bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pembelajaran Membaca Al-Qur’an Menggunakan Metode Iqro’ untuk Mengurangi Angka Buta Huruf Al-Qur’an
Authors: Rappe  , Munawwir Ahmad , Mappasiara  , Syarifuddin Erlangga , Hasriati
Published: October 2023

Masyarakat adalah pelopor, penentu kemajuan, dan kesejahteraan suatu negara dan bangsa. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah suatu negara harus memperhatikan kesejahteraan masyarakat, terlebih lagi para generasi muda yang baru tumbuh di kalangan masyarakat. Para generasi muda inilah yang akan menentukan nasib bangsa dan negara di masa depan nanti, karena pemuda masa kini adalah pemimpin masa depan. Negara kita yaitu Indonesia memiliki berbagai banyak keberagaman agama, budaya, dan lain sebagainya. Indonesia juga merupakan negara yang agamis, dapat terlihat di dalam ideologi bangsa yaitu Pancasila. Sila pertama berbunyi “Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa” namun, masyarakat bangsa Indonesia mayoritas penganut agama Islam tidak dapat membaca al-Qur’an, atau dengan kata lain mereka buta huruf al-Qur’an. Sebanyak 65% dari 223 juta umat Islam tidak mampu membaca al-Qur’an, dan ini merupakan masalah serius bagi umat Islam di Indonesia. Tujuan pengabdian ini adalah untuk memberikan pembinaan serta pembelajaran pada anak-anak generasi bangsa untuk membaca al-Qur’an dengan baik dan sesuai dengan ilmu tajwid. Penggunaan metode Iqro’ mengacu pada pola pendidikan “Child Centered” memberikan kesempatan yang seluas-luasnya kepada setiap peserta didik untuk berkembang secara optimal sesuai kemampuan. Kegiatan ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kemampuan membaca al-Qur’an serta mengurangi angka buta huruf di Indonesia terutama di kelurahan Matangnga, kabupaten Polewali Mandar.
Clustering Determinan Tuberkulosis Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Maluku Utara
Authors: Loklomin Samsul Bahri , Matdoan Muhammad Yahya , Lema Hendra
Published: October 2023

Tuberkulosis merupakan salah satu penyebab kematian utama di dunia. Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh bakteri kompleks Mycobacterium tuberculosis yang biasanya menyerang paru-paru. Analisis Cluster adalah teknik statistik untuk mengelompokkan sejumlah besar variabel ke dalam kelompok. Dalam penelitian ini variabel yang digunakan adalah variabel yang dianggap mempengaruhi penyakit Tuberkulosis (TB) di Provinsi Maluku Utara. Provinsi Maluku Utara merupakan salah satu provinsi yang memiliki penyakit TB terbanyak. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan Analisis Cluster dengan keseluruhan variabel yang diteliti yaitu Kemiskinan (X1), Jumlah Tenaga Medis (X2), Usia (X3), Jenis Kelamin (X4), Tingkat Partisipasi Sekolah (X5), dan Tenaga Kerja (X6) diperoleh 3 Cluster . Klaster 1 terdiri dari 2 kabupaten yaitu Kabupaten Halmahera Selatan dan Kabupaten Halmahera Utara. Klaster 2 terdiri dari 7 kabupaten yaitu Halmahera Barat, Halmahera Tengah, Kepulauan Sula, Kabupaten Halmahera Timur, Kabupaten Pulau Morotai, Kabupaten Pulau Taliabu dan Kabupaten Tidore Kepulauan. Klaster 3 terdiri dari 1 Kota, Kota Ternate.

Kata kunci: Analisis Klaster, Tuberkulosis, Provinsi Maluku Utara
Peramalan Penjualan Produk Cup 220 Ml Menggunakan Metode Least Square Pada PT. Panen Embun Kemakmuran Tahun 2022
Authors: Ines Saraswati Machfiroh  , Cahaya Ayu Ramadhan
Published: October 2023

Penelitian ini membahas tentang sebuah peramalan penjualan produk Air Minum Dalam Kemasan (AMDK) yang berfokus pada jenis produk Cup 220 Ml pada PT. Panen Embun Kemakmuran. Metode yang digunakan dalam proses perhitungan peramalan penjualan menggunakan Metode Least Square (Kuadrat Terkecil), dimana data yang digunakan untuk perhitungan peramalan penjualan merupakan data penjualan produk Cup 220 Ml dari Januari-Desember 2021. Setelah hasil peramalan penjualan produk Cup 220 Ml pada tahun 2022 diketahui maka selanjutnya akan dihitung mengenai tingat akurasi hasil peramalan tersebut dengan menggunakan metode perhitungan Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui bagaimana tingkat penjualan produk Cup 220 Ml pada PT. Panen Embun Kemakmuran tahun 2022.
MODEL REGRESI NONPARAMETRIK DERET FOURIER PADA KASUS TINGKAT PENGANGGURAN TERBUKA DI SULAWESI SELATAN
Authors: Salim Muhammad Ihsan , Adnan Sauddin  , M. Ichsan Nawawi
Published: October 2023

Kasus pada penelitian menunjukkan fungsi dari bentuk kurva  antara peubah respon dan peubah prediktor tidak diketahui. Ketidakjelasan bentuk kurva tersebut menjadi pertimbangan  digunakannya Regresi nonparametrik. Kemudian diketahui data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini merupakan data perwilayah. Data perwilayah merupakan data yang memiliki sifat fluktuatif. Hal ini dikarenakan setiap wilayah memiliki kecendrungan perbedaan yang tinggi akan setiap karakteristiknya, Sehingga di duga cocok digunakan pendekatan deret fourier.  Pemodelan dilakukan dengan metode Generalized Cross Validation (GCV) untuk mencari titik knot optimal. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat variabel prediktor yang memberi pengaruh secara signifikan terhadap variabel respon.
Perbandingan Metode Clustering Dengan Menggunakan Metode Average Linkage dan Metode K-Means Pada Industri Kecil dan Menengah Di Kabupaten Wajo
Authors: Ahmad Zikir  , Khalilah Nurfadilah  , Irwan  , Adiatma
Published: October 2023

