bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rapamycin persistently improves cardiac function in aged, male and female mice, even following cessation of treatment
Authors: Quarles Ellen , Basisty Nathan , Chiao Ying Ann , Merrihew Gennifer , Gu Haiwei , Sweetwyne Mariya T. , Fredrickson Jeanne , Nguyen Ngoc‐Han , Razumova Maria , Kooiker Kristina , Moussavi‐Harami Farid , Regnier Michael , Quarles Christopher , MacCoss Michael , Rabinovitch Peter S.
Published: December 2019

Even in healthy aging, cardiac morbidity and mortality increase with age in both mice and humans. These effects include a decline in diastolic function, left ventricular hypertrophy, metabolic substrate shifts, and alterations in the cardiac proteome. Previous work from our laboratory indicated that short‐term (10‐week) treatment with rapamycin, an mTORC1 inhibitor, improved measures of these age‐related changes. In this report, we demonstrate that the rapamycin‐dependent improvement of diastolic function is highly persistent, while decreases in both cardiac hypertrophy and passive stiffness are substantially persistent 8 weeks after cessation of an 8‐week treatment of rapamycin in both male and female 22‐ to 24‐month‐old C57BL/6NIA mice. The proteomic and metabolomic abundance changes that occur after 8 weeks of rapamycin treatment have varying persistence after 8 further weeks without the drug. However, rapamycin did lead to a persistent increase in abundance of electron transport chain (ETC) complex components, most of which belonged to Complex I. Although ETC protein abundance and Complex I activity were each differentially affected in males and females, the ratio of Complex I activity to Complex I protein abundance was equally and persistently reduced after rapamycin treatment in both sexes. Thus, rapamycin treatment in the aged mice persistently improved diastolic function and myocardial stiffness, persistently altered the cardiac proteome in the absence of persistent metabolic changes, and led to persistent alterations in mitochondrial respiratory chain activity. These observations suggest that an optimal translational regimen for rapamycin therapy that promotes enhancement of healthspan may involve intermittent short‐term treatments.
Balancing act: modelling sustainable release numbers for translocations
Authors: Easton L. J. , Bishop P. J. , Whigham P. A.
Published: December 2019

Translocated populations often share demographic, environmental and genetic risks associated with relict populations. Models that predict translocation impacts on source and founder populations are therefore necessary to ensure that harvesting for release does not jeopardize either population. However, current models generally focus on maximizing the long‐term demographic viability and retention of allelic diversity in the founder population only. We therefore risk estimating a release number that is considered ‘appropriate' for maintaining viability and allelic diversity in the founder population but is in fact detrimental to the source. Our objectives were to determine a sustainable number of individuals for release that maximized the viability and allelic diversity of source and founder populations. We developed a spatially explicit individual‐based model that simulated hypothetical translocation scenarios for the threatened New Zealand frog, Leiopelma pakeka, which was restricted to Te Hoiere/Maud Island and has been heavily targeted for translocations. Source and translocated populations were simulated over 200 generations, representing 200 years across various initial population sizes from 20 to 300 frogs. To account for the potential loss of allelic diversity from the source population via harvesting, along with genetic drift and founder events typically associated with translocations, an additional set of simulations determined the probability of retaining a single diploid locus within populations with rare and common alleles. Our results showed that at least 120 frogs were required for populations to remain viable and maximize allelic retention in the long‐term, regardless of allelic diversity. However, harvesting more than 150 frogs led to ongoing or the onset of declines in the viability and allelic retention of source populations. We recommend that future translocations of L.  pakeka harvest no more than 140 frogs from each of the sub‐populations on Te Hoiere/Maud Island. We also recommend the described approach to simulate hypothetical translocation scenarios for other managed species.
First year allied health student transition to a regional university
Authors: Gray Marion , Gordon Susan , O’Neill Maureen , Pearce Wendy M.
Published: December 2019

Objective

Students from regional and remote backgrounds are more likely to stay and work in regional and remote locations. Health students transition and retention at university impacts the retainment of a competent rural health workforce. This study aimed to examine the perceptions of allied health students as they reflected upon their first six weeks at university and identified strategies which enhanced these experiences.

Design

A cross‐sectional study. Surveys were administered to students who then completed a reflection exercise. Data were analysed using Pearson correlation coefficient and chi‐squares.

Setting

An Australian regional university.

Participants

First year occupational therapy, physiotherapy and speech pathology students.

Main outcome measures

Factors influencing the first 6 weeks at university.

Results

One hundred and forty‐three students participated. Homesickness was the major challenge in transitioning to university life. Subthemes identified were adjusting to being away from home, adjusting to university culture and the mature‐aged student. Specific issues included a lack of familiarity with university campuses and services, being unprepared for the workload and confusion while learning new skills.

