bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Journey From Welfare to Work: Learning From Women Living in Poverty
Authors: McPhee Debra M. , Bronstein Laura R.
Published: April 2003

This multiphase study was designed to gain a qualitative understanding of the experiences of single-mother welfare recipients and the effect of welfare reforms on recipients’ perceived ability to care for themselves and their families. The findings were drawn from the first phase of the study in which individual interviews were conducted with 39 current or former recipients, all of whom were women of color living in socioeconomically disadvantaged urban neighborhoods. Eight themes are analyzed, and the implications for social welfare policy and practice are discussed.
Incorporating Spirituality in Feminist Social Work Perspectives
Authors: Coholic Diana
Published: April 2003

This article describes a qualitative study of 20 feminist social workers’ conceptualizations of spirituality and spiritually influenced practices. A grounded-theory analysis of the interviews uncovered major convergences among the participants’ values and practices, which encouraged the development of a set of practice principles. One such practice principle, which encompasses the commonalities between feminist social work and spiritual values and practices and the desire for holistic approaches, is discussed.
Heeding New Voices: Gender-Related Herstories of Asian and Caribbean-Born Elderly Women
Authors: Patterson Fiona M.
Published: April 2003

Older women who came to this country as adults have had little or no voice in public discourse, including feminist discussions of women’s experiences, needs, and roles. This qualitative exploratory study of how life events affected the aging of 25 women born in Puerto Rico, the West Indies, China, India, and Korea investigated the women’s early lives and current relationships with their husbands and other family members. Ways for the information gleaned to enhance social work with this population are also explored.
Antecedents of Coercive Interactions in Physically Abusive Mother-Child Dyads
Authors: Timmer Susan Goff , Borrego Joaquin , Urquiza Anthony J.
Published: April 2003

In this study, we investigate the possibility that parents' questions lead to coercive interaction patterns in abusive versus nonabusive mother-child dyads. The interaction patterns of 15 abusive and 15 nonabusive mother-child dyads were examined as they performed structured play tasks in a clinic setting. We used sequential analyses to examine how children responded to their parents' questions compared to neutral comments and how parents responded to their children's answers versus their failure to answer. Abusive and nonabusive parents asked similar numbers of questions, and abused and nonabused children had similarly high response rates to those questions. However, results showed that when children did not answer questions, abusive parents were more likely to give commands and less likely to make neutral comments than nonabusive parents. Clinical implications for working with physically abusive parent-child relationships are also discussed.
Severity of Injury Resulting from Violence Among College Students
Authors: Marcus Robert F. , Reio Thomas G.
Published: April 2003

In a pilot study (N = 120 males) and later in a follow-up replication/refinement study (N = 385, 52% male, 48% female), participants were asked to describe a “most recent physical fight.” Of the participants, 63.0% were able to describe a physical altercation, with 9.1% reporting suffering injuries that required medical attention. Examination of proximal influences showed that females fought in private situations where bystanders intervened, whereas males fought in public in front of friends, with greater perceived injury to opponents. Proximal and distal influences predicted severity of injury to the respondents. Structural modeling techniques showed gender and stimulation-seeking were indirect predictors whereas mood, severity of others' injuries, arguments, alcohol consumption, and stimulation-seeking had direct effects on self-injury.
Understanding Sexual Aggression Against Women
Authors: Brown Theresa J. , Sumner Kenneth E. , Nocera Romy
Published: April 2003

Data from 139 college men who participated in and viewed contact (e.g., ice hockey) and noncontact (e.g., tennis) sports at different rates of frequency were examined to determine if there was a relationship between these variables and level of sexual aggression against women. The authors also examined whether attitudes toward women, fraternity membership, and sports ideology were related to sexual aggression against women. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that attitudes toward women, fraternity membership, and viewing contact sports were significant predictors of sexual aggression against women, with high scores on these variables forecasting higher levels of sexual aggression against women. In addition, low scores on men's contact sports participation significantly forecasted higher levels of sexual aggression against women. Suggestions for future research in this area are discussed and implications of the results for the socialization of fraternity members and other males are considered
Marriage, Child Abuse, and Sexual Revictimization
Authors: Arata Catalina M. , Lindman Linda
Published: April 2003

The purpose of this study was to identify childhood history and personality variables that may serve as vulnerability factors for sexual revictimization. Three hundred forty-one undergraduate females completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Family of Origin Scale, Silencing the Self Scale, Sexual Experiences Survey, and a dating behaviors inventory. Different rates of revictimization were found for women who were currently or had ever been married, even when controlling for age differences. Multiple regression was used to examine the relationship between revictimization, demographics, child maltreatment, personality, and behavioral variables. For the whole sample, child physical abuse, child sexual abuse, dating behaviors, marital status (ever married) and age (younger) were related to revictimization. When separate models were developed for single versus ever-married participants, different variables emerged as predictors for ever-married versus single women. The results have implications for research, treatment, and prevention of sexual revictimization.
Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: West Angelique , Wandrei Mary L.
Published: April 2003

