bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects on Soybean of Prophylactic In-furrow Application of Insecticide and Fertilizer in Minnesota and Ohio
Authors: Koch Robert L. , Rich Walter A. , Potter Bruce D. , Hammond Ronald B.
Published: April 2016

Use of crop inputs, including prophylactic application of insecticides, has increased in soybean production. A liquid fertilizer-ready formulation of the insecticide bifenthrin was recently labeled for in-furrow use with a starter fertilizer on soybean. An experiment was conducted at six sites (three in Minnesota and three in Ohio) in 2013 and two sites (Minnesota) in 2014 to evaluate effects on soybean of prophylactic in-furrow applications of a liquid fertilizer-ready insecticide (bifenthrin) and a 2-6-16 (N-P-K) liquid starter fertilizer alone and in combination. Across three site-years in Minnesota where insect injury was recorded, the insecticide decreased the percentage of plants with seedcorn maggot injury (P = 0.0291). However, across all site-years, insecticide and fertilizer had no effect (P > 0.05) on plant population, plant height, or grain yield. Prophylactic use of these additional inputs under typical soybean-growing conditions in this region may not provide a return on investment.

Accepted for publication 24 March 2016. Published 30 March 2016.
Diseases and Disease Management Strategies Take Top Research Priority in the Watermelon Research and Development Group Members Survey (2014 to 2015)
Authors: Kousik Chandrasekar S. , Brusca James , Turechek William W.
Published: April 2016

Watermelon is an important crop grown for its fruit in the United States and many other countries across the world. A survey of members of the Watermelon Research and Development Group was conducted (2014 to 2015) to identify and rank research priorities. Participants were asked to assign a ranking from 1 to 10 for 25 listed priorities with 1 being most important. Priorities were partitioned into five groups on the basis of the results of several complementary analyses. Based on 30 respondents included in the final analysis, diseases and strategies for their management were identified as the most important research priorities. Fusarium wilt and host resistance to gummy stem blight were considered top priorities and were included in group 1. Group 2 included bacterial fruit blotch, anthracnose resistance, Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, fruit yield, improved post-harvest fruit quality, and powdery mildew. Group 3 included seedless pollination, Phytophthora fruit rot, seedless hybrid production, hollow heart, downy mildew, firm flesh, and sugar content. Grafting methods, various viral diseases, and whitefly resistance were included in the 4th group. All write-in priorities fell into the 5th group. The present survey results indicates that research efforts should be directed towards developing solutions for managing important watermelon diseases.

Accepted for publication 23 March 2016. Published 29 March 2016.
Attending to and neglecting people: bridging neuroscience, psychology and sociology
Authors: Hari Riitta , Sams Mikko , Nummenmaa Lauri
Published: April 2016

Human behaviour is context-dependent—based on predictions and influenced by the environment and other people. We live in a dynamic world where both the social stimuli and their context are constantly changing. Similar dynamic, natural stimuli should, in the future, be increasingly used to study social brain functions, with parallel development of appropriate signal-analysis methods. Understanding dynamic neural processes also requires accurate time-sensitive characterization of the behaviour. To go beyond the traditional stimulus–response approaches, brain activity should be recorded simultaneously from two interacting subjects to reveal why human social interaction is critically different from just reacting to each other. This theme issue on
Attending to and neglecting people
contains original work and review papers on person perception and social interaction. The articles cover research from neuroscience, psychology, robotics, animal interaction research and microsociology. Some of the papers are co-authored by scientists who presented their own, independent views in the recent Attention and Performance XXVI conference but were brave enough to join forces with a colleague having a different background and views. In the future, information needs to converge across disciplines to provide us a more holistic view of human behaviour, its interactive nature, as well as the temporal dynamics of our social world.
Blackboxing: social learning strategies and cultural evolution
Authors: Heyes Cecilia
Published: April 2016

