bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improved lightweight federated learning network for fault feature extraction of reciprocating machinery
Authors: Zhang Junling , Duan Lixiang , Li Ke , Luo Shilong
Published: January 2024

The working environment of reciprocating machinery is complex, characterized by nonlinear and non-stationary signals. Deep learning can solve the above problems, but it has its own problems such as complex model and large amount of parameters. Additionally, privacy considerations among enterprises prevent data sharing, leading to the emergence of ‘data islands’ and inadequate training of deep learning models. Based on the above analysis, this paper proposes a reciprocating mechanical feature extraction method based on an improved federated lightweight network. A lightweight network SqueezeNet model is used to solve the problems such as long training time of deep learning. By establishing a federated learning framework, the reciprocating mechanical data can be collectively diagnosed across various enterprises, thereby addressing the problem of limited model training caused by insufficient data. Furthermore, to enhance the accuracy of network training and diagnosis, modifications are made to the SqueezeNet network to reduce the number of model parameters while increasing the number and variety of feature extractions. Experimental results demonstrate that when the number of 1 × 1 and 3 × 3 channels is 1–7, the fault diagnosis accuracy is the highest, about 97.96%, which enriches the categories of feature extraction. The number of parameters in In-SqueezeNet is 56% of that in SqueezeNet network model, and the training time is reduced by nearly 15%. The fault diagnosis accuracy is increased from 95.1% to 97.3%, and the diversity of extracted features is increased. Compared with other network models such as ResNet, the improved lightweight federated learning network has a fault diagnosis accuracy of 96.6%, an improvement of 10.6%. At the same time, the training time was reduced to 1982s, a reduction of about 41.5%. The validity of the proposed model is further verified.
A normal tracking differential confocal measurement method for multiple geometric parameters of hemispherical shell resonator with a common reference
Authors: Liu Yuhan , Zhang Xiaocheng , Fu Yuan , Wang Yun , Yao Zhuxian , Zhao Weiqian
Published: January 2024

This paper proposes a normal tracking differential confocal measurement method for the inside and outside surface profiles, shell thickness uniformity, and central asymmetry of inside and outside surfaces of the hemispherical shell resonator (HSR). A differential confocal technique with high-transmittance focusing ability is used to measure a single point on the inside and outside surfaces of the HSR. The normal alignment measurement technique is used to accurately measure the inside and outside surfaces and shell thickness of the HSR with a common reference in one measurement process. The HSR is step-rotated to synchronously collect information on the inside and outside surfaces, and using the differential confocal sensor to measure the different normal-section profiles. The experimental results indicate successful measurement of HSR central asymmetry. The repeated measurement accuracy for the inside and outside surface profiles and thickness uniformity is better than 30 nm.
Carbon nanowall-based gas sensors for carbon dioxide gas detection
Authors: Zhumadilov Rakhymzhan Ye , Yerlanuly Yerassyl , Parkhomenko Hryhorii P , Soltabayev Baktiyar , Orazbayev Sagi A , Bakenov Zhumabay , Ramazanov Tlekkabul S , Gabdullin Maratbek T , Jumabekov Askhat N
Published: January 2024

Carbon nanowalls (CNWs) have attracted significant attention for gas sensing applications due to their exceptional material properties such as large specific surface area, electric conductivity, nano- and/or micro-porous structure, and high charge carrier mobility. In this work, CNW films were synthesized and used to fabricate gas sensors for carbon dioxide (CO2) gas sensing. The CNW films were synthesized using an inductively-coupled plasma (ICP) plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method and their structural and morphological properties were characterized using Raman spectroscopy and electron microscopy. The obtained CNW films were used to fabricate gas sensors employing interdigitated gold (Au) microelectrodes. The gas sensors were fabricated using both direct synthesis of CNW films on interdigitated Au microelectrodes on quartz and also transferring presynthesized CNW films onto interdigitated Au microelectrodes on glass. The CO2 gas-sensing properties of fabricated devices were investigated for different concentrations of CO2 gas and temperature-ranges. The sensitivities of fabricated devices were found to have a linear dependence on the concentration of CO2 gas and increase with temperature. It was revealed that devices, in which CNW films have a maze-like structure, perform better compared to the ones that have a petal-like structure. A sensitivity value of 1.18% was obtained at 500 ppm CO2 concentration and 100 °C device temperature. The CNW-based gas sensors have the potential for the development of easy-to-manufacture and efficient gas sensors for toxic gas monitoring.
Non-contact scintillator imaging dosimetry for total body irradiation in radiotherapy
Authors: Niver Alexander P , Hammer Clifford G , Culberson Wesley S , Jacqmin Dustin , Pogue Brian W
Published: January 2024

