bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
12 • Le microlingue scientifico-professionali e quelle disciplinari
Authors: Balboni Paolo E.
Published: May 2022

Negli anni Ottanta esplode la formazione tecnico-scientifica nelle scuole superiori e nelle università e l’inglese settoriale diventa qualificante nel paniere delle competenze. Nasce quindi una forte richiesta di formazione da parte degli insegnanti e di materiali innovativi da parte degli editori. Ho studiato le varietà scientifico-professionale-disciplinari tra il 1982 e il 2000, quando ho scritto un libro di sintesi ‘conclusiva’, i cui principi sono poi stati assunti un po’ da tutti. Credo di aver offerto tre contributi originali alla discussione su queste varietà e il loro insegnamento: l’accentuazione del ruolo della microlingua come strumento di riconoscimento come membri di una comunità scientifica; l’impianto di una didattica cooperativa tra il docente – che conosce la lingua – e lo studente di ambito tecnico-scientifico, che conosce i contenuti; lo spostamento della logica CLIL dalle lingue straniere all’italiano L1.
13 • Modelli di formazione dei docenti
Authors: Balboni Paolo E.
Published: May 2022

La funzione dell’insegnante è cambiata nel tempo: come fonte di lingua corretta è stato sostituito dai sussidi e dalle fonti multimediali, ha perso il ruolo di ipse dixit, è un giudice ma non è più monocratico e incontestabile: è diventato il regista di quello che Bruner chiama Language Acquisition Support System, non una persona ma un sistema complesso: manuali, supporti multimediali, scambi internazionali, esperienze tandem ecc. Ho contribuito a diffondere questa visione del docente, impegnandomi come formatore dell’Associazione Nazionale degli Insegnanti di Lingue Straniere, ma soprattutto, nel 2020-21, a seguito della pandemia, proponendo di capovolgere la formazione, cioè arrivare al flipped training dei docenti di educazione linguistica.
The Regulation of personal data flows between the European Union and the Asia-Pacific Region
Authors: MARCÉN ANA GASCÓN
Published: May 2022

This paper explains the legal framework for cross-border transfers of personal data outside the EUand assesses its impact on a selection of Asia-Pacific data protection laws. It studies the positiondefended by the EU in the debates for a new general framework on e-commerce in the World TradeOrganization (WTO) and the sections regarding data flows of some free trade agreements recentlyconcluded by Asia-Pacific countries such as the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership andthe Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership. This paper shows howthe regulation of data flows has surpassed national data protection laws to be increasingly present infree trade agreements with the tensions this may entail, paying special attention to the EU and Asia-Pacific. A holistic view is necessary because the consequences for human rights in trade negotiationsshould not be overlooked.
The Economic Partnership Agreement between Japan and the European Union: analysis of the first years of life and prospects for the future
Authors: CRISTÓBAL PAULA CISNEROS
Published: May 2022

On 1 February 2019 the EU-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) entered into force, thelargest trade agreement signed to date by the EU. The conclusion of this agreement meant the creationof the largest free trade area in the world, covering nearly 640 million people and one-third of theworld's gross domestic product, all in the middle of the Trump era, a clear defender of protectionism.It eliminates over 90% of the tariffs paid by European companies exporting to Japan and representsa clear move against protectionism. Both powers share the same interests and values of democracy,the rule of law and the defence of human rights. This paper analyses the EPA taking into account thenegotiation process, the normative text, the key elements and the impact of its first years ofimplementation. The work is completed with some conclusions, taking into account the repercussionsof the crisis caused by COVID-19.
The EU’s Eastern enlargement as an opportunity for increasing trade and socio-economic relations between the EU and New Zealand
Authors: PETROVIC MILENKO , GRIFFIN ADAM
Published: May 2022

After the signing of the New Zealand - China Free trade agreement in 2008, New Zealand’s trade withthe EU has seen less substantial growth. From being the second largest partner, the EU has becomeNew Zealand’s third largest trading partner, behind China and Australia. Moreover, the recentdeparture of the UK from the EU threatens to further downgrade the importance of the EU as NewZealand’s trade partner and its relevance in terms of tourist origin to New Zealand. On the other hand,although still marginal, New Zealand’s trade and tourist relations with the new EU member statesfrom Central and Eastern Europe have seen a remarkable expansion. Focussing on the examinationof current trends in the volume of trade and tourist exchange between New Zealand and this group ofstates, this paper assesses their importance for New Zealand - EU relations and prospects for theirfurther expansion.
Differentiated Integration - Views from Austria
Authors: Auel Katrin
Published: May 2022

This paper investigates the salience of and the position on Differentiated integration (DI) for the Austrian government. The analysis is based on both an analysis of government programmes, programmatic government speeches and parliamentary debates between 2004 and 2019/20. It shows that DI is overall not a salient issue in Austria, at least with regard to general DI concepts and models. Specific instances of DI were, of course, subjects of intense debates but, with very few exceptions such as the financial transaction tax as an instance of enhanced cooperation, rarely discussed with specific reference to DI. Overall, most Austrian parties are also not generally in favour of DI, quite the opposite. The dominant vision of the EU is that of a community of closely cooperating Member States with the same rights and responsibilities where opt-outs are seen as cherry picking. Only one party has forcefully supported the development of a core Europe, namely the right-wing populist Bündnis Zukunft Österreich (Alliance for the Future of Austria, BZÖ). In this case, however, DI is mainly regarded as a means to exclude groups of Member States (especially the financially more vulnerable or net recipients) from areas of integration.
Discourses on differentiated integration in Finland – Controversy over the Prüm Convention, credit-claiming for Pesco
Authors: Heinikoski Saila
Published: May 2022

