bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE IMAGE OF THE MOTHERLAND IN THE POETRY OF FARIZA ONGARSYNOVA
Authors:   Kazakh philology department, Yessenov University, Aktau, Kazakhstan, Kamarova N.S.
Published: March 2022

The article examines the image of the Motherland in the poetry of the Kazakh famous poetess Fariza Ongarsynova. Here is revealed the connection of poetess’s poems with folklore works. It is argued that Mangystau, the poetess’s small homeland, is the source of her poetic inspiration. The idea is substantiated that the image of a small homeland occupies a special place in the work of the Kazakh poetess. It is also noted that the lyrical hero of the poetess's works feels like a part of his native land, its nature and destiny. Thanks to the study of the characteristic poetic feature of Fariza Ongarsynova, it is possible to recognize her poetic skill. Artistic individuality, ideological and thematic themes of poetry, contribution to the national artistic tradition, the corresponding place and figurative character occupied in modern Kazakh poetry will be studied.
THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL RESOURCES ON CUSTOMERS SATISFACTION
Authors:   Ph.D. Candidate, College of Business, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan, Bakatubia M. Sebastian
Published: March 2022

This study examines how organizational resources and competencies endow the competitive advantage. Often organizations align resources and capabilities to achieve their goal. Drawing on a resource-based view, we come to identify key resources that help the organization execute its business strategy and capture customer satisfaction. In four separate surveys, we firstly identify resources to execute a business plan. We examine those resources in a more elaborate survey to capture the most valuable resources. Further, customers’ satisfaction is also surveyed. Results show that at first customers value organizational resources. Second, when human resources are much clear, customers tend to favour human resources over organizational and physical resources. The implication of this discovery for the organization is also discussed.
REDES GEOGRÁFICAS
Authors: Santos Lívia Rita Castro dos
Published: March 2022

Este trabalho foi produzido tendo como base as aulas ministradas na disciplina Teoria da Geografia, ofertada pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia da UFBA. O artigo tem como intuito apresentar a categoria de análise rede e está assentado nas discussões acerca de conceitos como: redes geográficas e hierarquia urbana, dando ênfase para a rede urbana da cidade de Valença-Bahia e sua atuação no espaço. A metodologia utilizada parte de uma pesquisa documental e bibliográfica, embasando-se na dimensão de análise classificada por Corrêa (2012). Os resultados mostram que a cidade de Valença apresenta distintas redes geográficas, destacando-se a fluvial, a bancária, a comercial e a rodoviária, possuindo uma importância sub-regional e que as redes que articulam e organizam o território provocam segregação socioespacial e desigualdades. Dessa forma, a caracterização das redes geográficas, as implicações das redes na organização espacial e suas consequências na referida cidade é o ponto de destaque do texto.
Vaccines Associated Cardiac Adverse Events, including SARS-CoV-2 Myocarditis, Elevated Histamine Etiology Hypothesis
Authors: Ricke Darrell
Published: March 2022

Rare cardiac adverse events are reported post vaccinations. For the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, higher numbers of these cardiac adverse events are being reported with myocarditis disproportionately occurring in younger males. The etiology of these cardiac adverse events associated with vaccines including SARS-CoV-2 is unknown. The etiology of the higher frequency of these cardiac adverse events temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is also unknown. This article proposes that innate immune responses to vaccines cause elevated histamine levels post vaccination; the histamine level reached may exceed the vaccinees’ histamine tolerance level for several days. This article proposes that the elevated histamine level is causative for the reported cardiac adverse events. For myocarditis reported adverse events, this article proposes that elevated histamine levels induce cardiac capillary pericyte induced vasoconstrictions followed by localized ischemia and anoxia; this is followed by the release of troponin from myocyte cells affected by anoxia. This hypothesis is supported by the temporal onset timing of adverse events reported following SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations in the United States Department of Health and Human Services Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). This model applies to multiple vaccines with innate immune response histamine levels generated varying by each vaccine and incidence frequencies correlate with vaccine reactogenicity.
Understanding Residents’ Perceptions to Improve Park-People Relationships in Wuyishan National Park, China
Authors: He Siyuan , Su Yang
Published: March 2022

A healthy park-people relation depends essentially on the fair and sustainable maintenance of rural livelihood. When protected area is designated, rural people may face restrictions of access to land and resource use for multiple ecosystem services. In Wuyishan of China, we analysed the role of traditional tea cultivation during consistent protected area management to find ways to maintain stability of this social-ecological system in the new national park era. We used an intensive social survey to investigate tea’s role, perception of ecosystem services and impacts on tea cultivation from consistent conservation policies. Results showed that tea cultivation brought major household income and associated with multiple culture services. Protected area management affected land use and conservation outcomes were more obvious to farmers than economic and social ones. From the perspective of a social-ecological system, tea cultivation in national should be conservation-compatible activities from which the potentially lost economic value is remedied by ecological and cultural valorisation. To sustain the resilience of the social-ecological system, we proposed a three-scale management framework to regulate biophysical elements at land plot scale, to link production and market at the mountain level, and to secure tenure and encourage community participation at the landscape level.
Estimation of In-Situ Heat Capacity and Thermal Diffusivity from Undisturbed Ground Temperature Profile Measured in Ground Heat Exchangers.
Authors: Pambou Claude Hugo K. , Raymond Jasmin , Miranda Mafalda M. , Giordano Nicolò
Published: March 2022

