bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Probing the spacetime and accretion model for the Galactic Center: Comparison of Kerr and dilaton black hole shadows
Authors: Röder Jan , Cruz-Osorio Alejandro , Fromm Christian M. , Mizuno Yosuke , Younsi Ziri , Rezzolla Luciano
Published: January 2023

Context. In the 2017 observation campaign, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) for the first time gathered enough data to image the shadow of the supermassive black hole (SMBH) in M 87. Most recently in 2022, the EHT has published the results for the SMBH at the Galactic Center, Sgr A*. In the vicinity of black holes, the influence of strong gravity, plasma physics, and emission processes govern the behavior of the system. Since observations such as those carried out by the EHT are not yet able to unambiguously constrain models for astrophysical and gravitational properties, it is imperative to explore the accretion models, particle distribution function, and description of the spacetime geometry. Our current understanding of these properties is often based on the assumption that the spacetime is well described by the Kerr solution to general relativity, combined with basic emission and accretion models. We explore alternative models for each property performing general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) and general relativistic radiative transfer (GRRT) simulations.

Aims. By choosing a Kerr solution to general relativity and a dilaton solution to Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton-axion gravity as exemplary black hole background spacetimes, we aim to investigate the influence of accretion and emission models on the ability to distinguish black holes in two theories of gravity.

Methods. We carried out 3D GRMHD simulations of both black holes, matched at their innermost stable circular orbit, in two distinct accretion scenarios: standard and normal evolution (SANE) and a magnetically arrested disk (MAD). Using GRRT calculations, we modeled the thermal synchrotron emission and subsequently applied a nonthermal electron distribution function, exploring representative parameters to compare with multiwavelength observations. We further considered Kerr and dilaton black holes matched at their unstable circular photon orbits, as well as their event horizons.

Results. From the comparison of GRMHD simulations, we find a wider jet opening angle and higher magnetization in the Kerr spacetime. Generally, MAD models show larger magnetic flux than SANE, as is expected. The GRRT image morphology shows differences between spacetimes due to the Doppler boosting in the Kerr spacetime. However, from pixel-by-pixel comparison, we find that in a real-world observation an imaging approach may not be sufficient to distinguish the spacetimes using the current finite resolution of the EHT. From multiwavelength emission and spectral index analysis, we find that the accretion model and spacetime have only a small impact on the spectra compared to the choice of the emission model. Matching the black holes at the unstable photon orbit or the event horizon further decreases the observed differences.
Detailed composition of iron ions in interplanetary coronal mass ejections based on a multipopulation approach
Authors: Gu Chaoran , Heidrich-Meisner Verena , Wimmer-Schweingruber Robert F. , Yao Shuo
Published: January 2023

Context. Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are extremely dynamical, large-scale events in which plasma – but not only the coronal plasma – is ejected into interplanetary space. If a CME is detected in situ by a spacecraft located in the interplanetary medium, it is then called an interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME). This solar activity has been studied widely since coronagraphs were first flown into space in the early 1970s.

Aims. Charge states of heavy ions reflect important information about the coronal temperature profile due to the freeze-in effect and it is estimated that iron ions freeze in at heights of ∼5 solar radii. However, the measured charge-state distribution of iron ions cannot be composed of only one single group of plasma. To identify the different populations of iron charge-state composition of ICMEs and determine their sources, we developed a model that independently uses two, three, and four populations of iron ions to fit the measured charge-state distribution in ICMEs detected by the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) at 1 AU.

Methods. Three parameters are used to identify a certain population, namely freeze-in temperature, relative abundance, and kappa value (κ), which together describe the potential non-Maxwellian kappa distributions of coronal electrons. Our method chooses the reduced chi-squared to describe the goodness of fit of the model to the observations. The parameters of our model are optimized with the covariance-matrix-adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES).

Results. Two major types of ICMEs are identified according to the existence of hot material, and both, that is, the cool type and the hot type, have two main subtypes. Different populations in those types have their own features related to freeze-in temperature and κ. The electron velocity distribution function usually contains a significant hot tail in typical coronal material and hot material, while the Maxwellian distribution appears more frequently in mid-temperature material. Our model is also suitable for all types of solar wind and the existence of hot populations as well as the change of temperatures of individual populations may indicate boundaries between ICMEs and individual solar wind streams.
Water transport information security trainer concept
Authors: Kardakova Mariia , Nyrkov Anatoliy , Tsymay Yulia
Published: January 2023

The article considers the relevance of using game simulators in distance learning of information security students in water transport. The use of information security simulators for educational purposes ensures the consolidation of theoretical knowledge and their application in practice. It is very important that simulators, on the one hand, be close to real conditions, on the other hand, work on them is interesting and convenient for the student. The game mechanics used in the simulator are described. An example of calculating the risk of an emergency on a ship is considered, options for using calculations in the simulator are proposed. The concept of the simulator itself is described and the concept of the interface is developed.
Research of the possibilities of the development of cruise tourism in the Black Sea regions of Russia
Authors: Kazak Anatoliy , Oleinikov Nikolay , Selivanov Victor , Nekhaychuk Dmitry , Borovsky Vladimir , Filimoshkina Inna , Galstyan Armen , Ilyasova Aishe
Published: January 2023

