bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimation of geometrical parameters of machine elements based on statistical methods to avoid resonance
Authors: Khot Siddappa M , Yelve Nitesh P
Published: July 2011

Resonance is a non-desirable situation, because amplitudes of high magnitude may cause malfunctioning of the machine element. The machine element can be redesigned or a vibration control technique can be implemented to take care of such situations. But these are post-design remedial solutions to the problem of resonance. If such situations are tackled in the initial stage of design itself by appropriately selecting the geometrical parameters so as to keep the natural frequency away from the operating frequency, it will be of great advantage as the time, cost and efforts involved in the redesign process, and expensive methods of controlling vibrations can be minimized, if not completely evaded. If it is tried analytically by considering the basic equations of natural frequencies which contain many parameters, a solution may not be obtained as the number of unknowns is more than that of the equations. Hence to give due consideration to resonance in the initial design stage and also to overcome the problem of analytical approach, the use of statistical methods is suggested here. This paper deals with two avenues of using statistical methods for estimating geometrical parameters of machine elements so as to preclude resonance. First, prediction of significant parameters, which contributes more in the total variation of natural frequency by using the concept of Design of Experiments and Analysis of Variance techniques; and second, by performing regression analysis, formulation of a mathematical function in terms of significant geometric parameters, which is capable of giving appropriate combination of parameters in a given range so as to rule out resonance. To demonstrate both these analyses a cantilever beam is considered. To extend the use of a regression model to a practical case and to check whether it gives appropriate results, it is applied to a compressor reed valve which is structurally equivalent to the cantilever beam.
Vibration analysis of nanotubes conveying fluid based on gradient elasticity theory
Authors: Wang L
Published: July 2011

In this paper two theoretical beam models are proposed for the vibration analysis of fluid-conveying nanotubes using the theory of strain gradient elasticity combined with inertia gradients. For comparison purposes, two stress gradient elasticity beam models were also discussed. Both theories were formulated using either the Euler-Bernoulli or the Timoshenko assumptions. Unlike the stress gradient beam models, in which only one material length scale parameter is introduced, the combined strain/inertia gradient beam models include two material length scale parameters related to the inertia and strain gradients, which enable us to investigate the size effect on the dynamical behavior of nanotubes conveying fluid. Results show that the size effect predicted by stress gradient beam models is not pronounced. However, for combined strain/inertia gradient beam models, the natural frequencies obtained display size-dependent properties. For small aspect ratios, the natural frequencies predicted by the combined strain/inertia gradient beam models are much smaller than the stress gradient results. Moreover, the critical flow velocities predicted by the combined strain/inertia gradient beam models are slightly higher than those predicted by the stress gradient beam models, showing that the stability of nanotubes is enhanced due to the consideration of inertia gradients.
Performance of variable friction pendulum system for torsionally coupled structures
Authors: Panchal Vijay R , Jangid Radhey S
Published: July 2011

A method for dynamic analysis of a torsionally coupled structure isolated with variable friction pendulum system (VFPS) (an advanced friction base isolator recently developed by the authors) is demonstrated. As the name suggests, the novelty of the VFPS is its variation of the friction coefficient at the sliding interface. The friction coefficient of the VFPS is such that up to a certain value of the isolator displacement it increases and then it decreases with a further increase in the isolator displacement. Six pairs of near-fault ground motions are selected as input ground motions in the study. The analysis considers the effects of the interaction developed between the frictional forces in the two principal directions due to sliding of the individual VFPS isolator. In order to investigate the effectiveness of the base isolation using the VFPS, the coupled lateral-torsional response is obtained under different parametric variations by employing Newmark's step-by-step method assuming linear variation of acceleration over a small time interval. The effectiveness of the base isolation using the VFPS is quantified with the help of the response ratio between the peak responses of the torsionally coupled structure with and without the VFPS. Moreover, the behavior of the structure isolated by the VFPS has been compared with the same structure isolated using the conventional friction pendulum system (FPS) and the double concave friction pendulum (DCFP) bearing. The numerical results of the extensive parametric study help in understanding the torsional behavior of the structure isolated with the VFPS under near-fault ground motions. It is also found that the VFPS behaves remarkably better than the FPS in controlling the torsional response for all types of torsional systems. The VFPS is also superior to the DCFP for torsionally flexible systems, whereas the behavior of the VFPS is nearly identical to that of the DCFP for torsionally rigid systems.
Bringing in the Target Audience in Bystander Social Marketing Materials for Communities: Suggestions for Practitioners
Authors: Potter Sharyn J. , Stapleton Jane G.
Published: July 2011

The Know Your Power TM social marketing campaign images model active bystander behaviors that target audience members can use in situations where sexual and relationship violence and stalking are occurring, have occurred, or have the potential to occur. In this practitioner note, we describe strategies that we have used to engage target audience members in the development of the social marketing campaign that we hope can be used by practitioners. We give examples from the development and evaluation of the Know Your PowerTM social marketing campaign that used focus group and other types of feedback from the target audience to inform the direction of the campaign.
Depression Screening and Interventions for Older Home Health Care Patients
Authors: Delaney Colleen , Fortinsky Richard , Doonan Lorraine , Grimes Rita L. W. , Terra-Lee Pearson , Rosenberg Suzanne , Bruce Martha L.
Published: July 2011

