bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Considerações sobre a relação entre religião e magia no senso religioso contemporâneo
Authors: Almeida Tatiane Aparecida de
Published: August 2017

O presente artigo tem por objetivo apresentar considerações acerca da relação entre religião e magia no senso religioso contemporâneo. Nessa perspectiva, destacamos essa relação como um aspecto já existente desde os primórdios da sociedade dita primitiva, conforme o sociólogo Marcel Mauss nos apontou na obra Esboço de uma teoria geral da magia. No primeiro momento abordaremos nossa compreensão acerca do senso religioso contemporâneo, para posteriormente abordarmos o senso religioso em transformação a partir da relação entre religião e magia e, por fim, apresentar os impactos dessa relação no senso religioso contemporâneo.
Water column structure and phytoplankton biomass profiles in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Hidalgo-González RM , Alvarez-Borrego S
Published: August 2017

Remote sensors provide information on the average photosynthetic pigment concentrations for the upper 22% of the euphotic zone. To model primary production in the water column from satellite-derived photosynthetic pigments, estimates of the vertical distribution of pigment concentration are required. A Gaussian distribution function was used to represent the pigment vertical profiles with four parameters. We used 352 chlorophyll concentration (Chlz) profiles generated during oceanographic cruises to the Gulf of Mexico to estimate these parameters for seasons and regions within the gulf. Cluster analyses of data on surface temperature and chlorophyll, Chlz at the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM), and the depth of the DCM (Zm) were used to divide the Gulf of Mexico into three regions and the year into two seasons (cool and warm). Regression models were developed for each region and season to estimate Zm as a function of the mixed layer depth or an index of stratification. We were not able to generate useful regression models to predict the other three Gaussian parameters. Thus, representative means of these parameters were calculated for each region and season. Assuming a homogeneous biomass profile resulted in underestimation of integrated primary production by as much as 43% relative to the values derived from the nonhomogeneous profiles.
Effects of exposure to arsenic in Corbicula fluminea: Evaluation of the histological, histochemical and biochemical responses
Authors: Diniz MS , Santos HM , Costa PM , Peres I , Costa MH , Alves S , Capelo-Martinez JL
Published: August 2017

Arsenic (As) is a common element in aquatic environments and it is originated from both anthropogenic and natural processes. It is a toxic metalloid, especially in the trivalent form (arsenite), to humans and wildlife, and consequently its contamination of aquatic environments (especially groundwater and drinking water) is a serious public health problem in several regions around the globe, particularly in Asia, since it is known to cause cancer and other types of pathologies. The main goal of the present study was to assess the toxicological effects, bioaccumulation and ability to regulate As in Corbicula fluminea (Muller 1744), exposed to different concentrations of As in the water. One hundred fresh-water bivalves (1.6 ± 0.3 g) from the Minho River (Portugal) were randomly distributed in ten 20-L tanks and exposed to different nominal concentrations of As (100, 300, 500, and 1000 µg L–1) for 28 days. A tank with tap water free of chlorine was used as control. The assay was performed in duplicate, at a constant temperature of 20 ± 1ºC. The results showed a significant increase (P < 0.01) of As in the total concentration and cytosolic fraction after 28 days of exposure in all treatments. A significant increase (P < 0.01) in metallothionein concentration was also detected in bivalves exposed to the different concentrations of As, in comparison with the controls. The histological and histochemical evaluation provided clear evidence that As accumulated in tissues, especially in the digestive gland, and caused tissue alterations in 50% of the organisms.
Retention and partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Sarcocornia fruticosa from two Portuguese salt marshes
Authors: Martins M , Ferreira AM , Vale C
Published: August 2017

Sixteen PAH compounds (containing three to six rings) were quantified in sediments from the Rosário and Mitrena salt marshes in the Tagus and Sado estuaries, respectively, colonized by Sarcocornia fruticosa, and in belowground and aboveground plant tissues. Sediments from Rosário presented higher PAH concentrations (0.83–8.71 µg g–1) than those from Mitrena (0.22–1.63 µg g–1). Levels in belowground plant tissues showed a pronounced contrast between the two marshes: 84–165 and 0.15–0.43 µg g–1, respectively. Belowground material in contaminated layers contained 9–55 times more PAHs than sediments, while ratios lower than one were obtained in lower contaminated layers. Five- and six-ring compounds predominated (60–75%) in sediments and belowground plant material from both sites. Aboveground plant tissues presented no differences in PAH concentrations (0.17–0.18 ng g–1) and composition in both marshes, only three- and four-ring compounds being detected. This narrow concentration range appears to indicate that atmospheric deposition is the predominant pathway of PAH accumulation in aerial plant tissues.
Effect of salt-marsh plants on the mobility of Cr in sediments
Authors: Tanacković SL , Caetano M , Vale C
Published: August 2017

