bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glacial Water: A Dynamic Microbial Medium
Authors: Varliero Gilda , Lebre Pedro H. , Frey Beat , Fountain Andrew G. , Anesio Alexandre M. , Cowan Don A.
Published: April 2023

Microbial communities and nutrient dynamics in glaciers and ice sheets continuously change as the hydrological conditions within and on the ice change. Glaciers and ice sheets can be considered bioreactors as microbiomes transform nutrients that enter these icy systems and alter the meltwater chemistry. Global warming is increasing meltwater discharge, affecting nutrient and cell export, and altering proglacial systems. In this review, we integrate the current understanding of glacial hydrology, microbial activity, and nutrient and carbon dynamics to highlight their interdependence and variability on daily and seasonal time scales, as well as their impact on proglacial environments.
Exploring the Bacterial Community in Aged Fecal Sources from Dairy Cows: Impacts on Fecal Source Tracking
Authors: Devane Megan L. , Taylor William , Dupont Pierre-Yves , Armstrong Bridget , Weaver Louise , Gilpin Brent J.
Published: April 2023

(1) Background: This paper discusses the impact of agricultural activities on stream health, particularly in relation to dairy cow fecal pollution. The study explores the fecal microbiome of cattle and the potential ecological implications of aging fecal pollution on waterways. (2) Methods: The study examines changes in the bacterial community available for mobilization from in-situ decomposing cowpats and the effects of simulated rainfall. The microbiome of individual cowpats was monitored over 5.5 months. We used 16S rRNA metagenomics and machine learning software, FEAST (Fast Expectation-mAximization for microbial Source Tracking), for bacterial and fecal source assignments. (3) Results: The phyla Bacillota and Bacteroidota are dominant in the fecal microbiota of fresh cow feces but shift to Pseudomonodota, Actinomycetota, and environmental Bacteroidota in aged cowpats. Potential impacts of these bacterial community shifts on inputs to local agricultural streams are discussed in relation to water quality monitoring and aging sources of fecal contamination. We identified taxon orders that are potential indicators of fresh cattle sources (Oscillospirales and Bacteroidales) and aged sources (Peptostreptococcales-Tissierellales) in water bodies. (4) The paper highlights that bacterial metagenomic profiling can inform our understanding of the ecology of microbial communities in aquatic environments and the potential impacts of agricultural activities on ecosystem health.
Seroconversion of a Swine Herd in a Free-Range Rural Multi-Species Farm against HPAI H5N1 2.3.4.4b Clade Virus
Authors: Rosone Francesca , Bonfante Francesco , Sala Marcello Giovanni , Maniero Silvia , Cersini Antonella , Ricci Ida , Garofalo Luisa , Caciolo Daniela , Denisi Antonella , Napolitan Alessandra , Parente Monja , Zecchin Bianca , Terregino Calogero , Scicluna Maria Teresa
Published: April 2023

Starting from October 2021, several outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) subtype H5N1 were reported in wild and domestic birds in Italy. Following the detection of an HPAIV in a free-ranging poultry farm in Ostia, province of Rome, despite the lack of clinical signs, additional virological and serological analyses were conducted on samples collected from free-ranging pigs, reared in the same holding, due to their direct contact with the infected poultry. While the swine nasal swabs were all RT-PCR negative for the influenza type A matrix (M) gene, the majority (%) of the tested pigs resulted serologically positive for the hemagglutination inhibition test and microneutralization assay, using an H5N1 strain considered to be homologous to the virus detected in the farm. These results provide further evidence of the worrisome replicative fitness that HPAI H5Nx viruses of the 2.3.4.4b clade have in mammalian species. Moreover, our report calls for additional active surveillance, to promptly intercept occasional spillover transmissions to domestic mammals in close contact with HPAI affected birds. Strengthened biosecurity measures and efficient separation should be prioritized in mixed-species farms in areas at risk of HPAI introduction.
Metagenomic Analysis of DNA Viruses with Targeted Sequence Capture of Canine Lobular Orbital Adenomas and Normal Conjunctiva
Authors: Schaefer Elizabeth A. F. , Chu Shirley , Wylie Kristine M. , Wylie Todd N. , Griffith Obi L. , Pearce Jacqueline W. , Johnson Gayle C. , Bryan Jeffrey N. , Flesner Brian K.
Published: April 2023

Our study aims are: (1) to evaluate phenotypically normal canine conjunctival and orbital tissue and tissue from canine lobular orbital adenomas (CLOAs) for the presence of viral genomic material and (2) phylogenetically classify detected DNA viruses to determine if a DNA virus is associated with CLOAs. A total of 31 formalin fixed paraffin embedded CLOA tissue samples, 4 papillomas or sarcoid, and 10 fresh clinically normal conjunctival tissues were included in this study. Genomic DNA was isolated from all samples and sequencing libraries were prepared. The libraries were molecularly indexed and pooled and viral DNA was enriched via targeted sequence capture utilizing ViroCap. The libraries were sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq platform and compared to known viral DNA reference genomes to identify viral DNA. Carnivore parvovirus was identified in 6.4% and 20% of CLOA tissue and normal conjunctival samples, respectively. This study showed that conjunctival tissue from healthy dogs and CLOAs uncommonly harbor DNA viruses, and no DNA virus was associated with these tumors. Further studies are needed to evaluate the etiologic cause of CLOAs.
Two Distinct Fractional Crystallization Mechanisms of A-Type Granites in the Nanling Range, South China: A Case Study of the Jiuyishan Complex Massif and Xianghualing Intrusive Stocks
Authors: Xiao Wenzhou , Liu Chaoyun , Tan Kaixuan , Duan Xianzhe , Shi Kaituo , Sui Qinglin , Feng Peng , Sami Mabrouk , Ahmed Mohamed S. , Zi Feng
Published: April 2023

