bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Boll Weevil in Cotton with Selected Insecticides, 1992
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Clay P. A. , Graves J. B.
Published: March 2022

Two tests were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides against boll weevil in irrigated cotton planted 15 Apr. For both tests, plots consisted of 5 rows (102 cm centers) x 15 m. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied on 13, 16, 20, 23, and 27 Jul in both tests. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 56.2 liters total spray/ha through TX-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 2.11 kg/cm2. Treatments were evaluated by examining 50 cotton fruit (squares) per plot for evidence of damage. No additional foliar insecticides were applied to the plots during this test. The test area received 0.56 cm rainfall on 14 Jul, 0.7 cm rainfall on 15 Jul, 0.4 cm rainfall on 17 Jul and 0.4 cm rainfall on 22 Jul, 0.3 cm rainfall on 23 and a trace of rainfall on 27 Jul.
Early Season Insect Control with Orthene in Selected Formulations and Application Methods, 1992
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Clay P. A. , Burris E. , Graves J. B.
Published: March 2022

The insecticidal efficacy, effect on plant growth, and seed cotton yields of selected Orthene treatments applied as in-furrow sprays at planting (IFSAP), in-furrow granules at planting (IFGAP) and preemergence soil applied sprays (PRE) were compared with that of Temik 15 G. Plots consisted of 4 rows on 101.6 cm centers x 15 m. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Cotton was planted in a Gigger Silt Loam (pH = 6.7, 1.8% organic matter) on 23 Apr with a John Deere 7300 planter modified to apply pesticides through a granular applicator hopper box or as a directed spray into the seed furrow. IFSAP treatments were applied with a CO2 charged delivery system calibrated to deliver 46.8 liters total spray/ha through Teejet 8002 flat fan nozzles (1/row) at 3.66 kg/cm2. The PRE treatments were applied on 23 Apr with a tractor mounted boom and compressed air system calibrated to deliver 93.6 liters total spray/ha through Teejet X-12 nozzles (2/row) at 2.81 kg/cm2. Numbers of thrips and aphids were determined by sampling 10 plants on 20 and 25 May using whole-plant washing procedures. Plant stand, leaf area and plant height were measured on 15, 26 and 28 May, respectively. Yields were measured by harvesting the 2 center rows of each plot on 17 Sep and 1 Oct. All plots received Terraclor Super-X (11.2 kg form/ha) at planting as a standard fungicide treatment. Soil moisture was adequate at planting and 90% emergence was observed by 10 d after planting. The entire test was furrow irrigated throughout the season and rainfall was not considered a factor influencing final yields.
Lesser Cornstalk Borer Control in Peanuts in Florida, 1991:
Authors: Funderburk Joe E. , Brown Andrew L. , Gorbet Dan
Published: March 2022

Peanuts were planted on 5 Jun. Plot size was 4 rows X 7 m with a 92-cm row spacing. Experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. The soil type was a Chiploa loamy sand. Conventional practices were used for fertility and weed and disease control. Lorsban 4 E treatments were applied broadcast preplant and incorporated on 5 Jun, with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer that was equipped with D3 nozzles at 36 psi and the amount of water about 25 gal/acre. The 2 outer rows of plots of selected treatments were used to take soil samples for conducting bioassays against neonate LCB larvae. One 30-cm wide x 10-cm long x 2.5-cm deep soil sample was taken per plot by taking 2 subsamples per plot. This was done every 2 wk on 7 dates beginning immediately after planting. Soil samples were put in prelabeled plastic bags and frozen until bioassays were conducted. Efficacy in each sample was evaluated by bioassaying lst-instars in 30-ml cups that were filled to a depth of 1 cm of soil. Before bioassaying, soil samples were allowed to air dry for 24 hr. Sorghum seedlings were germinated in petri dishes lined with filter paper and moistened with solution containing fungistat benomyl. Five larvae were placed in each cup, with 5 cups used per plot per date. Sorghum seedlings were placed in each cup to provide a continuous supply of food for the larvae. The effectiveness of each treatment was evaluated at 72 hr by counting the number of living larvae. The 2 center rows of each plot were dug at maturity, picked 4 days later, and dried to 8% moisture before taking plot weights to determine yield.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with a Seed Treatment, 1992:
Authors: Bernhardt J. L.
Published: March 2022

Two rates of GUS-IG13 (X-3G43) (formerly NTN 33893) as seed treatments were compared with carbofuran (Furadan 3 G) and an untreated check for control of RWW in ‘Newbonnet’ and ‘Lemont’ rice. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications for each variety. Plot size was 9 rows with 17.8 cm spacing X 4.88 m. Rice was drill-seeded at 123.2 kg seed/ha 28 Apr and emerged 8 May. Propanil and thiobencarb at 3.36 kg (AI)/ha each were applied 18 and 22 May for weed control. Plots were temporarily flooded (flushed) 8 May and permanently flooded 6 Jun. Urea, 151.2 and 201.6 kg/ha, was applied in a 3-way split of 84 and 133.6 kg/ha 6 Jun and 33.6 kg/ha each on 10 and 21 Jul for ‘Newbonnet’ and ‘Lemont’ plots, respectively. Carbofuran was applied with a hand shaker 15 Jun. On 30 Jun and 7 Jul and on 2 and 9 Jul, 5, 10.2 x 10.2 cm (diam by depth) soil cores were removed from each plot of ‘Newbonnet’ and ‘Lemont’, respectively. Soil and plant roots were washed into 40-mesh screens. Screens were immersed in salt water, and RWW immatures were recovered and counted. The center 4 rows of plots were harvested on 8 Sep with a small plot combine. Reported yields were adjusted to 12% moisture.
Control of Soybean Looper in the Macon Ridge Region of Louisiana, 1992:
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Clay P. A.
Published: March 2022

