bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polyketide mimetics yield structural and mechanistic insights into product template domain function in nonreducing polyketide synthases
Authors: Barajas Jesus F. , Shakya Gaurav , Moreno Gabriel , Rivera Heriberto , Jackson David R. , Topper Caitlyn L. , Vagstad Anna L. , La Clair James J. , Townsend Craig A. , Burkart Michael D. , Tsai Shiou-Chuan
Published: May 2017

Significance

Product template (PT) domains from fungal nonreducing polyketide synthases (NR-PKSs) are responsible for controlling the aldol cyclizations of poly-β-ketone intermediates during polyketide biosynthesis. Our ability to understand the high regioselective control that PT exerts is hindered by the inaccessibility of unstable poly-β-ketones for in vitro studies. We describe here the crystallographic application of “atom replacement” mimetics in which isoxazole rings linked by thioethers mimic the alternating sites of carbonyls in the poly-β-ketone intermediates. The probe contains a heptaketide mimetic tethered to a modified 4′-phosphopantetheine, which provides important empirical evidence for the PT-catalyzed cyclization mechanism. These findings afford a view of a polyketide “atom-replaced” mimetic in a NR-PKS active site that could prove general for other PKS domains.
Biological origins of color categorization
Authors: Skelton Alice E. , Catchpole Gemma , Abbott Joshua T. , Bosten Jenny M. , Franklin Anna
Published: May 2017

Significance

Humans parse the continuum of color into discrete categories (e.g., “red” and “blue”), and the origin of these categories has been debated for many decades. Here, we provide evidence that infants have color categories for red, yellow, green, blue, and purple. We show that infants’ categorical distinctions align strikingly with those that are commonly made in the world’s different color lexicons. We also find that infants’ categorical distinctions relate to the activities of the two neural subsystems responsible for the early stages of color representation. These findings suggest that color categorization is partly organized and constrained by the biological mechanisms of color vision and not arbitrarily constructed by language.
Metaplasticity mechanisms restore plasticity and associativity in an animal model of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Li Qin , Navakkode Sheeja , Rothkegel Martin , Soong Tuck Wah , Sajikumar Sreedharan , Korte Martin
Published: May 2017

Significance

Under physiological conditions, metaplasticity is ideally suited to prepare neuronal networks for encoding specific information, thereby ensuring subsequent learning and long-lasting memory storage. Our memory capacity lies at the heart of all cognitive function, and the correct scaling of synaptic plasticity is vital for normal brain function. Here we present data from amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin-1 (PS1) mice, a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease, indicating that the failure of neurons to scale the predisposition to undergo plasticity after earlier events (i.e., metaplasticity) might be a determinant for disease onset and progression. Our findings indicate that the induction of metaplasticity by ryanodine receptor activation contributes to the reestablishment of plasticity and associativity in hippocampal neurons of APP/PS1 mice and might be a potential therapeutic target.
Ab initio dynamics and photoionization mass spectrometry reveal ion–molecule pathways from ionized acetylene clusters to benzene cation
Authors: Stein Tamar , Bandyopadhyay Biswajit , Troy Tyler P. , Fang Yigang , Kostko Oleg , Ahmed Musahid , Head-Gordon Martin
Published: May 2017

Significance

The formation of benzene and its cation constitutes a likely gateway to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are the bridge to larger carbonaceous material such as soot in combustion processes and interstellar dust. Our paper reports computational and experimental results that address the long-standing puzzle of how ion–molecule reactions involving small unsaturated organics, such as acetylene, which is widespread in the interstellar medium, can lead to benzene cation. We present insights into the facile way in which C
6
H
6
+
products, including benzene cation, can be accessed after ionization of cold isolated neutral clusters, and show that there is a catalytic role for what are nominally spectator acetylene molecules.
Preferences for group dominance track and mediate the effects of macro-level social inequality and violence across societies
Authors: Kunst Jonas R. , Fischer Ronald , Sidanius Jim , Thomsen Lotte
Published: May 2017

Significance

Individuals differ in the degree to which they endorse group-based hierarchies in which some social groups dominate others. Much research demonstrates that among individuals this preference robustly predicts ideologies and behaviors enhancing and sustaining social hierarchies (e.g., racism, sexism, and prejudice). Combining aggregate archival data from 27 countries (n= 41,824) and multilevel data from 30 US states (n= 4,613) with macro-level indicators, we demonstrate that the degree of structural inequality, social instability, and violence in different countries and US states is reflected in their populations’ minds in the form of support of group-based hegemony. This support, in turn, increases individual endorsement of ideologies and behaviors that ultimately sustain group-based inequality, such as the ethnic persecution of immigrants.
Body sway reflects leadership in joint music performance
Authors: Chang Andrew , Livingstone Steven R. , Bosnyak Dan J. , Trainor Laurel J.
Published: May 2017

Significance

People perform tasks in coordination with others in daily life, but the mechanisms are not well understood. Using Granger causality models to examine string quartet dynamics, we demonstrated that musicians assigned as leaders affect other performers more than musicians assigned as followers. These effects were present during performance, when musicians could only hear each other, but were magnified when they could also see each other, indicating that both auditory and visual cues affect nonverbal social interactions. Furthermore, the overall degree of coupling between musicians was positively correlated with ratings of performance success. Thus, we have developed a method for measuring nonverbal interaction in complex situations and have shown that interaction dynamics are affected by social relations and perceptual cues.
Structural basis for cancer immunotherapy by the first-in-class checkpoint inhibitor ipilimumab
Authors: Ramagopal Udupi A. , Liu Weifeng , Garrett-Thomson Sarah C. , Bonanno Jeffrey B. , Yan Qingrong , Srinivasan Mohan , Wong Susan C. , Bell Alasdair , Mankikar Shilpa , Rangan Vangipuram S. , Deshpande Shrikant , Korman Alan J. , Almo Steven C.
Published: May 2017

