bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A NEW METHOD OF PREPARING COLLOIDAL SILVER AND GOLD BY MEANS OF A CONTINUOUS HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE
Authors: Fraser A. N. , Gibbard J.
Published: April 2011

A new method of preparing metal sols, by the use of a continuous high frequency electrical discharge of sufficient intensity to produce a sinusoidal spark, is described. Stable yellow colloidal silver and purple colloidal gold have been prepared, without a protective colloid, by this method. Chemical determinations have failed to indicate any silver oxide in the yellow silver sols.
THE ACTION OF HYPOCHLOROUS ACID ON ARYLIDENECYANOACETIC ACIDS
Authors: McRae John Alexander , Hopkins Clarence Yardley
Published: April 2011

The action of hypochlorous acid on p-methoxybenzylidenecyanoacetic acid has been found to produce p-methoxyphenylacetic acid. When treated in the same way, o-methoxybenzylidene-, veratrylidene- and piperonylidenecyanoacetic acids give the corresponding substituted phenylacetic acids in moderately good yields. Several schemes suggesting how this transformation may occur are advanced.o-Chlorobenzylidenecyanoacetic acid gives α-cyano-β-(2-chlorophenyl)glycidic acid but this substance could not be converted to o-chlorophenylacetic acid. Less definite results were obtained when the aryl group of the original acid was phenyl, o- and m-nitrophenyl, cinnamyl, furyl, 3-nitroanisyl and 6-nitropiperonyl.o-Chlorobenzylidene-, o-methoxybenzylidene-, 3-nitroanisylidene-, and 6-nitropiperonylidenecyanoacetic acids have been prepared for the first time.
THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARACEOUS PLANTS: I. DICENTRA CANADENSIS, WALP.
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

A preliminary examination of Dicentra canadensis tubers collected in the province of Quebec has revealed the presence of protopine, which had previously been found, together with three typical alkaloids of Corydalis species, namely: bulbocapnine, corydine and isocorydine. The presence of the last in comparatively large quantity is surprising in view of its general scarcity elsewhere. The existence of other bases is indicated and will be made the subject of studies on a larger quantity of material.Of the non-basic materials, the most interesting is a nitrogenous orange-colored substance, C32H29O5(OMe)3(− CON =)2, the complexity of which is reminiscent of oxyacanthine or dauricine.
STUDIES ON REACTIONS RELATING TO CARBOHYDRATES AND POLYSACCHARIDES: XLI. STRUCTURE OF RAFFINOSE LEVAN
Authors: Mitchell Walter , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

Raffinose levan has been synthesized by the action of B. subtilis on raffinose. The product is identical in structure with sucrose levan previously synthesized by the action of B. subtilis and B. mesentericus respectively on sucrose, and thus represents a polymerized 2:6-anhydro-fructofuranose. The work serves to confirm the theory put forward previously to the effect that levan formation takes place only with sugars containing a terminal fructofuranose grouping. B. subtilis and B. mesentericus thus exert quite a specific action with respect to the synthesis of levan.
CHEESE-RIPENING STUDIES: Nitrogen Requirements of Lactic Acid Bacteria: I. THE FRACTIONAL ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS NITROGEN SOURCES USED FOR THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF THE SUGAR-FERMENTING ABILITIES OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA
Authors: Eagles Blythe Alfred , Sadler Wilfrid
Published: April 2011

A study is being made of the nitrogen requirements of lactic acid bacteria. Employing the method of Wasteneys and Borsook, the nitrogen distribution has been determined in nitrogen sources available commercially and in sources that may be readily prepared by laboratory workers. Forty-three sources have been analyzed. The results of the analyses show that peptic casein digest broth contains from 55 to 63% protein nitrogen, 19 to 25% peptone nitrogen, and 14 to 17% subpeptone nitrogen, according to the particular casein used—when the standard method of preparation is followed. If less casein is used for digestion, or if the period of digestion is reduced, the total amount of nitrogen made available is lower; this being true for the subpeptone nitrogen fraction in particular. In tryptic casein digest broth, 70% of the nitrogen is in the subpeptone nitrogen fraction, and about 28% is found as peptone nitrogen. The broth prepared from one commercial source presents a nitrogen distribution picture that is something of a composite of the nitrogen distribution in the standard casein digest and the tryptic casein digest.When the nitrogen sources fractionated are employed as the substrate for fermentation studies, it will be seen that whilst the suitability of a source is not always fully indicated by the nitrogen distribution picture, the biological significance of the nitrogen distribution in the sources is, on the whole, reflected in the influence on the sugar-fermenting abilities of the lactic acid bacteria reported upon.
DURATION OF META-STABLE STATES, NEON
Authors: Anderson J. M.
Published: April 2011

The rate of decay of absorption of six neon lines λ 6402, λ 6334, λ 6266, λ 6163, λ 6143 and λ 5945 has been measured for a series of pressures at room temperature and at the temperature of liquid air. Curves showing the variation of half-life with pressure have been plotted for each line at both temperatures. It is found that the function [Formula: see text] is exponential in the time, and that the rate of decay is markedly different at the same pressure and temperature for different lines ending in the same meta-stable state.
A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF THE MANNER OF REMOVAL OF LIGNIN FROM SPRUCE IN CONCENTRATED SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTIONS
Authors: Macklin L. S. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