Depth variation (1-cm resolution) of total Fe, Mn, and Cr concentrations was determined in below-ground biomass of Halimione portulacoides and in root sediments from two Tagus Estuary salt marshes (Portugal). The metal fractions extracted by hydroxylamine (HYD) and HCl were also quantified in sediment samples. Edaphic conditions of the sediment (O2, pH, EH, acidvolatile sulphides [AVS], and root biomass) were characterized in both marshes. Higher dissolved oxygen concentrations were found at depths with increased root biomass, while AVS were nearly absent in the root zone increasing with depth. Sediments colonized by H. portulacoides showed higher variability of total metal concentrations with depth than non-vegetated sediments, possibly due to intense exchanges between the below-ground plants and surrounding sediments. Concentrations of FeHYD (mainly Fe oxyhydroxides) were elevated in the root sediments since Fe(II) is oxidized by the O2 released from roots. The normalization of CrHYD levels to FeHYD showed a sharp increase when oxygen is depleted, suggesting that Cr is sequestered in the Fe oxyhydroxide fraction. Roots of H. portulacoides from both marshes showed little ability to take up and accumulate Cr. A possible explanation is the reduction of soluble Cr(VI) to the stable Cr(III) and subsequent retention in the Fe oxyhydroxide fraction. The inability or limited defence mechanisms of H. portulacoides to accumulate Cr indicates that this halophyte is not adequate for successfully phytostabilizing Cr-polluted marshes.
Mapping the condition of mangroves of the Mexican Pacific using C-band ENVISAT ASAR and Landsat optical data
Authors: Kovacs JM , Zhang C , Flores-Verdugo FJ
Published: August 2017

To determine whether spaceborne C-band SAR data could be used alone, or in conjunction with optical data, for accurately mapping mangrove forests of the Mexican Pacific, four scenes of dual-polarized ENVISAT ASAR data, at two incidence angles, were collected for the Teacapán-Agua Brava-Las Haciendas estuarine-mangrove complex. Several combinations of these ASAR data were classified to determine the most optimal arrangement for mangrove mapping. In addition, corresponding Landsat TM data were classified using the same training sites. The overall accuracy in mapping these mangroves did improve when more than one polarization mode was employed. In general, the higher incidence angle data (~41º vs ~23º) provided better results. In all circumstances, the optical data alone provided higher classification accuracies. When contained as one mangrove class, the highest overall accuracy achieved using the ASAR data was 54% as compared to 76% for the optical data. When considering four separate mangrove classes, representing the four conditions typical of this system (dead, poor condition, healthy, tall healthy), overall accuracies dropped to 45% and 63%, respectively. With the limited penetration of C-band into canopies, it was difficult to separate healthy and tall healthy mangrove from palm and other terrestrial forests using the ASAR data. In addition to confusion amongst the four mangrove classes, the dead mangrove stands created considerable misclassification as they were readily misidentified with water and saltpan areas in the optical data and with agricultural lands in the ASAR data procedure. Given the advantage of ASAR for identifying dead stands from open water and saltpan, these data were then used in conjunction with the optical data to reduce the misclassification of these areas.
Multiannual shoreline response along the coast of Rosarito, Baja California, Mexico
Authors: Lizárraga-Arciniega JR , Martínez-Díaz-de-León A , Torres-Navarrete CR , Galindo-Bect LA
Published: August 2017

The long-term rate of beach change can be estimated by analyzing historical shoreline positions deduced from aerial photographs and maps, though in some cases a systematic beach profile survey is preferable because it allows the detailed observation of its evolution. Between June 1997 and December 2006, 925 beach profiles were surveyed monthly in the area of Rosarito, Baja California, thus constructing the longest time series known for any beach in Mexico. Monthly sand volume was estimated to determine the multiannual changes. When these multiannual changes were superimposed on the seasonal changes during the study period, distinct erosion/accretion patterns were found: in the northern segment of the shoreline surveyed, the long-term trend was not detectable or showed low values, indicating a condition of relative stability; in the southern segment, the long-term trend was accretional at all except for one of the control points, with a mean value of 9.1 m3 m–1 year–1 and an increase in sand volume of 22% to 78% relative to the initial volume, which could be associated with the sediment discharged by streams flowing into the southern part of the study area and with variations in the spatial distribution of wave energy.
Biological and ecological characterization of the catfish Cathorops melanopus off the west coast of Campeche, Mexico
Authors: Ayala-Pérez LA , Ramos-Miranda J , Flores-Hernández D , Vega-Rodríguez BI , Moreno-Medina UC
Published: August 2017

Cathorops melanopus is the most abundant fish on the west coast of Campeche, Mexico. Its distribution is influenced by water temperature, salinity, and transparency, and it is frequently found in river outlets. To analyze the main biological and ecological patterns of this species, from February 2003 to February 2004 a total of 19,048 specimens were collected using a trawl net at 37 sampling stations along the west coast of Campeche. A subsample was formed of 14,446 randomly selected specimens, and each one was measured and weighed (length range = 35–302 mm, mode = 90 mm; weight range = 0.1–224 g, mode = 6 g). The highest mean abundance values were recorded in May (1.24 ind m–2, 15.31 g m–2, and 12.26 g ind–1), and the lowest in April (0.25 ind m–2, 2.5 g m–2, and 9.9 g ind–1). The parameters of the weight/length model were a = 1 × 10–5 and b = 2.96, with a correlation coefficient of 0.95. The relative condition factor showed a major pulse in July (2.1 × 10–5). The female:male ratio was 1:0.69. Of the 159 females collected, 111 had gonads at maturity stages II and III, and only one was in stage IV. The most common food item was unidentified organic matter, which represented 79% of the total stomach content weight and 92.1% of the encountered food types; the second most abundant food item was crustacean remains (4.8% of the total weight and 10% of the encountered contents). Growth parameters were: L∞ = 317.5 mm, K = 0.45, C = 0.7, WP = 0.16, and t0 = 7.5 × 10–12. Total mortality was 1.22, while natural mortality was 0.65. Recruitment patterns showed a significant pulse between July and August, which together contributed 47.65% of the total number of specimens collected.
Fatty acid composition of juvenile abalone (Haliotis tuberculata coccinea) fed formulated diets containing various n3 HUFA levels
Authors: Toledo-Agüero PH , Viana MT
Published: August 2017

