bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antimicrobial Activity of the Dichloromethane Extract from in vitro Cultured Roots of Morinda royoc and Its Main Constituents
Authors: Borroto Janetsy , Salazar Ricardo , Pérez Alejandro , Quiros Yemeys , Hernandez Martha , Waksman Noemí , Trujillo Reinaldo
Published: March 2019

The dichloromethane extract and seven anthraquinones isolated from in vitro cultured roots of Morinda royoc L. were tested for their antimicrobial activity against seven yeast and seven bacterial strains. The extract showed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 15.6 μg/m against all species of Candida tested; except C. glabrata (MIC 1.95 μg/mL), and it inhibited the growth of oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 31.2 μg/mL). Only morindone showed activity against all yeast strains (MIC 1.9 μg/mL), and against oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 15 μg/mL).
Phenyl Alkynes Rich Essential Oil of Artemisia capillaris
Authors: Joshi Rakesh K. , Padalia Rajendra C. , Mathela Chandra S.
Published: March 2019

GC and GC-MS analysis of leaf and root oils of Artemisia capillaris Thunb. syn. A. scoparia Waldst. & Kit. (family: Asteraceae) showed the dominant presence of phenyl alkynes (61.2%, 85.5%), viz. capillene 60.2% and 82.9%, respectively besides 1-phenyl-penta-2,4-diyne. Besides phenyl alkynes the leaf oil contained γ-terpinene (11.1%), p-cymene (4.5%), and ( E)-β-ocimene (4.4%), while the root oil showed only trace quantities of monoterpenoids.
Essential Oil Composition of the Different Parts of Eryngium aquifolium from Spain
Authors: Palá-Paúl Jesús , Usano-Alemany Jaime , Brophy Joseph J. , Pérez-Alonso María J. , Soria Ana-Cristina
Published: March 2019

The essential oils from the different parts [inflorescences (E.a.I), stems + leaves (E.a.SL) and roots (E.a.R)] of E. aquifolium Cav. gathered in Cádiz (Spain), have been extracted by steam distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Quantitative and qualitative differences have been found between the analyzed plant parts. A total of 107 compounds have been identified. The main constituents were germacrene D (30.3%) and sesquicineole (26.7%) for E.a.I fraction, germacrene D (46.0%) and myrcene (13.8%) in the E.a.SL, while E.a.R showed phyllocladene isomer (63.6%) as a unique major compound. The percentage composition of the other constituents was lower than 5.5% in all the analyzed fractions. In agreement with other Eryngium species, no specific compound could be used as a marker for the chemotaxonomy of E. aquifolium. However, similarities in volatile composition were found between E. aquifolium and other species growing under similar environmental conditions. As far as we know, this is the first report on the essential oil of this species.
Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oils from Flowers of Senecio othonnae, S. racemosus, and S. nemorensis
Authors: Üçüncü Osman , Kahriman Nuran , Terzioğrlu Salih , Karaoğrlu Şengül Alpay , Yaylı Nurettin
Published: March 2019

The chemical composition of the essential oils of Senecio othonnae, S. racemosus, and S. nemorensis obtained by hydrodistillation of fresh flowers were analysed by GC-FID and GC-MS. A total of seventy-six compounds were identified, constituting over 83.1%, 97.7% and 86.8% of the total oil composition of the flowers of S. othonnae, S. racemosus, and S. nemorensis. The main components of the oils were caryophyllene oxide (18.6%), ( E)-β-farnesene (21.6%), and γ-curcumene (42.8%), respectively. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the main group of constituents of all three species, forming 34.6%, 73.2%, and 81.8% of the oils, respectively. The oils of S. othonnae, and S. nemorensis showed antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida tropicalis, but that of S. racemosus was only active against Candida tropicalis.
Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils of Genista ulicina and G. vepres
Authors: Lograda Takia , Chaker Adel Nadjib , Chalchat Jean Claude , Ramdani Messaoud , Silini Hafsa , Figueredo Gilles , Chalard Pierre
Published: March 2019

The hydrodistilled oils from the aerial parts of Genista ulicina Spach. and G. vepres Pomel., which are endemic to Algeria, were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In the oil of G. ulicina, 41 compounds were identified representing 90.8% of the total oil, and in G. vepres, 61 compounds representing 84.5% of the total oil. The analyses showed that the major constituents of the oils were lauric acid (14.3% – 8.5%), myristic acid (11.5% – 5%), linoleic acid (3.1% –11.7%) and palmitic acid (18.6% – 26.4%). Using a diffusion method, the oils showed significant antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923).
α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Constituents of Linaria kurdica subsp. eriocalyx
Authors: Aydoğrdu İrfan , Zihnioğrlu Figen , Karayildirim Tamer , Gülcemal Derya , Alankuş-Çalışkan Özgen , Bedir Erdal
Published: March 2019

Three known iridoid glycosides, antirrhide (1), antirrhinoside (2), and 5- O-β-allosylantirrhinoside (3), and two known flavone glycosides, linariin (4″′- O-acetylpectolinarin) (4) and linarin (acacetin-7- O-β-D-rutinoside) (5) were isolated from Linaria kurdica Boiss & Hohen. subsp. eriocalyx The structures of the isolated compounds were established from spectroscopic evidence. Compounds 1-3 showed high inhibitory potential against α-glucosidase.
Protective Effects of Isoatriplicolide Tiglate from Paulownia coreana against Glutamate-induced Neurotoxicity in Primary Cultured Rat Cortical Cells
Authors: Chung Ill-Min , Kim Eun-Hye , Jeon Hyun-Seok , Moon Hyung-In
Published: March 2019