A test was conducted to evaluate insecticide efficacy against soybean looper larvae in soybean. Plots consisted of 4 rows (102 cm centers) x 15 m, planted on 18 Jun in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a tractor mounted boom and compressed air system calibrated to deliver 93.6 liters total spray/ha through Teejet X-12 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 2.81 kg/cm2. Treatments were applied on 31 Aug. Insecticide efficacy was evaluated at 2 (2 Sep) and 7 DAT (7 Sep) using 1 20-sweep sample with a standard 38.1 cm diam sweep net. Rows 2 and 3 were sampled 2 DAT and rows 4 and 5 were sampled 7 DAT. The plots received 3.0 cm rainfall on 2 Sep and 0.3 cm of rainfall on 3 Sep.
Soybean Looper Control on North Louisiana Soybean, 1992:
Authors: Thomas J. D. , Wier A. T. , Boyd M. L. , Boethel D. J. , Leonard B. R.
Published: March 2022

The efficacy of selected insecticides for soybean looper control was evaluated in 2 small plot insecticide trials conducted at the Macon Ridge Location, Northeast Research Station near Winnsboro, LA. Treatments in both tests were applied to ‘Centennial’ soybean in the R5 growth stage on 31 Aug using a tractor and compressed air sprayer calibrated to deliver 93.5 liters/ha at 2.8 kg/cm2 through TX12 hollow cone tips. Plots measured 12.2 m by 4 rows with 1.02 m row spacing, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Two sets of 25 sweep samples (38.2 cm diam sweep net) per plot were taken at 2 DAT, and 1 set of 25 sweep samples per plot was taken at 4 and 7 DAT. The test area was treated with 0.56 kg (AI)/ha of methyl parathion on 7 Aug to stimulate soybean looper populations.
Budworm and Aphid Control in Tobacco, 1992:
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Taylor J. Delano , Griffin Debbie
Published: March 2022

Flue-cured tobacco was transplanted on 16 Mar at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station in Tifton, GA. Production practices were used according to Georgia Cooperative Extension Service guidelines. A pre-plant incorporated tank mix of the following was applied. Tillam and Devrinol for weed control, Ridomil for blue mold control, Nemacur for nematode suppression, and Lorsban for wireworm and mole cricket control. Fertilizer (6-6-18) was applied in a split application at a rate of 1000 lb/acre. Plots 4 rows wide (36 inch row spacing) by 20 ft long were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. On 11 Jun, 11 insecticide treatments (plus an untreated control) were applied to the center 2 rows of selected plots using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with 3 TX-9 nozzles directed over a single row, delivering 13.7 gal/acre at 40 psi. Each treatment was reapplied on 18 Jun. Prior to the initial application, and 4 and 7 d after each treatment (DAT), the number of live budworms was recorded per 8 plants on row 2 of each plot. The number of live aphids on the 4 upper leaves on plants 2,4, and 6 on row 2 also was recorded. All data were subjected to ANOVA and DMRT (P = 0.05).
Tobacco Aphid and Tobacco Flea Beetle Control with Foliar and Transplant Water Treatments, 1992:
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson William B.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted at the VPI & SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station, Blackstone, VA, to evaluate tobacco aphid and tobacco flea beetle control on flue-cured tobacco with various insecticides applied as foliar spray and transplant water (TPW) treatments. Tobacco was transplanted into experimental plots on 12 May. Thirteen treatments were established in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots, 4 (1 row) X 40 (ca. 24 plants) ft, were separated by single untreated guard rows. TPW treatments of Orthene and NTN 33893 were applied to the base of newly transplanted plants with a measuring cup that delivered 4 fl oz/plant (204 gal/acre). Foliar treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 26 gal/acre at 60 psi through 3, TX-10 nozzles/row on 7 Jul. Tobacco aphid populations were estimated on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants per plot before treatment and at 2, 9, 14 and 20 DAT. Tobacco was harvested as it ripened, weighed, and graded by a USDA/AMS inspector. This information was used to calculate yield and quality. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated using DMRT (P = 0.05). Aphid counts were transformed to Log10 (x + 1).
Tobacco Aphid and Tobacco Flea Beetle Control with Soil Insecticides, 1992:
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson William R. , Walton Joseph
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted at the Ronny and Sammy Thomas Farm, Lawrenceville, VA, to evaluate tobacco aphid and tobacco flea beetle control on flue-cured tobacco with various systemic insecticides applied to the soil. Tobacco was transplanted into experimental plots on 29 Apr. Plots, 15.33 (4 rows) x 140 ft, were arranged in a RCB design with 8 treatments replicated 3 times. Pretransplant soil treatments of liquid insecticide form were applied with a CO2-pressurized tractor sprayer that delivered 36 gal/acre through 8004LP tips at 30 psi on 20 Apr. Soil treatments were immediately incorporated by double disking. After the other treatments had been incorporated, the Temik treatments were applied in 14-inch bands using a tractor-mounted Gandy granular applicator and were immediately covered with 6 inches of soil at bed formation. Orthene was applied in the transplant water (TPW) at 200 gal/acre. Nemacur 3EC at 1 gal/acre was applied to the entire test. Tobacco aphid populations were estimated on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants in each plot 3 times from 6-8 wk after transplanting. Tobacco flea beetles and flea beetle feeding holes on the most damaged leaf were counted on 10 plants on the 2 center rows of each plot. Tobacco was harvested as it ripened, weighed, and graded by a USDA/AMS inspector. This information was used to calculate tobacco yield and quality. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separted by DMRT (P = 0.05). Aphid count data were transformed to Log10 (x + 1) before ANOVA.
Control of Russian Wheat Aphid (RWA) in Winter Wheat, 1989:
Authors: Tanigoshi Lynell K. , Hoeschele Wolfgang
Published: March 2022

