bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Critical care pharmacy workforce: UK deployment and characteristics in 2015
Authors: Borthwick Mark , Barton Greg , Bourne Richard S , McKenzie Catherine
Published: October 2017

Objective

Clinical pharmacists reduce medication errors and optimize the use of medication in critically ill patients, although actual staffing level and deployment of UK pharmacists is unknown. The primary aim was to investigate the UK deployment of the clinical pharmacy workforce in critical care and compare this with published standards.

Methods

An electronic data entry tool was created and distributed for UK critical care pharmacy services to record their critical care workforce deployment data.

Key findings

Data were received for 279 critical care units in 171 organizations. Clinical pharmacist input was identified for 98.6% of critical care units. The median weekday pharmacist input to critical care was 0.045 whole time equivalents per Level 3 (ICU) bed with significant interregional variation. Weekend services were sparse. Pharmacists spent 24.5% of time on the multidisciplinary team ward round, 58.5% of time on independent patient review and 17% of time on other critical care professional support activities. There is significant variation in staffing levels when services are stratified by highest level of competence of critical care pharmacist within an organization (P = 0.03), with significant differences in time spent on the multi-disciplinary ward round (P = 0.010) and on other critical care activities (P = 0.009), but not on independent patient review.

Conclusions

Investment in pharmacy services is required to improve access to clinical pharmacy expertise at weekends, on MDT ward rounds and for other critical care activities.
Who is buried in Playfair's Grave?
Authors: Spence Ian , Fenn Colin R. , Klein Scott
Published: October 2017

Ian Spence, Colin R. Fenn and Scott Klein go in search of the final resting place of William Playfair, who devised many of the statistical graphics in use today
Plastic in the Ocean: How much is out there?
Authors: McAdam Ronan
Published: October 2017

Plastic waste is found in ocean waters, on beaches and in the marine food chain. Counting it all would be impossible, but the approximate scale of the problem can be estimated. Ronan McAdam highlights the many roles of statistics in describing and tackling this global issue
Novel automated point collection software facilitates rapid, high‐density electroanatomical mapping with multiple catheter types
Authors: Ptaszek Leon M. , Moon Boyce , Rozen Guy , Mahapatra Srijoy , Mansour Moussa
Published: October 2017

Introduction

Manual, point‐by‐point electroanatomical mapping requires the operator to directly evaluate each point during map construction. Consequently, point collection can be a slow process. An automated 3D mapping system was developed with the goal of improving key mapping metrics, including map completion time and point density.

Methods

Automated 3D mapping software that includes morphology and cycle length discrimination functions for surface and intracardiac electrograms was developed. In five swine, electroanatomical maps (EAMs) of all four cardiac chambers were generated in sinus rhythm. Four catheters were used: two different four‐pole ablation catheters, a 20‐pole circular catheter, and a 64‐pole basket catheter. Automated and manual 3D mapping were compared for 12 different catheter‐chamber combinations (paired sets of 10 maps for most combinations, for a total of 156 maps).

Results

Automated 3D mapping produced more than twofold increase in the number of points per map, as compared with manual 3D mapping (P ≤0.007 for all catheter‐chamber combinations tested). Automated 3D mapping also reduced map completion time by an average of 29% (P < 0.05 for all comparisons). The amount of manual editing of the maps acquired with automated 3D mapping was minimal.

Conclusion

Automated 3D mapping with the open‐platform mapping software described in this study is significantly faster than manual, point‐by‐point 3D mapping. This resulted in shorter mapping time and higher point density. The morphology discrimination functions effectively excluded ectopic beats during mapping in sinus rhythm and allowed for rapid mapping of intermittent ventricular ectopic beats.
Integrin β‐3 is required for the attachment, retention and therapeutic benefits of human cardiospheres in myocardial infarction
Authors: Liu Suyun , Jiang Zhian , Qiao Li , Guo Bingyan , Xiao Wenliang , Zhang Xiaoguang , Chang Liang , Li Yongjun
Published: October 2017

Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading causes of death worldwide. Stem cell therapy offers a promising option to regenerate injured myocardium. Among the various types of stem cells, cardiosphere cells represent a mixture of intrinsic heart stem cells and supporting cells. The safety and efficacy of cardiosphere cells have been demonstrated in recent clinical trials. Cell–matrix interaction plays an important role in mediating the engraftment of injected stem cells. Here, we studied the role of integrin β‐3 in cardiosphere‐mediated cell therapy in a mouse model of myocardial infarction. Our results indicated that inhibiting integrin β‐3 reduced attachment, retention and therapeutic benefits of human cardiospheres in mice with acute myocardial infarction. This suggests integrin β‐3 plays an important role in cardiosphere‐mediated heart regeneration.
Readily Identifiable Risk Factors of Nursing Home Residents’ Oral Hygiene: Dementia, Hospice, and Length of Stay
Authors: Zimmerman Sheryl , Austin Sophie , Cohen Lauren , Reed David , Poole Patricia , Ward Kimberly , Sloane Philip D.
Published: October 2017

Background/Objectives

The poor oral hygiene of nursing home (NH) residents is a matter of increasing concern, especially because of its relationship with pneumonia and other health events. Because details and related risk factors in this area are scant and providers need to be able to easily identify those residents at most risk, this study comprehensively examined the plaque, gingival, and denture status of NH residents, as well as readily available correlates of those indicators of oral hygiene, including items from the Minimum Data Set (MDS).

Design

Oral hygiene assessment and chart abstract conducted on a cross‐section of NH residents.

