bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reagents for High Temperature Aqueous Chemistry: Trifluoromethanesulfonic Acid and its Salts
Authors: Fabes Leonard , Swaddle Thomas Wilson
Published: May 2006

The rate of decomposition of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (HTFMS) in water is first order with respect to each of H+ and TFMS−. The bimolecular rate coefficient kH can be represented by[Formula: see text]at ionic strength 1.0 mol kg−1 over the temperature range 571 < T < 593 K, although the decomposition occurs by two pathways of comparable importance, one leading to C(II) and S(VI) and the other to C(IV) and S(IV). In alkaline solution, the rate of decomposition of TFMS− is first order in each of TFMS− and OH−, and the bimolecular rate coefficients kOH at ionic strength 2.3 are given by[Formula: see text]This represents a single reaction pathway leading initially to C(II) and S(VI) and ultimately to CO32−, SO42−, F−, and H2, since C(II) (as formate) reduces aqueous alkali to H2 under the reaction conditions. No decomposition of NaTFMS could be detected after 24 h at 620 K in neutral aqueous solution. HTFMS reduces certain aqueous species at significant rates at moderate temperatures (e.g., Fe(III) to Fe(II) at 470 K), and metals which depend on oxide films for their corrosion resistance are attacked by HTFMS even at 294 K (e.g., Ti dissolves giving Ti(H2O)63+). Otherwise, HTFMS and its salts have good potentialities as inert electrolytes for aqueous studies at high temperatures.
Direct Observation of the Radicals Formed in the Radiolysis of Liquid Benzyl Alcohol. An Electron Spin Resonance and Spin Trapping Method
Authors: Sargent Frederick Peter , Gardy Edward Michael
Published: May 2006

Intermediates formed during radioylsis of benzyl alcohol have been identified by an e.s.r. and spin trapping method. Solutions of tert-BuNO in benzyl alcohol were irradiated insitu with 3 MeV electrons and the e.s.r. spectra of the resulting nitroxides directly recorded.[Formula: see text]These demonstrated that benzyl, PhCH2.,and hydroxybenzyl, PhĊHOH, radicals are formed in the radiolysis. By an examination of the effects of the addition of electron scavengers, it was shown that the benzyl radicals are probably directly formed from the reaction of electrons with benzyl alcohol. Since these scavengers had no effect on the yield of PhĊHOH trapped, this radical is not derived from the reactions of electrons. It is suggested that it is partly produced by reaction of the alkoxy radical, PhCH2O.,with the solvent benzyl alcohol.[Formula: see text]
The Formation and Reactions of Disulfide Radical Anions in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Tung Tzu-Lin , Stone John A.
Published: May 2006

Transient disulfide radical anions have been produced by flash photolysis. Cyclic anions decay only by second order reaction as opposed to the first order decay found for linear ones at low concentration. Linear disulfides, except oxidized penicillamine, increase the rate of decay of the cystine radical anion. The pH dependence of the reaction with cystine suggests that the disulfide radical anion is an electrophile.
Aziridines saturées et insaturées. Synthèses par réduction de cyclohexénones oximes et études spectroscopiques
Authors: Ferrero Louis , Geribaldi Serge , Rouillard Michel , Azzaro Marcel
Published: May 2006

The reduction of several cyclohexenone oximes using lithium aluminum hydride and sodium dihydrobis-(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminate yields saturated and unsaturated aziridines with a 7-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane skeleton and cyclohex-2-ene amines. The use of oximes of E and/or Z configuration demonstrates the regioselectivity of the reduction and allows us to propose reaction schemes explaining the formation of the different types of products.
Phenyl Substitution Effects on Triplet–Triplet Absorption Spectra: I. Study of 1,3,6,8-Tetraphenylpyrene
Authors: Rullière C. , Colson E. C. , Roberge P. C.
Published: May 2006

The triplet–triplet (T–T) absorption spectrum of 1,3,6,8-tetraphenylpyrene (TPP) was measured from 400 to 620 nm. The data obtained are compared with theoretical calculations using the Ruedenberg–Scherr FEMO model. A planar triplet state is evidenced by fine vibrational structure. The T–T quenching rate constant measured (1.3 ± 0.1 × 109 M−1 s−1) is 20% of the expected diffusion-controlled value.
Consumption of Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) during Electrodeposition of Lead Dioxide
Authors: Narasimham Kapisthalam Chetlur , Vasundara Srinivasaraghavan , Udupa Handady Venkatakrishna
Published: May 2006

The beneficial effect of the addition of CTAB during electrodeposition of lead dioxide led to the investigations on the necessity to control the concentration of the addition agent for obtaining a smooth and adherent deposit of the same on a stationary graphite anode. To achieve this, it is important to know the consumption pattern of the addition agent. It has been observed that the CTAB is consumed not only for cathodic reaction but also for anodic reaction. Increasing temperature lowers the consumption of CTAB.
A Kinetic Determination of the Dissociation Energy of the C—O Bond in Anisole
Authors: Paul S. , Back M. H.
Published: May 2006

The rate of dissociation of anisole into phenoxy and methyl radicals has been measured using a toluene scavenging technique. The rate was measured by the production of methane over the range of temperature 720−795 K and was shown to be first order in anisole concentration and homogeneous. The rate constant, expressed in the Arrhenius form, was[Formula: see text]The dissociation energy, D298(C6H5O—CH3), therefore equals 57 ± 2 kcal/mol, giving ΔHf(C6H5O) = 5 kcal/mol. The stabilization energy of the phenoxy radical is discussed.
A Novel Base-promoted Rearrangement of Penicillin G
Authors: Wolfe Saul , Ducep Jean-Bernard , Greenhorn John Dwayne
Published: May 2006