Social learning strategies (SLSs) enable humans, non-human animals, and artificial agents to make adaptive decisions aboutwhenthey should copy other agents, andwhothey should copy. Behavioural ecologists and economists have discovered an impressive range of SLSs, and explored their likely impact on behavioural efficiency and reproductive fitness while using the ‘phenotypic gambit’; ignoring, or remaining deliberately agnostic about, the nature and origins of the cognitive processes that implement SLSs. Here I argue that this ‘blackboxing' of SLSs is no longer a viable scientific strategy. It has contributed, through the ‘social learning strategies tournament', to the premature conclusion that social learning is generally better than asocial learning, and to a deep puzzle about the relationship between SLSs and cultural evolution. The puzzle can be solved by recognizing that whereas most SLSs are ‘planetary'—they depend on domain-general cognitive processes—some SLSs, found only in humans, are ‘cook-like'—they depend on explicit, metacognitive rules, such ascopy digital natives. These metacognitive SLSs contribute to cultural evolution by fostering the development of processes that enhance the exclusivity, specificity, and accuracy of social learning.
Planning my actions to accommodate yours: joint action development during early childhood
Authors: Meyer Marlene , van der Wel Robrecht P. R. D. , Hunnius Sabine
Published: April 2016

The planning and adjusting of one's actions in relation to an action partner is fundamental to smooth joint action. During their first years of life, children gradually become more engaged in joint actions. Here, we investigated whether and at what age children take their partner into account in their action plans to accommodate the other's actions. We focused on children's proactive planning (without prior experience) and flexible adjustment of action plans over time. In a behavioural study, we tested 96 children from four age groups (2½, 3, 3½ and 5 years) in a joint cup-stacking task. Children passed cups to their partner who had only one hand available (alternating over time) to build a tower. Children's response choices were assessed (i.e. passing the cup on the free or occupied side to their partner). The study yielded two major findings. At all ages, children proactively planned their actions in a way that accommodated their partner's actions. However, only by 3½ years did children start to flexibly integrate their partner into their action plans. Even at age 5, children only showed minimal adjustments to their action partner. Candidate processes underlying these developmental changes (e.g. inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, perspective taking) are discussed.
The role of the basolateral amygdala in the perception of faces in natural contexts
Authors: Hortensius Ruud , Terburg David , Morgan Barak , Stein Dan J. , van Honk Jack , de Gelder Beatrice
Published: April 2016

The amygdala is a complex structure that plays its role in perception and threat-related behaviour by activity of its specific nuclei and their separate networks. In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we investigated the role of the basolateral amygdala in face and context processing. Five individuals with focal basolateral amygdala damage and 12 matched controls viewed fearful or neutral faces in a threatening or neutral context. We tested the hypothesis that basolateral amygdala damage modifies the relation between face and threatening context, triggering threat-related activation in the dorsal stream. The findings supported this hypothesis. First, activation was increased in the right precentral gyrus for threatening versus neutral scenes in the basolateral amygdala damage group compared with the control group. Second, activity in the bilateral middle frontal gyrus, and left anterior inferior parietal lobule was enhanced for neutral faces presented in a threatening versus neutral scene in the group with basolateral amygdala damage compared with controls. These findings provide the first evidence for the neural consequences of basolateral amygdala damage during the processing of complex emotional situations.
The co-creation of meaningful action: bridging enaction and interactional sociology
Authors: De Jaegher Hanne , Peräkylä Anssi , Stevanovic Melisa
Published: April 2016

What makes possible the co-creation of meaningful action? In this paper, we go in search of an answer to this question by combining insights from interactional sociology and enaction. Both research schools investigate social interactions as such, and conceptualize their organization in terms of autonomy. We ask what it could mean for an interaction to be autonomous, and discuss the structures and processes that contribute to and are maintained in the so-called interaction order. We also discuss the role played by individual vulnerability as well as the vulnerability of social interaction processes in the co-creation of meaningful action. Finally, we outline some implications of this interdisciplinary fraternization for the empirical study of social understanding, in particular in social neuroscience and psychology, pointing out the need for studies based on dynamic systems approaches on origins and references of coordination, and experimental designs to help understand human co-presence.
Perception of health from facial cues
Authors: Henderson Audrey J. , Holzleitner Iris J. , Talamas Sean N. , Perrett David I.
Published: April 2016