Significance

Biologics represent a major class of therapeutics for the treatment of malignancies, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. Ipilimumab is the first-in-class immunotherapeutic for blockade of CTLA-4 and significantly benefits overall survival of patients with metastatic melanoma. The X-ray crystal structure of the ipilimumab:CTLA-4 complex defines the atomic interactions responsible for affinity and selectivity and demonstrates that the therapeutic action of ipilimumab is due to direct steric competition with the B7 ligands for binding to CTLA-4.
Coronavirus nonstructural protein 15 mediates evasion of dsRNA sensors and limits apoptosis in macrophages
Authors: Deng Xufang , Hackbart Matthew , Mettelman Robert C. , O’Brien Amornrat , Mielech Anna M. , Yi Guanghui , Kao C. Cheng , Baker Susan C.
Published: May 2017

Significance

Macrophages are immune cells equipped with multiple double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) sensors designed to detect viral infection and amplify innate antiviral immunity. However, many coronaviruses can infect and propagate in macrophages without activating dsRNA sensors. Here we present a function of murine coronavirus nonstructural protein 15 in preventing detection of viral dsRNA by host sensors. We show that coronaviruses expressing a mutant form of nonstructural protein 15 allow for activation of dsRNA sensors, resulting in an early induction of interferon, rapid apoptosis of macrophages, and a protective immune response in mice. Identifying the strategies used by viruses to evade detection provides us with new approaches for generating vaccines that elicit robust innate immune responses and protective immunity.
Carbon dioxide sources from Alaska driven by increasing early winter respiration from Arctic tundra
Authors: Commane Róisín , Lindaas Jakob , Benmergui Joshua , Luus Kristina A. , Chang Rachel Y.-W. , Daube Bruce C. , Euskirchen Eugénie S. , Henderson John M. , Karion Anna , Miller John B. , Miller Scot M. , Parazoo Nicholas C. , Randerson James T. , Sweeney Colm , Tans Pieter , Thoning Kirk , Veraverbeke Sander , Miller Charles E. , Wofsy Steven C.
Published: May 2017

Significance

Rising arctic temperatures could mobilize reservoirs of soil organic carbon trapped in permafrost. We present the first quantitative evidence for large, regional-scale early winter respiration flux, which more than offsets carbon uptake in summer in the Arctic. Data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Barrow station indicate that October through December emissions of CO
2
from surrounding tundra increased by 73% since 1975, supporting the view that rising temperatures have made Arctic ecosystems a net source of CO
2
. It has been known for over 50 y that tundra soils remain unfrozen and biologically active in early winter, yet many Earth System Models do not correctly represent this phenomenon or the associated CO
2
emissions, and hence they underestimate current, and likely future, CO
2
emissions under climate change.
Dynamic remodeling of the dynamin helix during membrane constriction
Authors: Colom Adai , Redondo-Morata Lorena , Chiaruttini Nicolas , Roux Aurélien , Scheuring Simon
Published: May 2017

Significance

The GTPase dynamin catalyzes membrane fission and is essential in endocytosis and other events such as organelle division. Dynamin is a unique molecular motor with torsional and contractile abilities. Because these abilities involve a conformational change at the whole-polymer level, standard structural biology tools have not been able to fully unravel the mechanism by which it constricts and twists. Here we used high-speed atomic force microscopy to image the constriction and fission of dynamin-coated tubules with subnanometer and subsecond resolution. Our results provide important findings to establish the contribution of the various constriction mechanisms.
Adaptation of cone pigments found in green rods for scotopic vision through a single amino acid mutation
Authors: Kojima Keiichi , Matsutani Yuki , Yamashita Takahiro , Yanagawa Masataka , Imamoto Yasushi , Yamano Yumiko , Wada Akimori , Hisatomi Osamu , Nishikawa Kanto , Sakurai Keisuke , Shichida Yoshinori
Published: May 2017

Significance

Anurans are unique in possessing two types of rod photoreceptor cells, red and green rods. Red rods express rhodopsin, whereas green rods express blue-sensitive cone visual pigment. Rhodopsin exhibits a low rate of thermal isomerization of the retinal chromophore, which enables rods to detect photons with extremely high signal-to-noise for scotopic vision. Here, we show that anuran blue-sensitive cone pigments acquired a rhodopsin-like property through a single amino acid mutation at position 47 in the evolutionary process from other cone pigments. Thus, anurans have special blue-sensitive cone pigments for the contribution of green rods to the low threshold of light detection, which could form the molecular basis in tandem with red rods containing rhodopsin in scotopic color vision.
Erythritol is a pentose-phosphate pathway metabolite and associated with adiposity gain in young adults
Authors: Hootman Katie C. , Trezzi Jean-Pierre , Kraemer Lisa , Burwell Lindsay S. , Dong Xiangyi , Guertin Kristin A. , Jaeger Christian , Stover Patrick J. , Hiller Karsten , Cassano Patricia A.
Published: May 2017

