bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Low‐Frequency Earthquake Families on the San Andreas Fault as Deep Creepmeters
Authors: Thomas A. M. , Beeler N. M. , Bletery Q. , Burgmann R. , Shelly D. R.
Published: September 2017

The central section of the San Andreas Fault hosts tectonic tremor and low‐frequency earthquakes (LFEs) similar to subduction zone environments. LFEs are often interpreted as persistent regions that repeatedly fail during the aseismic shear of the surrounding fault allowing them to be used as creepmeters. We test this idea by using the recurrence intervals of individual LFEs within LFE families to estimate the timing, duration, recurrence interval, slip, and slip rate associated with inferred slow slip events. We formalize the definition of a creepmeter and determine whether this definition is consistent with our observations. We find that episodic families reflect surrounding creep over the interevent time, while the continuous families and the short time scale bursts that occur as part of the episodic families do not. However, when these families are evaluated on time scales longer than the interevent time these events can also be used to meter slip. A straightforward interpretation of episodic families is that they define sections of the fault where slip is distinctly episodic in well‐defined slow slip events that slip 16 times the long‐term rate. In contrast, the frequent short‐term bursts of the continuous and short time scale episodic families likely do not represent individual creep events but rather are persistent asperities that are driven to failure by quasi‐continuous creep on the surrounding fault. Finally, we find that the moment‐duration scaling of our inferred creep events are inconsistent with the proposed linear moment‐duration scaling. However, caution must be exercised when attempting to determine scaling with incomplete knowledge of scale.
Wind‐Driven Response of the Upper Ocean Along the U.S. West Coast to Tropical MJO Convection
Authors: Barrett Bradford S. , Davies Alexander R. , Rose Jacob I.
Published: September 2017

In this study, time‐lagged composites of OSCAR upper ocean currents from February to May of 1993–2016 were binned by active phase of the leading atmospheric mode of intraseasonal variability, the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO). Seven days after the convectively active phase of the MJO is present in the tropical Indian Ocean, anomalously strong south‐southeastward upper ocean currents are seen along nearly the entire U.S. west coast. Seven days after the convectively active phase is present in the tropical western Pacific Ocean, upper ocean current anomalies reverse along the U.S. west coast, with weaker southward flow. A physical pathway to the ocean was found for both of these phases: (a) tropical MJO convection modulates upper tropospheric heights and circulation over the Pacific Ocean; (b) those anomalous atmospheric heights adjust the strength and position of the Aleutian Low and Hawaiian High; (c) surface winds change in response to the adjusted atmospheric pressure patterns; and (d) those surface winds project onto upper ocean currents.
Wind Speed and Sea State Dependencies of Air‐Sea Gas Transfer: Results From the High Wind Speed Gas Exchange Study (HiWinGS)
Authors: Blomquist B. W. , Brumer S. E. , Fairall C. W. , Huebert B. J. , Zappa C. J. , Brooks I. M. , Yang M. , Bariteau L. , Prytherch J. , Hare J. E. , Czerski H. , Matei A. , Pascal R. W.
Published: September 2017

A variety of physical mechanisms are jointly responsible for facilitating air‐sea gas transfer through turbulent processes at the atmosphere‐ocean interface. The nature and relative importance of these mechanisms evolves with increasing wind speed. Theoretical and modeling approaches are advancing, but the limited quantity of observational data at high wind speeds hinders the assessment of these efforts. The HiWinGS project successfully measured gas transfer coefficients (k660) with coincident wave statistics under conditions with hourly mean wind speeds up to 24 m s−1 and significant wave heights to 8 m. Measurements of k660 for carbon dioxide (CO2) and dimethylsulfide (DMS) show an increasing trend with respect to 10 m neutral wind speed (U10N), following a power law relationship of the form:
and
. Among seven high wind speed events, CO2 transfer responded to the intensity of wave breaking, which depended on both wind speed and sea state in a complex manner, with
increasing as the wind sea approaches full development. A similar response is not observed for DMS. These results confirm the importance of breaking waves and bubble injection mechanisms in facilitating CO2 transfer. A modified version of the Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere Response Experiment Gas transfer algorithm (COAREG ver. 3.5), incorporating a sea state‐dependent calculation of bubble‐mediated transfer, successfully reproduces the mean trend in observed k660 with wind speed for both gases. Significant suppression of gas transfer by large waves was not observed during HiWinGS, in contrast to results from two prior field programs.
Modulation of Soil Initial State on WRF Model Performance Over China
Authors: Xue Haile , Jin Qinjian , Yi Bingqi , Mullendore Gretchen L. , Zheng Xiaohui , Jin Hongchun
Published: September 2017

The soil state (e.g., temperature and moisture) in a mesoscale numerical prediction model is typically initialized by reanalysis or analysis data that may be subject to large bias. Such bias may lead to unrealistic land‐atmosphere interactions. This study shows that the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) dramatically underestimates soil temperature and overestimates soil moisture over most parts of China in the first (0–10 cm) and second (10–25 cm) soil layers compared to in situ observations in July 2013. A correction based on the global optimal dual kriging is employed to correct CFSR bias in soil temperature and moisture using in situ observations. To investigate the impacts of the corrected soil state on model forecasts, two numerical model simulations—a control run with CFSR soil state and a disturbed run with the corrected soil state—were conducted using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. All the simulations are initiated 4 times per day and run 48 h. Model results show that the corrected soil state, for example, warmer and drier surface over the most parts of China, can enhance evaporation over wet regions, which changes the overlying atmospheric temperature and moisture. The changes of the lifting condensation level, level of free convection, and water transport due to corrected soil state favor precipitation over wet regions, while prohibiting precipitation over dry regions. Moreover, diagnoses indicate that the remote moisture flux convergence plays a dominant role in the precipitation changes over the wet regions.
D
aniel,
S
amuel
Authors: Kneidel Gregory
Published: September 2017