This study examined the expectations to help victims of intimate partner violence held by potential informal helpers such as friends and family. A total of 157 college students viewed one of two videotaped domestic violence scenarios, which varied on victim “provocation.” The present study tested a specific model in which victim blame mediates the relationship between helper characteristics and the type of intervention helpers expect to use. The model accounted for 22% of variance in general victim blame,40% of variance in blame toward the victim's specific behavior/characteristics, and 27% of variance in the expectation to use specific helpful inter ventions. High perceived provocation and violence-condoning attitudes held by participants predicted greater victim blame, and general victim blame appeared to mediate the relationship between attitudes and intervention. Female participants demonstrated less general victim blame and provided more helpful interventions than males. Implications for educational programs and continued research are discussed
Outcome of a Treatment Program for Adult Sex Offenders
Authors: McGrath Robert J. , Cumming Georgia , Livingston Joy A. , Hoke Stephen E.
Published: April 2003

This study examined the recidivism rates of 195 adult male sex offenders who were referred to a prison-based cognitive-behavioral treatment program. Of this sample, 56 participants completed treatment, 49 entered but did not complete treatment, and 90 refused treatment services. Although participants were not randomly assigned to treatment conditions, there were no between-group differences on participants’ pre-treatment risk for sexual recidivism as appraised on two actuarial risk measures, the RRASOR and Static-99. Over a mean follow-up period of almost 6 years, the sexual reoffense rate for the completed-treatment group was 5.4% versus 30.6% for the some-treatment and 30.0% for the no-treatment groups. Lower sexual recidivism rates were also found among those participants who received aftercare treatment and correctional supervision services in the community.
How Children Are Involved in Adult Domestic Violence
Authors: Edleson Jeffrey L. , Mbilinyi Lyungai F. , Beeman Sandra K. , Hagemeister Annelies K.
Published: April 2003

There is limited research available on children’s involvement in incidents of adult domestic violence. This study collected direct reports on real-life events and went beyond earlier research by eliciting information on a larger array of family and contextual factors that may account for variation in children’s responses. Anonymous telephone interviews with 114 battered mothers in four metropolitan areas elicited detailed information from women on their children’s responses to the violence being committed against the mothers. One quarter of the mothers reported that their children were physically involved in the events. In addition, mothers with less stable financial, social, and living situations at the time of the interview reported their children to have intervened more during the past violent incidents. The article concludes with recommendations for a greater emphasis on careful assessment of children’s involvement in domestic violence incidents and on assisting mothers to achieve economic stability as well as safety.
Multidimensional Analysis of Fear and Confidence of University Women Relating to Crimes and Dangerous Situations
Authors: Hughes Patricia Paulsen , Marshall David , Sherrill Claudine
Published: April 2003

Fear-of-crime research, although plentiful, has been plagued by criticism that it often focuses on generalized, global measures of fear instead of specific instances that elicit an emotional response of fear. Much of the criticism is justified. Little is known about women’s perceptions of confidence in managing dangerous situations or crimes, or if confidence is correlated strongly with fear. College women (n = 564) completed the Perceptions of Dangerous Situations Scale, a survey instrument validated for college women, consisting of 34 crimes and dangerous situations. Women rated each situation with regard to their fear of and their confidence to manage selected situations. Ratings were subjected to multidimensional scaling, producing two dimensions that were interpreted as Personal Threat and Intimacy. Cluster analysis produced eight interpretable clusters for fear and eight for confidence. Implications for self-defense curricula and rape prevention training are discussed.
The Role of Sexual Victimization in Women’s Perceptions of Others’ Sexual Interest
Authors: Donat Patricia L. N. , Bondurant Barrie
Published: April 2003

This study investigated the relationship between women’s sexual victimization experiences and their perceptions of sexual interest for an actor’s mundane, romantic, and sexual behaviors. Three hundred twenty-nine undergraduate women were divided into four mutually exclusive categories: women sexually victimized through verbal coercion, through intoxication, through force or threat of force, and women who reported only consensual sexual experiences. The women rated the sexual connotativeness of a list of dating behaviors, rating either a male or a female actor. Overall, women perceived more sexual interest in men’s behavior than in women’s comparable behavior. Moreover, women who had been victimized through force or threat of force perceived more sexual interest than nonvictimized women in a man’s target behaviors. There was no difference among women for a woman’s target behaviors. Women who have been sexually victimized may become more vigilant of men’s behaviors after experiencing sexual aggression.
Reporting Assaults Against Juveniles to the Police
Authors: Finkelhor David , Wolak Janis
Published: April 2003

