bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Modeling of Parallel Robots for Computed-Torque Control Implementation
Authors: Codourey Alain
Published: March 2007

In recent years, increased interest in parallel robots has been ob served. Their control with modern theory, such as the computed- torque method, has, however, been restrained, essentially due to the difficulty in establishing a simple dynamic model that can be calcu lated in real time. In this paper, a simple method based on the virtual work principle is proposed for modeling parallel robots. The mass matrix of the robot, needed for decoupling control strategies, does not explicitly appear in the formulation; however, it can be computed separately, based on kinetic energy considerations. The method is applied to the DELTA parallel robot, leading to a very efficient model that has been implemented in a real-time computed-torque control algorithm.
Profiling Music Students: Personality and Religiosity
Authors: Shuter-Dyson Rosamund
Published: March 2007

Musicians tend to be more sensitive than population norms (Kemp, 1996). Additionally, low psychoticism and tender-mindedness are consistently associated with indices of religion. This suggested the hypothesis that musicians may be more inclined to be religious. A sample of 350 music students completed the Francis Attitude to Christianity Scale and the short form of the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. The data demonstrated that both male and female music students are more extravert than men and women in general. Female music students are also more tender-minded and more neurotic than women in general. Male music students are also more religious than men in general.
Curriculum Development in Music Education: The Limitation of Theory
Authors: Plummeridge Charles
Published: March 2007

In recent years a number of educationists have emphasised the importance of developing clearer theoretical principles as a basis for more effective music teaching in schools. Whilst all practice operates against a background of ideas, values, principles and pro- cedures which might be said to constitute a theoretical position, it needs to be recognised that the relationship between educational theory and practice is not as straightforward as is sometimes sup- posed. Ultimately it is teachers who develop curricula and pre- scriptive statements about practice should not be accepted without some sort of critical examination.
Biographical Precursors of Musical Excellence: An Interview Study
Authors: Sloboda John A. , Howe Michael J. A.
Published: March 2007

Forty-two students (aged 10-18) from a special school for musically gifted children were interviewed. Twenty of their parents were also interviewed. The interviews provided exhaustive information about the students' musical life prior to enrolling at the school. It was found that most students did not show any particular signs of early musical promise, and that most parents took an active role in supervising and encouraging the child's progress. The more highly accomplished students tended to come from less musically active families, and tended to have had fewer early lessons than the less highly accomplished students. The most able students had not devoted more time to practice than the others, but their practice time was more evenly distributed between a number of instruments. Results are discussed in terms of social and motivational influences on learning and development.
Memorising Two Melodies of Different Style
Authors: Zielinska Halina , Miklaszewski Kacper
Published: March 2007

Thirty one freshmen of the Academy of Music, classified either as possessors of absolute pitch (N=5) or non-possessors (N=26), memorised two melodies: one having a clear tonal structure, another one based on a modal scale. Generally, the culturally remote (modal) melody was more difficult for both groups of subjects, and the rhythm of the melodies caused more trouble in reproductions than pitch. Qualitative analysis of the measures sung during reproductions suggested that the musical material and individual character- istics of the subjects not controlled in the study influenced strategies of learning applied during the experiment, rather than the possession of AP per se. Results of a MANOVA showed no significant indication that the possession of AP modifies the proportions of contour, interval and rhythm errors during melodic memorisation of both melodies, though AP subjects memorised both melodies faster than non-APs. They also scored signifi- cantly better in retaining the key and storing pitch information when they recalled the melodies from long term memory.
Visual Perception of Performance Manner in the Movements of Solo Musicians
Authors: Davidson Jane W.
Published: March 2007

The study of music perception has focused almost exclusively on sound, ignoring the role of seeing the performer's body movements. Whilst anecdotes frequently refer to the importance of the performer's movements, there is scant psychological evidence to support this finding. The closest equivalent work in visual event perception research has shown that covert mental dispositions (for instance, an intention to deceive an observer) are specified in body movements, and therefore provide important information for the observer.. With these findings in mind, this article investigates the information conveyed by the movements of a musical performer when s/he is asked to play-the same piece in three different expressive manners. These performance manners are presented to observers in three modes: vision alone, sound alone and sound and vision together to investigate the relative contributions of the different perceptual modes. The results reveal that not only is vision a useful source of information about manner, but that it actually more clearly specifies manner than the other modes. These findings emphasise the need to consider visual as well as sound information in psychological enquiries into music perception.
Through Fifty Years: The Development of Music Education at the University of Reading 1949-1999: An Historian from within Comments
Authors: Cox Gordon
Published: March 2007