The cleavage of methyl benzoate by alkyl-oxygen fission is just as efficient with lithium isopropyl and tert-butylmercaptide as with lithium n-propylmercaptide when hexamethylphosphoric triamide is employed as the solvent. The reaction of methyl benzylpenicillinate with lithium tert-butylmercaptide does not lead to cleavage of the ester but, rather, to a dehydration product having a thiazole structure.
Conductance Study of Ion Pairing of Alkali Metal Tetrafluoroborates and Hexafluorophosphates in Acetonitrile
Authors: Yeager H. L. , Kratochvil B.
Published: May 2006

High precision conductance measurements are reported for sodium, potassium, and rubidium tetrafluoroborate and hexafluorophosphate in acetonitrile at 25 °C. The results are analyzed using the expanded form of the Fuoss–Hsia conductance equation. The ion size parameter, d, was systematically varied to obtain the value which gave best fit of the data to the equation. All salts were found to be associated, and the trends in association are discussed in terms of the ability of acetonitrile to solvate cations and anions.
Determination of the Rate Constant of the O + H2→OH + H Reaction using Atomic Oxygen Resonance Fluorescence and the Air Afterglow Techniques
Authors: Dubinsky Richard N. , McKenney Donald J.
Published: May 2006

Measurements of the rate of the reaction[Formula: see text]were made over the temperature range of 347 to 832 K and a pressure range of 140 to 739 N m−2. Experiments were carried out using a discharge fast-flow system with a fixed observation port. O atoms, generated by the N + NO→N2 + O reaction, were reacted with H2 added downstream under pseudo first-order conditions [Formula: see text] Relative O atom concentrations were determined using two independent methods: atomic resonance fluorescence at 130.6 nm and the air afterglow technique., The rate coefficients derived from our data can be expressed as k1 = (8.3 ± 3.8) × 10−12exp {−36.0 ± 2.0 kJ mol−1RT} cm3 molecule−1 s−1 (by resonance fluorescence), and k1 = (8.8 ± 5.0) × 10−12exp {−34.9 ± 2.0 kJ mol−1/RT} cm3 molecule−1 s−1 (by air afterglow method). Comparisons are made with selected published results.The Arrhenius plot of our data shows no evidence of curvature at low temperature.
Etudes conformationnelles de dérivés d'oligométhylène glycols et de composés apparentés. Partie II. Structure cristalline et moléculaire du di(parachlorobenzoate) d'éthylène glycol, C16H12O4Cl2
Authors: Pérez Serge , Brisse François
Published: May 2006

Ethylene glycol di(para-chlorobenzoate) crystals are monoclinic, space group C2/c, with a = 12.733(9), b = 9.522(8), c = 12.762(8) Å, β = 79.63(10)°, and Z = 4. The structure was solved by direct methods from 1206 independent reflections collected on a Picker diffractometer. An anisotropic refinement led to a final R factor of 0.033.The molecule has a crystallographic twofold axis of rotation perpendicular to the middle of the CH2—CH2 bond. Unlike ethylene glycol dibenzoate which was shown to be in the trans-conformation, this derivative is nearly in the gauche-conformation. However the same significant shortening of the ethylene part of the molecule is observed: the CH2—CH2 distance is only 1.493(2) Å. The molecules are held in the crystal by van der Waals interactions only.
The Synthesis of Primary Alkyl Chlorides from Alcohols and Hydrogen Chloride in Hexamethylphosphoric Triamide
Authors: Fuchs Richard , Cole Larry L.
Published: May 2006

The reaction of hydrogen chloride with primary alcohols, which occurs slowly and in poor yields in water, has been found to give good yields of alkyl chlorides in 30–45 min at 70–85 °C in the solvent hexamethyiphosphoric triamide. 2-Octanol and neopentyl alcohol required longer reaction periods. Neopentyl chloride was formed without contamination by rearrangement products.
Combined Auditory and Visual Stimuli Facilitate Head Saccades in the Barn Owl (Tyto alba)
Authors: Whitchurch Elizabeth A. , Takahashi Terry T.
Published: May 2006

The barn owl naturally responds to an auditory or visual stimulus in its environment with a quick head turn toward the source. We measured these head saccades evoked by auditory, visual, and simultaneous, co-localized audiovisual stimuli to quantify multisensory interactions in the barn owl. Stimulus levels ranged from near to well above saccadic threshold. In accordance with previous human psychophysical findings, the owl's saccade reaction times (SRTs) and errors to unisensory stimuli were inversely related to stimulus strength. Auditory saccades characteristically had shorter reaction times but were less accurate than visual saccades. Audiovisual trials, over a large range of tested stimulus combinations, had auditory-like SRTs and visual-like errors, suggesting that barn owls are able to use both auditory and visual cues to produce saccades with the shortest possible SRT and greatest accuracy. These results support a model of sensory integration in which the faster modality initiates the saccade and the slower modality remains available to refine saccade trajectory.
Presence of Circulating CCR10+ T cells and Elevated Serum CTACK/CCL27 in the Early Stage of Mycosis Fungoides
Authors: Fujita Yasuyuki , Abe Riichiro , Sasaki Mikako , Honda Ayumi , Furuichi Megumi , Asano Yukie , Norisugi Osamu , Shimizu Tadamichi , Shimizu Hiroshi
Published: May 2006

Purpose: Mycosis fungoides (MF), a common type of cutaneous T cell lymphoma with an indolent clinical course, has the characteristic that malignant T cell clones are recruited into the skin from the early disease stages. The mechanisms of recruitment have been suggested from our knowledge of various chemokine-chemokine receptor interactions. Recently, CCR10 and CTACK/CCL27 were proposed to play a role in the recruitment of other types of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. We examined the expression of CCR10 in peripheral blood and serum CTACK/CCL27 levels in patients with MF.