Conclusion

Orientation week activities assist students transition into university and age‐appropriate and family‐friendly activities should be considered for mature‐age students. All students were found to benefit from support to address economic pressures and skill development focusing on coping with university workload. The development of regional university policy including these strategies is likely to enhance student success.
Progression of incomplete toward complete left bundle branch block: A clinical and electrocardiographic analysis
Authors: Senesael Ellie , Calle Simon , Kamoen Victor , Stroobandt Roland , De Buyzere Marc , Timmermans Frank , De Pooter Jan
Published: December 2019

Background

Complete left bundle branch block (cLBBB) is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality and heart failure. On the contrary, the clinical relevance of incomplete left bundle branch block (iLBBB) is less known. This study investigated the profile and outcome of iLBBB patients and assessed the risk of progression to cLBBB.

Methods

Patients diagnosed with iLBBB between July 2013 and April 2018 were retrospectively included. Subsequently, echo‐ and electrocardiographic examinations at time of iLBBB diagnosis and during follow‐up, as well as progression to non‐strict cLBBB and strict cLBBB, were evaluated.

Results

The study enrolled 321 patients (33% female, age 74 ± 11 years). During the follow‐up of 21 (8;34) months, 33% of iLBBB patients evolved to non‐strict cLBBB and 27% to strict cLBBB. iLBBB patients who evolved to non‐strict or strict cLBBB were older, had more frequently reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, and had more often QRS notching/slurring in the lateral leads and inferior leads, compared to patients without progression to cLBBB. In multivariate analysis, only QRS notching/slurring in the lateral leads was independently associated with progression to non‐strict cLBBB (odds ratio 4.64, p < .001) and strict cLBBB (odds ratio 9.6, p < .001). iLBBB patients with QRS notching/slurring had a progression rate to non‐strict cLBBB of 52% and 49% to strict cLBBB.

Conclusion

Among patients with iLBBB, up to one third of the patients progress to cLBBB within a period of 2 years. The presence of QRS notching/slurring in the lateral leads during iLBBB was the strongest predictor for progression toward cLBBB.
A case of gastric cancer after sleeve gastrectomy
Authors: Yamashita Takeshi , Tan Jeremy , Lim Eugene , Eng Alvin , Ong Hock S , Chan Weng H
Published: December 2019

There is concern over how to survey the remnant upper gastrointestinal tract, as well as what to do if a patient subsequently develops an upper gastrointestinal cancer following bariatric surgery. We hereby report a case of gastric cancer arising 8 years after a laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). The patient, a 42 year‐old woman, was diagnosed with a gastric cancer via esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). As such, she underwent a laparoscopic total gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy. The final histopathology was that of a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with signet‐ring cells without lymph node metastases (staging pT4aN0). The background gastric mucosa displayed no Helicobacter pylori. There have only been a few reported cases of gastric cancer after sleeve gastrectomy. Nevertheless, it may be wise to consider performing EGD at regular intervals after bariatric surgery, especially in Asia. In this regard, LSG holds an advantage over Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass with respect to the feasibility of surveillance of the remnant stomach.
Angels and devils?: How do benevolent and authoritarian leaders differ in shaping ethical climate via justice perceptions across cultures?
Authors: Gumusluoglu Lale , Karakitapoğlu‐Aygün Zahide , Hu Changya
Published: December 2019

The current study examines the effects of two major dimensions of Paternalistic Leadership (PL), authoritarian and benevolent leadership, on the perceived workplace ethical climate in different cultural contexts. Based on social influence and organizational justice theories, we illuminate the processes underlying the effects of these leadership styles on ethical climate by proposing perceived procedural and interactional justice as potential mediators. We also test how these mediating effects vary in three different countries: Taiwan, Turkey, and the United States. Based on a sample of 674 Taiwanese, 409 Turkish, and 479 American employees, we identified several interesting mediation and moderation results on leadership‐justice‐ethical climate paths. To our surprise, while procedural justice was an important mechanism linking benevolent leadership and ethical climate in all three countries, it mediated the relationship between authoritarian leadership and ethical climate only in Turkey. However, interactional justice was found to be a significant mediating mechanism only in the United States and for both authoritarian and benevolent leadership. In addition, cultural context moderated the PL‐justice link such that the strongest positive benevolent leadership and interactional justice relationship, as well as the strongest negative association between authoritarian leadership and both types of justice, were observed in Turkey.
Promotion of the Warburg effect is associated with poor benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy in colorectal cancer
Authors: Kitazawa Masashi , Hatta Tomohisa , Sasaki Yusuke , Fukui Kazuhiko , Ogawa Koji , Fukuda Eriko , Goshima Naoki , Okita Natsuko , Yamada Yasuhide , Nakagama Hitoshi , Natsume Tohru , Horimoto Katsuhisa
Published: December 2019