This article discusses discourses on differentiated integration (DI) in Finland both from the quantitative and qualitative perspectives. It illustrates how salient DI has been in Finland between 2004 and 2019 and how government and opposition parties have approached DI, with special focus on the Prüm Convention and Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) in defence. It also examines approaches towards polity differentiation, i.e., the idea of multi-speed or multi-end Europe, as well as discourses on DI mechanisms, namely enhanced cooperation and opt-outs. The article concludes that the Finnish approach towards DI is pragmatic and generally positive, as the country has joined almost all instances of enhanced cooperation, unlike its Nordic neighbours Denmark and Sweden. This may be due to the lack of politicisation of DI in Finland, which has also allowed the country to join those instances.
Differentiated integration in Portugal: saliency and government positions
Authors: Silva Frederico Ferreira da
Published: May 2022

This article analyses the salience of and governmental positions on differentiated integration (DI) in Portugal in the 2004-2020 period. Employing quantitative and qualitative analyses, it first examines the salience and position of the successive Portuguese governments towards DI using documents such as government programmes, Prime-Ministerial speeches, parliamentary debates, and statements by the Prime Minister in European Council meetings. The results from the salience analysis demonstrate a low saliency of DI. Salience was enhanced by an increasing intersection between domestic and European politics during the euro crisis period, politicising the debate especially around DI instances of an economic nature. The position of Portuguese governments regarding DI during the period analysed was overwhelmingly negative. A wide consensus stood out among Portuguese political parties that DI models clearly go against both the European – by risking a disaggregation of the EU – and the national interest – by possibly pushing Portugal into an even more peripheral position.
Differentiated Integration or Discriminatory Integration? Romania’s view on DI in the EU
Authors: Badulescu Claudia
Published: May 2022

The concept of differentiated integration (DI) provides a way to talk about the accommodation of diversity in the EU. However, DI can also be perceived as a means to discriminate between the more economically advanced, typically older and Western EU Member States, and newer EU Member States. One of the EU countries that perceives DI as both an opportunity for deeper European integration and as a potential source of discrimination among the EU Member States, is Romania. To get a better understanding of successive Romanian governments’ approach to DI and of the salience that DI has in that country, this paper undertakes a quantitative and qualitative analysis of official communications and pronouncements made by Romanian decision-makers on the subject of EU integration between 2006-2020. My analysis indicates that there has been a relatively low salience of DI models (i.e. multi-speed and multi-end EU) and DI mechanisms (i.e. enhanced cooperation and opt-outs) but a high salience of DI instances (i.e. differentiated EU policies) in the official discourse emanating from Romanian government sources during this period. The position of successive Romanian governments with regard to DI was strongly in favour of more integration, especially when it comes to the country’s accession both to the Schengen area and to the Eurozone; however, successive governments have fervently opposed any type of DI models. This is explained in part by Romania’s majority pro-European electorate and decision-makers, and also by the desire of Romanian governments to be seen as existing on an equal footing with other EU Member States within the EU’s decision-making processes.
Differentiated Integration: The case of the European Banking Union
Authors: Hanada Eva
Published: May 2022

The European Banking Union (EBU), a system of unified financial supervision, regulation and resolution, arguably represents the biggest transfer of national sovereignty in Europe since the launch of the euro. Participation in the EBU is mandatory for the Eurozone states and voluntary for the non-Eurozone states, which makes it an example of differentiated integration (DI). This article analyses the implications of DI in the context of the EBU. The central question is whether the current EBU arrangements are going to result in uniform integration or continued differentiation. After outlining the main pillars of EBU, the article discusses whether we can envision more non-Eurozone states following the examples of Bulgaria and Croatia by opting into EBU before adoption of the euro, or whether there is a risk of more division between the EBU members and non-members. The focus is on the main economic and political considerations that affect the EBU in the medium term. The article shows that only the non-Eurozone states willing to relinquish their national sovereignty in financial supervision seek to join the EBU and that in the post-Brexit EU the differentiated EBU can potentially move towards more integration.
Social representation of the profession of psychology and the application of artificial intelligence: European Union regulatory authority and the application of psychology as a paradigm for the future
Authors: Innes Callum J. , Innes J. Michael , Morrison Ben W
Published: May 2022

The digitisation of work affects thinking with respect to who will work, what work will entail and how governments will control change. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) is recognized as a threat and as a facilitator of change. The European Union leads in the development of regulatory power in the area. We examine these regulations and how they may affect the application of AI to work, especially with respect to psychology. Psychology is a profession universally conceived in the recent past to be immune from the predations of automation due to the level of cognitive and emotional skills believed to underly competence. The image or social representation of the discipline/profession plays a role in how the discipline is perceived and understood and how it is placed within the predicted matrix of jobs under threat. We demonstrate that psychology may not be immune in the context of a contemporary social representation. Regulatory practices in training and employment put psychology under threat as a “safe” profession. Europe has regulated and commodified the practice and training of psychology and hence has magnified the threat of replacement of those practices by AI. Governments and the professions need to be mindful of these consequences.
Power in practice: EU member states’ 2020 early negotiations on Covid-19 burden sharing
Authors: Marchi Ludovica
Published: May 2022

