bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: RK. ZWISCHEN ACYLHALOGENIDEN UND SILBERHYPONITRIT
Authors: SEKIGUCHI MASATSUGA , KOBAYSHI MICHIO , MINATO HIROSHI
Published: February 2016

Bei der Reaktion von Ag‐hyponitrit mit p‐Toluolsulfonylbromid bei Raumtemperatur oder 0 bis ‐30°C in verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln (1,2‐Dichlor‐äthan, Dichlormethan, Benzol, Acetonitril) wird kein Di‐p‐tosylhyponitrit (DTN) erhalten, sondern es entstehen p‐Toluolsulfonsäureanhydrid sowie N2 oder N2O. In 1,2‐Dichlor‐äthan entstehen beträchtliche Mengen an N2 als Folge der Homolyse von intermediär auftretendem DTN, während in Benzol vorwiegend N2O gebildet wird.
ChemInform Abstract: PERFLUORVERBINDUNGEN ALS LOESUNGSMITTEL IN DER PHOTOKINETIK
Authors: MAUSER HEINZ , KRETSCHMER RAINER
Published: February 2016

Perfluorverbindungen haben als inerte Lösungsmittel für photokinetische Messungen folgende Vorteile: Die käuflichen Produkte sind zum Teil bis unter 200 nm voll durchlässig, die UV‐Spektren vieler Stoffe sind in Perfluorverbindungen besser strukturiert als in den üblichen Lösungsmitteln, beim Bestrahlen mit einem Quecksilberhochdruckbrenner ändern sauerstoffhaltige Proben ihr Spektrum nicht.
ChemInform Abstract: TRANSALKYLIERUNG AROMATISCHER KOHLENWASSERSTOFFE DURCH DEN METATHESE‐KATALYSATOR (WCL6‐C2H5ALCL2)
Authors: HOCKS L. , HUBERT A. J. , TEYSSIE P.
Published: February 2016

In Gegenwart von (III) als Katalysator werden in Benzol (II) aus 4‐Octen (I) Mischungen der verschiedenen Phenyl‐octane (IV)‐(VI) neben di‐ und polyalkylierten Produkten erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: ACYLIERUNG VON SYDNONEN
Authors: TIEN HSIEN‐JU , OHTA MASAKI
Published: February 2016

Eine neue Acylierungsmethode der Sydnone (I) mit den′ Anhydriden (II) in Gegenwart von HClO4 bei Raumtemperatur gibt die Acylsydnone (III) in hohen Ausbeuten.
ChemInform Abstract: NEUE UMLAGERUNG BEI DER ALKALISCHEN HYDROLYSE VON 1,1,1‐TRICHLOR‐ALKEN‐(2)‐ONEN‐(4)
Authors: KIEHLMANN EBERHARD , MENON B. C. , WELLS J. I.
Published: February 2016

Bei der Einwirkung eines fünffachen Überschusses von KOH in Methanol auf das Keton (II) und nachfolgendem Ansäuem entsteht das K‐Salz (I).
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLISCHE VICINALE POLYKETONE 2. MITT. RK. VON CYCLOPENTENTRIONEN MIT BENZOL
Authors: YAMAZAKI T. , TAKIZAWA T.
Published: February 2016

Die Kondensation der Trione (Ia) mit Benzol (II) in Gegenwart von konz. Schwefelsäure bei Raumtemperatur liefert die Diketone (IIIa).
ChemInform Abstract: MECHANISMUS DER BISCHLER‐NAPIERALSKI‐RK.
Authors: FODOR GABOR , GAL JOSEPH , PHILLIPS BARRY
Published: February 2016

Das Benzamid (Ia) reagiert bei Raumtemperatur mit Phosphorpentachlorid in Tetrachlorkohlenstoff zum Benzimidoylchlorid (IIa), das als Hydrochlorid in 80%iger Ausbeute anfallt.
ChemInform Abstract: CYANAMID ALS NH‐AKTIVE KOMPONENTE IN DER SYNTH. VON DEHYDRO‐N‐MANNICH‐BASEN
Authors: KREUTZBERGER A.
Published: February 2016

Die Reaktion von Cyanamid (I) mit dem Triazin (II) und den sek. Aminen (IV) liefert die Mannich‐Basen (V).
ChemInform Abstract: EINE NEUE PHOTOCHEMISCHE RK. BETA‐GAMMA‐UNGESAETTIGTER KETONE
Authors: COOKSON R. C. , ROGERS N. R.
Published: February 2016

Die UV‐Bestrahlung eines Gleichgewichtsgemisches von (I) und (II) in Cyclohexan, Benzol oder Methanol liefert das Oxetan (III).
ChemInform Abstract: NITRENE DURCH PHOTOLYSE VON CHINON‐IMIN‐N‐OXIDEN
Authors: FORRESTER A. R. , OGILVY M. M. , THOMSON R. H.
Published: February 2016

Die Photolyse der Di‐N‐oxide (I) in benzolischer Lösung mit einer Quecksilberdampflampe führt zur Bildung von Benzochinon (II), den Azobenzolen (III), den Benzochinonmonimin‐N‐0xiden (IV) und Spuren der Diaminochinone (V).
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOLYSE VON DIPHENYLJODONIUM‐SALZEN IN ALKOHOL‐LOESUNGEN
Authors: KNAPCZYK J. W. , LUBINKOWSKI J. J. , MCEWEN W. E.
Published: February 2016

Diphenyljodonium‐Salze (I) liefern in Alkoholen (II) die Folgeprodukte (III)‐(VI).
ChemInform Abstract: DIE PHOTO‐SENSIBILISIERTE OX. VON 3‐METHYLPYRROL UEBER DIOXETAN‐ZWISCHENSTUFEN
Authors: LIGHTNER D. A. , LOW L. K.
Published: February 2016

3‐Methyl‐pyrrol (I) wird in Gegenwart von Rose Bengale in Methanol der Oxidation unter Bestrahlung unterworfen.
ChemInform Abstract: DIAZOTIERUNG VON TETRAFLUORANTHRANILSAEURE UND MEHRERE RK. VERWANDTER VERBINDUNGEN
Authors: HAYASHI SEI‐ICHI , ISHIKAWA NOBUO
Published: February 2016

Bei der Diazotierung der Anthranilsäure (II) mit Nitrosylhydrogensulfat in Essigsäure entsteht das Benzoldiazoniumcarboxylat (III), das bei der Behandlung mit Cu(I)‐halogenid in konz. Halogenwasserstoffsäure die Halogenderivate (V) liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. UND PMR‐EIGENSCHAFTEN EINIGER DEHYDROALANIN‐DERIVATE
Authors: ASQUITH R. S. , CARTHEW P.
Published: February 2016

Acetyldehydroalanin (I) reagiert mit den Aminen (II) zu den Alkylacylaminosäuren (III).
ChemInform Abstract: DIE PHOTOSENSIBILISIERTE OX. VINYLISCHER SULFIDE
Authors: ANDO W. , SUZUKI J. , ARAI T. , MIGITA T.
Published: February 2016