Experimental Design: Eighteen patients with MF, six patients with atopic dermatitis, and nine healthy volunteers were enrolled in our investigation. We investigated the differences in CCR10+ CD4+ expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by flow cytometry. Serum CTACK/CCL27 levels were determined using a CTACK/CCL27 ELISA assay kit.

Results: The number of circulating CCR10+ CD4+ cells was significantly higher in MF peripheral blood than in controls, even during the early stages. In lesional MF skin, infiltrating tumor cells also showed extensive expression of CCR10. The serum level of CTACK/CCL27 was higher in patients with MF than normal controls, but no statistical difference was found compared with atopic dermatitis patients.

Conclusions: CCR10-CTACK/CCL27 interactions between circulating T cells and keratinocytes would seem to play an important role in the pathophysiology of MF from the early disease stages.
Prognostic DNA Methylation Biomarkers in Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Wei Susan H. , Balch Curtis , Paik Henry H. , Kim Yoo-Sung , Baldwin Rae Lynn , Liyanarachchi Sandya , Li Lang , Wang Zailong , Wan Joseph C. , Davuluri Ramana V. , Karlan Beth Y. , Gifford Gillian , Brown Robert , Kim Sun , Huang Tim H-M. , Nephew Kenneth P.
Published: May 2006

Purpose: Aberrant DNA methylation, now recognized as a contributing factor to neoplasia, often shows definitive gene/sequence preferences unique to specific cancer types. Correspondingly, distinct combinations of methylated loci can function as biomarkers for numerous clinical correlates of ovarian and other cancers.

Experimental Design: We used a microarray approach to identify methylated loci prognostic for reduced progression-free survival (PFS) in advanced ovarian cancer patients. Two data set classification algorithms, Significance Analysis of Microarray and Prediction Analysis of Microarray, successfully identified 220 candidate PFS-discriminatory methylated loci. Of those, 112 were found capable of predicting PFS with 95% accuracy, by Prediction Analysis of Microarray, using an independent set of 40 advanced ovarian tumors (from 20 short-PFS and 20 long-PFS patients, respectively). Additionally, we showed the use of these predictive loci using two bioinformatics machine-learning algorithms, Support Vector Machine and Multilayer Perceptron.

Conclusion: In this report, we show that highly prognostic DNA methylation biomarkers can be successfully identified and characterized, using previously unused, rigorous classifying algorithms. Such ovarian cancer biomarkers represent a promising approach for the assessment and management of this devastating disease.
Genomic Alterations in Human Malignant Glioma Cells Associate with the Cell Resistance to the Combination Treatment with Tumor Necrosis Factor–Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand and Chemotherapy
Authors: Li Yueh-Chun , Tzeng Ching-Cherng , Song Jin H. , Tsia Fuu-Jen , Hsieh Lie-Jiau , Liao Shu-Ju , Tsai Chang-Hai , Van Meir Erwin G. , Hao Chunhai , Lin Chyi-Chyang
Published: May 2006

Purpose: Tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is currently under clinical development as a cancer therapeutic agent. Many human malignant glioma cells, however, are resistant to TRAIL treatment. We, therefore, investigated the genomic alterations in TRAIL-resistant malignant glioma cells.

Experimental Design: Seven glioma cell lines and two primary cultures were first analyzed for their sensitivity to TRAIL and chemotherapy and then examined for the genomic alterations in key TRAIL apoptotic genes by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), G-banding/spectral karyotyping, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

Results: CGH detected loss of the chromosomal regions that contain the following genes: 8p12-p23 (DR4 and DR5), 2q33-34 (caspase-8), 11q13.3 (FADD), 22q11.2 (Bid), and 12q24.1-q24.3 (Smac/DIABLO) in TRAIL-resistant cell lines. Spectral karyotyping showed numerical and structural aberrations involving the chromosomal regions harboring these genes. A combination of G-banding/spectral karyotyping and FISH further defined the loss or gain of gene copy of these genes and further showed the simultaneous loss of one copy of DR4/DR5, caspase-8, Bid, and Smac in two near-triploid cell lines that were resistant to the combination treatment with TRAIL and chemotherapy. Loss of the caspase-8 locus was also detected in a primary culture in correlation with the culture resistance to the combined TRAIL and chemotherapy treatment.

Conclusions: The study identifies chromosomal alterations in TRAIL apoptotic genes in the glioma cells that are resistant to the treatment with TRAIL and chemotherapy. These genetic alterations could be used to predict the responsiveness of malignant gliomas to TRAIL-based therapies in clinical treatment of the tumors.
The Pharmacokinetics and Safety of ABT-751, a Novel, Orally Bioavailable Sulfonamide Antimitotic Agent: Results of a Phase 1 Study
Authors: Hande Kenneth R. , Hagey Anne , Berlin Jordan , Cai Yingna , Meek Kysa , Kobayashi Hiro , Lockhart A. Craig , Medina Diane , Sosman Jeffrey , Gordon Gary B. , Rothenberg Mace L.
Published: May 2006

Purpose: Microtubules play a critical role in many cellular functions, including cell division and mitosis. ABT-751 is a novel sulfonamide antimitotic that binds to the colchicine site on β-tubulin that leads to a block in the cell cycle at the G2M phase, resulting in cellular apoptosis. ABT-751 was investigated in this phase 1 trial designed to assess its maximum tolerated dose (MTD), dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), tolerability, and pharmacokinetics.