Significance

The prevention of weight gain in adulthood is a public health challenge, particularly given the difficulty of losing weight. Data on freshmen were collected at the beginning and end of the academic year, and baseline blood samples were studied to find markers of incident weight gain. A metabolite, erythritol, was elevated at the beginning of the year in freshmen who went on to gain weight, fat, and abdominal fat compared with freshmen with stable weight. Erythritol is a sugar substitute low-calorie sweetener, and prior studies claimed no endogenous synthesis. We report a previously unrecognized metabolism of glucose to erythritol, and given the association between erythritol and weight gain, research is needed to understand whether and how this pathway contributes to weight gain risk.
Selective targeting of point-mutated KRAS through artificial microRNAs
Authors: Acunzo Mario , Romano Giulia , Nigita Giovanni , Veneziano Dario , Fattore Luigi , Laganà Alessandro , Zanesi Nicola , Fadda Paolo , Fassan Matteo , Rizzotto Lara , Kladney Raleigh , Coppola Vincenzo , Croce Carlo M.
Published: May 2017

Significance

Recently, small interfering RNAs have been used to specifically target point-mutated KRAS, yet without sufficiently discriminating its wild-type counterpart. Here, we describe an innovative approach based on the development of artificial microRNAs able to efficiently target mutated KRAS, leaving their normal counterpart unaffected and preventing major side effects.
Hypoxia treatment reverses neurodegenerative disease in a mouse model of Leigh syndrome
Authors: Ferrari Michele , Jain Isha H. , Goldberger Olga , Rezoagli Emanuele , Thoonen Robrecht , Cheng Kai-Hung , Sosnovik David E. , Scherrer-Crosbie Marielle , Mootha Vamsi K. , Zapol Warren M.
Published: May 2017

Significance

Inherited or acquired defects in mitochondria lead to devastating disorders for which we have no effective general therapies. We recently reported that breathing normobaric 11% O
2
prevents neurodegeneration in a mouse model of a pediatric mitochondrial disease, Leigh syndrome. Here we provide updated survival curves of mice treated with varying doses of oxygen and explore eventual causes of death. We explore alternative hypoxia regimens and report that neither intermittent nor moderate hypoxia regimens suffice to prevent neurological disease. Finally, we show that hypoxia can not only prevent, but also reverses the brain lesions in mice with advanced neuropathology. Our preclinical studies will help guide future clinical studies aimed at harnessing hypoxia as a safe and practical therapy.
Heritability analysis with repeat measurements and its application to resting-state functional connectivity
Authors: Ge Tian , Holmes Avram J. , Buckner Randy L. , Smoller Jordan W. , Sabuncu Mert R.
Published: May 2017

Significance

Heritability is a fundamental metric in population genetics. Existing heritability models lump together stable effects (e.g., due to the subject’s unique environment) and transient effects, such as measurement error. This can result in misleading assessments when comparing the heritability of traits that exhibit different levels of reliability. This paper presents a heritability estimation strategy that can account for transient intrasubject variation using repeat measurements. Using the proposed method, we show that the stable components of functional connectivity within and across well-established large-scale brain networks can be considerably heritable. With the explosive expansion of genomics, health informatics, and digital phenotyping technologies, the proposed model will be significant in dissecting the genetic basis of a wide range of informative but noisy phenotypes.
Common general anesthetic propofol impairs kinesin processivity
Authors: Bensel Brandon M. , Guzik-Lendrum Stephanie , Masucci Erin M. , Woll Kellie A. , Eckenhoff Roderic G. , Gilbert Susan P.
Published: May 2017

Significance

Kinesins are major transporters of cargos toward the cell periphery. They are highly expressed in the CNS, and their dysfunction leads to a wide range of human pathologies, including neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases, ciliopathies, epilepsy, and birth defects. We have discovered that the widely used general anesthetic propofol shortens the distance that kinesins travel, but their velocity remains unchanged. These results suggest that propofol is not binding at the ATP site or allosteric sites that affect ATP turnover, leading to the conclusion that the allosteric sites form on microtubule association. We postulate that general anesthetics bind specifically to transport kinesins and/or the kinesin–β-tubulin interface, and diminish their ability to transport critical cargos, thereby contributing to the pleiotropic state of anesthesia.
H
2
O
2
-responsive liposomal nanoprobe for photoacoustic inflammation imaging and tumor theranostics via in vivo chromogenic assay
Authors: Chen Qian , Liang Chao , Sun Xiaoqi , Chen Jiawen , Yang Zhijuan , Zhao He , Feng Liangzhu , Liu Zhuang
Published: May 2017

Significance

Hydrogen peroxide is closely associated with many important physiological and pathological events. Herein, we develop a liposomal nanoprobe for in vivo H
2
O
2
-responsive chromogenic assay, which is highly specific and sensitive to H
2
O
2
. Using such a nanoprobe, photoacoustic imaging of H
2
O
2
-related inflammation processes in mice induced by either LPS or bacteria is realized. Meanwhile, such a nanoprobe, by reacting with endogenous H
2
O
2
produced by tumor cells, allows sensitive photoacoustic imaging of early-stage small tumors and orthotopic brain glioma and even enables accurate differentiation of metastatic sentinel lymph nodes from nonmetastatic ones. Furthermore, owing to its H
2
O
2
-responsive near-infrared absorbance, selective photothermal ablation of tumors is also achieved, illustrating the promise of using this nanoproble for tumor theranostics with great specificity.
Ectopic protein interactions within BRD4–chromatin complexes drive oncogenic megadomain formation in NUT midline carcinoma
Authors: Alekseyenko Artyom A. , Walsh Erica M. , Zee Barry M. , Pakozdi Tibor , Hsi Peter , Lemieux Madeleine E. , Dal Cin Paola , Ince Tan A. , Kharchenko Peter V. , Kuroda Mitzi I. , French Christopher A.
Published: May 2017