Impressions of health are integral to social interactions, yet poorly understood. A review of the literature reveals multiple facial characteristics that potentially act as cues to health judgements. The cues vary in their stability across time: structural shape cues including symmetry and sexual dimorphism alter slowly across the lifespan and have been found to have weak links to actual health, but show inconsistent effects on perceived health. Facial adiposity changes over a medium time course and is associated with both perceived and actual health. Skin colour alters over a short time and has strong effects on perceived health, yet links to health outcomes have barely been evaluated. Reviewing suggested an additional influence of demeanour as a perceptual cue to health. We, therefore, investigated the association of health judgements with multiple facial cues measured objectively from two-dimensional and three-dimensional facial images. We found evidence for independent contributions of face shape and skin colour cues to perceived health. Our empirical findings: (i) reinforce the role of skin yellowness; (ii) demonstrate the utility of global face shape measures of adiposity; and (iii) emphasize the role of affect in facial images with nominally neutral expression in impressions of health.
The mutational landscape ofEGFR-,MYC-, andKras-driven genetically-engineered mouse models of lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: McFadden David G. , Politi Katerina , Bhutkar Arjun , Chen Frances K. , Song Xiaoling , Pirun Mono , Santiago Philip M. , Kim Caroline , Platt James T. , Lee Emily , Hodges Emily , Rosebrock Adam P. , Bronson Roderick , Socci Nicholas D. , Hannon Gregory , Jacks Tyler , Varmus Harold
Published: April 2016

Genetically-engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of cancer are increasingly being utilized to assess putative driver mutations identified by large scale sequencing of human cancer genomes. In order to accurately interpret experiments that introduce additional mutations, an understanding of the somatic genetic profile and evolution of GEMM tumors is necessary. Here, we performed whole exome sequencing of tumors from three GEMMs of lung adenocarcinoma driven by mutant EGFR, mutant Kras or by overexpression of MYC. Tumors from EGFR- and Kras- driven models exhibited respectively 0.02 and 0.07 non-synonymous mutations/megabase, a dramatically lower average mutational frequency than observed in human lung adenocarcinomas. Tumors from models driven by strong cancer drivers (mutant EGFR and Kras) harbored few mutations in known cancer genes, whereas tumors driven byMYC, a weaker initiating oncogene in the murine lung, acquired recurrent clonal oncogenicKrasmutations. In addition, although EGFR- and Kras- driven models both exhibited recurrent whole chromosome DNA copy number alterations, the specific chromosomes altered by gain or loss were different in each model. These data demonstrate that GEMM tumors exhibit relatively simple somatic genotypes compared to human cancers of a similar type, making these autochthonous model systems useful for additive engineering approaches to assess the potential of novel mutations on tumorigenesis, cancer progression, and drug sensitivity.
Do aye-ayes echolocate? Studying convergent genomic evolution in a primate auditory specialist
Authors: Bankoff Richard J. , Jerjos Michael , Hohman Baily , Lauterbur M Elise , Kistler Logan , Perry George H.
Published: April 2016

Several taxonomically distinct mammalian groups – certain microbats and cetaceans (e.g. dolphins) – share both morphological adaptations related to echolocation behavior and strong signatures of convergent evolution at the amino acid level across seven genes related to auditory processing. Aye-ayes (Daubentonia madagascariensis) are nocturnal lemurs with a derived auditory processing system. Aye-ayes tap rapidly along the surfaces of dead trees, listening to reverberations to identify the mines of wood-boring insect larvae; this behavior has been hypothesized to functionally mimic echolocation. Here we investigated whether there are signals of genomic convergence between aye-ayes and known mammalian echolocators. We developed a computational pipeline (BEAT: Basic Exon Assembly Tool) that produces consensus sequences for regions of interest from shotgun genomic sequencing data for non-model organisms without requiringde novogenome assembly. We reconstructed complete coding region sequences for the seven convergent echolocating bat-dolphin genes for aye-ayes and another lemur. Sequences were compared in a phylogenetic framework to those of bat and dolphin echolocators and appropriate non-echolocating outgroups. Our analysis reaffirms the existence of amino acid convergence at these loci among echolocating bats and dolphins; we also detected unexpected signals of convergence between echolocating bats and both mice and elephants. However, we observed no significant signal of amino acid convergence between aye-ayes and echolocating bats and dolphins; our results thus suggest that aye-aye tap-foraging auditory adaptations represent distinct evolutionary innovations. These results are also consistent with a developing consensus that convergent behavioral ecology is not necessarily a reliable guide to convergent molecular evolution.
Accuracy in Rietveld quantitative phase analysis: a comparative study of strictly monochromatic Mo and Cu radiations
Authors: León-Reina L. , García-Maté M. , Álvarez-Pinazo G. , Santacruz I. , Vallcorba O. , De la Torre A. G. , Aranda M. A. G.
Published: April 2016

