bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyrrolidines by an Organocatalytic Three‐Component Approach Featuring a One‐Pot Condensation and [3 + 2]‐Cycloaddition Reaction in Aqueous Medium.
Authors: Reboredo Silvia , Vicario Jose L. , Carrillo Luisa , Reyes Efraim , Uria Uxue
Published: February 2014

Densely functionalized pyrrolidines are obtained stereoselectively under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Choline Chloride/Urea Ionic Liquid Catalyzed a Convenient One‐Pot Synthesis of Indole‐3‐propanamide Derivatives.
Authors: Siddalingamurthy Eranna , Mahadevan Kittappa M. , Kumar Thamatakallu O. Shrungesh
Published: February 2014

A versatile and general method for the synthesis of indole‐3‐propanamides (V) is development using the three‐component reaction of indole (I) with Meldrum′s acid and aldehydes and subsequent reaction of the Meldrum′s adduct formed with amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Acidic (Choline Chloride.3ZnCl2) Ionic Liquid: A Green and Recyclable Catalyst for the One‐Pot Synthesis of 4‐((3‐Indolyl)(aryl)methyl)‐N,N‐dimethylanilines under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Hekmatshoar Rahim , Mousavizadeh Farnoush , Rahnamafar Reyhaneh
Published: February 2014

The catalyst can be easily recycled and reused up to four times with no noticeable drop in activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Montmorillonite K‐10 as a Catalyst in the Synthesis of 5,5‐Disubstituted Hydantoins under Ultrasound Irradiation.
Authors: Safari J. , Javadian L.
Published: February 2014

A rapid and highly efficient synthesis of 5‐substituted hydantoin derivatives is achieved by three‐component condensation of carbonyl compounds with KCN and (NH4)2CO3 under ultrasound irradiation conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Medium Buffer Effects on the Condensation of L‐Cysteine and Aryl Nitriles to (R)‐2‐Aryl‐4,5‐dihydrothiazole‐4‐carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Maltsev Oleg V. , Walter Valerianne , Brandl Matthias J. , Hintermann Lukas
Published: February 2014

The title condensation in buffered aqueous alcoholic medium is reinvestigated and it can be shown that no undesired hydrolysis or racemization is observed.
ChemInform Abstract: The Reaction of Carbon Disulfide with α‐Haloketones and Primary Amines in the Presence of Potassium Iodide as Catalyst.
Authors: Safaei‐Ghomi Javad , Salimi Fariba , Ramazani Ali
Published: February 2014

The title reaction represents a rapid and unprecedented route for the synthesis of 1,3‐thiazolethione derivatives with expected biological activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Rhodium‐Catalyzed Allylation of Cyclic Imines with Potassium Allyltrifluoroborates.
Authors: Hepburn Hamish B. , Chotsaeng Nawasit , Luo Yunfei , Lam Hon Wai
Published: February 2014

The asymmetric reaction of different types of cyclic imines with a range of allyltrifluoroborates is described using a rhodium complex catalyst having a chiral bicyclic diene as ligand.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient in situ Synthesis of 3,5‐Disubstituted‐1,2,4‐triazoles under Microwave‐Assisted Conditions.
Authors: Wei Qing , Qiao Chengfang , Xia Zhengqiang , Chen Sanping
Published: February 2014

A concise and high‐yield access to title compounds (II) is achieved by cycloaddition of organonitriles and ammonia under microwave conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Switchable Diastereoselectivity in Enantioselective [4 + 2] Cycloadditions with Simple Olefins by Asymmetric Binary Acid Catalysis.
Authors: Lv Jian , Zhang Long , Luo Sanzhong , Cheng Jin‐Pei
Published: February 2014

The exchange of the metal ion from In(III) to Sc(III) in a binary acid catalyst leads to a switch in the diastereoselectivity of [4 + 2] cycloadditions.
ChemInform Abstract: The Role of Ni‐Carboxylate During Catalytic Asymmetric Iodolactonization Using PyBidine‐Ni(OAc)2.
Authors: Arai Takayoshi , Kajikawa Satoshi , Matsumura Eri
Published: February 2014

Key to this reaction is the formation of an intermediary Ni‐carboxylate.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐(Pyridinium‐1‐yl)‐1,1‐bis(triflyl)ethanides: Structural Behavior and Availability as Bis(triflyl)ethylating Reagents.
Authors: Yanai Hikaru , Takahashi Yoichi , Fukaya Haruhiko , Dobashi Yasuo , Matsumoto Takashi
Published: February 2014

The synthesis of stable, non‐hygroscopic, and easy‐to‐handle zwitterionic title structures from heterocyclic arenes is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Reductive Cyclizations of Nitroarenes to Hydroxamic Acids by Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis.
Authors: Cismesia Megan A. , Ischay Michael A. , Yoon Tehshik P.
Published: February 2014

Optimized photolytic conditions allow the reductive cyclization of various nitroarenes to hydroxamic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Design, Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of Some Novel Compounds Containing Pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidines Nucleus.
Authors: Kandeel Manal M. , Roshdy Sameha M. , Abdelall Eman K. A. , Abdelgawad Mohamed A. , Lamie Phoebe F.
Published: February 2014

New compounds (Vb), (IXa), (XIIb), and (XIV) exhibit promising in vitro cytotoxic activity against human breast cancer adenoma (MCF‐7).
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Regioselective Intramolecular Oxidative α‐Functionalization of Tertiary Amines: An Efficient Synthesis of Dihydro‐1,3‐Oxazines.
Authors: Deb Mohit L. , Dey Suvendu S. , Bento Isabel , Barros M. Teresa , Maycock Christopher D.
Published: February 2014