The effect of feeding different levels of n3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) on the fatty acid profile was evaluated in soft tissue from juvenile Haliotis tuberculata coccinea. Five diets were formulated with different oil sources (palm, colza, fish, sunflower, and soybean), containing from 2.52% to 12.33% n3 HUFA, while fresh Ulva rigida was used as reference diet. The different diets were provided to groups of 20 abalone during 120 days in independent triplicates. Though no significant differences in growth (P < 0.05) were registered among all formulated diets, a tendency to accumulate different fatty acids in muscle was observed. The proximate composition of abalone tissue showed that the diet containing 6.8% HUFA resulted in higher lipid accumulation in muscle tissue than that observed in the other treatments. Our results suggest that H. tuberculata coccinea, contrary to to abalone species from colder environments, does not have high HUFA requirements; however, the fatty acid profile of muscle and viscera tissues of abalone may be modulated by the fatty acid content in diets.
Blue shrimp (Litopenaeus stylirostris) catch quotas as a management tool in the Upper Gulf of California
Authors: García-Juárez AR , Rodríguez-Domínguez G , Lluch-Cota DB
Published: August 2017

Within the buffer zone of the Upper Gulf of California and Colorado River Delta Biosphere Reserve (established June 1993), the shrimp fishery is managed as a common and rational use resource, trying to minize the impact of fishing effort on both the resource and ecosystem. An analysis was thus made of potential catch quotas of Litopenaeus stylirostris using a dynamic model to estimate expected shrimp yield and future biomass that includes fishing season as a factor and catch per unit effort (CPUE) as abundance index. The CPUE of L. stylirostris declined in the 1990/91 season and tended to recover in 1995/96. The parameters of the biomass dynamic model were K = 21,323 t (±700 t, P < 0.05) and r = 1.18 (±0.1, P < 0.05). The estimated catchability was 0.00032 with a standard deviation of 0.25. Biomass was projected under three catch quota scenarios in the study area. Given the usefulness of establishing an annual catch limit for available biomass in the management of this resource, based on the scenarios analyzed, the adoption of quotas of 2200 and 2400 t for one fishing season is recommended, after which the effectiveness of this strategy should be assessed.
Genetic analysis of Lutjanus synagris populations in the Colombian Caribbean
Authors: Landínez-García RM , Ospina-Guerrero SP , Rodríguez-Castro DJ , Arango-Isaza RE , Márquez-Fernández EJ
Published: August 2017

Species of the family Lutjanidae constitute an important fishery resource in tropical marine areas worldwide and are intensely exploited because of their excellent commercial value and quality. In Colombia, the lane snapper Lutjanus synagris is considered vulnerable to overfishing due to its biological characteristics, habitat deterioration, and historical decrease in catch rates in regions where it used to comprise the highest percentage of the landings. In order to generate more biological information needed to make effective fishery management decisions and policies, the genetic structure of L. synagris was analyzed in three areas of the Colombian Caribbean (Santa Marta, Rosario Islands, and Capurganá) using microsatellite-type molecular markers. Fourteen primers reported for two phylogenetically close species (Rhomboplites aurorubens and Lutjanus campechanus) were analyzed, eight of which were polymorphic and informative for the species under study. All loci were found to depart from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium due to marked heterozygote deficiency in all the populations studied. Both the analysis of molecular variance (total population ΦST = 0.006, P = 0.022) and spatial analysis of molecular variance showed a slight statistically significant population structure (best FCT = 0.003, ΦST = 0.007, P = 0.0001) that separated the Capurganá population from those of the other areas with no evidence of isolation by distance (Mantel test Rxy = 0.023, P = 0.057). The results suggest that the life history of the species and the regional oceanographic conditions play an important role in determining the genetic structure and the existence of two different genetic stocks that should be managed according to their population structure.
In vitro cytotoxic and antiproliferative activities of marine macroalgae from Yucatán, Mexico
Authors: Moo-Puc R , Robledo D , Freile-Pelegrín Y
Published: August 2017

