bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing Global Supply Chain Manager for Business Expansion
Authors: Wulansari Puspita , Fernando Yudi
Published: June 2017

Global competition has forces companies to continuously innovate by frequently asses and improve their supply chain processes, flexibility and fast delivery as effectiveness required in each supply chain processes. This is to ensure cost efficiency, faster delivery and in the end would lead to customer satisfaction and perform better than competitors. To be able to perform better among competitors and improving firms supply chain performance, firms need the talents who able to manage global resources effectively and understand culture, suppliers/ workers attitude and comply with global regulations. Success implementation of global supply chain has linked with talents capability to maximize manage global resources. The aim of this chapter is to discuss the competency needed of global supply chain managers to support international business expansion.
Ecological Performance as a New Metric to Measure Green Supply Chain Practices
Authors: Tam June Poh Kim , Fernando Yudi
Published: June 2017

This chapter is aim to discuss the concept of ecological performance which extended from environmental performance. Sustainable development has become a concerned focus nowadays by governments, companies, communities, and even individuals. Manufacturing companies need a performance measurement that can balance between profit and environment. The concept of reduction of resource use and waste generation is not limited to manufacturing processes of focal company but it can be embraced into product design that benefiting the end users as well as stakeholders. Company can build competitive advantages by integrating ecological performance into business value stream mapping. Reduction of resources and energy use can help company to be cost effective thus able to survive in market price war. Company can enhance product quality through eco-design and sustainable manufacturing to preempt competitors. Company can build green image to gain customer loyalty. Waste reduction can help company to save capacity thus to be more flexible in shipment delivery and support customer dynamic needs.
Exploring Drivers of Closed Loop Supply Chain in Malaysian Automotive Industry
Authors: Fadzil Fadzlina Mohd , Fernando Yudi
Published: June 2017

This chapter is aim to explore the drivers of closed loop supply chain in Malaysian automotive industry. The growth of automotive industry in Malaysia is rapidly increasing. There are five drivers identified that can implement the closed loop supply chain in Malaysian automotive industry. Customer awareness has urged the manufacturers and suppliers to produce and supply more environmental friendly product. Social responsibility is the firms' obligations to ensure that their operation activities could reduce environmental impacts which can be harmful to the society. Environmental concern is the awareness on environmental preservation and conservation. Governmental legislation has been implemented to ensure the firms adhere to the government policies as to attain greener industrial practices. Waste management refers to the waste disposal system in order to reduce waste treatment costs, pollution and landfill issues. Therefore, the drivers are important elements in carrying out the closed loop supply chain in the Malaysian automotive industry.
Major Techniques and Current Developments of Supply Chain Process Modelling
Authors: Xu Henry , Agrey Renae
Published: June 2017

Modeling of supply chain processes is fundamental to analysis of these processes and is essential for process design prior to implementation of a supply chain management system. In this chapter, the background of business process modeling is first introduced. This is followed by a summarized description and critical discussion of the major techniques for supply chain process modeling such as the SCOR model, BPMN, UML, IDEF and simulation. These techniques have been widely used in academic research and development of management information systems. Finally, future trends are pointed out and the chapter is concluded.
Profit Maximizing Network Modeling With Inventory and Capacity Considerations
Authors: Miller Tan , de Matta Renato
Published: June 2017

Developing integrated strategic, tactical and operational manufacturing and distribution plans for the global supply chain of a large, international firm represents a formidable planning, as well as organizational undertaking. Moreover, to develop and execute plans that are not only integrated, but which maximize profits on a global basis presents a challenge of far greater magnitude. The use of advanced optimization modeling based analytics can generate keen insights for management decisions regarding sourcing, production, distribution, inventory and demand management on supply chain networks. This includes scenario and contingency planning analyses of complex strategic trade-offs such as the optimal balance between inventory levels and reserve manufacturing capacity on a network. In this chapter, we illustrate how optimization models can support a firm's planning efforts for these and related supply chain business decisions.
Contemporary Leadership Development in Kazakhstan
Authors: Tazhina Gainiya , Parker Judith , Ivashov Arslan
Published: June 2017

During the 25 years of Kazakhstan's independence, universities in the country have been educating/training managers and leaders with emphasis on translated and adopted traditional western models and research instruments of human resource development. However, managers of various levels, working in different industries, who were taught about these leadership theories, using the latest information technologies, still tend to choose traditional/national leadership values within organizational culture of their companies. This article is the continuation of series on leadership research in Kazakhstan. The obtained comparative data of 2010 and 2014 on leadership styles, career anchors, and interpersonal behaviors for five leadership styles are of a great interest for researchers and professionals.
Making Sense of IS Project Stories
Authors: Dalcher Darren
Published: June 2017