Reporting crimes to the police is a two-stage process. Victims and families first recognize whether a crime has occurred and, if so, are influenced by a variety of considerations in deciding whether to report it. In a national sample of physical and sexual assaults against juveniles, recognition of the assault as a crime was more likely for episodes involving adolescent (vs. preadolescent) victims, adult and multiple offenders, physical injuries, female victims, and when families had prior experiences with police. Among families who recognized the episode as a crime, actual reporting to police was more likely when the perpetrator was an adult, the family had been advised to report, the family had prior experience with the police, the family believed the police would take the episode seriously, and when the child was believed still to be in danger from the perpetrator. Reporting was less likely for assaults that occurred at school.
Bullying, Self-Control, and Adhd
Authors: Unnever James D. , Cornell Dewey G.
Published: April 2003

We investigated the influence of low self-control and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) on bullying and bully victimization in a sample of 1,315 middle school students using a school survey. Students who reported taking medication for ADHD were at increased risk for bullying as well as victimization by bullies. The correlation between ADHD status and bullying could be explained by low self-control, a construct theorized by Gottfredson and Hirschi to be the most important determinant of criminality. In contrast, the correlation between ADHD status and bullying victimization was independent of self-control. Subsequent analyses found that self-control influenced bullying victimization through interactions with student gender and measures of physical size and strength. These findings identify low self-control and ADHD as potential risk factors for bullying and victimization and have implications for research on self-control in young adolescents.
Stalking
Authors: Jordan Carol E. , Logan Tk , Walker Robert , Nigoff Amy
Published: April 2003

Stalking is documented, but insufficient attention has been given to case disposition and how prior criminal and protective order histories influence the processing of stalking cases by the court. This study used secondary case analyses to examine the incarceration and prior offense histories of 346 men charged with stalking, the temporal relationship between prior offenses and the stalking offense, and the interplay between criminal/protective order histories and the final disposition of stalking cases. Study results show significant incarceration and criminal histories among stalkers and a frequent use of protective orders in these cases. High dismissal rates of stalking offenses were found, but for charges not dismissed, a relatively high conviction rate was found. Finally, repeat criminal activity within a short time of the index stalking charge was common. Implications and areas for future research are discussed.
Violent Childhood Experiences and the Risk of Intimate Partner Violence in Adults
Authors: Whitfield Charles L. , Anda Robert F. , Dube Shanta R. , Felitti Vincent J.
Published: April 2003

Information about the relationship of experiencing abuse or witnessing domestic violence in childhood to the risk of intimate partner violence (IPV) in adulthood is scant. The relationship of childhood physical or sexual abuse or growing up with a battered mother to the risk of being a victim of IPV for women or a perpetrator for men was studied among 8,629 participants in the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study conducted in a large HMO. Each of the three violent childhood experiences increased the risk of victimization or perpetration of IPV approximately two-fold. A statistically significant graded relationship was found between the number of violent experiences and the risk of IPV. Among persons who had all three forms of violent childhood experiences, the risk of victimization and perpetration was increased 3.5-fold for women and 3.8-fold for men. These data suggest that as part of risk assessment for IPV in adults, screening for a history of childhood abuse or exposure to domestic violence is needed.
The Attitudes Toward Violence Scale
Authors: Funk Jeanne , Elliott Robert , Bechtoldt Heidi , Pasold Tracie , Tsavoussis Areti
Published: April 2003

The importance of early intervention for preventing the development of violent behavior is well recognized. There is particular interest in addressing mediating factors through which risk may be transformed into behavior—for example, attitudes. The Attitudes Toward Violence Scale: Child Version (ATVC) was designed to measure the impact of interventions targeting change in attitudes towards violence in elementary school children. The ATVC demonstrates good internal reliability and has a meaningful two-factor solution: Reactive Violence (violence in response to a perceived or actual threat) and Culture of Violence (a pervasive view that violence is an acceptable and valued behavioral choice). A negative correlation between the ATVC and a child empathy measure provides support for the validity of the ATVC. Being male, self-identification as a victim, and African American ethnicity each predicted endorsement of proviolence attitudes. The ATVC may be useful in targeting interventions based on preexisting attitudinal dispositions and in measuring intervention outcome.
Correspondence Between Self-Report Measures of Interpersonal Aggression
Authors: Hilton N. Zoe , Harris Grant T. , Rice Marnie E.
Published: April 2003

