bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asymmetrical features of frequency and intensity in the Io‐related Jovian decametric radio sources: Modeling of the Io‐Jupiter system
Authors: Matsuda K. , Misawa H. , Terada N. , Katoh Y.
Published: December 2010

Part of the Io‐related Jovian decametric radiation (Io‐DAM) has been thought to be excited in the auroral cavity formed on field lines downstream of Io. Since source regions of Io‐DAM called Io‐A and Io‐B are located in dusk and dawn local times despite having nearly equal magnetic longitudes, some of the observed asymmetries between Io‐A and Io‐B events are expected to be due to the difference in the local times. We developed a static Vlasov code, applied it to the Io‐Jupiter system, and investigated source structure in order to clarify the ways in which the characteristics of Io‐DAM are affected by the plasma in the Jovian ionosphere. Generally there are various solutions which satisfy the quasi‐neutrality condition for almost identical boundary conditions. With regard to the solutions with two transition layers, if the altitude of a low‐altitude transition layer (LATL) is higher, the voltage at the LATL and the ionospheric proton current density is smaller. Similarly, if the altitude of a high‐altitude transition layer (HATL) is higher, the voltage at the HATL and the magnetospheric electron current density is larger. A solution with a smaller ionospheric density for Io‐B than for Io‐A indicates lower altitude of the LATL for Io‐B, which is consistent with the observed high‐frequency limit higher for Io‐B than for Io‐A. This suggests that the high‐frequency limit is affected by the local time. It is also expected that the difference in ionospheric proton current densities would be associated with the observed asymmetry of emission intensity.
Brittleness of fracture in flowing magma
Authors: Ichihara M. , Rubin M. B.
Published: December 2010

Understanding the transition to brittle fracture of flowing magma is essential for estimating the explosiveness of a volcanic eruption. In order to quantify brittleness of flowing magma, a new parameterβis introduced, which is a function of the ratio of the rate of change of the strain energy due to elastic distortional deformation to the mechanical power due to total distortional deformation rate. From the perspective ofβ, dependence of brittle fracture of magma on stress, decompression rate, strain rate, and shear‐thinning effects are reviewed. The experimental data of Kameda et al. (2008) for rapid decompression of simulants of bubbly magma have also been reexamined. The results show thatβexhibits a strong transition that correlates well with the observed transition between ductile expansion to brittle fragmentation. Moreover,βis useful in considering the effects of shear‐thinning and steady‐creep conditions on brittle fracture. Statements in the literature that suggest that materials behave in a brittle manner at sufficiently high strain rate are correct. However, these statements do not precisely quantify the notion of high strain rate so they are easy to misinterpret when considering the effect of shear thinning. Although shear thinning tends to increase the absolute magnitude of the total strain rate, it does not necessarily increase brittleness. Also, in principle, it is unlikely for brittle fracture to occur at steady creep. Cracking observed in steady‐creep experiments of magma (Lavallee et al., 2007, 2008) may be attributed to small fluctuations with sufficiently high frequencies to satisfy the conditions for brittle fracture.
Correlation of aerosol nucleation rate with sulfuric acid and ammonia in Kent, Ohio: An atmospheric observation
Authors: Erupe Mark E. , Benson David R. , Li Jingmin , Young Li‐Hao , Verheggen Bart , Al‐Refai Mohammed , Tahboub Omar , Cunningham Victoria , Frimpong Flavia , Viggiano Albert A. , Lee Shan‐Hu
Published: December 2010

New particle formation (NPF) occurs in various atmospheric environments, and these newly formed particles have the potential to grow to cloud condensation nuclei. But at present it is unclear which chemical species are involved in aerosol nucleation and growth, in part because there are only a limited number of simultaneous measurements of aerosol precursors and aerosol size distributions. Observations of ambient aerosol size distributions, sulfuric acid, and ammonia were made for over a year in Kent, Ohio, a relatively less polluted continental environment. Particle sizes in the diameter range from 3 to 1000 nm were measured continuously through the whole year, while sulfuric acid and ammonia were measured seasonally with two chemical ionization mass spectrometers. Strong NPF events were more frequently found during the spring and fall and less frequently during the summer and winter. The median of measured sulfuric acid was higher in spring (5.2 × 106 cm−3) and summer (2.9 × 106 cm−3) than in winter (6 × 105 cm−3) and fall (5 × 105 cm−3). We have used the inverse model Particle Growth and Nucleation to derive aerosol nucleation and growth rates from the measured aerosol size distributions. Nucleation rates derived during the NPF events ranged from 1.4 to 12.9 cm−3 s−1 and were proportional to the measured sulfuric acid concentration with a power of 0.6–2.3. Our results show that sulfuric acid is an important aerosol nucleation precursor, but only a small fraction of the aerosol growth rates could be explained by the condensation of sulfuric acid alone. Ammonia mixing ratios did not have a diurnal trend but had some seasonal variations, higher in spring than in fall and winter, typically at sub‐ppbv level; aerosol nucleation rates did not show a clear correlation with ammonia at least at this sub‐ppbv level at sub‐ppbv level, mostly because the ammonia mixing ratios were nearly constant. Our observations also indicate that the role that ammonia plays in aerosol nucleation is more complicated than is currently understood by the aerosol nucleation theories.
Gravity signals on Europa from silicate shell density variations
Authors: Pauer Martin , Musiol Stefanie , Breuer Doris
Published: December 2010

