bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corporate lobbying and political contributions and their effects on tax avoidance
Authors: Romero Jorge A.
Published: March 2019

This study looks at the impact of U.S. lobbying and political contributions on taxes avoided by U.S. publicly traded corporations. Previous research provides mixed conclusions about the effects when examined separately. Looking at political contributions and lobbying contributions simultaneously displays the larger picture. I find that lobbying expenditures and political contributions both lead to lower future taxes, but those political contributions are more effective in reducing taxes paid from what would be expected given the federal statutory rate.

This study contributes to the literature in several ways. First, it provides empirical evidence on the positive effects of lobbying contributions and political contributions on taxes avoided. Second, the results of this study are particularly useful for future research following the U.S. Citizens United ruling that affects corporate lobbying and political contributions. Third, differing from previous research, I build a simultaneous equation model to jointly determine the link among lobbying contributions, political contributions, and taxes avoided addressing the endogeneity issues of those relationships. These insights can help firms, policy makers, and public affairs researchers understand the connection between contributions and tax avoidance.
PAI‐1 and protein C as early markers of veno‐occlusive disease in patients treated for Wilms tumor
Authors: Cesaro Simone , Mauro Margherita , Sattin Giulia , Sartori Maria Teresa , Saggiorato Graziella , Paratella Alessandra , Tridello Gloria , Bisogno Gianni
Published: March 2019

Background

Hepatic veno‐occlusive (VOD) disease has been described in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), solid tumors, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The incidence of VOD in Wilms tumor (WT) ranges from 1.2% to 8%. The diagnosis of VOD is clinical, and there are no validated laboratory biomarkers.

Procedure

We prospectively evaluated the specificity and sensitivity of plasminogen‐activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) and protein C as diagnostic markers of VOD in WT patients. Fifty patients treated from 2008 to 2016 for WT were eligible. VOD was diagnosed according to modified Seattle criteria and retrospectively reclassified according to the recently published criteria for VOD in pediatric HSCT patients.

Results

VOD occurred in 6 of 50 patients (12%) after 20 to 97 days from starting chemotherapy. The average duration of VOD was 10 days (range, 4–13 days). PAI‐1 levels were elevated in all VOD patients, while a decrease in protein C levels was observed in 33% of patients with VOD. PAI‐1 antigen (Ag) values ≥ 26.4 ng/mL demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for the clinical diagnosis of VOD with sensitivity 100%, specificity 93%; whereas protein C levels below 34.5% had sensitivity 67%, specificity 100%. Both PAI‐1 and protein C had an high negative predictive value: PAI‐1 Ag 100%; protein C 95%.

Conclusions

PAI‐1 Ag and protein C have good sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of VOD in WT patients. Their high negative predictive value can be used in the differential diagnosis of liver toxicity, especially in VOD episodes with absent or delayed hyperbilirubinemia.
Proteomic Analysis of Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) Subjected to Caprylic Acid Stress
Authors: Li Zuren , Kuang Wei , Liu Yongbo , Peng Di , Bai Lianyang
Published: March 2019

Caprylic acid (CAP) is anticipated to be a potential biocontrol herbicide in the control of weeds, however the molecular mechanism of how CAP affects weeds is poorly understood. Here, the physiological and biochemical (protein‐level) changes in horseweed (Conyza canadensis L.) are studied under CAP treatment, with infrared gas analyzer and label‐free quantitative proteomics methods. In total, 112 differentially‐accumulated proteins (DAPs) (>1.5 fold change, p < 0.05) are present between treated horseweed and control samples, with 46 up‐regulated and 66 down‐regulated proteins. These DAPs are involved in 28 biochemical pathways, including photosynthesis pathways. In particular, six photosynthesis proteins show significant abundance changes in the CAP‐treated horseweed. The qRT‐PCR results confirm three of the six genes involved in photosynthesis. Moreover, by measuring photosynthesis characteristics, CAP was shown to decrease photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, and the transpiration rate of horseweed. These results suggest that photosystem I is one of the main biological processes involved in the response of horseweed to CAP.
Proteogenomic Refinement of the Neomegalonema perideroedesT Genome Annotation
Authors: Herbst Florian‐Alexander , Gonçalves Sandra Cristina Lopes , Behr Tobias , McIlroy Simon Jon , Nielsen Per Halkjær
Published: March 2019

Neomegalonema perideroedes (formerly Meganema perideroedes) str. G1 is the type strain and only described isolate of the genus Neomegalonema (formerly Meganema) which belongs to the Alphaproteobacteria. N. perideroedes is distinguished by the ability to accumulate high amounts of polyhydroxyalkanoates and has been associated with bulking problems in wastewater treatment plants due to its filamentous morphology. In 2013, its genome was sequenced as part of the Genomic Encyclopedia of Bacteria and Archaea (GEBA), which aims to improve the sequencing coverage of the poorly represented regions of the bacterial and archaeal branches of the tree of life. As N. perideroedes str. G1 is relatively distantly related to well described species—being the only sequenced member of its proposed family—the in silico prediction of genes by nucleotide homology to reference genes might be less reliable. Here, a proteomic dataset for the refinement of the N. perideroedes genome annotations is generated which clearly indicates the shortcomings of high‐throughput in silico genome annotation.
Spontaneous cutaneous adverse drug reaction reports—An analysis of a 10‐year dataset in Singapore
Authors: Wong Si Xian , Tham Mun Yee , Goh Chee Leok , Cheong Han Hui , Chan Sui Yung
Published: March 2019