Stories of failure make a compelling read, however, researchers with a keen interest in information systems failures face a double challenge: Not only is it difficult to obtain intimate details about the circumstances surrounding such failures, but there is also a dearth of information about the type of methods and approaches that can be utilised to collect, describe and disseminate such information. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight some of the available approaches and to clarify and enhance the methodological underpinning available to researchers. The chapter begins by framing IS project failures in context, before highlighting the role of forensic failure investigation and the typical tools employed in gathering information. It encourages a move from case studies to case histories to capture the essence, dynamics and complexities of failure stories. It concludes by introducing a new range of antenarrative approaches that represent future developments in the study of IS failures, enabling a richer interpretation of linked factors that underpin IS failures.
Flipping the Medical School Classroom
Authors: Kaljo Kristina , Jacques Laura
Published: June 2017

The preparation of today's physicians is a tremendous responsibility. For medical students to be successful, they must experience a multitude of opportunities to develop appropriate clinical skills, problem solving acumen, and medical knowledge. Due to various barriers, medical students may develop gaps in critical and foundational knowledge. The use of flipped lectures has the capacity to “mobilize” education and ensure for versatility and improved content acquisition through the implementation of both online and face-to-face teaching methodologies. This hybrid learning environment has the capacity to also address the increasingly diverse needs of today's matriculating medical student. This article identifies tools and strategies of how to incorporate flipped lectures into medical education.
Integrating Web-Based Technologies Into the Education and Training of Health Professionals
Authors: D'Abundo Michelle Lee , Sidman Cara
Published: June 2017

The integration of online learning and instruction into the education and training of health professionals continues to gain popularity. Curriculums that have previously been thought to be inappropriate for web-based delivery are now being offered online. Innovations in online learning and instruction have improved the delivery of web-based education and have provided educational opportunities for many that were “unreachable” by traditional classrooms. In this chapter, a description of how computer-based technologies are being applied in the training and continuing education of health professionals is provided. Suggestions for creating online learning and instruction in for education and training in healthcare are provided.
Medical Equipment and Economic Determinants of Its Structure and Regulation in the Slovak Republic
Authors: Gavurová Beáta , Kováč Viliam , Šoltés Michal
Published: June 2017

The changing paradigm of health as well as its new tasks requires constant updating of state health policy. Health of the population in the Slovak Republic is considerably worse according to many indicators in comparison to the advanced countries of the European Union. The new health policy should reflect the economic capacity of the country based on the current data about health of the population, the requirements of the healthcare providers and the healthcare sector itself. Its modification should be based on updated information on the health status of the population and its trends as well as the situation in use of medical devices and equipment. It reflects the contribution of these factors and should be designed to provide healthcare in the most appropriate way. Aspect of the medical equipment localisation in the Slovak regions is an important point making solution of the mentioned issues clearer. Results of the analysis have confirmed the relevant facts there is unsuitable distribution of the medical equipment among the healthcare facilities in the Slovak Republic.
Kinect Applications in Healthcare
Authors: Lun Roanna , Zhao Wenbing
Published: June 2017

Microsoft Kinect is one of the most popular inexpensive gadgets released in recent years. Kinect is equipped with a color camera, a depth camera, and a microphone array. The device allows users to interact with a computer via a natural user interface in terms of gestures or voice commands. We believe that the research and development on using Kinect technology in healthcare will gain more momentum. The demand of Kinect-based applications is high, due to Kinect's low cost and portability, and its accurate and robust motion detection capability. In this chapter, we survey the current applications of using the Kinect technology in healthcare. Furthermore, we outline a number of open research issues that could overcome the limitations of the current Kinect technology.
Radio Frequency Identification Technologies and Issues in Healthcare
Authors: Smith-Ditizio Amber A. , Smith Alan D.
Published: June 2017

One of the most compelling cases for RFID-embedded technologies in the healthcare field has been made by documenting increased efficiency in supply chain performance measurements, which generally consist of financial and non-financial indicators. The following chapter suggests that patient flows and safety are key measures of hospital operation efficiency. Process bottlenecks in hospitals can delay discharge times, and lead to higher costs and lower quality of service, which in turn affects the overall performance and business of the hospital. Hospitals have struggled to control costs, and RFID-embedded technologies should allow management to prioritize their technology spending and reduce total cost of suppliers and operational expenses.
Consumer Adoption of PC-Based/Mobile-Based Electronic Word-of-Mouth
Authors: Ono Akinori , Kikumori Mai
Published: June 2017

