bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ebselen Decreases Oxygen Free Radical Production and Iron Concentrations in the Hearts of Chronically Iron-Overloaded Mice
Authors: Davis Matthew T. , Bartfay Wally J.
Published: May 2004

Chronic iron overload is a major cause of cardiac failure throughout the world, but its pathogenesis remains to be clarified. It is conjectured that the toxicity of iron is due to its ability to catalyze the formation of oxygen free radicals (OFR), which can damage cellular membranes, proteins, and DNA. The authors report on the cardioprotective effects of the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) mimic ebselen on iron concentrations in the heart and GPx activity, and on the production of the cytotoxic aldehydes hexanal, 4-hydroxyl-2-nonenal (HNE), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Fifteen B6D2F1 mice were randomized to 1 of 3 treatment groups for a total of 20 treatments: 1) control (0.1 mL normal saline i.p. per mouse, per day); 2) iron-only (10 mg iron dextran i.p. per mouse, per day); 3) iron plus ebselen (25 mg/kg p.o. per mouse, per day). In comparison to iron-only treated mice, the authors’ findings show that supplementation with ebselen can decrease both cytotoxic aldehyde and iron concentrations in heart tissue. Additionally, mice supplemented with ebselen had an increase in GPx activity level in comparison to iron-only treated mice. To the authors’knowledge, this is the first study to examine the cardioprotective effects of ebselen against OFR damage in a model of chronic iron overload. These findings suggest that ebselen may have significance in the management of disorders of iron overload.
Sleep Patterns and Fatigue in New Mothers and Fathers
Authors: Gay Caryl L. , Lee Kathryn A. , Lee Shih-Yu
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this study was to describe the sleep patterns and fatigue of both mothers and fathers before and after childbirth. The authors used wrist actigraphy and questionnaires to estimate sleep and fatigue in 72 couples during their last month of pregnancy and 1st month postpartum. Both parents experienced more sleep disruption at night during the postpartum period as compared to the last month of pregnancy. Compared to fathers, with their stable 24-h sleep patterns over time, mothers had less sleep at night and more sleep during the day after the baby was born. Sleep patterns were also related to parents’work status and type of infant feeding. Both parents self-reported more sleep disturbance and fatigue during the 1st month postpartum than during pregnancy. Mothers reported more sleep disturbance than fathers, but there was no gender difference in ratings of fatigue. At both time points, fathers obtained less total sleep than mothers when sleep was objectively measured throughout the entire 24-h day. Further research is needed to determine the duration of sleep loss for both mothers and fathers, to evaluate the effect of disrupted sleep and sleep loss on psychosocial functioning and job performance, and to develop interventions for improving sleep patterns of new parents.
Sex Differences in Severity of Inflammation-Induced Anorexia and Weight Loss
Authors: Lennie Terry A.
Published: May 2004

Food intake and body weight changes in response to induction of acute inflammation were examined in intact cycling females, ovariectomized females, and sham-operated male rats. In intact females, body weight and feeding responses were compared between rats in which inflammation was induced on day of estrus with rats in which inflammation was induced on day of diestrus. Anorexia and weight loss were more severe in the female rats with inflammation induced on estrus day, which coincides with peak serum estrogen levels. In ovariectomized females, inflammation was induced the day after rats received injections of estrogen, progesterone, or sesame oil (vehicle). Males received vehicle injections. Among female rats, the group that received estradiol injections the previous day displayed the most severe anorexia. The least severe anorexia was observed in female rats that received progesterone the previous day. Food intake of female rats that received vehicle injections prior to induction of inflammation was greater than the rats receiving estrogen but less than the rats receiving progesterone. Male rats displayed the most severe anorexia and greatest weight loss. These data suggest that, although females exposed to estradiol prior to induction of acute inflammation display more severe anorexia than those exposed to progesterone, it may be that progesterone attenuates severity of anorexia rather than estrogen solely potentiating severity. Male rats, however, appear to experience the most severe anorexia in response to this form of inflammation.
Changes in Body Mass Index and Late Postoperative Outcomes in Elderly Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Patients: A Follow-up Study
Authors: DiMaria-Ghalili Rose Ann
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this study was to describe the extent to which late postoperative health outcomes vary as a function of change in body mass index (BMI) in persons 65 years of age undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The mean age of the 90 persons in the original sample was 72.27 (±4.85) years. At follow-up (x = 18.73,s = 2.56 months postsurgery), 90% (n = 79 alive,n = 2 deceased, proxy completed interview) were contacted; 73% (n = 59) completed the telephone interview; and 9% (n = 8) were alive but lost to follow-up. BMI (kg/m2) was calculated from self-reported weight at follow-up. Outcomes included the Physical Component Summary (PCS) scale of the SF-36 Health Survey and readmission data. Thex (s ) for BMI at preoperative, postoperative, postdischarge, and follow-up were 28.1 (4.9) kg/ m2 , 28.76 (4.9) kg/m2, 27.11 (4.8) kg/m2, and 27.95 (4.7) kg/m2, respectively. BMI changed over time,P < 0.05. Those who were readmitted lost more weight between preoperative and postdischarge than those who were not readmitted (x BMI = –2.26 vs.x BMI = –1.35),t = 2.17,df = 27.05,P = 0.04. Those who lost less weight between preoperative and postdischarge were less likely to be readmitted,.2 = 5.755 (1),P = 0.02, with 25% sensitivity and 92% specificity. Thex (sx) for PCS at preoperative, postdischarge, and follow-up were 36.93 (1.62), 35.72 (1.27), and 42.26 (1.45), respectively, reflecting change over time,F = 11.43 (2),P < 0.001. At follow-up, older elective CABG patients do not appear to regain weight lost between preoperative and postdischarge; however, self-reported physical health is improved. Also, initial weight loss is related to readmissions.
Is Queen Christina a Woman?
Authors: Kompor·ly Jozefina
Published: May 2004