Dalam upaya mengembangkan perekonomian di Indonesia, tentunya aspek ekonomi masyarakat menjadi hal yang perlu diperhatikan. Hal ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan taraf hidup seluruh masyarakat Indonesia menjadi lebih baik. Salah satu upaya pemerintah dalam pembangunan ekonomi di Indonesia adalah Pengembangan Industri Kecil Menengah (IKM). Penelitian ini akan mengelompokkan IKM salah satu daerah di Sulawesi Selatan yakni Kabupaten Wajo dengan menggunakan Metode Average Linkage Clustering dan Metode K-means. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan metode Average Linkage, diperoleh 1 industri di kategorikan sebagai anggota dari Industri Menengah, sementara 29 lainnya dikategorikan sebagai anggota Industri Kecil. Untuk metode K-means, sebanyak 6 industri di kategorikan sebagai anggota dari Industri Menengah, sementara 24 lainnya dikategorikan sebagai anggota Industri Kecil. Dengan melihat nilai centroid-nya, metode K-means dinilai lebih baik untuk merepresentasikan IKM di Kabupaten Wajo.
Pengaruh Usia Harapan Hidup dan Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka terhadap Indeks Pembangunan Manusia
Authors: Putri Darvi Mailisa , Ul Hasanah Fitri Rahmah , Jannah Miftahul , Hasibuan Lilis Harianti
Published: October 2023

Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang variabel yang mempengaruhi Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) di provinsi Sumatera Barat. Regresi logit dan probit menjadi model yang akan diterapkan pada kasus ini. Berdasarkan kedua model diketahui bahwa variabel Usia Harapan Hidup (UHH) adalah variabel yang mempengaruhi Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) secara signifikan. Model regresi probit menjadi model terbaik melalui pemilihan nilai Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC) terkecil.
PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN ANALISIS KOMPONEN UTAMA BERBASIS WEB MENGGUNAKAN SHINY R
Authors: Asmarianti  , Alwi Wahidah , Adnan Sauddin
Published: October 2023

Penelitian ini membahas mengenai pengembangan media pembelajaran analisis komponen utama berbasis web menggunakan shiny R. Media pembelajaran yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi belajar yaitu media yang berbasis web, salah satunya Shiny R. Shiny R adalah sebuah package bahasa pemrograman R yang dapat membangun aplikasi berbasis website menggunakan paket Shiny Web Framework yang merupakan pengembangan dari R studio Server. Salah satu teknik atau metode yang digunakan adalah Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian menggunakan data mtcars bawaan pada R Studio yang berisi tentang spesifikasi kendaraan tahun 1970. Adapun hasil pada penelitian ini yaitu pembuatan aplikasi berhasil menjalankan analisis menggunakan PCA dengan sampel dataset mtcars.
PEMODELAN KASUS COVID-19 DI INDONESIA MENGGUNAKAN ANALISIS SPASIAL DENGAN PENDEKATAN BAYESIAN
Authors: Aswi  , Sukarna  , Nurhilaliyah
Published: October 2023

Kasus terkonfirmasi positif Covid-19 dilaporkan pertama kali di Indonesia pada tanggal 2 Maret 2020. Hingga 30 September 2022, Indonesia memiliki 6.465.207 kasus. Berbagai penelitian mengenai pemodelan kasus Covid-19 telah dilakukan. Akan tetapi, penelitian menggunakan model Bayesian spasial Conditional Autoregressive (CAR) Leroux (BSCL) untuk kasus Covid-19 di 34 provinsi di Indonesia belum sepenuhnya dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan model BSCL terbaik dalam mengestimasi risiko relatif (RR) kasus Covid-19 di 34 provinsi di Indonesia dan menghasilkan peta tematik RR. Data agregat kasus positif Covid-19 (2 Maret 2020-30 September 2022) digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Selain itu, data jumlah penduduk di 34 provinsi di Indonesia tahun 2021 juga digunakan. Kriteria dalam memilih model terbaik adalah dengan melihat nilai residual dari Modifikasi Moran’s I (MMI) yang lebih dekat ke nol, nilai Watanabe Akaike Information Criteria yang terkecil serta nilai Deviance Information Criteria (DIC) terkecil. Hasil pengolahan data Covid-19 menunjukkan bahwa model BSCL dengan hyperprior IG (0,1;0,1). merupakan model terbaik dalam mengestimasi RR kasus Covid-19 di Indonesia. Sekitar 29,41% (10 provinsi) di Indonesia yang memiliki nilai RR kategori tinggi terjangkit Covid-19. Provinsi dengan RR tertinggi dan terendah masing-masing adalah Provinsi DKI Jakarta (RR=5,68) dan Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat (RR=0,28).
SIMULASI MODEL SVIR (SUSCEPTIBLE, VACCINATED, INFECTED, RECOVERED) PADA KASUS COVID-19
Authors: Irwan Muh. , Wahidah Alwi  , Susrianti
Published: October 2023

Penelitian ini membahas tentang model epidemiologi SVIR pada penyebaran Covid-19 di Sulawesi Selatan. Adapun tujuan dari penelitian yaitu untuk mengetahui simulasi model penyebaran penyakit Covid-19 dan mengetahui analisis kestabilan pada titik - titik ekuilibrium, serta nilai reproduksi dasar dari penyebaran penyakit Covid-19. Data yang digunakan berasal dari Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh model matematika SVIR penyakit yang terdiri atas empat persamaan diferensial yang memberikan representasi mengenai laju peningkatan dan penurunan dari setiap kelompok populasi, berdasarkan analisis tersebut dari nilai titik ekuilibrium bersifat stabil dan bilangan reproduksi dasar diperoleh R_0=0,232212   yang berarti nilai R0 < 1 menunjukkan bahwa penyakit Covid-19 terus berkurang diikuti dengan penurunan pertumbuhan jumlah kasus.
PENERAPAN METODE TRIPLE EXPONENTIAL SMOOTHING UNTUK PERAMALAN CURAH HUJAN KOTA BOGOR
Authors: Adindach Syadza Rizkia  , Ami Mulya Pratiwi  , Edy Widodo  , Wulan Maghfirotul Fauziah
Published: October 2023

