voice Questionnaire (TWVQ), and Voice Handicap Index‐10 (VHI‐10) data were compared.

Results

Glottoplasty in combination with VT elevated average speaking fundamental frequency (SF0) to a greater extent than VT alone (P < .0001). The VTWG group achieved a 42‐Hz increase in SF0, whereas the VT group achieved a 15‐Hz increase in SF0. In both the VT and VTWG groups, the lower bound of physiologic range increased by 18 Hz (P = .0008 and P = .016, respectively). The addition of glottoplasty also resulted in greater improvement in voice‐related quality of life. Improvement in TWVQ and VHI‐10 was significantly greater in the VTWG group than the VT group (P = .007 and P = .029, respectively). TWVQ showed statistically significant improvement in the VTWG group only.

Conclusions

VT results in SF0 elevation and improvement in VHI‐10. The addition of glottoplasty to VT results in further improvements in SF0 and VHI‐10 and statistically significant improvement in TWVQ.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 131:1588–1593, 2021
The clinical consequences of the COVID‐19 lockdown: A report from an Italian referral ENT department
Authors: Gallo Oreste , Locatello Luca Giovanni , Orlando Pietro , Martelli Federica , Bruno Chiara , Cilona Maria , Fancello Giuseppe , Mani Riccardo , Vitali Daniele , Bianco Giacomo , Trovati Massimo , Tomaiuolo Matteo , Maggiore Giandomenico
Published: September 2020

Objectives

To evaluate the clinical effects of health care reorganization because of COVID‐19, in a non‐red zone Italian referral department of Otorhinolaryngology.

Materials and Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the statistics of admissions to the Emergency Department (ED) of the Careggi University Hospital, Florence, from January 1, 2020, to May 17, 2020. Data regarding elective and urgent head and neck disorders were reviewed and the most challenging cases were discussed.

Results

During the lockdown period, outpatient otolaryngological consultations and elective procedures decreased by 78% and 75% respectively, while emergency/urgency surgery increased by 128%. The five most emblematic clinical cases were thoroughly analyzed.

Conclusion

Our analysis shows how the profound rearrangement of clinical and surgical activities, along with the citizens' fear to seek medical care has probably exacerbated the management of many routine head and neck conditions.

Level of Evidence

4.
Nutrient breakpoints for estuarine phytoplankton communities
Authors: Pinckney James L. , Knotts Eilea R. , Kibler Krystyn J. , Smith Erik M.
Published: September 2020

Nutrient breakpoints are the concentration at which there is a fundamental change in phytoplankton responses to further increases in nutrient loading. The ecological implication is that nutrient breakpoints signal a community transition from a relatively stable state to an alternate or transition state with marked changes in structure and, by extension, function. Nutrient breakpoints for the total phytoplankton community and individual phytoplankton groups in response to increases in dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations were determined for two contrasting estuarine systems. Phytoplankton were exposed to increasing N addition scenarios (0–100 μmol DIN L−1) under high and low irradiance conditions. Responses of total algal biomass, group diversity, and individual algal groups were determined after 72‐h incubations in experimental bioassays. Phytoplankton from the low‐salinity estuary exhibited higher DIN breakpoints (>double) than the high‐salinity estuary while irradiance (20% vs. 40% of ambient) did not affect breakpoints. DIN additions changed algal group diversity, but community similarities were > 80%. Our results suggest that ambient DIN concentrations should not exceed breakpoint concentrations to prevent possible shifts from a stable to a transitional or alternate state. DIN thresholds should be 25 and 50 μmol L−1 for the high‐ and low‐salinity estuaries, respectively. These levels should mitigate the risk of major alterations in phytoplankton community structure and function in these two estuarine systems.
Kelp deposition changes mineralization pathways and microbial communities in a sandy beach
Authors: van Erk Marit R. , Meier Dimitri V. , Ferdelman Timothy , Harder Jens , Bussmann Ingeborg , de Beer Dirk
Published: September 2020

