bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lithium compartmentation in brain by 7Li MRS: effect of total lithium concentration
Authors: Komoroski Richard A. , Lindquist Diana M. , Pearce John M.
Published: February 2013

In previous work at 4.7 T, the individual components of biexponential 7Li transverse (T2) spin relaxation in rat brain in vivo were tentatively identified with intra‐ and extracellular Li. The goal in this work was to estimate Li's compartmental distribution as a function of total Li concentration in brain from the biexponential decays. Here a localized, biexponential 7Li T2 MR spin‐relaxation study with isotopically enriched 7LiCl is reported in rat brain in vivo at 7 T. Additionally, a simple linear interpolation using the biexponential T2 values to estimate intracellular Li from individual monoexponential T2 decays was assessed. Intracellular T2 was 14.8 ± 4.3 ms and extracellular T2 was 295 ± 61 ms. The fraction of intracellular brain Li ranged from 37.3 to 64.8% (mean 54.5 ± 6.7%) and did not correlate with total Li concentration. The estimated intracellular Li concentration ranged from 47 to 80% (mean 68.3 ± 8.5%) of the total brain Li concentration and was highly correlated with it. The monoexponential estimates of the intracellular‐Li fractions and derived concentrations averaged about 15% higher than the corresponding biexponential estimates. This work supports the previous conclusion that a large fraction of Li in the brain is within the intracellular compartment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, characterization and ethylene polymerization by metallasilsesquioxane
Authors: Mehta Akshay , Tembe Gopal , Białek Marzena , Parikh Parimal , Mehta Girish
Published: February 2013

Soluble complexes of group (IV) metallocenes anchored on a substituted polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane trisilanol support were prepared and characterized. These catalyst precursors formulated as [M(O^O^O)X] are found to be active in polymerization of ethylene at high temperature in combination with ethylaluminum sesquichloride (Et3Al2Cl3, EASC) as co‐catalyst. The polyethylene obtained by these catalysts is linear, crystalline and displays narrow dispersity. The unique low molecular weight PE formed in this reaction exhibits properties comparable to commercial micronized PE waxes that have potential industrial applications in surface coating and ink formulations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Near real‐time adverse drug reaction surveillance within population‐based health networks: methodology considerations for data accrual
Authors: Avery Taliser R. , Kulldorff Martin , Vilk Yury , Li Lingling , Craig Cheetham T. , Dublin Sascha , Davis Robert L. , Liu Liyan , Herrinton Lisa , Brown Jeffrey S.
Published: February 2013

Purpose

This study describes practical considerations for implementation of near real‐time medical product safety surveillance in a distributed health data network.

Methods

We conducted pilot active safety surveillance comparing generic divalproex sodium to historical branded product at four health plans from April to October 2009. Outcomes reported are all‐cause emergency room visits and fractures. One retrospective data extract was completed (January 2002–June 2008), followed by seven prospective monthly extracts (January 2008–November 2009). To evaluate delays in claims processing, we used three analytic approaches: near real‐time sequential analysis, sequential analysis with 1.5 month delay, and nonsequential (using final retrospective data). Sequential analyses used the maximized sequential probability ratio test. Procedural and logistical barriers to active surveillance were documented.

Results

We identified 6586 new users of generic divalproex sodium and 43 960 new users of the branded product. Quality control methods identified 16 extract errors, which were corrected. Near real‐time extracts captured 87.5% of emergency room visits and 50.0% of fractures, which improved to 98.3% and 68.7% respectively with 1.5 month delay. We did not identify signals for either outcome regardless of extract timeframe, and slight differences in the test statistic and relative risk estimates were found.

Conclusions

Near real‐time sequential safety surveillance is feasible, but several barriers warrant attention. Data quality review of each data extract was necessary. Although signal detection was not affected by delay in analysis, when using a historical control group differential accrual between exposure and outcomes may theoretically bias near real‐time risk estimates towards the null, causing failure to detect a signal. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intercomparison campaign of spectroradiometers for a correct estimation of solar spectral irradiance: results and potential impact on photovoltaic devices calibration
Authors: Galleano Roberto , Zaaiman Willem , Virtuani Alessandro , Pavanello Diego , Morabito Paolo , Minuto Alessandro , Spena Angelo , Bartocci Simona , Fucci Raffaele , Leanza Gianni , Fasanaro Daniela , Catena Mario
Published: February 2013

This paper describes the results of an intercomparison of spectroradiometers for global and direct normal incidence irradiance in the visible and near‐infrared spectral regions together with an assessment of the impact these results may have on the estimation of the short‐circuit current (ISC) calibration of photovoltaic devices and on the spectral mismatch calculation. The intercomparison was conducted in the framework of the European project Apollon with the additional participation of external partners from the Italian project for the long‐term monitoring of solar radiation for photovoltaics. Six institutions and six spectroradiometer systems, representing different technologies and manufacturers, were involved. Prior to the intercomparison, all participating partners calibrated their own instrument(s) according to their usual procedures in order to verify the entire measuring and traceability chain. The difference in measured spectra shape and amplitude showed to have an impact on ISC calculation of less than 3% and less than 6% for single‐junction and multi‐junction devices, respectively. When only the shape of the spectra is considered, the spectral mismatch ranges from 1.7% to 4.7% depending on the spectral response of the device. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EFFECTS OF A MULTIFOCUSED PREVENTION PROGRAM ON PRESCHOOL CHILDREN'S COMPETENCIES AND BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS
Authors: Ştefan Catrinel A. , Miclea Mircea
Published: February 2013

