bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The mandibles of castrated male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): The effects of orchidectomy on bone and teeth
Authors: Wang Qian , Kessler Matthew J. , Kensler Terry B. , Dechow Paul C.
Published: August 2015

Objectives

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the long‐term effects of orchidectomy and low testosterone on the craniofaciodental development and maintenance of skeletal and oral health in rhesus macaques.

Materials and Methods

Mandibles of four castrated and intact age‐matched male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) from Cayo Santiago were compared for mandibular morphology and teeth, abnormalities, pathology, and cortical bone thickness and density using a digital sliding caliper and analysis of three‐dimensional X‐ray images.

Results

Although all four castrates were generally comparable to intact males in overall mandible and teeth size, there were some significant differences. In the castrates, (1) the distance between the two rami was narrower than in intact males leading to a relatively narrower and longer face; (2) both the mandibular body and ramus had thinner cortical bone leading to less total bone mass; and (3) the canines and molar teeth were slender with lower and less robust tooth cusps. In addition, the alveolar bone of two geriatric castrates was greatly receded with signs of periodontitis more severe than in intact aged males. Old castrates also had severe temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis.

Discussion

The findings suggest the importance of testosterone in craniofaciodental development, and maintenance of skeletal and oral health in male macaques. These results suggest that dental health professionals might want to include in their medical history questionnaires whether or not male patients have taken hormone (testosterone) replacement therapy. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:31–51, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Males matter: Increased home range size is associated with the number of resident males after controlling for ecological factors in wildAssamese macaques
Authors: Richter Christin , Heesen Marlies , Nenadić Oleg , Ostner Julia , Schülke Oliver
Published: August 2015

Objectives

There is increasing evidence of male resource defense during intergroup encounters in non‐human primates. Only few studies showed a reproductive benefit of having more males in a group, and evidence only comes from territorial species, or from species with relatively small male group sizes where males are less prone to suffer from collective action problems. We investigated the effect of male group size on home range size and female reproductive success in a non‐territorial species with male dispersal and large male group sizes.

Methods

We studied one wild group of Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) by following them almost daily (June 2006–September 2012) and collected spatial, behavioral, climate and spatiotemporal data on food plants.

Results

Among ecological factors, decreasing rainfall and a statistical interaction between food abundance and distribution were positively related to home range size. After controlling for ecological predictors, we found that male group size but not overall group size had a significant positive effect on full and core home range size. A simple correlation analysis suggests that such an increase in home range area, presumably increasing access to food resources, can be associated with increased female fecundity measured as the proportion or the number of females conceiving in a given year.

Discussion

Within the limitations of this study, the results suggest that male resource defense could be a strategy benefitting both sexes if male reproductive skew was low and many males benefited from increased female fertility. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:52–62, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Patterns of activity adaptation in humeral trabecular bone in Neolithic humans and present‐day people
Authors: Scherf Heike , Wahl Joachim , Hublin Jean‐Jacques , Harvati Katerina
Published: August 2015

Objective

The annual turnover rate of trabecular bone by far exceeds that of cortical bone and, therefore, is very sensitive to its daily loading regime. Here we test the hypothesis that the study of the trabecular bone architecture of the human humerus is able to differentiate between different habitual manual activities.

Materials and Methods

For this purpose, we compared the trabecular architecture of the humeral head in a Neolithic population to that of a sample of contemporary Europeans using micro‐computed tomography (microCT). We defined in each specimen a spherical volume of interest with a diameter of 57.5 ± 2.5% of the maximal diameter of the humeral head to metrically analyze the bulk of humeral head trabecular architecture. We subsequently quantified the trabecular architectures in the VOIs, measuring seven standard 3D‐morphometric parameters, and used univariate and multivariate statistical analyses for comparisons within and between populations.

Results

Univariate statistical analysis showed significant differences in a combination of 3D‐morphometric parameters. A principal components analysis of the 3D‐morphometrics of the trabecular architectures separated the Neolithic from the contemporary samples on the basis of differences in their gross trabecular architecture, including differences in the bone volume fraction (BV/TV), the number of trabeculae per unit length (Tb N), and the distance between trabeculae (Tb Sp).

Discussion

We interpret the significant differences found in the humeral trabecular bone of the Neolithic and the contemporary group as likely reflecting the distinct manual working routines. The trabecular bone configuration in the Neolithic sample shows presumably functional signatures of prehistoric subsistence techniques and activity levels. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:106–115, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The neuronal component of gray matter damage in multiple sclerosis: A [11C]flumazenil positron emission tomography study
Authors: Freeman Léorah , Garcia‐Lorenzo Daniel , Bottin Laure , Leroy Claire , Louapre Céline , Bodini Benedetta , Papeix Caroline , Assouad Rana , Granger Benjamin , Tourbah Ayman , Dollé Frédéric , Lubetzki Catherine , Bottlaender Michel , Stankoff Bruno
Published: August 2015

Objective

Using positron emission tomography (PET) with [11C]flumazenil ([11C]FMZ), an antagonist of the central benzodiazepine site located within the GABAA receptor, we quantified and mapped neuronal damage in the gray matter (GM) of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) at distinct disease stages. We investigated the relationship between neuronal damage and white matter (WM) lesions and evaluated the clinical relevance of this neuronal PET metric.