Objective. The goal of this work was to assess the potential use of non-contact scintillator imaging dosimetry for tracking delivery in total body irradiation (TBI). Approach. Studies were conducted to measure the time-gated light signals caused by radiation exposure to scintillators that were placed on tissue. The purpose was to assess efficacy in conditions common for TBI, such as the large source to surface distance (SSD) commonly used, the reduced dose rate, the inclusion of a plexiglass spoiler, angle of incidence and effects of peripheral patient support structures. Dose validation work was performed on phantoms that mimicked human tissue optical properties and body geometry. For this work, 1.5 cm diameter scintillating disks were developed and affixed to phantoms under various conditions. A time-gated camera synchronized to the linac pulses was used for imaging. Scintillation intensity was quantified in post processing and the values verified with simultaneous thermolumiescent dosimeter (TLD) measurements. Mean scintillation values in each region were compared to TLD measurements to produce dose response curves, and scatter effects from the spoiler and patient bed were quantified. Main results. The dose determined by scintillators placed in TBI conditions agreed with TLD dose determinations to within 2.7%, and did so repeatedly within 1.0% standard deviation variance. A linear fit between scintillator signal and TLD dose was achieved with an R
2 = 0.996 across several body sites. Scatter from the patient bed resulted in a maximum increase of 19% in dose. Significance. This work suggests that non-contact scintillator imaging dosimetry could be used to verify dose in real time to patients undergoing TBI at the prescribed long SSD and low dose rate. It also has shown that patient transport stretchers can significantly influence surface dose by increasing scatter.
Cone-beam x-ray luminescence computed tomography (CB-XLCT) prototype development and performance evaluation
Authors: Wang Yu-Hong , Jin David Shih-Chun , Wu Tian-Yu , Shen Chieh , Chen Jyh-Cheng , Tseng Snow H , Liu Tse-Ying
Published: January 2024

This study developed a prototype for a rotational cone-beam x-ray luminescence computed tomography (CB-XLCT) system, considering its potential application in pre-clinical theranostic imaging. A geometric calibration method applicable to both imaging chains (XL and CT) was also developed to enhance image quality. The results of systematic performance evaluations were presented to assess the feasibility of commercializing XLCT technology. Monte Carlo GATE simulation was performed to determine the optimal imaging conditions for nanophosphor particles (NPs) irradiated by 70 kV x-rays. We acquired a low-dose transmission x-ray tube and designed a prone positioning platform and a rotating gantry, using mice as targets from commercial small animal μ-CT systems. We then employed the image cross-correlation (ICC) automatic geometric calibration method to calibrate XL and CT images. The performance of the system was evaluated through a series of phantom experiments with a linearity of 0.99, and the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) between hydroxyl-apatite (HA) and based epoxy resin is 19.5. The XL images of the CB-XLCT prototype achieved a Dice similarity coefficient (DICE) of 0.149 for a distance of 1 mm between the two light sources. Finally, the final XLCT imaging results were demonstrated using the Letter phantoms with NPs. In summary, the CB-XLCT prototype developed in this study showed the potential to achieve high-quality imaging with acceptable radiation doses for small animals. The performance of CT images was comparable to current commercial machines, while the XL images exhibited promising results in phantom imaging, but further efforts are needed for biomedical applications.
Clinical assessment of deep learning-based uncertainty maps in lung cancer segmentation
Authors: Maruccio Federica Carmen , Eppinga Wietse , Laves Max-Heinrich , Navarro Roger Fonolla , Salvi Massimo , Molinari Filippo , Papaconstadopoulos Pavlos
Published: January 2024

Objective. Prior to radiation therapy planning, accurate delineation of gross tumour volume (GTVs) and organs at risk (OARs) is crucial. In the current clinical practice, tumour delineation is performed manually by radiation oncologists, which is time-consuming and prone to large inter-observer variability. With the advent of deep learning (DL) models, automated contouring has become possible, speeding up procedures and assisting clinicians. However, these tools are currently used in the clinic mostly for contouring OARs, since these systems are not reliable yet for contouring GTVs. To improve the reliability of these systems, researchers have started exploring the topic of probabilistic neural networks. However, there is still limited knowledge of the practical implementation of such networks in real clinical settings. Approach. In this work, we developed a 3D probabilistic system that generates DL-based uncertainty maps for lung cancer CT segmentations. We employed the Monte Carlo (MC) dropout technique to generate probabilistic and uncertainty maps, while the model calibration was evaluated by using reliability diagrams. A clinical validation was conducted in collaboration with a radiation oncologist to qualitatively assess the value of the uncertainty estimates. We also proposed two novel metrics, namely mean uncertainty (MU) and relative uncertainty volume (RUV), as potential indicators for clinicians to assess the need for independent visual checks of the DL-based segmentation. Main results. Our study showed that uncertainty mapping effectively identified cases of under or over-contouring. Although the overconfidence of the model, a strong correlation was observed between the clinical opinion and MU metric. Moreover, both MU and RUV revealed high AUC values in discretising between low and high uncertainty cases. Significance. Our study is one of the first attempts to clinically validate uncertainty estimates in DL-based contouring. The two proposed metrics exhibited promising potential as indicators for clinicians to independently assess the quality of tumour delineation.
Assessing global beryllium erosion via tomographic reconstruction of 3D beryllium emission profiles in ITER
Authors: Neverov Vladislav S , Pitts Richard A , Khusnutdinov Radmir I , Alekseev Andrey G , Andreenko Evgeny N , Carr Matthew , Kocan Martin , De Bock Maarten , Gorshkov Alexey V , Kozlov Andrey M , Kukushkin A B , Lovell Jack , Meakins Alex , Morozov Anton A , Veshchev Evgeny
Published: January 2024