Kota Bogor disebut kota hujan sebab mempunyai intensitas curah hujan yang relatif tinggi. Namun terjadinya pemanasan global menyebabkan perubahan iklim tidak menentu sehingga menghambat suatu sektor melakukan produksi, salah satunya pertanian. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan peramalan jumlah curah hujan tahun 2021 di Kota Bogor. Tujuan hasil peramalan diharapkan dapat menjadi bahan pertimbangan untuk melakukan musim tanam oleh petani dan mempermudah dalam menentukan jenis tanaman. Data yang digunakan pada peramalan adalah data bulanan jumlah curah hujan di Kota Bogor mulai tahun 2018-2020. Data bersumber dari Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Bogor. Pada peramalan ini digunakan metode Triple Exponential Smoothing. Hasil peramalan yang diperoleh menunjukkan model Additive lebih baik digunakan untuk melakukan peramalan jumlah curah hujan karena memiliki nilai MAPE lebih kecil dibandingkan model Multiplicative. Nilai peramalan yang diperoleh dari model Additive pada peramalan jumlah curah hujan di Kota Bogor tahun 2021 sekitar 47.3 mm sampai dengan 434.9 mm.
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI ANGKA HARAPAN HIDUP DI SULAWESI SELATAN MENGGUNAKAN ANALISIS REGRESI
Authors: Wahidah Alwi  , Adnan Sauddin  , Nahda Islamiah. M
Published: October 2023

AHH mencerminkan derajat kesehatan masyarakat. Penelitian ini menggunakan beberapa faktor yang diduga mempengaruhi AHH, antara lain perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat, fasilitas kesehatan, PDRB per kapita, gizi kurang, dan rata-rata lama sekolah. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini diperoleh dari Badan Pusat Statistik dan Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan yang diestimasi menggunakan regresi linear berganda. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui model dan faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap AHH di Sulawesi Selatan pada tahun 2019. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa faktor yang berpengaruh secara signfikan adalah perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat (𝑋1), gizi kurang (𝑋4), dan rata-rata lama sekolah (𝑋5). Adapun model regresi linear berganda yang diperoleh, yaitu:𝑌∗ = 4,111 + 0,039𝑋1∗ − 0,028𝑋4∗ + 0,106𝑋5
Penentuan Indikator Kesehatan Keluarga dengan Menggunakan Metode Analisis Komponen Utama (PCA)
Authors: Susanti Rahma Sri Susanti , Syafri Muhammad , Hasin Ardiansah , Fitrah Fitrah
Published: October 2023

Kesehatan keluarga adalah salah satu indikator kesehatan masyarakat yang menjadi perhatian pemerintah. Kesehatan keluarga yang terdiri atas ayah, ibu, dan anak-anaknya akan berpengaruh terhadap kesehatan nasional suatu negara. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan komponen-komponen utama dari indikator kesehatan keluarga dan menentukan indikator-indikator apa saja yang berkontribusi terhadap setiap komponen dengan menggunakan Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Diharapkan setelah diperoleh jumlah komponen utama, maka akan memudahkan analisis data terkait indikator apa saja yang menjadi perhatian dalam kesehatan keluarga. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 21 variabel yang digunakan dapat dibentuk 7 komponen utama yang memuat beberapa variabel dengan kontribusi terkuat seperti adalah Cakupan Pelayanan K1, Pemberian ASI Eksklusif , Jumlah Kematian Neonatal, Angka Kematian Balita, Pelayanan Kesehatan Usila, Cakupan Desa/Kelurahan UCI, Cakupan Imunisasi Td2+ pada Ibu Hamil,  Persentase Balita Kurus, Cakupan Komplikasi Neonatus yang Ditangani, , Cakupan Kunjungan Neonatus Lengkap (KN3), Presentase Kunjungan Bayi, Presentase Cakupan Kunjungan Anak Balita, dan Persentase Bayi Berat Badan Lahir Rendah (BBLR).
Optimasi Masalah Convex Quadratic Programming dengan Metode Primal Dual Interior Point
Authors: Nurwahidah Nurwahidah
Published: October 2023

Quadratic programming adalah permasalahan optimasi untuk memaksimumkan atau meminimumkan fungsi tujuan kuadratik dan kendala berbentuk linear. Quadratic programming dapat diselesaikan menggunakan metode simpleks, hanya saja metode interior point lebih efisien dalam menemukan titik ekstrim yang optimal. Metode primal dual merupakan metode interior point untuk masalah quadratic programming yang lebih efektif dalam penyelesaian masalah skala besar atau lebih dari 2 variabel.
A Solusi Numerik Model SIRV Penyebaran Covid-19 dengan Menggunakan Metode Runge-Kutta di Kabupaten Pinrang
Authors: Syafruddin Side  , Syahirah Nurul , Irwan  , SAP Andi Muh. Ridho Yusuf
Published: October 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan membangun model matematika SIRV dan menetukan solusi numerik dari model SIRV pada penyebaran Covid-19 dengan metode Runge-Kutta Orde Empat. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian terapan. Nilai parameter yang diselesaikan secara numerik menggunakan metode Runge-Kutta Orde Empat dengan selang waktu h = 0,01 bulan menggunakan data Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Pinrang pada tahun 2022. Berdasarkan nilai awal masing-masing kelas diperoleh; (S1)  =0.7391, (I1) = 0.0030, (R1) = 0.0026 dan (V1)  = 0.7306. Dalam penelitian ini diperoleh grafik pergerakan dari model SIRV berdasarkan data yang digunakan, untuk melihat kecenderungan perlakuan penyakit Covid-19 di Kabupaten Pinrang dan menjadi bahan pertimbangan untuk tindakan pencegahan penyakit menular Covid-19 dan angka reproduksi dasar R0 = 7,932 x 10-5 menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada penyebaran Covid-19 yang diakibatkan vaksinasi yang meningkat di Kabupaten Pinrang.
MODEL LINIER DIPERUMUM UNTUK MEMODELKAN DURASI CURAH HUJAN TINGGI DI SULAWESI SELATAN
Authors: Husain Ahmad , Isma Muthahharah  , Amran
Published: October 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memodelkan durasi curah hujan tinggi di Sulawesi Selatan yang menjadi penyebab bencana hidrologi pada bulan Januari setiap tahunnya. Dalam penelitian ini, data iklim seperti curah hujan, kecepatan angin, kelembaban relatif, sinar matahari dan suhu udara di rekapitulasi dan di modelkan menggunakan model linier diperumum. Tujuannya adalah untuk memprediksi variabel-variabel yang relevan mempengaruhi peningkatan durasi hujan dengan intensitas tinggi di Sulawesi Selatan. Pada proses estimasi parameter, model linier diperumum ditambahkan komponen acak berupa efek acak spasial dan estimasi menggunakan pendekatan Bayesian. Hasil analisis menghasilkan variabel iklim apa saja yang relevan memodelkan peningkatan hari hujan tinggi pada bulan Januari, serta jarak pengaruh variabel yang relevan tersebut.
Ego Fictionalisation in Ana Blandiana’s Narrative Interviews
Authors: Antofi Simona
Published: October 2023