We analyzed the spontaneous adverse event database in Singapore to determine the types of cutaneous adverse drug reactions (CADRs) and causative drugs reported. We selected 10 CADRs‐of‐interest, and identified the suspected drugs and the characteristics of the at‐risk population. ADR reports received from 2006 to 2015 of the system organ class “Skin and Appendages Disorders” were analyzed based on patient demographics, the types of CADRs, suspected drugs, outcome, and latency period. Of the 104 372 reports analyzed, 56.2% involved females and 72.5% involved Chinese patients. The mean age was 41.1 years old. The top CADRs reported were rash (including nonspecified rash, follicular rash, maculopapular rash, and vesicular rash) (67.2%) and angioedema (13.9%). The drugs frequently associated with the CADRs‐of‐interest include nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and antibiotics with angioedema, iohexol with urticaria, and antiepileptics and allopurinol with Stevens‐Johnson syndrome (SJS)/toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). A subgroup analysis based on age, sex, and race on the 10 CADRs‐of‐interest showed the following trends in reporting: Alopecia (reported more in females), drug hypersensitivity syndrome (more in males), angioedema (more in younger patients), and photosensitivity (more in older patients). In general, the racial distribution across each CADR‐of‐interest was consistent with that of Singapore's population, with slight deviations observed for SJS/TEN, photosensitivity and skin discoloration. We analyzed CADR reports from Singapore over 10 years, and identified the types of CADRs reported, and their associated drugs, latency periods and patient characteristics. Such information could add value to healthcare professionals as they assess CADR cases and evaluate suspected drugs.
The effect of matrix interferences on in situ boron isotope analysis by laser ablation multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Authors: Standish Christopher D. , Chalk Thomas B. , Babila Tali L. , Milton J. Andy , Palmer Martin R. , Foster Gavin L.
Published: March 2019

Rationale

Boron isotope analysis of marine carbonates by laser ablation multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS) offers the potential for rapid sample throughput, and the means to examine micron‐scale variations in the δ11B signatures of fossil skeletons and shells/tests of marine organisms. Existing studies demonstrate an acceptable level of reproducibility is achievable, but also typically show a level of accuracy outside the limits required by most applications. Here we investigate matrix interference effects as a cause of inaccuracy and imprecision.

Methods

Analyses were performed on a standard format Thermo Scientific Neptune Plus MC‐ICP mass spectrometer coupled to a New Wave Research 193 nm ArF laser ablation system. The effects of matrix interference on δ11B analysis were investigated through analyses of a set of reference materials with differing B/Ca ratios. Three approaches to correct for matrix‐induced effects were trialled: (1) use of matrix‐matched standards, (2) utilisation of the relationship between δ11B inaccuracy and11B/43Ca, 11B/40ArCa4+ or 11B/Cainterference from three reference materials with known δ11B values and varying B/Ca ratios, and (3) direct characterisation of the (sloping) interference itself.

Results

Matrix interference from scattered Ca ions on 10B can impede both the accuracy and the reproducibility of δ11B analysis by LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS. Based on analyses of two in‐house reference materials, deep sea coral PS69/3181 and inorganic calcite UWC‐1, we find approach 2, following the 11B/Cainterference relationship, gives the best mean accuracies (within 0.4‰ of solution values) and external reproducibilities (± 0.5‰ 2 SD for PS69/3181). This approach has been applied to analyses of an annual growth cycle of a Siderastrea siderea coral and eight Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi benthic foraminifera. Both coral and foraminifera data match solution MC‐ICP‐MS analyses within reported uncertainties.

Conclusions

LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS can produce accurate and precise δ11B data to a 0.5‰ (2σ) level on <0.3 ng B after correction for Ca interference effects.
Global Context and the Rise of Europe: Iberia and the Atlantic
Authors: Yun-Casalilla Bartolomé
Published: March 2019

This chapter sets the bases for an understanding of Iberian institutions and political and economic history. It describes such institutions within a European framework and makes comparisons in order to explain Iberian overseas expansion. That process, it is argued, was rooted in the internal tensions of the elite’s families and in the jurisdictional competition among the Crown, the aristocracy, the cities, and the Church. Being a privileged crossroad of technological global advances and expansionist stimuli, the area soon became a vital centre for globalization, which, first in Portugal and then in Castile, contributed to the political system’s consolidation and stability.

