bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integral Textile Ceramic Structures
Authors: Marshall David B. , Cox Brian N.
Published: March 2008

A new paradigm for ceramic composite structural components enables functionality in heat exchange, transpiration, detailed shape, and thermal strain management that significantly exceeds the prior art. The paradigm is based on the use of three-dimensional fiber reinforcement that is tailored to the specific shape, stress, and thermal requirements of a structural application and therefore generally requires innovative textile methods for each realization. Key features include the attainment of thin skins (less than 1 mm) that are nevertheless structurally robust, transpiration holes formed without cutting fibers, double curvature, compliant integral attachment to other structures that avoids thermal stress buildup, and microcomposite ceramic matrices that minimize spalling and allow the formation of smooth surfaces. All these features can be combined into structures of very varied gross shape and function, using a wide range of materials such as all-oxide systems and SiC and carbon fibers in SiC matrices. Illustrations are drawn from rocket nozzles, thermal protection systems, and gas turbine engines. The new design challenges that arise for such material/structure systems are being met by specialized computational modeling that departs significantly in the representation of materials behavior from that used in conventional finite element methods.
Does infusion of ANG II increase muscle sympathetic nerve activity in patients with primary aldosteronism?
Authors: Matsukawa Toshiyoshi , Miyamoto Takenori
Published: March 2008

Patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) were shown to have suppressed muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in our previous study. Although baroreflex inhibition probably accounts in part for this reduced MSNA in PA, we hypothesized that the lowered activity of the renin-angiotensin system in PA may also contribute to the suppressed SNA. We recorded MSNA in 9 PA and 16 age-matched normotensive controls (NC). In PA, the resting mean blood pressure (MBP) and serum sodium concentrations were increased, and MSNA was reduced. We examined the effects of infusion of a high physiological dose of ANG II (5.0 ng·kg−1·min−1) on MSNA in 6 of 9 PA and 9 of 16 NC. Infusion of ANG II caused a greater pressor response in PA than NC, but, in spite of the greater increase in pressure, MSNA increased in PA, whereas it decreased in NC. Simultaneous infusion of nitroprusside and ANG II, to maintain central venous pressure at the baseline level and reduce the elevation in MBP induced by ANG II, caused significantly greater increases in MSNA in PA than in NC. Baroreflex sensitivity of heart rate, estimated during phenylephrine infusions, was reduced in PA, but baroreflex sensitivity of MSNA was unchanged in PA compared with NC. All the abnormalities in PA were eliminated following unilateral adrenalectomy. In conclusion, the suppressed SNA in PA depends in part on the low level of ANG II in these patients.
Olfactory Behavior of Swimming C. elegans Analyzed by Measuring Motile Responses to Temporal Variations of Odorants
Authors: Luo Linjiao , Gabel Christopher V. , Ha Heon-Ick , Zhang Yun , Samuel Aravinthan D. T.
Published: March 2008

Caenorhabditis elegans responds to chemical cues using a small number of chemosensory neurons that detect a large variety of molecules in its environment. During chemotaxis, C. elegans biases its migration in spatial chemical gradients by lengthening (/shortening) periods of forward movement when it happens to be moving toward (/away) from preferred locations. In classical assays of chemotactic behavior, a group of crawling worms is placed on an agar plate containing a point source of chemical, the group is allowed to navigate for a period of time, and aggregation of worms near the source is quantified. Here we show that swimming worms exhibit acute motile responses to temporal variations of odor in their surrounding environment, allowing our development of an automated assay of chemotactic behavior with single-animal resolution. By placing individual worms in small microdroplets and quantifying their movements as they respond to the addition and removal of odorized airstreams, we show that the sensorimotor phenotypes of swimming worms (wild-type behavior, the effects of certain mutations, and the effects of laser ablation of specific olfactory neurons) are consistent with aggregation phenotypes previously obtained in crawling assays. The microdroplet swimming assay has certain advantages over crawling assays, including flexibility and precision in defining the stimulus waveform and automated quantification of motor response during stimulus presentation. In this study, we use the microdroplet assay to quantify the temporal dynamics of the olfactory response, the sensitivity to odorant concentration, combinations, and gradients, and the contribution of specific olfactory neurons to overall behavior.
Prognostic Value of Transcranial Sonography in Acute Stroke Patients
Authors: Kaps Manfred , Stolz Erwin , Allendoerfer Jens
Published: March 2008

Accurate assessment of stroke is critical for patient prognosis and selection of appropriate treatment regimens in order to optimize patient outcomes. Advanced neurosonologic techniques are straightforward, portable, and cost-effective, representing significant advantages over other noninvasive imaging modalities for monitoring of the hemodynamic status of acute ischemic stroke. Ultrasound findings acquired both early (<3 h from onset of stroke) and later (6–24 h after stroke) have demonstrated feasibility and validity for the detection of stenosis/occlusion of key intracranial structures, such as the middle cerebral artery, and for immediate and unambiguous indication of flow velocities, particularly when contrast enhancement is used. In addition, the target of thrombolysis can be identified and localized, and the success of therapy monitored, by transcranial ultrasound. Finally, transcranial ultrasound can be used to gauge the appropriateness of more complex and costly imaging studies, thereby optimizing utilization of health care resources.
Parapneumonic Pleural Effusion and Empyema
Authors: Koegelenberg Coenraad F.N. , Diacon Andreas H. , Bolliger Chris T.
Published: March 2008