Future missions to Jupiter's moon Europa will attempt to measure the gravity field of this planetary body. Here, we study the detectability of silicate shell density variations in the gravity field. The first step in the gravity processing will be to remove the gravity signal of the ice shell. The detection of the ice shell signal, however, can be technologically challenging depending on its thickness and compensation state since the predicted anomalies are only a few mGals or even smaller. For long‐wavelength topography below degree 40, the signal of the silicate shell will likely dominate the gravity field. Assuming that the anomalies of the silicate shell are only caused by the ocean floor topography, thus neglecting possible density anomalies in the mantle, we should be able to detect the ocean floor signal even if its topographic variations are only a few hundred meters. When studying the gravity signal of isolated midsize topographic features like volcanoes, we find a good chance of detecting objects with a size of 75–200 km with measurement accuracy of 1 mGal. Owing to the large number of unknown parameters for the gravity inversion, the reconstruction of a global ice‐water/silicate interface shape is uncertain, in particular, as possible contributions to the gravity field from a low‐degree convecting mantle cannot be distinguished. The comparison between the standard measurement technique of Doppler tracking (detecting the gravity anomalies) and a microgradiometer (measuring gravity gradients) shows that the latter will not improve the detectability of the ocean floor structures.
Stochastic recession rates and the probabilistic structure of stream flows
Authors: Botter G.
Published: December 2010

This paper investigates the impact of interevent variability of streamflow recession rates on two key streamflow statistics, namely, the equilibrium probability density function (pdf) and the autocorrelation. The relevance of the problem lies in the need to quantify and predict streamflow availability, on the basis of measurable rainfall and landscape attributes, by explicitly incorporating the stochasticity of the underlying climate and transport processes. Novel expressions for the seasonal pdf and the autocorrelation of the daily streamflows are derived by incorporating the randomness of the recession rates into a probabilistic framework where the streamflow fluctuations are explicitly related to the intermittency of the rainfall forcing. The presence of stochastic recession time constants is shown to impact only the third‐ and higher‐order moments of the probability density function of the daily streamflows, without altering the mean and the variance of the pdf. A remarkable effect is instead produced on the correlation structure, which may exhibit long‐term persistence even in the presence of a weak randomness of the recession rate. A relevant case study is then discussed to show that incorporating the stochasticity of the recession time constant leads to an improvement of the model ability to capture the behavior of the equilibrium streamflow pdf and of the underlying correlation function.
Partitioning core and satellite taxa from within cystic fibrosis lung bacterial communities
Authors: van der Gast Christopher J , Walker Alan W , Stressmann Franziska A , Rogers Geraint B , Scott Paul , Daniels Thomas W , Carroll Mary P , Parkhill Julian , Bruce Kenneth D
Published: December 2010

Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients suffer from chronic bacterial lung infections that lead to death in the majority of cases. The need to maintain lung function in these patients means that characterising these infections is vital. Increasingly, culture-independent analyses are expanding the number of bacterial species associated with CF respiratory samples; however, the potential significance of these species is not known. Here, we applied ecological statistical tools to such culture-independent data, in a novel manner, to partition taxa within the metacommunity into core and satellite species. Sputa and clinical data were obtained from 14 clinically stable adult CF patients. Fourteen rRNA gene libraries were constructed with 35 genera and 82 taxa, identified in 2139 bacterial clones. Shannon–Wiener and taxa-richness analyses confirmed no undersampling of bacterial diversity. By decomposing the distribution using the ratio of variance to the mean taxon abundance, we partitioned objectively the species abundance distribution into core and satellite species. The satellite group comprised 67 bacterial taxa from 33 genera and the core group, 15 taxa from 7 genera (including Pseudomonas (1 taxon), Streptococcus (2), Neisseria (2), Catonella (1), Porphyromonas (1), Prevotella (5) and Veillonella (3)], the last four being anaerobes). The core group was dominated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Other recognised CF pathogens were rare. Mantel and partial Mantel tests assessed which clinical factors influenced the composition observed. CF transmembrane conductance regulator genotype and antibiotic treatment correlated with all core taxa. Lung function correlated with richness. The clinical significance of these core and satellite species findings in the CF lung is discussed.
Integrated metatranscriptomic and metagenomic analyses of stratified microbial assemblages in the open ocean
Authors: Shi Yanmei , Tyson Gene W , Eppley John M , DeLong Edward F
Published: December 2010