The increasing prevalence of depression in elderly home health care patients led to a statewide initiative in Connecticut to enhance evidence-based depression treatment for older adults. A training curriculum on depression screening and interventions was developed and disseminated to 25 home care professionals representing 14 agencies in Connecticut using a train-the-trainer model. Home care trainers included nurses and social workers. This article describes Phase I curriculum design and initial evaluation of the impact of the training on the preparation of trainers to provide depression care education at their home care agencies. Several evaluation measures, including an appraisal of the self-reported attitudes and self-efficacy of home care professionals towards depressed older adults, a pre/post-test to assess the trainers’ knowledge, and willingness of trainers to implement the education program at their agencies were used to assess program outcomes. Participants’ self-efficacy levels in screening and caring for depressed older adults was significantly increased following the education program compared to immediately before the education program (t, (24) = -4.204; p < .001).
Soundtrack of the School Shootings
Authors: Kiilakoski Tomi , Oksanen Atte
Published: July 2011

School shootings have had an enormous cultural impact on discussions about youth worldwide. Studies on school shootings have not yet considered the complex nature of youth subcultures, often blaming particular subcultures or cultural products. This article analyzes how school shooters use different cultural products including books, films and, especially, music. The interest lies in examining how particular cultural products are woven into the fabric of the cultural script of school shootings. The music of 46 videos left by the Finnish Jokela High School shooter is analyzed in the context of the cultural script of the shootings. School shooters are not only fascinated by previous shootings but are also fans of similar cultural products. Music is actively used as a reference. Shooters actively searched for lyrics that enforce the idea of revolutionary violence. Internet videos offered a channel for shooters to interact with other people.
Somali Young Women and Hierarchies of Belonging
Authors: Phoenix Aisha
Published: July 2011

This article examines the effect of ‘War on Terror’ discourses on the ways in which young Somali Muslim women negotiate hierarchies of belonging in Britain. It begins by considering how discourses of the ‘War on Terror’ have helped to legitimize Islamophobia and to exclude Muslims from belonging to the nation. The main part of the article draws on the findings of a study of Somali young women in a London college. It argues that while young Somali women in London construct themselves as unaffected by Islamophobia, their efforts to establish themselves as ‘cool’ by forging ‘new Muslim identities’ and ‘new ethnicities’ are driven by their positioning low down in the local hierarchies of belonging as a result of Islamophobia and racism.
Neutralizing sexual victimization: A typology of victims’ non-reporting accounts
Authors: Weiss Karen G.
Published: July 2011

Drawing its examples from National Crime Victimization Survey narratives, this article proposes a theoretical framework for elucidating victims’ non-reporting accounts, the rationales that victims use to justify why they do not report sexual victimization to police. The framework delineates four account types—denying criminal intent, denying serious injury, denying victim innocence, and rejecting a victim identity—that each problematize one or more critical elements of real and reportable crime. By delineating victims’ accounts of unwanted sexual incidents, along with each account’s distinct neutralization strategies, non-reporting rationales, and cognitive benefits, this article contributes theoretically to discourses on unreported and unacknowledged rape, as well as to a broader literature on non-reported crime.
Pulmonary rehabilitation in the United Kingdom
Authors: Yohannes AM , Stone RA , Lowe D. , Pursey NA , Buckingham RJ , Roberts CM
Published: July 2011

We audited the UK provision of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and the quality of the programmes provided against national standards. All eligible UK Acute Trusts were invited to participate in a national audit of COPD in 2008. Eleven quality indicators for PR were derived from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) and the British Thoracic Society guidelines. Participants provided details of staff involved in their programme to self-assess whether they met each quality indicator in full, partially or not at all. Data were collected using a bespoke Web tool. Data were received from 239 acute units, a trust participation rate of 98%. Of the 239 units, 138 (58%) had provision of PR for all eligible patients and 76 (32%) for some but not all patients. Of these 214 PR, 13 (6%) programmes met all 11 quality indicators in full, median 8 with an interquartile range (IQR) of 7-9 for all PR programmes. One third of the programmes fully met the standards that continuation PR phases be provided, staff be trained in resuscitation and services be fully audited. Despite widespread provision of PR in the UK, the quality of programmes is variable and often less than satisfactory. Lack of funding is cited as a primary barrier to all eligible COPD patients not receiving PR. Those responsible for PR must act to improve the quality of services and audit their effectiveness before service expansion to meet future demand that can be justified.
Effect of exercise training on vascular endothelial function in patients with stable coronary artery disease: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Luk Ting-Hin , Dai Yuk-Ling , Siu Chung-Wah , Yiu Kai-Hang , Chan Hiu-Ting , Lee Stephen WL , Li Sheung-Wai , Fong Bonnie , Wong Wai-Keung , Tam Sidney , Lau Chu-Pak , Tse Hung-Fat
Published: July 2011

Background: We aim to investigate the effect of exercise training on endothelial function and exercise capacity in patients with coronary artery disease.