Experimental Design: ABT-751 was administered on a daily (q.d.) or twice daily (b.i.d.) oral schedule for 7 days every 3 weeks to 39 patients with refractory solid tumors. Toxicity was monitored weekly. Plasma and urine ABT-751 and metabolite pharmacokinetics were determined.

Results: The MTD for the q.d. schedule was 250 mg/d. DLTs during cycle 1 were abdominal pain, constipation, and fatigue. The MTD on the b.i.d. schedule was 150 mg. Cycle 1 of therapy with the 175 mg b.i.d. schedule was tolerated without DLT. However, six of seven patients reported grade 3 toxicity (ileus, constipation, abdominal pain, or fatigue), which occurred in cycle 2 or 3. ABT-751 was absorbed after oral administration with an overall mean Tmax of about 2 hours. The pharmacokinetics of ABT-751 were dose-proportional and time-independent. There was minimal accumulation of ABT-751 after multiple q.d. and b.i.d. doses. Efficacious concentrations, as determined from preclinical models (0.5-1.5 μg/mL), were achieved in all subjects. ABT-751 metabolism occurred primarily by glucuronidation and sulfation. No complete or partial tumor responses were noted, but one patient had a minor response, and four patients had stable disease lasting at least 6 months.

Conclusions: The MTD and recommended phase 2 doses for ABT-751 were 250 mg q.d. and 150 mg b.i.d. on a 7-day schedule given every 3 weeks, due to subsequent cycle toxicities at 175 mg b.i.d. dosing. Toxicities were abdominal pain, constipation, and neuropathy.
Effect of Calcitriol on Prostate-Specific Antigen In vitro and in Humans
Authors: Beer Tomasz M. , Garzotto Mark , Park Byung , Mori Motomi , Myrthue Anne , Janeba Nicole , Sauer David , Eilers Kristine
Published: May 2006

Background: Calcitriol, the natural ligand for the vitamin D receptor, has significant potential in prostate cancer treatment. Measurement of its antineoplastic activity in prostate cancer clinical trials may be complicated by effects of calcitriol on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) production. We examined the effects of calcitriol at similar concentration on cell proliferation, androgen receptor (AR) expression, and PSA production in vitro and on PSA concentrations in prostate cancer patients.

Experimental Design: LNCaP prostate cancer cell proliferation was examined by cell counts 6 days after exposure to a range of concentrations of calcitriol. AR and PSA protein was quantified in LNCaP cells over 96 hours after exposure to 1 nmol/L calcitriol. Serum PSA and free PSA was serially measured by immunoassay over a period of 8 days in patients with hormone-naïve prostate cancer after a single dose of 0.5 μg/kg calcitriol.

Results: Calcitriol treatment resulted in dose-dependent growth inhibition of LNCaP with ∼50% growth inhibition at the clinically achievable concentration of 1 nmol/L. Time-dependent up-regulation of AR expression and of PSA production in LNCaP cells was shown at the same concentration. No significant change in serum PSA or free PSA over 8 days was seen in eight subjects treated with a single dose of 0.5 μg/kg calcitriol. The analysis was powered to detect a 1.23-fold change between the baseline and day 8 serum PSA.

Conclusions: At clinically achievable concentrations, calcitriol inhibits growth and induces AR and PSA expression in LNCaP cells. We did not detect similar changes in serum PSA or free PSA in patients exposed to similar concentrations of calcitriol. Thus, a PSA flare, predicted by preclinical systems, is unlikely to occur in patients and therefore unlikely to complicate interpretation of clinical trial outcomes.
Class III β-Tubulin Overexpression Is a Marker of Poor Clinical Outcome in Advanced Ovarian Cancer Patients
Authors: Ferrandina Gabriella , Zannoni Gian Franco , Martinelli Enrica , Paglia Amelia , Gallotta Valerio , Mozzetti Simona , Scambia Giovanni , Ferlini Cristiano
Published: May 2006

Purpose: Overexpression of β III tubulin has been involved in paclitaxel resistance in several experimental models. We investigated the role of β III tubulin as predictor of clinical outcome in ovarian cancer patients given platinum/paclitaxel treatment. We also investigated whether β III tubulin expression could be modified after the selective pressure represented by chemotherapy in vivo.

Experimental Design: The study was designed to include a series of consecutive ovarian cancer patients with unresectable disease at time of first surgery, who underwent interval debulking surgery with pathologic assessment of response to treatment with platinum/paclitaxel chemotherapy. Immunostaining was done on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections from pretreatment and posttreatment tissue biopsies by using the polyclonal rabbit anti–class III β-tubulin antibody.

Results: β III Tubulin immunoreaction was observed in 51 of 62 (82.2%) cases. β III Tubulin positivity was neither associated with clinicopathologic variables nor with pathologic response to chemotherapy. Significantly lower percentages of β III tubulin positivity were observed in posttreatment (range, 5-80%; median, 20%) versus pretreatment (range 10-100%; median, 40%) tissue biopsies (P = 0.0011). Cases with high β III tubulin expression showed a worse overall survival with respect to cases with low β III tubulin expression (median overall survival, 25 versus 46 months; P = 0.002). Multivariate analysis showed that high content of β III tubulin remains independently associated with a worse prognosis.