Extracts from 27 marine algal species (14 Rhodophyta, 5 Phaeophyta, and 8 Chlorophyta) from the Yucatán Peninsula (Mexico) were evaluated for cytotoxic and antiproliferative activity by 3(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and sulforhodamine B (SRB) assays, respectively. To determine the specificity of cytotoxic activity against tumor cells, the selective index (SI) was also calculated. The following cancer cell lines were employed: normal canine kidney (MDCK) cells, human laryngeal carcinoma (Hep-2) cells, human cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) cells, and human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (KB) cells. The results indicated that 44% and 51% of the algal species tested showed cytotoxic and antiproliferative activity, respectively. Most of the cytotoxic extracts were from species of Chlorophyta, with Udotea flabellum and U. conglutinate showing the highest cytotoxic activity against all the cancer cell lines. For Rhodophyta, the Bryothamnion triquetrum extract showed outstanding selective cytotoxicity against Hep-2 cells (CC50 8.29 µg mL–1, SI = 12.04). Two of the five species of Phaeophyta tested (Lobophora variegata and Dictyota caribaea) showed high cytotoxicity activity against the KB cell line. The data show that these species are a potential source of compounds for the treatment of certain cancer diseases.
Improving Electrical Stability and Ideality in Organic Field‐Effect Transistors by the Addition of Fullerenes: Understanding the Working Mechanism
Authors: Phan Hung , Ford Michael J. , Lill Alexander T. , Wang Ming , Bazan Guillermo C. , Nguyen Thuc‐Quyen
Published: August 2017

Electrical instability and nonideality due to undesirable electron injection are often‐encountered problems for high‐mobility organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) with low‐bandgap polymer semiconductors. Due to electron trapping and the resulting accumulation of negative charges on the silicon dioxide dielectric, transfer curves deviate from ideality characteristics and double‐slopes are observed as the devices are operated for extended periods of time. One way to circumvent those is to use an electron‐acceptor additive, such as fullerene and its derivatives. This work interprets the mechanisms of how fullerene derivatives suppress electron transport and electrical instability while maintaining high hole mobility in p‐type OFETs. This study shows that hole transport of the active layer is uninterrupted upon the addition of the electron acceptors. Most importantly, the added fullerene derivatives out‐compete SiO2 to acquire electrons that are injected into the polymers. Electrical instability and double‐slope induced from electron trapping at SiO2 surface are thereby suppressed.
Does casting method matter in filtration membranes? A comparison in performance between doctor blade and slot‐die extruded polymeric membranes
Authors: Chede Sneha , Griffiths Peter , Escobar Isabel C. , Harris Tequila A. L.
Published: August 2017

Scaling up from a laboratory batch process to a continuous manufacturing process can result in unexpected changes in membrane morphology and performance. To understand how processing effects the structure and performance of cellulose acetate filtration membranes, membranes were produced using laboratory‐scale doctor blade and industrial/production‐scale slot die casting. Differences in morphology were seen because of the different casting method. However, filtration performance using bovine albumin serum and lipase showed no significant differences. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45563.
Chemical modification of alkyd resin by a DOPO derivative and its flame retardancy
Authors: Wang Yong , Kang Wendong , Zhang Xiaoyu , Chen Chao , Fu Yuanyuan , Fu Yingcai , Li Yang , Zhang Feng
Published: August 2017

9,10‐Dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO) and its derivatives have been widely used as effective flame retardants. In this study, 6‐((bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) amino) methyl)‐6H‐dibe‐nzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine‐6‐oxide (DHDOPO) was synthesized from DOPO, paraformaldehyde, and diethanolamine, and subsequently used as a reactant for synthesis of flame retarded alkyd resin (FR‐ALK). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that DHDOPO had relatively high thermal stability and would not decompose at synthesis temperature of ALK. The thermal stability and flame retardancy of ALKs were improved by introduction of DHDOPO. As the mass fraction of phosphorus in FR‐ALK increased the decomposition temperature, the char yield in TGA experiments, the fire residue, and time to ignition in cone calorimeter tests increased, and peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) decreased. Compared with the non‐flame retarded ALK the PHRR and THR values of FR‐ALK containing 2.5 wt % phosphorus decreased, respectively, by 43.1% and 58.5%. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45643.
Exosomal DNMT1 mediates cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer
Authors: Cao Ya‐Lei , Zhuang Ting , Xing Bao‐Heng , Li Na , Li Qin
Published: August 2017

Ovarian cancer is the most common malignancy in women. Owing to late syndromic presentation and lack of efficient early detection, most cases are diagnosed at advanced stages. Surgery and platinum‐based chemotherapy are still the standard care currently. However, resistance invoked often compromises the clinical value of the latter. Expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) was analysed by gene array. Protein was determined by immunoblotting. Exosome was isolated with commercial kit. Cell proliferation was measured by CCK8 method. Annexin V‐PI double staining was performed for apoptosis evaluation. Xenograft model was established and administrated with exosome. Tumour growth and overall survival were monitored. We demonstrated the upregulation of DNMT1 in both tumour and derived cell line. DNMT1 transcripts were highly enriched in exosomes from conditioned medium of ovarian cells. Co‐incubation with exosomes stimulated endogenous expression and rendered host cell the resistance to cytotoxicity of cisplatin. In vivo administration of DNMT1‐containing exosomes exacerbated xenograft progression and reduced overall survival significantly. Moreover, treatment with exosome inhibitor GW4869 almost completely restored sensitivity in resistant cells. Our data elucidated an unappreciated mechanism of exosomal DNMT1 in cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer, also indicating the potential of the combination of exosome inhibitor with cisplatin in resistant patients.
Helicity‐Dependent Regiodifferentiation in the Excited‐State Quenching and Chiroptical Properties of Inward/Outward Helical Coumarins
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Arindam , Hossen Tousif , Ghosh Indrajit , Koner Apurba Lal , Nau Werner M. , Sahu Kalyanasis , Moorthy Jarugu Narasimha
Published: August 2017