The manoeuvring and the strategies that state actors and their delegates employ when discussing and negotiating practices at the European Union (EU) level clearly respond to their aim of attaining outcomes at that very level. Within that landscape, what makes a country more powerful and persuasive than others, why some states punch above their weight, and how the threads of European diplomacy are concretely moved are unclear processes that the practice approach promises to explain. This investigation employs the practice approach to distinguish ‘power in practice’. It considers power as a development connected to social relations. In fact, it views micro-level diplomatic dynamics as the site from which to observe power. It fills a gap in the field of adopting the practice approach in EU studies by contributing to theory through showing the approach’s policy performance. It asks the central question of ‘whether power resources emerge out of constant work and negotiation’. It applies the practice approach to the early 2020 negotiations in the EU arena on burden sharing linked to the Covid-19 pandemic. It argues that what is at stake in the course of the negotiations is a complex social game, in which manoeuvring for diplomatic competence becomes an end in itself.
European banking sector and bank lending amid COVID-19
Authors: Wierzbowska Agata
Published: May 2022

The unprecedented economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic might also have a negative impact on banks. Banks in the euro area play an important role as the main source of external financing for the private sector. Hence, the negative impact of COVID-19 could translate into both deeper economic contraction and hinder banks’ ability to finance the post-pandemic economic recovery. Therefore, this study provides a review of the bank lending and banking sector situation in the first year of the pandemic. It presents changes in bank lending and conducts a descriptive analysis on the following main potential determinants of bank lending growth during the pandemic: bank lending supply and demand, public sector lending guarantee schemes and monetary policy easing. It also describes how the overall situation of the banking sector was influenced and the perspectives for the medium term. The descriptive analysis is complemented with a simple econometric analysis on the determinants of bank lending across the euro area countries.
The challenges surrounding recognition of prior learning for refugees in European universities
Authors: Domvo Will
Published: May 2022

ESAANZ ESSAY PRIZE WINNERSince 2015, Europe has experienced an influx of refugees, many of whom aim to commence or continue their higher education studies in Europe. European countries are generally favourable to the inclusion of refugees in their universities, however the policies and processes currently in place are not adequate to facilitate access. The challenges that refugees face when accessing universities in Europe often relate to the level of language required, administrative status, tuition fees, and recognition of prior learning. Recognition of prior learning is a major hurdle for refugees because they often arrive without their education documents, and their prior education systems are different from the European ones. This article analyses the policies and processes surrounding recognition of prior learning for refugees in European universities and calls for a better coordination of the numerous initiatives currently in place.
Economic exclusion: Should the EU refuse trade deals in the interest of climate change?
Authors: Johnson Abihail
Published: May 2022

ESAANZ ESSAY PRIZE WINNERAn analysis of European economic trade policy and its role in international diplomacy on climate change. This accounts for both the objective financial benefits and incentives of preferential trading agreements as well as the influence of these deals on wider foreign relations. The findings of this paper are that withholding trade agreements to encourage or coerce similar progressive causes such as demilitarisation are highly limited in their impact, and that many of the causes of this outcome apply equally to climate issues. A loose explanation of how trade agreements and the associated diplomatic relationships which accompany them could be utilised to promote better environmental practices is also provided, based on the economic conditions of countries and communities involved. Trade progression with a focus on achievable climate goals is found to be far more beneficial than an exclusionary approach by the EU.
ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY PARAMETERS OF THE COMBINED ANTIPARASITIC DRUG IN THE FORM OF SPRAY
Authors: Devyatyarova  , Arisov
Published: May 2022

The purpose of the research was to study acute oral toxicity parameters of the combined
veterinary Fipronil-, Pyriproxyfen- and Moxidectin-based drug in the form of spray.
The studies were performed in the vivarium on 50 outbred white male mice weighing
17–20 g and on 30 outbred white male rats weighing 185–205 g. The drug for the mice
was diluted in PEG-400 in the ratio 1:3 and administered by an intragastric tube; we
tested doses of 1025 mg/kg, 3075 mg/kg, 5125 mg/kg and 7175 mg/kg. The drug was
administered to the rats without dilution; we tested doses of 1640 mg/kg, 3690 mg/kg,
5740 mg/kg and 7380 mg/kg. The animals’ physiological state, intoxication symptoms
and possible death were monitored within 14 days. As a result of the studies, toxic
effects of the drug were determined and calculated using the Miller-Tainter method.
The LD50 of the drug was 4100.0±560.3 mg/kg for mice, and 4458±690.5 mg/kg
for rats, on the basis of which it was found that the drug was classified as moderately
hazardous substance (hazard category 3 substance) according to GOST 12.1.007-76.
EFFICACY OF THE ANTIPARASITIC FIPRONIL-, MOXIDECTIN- AND PYRIPROXYFEN-BASED DRUG IN THE FORM OF SPRAY AGAINST ENTOMOSIS OF CARNIVORES
Authors: Devyatyarova  , Arisov
Published: May 2022