Self-report itemized paper-and-pencil surveys are commonly used measures of interpersonal violence, yet little evidence exists regarding their accuracy. In this study, the authors compared high school students’ reports for verbal, physical, and sexual aggression using standard-method self-report surveys with those obtained using scenario-based self-report questionnaires. The latter measure yielded not only lower reported rates but also different patterns of sex differences in perpetration and victimization. Evidence for the correspondence between the two methods was slightly stronger for self-reported sexual aggression than for verbal or physical aggression. The results add to the growing literature calling for further study of the accuracy of self-report measures of interpersonal aggression.
Association Between Childhood Physical Abuse, Exposure to Parental Violence, and Alcohol Problems in Adulthood
Authors: Caetano Raul , Field Craig A. , Nelson Scott
Published: April 2003

This article examines the association of exposure to parental violence during childhood and childhood physical abuse with the development of alcohol-related problems in adulthood among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics. A multistage area household probability sample of White, Black, and Hispanic couples (married or cohabiting), 18 or older, in the U.S. household population was interviewed in 1995. Analyses show an association between childhood physical abuse and exposure to parental violence and alcohol problems among White, Black, and Hispanic females and Hispanic males and an association between parental violence and alcohol problems among Black males. In sum, childhood physical abuse and exposure to parental violence are associated with the development of alcohol-related problems in adulthood. However, this association is ethnic and gender specific. Therefore, these violence-related experiences during childhood and adolescence have both immediate and long-term health consequences and should be addressed by health professionals in a variety of settings.
Anger as a Predictor of Institutional Misconduct and Recidivism in a Sample of Violent Offenders
Authors: Mills Jeremy F. , Kroner Daryl G.
Published: April 2003

This study investigated the relationship of self-report anger measures that measured anger within the context of interpersonal conflict or the outward expression of anger with criminal history, institutional misconduct, and recidivism. An incarcerated sample of 102 violent male offenders participated in the study. Self-reported anger was not associated with prior convictions and incarcerations. Selective scales were associated with minor institutional misconduct, but these relationships did not remain once impression management was accounted for. There was no relationship between anger and postrelease performance. Implications regarding the prediction of institutional misconduct and recidivism are discussed.
Research and Practice in Child Interviewing
Authors: Faller Kathleen Coulborn
Published: April 2003

Recent research documents the comorbidity of child maltreatment and domestic violence as well as the detrimental impact of exposure to domestic violence on children. Domestic violence and child interviewing also share the distinction of being contested social issues. This article argues that methods employed in interviewing children about child maltreatment can be applied to interviewing children about exposure to domestic violence. The article describes how cognitive interviewing, narrative elaboration, and event segmentation can be employed when talking to children about domestic violence. In addition, the article discusses how focused questions related to child maltreatment and child endangerment can be used to elicit information from children about domestic violence.
The Contribution of Marital Violence to Adolescent Aggression Across Different Relationships
Authors: McCloskey Laura Ann , Lichter Erika L.
Published: April 2003

Different forms of aggression were measured in 296 young men and women participating in a study dating from their childhood that included families with marital violence. The youth reported on their perpetration of physical aggression with same-sex peers, dating partners, and parents. Measures were also collected on youth depression and empathy. Childhood exposure to marital violence predicted aggression toward peers for all youth. Marital violence was also related to child-to-parent aggression but only for youth older than 18. Youth from maritally violent homes were more likely to be depressed as adolescents. Elevated depression partially mediated the impact of marital violence on peer aggression and was associated with dating aggression among girls. Although marital violence in childhood was unrelated to empathy scores in adolescence, empathic youth were less likely to engage in dating aggression and peer aggression. Findings indicate that further emphasis should be placed on mental health problems and empathy building in youth exposed to marital violence.
School Safety Technology in America: Current Use and Perceived Effectiveness
Authors: Garcia Crystal A.
Published: April 2003

School safety administrators (SSAs) are using technologies such as video cameras, weapon detectors, and entry control devices (ECD) in an attempt to deal with school violence. Although it is well known that cameras are useful for documenting events after the fact, further utility of the various school safety technologies is virtually unknown. To address the paucity of information in this area, a national telephone survey of SSAs was conducted. In addition to discussing technology utilization and effectiveness, several important policy considerations (e.g., cost, technology placement, the role that local law enforcement can play in safety plans, and the availability of alternatives that might bolster school safety by enhancing the school community) are discussed.
The Impact of “Strikes” in Sentencing Decisions: Punishment for Only Some Habitual Offenders
Authors: Rodriguez Nancy
Published: April 2003