Metabolic reprogramming, including the Warburg effect, is a hallmark of cancer. Indeed, the diversity of cancer metabolism leads to cancer heterogeneity, but accurate assessment of metabolic properties in tumors has not yet been undertaken. Here, we performed absolute quantification of the expression levels of 113 proteins related to carbohydrate metabolism and antioxidant pathways, in stage III colorectal cancer surgical specimens from 70 patients. The Warburg effect appeared in absolute protein levels between tumor and normal mucosa specimens demonstrated. Notably, the levels of proteins associated with the tricarboxylic citric acid cycle were remarkably reduced in the malignant tumors which had relapsed after surgery and treatment with 5‐fluorouracil‐based adjuvant therapy. In addition, the efficacy of 5‐fluorouracil also decreased in the cultured cancer cell lines with promotion of the Warburg effect. We further identified nine and eight important proteins, which are closely related to the Warburg effect, for relapse risk and 5‐fluorouracil benefit, respectively, using a biomarker exploration procedure. These results provide us a clue for bridging between metabolic protein expression profiles and benefit from 5‐fluorouracil adjuvant chemotherapy.
Racialized Recovery: Postforeclosure Pathways in Boston Neighborhoods
Authors: Hwang Jackelyn
Published: December 2019

Following the Great Recession, homeownership rates declined precipitously, raising concerns for the stability and well–being of neighborhoods. While many studies document shifts in household constraints, this article draws from foreclosure records from 2006 to 2011, subsequent transactions, tax exemption filings, and maintenance data in Boston, Massachusetts to show how the foreclosure crisis altered the landscape of ownership and unfolded differentially across hard–hit neighborhoods. Results from logistic regression analyses show that corporate investors were more likely to purchase foreclosures in predominantly black hard–hit neighborhoods, while owner–occupants were more likely to purchase foreclosures in hard–hit mixed–ethnoracial neighborhoods with substantial shares of non–Hispanic/Latinx whites. Relative to other foreclosure buyers, corporations were more likely to resell previously foreclosed properties to other investors and have reported maintenance issues against them. The findings have implications for further disadvantages for hard–hit black neighborhoods and highlight how the housing crisis exacerbated neighborhood inequality by race and ethnicity.
Optimization of capture–recapture monitoring of elusive species illustrated with a threatened grasshopper
Authors: Bröder Linda , Tatin Laurent , Hochkirch Axel , Schuld Andreas , Pabst Lucas , Besnard Aurélien
Published: December 2019

Information on population sizes and trends of threatened species is essential for their conservation, but obtaining reliable estimates can be challenging. We devised a method to improve the precision of estimates of population size obtained from capture–recapture studies for species with low capture and recapture probabilities and short seasonal activity, illustrated with population data of an elusive grasshopper (Prionotropis rhodanica). We used data from 5 capture–recapture studies to identify methodological and environmental factors affecting capture and recapture probabilities and estimates of population size. In a simulation, we used the population size and capture and recapture probability estimates obtained from the field studies to identify the minimum number of sampling occasions needed to obtain unbiased and robust estimates of population size. Based on these results we optimized the capture–recapture design, implemented it in 2 additional studies, and compared their precision with those of the nonoptimized studies. Additionally, we simulated scenarios based on thresholds of population size in criteria C and D of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List to investigate whether estimates of population size for elusive species can reliably inform red‐list assessments. Identifying parameters that affect capture and recapture probabilities (for the grasshopper time since emergence of first adults) and optimizing field protocols based on this information reduced study effort (−6% to −27% sampling occasions) and provided more precise estimates of population size (reduced coefficient of variation) compared with nonoptimized studies. Estimates of population size from the scenarios based on the IUCN thresholds were mostly unbiased and robust (only the combination of very small populations and little study effort produced unreliable estimates), suggesting capture–recapture can be considered reliable for informing red‐list assessments. Although capture–recapture remains difficult and costly for elusive species, our optimization procedure can help determine efficient protocols to increase data quality and minimize monitoring effort.
Mechanisms in fluid retention – towards a mutual concept
Authors: Mottelson Mathis N. , Lundsgaard Christoffer C. , Møller Søren
Published: December 2019

Fluid retention is a common and challenging condition in daily clinical practice. The normal fluid homoeostasis in the human body is based on accurately counter‐balanced physiological mechanisms. When compromised fluid retention occurs and is seen in pathophysiologically different conditions such as liver cirrhosis, heart and kidney failure, and in preeclampsia. These conditions may share pathophysiological mechanisms such as functional arterial underfilling, which seems to be a mutual element in cirrhosis, cardiac failure, cardiorenal and hepatorenal syndromes, and in pregnancy. However, there are also distinct differences and it is still unclear whether kidney dysfunction or arterial underfilling is the initiating factor of fluid retention or if they happen simultaneously. This review focuses on similarities and differences in water retaining conditions and points to areas where important knowledge is still needed.
A pragmatic approach for comparing species distribution models to increasing confidence in managing piping plover habitat
Authors: Maslo Brooke , Zeigler Sara L. , Drake Evan C. , Pover Todd , Plant Nathaniel G.
Published: December 2019

