bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maize for silage II. The effect of urea and acid as preservative treament on rumen fermentations and on feeding values of silages
Authors: Setälä J. , Seppälä J. , Pirinen S. , Poutiainen E. , Pulli S.
Published: July 2018

The rumen fermentations and N-balances of rumen fistulated sheep were studied on diets of silages treated with urea and acid preservative. The digestibilities and feeding values of the silages were also calculated. The experiment was performed according to 5 x 5 Latin-square design. The digestibilities were determined by total collection the collection period lasting seven days. The rumen samples were taken on the last two days during the collection periods before and 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 hours after feeding. Besides the silages the animals received mineral mixture and water ad libitum. Urea or acid treatment had no effect (P > 0.05) on the consumption of silage DM. The consumption ranged from 1.7 to 1.9 kg DM/100 kg liveweight. Urea did not have a clear effect on the VFA production in the rumen. It tended, however, to decrease the proportions of C3 and C4—C5 acids in the rumen. Acid preservative decreased the production of VFA and the proportion of C3-acid (P < 0.05) in the rumen. The proportion of C3-acid was higher respectively, (P < 0.05). The rumen ammonia levels were extremely high, 60—80 mg/100 ml, after feeding with urea treated silages. This was possibly partly due to the relatively short (14 days) adaptation time before collection period. The urea or acid preservative treatment gave no clear responses regarding the apparent digestibility values of the silages. The DCP values were highest (P < 0.05) in the urea treated silages, but no differences (P > 0.05) were found between the energy values, which varied between 0,12—0.14 f.u./kg of silage. There were no differences in the N-balances of the animals on different diets. The balances were positive on all diets.
Tutkimuksia salaatin, tomaatin ja porkkanan sisäisestä laadusta markkinoinnin aikana
Authors: Kuusi Taina , Virtanen Tuija , Kleemola Kaija
Published: July 2018

Kasviksien sisäiseen laatuun kuuluvat aistinvaraisesti todettavat ominaisuudet ja ravintoarvo sekä turvallisuustekijät. Tässä tutkimuksessa on tutkittu eräiden sisäistä laatua mittaavien menetelmien käyttökelpoisuutta. Näitä menetelmiä on käytetty sitten markkinoilla olevien kasviksien laadun arvioimiseen. Tutkimuskohteena oli kolme kasvista: salaatti, tomaatti ja porkkana. Kasvikset saatiin tukkuliikkeiltä; joitakin näytteitä hankittiin vähittäiskaupasta tai torilta. Aineisto oli pääasiallisesti kotimaista, vain pieni osa ulkomaista alkuperää. Pääsarjaan kuului tukkukaupan näytteitä kaikista kolmesta kasviksesta 6 kertaa vuoden aikana. Tomaatin laatua tutkittiin lisäksi torilta hankitulla eri hintaisella tavaralla. Varastointikokeita suoritettiin salaatilla ja tomaatilla. Laadun arvioinnissa käytettiin aistinvaraista arvostelua (pistearvostelumenetelmä); tutkitut laatuominaisuudet olivat maku, haju, rakenne ja ulkonäkö. Lisäksi arvioitiin laatuluokka. Analyyttisinä kriteereinä olivat liukoinen kuiva-aine, happopitoisuus, askorbiinihappo sekä nitraattipitoisuus, toisinaan myös painohäviö ja kauppakunnostustappio. Aistinvarainen arvostelu soveltui parhaiten sisäisen laadun arvioimiseen. Enimmäkseen laatuluokan kaupallinen arviointi sopi yhteen aistinvaraisesti todettavien ominaisuuksien kanssa, mutta toisinaan todettiin kitkerää makua tai muuta virhemakua. Nitraattipitoisuudessa todettiin suuria vaihteluita, jotka olivat laatuluokituksesta riippumattomia. Muut kokeillut menetelmät soveltuvat huonommin sisäisen laadun mittaamiseen; niihin voivat vaikuttaa monet eri tekijät. Nyt kokeillut menetelmät voivat olla hyödyksi markkinoitavien kasviksien laatua parannettaessa.
Lunar and planetary periodicity of failure years in Finland and in Sweden
Authors: Mannila Tauno
Published: July 2018

Of the 47 failure years in Finland between 1347—1929 40 % have occurred in years that correspond to the lunar period 4.9035 years. The result of a study of 77 failure years in Sweden during 1526—1772 was similar. When the positions of planets in a failure year have been repeated or the angular distances of the four giant planets have been isogonal the failure might also have been repeated. —The amount of spring wheat crop per hectare in Finland during the years 1920—1979 has been reduced in relation to the foregoing and/or the following year in years corresponding to the lunar periodicity of 4.9035 years as this scale LR—agr. has been started from a growth season during which the amount of rain has been below average. Still greater reduction of crop and frequency of 9/10 years has occurred in Finland in the years corresponding to the planetary scale P32agr., which covers the period of 5.5613 years. Scale P32agr. represents a growth season in which the temperature was below average during 61 % of the time and the amount of rain in May and in July was below average but in August exceeded the average. A meteorological scale P32 completes scale P32agr. — With the scales predictions of years could be made in which reduction of crop can be expected.
The effect of selenium fertilizers on the selenium content of barley, spring wheat and potatoes
Authors: Korkman Johan
Published: July 2018

When Se-enriched fertilizers were given to barley and spring wheat on fine sand soils in Southern Finland the Se content in the grain was raised as follows: 50 g Se/ha increased the Se content by around 50 µg/kg; 250 g Se/ha by appr. 400 µg/kg; and 500 g Se/ha by a little more than 900 µg/kg. The selenium content of potatoes rose to 100 µg Se/kg dry matter when the soil was enriched with 500 g Se in the form of Na2SeO2 per hectare. The selenium content of potatoes was found to be very low when no added selenium was given. The selenium content of potatoes did not fall when the potatoes were boiled.
The response of the mutation frequency of barley in M2 to the M1 harvesting method
Authors: Kivi Erkki
Published: July 2018