A new method for estimating the global erosion of beryllium (Be) in ITER is proposed. The method uses ray tracing-aided tomography to reconstruct the three-dimensional (3D) profile of beryllium visible-light emissivity in boundary plasma from images captured with filtered cameras of VIS/IR wide angle viewing system, H-alpha (and Visible) Spectroscopy diagnostics and signals collected with divertor impurity monitor. The light reflected into the detectors from metallic plasma-facing components (PFCs) is filtered out in the process. The reconstructed Be emissivity is then used to assess the Be influx density distribution along all Be PFCs by integrating the product of the emissivity and the S/XB coefficient along the normal to the PFC surface. The accuracy of this method is evaluated by a comparison with synthetic emissivity data produced by recent simulation of global Be erosion and migration in ITER using the ERO2.0 code. The impact of the uncertainty of PFC light reflection properties on the error in reconstructing the 3D Be emissivity profile and Be influx density is analyzed. The method allows to recover with good accuracy the Be influx density in plasma-wetted areas under the conditions of H-mode fusion power operation with high plasma density in far scrape-off layer (SOL). Under the conditions of lower far-SOL plasma density and L-mode operation, only the total Be influx integrated over the area of the first wall panels with relatively high Be erosion can be reconstructed with a high accuracy. It is shown that neglecting the effects of light reflection may lead to a twofold overestimation of the total Be influx.
A quench detection method for parallel co-wound HTS coils based on current redistribution
Authors: Hu Changhao , Lin Yi , Tan Yunfei , Wang Lei , Geng Jianzhao
Published: January 2024

High-temperature superconducting (HTS) coated conductors (CCs) have become the preferred material for superconducting magnet applications due to their high engineering current density and high mechanical strength. However, due to the low quench zone propagation velocity of CCs, magnets wound with CCs suffer from severe quench risks. Therefore, a rapid, sensitive, and reliable quench detection method is crucial for the safe operation of such HTS magnets. In this paper, we propose a quench detection method based on current redistribution, in which two pieces of HTS CCs are soldered together at each end and insulated in the middle part, which are then parallel co-wound into a double-pancake coil. The two tightly coupled windings and low resistance joints form a very low inductance current loop, resulting in fast current redistribution between the two co-windings even at the inception of quench (with still low quench voltage). We deduced analytical solutions of the current redistribution process under different magnet operational scenarios, including constant current operation, charging and discharging, and proposed quench detection criteria. Corresponding quench tests were performed on a small scale co-wound HTS coil, and the results well verified the analytical solutions and the effectiveness of the quench detection method. Our work may be useful for lowering the risks in HTS magnet quench in various applications.
An experimental study to investigate magnetic field and winding force-dependent contact resistance of NI REBCO coil
Authors: Bang Jeseok , Bradford Griffin , Lee Jonathan , Abraimov Dmytro
Published: January 2024

This paper reports the magnetic field and winding force-dependent contact resistance, also known as characteristic resistance, of no-insulation (NI) REBCO coil. Three NI coils were wound with different winding forces (

<

1 kgf, 3 kgf, and 5 kgf) using the same REBCO-coated conductor, and they were tested at 4.2 K in a background field of 0, 5, 10, and 14 T. The contact resistance of each coil is measured at each field. As a result of the measurements, we draw two conclusions. First, a quadratic function for magnetic field intensity reasonably reproduces the measurement results of each NI test coil’s magnetic field-dependent contact resistance, where the practical fit function’s coefficients are determined depending on the winding force. Second, the contact resistance of each coil is partially inconsistent with the magnetoresistance of the electroplated material, i.e. copper, of the REBCO-coated conductor. This paper will present the measurement results in detail, discuss them with Kohler’s rule, and formulate the contact resistance using winding force and magnetic field terms.
Measuring relational information between quantum states, and applications
Authors: Oszmaniec Michał , Brod Daniel J , Galvão Ernesto F
Published: January 2024

The geometrical arrangement of a set of quantum states can be completely characterized using relational information only. This information is encoded in the pairwise state overlaps, as well as in Bargmann invariants of higher degree written as traces of products of density matrices. We describe how to measure Bargmann invariants using suitable generalizations of the SWAP test. This allows for a complete and robust characterization of the projective-unitary invariant properties of any set of pure or mixed states. As applications, we describe basis-independent tests for linear independence, coherence, and imaginarity. We also show that Bargmann invariants can be used to characterize multi-photon indistinguishability.
A strontium lattice clock with both stability and uncertainty below
5×10−18
Authors: Li Jie , Cui Xing-Yang , Jia Zhi-Peng , Kong De-Quan , Yu Hai-Wei , Zhu Xian-Qing , Liu Xiao-Yong , Wang De-Zhong , Zhang Xiang , Huang Xin-Yun , Zhu Ming-Yi , Yang Yu-Meng , Hu Yi , Liu Xiang-Pei , Zhai Xiao-Min , Liu Peng , Jiang Xiao , Xu Ping , Dai Han-Ning , Chen Yu-Ao , Pan Jian-Wei
Published: January 2024