The hydroxy functional group directs the α‐functionalization of tertiary amines, synthesizing 1,3‐oxazines by C—O bond formation.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalysis for the Synthesis of Optically Active β‐Malonophosphonates.
Authors: Thorat Prashant B. , Goswami Santosh V. , Magar Rupali L. , Bhusare Sudhakar R.
Published: February 2014

Phospha—Michael addition of P(O—Et)3 to benzylidenemalononitriles (I) in the presence of a proline‐based organocatalyst represents one of the most straightforward routes for the synthesis of optically active β‐malonophosphonates (III) (13 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: Norlathyrane Diterpenes from the Root of Euphorbia kansuensis
Authors: Zhang Bei‐Bei , Jiang Qian , Liao Zhi‐Xin , Liu Chao , Liu Shi‐Jun , Ji Lan‐Ju , Sun Hong‐Fa
Published: February 2014

isolation and structure determinations of two novel norlathyrane diterpenes, ekanpenoid A (I) and B (II) with potent cytotoxic activities against HeLa and Hep‐G2 cell lines
ChemInform Abstract: New Pterosin Sesquiterpenes and Antitubercular Constituents from Pteris ensiformis.
Authors: Chen Jih‐Jung , Wang Tai‐Chi , Yang Chieh‐Kai , Liao Hsiang‐Ruei , Sung Ping‐Jyun , Chen Ih‐Sheng , Cheng Ming‐Jen , Peng Chien‐Fang , Chen Jinn‐Fen
Published: February 2014

Two new pterosin sesquiterpenes,13‐hydroxypterosin A (I) and 12‐hydroxypterosin Q (II) are isolated along with six known compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Glycosidic Inhibitors of Melanogenesis from Leaves of Passiflora edulis.
Authors: Akihisa Toshihiro , et al. et al.
Published: February 2014

A new flavenoid glycoside (I), and two new triterpene glycosides, (II) and (III), are isolated along with 14 known glycosides.
ChemInform Abstract: Silver Coordination Compounds with Antimicrobial Properties.
Authors: Fromm Katharina M.
Published: February 2014

Review: 34 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluoroalkylation of Organic Compounds
Authors: Yu Mikhaylov D. , Budnikova Yu H.
Published: February 2014

Review: 228 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mechanism of Autocatalysis
Authors: Bissette Andrew J. , Fletcher Stephen P.
Published: February 2014

Review: 219 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Encouraging Microbial Activity in Cementitious Systems: An Emerging Frontier in Contaminated Soil Treatment
Authors: Kogbara Reginald B.
Published: February 2014

Review: 25 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biomedical Applications of Clay
Authors: Chrzanowski Wojciech , Kim Sally Yunsun , Abou Neel Ali Ensanya
Published: February 2014

Review: 51 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Interrogating Fragments Using a Protein Thermal Shift Assay
Authors: McMahon Roisin M. , Scanlon Martin J. , Martin Jennifer L.
Published: February 2014

Review: 31 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments and Future Trends in Solid Phase Microextraction Techniques Towards Green Analytical Chemistry
Authors: Spietelun Agata , Marcinkowski Lukasz , de la Guardia Miguel , Namiesnik Jacek
Published: February 2014

Review: 319 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Analysis in Real Time — A Critical Review on DART‐MS
Authors: Gross Juergen H.
Published: February 2014

Review: 119 refs.
Extent of pathologic extracapsular extension and outcomes in patients with nonoropharyngeal head and neck cancer treated with initial surgical resection
Authors: Prabhu Roshan S. , Hanasoge Sheela , Magliocca Kelly R. , Moeller Benjamin J. , Milas Zvonimir L. , Hall William A. , El‐Deiry Mark , Wadsworth J. Trad , Higgins Kristen A. , Beitler Jonathan J.
Published: February 2014

BACKGROUND

Lymph node extracapsular extension (ECE) is a known adverse prognostic factor in head and neck cancer and is an indication for adjuvant chemoradiation (CRT). However, the extent of ECE may provide additional prognostic information in the setting of adjuvant CRT.

METHODS

This study included 350 patients with oral cavity cancer (72.6%) or bulky/nonfunctional laryngeal cancer (27.4%) who underwent initial surgical resection. Extent of ECE was graded from 0 to 4 based on the scale established by Lewis and colleagues. Multivariable analyses (MVA) were adjusted for primary site, pathologic risk factors, and adjuvant therapy.

RESULTS

In univariate failure‐free survival (FFS) analysis, there was no significant difference in FFS for patients with lymph node‐positive disease and no ECE (grade 0) versus patients with ECE grades 1 through 3. However, patients with ECE grade 4 had significantly worse FFS. In MVA for FFS, differences between ECE grades 0 through 3 and grade 4 did not remain significant. In MVA of overall survival, ECE grade 4 was significantly associated with higher risk of death compared with ECE grade 0 (hazard ratio, 0.46; P = .02) and ECE grades 1 through 3 (HR, 0.41; P = .01).