Influence of helicity on the excited‐state as well as chiroptical properties of two sets of regiohelical coumarins that are differentiated by “inward” and “outward” disposition of the pyran‐2‐one ring has been investigated. A subtle difference in the helicities manifests in divergent excited‐state properties and significant differences in the dipole moments. The latter permit heretofore unprecedented regiodifferentiation in the O−H⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen‐bond assisted electron‐transfer quenching by phenols. Furthermore, the enantiopure hexahelical coumarins exhibit strong Cotton effects and lend themselves to a very high differentiation in the specific rotations and anisotropic dissymmetry factors. The specific rotation observed for 6‐in turns out being the highest of the values reported for all hexahelicenes reported so far.
Unconventionally Layered CoTe2 and NiTe2 as Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Chia Xinyi , Sofer Zdeněk , Luxa Jan , Pumera Martin
Published: August 2017

Two members of the transition metal ditelluride family, CoTe2 and NiTe2, exist in multiple structures encompassing marcasite‐, pyrite‐ and CdI2 related structures. The allotrope modification is influenced by weak changes in stoichiometry and synthesis. It is crucial to emphasize that the CdI2 structure type is manifested by NiTe2 while the CoTe2 adopts a related structure for a non‐stoichiometric composition with ratio below 1:1.8. The obtained structure is based on LiTiS2 which is derived from CdI2 structure, however contains a polymeric cobalt network. Despite the atypical nature of their layered structure, layered phases of CoTe1.8 and NiTe2 are rarely cast into the spotlight. Here, layered CoTe1.8 and NiTe2 are investigated for their electrochemical and electrocatalytic properties. In electrocatalytic aspects, layered CoTe1.8 and NiTe2 demonstrate low overpotentials and small Tafel slopes that are quintessential features of hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts. These findings impart fundamental insights to the transition metal ditelluride family and affirm the prospective use of layered CoTe1.8 and NiTe2 in electrochemical applications.
Reversibility‐Dependent Photovoltammetric Behavior of Electroactive Compounds on a CdS–Graphene Hybrid Film Electrode
Authors: Liu Xin , Zhu Yuhan , Yan Kai , Zhang Jingdong
Published: August 2017

Photovoltammetric behaviors of irreversible, quasi‐reversible and reversible electrochemical systems represented by 2,4‐dichlorophenol (DCP), hydroquinone (HQ) and K3[Fe(CN)6], respectively, were investigated on a CdS‐graphene hybrid film electrode. The cyclic voltammetric (CV) curves of HQ and K3[Fe(CN)6] showing a pair of redox peaks became sigmoidal in shape under visible light irradiation. In contrast, the CV curve shape of DCP showing an oxidation peak was not changed under photoirradiation, although the oxidation peak current was enhanced by the photoelectrocatalysis. Thus, the reversibility‐dependent photovoltammetric behaviors were observed. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the photovoltammetric curve shapes were not changed by pH and intensity of light source, but were tunable with scan rate and concentration of reactants depending on the reversibility of the electrochemical reactions.
A New Family of 3d–4f Bis‐Calix[4]arene‐Supported Clusters
Authors: Coletta Marco , McLellan Ross , Sanz Sergio , Gagnon Kevin J. , Teat Simon J. , Brechin Euan K. , Dalgarno Scott J.
Published: August 2017

Calix[4]arenes are versatile ligands that, whilst also serving other purposes, can act as platforms for the synthesis of a wide range of 3d, 4f, and 3d–4f polymetallic clusters. The empirical metal ion binding rules established for calix[4]arene are closely mirrored by bis‐calix[4]arene, a relatively new ligand in which two equivalents of the former are directly tethered at a methylene bridge position. The direct tethering within bis‐calix[4]arene gives rise to some structural features that are related to calix[4]arene coordination chemistry, but the prevailing clusters have fascinating new topologies and coordination behaviors. Here, we present the synthesis of a family of new bis‐calix[4]arene‐supported 3d–4f clusters, as well as their structural characterization and magnetic properties. Comparison is drawn with calix[4]arene coordination chemistry, showing logical extension of common structural fragments and cluster capping behaviors upon moving to bis‐calix[4]arene. This approach therefore holds great potential for tuning cluster formation and composition at a high level through subsequent ligand alteration.
An ex vivo model to quantitatively analyze cell migration in tissue
Authors: O'Leary Conor J. , Weston Mikail , McDermott Kieran W.
Published: August 2017

Background: Within the developing central nervous system, the ability of cells to migrate throughout the tissue parenchyma to reach their target destination and undergo terminal differentiation is vital to normal central nervous system (CNS) development. To develop novel therapies to treat the injured CNS, it is essential that the migratory behavior of cell populations is understood. Many studies have examined the ability of individual neurons to migrate through the developing CNS, describing specific modes of migration including locomotion and somal translocation. Few studies have investigated the mass migration of large populations of neural progenitors, particularly in the developing the spinal cord. Here, we describe a method to robustly analyze large numbers of migrating cells using a co‐culture assay. Results: The ex vivo tissue model promotes the survival and differentiation of co‐cultured progenitor cells. Using this assay, we demonstrate that migrating neuroepithelial progenitor cells display region specific migration patterns within the dorsal and ventral spinal cord at defined developmental time points. Conclusions: The technique described here is a viable ex vivo model to quantitatively analyze cell migration and differentiation. We demonstrate the ability to detect changes in cell migration within distinct tissue region across tissue samples using the technique described here. Developmental Dynamics 247:201–211, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mutations in the Katnb1 gene cause left–right asymmetry and heart defects
Authors: Furtado Milena B. , Merriner D. Jo , Berger Silke , Rhodes Danielle , Jamsai Duangporn , O'Bryan Moira K.
Published: August 2017