At least 40% of all patients with pneumonia will have an associated pleural effusion, although a minority will require an intervention for a complicated parapneumonic effusion or empyema. All patients require medical management with antibiotics. Empyema and large or loculated effusions need to be formally drained, as well as parapneumonic effusions with a pH <7.20, glucose <3.4 mmol/l (60 mg/dl) or positive microbial stain and/or culture. Drainage is most frequently achieved with tube thoracostomy. The use of fibrinolytics remains controversial, although evidence suggests a role for the early use in complicated, loculated parapneumonic effusions and empyema, particularly in poor surgical candidates and in centres with inadequate surgical facilities. Early thoracoscopy is an alternative to thrombolytics, although its role is even less well defined than fibrinolytics. Local expertise and availability are likely to dictate the initial choice between tube thoracostomy (with or without fibrinolytics) and thoracoscopy. Open surgical intervention is sometimes required to control pleural sepsis or to restore chest mechanics. This review gives an overview of parapneumonic effusion and empyema, focusing on recent developments and controversies.
Space-Time Clustering and Seasonality in Diagnosing Skin Cancers in Wallonia (South-East Belgium)
Authors: Quatresooz P. , Piérard-Franchimont C. , Piérard G.E.
Published: March 2008

Background: In Westernized populations, the number of diagnosed cases of primary cutaneous cancers, particularly malignant melanomas and basal cell carcinomas (BCC), has been previously shown to fluctuate during specific periods of the year. Objective and Method: The aim of the present 6-year study was to explore the seasonality if any in skin cancer detection in Wallonia (south-east Belgium). Results: For both malignant melanomas and BCC late spring/early summer and mid-autumn were the periods of highest diagnosis prevalence irrespective of gender. The amplitude of this bimodal evolution remained within the range of 2 standard deviations around the monthly means. Similar seasonal variations were also found in non-neoplastic controls consisting of laboratory samplings of onychomycoses and non-infectious onychodystrophies. Conclusion: There is reason to believe that this timing and rhythm is unrelated to any specific cancer chronomics. Rather, the present findings suggest unspecific seasonality in diagnosing skin disorders including malignancies. A variable patient awareness of changing aspects of the skin according to seasons probably represents the major influence of the described space-time clustering of skin cancer diagnosis.
Clinical Dementia Rating Performed Several Years prior to Death Predicts Regional Alzheimer’s Neuropathology
Authors: Schnaider Beeri Michal , Silverman Jeremy M. , Schmeidler James , Wysocki Michael , Grossman Hillel Z. , Purohit Dushyant P. , Perl Daniel P. , Haroutunian Vahram
Published: March 2008

Aims: To assess the relationships between early and late antemortem measures of dementia severity and Alzheimer disease (AD) neuropathology severity. Methods: 40 residents of a nursing home, average age at death 82.0, participated in this longitudinal cohort study with postmortem assessment. Severity of dementia was measured by Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) at two time points, averaging 4.5 and 1.0 years before death. Densities of postmortem neuritic plaques (NPs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) were measured in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and entorhinal cortex. Results: For most brain areas, both early and late CDRs were significantly associated with NPs and NFTs. CDRs assessed proximal to death predicted NFTs beyond the contribution of early CDRs. NPs were predicted by both early and late CDRs. NPs were predictive of both early and late CDRs after controlling for NFTs. NFTs were only associated significantly with late CDR in the cerebral cortex after controlling for NPs. Conclusions: Even if assessed several years before death, dementia severity is associated with AD neuropathology. NPs are more strongly associated with dementia severity than NFTs. NFTs consistently associate better with late than early CDR, suggesting that these neuropathological changes may occur relatively later in the course of the disease.
Inhibition of Iron-Catalyzed Oxidations by Attainable Uric Acid and Ascorbic Acid Levels: Therapeutic Implications for Alzheimer’s Disease and Late Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Waugh William H.
Published: March 2008