The outcome was, however, a diversity of political and institutional schemes, whose economic development was also affected by international trade and the emergence of a poly-nuclear pattern of economic growth in Europe. A comparison with political and institutional developments in England and France helps underline different models of composite monarchies and to argue against any sense of Iberian exceptionalism.
Iberian Overseas Expansion and European Trade Networks
Authors: Yun-Casalilla Bartolomé
Published: March 2019

This chapter investigates Portuguese and Castilian overseas expansion by introducing some comparisons between the two. Contrary to traditional stereotypes, Iberian societies were technically and administratively as well-endowed as any others in Europe for the expansion and the conquest of new territories. Such enterprises were, however, a consequence not only of formal institutions (the royal tribunals, municipalities or the viceroyalties, notaries, consulates, etc.), as is always said, but also of informal institutions and social networks in which family relations, kinship, clienteles, and reciprocity were crucial. Thanks to the latter, the sovereigns of Portugal and Castile could externalize the costs of building up the most far-flung empires known in history until then.

Environmental conditions, geography, and local political situations were very different and inevitably led to two different imperial models. Yet they both were based on the importance of negotiation with local elites and their high degree of autonomy. This process did not break the poly-nuclear character of European or world economic growth but did contribute to increasing market integration within Europe.
The Empires of a Composite Monarchy, 1521–1598: Problem or Solution?
Authors: Yun-Casalilla Bartolomé
Published: March 2019

This chapter sheds new light on the way the two empires accentuated social tensions in Iberia and stresses—with new details and reasoning—the way they contributed to the persistence of social structures, institutions, and property rights as well as to reshaping a conflictive pact between the king and the elites, and, among the latter, in different territories of the composite monarchy, particularly in Portugal and Castile. In Castile, such a pact alleviated the aristocracy’s problems as well as tensions within the elites. It also facilitated an increasing interpenetration between the king and country, manifested in the involvement of the latter in international wars, but did not eliminate tensions, frustrated the possibilities of a financial revolution, and maintained the aristocracy’s and cities’ autonomy for the mobilization of military resources. In Portugal, the outcome was a sort of rentier state living from the king’s imperial resources. This chapter shows the incongruence of studying composite monarchies’ fiscal systems only from the central treasury’s perspective or separated from the mobilization of local and non-monetary resources. Both aspects are crucial to understand state building in early modern Europe, Iberia being one more case.
The Crystallization of a Political Economy, c. 1580–1630
Authors: Yun-Casalilla Bartolomé
Published: March 2019

This chapter takes a comparative perspective to criticize some common stereotypes in the history of Iberia. It analyses the formal institutions that were important for the allocation of resources and accents the way informal institutions such as the family and the lineage affected economic performance. The chapter shows to what extent the concept of efficient or inefficient institutions, as the new institutional economics defines them, is insufficient to explain economic behaviour and evolution. Rather, it is argued, the historical context, including environmental circumstances and availability of resources, would condition relative economic development and competition with other European regions. It also stresses that the dominant coalition emerging from the conflictive pact created obstacles for the continuation of a competitive economy in the centre of the peninsula, until then the most dynamic area.
Global Forces and European Competition
Authors: Yun-Casalilla Bartolomé
Published: March 2019

This chapter studies Western European political systems and institutional development in comparative perspective to show the impact of religious ruptures on economic evolution. It explains how American silver and the Habsburg wars—from 1581 involving also the Portuguese empire—acted in a series of positive institutional contexts to make some economies of the north of Europe comparatively more efficient and flexible in the long run. A new advance of globalization even beyond the limits of the Iberian world is considered responsible for a slow but relevant polarization of the economic development towards the north of Europe. Though it argues the idea that one cannot speak of economic decadence for the first decades of the seventeenth century in Iberia, it does see how the decreasing competitiveness of the Iberian products in gradually more expansive international and colonial markets created the conditions for the breakdown of the old peninsular pattern of development based on the dynamism of the interior regions.
Magneto-transport in a chiral fluid from kinetic theory
Authors: Abbasi Navid , Taghinavaz Farid , Tavakol Omid
Published: March 2019

Abstract

We argue that in order to study the magneto-transport in a relativistic Weyl fluid, it is needed to take into account the associated quantum corrections, namely the side-jump effect, at least to second order. To this end, we impose Lorentz invariance to a system of free Weyl fermions in the presence of the magnetic field and find the second order correction to the energy dispersion. By developing a scheme to compute the integrals in the phase space, we show that the mentioned correction has non-trivial effects on the thermodynamics of the system. Specifically, we compute the expression of the negative magnetoresistivity in the system from the enthalpy density in equilibrium. Then in analogy with Weyl semimetal, in the framework of the chiral kinetic theory and under the relaxation time approximation, we explicitly compute the magneto-conductivities, at low temperature limit (T ≪ μ). We show that the conductivities obey a set of Ward identities which follow from the generating functional including the Chern-Simons part.
Visual Rhetoric of the Truth in the Dreyfus Affair: A Semiotic Approach
Authors: Hauksson-Tresch Nathalie
Published: March 2019