Ana Blandiana’s narrative interviews gathered in Cartea cu delfini and approaching such themes as poetry, prose, essays, point out by means of biographem - which help the paper being to emerge in a Barthesian perspective - a special narrative profile - symbolic in its turn for the woman writer’ profile which can be grasped in the mirror-text.
A Phenomenon: Ion Pribeagu
Authors: Dram Constantin
Published: October 2023

After leaving the Jewish fair of Sulita, Ion Pribeagu, the author of the lyrics of a famous song, Zaraza, became known throughout Romania, and not only, for his humor, satirical verve, inspiring portraits, unexpected forms of intertextuality. Signing under different pseudonyms, such as Ion Pribeagu, he wrote about families, characters, gastronomy, world and its habits, with sparks of comic genius. Living more in Bucharest, where he had become a kind of living legend, emigrating and dying in Tel Aviv, Ion Pribeagu, through everything he wrote, conceived his own fair, something between Sulita and Bucharest, where Romanians and Jews have cohabited at will.
Phrases and Phrases in Specialized Languages
Authors: Butiurcă Doina
Published: October 2023

The relationship between specialized phrases and science is bidirectional: on the one hand, the professional lexicon is a reflection of science, being subject to permanent changes, on the other hand, concepts are a reflection of the evolution of human knowledge. The objective of our research is to study the process of formation of poly-lexical phrases - within the lexicon - and their transition into the specialized lexicon. Analysis, comparison, and descriptive-linguistic methods are some of the research methods used. The general conclusion that emerges is that the terminological phrase is a particularly productive process in the professional language.
Modal Verbs in English-Medium Research Articles on the Issue of Climate Change and Health
Authors: Kapranov Oleksandr
Published: October 2023

The article introduces a quantitative study that examines how modality, which is associated with modal verbs (e.g., must, would, etc.), is represented in English-medium research articles (henceforth – RAs) that are published in specialised scientific journals that focus on the intersection of climate change-related research and health. The aim of the study was to collect a corpus of RAs published in the international peer-reviewed journals Eco-Environment and Health and The Journal of Climate Change and Health and examine the frequency of the occurrence of modal verbs in order to determine the most frequent modals in the corpus. To that end, the corpus was analysed in the software program AntConc (Antony, 2022) in order to establish the frequency of the central modal verbs in English, such as can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will and would. The results of the quantitative investigation revealed that can and may were the most frequent modal verbs in the corpus. The findings were discussed through the lens of the discourse on climate change and health.
Motivating and Empowering Students
Authors: Năznean Adrian
Published: October 2023

Learning a foreign language opens doors to new cultures, enhances cognitive function, and provides valuable communication skills. To motivate students in learning a foreign language, it is important to understand the multifaceted psychological notion of motivation. As Dörnyei argues, motivation plays a crucial role in driving learners to develop proficiency in a foreign language. There are as many reasons to learn as there are learners, but once priorities change, motivation and engagement may be put on the back burner. As such, without sufficient motivation, learners may lack the necessary desire and interest needed to advance their language proficiency, therefore, it is essential to cultivate high levels of motivation in students if they are to achieve their language learning objectives. This paper will examine student motivation as well as factors that enhance or decrease it, based on a set of research questions and the answers provided by literature.
James Phelan, Narrative Medicine: A Rhetorical Rx, Routledge 2023
Authors: Năznean Adrian
Published: October 2023

Narrative medicine is an emerging field that is becoming increasingly popular in the study of both humanities and medicine. It combines the traditional skills of storytelling with medical practice, allowing clinicians to better understand their patients’ perspectives and experiences. The use of narrative medicine has been shown to improve patient outcomes, as well as provide clinicians with a more holistic approach to care. By using narrative techniques such as reflective writing and storytelling, healthcare practitioners can better comprehend how a patient’s life circumstances may be impacting their health and wellbeing. This is the core idea of James Phelan’s Narrative Medicine: A Rhetorical Rx, which can be read as a lesson to learn in both the humanities and medical science. The book offers a theoretical framework for the use of rhetoric in narrative medicine and provides a patter to follow for workshops in the field.
Nicoleta Aurelia Marcu (Medrea) - Kipling’s Vision of India and the Problem of Split Consciousness– Pro Universitaria, București, 2021
Authors: Han Bianca-Oana
Published: October 2023

The book ‘Kipling’s Vision of India and the Problem of Split Consciousness’ signed by Nicoleta Aurelia Marcu (Medrea) elegantly captures the duality triggered by Kipling’s process of internalization of the two perspectives that defined him as an individual and as a writer, torn -or completed- by being part of the empire, and country of origin. Belonging to both these worlds, Kipling simultaneously identified himself as part of the two worlds, that shaped and framed his personality. The book before us maps the turmoil in confrontation and completion generated by Kipling’s dual quest for identity.
Effects of Thymoquinone Nanoparticles on Paracetamol-Induced Nephrotoxicity by Mitigating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Rats
Authors: Alaryani Fatima S.
Published: October 2023