CONCLUSIONS

Dichotomous evaluation of ECE is useful for determining appropriate adjuvant therapy but has limited additional prognostic value in the setting of adjuvant CRT. The detrimental effect of ECE grades 1 through 3 relative to no ECE is effectively mitigated with adjuvant CRT, but ECE grade 4 retains a poorer prognosis despite CRT with regard to overall survival. Patients with ECE grade 4 may be candidates for trials investigating novel methods of adjuvant therapy intensification. Cancer 2014;120:1499–1506. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
A stateful storage availability and entropy model to control storage distribution on grids
Authors: Ma Jianwei , Liu Wanyu , Glatard Tristan
Published: February 2014

In spite of numerous works studying file replication strategies on distributed systems, data management policies remain mostly handled by manual operators or very basic algorithms on production grids. Among other causes, this situation is due to the lack of models taking job reliability into account. In this paper, we study file replication using new metrics to evaluate the reliability of distributed storage configurations. A stateful storage availability model is introduced to cope with the inability of the stateless model to account for the commonsense intuition that limiting the number of storage hosts involved in the execution of an application improves reliability. We describe the job success probability and the brittleness entropy, a metric describing the uncertainty of the job failure rate associated to a storage configuration. Results, obtained on synthetic data and on traces extracted from the European Grid Infrastructure, show that the stateful model is more accurate than the stateless on real data, and that it can describe the consequences of limiting the number of storage hosts on application reliability. These findings open the door to the design of new file replication strategies taking storage availability into account. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A power‐area‐efficient, 3‐band, 2‐RX MIMO, TD‐LTE receiver with direct‐coupled ADC
Authors: Huang Mo , Chen Dihu , Wang Zhao , Guo Jianping , Dagher Elias H. , Xu Bin , Xu Ken , Ye Hui , Zheng Weiguo , Liang Zhen , Liang Xiaofeng , Masenten Wesley K.
Published: February 2014

In this work, a power‐area‐efficient, 3‐band, 2‐RX MIMO, and TD‐LTE (backward compatible with the HSPA+, HSUPA, HSDPA, and TD‐SCDMA) CMOS receiver is presented and implemented in 0.13‐μm CMOS technology. The continuous‐time delta‐sigma A/D converters (CT ∆Σ ADCs) are directly coupled to the outputs of the transimpedance amplifiers, eliminating the need of analog anti‐aliasing filters between RX front‐end and ADCs in conventional structures. The strong adjacent channel interference without low‐pass filter attenuation is handled by proper gain control. A low‐power small‐area solution for excess loop delay compensation is implemented in the CT ∆Σ ADC. At 20 MHz bandwidth, the CT ∆Σ ADC achieves 66 dB dynamic range and 3.5 dB RX chip noise figure is measured. A maximum of 2.4 dB signal‐to‐noise ratio degradation is measured in all the adjacent channel selectivity (ACS) and blocking tests, demonstrating the effectiveness of the strategy against the low‐pass filter removal from the conventional architecture. The receiver dissipates a maximum of 171 mW at 2‐RX MIMO mode. To our best knowledge, it is the first research paper on the design of fully integrated commercial TD‐LTE receiver. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Universally composable three‐party password‐authenticated key exchange with contributiveness
Authors: Hu Xuexian , Zhang Zhenfeng , Zhang Qihui
Published: February 2014

Three‐party password‐authenticated key exchange (3PAKE) allows two clients, each sharing a password with a trusted server, to establish a session key with the help of the server. It is a quite practical mechanism for establishing secure channels in a large communication network. However, most current 3PAKE protocols are analyzed in security models that do not adequately address protocol composition problem. In this paper, an ideal functionality for 3PAKE within the universal composability framework is defined, which not only provides security guarantees under arbitrary composition with other protocols but also achieves contributiveness and explicit authentication. Moreover, we propose a generic construction of contributory 3PAKE protocol and prove that it securely realizes the ideal functionality in the static corruption model. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stimulation and Inhibition of Arabidopsis Seed Germination with Repetitive Barrier Discharges Produced by Polarity‐Reversed Voltage Pulses
Authors: Kadowaki Kazunori , Kurisaka Nobuyuki
Published: February 2014

This paper presents an experimental study of control of the germination of Arabidopsis seed with a barrier discharge produced by polarity‐reversed voltage pulses. 100 ns‐width polarity‐reversed pulses were applied to the seeds between plane electrodes covered by glass barriers. The electrode configuration allowed barrier discharge propagation along the seed surface at a relatively low voltage. After the discharge treatment, the seeds were incubated for 2 or 3 days to measure the germination rate. The relationships between the cumulative input energy density into the plasma and the germination rate were investigated. The germination rate was significantly reduced at 20 J/cm3. However, it increased at cumulative energy densities up to 50 J/cm3 and then decreased again on further energy input. These results suggest a superposition of two effects, stimulation and inhibition, of the discharge treatment on the germination of Arabidopsis seed. The results of Evans Blue dyeing of the discharge‐exposed seeds indicate that necrosis of the seed coat is caused by the discharge treatment.
Performance Comparison of Scramjet‐Driven Experimental DCW‐MHD Generators with Different Cross‐Sections
Authors: Niwa Naoyuki , Takahashi Toru , Fujino Takayasu , Ishikawa Motoo
Published: February 2014