Setting

NHs in North Carolina (N = 14).

Participants

NH residents (N = 506).

Measurements

Descriptive data from the MDS and assessments using three standardized measures: the Plaque Index for Long‐Term Care (PI‐LTC), the Gingival Index for Long‐Term Care (GI‐LTC), and the Denture Plaque Index (DPI).

Results

Oral hygiene scores averaged 1.7 (of 3) for the PI‐LTC, 1.5 (of 4) for the GI‐LTC, and 2.2 (of 4) for the DPI. Factors most strongly associated with poor oral hygiene scores included having dementia, being on hospice care, and longer stay. MDS ratings of gingivitis differed significantly from oral hygiene assessments.

Conclusions

The findings identify resident subgroups at especially high risk of poor oral health who can be targeted in quality improvement efforts related to oral hygiene; they also indicate need to improve the accuracy of how MDS items are completed.
Apnea induction for invasive lung function testing in infant olive baboons: Comparison of intravenous propofol versus hyperventilation
Authors: Ivanov Vadim A. , Wolf Roman F. , Papin James F. , Anderson Michael P. , Hill Claude L. , Welliver Robert C.
Published: October 2017

Background

In various types of pulmonary research, pulmonary function testing (PFT) is performed to quantify the severity of lung disease. Induction of apnea and positive pressure ventilation are required for accuratePFTmeasurements in non‐cooperative subjects. We compared two methods of apnea induction in infant olive baboons (Papio anubis).

Methods

Pulmonary function testing results were compared during apnea induced by hyperventilation (CO2washout) vs. intravenous propofol (1 dose 10 mg/kg).PFTwas evaluated using a hot‐wire pneumotachometer incorporated within an Avea ventilator in nine 1‐month‐old baboons.

Results

Propofol induced apnea faster and more reliably. In both groups,PFTvalues passed the statistical equivalence test and were not significantly different (Student'st‐test). There was a trend toward less data variability after propofol administration.

Conclusions

Intravenous propofol was non‐inferior toCO2washout for apnea induction in infant olive baboons. Propofol induced apnea faster and more reliably and yielded less variablePFTresults.
Randomized comparison of balloon aortic valvuloplasty performed with or without rapid cardiac pacing: The pacing versus no pacing (PNP) study
Authors: Dall'Ara Gianni , Marzocchi Antonio , Taglieri Nevio , Moretti Carolina , Rodinò Giulio , Chiarabelli Matteo , Bottoni Paolo , Marrozzini Cinzia , Sabattini Maria Rita , Bacchi‐Reggiani Maria‐Letizia , Rapezzi Claudio , Saia Francesco
Published: October 2017

Objectives

To compare the effectiveness and safety of balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) performed with or without rapid ventricular pacing (RP).

Background

BAV technique is poorly standardized.

Methods

One hundred consecutive patients were randomly assigned 1:1 between BAV performed with or without RP. Exclusion criteria were an immediate indication for surgical or transcatheter aortic valve replacement, presentation in cardiogenic shock or pulmonary edema refractory to medical stabilization.

Results

There were 51 patients in the BAV group performed with RP, 49 in the BAV group without RP (noRP). Procedural success (50% hemodynamic gradient reduction) was achieved in 37.3% and 55.1%, respectively (P = 0.16). Fewer people in the noRP group complained of poor tolerance to the procedure (16% vs 41%). The primary efficacy endpoint, a 50% reduction in the mean echocardiographic trans‐aortic gradient, was met in 21/49 patients in the noRP group compared to 20/51 in the RP (42.9% vs 39.2%; P = 0.84). No significant difference between the groups was observed in the primary safety endpoint, a 30‐day composite of death, myocardial infarction, stroke, acute aortic regurgitation, and BARC bleeding ≥3 (8.2% noRP vs 13.7%; P = 0.53). The noRP group required fewer bailout temporary pacemakers (P = 0.048) and had a lower incidence of moderate/severe renal function worsening (4.1% vs 17.6%; P = 0.052).

Conclusions

Rapid ventricular pacing did not influence BAV efficacy or safety and tolerance was slightly worse.
Evaluation of multiplex real‐time PCR for identifying dermatophytes in clinical samples—A multicentre study
Authors: Sherman Shany , Goshen Maya , Treigerman Orit , Ben‐Zion Keren , Carp Marie‐Jeanne , Maisler Noam , Ehrenreich Inbal Binsky , Kimchi Aviva , Lifshitz Sara , Smollan Gill , Davidovici Batya , David Michael , Hodak Emmilia , Segal Rina
Published: October 2017

The gold‐standard method for dermatophyte identification involves direct microscopy and culture, which have inherent shortcomings. Only few molecular methods have been standardised for routine clinical work. This study aimed to develop and test a platform for identifying the most common dermatophytes in Israel using multiplex real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Specific primers were designed for the multiplex system (LightCycler 480) according to known cultures and validated by reference isolates. The dermatophyte detection rate was compared to smear and culture in 223 clinical samples obtained from a tertiary medical centre. Inconsistencies between methods were evaluated by sequencing. The RT‐PCR was further evaluated in 200 community‐based samples obtained from a health maintenance organisation and 103 military‐personnel‐based samples analysed at a central laboratory. In hospital‐based clinical samples, complete concordance between methods was observed in 190 samples (85%; Kappa = 0.69). In most cases of non‐concordance, sequencing was consistent with RT‐PCR results. RT‐PCR correctly identified all smear‐ and culture‐positive cases in community and military‐personnel samples. The results were available within 4 hours. The multiplex RT‐PCR platform is a rapid and efficient method for identifying dermatophyte species in clinical samples and may serve as a first step in the diagnostic algorithm of superficial fungal infections.
Increasing candidaemia incidence from 2004 to 2015 with a shift in epidemiology in patients preexposed to antifungals
Authors: Goemaere Berdieke , Becker Pierre , Van Wijngaerden Eric , Maertens Johan , Spriet Isabel , Hendrickx Marijke , Lagrou Katrien
Published: October 2017