This study reports 78 Rietveld quantitative phase analyses using Cu Kα1, Mo Kα1and synchrotron radiations. Synchrotron powder diffraction has been used to validate the most challenging analyses. From the results for three series with increasing contents of an analyte (an inorganic crystalline phase, an organic crystalline phase and a glass), it is inferred that Rietveld analyses from high-energy Mo Kα1radiation have slightly better accuracies than those obtained from Cu Kα1radiation. This behaviour has been established from the results of the calibration graphics obtained through the spiking method and also from Kullback–Leibler distance statistic studies. This outcome is explained, in spite of the lower diffraction power for Mo radiation when compared to Cu radiation, as arising because of the larger volume tested with Mo and also because higher energy allows one to record patterns with fewer systematic errors. The limit of detection (LoD) and limit of quantification (LoQ) have also been established for the studied series. For similar recording times, the LoDs in Cu patterns, ∼0.2 wt%, are slightly lower than those derived from Mo patterns, ∼0.3 wt%. The LoQ for a well crystallized inorganic phase using laboratory powder diffraction was established to be close to 0.10 wt% in stable fits with good precision. However, the accuracy of these analyses was poor with relative errors near to 100%. Only contents higher than 1.0 wt% yielded analyses with relative errors lower than 20%.
Structure of nanocrystalline calcium silicate hydrates: insights from X-ray diffraction, synchrotron X-ray absorption and nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Grangeon Sylvain , Claret Francis , Roosz Cédric , Sato Tsutomu , Gaboreau Stéphane , Linard Yannick
Published: April 2016

The structure of nanocrystalline calcium silicate hydrates (C–S–H) having Ca/Si ratios ranging between 0.57 ± 0.05 and 1.47 ± 0.04 was studied using an electron probe micro-analyser, powder X-ray diffraction,29Si magic angle spinning NMR, and Fourier-transform infrared and synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopies. All samples can be described as nanocrystalline and defective tobermorite. At low Ca/Si ratio, the Si chains are defect free and the SiQ3andQ2environments account, respectively, for up to 40.2 ± 1.5% and 55.6 ± 3.0% of the total Si, with part of theQ3Si being attributable to remnants of the synthesis reactant. As the Ca/Si ratio increases up to 0.87 ± 0.02, the SiQ3environment decreases down to 0 and is preferentially replaced by theQ2environment, which reaches 87.9 ± 2.0%. At higher ratios,Q2decreases down to 32.0 ± 7.6% for Ca/Si = 1.38 ± 0.03 and is replaced by theQ1environment, which peaks at 68.1 ± 3.8%. The combination of X-ray diffraction and NMR allowed capturing the depolymerization of Si chains as well as a two-step variation in the layer-to-layer distance. This latter first increases from ∼11.3 Å (for samples having a Ca/Si ratio <∼0.6) up to 12.25 Å at Ca/Si = 0.87 ± 0.02, probably as a result of a weaker layer-to-layer connectivity, and then decreases down to 11 Å when the Ca/Si ratio reaches 1.38 ± 0.03. The decrease in layer-to-layer distance results from the incorporation of interlayer Ca that may form a Ca(OH)2-like structure, nanocrystalline and intermixed with C–S–H layers, at high Ca/Si ratios.
In situdiagnostics of the crystal-growth process through neutron imaging: application to scintillators
Authors: Tremsin Anton S. , Makowska Małgorzata G. , Perrodin Didier , Shalapska Tetiana , Khodyuk Ivan V. , Trtik Pavel , Boillat Pierre , Vogel Sven C. , Losko Adrian S. , Strobl Markus , Kuhn L. Theil , Bizarri Gregory A. , Bourret-Courchesne Edith D.
Published: April 2016