We report the realization of the closed-loop operation of an optical lattice clock based on 87Sr atoms. A cavity-stabilized 698 nm laser is used to probe the

1

S
0

→
3

P
0

clock transition of strontium atoms trapped in optical lattices. Therein, we obtain a Fourier-limited Rabi spectrum with 0.6 Hz linewidth. The two transitions from

m

F

=
±
9

/

2

ground states are alternatively interrogated to realize the closed-loop operation of the clock, and the clock laser light is frequency-stabilized to the center of the two transitions. Based on the interleaved measurement, the frequency instability of a single optical clock is optimized for the Dick effect, which is demonstrated to be

4.5
×

10

−
16

/

τ

, with τ being the averaging time for measurement. Further, we build another similar setup of the strontium lattice clock, which is used for the asynchronous comparison between the two clocks, where the stability is measured as

2.1
×

10

−
18

at 47 000 s. Moreover, we carefully calibrate the systematic effects of the Sr1 optical clock, and the total uncertainty is evaluated as

4.4
×

10

−
18

.
The effect of plasma shaping on high density H-mode SOL profiles and fluctuations in TCV
Authors: Stagni A. , Vianello N. , Agostini M. , Colandrea C. , Gorno S. , Labit B. , Sheikh U. , Simons L. , Sun G. , Tsui C.K. , Ugoletti M. , Wang Y. , Wüthrich C. , Boedo J.A. , Reimerdes H. , Theiler C. ,   the TCV Team
Published: January 2024

The impact of plasma shaping on the properties of high density H-mode scrape-off layer (SOL) profiles and transport at the outer midplane has been investigated on Tokamakà configuration variable. The experimental dataset has been acquired by evolving the upper triangularity while keeping the other parameters constant. The scan comprises

δ

u
p

values between 0.0 and 0.6, excluding negative triangularity scenarios. Within this study, a transition from type-I edge localised modes to the quasi-continuous exhaust regime takes place from low to high

δ

u
p

. The modification of the upstream SOL profiles has been assessed, in terms of separatrix quantities, within the

α

t

turbulence control parameter theoretical framework (Eich et al 2020 Nucl. Fusion 60 056016). The target parallel heat load and the upstream near-SOL density profiles have been shown to broaden significantly for increasing

α

t

. Correspondingly, in the far SOL a density shoulder formation is observed when moving from low to high

δ

u
p

. These behaviours have been correlated with an enhancement of the SOL fluctuation level, as registered by wall-mounted Langmuir probes as well as the thermal helium beam diagnostic. Specifically, both the background and the filamentary-induced fluctuating parts of the first wall ion saturation current signal are larger at higher

δ

u
p

, with filaments being ejected more frequently into the SOL. Comparison of two pulses at the extremes of the

δ

u
p

scan range, but with otherwise same input parameters, shows that the midplane neutral pressure does not change much during the H-mode phase of the discharge. This indicates that indirect effects of the change in geometry, linked to first wall recycling sources, should not play a significant role. The total core radiation increases at high

δ

u
p

, on account of a stronger plasma–wall interaction and resulting larger carbon impurity intake from the first wall. This is likely associated to the enhanced first wall fluctuations, as well as a smaller outer gap and the close-to-double-null magnetic topology at high shaping.
Orbit stabilization for the new insertion devices in SSRF
Authors: Liu Xinzhong , Xuan Shouzhi , Tian Shunqiang , Wu Xu , Gong Yihao , Tan Liyuan , Jiao Guangwei
Published: January 2024

During the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF)
beamline project, fourteen new insertion devices (IDs) have been
successfully installed and transitioned to operation. However, these
new IDs led to considerable closed orbit distortions in the SSRF
storage ring. In the canted beamlines, the theoretical current
values of dipoles required for the closed dual-canted angle were
established, however, errors in the actual machine make a
significant effect on closed orbit. To address this, an adjustment
configuration, based on the response matrix, was developed for the
closed dual-canted angles. Additionally, an orbit feedforward
compensation system equipped with corrector coils, was employed. As
a result, the maximum horizontal and vertical orbit distortions
induced by the IDs were successfully decreased to less than
5.0 μm and 3.5 μm, respectively. Furthermore, a
specialized local fast feedback system was designed to maintain the
precise orbit and angle stability for the Hard X-ray Nanoprobe
beamline.
Area-selective chalcogenization of transition metals through graphene mask
Authors: Song Jaekwang , Lee Jong-Hwan , Park Seoungwoong , Lee Yunseok , Kim Chan-Jin , Ahn Minchul , Hong Byung Hee
Published: January 2024

Area-selection reactions have been extensively investigated to control or change physicochemical properties of substances with micro- or nanoscale precision. Several polymeric materials called photoresists have been used to mask and pattern the specific region, which can block chemical reactions or deposition. However, they are not suitable for certain chemical reaction since they are vulnerable to high temperature. Here, we report the graphene mask to achieve area-selective chalcogenization, which is performed at high temperature by chemical vapor deposition method. Due to its physicochemical properties, graphene does not allow chalcogen precursor gases to penetrate into metal films. Several characterizations are performed to prove the successful sulfurization and selenization of molybdenum and tungsten films. As an application, WS2 field-effect transistors with graphene mask are fabricated, and they show the typical characteristics of transistors successfully. Therefore, we expect that graphene-assisted area-selective reaction can be utilized for various fields such as semiconductors, sensors, and etc.
Modification of interlayer interaction in bilayer MoS2 due to monolayer WSe2 in heterostructures
Authors: Oh Siwon , Kim Han-gyu , Kim Jungcheol , Jeong Huiseok , Choi Hyoung Joon , Cheong Hyeonsik
Published: January 2024