To examine the neuroprotective effects of Paulownia coreana, we tested its protection against the glutamate-induced neurotoxicity to primary cultured cortical neurons. An aqueous extract of the plants exhibited significant protection against glutamate-induced toxicity in primary cultured rat cortical cells. In order to clarify the neuroprotective mechanism(s) of this observed effect, isolation was performed to seek and identify active fractions and components. By such fractionation, one bioactive sesquiterpene lactone, isoatriplicolide tiglate, was isolated, which exhibited significant neuroprotective activities against glutamate-induced toxicity, exhibiting cell viability of about 50%, at concentrations ranging from 0.1 μM to 10 μM.
Antimicrobial and Antiparasitic Abietane Diterpenoids from the Roots of Clerodendrum eriophyllum
Authors: Machumi Francis , Samoylenko Volodymyr , Yenesew Abiy , Derese Solomon , Midiwo Jacob O. , Wiggers Frank T. , Jacob Melissa R. , Tekwani Babu L. , Khan Shabana I. , Walker Larry A. , Muhammad Ilias
Published: March 2019

Chromatographic separation of the roots of a Kenyan medicinal plant, Clerodendrum eriophyllum, led to the isolation of ten abietane diterpenoids (1-10), one of which (1) was isolated for the first time from a natural source. Using spectroscopic data, the structure of 1 was determined to be 12-hydroxy-8,12-abietadiene-3,11,14-trione. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra showed that the stereochemistry of compounds 1, 3, and 6-8 belongs to the normal series of abietane diterpenes, which confirmed the absolute stereochemistry of the isolated compounds. Compounds 1-10 were evaluated for their in vitro antiplasmodial, antileishmanial, antifungal and antibacterial activities. Compounds 3 and 7 exhibited potent antifungal activity (IC50/MIC 0.58/1.25 and 0.96/2.5 μg/mL, respectively) against C. neoformans, whereas 3, 6 and 7 showed strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus with IC50/MIC values between 1.33-1.75/2.5-5 and 0.96-1.56/2.5 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, compounds 3 and 9 exhibited potent antileishmanial activity (IC50 0.08 and 0.20 μg/mL, respectively) against L. donovani, while 3 and 7 displayed weak antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum, but 9 was inactive.
Ampullosine, a new Isoquinoline Alkaloid from Sepedonium ampullosporum (Ascomycetes)
Authors: Quang Dang Ngoc , Schmidt Jürgen , Porzel Andrea , Wessjohann Ludger , Haid Mark , Arnold Norbert
Published: March 2019

A new isoquinoline alkaloid, ampullosine (3-methyl-isoquinoline-6-carboxylic acid, 1), was isolated from Sepedonium ampullosporum and characterized by spectroscopic analysis and chemical reactions. This compound is responsible for the deep yellow color of the culture fluid of this species. Moreover, the known compounds sepedonin (2) and anhydrosepedonin (3) were detected. Twelve strains belonging to eight species of Sepedonium have been screened for these three metabolites by LC/ESI-SRM (selected reaction monitoring). Ampullosine (1) could be detected in almost all species in Sepedonium, but not in the phylogenetically more distant species S. brunneum and S. tulasneanum. Anhydrosepedonin (3) showed antifungal activity against the phytopathogenic fungus Cladosporium cucumerinum.
HPLC - DAD Analysis of Lycorine in Amaryllidaceae Species
Authors: Kaya Gulen Irem , Cicek Derya , Sarıkaya Buket , Onur Mustafa Ali , Somer Nehir Unver
Published: March 2019

Lycorine, the most frequent alkaloid found in Amaryllidaceae plants, has been proven to have various biological activities. Therefore, it is important to quantify this compound in Amaryllidacaeae species. In this study, a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method has been used and validated for the determination of lycorine in Amaryllidaceae plants. A simple method for the extraction of lycorine in low-mass plant samples was employed utilizing columns pre-packed with diatomaceous earth (Extrelut®). This method was applied to the aerial parts and bulbs of Sternbergia sicula Tineo ex Guss., S. lutea (L.) Ker-Gawl. ex Sprengel and Pancratium maritimum L. (Amaryllidaceae) collected during two different vegetation periods. The chromatographic separation was performed using an isocratic system with a mobile phase of trifluoroacetic acid-water-acetonitrile (0.01:90:10) applied at a flow rate 1 mL min−1 using diode array detector. Validation procedures showed that the method was specific, accurate and precise. The amount of lycorine in S. sicula samples ranged between 0.10-0.53%, whereas in those of S. lutea and P. maritimum, the range was 0.19-0.40% and 0.05-0.14%, respectively.
HPLC/DAD Comparison of Sixteen Bioactive Components between Da-Cheng-Qi Decoction and its Parent Herbal Medicines
Authors: Xu Fengguo , Liu Ying , Song Rui , Dong Haijuan , Zhang Zunjian
Published: March 2019

Differences in the contents of sixteen bioactive components (three tannins, five anthraquinones, six flavonoids and two neolignans) between Da-Cheng-Qi decoction (DCQD) and its three constitutional herbal medicines (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, Cortex Magnoliae officinalis, and Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) were compared using validated HPLC/DAD methods. The results indicated that there existed some kinds of interactions between these constitutional natural medicines during the DCQD preparation procedure, which could either enhance or depress the extractive rates of bioactive components.
Secondary Metabolites of Hypericum confertum and their Possible Chemotaxonomic Significance
Authors: Çırak Cüneyt , Radušienė Jolita , Janulis Valdimaras , Ivanauskas Liudas
Published: March 2019

The phloroglucinol derivative hyperforin, the naphthodianthrones hypericin and pseudohypericin, the phenylpropane chlorogenic acid, and the flavonoids rutin, hyperoside, apigenin-7- O-glucoside, kaempferol, quercitrin, quercetin and amentoflavone were investigated in Hypericum confertum growing wild in Turkey. After drying at room temperature, the plant materials were assayed for secondary metabolite concentrations by HPLC. All the listed compounds were detected at various levels. This is the first report on the chemistry of H. confertum.
RP-HPLC Analysis and Antidiabetic Activity of Swertia paniculata
Authors: Negi Jagmohan S. , Singh Pramod , Pant Geeta Joshi née , Rawat Mohan S. M.
Published: March 2019