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has become one of the major health problems of the developed world. Previous studies have shown that oxidant-induced changes occur in cerebral tissue in AD and in late-onset amnestic mild cognitive impairment. The oxidative damage begins early and involves free radical-mediated effects that cause lipid peroxidations and oxidative protein and nucleic acid damages which begin before the cardinal neuropathologic manifestations. Impaired cerebral iron homeostasis and iron accumulation are postulated to be primary and seminal in the pathogenesis. Objective: To demonstrate that the Fenton reaction involving hydrogen peroxide and iron at very low concentrations as has been found in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid may produce promptly oxidations which may be inhibited by preventive use of uric acid and ascorbic acid as hydrophilic antioxidants. Methods: A photometric study in vitro at physiologic pH using concentrations of uric acid and ascorbic acid readily attainable in human extracellular fluids. Results: Uric acid levels of 0.5 and 6.0 mg/dl (below the saturation level for urate precipitation) and ascorbic acid at a level readily attainable in blood plasma inhibited significantly and completely, respectively, oxidations caused by reactions of 20 µM concentrations of hydrogen peroxide with free bivalent iron at 9.8 µM and at a low hemoglobin level of 12 mg/dl of saline. Conclusion: Results suggest that supplemental use orally of ascorbic acid combined with use of metabolic precursor to uric acid, like inosine or hypoxanthine, has the potential for preventing or attenuating the progression of AD and amnestic mild cognitive impairment.
An Investigation of the Influence of Droplet Number Concentration and Giant Aerosol Particles upon Supercooled Large Drop Formation in Wintertime Stratiform Clouds
Authors: Lasher-Trapp Sonia , Anderson-Bereznicki Sarah , Shackelford Ashley , Twohy Cynthia H. , Hudson James G.
Published: March 2008

Supercooled large drops (SLD) can be a significant hazard for aviation. Past studies have shown that warm-rain processes are prevalent, or even dominant, in stratiform clouds containing SLD, but the primary factors that control SLD production are still not well understood. Giant aerosol particles have been shown to accelerate the formation of the first drizzle drops in some clouds and thus are a viable source of SLD, but observational support for testing their effectiveness in supercooled stratiform clouds has been lacking. In this study, new observations collected during six research flights from the Alliance Icing Research Study II (AIRS II) are analyzed to assess the factors that may be relevant to SLD formation, with a particular emphasis on the importance of giant aerosol particles. An initial comparison of observed giant aerosol particle number concentrations with the observed SLD suggests that they were present in sufficient numbers to be the source of the SLD. However, microphysical calculations within an adiabatic parcel model, initialized with the observed aerosol distributions and cloud properties, suggest that the giant aerosol particles were only a limited source of SLD. More SLD was produced in the modeled clouds with low droplet concentrations, simply by an efficient warm-rain process acting at temperatures below 0°C. For cases in which the warm-rain process is limited by a higher droplet concentration and small cloud depth/liquid water content, the giant aerosol particles were then the only source of SLD. The modeling results are consistent with the observed trends in SLD across the six AIRS II cases.
Organization and Procedures Employed By Colleges To Recruit Candidates for Elementary-School Teaching
Authors: Byers Loretta M.
Published: March 2008

The word "recruitment" is rapidly be ing dropped from teacher-education dis cussion, largely because it connotes the indiscriminate acceptance of students into teacher-education programs. Studies of the National Commission on Teacher Education and Professional Standards show that such "recruitment" may be harmful. The word "selection" has al most universally replaced the term, with more favorable connotations. As defined by the author of this article, "recruit ment" is more akin to selection as the word is currently used. Miss Byers, As sociate Professor of Education, Santa Bar bara College of the University of Cali fornia, reports here the results of a survey made in 1948-49. A later survey might reflect (1) increased emfahasis upon effective guidance of students within the college and (2) attention to the large and growing oversupply of certificate-holders for high-school teaching. It seems likely, however, that the practices reported by Miss Byers are still current in colleges of education.
Points of Emphasis for Teacher Education
Authors: Eisenhower Milton S.
Published: March 2008

Qualifications of the effective teacher of today are, and must be, described in terms of the task confronting the educational system in a democratic society. Here Mr. Eisenhower, President of The Pennsyl vania State College, at State College, con cisely describes some facets of the chal lenge which must be met by institutions engaged in the education of teachers.
Philosophy of Education in Teacher-Training Institutions in the Southeast
Authors: Brinkley S.G. , Jordan Floyd
Published: March 2008

In the growth of teacher education as an aspect of American higher education certain academic fields, certain adminis trative procedures, certain teaching meth ods and teaching techniques have gained in prominence; others have been dis carded or relegated to roles of minor importance. Probably there is general agreement that the field of philosophy of education has not fared well in the strug gle for a place in the list of either re quired or optional courses. Mr. Brinkley, Professor of Education, Emory University, Emory University, Georgia, and Mr. Jor dan, Director of the Atlanta Area Teacher Education Service, Atlanta, Georgia, re port the results of a recently completed study of the role of philosophy of edu cation in the teacher-education patterns of four southeastern states.
Investigations of Personal and Social Characteristics of Teachers
Authors: Ryans David G. , Wandt Edwin
Published: March 2008

In line with the desire to bring before readers of this section accounts of major studies which are under way in the field of teacher education, David Ryans, well known for his continuing research on the qualifications of teachers, was invited to report on his recent work.