Conservation management often requires decision‐making without perfect knowledge of the at‐risk species or ecosystem. Species distribution models (SDMs) are useful but largely under‐utilized due to model uncertainty. We used an ensemble modeling approach of two independently derived SDMs to explicitly address common modeling impediments and directly inform conservation decision‐making for piping plovers in a heavily populated mid‐Atlantic (USA) coastal zone. We summarized previously published Bayesian network and maximum entropy models to highlight similarities and differences in structure, and we compared the relative importance of predictors used. Despite differences in analytical approach, relative importance of factors driving nest‐site selection was consistent. Models demonstrated considerable agreement when comparing a binary (suitable/unsuitable) measure of suitability. Instances of model consensus (i.e., overlapping areas of predicted piping plover nesting habitat between models) provide a stronger “signal” in model results, reducing uncertainty related to biases or errors associated with either model. We tested model accuracy using a common dataset of plover nests initiated within the focal areas between 2013 and 2015, and we examined congruency in model outputs. Nearly, 90% of all nests occurred in areas predicted suitable by at least one model, and at least 33% of the total nests were predicted in areas suitable by both. Because models predominantly agreed on what drives piping plover nest‐site selection, areas predicted suitable by a single model should not be discounted. This case study demonstrates how models can effectively inform conservation planning by explicitly identifying the management objective, presenting robust evidence to allow managers to evaluate outcomes of alternative management decisions, and clearly communicating results that address real‐world conservation problems. Our results can greatly increase the piping plover management community's ability to prioritize candidate sites for future protection, manage existing nesting habitat appropriately, and make a compelling case for conservation actions against competing land use objectives.
Gender gaps in cognitive and social‐emotional skills in early primary grades: Evidence from rural Indonesia
Authors: Nakajima Nozomi , Jung Haeil , Pradhan Menno , Hasan Amer , Kinnell Angela , Brinkman Sally
Published: December 2019

This paper examines the magnitude and source of gender gaps in cognitive and social‐emotional skills in early primary grades in rural Indonesia. Relative to boys, girls score more than 0.17 SD higher in tests of language and mathematics (cognitive skills) and between 0.18 and 0.27 SD higher in measures of social competence and emotional maturity (social‐emotional skills). We use Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition to investigate the extent to which gender differences in early schooling and parenting practices explain these gender gaps in skills. For cognitive skills, differences in early schooling between boys and girls explain between 9% and 11% of the gender gap whereas differences in parenting practices explain merely 3%–5% of the gender gap. This decomposition result is driven largely by children living in villages with high‐quality preschools. In contrast, for social‐emotional skills, differences in parenting styles toward boys and girls explain between 13% and 17% of the gender gap, while differences in early schooling explain only 0%–6% of the gender gap.
How Do NYPD Officers Respond to Terror Threats?
Authors: Lehrer Steven F. , Lepage Louis‐Pierre
Published: December 2019

Using data from the Stop‐and‐Frisk programme of the New York Police Department (NYPD), we evaluate the impact of a specific terrorist attack threat from Al Qaeda on policing behaviour in New York City. We find that after the Department of Homeland Security raised the alert level in response to this threat, people categorized as ‘Other’ by the NYPD, including Arabs, were significantly more likely to be frisked and have force used against them, yet were not more likely to be arrested. These individuals were in turn less likely to be frisked or have force used against them immediately after the alert level returned to its baseline level. Further, evidence suggests that these impacts were larger in magnitude in police precincts that have higher concentrations of mosques. Our results are consistent with profiling by police officers leading to low‐productivity stops, but we cannot rule out that it constitutes efficient policing given important differences between deterrence of terrorism versus other crimes.
Drying determines the temporal dynamics of stream invertebrate structural and functional beta diversity
Authors: Crabot J. , Heino J. , Launay B. , Datry T.
Published: December 2019

Assembly processes shaping ecological communities can vary over time following variations of environmental conditions at different scales. Such temporal dynamism is exacerbated by climate change and increasing extreme events, and recent evidence suggests that, in turn, community composition and functions can vary substantially. However, empirical relationships between the spatio‐temporal dynamics of communities and that extreme events altering ecosystems are poorly investigated. We quantified the temporal dynamics of stream invertebrate communities over two years across 11 river basins prone to drying, covering a large geographical area of France. We tested predictions on the influence of the spatial arrangement and temporal dynamics of drying events across river networks. Combining a high temporal resolution of community description from taxonomic and functional perspectives, we quantified beta diversity over time and space and partitioned them into additive components: replacement of taxa and richness difference. Frequency and duration of drying events were precisely quantified and basins were classified based on the location of the drying events. We found a strong influence of the spatial drying pattern on the dissimilarities of community composition between sites. The high temporal variability of community structure was directly related to the frequency and duration of drying events. This temporal dynamism of communities was also strongly affected by the spatial drying pattern, indicating that fragmentation had a stronger effect on recolonisation processes for upstream‐drying basins. Finally, biological traits were unevenly distributed in space and time, suggesting a lack of functional redundancy that could have strong implications for ecosystem functions and services. The high temporal dynamics of communities highlighted in this study challenge the current definition of reference conditions in intermittent rivers, and the community sensitivity to frequency and duration of drying suggest that climate change might lead community dynamics to be increasingly driven by stochastic environmental variability.
von Willebrand Disease and other hereditary haemostatic factor deficiencies in women with a history of postpartum haemorrhage
Authors: Majluf‐Cruz Karim , Anguiano‐Robledo Liliana , Calzada‐Mendoza Claudia C. , Hernández‐Juárez Jesús , Moreno‐Hernández Manuel , Domínguez‐Reyes Víctor Manuel , Figueroa‐Torres Anahi Guadalupe , Gomez‐Rosas Patricia , Arreola‐Diaz Rodrigo , García‐Lee María Teresa , Ricardo‐Moreno María Tania , Sosa‐Camas Rosa Elena , Garcia‐Chavez Jaime , Vela Ojeda Jorge , Isordia‐Salas Irma , Majluf‐Cruz Abraham
Published: December 2019