Undisturbed ground temperature (UGT), thermal conductivity (TC) and heat capacity (HC) are essential parameters for the design of borehole heat exchanger (BHE) and borehole thermal energy storage systems. However, field methods to assess the thermal state and properties of the sub-surface are costly and time consuming. Moreover, HC is often not evaluated but arbitrarily selected from literature considering the geological materials intercepted by boreholes. Therefore, this work aims at proposing a field heat tracing method to infer the thermal diffusivity (TD) and HC with assumption of natural transient heat conduction in the subsurface. Empirical equations were developed to reproduce a UGT profile measured along a BHE. Experimental coefficients are found with a non-linear least square solver optimization and used to calculate the damping depth and TD. Subsequently, the TD is used to evaluate HC considering TC obtained from a thermal response test (TRT). Results from this proposed heat tracing method were verified and validated against a set of TRT results and oscillatory TRT analysis using a field dual probe concept to infer HC. The example here described highlights the advantages and novelty of this fast and simple field method relying only on a single UGT profile measured before a TRT.
Differences and Similarities in Breast and Colorectal Cancer Screening Uptake Among Municipalities in Flanders, Belgium
Authors: Ferrari Allegra , Tran Thuy Ngan , Hoeck Sarah , Peeters Marc , Van Hal Guido
Published: March 2022

Despite the recognized benefits of fecal occult blood test (FOBT) and mammography screenings, participation in breast (BC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) screening programs is still suboptimal. In this study we investigate municipal characteristics associated with their BC/CRC screening uptake profiles among women aged 55-69 years. Using data from 308 municipalities of Flanders during 2014–2017, a profile for each municipality based on its BC/CRC screening uptake compared with the median screening uptake was created. Logistic regression with generalized estimating equations was used to assess the associations between municipal characteristics and BC/CRC screening uptake profiles. The overall median uptake of cancer screening was higher for CRC (57.4%) than for BC (54.6%). The following municipal characteristics were associated with worse performance in terms of only CRC, only BC, or both CRC and BC screening uptake respectively: non-Belgian/Dutch nationality, diabetes, 65-69 age group; non-Belgian/Dutch nationality, diabetes, disabilities; GP attendance and having children; The following municipal characteristics were associated with better performance in terms of only CRC, only BC, or both CRC and BC screening uptake respectively: having a partner, undergoing preventive dental care, jobseeker rate, higher education, residential stability; having a partner, undergoing preventive dental care, jobseeker rate; average income and (early) retirement rate. This study’s results regarding the interrelation between the BC and CRC screening could be used to tailor interventions aimed at improving participation of the target population in both programs.
Consequences of Evolving Limbless, Burrowing Forms for the Behavior and Population Density of Tropical Lizards
Authors: Camacho Agustín , Yamanouchi Adriana Tiemi , Navas Carlos , Rodrigues Miguel Trefaut
Published: March 2022

Evolutionary ecologists seek to understand how phenotypic evolution relates to population level traits. To document that, we quantified functional traits (escape strategy, sprint speed and predatory performance) and population density across 10 lizard species representing the acquisition of burrowing snake-like morphs (BSLM), from Brazil. We used phylogenetic mixed models to test if: a) morph and substrate affects lizards’ flight strategy and speed, b) BSLM species get more access to different potential prey types than lacertoid ones, when in syntopy, and d) morph is correlated with population abundance and habitat use in a way expected from the output of the previous experiments. We found that BSLM rigidly relied on burrowing as flight strategy, while syntopic lacertoid species changed their strategy according to the substrate. Also, sand has opposite effects on sprint speed depending on morph, making lacertoids run slower and BSLM faster. Despite BSLM were overall slower than lacertoids, they were as good hunters of challengingly fast prey, and better hunters of underground prey. Further, in the sandy habitats where these morphs are syntopic, prey is most available at superficial leaf litter under vegetation, although there is a large stock of underground prey, under the vegetation, too. These results support our observed higher importance of sand for BSLM’s populations and the higher importance of vegetation for lacertoids’ population density. Finally, although BSLM species reached the highest populational densities among the studied species, a systematic effect of morphological evolution on abundance remains elusive.
Mechanisms Involved in Epileptogenesis in Alzheimer’s Disease and Their Therapeutic Implications
Authors: Altuna Miren , Olmedo Gonzalo , Carmona‐Iragui María , Fortea Juan
Published: March 2022

Epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease (AD) incidence increase with age. There are reciprocal relationships between epilepsy and AD. Epilepsy is a risk factor for AD and, in turn, AD is an independent risk factor for developing epilepsy in old age and abnormal AD biomarkers in PET and or CSF are frequently found in late onset epilepsies of unknown etiology. Accordingly, epilepsy and AD share pathophysiological processes including neuronal hyperexcitability and an early excitatory-inhibitory dysregulation leading to dysfunction in the inhibitory GABAergic and excitatory glutamatergic systems. Moreover, both β-amyloid and tau protein aggregates, the anatomopathological hallmarks of AD, have proepileptic effects. Finally, these aggregates have been found in the resection material of refractory temporal lobe epilepsies suggesting that epilepsy leads to amyloid and tau aggregates. Some epileptic syndromes, such as medial temporal lobe epilepsy share structural and functional neuroimaging findings with AD, leading to overlapping symptomatology such as episodic memory deficits and toxic synergistic effects. In this respect, the existence of epileptiform activity and electroclinical seizures in AD appears to accelerate progression of cognitive decline and the presence of cognitive decline is much more prevalent in epileptic patients than in elderly without epilepsy. Notwithstanding their clinical significance, the diagnosis of clinical seizures in AD is a challenge. Most are focal and manifest with altered level of consciousness without motor symptoms, and are often interpreted as cognitive fluctuations. Finally, despite the frequent association of epilepsy and AD dementia, there is a lack of clinical trials to guide the use of antiseizure medications (ASM). There is also a potential role for ASMs to be used as disease-modifying drugs in AD.
Comparation of Hydrolysis Acid and Ball Milling Methods in Extraction Nano Structure from Walnut Shell
Authors: Feizi Zahra , Shakeri Alireza , Ranjbar Fordoee Abolfazl
Published: March 2022

Abstract: This study compared the properties of nano structure extraction from walnut shell using mechanical and chemical methods. Walnut shell is an agro- waste with source of lignin and cellulose. Mechanical method including using ball mill with different time and in present of additive and without additives and for chemical method hydrolysis acid were used. This study highlights the particle size and morphology and efficiency these methods in nano structure extraction. The result showed mechanical method is unable to extract nanoparticle and just reshape the walnut shell. Milling time were also found important in morphology of fiber extracted. FE-SEM images represented that structure mean diameter of using ball mill was 1± 5 μm while hydrolysis acid method extract nano particle with mean diameter of 40± 20 nm.
Are Tensorial Affinities Possible?
Authors: Nyambuya Golden Gadzirayi
Published: March 2022

This short reading is an extraction from our previous work (Nyambuya 2020), the purpose of which is to make clear that it is very much possible to use Weyl (1918)'s idea of a conformal metric to achieve tensorial affinities. We are of the strong view that this is very important as it is predominantly assumed that this not possible. We want to dispel this myth once and for al-time.
Design and Optimization of Free-Form Surfaces for Modular Concrete 3D Printing
Authors: Tošić Zlata , Eichenauer Martin Friedrich , Ivaniuk Egor , Lordick Daniel , Krasić Sonja , Mechtcherine Viktor
Published: March 2022

Shell-like, double curved and thus above-average performance structures, are usually produced monolithically on site. For industrial advancement, however, they must be divided into transportable modules which can be assembled on the construction site (design for assembly). Models are lattice shells made of steel and glass, in which predominantly flat sub-surfaces (modules) are used. Therefore, the main question is: Which modularizations are suitable for flow production with mineral building materials? In this paper designed free-form surface is going to be discretized as PQ circular mesh system, suitable modules for 3D concrete printing. Moreover, the multi-criteria optimization is done with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in order to get optimal final shape. The goal is to start from the arbitrary shape, that can be generated from two curves, with possible two-way division into modules and compare it with the resulted discretized PQ circular mesh system, realized with new algorithm. The comparison can be defined through two main criteria: geometrical and structural.
Effectiveness of Norepinephrine-Vasopressin Combination in Reducing Mortality in Septic Shock Patients: A Scoping Review
Authors: Febrinasari Ratih Puspita , Tan Kenneth , Febrianty Astrida Fesky , Mashuri Yusuf Ari
Published: March 2022

Sepsis and septic shock are the major health problems worldwide, including in Indonesia. Sepsis and septic shock are medical emergencies that require adequate prompt resuscitation to reverse tissue hypo-perfusion, which will prevent patient mortality. The latest international guideline on septic shock treatment recommended norepinephrine as a first-line vasopressor followed by dopamine and dobutamine as an alternative vasopressor. However, the practices still vary. Therefore, a scoping review is required to scope the existing article, summarize scientific evidence, and give a bearing on future research regarding the effectiveness of norepinephrine-vasopressin combination in reducing mortality in septic shock patients. This scoping review was covered articles published after 2011. A total of 953 articles were collected. Seven articles comprised of 5 systematic reviews, 1 randomized controlled trial, and 1 cohort study with a total 21,670 of patients, were included for qualitative synthesis. From the analysis, there had not been enough scientific evidence to conclusively determine the combination of vasopressors as the best therapeutic outcome of sepsis treatment. In conclusion, based on the existing articles there is inadequate scientific evidence to definitively conclude the effectiveness of the combination of vasopressors and norepinephrine for the treatment of septic shock patients. Further research is needed to explore the effectiveness of the norepinephrine-vasopressin combination in reducing mortality in septic shock patients.
Long-Term Survival of HINTEGRA Total Ankle Replacement in 683 Patients
Authors: Kvarda Peter , Peterhans Ursina-Sarah , Susdorf Roman , Barg Alexej , Ruiz Roxa , Hintermann Beat
Published: March 2022