Studies such as those described here represent fundamental research; they con tribute richly to our understanding of the teaching process as an expression of teacher personality, and subsequently to our ability to sense needs, define goals, and improve methods in the better prepara tion, selection, and guidance of teachers. Douglas E. Scates.
The Double-Entry Log in Student Teaching
Authors: Henderson Richard L.
Published: March 2008

Although the basic idea behind it is sound, the traditional "daily log" kept by student-teachers and occasionally by supervising teachers has, according to the author of this article, lost its effec tiveness in promoting growth in efficien cy and professional understanding of the student.

Dr. Henderson proposes therefore that a new kind of log be used—the "double entry log." A "product of cooperative recording of comments and questions by both teacher and student" which gives "on-the-spot descriptions of and reac tions to actual situations the student meets as he goes through each day," the double entry log should provide infor mation which is really significant for student, supervising teacher, and college supervisor.
Student Teachers Talk Back
Authors: Trimmer Russell L.
Published: March 2008

Secondary-education students express their views on the role of the co-operating teacher in the student-teaching program.
Editorial Comments
Authors: Trow William Clark
Published: March 2008

Our guest editorial for this issue was written by Dr. William Clark Trow, pro fessor emeritus of education and of psy chology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Our criteria for carrying editorials are based upon the timeliness and impor tance of issues. Carrying such editorials does not imply either agreement or dis agreement with stated positions. Readers' comments and reactions are always welcome. -Ed.
Student Teaching's Legal Status Varies Widely Among States
Authors: Hoffman Earl E.
Published: March 2008

State laws regulating supervising teachers and protecting student teachers vary widely, according to this survey of state superintendents of education. Teacher educators are advised to check their state codes and to propose legislation, if needed.
Should Teaching Become a Come-and-Go Profession?
Authors: Watts Doyle
Published: March 2008

Should teacher educators encourage students without pedagogical prepara tion to enter teaching for a brief time? Watts identifies the reasons for the short-term professional emphasis and points out serious weaknesses with the position. In addition, he recommends alternative directions for the teaching profession.
Recruiting Talent into Public School Teaching: An Analysis from One Successful Pilot Program
Authors: Clark Richard , Johnson Russ , Kessler Robert , Schultz Klaus
Published: March 2008

The authors describe assumptions behind and strategies employed in a successful effort to recruit talented math, physics, chemistry, and other science majors into a post-baccalaureate secondary teacher education program. A university/public school/industry partnership with paid internships, and with economic and career incentives, is a central element in the approach described.
Reflective Teaching and Preservice Teacher Education in the Netherlands
Authors: Korthagen Fred A. J.
Published: March 2008

Development of an inquiry orientation among teachers is a common goal of preservice and inservice programs. In this article the author describes a teacher education program designed to promote a reflective perspective toward teaching. Theoretical underpinnings are briefly noted; program steps are described; and program feedback re sults are summarized. Implications for teacher education programming are then drawn.
Recent Chinese Innovations in Teacher Education
Authors: Tan Ren-Mei , Zhuang Mingshui  , Wendel Robert
Published: March 2008

Formal teacher education in China is only about 85 years old. Indeed, prior to the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, education was largely ig nored. In recent years, however, educa tion has been given a priority almost equal to that of modern industrializa tion. Teacher education has been sig nificantly impacted as a result of the broader education emphasis. Teacher education reforms evidenced in China include building respect for teachers, revising the curriculum content and the admission and exit standards of teacher education, providing inservice training for 8 million teachers, and establishing an extensive network of educational research societies. The authors describe the reforms and outline the challenges still confronting Chinese teacher educators.
Perceived Benefits and Limitations of Teacher Educator Demonstration Lessons
Authors: Putnam Joyce
Published: March 2008

How effective and beneficial is demon stration teaching? Putnam collected data from teachers, principals, teacher educators, and teacher candidates to determine their perceptions of the bene fits and limitations of five different demonstration models. The findings suggest that no single model is suffi cient for exclusive use in teacher prep aration programs. Live demonstrations, for example, create conditions for en hanced teacher educator credibility, but they necessarily place emphasis on pupil learning rather than on teacher candidate development. Putnam care fully describes her findings and outlines implications for use of the five demon stration models. Furthermore, she sur faces a series of questions that must be addressed to further clarify the potential strengths of each demonstration tech nique.
Curriculum Topics for Special Education Teacher Preparation
Authors: Center David B. , Obringer S.J.
Published: March 2008

This study compares the opinions of teacher educators, teachers, and state directors of special education with re gard to curriculum topics they believe important for inclusion in teacher educa tion programs. Teacher educators were represented by chairpersons in special education departments in colleges and universities. Teachers were represented by practicing special education class room teachers and were randomly selected from a national pool. State directors were represented by the per son holding the highest leadership post in special education within each state department of education in the various states. A rating instrument was con structed from concepts and topics found in the professional literature. The instru ment covered 25 curriculum topics, with each topic rated for importance using a five point bipolar scale. Data analysis was completed by a Kruskal-Wallis Analysis of Variance of Ranks and by comparative rankings. Specific findings relative to the topics surveyed are dis cussed in the paper.
Liberal and Professional Education: Keep Them Separate
Authors: Gore Joseph
Published: March 2008