Neutrons are known to be unique probes in situations where other types of radiation fail to penetrate samples and their surrounding structures. In this paper it is demonstrated how thermal and cold neutron radiography can provide time-resolved imaging of materials while they are being processed (e.g.while growing single crystals). The processing equipment, in this case furnaces, and the scintillator materials are opaque to conventional X-ray interrogation techniques. The distribution of the europium activator within a BaBrCl:Eu scintillator (0.1 and 0.5% nominal doping concentrations per mole) is studiedin situduring the melting and solidification processes with a temporal resolution of 5–7 s. The strong tendency of the Eu dopant to segregate during the solidification process is observed in repeated cycles, with Eu forming clusters on multiple length scales (only for clusters larger than ∼50 µm, as limited by the resolution of the present experiments). It is also demonstrated that the dopant concentration can be quantified even for very low concentration levels (∼0.1%) in 10 mm thick samples. The interface between the solid and liquid phases can also be imaged, provided there is a sufficient change in concentration of one of the elements with a sufficient neutron attenuation cross section. Tomographic imaging of the BaBrCl:0.1%Eu sample reveals a strong correlation between crystal fractures and Eu-deficient clusters. The results of these experiments demonstrate the unique capabilities of neutron imaging forin situdiagnostics and the optimization of crystal-growth procedures.
Crystal structure of 4′-bromo-2,5-dihydroxy-2′,5′-dimethoxy-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,4-dicarbonitrile
Authors: Meany Joseph E. , Kelley Steven P. , Rogers Robin D. , Woski Stephen A.
Published: April 2016

In the crystal of the title substituted hemibiquinone derivative, C16H11BrN2O4or [BrHBQH2(CN)2], the substituted benzene rings are rotated about the central C—C bond, forming a dihedral angle of 53.59 (7)°. The ring systems interact through an intramolecular O—H...Omethoxyhydrogen bond, which induces a geometry quite different from those in previously reported hemibiquinone structures. In the crystal, the molecules associate through an intermolecular O—H...Nnitrilehydrogen bond, forming chains which extend along [100] and are interlinked through very weak C—H...N hydrogen bonds, giving a overall two-dimensional structure lying parallel to (010).
Crystal structure of 26-(4-methylphenyl)-8,11,14,17-tetraoxa-28-azatetracyclo[22.3.1.02,7.018,23]hexacosa-2,4,6,18(23),19,21,24(1),25,27-nonaene
Authors: Tran T. Thanh Van , Anh Le Tuan , Nguyen Hung Huy , Truong Hong Hieu , Soldatenkov Anatoly T.
Published: April 2016

The title compound, C30H29NO4, is a tetracyclic system containing a 4-arylpyridine fragment, two benzene rings and an aza-17-crown-5 ether moiety, in a bowl-like arrangement. The pyridine ring is inclined to the 4-methylphenyl ring by 26.64 (6)°, and by 57.43 (6) and 56.81 (6)° to the benzene rings. The benzene rings are inclined to one another by 88.32 (6)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked by pairs of C—H...N hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers with anR22(14) ring motif. The dimers are linkedviaa number of C—H...π interactions, forming a three-dimensional architecture.
Crystal structure of tris(trans-1,2-cyclohexanediamine-κ2N,N′)chromium(III) tetrachloridozincate chloride trihydrate from synchrotron data
Authors: Moon Dohyun , Choi Jong-Ha
Published: April 2016

The structure of the title double salt, [Cr(rac-chxn)3][ZnCl4]Cl·3H2O (chxn istrans-1,2-cyclohexanediamine; C6H14N2), has been determined from synchrotron data. The CrIIIion is coordinated by six N atoms of three chelating chxn ligands, displaying a slightly distorted octahedral coordination environment. The distorted tetrahedral [ZnCl4]2−anion, the isolated Cl−anion and three lattice water molecules remain outside the coordination sphere. The Cr—N(chxn) bond lengths are in a narrow range between 2.0737 (12) and 2.0928 (12) Å; the mean N—Cr—N bite angle is 82.1 (4)°. The crystal packing is stabilized by hydrogen-bonding interactions between the amino groups of the chxn ligands and the water molecules as donor groups, and O atoms of the water molecules, chloride anions and Cl atoms of the [ZnCl4]2−anions as acceptor groups, leading to the formation of a three-dimensional network. The [ZnCl4]2−anion is disordered over two sets of sites with an occupancy ratio of 0.94:0.06.
5-Benzoyl-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-4-(naphthalen-2-yl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile
Authors: Vimala G. , Raja J. Kamal , Perumal P. T. , SubbiahPandi A.
Published: April 2016

In the title compound, C30H19N3O, the indole and the naphthalene ring systems are inclined to the central pyrrole ring (r.m.s. deviation = 0.012 Å) by 29.09 (9) and 49.92 (9)°, respectively. The naphthalene ring system and the indole ring are inclined to one another by 73.57 (6) and by 42.58 (10) and 74.12 (10)°, respectively, to the benzoyl ring. In the crystal, molecules are linked by pairs of Np—H...O (p = pyrrole) hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers withR22(10) loops. These dimers are linkedviapairs of Ni—H...Nc(i = indole and c = carbonitrile) hydrogen bonds, enclosingR22(16) loops, which leads to the formation of chains propagating in [101]. The chains are linked by C—H...π interactions, forming slabs lying parallel to (10-1).
Diaqua(nitrato-κ2O,O′)bis(L-valine-κO)lead(II) nitrate at 296 K
Authors: Bernès Sylvain , Gasque Laura
Published: April 2016