The petrogenesis of A-type granites with different occurrences in the Nanling Range remains unclear. In this study, a case study of the Jiuyishan complex massif and Xianghualing intrusive stocks was conducted to determine this problem. The Jiuyishan complex massif is composed of four units (Jinjiling, Pangxiemu, Shaziling and Xishan). These four units have similar zircon U-Pb ages of approximately 153 Ma, with high Zr + Nb + Ce + Y contents (>350 ppm), high 10,000 Ga/Al ratios (>2.6), and a high crystallization temperature, indicating A-type affinities. They show a gradual change in lithology and geochemistry, implying a fractional crystallization process. These units also have similar εNd(t) values (−8.2 to −5.8) and zircon εHf(t) values (−7.5 to −2.2) except for the Shaziling MMEs (mafic microgranular enclaves) (−14.2 to 4.8), demonstrating their lower crustal source. However, the Shaziling unit may have contributed mantle-derived magma based on the geochemical data of its hosted MMEs. In comparison, the two Xianghualing intrusive stocks have similar geochemical features but exhibit highly evolved features (high Rb, U, Y, Ta and Nb contents and low Eu, Ba, Sr, P, Ti, Ca, Mg and Fe contents, with V-shaped REE distribution patterns). They have different zircon U-Pb ages of approximately 160 Ma and 155 Ma. The two stocks also have similar whole-rock εNd(t) values (−6.5 to −5.7) and zircon εHf(t) values (−7.6 to −2.7) and equally illustrate a lower crustal source region. Combining with their vertical zonation, they may have experienced remarkable fractional crystallization with possible assimilation processes. We propose that the Jiuyishan complex and Xianghualing stocks have two distinct fractional crystallization mechanisms during their formation. The Jiuyishan complex was formed by in situ crystal mush fractionation, while the Xianghualing stocks were formed by flowage differentiation during magma ascent or gravitational settling during magma solidification after emplacement. However, more than one mechanism affected the fractional crystallization processes of these granitic rocks.
The Differences of Nutrient Components in Edible and Feeding Coix Seed at Different Developmental Stages Based on a Combined Analysis of Metabolomics
Authors: Wei Xiaoyan , Li Yong , Zhou Shufeng , Guo Chao , Dong Xiaolong , Li Qishuang , Guo Juan , Wang Yanan , Huang Luqi
Published: April 2023

Coix lachryma-jobi L. is an excellent plant resource that has a concomitant function for medicine, foodstuff and forage in China. At present, the commonly used cultivar for both medicine and foodstuff is Xiaobaike, and the cultivar for foraging is Daheishan. However, differences in the internal composition of plants lead to the expression of different phenotypic traits. In order to comprehensively elucidate the differences in nutrient composition changes in Coix seeds, a non-targeted metabolomics method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS) was used to analyze the metabolic changes in Coix seeds at different developmental stages. An edible Coix relative (Xiaobaike) and a feeding Coix relative (Daheishan) were selected as the research subjects. In the metabolome analysis of Coix seed, 314 metabolites were identified and detected, among which organic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides and flavonoids were the main components. As an important standard for evaluating the quality of Coix seed, seven lipids were detected, among which fatty acids included not only even-chain fatty acids, but also odd-chain fatty acids, which was the first time detecting a variety of odd-chain fatty acids in Coix seed. The analysis of the compound contents in edible and feeding-type Coix lachryma-jobi L. and the lipid content at the mature stage showed that, among them, arachidic acid, behenic acid, heptadecanoic acid, heneicosanoic acid and pristanic acid may be the key compounds affecting the lipid content. In addition, in the whole process of semen coicis maturation, edible and feeding Coix show similar trends, and changes in the third period show clear compounds in the opposite situation, suggesting that edible and feeding Coix not only guarantee the relative stability of species but also provide raw materials for genetic breeding. This study provides valuable information on the formation of the edible and medicinal qualities of Coix.
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Stabilities of Al(III) Complexes with N2O3 Pentadentate Ligands
Authors: Callegari Edoardo , Martinelli Jonathan , Guidolin Nicol , Boccalon Mariangela , Baranyai Zsolt , Tei Lorenzo
Published: April 2023

