bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Direct image to subtype prediction for brain tumors using deep learning
Authors: Hewitt Katherine J , Löffler Chiara M L , Muti Hannah Sophie , Berghoff Anna Sophie , Eisenlöffel Christian , van Treeck Marko , Carrero Zunamys I , El Nahhas Omar S M , Veldhuizen Gregory P , Weil Sophie , Saldanha Oliver Lester , Bejan Laura , Millner Thomas O , Brandner Sebastian , Brückmann Sascha , Kather Jakob Nikolas
Published: November 2023

Background

Deep Learning (DL) can predict molecular alterations of solid tumors directly from routine histopathology slides. Since the 2021 update of the World Health Organization (WHO) diagnostic criteria, the classification of brain tumors integrates both histopathological and molecular information. We hypothesize that DL can predict molecular alterations as well as WHO subtyping of brain tumors from hematoxylin and eosin-stained histopathology slides.

Methods

We used weakly supervised DL and applied it to three large cohorts of brain tumor samples, comprising N = 2845 patients.

Results

We found that the key molecular alterations for subtyping, IDH and ATRX, as well as 1p19q codeletion, were predictable from histology with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.95, 0.90, and 0.80 in the training cohort, respectively. These findings were upheld in external validation cohorts with AUROCs of 0.90, 0.79, and 0.87 for prediction of IDH, ATRX, and 1p19q codeletion, respectively.

Conclusions

In the future, such DL-based implementations could ease diagnostic workflows, particularly for situations in which advanced molecular testing is not readily available.
Poets, Poems, and Performances
Authors: Gillingham S E
Published: November 2023

A. Interpreting Poetry: An Analogy from Music It is not difficult to think of correspondences between reading poetry and listening to music. In his lecture on ‘The Music of Poetry’, delivered at Glasgow University in 1942, T. S. Eliot develops these as follows:
Metre
Authors: Gillingham S E
Published: November 2023

An assessment of the metrical quality of poetry is very much related to its ‘performative’ nature. Whether biblical poetry was composed and recited for didactic and reflective purposes, or whether it was composed and sung (perhaps antiphonally) for particular liturgical and musical occasions, it served the same purpose: biblical verse was heard as much as it was read.
Prophetic Poetry
Authors: Gillingham S E
Published: November 2023

Throughout the previous chapter we noted the various ways in which the prophets used the poetry from their culture in order to communicate effectively. In itself this is little different from any adept contemporary preacher using a variety of illustrations in order to capture the imagination of a congregation. Prophets such as Amos and Isaiah borrowed from the proverbial poetry and rhetorical sayings of wisdom; they used secular songs (Isa. 22: 13); they appropriated funeral laments-over nations, if not over individuals (Amos 5; Isa. r4, 23; Ezek. 27, 28, 32); they used love songs to depict the depth of Yahweh’s love for Israel (Hos. 2, 6; Isa. 5; Jer. 3; Isa. 49, 51, 54); they took up oracles of blessing and cursing (Num. 22-4); and they utilized war poetry in order to dramatize the coming judgement on Israel before the other nations (Amos 3, 6, 9; Isa. 5, m, 28; Jer. 4, 5, 6). In addition, the prophets used a good deal of liturgical poetry from the cult, sometimes in short poetic fragments, and at other times in longer, sustained verse.
The Psalms as Poems (I)
Authors: Gillingham S E
Published: November 2023

We have already observed the tension in Hebrew poetry between an adherence to tradition and an expression of originality: this was especially noticeable with regard to the use of metre and parallelism. Nowhere is this tension more evident than in the psalms. In part this is because of their ‘life-centredness’: being responsive as much to experience of life as to liturgical formulas, the psalmists have used conventional forms with a creative freedom.
The Psalms as Poems (II)
Authors: Gillingham S E
Published: November 2023

Poetic Forms in the Psalms The previous chapter demonstrated how the psalms are expressions of what might be called the ‘fixed’ and the ‘free’ in their use of various poetic devices. This is also evident in the use of poetic forms.
The Psalter: Hymn-Book, Prayer-Book, or Anthology?
Authors: Gillingham S E
Published: November 2023

A. Looking at the Psalter as a Whole The previous two chapters focused on the psalms as individual poems, with a particular ‘setting-in-life’ or a ‘setting-in-liturgy’- either that of the public Temple liturgy, or the private lives of individuals. They have a different orientation from other Old Testament poems which are more integrated with narrative, and so have a ‘setting-in-literature’.
Local anaesthetic equipment
Authors: Meechan John G , Robb Nigel D , Seymour Robin A
Published: November 2023

The equipment used to deliver local anaesthetic solutions comprises three components. These are the needle, the dental local anaesthetic cartridge and the syringe. Needles consist of a shank and a hub (Fig. 4.1). The end which penetrates the mucosa has a bevel, the part which enters the local anaesthetic cartridge is normally butt-ended. Most needles have one exit point in the bevel although some designs have two. The shank of the needle is made from stainless steel and the hub from stainless steel or plastic.
Local anaesthesia in the maxilla
Authors: Meechan John G , Robb Nigel D , Seymour Robin A
Published: November 2023