The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of the shape of the cross‐section of a scramjet engine‐driven experimental diagonal conducting wall (DCW)‐MHD generator on generator performance by three‐dimensional numerical analyses. We have designed MHD generators with symmetric square and circular cross‐sections, based on an experimental MHD generator with an asymmetric square cross‐section. Under the optimum load conditions, the electric power output reaches 26.6 kW for the asymmetric square cross‐section, 24.6 kW for the symmetric square cross‐section, and 22.4 kW for the circular cross‐section. The highest output is obtained for the experimental generator with the asymmetric square cross‐section. The difference in the electric power output is induced by the difference of flow velocity and boundary layer thickness. For the generator with the asymmetric square cross‐section, the average flow velocity is highest and the boundary layer is thinnest. The compression wave is generated with dependence on the channel shape. The difference in the flow velocity and boundary layer thickness is induced by the superposition of the compression wave. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 187(2): 9–16, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22403
SOC Estimation of HEV/EV Battery Using Series Kalman Filter
Authors: Baba Atsushi , Adachi Shuichi
Published: February 2014

This paper proposes a method of accurately estimating the state of charge (SOC) of rechargeable batteries in high fuel efficiency vehicles, such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs). Despite the importance of accurately estimating the SOC of batteries to achieve maximum efficiency and safety, no method thus far has been able to do so. This paper focuses on the simplification of a battery model, estimation of time‐varying battery parameters, and estimation of SOC in the presence of measurement noise. To address these three issues, a model‐based approach that uses a cascaded combination of two Kalman filters, “series Kalman filters,” is proposed and implemented. This approach is verified by performing a series of simulations in an HEV operating environment. The ultimate goal is to design a state estimator capable of accurately estimating the state of any kind of batteries under every possible user condition. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 187(2): 53–62, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22511
Copper‐Catalyzed Regioselective Synthesis of N‐Aryl Amides from Aldoximes and Aryl Halides
Authors: Panda Niranjan , Mothkuri Raghavender , Nayak Dinesh Kumar
Published: February 2014

Ligand‐assisted copper‐catalyzed reaction of aldoximes with aryl halides is described for the regioselective synthesis of N‐aryl amides. This protocol is simple and compatible with a wide range of functional groups attached to the aryl ring of the halides as well as aldoximes.
Discriminative detection of low‐abundance point mutations using a PCR/ligase detection reaction/capillary gel electrophoresis method and fluorescence dual‐channel monitoring
Authors: Hamada Mariko , Shimase Koji , Tsukagoshi Kazuhiko , Hashimoto Masahiko
Published: February 2014

We applied a facile LIF dual‐channel monitoring system recently developed and reported by our group to the polymerase chain reaction/ligase detection reaction/CGE method for detecting low‐abundance point mutations present in a wild‐type sequence‐dominated population. Mutation discrimination limits and signaling fidelity of the analytical system were evaluated using three mutant variations in codon 12 of the K‐ras oncogene that have high diagnostic value for colorectal cancer. We demonstrated the high sensitivity of the present method by detecting rare mutations present among an excess of wild‐type alleles (one mutation among ∼100 normal sequences). This method also simultaneously interrogated the allelic compositions of the test samples with high specificity through spectral discrimination of the dye‐tagged ligase detection reaction products using the dual‐channel monitoring system.
The characterization of the physicochemical and sensory properties of full‐fat, reduced‐fat and low‐fat bovine, caprine, and ovine Greek yogurt (Labneh)
Authors: Atamian Samson , Olabi Ammar , Kebbe Baghdadi Omar , Toufeili Imad
Published: February 2014

Concentrated/Greek yogurt or Labneh is a semisolid food produced from yogurt by eliminating part of its water and water‐soluble compounds. Today's world is geared toward the production of lower fat foods without compromising the texture and flavor of these products. The objective of this study was to characterize the physicochemical and sensory properties of bovine, caprine, and ovine Labneh with different fat levels. Bovine, caprine, and ovine milks were used to produce two batches of full‐fat (~10%), reduced‐fat (~5%), and low‐fat (<1%) concentrated yogurt samples. Chemical analyses of fat, moisture, protein, ash, syneresis, acidity, pH, sodium, magnesium, and calcium contents were conducted. Instrumental texture analysis using the back extrusion method was applied. Quantitative descriptive sensory analysis was used to profile samples by 11 trained panelists and the acceptability of samples was assessed by 47 panelists. Type of milk significantly affected (P < 0.001) all chemical attributes except moisture and nitrogen‐free extract, and fat level significantly impacted moisture, fat, protein, ash, acidity, and magnesium contents of Labneh. Type of milk significantly affected apparent modulus, hardness, hardness work done, and adhesive force, whereas fat level significantly affected hardness. Type of milk significantly affected the sensory attributes of syneresis, compactness, goaty odor and flavor, rate of flow, color, shininess, bitter flavor, denseness, melting rate, and spreadability, whereas fat level affected only color, denseness, and melting rate. Type of milk had a significant effect on overall acceptability and acceptability of flavor and texture.
Microvesicle‐associated microRNA expression is altered upon particulate matter exposure in healthy workers and in A549 cells
Authors: Bollati Valentina , Angelici Laura , Rizzo Giovanna , Pergoli Laura , Rota Federica , Hoxha Mirjam , Nordio Francesco , Bonzini Matteo , Tarantini Letizia , Cantone Laura , Pesatori Angela C. , Apostoli Pietro , Baccarelli Andrea A. , Bertazzi Pier Alberto
Published: February 2014

