bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cephalosporin Induced Disulfiram-Like Reaction: A Retrospective Review of 78 Cases
Authors: Ren Shiyan , Cao Yuxia , Zhang Xiuwei , Jiao Shichen , Qian Songyi , Liu Peng
Published: March 2014

Concomitant ingestion of alcohol and cephalosporin may cause a disulfiram-like reaction; however its fatal outcomes are not commonly known. We retrospectively reviewed 78 patients who had cephalosporin induced disulfiram-like reaction (CIDLR). The patients who had a negative skin test to cephalosporin prior to intravenous antibiotics were included, and those who were allergic to either alcohol or antibiotics were excluded. The average age of 78 patients was 37.8±12.2 (21–60) years. Of the 78 patients, 93.58% of the patients were males, 70.51% of the patients consumed alcohol after use of antibiotics, and 29.49% patients consumed alcohol initially, followed by intravenous antibiotics; however, no significant difference of morbidity was observed in these two groups. All patients were administered antibiotics intravenously. Five of 78 patients (6.41%) developed severe CIDLR too urgently to be rescued successfully. In conclusion, it is important for clinicians to educate patients that no alcohol should be used if one is taking cephalosporin. Also, clinicians should keep in mind that cephalosporin should not be prescribed for any alcoholics.
Complications Associated With Postoperative Adjuvant Radiation Therapy for Advanced Rectal Cancer
Authors: Komori Koji , Kimura Kenya , Kinoshita Takashi , Sano Tsuyoshi , Ito Seiji , Abe Tetsuya , Senda Yoshiki , Misawa Kazunari , Ito Yuichi , Uemura Norihisa , Kawai Ryosuke , Shimizu Yasuhiro
Published: March 2014

Preoperative management of advanced rectal cancer often includes chemoradiotherapy, but little is known about the late complications of radiotherapy. However, these are usually serious, making determination of the characteristics of late complications after radiation therapy critical. Accordingly, we investigated the complications occurring after adjuvant pelvic radiation therapy in patients with advanced rectal cancer. We enrolled 34 consecutive patients with TNM stage III rectal cancer who had undergone curative surgery with adjuvant pelvic radiation therapy. Data on the type of complication/organ involved, the number of complications, the phase of onset, and the treatments used were reviewed. Patients who experienced gut complications or edema were less likely to have their complications resolved than those with complications due to infection. Similarly, patients with multiple complications and late-onset complications were also less likely to have their complications resolved than those with single complications and those with early-onset complications, respectively. Adjuvant radiation therapy in patients with resected advanced rectal cancer was associated with various complications, characterized by late onset and impaired resolution. Therefore, patients indicated for radiation therapy should be selected with great caution.
Museums and the establishment of the history

of science at Oxford and Cambridge
Authors: BENNETT J. A.
Published: July 2002

In the Spring of 1944, an informal discussion took place in

Cambridge between Mr. R. S.

Whipple, Professor Allan Ferguson and Mr. F. H. C. Butler, concerning

the formation of a national Society for the History of Science.

This is the opening sentence of the inaugural issue of the Bulletin

of the British Society for

the History of Science, the Society's first official publication.

Butler himself was the author

of this outline account of the subsequent approach to the Royal Society,

the parallel moves

to establish a National Committee of the International Academy of the

History of Science,

the formation of a provisional committee to prepare a draft constitution

for a national

society, and the proceedings of the first Annual General Meeting in May
1947.

Whipple had been in Cambridge to discuss his offer to present his collection
of old

scientific instruments

to the University and the possible foundation of a new museum, and Butler,

as Secretary

of the History of Science Committee in Cambridge, was the chief mover in
both this

development and an initiative coupled with it to establish a department

of the history of science.
Preparation for adult life?
Authors: Sutton Clive
Published: July 2002

BBC Education and The Wellcome Trust:Medicine Through Time.
Videotape: incorporating five 25 min programmes. London: BBC Educational Publishing, 1998, ISBN
0 563 376953, £24.99.

Teachers' Resource Pack, with four theme booklets, over 40 picture sources, posters,
time lines, pupils' worksheets etc. London: BBC Educational Publishing, 1998,
ISBN 0 563 376392, £19.99.

BBC Education Website: http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/medicine/.

It was in the late 1970s that the Schools History Project first launched its ‘developmental
studies’ programme to help youngsters understand how changes in science and technology
have impacted upon human life at different periods. Possible topics included Farming
through the ages – surely one of the most important as we might see it today
– and Warfare
through the ages, but in the event it was Medicine Through Time and Energy Through
Time which were developed most fully. By the 1990s the first of these had achieved a firm
and regular place as a component of GCSE courses and about one third of all those taking
history exams in the GCSE now study it. The involvement of the BBC and the Wellcome
Trust in developing resources to support the work was therefore amply justified by its
standing in the current curriculum.
LEGITIMATE EXPECTATION: THE SUBSTANTIVE DIMENSION
Authors: Elliott Mark
Published: July 2002