The development of music education at the University of Reading is outlined, focusing upon: the pioneering work of Amold Bentley in the training of secondary school music teachers; the Schools Council Project, Music Education of Young Children, which endeavoured to undertake research to help teachers teach music more effectively; the establishment of the Music Education Centre, whose aim was to make an impact on music in pfimary and secondary schools through work with teachers; changes in the 1990s, reflecting local and national shifts in teacher education. Finally, conclusions are presented which suggest possible lines of enquiry for similar historical studies of musc education in university settings.
Calibration and Work in the X-Ray Economy, 1896-1928
Authors: Hessenbruch Arne
Published: March 2007

In this paper, I juxtapose three periods in the history of x-rays: the 1890s, 1900-18 and 1918-28. During these three periods, x-ray work went from cacophony to symphony: to begin with, x-ray workers each `did their own thing', and comparison of results was difficult, if not impossible; but by the 1920s there was great coordination, culminating in an international standard of x-ray intensity. I show this development by characterizing calibration techniques, the organization of x-ray work and the x-ray economy, in each of these three periods. The aim of the paper is to show that standards (a topic of central concern in science studies) can be applied with great utility in fields that are usually compartmentalized and isolated: history of science, labour history and economic history.
Who Was J. Robert Oppenheimer?
Authors: Thorpe Charles , Shapin Steven
Published: March 2007

Charismatic authority flourishes in places where some social scientists evidently do not expect to find it - in late modernity and in highly complex and instrumentally orientated technoscientific organizations. This paper documents and interprets participants' testimony about the workings of wartime Los Alamos in relation to the charisma of its Scientific Director, J. Robert Oppenheimer. We treat charisma as an interactional accomplishment, and examine its röle in technoscientific organizations. Los Alamos was a hybrid place, positioned at the intersection of military, industrial and academic forms. Everyday life there was marked by a high degree of normative uncertainty. Structures of authority, communication and the division of labour were contested and unclear. The interactional constitution of Oppenheimer as charismatic enabled him to articulate, vouch for and, finally, come to embody a conception of legitimate organizational order as collegial, egalitarian and communicatively open. We offer concluding speculations about the continuing importance of charismatic authority in contemporary technoscientific organizations. Just as normative uncertainty is endemic in late modernity, so too, we argue, is charisma.
Careers of Young Scientists:
Authors: Fox Mary Frank , Stephan Paula E.
Published: March 2007

With data from a national survey of 3800 doctoral students in departments of chemistry, computer science, electrical engineering, microbiology and physics, and data from the Survey of Doctoral Recipients/National Science Foundation, we analyze the career-preferences and prospects of young scientists. We analyze patterns by field and gender of students, and assess the extent to which the preferences and subjective (reported) prospects of doctoral students reflect the objective (actual) employment experiences of recent PhD recipients. The findings point toward the intricacy of the relationship between subjective and objective career prospects; and to the ways in which individual inclinations and conditioned `expectations' rest upon what is regarded as feasible, by gender and by field in science.
On the Alleged Distinction Between Discourse and Praxis
Authors: Woolgar Steve
Published: March 2007

Recent criticisms of work in the social study of science depend upon a misconception of the strategic theoretical significance of the notion of `discourse'. This arises because the earlier continental sense of `discourse' has been `anglicized'. The constitutive epistemology of French post-structuralism, which presumes a congruence between discourse and praxis, has been neglected in favour of the realist concerns of empirical research in the Anglo-Saxon social study of science.
Technology as Practice: Local and Global Closure Processes in Diesel-Engine Design
Authors: Hård Mikael
Published: March 2007

This paper tries to contribute to the debates about the nature of technical closure and the character of technical work. The paper focuses on the relationship between world-wide and geographically-limited closure processes and the practical aspects of design. It is based on an analysis of the development of the diesel engine during the 1920s and 1930s. It shows that global closure was reached in diesel engineering on the levels of basic outline, overall goals and developmental trajectories, but also that the design and arrangement of various engine parts remained largely in flux during this period; and it argues that a theoretical perspective that views technology as a local and practical activity - and not only as universal and cognitive - is needed to understand processes of `black-boxing' and stabilization. In support of these claims, a case study from the United States is presented, and a Bourdieuian theory of practice is proposed as a possible approach for technology studies.
Regions, Networks and Fluids: Anaemia and Social Topology
Authors: Mol Annemarie , Law John
Published: March 2007

