bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunization status of children visiting a health centre in Uri, Jammu and Kashmir: reasons for drop-outs from immunization
Authors: Singh Ankita , Senger K. P. S. , Singh Arvind K. , Singh Ajay K.
Published: July 2017

Background: Immunization is one of the most powerful and cost effective tools available to improve public and global health and is essential for every child’s life. This study aims to estimate the immunization status and factors effecting drop-outs from immunization in children residing in Uri, Jammu & Kashmir. Methods: It is a cross-sectional descriptive study, with sample-size of 480 children between 12 to 23 months of age. Immunization status was assessed depending upon coverage of four important vaccines given during primary immunization. Results: The study showed that total primary immunization status of Uri was 58.12% with 91.2% OPV, 88.1% BCG, 72.5% DPT and 58.8% measles immunization (CI= 95%, p<0.05). Factors effecting drop-outs were distantly located health centre (27.9%), poor motivation (33.12%), lack of awareness (9.77%), and parental refusal (in case of OPV was 5.35%) (CI= 95%, p<0.05). Literate mothers were more likely to get their children completely immunized. Gender Bias wasn't observed. Conclusions: Findings suggest that immunization status needs to be improved by focussing on vaccines having low coverage (DPT and measles) by creating awareness and better out-reach facilities with the involvement of community workers.
Prevalence of hypertension and its socio-demographic factors among adult population in a rural community of Singur block, Hooghly district, West Bengal
Authors: Karmakar Nabarun , Naiya Sourav , Saha Indranil , Sinha Rabindranath , Sahoo Sanjaya Kumar , Dasgupta Aparajita
Published: July 2017

Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCD) are the leading cause of adult mortality and morbidity worldwide now days. The NCD like hypertension is emerging as a major health problem in India with increasing prevalence significantly in both urban and rural population. The objectives of the study were to find out the prevalence of hypertension and its association with socio-demographic factors among the study subjects, if any. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from May, 2013 to April, 2014 in rural communities of Singur block among 651 individuals, aged 20 years or above of both sexes except pregnant and seriously ill subjects. Data were collected about education, type of family, family history of hypertension, income etc. Results: The overall prevalence of hypertension was 26.1% (male 21.8% and female 29.9%). Prevalence increased with increase in age group. Muslim religion, less education and sedentary life styles were found to be significantly associated with hypertension; while socio-economic status had no association with hypertension. Conclusions: The prevalence of hypertension in the rural population was found to be on the higher side compared to previous reports from India. Strong public health measures need to be seriously implemented to combat hypertension and its consequences.
Adolescent anaemia its prevalence and determinants: a cross-sectional study from south Kerala, India
Authors: Soman Sajith Kumar , Areekal Binu , Murali Asha Joan , Varghese Rosin George
Published: July 2017

Background: Anaemia is currently one of the most common and intractable nutritional problems globally. During the period of adolescence, iron requirements increase dramatically in both boys and girls resulting in a higher probability of anaemia. The objective of the study was done to find out the prevalence of anaemia among adolescent boys and girls in Ambalapuzha Taluk and to assess the scholastic performance of the anaemic and non-anaemic in the study group. Methods: The setting was different schools of Ambalapuzha Taluk and the study was cross sectional in nature. Study subjects were children studying in 5th -10th standards selected from aided, unaided and government schools. The total sample size of the study was 2789 subjects. Statistical analysis: Data was entered in Microsoft excel and was analysed using SPSS 16.0 versionResults: The prevalence of anaemia in the whole population was 53.5% (C.I-51.64-55.34%). The anaemia prevalence in females was 62.0% (C.I -59.33-64.6) and in males was 46.1% (C.I -43.55-48.61). Out of the total population 0.4% were severely anaemic [male 0.3% (5) and female 0.5% (6)]. The prevalence of moderate anaemia was 3.4% [male 2.8% (41) and female 4.2% (54)] and that of mild anaemia was 49.7 [male 43% (640) and female 57.4% (746)]. The factors that were found to be significantly associated with adolescent anaemia were female gender (62% vs. 46.1%), being overweight (59.7% vs. 53.2), not taking WIFS regularly (56.5% vs. 51.8% and 28.6% among irregularly taking WIFS and regular takers) and children coming from families with monthly income less than INR 1000. Conclusions: On comparing the academic performance of anaemic and non-anaemic children it was found that the aggregate marks was significantly lower in the anaemic group (178.11 marks) compared to the non-anaemic group (217.63 marks) (p=0.001).
Global hunger index of India based on National family health survey-IV with special reference to some states and critical review
Authors: Khobragade Ashish Wasudeo , Rajan K.
Published: July 2017