We investigated the impact of kelp deposition on the geochemistry and microbial community composition of beach sands on the island of Helgoland (North Sea). The composition of the microbial community at a beach with regular kelp deposition appeared shaped by this regular input of organic material, as indicated by significantly higher proportions of aerobic degraders, fermenters, and sulfur cycling microorganisms. Rapid degradation of deposited kelp by this community leads to high levels of dissolved organic and inorganic carbon and nutrients, a lower pH and anoxia. Aerobic respiration, fermentation, Fe‐ and SO42− reduction, and methanogenesis were strongly enhanced, with SO42− reduction being the main process in kelp degradation. SO42− reduction rates increased 20‐ to 25‐fold upon addition of kelp. The main route of electrons from kelp to SO42− was not via CO and H2, as expected, but via organic fermentation products. O2 supply by the tides was not sufficient and reduced intermediates escaped from the sediment with tidal water retraction. The resulting extremely high levels of free sulfide (>10 mmol L−1) lead to abundant filamentous growth of sulfur‐oxidizing bacteria largely composed of a rare O2‐adapted Sulfurovum lacking the expected denitrification genes. Our results show that regular kelp deposition strongly enhances the thermodynamic disequilibrium in the beach sand habitat, leading to a dramatic enhancement of the sulfur cycle.
Raman Shifting Induced by Cascaded Quadratic Nonlinearities for Terahertz Generation
Authors: Ravi Koustuban , Kärtner Franz X.
Published: September 2020

Cascaded quadratic optical nonlinearities are well known for producing effective third‐order nonlinear optical effects such as self‐phase modulation or self‐steepening. As a result, they have been extensively applied in areas such as mode‐locking and pulse compression. In this article, a regime of cascaded quadratic nonlinearities involving highly phase‐matched second‐order interactions is introduced, which produce an effective third‐order nonlinearity analogous to Raman shifting rather than the typical case of self‐phase modulation. This results in a continuous red‐shift of the optical pump frequency rather than spectral broadening. This phenomenon is particularly relevant to terahertz generation, where a continuous red‐shift of the pump frequency resolves current issues of dispersion and laser‐induced damage. In the absence of absorption or dispersion, the presented method results in optical‐to‐terahertz energy conversion efficiencies that approach 100%, which is not possible with conventional cascaded difference‐frequency generation. Designs of aperiodically poled lithium niobate structures are presented, which result in energy conversion efficiencies of 35% even in the presence of dispersion and absorption. The presented work thus addresses an important bottleneck in terahertz generation, which paves the way for the development of compact particle accelerators, X‐ray free‐electron lasers, advanced electron‐beam diagnostics, and various experiments in condensed‐matter physics and chemistry.
Understanding the Performance of a Nanocomposite Based on a Conjugated Azo‐Polymer and Reduced Graphene Oxide with Photoelectrically Switchable Properties by Analyzing the Potential Profile during Photocurrent Generation
Authors: Pacheco Jéssica Crivelaro , Olean‐Oliveira André , Teixeira Marcos F. S.
Published: September 2020

This work describes the photoelectrochemical properties of devices coated with poly(azo‐Bismarck Brown R) and the nanocomposite poly(azo‐Bismarck Brown R)/reduced graphene oxide. Chronoamperometric methods with pulsed light are applied to the polymer surfaces of poly(azo‐Bismarck R) and poly(azo‐Bismarck Brown R)/rGO nanocomposites at two applied potentials (corresponding to the reduced and oxidized polymer forms) to obtain information on the photocurrent in a short response time. The results indicate that the photoactivity of the nanomaterial depends on the oxidation state of the azo‐polymer and its chemical structure. The carrier mobility of the material is affected by the applied potential profile and consequently by the isomerism of the polymer backbone. This behavior explains the photoelectrochemical performance of the nanocomposite material. The photoresponsiveness of the semiconducting hybrid material with light‐switchable conductance is promising for applications in photoelectrochemical switches and molecular switching devices.
Lycopene antagonizes lead toxicity by reducing mitochondrial oxidative damage and mitochondria‐mediated apoptosis in cultured hippocampal neurons
Authors: Qu Mingyue , Ni Yanli , Guo Baoshi , Feng Xin , Jiang Zheng
Published: September 2020