Methods

A cohort of 18 MS patients (9 progressive and 9 relapsing‐remitting) was compared to healthy controls and underwent neurological and cognitive evaluations, high‐resolution dynamic [11C]FMZ PET imaging and brain magnetic resonance imaging. [11C]FMZ binding was estimated using the partial saturation protocol providing voxel‐wise absolute quantification of GABAA receptor concentration. PET data were evaluated using a region of interest (ROI) approach as well as on a vertex‐by‐vertex basis.

Results

[11C]FMZ binding was significantly decreased in the cortical GM of MS patients, compared to controls (–10%). Cortical mapping of benzodiazepine receptor concentration ([11C]FMZ Bmax) revealed significant intergroup differences in the bilateral parietal cortices and right frontal areas. ROI analyses taking into account GM volume changes showed extensive decrease in [11C]FMZ binding in bilateral parietal, cingulate, and insular cortices as well as in the thalami, amygdalae, and hippocampi. These changes were significant in both progressive and relapsing‐remitting forms of the disease and correlated with WM T2‐weighted lesion load. [11C]FMZ cortical binding correlated with cognitive performance.

Interpretation

This pilot study showed that PET with [11C]FMZ could be a promising and sensitive quantitative marker to assess and map the neuronal substrate of GM pathology in MS. Ann Neurol 2015;78:554–567
Development of a conjugated polyaniline incorporated electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) composite membrane electrolyte for high performance dye‐sensitized solar cells
Authors: Elayappan Vijayakumar , Murugadoss Vignesh , Angaiah Subramania , Fei Zhaofu , Dyson Paul J.
Published: August 2015

Different weight percentage (2, 3, 4, and 5 wt %) of polyaniline (PANI) were incorporated into electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF‐HFP) composite membranes (esCPMs). The regular morphology, molecular structure, crystallinity, porosity, electrolyte uptake, and leakage of the composite membranes were examined. The esCPMs were activated in liquid electrolyte containing 0.5 M LiI, 0.05 M I2, and 0.5 M 4‐tert‐butylpyridine and 0.5 M 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazoliun iodide in acetonitrile to afford electrospun PVdF‐HFP/PANI composite membrane electrolytes (esCPMEs). The influence of different wt % of PANI on the esCPMEs was studied by electrochemical impedance measurements and Tafel polarization studies. The photovoltaic performance of a dye‐sensitized solar cell assembled using 3 wt % PANI incorporated esCPME exhibits a higher power conversion efficiency of 7.20% than that assembled using esPME (η = 6.42%). © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 42777.
Water swellable rubber composites: An update review from preparation to properties
Authors: Dehbari Nazila , Tang Youhong
Published: August 2015

In recent years, water swellable rubber composites have been the subject of many scientific and research investigations as well as many industrial programs. Here, we present an updated overview of the developments in the area of water swellable rubber composites with different kinds of fillers, compatibilizers, and cross‐linked agents, in terms of their manufacturing methods, synthesis, chemical, physical, and mechanical properties. Several critical issues and suggestions for future work are detailed, underscoring the roles of material scientists and manufacturing engineers in the bright future of this new material through value addition to enhance its usage and fields of application. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42786.
Structures and properties of polycarbonate modified polyether‐polyurethanes prepared by transurethane polycondensation
Authors: Liu Bingling , Tian Hengshui , Zhu Lihu
Published: August 2015

Thermoplastic polycarbonate modified polyether‐polyurethane (PEPU) elastomers were prepared by transurethane polycondensation method using poly(oxytetramethylene) glycol of Mn = 2000 and dimethyl‐hexane‐1,6‐dicarbamate as the main raw materials, 1,4‐butanediol as a chain extender and polycarbonate diol (PCDL) as an additive in the presence of dibutyltin oxide as a catalyst. The effect of the PCDL on the PEPUs' structure, intrinsic viscosity, molecular weight, mechanical, optical, and thermal properties, and water resistance were studied. The polycarbonate modified PEPUs showed better mechanical and thermal properties, but lower molecular weight and optical properties than the PEPUs. The PEPUs modified by PCDL1000 exhibited better performance, including mechanical, optical, and thermal properties, than those by PCDL2000. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42804.
Effect of SiO2 and TiO2 nanoparticle on the properties of phenyl silicone rubber
Authors: Yang Huan , Gao Qun , Xie Yunting , Chen Qian , Ouyang Chunfa , Xu Yaomin , Ji Xiaoting
Published: August 2015