1,2,6,8-Tetrahydroxyxanthone (SR1) and 2,8-dihydroxy-1,6-dimethoxyxanthone (SR2) have been qualitatively and quantitatively determined in leaves and rhizomes of Swertia paniculata. The methanol extracts were analyzed on a C18 column using MeOH and H2O as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Identification was achieved using an UV variable Λ detector set at 260 nm. Variation in the bioactive compounds with respect to season and altitude was determined, along with the examination of the antidiabetic activity of the plant. The maximum concentration of SR1 and SR2 was found in leaves collected from Tungnath (3600 m), Uttarakhand, India, in October. The blood sugar level in alloxan induced rats was decreased by 51.0% by the methanol extract of the leaves. Overall, results showed that the concentration of bioactive compounds increased with altitude. October was the period of prime potency and should be the time of harvest for S. paniculata.
Chemical Constituents and Antimicrobial Activities of Canthium horridum
Authors: Yang Biao , Chen Guangying , Song Xiaoping , Chen Zhong , Song Xinming , Wang Jing
Published: March 2019

Bioassay-guided isolation studies of the extract of Canthium horridum Bl. stem led to the isolation of ten compounds: (+)-syringaresinol (1), scoparone (2), scopoletin (3), 3′-methoxy-4′-hydroxy- trans-cinnamaldehyde (4), sinapic aldehyde (5), syringic acid (6), mannitol (7), vanillic acid 4- O-β-D-glucopyranoside (8), β-daucosterol (9), and β-sitosterol (10). Compounds 1-10 were reported for the first time from this species, and compounds 1, 4, 5, 6, and 8 from the genus. The antimicrobial activities of the isolated compounds were studied; 6 had the highest activity against Bacillus subtilis, but 1 showed good activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. Compounds 2, 4 and 6 also inhibited the growth of these three bacteria. None of the compounds demonstrated inhibitory activity against Aspergillus niger.
Influence of Some Environmental Factors on the Essential Oil Variability of Thymus migricus
Authors: Yavari Alireza , Nazeri Vahideh , Sefidkon Fatemeh , Hassani Mohammad Esmail
Published: March 2019

Essential oils of the air-dried aerial parts of five populations of Thymus migricus Klokov & Desj.-Shost. collected from northwest Iran were obtained by hydrodistillation with yield of 1.1 – 3.3% (w/w). The essential oils were analyzed by a combination of GC-FID and GC-MS techniques, to check for chemical variability. According to populations, twenty-nine components, representing 97.3 – 99.3% of the total components, were identified. Oxygenated monoterpenes were the main group of constituents in all samples (65.2 – 78.5%). Thymol (46.6 – 72.5%), γ-terpinene (6.2 – 16.7%), p-cymene (4.0 – 6.5%), n-hexadecanol (0.4 – 6.5%), geraniol (0.5 – 4.7%), limonene (0.0 – 3.5%) and carvacrol (0.5 – 3.4%) represented the major compounds. Two chemotypes were identified: thymol and thymol/linalool. In addition, canonical correlation analysis between some essential oil characters and some environmental factors revealed a significant relationship between oil components and environmental factors. The influence of environmental factors over p-cymene, γ-terpinene, linalool and thymol was evident. Essential oil yield was fairly strongly related to the concentrations of Ca2+ and K+, percentage of organic matter, altitude, temperature, and soil texture.
Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Santiria trimera (Burseraceae) Essential Oils from Gabon
Authors: Bikanga Raphaël , Makani Thomas , Agnaniet Huguette , Obame Louis Clément , Abdoul-Latif Fatouma Mohamed , Lebibi Jacques , Menut Chantal
Published: March 2019

Water-distilled essential oils from leaves and bark of Santiria trimera (Oliv.) Aubrév. (Burseraceae) collected in Gabon were analyzed using capillary GC-FID and GC-MS. The leaf essential oil, which is described for the first time, was dominated by sesquiterpenes (76.5%), among which α-humulene (34.6%) and β-caryophyllene (14.9%) were the major components. The bark essential oil was almost exclusively monoterpenic, with α-pinene (51.5%) and α-terpineol (16.8%) as main constituents. The antimicrobial activities of both essential oils were tested against eight Gram-positive and three Gram-negative bacteria by using agar disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods; anticandidal effect was also tested on different strains of Candida albica. The Gram-negative bacteria were the less sensitive to the leaf essential oil, which was effective against Bacillus cereus and Enterococcus faecalis. The bark essential oil was more active and, in particular, exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against Proteus mirabilis, which was resistant to the leaf oil. A weak anticandidal effect of both essential oils was observed.
Chemical Composition and Larvicidal Activity of Eugenia triquetra Essential Oil from Venezuelan Andes
Authors: Mora Flor D. , Avila Jorge L. , Rojas Luis B. , Ramírez Rosslyn , Usubillaga Alfredo , Segnini Samuel , Carmona Juan , Silva Bladimiro
Published: March 2019

The chemical constituents of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the leaves of Eugenia triquetra O. Berg, collected in Táchira State, Venezuela, were identified by GC-MS analysis. Twenty-six components, which made up 88.5% of the oil, were identified. The major constituents were linalool (17.5%), limonene (16.9%), α-pinene (11.6%), β-pinene (8.7%), and p-cymene (3.7%). The essential oil was tested against third-instar larvae of Aedes aegypti, showing a LC50 value of 64.8 ± 5.6 ppm.
Evaluation of Bioactivity of Linalool-rich Essential Oils from Ocimum basilucum and Coriandrum sativum Varieties
Authors: Duman Ahmet D. , Telci Isa , Dayisoylu Kenan S. , Digrak Metin , Demirtas İbrahim , Alma Mehmet H.
Published: March 2019