Local anaesthesia in the maxilla relies mainly on infiltration techniques (see Chapter 6). This is because the roots of the maxillary teeth are separated from the soft tissues on the buccal aspect by bone that has a fine cortical plate. The thin buccal cortical plate does not represent a barrier to the diffusion of local anaesthetic solution.
Intraligamentary, i.ntraosseous, and intrapulpal anaesthesia
Authors: Meechan John G , Robb Nigel D , Seymour Robin A
Published: November 2023

The previous two chapters have considered the conventional approaches to dental local anaesthesia. In this chapter other techniques are discussed. These are generally regarded as supplementary methods and are often used when conventional means fail. However, many practitioners will use the approaches described below as first-choice techniques for some treatments.
Local anaesthesia: contra-indications and complications
Authors: Meechan John G , Robb Nigel D , Seymour Robin A
Published: November 2023

No drug is without unwanted effects and most therapeutic agents cannot be used with the same degree of safety in all individuals. This chapter considers the contra-indications and adverse effects of dental local anaesthesia. Although the list of complications in this chapter is long it must be stressed that the use of local anaesthetics in dentistry is extremely safe. Indeed, major complications are so rare they are newsworthy.
Non-pharmacological methods of pain control
Authors: Meechan John G , Robb Nigel D , Seymour Robin A
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers the use of mechanisms of pain and anxiety control which do not rely upon the administration of drugs. However, the term ‘non pharmacological’ is not strictly accurate as the mechanism of action of some of these methods relies upon the release of endogenous chemicals such as opioids. This can be defined as an altered state of mind, such that suggestions are accepted more readily, and acted on more powerfully than would be expected in the fully conscious state.
Inhalation sedation
Authors: Meechan John G , Robb Nigel D , Seymour Robin A
Published: November 2023

Inhalation sedation is a technique which has gone through phases of relative popularity, as well as periods of great neglect in the dental profession. It has been dismissed as being too expensive and ineffective. Despite these criticisms the technique continues to be taught, and to attract rave reviews from its supporters!! Inhalation sedation has been called by a number of terms. These include ‘relative analgesia’, ‘inhalational psychosedation’, or ‘nitrous oxide/oxygen sedation’. Previously, the terms have been used to describe variations on the theme of inhalation sedation, but are now used interchangeably.
Polypharmacy sedation in dentistry
Authors: Meechan John G , Robb Nigel D , Seymour Robin A
Published: November 2023

Polypharmacy sedation can be defined as the use of more than one central nervous system depressant drug to induce the sedated state and allow treatment to proceed. Usually all of the agents concerned are given intravenously. The use of multiple agents to produce sedation for dental treatment is a con troversial subject. Advocates of this type of sedation are vigorous in its defence, arguing that the quality of sedation produced by multiple agents is significantly better than that produced by a single drug. Those who argue against such tech niques maintain that the synergistic actions of the drugs which enhance the sedation, also increase unwanted side effects, such as respiratory depression. The synergistic rise in side effects, most notably respiratory depression, make the tech niques too dangerous to be used under any circumstances.
Medicolegal aspects of the practice of sedation in dentistry
Authors: Meechan John G , Robb Nigel D , Seymour Robin A
Published: November 2023

It is important that those who practise dentistry are aware of the potential medicolegal pitfalls in their practice. This chapter will concentrate on the medicolegal aspects of the practice of sedation. In addition, it must be remem bered that as well as the issues surrounding the practice of sedation, the standards of dental care must be maintained to avoid the potential problems that could occur from that source.
Introduction: What is palliative all about?
Authors: Faull Christina , Woof Richard
Published: November 2023

On my very first day as a medical house officer I was faced with the care of a 56-year-old man, waking up from a temazepam overdose which he had taken because of his incurable lung cancer. He was deeply regretful, both for the hurt he had caused his family and the fact that he had failed to kill himself. He was withdrawn and chose to lie in bed with his eyes tightly closed. I, like many newly qualified doctors, felt ill-equipped to help this man and his family. I muddled through. I remember it as scary. One of those patients I’ll never forget. This man and the problems he had didn’t fit into the model I had of medicine. Taking his ‘history’ revealed the physical symptoms of the lung cancer. It all appeared miserable. I felt helpless and struggled with my agreement with his reasons for wanting to die. I wanted to do something to make things better but I couldn’t do anything about the cancer.
Physical symptom control: how to do it well
Authors: Faull Christina , Woof Richard
Published: November 2023