Al(III) complexes have been recently investigated for their potential use in imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) by formation of ternary complexes with the radioisotope fluorine-18 (18F). Although the derivatives of 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (NOTA) are the most applied chelators for [Al18F]2+ labelling and (pre)clinical PET imaging, non-macrocyclic, semi-rigid pentadentate chelators having two N- and three O-donor atoms such as RESCA1 and AMPDA-HB have been proposed with the aim to allow room temperature labelling of temperature-sensitive biomolecules. The paucity of stability data on Al(III) complexes used for PET imaging instigated a complete thermodynamic and kinetic solution study on Al(III) complexes with aminomethylpiperidine (AMP) derivatives AMPTA and AMPDA-HB and the comparison with a RESCA1-like chelator CD3A-Bn (trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N-benzyl-N,N′,N′-triacetic acid). The stability constant of [Al(AMPDA-HB)] is about four orders of magnitude higher than that of [Al(AMPTA)] and [Al(CD3A-Bn)], highlighting the greater affinity of phenolates with respect to acetate O-donors. On the other hand, the kinetic inertness of the complexes, determined by following the Cu2+-mediated transmetallation reactions in the 7.5–10.5 pH range, resulted in a spontaneous and hydroxide-assisted dissociation slightly faster for [Al(AMPTA)] than for the other two complexes (t1/2 = 4.5 h for [Al(AMPTA)], 12.4 h for [Al(AMPDA-HB)], and 24.1 h for [Al(CD3A-Bn)] at pH 7.4 and 25 °C). Finally, the [AlF]2+ ternary complexes were prepared and their stability in reconstituted human serum was determined by 19F NMR experiments.
Protocatechuic Acid Alleviates Dextran-Sulfate-Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice via the Regulation of Intestinal Flora and Ferroptosis
Authors: Yang Xuebin , Sun Xin , Zhou Feng , Xiao Shuiping , Zhong Lulu , Hu Shian , Zhou Zhe , Li Ling , Tan Yang
Published: April 2023

Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is a natural component with multiple biological activities. However, the underlying mechanisms of the effects of PCA on anti-ulcerative colitis (UC) are unclear. A UC mouse model was established by allowing the mice to freely drink a dextran sulfate sodium solution. The mice were administered PCA intragastrically for 7 days. Histological pathology, intestinal flora, and ferroptosis regulators were determined in vivo. Additionally, ferroptotic Caco-2 cells were modeled to investigate the role of PCA in ferroptosis. Our results showed that PCA reduced the levels of the disease activity index, inflammatory factors, and histological damage in UC mice. We also found that the regulation of intestinal flora, especially Bacteroidetes, was one of the potential mechanisms underlying the protective effects of PCA anti-UC. Moreover, PCA downregulated the level of ferroptosis in the colon tissue, as evidenced by a reduced iron overload, decreased glutathione depletion, and a lower level of malondialdehyde production compared with the model group. Similar effects of PCA on ferroptosis were observed in Erastin-treated Caco-2 cells. The results obtained using reactive oxygen species assays and the changes in mitochondrial structure observed via scanning electron microscopy also support these results. Our findings suggested that PCA protected against UC by regulating intestinal flora and ferroptosis.
Thieno-Thiazolostilbenes, Thienobenzo-Thiazoles, and Naphtho-Oxazoles: Computational Study and Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activity
Authors: Mlakić Milena , Đurčević Ema , Odak Ilijana , Barić Danijela , Juričević Ines , Šagud Ivana , Burčul Franko , Lasić Zlata , Marinić Željko , Škorić Irena
Published: April 2023

Naphtho-triazoles and thienobenzo-triazoles have so far proven to be very potent inhibitors of the enzyme butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Based on these results, in this work, new thienobenzo-thiazoles were designed and synthesized, and their potential inhibitory activity was tested and compared with their analogs, naphtho-oxazoles. The synthesis was carried out by photochemical cyclization of thieno-thiazolostilbenes obtained in the first reaction step. Several thienobenzo-thiazoles and naphtho-oxazoles have shown significant potential as BChE inhibitors, together with the phenolic thiazolostilbene being the most active of all tested compounds. These results are significant as BChE has been attracting growing attention due to its positive role in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Computational examination based on the DFT approach enabled the characterization of the geometry and electronic structure of the studied molecules. Furthermore, the molecular docking study, accompanied by additional optimization of complexes ligand-active site, offered insight into the structure and stabilizing interactions in the complexes of studied molecules and BChE.
Analysis of Antidiabetic Activity of Squalene via In Silico and In Vivo Assay
Authors: Widyawati Tri , Syahputra Rony Abdi , Syarifah Siti , Sumantri Imam Bagus
Published: April 2023

Squalene has been tested widely in pharmacological activity including anticancer, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and antidiabetic properties. This study aims to examine antidiabetic activity of squalene in silico and in vivo models. In the in silico model, the PASS server was used to evaluate squalene antidiabetic properties. Meanwhile, the in vivo model was conducted on a Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) with the rats separated into three groups. These include squalene (160 mg/kgbw), metformin (45 mg/kgbw), and diabetic control (DC) (aquades 10 mL/kgbw) administered once daily for 14 days. Fasting Blood Glucose Level (FBGL), Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV (DPPIV), leptin, and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity were measured to analysis antidiabetic and antioxidant activity. Additionally, the pancreas was analysed through histopathology to examine the islet cell. The results showed that in silico analysis supported squalene antidiabetic potential. In vivo experiment demonstrated that squalene decreased FBGL levels to 134.40 ± 16.95 mg/dL. The highest DPPIV level was in diabetic control- (61.26 ± 15.06 ng/mL), while squalene group showed the lowest level (44.09 ± 5.29 ng/mL). Both metformin and squalene groups showed minor pancreatic rupture on histopathology. Leptin levels were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in diabetic control group (15.39 ± 1.77 ng/mL) than both squalene- (13.86 ± 0.47 ng/mL) and metformin-treated groups (9.22 ± 0.84 ng/mL). SOD activity were higher in both squalene- and metformin-treated group, particularly 22.42 ± 0.27 U/mL and 22.81 ± 0.08 U/mL than in diabetic control (21.88 ± 0.97 U/mL). In conclusion, in silico and in vivo experiments provide evidence of squalene antidiabetic and antioxidant properties.
Elucidating the Role of Surface Ce4+ and Oxygen Vacancies of CeO2 in the Direct Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate from CO2 and Methanol
Authors: Zhang Guoqiang , Zhou Yuan , Yang Yanlin , Kong Tiantian , Song Ya , Zhang Song , Zheng Huayan
Published: April 2023