Lead (Pb) exhibits serious adverse effects on the central nervous system, and the major pathogenic mechanism of Pb toxicity is oxidative stress. As one of the carotenoid family members with potent antioxidant properties, lycopene has shown its protections by inhibiting oxidative stress damage in numerous models of neurotoxicity. The current study was designed to explore the possible protective property in primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons challenged with Pb. We observed that 5 μM lycopene pretreatment for 4 h efficiently ameliorated Pb‐caused damage in cell viability, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and apoptosis in a dose‐dependent manner. Moreover, lycopene (5 μM) attenuated the 50 μM Pb‐induced mitochondrial ROS production, improved the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes and ATP production, and ameliorated the 50 μM Pb‐induced depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential as well as opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores. In addition, 5 μM lycopene restored the imbalance of Bax/Bcl‐2, inhibited translocation of cytochrome c, and reduced caspase‐3 activation. Taken together, these findings indicate that lycopene antagonizes against Pb‐induced neurotoxicity and the underlying mechanism probably involves reduction of mitochondrial oxidative damage and mitochondria‐mediated apoptosis.
Two Patients with Niemann Pick Disease Type C Diagnosed in the Seventh Decade of Life
Authors: Wu Melanie , Ceponiene Rita , Bayram Ece , Litvan Irene
Published: September 2020

Background

Niemann‐Pick disease type C (NPC) is a rare, autosomal recessive lysosomal lipid storage disorder. It may present with cerebellar ataxia, vertical supranuclear gaze palsy, and cognitive impairment, and the age of symptom onset in adult‐onset NPC is usually earlier than the fourth decade.

Cases

We present 2 patients with adult‐onset NPC diagnosed in the seventh decade of life. The slow motor progression and subtle findings of supranuclear vertical gaze palsy and ataxia can lead to a delayed diagnosis and misdiagnosis with parkinsonian disorders, particularly progressive supranuclear palsy.

Conclusion

This report highlights and differentiates key clinical characteristics between NPC and parkinsonian disorders. It is important to consider NPC in the differential diagnosis when patients present with slowed vertical saccades, vertical supranuclear gaze palsy, ataxia, and cognitive impairment present at any age. This will allow appropriate and prompt treatment with miglustat and novel experimental therapies.
Age at Onset ofLRRK2p.Gly2019SerIs Related to Environmental and Lifestyle Factors
Authors: Lüth Theresa , König Inke R. , Grünewald Anne , Kasten Meike , Klein Christine , Hentati Faycel , Farrer Matthew , Trinh Joanne
Published: September 2020

Objectives

The effect of environmental and lifestyle factors on patients with LRRK2 (leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2) p.Gly2019Ser (LRRK2+/PD+) compared to idiopathic PD (iPD) has yet to be thoroughly investigated.

Methods

In a homogeneous Tunisian Arab Berber population, we recruited 200 idiopathic PD and 199 LRRK2 p.Gly2019Ser mutation carriers, of whom 142 had PD (LRRK2+/PD+) and 57 were unaffected (LRRK2+/PD−). Case report form (CRF) questionnaires (motor and non‐motor symptoms) including the Geoparkinson Questionnaire were used to assess environmental and lifestyle factors.

Results

In LRRK2+/PD+, tobacco use was significantly associated with a later median age at onset (AAO). The median AAO was 60 years (interquartile range = 52–67.25) for tobacco users, compared to 52 years (interquartile range = 45.25–61) for non‐users (P= 0.0042 at adjusted α = 0.025). Additionally, we observed an independent but additive effect of black tea consumption and tobacco use.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that tobacco and black tea have a protective effect on age at onset in LRRK2+/PD+. © 2020 The Authors.Movement Disorderspublished by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Identification and Characterization of IgE‐Reactive Proteins and a New Allergen (Cic a 1.01) from Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)
Authors: Wangorsch Andrea , Kulkarni Anuja , Jamin Annette , Spiric Jelena , Bräcker Julia , Brockmeyer Jens , Mahler Vera , Blanca‐López Natalia , Ferrer Marta , Blanca Miguel , Torres Maria , Gomez Paqui , Bartra Joan , García‐Moral Alba , Goikoetxea María J. , Vieths Stefan , Toda Masako , Zoccatelli Gianni , Scheurer Stephan
Published: September 2020

Scope

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) allergy has frequently been reported particularly in Spain and India. Nevertheless, chickpea allergens are poorly characterized. The authors aim to identify and characterize potential allergens from chickpea.