When asked about their experience in looking after patients in hospital some of your colleagues replied, ‘Most SHOs/registrars are too busy passing examinations and moving on and most consultants are inadequately concerned in terminal care ... You are out on a limb and unsupported’. The aim of this chapter is to help you feel equipped to be on the front line of managing symptoms and using controlled drugs, as you will be from day 1 as a junior doctor. Some of this will be about you learning how to approach clinical problems and some will be about gaining knowledge of what drugs and other therapies to use and how to prescribe them for best effect. However, some of it is about challenging yourself about your behaviour towards patients with pain, nausea, and distress of other sorts. In addition, providing care for patients in the very last stages of their lives has been found to be a challenge and a duty that many doctors shrink from.
The syringe driver: a useful way to deliver drugs
Authors: Faull Christina , Woof Richard
Published: November 2023

It is quite common that patients with advanced illness cannot take their medications orally. This is always a good time to review the necessity to continue all drugs, many of which can be stopped at this time. However, maintaining good symprom management may require established medications (such as analgesics) to continue, or the addition of other medicines. An alternative co the oral route of drug delivery is needed. Some drugs can be given rectally (PR) but many require, or the patient would prefer, parenteral administration. The subcutaneous (SC) route is less painful than intramuscular (IM) and much more convenient than intravenous (IV). Many drugs can be delivered SC, but some must be given IM or IV or an alternative drug substituted.
Regulations and statutory duties: some rules
Authors: Faull Christina , Woof Richard
Published: November 2023

If you are reading this book cover to cover you should, by now, have a pretty good idea of how to ‘do palliative care· well. However, there a few rules you need to know, including: prescribing controlled drugs (e.g. strong opioids) and unlicensed drugs; how you can help patients get money; administrative duties after death. Familiarity with these is important. Errors made here can have a significant impact on patients or families. Others are more an inconvenience to you and others, but all are a cause for embarrassment.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy or Meryon’s disease
Authors: Emery Alan E H
Published: November 2023

This disease is eponymously associated with the name Duchenne because this French physician described the condition in detail in the 1860s (Duchenne 1861; 1868). His contributions were concerned with the clinical description of the condition and the muscle histology findings. However, several years previously an English physician, Edward Meryon, not only described the clinical features of the disease in some detail but also emphasized three very important points (Meryon 1851; 1852). Firstly, he emphasized that the disease affected males and was familial (none of Duchenne’s cases were familial).
Distal muscular dystrophy
Authors: Udd Bjarne , Somer Hannu
Published: November 2023

Distal myopathy has prevailed as the main general term used for this group of primary myopathies. Since they are progressive and genetic disorders, the use of distal dys- trophies as the collective term is also correct. In fact, much of the pathology in affected muscles shows findings compatible with dystrophic changes, including fibre necrosis, regeneration, splitting and replacement by fat and connective tissue. During the past decade distal myopathies have entered the new field of molecular genetic clarification. All major entities previously defined on clinical grounds have proved to be distinct categories also by molecular genetic resolution.
Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy: the muscular dystrophies
Authors: Brais Bernard , Tomé Fernando M S
Published: November 2023

Sweden, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Taiwan, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Uruguay and Yugoslavia. However, OPMD is particularly prevalent in the French–Canadian population (1 1000) and in Bukhara Jews living in Israel (1: 600) (Blumen et al. 1997; Brais et al. 1995). Most North American cases of OPMD descend from three French sisters who arrived in Québec in 1648 (Brais et al. 1998a, c). Numerous other historically distinct OPMD mutations have also been introduced in North America by Louisiana Cajuns, Hispanic Americans from the Southwestern United States, Jews of Eastern European extraction, Italians, Mennonites, and descendants of British immigrants (Brais et al. 1998c; Grewal et al. 1998; 1999; Scacheri et al. 1999; Stajich et al. 1997a, b).
Gene and cell therapy for primary myopathies
Authors: Cossu Giulio , Clemens Paula R
Published: November 2023

During the last 15 years, following the identification of dystrophin as the gene responsible for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (Hoffmann et al. 1987), the genes responsible for the large majority of primary myopathies have been identified. Most of these genes encode for proteins that form a supra-molecular link between the cytoskeleton and the extra-cellular matrix (Nawrotzki et al. 1996). In the absence of one of these proteins, the mechanical stress associated with contraction progressively leads to degeneration of the muscle fibre, though the molecular mechanism is not yet understood in detail.
Surgical management of muscular dystrophy
Authors: Merlini Luciano , Forst Jürgen
Published: November 2023

Proper management can only be achieved if the natural history of the disease is precisely known. This principle pertains to all diseases, particularly neuromuscular disorders. In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), strength is near normal in the early stages; a rapid downhill progression follows with loss of the ability to walk, respiratory involvement, and eventual cardiac failure. We have subdivided orthopedic treatment in DMD according to the stage of the disease; early lower limb surgery, combined limb surgery and orthosis in the late stage of walking ability, and spinal surgery for scoliosis. In addition, two other orthopedic interventions are mentioned: scapular fixation in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSH) and neck hyperextension correction in rigid spine syndrome.
Animal models of muscular dystrophy
Authors: Noguchi Satoru , Hayashi Yukiko K
Published: November 2023