Cerium dioxide (CeO2) was pretreated with reduction and reoxidation under different conditions in order to elucidate the role of surface Ce4+ and oxygen vacancies in the catalytic activity for direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) from CO2 and methanol. The corresponding catalysts were comprehensively characterized using N2 physisorption, XRD, TEM, XPS, TPD, and CO2-FTIR. The results indicated that reduction treatment promotes the conversion of Ce4+ to Ce3+ and improves the concentration of surface oxygen vacancies, while reoxidation treatment facilitates the conversion of Ce3+ to Ce4+ and decreases the concentration of surface oxygen vacancies. The catalytic activity was linear with the number of moderate acidic/basic sites. The surface Ce4+ rather than oxygen vacancies, as Lewis acid sites, promoted the adsorption of CO2 and the formation of active bidentate carbonates. The number of moderate basic sites and the catalytic activity were positively correlated with the surface concentration of Ce4+ but negatively correlated with the surface concentration of oxygen vacancies. The surface Ce4+ and lattice oxygen were active Lewis acid and base sites respectively for CeO2 catalyst, while surface oxygen vacancy and lattice oxygen were active Lewis acid and base sites, respectively, for metal-doped CeO2 catalysts. This may result from the different natures of oxygen vacancies in CeO2 and metal-doped CeO2 catalysts.
Glucosylation of Isoeugenol and Monoterpenes in Corynebacterium glutamicum by YdhE from Bacillus lichenformis
Authors: Ma Su Yeong , Amoah Obed Jackson , Nguyen Hue Thi , Sohng Jae Kyung
Published: April 2023

Corynebacterium glutamicum has been regarded as a food-grade microorganism. In recent years, the research to improve the activities of beneficial therapeutics and pharmaceutical substances has resulted in the engineering of the therapeutically favorable cell factory system of C. glutamicum. In this study, we successfully glucosylated isoeugenol and other monoterpene derivatives in C. glutamicum using a promiscuous YdhE, which is a glycosyltransferase from Bacillus lichenformis. For efficient glucosylation, cultivation conditions such as the production time, substrate concentration, carbon source, and culture medium were optimized. Our system successfully converted about 93% of the isoeugenol to glucosylated compounds in the culture. The glucoside compounds were then purified, analyzed, and identified as isoeugenol-1-O-β-d-glucoside and isoeugenol-1-O-β-d-(2″-acetyl)-glucoside.
Editorial: A Feasible Approach for Natural Products to Treatment of Diseases
Authors: Ooi Soo Liang , Pak Sok Cheon
Published: April 2023

The potential of natural products from both plant and animal sources to treat diseases remains enormous, as our understating forms just the tip of the iceberg [...]
Ketonization of Ginsenoside C-K by Novel Recombinant 3-β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases and Effect on Human Fibroblast Cells
Authors: Jin Yan , Wang Dandan , Im Wan-Taek , Siddiqi Muhammad Zubair , Yang Deok-Chun
Published: April 2023

Background and objective: The ginsenoside compound K (C-K) (which is a de-glycosylated derivative of major ginsenosides) is effective in the treatment of cancer, diabetes, inflammation, allergy, angiogenesis, aging, and has neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective than other minor ginsenosides. Thus, a lot of studies have been focused on the conversion of major ginsenosides to minor ginsenosides using glycoside hydrolases but there is no study yet published for the bioconversion of minor ginsenosides into another high pharmacological active compound. Therefore, the objective of this study to identify a new gene (besides the glycoside hydrolases) for the conversion of minor ginsenosides C-K into another highly pharmacological active compound. Methods and Results: Lactobacillus brevis which was isolated from Kimchi has showed the ginsenoside C-K altering capabilities. From this strain, a novel potent decarboxylation gene, named HSDLb1, was isolated and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using the pMAL-c5X vector system. Recombinant HSDLb1 was also characterized. The HSDLb1 consists of 774 bp (258 amino acids residues) with a predicted molecular mass of 28.64 kDa. The optimum enzyme activity was recorded at pH 6.0–8.0 and temperature 30 °C. Recombinant HSDLb1 effectively transformed the ginsenoside C-K to 12-β-hydroxydammar-3-one-20(S)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3-oxo-C-K). The experimental data proved that recombinant HSDLb1 strongly ketonized the hydroxyl (-O-H) group at C-3 of C-K via the following pathway: C-K → 3-oxo-C-K. In vitro study, 3-oxo-C-K showed higher solubility than C-K, and no cytotoxicity to fibroblast cells. In addition, 3-oxo-C-K induced the inhibitory activity of ultraviolet A (UVA) against matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and promoted procollagen type I synthesis. Based on these expectations, we hypothesized that 3-oxo-C-K can be used in cosmetic products to block UV radiations and anti-ageing agent. Furthermore, we expect that 3-oxo-C-K will show higher efficacy than C-K for the treatment of cancer, ageing and other related diseases, for which more studies are needed.
Forest Classroom: A Case Study of Educational Augmented Reality Design to Facilitate Classroom Engagement
Authors: Singh Manjeet , Bangay Shaun , Grossek Henry , Sajjanhar Atul
Published: April 2023