This is a paper about the topological presuppositions that frame the performance of social similarity and difference. It argues that `the social' does not exist as a single spatial type, but rather performs itself in a recursive and topologically heterogeneous manner. Using material drawn from a study of the way in which tropical doctors handle anaemia, it explores three different social topologies. First, there are `regions' in which objects are clustered together, and boundaries are drawn round each cluster. Second, there are `networks' in which distance is a function of relations between elements, and difference a matter of relational variety. These two forms of spatiality are often mobilized in social theory. However, we argue that there are other kinds of social space, and here consider the possible character of a third, that of `fluid spatiality'. In this, places are neither delineated by boundaries, nor linked through stable relations: instead, entities may be similar and dissimilar at different locations within fluid space. In addition, they may transform themselves without creating difference.
Scientific Communities or Transepistemic Arenas of Research? A Critique of Quasi-Economic Models of Science
Authors: Knorr-Cetina Karin D.
Published: March 2007

Most contemporary studies of science operate with some notion of scientific specialty communities as the basic units within which science is socially and technically organized. This paper presents a critique of scientific communities as sociological constructs which appear to be largely irrelevant to scientific work. Furthermore, the paper criticizes the prevailing quasi-economic models of such collectives for what appears to be a naive internalism and functionalism compared with the realities of scientific everyday life as they concern scientists themselves. It is argued that the arenas of action within which scientific (laboratory) inquiry proceeds are transepistemic — that is, they in principle include scientists and non-scientists, and encompass arguments and concerns of a `technical' as well as a `non-technical' nature. The paper also argues that the transepistemic connection of research is built into scientific inquiry (and thereby into the products of research) through the decision criteria invoked in laboratory work. The paper draws upon one year of observation in a scientific laboratory in Berkeley, California, which provides the grounds and the illustrations for the theoretical arguments presented.
Texts as Knowledge Claims: The Social Construction of Two Biology Articles
Authors: Myers Greg
Published: March 2007

The procedures of review and revision of a scientific article can be seen as part of the negotiation of the status that the scientific community will assign to the text's knowledge claim. This study locates some textual features of this negotiation by considering two articles by two biologists, the comments referees and colleagues made on them, and the authors' responses to these comments. The articles illustrate contrasting problems in the creation of a persona-one author is a well-known researcher in his field, and the other is publishing his first article in what is for him a new area. But they both have disagreements with journal editors and referees over the placement of their findings in a hierarchy of claims. And they both revise their articles to make them more conventional in form. Each article was reviewed five times before being accepted: while the long review makes the cases atypical, the layers of criticisms and responses allow us to see in detail processes that are usually compressed and decisions that are usually unnoticed.
Molecular Biology or Molecular Politics? The Production of Scientific Consensus on the Hazards of Recombinant DNA Technology
Authors: Wright Susan
Published: March 2007

This paper examines an early phase of the controversy over the hazards of recombinant DNA technology in the United States in the period 1976-78, during which agreement was reached within the biomedical community that these hazards were minimal. The proceedings of three scientific meetings that are generally agreed to have been central events in the emergence of this new perception of recombinant DNA hazards are examined. Techniques previously used to examine policy making on non-technical issues are applied here to analyze the formation of this scientific consensus. These techniques are used to show how certain social characteristics of the meetings-the sponsorship and organization of the meetings, informal processes affecting the scope of the proceedings, and the dissemination of the results-acted as `social filters' for the complex set of perceptions of recombinant DNA hazards with which the scientific community started. In contrast to the received view of the recombinant DNA controversy, according to which the issue was resolved at a technical level, this paper argues that social dimensions of the decision process were crucial to the outcome.
Oceanographers and the US Federal Patron: Perceptions of Agency-University Relations
Authors: Palmer David D. , King Lauriston R. , Shannon W. Wayne
Published: March 2007

The basic research ideal, with its emphasis on autonomy, freedom, flexibility and peer governance, is a cornerstone of the traditional norms and values of the scientific community. Scientists' attitudes towards government funding agencies and assessments of their performance are influenced by the extent to which agency programmes and practices reflect these basic research ideals. This discussion, based on an extensive survey and interview data with United States academic marine scientists, examines the patterns of contacts between the scientists and two kinds of federal funding agencies — one emphasizing basic research (`science-oriented'), the other research required to fulfil agency responsibilities (`mission-oriented'). The study examines marine scientists' perceptions of the nature of working relationships, experiences in agency contacts, and judgements about the quality of agency-sponsored research. On each of these dimensions, academic marine scientists rate science-oriented agencies more favourably than those whose support is influenced by their missions. Programme officers in the basic research agencies appear more likely to share the traditional norms of science with their academic colleagues than those seeking to meet the mission responsibilities of their agencies.
Cultural Enterprise: Science, Steam Intellect and Social Class in Rochdale circa 1833-1900
Authors: Inkster Ian
Published: March 2007