Scientists have employed animal models for research into muscular dystrophy over the last two decades. These models have been used for pathophysiological analysis as well as for biochemical studies. The clinical symptoms and pathological features observed in animal models are somewhat different from those in human patients. However, they provide us with valuable information and experimental material, and contribute to our progress in understanding human diseases and help in devising possible therapies. There is no doubt about the benefits of animal models.
Mare Ouestians Answered
Authors: Higgins Peter M
Published: November 2023

In most countries of the Western world the citizens have the opportunity of playing a state-run lottery. Britain joined this game late, but since 1994 nothing has united the country like the National Lottery, and so a book such as this one is obliged to settle the next question. The lottery models are pretty similar across the globe. In Britain the basic game involves choosing a set of six numbered balls (in any order), and you win if your choice matches the machine’s random selection of six balls from a collection numbered 1 to 49.
Series
Authors: Higgins Peter M
Published: November 2023

Some of the very simplest problems you first meet in mathematics involve spotting patterns in a sequence of numbers. This naturally leads to questions on series, the summing of number sequences, and one can quickly find oneself in very deep water, perhaps without realizing it. This book does not comprise a course in these matters, however, so in this chapter I am largely content with describing, rather than deriving, results on series. Where a series does none the less succumb to simple and short manipulations, a full explanation is offered.
Linguistic Practice: Defamiliarization
Authors: Fowler Roger
Published: November 2023

Language is one of the most important areas of knowledge that human beings possess, since, as we have seen, it is a powerful influence on the way people perceive and adjust to the world outside them. This knowledge has positive and negative aspects: ‘Language is not only a key. It can also be a fetter,’ wrote Sapir. Language is not just knowledge; it is also a skill, a practice. The practical workings of language can be seen in face-to-face conversation: people talking to one another are performing real actions through speech (asking questions, giving commands, asserting claims of truth, etc.), they are affirming and negotiating status and relationship. Even the basic process of passing meanings from one brain to another is not just an automatic, untroubled channeling of information from A to B, but a process of determining and agreeing upon meanings. Although our common code provides you and me with the core meanings of the words ‘food’, ‘beauty’, ‘progress’, our life experiences have been different, so we have to establish by implicit negotiation what each of us intends when a word is used, and to what extent our usages are divergent or compatible.
How Texts are Made
Authors: Fowler Roger
Published: November 2023

This chapter, as its title suggests, is about some really basic aspects of linguistic structure: parts of language, and arrangements of language, which are in use in all our experience of language, written or spoken, in any situation from jokey conversation to high epic. The fact that they are ordinary, constant, background features of language does not mean that they are unimportant in literature. Without the basic devices for constructing texts, none of the specialiud techniques which are found in much modem literature would be possible.
Text and Context
Authors: Fowler Roger
Published: November 2023

In previous chapters, I have discussed aspects of the linguistic patterning of texts, including the various ‘cohesive’ constructions for tying sentences together into well-formed wholes; also the semantic implications of cohesion, and of some deviations from, and additions to, regular conventions of cohesive patterning. Textual structure is of great importance in the traditions of verse literature with which readers and teachers in our culture are mainly preoccupied, and also in rhetorical prose writing such as the Lawrence story which we discussed: such writers constantly foreground the ‘mechanics’ of their compositions, the basic constructional devices. By doing this (whether through parallelism, foregrounded collocation, or however), writers make available to readers extra levels of meaning over and above the meanings of the component sentences-often, meanings which are in ironic tension with sentence-meanings, as we have seen, and thus defamiliarizing.
Point of View
Authors: Fowler Roger
Published: November 2023

In traditional discussions of novels, short stories, epic, and other forms of narrative writing, it is usual to draw a distinction between the story and the point of view from which the story is narrated. For instance, the events of George Eliot’s Middlemarch or The Mill on the Floss would be said to be narrated from the point of view of an ‘omniscient’ narrator who has privileged access to the thoughts and feelings of the characters in a way that an ordinary external observer does not; and who can foresee how events are going to tum out in the future. By contrast, the narrators in Hemingway’s novels and stories say little about the characters’· thoughts and feelings: from a psychological point of view, the telling is ‘objective’ or ‘external’. A third type of point of view is represented in Virginia Woolf’s novels: the events of the narrative are viewed from the perspective of one or more of the characters, with great emphasis on the characters’ private responses to people and events: this is ‘subjective’ narration from a character’s point of view. These three examples are merely illustrations from some familiar authors, and they by no means complete the range of types of point of view. In this chapter I have space to analyse only some of the more striking variations in point of view, with particular attention to defamiliarized perspectives; some other relevant materials are discussed in the following chapters.
Meaning and World-View
Authors: Fowler Roger
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 2, I argued that language is of great importance in shaping speakers’ classification of experience: as Halliday puts it, language has an experiential or ideational function. Applying this notion to a whole language, one might claim that English as a whole, or French, or Arabic, encodes two sorts of meanings which are accessible to speakers: on the one hand, natural meanings such as ‘red’, ‘greater than’, ‘square’, ‘up/down’ which are necessarily coded because all human beings are biologically equipped to make such discriminations; and on the other hand, social meanings which reflect the organization of a society and its relationship with its environment: ‘Prime Minister’, ‘son’, ‘doctor’, ‘democracy’, ‘landscape’, ‘Spring’, etc. It is obviously in the-vast-area of social meanings that differences between languages are greatest; and, if the ideational theory is correct, speakers’ world-views differ most in this socially constructed field of significances.
Concert Life in Eighteenth-Century Oxford
Authors: Wollenberg Susan
Published: November 2023