Candidaemia is an important health problem in immunocompromised patients with an epidemiology varying with region, period and patient population involved. The occurrence of candidaemia and the associated species distribution over a 12‐year period at a large tertiary care centre in Belgium were analysed. The trend in incidence in the intensive care units (ICUs) and non‐ICUs was investigated as well as the influence of antifungal exposure on the species distribution. From 2004 until 2015, 865 candidaemia episodes occurred in 826 patients at the University Hospitals Leuven. Candida albicans (59%) remained the most important cause of candidaemia, followed by C. glabrata (22.4%) and C. parapsilosis (8%). The mean incidence in the whole hospital was 1.48 per 10 000 patient days (PD). The incidence in ICUs increased reaching up to 10.7 per 10 000 PD whereas in the non‐ICUs, the incidence decreased. Prior exposure to fluconazole and echinocandins was associated with candidaemia caused by less susceptible species. Candidaemia incidence increased in the whole hospital, driven by ICUs. Surveillance of candidaemia epidemiology on a local scale is of high value to guide empirical treatment strategies.
Taxonomic studies on Amomum (Zingiberaceae) in China I: Introducing the subject and Amomum velutinum sp. nov. previously misidentified as A. repoeense and A. subcapitatum
Authors: Ye Xing Er , Leong‐Škorničková Jana , Xia Nian He
Published: October 2017

A general introduction to Amomum Roxb. (Zingiberaceae, Alpinioideae, Alpinieae) is provided together with material and methods used in this and forthcoming papers focusing on taxonomic studies of Amomum in China. In this paper, we address the identity of a species formerly misidentified as Amomum repoeense Pierre ex Gagnep in China and A. subcapitatum Y.M.Xia in Laos. Our studies reveal that the material previously identified as A. repoeense in China is heterogeneous, but none of it belong to A. repoeense. The majority of these specimens, collected mainly in Yunnan, represent a new species here described as Amomum velutinum X.E.Ye, Škorničk. & N.H.Xia. A detailed description and illustrations of the new species, which also occurs in Laos and Vietnam, are provided. As A. velutinum had previously been confused with A. subcapitatum in Laos, we also provide a description and illustration of the latter. A comparison of A. velutinum and seven morphologically similar species occurring in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam and a taxonomic key distinguishing them, are provided.
Pterygiella luzhijiangensis sp. nov. (Orobanchaceae), a new procumbent species from Yunnan, southwest China
Authors: Qiao Di , He Zhao‐Rong , Ma Xing‐Da , Wang Huan‐Chong
Published: October 2017

Pterygiella luzhijiangensis Huan C. Wang, is described and illustrated as a new species endemic to Yunnan, southwest China. It occurs in thickets of the Luzhijiang hot‐dry valley at elevations of 1000–1300 m a.s.l. This new species is closely related to P. duclouxii Franch., but clearly differs from the latter by its procumbent stems, much branched at the base, 7–20 cm long, the leaves 1.0–2.2 cm long, 0.1–0.2 (0.25) cm wide, the corolla 2.0–2.2 cm long, obviously longer than the calyx, with the lower lip of the corolla much longer than the upper one.
Integrating 2D and 3D shell morphology to disentangle the palaeobiology of ammonoids: a virtual approach
Authors: Hoffmann René , Lemanis Robert E. , Falkenberg Janina , Schneider Steffen , Wesendonk Hendrik , Zachow Stefan
Published: October 2017

Based on data derived from computed tomography, we demonstrate that integrating 2D and 3D morphological data from ammonoid shells represents an important new approach for investigating the palaeobiology of ammonoids. Characterization of ammonite morphology has long been constrained to 2D data, with only a few studies collecting ontogenetic data in 180° steps. Here we combine this traditional approach with 3D data collected from high‐resolution nano‐computed tomography. Ontogenetic morphological data on the hollow shell of a juvenile ammoniteKosmoceras(Jurassic, Callovian) was collected. 2D data was collected in 10° steps and show significant changes in shell morphology. Preserved hollow spines show multiple mineralized membranes never reported before, representing temporal changes in the ammonoid mantle tissue. 3D data show that chamber volumes do not always increase exponentially, as was generally assumed, but may represent a proxy for life events, such as stress phases. Furthermore, chamber volume cannot be simply derived from septal spacing in forms comparable toKosmoceras. Vogel numbers represent a 3D parameter for chamber shape, and those forKosmocerasare similar to other ammonoids (Arnsbergites,Amauroceras) and modern cephalopods (Nautilus,Spirula). Two methods to virtually document the suture line ontogeny, used to document phylogenetic relationships of larger taxonomic entities, were applied for the first time and present a promising alternative to hand drawings. The curvature of the chamber surfaces increases during ontogeny due to increasing strength of ornamentation and septal complexity. As this may allow for faster handling of cameral liquid, it could compensate for decreasingSA/V ratios through ontogeny.
The use of dipyrone (metamizol) as an analgesic in children: What is the evidence? A review
Authors: de Leeuw Thomas G. , Dirckx Maaike , Gonzalez Candel Antonia , Scoones Gail P. , Huygen Frank J. P. M. , de Wildt Saskia N.
Published: October 2017