Essential oils from Ocimum basilicum L. and Coriandrum sativum L. varieties originating from Turkey were investigated for their antimicrobial properties. The antimicrobial effects of the oil varieties were evaluated by the disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods against eight bacteria and three fungi. The compositions of the essential oils were analyzed and identified by GC and GC-MS. O. basilicum, C. sativum var. macrocarpum and var. microcarpum oils revealed the presence of linalool (54.4%), eugenol (9.6%), methyl eugenol (7.6%); linalool (78.8%), γ-terpinene (6.0%), nerol acetate (3.5%); and linalool (90.6%), and nerol acetate (3.3%) as the major components, respectively. The oils exhibited antibacterial activity ranging from 1.25 to 10 μL disc−1 against the test organisms with inhibition zones of 9.5-39.0 mm and minimal inhibitory concentrations values in the range 0.5-≥1μL/L. Linalool, eugenol, and methyl eugenol at 1.25 μL disc−1 had antimicrobial effects on all microorganisms, giving inhibition zones ranging from 7 to 19 mm.
Novel Terpenoids from the New Zealand Liverworts Jamesoniella colorata and Bazzania novae-zelandiae
Authors: Toyota Masao , Omatsu Ikuko , Sakata Fumi , Braggins John , Asakawa Yoshinori
Published: March 2019

Diethylether extracts of New Zealand liverworts Jamesoniella colorata and Bazzania novae-zelandiae were investigated to reveal novel terpenoids. The former extract afforded a new modified clerodane-type diterpenoid, and the latter gave a degraded clerodane (rearranged drimane) type sesquiterpenoid. The structures of those new compounds were established by 2D NMR spectra.
Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitory Compounds from Eschscholzia californica (Papaveraceae)
Authors: Cahlíková Lucie , Macáková Kateřina , Kuneš Jiří , Kurfürst Milan , Opletal Lubomír , Cvačka Josef , Chlebek Jakub , Blunden Gerald
Published: March 2019

The roots and aerial parts of Eschscholzia californica Cham. (Papaveraceae) were extracted with ethanol. Repeated column chromatography, preparative TLC, and crystallization led to the isolation of fourteen isoquinoline alkaloids, the structures of which were determined on the basis of spectroscopic techniques and by comparison with literature values. One of the compounds isolated, 1-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-methyl-6,7-methylenedioxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (14), has not previously been isolated from a natural source. All isolated compounds were tested for human blood acetylcholinesterase (HuAChE) and human plasma butyrylcholinesterase (HuBuChE) inhibition activity. None of the compounds isolated significantly inhibited both HuAChE and HuBuChE, but the two benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, reticuline 9 and 14, showed promising inhibitory activity against HuBuChE.
Metabolites from Withania aristata with Potential Phytotoxic Activity
Authors: Llanos Gabriel G. , Varela Rosa M. , Jiménez Ignacio A. , Molinillo José M. G. , Macías Francisco A. , Bazzocchi Isabel L.
Published: March 2019

A series of apocarotenoids (1-8) and one carotenoid (9) were isolated from the leaves of Withania aristata. In addition, the tetraacetylated apocarotenoid glucosides 10-12 were obtained by acetylation, with derivative 9-hydroxymegastigma-4,6 E-dien-3-one 9- O-β-D-glucopyranoside tetraacetate (10) being described for the first time. The structures have been determined by spectroscopic and spectrometric means, mainly NMR and ESIMS, and comparison with data reported in the literature. These metabolites were evaluated on a systematic phytotoxicity assay using the etiolated wheat coleoptile bioassay. Compounds 1-3, 9 and 12 were further assayed for their phytotoxicity on the target species Lepidium sativum, Lactuca sativa, Lycopersicum esculentum and Allium cepa. Among the assayed compounds, lutein (9) showed the most significant values for phytotoxicity, followed by the non-glycosylated apocarotenoids (6 S, 9 R)-vomifoliol (1) and 9-hydroxymegastigma-4,6 E-dien-3-one (2).
Gmelinoside I, a New Flavonol Glycoside from Limonium gmelinii
Authors: Kozhamkulova Zhanar A. , Radwan Mohamed M. , Zhusupova Galiya E. , Abilov Zharilkasin Zh. , Rahadilova Saniya N. , Ross Samir A.
Published: March 2019

Gmelinoside I (1), a new flavonol glycoside, was isolated and chemically characterized as 3,5,7,3′,4′,5′-hexahydroxy-3- O-α-D-galactopyranosylflavone from the aerial part of Limonium gmelinii Kuntze (Plumbaginaceae).. Other compounds were identified as (-)-epigallocatechin-3- O-gallate, myricetin, myricetin-3- O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, myricetin-3- O-β-D-galactoside-6″- O-gallate and caprolactam. The antibacterial, antifungal and antileishmanial activities of the isolated compounds were evaluated. Myricetin showed moderate antileishmanial activity.
2-Arylbenzofuran Neolignans from the Bark of Nectandra purpurascens (Lauraceae)
Authors: Rios-Motta Jaime , Avella Eliseo
Published: March 2019

The toluene extract of the stem bark of N. purpurascens (R&P) Mez. contained a large amount of these 2-arylbenzofurans including methyl 7-methoxy-2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)benzofuran-5-carboxylate (2), a new benzofuran, along with three known compounds identified as kumatakenin (1), 5-(2-propenyl)-7-methoxy-2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)benzofuran (3), and egonoic acid (4). The structure of the new compound was established on the basis of spectroscopic analysis.
Coumarins from Seseli hartvigii
Authors: Zhang Lin , Tosun Alev , Baba Masaki , Okada Yoshihito , Wu Lijun , Okuyama Toru
Published: March 2019