Methods and Results

Candidate proteins are selected by an in silico approach or immunoglobuline E (IgE)‐testing. Potential allergens are prepared as recombinant or natural proteins and characterized for structural integrity by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE), circular dichroism (CD)‐spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. IgE‐sensitization pattern of Spanish chickpea allergic and German peanut and birch pollen sensitized patients are investigated using chickpea extracts and purified proteins. Chickpea allergic patients show individual and heterogeneous IgE‐sensitization profiles with extracts from raw and boiled chickpeas. Chickpea proteins pathogenesis related protein family 10 (PR‐10), a late embryogenesis abundant protein (LEA/DC‐8), and a vicilin‐containing fraction, but not 2S albumin, shows IgE reactivity with sera from chickpea, birch pollen, and peanut sensitized patients. Remarkably, allergenic vicilin, DC‐8, and PR‐10 are detected in the extract of boiled chickpeas.

Conclusion

Several IgE‐reactive chickpea allergens are identified. For the first time a yet not classified DC‐8 protein is characterized as minor allergen (Cic a 1). Finally, the data suggest a potential risk for peanut allergic patients by IgE cross‐reactivity with homologous chickpea proteins.
A compact ultra‐wideband transverse electromagnetic mode horn antenna for high power microwave applications
Authors: Yadav Swati Varun , Chittora Ashish
Published: September 2020

A compact ultra‐wideband transverse electromagnetic mode (TEM) horn antenna for high power microwave (HPM) application is proposed. The designed antenna is capable of transmitting ultra‐wideband pulse signals without an electric breakdown. An exponentially tapered profile structure is used to match the characteristics impedance between the feed line and free space for wideband. It is fed by a 50 Ω N‐type connector. The antenna operates between 2.7 GHz to 12.5 GHz frequency ranges. The simulated and measured reflection coefficient (S11) is below −10 dB over the entire UWB band. The proposed structure also receives a directive radiation pattern, and it has a high gain of up to 8.57 dBi. This antenna can handle up to 54 MW HPM signals without breakdown. It is compact, light‐weight, and easy to fabricate. Therefore, it can be used for portable and airborne HPM systems.
Refining acculturation measures for health research: Latina/o heterogeneity in the National Latino and Asian American Study
Authors: Roth Kimberly B. , Musci Rashelle J. , Eaton William W.
Published: September 2020

Objectives

This study factor analyzes six scales relating to acculturation and related experiences among a nationally representative sample of United States‐residing Latina/os (n = 2,541) from the National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS), using measurement invariance (MI) testing to explore differences in latent constructs by Latina/o subgroup.

Methods

Factor Analysis (FA) within an Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling framework was used to analyze the factor structure of six scales measuring acculturation and related experiences (i.e., acculturation [language use and preference], enculturation [ethnic identity], discrimination, neighborhood context, and family environment). We tested for MI by two important Latina/o subgroups: ethnic heritage and generational status.

Results

The underlying latent factors resulting from FA strongly aligned with the NLAAS subscales. No scale achieved full MI, yet the degree to which MI held varied greatly by scale and by subgroup.

Conclusions

Findings show that Latina/os are heterogeneous, but that this often depends on the construct and subgrouping of interest. Future research should use these scales in a latent framework, accounting for the lack of MI, to ensure that the underlying acculturative constructs of interest are validly measured when investigating their association with mental health outcomes in this population.
Estimating the Effects of Environmental Variables and Gear Type on Panfish Catch and Bycatch in Reservoirs
Authors: Porta Michael J. , Stewart David R. , Snow Richard A.
Published: September 2020