Two types of nanoparticles TiO2 and SiO2 treated with silane coupling agents were incorporated into phenyl silicone rubber at a low concentration (≤1.0%) and cured by the room temperature vulcanized method. The results showed that treated TiO2 or SiO2 nanoparticles improved the ultraviolet (UV)‐shielding ability and enhanced the visible transmittance of the phenyl silicone rubber, compared with their respective untreated particles. Moreover, when comparing treated nanoparticles, TiO2 was more responsible for augmenting the UV‐shielding ability of the phenyl silicone rubber, while SiO2 played a more important role in increasing the transmittance of visible light. Low levels of nanoparticles reduced the dielectric constant of the nanocomposite; however, on reaching a critical concentration, increasing the nanoparticle content had the opposite effect. The thermal conductivity of nanocomposites increased linearly with the amount of treated nanoparticles, while SiO2 nanocomposites exhibited better thermal conductivity than those of TiO2. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42806.
Physicomechanical properties of wollastonite (CaSiO3)/styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) nanocomposites
Authors: Chatterjee Aniruddha , Khobragade Prashant S. , Mishra Satyendra
Published: August 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of bare wollastonite (BW) and modified wollastonite (MW) nano‐rods into the styrene butadiene rubber (SBR). SBR nanocomposites were prepared by the incorporation of different wt % (0.3–4.5) of BW and MW nanorods. All nanocomposites were characterized by thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The particle size and morphology of BW and MW nanorods were characterized by field‐emission scanning electron microscope (FE‐SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer, while FE‐SEM and AFM analyses were performed for BW/SBR and MW/SBR nanocomposites. The obtained results revealed the existence of stronger interaction between the SBR and MW nanorods into MW/SBR as compared to BW/SBR nanocomposites. FE‐SEM and AFM images showed a perfect dispersion of the MW nanorods in SBR matrix at 3 wt % loading. Thermal stability of MW/SBR nanocomposites was also increased significantly by the addition of MW nanorods. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42811.
The Oxidation of Pyrrole
Authors: Howard James K. , Rihak Kieran J. , Bissember Alex C. , Smith Jason A.
Published: August 2015

The dearomatization of heterocycles has been a powerful means for producing functional molecules in synthesis. In the case of pyrroles, reductive methods (such as the Birch reduction) have been most widely exploited, while oxidative methods are generally dismissed as too difficult or unpredictable to be useful. However, since the early twentieth century considerable research has been carried out on the controlled oxidation of pyrroles to give highly functionalized products, using a variety of oxidants. This review presents a summary of all work up until the present day in the area of pyrrole oxidation, looking at the use of peroxide, singlet oxygen, hypervalent iodine reagents, a range or organic and inorganic oxidants, and electrochemical approaches. It also offers some perspective on the potential future role of pyrrole oxidation in synthesis.
Physiologically based pharmacokinetics model predicts the lack of inhibition by repaglinide on the metabolism of pioglitazone
Authors: Xiao Qingqing , Tang Liling , Xu Ruijuan , Qian Wei , Yang Jin
Published: August 2015

Purpose: Repaglinide and pioglitazone are both CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 substrates. This study was to determine whether repaglinide has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of pioglitazone in vitro, in silico and in vivo. Method: In vitro, the effect of repaglinide on the metabolism of pioglitazone was assessed in pooled human liver microsomes. In silico, an IVIVE‐PBPK linked model was built with Simcyp®. Then, a randomized, 2‐phase cross‐over clinical study was conducted in 12 healthy volunteers. Results: Repaglinide showed a strong inhibitory effect on the metabolism of pioglitazone in vitro (Ki = 0.0757 µm), [I]/Ki > 0.1. The Simcyp® prediction ratios of AUC and Cmax between the two treatment groups were both about 1.01. The pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone in clinical trials showed no significant difference between these two treatment groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Repaglinide has no significant inhibitory effect on the metabolism of pioglitazone in vivo, which is inconsistent with the in vitro results. The lack of an inhibitory effect was partly due to extensive plasma protein binding and to the high in vivo clearance of repaglinide, for the concentration of repaglinide in vivo was far smaller than in vitro. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving the Credibility of Child Sexual Assault Victims in Court: The Impact of a Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner
Authors: Golding Jonathan M. , Wasarhaley Nesa E. , Lynch Kellie R. , Lippert Anne , Magyarics Casey L.
Published: August 2015

The present study investigated the influence of a sexual assault nurse examiner's (SANE's) testimony on mock juror perceptions of a child or adolescent victim of child sexual assault. Community members (N = 252, 156 females) read a fictional criminal trial summary of a child sexual assault case in which the victim was 6 or 15 years old and the prosecution presented medical testimony from a SANE or a traditional registered nurse (RN), or did not present medical testimony. Mock jurors were more likely to render guilty verdicts when a SANE testified compared with the other two testimony conditions. In addition, pro‐victim judgments (e.g., sympathy toward the victim) and negative defendant judgments (e.g., anger toward the defendant) mediated this relation. Finally, cognitive network representations of the case demonstrated that the RN and no‐medical‐testimony groups were similar and the SANE group was distinct from the other two conditions. We discuss these results in terms of the implications of SANE testimony in child sexual assault court cases. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparing Children for Court: Effects of a Model Court Education Program on Children's Anticipatory Anxiety
Authors: Nathanson Rebecca , Saywitz Karen J.
Published: August 2015