This article interprets Pam Gems’s play Queen Christina as an avant la lettrethesis on the performance of gender, identifying correspondences between the protagonist’s trajectory and the successive feminist interventions. Focusing on the 17th-century Swedish queen’s transformation from a masculine-identified bastion of patriarchy into an untamed rebel against political and sexual conservatism, Gems, in fact, indirectly shares her views on aspects of western feminist thought. This article’s analysis demonstrates that following Christina’s initial appropriation and subsequent contestation of patriarchal values, she engages with radical feminism before briefly identifying herself as a socialist feminist. In the wake of her unfulfilled attempt at maternity, she moves on to embrace cultural feminism; though, eventually, she decides not to privilege any specific political position and thus echoes Gems’s own ambivalence and reservation towards explicit ideological commitment.
Labour Market Segregation and the Gender-Based Division of Labour
Authors: Kreimer Margareta
Published: May 2004

The article is based on the argument that labour market segregation is an important factor contributing to women’s inequality in the labour market. Therefore, any equal opportunities policy has to be combined with a policy to reduce segregation. But up to now segregation has been extremely persistent, as is shown in a short empirical overview of segregation in the Austrian labour market. It is argued that the roots of this phenomenon lie in the assignment of men and women to the market area and the reproduction area according to the breadwinner model. Labour market segregation by sex can be seen as a transformation and continuation of the asymmetrical gender relation in the family to the labour market. Most of the mechanisms and processes that occur every day in the labour market work together to preserve sex segregation. Strategies to reduce segregation should look at these historical roots of segregation and at the connection with the overall gender division of labour. Different perspectives on a reduction of labour market segregation are presented.
Noise, Parasites and Translation
Authors: Clegg Stewart R. , Kornberger Martin , Rhodes Carl
Published: May 2004

Conventional representations of consulting stress the need to predict possible organizational realities associated with improved economic performance. It is conceptualized as a useful tool from which practice might profit if applied properly. In this article we explore theory as a means by which practice may not so much be honed by wellcrafted advice as interrupted and transformed. Further, we propose a parasitical role for the management consultant as a source of ‘noise’ that disrupts established ways of doing and being by introducing interruptive action into the space between organizational order and chaos. What consulting can do is open up these spaces and create concepts that encourage new possible realities and real possibilities. The relation posited between organization theory and practice has the potential to create new forms of situated organization/organizing through disrupting established practice rather than by creating order. Consultants willing to take the risk of working in the productive space between organization and disorganization have a potential that questions the usual auspices of the enterprise.
Becoming Manager
Authors: Parker Martin
Published: May 2004

This article is comprised of autobiographical reflections on becoming the head of a management department in a small English university. I assume that being a manager is not an identity or occupation that is ever finished or fully occupied, and hence the article is structured as a series of confessions, reflexive conversations and interruptions. The main themes of the article are the fragmented character of managerial work, the changing relations between self and colleagues, and the seductions of power, centrality and speed. I conclude with some observations on the relationship between a critical management academic identity and managerial practice.
The Limits of a Technological Fix to Knowledge Management
Authors: Currie Graeme , Kerrin Maire
Published: May 2004