Significance

Chromatin factors generally act within large, multisubunit complexes; thus, identifying both their normal and aberrant interactors in cancer should provide important information regarding potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Here, we apply this principle to analysis of BRD4–NUT, a fusion oncoprotein that drives an aggressive subtype of squamous cell cancer. We identify ZNF532 as a prominent BRD4–NUT–interacting protein in an established NUT midline carcinoma patient cell line, and independently discover ZNF532 fused directly to NUT in a newly analyzed patient. Like BRD4–NUT, ZNF532–NUT forms unusually large (100-kb to 1-Mb) domains of hyperactive chromatin, including at the
MYC
locus, and drives self-reinforcing regulatory loops that are likely to be a powerful strategy for the growth advantage of cancer cells.
Modeling the response of a tumor-suppressive network to mitogenic and oncogenic signals
Authors: Tian Xinyu , Huang Bo , Zhang Xiao-Peng , Lu Mingyang , Liu Feng , Onuchic José N. , Wang Wei
Published: May 2017

Significance

Mammalian cells have evolved to develop multiple mechanisms for tumor suppression. It remains challenging to dissect the dynamic mechanism by which signaling proteins are engaged in inhibiting aberrant cell proliferation. Here, we propose a comprehensive network model composed of three signaling pathways and show how this network responds to mitogenic and oncogenic signals. This modeling approach elucidates how a precise temporal control of signaling pathways modulates the cellular response. We reveal the underlying principle for cell-fate decision and identify the roles of the different network components in tumor inhibition. This study sheds light on how the tumor-suppressive function can be modulated by the dynamics of the signaling proteins.
In vivo engineering of bone tissues with hematopoietic functions and mixed chimerism
Authors: Shih Yu-Ru , Kang Heemin , Rao Vikram , Chiu Yu-Jui , Kwon Seong Keun , Varghese Shyni
Published: May 2017

Significance

Current bone marrow (BM) or hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantations require recipient conditioning that is accompanied by significant adverse effects in patients. Here, we report engineering of bone tissues with a functional BM compartment in vivo by modular assembly of mineralized and nonmineralized macroporous structures. These engineered bone tissues support maintenance of donor hematopoietic cells, respond to an HSC mobilization agent, and yield higher mixed chimerism in circulation of nonirradiated recipient mice compared with that of intravenous transplantation. Such engineered bone tissues could potentially be used as ectopic BM surrogates to treat various nonmalignant BM diseases and as a tool to study hematopoiesis, donor–host cell dynamics, tumor tropism, and hematopoietic cell transplantation.
Anomalous thermal diffusivity in underdoped YBa
2
Cu
3
O
6+x
Authors: Zhang Jiecheng , Levenson-Falk Eli M. , Ramshaw B. J. , Bonn D. A. , Liang Ruixing , Hardy W. N. , Hartnoll Sean A. , Kapitulnik Aharon
Published: May 2017

Significance

Transport in the so-called “bad metallic” regime of strongly correlated electron systems with no well-defined electronic quasiparticles has been a long-standing challenge in theoretical physics. This challenge has motivated collection of an ample amount of data on bad metals. However, so far, emphasis has been given to the charge sector, with the host crystal lattice treated as a well-defined phonon background. In this paper, we show that, for cuprates in the bad metallic regime where resistivity exceeds the “Mott–Ioffe–Regel” limit, phonon excitations are also not well-defined. The data lead to a thermal transport scenario where entropy is carried by an overdamped diffusive fluid of electrons and phonons characterized by a unique velocity and a quantum-limited relaxation time

ℏ
/

k
B

T

.
Social propinquity in rodents as measured by tube cooccupancy differs between inbred and outbred genotypes
Authors: Tuttle Alexander H. , Tansley Shannon , Dossett Kimberly , Tohyama Sarasa , Khoutorsky Arkady , Maldonado-Bouchard Sioui , Stein Liane , Gerstein Lindsey , Crawhall-Duk Hayley , Pearl Rebecca , Sukosd Melissa , Leger Philip , Hardt Oliver M. , Yachnin David , Austin Jean-Sebastien , Chan Claire M. , Pooters Tine , Groves Isabelle , Martin Loren J. , Sonenberg Nahum , Gkogkas Christos G. , Mogil Jeffrey S.
Published: May 2017

Significance

We developed an assay of social behavior, the tube cooccupancy test. This assay is able to identify deficits in social behavior of known “autistic-like” mouse strains. Using the test, we revealed a major difference in social behavior between inbred and outbred strains, with only the latter behaving similar to wild mice.
Hsp104 disaggregase at normal levels cures many [PSI+] prion variants in a process promoted by Sti1p, Hsp90, and Sis1p
Authors: Gorkovskiy Anton , Reidy Michael , Masison Daniel C. , Wickner Reed B.
Published: May 2017