Gore criticizes current efforts to link pro fessional education with liberal educa tion on the grounds that weaknesses in liberal education make for an unreliable collaboration. Furthermore, the distinc tive domain of professional education precludes a productive linkage with the liberal arts. Teacher educators must rec ognize the uniqueness of their perspec tive and build appropriate programs and intellectual environments. The prob lems of liberal education are formidable, but their resolution is best left to the academy.
The Uneasy Relationship between Teacher Education and the Liberal Arts and Sciences
Authors: King Jean A.
Published: March 2008

King examines the relationship between teacher educators and their colleagues in the liberal arts and sciences. Two reasons are identified regarding why lib eral arts faculty historically have come to distrust or to be disdainful of teacher education programs. Further, the author discusses specific activities that liberal arts faculty members might engage in to improve teacher education and she includes suggestions for increasing their participation in the teacher prepara tion process.
A Survey of Hiring Practices in Selected School Districts
Authors: Braun Joseph A. , Willems Arnie , Brown Max , Green Kathy
Published: March 2008

Braun, Willems, Brown, and Green pro vide information on how education majors should prepare application papers and what they should expect in interviews. Two hundred and seventy- one (271) secondary and elementary administrators responded to a survey re garding the procedures they use when employing teaching staff.
The Politics of Teaching: The Teacher-Parent Relationship and the Joseph J. Blase Dynamics of Diplomacy
Authors: Blase Joseph J.
Published: March 2008

Blase describes a 3-year qualitative study of the politics of being a teacher. Specifically, the meanings that teachers attributed to their political interactions with parents are examined. Unstruc tured and structured interviews and ob servations were used to collect data from high school teachers in a small city in the southeastern United States. Hypotheses and theoretical ideas de rived from the data are presented. The study data are discussed in terms of their implications for teacher education.
Educational Leaders' Reports of Priorities and Activities in Selected Areas of Teacher Education Reform
Authors: Guyton Edith , Antonelli George
Published: March 2008

The major reform reports of the past decade have several com mon recommendations that require the attention of teacher educators. Those recommendations have been the subject of considerable debate. But they have not necessarily resulted in a specific set of implementation activities. The authors con ducted a survey of AACTE institutions to determine whether curriculum and program structure changes were occurring.
The Teacher as Broker of Scholarly Knowledge
Authors: White Jane J.
Published: March 2008

White suggests that the theme of the teacher as a broker of scholarly knowl edge can be used to give unified pur pose to teacher preparation programs. The teacher is conceptualized as a pivotal person who is able to transform knowledge from the academic disci plines into pedagogically effective les sons that are appropriate, relevant, and interesting to students. The teacher as a broker of scholarly knowledge theme is used to frame an analysis of what two education students have learned and still need to learn about teaching in a teacher preparation program.
Understanding Teaching: A Model for Assessment
Authors: Porter Andrew C.
Published: March 2008

Porter provides a framework for thinking about teacher assessment. Good teach ing is characterized and target domains for teacher assessment are outlined. A number of challenges to existing assess ment and plans for future assessment practices are identified. New systems of teacher assessment should be designed to triangulate across domains ofteacher knowledge, skills, and beliefs; teachers' classroom behaviors; and student out comes. Because an ideal system of teacher assessment will almost surely exceed available resources of knowl edge and effort, the costs and benefits of implemented teacher assessment practices must be evaluated to see if the expense is worth the results and to guard against undesirable side effects, such as elimination of minority teachers from the teacher corps.
The Return to Experience: A Reconceptualist Call
Authors: Shaker Paul , Kridel Craig
Published: March 2008

The reconceptualist movement can be called an avant-garde, an epithet which gives reconceptualists the status of ex patriates or of leaders on the edge of reform. Shaker and Kridel believe that the fate of the reconceptualist move ment has yet to be decided. If the vision of these theorists can continue to be comprehensive and translate into prac tice, then the promise of the reconcep tualists will be more than just a footnote to history.
Developing and Sustaining Critical Reflection in Teacher Education
Authors: Smyth John
Published: March 2008

Smyth provides background informa tion on the emergence of reflectivity as a conceptual thrust in teacher education. He also discusses some of the impedi ments to empowerment that teachers and teacher educators confront as they attempt to implement critical reflection in their curricula. Smyth concludes that if teachers (and teacher educators) are going to uncover the forces that inhibit and constrain them, they need to en gage in four forms of action with respect to teaching. These "forms" are charac terized by four sequential stages and are linked to a series of questions: (a) de scribing (What do I do?), (b) informing (What does this mean?), (c) confronting (How did I come to be like this?), and (d) reconstructing (How might I do things differently?).
Restructuring Teacher Education Programs for Higher-Order Thinking Skills
Authors: Martin David S.
Published: March 2008

