bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Uniquely Structured Yolk–Shell Metal Oxide Microspheres Filled with Nitrogen‐Doped Graphitic Carbon with Excellent Li–Ion Storage Performance
Authors: Kim Jung Hyun , Kang Yun Chan
Published: August 2017

Novel structured composite microspheres of metal oxide and nitrogen‐doped graphitic carbon (NGC) have been developed as efficient anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries. A new strategy is first applied to a one‐pot preparation of composite (FeOx‐NGC/Y) microspheres via spray pyrolysis. The FeOx‐NGC/Y composite microspheres have a yolk–shell structure based on the iron oxide material. The void space of the yolk–shell microsphere is filled with NGC. Dicyandiamide additive plays a key role in the formation of the FeOx‐NGC/Y composite microspheres by inducing Ostwald ripening to form a yolk–shell structure based on the iron oxide material. The FeOx‐NGC/Y composite microspheres with the mixed crystal structure of rock salt FeO and spinel Fe3O4 phases show highly superior lithium‐ion storage performances compared to the dense‐structured FeOx microspheres with and without carbon material. The discharge capacities of the FeOx‐NGC/Y microspheres for the 1st and 1000th cycle at 1 A g−1 are 1423 and 1071 mAh g−1, respectively. The microspheres have a reversible discharge capacity of 598 mAh g−1 at an extremely high current density of 10 A g−1. Furthermore, the strategy described in this study is generally applied to multicomponent metal oxide–carbon composite microspheres with yolk–shell structures based on metal oxide materials.
A Conversation Analytic Approach to Oral Placement Test Validation: Attending to Vertical and Horizontal Comparisons
Authors: Kimura Daisuke , Mattson Nikki , Amory Michael
Published: August 2017

Whereas previous research revealed the interactional variability occurring in oral assessments, demonstrating how it could undermine test validity (e.g., A. Brown, 2003), little has been published regarding how language programs can mine and analyze video recordings of in‐house oral placement tests for validation purposes. Addressing this need, this article demonstrates how action research supplemented by an interventionist conversation analysis (CA) approach may be implemented as a tool for localized and cyclical test validation. This article reports on the process of how a team of oral placement test interviewers and CA researchers sought to iteratively improve interviewer training materials and testing protocols based on observed talk during placement test interactions. The study revolves around sample analyses of data excerpts to exemplify two data comparison procedures, involving different interviewers within the same iteration (i.e., horizontal comparison) and the same interviewer across different iterations after participation in a training session (i.e., vertical comparison). It showcases the ongoing process of collaboration with the goal of offering transferable insights to those who design, implement, and revise in‐house oral placement tests. The authors contend that a holistic and unified approach to test validation, involving continued dialogue between researchers and practitioners, is crucial to in‐house oral placement tests (Kunnan, 1998; Messick, 1989).
FROM LANDSCAPES OF MEANING TO LANDSCAPES OF SIGNIFICATION IN THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST
Authors: Liebmann Matthew J.
Published: August 2017

This article builds upon two convergent trends in landscape archaeology: (1) investigations of symbolic meaning and (2) collaboration with descendant and stakeholder communities. The recent merger of these research agendas in the Southwest US provides an innovative approach to addressing meaning in the past. But the interpretations that result can inadvertently propagate notions of static and unchanging indigenous landscapes. Archaeologists can develop more dynamic studies of meaning and landscape by paying greater attention to the indexical properties of the archaeological record. To illustrate this point, I present a case study focused on ancestral Jemez (Pueblo) meanings associated with the Valles Caldera in northern New Mexico between AD 1300 and 1700. By combining contemporary Jemez understandings of this landscape with the indexical properties of obsidian revealed through pXRF analysis, this study illustrates how the uses of this landscape changed through time, particularly as a result of European colonization in the seventeenth century. It concludes that increased attention to the indexical properties of the archaeological record is critical for archaeological studies of meaning to reconstruct more robust and dynamic past landscapes.
Early Preservice Teachers’ Experiences of the Environment: A Case Study of Participation in a Community Outdoor Event
Authors: van Rooy Wilhelmina
Published: August 2017

Clean Up Australia Day is the country's largest community-based environmental annual event when participants work in teams to remove rubbish from their local environment. This article describes an interpretive study in which a sample of preservice primary teachers’ (n= 30) responses to questions about their involvement in the event were evaluated to determine their developing knowledge and understanding about environmental and sustainability issues. The study evaluated a university assessment task for its ability to identify and challenge preservice primary teachers’ views as consumers of manufactured products, environmental citizens, and future teachers. The data were drawn from students’ written work that formed part of the assessment task. Results indicate that students found participation in this community event to be a significant, valuable part of their learning about the environment that contributed to their understanding about sustainability and highlighted the power of positive community participation as a force for good.
In Defense of Sovereignty, in the Wake of Tallinn 2.0
Authors: Spector Phil
Published: August 2017