The current study examined whether a pretrial preparation program, consisting of legal knowledge education, stress inoculation training, and a mock trial, is associated with decreased anticipatory anxiety of child witnesses. One hundred and ninety‐three 4‐ to 17‐year‐olds who were awaiting impending legal proceedings attended Kids’ Court School in Las Vegas, NV, one to two weeks before their court appearances. Participants completed a measure of anticipatory court‐related anxiety before and after the intervention. As predicted, children's anticipatory anxiety decreased significantly from pretest to posttest. Results demonstrate the promise of a brief, unbiased, standardized program for reducing system‐induced stress on child witnesses, while maintaining the integrity of the legal process. This study serves as a springboard to guide future research, practice, policy, and implementation on a larger scale. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Blessed be the Children: A Case–Control Study of Sexual Abusers in the Catholic Church
Authors: Calkins Cynthia , Fargo Jamison , Jeglic Elizabeth , Terry Karen
Published: August 2015

Individuals working in churches and other youth‐serving institutions have a unique level of access to children, yet the problem of sexual abuse in institutional settings has received scant research attention. To address this gap, we analyzed data from a large sample of clergy (N= 1,121) and applied a social–ecological model of offending to identify risk factors for sexual abuse perpetration. Using a case–control study design that compared clergy sexual abusers with three control groups of clergy, this study focuses specifically onindividual‐,relationship‐, andcommunity‐level factors associated with a higher risk of abuse in professional populations. Findings revealed that clergy sexual abusers tended to have more truncated pre‐seminary dating histories, and that their dating and sexual partners were more likely to have been male than female. Self‐reported sexual abuse history was associated with a greater likelihood of sexual abuse perpetration among clergy. Clergy abusers tended to be more involved with youth and adolescents in their ministries; however, they were observed to relatelesswell to youth and adolescents than their clergy counterparts. Given widespread changes in our cultural understanding of abuse as well as more specific changes in the organizational approach to seminary education, these differences underscore the role that youth‐serving institutions and society can have in the primary prevention of child sexual abuse. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gating Out Misinformation: Can Young Children Follow Instructions to Ignore False Information?
Authors: Schaaf Jennifer M. , Bederian‐Gardner Daniel , Goodman Gail S.
Published: August 2015

The current study investigated the effects of misinformation on children's memory reports after practice with the logic‐of‐opposition instruction at time of test. Four‐ and 6‐year‐old children participated in a play event in Session 1. During a two‐week delay, parents presented their children with either misinformation or correct information about the play event. Prior to a memory interview in Session 2, some misled children were given a developmentally appropriate logic‐of‐opposition instruction to not report information provided by their parents. Results indicated that children were misled by the incorrect information, but that the logic‐of‐opposition instruction aided in the children's retrieval of the original memory, particularly for the 6‐year‐olds. Implications of the results for memory malleability and social demand effects in children are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulating Memory Impairment for Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: Newton Jeremy W. , Hobbs Sue D.
Published: August 2015

The current study investigated effects of simulated memory impairment on recall of child sexual abuse (CSA) information. A total of 144 adults were tested for memory of a written CSA scenario in which they role‐played as the victim. There were four experimental groups and two testing sessions. During Session 1, participants read a CSA story and recalled it truthfully (Genuine group), omitted CSA information (Omission group), exaggerated CSA information (Commission group), or did not recall the story at all (No Rehearsal group). One week later, at Session 2, all participants were told to recount the scenario truthfully, and their memory was then tested using free recall and cued recall questions. The Session 1 manipulation affected memory accuracy during Session 2. Specifically, compared with the Genuine group's performance, the Omission, Commission, or No Rehearsal groups' performance was characterized by increased omission and commission errors and decreased reporting of correct details. Victim blame ratings (i.e., victim responsibility and provocativeness) and participant gender predicted increased error and decreased accuracy, whereas perpetrator blame ratings predicted decreased error and increased accuracy. Findings are discussed in relation to factors that may affect memory for CSA information. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How and Why Does Ni0 Promote Smooth Etheric CO Bond Cleavage and CC Bond Formation? A Theoretical Study
Authors: Ogawa Hiroyuki , Minami Hiroki , Ozaki Takashi , Komagawa Shinsuke , Wang Chao , Uchiyama Masanobu
Published: August 2015

Ni‐catalyzed cross‐coupling between aryl alkyl ethers (ArOR) and Grignard reagents (RMgBr), known since 1979, proceeds under mild conditions in many cases. Although the reaction routes of various synthetic protocols involving transition‐metal‐catalyzed CO bond activation have been elucidated, the mechanism of this etheric Kumada–Tamao–Curriu reaction remains enigmatic. This is because oxidative addition of inert etheric CO to Ni0 is thermodynamically and kinetically unfavorable, making it hard to explain the observed high reactivity of ether toward Ni catalysts. In this work, we used DFT calculations to identify a plausible reaction pathway by the Ni0‐ate complex, which enables smooth CO bond cleavage and R‐group transfer with reasonable activation barriers; this mechanism also accounts for the ineffectiveness of Pd catalysts. These results throw new light on both CO activation and cross‐coupling, and should be valuable for further rational development of the methodologies.
Polymer‐Templated Mesoporous Li4Ti5O12 as a High‐Rate and Long‐Life Anode Material for Rechargeable Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yue Junpei , Suchomski Christian , Brezesinski Torsten , Smarsly Bernd M.
Published: August 2015