Little is known about the ancestry or early life of Samuel Daniel (1562/63–1619). University records at Oxford indicate that he matriculated at Magdalen College in 1581, which would suggest that he was born around 1562; his native county is listed as Somerset. He left Oxford without taking a degree and, describing himself as a ‘late student in Oxenforde’, he first appears in print as the translator of
The worthy tract of Paulus Jovius
(1585), a translation of the Italian author's
Dialogo dell'imprese militari et amorose
(1555). Daniel's choice of this treatise on
impresa –
a species of emblem designed to ‘manifest the special purpose of Gentlemen in warlike combats or chamber tornaments’ – gestures towards two traits that frame the whole of his life's work: first, his habit of importing, vernacularizing, and even nationalizing Continental and especially Italian poetic forms (the great Italianist John Florio was a lifelong friend and mentor); and secondly, his choice of the martial and the amorous, often separately but sometimes together, as the principal subjects of his poetry. These were the basic coordinates, as he saw it, for the arc of his poetic career: his personal motto, adapted from the Roman elegist Propertius, was ‘Aetas prima canat veneres, postrema tumultus’ (‘Let youth sing of loves, later years of conflicts’).
Dekker,Thomas
Authors: Smyth Adam
Published: September 2017

The career and literary output of Thomas Dekker (c.1572–1632) to a considerable extent reflects the precarious, ad hoc, sometimes even dangerous conditions under which that emerging, late Elizabethan category of author – the professional writer – worked. Much more of what Dekker wrote has been lost than survives, but his extant printed output is still considerable, and covers multiple genres: drama, royal and mayoral entertainment, commendatory verse, prologue, epilogue, jest, and satire. He was also prolific in that particularly Renaissance form – the prose pamphlet – and wrote about, among other things, dreams, fashion, hell, the night, criminality, sin, anti‐Catholicism, and cold weather. But more than anything, Dekker was a London writer, in every sense; and if a great challenge to sixteenth‐ and seventeenth‐century literature was to find new ways of representing London's dramatic and ongoing expansion, Dekker's abundant literary output was one important response to this task.
D
evereux,
R
obert, Earl of
E
ssex
Authors: Gordon Andrew
Published: September 2017

Robert Devereux (1565–1601), second earl of Essex, was the most prominent courtier of the late sixteenth century, a poet in his own right as well as a leading literary patron of the period. His military exploits brought him great popular acclaim, and his spectacular fall from grace in a treasonous but ineffectual uprising sent shock waves through the country, leaving a mark upon the literary culture of the seventeenth century.
D
ouglas,
G
awin
Authors: Elliott Elizabeth
Published: September 2017

In the
Eneados
(1513), Gawin Douglas (c.1476–1522) produced the first complete verse translation of a classical poem in any British vernacular. Printed in London in 1553, Douglas's scholarly rendering of Virgil influenced the translation of Henry Howard, earl of Surrey, and bears witness to Douglas's talent as a poet in his own right. A member of one of the most powerful aristocratic families of his day, Douglas was born around 1476. As the younger son of Archibald Douglas, fifth earl of Angus, his ambitions were directed towards an ecclesiastical career; graduating from the University of St Andrews in 1494, Douglas later became bishop of Dunkeld (1516). In the wake of the Scottish defeat at Flodden in 1513, he became increasingly involved in the factional politics of his time, and he died in London as an exile, in 1522.
Drummond,William
Authors: Spiller Michael R. G.
Published: September 2017

William Drummond of Hawthornden (1585–1649), always given the title of his estate to distinguish him from other William Drummonds of his day, has a claim to be reckoned the greatest Scots lyric poet between William Dunbar at the beginning of the sixteenth century and Robert Burns at the end of the eighteenth. Like many of his contemporaries in the court and society of James VI and I, he was both well read in French and Italian literature, and a tolerable classicist; he did not strive to be original in lyric composition, but observed and used the stylistic features of late Petrarchist and early Mannerist rhetoric. But where others imitated, Drummond absorbed, from Horace, Francesco Petrarch, Pietro Bembo, Torquato Tasso, Giovanni Guarini, and Giambattista Marino, as well as from Philip Sidney, Samuel Daniel, and, it is suggested, Shakespeare, whose sonnets he appears to have known. From these writers and others, he took the themes, the phrases, and the mannerisms that suited his own habitual preoccupations with mutability and eternity, and set them to more splendid, and sometimes subtler, melodies in verse than most of his contemporaries could manage. He can be pedantic and vain of his learning; he has not the fierce disruptive wit of John Donne, or the modest terse profundity of George Herbert, but though he never knew John Milton, whose politics he would have abhorred, when Drummond's melodious plangency works well, it is the younger Milton of whom he most often reminds us.
D
yer,
E
dward
Authors: Hodgson Elizabeth
Published: September 2017