At the turn of the twentieth century, French society was shaken by a scandal that affected it at many levels to varying degrees and that is still considered as a symbol of injustice, miscarriage of justice and antisemitism. The Dreyfus Affair started in 1894 when an artillery officer of Jewish descent was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for communicating military secrets to the German embassy in Paris. Only years later was Alfred Dreyfus exonerated and rehabilitated, due mainly to the role of the media and the famous article by the novelist Emile Zola, “J’accuse”. The press, in general, played a fundamental role in the narration of the event and in the complex chemistry that led a confidential case of espionage to become a broad public debate, exemplifying the constant struggle against prejudice and irrational impulses that implies democracy. From the impressive volume of publications, I selected two drawings issued when the truth about captain Dreyfus’s innocence began emerging. One is by Félix Vallotton, “That’s why she was not coming out!”, the other by Gustave-Henri Jossot, “She was too naked”, and they both give an interpretation of the truth and of the reasons why it—the truth—came out so late. The semiotic approach of the drawings and of Zola’s pamphlet in terms of visual message leads us to distinguish three aspects. The first is iconic and consists of establishing the links between a signifier, a signified and a referent in order to recognize the immediate message but also the connoted signification; the second is linguistic and consists of the captions; and the third is plastic, focusing on size, colors and shapes. These analyzes of the mode in which visual artefacts produce meaning and provoke an interpretative process are made in terms of rhetoric insofar as rhetoric is considered, not only in terms of figures of speech, but as a method of persuasion and argumentation.
Development of an AHP hierarchy for managing omnichannel capabilities: a design science research approach
Authors: Wulf Jochen
Published: March 2019

Because of the importance of omnichannel services in today’s consumer markets, B2C organizations have a high demand for management instruments that support the organizational development of omnichannel capabilities. Prior literature acknowledges that the shift to omnichannel paradigm demands not only technological modifications but also an organizational transformation. However, it remains unclear which capabilities an organization requires and how they can be developed. We address this research gap and construct an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) hierarchy by applying design science research methodology. The developed AHP hierarchy supports capability management in the knowledge acquisition phase. The availability of this hierarchy further is a precondition for implementing an AHP method that supports the selection and steering of projects for omnichannel capability development or the comparison of organizations’ capability maturities. We conduct a hierarchy construction procedure that includes various qualitative research methods (focus group, cross-interview analysis, multiple case studies). We demonstrate and evaluate the AHP hierarchy at a global automobile manufacturer, which involved in-depth interviews and a workshop with six executive managers. With our results, we contribute to research on omnichannel management by introducing an instrument that supports omnichannel capability management in B2C organizations during the knowledge acquisition phase.
Extensive 3D analysis for fluid–structure interaction of spanwise flexible plunging wing 3D FSI Analysis for Spanwise Flexible Plunging Wing
Authors: Cho H. , Lee N. , Shin S.-J. , Lee S.
Published: March 2019

In this study, an improved fluid–structure interaction (FSI) analysis method is developed for a flapping wing. A co-rotational (CR) shell element is developed for its structural analysis. Further, a relevant non-linear dynamic formulation is developed based on the CR framework. Three-dimensional preconditioned Navier–Stokes equations are employed for its fluid analysis. An implicit coupling scheme is employed to combine the structural and fluid analyses. An explicit investigation of a 3D plunging wing is conducted using this FSI analysis method. A further investigation of this plunging wing is performed in relation to its operating condition. In addition, the relation between the wing’s aerodynamic performance and plunging motion is investigated.
Prolonged emergency and derogation of human rights: Why the European Court should raise its immunity system
Authors: Mariniello Triestino
Published: March 2019

States of emergency pose the most significant challenges to the safeguarding of fundamental rights and civil liberties. Crises are generally characterized by a strengthening of the executive to the detriment of judicial authority and parliamentary oversight. One of the immediate consequences of emergencies is the absence of effective domestic mechanisms of supervision of the executive. The gradual replacement of the judicial role with police operations represents a symptom of how prolonged emergencies prompt the eclipse of legal certainty and lead to the rapid and irreversible degradation of public institutions.

This Article addresses the difficult compromise between defending national interests and protecting individual rights during public emergencies. It analyzes the common features across the recent derogations and exceptional measures of Ukraine, France, and Turkey. The derogations submitted by the three countries in question, together with the exceptional measures adopted for counter-terrorism purposes, substantially restrict several fundamental rights enshrined in the European Convention on Human Rights (Convention). In particular, preventive detention measures, with the suspension of the habeas corpus otherwise approved by the three States, not only enable police forces to use arbitrary and unlimited use of force, but also seriously affect the protection of absolute and non-derogable rights. The Article concludes that, as the recent emergency laws and their widespread and apparently indiscriminate implementation present the risk of destabilizing the whole European system of protection, it becomes ever more necessary that the European Court of Human Rights depart from its previous jurisprudence and adopt a more rigorous and principled scrutiny of the derogation conditions under Article 15 of the Convention.
Conditional statistics and flow structures in turbulent boundary layers buffeted by free-stream disturbances
Authors: You Jiho , Zaki Tamer A.
Published: March 2019