Background: India is facing serious hunger situation now. Factors responsible for this hunger situation are different. This study focuses on hunger situation in 4 different states of India and remedial measures.Methods: Secondary data was collected from National Family Health Survey-IV (NFHS). Data entry was done in excel sheet. GHI was calculated using new formula given by IFPRI.Results: There are wide disparities in hunger situation in Indian states. Madhya Pradesh is in alarming state of hunger.Conclusions: Hunger situation in Indian states varies from states to states. Different types of interventions are required at each state level to improve the overall hunger situation.
Qualitative exploration of infant and young child feeding practices in rural field practice area of SSIMS and RC: a focus group discussion study
Authors: R. G. Geethalakshmi , J. S. Smitha Yadav
Published: July 2017

Background: The art of infant feeding is a blend of biology and culture. A large no of women in India are already traditionally inclined towards infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices. The need is to identify specific problems in local community. The strong influence of socio-cultural milieu is detrimental to health of the child. It is important that every opportunity of contact of health personnel with care givers should be taken to counsel on infant feeding.Methods: A Focus group discussion Study was conducted between February and May 2017. Mothers with child less than 2 years of age, grand-mothers and health care providers (ASHA’s and ANM’s) who form the stake holders population of IYCF were involved after taking consent. Each Homogenous group had 6-12 participants. Qualitative information was collected till saturation was achieved.Results: 6 FGD’s in each homogenous group were conducted. Colostrum was considered impure, giving honey as pre lacteal feed was a ritual, inadequate milk secretion, lack of knowledge about when and what complementary feeds to be given and also about importance of breast feeding till 2 years of age and giving artificial feeds. These were reasons for improper IYCF practices.Conclusions: This study emphasises the importance of group opinion prevailing in the local community for IYCF practices which is essential for instituting health education.
Knowledge, attitude and practices about diabetes mellitus and its complications in T2DM patients attending the UHC in Mumbai
Authors: Kazi Rufiat Nasiruddin , Bote Mangala M. , Raikar Kedar J.
Published: July 2017

Background: Diabetes Mellitus has become a major public health problem in India and also the major cause of disability through complications such as blindness, renal failure, lower limb gangrene etc. People suffering from Diabetes related complications are many times unaware about the measures to curb the onset of the complications. The aim of the study was to assess knowledge, attitude and practices about diabetes and its complications in the diabetic patientsMethods: This was a cross sectional descriptive study conducted at an Urban Health Centre attached to the parent medical college in Mumbai. The knowledge, attitude and practices of the 116 participants who were registered at the non-communicable disease (NCD) OPD were assessed via a pre-designed, pre-tested interviewer administered questionnaire. Statistical analysis used: SPSS version 20.Results: Majority belonged the age groups of 40-60 years (69%), 63.8% were women, 91.4% were married and 44.4% were illiterate. 13.8% of the respondents had correct knowledge about the causes of diabetes and 62.9% could correctly identify the symptoms of diabetes. Knowledge regarding the complications in diabetics was found to be quite low with only 52.6% correctly identifying one or more complications. The most commonly known complication was neuropathy (83.6%) followed by nephropathy (57.3%). The attitude of the patients with respect to screening of complications was found to be poor and the same reflected in their practicesConclusions: There is a lack of understanding of the basics of the disease, its prevention as well as prevention of complications in those suffering from the disease.
Clinico -epidemiological study of human rabies cases attending epidemic disease hospital Mysore city, Karnataka, India
Authors: Kulkarni Praveen , Marulappa Vamadeva Giriyapura , Manjunath Renuka
Published: July 2017

Background: Rabies is the 10th biggest cause of death due to infectious diseases worldwide. It is estimated that 2.5 billion people across 100 countries are at risk of contracting rabies. India reports 20,000 human rabies deaths annually which constitutes one third of global mortalities pertaining to the disease.Methods: Retrospective 15 years case record analysis was undertaken at Epidemic Disease hospital, Mysore. All the records of human rabies cases reported to the hospital from January 1999 to December 2013 were analyzed. Details regarding socio-demographic characteristics, exposure, post exposure prophylaxis, incubation period, duration of survival were collected in a structured proforma.Results: Among 100 human rabies reported in fifteen years, majority 76 (76.0%) were above the age of 14 years, 83 (83%) were males, 61 (61%) were belonging to lower socio economic status. Exposure to dogs was noted among 95 (95%) cases. Only 12 (12%) victims had washed the wound with soap and water, 41 (41%) had received antirabies vaccine of whom only 06 (14.6%) received full course.Conclusions: Majority of human rabies cases observed in the present study was among adults. Dog was the chief reservoir of infection. Poor post exposure prophylaxis was an important factor responsible for rabies.
Experience of anganwadi workers running VCNC under ‘Misssion Balam Sukham’ in a tribal area of Gujarat, India
Authors: Zalavadiya Dhara I. , Kuriya Suraj I. , Mazumdar Vihang S. , Patel Sangita V.
Published: July 2017