In the past few decades, total ankle replacement (TAR) has become the backbone of treatment for end-stage ankle osteoarthritis, with improving outcomes. The aim of the present study was to present the long-term survival of the HINTEGRA TAR. This single-center retrospective cohort study included 722 ankles in 683 patients who underwent HINTEGRA TAR for end-stage ankle osteoarthritis. We performed a survival analysis and assessed potential risk factors. Clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction were determined. The cumulative survival rate was 93% (95% confidence interval [CI], 91% to 95%) at 5 years, 86% (95% CI, 83% to 88%) at 10 years, and 82% (95% CI, 78% to 85%) at 15 years. Aseptic loosening was the most common reason for revision, accounting for 54 (43%) of 126 revision procedures. A secondary etiology was associated with a lower risk of revision than primary or posttraumatic. The HINTEGRA TAR results in desirable long-term implant survival with an acceptable revision rate. Coronal-plane instability must be evaluated and addressed at the time of the index surgery.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Current Guidelines and Practice Recommendations to Prevent Hospital-Acquired Conditions After Major Orthopaedic Surgeries
Authors: Crespi Zachary , Hasan Ahmad I. , Pearl Adam , Ismail Aya , Awad Mohamed E. , Irfan Furqan B. , Jaffar Muhammed , Patel Padmavathi , Saleh Khaled J.
Published: March 2022

» In 2016, a total of 48,771 hospital-acquired conditions (HACs) were reported in U.S. hospitals. These incidents resulted in an excess cost of >$2 billion, which translates to roughly $40,000 per patient with an HAC.

» Current guidelines for the prevention of venous thromboembolism and surgical site infection consist primarily of antithrombotic prophylaxis and antiseptic technique, respectively.

» The prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CA-UTI) and in-hospital falls and trauma is done best via education. In the case of CA-UTI, this consists of training staff about the indications for catheters and their timely removal when they are no longer necessary, and in the case of in-hospital falls and trauma, advising the patient and family about the patient’s fall risk and communicating the fall risk to the health-care team.

» Blood incompatibility is best prevented by implementation of a pretransfusion testing protocol. Pressure ulcers can be prevented via patient positioning, especially during surgery, and via postoperative skin checks.
How much inequality in exposure to high PM10 pollution is too much to be considered environmentally unfair? An assessment for vulnerable groups in two major Spanish cities
Authors: Moreno Jiménez Antonio , Cañada Torrecilla Rosa , Martínez Suárez Pedro , Vidal Domínguez María Jesús , Palacios García Antonio
Published: March 2022

¿Cuánta desigualdad en exposición a alta polución por PM10 es demasiada para considerarla ambientalmente injusta? Una evaluación para grupos vulnerables en dos grandes ciudades españolas
Las desigualdades en la afección o carga ambiental (externalidades negativas, peligros, malestar, etc.) entre lugares y personas son un tema de creciente interés. Se han publicado abundantes estudios, utilizando métodos diversos, en los que se concluye que, a menudo, existe discriminación e inequidad. Ahora bien, desde el punto el punto de vista de la formación de decisiones públicas y de la gobernanza una pregunta sigue siendo necesario responder con claridad: cuánta desigualdad existe y si ésta es demasiada para ser calificada de injusta y justificar, por tanto, la acción pública. En este artículo se aborda esa cuestión a partir de un estudio de caso relativo al peligro por polución del aire en Madrid y Barcelona (España). A tal fin se examina la distribución espacial de varios grupos de población vulnerables y su exposición potencial a alta concentración de PM10 en la atmósfera, usando un método razonable que implica el uso de SIG y técnicas estadísticas. La adopción de un criterio operativo y explícito de imparcialidad posibilita medir la cantidad de desigualdad para cada grupo de población y determinar si ésta excede significativamente al criterio de referencia. Ello facilita una valoración más certera de la situación por los ciudadanos y los decisores públicos.
Wireline Retrievable Safety Valve E-Line Milling
Authors: Mohd Noor Ahmad Syafiq , Abdul Ghani Siti Aisyah , Panichakul Purit , Azman Aulfah , Awang Atim Farayana
Published: March 2022

Long-term downhole restrictions could potentially create unfavorable impacts for operators: impeding or preventing production and any further interventions. A well in offshore East Malaysia had encountered a stuck Wireline Retrievable Safety Valve (WRSV) issue, with its lock-mandrel partially parted after several unsuccessful fishing attempts. The attempts were finally aborted, leaving the stuck WRSV downhole without a fishing neck for almost 25 years.