Electronic word of mouth (eWOM) on products and services is getting more important in consumer behavior as well as marketing communication. Regarding the issue, marketing and consumer scholars have conducted research on eWOM message senders and recipients. Focusing on eWOM receiving behavior, this chapter presents academic knowledge regarding how recipients evaluate mobile e-WOM messages and how he/she behaves as a consequence. There are two kinds of eWOM, i.e., PC-based eWOM and mobile-based eWOM (mWOM). Moreover, two types of messages can be identified in each kind of eWOM—viral messages from marketers via friends and relatives, and eWOM reviews on products and services from anonymous senders. Prior studies on viral marketing can be further divided into two research streams; research that have constructed and tested causal models explaining why consumers participate in viral marketing, and research that have focused on illustrating comprehensively a multi-stage cognitive and behavioral customer journey towards receiving, using, and forwarding viral marketing messages.
Design of Compensators for Comb Decimation Filters
Authors: Dolecek Gordana Jovanovic
Published: June 2017

This article presents different methods proposed to compensate for the comb pass band droop. Two main groups of methods are elaborated: Methods that require multipliers, and multiplier less methods. The width of pass band depends on the decimation factor and the decimation of the stage which follows the comb decimation stage. In that sense the compensation can be considered as a one in the wideband, or in the narrowband. There exit methods which can be used for both: wideband and narrowband compensations (with different parameters). Usually there is a trade-off between the compensator complexity and the provided quality of compensation.
An Empirical Study of Mobile/Handheld App Development Using Android Platforms
Authors: Hu Wen-Chen , Kaabouch Naima , Yang Hung-Jen
Published: June 2017

Mobile application stores (or app stores) sell or provide mobile applications/services for handheld devices such as smartphones or tablet computers. A wide variety of mobile applications is available on the app stores. Popular applications include location-based services, mobile games, mobile offices, and music. The highly popular apps create great opportunities for IT companies and workers. However, traditional desktop programmers have problems switching to handheld programming because it requires a different approach from desktop programming. Unlike desktop application development, there are no widely accepted tools or software for mobile app development. At the same time, mobile app development is complicated and platform-specific compared to desktop application development. This chapter introduces mobile app development using Android. Mobile developers can get a sense of mobile app development by reading this chapter and apply it to other platforms or further explore the Android app development.
Mobile Applications for Automatic Object Recognition
Authors: Avola Danilo , Foresti Gian Luca , Piciarelli Claudio , Vernier Marco , Cinque Luigi
Published: June 2017

In recent years, the technological improvements of mobile devices in terms of computational capacity, embedded sensors, natural interaction and high-speed connection are enabling an ever-increasing number of designers to develop advanced mobile applications to be used in everyday life. Among these, the vision based applications for the Automatic Object Recognition (AOR) play a key role since enable users to interact with the world around them in innovative way that makes more productive and profitable their entertainment, learning and working activities. The proposed chapter is divided into four sections. The first one, Background, explores the most recent works in AOR mobile applications highlighting the feature extraction processes and the implemented classifiers. The second one, MV Development Technologies, provides an overview of the current frameworks used to support the mobile AOR applications. The third one, Future Research Trends, discusses the aims of the next generation of AOR applications. Finally, Conclusion, concludes the chapter.
Novel Methods to Design Low-Complexity Digital Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters
Authors: Romero David Ernesto Troncoso , Dolecek Gordana Jovanovic
Published: June 2017

Digital filters play a central role in modern Digital Signal Processing (DSP) systems. Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters can provide solutions with guaranteed stability and linear phase. However, the main disadvantage of conventional FIR filter designs is that they become computationally complex, especially in applications demanding narrow transition bandwidths. Therefore, designing FIR filters with very stringent specifications and a low complexity is currently an important challenge. In this chapter, a review of the recent methods to efficiently design low-complexity linear-phase FIR filters is presented. The chapter starts with an introduction to linear-phase FIR digital filters. Then, an overview of the design methods that have been developed in literature to design low-complexity FIR filters is presented. Finally, the most common and recent of these methods along with their corresponding special structures are explained.
Open Source
Authors: Schnackenberg Heidi Lee
Published: June 2017

The phrase “open source” is not something often heard in everyday conversation. However, the idea of downloadable, free, software, particularly mobile applications, or “apps,” has become quite commonplace. Individuals often download free products, grateful that they are available, and will potentially work well, without thinking where they originate or why they even exist. Not so long ago, most things associated with computers available to the general population came at a cost and were available from only a few vendors. Presently, this is no longer the case thanks to the ever-increasing availability and popularity of open source software, operating systems, and applications.
SMS & Civil Unrest
Authors: Chiluwa Innocent
Published: June 2017

This entry examines the roles of text messaging in organizing and mobilizing protests and social unrest. It gives a general overview of the various forms of protest behaviors, showing how and why social media and ICTs have enhanced protest planning and implementation by activists around the world. The chapter reviews current knowledge in research literature as well as describes and gives examples of types of responses to ICT communication networks by national governments during crises. It concludes with a hope that ICT based initiatives and movements can achieve impactful social change despite skepticism among scholars on the contrary.
A Survey of People Localization Techniques Utilizing Mobile Phones
Authors: Bayındır Levent
Published: June 2017