Direct numerical simulations are performed to study zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layers beneath quiescent and vortical free streams. The inflow boundary layer is computed in a precursor simulation of laminar-to-turbulence transition, and the free-stream vortical forcing is obtained from direct numerical simulations of homogeneous isotropic turbulence. A level-set approach is employed in order to objectively distinguish the boundary-layer and free-stream fluids, and to accurately evaluate their respective contributions to flow statistics. When free-stream turbulence is present, the skin friction coefficient is elevated relative to its value in the canonical boundary-layer configuration. An explanation is provided in terms of an increase in the power input into production of boundary-layer turbulence kinetic energy. This increase takes place deeper than the extent of penetration of the external perturbations towards the wall, and also despite the free-stream perturbations being void of any Reynolds shear stress. Conditional statistics demonstrate that the free-stream turbulence has two effects on the boundary layer: one direct and the other indirect. The low-frequency components of the free-stream turbulence penetrate the logarithmic layer. The associated wall-normal Reynolds stress acts against the mean shear to enhance the shear stress, which in turn enhances turbulence production. This effect directly enlarges the scale and enhances the energy of outer large-scale motions in the boundary layer. The second, indirect effect is the influence of these newly formed large-scale structures. They modulate the near-wall shear stress and, as a result, increase the turbulence kinetic energy production in the buffer layer, which is deeper than the extent of penetration of free-stream turbulence towards the wall.
Direct numerical simulation of open-channel flow over smooth-to-rough and rough-to-smooth step changes
Authors: Rouhi Amirreza , Chung Daniel , Hutchins Nicholas
Published: March 2019

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) are reported for open-channel flow over streamwise-alternating patches of smooth and fully rough walls. The rough patch is a three-dimensional sinusoidal surface. Owing to the streamwise periodicity, the flow configuration consists of a step change from smooth to rough, and a step change from rough to smooth. The friction Reynolds number varies from 437 over the smooth patch to 704 over the rough patch. Through the fully resolved DNS dataset it is possible to explore many detailed aspects of this flow. Two aspects motivate this work. The first one is the equilibrium assumption that has been widely used in both experiments and computations. However, it is not clear where this assumption is valid. The detailed DNS data reveal a significant departure from equilibrium, in particular over the smooth patch. Over this patch, the mean velocity is recovered up to the beginning of the log layer after a fetch of five times the channel height. However, over the rough patch, the same recovery level is reached after a fetch of two times the channel height. This conclusion is arrived at by assuming that an error of up to 5 % is acceptable and the log layer, classically, starts from 30 wall units above the wall. The second aspect is the reported internal boundary-layer (IBL) growth rates in the literature, which are inconsistent with each other. This is conjectured to be partly caused by the diverse IBL definitions. Five common definitions are applied for the same DNS dataset. The resulting IBL thicknesses are different by 100 %, and their apparent power-law exponents are different by 50 %. The IBL concept, as a layer within which the flow feels the surface underneath, is taken as the basis to search for the proper definition. The definition based on the logarithmic slope of the velocity profile, as proposed by Elliot (Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, vol. 39, 1958, pp. 1048–1054), yields better consistency with this concept based on turbulence characteristics.
Bias in Self-reported Voting and How it Distorts Turnout Models: Disentangling Nonresponse Bias and Overreporting Among Danish Voters
Authors: Dahlgaard Jens Olav , Hansen Jonas Hedegaard , Hansen Kasper M. , Bhatti Yosef
Published: March 2019

Most nonexperimental studies of voter turnout rely on survey data. However, surveys overestimate turnout because of (1) nonresponse bias and (2) overreporting. We investigate this possibility using a rich dataset of Danish voters, which includes validated turnout indicators from administrative data for both respondents and nonrespondents, as well as respondents’ self-reported voting from the Danish National Election Studies. We show that both nonresponse bias and overreporting contribute significantly to overestimations of turnout. Further, we use covariates from the administrative data available for both respondents and nonrespondents to demonstrate that both factors also significantly bias the predictors of turnout. In our case, we find that nonresponse bias and overreporting masks a gender gap of two and a half percentage points in women’s favor as well as a gap of 25 percentage points in ethnic Danes’ favor compared with Danes of immigrant heritage.
HOW SMALL CAN POLYNOMIALS BE IN AN INTERVAL OF GIVEN LENGTH?
Authors: BERNIK VASILI , Mc GUIRE STEPHEN
Published: March 2019

In this paper, we provide two new extensions to a lemma of Bernik (1983). Applications are also discussed.
CENSURING SOUNDS: TAPES, TASTE, AND THE CREATION OF EGYPTIAN CULTURE
Authors: Simon Andrew
Published: March 2019