Linear-type furocoumarins, 5-[(2″ E,6″R)-6″-hydroxy-3″,7″-dimethylocta-2″,7″-dienyloxy]psoralen and 5-[(2″ E,6″ S)-6″-hydroxy-3″,7″-dimethylocta-2″,7″-dienyloxy]psoralen (1) were first isolated from whole plants of Seseli hartvigii together with one new natural product 6-(3’-methyl-2’-oxo-3’-butenyl)-7-methoxycoumarin (2), and four known compounds (tamarin, bergaptol, notoptol, and a mixture of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol). The structure of 1 was elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and chemical conversion. The modified Mosher's method and HPLC were applied to determine its stereochemistry. Both R- and S-configurations exist in 1; after modification by Mosher's reagent, they were effectively separated, and their ratio was deduced to be 59% and 41%, respectively.
The Effect of a Phytosphingosine-like Substance Isolated from Asterina pectinifera on Involucrin Expression in Mite Antigen-Stimulated HaCaT Cells
Authors: Choi Gui Hyang , Wahid Fazli , Kim You Young
Published: March 2019

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of phytosphingosine (PS) on mite antigen-induced terminal differentiation abnormalities in HaCaT cells. For this purpose, a PS-like substance was isolated from Asterina pectinifera (starfish PS) using high-performance liquid chromatography and was partially characterized through 1H NMR analysis. The level of involucrin expression in HaCaT cell was measured by immunoblotting assay. Our results showed that PS treatments remarkably up-regulated the involucrin expression, which is known as a terminal differentiation marker in the epidermal mite antigen-treated HaCaT cells. This indicates that starfish PS could regulate mite antigen-induced terminal differentiation fluctuation in the epidermis. Taken together, the results suggest that starfish PS might be a useful therapeutic agent for atopic dermatitis.
K+ATP Channels-Independent Analgesic Action of Crotalus durissus cumanensis venom
Authors: Pereira Ticiana Praciano , Campos Adriana Rolim , Leal Luzia Kalyne A. M. , Pierdoná Taiana Magalhães , Toyama Marcos H. , Monteiro Helena Serra Azul , Martins Alice Maria Costa
Published: March 2019

The effect was investigated of the K+ channel blocker, glibenclamide, on the ability of Crotalus durissus cumanensis venom (CDCM) to promote peripheral antinociception. This was measured by formalin-induced nociception in male Swiss mice. CDCM (200 and 300 μg/kg) produced an antinociceptive effect during phase 2 in the formalin test. The effect of CDCM (200 μg/kg) was unaffected by the ATP-sensitive K+ channel blocker glibenclamide (2 mg/kg). These results suggest that CDCM is effective against acute pain. However, the ATP-sensitive K+ channels pathway is not contribuable to the antinociceptive mechanism of CDCM.
GC-MS Analysis of the Essential Oils of Ripe Fruits, Roots and Flowering Aerial Parts of Elaeoselinum asclepium subsp. meoides growing in Sicily
Authors: Bader Ammar , Cioni Pier Luigi , Flamini Guido
Published: March 2019

The compositions of the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of the ripe fruits, flowering aerial parts and roots of Elaeoselinum asclepium (L.) Bertol subsp. meoides (Desf.) Fiori (Apiaceae) were determined by GC-MS analysis. All the analyzed parts were very rich in α-pinene (77.1%, 92.2% and 60.8%, respectively). Other compounds detected in appreciable amounts were β-pinene (4.3%, 4.0% and 8.2%), and sabinene (11.9% in ripe fruits; 12.8% in aerial parts). The plant synthesizes different classes of monoterpenes, including pinane, camphane, thujane, menthane, and fenchane derivatives, besides some acyclic monoterpenes. Trace amounts of sesquiterpenes and diterpenes were also detected.
Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil of Retrohpyllum rospigliosii Fruits from Colombia
Authors: Quijano-Celis Clara E. , Gaviria Mauricio , Vanegas-López Consuelo , Ontiveros Ina , Echeverri Leonardo , Morales Gustavo , Pino Jorge A.
Published: March 2019

The essential oil from fruits of Retrophyllum rospigliosii (Pilger) C.N. Page grown in Colombia was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Ninety-one compounds were identified, of which the most prominent were limonene (37.7%) and α-pinene (16.3%). The in vitro antibacterial activity of the essential oil was studied against seven bacterial strains using the disc diffusion method. The strongest activity of the oil was against the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus cereus.
Essential Oil Composition and Insecticidal Activity of Blumea perrottetiana Growing in Southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Owolabi Moses S. , Lajide Labunmi , Villanueva Heather E. , Setzer William N.
Published: March 2019

The essential oil from the aerial parts of Blumea perrottetiana was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. The volatile oil is dominated by 2,5-dimethoxy- p-cymene (30.0%) and 1,8-cineole (11.0%) with lesser amounts of sabinene (8.1%), δ-cadinene (5.3%) and ( E)-caryophyllene (3.9%). The essential oil demonstrated notable insecticidal activity against the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, consistent with traditional uses of the plant as an insecticide and anthelmintic.
Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of the Essential Oil of Bupleurum longiradiatum
Authors: Shi Baojun , Liu Wei , Wei Shao-peng , Wu Wen-jun
Published: March 2019