The object of this paper is to uncover the changing relationships between scientific culture and social class in one British industrial town during the nineteenth century. Rather than concentrating upon one or two `significant' figures, the paper attempts to identify the social status and political affiliations of cultural institutions through detailed analysis of their membership. It is argued that until the 1840s the urban scientific culture was supported by a fairly ad hoc mixture of competing social groupings. During and after the 1840s, it becomes possible to interpret the further development of the local scientific enterprise in terms of class conflicts. Increasingly, institutions within which scientific and technical matters were researched, discussed or taught became exclusive to particular social classes, and did not exhibit that variety of occupations, incomes and educational backgrounds found in the well-known provincial and metropolitan forums of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It is suggested that the social generation of a scientific culture may have had important economic effects. Where relevant, comparative data are drawn from Sheffield, Liverpool and Manchester.
Public Experiments and Displays of Virtuosity: The Core-Set Revisited
Authors: Collins H. M.
Published: March 2007

Scientific tests conducted in public are paradoxical in that lay persons are expected to draw firm conclusions from experiments that normally require expert interpretation, and in that these firm conclusions may be matters of dispute among the experts themselves. To resolve these paradoxes, a distinction is drawn between experiments and other forms of scientific display. These differences are illustrated by reference to the `experimental' televised collision between a train and a `nuclear flask', organized by the (British) Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB), and by an airplane crash intended to test the effectiveness of `Anti-Misting Kerosene', organized by the (American) Federal Aviation Authority (FAA). It is concluded that some `public experiments' are a form of `pathological science'.
They Shoot Dead Horses, Don't They?: Philosophical Fear and Sociological Loathing in St Louis
Authors: Fuller Steve
Published: March 2007

I argue that the success of Roth and Barrett's deconstruction of Pickering depends on the underdetermination thesis being interpreted as placing the burden of proof on the sociologist, to show what else (other than methodology) determines theory choice in science. By endorsing the underdetermination thesis, and thereby accepting this burden, the sociologists unwittingly play into Laudan's `arationality' assumption, which in turn cuts against their own `symmetry' thesis. I then argue that sociologists would be better off abandoning the underdetermination thesis (at least the Quine version), and thereby denying any explanatory role to methodology whatsoever. In defending this claim, I observe that Pickering's attempt to recover the `agency' of the scientist via phenomenology also plays too much to philosophical accounts. The corrective strategy I propose is to focus on the properties of the social relations which embody the scientists' conceptual structures, but which are independent of the reasons the scientists have for adopting those structures.
Constructing a Tokamak: Political, Economic and Technical Factors as Constraints and Resources
Authors: Gingras Yves , Trépanier Michel
Published: March 2007

In this paper, we look at how scientists construct the national character of their projects, to make them acceptable to governments. We also analyze how scientists adapt their projects to conflicting interests within the scientific field, and to governments' priorities defined in the political field. Our study of the construction of a tokamak suggests that agents, institutions and events can be seen as limiting factors or constraints on action, as well as resources that can be used to modify the relations of power between groups. But the ability to effect change depends in turn on the uneven distribution of symbolic (or scientific), social and cultural capital between the different agents. It is the structure of the distribution of these three sorts of capital which determines the chance of success of the many scientific projects put forward by scientists.
Science as Culture: A View from the Petri Dish
Authors: Labinger Jay A.
Published: March 2007

Recent work in sociological/cultural studies of science (SCS) is characterized by the virtually total absence of any participation by practising scientists. This interdisciplinary barrier appears to be largely a consequence of the relativist approach to the study of science. In addition to having philosophical objections, scientists may reasonably ask whether an approach that effectively renders their interests irrelevant is strategically sound. If there are significant areas of opportunity where the methods and concepts of SCS could have a positive impact on the practice of science, collaboration between scientist and SCSer might well be preferred to the treatment of scientists as non-participatory laboratory specimens.
Ontological Choreography: Agency through Objectification in Infertility Clinics
Authors: Cussins Charis
Published: March 2007

This paper is about the interaction between patients and medical technology, and uses ethnographic data drawn from fieldwork in infertility clinics to question the humanist argument that selves need to be protected from technological objectification to ensure agency and authenticity. It argues that objectification is only antithetical to personhood in specific circumstances. Non-reductive manifestations of objectification make possible a notion of agency not opposed by, but pursued in objectification.