Background: The microtubule‐severing protein complex katanin is composed two subunits, the ATPase subunit, KATNA1, and the noncatalytic regulatory subunit, KATNB1. Recently, the Katnb1 gene has been linked to infertility, regulation of centriole and cilia formation in fish and mammals, as well as neocortical brain development. KATNB1 protein is expressed in germ cells in humans and mouse, mitotic/meiotic spindles and cilia, although the full expression pattern of the Katnb1 gene has not been described. Results: Using a knockin‐knockout mouse model of Katnb1 dysfunction we demonstrate that Katnb1 is ubiquitously expressed during embryonic development, although a stronger expression is seen in the crown cells of the gastrulation organizer, the murine node. Furthermore, null and hypomorphic Katnb1 gene mutations show a novel correlation between Katnb1 dysregulation and the development of impaired left–right signaling, including cardiac malformations. Conclusions: Katanin function is a critical regulator of heart development in mice. These findings are potentially relevant to human cardiac development. Developmental Dynamics 246:1027–1035, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Vibrational Circular Dichroism Unveils Chiroptical, Electrical, and Magnetic Properties of Borylated Isocyanides and Aldehydes
Authors: Mazzeo Giuseppe , Longhi Giovanna , Corless Victoria B. , Zajdlik Adam , Yudin Andrei K. , Abbate Sergio
Published: August 2017

The absolute configurations of two novel chiral borylated compounds bearing the (S)‐proline‐derived N‐carboxymethylproline ligand have been studied by vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) in conjunction with IR absorption, UV absorption, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD). DFT and time‐dependent DFT calculations allowed us to interpret the observed spectra and gave credibility to the VCD data. The VCD data in the CH stretching region were also considered. The experimental and computational data are consistent with those obtained by NMR spectroscopy. The investigation of the C=O stretching region should assist in the future assignment of the absolute configuration of chiral borylated compounds bearing carbonyl groups.
3D‐Printed Polypropylene Continuous‐Flow Column Reactors: Exploration of Reactor Utility in SNAr Reactions and the Synthesis of Bicyclic and Tetracyclic Heterocycles
Authors: Rao Zenobia X. , Patel Bhaven , Monaco Alessandra , Cao Zi Jing , Barniol‐Xicota Marta , Pichon Enora , Ladlow Mark , Hilton Stephen T.
Published: August 2017

3D printing has the potential to transform the way in which chemical reactions are carried out due to its low‐cost, ease‐of‐use as a technology and its capacity to expedite the development of iteratively enhanced prototypes. In this present study, we developed a novel, low‐cost polypropylene (PP) column reactor that was incorporated into an existing continuous‐flow reactor for the synthesis of heterocycles. The utility and solvent resistance of the printed devices were explored in SNAr reactions to produce substituted aniline derivatives and in the synthesis of bicyclic and tetracyclic heterocycles. Using this approach, a range of heterocyclic compounds was synthesised including the core structure of the natural product (±)‐γ‐lycorane and structurally complex compounds based on the tetracyclic core of the erythrina alkaloids.
Occurrence of 1‐(methylthio)propane producing off‐flavour in fresh beef meat
Authors: Corral Sara , Flores Mónica
Published: August 2017

The identification of compounds producing a characteristic off‐flavour in fresh beef meat obtained from different locations is essential to avoid consumer rejection. The volatile compounds of fresh beef samples were extracted by solid phase micro extraction (SPME) and their odour was evaluated by using olfactometry analysis (GC‐O). The compound responsible for the characteristic off‐flavour was identified by using GC–MS and quantified in different beef samples obtained from different locations. The sniffing analysis revealed eight odour active zones being four of them identified as 2,3‐butanedione, allyl methyl sulfide, 1‐(methylthio)propane and 1‐(methylthio)‐1‐propene (Z). The most potent odorant was 1‐(methylthio)propane described as garlic, cabbage, oxidized iron, solvent and rancid odour. All panellists attributed the characteristic off‐flavour detected in fresh beef to the odour of 1‐(methylthio)propane. A chromatographic method was validated to quantify 1‐(methylthio)propane in fresh beef. Several beef samples were characterized by this off‐flavour although its origin was not elucidated.
Drinking status but not acute alcohol consumption influences delay discounting
Authors: Adams Sally , Attwood Angela S. , Munafò Marcus R.
Published: August 2017

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the following: (a) the effects of acute alcohol on delay discounting; (b) the effects of drinking status on delayed discounting; and (c) whether these effects differ according to reward type (alcohol vs. money).

Methods

Heavy and light social alcohol users (n = 96) were randomized to receive either an acute dose of alcohol at 0.4 or 0.6 g/kg or placebo in a between‐subjects, double‐blind design. Delay discounting of alcohol and monetary rewards was measured using a hyperbolic model, with higher scores indicative of greater delay discounting.

