bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ovine Polioencephalomalacia Associated With Dietary Sulphur Intake
Authors: Rousseaux C. G. , Olkowski A. A. , Chauvet A. , Gooneratne S. R. , Christenson D. A.
Published: May 2010

Fifty‐six female crossbred two‐month‐old lambs were housed in individual cages, and fed a basic ration of barley (59%), soybean meal (5%), and alfalfa (32%) prepared to meet NRC nutrient requirements. Four percent of the diet contained a standard salt mix to which the factors inorganic sulphur (S) and thiamine (B1) were added. Four treatment groups were used: low sulphur and normal thiamine (0.19% S, 13.7mg/kg B1), low sulphur and high thiamine (0.19% S, 243mg/kg B1), high sulphur and normal thiamine (0.63 % S, 13.7mg/kg B1), high sulphur and high thiamine (0.63 % S, 243mg/kg B1). All animals had free access to water and were offered 1 kg/animal/day of diet for 14 weeks, when necropsy was undertaken. Seven lambs fed unsupplemented (normal B1) diets containing added sulphur developed clinical symptoms of polioencephalomalacia (PEM) between the 3rd and 7thweek of the trial. Morbidity (P< 0.013) and mortality (P=0.08) differences were attributed to Sadministration. None of the B1supplemented lambs developed clinical signs of PEM. Body weight and relative organ weights did not differ among treatment groups. Serial sections of all brains were examined grossly and microscopically. Nonparametric statistical analysis revealed sulphur related effects in the cerebrum, midbrain and hindbrain (P < 0.0001), no thiamine‐related effects or interaction between the factors were seen, except in the amygdaloid body. It was concluded that inorganic sulphur was associated with polioencephalomalacia, and that dietary thiamine may decrease the severity of lesions in some affected areas of the central nervous system.
Variations in Total Bile Acid Concentration in Serum of Dogs after a Test Meal
Authors: Jensen A. L.
Published: May 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the variations in total serum bile acid (SBA) concentration following oral administration of corn oil (3.0 ml per kg body weight) to six fasted healthy dogs using a previously validated automated method (Jensen, 1991) for the determination of SBA concentration. The preprandial SBA concentration was 2.22 umol/1 (0.64‐6.41 μmol/1) (median, 0.025 ‐0.975 fractiles). In the 2–6 hours postprandial period, all the SBA concentrations were significantly different from the preprandial value, but not significantly different from each other. For the total 2–6 hours postprandial period the SBA concentration was 7.89 umol/1 (1.39‐22.24 μmol/1). From these results it may be suggested that the reference range for the preprandial SBA concentration in dogs is 0.64‐6.41 μmol/1, and that the reference range for the postprandial SBA concentration in a blood sample obtained 2 hours after oral administration of corn oil is 1.39‐22.24 μmol/1.
Evaluation of Fasting and Postprandial Total Serum Bile Acid Concentration in Dogs with Hepatobiliary Disorders
Authors: Jensen A. L.
Published: May 2010

The fasting and 2 h postprandial total serum bile acid concentrations (FSBA and PSBA), alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubinTotal, and retention of bromosulphthalein were determined in a group of dogs with various hepatobiliary disorders as well as in a group of dogs with other diseases than hepatobiliary disorders.

Although FSBA and PSBA were generally elevated in cases of hepatobiliary disorders, no distinction between different disease groups could be made based solely on FSBA and PSBA. FSBA and PSBA were found to be relatively sensitive and specific parameters compared to the other hepatic tests. PSBA tended to be superior to the other parameters investigated in terms of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value.
Pharmacokinetics of Ticarcillin and Ticarcillin‐Probenecid in Sheep
Authors: Errecalde J. O. , Lanusse C. E. , Mestorino O. N. , Landoni M. F. , Soraci A. L.
Published: May 2010

Serum concentrations of ticarcillin were measured serially over a period of 12 h in a cross over trial involving 6 healthy adult ewes after intravenous and intramuscular (IM) administration of 40 mg ticarcillin per kg body weight.

Probenecid (40 mg/kg) was also administered IM immediately before the IM administration of 40 mg/kg ticarcillin. Pharmacokinetic values after intravenous administration were: half‐life of elimination (T 1/2 β) = 0.90 ± 0.09 h; volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) = 456.8 ± 106.6 ml/kg, total body clearance (C1B) = 614.5 ± 81.2 ml/h/kg. Ticarcillin persisted in serum at ≥ = 1.5 μg/ml for 4 hours. Pharmacokinetic and bioavailability values after intramuscular administration were: half‐life of absorption (T 1/2 ab) = 8.08 ± 1.98 min; T 1/2 β = 0.96 ± 0.07 h. Peak serum concentration (Cmax) was 31.11 ± 6.02 μg/ml at 0.50 h (Tmax), bioavailability (F) was 0.82 ± 0.09. After ticarcillin was administered IM together with probenecid the T 1/2 ab was 33.9 ± 13.7 min, the T 1/2 β 2.66 ± 0.65 h, Cmax= 44.87 ± 5.58 at 1.33 ± 0.44 h, and F = 1.25 ± 0.23.
The Inhibition of the Reticular Groove Reflex in Sheep by Clonidine
Authors: Nicholson T. , Belkhiri M.
Published: May 2010

Intravenous clonidine, an alpha‐2 adrenoreceptor agonist, at 2 μg · kg−1 and 4 μg · kg−1, inhibited the activation by oral copper sulphate of the reticular groove reflex in adult sheep. The plasma concentration of xylose after oral dosing was used as an indicator of groove activation. The inhibition was prevented by prior injection of an alpha‐2 antagonist, idazoxan. Indirect evidence of prolongation of intestinal transit time was found with the lower dose of clonidine. Idazoxan injected alone appeared to increase the absorption of xylose.
In vivo Fertilizing Capacity of Deep Frozen Boar Semen Packaged in Plastic Bags and Maxi‐Straws
Authors: Bwanga C. O. , Hofmo P. O. , Grevle I. S. , Einarsson S. , Rodriguez‐Martinez
Published: May 2010