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the centralized system of organizing tourism, excursion activities, hotel services, coastal sea passenger traffic ceased to exist. The company "Yalta Travel and Excursion Bureau",which organized excursions around the Crimea at the highest level, and also trained qualified guides, was closed. With the collapse of the all-Union system "Intourist", the training of highly qualified personnel of guide-interpreters with professional knowledge of foreign languages has practically ceased. The Yalta commercial seaport has practically lost the function of the main organizer of sea coastal and intercity passenger transportation (until 1991, about 40 passenger boats of the port operated during summer navigation. In the past, in 2020, there were only three ships). Private companies began to enter the market, which in the process of conquering market segments and competition have lost many achievements in tourism and excursion activities (including maritime ones). Today, many coastal passenger excursion routes are forgotten. Nevertheless, today's opportunities for organizing sea travel have significant potential.
Potential possibilities of application of new types of high-speed vessels in the tourist sphere of the Black Sea aria
Authors: Kazak Anatoliy , Selivanov Victor , Oleinikov Nikolay , Nekhaychuk Dmitry , Gorobets Daniil , Sergeeva Elena , Fomina Elena , Gallini Nadezhda
Published: January 2023

The paper deals with some issues related to the study of the potential use of new types of high-speed passenger ships for the organization of maritime passenger traffic between the ports of the Black Sea. In addition, a project was proposed for organizing excursion passenger lines between the Black Sea and Mediterranean ports, as well as tours along the coastline. Recently, special attention has been paid to the development of sea tourism in the Black Sea. However, for the organization of this type of tourist activity, it is important to understand the possibilities of using special types of marine passenger ships developed by domestic designers. The implementation of design ideas in the very near future will make it possible to organize highly efficient maritime liner and cruise communications on the Black Sea.
The comparative analysis of methods for determining the mechanical performance of macrofragmental soils
Authors: Ter-Martirosyan Armen , Angelo Georgiy , Yermoshina Lyubov'
Published: January 2023

Many researchers, including Marachi, Frost, Varadarajan, Mojtaba, Gupta, Kuznetsov and others, have investigated the mechanical properties of coarse clastic soils. In this work, two methods were considered to determine the strength and deformation characteristics of coarse clastic soil.The first method is based on the determination of normative values for the mechanical properties of coarse clastic soils based on their physical characteristics (developed by the Far Eastern Research Institute for Structural Design and Technology (FERISDT)), and the second method is based on consolidated-drained (CD) tests in a triaxial compression device at five different values of hydrostatic pressure. According to the results of the study carried out in accordance with the two methods, a significant difference in the values of specific cohesion and deformation modulus of the coarse clastic soil was obtained.The values of specific adhesion obtained by FERISDT method are nearly two times lower than those obtained by triaxial tests. While the specific cohesion has been largely influenced by aggregate percentage, the values of in-ternal friction angle and the modulus of deformation changed only slightly.
Algorithms and programs based on neural networks and local binary patterns approaches for monitoring plankton populations in sea systems
Authors: Sukhinov Alexander , Panasenko Natalia , Simorin Aleksey
Published: January 2023

The work is devoted to the method of multispectral space images analyzing of aquatic coastal systems for identifying phytoplankton populations of complicated structures: determining their boundaries, distributing color gradations and, based on this, determining the distribution of phytoplankton concentrations within patches and the location of the "mass" center. A combination of local binary patterns (LBP) and neuralnetworks methods is considered. Due to these characteristics it is possible, basing on a series of processed images of the same water area for different time points (dates), to determine the changing rate in the spots boundaries and their concentrations, the shift of the mass center which are influenced by the aquatic environment movement and the processes of phytoplankton growth and death. The results of the work allow us to determine the Azov Sea state. Experimental data of the program are given in confirmation part.
Economic and legal framework formation specifics of the Rostov region agrotourism sector
Authors: Zainullina Tatiana , Kedrova Irina
Published: January 2023

The article considers the peculiarities of the formation of the economic and legal foundations of the agrotourism sector and its role in the economic development of rural areas of the Rostov region. Agrotourism was an integral part of the household economy, it largely determined the employment of the local population and formed a certain share of the profits of personal subsidiary plots. The economic effect of the development of agritourism is expressed in different aspects. In order to reduce the negative consequences of unemployment, migration, and the decline in the living standards of the population of rural areas, it is necessary to develop and implement programs of financial, organizational, legal and informational support for agritourism at the state level.
Directions for the distribution channels’ transformation in the context of digitalization based on relationship marketing
Authors: Kolgan Maria , Medvedeva Yulia , Ismagilov Evgeny , Kostennikov Andrey
Published: January 2023