In July 2019, initial engagement was made to re-establish access to this well for perforation and production. The solution was to use an Electric Line (EL) milling tool with a tractor and customized milling bit. The aim was to unlock the lock mandrel, which was holding the safety valve in place, and minimize any trace impact of milling on downhole accessories as ability to re-utilize the nipple profile for future safety valve deployments was also targeted, hence maintaining the assembly in a functional state was crucial.

This EL milling method has proven to be an efficient means of performing the operation with minimal: cost, manpower requirement, and operational timeline.

This paper describes the process of designing the operation, and the subsequent execution phase.
Optimizing Drillouts Using Live TFA
Authors: Kuhlman Luke Ray , Thomas Travis Gideon , Pursell John Carlton , Buck Noah Anderson , Scherer Kayla Renee
Published: March 2022

This paper examines how real-time force monitoring keeps operations on path by decreasing operational failures (such as stuck or parted pipe), reducing non-productive time (NPT), and increasing drillout efficiency (hour/plug).

Utilizing interactive tubing force analysis (TFA) models with real-time data overlays provides coiled tubing operators with the data needed to reduce stuck pipe events, increase drillout efficiencies, and decrease mechanical failures (both on the surface and downhole). The key to optimizing efficiencies is maintaining consistent data that can be analyzed with the TFA. One current challenge is that analyzed data can only affect future operations if engineering controls are executed in the field. By using the interactive TFA and real-time operational data synchronously, users can positively impact their current and future operations by using data-driven decisions instead of predetermined processes.

By implementing a cloud-based application in conjunction with software that acquires and stores field data, one field-based end user recognized real-time divergence from the modeled parameters. This is a key indicator of potential failures. The application allows for on-the-fly procedural corrections (such as stop and circulate) to alleviate operational risk for stuck pipe instances. In one case, the application indicated forewarned risk while running in hole that would have saved the service company and Exploration and Production (E&P) company more than 48 hours in NPT.

Having cloud-connected software with pre-defined warnings provides the field, management, and engineering staff with real-time access to the same data, allowing quick and inclusive decisions to be made prior to potential failures. Without this implementation, only post-job analysis would have revealed the divergence of the field data from the predictive data. The live feed of operational data provided by the application prevented stuck pipe scenarios when well conditions changed. Personnel could not have made this prediction if the coiled tubing (CT) operator was relying solely on the pre-defined job scope and pre-job planning procedures.

This paper expands on previous documentation where the TFA and real-time data were manually overlaid to significantly reduce an E&P's risk. This novel refinement of technology coalesces essential information to create a holistic view of operations thereby preventing issues rather than analyzing them after the fact.
Digital Pressure Testing Software Improves Safety and Efficiency When Applied to Well Intervention Campaign
Authors: Cole Rachel , Hernandez Alexis , Spencer Bryan , Cully Rick , Franklin Alyssa
Published: March 2022

Well intervention requires reliable pressure data and real-time monitoring of multiple annuli simultaneously to confirm appropriate pressure response of actuated valves and components. The current industry standard uses traditional monitoring methods which involve reading digital crystal gauges and manually recording the values at increments for interpretation. This paper presents a case study where the operator reduced the probability of human error, and improved assurance and safety by utilizing a digital solution during an intervention campaign.

During operations, personnel used digital pressure testing software to monitor annulus pressures while performing acid stimulation pressure pumping operations and verified test outcomes during additional intervention operations. To conduct these tests, pressure transducers were tied into the locations where a digital gauge would normally be located, and cables connected to a data acquisition unit for interpretation by operations personnel. The software monitored and analyzed the data in real time to validate the operator's criteria, and all real-time data was able to be viewed both on-site and remotely. When tests completed, reports were auto generated and stored for ease of access.

The process described above resulted in a safer testing environment by utilizing transducer cables and a data acquisition unit, allowing personnel to remain a safe distance away, as opposed to the traditional method of taking manual readings near pressurized areas. High resolution digital data was constantly monitored, instead of taking readings in increments, allowing for the improved visualization of annulus or tubing pressures in real time and improving the efficiency of operations. This on-site and remote real-time visualization allowed for better communication and interpretation of appropriate pressure response when shifting sleeves, equalizing pressures, or performing coiled tubing cleanouts. When all intervention work was completed, a comprehensive end of well report was generated to provide a record of all operations and reduce communication errors during handover or subsequent operations throughout the well lifecycle.