Oxford’s concert life received its greatest impetus from the establishing of the Holywell Music Room (opened 1748). The opening of the Music Room marked not so much a new beginning, as a significant stage in a process of development that can be traced back to the seventeenth century. It was in the eighteenth century that a remarkably rich flowering occurred of a tradition based on various performing elements and con­ texts, including regular music meetings (documented from the time of the Civil War), special and commemorative ceremonial music, and the periodic injection of distinguished visiting talent into the local musical scene.
Music in the University and City, II
Authors: Wollenberg Susan
Published: November 2023

Accounts of the Oxford Professors of Music in the first half of the nineteenth century-from Crotch’s move to London in 1806 to Ouseley’s election in 1855-tend to stress the absentee character of their tenure.’ Ouseley and Corfe in 1877 described ‘the present endowment of the professorship’ as ‘little more than nominal’. To found a ‘complete school of music’ would in their opinion require ‘the endowment of a first-class professorship’.
Wendell and Walter Go to Hollywood
Authors: Cripps Thomas
Published: November 2023

The world’s war came home to America on December 7, 1941, years after it had been set alight in Asia and Europe. Typically, Americans responded slowly, even fitfully, to war. Yet the conscience-liberalism that had already begun to tinge popular culture leapt as though from a crouch into a position of almost organic ideological leadership far beyond the modest measures urged by government.

As we have seen, Walter White, by then not only a ranking figure in the NAACP but a syndicated columnist, and a hero among blacks for his reportage of lynching, had begun to regard Hollywood as a target of opportunity. Already he had cultivated the producer Walter Wanger and Wendell Willkie, the defeated Republican presidential candidate in 1940 who had taken on two key posts: special counsel to the NAACP and chairman of the board of 20th Century-Fox. As he told Wanger, he had been “overwhelmed at your not only being willing to give me advice but to give a luncheon for me in Hollywood.” They soon began to exchange pamphlets and lists of likeminded friends: Melvyn Douglas, who had taken up the cause of black children, Selznick, Sidney Buchman, who had White to a tea for the Hollywood Anti-Nazi League, Bette Davis, who seemed “very militant,” James Cagney, and others who seemed “interested in” the cause or simply had appeared in social problem movies.
The Making of a Genre: The Integration of Colin Kelly, Meyer Levin, and Dorie Miller
Authors: Cripps Thomas
Published: November 2023

As Metro’s Liberty Ship had been written to persuade white America of the loyalty of black America, so almost every movie that stemmed from White’s work spoke to white people as much as to black. It was as though together the OWI-NAACP-Hollywood axis was an organic embodiment of the notion that crisis bred reassertions and enactments of the common core of values that the need for unity had called attention to. At the same time, the actual situation as old segregation barriers cracked under the stress of overcrowding, overburdened public amenities, and crumbling urban transport led to civil strife.
Documentary Film Culture and Postwar Liberal Momentum
Authors: Cripps Thomas
Published: November 2023

No one dared guess the postwar future of American racial custom. Despite the fissures that had opened in the system as a result of the crisis of war, the black penetration into previously inaccessible seats of power, the signs that race had again become a national point at issue, there were conservatives afoot who expected a return to antebellum ways. Parallel to this line of political change, American filmmakers faced an equally uncertain future. On its face, the situation promised only a thermidorean reaction, a return to a familiar equilibrium after the dislocations of war. But at the same time, new conditions also invited a search for means of extending wartime alliances. Such a strategy seemed compelling because formerly stable Hollywood was so unsettled by soaring labor costs, the threat of war-deferred strikes, the buffeting of inflation, a baffling suburban migration by an audience seemingly bent on trying every new leisure-time activity that drew them away from the movie houses they formerly had attended twice each week, and a Supreme Court that threatened to make up for years of wartime judicial peace by inquiring into antitrust violations.
Nouns: The Realm Of Things
Authors: Scarry Elaine
Published: November 2023

This chapter, like many writings about Beckett before it, will attempt to describe the negation and the affirmation, the nothing and the something, of his works. Although the discussion will not be restricted to any one corner of his canon, it will focus on the short stories in No’s Knife; for these pieces, often ignored by readers, exist as distillations of the author’s thought. In their brevity and coherence, they represent what the narrator of Murphy would have called “Beckett’s account, expurgated, accelerated, improved, and reduced.” Any description of Beckett’s works must begin by acknowledging what he himself has named the critical factor in his vision: “The key word in my plays is ‘perhaps.’”1 His works are ambivalent in subject and interrogatory in mood.
Four More Years
Authors: Boyle Deirdre
Published: November 2023

Thrilled with their sudden prestige among the press corps, TVTV returned to Miami in August to cover the Republican Convention. The group quickly discovered the Republicans were as controlled as the Democrats were disorganized. This made the job much easier, especially since the media inadvertently had been handed the Republicans’ minute-by-minute script of the Convention, including all the “spontaneous demonstrations” held by the Young Republicans.
Impeaching Evidence
Authors: Boyle Deirdre
Published: November 2023

Following the success of Lord of the Universe, David Loxton offered TVTV an unprecedented year-long contract for almost a quarter of a million dollars to create five hours of programming for public television. The initial money came from the Rockefeller Foundation’s grant to the TV Lab; later, the Lab’s discretionary money from the Ford Foundation figured into the total sum. TVTV’s overall budget was $230,000; of that amount $138,000 went directly to TVTV for their production costs and the balance went to the TV Lab to cover postproduction expenses. Loxton had taken a huge risk with Lord of the Universe, and now he was going even further out on a limb by committing such an enormous sum of money (for public television) to produce TVTV’s nonfiction television.
Furor Over Fugitive
Authors: Boyle Deirdre
Published: November 2023

TVTV moved from San Francisco to Los Angeles shortly after “Gerald Ford’s America” was broadcast, ostensibly because the group was going to work on “Prime Time,” an 18-part series for KCET, the Los Angeles public TV station. The series, “a fictionalized account of the history of television,” would be used as fillers at the end of a series of original TV dramas. TVTV was restless to move on to new and different challenges, and Los Angeles and Hollywood represented a test of their professionalism.
Hooray for Hollywood?
Authors: Boyle Deirdre
Published: November 2023

TVTV’s acceptance was due largely to their ability to “polish the rough but vital ethos of ‘ guerrilla video’ to a marketable gloss.” But despite a track record that included more boosts than knocks, TVTV still waited for a firm commitment for future work. Independent producers were all clamoring for a bigger presence in public television, having formed a Coalition for New Public Affairs Programming in February 1976, and competition among filmmakers and videomakers to get their work aired on PBS threatened to become livelier and tougher. Larry Grossman, new head of PBS, had promised to introduce innovative projects like a weekly news show with input from independent producers as well as a weekly evening of independently produced documentaries, but nothing as yet had come of it.
Epilogue
Authors: Boyle Deirdre
Published: November 2023

Guerrilla television’s failure to create a viable alternative to commercial television was not due merely to the shortcomings of individuals. Larger forces operating in society influenced and ultimately prevented the dream from becoming reality. Born out of the counterculture’s clash with establishment values and institutions, guerrilla television was subject to the counterculture’s disillusionment and disintegration. Guerrilla television’s future was also conditioned by its technology, by rapid developments in the recording and broadcast transmission of video that transformed the medium from an oddity to a novelty to a banality, altering its power to challenge the status quo almost overnight.
On the Theory of Classes
Authors: Tarski Alfred
Published: November 2023

Apart from separate individual objects, which we shall also call INDIVIDUALS for short, logic is concerned with CLASSES of objects; in everyday life as well as in mathematics, classes are more often referred to as SETS. Arithmetic, for instance, frequently deals with sets of numbers, and in geometry our interest lies not so much in single points as in sets of points (that is, in geometrical configurations). Now, classes of individuals are called CLASSES OF THE FIRST ORDER. Relatively more rarely in our investigations we come upon CLASSES OF THE SECOND ORDER, that is, upon classes which consist, not of individuals, but of classes of the first order. Sometimes even CLASSES OF THE THIRD, FOURTH, and HIGHER ORDERS have to be dealt with. Here we shall be concerned almost exclusively with classes of the first order, and only exceptionally-as in Section 26-we shall have to deal with classes of the second order; however, our considerations can be applied with practically no changes to classes of any order. In order to distinguish between individuals and classes (and also among classes of different orders), we employ as variables letters of different shape and belonging to different alphabets. It is customary to designate individual objects such as numbers, and classes of such objects, by lower-case and capital letters of the Latin alphabet, respectively. In elementary geometry the opposite notation is the accepted one, capital letters designating points and lower-case letters (of the Latin or the Greek alphabet) designating sets of points.
On the Theory of Relations
Authors: Tarski Alfred
Published: November 2023

The theory of relations is an extensively developed branch of mathematical logic. One part of it, the ALGEBRA (or, the CALCULUS) OF RELATIONS, is akin to the algebra of classes, and its principal aim is to establish formal laws governing the operations by means of which new relations can be constructed from given ones. In the algebra of relations we consider, in the first place, a group of concepts which are the exact analogues of those of the algebra of classes; they are usually denoted by the same symbols and are governed by analogous laws. (In order to avoid ambiguity we might, of course, employ a different set of symbols in the algebra of relations; for instance, we might take the symbols of the algebra of classes and place a dot over each.) We have thus in the algebra of relations two particular relations, the UNIVERSAL RELATION V and the NULL RELATION 0, the first of which holds between any two individuals, and the second, between none.
Extension of the Constructed Theory: Foundations of Arithmetic of Real Numbers
Authors: Tarski Alfred
Published: November 2023