The purpose of the research was to study the efficacy of the drug against entomosis of
domestic carnivores. The drug contains such active substances as Fipronil, Moxidectin
and Pyriproxyfen, which provide a wide range of antiparasitic effects of the drug.
The studies were performed on dogs and cats spontaneously infected with fleas
Сtenocephalides felis, Сtenocephalides canis, lice Linognathus setosus and chewing lice
Trichodectes canis and Felicola subrostratus in the Moscow and the Moscow Region
veterinary clinics from April to December 2021. The diagnosis and efficacy of the
drug were confirmed by clinical studies (skin and coat examination for ectoparasites,
and live specimens count). The intensity of infestation in entomosis was determined
according to the "square" method in areas of the body of 10×10 cm. The animals were
divided into control and experimental groups; the drug was not given to the control
animals. The experimental animals were treated with the drug once at a dose of 1.5–
3.0 mL per 1 kg of the animal weight. Clinical examination was performed at 24 hours,
and at 5, 10 and 30 days. As a result of the studies, 100% therapeutic efficacy of the
drug was established after a single treatment against ctenocephalidosis, linognathosis
and trichodectosis of cats and dogs.
APPLICATION OF ORGANIC ACIDS FOR THE TREATMENT OF BEES AGAINST VARROATOSIS
Authors: Domatskaya  , Domatsky
Published: May 2022

The effectiveness of oxalic and lactic acids against varroatosis of honeybees was
studied in laboratory and apiary conditions in the late autumn period. The studies
were performed in the Tyumen Region apiaries in accordance with "Guidelines for
the study of means and methods to control the varroa mite". The results of laboratory
experiments showed that the maximum acaricidal activity was observed for 3.5%
oxalic acid and 15% lactic acid and was 98.6±1.7% and 96.3±3.5%, respectively.
In apiary conditions, the effectiveness was 87.1±2.2% (85.4–89.5%) for a single
treatment of the broodless bee colonies with 3.5% oxalic acid by watering the bees
in interframe spaces with 5 ml per beeway. In the control group, death of mites
corresponded to 11.7±1.1%. The number of varroa mites was reduced by 90.0±2.1%
(94.4–88.3%) by treating the broodless bee colonies twice in a 5 day interval with
15.0% aqueous lactic acid solution by spraying the frames with bees in a volume of
5 ml on each side of the comb. At the same time, the maximum death rate of mites
was observed in the bee colonies during the first day after the treatment. The mite
mortality was 10.7±1.10% in the control group during the follow-up. No death of
queen-bees or bees was detected during the treatment in both experiments.
DISTRIBUTION AND SEASONAL DYNAMICS OF ANOPLOCEPHALIDOSIS OF HORSES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE CENTRAL ALTAI
Authors: Efremova  , Marchenko  , Smertina
Published: May 2022

The purpose of the work was to assess the invasiveness and determine the features of
the seasonal dynamics of equine anoplocephalidosis in the conditions of the Central
Altai. The studies were carried out in 13 farms of 5 administrative districts of the
physico-geographical province. Fecal samples were examined by methods generally
accepted in parasitology. Identification of the cestodes was carried out taking into
account the size and morphological features of the eggs, including the pear-shaped
apparatus. Three species of cestodes from the family of the Anoplocephalidae have
been recorded: Anoplocephala perfoliata, Anoplocephala magna and Paranoplocephala
mamillana. In the vast majority of cases, A. perfoliata eggs were isolated in
fecal samples, propagative forms of the remaining cestodes were sporadically
encountered. According to the results of the conducted studies, it was found that anoplocephalidosis are ubiquitous with significant fluctuations in EI indicators in
the context of administrative districts. The maximum infection of animals with
pathogens of these cestodosis was detected in the Chemalsky district – 23.8%, which
is almost 2.5–3 times higher than in the Shebalinsky (9.8%) and Ongudaysky (8.8%)
districts. The average incidence of horses with anoplocephalidosis was recorded
in the Ust-Kansky and Ust-Koksinsky districts – 12.8 and 11.5%, respectively.
Seasonal dynamics of anoplocephalidoses is characterized by a single-peak rise of
invasion in the summer – autumn period with maximum EI in September – 34.4%.
MICROMORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE ORGANS OF DOGS AFTER THE INFECTION OF DIROFILARIA REPENS
Authors: Ivanov  , Sivkova
Published: May 2022

With the widespread infection of Dirofilaria repens in dogs on the territory of the Russian Federation, the morphological changes in this disease are not well described,
and the carcinogenic effect of these helminths on the host has not been established.
We have carried out a comprehensive study of morphological changes in the tissues
of outbred dogs (the mammary gland of two females and the testes of one male) with
subcutaneous dirofilariasis. Excised neoplasms were sent for histological examination, as a result, the females were diagnosed with papillary breast cancer with areas of
chondroid differentiation, necrosis, diffuse type of growth, fibrocystic non-proliferative mastopathy. In the male, the histological diagnosis corresponded to chronic
orchitis, sclerotic changes were expressed in the epididymis with atrophic and cystic
changes in the vas deferens. The uniformity of the micromorphological picture of the
neoplastic process in the mammary gland in females may have a certain relationship
with the invasion of D. repens due to chronic mechanical traumatization of the host
tissues by helminths, as well as their toxic and immune effects. The described impact,
in our opinion, was the cause of dystrophy of the male reproductive glands. In general, the study of the relationship between infection with D. repens and the oncological
process requires further, more in-depth and private study.
STUDY OF NEMATICIDAL AND HEMOSTATIC ACTIVITY OF PLANT EXTRACTS, JUICES, MEDICAMENTS IN VITRO
Authors: Konrat
Published: May 2022