The structure of the title complex, [Pb(NO3)(C5H11NO2)2(H2O)2]NO3, had been determined previously at 173 and 193 K, and is now reported at 296 K, in the same space group. The main difference with the low-temperature structures is that a methyl group of one valine ligand is clearly disordered over two positions, for which the occupancies converged to 0.56 (3) and 0.44 (3). Bond-length variations within the coordination sphere of PbIIas a function ofTare difficult to assess because uncertainties on these parameters are high. On the other hand, Pb...O distances above 2.9 Å cannot be assigned unambiguously to formal Pb—O bonds. As a consequence, the polymeric nature of the complex previously described at 173 K is uncertain, as well as the actual coordination number of PbII, and it is thus not possible to determine if the metal environment is holo- or hemidirected.
5-Ferrocenylmethyl-2,2-dimethyl-5-(prop-2-ynyl)-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione
Authors: Naier Benjamin , Laus Gerhard , Wurst Klaus , Schottenberger Herwig
Published: April 2016

The title compound, [Fe(C5H5)(C15H15O4)], was obtained by hydrogenation and subsequent alkylation of 5-ferrocenylmethylene-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione. Apart from C—H...O=C hydrogen bonds, C[triple-bond]C—H...π interactions forming crosswise chains of the molecules are observed in the crystal structure.
(3aR,6R)-3,3,6-Trimethyl-3,3a,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-2H-indazole-2-carbothioamide
Authors: N'Ait Ousidi Abdellah , Ait Itto My Youssef , Auhmani Aziz , Riahi Abdelkhalek , Chevreux Sylviane , Berraho Moha
Published: April 2016

The title compound, C11H19N3S, was prepared by the reaction of (R)-pulegone with thiosemicarbazide in acidic medium, using ethanol as solvent. The molecule is built up from fused six and five-membered rings. The six-membered ring adopts a chair conformation, while the five-membered ring displays an envelope conformation with the dimethyl-substituted C atom as the flap. The dihedral angle between the mean planes of the two rings is 20.35 (6)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked by N—H...N and N—H...S hydrogen bonds into chains running parallel to [100].
1-(2,6-Dihydroxyphenyl)tetradecan-1-one: isolated from the fruit rinds ofMyristica malabarica
Authors: Bauri A. K. , Foro Sabine , Do Nhu Quynh Nguyen
Published: April 2016

The title compound, C20H32O3, was isolated from the Indian spiceM. malabarica. It is built up by a C—C linkage between a 2,6-dihydroxyphenyl moiety and the terminal carbonyl C atom of tetradecanal, which has an extended chain conformation. There is an intramolecular O—H...O hydrogen bond enclosing anS(6) ring motif. In the crystal, molecules are linked by O—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming zigzag chains propagating along [001]. The chains pack in a herringbone arrangement up theaaxis.
Development of an experimental system to apply high rates of loading
Authors: Barata Pedro , Santiago Aldina , Rodrigues João P. C. , Rigueiro Constança
Published: April 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop an experimental system to apply high rates of loading, in order to characterize the behaviour of bolted steel connections subjected to accidental loads, such as impact. The work presented in this paper is part of an ongoing research project at the University of Coimbra IMPACTFIRE PTDC/ECM/110807/2009.

Design/methodology/approach

The experimental set-up was designed to test under tension T-stubs andis capable to apply high strain rates. The test rig comprises a series of beams and steel elements placed horizontally, providing resistance and stiffness for the proposed tests. The loading system is operated by high pressure nitrogen and it comprises three main components: pneumatic reservoir, pneumatic cylinder and a rapidly opening valve, which and allows the instantaneous nitrogen flow from the reservoir to the cylinder. This paper presents a detailed description of the experimental components developed, designed and fabricated at University of Coimbra. Furthermore, the data acquisition system, the methodology for analysis of the results and the results of preliminary tests are also reported.