A common and efficient analgesic-antipyretic medication for a variety of syndromes is paracetamol (PAR). The use of PAR was associated with acute kidney injury and other side effects, and its hazardous effects were influenced by oxidative stress and inflammation. Black seed oil’s primary active ingredient, thymoquinone (TQ), has anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant properties. A few animal models for drug-induced nephrotoxicity described promising outcomes of its renoprotective action. The main goal of this work was to evaluate TQ nanoparticles’ (TQNP) powerful renoprotective properties in a rat model of nephrotoxicity caused by PAR. Three groups of eight rats each were assigned; group one (the control group, CON) was given gavaged normal saline. Group 2 (PAR group, PAR) received 600 mg/kg of gavaged PAR diluted in regular saline. One hour after PAR delivery, group 3 (the TQNP group) received TQNP 0.5 mg/kg via oral administration. In rat kidney tissues, PAR resulted in renal damage, a rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, cystatin C (CYC), myeloperoxidase, protein carbonyl (PC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and a decrease in nitric oxide and cellular antioxidants. In rats given PAR, TQNP effectively reduced renal damage, lowered serum levels of creatinine, BUN, and CYC, and improved oxidative stress (MDA, MYO, and PC) and inflammatory markers (TNFα and IFN-γ). TQNP treatment resulted in modestly dilated/congested blood vessels in the renal tissues of PAR. The TQNP’s renoprotective action is an effective preventative against PAR-induced nephrotoxicity, primarily by enhancing cellular defense mechanisms and reducing inflammatory and oxidative indicators in a rat model. However, additional research and clinical trials should be needed for testing in future studies.
Impacts of Various Lighting Programs on Chicken Production and Behavior – A Review
Authors: Nissa Shaista S. , Sheikh Islam U. , Altaie Hayman A.A. , Adil Sheikh , Banday Mohammad T. , Kamal Mahmoud , Alqhtani Abdulmohsen H. , Swelum Ayman A. , Khafaga Asmaa F. , Al-Shehri Mohammed , Abd El-Hack Mohamed E.
Published: October 2023

Environmental changes have an impact on agriculture, especially the production of poultry. These changes have caused grave concerns that will negatively affect the health and productivity of chickens. We must consider illumination, density, and dietary aspects when determining the optimal environmental conditions for poultry rearing and output. Each of these variables influences the performance and behavior of birds uniquely. A crucial aspect of evaluating animal well-being is that it understands animal behavior. Artificial lighting has been widely investigated in poultry production over the last fifty years to enhance muscle gain and egg production while preserving an effective feed conversion ratio, bird health, and well-being. Yet, researchers and breeders still disagree over the ideal light quality and quantity, density, and feeding levels for poultry farming, particularly for chickens. This evaluation, therefore, covered the most up-to-date practical methods for enhancing illumination, density, and feeding-related aspects of poultry behavior, health, and production.
Dose-response analysis for the effects of Coffea arabica L. on growth performance, health status, and economic efficiency of fattened rabbits raised under high ambient temperature
Authors: El-Ratel Ibrahim T. , El-Kholy Khaled H. , Gomaa Ayman M. , Abdel-Khalek A.M. , Hashem Nesrein M. , El-Raghi Ali Ali
Published: October 2023

The dose-response analysis was used to investigate the effects of green coffee (GC) on growth performance, feed utilization, carcass traits, and health status of newly weaned rabbits. A total of 60 clinically healthy growing rabbits (5 weeks old) reared during summer season were divided randomly into three experimental groups, 20 rabbits each, and received 0, 2, and 4 g GC/kg diet, (GC0, GC2, and GC4), respectively. Growth performance (live body weight, LBW and average daily gain, ADG) and feed utilization (feed conversion ratio, FCR) as well as the dressing percentage and the relative weight of liver were improved significantly in the GC-treated groups compared to the control group. The dose-response regression analysis showed that the optimal doses were 2.75 and 3 g GC/kg diet for ADG and FCR, respectively. Moreover, GC treatments significantly decreased both rectum temperature and respiration rate compared to GC0, with an optimal dose being at 2.5 g GC/kg diet. Erythrocytes and leukocyte counts improved significantly in the GC-treated groups compared to the GC0 group. Blood protein and its fractions, liver and kidney functions, and lipid profile were quadratically improved by GC supplementation. The optimal dose was 3 g GC/kg diet for total protein and its fractions, ALT, and TG, while it was 2.5 and 2.75 g GC/kg diets for creatinine and TC, respectively. Total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione activities were significantly higher, while the levels of malondialdehyde were significantly lower in the GC-treated groups than the GC0 group. A level of 2.5 g GC/kg diet was the optimal dose required for improving immunoglobulin A and G, which improved in blood serum of GC treated groups compared to the control. Economically, dietary addition of GC enhanced the economic efficiency of the supplemented diets, thereby improving the profitability of the fattening process. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of GC at level of 2.5–3 g/kg diet could be effectively used to enhance the growth indices, redox status, immune function, and economic efficiency of rabbits fattened during the summer season.
Comprehensive analysis of runs of homozygosity and heterozygosity in Holstein cattle on the basis of medium and high density SNP panels and large population sample
Authors: Szmatoła Tomasz , Gurgul Artur , Jasielczuk Igor , Ropka-Molik Katarzyna
Published: October 2023

This study reports runs of homozygosity (ROH) and heterozygosity (ROHet) distributed in a large population of Holstein cattle on the basis of two microarrays of medium (50k; 2163 animals; 54 609 SNPs) and high single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) density (HD; 600 animals; 777 692 SNPs). To assess the inbreeding values of Holstein cattle, the ROH-based genomic inbreeding coefficient (FROH) was calculated. The comparison of SNP panels suggested that FROH values above 4 Mb should be considered for panels of medium densities as a relatively reliable measure of inbreeding. Moreover, ROH hotspots and coldspots were identified and compared between the HD and 50k SNP panels and were carefully examined for association with production and functional traits. The obtained results pinpointed genomic regions presumably under selection pressure in Holstein cattle. The regions overlapped with a large number of genes, including GHR, GBF1, SUMF1, CCL28, NIM1K, U6, BTRC and FABP1, many of which are involved in important Holstein cattle characteristics. We also found that some ROH hotspots and coldspots identified with the HD panel were not detected with the 50k panel, mainly because of insufficient SNP density in certain genomic regions. This suggests that using medium-density panels might not be the best choice when precise identification of ROH patterns is the main goal. In summary, in this work, we confirmed that a high-density SNP panel compared to a medium-density SNP panel allows for more precise identification of ROH patterns, especially in the case of short ROH that could be associated with ancestral inbreeding.
Carcass and antioxidative status of the brain and meat of two hybrids of broiler chicken fed Ficus carica leaf powder and vitamin C supplemented diets
Authors: Osowe Clement Oluwafemi , Adu Olufemi Adesanya , Oloruntola Olugbenga David , Chineke Clifford Adinma
Published: October 2023