The effect of the tested substances on nematicidity and nematostaticity in vitro was
carried out on saprobiotic (Caenorhabditis elegans, Turbatrix aceti) and phytoparasitic
nematodes (Ditylenchus destructor). Previously prepared solutions of the tested
substances in dilutions: 1) 1:1000, 2) 1:100, 3) 1:10, 4) 1:1, 5) not diluted, 6) control
– bottled water. A solution of these concentrations was introduced into the wells of
the die 0.5 ml in 4 repetitions, then a well-mixed nematode suspension with a volume
of 0.5 ml was added on average 50±10 copies of the nematodes. After 24 hours of
being together, mobile and non-mobile nematodes were counted, then after 48
and 72 hours, the nematode count was repeated. At the end of the experiment, the
nematodes were washed from the drug in order to determine the nematostatic effect.
The nematode counting operation was repeated. The nematicidal and nematostatic
efficacy of the tested substances was compared with the control variant. As a result of
studies on the nematicidity and nematostaticity of plant extracts, juices, antibiotics and
medicaments, it was found that the developed in vitro screening method is effective,
it was found that after 24, 48, 72 hours of screening, the percentage of mortality of
nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans, Ditylenchus destructor, Turbatrix aceti practically
did not change. In variants without dilutions, nematode mortality ranged from 70% to
100%. As dilution proceeds, the nematicidal efficacy of the drugs decreases. Dilution
of preparations 1:1000 had no effect on the viability of nematodes. In vitro screening
for nematicidity of different groups of biologically active substances showed that
farmayod, phytoverm, horseradish juice, garlic, ginger have nematicidal properties.
EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF AVERSECTIN C1 AND IVERMECTIN AGAINST HELMINTHIASIS OF CARNIVORES
Authors: Kravchenko I.
Published: May 2022

Avermectins occupy one of the leading positions among antiparasitic drugs for
deworming animals. The Avermectin group includes Aversectin, Ivermectin and
other drugs. Aversectin has not been fully studied in terms of its use in dogs and
cats, therefore the research purpose is very essential. Drugs from two different
groups of compounds were studied in a comparative aspect: Group 1 of Aversectins
(injectable Aversect K&C 0.2 % and 0.5 %; Avertel injection solution), and Group 2
of Ivermectins (injectable Ivermec 1%, Dironet tablets). The anthelmintic efficacy
and safety of the drugs were studied on dogs and cats with nematode infections
(toxocariasis, toxascariosis) and cestode infections (dipylidiasis and Taenia
Hydatigena infection) using laboratory diagnostic methods by G. A. Kotelnikov
and V. M. Khrenov, Fülleborn's method and helminthoscopic method, respectively.
According to the research results, injectable Aversect K&S 0.2% and 0.5%, Avertel
injection solution, injectable Ivermec 1% and Dironet tablets showed 100% efficacy
within 3 days in a single use against toxocariasis and toxascariosis and within 5–7
days against dipylidiasis and Taenia Hydatigena infection. No side effects were
observed after subcutaneous and intramuscular application of the injectable drugs
and oral tablets in the dogs and cats.
SOME MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF MUSCULATURE IN TREMATODES FASCIOLA HEPATICA (PLATYHELMINTHES)
Authors: Kreshchenko  , Mitkovskii  , Terenina
Published: May 2022

The distribution of muscle elements in adult Fasciola hepatica was studied on frozen
sections using histochemical staining and fluorescent microscopy. Measurements
were taken from the stained sections on photomicrograms. The histochemical
staining detected actin in muscle filaments of the muscle system. The body wall
consisted of circular, diagonal and longitudinal muscle fibers. The thickness of the
dorsal muscle layer of the body was 25–50 µm, and the ventral muscle layer was 18–
25 µm. Numerous dorsal and ventral muscle bundles of 10–28 µm thick connected
the dorsal and abdominal walls of the body. The musculature thickness of the oral
sucker was 196 to 238 µm. The thickness of the pharyngeal wall was 64–98 µm; it was
represented by circular, longitudinal and radial muscle fibers. The round and oval
lumens of the branched blind intestine had a diameter of 63–119 µm. The intestine
was surrounded by thin circular and diagonal muscle fibers of 2–3 µm thick, with
a distance of 5-7 µm between them. The ventral sucker consisted of three types of muscle fibers, namely, circular, longitudinal and radial fibers. The maximum
thickness of its musculature was about 340 µm.
NEMATODES OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF MUSK DEER IN PRIMORSKY KRAI
Authors: Kuznetsov  , Seryodkin  , Maksimova
Published: May 2022

The species of helminths collected during necropsies of three musk deer (Moschus
moschiferus) from the Terney district of Primorsky Krai has been determined.
Parasites of musk deer are poorly studied due to the inaccessibility of habitats and
the peculiarities of the lifestyle of this ungulate. Thus, the results supplement the
data on M. moschiferus parasites. Each of the studied musk deer individuals had one species of nematodes found. There were found Pygarginema skrjabini (64 specimens),
Spiculopteragia asymmetrica (10 specimens) and Trichuris ovis (three specimens).
S. asymmetrica was found in musk deer for the first time. The results obtained during
this study, as well as previously obtained data, show that the helminthofauna of musk
deer, in general, is characterized by low levels of species diversity and intensity of
infection. The reasons for this, apparently, are the solitary lifestyle and feeding habits
of musk deer. A small number of contacts among individuals of musk deer, as well
as with ruminants of other species, reduce the risk of infection with helminths. The
diet of M. moschiferus, which is based on tree lichens, also does not promote to the
realization of the life cycles of helminths.
ANTIPARASITIC GRAIN-FODDER GRANULES FOR HELMINTHIASES OF HORSES
Authors: Marchenko  , Biryukov  , Vasilenko  , Kurinov
Published: May 2022