An apparatus and method have been devised for studying the cooking of wood with sodium hydroxide solutions. The apparatus was so designed that the amount of wood was smaller, and temperature, pressure and concentration of cooking liquor could be controlled more accurately, than heretofore. Wood samples of known bone-dry weight were then treated under fixed and reproducible conditions. The cooking of small spruce chips at 160 °C. has been investigated for time periods up to three hours and using 20, 25, 29, 32 and 40% sodium hydroxide solutions, a concentration region not previously investigated. The pulp produced contained a certain amount of lignin changed so as to be readily soluble in dilute alkali. This together with lignin contained in the final cooking liquor was estimated. The rate of solution of lignin in the liquor was found to vary as the inverse cube of the sodium hydroxide concentration in the range examined. A tentative hypothesis based on lignin being a lyophilic colloid has been put forward to account for the following generalizations which could be made with regard to the data obtained. (a) Lignin cannot be dissolved until it is changed into a "dilute alkali-soluble form". (b) Increase in concentration of sodium hydroxide acts in two ways; first, in increasing the amount of this form and, second, in preventing it from leaving the pulp proper.
STUDIES ON REACTIONS RELATING TO CARBOHYDRATES AND POLYSACCHARIDES: XLII. THE SYNTHESIS OF CELLULOSE o-CHLOROBENZYL ETHERS AND MECHANISM OF THEIR FORMATION
Authors: Ball R. H. , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

A method has been developed for the study of the specific effect of the factors involved in the synthesis of cellulose o-chlorobenzyl ethers, and applied to an investigation of the most important of the reaction variables. The usefulness of the data thus obtained in studying the mechanism of the reaction, and in supplying new information on the chemical properties of soda cellulose, has been pointed out. The latter application of the data has been made possible by the development of a method for the quantitative separation of the cellulose mono- and lower ethers from the higher cellulose ethers.It has been shown that in the reaction between soda cellulose and o-chlorobenzyl chloride, the extent to which ether formation occurs is influenced to a marked degree by the temperature of the reaction and the alkali concentration used in the preparation of the soda cellulose. Increase in either, or both, of these factors results in increased ether formation, such increase taking place, however, in a somewhat complex manner. It has been found possible to interpret the irregularities in the effect of these two variables, namely, temperature and alkali concentration, in accordance with a kinetic conception of the reaction, which assumes the existence of an equilibrium mixture of mono-, sesqui-, and di-sodium cellulosates in the soda cellulose employed. Evidence has been presented for the definite existence of a sesqui-o-chlorobenzyl ether of cellulose, C12H17O10 (C7H6Cl)3.The effect of temperature on o-chlorobenzyl ether formation has been studied at one definite alkali concentration (20 gm. of sodium hydroxide per 100 cc.), and the effect of concentration at one definite temperature (95 °C.) Based on the results obtained, a final experiment was performed, which showed that the influence of each variable is specific, and that these factors can be altered in such a manner as to lead, qualitatively at least, to the synthesis of ethers of well-defined structure.The limited experimental data obtained on the influence of the duration of "steeping" and "aging" of the soda cellulose appear to indicate that during these processes a combination of oxidation and depolymerization changes occur, leading to an increase in the solubility of the cellulose derivatives formed.An initial equilibrium apparently exists between the primary sodium cellulosate and the sesqui sodium cellulosate, the formation of the latter being favored both by increasing alkali concentration and higher temperature. The shifting of this equilibrium, with increase in the reaction temperature and concentration of the alkaline steeping liquor, in the direction of the sesqui sodium cellulosate is followed immediately by the establishment of a second equilibrium between the latter and disodium cellulosate, as shown by the fact that the sesqui cellulose o-chlorobenzyl ether can be obtained free from the cellulose di-ether only over a very limited range of temperature and concentration.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE PYROLYSIS OF GASEOUS PARAFFINS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PRODUCTION OF ETHYLENE
Authors: Cambron Adrien
Published: April 2011

On passing natural gas, containing 4.8% ethane, through an electrically heated tungsten spiral, the formation of liquid products was observed at 1050 °C.On passing the same gas over an electrically heated 4-mm. carbon rod enclosed in an uninsulated silica tube 2.0 cm. wide, 7.7% of the gas was converted to liquid and solid hydrocarbons at a rod temperature of 1050–1100 °C. No liquids or solids except carbon were formed when the silica tube was insulated.By replacing the 2.0-cm. silica tube by a water-cooled Pyrex tube, 3.2 cm. wide, no liquid or solid hydrocarbons were obtained, but 17% of the gas was converted to gaseous unsaturated hydrocarbons at 993 °C. On passing ethane through the 3.2-cm. water-cooled reaction tube at rod temperature of 989 °C., 50.5% of the entering gas was converted to ethylene, and 90.0% of the ethane decomposed did so according to the equation C2H6 → C2H4 + H2.The dehydrogenation of ethane was found to be greatly accelerated by the presence of reduced copper in the tube, the metal being used in the form of a cylindrical wire gauze and placed around the carbon rod. Copper bronze coated with molybdic oxide was also found to be active under the same conditions.
STRUCTURAL VISCOSITY IN SOME LYOPHILIC SOLS: I. THE FLOCCULATION OF GELATIN AND CASEIN BY AGAR
Authors: Gallay Wilfred
Published: April 2011