Dipyrone has analgesic, spasmolytic, and antipyretic effects and is used to treat pain. Due to a possible risk of agranulocytosis with the use of dipyrone, it has been banned in a number of countries. The most commonly used data for the use of dipyrone are related to adults. Information relating to the use of dipyrone in children is scarce. Given the potential added value of dipyrone in the treatment of pain, a review of the literature was conducted to obtain more insight into the analgesic efficacy of dipyrone in children as well as the safety of dipyrone in terms of adverse events. A literature search was done for original articles (in English, German, or Spanish language) which met the following criteria: the use of dipyrone for pain and children up to the age of 17 years old. All titles and abstracts retrieved were reviewed, independently, by two of the authors, for their suitability for inclusion. The references of the selected articles were also checked for additional relevant papers. The publications were categorized into case reports, observational studies, or randomized controlled trials. To assess the methodological quality of the studies, the Jadad score was used. In the limited available data, the analgesic efficacy of intravenous dipyrone appears similar to that of intravenous paracetamol. Evidence is lacking to support the claim that dipyrone is equivalent or even superior to Non‐Steroid‐Anti‐Inflammatory‐Drugs in pediatric pain. While the absolute risk of agranulocytosis with dipyrone in children, based on available literature, cannot be determined, case reports suggest that this risk is not negligible.
Tolerance and resilience of forest species to frost in restoration planting in southern Brazil
Authors: Rorato Daniele G. , Araujo Maristela M. , Tabaldi Luciane A. , Turchetto Felipe , Griebeler Adriana M. , Berghetti Álvaro L. P. , Barbosa Felipe M.
Published: October 2017

Listing potential species for restoring areas has become a complex task considering the lack of information regarding the silvicultural behavior of native trees after planting and their responses to environmental conditions. Frost is an important meteorological phenomenon that regulates the distribution of plant species, especially in subtropical regions. Thus, we evaluated the effect of frost and the resilience potential of native forest species in restoration planting of a riparian forest in southern Brazil. The experimental design used was randomized blocks in a 6 × 2 factorial scheme (6 species and 2 containers). During the winter in 2014 (270 days after planting), the damage from the impact of frost was assessed through a rating scale ranging from 0 (100% of the leaf area and damaged stem) to 10 (no visual damage). In addition, to assess species resilience, the height and stem diameter were measured, prior to the winter of 2014 and at 270 and 360 days. Eugenia involucrata and Schinus terebinthifolius were considered frost tolerant species. Parapiptadenia rigida was classified as moderately frost tolerant, while Casearia sylvestris, Cupania vernalis, and Inga vera were very sensitive to frost. Casearia sylvestris, E. involucrata, P. rigida, and S. terebinthifolius showed potential for recommencement of growth. On the other hand, C. vernalis and I. vera were considered too sensitive to frost, with high mortality rates and/or no resilience potential.
Non‐specific pleuritis in patients with active malignancy
Authors: Vakil Erik , Ost David , Vial Macarena R. , Stewart John , Sarkiss Mona G. , Morice Rodolfo C. , Casal Roberto F. , Eapen Georgie A. , Grosu Horiana B.
Published: October 2017

Background and objective

Pleuroscopy is the test of choice for patients with suspected malignant pleural effusion and negative cytology. Biopsies negative for malignancy are frequently attributed to non‐specific pleuritis, which poses a dilemma in patients with a known active malignancy, raising concern for a false‐negative result. Our primary objective was to determine the outcomes of patients with active malignancy who had a non‐malignant diagnosis on pleuroscopy.

Methods

Retrospective review of all pleuroscopy cases from January 2005 to January 2015 at our institution was conducted. Biopsies were categorized by histopathology as malignant, eosinophilic or non‐specific pleuritis. Malignant histopathology was considered a true positive. Eosinophilic or non‐specific pleuritis was categorized as malignant, if malignancy was later identified during follow‐up, or chemotherapy induced, possible radiation induced, other paramalignant, other benign or idiopathic.

Results

Of the 199 pleuroscopy cases reviewed, 172 (86%) had a history of active malignancy. On histopathology, 73 (42%) had malignancy, 9 (5%) had eosinophilic pleuritis and 90 (52%) had non‐specific pleuritis. Three patients with non‐specific pleuritis were diagnosed with malignancy at follow‐up. Pleuritis in 24 patients was chemotherapy induced, 27 were possibly radiation induced, 11 were other paramalignant and 3 were other benign. Idiopathic pleuritis was diagnosed in 31 patients. Patients were monitored for a mean of 23 ± 11 months.

Conclusion

The prevalence of malignant pleural disease was lower than expected for our patient population. Patients with no malignancy on histopathology were most likely to have non‐specific pleuritis, a cause for which was identified in a majority of patients after clinical review.
Experimental evaluation of the elastic limit of carbon‐fibre reinforced epoxy composites under a large range of strain rate and temperature conditions
Authors: Castres M. , Berthe J. , Deletombe E. , Brieu M.
Published: October 2017