Helminthiastic infestations are widespread in horse-breeding farms of the Altai
Mountains. The specifics of the industry involve the use of therapeutic agents
that have not only a wide range of antiparasitic activity, but also manufacturability
in application. The purpose of this research is to develop a new prescription
of antiparasitic feed granules (AFG) based on grain-fodder raw materials with
aversectin C and albendazole and to assess their effectiveness against intestinal
helminthiasis of horses. The efficacy study was conducted on the principle of
"critical test", 2 experimental groups of horses of 20 and 16 heads of the New Altai
breed were formed. Before giving the drug and after 15 days, coproovoscopic studies
of horse feces for the presence of eggs of intestinal helminths by the flotation method
were carried out. AFGs were fed to horses once, in a group way from feeders at
the rate of 2.5 g per kg of animal weight (aversectin – 0.2 mg, albendazole 5 mg/
kg b/w). Animals ate antiparasitic granules well, after taking the drugs there was
no toxic effect on the body of horses. Feeding to horses with AFG provided high
efficacy of the drug in strongylatosis of the gastrointestinal tract, parascariasis and
anoplocephalidosis of horses (90.1–100%).
TRICHINELLOSIS OF WILD ANIMALS IN THE TERRITORY OF THE KIROV REGION
Authors: Maslennikova
Published: May 2022

Trichinelloscopy of wild animals is necessary to monitor the epizootological and
epidemiological situation in the Kirov Region. During the period 2002–2021, 861
representatives of wild mammals, including 186 rodents and 257 wild boars, were
studied by trichinelloscopy and, additionally, digestion in artificial gastric juice. The
total infection with Trichinella larvae of the studied animals was 11%. Trichinella
larvae were not found in otters, rodents and wild boars. The highest infection rates
were registered in the wolf – EI – 76.1%, II – 18.2 (0.2 – 141.1) larvae per 1 g of
muscle. The fox is less infected - 51.7%. Average intensity of invasion was 42.8 (4.5 –
195) larvae per 1 g of muscle. Extensiveness of invasion of lynx was 43.8%, raccoon
dog – 20.0%, brown bear – 12.1%. 2 out of 3 wolverines are infected with Trichinella
larvae. Trichinella larvae were found in 28.6% of weasels, 14% of badgers, 9.5% of
martens and 2.9% of American minks. Badgers and minks have the highest rates of
intensity of invasion. The Kirov Region is stationary unfavorable for trichinellosis of
wild predatory animals, because in nature, a high extensiveness of invasion persists
for a long time. The main distributors of trichinella invasion in this region are large
predators: wolf, fox, and lynx.
A CASE OF GNATOSMOSIS IN A FOX FROM RYAZAN REGION
Authors: Panova  , Khrustalev  , Andreyanov
Published: May 2022

The nematodes Gnathostoma spinigerum were found in one of 22 autopsied foxes
from the Ryazan Region. The helminths localized in a tumor-like parasitic node
measuring 34x27x13 mm on the mucosa of the cardial part of the stomach.
Their head ends were deeply embedded in the host tissues, leaving only the tail
ends free. With histological examination, the parasitic node was a formation of
overgrown fibrous tissue, indistinctly delimited from the surrounding tissues. The
inflammatory infiltrate is moderate, neutrophils and macrophages predominate.
The tissues are quite well vascularized, edematous, with moderate perivascular and
interstitial infiltration by inflammatory cells – mainly neutrophils and histiocytes /
macrophages (including activated ones, with vacuolized cytoplasm, with traces of
phagocytosis), there are clusters of small lymphocytes, sometimes eosinophils are
visible. Erythrocyte extravasation is present. The epithelial lining in the area above
the formation is lost over a large area, with extensive ulceration. Accumulations of mucus and detrital masses are visualized on the surface. The formation partially
extends into the adjacent tissues of the omentum. No specific infectious agents and/
or foreign artifacts were identified.
G. spinigerum is registered for the first time on the territory of Central Russia. This
species is distributed mainly in the countries of Southeast Asia, in India. So far, it
has been found in foxes in the Russian Federation only once in the Northwestern
Caucasus. The finding of G. spinigerum in the Ryazan Region should be regarded as
the northernmost recorded point of the distribution area of this species.
STUDY OF MOLLUSCS IN BIOTOPES ON PASTURES CONTAMINATED BY FASCIOLA HEPATICA
Authors: Postevoy
Published: May 2022

The mollusk Lymnaea truncatula is an intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica.
However, the involvement of other mollusk species (L. stagnalis, Galba palustris, etc.)
in the F. hepatica development cycle might take place. In this connection, we have
studied the spread of molluscs of these species in areas contaminated by Fasciola
hepatica. The research purpose was to study the infection of molluscs by Fasciola
larvae in the habitats (biotopes) on pastures contaminated by trematodiasis in the
Bryansk Region. We determined the population density of molluscs and their species
on the pastures, and the infection dynamics of parthenita stages of F. hepatica in
molluscs. The study was performed on 3 pastures of 12 to 27 hectares from April
to October 2021. The following molluscs were examined: 10 to 93 specimens of
the snail L. truncatula, 11 to 24 specimens of the great pond snail L. stagnalis, and
12 to 42 specimens of the aquatic snail L. palustris. Molluscs were examined for
infection with Fasciola larvae by the compression method every month during the
grazing period (April-October). As a result of the study, the snail L. truncatula was
only found to be infected by larval stages of Fasciola. The remaining lymnaeids were
free from this trematode invasion. The snail L. truncatula was more infected with
Fasciola in September. The Fasciola larvae in the snail were observed in May, August
and September with the infection rate of 2.3%, 3.5% and 4.3%, respectively.
MASS-SPECTROMETRIC STUDIES OF HELMINTHS: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IDENTIFICATION OF PARASITIC INFECTION CAUSES
Authors: Aleshukina I. , Nagorniy  , Aleshukina A. , Ermakova  , Denisenko
Published: May 2022