One of the gentle surprises of the release of the Tallinn 2.0 Manual is that it has prompted a rich debate over the nature of sovereignty in international law. In hindsight, this should not be too surprising. The modern, Westphalian project of international law is built in large measure around the state and its borders. The emergence of a technology that so readily defies those borders was bound to kick up some interpretive dust. And it appears to have done even more than that. Depending on your perspective, the Tallinn translation of international law to the cyber domain has either forced a reconsideration or surfaced a latent dispute over whether sovereignty is a binding rule of international law at all.
Delivery of a Therapist-Facilitated Telecare Anxiety Program to Children in Rural Communities: A Pilot Study
Authors: McLellan Lauren F. , Andrijic Vanessa , Davies Suzanne , Lyneham Heidi J. , Rapee Ronald M.
Published: August 2017

Objective: This pilot study explored the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a therapist-facilitated telecare cognitive behavioural anxiety program delivered through schools to children within rural communities. Method: Sixteen children aged 9–12 years (82.5% male), with a principal diagnosis of an anxiety disorder, and their mothers participated in the pilot study. The treatment program was an adaption of the Cool Kids Child and Adolescent Anxiety Management Program. Treatment was delivered by clinical psychologists and involved 10 weekly sessions with children via an interactive, real-time videoconferencing online platform at their school. Parents also received 4 phone calls during the treatment program. Outcome measures included clinician-rated diagnostic status and child- and parent-reported symptoms and interference. Results: According to combined parent and child reports, 62.5% of children no longer met diagnostic criteria for their primary anxiety disorder, and 31.25% did not meet diagnostic criteria for any anxiety disorder post-treatment. Results indicated that the severity of anxiety symptoms, functional impact of anxiety symptoms, externalising difficulties, and depressive symptoms in children decreased significantly post-treatment, as reported by both parents and children. Conclusions: A telecare model of therapy could be a feasible and effective way of delivering evidence-based intervention to children in rural communities.
Combined Stump Pressure and Oximetry for Shunt Use During Carotid Endarterectomy
Authors: Findlay J. Max , Kesarwani Rohit , Jacka Michael , Marchak B. Elaine
Published: August 2017

Background:Cross-clamp ischemia during carotid endarterectomy can be prevented with carotid bypass shunts in vulnerable patients identified by cerebral monitoring for ischemia. We compared transcranial cerebral oximetry (TCO) with carotid stump pressure measurements for selective shunt use.Methods:We prospectively collected data on 300 consecutive patients operated on under general anesthesia between 2009 and 2016. Shunts were inserted for a 10% or greater drop in cerebral saturations and/or a mean stump pressure less than 40 mmHg.Results:Seventy-five patients, 25% of the study population, were shunted. The indication was a combined desaturation and stump pressure in 38 (50% of the shunted group), desaturation alone in 11 patients (15%), and a low stump pressure alone in 26 patients (35%). There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between those patients who were or were not shunted, except angiographic collateral blood supply, which was more commonly identified in patients who were not shunted. A watershed infarct occurred in just one patient with borderline TCO and stump pressure measurements in whom a shunt was not used.Conclusions:There was poor concordance between TCO and stump pressures, but using both in determining the need for shunt use almost eliminated cross-clamp ischemia in this series of 300 carotid endarterectomy patients.
Sharedness of team mental models in the course of design-related interaction between architects and clients
Authors: Casakin Hernan , Badke-Schaub Petra
Published: August 2017

This study deals with the role of mental models in the coordination of team activities during design problem-solving. The work centers on the sharedness of mental models in a design team setting, mainly on the interaction between an architect and two clients. A major goal is to gain insight into how modifications in mental models affect coordination, and how sharedness develops through the process. Our focus is to explore, through a case study, the individual contributions of the architect and the clients to coordination of the work process, and how sharedness of the development of the team mental model evolves in the early stage of concept generation. Our claim is that work teams develop a certain degree of sharedness of the mental models of individual team members during information exchange. This team mental model can be insufficient or even wrong, but as long as the team members feel agreement in the team, they coordinate their work on that basis. Thus, sharedness of mental models is believed to be a powerful team asset, especially when it is reached in the earlier phases of the design process. Our findings suggest that in order to attain sharedness among design team members, design activities related to the task mental model should be encouraged, specifically the generation of new ideas and the analysis of solutions. Implications for practice and education are suggested.
POLITICAL TIES AND FIRM PERFORMANCE IN CHINA: EVIDENCE FROM A QUANTILE REGRESSION
Authors: Xie Wenjing , Liu Keji , Xie Fei , Ding Haoyuan
Published: August 2017

Whether political ties enhance or weaken firm performance has been widely investigated in a number of studies, including some on China. Based on a database of non-financial A-share listed firms from 2004 to 2012, we study the effects of political ties on firm performance within a quantile regression framework. We find that there is a positive relationship between political ties and economic performance, but that it is diminishing with respect to firm performance. Political ties appear particularly important for weaker firms.
The interaction of Blasius boundary-layer flow with a compliant panel: global, local and transient analyses
Authors: Tsigklifis Konstantinos , Lucey Anthony D.
Published: August 2017