THE need to redress the inequality of power between the citizen and the State, which lies at the heart of public law, is illustrated nowhere more clearly than in the facts of R. v. North and East Devon Health Authority, ex p. Coughlan [2000] 2 W.L.R. 622. As a result of her severe disability Pamela Coughlan was, for many years, looked after as a hospital in-patient. In 1993, however, she agreed to move to a purpose-built care facility on the strength of the respondent’s promise that it would be her “home for life”; yet, only five years later, the health authority decided to close the new home, citing financial reasons. That the applicant possessed a legitimate expectation which would be breached by closure of the home was not in doubt. The difficult question was how the expectation could be protected. Courts have long been willing to enforce procedural promises and to safeguard expectations of substantive benefits by requiring the adoption of a fair procedure (typically consultation) before the benefit is denied. Coughlan, however, makes it clear that courts may go further than this by substantively protecting substantive expectations.
Repainting China: New Year Prints (Nianhua) and Peasant Resistance in the Early Years of the People's Republic
Authors: Hung Chang-Tai
Published: July 2002

On November 26, 1949, less than two months after the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the Ministry of Culture issued a directive to artists and writers about the importance and possible use in a new era of New Year prints (nianhua), a simple and inexpensive Chinese folk medium used to decorate homes in celebration of the New Year.
GROWTH AND YIELD OF COCONUT–CACAO INTERCROPS
Authors: MIALET-SERRA I. , BONNEAU X. , MOUCHET S. , KITU W. T.
Published: July 2002

The study of interactions between cacao (Theobroma cacao) and coconut (Cocos nucifera) in Lampung, Indonesia, examined different combinations of age, plant lay-out, planting chronology and choice of planting material under changing environmental conditions. Four coconut-cacao intercropping trials were used to assess the performance of each intercrop under limiting or non-limiting environmental conditions. In intercropping experiments with young cacao trees and young coconut palms, delayed cacao tree development and reduced yields were observed. When coconut palms were aged five years or over, coconut and cacao growth were satisfactory under virtually normal environmental conditions; death rates remained reasonable and yield percentages differed little from those of the monocultures for each crop. The performance of both plants, however, changed when water became a limiting factor.
INDIVIDUAL AND SELF IN THE LATE RENAISSANCE
Authors: BALDWIN GEOFF
Published: July 2002

This article argues that many traditional historical narratives of individualism have been reproduced in more recent discussions of the self and selfhood, and that attempts to discover a point at which the ‘modern’ self came into existence have been hampered by such assumptions. To provide an alternative to these approaches, discussions of the self in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries will be examined. Eschewing overarching narratives, the discussion will focus on how neo-stoic sources were employed in the context of challenges to traditional forms of the humanist ethics of office-holding. Such ideas, important in writers like Montaigne, Pierre Charron, and William Cornwallis, have been associated with an idea of ‘new humanism’, but this article aims to discuss with precision how they relate to early modern ethical discussion. Here an insight can be gained into a particular philosophical development of the idea of the self. This can be more productive than some recent ‘new historicist’, or sociological, approaches to the literature of this period, which tend to the deconstruction of a particular set of sources through the use of the self as a theoretical heuristic.
FINANCE, RELIGION, AND THE FRENCH STATE
Authors: BRIGGS ROBIN
Published: July 2002

L'argent du roi: les finances sous François Ier.
By Philippe Hamon. Paris: Comité pour
l'histoire économique et financière, Ministère de
l'Economie, 1994. Pp. xliii+609.
ISBN 2-11-087648-4. 249F.

The king's army: warfare, soldiers, and society during
the wars of religion in France, 1562–1576.
By James B. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Pp. xvi+349.
ISBN 0-521-55003-3. £45.00.

One king, one faith: the parlement of Paris and the
religious reformations of the sixteenth century.
By Nancy Lyman Roelker. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California
Press, 1996. Pp. xiii+543. ISBN 0-520-08626-0. £50.00.

A city in conflict: Troyes during the French wars of religion.
By Penny Roberts. Manchester:
Manchester University Press, 1996. Pp. xi+228. ISBN 0-7190-4694-7. £40.00.

The birth of absolutism: a history of France, 1598–1661.
By Yves-Marie Bercé, translated by
Richard Rex. Basingstoke and London: Macmillan Press, 1996. Pp. viii+262. ISBN
0-333-62757-1. £15.50.

The French sixteenth century has always posed serious difficulties for historians. It was
a time of rapid change and, in its later decades, of massive disorder, so that there are
many large and complex issues to unravel. The need for close analysis as an antidote to
over-hasty generalizations is obvious, yet on many issues the archives are frustratingly
scanty or even non-existent. A group of recent books tackles these problems with
considerable ingenuity and a fair degree of success, even if some of the gaps in the
evidence inevitably defy the authors' best efforts.
JOHN LILBURNE AND THE LONG PARLIAMENT
Authors: PEACEY J . T.
Published: July 2002

This piece reinterprets the career of the Leveller, John Lilburne, during the English
Civil War, by re-examining the official sources pertaining to him, and the multitude of pamphlets
written by himself and his enemies. The article recovers the chronology of Lilburne's story, by stripping
away the layers of propaganda with which he later surrounded himself. It shows that he had powerful
friends at Westminster, and that his tribulations were caused by political rivalries within Westminster
rather than his development of a radical political theory. He is shown to have formed part of the
‘Independent alliance’ during the mid-1640s, although his protected position was eventually imperilled
by the fracturing of this group after the end of the first Civil War. The aim is to improve not just our
understanding of Lilburne, but the complexity of parliamentarian politics during the 1640s.
G. NORMAN ANDERSON, Sudan in Crisis: The Failure of Democracy (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1999). Pp. 294. $49.95 cloth.
Authors: Beswick Stephanie
Published: July 2002