In this article, I argue that audiocassette technology decentralized state-controlled Egyptian media long before the advent of al-Jazeera and the Internet. By enabling any citizen to become a cultural producer, as opposed to a mere consumer, the mass medium and its users sparked significant anxiety in the mid-to-late 20th century, when contentious cassette recordings led many local critics to assert that “vulgar” tapes were poisoning public taste, undermining high culture, and endangering Egyptian society. This article breaks down these arguments and shows that audiotapes actually broadcast a vast variety of voices. Thus, underlying many criticisms of cassette content, I contend, was not simply a concern for aesthetic sensibilities but a desire to dictate who created Egyptian culture during a time of tremendous change. By unpacking these discussions, this article harnesses Egypt as a case study to enhance prevailing investigations of sound, popular culture, and mass media in Middle East studies.
Longitudinal Changes in Disability Rating Scale Scores: A Secondary Analysis Among Patients With Severe TBI Enrolled in the Epo Clinical Trial
Authors: Benoit Julia S. , Hannay H. Julia , Yamal Jose-Miguel , Francis David J. , Aisiku Imoigele , Robertson Claudia
Published: March 2019

Objectives:Long-term neurological response to treatment after a severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) is a dynamic process. Failure to capture individual heterogeneity in recovery may impact findings from single endpoint sTBI randomized controlled trials (RCT). The present study re-examined the efficacy of erythropoietin (Epo) and transfusion thresholds through longitudinal modeling of sTBI recovery as measured by the Disability Rating Scale (DRS). This study complements the report of primary outcomes in the Epo sTBI RCT, which failed to detect significant effects of acute treatment at 6 months post-injury.Methods:We implemented mixed effects models to characterize the recovery time-course and to examine treatment efficacy as a function of time post-injury and injury severity.Results:The inter-quartile range (25th–75thpercentile) of DRS scores was 20–28 at week1; 8–24 at week 4; and 3–17 at 6 months. TBI severity group was found to significantly interact with Epo randomization group on mean DRS recovery curves. No significant differences in DRS recovery were found in transfusion threshold groups.Conclusions:This study demonstrated the value of taking a comprehensive view of recovery from sTBI in the Epo RCT as a temporally dynamic process that is shaped by both treatment and injury severity, and highlights the importance of the timing of primary outcome measurement. Effects of Epo treatment varied as a function of injury severity and time. Future studies are warranted to understand the possible moderating influence of injury severity on treatment effects pertaining to sTBI recovery. (JINS, 2019,25, 293–301)
How Do Parents Influence Child Disruptive Behavior After Acquired Brain Injury? Evidence From a Mediation Model and Path Analysis
Authors: Chavez-Arana Clara , Catroppa Cathy , Yáñez-Téllez Guillermina , Prieto-Corona Belén , Amaya-Hernández Adriana , de León Miguel A. , García Antonio , Gómez-Raygoza Roberto , Hearps Stephen J. C. , Anderson Vicki
Published: March 2019

Objectives:Children with acquired brain injury (ABI) can present with disruptive behavior, which is often a consequence of injury and parent factors. Parent factors are associated with child disruptive behavior. Furthermore, disinhibition in the child also leads to disruptive behavior. However, it is unclear how these factors interact. We investigated whether parental factors influence child disruptive behavior following ABI and how these factors interact.Methods:Parents of 77 children with ABI participated in the study. Parent factors (executive dysfunction, trait-anxiety), potential intervention targets (dysfunctional parenting practices, parental stress, child disinhibition), and child disruptive behavior were assessed. A hypothetical model based on the literature was tested using mediation and path analysis.Results:Mediation analysis revealed that child disinhibition and dysfunctional parenting practices mediated the association of parent factors and child disruptive behavior. Parents’ executive dysfunction mediated the association of dysfunctional parenting practices, parental stress and parent trait-anxiety. Parenting practices mediated the association of executive dysfunction and child disruptive behavior. Path analysis indices indicated good model adjustment. Comparative and Tucker-Lewis Index were >0.95, and the root mean square error of approximation was 0.059, with a chi-square of 0.25.Conclusions:A low level of parental trait-anxiety may be required to reduce dysfunctional parenting practices and child disinhibition. Impairments in child disinhibition can be exacerbated when parents present with high trait-anxiety. Child disinhibition is the major contributor of disruptive behavior reported by parents and teachers. The current study provides evidence of parent anxiety and child disinhibition as possible modifiable intervention targets for reducing child disruptive behavior. (JINS, 2019,25, 237–248)
Understanding structural plasticity in the bilingual brain: The Dynamic Restructuring Model
Authors: Pliatsikas Christos
Published: March 2019

Research on the effects of bi- and multi-lingualism on brain structure has so far yielded variable patterns. Although it cannot be disputed that learning and using additional languages restructures grey (cortical, subcortical and cerebellar) and white matter in the brain, both increases and reductions in regional volume and diffusivity have been reported. This paper revisits the available evidence from simultaneous and sequential bilinguals, multilinguals, interpreters, bimodal bilinguals, children, patients and healthy older adults from the perspective of experience-based neuroplasticity. The Dynamic Restructuring Model (DRM) is then presented: a three-stage model accounting for, and reinterpreting, all the available evidence by proposing a time-course for the reported structural adaptations, and by suggesting that these adaptations are dynamic and depend on the quantity and quality of the language learning and switching experience. This is followed by suggestions for future directions for the emerging field of bilingualism-induced neuroplasticity.
Examining the Effect of Evaporation Field on Boron Measurements in SiGe: Insights into Improving the Relationship Between APT and SIMS Measurements of Boron
Authors: Martin Andrew J. , Yatzor Brett
Published: March 2019