This paper deals with the frequencies of albina and xantha seedlings in an M2 generation of six-rowed Pokko barley treated with sodium azide, NaN3. The dependency of these frequencies on the harvesting method of M, plants is considered. The results demonstrate that "one-grain-one-ear” harvesting in M, produced higher frequencies of both albinas and xanthas in M2 compared with an M2 originating from whole ear harvesting of M1. For albinas the difference is significant. In spite of the increased mutation rate, the laboriousness of the "one-grain-one-ear” harvesting method restricts its feasibility in practical mutation breeding.
Sources of sodium in the Finnish diet
Authors: Pietinen Pirjo
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this report was to study all available information for estimating the sources of naturally occurring sodium and added salt in the Finnish diet. The calculations were based on food consumption statistics, sales figures of salt, salt use in the Finnish food industry and catering, and on the food consumption data provided by the mobile clinic dietary survey of 1973—1976. The average daily per capita intake of added salt is 10—11 g and that of the naturally occurring sodium in foodstuffs is 0.6 g which is equivalent to 1.5g of NaCl, the total intake being 11—12 g. In the adult population the mean daily intake of sodium expressed as NaCl is 12—15 g in men and 10—12 g in women. The average salt concentration in the diet is 4.3 g/1 000 kcal (10.3 g/10 MJ) and that of adults 4.5 g/1 000 kcal (10.6 g/10 MJ). Of the total sodium intake 50 % is derived from the salt used by the food industry and in catering, 38 % from salt added by the consumer at home, and 12 % from the naturally occurring sodium in the foodstuffs. Of the added salt, 57 %is used by the food industry and catering and 43 % by the consumer. Of the different food items, baked products (bread, buns and pastries) arc the most important sources of sodium, constituting 22 % of the total sodium intake. The share of bread alone is 16% and that of sausages and other meat products is 14%. The share of other food items is less than 10 %.
Mineral and trace element supply of sheep on grass silage based feeding
Authors: Syrjälä-Qvist Liisa
Published: July 2018

Balance trials were made with adult Finnsheep rams to obtain more information on the mineral supply when the animals arc fed on grass silage based diets. The experimental silages were prepared with three different preservatives: 1) AIV I solution (25% formic acid and 20 % hydrochloric acid), 2) formic acid and 3) Viher solution (26 % formic acid and 70 % formalin). Together with the silage the animals received sucrose, starch and cellulose supplements at the levels of 0 %, 15 % or 30 % of the dry matter of the daily rations, representing 0, 2 ½ and 5 g/kg animal liveweight per day. Data were obtained on the Ca, P Mg, K, Na, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn intake by the animals and on the excretion of these minerals in the faeces and urine. The levels of these minerals in the blood were also determined. The mineral contents of the silage were sufficient for animals fed at the maintenance level, except in the case of Na and P. Suckling ewes and growing lambs on silage based feeding may suffer from a deficiency of Ca as well as Na and P. The silage preservatives did not differ in their effect on the mineral balance. The mineral balances of the animals receiving the various carbohydrate supplements were also fairly similar to those of animals on pure silage diets.
Hintasäännöstely, subventiot ja kuluttajan ylijäämä: Sovellutus maataloustuotteiden kysyntään ja tarjontaan
Authors: Kanniainen Vesa , Volk Raija
Published: July 2018

Edellä on analysoitu hintasäännöstelyn ja muiden julkisenvallan toimenpiteiden vaikutuksia maataloustuotannon kannalta. Pyrkimys kansalliseen omavaraisuuteen sekä halu pitää kuluttajahinnat sen tasapainohinnan alapuolella, johon markkinahinnat johtaisivat, on nähty markkinamekanismiin puuttumisen syinä. Tähän ehkä voisi liittää hintastabiliteettitavoitteen. Varsin mielenkiintoinen on tällöin kysymys siitä, minkälaisia allokaatio- ja hyvinvointivaikutuksia kansalliseen omavaraisuuteen tähtäävään maatalouspolitiikkaan saattaa liittyä. Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan näitä allokaatiovaikutuksia hintasäännöstelyn ja kahdentyyppisen subventiojärjestelmän tilanteessa. Hyvinvoinnin muutosten osalta tukeudutaan kansantaloustieteestä tuttuun kuluttajan ylijäämän teoriaan. Tulosten osalta todettakoon mm., että partiaalisen tasapainon mielessä tuotantoyksikköä kohden laskettu subventio on allokatiivisesti neutraali siinä mielessä, että se ei muuta tuotantoyrityksen optimaalista kokoa. Sen sijaan yleisen tasapainon näkökulmasta yritysten lukumäärä kasvaa, mikä johtaa hintojen sopeutumiseen ja siten resurssien allokaation muuttumiseen ko. hyödykkeen ja muiden hyödykkeiden välillä. Tuotantoyksikköä kohden määritellyn subvention allokaatiovaikutukset ovat suuremmat. Partiaalisen tasapainon mallissa tuotantoyksikön optimikoko alenee subvention vaikutuksesta samalla kun yleisen tasapainon mielessä tuotantoyksiköiden lukumäärä kasvaa. Molemmissa tapauksissa hintasäännöstely yleisesti voimistaa allokaatiovinoutumaa. Lopuksi on todettavissa, että omavaraisuustavoitteita ei luonnollisesti voida ajatella saavutettavan ilmaiseksi, vaan siitä on maksettava määrätty hinta. Tutkielmassa eritellään juuri tähän tavoitteeseen tähtäävän politiikan kustannuksia allokaation ja hyvinvoinnin kannalta. Sen sijaan on selvää, että tutkielma ei pysty vastaamaan kysymykseen, kuinka suuri hinta kansallisesta omavaraisuudesta korkeintaan kannattaisi maksaa.
Formaldehyde content of milk: 2.Cows fed on grass silage preserved with formaldehyde-containing additive and on formaldehyde-treated urea
Authors: Syrjälä-Qvist Liisa , Setälä Jouko
Published: July 2018