The synthesis, characterization and Li‐storage properties of cubic mesostructured lithium titanate spinel (Li4Ti5O12) with uniform pores of diameter ≤15 nm and sub‐10 nm grains is reported. The material was prepared in powder form by sol–gel co‐assembly through a soft‐templating method using a poly(isobutylene)‐block‐poly(ethylene oxide) diblock copolymer structure‐directing agent. Electron microscopy demonstrates the mesoporous nature; the BET surface area is around 100 m2 g−1. Rietveld analysis of XRD data and results from XPS, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy indicate a large sensitivity of the phase composition to variations in the heating rate and temperature. Mesoporous Li4Ti5O12 obtained after heating to 600 °C at 10 °C min−1 is virtually single phase, with minor traces of Li2CO3 accumulated on the surface. Half‐cells with a Li metal anode display superior cycling (5 % capacity decay between the fifth and 300th cycles at C/2) and rate performance (>100 mA h g
at 10C).
Multicomponent Molecular Orbital–Climbing Image–Nudged Elastic Band Method to Analyze Chemical Reactions Including Nuclear Quantum Effect
Authors: Udagawa Taro , Suzuki Kimichi , Tachikawa Masanori
Published: August 2015

To analyze the H/D isotope effects on hydrogen transfer reactions in XHCHCHCHY↔XCHCHCHYH (X, Y=O, NH, or CH2) including the nuclear quantum effect of proton and deuteron, we propose a multicomponent molecular orbital‐climbing image‐nudged elastic band (MC_MO–CI–NEB) method. We obtain not only transition state structures but also minimum‐energy paths (MEPs) on the MC_MO effective potential energy surface by using MC_MO–CI–NEB method. We find that nuclear quantum effect affects not only stationary‐point geometries but also MEPs and electronic structures in the reactions. We clearly demonstrate the importance of including nuclear quantum effects for H/D isotope effect on rate constants (kH/kD).
Synchronization of fractional‐order delayed neural networks with hybrid coupling
Authors: Bao Haibo , Park Ju H. , Cao Jinde
Published: August 2015

This article presents new theoretical results on the synchronization for a class of fractional‐order delayed neural networks with hybrid coupling that contains constant coupling and discrete‐delay coupling. This is the first attempt to investigate the synchronization problem of fractional‐order coupled delayed neural networks. Based on the fractional‐order Lyapunov stability theorem and Kronecker product properties, sufficient criteria are established to ensure the fractional‐order coupled neural network to achieve synchronization. Numerical simulations are given to illustrate the correctness of the theoretical results. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 106–112, 2016
Evolutionary developmental pathology and anthropology: A new field linking development, comparative anatomy, human evolution, morphological variations and defects, and medicine
Authors: Diogo Rui , Smith Christopher M. , Ziermann Janine M.
Published: August 2015

We introduce a new subfield of the recently created field of Evolutionary‐Developmental‐Anthropology (Evo‐Devo‐Anth): Evolutionary‐Developmental‐Pathology‐and‐Anthropology (Evo‐Devo‐P'Anth). This subfield combines experimental and developmental studies of nonhuman model organisms, biological anthropology, chordate comparative anatomy and evolution, and the study of normal and pathological human development. Instead of focusing on other organisms to try to better understand human development, evolution, anatomy, and pathology, it places humans as the central case study, i.e., as truly model organism themselves. We summarize the results of our recent Evo‐Devo‐P'Anth studies and discuss long‐standing questions in each of the broader biological fields combined in this subfield, paying special attention to the links between: (1) Human anomalies and variations, nonpentadactyly, homeotic transformations, and “nearest neighbor” vs. “find and seek” muscle‐skeleton associations in limb+facial muscles vs. other head muscles; (2) Developmental constraints, the notion of “phylotypic stage,” internalism vs. externalism, and the “logic of monsters” vs. “lack of homeostasis” views about human birth defects; (3) Human evolution, reversions, atavisms, paedomorphosis, and peromorphosis; (4) Scala naturae, Haeckelian recapitulation, von Baer's laws, and parallelism between phylogeny and development, here formally defined as “Phylo‐Devo parallelism”; and (5) Patau, Edwards, and Down syndrome (trisomies 13, 18, 21), atavisms, apoptosis, heart malformations, and medical implications. Developmental Dynamics 244:1357–1374, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Generation of GFAP::GFP astrocyte reporter lines from human adult fibroblast‐derived iPS cells using zinc‐finger nuclease technology
Authors: Zhang Ping‐Wu , Haidet‐Phillips Amanda M. , Pham Jacqueline T. , Lee Youngjin , Huo Yuqing , Tienari Pentti J. , Maragakis Nicholas J. , Sattler Rita , Rothstein Jeffrey D.
Published: August 2015