Edward Dyer (1543–1607) was among the first of the Elizabethan courtly poets, with an influence in courtly literary circles, especially on Philip Sidney and the Sidney coterie, far beyond his modest manuscript
oeuvre
. His amorous laments circulated and were imitated in private collections and then anthologies during Elizabeth's reign. Dyer's development of a more fictionalized and yet immediate poetic persona helped reinvent the new Elizabethan Petrarchan and elegiac modes so characteristic of Sidney, Walter Ralegh, Edmund Spenser, William Shakespeare, and others.
F
errers,
G
eorge
Authors: Pincombe Mike
Published: September 2017

George Ferrers (c.1510–1579) is perhaps still best known to students of English Renaissance literature as William Baldwin's principal collaborator in the composition of
A mirrour for magistrates
(1st edn 1559). Ferrers wrote five ‘tragedies’ – first‐person complaints spoken by phantoms of the deceased English nobility from Richard
II
to Richard
III –
for the work; he may have helped recruit some of the other poets, too. Moreover, according to Baldwin's preface, it was Ferrers who suggested that it would be a good idea to continue the sequence of tragedies back to the invasion and colonization of Britain by the Trojan refugee Brutus; and this may be his greatest legacy to English poetry, since that is exactly what motivated later continuations of the
Mirrour
by John Higgins in 1574 and Thomas Blenerhasset in 1578 (Human 2008). In this respect, we might even claim that this larger
Mirrour
project, as opposed to the original scheme often referred to as ‘Baldwin's
Mirrour’
, should perhaps be called ‘Ferrers's
Mirrour’ –
a tribute to his wider vision and ambition for the work.
F
leming,
A
braham
Authors: Painting‐Stubbs Clare
Published: September 2017

During his working life Abraham Fleming (1548/52–1607) wrote, translated, indexed, contributed poetry to, recommended, proofread, and edited 50 known texts, and as a ‘learned corrector’ for the printer Richard Tottell it is likely he worked anonymously on many more. Fleming was most likely born in Holborn, London, between 1548 and 1552. It is not known where he was schooled but he had a good understanding of Latin and a working knowledge of French and Greek. He attended Peter‐house, Cambridge, tutored by Dr Andrew Perne, from 1570 until 1582 and interspersed his studies with long periods spent in London working in the burgeoning book trade, initially as a writer and translator and later as an editor. From 1575 to 1589 Fleming wrote, contributed to, or produced 50 printed books, ranging from broadsides and pamphlets to folio books containing thousands of pages and covering a wide range of themes. His Calvinist beliefs were evident in his texts. In the mid‐1580s, Fleming was employed briefly as a ‘learned corrector’ or editor by the printer Richard Tottell. Printers and booksellers from the higher ranks of the Stationers' Company such as Ralph Newberie, Thomas Middleton, and Henry Denham (a printer known for the quality of his fonts) all enjoyed long working relationships with Fleming and some of his finer printed works, such as
Diamond of devotion
(1581), were produced during these associations. Although he was never an antiquary, Fleming is best known for his work on the second edition of Raphael Holinshed's
Chronicles
(1587). It was Fleming who compiled the third volume, known as the ‘Continuation’, which covered the period from 1576 to 1586; he also proofread, indexed, and edited almost all of the three‐million‐word, three‐volume text single‐handed. Holinshed's
Chronicles
was one of the last printed books on which Fleming is known to have worked; evidence suggests that he was collecting material for a third edition of Holinshed but this was never produced.
F
raunce,
A
braham
Authors: Martin Christopher
Published: September 2017

Later derided by Ben Jonson (in one of his frequent uncharitable moods) as a ‘fool’, and but meagrely attended by modern scholarship, Abraham Fraunce (?1559–?1592/93) nonetheless displayed sufficient energy and talent in his day to earn the support of a no less discerning Sir Philip Sidney, and remained an active member of the circle of Mary Herbert, countess of Pembroke – one of the most powerful and influential patronage agencies of the time – throughout the brief but prolific publishing career that followed. Little enough biographical detail survives, with even his date of death a matter of dispute: while more recent literary historians trace his demise to 1592 or 1593, after which he disappears from public records, others have speculated that, like Sidney's other close companion Fulke Greville, he survived well into the next century. For all that, Fraunce perhaps offers a more representative picture of applied early modern sensibilities and intellectual curiosity than do the brilliant and groundbreaking careers of the cultural celebrities with whom he consorted.
G
ouge,
W
illiam
Authors: Totaro Rebecca
Published: September 2017

William Gouge (1575–1653) was a Church of England minister and writer, best known for
Of domesticall duties
(1622). He was born in Stratford Bow, in the county of Middlesex, to Thomas Gouge (d.1616) and his wife, Elizabeth, née Culverwell (baptized 1550, d.1591). He attended King's College, Cambridge, and it appears that he earned his BA and MA there. Ordained in 1607, he offered sermons free of charge in Stratford until he was accepted in 1608 for a position as preacher at St Ann Blackfriars, London. He had been granted an MA at Oxford in 1609, and a bachelor of divinity at Cambridge in 1611, but it was not until 1621, with the death of the church's primary minister, Stephen Egerton, that Gouge became its head clergyman. Nevertheless, he was by 1615 a powerful force in London's religious scene, better known than Egerton had ever been. His preaching and lectures became so popular that he began to offer two sermons each Sunday, with additional lectures on Wednesday mornings. By 1617, the church had become too small to accommodate the crowds; it was enlarged, and additional buildings were acquired to provide Gouge with a separate residence.
G
rymeston,
E
lizabeth
Authors: Snook Edith
Published: September 2017