The low-frequency interlayer vibration modes in bilayer-MoS2/monolayer-WSe2 heterostructures were investigated to study the modification of interlayer interactions due to the moiré periodicity. The interplay of the interlayer interaction within bilayer MoS2 and the interfacial interaction between the two materials results in rich features in the phonon spectra. Several shear and breathing modes are observed for samples with small twist angles (<10°), whereas only one shear and two breathing modes are observed for larger twist angles. For larger twist angles, the interfacial interaction between the two materials amounts to ∼75% of the intrinsic interlayer interaction between the MoS2 layers. The phonon spectrum evolves non-monotonically as the twist angle increases, which is explained with the help of atomistic calculations.
Pressure-driven superconductivity in layered isostructural germanium phosphides
Authors: Huang Junwei , Zhang Caorong , Zhai Kun , Qin Feng , Ao Lingyi , Li Zeya , Zhou Ling , Tang Ming , Dai Xueting , Qiu Caiyu , Zhang Yi , Wen Fusheng , Liu Zhongyuan , Yuan Hongtao
Published: January 2024

The discovery of superconductivity and its modulation are long-standing cutting-edge research topics in condensed matter physics. As a powerful tool, the high-pressure technique can be used to achieve novel superconductors and tune their physical properties. One typical example is binary germanium phosphides with different stoichiometries, which exhibit abundant physical properties with layered lattice structures similar to blue phosphorus. The detailed phase diagrams of the Ge–P systems are important for understanding the influence of stoichiometry on pressure-driven superconductivity, but it remains unexplored. Here, we measured and compared the detailed superconducting phase diagrams of the Ge–P systems of layered isostructural germanium phosphides GeP3 and GeP5 under pressure. Even though these two binary phosphides exhibit obviously different atomic occupations in the crystal structure due to their distinct stoichiometric ratios, the onset superconducting transition temperatures

T

c

of GeP3 and GeP5 both show dramatic enhancements from ∼2.5 K at 12.0 GPa to the maximum values of ∼9.0 K at 28.0 GPa, which are higher than those of other binary metal phosphides. Such pressure-enhanced superconductivity therein is accompanied by significant pressure-induced phonon mode softening, which is confirmed via in situ high-pressure Raman measurements. Our observations deepen the physical understanding of pressure-driven superconductivity in phosphorous-rich layered compounds and pave the way for potential applications in microsuperconducting devices.
Structural, thermal and optical characteristics of Fe 1−X Zr X alloy by using mechanical milling approach: influence of Zr4+ ion
Authors: Illayaraja Muthaiyaa V M , Parameshwaranpillai T , Krishnamoorthy A , Suntharavel Muthaiah V M
Published: January 2024

By changing Zr concentrations, Fe1-x-Zrx(x = 0.25 & 1 at%) alloys were successfully produced in an argon atmosphere using the mechanical alloying method. The produced Fe1-x-Zrxalloys were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersion x-ray analysis (EDAX), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry analyzer (TG-DTA), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV–vis) absorption, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. According to XRD pattern analysis, the prepared alloys had a cubic crystalline structure and complete solid solution formation. The prepared alloy samples the average crystallite size was calculated using the Scherrer formula. The average crystallite size for the 0.25 at% Zr concentration is found to be 7.79 nm and 11.8 nm for the 1 at% Zr concentration. Lattice parameter changes are a very important tool for confirming the complete dissolution of the Zr atom in the Fe matrix.The TEM-dark field image confirms that the grain size is in the nanometric range (<100 nm). TEM-SAED spotty continuous ring pattern confirmed the complete solution formation is well correlated with the XRD results. The elemental composition of materials can be determined quantitatively through energy dispersive x-ray analysis in the Fe1-x-Zrxalloy. The elemental distribution of the mechanically alloyed samples shows that Zr elements are homogeneously distributed in the Fe matrix. Bands at 3428 cm−1 in the FTIR spectrum have been linked to O–H stretching vibrations. CH2 and CH stretching vibrations were associated with peaks of about 2920 cm−1 and 2850 cm−1. The weight loss and gain changes were observed and represented in the TG-DST graph; we found that overall weight changes are + 10.7% (gain) at 1023 °C for Fe 1-x-Zr x (x = 0.25 at%) alloy. However, when compared to 0.25 at% of Zr alloy, Fe-Zr (x = 1 at%) exhibits a low weight gain (+ 6.54%). The UV–visible absorbance edge revealed a blue shift when Zr was added, indicating alloy production. The energy band gap of materials was calculated using UV–vis, and it has been observed that the band gap reduces as Zr concentration increases. Zr was added to Fe1-x-Zrxalloy nanoparticles, resulting in 514 nm and 775 nm emission wavelengths. The greatest emission wavelengths and strong flawless sharp emission peaks were discovered to be between 450 nm and 550 nm. The higher PL emission peak was 514 nm at 0.25 at% of Zr.
Investigation on the effect of wavelet mutation and opposition learning on slime mould algorithm
Authors: Pawani Kanchan , Singh Manmohan
Published: January 2024

The study focuses on a hypothesis-based critical analysis of proposed modifications to the slime mould algorithm. The modifications being investigated are opposition learning and wavelet mutation. These modifications help the slime mould algorithm to avoid local optima for better exploration of the search space. The goal is to assess the effectiveness of these modifications in improving the performance of slime mould algorithm. Both, the basic slime mould algorithm, and the proposed variant eventually achieve the desired convergence. However, to compare the efficiency of the two algorithms, the study introduces a measurement index called the ‘swiftness’ of the algorithm. This index quantifies the speed at which an algorithm reaches convergence. It is calculated as the area under the convergence curve of each algorithm. The rationale behind this approach is that visual inspection alone may not be sufficient to discriminate between the algorithms based on the convergence curve. The hybrid approach, incorporating opposition learning and wavelet mutation, is evaluated statistically using the CEC 2008 benchmark function. Additionally, the study examines small and medium single-objective power dispatch optimization problems that adhere to non-convex system limitations. By assessing the performance of the modified slime mould algorithm on these different problem domains, the researchers aim to provide a comprehensive analysis of its effectiveness.
𝑝-DG Cyclotomic nilHecke Algebras II
Authors: Qi You , Sussan Joshua
Published: January 2024

We categorify tensor products of the fundamental representation of quantumsl2\mathfrak {sl}_2at prime roots of unity, building upon earlier work where a tensor product of two Weyl modules was categorified.
Co-feeding transmission leads to bi-stability of tick-borne disease spread dynamics
Authors: Zhang Xue , Wu Jianhong
Published: January 2024

Considering that co-feeding transmission depends on the loads of infected ticks on each host, we develop a tick-borne disease dynamics model with co-feeding transmission probability peaking at an intermediate level of infected tick loads. We stratify tick and host population by their infection status and divide the vector population in terms of infection status and post-egg stages (larvae, nymphs and adults). We use the tick population dynamics and disease spread basic reproduction numbers and co-feeding transmission characteristics to describe the disease endemic structure, and show, for the first time, that density-dependent co-feeding transmission provides a novel mechanism for bi-stability. Numerical simulations based on parameters from laboratory and fields data confirm the possibility of bi-stability in biologically realistic settings, and sensitivity analyses show that the nymphal tick load value at which the co-feeding transmission probability reaches the maximum impacts most significantly on the stable endemic equilibrium value.
New counterexamples to the birational Torelli theorem for Calabi–Yau manifolds
Authors: Rampazzo Marco
Published: January 2024

We produce counterexamples to the birational Torelli theorem for Calabi–Yau manifolds in arbitrarily high dimension: this is done by exhibiting a series of non-birational pairs of Calabi–Yau

(

n
2

−
1
)

(n^2-1)

-folds which, for

n
≥
2

n \geq 2

even, admit an isometry between their middle cohomologies. These varieties also satisfy an

L

\mathbb {L}

-equivalence relation in the Grothendieck ring of varieties, i.e. the difference of their classes annihilates a power of the class of the affine line. We state this last property for a broader class of Calabi–Yau pairs, namely all those which are realized as pushforwards of a general

(
1
,
1
)

(1,1)

-section on a homogeneous roof in the sense of Kanemitsu, along its two extremal contractions.
Rigidity properties of holomorphic isometries into homogeneous Kähler manifolds
Authors: Loi Andrea , Mossa Roberto
Published: January 2024

We prove two rigidity results on holomorphic isometries into homogeneous Kähler manifolds. The first shows that a Kähler-Ricci soliton induced by the homogeneous metric of the Kähler product of a special generalized flag manifold (i.e. a flag of classical type or integral type) with a bounded homogeneous domain is trivial, i.e. Kähler-Einstein. In the second one we prove that: (i) a flat space is not relative to the Kähler product of a special generalized flag manifold with a homogeneous bounded domain, (ii) a special generalized flag manifold is not relative to the Kähler product of a flat space with a homogeneous bounded domain and (iii) a homogeneous bounded domain is not relative to the Kähler product of a flat space with a special generalized flag manifold. Our theorems strongly extend the results of Cheng and Hao [Ann. Global Anal. Geom. 60 (2021), pp. 167–180], Cheng, Di Scala, and Yuan [Internat. J. Math. 28 (2017), p. 1750027], Loi and Mossa [Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 149 (2021), pp. 4931–4941], Loi and Mossa [Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 151 (2023), pp. 3975–3984] and Umehara [Tokyo J. Math. 10 (1987), pp. 203–214].
Embedding of 𝒬_{𝓅} into tent spaces
Authors: Lv Xiaofen
Published: January 2024