With the ongoing diffusion of mobile computing and context-aware applications, knowledge of the current location of an individual can be leveraged in a number of different domains, from personal diaries and fitness-related applications to human behavior analysis and targeted advertising. This article presents a review of past research works describing techniques for utilizing smartphone sensors to identify the environment where a smartphone user is located. The review focuses on studies where user location can be computed autonomously and continuously by a smartphone, without the need for an active involvement of the user, and where issues such as power consumption and dependence of sensor readings from the on-body position of the phone are addressed.
Technological Innovation and Use in the Early Days of Camera Phone Photo Messaging
Authors: Lillie Jonathan
Published: June 2017

This chapter reviews user studies to look at the early era (roughly 2001 to 2007) of camera phone and MMS (multimedia messaging services) use. It then considers the role played by one of the main regional and global industry actors (Nokia) in shaping the technology and then responding to user trends and innovation. The studies reviewed show that early camera phone users embraced this technology as a significantly enhanced form of the portable analog camera, as opposed to being more enthralled with photo messaging as industry players like Nokia had hoped. The chapter concludes by arguing that technological innovation and use are impacted by many factors besides industrial design and marketing.
Transmedia and Transliteracy in Nemetical Analysis
Authors: Josefowicz Michael , Gallon Ray , Galés Maria Nieves Lorenzo
Published: June 2017

The increasing diversification of interconnected media platforms, which provide a complex discourse, demands an effective use of the space that is now called “transmedia”. This article provides terms and definitions for transmedia and for the new set of personal skills and abilities required to participate in it: “transliteracy”. It also presents the nemetic system, which facilitates analyzing, tracking and visualizing communication interactions in virtual transmedia environments. Learning to use these new media platforms requires skills beyond the traditional listening and reading, to be able to integrate multiple messages in multiple codes, as an essential skill both for personal and professional communication. This transliteracy is a complex ability of intertextual navigation, the strategy for coding and decoding the multidiscourse in the digital ecosystem.
QoS Architectures for the IP Network
Authors: Perros Harry G.
Published: June 2017

When we call someone over the Internet using a service such as Skype or Google talk, we may experience certain undesirable problems. For instance, we may not be able to hear the other person very well, or even worse, the call may be dropped. In order to eliminate these problems, the underlying IP network has to be able to provide quality of service guarantees. Several schemes have been developed that enable the IP network to provide such guarantees. Of these schemes, the Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) and the Differentiated Services (DiffServ) are the most widely used. In this article, some of the salient features of MPLS and DiffServ are reviewed.
Community Outreach
Authors: Roy Loriene , Frydman Antonia
Published: June 2017

As social institutions, libraries respond to the needs, pressures, and impacts of society. Community outreach is the development and promotion of services offered by information settings. Such services extend beyond physical collections and involve the development and provision of customized events in response to or in anticipation of community needs. Library outreach has its historical roots in the late nineteenth century public library movement that coincided with the Progressive Era, when library services were conveyed directly to community members' homes and places of employment. Contemporary expressions of community outreach include engagement of faculty and students with communities of need, academic preparation of new professionals to serve communities of need, crisis informatics, and digital equity. Efforts are challenged by sustainability, impacts or returns on investments, personal and professional motivations, and the emergence of expected and unexpected community needs.
Political Context Elements in Public Policy of Radio Frequency Information Technology and Electromagnetic Fields
Authors: Steinfeld Joshua M.
Published: June 2017

There are widespread uses of radio frequency information technology (RADFIT) including applications related to communications, security, big data, military, transportation, space exploration, oceanography, agriculture, medical sciences, and more. Regulation of RADFIT is challenging and controversial as agencies and stakeholders struggle to balance benefits and costs. This powerful and invisible technology has the capacity to achieve break-through solutions by utilizing electromagnetic fields to collect, analyze, and transmit data, or to enact stimuli to create interventions for machines or living matter. However, the prevalence of RF base stations and electromagnetic fields has altered the environment and results in unintended absorption by human subjects. The public policy and politics of RADFIT, including the processes for base site installation and acceptable levels of absorption, have come to the forefront of discourse. This entry discusses the political narratives that dictate public policy stances on the issue, bureaucratic considerations, and the response by communities.
Advancement and Application of Scientometric Indicators for Evaluation of Research Content
Authors: Zainab Tazeem , Wani Zahid Ashraf
Published: June 2017