Elizabeth Grymeston (1563–1601/4) is the author of
Miscelanea. Meditations. Memoratives
(1604), the earliest of several maternal advice books published in seventeenth‐century England. Born sometime before 1563, Elizabeth Grymeston was the fifth child and heir of Martin Bernye and Margaret Flynte of Gunton, Norfolk. She was married by 1584 to Christopher Grymeston of Yorkshire. The wedding was likely secret: admitted as a pensioner in 1578, Christopher Grymeston was a fellow at Caius College, Cambridge, between 1588 and 1592, despite college regulations that prohibited fellows from marrying. By 1603 Elizabeth had borne nine children, but
Miscelanea
indicates that only one son, Bernye, survived. Evidently well educated, Elizabeth Grymeston was also Catholic. Her father, a relative of the martyred Robert Southwell, had been accused of recusancy in 1587, and Elizabeth was fined on the same charge in 1592/93. She died between 1601 and 1604.
Coping Strategies, Psychological Impact, and Support Preferences of Men With Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Multicenter Survey
Authors: Flurey Caroline A. , Hewlett Sarah , Rodham Karen , White Alan , Noddings Robert , Kirwan John R.
Published: September 2017

Objective

To investigate the existence and distribution of 2 typologies (termed “factors”) of men with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) identified through our previous Q‐methodology study (n = 30) in a larger sample of men with RA, and whether differences in psychosocial impact or support preferences exist between the 2 factors, and between men and women with RA.

Methods

A postal survey was sent to 620 men with RA from 6 rheumatology units across England, and the support preferences section of the survey was given to 232 women with RA.

Results

A total of 295 male patients (47.6%) and 103 female patients (44.4%) responded; 15 male participants had missing data, and thus 280 were included in the analysis. Of these, 61 (22%) were assigned to factor A (“accept and adapt”), 120 (35%) were assigned to factor B (“struggling to match up”), and 99 (35%) were unassigned. The two factors differed significantly, with factor B reporting more severe disease, less effective coping strategies, and poorer psychological status. For support, men favored a question and answer session with a consultant (54%) or specialist nurse (50%), a website for information (69%), a talk by researchers (54%), or a symptom management session (54%). Overall, women reported more interest in support sessions than men, with ≥50% of women reporting interest in nearly every option provided.

Conclusion

Some men accept and adapt to their RA, but others (43%) report severe disease, less effective coping, and poor psychological status. Men's preferences for support are practical, with a focus on expanding their knowledge.
Co‐Delivery of Drugs and Genes Using Polymeric Nanoparticles for Synergistic Cancer Therapeutic Effects
Authors: Li Yi , Thambi Thavasyappan , Lee Doo Sung
Published: September 2017

Drug and gene delivery systems based on nanoparticles, microparticles and hydrogels have been widely studied for cancer treatment in the past decade. To achieve an efficient and safe delivery, selection of drug and gene delivery carrier is critical. Biocompatible polymeric nanoparticles are considerably promising carrier candidates in delivery of drugs and genes because of their unique chemical and physical properties. However, delivery of a drug or gene sometimes cannot achieve a satisfactory treatment effect. Therefore, co‐delivery of dual drugs or co‐delivery of a drug and a gene in a polymeric nanoparticle has attracted attention. Such co‐delivery systems can overcome multi‐drug resistance of chemical drugs and achieve a synergistic therapeutic effect. In this progress report, we summarize recent progress in the preparation and application of polymeric drug and gene co‐delivery nanosystems. The remaining challenges and future trends in this field are also included.
High‐Energy‐Density Metal–Oxygen Batteries: Lithium–Oxygen Batteries vs Sodium–Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Song Kyeongse , Agyeman Daniel Adjei , Park Mihui , Yang Junghoon , Kang Yong‐Mook
Published: September 2017

The development of next‐generation energy‐storage devices with high power, high energy density, and safety is critical for the success of large‐scale energy‐storage systems (ESSs), such as electric vehicles. Rechargeable sodium–oxygen (Na–O2) batteries offer a new and promising opportunity for low‐cost, high‐energy‐density, and relatively efficient electrochemical systems. Although the specific energy density of the Na–O2 battery is lower than that of the lithium–oxygen (Li–O2) battery, the abundance and low cost of sodium resources offer major advantages for its practical application in the near future. However, little has so far been reported regarding the cell chemistry, to explain the rate‐limiting parameters and the corresponding low round‐trip efficiency and cycle degradation. Consequently, an elucidation of the reaction mechanism is needed for both lithium–oxygen and sodium–oxygen cells. An in‐depth understanding of the differences and similarities between Li–O2 and Na–O2 battery systems, in terms of thermodynamics and a structural viewpoint, will be meaningful to promote the development of advanced metal–oxygen batteries. State‐of‐the‐art battery design principles for high‐energy‐density lithium–oxygen and sodium–oxygen batteries are thus reviewed in depth here. Major drawbacks, reaction mechanisms, and recent strategies to improve performance are also summarized.
Beam‐Editing Coding Metasurfaces Based on Polarization Bit and Orbital‐Angular‐Momentum‐Mode Bit
Authors: Ma Qian , Shi Chuan Bo , Bai Guo Dong , Chen Tian Yi , Noor Ahsan , Cui Tie Jun
Published: September 2017