Seventeen insecticides in a total of 26 combinations were evaluated for performance in controlling RWA in a lightly infested field near Connell, Franklin County, WA. Treatments were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with a 9 ft boom calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 30 psi. The insecticides were applied on 19 Oct (treatments 1-12) and 20 Oct (treatments 13-28) because wind increased to > 5 mph before spraying could be completed. Plots were 18 x 18 ft, replicated 4 times, and arranged in a completely RCB design. The plots were located within a block of wheat seeded on 27 Aug (seeding rate: 42 lb/acre, 18 inch row spacings). Pretreatment wheat seedlings averaged 3 tillers and main stems. Treatments were evaluated at 7 and 14 DAT. Approximately 7 plants with symptomatic tillers were taken from each plot, placed into paper bags and held in a cooler until they were placed in Berlese-Tulgren funnels later in the day. After extraction, the number of plants and tillers for each sample was recorded; aphid densities for this evaluation are expressed as number of aphids per tiller. RWA comprised 96% of the aphid species while the remaining 4% were bird cherry-oat aphids. Results were thus analyzed on the basis of the total number of aphids extracted per treatment.
Control of Greenbug in Wheat, 1990:
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Studebaker Glenn
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied on 11 Apr on ‘Magnum’ variety winter wheat in Lonoke County, AR. Treatments were applied with a CO2 powered backpack sprayer with a 10-ft boom equipped with TX-4 hollow cone nozzles on a 19-inch spacing. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 10.5 gal/acre at 40 psi. Plots were 10-ft wide by 20-ft long arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plots were evaluated at 2 and 7 DAT by counting the number of greenbugs in a 2-ft section of row in each plot.
Imported Fire Ant Control on Non-Cropland in South MS, 1992:
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted at an Industrial Park in Covington County, MS. Soil type was a sandy clay loam. Experimental design was a RCB with 3 replications. Each replication was 10,000 ft2. Granular applications were made on 14 May and 14 Jul. Liquid applications of Triumph 4 E were applied over the Award Bait plots on 19 May and 19 Jul. Granular formulations were applied with a ferti-lome, hand-pushed spreader. Liquids were applied with a Solo knapsack sprayer using a fan nozzle at 25 psi, and a spray volume of 3 gal per 10,000 ft2. No rainfall occurred within 24 h of any treatment. Active fire ant mounds were determined visually and by touch. Pretreatment counts were made on 14 May and post-treatment counts were made on 28 May, 11 Jun, 14 and 28 Jul, 13 Aug and 1 Sep.
Black Cutworm Control on Golf Course Greens with Bacillus Thuringiensis, 1992:
Authors: Weaver Joseph E.
Published: March 2022

CGA 237218 25W was evaluated against black cutworm. Treatments were duplicated on separate greens about 50 m apart. Plots were arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Plot size was 8 x 8 ft. Granules were applied with a hand held glass jar shaker and liquids were applied in two liters of water with a sprinkler can. Treatments were irrigated with about ¼ inch of water about 1 h after application. Environmental conditions at treatment time (3 Aug) for Tests 1 and 2, respectively were: air temperature, 22 and 41°C; RH, 82 and 48%; overcast (fog) and partly sunny; soil temperature (1 inch), 22 arid 28°C; water pH 6.80. Treatments were evaluated at 7 DAT by treating the entire green with cyfluthrin (Tempo) at 0.04 lb(AI)/acre and counting the no. of larvae flushed to the surface after 30 min. Larvae were mostly small with 53% ranging from 5 to 10 mm long.
Evaluation of Conventional and Experimental Formulations to Manage Black Turfgrass Ataenius Grubs on Turfgrass in Westmoreland County, PA, 1992:
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

