bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Machine Learning-Based Heat Sink Optimization Model for Single-Phase Immersion Cooling
Authors: Herring Joseph , Smith Peter , Lamotte-Dawaghreh Jacob , Bansode Pratik , Saini Satyam , Bhandari Rabin , Agonafer Dereje
Published: December 2022

Traditional air-cooling along with corresponding heat sinks are beginning to reach performance limits, requiring lower air-supply temperatures and higher air-supply flowrates, in order to meet the rising thermal management requirements of high power-density electronics. A switch from air-cooling to single-phase immersion cooling provides significant thermal performance improvement and reliability benefits. When hardware which is designed for air-cooling is implemented within a single-phase immersion cooling regime, optimization of the heat sinks provides additional thermal performance improvements. In this study, we investigate the performance of a machine learning (ML) approach to building a predictive model of the multi-objective and multi-design variable optimization of an air-cooled heat sink for single-phase immersion-cooled servers. Parametric simulations via high fidelity CFD numerical simulations are conducted by considering the following design variables composed of both geometric and material properties for both forced and natural convection: fin height, fin thickness, number of fins, and thermal conductivity of the heat sink. Generating a databank of 864 points through CFD numerical optimization simulations, the data set is used to train and evaluate the machine learning algorithms’ ability to predict heat sink thermal resistance and pressure drop across the heat sink. Three machine learning regression models are studied to evaluate and compare the performance of polynomial regression, random forest, and neural network to accurately predict heat sink thermal resistance and pressure drop as a function of various design inputs. This approach to utilizing numerical simulations for building a databank for machine learning predictive models can be extrapolated to thermal performance prediction and parameter optimization in other electronic thermal management applications and thus reducing the design lead time significantly.
Dual-Evaporator Thermosyphon Cooling System for Electronics Cooling
Authors: Cataldo Filippo , Amalfi Raffaele Luca
Published: December 2022

When dealing with thermosyphon systems for electronics cooling, there is a dearth of experimental studies addressing the physics of having multiple evaporators in parallel. Indeed, it is very common to have several processing units on the same device, such as the Central Processing Units (CPUs) and Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) on desktop computers or servers. In this study, a thermosyphon-based system composed of two evaporators and a single air-cooled condenser is designed and tested for the layout typical of a desktop computer, workstation, or crypto-currency miner. Two evaporators at different heights and orientations compose the loo: the vertical evaporator occupies the highest position, while the evaporator is horizontal and located at the bottom of the loop. The total power dissipation of the thermosyphon-based system is 880 W when both the vertical and horizontal evaporators were cooling the corresponding units. The results show that the thermosyphon can effectively cool both processing units without instabilities. Moreover, the thermosyphon system can operate safely even when one of the two evaporators is not working.
Naturally-Cooled Heat Sinks for Next-Generation Battery Chargers
Authors: Chhokar Callum , Abadi G. Bamorovat , McDaniel Nicholas , Botting Chris , Bahrami Majid
Published: December 2022

High-performance heat sinks are required for next-generation battery chargers to manage their ever-increasing power density. For chargers at the now upwards-shifted lower end of the power density spectrum, manufacturers still favor naturally-cooled heat sinks for their low cost, reliability, and simplicity. This study focuses on designing high-performance naturally-cooled heat sinks with continuous, segmented, inclined, and pin fins. A systematic numerical approach in ANSYS Fluent is used to model the heat sinks in three mounting orientations: horizontal, vertical, and sideways. Proposed heat sinks were developed using relevant literature on fin geometries to improve upon a provided, finned heat sink subjected to specified boundary conditions. The provided benchmark suffered from orientation-dependent performance, exhibiting its highest wall temperatures when installed sideways. Although intended to improve convective performance in the vertical orientation, fin segments marginally changed wall temperatures in this orientation. Instead, they considerably lowered them in the sideways orientation. The presence of gap flow, allowing some buoyancy-driven flow to span the width of the heat sink, lowered the average sideways-oriented wall temperature by about 3% compared to the benchmark. An arrangement of staggered pin fins furthered this improvement with a 5% drop in the average sideways-oriented wall temperature compared to the benchmark, albeit increasing the vertical orientation’s average wall temperature by about 2%. Our future work will look to gather experimental data for the specified heat sinks and boundary conditions.
The path to venetoclax resistance is paved with mutations, metabolism, and more
Authors: Sullivan Graeme P. , Flanagan Lyndsey , Rodrigues Daniel Alencar , Ní Chonghaile Tríona
Published: December 2022

Venetoclax is a B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2)–selective antagonist used to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Although this has been a promising therapeutic option for these patients, many of these patients develop resistance and relapsed disease. Here, we summarize the emerging mechanisms of resistance to venetoclax treatment, discuss the promising combination strategies, and highlight the combinations that are currently in clinical trials. Efforts to understand mechanisms of resistance are critical to advance the development of new targeted therapeutic strategies and further our understanding of the biological functions of BCL-2 in tumor cells.
A B1a–natural IgG–neutrophil axis is impaired in viral- and steroid-associated aspergillosis
Authors: Sarden Nicole , Sinha Sarthak , Potts Kyle G. , Pernet Erwan , Hiroki Carlos H. , Hassanabad Mortaza F. , Nguyen Angela P. , Lou Yuefei , Farias Raquel , Winston Brent W. , Bromley Amy , Snarr Brendan D. , Zucoloto Amanda Z. , Andonegui Graciela , Muruve Daniel A. , McDonald Braedon , Sheppard Donald C. , Mahoney Douglas J. , Divangahi Maziar , Rosin Nicole , Biernaskie Jeff , Yipp Bryan G.
Published: December 2022