Coding metasurfaces are aimed at representing digital information of the metasurface, usually by programing digital unit cells to control electromagnetic waves. However, some information sequences cannot be recognized by the receiver, because of nonorthogonality of the usual phase codes. Here, new coding method is proposed to encode information with orthogonal parameters in the emitting beam, which reduces information loss in the system. A vector beam modulator is proposed by combining orthogonal polarizations and orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes. A normal incident wave can be modulated by OAM‐mode bit and polarization bit, which are regarded as specific information by the receiver. A polarization converter is used to realize the polarization selection (polarization bit) and phase control, independently. The phase patterns on the coding metasurfaces can be programed to realize the designed OAM modes (OAM bits) in the microwave frequency. Three schemes are presented to emit multiple OAM modes in dual polarizations, one of which is manufactured and measured for near and far fields. The simulations and experiments are in outstanding agreement, verifying the excellent performance of the proposed schemes. This work has great potential in communication applications of coding metasurfaces.
One‐Step Growth of Graphene/Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Films on Soda‐Lime Glass for Transparent Conducting Applications
Authors: Chen Zhaolong , Chen Xu‐Dong , Wang Huihui , Li Xinqi , Lin Li , Chen Ke , Ci Haina , Wu Xiaosong , Zhang Yingying , Zhang Yanfeng , Liu Zhongfan
Published: September 2017

The direct growth of graphene on low‐cost soda‐lime glass has attracted widespread attention for its potential to promote the development of high‐value‐added graphene‐based products. For its most promising application as a transparent electrode, a relatively low sheet resistance is highly desired for the derived graphene glass. However, obtaining this result is still a challenge owing to the low catalytic activity of the glass surface, the small domain size of the resultant graphene, and the limited film continuity. Carbon nanotubes (CNT), which have similar structural and electronic properties to those of graphene, have been proposed to bridge/offset the grain boundaries and defects of graphene to improve electron transfer and reduce the sheet resistance. To achieve this, the one‐batch synthesis of highly conductive graphene and multiwalled CNT (MWCNT) hybrid films on soda‐lime glass using a molten‐bed chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method is designed. The thus‐obtained glass exhibits excellent conductivity, transmittance, and outstanding thermal and chemical stability. This highly conductive hybrid material is then employed as a high‐performance liquid‐crystal‐based switchable window. In short, this work is believed to enhance the versatile applications of highly conductive graphene/MWCNT‐hybrid‐coated glass as well as its mass production, considering its compatibility with current glass production techniques.
Morphology Influence on the Mechanical Stress Response in Bendable Organic Field‐Effect Transistors with Solution‐Processed Semiconductors
Authors: Lai Stefano , Temiño Inés , Cramer Tobias , del Pozo Freddy G. , Fraboni Beatrice , Cosseddu Piero , Bonfiglio Annalisa , Mas‐Torrent Marta
Published: September 2017

The influence of semiconductor morphology on the mechanical response of low voltage, flexible organic field‐effect transistors fabricated on plastic substrates is explored. Bar‐assisted meniscus shearing is considered for patterning the organic semiconductor; morphological features of the film are changed by varying the shearing direction. Several devices with two different organic semiconductor coatings are reported. The response of such devices to two kinds of deformation, namely elongation and compression, are investigated. The effect of mechanical stress is also considered. A detailed morphological analysis, including atomic force microscopy and scanning Kelvin probe microscopy, is performed in order to shine a light on the relationship between morphological features and electrical response of the devices. The results demonstrate that not only the response to bending is reliant on the morphological properties of the films but also that it can be tuned according to the bar‐shearing direction. The employment of the proposed approach for the development of devices with different extent of response to mechanical deformation, from bending sensors to strain‐insensitive devices for applications needing electrical stability upon deformation, can be thus foreseen.
Challenges and Recent Progress in the Development of Si Anodes for Lithium‐Ion Battery
Authors: Jin Yan , Zhu Bin , Lu Zhenda , Liu Nian , Zhu Jia
Published: September 2017

Silicon, because of its high specific capacity, is intensively pursued as one of the most promising anode material for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries. In the past decade, various nanostructures are successfully demonstrated to address major challenges for reversible Si anodes related to pulverization and solid‐electrolyte interphase. However, the electrochemical performance is still limited by challenges that stem from the use of nanomaterials. In this progress report, the focus is on the challenges and recent progress in the development of Si anodes for lithium‐ion battery, including initial Coulombic efficiency, areal capacity, and material cost, which call for more research effort and provide a bright prospect for the widespread applications of silicon anodes in the future lithium‐ion batteries.
Tailoring the Membrane‐Electrode Interface in PEM Fuel Cells: A Review and Perspective on Novel Engineering Approaches
Authors: Breitwieser Matthias , Klingele Matthias , Vierrath Severin , Zengerle Roland , Thiele Simon
Published: September 2017