Results

ANOVA of discount scores indicated a main effect of reward type, where all participants had higher discount scores for alcohol versus money rewards. A main effect of drinking status was also observed, where heavier drinkers had higher discount scores compared with lighter drinkers. We did not observe a main effect of acute alcohol use on delay discounting or the hypothesized interactions between acute alcohol use and drinking status with reward type.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that heavier drinkers discount the value of delayed rewards more steeply than lighter drinkers. Delay discounting may therefore be a promising marker of heavy alcohol consumption in social drinkers.
Quantitative susceptibility mapping as a monitoring biomarker in cerebral cavernous malformations with recent hemorrhage
Authors: Zeineddine Hussein A. , Girard Romuald , Cao Ying , Hobson Nicholas , Fam Maged D. , Stadnik Agnieszka , Tan Huan , Shen Jingjing , Chaudagar Kiranj , Shenkar Robert , Thompson Richard E. , McBee Nichol , Hanley Daniel , Carroll Timothy , Christoforidis Gregory A. , Awad Issam A.
Published: August 2017

Background

Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) MRI allows accurate assessment of iron content in cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM), and a threshold increase by 6% in QSM has been shown to reflect new symptomatic hemorrhage (SH) in previously stable lesions.

Purpose/Hypothesis

It is unclear how lesional QSM evolves in CCMs after recent SH, and whether this could serve as a monitoring biomarker in clinical trials aimed at preventing rebleeding in these lesions.

Study Type

This is a prospective observational cohort study.

Population

16 CCM patients who experienced a SH within the past year, whose lesion was not resected or irradiated.

Field Strength/Sequence

The data acquisition was performed using QSM sequence implemented on a 3T MRI system

Assessment

The lesional QSM assessments at baseline and yearly during 22 patient‐years of follow‐up were performed by a trained research staff including imaging scientists.

Statistical Tests

Biomarker changes were assessed in relation to clinical events. Clinical trial modeling was performed using two‐tailed tests of time‐averaged difference (assuming within‐patient correlation of 0.8, power = 0.9 and alpha = 0.1) to detect 20%, 30% or 50% effects of intervention on clinical and biomarkers event rates during two years of follow‐up.

Results

The change in mean lesional QSM of index hemorrhagic lesions was +7.93% per patient‐year in the whole cohort. There were 5 cases (31%) of recurrent SH or lesional growth, and twice as many instances (62%) with a threshold (6%) increase in QSM. There were no instances of SH hemorrhage or lesional growth without an associated threshold increase in QSM during the same epoch.

Level of Evidence: 1

Technical Efficacy: Stage 4

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:1133–1138.
Clinical applications of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI
Authors: Jones Kyle M. , Pollard Alyssa C. , Pagel Mark D.
Published: August 2017

Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been developed and employed in multiple clinical imaging research centers worldwide. Selective radiofrequency (RF) saturation pulses with standard 2D and 3D MRI acquisition schemes are now routinely performed, and CEST MRI can produce semiquantitative results using magnetization transfer ratio asymmetry (MTRasym) analysis while accounting for B0 inhomogeneity. Faster clinical CEST MRI acquisition methods and more quantitative acquisition and analysis routines are under development. Endogenous biomolecules with amide, amine, and hydroxyl groups have been detected during clinical CEST MRI studies, and exogenous CEST agents have also been administered to patients. These CEST MRI tools show promise for contributing to assessments of cerebral ischemia, neurological disorders, lymphedema, osteoarthritis, muscle physiology, and solid tumors. This review summarizes the salient features of clinical CEST MRI protocols and critically evaluates the utility of CEST MRI for these clinical imaging applications.

Level of Evidence: 5

Technical Efficacy: Stage 1

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:11–27.
The combination of oseltamivir with azithromycin does not show additional benefits over oseltamivir monotherapy in mice infected with influenza A(H1N1)pdm2009 virus
Authors: Fage Clément , Pizzorno Andrés , Rhéaume Chantal , Abed Yacine , Boivin Guy
Published: August 2017

The combination of azithromycin, an immunomodulator, with oseltamivir was compared to oseltamivir monotherapy in a lethal BALB/c model of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection. Groups of 14‐16 mice received oral oseltamivir (10 mg/kg once daily for 5 days, starting at day 2 post‐inoculation) alone or combined to azithromycin (a single 100 mg/kg dose, injected intraperitoneally at day 3 post‐inoculation). Based on survival rates, lung viral titers, and pro‐inflammatory cytokine levels, the combination therapy did not provide obvious additional clinical/virological benefits over oseltamivir monotherapy. Additional studies are still needed to better define the potential role of adjunctive immunomodulatory therapy for severe influenza infections.
When is hemiarthroplasty preferable to intramedullary prophylactic fixation of malignant lesions of the proximal femur?
Authors: Lin James S. , Santiago‐Torres Juan E. , Everhart Joshua S. , Zayan Nicole E. , Mayerson Joel L. , Scharschmidt Thomas J.
Published: August 2017

Background

Malignant hip lesions can be managed operatively by intramedullary (IM) nail fixation and hemiarthroplasty.