In two different experiments silages prepared with formaldehyde-containing additives were fed to cows with and without formaldehyde-treated urea, and formaldehyde was determined on both the silage and the milk. The silage additive contained 20 % HCHO and 30 % 80-% acetic acid and it was used at the rate of 5 l/ton raw material. The treatment levels of urea were 1.4-1.5 g HCHO/100 g urea. Twenty-two Friesian cows were used in Experiment 1 and 20 Ayrshire cows in Experiment 2. In Both experiments they were divided into two groups, one of which had silage as the only source of formaldehyde and the other both silage and HCHO-treated urea. Exp. 1 lasted 18 weeks and Exp. 2 13 weeks. The average daily milk yield in Exp. 1 was 14.2kg and in Exp. 2 it was 22.8kg FCM. When the experiments started at least 4monthshadelapsed from the preparation of the silages. In Exp. 1 the silage contained on average 13.0 mg HCHO/kg (10-16 mg/kg, n = 5) and in Exp. 2 it contained 64 mg HCHO/kg (45-90 mg/kg, n = 8). Judged by the fermentation criteria both silages were of good quality, but according to organoleptic tests the quality of the silage was better in Exp. 1 than in Exp. 2. In Exp. 1 the cows received HCHO from the silage at the average rate of 0.13 g/day and one group also received 2.01 g HCHO/day from the treated urea (altogether 2.14 g/day). Formaldehyde was found in the milk of four cows on the latter diet but in only one milk sample from three of them and in two samples from one. The HCHO content of these samples was 0.2-0.3 mg/l. In Exp.2 the cows in the two groups received HCHO from the silage at the average rates of 1.47g and 1.58g/day. In addition those in the latter group received 1.29g HCHO from the HCHO-urea (altogether 2.87g/day).The average formaldehyde content of the milk in the former group was 0.3mg/1(0-0.7mg/l) and in the HCHO-urea group 0.6mg/l(0.3-1.0mg/l). When the only source of formaldehyde was silage, there was a highly significant positive correlation between the HCHO content of the diet and that of milk, but when the cows received formaldehyde from both silage and HCHO-urea, the correlation was not significant. It thus appears that formaldehyde is transferred more easily to milk from silage than from HCHO treated urea.
Fungus diseases of raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) in Finland
Authors: Ruokola Anna-Liisa
Published: July 2018

During 1978—1981 a total of nearly 200 raspberry cane samples were investigated originating mainly from southern and eastern Finland. The samples consisted of young and already fruited canes injuried to different degrees. Phoma sp., the conidial stage of Didymella applanata (Niessl) Sacc., causer of raspberry spur blight, was most common of the isolated fungi; the perfect stage did not develope until afer preservation in cold. The peak of pycnospore release on raspberry canes was in July 1981. Other weak wound pathogens were isolated: Fusarium avenaceum (Cda. ex Fr.) Sacc., which occurred in 22 % of the transfers, F. culmorum (W. G. Sm.) Sacc., Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. and the secondly most common Phoma species, P. exigua Desm. v. exigua Maas. The fungi mentioned above were mainly obtained from different depths of the raspberry stem tissues, the least on an average from the pith. Alternaria alternate (Fr.) Keissl. was the most common ’surface fungus’, Phialophora spp., wood rotting saprophytes, common also in the pith. Leptosphaeria coniothyrium (Fckl.) Sacc., the most strong of the pathogens, was rare in the samples. The occurrence of Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zinssm.) Scholten in root samples changed 8-70 %. The cv. Muskoka is more susceptible to spur blight than cv. Ottawa. On the other hand, the larvae of raspberry cane midge (Resseliella theobaldi (Barnes)) produced plenty of injuries in Ottawa-samples originating from Mikkeli in 1980 and thus increased also the fungal damage.
Nutritive value of rapeseed meals and cakes for pigs and sheep
Authors: Salo Maija-Liisa
Published: July 2018

Digestibility and nutritive value for growing pigs, liveweight 40-70 kg, were determined for high glucosinolate (HG) Span and Torch (Brassica campestris) rapeseed meals (RSM) and cakes (RSC), and for low glucosinolate (LG)Regent (B. napus) RSM and DF-15 (B. campestris) RSC in barley based diets in one year or two successive years. Some of the feeds were evaluated also for sheep. The level of RSM and RSC was 20 or 30 % of diets for pigs and 32 % for sheep. The observed net energy value of commercial Span-Torch RSM for pigs was in two successive years 0.80 and 0,79 f.u./kg dry matter (DM) ( f.u. = feed unit = 0.7kg starch equivalent).The protein values were 281 and 291 g digestible crude protein (DCP)/kg DM, respectively. The 8 %-units higher fat content together with a little better digestibility of organic components raised the f.u. value of RSC about 30 % above that of RSM. For pigs there were only slight differences in the digestibility and palatability of the HG Span-Torch and the LG Regent and DF-15 meals and cakes, but there was a clear difference in the palatability in successive years. The nitrogen balances for pigs on the RSM or RSC and barley diets were 20.4-22.2 g N/d, and the biological values of protein of the RSM and RSC were 67-68. The net energy value of Span-Torch rapeseed meal for sheep was 0.91 f.u./kg DM, and the protein value 309 g DCP/kg DM. The digestibility of cakes was nearly equal to meal, but the 8 %-units higher fat content raised the f.u. value of RSC about 20 %. The digestibility of organic matter of LG DF-15 cakes was a little better (P < 0.05) than that of Span-Torch cakes. The sheep willingly ate RSM and RSC at a 32 % level of the diets.
Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) whey product as protein source for growing pigs
Authors: Näsi Matti , Ikonen Matti , Antila Matti
Published: July 2018