The study examined the effect of dietary supplementation of Ficus carica leaf powder and vitamin C on the antioxidative status of the meat and brain of two hybrids of broiler chicken. Two hundred- and forty-day-old chicks, each of Arbor Acres (AA) and Cobb 500 (C5) hybrids of broiler chicken were randomly assigned to diets. Diet 1 and 2 had no supplement; diets 3 and 4 supplemented with vitamin C (200mg/kg of basal), diet 5 and 6 received 1g Ficus carica Leaf Powder (FCLP)/Kg of basal diet while diets 7 and 8 had 1g FCLP/kg of basal diet + 200mg of vitamin C. The interactive effect of hybrid, vitamin C and FCLP significantly influenced the dressing percentage, gizzard, pancreas, heart and proventriculus. Brain catalase and glutathione were significantly influenced by the hybrid, vitamin C and FCLP inclusion. Dietary supplementation of FCLP and vitamin C significantly lower the lipid peroxidation of the meat. There was significant interactive effect of the factors on lipid peroxidation while meat catalase and glutathione were significantly increased by the inclusion of FCLP. This study revealed that the dietary inclusions of broilers’ diets with 1g FCLP and 200mg vitamin C/kg of feed could influence carcass and organs weights as well as improve meat quality and brain antioxidant status of broiler chicken, with the C5 hybrid showing better antioxidative status.
Performance, haemato-biochemical indices and antioxidants status of broiler chickens fed diet with low metabolizable energy supplemented with graded levels of Guanidino Acetic Acid (GAA)
Authors: Ayeni Akinlolu , Ogungnebro Damilola , Afolabi Oladayo , Aladenola Olubunmi , Aguda Fisayo , Ayoade Mojolajesu , Agboola Tolulope , Adeola Opeyemi , Onibi Gbenga
Published: October 2023

The growth, haemato-biochemical indices, and antioxidant status of broiler chickens fed varying levels of Guanidino Acetic Acid (GAA) were evaluated over the course of an eight-week feeding trial. In low ME (2700Kcal/kg) basal diets, the Guanidino Acetic Acid was supplemented at 0, 0.6, and 1.2g/kg, designated as diets I, II, and III, respectively. The average final weight of chickens fed diet III was the highest at the end of the feeding trial. The best feed conversion ratio was observed in birds fed diet III. The packed cell volume and haemoglobin were highest in birds fed diet I. Significantly higher Cholesterol and Albumin were recorded in diets III and II, respectively. All the antioxidant parameters were significant except Catalase. The glutathione peroxidase increased with increased Guanidino acetic Acid supplementation while Catalase reduced with increased GAA supplementation. According to the findings of this study, Guanidino Acetic Acid improved the health of broilers while having no negative effects on their health. It is therefore concluded that supplementation of Guanidino Acetic Acid at 1.2g/kg with low metabolizable energy promoted superior growth effect of the chickens and also reduce cost of production.
Physiological responses of rabbit buck fed diets supplemented with varied levels of nutmeg seed meal, clove leaf meal, and their composite mix
Authors: Olateju Imoleayo Sarah , Adu Olufemi Adesanya , Akinsulure Opeyemi Oluwabunmi , Adeniran Catherine Oluwakemi , Chineke Clifford Adinma
Published: October 2023

Fifty-six Hyla breeds of 12-week-old rabbit bucks were randomly distributed across 7 diet groups comprising the control, 0.25% nutmeg seed meal (NSM), 0.50%, 0.25% clove leaf meal (CLM), 0.50% CLM, 0.25% composite nutmeg and clove leaf meal mix (CNCM), and 0.50%CNCM. At the end of the 8 weeks of the experiment, 3 bucks per diet group were sacrificed. The growth performance, haematology, serum biochemical indices, and testicular morphometry of the buck were assessed. The different diet groups significantly increased (P<0.05) the feed intake, weight gained, and feed conversion ratio compared to the control. The highest weight gained and best feed conversion ratio were observed among bucks fed 0.25% CNCM. Dietary supplementation of NSM, CLM, and CLCM at 0.25 and 0.50% levels did not affect (P>0.05) the blood parameters, serum proteins, enzymes, and metabolites except for serum glutathione and catalase activity which revealed that the phytochemicals in NSM and CNCM could effectively combat free scavenging radicals. Testicular weight and densities were positively influenced (P<0.05) by dietary supplements which are indicative of better testicular functions compared to the control. Hence, the synergetic effect of NSM and CLM at 0.25% supplementation level could be incorporated into Bucks’ diet for better productivity.
Preliminary study regarding use of genomic selection in Romanian cattle breeds evaluation
Authors: Gras Mihail Alexandru , Rotar Cătălin Mircea , Grosu Horia , Pelmuș Rodica Ștefania , Lazăr Cristina
Published: October 2023

In Romania, the livestock is very scattered on the diverse environmental conditions. Due to difficulties regarding data collection, with the help of genomic selection, the paradigm of genetic improvement of economical traits in Romanian cattle breeds can be changed. Population studied in this paper consist in animals genotyped using 60k SNP panel. Association studies were performed for estimate the effect of SNP polymorphism on milk yield at 305 days. Genetic evaluation was compared under four statistical methodologies were compared under six scenarios 5k, 10k, 15k, 20k, 25k and 37k SNP panels. High association with phenotypes were displayed by 38 SNP’s. Generally, accuracy of the studied models, tend to increase with complexity (informational input). The model with the lowest accuracy was Sire-Model (36.6% accuracy). Adding information in Animal Model increase accuracy of estimation and finally, adding genomic information the accuracy was maximized to 69.9%. For each lactation all the statistical models return highly correlated breeding values. The highest (97.2%) and the lowest (79.2%) rank correlation are registered between Test-Day and Animal Model for the first and second lactation. Genomic evaluation is a more feasible methodology than classical breeding value estimation, in term of accuracy of selection and the quality of the parentage information.
Effect of feeding dried olive (Olea europaea) leaves on the reproductive parameters of Awassi rams
Authors: Al-Masri Mohamad R. , Zarkawi Moutaz , Alomar Mazen
Published: October 2023