The dependence of science and technology on social, individual and political factors has been quite extensively worked out in the science and technology studies literature. The dependence of selves on technology has received less attention. In other literatures that take the construction of the person seriously, the role of technology in that process is typically under-emphasized. This paper attempts to link the initiatives of these literatures by adding an ontological connection between technology and selves. A notion of `ontological choreography' is developed to describe the processes of forging functional trails of compatibility that create and maintain the referentiality between things of different kinds — like persons and reproductive technologies.
From Population Control Politics to Chemicals: The WHO as an Intermediary Organization in Contraceptive Development
Authors: Oudshoorn Nelly
Published: March 2007

Studies of laboratory work have rarely focused on the role of intermediary organizations in developing R&D activities. Most studies focus on a single university-based research laboratory or an industrial R&D unit. Moreover, the rejection by social constructivist scholars of universalistic, deterministic explanations of the development of science and technology has led to an overemphasis on the local features of scientific and technological work. Based on a case study of the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) in contraceptive R&D, this paper suggests that an analysis of the role of intermediary organizations enables us to go beyond a too-narrow focus on the micro-sociological dynamics of laboratory work, to include the macro-and meso-sociological dimensions of science and technology. First, a focus on intermediary organizations enables us to learn more about the manner in which locally specific laboratory cultures are transformed into translocal research practices. This paper shows how literary technologies, and to an even greater extent material technologies, are important tools in accomplishing standardization of local laboratory cultures. Second, a focus on intermediary organizations enables us to study how concerns that go beyond the laboratory — in this case, population control policies and the agenda of the WHO — help to shape laboratory practices.
Soothsaying or Science?: Falsification, Uncertainty and Social Change in Macroeconomic Modelling
Authors: Evans Robert
Published: March 2007

Macroeconomic models play an increasingly important role in economic policy-making and evaluation. They cost large sums of money, yet appear unable to forecast the ups and downs of economic activity with any accuracy. Drawing on material gathered during interviews with leading UK economists, I draw a distinction between `strong' and `weak' claims in econometrics, and discuss how these relate to the falsification of economic models and theories. Empirical work in econometrics is shown to be chronically ambiguous, and it is argued that the stochastic properties of macroeconomic models swamp any trends identified. Furthermore, although macroeconomic models can support economic forecasts, they cannot produce them unaided — forecasters must use their skill and judgement to anticipate future events and render forecasts plausible. The conclusion drawn is that although their pedagogic value is undisputed, the case for using macroeconomic models to guide, frame and evaluate economic policy has not yet been made.
Families in Crisis: Reflections on the Children and Families of the Offender and the Offended
Authors: Sutherland Fox Sandra , Sutherland Fox Sandra
Published: March 2007

Hank is 6 years old. Five months ago he witnessed the fatal shooting of his mother by his father, apparently as the result of an argument over his father's involvement with other women. After his mother's bloody body was removed from the home and his father was taken to jail, Hank and his younger sister were sent to the maternal grandparent's home, seven hundred miles away. Hank has frequent nightmares, is fearful, tries to "listen in" in all adult conversations in the home, and is afraid to go to the kitchen by himself. The local pediatrician finds strong suggestions of earlier physical abuse of both children. Hank's father calls the children from prison each week and always ends his conversation with Hank by reminding him he is now the "man of the house" and must take care of everyone.
Issues Regarding Admissions from a Correctional Facility to a Hospital Forensic Unit
Authors: Arboleda-Florez Julio , Chato Fae
Published: March 2007

This article provides both theory and experience of the forensic services of the Calgary General Hospital. Based on the experience, suggestions are given.
Job Stress and Burnout among Probation/Parole Officers: Perceptions and Causal Factors
Authors: Whitehead John , Lindquist Charles
Published: March 2007

Perceptions and causes of job stress and burnout among a representative population (N= 108) of Alabama probation/parole officers responding to a survey instrument were subject to analysis. After examining reported levels of job stress and burnout, findings were compared to those from other studies. Multiple regression procedures were then utilized to identify significant predictors. Results indicated that a number of potentially alterable, organizational factors had a significant impact on officer perceptions; accordingly, several intervention strategies are offeredfor consideration.
Patterns of Homicide in North India: Some Sociological Hypotheses
Authors: Nagpaul Hans
Published: March 2007

Numerous and varied incidents of homicide are provided. The typical psychiatric and criminological hypotheses appear to be inadequate. Rather a sociological explanation based on rapidly shifting societal major upheavels seem to be a sounder hypothesis.
Contributions of Psychiatric Consultation in the Investigation of Serial Murder
Authors: Liebert John A.
Published: March 2007