A digestibility and balance trial was performed with three growing pigs to evaluate the nutritive value and protein utilization of a carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC) whey product used to replace 50 % or 100 % of the dried skim supplement in a barley-based diet. The effect of CMC whey on clinical chemical blood parameters was also investigated. The CMC whey protein contained 39.6 % crude protein and 36.0 % true protein in DM. The proportion of CMC in the product was 18.3% of DM. CMC whey had high contents of lysine, cystine, methionine and threonine: 10.3, 2.9, 2.1 and 5.6 g/16 g N, respectively. NFE digestibility was lower on the CMC whey diet than on the skim milk diet (P < 0.05). Faecal excretion of CMC averaged 59.0 %. Protein utilization was effective on the CMC whey diet: 69.9 % of absorbed N was retained. Judging from the blood analyses, the CMC whey product did not have any detrimental effect on the metabolism or health of the pigs. The CMC whey product is well suited as a protein supplement in pig feeding because of its high contents of essential amino acids.
Potato viruses in Finland and their identification
Authors: Kurppa Aarne
Published: July 2018

The occurrence of potato viruses in Finland and alternative methods for their identification are reported in this study. The following seven viruses were found to occur; potato viruses X, S, M, Y, A, potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) and tobacco rattle virus (TRV). The isolates of potato viruses X and Y included two clearly distinct strains. The other viruses had only minor variants. The most severe and important of the viruses was PVY, particularly its Y° strain. Other important viruses were PVM and PVA and potentially PLRV. PVY was found to be the most easily transmitted in the field. For serological identification of the viruses, indigenous antisera produced for selected isolates were mostly used. Significant serological variation was only found among the PVY isolates. The lowest concentration of PVX D-protein detected with the agar gel double diffusion test was 10 µg/ml and 1 µg/ml with the single diffusion test. With the ELISA test 0.1 ng of virus /ml could be detected. For PVX the lowest relative value detected in potato leaf sap was a dilution of between 10-6 and 10-7. The chloroplast agglutination test was too unreliable for detecting PVY in potato samples. Also the agar gel double diffusion test was found to be too insensitive for the identification of potato viruses but the single diffusion test could be used in certain cases. With the ELISA test potato viruses X, S, M and Y could be reliably detected in potato leaf sap and with almost the same accuracy in sap from sprouting tubers. The ELISA test was also found to give satisfactory results during routine testing for the identification of PVA and PLRV in potato leaves or non-dormant tubers.
Botrytis allii Munn -sienen infektoituminen sipuliin kasvukaudella ja sadonkorjuun aikana
Authors: Tahvonen Risto
Published: July 2018

Vuosina 1978—80 tehdyissä sipulin varastotautitutkimuksissa haluttiin hyvin tärkeäksi todetun istukaslevinnän lisäksi tarkistaa sipulin tärkeimmän varastotaudin, Botrytis allii Munn -sienen mahdollisuutta saastuttaa sipulia kasvukaudella ja sadonkorjuun yhteydessä, mitä seikkaa vanhemmassa kirjallisuudessa on painotettu. Samaan peltolohkoon muokattiin kolmena vuotena peräkkäin edellisenä varastokautena kokeista tulleita sairaita sipuleita n. 10 tn/ha/v. Tässä voimakkaasti saastuneessa maassa ja samalla peltoaukeamalla 100—200 m:n etäisyydellä kasvatettiin sipuleita maasta tapahtuvan saastunnan toteamiseksi. Toisessa kokeessa sipulisatoa korjattiin elokuun puolivälistä syyskuun loppuun kymmenen vuorokauden välein. Osa korjatuista sipuleista ruiskutettiin yksi viikko ennen nostoa benomyylillä. Kolmannessa kokeessa verrattiin koneellisesti ja käsin nostetun sipulisadon B. allii -pitoisuuksia toisiinsa. B. allii -sieni saastutti sipuleita maasta käsin vasta kolmantena koevuotena. Myöhäinen sadonkorjuuaika lisäsi vain lievästi sadon harmaahomeisuutta. Jos käytetty istukas oli tervettä, ei myöhäisellä sadonkorjuulla ollut vaikutusta tautisuuteen. Yksi viikko ennen sadonkorjuutatehdyillä fungisidiruiskutuksilla ei ollut vaikutusta B. allii -pitoisuuksiin. Koneellinen sadonkorjuuketju pellolta varastoon ei näyttänyt lisäävän sipulin harmaahometta käsinnostoon verrattuna.
Short-term, parallel storage in the prediction of storage losses caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers ex Fr. on cabbage
Authors: Tahvonen Risto
Published: July 2018

The level of Botrytis cinerea Pers ex Fr. on cabbages stored for 6.5 months in a cold store (+1 °C) and the subsequent number of merchantable cabbages were extremely reliably predicted by the B, cinerea contents of cabbages stored for 7 weeks at 5-10 °C, or 3.5 months at +1 °C. The cabbages were probably infected by B. cinerea in the field 3 weeks or more before harvesting. The fungus could still be controlled satisfactorily by spraying with fungicide 4 weeks before harvesting.
The effect of ADD-H preservative (ammonium propionate) on the molding of baled hay
Authors: Kotimaa Marjut , Mustonen Mirja , Husman Kaj
Published: July 2018