Findings

The results of the tests showed that the developed system is capable to apply an impact force in the specimens, the shape of the force and acceleration, in terms of duration and magnitude provided by the system showed that the system is capable to apply and simulate an impact force in specimens under tension. Moreover, the results reached under high rates of loading are compared with those reached under quasi-static loading; an increase of the plastic and ultimate resistances and a decrease of the deformation capacity are noticed.

Originality/value

The value of this paper is to describe the development of a new experimental system to perform tests at high strain rates. The results of the experimental tests of T-stub under tension are presented herein.
Strength decay of RC sections for chloride attack
Authors: Imperatore Stefania , Leonardi Angelo , Rinaldi Zila
Published: April 2016

Purpose

Corrosion of reinforcement, and mainly the one induced by chloride attack, is one of the leading causes of deterioration in reinforced concrete structures. Then, it is very important to develop a simplified analytical tool, able to simulate the corrosion processes and the consequences for the structural safety.

Design/methodology/approach

Aim of this paper is the definition of a simplified integrated procedure, able to predict the decay with the time of the bending moment and axial force resistance of a reinforced concrete section, exposed to a chloride attack. Starting from various literature findings, the rebar mass loss in time is evaluated and related to the chloride distribution and content in time. Then the mechanical properties of the corroded rebars are evaluated by means of strength decay laws developed by the authors. Finally, moment curvature relationships and bending moment – axial force (M-N) interaction envelopes are defined.

Findings

The strength variation with the time can be easily evaluated and then the life cycle and the timing of repair or rehabilitation strategies can be estimated.

Originality/value

The proposed methodology can be considered a very simple, but useful tool for a first analysis of the strength reduction in time, due to chloride pitting corrosion, before performing more complex and time-spending analyses.
Nonlinear dynamic analysis and seismic fragility assessment of a corrosion damaged integral bridge
Authors: Ni Choine Mairéad , Kashani Mehdi , Lowes Laura N , O'Connor Alan , Crewe Adam J , Alexander Nicholas A , Padgett Jamie E
Published: April 2016

Purpose

In this paper the impact of corrosion of reinforcing steel in RC columns on the seismic performance of a multi-span concrete integral bridge is explored. A new constitutive model for corroded reinforcing steel is used. This model simulates the buckling of longitudinal reinforcement under cyclic loading and the impact of corrosion on buckling strength. Cover concrete strength is adjusted to account for corrosion induced damage and core concrete strength and ductility is adjusted to account for corrosion induced damage to transverse reinforcement. This study evaluates the impact which chloride induced corrosion of the reinforced concrete columns on the seismic fragility of the bridge. Fragility curves are developed at a various time intervals over the lifetime. The results of this study show that the bridge fragility increases significantly with corrosion.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper firstly evaluates the impact which chloride induced corrosion of the columns has on bridge fragility. Finally, fragility curves are developed at various time intervals over the lifetime of the bridge. The results of this study show that the bridge fragility increases significantly with corrosion.

Findings

1) It was found that columns dominate the system fragility at all levels of deterioration. Therefore, it highlights the importance of good column design in terms of both seismic detailing and durability for this integral bridge type.

2) In terms of foundation settlement coupled with corrosion, it was found that settlements on the order of the discrete levels adopted for this study increased the system fragility at the slight, moderate and extensive damage states but their impact at the complete damage states is negligible.

3) Ageing considerations are currently neglected in widespread regional risk assessment and loss estimation packages for transport infrastructure. The result of this study provides a methodology that enables bridge managers and owners to employ in seismic risk assessment of existing aging bridges.

Originality/value

The modelling technician developed in this paper considers the impact of detailed corrosion damaged of RC column on nonlinear dynamic response and fragility of a corroded integral bridge under earthquake loading. The current modelling technique is the most comprehensive 3D fibre element model for seismic analysis and risk assessment of corroded bridges.
Corrosion of bare and embedded in concrete steel bar - impact on mechanical behavior
Authors: Apostolopoulos Alkiviadis , Matikas Theodore E
Published: April 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this papaer is to study the effects of corrosion on bare and embedded in concrete steel bars and additionaly to study the impact on their mechanical behavior.

Design/methodology/approach

The mechanical properties on bare and embedded specimens of dual phase steel bar B500c were measured after tensile tests, before and after corrosion.