We study the fluid–structure interaction (FSI) of a compliant panel with developing Blasius boundary-layer flow. The linearised Navier–Stokes equations in velocity–vorticity form are solved using a Helmholtz decomposition coupled with the dynamics of a plate-spring compliant panel couched in finite-difference form. The FSI system is written as an eigenvalue problem and the various flow- and wall-based instabilities are analysed. It is shown that global temporal instability can occur through the interaction of travelling wave flutter (TWF) with a structural mode or as a resonance between Tollmien–Schlichting wave (TSW) instability and discrete structural modes of the compliant panel. The former is independent of compliant panel length and upstream inflow disturbances while the specific behaviour arising from the latter phenomenon is dependent upon the frequency of a disturbance introduced upstream of the compliant panel. The inclusion of axial displacements in the wall model does not lead to any further global instabilities. The dependence of instability-onset Reynolds numbers with structural stiffness and damping for the global modes is quantified. It is also shown that the TWF-based global instability is stabilised as the boundary layer progresses downstream while the TSW-based global instability exhibits discrete resonance-type behaviour as Reynolds number increases. At sufficiently high Reynolds numbers, a globally unstable divergence instability is identified when the wavelength of its wall-based mode is longer than that of the least stable TSW mode. Finally, a non-modal analysis reveals a high level of transient growth when the flow interacts with a compliant panel which has structural properties capable of reducing TSW growth but which is prone to global instability through wall-based modes.
Quantifying wall turbulence via a symmetry approach: a Lie group theory
Authors: She Zhen-Su , Chen Xi , Hussain Fazle
Published: August 2017

First-principle-based prediction of mean-flow quantities of wall-bounded turbulent flows (channel, pipe and turbulent boundary layer (TBL)) is of great importance from both physics and engineering standpoints. Here we present a symmetry-based approach which yields analytical expressions for the mean-velocity profile (MVP) from a Lie-group analysis. After verifying the dilatation-group invariance of the Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equation in the presence of a wall, we depart from previous Lie-group studies of wall turbulence by selecting a stress length function as a similarity variable. We argue that this stress length function characterizes the symmetry property of wall flows having a simple dilatation-invariant form. Three kinds of (local) invariant forms of the length function are postulated, a combination of which yields a multi-layer formula giving its distribution in the entire flow region normal to the wall and hence also the MVP, using the mean-momentum equation. In particular, based on this multi-layer formula, we obtain analytical expressions for the (universal) wall function and separate wake functions for pipe and channel, which are validated by data from direct numerical simulations (DNS). In conclusion, an analytical expression for the entire MVP of wall turbulence, beyond the log law or power law, is developed in this paper and the theory can be used to describe the mean turbulent kinetic-energy distribution, as well as a variety of boundary conditions such as pressure gradient, wall roughness, buoyancy, etc. where the dilatation-group invariance is valid in the wall-normal direction.
The structure and budget of turbulent kinetic energy in front of a wall-mounted cylinder
Authors: Schanderl Wolfgang , Jenssen Ulrich , Strobl Claudia , Manhart Michael
Published: August 2017

We investigate the flow and turbulence structure in front of a cylinder mounted on a flat plate by a combined study using highly resolved large-eddy simulation and particle image velocimetry. The Reynolds number based on the bulk velocity and cylinder diameter is $Re_{D}=39\,000$. As the cylinder is placed in an open channel, we take special care to simulate open-channel flow as the inflow condition, including secondary flows that match the inflow in the experiment. Due to the high numerical resolution, subgrid contributions to the Reynolds stresses are negligible and the modelled dissipation plays a minor role in major parts of the flow field. The accordance of the experimental and numerical results is good. The shear in the approach flow creates a vertical pressure gradient, inducing a downflow in the cylinder front. This downflow, when deflected in the upstream direction at the bottom plate, gives rise to a so-called horseshoe vortex system. The most upstream point of flow reversal at the wall is found to be a stagnation point which appears as a sink instead of a separation point in the symmetry plane in front of the cylinder. The wall shear stress is largest between the main (horseshoe) vortex and the cylinder, and seems to be mainly governed by the strong downflow in front of the cylinder as turbulent stresses are small in this region. Due to a strong acceleration along the streamlines, a region of relatively small turbulent kinetic energy is found between the horseshoe vortex and the cylinder. When passing under the horseshoe vortex, the upstream-directed jet formed by the deflected downflow undergoes a deceleration which gives rise to a strong production of turbulent kinetic energy. We find that pressure transport of turbulent kinetic energy is important for the initiation of the large production rates by increasing the turbulence level in the upstream jet near the wall. The distribution of the dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy is similar to that of the turbulent kinetic energy. Large values of dissipation occur around the centre of the horseshoe vortex and near the wall in the region where the jet decelerates. While the small scales are nearly isotropic in the horseshoe vortex centre, they are anistotropic near the wall. This can be explained by a vertical flapping of the upstream-directed jet. The distribution and level of dissipation, turbulent and pressure transport of turbulent kinetic energy are of crucial interest to turbulence modelling in the Reynolds-averaged context. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that these terms have been documented in this kind of flow.
On the interpretation of ice-shelf flexure measurements
Authors: ROSIER SEBASTIAN H. R. , MARSH OLIVER J. , RACK WOLFGANG , GUDMUNDSSON G. HILMAR , WILD CHRISTIAN T. , RYAN MICHELLE
Published: August 2017