Das Äthylen (I) läßt sich in Aceton in Gegenwart von Rose Bengale als Sensibilisator bei Belichtung zu einem Gemisch von Diäthyldisulfid (II), Dithiooxalat (III) und Dithiocarbonat (IV) oxidieren.
ChemInform Abstract: RADIKALISCHER ANGRIFF AUF ISONITRILE, RK. ZWISCHEN BIS‐TRIFLUORMETHYLAMINO‐OXYL UND TERT.‐BUTYL‐ ODER TRIFLUORMETHYL‐ISONITRIL
Authors: BANKS R. E. , HASZELDINE R. N. , STEPHENS C. W.
Published: February 2016

Reaktionen zwischen dem Oxyl (I) und den beiden Isonitrilen (IIa) und (IIb) werden in Relation zu den Bedingungen untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON 4‐HYDROXY‐2‐CYCLOPENTEN‐1‐ONEN UEBER 1,3‐DITHIANE
Authors: WOESSNER W. D. , ELLISON R. A.
Published: February 2016

Aus den beiden Dithianen (Ia) und (Ib), die in üblicher Weise hergestellt werden aus den Aldehyden, Propan‐1,3‐dithiol und HCl, entstehen nach Umwandlung in die Organolithium‐Verbindungen mit dem Brom‐acetal (IIa) die Substitutionsprodukte (III), die zu (IV) verseift werden.
ChemInform Abstract: KATALYTISCHE HYDRIERUNG VON BENZOL DURCH DIE LAMELLENVERBINDUNGEN C8K UND C24K
Authors: ICHIKAWA M. , INOUE Y. , TAMARU K.
Published: February 2016

Die Hydrierung von Benzol (Ia) in Gegenwart von C8K oder C24K liefert bei 50 ‐ 300°C in hoher Selektivität Cyclohexan (IIa), das z.B. bei 250°C in 80‐90%iger Ausbeute erhalten werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE STEREOSPEZIFISCHE CYCLOPROPANRINGHYDROGENOLYSE
Authors: AKHTAR M. N. , JACKSON W. R.
Published: February 2016

Die Hydrogenolyse des Cyclopropanringes in dem Acetoxynortricyclen (I) über einem Platinkatalysator in Eisessig in Gegenwart einer geringen Menge an Perchlorsäure führt bei 80°C zu einem 32:68‐Gemisch der exo‐Verbindung (II) und der 7‐Acetoxyverbindung (III).
ChemInform Abstract: RK. VON TRIPLETT‐ARYL‐NITRENEN UND ‐AZIDEN MIT MOLEKULAREM SAUERSTOFF
Authors: ABRAMOVITCH R. A. , CHALLAND S. R.
Published: February 2016

Die Photolyse der aromatische Azide (I) liefert in Gegenwart von Sauerstoff bei 30°C in Acetonitril, Aceton oder Benzol die Nitroderivate (II), die Azoxyverbindungen (III), die Azoverbindungen (IV) und die Aniline (V).
ChemInform Abstract: ANWENDUNG VON CHINONEN MIT HOHEN POTENTIALEN 8. MITT. MECHANISMUS DER OX. VON 2‐BENZYL‐PHENOL ZU BENZYLBENZOCHINONEN
Authors: SINGH J. M. , TURNER A. B.
Published: February 2016

Die Oxidation des Phenols (I) mit 2,3‐Dichlor‐5,6‐dicyan‐benzochinon in Methanol ergibt das Addukt (II) und die Chinone (III).
ChemInform Abstract: MODELL‐RK. FUER DIE BIOSYNTH. VON THYROXIN 19. MITT. PHOTOINDUZIERTE RK. 55. MITT. BLDG. EINES THYROXIN‐VORLAEUFERS DURCH PHOTOOX. VON (4‐HYDROXY‐3,5‐DIJOD‐PHENYL)‐BRENZTRAUBENSAEURE IN ORGANISCHEN LOESUNGSMITTELN
Authors: OMURA KANJI , NISHINAGA AKIRA , MATSUURA TERUO
Published: February 2016

Photooxidation der Säure (I) in Methanol (das hierfür am besten geeignete Lösungsmittel) liefert das Hydroperoxid (II), das anaerob mit dem Tyrosin (III) zum Thyroxin (IV) [18,6% Ausbeute bezogen auf (I)] reagiert.
ChemInform Abstract: BLDG. VON ISOCYANIDEN BEI DER UMSETZUNG VON N‐MONOSUBSTITUIERTEN FORMAMIDEN MIT PHOSPHANEN UND AZODICARBONSAEURE‐DERIVATEN
Authors: BEIJER BARBRO , HINRICHS ERNST VON , UGI IVAR
Published: February 2016

Durch Reaktion des aus Triphenylphosphin (I) und Azodicarbonsäurediäthyl‐ (auch ‐dimethyl‐)ester (II) in absolutem THF entstehenden Intermediären (III) mit anschließend zugegebenen Formamiden (IV) werden über die Stufe (V) die Isocyanide (VI) neben Triphenylphosphinoxid und Hydrazindicarbonsäureester erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: INTRAMOLEKULARE ELEKTROCYCLISCHE RK. 2. MITT. RK. VON 1,5‐DIPHENYL‐PENTADIEN‐(1,4)‐ON‐(3)
Authors: SHOPPEE C. W. , COOKE B. J. A.
Published: February 2016

Das Dienon (I) geht in Gegenwart eines Schwefelsäure/Essigsäuregemisches in das Sulfat (II) über, das mit warmer NaOH oder Soda zum cyclischen Enon (III) hydrolysiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE SYNTH. OPTISCH AKTIVER MEHRSCHICHTIGER (2,2)PARACYCLOPHANE MIT BEKANNTER ABSOLUTER KONFIG.
Authors: NAKAZAKI M. , YAMAMOTO K. , TANAKA S.
Published: February 2016

Die Brommethylierung des (‐)‐(R)‐4‐Methyl[2,2lparacyclophans (I) mit Formaldehyd, Bromwasserstoff und Phosphorsäure führt zu dem Brommethylderivat (II), das mit Trimethylamin in das Ammoniumsalz (III) umgewandelt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: STRUKTUR DES AUS 1,5‐DIPHENYL‐1‐PENTEN‐3‐OL MIT POLYPHOSPHORSAEURE ERHALTENEN DEHYDRATISIERUNGSPRODUKTES
Authors: CULLISON D. A. , HILL R. K.
Published: February 2016