The turfgrass area consisted of annual bluegrass (50%) and creeping bentgrass (50%). Treatment plots were 9 x 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 3 times. Liquid, DF, WSP, and W formulations were applied with a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker and mixed with top dressing to facilitate product distribution with exception to NTN 33893 0.62 G which was applied with blank granules. At treatment time (22 Jun), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 56°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 62°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 60°F; RH, 70%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inches; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 33.0% sand, 56.6% silt, 10.4% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 29.8%; organic matter, 5.0%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.2; and skies were partly cloudy. Immediately after treatment, each replicate was irrigated with 0.375 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 9 d later (1 Jul). Black turfgrass ataenius grub control was evaluated by removing four 0.087 ft2 sod samples from each replicate, and the total number of grubs present were recorded and converted to a ft2 count. Sod samples were removed with a 4 inch cup cutter.
Preventative Management Time Studies of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Bioneem on a Golf Course Fairway in Lewistown, PA, 1992:
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (40%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (20%). Treatment plots were 4 x 4 ft, arranged in a RCB, replicated 4 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 2 80O4VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 4 ft boom, operating at 28 psi. 790-800 ml of mixed solution were applied to each replicate. Treatment applications were completed on four dates as follows: 5 Aug (air temp, 80°F; soil temp at 1 inch depth, 74°F; soil temp at 2 inch depth, 72°F, % RH, 65; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25; soil type, loam; soil particle analysis: 40.0% sand, 47.1% silt, 12.9% clay; organic matter, 5.0%; soil moisture (oven baked), 21.5%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 4.6; and cloudy skies), 10 Aug (air temp, 90°F; soil temp at 1 inch depth, 82°F; soil temp at 2 inch depth, 82°F; % RH, 60; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25; soil type, loam; soil particle analysis: 36.5% sand, 48.6% silt, 14.9% clay; organic matter, 2.6%; soil moisture (oven baked), 11.9%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 4.9; and clear skies), 20 Aug (air temp, 66°F; soil temp at 1 inch depth, 66°F; soil temp at 2 inch depth, 66°F; % RH, 100; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25; soil type, loam; soil particle analysis: 40.0% sand, 48.0% silt, 12.0% clay; organic mater, 4.5%; soil moisture (oven baked), 18.8%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 4.7; and cloudy skies), and 24 Aug (air temp, 84°F; soil temp at 1 inch depth, 72°F; soil temp at 2 inch depth, 72°F; % RH, 80; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25; soil type, loam; soil particle analysis: 42.0% sand, 47.6% silt, 10.4% clay; organic matter, 5.0%; soil moisture (oven baked), 16.3%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 4.7; and clear skies). Immediately after treatment only Turcam 76W replicates were irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were completed between 22-24 Sept. Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs ft2 was recorded.
Fall Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Conventional and Experimental Formulations on a Golf Course Rough in Palmerton, PA, 1992:
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (40%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (20%). Treatment plots were 9 x 6 ft, arranged in a RCB, replicated 3 times. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (29 Sep) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 68°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 60°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 58°F; RH, 60%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25 inches; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 50.0% sand, 39.0% silt, 11.0% sand; organic matter, 5.0%; soil moisture (oven baked), 38.8; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.0; and skies were overcast. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 19 d later (18 Oct). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs ft2 was recorded.
Effect of Date of Application on Efficacy of Dursban and Turcam Against Annual Bluegrass Weevils, Golf Course Fairway, 1992:
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied on 28 Apr or 12 May or on both dates to 2.6 x 2.3 m plots, which were replicated 5 times and arranged in a RCB design. The plots were established on a golf course fairway in Scarborough, NY-annual bluegrass (60%), creeping bentgrass (40%), maintained at 1.3 cm. Granular materials were applied using glass jars with perforated lids. Liquid materials were applied with watering cans, using 3 liters water per plot. The entire test area received 0.6 cm irrigation 1 h after application. Soil pH was 6.2, water pH varied from 5.9 to 6.3. Product efficacy was evaluated on 15 Jun by removing 9 soil cores (5.0 cm diam) per plot and inspecting the cores under magnification in the Amherst laboratory. Insect counts were made by combining totals from 3 plug per recorded observation. These figures were converted to “Ave./0.1 m2”. At the time of sampling, the population was 13% 3rd instar, 21% 4th instar, 61% 5th instar, and 5% pupae.
Subsurface Placement of Insecticides for Control of Southern Masked Chafer Grubs, 1992
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Ali M. A. A.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted in Lincoln, NE on a Kentucky bluegrass golf course fairway. The turf (95% Kentucky bluegrass) was maintained at a mowing height of 1.6 cm and thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 1.3 to 2.5 cm. Field conditions at the time of application were: air temperature, 25.°C; soil temperature (10-cm depth), 26.°C; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.0 to 7.0; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture, 17%. Plots were 1.1 x 4.6 m and the experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied 17 Aug; subsurface treatments were applied using a Cushman prototype subsurface applicator designed to place liquid or granular insecticides at the soilthatch interface (average depth, 1.9 cm). Conventional broadcast granular insecticide treatments were applied with a Grandy 24H12 drop spreader. Immediately following applications, plots were irrigated with 0.6 cm of water and the test area received an additional 0.6 cm of water from scheduled irrigation. During the post-treatment period, the trial area received approximately 3.8 cm of additional irrigated water. Treatments were evaluated 24 DAT on 10 Sep 1992 by removing from each plot six, 20.3 cm diam turfsoil cores (0.19 m2 total area) to a depth of 7.6 cm and counting the number of surviving grubs.
Efficacy of Several Insecticides Against Japanese Beetle Larvae, Golf Course Rough, 1992
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: March 2022

The golf course rough consisted primarily of Kentucky bluegrass (35%), annual bluegrass (30%), perennial ryegrass (25%), and crabgrass (10%), maintained at 4.5 to 6.0 cm. Treatment plots were 2.6 x 2.6 m, replicated 4 times, arranged in a RCB design. All applications were made 26 Aug. Liquid formulations were applied by hand with watering cans, 3 liters water per plot. Granular formulations were applied using glass jars with perforated lids. Conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temperature, 28°C; hazy, humid; soil type, silty loam; water pH 6.6. All plots were irrigated 0.7 cm 1.5 h after application. Product efficacy was evaluated 9 Oct (40 DAT) by cutting two 0.1 m2 samples out of each plot, dislodging soil with a hand trowel, and counting all grubs to a depth of 10 cm.
Reduced Rates of Dursban Combined with Sunspray Ultrafine Spray Oil for Control of Chinch Bugs on Buffalograss, 1991
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Steinegger D. H.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted on a buffalograss lawn in Lincoln, NE. Insecticides were applied on 15 Aug to 1.2 x 1.2 m plots arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Buffalograss was maintained at a mowing height of 10.2 cm and mowed to 5.1 cm prior to insecticide applications. Thatch accumulation ranged from 0 to 0.64 cm. Conditions at the time of application were as follows; air temperature 33°C; soil temperature (10.2 cm depth) 30°C; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.0-7.0; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture 11%. Insecticides were applied with a CO2 sprayer using a LF-4 nozzle at 165.5 KPa and delivering 18.9 liter spray/93 m2. Immediately following application, plots were irrigated with 0.325 cm water. No rainfall occurred during the post-treatment period. Product efficacy was evaluated 5 DAT (20 Aug) by removing from each plot three turf-soil cores to a depth of 2.54 cm with a 10.8 cm diam cup cutter (0.03 m2 total area per plot). Cores were returned to the laboratory and placed in Berlese funnels. Extracted chinch bugs were counted after 48 h.
Greenhouse Whitefly Control on Marigolds, 1992
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Kearns K. A.
Published: March 2022