Significance

Prions (infectious proteins) pose a substantial risk to yeast, as they do for humans. Overproduction of the disaggregase, Hsp104, has long been known capable of curing [PSI+], a prion based on amyloid formation by the Sup35 protein. We find that most [PSI+] variants arising spontaneously in the absence of this Hsp104 overproduction curing activity are cured when that activity is restored at normal levels. This activity is thus an antiprion system, largely protecting the cells from prion formation by this protein.
Atypical interactions of integrin α
V
β
8
with pro-TGF-β1
Authors: Wang Jianchuan , Dong Xianchi , Zhao Bo , Li Jing , Lu Chafen , Springer Timothy A.
Published: May 2017

Significance

Integrins are cell-surface molecules that link extracellular ligands to the cytoskeleton. Force exerted by the cytoskeleton that is resisted by the ligand is thought to be important in activating the integrin by stabilizing an extended-open conformational state with high affinity for ligand. However, integrin α
V
β
8
does not interact with the cytoskeleton in the same way. Here, we show that, although the closely related integrins α
V
β
8
and α
V
β
6
bind the same ligand, pro-TGF-β1, their conformational responses to ligand binding and regulation by metal ions are quite different. These differences correlate with their distinct linkage to the cytoskeleton.
Mandarinization and the construction of Chinese ethnicity in Singapore
Authors: Wong Kevin Zi-Hao , Tan Ying-Ying
Published: May 2017

This paper examines the process of Mandarinization in Singapore, and the effects of this process on the construction of Chinese ethnicity in Singapore. It does this through an analysis of official government speeches, followed by a questionnaire study examining the beliefs and attitudes of Chinese Singaporeans toward three varieties of Mandarin-Chinese, as well as Chinese “dialects” and English. The discourse analysis reveals an underlying assertion of a primordial relationship between Mandarin-Chinese and Chinese ethnicity. This, however, is not reflected in the beliefs of Chinese Singaporeans, who value Mandarin-Chinese for mainly instrumental reasons, and associated with a foreign standard. Chinese ethnicity in Singapore is instead constructed through a combination of Mandarin-Chinese, “dialects” and English. Ultimately, such a discrepancy results from Mandrinization’s dependence on an oversimplified understanding of language and ethnicity in Singapore.
The updated Vocabulary Levels Test
Authors: Webb Stuart , Sasao Yosuke , Ballance Oliver
Published: May 2017

The Vocabulary Levels Test (Nation, 1983; Schmitt, Schmitt, & Clapham, 2001) indicates the word frequency level that should be used to select words for learning. The present study involves the development and validation of two new forms of the test. The new forms consist of five levels measuring knowledge of vocabulary at the 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 levels. Items for the tests were sourced from Nation’s (2012) BNC/COCA word lists. The research involved first identifying quality items using the data from 1,463 test takers to create two equivalent forms, and then evaluating the forms with the data from a further 250 test takers. This study also makes an initial attempt to validate the new forms using Messick’s (1989, 1995) validity framework.
Comprehensive corrective feedback on low and high proficiency writers
Authors: Bonilla López Marisela , Van Steendam Elke , Buyse Kris
Published: May 2017

This study investigated the effects of comprehensive feedback on learners’ grammatical accuracy during text revision and in new writing tasks in light of proficiency level. It also sought to determine to what extent learners’ proficiency level plays a role in their feedback preferences and attitudes towards the feedback. The participants were 52 low proficiency and 39 high proficiency foreign language university learners, who were randomly assigned to a direct corrective feedback, a metalinguistic feedback with rule reminders, and a self-correction group. All learners wrote four compositions and completed a questionnaire after the treatment to elicit their attitudes towards the feedback and their feedback preferences. Results showed that the treatment effectively enhanced both low and high proficiency learners’ immediate grammatical accuracy and accuracy improvement. Also, a relation between proficiency level and learners’ attitudes towards the feedback as well as an association between proficiency level and learners’ feedback preferences were found.
The linguistic reconstruction of the past
Authors: Jacquesson François , van Breugel Seino
Published: May 2017

I will first describe (1) the linguistic situation in modern-day Assam (Northeast India) and the historical hypotheses that might
explain it. These hypotheses are subjected to criticism. Next, I will analyse (2) in detail, the phonological concordances in the
Tibeto-Burman languages and dialects of Central Assam that form the Boro-Garo group. I will present detailed criteria – the most
detailed of all will concern the diphthongs – with examples, which will enable us to classify the languages. Using these criteria
will also allow us to take advantage of certain ancient sources of information on dialects which are, in some cases, extinct. The
study (3) of other Tibeto-Burman languages will consolidate our criteria and specify their historical development. Finally (4), I
will propose a historical reconstruction of linguistic layers, after which (5) I will emphasise the importance of the distinction,
central to our discussion, between language change and ethnic change (where cultural and physical anthropology follow distinct
paths) before proposing a basis for a more general investigation of the Boro-Garo languages.