Our paper examines issues of epistemology, power and culture with respect to their impact upon the use of information and communication technology (ICT) to manage knowledge within an organization. Utilizing an empirical case study of a global pharmaceutical company, in which the implementation of an intranet failed to meet aspirations of the Chief Executive that employees freely share knowledge, we encourage academics and practitioners to reflect more critically upon the limits to technology in pursuit of knowledge management. Our study illustrates that ‘technical fixes’ to knowledge management issues merely harden existing practices and routines, rather than open up new directions. In particular, broader organizational issues of power and culture may mean that employees are unwilling or unable to share knowledge and, beyond the epistemological problem, this is likely to further inhibit the contribution of ICT to the management of knowledge.
The Design and Evaluation of a Leadership Programme for Experienced Chief Executives from the Public Sector
Authors: Blackler Frank , Kennedy Andy
Published: May 2004

The article describes an action learning programme designed to ‘renew and refresh’ long-serving chief executives in the English National Health Service who were facing considerable performance pressures. An activity theoretical approach was used to help participants stand back from the imperatives of the moment and reflect on the dilemmas of their situations in new ways. Evaluation data suggest that the mix of events included in the programme created a powerful learning experience for most participants. Other theoretical approaches in addition to activity theory are used to explain this outcome. It is suggested that, at times of ongoing change and frustration, programmes such as the one described here can help participants develop a resilient approach to conflicts and tensions and may stimulate commitment and resolve.
Going Public: The Emergence and Effects of Soft Bureaucracy Within a Knowledge-Intensive Firm
Authors: Robertson Maxine , Swan Jacky
Published: May 2004

The aim of this paper is to explore and explain the emergence over time of forms of organization and governance (referred to as ‘ organizing templates’) in a knowledge-intensive firm (KIF). A longitudinal case study tracks the ways in which this firm has evolved from its inception in 1986 through to 2001. The analysis emphasizes, in particular, the strategic role of power politics in shaping organizing templates following firm success and expansion. The paper focuses on the shift away from adhocracy as the (ideological) organizing template and towards a new form of governance within the firm, characterized as soft bureaucracy. It shows how this shift coincides with economic, technological and cultural imperatives imposed by the increased sovereignty of the market. A multilevel analytical model of organizational change processes is outlined in which shifting dominant management logics are aligned with firm level innovations through organizing templates. This framework is used to structure our narrative historical account of the various phases of restructuring throughout the period. The paper attempts to inform existing understanding of soft bureaucracy by showing how this particular form of governance emerges in a KIF through the interplay between macro-level sectoral change and micro-political processes. It concludes by considering first the implications of this shift for firm level knowledge work processes, and second, the politics of organizational change more generally in the knowledge-intensive sector at the start of the 21st century.
Textuality and Agency in Interaction Analysis
Authors: Fairhurst Gail T.
Published: May 2004

This article examines the role of textuality and agency in organizational interaction analysis. Six genres of interaction analysis research are reviewed, some of which address the question of how organizations are discursively constituted. Although interaction analysts agree on the role of discourse/text in the constitution of organizations, no such agreement exists on the role of meaning and agency. After addressing several criticisms of interaction analysis research, this article focuses on the contributions made by the study of temporal form through interaction analysis. This article concludes by revisiting the question of how organizations are constituted vis-a-vis the role of discourse and agency from an interaction analysis perspective.
Finding the Organization in the Communication: Discourse as Action and Sensemaking
Authors: Taylor James R. , Robichaud Daniel
Published: May 2004

This article discusses two ways in which language and discourse have entered the conception of organizing: as communicative activities of agents ( conversations); and as discursively based interpretations defining agents, purposes, and organizations ( texts). Conversation, framed within a material/social and a language environment, is the site where organizing occurs and where agency and text are generated. As text, in turn, the language environment frames conversations and reflects the sensemaking practices and habits of interpretation of organization members dealing with their immediate material/social purposes. Using a senior management meeting as an illustration, the article discusses these two levels of apprehension of the language–organization relationship and argues that a dynamic view of language and organizing must account for the processes linking both sides of the organization– language relationship.
Adjustment or Voice? Corporate Responses to International Tax Competition
Authors: Bernauer Thomas , Styrsky Vit
Published: May 2004

International tax competition may result in uneven tax burdens among firms competing in the same market. Disadvantaged firms can respond with market-based strategies (adjustment) or with lobbying for changes in taxation policy (voice). We draw on theories of trade policy, industrial organization and collective action to explain when and why firms respond with adjustment or voice. In this demand-side explanation, corporate responses are accounted for in terms of potential benefits of voice, the collective action capacity of firms and preferences of policy-makers. To show that international tax competition does not necessarily lead to downward convergence of tax burdens, we derive conditions under which disadvantaged firms are likely to demand more government intervention and, by implication, a higher overall tax burden on the industry affected. We assess the plausibility of the explanation with an analysis of political lobbying by US property and casualty insurers aimed at offsetting tax advantages by Bermuda-based insurers operating through subsidiaries in the United States.
Contested Compliance: Interventions on the Normative Structure of World Politics
Authors: Wiener Antje
Published: May 2004