Modern trends associated with increased requirements for the innovative development of enterprises and the use of new digital technologies and changes in consumer behaviour have destroyed traditional distribution chains, which entailed problems in the distribution of products and services during the transformation of market relations. The main goal of this study is to identify and structure the conditions and criteria for integration into the chain of interaction between the manufacturer and the consumer, taking into account digital changes. To do this, within the framework of the theoretical component, we analyze conceptual and empirical articles contained in the Web of Science database, as well as information obtained from the study of articles by Russian academicians in specialized journals, monographs and conference abstracts. We propose to build the empirical component of the article through a threefold conceptual framework to summarize research in this area. Our starting point is identified as associated triggers. This allows enterprise decision-making criteria to be put forward to evaluate different distribution channel options and opportunities for integration. The results obtained in the course of the study provide a deepening of knowledge about the factors that configure the integration of the distribution system, principles of interaction between the subjects of distribution and the corresponding tools to unite interests. In addition, the relationships and connections established among the participats in digital ecosystems are constantly evolving, therefore the study will be able to show the relationship dynamics and help to analyze the development of interaction over time.
Seasonal and interannual dynamics of Artemia crustacean population from hypersaline Lake Kuchukskoye (Western Siberia)
Authors: Vesnina Lyubov , Bezmaternykh Dmitry , Vesnin Yuri , Moruzi Irina , Pishchenko Elena
Published: January 2023

The paper presents the findings of studying the influence of main natural environmental factors on interannual (2017–2018, 2020–2021) and seasonal (from April to October) dynamics of Artemia population from large hypersaline lake Kuchukskoye located in the Kulunda steppe (Altai Krai, Russia). We studied the relationship of 7 key indicators of the population structure (abundance, biomass and age structure) with hydrophysical and hydrochemical indixes (temperature, transparency, pH and total salinity). In different years, hydrophysical and hydrochemical regime of lake Kuchukskoye may vary significantly thus affecting brine shrimp population indicators. The revealed changes in the structure of zooplankton are mainly due to the inhibitory effect of increased salinity on the Artemia population and other taxa.
The use of the digital twin in the design of a prefabricated product
Authors: Golovin Dmitry , Smolyaninov Andrey , Degtev Dmitriy , Matusevich Alexander
Published: January 2023

This paper discusses the process of creating a digital twin of a product, which is a virtual model of a mechanical connection. The modeling was carried out using the Pro/ENGINEER software, which allows building a three-dimensional model of the product assembly process, which is a set of three-dimensional electronic models of the product, equipment and tools. The models include a mathematical description of the geometric, physical-mechanical and technical parameters of the objects under consideration. It is shown that it is the formation of a triad of electronic models: product-man-equipment in the considered area of computer-aided design of technological processes for the implementation of mechanical connections that allows modeling with the necessary accuracy and adequacy.
The influence of the environment on the physical fitness of students of the agro-industrial complex
Authors: Tashchiyan Arshak , Mavropulo Olga , Demyanova Ludmila , Usova Irina , Demyanov Sergey
Published: January 2023

In this article we reviewed a comprehensive study in the field of modeling in physical culture and sports, as well as the influence of the environment on the physical fitness of students of the agro-industrial complex. To improve physical education, modeling plays a decisive role, since through it the training process is controlled, which determines how an athlete will develop and improve his physical qualities necessary in a particular sport. When considering the physical training of students, the average level of indicators will be taken into account, which will be the most optimal in the implementation of professional activities. The highest rates, as a rule, are used in the preparation of athletes for competitions, where the main goal will be to achieve the best result. There is an opinion that the model characteristics of students are formed on the basis of anthropometric indicators that reflect a person's height, body weight, chest circumference, etc., which depends on gender, age, the type of sport a person is engaged in, for example, if it is basketball, then the athlete's growth, psychological and social health indicators will depend on it, which manifest themselves in the behavior of the student before passing the test, exam or any other passing standards in a regular class.
Digital Core Analysis as an Efficient Tool for Acid Treatment Optimization
Authors: Ivanov Evgeny , Korobkov Dimitry , Varfolomeev Igor , Demianov Alexander , Sidorenkov Alexander , Beletskaya Anna , Stukan Mikhail
Published: January 2023

Digital rock workflow for acid treatment optimization is developed. It includes construction of a digital rock model based on X-ray microtomography, running a set of multiscale digital experiments and a number of acid flooding experiments on rock samples for the model tuning. Here, we present results of application of the developed workflow for Austin chalk rock treatment by hydrochloric acid on core samples of 8 mm in diameter. Pore-scale simulations were performed using high-resolution 3D microCT models to determine the dependencies of rock permeability, active surface area and effective reaction rate on actual porosity. These properties were used to populate the laboratory-size core models, and Darcy-scale numerical approach was applied to simulate the dissolution at different injection rates. The core-scale simulations demonstrated inhomogeneous character of dissolution process leading to wormhole development in a certain range of injection rates. In parallel to numerical simulations, laboratory experiments on the same rock samples were performed at flow rates close to the optimal regimes followed by microCT imaging of wormhole structures. This information was then used to tune the model parameters. After that, the dependencies of the number of pore volumes injected until the breakthrough (PVBT) on the injection rate were obtained numerically for all the cores considered.
Telemedizinische Unterstützung der feto-neonatalen Versorgung
in einer Region – Teil I: Bedarfsanalyse am Beispiel
Ost-Sachsen
Authors: Kaufmann Maxi , Eckart Falk , Rüdiger Mario , Birdir Cahit , Mense Lars
Published: January 2023