Bei der Behandlung mit Polyphosphorsäure erhält man aus 1,5‐Diphenyl‐1‐penten‐3‐ol (I) unter Annahme der Zwischenstufen (II) und (III) letztlich das Benzofluoren (IV) und das Dibenzo‐cyclooctan (V).
ChemInform Abstract: EINE UNGEWOEHNLICHE RK. EINES DIAZONIUM‐SALZES
Authors: HUPPATZ J. L.
Published: February 2016

o‐Nitrophenyl‐hydrazin (I) liefert mit Acetobrenztraubensäureester (II) in üblicher Weise das Nitrophenyl‐pyrazol (III), das zum Amin (IVa) reduziert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: RK. VON ISOTHIAZOLIUMSALZEN MIT SCHWEFEL IN PYRIDIN
Authors: BACHERS G. E. , MCKINNON D. M. , BUCHSHRIBER J. M.
Published: February 2016

Bei der Behandlung der nach bekannten Methoden dargestellten N‐Phenyl‐isothiazolium‐Salze (I) mit Schwefel in siedendem Pyridin (Py.) entstehen die Thione (II).
ChemInform Abstract: DARST. VON 1,6,6A‐TRITHIA‐PENTALENEN
Authors: DAVY HUBERT , VIALLE JEAN
Published: February 2016

Die Addition von Propiolsäure (IIa) bzw. ihrem Methylester (IIb) an das Dithiolthion (I) in siedendem Chloroform liefert Gemische der 1,3‐Dithiole (III).
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMIE DES SCHWEFELS 112. MITT. NEUE HETEROCYCLISCHE SCHWEFELRINGSYST. DURCH KONDENSATION VON CHLORSULFANEN MIT DIMERCAPTOAROMATEN
Authors: FEHER FRANZ , LANGER MANFRED , VOLKERT ROLAND
Published: February 2016

Durch Reaktion der Chlorsulfane (IIa) mit dem Dimercapto‐o‐xylol (I) werden das Dimethylbenzotetrathiin (IIIa) (x: 2), ‐pentathiepin (IIIa) (x: 3) und ‐heptathionin (IIIa) (x: 5) mit 35, 75 bzw. 65%iger Ausbeute erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE OXIDATIVE CYCLISIERUNG VON ALLYL‐ARYLAETHERN ZU 3‐CHROMANOLEN
Authors: COLLIER J. R. , PORTER A. S.
Published: February 2016

Aus den Allyl‐aryläthern (Ia)‐(Ic) erhält man mit Th(III)‐Salzen die 3‐Chromanole (IIa)‐(IIc).
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMISCHE UMWANDLUNGEN VON 2,2‐DISUBSTITUIERTEN CHROMENEN
Authors: PADWA A. , LEE G. A.
Published: February 2016

Bei der UV‐Bestrah1ung des Chromens (I) in Methanol durch ein Pyrex‐Filter werden als Hauptprodukte der Photolyse die Verbindungen (II) und (III) isoliert.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE PHOTOCHEMIE VON FLAVANON
Authors: MACK P. O. L. , PINHEY J. T.
Published: February 2016

Bei der Belichtung des Flavanons (I) in benzolischer Lösung mit einer 254 nm‐Lichtquelle werden das Dihydrocumarin (II), das Hydroxychalkon (III) und Salicylsäure (IV) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: VERBINDUNGEN MIT WIRKUNG GEGEN TUBERKULOSE, THERMOLYSE VON CYANHYDRAZIDEN
Authors: LATIF N. , MISHRIKY N. , HAMMAD M.
Published: February 2016

Durch Erhitzen der α‐Cyan‐a‐9‐xanthenylacethydrazide (I) im Vakuum knapp über ihren Schmelzpunkt entstehen in guter Ausbeute die Xanthene (II), während die analoge Behandlung des 9‐Benzylderivates (III) zu 9‐Benzalxanthen (IV) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐ISOBUTOXY‐1‐ISOBUTOXYCARBONYL‐1,2‐DIHYDROCHINOLIN ALS KUPPLUNGSREAGENS BEI PEPTIDSYNTH.
Authors: KISO Y. , YAJIMA H.
Published: February 2016

Chinolin (I) reagiert mit den Chlorameisensäureestern (II) in Gegenwart der Alkohole (III) zu den 1,2‐DihydroChinolin‐Derivaten (IV), die als Kupplungsreagentien bei der Synthese der Peptide (VII)‐(X) verwendet werden.
ChemInform Abstract: UNGEWOEHNLICHE PUMMERER‐RK. VON 3,4‐DIHYDRO‐3‐HYDROXYMETHYL‐6‐METHOXYCARBONYL‐1,4‐2H‐THIAZIN‐1‐OXIDEN
Authors: KITCHIN J. , STOODLEY R. J.
Published: February 2016

Das Thiazin (I) wird mit Natriummetaperjodat zu den Sulfoxiden (II) oxidiert, die bei Behandlung mit Natriumdithionit und Acetylchlorid in Acetonitril die Cyclisierungsprodukte (III) bilden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. UND RK. VON 1‐ALKYL‐3‐(2‐CARBALKOXY‐PHENYL)‐TRIAZENEN
Authors: LEBLANC RAYMOND J. , VAUGHAN KEITH
Published: February 2016

Durch Diazotierung von Anthranilsäureäthylester und Umsetzung des entstehenden Diazoniumchlorids (I) mit den Aminen (II) in ungepufferter wäßriger Lösung bei 0°C lassen sich die instabilen Triazene (III) darstellen.
ChemInform Abstract: NEUE HYDROSILYLIERUNGSKATALYSATOREN, PLATIN‐ UND RHODIUM‐KOMPLEXE MIT POLYMEREN LIGANDEN
Authors: CAPKA M. , SVOBODA P. , KRAUS M. , HETFLEJS J.
Published: February 2016

Durch Umsetzung von Styrol‐ oder Allylchlorid‐Divinylbenzol‐Copolymeren oder von Polymethacrylaten (mit spezifischen Estergruppierungen) mit Chloroplatinsäure oder Rhodiumtrichlorid in wäßriger oder äthanolischer Lösung werden Katalysatoren erhalten, die sich hervorragend zur Hydrosilylierung und zur Hydrierung von Olefinen eignen.
ChemInform Abstract: DURCH RHODIUM‐KOMPLEXE KATALYSIERTE HYDROSILYLIERUNG VON CARBONYL‐VERBINDUNGEN
Authors: OJIMA I. , NIHONYANAGI M. , NAGAI Y.
Published: February 2016

Die Hydrosilylierung von Cyclohexanon (I), Acetophenon (V) und Benzaldehyd (VIII) mit Triäthylsilan (II) wird durch den Rhodium‐Komplex (III) katalysiert und liefert die im Formelschema angegebenen Verbindungen.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. EINES CYCLISCHEN FLUOR‐BIS‐(ALKYLAMINO)‐PHOSPHINS UND SEINE KOORDINATION MIT BORSAEUREN, BLDG. EINES BIS‐(ALKYLAMINO)‐PHOSPHIN‐KATIONS
Authors: FLEMING SUZANNE , LUPTON MARY KATHRYN , JEKOT KATHLEEN
Published: February 2016