To quantify science and to handle the scientific information various methods are used. Researchers and scientists use varied techniques for fundamental concepts which are more or less auxiliary and corresponding to a certain extension with respect to their applications. Scientometrics in this context, is a novel scientific field joining science and technology with information science and expending numerous mathematical, statistical, data mining techniques and procedures to measure and quantify scientific information. The focus of scientometrics as a discipline is the literature of science and technology. The proposed chapter thus aims to discuss the concept of Scientometrics, and its indicators that are employed to assess the quality of scholarly content. Further, the chapter also discusses the pros and cons of prominent scientometric indicators that are currently employed in assessing the performance of an individual researcher, institution or a country.
Predictive Analytics and Intelligent Risk Detection in Healthcare Contexts
Authors: Wickramasinghe Nilmini
Published: June 2017

As the value agenda progresses in healthcare, we are witnessing a growing interest in the potential and possibilities for predictive analytics and intelligent risk detection to facilitate the processing of multi-spectral data to enable and sound decision making to ensue. However, the exponential growth of data coupled with a rapid increase of service demands in healthcare contexts today requires a robust framework enabled by IT (information technology) solutions as well as real-time service handling in order to ensure superior decision making and successful healthcare outcomes. The following serves to unpack critical issues in this regard context of Orthopedics.
A Bio-Inspired, Distributed Control Approach to the Design of Autonomous Cooperative Behaviors in Multiple Mobile Robot Systems
Authors: Yasuda Gen'ichi
Published: June 2017

This chapter deals with the design and implementation of bio-inspired control architectures for intelligent multiple mobile robot systems. Focusing on building control systems, this chapter presents a non-centralized, behavior-based methodology for autonomous cooperative control, inspired by the adaptive and self-organizing capabilities of biological systems, which can generate robust and complex behaviors through limited local interactions. With autonomous behavior modules for discrete event distributed control, a modular, Petri net based behavioral control software has been implemented in accordance with a hierarchical distributed hardware structure. The behavior modules with respective pre-conditions and post-conditions can be dynamically connected in response to status events from action control modules at the lower level to achieve the specified overall task. The approach involving planning, control and reactivity can integrate high-level command input with the behavior modules through the distributed autonomous control architecture.
Robotics and Programming Integration as Cognitive-Learning Tools
Authors: Eteokleous Nikleia
Published: June 2017

Robotics and programming integration as cognitive-learning tools, in selected teaching cases exploits its full potential; therefore, it upgrades and enhances the teaching and learning process and promotes school transformation. Employing a case study approach, the current study examines how robotics and computer programming can be integrated within the elementary teaching practice (2nd to 6th grade) in order to achieve learning objectives across disciplines beyond STEM (8 teachers and 169 students participated at the study). Results are discussed taking into account class size, robotics package used, teacher age, gender, experience and teacher digital literacy/ comfort level with technology. The innovative educational robotics curriculum developed by the Robotics Academy provides the theoretical and educational framework to achieve the above.
Social Media and Business Practices
Authors: Rathore Ashish Kumar , Ilavarasan P. Vigneswara
Published: June 2017

This chapter presents an overview of social media and its application in various business domains. Social media platforms are increasingly becoming important for business growth. This chapter introduces the social media platforms, their various definitions, and their reach. It describes different types and business models of the social media platforms. This chapter discusses how the social media platforms could be used in all the business domains, with examples. This chapter will be useful to the students of general management, organization studies, strategic management, and social sciences.
Social Network Analysis and the Study of University Industry Relations
Authors: Romero Fernando Cabrita
Published: June 2017

The aim of this work is to give an overview of the use of social network analysis in the study of university industry relations. The structure of networks can be analysed through the lens of Social Network Analysis. This methodological approach is briefly described and its fundamental concepts are presented. The paper reviews the applications of this approach on the study of university industry relations. Different structures in the relations may result in different innovation outcomes, and the use of SNA may be particularly useful to understand differential outcomes. This work is based on a review of available literature on the topics. The paper aims at systematizing the information and knowledge related to the application of SNA on university industry networks, highlighting the main research pathways, the main conclusions and pointing possible future research questions.
Social Networking and Knowledge Sharing in Organizations
Authors: Kaur Sarabjot , Misra Subhas Chandra
Published: June 2017

Knowledge sharing in organizational context is facilitated by communicative process affected by varied social dynamics. It can be a difficult process in case of distributed organizations as employees may not be aware of the right source of getting advice and expertise. In such a scenario, social networking tools provide the required functionality for such sharing and lead to better social ties among knowledge providers and seekers across the organization. The present article brings out some factors that affect knowledge sharing behavior in context of organizations using social networking tools as a communicative media.
Understanding the Potentials of Social Media in Collaborative Learning
Authors: Karahoca Adem , Yengin İlker
Published: June 2017