This article focusses on enhancing communication between investigative officers assigned to serial murder cases and their psychiatric consultants. In view of the interdisciplinary interest in this topic, it must be pointed out that my purpose in presenting this article is not for the validation of psychiatric diagnosis of psychodynamic formulations. For those who are primarily interested in the validity of psychiatric formulations as applied to violent crime and predictions of dangerousness, standard texts are recommended where metapsychological issues are thoroughly discussed, and the very important issues of the validity of psychiatry. The reader, if not already acquainted with the literature of "Antipsychiatry", of Laing (1967), and the literature of Szasz (1961) can read these authors concerning the issues of validity in the field of psychiatric consultation to the criminal justice system. A well-known dilemma in clinical psychiatry is the retrograde reconstruction of clinical material, both fantasy and behavior, to presumed etiological antecedents. A definitive, unitary psychological model for serial murder does not exist today. Hence, this is an attempt to assist in communications between law enforcement personnel with the duty of investigating serial murder and their psychiatric consultants. The article is divided into three sections: 1) Overview, 2) Psychological Formulation of Serial Murder, 3) Profiling.
Sociotherapeutic Treatment of Delinquents in Prison
Authors: de Montmollin M. J. , Zimmermann E. , Bernheim J. , Harding T. W.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents the results of an evaluation of a sociotherapeutic workshop within Geneva's remand prison "CHAMP-DOLLON. " We have studied a sample of guards and inmates who have participated in this activity using a direct questionnaire and grid techniques. The results suggest that participants and guards react positively to the sociotherapeutic treatment setting. Participants strongly differentiate between the sociotherapeutic workshop and the rest of the prison. There appears to be evidence that the inmates' well-being is enhanced as a result of their sociotherapeutic involvement. No conclusions about the workshop's long term effects can be drawn.
Beyond A.A.
Authors: Scott Edward M.
Published: March 2007

Alcoholic patients who sought professional psychotherapy after leaving A.A. are presented. Discussion concerning clinical issues is tendered.
Discretion among Correctional Officers: The Influence of Urbanization, Age and Race
Authors: Klofas John M.
Published: March 2007

The research on correctional officers has identified a wide variety of orientations which appear relevant to their interaction with inmates. One popular view of correctional officers has rarely been the subject of empirical scrutiny. This paper examines the empirical support for the popular imagery of the veteran, white, rural guard as rigidly custodial and the more progressive young, urban, black officer. Using survey data, no support isfoundfor assumptions concerning differences by extent of urbanization or race. The effects of age are opposite those expected with interest in discretionary human service roles increasing over time.
The Earliest Memories of Criminals
Authors: Hankoff Leon D.
Published: March 2007

The earliest memories were elicited from 32 male offenders and compared to those of 50 normal controls. The recollections of the offenders differed significantly from the normals in being more dramatic, more often unpleasant in quality, and more often depicting disturbing or aggressive interaction or reciprocity. This contrasted with the often bland tableaus of childhood presented by the normals. These preliminary findings point to a view of the world as damaging and themselves as damaged by the offenders. The earliest memory inquiry appears to be economical and useful adjunct to history taking in the ofttimes reluctant offender.
Content Analysis of Erotic Imagery: Sex Offenders and Non-Sex Offenders
Authors: Rokach Ami , Nutbrown Verna , Nexhipi Gjylena
Published: March 2007

A descriptiveframeworkfor the context analysis of sexualfantasies was developed by examination of the verbatim reports of fantasies of sexual offenders and non-sexual offenders. Twenty-two fantasy themes, subsumed under five major categories of sexual fantasies, were identified. Application of the scale to a sample of fantasies elicited from 103 offenders revealed differences in the frequency of occurrence of various fantasy themes and categories between the sex offenders and non-sex offenders. In addition to demonstrating the diversity of the content of erotic imagery, the study results suggest that the scale may have use in the discrimination of differences relevant to the understanding of sexual deviancy.
Programs for Prisons: Nihilism or Pragmatic Planning
Authors: Mathias Rudolf E. , Mathews James W. , Sindberg Ronald M.
Published: March 2007

The article takes a critical and constructive view of programs in prisons. It addresses the need to avoid the traditional split between treatment and security staff. A three pronged approach is proposed in which administration, security and treatment staff share in joint efforts to maintain a constructive program for prisoners who are close to the completion of their prison sentence. Emphasis is placed on the importance of the officer to serve as role model. Details for the selection and use of group and individual therapy are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the importance of administrative support in allphases of the program.
Multisystemic Treatment of Adolescent Sexual Offenders
Authors: Borduin Charles M. , Henggeler Scott W. , Blaske David M. , Stein Risa J.
Published: March 2007