Tidal flexure in ice shelf grounding zones has been used extensively in the past to determine grounding line position and ice properties. Although the rheology of ice is viscoelastic at tidal loading frequencies, most modelling studies have assumed some form of linear elastic beam approximation to match observed flexure profiles. Here we use density, radar and DInSAR measurements in combination with full-Stokes viscoelastic modelling to investigate a range of additional controls on the flexure of the Southern McMurdo Ice Shelf. We find that inclusion of observed basal crevasses and density dependent ice stiffness can greatly alter the flexure profile and yet fitting a simple elastic beam model to that profile will still produce an excellent fit. Estimates of the effective Young's modulus derived by fitting flexure profiles are shown to vary by over 200% depending on whether these factors are included, even when the local thickness is well constrained. Conversely, estimates of the grounding line position are relatively insensitive to these considerations for the case of a steep bed slope in our study region. By fitting tidal amplitudes only, and ignoring phase information, elastic beam theory can provide a good fit to observations in a wide variety of situations. This should, however, not be taken as an indication that the underlying rheological assumptions are correct.
Using an ultra-long-range terrestrial laser scanner to monitor the net mass balance of Urumqi Glacier No. 1, eastern Tien Shan, China, at the monthly scale
Authors: XU CHUNHAI , LI ZHONGQIN , WANG FEITENG , LI HUILIN , WANG WENBIN , WANG LIN
Published: August 2017

We describe the use of a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) to monitor the net mass balance of Urumqi Glacier No. 1, eastern Tien Shan. We used an ultra-long-range Riegl VZ®-6000 TLS, which is specially designed for surveying snow- and ice-covered terrain, to create repeated high spatiotemporal resolution DEMs, focusing on the monthly-scale (25 April–28 May 2015) net mass balance. According to the TLS-derived DEMs, the area of Urumqi Glacier No. 1 was 1.558 km2on 25 April 2015 and the average surface elevation change was 0.225 m. By comparing the results from the use of TLS with the conventional glaciological mass-balance method, the correlation coefficient (R2) between glaciological elevation changes of individual stakes and the TLS-derived geodetic elevation change of corresponding points was 0.85. Considering the uncertainty of both methods, this is a promising result. Using the in situ measured snow densities (snow pits) of the glacier surface, the geodetic net mass balance was 0.074 m w.e., which is slightly positive. The mean uncertainty in the TLS-derived monthly net mass balance was 0.018 m w.e., showing that the TLS surveying system presented accurate and relevant results and is therefore suitable to monitor mass-balance evolution of mountain glaciers.
Endangered archaeology in Libya: recording damage and destruction
Authors: Rayne Louise , Sheldrick Nichole , Nikolaus Julia
Published: August 2017

Libya's archaeological heritage is under serious threat, not only because of recent conflict, but also due to other factors such as urban expansion, agricultural development, natural resource prospection, vandalism, looting and natural deterioration. The Endangered Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa Project (EAMENA) has developed a database and methodology using remote sensing and other techniques to rapidly document archaeological sites and any disturbances and threats to them in Libya and across the MENA region. This paper will demonstrate this methodology and highlight the various types of disturbances and threats affecting the archaeology of Libya, concentrating on four case studies in different areas of the country, including the coastal plain around Zliten, a section of the Wadi Sofeggin in the pre-desert, and the desert oases of Jufra and Murzuq.
Libyan Antiquities at Risk: protecting portable cultural heritage
Authors: Mugnai Niccolò , Nikolaus Julia , Mattingly David , Walker Susan
Published: August 2017

This article provides an outline of the Libyan Antiquities at Risk (LAaR) project, which has developed a reference database and website recording Libyan antiquities that are under threat of being stolen and sold on the illegal art market. Since the Arab Spring in 2011 and the subsequent political instability, the number of antiquities that are trafficked out of Libya has risen sharply. The illustrated reference collection created by LAaR is mainly aimed at customs officials, international agencies, museum curators, the police and cultural heritage sector, to alert them about the likelihood of Libyan provenance of previously unrecorded material of similar appearance to known pieces, and thereby help to prevent the sale of Libyan antiquities on the illegal art market. LAaR is a collaboration between the Society for Libyan Studies and the University of Leicester.
DECREES IN ANDOCIDES'ON THE MYSTERIESAND ‘LATENT FRAGMENTS’ FROM CRATERUS
Authors: Carawan Edwin
Published: August 2017