Background: State Government has started a programme “Mission Balam Sukham” to combat the malnutrition with 3 tier approach including Village Child Nutrition Center (VCNC), Child Malnutrition Treatment Center (CMTC) and Nutrition Rehabilitation Center (NRC). Present study was conducted with the objectives to compare the availability of articles present at anganwadies and VCNCs and to know the experience of anganwadi workers running VCNC. Methods: Ten VCNCs from Naswadi block were selected by systemic random sampling and compared with 10 anganwadies as control group from nearby block Sankheda to check the availability of necessary articles. Ten anganwadi workers who ran the VCNCs for 1 month were interviewed about their experience of running VCNC. Results: There were not major differences in availability of articles like weight machine, MUAC tap, IMNCI (Integrated management of neonatal and childhood illnesses) chart, utensils for cooking, soap and water supply, common medicines and food articles between control anganwadies and VCNCs. Some of the articles like referral slips and thermometer were lacking at control anganwadies as well as VCNCs. Anganwadi workers (AWW) did not get enough medicines and functioning weighing scales and proper training before starting the VCNCs. Conclusions: VCNC needs to supply proper medicine stocks, functional weighing scale and other necessary articles to make the programme successful. AWWs also need the proper training to identify and treat the malnutrition at anganwadi centres.
Prevalence of ocular morbidities of children in higher primary schools in rural areas of Mangalore
Authors: R. Vidya , Kiran K.G.
Published: July 2017

Background: Vision plays an important role in proper growth of a child, as poor vision can lead to reduction in the learning potential of a child. Various causes can bring about poor vision in children and proper evaluation at an early stage can help improve the quality of life. The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of ocular morbidity in school children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 6 schools, which included Government and private schools around the field practice areas of a medical college. Eye examination was done which included testing for visual acuity, external examination and anterior segment examination with a pen torch and posterior segment examination with a direct ophthalmoscope. Statistical analysis: Data was analysed using SPSS. Results: Of the 402 children, 51.5% of the children were males and 48.5% were females. All the children were aged between 10 and 13 years. The most common eye symptom the students presented with was headache on reading for long durations (24.6%). The overall prevalence of ocular morbidity was found to be 20.4%. Refractive errors were the most common cause of ocular morbidity (14.2%). Parental history of wearing spectacles had an association with ptosis in children (p<0.026) and faulty near vision (p<0.022). Conclusions: Ocular morbidity is high in school going children. Since most of the causes of ocular morbidity are preventable or treatable, regular screening and early diagnosis and treatment can help improve the quality of life of children.
Dietary patterns among students of health sciences and its association with morbidity in a private medical university of coastal Karnataka: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Badiger Sanjeev , Kini Sanjay , Kumar Nanjesh
Published: July 2017

Background:In general students who get into health sciences experience transition from home and family care to university and hostel life, which in turn exerts lot of stress which affects their dietary pattern. Many life style factors and poor eating habits acquired during this period can lead to serious diseases later in life.Methods:The present study was a questionnaire based cross-sectional study conducted to find out the dietary pattern among the students of health sciences and to know their health and morbidity status.Results:The study included 175 students of Nitte University with 93 Medical, 49 Dental, 33 nursing students. 75% of students who ate outside almost daily had stomach upsets regularly and it was much less (46.8%) among those who had a frequency of not more than once a week. It was seen that 87 (49.71%) students skipped breakfast, 14 (8%) students skipped lunch, 14 (8%) students skipped dinner. 5.7% of subjects were underweight, 85.2% of subjects had a normal BMI and 9.1% were overweight.Conclusions:Hereby we recommend that a nutritional health education intervention aimed at improving the dietary habits of students is the need of the hour.
Associated injuries in electrical burns: a 2 year retrospective study in a tertiary care burns unit
Authors: Rao Jagdeep , Bedi Mitesh , Patil Aditya , Barala Vipin Kumar
Published: July 2017

Background: Electric burns are associated with a high degree of morbidity and mortality. The association of multiple injuries in burn patients further complicates the management problem. The injuries require prompt diagnosis and redressal for better outcomes.Methods: We decided to undertake a study to note characteristics of associated injuries in patients with electrical burns. A retrospective review was done of all patients admitted in Burn Unit of SMS Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur over a period of 2 years, who had sustained electric burns and had sustained associated injuries.Results: A total of 770 patients were admitted with electric burns over this duration. Associated injuries were noted in 4.15% of these patients. Young, male patients were more commonly affected, with a male to female ratio of 4:1.Conclusions: The incidence of associated injuries in electrical burns is not insignificant. A low threshold for suspicion is required in managing doctors to diagnose such injuries for optimal treatment and improved outcome in patients with electrical burns.
Prevalence of cigarette smoking among adolescent boys of Srinagar: a school based cross sectional Survey
Authors: Bashir Hina , Khan Muhammad Salim , Mir Irfan Nazir , Qaunsar Ruqia , Mukhtar Mohsina
Published: July 2017