Pooled ejaculates from six fertile boars were frozen under controlled conditions in Teflon® FEP‐film plastic bags (5 ml) and maxi‐straws (2.5 ml) using 3 % glycerol as cryoprotectant. The percentages of both post‐thaw motility and normal apical ridges were significantly higher (P< 0.001) for the bags (54.5 and 75 %) than for the maxi‐straws (40.1 and 59.4 %) respectively. For evaluation of the in vivo fertilizing capacity of the frozen‐thawed spermatozoa, 26 gilts were inseminated once 24 h after the first observation of standing reflex in their second oestrus, with 5 ml of semen (containing 5 billion spermatozoa) reconstituted in 80 ml of BTS from either bags or maxi‐straws. Ova were recovered from the oviducts/uteri 2–4 days following insemination and examined for cleavage and sperm binding to the zona pellucida (ZP). Significantly higher rates (P < 0.02) of fertilized ova were found in the bag‐inseminated (75%) than in maxi‐straw inseminated gilts (63%); and similarly their ova had significantly more spermatozoa in the ZP, irrespective of whether they were fertilized or non‐fertilized. This study confirmed that the plastic bags are suitable and may be used for packaging single insemination doses of deep frozen boar semen for routine A. I. work.
Statistical Evidence for a Link between Bronchopneumonia and Disseminated Focal Nephritis in Pigs
Authors: Buttenschøn J.
Published: May 2010

An investigation on the occurrence of different pneumonia types and their possible concurrence with other pluck organ disorders was made on 6,565 pigs presented at slaughter. The frequency of disseminated focal nephritis in a bronchopneumonia group and a non‐bronchopneumonia residual group, respectively, was found to differ significantly from the mean frequency of nephritis in all pig plucks examined. The number of lesioned kidneys in each of 28 samples contributing to the bronchopneumonia group and in each of 8 samples contributing to the residual group was regressed group‐wise on the number of individual plucks examined in each sample; the correlation coefficient for each of these two groups was calculated. These calculations showed a highly significant link between bronchopneumonia and disseminated focal nephritis. The histopathological and bacteriological examination of some lung and kidney lesions representing the bronchopneumonia group substantiated this finding. It is concluded that the two diseases are connected through dissemination, and that Pasteurella multocida is the organism involved in the majority of cases.
Gross, Microscopic and Ultrastructural Lesions of Protoporphyria in Limousin Calves
Authors: Troyer D. L. , Ayers J. , Wollen H. , Leipold H. W. , Cook J. E.
Published: May 2010

The gross, microscopic and ultrastructural lesions associated with the genetic disease, protoporphyria, in Limousin cattle were studied in detail. The clinical signs and lesions were most severe in young animals. In the liver, the lesions consisted of portal fibroplasia, bile ductule hyperplasia, parenchymal cell swelling, and pigment accumulation. Maltese cross‐like crystals were evident under polarized light. Ultrastructurally, there were large secondary lysosomes comprised of electron‐dense granules associated with lipid droplets in hepatocytes. Phagocytic cells in the dermis also contained large heterogeneous secondary lysosomes.
Untersuchungen zur Pathologie und Pathogenese der experimentellenMycoplasma hyorhinis‐Infektion von Ferkeln ohne und mit thermomotorischer Belastung
Authors: Kinne J. , Johannsen U. , Neumann R. , Mehlhorn G. , Pfützner H.
Published: May 2010

Investigations on the pathology and pathogenesis of experimentalMycoplasma hyorbinisinfection of piglets with or without thermomotoric stress 1. Results of pathomorphological and immunomorphological studies

The effect of an experimentalMycoplasma (M.) hyorhinisinfection (3 times intranasal instillation of 3–5 ml bouillon with 107Colony forming units [CFU]/ml) in combination with a standard thermomotoric stress (swimm‐test) was studied in piglets using pathomorphological, immunomorphological and microbiological methods.

The 92 piglets were divided into the following 5 groups: swimmers with infection (S‐I; n = 19); swimmers without infection (S; n = 19); control piglets with infection (K‐I; n = 21); controls without infection, but direct (K1; n = 16) or indirect contact (K2; n = 17) with experimentally infected animals. The experimental or spontaneous infection (direct or aerogen infection) withM. hyorhiniscaused in 30.4% of the piglets an acute or subacute, catarrhal‐purulent bronchopneumonia with an interstitial component.

Incidence and intensity of pneumonia were significantly higher in the groups with thermomotoric stress (independent from the mode of infection) than in the non‐stressed groups. TheM. hyorhinispneumonia was characterized by a limited expansion and a trend to restitution.

The causal agent (M. hyorhinis) was demonstrated with immunomorphological methods (immunofluorescence and PAP) in the ciliary zone of the nasal, tracheal and especially on the bronchial mucosa, and occasionally in the bronchioles and alveoli.