This article argues that ‘contested compliance’, i.e. a situation in which compliance conditions are challenged by the expected norm followers, offers an empirical access point for studying changes in the normative structure of world politics. It conceptualizes the normative structure as the ‘structure of meaning-in-use’ that works as a reference frame for decision-makers. The argument builds on a distinction between type, category and meaning of norms. In addition, the article distinguishes between a behaviorist approach to the impact of regulative and constitutive norms on state behavior, and a reflexive perspective on the impact of discursive interventions on the normative structure of world politics. The intention of the argument is twofold. First, it addresses the puzzle of good norm following despite increasingly contested norms, e.g. regarding the European Union’s accession criteria, on the one hand, and the United Nations Security Council resolution 1441, on the other. Second, it draws on and develops further the input of reflexive sociology on International Relations theory.
The Individual Experience of Guilt and Shame in Chinese Culture
Authors: Bedford Olwen A.
Published: May 2004

The emotions of guilt and shame play a significant role in socialization, function as mechanisms of social control, and maintain the individual’s sense of personal identity. This article explores the emotions of guilt and shame in Mandarin. Specifically, Mandarin words for guilt ( nei jiu, zui e gan and fan zui gan) and shame ( diu lian, can kui, xiu kui and xiu chi) are examined. Information derived from ethnographic interviews with Taiwanese informants is used to draw inferences about these constructs. Cross-cultural comparison of guilt and shame in American and Chinese cultures is offered.
Emotions in Culturally-Constituted Relational Worlds
Authors: Hong Gui-Young
Published: May 2004

Dichotomized accounts of emotions and culture, which tend to carve complex human emotional life fields into two pre-defined conceptual poles, are challenged to consider continuities and discontinuities between cultural ideals and personal experiences, as well as between normative collective cultural meanings and personally transformed versions of the cultural meanings. An illustration of an alternative methodological and analytic scheme approaching the study of guilt and shame in Confucianism-based (Taiwanese) Chinese cultural worlds is presented. Methodological considerations for researching emotions in culturally-constituted relational worlds are also discussed.
The ‘Net’ Effect in Politics
Authors: Lin Wan-Ying , Dutton William H.
Published: May 2004

New information and communication technologies (ICTs), particularly the Internet, can facilitate the rapid exchange of information that is essential to coordinating political activity. This case study examines a cyber-advocacy campaign in which the Internet was employed effectively to impact public policy and regulatory change in US telecommunications. The Internet facilitated collective action not only by altering the costs of communication but also by reshaping access in ways that enabled the campaign to reconfigure the networks of communication among key political actors and an otherwise fragmented group of citizens. However, the dilution of these outcomes over time raises further questions about the longevity of such virtual cyber-advocacy networks.
Political Parties in a ‘No-Party Democracy’
Authors: Carbone Giovanni M.
Published: May 2004

In the mid-1980s, the National Resistance Movement (NRM) established in Uganda what it claimed was a new type of electoral politics, which soon came to be known as ‘movement’ or ‘no-party’ democracy. While party activities became subject to strict limitations, the NRM tried not to exacerbate political opposition by letting parties ‘exist’ as independent entities. Thus, in what is best conceived as a hegemonic system, minor political organizations are allowed a minimal presence so long as they do not constitute an effective challenge to the ruling Movement organization. This article investigates empirically the state of Uganda’s historical political parties - the Uganda People’s Congress and the Democratic Party - and shows that the specific organizational forms and strategies that the two parties have adopted are a direct response to the no-party framework and the hegemonic context.
Party Moderation and Politicians’ Ideological Rigidity
Authors: S·nchez-Cuenca Ignacio
Published: May 2004

Parties that in the past have defended radical positions sometimes decide to moderate, moving towards the median position. Moderation, however, is not the automatic response to electoral defeat. Some parties resist moderation for long periods of time. I suggest that in order to explain moderation (or lack of it), it is necessary to introduce some degree of ideological rigidity into the utility function of parties. Once we have ideological rigidity, several results follow. First, convergence to the median position cannot be an equilibrium even with complete information. Second, moderation is more likely the less the degree of ideological rigidity, the greater the ideological distance between the parties, and the smaller the distance between the moderating party and the median voter. Normally, when moderation is observed, it is due to the fact that the party tempers its ideological rigidity through organizational reforms or leadership renovation.
The Costs of Reform
Authors: Pinney Neil , Serra George , Sprick Dalene
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this research is to discern more explicitly how electoral reforms that limit terms of service impact on intra-party competition and campaign expenditures in US state legislative contests. Particularly, we are interested in whether term limits have differential effects across political parties, given the increasing number of open seats. Contrary to the conventional argument that term limits will invigorate competition, we find that increasing the number of candidates does not translate into more competitive races. In fact, the implementation of term limits results in a decrease in the level of electoral competition in open races, particularly for Democratic candidates. Moreover, this decrease in electoral competition is typically related to a dramatic increase in campaign expenditures in districts with open races.
Inter-Party Mobility among Parliamentary Candidates in Post-Communist East Central Europe
Authors: Shabad Goldie , Slomczynski Kazimierz M.
Published: May 2004