Northeastern India is home to a great number of languages, mainly from the Tibeto-Burman, Mon-Khmer, Tai and Indo-Aryan groups.
This paper first summarises the current historical interpretations of this plethora, and concentrates on the Tibeto-Burman
languages spoken in the lowlands, sc. the Boro-Garo subgroup. A phonological comparative assessment of the data provides a
classification with definite criteria, and suggests historical interpretation. Central to this comparative study are the vowel
systems, the analysis of which allows us to understand far better (and to use more appropriately) the older lexical lists from
1805. The result of this assessment is a new direction of research, when it appears that the Zeliangrong languages (traditionally
taken as Southern Naga) offer a remarkable and certainly unexpected linguistic link between the Boro-Garo and the Kuki Chin (and
Naga) languages. The paper exemplifies how language histories remain distinct from ethnic and political developments, and makes a
useful contribution to a finer historical understanding of complex human situations.
Picturing Pasargadae: Visual Representation and the Ambiguities of Heritage in Iran
Authors: Mozaffari Ali
Published: May 2017

For Graham Seal

This paper probes the relationship between visual representations and visitation practices at Pasargadae, a UNESCO World Heritage site in southern Iran. Presenting a systematic analysis of publicly available online images of Pasargadae, the paper examines the complex relationship between the place and its visual representations. Through analysis, the paper elaborates on a sense of intimacy that, while grounding Pasargadae, is also a potential common ground in pre-Islamic heritage in which the Iranian state and society could at once meet and contest versions of identity. Examining this relationship facilitates reflections into both heritage and the peculiarities of its visual representation in the Iranian context.
Barriers to Patient-Centered Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Care with African American Patients who use Drugs: Social Construction of the Typical and Ideal Care Visit
Authors: Carlberg-Racich Suzanne , Roden Lindsey
Published: May 2017

Background: A successful patient-provider relationship ensures that patients are treated as individuals and receive appropriate care for their unique circumstances. For this to occur, the relationship needs open communication and trust. African American persons who inject drugs (PWIDs) and who smoke crack cocaine are at elevated risks of poor health outcomes and are often lost to care. In addition, providers often experience difficulty serving this population. Although some barriers are documented in the peer-reviewed literature, this study sought to provide in-depth context to the relationship and how it is constructed. Methods: Individual, semistructured interviews were conducted with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care providers and their patients, specifically PWIDs and persons who smoke crack cocaine, in publicly funded HIV clinics in low-resource urban communities. n = 31 patients and n = 7 providers were interviewed about their perceptions of the other and the relationship. Interview transcripts were coded and analyzed for common themes, which were used to generate a conceptual, constructionist model of the HIV care visit. Results: Common patient themes included the tendency to describe providers in familial terms, match between their current provider and ideal provider, concern about stigma related to their use, and expression of unmet needs. Provider themes revealed less match with their ideal patient—preferring patients who were both abstinent and adherent, and expressing frustration with patient refusal to change. Conclusions: Thematic results were used to create a visual and conceptual model for the HIV care visit. The model demonstrates both the positive and negative perceptions that inform the visit, and the barriers that impede a more fruitful patient-provider dynamic with a shared power structure. Provider training in communication and other identified topics may begin to lay the foundation for a shift in this structure.
Molecular diversity of tuliposide B-converting enzyme in tulip (Tulipa gesneriana): identification of the root-specific isozyme
Authors: Nomura Taiji , Ueno Ayaka , Ogita Shinjiro , Kato Yasuo
Published: May 2017

6-Tuliposide B (PosB) is a glucose ester accumulated in tulip (Tulipa gesneriana) as a major secondary metabolite. PosB serves as the precursor of the antimicrobial lactone tulipalin B (PaB), which is formed by PosB-converting enzyme (TCEB). The gene TgTCEB1, encoding a TCEB, is transcribed in tulip pollen but scarcely transcribed in other tissues (e.g. roots) even though those tissues show high TCEB activity. This led to the prediction of the presence of a TCEB isozyme with distinct tissue specificity. Herein, we describe the identification of the TgTCEB-R gene from roots via native enzyme purification; this gene is a paralog of TgTCEB1. Recombinant enzyme characterization verified that TgTCEB-R encodes a TCEB. Moreover, TgTCEB-R was localized in tulip plastids, as found for pollen TgTCEB1. TgTCEB-R is transcribed almost exclusively in roots, indicating a tissue preference for the transcription of TCEB isozyme genes.
The spalling limit in transversely isotropic materials, the prediction of the maximum height of failure, and the design of long-tendon roof support systems
Authors: Seedsman Ross
Published: May 2017

In bedded sedimentary rocks with low strength relative to the stress conditions the maximum height of failure above roadways and tunnels can be predicted using the spalling limit concept and a parameter to address transverse isotropy. For siltstones and mudstones a spalling limit of 50° and Young's modulus/independent shear modulus ratio of 100 can be used for roof support design. Using this failure criterion, simple design charts can be produced to provide an appreciation of the roof support requirements in various mining situations. Bulking factors can be applied to the predicted failure heights to provide roof deformation triggers.
The effect of two different interval‐training programmes on physiological and performance indices
Authors: Sindiani Mahmood , Eliakim Alon , Segev Daria , Meckel Yoav
Published: May 2017