If you have ever wondered why the U.S. government has a hands-off approach in its foreign policy toward the African country of Sudan, C. Norman Anderson's Sudan in Crisis will explain this phenomenon. Admittedly, the United States suddenly and unexpectedly torpedoed a pharmaceutical plant in Sudan's capital, Khartoum, only last year. This event, however, has been the most notable in a decade of increasing disengagement from this country, which today boasts Africa's longest civil war.
FAITHFUL DAUGHTER, MURDERING MOTHER:
TRANSGRESSION AND SOCIAL CONTROL IN
COLONIAL NAMIBIA
Authors: MCKITTRICK MEREDITH
Published: July 2002

In 1938 or 1939, an uninitiated and unwed girl named Nangombe living in
the Uukwaluudhi district of Ovamboland, northern Namibia, became
pregnant. If mission and colonial accounts are to be believed, it was not an
unusual occurrence at this time, but it had profound consequences for
Nangombe and those close to her. By the 1930s, the belief that pre-initiation
pregnancies boded ill fortune for clan, chief and community was highly
contested, but it was far from extinct. When the chief discovered the
pregnancy, he expelled Nangombe. She took refuge in a neighboring society
and bore a daughter. While such infants were often killed at birth,
Nangombe's was not. Mother and daughter returned home within the year.
The chief, enraged by their reappearance, then expelled the entire family.

The problems created by Nangombe's child caused tension in her
household and the family was driven to begging for food. Nangombe's
mother, seeing the catastrophes already caused by the presence of her
illegitimate granddaughter and fearing that worse would come, urged her
daughter to kill the child. Nangombe refused, while her mother continued to
offer dire predictions that their lineage would be destroyed if the child were
left alive. Finally, in July 1941, Nangombe gave into her mother's pressure
and strangled her daughter. Her father and the local chief reported her act
to colonial officials. The colonial government of South West Africa investigated
and sent her to trial with her mother, who was charged as an accessory
to murder.

The nature of the case changed abruptly in the colonial capital of
Windhoek. Instead of trying Nangombe for murder, the Supreme Court
convened to decide whether she was insane, despite testimony from her
village asserting that she was sane and that the murder had been a rational
act. Her mother was transformed from a co-defendant to a witness to her
daughter's physical and mental health. Nangombe was diagnosed as epileptic
and, on this basis, committed to a native asylum in Fort Beaufort, South
Africa. She remained there until 1946, when she was released and returned
home. She lived out the rest of her life in relative anonymity, little noticed
in the communities where she lived and invisible to the colonial administration
– a far cry from the scrutiny and public interventions which attended
her young adulthood.
Hullability of oat varieties and its determination using a laboratory dehuller
Authors: BROWNE R. A. , WHITE E. M. , BURKE J. I.
Published: July 2002

Ease of removal of the husk of oats from its enclosed kernel, hullability, affects the efficiency with which oats are milled. Hullability of a range of oat varieties was examined using a mechanical dehuller from autumn-sown trials in Northern Ireland, 1996–98, and in the Republic of Ireland, 1997–98. Varieties differed greatly in hullability, the spring variety, Barra, having good hullability while the winter variety, Gerald, had poor hullability. Differences between the varieties were largely consistent from site to site and from year to year despite large differences in the amounts of grain remaining unhulled from trial to trial. Although secondary grains were easier to dehull than primary grains, differences in the structure of the grain populations did not explain variation in hullability of the varieties. This study highlights the need for an investigation of the effects of agronomic factors on hullability.
Plant development of triticale cv. Lasko at different sowing dates
Authors: NAYLOR R. E. L. , SU J.
Published: July 2002

The progress of leaf emergence, external morphology and apical

development stages were recorded
in sowings of triticale (cv. Lasko) made from February to November 1990
at
Aberdeen (57° N). Leaf
appearance and the number of primordia were related to thermal time
(above a base of 0°C) except
when photoperiods were <c. 11 h. The thermal time per
phyllochron varied between leaves and the
combined times for all the phyllochrons at a particular sowing accounted

for the apparent response
of average phyllochron to sowing date. The thermal time requirements
for progression to the double
ridge stage, terminal spikelet stage, onset of stem elongation and
anthesis were similar except where
photoperiods of <11 h occurred. The rate of grain primordium production
was constant when
photoperiod had been increasing at seedling emergence but the rate
was reduced when the
seedling experienced shortening photoperiods at emergence.
Seeing out the Century
Authors: TALLACK DOUGLAS
Published: July 2002

Barbara Haskell, The American Century: Art and Culture 1900–1950 (New
York: Whitney Museum of American Art, in association with W. W.
Norton, 1999, $60 cloth). Pp. 408. ISBN 0 393 04723 7, 0 87427 122 3.