The interface between the catalyst layer (CL) and the polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) in a fuel cell has substantial impact on its electrochemical performance. In consequence, there have been growing research activities to engineer this interface to improve the performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). This review summarizes these novel approaches and compares the various techniques. Based on available fuel cell data in the literature, a quantitative comparison of relative improvements due to a micro‐ and nano‐engineered PEM|CL interface is provided. This allows several conclusions: First, regardless of the applied method, a re‐engineering of the PEM|CL interface leads to an improvement of power‐determining parameters, such as mass transport resistances. The latter has hitherto not been clearly connected to the PEM|CL interface and is an important piece of information for future fuel cell development. Second, for patterned membrane surfaces, feature sizes of about 1–10 µm on the membrane surface seem to result in the most significant power density improvement. Third, an engineered PEMCL interface can contribute to extend the fuel cell durability due to enhanced adhesion and contact between the two layers. With this, novel membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) can be designed that enable significantly higher power densities compared conventional 2D‐layer MEAs.
Polygenic hazard scores in preclinical Alzheimer disease
Authors: Tan Chin Hong , Hyman Bradley T. , Tan Jacinth J. X. , Hess Christopher P. , Dillon William P. , Schellenberg Gerard D. , Besser Lilah M. , Kukull Walter A. , Kauppi Karolina , McEvoy Linda K. , Andreassen Ole A. , Dale Anders M. , Fan Chun Chieh , Desikan Rahul S.
Published: September 2017

Identifying asymptomatic older individuals at elevated risk for developing Alzheimer disease (AD) is of clinical importance. Among 1,081 asymptomatic older adults, a recently validated polygenic hazard score (PHS) significantly predicted time to AD dementia and steeper longitudinal cognitive decline, even after controlling for APOE ɛ4 carrier status. Older individuals in the highest PHS percentiles showed the highest AD incidence rates. PHS predicted longitudinal clinical decline among older individuals with moderate to high Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (amyloid) and Braak (tau) scores at autopsy, even among APOE ɛ4 noncarriers. Beyond APOE, PHS may help identify asymptomatic individuals at highest risk for developing Alzheimer neurodegeneration. Ann Neurol 2017;82:484–488
Durch sichtbares Licht und Nahinfrarotstrahlung abbaubare supramolekulare Metallo‐Gele
Authors: Theis Sabrina , Iturmendi Aitziber , Gorsche Christian , Orthofer Marco , Lunzer Markus , Baudis Stefan , Ovsianikov Aleksandr , Liska Robert , Monkowius Uwe , Teasdale Ian
Published: September 2017

Der lichtempfindliche Rutheniumkomplex [Ru(bpy)2(4AMP)2](PF6)2 (4AMP=4‐(Aminomethyl)pyridin) wurde über die reaktiven Aminogruppen der durch Licht abspaltbaren 4AMP‐Liganden in Polyharnstoff‐Organo‐ oder ‐Hydrogele eingebaut. Im Dunkeln sind diese Gele sehr stabil. Durch Bestrahlen mit sichtbarem Licht oder NIR‐Strahlung (letzteres mittels Zweiphotonenabsorption) werden die Ruthenium‐Pyridin‐Bindungen gespalten, was zum Abbau des supramolekularen Gels führt. Dies ermöglicht eine räumlich und zeitlich aufgelöste Mikrostrukturierung des Gels mithilfe einer Photomaske oder eines gepulsten NIR‐Lasers.
Nichtkanonische Basen im Genom: die regulative Informationsebene in der DNA
Authors: Carell Thomas , Kurz Matthias Q. , Müller Markus , Rossa Martin , Spada Fabio
Published: September 2017

In multizellulären Organismen findet man spezialisierte Zellen, die jeweils eine bestimmte Funktion wahrnehmen. Diese zellulären Unterschiede beruhen alle auf der identischen Sequenzinformation, die im Zellkern gespeichert ist. Daher muss diese Sequenzinformation von den verschiedenen Zelltypen unterschiedlich interpretiert werden. Während des frühen Entwicklungsstadiums einer Zelle muss diese Übersetzung räumlich und zeitlich streng kontrolliert werden. Die jeweilige Interpretation der Sequenzinformation umfasst die kontrollierte Aktivierung und Stilllegung spezifischer Gene, sodass ein Protein nur in bestimmten Zellen exprimiert wird. Dafür ist eine weitere Informationsebene vonnöten, die sich von der reinen Basensequenz abhebt. Ein Aspekt dieser regulatorischen Informationsebene beruht auf funktionellen Gruppen an der C5‐Position der kanonischen Base dC. Heute kennt man vier dieser regulatorischen, nichtkanonischen Basen, die eine CH3‐, CH2OH‐, CHO‐ oder COOH‐Gruppe aufweisen. Während 5‐Methylcytidin schon lange als eine der Basen im Genom mit dieser Funktion bekannt ist, wurden die anderen drei Basen – und die für die Entstehung verantwortlichen Enzyme – erst kürzlich entdeckt.
Temperature and pressure effects of drilling fluid on cutting transport using CFD simulations
Authors: Akbari S. , Hashemabadi S. H.
Published: September 2017

Simulation of liquid–solid flow in annulus of oil wells is of a great importance to predict the two‐phase flow field in wellbore accurately. In this paper, direct effects of drilling fluid rheological properties by Herschel–Bulkley model on cuttings transportation, pressure drop, and other parameters of two‐phase flow are numerically investigated at different temperatures and pressures. Recent studies have not addressed these effects. Thus, a 3D form of a steady‐state and isothermal model is used to simulate the two‐phase flow in various temperatures and pressures of drilling fluid, flow rates, and drilling pipe rotations. The governing equations created a system of coupled partial differential equations solved using the iterative finite volume method. The comparisons between the results of the model and experimental data and also analytical relation showed that the model can accurately predict two‐phase flow in the annulus. The results indicated that the elevation of temperature and reduction of pressure contributes to a decrease in the cuttings transportation. For drilling fluid velocity of 0.75 m/s, the cuttings transportation has been decreased 2.08% by increasing temperature from 70°C to 90°C in 0.1 MPa, whereas in pressure of 10 MPa, about 1.63% reduction on the transportation of cuttings yielded. © 2017 Curtin University and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Randomized Phase IIb Study of Mavrilimumab and Golimumab in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Weinblatt Michael E. , McInnes Iain B. , Kremer Joel M. , Miranda Pedro , Vencovsky Jiri , Guo Xiang , White Wendy I. , Ryan Patricia C. , Godwood Alex , Albulescu Marius , Close David , Burmester Gerd R.
Published: September 2017