The transition from kindergarten to primary school involves preparing students for a more structured classroom-based learning environment, which is typically different from the play-based model in kindergartens. Building on the Forest Room concept, which connects restless and disengaged students to nature as a calming medium, this case study describes the design of a combined storybook and augmented reality application to provide a literacy primer that integrates this concept. The design case study is presented relative to three frameworks that review the support for educational content, motivation and engagement mechanisms, and features of the AR application. This serves to validate the design process relative to these criteria and identifies opportunities for enhancement, including opportunities for meaningful interaction. The resulting application demonstrates appropriate design strategies to support its target age group and focus. It provides a stimulating and flexible learning activity that can be readily integrated into the classroom and that supports the kindergarten transition to appropriate classroom behaviour by encouraging active engagement and collaboration, blending aspects of both outdoor and classroom-based activities.
Semiconductor-to-Insulator Transition in Inter-Electrode Bridge-like Ensembles of Anatase Nanoparticles under a Long-Term Action of the Direct Current
Authors: Zimnyakov Dmitry A. , Volchkov Sergey S. , Vasilkov Mikhail Yu. , Plugin Ilya A. , Varezhnikov Alexey S. , Gorshkov Nikolay V. , Ushakov Arseni V. , Tokarev Alexey S. , Tsypin Dmitry V. , Vereshagin Dmitry A.
Published: April 2023

The results of experimental studies of ohmic conductivity degradation in the ensembles of nanostructured anatase bridges under a long-term effect of direct current are presented. Stochastic sets of partially conducting inter-electrode bridges consisting of close-packed anatase nanoparticles were formed by means of the seeding particles from drying aqueous suspensions on the surfaces of silica substrates with interdigital platinum electrodes. Multiple-run experiments conducted at room temperature have shown that ohmic conductivity degradation in these systems is irreversible. It is presumably due to the accumulated capture of conduction electrons by deep traps in anatase nanoparticles. The scaling analysis of voltage drops across the samples at the final stage of degradation gives a critical exponent for ohmic conductivity as ≈1.597. This value satisfactorily agrees with the reported model data for percolation systems. At an early stage of degradation, the spectral density of conduction current fluctuations observed within the frequency range of 0.01–1 Hz decreases approximately as 1/ω, while near the percolation threshold, the decreasing trend changes to ≈1/ω2. This transition is interpreted in terms of the increasing contribution of blockages and subsequent avalanche-like breakdowns of part of the local conduction channels in the bridges into electron transport near the percolation threshold.
Postindustrial Landscapes Are Neglected Localities That May Play an Important Role in the Urban Ecology of Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases—A Pilot Study
Authors: Dvořáková Anna , Klímová Anita , Alaverdyan Johana , Černý Jiří
Published: April 2023

Background: Numerous recent studies have shown that ticks and tick-borne pathogens pose a considerable threat in urban areas, such as parks, playgrounds, zoos, cemeteries, etc. Abandoned postindustrial localities, and other types of vague terrain, are other examples of urban wilderness areas that have been absolutely neglected in respect to ticks and tick-borne pathogens thus far, even though they provide ideal biotopes for ticks. Methods: The abundance of ticks and prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato spirochetes were compared between a city park and an adjacent abandoned construction waste disposal site in Prague, Czechia from June to October 2021. Results: The results showed that ticks and borrelia spirochetes are present at the city park as well as at the abandoned construction waste disposal site, although in lower numbers. Discussion: According to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the presence of ticks and tick-borne pathogens in an urban postindustrial landscape. More detailed studies are needed to uncover the role of these localities in the ecology of ticks and ecoepidemiology of tick-borne diseases in urban areas.
Protozoan Parasites of Iranian Freshwater Fishes: Review, Composition, Classification, and Modeling Distribution
Authors: Barzegar Maryam , Raissy Mehdi , Shamsi Shokoofeh
Published: April 2023

This article investigates the occurrence and distribution of parasitic protozoa of Iranian freshwater fishes (both farmed and wild). Our search shows 26 known parasitic protozoan species were recorded from 52 freshwater fish species across different ecoregions of Iran. Most of these fish are edible. While none of the identified protozoan parasites are of zoonotic importance, our study does not exclude presence of zoonotic species in Iranian fishes. Present data suggest the northern and western regions of the country are the main macrohabitat of protozoa (35 parasitic records reported), with the greatest concentration of parasitic protozoa occurring in the Urmia basin in Iran’s northwest. The clustered distribution pattern of protozoa among freshwater fish was also more evident in the northern and western parts of the country. The gills and skin were the most infected microhabitats for parasitic protozoa. The highest number of parasites was observed in the fish family Cyprinidae with nine species found in the native fish, Capoeta capoeta. The most diverse host range was observed in the holotrich ciliate, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis isolated from 46 cyprinid species in 39 different locations. However, due to the great richness of fish and extreme habitat diversity, parts of the parasite fauna of Iranian freshwater fish are still poorly understood. Furthermore, current and future changes in climate and environmental parameters, and anthropogenic interventions are likely to affect fish hosts and their parasites.
An Epidemic of Drug Resistance: Tuberculosis in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Seeberg Jens
Published: April 2023