Lisa Phillips, The American Century: Art and Culture 1900–1950 (New York:
Whitney Museum of American Art, in association with W. W. Norton,
1999, $60 cloth). Pp. 398. ISBN 0 393 04815 2, 0 87427 123 1.
COITUS, THE PROXIMATE DETERMINANT OF CONCEPTION: INTER-COUNTRY VARIANCE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
Authors: BROWN MARK SIMON
Published: July 2002

There is a general consensus in the literature that fertility differences between populations can be accounted for by differences in just four key proximate determinants: nuptiality, the postpartum non-susceptible period, contraception and abortion. Natural fecundibility is generally assumed to be constant between populations. This paper puts the theoretical and empirical case for a re-evaluation of that assumption, drawing on the under-utilized data on sexual activity collected in the Demographic Health Surveys (DHSs). Using data for married women in nine African countries, the analysis finds substantial population level differences in mean monthly coital frequency, which, if accurate, suggest an important demographic effect. There is a clear regional patterning to these differences, with levels of activity considerably lower among women in the West African populations included in the study than those from East and southern Africa. For West Africa in particular the data indicate the normality of exceptionally long periods of very infrequent or no intercourse by married women outside the period of postpartum abstinence. The findings challenge prevailing presumptions concerning susceptibility to pregnancy in marriage on which statistics for unmet need for family planning are derived. While doubts are raised over the precision of the sexual activity data used, the paper argues for the need for a greater effort to operationalize the ‘proximate determinant of conception’, not only for more accurate fertility modelling, but also as a planning tool for a more sensitive provision of family planning services in Africa.
BIRTH WEIGHT, SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND THE SEX OF PRECEDING SIBLINGS
Authors: BLANCHARD RAY , ELLIS LEE
Published: July 2002

This study’s first objective was to compare the mean birth weights of homosexual and heterosexual men and women. Its second objective was to investigate whether prior male and female fetuses have different effects on the birth weight of subsequent fetuses. The subjects were 3229 adult men and women (the probands), who weighed at least 2500 g at birth, and whose mothers knew the sex of the child (or fetus) for each pregnancy prior to the proband. Information on birth weight, maternal gravidity and other demographic variables was reported on questionnaires completed by the probands’ mothers. The results confirmed earlier reports that boys with older brothers weigh less at birth than boys with older sisters, but they did not confirm reports that girls with older brothers weigh less than girls with older sisters. The results did not show across-the-board differences in the mean birth weights of homosexual versus heterosexual women or homosexual versus heterosexual men. However, the homosexual males with older brothers weighed about 170 g less at birth than the heterosexual males with older brothers. It is suggested that this pattern of results may reflect a maternal immune response to Y-linked minor histocompatibility antigens (H–Y antigens). According to this hypothesis, when the maternal immune response is mild, it produces only a slightly reduced birth weight, but when it is stronger, it produces a markedly reduced birth weight as well as an increased probability of homosexuality.
Lagrangian characteristics of turbulence and scalar transport in direct numerical simulations
Authors: YEUNG P. K.
Published: July 2002

A study of the Lagrangian statistical properties of velocity and passive scalar fields
using direct numerical simulations is presented, for the case of stationary isotropic
turbulence with uniform mean scalar gradients. Data at higher grid resolutions (up
to 5123 and Taylor-scale Reynolds number 234) allow an update of previous velocity
results at lower Reynolds number, including intermittency and dimensionality effects
on vorticity time scales. The emphasis is on Lagrangian scalar time series which are
new to the literature and important for stochastic mixing models. The variance of
the ‘total’ Lagrangian scalar value (ϕ˜+, combining contributions from both mean
and fluctuations) grows with time, with the velocity–scalar cross-correlation function
and fluid particle displacements playing major roles. The Lagrangian increment of
ϕ˜+ conditioned upon velocity and scalar fluctuations is well represented by a linear
regression model whose parameters depend on both Reynolds number and Schmidt
number. The Lagrangian scalar fluctuation is non-Markovian and has a longer time
scale than the velocity, which is due to the strong role of advective transport, and
is in contrast to results in an Eulerian frame where the scalars have shorter time
scales. The scalar dissipation is highly intermittent and becomes de-correlated in
time more rapidly than the energy dissipation. Differential diffusion for scalars with
Schmidt numbers between 1/8 and 1 is characterized by asymmetry in the two-scalar
cross-correlation function, a shorter time scale for the difference between two scalars,
as well as a systematic decrease in the Lagrangian coherency spectrum up to at
least the Kolmogorov frequency. These observations are consistent with recent work
suggesting that differential diffusion remains important in the small scales at high
Reynolds number.
Deformation of a two-dimensional viscous drop in time-periodic extensional flows: analytical treatment
Authors: SARKAR KAUSIK , SCHOWALTER WILLIAM R.
Published: July 2002