Marigold plants were grown from seed in 6 inch clay pots for ten weeks (10 inches-12 inches tall) in a research greenhouse infested with whitefly at Michigan State University. The plants were watered by a drip irrigation system for 4 min each day, 3 d per wk (Mon, Wed, and Fri). Each treatment was replicated 6 times. Precounts were made from 5 leaves per plant on 21 Jul. Insecticides were applied with an R&D C02 sprayer with a single 8008 nozzle at 50 psi until runoff. Whitefly larvae and pupae on the undersides of leaves were counted on 12 Aug by sampling 5 leaves per plant.
Greenhouse Mite Control on Marigolds, 1992
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Kearns K. A.
Published: March 2022

Forty-two twelve-week-old (8 inch) ‘Yellow Boy’ marigold plants grown in a research greenhouse at Michigan State University were used for this experiment. The plants were grown from seed in 6-inch clay pots and were irrigated 3 times weekly via a drip irrigation system. The greenhouse was heavily infested with whiteflies. Each treatment was replicated 6 times on individual plants. However, due to a combination of whitefly and mite damage, only four of the control plants were alive on 21 and 28 Jan, and only two on 5 Feb. Precounts of 6 leaves per plant were completed on 8 Jan. Each leaf was examined under a microscope and the number of all motile forms of twospotted spider mites were counted. Spray applications of Dursban and Pageant were made on 10 and 17 Jan. Avid was applied once on 10 Jan. Insecticides were applied with a R&D C02 sprayer with an 8003 nozzle at 50 psi until runoff. Postcount samples were made on 21 and 28 Jan and 5 Feb by counting 6 leaves from each plant.
Harvester Ant Control in Old-Field Pastures, 1992
Authors: Ward Charles R. , Blanco-Montero Carlos A. , Neish William A.
Published: March 2022

Harvester ant control was evaluated near Estancia, NM on open old-field pastureland. Treatments were randomized within blocks, replicated 6 times. Ant mounts were checked for activity, selected and marked, and counts made of active ants on and in the clear area of each mound prior to treatment. Applications were made on 9 May except bait stations for two of the replications of the Combat and Max treatments were not provisioned with bait stations until 14 May. The Award and Amdro treatments were made by spreading measured amounts of formulation over an 18.6b m2 area around the assigned mounds. All other treatments were applied by spreading measured amounts to the mound areas only. The Orthene drench was applied in 3.79 liters of water sprinkled over each mounted area. Rainfall in cm during the early part of the test was: 9 May, 0.64; 10 May, 0.38; 18 May, 0.75; 20-29 May, 3.68 (total 5.46 cm).
Management of Pine Needle Midge on Scotch Pine with Biorational and Conventional Formulations in Indiana County, Pennsylvania, 1992
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

Eight treatments were applied to evaluate control of pine needle midge on heavily infested 6-8 ft Scotch pine Christmas trees. Treatments were completed on 10 Jun and 25 Jun, and replicated five times in a randomized complete block design. Foliar treatments were completed by using a C02 compressed air sprayer with one 8004VS Teejet nozzle mounted on a 24 inch boom operating at 28 psi. Treatments were applied at the rate of 124 gal/acre (375 ml/tree), and applications were confined to the terminal. The following conditions existed on 10 Jun: air temperature 80°F; water pH, 7.0; 52% RH; and skies were partly cloudy. The following conditions existed on 25 Jun: air temperature, 68°F; water pH, 7.0; 80% RH. At 52 DAT (1 Sep), each treatment was evaluated by determining the percentage of missing needles from each terminal.
Hobn Fly Control on Beef Cattle with Ear Tags in South Mississippi, 1991
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted on three beef cattle farms in Clarke, Jasper and Newton Counties in south Mississippi. This was the third consecutive year in which tags were placed in the same herds. One ear tag per ear (two/head) was used on all adult cattle. Terminator (diazinon) tags were placed in a herd of 49 cows and two bulls on 10 May. Saber (lambdacyhalothrin pyrethroid) tags were placed in a herd of 81 cows and two bulls on 3 May. Tomahawk (pirimiphos methyl) tags were placed in a herd of 52 cows and one bull on 9 May. Untreated herds of 15 to 30 cows were located in the vicinity of each treated herd. All tags remained in herds for 114 days. Herds were mixed breeds of beef cattle. Horn fly counts were made visually using binoculars once each week.
Green Peach Aphid Control, 1977
Authors: Butt B. A. , Lydin L. V.
Published: March 2022