Astrocytes are instrumental to major brain functions, including metabolic support, extracellular ion regulation, the shaping of excitatory signaling events and maintenance of synaptic glutamate homeostasis. Astrocyte dysfunction contributes to numerous developmental, psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. The generation of adult human fibroblast‐derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has provided novel opportunities to study mechanisms of astrocyte dysfunction in human‐derived cells. To overcome the difficulties of cell type heterogeneity during the differentiation process from iPSCs to astroglial cells (iPS astrocytes), we generated homogenous populations of iPS astrocytes using zinc‐finger nuclease (ZFN) technology. Enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) driven by the astrocyte‐specific glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter was inserted into the safe harbor adeno‐associated virus integration site 1 (AAVS1) locus in disease and control‐derived iPSCs. Astrocyte populations were enriched using Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) and after enrichment more than 99% of iPS astrocytes expressed mature astrocyte markers including GFAP, S100β, NFIA and ALDH1L1. In addition, mature pure GFP‐iPS astrocytes exhibited a well‐described functional astrocytic activity in vitro characterized by neuron‐dependent regulation of glutamate transporters to regulate extracellular glutamate concentrations. Engraftment of GFP‐iPS astrocytes into rat spinal cord grey matter confirmed in vivo cell survival and continued astrocytic maturation. In conclusion, the generation of GFAP::GFP‐iPS astrocytes provides a powerful in vitro and in vivo tool for studying astrocyte biology and astrocyte‐driven disease pathogenesis and therapy. GLIA 2016;64:63–75
Mechanism of microglia neuroprotection: Involvement ofP2X7,TNFα, and valproic acid
Authors: Masuch Annette , Shieh Chu‐Hsin , van Rooijen Nico , van Calker Dietrich , Biber Knut
Published: August 2015

Recently, we have demonstrated that ramified microglia are neuroprotective inN‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA)‐induced excitotoxicity in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs). The present study aimed to elucidate the underlying neuron‐glia communication mechanism. It is shown here that pretreatment of OHSC with high concentrations of adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP) reduced NMDA‐induced neuronal death only in presence of microglia. Specific agonists and antagonists identified the P2X7 receptor as neuroprotective receptor which was confirmed by absence of ATP‐dependent neuroprotection in P2X7‐deficient OHSC. Microglia replenished chimeric OHSC consisting of wild‐type tissue replenished with P2X7‐deficient microglia confirmed the involvement of microglial P2X7 receptor in neuroprotection. Stimulation of P2X7 in primary microglia induced tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) release and blocking TNFα by a neutralizing antibody in OHSC abolished neuroprotection by ATP. OHSC from TNFα‐deficient mice show increased exicitoxicity and activation of P2X7 did not rescue neuronal survival in the absence of TNFα. The neuroprotective effect of valproic acid (VPA) was strictly dependent on the presence of microglia and was mediated by upregulation of P2X7 in the cells. The present study demonstrates that microglia‐mediated neuroprotection depends on ATP‐activated purine receptor P2X7 and induction of TNFα release. This neuroprotective pathway was strengthened by VPA elucidating a novel mechanism for the neuroprotective function of VPA. GLIA 2016;64:76–89
SSEA‐4 and YKL‐40 positive progenitor subtypes in the subventricular zone of developing human neocortex
Authors: Brøchner Christian B. , Møllgård Kjeld
Published: August 2015

The glycosphingolipid SSEA‐4 and the glycoprotein YKL‐40 have both been associated with human embryonic and neural stem cell differentiation. We investigated the distribution of SSEA‐4 and YKL‐40 positive cells in proliferative zones of human fetal forebrain using immunohistochemistry and double‐labeling immunofluorescence. A few small rounded SSEA‐4 and YKL‐40 labeled cells were present in the radial glial BLBP positive proliferative zones adjacent to the lateral ganglionic eminence from 12th week post conception. With increasing age, a similarly stained cell population appeared more widespread in the subventricular zone. At midgestation, the entire subventricular zone showed patches of SSEA‐4, YKL‐40, and BLBP positive cells. Co‐labeling with markers for radial glial cells (RGCs) and neuronal, glial, and microglial markers tested the lineage identity of this subpopulation of radial glial descendants. Adjacent to the ventricular zone, a minor fraction showed overlap with GFAP but not with nestin, Olig2, NG2, or S100. No co‐localization was found with neuronal markers NeuN, calbindin, DCX or with markers for microglial cells (Iba‐1, CD68). Moreover, the SSEA‐4 and YKL‐40 positive cell population in subventricular zone was largely devoid of Tbr2, a marker for intermediate neuronal progenitor cells descending from RGCs. YKL‐40 has recently been found in astrocytes in the neuron‐free fimbria, and both SSEA‐4 and YKL‐40 are present in malignant astroglial brain tumors. We suggest that the population of cells characterized by immunohistochemical combination of antibodies against SSEA‐4 and YKL‐40 and devoid of neuronal and microglial markers represent a yet unexplored astrogenic lineage illustrating the complexity of astroglial development. GLIA 2016;64:90–104
Purification and Characterization of Nk‐3FTx: A Three Finger Toxin from the Venom of North East Indian Monocled Cobra
Authors: Das Diganta , Sharma Maitreyee , Kumar Das Hemanga , Pratim Sahu Partha , Doley Robin
Published: August 2015

Snake venom three finger toxins (3FTxs) are a non‐enzymatic family of venom proteins abundantly found in elapids. We have purified a 7579.5 ± 0.591 Da 3FTx named as Nk‐3FTx from the venom of Naja kaouthia of North East India origin. The primary structure was determined by a combination of N‐terminal sequencing and electrospray ionization  liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Biochemical and biological characterization reveal that it is nontoxic to human cell lines and exhibit mild anticoagulant activity when tested on citrated human plasma. Nk‐3FTx was found to affect the compound action potential (CAP) and nerve conduction velocity of isolated toad sciatic nerve. This is the first report of a non‐conventional 3FTx from Naja kaouthia venom that reduces CAP for its neurotoxic effect. Further studies can be carried out to understand the mechanism of action and to explore its potential therapeutic application.
Comparison of MRI and high‐resolution transvaginal sonography for the local staging of cervical cancer
Authors: Moloney Fiachra , Ryan David , Twomey Maria , Hewitt Matt , Barry Josephine
Published: August 2015

Purpose

The aim of this prospective study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of transvaginal sonography (TVS) with that of MRI in the local staging of cervical cancer.