Introduction

Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is the main cause of maternal morbidity and mortality globally, but it is far more important in non‐developed countries. PPH represents 25% of all maternal deaths worldwide. Women with von Willebrand disease (VWD) and other inherited haemorrhagic disorders are at increased risk of PPH. Our aim was to establish a probable association of severe PPH in women with a history of haemostatic abnormalities.

Methods

An observational, controlled study of adult women with a one or more episodes of severe PPH requiring treatment in an intensive care unit or >10 units of blood products during the 24‐hour period after diagnosis and their controls. The tests performed were blood cell count, blood group, renal, viral, liver function and haemostatic tests, fibrinogen, activity of the plasma factors and specific test to diagnose and classify VWD.

Results

We included 124 women with 133 PPH events and their controls. The median age at the first event was 25.5 years old. Results were significantly different between the groups in terms of fibrinogen concentration, VWF:Ag, VWF:RCo and FVIII. A specific diagnosis was established in 69 (55.6) and 4 (3.2%) patients in the PPH group and controls, respectively. Of 61 patients with VWD, 57 had type 1, two had type 2A, and another two had type 2B.

Conclusion

Our results show a relationship between PPH and inherited haemostatic disorders. VWD was the most frequent diagnosis. Appropriate and opportune diagnosis before pregnancy of inherited haemostatic disorders may be important to effectively prevent and treat PPH.
WHAT IS ISLAMIC HISTORY?
Authors: THUM RIAN
Published: December 2019

Efforts to define the concepts “Islam” and “history” have separately engendered rich debates with long intellectual genealogies. Both debates serve as a foundation for this essay's attempt to delimit the subject of “Islamic history.” However, the essay also argues that a close examination of the interaction between the two categories offers its own insights. Chief among these is the argument that a reliance on subjects’ self‐ascription as “Muslims” for definitions of “Muslim” and “Islamic” is far more than the empty or “nominal” approach that some critics have described. Rather, Islamic self‐ascription is historically entangled, both an artifact of historical processes and an evocation of them, even an integral element of the phenomenon it seeks to define.

The essay begins with an evaluation of the “islams not Islam” approach to defining the Islamic, rooting the argument not only in self‐ascription—a common social‐science tool for category definition and boundary making—but also in Islamic historical traditions themselves. It then demonstrates this historical rootedness through an unusually difficult test case: Chinese‐language Islams that eschewed the words “Islam” and “Muslim.” After proposing a definition of “Islamic history,” one that is particularly open and expansive, the article outlines some common characteristics of Islamic history across its many forms, asking what makes it distinct and where it can contribute to a global comparative historiography. Finally, it argues that when we generalize about these traditions, describing the features most widely shared among them, we find an Islamic history that reflects and substantiates the centrality of self‐ascription in delineating the scope of Islam.
FLUID TEMPORALITIES: SAIYID AHMAD KHAN AND THE CONCEPT OF MODERNITY
Authors: PERNAU MARGRIT
Published: December 2019

This article investigates the language the great Indian Muslim reformer of the nineteenth century, Saiyid Ahmad Khan, uses to conceive of temporalities. The attention is directed toward the way he imagined the relationship between the present and the past, on the one hand, and the future, on the other hand, and toward the changes these configurations underwent in the course of his lifetime. The article will follow up these questions in three sections, focusing on three phases of Saiyid Ahmad Khan's life: first, his early years as a colonial officer and scholar (1840s–1860s); second, the period when the comparative gaze became crucial, leading to the establishment of a scientific society and to a voyage to London (1860–1871); and finally, the time when the Aligarh College occupied the center stage of his life (1871–1898).

On one level this can be read as a straightforward history of concepts and temporalities. At another level, the article contributes to the ongoing debate about the past, which is simultaneously absent and hauntingly present. It follows Reinhart Koselleck to India where he never went and listens to the conversations between him and Saiyid Ahmad Khan, who died before Koselleck was born, thus blurring the lines not only between the past and the present, but also between the emic and the etic, and between historians and those they study. Like any meaningful encounter, it transforms its participants and the concepts with which they entered the dialogue.
The Impact of Jury Service on Scottish Jurors’ Health and Well‐Being
Authors: WELSH EMMA , ROBERTSON NOELLE , IRELAND LANA , DAVIES GRAHAM
Published: December 2019