Eine optimale feto-neonatale Versorgung schafft die Grundlage für ein
gesundes Aufwachsen und erfordert die Zusammenarbeit verschiedener Akteure des
Gesundheitswesens. Bundesweite demographische Veränderungen mit einem
zunehmenden Rückzug der Bevölkerung aus dem ländlichen
Raum erfordern auch in Ostsachsen eine Anpassung der Strukturen, um eine
wohnortnahe, höchsten Qualitätsansprüchen
genügende Versorgung sicher zu stellen. Für die Region
Ostsachsen wurden mehrere Bereiche identifiziert, in denen ein besonderer Bedarf
an regionaler, perinataler Zusammenarbeit besteht: (I) multiprofessionelle
Beratung bei Hinweisen auf fetale Erkrankungen, (II) sofortige neonatologische
Expertise bei einer Neugeborenen-Reanimation, (III) evidenzbasierte neonatale
Antibiotikatherapie, (IV) heimatnahe Entlassung extrem unreifer
Frühgeborener und kranker Neugeborener, (V) adäquate
psychosoziale Unterstützung von Familien Früh- und kranker
Neugeborener. Telemedizin ermöglicht eine rasche, zeiteffiziente
Kommunikation zwischen Partnern und einen audiovisuellen Eindruck des Patienten.
In der Zusammenarbeit des Zentrums für Feto/Neonatale Gesundheit
mit den regionalen Partnern wird in Ostsachsen mit der Hilfe telemedizinischer
Verfahren ein Versorgungsnetz „Sichere Geburt“ aufgebaut, und
als Projekt des Innovationsfonds des G-BA evaluiert, das potentiell für
andere Regionen Modellcharakter haben kann.
Risk of total metachronous advanced neoplasia at surveillance colonoscopy after detection of serrated lesions: a matched case–cohort study
Authors: Djinbachian Roupen , Lafontaine Marie-Lyssa , Anderson Joseph C. , Pohl Heiko , Dufault Talia , Boivin Michel , Bouin Mickael , von Renteln Daniel
Published: January 2023

Background Serrated lesions are potential colorectal cancer precursors. This study evaluated the presence of total metachronous advanced neoplasia (T-MAN) at follow-up in patients with index serrated lesions compared with a matched cohort without serrated lesions.

Methods Patients aged 45–74 years with serrated lesions were matched 2:1 by sex, age, synchronous polyps, and timing of index colonoscopy, to patients without serrated lesions. The primary outcome was T-MAN (advanced adenoma or high-risk serrated lesion) at follow-up. Secondary outcomes included presence of T-MAN stratified by synchronous polyps and serrated lesion characteristics.

Results 1425 patients were included (475 patients, 642 serrated lesions; 950 controls; median follow-up 2.9 versus 3.6 years). Patients with serrated lesions had greater risk of T-MAN than those without (hazard ratio [HR] 6.1, 95 %CI 3.9–9.6). Patients with serrated lesions and high-risk adenoma (HRA) had higher risk of T-MAN than those with HRA alone (HR 2.6, 95 %CI 1.4–4.7); similarly, patients with serrated lesions plus low-risk adenoma (LRA) had higher risk than those with LRA alone (HR 7.0, 95 %CI 2.8–18.4), as did patients with serrated lesions without adenoma compared with no adenoma (HR 14.9, 95 %CI 6.5–34.0). Presence of proximal sessile serrated lesion (SSL; HR 9.3, 95 %CI 5.4–15.9), large SSL (HR 17.8, 95 %CI 7.4–43.3), and proximal large SSL (HR 25.0, 95 %CI 8.8–71.3), but not distal SSL, were associated with greater risk for T-MAN.

Conclusion Patients with serrated lesions had higher risk for T-MAN regardless of synchronous adenomas. Patients with serrated lesions and HRA, and those with large or proximal SSLs, were at greatest risk.
Jitter-reduction technique may lead to new communication protocols
Authors: Green Leigh Ann
Published: January 2023

Calibration method could double the operation speed of communication systems containing superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors
Random fiber laser could drive next generation fusion experiments
Authors: Thompson Avery
Published: January 2023

The technology produces low coherence light that could increase efficiency in inertial confinement fusion reactions.
Exact solution and coherent states of an asymmetric oscillator with position-dependent mass
Authors: da Costa Bruno G. , Gomez Ignacio S. , Rath Biswanath
Published: January 2023