Background: Tobacco use is one biggest health hazards in the world posing various physical and psychosocial risks. At a moment the spread of tobacco use is growing at fast rate in the adolescents, who are the future of the country. However, little information is known about the magnitude of tobacco use in adolescents. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of cigarette smoking among adolescents of Srinagar city.Methods: This school based cross sectional study was conducted from June 2015 to March 2017 in 20 high schools selected randomly from public and private sectors. Students (boys only) [n=1200] from grade 9-12, in the age limit of 13-19 were included in the study. Data were collected by self-administered questionnaire that is adapted from global youth tobacco survey questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate analysis were made using logistic regression on SPSS version 20.0 software in order to predict factors associated with tobacco use. Results: The prevalence of cigarette smoking among adolescent boys was found to be 29% ever smokers, and 23% current smokers. In addition, more than half [60.8%] of adolescents were exposed to tobacco smoke from others in public places. In the multivariate analysis parent smoking, peer smoking, exposure to movie with actors smoking, not being exposed to anti-smoking media messages, not discussing in the class about danger of smoking, were significantly associated with current cigarette smoking among adolescents. Conclusions: The prevalence rate is increasing in its spread, exposure to environmental tobacco exposure is widespread. Moreover adolescents should be enriched with the knowledge on the dangers of tobacco use.
Knowledge and practices of pregnant women regarding the iron supplementation during pregnancy
Authors: Sonkar Venkatramana K. , Khan Nazia M. , Domple Vijay K. , Inamdar Ismail F.
Published: July 2017

Background: Anaemia in pregnancy has detrimental effects on maternal and child health. WHO says prevalence of anaemia during pregnancy is alarmingly high. The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge, and practices of pregnant women regarding iron supplements and also to assess the reasons for non -consumption of FSFA tablets.The objectives were to study the knowledge, and practices of pregnant women regarding iron supplementation during pregnancy and to study the reasons for non-consumption of FSFA tablets. Methods: The study was carried out on 350 pregnant women routinely attending the antenatal clinic in a rural training health centre over a period of 3 months from July 2015 to September 2015. Their knowledge and practices regarding iron supplementation were studied. Results: Assessment of knowledge revealed that only 140 (40%) of the participants were aware of significance of consumption of FSFA tablets. Out of 350 only 221 (63.14%) pregnant women consumed the FSFA tablets. Out of 221 only 123 (55.65%) were consuming it correctly. Reasons for not consuming FSFA were forgetfulness in 48 (37.20%), side effects in 35 (27.13%), frustration with daily dose 23 (17.82%), ignorance 21 (16.27%), foul smell to tablets 20 (15.50%), misbelieves 7 (5.42%) and no response was given in 26 (20.15%). Conclusions: The present study indicated the lack of knowledge regarding anaemia, iron rich foods and the importance of iron supplementation during pregnancy Educating antenatal women about importance of consumption of FSFA tablets and implementing this into practice will help for prevention of anaemia.
Pattern of common skin conditions among school children in an urban area of a district in coastal Karnataka: a cross-sectional study
Authors: A. U. Shameena , Badiger Sanjeev , S. Nanjesh Kumar
Published: July 2017

Background: Overcrowding, Poor personal hygiene and Lower economic status are proved to be major causes of common skin conditions. School children are more prone for these infections and majority of them are preventable. The objective of the study was to assess the pattern of common skin conditions among school children in Urban South India.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on 615 children from three primary schools coming under the community health centre, Mulky. Data was collected using a pretested semi structured questionnaire on socio-demographic characteristics and skin conditions were identified by examination.Results: Out of the 615 children, 389 (63%) had infective skin conditions. Most of them belonged to Hindu religion (57.4%) followed by Muslim (32.7%) and Christian (9.4%). Skin infections were equal among both sexes. Among the skin infections, nearly 26.1% had fungal infections, 18.7% had bacterial infections, 13.1% had parasitic infections and 5.4% had viral infections.Conclusions: Prevalence of skin infections is high in our study and there is a need to emphasize more on improving school health programmes and health education to teachers, parents and children.
Association between socio-demographic characteristics and preventable lifestyle related risk factors of non-communicable diseases among adolescents: a school based study in Berhampur, Odisha
Authors: Karmee Nivedita , Satapathy Sushree Priyadarsini , Tripathy Radha Madhab
Published: July 2017