Cardiovascular disease risk has been consistently linked with particulate matter (PM) exposure. Cell‐derived microvesicles (MVs) are released into plasma and transfer microRNAs (miRNAs) between tissues. MVs can be produced by the respiratory system in response to proinflammatory triggers, enter the circulatory system and remotely modify gene expression in cardiovascular tissues. However, whether PM affects MV signaling has never been investigated. In this study, we evaluated expression of microRNAs contained within plasma MVs upon PM exposure both in vivo and in vitro. In the in vivo study, we isolated plasma MVs from healthy steel plant workers before and after workplace PM exposure. We measured the expression of 88 MV‐associated miRNAs by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. To assess a possible source of the MV miRNAs identified in vivo, we measured their miRNA expression in PM‐treated A549 pulmonary cell lines in vitro. MiRNA profiling of plasma MVs showed 5.62‐ and 13.95‐fold increased expression of miR‐128 and miR‐302c, respectively, after 3 days of workplace PM exposure (P < 0.001). According to Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, miR‐128 is part of coronary artery disease pathways, and miR‐302c is part of coronary artery disease, cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure pathways. In vitro experiments confirmed a dose‐dependent expression of miR‐128 in MVs released from A549 cells after 6 h of PM treatment (P = 0.030). MiR‐302c was expressed neither from A549 cells nor in reference lung RNA. These results suggest novel PM‐activated molecular mechanisms that may mediate the effects of air pollution and could lead to the identification of new diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Copyright © 2014 The Authors. Journal of Applied Toxicology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Synthesis of isotopically labeled 1,3‐dithiane
Authors: Martinez Rodolfo A. , Glass David R. , Ortiz Erick G. , Alvarez Marc A. , Unkefer Clifford J.
Published: February 2014

The 1,3‐dithiane is a protected formaldehyde anion equivalent that could serve as a useful labeled synthon. We report a facile synthesis of 1,3‐[2‐13C]‐ and 1,3‐[2‐13C, 2‐2H2]dithiane in two steps from [13C]‐ or [13C, 2H3]methyl phenyl sulfoxide. We have previously reported the high yield synthesis of [13C]methyl phenyl sulfide from [13C]MEOH and the oxidation of [13C]methyl phenyl sulfide to [13C]methyl phenyl sulfoxide. Here, we describe the facile exchange of deuterium from 2H2O into [13C]methyl phenyl sulfoxide to yield [13C, 2H3]methyl phenyl sulfoxide. Thus, from [13C]MEOH and 2H2O, all possible C2 stable isotopomers of 1,3‐dithiane are available. Our synthetic route is also amenable to preparation of radiolabeled 1,3‐dithianes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glucose pathways adaptation supports acquisition of activated microglia phenotype
Authors: Gimeno‐Bayón J. , López‐López A. , Rodríguez M.J. , Mahy N.
Published: February 2014

With its capacity to survey the environment and phagocyte debris, microglia assume a diversity of phenotypes to respond specifically through neurotrophic and toxic effects. Although these roles are well accepted, the underlying energetic mechanisms associated with microglial activation remain largely unclear. This study investigates microglia metabolic adaptation to ATP, NADPH, H+, and reactive oxygen species production. To this end, in vitro studies were performed with BV‐2 cells before and after activation with lipopolysaccharide + interferon‐γ. Nitric oxide (NO) was measured as a marker of cell activation. Our results show that microglial activation triggers a metabolic reprogramming based on an increased glucose uptake and a strengthening of anaerobic glycolysis, as well as of the pentose pathway oxidative branch, while retaining the mitochondrial activity. Based on this energy commitment, microglial defense capacity increases rapidly as well as ribose‐5‐phosphate and nucleic acid formation for gene transcription, essential to ensure the newly acquired functions demanded by central nervous system signaling. We also review the role of NO in this microglial energy commitment that positions cytotoxic microglia within the energetics of the astrocyte–neuron lactate shuttle. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rapamycin prevents N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate‐induced retinal damage through an ERK‐dependent mechanism in rats
Authors: Ichikawa Atsuko , Nakahara Tsutomu , Kurauchi Yuki , Mori Asami , Sakamoto Kenji , Ishii Kunio
Published: February 2014

Recent studies have demonstrated that inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) protects against neuronal injury, but the mechanisms underlying this protection are not fully understood. The present study investigates whether rapamycin, an inhibitor of the mTOR pathway, protects against N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA)‐induced retinal neurotoxicity and whether the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) pathway contributes to this protective effect in rats. Significant cell loss in the ganglion cell layer and a reduction in thickness of the inner plexiform layer were observed 7 days after a single intravitreal injection of NMDA (200 nmol/eye). These NMDA‐induced morphological changes were significantly reduced by rapamycin (20 nmol/eye). The number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick‐end labeling‐positive apoptotic cells had increased 6 hr after NMDA injection, an effect that was significantly attenuated by rapamycin. The ERK inhibitor U0126 (1 nmol/eye) almost completely abolished rapamycin's inhibition of NMDA‐induced apoptosis. Immunohistochemical studies showed that NMDA caused a time‐dependent increase in levels of the phosphorylated form of the ribosomal protein S6 (pS6), a downstream indicator of mTOR activity. The increased pS6 levels were markedly decreased by rapamycin. Both NMDA and rapamycin increased the level of phosphorylated ERK (pERK) in Müller cells, and coinjection of both agents further increased pERK levels. These results suggest that rapamycin has a neuroprotective effect against NMDA‐induced retinal neurotoxicity and that this effect could be patially mediated by activation of the ERK pathway in retinal Müller cells. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Restoration of portal flow using a pericholedochal varix in adult living donor liver transplantation for patients with total portosplenomesenteric thrombosis
Authors: Moon Deok-Bog , Lee Sung-Gyu , Ahn Chul-Soo , Hwang Shin , Kim Ki-Hun , Ha Tae-Yong , Song Gi-Won , Park Gil-Chun , Jung Dong-Hwan , Namkoong Jung-Man , Park Hyung-Woo , Park Yo-Han
Published: February 2014