Research by Robertson, Davies and Nettleingham (2009) suggested a minority of jurors in English and Welsh courts experience significant short‐ and longer‐term distress from undertaking jury service. This study extended the research to jurors in Scottish trials, with their distinct conventions and procedures. Jurors completed web‐based questionnaires measuring juror distress, trauma symptoms, and personal resilience. Results replicated those from England and Wales, showing that some Scottish jurors also experience deterioration in physical and psychological well‐being, with female jurors, those sitting in longer trials, and dealing with crimes against the person, being most affected. Trait resilience did not mitigate such effects.
Levels of the endosymbiont Rickettsia in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci are influenced by the expression of vitellogenin
Authors: Brumin M. , Lebedev G. , Kontsedalov S. , Ghanim M.
Published: December 2019

Bacterial endosymbionts play essential roles in the biology of their arthropod hosts by interacting with internal factors in the host. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a worldwide agricultural pest and a supervector for more than 100 plant viruses. Like many other arthropods, Be. tabaci harbours a primary endosymbiont, Porteira aleyrodidarum, and an array of secondary endosymbionts that coexist with Portiera inside bacteriocyte cells. Unlike all of the other secondary symbionts that infect Be. tabaci, Rickettsia has been shown to be an exception by infecting insect organs and not colocalizing with Portiera, and has been shown to significantly impact the insect biology and its interactions with the environment. Little is known about the molecular interactions that underlie insect–symbiont interactions in general, and particularly Be. tabaci–Rickettsia interactions. Here we performed transcriptomic analysis and identified vitellogenin as an important protein that influences the levels of Rickettsia in Be. tabaci. Vitellogenin expression levels were lower in whole insects, but higher in midguts of Rickettsia‐infected insects. Immunocapture‐PCR assay showed interaction between vitellogenin and Rickettsia, whereas silencing of vitellogenin resulted in nearly complete disappearance of Rickettsia from midguts. Altogether, these results suggest that vitellogenin plays an important role in influencing the levels of Rickettsia in Be. tabaci.
Perceived Cultural Distance in Healthcare in Immigrant Intercultural Medical Encounters
Authors: Alizadeh Somayeh , Chavan Meena
Published: December 2019

This article responds to the paucity of empirical research on the impact of patient‐provider ethno‐cultural distance and providers' cultural competence on the quality of healthcare service in migrant intercultural medical encounters in Australia. A cross‐sectional study was conducted with 447 patients, consisting of 195 Caucasian and 252 non‐Caucasian patients from six outpatient clinics in New South Wales, Australia. Structural equation modelling was used for data analysis. The findings demonstrated that cultural distance is an influential factor in perceived quality of outpatient care. Caucasian and non‐Caucasian patients' perception of cultural distance between their physicians and themselves affected their service quality ratings of their physicians' professionalism, empathy and expertise. This is the first study on healthcare service quality in outpatient clinics in Australia for Caucasian and non‐Caucasian patients. Policy implications suggest intervention strategies and the need for cultural competence education in medical and health curricula in medical schools and clinical practices.
Habitat associations and competition in Mastomys‐Saccostomus‐Aetlwmys assemblages on coastal dune forests
Authors: Ferreira S. M. , van Aarde R. J.
Published: December 2019

The northern coastal dune forests of KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa, are inhabited by several rodent species. Three of these (Mastomys natalensis, Saccostomus campestris and Aethomys chrysophilus) occur commonly. The hypothesis was investigated that habitat characteristics, and not species interactions, explain most of the variation in species‐specific densities of these three species. Existing data were collated and the relationships between species‐specific densities determined. In addition, a trapping programme was established between July 1993 and February 1995, during which species‐specific densities were estimated and 16 habitat variables measured. Multiple regression analyses were used to investigate the relationship (i.e. not causation) between species‐specific densities and a suite of habitat variables. No additional explanation of variation in species‐specific densities by densities of other species were evident when habitat variables have been accounted for. It is concluded that most of the variation in species‐specific densities of a Mastomys‐Saccostomus‐Aethomys assemblage can be explained by habitat variables rather than species interactions.
Intra‐individual variability in sleep is related to glycaemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Zhu Bingqian , Kapella Mary C. , Zhao Xiangxiang , Fritschi Cynthia
Published: December 2019

Aims

To examine whether there were significant differences in sleep during weekdays/weekends and whether the intra‐individual variability in sleep was related to glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Design

Correlational, longitudinal design.

Methods

Data were collected between February 2017–January 2018. In all, 56 adults with type 2 diabetes were included (60.7 years, 55.4% female). Sleep was measured using the Consensus Sleep Diary over 8 days. Intra‐individual variability of sleep was calculated as the standard deviation of sleep variables. Standard deviations of sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep quality, and mid‐sleep time were obtained. Glycaemic control was measured by haemoglobin A1C. Paired t test and multiple regression analysis were used.

Results

Overall, there were no differences in sleep parameters between weekdays and weekends. Participants slept 20 min more over the weekends than during weekdays. The mid‐sleep time during weekends was about 35 min later than during weekdays. Intra‐individual variability of sleep duration and mid‐sleep ranged from 27.6–167.4 min and 13–137 min, respectively. Controlling for covariates (e.g., distress, symptoms, and self‐care), larger variability in sleep duration, and mid‐sleep were significantly related to higher A1C levels.