The mechanical behaviour of organic matrix composite materials such as T700GC/M21 carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) is generally considered by the industry as being orthotropic elastic for the sizing of aeronautical structures under normal isothermal “static” flight loads. During the aircraft lifetime, it may be exposed to severe loading conditions at various temperatures. However, the mechanical behaviour of CFRP is known to exhibit a linear behaviour or a non‐linear behaviour according to the types of loads that are considered creep or extreme conditions. The observed non‐linearity can be commonly attributed to several physical phenomena such as non‐linear viscosity, plasticity, or damage. In the literature, different models can be found that are based on three components: a first elastic reversible behaviour, a second non‐linear behaviour, and a failure criterion. An important issue is to understand and characterize the transition between the elastic reversible behaviour and the non‐linear behaviour. To answer this question, the present paper describes an experimental methodology that permits to evaluate this transition thanks to raw experimental data, and its application to a range of constant but different strain rate and temperature tests performed on the T700GC/M21 CFRP material.
Observations of red‐giant variable stars by Aboriginal Australians
Authors: Hamacher Duane W.
Published: October 2017

Aboriginal Australians carefully observe the properties and positions of stars, including both overt and subtle changes in their brightness, for subsistence and social application. These observations are encoded in oral tradition. I examine two Aboriginal oral traditions from South Australia that describe the periodic changing brightness in three pulsating, red‐giant variable stars: Betelgeuse (Alpha Orionis), Aldebaran (Alpha Tauri), and Antares (Alpha Scorpii). The Australian Aboriginal accounts stand as the only known descriptions of pulsating variable stars in any Indigenous oral tradition in the world. Researchers examining these oral traditions over the last century, including anthropologists and astronomers, missed the descriptions of these stars as being variable in nature as the ethnographic record contained several misidentifications of stars and celestial objects. Arguably, ethnographers working on Indigenous Knowledge Systems should have academic training in both the natural and social sciences
Changes in circulating inflammatory markers following febrile non‐haemolytic transfusion reactions to leucoreduced red cells
Authors: Larsen R. , Sandhu N. , Heegaard N. H. H. , Ullum H. , von Stemann J. H. , Sørensen E. , Nellemann D. S. , Hansen M. B.
Published: October 2017

It would be desirable to be able to distinguish fever as a result of febrile non‐haemolytic transfusion reactions (FNHTR) from other febrile conditions. To further characterize the inflammatory feature of FNHTR, we measured a large panel of inflammatory markers in pre‐ and posttransfusion plasma samples from patients with and without FNHTR following the transfusion of leucoreduced red blood cells. As FNHTR patients only displayed a significant increase in IL‐6, we conclude that changes in plasma cytokine levels during FNHTR are unlikely to be used diagnostically. An incidental finding of a distinct cytokine pattern in pretransfusion samples from FNHTR patients warrants further investigations, as it might be used to characterize the nature of FNHTR and to predict the risk of these adverse events.
Adult multipotent stromal cell cryopreservation: Pluses and pitfalls
Authors: Duan Wei , Lopez Mandi J. , Hicok Kevin
Published: October 2017

Study and clinical testing of adult multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) are central to progressive improvements in veterinary regenerative medicine. Inherent limitations to long‐term culture preclude use for storage. Until cell line creation from primary isolates becomes routine, MSC stasis at cryogenic temperatures is required for this purpose. Many protocols and reagents, including cryoprotectants, used for veterinary MSCs are derived from those for human and rodent cells. Dissimilarities in cryopreservation strategies play a role in variable MSC behaviors. Familiarity with contemporary cryopreservation reagents and processes is essential to an appreciation of their impact on MSC survival and post‐cryopreservation behavior. In addition to these points, this review includes a brief history and description of current veterinary stem cell regulation.
Biocrecimiento: síntesis dialógica entre crecimiento, desarrollo y medio ambiente
Authors: Fuertes Grábalos Enrique , Plou Lafuente Pablo , Gómez Bahillo Carlos
Published: October 2017

La producción sin límites y la expansión del mercado globalizado está provocando crisis sistémicas que, a su vez, producen inestabilidad política y social a escala mundial, lo que muestra que la actual forma de crecimiento es insostenible a medio y largo plazo, por la dualización territorial y social que produce. En este artículo se reflexiona sobre ello. Se repasan las principales aportaciones sobre la relación hombre-naturaleza realizadas por los economistas clásicos y las propuestas que desde la economía y la sociología económica se están haciendo para proponer un modelo alternativo, en el cual el crecimiento económico no sea un fin en sí mismo. Se apuesta por un modelo de desarrollo respetuoso con el medio natural y solidario entre generaciones y pueblos.
El cambio climático y sus implicaciones en la salud humana
Authors: Cuadros Cagua Tania Angélica
Published: October 2017

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar, a través de la revisión de literatura, los efectos del cambio climático sobre la salud de las personas. Para ello se hizo una revisión de la documentación científica publicada sobre los efectos del cambio climático en la salud humana y se señalan algunos de los efectos que los fenómenos secundarios al cambio climático, tales como las temperaturas extremas, las olas de calor, los cambios en la calidad del aire o del agua tienen sobre la morbimortalidad de la población. Una de las conclusiones del estudio es que los fenómenos secundarios al cambio climático tienen efectos directos e indirectos sobre la salud humana, lo que hace que las repercusiones sean diversas y se solapen unas con otras, al tiempo que algunas serán difícilmente reversibles en años o decenios.
Del concepto de ingeniería de tránsito al de movilidad urbana sostenible
Authors: Quintero-González Julián-Rodrigo
Published: October 2017