As part of an ongoing survey of microbial community gene expression in the ocean, we sequenced and compared ∼38 Mbp of community transcriptomes and ∼157 Mbp of community genomes from four bacterioplankton samples, along a defined depth profile at Station ALOHA in North Pacific subtropical gyre (NPSG). Taxonomic analysis suggested that the samples were dominated by three taxa: Prochlorales, Consistiales and Cenarchaeales, which comprised 36–69% and 29–63% of the annotated sequences in the four DNA and four cDNA libraries, respectively. The relative abundance of these taxonomic groups was sometimes very different in the DNA and cDNA libraries, suggesting differential relative transcriptional activities per cell. For example, the 125 m sample genomic library was dominated by Pelagibacter (∼36% of sequence reads), which contributed fewer sequences to the community transcriptome (∼11%). Functional characterization of highly expressed genes suggested taxon-specific contributions to specific biogeochemical processes. Examples included Roseobacter relatives involved in aerobic anoxygenic phototrophy at 75 m, and an unexpected contribution of low abundance Crenarchaea to ammonia oxidation at 125 m. Read recruitment using reference microbial genomes indicated depth-specific partitioning of coexisting microbial populations, highlighted by a transcriptionally active high-light-like Prochlorococcus population in the bottom of the photic zone. Additionally, nutrient-uptake genes dominated Pelagibacter transcripts, with apparent enrichment for certain transporter types (for example, the C4-dicarboxylate transport system) over others (for example, phosphate transporters). In total, the data support the utility of coupled DNA and cDNA analyses for describing taxonomic and functional attributes of microbial communities in their natural habitats.
Changes in Nitric Oxide, cGMP, and Nitrotyrosine Concentrations Over Skin Along the Meridians in Obese Subjects
Authors: Ma Sheng‐Xing , Li Xi‐Yan , Smith Brian T. , Jou Nainn‐Tsyr
Published: December 2010

The purposes of these studies were to quantify the concentrations of total nitrate and nitrite (NOx−) cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), and nitrotyrosine over skin surface in normal weight healthy volunteers (n = 64) compared to overweight/obese subjects (n = 54). A semi‐circular plastic tube was taped to the skin along acupuncture points (acupoints), meridian line without acupoint (MWOP), and nonmeridian control and filled with a 2‐Phenyl‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethylimidazoline‐3‐oxide‐1‐oxyl solution for 20 min. The concentrations of NOx−, cGMP, and nitrotyrosine in the samples were quantified in a blinded fashion using chemiluminescence and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. In normal weight healthy volunteers, NOx− and cGMP concentrations were consistently increased over the pericardium meridian (PC) 4–7 compared with nonmeridian areas. NOx− concentration is enhanced over the bladder meridian (BL) 56–57, but cGMP level is similar between the regions. In overweight/obese subjects, NOx− contents were increased or tended to be elevated over PC and BL regions. cGMP is paradoxically decreased over PC acupoints and nonmeridian control on the forearm but the decreases were blunted along BL regions on the leg. Nitrotyrosine concentrations are markedly elevated (five‐ to sixfold) over both PC and BL in all areas of overweight/obese subjects. This is the first evidence showing that nitrotyrosine level is tremendously elevated over skin accompanied by paradoxical changes in nitric oxide (NO)‐cGMP concentrations over PC skin region in overweight/obese subject. The results suggest that NO‐related oxidant inflammation is systemically enhanced while cGMP generation is impaired over PC skin region but not over BL region in obesity.
Adiponectin Is Inversely Associated With Intramyocellular and Intrahepatic Lipids in Obese Premenopausal Women
Authors: Bredella Miriam A. , Torriani Martin , Ghomi Reza H. , Thomas Bijoy J. , Brick Danielle J. , Gerweck Anu V. , Harrington Lindsey M. , Miller Karen K.
Published: December 2010

Adiponectin, an adipokine secreted by adipocytes, exerts beneficial effects on glucose and lipid metabolism and has been found to improve insulin resistance by decreasing triglyceride content in muscle and liver in obese mice. Adiponectin is found in several isoforms and the high‐molecular weight (HMW) form has been linked most strongly to the insulin‐sensitizing effects. Fat content in skeletal muscle (intramyocellular lipids, IMCL) and liver (intrahepatic lipids, IHL) can be quantified noninvasively using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐MRS). The purpose of our study was to assess the relationship between HMW adiponectin and measures of glucose homeostasis, IMCL and IHL, and to determine predictors of adiponectin levels. We studied 66 premenopausal women (mean BMI 31.0 ± 6.6 kg/m2) who underwent 1H‐MRS of calf muscles and liver for IMCL and IHL, computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen for abdominal fat depots, dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) for fat and lean mass assessments, HMW and total adiponectin, fasting lipid profile and an oral glucose tolerance test (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMAIR), glucose and insulin area under the curve). There were strong inverse associations between HMW adiponectin and measures of insulin resistance, IMCL and IHL, independent of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and total body fat. IHL was the strongest predictor of adiponectin and adiponectin was a predictor of HOMAIR. Our study showed that in premenopausal obese women HMW adiponectin is inversely associated with IMCL and IHL content. This suggests that adiponectin exerts positive effects on insulin sensitivity in obesity by decreasing intracellular triglyceride content in skeletal muscle and liver; it is also possible that our results reflect effects of insulin on adiponectin.
Malocclusions de classe II : bien choisir le moment du
traitement pour optimiser l’effet orthopédique des appareils fonctionnels
Authors: Baccetti Tiziano
Published: December 2010

Le temps peut être considéré comme la quatrième dimension en orthopédie dento-faciale. Le
moment du traitement peut en effet influencer de façon significative les résultats des
thérapeutiques visant à produire un effet orthopédique sur les structures cranio-faciales.
Des études céphalométriques, anciennes et récentes, toutes solides sur le plan
méthodologique, indiquent clairement que le moment optimal pour le traitement des
décalages squelettiques de classe II à l’aide d’un appareil fonctionnel (par exemple, le
twin block) se situe pendant ou légèrement après le pic de croissance mandibulaire. Ce
dernier peut être mis en évidence par un indicateur biologique de maturité squelettique
individuelle fiable, tel que la méthode de la maturation vertébrale cervicale.
Dysplasies faciales verticales : diagnostic, plan de traitement
et thérapeutique
Authors: Foraster Joan Birbe , Moreno Barbara Anento , Casals Enric Bardalet , Fraile Teresa Flores , Macias Escalada Emilio
Published: December 2010

Le diagnostic, le plan de traitement et le traitement chirurgical des différentes
dysplasies verticales faciales maxillaires et mandibulaires sont analysés dans cet
article, en mettant l’accent sur l’importance des résultats fonctionnels obtenus après la
chirurgie et une fois un plan de traitement correct réalisé. Les patients atteints de
dysplasie verticale de la face présentent un excès de la hauteur faciale antérieure qui
les empêche d’avoir une posture harmonieuse et relaxée de la musculature périorale.
L’exposition des incisives au repos, différente chez les hommes et chez les femmes, est
une donnée fondamentale à prendre en considération dans la planification chirurgicale.
Nous présentons également divers types de génioplasties, techniques complémentaires
permettant d’optimiser les résultats.
SafeRoadMaps: Communication of Location and Density of Traffic Fatalities through Spatial Visualization and Heat Map Analysis
Authors: Hilton Brian N. , Horan Thomas A. , Burkhard Richard , Schooley Benjamin
Published: December 2010

Road traffic injuries are the number one, non-disease-related, cause of death in the world; more than 1.2 million people die each year on the roads, and between 20 and 50 million sustain non-fatal injuries. In 2008, in the United States, there were 37 261 motor vehicle fatalities – the result of 34 017 motor vehicle crashes. Clearly, there is an urgent need for governmental agencies, and other key institutions, to increase and sustain action to prevent motor vehicle injuries. This article reports on the iterative development of SafeRoadMaps, a publicly accessible system for presenting accident frequencies and characteristics based on geographic location ( www.saferoadmaps.org ). The system was developed to visually communicate and allow analysis of public health issues related to rural and urban road transportation safety. One of the distinctive features of this online system is the use of ‘heat maps’ as a visual means for communicating the spatial density of traffic fatalities. The article begins with a review of the action research design approach utilized for the analysis, design and implementation of this system, continues with an overview of the system and its visualization methods to communicate safety information to travelers and other stakeholders, and concludes with a summary of findings from end-user feedback, including the system's potential to raise user awareness and affect driving behavior.
Structure of diamondlike carbon films deposited by femtosecond and nanosecond pulsed laser ablation
Authors: Sikora A. , Garrelie F. , Donnet C. , Loir A. S. , Fontaine J. , Sanchez-Lopez J. C. , Rojas T. C.
Published: December 2010

The characterization of diamondlike carbon (DLC) films is a challenging subject, considering the diversity of carbon-based nanostructures depending on the deposition process. We propose to combine multiwavelength (MW) Raman spectroscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) to probe the structural disorder and the carbon hybridizations of DLC films deposited by pulsed laser ablation performed either with a nanosecond laser (film labeled ns-DLC), either with a femtosecond laser (film labeled fs-DLC). Such deposition methods allow to reach a rather high carbon sp3 hybridization but with some significant differences in terms of structural disorder and carbonaceous chain configurations. MW Raman investigations, both in the UV and visible range, is a popular and nondestructive way to probe the structural disorder and the carbon hybridizations. EELS allows the determination of the carbon plasmon energy in the low-loss energy region of the spectra, as well as the fine structure of the ionization threshold in the high-loss energy region. The paper shows that the combination of MW Raman and EELS is a powerful way to elucidate the nanostructure of DLC films. Complementary nanoindentation investigations allow to correlate the analytical results with the mechanical properties of the films. The ns-DLC film presents a stronger sp3-bonded C character (74%–85%) with a significant content of sp2 chains, whereas the fs-DLC contains less sp3 bonds (35%–50%) with a significant content of sp2-bonded C rings. The ns-DLC film exhibits a higher proportion of disordered sp2 C mainly in the form of chains. Comparatively, the fs-DLC exhibits a predominance of more ordered sp2 C structures in the form of graphitic aggregates whose size has been estimated near three aromatic rings. The film characteristics are in agreement with their mechanical properties. We also propose a correlation between the nanostructure and composition of the films with the deposition mechanisms. The difference in kinetic energy distribution in the plasma plume, together with an absence of interaction between the plasma plume and the femtosecond laser, are responsible for the observed differences in sp3 C content and sp2 C configuration ranging between a predominance of more ordered sp2 rings in the fs-DLC film and a predominance of sp2 chains in the ns-DLC film. These results are consistent with the mechanisms of subplantation occurring during DLC deposition
Characteristics analysis of the one-dimensional pulsating dynamics of chain-branching detonations
Authors: Leung C. , Radulescu M. I. , Sharpe G. J.
Published: December 2010

The nonlinear pulsating mechanism of one-dimensional detonations was studied numerically using a simple two-step chain-branching model with separate induction and reaction zones. Numerical simulations were performed for a wide range of parameters, which revealed four distinct pulsating regimes classified according to the mechanism controlling the frequency of the pulsations. The dynamics of these regimes were clarified by reconstructing the characteristics, representing the trajectory of pressure waves and particle paths. The high and low frequency regimes of oscillation previously observed in one-step and realistic chemistry simulations were clarified. Under some parameter range, simultaneous low and high frequency pulsations were observed. A novel regime was also found with a pulsation period smaller than the induction time. It involves coupling between the acoustic and the reactivity disturbances propagating, respectively, along the C− and C0 characteristics. These are generated at successive lead shock pulsations and arrive at the reaction zone simultaneously. For all regimes, the dominating mechanism of the pulsating instability was found to be in good qualitative agreement with Toong’s phenomenological model based on the wave dynamics in a square wave reaction zone structure.
Far-ultraviolet signatures of the H3e(n,tp) reaction in noble gas mixtures
Authors: Hughes Patrick P. , Coplan Michael A. , Thompson Alan K. , Vest Robert E. , Clark Charles W.
Published: December 2010

Previous work showed that the H3e(n,tp) reaction in a cell of H3e at atmospheric pressure generated tens of far-ultraviolet photons per reacted neutron. Here we report amplification of that signal by factors of 1000 and more when noble gases are added to the cell. Calibrated filter-detector measurements show that this large signal is due to noble gas excimer emissions and that the nuclear reaction energy is converted to far-ultraviolet radiation with efficiencies of up to 30%. The results have been placed on an absolute scale through calibrations at the NIST SURF III synchrotron. They suggest possibilities for high-efficiency neutron detectors as an alternative to existing proportional counters.
Carbon nanotube composite optoacoustic transmitters for strong and high frequency ultrasound generation
Authors: Won Baac Hyoung , Ok Jong G. , Park Hui Joon , Ling Tao , Chen Sung-Liang , Hart A. John , Guo L. Jay
Published: December 2010

We demonstrate carbon nanotube (CNT) composite-based optoacoustic transmitters that generate strong and high frequency ultrasound. The composite consists of CNTs grown on a substrate, which are embedded in elastomeric polymer used as an acoustic transfer medium. Under pulsed laser excitation, the composite generates very strong optoacoustic pressure: 18 times stronger than a Cr film reference and five times stronger than a gold nanoparticle composite with the same polymer. This enhancement persists over a broadband frequency range of up to 120 MHz and is confirmed by calculation. We suggest the CNT-polymer composites as highly efficient optoacoustic transmitters for high resolution ultrasound imaging.
Imaging of turbulent structures and tomographic reconstruction of TORPEX plasma emissivity
Authors: Iraji D. , Furno I. , Fasoli A. , Theiler C.
Published: December 2010

In the TORPEX [A. Fasoli et al., Phys. Plasmas 13, 055902 (2006)], a simple magnetized plasma device, low frequency electrostatic fluctuations associated with interchange waves, are routinely measured by means of extensive sets of Langmuir probes. To complement the electrostatic probe measurements of plasma turbulence and study of plasma structures smaller than the spatial resolution of probes array, a nonperturbative direct imaging system has been developed on TORPEX, including a fast framing Photron-APX-RS camera and an image intensifier unit. From the line-integrated camera images, we compute the poloidal emissivity profile of the plasma by applying a tomographic reconstruction technique using a pixel method and solving an overdetermined set of equations by singular value decomposition. This allows comparing statistical, spectral, and spatial properties of visible light radiation with electrostatic fluctuations. The shape and position of the time-averaged reconstructed plasma emissivity are observed to be similar to those of the ion saturation current profile. In the core plasma, excluding the electron cyclotron and upper hybrid resonant layers, the mean value of the plasma emissivity is observed to vary with (Te)α(ne)β, in which α=0.25–0.7 and β=0.8–1.4, in agreement with collisional radiative model. The tomographic reconstruction is applied to the fast camera movie acquired with 50 kframes/s rate and 2 μs of exposure time to obtain the temporal evolutions of the emissivity fluctuations. Conditional average sampling is also applied to visualize and measure sizes of structures associated with the interchange mode. The ω-time and the two-dimensional k-space Fourier analysis of the reconstructed emissivity fluctuations show the same interchange mode that is detected in the ω and k spectra of the ion saturation current fluctuations measured by probes. Small scale turbulent plasma structures can be detected and tracked in the reconstructed emissivity movies with the spatial resolution down to 2 cm, well beyond the spatial resolution of the probe array.
Unique flow transitions and particle collection switching phenomena in a microchannel induced by surface acoustic waves
Authors: Tan Ming K. , Yeo Leslie Y. , Friend James R.
Published: December 2010

We present an experimental approach for controlled switching between uniform flow for pumping and vortical flow for mixing in a microchannel fabricated onto a piezoelectric substrate. For particle laden fluids, this arrangement permits a choice between transport and alignment of microparticles. Using surface acoustic waves with amplitudes beyond 1 nm, the transition from uniform to mixing flows occurs when the acoustic wavelength in the fluid is reduced to a dimension smaller than the channel width, i.e., λf≥Wch for uniform flow and λf<Wch for mixing flow. On the other hand, using relatively weak surface acoustic waves with amplitudes below 1 nm, particles in an initially homogeneous suspension agglomerate into equally spaced lines with a separation of λf/2. Switching the transducer between its fundamental resonant frequency f0 and its first harmonic frequency f1+∼2f0 causes a switch between uniform and mixing flow, while switching between large and small amplitude excitation allows one to choose whether to collect the particles in the flow along nodal lines parallel to the channel. These results are uniquely achieved without requiring the microfabrication of complex microchannel architectures and control schemes; the switching is simply achieved by adjusting two parameters: the acoustic excitation frequency and amplitude.
Effect of substrate misorientation on the material properties of GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As tunnel diodes
Authors: Yu H. W. , Chang E. Y. , Nguyen H. Q. , Chang J. T. , Chung C. C. , Kuo C. I. , Wong Y. Y. , Wang W. C.
Published: December 2010

The effect of substrate misorientation on the material quality of the N++–GaAs/P++–AlGaAs tunnel diodes (TDs) grown on these substrates is investigated. It is found that the misorientation influences both surface roughness and interface properties of the N++–GaAs/P++–AlGaAs TDs. Smooth surface (rms roughness: 1.54 Å) and sharp interface for the GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As TDs were obtained when the (100) tilted 10° off toward [111] GaAs substrate was used. Besides, the oxygen content in N++–GaAs and P++–AlGaAs layers grown on the 10° off GaAs substrates was reduced due to the reduction of sticking coefficient and number of anisotropic sites.
Laser-induced rocket force on a microparticle in a complex (dusty) plasma
Authors: Nosenko V. , Ivlev A. V. , Morfill G. E.
Published: December 2010

The interaction of a focused powerful laser beam with micron-sized melamine formaldehyde (MF) particles was studied experimentally. The microspheres had a thin palladium coating on their surface and were suspended in a radio frequency argon plasma as a single layer (plasma crystal). A particle hit by the laser beam usually accelerated in the direction of the laser beam, consistent with the radiation pressure force mechanism. However, random-direction acceleration up to the speeds on the order 1 m/s was sometimes observed. Rocket-force mechanism is proposed to account for the random-direction acceleration. Similar, but much less pronounced, effect was also observed for MF particles without palladium coating.
Negative regulation of ciliary length by ciliary male germ cell-associated kinase (Mak) is required for retinal photoreceptor survival
Authors: Omori Yoshihiro , Chaya Taro , Katoh Kimiko , Kajimura Naoko , Sato Shigeru , Muraoka Koichiro , Ueno Shinji , Koyasu Toshiyuki , Kondo Mineo , Furukawa Takahisa
Published: December 2010

Cilia function as cell sensors in many organs, and their disorders are referred to as “ciliopathies.” Although ciliary components and transport machinery have been well studied, regulatory mechanisms of ciliary formation and maintenance are poorly understood. Here we show that male germ cell-associated kinase (Mak) regulates retinal photoreceptor ciliary length and subcompartmentalization. Mak was localized both in the connecting cilia and outer-segment axonemes of photoreceptor cells. In the
Mak
-null retina, photoreceptors exhibit elongated cilia and progressive degeneration. We observed accumulation of intraflagellar transport 88 (IFT88) and IFT57, expansion of kinesin family member 3A (Kif3a), and acetylated α-tubulin signals in the
Mak
-null photoreceptor cilia. We found abnormal rhodopsin accumulation in the
Mak
-null photoreceptor cell bodies at postnatal day 14. In addition, overexpression of retinitis pigmentosa 1 (RP1), a microtubule-associated protein localized in outer-segment axonemes, induced ciliary elongation, and Mak coexpression rescued excessive ciliary elongation by RP1. The RP1 N-terminal portion induces ciliary elongation and increased intensity of acetylated α-tubulin labeling in the cells and is phosphorylated by Mak. These results suggest that Mak is essential for the regulation of ciliary length and is required for the long-term survival of photoreceptors.
From RDAs to LEPs: A New Localism? Case Examples of West Midlands and Yorkshire
Authors: Bentley Gill , Bailey David , Shutt John
Published: December 2010

The new Coalition Government formed in May 2010 in the UK is to abolish Regional Development Agencies and, in the name of a ‘new localism’, is to replace them with Local Enterprise Partnerships, ‘joint local authority-business bodies brought forward by local authorities to promote local economic development’. This article looks at the proposals for LEPs, in the light of theories of governance. It explores the case examples of the West Midlands and Yorkshire and Humberside, where there have been differing proposals for region-wide LEPs. It argues that far from localism, the move to set up LEPs is profoundly ant-regionalist and is re-centralisation in disguise, given that many economic development functions are being taken back to Whitehall. That problem of recentralisation, we suggest, risks being exacerbated by a fragmentation of LEPs into small territorial units, and a lack of resources.
LETS as Alternative, Post-capitalist Economic Spaces? Learning Lessons from the Totnes ‘Acorn’
Authors: Granger Rachel C. , Wringe Jonathan , Andrews Peter
Published: December 2010

Against the complex economic backdrop of a deep-impact recession, rising public debt, and national austerity measures, this paper revisits LETS as one example of an alternative economic system and perhaps a more relevant operating mechanism for some communities in the months and years ahead. Drawing on the case study of the Totnes Acorn, this paper considers the continued relevance of LETS in a contemporary, perhaps even post-capitalist context, and against competing initiatives such as local currencies, resurging time banks, and the Big Society campaign. It is argued in this paper that the changing economic and political landscape of the last decade, which has coincided with rises in personal wealth, coupled with the celebrity status of the Transition Towns Initiative, the dated image and administration of some LETS may explain their decline during a period of economic decline. Yet their potential economic role could be reinvigorated and prove invaluable as a mechanism to stimulate and maximise local economic activity in the years ahead, as the full effects of expenditure cuts and a possible double-dip recession begin to take hold.
Benthic fauna in Hamilton Harbour and adjacent Lake Ontario 2002–2005 in comparison to 1964
Authors: Dermott Ronald , Bonnell Robert
Published: December 2010

The benthic fauna of Hamilton Harbour was surveyed in 2002–2003, with additional sampling in adjacent Lake Ontario in 2005. Oligochaetes were dominate, with high densities at both 1.7 m depth and in the middle of the harbour at 23 m. Chironomids density was 410 to 6800 m-2 above 9 m depth, but very rare below 9 m. The benthic community was limited to species tolerant of severe eutrophication, with non–oligochaete taxa rare below 8 m depth. Typical littoral gastropods, amphipods and non-chironomid insects were very rare. Diversity ranged from 0.2 on the south side to a maximum of 2.5 near the north shore. Periodic low oxygen limits the benthic community in large areas of the harbour. Limited nearshore habitat and contaminated sediments restrict the community in other parts of the harbour. Total density was low along the exposed western Lake Ontario shoreline, but diversity was high.
Macro-invertebrate species diversity as a potential universal measure of wetland ecosystem integrity in constructed wetlands in South East Melbourne
Authors: Awal Sadiqul , Svozil Daniel
Published: December 2010

The use of macroinvertebrates in the assessment of wetland ecosystem integrity is an increasingly common tool used for management and conservation. The sensitivity of macroinvertebrates to ecological fluctuation makes them reliable and appealing indicators of ecosystem integrity. However, there is little or no published data available for assessment of wetland ecosystem integrity on the basis of macroinvertebrate species diversity in constructed wetlands of metropolitan Melbourne. The aim of the following study was to assess significant differences in macroinvertebrate diversity in three constructed wetlands in South East metropolitan Melbourne and consequently, suitability as a universal measure of wetland ecosystem integrity.

Three wetlands were chosen randomly, with the requirement that they were entirely man-made, from a list of constructed wetlands in South East metropolitan Melbourne. Between 481 and 629 organisms were found in each wetland comprising 16 different taxa. The one-way ANOVA for species richness (P > 0.05, F = 0.19) and Shannon-Weiner diversity index (P > 0.05, F = 2.54) indicate no significant differences between the wetlands in both of these measures. The data collected in the present study compared with published species richness and Shannon-Weiner diversity index data suggests macroinvertebrate species diversity can be used as a universal measure of wetland ecosystem integrity in constructed wetlands in South East metropolitan Melbourne. This is important where there is need for a rapid and streamlined tool for assessment of ecosystem integrity and consequently, the management and conservation of constructed wetlands.
Water quality of the Ganga River – An overview
Authors: Trivedi R. C.
Published: December 2010

The Ganga is not only a holy river, but also a lifeline of a large population of India, as it covers more than 26% of the country's area in its basin in the north and drains 25% of the annual run-off. Fast urbanization, industrialization and steep demand for water have led to serious problems of water quality degradation. Water quality monitoring indicated that the river is polluted in some of the segments, the worst affected lying between Kannauj and Allahabad, approximately 350 km long. About 12,222 million litres per day (mld) of domestic and 2500 mld of industrial wastewater is generated in the entire basin, out of which about 2573 mld of wastewater is generated along its bank. Many of its tributaries are heavily polluted and the main water quality issues are, organic pollution indicated by BOD and pathogens indicated by coliform count. There is a fluctuating trend of water quality attributed to the flow conditions in the river which depend on rainfall and water abstraction. In view of water scarcity in the basin, it is very important that no wastewater be discharged into the river. There is an urgent need to augment water availability in the basin by rainwater collection, water conservation and environmental flow determination in various segments of the river affected by water abstraction.
The environment and fishery status of the River Ganges
Authors: Vass K. K. , Mondal S. K. , Samanta S. , Suresh V. R. , Katiha P. K.
Published: December 2010

This paper briefly describes the current status of ecology, fisheries and biodiversity of the River Ganges. Apart from being the original abode of the most prized Indian major carps, viz., Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala and Labeo calbasu, the river sustains fisheries of large catfish, mahseers, hilsa and other miscellaneous fishes. Over the years the fish catch per kilometre stretch in the river has declined significantly and species composition has changed more in favor of non major carp and miscellaneous species. It has also been observed that some exotic fishes have gained a foothold in the ecosystem at favorable stretches, where flows have drastically reduced as a result of abstraction of water from the main river. Changing hydrology, apart from deteriorating environmental conditions, has been to a large extent responsible for change in the fishery scenario in the river. This change has also affected the income levels of riparian fishers. Review of the data generated, over the years, also indicated deteriorating water quality at the stressed sites. The contamination of river water, sediments and fish with heavy metal and pesticide residues is also a factor of concern. With continued stress on the river system an environmental restoration plan was launched by the Indian authorities; its impacts over the years on ecosystem health is also discussed.
Economic Analysis of the Cross‐Reactivity of Johne's Disease Vaccination with Tuberculosis in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Dressler Jonathan B. , Smith Rebecca L. , Tauer Loren W. , Schukken Ynte H. , Grohn Yrjo T.
Published: December 2010

We formulate a model that determines the net benefit of Johne's disease vaccination within a tuberculosis‐accredited region given the extra costs associated with the vaccine‐related cross‐reactivity with tuberculosis test results and the probability of a tuberculosis outbreak. We apply the model to Minnesota and Michigan, where tuberculosis has recently become endemic. The expected benefit of Johne's vaccination of $53.03 per cow exceeds the cost of Johne's cross‐reactivity of $32.72 and $32.42 per cow within each of the two Minnesota tuberculosis regions, as well as $31.99 and $30.78 per cow within each of the two Michigan tuberculosis regions.
Genetic Characterization of Barley Net Blotch Resistance Genes
Authors: O'Boyle Patrick D. , Brooks Wynse S. , Steffenson Brian J. , Stromberg Erik L. , Griffey Carl A.
Published: December 2010

Net blotch, caused by Pyrenophora teres f. teres, is one of the most devastating diseases of barley (Hordeum vulgare). Efficient utilization of available resistance sources is dependent upon successful characterization of genes conditioning resistance in diverse sources. Five net-blotch-resistant parents and one susceptible parent were intercrossed to identify novel resistance genes and postulate gene number and mode of inheritance. Seedling response to isolate ND89-19 was evaluated in a greenhouse test. Results indicate that the resistant spring barley lines CIho 2291 and CIho 5098 and the winter barley cv. Nomini each have single dominant genes for resistance. Resistance in CIho 5098 is governed by the same dominant gene conferring resistance in Nomini. Resistance in CIho 2291 is controlled by one dominant gene which, putatively, is the same gene conferring resistance in ND B112 but differs from the resistance genes carried by the other parents in this study. The resistance gene in Nomini or CIho 5098 could be pyramided with the resistance gene in CIho 2291 or ND B112 to enhance the durability of resistance against a wide spectrum of P. teres isolates.
Removing the rubbish: frogs eliminate foreign objects from the body cavity through the bladder
Authors: Tracy Christopher R. , Christian Keith A. , McArthur Lorrae J. , Gienger C. M.
Published: December 2010

During the course of a telemetry study on three species of Australian frogs (
Litoria caerulea, Litoria dahlii and Cyclorana australis
), we found that many of the surgically implanted transmitters had migrated into the bladder. We subsequently implanted small beads into
L. caerulea
and they were expelled from the body in 10–23 days. Beads implanted into cane toads (
Rhinella marina
) to document the process were either expelled or were enveloped into the bladder. This appears to be a unique pathway for expulsion of foreign objects from the body, and suggests that caution should be employed in telemetry studies when interpreting the separation of some animals from their transmitters as a mortality event.
MAOA-L carriers are better at making optimal financial decisions under risk
Authors: Frydman Cary , Camerer Colin , Bossaerts Peter , Rangel Antonio
Published: December 2010

Genes can affect behaviour towards risks through at least two distinct neurocomputational mechanisms: they may affect the value assigned to different risky options, or they may affect the way in which the brain adjudicates between options based on their value. We combined methods from neuroeconomics and behavioural genetics to investigate the impact that the genes encoding for monoamine oxidase-A (MAOA), the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) and the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) have on these two computations. Consistent with previous literature, we found that carriers of the MAOA-L polymorphism were more likely to take financial risks. Our computational choice model, rooted in established decision theory, showed that MAOA-L carriers exhibited such behaviour because they are able to make better financial decisions under risk, and not because they are more impulsive. In contrast, we found no behavioural or computational differences among the 5-HTT and DRD4 polymorphisms.
High-throughput sequencing of complete human mtDNA genomes from the Philippines
Authors: Gunnarsdóttir Ellen D. , Li Mingkun , Bauchet Marc , Finstermeier Knut , Stoneking Mark
Published: December 2010

Because of the time and cost associated with Sanger sequencing of complete human mtDNA genomes, practically all evolutionary studies have screened samples first to define haplogroups and then either selected a few samples from each haplogroup, or many samples from a particular haplogroup of interest, for complete mtDNA genome sequencing. Such biased sampling precludes many analyses of interest. Here, we used high-throughput sequencing platforms to generate, rapidly and inexpensively, 109 complete mtDNA genome sequences from random samples of individuals from three Filipino groups, including one Negrito group, the Mamanwa. We obtained on average ∼55-fold coverage per sequence, with <1% missing data per sequence. Various analyses attest to the accuracy of the sequences, including comparison to sequences of the first hypervariable segment of the control region generated by Sanger sequencing; patterns of nucleotide substitution and the distribution of polymorphic sites across the genome; and the observed haplogroups. Bayesian skyline plots of population size change through time indicate similar patterns for all three Filipino groups, but sharply contrast with such plots previously constructed from biased sampling of complete mtDNA genomes, as well as with an artificially constructed sample of sequences that mimics the biased sampling. Our results clearly demonstrate that the high-throughput sequencing platforms are the methodology of choice for generating complete mtDNA genome sequences.