This study compared the efficacy of multisystemic therapy (MST) and individual therapy (IT) in the outpatient treatment of adolescent sexual offenders. Sixteen adolescent sexual offenders were randomly assigned to either MST or IT conditions. Youths in the MST and IT conditions received an average of 37 hours and 4S hours of treatment, respectively. Recidivism data were collected on all subjects at an approximately 3-year follow-up. Betweengroups comparisons showed that significantly fewer subjects in the MST condition had been rearrested for sexual crimes and that the frequency of sexual rearrests was significantly lower in the MST condition than in the IT condition. The relative efficacy of MST was attributed to its emphasis on changing behavior and interpersonal relations within the offender's natural environment.
Exploring the Link between Visits and Parole Success: A Survey of Prison Visitors
Authors: Schafer N. E.
Published: March 2007

An exploratory survey of visitors to two men's prisons finds that the visitors differ in some significant ways from prisoners' families previously described in the literature. The results raise some questions about the correlation that has been established between visits and post-release success and provoke suggestions for in-depth research into visitor/prisoner relationships.
Essential Components of Successful Rehabilitation Programs for Offenders
Authors: Antonowicz Daniel H. , Ross Robert R.
Published: March 2007

A quantitative analysis of 44 rigorously controlled offender treatment studies, published between 1970 and 1991, was undertaken to determine if the factors suggested by previous reviewers to be essential to program success are in fact related to efficacy. The results indicated that only six factors were significantly associated with the efficacy of programs. These factors included: (a) a sound conceptual model; (b) multifaceted programming; (c) the targeting of "criminogenic needs"; (d) the responsivity principle; (e) roleplaying and modeling; and (f) social cognitive skills training. The study raised several questions about the adequacy of research on offender rehabilitation and about the validity of many assertions that have been made about the essential characteristics of effective programs.
Plea Bargaining: Injustice for all?
Authors: Palermo George B. , White Maxine Aldridge , Wasserman Lew A. , Hanrahan William
Published: March 2007

The authors, professionals active in the legal system, take into consideration the pros and cons of plea bargaining in criminal offenses. They give a brief review of the historical development of plea bargaining in the United States and contrasting views regarding it. They question whether, even though customary, it may at times be seen as unfair, infringing on the legal ethics of the justice system, and thus as unjust for the various players. They conclude by recognizing that in view of an overburdened legal system, plea bargaining is here to stay.
Nonattenders and Attrition from a Forensic Psychology Outpatient Service
Authors: Dalton Rita , Major Sarah , Sharkey Maire
Published: March 2007

The authors examined 219 referrals to a forensic psychology outpatient service between 1989 and 1996. Factors including age of client, whether it was first or subsequent referral, number of agencies previously involved, and type of problem were examined to determine their relationship to the outcomes of nonattendance, early dropout, or completion of assessment/therapy. Type of problem for which the referral was made was found to be significant, with referrals for anger control carrying a poor prognosis for successful completion of therapy. Recommendations for the more effective functioning of the service were made.
Engendering the Courts in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Banks Cyndi
Published: March 2007

Legal pluralism is reflected in Papua New Guinea by a system of village courts intended to apply customary law and by a Western-style court system, including a probation service. Village courts have the power to impose penalties for specific "offences," and all courts other than village courts may make probation orders. Women appear before the village court and may be the subject of probation orders by other courts. This article looks at the operation of the village court in relation to female offenders and identifies aspects that tend to disadvantage women charged with village court offences. In contrast, the probation service is identified as assisting women even though it too applies custom in the shaping of probation orders. The conclusion is reached that women offenders believe that they enjoy more sympathetic treatment in the Western-style court system under probation orders than is the case in the customary village court system
Representation of the Past in Films: Between Historicity and Authenticity
Authors: Bartholeyns Gil , Palin Isabella
Published: March 2007

The genre of the ‘historical film’, or ‘history film’, is protean to such a degree that it is possible to grasp its true nature only by studying the relationships it entertains with history, which is the sole common denominator capable of validating it and of providing an angle of attack for dealing with questions (such as ‘Does this film conform to historical reality?’ and ‘Is it a faithful reconstruction?’) that have more to do with movie-buff criticism or erudition than with a process of reasoning properly seeking to establish a semiotics of the cinematographic representation of history.
Animal Ritual and Human Language
Authors: Haldane J. B. S.
Published: March 2007

Von Frisch's discovery of the methods by which bees communicate is a landmark in human achievement comparable with Champollion's elucidation of hieroglyphics, and Professor Benveniste has performed a service in introducing it to the notice of readers of Diogenes. Nevertheless the very importance of the facts discovered makes it desirable to discuss their interpretation from a somewhat different standpoint.
Notes on Some Trends of Contemporary Philosophy
Authors: de Waelhens Alphonse
Published: March 2007

About 1910 it became customary to call Bergsonism and all related tendencies ‘new philosophy’. This term was designed not only to contrast an apparently revolutionary idea with the classical intellectualism of the Franco-German academic tradition and with the platitudes of a philosophy that affirmed and believed itself to be inspired by positive science; the concept of ‘new philosophy’ was meant, above all, to imply that, starting with Bergson, philosophy intended to change its position in regard to human experience. No longer an explanation from afar of the world and of consciousness, philosophy professed to be henceforth one with this experience; not satisfied to shed light on man and his life, it aspired to become this life, now at the stage of complete self-awareness. It seemed that this ambition constrained the philosopher to renounce philosophy's ideal—to be an exact science—since this ideal is not only inseparable from the idea of an impartial and detached spectator, but also from that of a reality so constituted as to be an object of pure vision. On the other hand, however, to abandon this ideal proved less acceptable than ever. The startling progress of positive science gave birth, or rather rebirth, to the illusion of a total explanation: how then could one admit that philosophy would triumph over its secular uncertainties by drawing away from this brilliant example? The relative failure of Bergsonism is possibly due precisely to the fact that it never was willing to make any clear statement of choice in this matter.
The Position of Old-World Prehistory (I)
Authors: Childe Gordon
Published: March 2007

This survey of Old-World prehistory may conveniently begin with the melting of the Pleistocene ice-sheets some 15,000 years ago; for the latest enlargement of our knowledge of the evolution of man and of his earliest cultures were very properly included in the ‘Panorama of Anthropology’ published in Diogenes 2. Even with that limitation of range, a survey cannot be a summary. Prehistorical archaeologists aspire to recover the history of preliterate societies all over the Old World during ten thousand years. But not even the history of England in a single century could usefully be condensed into twenty pages. Nor should our panorama be a descriptive catalogue of exciting new discoveries. Striking additions to our knowledge have of course been made during the last eight years both as a result of excavation and to reward less spectacular research in museums and libraries. (For instance, the first object, undeniably manufactured in and imported from Mycenaean Greece to be recognised in the British Isles or indeed anywhere north of the Alps was noticed in 1948 in a Cornish museum where it had been lying neglected for a hundred years since it had been dug from a barrow near Pelynt. Again the oldest metal helmet found north of the Alps has just been identified by searching through files of German newspapers of 1847!) Some of the finds in question no doubt have an immediate appeal as beautiful or bizarre. Many, including the scientifically most significant, can only be appreciated by specialists or after a tedious technical explanation. Yet some recent discoveries and publications have promoted, if not the final solution, at least the formulation in soluble form, of familiar problems that have preoccupied archaeologists and intrigued historians for nearly a century. I shall therefore try here, after indicating some modern general trends in research, to present the position of those old problems in the more definite and precise form which they have now assumed. Quite a number of new discoveries can then be mentioned in an intelligible context.
American Views of the Past
Authors: Handlin Oscar
Published: March 2007

Mostly, the past has been for men a strange country. Remote and inaccessible, its existence is accepted but not important. Known through the curious tales of occasional observers, it is meaningful only to the extent that it affords those who regard it reflected images of their own society.

The first Americans were little occupied with the past. Although they read history, and wrote it, it was the history of their own times; the term in the seventeenth century referred more often to contemporaneous events than to those that had receded out of the memory of living men. Indeed, in a universe in which divine Providence interceded directly in the affairs of men, there was little purpose to the quest for antecedents; behind every action was the same ultimate cause.
Causality in Quantum Electrodynamics
Authors: Margenau Henry
Published: March 2007

Quantum mechanics, even in its early and simple phases, has often been regarded as a non-causal discipline. The argument supporting this view cites the uncertainty principle as prohibiting the ascertainment of complete knowledge concerning physical states upon which causal prediction could be based. Recent developments in atomic physics have added new and puzzling features to the problem of causality insofar as they operate, not only with intrinsically unmeasurable states, but also with time reversals which have been interpreted to mean that the effect can be prior to the cause. Feynman's theory of quantum electrodynamics is particularly rich in unorthodox suggestions which tantalise philosophers. The purpose of the present paper is to exhibit them, appraise their methodological function and see in what manner they violate the rules of causal description. This purpose, it seems, is best achieved by a sequential discussion of three questions: What does causality mean in physics? What is the new method of quantum electrodynamics? Is this new method compatible with the causal doctrine in some satisfactory form?
A Hundred Years After Ranke
Authors: Momigliano Arnaldo
Published: March 2007

About a hundred years ago a student of the University of Berlin would have been able to hear Boeckh lecturing on Enzyklopädie und Methodologie der philologischen Wissenschaften and Droysen lecturing on Enzyklopädie und Methodologie der Geschichte (Historik). He could also hear Ranke, whose Epochen der neueren Geschichte were delivered, not however in Berlin, in 1854·