El estudio de la movilidad en la ciudades se ha valido de ciencias aplicadas como la Ingeniería de Tránsito que, con base en estudios especializados de variables como el volumen del tráfico, la velocidad y la densidad, además de inventarios de infraestructuras, la generación de modelos de pronóstico y la modelación con el empleo de software, han facilitado la caracterización del comportamiento del tráfico, así como el diseño de medidas para su mejoramiento, orientadas a la planeación de la operación del tránsito y la intervención física de la infraestructura del transporte. No obstante, en la práctica, dichos estudios han dejado de lado el análisis de factores esenciales como la equidad social, el ambiente y el valor económico, propios de la concepción del problema de movilidad urbana en el marco de la sostenibilidad de los sistemas de transporte. El presente artículo pretende proveer una prospectiva de la inclusión de estos aspectos en las etapas de diagnóstico de la movilidad, así como en el diseño y la planificación de medidas para su mejoramiento, y que pueden redundar en la obtención de resultados efectivos por parte de expertos, funcionarios y entidades competentes, concordantes con las verdaderas necesidades de movilidad urbana de los individuos y su sostenibilidad.
Valoración económica de la vida del trabajador minero peruano
Authors: Mori Mojalott Jorge P. , Alarcón-Novoa Jorge A.
Published: October 2017

Se calcula el valor de la vida estadística (VVE) del trabajador minero peruano, año 2012, mediante la metodología de salarios hedónicos. El presente es el primer estudio de este tipo aplicado a un mercado laboral peruano. Se ha empleado la teoría de diferencias igualadoras, y se espera que mientras más elevado sea el riesgo de muerte en ocupaciones mineras, mayor será el salario asociado. La metodología ha requerido la definición previa de una ecuación de salarios explicados por características del trabajador y el puesto de trabajo. Se ha utilizado la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares de Perú del 2012 y estadísticas de muertes por accidentes laborales (MINEM). Con esta información se determinó la forma funcional de la ecuación salarial; se estimó el índice de riesgo mortal (0.0179). Finalmente, se obtuvo un VVE de US $978 000, valor superior al VVE promedio de US $654 000, obtenido por otros estudios para el Perú. Se espera que las conclusiones sirvan como primera aproximación al cálculo del beneficio por vidas salvadas en el sector minero, asociado a iniciativas gubernamentales que regulen la seguridad en el trabajo y el impacto ambiental de la actividad minera.
¿Quién incide en la gobernanza local en Nicaragua? El caso de los comités municipales de la soberanía y seguridad alimentaria y nutricional
Authors: Moncayo Miño Marco Vinicio , Yagüe Blanco José Luis
Published: October 2017

Nicaragua promueve desde el 2009 una estructura interinstitucional específica de seguridad alimentaria. De las instancias planteadas en la respectiva ley, solo se han conformado los comités municipales, los cuales se han convertido en la principal arena política local. Mediante el análisis de redes de políticas se analizó el nivel de incidencia de los actores en las políticas locales. Los resultados presentan a los actores gubernamentales con mayor influencia en la priorización y aprobación de las iniciativas. Aunque la toma de decisiones no se descentraliza del todo, estos espacios suplen las debilidades técnicas y económicas de los gobiernos locales y evitan posibles traslapes entre actores.
Descentralización y gestión ambiental en América Latina: Un análisis de las publicaciones académicas
Authors: Carrillo Patricia , Casellas Antònia
Published: October 2017

La descentralización de la gestión ambiental implica la transferencia de poder y responsabilidades a nivel local. Aunque existen revisiones bibliográficas sobre descentralización y medio ambiente, hay un vacío para el caso específico de Latinoamérica. Utilizando la técnica del Systematic Quantitative Literature Review los patrones en la literatura revelan desequilibrios territoriales y temáticos en el análisis, con una mayoría de estudios centrados en Bolivia y Brasil, concentración de investigaciones en descentralización de la gestión forestal, dominio de los académicos del ámbito anglosajón y valoraciones dispares en los resultados dependiendo del país analizado y el enfoque disciplinar.
‘Science wars’ veteran has a new mission
Authors: de Vrieze Jop
Published: October 2017

Bruno Latour was a thorn in scientists' sides. Now, he wants to rebuild trust in their work.
Mapping spiral structure on the far side of the Milky Way
Authors: Sanna Alberto , Reid Mark J. , Dame Thomas M. , Menten Karl M. , Brunthaler Andreas
Published: October 2017

Measuring the far side of the Galaxy

Direct measurements of distances to astronomical sources rely on parallax, which can usually only be measured for relatively nearby objects. The far side of the Milky Way has been impossible to measure accurately, because the parallax is very small and interstellar dust blocks optical light from those regions. Sanna
et al.
used radio interferometry to directly determine the parallax distance to a star-forming region on the far side of the Galaxy. They also used a method of inferring distances from transverse motions, which produced the same answer. This allowed them to trace one of the Milky Way's spiral arms through almost an entire rotation.

Science
, this issue p.
227
Response to Comment on “Selective anaerobic oxidation of methane enables direct synthesis of methanol”
Authors: Sushkevich Vitaly L. , Palagin Dennis , Ranocchiari Marco , van Bokhoven Jeroen A.
Published: October 2017

Periana argues that the stepwise reaction of methane with water is thermodynamically unfavorable and therefore impractical. We reply by presenting an in-depth thermodynamic analysis of each step in the process and show that the surface concentrations of the reactants and products as well as the stabilizing effect of additional water molecules, as discussed in the original paper, fully support the feasibility of the proposed reaction.
Anti-Markovnikov alkene oxidation by metal-oxo–mediated enzyme catalysis
Authors: Hammer Stephan C. , Kubik Grzegorz , Watkins Ella , Huang Shan , Minges Hannah , Arnold Frances H.
Published: October 2017

Teaching an enzyme to switch sites

There has been a recent flurry of activity in modifying enzymes to conduct unnatural chemical reactions more cleanly or selectively than synthetic chemical catalysts. Hammer
et al.
now report application of a cytochrome P450 variant to an oxidation that has largely eluded efficient catalysis. They used directed evolution to mutate the enzyme so that it placed oxygen at the less substituted carbon of the C=C double bond in styrenes, forming aldehyde products. They thereby attained opposite site selectivity to that of the widely used palladium-catalyzed Wacker-Tsuji oxidation.