The relative viscosities of mixtures of gelatin and agar sols were measured at varying pressures using the overflow viscosimeter. All the sols showed wide deviations from Poiseuille's law, with regions of structure and turbulence at low and high pressures, respectively. A minimum viscosity was found for a intermediate mixture, showing a dehydrating action of the agar on the gelatin. This effect was masked in a similar series using casein and agar, due to the much greater difference in relative viscosity of the two sols. A marked structural turbulence was found in the region of structure in many cases. The relation between velocity of flow and pressure is expressed by a parabolic equation.
STRUCTURAL VISCOSITY IN SOME LYOPHILIC SOLS: II. RUBBER SOLS
Authors: Gallay Wilfred
Published: April 2011

The relative viscosities of sols of natural and purified rubber in benzene were measured at varying pressures using the overflow viscosimeter. Deviations from Poiseuille's law to varying extents were found in all cases, with regions of structure and turbulence at various pressures. The limiting concentrations above which structure is evident and Poiseuille's law is not obeyed were found to be in agreement with those calculated by Staudinger, on the basis of his theory of the relation between the viscosity and molecular weight of polymeric molecules. Exposure to ultra-violet light was found to decrease considerably the viscosity of a sol of purified rubber.
THE BREMIDAE OF MANITOBA
Authors: Neave Ferris
Published: April 2011

The distributional ranges of many species of Bremidae meet or overlap in Manitoba. The distribution of most of these species is shown to follow closely the summer isotherms, which, in general, run in a northwest to southeast direction. Three main areas are recognized, each characterized by the presence or absence of certain species: (1) southern, (2) central, (3) northern and eastern. In the latter, three sub-areas are indicated. In all, 23 species of Bremidae are recorded from the province.
NOTE ON SOLID-LIQUID EQUILIBRIA IN SOME TWO-COMPONENT SYSTEMS INVOLVING HYDROGEN CYANIDE
Authors: Peiker A. L. , Coffin C. C.
Published: April 2011

The freezing-point curves of the two-component systems hydrogen cyanide-water, hydrogen cyanide-formic acid, hydrogen cyanide-formamide and hydrogen cyanide-benzaldehyde have been determined. These systems are all of the simple eutectic type and show no evidence of molecular compound formation. A chemical reaction prohibited the investigation of solid-liquid equilibria in the case of halogen hydride-hydrogen cyanide systems.
STUDIES ON REACTIONS RELATING TO CARBOHYDRATES AND POLYSACCHARIDES: XLIV. SYNTHESIS OF ISOMERIC BICYCLIC ACETAL ETHERS
Authors: Hallonquist Earland G. , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

Two isomeric bicyclic acetal ethers, namely, 3, 5, 7-trioxabicyclo [2, 2, 2] octane and 3, 6, 8-trioxabicyclo [3, 2, 1] octane, have been synthesized by the action of aqueous potassium hydroxide on 1, 3-bromoethylidene glycerol 2-benzoate and 1, 2-bromoethylidene glycerol 3-benzoate respectively. Both isomers are crystalline products possessing similar solubilities in organic solvents and high vapor pressures. They show no indication of interconvertibility on solution in solvents, or under the influence of heat. On hydrolysis they yield glycollic aldehyde and glycerol.A new method for the synthesis of cyclic acetals from simple open-chain acetals is described.
THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARACEOUS PLANTS: III. A NEW ALKALOID, BICUCULLINE, AND ITS CONSTITUTION
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

A base, now named bicuculline, previously isolated from Dicentra cucullaria and referred to as alkaloid α has been obtained from Corydalis sempervirens and Adlumia fungosa. A chemical examination of this alkaloid has disclosed an exceptionally close relation to hydrastine, from which it differs only by the substitution of a methylenedioxy group for the two methoxyl groups. Accordingly, hydrolytic oxidation yields hydrastinine and 2-carboxy-3:4-methylenedioxy-benzaldehyde, which on reduction is converted into the known 3:4-methylenedioxy-phthalide.
THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARACEOUS PLANTS: IV. Adlumia fungosa, GREENE
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

An investigation of the alkaloids of Adlumia fungosa has confirmed the presence of protopine. The alkaloid previously reported as melting at 176–177 °C. proved to be bicuculline. Two new alkaloids, adlumine, C21H21O6N, and adlumidine C19H17O6N (?) have been isolated. These names have been used because it is felt that the alkaloids described by Schlotterbeck under the same names were either impure or improperly analyzed. The investigation is being continued.
FUNGI ISOLATED FROM MANITOBA SOIL BY THE PLATE METHOD
Authors: Bisby G. R. , James N. , Timonin M.
Published: April 2011

The fungus-flora of 75 samples of surface soils from various parts of Manitoba has been analyzed. The population of fungi in these soils is abundant and varied despite climatic conditions which might appear unfavorable. Forty-four genera and 100 species of fungi have been identified, and the relative frequency of each determined. It has been found that the methods of soil microbiology give data regarding the parasitic as well as the saprophytic fungi in soils; that Trichoderma lignorum parasitizes certain other fungi, and thus may play a part in keeping in check the pathogenic fungi within a soil; and that the addition of chemical fertilizer to a soil results in a prompt and consistent increase in the fungus-flora.
SWINE ERYSIPELAS
Authors: Fulton J. S.
Published: April 2011