Social media is globally used daily on many occasions to form communities. More than just being a place for connecting people to larger communities, social media has become a platform technology to enable creating and sharing knowledge. Social media is a potential technology to improve collaborative learning practices, especially. Thus, players in education field should investigate and understand the beneficial use of social media. This article illustrates the potential benefits of using social media in collaborative learning. Collaborative learning with social media technology is analyzed with extensive examples from the research studies. These examples are carefully reviewed by providing a critical analysis of the benefits and drawbacks of the social media on learning.
Displaying Hidden Information in Glossaries
Authors: Ridao Marcela , Doorn Jorge Horacio
Published: June 2017

Requirements Engineering is frequently seen as the activity of the Software Engineering process with fewer tools. Usually there are only available graphic and text editing aids. This is supported by the perception that it is a human being intensive task. This chapter is based on the understanding that such perception is just partially true. Models used along the Requirements Engineering process have underlying structures holding semantic information difficult to be seen by the reader. In fact, models created with well defined objective, were designed to maximize their expressiveness for that objective. However they may hold some useful shadowed information. Here is where a specialized tool may become valuable. From an epistemological point of view, this situation is similar to what happens in data mining. In this chapter, a tool able to make visible any clustering existing in Universe of Discourse glossaries is described. It is based on the automatic constructions of graphs using references embedded in the glossary itself.
Dynamic Situational Adaptation of a Requirements Engineering Process
Authors: Hadad Graciela Dora Susana , Doorn Jorge Horacio , Ledesma Viviana Alejandra
Published: June 2017

Literature shows that the elicitation techniques used in a Requirements Engineering process are often chosen based on the particular characteristics of the application context, mainly related to the involved human sources of information. However, these particularities, usually called situational factors, are seldom taken into account in other activities of the requirements process. Most situational factors, when considered in software projects, have a high influence on the requirements process. Therefore, the different situations that may attempt against or may favor a successful requirements process should be identified at the beginning of the project. Additionally, some of such factors may evolve along with software development life cycle; this may imply re-planning the requirements process at later strategic milestones. In this chapter, a process for constructing and dynamically adapting a requirements process is proposed. The process uses different combinations of situational factors at specific variation points and manages a repository of process blocks to perform the tailoring.
Object-Oriented Programming in Computer Science
Authors: Yilmaz Rahime , Sezgin Anil , Kurnaz Sefer , Arslan Yunus Ziya
Published: June 2017

A program is composed of commands, which runs within a computer or an electronic circuit. Programming is a mathematical methodology to write a program and to encode the algorithm into a notation. It can be classified into two groups such as system and application programming. System programming is a branch of the general programming that is composed of low level instructions which are used to operate and handle computer hardware. Application programming is considered as the improved version of the computer programs which can perform specific tasks. One of the application programming types is the object-oriented programming (OOP) which is about how information is represented in human mind. OOP is useful to provide easy modeling in design and developing real entities. This approach is aimed to model the entities and the relationships existing between them. OOP enables to define the required classes to create the objects and to apply modifications on them. The inherent properties of OOP are modularity, extensibility and reusability. This chapter provides a substantial survey of OOP.
The What, How, and When of Formal Methods
Authors: Dasso Aristides , Funes Ana
Published: June 2017

Questions such as what are Formal Methods, how are Formal Methods implemented, how are they used in Software Engineering and when should they be used, among other related questions, are the main objective of this article. Some definitions are given to answer some of these questions; the article also states the aims of FM as well as it gives their main characteristics. An example that shows how Formal Methods can be used for specifying not only software requirements but also the rest of the stages in a software development process is given. A discussion about when they should be used, explaining the reasons why they should be applied when security and reliability are important requirements of the software under development, is presented. Finally, some arguments about how they can also be used as a complement to traditional development methods are provided.
Efficient Optimization Using Metaheuristics
Authors: Nesmachnow Sergio
Published: June 2017

This chapter provides an insight into the main concepts, theoretical advances, and experimental results in the field of metaheuristics, when applied for efficiently solving real-world optimization problems. A general view of the most well-known metaheuristic methods is presented. After that, relevant applications of metaheuristics in nowadays real-world problems from several domains are described, highlighting on their capabilities to solve complex problems with high efficiency. Finally, the main current and future research lines in the field are also summarized and commented.
Multifaceted Applications of the Internet of Things
Authors: Kasemsap Kijpokin
Published: June 2017

This article determines the overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the multifaceted applications of the IoT. The IoT is made up of hardware and software technologies. The IoT describes a world in which everyday objects are connected to a network so that data can be shared. The IoT refers to the networking of physical objects through the use of embedded sensors, actuators, and other devices that can collect and transmit information about the objects. The data amassed from these devices can be analyzed to optimize products, services, and operations. For the IoT to flourish, interoperability must apply across all parts of the system, including the transmission networks and the data being transmitted. The IoT enables the multifaceted applications ranging from the micro to the macro, and from the trivial to the critical perspectives.
Massive Open Online Courses and Integrating Open Source Technology and Open Access Literature Into Technology-Based Degrees
Authors: Dawson Maurice , Burton Sharon L. , Bessette Dustin , Wright Jorja
Published: June 2017

Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) are a new phenomenon of course delivery for students, faculty, and administrators to use. As this technology continues to grow in the short term it is essential to develop a method in which Open Source Software (OSS), open source technologies, and open access literature can be incorporated to strengthen the MOOC environment. Strengthening the MOOC environment can be used as a method to increase retention as well as increase enrollment in higher education. As Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) programs are going online it is imperative that the tools meet the demands of today's marketplace. This chapter provides insights on these open technology solutions so that current and future MOOCs can be enhanced with little to no cost added.
An Overview of Crowdsourcing
Authors: Younis Eman
Published: June 2017

During the past decade, there were rapid developments on the Internet, computing technologies and wide-spread of location-aware technologies such as GPS and mobile technology. These developments made it easier for people to communicate and share their opinions, views, knowledge, maps and many others throughout software platforms. These technologies have participated in the creation of what is now called Web 2.0. It is a new era of the web where users play an active role in adding contents to the web in a collaborative way, instead of just consuming the web contents. People are sharing social media posts, blog posts, product reviews, ideas, opinions and many more. Crowdsourcing is a phenomenon that appeared due to the ability of web users to contribute to the web (Web2.0). This chapter serves as a general overview of crowdsourcing. It investigates various attempts to defining the term, its conceptual models, its benefits and challenges, its applications and exploring some online crowdsourcing systems, software platforms, current and future research avenues.
Visual Identity Design for Responsive Web
Authors: Kang Sunghyun Ryoo , Satterfield Debra
Published: June 2017

Responsive Web Design, a flexible that works for multiple screen sizes and devices, has changed the web eco system. However, maintaining a strong and consistent visual identity in a responsive web design is challenging because of nature of its flexible or liquid layout and navigation. The purpose of this study is to identify design strategies for managing the visual identity of a site, the placement of images, and navigation methods that work consistently across the framework of responsive websites and devices.
Spectral Method Approximation of Flow Optimal Control Problems withH1-Norm State Constraint
Authors: Chen Yanping , Huang Fenglin
Published: June 2017

In this paper, we consider an optimal control problem governed by Stokes equations withH1-norm state constraint. The control problem is approximated by spectral method, which provides very accurate approximation with a relatively small number of unknowns. Choosing appropriate basis functions leads to discrete system with sparse matrices. We first present the optimality conditions of the exact and the discrete optimal control systems, then derive both a priori and a posteriori error estimates. Finally, an illustrative numerical experiment indicates that the proposed method is competitive, and the estimator can indicate the errors very well.
Scanning method for indoor localization using the RSSI approach
Authors: Warda Ahmad , Petković Bojana , Toepfer Hannes
Published: June 2017

Abstract. This paper presents a scanning method for indoor mobile robot localization using the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) approach. The method eliminates the main drawback of the conventional fingerprint, whose database construction is time-consuming and which needs to be rebuilt every time a change in indoor environment occurs. It directly compares the column vectors of a kernel matrix and signal strength vector using the Euclidean distance as a metric. The highest resolution available in localization using a fingerprint is restricted by a resolution of a set of measurements performed prior to localization. In contrast, resolution using the scanning method can be easily changed using a denser grid of potential sources. Although slightly slower than the trilateration method, the scanning method outperforms it in terms of accuracy, and yields a reconstruction error of only 0. 08 m averaged over 1600 considered source points in a room with dimensions 9.7 m × 4.7 m × 3 m. Its localization time of 0. 39 s makes this method suitable for real-time localization and tracking.
PERCUTANEOUS VS SURGICAL TRACHEOSTOMY: AN INCIDENCE
RATE OF STOMA INFECTION IN THE NEUROSURGERY ICU OF THE
SINGLE TERTIARY LEVEL HOSPITAL
Authors: Balčiūnienė Neringa , Kriukelytė Oresta , Ramšaitė Jurgita , Krikščionaitienė Asta , Tamošuitis Tomas
Published: June 2017