Panfish populations create some of the most popular and intensively managed recreational fisheries in North America. However, sampling biases may prevent fisheries managers from making informed decisions. Typically, panfish are collected using fyke nets; however, hoop nets also may be effective for capturing these species. Information regarding the most efficient and least biased approach for sampling panfish would allow fishery managers to collect the highest quality data for their management. We used three gear types (standard North American-design fyke net, 13-mm-mesh hoop nets, and 25-mm-mesh hoop nets) to compare the catch rates and size structure of panfish (Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, Redear Sunfish L. microlophus, and White Crappie Pomoxis annularis), total bycatch, effects of environmental factors on catch and bycatch, and sampling efficiency (number of nets needed to achieve a relative SE ≤ 25% [RSE25]). Target panfish species dominated the catch (91–94%) and nontarget bycatch rates were low (6–9%) irrespective of gear type. We observed considerable variability in relative abundance, size structure, and number of nets needed to achieve RSE25, which differed by species and gear type. Detection probabilities for Bluegill and White Crappie were greatest when using 13-mm-mesh hoop nets, but detection probabilities for Redear Sunfish did not differ across gear types. Environmental variables influenced panfish detection and abundance, as lower water temperature and increased depth generally resulted in decreased detection probabilities and abundance of target panfish. The standard fyke net captured panfishes at greater rates and of broader size structures than both hoop-net designs and appeared to be the most efficient method for collecting Bluegill, Redear Sunfish, and White Crappie in this study. While hoop nets have great utility for sampling panfishes, they may not efficiently capture enough fish in some cases to support informed management decisions.
Assigning Fates in Telemetry Studies Using Hidden Markov Models: an Application to Deepwater Groupers Released with Descender Devices
Authors: Runde Brendan J. , Michelot Théo , Bacheler Nathan M. , Shertzer Kyle W. , Buckel Jeffrey A.
Published: September 2020

Fate assignment is crucial to the results of survival studies, particularly those that utilize acoustic tagging. Most current methodologies are at least partially subjective; thus, having a means of objectively assigning fates would improve the precision, accuracy, and utility of such studies. We released 57 acoustically tagged fish belonging to six deepwater grouper species off North Carolina, USA, via surface release and recompressed release with descender devices. We applied a three-state hidden Markov model (HMM) in a novel way: to distinguish movement patterns between fish that were alive and fish that were dead (and might have been eaten by predators). We assigned fates using two approaches that differed in their reliance on HMMs. When HMMs were the predominant source of fate assignment, we estimated survival of 40 deepwater groupers released with descender devices at the continental shelf break (66–120-m depth) to be 0.46 (95% CI = 0.33–0.65). When a combination of HMMs and prior information was utilized, we estimated survival of the same 40 groupers to be 0.61 (95% CI = 0.47–0.80). Both estimates represented a substantial improvement over the survival of surface-released groupers (n = 9; survival ~0.0). Furthermore, HMMs estimated zero survival for an additional five descended groupers at a wreck site in 240-m depth, although one analysis using prior information suggested that survival was possible in that depth. These estimates were aided by the objectivity of HMMs, and we recommend that future survival studies involving acoustic tagging employ similar methodologies. The improved survival of groupers after descending is an important finding for management, as this taxon contains several species of impaired stock status or fishery status.
Pessary evaluation for genital prolapse treatment: From acceptance to successful fitting
Authors: Vasconcelos Camila Teixeira Moreira , Gomes Maria Laura Silva , Geoffrion Roxana , Saboia Dayana Maia , Bezerra Karine de Castro , Vasconcelos Neto José Ananias
Published: September 2020

Aims

To determine the percentage of women with symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse who opted for pessary and had a successful pessary fitting trial; to identify the most commonly used size of pessary for stage of prolapse; and to identify risk factors associated with unsuccessful fitting.

Methods

We conducted a prospective cohort study of women with symptoms of genital prolapse referred to a public hospital tertiary care clinic (2013‐2019). We used ring and ring with support pessaries for fittings. We collected patient demographics, pelvic organ prolapse quantification, size of pessary used and evaluated factors associated with pessary fittings. We defined unsuccessful fit as failure to continue pessary use at 4 weeks post fitting trial. We used Mann‐Whitney and χ2 tests to compare variables between groups of successfully and unsuccessfully fitted. Using logistic regression, we built a prediction model for unsuccessful fit.