The manuscript of Andocides' speechOn the Mysteriescontains a series of documentary inserts culminating in the decrees of Patroclides (§§77–9), Tisamenus (§§83–4) and Demophantus (§§96–8). These decrees seem to fit their historical context and they are presented at length, with at least a few of the formalities that we would expect to find in the official record. Modern commentators have relied upon them as substantially genuine, allowing for the usual errors in transmission, but now their authenticity is contested. A close reading by Mirko Canevaro and Edward Harris rejects all three of these documents as products of feckless ‘forgery’. Alan Sommerstein responded with a strong defence of Demophantus' decree, and Mogens Hansen has recently defended Patroclides' decree and Tisamenus' as well. On many points the defenders are persuasive, but the sceptics make a good case, and so it seems reasonable to reconsider how these documents took shape.
ΠΡΩΤΟΛΟΓΙΑ IN HOMER
Authors: Naiden F.S.
Published: August 2017

A generation ago Moses Finley said that the councils and the assemblies in the Homeric poems were not genuine deliberative bodies but looser, less productive gatherings. Finley and others regarded these bodies as transitional, so that regular councils and assemblies appear only later, in systems like those identified with Lycurgus and Solon. In recent years scholars have returned to an older view that Homeric deliberative bodies were well enough organized to make decisions, even if leaders or dissenters could undermine these decisions. Differences between councils, on the one hand, and assemblies, on the other, have not been prominent in this scholarship. The noteworthy exception is Fabian Schulz's 2011 dissertation on parallels between Homeric councils and the Spartan Gerousia, in which he draws several comparisons between βουλαί and ἀγοραί.
Treptichnus pedumand the Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary: significance and caveats
Authors: BUATOIS LUIS A.
Published: August 2017

The Ediacaran–Cambrian (E-C) boundary is based on the first appearance of the ichnofossilTreptichnus pedum. Investing an ichnotaxon with such biostratigraphic pre-eminence has been the focus of criticism. Points of contention have revolved around four main issues: (1) ichnotaxonomy, (2) behavioural significance, (3) facies controls and (4) stratigraphic occurrence. First, confusion results from the fact thatTreptichnus pedumwas originally referred to asPhycodes pedumand, more recently, some authors have placed it inTrichophycusorManykodes. However, the overall geometry of these burrows indicates they belong inTreptichnus.Second, regardless of its precise mode of feeding, the behaviour involved is iconic of the Cambrian explosion. Third, objections are based on the idea that trace fossils show a closer link to facies than body fossils. Notably, in contrast to common assumptions,T. pedumis not only present in the low-energy offshore of wave-dominated marine settings, but it occurs at considerably shallower water in intertidal and shallow-subtidal zones of tide-dominated systems, as well as in mouth bars of deltaic systems and lower shoreface to offshore transition zones of wave-dominated marine settings. Its broad environmental tolerance supports evolutionary innovations rather than facies controls as the main mechanism underlying the observed vertical pattern of distribution ofT. pedumin most E-C successions comprising shallow-marine deposits. Fourth, although treptichnids have been documented below the E-C boundary,T. pedumis not known from Ediacaran rocks. The delayed appearance ofT. pedumin E-C successions should be analysed on a case-by-case basis.
SIR JOSEPH BANKS'S PROVINCIAL TURN
Authors: HOPPIT JULIAN
Published: August 2017

The rise of global history has been a major development in historical studies in recent years, with the history of globalization a central part of that. But did the global matter as much to people in the past as to historians now? This article addresses that question with reference to Britain as viewed through some neglected aspects of the life of the botanist Sir Joseph Banks (1743–1820). He is usually remembered for his extensive global preoccupations. Yet his ability to be a citizen of the world, most famously on Cook's first voyage of exploration, rested on his considerable landed wealth. Indeed, as the years passed, he became more interested in improving both his own estates and the wider region, especially his beloved county of Lincolnshire in England. There, global pressures exerted some indirect influences, but local ones, especially environmental and legal, remained more important, often addressed by resort to parliamentary legislation.
THE NEW FRENCH LAW OF CONTRACT
Authors: Rowan Solène
Published: August 2017

The article analyses the recent reform of contract law in France. The section of the Civil Code on the law of contract was amended and restructured in its entirety last year. The revised section came into force on 1 October 2016. The article considers its main innovations and compares them with the corresponding principles of English law and some contract law international instruments, mainly the UNIDROIT Principles and the Principles of European Contract Law. The article also assesses whether the new provisions achieve their stated aim of rendering French contract law more accessible, predictable, influential abroad and commercially attractive.
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND RESPONSIBILITY-SHARING TO PROTECT REFUGEES: WHAT, WHY AND HOW?
Authors: Dowd Rebecca , McAdam Jane
Published: August 2017