Methods and results: A randomized, controlled trial was conducted to determine the effects of an 8-week exercise training programme ( n = 32) vs. controls ( n = 32) on brachial flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in patients with stable CAD. After 8 weeks, patients received exercise training had significant improvements in FMD (1.84%, p = 0.002) and exercise capacity (2.04 metabolic equivalents, p < 0.001) compared with controls. The change in FMD correlated inversely with baseline FMD ( r = −0.41, p = 0.001) and positively with the increase in exercise capacity ( r = 0.35, p = 0.005). After adjusting for confounders, every 1 metabolic equivalent increase in exercise capacity was associated with 0.55% increase in FMD. Furthermore, patients received exercise training had significantly increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and decreased diastolic blood pressure and resting heart rate compared with controls. However, exercise training did not alter high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, oxidative stress measured as superoxide dismutase and 8-isoprostane, and CD34/KDR + endothelial progenitor cell count. Subgroup analysis showed that FMD was significantly improved only in CAD patients with baseline low exercise capacity (<median value of 7.65 metabolic equivalents, p = 0.004) but not in those with normal exercise capacity.

Conclusion: Exercise training improved FMD and exercise capacity in stable CAD patients independent of the changes in inflammation, oxidative stress, or endothelial progenitor cells. The beneficial effects of exercise training on FMD and exercise capacity are inter-related, and more pronounced in those with baseline impaired exercise capacity.
Relation between thyroid-stimulating hormone and the occurrence of cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with manifest vascular diseases
Authors: Westerink Jan , van der Graaf Yolanda , Faber Daniël R , Spiering Wilko , Visseren Frank LJ
Published: July 2011

Aims: To investigate whether levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) within the normal range are associated with an increased risk of new vascular events and mortality in patients with clinical manifest vascular diseases and whether this relation is influenced by adiposity.

Methods and results: Prospective cohort study in 2443 patients (1790 men and 653 women) with clinical manifest vascular disease and TSH levels in the normal range. Median follow up was 2.7 (interquartile range 1.4–3.9) years. Clinical endpoints of interest were: myocardial infarction, stroke, vascular death, and all-cause mortality. In patients with manifest vascular disease, the prevalence of (subclinical) hypothyroidism was 5.7%, while 3.6% had (subclinical) hyperthyroidism. An increase in 1 unit of TSH was associated with a 33% higher risk (HR 1.33; 95% CI 1.03–1.73) for the occurrence of myocardial infarction, adjusted for age, gender, renal function, and smoking. In patients with a body mass index (BMI) below the median of 26.7 kg/m2 the HR per unit TSH for myocardial infarction was 1.55 (95% CI 1.08–2.21) compared to 1.18 (95% CI 0.81–1.71) in patients with a BMI ≥26.7 kg/m2. Visceral adipose tissue thickness below the median (≤8.8 cm) was associated with higher HR per unit TSH for myocardial infarction (HR 1.69; 95% CI 1.21–2.35) compared to visceral adipose tissue thickness >8.9 cm (HR 1.00; 95% CI 0.66–1.49). There was no relation between TSH and risk of stroke, vascular death, the combined endpoint, or all-cause mortality.

Conclusion: Higher TSH levels within the normal range are associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction, in patients with clinical manifest vascular disease. This relation is most prominent in patients without visceral obesity.
Tackling anti-social behaviour: Lessons from New Labour for the Coalition Government
Authors: Hodgkinson Sarah , Tilley Nick
Published: July 2011

An ongoing commitment to tackling anti-social behaviour was a central part of the New Labour policy agenda throughout their 13 years in government. Their policy and practice became increasingly enforcement-led with the anti-social behaviour order (ASBO) at the cornerstone of their agenda. Police and local authorities came under pressure to see the ASBO, along with a whole range of other enforcement powers, as almost a panacea for tackling anti-social behaviour and, in particular, youth disorder. This article draws upon the literature, the authors’ own evaluation experience and recently released statistics from the Ministry of Justice and the British Crime Survey to examine the legacy of New Labour in terms of tackling anti-social behaviour. These are discussed within the context of the Coalition Government’s emerging ideas about how best to tackle anti-social behaviour, including their plans to abandon the ASBO along with other enforcement measures introduced under New Labour. We suggest that rather than abandoning the ASBO altogether, there may be advantages to ‘rehabilitating’ the ASBO within the context of a range of more far-sighted and proactive community-based measures. We discuss the lessons to be learnt from New Labour’s legacy and discuss ways forward within the context of coalition government policy.
Proximal interphalangeal joint arthroplasty with silicone implants (NeuFlex) by a lateral approach: a series of 51 cases
Authors: Merle M. , Villani F. , Lallemand B. , Vaienti L.
Published: July 2011

The aim of this study is to assess outcomes of a lateral surgical approach for proximal interphalangeal joint arthroplasty with NeuFlex® silicone implants for primary degenerative osteoarthritis. We reviewed 51 arthroplasties performed on 43 patients. The mean follow up period was 36 months (range 18–42). The average preoperative range of motion (ROM) was 38°. The average postoperative ROM was 63°. In 21/51 (41%) cases, there was an average axial deviation of 17° (range 10–30°). VAS and Quick DASH scores improved. In 5/51 (10%) cases, further surgery was required. Our lateral approach seems to be effective and minimally invasive, providing adequate exposure. Contralateral incision and contralateral ligament reinforcement should be performed, whenever necessary, to improve lateral stability.
Chronic IFN-γ production in mice induces anemia by reducing erythrocyte life span and inhibiting erythropoiesis through an IRF-1/PU.1 axis
Authors: Libregts Sten F. , Gutiérrez Laura , de Bruin Alexander M. , Wensveen Felix M. , Papadopoulos Petros , van Ijcken Wilfred , Özgür Zeliha , Philipsen Sjaak , Nolte Martijn A.
Published: July 2011