The quality and the quantity of spore dust liberated from bales of hay treated with different doses of ammonium propionate (ADD-H) were studied during one indoor foddering period. The quantity of both mesophilic mold spores (especially Aspergillus umbrosus) and of thermophilic actinomycetes liberated from bales not treated with ADD-H was statistically significantly greater than the amount liberated from treated bales. There were no statistically significant differences in the amount of spores liberated from the bales treated with different doses of ADD-H.
Experiments on the cultivation of dandelion for salad use: l Study of cultivation methods and their influence on yield and sensory quality
Authors: Kuusi Taina , Hårdh Kirsti , Kanon Helena
Published: July 2018

Cultivation of mild-tasting dandelion types for salad use has been studied as one part of an investigation aimed at evaluation the possible uses of dandelion. Eleven Finnish agamospecies were compared with two middle-European varieties, ’Vollherziger, verbesserter’ and ’Vertde Montmagny’in regard to preferred methods of cultivation as well as to yield level and quality properties. Further, suitability and effects of the culturing methods were studied, the main variables being level of fertilization and use of various coverings to bleach the rosettes. Of the cultivation properties, particularly the earliness, flowering, winter hardiness, vigour of growth and resistance against diseases and pests were considered. The yields in spring varied between about 50 and 150 kg/are. When growth was in light the bitterness of all the agamospecies and varieties studied was only slight and when effective covering was used bitterness was in significant. The sensory quality varied somewhat depending on the agamospecies or variety and method of cultivation, being at best very good and at worst satisfactory. In the conditions studied, the higher level of fertilization was too high. The single black film, the black fibre cloth and thick bark humus layer were all suitable coverings. Though they decreased the yield (at least when calculated as dry matter), the coverings improved the taste and texture of the rosettes. With film and fibre cloth, rosettes were somewhat more greenish and yields better than with bark humus. The humus also made the rosettes more succulent and crisp, so that the texture was improved. This method is laborious, however, and better suited for home gardening than commercial cultivation. Of the agamospecies and varieties studied, the best for cultivation in light were Taraxacum hemicyclum, T. lanyphyllum, ’Vollherziger verbesserter’ and ’Vert de Montmagny. For cultivation under covering the best were ’Vert de Montmagny’, T. hemicyclum and T. pallidipes.
Experiments on the cultivation of dandelion for salad use: II The nutritive value and intrinsic quality of dandelion leaves
Authors: Kuusi Taina , Hårdh Kirsti , Kanon Helena
Published: July 2018

In an extensive investigation concerning the utilization of dandelion, the feasibility of cultivating the dandelion for salad use has been studied. Properties making up the intrinsic quality, viz., nutritive value and content of nitrates, have been used as one criterion of suitability. The study material consisted of 11 Finnish agamospecies selected for their mild taste, and two middle-European cultivars, ’Vollherziger verbesserter’ and ’Vert de Montmagny’. The effects of cultivation methods were also studied: two levels of fertilization, and covering with black polyethelene film, black fibre cloth and bark humus layers of various thicknesses were compared. As criteria of the nutritive value, dry matter, soluble solids, mineral contents, in particular Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn, and vitamin C, were measured. The nitrate content as a criterion of intrinsic quality was also studied. In spring, the dry matter of the rosettes averaged 12.3%, in late summer 17.1 %. In spring the average content of soluble solids was 5.5 %, the mineral content 1.6 %. The amounts of the individually analyzed minerals Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn deviated somewhat from values in the literature, probably due to the methods of cultivation. The amount of vitamin C in spring was on average 42 mg/100g, varying between 29 and 53 mg/100g. The nitrate content was low: at highest 660 mg NO3/kg fresh weight. The influence of fertilizing level was slight. Even the levels of minerals and nitrates were not increased at the higher level of fertilization. Coverings had clear-cut effects. Where the covering effectively eliminated light, i.e. when black film, black fibre cloth or thick bark humus layer was used, the dry matter, soluble solids, mineral content and vitamin C values were decreased and the nitrate values increased. Compared with other plants used as salad greens, the nutritive value and particularly the amount of vitamin C in dandelion are much higher, although the values are considerably decreased if the leaves are bleached. If the mild tasting types studied here were cultivated, bleaching would not be necessary. The nitrate content in dandelion is generally low as compared with many other plants used as salad greens.
Effects of barley-bound organic selenium compared with inorganic selenite on selenium concentration and structure of tissues in pig
Authors: Kurkela P. , Kääntee E.
Published: July 2018

A study was made of the effects of barley feeds containing varying levels of natural grain selenium derived from fertilizer and of the effects of sodium selenite on selenium concentrations in the tissues of growing pigs and on the histological structure of myocardium and longissimus muscle. The results indicated that organic grain selenium affects the selenium levels of porcine tissues significantly more than sodium selenite supplementation of the same amount. The organic selenium concentrations of feed and organs were found to be linearly correlated. Spleen, lung and heart were the most reliable indicators of tissue selenium level in pigs. The selenium concentration of muscles of pigs fed on naturally seleniferous feed (270 µg Se/kg DM) was at the internationally level (500 µg Se/kg DM in meat), whereas the same amount of selenite in feed increased the selenium level of muscle only slightly (to 200/µg Se/kg DM). The histological structures of heart and muscle of pigs fed on naturally seleniferous feed were normal, whereas in the selenite group there were signs of muscle dystrophy when the selenium level was below 200 µg Se/kg DM. In addition, the pigs given selenite were subsequently placed in a lower, fat-containing carcass class. Feed with a natural organic selenium level of 150—200 µg Se/kg DM is preferred to selenite selenium supplement in pork production.
Rapeseed fat in dairy cow feeding
Authors: Syrjälä-Qvist Liisa , Aspila Pentti
Published: July 2018