Sentencing research has continued to address how legal and extralegal variables influence sentencing decisions. However, little attention has been given to how the implementation of habitual offender laws has influenced the sentencing of repeat, violent offenders. In this study, criminal history record and prior strike offenses are used to measure sentence length of convicted felony offenders in Washington State. By using both additive and interactive models, findings show that the influence of criminal history record and prior strikes on sentencing decisions is indirectly related to offense type (i.e., person, property, sex, and drug cases). Findings shed light on the various measures of prior record and their role in sentencing research.
Medicaid and “The Granny’s Lawyer Goes to Jail” Law: Questioning the Criminalization of Attorney’s Advice
Authors: Miller J. Mitchell , Shutt J. Eagle , Miller J. Matthew
Published: April 2003

This sociolegal study examines the propriety of Congress’s criminalization of paid legal advice that facilitates Medicaid eligibility. Congress’s response to the Medicaid funding crisis is first placed in its historical context. It is argued that criminal penalties for such advice are inadvisable due to inherent ethical conflicts for attorneys, as well as enforcement difficulties. Moreover, criminal penalties do not offer a genuine solution to the systemic problems of long-term elder care.
Police Vehicular Pursuits: An Overview of Research and Legal Conceptualizations for Police Administrators
Authors: Hicks Wendy L.
Published: April 2003

Research into the realm of police pursuits is fraught with many complex, often conflicting methodologies and ending results. Some projects have indicated police pursuits to be highly dangerous and in need of better supervisory and administrative control. Others maintain that pursuits are not as dangerous as previously believed and are, therefore, an integral and necessary component of police duties. Struggling to come to terms with the many intricate scholarly research endeavors in this area, along with the variety of legal decisions so often occurring as a result of a pursuit gone awry, is the police administrator. Ultimately, it remains the responsibility of the policy writers and administrators to devise effective, efficient policy with regard to police vehicular pursuits. Only through improving written policy will negative outcomes of police pursuits such as accidents, injuries, fatalities, and litigation wane.
Violent Times: A Case Study of the Ybor City Historic District
Authors: Danner Terry A.
Published: April 2003

This case analysis of an urban historic district tracks the demographic, economic, and public policy trends that influenced its violent crime volumes. Constructs from routine activities theory and environmental criminology are used to explain these crime trends. Findings are (a) macrostructural forces influenced crime volumes; (b) populations drawn to the area’s nightlife had an impact on crime; (c) considering the number of people who visited the area, the victimization risks there were greater than was average for all of Tampa; (d) the demographics of the areas surrounding the district had less impact on crime there than has been assumed; and (e) the high density of bars facilitated the occurrence of violent crime beyond what would have been generated with other land uses. Recommendations are presented for guiding the formation of public policy that will affect the future crime trends in the district and may also be generalized to similar areas undergoing economic revitalization.
Effectiveness of Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy, and Speech Pathology for People with Huntington's Disease: A Systematic Review
Authors: Bilney Belinda , Morris Meg E. , Perry Alison
Published: April 2003

This review provides a summary of the current literature examining the outcomes of physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and speech pathology interventions for people with Huntington's disease. The literature was retrieved via a systematic search using a combination of key words that included Huntington's disease, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and speech pathology. The electronic databases for Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, and PEDro were searched up to May 2002. Articles meeting the review criteria were graded for study type and rated for quality using checklists to assess study validity and methodology. The majority of articles that examined therapy outcomes for people with Huntington's disease were derived from observational studies of low methodological quality. A low level of evidence exists to support the use of physiotherapy for addressing impairments of balance, muscle strength, and flexibility. There was a small amount of evidence to support the use of speech pathology for the management of eating and swallowing disorders. The current evidence is insufficient to make strong recommendations regarding the usefulness of physiotherapy, occupational therapy, or speech pathology for people with Huntington's disease. There is further need for therapy outcomes research in Huntington's disease so that clinicians may use evidence-based practice to assist clinical decision making.
Constraint-Induced Therapy in Stroke: Magnetic-Stimulation Motor Maps and Cerebral Activation
Authors: Wittenberg George F. , Chen Robert , Ishii Kenji , Bushara Khalafalla O. , Taub Edward , Gerber Lynn H. , Hallett Mark , Cohen Leonardo G.
Published: April 2003

Constraint-induced movement therapy (CI), a standardized intensive rehabilitation intervention, was given to patients a year or more following stroke. The goal was to determine if CI was more effective than a less-intensive control intervention in changing motor function and/or brain physiology and to gain insight into the mechanisms underlying this recovery process. Subjects were recruited and randomized more than 1 year after a single subcortical infarction. Clinical assessments performed before and after the intervention and at 6 months postintervention included the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT), the Motor Activity Log (MAL), and the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS). Transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to map the motor cortex. Positron emission tomography was used to measure changes in motor task-related activation due to the intervention. MAL increased by 1.08 after CI therapy and decreased by 0.01 after control therapy. The difference between groups was significant ( P < 0.001). Changes in WMFT and AMPS were not significantly different between groups. Cerebral activation during a motor task decreased significantly, and motor map size increased in the affected hemisphere motor cortex in CI patients but not in control patients. Both changes may reflect improved ability of upper motor neurons to produce movement.
Respiratory Management of Pediatric Patients with Spinal Cord Injuries: Retrospective Review of the duPont Experience
Authors: Padman Raj , Alexander Michael , Thorogood Christine , Porth Susan
Published: April 2003