Anemia of chronic disease is a complication accompanying many inflammatory diseases. The proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ has been implicated in this form of anemia, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here we describe a novel mouse model for anemia of chronic disease, in which enhanced CD27-mediated costimulation strongly increases the formation of IFN-γ–producing effector T cells, leading to a progressive anemia. We demonstrate that the anemia in these mice is fully dependent on IFN-γ and that this cytokine reduces both the life span and the formation of red blood cells. Molecular analysis revealed that IFN-γ induces expression of the transcription factors of interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) and PU.1 in both murine and human erythroid precursors. We found that, on IFN-γ stimulation, IRF-1 binds to the promoter of SPI.1 (PU.1) and induces PU.1 expression, leading to inhibition of erythropoiesis. Notably, down-regulation of either IRF-1 or PU.1 expression is sufficient to overcome IFN-γ–induced inhibition of erythropoiesis. These findings reveal a molecular mechanism by which chronic exposure to IFN-γ induces anemia.
Multi-institutional phase 2 study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib (R115777) in patients with relapsed and refractory lymphomas
Authors: Witzig Thomas E. , Tang Hui , Micallef Ivana N. M. , Ansell Stephen M. , Link Brian K. , Inwards David J. , Porrata Luis F. , Johnston Patrick B. , Colgan Joseph P. , Markovic Svetomir N. , Nowakowski Grzegorz S. , Thompson Carrie A. , Allmer Cristine , Maurer Matthew J. , Gupta Mamta , Weiner George , Hohl Ray , Kurtin Paul J. , Ding Husheng , Loegering David , Schneider Paula , Peterson Kevin , Habermann Thomas M. , Kaufmann Scott H.
Published: July 2011

A phase 2 study of the oral farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib was conducted in 93 adult patients with relapsed or refractory lymphoma. Patients received tipifarnib 300 mg twice daily on days 1-21 of each 28-day cycle. The median number of prior therapies was 5 (range, 1-17). For the aggressive B-cell, indolent B-cell, and T-cell and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL/T) groups, the response rates were 17% (7/42), 7% (1/15), and 31% (11/36), respectively. Of the 19 responders, 7 were diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), 7 T-cell NHL, 1 follicular grade 2, and 4 HL. The median response duration for the 19 responders was 7.2 months (mean, 15.8 months; range, 1.8-62), and 5 patients in the HL/T group are still receiving treatment at 29-64+ months. The grade 3/4 toxicities observed were fatigue and reversible myelosuppression. Correlative studies suggest that Bim and Bcl-2 should be examined as potential predictors of response in future studies. These results indicate that tipifarnib has activity in lymphoma, particularly in heavily pretreated HL/T types, with little activity in follicular NHL. In view of its excellent toxicity profile and novel mechanism of action, further studies in combination with other agents appear warranted. This trial is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00082888.
Splenic marginal zone lymphoma with VH1-02 gene rearrangement expresses poly- and self-reactive antibodies with similar reactivity
Authors: Warsame Abdirashid A. , Aasheim Hans-Christian , Nustad Kjell , Trøen Gunhild , Tierens Anne , Wang Vivian , Randen Ulla , Dong Hiep P. , Heim Sverre , Brech Andreas , Delabie Jan
Published: July 2011

One-third of all splenic marginal zone lymphomas (SMZL) use the IgH VH1-02 gene. These cases are usually not associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Of interest, the rearranged VH1-02 genes display similar complementarity determining regions 3, a finding confirmed by our study. The latter suggests that these SMZL may produce antibodies with similar reactivity. We produced recombinant antibodies from 5 SMZL cases with VH1-02 gene rearrangement to study the binding reactivity of these antibodies. Surprisingly, the recombinant antibodies demonstrated poly- and self-reactivity as demonstrated by their reactivity with nuclear, cytoplasmic, as well as membranous antigens expressed by human cells and by reactivity with human serum. This polyreactivity was specific as demonstrated by ELISA. The antibodies did not react with proteins on the cell surface that are induced by apoptosis as shown for antibodies produced by chronic lymphatic leukemia with VH1-02 gene rearrangement. The results indicate that a common subset of SMZL arises from polyreactive B cells, a subset of marginal zone B cells that are important in the immunologic defense against infection.
Association between asymptomatic hyperuricemia and new-onset chronic kidney disease in Japanese male workers: a long-term retrospective cohort study
Authors: Kawashima Masatoshi , Wada Koji , Ohta Hiroshi , Terawaki Hiroyuki , Aizawa Yoshiharu
Published: July 2011

Background

Hyperuricemia is prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We explored the hypothesis that asymptmatic hyperuricemia may be associated with new-onset CKD.