Es wurden vergleichende pathomorphologische, immunmorphologische und mikrobiologische Untersuchungen zur Wirkung einer experimentellenMycoplasma (M.) hyorhinis‐Infektion (3malige Instillation von 3–6 ml à 5 · 107–8CFU/ml) sowie einer standardisierten thermomotorischen Belastung (Schwimmtest) bei folgenden Gruppen von Ferkeln durchgeführt: Schwimmer mit Infektion (S‐I, n = 19) bzw. ohne Infektion (S, n = 19), Kontrollen mit Infektion (K‐I, n = 21) bzw. ohne Infektion, aber direktem (K1, n = 16) oder indirektem Kontakt (K2, n = 17) zu experimentell infizierten Tieren. In insgesamt 30,4% der Fälle konnte durch experimentelle bzw. spontane Infektion (direkter Kontakt oder aerogen) mitM. hyorhinisbei Ferkeln eine akute bis subakute, katarrhalischeitrige Bronchopneumonie mit interstitieller Komponente ausgelöst werden. Pneumonie‐Inzidenz und Intensität lagen in den Gruppen mit thermomotorischer Belastung — unabhängig vom Infektionsmodus — signifikant höher als in den nichtbelasteten Gruppen. DieM. hyorhinis‐Pneumonie zeigte eine geringe Ausbreitungstendenz und deutliche Restitutionsneigung. Der Erreger (M. hyorhinis) wurde mit immunmorphologischen Methoden (IFT, PAP) auf der Nasen‐ und Tracheal‐, vor allem aber auf der Bronchialschleimhaut im Bereich des Ziliensaumes, dagegen nur (noch) ausnahmsweise in Alveolen und Bronchiolen nachgewiesen.
Comparison between a Modified Haemocytometric Technique and Electronic Counters in Goat Blood Cell Counting
Authors: Mbassa G. K. , Poulsen J. S. D.
Published: May 2010

Dilutions of goat blood with Hayem‐Jørgensen's fluid ranging from 1: 200 to 1: 1,000 were used for haemocytometer counting of red blood cells (RBC) in 27 goats. The optimal dilutions were 1: 400‐1:500. Correlation studies between the results obtained by the haemocytometer and the Coulter counter red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts were performed in 551 goat blood samples. The haemocytometer RBC counts were 5.63 % higher and WBC counts 2.79 % lower than those of the electronic counter. The method of blood cell counting therefore influences the clinical haematological diagnoses and reference values in domestic animals. New cell counters specifically designed to measure cells of small volumes, e. g. goat erythrocytes, are needed.
Effect of Noradrenaline on Smooth Muscle Strips from the Reticular Groove of Adult Cattle
Authors: Denac M. , Kümin G. , Scharrer E.
Published: May 2010

The effect of noradrenaline (NA) on smooth muscle strips from the reticular groove of adult cattle was studied. The mechanical activity of the muscle strips was recorded isometrically. Noradrenaline caused concentration dependent (1.1 · 10−6‐ 55 · 10−6mol/l) contractions of both the transversal muscle strips from the floor and the longitudinal muscle strips from the lips of the reticular groove. This excitatory effect of noradrenaline was antagonized by the α‐receptor antagonist prazosine (10−8mol/1) and by higher concentrations of the α2‐receptor antagonist yohimbine (10−6mol/1) and atropine (10−5mol/1). Tetrodotoxin (5 ·10−6mol/1) and latrotoxin did not affect the contractile response of the muscle strips to noradrenaline (55 · 10−6mol/l). Furthermore, strips stored for 24 hours in Tyrode's solution at 4 °C without oxygen supply maintained their full sensitivity to noradrenaline. Propranolol (10−4mol/1), a β‐receptor antagonist, led to a significant increase of the contractions induced by noradrenaline (55 · 10−6mol/l). These results suggest that noradrenaline increases the tone of the smooth muscle of the reticular groove via α‐adrenergic receptors and decreases its tone via β‐adrenergic receptors. Both receptor types are located on the smooth muscle cells. The α1‐receptor mediated effect appears to be predominant.
Leukocyte Profile in Growing Dwarf and Landrace Kids
Authors: Mbassa G. K. , Poulsen J. S. D.
Published: May 2010

Total and differential leukocyte count profiles were studied in 62 clinically healthy Danish landrace kids and 34 clinically healthy dwarf kids from birth to 12 months of age in seven Danish herds. The objective was to determine the reference values in the two breeds and the influence of age, sex and environment and whether there are any breed differences. Parametric (mean ± 2 standard deviations) and the nonparametric (5th to 95th percentile interval) values for each leukocyte type were closely related. The medians were very close to the means. The number of leukocytes was low in neonates, 7.1 ± 1.5 and 7.0 ± 2.1 times 109/1 in dwarf and landrace kids respectively. Values increased with age to 18.7 ± 2.1 and 13.4 ± 3.1 times 1109/1 in the two breeds respectively at 8 ‐ 12 months of age. There were significant differences in leukocyte counts between the breeds at 1 ‐ 2 and 8 ‐ 12 months of age and at 2–4 months between herds within the breeds. The number of lymphocyte and neutrophil cells were 2.6 ± 0.8 and 3.9 ± 1.1 times 109/1 respectively in neonatal dwarf and 4.1 ± 1.5 and 2.3 ± 1.1 times 109/1 respectively in landrace kids. Very high numbers of these cells were observed in dwarf and landrace kids respectively within 8 months, 10.7 ± 1.1 and 8.2 ± 3.3 lymphocytes and 6.8 ± 1.7 and 4.4 ± 2.6 times 109/1 neutrophils for the two breeds. Significant differences between the ages (within the breeds), breeds (within similar ages) and herds (within breeds in kids of similar ages) were observed. Basophil, monocyte and eosinophil cells increased slightly with age. Sex variations were observed in some ages but were not significant.
Serum Pattern of Thyroxine (T4), 3,3‘,5‐Triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,3’,5‘‐Triiodothyronine (rT3) in Fed and Fasted Cocks Following TRH Stimulation
Authors: Abdel‐Fattah  , Kamal I. , Bobek S. , Sechman A.
Published: May 2010