With an estimated two billion people being carriers of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), the gains achieved by increasing access to diagnostics and treatment, although substantial, have had a modest impact on the global burden of tuberculosis (TB). At the same time, increased access to treatment has had the unintended consequence that drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) has increased dramatically. Earlier TB control strategies strongly emphasizing medical treatment have failed to address these issues effectively. The current strategy to eliminate TB by 2050 is accompanied by a call for a paradigm shift, emphasizing patient rights and equity more. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in Odisha, India, and global-level TB conferences, this paper contrasts the dynamics of global health policy and strategy-making with the lived realities of patients with DR-TB. A more thorough rethinking of the biosocial dynamics that impact the pathogenic disease is required to develop a comprehensive paradigm shift for TB control in the twenty-first century.
A High-Sensitivity Sensor Based on Insulator-Metal-Insulator Structure
Authors: Chen Xiaoying , Gao Zhuozhen , Li Zhiqi , Wang Jingjing , Wang Hui , Chen Sixue , Shen Jian , Li Chaoyang
Published: April 2023

In this paper, a theoretical model of a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor based on the insulator-metal-insulator (IMI) structure is proposed. The sensor mainly consists of two IMI structures, MgF2/Au/Al2O3 and Al2O3/Au/sensing medium structure, respectively. Benefits from the symmetrical modes stimulated by the IMI structure, i.e., the electric field strength inside the sensing medium, are reinforced, resulting in a better overall performance in sensitivity and figure of merit (FOM). The influences of the thickness of the metal layers, the parameters of the dielectric layer materials, and the number of structural layers on the performance of this sensor are discussed. When the refractive index (RI) of the analyte varies in the range of 1.3494–1.3495, the optimized sensor could achieve a maximum wavelength sensitivity of 220 μm/RIU (refractive index unit) and a FOM of 3013.70 RIU−1. Compared with the conventional SPR sensor, the sensitivity and FOM of this structure are significantly improved.
The Ins and Outs of Urea: Identification of Putative DUR3-like Urea Transporters in the Oligohaline Nerite Snail Theodoxus fluviatilis and Their Expression under Changing Salinities
Authors: Knobloch Jan , Gößeler Sarah , Fuchs Laura I. R. , Fuß Janina , Torres-Oliva Montserrat , Müller Christian , Hildebrandt Jan-Peter
Published: April 2023

Theodoxus fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Gastropoda: Neritidae) is an oligohaline aquatic gastropod that inhabits most of Europe and adjacent areas of Asia. Two different ecotypes can be distinguished: One in freshwater (FW) and another along the Baltic Sea coast in brackish water habitats (BW). Individuals of either ecotype use free amino acids and urea as organic osmolytes to adjust body fluid osmolality to the external medium; however, the BW ecotype is able to accumulate them in larger quantities. The use of urea as an organic osmolyte in aquatic gastropods such as T. fluviatilis has only recently been initially described and raised the question of how urea transport between body fluids and the environment is balanced. Upon examining transcriptome and preliminary genome sequence data of T. fluviatilis, we identified putative homologues of DUR3 genes, which code for urea transporters (UTs) in other organisms. In this study, we provide evidence for the presence of four different subtypes of DUR3-like UTs that belong to two distinct families. Two of the UT subtypes were subject to qRT-PCR analyses to investigate differences in mRNA expression during the acclimation of individuals of both ecotypes to different salinities. Our results indicate that only BW animals regulate DUR3 gene expression in the context of osmoregulation.
Development and Validation of a Duplex RT-qPCR for Detection of Peach Latent Mosaic Viroid and Comparison of Different Nucleic-Acid-Extraction Protocols
Authors: Luigi Marta , Taglienti Anna , Corrado Carla Libia , Cardoni Marco , Botti Simona , Bissani Rita , Casati Paola , Passera Alessandro , Miotti Niccolò , De Jonghe Kris , Everaert Ellen , Olmos Antonio , Ruiz-García Ana B. , Faggioli Francesco
Published: April 2023

Peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd) is an important pathogen that causes disease in peaches. Control of this viroid remains problematic because most PLMVd variants are symptomless, and although there are many detection tests in use, the reliability of PCR-based methods is compromised by the complex, branched secondary RNA structure of the viroid and its genetic diversity. In this study, a duplex RT-qPCR method was developed and validated against two previously published single RT-qPCRs, which were potentially able to detect all known PLMVd variants when used in tandem. In addition, in order to simplify the sample preparation, rapid-extraction protocols based on the use of crude sap or tissue printing were compared with commercially available RNA purification kits. The performance of the new procedure was evaluated in a test performance study involving five participant laboratories. The new method, in combination with rapid-sample-preparation approaches, was demonstrated to be feasible and reliable, with the advantage of detecting all different PLMVd isolates/variants assayed in a single reaction, reducing costs for routine diagnosis.
Induction of Axillary Bud Swelling of Hevea brasiliensis to Regenerate Plants through Somatic Embryogenesis and Analysis of Genetic Stability
Authors: Wang Taihua , Udayabhanu Jinu , Gu Xiaochuan , Wu Rizhi , Xin Shichao , Chen Qiuhui , Zhang Yuanyuan , Yang Xianfeng , Peng Suna , Chen Jianmiao , Huang Tiandai
Published: April 2023