Dairy cows on silage and hay-based diets were given a barley-oats concentrate mixture containing 13 % rapeseed feed in four different forms: diet 1)rapeseed meal, 2)rapeseed meal + rapeseed oil, 3) rapeseed meal + crushed rapeseed and 4) protected fatty rapeseed meal. The fat content of the rapeseed feed was: diets 2 and 3, 7,1 % of dry matter; diet 4, 6.3 %; diet 1, 2.4 %. From the rapeseed the cows received only about 2 g digestible crude fat/kg 4 % FCM, the total fat supply on diets 2, 3 and 4 being 15 g digestible crude fat/kg 4 % FCM. At so low a level, the rapeseed fat did not have any clear effect on the milk fat or milk protein contents, or on the iodine number or fatty acid composition of the milk fat. The milk yield increased, however, when the diet contained rapeseed feed.
Ruminal degradation and in vivo digestibility of processed rapeseed meal
Authors: Syrjälä-Qvist Liisa , Pekkarinen Eeva , Setälä Jouko
Published: July 2018

The digestibility and nutritive value of rapeseed meal processed in different ways were studied with adult rams fed on alkali-treated straw. The rumen degradability was determined by the nylon bag technique. The rapeseed meal feeds were: 1) untreated rapeseed meal, 2) heat-treated rapeseed meal (2—5 sec. at over 100°C), 3) heat-treated rapeseed meal + 5 % urea phosphate and 4) heat-treated rapeseed meal + 10 % rapeseed hulls. The heat treatment reduced the rumen degradation and in vivo digestibility of the rapeseed meal, although not significantly (P > 0.05). Addition of urea phosphate to the heat-treated rapeseed meal increased the ruminal degradability of the crude protein and improved the digestibility of all the constituents of the rapeseed meal, especially that of crude fibre (P > 0.05). The rapeseed hulls had no noticeable effect on digestibility.
Long term supply elasticities: a case study for Finland
Authors: Kettunen Lauri
Published: July 2018

Long term supply elasticities for basic agricultural products are needed for forecasting and planning of agricultural production. Despite many econometric studies on supply elasticities in Finland, so far no coherent analysis covering all products has been made. This shortcoming is the background for this study. Ordinary least squares were first used to estimate the elasticities, but since the residuals were in many cases autocorrelated, autoregressive models were also applied. The fit of the models did not improve much, but the autocorrelation disappeared, particularly when second order models were estimated. The long term supply elasticities seem to be small in general, a fact which also corresponds to expectations and earlier studies. The estimation of cross elasticities was not very successful and only one or two variables in addition to the producer price of the product concerned, could be included in the models. The estimation of supply elasticities proved to be sensitive to the inclusion of a new variable or a new observation. This may be due to the small number of observations or due to the rapid change in supply conditions which may be difficult to explain by econometric methods.
Factors affecting in sacco degradation of dry matter and crude protein in grass silage
Authors: Setälä Jouko , Tesfa Alem , Rauramaa Aino
Published: July 2018

The degradability of dry matter and crude protein was studied in 96 grass silages, which were collected from practical farms in different parts of Finland. The degradabilities were determined by the nylonbag technique in sheep on a grass silage and hay (50 : 50 on DM basis) -based diet. Among chemical components the N-free extracts increased, and the crude fibre decreased the dry matter degradation in the rumen. The correlation between the end-products from silage fermentation and the dry matter degradability was generally negative. The level of the crude protein degradability was significantly increased when the crude protein content in the silage DM was increased. The amount of NO3 in the silage DM had a similar effect. The rate of crude protein degradation was regulated mainly by the proteolysis in the silage, e.g. the amounts of NH, and especially watersoluble N in the total N of silage. Crude fibre tended to protect crude protein against ruminal digestion.
PAG electrophoregrams of six Finnish potato cultivars
Authors: Sontag Tuula , Salovaara Hannu , Ulvinen Osmo
Published: July 2018

The polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic (PAGE) patterns of soluble proteins and esterases of six Finnish potato cultivars (Jaakko, Pito, Hankkijan Timo, Hankkijan Tuomas, Hankkijan Tanu and Puikula) were determined. All cultivars are commonly grown in Finland. The PAGE procedure used yielded highly reproducible protein separation and good resolution. Samples studied had specific soluble protein and esterase PAGE patterns, indicating that electrophoregrams can be used for identifying Finnish potato cultivars. Only two cultivars, Hankkijan Tanu and Hankkijan Tuomas, which are close relatives, possessed very similar PAGE patterns. The electrophoretic pattern of Puikula was very similar to that of the Swedish cultivar Mandel when compared with the reference presented in the literature.Therefore a hypothesis is presented suggesting that these two local cultivars would be representatives of the same cultivar.
Yield and glucosinolates in mustard seeds and volatile oils in caraway seeds and coriander fruit: I Yield and glucosinolate contents of mustard (Sinapis sp., Brassica sp.) seeds
Authors: Hälvä S. , Hirvi T. , Mäkinen S.
Published: July 2018