Background: Currently, the health scenario is riddled with the burden of non-communicable diseases. Life style related risk factors established during adolescents may extend into adulthood and may increase risk for non-communicable diseases. So this study was undertaken to ascertain the association of life style related risk factors for Non communicable diseases and socio demographic characteristics among adolescents.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Berhampur, Odisha. A total of 400 school children were included in the study. Data was collected by pre-tested, structured, close-ended, self-administered questionnaires. Data was entered and analysed using SPSS V.17.Descriptive statistics, chi square test and logistic regression analysis test were applied.Results: Out of 400 students included in the study, 69.5% were males. The mean age of the study subject was 15.77 with S.D 2.81. On multiple regression analysis, it was found that male respondents parents job had strong association with unhealthy dietary practices and educational status of respondents had strongest association with passive smoking and addictions habits.Conclusions: The present study showed a poor practice of healthy lifestyle with a high burden of lifestyle‑related risk factors of NCDs among students. Therefore, the schools should emphasize on including topics related to leading of a healthy life style in the curriculum. Frequent campaigns and educational seminars can be conducted for the adoption of healthy lifestyle.
Knowledge and attitude of men towards sex determination and PCPNDT act in the field practice area of a medical college in coastal Karnataka
Authors: Mahaur Gunjan , Badiger Sanjeev , Shetty Shruthi M.
Published: July 2017

Background: Usage of modern sophisticated diagnostic techniques for sex determination and preconception sex selection has been attributed to sex selective abortions and thus, may be a major contributor in decline of sex ratio.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted amongst married male patients attending OPDs of Rural Health Centres of K S Hegde Medical Academy over a period of 3 months (July 2016–September 2016) using a semi-structured and validated questionnaire which contained information on demographic characteristics, knowledge and attitude of married men towards sex determination and PCPNDT act. Sample size: 200. Data was analysed using SPSS 21.Results: Among 200 married men, about 62% of the illiterate knew about sex determination, whereas awareness among college passed out and graduates were 95% and 85% respectively. Awareness about PCPNDT act was 42% in graduates whereas none of the illiterates were aware and 60% of the subject thought sex determination should be punishable. 45% of them did not have any gender preference.Conclusions: This study shows that the knowledge and attitude of participants was better with a higher educational status. Thus, the illiterate part of society needs more awareness about the sex determination and PCPNDT act.
Prevalence and pattern of ocular morbidity and factors influencing ocular morbidity in a rural population in south India: a community based cross sectional study
Authors: . Venkataramana , R. L. C. Amarnath
Published: July 2017

Background: Preventable blindness is still one of the major public health problems in India. The scarcity of community-based studies on ocular morbidity, more especially from rural areas is one of the reasons for the inadequate focus on the subject. The objectives were to study the pattern and factors associated with ocular morbidity in a rural adult population.Methods: The study was a cross sectional study conducted in field practice area of rural health Center, Cheluvanatti village in the state of Karnataka. Among 16 villages, one village was selected by convenient sampling. Ocular morbidity was assessed by detailed history and clinical examination by trained clinicians.Results: Among total 1181 population, 872 people >18 years were included in the final analysis. Majority portion (72.9%) of the study population was in 18-45 years age group. There were 51.3% of males and the proportion of females was 48.7%. The prevalence of ocular morbidity was 13.9% (95% CI 12.0%-16.0%) in the study population. The most common ocular morbidity was refractive errors seen in 56(6.4%), followed by cataract seen in 35 (4%) and corneal blindness seen in 26 (3%) subjects. The presence of ocular morbidity was 4.49 times more in 46-60 years age group compared with 18 to 45 years age group (95% CI 2.76 -7.33, p<0.01). Compared with higher studies people the presence of ocular morbidity in illiterate was 35.32 times more (95% CI 16.61-75.12, p<0.01). The presence of ocular morbidity was 20.64 times more in diabetic patients (95% CI 8.95-47.61, p<0.01) comparing with non-diabetic patients.Conclusions: The prevalence of ocular morbidity is still more in aged people and the village people are getting more effect with their practices and behavior. There is a need to go with more community-based cross sectional studies and also the preventive methods to reduce and avoid the risk of ocular diseases.
Magnitude of exposure and perception of second hand smoking among rural population in Trichy, Tamil Nadu
Authors: K. Hemalatha , R. Varunkumar , S. J. Vandana
Published: July 2017

Background: India is one of the countries where tobacco use is highly prevalent. Tobacco use in the form of smoking is related to occurrence of multiple health related problems in smokers and also general population.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted among 360 adults residing in a rural area of Tiruchirappalli. Cluster sampling was used to select the study participants. A pretested semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on tobacco use, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), knowledge on its health effects and protection measures. Data was entered and analyzed using Epi info 7.2. The results were presented in the form of mean and percentage. Chi-square was used to find the association between the parameters and ETS. A p value of less than 0.05 was taken as significant.Results: Mean age of the study group was 38.5±10.8 years. Proportion of males and females was 53.9% and 46.1% respectively. Two hundred and fifty five (70.8%) were non-smokers and 29.2% have ever smoked some form of tobacco product. Thirty seven percent of the non-smokers were exposed to Environmental Tobacco Smoke in the past 15 days and exposure was higher among males (46.7%) than females (31.3%) (χ2 value=6.3; p=0.014). Public place was the most common place of exposure (25.5%) to ETS. Significantly higher proportion of smokers had correct knowledge on ill effects of ETS than smokers (χ2 value=12.3; p= 0.0004).Conclusions: Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke was significantly high in the study population. Either strict enforcement of laws or banning cigarette sale completely would help reducing the exposure to cigarette smoke which is an important risk factor for multiple non communicable diseases.
Strategic approach selection for public health through evidenced analytical tools
Authors: Gumashta Raghvendra
Published: July 2017