Food deprivation for 27 and 75h in cocks decreased serum levels of T3maximally by 61.1% and increased the level of rT3by 51.4% and that of T4by 22.4%. Injection of a single dose of TRH (10 μg/kg b.w.) increased serum levels of all 3 iodothyronines in both fed and food‐deprived animals. In fasted, TRH‐treated birds the peak of serum rT3was 80.5 and 73.3% above control levels in 27‐and 75‐hr food‐deprived cocks, respectively (fed birds: 14.6 and 9.7%); the relevant data for T3were: 78.3 and 40.4% (fed birds: 95.7 and 127.5%); for T4: 30.0 and 27.0% (fed birds: 9.2 and 6.1%). The greater relative increment of serum rT3than T3in food‐deprived and TRH‐treated cocks was supported by a fall of the serum T3/rT3ratio to 78.7 and 27.9% in fed cocks and 27‐ and 75‐hr fasted animals, respectively. We conclude, that food deprivation modifies the response of the hypophysis‐thyroid axis to exogenous TRH in the sense that during fasting the production of rT3is enhanced relative to T3.
Validation of the Thermodilution Technique for the Estimation of the Cardiac Output in the Unsedated Calf
Authors: Amory H. , Linden A. , Desmecht D. , Rollin F. , Genicot B. , Lekeux P.
Published: May 2010

The purpose of this study was to establish a standardized protocol in order to obtain accurate and reproducible cardiac output (CO) measurements by the thermodilution technique in the unsedated calf.

In 5 healthy calves, the effect of various temperatures, volumes, rates, means and sites of injection of the thermal indicator were tested for their effect on accuracy and reproducibility of CO measurement by the thermodilution technique, the Fick method being used as the standard technique. Five milliliters of an iced 5% dextrose solution per 100 kg body weight constituted the correct amount of thermal indicator. Manual injection of the indicator bolus and/or injection of this bolus through the proximal lumen of a thermodilution Swan‐Ganz catheter gave poor results of CO measurements by the thermodilution technique. On the other hand, results of CO measurements were highly reliable when the bolus injection was performed by an ECG‐synchronized injection pump and/or through a right atrial catheter with a larger diameter and a shorter length than the classical Swan‐Ganz catheter.

It was concluded that an iced 5% solution of dextrose (5 ml/100 kg body weight) injectated through a right atrial catheter by an ECG‐synchronized pump gives the most accurate and reproducible CO measurements by the thermodilution technique in unsedated calves.
Bilateral Scrotal Hysterocele in an Intersex Goat
Authors: Ramadan R. O. , Gameel A. A. , Dafalla E. A. , Galil A. K. A.
Published: May 2010

A bilateral scrotal hysterocele is described in a male pseudohermaphrodite goat. The surgically removed testes were devoid of spermatogenic cells. Serum androgens showed normal levels before surgery but dropped following removal of the gonads.
A Retrospective Study of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cytology in Horses with Clinical Findings of Small Airway Disease
Authors: Vrins A. , Doucet M. , Nunez‐Ochoa L.
Published: May 2010

A retrospective study of 69 bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) on horses was done to investigate the relationship between bronchoalveolar cell types and clinical signs in horses with small airway disease. Horses were grouped according to clinical findings. The groups were as follows: I. cough only (n = 14), II. cough with mucopurulent secretions in the trachea (n = 14), III. cough, mucopurulent secretions in the trachea and abnormal lung sounds (n = 24) and IV., all of the above plus dyspnea at rest (n = 17). An asymptomatic group was formed from horses in the same population to serve as control (n = 8). There was a significant difference between cytological profiles of asymptomatic horses and the symptomatic group horses, indicating that BAL findings are different when clinical manifestations of the disease are present. Furthermore, neutrophil counts increased as the severity of clinical signs increased from group I to IV. Some variations of other cell types such as mast cells were also reported. Though a significant increase in neutrophils was predictable in dyspneic horses, there was an absence of typical cytological pictures for the other symptomatic but non‐dyspneic groups of horses. This study concludes that BAL is a useful diagnostic tool which allows further characterisation of inflammatory processes when clinical signs if small airway disease are apparent.
The Effect of Unilateral Ovariectomy on Intraluminal Pressure in the Porcine Oviductal Isthmus
Authors: Pettersson A. , Larsson B. , Einarsson S.
Published: May 2010

Intraluminal pressure variations in the isthmus of the porcine oviduct were studied under anaesthesia in 4 previously unilaterally ovariectomized gilts during either prooestrus, day 1, day 2, or day 3 of the oestrous cycle. The objective was to see if the removal of one ovary would have any effect on the activity of the ipsilateral oviduct. Blood collected from the jugular vein and both utero‐ovarian veins were analysed for concentrations of oestradiol‐17β and progesterone. Although a clear difference was seen between ovarian steroid concentrations in the blood plasma collected from the utero‐ovarian veins of the same animal, the isthmic activity was similar in both oviducts.
Monthly Variation and Distribution of Erythrocyte Na, K and Mg Concentrations in Normal Dairy Cows
Authors: Fenwick D. C. , Daniel R. C. W.
Published: May 2010

Blood samples were taken from the caudal vein of 64 normal dairy cows monthly for 12 months and the concentrations of erythrocyte Na (ENa), erythrocyte K (EK), and erythrocyte (EMg) were determined. The overall range of ENa concentrations in the cows was 16 to 176 mmol/l red cells with a grand mean (± SD) of 96 ± 15.4 mmol/l, and a positively skewed distribution with a degree of skewness of 4.4. The overall range of EK concentrations was 13 to 99 mmol/l, with a grand mean (± SD) of 32.8 ± 13.12 mmol/l red cells, and a distribution which suggested bimodality with modes at 26 and 70 mmol/l red cells. The overall range of EMg concentrations was 0.1 to 2.6 mmol/l red cells with a grand mean (± SD) of 0.99 ± 0.12 and mode and median of 0.97 mmol/l red cells; the distribution was that of a normal Gaussian curve. Analysis of variance showed significant effects with respect to cows and calendar months but not lactation months on all cations (all P < 0.01). The calendar months effects were similar for cows with mean erythrocyte K concentrations below 35 mmol/l for Friesians and Jerseys but not for Australian Illawarra Shorthorn cows. The repeatabilities were 0.4, 0.9 and 0.2 respectively for ENa, EK and EMg. It was concluded that ENa had a moderate genetic component, EK a high, and EMg a low genetic component. There was no significant correlation between plasma Na and ENA or plasma K and EK, but there was between plasma Mg and EMg (r = 0.21, df = 307, P < 0.01).
Influence of Dopamine and Dobutamine on the Cardiovascular Depression During a Standard Halothane Anaesthesia in Dorsally Recumbent, Ventilated Ponies
Authors: Gasthuys F. , de Moor A. , Parmentier D.
Published: May 2010

The influence of different rates of dopamine and dobutamine on the cardiovascular depression during a standard halothane anaesthesia was studied in dorsally recumbent ventilated ponies. Haemodynamic and respiratory responses were investigated by means of cardiac output (CO) determination (thermodilution technique), mean systemic (MAP) and pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) (direct intravascular method) and arterial blood analysis (blood gases and packed cell volume).