The rising emphasis in schools on the explicit teaching of higher-level cogni tive skills has important implications for preservice teacher education programs. Action on this topic by teacher educators is important now for establishing a strong theoretical model for cognitive education in preservice programs, facul ty development plans for teacher educa tion faculty, new kinds of collaboration between SCDEs and the schools, coordi nation with arts and sciences faculty, re vision of existing courses in teacher edu cation, and a research agenda to study the relationship between instruction in higher-level thinking skills for future teachers and their implementation of those ideas in the classroom. Models for restructuring the teacher education program to include higher-order think ing skills are presented by Martin.
Reflections of the JTE Research Editor (1984-1989)
Authors: Howey Kenneth R.
Published: March 2008

Howey served as research editor for the JTE from 1984-1989. In this article he reflects on many of the ideas and perspectives that surfaced in research manuscripts and concept pieces published in the JTE during that time. Howey focuses attention on two circumstances: the increasing preoccupa tion with a knowledge base for teacher preparation and the effects of a major consortium concerned with teacher preparation, the Holmes Group.
Extending the Boundaries of Teacher Education through Corporate Internships
Authors: Clark Richard J.
Published: March 2008

A full-time paid internship with a corporation that is part of a 15-month master's degree program for prospective teachers is described. Corporate educators are involved in recruitment, selection, teaching, placement, and supervision of prospective teachers. Interns learn how companies work and how to use that information with their students. They observe corporate educational practices and consider applications of those practices in schools. Evidence of the personal and professional benefits of participation in the program is provided from 5 years of experience with 100 graduates.
Consumer Travel Strategies
Authors: Stevens Robert E. , Ivy Thomas T.
Published: March 2008

This issue marks the introduction of a new feature entitled "Research Notes and Communications." The purpose of this section is to carry shorter articles and short notes on pilot studies, innovative or explorotory research. It is hoped that this section will (1) introduce new research techniques and result in greater experimentation, testing, and implementation; (2) serve as a communication vehicle for reader comments on various articles, book reviews, etc.; and (3) wherever possible, summarize the results of other meetings which have dealt with tourism and recreation.
Customer Perception of Product Attributes in the Airline Industry
Authors: O'Brien Terrence V. , De Gennaro Nat , Summers George W.
Published: March 2008

Alert marketers should be sensitive to the benefits of product perception from the point of view of customers and potential customers. Yet little actual structuring of product features fully accounts for this important aspect. In this article, the airline industry is used to illustrate the description of a useful approach to measuring product perception. The results are presented to illustrate the use of the technique and are not applicable in today's marketplace. The data were gathered from thefall of 1973 to thefall of 1974 and random sampling was not employed.
Some Determinants of Urban Hotel Location: The Tourists' Inclinations
Authors: Arbel Avner , Pizam Abraham
Published: March 2008

Customary thinking shows the accommodation industry to be the primary factor in the development of urban tourism. It is thought that without proper hotel facilities in the proper location even the most richly attractive city could not become a major tourist center. The notion has been that the typical tourist wants to be within walking distance of tourist attractions. The construction of highrise accommoda tions in the city centers has created numerous problems for both the tourist and the local residents. This article describes a study carried out in Israel, which examined urban tourists' reactions to the location of their hotel in terms of travel time from urban center.
How or How Not to Measure Visitor Expenditures
Authors: Mak James , Moncur James , Yonamine David
Published: March 2008

Methods of measuring visitor expenditures are discussed in this article. One approach uses a diary format, with the visitor recording expenditures as they happen. A second approach has visitors fill out an expenditure survey form just prior to departure, while a third involves surveying visitors after their return home. This article discusses the two methods used by the Hawaii Visitor's Bureau (HVB) in 1974. HVB's annual survey uses a questionnaire mailed to a selected number of visitors after their return home. In 1974, HVB also conducted a special survey where visitors kept a running account of expenditures as they occurred. Results from these two surveys are compared and sources of differences identified.
Differences in Perceived Similarity of Tourism Regions: A Spatial Analysis
Authors: Goodrich Jonathan N.
Published: March 2008

This article demonstrates a multidimensional scaling approach to measuring and representing travelers' perceptions of nine tourist-attracting regions in and outside the United States—Florida, California, Mexico, Hawaii, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, the Bahamas, the Virgin Islands, and Barbados.
Traveler Evoked, Inept, and Inert Sets of Vacation Destinations
Authors: Woodside Arch G. , Sherrell Dan
Published: March 2008

The conceptual framework of evoked, inept, and inert sets from consumer behavior was supported in a study of traveler evaluations of vacation destinations. The average number of vacation destinations for 71 travelers' evoked sets was 3.38; that is, the travelers would have some likelihood of visiting one of 3.38 vacation destinations in the next 12 months. The average size of travelers' inept sets (no likelihood of visiting within the next 12 months) was 1.39 vacation destinations. The average inert set (no decision made on visiting) was .90 vacation destinations. The travelers' general attitudes and intentions to visit destinations in their evoked sets were significantly more positive and likely than their general attitudes and intentions of destinations in their inept or inert sets. The high likelihood of a limited evoked set of vacation destination and the negative attitude toward destinations in the inept set suggest the need for monitoring traveler sets by tourism managers of specific destinations.
A Dynamic Programming Model for Optimizing Economic Returns to Tourist Resort Projects in Developing Countries
Authors: Powers Terry A. , Powers Priscilla A.
Published: March 2008