Swine erysipelas has been recognized in widely separated districts in Saskatchewan, the disease having appeared in the acute, sub-acute and chronic forms.The organism has been isolated from a number of cases and positive serological reactions obtained in others.The organism isolated has been used to inoculate healthy pigs and in this way the disease has been reproduced.
THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARACEOUS PLANTS: V. THE CONSTITUTION OF ADLUMINE
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

A chemical examination of the alkaloid adlumine, which the author recently isolated from Adlumia fungosa, has disclosed an intimate relation to hydrastine and bicuculline. It differs from hydrastine only by the fact that the positions of the methylene-dioxy and the dimethoxy groups are reversed. Hydrolytic oxidation yields the expected products.
A METHOD FOR FINDING SMALL LEAKS IN A HIGH-VACUUM APPARATUS
Authors: Teeroux F. R. , Watson W. H.
Published: April 2011

not available
STUDIES IN URETHANES: VI. ACYL MONOURETHANES AND THEIR REACTIONS WITH AMMONIA AND AMINES
Authors: Basterfield Steward , Greig Margaret E.
Published: April 2011

The study of the action of ammonia and amines on acyl urethanes has been extended to urethanes of monobasic acids in order to determine whether the rule tentatively formulated with respect to the diurethanes (2, p. 361) holds for the monourethanes. The results reported here provide considerable evidence that the rule is broadly true, the tendency for formation of acid amides or ureas varying with the strengths of the acids and bases involved.
A REVIEW OF CANADIAN HELMINTHOLOGY: I. THE PRESENT STATUS OF KNOWLEDGE OF THE HELMINTH PARASITES OF DOMESTICATED AND SEMIDOMESTICATED MAMMALS AND ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT BIRDS IN CANADA, AS DETERMINED FROM WORK PUBLISHED PRIOR TO 1933
Authors: Swales W. E.
Published: April 2011

A review is made of all previous records of Trematoda, Cestoda and Nematoda found in Canadian horses, cattle, sheep, swine, deer and buffalo, dogs and cats, foxes, miscellaneous fur-bearers, poultry and game birds.These records are taken from papers published in various forms which claim identification of the parasites found, and are here published as check lists following an introduction and a semihistorical review of Canadian helminthology.
STUDIES ON FOOT AND ROOT ROT OF WHEAT: I. EFFECT OF AGE OF THE WHEAT PLANT UPON THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOOT AND ROOT ROT
Authors: Broadfoot W. C.
Published: April 2011

Studies were made to determine whether, in sterilized inoculated soil, Marquis wheat plants became more or less susceptible during the post-seedling stage to Ophiobolus graminis, Helminthosporium sativum, and Fusarium culmorum. While it was found that the plants in the seedling stage were more susceptible than at later stages, there was, with the technique used, no evidence that the plants become more or less susceptible during the post-seedling stage. The reasons for indefinite evidence on this important question are given. In sterilized soil, in open pot culture, inoculum of O. graminis was definitely more virulent when alone than when mixed singly or in combination with H. sativum, F. culmorum or Leptosphaeria herpotrichoides. The virulence of all pathogenes mentioned decreased progressively in sterilized soil, the greatest decrease taking place during the first 40 days, after which they were only slightly pathogenic and at the end of 120 days inoculum of O. graminis was impotent. The virulence of inoculum when added to unsterilized soil was greatly reduced in contrast with that in sterilized soil, and after 10 days it was practically at a minimum. These results emphasize the necessity of protecting inoculated sterilized soil against contamination by other micro-organisms in critical studies made in soil. They also throw light on the much recognized difficulty of producing foot rot in the field by prepared inoculum added to such soil.
STUDIES ON FOOT AND ROOT ROT OF WHEAT: II. CULTURAL RELATIONSHIPS ON SOLID MEDIA OF CERTAIN MICRO-ORGANISMS IN ASSOCIATION WITH Ophiobolus graminis SACC.
Authors: Broadfoot W. C.
Published: April 2011

The antagonistic and compatible growth relationships of 66 cultures of bacteria and fungi, most of which were from the soil, towards O. graminis on potato dextrose agar and Molisch's salt peptone agar, were compared with the effect of each on the virulence of this pathogene on wheat seedlings in open soil culture.Of the 21 cultures which controlled the virulence of O. graminis in the soil, only 15 of these were antagonistic on potato dextrose agar, while of the 45 cultures which gave intermediate or no control, 17 were compatible and 28 were decidedly antagonistic. From data secured indirectly, the antagonism or compatibility of the micro-organisms toward O. graminis, observed on potato dextrose agar, did not seem to depend on active alkali or acid more than on other metabolic products. The study apparently demonstrates that the growth reaction of various micro-organisms and O. graminis, associated on the two solid media used, is not a reliable indication that the same micro-organism will or will not suppress the virulence of this pathogene on wheat in soil in open pot culture.
THE EFFECT OF RADIANT ENERGY ON DIASTASE ACTIVITY
Authors: Hutchinson A. H. , Ashton Miriam R.
Published: April 2011

The effects of radiant energy as procured from a mercury arc, using full irradiation of varying intensity and using also individual wave-lengths transmitted by a monochromatic illuminator, have been determined. The enzymes investigated are the diastases (amylases) of saliva and of malt and the production, first of erythrodextrin and second, of maltose from starch, is used as an indicator of the enzyme activity. These two phases are designated the dextrinogenic and the saccharogenic. Full irradiation retards the dextrinogenic and the saccharogenic activity of both salivary and malt diastase in an inverse relation to intensity. In the case of salivary diastase the rates of dextrin production and of maltose production are decreased by the green and the far ultraviolet wave-lengths, while both tend toward stimulation when irradiated with the red yellow and near ultra-violet wave-lengths. The monochromatic effects on malt diastase are generally inhibitory for the dextrinogenic phase and stimulatory for the saccharogenic phase. These results may be explained by the presence of two enzymes constituting the diastase, one dextrinogenic, the other saccharogenic; either may be the less active and so become the "pace setter" for maltose production; in the dextrinogenic phase one only is considered, in the saccharogenic phase, both are involved; in salivary diastase the dextrinogenic enzyme is the "pace setter", while in malt diastase the saccharogenic enzyme is usually the "pace setter"; full illumination, however, retards the dextrinogenic enzyme until it becomes the "pace setter". The effects of monochromatic light on the growth of paramecium parallel the effects on the activity of salivary diastase and the effects of monochromatic light on the sporulation of Colletotrichum parallel the effects on the saccharogenic activity of malt diastase.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE SURFACE TENSION OF LIQUIDS NEAR THE CRITICAL TEMPERATURE
Authors: Winkler C. A. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The surface tension-temperature relations of methyl ether and propylene have been investigated by the capillary rise method over a range of temperatures approaching more closely to the critical temperature than has hitherto been done. From the data obtained, it has been concluded that the molecular surface energy does not become equal to zero when the meniscus is no longer visible, since the surface tension-temperature curves obtained apparently did not become asymptotic to the temperature axis at the critical temperature, the latter being considered as the temperature at which the meniscus is no longer discernible by the wave-lengths of visible light. The angle of interception of the surface tension-temperature curve with the temperature axis has been interpreted as indicating a discontinuity in properties at the critical point.The data obtained have also been applied to the examination of various relations involving surface tension. The Katayama equation has been shown to be considerably more accurate than that of Ramsay and Shields. Sugden's equation, has been found valid over the ranges of temperature investigated. The Macleod relation has also been examined, and an increase in the Macleod constant with increase in temperature shown to occur in the case of propylene, while no marked or progressive increase was noticed in the case of methyl ether. Calculation of the parachors served to emphasize the difference in behavior of the two substances in this respect. By a consideration of available data on benzene, chlorobenzene, and carbon tetrachloride, together with those obtained in this investigation, the increase of parachor in the case of those substances having unsaturated linkages in their molecular structure has been ascribed to increased electronic interaction with increased temperature. This is analogous to an increase in unsaturation.An attempt was made to adapt the ring method to the investigation of surface tension in the critical region, by measuring the force necessary to effect removal of the ring from the surface of the liquid by means of a calibrated quartz spiral. Although the method was unsatisfactory for the problem at hand, the feasibility of the method has been demonstrated. From the data obtained it has been possible to verify the zero angle of contact between methyl ether and glass.
ON THE SPECIFIC HEAT OF COPPER FROM −78° TO 0 °C.
Authors: Dockerty S. M.
Published: April 2011

This paper is a continuation of recent work by H. L. Bronson, H. M. Chisholm, and the author (3) on the specific heats of tungsten, molybdenum, and copper from 0° to 500 °C. The "method of electrical heating" and adiabatic calorimetry have been extended to determine the specific heat of copper from −78° to 0 °C.The equation previously given for the specific heat of copper contained only the first two terms of the Debye expansion and was found not to hold below −30 °C. The following equation containing four terms of the Debye expansion fits the experimental curve from −78° to 500 °C. with a maximum deviation of only about 0.05%,[Formula: see text]where the units are joules per gram per °K. The constants of this equation were determined empirically and their close relation to theoretically expected values has been discussed.
A PARASITOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE GENUS CITELLUS IN MANITOBA
Authors: McLeod J. A.
Published: April 2011

A parasitological survey of 236 gophers (Citellus spp.) in the province of Manitoba yielded five previously recorded ectoparasites, four species of Nematodes, three of which are regarded as new to science, an Acanthocephalan and two previously unrecorded species of Cestodes. No Trematodes or intracellular Protozoa were found.The importance of the Arthropod parasites as transmitters of disease, the pathogenicity of the enteric parasites and the correlation between the incidence of infestation and host abundance, are discussed.
THE REVERIFICATION OF A FOUR-METRE RULE
Authors: Field R. H.
Published: April 2011

An investigation is described in which a determination was made of the length equation of a four-metre invar rule used as a basis for measuring tapes. A short description of the rule and its associated apparatus is given. The investigation demonstrated that different rules made at the same time from the same ingot of invar do not necessarily have identical thermal coefficients. It was also found that the temperatures of two rules of different cross section differed considerably even in a room where the air temperature was changing only at a very slow rate i.e., 1 °C. in two or three hours.
GELASINOSPORA, A NEW GENUS OF PYRENOMYCETES WITH PITTED SPORES
Authors: Dowding Eleanor Silver
Published: April 2011

Gelasinospora is a genus closely related to Sordaria, characterized by the foveolate sculpturing of the spore wall. At present it contains two species, as follows:—I. Gelasinospora tetrasperma, a coprophilous fungus which has been cultivated from spores collected in Manitoba and in Ontario.The species is described, together with illustrations of the chief characters, such as the four-spored condition of the ascus and the thickened ring bordering its apical perforation.Each normal-sized spore gives rise to a homothallic mycelium. The normal spore contains four nuclei. Asci very occasionally produce dwarf spores. Each dwarf spore gives rise to a mycelium which produces archicarps, but no perithecia. The mycelia from dwarf spores fall into two groups, (+) and (−), in regard to their sexual behavior. When (+) and (−) mycelia are paired, perithecia are produced. Sometimes asci contain giant spores. The giant spores usually produce homothallic mycelia and the spores usually contain six nuclei.II. Gelasinospora cerealis, isolated from the crown of wheat and oats in Manitoba.The species is described, together with illustrations of the chief characters, such as the eight-spored condition of the ascus and the two radial thickenings at its apical perforation.Each spore gives rise to a homothallic mycelium. The spores are binucleate.
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF PROBABILITY
Authors: Clark A. L.
Published: April 2011

An experimental determination of probability is described in this paper. Steel balls were dropped on to a horizontal plate pierced with holes in regular array, and the number which passed through without contact with the plate was observed. The ratio of the number of free passages to the total number of balls dropped is the experimental probability, and this number was found to be in very close agreement with the probability calculated from measurement of the balls and holes. Since this calculated probability involves π, the experimental probability may be used to calculate π which was found to be 3.143 ±.005. The paper closes with a brief discussion of the application of probability to certain problems in physics.
STUDIES ON THE INHERITANCE OF COVERED SMUT REACTION, LEMMA COLOR, AWN DEVELOPMENT AND RACHILLA PUBESCENCE IN OATS
Authors: Johnson L. P. V.
Published: April 2011

An oat cross, Black Mesdag × Victory, was studied genetically for covered smut reaction, lemma color, awn development and rachilla pubescence. Only the F3 was studied for reaction to the covered smut fungus, Ustilago levis (K. and S.) Magn. Prior to sowing, the caryopses were dehulled and inoculated with smut spores. Hybrid susceptibility (up to 95%) corresponded with that of Victory, the non-resistant parent. Segregation among F3 families occurred in the ratio 4 immune: 9 moderately resistant: 3 susceptible. It is concluded that smut resistance is conditioned by two genetic factors: a dominant factor, which when homozygous gives high resistance or immunity, and a less potent supplementary factor.Both the F2 and F3 were studied for the grain characters mentioned. Each of these characters was found to be controlled by two genetic factors. F2 segregation ratios were as follows:—lemma color, 12 black: 3 gray: 1 white; awn development, 12 strong: 3 intermediate: 1 weak; rachilla pubescence, 12 long: 3 short: 1 glabrous. The F3 gave good substantiation of the F2 ratios except in the case of awn development where fairly wide deviations from the expected occurred, due, it is believed, to environmental influences.No correlations between smut reaction and grain characters were found. Association between rachilla and callus pubescence was observed; but this is not believed to be due, necessarily, to a genetic linkage.Homozygous strains combining smut immunity with agronomically desirable grain characters were obtained.
CYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING A CARBONYL GROUP; A MECHANISM FOR THE FORMATION OF PYRYLLIUM SALTS FROM 1,5-DIKETONES
Authors: Allen C. F. H. , Sallans H. R.
Published: April 2011

In the presence of alkali, cyclohexanone and its homologues add to chalcones to form either semicyclic diketones or dicyclic keto-alcohols; the latter contain a carbonyl bridge, and the former can be converted into closed ring structures and dehydrated to form substances having a carbonyl bridge. In these dicyclic ketones the bridge is not removed by heating, in contrast to the behavior of certain other compounds having a similar ring system.A second mode of ring closure gives rise to pyryllium salts; the isolation of a methyl ether has made it possible to devise a plausible mechanism for this hitherto obscure reaction. Four varieties of salts are described, the perchlorates being obtained by a different procedure than that previously employed.
THE ADSORPTION OF HYDROGEN SULPHIDE BY ACTIVATED ALUMINA
Authors: Bayley C. H.
Published: April 2011

Measurements have been carried out on the adsorption of hydrogen sulphide on a commercial sample of "activated alumina" by the dynamic and static methods. The adsorption is influenced by prior heating of the alumina to various temperatures, being a maximum when the temperature of prior heating is 550 °C.
MEASUREMENTS OF THE SURFACE TENSION OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE AT LOW TEMPERATURES
Authors: Alty T. , Clark G. F.
Published: April 2011

The variation of the surface tension of carbon tetrachloride with temperature has been determined with considerable accuracy between + 12 °C. and − 10 °C.
PYROLYSIS OF THE LOWER PARAFFINS: V. THE CONVERSION OF THE GASEOUS PARAFFINS TO AROMATICS IN BAFFLED METAL TUBES AND THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE PRODUCTS
Authors: Cambron Adrien , Bayley Colin H.
Published: April 2011