An important cardiopulmonary depression characterized by decreases (55% of the standing values) in CO, cardiac index (CI), MAP, MPAP and other cardiovascular related parameters occurred in the dorsally recumbent anaesthetized ponies after a stabilization period of 30 minutes.

Dopamine at 2 different infusion rates (2.5 and 5.0 μg/kg/min) induced few changes of the cardiopulmonary parameters (non‐significant increases in MAP, CI, left ventricle work [LVW], stroke volume [SV]; non‐significant decrease in total peripheral resistance [TPR]). Several minor time related influences were also observed (increases in MPAP and total pulmonary resistance [TpR]). Arterial blood gases did not change during the different dopamine infusions.

Low doses of dobutamine (1.25 μg/kg/min) were efficient to counteract the cardiovascular depression. Significant increases in CO, CI, MAP, MPAP and SV were observed. TPR and TpR tended to decrease but non‐significantly. Heart rate and blood gases remained constant.

The higher doses of dobutamine (2.5 and 5.0 μg/kg/min) accentuated these changes but a significant increase in heart rate with even periods of severe tachycardia and an increase of the packed cell volume were also observed.

Apparently, low doses of dobutamine were indicated for the management of the cardiovascular depression during anaesthesia in the dorsally recumbent ventilated horse.
Auswirkung von Ketamin und dessen Kombinationen mit Xylazin und Climazolam auf Kreislauf und Atmung beim Schwein
Authors: Ganter M. , Kanngiesser Marion
Published: May 2010

Cardiopulmonary Responses to Ketamine‐HCl and its Combinations with Xylazine and with Climazolam in Swine

The cardiopulmonary effects of 15 mg ketamine/kg b. wt. and 15 mg ketamine/kg in combination with 1 mg climazolam/kg b.wt. or in combination with 18.5 mg Xylazin/kg b. wt. were tested after intramuscular injection in 17 pigs. Blood pressure, heart rate, respiration rate, arterial pH, pO2, pCO2, lactate in venous blood and body temperature were evaluated over a period of 2 hours. The activities of CK and ASAT in blood plasma were measured until 24 hours after the injections. There was little influence on heart rate and blood pressure after ketamine alone and also after one of the two combinations. Ketamine produced a tachypnoe which was seen to a smaller extent also following injection of combinations of the drugs. This tachypnoe produced a slight respiratory alcalosis. The metabolic acidosis, indicated by increasing lactate levels, occurring initially and during the recovery period was largely compensated by the respiratory alcalosis. The increased levels of CK and ASAT are explained by the destruction of muscle tissue at the locus of the injection.

An insgesamt 17 Schweinen wurden die Auswirkungen von 15 mg Ketamin/kg KGW sowie von 15 mg Ketamin/kg KGW kombiniert mit 1 mg Climazolam/kg KGW oder mit 18,5 mg Xylazin/kg KGW nach intramuskulärer Injektion auf Kreislauf und Atmung überprüft. Hierzu wurden über eine Dauer von 2 Stunden Herzfrequenz, Blutdruck, Atemfrequenz, pH, pO2, pCO2, Plasmalaktatgehalt und die rektale Körpertemperatur kontrolliert. Darüber hinaus wurden die Enzymaktivitäten von CK und ASAT über einen Zeitraum von 24 Stunden nach der Injektion ermittelt. Die Auswirkungen auf die Herzfrequenz und den Blutdruck sind sowohl nach Ketamin allein als auch nach Anwendung der beiden Kombinationen geringfügig. Dagegen führt Ketamin und in geringerem Maße auch die Wirkung der beiden Kombinationen zu einer Tachypnoe, aus der eine leichte respiratorische Alkalose resultiert. Diese überdeckt die initial und während der Aufwachphase auftretende geringgradige metabolische Azidose weitgehend. Das Ansteigen der Enzyme CK und ASAT läßt sich durch die lokale Zerstörung von Muskelfasern als Folge der Injektion erklären.
Influences of Diet, Short‐Chain Fatty Acids, Lactate and Chloride on Bicarbonate Movement across the Reticulo‐Rumen Wall of Sheep
Authors: Gäbel PrG. , Bestmann Maren , Martens H.
Published: May 2010

Influences of short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA), chloride or lactate on net bicarbonate movement were determined in the temporarily isolated and washed reticulo‐rumen of sheep used to 100 % hay or 81 % concentrate diets. Replacement of SCFA by gluconate and mannitol reversed net bicarbonate secretion into net absorption. The reversal of net bicarbonate movement could not be prevented by presence of D/L‐lactate. Replacement of chloride in addition to replacement of SCFA enhanced net absorption of bicarbonate. Feeding concentrate diets resulted in an elevation of net bicarbonate secretion and of net SCFA absorption. It is concluded that under the conditions tested net bicarbonate secretion mainly depends on the luminal presence of SCFA. Furthermore, bicarbonate secretion into the reticulo‐rumen may be an important factor for alkalizing the rumen contents, especially in sheep adapted to concentrate diets.
Sperm Morphology and Fertility in A. I. Bulls
Authors: Söderquist L. , Janson L. , Larsson K. , Einarsson S.
Published: May 2010