This digital software solution and equipment tie in used for intervention operations provides a safer environment, more accountability, improved decision making, and more efficient communication in handover. The ability for real time monitoring of pressure response improves participation and collaboration between personnel both on-site and in remote locations. Comprehensive documentation provides an auditable history of events which can be used to improve future operations and promote best practices.
Wellbore Abrasion Comparison with High Strength Coiled Tubing - A Case Study
Authors: McClelland Garry , Galvan Irma Irais , Price Joseph , Mallanao Genesis Lo
Published: March 2022

Coiled tubing abrasion from well completion interference is a prominent failure mode in the industry. Variables influencing the severity of the abrasion include string design, completion design, well tortuosity and the well environment. The complexity of wells has increased which has required the industry to use higher strength coiled tubing materials and, larger diameters of coiled tubing. In doing so, the tubing force analyses suggest higher normal forces against the casing has become standard.

SPE 81724 (Larsen, Reichert 2003) studied the wet and dry abrasion relationship of 90ksi yield coiled tubing against L80 and L80-13Cr completion materials and found dry abrasion to be 250 times more aggressive compared to wet abrasion in those tests. Furthermore, despite the impression that abrasion occurs more often in chrome completions, the results showed chrome completion abraded the coiled tubing at approximately the same rate as the standard L80 in those tests.

Since then, the use of quench and tempered coiled tubing typically in the range of 110-140 ksi. minimum yield strength is mainstream to navigate the increased length and tortuosity of the wells currently being drilled. As a result, abrasion appears to be more frequent, though intermittently reported because failures near the whip end and bottom hole assembly are commonly dismissed in the field near as normal for operations. In instances where the abrasion occurs in the middle of the string, the results can be more challenging for well control.

The purpose of this paper is to further explore the abrasion relationship between conventional 90 grade coiled tubing and some of the newer high strength quench and tempered materials in the 110-140ksi yield range. These coiled tubing materials were mated with various well completion materials including L80, L80-13Cr, P110 and P110-13Cr. Only dry abrasion was investigated at this time to carefully examine the abrasion relationship of each material. In summary, the data further supports the conclusions in SPE 81724 (Larsen, Reichert 2003) where coiled tubing materials showed similar abrasion rates against the various casing materials with and without chrome additions. Furthermore, the casing abrasion rates could be shown to be consistent with their relative hardness: the harder the material, the lower the abrasion rate. Additional future work will also consider friction reducers and varying normal forces.
A Multidisciplinary Method for Tackling CT Ops in Well Laterals Exceeding 15,000 ft in the US
Authors: Galvan Irma Irais , Mallanao-Aquino Genesis Lo , McClelland Garry , Myatt James Heath , Howell Ross
Published: March 2022

With the goal of providing predictable and repeatable performance in extended laterals exceeding 15,000-ft, customized coiled tubing (CT) solutions that minimize risk and improve overall field economics are driving the industry in unconventional shale resources.

This paper documents the multidisciplinary approach taken to improve operational key performance indicators (KPIs) in extended reach operations, which contributed to the engineering of the largest CT ever manufactured to service super laterals well in North America.

The newest well trajectories involve extensive planning for post-frac plug mill-out and clean-out operations which demand bigger CT sizes and greater pumping pressures to efficiently accomplish the work. Ahead of these interventions, careful job planning involves thorough tubing forces, hydraulics analysis, exact location and number of plugs, fluid selection, and scheduling, in addition to an optimized CT string profile and grade. Upon execution of the operations, results of the post-job analysis of metrics and tubing forces collected from multiple wells were used to feed the analysis of subsequent operations to further improve performance and resolve any previous issues.

Field collected data along with surveys for projected well drillouts fed into the iterative string design methodology that produced a record-breaking string profile of 2.625-in outer diameter with over 30,000-ft in length, using custom-fit wall thickness configurations that featured up to 0.276-in thickness and quench-and-temper 130,000-psi grade materials. This CT engineered solution surpassed 187,000-lbs of combined weight, becoming an important milestone for domestic CT interventions logistics.

Analyses have also shown the need for vibration tools and chemical additives to further extend lateral reach. Operational changes to accommodate this record-setting CT string included the use of the largest capacity CT units in the market and high-powered injector equipment. Additionally, tailored operating techniques helped reduce the average rate of penetration through plugs and stall times, consequently, reducing overall job completion times.

As this paper documents the speed at which the demand for larger and longer CT is growing, continuous innovation is needed in the CT industry. Capabilities of surface equipment, downhole tools, CT materials, and highly engineered string configurations, must be pushed ahead of their current specifications to set CT accessibility records in super lateral wells (Galvan, et.al., 2017).
Optimizing Workover Rig Drillout Operations Through Data Acquisition and Analytics
Authors: Nace Christopher Lane , Miller Joe Hubert , Mercer Ashley Maria
Published: March 2022

Workover rig drillout operations can be some of the most costly and important activities in the life cycle of a well. Through the expanded collection of operation-specific data, operators and service companies alike can increase operational efficiency, improving both cost and predictability of a given operation. Within the workover rig completion space, this has allowed for more in-depth analysis to be conducted in a previously data-scarce part of the industry. Acquisition and analysis of this data has opened the door for further operational efficiency improvements as well as more consistent and predictable execution.