We revisit the problem of the deformed oscillator with position-dependent mass [da Costa et al., J. Math. Phys. 62, 092101 (2021)] in the classical and quantum formalisms by introducing the effect of the mass function in both kinetic and potential energies. The resulting Hamiltonian is mapped into a Morse oscillator by means of a point canonical transformation from the usual phase space (x, p) to a deformed one (xγ, Πγ). Similar to the Morse potential, the deformed oscillator presents bound trajectories in phase space corresponding to an anharmonic oscillatory motion in classical formalism and, therefore, bound states with a discrete spectrum in quantum formalism. On the other hand, open trajectories in phase space are associated with scattering states and continuous energy spectrum. Employing the factorization method, we investigate the properties of the coherent states, such as the time evolution and their uncertainties. A fast localization, classical and quantum, is reported for the coherent states due to the asymmetrical position-dependent mass. An oscillation of the time evolution of the uncertainty relationship is also observed, whose amplitude increases as the deformation increases.
The dual role of hydrogen in grain boundary mobility
Authors: Ding Yu , Zhao Kai , Lin Meichao , Yu Haiyang , Xiao Senbo , He Jianying , Zhang Zhiliang
Published: January 2023

The effect of solute hydrogen on shear-coupled grain boundary (GB) migration is investigated with the dislocation-array type Σ25(430)[001] GB and a dual role of hydrogen on GB mobility is unraveled. In the low temperature and high loading rate regime, where hydrogen diffusion is substantially slower than GB motion, GB breaks away from the hydrogen atmosphere and transforms into a new stable phase with highly enhanced mobility. In the reverse regime, hydrogen atoms move along with GB, exerting a drag force on GB and decreasing its mobility. These findings provide rationale for the coexistence of hydrogen hardening and softening observed experimentally in polycrystalline materials.
Perspectives on field-free spin–orbit torque devices for memory and computing applications
Authors: Lopez-Dominguez Victor , Shao Yixin , Khalili Amiri Pedram
Published: January 2023

The emergence of embedded magnetic random-access memory (MRAM) and its integration in mainstream semiconductor manufacturing technology have created an unprecedented opportunity for engineering computing systems with improved performance, energy efficiency, lower cost, and unconventional computing capabilities. While the initial interest in the existing generation of MRAM—which is based on the spin-transfer torque (STT) effect in ferromagnetic tunnel junctions—was driven by its nonvolatile data retention and lower cost of integration compared to embedded Flash (eFlash), the focus of MRAM research and development efforts is increasingly shifting toward alternative write mechanisms (beyond STT) and new materials (beyond ferromagnets) in recent years. This has been driven by the need for better speed vs density and speed vs endurance trade-offs to make MRAM applicable to a wider range of memory markets, as well as to utilize the potential of MRAM in various unconventional computing architectures that utilize the physics of nanoscale magnets. In this Perspective, we offer an overview of spin–orbit torque (SOT) as one of these beyond-STT write mechanisms for the MRAM devices. We discuss, specifically, the progress in developing SOT-MRAM devices with perpendicular magnetization. Starting from basic symmetry considerations, we discuss the requirement for an in-plane bias magnetic field which has hindered progress in developing practical SOT-MRAM devices. We then discuss several approaches based on structural, magnetic, and chiral symmetry-breaking that have been explored to overcome this limitation and realize bias-field-free SOT-MRAM devices with perpendicular magnetization. We also review the corresponding material- and device-level challenges in each case. We then present a perspective of the potential of these devices for computing and security applications beyond their use in the conventional memory hierarchy.
A Practical Guide to Kinetics Calculation of Protein Conformational Change using Frequency Adaptive Metadynamics
Authors: Zou Rongfeng , Song Tiefeng , Wang Liangdong , Ye Lingyuan , Wang Yong
Published: January 2023

The kinetic properties in biological systems are important for understanding biomolecular functions and are of great importance for drug discovery. However, how to precisely calculate the kinetics of rare events occurring in biomolecular systems with computational methods remains a big challenge. Recently, a variant of metadynamics, namely, frequency-adaptive metadynamics (FAMetaD), has been developed to calculate the unbiased transition time from biased molecular dynamics simulations with high efficiency. In this chapter, we provided a detailed tutorial about how to perform and analyze FAMetaD simulations by taking a simple pentapeptide as the model system which however has a complex free energy landscape with multiple conformational states. With the help of this tutorial, we hope that non-experienced users can master the skill of performing and analyzing FAMetaD simulations and apply to their own biological problems.
TAPS: A Traveling-Salesman Based Automated Path Searching Method for Functional Dynamics of Complex Biomolecular Systems
Authors: Xi Kun , Zhu Lizhe
Published: January 2023

Dissecting the transitions among different metastable states of biomolecular systems is crucial for understanding their function. Nonetheless, as the transitions for complex biomolecular systems may occur at timescale much longer than the affordable length of MD simulations, various path methods have been developed for efficiency gain. Among them, path searching methods aim to locate the minimum free energy paths (MFEPs) connecting the known stable states. However, existing path searching methods typically perform local sampling around the path nodes in a pre-selected collective variable (CV) space, which limited their overall efficiency. Recently, we developed a Traveling-salesman based Automated Path Searching Method (TAPS). By using the path-collective variable (PCV), computed on the reference path, as a temporary coordinate system in each of its iteration, TAPS avoid the non-trivial a priori choice of the CVs. Meanwhile, TAPS adopts non-local perpendicular sampling to accelerate the search and uses a traveling-salesman scheme to solve the issue of node reordering brought by the perpendicular sampling. In this chapter, we describe in detail the procedure of TAPS optimization through the examples of the pentapeptide Met-enkephalin and the Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase MEK1.
Potential therapeutic value of new drugs approved in Australia: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Lexchin Joel
Published: January 2023

Objective To examine the potential therapeutic value of new medicines approved in the US and both approved and not approved in Australia. Methods A list of new medicines approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2020 was assembled and it was determined which of these medicines were also approved in Australia. Three metrics – first in class, priority review and therapeutic rating by two independent organisations – were used to determine the potential therapeutic value of the medicines. The percent of medicines with and without potential significant therapeutic value was compared using each of the three metrics. Results A total of 273 drugs were approved by the FDA, of which 147 (53.8%) were approved by the Therapeutic Goods Administration, the Australian regulator. For each of these three metrics, the percent of medicines with and without potential significant therapeutic value approved in Australia was the same: first in class (yes vs no: Chi-squared P = 0.8562), priority review (yes vs no: Chi-squared P = 0.4593), therapeutic rating (major/moderate vs little/no: Chi-squared P = 0.9006). Some of the 126 drugs not approved may be therapeutically important. Conclusions New medicines approved in the US between 2015 and 2020 without potential significant therapeutic value are as likely to be introduced into Australia as drugs with potential significant therapeutic value. Some potentially valuable drugs may not have been submitted for approval in Australia by the companies making them.
Digital public health interventions at scale: The impact of social media advertising on beliefs and outcomes related to COVID vaccines
Authors: Athey Susan , Grabarz Kristen , Luca Michael , Wernerfelt Nils
Published: January 2023

Public health organizations increasingly use social media advertising campaigns in pursuit of public health goals. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of about $40 million of social media advertisements that were run and experimentally tested on Facebook and Instagram, aimed at increasing COVID-19 vaccination rates in the first year of the vaccine roll-out. The 819 randomized experiments in our sample were run by 174 different public health organizations and collectively reached 2.1 billion individuals in 15 languages. We find that these campaigns are, on average, effective at influencing self-reported beliefs—shifting opinions close to 1% at baseline with a cost per influenced person of about $3.41. Combining this result with an estimate of the relationship between survey outcomes and vaccination rates derived from observational data yields an estimated cost per additional vaccination of about $5.68. There is further evidence that campaigns are especially effective at influencing users’ knowledge of how to get vaccines. Our results represent, to the best of our knowledge, the largest set of online public health interventions analyzed to date.
Strategies of clausal postmodification in learner English
Authors: Vuuren Sanne van , Berns Janine , Bank Marketa
Published: January 2023

The difficulty of automatically extracting syntactic structures from authentic learner data has previously limited the kinds of questions addressed by meansof Contrastive Interlanguage Analysis(CIA;Granger, 2015), or has forced researchers to resort to manual analysis of smaller corpora. This study responds to the call for greater use of parsed corpora by using automated parsing and refined corpus analysis software to investigate advanced EFL learners’ use of relative and participial clauses for nominal postmodification. The use of clausal postmodifiers inside the noun phrase may be seen as a marker of proficiency and syntactic maturity in academic writing, but the proportional use of relative and participial clauses for nominal postmodification may also be subject to L1 transfer. To investigate the role of transfer and syntactic maturity in the use of nominal postmodification, we compare texts written by Dutch EFL learners with those produced by learners from typologically distinct L1s, i.e. Czech and French, and by native speakers of English. Use of participial clauses and relative clauses in Dutch learners’ EFL texts is then compared with their use in L1 Dutch. The high degree of L1-interlanguage congruity suggests that transfer plays an important role in the Dutch learners’ strong preference for relative clauses for nominal postmodification. Based on the comparison with both other learner groups, we hypothesize that such transfer effects in the use of clausal postmodification can only emerge once the learner has reached a sufficient level of syntactic maturity in the target language.
Key comparison COOMET.QM-K120 "Carbon dioxide in air at urban level (480–800) μmol/mol"
Authors: Konopelko L , Kolobova A , Chubchenko I , Efremova O , Rozhnov M , Melnyk D , Kisel S , Levbarg O , Shpilnyi S , Yakubov S , Mironchik A , Aleksandrov V , Kai F M , Wu T Y , Fang J , Cui Y , Mou J , Liu W
Published: January 2023

Main text

This article presents the report on the COOMET key comparison COOMET.QM-K120, which is designed as linking to the appropriate CCQM comparison - CCQM-K120.b "Carbon dioxide in air at urban level (480–800) μmol/mol" carried out in 2016-2018.

CCQM-K120.b is considered as a Track A comparison and tests core skills and competencies required in gravimetric preparation, analytical certification and purity analysis. Participants successful in CCQM-K120.b and the linked COOMET.QM-K120 comparison may use their results in the flexible scheme and underpin claims for all core mixtures in accordance with the GAWG strategy document.

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Numerical investigation of localization in two-dimensional quasiperiodic mosaic lattice
Authors: Wang Hui-Hui , Wang Si-Si , Yu Yan , Zhang Biao , Dai Yi-Ming , Chen Hao-Can , Zhang Yi-Cai , Zhang Yan-Yang
Published: January 2023

A one-dimensional lattice model with mosaic quasiperiodic potential is found to exhibit interesting localization properties, e.g. clear mobility edges (Wang et al 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett.
125 196604). We generalize this mosaic quasiperiodic model to a two-dimensional version, and numerically investigate its localization properties: the phase diagram from the fractal dimension of the wavefunction, the statistical and scaling properties of the conductance. Compared with disordered systems, our model shares many common features but also exhibits some different characteristics in the same dimensionality and the same universality class. For example, the sharp peak at

g
∼
0

of the critical distribution and the large g limit of the universal scaling function β resemble those behaviors of three-dimensional disordered systems.
Magnetic fields produced by ‘seen arc’ and ‘unseen arc’ of ideal solenoids are the same in magnitude but opposite in direction
Authors: Khalifah Ardi , Abdullah Mikrajuddin
Published: January 2023

We divide the solenoid into ‘seen arc portion’ and ‘unseen arc portion’ when observed from the point of measurement. The magnitudes of fields produced by the two portions are the same but in opposite directions. This is the reason why the magnetic field outside an ideal solenoid is zero. Interestingly, the magnitude of the field produced by each portion follows the change of angle of view to the outer boundary of the solenoid when observed from the point of measurement. We have also distributed questionaries to students to get feedback on whether the topics discussed in this paper are easy for undergraduate students to understand.
An interdisciplinary environmental project, based on natural chronologic archives, suitable for upper secondary school students
Authors: Törnquist Per , Carlsson Marie , Pettersson Håkan
Published: January 2023

This article describes an ongoing interdisciplinary project involving both the natural and social sciences. Based on the intact chronology of the layers in a peat bog, students create a history of pollution after WWII, for several toxic elements. Within this project the students collect samples which are analysed for; As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, S, Zn, and 137Cs. Caesium is used to roughly date emissions. The results allow students to gain a holistic picture of the mechanisms underlying airborne pollution. The project is comprehensive and involves several school subjects, that normally are separated. The student’s task is to explain the time-related changes in pollution for one of the above-mentioned elements in a scientific report. The students’ report must also explain, when possible, the underlying political mechanisms or other factors, for the change in pollution. The finding of the above-mentioned elements in the local environment promotes discussions about the human impact on the environment. Most importantly, the results show that it is possible to change emission patterns in the future to achieve a better environment.
A homogenised anisotropic J-model for accelerating computations of screening current profile in large-scale HTS magnets
Authors: Kang Xiang , Wang Xingzhe
Published: January 2023

Owing to the induced excessive strain, plastic deformation, and distortion of the magnetic field in high-temperature superconducting (HTS) tapes, there is a rapidly growing research interest in the screening current profile in high-field superconducting magnets. The J-model was developed to calculate the current density distributions in HTS stacks and cables, which improves the calculation efficiency because no air domain is considered in the calculation regions. However, for a large-scale high-field magnet wound with hundreds and thousands of layers of HTS tapes, there is still a big challenge for J-model simulation involving prohibitive time consumption and memory requirements. This study proposes an improved J-model approach based on a homogenised anisotropic (HA) scheme for large-scale HTS magnet systems to decrease the number of elements and enhance calculation efficiency. The reliability of the improved HA J-model was verified by solving 2000-tape HTS stacks, and a significant improvement in computational performance was achieved. Furthermore, the HA J-model was applied to a large-scale scenario of a 32 T hybrid all-superconducting magnet at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory to numerically capture the electromagnetic responses. The magnetic flux and current densities in the HTS insert coils were obtained completely, and the screen current induced field, which is the most concerning, showed a good agreement with the literature. Meanwhile, the time consumption by the HA J-model is approximately half that of the traditional J-model and even less than 1–2 orders of magnitude of the others, such as the traditional T-A model and H model, with acceptable accuracy. The improved HA J-model may provide an appropriate prior design with rapid and real-time calculations for large-scale magnet systems.
Application of Haar wavelet to shear-wave equation and corresponding fractional differential equation
Authors: Sagar Zephania C F , Harisankar P C , Sil Tapas
Published: January 2023

Shear waves find applications in several branches of science, such as geophysics, earth science, medical science etc. The Haar wavelet (HW) scheme is employed to solve the governing equation of the horizontal component of the shear wave (SH). The solutions of SH waves obtained from HW are compared with the exact solutions and some of the available results from approximation methods, such as the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) and wavelet Galerkin method with Daubechies wavelet (WG). HW solutions are found to be more accurate than WG at points away from the resonance and at the proximity of the resonance. HW yields solutions with higher accuracy than HPM solutions. The SH wave equation is also studied using the concept of fractional calculus by introducing arbitrary parameter α, especially in the vicinity of the resonance with the values of α around one. The solutions are found to be damped oscillatory for α < 1, and diverging oscillatory for α > 1, respectively. The solutions are insensitive to small variations α at and around the resonance point corresponding to the ODE. At a point far from the resonance, the solution with α ≈ 1 matches nicely with those for α ≠ 1. The amplitude of the solution for α = 1 becomes very large at a point very close to the resonance. In contrast, amplitudes of the solutions for α ≠ 1 remain the same in the vicinity of the resonance, including it. Therefore, if necessary, the parameter α may be the control to avoid resonance.
Excitation of toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes with counter-current NBI in the TCV tokamak
Authors: Vallar M. , Dreval M. , Garcia-Munoz M. , Sharapov S. , Poley J. , N. Karpushov A. , Lauber P. , Mazzi S. , Porte L.
Published: January 2023

In Tokamak á Configuration Variable (TCV), unstable modes excited by resonant interaction between the shear Alfvèn waves in continuum gaps and energetic particles have been observed in scenarios with neutral beam injection (NBI). TCV is a middle-size device (

R
0

/

a
=
0.88

/

0.25

) equipped with a

1
MW

,

25
keV

tangential neutral beam injector. In this paper the phenomenology of modes excited with on-axis NBI is presented. The Alfvènic nature of the modes has been confirmed investigating their sensitivity against plasma parameters such as NBI energy, toroidal magnetic field, and cross-checking with the predictions from linear kinetic stability code. The mode radial profile is estimated using electron cyclotron emission measurement and agrees well with modelling results. In addition, the fast particle distribution function has been modelled using TRANSP/NUBEAM code. Even with counter-current NBI (leading to higher losses), the drive from the resonant particles is sufficient for the mode excitation. An ad-hoc additional diffusion model allows to estimate the fast particle transport, modifying the fast particle gradient at the mode location and matching the neutron rates.
SYNCA: A Synthetic Cyclotron Antenna for the Project 8 Collaboration
Authors: Ashtari Esfahani A. , Böser S. , Buzinsky N. , Carmona-Benitez M.C. , Claessens C. , de Viveiros L. , Fertl M. , Formaggio J.A. , Gladstone L. , Grando M. , Hartse J. , Heeger K.M. , Huyan X. , Jones A.M. , Kazkaz K. , Li M. , Lindman A. , Matthé C. , Mohiuddin R. , Monreal B. , Mueller R. , Nikkel J.A. , Novitski E. , Oblath N.S. , Peña J.I. , Pettus W. , Reimann R. , Robertson R.G.H. , Saldaña L. , Slocum P.L. , Stachurska J. , Sun Y.-H. , Surukuchi P.T. , Telles A.B. , Thomas F. , Thomas M. , Thorne L.A. , Thümmler T. , Tvrznikova L. , Van De Pontseele W. , VanDevender B.A. , Weiss T.E. , Wendler T. , Zayas E. , Ziegler A.
Published: January 2023

Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy (CRES) is a
technique for measuring the kinetic energy of charged particles
through a precision measurement of the frequency of the cyclotron
radiation generated by the particle's motion in a magnetic
field. The Project 8 collaboration is developing a next-generation
neutrino mass measurement experiment based on CRES. One approach is
to use a phased antenna array, which surrounds a volume of tritium
gas, to detect and measure the cyclotron radiation of the resulting
β-decay electrons. To validate the feasibility of this method,
Project 8 has designed a test stand to benchmark the performance of
an antenna array at reconstructing signals that mimic those of
genuine CRES events. To generate synthetic CRES events, a novel
probe antenna has been developed, which emits radiation with
characteristics similar to the cyclotron radiation produced by
charged particles in magnetic fields. This paper outlines the
design, construction, and characterization of this Synthetic
Cyclotron Antenna (SYNCA). Furthermore, we perform a series of
measurements that use the SYNCA to test the position reconstruction
capabilities of the digital beamforming reconstruction technique. We
find that the SYNCA produces radiation with characteristics closely
matching those expected for cyclotron radiation and reproduces
experimentally the phenomenology of digital beamforming simulations
of true CRES signals.
Drinking water accessibility typologies in low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Chung Hichul , Kumpel Emily , Oke Jimi
Published: January 2023

We present a data-driven typology framework for understanding patterns in drinking water accessibility across low- and middle-income countries. Further, we obtain novel typology-specific insights regarding the relationships between possible explanatory variables and typology outcomes. First, we conducted exploratory factor analysis to obtain a smaller set of interpretable factors from the initial set of 17 drinking water accessibility indicators from 73 countries. The resulting seven factors summarize the key drivers for water accessibility, and also serve as a vehicle for framing discussions on country outcomes. We clustered the countries based on their seven-dimensional water accessibility factor scores, referring to the resulting three clusters as ‘typologies,’ namely, Decentralized, Centralized and Hybrid. The typologies serve as a vehicle for analyzing water accessibility among countries with similar patterns, in contrast with geographically-based approaches. Finally, we fitted a decision tree classifier to analyze relationships between a country’s typology membership and socioeconomic, geographic and transportation explanatory variables. We found that private car ownership, population density and per-capita gross domestic product are most relevant in predicting a country’s drinking water accessibility typology.