‘U&I Hybrid 8’ sugarbeets were planted May 6, 1966, in Ritzville silt loam at Yakima, Washington, in plots 6 rows wide and 50 ft long. Each treatment was applied to 4 plots. The plants were irrigated with line sprinklers that provided 1/2 inch of water/h. In the tests with foliar spray, 40 gpa (60 psi) were applied July 6 with D2-13 TEEJET hollowcone nozzles mounted 11 inches apart on a rear-mounted boom sprayer fitted to a JD-420 tractor traveling at 2.75 mph. The boom height was adjusted to provide optimum coverage of the foliage as the plants grew. Ortho X-77 spreader was used with all materials. After 2 days and then each week for 3 weeks aphids were counted on 25 leaves from each plot. In the tests with systemics, granules were applied with a tractormounted Gandy applicator at planting time 4-6 inches deep and 2 inches to one side of the seeds. Aphid counts were delayed until a popu-lation developed. In the spray tests, Pirimor at 2 and 3 lb/acre was equal to the Thimet standard at 1 lb/acre (Table 1). In the systemic tests, both Bay Hox 3298 and Furadan were effective (Table 2). No phytotoxicity was observed in the tests.
Leafminer Control, 1977
Authors: Butt B. A. , Lydin L. V.
Published: March 2022

‘U&I Hybrid 8’ sugarbeets were planted May 6, 1977, in Ritzville silt loam at Yakima, Washington, in plots 6 rows wide and 50 ft long. Each treatment was applied to 4 plots. The plants were irrigated with line sprinklers that provided 1/2 inch of water/h. Granules of the test materials were applied at planting time 4-6 inches deep and 2 inches to one side of the seeds. On June 13 the number of sugarbeet plants in 10 ft and the number of leafminers in 20 plants were determined in each of the 4 replicates of each treatment.
Two-Spotted Spider Mite Control, 1974
Authors: Powell D. M. , Joy Don , Powell D. Michael
Published: March 2022

‘U&I Hybrid 8’ sugarbeets were grown in Esquatzel fine sandy loam soil at Sunnyside, Washington, and ‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes were grown in Sagehill silt loam soil at Quincy, Washington. Sugarbeet plots were 6 rows wide (22 inches between rows) and 50 ft long, and the potato plots were 3 acres in size. On July 16 at Sunnyside and August 7 at Quincy the experimental materials were applied to 3 replicated plots of sugarbeets with a bicycle-type, portable-boom sprayer at the rate of 20 gal/A. On August 15 at Quincy the materials were applied to single, 3-acre plots of potatoes with a commercial agricultural spray plane at the rate of 10 gal/A. Twenty sugarbeet leaves or 20 compound potato leaves were collected from each plot on each of the 4 sampling dates, and the total numbers of two-spotted spider mites on the leaves were counted.
Insecticides to Control Wireworms, Systena Flea Beetles and Sweet Potato Flea Beetles in Sweet Potatoes, 1976
Authors: Hofmaster R. N.
Published: March 2022

‘Julian’ sweet potato sprouts were transplanted June 2 in 3-ft rows with 12-inch spacing. Treatment plots were replicated 3 times and arranged in a randomized complete bl ock design. Each plot consisted of five 25-ft-long rows with 2 untreated rows adjacent to each plot. The soil type was a sassafras fine sandy loam. Various methods of treatment were employed and are designated as follows: PreplantIncorporated (PPI) - Broadcast overall on June 1 by means of a Root-Lowell rotary hand duster or a D. B. Smith 5-gallon knapsack, hand-operated, compressed-air sprayer at the rate of 40 gal/A (40 psi) using a D. B. Smith #E-147 adjustable cone nozzle and disced into the top 4-5 inches within 2 hours after treatment; Root Swell (RS) - Broadcast over foliage at time of root swell on August 4 using the duster and sprayer previously described, followed by cultivation; Preplant Incorporated plus Root Swell (PPI + RS) - combination of the above with same timing and methods; Over Foliage (OF) - Broadcast over foliage in a 10-12 inch band on July 10 with the Root-Lowell duster followed by cultivation; Foliage Spray (FS) - Applications over foliage on July 23, August 12, September 6, and October 1 using the D. B. Smith knapsack sprayer adjusted to deliver 100 gallons of spray/A. In evaluating the various treatments, 25 roots were selected at random from each plot and the number damaged by wireworms, Systena sp.
Control of Aphids, Cabbage Looper, and Variegated Cutworms on Tomatoes, 1977
Authors: Henne Richard C.
Published: March 2022

Field plots were situated on a sandy loam soil with treatments replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Three-row plots, 5 ft apart and 20 ft long were planted at 12-inch spacing on May 16. Granular systemic insecticides were banded 2 inches deep, 6 inches from the plants on both sides of the row on May 23. Foliar treatments were initiated July 6 and repeated 5 times on a 10-dav schedule. A tractor-mounted boom sprayer equipped with drop nozzles on either side of the row and one nozzle over the center delivered 66 gallons of solution per acre at 300 psi. Data were collected only from the center row of each plot. Aphid populations were determined on August 18 by counting the number present on 10 terminal leaves selected at random from each plot.
Alfalfa Weevil and Alfalfa Blotch Leafminer Control, 1977
Authors: Bowman James S.
Published: March 2022

A block of pure stand alfalfa located on the James Stewart Farm, Stratham, New Hampshire was utilized. Individual plots 11 x 20 ft were separated by a 5-ft buffer zone. Eight treatments arranged in a randomized block were replicated 3 times and compared to an untreated control. One broadcast granular treatment was applied on May 4, 1977, when the alfalfa was 6-in. tall, by evenly distributing preweighed doses over each plot using a cyclone seeder. Spray treatments were applied on May 27, 1977 when the alfalfa blotch leafminer eggs were beginning to hatch and small mines were forming. Sprays were applied using a 1-gallon B & G CO2-pressurized sprayer at 40 psi fitted with a 5-ft hand-held boom which carried four 8004 T-iet fan nozzels. The volume of spray was equivalent to 35 gallons/acre. Evaluations were made 7 days after the spray applications by counting the number of live alfalfa blotch leafminer larvae per 10 8-in. terminals and the number of alfalfa weevil larvae per 10 sweeps per plot.
Barley Armyworm Control, 1977
Authors: Akers R. C. , Roberts J. E.
Published: March 2022