Different varieties of yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.), brown mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.) and black mustard (Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J. Koch) were tested in 1983—1985 at three locations in Finland. The average seed yield of yellow mustard was 2220 kg/ha, it’s sinalbine content being 2.2—5.2 g/100g. There were no major differences between the tested varieties. Varieties ‘Kirby’ and ‘Gisilba’ produced the largest yields. ‘Gisilba’ and ‘Ochre’ had the shortest growth periods. The sinalbine content in yellow mustard seeds varied more between the years than between the varieties. The average yield of brown mustard was 1620 kg/ha. The variety ‘Picra’ was slightly better than the other varieties with respect to yield and early ripening. The sinigrine content in brown mustard seeds were approximately from traces to 4.4 g/100 g those of ‘Dome’, ‘Blaze’, ‘Sv 8341001’ and ‘Trowse’ being highest. Black mustard yielded less than 700 kg/ha, the sinigrine content of the seeds being 1.8—4.5 g/100g.
Yield and glucosinolate of mustard seeds and volatile oils of caraway seeds and coriander fruit: lll Yield and volatile oils of coriander fruit (Coriandrum sativum L.)
Authors: Hälvä S. , Hirvi T. , Mäkinen S.
Published: July 2018

Certain cultivars of coriander were tested during 1983—1985 at two locations in Finland, namely Helsinki and Kangasala. Only five cultivars were available for the trials: ‘Kultive’, ‘Hungarian’ l and ll, ‘Coriander’ LD and ‘Lucs’. The seeds germinated in 11—19 days and the vegetation reached a height of 36—115 centimeters by the end of the growing season. The growth period ranged from 108 to 132 days. The fruit yields ranged from 790 to 1900 kg/ha in loamy soil in Helsinki, and from 120 to 390 kg/ha in crusted silt soil in Kangasala. There were no significant differences between the yields of different cultivars in any single trial, despite the considerable annual variation. The amount of volatile oils in the fruit ranged from 0.34 to 1.49 ml/100 g and the proportion of the main compound, linalool, was 48.7—72.7 %.The small-fruited cultivars(‘Hungarian’ I and It, ‘Lucs’) had a higher oil content than those with larger fruits(‘Kultive’, ‘Coriander’ LD) but growth period of the small-fruited cultivars was too long for cultivation in the climatic conditions of the Nordic countries.
The influence of soil water potential and soil temperature on the seedling emergence of wheat and barley
Authors: Tenhovuori Markku
Published: July 2018

The time for 50 % emergence of wheat and barley increases linearly with decreasing matric potential. This increase actually begins at matric pressures above pF 2.7. The rise in temperature makes emergence faster with in the range of minimum temperature (3.1°C for wheat and 1.9°C for barley) and the temperature where growth begins to slow down(about 31°C for wheat and 27°C for barley).The optimum range for 50 % emergence was obtained at a matric pressure range of pF 1.3—2.7 or —5.0— —0.20 m (water column) at a temperature of 10°C, which quite well corresponds to the situation in Finland during the emergence period in spring. A clear increase can be observed in the required heat sum for wheat and barley when the soil water potential reaches a critical point which was pF 2.8 or—6.3m for wheat and pF 2.7 or —5.0 m for barley. The total emergence as a function of matric potential for wheat and barley was determined over a period of 30 days at 10°C. In the wet side, pF 1,0 can be considered a limit, the total emergence decreasing with lower values. In the dry side, a corresponding decrease can be noticed in total emergence at pF above 3.0. The water uptake by seeds speeded up with increasing temperature from 10 to 25°C. Radicles of wheat and barley began to appear when the water uptake by the seed was approximately 50—60 % of the initial weight of the seed. The initial water uptake caused by the moistening of the pericarp due to capillarity was about 3 % for wheat and 5 % for barley at a soil water potential of pF 1.2.
Micropropagation of Rubus spp.
Authors: Finne Åke
Published: July 2018

Rapid micropropagation of ‘Black Satin’, ‘Thornless Evergreen’ and ‘Bedford Giant’ was achieved by culturing shoot tips in a 1/1 MS. The best medium in the introduction stage contained 2.0 mg/l BAP. Shoot proliferation occurred with 3.0 mg/1BAP. Some problems with callus and phenolic compounds appeared in both introduction and shoot multiplication stages. The plantlets were rooted either in 1/10 MS without hormones or directly in peat. Two months later most of ‘Black Satin’ and ‘Bedford Giant’ and about half of ‘Thornless Evergreen’ were growing steadily. Theoretically it is possible to produce 60,000 plants within a half year by this method.
Studies on fertilization of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) and basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) lll Oil yield of basil affected by fertilization
Authors: Hälvä S.
Published: July 2018

Basic fertilization and nitrogen top-dressing of basil was studied in 1984 and 1985 at the Department of Horticulture, University of Helsinki. The total N doses applied were 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 kg N/100 m2. In 1984 the plants were of a mixture of different fenotypes and two of those formed 85 % of the crop-stand. In 1985 the variety grown was ’Budakalasz’. The optimum basic fertilization proved to be a compound fertilizer at the rate (NPK) of 0.4—0.16—0.68 kg/100 m2. The content of volatile oils in dried herb ranged from 0.32 to 1.46 %. The total oil content was not significantly affected by fertilization except in 1984 when the fertilization decreased the oil content in the other of those two major fenotypes.
Sulphate sorption by Finnish mineral soils
Authors: Yli-Halla Markku
Published: July 2018

Sulphate sorption by 38 Finnish cultivated mineral soils was determined and its correlation with soil properties was studied. Sulphate sorption was correlated with soil pH (r =—0.46**) and with phosphate sorption (r =0.69***). With increasing soil pH, sulphate sorption decreased in relation to phosphate sorption. Phosphorus status was decisive in explaining the sulphate sorption of the soils. Even if both anions are sorbed by the same soil component (amorphous Al compounds), the sites are not available for sulphate if they are already occupied by phosphate. Sulphate sorption was negligible in soils very rich in easily soluble phosphorus. This was reflected in a close negative correlation between sulphate sorption and acid ammonium acetate (pH 4.65) extractable phosphorus (r =—0.70***). During the last few decades, phosphorus fertilization has increased the amount of easily soluble phosphorus in Finnish fields, which obviously has decreased the capacity of the soils to retain sulphate.
The effect of preceding crops on damping-off of sugar beet and some ecological properties of the fungus Pythium Pringsh
Authors: Vestberg Mauritz
Published: July 2018