Background: The multi-dimensional perspectives of evidence based public health strategic approaches necessitates use of efficient analytical tools towards decision making for project and programmatic interventions on a larger framework of policy, behavior and resource utilization.Methods: Respondent driven sampling (RDS) was obtained through discussion, interview and participation in the status assessment questionnaire devised for the study.Results: Lack of new initiatives supported by non-dissemination of findings of research (75%), difficult logistics management (67.39%), unaddressed training needs (46.67%), lessons learnt remaining untransformed into actionable inputs (82.60%) and less emphasis on monitoring cum evaluation (44.56%) is observed respectively while assessing quality adherence, program design, vision statement and choices of public health approaches.Conclusions: ‘Comprehensive Management and Monitoring Approach’ is found to be the best public health approach for project design, formulation, plan extension, implementation, monitoring, evaluation and revision thereby necessitating targeted interventions through well managed technical cum financial inputs.
Identify determinant of contraceptive use in rural set up of Surat district, Gujarat
Authors: Solanki Rajendra , Patel Hiteshri C. , Kosambiya J. K.
Published: July 2017

Background: In spite of significant growth and expansion of family planning programme, pregnancy continues to be unplanned. This study has been conducted to identify determinant responsible for use of contraception. The aim of the study was to determine the factors affecting the use of the contraceptives. The objectives were to study Socio – demographic, fertility profile of eligible couples and its relation to use of contraceptionMethods: This is a cross sectional study conducted during period of 20th September 2014 to 15th January 2015. Three PHCs were selected purposively from Olpad taluka of the Surat District. Two Sub Centers were selected randomly from each PHC. Data regarding eligible couples were collected from Sub Center register. From each Sub Center, 47 eligible women were selected randomly. Total sample size was 280 (CPR: 60%, DLHS-3).Results: Mean age of study participants were 29.14±6.7 years. Out of total women, 18.6% women were married before attaining the age of 18 years. More than 50% women were 20-24 years of age group at the time of birth of first child where as 25.4% women gave birth to first child before the age of 20 years. There was significant association between use of Contraceptive methods with factors like age of women, caste, religion, education of women, education of husband and number of children (p<0.05). At the time of sterilization, number of children and gender of last child plaed a significant role.Conclusions: Women should be empowered with education regarding use of contraception. Child marriage act should be strictly followed.
Glaucoma: a new approach for detection in rural eye care
Authors: Mawale Mahesh B. , Kuthe Abhaykumar , Dhakate Ravishekhar , Pawane Padma , Dahake Sandeep W.
Published: July 2017

Background:There is a dare need of a device for the measurement of intraocular pressure by making the contact of plunger with closed eyelid eliminating the need of anesthesia and expert ophthalmologist. The main purpose of this study is to develop a device for the indicative measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) of eyeball, a key cause for glaucoma.Methods:TRIZ ‘The theory of solving inventor’s problem’ is an era of technical development and innovation. Developing a device for detecting glaucoma by using TRIZ and top ten innovative principles recommended by expanded TRIZ matrix can exceed the disadvantages that classic tonometer has. The field of Ophthalmology will be experiencing a paradigm shift towards the use of collaborative approach of classical and expanded TRIZ.Results:In early diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma accurate measurement of IOP is important. The methods and devices which are available for the measurement of IOP have their own limitations which cause discomfort to the patients during measurement and needs anesthesia. This approach shows a good result in development of a device for detecting glaucoma in patient’s eye through eyelid instead of cornea.Conclusions:There is a substantial need for early detection and diagnosis of glaucoma in rural and remote areas (worldwide). This study has demonstrated the development of new device for detection of glaucoma using TRIZ, will help the medical practitioners in rural and remote areas for detection of glaucoma.
Assessment of basic infrastructure in anganwadi centres under integrated child development services scheme in district Amritsar of Punjab
Authors: Gill Kanwal Preet K. , Devgun Priyanka , Mahajan S. L. , Kaur Harpreet , Kaur Amanpreet
Published: July 2017