This paper will focus on three examples that examine the value extracted from analytics conducted on data that has been captured in real time. These include: 1) Establishing baselines for key performance indicators (KPIs), 2) Developing best practices for frac plug milling operations, and 3) Optimal plug selection.

Analysis and implementation of these data-driven solutions have already resulted in significant improvements in the workover rig completion space. Using these techniques to set performance targets for rig personnel, several operators have seen improvements in well-to-well transitions, mobilization and connection times, as well as overall plug milling performance. Data behind several milling practices shows that top performances require the combination of higher average weight on bit, a bit as close to drift ID as possible, and the use of tools that allow pump rate to be maximized. Milling performance recorded on a sample size of over 25,000 plugs provides confirmation of optimal plug selection options in each basin for drillout purposes.

The collection and analysis of data across the industry continues to present opportunities to quantify and implement strategies that have resulted in improvements across the board. Incorporating analytics to stick pipe operations has resulted in comprehensive benchmarking of operations and improved execution of workover rig drillouts.
A Low Impact Rigless Well Abandonment Solution for Complex Wells
Authors: Dahmani Louisa , Joppe Lambertus Carolus , Dekker Vincent
Published: March 2022

Discuss a cost-effective rigless methodology to abandon complex onshore wells.

– Onshore wells can be near housing, and multiple non-technical risks (NTR) need to be carefully managed to keep the license to operate. – Select a 100% electric rigless plug and abandonment (P&A) unit to reduce emissions, smell, and noise contour. – Manage and execute a complex P&A scope of work of 60+ wells in three years.

This paper studies the solutions selected and implemented by the project management team in collaboration with the well operator for a successful start-up and cost-effective well abandonment project.

– Implement the first fully integrated well abandonment project solution for onshore P&A in the Netherlands including well P&A services, hydraulic workover (HWO), logistics, and site preparation. – Ensure full compliance with the stringent local mining and environmental regulations. – Select a bespoke P&A unit to provide a robust solution for complex P&A work. – Select downhole services and technologies to successfully execute a complex, rigless P&A work scope.

The project encompasses over 60 wells on 23 different onshore locations drilled over a 50 year period. The known scope of work and requirements of multiple contingencies while managing NTRs resulted in the selection of a rigless well abandonment solution.

– A modular, highly capable rigless well abandonment unit in combination with enabling downhole technologies provides a total solution for simple and complex wells. – A 100-percent electrically powered P&A unit reduces emissions, smell, and noise contour. This was thefirst electrified P&A unit in the history of the operator running on grid power. All well site equipment is electrically powered (HWO P&A Unit, Mud/Cement Pumps, and ancillary equipment) to reduce emissions, smell, and noise contour. – Project management and engineering is key to ensuring efficient planning and close collaboration with the well operator's project team. – Collaboration between partners enables multi-skilling and reduction of POB to save additional costs. – Improve efficiencies and execution through extensive after-action reviews and learning curves. – Successfully execute complex P&A work and re-establish annular cement integrity on multiple complex wells (perforate, wash and cement, section milling, perf, circulate and cement) – More than 40 wells completed in two years, and operations continue today. – This is the first fully integrated well abandonment approach that includes full project management, well-site supervision, cross-product services, and extensive third-party management (HWO, logistics, and other third-party service companies). – A 100% electric P&A unit reduces emissions, smell, and noise contour, delivering a net reduction of CO2 through electrification.
Self-Targeting Type IV CRISPR interference in Pseudomonas oleovorans
Authors: Guo Xiaohan , Sanchez-Londono Mariana , Gomes-Filho Vicente , Hernández-Tamayo Rogelio , Rust Selina , Immelmann Leah , Schäfer Pascal , Wiegel Julia , Graumann Peter , Randau Lennart
Published: March 2022

Many bacteria contain Class I CRISPR-Cas systems and utilize multi-subunit ribonucleoprotein complexes to interfere with mobile genetic elements. The activities of these complexes are described in detail for Type I effector complexes, showing CRISPR-RNA (crRNA) mediated DNA recognition that (i) relies on the presence of a short DNA sequence termed protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) and (ii) results in the recruitment of the target DNA nuclease Cas3. Type IV CRISPR-Cas systems also belong to Class I, but their substrate requirements have not been defined and a DNA nuclease has not been identified. Here we show that the native Pseudomonas oleovorans Type IV-A CRISPR-Cas system targets DNA in PAM-dependent manner and elicits interference in the absence of DNA nuclease activity. We found that the first crRNA of P. oleovorans contains a perfect match in the host gene coding for the Type IV pilus biogenesis protein PilN. The deletion of the native Type IV-A CRISPR array resulted in upregulation of pilN operon transcription. Reporter gene targeting assays with endogenous and heterologous Type IV-A CRISPR-Cas machineries verified effective CRISPR interference in the absence of DNA nuclease activity. Our results demonstrate that nuclease-free Type IV-A CRISPR-Cas systems can function in host gene regulation. The observed activity resembles CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) methodology using dCas9 or Type I effectors without Cas3. Therefore, Type IV-A CRISPR-Cas activity represents a natural CRISPRi system that is found in many Pseudomonas and Klebsiella species and allows for their manipulation using synthetic crRNAs.
A Combinatorial Optimization Model for Post-Disaster Emergency Resource Allocation using Meta-Heuristics
Authors: Jain Sehej , Bharti Kusum Kumari
Published: March 2022

Disasters are large-scale disruptions for the society that cause damage to human lives, infrastructure, and the ecosystem. Multiple emergencies emerge, which need to be handled and resolved efficiently to minimize the impact of the disaster. Therefore, the need for an effective and efficient emergency response system that optimally allocates resources and emergency services is essential. This paper proposes a methodology to model this situation as an optimization problem that can be solved using meta-heuristic algorithms. In the proposed model, four meta-heuristics, namely Particle Swarm Optimization, Cuckoo Search, Grey Wolf Optimizer, and iLSHADE-RSP algorithm, have been used to allocate resources and services. A benchmark dataset consisting of 16 situations is prepared to analyze the proposed model. The conducted empirical analysis demonstrates the applicability of the meta-heuristic algorithms in locating near-optimum solutions for the considered situations. The convergence analysis and statistical tests have been performed to test the validity and significance of the conducted experiments.
RC Structural Damages Observed After 30.10.2020 Seferihisar-İZMİR Earthquake and Analytical Evaluation Existing Sample RC Buildings
Authors: KOÇER Mustafa , ÜNAL Alptuğ
Published: March 2022

In Turkey, the İzmir Earthquake with Mw = 6.9 moment magnitude with the epicenter 17.26 km off the Seferihisar (İzmir) coast in the Aegean Sea occurred in 30th October 2020 at Turkish time 14.51. According to the acceleration records of İzmir earthquake, the recorded peak ground acceleration (PGA) was approximately 0.182g, and 117 deaths occurred in this earthquake, while 1032 people were injured. In this study, the structural damages occurred on the buildings due to the İzmir Earthquake were examined and discussed in details according to the current and former Turkish regulations. Moreover, a RC building constructed in 1998 and survived the earthquake without any permanent damage (a 5-storey building designed as 3-storey in the existing static project but added 2 more floors without any in-situ strengthening) was subjected to pushover analysis, linear analyses considering regulations and nonlinear time history pushover analysis according to the acceleration records of İzmir Earthquake. The obtained structural results were compared and discussed according to the current and former regulations.
Groundwater potential and quality mapping using GIS-RS modeling and Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) in El-Hamiz Sub-watershed, Algiers, Algeria.
Authors: nemer zoubida , Khaldaoui Fatma , Benaissa Zahia , Belaroui Abdelhakim , Goumrasa Abdeldjalil , Akziz Djamal , Djeddi Mohammed
Published: March 2022

As climate change continue to become more severe, water supplies are becoming scarce and groundwater is becoming more and more exploited worldwide. Groundwater exploration relies mainly on hydrogeological studies and geophysical techniques (electrical methods). Although this technique is inexpensive, easy to implement, and not time consuming, it can be challenging to perform due to topographic effects or small area heterogeneities. Generally, a field trip is scheduled prior to any geophysical survey to scout the area of interest and locate the VES points on site. This costs time, money, and effort. The use of GIS and Remote Sensing analysis of the study area can facilitate the identification of appropriate areas for geophysical surveys. In addition, the final result of groundwater potential is useful in defining areas where VES can provide maximum and accurate results on groundwater occurrence and quality. this study concern groundwater exploration in el-hamiz sub-watershed part of the eastern Mitidja, Algiers. GIS-RS model was developed to highlight the groundwater potential zone and locate VES location. Furthermore, VES data determined the aquifer’s parameters and highlighted a saline pollution.
Determination of Urban Expansion Areas by Parcel Based Estimation Model (Saray Case Study)
Authors: KURU Azem , Yüzer Mehmet Ali
Published: March 2022

Population growth causes urban spatial expansion and harms ecological units on the periphery of cities. Determining the growth trends of an urban area is vital in developing predictive planning techniques, defining manageable urban processes, directing investments to be made in the city, and increasing the quality of life with the balance between natural and built environment. It is a necessary planning tool for determining the dynamics affecting the expansion directions of the urban area and determining the possible urban growth areas with a holistic approach, detecting the possible problems that may occur in the future and finding solutions to these problems. The scope of this study is to build a model that predicts the possible urban expansion areas. The model is developed in line with the main criteria defined as proximity, natural environments, built-up environments, and plan decisions. The weights of each criterion and related sub-criteria were determined with the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). As a result of the study, the most probable urban development areas that will serve the 2040 projection population for the city of Saray were determined. This study aims to predict the growth direction of the urban area and determine the areas under the pressure of construction depending on the city's current dynamics. Thus, a practical urban growth estimation model has been put forward for future planning studies. The model results show that the city of Saray is inclined to continue its urban form as mono-centric and compact in the year 2040.