The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of feeding adult Awassi rams different ratio of dried olive leaves on the reproductive parameters during seven weeks during the breeding season. Three groups of Awassi rams were fed for twelve weeks either a conventional wheat straw-concentrate ration (Control) or experimental rations where 30% (G1) and 60% (G2) of the wheat straw were replaced with dried olive leaves. Animals were fed the same amounts of crude protein and metabolizable energy daily. Results indicated that with the exception of scrotal circumference, no significant (p>0.05) responses were noted for testosterone level, body weight, semen volume, sperm concentration or semen pH values between the tested groups. Analysis of motility characteristics of sperm by computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) technique showed no significant differences (p>0.05) between the three groups in the percent motility, percent of sperm showing progressive motility, average path velocity, straight line velocity, curvilinear velocity, percent straightness and percent linearity. It could be concluded that feeding Awassi rams dried olive leaves even at the 60% level did not affect the reproductive characteristics of the Awassi rams and therefore could be used as supplement sources of feeds for small ruminants.
Antimicrobial potential of polyphenols obtained from agro-industrial by-products
Authors: Anghel Andrei Cristian , Țăranu Ionelia
Published: October 2023

Antibiotics and zinc oxide are therapeutic agents widely used in the livestock industries, reducing significantly the negative effects of weaning by improving the growth rate and decreasing mortality. Although, due to the potential public and environmental risks associated with antibiotic resistance and soil pollution their use in the E.U. has been drastically reduced or banned, thus, alternative solutions been necessary to be develop. The addition of polyphenols to animal feed has shown promising results, as they have a broad antimicrobial activity including against E. coli F4 (K88). Moreover, it has been observed to hold a wide range of beneficial properties such as antidiarrhoeic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity. In the present study in vitro experiments were performed in order to investigate the antimicrobial activity of several polyphenolic extracts obtained from mustard seed meals of two origins (Poland and Moldavia), grape seed meal, sea buckthorn seed meal, rapeseed meal, and rapeseed meal fermented with S. cerevisiae, against E. coli F4 (K88) proliferation measured at different intervals for 24 hours. The results revealed that polyphenols have a considerable antimicrobial effect in high concentrations. The inhibition was dependent also on polyphenol composition and even the origin place. Withal, it was observed that the polyphenols extracted from rapeseed meal and fermented rapeseed meal presented noticeable differences in inhibition, in similar concentrations, this suggesting that the fermentation process considerably affects the profile of rapeseed meal polyphenols. Likewise for the Moldavian mustard seed extract which significantly inhibited bacterial growth from very low concentrations although it had a low concentration of total polyphenols. Thus, the polyphenolic content of fermented rape seed meal extract presented an enhanced antimicrobial activity against E. coli F4 (K88) compared with the non-fermented rape seed meal extract. Although the total polyphenol concentration was lower in FRSM than in RSM. Polyphenols extracted from Moldavia mustard seed meal exhibited remarkable efficacy in inhibiting bacterial growth. Notably, even at a concentration as low as 3.71 µg/ml, the polyphenols demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity, effectively combating bacterial development. Overall, our study demonstrated that polyphenols represent a promising substitute for antibiotics and zinc oxide and might represent an encouraging long-term solution in overcoming the weaning crisis in pigs. In vivo experimentations are needed to validate these results.
Identifikasi Struktur Protein Spike Varian Baru SARS-CoV-2 secara Bioinformatika dalam Pengembangan Kandidat Terapi COVID-19
Authors: Fakih Taufik Muhammad , Ramadhan Dwi Syah Fitra , Hidayat Aulia Fikri , Soewondo Budi Prabowo
Published: October 2023

Despite the relatively slow evolutionary rate of SARS-CoV-2 in comparison to other RNA viruses, the extensive and rapid transmission during the COVID-19 pandemic has led to the emergence of significant genetic diversity since the virus first infected the human population. This has resulted in various variants, such as Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), among others. Of particular concern are the Delta Variant and newly recognized Variants of Concern (VOCs), including lineages of B.1.617.2, as well as other VOCs discovered through local transmission, such as Epsilon (B.1.427/29-US) and B1.1.7/E484K-UK. The interactions between these variants and the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, as well as the Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), have become a primary focus in understanding the infection and spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This research aims to comprehensively identify, evaluate, and explore the structural characteristics of the macromolecular spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 in the Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants using bioinformatics approaches. The methods employed in this study include homology modeling, molecular docking simulations, and molecular dynamics simulations. The research findings indicate that the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 in the Gamma variant exhibits a strong affinity for ACE2. Therefore, this study is expected to serve as a reference for designing effective vaccine or antiviral candidates targeting various SARS-CoV-2 variants in the treatment of COVID-19 infections.
التكيف النفسي وعلاقته بالدافعية الأكاديمية وقلق المستقبل لدى طالبات كلية التربية البدنية وعلوم الرياضة في جامعة صلاح الدين-أربيل
Authors: سليمان عمر شنكة , غفور شريف بيخال
Published: October 2023

هدف البحث إلى

1- التعرف على التكيف النفسي والدافعية الأكاديمية وقلق المستقبل لطالبات كلية التربية البدنية وعلوم الرياضة بجامعة صلاح الدين- أربيل.

2- التعرف على العلاقة بين التكيف النفسي والدافعية الأكاديمية وقلق المستقبل لطالبات كلية التربية البدنية وعلوم الرياضة بجامعة صلاح الدين- أربيل.