Conclusions: Assessment of β III tubulin could be useful to identify poor prognosis ovarian cancer patients candidates to more aggressive and/or targeted therapy.
Thymidylate Synthase Expression in Colon Carcinomas with Microsatellite Instability
Authors: Sinicrope Frank A. , Rego Rafaela L. , Halling Kevin C. , Foster Nathan R. , Sargent Daniel J. , La Plant Betsy , French Amy J. , Allegra Carmen J. , Laurie John A. , Goldberg Richard M. , Witzig Thomas E. , Thibodeau Stephen N.
Published: May 2006

Purpose: Colon cancer cells with high-frequency microsatellite instability (MSI-H) display resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) that can be reversed by restoring DNA mismatch repair (MMR) proficiency. Given that thymidylate synthase (TS) is inhibited by 5-FU, we studied the relationship between MSI and TS expression, and the prognostic effect of these and other markers (i.e., p53 and 17p allelic imbalance).

Experimental Design: Dukes' stage B2 and C colon carcinomas (n = 320) from participants in 5-FU-based adjuvant therapy trials were analyzed for MSI and 17p allelic imbalance. Expression of MMR (hMLH1, hMSH2), TS, and p53 proteins were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Correlations between markers and associations with overall survival were determined.

Results: Of 320 cancers studied, 60 (19%) were MSI-H. TS expression variables were similar in MSI-H and microsatellite stable/low-frequency MSI (MSS/MSI-L) cancers, and unrelated to MMR proteins. MSI-H tumors had lower stage (P = 0.0007), fewer metastatic lymph nodes (P = 0.004), and improved overall survival (P = 0.01). Loss of MMR proteins was also associated with better overall survival (P = 0.006). None of the TS variables were prognostic. Histologic grade (P = 0.0008) and nodal status (P = 0.0002) were associated with overall survival, in contrast to 17p allelic imbalance or p53. Only MSI status or loss of MMR proteins, histologic grade, and tumor stage were independent markers for overall survival.

Conclusions: MSI-H tumors show earlier stage at presentation and better stage-adjusted survival rates. MSI status and TS expression were unrelated and TS was not prognostic, suggesting that TS levels cannot explain therapeutic resistance to 5-FU reported in MSI-H colon cancers.
Civil Democracy, Perceived Risk, and Insecurity in Brazil: An Extension of the Systemic Social Control Model
Authors: Rodrigues Corinne Davis
Published: May 2006

This article examines the possible relationship between democracy and perceptions of risk and safety in the Brazilian city of Belo Horizonte. The author combines the argument that violence and insecurity in Brazil are consequences of the lack of civil democracy with insights from systemic social control theorists, who argue that perceptions of risk depend on the interaction of social control on private, parochial, and public levels. While social bonds at the private and parochial level did not affect perceptions of safety, public-level bonds, such as support for democratic government and legitimacy of neighborhood police, had positive effects on perceptions of security. However, contrary to the author’s hypotheses, support for authoritarianism and generalized distrust of the police also decreased perceptions of risk in the case of robbery.
Etho-ethnology and ethno-ethology
Authors: Lestel Dominique , Brunois Florence , Gaunet Florence
Published: May 2006

English

In this article we defend the idea that etho-ethnology and ethno-ethology should be combined into a new science at the interface between human and animal sciences. This new field would study the hybrid communities comprised of humans and animals sharing meaning, interests and affects, and would try to account for the complexity of interspecific sociabilities. The study cannot be reduced either to an ethology devoted strictly to animal behaviors or to an ethnology concerned exclusively with the life of humans in society.

French

Dans cet article, nous défendons l'idée selon laquelle étho-ethnologie et ethno-éthologie doivent se combiner en une nouvelle science à l'interface des sciences de l'homme et des sciences de l'animal. Ce nouveau champ de recherche devra étudier les communautés hybrides homme/animal de partage de sens, d'intérêts et d'affects et devra rendre compte de la complexité des sociabilités interspécifiques. Une telle étude ne peut être réduite ni à une éthologie qui se consacre exclusivement à l'étude des comportements de l'animal, ni à une ethnologie qui étudie seulement la vie des humains en société.
Buckling Analysis of Laminated Composite Circular Plates with Holes
Authors: Baltaci Aysun , Sarikanat Mehmet , Yildiz Hasan
Published: May 2006

In this study, buckling analysis of laminated composite circular plates having circular holes and subjected to uniform radial load is investigated by using the finite element method. The effects of hole sizes, location of the holes, thickness variations and boundary conditions on the critical buckling load, and the buckling mode shapes of the composite plates are determined. Eight node isoparametric shell elements with 24 degrees of freedom are used during the investigation.
Organizational Wisdom
Authors: Kessler Eric H.
Published: May 2006

This special issue comprises select papers from the 2004 Eastern Academy of Management Conference with the theme of Organizational Wisdom: Human, Managerial, and Strategic Implications. The evolution of the field of organizational wisdom is discussed, and the focal articles are reconciled as to their relationship with and contribution to this emerging domain.
Structural Vibration Suppression by a Neural-Network Controller with a Mass-Damper Actuator
Authors: Yang S. M. , Chen C. J. , Huang W. L.
Published: May 2006

PID and LQR/LQG controllers have are known to be ineffective for systems suffering from parameter variations and broadband excitations. This paper presents a neural-network design for system identification and vibration suppression in a building structure with an active mass-damper. It is shown both numerically and experimentally that the neural-network controller can reliably identify system dynamics and effectively suppress vibration. For the experimental model, which has a fundamental frequency of about 0.96 Hz, the steady-state vibration amplitude under resonance and random excitation are reduced by 80% and 70%, respectively. In addition, the peak-to-peak displacement under the 7.1 Richer scale Ji-Ji earthquake, Taiwan (Sep. 21, 1999) is effectively reduced by 80%. The controller is also shown to be robust to variations in system parameters.
Evaluation of a Diabetes Disease Management Home Care Program
Authors: Dalton Joanne , Garvey Joanne , Samia Linda W.
Published: May 2006

Diabetes disease management home care programs provide education, promote self-care, and empower patients. Guided by Orem’s self-care deficit nursing theory, this program evaluation project examined outcomes of home care for patients with diabetes. Three groups of diabetes patients were studied. Group 1 (n = 50) and 2 (n = 51) participants received traditional diabetes home care. Group 3 (n = 65) participants received experimental diabetes disease management. Patient data were obtained from medical records, a computerized billing system, and the Outcomes Assessment Information Set (OASIS). No statistically significant group differences in outcomes were found. A clinically significant finding was that approximately 50% of patients in each group were discharged with glucose levels that did not meet American Diabetes Association criteria. The project extends application of OASIS to Orem’s theory and raises questions about outcomes included in program evaluations. Larger samples are required to determine the best approach for diabetes disease management in home care.
What's New? War, Censorship and Global Transmission
Authors: Hills Jill
Published: May 2006

Perceptions of threats to national security have always been the basis for governments to enter the business of what, in 1900, was called ‘censorship’ of person to person communications and what, today, we call surveillance. The first direct intervention came during the Boer War in 1900, was expanded during the First World War and formed the basis of current policy. This article looks at the introduction of ‘censorship’ of electrical communications in time of war and compares the current position to the past. It concludes that the major differences between the early years of the telegraph and today are the invasiveness of the technologies and the international institutionalization of surveillance. Although some theorists have argued that the internationalization of communications has eroded the power of the state, the article concludes that power has shifted away from domestic and international non-state civic opposition groups to increased state control.
Coexistence of K-ras mutations and HPV infection in colon cancer
Authors: Buyru Nur , Tezol Ayda , Dalay Nejat
Published: May 2006

Background

Activation of the ras genes or association with human papillomavirus infection have been extensively studied in colorectal cancer. However, the correlation between K-ras mutations and HPV in colorectal cancer has not been investigated yet. In this study we aimed to investigate the presence of K-ras mutations and their correlation with HPV infection in colon cancer.

Methods

K-ras mutations were analyzed by a mutagenic PCR assay and digestion with specific restriction enzymes to distinguish the wild-type and mutant codons. HPV infection was analyzed by PCR amplification and hybridization with specific probes by Southern blotting. Stattistical analyses were performed by the chi-square and Fisher's exact tests

Results

HPV gene fragments were detected in 43 tumors and 17 normal tissue samples. HPV 18 was the prevalent type in the tumor tissue. A mutation at codon 12 of the K-ras gene was present in 31 patients. 56% of the HPV-positive tumors also harbored a K-ras mutation. Codon 13 mutations were not observed. These data indicate that infection with high risk HPV types and mutational activation of the K-ras gene are frequent events in colorectal carcinogenesis.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that mutational activation of the K-ras gene is a common event in colon carcinogenesis and that HPV infection may represent an important factor in the development of the premalignant lesions leading to the neoplastic phenotype.
Elicitation from virus-naive individuals of cytotoxic T lymphocytes directed against conserved HIV-1 epitopes
Authors: Reche Pedro A , Keskin Derin B , Hussey Rebecca E , Ancuta Petronela , Gabuzda Dana , Reinherz Ellis L
Published: May 2006

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) protect against viruses including HIV-1. To avoid viral escape mutants that thwart immunity, we chose 25 CTL epitopes defined in the context of natural infection with functional and/or structural constraints that maintain sequence conservation. By combining HLA binding predictions with knowledge concerning HLA allele frequencies, a metric estimating population protection coverage (PPC) was computed and epitope pools assembled. Strikingly, only a minority of immunocompetent HIV-1 infected individuals responds to pools with PPC >95%. In contrast, virus-naive individuals uniformly expand IFNγ producing cells and mount anti-HIV-1 cytolytic activity. This disparity suggests a vaccine design paradigm shift from infected to normal subjects.
Islet1 and Islet2 have equivalent abilities to promote motoneuron formation and to specify motoneuron subtype identity
Authors: Hutchinson Sarah A. , Eisen Judith S.
Published: May 2006

The expression of LIM homeobox genes islet1 and islet2 is tightly regulated during development of zebrafish primary motoneurons. All primary motoneurons express islet1 around the time they exit the cell cycle. By the time primary motoneurons undergo axogenesis, specific subtypes express islet1, whereas other subtypes express islet2,suggesting that these two genes have different functions. Here, we show that Islet1 is required for formation of zebrafish primary motoneurons; in the absence of Islet1, primary motoneurons are missing and there is an apparent increase in some types of ventral interneurons. We also provide evidence that Islet2 can substitute for Islet1 during primary motoneuron formation. Surprisingly, our results demonstrate that despite the motoneuron subtype-specific expression patterns of Islet1 and Islet2, the differences between the Islet1 and Islet2 proteins are not important for specification of the different primary motoneuron subtypes. Thus, primary motoneuron subtypes are likely to be specified by factors that act in parallel to or upstream of islet1 and islet2.
BMP signaling restricts hemato-vascular development from lateral mesoderm during somitogenesis
Authors: Gupta Sunny , Zhu Hao , Zon Leonard I. , Evans Todd
Published: May 2006