Pulmonary complications contribute to morbidity and mortality in spinal cord injuries (SCIs). A retrospective review of 20 years of experience with tracheostomy- and ventilator-dependent SCI children is presented. The authors developed and analyzed a database of 47 children (average age = 11.4 years). Of the patients, 27% had concomitant brain injuries, 6% had prior histories of reactive airway disease, and 2% had thoracic fractures. Injuries were caused by motor vehicle accidents (53%); gunshot wounds (19%); sports-related accidents (19%); and vascular injuries, transverse myelitis, or spinal tumors (8%). Of the injuries, 52% were high level (C1 to C2) and 48% were mid- or low level (C3 to C5). Two groups were analyzed for demographic information. Complications included tracheitis, atelectasis, and pneumonia. Mean tidal volume was 14 cm2/kg (maximum = 22 cm2/kg). Bedside lung function parameters were attempted to assess readiness and the rapidity of weans. T-piece sprints were used to successfully wean 63% of patients. Successfully weaned patients were compared with those not weaned. No deaths or readmissions for late-onset respiratory failure postwean occurred. The authors' clinical impression favors higher tidal volumes and aggressive bronchial hygiene to minimize pulmonary complications and enhance weaning. Successfully weaned patients had fewer complications. A critical pathway for respiratory management of SCI children is presented.
It Makes Sense to Us
Authors: BIRD S. ELIZABETH
Published: April 2003

In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in the role of narrative in constructing culture, deriving from scholarship in anthropology, geography, folklore, and communication studies. In this article, the author uses popular folk legends, collected in one state, to bring together some of this interdisciplinary scholarship on the central role of narrative in everyday life. In particular, the author focuses on how these shared narratives serve culturally to construct a sense of place and, with that, a sense of cultural identity that includes some people while excluding others.
In the Dreamtime of the Saucer People
Authors: TUMMINIA DIANA G.
Published: April 2003

This phenomenological analysis describes the author's encounter with the lifeworld of Unarius, an extraterrestrial contact group, which utilizes idiosyncratic procedures like dreams and past-life “memories” to verify what is real. The article explores the dialectic between immersion and objectivity as it impacts the ethnographer's experience of sense-making within a highly unusual socially constructed reality. The discussion centers on the recognition of interpretive boundaries between the researcher and group members as they both assign presumptive meanings to similarly experienced phenomena. Assessments of such boundaries occur when problematic events like discordant encounters with the member's meaning system lead the researcher to examine taken-for-granted interpretations.
Chronicling an Academic Depression
Authors: JAGO BARBARA J.
Published: April 2003

This autoethnographic story chronicles the author's recent struggle with major depression. Grounded in narrative theory, utilizing the methodology of emotional introspection, and written as a layered account, this personal narrative explores mental illness within the context of the academy. The story considers a variety of issues including identity and the social construction of self, medical discourse and the canonical story of depression, academic research and the tenure process, and the interrelationships between personal and professional experience.
Social Control in a Group Home for Delinquent Boys
Authors: KIVETT DOUGLAS D. , WARREN CAROL A. B.
Published: April 2003

Social control occurs in, as well as by commitment to, total and quasi-total institutions. The powerful and relentless “gaze” of the expert identifies and incarcerates the deviant, but within the walls of the institutional power may become bidirectional, moving between and among staff and inmates. This ethnographic and autoethnographic study of social control illustrates the micro-politics of trouble in a group home for delinquent boys. Although this home, Sweetwater, embodies in its behavior-modification system the “minuteness of the disciplinary gaze,” in day-to-day practice the gaze of staff is often averted. In the interest of maintaining social order, staff members interpret the boys' behavior in the context of their assumed moods and intentions, deescalating as well as escalating trouble in situated interactions.
Kibbutz L.A.
Authors: SABAR NAAMA
Published: April 2003

This article examines the social network maintained by former kibbutzniks living in Los Angeles, in relation to their cultural and ethnic roots, against a background of transnationalism, using a qualitative approach and life-history methodology. The findings indicate that this population constitutes a unique subgroup with a common internal language and clear boundaries separating them from the rest of society. The study shows that kibbutz-reared Israeli immigrants set up a social network characterized by intensive multiplex ties that provides practical and emotional support but at the same time decreases their desire to integrate into the new country.
Learning from Henry Mayhew
Authors: GREEN BRYAN S.
Published: April 2003

The almost forgotten ethnographer, Henry Mayhew, is shown to be of methodological relevance to contemporary ethnography in the context of current hesitations, doubts, and rejections of “realist” ethnography. Through invoking Adam Smith's concept of the impartial spectator and applying it to Mayhew's textual practice of ethnography, the article seeks to find a way between the entrenched polemical positions called realistic and poetic ethnography. This is done, however, by describing an appealing working model rather than engaging in epistemological prescription.
From Appearance Tales to Oppression Tales
Authors: MARTIN DANIEL D.
Published: April 2003

Based on participant observation and taped interviews with participants and leaders in Weight Watchers, Overeaters Anonymous, and the National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance (NAAFA), this article considers how organizations accomplish frame alignment with their members. All three organizations construct frames of meanings concerning participation, appearance, and food that reflect their own objectives. However, these frames must be aligned with members' own meanings, which, at times, contradict the organizational frame. Frame alignment is accomplished in Weight Watchers by group leaders emphasizing rationality with regards to food, body, and social relationships. Within Overeaters Anonymous, a redemptive frame is constructed that transforms the dieting practices of its members into a spiritual activity. The injustice frame of NAAFA transforms mundane aspects of everyday life, such as eating, into a political activity. As all members adopt the meanings of their respective program, they come to embrace a new personal identity that serves the organization.
Gender and Social Movement Decline
Authors: ADAMS JACQUELINE
Published: April 2003

Social movement decline is an understudied topic in social movements research. This article takes the case of the prodemocracy movement in Pinochet's Chile to focus on one aspect of movement decline: the question of what activists do at the end of their movement and, in particular, how what they do is gendered. The question of what activists do is an important one, both because activism often profoundly affects the lives of those who engage in it and because what ex-activists do can affect the societies in which they live. The author uses ethnographic data to examine what Chilean shantytown women did after their prodemocracy movement ended, demonstrating that their continued involvement with what remained of the movement, their work lives, their political attitudes and activities, their geographical mobility, and their social networks were profoundly affected by the gender regime in which they lived.
Black Single Fathers
Authors: COLES ROBERTA L.
Published: April 2003

This ethnographic study uses the narratives of African American, single, full-time fathers to explore the motivations precipitating their choice to parent. While the fathers had in common a number of demographic characteristics, such as full employment, residence, and support systems, which factored into their timing of and ability to take full custody, none of these are salient in their own narratives expressing why they wanted to be full-time fathers. Instead, their main motives centered on fulfilling a sense of duty and responsibility, reworking the effects of having had weak or absent fathers themselves, wanting to provide a role model for their children, and fulfilling an already established parent-child bond.
Opportunity, Pleasure, and Risk
Authors: MONAGHAN LEE F.
Published: April 2003

Using ethnographic data generated in Southwest Britain and an embodied social paradigm, this article explores the opportunities, pleasures, and risks attendant to urban male heterosexualities. Participant observation and informal ethnographic interviews with nightclub security staff, or “doormen,” contextualize and embody abstract and sterile risk discourses and knowledges. Although careful to avoid a pathologizing biomedical perspective, several social risks are identified, which may amplify or minimize the conditions of possibility for HIV transmission. These include risks to existing intimate relationships and ontological security, violence, and embarrassment.
Mothering, Crime, And Incarceration
Authors: Ferraro Kathleen J. , Moe Angela M.
Published: April 2003

This article examines the relationships between mothering, crime, and incarceration through the narratives of thirty women incarcerated in a southwestern county jail. The responsibilities of child care, combined with the burdens of economic marginality and domestic violence, led some women to choose economic crimes or drug dealing as an alternative to hunger and homelessness. Other women, arrested for drug- or alcohol-related crimes, related their offenses to the psychological pain and despair resulting from loss of custody of their children. Many women were incarcerated for minor probation violations that often related to the conflict between work, child care, and probation requirements. For all women with children, mothering represented both the burdens of an unequal sexual division of labor and opportunities for resistance to marginalization and hopelessness.
Embodied Surveillance And The Gendering Of Punishment
Authors: McCorkel Jill A.
Published: April 2003

This ethnography explores the enactment of “get tough” politics in a state prison for women and considers whether the implementation of seemingly gender-neutral programs and policies implies that women’s prisons are no longer operating as “gendered organizations.” The author will demonstrate that even when women’s prisons attempt to mimic the disciplinary policies associated with men’s facilities, they modify disciplinary practices in response to perceived differences in offending between men and women. A crucial modification is the use of an “embodied surveillance” that sharply differs from Foucault’s analysis of penal surveillance mechanisms. The article concludes with an analysis of how the practice of an embodied surveillance is embedded within a larger structure of gendered punishment.
The Muncie Race Riots Of 1967, Representing Community Memory Through Public Performance, And Collaborative Ethnography Between Faculty, Students, And The Local Community
Authors: Papa Lee , Lassiter Luke Eric
Published: April 2003

In October 1967, a footnote in the larger national struggle over civil rights for African Americans occurred at Southside High School in Muncie, Indiana. On the nineteenth, a fight broke out between about 100 black and white students in the halls of the school, where the football team was named the “Rebels,” and a modified Confederate flag flew just in front of the building. In spring 2001, a group of Ball State University faculty and students along with a group of more than thirty consultants from the Muncie community engaged in a collaborative ethnographic project to present the community’s memory of the event as a theatrical performance. This essay details this process as well as its consequences for practicing reciprocal and collaborative representation.
Payday Lending: A Business Model that Encourages Chronic Borrowing
Authors: Stegman Michael A. , Faris Robert
Published: April 2003

The tremendous growth in the demand for very small, short-term loans by credit constrained households is being largely filled by companies offering payday loans. This article explores the explosive growth of payday lending as a source of short-term consumer credit in low- and moderate-income communities, with a special emphasis on the relationship between industry business practices and the high incidence of perpetual indebtedness in which an increasing number of payday borrowers find themselves. Empirical analysis confirms two related truths about payday lending. First, there is no denying the large and growing demand for this consumer credit and the rapidly expanding network of companies willing to supply it. Second, despite its expanding customer base and notwithstanding industry denials, the financial performance of the payday loan industry, at least in North Carolina, is significantly enhanced by the successful conversion of more and more occasional users into chronic borrowers.
Fertility Desires and Perceptions of Power in Reproductive Conflict in Ghana
Authors: Derose LAURIE F. , DODOO F. NII-AMOO , PATIL VRUSHALI
Published: April 2003

Ghanaian fertility decline may not be associated with women's having greater control over reproduction. Focus groups of young Ghanaian men and women indicate that attitudes supporting men's dominance in fertility decisions characterize even the highly educated. Young women with high fertility desires anticipate being able to stop childbearing when they want to, but they do not expect to be able to continue if their husband wants to stop. Those with low fertility desires do not anticipate being able to stop without husband consent, but they envision support for continuing childbearing. Women's expected influence appears limited to situations where their fertility desires conform to normative expectations.
“Where My Girls At?”
Authors: EMERSON RANA A.
Published: April 2003

The literature on Black youth culture, especially hip-hop culture, has focused primarily on the experiences of young men, with the experiences of Black girls being all but ignored. However, the recent appearance of Black women performers, songwriters, and producers in Black popular culture has called attention to the ways in which young Black women use popular culture to negotiate social existence and attempt to express independence, self-reliance, and agency. This article is an exploration of the representations of Black womanhood as expressed in the music videos of Black women performers. The author first identifies themes that reflect controlling images of Black womanhood, then those that exemplify an expression of agency, and finally those appearing ambivalent and contradictory. Overall, the music videos express how young Black women must negotiate sexuality and womanhood in their everyday lives.
A Sectoral Approach to the Study of Gender Constraints on Economic Opportunities in the Informal Sector in India
Authors: KANTOR PAULA
Published: April 2003

This article examines the contribution of a sectoral approach to understanding gender constraints on economic success in the informal sector, using the example of self-employed women in home-based garment production in Ahmedabad, India. The author assesses whether all the constraints laid out in the gender and microenterprise development literature affect women in this sector and, if not, suggests how theory on gender inequality in the microenterprise sector needs to be rethought to address variation by sector. Constraints are disaggregated into women intensive, women exclusive, and sector specific. The results show that the women-exclusive constraints all hold within this sector, that there is variation among the women-intensive constraints in their differential gender effect, and that some sector-specific constraints tend to be more intense for women relative to men. The latter two results suggest that variation by economic activity must be accounted for in understanding the sources and extent of gender inequality in economic outcomes.
Gender, Race, and the Shadow Structure
Authors: McGUIRE GAIL M.
Published: April 2003

In this article, I analyze survey data from more than 1,000 financial services employees to understand how gender inequality manifests itself in employees' informal networks. I found that even when Black and white women had jobs in which they controlled organizational resources and had ties to powerful employees, they received less work-related help from their network members than did white men. Drawing on status characteristics theory, I explain that network members were less likely to invest in women than in white men because of cultural beliefs that rank women below that of white men. While past research has documented how employers use gender to rank workers and distribute rewards unequally, my research indicates that workers use gender to categorize and rank their network members as well.