In total portosplenomesenteric thrombosis patients, cavoportal hemitransposition (CPHT) is indicated but rarely applicable for adult-to-adult (A-to-A) living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) because partial liver graft requires splanchno-portal inflow for liver graft regeneration. If intra- & peri-pancreatic collaterals draining into pericholedochal varix were present, pericholedochal varix may provide splanchnic blood flow to the transplanted liver and also relieve recipient's portal hypertension. To date, however, there is no successful report using pericholedochal varix in liver transplantation (LT). We successfully performed A-to-A LDLTs using pericholedochal varix for those 2 patients. The surgical strategies are followings: (a) dissection of hepatic hilum to isolate left hepatic artery using for arterial reconstruction of implanted right lobe graft, (b) en-mass clamping of the undissected remaining hilum if we can leave adequate length of stump from the clamping site, and then hilum is divided, (c) delay the donor hepatectomy until the feasibility of the recipient operation is confirmed. Portal flow was established between the sizable pericholedochal varix (caliber > 1cm) and graft portal vein, but the individually designed approaches were used for each patients. Currently, they have been enjoying normal life on posttransplant 92 and 44 months respectively. In conclusion, enlarged pericholedochal varix in patients with totally obliterated splanchnic veins might be an useful inflow to restore portal flow and secure good outcome in A-to-A LDLT. Liver Transpl 20:612–615, 2014. © 2014 AASLD.
Well‐posedness of a parabolic free boundary problem driven by diffusion and surface tension
Authors: Zaal Martijn M.
Published: February 2014

Well‐posedness and regularity results are shown for a class of free boundary problems consisting of diffusion on a free domain where the boundary movement depends on its mean curvature of the boundary and the diffusion on the boundary, and initial conditions are radially symmetric. Short‐time existence and uniqueness of solutions in a suitable Sobolev space are shown using a fixed‐point argument. Higher regularity is a posteriori. Finally, it is shown that solutions exist globally in time and converge to equilibrium if the boundary movement depends on the mean curvature of the boundary and diffusion in a specific way. A mathematical model describing the swelling of a cell due to osmosis is treated as an example. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Noise reduction method for vibration signals 2D time‐frequency distribution using anisotropic diffusion equation
Authors: Yin Aijun , Zhao Lei , Yang Zhengyi , Chen Benqian
Published: February 2014

Threshold noise reduction methods of vibration signals have been widely researched and used. However, these methods are less efficient in such situation, including requiring a time‐consuming and subjective to manual editing because different degree of noise signal requires selecting different characterization for filtering. In this paper, an efficient denoising method based on PDE for mechanical vibration signals time‐frequency distribution is investigated, in which, a one‐dimensional vibration signal is transformed into 2D time‐frequency domain by using Gabor transform. This enables (i) simultaneously utilize both time and frequency characteristic for effectively multiple dimension signal denosing and (ii) isotropic and anisotropic characteristics to be imposed by employing PDE, which explicitly fit with the local structure of time‐frequency signal. This paper analyzes the basic methods of isotropic and anisotropic diffusion filtering, investigates the anisotropic diffusion method based on local feature structure of 2D information, and conducts a set of comparative tests. Experiments show that this proposed method has a better performance of denoising than that of thresholding. At the same time, it is more handy than that of other methods, such as independent component analysis. Finally, problems and ways of improving the PDE‐based filter method are analyzed in this paper. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A complete upper estimate on the localization for the degenerate parabolic equation with nonlinear source
Authors: Zheng Pan , Mu Chunlai
Published: February 2014

This paper deals with the Cauchy problem for the degenerate parabolic equation with a strongly nonlinear source
urn:x-wiley:1704214:media:mma3094:mma3094-math-0001

where N ≥ 1, p > 2, q ≥ p − 1, and the blow‐up time T < ∞ . It has been shown that the solution u(x,t) is strictly localized for q ≥ p − 1, provided that the initial function u0(x) has a compact support by Liang and Zhao. In addition, if q > 2p − 1, an upper estimate on the localization in terms of the initial support and the blow‐up time T is partially derived by Liang. In this work, by using the De Giorgi‐type iteration technique, we give a complete estimate on the localization for all q ≥ p − 1. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytoplasmic 5′‐nucleotidase autoantibodies in inclusion body myositis: Isotypes and diagnostic utility
Authors: Greenberg Steven A.
Published: February 2014

Introduction: Recent studies have identified circulating immunoglobulin (Ig) G autoantibodies against cytoplasmic 5′‐nucleotidase 1A (cN1A; NT5C1A) in patients with inclusion body myositis (IBM), whose detection provides for an IBM blood diagnostic test. Whether or not anti‐cN1A autoantibody isotypes other than IgG are present in IBM has not previously been reported. Methods: Plasma and serum samples from 205 patients (50 with and155 without IBM) were studied for the presence of IgM and IgA, in addition to IgG, anti‐cN1A autoantibodies using immunoblots and enzyme‐linked immunoassays (ELISAs). Results: IgM, IgA, and IgG anti‐cN1A autoantibodies were detected by ELISA with similar sensitivities (49–53%) and specificities (94–96%), but with differing patterns of autoantibody isotype presence. Combination assays of all 3 autoantibody levels improved diagnostic sensitivity to 76%. Conclusions: In addition to previously recognized IgG anti‐cN1A autoantibodies, IBM patients have circulating IgM and IgA anti‐cN1A autoantibodies. Differing patterns of these isotypes may be present and useful for diagnosis. Muscle Nerve 50: 488–492, 2014
Rheological behavior of coir‐fiber‐filled polypropylene composites at constant shear stress
Authors: Islam M. A. , Begum K.
Published: February 2014