The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway is essential during gastrulation for the generation of ventral mesoderm, which makes it a challenge to define functions for this pathway at later stages of development. We have established an approach to disrupt BMP signaling specifically in lateral mesoderm during somitogenesis, by targeting a dominant-negative BMP receptor to Lmo2+ cells in developing zebrafish embryos. This results in expansion of hematopoietic and endothelial cells, while restricting the expression domain of the pronephric marker pax2.1. Expression of a constitutively active receptor and transplantation experiments were used to confirm that BMP signaling in lateral mesoderm restricts subsequent hemato-vascular development. The results show that the BMP signaling pathway continues to function after cells are committed to a lateral mesoderm fate,and influences subsequent lineage decisions by restricting hemato-vascular fate in favor of pronephric development.
Pbx1/Pbx2requirement for distal limb patterning is mediated by the hierarchical control of Hox gene spatial distribution andShhexpression
Authors: Capellini Terence D. , Di Giacomo Giuseppina , Salsi Valentina , Brendolan Andrea , Ferretti Elisabetta , Srivastava Deepak , Zappavigna Vincenzo , Selleri Licia
Published: May 2006

Vertebrate limb development occurs along three cardinal axes–proximodistal, anteroposterior and dorsoventral–that are established via the organization of signaling centers, such as the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA). Distal limb development, in turn, requires a molecular feedback loop between the ZPA expression of sonic hedgehog(Shh) and the apical ectodermal ridge. The TALE homeoprotein Pbx1 has been shown to be essential for proximal limb development. In this study, we first uncover that Pbx1 and Pbx2 are co-expressed in the lateral plate and early limb field mesoderm. Later, Pbx2 is expressed throughout the limb, unlike Pbx1, which is expressed only in the proximal bud. By exploiting a Pbx1/Pbx2 loss-of-function mouse model,we demonstrate that, despite the lack of limb abnormalities in Pbx2-deficient (Pbx2–/–) embryos,compound Pbx1–/–; Pbx2+/–mutants, in addition to their exacerbated proximal limb defects, exhibit novel and severe distal abnormalities. Additionally, we reveal that Pbx1–/–; Pbx2–/–embryos lack limbs altogether. Furthermore, we establish that, unlike in flies, where the leg develops independently of Hox and where the Pbx ortholog Exd is required for specification of proximal (but not distal) limbs,in vertebrates, distal limb patterning is Pbx1/Pbx2dependent. Indeed, we demonstrate that Pbx genetic requirement is mediated, at least in part, through their hierarchical control of Hox spatial distribution and Shh expression. Overall, we establish that, by controlling the spatial expression of Hox genes in the posterior limb and regulating ZPA function, Pbx1/Pbx2 exert a primary hierarchical function on Hox genes, rather than behaving merely as Hox ancillary factors.
Attributional style, defensive functioning and persecutory delusions: Symptom‐specific or general coping strategy?
Authors: Humphreys Lloyd , Barrowclough Christine
Published: May 2006

Objective. Previous research has suggested that individuals with persecutory delusions use an exaggerated self‐serving bias to protect themselves from real or delusional threats to their underlying self‐concept. However, the research to date has been inconsistent thereby limiting the conclusion that can be inferred. A possible explanation for these discrepant findings may be due to the use of measures with questionable validity and reliability such as the Attributional Style Questionnaire and the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Inventory. The present study aims to re‐examine this theory using an improved methodology to determine whether defensive functioning is a defining feature of persecutory delusions.

Design and methods. Thirty‐five participants suffering from recent onset psychosis were assessed in a cross‐sectional design. Three tests of attributional style were used, two overt measures (Attributional Style Questionnaire, ASQ; and the Internal Personal and Situational Attributions Questionnaire, IPSAQ) and one covert measure (Pragmatic Inference Test). Self‐esteem was measured using the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Inventory (SEI) and a semi‐structured interview (Self‐Evaluation and Social Support interview – schizophrenia version).

Results. A self‐serving bias (SSB) was found in the total sample using the ASQ but not specifically in participants with persecutory delusions. In addition, the SSB was unrelated to levels of paranoia on any measure of attributional style. An underlying depressive attributional style was found in both subjects with and without persecutory delusions, but was not associated with levels of paranoia. Lower positive and higher negative self‐esteem was associated with increased paranoia and was associated with a SSB.

Conclusion. The results indicate that the attributional biases observed in individuals with persecutory delusions are not symptom‐specific as previously suggested. The presence of an attributional, SSB was associated with lower psychotic experiences. The theoretical implications of the results will be discussed.
Effects of semi-isostatic densification on anatomy and cell-shape recovery on soaking
Authors: Blomberg Jonas , Persson Bengt , Bexell Ulf
Published: May 2006