The development of stable partisan commitments among political elites is crucial for party-system institutionalization in the new democracies of post-communist Europe. Little is known, however, about the partisan behavior of those who compete for national office. This study begins to fill this gap through an analysis of inter-party mobility among all candidates who ran for the lower house of parliament in two pairs of consecutive elections in Poland (1991–3 and 1993–7) and in three pairs of consecutive elections in the Czech Republic (1990–2, 1992–6 and 1996–8). We consider the overall extent of inter-party mobility, structural versus voluntary components of mobility, patterns of movement between types of parties and electoral payoffs of stable and shifting partisan affiliations. Although the overall rate of party-switching has declined substantially in the Czech Republic but not in Poland, changes in other characteristics of inter-party mobility indicate that party-system institutionalization is taking place in both countries.
Making a Difference? Education and ëAbilityí in Physical Education
Authors: Evans John
Published: May 2004

This paper brings a speculative, sociological perspective to the nature of ‘ability’ in physical education (PE) and asks why this aspect of embodiment, with notable exceptions, has received so little critical attention in the professional discourse of PE and associated research in recent years. It is suggested that thinking about ‘ability’ has become a taken for granted absent presence in the discursive practices of PE in the UK that variously helps configure attitudes towards the body, a sense of status, value, distinction, inclusion/exclusion and embodied self. Drawing on ideas from the theoretical work of Bernstein and Bourdieu the paper raises a number of issues about the ways in which ‘ability’ is constructed within the disciplines that feed the various subcultures of the PE profession, influencing teaching in schools and teacher education. The paper suggests that unless greater attention is given to ‘physical education’, rather than the interests of sport and health, the profession is unlikely to make an impact either on the ‘abilities’ or other culturally informed differences that children and young people bring to schools.
Theory-Based Evaluation and Learning: Possibilities and Challenges
Authors: van der Knaap Peter
Published: May 2004

Originated in the 1970s, decried in the 1990s, theory-based evaluation recaptured debate at the European Evaluation Society conference in 2002. The promise is that the set-up, implementation, delivery and utilization of evaluation research may be facilitated by taking the assumptions and objectives of public policy as a starting point. In addition, a theory-based approach is considered to be valuable for a government that wants to learn, whilst potentially reconciling positivist and constructivist approaches. This article explores the rationale for a theory-based approach in policy development, debate, learning and evaluation utilization. It does so by confronting the–often paradoxical–dilemmas that haunt every evaluator (and policy maker). How can we do justice to societal complexity yet still maintain focus? How can we enter apparently closed policy systems? And how do we find a balance between mere improvement and innovative learning?
Exploring the Missing Links between Cause and Effect
Authors: Virtanen Petri , Uusikylä Petri
Published: May 2004

Programme evaluation has become a widely applied mode of systematic inquiry for making judgements about public policies. Although evaluation, as a form of systematic inquiry, has provided feedback information for policy makers, it still too often produces banal answers to complex and multi-dimensional societal problems. In this article, we take a close look at the ontological premises, conceptions of causality, and relationships to rational theories of action of different programme evaluation paradigms. There is a paradigm crisis in evaluation resulting from differences over assumptions about causality. Evaluation paradigms clearly provide research strategies, but more particularly they map causal links in contrasting ways. Traditional cause-and-effect logic disregards the fact that programme effects are always brought about by real actors rather than constructed ideal actors. A new interpretation of causes and effects is needed, which would strengthen the core ideas that lie behind the now widely applied and consolidated realistic evaluation tradition.
Children with HIV in the UK: A Longitudinal Study of Adaptive and Cognitive Functioning
Authors: Gosling A. Sophie , Burns Jan , Hirst Fiona
Published: May 2004