While countries that receive refugees have certain legal obligations to assist and protect them, the legal duties of other States to step in and help relieve this burden is less clear. Despite multiple proposals, a mechanism to systematically, equitably and predictably allocate responsibilities between States at a global level has still not been agreed. The UN's High-Level Summit on Addressing Large Movements of Refugees on 19 September 2016 held some promise in this regard, but the resulting New York Declaration was more muted than earlier drafts. This article seeks to provide a unique insight into the meaning of responsibility-sharing and international cooperation from the perspective of individual States. It does so by examining statements they have made at various UN fora over the past decade. It focuses on the two main methods of sharing responsibilities, namely the provision of financial and other assistance to host countries, and the admission of refugees. It then considers the extent to which States perceive responsibility-sharing to be a legal obligation, as opposed to a voluntary undertaking, and analyses this in light of expert opinion. Finally, it discusses the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, a concept drawn from international environmental law, and considers whether and how it might apply in the international refugee law context.
FURTHER EVIDENCE OF AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN LOW SECOND-TO-FOURTH DIGIT RATIO (2D:4D) AND SELECTION FOR THE UNIFORMED SERVICES: A STUDY AMONG POLICE PERSONNEL IN WROCŁAW, POLAND
Authors: Kozieł Sławomir , Kociuba Marek , Chakraborty Raja , Sitek Aneta , Ignasiak Zofia
Published: August 2017

Males and females differ in their preference for occupations and sporting activities, and differ also in risk-taking attitudes. In addition to other explanations, prenatal hormone exposure has been implicated in these gender-associated differences. The ratio of the relative lengths of the second-to-fourth digits (2D:4D) is a proxy indicator of prenatal exposure to testosterone relative to oestrogen. The 2D:4D ratio has been found to be associated with choice of occupation, particularly among females. This study investigated whether 2D:4D differed between police officers and a control group of civilians in Wrocław, Poland. Participants were 147 male and 55 female police officers and 91 male and 75 female civilian controls. The police officers had to undergo rigorous physical ability tests during recruitment and their job bore relatively higher risk, whereas the controls had a normal civilian lifestyle. Height, weight, hand grip strength and lengths of the second and fourth digits were measured. Analyses of variance and covariance were employed to assess the significance of difference in digit ratio between groups (police officers and civilians) allowing for interaction with sex. The policewomen, compared with the female controls, were taller and had stronger hand grip strength, but had lower 2D:4D in the right hand and average 2D:4D of both hands. However, male and female police officers slightly differed only in the right hand digit ratio but not in the left hand ratio or the average for the two hands. However, the control group showed significant sex differences in all digit ratios with higher (feminine) mean values in females. The study provides further evidence that prenatal testosterone exposure, as reflected in the 2D:4D ratio, might have an association with choice of occupation, particularly among females.
Reproductive cycle of the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum): an intensively harvested invasive species in the Tagus Estuary (Portugal)
Authors: Moura Paula , Vasconcelos Paulo , Pereira Fábio , Chainho Paula , Costa José Lino , Gaspar Miguel B.
Published: August 2017

The present study aimed to describe the reproductive cycle and estimate the size at sexual maturity of the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) in the Tagus Estuary (Portugal). Specimens were collected monthly from September 2013 to December 2015 during fishing surveys using bivalve dredges. The gametogenic cycle was described in detail using gonad histology and monitored throughout the study period by the monthly variation in the frequency of gonad maturation stages, mean gonadal index and mean oocyte diameter. This invasive population of R. philippinarum displayed synchronous gonadal development between sexes, with ripening occurring mainly in April and May followed by an extensive spawning period until November–December. Individuals reached the size at first sexual maturity at 29.4 mm in shell length (i.e. before 1 year old). Furthermore, the reproductive strategy, dynamics and potential were compared between the invasive R. philippinarum and the native congeneric carpet shell clam (Ruditapes decussatus). Overall, the data gathered in this study constitutes valuable baseline information to propose conservation strategies and implement management measures to minimize the harmful impacts caused by this invasive species on local ecosystems and native biodiversity, particularly over populations of autochthonous bivalves.
Trends and drivers of Macoma balthica L. dynamics in Kandalaksha Bay, the White Sea
Authors: Genelt-Yanovskiy Evgeny A. , Aristov Dmitriy A. , Poloskin Alexey V. , Nazarova Sophia A.
Published: August 2017