Die Reaktion von P‐trifluorid mit einem Überschuß des Diamins (I) führt zu dem cyclischen, IR‐ und NMR‐spektroskopisch charakterisierten Titelphosphin (II).
ChemInform Abstract: RK. EINIGER NUKLEOPHILEN MIT PHOSPHONATEN DES TYPS (R′O)2PO‐C(C6H5)=C(CN)‐COOR
Authors: MOREL GEORGES , SEUX RENE , FOUCAUD ANDRE
Published: February 2016

Der Phosphonsäureester (I) reagiert mit wäßrig‐äthanolischer Na2CO3‐Lösung, mit Na‐methylat bzw. mit NH3 oder Aminen (in Benzol oder Acetonitril) unter Eliminierung der Phosphorylgruppe zu den Zimtsäureestern (II).
ChemInform Abstract: SULFONIUM‐YLIDE MIT EINEM PHOSPHINYL‐SUBSTITUENTEN
Authors: KONDO K. , TUNEMOTO D.
Published: February 2016

S 0095 Der Phosphonsäureester (I) wird mit Methyljodid (II) in Gegenwart äquimolarer Mengen Silberperchlorat in das Sulfonium‐perchlorat (III) umgewandelt, das bei Behandlung mit Natriumhydrid in Tetrahydrofuran bei ‐20°C das Sulfonium‐ylid (IV) liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE KINETIK DER RETROCYANAETHYLIERUNG VON PHOSPHONIUMSALZEN UND DIE FRAGE DER PHOSPHOL‐AROMATIZITAET
Authors: FARNHAM W. B. , MISLOW K.
Published: February 2016

Die aus den Phosphinen (I) durch Umsetzung mit β‐Brompropionitril (II) dargestellten Bromide (III) werden durch Behandlung mit Silberhexafluoroantimonat in die Hexafluoroantimonate (IV) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. UND EIGENSCHAFTEN VON 2‐METHYL‐4‐PHENYL‐1,5‐BENZODIAZEPINIUMCHLOROMETALLATEN
Authors: FURUHASHI AKIKO , KOMATSU SUMIO , OUCHI AKIRA
Published: February 2016

Das substituierte Benzodiazepiniumchlorid wird nach bekannter Methode aus o‐Phenylendiamin und Benzoylaceton dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: BENZOLCLATHRATE MIT EINER NEUEN ART EINES METALLKOMPLEX‐WIRTSGITTERS
Authors: IWAMOTO TOSCHITAKE , SHRIVER DUWARD F.
Published: February 2016

Durch Zugabe von Benzol zu einer Mischung aus Tris‐[äthylendiamin]‐cadmium dichlorid und Kalium‐tetracyanocadmat bzw. ‐mercurat in wäßriger Lösung wurden die neuen Einschlußverbindungen (I) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: EIN NEUER QUECKSILBER(II)‐CHLORID‐KOMPLEX DES S‐BETA‐(2‐PYRIDYLAETHYL)‐L‐CYSTEINS
Authors: FISH R. H. , FRIEDMAN M.
Published: February 2016

Das Pyridyläthylcystein (I) reagiert mit QuecksilberUD‐Chlorid zu dem neuen Quecksilberchlorid‐Komplex (II), in dem Quecksilber nicht an Schwefel oder an die Carboxylgruppe, sondern am Pyridinstickstoff und am Aminstickstoff des Aminosäurerestes gebunden ist.
ChemInform Abstract: STRUKTUR UND DYNAMIK IN METALLTETRAHYDRIDOBORATEN 2. MITT. SCHWINGUNGSSPEKTREN UND STRUKTUREN VON UEBERGANGSMETALL‐ UND ACTINIDTETRAHYDRIDOBORATEN
Authors: MARKS TOBIN J. , KENNELLY WILLIAM J. , KOLB JOHN R. , SHIMP LAWRENCE A.
Published: February 2016

Den untersuchten Verbindungen wurden aufgrund der IR‐ und Raman‐Spektren die Strukturen (I)‐(IV) zugeordnet.
ChemInform Abstract: RK. VON ACHTFACH‐KOORDINIERTEN METALLCYANID‐KOMPLEXEN 4. MITT. SYNTH., SPEKTROSKOPISCHE UND STRUKTURELLE EIGENSCHAFTEN VON TETRACYANO‐TETRAKIS‐(ALKYLISOCYANID)‐MOLYBDAEN(IV)‐KOMPLEXEN
Authors: NOVOTNY M. , LEWIS D. F. , LIPPARD S. J.
Published: February 2016

Die Titelkomplexe (II) werden durch Umsetzung des Ag‐Salzes (I) (dargestellt aus AgNO3 und dem K‐molybdat) mit Alkylhalogeniden bei etwa 70°C unter Ausschluß von Licht synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: OPTISCH AKTIVE UEBERGANGSMETALL‐KOMPLEXE 14. MITT. WALDEN‐UMKEHR AM ASYMM. MOLYBDAEN‐ATOM
Authors: BRUNNER HENRI , LAPPUS MARTA
Published: February 2016

Aus dem Mo‐Komplex (IIIa), der durch Reaktion des Dicarbonyl‐Mo‐Komplexes (I) mit dem optisch aktiven Isocyanid (II) gebildet und durch fraktionierte Kristallisation vom Diastereomeren (IIIb) getrennt wird, läßt sich der Isocyanid‐ Ligand mit Nucleophilen wie Cyclohexylisocyanid oder Triphenylphosphin unter Walden‐Umkehrung verdrängen.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE BLDG. EINER STICKSTOFF‐KOHLENSTOFF‐BINDUNG BEI DER RK. MIT EINEM DISTICKSTOFFKOMPLEX
Authors: CHATT J. , HEATH G. A. , LEIGH G. J.
Published: February 2016

Die molekularen Stickstoff‐enthaltenden Komplexe (I) reagieren mit den Säurechloriden (II) unter Abspaltung eines Äquivalents Stickstoff und Bildung der diamagnetischen Komplexe (III).
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMIE DER METALLCARBONYLE UND DER CYANOKOMPLEXE IN FLUESSIGEM AMMONIAK 27. MITT. RK. VON JODOPERFLUORPROPYL‐TRICARBONYLTRIPHENYLPHOSPHIN‐EISEN UND ‐TETRACARBONYL‐EISEN MIT FLUESSIGEM AMMONIAK
Authors: KROHBERGER HERBERT , ELLERMANN JOCHEN , BEHRENS HELMUT
Published: February 2016

Der Carbonylphosphin‐Fe‐Komplex (I) bildet mit flüssigem Ammoniak keine Carbamoylverbindung sondern abhängig von der Reaktionszeit das Diammin‐ Derivat (II) oder das komplexe Jodid (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. UND STEREOCHEMIE VON 2,3‐FERROCENOCYCLOPENTENON
Authors: SHIRAFUJI TAMIO , ODAIRA AKIO , YAMAMOTO YASUSI , NOZAKI HITOSI
Published: February 2016