Background:In India, Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme was launched on 2nd October, 1975. The aim was to provide pre-school non-formal education on one hand and breaking the vicious cycle of malnutrition, morbidity and mortality among mothers and children on the other hand. An anganwadi is the focal point for the delivery of services to the community. Hence, the current study was planned to assess the basic infrastructure in AWCs of Punjab.Methods:A total of 400 anganwadi workers (AWWs), 200 each from rural and urban areas were randomly selected for the study. A pre-designed, pre-tested proforma was administered to selected AWWs. The purpose of the study was explained to them. The data was compiled and analysed by using SPSS 20.0 version.Results:It was observed that out of 400 anganwadis, only 24% of anganwadis had their own allotted building. Only 42% anganwadis had functional Salter weighing machine with them. Weighing machine for adults and children in working condition was available in only 38.2% anganwadis. Nearly half of the anganwadis (50.8%) do not have electricity connection. Water supply was found to be available in 53% anganwadis only. 77.5% anganwadis got regular supply of ration. But utensils for distributing ration were present with only 65.2% anganwadis and 69.3% anganwadis had helper to assist anganwadi worker.Conclusions:Adequate infrastructure along with regular supply of ration need to be ensured for proper functioning of anganwadis.
Awareness about emergency contraception among medical students in a Tamil Nadu private medical college: a cross sectional study
Authors: Verma Kamal Kishore , K. H. Rajeev
Published: July 2017

Background: The methods of contraception that can be used to prevent pregnancy in the first five days after sexual intercourse are termed as emergency contraception (EC). Unwanted pregnancy among adolescents and youth poses a major challenge to the reproductive health in developing countries because of illegal and unsafe abortions and leading to maternal death. Since medical students are future health care providers and their correct awareness about EC will help in giving health education to the community. The objective of the study was to assess the awareness about emergency contraception among first year medical students in a private medical college of Tamil Nadu.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among first year medical students of a private medical college. A total of 122 students were interviewed using pretested, semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data.Results: Among the study population, 56.6% and 43.4% were males and females respectively. All students heard about EC and 73% were correctly aware about the correct timing of administration of EC. 72% of them felt that they can get EC directly from any pharmacy store without any prescription, 89% of them feel that EC is not an effective routine method of contraception and only 10% said that it will result in more women suffering from STI/HIV.Conclusions: Our study showed that, students were having good knowledge about emergency contraception. Since they are future health care providers giving adequate training to them in acquiring good knowledge will help in dispensing the reproductive health education to the community especially for the adolescents and youth.
Knowledge, attitude and practice study on immediate postpartum intrauterine contraceptive device method of family planning
Authors: Gupta Nidhi , Sinha Renuka , Mangal Abha
Published: July 2017

Background: The objectives of the study were to assess knowledge, attitude and practice in post-partum intrauterine contraceptive device method of family planning and to know about willingness for post-partum intrauterine contraceptive device (PPIUCD) when knowledge is provided for the same.Methods: This is a cross sectional observational study including 1200 patients of immediate post-partum period (<48 hrs of delivery), delivered at Safdarjung hospital. Women were evaluated with the help of a pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire.Results: Out of 1200 women 864 (72%) were aware of some family planning method but only 672 (56%) had used some family planning method in the past. 108 (9%) women had knowledge regarding Post-partum intrauterine contraceptive device (PPIUCD). Among these, 72 (6%) women opted for PPIUCD. After knowledge regarding PPIUCD had been given, 80 more women adopted this as a method of contraception. So total 152 (12.67%) opted PPIUCD.Conclusions: This study highlights that awareness and knowledge does not always lead to use of contraceptives. A lot of educational and motivational activities are needed.
A study among women attending Suraksha clinic in a tertiary care hospital: their socio-demographic profile, myths and misconceptions related to RTIs
Authors: Singh Aman Dev , Balgir Rajinder Singh , Oberoi Simmi , Jain Ira , Jain Ankur
Published: July 2017

Background: Reproductive tract infections (RTIs) represent a vast reservoir of infections among women of reproductive age group observed more often in developing countries.Besides being a major public health problem RTIs and STDs are responsible for infections in post abortion & puerperal period, fetal and perinatal deaths, infertility and cervical cancer. These are a reason for emotional distress in women and a reason for their social rejection.Despite the ability to cure these infections, they continue to be a major public health problem worldwide especially in developing countries.Hence, a hospital based study was done amongst women of reproductive age group reporting to Rajindra Hospital Patiala with RTI, in terms of their socio-demographic profile, myths and misconceptions related to RTIs.Methods: This study was conducted with the objective of evaluating the socio-demographic profile, myths and misconceptions related to RTIs among reproductive age group women in Suraksha Clinic, Gynae OPD in Rajindra Hospital, Patiala from January 2014 to December 2014. A pretested structured Performa was used to collect data from 500 women with RTIs in 15-45 age group. Data was collected, compiled and analyzed statistically.Results: Out of 500 diagnosed patients of RTIs, only 120 (i.e. 24%) had various myths and misconceptions about reproductive tract infections and among them 40% had believe that vaginal discharge was normal phenomena. Majority of RTI patient 12% had bad physical hygiene. However 49.20% among them had poor menstrual hygiene.Conclusions: The influence of socio-demographic factors like age, educational status, socioeconomic status, menstrual hygiene also has its direct effect on occurrence of RTI in community.
A comparative study to assess knowledge, health beliefs and preventive practices among women with cervical cancer and general population at tertiary care hospital, New Delhi
Authors: Saini Navreet Kaur , Sharma Kamlesh Kumari , Mawar Shashi , Kumar Lalit , Kumar Sunesh
Published: July 2017