In a field test at Tappahannock, Virginia, five insecticides were tested to determine their efficacy in armyworm control. Three replications of each treatment were applied to plots in a randomized block design. The plots con-sisted of a 7.3 m x 7.3 m area; each was separated by 0.6 m. Insecticides were applied on May 31 with a 11.4 litre hand compressed air sprayer calibrated to deliver 87.1 litre per acre at 25-30 psi. Evaluations of treatments were made 48 h after application by counting the total number of live larvae in five, randomly selected, one sq ft areas within each plot. Percent control was based on untreated checks.
Northern Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1976
Authors: Gauthier Norman L.
Published: March 2022

Field corn was planted at Groton, NY May 15, 1976. This test was of large block design utilizing commercial planting and application at the Gleason Farm, Groton, NY. Eight one acre blocks were planted on 36 inch row spacing in a clay shale loam soil. Seed corn was treated with 33% Diazinon + Graphite HB seed treatment and planted to approximate 22,000 plants/A population. Five recommended soil insecticides were applied in a 7 inch band in front of the presswheel at time of planting. A commercial IH 4 row corn planter each unit equipped with an E-Z Flo granular applicator with Fan spreader were individually calibrated to ensure proper application and delivery rate. Fertilization consisted of 200 lb of 10-20-10 corn starter per acre at planting along with 60 lb of liquid nitrogen sidedressed. Atrazine + Bladex was applied preemergence for weed control. All plots were 12 rows wide, the middle rows were used for sampling. Replication was done by subsampling the large blocks in 1/3 acre increments. Root samplings were made in each treatment randomized within insecticide block. Root ratings are based on the Iowa System (1-6: 1 = no noticeable feeding; 2 = feeding scars present; 3 = at least 1 root pruned; 4 = one full note of roots pruned; 5 = two nodes of roots pruned and 6 = 3 or more nodes of roots pruned). Grain yields represent tons/A corrected to 15.5% moisture content and an average of three 1/2000/acre samplings.
Field Corn, Northern Corn Rootworm Larval Suppression, 1977
Authors: Szatmari-Goodman Gary , Treece R. E. , Clement S. L.
Published: March 2022

Field corn was planted near Wooster (Wayne County) Ohio on May 9 and 26. Four recommended soil insecticides were applied at time of planting in the furrow or in a 7-inch band in front of the presswheel using electric Gandy insecticide boxes mounted over each planter presswheel. Applications were made at 3 mph tractor ground speed. A split split plot design with 4 replicates was used (main plot = placement, sub plot = planting date, sub sub plot = insecticide). Plots were 2 rows wide (38 in spacing), 40 ft long, with 4 buffer rows between replicates that were contiguous and 20 ft alleyways between those that were not. The field had been in com for 7 years. Previous insecticide use consisted of 1 lb/acre Furadan in 1976 only. Soil type was silt loam, pH 6.64, organic matter 2.1%. Rainfall during May was less than half normal, but abundant rain during the following months brought the season’s total to above average. Soil temperature (4 in. depth) was 13°C on May 10, and 22°C on May 26. Larval damage was assessed on August 8, by digging and washing 24 root systems from each treatment (6/plot x 4 rep) and evaluating each root system on the standard Iowa 1-6 rating scale where 1 = little or no damage and 6 = three or more nodes of roots destroyed.
Laboratory Insecticide Bioassays,

M

.

Sanguinipes

, Bozeman, Montana, Winter, 1975-76
Authors: Mazuranich Philip C. , Onsager Jerome A.
Published: March 2022

Laboratory-reared nymphs from eggs laid by field-collected adults were used in the bioassays. The nymphs were fed a diet of Balbo rye seedlings and wheat bran. Dosages of all toxicants were based on microgram or parts per million (active) per gram body weight.
Control of Grasshoppers on Rangeland, Three Forks, Montana, August 1976
Authors: Mazuranich Philip C. , Onsager Jerome A.
Published: March 2022

Three experimental ULV formulations were applied to 10-acre plots in 30-foot swaths with a modified John Blue Low Volume Sprayer (John Blue Company, Huntsville, Al) mounted on a 3/4 ton 4-wheel drive truck. One material, an encapsulated formulations, was diluted 25% with water to insure proper flowage through the pressurized spray system; the other two formulations and the ULV malathion standard were sprayed undiluted. Tests were replicated 4 times. Mortality was determined at 3- and 7-day intervals by counting with a pointer the number of insects in twenty-five 1-yd2 (visual) samples per plot. The species listed above comprised 58, 21, 11, 8, and 2 percent of the infestation, respectively.
Paddy Water Application, IRRI Laboratory, 1976
Authors: Heinrichs E. A. , Valencia S. L.
Published: March 2022

One kg ai/ha of granular formulation of insecticides was applied to the water of 45 day old plants growing in porcelain pots. One plant served as a replication and each treatment was replicated three times. Plants were kept in an air conditioned room at a temperature of 25 ± 2°C. A new group of ten insects/replicate of each species was placed into mylar cages covering the plants at 1, 7, and 14 days after insecticide treatment was applied (DT). Mortality values were recorded 48 hours after infestation. Mortality values were adjusted using Abbott’s formula.
Smaller European Elm Bark Beetle Elm Bole Bioassay Tests, 1976
Authors: Barger Jack H.
Published: March 2022