Objective

This 24‐week, phase IIb, double‐blind study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy and safety of mavrilimumab (a monoclonal antibody to granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor receptor α) and golimumab (a monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor [anti‐TNF]) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who have had an inadequate response to disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) (referred to as DMARD‐IR) and/or inadequate response to other anti‐TNF agents (referred to as anti‐TNF–IR).

Methods

Patients with active RA and a history of DMARD‐IR (≥1 failed regimen) or DMARD‐IR (≥1 failed regimen) and anti‐TNF–IR (1–2 failed regimens) were randomized 1:1 to receive either mavrilimumab 100 mg subcutaneously every other week or golimumab 50 mg subcutaneously every 4 weeks alternating with placebo every 4 weeks, administered concomitantly with methotrexate. The primary end points were the American College of Rheumatology 20% improvement (ACR20), 50% improvement, and 70% improvement response rates at week 24, percentage of patients achieving a Disease Activity Score in 28 joints using C‐reactive protein level (DAS28‐CRP) of <2.6 at week 24, percentage of patients with a score improvement of >0.22 on the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) disability index (DI) at week 24, and safety/tolerability measures. This study was not powered to formally compare the 2 treatments.

Results

At week 24, differences in the ACR20, ACR50, and ACR70 response rates between the mavrilimumab treatment group (n = 70) and golimumab treatment group (n = 68) were as follows: in all patients, −3.5% (90% confidence interval [90% CI] −16.8, 9.8), −8.6% (90% CI −22.0, 4.8), and −9.8% (90% CI −21.1, 1.4), respectively; in the anti‐TNF–IR group, 11.1% (90% CI −7.8, 29.9), −8.7% (90% CI −28.1, 10.7), and −0.7% (90% CI −18.0, 16.7), respectively. Differences in the percentage of patients achieving a DAS28‐CRP of <2.6 at week 24 between the mavrilimumab and golimumab groups were −11.6% (90% CI −23.2, 0.0) in all patients, and −4.0% (90% CI −20.9, 12.9) in the anti‐TNF–IR group. The percentage of patients achieving a >0.22 improvement in the HAQ DI score at week 24 was similar between the treatment groups. Treatment‐emergent adverse events were reported in 51.4% of mavrilimumab‐treated patients and 42.6% of golimumab‐treated patients. No deaths were reported, and no specific safety signals were identified.

Conclusion

The findings of this study demonstrate the clinical efficacy of both treatments, mavrilimumab at a dosage of 100 mg every other week and golimumab at a dosage of 50 mg every 4 weeks, in patients with RA. Both regimens were well‐tolerated in patients who had shown an inadequate response to DMARDs and/or other anti‐TNF agents.
Myogenic Progenitor Cells Exhibit Type I Interferon–Driven Proangiogenic Properties and Molecular Signature During Juvenile Dermatomyositis
Authors: Gitiaux Cyril , Latroche Claire , Weiss‐Gayet Michèle , Rodero Mathieu P. , Duffy Darragh , Bader‐Meunier Brigitte , Glorion Christophe , Nusbaum Patrick , Bodemer Christine , Mouchiroud Guy , Chelly Jamel , Germain Stéphane , Desguerre Isabelle , Chazaud Bénédicte
Published: September 2017

Objective

Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is an inflammatory pediatric myopathy characterized by focal capillary loss in muscle, followed by progressive recovery upon adequate treatment with immunomodulating drugs, although some patients remain refractory to treatment. While the underlying mechanism of capillary depletion remains uncertain, recent studies have identified an up‐regulation of type I interferon (IFN) expression specific to JDM. Given that myogenic precursor cells (MPCs) exert proangiogenic activity during normal skeletal muscle regeneration, we hypothesized that they may also modulate vascular remodeling/angiogenesis during JDM. The aim of this study was to investigate that hypothesis.

Methods

Human cell cocultures were used to analyze angiogenic properties in patients with JDM, patients with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD) (control patients for vascular remodeling), and healthy control subjects. Transcriptome analysis was used to examine muscle‐derived MPCs. Histologic analysis of type I IFN in muscle biopsy samples was also performed.

Results

Using human cell cocultures, we showed highly angiogenic properties of MPCs from JDM patients in association with the expression of an angiogenic molecular signature. Transcriptome analysis of MPCs freshly isolated from muscle samples revealed type I IFN as the master regulator of the most up‐regulated genes in JDM‐derived MPCs. Functionally, treatment of normal MPCs with type I IFN recapitulated the molecular pattern and the proangiogenic functions of JDM‐derived MPCs. In vivo histologic investigation showed that MPCs synthesized type I IFN and major proangiogenic molecules in JDM muscle. Moreover, MPCs derived from JDM muscles that were characterized by strong vasculopathy produced higher levels of type I IFN, confirming MPCs as a cellular source of type I IFN during JDM, and this correlated with the severity of the disease.