Methods

A retrospective review was performed on 86 patients who underwent hemiarthroplasty (n = 22) or IM nail fixation (n = 64) for prophylactic treatment of impending pathologic fracture due to malignant lesions of the hip. Cox proportional hazards and logistic regression modeling were performed to determine risk of death, fixation failure, pain relief, and return to ambulation without gait aids.

Results

Median survival time after surgery was 8.8 months (with no difference in survival between hemiarthroplasty and IM nail [adjusted Hazard Ratio 1.40, CI 0.72, 2.53; P = 0.31]). Hemiarthroplasty was associated with lower risk of pathologic fracture, fixation failure, or reoperation (adjusted HR 0.02, CI < 0.001, 0.48; P = 0.01). Hemiarthroplasty did not increase odds of unassisted ambulation compared to IM nail fixation (adjusted Odds Ratio [OR] 2.23, CI 0.56, 9.71; P = 0.26). The strongest predictor of postoperative ambulation was preoperative ambulation without aids (adjusted OR 28.9, CI 7.37, 161; P < 0.001).

Conclusions

There is no difference in survival or likelihood of unassisted ambulation after prophylactic femoral fixation with IM nails versus hemiarthroplasty in patients with metastatic disease of proximal femur.
A numerical approach based on ln‐shifted Legendre polynomials for solving a fractional model of pollution
Authors: Jleli M. , Kirane M. , Samet B.
Published: August 2017

The model of pollution for a system of 3 lakes interconnected by channels is extended using Caputo‐Hadamard fractional derivatives of different orders αi∈(0,1), i=1,2,3. A numerical approach based on ln‐shifted Legendre polynomials is proposed to solve the considered fractional model. No discretization is needed in our approach. Some numerical experiments are provided to illustrate the presented method.
KCC theory and its application in a tumor growth model
Authors: Gupta M. K. , Yadav C. K.
Published: August 2017

In this study, we consider the stability of tumor model by using the standard differential geometric method that is known as Kosambi‐Cartan‐Chern (KCC) theory or Jacobi stability analysis. In the KCC theory, we describe the time evolution of tumor model in geometric terms. We obtain nonlinear connection, Berwald connection and KCC invariants. The second KCC invariant gives the Jacobi stability properties of tumor model. We found that the equilibrium points are Jacobi unstable for positive coordinates. We also discussed the time evolution of components of deviation tensor and the behavior of deviation vector near the equilibrium points.
The role of C‐fibers in the development of chronic psychological stress induced enhanced bladder sensations and nociceptive responses: A multidisciplinary approach to the study of urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome (MAPP) research network study
Authors: Gao Yunliang , Zhang Rong , Chang Huiyi H. , Rodríguez Larissa V.
Published: August 2017

Aims

To evaluate C fiber‐mediated changes in bladder sensation and nociception in an animal model of stress induced bladder hyperalgesia and urinary frequency.

Methods

Female Wistar‐Kyoto (WKY) rats were exposed to a chronic (10 days) water avoidance stress (WAS) and compared to controls. Rats were evaluated by cystometrogram (CMG) and visceromotor reflex (VMR) to bladder infusion with room temperature (RT) or cold saline. Cold saline activates afferent C‐fibers via cold bladder receptors. To further evaluate bladder hyperalgesia, CMG and VMR were also obtained during RT isometric bladder distention (RT‐iBD) at variable pressures.

Results

During RT infusion, WAS rats had significant decreases in pressure threshold (PT) and in the ratio of VMR threshold/maximum intravesical pressure (IVPmax), and a significant increase in VMR duration. Cold infusion also induced significant decreases in PT and in the ratio of VMR threshold/IVPmax in WAS rats. During RT‐iBD, rats exposed to WAS showed a significant decrease in VMR latency and a significant increase in VMR area under the curve (AUC) compared to controls.

Conclusion

Chronic WAS induced bladder hypersensitivity manifested by earlier voiding with earlier VMR appearance. Chronic stress also enhanced bladder nociceptive responses. WAS leads to increase responses to ice cold water infusion, implying a role of sensitized C‐fibers and mechanoreceptors in WAS‐induced bladder dysfunction and hypersensitivity.
A robust finite difference scheme for strongly coupled systems of singularly perturbed convection‐diffusion equations
Authors: Hsieh Po‐Wen , Yang Suh‐Yuh , You Cheng‐Shu
Published: August 2017

This paper is devoted to developing an Il'in‐Allen‐Southwell (IAS) parameter‐uniform difference scheme on uniform meshes for solving strongly coupled systems of singularly perturbed convection‐diffusion equations whose solutions may display boundary and/or interior layers, where strong coupling means that the solution components in the system are coupled together mainly through their first derivatives. By decomposing the coefficient matrix of convection term into the Jordan canonical form, we first construct an IAS scheme for 1D systems and then extend the scheme to 2D systems by employing an alternating direction technique. The robustness of the developed IAS scheme is illustrated through a series of numerical examples, including the magnetohydrodynamic duct flow problem with a high Hartmann number. Numerical evidence indicates that the IAS scheme appears to be formally second‐order accurate in the sense that it is second‐order convergent when the perturbation parameter ϵ is not too small and when ϵ is sufficiently small, the scheme is first‐order convergent in the discrete maximum norm uniformly in ϵ.