The axiom system Adoes not provide an adequate foundation for the whole of the arithmetic of real numbers, because-as we saw in Section 60-numerous theorems of this discipline cannot be deduced from the axioms of this system, and also for another reason, which is analogous and not less important: a number of concepts belonging to the field of arithmetic are not definable if we utilize only the primitive terms which occur in System A.For example, on its basis we shall never be able to define the symbols of multiplication or division, or such symbols as “1”, “2”, and so on. The following question then arises in a natural way: how can we transform or supplement our system of axioms and primitive terms in order to arrive at a satisfactory basis for constructing the full arithmetic of real numbers? This problem can be solved in a variety of ways. Two quite different methods of solution will be sketched here.
No Acting, Please
Authors: Hay Peter
Published: November 2023

Camera Shy Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree, the great English actor-manager at the turn of the century, consented to act in D. W. Griffith’s version of Macbeth (1916). Unfamiliar with the medium, he turned up on the first day and pointed at the camera: ‘‘Take that black box away. I can’t act in front of it.’‘ Sarah Bernhardt was 67 when she played Marguerite Gautier in the film version of La Dame aux Camelias ( 1911). The Divine Sarah finally consented to appear on the screen because she wanted to be made immortal.
In the Money
Authors: Hay Peter
Published: November 2023

Inexorable Logic Ben Hecht and Donald Ogden Stewart were both between writing assignments. Hecht, in his day the highest paid writer in Hollywood, was receiving $6000 a week, while Stewart drew a measly $2000. He went and complained to his producer. ‘‘Tm willing to concede that Hecht may be worth twice as much as I am-when he is working. But I can loaf as well as anybody in Hollywood, including Hecht, and I think it’s only fair that I should be paid as much for loafing as he is.’‘
Literati
Authors: Hay Peter
Published: November 2023

As he entered I was struck by the placidity of that rather large face. It was round and calm as a lake on a still August day. All our conversation was conducted through an interpreter, and in this manner I gathered that M. Maeterlinck viewed the cinema with enthusiasm and was confident that he would be able to convert his art to its uses. ‘‘Very well, M. Maeterlinck,’‘ responded I, ‘‘
From Pitch To Script
Authors: Hay Peter
Published: November 2023

Original Flavor The writing team of Charles Brackett and Billy Wilder was working on the script of Midnight (1939). As was frequently done before the Writers Guild of America prohibited the practice, the supervising producer, Arthur Hornblow, Jr., had assigned a third writer to fix up the pages as they were being turned in. Ken England saw little to correct, but rewrote anyway.’‘The trouble with this,’‘ Hornblow informed England regarding the rewritten script, ‘‘it doesn’t sound like Brackett and Wilder. You’ve lost the flavor of the original.’‘
Power Extensions
Authors: Hay Peter
Published: November 2023

Many ‘Hollywood people recalled that Ronald Reagan loved to discuss politics, especially after his marriage to Nancy Davis. Still, there was considerable surprise at the news that the former contract player from Warner Brothers would run for elected office. More surprised than anyone was his former boss Jack Warner, who was told upon returning from Europe that Ronald Reagan had been nominated as the Republican candidate for Governor of California.’‘No, no, no,’‘ said the showman. ‘‘Jimmy Stewart for governor Reagan for best friend.’‘
It’s All Relatives
Authors: Hay Peter
Published: November 2023

Medical Condition In the heyday of Hollywood, it was observed, all that a producer produced was relatives. Wilson Mizner and W. C. Fields were kibbitzing one after­ noon at the commissary, when a boring producer, blood relative of the studio boss, sat down at their table. Fields took one look at the intruder and exchanged glances with Mizner, who remarked: ‘‘Gangrene sets in.’‘
The Seer’s Vision of an Unbroken World
Authors: Thompson Leonard L
Published: November 2023

In considering the linguistic unity of Revelation, I have thus far been concerned with the shape of the language itself: how words, phrases, sentences, and larger forms are related in Revelation through narrative and metaphoric devices or through liturgical language. The language of the seer, however, yields other secrets than its own shape; it also transmits a vision of the world or a construction of reality. The choice of terms is important here. The vision transmitted by the seer is not merely a “literary world” or a “symbolic universe” — a vision separate from the everyday life of John and his audience. The seer is constructing an encompassing vision that includes everyday, social realities in Asia Minor. The seer’s vision or his construction of reality becomes accessible to us through the language he uses. Thus, in discussing the seer’s vision of an unbroken world, our focus remains on the language of the Book of Revelation; but now our concern is with the semantics of that language (its meaning and reference) rather than its syntax (the structure and relationships of phrases and sentences). In the jargon of some linguists, the shift is from linguistic signs as signifiers to linguistic signs as signified. In saying that, we must be careful. The shift does not involve a turn outward, for example, to the “social, historical situation.” That is a further step to be explored in part 3. The seer’s vision of the world is discovered through exploring the semantics of his language. That exploration is a step in the direction of under-standing the social situation of Christians in Asia Minor, but the compass here remains the linguistic construction of the seer.
Domitian’s Reign: History and Rhetoric
Authors: Thompson Leonard L
Published: November 2023