To overcome rubber tree (RT) tissue culture explant source limitations, the current study aimed to establish a new Hevea brasiliensis somatic embryogenesis (SE) system, laying the technical foundation for the establishment of an axillary-bud-based seedling regeneration system. In this study, in vitro plantlets of Hevea brasiliensis Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences 917 (CATAS 917) were used as the experimental materials. Firstly, the optimum conditions for axillary bud swelling were studied; then, the effects of phenology, the swelling time of axillary buds (ABs), and medium of embryogenic callus induction were studied. Plantlets were obtained through somatic embryogenesis. Flow cytometry, inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR molecular marker) and chromosome karyotype analysis were used to study the genetic stability of regenerated plants along with budding seedlings (BSs) and secondary somatic embryo seedlings (SSESs) as the control. The results show that the rubber tree’s phenology period was mature, and the axillary bud induction rate was the highest in the 2 mg/L 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) medium (up to 85.83%). Later, 3-day-old swelling axillary buds were used as explants for callogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. The callus induction rate was optimum in MH (Medium in Hevea) + 1.5 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) + 1.5 mg/L 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) + 1.5 mg/L Kinetin (KT) + 70 g/L sucrose (56.55%). The regenerated plants were obtained after the 175-day culture of explants through callus induction, embryogenic callus induction, somatic embryo development, and plant regeneration. Compared with the secondary somatic embryo seedling control, axillary bud regeneration plants (ABRPs) were normal diploid plants at the cellular and molecular level, with a variation rate of 7.74%.
Salt Tolerance of Limonium gmelinii subsp. hungaricum as a Potential Ornamental Plant for Secondary Salinized Soils
Authors: Honfi Péter , Eisa Eman Abdelhakim , Tilly-Mándy Andrea , Kohut Ildikó , Ecseri Károly , Mosonyi István Dániel
Published: April 2023

Secondary salinization caused by climate change is a growing global problem. Searching for plants that can survive in areas with high salt content and even have decorative value was the focus of our research. Thirty plants of Limonium gmelinii subsp. hungaricum were planted in clear river sand; another thirty plants were planted in Pindstrup, a growing substrate enriched with 40% clay. With the latter, we modeled the natural soil. In addition to the control tap-water treatment, plants received 50, 125, 250, 375, and 500 mM NaCl solution irrigation twice a week. The leaf sizes of plants planted in sand decreased proportionally with the increasing NaCl concentration, and their dry matter content increased. In the clay-containing medium, leaf sizes increased, even at a concentration of 375 mM, although the dry matter content increased only at high concentrations. Carotene content in both media became higher, due to the higher NaCl concentrations, while proline content in the plants grown in sandy media increased, even with the 125 mM concentration. With our present experiment we proved the salt tolerance of the taxon, and even the soil’s great importance in supporting the plant’s salt tolerance.
Effects of Magnesium on Transcriptome and Physicochemical Index of Tea Leaves
Authors: Zhang Ying , Zhang Qi , Wang Yuhua , Lin Shaoxiong , Chen Meihui , Cheng Pengyuan , Wang Yuchao , Du Mengru , Jia Xiaoli , Wang Haibin , Ye Jianghua
Published: April 2023

Magnesium (Mg) is one of the essential elements for the growth of tea tree and is extremely important for its development. In this study, we investigated the effect of Mg on the transcriptome and physicochemical indexes of tea leaves, and the results showed that Mg could significantly affect the gene expression of tea leaves. The results of Orthogonal Partial Least-Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) model analysis showed that a total of 300 key genes (Variable Importance for the Projection, VIP > 1) were screened under different concentrations of Mg treatment, among which 140 genes were up-regulated and 160 genes were down-regulated. The bubble map was used to screen the characteristic genes from the above key genes, and a total of 121 representative characteristic genes were obtained, mainly involving 9 metabolic pathways. Among them, gene expression of three metabolic pathways, including porphyrin metabolism, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism and photosynthesis, showed an increasing trend with the increase of Mg concentration, while gene expression of four metabolic pathways, including biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, anthocyanin biosynthesis, ABC transporters, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, showed a decreasing trend. The results of physiological index analysis showed that with the increase of Mg concentration, the photosynthetic physiological index, theanine and soluble sugar content of tea leaves showed an increasing trend, while the content of tea polyphenol, flavone and caffeine showed a decreasing trend. The results of TOPSIS analysis showed that the physiological indexes of tea trees most affected by Mg were chlorophyll, tea polyphenols and flavonoids, while the metabolic pathways most affected by Mg on gene expression were the metabolic pathways and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. It can be seen that the effects of Mg on tea tree were mainly related to photosynthesis and synthesis of secondary metabolites, and Mg was beneficial for improving the photosynthetic capacity of tea tree, enhancing the accumulation of primary metabolites, and thus increasing tea yield. However, Mg was not conducive to the synthesis of secondary metabolites of tea tree and the accumulation of main quality indexes of tea leaves.
The Design and Verification of a TBP/OK Pyrolysis Incineration Stable System
Authors: Ma Jing , Zhao Jingyu , Liu Tiejun , Yang Cuiling , Wang Yeyun , Zhang Jinghui , Li Mingfu , Sun Yufan
Published: April 2023