This study was designed to assess the effectiveness of a multifocused (child‐, teacher‐ and parent‐focused) prevention program for Romanian preschoolers, targeting social–emotional competence development, as well as reduction of behavior problems. Fourteen classrooms were randomly assigned to the intervention and control conditions. Subsequent hierarchical linear analyses indicated that intervention‐group children performed better on experimental tasks measuring emotion knowledge and social problem‐solving strategies, and received higher assessments by their teachers and parents on measures of social–emotional competencies and externalizing problems. These results indicate that a prevention program combining intervention strategies for both high‐ and low‐risk children is effective across a wide range of adaptive and maladaptive behaviors. Moreover, a short four‐session parent group training employed to attract parent participation elicited an acceptable overall attendance rate (54%), indicating the sustainability of parent intervention in the context of community‐based interventions.
A combinatorial properties study of thin film Al Fe alloys
Authors: Mardare Andrei I. , Hassel Achim Walter
Published: February 2013

The microstructure of an AlFe combinatorial thin film library with a compositional spread ranging from 5 to 23 at.% Fe was analysed. The local crystallographic properties were correlated to the film microstructure dynamic changes. The presence of a transitional region between two metastable phases in the AlFe alloys was identified and related to a percolation threshold near Al‐12 at.% Fe. Anodic oxidation of the parent metals produced a mixed oxide on the surface of the AlFe library. XPS investigation of the mixed oxides suggested an intimate mixing of Al2O3 and Fe2O3.
Cr incorporation in CuGaS2 chalcopyrite: A new intermediate‐band photovoltaic material with wide‐spectrum solar absorption
Authors: Chen Ping , Qin Mingsheng , Chen Haijie , Yang Chongying , Wang Yaoming , Huang Fuqiang
Published: February 2013

An intermediate‐band (IB) semiconductor CuGa1−xCrxS2 was investigated by the self‐consistent many‐body GW approach (scGW) and further confirmed by the experimental results. The Cr dopant introduced a partially occupied IB, and the density‐of‐states analysis indicates the electron transfer between the impurities and host lattice would suppress the non‐radiative recombination. The CuGa1−xCrxS2 was synthesized by a high‐temperature solid‐state reaction and the X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicated the presence of Cr3+. Due to the Cr dopant, two additional absorption responses were directly observed in the UV–Vis–NIR absorption spectrum. The further photocatalytic investigations verified the IB absorptions could produce highly mobile electrons and holes to degrade dyes. This material leads to lower‐energy photon absorption, which could be a promising candidate for the high‐efficiency solar cells.
Advantages of blue InGaN light‐emitting diodes with composition‐graded barriers and electron‐blocking layer
Authors: Chang Jih‐Yuan , Kuo Yen‐Kuang
Published: February 2013

Blue InGaN light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) with composition‐graded barriers and composition‐garded electron‐blocking layer (EBL) are studied theoretically. Simulation results show that the employment of composition‐graded barriers and compositon‐graded EBL simultaneously can benefit from the enhanced hole‐injection efficiency and more uniform carrier distribution among the quantum wells. Moreover, the optical and electrical properties of the InGaN blue LEDs are markedly promoted. The graded barriers are investigated systematically in an attempt to obtain the optimal situation.
Bismuth‐based candidates for topological insulators: Chemistry beyond Bi2Te3
Authors: Isaeva Anna , Rasche Bertold , Ruck Michael
Published: February 2013

magnified image

The present contribution considers chemical aspects relevant for established and candidate topological insulators (TIs) based on the element bismuth. We provide an overview of selected bismuth‐containing compounds with topological protection, place them among structurally related compounds and, proceeding from the comparison, propose further families and guidelines for the search of new candidate TIs. Owing to the unique electronic properties and structural flexibility, bismuth demonstrates an overwhelming diversity of structural motifs, including low‐dimensional ones. Bismuth acts both as an electron donor and acceptor interacting with other elements, thus initiating a refined interplay of electron delocalization and localization that results in a wide range of properties – from an insulator or a semiconductor to a metal or a semimet al. Due to the bonding abilities of Bi 6p‐orbitals an isolated pure‐bismuth layer is bound to be corrugated. Yet compounds exist with planar decorated honeycomb nets of bismuth and transition‐metal atoms that allow for testing theoretical predictions that nets with such geometry could support a TI phase. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Direct analysis of samples under ambient condition by high‐voltage‐assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry in both positive and negative ion mode
Authors: Ren Xinxin , Liu Jia , Zhang Chengsen , Luo Hai
Published: February 2013

RATIONALE

With the rapid development of ambient mass spectrometry, the hybrid laser‐based ambient ionization methods which can generate multiply charged ions of large biomolecules and also characterize small molecules with good signal‐to‐noise in both positive and negative ion modes are of particular interest.

METHODS

An ambient ionization method termed high‐voltage‐assisted laser desorption ionization (HALDI) is developed, in which a 1064 nm laser is used to desorb various liquid samples from the sample target biased at a high potential without the need for an organic matrix. The pre‐charged liquid samples are desorbed by the laser to form small charged droplets which may undergo an electrospray‐like ionization process to produce multiply charged ions of large biomolecules.

RESULTS

Various samples including proteins, oligonucleotides (ODNs), drugs, whole milk and chicken eggs have been analyzed by HALDI‐MS in both positive and negative ion mode with little or no sample preparation. In addition, HALDI can generate intense signals with better signal‐to‐noise in negative ion mode than laser desorption spay post‐ionization (LDSPI) from the same samples, such as ODNs and some carboxylic‐group‐containing small drug molecules.

CONCLUSIONS

HALDI‐MS can directly analyze a variety of liquid samples including proteins, ODNs, pharmaceuticals and biological fluids in both positive and negative ion mode without the use of an organic matrix. This technique may be further developed into a useful tool for rapid analysis in many different fields such as pharmaceutical, food, and biological sciences. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robotic‐assisted enucleation of a large lower esophageal leiomyoma and review of literature
Authors: Khalaileh Abed , Savetsky Ira , Adileh Mohamed , Elazary Ram , Abu‐Gazala Mahmoud , Abu Gazala Samir , Schlager Avi , Rivkind Avraham , Mintz Yoav
Published: February 2013

Leiomyoma is the most common benign esophageal neoplasm. Different invasive surgical approaches have been described for management of such lesions.

The literature is reviewed and a robotic assisted left thoracoscopic enucleation with the patient in the right side position is described.

A 40‐year‐old male patient, otherwise healthy, found to have a lower midiastinal mass on screening X‐ray, is described. Physical examination and blood tests were within normal limits.

Diagnostic work‐up included: computerized tomography (CT) scanning of the chest and midiastinum that revealed a 40 × 30 mm mass of the distal esophagus, an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed a lower protruding esophageal submucosal mass with intact mucosa, a filling defect was apparent on esophagography. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) showed the same findings, biopsies were taken and leimyoma was diagnosed.

Under general anesthesia with a double‐lumen endotracheal tube, the patient was positioned on his right side. A 30 robotic scope was introduced in the left 7th intercostal space on the posterior axillary line. Two 8‐mm robotic trocars were inserted in the left 5th and 9th intercostals spaces on the same line. Operative field was clearly exposed and an additional 5‐mm ethicon trocar was inserted. The inferior pulmonary ligament was released, the parietal pleural space opened, proximal and distal control was achieved using Penrose. The muscular layer of the lower esophagus was opened by coagulation hook, the lesion was enucleated without mucosal penetration. Intraoperative endoscopy permitted localization of the lesion and ensured mucosal integrity. The muscular layer was not closed and the chest drain was left. Total operative time was 200 min and blood loss was less than 20 mL. A Gastrograffin swallow on the first post‐operative day showed good esophageal clearance and absence of leak, the patient was allowed a liquid diet. He was discharged on the third post‐operative day in a good general condition, benign pathology was confirmed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anomalous propagation conditions observed over a tropical station using high‐resolution GPS radiosonde observations
Authors: Basha Ghouse , Venkat Ratnam M. , Manjula G. , Chandra Sekhar A. V.
Published: February 2013

A comprehensive study on the ducting conditions prevailing over the Indian tropical station of Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E) is made using more than 5 years (April 2006 to September 2011) of high‐resolution GPS radiosonde observations. In the present study, the characteristics of ducts occurring over Gadanki were examined statistically using the modified refractivity. Strong diurnal and seasonal variation in the percentage occurrence of the ducts was found with the highest and lowest occurrences during winter and monsoon seasons, respectively. Duct strength is very strong during midnight to the morning hours than in the evening hours particularly during winter. The mean thickness of the duct and the duct strength were found to be the highest and the strongest in postmonsoon and winter seasons, whereas they are the lowest and the weakest in the monsoon season. Elevated ducts were found to be stronger than the surface and the surface‐based ducts. The characteristics of ducts during stable and unstable conditions were also investigated, and it was found that the duct altitude is higher during the stable conditions and is higher during premonsoon followed by postmonsoon, winter and minimum in the monsoon. The maximum wavelength being trapped was investigated, and it was found that wave trapping occurs for the radars with frequencies of 60 GHz and above.
Beliefs and Willingness to Act About Global Warming: Where to Focus Science Pedagogy?
Authors: SKAMP KEITH , BOYES EDDIE , STANISSTREET MARTIN
Published: February 2013

Science educators have a key role in empowering students to take action to reduce global warming. This involves assisting students to understand its causes as well as taking pedagogical decisions that have optimal probabilities of leading to students being motivated to take actions based on empirically based science beliefs. To this end New South Wales’ (Australia) (n = 500) and English (n = 785) secondary students’ (Grades 7–10) beliefs about the effectiveness of various specific actions in reducing global warming, and their self‐reported willingness to take those actions, were determined and compared, using a specially designed questionnaire. Using novel derived indices, the relationship between beliefs and willingness to act for specific actions was explored. In general, both cohorts were less inclined to act than their beliefs in the effectiveness of the actions might warrant, although the extent of this disparity varied between different actions. However, further analysis identified those actions for which science education may be more effective in encouraging proenvironmental behavior. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 97:191–217, 2013
Examining Occupational Stress, Sources of Stress and Stress Management Strategies through the Eyes of Management Consultants: A Multiple Correspondence Analysis for Latent Constructs
Authors: von Humboldt Sofia , Leal Isabel , Laneiro Tito , Tavares Patrícia
Published: February 2013

To date, little research has yet focused in broad assessment for management consultancy professionals. This investigation aims to analyse management consultants' self‐perceptions of occupational stress (SPoOS), sources of stress (SoS) and stress management strategies (SMS) and to find latent constructs that can work as major determinants in consultants' conceptualization of SPoOS, SoS and SMS. Measures were completed, including demographics and interviews. Complete data were available for 39 management consultants, 53.8% male and aged between 23 and 56 years (M = 38.0; SD = 9.2). The data were subjected to content analysis. Representation of the associations and latent constructs were analysed by a multiple correspondence analysis. Results indicated that ‘intellectual disturber’ (31.4%) was the most referred SPoOS, ‘high workload’ (15.1%) was identified as the most prevalent perceived SoS and ‘coaching’ (19.0%) was the most mentioned SMS. No significant differences between the two gender groups were found regarding the three total scores. SPoOS was explained by a two‐factor model: ‘organization‐oriented’ and ‘person‐oriented’. A three‐dimension model formed by ‘job concerns’, ‘organizational constraints’ and ‘career expectations’ was indicated as a best‐fit solution for SoS, and SMS was best explained in a three‐dimension model by ‘group dynamics strategies’, ‘organizational culture strategies’ and ‘individual support strategies’. This research makes a unique contribution for a better understanding of what defines SPoOS, SoS and SMS for management consultants. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aligning some Nicholson sheep‐blowfly data sets with system input periods
Authors: Brillinger David R.
Published: February 2013

During the 1950s the Australian entomologist Alexander Nicholson studied a sheep pest,lucilia cuprina, (L cuprina), the sheep‐blowfly. In laboratory experiments blowfly populations were set up in cages. They were supplied with necessary food and water and every other day counts were made of the numbers in their various stages of development. The experiments went on for over a year. Various statistical studies have been carried out on their data. Sadly, the bulk of the data appears to be lost. Recently this author made the discovery of total population counts for ten Nicholson experiments. These data were in a collection of copies of index cards he made during a trip to Australia in 1977. In eight of the experiments the input food was varied cyclically in sawtooth fashion, each experiment having a different period of application. However, and what is the concern of this article, which data set went with which period of application remains unclear. In the present study use is made of periodograms, spectrograms and seasonal adjustment to seek a one‐to‐one correspondence between series and period. The estimate constructed is consistent under smoothing and limiting conditions. It is time domain based, but confirmed by periodogram and spectrogram computation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Laparoscopic liver resection for treating recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Kanazawa Akishige , Tsukamoto Tadashi , Shimizu Sadatoshi , Kodai Shintaro , Yamamoto Satoshi , Yamazoe Sadaaki , Ohira Go , Nakajima Takayoshi
Published: February 2013

Background

It is still unknown whether laparoscopic liver resection is suitable for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after previous curative hepatic resection.

Method

The perioperative outcomes of 40 patients treated with second surgery for recurrent HCC by partial hepatectomy were studied retrospectively. The second surgery was performed under laparotomy in 20 patients (laparotomy group) and under laparoscopy in 20 patients (laparoscopy group).

Results

Intraoperative blood loss (p < 0.0001) and the incidence of postoperative complications (p = 0.0004) were lower in the laparoscopy group than in the laparotomy group. The incidence rates of surgical site infection and intractable ascites were significantly higher in the laparotomy group than in the laparoscopy group (p = 0.0202,p = 0.0436, respectively). The proportion of patients classified as Clavien grade IIIa was higher in the laparotomy group than in the laparoscopy group (p = 0.0033). The duration of the postoperative hospital stay was significantly shorter in the laparoscopy group than in the laparotomy group (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Postoperative morbidity has been decreased by the introduction of laparoscopic liver resection in patients with recurrent HCC after curative hepatic resection. As a result, the duration of the postoperative stay is shorter.
Fluoroscopy-Assisted Stress Testing of the Thumb Metacarpophalangeal Joint to Assess the Ulnar Collateral Ligament
Authors: Patel Ashish , Patel Archit , Edelstein David , Choueka Jack
Published: February 2013

Background

Diagnostic stress testing of ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries of the thumb metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint is pivotal to determining treatment. Comparison to the uninjured extremity and fluoroscopy-assisted examination are readily available modalities in the assessment of these patients, with 5–10° differences impacting treatment. Comparative examination, however, assumes that both extremities are normally equal, which has never been verified experimentally. Comparison of clinical and fluoroscopic examination has also never been scrutinized.

Method

One hundred asymptomatic participants underwent both fluoroscopic and traditional stress examinations to determine maximum passive radial deviation at neutral MCP flexion.

Results

Absolute clinical vs. fluoroscopic differences demonstrated a significant difference of 5.6° (SD 5.1°). Absolute variability between left-to-right measurements was 4.5° (SD 4.1°) and increased significantly as baseline stress deviation increased ( R = 0.43; p < 0.001). Left-to-right difference exhibited no correlation to age, gender, or BMI.

Conclusions

The current investigation demonstrates right–left differences and differences between clinical and fluoroscopic testing of which practitioners should be aware when making treatment decisions for UCL injury of the thumb MCP joint.
Early to mid-Holocene lake high-stand sediments at Lake Donggi Cona, northeastern Tibetan Plateau, China
Authors: Dietze Elisabeth , Wünnemann Bernd , Hartmann Kai , Diekmann Bernhard , Jin Huijun , Stauch Georg , Yang Sizhong , Lehmkuhl Frank
Published: February 2013

Lake high-stand sediments are found in three onshore terraces at Lake Donggi Cona, northeastern Tibetan Plateau, and reveal characteristics of hydrological changes on lake shorelines triggered by climate change, geomorphological processes, and neo-tectonic movements. The terraces consist of fluvial–alluvial to littoral-lacustrine facies. End-member modeling of grain-size distributions allowed quantification of sediment transport processes and relative lake levels during times of deposition. Radiocarbon dating revealed higher than modern lake levels during the early and mid Holocene. Lake levels follow the trend of Asian monsoon dynamics, and are modified by local non-climatic drivers. Site-specific impacts explain fluctuations during the initial lake-level rise ~ 11 cal ka BP. Maximum lake extension reached ~ 9.2 cal ka BP, at ~ 16.5 m above present lake level (a.p.l.l.). Littoral and lacustrine sediment deposition paused during a phase of fluvial activity and post-depositional cryoturbations at ~ 8.5 cal ka BP, when the lake level fell to ~ 8 m a.p.l.l. After a second maximum at ~ 7.5 cal ka BP, lake level declined slightly at ~ 6.8 cal ka BP, probably due to a non-climatic pulse that caused lake opening. The level remained high until a transition towards drier conditions ~ 4.7 cal ka BP. Though discontinuous, high-stand sediments provide a unique, high-resolution archive.
Journal of a Voyage of Discovery to the Arctic Regions, Performed 1818, in His Majesty's Ship Alexander, Wm. Edw. Parry, Esq. Lieut. and Commander
Authors: Fisher Alexander
Published: February 2013

This journal, published in 1819 and generally attributed to Alexander Fisher, assistant surgeon of the Alexander, describes Sir John Ross' abortive expedition to search for the North-West Passage. Ross' own report of the voyage (also reissued in this series) was highly controversial, and William Edward Parry (1790–1855), who had commanded the Alexander, was sent by the Admiralty early in 1819 to continue the mission instead of his former superior. Fisher's account, which he insists is 'strictly true', begins with details of the generous provisions and special cold-weather equipment on the ships (including a form of central heating, and wolf-skin blankets issued gratis to all personnel). He vividly describes Baffin Bay, icebergs, and 'dismal' black cliffs, identified by regular compass bearings. Later, the author expresses surprise at Ross' ship turning around and leaving Lancaster Sound, although no land was visible ahead; this incriminating detail may explain Fisher's preference for anonymity.
Lift generation with optimal elastic pitching for a flapping plate
Authors: Peng Diing-wen , Milano Michele
Published: February 2013

The lift-generating capabilities of a translating and passively pitching rectangular plate are assessed experimentally. The plate pitch dynamics are generated by a rotational spring, and a genetic algorithm isolates a set of spring parameters maximizing the average lift. Our experiments identified a range of parameters that produce kinematic trajectories associated with optimal lift production. The stroke length and the dynamic response of the spring at the driving frequency are revealed to play crucial roles in the generation of such trajectories. Measurements taken with digital particle image velocimetry are used to analyse the results.
When and Whom to Join: The Expansion of Ongoing Violent Interstate Conflicts
Authors: Joyce Kyle A. , Ghosn Faten , Bayer Reşat
Published: February 2013

The opportunity and willingness framework has received much attention in research on interstate conflict expansion. This framework is extended here by examining when and what side third parties join during ongoing conflicts. It is maintained that without examining both timing and side selection, understanding of conflict expansion is limited. The timing and side joined in interstate disputes between 1816 and 2001 are analysed using a competing risks duration model. The findings contribute novel insights into many key debates in conflict research such as balancing versus bandwagoning, as well as alliance reliability and the democratic peace. The results also indicate that relying on statistical models that do not distinguish between which side a third party can join may produce misleading results.
The Investment Market, 1870–1914: The Evolution of a National Market
Authors: Davis Lance E.
Published: February 2013

It is necessary not only that capital be accumulated, but also that it be mobilized for productive use, if an economy is to benefit from an increase in capital per person. The classical model of resource allocation assumes that within any economy capital is perfectly mobile. It implies, therefore, that once allowance is made for uncertainty and risk, returns on investment are equal in all industries in all regions. Such a model, while logically consistent, is not very useful for analyzing the process of economic growth. In the early stages of development, because the uncertainty discounts are high, capital is not very mobile. As a result, rates of return vary widely between industries and between regions; and growth in high-interest regions is retarded. Development, in part then, takes the form of a reduction in uncertainty discounts—a reduction that makes it possible for capital to move more freely between regions and industries.
Pre-operative prediction of a right non-recurrent laryngeal nerve by computed tomography
Authors: Varghese B T , Desai K P , Ramachandran A
Published: February 2013

Objective:

This paper reports a case of a non-recurrent laryngeal nerve which was accurately predicted pre-operatively using computed tomography.

Case report:

A 61-year-old man presented with papillary thyroid carcinoma with lymph node metastasis. Computed tomography scans of the neck and chest revealed an ill-defined, hypoattenuating nodule in the right lobe of the thyroid gland, with few upper paratracheal and prevascular nodes, and clear lung fields. The retro-oesophageal course of the right subclavian artery, which was arising from the distal portion of the arch of aorta, was also incidentally revealed in the computed tomography scan. A barium swallow further confirmed the presence of a retro-oesophageal subclavian artery. Total thyroidectomy was performed, with right neck dissection and central compartment clearance. This was carried out with the presence of a non-recurrent laryngeal nerve in mind, and the nerve was accurately localised and preserved.

Conclusion:

To our knowledge this is the first report in the world literature of accurate pre-operative incidental imaging of the right non-recurrent laryngeal nerve in a case of metastatic thyroid cancer, and the subsequent use of computed tomography to guide surgical navigation.
Do iconic gestures pave the way for children's early verbs?
Authors: ÖZÇALIŞKAN ŞEYDA , GENTNER DEDRE , GOLDIN-MEADOW SUSAN
Published: February 2013

Children produce a deictic gesture for a particular object (point at dog) approximately 3 months before they produce the verbal label for that object (“dog”; Iverson & Goldin-Meadow, 2005). Gesture thus paves the way for children's early nouns. We ask here whether the same pattern of gesture preceding and predicting speech holds for iconic gestures. In other words, do gestures that depict actions precede and predict early verbs? We observed spontaneous speech and gestures produced by 40 children (22 girls, 18 boys) from age 14 to 34 months. Children produced their first iconic gestures 6 monthslaterthan they produced their first verbs. Thus, unlike the onset of deictic gestures, the onset of iconic gestures conveying action meanings followed, rather than preceded, children's first verbs. However, iconic gestures increased in frequency at the same time as verbs did and, at that time, began to convey meanings not yet expressed in speech. Our findings suggest that children can use gesture to expand their repertoire of action meanings, but only after they have begun to acquire the verb system underlying their language.
A support network typology for application in older populations with a preponderance of multigenerational households
Authors: BURHOLT VANESSA , DOBBS CHRISTINE
Published: February 2013

This paper considers the support networks of older people in populations with a preponderance of multigenerational households and examines the most vulnerable network types in terms of loneliness and isolation. Current common typologies of support networks may not be sensitive to differences within and between different cultures. This paper uses cross-sectional data drawn from 590 elders (Gujaratis, Punjabis and Sylhetis) living in the United Kingdom and South Asia. Six variables were used in K-means cluster analysis to establish a new network typology. Two logistic regression models using loneliness and isolation as dependent variables assessed the contribution of the new network type to wellbeing. Four support networks were identified: ‘Multigenerational Households: Older Integrated Networks’, ‘Multigenerational Households: Younger Family Networks’, ‘Family and Friends Integrated Networks’ and ‘Non-kin Restricted Networks’. Older South Asians with ‘Non-kin Restricted Networks’ were more likely to be lonely and isolated compared to others. Using network typologies developed with individualistically oriented cultures, distributions are skewed towards more robust network types and could underestimate the support needs of older people from familistic cultures, who may be isolated and lonely and with limited informal sources of help. The new typology identifies different network types within multigenerational households, identifies a greater proportion of older people with vulnerable networks and could positively contribute to service planning.
Evaluation of cardiac systolic and diastolic functions in small for gestational age babies during the first months of life: a prospective follow-up study
Authors: Gürses Dolunay , Seyhan Burçin
Published: February 2013

Objective

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cardiac functions and age-related changes of these functions in full-term small for gestational age infants during the first 3 months of life.

Methods

Cardiac functions of 20 term small for gestational age and 20 term appropriate for gestational age infants were studied using conventional and tissue Doppler echocardiography on postnatal day 5 and at 1 and 3 months.

Results

Ventricular diameters, ventricular wall thicknesses, and left ventricular mass significantly increased with age in both groups. All these parameters were significantly lower in small for gestational age infants. No differences were detected by conventional echocardiography between the groups in systolic and diastolic functions. Systolic velocity, early diastolic and atrial contraction velocities, and the ratio between early diastolic and atrial contraction velocities determined by tissue Doppler echocardiography increased with age. Systolic velocity was lower in the small for gestational age babies for all myocardial regions on the 5th day. Peak early diastolic velocity was decreased in the small for gestational age babies at the first and second evaluations for all myocardial regions. The ratio between early diastolic and atrial contraction velocities was significantly lower in the small for gestational age babies for the interventricular septum and right ventricle. Significant positive correlations were detected between the Ponderal index and systolic and early diastolic velocities.

Conclusion

The present findings suggest that systolic and diastolic function indices including tissue Doppler measures are significantly affected in small for gestational age babies during the first 3 months of life.
Cardiac resynchronisation therapy associated with pulmonary artery banding in an adult with severe right ventricular dysfunction after Mustard repair for complete transposition of the great arteries: results after 2 years of follow-up
Authors: Donazzan Luca , Stellin Giovanni , Rauhe Werner Guenther , Bonazza Lucio , Stuefer Josef , Romeo Cristina , Crepaz Roberto
Published: February 2013

Late dysfunction of the systemic right ventricle in patients with complete transposition of the great arteries after Mustard or Senning procedures and progressive deterioration of the clinical status has been demonstrated. However, evidence-based data on the effective therapy for systemic right ventricular dysfunction in these patients are yet to be defined. Our patient shows an improvement in the right ventricular systolic function, with a reduction in tricuspid regurgitation and a consequent better exercise tolerance after a hybrid approach consisting of an upgrading of a previous transvenous-implanted dual-chamber Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator to biventricular pacing associated with pulmonary artery banding via an anterior thoracotomy.
Ventricular arrhythmias in children with attention deficit disorder – a symptom of autonomic imbalance?
Authors: Buchhorn Reiner , Christian Willaschek
Published: February 2013

Objectives

Potential side effects of stimulants for attention deficit disorder are in the focus of scientific discussions, intensified by the higher number of prescriptions. Children with known arrhythmias or other severe cardiac problems should not receive stimulants because of their sympathomimetic effects.

Methods

This is a retrospective analysis of 24-hour Holter electrocardiograms from 100 consecutive children with attention deficit disorder from January, 2006 to April, 2012.

Results

In all, nine children had significant ventricular arrhythmia (mean age 11.4 ± 3.1 years, 77% male, 77% received methylphenidate). All these children had ventricular parasystole – four of them with an accelerated idioventricular rhythm. A significant circadian rhythm of premature ventricular contractions in seven children and the effect of standing and exercise clearly indicate the influence of the autonomic nervous system. In these children, hourly analysis of circadian rhythm within a 24-hour period showed a highly significant correlation between premature ventricular contractions and the vagal tone indicated by the heart rate variability parameter RMSSD (r = −0.83; p < 0.001). Ventricular arrhythmia was unaffected in seven children who received methylphenidate before diagnosis and decreased during metoprolol treatment in two children.

Conclusion

By Holter electrocardiogram analysis, we observed a remarkably high incidence of ventricular parasystole and accelerated idioventricular rhythm in nine of 100 children with attention deficit disorder, which depends on autonomic imbalance and not on stimulant treatment.
Off-label prescribing: best practice or malpractice?
Authors: Stahl Stephen M.
Published: February 2013

ISSUE:Standards for thepracticeof medicine are increasingly being confused with standards for thesaleandreimbursementof medicines. Authority for prescribing of psychotropic drugs, whether on-label or off-label, is determined by the standard of medical care set by practitioners, not by regulators of the pharmaceutical industry.
Correlative Fractography: Combining Scanning Electron Microscopy and Light Microscopes for Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Fracture Surfaces
Authors: Hein Luis Rogerio de Oliveira , de Oliveira José Alberto , de Campos Kamila Amato
Published: February 2013

Correlative fractography is a new expression proposed here to describe a new method for the association between scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM) for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of fracture surfaces. This article presents a new method involving the fusion of one elevation map obtained by extended depth from focus reconstruction from LM with exactly the same area by SEM and associated techniques, as X-ray mapping. The true topographic information is perfectly associated to local fracture mechanisms with this new technique, presented here as an alternative to stereo-pair reconstruction for the investigation of fractured components. The great advantage of this technique resides in the possibility of combining any imaging methods associated with LM and SEM for the same observed field from fracture surface.
Genetic diversity of cassava (Manihot esculentaCrantz) landraces and cultivars from southern, eastern and central Africa
Authors: Kawuki R. S. , Herselman L. , Labuschagne M. T. , Nzuki I. , Ralimanana I. , Bidiaka M. , Kanyange M. C. , Gashaka G. , Masumba E. , Mkamilo G. , Gethi J. , Wanjala B. , Zacarias A. , Madabula F. , Ferguson M. E.
Published: February 2013

Studies to quantify genetic variation in cassava germplasm, available within the national breeding programmes in Africa, have been limited. Here, we report on the nature and extent of genetic variation that exists within 1401 cassava varieties from seven countries: Tanzania (270 genotypes); Uganda (268); Kenya (234); Rwanda (184); Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC; 177); Madagascar (186); Mozambique (82). The vast majority of these genotypes do not exist within a formal germplasm conservation initiative and were derived from farmers' fields and National Agricultural Research Systems breeding programmes. Genotypes were assayed using 26 simple sequence repeat markers. Moderate genetic variation was observed with evidence of a genetic bottleneck in the region. Some differentiation was observed among countries in both cultivars and landraces. Euclidean distance revealed the pivotal position of Tanzanian landraces in the region, and STRUCTURE analysis revealed subtle and fairly complex relationships among cultivars and among landraces and cultivars analysed together. This is likely to reflect original germplasm introductions, gene flow including farmer exchanges, disease pandemics, past breeding programmes and the introduction of cultivars from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture – Nigeria. Information generated from this study will be useful to justify and guide a regional cassava genetic resource conservation strategy, to identify gaps in cassava diversity in the region and to guide breeding strategies.
Role models that make you unhappy: light paternalism, social learning, and welfare
Authors: SCHUBERT CHRISTIAN , CORDES CHRISTIAN
Published: February 2013

Behavioral (e.g., consumption) patterns of boundedly rational agents can lead these agents into learning dynamics that appear to be ‘wasteful’ in terms of well-being or welfare. Within settings displaying preference endogeneity, it is however still unclear how to conceptualize well-being. This paper contributes to the discussion by suggesting a formal model of preference learning that can inform the construction of non-standard notions of dynamic well-being. Based on the assumption that interacting agents are subject to two biases that make them systematically prefer some cultural variants over others, we develop a procedural notion of well-being, based on the idea that policy should modify institutional conditions that generate dynamic instability in preference trajectories, while leaving individual choice sets unrestricted.
Asthma-Phänotypen und die Phänotyp-spezifische Therapie
Authors: Rothe Thomas
Published: February 2013

Asthma stellt einen Sammeltopf verschiedener Phänotypen dar, die durch eine ähnliche Wirkung am Erfolgsorgan gekennzeichnet sind wie Entzündung der bronchialen Mukosa und Bronchokonstriktion. Mit zunehmender Kenntnis der differenten Phänotypen eröffnen sich spezifische Behandlungsansätze, die über eine generelle Entzündungshemmung via Kortikosteroide und die pharmakologische Bronchospasmolyse hinausgehen. Ein spezifischer Therapieansatz, der schon seit Jahrzehnten betrieben wird, stellt die Immuntherapie beim allergischen Asthma dar. Ein diagnostischer work-up zur Identifikation des individuellen Asthma-Phänotyps ist zu Beginn einer Asthmatherapie, bzw. wenn über längere Zeit keine suffiziente Asthmakontrolle gelingt, indiziert.
Lichtblicke beim schwarzen Hautkrebs aus der Sicht von Pathologen
Authors: Mihic-Probst Daniela , Beer Marc
Published: February 2013

Das maligne Melanom ist die häufigste Todesursache von den verschiedenen Formen von Hautkrebs. Die chirurgische Exzision des Primärtumors ist die wirksamste kurative Therapie. Deshalb ist die Früherfassung des malignen Melanoms eine der wichtigsten therapeutischen Massnahmen. In den letzten Jahrzehnten hat die Molekularpathologie rasant Einzug in die Melanom Forschung erhalten. Wir stellen neue molekularpathologische Methoden, ihre Bedeutung und Anwendung, mit speziellem Fokus auf BRAFV600-Mutation und der BRAF-inhibierenden Therapie vor. Resistenzentwicklung bei Gen-gezielten Therapien und Zelllinienexperimente, die eine Subpopulation mit Stammzelleigenschaften aufzeichnet, illustrieren die Tumor-Heterogenität der Melanomzellen. Aktuell laufen Bemühungen, Medikamente zu entwickeln, die auf mehr als ein Zielgen ausgerichtet sind.
Junge Musiker: Brauchen sie eine Prävention?
Authors: Schlumpf Urs
Published: February 2013

Neuere Querschnittsuntersuchungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen zeigen unmissverständlich, dass bei Musikschülern eine kontinuierliche Zunahme instrumentenspezifischer Beschwerden mit Einsetzen des Frühinstrumentalunterrichtes beobachtet werden kann. Durch Instrumentenanpassung ans Längenwachstum, durch gezieltes muskuläres Training hinsichtlich der Körperasymmetrie bzw. der Fehlhaltung, mittels konsequentem Aufwärmprogramm und mittels Zeitmanagement kann dieser Entwicklung einer Überlastungssymptomatik wirksam entgegengetreten werden.
Gastro-Highlights 2012
Authors: Bauerfeind Peter , Schöfl Rainer , Müllhaupt Beat , Schwizer Werner , Wirth Hans-Peter , Rogler Gerhard , Fried Michael , Quigley Eamonn , Tytgat Guido N. J.
Published: February 2013

Die alljährlich am Universitätsspital Zürich durchgeführte Fortbildungsveranstaltung «Gastro-Highlights» stand in diesem Herbst unter dem Zeichen des 60. Geburtstags von Prof. Dr. med. Michael Fried, der diese weit beachtete Veranstaltung vor 17 Jahren ins Leben rief. Im Rahmen des Symposiums wurden die wichtigsten neuen Erkenntnisse auf dem Fachgebiet der Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie zusammengefasst, die im vergangenen Jahr publiziert oder an der «Digestive Disease Week (DDW)» vorgestellt wurden. Darüber hinaus nahmen dieses Jahr aus Anlass des Geburtstages von Prof. Dr. med. Michael Fried zwei internationale Experten an der Veranstaltung teil, die über die entscheidenden Entwicklungen in der Gastroenterologie der letzten Jahrzehnte berichteten.