Dimethylaminomethylferrocen als Methojodid reagiert mit (S)(+)‐oz‐Pipecolin zu dem (S)(+)‐Ferrocen (I), das nach Umsetzung mit n‐Butyllithium und Carboxylierung über das Li‐Salz der Aminosäure, dessen Hydrolyse und anschlie‐ βende Veresterung mit Diazomethan den (1S)(‐)‐Alkohol (IIa) liefert, der durch Oxidation mit MnOz quantitativ in den Aldehyd (IIb) überführt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: FUENFFACH‐KOORDINIERTE, QUADRATISCH‐PYRAMIDALE KOMPLEXE EINES NEUEN EINER VIERZAEHNIGEN AMINOSAEURE AEHNLICHEM LIGANDEN
Authors: AVERILL DONALD F. , LEGG J. IVAN , SMITH DAVID L.
Published: February 2016

Der Ligand 1,5‐Diazacyclooctan‐N ,N′‐diacetat wurde nach einer Methode, die für die Alkylierung von Aminen bekannt ist, dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: RK. VON KUPFERMETHANOLAT UND KOHLENDIOXID
Authors: TSUDA TETSUO , SAEGUSA TAKEO
Published: February 2016

Die Umsetzung der Cu‐Titelverbindung (I) mit CO2 in Pyridin bei Raumtemperatur führt zu der Methylcarbonatoverbindung (II).
ChemInform Abstract: NEUE ARYL‐VERBRUECKTE VIERKERNIGE KUPFER‐LITHIUM‐CLUSTERVERBINDUNGEN, SYNTH. UND CHARAKTERISIERUNG DURCH (13)C‐ UND (1)H‐NMR‐SPEKTROSKOPIE VON BIS‐(2‐((DIMETHYLAMINO)‐METHYL)‐PHENYL)‐KUPFER(I)‐LITHIUM
Authors: VAN KOTEN G. , NOLTES J. G.
Published: February 2016

Die Lithiumverbindungen (I) reagieren mit Kupfer(I)‐bromid (II) zu den Verbindungen (III), die auch aus den Kupferverbindungen (IV) und (Ia) oder (Ib) dargestellt werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE KOMPLEXBILDENDEN RK. EINER ARYLKUPFER(I)‐KAEFIGVERBINDUNG MIT ORGANOPHOSPHINEN, EINE UNERWARTETE C(ALKYL)‐P‐BINDUNGSSPALTUNG IN 1,2‐BIS‐(DIPHENYLPHOSPHINO)‐AETHAN
Authors: VAN KOTEN G. , NOLTES J. G.
Published: February 2016

Bei einer Umsetzung des Kupferkomplexes (I) mit dem Diphosphin (II) im Verhältnis 1:1 wird der Komlex (III) isoliert.
ChemInform Abstract: UNTERSUCHUNGEN UEBER SYNTH. VON HETEROCYCLEN 487. MITT. PHOTOLYTISCHE SYNTH. UND UMLAGERUNG VON PROERYTHRINADIENONEN
Authors: KAMETANI T. , TAKAHASHI K. , HONDA T. , IHARA M. , FUKUMOTO K.
Published: February 2016

Durch Kondensation der Phenäthylamine (Ia) oder (Ib) mit den Phenylessigestern (IIa) bzw. (IIb) entstehen die beiden Amide (IIIa) und (IIIb), die nach Bischler‐Napieralski zu (IVa) und (IVb) cyclisiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: UNTERSUCHUNGEN AN AMINOZUCKERN 29. MITT. SYNTH. VON 3′‐O‐METHYL‐KANAMYCIN
Authors: UMEZAWA HAMAO , TSUCHIYA TSUTOMU , MUTO RYUJIRO , UMEZAWA SUMIO
Published: February 2016

Die Isopropylidenglucose (I) wird durch saure Methanolyse in.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON ISOALLOXAZINEN, EINE NEUE SYNTH. FUER RIBOFLAVIN
Authors: YONEDA F. , SAKUMA Y. , ICHIBA M. , SHINOMURA K.
Published: February 2016

6‐Chlor‐uracil (Ia) und 6‐Chlor‐3‐methyl‐uracil (Ib) reagieren mit den Aminen (II) zu den Kondensationsprodukten (IIIa)‐(IIId), die durch Natriumnitrit zu den Lumiflavin‐N‐oxiden (IV) cyclisiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: FARBWECHSEL‐HORMON DER KRUSTAZEEN, AMINOSAEURE‐SEQUENZ UND CHEMISCHE SYNTH.
Authors: FERNLUND P. , JOSEFSSON L.
Published: February 2016

Das aus den Eierstöcken der Steingarnele Pandalus borealis isolierte Farb= Wechsel‐Hormon wird anhand von Abbaureaktionan als das Polypeptid (I) identifiziert.
ChemInform Abstract: 5ALPHA‐CHOLESTA‐9(11),17(20),24‐TRIEN‐3BETA,6ALPHA‐DIOL, EIN INHALTSSTOFF AUS DEM SEESTERN ACANTHASTER PLANCI
Authors: SHEIKH Y. M. , TURSCH B. , DJEXRASSI C.
Published: February 2016

Aus dem Seestern werden die beiden Inhaltsstoffe (I) und (II) isoliert und identifiziert.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE RED. VON CEPHALOSPORANSAEUREN MIT CHROM(II)‐SALZEN, DIE SYNTH. VON 3‐METHYLENCEPHAM‐DERIVATEN
Authors: OCHIAI M. , AKI O. , MORIMOTO A. , OKADA T. , SHIMADZU H.
Published: February 2016

Die Natriumsalze der Cephalosporansäuren (I) reagieren in Dimethyl‐sulfoxid/ Wasser bei Raumtemperatur mit Chrom(II)‐acetat zu den Methylencephamen (II), deren Methylester (III) sich durch Behandlung mit Pyridin in die Methylcepheme (IV) umwandeln lassen.
ChemInform Abstract: SEXUALLOCKSTOFF DES APFELWICKLERS, STRUKTUR UND SYNTH.
Authors: MCDONOUGH L. M. , GEORGE D. A. , BUTT B. A. , RUTH J. M. , HILL K. R.
Published: February 2016

Durch Hydrogenolyse, Ozonolyse, spektroskopische Analyse aller Produkte und Bioversuche gelingt es, den Sexuallockstoff des Apfelw:icklers als (2Z, 6E)‐Decadienol (XI) zu identifizieren.′ Die Synthese eines Gemisches der Z,E‐Isomeren von (XI) erfolgt nach dem im Formelplan skizzierten Schema.
Adsorption Characteristics of Phosphorus onto Soils from Water Level Fluctuation Zones of the Danjiangkou Reservoir
Authors: Du Chao , Ren Xianyou , Zhang Liang , Xu Meng , Wang Xiaojun , Zhuang Yanhua , Du Yun
Published: February 2016