Objective. The aim of our study was to evaluate and
compare the incidence rate of stoma infection after
tracheostomy according to the type of procedure:
percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) vs
surgical tracheostomy (ST) in Neurosurgery Intensive
Care Unit (NICU) patients.
Material and methods. We performed a single-center
observational, retrospective cohort study including
patients who underwent tracheostomy during
their stay in the NICU at 2200 bed university teaching
hospital from October 2012 to December
2015. In total 240 patients were identified, the data
from 202 patients (140 males) with median age 60
(19-80) who met the inclusion criteria were used
for further analysis. There were 84 patients in PDT
group and 118 patients in ST group.
Results. The incidence rate of stoma infection was
significantly lower in PDT group compared to ST
group: 14 (16.7%) vs. 77 (65.3%), p<0.001. The
regression analysis showed that the use of ST was
associated with an increase in the risk of stoma infection
(OR=8.83; 95% CI 4.40-17.71; p<0.001).
Conclusion. The incidence rate of stoma infection
was significantly higher in ST group compared to
PDT group in NICU patients. ST strategy was associated
with increased probability for stoma infection
compared to PDT.
ADMINISTRACINIAI GEBĖJIMAI SVEIKATOS NETOLYGUMAMS
NUSTATYTI IR MAŽINTI LIETUVOS SAVIVALDYBĖSE:
KOKYBINIS POŽIŪRIS
Authors: Stepukonis Faustas , Butkevičienė Rūta , Beržanskytė Aušra , Jakubauskienė Marija , Kalėdienė Ramunė , Vladičkienė Jurgita , Stankūnas Mindaugas
Published: June 2017

Lietuva išsiskiria ženkliais sveikatos netolygumais,
pasireiškiančiais nevienodu gyventojų sveikatingumu
atsižvelgiant į lytį, amžių, išsilavinimą, materialinę
padėtį, gyvenamąją vietą, galimybe naudotis
medicinos paslaugomis. Sveikatos netolygumų mažinimo
Lietuvoje 2014-2023 m. veiksmų plane nurodoma,
kad viena iš esminių prielaidų šiems netolygumams
mažinti yra jų tinkama stebėsena ir vertinimas.
Siekiant numatytų veiklų mokslinio pagrindimo,
atliktas administracinių gebėjimų sveikatos
netolygumams nustatyti ir mažinti nacionaliniame
ir savivaldybės lygmenyje įvertinimas.
Šiame darbe pateikiami savivaldybių lygmens įvertinimo
rezultatai, gauti kokybiniu tyrimu. Tyrimo
duomenys buvo renkami taikant grupių diskusijų
(focus group) metodą, tyrimo dalyviams (informantams)
pateikiant atviro tipo diskusinius klausimus.
Tyrime dalyvavo 6 heterogeninės diskusijų grupės:
Vilniaus m., Kauno m., Klaipėdos m. ir raj., Utenos
raj. ir Vilkaviškio raj. Iš viso grupių diskusijose
dalyvavo 58 asmenys, atstovaujantys visuomenės
sveikatos, sveikatos priežiūros, švietimo, socialinių
paslaugų sektoriams ir organizacijoms. Didesnę informantų
dalį sudarė vadovaujančias pareigas užimantys
darbuotojai (38 asmenys).
Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė, jog (1) trūksta realios
vieningos sistemos ir metodikos, kuri užtikrintų
tikslinę sveikatos netolygumų savivaldybėje stebėseną
sveikatos bei kitų sektorių lygmenyje; (2)
tikslinis sveikatos netolygumų mažinimas nėra tiesiogiai
aiškiai suprantamas/suvoktas ir įvardijamas
sveikatos politikos prioritetas savivaldybės lygmenyje;
(3) trūksta realaus tarpsektorinio bendradarbiavimo
sveikatos netolygumų tema ir stokojama
geros vadybos praktikos sprendžiant sveikatos
klausimus su kitais sektoriais; (4) savivaldybės lygmenyje
trūksta informacijos apie moksliniais įrodymais
pagrįstas efektyvias sveikatos netolygumų
mažinimo savivaldybės lygmenyje intervencijas ir
jų įgyvendinimo metodologinius reikalavimus.
Uma literatura pelo mundo em pedaços repartida
Authors: Júdice Nuno
Published: June 2017

Existe desde a origem da língua portuguesa uma relação estreita com a ideia e o projeto de viagem. Desde as origens até ao presente, procura-se encontrar uma linha de continuidade, não evitando alguns momentos em que esse desejo foi contrariado por poetas ligados ao culto do território natal.
Diversidade como cânone: estudos literários em português
Authors: Alves Ida
Published: June 2017

A partir da divulgação da primeira versão da Base Nacional Comum Curricular, publicada pelo Ministério de Educação (MEC) em setembro de 2015, e sua segunda versão, em abril de 2016, desenvolve-se neste texto reflexão crítica sobre como os estudos literários em português são indicados nesse documento, sua presença e importância no ensino básico e médio brasileiro, com ausência de um projeto realmente amplo e mais efetivo de interculturalidade literária. O tratamento dado, nessa Base, à literatura portuguesa na formação literária plural de jovens leitores brasileiros e a importância da diversidade como cânone na compreensão contemporânea das literaturas de língua portuguesa e seu ensino são temas tratados neste trabalho.