Methods

All consecutive patients diagnosed with invasive carcinoma of the cervix over a 3‐year period underwent MRI of the pelvis and TVS according to a standardized protocol.

Results

In total, 46 patients were recruited to the study. We found a strong correlation between MRI and TVS in the assessment of tumor volume in both early‐stage and advanced‐stage disease (p < 0.0001). Both MRI and TVS had a sensitivity of 80%, a specificity of 50%, and a diagnostic accuracy of 63.6% for the detection of stromal invasion in early‐stage disease. For the detection of parametrial invasion, we found sensitivity rates of 40% for MRI and 86% for TVS; specificity rates of 78.8% for MRI and 20% for TVS; and diagnostic accuracy rates of 89% for MRI and 78.7% for TVS. A matched‐sample analysis revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between MRI and TVS in the assessment of stromal or parametrial invasion (p = 0.06).

Conclusions

TVS performed by a dedicated gynecologic radiologist is a feasible and economic imaging modality with a diagnostic accuracy comparable to that of MRI. It may be used as an adjunct to MRI for the local staging of invasive cervical cancer or to allow for rapid and confident triage of patients into operative and nonoperative categories for management in the gynecologic outpatient setting. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 44:78–84, 2016
Visualization of cancer‐related chemical components in mouse pancreas tissue by tapping‐mode scanning probe electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Otsuka Yoichi , Satoh Shuya , Naito Junpei , Kyogaku Masafumi , Hashimoto Hiroyuki
Published: August 2015

Mass spectrometry imaging is an informative approach for the comprehensive analysis of multiple components inside biological specimens. We used novel tapping‐mode scanning probe electrospray ionization mass spectrometry method to visualize cancer‐related chemical components in the mouse pancreas tissue section at a sampling pitch of 100 µm. Positive ion mode measurements from m/z 100 to 1500 resulted in the visualization of multiple components that are tentatively assigned as polyamines, lipids and proteins. Their signal intensities inside the cancerous and the non‐cancerous regions were found to be significantly different by the two‐sample t‐test. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scalable modeling with simple topology for stacked millimeter‐wave transformers
Authors: Lu Diqun , Zhang Wenjuan , Lin Fujiang
Published: August 2015

Scalable modeling with very simple topology for stacked millimeter‐wave transformers is presented. Because of high‐frequency effect and thick metal effect, the architecture is based on single‐π and double‐π network for transformers with turn ratio 1:1 and 1:2, respectively. The model parameters are extracted from two factors—the layout and process data. Simple and accurate expressions for the self‐inductance, mutual coupling inductance, and oxide capacitance are provided for the model. The proposed model is verified by 65 nm technology transformers. A very close agreement is shown for S‐parameter, self‐inductances of each coil, and coupling coefficient up to 110 GHz. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term storage and preservation of tissue engineered articular cartilage
Authors: Nover Adam B. , Stefani Robert M. , Lee Stephanie L. , Ateshian Gerard A. , Stoker Aaron M. , Cook James L. , Hung Clark T.
Published: August 2015

With limited availability of osteochondral allografts, tissue engineered cartilage grafts may provide an alternative treatment for large cartilage defects. An effective storage protocol will be critical for translating this technology to clinical use. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the Missouri Osteochondral Allograft Preservation System (MOPS) for room temperature storage of mature tissue engineered grafts, focusing on tissue property maintenance during the current allograft storage window (28 days). Additional research compares MOPS to continued culture, investigates temperature influence, and examines longer‐term storage. Articular cartilage constructs were cultured to maturity using adult canine chondrocytes, then preserved with MOPS at room temperature, in refrigeration, or kept in culture for an additional 56 days. MOPS storage maintained desired chondrocyte viability for 28 days of room temperature storage, retaining 75% of the maturity point Young's modulus without significant decline in biochemical content. Properties dropped past this time point. Refrigeration maintained properties similar to room temperature at 28 days, but proved better at 56 days. For engineered grafts, MOPS maintained the majority of tissue properties for the 28‐day window without clearly extending that period as it had for native grafts. These results are the first evaluating engineered cartilage storage. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:141–148, 2016.
Study of the bend oriented liquid crystal phase grating
Authors: Zhang Shu yuan , Yu Tao , Zhang Jiahe , Zhang Bo , Zhao Jinggang , Zhang Lina
Published: August 2015