Images obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) helped to clarify the question as to how anatomy influences the deformation on compression and the springback of densified wood on water soaking. Transverse sections of Norway spruce (Picea abies), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), black alder (Alnus glutinosa), Swedish aspen (Populus tremula), European birch (Betula pubescens), European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) were studied. Wood is reinforced with rays in the radial direction and with dense latewood in the tangential direction. When strained radially, rays buckle or tilt tangentially. Softwoods were mainly compressed radially, owing to low number of rays and since latewood is much denser than earlywood. The diffuse-porous hardwoods with low density variation between latewood and earlywood were mainly deformed tangentially, except birch, which has high density at the annual ring border and is mainly compressed radially. The ring-porous hardwoods were relatively equally deformed in the radial and tangential directions because of the high number of rays and high latewood density. Moisture-induced springback (shape recovery) was proportional to the degree of compression. Rays remained deformed, which also influenced the surrounding wood. Longitudinal wood cells almost resumed their original shape. Wood with low density and a low degree of compression showed the highest structural recovery. Shearing deformation was particularly pronounced and permanent in woods with high strength anisotropy. Thin-walled and sheared cells, such as earlywood in softwood, tended to crack on compression. Cracks usually stopped at the middle lamella and had a lesser influence on strength properties than for lumen-to-lumen cracks.
Clinical Diagnostic and Sociocultural Dimensions of Deliberate Self‐Harm in Mumbai, India
Authors: Parkar Shubhangi R. , Dawani Varsha , Weiss Mitchell G.
Published: May 2006

Patients' accounts complement psychiatric assessment of deliberate self‐harm (DSH). In this study we examined psychiatric disorders, and sociocultural and cross‐cultural features of DSH. SCID diagnostic interviews and a locally adapted EMIC interview were used to study 196 patients after DSH at a general hospital in Mumbai, India. Major depression was the most common diagnosis (38.8%), followed by substance use disorders (16.8%), but 44.4% of patients did not meet criteria for an enduring Axis‐I disorder (no diagnosis, V‐code, or adjustment disorder). Psychache arising from patient‐identified sociocultural contexts and stressors complements, but does not necessarily fulfill, criteria for explanatory psychiatric disorders.
Tumor Vascular Area Correlates with Photosensitizer Uptake: Analysis of Verteporfin Microvascular Delivery in the Dunning Rat Prostate Tumor
Authors: Zhou Xiaodong , Chen Bin , Hoopes P. Jack , Hasan Tayyaba , Pogue Brian W.
Published: May 2006

The parameters that limit supply of photosensitizer to the cancer cells in a solid tumor were systematically analyzed with the use of microvascular transport modeling and histology data from frozen sections. In particular, the vascular permeability transport coefficient and the effective interstitial diffusion coefficient were quantified for Verteporfin‐for‐Injection delivery of benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD). Orthotopic tumors had higher permeability and diffusion coefficients (Pd= 0.036 μm and D= 1.6 μm2/s, respectively) as compared to subcu‐taneously grown tumors (Pd= 0.025 μm/s and D= 0.9 μm2/s, respectively), likely due to the fact that the vessel patterns are more homogeneous orthotopically. In general, large intersubject and intratumor variability exist in the verteporfin concentration, in the range of 25% in plasma concentration and in the range of 20% for tissue concentrations, predominantly due to these microregional variations in transport. However, the average individual uptake of photosensitizer in tumor tissue was only correlated to the total vascular area within the tumor (R2= 64.1%, P < 0.001). The data are consistent with a view that microregional variation in the vascular permeability and interstitial diffusion rate contribute the spatial heterogeneity observed in verteporfin uptake, but that average supply to the tissue is limited by the total area of perfused blood vessels. This study presents a method to systematically analyze micro‐heterogeneity as well as possible methods to increase delivery and homogeneity of photosensitizer within tumor tissue.
Objetivos operacionais e eficiência da aprendizagem
Authors: Sossai João Alvécio
Published: May 2006

Foi verificado em que medida a aprendizagem pode ser significativamente influenciada pela informação aos estudantes antes do ensino, sobre o que é esperado deles como resultado do ensino. Os sujeitos que participaram deste estudo eram alunos de 4 classes de 5ª série do 1º Grau. Dos 140 sujeitos, 69 de duas classes constituiram o grupo experimental (GE) e 71 de duas outras classes constituiram o grupo de controle (GC). Os sujeitos do GE receberam objetivos operacionais redigidos claramente enquanto que os do GC não receberam nenhuma informação sobre objetivos. Foram comparados os GE e GC como um todo, os GE e GC de nível socio-econômico alto e baixo, os GE e GC com notas altas e baixas, levando em conta, de um lado, mudanças em conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas e, de outro, mudanças apenas em conhecimentos. Embora os GE apresentaram consistentemente maior aprendizagem do que os GC, os resultados não foram conclusivos. Quando se comparou os diferentes grupos, observou-se que diferenças significativas na aprendizagem ocorreram em alguns, mas distribuídas ao acaso.
Tendência da sub-notificação de casos no decorrer da epidemia de meningite meningocócica ocorrida no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, no período de 1971/75
Authors: Arantes Gilberto Ribeiro , Ruffino-Netto Antonio
Published: May 2006

A sub-notificação de casos de meningite no decorrer de uma epidemia de meningite meningocócica foi estudada em uma região do Estado de S. Paulo, Brasil. Os casos conhecidos através dos atestados de óbito (não notificados em vida) foram usados como medida indireta da sub-notificação. Esta, que chegou a 37,6% em 1971, caiu para 2,1% em 1975. Foi possível quantificá-la e demonstrar que seguiu uma função exponencial negativa com o tempo. A aplicação da metodologia apresentada, em amostra casual e probabilística, proporcionará um melhor conhecimento da incidência da doença, mais adequado ao estudo da tendência da epidemia, o que permitirá estimar com maior segurança o impacto epidemiológico provocado pelas medidas adotadas para controle da mesma.