Results

All 170 women with symptomatic prolapse referred to our clinic accepted to undergo a pessary fitting. More than 70% (n = 124/72.9%) were successfully at 4 weeks. We used an average of 1.7 pessaries (range: 1‐6) per patient to identify the best‐fitting pessary and #2, 5, 3, 7, and 4 were the sizes commonly used (78.2%). Women with body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 (odds ratio [OR]: 4.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.98‐11.32; P < .001), total vaginal length <7.5 cm (OR: 3.78; 95% CI, 1.98‐11.32; P < .001), and sexually active women (OR: 2.26; 95% CI, 1.04‐4.91; P = .035) were associated with increased unsuccessful fitting.

Conclusion

The vaginal pessary proved to be an excellent choice, with high acceptance and successful fitting rates.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the rodent brain: Experts' consensus recommendations
Authors: Lanz Bernard , Abaei Alireza , Braissant Olivier , Choi In‐Young , Cudalbu Cristina , Henry Pierre‐Gilles , Gruetter Rolf , Kara Firat , Kantarci Kejal , Lee Phil , Lutz Norbert W. , Marjańska Małgorzata , Mlynárik Vladimír , Rasche Volker , Xin Lijing , Valette Julien ,   the Experts' Working Group on Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the rodent brain
Published: September 2020

In vivo MRS is a non‐invasive measurement technique used not only in humans, but also in animal models using high‐field magnets. MRS enables the measurement of metabolite concentrations as well as metabolic rates and their modifications in healthy animals and disease models. Such data open the way to a deeper understanding of the underlying biochemistry, related disturbances and mechanisms taking place during or prior to symptoms and tissue changes. In this work, we focus on the main preclinical 1H, 31P and 13C MRS approaches to study brain metabolism in rodent models, with the aim of providing general experts’ consensus recommendations (animal models, anesthesia, data acquisition protocols). An overview of the main practical differences in preclinical compared with clinical MRS studies is presented, as well as the additional biochemical information that can be obtained in animal models in terms of metabolite concentrations and metabolic flux measurements. The properties of high‐field preclinical MRS and the technical limitations are also described.
Comparison of magnetization transfer‐preparation and T2‐preparation for dark‐blood delayed‐enhancement imaging
Authors: Jenista Elizabeth R. , Wendell David C. , Kim Han W. , Rehwald Wolfgang G. , Chen Enn‐Ling , Darty Stephen N. , Smith Logan R. , Azevedo Clerio F. , Parker Michele A. , Kim Raymond J.
Published: September 2020

Recently developed dark‐blood techniques such as Flow‐Independent Dark‐blood DeLayed Enhancement (FIDDLE) allow simultaneous visualization of tissue contrast‐enhancement and blood‐pool suppression. Critical to FIDDLE is the magnetization preparation, which accentuates differences between myocardium and blood‐pool. Here, we compared magnetization transfer (MT)‐preparation and T2‐preparation for use with FIDDLE. Variants of FIDDLE were developed with MT‐ or T2‐preparation modules and tested in 35 patients (11 at 1.5 T, 24 at 3 T). Images were acquired with each FIDDLE variant in an interleaved fashion 10 minutes after gadolinium administration with otherwise identical acquisition parameters. Images were visually and quantitatively assessed for artifacts and differences in right ventricle to left ventricle (RV‐to‐LV) blood‐pool suppression. Bright artifacts, reflecting incomplete blood‐pool suppression, were frequently observed in the left atrium with T2‐preparation FIDDLE at 1.5 and 3 T (82% and up to 100% of patients, respectively). MT‐preparation FIDDLE resulted in fewer patients with artifacts (0% at 1.5 T, 22% at 3 T; P < .01). Left atrial blood‐pool signal was significantly more homogeneous with MT‐preparation than with T2‐preparation at 1.5 and 3 T (P < .001 for all comparisons). Visibly different RV‐to‐LV blood‐pool suppression was observed with T2‐preparation in 36% of patients at 1.5 T and up to 94% at 3 T. In these patients, RV blood‐pool signal was elevated, reducing the conspicuity of the myocardial‐RV blood‐pool border. Conversely, there were no visible differences in RV‐to‐LV blood‐pool suppression with MT‐preparation. Quantitative assessment of differences in blood‐pool suppression and blood‐pool artifacts was consistent with visual analyses. We conclude that for dark blood–blood delayed‐enhancement imaging of the heart, MT‐preparation results in fewer bright blood‐pool artifacts and more uniform blood‐pool suppression than T2‐preparation.
Cold wind of change: Associations between organizational change, turnover intention, overcommitment and quality of care in Spanish and Swedish eldercare organizations
Authors: Lundmark Robert , Nordin Maria , Yepes‐Baldó Montserrat , Romeo Marina , Westerberg Kristina
Published: September 2020

Aim

To examine the association between organizational change, turnover intentions, overcommitment and perceptions of quality of care among nurses and nursing assistants employed in eldercare organizations.

Design

A longitudinal survey (baseline, 12‐month follow‐up) was used.

Methods

A panel sample of 226 eldercare employees in Spain and Sweden responded to survey questions concerning organizational change, turnover intentions, overcommitment and perceptions of quality of care. The data were analysed using structural equational modelling.

Results

We found a statistically significant positive relationship between organizational change, employees’ turnover intention and overcommitment. We also found a statistically significant negative relationship between organizational change and perceived quality of care.
Compact difference scheme for two‐dimensional fourth‐order nonlinear hyperbolic equation
Authors: Li Qing , Yang Qing , Chen Huanzhen
Published: September 2020

High‐order compact finite difference method for solving the two‐dimensional fourth‐order nonlinear hyperbolic equation is considered in this article. In order to design an implicit compact finite difference scheme, the fourth‐order equation is written as a system of two second‐order equations by introducing the second‐order spatial derivative as a new variable. The second‐order spatial derivatives are approximated by the compact finite difference operators to obtain a fourth‐order convergence. As well as, the second‐order time derivative is approximated by the central difference method. Then, existence and uniqueness of numerical solution is given. The stability and convergence of the compact finite difference scheme are proved by the energy method. Numerical results are provided to verify the accuracy and efficiency of this scheme.
A new type of full multigrid method for the elasticity eigenvalue problem
Authors: Xu Fei , Huang Qiumei , Ma Hongkun
Published: September 2020

This paper introduces a new type of full multigrid method for the elasticity eigenvalue problem. The main idea is to avoid solving large scale elasticity eigenvalue problem directly by transforming the solution of the elasticity eigenvalue problem into a series of solutions of linear boundary value problems defined on a multilevel finite element space sequence and some small scale elasticity eigenvalue problems defined on the coarsest correction space. The involved linear boundary value problems will be solved by performing some multigrid iterations. Besides, some efficient techniques such as parallel computing and adaptive mesh refinement can also be absorbed in our algorithm. The efficiency and validity of the multigrid methods are verified by several numerical experiments.
Knock‐knees: Identifying genu valgum and understanding its relationship to vitamin D deficiency in 18th to 19th century northern England
Authors: Tschinkel Khrystyne , Gowland Rebecca
Published: September 2020

Genu valgum is a condition in which a person's knees angle inwards and touch one another creating a “knock‐kneed” appearance during life and potentially causing pain and walking difficulties. The most common cause of genu valgum is medial torsion of the proximal tibia, such that the lateral side becomes more weight bearing. It is considered a feature of vitamin D deficiency and many other pathological conditions. Currently, bioarchaeologists lack clear diagnostic criteria to identify genu valgum in skeletal remains, and it is therefore likely to be underreported. The aim of this study was to develop a method for diagnosing genu valgum and apply it to the analysis of adult skeletons from two 18th to 19th century skeletal collections from the North of England. Six individuals from Coach Lane and three from Fewston showed evidence of genu valgum. All of these individuals had other skeletal indicators of vitamin D deficiency. We discuss the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and genu valgum alongside other possible etiologies identified in the clinical literature. The individuals who presented with vitamin D deficiency related genu valgum in this study were diagnosed with adolescent rickets. Individuals who were vitamin D deficient in early childhood were more likely to be vitamin D deficient later in life and exhibit more advanced genu valgum. Genu valgum is often overlooked in the palaeopathological literature but its presence may be an important indicator of broader health problems.