Children infected with HIV are a vulnerable group who have not been studied widely in the UK. They may be at risk of cognitive and psychological problems, but the relative influences of multiple factors have not been examined. This study aimed to assess a group of children with HIV in detail, including cognitive, adaptive and behavioural functioning and to apply psychological models of chronic illness in children. A longitudinal, naturalistic case study design was used. Eleven HIV-positive children, aged 4–13 years, were assessed twice. Two case studies illustrate some of the psychosocial and contextual factors impacting on these children’s adjustment. Cognitive ability and adaptive functioning were assessed. Behavioural measures, medical results and demographic information were also included. There was wide variability in the children’s functioning. Many displayed significant weaknesses in adaptive functioning compared with cognitive functioning. There were significant changes over time for some children. There was a high prevalence of behavioural and attention difficulties. Many children had experienced major life events such as moving countries and parental bereavement. Other challenges such as poor socio-economic status, limited social support and uncertainty about the future contributed to poor psychosocial adjustment. Children with HIV contend with multiple risks for their development and psychological well-being. Deterioration in psychological functioning can occur.
Parents’ Views of the Impact of Childhood Brain Tumours and Treatment on Young People’s Social and Family Functioning
Authors: Vance Yvonne H. , Eiser Christine , Horne Bev
Published: May 2004

This article describes the long-term impact of childhood brain tumours on eight families, using an interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) approach. Two major themes emerged from the data: the impact of the illness and treatment on the child’s current functioning, and how parents live day-to-day with the threat of future relapse or further long-term physical and psychological complications. A number of subcategories emerged from these themes, including the difficulties obtaining special educational needs, the manner in which children overcame their physical limitations and the problems caused by peer exclusion and bullying. In discussing the way in which parents and children cope with the problems caused by the tumour, and the possible clinical implications that have emerged from the data, we have drawn upon a number of theoretical concepts, derived from discrepancy theory and coping theory.
Psychosocial Determinants of Premature Health Deterioration in a Changing Society: The Case of Hungary
Authors: Kopp Maria S. , Csoboth Csilla T. , Réthelyi JÍNos
Published: May 2004

The drastic increase of morbidity and mortality rates in the transforming Central-Eastern European countries, characterizing the last decades, offers a unique opportunity to analyse the relationship of those social, psychological and biological processes that contribute to rapid health modifications. In 1988 and 1995, two national representative surveys of the Hungarian population aged 16 or older ( N = 20,902 and 12,640 respectively) were conducted. The results show that depressive symptom severity mediates between relative socio-economic deprivation and higher self-rated morbidity rates. The worsening of traditional risk factors such as alcohol consumption and smoking, are also the consequences of social and psychological problems. A vicious circle might be hypothesized between social deprivation and depressive symptomatology, which substantially contributes to higher morbidity and mortality rates.
Meat Consumption and Commitments on Meat Policy: Combining Individual and Public Health
Authors: Becker Ralf , Kals Elisabeth , Fr÷hlich Petra
Published: May 2004

Although meat consumption plays a significant role for individual and public health, there is only little empirical research on the motives of meat consumption informed by health psychology and hardly any on socio-political commitments concerning general meat production taking on a public health perspective. To fill this gap, a questionnaire study was conducted to examine the links between both disciplines. Correlational and multiple regression analyses reveal that individual meat consumption is primarily based on self-centred judgments of control beliefs protecting ones health and of taste, whereas socio-political commitments are based on a mixture of selfcentred judgments and animal ethics. Based on these results, it is concluded, that models on health behaviour should integrate the social perspective, and that in intervention programs issues of individual as well as public health should be given equal importance.
Intervention Mapping: Protocol for Applying Health Psychology Theory to Prevention Programmes
Authors: Kok Gerjo , Schaalma Herman , Ruiter Robert A. C. , Van Empelen Pepijn , Brug Johannes
Published: May 2004

Evidence-based health promotion programmes are based on empirical data and theory. While a broad range of social and behavioural science theories are available, the actual application of these theories in programme design remains a real challenge for health promotion planners. Intervention Mapping describes a protocol for the development of theory- and evidence-based health promotion programmes. It provides guidelines and tools for the selection of theoretical foundations and underpinnings of health promotion programmes, for the application of theory, and for the translation of theory in actual programme materials and activities. This article presents the protocol and elaborates on the application of theory, using examples from successful intervention programmes.
The ‘Voices’ Project: Capacity-Building in Community Development for Youth at Risk
Authors: Bradley Benjamin Sylvester , Deighton Judith , Selby Jane
Published: May 2004

We report three cycles of an ‘action research’ project aimed at increasing the capacities of young people at risk in a rural Australian town. Drawing on an ‘experience-based’ approach to risk assessment and the concept of collective efficacy, we aimed to provide a group of 10 young people with a safe and uncensored space within which to voice their own concerns about the risks and problems confronting them. Their stories were then made public through theatrical performance. The purpose of the article is to demonstrate the dynamics of capacity-building in marginalized communities as a means of producing the political changes required for improving health outcomes in a setting previously opposed to such a strategy.
Prospective Research in Health Service Settings: Health Psychology, Science and the ‘Hawthorne’ Effect
Authors: O’ Sullivan Ian , Orbell Sheina , Rakow Tim , Parker Ron
Published: May 2004