Conclusion

These results demonstrate a new type I IFN pathway in JDM that activates the production of angiogenic effectors by MPCs, triggering their proangiogenic function to promote vessel recovery and muscle reconstruction.
Deconstructing competency‐based education: An assessment of institutional activity, goals, and challenges in higher education
Authors: Lurie Howard , Garrett Richard
Published: September 2017

Background

There have been several surveys assessing institutional interest in Competency‐Based Education (CBE), but there is a need for a systematic analysis of how institutions are designing and implementing CBE at the course, program, or institutional level. This initiative proposes to close this research gap and advance the conversation about the scale, impact, and varieties of CBE.

Methods

Eduventures, an independent higher education research and advisory firm, surveyed institutional leaders and other informed stakeholders on details about the strategies and operations involving CBE at their institutions. The resulting sample includes 251 institutions from across higher education and represents one of the largest samples to date on CBE implementation.

Results

A portrait of CBE emerges as a menu of tools and practices, rather than a monolithic approach or linear path. These findings underscore the need for institutions to carefully weigh the pros and cons of CBE implementation and to proactively select the CBE components that make the most sense for their students and mission.

Conclusion

While interest in CBE is stronger than ever before, it remains a complex innovation. CBE is not simply a delivery mode. It challenges long‐held conventions regarding how curricula are created, instruction is designed and delivered, and skills and knowledge are assessed. The diversity and complexity of CBE requires customized implementation, and near‐term opportunities to accelerate the growth and expand the scale of CBE beyond a set of innovative early adopters may be limited. This complexity emphasizes the merits of a richer array of CBE implementation examples.
Molybdenum Sulfide Nanosheet‐Based Hollow Porous Flat Boxes and Nanotubes for Efficient Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Chen Liao , Zhu Hongli
Published: September 2017

Intriguing amorphous/quasiamorphous molybdenum sulfide (MoSx) materials with active terminal disulfide S22− units have been recognized recently as prominent catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Here, we diversify the MoSx morphologies and structures by a facile template‐free solvothermal method to prepare fascinating MoSx nanosheet‐based hollow porous flat boxes and nanotubes. As we increase the ethanol concentration in the mixed solvent for the reaction from 60 to 100 vol %, highly dispersed MoSx materials are obtained and the morphologies change from nanosheet to nanosheet‐based hollow porous nanotubes and ultimately to nanosheet‐based hollow porous flat boxes with the increasing S22− content. Catalytic measurements demonstrate that the hollow porous MoSx flat boxes and nanotubes have similar outstanding HER performances and can reach 10 mA cm−2 current at overpotentials of approximately 206 and 210 mV, respectively.
A novel quasi plug‐flow reactor design for enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose using rheology experiment and CFD simulation
Authors: Li Yonghui , Cao Xingxing , Geng Zhongfeng , Zhang Minhua
Published: September 2017

One of the obstacles constraining bio‐ethanol production using cellulose is enzymatic hydrolysis. Uniform distribution of slurry residence time is important to improve the efficiency. Efforts were made to develop a novel quasi plug‐flow reactor on industrial scale for enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose by CFD simulation. Ahead of numerical simulation, the rheological properties of the cellulose enzymolysis slurry of furfural residues were studied based on experiments. A turbulence model called k‐kl‐ω was employed in CFD simulation, which was good at describing the flow field with great variation on the extent of turbulence in the stirred tank. Vertical blades, pitched blades, helical ribbons, and their combination were investigated firstly, and then the internal structures were optimized. The calculated residence time distribution curve showed that the quasi plug‐flow reactor had the following features: (1) combination of double helical ribbons and vertical blade, (2) two partitions and four baffles, (3) flow area was 0.1 m2 on partitions. The CFD simulation methods and results could provide a theoretical guidance for the development of a novel quasi plug‐flow reactor to improve the efficiency of the cellulose enzymatic hydrolysis on industrial scale.
3D Nanoporous Gold with Very Low Parting Limit Derived from Au‐Based Metallic Glass and Enhanced Methanol Electro‐oxidation Catalytic Performance Induced by Metal Migration
Authors: Xu Yi , Yiu Pak Man , Shan Guangcun , Shibayama Tamaki , Watanabe Seiichi , Ohnuma Masato , Huang Wei , Shek Chan‐Hung
Published: September 2017

Nanoporous gold (NPG) with bi‐continuous ligaments and pores structure has promising potential in functional applications, among which one prominent example is fuel cell electrocatalysts. However, current application of NPG is mostly limited to methanol electro‐oxidation (MOR) due to its weak catalytic performance. Here we report a simple chemical dealloying process for generating peculiar three‐dimensional (3D) free‐standing NPG with ‘parting limit’ as low as 25 % (lower than theoretical ‘paring limit’ 55 %) and high specific surface area (maximum ≈31 m2 g−1) associated with a novel porous ‘cone shaped protrusion’ morphology. This NPG structure possesses the highest specific activity of MOR catalytic performance reported NPG catalysts so far. In addition, taking advantage of this excellent structural feature of the NPG, a nanoporous Pd catalyst (NPG@Pd) thin film was fabricated on the NPG substrate. The NPG@Pd catalyst exhibited greatly enhanced MOR performance (maximum MOR specific activity 2.14 mA cm−2). We attribute the enhancement of MOR activity to the increase of active sites as well as the modification of surface composition and electronic structure due to migration of Au to the Pd thin film layer.