The essential oil from the roots of Bupleurum longiradiatum, obtained by hydrodistillation was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and evaluated for antimicrobial activity and antioxidant activity. Fifty-one compounds were identified, representing 99.3% of the total oil. The major constituents were thymol (7.0%), butylidene phthalide (6.8%), 5-indolol (5.6%), heptanal (5.3%), 4-hydroxy-2-methylacetophenone (5.3%), 4,5-diethyl-octane (5.3%), bormeol (5.1%) and hexanoic acid (5.1%). The oil was tested against 4 bacteria at different concentrations using disc diffusion and 96-well dilution methods. The inhibition zones and minimum inhibitory concentration values for bacterial strains were in the range of 7.0–18.0 mm and 250 −500 μg/mL, respectively. The in vitro antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH radical scavenging and inhibition of lipid peroxidation methods. The oil showed a potent free radical scavenging activity, as evidenced by the low IC50 value for DPPH radical (566.2μg/mL) and inhibition of lipid peroxidation (induced by FeSO4, H2O2 and CCl4) with IC50 values of 275.2 μg/mL, 296.9 μg/mL and 118.7 μg/mL, respectively.
Phytochemical Investigation of Verbesina Turbacensis Kunth: Trypanosome Cysteine Protease Inhibition by (–)-Bornyl Esters
Authors: Ogungbe Ifedayo V. , Crouch Rebecca A. , Haber William A. , Setzer William N.
Published: March 2019

The bark and leaf essential oils of Verbesina turbacensis were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. The bark oil of the plant was composed mainly of monoterpene hydrocarbons (83.5-90.4%), predominately α-pinene, while the leaf oil was composed mainly of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, dominated by germacrene-D (29.1-36.9%), and δ-elemene (21.7-22.1%). Three bornyl hydroxycinnamic esters isolated from the acetone bark extract were found to inhibit the cysteine protease, rhodesain. Molecular docking analysis to probe the inhibitory interactions of the esters was also carried out.
Metabolites from the Fungus Phoma sp. 7210, Associated with Aizoon Canariense
Authors: Dai Jingqiu , Hussain Hidayat , Dräger Siegfried , Schulz Barbara , Kurtán Tibor , Pescitelli Gennaro , Flörke Ulrich , Krohn Karsten
Published: March 2019

A new metabolite, 3,16-diketoaphidicolan (1), was isolated together with four known compounds: aphidicolin (2), 17-acetyl-aphidicolin (3), (+)-eupenoxide (4), and phomoxanthone A (5) from the endophytic fungus Phoma sp. The structure of the new compound 1 was determined by spectroscopic methods (mainly extensive 1D and 2D NMR experiments and by mass spectral measurements) and confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Its absolute configuration was assigned by means of the solid-state CD/TDDFT approach comparing the solid-state CD spectrum with the TDDFT-calculated one on the X-ray geometry.
Polar Alkaloids from the Caribbean Marine Sponge Niphates Digitalis
Authors: Regalado Erik L. , Mendiola Judith , Laguna Abilio , Nogueiras Clara , Thomas Olivier P.
Published: March 2019

A method involving flash chromatography, semi-preparative phenylhexyl RP HPLC-DAD-ELSD combined with analytic polar-RP HPLC-DAD, was applied to separate and purify six highly nitrogenated bases and a bicyclic amidine alkaloid, the major components of the marine sponge Niphates digitalis. Their structures were identified as 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (1), deoxycytidine (2), phenylalanine (3), adenosine (4), deoxyguanosine (5), adenine (6) and thymidine (7) on the basis of spectroscopic data analyses. This is the first report of these compounds in a marine sponge belonging to the Niphates genus and the first evidence of the presence of 1 from a natural source.
Cytochrome P450 3A4 Inhibitory Activity Studies within the Lycorine series of Alkaloids
Authors: McNulty James , Nair Jerald J. , Singh Mohini , Crankshaw Denis J. , Holloway Alison C. , Bastida Jaume
Published: March 2019

A mini-panel of semi-synthetic analogs of the Amaryllidaceae alkaloid lycorine was screened for cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibitory activity, the most potent of which exhibited inhibition as low as 0.21 μM. Elements of this novel pharmacophore unravelled include bulky lipophilic substitution at C2 in conjunction with a small hydrogen bond donor/acceptor at C1, or bulky electron-rich substitution at C1 in conjunction with a vicinal hydrogen bond donor/acceptor.
Production of Flavonoids in Organogenic Cultures of Alpinia Zerumbet
Authors: Victório Cristiane P. , Arruda Rosani do Carmo de O. , Lage Celso Luiz S. , Kuster Ricardo M.
Published: March 2019

Alpinia zerumbet plantlets were cultured in vitro in MS medium supplemented with growth regulators, including IAA, TDZ and BAP. Using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the production of rutin, kaempferol-3- O-glucuronide, and kaempferol-3 -O-rutinoside was evaluated, based on leaf hydroalcoholic extracts of three-month-old plantlets. The relative concentration of phenolics from the hydroalcoholic extracts of plantlets cultured in control medium reached 100% compared with plantlets treated with growth regulators and donor plants (80%). The in vitro rutin production was more pronounced than the other flavonoids. While no direct relation between the content of phenolic compounds and increased flavonoid production was observed, the combination of IAA + TDZ enhanced the production of rutin (83.2 μg/g dried leaves) and kaempferol-3- O-glucuronide (29 μg/g dried leaves), compared with growth regulators used alone. Overall, these findings suggest the value of in vitro cultivation as a means of enriching phenolic and flavonoid production in medicinal plants.
Phytotoxic Activity of Flavonoids from Dicranostyles Ampla
Authors: Castro Amaya , Cantrell Charles L. , Hale Amber L. , Duke Stephen O.
Published: March 2019

Crude extracts from over 16 species of plants from the family Convolvulaceae were evaluated for phytotoxic activity against Agrostis stolonifera (bentgrass) and Lactuca sativa (lettuce) at 1000 (μg/mL. Ethanol extracts of Dicranostyles ampla Ducke were among the most active of those species tested. Systematic bioassay-guided fractionation of the ethanol extract of the aerial parts from this species was performed to identify specifically the phytotoxic compounds. Two phytotoxic flavonoids, dihydromyricetin (1) and myricetin-3- O-α-rhamnoside or myricetrin (2), were found to be responsible for much of the activity of the extract as a whole in the A. stolonifera and L. sativa bioassay. In a Lemna paucicostata bioassay, 1 and 2 had no activity at 100 μM.
Podophyllotoxin Derivatives Show Activity against Brontispa Longissima Larvae
Authors: Zhang Jing , Liu Ying-Qian , Yang Liu , Feng Gang
Published: March 2019