In this paper, we prove embedding theorems for the Möbius invariant space

Q

p

\mathcal {Q}_p

on the open unit ball of

C

n

\mathbb {C}^n

into logarithmic tent spaces in the Bergman metric.
Two results on extendible cardinals
Authors: Poveda Alejandro
Published: January 2024

We prove two results concerning extendible cardinals. First, we show that the first

C

(
n
)

C^{(n)}

-extendible cardinal is strictly greater than the first

C

(
n
)

C^{(n)}

-supercompact. This answers a question posed by Bagaria in [Arch. Math. Logic 51 (2012), pp. 213–240]. Second, assuming the existence of strong enough large cardinals, we prove the consistency of the following: there are cardinals

κ
>
λ

\kappa >\lambda

such that

λ
\lambda

is singular of countable cofinality,

κ
\kappa

is

>

λ

{>}\lambda

-extendible (but not

λ
\lambda

-extendible) and

(

λ
+

)

H
O
D

>

λ
+

(\lambda ^+)^{\mathrm {HOD}}>\lambda ^+

.
BPS invariants of symplectic log Calabi-Yau fourfolds
Authors: Farajzadeh-Tehrani Mohammad
Published: January 2024

Using the Fredholm setup of Farajzadeh-Tehrani [Peking Math. J. (2023), https://doi.org/10.1007/s42543-023-00069-1], we study genus zero (and higher) relative Gromov-Witten invariants with maximum tangency of symplectic log Calabi-Yau fourfolds. In particular, we give a short proof of Gross [Duke Math. J. 153 (2010), pp. 297–362, Cnj. 6.2] that expresses these invariants in terms of certain integral invariants by considering generic almost complex structures to obtain a geometric count. We also revisit the localization calculation of the multiple-cover contributions in Gross [Prp. 6.1] and recalculate a few terms differently to provide more details and illustrate the computation of deformation/obstruction spaces for maps that have components in a destabilizing (or rubber) component of the target. Finally, we study a higher genus version of these invariants and explain a decomposition of genus one invariants into different contributions.
Tubulin CFEOM mutations both inhibit or activate kinesin motor activity
Authors: Luchniak Anna , Roy Pallavi Sinha , Kumar Ambuj , Schneider Ian C. , Gelfand Vladimir I. , Jernigan Robert L. , Gupta Mohan L.
Published: January 2024

Kinesin-mediated transport along microtubules is critical for axon development and health. Mutations in the kinesin Kif21a, or the microtubule subunit β-tubulin, inhibit axon growth and/or maintenance resulting in the eye-movement disorder congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles (CFEOM). While most examined CFEOM-causing β-tubulin mutations inhibit kinesin–microtubule interactions, Kif21a mutations activate the motor protein. These contrasting observations have led to opposed models of inhibited or hyperactive Kif21a in CFEOM. We show that, contrary to other CFEOM-causing β-tubulin mutations, R380C enhances kinesin activity. Expression of β-tubulin-R380C increases kinesin-mediated peroxisome transport in S2 cells. The binding frequency, percent motile engagements, run length and plus-end dwell time of Kif21a are also elevated on β-tubulin-R380C compared with wildtype microtubules in vitro. This conserved effect persists across tubulins from multiple species and kinesins from different families. The enhanced activity is independent of tail-mediated kinesin autoinhibition and thus utilizes a mechanism distinct from CFEOM-causing Kif21a mutations. Using molecular dynamics, we visualize how β-tubulin-R380C allosterically alters critical structural elements within the kinesin motor domain, suggesting a basis for the enhanced motility. These findings resolve the disparate models and confirm that inhibited or increased kinesin activity can both contribute to CFEOM. They also demonstrate the microtubule’s role in regulating kinesins and highlight the importance of balanced transport for cellular and organismal health.
Identify gestational diabetes mellitus by deep learning model from cell-free DNA at the early gestation stage
Authors: Wang Yipeng , Sun Pei , Zhao Zicheng , Yan Yousheng , Yue Wentao , Yang Kai , Liu Ruixia , Huang Hui , Wang Yinan , Chen Yin , Li Nan , Feng Hailong , Li Jing , Liu Yifan , Chen Yujiao , Shen Bairong , Zhao Lijian , Yin Chenghong
Published: January 2024

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common complication of pregnancy, which has significant adverse effects on both the mother and fetus. The incidence of GDM is increasing globally, and early diagnosis is critical for timely treatment and reducing the risk of poor pregnancy outcomes. GDM is usually diagnosed and detected after 24 weeks of gestation, while complications due to GDM can occur much earlier. Copy number variations (CNVs) can be a possible biomarker for GDM diagnosis and screening in the early gestation stage. In this study, we proposed a machine-learning method to screen GDM in the early stage of gestation using cell-free DNA (cfDNA) sequencing data from maternal plasma. Five thousand and eighty-five patients from north regions of Mainland China, including 1942 GDM, were recruited. A non-overlapping sliding window method was applied for CNV coverage screening on low-coverage (~0.2×) sequencing data. The CNV coverage was fed to a convolutional neural network with attention architecture for the binary classification. The model achieved a classification accuracy of 88.14%, precision of 84.07%, recall of 93.04%, F1-score of 88.33% and AUC of 96.49%. The model identified 2190 genes associated with GDM, including DEFA1, DEFA3 and DEFB1. The enriched gene ontology (GO) terms and KEGG pathways showed that many identified genes are associated with diabetes-related pathways. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of using cfDNA sequencing data and machine-learning methods for early diagnosis of GDM, which may aid in early intervention and prevention of adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Opportunities and challenges for ChatGPT and large language models in biomedicine and health
Authors: Tian Shubo , Jin Qiao , Yeganova Lana , Lai Po-Ting , Zhu Qingqing , Chen Xiuying , Yang Yifan , Chen Qingyu , Kim Won , Comeau Donald C , Islamaj Rezarta , Kapoor Aadit , Gao Xin , Lu Zhiyong
Published: January 2024