Understanding and resolving discrepancies between atom probe tomography (APT) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) measurements of B dopants in Si-based materials has long been a problem for those in the semiconductor community who wish to measure B within the source/drain SiGe of a device. APT data collection of Si-based materials is typically optimized for Si, which is logical, but perhaps not ideal for field evaporation of B. Increasing the evaporation field well beyond the typically used 28Si2+:28Si+ ratio of approximately 10:1 up to a ratio of ~200:1 is demonstrated to improve B detection while retaining well-matched Si and Ge concentrations with respect to those measured by SIMS. A range of evaporation conditions are examined from a very low field with high laser energy to an extremely high field with extremely low laser energy demonstrating problems at both far ends of the spectrum and a sweet spot when the operating conditions used produce a 28Si2+:28Si+ ratio of approximately 200:1 (in terms of total counts of each ionization state), which is more than an order of magnitude higher than normally used conditions and results in nicely matched B, Si, and Ge APT measurements with those of SIMS.
International authority and the emergency problematique: IO empowerment through crises
Authors: Kreuder-Sonnen Christian
Published: March 2019

This paper applies the concept of emergency powers to the crisis politics of international organizations (IOs). In the recent past, IOs like the UN Security Council, the WHO, and the EU have reacted to large-scale crises by resorting to assertive governance modes bending the limits of their competence and infringing on the rights of the rule-addressees. In contrast to rational and sociological institutionalist notions of mission creep, this paper submits that this practice constitutes ‘authority leaps’ which follow a distinct logic of exceptionalism: the expansion of executive discretion in both the horizontal (lowering of checks and balances) and the vertical (reduction of legal protection of subjects) dimension, justified by reference to political necessity. This ‘IO exceptionalism’, as argued here, represents a class of events which is observable across fundamentally different international institutions and issue areas. It is important not least because emergency politics tend to leave longer-term imprints on a polity’s authority structures. This article shows that the emergency powers of IOs have a tendency to normalize and become permanent features of the institution. Thus IO exceptionalism and its ratcheting up represent a mechanism of abrupt but sustainable authority expansion at the level of IOs.
Origin of High‐Frequency Radiation During Laboratory Earthquakes
Authors: Marty S. , Passelègue F. X. , Aubry J. , Bhat H. S. , Schubnel A. , Madariaga R.
Published: March 2019

We monitor dynamic rupture propagation during laboratory stick‐slip experiments performed on saw‐cut Westerly granite under upper crustal conditions (10–90 MPa). Spectral analysis of high‐frequency acoustic waveforms provided evidence that energy radiation is enhanced with stress conditions and rupture velocity. Using acoustic recordings band‐pass filtered to 400–800 kHz (7–14 mm wavelength) and high‐pass filtered above 800 kHz, we back projected high‐frequency energy generated during rupture propagation. Our results show that the high‐frequency radiation originates behind the rupture front during propagation and propagates at a speed close to that obtained by our rupture velocity inversion. From scaling arguments, we suggest that the origin of high‐frequency radiation lies in the fast dynamic stress‐drop in the breakdown zone together with off‐fault coseismic damage propagating behind the rupture tip. The application of the back‐projection method at the laboratory scale provides new ways to locally investigate physical mechanisms that control high‐frequency radiation.
EMIC Wave Properties Associated With and Without Injections in The Inner Magnetosphere
Authors: Jun C.‐W. , Yue C. , Bortnik J. , Lyons L. R. , Nishimura Y. , Kletzing C.
Published: March 2019

To understand the generation and propagation processes of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves under different geomagnetic conditions in the inner magnetosphere, we performed a statistical study of EMIC wave properties observed by the Van Allen Probes from February 2013 to December 2016. We divided EMIC waves into two groups: those associated with and those occurring without injections observed by the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES‐13 and GOES‐15). We found that the EMIC wave polarization sense ε increased and the normalized frequency X decreased with increasing |MLAT|. Inside the plasmasphere, He+ EMIC waves were predominantly observed with left‐hand polarization (ε< −0.3) and higher wave normal angles (θk = 30–40° ). Those associated with injections showed the most intense wave power at 14–16 MLT, compared to periods without injections when these waves exhibit a similar wave power but on the dayside. H+ EMIC waves were predominantly observed outside the plasmasphere on the dayside and showed a mixture of left‐hand and linear polarizations (ε = −0.3–0.0) with lower wave normal angles (θk = 20–30° ) regardless of injections. Moreover, H+ EMIC waves were accompanied by a solar wind dynamic pressure enhancement (ΔPsw = 0.5 nPa). From these observations, we suggest that hot injected plasma contributes to the generation of intense He+ EMIC waves in the afternoon sector. A mixture of expanding cold plasmaspheric ions and coexisting hot ring current ions acts as the free energy source for He+ EMIC waves on the dayside during quiet times. Solar wind dynamic pressure enhancements are likely the major driver of H+ EMIC waves outside the plasmasphere.
Along‐Strike Variation and Migration of Long‐Term Slow Slip Events in the Western Nankai Subduction Zone, Japan
Authors: Takagi Ryota , Uchida Naoki , Obara Kazushige
Published: March 2019