A comparative study was conducted to investigate the adsorption characteristics of phosphorus (P) on two soil samples collected from a typical subtropical reservoir and to reveal the possible influence of alternating exposure and inundation on the P adsorption onto soil in a water level fluctuation zone. Short‐term batch experiments were performed, and characterization methods, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, were also used. The P adsorption kinetics for both soils was best described by a pseudo‐second order model (R2 > 0.99). A modified Langmuir model described the P adsorption on both samples well, and low temperature increased the risk of releasing soil P into the overlying water. Low pH values were not conducive to the P adsorption process. It appeared that alternating exposure and inundation had no significant impact on the adsorption capacity of P onto soil from water level fluctuation zones in this research. pH, SEM, and FT‐IR analyses demonstrated that Fe, Al, and Ca contained in the clay minerals of the soil played an important role in the adsorption of P onto soil from water level fluctuation zone.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Osteogenic Oxysterols as Hedgehog Pathway Activators
Authors: Maschinot Chad A. , Corman Audrey R. , DeBerardinis Albert M. , Hadden M. Kyle
Published: February 2016

Oxysterols (OHCs) are metabolic byproducts of cholesterol that are known to function as agonists of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. Previously, we reported 23(S)‐hydroxycholesterol [23(S)‐OHC, 4] as a potent activator of Hh signaling with the ability to functionally differentiate mouse embryonic fibroblasts to an osteogenic fate. To obtain 23(S)‐OHC in quantities suitable for in vivo evaluation, we developed a revised synthetic route that decreases the number of steps and chromatographic purifications, and which also enhances the stereoselective nature of the synthesis. This new route also allows access to the C21 methyl group of the OHC scaffold, and several new analogues with varying stereochemistry at this location were evaluated for their ability to up‐regulate the Hh pathway.
Irradiation and immunotherapy: From concept to the clinic
Authors: Salama April K. S. , Postow Michael A. , Salama Joseph K.
Published: February 2016

In recent years, an increased understanding of T‐cell–regulatory mechanisms has led to the development of a novel class of immune‐checkpoint inhibitors that have robust clinical activity against a broad array of malignancies—even those that historically were not believed to be sensitive to immune therapy. With this, there has been renewed interest in the potential for synergy with more traditional forms of anticancer therapy like radiation therapy (RT). The role of RT in palliation or as definitive treatment for certain malignancies has been well established. Yet, in recent years, the concept has come to light that RT could be an attractive partner for use in combination with other immunotherapies. The effects of RT include not only control of an irradiated tumor but also multiple immunomodulatory effects on both the tumor and the microenvironment, priming tumors for an immune‐mediated response. Herein, the authors summarize relevant preclinical data and rationale supporting the synergy of combined RT and immunotherapy and highlight recent clinical work on promising combination strategies. Cancer 2016;122:1659‐71. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
External validation of a multi‐institutional retroperitoneal sarcoma nomogram
Authors: Raut Chandrajit P. , Miceli Rosalba , Strauss Dirk C. , Swallow Carol J. , Hohenberger Peter , van Coevorden Frits , Rutkowski Piotr , Fiore Marco , Callegaro Dario , Casali Paolo G. , Haas Rick L. , Hayes Andrew J. , Honore Charles , Cannell Amanda J. , Jakob Jens , Szacht Milena , Fairweather Mark , Pollock Raphael E. , Bonvalot Sylvie , Gronchi Alessandro
Published: February 2016

BACKGROUND

A multi‐institutional nomogram for predicting disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with primary retroperitoneal sarcoma (RPS) incorporating relevant prognostic factors not included in the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for soft tissue sarcoma has been reported. The authors validated this nomogram with an independent, transatlantic cohort.

METHODS

Data from patients with RPS who were undergoing definitive resection at 1 of 6 sarcoma centers in Europe and North America (“validation set”) were used to validate a RPS nomogram developed from 3 other centers (“development set”). The nomogram incorporated 6 variables: age, tumor size, grade, histologic subtype, multifocality, and quality of surgery. Nomogram‐predicted probabilities were stratified into 6 subgroups and compared with observed outcomes. Discriminative ability was quantified by Harrell C statistics.

RESULTS

The validation and development sets included 631 and 523 patients, respectively, all of whom underwent surgical resection at the institutions represented. The 7‐year DFS and OS rates for the validation set were 38% (95% confidence interval, 34%‐43%) and 58% (95% confidence interval, 53%‐63%), respectively. All 6 nomogram variables were found to be independently prognostic. The corrected Harrell C statistics concordance index values for the validation set were 0.69 for DFS and 0.73 for OS, which were similar to those for the development set, suggesting good calibration of the nomogram in the validation cohort.

CONCLUSIONS

The RPS nomogram was externally validated using a larger, independent cohort. The nomogram can be generalized to patients undergoing surgery for RPS by specialized sarcoma surgeons at sarcoma centers. The nomogram provides a more individualized and disease‐relevant estimation of OS compared with the American Joint Committee on Cancer classification. Cancer 2016;122:1417–1424. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Distribution of LPXRFa, a gonadotropin‐inhibitory hormone ortholog peptide, and LPXRFa receptor in the brain and pituitary of the tilapia
Authors: Ogawa Satoshi , Sivalingam Mageswary , Biran Jakob , Golan Matan , Anthonysamy Rachel Shalini , Levavi‐Sivan Berta , Parhar Ishwar S.
Published: February 2016

In vertebrates, gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotropin‐inhibitory hormone (GnIH), respectively, regulate reproduction in positive and negative manners. GnIH belongs to the LPXRFa family of peptides previously identified in mammalian and nonmammalian vertebrates. Studying the detailed distribution of LPXRFa as well as its receptor (LPXRFa‐R) in the brain and pituitary is important for understanding their multiple action sites and potential functions. However, the distribution of LPXRFa and LPXRFa‐R has not been studied in teleost species, partially because of the lack of fish‐specific antibodies. Therefore, in the present study, we generated specific antibodies against LPXRFa and its receptor from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), and examined their distributions in the brain and pituitary by immunohistochemistry. Tilapia LPXRFa‐immunoreactive neurons lie in the posterior ventricular nucleus of the caudal preoptic area, whereas LPXRFa‐R‐immunoreactive cells are distributed widely. Double immunofluorescence showed that neither LPXRFa‐immunoreactive fibers nor LPXRFa‐R is closely associated or coexpressed with GnRH1, GnRH3, or kisspeptin (Kiss2) neurons. In the pituitary, LPXRFa fibers are closely associated with gonadotropic endocrine cells [expressing luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH)], with adrenocorticomelanotropic cells [corticotropin (ACTH) and α‐melanotropin (α‐MSH)], and with somatolactin endocrine cells. In contrast, LPXRFa‐R are expressed only in LH, ACTH, and α‐MSH cells. These results suggest that LPXRFa and LPXRFa‐R signaling acts directly on the pituitary cells independent from GnRH or kisspeptin and could play multiple roles in reproductive and nonreproductive functions in teleosts. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2753–2775, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Elucidation of the anatomy of a satiety network: Focus on connectivity of the parabrachial nucleus in the adult rat
Authors: Zséli Györgyi , Vida Barbara , Martinez Anais , Lechan Ronald M. , Khan Arshad M. , Fekete Csaba
Published: February 2016