The separation of the seer’s language from the social order is an artificial one. John’s language—its shape, its genre, the vision it transmits—communicates a message, and that communication is a social act that takes its place in the social order. However visionary John’s writing is, it does not operate in a symbolic universe apart from the world of actual, social relations. Moreover, the social order does not exist as a given, simply to be observed with the aid of proper historical tools. The social order is a construction for a person contemporary with it. How much more so for a historian working nineteen centuries later! The historian reconstructs events, imagines social connections, and extrapolates from limited sources so as to construct a plausible order of society. There is room for alternative constructions on issues both small and great. In brief, the “social historical situation” is an imaginative construction built from a critical reading of primarily linguistic evidence—books, speeches, inscriptions, and coins. In the following chapters I offer a plausible reconstruction of Domitian’s reign (chap. 6), social organization in the province of Asia (chap. 9), and the place of Jews and Christians in that province (chaps. 7 and 8). This social order, reconstructed almost entirely from sources other than the Book of Revelation, will provide further evidence that the seer and his audience did not live in a world of conflict, tension, and crisis. Christians lived quiet lives, not much different from other provincials. The economy, as always, had its ups and downs; and the government kept the peace and demanded taxes.
The Social Location of the Book of Revelation
Authors: Thompson Leonard L
Published: November 2023

Before moving directly to the question of the social location of the Book of Revelation, I should clarify further the nature of the relationship between the seer and his opposition, that is, between his revealed knowledge and the public knowledge of the empire. That relationship involves both social and world boundaries. A social boundary exists because the whole of John’s social world does not comprehend his vision, even though John’s vision comprehends the whole social world; that is, his organizing grid of relationships, power structures, ideals, and values are not shared by all others in Roman society; indeed, his is a minority report. Since the boundaries of John’s social location are a dimension of his world vision, we cannot consider the boundary between him and his opposition in simple social terms. The complexity of the boundary will elude any analysis limited to economic status, social position, and political influence. The social boundary is one dimension of the world boundary; it expresses in the region of social experience a difference in the seer’s vision of reality and Rome’s vision of reality. The two visions involve distinctions between true knowledge and deception, authentic self-expression and false consciousness, service to the true god or idolatry.
Continuity with Change: The Historical Foundations of Governance and Legal Control in Japan
Authors: Haley John Owen
Published: November 2023

The endurance of past attitudes and values, from familial orientations to a propensity to avoid litigation, is a commonplace theme in much of the literature on Japanese law. Too often, however, whatever aspects of Japanese life that do not seem to conform to occidental expectations of model behavior are labeled “traditional” and left at that without much further analysis or thought. No society, of course, severs the links with its own past. Japan is no exception.
Castellans and Contracts: The Legacy of Feudal Law
Authors: Haley John Owen
Published: November 2023

Japan never fully replicated the political and legal order of imperial China. The political power of the central authorities in Japan was never as complete as in China or Korea. Kinship ties proved stronger than any ideal of merit­ based bureaucratic rule. No attempt was even made to establish an examination system to produce a literati-bureaucracy despite the Yoro code’s emphasis on merit for those of privileged status.
Magistrates and Mura: The Ambivalent Tradition of Tokugawa Japan
Authors: Haley John Owen
Published: November 2023

The unification-or perhaps more accurately, pacification-of Japan under Ieyasu Tokugawa and his successors in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries culminated the consolidation of daimyo power begun in the late sixteenth century by Nobunaga and Hideyoshi. Successfully synthesizing methods of feudal governance that had evolved from the Kamakura bakufu through the sengoku era, the early Tokugawa rulers established a delicately balanced political regime, arresting on hindsight, however, the potential for further evolution toward the joinder of authority with power and fuller synthesis of law and legitimacy.
Constitutions and Codes: The Making of the Contemporary Legal Order
Authors: Haley John Owen
Published: November 2023

No linear nexus links traditional practices to the formal institutions and procedures of Japan’s contemporary legal order. They did not evolve from the past. Nor do they reflect a cultural consensus of shared values and preferences of the Japanese people as if the product of some sort of nationwide referendum. Rather in nearly all respects, Japan’s contemporary legal order was an imposed system. Like the formal institutions of Heian, Kamakura, sengoku, and Tokugawa justice, those of contemporary Japan were the creation of ruling elites, with later embellishments imposed by an alien occupying army.