Health service providers sometimes express concern about the impact of prospective survey research upon patient behaviour. To date, there is little available evidence from which to estimate the likelihood of any ‘Hawthorne’ effect on patient behaviour in health service settings. We analysed data from one of our own surveys to investigate whether inviting people to participate in research had any impact on their subsequent uptake of a screening service. Findings showed that people sent a questionnaire were slightly faster to take up screening than those not sent a questionnaire. We obtained no significant difference in absolute service uptake rate at six months.
‘Does My Bump Look Big in This?’ the Meaning of Bodily Changes for First-time Mothers-to-be
Authors: Johnson Sally , Burrows Anne , Williamson Iain
Published: May 2004

Research on the impact of bodily changes during the transition to motherhood is contradictory. The aim of the study reported here was to provide more useful insights by employing an inductive qualitative approach. Interviews with six women in the latter stages of pregnancy were analysed drawing upon aspects of interpretative phenomenological analysis and Foucauldian discourse analysis. These analyses suggest generally negative consequence, and discursive constructions that have a greater potential to be limiting than empowering. The impact of gender ideologies on women’s ways of being while pregnant is highlighted, as is the importance of developing alternative representations of the female, and the pregnant body, which do not pathologize women.
‘Am I Being Over-Sensitive?’ Women’s Experience of Sexual Harassment During Medical Training
Authors: Hinze Susan W.
Published: May 2004

Despite larger numbers of women in medicine and strong statements against gender discrimination in written policies and the medical literature, sexual harassment persists in medical training. This study examines the everyday lives of women and men resident physicians to understand the context within which harassment unfolds. The narratives explored here reveal how attention is deflected from the problem of sexual harassment through a focus on women’s ‘sensitivity’. Women resist by refusing to name sexual harassment as problematic, and by defining sexual harassment as ‘small stuff’ in the context of a rigorous training program. Ultimately, both tactics of resistance fail. Closer examination of the relations shaping everyday actions is key, as is viewing the rigid hierarchy of authority and power in medical training through a gender lens. I conclude with a discussion of how reforms in medical education must tend to the gendered, everyday realities of women and men in training.
Telling Accounts of Wound Infections: Avoidance, Anomaly and Ambiguity
Authors: Gardner Glenn , Cook Robert
Published: May 2004

Drawing from an interpretive study this article reports on an investigation into the way that patients receive information about having a surgical wound infection. The study findings indicated that patients often struggle to gain this information and health professionals use a range of strategies to avoid rather than engage the patient in discussions about their infection. A sociological analysis of this avoidance draws upon the literature pertaining to issues of power/knowledge, shame and reluctance to engage in potentially distressing interactions. The findings also indicate that considerations of the success of surgery can relate more to the technical aspects of the operation rather than the patient health outcomes. This study demonstrates the clinical relevance of interpretive research and shows how this approach can produce knowledge to inform health service and patient care practices.
‘Billy, the Sad Sperm with no Tail’: Representations of Sperm in Children’s Books
Authors: Moore Lisa Jean
Published: May 2004

Books about human reproduction produced for English-speaking children both construct and perpetuate processes of social reproduction. This social reproduction takes place within the context of capitalist, patriarchal and heteronormative socio-cultural norms. Information about human reproduction is ‘processed’ and ‘distilled’ for the young - it is made sterile and perfected. For the purposes of this analysis, 18 children’s books were interpreted. It is within these sections that I build a theory about the transference that occurs between humans and cells. I also develop a nascent theory about the interconnectedness of disembodiment and anthropomorphism. Through the use of the constant comparative method, I conclude with a discussion of the process of sperm taking on the role of social reproducer of culture in secular books whereas God assumes this role in Christian books.
Reflexivity in the Pornographic Films of Candida Royalle
Authors: Beggan James K. , Allison Scott T.
Published: May 2004

Both conventional wisdom and prior scholarship indicate that women typically find pornography less appealing than men. Recently, researchers have suggested that the sexually explicit films of Candida Royalle represent a new form of pornography that is more attractive to women. We examined the films of Candida Royalle in terms of reflexivity, a film technique that draws attention to film conventions and the filmmaking process within the context of a film. We identify three reflexive processes that operate in Candida Royalle’s films and consider how they may contribute to the development of a subject space that makes her films more appealing to women, in comparison to traditional pornographic films. The benefits of this new subject space are considered.
The Butch Woman Inside James Dean or ‘What Kind of Person Do You Think a Girl Wants?’
Authors: Cartier Marie
Published: May 2004