Mass spectrometry is currently used to identify bacteria, mycobacteria and some
fungi. Unlike clinical bacteriology, MALDI-TOF MS is practically not used for the
identification of human and animal parasites. Homogenate protein profiles were
obtained using Microflex LT MALDI-TOF MS (Bruker Daltonics Germany) with
Flex Control software, visualized using Flex analysis 3.3 software (Bruker Daltonics).
Analysis of protein extracts of nematodes showed spectra with high intensity peaks in
the range of 2–20 kDa. Slight differences in the mass spectrometric spectra of Ascaris
lumbricoides and Ascaris suum in the same range, which characterizes nematode
species, confirm the results obtained in full-genome analysis of helminth data that
the causative agent of human ascariasis is an evolutionarily close relative of swine
ascarids. In the high ranges of mass spectrometric analysis of Dirofilaria immitis
and Dirofilaria repens, significantly frequent peaks were observed, which probably
characterize the whole genus of nematodes. In the range above 6000 kDa, the spectra
differed in representative peaks, which allowed to differentiate one species from
another in protein profile. A comparative analysis of the mass spectrometric peaks
of helminths D.repens, D. immitis using R medium (MALDIquant). On the cluster
of dendrograms of averaged mass spectra, it was found that for two individuals of
D. repens, as well as for two individuals of D. immitis, the sections of the dendrograms
coincide with a high degree of probability. For D. immitis, the coincidence rate was
100%, for D. repens 70%. The results obtained can form the basis for the creation
of a library of protein profiles with the aim of accelerated and objective dirofilaria
differentiation.
SYNTHETIC PYRETHROID RESISTANCE IN DIPTERANS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE HOUSEFLY MUSCA DOMESTICA (REVIEW)
Authors: Rotkin
Published: May 2022

This article presents scientific research on the resistance process forming in
dipteran insects on the example of the housefly (Musca domestica), which occurs
with synthetic pyrethroids, as well as methods to control the occurring resistance.
Houseflies (Musca domestica) are insects of the order Diptera and one of the most
resistant insect species to modern insecticides, and their natural populations may be
insusceptible to all drugs used to control them. Pyrethroids are insecticides that are
synthetic derivatives of natural pyrethrins. They are the most widely used group of
insecticides today, and their use in agriculture is considered to be the most effective
and least toxic in insect control. One of the main disadvantages of pyrethroids is
considered to be insect resistance to modern insecticides. The main content of
the study is the analysis of available scientific data on the resistance occurring in
Dipterans with synthetic pyrethroids, and of the main directions in the control of
such resistance. Scientific research was searched in domestic and foreign sources.
NEMATODOSES OF THE AMERICAN MINK (NEOVISON VISON SCHREBER, 1777) IN THE VYATKA-KAMA INTERFLUVE
Authors: Strelnikov  , Maslennikova
Published: May 2022

The analysis of the infestation of American mink with nematodes in the natural
biocenoses of the Kirov Region (floodplains of the Vyatka, Kama, Cheptsa and
Moloma rivers) in the north-east of the European part of Russia was carried out.
13 species of nematodes were identified (72.2% of the entire helminth fauna). Two
new species to the region were found: Crenosoma taiga (Skrjabin et Petrov, 1928)
and Mustelivingylus skrjabini (Romanov et Kontrimavichus, 1962). The nematode
fauna is based on 4 species: Aonchotheca putorii, Aonchotheca mucronata, Crenosoma
taiga, Skrjabingylus nasicola. Epizootic and epidemiological danger is represented by
Trichinella spp. The highest infection rates were found in Aonchotheca putorii, which
is localized mainly in the stomach (invasion intensity (II) 81%, extent of invasion
(EI) 74.8±13.8 specimens). The second place in terms of infestation is occupied by
Aonchotheca mucronata (II 44.5%, EI 4.2±0.6 specimens). Skrjabingylus nasicola
and Crenosoma taiga have low infection rates (II 8.7%, EI 2.3±0.5 specimens and
II 4.9%, EI 2.6±0.7 specimens, respectively). Infestation of mink with Trichinella
larvae is 3% at high rates of prevalens. Filaroides martis are extremely rare in the
American mink, they do not form cysts, as in other mustelids.
CURRENT TAXONOMICAL STATUS AND NOMENCLATURE OF DIPHYLLOBOTHRIIDS OF MEDICAL AND VETERINARY IMPORTANCE
Authors: Khrustalev
Published: May 2022