Furty‐seven A. I. bulls between 15 and 26 months of age, were used to study the relationship between sperm morphology in fresh semen and fertility (56‐day non‐return rate) in frozen semen following 11,749 inseminations. The sperm morphology was studied in two freezing operations/bull in a phase‐contrast microscope and morphological abnormalities were recorded as a percentage of the total number of counted spermatozoa. Morphological categories used in this study were abnormal heads, detached heads, nuclear pouches, abnormal acrosomes, proximal cytoplasmic droplets, abnormal midpieces and abnormal tails. The greatest mean value recorded for the investigated categories was found for abnormal heads (3.8%) but the majority of morphological abnormalities only occurred in about 1 % of all studied spermatozoa. Breed effects were found, with a somewhat higher incidence (p ≤ 0.05‐0.01) of sperm abnormalities and poorer fertility among SRB than among SLB bulls. Despite the low frequency of sperm abnormalities, statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05‐0.001) correlations were found between abnormal heads, nuclear pouches and proximal cytoplasmic droplets assessed in fresh semen and fertility (56‐day non‐return rate) of frozen semen.
Confirmation of Estrus Rates by Palpation per Rectum of Genital Organs in Normal Repeat Dairy Cows
Authors: López‐Gatius F. , Camóón‐Urgel J.
Published: May 2010

Data were from 6084 normal repeat to second service cows, visually detected in estrus, in a commercial artificial insemination program on a. m./p. m. schedule. The percentage of cows confirmed in estrus by rectal examination and inseminated after palpation was 96.2. The remainder of the cows were not inseminated and non‐return rate for these cows was 86.9% (150‐day non‐return). In cows confirmed in estrus, the percentage of cows ready for service at palpation was 96.1 and the 150‐day non‐return percentage for these cows (43.9) was different from those cows in which estrus and insemination were considered incorrecdy timed (26.7 %).

These results suggest that the efficiency of reproduction in dairy herds may be improved by examination per rectum of the genital organs at insemination as an effective complement to visual detection of estrus.
Nerve Growth Factor‐like Activity Detected in Equine Peripheral Blood after Running Exercise
Authors: Matsuda H. , Koyama H. , Oikawa M. , Yoshihara T. , Kaneko M.
Published: May 2010

Addition of sera, collected from Thoroughbred horses after sprint exercise, induced significant neurite outgrowth from chick embryo dorsal root ganglia after a 24‐hour culture. The nerve growth factor (NGF)‐like activity was detected in sera collected immediately, or 1 hour or more, after the exercise. These findings suggest a possible role of serum NGF‐like activity under stress conditions (running exercise) of horses.
Untersuchungen zum Cu‐Mangel beim wachsenden Hund
Authors: Zentek J. , Dämmrich K. , Meyer H.
Published: May 2010

Investigations on Copper Deficiency in Growing Dogs

It was the aim of the investigation to evaluate the influence of marginal (60‐30 μg/kg BW/d) or adequate (680‐360 μg/kg BW/d) Cu‐intake on the development of growing beagles (n = 10) and the incidence of skeletal diseases. Low Cu‐intake (6 dogs) reduced Cu‐concentrations in plasma (1.4 vs. 9.7 μmol/l), hair (3.3–4.5 vs. 12.6–14.5 mg/kg DM), liver (19 vs. 246 mg/kg fat free DM), bile (0.28 vs. 7.04 mg/l), and other samples significantly. Hemoglobin and packed cell volume decreased after 4 months of depletion (normochromic anemia). First clinical signs of Cu‐deficiency were depigmentation and greying of hair, followed by hyperextensions in the distal forelegs.

After necropsy deformations of the long bones were seen more frequently in the depleted animals, without distinct alterations of the microstructure or chemical composition of bones or tendons.

In den Untersuchungen sollte die Wirkung einer marginalen (60‐30 μg/kg LM/d) bzw. ausreichenden (680‐360 μg/kg LM/d) Cu‐Zufuhr bei wachsenden Beagles (n = 10) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Skelettes geprüft werden. Die niedrige Cu‐Versorgung (6 Hunde) führte zu signifikant reduzierten Cu‐Gehalten in Plasma (1,4 vs. 9,7 μOl/l), Haaren (3,3–4,5 vs. 12,6–14,5 mg/kg TS), Leber (19 vs. 246 mg/kg ffr. TS), Galle (28 vs. 704 μg/dl) und anderen Substraten sowie nach rd. 4monatiger Depletion zu verminderten Hb‐ und Hämatokritwerten (normochrome Anämie). Klinisch wurde zunächst eine Depigmentierung der Haare, später auch Durchtrittigkeit an den distalen Vordergliedmaßen festgestellt.

In der Mangelgruppe traten gehäuft Deformationen der langen Röhrenknochen auf, ohne daß eindeutige Veränderungen der Mikrostruktur oder chemischen Zusammensetzung von Knochen oder Sehnen vorlagen.
Evaluation of Triflupromazine as a Sedative in Camels (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Peshin P. K. , Sharifi Davood , Patil D. B. , Singh Sheela , Singh Harcharan , Singh Jit , Singh A. P. , Murthy D. K.
Published: May 2010

Effects of administration of triflupromazine were evaluated in 11 adult domesticated camels (Camelus dromedarius) weighing 403 ± 29.5 kg (Mean ± SE). Six camels were used to evaluate sedative properties of the drug and its effects on haematological and blood biochemical parameters. In the remaining 5 camels, effects on haemodynamics, acid base status and blood gases were studied. In all the animals triflupromazine was administered intramuscularly in the gluteal region at the rate of 2 mg/ kg. Camels voluntarily sat down 48.9 ± 5.4 min after administration of the drug but stood up again if disturbed. Drowsiness, drooping of lower lip and salivation were evident. The animals stood on their own and started walking with ataxia after 159 ± 7 min and recovered completely from the effect of drug within 259 ± 23 min. The drug caused a significant tachycardia and a moderate hypotension. The decrease in central venous pressure was also significant. Rectal temperature, respiratory rate, acid base status, blood gases, haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, total erythrocyte count, total leucocyte count, differential leukocyte count, blood urea nitrogen, plasma alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, blood glucose and plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride and inorganic phosphate were not significantly affected by triflupromazine.
Embryonic Development of the Porcine Indifferent Gonad and Testis
Authors: Hurst M. , Dalin A.‐M. , Rodriguez‐Martinez H.
Published: May 2010

The early gonadal development in the pig from day 18 to day 36 post conception, when distinct testes were present in male embryos, has been studied. The development of the porcine gonad followed the general mammalian pattern. During testicular differentiation, the germ cells and the relevant somatic cells, the Sertoli cells, became enclosed in testicular cords, thus creating an intracordal germ cell compartment and an extracordal compartment. The development of conspicuous cell junctions and the production of a basal lamina were evident in the Sertoli cells during the early testis development. Their origin in this species remains unclear.
Adenome des Irispigmentepithels mit Endothelialisation und Descemetisation beim Pferd
Authors: Daicker B. , Gywat L. , Keller M. , Spiess B. , Brückner R.
Published: May 2010

Adenomas of the Iris Pigment Epithelium with Endothelialization and Descemetization in a Horse

The authors describe peculiar tumors with brown‐white piebald anterior surface, which had grown bilaterally from the corpora nigra (C. N.) of an adult horse and occluded the pupils. The surgical procedure for removing the larger tumor and the postoperative treatment are described. The findings by light and electron microscopy suggest that the tumor represents a so‐called adenoma of the iris pigment epithelium. The white patches on its surface consist of newly formed Descemet‐like material produced by displaced corneal endothelial cells, which have probably grown on the tumor after contact with the posterior face of the cornea.

An beiden Corpora nigra (C. N.) eines erwachsenen Pferdes bildeten sich bisher nicht beschriebene, oberflächlich braun‐weiß gescheckte Tumoren, die zur Pupillenokklusion führten. Die operative Entfernung der größeren Geschwulst und die Nachbehandlung werden dargestellt. Aufgrund der lichtmikroskopischen und ultrastrukturellen Befunde wird der Tumor als sog. Adenom des Irispigmentepithels interpretiert. Die weißen Flecken auf seiner Vorderfläche stellen Descemet‐artige Ablagerungen von ektopischem Hornhautendothel dar. Dieses ist wahrscheinlich bei Kontakt mit der Cornearückfläche auf den Tumor gewachsen.

Danksagung: Dem Labor für Rasterelektronenmikroskopie der Universität Basel (Prof. R. Guggenheim, D. Mathys), Frau R. van den Broek, Frl. S. Locher und Frau G. Bachmann danken wir für die histotechnische, Frau Telani für die photographische und Frau S. Sommer für die administrative Mithilfe.
Concurrent Conjunctivitis and Placentitis in Aborted Bovine Fetuses
Authors: Murray R. D.
Published: May 2010

Consistent histopathological lesions were found in 10 out of 136 aborted fetuses examined during a three year period, using a multi‐disciplinary diagnostic investigation technique. Fetuses exhibited a generalized mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltration, accompanied by distinctive lesions of conjunctival hyperplasia and goblet cell formation, alveolitis, and necrotic placentitis. In two cases where amnion was also examined, a chronic amnionitis was present. No consistent laboratory findings could be related to these cases.

The fetal and placental lesions described were similar to those associated with experimental inoculation ofUreaplasma diversumin pregnant cows, and with field isolations of the same organism in aborting cattle.
Profiles of Some Clinical Chemical Parameters in Growing Dwarf and Landrace Kids
Authors: Mbassa G. K. , Pouxsen J. S. D.
Published: May 2010

Plasma creatinine, urea, bilirubin, glucose, cholesterol, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, inorganic phosphorus and total serum proteins were analyzed in kids of Dwarf and Danish Landrace breeds from birth to 12 months of age. The purpose was to determine the reference ranges, age profiles and the influence of other factors. Comparisons between parametric (mean ± standard deviation) and the corresponding nonparametric (5th and 95th percentile, median) values were calculated for each parameter, the results of which indicated no apparent differences. The levels were very much dependent on age. Creatinine, urea and total serum protein levels increased gradually with age. Glucose and cholesterol levels were high at birth and then decreased with age. The electrolyte concentrations were maintained within narrow limits. Significant differences were observed between kids of different ages (within the breeds), breeds (within similar age) and herds (within the same age and breed). Differences between female and male Landrace kids of the same ages were observed in plasma urea, creatinine, glucose and total serum proteins. It is concluded that age has a major influence on the clinical chemical reference values in young goats, followed by herd and breed, but the influence of sex was small and is negligible in most parameters.
Origin and Significance of Acetylcholine and Choline in Plasma and Serum from Normal and Paretic Cows
Authors: Axelsson S.
Published: May 2010

Before the onset of bovine paresis a stage of hyperactivity and hypersensitivity was observed in clinical as well as in immunologically provoked cases. By gas chromatographic analysis of choline (Ch) in plasma and serum from four immunologically provoked cows this stage was verified to be an initial immunocholinergic hyperactivation. In the first hour after antigen challenge with 0.5 mg nematode AChE there was a very sharp rise in Ch mainly from agonist‐stimulated and phospholipase mediated phosphatidylcholine (PC) breakdown. A secondary massive influx of Ca into cells was mirrored in a 1 mmol/l depression of serum‐Ca values during the first hours. The hyperagonism mediated Ca‐translocation brought water into cells, resulting in reduced plasma volume. The generally supposed mechanism of secondary, Ca‐mediated cell damage and cell death was initiated and sometimes resulted in “Downers” with persisting paralysis. All acetylcholine (ACh)‐stimulated parts from CNS to the periphery are irregularily involved explaining the very varied clinical appearence of bovine paresis, and the influence on for instance the autonomous nerve system, adrenals and pancreas.

In the experimental group, ACh in plasma showed a sharp fall within the first hour, while there were fairly constant values of serum‐ACh in the first four hours, possibly indicating some antibody protection. When paresis was established between 15–28 hours after challenge the general anergetic state was characterised by low ACh‐levels.

Also in a larger field group ACh‐levels were significantly depressed in paretic compared to healthy cows. The unexpected finding in this group was considerably higher levels of ACh and especially Ch in serum compared to plasma. The origin of ACh and Ch had to be blood cells. Preliminary gaschromatographic analysis has confirmed ACh‐synthesis by leucocytes and an integrated immuno‐cholinergic system of great importance can be anticipated.

The general feature of bovine paresis is updated by immune‐etiological, pathophysiological, blood chemical, clinical‐experimental and nomenclature considerations.

The exact mechanism of pathogenesis is not revealed in this investigation, though many circumstances favour an anti‐Id mediated hyperagonism. Other types of investigations and above all more basic knowledge of distribution and functional character of cholinergic components on immune cells are required.
The Effects of Intramuscularly Administered Vitamin D3, 25‐ and 1α‐Hydroxycholecalciferol in Cows on Plasma Mineral Content, Plasma 25‐Hydroxycholecalciferol and on Mineral Deposits in Soft Tissues
Authors: Zepperitz H. , Jahreis G. , Kiupel H. , Hesse V.
Published: May 2010

The investigations were carried out to evaluate potential side effects of a prophylaxis with high doses of vitamin D3 and vitamin D metabolites in parturient paresis.

For this reason, 107 IU vitamin D3 (= 250 mg), 4 mg 25‐OHD3 or 420 μg 1α‐OHD3 were applied to non‐gravid dairy cows at the end of lactation. The application was repeated 3 times at one week intervals and the changes of the mineral concentration and 25‐OHD were measured in the plasma. The pathomorphological changes in the cardio‐vascular system and other organs were examined macro‐and microscopically.

The application of vitamin D3 and 25‐OHD3 led to an immediate and continuous increase of the 25‐OHD concentration in the plasma. On the other hand, administration of 1α‐OHD3 resulted in a decrease of the 25‐OHD level. After the application of vitamin D3 and 1α‐OHD3, the Ca and Pi concentration increased significantly. After 25‐OHD3, the Ca concentration decreased below the initial level in the second week. The administration of all 3 compounds led to a significant decrease of the Mg concentration after the first injection.

The administration of vitamin D3 and 1α‐OHD3 resulted in a significantly more pronounced calcinosis of inner organs while after the application of 25‐OHD3 only occasionally calcium deposits were observed in the vascular system.
Bone Biopsy in the Horse: 1. Method Using the Wing of Ilium
Authors: Savage C. J. , Jeffcott L. B. , Melsfn F. , ØStblom L. C.
Published: May 2010

Two hundred and five bone biopsies from the wing of ilium were taken from 52 growing and 70 older horses. The method was initially evaluated in 4 horses at post mortem and then performed in 26 horses under general anaesthesia. The technique was later developed for biopsying horses in the standing position under local anaesthesia (n = 70 adults; n = 22 foals). The core of the bone biopsy consisted of a central cancellous portion between two cortices. This type of sample allowed a complete histomorphometrical analysis. An integral part of the procedure was intravital bone labelling using fluorochromes with a known interval between labels. Potential hazards associated with the use of Oxytetracycline labels included the onset of diarrhoea and laminitis in some foals.

The method was simple, safe and efficient for both anaesthetised and standing horses. The only difficulties encountered were minor and were associated with blunting of the drill bit, scoring of the internal surface of the drill bit guide and occasional loss of the distal part of the biopsy core. Post operative complications included haematoma formation and skin infections. It was concluded that this technique offered a quick and effective method of collecting bone biopsies in horses, which facilitated the quantitative assessment of skeletal changes.
Immunohistochemical Localization of Platelet‐Derived Growth Factor Receptors in the Porcine Uterus During the Oestrous Cycle and Pregnancy
Authors: Rodriguez‐Martinez H. , Persson E. , Hurst M. , Stanchev P.
Published: May 2010

The distribution of α‐ and β‐type receptors for PDGF was studied immunohistochemically in the uterus of cycling and pregnant pigs with well‐documented hormonal status in order to determine a possible steroid hormone‐dependence of its expression. Peroxidase‐antiperoxidase (PAP) labelling at light microscopical level was done with rabbit polyclonal antisera recognizing either both α‐ and β‐type receptors (PDGFR‐1), or selectively β‐type (PDGFR‐3). Immunoreactivity to the PDGF‐receptors of α‐ and β‐type (PDGFR‐1) was present in all endometrial samples examined, being located principally on subepithelial stromal and endothelial cells, the wall of endometrial blood vessels and in the fetal placenta (trophoblast and adjoining blood capillaries). In the myometrium, the major reactive cells were the non‐vascular smooth muscle cells, and to some extent, also those of the tunica media of major uterine vessels. No dramatic variations in the intensity of the reaction were noticed during the oestrous cycle. A very intense immunoreactivity was present at early pregnancy and at term, i. e. under major oestrogenic influence. The immunoreactivity to the PDGF‐receptor antiserum R‐3 (against β‐type) was similarly localized as that showed for R‐1 antiserum, while of a weaker intensity. The results indicate the presence of PDGF receptors (α‐ and β‐type) in the endo‐ and myometrium of cycling and pregnant pigs, and that their expression seems to be accentuated under oestrogenic influence.