The boles of nursery-grown American elms, Ulmusamericana L., (10-15 cm in dbh) were treated with 4 insecticides from June 7-10, 1976, to determine the percentage of mortality among smaller European elm bark beetles attracted to Multilure (pheromone) baits attached to these boles. The experiment was a 2 x 3 x 8 factorial design. The treatment factors were 2 insecticide concentrations (3 and 12%), 3 beetle exposure times (5, 20, and 60 sec), and 8 bioassay periods (every 2 weeks for 16 weeks). Each combination was replicated 3 times. Insecticides were sprayed on the elm boles to the point of runoff; a Hudson 67609 hand sprayer was used to apply the insecticides. The mean temperature was 16.1°C (range: 2.2 to 35.0°C), and total rainfall was 39.4 cm during the study. At the appropriate posttreatment interval, phototoxicity was determined, the trees were felled, and a 30.5-cm bole section was removed from each tree. Bioassays were conducted by placing 20 newly emerged beetles on each bole section with vacuum forceps (1 beetle at a time for each exposure). After each exposure, beetles were removed, placed on filter paper in plastic petri dishes (15 x 100 mm), and held in darkness for 24 h at 30 - 1°C and 92 - 2% RH before mortality was determined. Mortality was pooled and averaged for all 3 exposure times at each concentration, because there were no significant differences in mortality among exposure times. LC50 and LC90 values were determined by interpolation.
Scolytus

Multistriatus

, Laboratory Bioassay, 1974-75
Authors: Page Marion , Greene Lula
Published: March 2022

Twenty insecticides were topically applied to the smaller european elm bark beetle and their relative order of toxicity to adult beetles was determined by bioassay. Insects had been collected from branches of infested American elms brought into the laboratory. Each insecticide was serially diluted in acetone and applied to the venter of cold (5°C) adults with an ISCO model M microapplicator equipped with a 1/4 cc tuberculin syringe. The dose rate was 1 μl/10 mg body weight. Adults averaged 3 mg. After treatment insects were held in moist powdered cellulose (alphacel) until mortality observations were made at 3 days. Data were analyzed by the log-dose probit method.
Ground Tests with Insecticides Against the Douglas-Fir Tussock Moth in New Mexico, 1977
Authors: Linnane James P.
Published: March 2022

Ground application of several insecticides were tested to determine their effectiveness in reducing DFTM larval populations during June 1977. The test site was on the Santa Fe National Forest, ca. 35 miles southwest of Santa Fe, New Mexico. Eighty Douglas-fir and white fir trees, 20 to 45 feet in height, were randomly selected for seven insecticidal treatments plus a control (10 trees/treatment). Insecticides were applied using a truck-mounted Bean 1010A hydraulic sprayer equipped with a FMC 29 adjustable nozzle. Estimates of DFTM larval densities on test trees made prior to and at 2, 7, and 14 day intervals after treatment.
Feeding Toxicity of Insecticides to Western Pine Beetle, 1977
Authors: Robertson Jacqueline L. , Kimball Richard A.
Published: March 2022

Feeding tests of the toxicity of 10 insecticides were conducted with adult western pine beetle collected from ponderosa pine bolts and bark gathered at Oakhurst, California. The toxicants were mixed in an artificial diet into which the beetles were placed. Five concentrations of each insecticide were serially diluted with acetone from stock solutions prepared for each of 3 replications of the study. Ten ml of hot artificial diet were placed in each 1 oz plastic jelly cup and packed firmly. Two hundred μl of toxicant were added and the diet was thoroughly stirred. After the diet cooled, it was chopped so that burrowing spaces were available to the beetles. Ten beetles were placed in each cup and a paper lid was used for closure. Mortality was tallied after 3 days.
Phytotoxicity Test, 1977
Authors: Price Richard , Pinkston Ken , Bogle David , Ree Bill
Published: March 2022

This test consisted of evaluating Sumithion phytotoxicity on 8 different greenhouse potted plants in Stillwater, Oklahoma. Application equipment consisted of a modified B & G Compressed Air Sprayer, Model 104-S, nozzle stand and a motorized track. A Spraying Systems Multi-Teejet fan nozzle 800067 was attached to the nozzle stand and was transported by the motorized track. The nozzle (6 inch above the plant) delivered 2.75 oz of finished spray per min. at 20 psi at an application speed of 1.25 ft per second. Each test species was replicated 4 times along with a check. Plants were treated on August 5 and examined 24 hr., 72 hr., 1, 2, and 4 weeks after treatment. All plants were kept in a greenhouse during the observation period.
Kentucky Bluegrass, Armyworm Control, 1977
Authors: Schuder Donald L.
Published: March 2022

A series of 17 treatments was applied to a bluegrass lawn at the Federated Church in West Lafayette, Indiana, on May 25, 1977. At the time of treatment adult moths were flying and egg deposition had begun. Plots were 7 by 14 ft and the experiment was replicated five times. Sprays were applied with a boom mounted on a bicycle wheeled type frame. A pressure of 30 psi was maintained with a CO2 tank. Half of the Lannate applications were repeated two weeks after the initial treatment. Granular applications were made with a 7 ft wide John Deere granular applicator mounted on a bicycle wheeled type of frame. Half of each plot was sampled June 8, July 5 and 19, 1977. A mixture of “Diagnostic Aid” and water was applied to half of the plot with a sprinkling can and the number of larvae that emerged counted.