A computer model (DYPRO) that uses the dynamic programming search technique to optimize the economic investment in tourist resorts is described in this paper. This model takes account of both costs and benefits for a simplified single site expansion case. The model is applied to an example project, Guayano Tourism Project.
Residents and Transients: Community Reaction to Seasonal Visitors
Authors: Rothman Robert A.
Published: March 2008

The residents of seasonal resorts must annually accommodate to the influx of large numbers of vacationers. This study conducted in two beach communities reveals that vacationers impact many aspects of people's lives, causing them to cur tail certain activities and causing deterioration of some parts of their communities. However, residents are also economically dependent upon visitors and benefit from the services and facilities which cater to tourists. On balance, most permanent resi dents are satisfied with their communities and their development. Hence, it is appar ent that communities can reconcile the demands of residential and commercial growth without destructive conflict.
Psychographic Segmentation of Tourists
Authors: Schewe Charles D. , Calantone Roger J.
Published: March 2008

Life-style data are used to profile the tourists to Massachusetts. Only slight differences are found by season and by year. The tourism market is further segment ed on the basis of purpose of trip and type of destination. Psychographic and demographic differences in segments are noted and advertising strategies suggested for the different target markets.
Tourism and the Community a Drama in Three Acts
Authors: Heenan David A.
Published: March 2008

Tourism's success in the years ahead depends in large part on its acceptance by host communities. This article examines three distinct patterns of community attitudes toward major festivals or hallmark events, an important segment of the visitor industry. Implications are drawn for both investors and community planners.
Where to Find Travel Research Facts
Authors: Goeldner C.R.
Published: March 2008

This article presents a comprehensive list of sources of information available on tourism, travel, and recreation. It is divided into eight sections: Indexing Ser vices; Bibliographies and Finding Guides; Periodicals; Trade Associations; Govern ment; Yearbooks, Annulas, Handbooks, etc.; Proceedings; and Some Final Sugges tions. A summary of the type of information available in each source is also provided.
A Multi-Brand/Multi-Attribute Model of Tourist State Choice
Authors: Scott Douglas R. , Schewl Charles D. , Frederick Donald G.
Published: March 2008

A model based upon state attributes was developed to approximate the tour ists' state selection judgment process. A selected set of descriptive attributes was presented to tourists visiting Massachusetts as part of a noncompetitive state eval uation process. The model, developed using multiple discriminant analysis, was used to describe the tourists' preferences for visiting Massachusetts as opposed to other northern New England states. The analysis found different attributes to be determi nant of state selection for two tourist segments differentiated by the extent of overall familiarily with Massachusetts. These findings have implications for communica tion programs and state public policy decisions.
U.S. Virgin Islanders' Perceptions of Tourism
Authors: Settina Rustum J. , Richmond Bert O.
Published: March 2008

This article describes a survey conducted in the Virgin Islands to gain a better understanding of the local residents' perceptions and feelings toward tourists and tourism. Residents were interviewed to obtain their responses to a 56-item ques tionnaire, which provided eight statements in the following general categories: (I) financial, (2) moral, (3) religious, (4) social, (5) physical, (6) human, and (7) cul tural.
Management Training and the Travel Agent
Authors: Kelly Edward M.
Published: March 2008

The organization of travel agencies and the difference between a manager and a counselor are presented in this article. The difficulty of identifying managerial skills is discussed, especially with regard to the fact that in many small agencies it is difficult to separate the manager and counselor, as the manager must also perform technical duties. Considering this problem, the content of a managerial training program for travel agents is described.
Highlights of TTRA Preconference Educators' Seminar, Ottawa, Canada, June 24-25, 1978
Authors: Dicke Karen P. , McIntosh Robert W.
Published: March 2008

The following paragraphs briefly summarize TTRA Educators' Seminar held prior to the Ninth Annual TTRA Conference in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, While this session was the result of the efforts of many people, it was coordinated by Susan Alt of the New School for Social Research. Readers interested in obtaining addi tional information should contact Dr. Alt, Assistant Dean, Graduate School of Management and Urban Professions, New School for Social Research, 66 Fifth A venue, New York, New York 10011. The authors appreciate the help of Robert Christie-Mill and Jeanne Gay in covering some of the workshop sessions.
Travel Market Segmentation and the Implementation of Market Strategies
Authors: Bryant Barbara E. , Morrison Andrew J.
Published: March 2008

A market segmentation study performed for the Travel Bureau, Michigan Department of Commerce, demonstrated the impact of tourism on employment and income to the state and was useful in obtaining increased funds from the state legislature for promotion of tourism in the state.
A Discussion of Methods Employed in Analyzing the Impact of Short-Term Entertainment Events
Authors: Davidson Lawrence S. , Schaffer William A.
Published: March 2008