This project designed and created a large-scale pyrolysis incineration system that decomposes waste tributyl phosphate/kerosene (TBP/OK) solvent from the plutonium/uranium process (PU-REX) in the nuclear industry. This system consists of a suspension preparation system (SPS), a pyrolysis and ash discharge system (PADS), and a combustion furnace and gas treatment system (CGS). The preparation of a waste TBP/OK emulsified suspension in the SPS, continuous operation experiments of the PADS and CGS, and pyrolysis incineration experiments were conducted. The results show that the SPS achieved the automatic preparation and feeding of emulsified suspensions at 30 kg/h. The PADS decomposed 99.99% of the TBP/OK emulsified suspensions and fixed more than 99% of phosphorus. The CGS burned the pyrolysis gas without diesel oil and purified more than 99.995% of the radioactive nuclides. This system showed great feasibility, stability, continuity, and safety, proving the compatibility between multiple systems of this new design. This paper marks a significant step in pyrolysis incineration technology for the nuclear industry.
A Case Study on Strong Strata Behaviors Mechanism of Mining Reserved Roadway and Its Prevention Techniques
Authors: Li Chen , Xin Delin , Liu Yan , Chen Tuantuan
Published: April 2023

The underground roadway of the Buertai Coal Mine adopts the double-roadway layout. Double-roadway layout mode has a roadway that is affected by repeated mining, called reserved roadways. The reserved roadway is strongly affected by mining, and the strata behaviors appear violently. This paper studies the strata behaviors that occur in auxiliary haulage roadway (AHR) during the mining of panel 42106. By analyzing geological conditions, mining influencing factors, and roadway layout, the mechanism of strong rock behavior has been clarified. Then, based on the theoretical analysis, we put forward the treatment method for the manifestation of strong strata behaviors by using hydraulic fracturing technology to break the key stratum. In this way, the high stress of the surrounding rock can be reduced by forcing the hard roof to be broken. After the application of hydraulic fracturing technology, we monitored the deformation of roadways and the periodic weighting law of the working face. The strength of strata behaviors has significantly weakened, and the application of this technology ensures the safe production of coal mines.
Detailed Simulations of a Three-Stage Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Axial Compressor with a Focus on the Shrouded Stator Cavities Flow
Authors: Ghimire Saugat , Turner Mark
Published: April 2023

This paper describes the findings of detailed simulations performed to investigate the impact of seal teeth cavity leakage flow on the aerodynamic and thermal performance of a three-stage supercritical CO2 axial compressor. The study compares a shrouded stator configuration (with cavities) to a cantilevered stator configuration (without cavities) to highlight their differences. High-fidelity computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed using non-linear harmonic (NLH) and mixing plane assumptions, considering various possible rotor/stator interface configurations for mixing plane calculations. The key performance parameters for each case were compared, and the best-performing configuration selected for further analysis. The individual stage performance parameters are also examined and compared between the cantilevered and shrouded configurations. It was observed that in the shrouded case, the leakage flow enters the cavity downstream of the stator trailing edge and gets entrained into the primary flow upstream of the stator, leading to boundary layer changes at the hub and degradation of stator and downstream rotor performance. Vortical flow structures were also observed in the stator wells, which tended to change the flow angles around the region, thereby affecting mixing and velocity distribution, resulting in a slight deterioration of compressor performance. Additionally, the study examines windage heating due to shear work from rotating walls, including the seal teeth surface. The amount of shear work done on the leakage flow and the corresponding rise in fluid temperature were quantified, tabulated, and further compared with a simple analytical model, showing good agreement between them and, hence, validating the numerical approach used.
Synergism of a Novel Bio-Based Surfactant Derived from Pisum sativum and Formation Brine for Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery in Carbonate Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Zhao Lidong , Guo Yuanling , Azdarpour Amin , Mohammadian Erfan , Norouzpour Milad , Liu Bo
Published: April 2023

The Pisum sativum (PS), known as the green pea, was used in this investigation to produce a novel green surfactant. The performance of the PS green surfactant was also evaluated using various tests, including contact angle, IFT, emulsion, zeta potential, and oil recovery factor measurement in the presence of formation brine (FB) with a total dissolved solid (TDS) of 150,000 ppm. The characterization study using various tests revealed that the PS green surfactant was nonionic. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) measurement results indicated that the PS green surfactant’s CMC value is 1500 ppm. The IFT and contact angle measurements showed that the green surfactant significantly lowered the IFT and contact angles. The lowest IFT value of 3.71 mN/m and the contact angle of 57.37° were achieved at the FB concentration of 12,500 ppm (optimum salinity). The results of the emulsion tests showed that Winsor type III emulsions were achieved using PS green surfactant and crude oil. The core flooding experiments revealed that the tertiary recovery using a solution of 1500 ppm of PS green surfactant and 12,500 ppm of FB resulted in a maximum oil recovery factor of 83.55%.