Methods

The participants were all male factory workers in Kanagawa, Japan (n = 1,285). All were over 40 years of age and had undergone annual health examinations from 1990 to 2007. Individuals with a history of gouty attacks were excluded from the study. A retrospective cohort study was conducted by following the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) for each participant over a maximum period of 18 years. The endpoint was new-onset CKD defined as eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. The associations between new-onset CKD and the presence of hyperuricemia, low serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity were analyzed.

Results

The mean (± standard deviation) follow-up period was 95.2 (± 66.7) months, and new-onset CKD was observed in 100 participants (7.8%) during this follow-up. Cox proportional hazards model revealed that the hazard ratio of new-onset CKD due to hyperuricemia, low serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypertension and obesity were 3.99 (95% confidence interval: 2.59-6.15), 1.69 (1.00-2.86), 2.00 (1.29-3.11) and 1.35 (0.87-2.10), respectively. Concerning hyperuricemia, low serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypertension and obesity, the log-rank tests showed P values of < 0.01, 0.01, < 0.01 and < 0.01, respectively.

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest that asymptomatic hyperuricemia is a predictive factor for new-onset CKD for Japanese male workers.
Survival advantages conferred to colon cancer cells by E-selectin-induced activation of the PI3K-NFκB survival axis downstream of Death receptor-3
Authors: Porquet Nicolas , Poirier Andrée , Houle François , Pin Anne-Laure , Gout Stéphanie , Tremblay Pierre-Luc , Paquet Éric R , Klinck Roscoe , Auger François A , Huot Jacques
Published: July 2011

Background

Extravasation of circulating cancer cells is a key event of metastatic dissemination that is initiated by the adhesion of cancer cells to endothelial cells. It requires interactions between adhesion receptors on endothelial cells and their counter-receptors on cancer cells. Notably, E-selectin, a major endothelial adhesion receptor, interacts with Death receptor-3 present on metastatic colon carcinoma cells. This interaction confers metastatic properties to colon cancer cells by promoting the adhesion of cancer cells to endothelial cells and triggering the activation of the pro-migratory p38 and pro-survival ERK pathways in the cancer cells. In the present study, we investigated further the mechanisms by which the E-selectin-activated pathways downstream of DR3 confer a survival advantage to colon cancer cells.

Methods

Cell survival has been ascertained by using the WST-1 assay and by evaluating the activation of the PI3 kinase/NFκB survival axis. Apoptosis has been assayed by determining DNA fragmentation by Hoechst staining and by measuring cleavage of caspases-8 and -3. DR3 isoforms have been identified by PCR. For more precise quantification, targeted PCR reactions were carried out, and the amplified products were analyzed by automated chip-based microcapillary electrophoresis on an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer instrument.

Results

Interaction between DR3-expressing HT29 colon carcinoma cells and E-selectin induces the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Moreover, p65/RelA, the anti-apoptotic subunit of NFκB, is rapidly translocated to the nucleus in response to E-selectin. This translocation is impaired by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. Furthermore, inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway increases the cleavage of caspase 8 in colon cancer cells treated with E-selectin and this effect is still further increased when both ERK and PI3K pathways are concomitantly inhibited. Intriguingly, metastatic colon cancer cell lines such as HT29 and SW620 express higher levels of a splice variant of DR3 that has no trans-membrane domain and no death domain.

Conclusion

Colon cancer cells acquire an increased capacity to survive via the activation of the PI3K/NFκB pathway following the stimulation of DR3 by E-selectin. Generation of a DR3 splice variant devoid of death domain can further contribute to protect against apoptosis.
The impact of diabetes on tuberculosis treatment outcomes: A systematic review
Authors: Baker Meghan A , Harries Anthony D , Jeon Christie Y , Hart Jessica E , Kapur Anil , Lönnroth Knut , Ottmani Salah-Eddine , Goonesekera Sunali D , Murray Megan B
Published: July 2011

Background

Multiple studies of tuberculosis treatment have indicated that patients with diabetes mellitus may experience poor outcomes.

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantitatively summarize evidence for the impact of diabetes on tuberculosis outcomes.

Methods

We searched PubMed, EMBASE and the World Health Organization Regional Indexes from 1 January 1980 to 31 December 2010 and references of relevant articles for reports of observational studies that included people with diabetes treated for tuberculosis. We reviewed the full text of 742 papers and included 33 studies of which 9 reported culture conversion at two to three months, 12 reported the combined outcome of failure and death, 23 reported death, 4 reported death adjusted for age and other potential confounding factors, 5 reported relapse, and 4 reported drug resistant recurrent tuberculosis.

Results

Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of failure and death during tuberculosis treatment. Patients with diabetes have a risk ratio (RR) for the combined outcome of failure and death of 1.69 (95% CI, 1.36 to 2.12). The RR of death during tuberculosis treatment among the 23 unadjusted studies is 1.89 (95% CI, 1.52 to 2.36), and this increased to an effect estimate of 4.95 (95% CI, 2.69 to 9.10) among the 4 studies that adjusted for age and other potential confounding factors. Diabetes is also associated with an increased risk of relapse (RR, 3.89; 95% CI, 2.43 to 6.23). We did not find evidence for an increased risk of tuberculosis recurrence with drug resistant strains among people with diabetes. The studies assessing sputum culture conversion after two to three months of tuberculosis therapy were heterogeneous with relative risks that ranged from 0.79 to 3.25.