In an attempt to find biorational insecticides, eleven podophyllotoxin analogues were tested for their insecticidal activity against the fifth-instar larvae of Brontispa longissima in vivo for the first time. Among all of the tested compounds, deoxypodophyllotoxin (3) and β-apopicropodophyllin (4) showed more promising and pronounced insecticidal activity than toosendanin, a commercial insecticide derived from Melia toosendan, and important SAR information has been revealed. Together, these preliminary results may be useful in guiding further modification of podophyllotoxins in the development of potential new insecticides.
Vascular Effects of a Sulfated Polysaccharide from the Red Marine Alga Solieria Filiformis
Authors: Assreuy Ana Maria S. , Pontes Grazielle C. , Rodrigues Natalia V. F. C. , Gomes Daniel M. , Xavier Paulo A. , Araujo Glacio S. , Sampaio Alexandre H. , Cavada Benildo S. , Pereira Maria G. , Farias Wladimir R. L.
Published: March 2019

Anticoagulant and antithrombotic properties of sulfated-polysaccharides (SP) from marine algae are extensively exploited. However, reports on the vascular effects of SP from red algae are rare in the literature. The polysaccharide from Solieria filiformis (Sf-SP) was isolated by ion exchange chromatography, analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and tested in male Wistar rats. The inflammation studies were performed using the paw-edema model and the relaxant activity in isolated aorta precontracted with phenylephrine. The anticoagulant effect was evaluated by the test of partial thromboplastin activation time. The SP (1 mg/kg) was not antiinflammatory, but induced acute edema with maximal activity at 30 min (0.35 ± 0.04 mL) compared to controls (0.05 ± 0.03 mL). Cumulative addition of Sf-SP in phenylephrine-contracted tissues produced relaxation with maximal inhibition of 69% (IC50 29.3 ± 9.0 μg/mL) at 300 μg/mL in comparison to controls (0.51 ± 0.09 g). Sf-SP also extended human plasma coagulation time by 2.1 times. These substances could be used as important tools for the study of vascular alterations.
Comparison of Aqueous Plant Extracts before and after Fermentation with Lactobacillus Paracasei LS-2 on Cytokine Induction and Antioxidant Activity
Authors: Chon Heeson , Kim Gyeomheon , Kim Sungkwon
Published: March 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant properties and inhibitory effects on the inflammation-related cytokines of plant extracts fermented with Lactobacillus paracasei LS-2 in comparison with the unfermented aqueous plant extract. Attempted have also been made to identify fermented plant extracts that display no cytotoxicity against murine macrophage cells, while still maintaining their biological characteristics. Most of the fermented plant extracts showed reduced cytotoxicity. Among the fourteen plant extracts tested, the fermented plant extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi increased the induction of antiinflammatory mediators; however, they were still cytotoxic. Interestingly, the plant extract of Artemisia capillaris Thunb. induced a dramatic increase in the induction of antiinflammatory mediators with no cytotoxicity through fermentation. Our findings suggest that fermented A. capillaris holds promise for use as a valuable natural non-cytotoxic antioxidant and immuno-modulating agent.
Volatile Components of Two Endemic Species from the Apuan Alps (Tuscany, Italy), Centaurea Arachnoidea and C. Montis-Borlae (Asteraceae)
Authors: Viegi Lucia , Boracchia Mirko , Cecotti Roberto , Tava Aldo
Published: March 2019

The volatile fractions of Centaurea arachnoidea and C. montis-borlae, two endemic species growing wild in the Apuan Alps (Tuscany, Italy), were isolated by steam distillation from fresh leaves and flowerheads, and analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. The yield of essential oil ranged from 0.01% to 0.09% of fresh material. A wide variety of volatile compounds was detected in the examined plant species and organs, both in qualitative and quantitative terms. Sesquiterpenes were the major constituents, ranging from 18.9% to 73.2% of the total oil. Alcohols (1.6-25.8%), aldehydes (1.5-12.0%), hydrocarbons (1.8-11.9%), acids (0.2-25.4%), esters (0.2-1.3%), monoterpenes (0.7-1.4%), and miscellaneous compounds (0.6-2.6%), were also detected in variable amounts in all different sample tissues. A series of unidentified compounds was also isolated from the two species, both in leaves and flowerheads, accounting for 2.4-6.7% of the total oil. According to MS spectral data, these substances were likely to be polyunsaturated compounds; moreover, they appear to be species-specific, as their presence was only detected in either one or the other Centaurea species.
Comparative Analysis of Essential Oil Components of Two Pinus Species from Taibai Mountain in China
Authors: Zhang Yuan , Wang Zhezhi
Published: March 2019

Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) were used to compare between the essential oil components from needles of Pinus armandii Franch versus P. tabulaeformis Carr., growing on the same site at Taibai Mountain, China. Under optimum extraction and analysis conditions, 65 and 66 constituents each were identified in P. armandii and P. tabulaeformis, which accounted for 87.9% and 87.1%, respectively, of their oils. Based on their terpene compositions, we concluded that these species belong to a high-caryophyllene chemotype, with sesquiterpenes comprising 54.4% to 54.8% of the total contents. We also determined minor qualitative and major quantitative variations in some compounds. Compared with that from P. tabulaeformis, P. armandii oil had more γ-muurolene (7.5%), terpinolene (5.8%), and longifolene (5.7%). In contrast, α-pinene (8.6%) and caryophyllene oxide (7.4%) were the dominant compounds in P. tabulaeformis.
Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oils from Cleome Spinosa
Authors: McNeil Megil J. , Porter Roy B. R. , Williams Lawrence A.D. , Rainford Lois
Published: March 2019