We hypothesized that brain regions showing neuronal activation after refeeding comprise major nodes in a satiety network, and tested this hypothesis with two sets of experiments. Detailed c‐Fos mapping comparing fasted and refed rats was performed to identify candidate nodes of the satiety network. In addition to well‐known feeding‐related brain regions such as the arcuate, dorsomedial, and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei, lateral hypothalamic area, parabrachial nucleus (PB), nucleus of the solitary tract and central amygdalar nucleus, other refeeding activated regions were also identified, such as the parastrial and parasubthalamic nuclei. To begin to understand the connectivity of the satiety network, the interconnectivity of PB with other refeeding‐activated neuronal groups was studied following administration of anterograde or retrograde tracers into the PB. After allowing for tracer transport time, the animals were fasted and then refed before sacrifice. Refeeding‐activated neurons that project to the PB were found in the agranular insular area; bed nuclei of terminal stria; anterior hypothalamic area; arcuate, paraventricular, and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei; lateral hypothalamic area; parasubthalamic nucleus; central amygdalar nucleus; area postrema; and nucleus of the solitary tract. Axons originating from the PB were observed to closely associate with refeeding‐activated neurons in the agranular insular area; bed nuclei of terminal stria; anterior hypothalamus; paraventricular, arcuate, and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei; lateral hypothalamic area; central amygdalar nucleus; parasubthalamic nucleus; ventral posterior thalamic nucleus; area postrema; and nucleus of the solitary tract. These data indicate that the PB has bidirectional connections with most refeeding‐activated neuronal groups, suggesting that short‐loop feedback circuits exist in this satiety network. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2803–2827, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interfaces Working for Biology: Solving Biological Mysteries and Opening Up Future Nanoarchitectonics
Authors: Ariga Katsuhiko
Published: February 2016

Water molecules are a major component of biosystems. However, biosystems are neither simple aqueous solutions nor homogeneous materials. Instead, biosystems can be regarded as integrated and hierarchical assemblies of interfacial structures. From this viewpoint, in this short review, various interface‐specific properties and phenomena are briefly described in relation to biologically important events. Interfacial anomalies are important keys to understand molecular recognition in aqueous media and to propose possible scenarios for the origin of cell membranes. Interfacial environments lead to novel modes of biomolecular recognition as well as interfacial nanofabrications that are useful for cell differentiation controls and biomimetic computing devices. The latter of which are also related to an advanced nanotechnology concept: nanoarchitectonics.
Intermittent impulsive projective synchronization in time‐varying delayed dynamical network with variable structures
Authors: Zheng Song
Published: February 2016

This paper studies the projective synchronization behavior in a drive‐response dynamical network with coupling time‐varying delay via intermittent impulsive control. Different from the most publications on drive‐response dynamical networks under the general impulsive control, here the impulsive effects can only exist at control windows, not during the whole time. Moreover, intermittent impulsive control does not need the limitation of the upper bound of the impulsive intervals. By utilizing the Lyapunov‐Razumikhin technique, some sufficient conditions for the projective synchronization are derived. Numerical simulations are provided to verify the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method and results. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 547–556, 2016
Synthesis of high purity calcium carbonate micro‐ and nano‐structures on polyethylene glycol templates using dolomite
Authors: Somarathna Y.R. , Mantilaka M.M.M.G.P.G. , Karunaratne D.G.G.P. , Rajapakse R.M.G. , Pitawala H.M.T.G.A. , Wijayantha K.G. Upul
Published: February 2016

This research paper describes the synthesis of nano‐ and micro‐structures of high purity precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) on poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG) templates for broad‐range industrial applications, using readily available and cheap impure dolomitic marbles. In the method, calcium components of impure dolomitic marbles are extracted as calcium sucrate which is then bubbled with carbon dioxide gas using a carbonation column in the presence of PEG. The effects of concentration of PEG, pH of calcium sucrate solution and temperature on the final yield, morphology and polymorphism of PCC have been studied. Vaterite and calcite are the crystalline forms of calcium carbonate found in final PCC products. The vaterite is observed as hollow spheres with particle diameter of 1.5‐2 μm which is formed by aggregation of vaterite nanoparticles with particle size of 20 nm on PEG templates. Optimum conditions for the highest PCC yield of 79.94% are 0.4 mol dm−3 of PEG, pH of 6.5 and temperature of 80 °C. The purity of PCC products is about 99%. Therefore, the synthesized PCC products are of required purity and quality for industrial applications.
Mechanism of Silicon Electrode Aging upon Cycling in Full Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Delpuech Nathalie , Dupre Nicolas , Moreau Philippe , Bridel Jean‐Sebastian , Gaubicher Joel , Lestriez Bernard , Guyomard Dominique
Published: February 2016

Understanding the aging mechanism of silicon‐based negative electrodes for lithium‐ion batteries upon cycling is essential to solve the problem of low coulombic efficiency and capacity fading and further to implement this new high‐capacity material in commercial cells. Nevertheless, such studies have so far focused on half cells in which silicon is cycled versus an infinite reservoir of lithium. In the present work, the aging mechanism of silicon‐based electrodes is studied upon cycling in a full Li‐ion cell configuration with LiCoO2 as the positive electrode. Postmortem analyses of both electrodes clearly indicate that neither one of them contains lithium and that no discernible degradation results from the cycling. The aging mechanism can be explained by the reduction of solvent molecules. Electrons extracted from the positive electrode are responsible for an internal imbalance in the cell, which results in progressive slippage of the electrodes and reduces the compositional range of cyclable lithium ions for both electrodes.
Non‐Ideal Plasma and Early Experiments at FAIR: HIHEX ‐ Heavy Ion Heating and EXpansion
Authors: Mintsev V. , Kim V. , Lomonosov I. , Nikolaev D. , Ostrik A. , Shilkin N. , Shutov A. , Ternovoi V. , Yuriev D. , Fortov V. , Golubev A. , Kantsyrev A. , Varentsov D. , Hoffmann D.H.H.
Published: February 2016

Early Experiments at FAIR in 2018 ‐ 2022 suggested by the HEDgeHOB collaboration in the field of non‐ideal plasma physics are discussed. Specific energies of 5‐10 kJ/g, pressures of 1‐2 GPa and temperatures of 1‐2 eV are expected to be reached in the substance at the first experiments with a U+28 beam with the energy of 0.2 AGeV and maximal intensity 3 · 1010 per impulse. It will provide the possibility to investigate the two phase region including the critical point of several metals in HIHEX (Heavy Ion Heating and EXpansion) experiments with the plane and cylindrical geometry, realizing regimes of quasi‐isochoric heating, isentropic expansion and compression when the flow strikes the target. Analysis of thermal radiation transfer will give information on the vaporization dynamics. Measurements of electrical conductivity and optical properties on the supercritical adiabat will disclose information on the insulator to metal transition under these conditions. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electric Charge of Dust Particles in a Plasma
Authors: Davletov A. E. , Arkhipov Yu. V. , Tkachenko I. M.
Published: February 2016