Conclusion

Diabetes educators are recommended to include the assessment of intra‐individual variability in sleep. Maintaining a regular sleep habit (e.g., sleep duration and sleep timing) should be highlighted during patient education.

Impact

Intra‐individual variability in sleep is an alternative dimension for sleep assessment. This study examined whether intra‐individual variability in sleep was related to glycaemic control in an older sample of type 2 diabetes patients using a sleep diary across 8 days. This sample had a similar sleep pattern during weekdays and weekends. Larger intra‐individual variabilities in sleep duration and mid‐sleep time were independently related to worse glycaemic control. Diabetes patients are recommended to maintain a regular sleep routine.
Effects of online teaching presence on students' interactions and collaborative knowledge construction
Authors: Wang Yang , Liu Qingtang
Published: December 2019

This study analysed the instructors' teaching presence of three courses conducted by an instructor to explore the effects of the instructors' online teaching presence on students' interactions and collaborative knowledge constructions. Content analysis, social network analysis, and lag sequential analysis were used to explore the mechanism of teaching presence on students' interactions and collaborative knowledge construction. Results demonstrate that the design and organization, as well as facilitating discourse, can facilitate students' interaction, reduce the number of peripheral students, and facilitate students' collaborative knowledge construction, especially in the knowledge sharing, discovery, discussion, and application, whereas direct instruction has positive effects on teachers' centrality and negative effects on knowledge negotiation and testing. The result can give the instructors some guidance on online teaching practices.
Editorial: ‘People get ready’: Are mental disorder diagnostics ripe for a Kuhnian revolution?
Authors: Sonuga‐Barke Edmund J.S.
Published: December 2019

How is practical progress possible in child psychology and psychiatry? How does science advance to promote therapeutic innovation? The importance of the exciting stuff – new insights and ideas, studied using cutting edge and innovative technologies – is self‐evident. However, the philosophy of science has shown us that less obvious and more mundane elements are also essential. This is because scientific progress is only possible where attempts to break new ground are solidly anchored in a stable shared framework of assumptions – a metatheory – about the general nature of the phenomenon being studied. This framework defines what questions are considered ‘scientific’ – questions that it ‘makes sense’ to ask from a scientific point of view and those that are considered out of bounds (scientists with less subtle minds even considering such to be nonquestions rather than different sorts of questions). Kuhn called this framework a paradigm and the research activity that originates from it, normal science (Kuhn, 1962, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions; Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press). These frameworks also serve a vital regulatory function because they contain common concepts that embody shared points of reference that allow scientists to communicate with each other to share their ideas, hypotheses and findings (Habermas, 1979, Communication and the evolution of society; Boston: Beacon Press).
Evaluating the relationship between tooth color and enamel thickness, using twin flash photography, cross‐polarization photography, and spectrophotometer
Authors: He Wei‐Hung , Park Cheryl J. , Byun Sangho , Tan Daniel , Lin Chih Y. , Chee Winston
Published: December 2019

Objectives

To understand (a) the effects of labial enamel on tooth color (b) relationship of color data taken by nonpolarized (NP), cross‐polarization photography (CP), and spectrophotometry (SP).

Materials and methods

Fifty extracted human maxillary incisors were coated with resin on their palatal surfaces. Their color was measured with NP, CP, and SP and their dimensions were scanned by an intraoral scanner. The labial enamel was removed using a modified selective enamel demineralization technique. Tooth dimensions and color were recorded again. The differences in the labial enamel thickness (ΔT) and color (∆E*00 and ∆L*, ∆a*, ∆b*) were statistically analyzed with the Pearson correlation coefficient and simple linear regression.

Results

In CP and SP methods, ΔT and ∆E*00 were weakly to moderately positively correlated (r = .38 and .27). In NP, CP, and SP methods, ∆T and ∆b* are weakly positively correlated (r = .27, .27 and .29). The color data of three measuring methods were highly positively correlated (r > .8). A linear relationship between ∆E*00 and ∆T were found (CP and SP groups).

Conclusions

(a) Thicker labial enamel has a greater impact on tooth color. (b) Reducing labial enamel thickness shifts the tooth color toward yellow. (c) Tooth color measured from the three methods were highly correlated.

Clinical Significance

Knowing the relationship between enamel thickness and tooth color, a clinician can better predict the stump shade before tooth preparation. Due to the highly correlated measuring outcomes, it is reasonable to combine these three methods during shade matching.
BRUVS reveal locally extinct shark and the way for shark monitoring in Brazilian oceanic islands
Authors: Pimentel Caio R. , Andrades Ryan , Ferreira Carlos E. L. , Gadig Otto B. F. , Harvey Euan S. , Joyeux Jean‐Christophe , Giarrizzo Tommaso
Published: December 2019