Conclusions

Diabetes increases the risk of failure and death combined, death, and relapse among patients with tuberculosis. This study highlights a need for increased attention to treatment of tuberculosis in people with diabetes, which may include testing for suspected diabetes, improved glucose control, and increased clinical and therapeutic monitoring.
Cancer-Induced Bone Pain Sequentially Activates the ERK/MAPK Pathway in Different Cell Types in the Rat Spinal Cord
Authors: Wang Li-Na , Yao Ming , Yang Jian-Ping , Peng Jun , Peng Yan , Li Cai-Fang , Zhang Yan-Bing , Ji Fu-Hai , Cheng Hao , Xu Qi-Nian , Wang Xiu-Yun , Zuo Jian-Ling
Published: July 2011

Background:

Previous studies have demonstrates that, after nerve injury, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) activation in the spinal cord-initially in neurons, then microglia, and finally astrocytes. In addition, phosphorylation of ERK (p-ERK) contributes to nociceptive responses following inflammation and/or nerve injury. However, the role of spinal cells and the ERK/MAPK pathway in cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP) remains poorly understood. The present study analyzed activation of spinal cells and the ERK/MAPK pathway in a rat model of bone cancer pain.

Results:

A Sprague Dawley rat model of bone cancer pain was established and the model was evaluated by a series of tests. Moreover, fluorocitrate (reversible glial metabolic inhibitor) and U0126 (a MEK inhibitor) was administered intrathecally. Western blots and double immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression and location of phosphorylation of ERK (p-ERK). Our studies on pain behavior show that the time between day 6 and day 18 is a reasonable period (“time window” as the remaining stages) to investigate bone cancer pain mechanisms and to research analgesic drugs. Double-labeling immunofluorescence revealed that p-ERK was sequentially expressed in neurons, microglia, and astrocytes in the L4-5 superficial spinal cord following inoculation of Walker 256 cells. Phosphorylation of ERK (p-ERK) and the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB) increased in the spinal cord of CIBP rats, which was attenuated by intrathecal injection of fluorocitrate or U0126.

Conclusions:

The ERK inhibitors could have a useful role in CIBP management, because the same target is expressed in various cells at different times.
Specific expression of GPR56 by human cytotoxic lymphocytes
Authors: Peng Yen-Ming , van de Garde Martijn D B , Cheng Kai-Fong , Baars Paul A , Remmerswaal Ester B M , van Lier René A W , Mackay Charles R , Lin Hsi-Hsien , Hamann Jörg
Published: July 2011

We here report the existence of a new cluster of adhesion-GPCRs in human immune cells. Analysis of a comprehensive immune cell transcriptome dataset indicated that expression of the closely related receptors, GPR56, GPR97, and GPR114, is associated with single lymphocyte and granulocyte subsets. Applying flow cytometric analysis with newly generated mAb, we show that expression of GPR56 is restricted to cytotoxic NK and T lymphocytes, including CD8+, CD4+, and γδ T cells. Primary infection with human CMV, which generates a vast population of CD8+ T cells with an effector phenotype, induced a strong increase in GPR56 expression in virus-specific CD8+ T cells that remained detectable during latency. In NK-92 cells, ectopic expression of GPR56 inhibited spontaneous and SDF-1-stimulated cell migration. Our data suggest that GPR56 expression is a common trait of human cytotoxic lymphocytes and might affect the migratory properties of these cells.
Changes in neuropsychological functioning following treatment for late-life generalised anxiety disorder
Authors: Butters Meryl A. , Bhalla Rishi K. , Andreescu Carmen , Wetherell Julie Loebach , Mantella Rose , Begley Amy E. , Lenze Eric J.
Published: July 2011

Background

Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) in older adults is associated with neuropsychological impairment.

Aims

We examined neuropsychological functioning in older adults with GAD in comparison with psychiatrically healthy older adults at baseline, and we examined changes following a 12-week placebo-controlled trial of escitalopram.

Method

A total of 160 participants without dementia aged ⩾60 with current GAD and 37 individuals in a comparison group without psychiatric history underwent neuropsychological assessment. Of these, 129 participants with GAD were reassessed post-treatment (trial registration: NCT00105586).

Results

The participants with GAD performed worse than the comparison group in information processing speed, working memory, inhibition, problem-solving (including concept formation and mental flexibility) and immediate and delayed memory. Neuropsychological functioning was correlated with everyday functioning. After treatment, those with low cognitive scores experienced working memory, delayed memory and visuospatial ability improvement and those who reported clinical improvement in anxiety exhibited improvement in the ability to engage inhibition and episodic recall. These improvements were modest and of similar magnitude in both treatment conditions.

Conclusions

Generalised anxiety disorder in older adults is associated with neuropsychological impairments, which are associated with functional impairment. Those with GAD who either have a low cognitive performance or report clinical improvement in anxiety post-treatment, show improvement in multiple cognitive domains. These findings underscore the importance of treatments that aid cognition as well as anxiety symptoms.
Bis(μ-iodo)bis[(−)-sparteine]dicopper: A Versatile Catalyst for Direct O-Arylation and O-Alkylation of Phenols and Aliphatic Alcohols with Haloarenes
Authors: Satyanarayana Ponnam , Maheswaran Hariharasarma , Kantam Mannepalli Lakshmi , Bhargava Suresh
Published: July 2011

The easy to prepare dimeric bis(μ-iodo)bis[(−)-sparteine]dicopper ([CuI{(−)-spa}]2 complex) is shown to be versatile catalyst for O-arylation and O-alkylation with various aryl halides with phenols and aliphatic alcohols respectively, including less reactive aryl chlorides, such as chlorobenzene under mild conditions.
Drying Process of Emulsions Stabilized by Solid Particles
Authors: Nakagawa Naoki , Nonomura Yoshimune
Published: July 2011

We observed the drying process of Pickering emulsions with a microscope. In the case of water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions stabilized by common surfactants, the emulsion droplets shrunk while maintaining their spherical shapes. On the other hand, in the case of w/o emulsions stabilized by solid particles, wrinkles occurred and expanded on the droplet surfaces. The colorant dissolved in the water phase remained in a wide area after drying.
Synthesis and n-Type Field-effect Transistor Characteristics of Dioxopyrrolopyrrole Derivatives
Authors: Suna Yuki , Nishida Jun-ichi , Fujisaki Yoshihide , Yamashita Yoshiro
Published: July 2011

Dioxopyrrolopyrrole derivatives with electron-withdrawing groups have been synthesized and applied to organic field-effect transistors as n-channel semiconductors. A derivative with an intermolecular hydrogen-bonding network showed a good electron mobility up to 2.9 × 10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1.
Inter- and intra-observer assessment of the Galactogram Imaging Classification System (GICS)
Authors: Torres-Alés Carolina , Berná-Serna Juan de Dios , Berná-Mestre Juan de Dios , Sola-Pérez Joaquín
Published: July 2011

Background

A new system for the classification of galactograms is reported. To date, there is no universally accepted classification system.

Purpose

To evaluate inter- and intra-observer agreement of the Galactogram Imaging Classification System (GICS)

Material and Methods

Six observers with different levels of experience retrospectively evaluated 30 galactograms using the GICS. Images were reviewed independently twice within a four-week period. The kappa statistic was calculated for intra- and inter-observer variability.

Results

The kappa for inter-observer agreement was moderate to substantial (range 0.41–0.72). Overall, the intra-observer kappa values were excellent (range 0.80–0.94).

Conclusion

The present study shows a good to very good inter- and intra-observer agreement with the GICS. We believe the GICS can be incorporated into daily practice.
Vertebral artery occlusion with Amplatzer vascular plug 4 to prevent subsequent endoleak in stent-graft treatment of subclavian artery gunshot injury
Authors: Peynircioglu Bora , Yurttutan Nursel , Gulek Bozkurt , Cil Barbaros , Yilmaz Mustafa
Published: July 2011

Endovascular treatment options have evolved in many ways and become an important alternative for open surgical repairs in various vascular territories. Herein, we present a case of an 18-year-old man with complex injury to the left subclavian artery and vein caused by a gunshot 4 months ago. After the gunshot, a high-flow fistula between the left subclavian artery and the vein occurred with pseudoaneurysm formation. This fistula led to a significant left subclavian steal phenomenon. A stent-graft was deployed along the injured left subclavian artery after embolization of the left vertebral artery by Amplatzer vascular plug 4 (AVP-4) in order to prevent subsequent endoleak due to the subclavian steal syndrome.
Denial of pregnancy – a literature review and discussion of ethical and legal issues
Authors: Jenkins Angela , Millar Simon , Robins James
Published: July 2011

Denial of pregnancy is an important condition that is more common than expected, with an incidence at 20 weeks gestation of approximately 1 in 475. The proportion of cases persisting until delivery is about 1 in 2500, a rate similar to that of eclampsia. Denial of pregnancy poses adverse consequences including psychological distress, unassisted delivery and neonaticide. It is difficult to predict which women will develop denial of pregnancy. There are a number of forms of denial of pregnancy, including psychotic and non-psychotic variants. Denial of pregnancy is a ‘red flag’ that should trigger referral for psychiatric assessment. A national registry may help to provide more information about this condition and implement appropriate care. This condition poses challenging legal and ethical issues including assessment of maternal capacity, evaluation of maternal (and possibly fetal) best interests and the possibility of detention in hospital.
Misadventures to patients during surgical and medical care in England and Wales: an analysis of deaths and hospital episodes
Authors: Ker Katharine , Edwards Phil , Roberts Ian
Published: July 2011

Objectives

To estimate incidence of injury to patients attributed to misadventures during surgical and medical care by age group and to examine recent trends.

Design

Analysis of routine morbidity and mortality data categorized by the 9th and 10th revisions of the International Classification of Diseases.

Participants

Children 0–14 years and adults ≥15 years.

Setting

England and Wales during 1999 to 2008 (hospital episodes) and 1979 to 2009 (deaths).