Science
, this issue p.
215
Sir Patrick Bateson (1938–2017)
Authors: McCabe Brian J.
Published: October 2017

Influential researcher of the biology of animal behavior
Ligand-activated Notch undergoes DTX4-mediated ubiquitylation and bilateral endocytosis before ADAM10 processing
Authors: Chastagner Patricia , Rubinstein Eric , Brou Christel
Published: October 2017

Ubiquitylation of the receptor Notch1 triggers its endocytosis by ligand- and receptor-bearing cells before it undergoes processing by ADAM10.
The lncRNA H19 mediates breast cancer cell plasticity during EMT and MET plasticity by differentially sponging miR-200b/c and let-7b
Authors: Zhou Wu , Ye Xiao-lei , Xu Jun , Cao Ming-Guo , Fang Zheng-Yu , Li Ling-Yun , Guan Guang-Hui , Liu Qiong , Qian Yue-Hui , Xie Dong
Published: October 2017

A long noncoding RNA selectively sponges microRNAs to enable epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity in metastasizing breast cancer cells.
Genetic evidence that β-arrestins are dispensable for the initiation of β
2
-adrenergic receptor signaling to ERK
Authors: O’Hayre Morgan , Eichel Kelsie , Avino Silvia , Zhao Xuefeng , Steffen Dana J. , Feng Xiaodong , Kawakami Kouki , Aoki Junken , Messer Karen , Sunahara Roger , Inoue Asuka , von Zastrow Mark , Gutkind J. Silvio
Published: October 2017

Ligand activation of β
2
-adrenergic receptors induces the phosphorylation of the kinase ERK in a β-arrestin–independent manner.
The glycosylation pathway is required for the secretion of Slit and for the maintenance of the Slit receptor Robo on axons
Authors: Manavalan Mary Ann , Jayasinghe Vatsala Ruvini , Grewal Rickinder , Bhat Krishna Moorthi
Published: October 2017

Glycosylation of the guidance cue Slit is required for proper positioning and maintenance of axon tracts in the fruit fly.
The lost language of the RNA World
Authors: Nelson James W. , Breaker Ronald R.
Published: October 2017

RNA-derived signaling molecules in modern cells may represent evolutionary vestiges of a time when all cellular functions were performed by RNAs.
Macrophages don’t take more than they can eat
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: October 2017

Innate immune signaling feeds forward to control the rate at which macrophages phagocytose bacteria.
Marketing of unproven stem cell–based interventions: A call to action
Authors: Sipp Douglas , Caulfield Timothy , Kaye Jane , Barfoot Jan , Blackburn Clare , Chan Sarah , De Luca Michele , Kent Alastair , McCabe Christopher , Munsie Megan , Sleeboom-Faulkner Margaret , Sugarman Jeremy , van Zimmeren Esther , Zarzeczny Amy , Rasko John E. J.
Published: October 2017

Commercial promotion of unsupported therapeutic uses of stem cells is a global problem that should be addressed by coordinated approaches at the national and international levels.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy induces breast cancer metastasis through a TMEM-mediated mechanism
Authors: Karagiannis George S. , Pastoriza Jessica M. , Wang Yarong , Harney Allison S. , Entenberg David , Pignatelli Jeanine , Sharma Ved P. , Xue Emily A. , Cheng Esther , D’Alfonso Timothy M. , Jones Joan G. , Anampa Jesus , Rohan Thomas E. , Sparano Joseph A. , Condeelis John S. , Oktay Maja H.
Published: October 2017

Chemotherapy induces prometastatic changes in breast cancer, reversible by TIE2 or MENA inhibition.
Effects of Clinically Meaningful Concentrations of Antipseudomonal β-Lactams on Time to Detection and Organism Growth in Blood Culture Bottles
Authors: Grupper Mordechai , Nicolau David P. , Aslanzadeh Jaber , Tanner Linda K. , Kuti Joseph L.
Published: October 2017

The effectiveness of antimicrobial binding resins present in blood culture (BC) bottles in removing meropenem, ceftolozane-tazobactam, and ceftazidime-avibactam is unknown. We assessed the time to detection (TTD) and growth of 2
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
isolates in the presence of clinically meaningful concentrations of these antibiotics. Bactec Plus Aerobic/F and BacT/Alert FA Plus BC bottles were inoculated with one of two isolates (1 meropenem susceptible and 1 resistant), followed by fresh whole blood containing the peak, midpoint, or trough plasma concentrations for meropenem, ceftolozane-tazobactam, and ceftazidime-avibactam. Matching bottles were loaded into their respective detection instruments and a standard incubator at 37°C, with TTD and CFU being monitored for up to 72 h. Bacterial growth was observed for 11/48 (22.9%), 22/48 (45.8%), and 47/48 (97.9%) of all BC bottles inoculated with the peak, midpoint, and trough concentrations, respectively (
P
≤ 0.001). When
P. aeruginosa
was isolated, the TTD was typically <26 h, and no differences between Bactec and BacT/Alert bottles were observed. In both systems, meropenem was removed to a greater degree than were ceftolozane and ceftazidime; however, concentrations for all antibiotics remained above the MIC for the susceptible organisms at 12 h. BC bottles containing antibiotic binding resins may not sufficiently inactivate achievable concentrations of meropenem, ceftolozane-tazobactam, and ceftazidime-avibactam. The consistent identification of both
P. aeruginosa
isolates was observed only in the presence of antibiotic trough concentrations. To minimize false-negative BC results for patients already receiving these antibiotics, cultures should be collected just prior to the next dose, when antibiotic concentrations are lowest.
RNA-Seq Analysis of Differentiated Keratinocytes Reveals a Massive Response to Late Events during Human Papillomavirus 16 Infection, Including Loss of Epithelial Barrier Function
Authors: Klymenko T. , Gu Q. , Herbert I. , Stevenson A. , Iliev V. , Watkins G. , Pollock C. , Bhatia R. , Cuschieri K. , Herzyk P. , Gatherer D. , Graham S. V.
Published: October 2017