The problem of calculation of the electric charge of dust particles in a plasma is considered from different points of view. At first the charging of polarizable dust particles is studied within the orbital motion limited approach. Secondly, the plasma electrodynamics is applied to show that the electric charge of a dust particle is determined by the normal component of the dielectric displacement vector near the grain surface rather than the normal component of the electric field strength. And, finally, the chemical model, initially proposed for determination of partially ionized plasma composition, is demonstrated to be very productive in evaluating the electric charge of the dust component. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Coulomb Structure with a Large Number of Particles in the Dynamic Trap at Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Syrovatka R. A. , Vasilyak L.M. , Deputatova L. V. , Filinov V. S. , Lapitsky D. S. , Pecherkin V. Ya. , Vladimirov V. I.
Published: February 2016

The possibility of charged particles trapped by the linear quadrupole Paul trap to form an ensemble with strong Coulomb interaction at atmospheric pressure has been experimentally shown. The ordered structure could confine particles of different sizes and charges. Stable clouds of thousands of oxide aluminum particles with sizes of 0.5÷65 microns were observed in the linear trap with electrodes placed 30 mm apart. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Notes on Anomalous Quantum Wake Effects
Authors: Moldabekov Zh. A. , Ludwig P. , Bonitz M. , Ramazanov T. S.
Published: February 2016

The ion potential in the warm dense matter regime exhibits wake effects due to streaming degenerate electrons and has been discussed previously [Phys. Rev. E 91, 023102 (2015)]. Here, we extend the analysis with particular focus on anomalous wake effects that is (i) the collision‐induced wake amplification, and (ii) the non‐monotonic temperature dependence of the wake amplitude. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A delay and energy aware coordination mechanism for WSAN
Authors: Kakarla Jagadeesh , Majhi Banshidhar , Battula Ramesh
Published: February 2016

In this paper, a delay and energy aware coordination mechanism (DEACM) has been devised for wireless sensor–actor networks. In DEACM, a two‐level hierarchical K‐hop clustering mechanism is used to organize the sensors and actors for communication. In the first level, sensors form a K‐hop cluster using actors as cluster heads, and sink is made as the cluster head in the second level to form a cluster among actors. Sensor nodes, which are 1‐hop away from the actors, also called as relay nodes are elected as backup cluster head (BCH) based on the residual energy and node degree. BCH collects the data from sensors when an actor is away to perform actions in the affected area. The scheme is evaluated through exhaustive simulation in NS2 along with other existing schemes. Different parameters like average event waiting time, event reliability, and average energy dissipation are compared, varying the number of sensors, actors, and data transfer rate. In general, it is observed that the proposed DEACM outperforms other existing schemes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Malignancy rate associated with Bethesda categoryIII(AUS/FLUS) with and without repeat fine needle aspiration biopsy
Authors: Kuru Bekir , Atmaca Aysegul , Kefeli Mehmet
Published: February 2016

Background

Selection of nodules for surgery diagnosed as Bethesda category III [atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS) category] is important. It was aimed to define the malignancy rates associated with and without repeat fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and to define the contribution of repeat FNAB to triage to surgery or observation in nodules with AUS/FLUS FNAB.

Methods

The records of all patients with nodules who underwent FNAB and classified by Bethesda reporting system as AUS/FLUS at their institution were reviewed. Malignancy rates for patients with AUS/FLUS FNAB with and without repeat FNAB were calculated.

Results

Of the 582 patients who were classified as AUS/FLUS on initial FNAB, 179 underwent surgery with an associated malignancy rate of 22.9% (upper boundary). Risk of malignancy among all patients with AUS/FLUS nodules was 7% (lower boundary). The upper and lower boundaries of the malignancy rates with and without repeat FNAB were 38.6% and 15.6% for resected patients, and 13% and 4.6% for all patients, respectively. Reclassification rate with repeat FNAB was 56%.

Conclusion

The findings showed that repeat FNAB for initial AUS/FLUS category was associated with a significantly increased malignancy rate compared with those without repeat FNAB. Repeat FNAB could help selection of patients with AUS/FLUS to triage to surgery. Therefore, repeat FNAB for nodules with AUS/FLUS on initial FNAB was suggested. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:394–398. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
From Risk Governance to City–Citizen Collaboration: Capitalizing on individual adaptation to climate change
Authors: Wamsler Christine
Published: February 2016

Urban societies are increasingly affected by climatic variability and extremes. In theory, adaptation policy creates the conditions needed to support autonomous adaptation – or deliver public adaptation if autonomous adaptation fails to develop. However, little attention has been given to autonomous adaptation by private households and individuals, and how it is taken into account in cities’ strategic adaptation planning. Against this background, this paper examines the synergies between measures taken by city authorities and citizens, and, more specifically, how public adaptation planning enhances or inhibits private (individual) adaptation. Based on a literature review and an in‐depth study of German municipalities, existing types of city–citizen interaction are systematized. The results show that targeted city–citizen collaboration for climate change adaptation is practically non‐existent. City authorities rarely pay sufficient attention to financial and structural aid for individual adaptation. Conversely, the available municipal support for individual adaptation has little take‐up by members of the public. Furthermore, urban policy and planning often counteract collaboration and the implementation of measures that meet citizens’ capacities and needs. The paper concludes that improving city–citizen collaboration for adaptation co‐production is an important step in fostering transformative adaptation, if the barriers and driving forces identified in the study are addressed. The framework that is presented advances theory on city–citizen interactions for adaptation co‐production, providing a basis for related analyses, action and further research. © 2016 The Authors. Environmental Policy and Governance published by ERP Environment and John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Murine peripheral NK‐cell populations originate from site‐specific immature NK cells more than from BM‐derived NK cells
Authors: Pinhas Nissim , Sternberg‐Simon Michal , Chiossone Laura , Shahaf Gitit , Walzer Thierry , Vivier Eric , Mehr Ramit
Published: February 2016

Murine NK cells can be divided by the expression of two cell surface markers, CD27 and Mac‐1 (a.k.a. CD11b), into four separate subsets. These subsets suggest a linear development model: CD27– Mac‐1– → CD27+ Mac‐1– → CD27+ Mac‐1+ → CD27– Mac‐1+. Here, we used a combination of BrdU labeling experiments and mathematical modeling to gain insights regarding NK‐cell development in mouse bone marrow (BM), spleen and liver. The modeling results that best fit the experimental data show that the majority of NK cells already express CD27 upon entering the NK‐cell developmental pathway. Additionally, only a small fraction of NK cells exit the BM to other sites, suggesting that peripheral NK‐cell populations originate from site‐specific immature NK cells more than from BM‐derived mature NK cells.