   وإستخدمت الباحثتان المنهج الوصفي بأسلوب العلاقات المتبادلة، تم استخدام كل من مقاييس التكيف النفسي والدافعية الأكاديمية وقلق المستقبل، وتكونت عينة البحث من (139) طالبة من طالبات الكلية. وتم التوصل إلى بعض الإستنتاجات أهمها:

- أظهرت النتائج بأن هناك فروق معنوية بين الاوساط الحسابية والوسط الفرضي لمقياس التكيف النفسي والدافعية الأكاديمية وقلق المستقبل ولصالح الأوساط الحسابية لدى طالبات جميع مراحل كلية التربية البدنية وعلوم الرياضة بجامعة صلاح الدين- أربيل.

- أظهرت النتائج بأن هناك علاقة إرتباط غير معنوية بين التكيف النفسي والدافعية الأكاديمية لطالبات كلية التربية البدنية وعلوم الرياضة بجامعة صلاح الدين- أربيل.

     وأوصت الباحثتان بما يأتي:

- الاستفادة من مقياسي التكيف النفسي الدافعية الأكاديمية من اجل اجراء دراسات اخرى.

- العمل على تخفيض مستوى قلق المستقبل لدى الطالبات من خلال المحاضرات أو الندوات التي يتم إجراءها في الكليات.
تأثير تدريبات الـ(Kettlebell) والمهارية في تطوير القوة الانفجارية ودقة مهارة الضرب الساحق للكرة الطائرة المتقدمين
Authors: ابراهيم احمد احمد , ضايع محمد طارق
Published: October 2023

ان التدريب الرياضي هو العنصر الغير مرئي الذي يحقق ما يريده الجمهور المتذوق من الرياضة ، وهنا قام الباحثان باستخدام احد طرق التدريب الرياضي بتضمين اداة حديثة الاستخدام وهي (Kettlebell) لما تتمتع به من مميزات وتم ادراجها بشكل رئيسي بالتدريبات لمعالجة الضعف الملاحظ عند بعض لاعبي اندية الكرة الطائرة العراقية الذي يعد كمشكلة رئيسية تلاحظ عند المقارنة بين مستوى الفرق العراقية مع الفرق العربية او العالمية ، وهدف البحث الى اعداد تمارين بأداة (Kettlebell) لتطوير القوة الانفجارية ودقة مهارة الضرب الساحق بالكرة الطائرة وايضا التعرف على أثر التدريبات بأداة (Kettlebell) في تطوير القوة الانفجارية وكذلك التعرف على تأثير التدريبات باستخدام (Kettlebell) في تطوير دقة مهارة الضرب الساحق بالكرة الطائرة ، كما افترض الباحثان وجود فروق بدلالة إحصائية بين نتائج الاختبار القبلي والبعدي لمجموعتا البحث الضابطة والتجريبية في تطوير القوة الانفجارية ودقة اداء مهارة الضرب الساحق في الكرة الطائرة وايضا وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين نتائج الاختبارات البعدية لمجموعتي البحث الضابطة والتجريبية في اختبارات القوة الانفجارية ودقة اداء مهارة الضرب الساحق في الكرة الطائرة ، استخدم الباحثان المنهج التجريبي لملائمته لطبيعة المشكلة ، وتم تحديد مجتمع البحث اندية محافظة صلاح الدين للكرة الطائرة المتقدمين والبالغ عددهم (115) لاعبا للموسم 2022  اما عينة البحث فقد تم اختيارها بالطريقة العمدية وقد تكونت من (15) لاعب وبنسبة ( 13.043%) من مجتمع الأصل ، كما تم قياس متغيرات البحث باستخدام الاختبارات البدنية والمهارية ، واجرى الباحثان التجربة الميدانية للفترة من (27/2/2022) ولغاية (21/4/2022) واسفرت نتائج الدراسة عن إن تطبيق التدريبات باستخدام (Kettlebell) يساعد لاعبي الكرة الطائرة المتقدمين في تحسين القوة الانفجارية ودقة أداء مهارة الضرب الساحق ، ويتفوقونَ في تحسينها لدى أقرانهم الذين يتدربون بدونها .
دراسة مقارنة مستوى مؤشر الكفاءة الوظيفية بالحد الاقصى لاستهلاك الأوكسجين باستخدام جهاز(Treadmill) ما بين لاعبي بعض فرق الالعاب الجماعية للأندية حلبجة
Authors: لطيف حسين توانا
Published: October 2023

هدفت هذه الدراسة هو التعرف على مستوى مؤشر الكفاءة الوظيفية والحد الأقصى لاستهلاك الأوكسجين لدى لاعبي الالعاب الجماعية المختلفة . اما عينة البحث فشملت اللاعبين فئة المتقدمين نادي حلبجة الشهيدة الرياضية بلغ عددهم (33)لاعباَ واستخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفي للدراسة . وتوصل  الباحث الى أهم  الاستنتاجات:

وجود فروق دالة المعنوية ما بين  لاعبي كرة القدم والكرة السلة والكرة الطائرة  في الكفاءة الوظيفية(المطلقة) و(النسبية) ولصالح لاعبي كرة القدم وبعدة الكرة السلة. وكذلك وجود فروق دالة المعنوية ما بين لاعبي كرة القدم والكرة السلة والكرة الطائرة في الحد الاقصى لاستهلاك الاوكسجين المطلق  والنسبي ولصالح لاعبي الكرة السلة وبعدة لاعبي كرة القدم . وعلى ضوء النتائج المحققة اوصى الباحث : ضرورة الاهتمام ببرامج التدريب لتطوير الكفاءة الوظيفية والحد الاقصى لاستهلاك الاوكسجين على شكل مستوى واحد من حيث (المدة-التكرار-الشدة) في التمرينات لجميع لاعبي المراكز خطوط اللعب المختلفة بدون أستثناء . وضرورة اجراء اختبارات الوظيفية دورية للرياضات للتعرف على مستوى الكفاءة  الاجهزة الوظيفية والتركيز على أهم النقاط القوة والضعف في نتائج بعض المؤشرات . وأجراء وتطبيق المزيد من الدراسات المشابهة على مختلف الفئات العمرية الاخرى لتقييم مستواهم وتقويم برامجهم التدريبية.