The newest taxonomic revision of Diphyllobothriids, undertaken in 2017 by a
group of British and Czech researchers, resulted the resurrection of the genus
Dibothriocephalus which comprises the diphyllobothriid species of terrestrial
mammals and birds previously considered belonging to the genus Diphyllobothrium,
including Dibothriocephalus latus, D. dendriticus and D. nihonkaiensis. These
innovations in the nomenclature of the listed species are gradually coming into
use. For example, the name of a broad fish tapeworm Dibothriocephalus latus is
becoming more and more common from year to year, however, Diphyllobothrium
latum is still more often used in the literature. Apparently, Dib. latus will eventually
displace Diph. latum, however, today it would be premature to completely abandon
the usual Diphyllobothrium latum, especially in publications of applied topics. Special
molecular genetic studies have established the identity of the species Diphyllobothrium
klebanovskii and Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiensis, the latter was transferred to the
genus Dibothriocephalus. Thus, as of today, the name Dibothriocephalus nihonkaiensis
(Yamane et al., 1986) Waeschenbach et al., 2017 = Diphyllobothrium klebanovskii
Muratov and Posokhov, 1988 should be considered valid. The taxonomic status of the
species Diphyllobothrium luxi Rutkevich, 1937 remains uncertain. It is believed that
D. luxi is conspecific with the species Adenocephalus pacificus Nybelin, 1931.
DETERMINATION OF THE OPTIMAL THERAPEUTIC DOSE OF THE DRUG UNICOCCID TO TREAT EIMERIOSIS IN PIGLETS
Authors: Shelyakin  , Cheskidova  , Semenov  , Shaposhnikova
Published: May 2022

Eimeriosis (coccidiosis) is a widespread parasitic disease that causes significant
economic damage to pig production. Diclazuril is an effective means for the treatment
of sick animals. At the same time, there were no negative or side effects detected on
the animals’ body. We have carried out studies to determine a therapeutically effective
dose for the treatment of coccidiosis in piglets with Unicoccid, the active substance
(AS) of which is diclazuril. For the experiment, we selected piglets at the age of
2 months spontaneously infected with Eimeria. The animals from group 1 (n=10)
were individually administered Unicoccid once at a dose of 1.5 ml/1 kg of the body
weight (3.75 mg of the AS/1 kg); group 2 (n=10), at a dose of 2.0 ml/1 kg of the body
weight (5.0 mg of the AS/1 kg); and group 3 (n=10), at a dose of 2.5 ml/1 kg of the
body weight (6.25 mg of the AS/1 kg). The piglets from group 4 (n=5) were a negative
control and were not prescribed any drug. The therapy effectiveness was evaluated at
14 days after the use of Unicoccid. It was found that an extense-effectiveness score was 100% in the piglets of groups 2 and 3. Thus, the most therapeutically and cost-effective dose against eimeriosis is 2.0 ml/1 kg of the piglet’s body weight (5.0 mg of diclazuril/ 1 kg of the body weight).
NEMATODE EGG RE-APPEARANCE PERIOD AFTER ANTHELMINTIC THERAPY IN HORSES IN THE MOSCOW REGION
Authors: Baranova  , Panova
Published: May 2022

The research purpose is studying early signs of the anthelmintic resistance
development in equine nematode population on horse farms. This is possible with
reference to the egg-reappearance period (ERP) after the treatment. The study
was performed in the Moscow Region in 2020–2021. The horses were examined
by the flotation method before the therapy. The data obtained made it possible to
divide the animals into 5 experimental groups. Groups 1–2 included horses infected
by strongyles. The treatment was given with Albendazole and Ivermectin. Groups
3–5 included horses infected with Parascaris equorum; they were treated with
Fenbendazole, Ivermectin and Aversectin C. All horses from the experimental groups
were examined on days 14, 42 and 84. Benzimidazoles and Aversectin C showed no
ERP reduction. Despite the fact that Albendazole did not show 100% efficacy and
an increase in eggs appeared in faeces of the horses began from day 42 (from week
6), these data correspond to the literature data on the ERP during the Albendazole
therapy and do not indicate the development of any anthelmintic resistance. After
Ivermectin, the growth of Strongylid and Parascaris eggs was detected in faeces of
the horses on day 42 (from week 6), which was an ERP reduction as compared with
the literature data at 9 weeks. The study was supported by the grant from the Russian
Science Foundation (Project No. 20-76-00035).
HEMATOLOGICAL STUDIES OF RABBITS EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED WITH EIMERIA
Authors: Barseghyan  , Petrosyan  , Nikogosyan  , Vardanyan  , Movsesyan
Published: May 2022

We studied blood samples from 48 rabbits aged 3 months. The hematological studies
were performed in the Alphalab Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (blood samples
were taken from the jugular vein of the rabbits) and the Laboratory of General
Helminthology and Parasitology of the Institute of Zoology of the Scientific
Center of Zoology and Hydroecology of the Armenian NAS (blood samples were
taken from the peripheral ear vein of the rabbits). We studied healthy (control) and
artificially infected (with coccidia) giant and Californian rabbits. A comparative
analysis of blood cells was also performed for the rabbits infected with Eimeria.
The experiment results showed that all morphological blood parameters of the giant
and Californian rabbits with intense infection by coccidiosis pathogens changed
significantly (p<0.05–0.001). A comparative analysis of quantitative indicators of
blood cells in the infected rabbits showed that the most heavily infected animals had
significantly reduced erythrocytes (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), leukocytes (WBC),
lymphocytes (LYMPH) and monocytes (MONO), while segmented neutrophils
(NEUT), eosinophils (EO) and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) increased
significantly. The blood parameters of the healthy rabbits were within normal limits.