Five different essential oil extractions of the aerial parts of Cleome spinosa Jacq. were examined. The oils obtained by hydrodistillation of the whole aerial parts, aerial parts without flowers (fruit, leaves and stem), flowers, fruits and leaves have been examined by GC-FID and GC-MS. The chemical profiles of the oils reveal the dominance of oxygenated sesqui- and diterpenes, with the exception of the fruit oil, which contained a high content of fatty acids. The most abundant compounds from the whole aerial parts were ( Z)-phytol (31.3%), integerrimine (5.5%) and incensole (4.0%). The major compounds from the aerial portion without flowers were caryophyllene oxide (10.5%), (-)-spathulenol (7.5%) and Z-phytol (6.9%). In the flower oil, the main components were 7-α-hydroxy manool (23.8%), incensole (9.2%) and sclareol (8.7%). The chief constituents in the fruit oil were tetradecanoic acid (40.6%), ( Z)-phytol (6.58%) and sclareol (4.5%). In the leaf oil, ( Z)-phytol (19.5%), 7-α-hydroxy manool (6.8%) and caryophyllene oxide (4.36%) were the predominant compounds. Antimicrobial activity of the oil obtained from the whole aerial part was evaluated against nine microbial strains using a filter paper disc-diffusion method. The volatile oil showed moderate action against seven of the eight bacteria strains used, with significant inhibitory activity against Streptococcus pyogenes Group A when compared with the standard antibiotics, ampicillin and gentamicin. The fungus, Candida albicans was less sensitive to the essential oil. The oils showed moderate insecticidal activity against Cylas formicarius elegantalus, but possessed no antioxidant activity as indicated by the DPPH method. This represents the first report on the chemical composition of the essential oils from C. spinosa found in Jamaica and the in vitro antioxidant, insecticidal and antimicrobial potential of the oil from the aerial parts.
Qualitative Analysis of the Smoke-Stream of Different Kinds of Incense by SPME/GC-MS
Authors: Lombardozzi Antonietta , Strano Morela , Cortese Manuela , Ricciutelli Massimo , Vittori Sauro , Maggi Filippo
Published: March 2019

Seventeen different kinds of incenses were analyzed for the volatile components emitted during burning using a HS-SPME method coupled with GC-MS, in order to check their conformity to IFRA (International Fragrance Association) guidelines and 67/548/CEE Directive rules. A total of 51 volatiles were identified in the smoke of the incenses. They were represented mainly by aromatic compounds (17) and oxygenated monoterpenes (10), with esters (5) and aldehydes (4) being the most widespread volatiles in the former, and alcohols (4) and esters (4) in the latter. The aromatic ester benzyl benzoate and the oxygenated sesquiterpene patchouli alcohol were the most frequent volatile compounds, occurring in the smokes emitted from 10 and 8 kinds of incenses, respectively.
Pesticide and Plasticizer Residues in Citrus Essential Oils from Different Countries
Authors: Di Bella Giuseppa , Turco Vincenzo Lo , Rando Rossana , Arena Gabriella , Pollicino Donatella , Luppino Rosario Rocco , Dugo Giacomo
Published: March 2019

Residue analyses are very important in the quality control of citrus essential oils. Organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides, phosphorated plasticizers and chloroparaffins contamination were investigated by HRGC with FPD and ECD detectors in 120 citrus essential oils produced in Italy and in 70 from other countries in the crop year 2006-2007. Results showed that the largest pesticide quantities were found in oils from Brazil and Spain. The presence of such residues might be the result of an improper use of pesticide in citrus growing or of previous contamination of the extractors. However, the pesticide levels showed a measurable decrease in relation to past production years. The absence of phosporated plasticizers and chloroparaffins can be the result of either improvement of the procedures used during the production cycle or in the storage of the essential oils compared with previous years.
Applying New Science for Old Medicines: Targeting Leukocyte-Endothelial Adhesions by Antiinflammatory Herbal Drugs
Authors: Habtemariam Solomon
Published: March 2019

During the last two decades, considerable progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms of the various leukocytes and endothelial cell adhesion molecules (cell adhesion molecules - CAMs) involved in cell-cell and cell matrix interactions. This understanding has opened up a new avenue of novel chemotherapeutic targets and bioassay models for inflammatory diseases. Recently developed In Vitro bioassays on leukocyte/endothelial cell adhesions can now offer rapid and inexpensive assessment methods for herbal medicines with claimed antiinflammatory uses. Through the use of these robust in vitro methods, active principles of herbal drugs can also be isolated thereby providing the opportunity of standardizations based on a known chemical standard(s) and pharmacology. This review highlights relevant leukocyte/endothelial CAMs targets, available in vitro methods and our strategic approach for herbal standardizations.
Chemical Composition, Olfactory Evaluation and Antimicrobial Activity of Selected Essential Oils and Absolutes from Morocco
Authors: Wanner Juergen , Schmidt Erich , Bail Stefanie , Jirovetz Leopold , Buchbauer Gerhard , Gochev Velizar , Girova Tanya , Atanasova Teodora , Stoyanova Albena
Published: March 2019

The chemical compositions of selected essential oils from North Africa, especially Morocco, of geranium, wild Moroccan chamomile and rosemary as well as absolutes of rose and geranium were determined using GC/FID and GC/MS. These oils and absolutes were tested concerning their antimicrobial activity against some food spoilage strains obtained from fresh milk and minced meat products, like sausages and pork fillet, in accordance with ISO testing procedures. Gram-positive ( Bacillus Cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative ( Escherichia coli, Salmonella abony and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) strains were used, as well as the yeast Candida albicans. Using a serial broth dilution method, all samples demonstrated weak antimicrobial activity against the Gram-negative bacteria and the yeast, compared with the activity towards the Gram-positive bacteria.