Long-term population dynamics of marine invertebrates can be shaped by environmental conditions as well as biotic factors, including predation, diseases, interspecific or intraspecific competition. Towards the northern edge of species ranges the role of biotic interactions gradually decreases while the impact of climate oscillations becomes more important. This study examined the long-term changes in abundance, individual growth rates and shell shape characteristics of Macoma balthica, one of the dominant species in White Sea soft-bottom intertidal communities. To test the role of predators in changes in clam abundance, we examined the number of moonsnails Amauropsis islandica. Macoma balthica exhibited spatially synchronous population dynamics at six sites in Kandalaksha Bay, where densities of clams varied between 140 and 8500 ind. m−2 during the 21-year period of observations. Statistical modelling using generalized additive models (GAM) shows that a combination of mild winter and warm summer led to an increase in M. balthica density the following year. Predation by A. islandica had no impact on changes in M. balthica density. Growth rates of M. balthica were higher during a cool decade, but clams that lived in a warmer period were characterized by more globose shells. Our results suggest that the climate oscillations can be regarded as the key factor causing the shift in abundance of M. balthica in the White Sea during the last two decades via recruitment and survival.
Multiple environmental descriptors to assess ecological status of sensitive habitats in the area affected by the Costa Concordia shipwreck (Giglio Island, Italy)
Authors: Penna Marina , Gennaro Paola , Bacci Tiziano , Trabucco Benedetta , Cecchi Enrico , Mancusi Cecilia , Piazzi Luigi , Rende Francesco Sante , Serena Fabrizio , Cicero Anna Maria
Published: August 2017

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the application of multiple environmental descriptors through an asymmetrical sampling design to detect possible impacts related to the Costa Concordia event on the coastal marine environment. The Costa Concordia shipwreck occurred on a submerged rocky reef in the north-western Mediterranean Sea and the wreck was removed 2 years later. To achieve the proposed objective two main coastal ecosystems, the seagrass Posidonia oceanica and coralligenous assemblages were studied using two ecological indices, PREI and ESCA, respectively. Both indices show a lower ecological quality in the disturbed sites compared with the control ones. Differences between the disturbed and control sites observed in both studied ecosystems would seem to indicate an increase of turbidity around the shipwreck as the most plausible cause of impact. The concurrent use of different ecological indices and asymmetrical sampling designs allowed detection of differences in ecological quality of the disturbed sites compared with the controls. This approach may represent an interesting tool to be employed in impact evaluation studies.
Occupational motivation and intergenerational linkages of rangers in Asia
Authors: Moreto William D. , Gau Jacinta M. , Paoline Eugene A. , Singh Rohit , Belecky Michael , Long Barney
Published: August 2017

Examining the human dimensions of conservation science continues to generate attention, with a move towards an interdisciplinary agenda that incorporates both the natural and social sciences, and recognition of the importance of understanding human involvement in biodiversity and ecological matters. However, one line of enquiry has been largely neglected: the job perceptions of front-line conservation area rangers. Examining intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors can shed light on job stress and job satisfaction, recruitment, productivity, and retention and turnover. Furthermore, little is known about potential intergenerational linkages within the ranger profession, which is a significant gap, given the potential role of the family in pre-employment socialization and career choice. Drawing from surveys of 530 rangers working in 39 conservation areas in 11 Asian countries, we found variation amongst intrinsically motivated, extrinsically motivated, and mixed-motivated rangers in terms of a desire to see their children become rangers. Extrinsically motivated rangers were most likely to want their children to enter the profession, and intrinsically motivated rangers expressed significant concern about the inadequacy of the work environment. Implications for both conservation and criminal justice policy and research are discussed.
The construct validity of general and specific dimensions of personality pathology
Authors: Williams T. F. , Scalco M. D. , Simms L. J.
Published: August 2017

Background

Modern personality disorder (PD) theory and research attempt to distinguish transdiagnostic impairments common to all PDs from constructs that explain varied PD expression. Bifactor modeling tests such distinctions; however, the only published PD criteria bifactor analysis focused on only 6 PDs and did not examine the model's construct validity.

Methods

We examined the structure and construct validity of competing PD criteria models using confirmatory and exploratory factor analytic methods in 628 patients who completed structured diagnostic interviews and self-reports of personality traits and impairment.

Results

Relative to alternative models, two bifactor models – one confirmatory model with 10 specific factors for each PD (acceptable fit) and one exploratory model with four specific factors resembling broad personality domains (excellent fit) – fit best and were compared via connections with external criteria. General and specific factors related meaningfully and differentially to personality traits, internalizing symptoms, substance use, and multiple indices of psychosocial impairment. As hypothesized, the general factor predicted interpersonal dysfunction above and beyond other psychopathology. The general factor also correlated strongly with many pathological personality traits.

Conclusions

The present study supported the validity of a model with both a general PD impairment dimension and separate individual difference dimensions; however, it also indicated that currently prominent models, which assume general PD impairments and personality traits are non-overlapping, may be misspecified.
Steinberg and Durell (1968) revisited: increased rates of First Episode Psychosis following military induction in Greek Army Recruits
Authors: Dimitrakopoulos S. , Vitoratou S. , Mougiakos T. , Bogeas N. , Giotakos O. , van Os J. , Stefanis N. C.
Published: August 2017