As economists pay increasing attention to short-term entertainment events, it is constructive to evaluate the current methodology employed in studies. This study points out that the basic issue addressed by studies is the difference between what did happen and what might have happened—a difficult subject. Other criticisms are raised concerning definitions employed, the survey technique, the multiplier, and appropriate sampling and statistical techniques.
Factors Affecting Regional Employment in Tourism in the United States
Authors: Ellerbrock Michael J. , Hite James C.
Published: March 2008

As an instrument of economic development, tourism is a highly competitive industry intranationally and internationally. Its primary economic impacts are the generation of revenues and employment. Mensurational problems complicate analysis of tourism, e.g., separating the impacts on employment of business-related versus recreational travel.

The study analyzes the influence of various factors on the level of travel employment by state. Employment figures are seasonally adjusted to allow valid comparison of states. Identifying the variables that correspond with high levels of travel employment may explain regional variations in such employment. It may also help distinguish between states with high rates of business-related travel employment versus true tourism employment. The study also examines the effectiveness of states' promotional advertising expenditures in generating employment. A multiple linear regression model is used for the statistical analysis.
The Future of U.S. International Tourism: Some Neglected Factors
Authors: Zalatan Antoine , Burdge Rabel
Published: March 2008

Due to a slower growth in U.S. incomes, a decrease in the ratio of tourism to leisure and an increase in the price of tourism, U.S. tourism abroad is declining and no improvement is foreseen in the near future.
Travel Plans of the Over-65 Market Pre and Postretirement
Authors: Tongren Hale N.
Published: March 2008

The retired market approaches its travel purchases in two stages: preretirement planning and postretirement execution. This research examines the planning process, the changes that occur between it and the actual purchase, the reasons for these changes, and the several factors that should be considered in promoting travel services to this market in each stage.
Visitor Use Patterns in Yosemite National Park
Authors: Van Wagtendonk Jan W.
Published: March 2008

After several years of dramatic increases, visitor use in Yosemite National Park has leveled off to an average of 2.4 million visits per year. Coincident with this decline in the growth rate, there have been some changes in visitation trends and patterns. Data collected in the park show that the average length of stay has decreased to less than 32 hours and that the average number of visitors per vehicle has dropped to slightly less than three.
Measuring Economic Impact of the Mobile Municipal Auditorium Upon Alabama
Authors: Chang Semoon
Published: March 2008

The study computes the dollar value of economic activities in Alabama contributed by the Mobile Municipal Auditorium during fiscal year 1975. Computa tions are presented, and the use of a multiplier for assessing indirect impact is discussed.
Measuring the Conversion of Advertising Coupon Inquirers into Visitors
Authors: Woodside Arch G.
Published: March 2008

Several specific recommendations for improving conversion research studies are advocated. A specific questionnaire used in conversion research for the state of North Carolina's 1980 advertising campaign is exhibited. The need to not identify the state sponsor of the study is emphasized.
Washington, D.C. Travel/Tourism Information Sources
Authors: Forman Stephen , Hawkins Donald E.
Published: March 2008

This article presents a guide to travel/tourism information sources in Washington, D.C. Libraries are listed and data are provided on location, phone number, and types of information available .
Highlights of the 12th Annual TTRA Conference Las Vegas, Nevada, June 7-10, 1981
Authors: Goeldner Charles R. , Dicke Karen P.
Published: March 2008

The following paragraphs briefly summarize the 12th Annual Conference of the Travel and Tourism Research Association held in Las Vegas, Nevada. Conference registrants and members of TTRA will automatically receive a copy of the conference proceedings when they are published. Other readers who wish to receive a copy of the proceedings may order copies for $35 from Mari Lou Wood, Executive Secretary, TTRA, Bureau of Economic and Business Research, University of Utah, P.O. Box 8066, Foothill Station, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108.
Deregulation and the Future of the U.S. Travel Agent Industry
Authors: Bitner Mary J. , Booms Bernard H.
Published: March 2008

The effects of airline deregulation on the U. S. travel agency industry are examined in this article. In September 1981, after this article was submitted for publication, the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) made its final decision on the pricing phase of the Competitive Marketing case. The CAB's final decision is a form of maximum tariffs as this article predicted it would be, and the details of the decision are the same as discussed under the heading Maximum Tariffs. The article traces the events leading up to this decision as well as the current status of other deregulation issues affecting travel agents and the travel distribution system.
The Under-50 and Over-50 Travelers: A Profile of Similarities and Differences
Authors: Anderson Beverlee B. , Langmeyer Lynn
Published: March 2008

The profiles of the under-50 travelers and the over-50 travelers differ clearly on a number of important dimensions and indicate that age can be used as a segmenting variable. Our findings indicate that for practical purposes the over-50 travelers have certain needs and expectations for vacation that could result in their responding to promotions, advertising, and travel packages that would be ignored by the under-50 group.