ChatGPT has drawn considerable attention from both the general public and domain experts with its remarkable text generation capabilities. This has subsequently led to the emergence of diverse applications in the field of biomedicine and health. In this work, we examine the diverse applications of large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, in biomedicine and health. Specifically, we explore the areas of biomedical information retrieval, question answering, medical text summarization, information extraction and medical education and investigate whether LLMs possess the transformative power to revolutionize these tasks or whether the distinct complexities of biomedical domain presents unique challenges. Following an extensive literature survey, we find that significant advances have been made in the field of text generation tasks, surpassing the previous state-of-the-art methods. For other applications, the advances have been modest. Overall, LLMs have not yet revolutionized biomedicine, but recent rapid progress indicates that such methods hold great potential to provide valuable means for accelerating discovery and improving health. We also find that the use of LLMs, like ChatGPT, in the fields of biomedicine and health entails various risks and challenges, including fabricated information in its generated responses, as well as legal and privacy concerns associated with sensitive patient data. We believe this survey can provide a comprehensive and timely overview to biomedical researchers and healthcare practitioners on the opportunities and challenges associated with using ChatGPT and other LLMs for transforming biomedicine and health.
A critical assessment of clustering algorithms to improve cell clustering and identification in single-cell transcriptome study
Authors: Liang Xiao , Cao Lijie , Chen Hao , Wang Lidan , Wang Yangyun , Fu Lijuan , Tan Xiaqin , Chen Enxiang , Ding Yubin , Tang Jing
Published: January 2024

Cell clustering is typically the initial step in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analyses. The performance of clustering considerably impacts the validity and reproducibility of cell identification. A variety of clustering algorithms have been developed for scRNA-seq data. These algorithms generate cell label sets that assign each cell to a cluster. However, different algorithms usually yield different label sets, which can introduce variations in cell-type identification based on the generated label sets. Currently, the performance of these algorithms has not been systematically evaluated in single-cell transcriptome studies. Herein, we performed a critical assessment of seven state-of-the-art clustering algorithms including four deep learning-based clustering algorithms and commonly used methods Seurat, Cosine-based Tanimoto similarity-refined graph for community detection using Leiden’s algorithm (CosTaL) and Single-cell consensus clustering (SC3). We used diverse evaluation indices based on 10 different scRNA-seq benchmarks to systematically evaluate their clustering performance. Our results show that CosTaL, Seurat, Deep Embedding for Single-cell Clustering (DESC) and SC3 consistently outperformed Single-Cell Clustering Assessment Framework and scDeepCluster based on nine effectiveness scores. Notably, CosTaL and DESC demonstrated superior performance in clustering specific cell types. The performance of the single-cell Variational Inference tools varied across different datasets, suggesting its sensitivity to certain dataset characteristics. Notably, DESC exhibited promising results for cell subtype identification and capturing cellular heterogeneity. In addition, SC3 requires more memory and exhibits slower computation speed compared to other algorithms for the same dataset. In sum, this study provides useful guidance for selecting appropriate clustering methods in scRNA-seq data analysis.
Contrasting patterns of genetic structure and population demography in two Dicraeus species feeding on bamboo flowers in Japan
Authors: Sakata Yuzu , Hirota Shun K , Matsuo Ayumi , Kobayashi Keito , Nakahama Naoyuki , Suyama Yoshihisa
Published: January 2024

Population outbreaks of insects provide an excellent opportunity to elucidate their evolutionary history. In this study, we uncovered the phylogenetic relationships of Dicraeus spp. in Japan and compared the population genetic structure of two bamboo-feeding Dicraeus spp., Dicraeus phyllostachyus and Dicraeus nartshukae, by leveraging a recent nationwide mass flowering event of several bamboo species in Japan. We performed analysis using mitochondrial COI gene sequencing and genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms detected by multiplexed inter-simple sequence repeat genotyping by sequencing (MIG-seq). We found genetic similarity in COI haplotypes over a large geographical range in the two Dicraeus spp., but, for both species, no concordance was detected between the collected host plants and genetic structures. In the genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism data, no clear genetic clusters were detected for D. phyllostachyus populations, whereas D. nartshukae populations were divided into two groups, in the north and south of Japan. Demographic analysis indicated that D. phyllostachyus had greatly expanded its population recently compared with D. nartshukae. These contrasting patterns between the two species might reflect the differences in the demographic history between the species. Our study suggested that the mass flowering event might cascade to the genetic structure of the florivorous insects through trophic interactions.