We detected 24 long‐term slow slip events (SSEs) in the western Nankai subduction zone, Japan, from 1996 to 2017 using a newly developed method: grid‐based determination of slow slip events (GriD‐SSEs). GriD‐SSE systematically detects long‐term SSEs and determines their fault parameters by fitting modeled displacement time series to observed Global Navigation Satellite System data. The detected SSEs included 11 previously undocumented events. The results suggest an along‐strike segmentation of long‐term SSEs. The along‐strike variations in SSE recurrence intervals and total slip amounts appear to correlate with the variation of updip interplate locking. Long‐term SSEs are less frequent in the downdip extensions of the Nankai megathrust (MW 8–9) and Hyuga‐nada earthquakes (MW 7.5), with ~6‐year recurrence intervals and total slip amounts that account for only 10–20% of the plate convergence. However, long‐term SSEs do occur frequently downdip of the Hyuga‐nada stable sliding zone and of the gap between the Nankai and Hyuga‐nada earthquakes, with 2‐ to 3‐year recurrence intervals and total slip amounts that account for 50–60% of the plate convergence. This correlation suggests that the long‐term SSE activity is controlled by the updip locked areas owing to the stress shadowing effect. We also observed that the long‐term SSEs repeatedly migrated in the downdip regions from the southwestern creeping zone to the northeastern Nankai megathrust locked zone. This SSE migration may represent the current state of stress accumulation and release processes that are controlled by the along‐strike variations in interplate coupling along the entire western Nankai subduction zone.
Retrieval of Interstation Local Body Waves From Teleseismic Coda Correlations
Authors: Saygin E. , Kennett B. L. N.
Published: March 2019

We retrieve the local P wave empirical Green's functions between the elements of five different regional arrays across the globe by cross‐correlating and bin stacking the teleseismic earthquake coda waves recorded at each array. The stack is made using the coda of P and S wave phases for events in the distance range from 40° to 50° from the center of the array. With a sequence of time windows along the coda the various body wave arrivals can be tracked, using record sections constructed by binning the stacked interstation correlograms in less than 1‐km distance increments. The correlation of the coda part of each principal seismic phase produces highly coherent interstation arrivals for different analysis windows. Such arrivals can be reproduced by just stacking 100 arrivals from a pool of more than a thousand events, showing the stability of the observed Green's functions. Modeling for the structure beneath the Warramunga array in the Northern Territory, Australia, demonstrates that these arrivals correspond to multiply reflected arrivals from layers at different depths. The recovery of high‐frequency interstation body waves from the teleseismic earthquake coda opens the prospect of conducting local high‐resolution seismic imaging with teleseismic energy.
Prognostic Precipitation in the MIROC6‐SPRINTARS GCM: Description and Evaluation Against Satellite Observations
Authors: Michibata Takuro , Suzuki Kentaroh , Sekiguchi Miho , Takemura Toshihiko
Published: March 2019

A comprehensive two‐moment microphysics scheme is incorporated into the MIROC6‐SPRINTARS general circulation model (GCM). The new scheme includes prognostic precipitation for both rain and snow and considers their radiative effects. To evaluate the impacts of applying different treatments of precipitation and the associated radiative effect, we perform climate simulations employing both the traditional diagnostic and new prognostic precipitation schemes, the latter also being tested with and without incorporating the radiative effect of snow. The prognostic precipitation, which maintains precipitation in the atmosphere across multiple time steps, models the ratio of accretion to autoconversion as being approximately an order of magnitude higher than that for the diagnostic scheme. Such changes in microphysical process rates tend to reduce the cloud water susceptibility as the autoconversion process is the only pathway through which aerosols can influence rain formation. The resultant anthropogenic aerosol effect is reduced by approximately 21% in the prognostic precipitation scheme. Modifications to the microphysical process rates also change the vertical distribution of hydrometeors in the manner that increases the fractional occurrence of single‐layered warm clouds by 38%. The new scheme mitigates the excess of supercooled liquid water produced by the previous scheme and increases the total mass of ice hydrometeors. Both characteristics are consistent with CloudSat/CALIPSO retrievals. The radiative effect of snow is significant at both longwave and shortwave (6.4 and 5.1 W/m2 in absolute values, respectively) and can alter the precipitation fields via energetic controls on precipitation. These results suggest that the prognostic precipitation scheme, with its radiative effects incorporated, makes an indispensable contribution to improving the reliability of climate modeling.