In Sarkar & Schowalter (2001), we reported results from numerical simulations of drop
deformation in various classes of time-periodic straining flows at non-zero Reynolds
number. As often occurs, analytical solutions provide more effective understanding of
the structure and significance of a phenomenon. Here we describe drop deformation
predicted from analytical solutions to linear time-periodic straining flows. Three
different limiting cases are considered: an unsteady Stokes flow that retains all but
the nonlinear advection terms, a Stokes flow that neglects inertia altogether, and an
inviscid potential flow. The first limit is in clear contrast to the common approach
in emulsion literature that resorts almost always to the Stokes flow assumption.
The analysis clearly shows the forced–damped mass–spring system underlying the
physical phenomena, which distinguishes it from the inertialess Stokes flow. The
potential flow also depicts resonance, albeit of an undamped system, and provides an
important limit of the problem. The drop deformation is assumed to be small, and a
perturbative approach has been employed. The first-order problem has been solved
to arrive at either an evolution equation (in Stokes and potential flow limits) or the
long-time periodic drop response (for unsteady Stokes analysis). The analytical results
compare satisfactorily with those obtained from the numerical simulation in Sarkar &
Schowalter (2001), and the resonance characteristics are quantitatively explained. The
three different solutions are compared with each other, and the results are presented
for different parameters such as frequency, interfacial tension, viscosity ratio, density
ratio and Reynolds number. Furthermore, the simple ODE model presented in the
Appendix of Sarkar & Schowalter (2001) is shown to explain the asymptotic limits
of the present solution.
Experimental and theoretical study of shock wave propagation through double-bend ducts
Authors: IGRA O. , WU X. , FALCOVITZ J. , MEGURO T. , TAKAYAMA K. , HEILIG W.
Published: July 2002

The complex flow and wave pattern following an initially planar shock wave
transmitted through a double-bend duct is studied experimentally and theoretically/numerically.
Several different double-bend duct geometries are investigated
in order to assess their effects on the accompanying flow and shock wave attenuation
while passing through these ducts. The effect of the duct wall roughness on the shock
wave attenuation is also studied. The main flow diagnostic used in the experimental
part is either an interferometric study or alternating shadow–schlieren diagnostics.
The photos obtained provide a detailed description of the flow evolution inside the
ducts investigated. Pressure measurements were also taken in some of the experiments.
In the theoretical/numerical part the conservation equations for an inviscid,
perfect gas were solved numerically. It is shown that the proposed physical model
(Euler equations), which is solved by using the second-order-accurate, high-resolution
GRP (generalized Riemann problem) scheme, can simulate such a complex, time-dependent
process very accurately. Specifically, all wave patterns are numerically
simulated throughout the entire interaction process. Excellent agreement is found
between the numerical simulation and the experimental results. The efficiency of a
double-bend duct in providing a shock wave attenuation is clearly demonstrated.
The effective film viscosity coefficients of a thin floating fluid
layer
Authors: JENKINS ALASTAIR D. , DYSTHE KRISTIAN B.
Published: July 2002

We derive a constitutive relation, relating the tangential stress,

tangential velocity,

thickness h, and viscosity μ, for a thin layer of Newtonian

fluid on top of a fluid

substrate. We find that the upper layer exerts a viscous tangential

shear stress on the

lower fluid, behaving as if it were a film with a two-dimensional

shear viscosity equal

to μh, and a dilatational viscosity 3μh.
The effect of a two-dimensional cascade of thin

streamwise plates on homogeneous turbulence
Authors: GRAHAM J. M. R.
Published: July 2002

An analysis is given, based on rapid distortion theory,

of the effect on homogeneous

turbulence when it passes through a linear cascade of

thin flat plates or aerofoils and

in particular the turbulence that emerges on the downstream

side. The main results are

evaluated for the limiting case in which the spacing ratio

of the cascade is very small

so that the cascade tends to completely suppress the normal

component of velocity of

the turbulence everywhere, both within the cascade and

downstream of it, resulting in

a ‘planar’ (quasi-two-dimensional) turbulence.

Some comparisons with experimental

measurements of grid generated turbulence passed through

cascades of thin aerofoils

and in the regions adjacent to the wakes of isolated

streamwise plates in a wind tunnel are shown.
Experimental study of interfacial solitary waves
Authors: MICHALLET H. , BARTHÉLEMY E.
Published: July 2002

A small-scale experiment was conducted (in a 3 m long flume) to
study interfacial
long-waves in a two-immiscible-fluid system (water and petrol were used).
Experiments
and nonlinear theories are compared in terms of wave profiles, phase velocity

and mainly frequency–amplitude relationships. As expected, the KdV
solitary waves
match the experiments for small-amplitude waves for all layer thickness
ratios. The
characteristics of ‘large’-amplitude waves (that is
when the crest is close to the critical
level – approximately located at mid-depth) asymptotically tend to
be predicted by
a ‘KdV-mKdV’ equation containing both quadratic and cubic nonlinear
terms. In
addition a numerical solution of the complete Euler equations, based on
Fourier
series expansions, is devised to describe solitary waves of intermediate
amplitude. In
all cases, solitary interfacial waves in this numerical theory tally with
the experimental
data. When the layer thicknesses are almost equal (ratio of lower layer
to total depth
equal to 0.4 or 0.63) both the KdV-mKdV and the numerical solutions match
the
experimental points.
Conditional scalar dissipation statistics in a turbulent counterflow
Authors: SARDI KATERINA , TAYLOR A. M. K. P. , WHITELAW J. H.
Published: July 2002

Cold-wire measurements of a scalar, temperature, its fluctuations
and the axial and
radial components of the scalar dissipation between two opposed turbulent
jet flows,
where one jet was slightly heated, show that the residence times of the
scalar in the
mixing layer were short, that the scalar fluctuations and their dissipation
were strongly
correlated and that the probability distributions of the conditional scalar
dissipation
components were log-normal at values of the dissipation larger than the
mean. The
first finding is consistent with the fact that the scalar turbulence was

‘young’, in the
sense that residence times were shorter than the large-eddy turn-over time,
so that
the results are likely to be representative of scalar turbulence when scalar
mixing
first takes place between two streams, for example close to the stabilization
region
of turbulent diffusion flames. The second implies that the mean scalar
dissipation,
conditional on the stoichiometric mixture fraction, is larger than the
unconditional
mean by up to an order of magnitude. Dependence of the distributions of
the
mean and r.m.s. conditional scalar dissipation on the shape of the scalar
p.d.f. was
demonstrated by relating the largest conditional dissipation values to
the rarest scalar
fluctuations and it was found that this dependence was also valid in other
flows
where scalar dissipation has been measured. The third finding implies that
the use of
a log-normal distribution to describe the p.d.f. of the conditional scalar
dissipation,
in the context of flame extinction modelling, will be in error by only
15% provided
that the mean and the r.m.s. conditional scalar dissipation are accurately
known.
The current-modified nonlinear Schrödinger equation
Authors: STOCKER J. R. , PEREGRINE D. H.
Published: July 2002

By comparison with both experimental and numerical data, Dysthe's (1979) O(ε4)
modified nonlinear Schrödinger; equation has been shown to model the evolution
of a slowly varying wavetrain well (here ε is the wave steepness). In this work, we
extend the equation to include a prescribed, large-scale, O(ε2) surface current which
varies about a mean value. As an introduction, a heuristic derivation of the O(ε3)
current-modified equation, used by Bakhanov et al. (1996), is given, before a more
formal approach is used to derive the O(ε4) equation. Numerical solutions of the new
equations are compared in one horizontal dimension with those from a fully nonlinear
solver for velocity potential in the specific case of a sinusoidal surface current, such
as may be due to an underlying internal wave. The comparisons are encouraging,
especially for the O(ε4) equation.
On the uniqueness of steady flow past a rotating cylinder with suction
Authors: BULDAKOV E. V. , CHERNYSHENKO S. I. , RUBAN A. I.
Published: July 2002

The subject of this study is a steady two-dimensional incompressible flow past a
rapidly rotating cylinder with suction. The rotation velocity is assumed to be large
enough compared with the cross-flow velocity at infinity to ensure that there is no
separation. High-Reynolds-number asymptotic analysis of incompressible Navier–Stokes
equations is performed. Prandtl's classical approach of subdividing the flow
field into two regions, the outer inviscid region and the boundary layer, was used
earlier by Glauert (1957) for analysis of a similar flow without suction. Glauert found
that the periodicity of the boundary layer allows the velocity circulation around the
cylinder to be found uniquely. In the present study it is shown that the periodicity
condition does not give a unique solution for suction velocity much greater than 1/Re.
It is found that these non-unique solutions correspond to different exponentially small
upstream vorticity levels, which cannot be distinguished from zero when considering
terms of only a few powers in a large Reynolds number asymptotic expansion. Unique
solutions are constructed for suction of order unity, 1/Re, and 1/√Re. In the last
case an explicit analysis of the distribution of exponentially small vorticity outside
the boundary layer was carried out.
US Diplomacy and the Salvadorean
Revolution of 1931
Authors: DUR PHILIP F.
Published: July 2002

The United States reacted to the revolution which
brought General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez
to power in 1931 by refusing to recognise him
under a 1923 treaty. Martínez broke precedent by
entrenching himself in the
presidency. The State Department first attempted to
subvert him. The outbreak
of a peasant rebellion, supposedly under communist
leadership, then caused
Washington to seek a face-saving accommodation. The bargain
failed because of
the general's duplicity. Eventually the United States
was forced to abandon the
1923 treaty and recognise Martínez. This opened the
way to habitual recognition
of non-communist dictators in Latin America.
The Sound of the Pututos. Politicisation and Indigenous
Rebellions in Bolivia, 1826–1921
Authors: IRUROZQUI MARTA
Published: July 2002

This article examines the way in which politics amongst the indigenous
population became nationalised between the years 1826 and 1921. The problem
of land ownership is presented as the catalyst of a process of public action and
apprenticeship combining rebellions, legal battles and patronage agreements. The
joint analysis of these actions allows, first, the refutation of the image of the
Indians as pre-political, passive, incomprehensible and alien to all that was
Western; second, to emphasise the important effect the national discourse had on
the response of the Indians; and, third, to show the indigenous interest in taking
part in the prevailing national project.
The politics of organising the
countryside: rural cooperatives in
Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Woods Dwayne
Published: July 2002

This article first explores the manner in which the colonial and postcolonial
state in Côte d'Ivoire has sought to develop and animate rural cooperatives
as a means of effecting change in the countryside. It then examines the local
realities that the state has encountered in its attempt to organise and control
rural cooperatives. In particular, the article shows how ethnicity, age, and
contrasting economic interests have undermined state efforts to create sustainable
and effective rural cooperatives at the village level. Finally, the article
looks at how structural adjustment has led to the retreat of the state and
the emergence of a more pluralistic environment in which different rural
associations are now competing to represent the interests of rural producers.
Scattering of drift waves by drift vortices
Authors: DAVYDOVA T. A. , LASHKIN V. M.
Published: July 2002

The scattering of free drift waves by drift vortices is
investigated analytically
in the Born and eikonal approximations. Scattering amplitudes and scattering
cross-section are found for a wide range of parameters of the vortex and
wave.
It is shown that under certain conditions the wave–vortex interaction
becomes
very strong; that is, the scattering cross-section is much more than the
vortex
radius.
Toroidal transport studies in TEXTOR using
lithium laser blow-off injection
Authors: KOCSIS G. , BAKOS J. S. , KÁLVIN S. , KÖNEN L. , MANK G. , POSPIESZCZYK A.
Published: July 2002

The toroidal spread of laser blow-off injected lithium is studied.
The temporal
variation of the toroidal and radial distributions of the first two ionization
stages of cross-field-injected lithium is measured around the injection
location
by a gated, image-intensified CCD camera. Broad atomic distribution and
deep
radial penetration of the injected beam is observed. The toroidal delay
of the
arrival of the Li+
ions is investigated by detecting the intensity of their line
radiation at different toroidal positions away from the injection port.
Possible
explanations for the observations and the possible mechanism for the toroidal
spread are discussed in detail. A comparison of the detected distribution
of Li
ions with a 1D simulation is presented.
Magnetohydrodynamical leaky waves in a
layered plasma
Authors: GONZÁLEZ ALEJANDRO G. , GRATTON JULIO , FARINA SILVIA B.
Published: July 2002

We investigate the existence of MHD leaky waves in compressible
and layered
plasmas. We consider perturbations of complex frequency in a slab
model with
three layers. We develop a general method that includes the ‘cubic
modes’ as
well as other kinds of leaky waves, and allows us to derive many results in
closed form. There are several physical mechanisms that
can produce leakage.
We give two numerical examples to exhibit the different behaviours that can
arise. Finally we comment on the connection of the present
results with those
obtained by other authors, and correct some errors.
Two-dimensional semi-Lagrangian Vlasov
simulations of laser–plasma interaction in the
relativistic regime
Authors: BÉGUÉ M. L. , GHIZZO A. , BERTRAND P. , SONNENDRÜCKER E. , COULAUD O.
Published: July 2002

A semi-Lagrangian two-dimensional fully relativistic Vlasov code for
multicomputer environments is developed to study trapped-particle dynamics in
phase space induced by relativistic modulational and Raman instabilities. Attention
is focused on the efficiency properties of the numerical scheme, which allows a
very fine description of particle dynamics in phase space. Vlasov simulations show
the appearance of coherent vortex structures as a result of the nonlinear saturation
mechanism of the relativistic modulational instability. Growth rates are computed
and found to be in good agreement with theoretical values obtained from the dispersion
relation by Quesnel et al, [Phys. Plasmas4, 3358–3368
(1997)] and Guérin et al. [Phys. Plasmas2,
2807–2814 (1995)]. In the case of coupling between the
relativistic modulational instability and two-plasmon decay, stochastic behaviour
can be observed due to the competition between different plasmas waves.
‘Transmogrifying’ Malaya: the impact of Sir Gerald Templer (1952–54)
Authors: Ramakrishna Kumar
Published: July 2002

This article rebuts recent attempts to diminish Sir Gerald Templer's role in the Malayan Emergency. It contends that the revisionists overlook the decisive psychological impact of Templer's Malayan sojourn. Fundamentally, through very deliberate words and deeds, he gave both government and Malayans confidence that the communists could and would be beaten.
Protozoan species in three epibenthic areas of the Cantabrian Sea: relations with environmental factors
Authors: Fernandez-Leborans Gregorio
Published: July 2002

Protozoan communities at three beaches on the Cantabrian Sea were studied. Four stations along a transect of 150 m at each beach were chosen for this study. The following parameters were measured: temperature, pH, oxidation–reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, salinity, nitrate, phosphate, granulometry and amount of organic matter. Four groups of protozoa (ciliates, non-dinoflagellate flagellates, dinoflagellates and sarcodines) were analysed for their abundance and diversity, as well as the influence of the measured parameters on the communities. Temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen were the main factors responsible for seasonal differences. Temperature increased at the beginning of spring and summer, coinciding with growth of the protozoan community. Flagellates and dinoflagellates increased during spring and early summer. The amount of organic matter subsequently rose. The final step of this succession was the development of the ciliate community. A comparison between the same areas in 1989 and in the present study was carried out.
Habitat preferences and residence time for the freshwater to ocean transition stage in Arctic charr
Authors: Bégout Anras M.L. , Gyselman E.C. , Jorgenson J.K. , Kristofferson A.H. , Anras L.
Published: July 2002

Using acoustic telemetry techniques, the movements and habitat utilization of anadromous Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) were determined when they entered the Freshwater Creek Estuary (Cambridge Bay, Northwest Territories, Canada) in the spring. The study was carried out during the transition from full ice cover to open water.

Between 23 June and 1 July 1996, nine adult Arctic charr were tagged with external acoustic transmitters. These fish were tracked until 6 July using two radio-linked acoustic array systems and a portable manual receiver with a directional hydrophone. Two transmitters measured temperature and location, one measured depth and location and the remaining six, location only.

All of the tagged charr remained in Cambridge Bay Estuary until the sea-ice had melted and the mouth of the bay was ice-free. Primarily, they remained in the warmer brackish surface layer which was ∼2 m thick and rarely moved into the colder underlying marine waters. As well, the tagged charr remained either near the shore or over offshore shoals, following the ice-edge as it melted down the estuary. Residence time in the estuary was greater than ten days for some fish. Therefore, in spite of evidence from controlled laboratory studies that have shown that Arctic charr are preadapted to the marine environment and are capable of migrating directly into seawater, this study shows that, in the wild, they prefer to remain in warmer brackish water until the sea-ice has melted and that the transition stage is longer than previously suggested.
The genus Eudorella (Crustacea: Cumacea) from the Yellow Sea, with description of a new species
Authors: Hong Jae-Sang , Park Mi-Ra
Published: July 2002

Two species of the genus Eudorella (Crustacea: Cumacea) were collected and examined from the Yellow Sea. A new species and one new record of Eudorella are described and illustrated. This new species Eudorella hwanghaensis sp. nov. closely resembles E. intermedia, but it differs from the latter species in bearing a distinct apical spine of endopod with uropod peduncle. The distribution of the new species is confined to the central portion of the Yellow Sea, and its distributional range coincides well with that of the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water Mass. Eudorella pacifica is recorded for the first time in Korean waters. It occurred in shallow waters and was distributed widely on both coastal sides of the Yellow Sea.
Zonation of two barnacle species not determined by competition
Authors: Miyamoto Y. , Noda T. , Nakao S.
Published: July 2002

Two barnacle species (Semibalanus cariosus and Chthamalus challengeri) were studied during two years at Hokkaido, northern Japan, to find the interspecies boundary and to determine whether interspecific competition (interference and pre-emption) is important in maintaining the zonation in our study system. Both barnacle species showed tide level dependent distribution patterns in the boundary zone. Semibalanus cariosus was dominant at lower levels; this pattern was determined by post-recruitment mortality. This mortality pattern seemed to be set by physical stress because recruitment density and survival rate were not correlated with the cover of other species, and mortality was higher in higher zones where physical stress is more severe. Chthamalus challengeri was dominant at higher levels; this pattern was determined by recruitment. The recruitment density and survival rate of this species were not affected by the covers of other species, thus, neither interference nor pre-emption significantly affected the distribution pattern. Interspecific competition appears to be less important in organizing barnacle communities in our study area than in previously studied areas, however, the recruitment process is of major importance.
The Mind–Body Problem and Explanatory Dualism
Authors: Maxwell Nicholas
Published: July 2002

An important part of the mind–brain problem arises because consciousness seems inherently resistant to scientific explanation. The solution to this dilemma is to recognize, first, that scientific explanation can only render comprehensible a selected aspect of what there is, and second, that there is a mode of explanation, the personalistic, different from, irreducible to, but as viable as, scientific explanation, in terms of which consciousness can be understood. The problem of explaining why experiential or mental aspects of brain processes or things should be correlated with certain physical processes or things is a non-problem because there is no kind of explanation possible in terms of which an explanation could be couched. A physical theory, amplified to include the experiential, might be predictive but would, necessarily, cease to be explanatory; and an amplified personalistic explanation could not succeed either. There is, in short, an explanation as to why there cannot be an explanation of correlations between physical and mental aspects of processes going on inside our heads. Despite this, there are important, as yet unsolved but solvable problems of knowledge and understanding concerning such correlations. The central serious task for research is to discover how the two explanatory accounts of what goes on inside our heads, physical and personal, are inter-related.
The Indispensability of Character
Authors: Kupperman Joel J.
Published: July 2002

Gilbert Harman has argued that it does not make sense to ascribe character traits to people. The notion of morally virtuous character becomes particularly suspect.

How plausible this is depends on how broad character traits would have to be. Views of character as entirely invariant behavioural tendencies offer a soft target. This paper explores a view that is a less easy target: character traits as specific to kinds of situation, and as involving probabilities or real possibilities. Such ascriptions are not undermined by Harman's arguments, and it remains plausible that the agent's character often is indispensable in explanation of behaviour. Character is indispensable also as processes of control that impose reliability where it really matters.
All Else Being Equal
Authors: Lipton Peter
Published: July 2002

Most laws are ceteris paribus (cp) laws: they say not that all Fs are G but only that All Fs are G all else being equal. Most philosophical accounts of laws, however, have focused on strict laws. This paper considers how some of the standard philosophical problems about laws change when we switch attention from strict to cp laws and what special problems these laws raise. It is argued that some cp laws do not simply reflect the complexity of the world and the limitations of our minds. Correctly interpreted, they reveal the simplicity that underlies the complexity, a simplicity that it is without our cognitive powers to grasp.