The rheological behavior of coir‐fiber‐filled polypropylene (PP) composite has been studied at constant shear stress. The shear stress versus shear rate relationship for the composite follows power law model of viscous flow. Unlike similar studies in the literature, the viscosity is treated as a stress‐independent parameter, which increases with the increase of fiber loading; but decreases with the rise of temperature. The SEM reveals that the fibers are loosely bound to the polymer matrix and the outer surface of the composite is rough and irregular, making it susceptible to high friction with the wall of the flow channel. With analogy to nth order chemical reaction, new formula has been derived for the activation energy of viscous flow, which is found to increase with the increase in the fiber content. The die‐swell ratio decreases with the increase of fiber loading, but increases with the rise of temperature. The elastics parameters of the composite such as the recoverable shear strain, the first normal stress difference, and the elastic strain induced by the stored energy in the capillary reservoir have been estimated based on the die‐swell data. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:51–61, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Population‐based patterns of prescription androgen use, 1976–2008
Authors: Hall Susan A. , Ranganathan Gayatri , Tinsley Liane J. , Lund Jennifer L. , Kupelian Varant , Wittert Gary A. , Kantoff Philip W. , Morales Alvaro , Araujo Andre B.
Published: February 2014

Purpose

Prescription testosterone (T) has limited approved medical indications and is a controlled substance in Canada. Utilization studies in other Westernized countries have revealed sharp increases in T use in recent years. We examined medical use of androgens, including T, over a ≥30‐year period among adult (18+) men in a population‐based study set in a Canadian juridisdiction of universal health care.

Methods

Analyses were based on data from electronic records of dispensed prescriptions during 1976–2008 in Saskatchewan, Canada. All formulations of androgens listed in the provincial formulary (oral and injectable) were included. We examined demographics of users, androgen types used, switching patterns, and trends in the annual rate of use over time.

Results

There were 11 521 androgen users who were followed for an average of 11.8 years. Overall, 11 types of androgens were used, and there were 86 812 dispensing events. The mean age at first use was 56.4 years (median: 58). Men had 7.5 prescription dispensing events on average (median: 2). The most commonly used formulations were methyl‐T (36.2% of users) followed by T‐enanthate (32.5%), T‐cypionate (22.3%), and T‐undecanoate (20.0%). Most users (82%) did not switch among androgen types. The annual rate of use varied substantially over time, with a marked increase observed from 1994 to 1999 and a decrease from 2000 to 2008.

Conclusions

Androgen users were largely middle aged and had relatively few dispensings. We hypothesize that observed secular trends in androgen use may align with drug treatment pattern changes for erectile dysfunction, including the advent of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasma‐Induced Graft Polymerization Inside Pores of Porous Substrates Assisted by an Infiltration Agent in Acidic Conditions
Authors: Chi Xueqin , Ohashi Hidenori , Yamaguchi Takeo
Published: February 2014

Plasma‐induced graft polymerization (PIGP) is an efficient method for constructing functionalized pore‐filling type materials. This study imparts new information about the significance of substrate infiltration process and pH of the monomer solution that determines the degree of grafting via PIGP inside pores. Herein, we report that high‐density grafting of 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropane sulfonic acid on porous polyethylene membrane can be achieved by incorporating an infiltration agent under acidic condition. In addition, this technique is unique in its initiation step: it proceeds even after most radicals has disappeared prior to polymerization at temperature ranging from 25 to 40 °C, which is much lower than conventionally used 80 °C. It offers a very facile PIGP method for thermally labile monomers.
About the Influence of Double Bonds in the APPECVD of Acrylate‐Like Precursors: A Mass Spectrometry Study of the Plasma Phase
Authors: Nisol Bernard , Arnoult Grégory , Bieber Thomas , Kakaroglou Alexandros , De Graeve Iris , Van Assche Guy , Terryn Herman , Reniers François
Published: February 2014

This work deals with the in‐situ mass spectrometric (MS) characterization of gases during the atmospheric pressure plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition of propyl isobutyrate (PiB) and allylmethacrylate (AMA). By monitoring the fragments of interest, we are trying to understand the mechanisms involved in the plasma synthesis of acrylate‐like coatings. For instance, while CO2+ drastically increases when a PiB/argon plasma is ignited, it decreases in the case of AMA. This trend also appears for other fragments, which leads to the conclusion that while PiB seems to suffer from fragmentation, AMA oligomerizes into the gas phase, resulting in a better protection of the ester functionality.
Influence of the Gastrointestinal Microflora and Efflux Transporters on the Absorption of Scutellarin and Scutellarein
Authors: You Hai‐Sheng , Xing Jian‐Feng , Lu Jun , Dong Wei‐Hua , Liu Jun‐Tian , Dong Ya‐Lin
Published: February 2014