The lung naturally resists
Aspergillus fumigatus
(
Af
) in healthy individuals, but multiple conditions can disrupt this resistance, leading to lethal invasive infections. Core processes of natural resistance and its breakdown are undefined. We investigated three distinct conditions predisposing to lethal aspergillosis—severe SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection, influenza A viral pneumonia, and systemic corticosteroid use—in human patients and murine models. We found a conserved and essential coupling of innate B1a lymphocytes,
Af
-binding natural immunoglobulin G antibodies, and lung neutrophils. Failure of this axis concealed
Af
from neutrophils, allowing rapid fungal invasion and disease. Reconstituting the axis with immunoglobulin therapy reestablished resistance, thus representing a realistic pathway to repurpose currently available therapies. Together, we report a vital host resistance pathway that is responsible for protecting against life-threatening aspergillosis in the context of distinct susceptibilities.
VdGAL4
Modulates Microsclerotium Formation, Conidial Morphology, and Germination To Promote Virulence in Verticillium dahliae
Authors: Wen Yu , Zhou Jinglong , Feng Hongjie , Sun Wanqing , Zhang Yalin , Zhao Lihong , Cheng Yong , Feng Zili , Zhu Heqin , Wei Feng
Published: December 2022

This study showed that α-galactosidase
VdGAL4
of
V. dahliae
could activate plant immune response and plays an important role in conidial morphology and yield, formation of microsclerotia, and mycelial penetration.
VdGAL4
deletion mutants significantly reduced the pathogenicity of
V. dahliae
. These findings deepened the understanding of pathogenic virulence factors and how the mechanism of pathogenic fungi infected the host, which may help to seek new strategies for effective control of plant diseases caused by pathogenic fungi.
Early Cretaceous continental-scale sediment routing, the McMurray Formation, Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Alberta, Canada
Authors: Wahbi Abdullah M. , Blum Michael D. , Nazworth Doerger Caroline
Published: December 2022

Alternative depositional models for the Early Cretaceous McMurray Formation between a dominantly continental and marginal marine settings remain a controversial topic. The source-to-sink model can be inverted to reconstruct ancient sediment-routing systems by utilizing methods to estimate ancient drainage basins, which can contribute to understanding of sediment routing and testing of alternative depositional models.

New detrital zircon U-Pb ages from 31 samples were analyzed to identify source terranes of the McMurray Formation and the overlying Wabiskaw Member of the Clearwater Formation to test first-generation alternative sediment-routing models and estimate maximum depositional ages. In total, 9729 new concordant U-Pb ages identified multiple source terranes for the McMurray Formation within an interpreted continental-scale paleodrainage basin that extended from the SW to SE United States and eastern Canada. The paleodrainage basin then expanded to include the Western Cordillera arc system within the overlying Upper Mannville Group. Multidimensional scaling and mixing models independently support a paleo-upstream mixing of primary and recycled sources in the McMurray Formation axial system in the United States and a paleo-downstream confluence between this axial system and east-derived sediment-routing systems in Canada, which display an evolution from bedrock-confined to alluvial morphology from the lower to middle-upper McMurray Formation.

The current dataset constrains the maximum depositional age of the McMurray Formation to the latest Barremian to Aptian, with an age range from ca. 122 to 115 Ma, which is significantly younger than previously reported. Age estimates in the overlying Upper Mannville units from ca. 115 to 110 Ma statistically overlap with the McMurray Formation age, suggesting continuous Mannville deposition that lasted 10−12 m.y. or less.
Changes in Soil and Vegetation with Different Number of Passes of Wheeled Forestry Equipment (Middle Taiga, Komi Republic)
Authors: Dymov A. A. , Startsev V. V. , Gorbach N. M. , Severgina D. A. , Kutyavin I. N. , Osipov A. F. , Dubrovsky Yu. A.
Published: December 2022

Abstract—

Changes in podzolic soils (Albic Retisols) and vegetation after felling blueberry spruce forest in the middle taiga of the Komi Republic are discussed. Changes in the morphological and physicochemical properties of soils after three and ten passes of the forwarder, as well as after ten passes with subsequent leveling of the ruts are characterized. It is shown that the number of forwarder passes is the decisive factor in soil changes. At the site with three passes, the formation of ruts with a depth of 11 ± 3 cm is observed, while at the site with ten passes, the depth of the ruts can reach 66 cm with an average value of 27 ± 4 cm. Leveling of forwarding trails to remove the ruts leads to the greatest transformation of the natural composition of the upper soil horizons over a larger area. A significant increase in the bulk density of the upper mineral horizon of the soil of the trail takes place after three passes. After ten passes, the bulk density of the upper mineral horizon decreases because of its mixing and loosening by wheeled vehicles. At the same time, an increase in the bulk density of the underlying middle-profile mineral horizon retaining its natural composition is observed. The upper horizons of the soil of the trail leveled with the use of an excavator are characterized by a significant increase in the bulk density compared to the initial soil. It was found that the regrowth of the main tree species in the first year after felling is extremely uneven. In the case of a strong clutter on the trails, there is no regrowth, which requires additional measures to improve tree growing these technological elements of felling area. On the leveled areas of the trails, the absence of regrowth in the first year after felling was observed. However, it can be assumed that in the future these areas will be fairly quickly populated with regrowth of tree species.
Hamstring injury rates have increased during recent seasons and now constitute 24% of all injuries in men’s professional football: the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study from 2001/02 to 2021/22
Authors: Ekstrand Jan , Bengtsson Håkan , Waldén Markus , Davison Michael , Khan Karim M , Hägglund Martin
Published: December 2022

Objectives

To: (1) describe hamstring injury incidence and burden in male professional football players over 21 seasons (2001/02 to 2021/22); (2) analyse the time-trends of hamstring muscle injuries over the most recent eight seasons (2014/15 to 2021/22); and (3) describe hamstring injury location, mechanism and recurrence rate.

Methods

3909 players from 54 teams (in 20 European countries) from 2001/02 to 2021/22 (21 consecutive seasons) were included. Team medical staff recorded individual player exposure and time-loss injuries. Time-trend analyses were performed with Poisson regression using generalised linear models.

Results

2636 hamstring injuries represented 19% of all reported injuries, with the proportion of all injuries increasing from 12% during the first season to 24% in the most recent season. During that same period, the percentage of all injury absence days caused by hamstring injuries increased from 10% to 20%. Between 2014/15 and 2021/22, training hamstring injury incidence increased (6.7% annually, 95% CI 1.7% to 12.5%) as did burden (9.0% annually, 95% CI 1.2% to 18.3%). During those years, the match hamstring injury incidence also increased (3.9% annually, 95% CI 0.1% to 7.9%) and with the same trend (not statistically significant) for match hamstring injury burden (6.2% annually, 95% CI −0.5% to 15.0%).

Conclusions

Hamstring injury proportions—in number of injuries and total absence days—doubled during the 21-year period of study. During the last eight seasons, hamstring injury rates have increased both in training and match play.
Enhancing authenticity, diagnosticity andequivalence (AD-Equiv) in multicentre OSCE exams in health professionals education: protocol for a complex intervention study
Authors: Yeates Peter , Maluf Adriano , Kinston Ruth , Cope Natalie , McCray Gareth , Cullen Kathy , O’Neill Vikki , Cole Aidan , Goodfellow Rhian , Vallender Rebecca , Chung Ching-Wa , McKinley Robert K , Fuller Richard , Wong Geoff
Published: December 2022

Introduction

Objective structured clinical exams (OSCEs) are a cornerstone of assessing the competence of trainee healthcare professionals, but have been criticised for (1) lacking authenticity, (2) variability in examiners’ judgements which can challenge assessment equivalence and (3) for limited diagnosticity of trainees’ focal strengths and weaknesses. In response, this study aims to investigate whether (1) sharing integrated-task OSCE stations across institutions can increase perceived authenticity, while (2) enhancing assessment equivalence by enabling comparison of the standard of examiners’ judgements between institutions using a novel methodology (video-based score comparison and adjustment (VESCA)) and (3) exploring the potential to develop more diagnostic signals from data on students’ performances.

Methods and analysis

The study will use a complex intervention design, developing, implementing and sharing an integrated-task (research) OSCE across four UK medical schools. It will use VESCA to compare examiner scoring differences between groups of examiners and different sites, while studying how, why and for whom the shared OSCE and VESCA operate across participating schools. Quantitative analysis will use Many Facet Rasch Modelling to compare the influence of different examiners groups and sites on students’ scores, while the operation of the two interventions (shared integrated task OSCEs; VESCA) will be studied through the theory-driven method of Realist evaluation. Further exploratory analyses will examine diagnostic performance signals within data.

Ethics and dissemination

The study will be extra to usual course requirements and all participation will be voluntary. We will uphold principles of informed consent, the right to withdraw, confidentiality with pseudonymity and strict data security. The study has received ethical approval from Keele University Research Ethics Committee. Findings will be academically published and will contribute to good practice guidance on (1) the use of VESCA and (2) sharing and use of integrated-task OSCE stations.
Barriers to home care for older adults from perspectives of Iranian informal caregivers: a qualitative study
Authors: Rahimi Fatemeh , Shakibazadeh Elham , Ashoorkhani Mahnaz , Foroughan Mahshid
Published: December 2022

Objective

A longer life expectancy increases the number of older adults who require long-term care. The presence of a caregiver at home prevents the placement of older adults in care facilities. Identifying the caregivers’ viewpoints around the care clarifies key factors in providing quality care.This study aimed to assess barriers to home care from the perspective of Iranian informal caregivers of older adults.

Design

This was a qualitative study with content analysis. Semistructured interviews were conducted via telephone in Persian with informal caregivers of older adults using open-ended questions.

Setting

Social and health organisations in southern Tehran, Iran.

Participants

Seventeen informal caregivers were selected on purpose. Participants were eligible to participate in the study if they were 18 years or older, and had at least 1 month of care experience for a minimum of 6 hours per week.

Results

Barriers to home care for older adults from informal caregivers’ points of view were categorised into three domains: (1) Individual barriers include the physical, mental and social burden of care as well as personal characteristics of the caregiver; (2) interpersonal barriers include psychobehavioural characteristics of the older adult and misbehaviour of people around the caregiver and (3) care system barriers include inefficient institutional/organisational infrastructure, moral issues and inefficiency in public policy.

Conclusions

Our study showed multiple individual, interpersonal and care system barriers to home care for older adults. Specific contextual challenges among Iranian caregivers, such as their attitudes and beliefs, as well as a lack of social and healthcare support for families, hindered the quality of care.

Trial registration number

IRCT20201012048999N1
Cost measurement in value-based healthcare: a systematic review
Authors: Leusder Maura , Porte Petra , Ahaus Kees , van Elten Hilco
Published: December 2022

Objective

Although value-based healthcare (VBHC) views accurate cost information to be crucial in the pursuit of value, little is known about how the costs of care should be measured. The aim of this review is to identify how costs are currently measured in VBHC, and which cost measurement methods can facilitate VBHC or value-based decision making.

Design

Two reviewers systematically search the PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, EBSCOhost and Web of Science databases for publications up to 1 January 2022 and follow Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to identify relevant studies for further analysis.

Eligibility criteria

Studies should measure the costs of an intervention, treatment or care path and label the study as ‘value based’. An inductive qualitative approach was used to identify studies that adopted management accounting techniques to identify if or how cost information facilitated VBHC by aiding decision-making.

Results

We identified 1930 studies, of which 215 measured costs in a VBHC setting. Half of these studies measured hospital costs (110, 51.2%) and the rest relied on reimbursement amounts. Sophisticated costing methods that allocate both direct and indirect costs to care paths were seen as able to provide valuable managerial information by facilitating care path adjustments (39), benchmarking (38), the identification of cost drivers (47) and the measurement of total costs or cost savings (26). We found three best practices that were key to success in cost measurement: process mapping (33), expert input (17) and observations (24).

Conclusions

Cost information can facilitate VBHC. Time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC) is viewed as the best method although its ability to inform decision-making depends on how it is implemented. While costing short, or partial, care paths and surgical episodes produces accurate cost information, it provides only limited decision-making information. Practitioners are advised to focus on costing full care cycles and to consider both direct and indirect costs through TDABC.
Measurement and Monitoring of Safety Framework: a qualitative study of implementation through a Canadian learning collaborative
Authors: Goldman Joanne , Rotteau Leahora , Flintoft Virginia , Jeffs Lianne , Baker G Ross
Published: December 2022

Background

The Measurement and Monitoring of Safety Framework (MMSF) aims to move beyond a narrow focus on measurement and past harmful events as the major focus for safety in healthcare organisations. There is limited evidence of MMSF implementation and impact.

Objective

We aimed to examine participants’ perspectives and experiences to increase understanding of the adaptive work of implementing the MMSF through a learning collaborative programme in diverse healthcare contexts across Canada.

Methods

The Collaborative consisted of 11 teams from seven provinces. We conducted a qualitative study involving interviews with 36 participants, observations of 5 sites and learning sessions, and collection of documents.

Results

Collaborative sessions and coaching allowed participants to explore reliability, sensitivity to operations, anticipation and preparedness, and integration and learning, in addition to past harm, and move beyond a project and measurement oriented safety approach. Participants noted the importance of time dedicated to engaging stakeholders in talk about MMSF concepts and their significance to their settings, prior to moving to implementing the Framework into practice. While participants generally started with a small number of ways of integrating the MMSF into practice such as rounds or huddles, many teams continued to experiment with incorporating the MMSF into a range of practices. Participants reported changes in thinking about safety, discussions and behaviours, which were perceived to impact healthcare processes. However, participants also reported challenges to sharing the Framework broadly and moving beyond its surface implementation, and difficulties with its sustained and widespread use given misalignments with existing quality and safety processes.

Conclusion

The MMSF requires a dramatic departure from traditional safety strategies that focus on discrete problems and emphasise measurement. MMSF implementation requires extensive discussion, coaching and experimentation. Future implementation should consider engaging local leaders and coaches and an organisation or system approach to enable broader reach and systemic change.
Lifestyle factors for the prevention of inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Lopes Emily W , Chan Simon S M , Song Mingyang , Ludvigsson Jonas F , Håkansson Niclas , Lochhead Paul , Clark Allan , Burke Kristin E , Ananthakrishnan Ashwin N , Cross Amanda J , Palli Domenico , Bergmann Manuela M , Richter James M , Chan Andrew T , Olén Ola , Wolk Alicja , Khalili Hamed
Published: December 2022

Objective

To estimate the proportion of cases of Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) that could be prevented by modifiable lifestyle factors.

Design

In a prospective cohort study of US adults from the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS; n=72 290), NHSII (n=93 909) and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS; n=41 871), we created modifiable risk scores (MRS; 0–6) for CD and UC based on established lifestyle risk factors, and healthy lifestyle scores (HLS; 0–9) derived from American healthy lifestyle recommendations. We calculated the population attributable risk by comparing the incidence of CD and UC between low-risk (CD-MRS≤1, UC-MRS≤2, HLS≥7) and high-risk groups. We externally validated our findings in three European cohorts: the Swedish Mammography Cohort (n=37 275), Cohort of Swedish Men (n=40 810) and European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (n=404 144).

Results

Over 5 117 021 person-years of follow-up (NHS, HPFS: 1986–2016; NHSII: 1991–2017), we documented 346 CD and 456 UC cases. Adherence to a low MRS could have prevented 42.9% (95% CI 12.2% to 66.1%) of CD and 44.4% (95% CI 9.0% to 69.8%) of UC cases. Similarly, adherence to a healthy lifestyle could have prevented 61.1% (95% CI 16.8% to 84.9%) of CD and 42.2% (95% CI 1.7% to 70.9%) of UC cases. In our validation cohorts, adherence to a low MRS and healthy lifestyle could have, respectively, prevented 43.9%–51.2% and 48.8%–60.4% of CD cases and 20.6%–27.8% and 46.8%–56.3% of UC cases.

Conclusions

Across six US and European cohorts, a substantial burden of inflammatory bowel diseases risk may be preventable through lifestyle modification.
Optimising clinical care throughCDH1-specific germline variant curation: improvement of clinical assertions and updated curation guidelines
Authors: Luo Xi , Maciaszek Jamie L , Thompson Bryony A , Leong Huei San , Dixon Katherine , Sousa Sónia , Anderson Michael , Roberts Maegan E , Lee Kristy , Spurdle Amanda B , Mensenkamp Arjen R , Brannan Terra , Pardo Carolina , Zhang Liying , Pesaran Tina , Wei Sainan , Fasaye Grace-Ann , Kesserwan Chimene , Shirts Brian H , Davis Jeremy L , Oliveira Carla , Plon Sharon E , Schrader Kasmintan A , Karam Rachid
Published: December 2022

Background

Germline pathogenic variants inCDH1are associated with increased risk of diffuse gastric cancer and lobular breast cancer. Risk reduction strategies include consideration of prophylactic surgery, thereby making accurate interpretation of germlineCDH1variants critical for physicians deciding on these procedures. The Clinical Genome Resource (ClinGen)CDH1Variant Curation Expert Panel (VCEP) developed specifications forCDH1variant curation with a goal to resolve variants of uncertain significance (VUS) and with ClinVar conflicting interpretations and continues to update these specifications.

Methods

CDH1variant classification specifications were modified based on updated genetic testing clinical criteria, new recommendations from ClinGen and expert knowledge from ongoingCDH1variant curations. TheCDH1VCEP reviewed 273 variants using updatedCDH1specifications and incorporated published and unpublished data provided by diagnostic laboratories.

Results

UpdatedCDH1-specific interpretation guidelines include 11 major modifications since the initial specifications from 2018. Using the refined guidelines, 97% (36 of 37) of variants with ClinVar conflicting interpretations were resolved to benign, likely benign, likely pathogenic or pathogenic, and 35% (15 of 43) of VUS were resolved to benign or likely benign. Overall, 88% (239 of 273) of curated variants had non-VUS classifications. To date, variants classified as pathogenic are either nonsense, frameshift, splicing, or affecting the translation initiation codon, and the only missense variants classified as pathogenic or likely pathogenic have been shown to affect splicing.

Conclusions

The development and evolution ofCDH1-specific criteria by the expert panel resulted in decreased uncertain and conflicting interpretations of variants in this clinically actionable gene, which can ultimately lead to more effective clinical management recommendations.
Changes in e-cigarette use and subsequent cigarette smoking cessation in the USA: evidence from a prospective PATH study, 2013–2018
Authors: Wang Yingning , Sung Hai-Yen , Max Wendy B
Published: December 2022

Aims

To examine the relationship between changes in electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use and subsequent cigarette smoking cessation.

Methods

Using data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study (wave 1–wave 4), we analysed a study cohort of 3014 current adult cigarette smokers at wave 1 who tried to quit during the past 12 months. We categorised changes in e-cigarette use from wave 1 to wave 2 as: daily initiation, non-daily initiation, increase to daily use, increase to non-daily use, stable daily use, stable non-daily use, decrease from daily use, quit non-daily use and non-use. We estimated multivariable logistic regressions on short-term (≥1 month and <12 months) cigarette smoking cessation at wave 3 and long-term (≥12 months) cigarette smoking cessation at wave 4. We conducted sensitivity analyses using alternative study cohorts.

Results

Among the study cohort, 2.4% initiated daily, 7.5% initiated non-daily, 1.0% increased to daily, 1.4% increased to non-daily, 1.5% maintained daily, 3.0% maintained non-daily, 2.4% decreased from daily and 3.8% quit non-daily e-cigarette use between waves 1 and 2; 7.9% and 6.9% reported short-term and long-term cigarette smoking cessation. 15.1% of short-term and 16.3% of long-term cigarette quitters used e-cigarettes. Compared with non-users, smokers who initiated daily, increased to daily or quit non-daily e-cigarette use between waves 1 and 2 had higher odds of short-term cigarette smoking cessation at wave 3. These results are robust to different study cohort specifications.

Conclusion

The findings suggest a complex relationship between changes in e-cigarette use and subsequent cigarette smoking cessation.
Infographic applications in cooperative groups in physics teaching
Authors: Kumaş Ahmet , Kan Sabri
Published: December 2022

Contrary to the results of some studies, is online education expected to be as effective as face-to-face education? If this question is answered in the affirmative, how can a design be made for Physics education? This research aims to determine the effectiveness of infographic-assisted physics teaching with collaborative groups in teaching physics subjects online, face-to-face, and coeducational settings. In this research, action research method was used and both qualitative and quantitative findings were analyzed. The sample of the study consists of 168 students studying in one of the high schools in Turkey, where one of the researchers teaches physics. Four different data collection tools were used in the study. These tools are: a five-point Likert-type questionnaire, one consisting of 17 questions and the other 20 questions, an interview form consisting of 4 questions, and rubrics consisting of 6 items. Quantitative findings were evaluated with SPSS and qualitative findings were evaluated with the help of content analysis. According to the results obtained from the research findings, infographic applications in collaborative groups offered in different learning environments such as online, face-to-face, and hybrid learning contribute positively to the development of students’ self-efficacy and social skills for learning physics lessons. Applications carried out with infographic-supported collaborative groups (ISCGs); these applications contributed to the development of physics learning, attitude toward physics lessons, and social skills of students studying in online, face-to-face, and hybrid learning environments. It has been determined that these practices contribute positively to the elimination of academic and social differences among students. On the other hand, when ISCG applications in Physics education are carried out together with online education, which is perceived as disadvantageous, it increases the group responsibilities of the students and enables them to have equal opportunities with the environments where face-to-face education is provided. The technological content of ISCG applications affects the attitudes of high school students positively and ensures their active participation in the activities throughout the process.
Rice Variety Identification Based on the Leaf Hyperspectral Feature via LPP-SVM
Authors: Hu Tian , Chen Yineng , Li Di , Long Chenfeng , Wen Zhidong , Hu Rong , Chen Guanghui
Published: December 2022

Rice variety identification is important for genetic breeding classification and crop yield estimation. Traditional identification methods are time-consuming and inaccurate. This paper proposes a method for rice variety identification based on the hyperspectral characteristics of leaves. Hyperspectral data of rice leaves were collected using a geophysical spectrometer imaging system. To reduce the redundance among the hyperspectral data and save the identification cost, locality preserving projections (LPP) is first applied to extract low-dimensional representative features from the leaf hyperspectral data. Then, support vector machine (SVM) is combined for conducting the identification of rice varieties. The experimental results show that the identification rate of 10 varieties of early rice was found to be 91.67% and the identification rate of 10 varieties of late rice was 97.33%.
Graviton noise: The Heisenberg picture
Authors: Haba Z.
Published: December 2022

We study the geodesic deviation equation for a quantum particle in a linearized quantum gravitational field. Particle’s Heisenberg equations of motion are treated as stochastic equations with a quantum noise. We explore the stochastic equation beyond its local approximation as a differential equation. We discuss the squeezed states resulting from an inflationary evolution. We calculate the noise in the thermal and squeezed states.
Self-focusing of asymmetric finite Airy-Gaussian laser beams in magnetized plasma
Authors: Nikam P. P. , Pawar V. S. , Takale M. V. , Patil S. D.
Published: December 2022

In this work, the role of asymmetry in the beam profile of finite Airy-Gaussian (AiG) laser is presented to explore its propagation dynamics in collisionless magnetized plasma. Emphasis is on analyzing the self-trapping condition for both extraordinary (E) and ordinary (O) modes of propagation of AiG laser beam. Theoretical formulation is based on obtaining nonlinear coupled differential equations for beam-width parameters in both transverse dimensions of the beam with the help of parabolic equation approach under WKB and paraxial approximations. It is found that asymmetry in the modulation parameters significantly affects self-focusing of finite AiG beam. Moreover, the same initial intensity parameter for simultaneous self-trapping of both modes of propagation is noteworthy.
Outcome Following Acute Suture Anchor Repair of the Ulnar Collateral Ligament of the Thumb
Authors: OLIVER William M. , PLACE Zach J. , BELL Katrina R. , MOLYNEUX Samuel G. , DUCKWORTH Andrew D.
Published: December 2022

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes following acute repair of the ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint (thumb UCL) using a suture anchor technique.

Methods: From 2011 to 2019, we retrospectively identified 40 adult patients from a single centre who had undergone an acute thumb UCL repair (≤6 weeks post-injury). The mean age of the study cohort was 37 years (range 16–70) and 68% (n = 27/40) were male. The short-term outcomes included postoperative complications and failure of repair. The long-term outcomes were QuickDASH, the EuroQol 5-Dimension (EQ-5D), Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-VAS), return to sport and work and satisfaction with outcome.

Results: The outcomes survey was completed at a mean of 4.3 years (range 1.0–9.2) for 33 patients (83%). Postoperative complications included self-limiting sensory disturbance (7.5%, n = 3/40), superficial infection (requiring oral antibiotics; 5%, n = 2/40) and wound dehiscence (requiring surgical debridement and re-closure; 2.5%, n = 1/40). No failures of repair were reported. The mean QuickDASH was 3.7 (range 0–27.3), EQ-5D 0.821 (range −0.041 to 1) and EQ-VAS 84 (range 60–100). Of the 32 employed patients, all returned to work at a median of 0.5 weeks (range 0–416) and the mean QuickDASH Work Module was 4.1 (range 0–50). Of the 24 patients playing sport prior to injury, 96% (n = 23/24) returned at a median of 16 weeks (range 5–52) and the mean QuickDASH Sport Module was 4.6 (range 0–25). All the patients were satisfied with their outcome (mean satisfaction score 9.8/10 [8–10O]).

Conclusions: Thumb UCL repair using a suture anchor technique is safe and effective up to 6 weeks post injury. Pain and stiffness may persist in the longer term, but most patients report excellent upper limb function and health-related quality of life. The majority return to work and sport and are highly satisfied with their outcome.

Level of Evidence: Level IV (Therapeutic)
The Impact of Perceived Upper Extremity Severity and Prior Surgery on Patient-Reported Outcomes
Authors: AVORICANI Alba , DAR Qurratul-Ain , ROMPALA Alexander , LEVY Kenneth H. , KURTZMAN Joey S. , KOEHLER Steven M.
Published: December 2022

Background: The recently validated Hand Questionnaire (HAND-Q) is a multifaceted patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) for hand/upper extremity (UE) pathology and treatment. Here, we conduct a pilot study utilising data collected as a participating site for the Phase II HAND-Q Pilot Multicenter International Validation Study. We hypothesised that self-reported hand functionality, symptom/disease severity, hand appearance, emotional dissatisfaction and treatment satisfaction would be worse in patients who perceived their disease severity to be more severe but would not differ between patients based on prior surgical history.

Methods: Patients were prospectively enrolled for HAND-Q participation from September 2018 to August 2019. Patients were included in this analysis if they responded to the following scales of HAND-Q: Hand Functionality Satisfaction, Symptom Severity, Hand Appearance Satisfaction, Emotional Dissatisfaction and Treatment Satisfaction. Composite scores (CS) were created for each section. Surgical versus non-surgical CS and mild versus moderate/severe CS were compared with t-tests. Bi-variate comparisons of responses were performed between surgical and non-surgical groups, and between mild and moderate/severe groups.

Results: HAND-Q individual question analysis revealed significant differences in functionality and symptom severity for patients with prior surgery (p < 0.047). CS analysis confirmed greater overall impairment in surgical patients, but no overall impact on symptom severity. Regarding disease severity HAND-Q individual question analysis, moderate/severe patients reported worse outcomes for specific aesthetic qualities and symptoms for almost all items (p < 0.05). CS analysis revealed significantly worse overall hand appearance satisfaction, hand functionality, emotional satisfaction and symptom severity for patients with moderate/severe hand conditions.

Conclusions: HAND-Q revealed worsened outcomes for UE patients with self-reported moderate/severe conditions or previous surgical history. Understanding how previous surgery and disease severity may impact clinical outcomes is important for crafting appropriate treatment.

Level of Evidence: Level II (Prognostic Study)
PURSUING GROWTH AND MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT: THE SINGAPORE MODEL
Authors: QUAH EUSTON , TAN JUN RUI
Published: December 2022

Since its independence, Singapore has faced a tradeoff between increasing economic growth and maintaining environmental quality. We qualitatively assess Singapore’s success in managing these tradeoffs. We present, illustrate and discuss seven strategies that have contributed to this, namely (I) Spearheading of Green Industrialization Efforts by the State; (II) Environmental Regulations; (III) Quantification of Economic Benefits from Going Green; (IV) Active Engagement of Stakeholders; (V) Use of Market Instruments; (VI) Use of Behavioral Interventions; (VII) Investment in Renewable and Clean Technologies. We also highlight some areas for improvement, as well as provide some insights on the thought processes behind certain policies and suggestions as to how these strategies can be refined where applicable.
Testing using CSP Models: Time, Inputs, and Outputs
Authors: Baxter James , Cavalcanti Ana , Gazda Maciej , Hierons Robert M.
Published: December 2022

The existing testing theories for CSP cater for verification of interaction patterns (traces) and deadlocks, but not time. We address here refinement and testing based on a dialect of CSP, called
tock
-CSP, which can capture discrete time properties. This version of CSP has been of widespread interest for decades; recently, it has been given a denotational semantics, and model checking has become possible using a well established tool. Here, we first equip
tock
-CSP with a novel semantics for testing, which distinguishes input and output events: the standard models of (
tock
-)CSP do not differentiate them, but for testing this is essential. We then present a new testing theory for timewise refinement, based on novel definitions of test and test execution. Finally, we reconcile refinement and testing by relating timed ioco testing and refinement in
tock
-CSP with inputs and outputs. With these results, this paper provides, for the first time, a systematic theory that allows both timed testing and timed refinement to be expressed. An important practical consequence is that this ensures that the notion of correctness used by developers guarantees that tests pass when applied to a correct system and, in addition, faults identified during testing correspond to development mistakes.
The Beneficial Impact of Intraoperative Ultrasound on Resection Margin Status during Breast Conserving Surgery
Authors: Almezaien Osama , Mohamed Eldeeb Ahmed , Kalmoush Abdelfattah , Shaaban Nassar Mohamed , Zaghlol Mohamed Tarek , Sobhy Shaaban Mohamed , Ibrahim Henish Mohamed , Teama Sobhy , Abdolmonem Elgohary Khalafallah Saed , Ibrahim Lofty A.
Published: December 2022

Background. Surgical resection with clear surgical cut margins is the mainstay of managing malignant breast neoplasms. Multiple techniques have been suggested to enhance resection status during breast-conserving surgery (BCS), including intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS). Herein, we conducted the current investigation to reveal the benefit of IOUS on the achievement of R0 resection. Patients and Methods. This retrospective investigation included 140 patients who underwent BCS. They were divided into two groups: the IOUS group (40 cases) and the control group (100 cases). Our primary objective was to determine the free resection margin status (R0). Results. Both study groups expressed statistically comparable demographic and clinical data. Additionally, histopathological examination revealed no significant difference between the two groups regarding the tumor type, stage, or grade. Nonetheless, the R0 resection margin was more frequently encountered in association with IOUS application (97.5% compared to 79% in the control group), and that difference was statistically significant (

p
=
0.007

). Conclusion. The application of IOUS has a significant beneficial impact on the outcomes of BCS. It is associated with a marked decline in positive resection margins, and its application should be encouraged in the breast oncological practice.
Muscle Strength, Physical Fitness, Balance, and Walking Ability at Risk of Fall for Prefrail Older People
Authors: Lee Yan-Cheng , Chang Shu-Fang , Kao Ching-Yun , Tsai Hsiao Chi
Published: December 2022

Aim. This study was to explore the relationship of older adults’ demographic information, physiological indices, and stages of frailty with their risk of falling. Methods. In the cross‐sectional study, a total of 221 older adults with the mean age 74.9 (SD = 6.8) years old were surveyed by senior fitness test. Results. Results were observed in terms of participants’ physical fitness, with significant differences being observed in the correlations of left‐hand grip strength (t = 5.05, p < .000), right‐hand grip strength (t = 6.03, p < .000), and total grip strength (t = 5.70, p < .000), time up and go test (t = −6.25, p < .000), and 30‐sec chair stand test (t = 7.19, p < .000) with the risk of falling. According to the logistic regression analysis results, long‐term medication (OR = 0.12, 95% CI =0.02‐0.62, p < .01) and right‐hand grip strength (OR = 0.86, 95% CI =0.76‐0.97, p < .01) are the main predictors of older adults’ risk of falling. Conclusions. Older females with low education, history of falls, weaker grip strengths; taking longer to finish the TUG test; and standing fewer times during the 30‐second chair stand test were at risk of fall. In prediction, older people using long‐term medication were at lower risk of falling, and the greater the hand grip strength was, the lower the fall risk was. According to the research results, nursing personnel must develop care programs and improve older adults’ risk of falls.
Are You a Soft Target for Cyber Attack? Drivers of Susceptibility to Social Engineering-Based Cyber Attack (SECA): A Case Study of Mobile Messaging Application
Authors: Wulandari Nuri , Adnan Mohammad Syauqi , Wicaksono Chastio Bayu
Published: December 2022

A rise in working and studying from home, activities which depend on the Internet, and the exchange of data coupled with a lack of understanding about security for interacting in cyberspace have made cybersecurity one of the most pressing concerns today. One form, in particular, is a social engineering-based cyber attack. Unfortunately, not much research has been conducted on the susceptibility factors that cause this to happen. This study attempts to understand what factors make a person susceptible to cyber attacks that can be seen from three perspectives: habitual perspective, perception perspective, and social and motivation perspective. The objective of the research is to identify specific characteristics and drivers regarding the social engineering-based cyber attack (SECA) susceptibility of a consumer exposed to social media messaging applications. A quantitative survey was employed to test a total of 114 respondents in Indonesia who are categorized as active Internet users. The study found variables within two of the three perspectives that positively contributed to a consumer’s susceptibility to cyberattack. These factors will provide valuable insight into prevention and knowledge of related risks of cyberattacks based on social engineering in the future.