Here we present records of sharks obtained using baited remote underwater stereo‐video systems (stereo‐BRUVS) at two Brazilian oceanic islands. Fourteen of the 60 deployments recorded 19 sharks in Trindade Island. In Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago (SPSPA), two pelagic and two demersal deployments recorded two and one shark, respectively, including the locally extinct Galapagos shark Carcharhinus galapagensis. Stereo‐BRUVS should be considered as adjuncts to other non‐invasive methods to monitor shark populations.
Design, development, and evaluation of a motorized rice grader
Authors: Ojediran John O. , Okonkwo Clinton E. , Alake Samuel A. , Alhassan Elijah A. , Olayanju Adeniyi T.
Published: December 2019

The design and construction of a motorized rice grader were undertaken to classify rice grains into the head rice and broken rice. Three (3) screens of decreasing diameters were used inclined at angles ranging from 6, 8, and 160 and driven by a 5 hp motor to cause agitation and a pneumatic mechanism for blowing light chaff material. The performance efficiency of the developed machine was evaluated with milled rice at 15% moisture content (wet basis) at different feed gate levels (FGL) (5 to 20 mm). The result indicated decreased grading efficiency (GE) and product purity (PP) with increased FGL, increased throughput capacity (TPC) and tray loss (TL) with increased FGL. The highest GE and PP were 91.67 and 90.97% at 5 mm FGO, while the highest TPC and TL were achieved at 20 mm FGL as 0.08 kg/s and 1.06%, respectively. The feed gate levels (5 to 20 mm) had a significant effect on the performance efficiencies investigated.

Practical applications

After rice milling, there are usually broken rice grains in mixture with head rice. The developed motorized rice grader is useful in separating broken rice grains from the milled rice. This machine would help increase the quality of rice produced by the local or commercial processors. In addition, the time and drudgery associated with manual sorting are reduced.
Mathematical modeling of the technological processes of catering products production
Authors: Dayong Nie , Mikhaylov Alexey , Bratanovsky Sergey , Shaikh Zaffar Ahmed , Stepanova Diana
Published: December 2019

Technological processes of catering products manufacture need energy optimization. This article proposes the improvement of mathematical modeling apparatus at the stage of technological processes design and reconstruction. The authors used data from large restaurant‐type catering enterprises typical for million‐plus cities, some of which prepare fast‐food dishes. The possibilities of calorie generation during photosynthesis and the generation of electricity by photocells were examined to understand the energy benefits for catering enterprises. Emphasis is placed on minimizing energy consumption for heating and cooling in food production cycles using cogeneration, regeneration, and generation from local renewable energy sources. Cooking and storage chambers can be differentiated by thermal potentials. The modeling algorithm is deepened by the introduction of links between power consumption and generation equipment. A set of organizational measures of reconstruction is proposed in the design of production systems, which allows one to save up to 33–80% of the total energy costs of a real network of catering outlets.

Practical Applications

The use of modern energy technologies in the production processes of public catering enterprises will reduce total costs by up to 80% and improve the overall environmental friendliness of the food industry. While planning reconstruction of basic energy equipment, buildings, and mechanisms, the following must be taken into account. These include concepts of a healthy diet, local renewable energy resources, cultivating local natural food ingredients, and utilizing heat and calorie emissions. Up to 50% of the existing equipment requires such a reconstruction in public catering in developing countries. The principles recommended by the authors for the reconstruction of the production processes of public catering enterprises require the use of advanced algorithms for the mathematical optimization of energy flows and balances.
In‐milk inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by the environmental lytic bacteriophage ECPS‐6
Authors: Grygorcewicz Bartłomiej , Chajęcka‐Wierzchowska Wioleta , Augustyniak Adrian , Wasak Agata , Stachurska Xymena , Nawrotek Paweł , Dołęgowska Barbara
Published: December 2019

Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli is a common foodborne pathogen which transmission includes dairy products. In the search for novel biocontrol methods, bacteriophages have become important candidates for the eradication of foodborne pathogens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bacteriophage‐mediated reduction of E. coli O157:H7 in raw and filtered milk. Laboratory‐scale tests showed that the bacteriophage ECPS‐6 efficiently adsorbed to E. coli O157: H7 cells. Furthermore, ECPS‐6 remained stable when heated at 70°C for 20 min and in a wide pH range from 3.0 to 11.0. The trials on contaminated milk were performed using filtered and unfiltered raw milk contaminated with 1 × 105 CFU × ml−1 of E. coli O157: H7. Bacteriophage was added at multiplicity of infection (MOI) 5 and 50. The ECPS‐6 reached the highest lytic activity at MOI = 5 (25°C) which resulted in 4.74 Log10 CFU × ml−1 and 7.3 Log10 CFU × ml−1 reduction after 10 days for both tested strains, respectively. Under refrigerated conditions (4°C) the quantity of E. coli decreased to 1.5 Log10 CFU × ml−1 and 3.04 Log10 CFU × ml−1 for these strains, respectively. Usage of MOI = 50 for the treatment unfiltered milk led to the reduction of E. coli O157:H7 A‐2 below the detection limit after 6 hr.
Several Roads Lead to Rome: Operationalizing Antibiotic Stewardship Programs in Nursing Homes
Authors: Furuno Jon P. , Mody Lona
Published: December 2019

This editorial comments on the articles by Sloane et al, Davenport et al., and Doron et al. in this issue.