Scutellarin (SG) and its aglycone, Scutellarein (S), are flavonoids of therapeutic cardiocerebrovascular disease. SG was hydrolyzed by bacterial enzyme into S which was absorbed in the intestine. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the microflora in the intestinal lumen and the efflux transporter of intestinal epithelial cells on the absorption process of SG and S. After oral administration of antibiotics in Sprague–Dawley rats, the reduced bacterial enzyme formation significantly hinders the absorption of SG, whereas scarcely that of S. The absorption study in situ single‐pass intestinal perfusion revealed that S could be absorbed throughout the intestine of rats. The effective intestinal permeability of S in the jejunum was much lower than in the other sections of the GI tract. The efflux transporter promoted SG secretion into lumen from enterocytes, which hindered the absorption of both SG and S into the bloodstream. The efflux transporter protein inhibitor (verapamil, probenecid and reserpine) remarkably enhanced the absorption of S and the bioconversion of S into SG in both the rat intestine and Caco‐2‐monolayer models. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effects of Low and High Concentrations of Luteolin on Cultured Human Endothelial Cells Under Normal and Glucotoxic Conditions: Involvement of Integrin‐Linked Kinase and Cyclooxygenase‐2
Authors: Abbasi Naser , Akhavan Maziar Mohammad , Rahbar‐Roshandel Nahid , Shafiei Massoumeh
Published: February 2014

Luteolin protects against high glucose (HG)‐induced endothelial dysfunction whereas its cytotoxicity has been reported against normal endothelial cells. This study was undertaken to determine luteolin cytoprotective and cytotoxic dose ranges and to elucidate their respective mechanisms. Luteolin prevented HG‐induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) death with an EC50 value of 2.0 ± 0.07 μM. The protective effect of luteolin was associated with decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ (Cai2+) levels and enhanced nitric oxide (NO) production. At high concentrations, luteolin caused HUVEC death in normal glucose (NG) and HG states (LC50 40 ± 2.23 and 38 ± 1.12 μM, respectively), as represented by increased ROS and Cai2+ and decreased NO. Western blots illustrated that exposure to HG increased cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and integrin‐linked kinase (ILK) expression. Luteolin at low concentrations suppressed HG‐mediated up‐regulation of COX‐2 but maintained HG‐induced over‐expression of ILK while at high concentrations significantly increased COX‐2 and decreased ILK expression in both HG and NG states. Our data indicated that cytoprotective action of luteolin was manifested with much lower concentrations, by a factor of approximately 20, compared with cytotoxic activity under both normal or glucotoxic conditions. It appears that luteolin exerts its action, in part, by modulating ILK expression which is associated with regulation of COX‐2 expression and NO production in endothelial cells. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A smart rotor configuration with linear quadratic control of adaptive trailing edge flaps for active load alleviation
Authors: Bergami Leonardo , Poulsen Niels K.
Published: February 2014

The paper proposes a smart rotor configuration where adaptive trailing edge flaps (ATEFs) are employed for active alleviation of the aerodynamic loads on the blades of the NREL 5 MW reference turbine. The flaps extend for 20% of the blade length and are controlled by a linear quadratic (LQ) algorithm based on measurements of the blade root flapwise bending moment. The control algorithm includes frequency weighting to discourage flap activity at frequencies higher than 0.5 Hz. The linear model required by the LQ algorithm is obtained from subspace system identification; periodic disturbance signals described by simple functions of the blade azimuthal position are included in the identification to avoid biases from the periodic load variations observed on a rotating blade. The LQ controller uses the same periodic disturbance signals to handle anticipation of the loads periodic component. The effects of active flap control are assessed with aeroelastic simulations of the turbine in normal operation conditions, as prescribed by the International Electrotechnical Commission standard. The turbine lifetime fatigue damage equivalent loads provide a convenient summary of the results achieved with ATEF control: 10% reduction of the blade root flapwise bending moment is reported in the simplest control configuration, whereas reductions of approximately 14% are achieved by including periodic loads anticipation. The simulations also highlight impacts on the fatigue damage loads in other parts of the structure, in particular, an increase of the blade torsion moment and a reduction of the tower fore‐aft loads. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐Term Sensory Disturbance and Discomfort After Robotic Thyroidectomy
Authors: Song Chang Myeon , Ji Yong Bae , Bang Hyang Sook , Park Chul Won , Kim Hyuck , Tae Kyung
Published: February 2014

Background

The aim of this study was to compare short‐term and long‐term sensory disturbance and discomfort after robotic thyroidectomy versus conventional open thyroidectomy.

Methods

We compared 118 patients who underwent robotic thyroidectomy by a gasless unilateral axillobreast (GUAB) or axillary (GUA) approach with 176 patients who underwent conventional open thyroidectomy from April 2009 to June 2011. Postoperative hypesthesia/paresthesia and discomfort of the neck and anterior chest were evaluated regularly for 1.5 years using a questionnaire with a scale from 0 to 4.

Results

There were no differences in neck discomfort or hypesthesia/paresthesia between the two groups. Neck discomfort and hypesthesia/paresthesia returned to preoperative levels by postoperative years 1.0 and 1.5, respectively, in both groups. Anterior chest discomfort and paresthesia/hypesthesia were higher in the robotic group than the open group. They returned to preoperative levels by postoperative year 1 in the robotic group and within 3 months in the open group.

Conclusions

Long‐term sensory disturbance and discomfort of the neck does not differ between robotic thyroidectomy and conventional open thyroidectomy. However, anterior chest discomfort and sensory disturbance are greater and require longer times to recover after robotic thyroidectomy. Minimizing dissection of the anterior chest should be considered to reduce discomfort and sensory disturbance after robotic thyroidectomy by a GUAB/GUA approach.