The thermal conversion of propane to aromatics has been investigated by passing the gas through externally heated alloy steel tubes under conditions of turbulent flow. Recycling experiments carried out under pressure have shown that, when the gas flow is turbulent, high rates of conversion can be obtained at temperatures as low as 800–810 °C. Heat resistant chromium-nickel alloys of the 18:8 type have been found unsuitable for this purpose owing to the catalytic formation of carbon. Yields of 23.3 lb. of light oil per 1,000 cu. ft. of propane put through were obtained at 800 °C. together with 10 lb. of liquids boiling above 200 °C. The composition of the liquids obtained in these experiments has been determined by fractionation and chemical methods. The light oil obtained under the above conditions contains about 64% benzene, 14% toluene, 7.8% styrene and small amounts of cyclopentadiene, xylenes and higher aromatics. The liquids boiling above 200 °C. contain about 25% naphthalene and 12.5% anthracene together with smaller amounts of mono- and dimethyl naphthalenes, acenaphthene and phenanthrene.
THE GENERA HALICTUS AND ANDRENA IN WESTERN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Atwood C. E.
Published: April 2011

This paper deals principally with the classification of the bees of the genera Halictus and Andrena collected during a five-year project on the pollination of the apple in the Annapolis-Cornwallis Valley, Nova Scotia. Keys for the separation of the species concerned are given, together with figures of the eighth and ninth abdominal sterna of the males, which were found very useful in separating related species. One new species, Andrena kalmiae Atwood, and the true male of A. ceanothi Vier., are described, and a re-description of Halictus arcuatus Rob. is given, including a summer form which is presumably sterile. The taxonomic section is prefaced by brief notes on economic importance and biology of the genera.
A Thermostat for Temperatures between 5° and 20 °C.
Authors: Pidgeon L. M.
Published: April 2011

not available
IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF PRIMARY TRIANGULATION THEODOLITES AS A RESULT OF LABORATORY TESTS
Authors: Rannie J. L. , Dennis W. M.
Published: April 2011

The lighter types of geodetic theodolites developed during the past decade have permitted considerable economy to be effected in field operations, but have introduced problems of their own. A systematic investigation of one make of these theodolites has been concluded by the Geodetic Survey of Canada in co-operation with the National Research Council and has resulted, first, in the development of a form of test to ascertain the existence of certain errors and, second, in the correction of these errors by improvements to the axis system of the theodolites.
A FIELD TEST OF PRIMARY TRIANGULATION THEODOLITES
Authors: Rannie J. L.
Published: April 2011

A form of test of the accuracy of precision theodolites is described in which angles were measured out of doors at night with different instruments, the targets being small lights placed at about two miles from the observing station. Probable errors computed from the observations were the basis of comparison and it is shown how these were derived and employed. This test was complementary to a laboratory test on similar instruments.
EFFECT OF FROST ON WHEAT AT PROGRESSIVE STAGES OF MATURITY: I. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE KERNELS
Authors: Newton R. , McCalla A. G.
Published: April 2011

Samples of freshly cut wheat were exposed in freezing chambers, then stook-cured, threshed, and compared with unfrozen check samples, in the seasons 1929, 1930 and 1932, at Edmonton, Alberta. The check samples attained approximately maximum grade and weight per bushel when cut at a stage of maturity represented by a dry matter content ranging in different varieties and seasons from 50 to 60%. The weight per 1000 kernels of Marquis wheat, determined in 1930 only, reached a maximum at the same stage as weight per bushel. Susceptibility to superficial injury by frost continued generally over nearly the whole maturation period. Even 4 degrees of frost (28° F.) frequently caused a cut in grade, while 8, 10 and 14 degrees caused more substantial degradation, often accompanied by some reduction in weight per bushel. Marquis wheat is apparently more susceptible than Garnet, Reward and Red Bobs, to degradation by frost during the maturation period. Grade, being based on external appearance, is more sensitive to frost than are chemical composition and baking quality. Classification of the kernels of Marquis, in 1930, into vitreous, starchy, immature, green, bran frosted and heavily frosted, confirmed the earlier conclusion (2) that only the sound class (vitreous + starchy) has enough relation to grade to be useful as a grading factor. The germination of Garnet was improved by moderate freezing.
THE USE OF THE THYRATRON AS A LIGHT SOURCE FOR RECORDING PURPOSES
Authors: Rose D. C.
Published: April 2011

Flashes of light from an FG17 thyratron have been used in conjunction with a rotating drum camera for the recording of time intervals between phenomena. The flashes of light were obtained when a condenser was discharged through the thyratron. Time intervals were obtained on the same record by means of a similar tube controlled by a 1000 cycle alternating voltage from a standard frequency generator. The apparatus has been applied in the present case to the measurement of the velocities of rifle bullets.
THE PREPARATION AND QUALITATIVE IDENTIFICATION OF 2,5-DIMETHYLPYRROLE
Authors: Allen C. F. H. , Young D. M.
Published: April 2011

A new and convenient method for preparing 2,5-dimethylpyrrole, by the interaction of acetonylacetone and ammonium carbonate, is described. It may be identified by the formation of three solid derivatives: (a) the azo compound; (b) the mono-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone of acetonylacetone; and (c) its condensation product with acetone.
A COMPARISON OF THE ROUTINE RAPID WHOLE BLOOD (STAINED ANTIGEN) AND THE ROUTINE RAPID SERUM AGGLUTINATION TESTS FOR PULLORUM DISEASE
Authors: Biely Jacob , Roach W.
Published: April 2011