This article suggests that because during the Second World War, legions of women, for the first time, could legitimately be employed, this economic freedom facilitated a freedom to create a new kind of masculinity - that of the butch. These butches dated femmes, a new kind of woman. This type of coupling was apparent in urban culture, but was not presented on film. This article explores the idea that James Dean, an admitted homosexual, acted in Rebel Without a Cause, as a butch woman, cloaked in the guise of his fictional heterosexuality. This gave heterosexual men the permission to learn the new masculinity that had been created during the war - by butch women. Dean is the perfect butch for Judy (played by Natalie Wood), except he is male - or is he? Is it a coincidence that Hilary Swank’s Oscar-winning role in Boys Don’t Cry was frequently compared to ‘a young James Dean?’ What are the implications of Dean’s gender bending? Was Dean a new kind of man - or woman?
Haunting Heterosexuality: The Homo/Het Binary and Intimate Love
Authors: Johnson Paul
Published: May 2004

Changes in the social construction of sexuality and the arrangements of intimate relationships have been seen as the harbinger of greater fluidity in personal sexual identities and a disintegration of the homosexual/heterosexual distinction around which they are configured. Whilst the social and political contexts of sexual and intimate life may have changed, has the binary which underpins and organizes modern sexuality really altered? Using empirical data, from a study of heterosexuality and romantic love, I suggest that sexual identities, and the intimate relationships that depart from them, are founded through, and reiterate, highly rigid and defined borders. The data show that sexuality, far from being experienced as fluid and malleable, is felt as static and unchanging.
The Greeks, Eroticism and Ourselves
Authors: Hardy Simon
Published: May 2004

One of the principle connections between the lived experience and the representation of sexuality occurs at the level of erotic meaning. In any given culture erotic meanings found in representation may reflect or structure experience in a variety of ways. For example, many feminists have argued that pornography has helped to structure our modern experience of gender and sexuality in ways they consider oppressive. It is certainly important to consider the relation of eroticism to wider aspects of social life. Yet because of the ‘taken for grantedness’ of our erotic constructions this task is difficult to accomplish and rarely attempted. Therefore, rather than tackling modern eroticism head on, in this article I re-examine what we know (or think we know) about the relation between erotic representation and social experience in the context of ancient Greece. Moreover, we find that this point of historical comparison throws into relief aspects of our own use of eroticism, which are revealed, for instance, in our tendency to misinterpret the past in ways that are all too characteristic of ourselves.
The BBC’s Video Nation as a Participatory Media Practice
Authors: Carpentier Nico
Published: May 2004

The Video Nation project is one of the BBC’s recent major contributions to stimulating audience participation within mainstream media. This project (cl)aims to maintain a balanced power relationship between participants and members of the production team. Despite its transformation from a television setting to a web-based ‘online community and archive’ (although Video Nation partially returned to television in 2003), this project still has the ambition to give people the opportunity to represent themselves and their daily life. At the same time, it signifies the multilayered culture of ‘ordinary people’ and the cultural diversity within the British nation. The analysis illustrates the complex nature of audience participation in the mainstream media as, in contrast to community media, it becomes necessary to find and maintain an equal power balance between participants and media professionals in a structurally-biased institutional context. The power play that is seen at work in a highly fluid and contingent context creates the need for constant negotiation and care in order to protect the vulnerable power equilibrium between media professionals and participants. Crucial in this process is the participatory attitude of the media professionals, whose identity is no longer solely built on being a gatekeeper and producer of content, but also on gate-opening and facilitating the creation of content.
Beating them at their Own Game
Authors: Best Kirsty
Published: May 2004

This article interrogates the validity of claims that the open software movement provides a substantial alternative to intellectual property and a challenge to the encroaching commodification of digital space. The open software movement is participating in ongoing language wars of the new communication technologies; it is attempting to redefine the social and economic value of information and computer networking, and as such does present a challenge to digital commodification. However, this challenge is not mounted through traditional and public-oriented modes of cultural politics but instead through personal and bodily re-imaginings and a direct engagement with the new technologies. Indeed, similarities exist between discourses of the open software movement and capitalist discourses of flexible work and the reinvention of labour as temporary, transient and empowered. In sum, the open software movement can be considered to enable forms of visceral democracy, and its political potential is capacitated but also restricted by this form of cultural politics.
A View from a Fossil
Authors: Miller Toby
Published: May 2004

The new economy’s definition and history need to be questioned, specifically the notion that the ‘creative industries’ are panaceas for economic problems and gifts to cultural studies that make it important. Questions of labor have been occluded in much discussion of the new economy and in cultural studies. Instead of a focus on consumption and meaning, progressive critics need to turn their attention to the new international division of cultural labor.