The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of an increasing‐distance, interval‐training programme and a decreasing‐distance, interval‐training programme, matched for total distance, on aerobic and anaerobic physiological indices. Forty physical education students were randomly assigned to either the increasing‐ or decreasing‐distance, interval‐training group (ITG and DTG), and completed two similar relevant sets of tests before and after six weeks of training. One training programme consisted of increasing‐distance interval‐training (100–200–300–400–500 m) and the other decreasing‐distance interval training (500–400–300–200–100 m). While both training programmes led to a significant improvement in VO2 max (ES = 0.83–1.25), the improvement in the DTG was significantly greater than in the ITG (14.5 ± 3.6 vs. 7.8 ± 3.2%, p < .05). In addition, while both training programmes led to a significant improvement in all anaerobic indices (ES = 0.83–1.63), the improvements in peak power (15.7 ± 7.8 vs. 8.9 ± 4.7), mean power (10.6 ± 5.4 vs. 6.8 ± 4.4), and fatigue index (18.2 ± 10.9 vs. 7.0 ± 14.2) were significantly greater in the DTG compared to the ITG (p < .05). The main finding of the present study was that beyond the significant positive effects of both training programmes on aerobic and anaerobic fitness, the DTG showed significant superiority over the ITG in improving aerobic and anaerobic performance capabilities. Coaches and athletes should therefore be aware that, in spite of identical total work, an interval‐training programme might induce different physiological impacts if the order of intervals is not identical.
Self- or familiar-face recognition advantage? New insight using ambient images
Authors: Bortolon Catherine , Lorieux Siméon , Raffard Stéphane
Published: May 2017

Self-face recognition has been widely explored in the past few years. Nevertheless, the current literature relies on the use of standardized photographs which do not represent daily-life face recognition. Therefore, we aim for the first time to evaluate self-face processing in healthy individuals using natural/ambient images which contain variations in the environment and in the face itself. In total, 40 undergraduate and graduate students performed a forced delayed-matching task, including images of one’s own face, friend, famous and unknown individuals. For both reaction time and accuracy, results showed that participants were faster and more accurate when matching different images of their own face compared to both famous and unfamiliar faces. Nevertheless, no significant differences were found between self-face and friend-face and between friend-face and famous-face. They were also faster and more accurate when matching friend and famous faces compared to unfamiliar faces. Our results suggest that faster and more accurate responses to self-face might be better explained by a familiarity effect – that is, (1) the result of frequent exposition to one’s own image through mirror and photos, (2) a more robust mental representation of one’s own face and (3) strong face recognition units as for other familiar faces.
Temporal and Spatial Occurrence of Mesopelagic Fish Larvae during Epipelagic Drift Associated with Hydrographic Features in the Gaoping Coastal Waters off Southwestern Taiwan
Authors: Hsieh Hung-Yen , Meng Pei-Jie , Chang Yun-Chen , Lo Wen-Tseng
Published: May 2017

This study analyzed the spatiotemporal occurrences of mesopelagic fish larvae in relation to environmental forcing in the Gaoping coastal waters off southwestern Taiwan during August 22–23, 2014 (summer), December 5–6, 2014 (winter), and April 28–29, 2015 (spring). Forty taxa or morphotypes of mesopelagic fish larvae were identified. Skinnycheek Lanternfish Benthosema pterotum (19.1%), Bristlemouth Cyclothone alba (11.6%), Spinycheek Lanternfish B. fibulatum (10.8%), Benthosema spp. (9.4%), and Neoscopelus spp. (9.2%) were the five predominant taxa. Maximum abundance of these taxa generally occurred during the cold period (winter and spring). Although the temporal difference in the abundance of mesopelagic fish larvae was not significant, the assemblage of mesopelagic fish larvae was more diverse in winter than in other seasons. Cluster and distance-based linear model analysis suggested a distinctly structured assemblage of mesopelagic fish larvae. The intrusion of the Kuroshio Branch Current played an important role in the transport of mesopelagic fish larvae. The distribution of mesopelagic fish larvae was closely related to the hydrographic features, with surface temperature and mixed-layer depth being the major factors affecting the occurrence of mesopelagic fish larvae. Also, the vertical mixing of the water column in winter induced the vertical distribution of natural food favorable for mesopelagic fish larvae.
Characterization of Depth Distributions, Temperature Associations, and Seasonal Migrations of Atlantic Halibut in the Gulf of St. Lawrence using Pop-Up Satellite Archival Tags
Authors: Murphy Hannah M. , Fisher Jonathan A. D. , Le Bris Arnault , Desgagnés Mathieu , Castonguay Martin , Loher Timothy , Robert Dominique
Published: May 2017

The fishery for Atlantic Halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Gulf) is currently experiencing its highest landings since the 1950s. However, the absence of information on adult habitat use has limited the development of new survey methodologies. The aim of this study was to use pop-up satellite archival tags on large (≥108-cm) halibut in the Gulf to provide data on seasonal temperature associations, depth distributions, and migrations. Twenty Atlantic Halibut were tagged in 2013 and 15 were tagged in 2015 at two different locations in the northern Gulf. Atlantic Halibut overwintered in the central and northern Gulf based on six tag pop-offs. In the winter in both studies, halibut were distributed at 160–440 m depth with a narrow temperature association of 5.5–6.5°C, which corresponded with the bathymetry and hydrography of the Gulf rather than the deeper and colder waters of the continental shelf where the southern stock occurs. Spawning rises were identified from the depth data for two halibut in 2013 and six halibut in 2015. In the summer, halibut had a wide range of depth (20–200 m) and temperature (−1.5°C to +15.0°C) associations, and tag pop-offs in August indicated feeding grounds off the northwestern coast of Newfoundland. There was a broad geographic distribution of final pop-offs in 2013, but in 2015 all tags popped off close (<55 km) to the original tagging site. These seasonal depth distributions and temperature associations will be used to inform Atlantic Halibut stock assessments and management decisions.
Myeloid-derived miR-223 regulates intestinal inflammation via repression of the NLRP3 inflammasome
Authors: Neudecker Viola , Haneklaus Moritz , Jensen Owen , Khailova Ludmila , Masterson Joanne C. , Tye Hazel , Biette Kathryn , Jedlicka Paul , Brodsky Kelley S. , Gerich Mark E. , Mack Matthias , Robertson Avril A.B. , Cooper Matthew A. , Furuta Glenn T. , Dinarello Charles A. , O’Neill Luke A. , Eltzschig Holger K. , Masters Seth L. , McNamee Eóin N.
Published: May 2017

MicroRNA (miRNA)-mediated RNA interference regulates many immune processes, but how miRNA circuits orchestrate aberrant intestinal inflammation during inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is poorly defined. Here, we report that miR-223 limits intestinal inflammation by constraining the nlrp3 inflammasome. miR-223 was increased in intestinal biopsies from patients with active IBD and in preclinical models of intestinal inflammation. miR-223-/y mice presented with exacerbated myeloid-driven experimental colitis with heightened clinical, histopathological, and cytokine readouts. Mechanistically, enhanced NLRP3 inflammasome expression with elevated IL-1β was a predominant feature during the initiation of colitis with miR-223 deficiency. Depletion of CCR2+ inflammatory monocytes and pharmacologic blockade of IL-1β or NLRP3 abrogated this phenotype. Generation of a novel mouse line, with deletion of the miR-223 binding site in the NLRP3 3′ untranslated region, phenocopied the characteristics of miR-223-/y mice. Finally, nanoparticle-mediated overexpression of miR-223 attenuated experimental colitis, NLRP3 levels, and IL-1β release. Collectively, our data reveal a previously unappreciated role for miR-223 in regulating the innate immune response during intestinal inflammation.
Supplementary comparisons of COOMET in the field of measurements of liquids kinematical viscosity COOMET.M.V-S1
Authors: Demyanov A A , Tsurko A A
Published: May 2017

In the comparisons three Newtonian liquid samples were used with nominal values of 20 mm2/s 100 mm2/s and 1000 mm2/s ('20', '100' and '1000' respectively) at 20 °C. Each NMI presented results of measurements values kinematic viscosity samples, uncertainty and uncertainty budget.

The purpose of these comparisons was confirmation of measurement and calibration capabilities (CMC) of the relevant NMI.

As a reference the values of kinematic viscosity reference samples were taken as average values of measurement results obtained in the research laboratory of the national standards and research in the field of measurements of viscosity and density of the D I Mendeleev Institute for Metrology (VNIIM, RF), as a participant in international comparisons CCM.V-K1, BIPM.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Is the Association Between Late Life Morbidity and Disability Attenuated Over Time? Exploring the Dynamic Equilibrium of Morbidity Hypothesis
Authors: Hossin Muhammad Zakir , Östergren Olof , Fors Stefan
Published: May 2017

Objective

There is evidence suggesting that the prevalence of disability in late life has declined over time while the prevalence of chronic diseases has increased. The dynamic equilibrium of morbidity hypothesis suggests that these patterns are due to the attenuation of the morbidity-disability link over time. This study aimed to test this assumption empirically.

Methods

Data were drawn from three repeated cross-sections of SWEOLD, a nationally representative survey of the Swedish population aged 77 years and older. Poisson regression models were fitted to assess the trends in the prevalence of Activities of Daily Living (ADL) disability, Instrumental ADL (IADL) disability, and selected groups of chronic conditions. The changes in the associations between chronic conditions and disabilities were examined on both multiplicative and additive scales.

Results

Between 1992 and 2011, the prevalence of both ADL and IADL disabilities decreased whereas the prevalence of nearly all chronic morbidities increased. Significant attenuations of the morbidity-disability associations were found for cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, poor lung function, and psychological distress.

Discussion

In agreement with the dynamic equilibrium of morbidity hypothesis, this study concludes that the morbidity-disability associations among the Swedish older adults largely waned between 1992 and 2011.
Inferring the annual, seasonal, and spatial distributions of marine species from complementary research and commercial vessels’ catch rates
Authors: Bourdaud Pierre , Travers-Trolet Morgane , Vermard Youen , Cormon Xochitl , Marchal Paul
Published: May 2017

The objective of this study is to analyse at fine scale the annual, seasonal and spatial distributions of several species in the Eastern English Channel (EEC). On the one hand, data obtained from scientific surveys are not available all year through, but are considered to provide consistent yearly and spatially resolved abundance indices. On the other hand, on-board commercial data do cover the whole year, but generally provide a biased perception of stock abundance. The combination of scientific and commercial catches per unit of effort (CPUEs), standardized using a delta-generalized linear model, allowed to infer spatial and monthly dynamics of fish distributions in the EEC, which could be compared with previous knowledge on their life cycles. Considering the scientific survey as a repository, the degree of reliability of commercial CPUEs was assessed with survey-based distribution using the Local Index of Collocation. Large scale information was in agreement with literature, especially for cuttlefish. Fine scale consistency between survey and commercial data was significant for half of the 19 tested species (e.g. whiting, cod). For the other species (e.g. plaice, thornback ray), the results were inconclusive, mainly owing to poor commercial data coverage and/or to particular aspects of the species biology.