The short- and long-term effects of preceding crops on damping-off of sugar beet were studied in pot trials in the glasshouse. Of the different types of plants studied, cereals most effectively decreased disease frequency. At the same time cereals on average also decreased the number of Pythium propagules in the soil, this being a short-and long-term effect. Legumes, on the other hand, seemed not to affect or even to increase damping-off as compared to continuously cultivated sugar beet. The influence on preceding crops on different soil types varied greatly. The inoculum density or potential of Pythium generally correlated poorly with damping-off of sugar beet. Nor did disease transformations cause any overall improvement of correlations.
Quantity and quality of potato yield as influenced by unbalanced and excessive fertilization
Authors: Yli-Halla Markku , Viikari Esko , Palonen Juha
Published: July 2018

Potato (var. Rekord) was cultivated for three years in a sandy field. It was given various levels of three fertilizers the N, P and K composition of which in percentages was 7-11-12, 18-3-12 and 27.5-0-0. The N levels were 0, 80/60, 140/120 and 300/240 kg/ha (1983/1984-85), but the P and K levels varied according to the composition of the fertilizers. In the first year the yields were high regardless of fertilization. The following years the yields were clearly highest in the plots where the fertilizer 7-11-12 was used. This was due to insufficient P and K supply in the other plots. With increasing N fertilization the starch content and mealiness of the tubers decreased and the flavor was degraded. The two higher N levels yielded a considerably higher nitrate content than was measured in tubers from unfertilized plots and those receiving the lowest levels of fertilizers. The present results point out the significance of appropriate N fertilization for potato. A certain N amount was necessary to produce a quantitatively satisfactory yield but excessive amounts had an adverse effect on the quality. P and K were of minor importance for the quality in this experiment, but abundant P and K fertilization was needed for optimum yield formation. Maintenance of soil K level proved difficult in continuous potato cultivation.
Diagnosis of plant viruses by nucleic acid hybridization
Authors: Karjalainen Reijo , Rouhiainen Leo , Söderlund Hans
Published: July 2018

Nucleic acid hybridization is a powerful technique for the diagnosis of many plant viruses not easily detected by serological techniques. It is particularly effective in the detection of viruses occurring in low amount in plant tissue, viruses that are poor immunogens or contain satellites. Molecular probes with desired specificities can be prepared by recombinant DNA techniques for large scale use. cDNA probes of potato virus X(PVX) RNA were made by molecular cloning, and the clones were 32P labelled by nick translation. Hybridization of cDNA to PVX RNA revealed 1 ng of purified virus in 2 µl spots dried onto nitrocellulose filter. Infected samples of crude leaf extracts were easily detected by hybridization, while probes did not react with healthy leaf samples. Nucleic acid hybridization research aims at replacing radiometric probes with nonradioactive methods involving enzymes which are directly or indirectly coupled to the probe and whose presence is observed with the aid of a colour changing substrate. Hybridization assay formats that can easily be automatized are under development. Sandwich hybridization is a simple test format developed for analyzing unpurified biological material, and it appears to be a powerful tool for microbial diagnostics. Sensitivity can be improved by using detection systems in which the specific activity of the probe is increased. Procedures such as ’polymerase chain reaction’, in which the amount of detectable nucleic acid sequences can be increased, are promising alternatives for increasing sensitivity. It is concluded that even if probe-based assays are in their infancy, they will no doubt develop towards such easy use as have immunological test kits.
The nitrate concentration of domestic vegetables on Helsinki market in summer and autumn 1984
Authors: Ahonen Seija , Kuokkanen Iris , Penttilä Pirjo-Liisa
Published: July 2018

Nitrate concentration of some domestic vegetables at Helsinki district market was studied during the summer and autumn months of the year 1984.The species were cabbage (Brassica oleracea var capitata), Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis), kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var gongylodes), turnip (Brassica rapa), carrot (Daucus Carola subsp. sativas) and crisphead and butter head lettuce (Lactuca saliva var. capitata). The 395 samples were analysed with an ion specific electrode. There was a wide range of nitrate concentrations within each species. The mean concentrations mg nitrates/kg of fresh weight were the following: butter head lettuce 1835, Chinese cabbage 1057, kohlrabi 1008, crisphead lettuce 964, turnip 908, cabbage 607 and carrot 264. The nitrate concentration of butter head lettuce in the autumn was more than twice as high as that in the summer, and vice versa as to cabbage samples. The nitrate concentration of carrot samples in the summer was about 40 % higher than in the autumn.
Determination of soil specific surface area by water vapor adsorption: III Comparison of surface areas determined by water vapor and nitrogen gas adsorption
Authors: Niskanen Raina , Mäntylahti Väinö
Published: July 2018

The specific surface areas of ten soil samples (clay content 1—72 %, organic carbon content 0.8—11.5 %) were determined by water vapor and nitrogen gas adsorption. The surface areas obtained by application of the BET equation to water vapor sorption at p/po 0.12—0.42 (21—195 m2/g) were, on the average, 80 % of the areas determined by water vapor sorption at p/po 0.20, range 27—229 m2/g. A BET water monolayer coverage was formed on the soil surface at p/po 0.12—0.20. The BET water area correlated closely with the one-point water area (p/po 0.20). The surface area determined by nitrogen gas adsorption ranged from 0.3 to 21 m2/g and did not correlate closely with water areas. The water surface areas were closely related to soil organic carbon content, while the nitrogen area was primarily related to soil clay content.