Data are presented on 4,429 birds, comprising eight flocks, which were tested for pullorum disease by the whole blood agglutination test and the rapid serum agglutination test (commercial laboratory). The diagnoses agreed in the cases of 4,046 birds (97.24%) and disagreed in the cases of 122 birds (2.75%).Of the 122 birds, 43 were diagnosed as positive by the whole blood agglutination test and as negative by the rapid serum agglutination test, while 79 were diagnosed as positive by the rapid serum agglutination test and as negative by the whole blood agglutination test.Of the 122 birds, 102 were retested by the whole blood, rapid serum (Laboratory 1), and rapid serum agglutination test (Laboratory 2, (Experiment Station Laboratory)).There was a closer agreement between the diagnoses made on the basis of the whole blood and rapid serum tests (Laboratory 2) than between those made on the basis of the rapid serum (Laboratory 1) and rapid serum (Laboratory 2) tests (71.56% and 62.37% respectively).A detailed study of the retests and post-mortem examination of the 102 birds is presented.
FUNGOUS ROOT ROTS OF THE STRAWBERRY
Authors: Truscott J. H. L.
Published: April 2011

This paper reports the results of two years of investigation at the Horticultural Experiment Station at Vineland, Ontario, on fungi associated with the root rot of strawberries. Roots from the field were collected periodically throughout two growing seasons and were studied by direct microscopical examination and by plating methods. Hundreds of isolates from diseased roots were tested by artificial inoculation of strawberry roots, and the primary parasites were further studied. These were classed in the following genera: Pythium, Fusarium, Alternaria, Ramularia, Rhizoctonia, Verticillium and Cylindrocladium. Microscopical examination revealed three additional forms, Asterocystis, a Plasmodiophoraceous fungus and the Phycomycetous mycorrhizal fungus, which are obligate parasites of Phycomycetous type. Some of the fungi occurred more frequently than others, and there were seasonal variations in the activity of most of them. A similar root flora was encountered in wild strawberry roots, so that most of these fungi are probably indigenous. Their relative importance can be determined only by several years of observation of field material.
RECENT OBSERVATIONS ON STRAWBERRY ROOT ROT IN THE NIAGARA PENINSULA
Authors: Hildebrand A. A.
Published: April 2011

The investigations reported here have centred largely around isolations from, and critical microscopic examination of, the roots of affected plants. Isolations from 684 young, adventitious and lateral roots showing definite lesions bordered by turgid, healthy tissue, yielded representatives of approximately 20 different genera of fungi, ranging in frequency of occurrence from 0.4% in the case of Gliocladium to 32.7% in the case of Fusarium. Next to Fusarium, isolates of Ramularia and Pythium appeared most frequently and consistently in culture, the former in 28.5%, and the latter in 10.8%, of the plantings. Results of infection experiments involving these as well as other genera, including Penicillium, Rhizoctonia, Hainesia, Cylindrocladium, Coniothyrium and Helminthosporium, are not yet available and it is impossible at the moment to evaluate the significance of their association with the diseased condition of the roots from which they were isolated. Isolations from 125 apparently healthy rootlets occurring on root systems, other parts of which were more or less severely diseased, yielded representatives of nine different genera of fungi, ranging in frequency of occurrence from 1.6% in the case of Alternaria to 5.6% in the case of Ramularia. Isolates of Fusarium appeared in 4.0% of the plantings.Microscopic examination of 550 adventitious and lateral roots of wild and cultivated plants has revealed the almost universal occurrence in their tissues of two of the so-called "endotrophic mycorrhizal fungi." One of these is of the characteristic phycomycetoid type, producing arbuscules and vesicles, the other, of the Rhizoctonia type familiar in orchids. The former type has been observed much more consistently than the latter. In a number of instances both types have been found in the tissues of the same rootlet. At least three strains of the Rhizoctonia type have been isolated but so far all efforts to culture the other organism have been unsuccessful. Resting spores of Olpidiaster (Asterocystis) and the spherical, smooth-walled spores of some member of the Plasmodiophoraceae were observed in diseased rootlets in the early part of the growing season. Pythium was noted in abundance occurring on diseased roots obtained in the field during September and November.Nematodes have been encountered in association with diseased roots in numbers and frequency sufficient to suggest a possible causal relationship to strawberry root rot.
NOTE ON A NEW OPHIOBOLUS ON EELGRASS
Authors: Mounce Irene , Diehl Wm. W.
Published: April 2011

not available
ADDITION REACTIONS OF VINYL PHENYL KETONE: IV. TRIMOLECULAR PRODUCTS
Authors: Allen C. F. H. , Bell A. C.
Published: April 2011

Methyl cyanoacctate, cyanoacetamide, and malonitrile readily add to vinyl phenyl ketone to give trimolecular products, while nitromethane gives a substance composed of one molecule of nitro compound and three molecules of unsaturated ketone. The reactions of the delta ketonic nitrile formed from the ester are described in detail; it is transformed into reduced pyridine derivatives, and a secondary open chain nitrile. The latter, in turn, is converted into pyridine and hydropyridine derivatives.
FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS ON CATALYSIS BY LIQUID METALS
Authors: Steacie E. W. R. , Elkin E. M.
Published: April 2011

A more detailed examination has been made of the kinetics of the methanol decomposition on solid and liquid zinc. The order of the reaction lies between zero and one-half on both solid and liquid. The heat of activation is approximately 30,000 calories per gram molecule. The reaction is mainly dehydrogenation.Unsuccessful attempts to investigate certain other reactions on liquid metals are described.
THE RELATIVE RIGIDITY OF WELDED AND RIVETED CONNECTIONS
Authors: Young C. R. , Jackson K. B.
Published: April 2011

not available