The human papillomavirus (HPV) replication cycle is tightly linked to epithelial cell differentiation. To examine HPV-associated changes in the keratinocyte transcriptome, RNAs isolated from undifferentiated and differentiated cell populations of normal, spontaneously immortalized keratinocytes (NIKS) and NIKS stably transfected with HPV16 episomal genomes (NIKS16) were compared using next-generation sequencing (RNA-Seq). HPV16 infection altered expression of 2,862 cellular genes. Next, to elucidate the role of keratinocyte gene expression in late events during the viral life cycle, RNA-Seq was carried out on triplicate differentiated populations of NIKS (uninfected) and NIKS16 (infected). Of the top 966 genes altered (>log
2
= 1.8, 3.5-fold change), 670 genes were downregulated and 296 genes were upregulated. HPV downregulated many genes involved in epithelial barrier function, which involves structural resistance to the environment and immunity to infectious agents. For example, HPV infection repressed expression of the differentiated keratinocyte-specific pattern recognition receptor TLR7, the Langerhans cell chemoattractant CCL20, and proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1α (IL-1α) and IL-1β. However, the type I interferon regulator IRF1, kappa interferon (IFN-κ), and viral restriction factors (IFIT1, -2, -3, and -5, OASL, CD74, and RTP4) were upregulated. HPV infection abrogated gene expression associated with the physical epithelial barrier, including keratinocyte cytoskeleton, intercellular junctions, and cell adhesion. Quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting confirmed changes in expression of seven of the most significantly altered mRNAs. Expression of three genes showed statistically significant changes during cervical disease progression in clinical samples. Taken together, the data indicate that HPV infection manipulates the differentiating keratinocyte transcriptome to create an environment conducive to productive viral replication and egress.

IMPORTANCE
HPV genome amplification and capsid formation take place in differentiated keratinocytes. The viral life cycle is intimately associated with host cell differentiation. Deep sequencing (RNA-Seq) of RNA from undifferentiated and differentiated uninfected and HPV16-positive keratinocytes showed that almost 3,000 genes were differentially expressed in keratinocytes due to HPV16 infection. Strikingly, the epithelial barrier function of differentiated keratinocytes, comprising keratinocyte immune function and cellular structure, was found to be disrupted. These data provide new insights into the virus-host interaction that is crucial for the production of infectious virus and reveal that HPV infection remodels keratinocytes for completion of the virus replication cycle.
Modeling of Antilatency Treatment in HIV: What Is the Optimal Duration of Antiretroviral Therapy-Free HIV Remission?
Authors: Cromer Deborah , Pinkevych Mykola , Rasmussen Thomas A. , Lewin Sharon R. , Kent Stephen J. , Davenport Miles P.
Published: October 2017

A number of treatment strategies are currently being developed to promote antiretroviral therapy-free HIV cure or remission. While complete elimination of the HIV reservoir would prevent recurrence of infection, it is not clear how different remission lengths would affect viral rebound and transmission. In this work, we use a stochastic model to show that a treatment that achieves a 1-year average time to viral remission will still lead to nearly a quarter of subjects experiencing viral rebound within the first 3 months. Given quarterly viral testing intervals, this leads to an expected 39 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 22 to 69) heterosexual transmissions and up to 262 (95% UI, 107 to 534) homosexual transmissions per 1,000 treated subjects over a 10-year period. Thus, a balance between high initial treatment levels, risk of recrudescence, and risk of transmission should be considered when assessing the “useful” or optimal length of antiretroviral therapy-free HIV remission to be targeted. We also investigate the trade-off between increasing the average duration of remission versus the risk of treatment failure (viral recrudescence) and the need for retreatment. To minimize drug exposure, we found that the optimal target of antilatency interventions is a 1,700-fold reduction in the size of the reservoir, which leads to an average time to recrudescence of 30 years. Interestingly, this is a significantly lower level of reduction than that required for complete elimination of the viral reservoir. Additionally, we show that when shorter periods are targeted, there is a real probability of viral transmission occurring between tests for viral rebound.

IMPORTANCE
Current treatment of HIV involves patients taking antiretroviral therapy to ensure that the level of virus remains very low or undetectable. Continuous therapy is required, as the virus persists in a latent state within cells, and when therapy is stopped, the virus rebounds, usually within 2 weeks. A major question is how to reduce the amount of persistent virus and therefore allow a delay or remission until the virus returns after ceasing therapy. In this work, we consider the probability that HIV will still rebound even after this reduction and ask what the likelihood of viral transmission would be in this case.