Main outcome measures

We calculated deaths per million person-years and per 1000 hospital episodes; hospital episodes per 100,000 person-years and per 100,000 procedures performed.

Results

The rate of death attributed to misadventures during surgical and medical care in patients aged 75 years and older was over 50 times (rate ratio 57.2; 95% confidence interval 38.3–85.3) higher than in children aged 1–14 years. Estimated hospital episode rates were 20 times (RR 20.0; 18.9–21.2) higher in patients aged 75 years and older. Mortality attributed to misadventures declined from 1.1 (0.9–1.4) deaths per million person-years in 1979 to 0.4 (0.2–0.6) in 2009. Hospital episodes of misadventures decreased between 1999 and 2008 from 30.8 (29.9–31.8) episodes per 100,000 procedures to 23.25 (22.5–24.1), but increased from 7.8 (7.6–8.1) per 100,000 person-years to 9.8 (9.5–10.1).

Conclusions

Misadventures during surgical and medical care are an important cause of avoidable injury. Older patients appear to be at higher risk of experiencing and dying from misadventure. Interpretation of recent trends is limited by uncertainties regarding the consistency and coverage of coding.
Homicide/suspicious death statistics for cases submitted to the forensic science laboratory in the Republic of Ireland for 2004–2008
Authors: Lee-Gorman Marce , MacNeill Sarah , Rizet Damien , McDermott Sean D
Published: July 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the trends and patterns of homicide in the Republic of Ireland over a five-year period (2004–2008). In total, 293 cases are covered in the survey. The majority of the victims were men. The most common age group of victims was 20–29 years old. The majority of the suspects were also men. The most common age was also 20–29 years old. Stabbing was the most common method used to kill and this often featured multiple wounds to the head and body. Shooting and blunt force traumas were also common. Homicides are more likely to occur over the weekend period. This study also explored the relationship between the suspect and the victim, the motive and the location of the fatal assault. In the majority of cases, the victim and the perpetrator were known to each other. The site of the fatal assault was most likely to be a residence and the most frequent motive was an argument/quarrelling. A small number of cases involved multiple fatalities, often involving relatives. The figures were compared with other international studies; our findings are broadly in agreement with them.
DNA binding proteins: outline of functional classification
Authors: Zheng Zhiming , Wang Ya
Published: July 2011

DNA-binding proteins composed of DNA-binding domains directly affect genomic functions, mainly by performing transcription, DNA replication or DNA repair. Here, we briefly describe the DNA-binding proteins according to these three major functions. Transcription factors that usually bind to specific sequences of DNA could be classified based on their sequence similarity and the structure of the DNA-binding domains, such as basic, zinc-coordinating, helix-turn-helix domains, etc. Most DNA replication factors do not need a specific sequence of DNA, but instead mainly depend on a DNA structure, with the exception of the origin recognition complex in yeast orEscherichia colithat recognizes the DNA sequences at particular origins. DNA replication includes initiation and elongation. The major DNA-binding proteins involved in these two steps are briefly described. DNA repair proteins bound to DNA depend on the damaged DNA structure. They are classified to base excision repair, DNA mismatch repair, nucleotide excision repair, homologous recombination repair and non-homologous end joining. The major DNA-binding proteins involved in these pathways are briefly described. Histone and high mobility group are two examples of DNA-binding proteins that do not belong to the three categories above and are briefly described. Finally, we warn that the non-specific binding proteins might have an affinity to some non-specific medium materials such as protein A or G beads that are commonly used for immune precipitation, which can easily generate false positive signals while detecting protein-protein interaction; therefore, the results need to be carefully analyzed using positive/negative controls.
Accuracy of a Novel System for Oxygen Delivery to Small Children
Authors: Coghill Matthew , Ambalavanan Namasivayam , Chatburn Robert L. , Hibberd Patricia L. , Wright Linda L. , Carlo Waldemar A. ,   for the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Global Network for Women's and Children's Health Research
Published: July 2011

OBJECTIVE:

Oxygen therapy for infants and small children in developing countries is often not available. Entrainment devices may provide an accurate and precise concentration of oxygen when used at the flow rates appropriate for infants and small children.

METHODS:

A continuously adjustable entrainment device was tested to determine the concentrations and flows of oxygen delivered by using low inlet flow rates suitable for therapy for infants and small children and 3 distinct oxygen delivery systems that varied in their resistive load.

RESULTS:

The use of long and large bore, low resistance tubing (similar to a mask) resulted in the delivery of oxygen concentrations that tracked closely (accurate and precise) to values indicated by the entrainment device. The directly connected system with lower resistance (similar to a hood) produced a similar profile of concentrations and flow rates to the large bore tubing but with even greater accuracy. The use of a long and narrow tubing with higher resistance (similar to a cannula) did not deliver accurate oxygen concentrations. In fact, this high-resistance system failed to work as intended, and instead of entraining air, a large proportion (sometimes >50%) of the oxygen delivered to the entrainment device was ejected through its vents.

CONCLUSIONS:

Entrainment devices can deliver accurate oxygen concentrations at low flow rates if used with low resistance delivery systems; however, entrainment devices are not suitable for use with high resistance delivery systems such as a standard nasal cannula.