Background: Awareness regarding cervical cancer, its risk factors and preventive practices is very low among Indian women. The objectives of the study was to compare knowledge, health beliefs and preventive practices regarding cervical cancer among women with cervical cancer and general population at tertiary care hospital, New Delhi; to study the correlation among knowledge, health beliefs and preventive practices of women with cervical cancer and general population and their selected demographic variables.Methods: A comparative study was conducted using descriptive, cross sectional survey among conveniently sampled 100 women with cervical cancer (cases) taking treatment from cancer department of tertiary care hospital and 100 women relatives of patients with non-malignant diseases admitted in different medical, surgical, pediatrics wards of tertiary care hospital (controls). Self-developed, pretested, structured questionnaires validated by experts were used for data collection.Results: Majority of subjects had poor knowledge (78% cases and 90% controls) and positive health beliefs (83% cases and 67% controls). Majority of cases (93%) had fair preventive practices while most of controls (62%) had poor preventive practices regarding cervical cancer. There was positive correlation of knowledge with health beliefs (p=0.0001) and health beliefs with preventive practices (p=0.0469) among controls; but in cases none of these correlations were found.Conclusions: Substantial gaps in knowledge and preventive practices regarding cervical cancer were present in both groups. So there is a need to raise public awareness regarding risk factors and prevention of cervical cancer by modifying the risk factors.
Menstrual problems among adolescent girls in Thiruvananthapuram district
Authors: Beevi P. Nazeema , L. Manju , S Anil Bindhu , Haran Jeesha C. , Jose Regi
Published: July 2017

Background: Adolescence is a transitional stage extending from 10-19 years characterized by rapid physical, mental and sexual changes. It is also characterized by hormonal changes. As girls attain puberty at this age, they have various problems associated with menstruation. Menstruation is a natural phenomenon and an important indicator of women's health reflecting their reproductive function. However data on experiences of menstruation and it's impact on the health status, quality of life and social integration among women in developing countries is scanty. 75% of girls have one or more problems associated with menstruation.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of menstrual problems among school going students in the age group of 12-17 years. 510 adolescent girls of randomly selected government schools in Thiruvananthapuram district were studied by a pretested semi structured questionnaire.Results: Mean age of menarche is 12.2. Out of 510 students 352 have normal menstrual cycles (50.1%). 10% have scanty menstruation, 31% have menorrhagia. Majority of girls (84.8%) has one or other menstrual problems. 33% of girls suffer from dysmenorrhea. Among 510 participants 31.6% reported that menstrual problems affects their daily life activities. 14.7% could not attend the class and 12.8% attend the class without taking medication but not participating in any outdoor activities.Conclusions: Menstrual problems are present in majority of girls in the study group which has some effect on the academic performance and other extracurricular activities in school.
To assess the effect of intervention package in type 2 diabetes self-care practices, an experimental epidemiological study
Authors: Raikar Kedar J. , Velhal Gajanan D. , Shukla Anubha
Published: July 2017

Background: Keeping into mind the importance of diabetic self-care practices for control of diabetes burden and preventable complications, the present study was carried out to introduce appropriate health intervention package which upon operationalization leads to improvement in self-care practices and to assess effect of intervention packages with help of predetermined indicators. The objectives were to study of life style adaptations and self-care practices and to study effects of intervention package.Methods: The present study adapted as an experimental epidemiological study, community based with before and after intervention comparison design. Sample size estimated as 203. Total 250 patients were selected by simple random sampling method and grouped into 8 batches. Intervention package which includes health education, patient counseling, periodic check-up, advise for referral. All batches were followed up with operationalization of intervention package for 12 months. Post intervention data then collected and analyzed with pre intervention data.Results: Effectiveness of intervention package in glycemic control (p<0.046) and decreased calories intake in diabetic patients (p<0.01). Major changes in self-care practices have effect on better glycemic control and calorie intake (p<0.03). Both lifestyle adaptations and self-care practices improved significantly (p<0.01) after intervention.Conclusions: Health and nutritional education, personal counselling, periodic health check-up, Referral advice are important as an intervention package to bring about blood glucose level control, modify diet and lifestyle and to improve self-care practices amongst the diabetic patients.