A bend oriented liquid crystal phase grating is presented in this paper. The diffraction efficiency and the response time are studied and compared with the same parameters parallel oriented liquid crystal phase grating. The result shows that the bend oriented liquid crystal phase grating behaves a higher diffraction efficiency than the comparative parallel oriented ones and 20 times shorter in response time.
Covalent Triazine‐Based Frameworks as Visible Light Photocatalysts for the Splitting of Water
Authors: Bi Jinhong , Fang Wei , Li Liuyi , Wang Jinyun , Liang Shijing , He Yunhui , Liu Minghua , Wu Ling
Published: August 2015

Covalent triazine‐based frameworks (CTFs) with a graphene‐like layered morphology have been controllably synthesized by the trifluoromethanesulfonic acid‐catalyzed nitrile trimerization reactions at room temperature via selecting different monomers. Platinum nanoparticles are well dispersed in CTF‐T1, which is ascribed to the synergistic effects of the coordination of triazine moieties and the nanoscale confinement effect of CTFs. CTF‐T1 exhibits excellent photocatalytic activity and stability for H2 evolution in the presence of platinum under visible light irradiation (λ ≥ 420 nm). The activity and stability of CTF‐T1 are comparable to those of g‐C3N4. Importantly, as a result of the tailorable electronic and spatial structures of CTFs that can be achieved through the judicial selection of monomers, CTFs not only show great potential as organic semiconductor for photocatalysis but also may provide a molecular‐level understanding of the inherent heterogeneous photocatalysis.

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Cyclic Polymer with Alternating Monomer Sequence
Authors: Zhu Wen , Li Zi , Zhao Youliang , Zhang Ke
Published: August 2015

Cyclic polymers with alternating monomer sequence are synthesized for the first time based on the ring‐closure strategy. Well‐defined telechelic alternating polymers are synthesized by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization by copolymerizing the electron acceptor monomer of N‐benzylmaleimide and donor monomer of styrene with a feed ratio of 1 between them. The corresponding cyclic alternating polymers are then produced by the UV‐induced Diels–Alder click reaction to ring‐close the linear alternating polymer precursors under highly diluted reaction solution.

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Cognition in individuals at risk for Parkinson's: Parkinson associated risk syndrome (PARS) study findings
Authors: Chahine Lama M. , Weintraub Daniel , Hawkins Keith A. , Siderowf Andrew , Eberly Shirley , Oakes David , Seibyl John , Stern Matthew B. , Marek Kenneth , Jennings Danna ,   the PARS Investigators
Published: August 2015

Objectives

The Parkinson Associated Risk Syndrome Study identified a cohort of healthy adults with hyposmia and dopamine transporter binding reduction to characterize individuals at risk for Parkinson's disease (PD). We describe the cognitive profile of this cohort.

Methods

Individuals older than 50 y without PD were recruited. Two hundred twenty‐five completed cognitive testing and were included in the final analysis. A neuropsychological test battery was administered and normative scores created for global cognition, memory, executive function/working memory, processing speed/attention, visuospatial abilities, and language domains. Other non‐motor symptoms (constipation, depression, anxiety, and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder) were assessed through questionnaires.

Results

Individuals with both hyposmia and reduced dopamine transporter binding (n = 38) had lower mean scores for global cognition, executive function/working memory, and memory compared with all other participants (n = 187). In separate multivariate logistic regression models, lower global cognition (odds ratio, 1.97, P = 0.004), and specifically executive function/working memory (odds ratio, 1.84, P = 0.004) scores were associated with membership in the hyposmia with dopamine transporter reduction group. Combining hyposmia with relative impairment on specific cognitive domains increased the odds of dopamine transporter binding reduction compared with hyposmia alone, with the greatest increase in odds for hyposmia plus executive function/working memory relative impairment (68% increase in odds from 4.14 to 6.96).

Conclusion

Changes in global cognitive abilities, and specifically executive function/working memory, are present in individuals at risk for PD. Combining non‐motor features, including cognition, improves prediction of dopamine transporter binding reduction. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Sex Differences in Variability in Vocational Interests: Evidence from Two Large Samples
Authors: Paessler Katja
Published: August 2015

Greater male variability has been established in cognitive abilities and physical attributes. This study investigated sex differences in variability in vocational interests with two large samples (N > 40 000 and N > 70 000). The results show that although men varied more in Realistic and Enterprising interests, women varied more in Artistic and Conventional interests. These differences in variability had considerable influence on the female–male tail ratios in vocational interests that have been found to contribute to reported gender disparities in certain fields of work and academic disciplines. Moreover, differences in means and variability interacted non–linearly in shaping tail–ratio imbalances. An age–specific analysis additionally revealed that differences in variability diminished with age: Older samples showed smaller differences in variance in Realistic, Artistic, and Social interests than younger samples. Thus, I found no evidence that greater male variability applies for vocational interests in general. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology
Progress in fluorinated organically modified silicas
Authors: Jennings Abby R , Iacono Scott T
Published: August 2015

This perspective will highlight the significant advances in the field of fluorinated organically modified silicas occurring since 2014. After a brief introduction, an overview of the synthetic methods employed for obtaining these organic–inorganic hybrid materials with an emphasis on the lesser utilized and new synthetic methods will be given. Furthermore, novel applications beyond the more traditional non‐wetting coatings and surfaces will also be featured. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry