bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric Comorbidity in Long‐Term Abstinent Alcoholic Individuals
Authors: Di Sclafani Victoria , Finn Peter , Fein George
Published: March 2007

Background: A high prevalence of comorbid psychiatric disorders has been demonstrated in individuals with an alcohol use disorder in both community and treatment samples, with higher comorbidity in treatment samples. In this study, we examined lifetime and current psychiatric diagnoses in long‐term abstinent alcoholic individuals (LTAA; mean abstinence=6.3 years; n=52) compared with age and gender‐comparable non‐alcoholic controls (NC; n=48). We asked the following questions: (1) to achieve long‐term abstinence, must an individual be relatively psychiatrically healthy (i.e., comparable with NC) and (2) can ongoing abstinence be maintained in the face of a current psychiatric disorder?

Methods: Lifetime and current (prior 12 months) psychiatric diagnoses were assessed in the mood, anxiety, and externalizing disorder domains using the computerized Diagnostic Interview Schedule (c‐DIS).

Results: Over 85% of LTAA had a lifetime psychiatric diagnosis, compared with 50% of NC. Long‐term abstinent alcoholic individuals had a higher prevalence than NC of lifetime mood, anxiety, and externalizing disorder diagnoses. Long‐term abstinent alcoholic individuals also had a greater prevalence than NC of current mood and anxiety diagnoses. Although LTAA had a greater lifetime prevalence of an antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) than NC, no LTAA or NC had a current ASPD diagnosis. Finally, there was no association of duration of abstinence with lifetime or current psychiatric diagnoses, consistent with psychiatric diagnoses having little effect on relapse.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that: (1) the presence of a lifetime psychiatric diagnosis does not militate against achieving long‐term abstinence, (2) abstinence can be maintained in the presence of a current mood or anxiety disorder, and (3) a current diagnosis of ASPD may not be compatible with long‐term abstinence. The relatively low levels of antisocial behavior compared with preabstinence (as indicated by no LTAA meeting current criteria for ASPD) raises the question of whether the neurobiology underlying antisocial behavior is changed in abstinence, or brought under increased executive control, or both.
Flotation Separation of Trace Elements from Alkaline‐Earth Matrices by Co(III) Hexamethylenedithiocarbamate before ICP‐AES Determination
Authors: Zajkova Paneva Vesna , Cundeva Katarina , Stafilov Trajce
Published: March 2007

A method for the selective separation of Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in traces from solutions of calcite (CaCO3), dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) and gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) before their determination by inductively coupled plasma‐atomic emission spectrometry (ICP‐AES) is presented. The expected interferences of Ca and Mg on intensities of trace analytes were removed by collecting the elements of interest with cobalt(III) hexamethylenedithiocar‐bamate, Co(HMDTC)3. The flotation of aqueous solutions (1 l) of calcite, dolomite and gypsum was performed at pH 6.0, by 1.5 mg l−1 Co and 0.6 mmol l−1 HMDTC−. To minimise the effect of the reaction between Ca/Mg, which restrains the function of the surfactant, careful selection of the most suitable foaming reagent was necessary. The accuracy of the method was established by analysing natural alkaline‐earth minerals by the standard addition method as well as using the dolomite reference materials GBW 07114 and GSJ JDo‐1. The ICP‐AES limits of detection following flotation on different minerals were found to be 0.080 μg g−1 for Cd, 0.105 μg g−1 for Ag, 0.142 μg g−1 for Cu, 0.195 μg g−1 for Cr, 0.212 μg g−1 for Ni, 0.235 μg g−1 for Zn and 0.450 μg g−1 for Pb.
Evaluation of Simultaneous Analyte Leaching/Vapour Phase Introduction for Direct Osmium Isotope Ratio Measurements in Solid Samples by Double‐Focusing Sector Field ICP‐MS
Authors: Rodushkin Ilia , Engström Emma , Baxter Douglas C.
Published: March 2007

The analytical performance of a method for Os isotope ratio measurement by double‐focusing, sector field ICP‐MS (ICP‐SFMS) was evaluated. The method is based on several optimised, concurrent processes: Os extraction from samples in hot concentrated nitric acid; separation of Os from the digest solution by the formation of volatile osmium tetroxide accelerated by continuous hydrogen peroxide addition; transport of analyte vapour by an oxygen flow into the ICP; and isotopic determination by ICP‐SFMS. Due to the very efficient utilisation of analyte (approaching 0.5‰), Os isotope ratio measurement could be performed at low pg levels. Combined with an ability to process sample sizes up to 2 g (up to 50 g if the organic matrix of biological or botanical samples is eliminated by ashing), materials with Os concentrations in the low, or even sub pg g−1 range could be determined by this method. Given that two complete digestion/distillation systems were available for interchangeable use, throughputs of up to fifteen samples per 8 hour shift could be achieved. The method precision, evaluated as the long‐term reproducibility of 187 Os/188Os ratio measurements in a commercial Os reference sample containing 0.5 ng Os, was 0.16% relative standard deviation (RSD, 1s). The method has been applied to perform replicate 187 Os/188 Os ratio measurements on a suite of fifty reference materials of various origins and matrix compositions, with Os concentrations varying from < 0.1 pg g−1 to > 100 ng g−1, yielding an average precision of 3% RSD. Though none of the materials tested are certified for Os content or Os isotope composition, comparison of the obtained data with published Os isotope information for similar sample types revealed close agreement between the two. The method can also be used for the simultaneous, semi‐quantitative determination of Os concentrations.
Structure Flexibility Impacts on Robust Active Vibration Isolation Using Mixed Sensitivity Optimization
Authors: Olsson Claes
Published: March 2007

Active vibration isolation from an arbitrarily, structurally complex receiver is considered with respect to the impacts of structure flexibility on the open- and closed-loop system characteristics. Specifically, the generally weak influence of flexibility on the open-loop transfer function in the case of total force feedback, in contrast to acceleration feedback, is investigated. The open-loop system characteristics are analyzed based on open-loop transfer function expressions obtained using modal expansion and on modal model order reduction techniques. To closely demonstrate and illustrate the impacts of flexibility on the closed-loop system performance and stability, a problem of automotive engine vibration isolation from a flexible subframe is presented where the neglected dynamics are represented as an output multiplicative model perturbation. A physical explanation as to why the contribution of flexibility to the open-loop transfer function could be neglected in the case of total force feedback in contrast to acceleration feedback is given. Factors for an individual eigenmode to not significantly contribute to the total force output are presented where the deviation of the mode direction relative to the actuator force direction is pointed out as a key one in addition to modal mass and damping coefficient. In this context, the inherent differences between model order reduction by modal and by balanced truncation are being stressed. For the specific automotive vibration isolation application considered, the degradation of robust performance and stability is shown to be insignificant when obtaining a low-order controller by using total force feedback and neglecting flexibility in the design phase.
Vibration Mitigation Using Passive Active Tunable (PAT) System: Experimental Aspects
Authors: Sarigul-Klijn N. , Lopez I. , Sarigul-Klijn M. , Karnopp D.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this paper is to test and model a single-degree-of-freedom vibration isolation system with a magnetorheological (MR) foam damper under harmonic and random excitations. The results of this research are valuable for understanding the characteristics of the MR foam damper and include the experimental design and results of vibration mitigations for frequency ranges up to 2000Hz. Transmissibility and acceleration hysteresis experiments of the MR foam damper system with different levels of input current are discussed. A simple damper design that eliminates many of the constraints normally associated with fluid filled devices is presented. Constitutive equations of the Bouc–Wen model are used to validate and characterize the MR foam damper. The motion characteristics of the MR foam damper are studied. Experimental results reveal that the mechanical behavior of the MR foam damper is nonlinear and that the field-dependent behavior of MR foam damper is associated with the applied frequency and acceleration amplitude. Experiments demonstrate MR foam damper works well in controlling vibrations and can be controlled and tuned for specific applications.
Design of a Special-Purpose Hob With Prescribed Value of the Hob-Setting Angle for Machining of Cluster Gear
Authors: Radzevich Stephen P.
Published: March 2007

This paper aims to develop of a robust analytical approach for computation of the principal design parameters for a special-purpose involute hob for machining of cluster gear. The specific combination of design parameters for a precision hob with particular value of the hob-setting angle is given. This combination of parameters includes (a) the hob outside diameter, (b) the base diameter of the hob, and (c) the required value of the hob-setting angle. The specific combination of these design parameters for the involute hob determined here allows machining of cluster gear with the shortest possible neck width. Numerous computer codes for computation of the design parameters of an involute hob are developed using the commercial software MathCAD-Scientific. Application of the special-purpose hob would allow reduction of size and weight of both the cluster gear itself and the whole gear transmission including housing. The reported results of the research are ready for application in industry.
Establishing Acceptance Criteria for Cell-Mediated-Immunity Assays Using Frozen Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Stored under Optimal and Suboptimal Conditions
Authors: Smith Jeffrey G. , Joseph Heather R. , Green Tina , Field Jodie A. , Wooters Melissa , Kaufhold Robin M. , Antonello Joseph , Caulfield Michael J.
Published: March 2007

The enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay is a powerful tool for measuring antigen-specific cellular immune responses. The ability to use frozen peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) facilitates testing samples in multicenter clinical trials; however, unreliable ELISPOT responses may result if samples are not handled properly. Exposure of frozen PBMC to suboptimal storage temperature (−20°C) or repeated cycling between more optimal storage temperatures (less than −130°C and −70°C) reduced the quality of frozen PBMC, as assessed by cell viability and functional ELISPOT response measures. Cell viability as assessed by trypan blue dye exclusion was reduced, and the percentage of apoptotic cells, as determined by the Guava Nexin assay, was significantly increased after these events. The functional gamma interferon ELISPOT responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) mitogen, a CD4 T-cell-specific antigen (varicella-zoster virus), and a CD8 T-cell-specific antigen (pool containing known cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and influenza virus peptides) were all significantly reduced after suboptimal storage events. However, for a given suboptimal storage event, the magnitude of the reduction varied between individuals and even among aliquots within an individual bleed, indicating the need for sample-specific acceptance criteria (AC). The percent viable or percent apoptotic cells after thaw, as well as the functional ELISPOT response to PHA, were all effective when applied with limits as AC for separating samples damaged during storage from valid control samples. Although all three AC measures could be effectively applied, the apoptosis AC limit applied was best for separating samples that could respond to antigenic stimulation from samples that could not effectively respond.
Multilocus Sequence Typing of the Pathogenic Fungus
Aspergillus fumigatus
Authors: Bain J. M. , Tavanti A. , Davidson A. D. , Jacobsen M. D. , Shaw D. , Gow N. A. R. , Odds F. C.
Published: March 2007

A multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme was devised for
Aspergillus fumigatus
. The system involved sequencing seven gene fragments and was applied to a panel of 100 isolates of
A. fumigatus
from diverse sources. Thirty different sequence types were found among the 100 isolates, and 93% of the isolates differed from the other isolates by only one allele sequence, forming a single clonal cluster as indicated by the eBURST algorithm. The discriminatory power of the MLST method was only 0.93. These results strongly indicate that
A. fumigatus
is a species of a relatively recent origin, with low levels of sequence dissimilarity. Typing methods based on variable numbers of tandem repeats offer higher levels of strain discrimination. Mating type data for the 100 isolates showed that 71 isolates were type
MAT1
-
2
and 29 isolates were
MAT1
-
1
.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Specific CD8+TEMRACells in Early Infection Are Linked to Control of HIV-1 Viremia and Predict the Subsequent Viral Load Set Point
Authors: Northfield John W. , Loo Christopher P. , Barbour Jason D. , Spotts Gerald , Hecht Frederick M. , Klenerman Paul , Nixon Douglas F. , Michaëlsson Jakob
Published: March 2007

CD8+T cells are believed to play an important role in the control of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. However, despite intensive efforts, it has not been possible to consistently link the overall magnitude of the CD8+T-cell response with control of HIV-1. Here, we have investigated the association of different CD8+memory T-cell subsets responding to HIV-1 in early infection with future control of HIV-1 viremia. Our results demonstrate that both a larger proportion and an absolute number of HIV-1-specific CD8+CCR7−CD45RA+effector memory T cells (TEMRAcells) were associated with a lower future viral load set point. In contrast, a larger absolute number of HIV-1-specific CD8+CCR7−CD45RA−effector memory T cells (TEM) was not related to the viral load set point. Overall, the findings suggest that CD8+TEMRAcells have superior antiviral activity and indicate that both qualitative and quantitative aspects of the CD8+T-cell response need to be considered when defining the characteristics of protective immunity to HIV-1.
Controls on phytoplankton physiology in Lake Ontario during the late summer: evidence from new fluorescence methods
Authors: Pemberton Katharine L , Smith Ralph EH , Silsbe Greg M , Howell Todd , Watson Susan B
Published: March 2007

Fast repetition rate fluorescence (FRRF) and spectral fluorescence, together with measures of nutrients and pigments, were used to characterize the composition and photosynthetic physiology of Lake Ontario phytoplankton in late summer and relate them to environmental conditions. Two stations demonstrated effects from relatively heavy anthropogenic disturbance and showed that the response of phytoplankton physiology to different impacts is highly variable. Other stations were more similar in phytoplankton composition, and in situ fluorescence yields ([Formula: see text]) in the lower surface mixed layer suggested good physiological condition (0.45–0.50). Nutrient ratios and mean irradiance indicated a general state of light saturation and slight phosphorus (P) deficiency, but physiological variations among stations were unrelated to measures of P deficiency. Fluorescence yields often decreased when surface layer samples were held in the dark, consistent with an induction of chlororespiration and prior exposure to supersaturating levels of irradiance. Comparative estimates of photosynthesis by FRRF and 14C revealed disparities suggestive of substantial differences between in situ and incubation methods, while spectral fluorescence appeared to underestimate cyanobacterial abundance. FRRF parameters, particularly [Formula: see text], were effective in identifying higher-impact stations and showed promise as an efficient means of characterizing variations in phytoplankton condition that may underlie phenomena such as taste and odour production.
An evaluation of fire-plume properties simulated with the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) and the Clark coupled wildfire model
Authors: Sun Ruiyu , Jenkins Mary Ann , Krueger Steven K , Mell William , Charney Joseph J
Published: March 2007

Before using a fluid dynamics physically based wildfire model to study wildfire, validation is necessary and model results need to be systematically and objectively analyzed and compared to real fires, which requires suitable data sets. Observational data from the Meteotron experiment are used to evaluate the fire-plume properties simulated by two fluid dynamics numerical wildfire models, the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) and the Clark coupled atmosphere–fire model. Comparisons based on classical plume theory between numerical model and experimental Meteotron results show that plume theory, because of its simplifying assumptions, is a fair but restricted rendition of important plume-averaged properties. The study indicates that the FDS, an explicit and computationally demanding model, produces good agreement with the Meteotron results even at a relatively coarse horizontal grid size of 4 m for the FDS, while the coupled atmosphere–fire model, a less explicit and less computationally demanding model, can produce good agreement, but that the agreement is sensitive to surface vertical-grid sizes and the method by which the energy released from the fire is put into the atmosphere.
Notch signaling in the developing cardiovascular system
Authors: Niessen Kyle , Karsan Aly
Published: March 2007

The Notch proteins encompass a family of transmembrane receptors that have been highly conserved through evolution as mediators of cell fate. Recent findings have demonstrated a critical role of Notch in the developing cardiovascular system. Notch signaling has been implicated in the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition during development of the heart valves, in arterial-venous differentiation, and in remodeling of the primitive vascular plexus. Mutations of Notch pathway components in humans are associated with congenital defects of the cardiovascular system such as Alagille syndrome, cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), and bicuspid aortic valves. This article focuses on the role of the Notch pathway in the developing cardiovascular system and congenital human cardiovascular diseases.
Nkx6 proteins specify one zebrafish primary motoneuron subtype by regulating lateislet1expression
Authors: Hutchinson Sarah A. , Cheesman Sarah E. , Hale Laura A. , Boone Jason Q. , Eisen Judith S.
Published: March 2007

The ability of animals to carry out their normal behavioral repertoires requires exquisitely precise matching between specific motoneuron subtypes and the muscles they innervate. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate motoneuron subtype specification remain unclear. Here, we use individually identified zebrafish primary motoneurons to describe a novel role for Nkx6 and Islet1 proteins in the specification of vertebrate motoneuron subtypes. We show that zebrafish primary motoneurons express two related Nkx6 transcription factors. In the absence of both Nkx6 proteins, the CaP motoneuron subtype develops normally, whereas the MiP motoneuron subtype develops a more interneuron-like morphology. In the absence of Nkx6 function, MiPs exhibit normal early expression of islet1, which is required for motoneuron formation; however, they fail to maintain islet1 expression. Misexpression of islet1 RNA can compensate for loss of Nkx6 function,providing evidence that Islet1 acts downstream of Nkx6. We suggest that Nkx6 proteins regulate MiP development at least in part by maintaining the islet1 expression that is required both to promote the MiP subtype and to suppress interneuron development.
Strafrecht und die Herausforderungen des Pluralismus: 10./11. März 2006, Columbia University Law School, New York,
Authors: Petersdorf Boris
Published: March 2007

Am 10. und 11. März 2006 fand an der Columbia University Law School, New York, ein internationaler und interdisziplinärer Workshop zum Thema „Criminal Law and Cultural Diversity“ statt. Der Workshop wurde gemeinsam von der Columbia University Law School und der Queen's University, Kingston (Ontario), veranstaltet. An ihm nahmen Strafrechtler, Rechtsphilosophen und politische Philosophen teil, wofür auch die Organisatoren beispielhaft standen: Dozent Claes Lernestedt (Örebro Universitet), Prof. Jeremy Waldron (Columbia University) und Prof. Will Kymlicka (Queen's University). Die Herausforderungen des Rechts durch den Pluralismus, insbesondere die Herausforderungen, vor denen das Strafrecht steht, wurden in neun Beiträgen beleuchtet, die Anlass für umfassende und teilweise kontroverse Diskussionen boten: Im Folgenden werden die Diskussionen zusammengefasst (II.); dazu ist es jedoch erforderlich, den Ausgangspunkt der US-amerikanischen Diskussion, namentlich die Debatte um cultural defenses, in Erinnerung zu rufen (I.). Abschließend wird versucht, die Bedeutung zu umreißen, welche die Pluralismusdebatte für die deutschsprachige Strafrechtslehre haben könnte (III.).
Combined use of chitosan and alginate in the treatment of wastewater
Authors: Qin Yimin , Cai Liling , Feng Deming , Shi Bingbing , Liu Jingjie , Zhang Wentao , Shen Yichao
Published: March 2007

This study examined the combined use of chitosan and sodium alginate in the treatment of wastewater containing heavy‐metal ions and dye. Wastewater samples were divided into two equal parts before chitosan and sodium alginate solutions were added to each part. When these two solutions were mixed together, the heavy‐metal ions and dye molecules were separated from the water as the positively charged chitosan and the negatively charged sodium alginate precipitated each other. The effects of the concentration and ratio of chitosan and sodium alginate, the treatment temperature, and the time on the efficiency of metal‐ion and dye removal were investigated. The results showed that when used in combination, sodium alginate and chitosan were effective in removing copper, cadmium, lead, and silver ions as well as acid dye molecules © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 3581–3587, 2007
Template Synthesis of a Huge Macrocycle by Olefin Metathesis Using Easily Accessible [Pt(PEt3)2] Templates
Authors: Song Kyu Ho , Kang Sang Ook , Ko Jaejung
Published: March 2007

We have reported the template synthesis of a 90‐membered macrocycle by olefin metathesis. The macrocycle 7 was prepared by an initial six‐oxidative‐addition reaction of 2 by [Pt(PEt3)4]. The definite structure of a six‐oxidative product was confirmed by the crystal structure. The coordination of 2,6‐bis(hex‐5‐enyloxy)pyridine to 3 led to the hexacationic aryl complex of type 4. The metathesis of olefin‐substituted pyridine with Grubbs catalyst ([PhCHRuCl2(Cy3P)2]) formed the expected macrocycle 5. The olefin metathesis reaction was formed under high dilution to suppress intermolecular olefin metathesis polymerization. The detachment of the newly formed macrocycle 6, followed by reduction to alkane macrocycle 7 by using palladium on charcoal and hydrogen led to a huge macrocycle. The mild and easy access of the template protocol opens a host of potential subsequent transformations toward the construction of a variety of macrocycles.
Polyoxometalate Clusters, Nanostructures and Materials: From Self‐Assembly to Designer Materials and Devices
Authors: Long De‐Liang , Burkholder Eric , Cronin Leroy
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structure and Binding Properties of Water‐Soluble Cavitands and Capsules
Authors: Biros Shannon M. , Rebek Julius Jr.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dynamic response of rectangular foundations to obliquely incident seismic waves
Authors: Wong H. L. , Luco J. E.
Published: March 2007

A study is made of the harmonic response of a rigid massless rectangular foundation bonded to an elastic half‐space and subjected to the action of both external forces and obliquely incident plane seismic waves. The associated mixed boundary value problem is discretized and solved numerically. The results obtained indicate that the angle of incidence of the seismic wave has a marked effect on the nature and magnitude of the foundation response.
Fix‐point linearization schemes for nonlinear steady‐state eddy current problems
Authors: Janíková E. , Slodička M.
Published: March 2007

We study a nonlinear degenerate partial differential equation strongly motivated by the modelling of processes in type‐II superconductors in a bounded domain along with appropriate boundary conditions. We design a robust and efficient linear approximation scheme based on fix‐point principle. We prove the convergence of approximations to a weak solution of the original problem. Some numerical experiments are presented in order to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed method. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The importance of decoupling recurrent and disruption risks in a supply chain
Authors: Chopra Sunil , Reinhardt Gilles , Mohan Usha
Published: March 2007

This paper focuses on the importance of decoupling recurrent supply risk and disruption risk when planning appropriate mitigation strategies. We show that bundling the two uncertainties leads a manager to underutilize a reliable source while over utilizing a cheaper but less reliable supplier. As in Dada et al. (working paper, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, 2003), we show that increasing quantity from a cheaper but less reliable source is an effective risk mitigation strategy if most of the supply risk growth comes from an increase in recurrent uncertainty. In contrast, we show that a firm should order more from a reliable source and less from a cheaper but less reliable source if most of the supply risk growth comes from an increase in disruption probability. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2007
Prenatal screening and diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis: a review of safety issues and psychological consequences for women who undergo screening
Authors: Khoshnood Babak , De Vigan Catherine , Goffinet François , Leroy Valériane
Published: March 2007

As part of the EUROTOXO initiative, this review focuses on the potential risks associated with prenatal testing for congenital toxoplasmosis. We first review the evidence on the risks of adverse events associated with amniocentesis, which is required for definitive diagnosis of toxoplasmosis infection in the fetus, and for which the most important risk is fetal loss. To date, there has been only one randomized trial to document risks associated with amniocentesis. This trial, which was conducted in 1986, reported a procedure‐related rate of fetal loss of 1.0% (95% CI, 0.3–1.5). However, evidence from available controlled studies suggests that the pregnancy loss associated with mid‐trimester amniocentesis may be lower.

Potential psychological consequences of prenatal testing for congenital toxoplasmosis include parental anxiety due to false positive results and uncertainties related to prognosis of children with a prenatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis. Parental anxiety may be particularly important in screening strategies that include more frequent screenings, which may in turn entail substantial, and at times unnecessary, anxiety or other negative consequences for women and their families. These negative psychological outcomes should be balanced against the benefits of testing, which can allow women to make an informed choice regarding the pregnancy. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bench‐scale processing of amaranth seed for oil
Authors: Sun H. , Wiesenborn D. , Rayas‐Duarte P. , Mohamed A. , Hagen K.
Published: March 2007

Amaranth seed (Amaranthus hypochondriacus cv. K432) was processed to obtain oil, reported to be a promising source of squalene. The amaranth seed was ground using a stone mill, then separated into oil‐rich embryonic tissue (or “bran”) and starchy perisperm. Amaranth bran was much more stable than rice bran when free fatty acid (FFA) content and peroxide value were monitored. Milling at a gap of 0.755 mm did not result in excessive damage to the starch in the perisperm fraction and yielded a bran fraction that contained more than three‐fourths of the oil and a starchy fraction consisting of more than two‐thirds of the seed weight. The bran particles were too fine for effective bench‐scale extraction of the oil. Consequently the bran was extruded into collects prior to extraction. Two extrusion settings were evaluated regarding the rate of moisture injection, while the bran feed rates were constant. There was no significant difference in appearance or size between the two dried collets. Collets were extracted with hexane using an Armfield Extraction/Desolventizing Unit (Model FT 29, Armfield, Ltd., Hampshire, England). Oil recovery averaged 97.7 and 80.0%, respectively. Oil was extracted at high yield from the bran when the bran was extruded into collets. Oil can be obtained as a coproduct of amaranth starch by milling and separating the fractions of amaranth seed. Milling, extrusion, and extraction did not decrease significantly the squalene content in amaranth oil, but increased FFA content and peroxide value and changed tocopherol content of the oil.
Spectrophotometric assay of 2,4‐dienoyl coenzyme a reductase with 5‐phenyl‐2,4‐pentadienoyl‐coenzyme a as substrate
Authors: Nada Mohamed A. , Shoukry Khaled , Schulz Horst
Published: March 2007

The spectrophotometric assay of 2,4‐dienoyl coenzyme A (CoA) reductase (EC 1.1.1.34) was modified to improve the linearity and sensitivity of this method. 5‐Phenyl‐2,4‐pentadienoyl‐CoA, which has an absorbance maximum at 340 nm with an extinction coefficient of 44,300 M−1 cm−1, was synthesized and used as substrate. This compound is reduced by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)‐dependent 2,4‐dienoyl‐CoA reductase to 5‐phenyl‐3‐pentenoyl‐CoA. When a tissue homogenate serves as an enzyme source, the product is further metabolized by Δ3Δ2‐enoyl‐CoA isomerase (EC 5.3.3.8) to 5‐phenyl‐2‐pentenoyl‐CoA, which is hydrated to 5‐phenyl‐3‐hydroxypentanoyl‐CoA by enoyl‐CoA hydratase (EC 4.2.1.17). The modified assay method, which measures the decrease in absorbance at 340 nm due to the reduction of 5‐phenyl‐2,4‐pentadienoyl‐CoA and the oxidation of NADPH, is linear for a longer period of time and is twice as sensitive as the conventional assay with 2,4‐decadienoyl‐CoA as substrate.
Environmental Health
Authors: Gebbers
Published: March 2007

Unser Verhältnis zur Umwelt und zu ihren, von uns verursachten Veränderungen wird vom ärztlichen (umweltmedizinischen) Standpunkt betrachtet und hierbei auch der psychische und philosophische Bezug zur Wahrnehmung der Umweltschäden gesucht. Beispielhaft für Risikogruppen in unserer Gesellschaft mit einer besonderen Vulnerabilität gegenüber Umweltnoxen wird diesbezüglich die Problematik der kindlichen Empfindlichkeit skizziert.
Impfungen und Immunsuppression
Authors: Weisser
Published: March 2007

Die Impffragen bei immunsupprimierten Patienten unterscheiden sich von denjenigen beim Immunkompetenten: Das Risiko schwerer Infektionen und deren Komplikationen ist höher, das Ansprechen eines kompromittierten Immunsystems auf einen Impfstoff kann reduziert sein. Nebenwirkungen, insbesondere die Gefahr der Entwicklung einer durch das Impf-Agens ausgelösten Infektion bei Lebendimpfstoffen müssen vorsichtig gegen deren Nutzen abgewogen werden. Förderung der Impf-Compliance, sinnvolle Wahl des Zeitpunktes, Boosterung und neue immunologische Strategien können die Immunität verbessern. Im untenstehenden Artikel werden Impf-Fragen bei HIV/AIDS, bei Solidorgan- und Stammzelltransplantion, nach Splenektomie und unter immunsupprimierenden Medikamenten besprochen.
Ohne X geht nix
Authors: Niedrist
Published: March 2007

Dank der Arbeit der Gruppen im Human Genom Projekt konnte in den letzten Jahren immer mehr der Sequenz des menschlichen Genoms entziffert werden. Daraus ergeben sich einerseits interessante Rückschlüsse auf die Evolution des Menschen, aber auch neue Möglichkeiten in der heutigen Diagnostik der medizinischen Genetik und für die Zukunft interessante Ansätze in der Therapie genetisch bedingter Erkrankungen. Neben der Genetik an sich wird in Fachkreisen die Epigenetik zu einem immer wichtigeren Begriff, wobei dazu noch lange nicht alle Fragen beantwortet werden können. Ganz wichtig aber ist und bleibt, dass der Mensch als Individuum, Teil seiner Familie und Gesellschaft bei all den technischen Fortschritten nicht vergessen geht.
Effects of forest cover, topography, and sampling extent on the measured density of shallow, translational landslides
Authors: Miller Daniel J. , Burnett Kelly M.
Published: March 2007

We use regionally available digital elevation models and land cover data, calibrated with ground‐ and photo‐based landslide inventories, to produce spatially distributed estimates of shallow, translational landslide density (number/unit area). To discern effects of land use, we focus on resolving landslide density relationships with forest cover. We account for topographic variability between sites and landslide detection bias in air photo mapping. Even so, for sites in the Oregon Coast Range, we find great variability in the ratios of landslide density in forest classes among sites. We present strategies for subsampling available data to quantify this variability. For these data, we find that older forests, when sampled over tens of square kilometers, commonly exhibited the highest landslide densities but over hundreds of square kilometers always exhibited the lowest densities, averaging 30% of that in recently harvested areas and 79% of that in younger, managed forests.
Rainfall measurement using radio links from cellular communication networks
Authors: Leijnse H. , Uijlenhoet R. , Stricker J. N. M.
Published: March 2007

We investigate the potential of radio links such as employed by commercial cellular communication companies to monitor path‐averaged rainfall. We present an analysis of data collected using two 38‐GHz links during eight rainfall events over a 2‐month period (October–November 2003) during mostly stratiform rainfall in the Netherlands. Comparisons between the time series of rainfall intensities estimated using the radio links and those measured by a nearby rain gauge and a composite of two C band weather radars show that the dynamics of the rain events is generally well captured by the radio links. This shows that such links are potentially a valuable addition to existing methods of rainfall estimation, provided the uncertainties related to the reference signal level, signal level resolution, wet antenna attenuation, and temporal sampling can be resolved.
A model of daily mean canopy conductance for calculating transpiration of olive canopies
Authors: Orgaz Francisco , Villalobos Francisco J. , Testi Luca , Fereres Elias
Published: March 2007

We tested the hypothesis that the transpiration (λEp) of high-coupled canopies, such as olive groves, may be calculated on a daily basis with sufficient precision by the Penman–Monteith ‘big leaf’ equation, by a model of bulk daily canopy conductance (gc) capable of scaling for canopy dimension. Given the limited data required, such a model could replace the standard approach (ET0 × Kc) for calculating olive water requirements, enhancing the precision of estimates. We developed a specific model of daily gc for unstressed olive canopies that was calibrated by transpiration measurements obtained by water balance from a 2-year experiment in a mature orchard with λEp ranging from 0.6 (February 1993) to 11.5 (July 1994) MJ m–2 day–1 and where leaf area index (L) changed from 1.25 to 2.5. The model uses the intercepted fraction of daily PAR and a linear function of average daytime temperature. The model was validated with λEp data collected by eddy covariance in a 3-year experiment conducted in a growing orchard that differed in L and cultivar from the one used in the calibration. The gc model, when used in the Penman–Monteith equation, gave very good daily λEp predictions for all seasons during 3 years, ranging from 0.5 (November 1998) to 5.5 (June 2000) MJ m–2 day–1, indicating that the goals of dealing with the dependence of olive gc on L and of simulating the seasonal variations in gc were achieved. A comparison with the Jarvis gc model, calibrated with 2 months of measured gc hourly data, showed that the gc model developed here performed better than the Jarvis model for the 3-year dataset. The exception to this was the period in which the Jarvis model was calibrated. This indicates that (1) the Jarvis model did not account for the seasonal variations in gc of the olive trees; and (2) the spatial and temporal scale assumptions required in the calibration of gc generate seasonal errors in the simulated bulk daily λEp for this crop. The applicability of this bulk gc model is restricted to well watered olive canopies and to the one-layer approach of calculating λEp but it could be adapted to rain-fed canopies in the future.
Bounds on the Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity of tensor products
Authors: Caviglia Giulio
Published: March 2007

In this paper we show how, given a complex of graded modules and knowing some partial Castelnuovo-Mumford regularities for all the modules in the complex and for all the positive homologies, it is possible to get a bound on the regularity of the zero homology. We use this to prove that if

dim
⁡

Tor
1
R

⁡
(
M
,
N
)
≤
1

\dim \operatorname {Tor} _1^R(M,N)\leq 1

, then

reg
⁡
(
M
⊗
N
)
≤
reg
⁡
(
M
)
+
reg
⁡
(
N
)

\operatorname {reg}(M\otimes N)\leq \operatorname {reg}( M)+\operatorname {reg}(N)

, generalizing results of Chandler, Conca and Herzog, and Sidman. Finally we give a description of the regularity of a module in terms of the postulation numbers of filter regular hyperplane restrictions.
A sharp inequality for the logarithmic coefficients of univalent functions
Authors: Roth Oliver
Published: March 2007

We prove the sharp inequality
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="sigma-summation Underscript k equals 1 Overscript normal infinity Endscripts left-parenthesis StartFraction k Over k plus 1 EndFraction right-parenthesis squared StartAbsoluteValue c Subscript k Baseline left-parenthesis f right-parenthesis EndAbsoluteValue squared less-than-or-equal-to 4 sigma-summation Underscript k equals 1 Overscript normal infinity Endscripts left-parenthesis StartFraction k Over k plus 1 EndFraction right-parenthesis squared StartFraction 1 Over k squared EndFraction equals StartFraction 2 pi squared minus 12 Over 3 EndFraction">

∑

k
=
1

∞

(

k

k
+
1

)

2

|

c
k

(
f
)

|

2

≤
4

∑

k
=
1

∞

(

k

k
+
1

)

2

1

k
2

=

2

π
2

−
12

3

\sum \limits _{k=1}^{\infty } \left ( \frac {k}{k+1} \right )^2 |c_k(f)|^2 \le 4 \sum _{k=1}^{\infty } \left ( \frac {k}{k+1} \right )^2 \frac {1}{k^2}=\frac {2 \, \pi ^2-12}{3}

\]
for the logarithmic coefficients

c
k

(
f
)

c_k(f)

of a normalized univalent function

f
f

in the unit disk.
A 𝑞-sampling theorem and product formula for continuous 𝑞-Jacobi functions
Authors: Bouzeffour Fethi
Published: March 2007

In this paper we derive a q-analogue of the sampling theorem for Jacobi functions. We also establish a product formula for the nonterminating version of the q-Jacobi polynomials. The proof uses recent results in the theory of q-orthogonal polynomials and basic hypergeometric functions.
Spaces with many affine functions
Authors: Hitzelberger Petra , Lytchak Alexander
Published: March 2007

We describe all metric spaces that have sufficiently many affine functions. As an application we obtain a metric characterization of linear-convex subsets of Banach spaces.
A reduction theorem for the topological degree for mappings of class (𝑆+)
Authors: Berkovits J.
Published: March 2007

The reduction theorem for the Leray-Schauder degree provides an efficient tool to calculate the value of the degree in a suitable invariant subspace. We shall prove how the calculation of the value of the topological degree for a mapping of class

(

S
+

)

(S_+)

from a real separable reflexive Banach space

X
X

into the dual space

X
∗

X^*

can be reduced into the calculation of degree of mapping from a closed subspace

V
⊂
X

V\subset X

into

V
∗

.

V^*.

Since the Leray-Schauder mappings are acting from

X
X

to

X
X

and we are dealing with mappings from

X
X

to

X
∗

,

X^*,

the standard ‘invariant subspace’ condition must be replaced by a less obvious one.
Collapsed indecomposable continua in area preserving two-dimensional dynamical systems
Authors: Kennedy Judy
Published: March 2007

While invariant indecomposable continua can occur in two dimensional area preserving dynamical systems, it is often the case that processes that would normally produce these continua instead produce a collapsed version of the continua because of the area preserving constraints. The collapsed continuum and the dynamics on it have a strong relationship to an indecomposable continuum in a related dynamical system. We also prove that the presence of a homoclinic point of a saddle point

p
p

in such a system has a branch

W

u
+

(
p
)

W^{u+}(p)

of its unstable manifold that is inaccessible from the complement of the closure of

W

u
+

(
p
)

W^{u+}(p)

.
A note on 𝑘-intersection bodies
Authors: Schlieper Jared
Published: March 2007

The concept of an intersection body is central for the dual Brunn-Minkowski theory and has also played an important role in the solution of the Busemann-Petty problem. A more general concept of

k
k

-intersection bodies is related to the generalization of the Busemann-Petty problem. In this note, we compare classes of

k
k

-intersection bodies for different

k
k

and examine the conjecture that these classes increase with

k
k

. In particular, we construct a

4
4

-intersection body that is not a

2
2

-intersection body.
Plasma glucose levels in the peri‐operative period in children
Authors: PAYNE K. , IRELAND P.
Published: March 2007

Peri‐operative plasma glucose levels were studied in one hundred children under 5 years of age and under 20 kg. All underwent procedures of less than 30 minutes. Of 32 cases under the third percentile for weight, ten developed low plasma glucose during the pre‐operative andlor postoperative phase. This occurred despite receiving 5% dextrose by mouth 4 hours before induction. Even in children of normal weight there was a low incidence of peri‐operative hypoglycaemia. Routine intravenous glucose‐containing fluids are thus recommended during the peri‐operative period.
Bupivacaine leak past inflated tourniquets during intravenous regional analgesia
Authors: DAVIES J. A. H. , WILKEY A. D. , HALL I. D.
Published: March 2007

A small leak of bupivacaine n'as detected in 13 out of 52 cases (25%) during intravenous regional analgesia for the upper limb whilst the tourniquet cuff remained properly inflated. The plasma levels of bupivacaine (runge 0.2–0.4 μg/ml) were well below the toxic range, and no adverse sequelae resulted.
The Repositioning of Opposition in East‐Central Europe
Authors: Lewis Paul G.
Published: March 2007

THE EVENTS OF 1989 IN EASTERN EUROPE HAVE BEEN INTERPRETED in diverse and often contradictory ways: from the end of history to its rebirth, as both negotiated revolutions and popular uprisings. In many countries a fundamental repositioning of opposition and dissident forces was observed — changing from groups of anti-system activists quite outside the political establishment into major statesmen and national leaders involving, in some cases, rapid transformation into the occupants of major or even prime ministerial roles. Similarly, the former monopolistic ruling parties often found themselves quickly relegated to the margins of political life as oppositions of dubious legitimacy and minuscule political influence. Yet these roles were also subject to rapid reversal and further repositioning in a number of countries. The major difference now was that former governments became formally constituted oppositions rather than political pariahs or enemies of the people. That was a measure of the significance of the change that had been effected.
Campaigning as Governing: The 1996 US Presidential Elections
Authors: McKay David
Published: March 2007

ON TUESDAY, 5 NOVEMBER 1996 BILL CLINTON WAS REelected President of the United States by a comfortable margin. In addition, the Republicans retained control of both the House of Representatives and the Senate. Although these results were generally unsurprising, the election was an important one for students of American electoral behaviour. In particular, the results were widely expected to cast new light on two distinctive strands of thought in the literature: claims that we are in the midst of a realignment of the electorate towards the Republicans; and claims that American voters now consciously choose divided government so as to limit the scope of government and avoid the extremes in both parties. The second part of this article will address these questions and will discuss their implications for President Clinton's second term. First, however, it will be useful to examine the results in more detail.
The 1896 and 1996 US Elections: A Re-emerging ‘Problem’ of the South and West?
Authors: Ware Alan
Published: March 2007

ONE OF THE MORE INTERESTING ASPECTS OF THE 1996 US presidential election was the evident inverse relationship between the results that year and those of the election contested exactly one hundred years earlier. Most of the states won by Bill Clinton were carried by the Republican William McKinley in 1896, while nearly all the states won by Bob Dole were those carried by William Jennings Bryan, the Democratic candidate. In 1896 there were 45 states, and of them 28 were won by the Democrats and 17 by the Republicans in the 1996 presidential election. Twenty-one of the 28 Democratic states in 1996 (or 75 per cent of the total) had been Republican a hundred years earlier; 15 of the 17 Republican states in 1996 (or 88 per cent of the total) went for the Democrats in 1896. This impression of the two election years being mirror images of each other, at least so far as the pattern of presidential results is concerned, is even more evident when looking at the distribution of Electoral College (EC) votes. (The five states created since 1896 are omitted from the entire discussion.) Of the 358 EC votes the 282 that went to the Democrats were from ‘McKinley states’, and they constitute 78 per cent of the Democrat total. In the case of the Republicans, 133 out of 148 EC votes were from ‘Bryanite states’ - that is 90 per cent of the 1996 Republican EC vote.