Since the seminal study of Steinbeck and Durell (1968), few epidemiological studies have attempted to replicate whether psychosocial stress precipitates the onset of a first psychotic episode. Our aim was to support or refute the finding of elevated psychosis incidence in the first month of army induction and to examine factors impacting the timing of onset. Data were collected from medical files of 186 army conscripts, hospitalized with a diagnosis of First Episode Psychosis (FEP) between 2005 and 2014 in the Psychiatric Military Hospital in Athens, Greece. FEP rates were at least 4.5 times higher in the first month of military service, compared with any other month. Earlier FEP onset was associated with rural environment at the time of birth, multiple drug use and service away from home. Psychosocial stress precipitates FEP, particularly in those exposed to other risk factors.
Differentiating bipolar disorders from unipolar depression by applying the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Affective Disorders
Authors: Lee C.-Y. , Wang L.-J. , Lee Y. , Hung C.-F. , Huang Y.-C. , Lee M.-I. , Lee S.-Y.
Published: August 2017

Background

Scholars continue to argue about whether bipolar disorders (BD) and unipolar depression (UD) are distinguishable with regard to neurocognitive function. This study aims to explore the cognitive profiles of UD and BD by applying the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Affective Disorders (BAC-A) for neuropsychological assessment.

Method

This cross-sectional study included 68 patients with UD, 67 patients with BD, and 135 healthy control subjects. We evaluated the participants’ cognitive functions at euthymic status using the BAC-A, which is made up of six traditional cognitive subtests and the Affective Processing Test. We then used a discriminant function analysis (DFA) to determine whether cognitive performance can be used to distinguish these participant groups.

Results

Healthy controls demonstrated better performance in all subtests of the BAC-A than both the UD and BD patients, with the exception of delayed recognition of affective interference. Compared with the BD group, the UD group exhibited better performance in working memory and emotion inhibition. Furthermore, using all BAC-A indexes, a total of 70% of participants could be correctly classified using a DFA model, and the discriminating validity between UD and BD was superior to using either the traditional cognitive domains or the Affective Processing Test alone.

Conclusions

We have found that UD patients may exhibit an intermediate performance between healthy subjects and BD patients in working memory and emotional inhibition tests. The BAC-A can potentially assist in differentiating BD patients from UD patients at euthymic status in clinical settings.
RHODES AND KOS: EAST DORIAN POTTERY PRODUCTION OF THE ARCHAIC PERIOD
Authors: Villing Alexandra , Mommsen Hans
Published: August 2017

To date, the pottery production of Rhodes, Kos and other ‘East Dorian’ islands and coastal areas remains little understood. This article presents and discusses new neutron activation analysis (NAA) of eighth–sixth-centurybcvessels found on Rhodes and in related areas, placing them in the wider context of past and present archaeometric research. The results highlight the role of Kos as a leading regional centre of painted pottery production and export in the seventh–sixth centuriesbc, notably of ‘East Dorian’ plates. This includes the famous ‘Euphorbos plate’, which can now be attributed to Koan production. Contemporary Archaic pottery workshops on Rhodes, in contrast, had a less ambitious, if diverse, output, ranging from vessels in a Sub-Geometric tradition, imitation Corinthian wares and modest local versions of Koan- and Ionian-style plates to finely potted and richly decorated ‘Vroulian’ cups and black-figured situlae. It was imported mainland and East Greek wares, however, that dominated the island's consumption of Archaic painted wares. This represents a departure from the preceding Geometric period, which was characterised by a local pottery production of considerable scale and quality, although receptivity to external influences remained a consistent feature throughout later periods. As patterns of demand were changing, the island's craft production appears to have concentrated on a different range of goods in which high-quality figured finewares played a lesser role.
Swans in Sugarcane Fields: Proletarian Ballet Dancers and the Cuban Revolution's Industrious New Man
Authors: Tomé Lester
Published: August 2017

In the 1960s, the initial decade of the Cuban Revolution, policies of proletarianization of culture intersected an economic model built upon the heroic labor of the New Man—the ideal revolutionary and communist worker. Adapting the practice of ballet to this Marxist context, ballet dancers took their art to the working classes through popular performances and outreach events in farms and factories. Given the centrality of manual work to the revolution's ideology, dancers drew upon their own physical labor both in ballet and agriculture to establish an even stronger association with the working classes and embody the New Man's morality. Known for their strict work ethic, Alicia Alonso and other ballet dancers became public examples of hard work for the nation—one way of fulfilling the politico-pedagogical role that the state expected from artists. At the same time, media representations of female dancers’ labor enabled formulations of the New Man's gendered counterpart: the New Woman.
PUPILLOMETRY IN LINGUISTIC RESEARCH
Authors: Schmidtke Jens
Published: August 2017

It has been known since at least the 1960s that small changes in pupil diameter in response to a mental task are indicative of processing effort associated with this task. More recently, with the advent of modern eye-trackers, which also measure the pupil diameter, pupillometry has been “rediscovered” by language researchers and the method has since been used in many different subdisciplines of linguistics. This article gives a nonexhaustive overview about recent linguistic research with the purpose of introducing researchers in the field of second language acquisition (SLA) to pupillometry. In addition, the article discusses things to consider when designing an experiment and how pupil data can be analyzed. The range of possibilities in which pupillometry can be used in experimental SLA research makes it a welcome addition to other online methods such as eye-tracking and event-related potentials.