Findings

The results show superficial severe localized pitting corrosion of embedded specimens in contrast to bare specimens. Also recorded a significant influence of corrosion on the mechanical behavior of the embedded steel specimens in contrast to the corresponding bare specimens. The mechanical behavior of dual phase steel bar B500c, due to chloride induced corrosion, seems to be significantly influenced by the existence of local interactions and the intense of external pit depths of different inclusions (MnS and the FeS etc) close to the outer surface.

Originality/value

The originality in this paper is the research on bare and embedded specimens and the comparison between them and additionaly are presented SEM and EDX analysis with interesting findings.
Transformational leadership and change related voice behavior
Authors: Svendsen Mari , Joensson Thomas S.
Published: April 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between transformational leadership and voice during the change-planning process. The authors propose a moderated mediation model to investigate the relationship between voice, other change-related variables, and the boundary conditions of transformational leadership.

Design/methodology/approach

– The authors collected survey data from 124 employees and their leaders in a medical technology company in Norway. The organization was planning a major restructuring of its working procedures. The authors analyzed the data using PROCESS and a fixed effect approach.

Findings

– The results suggest that transformational leadership has no effect on change-related voice (CRV) by itself. However, there is an indirect effect through affective commitment to change. This effect is conditional on the employees’ level of perceived change impact.

Research limitations/implications

– The paper is limited by the cross-sectional design of the study. Other potential limitations are discussed.

Originality/value

– The paper is the first to explore the relationship between transformational leadership and CRV, and is thus interesting for practitioners who wish to increase the level of CRV from their employees. Furthermore, researchers interested in organizational change and proactivity constructs such as voice will also find the paper valuable.
Detecting Defects in Weft-knitted Fabrics Using Texture-Recognition Methods
Authors: Najar S. Shaikhzadeh , Saeidi R. Ghazi , Latifi M. , Saeidi A.Ghazi , Rezaei A.H.
Published: April 2016

This paper describes fabric inspection system aided by computer vision to detect and classify defects in circular knitted fabrics using different common texture-recognition methods, including co-occurrence matrices, the discrete Fourier transform, wavelets, Gabor, and
clustering. The images of the fabrics were broadly classified into six classes: cracks, holes, vertical stripes, horizontal stripes, soil freckles, and defect-free. One hundred and twenty images (256 gray level and 100 dpi) containing 20 images of defect-free fabrics (rib 1x1) as well as 100 images corresponding to five different categories were used. In general, one-half of the images in each category were employed for training and the remaining images were used for testing.

The application of the clustering method applied in this work was found to be highly promising at identifying defects in knitted fabrics. With an overall success rate of 91.6%, the clustering method has a higher efficiency value than all of the other methods. In the case of the wavelet and Gabor methods, the results are acceptable. However, the overall success rates of the co-occurrence matrix and Fourier transform methods in recognizing defects in knitted fabrics are not acceptable.
Simulation and Visualisation of Virtual Textiles for Virtual Try-On
Authors: Wacker Markus , Keckeisen Michael , Kimmerle Stefan , Straßer Wolfgang , Luckas Volker , Groß Clemens , Fuhrmann Arnulph , Sattler Mirko , Sarlette Ralf , Klein Reinhard
Published: April 2016

The correct simulation and visualisation of textiles comprises many research fields such as mathematics, physics, materials science, and computer graphics. It consists of modelling the physical behaviour of textiles based on real data of garment patterns which have to be placed around an avatar. Therefore efficient numerical algorithms have to be developed to solve the appearing differential equations. Finally the obtained results are displayed photorealistically). The aim of the national research project "Virtual Try-On" consists in providing a prototype of a virtual try-on scenario in a real shop or the internet realizing cost-efficient made-tomeasure wear. In this article we present the whole process chain from the choice of clothes up to the final visualisation and the individual evaluation of fit.
Adaptive Triangular Meshes for Cloth Simulation
Authors: Volkov Vasily , Li Ling
Published: April 2016

Significant progress has been achieved over the last decade in the realistic animation of garments. However it is still a very costly process in terms of computational resources. Since wrinkles and vast smooth areas co-exist commonly, it is tempting to reduce computational cost by avoiding redundant tessellation at the smooth areas. In this paper we present a method for dynamic adaptation of triangular meshes suitable for the most elaborated cloth simulation approaches, such as finite-element based or alike. We use bottom-up approach to mesh refinement, which does not require precomputation and storage of multiresolution hierarchy. The hierarchy is constructed in runtime using √3-refinement rule. The hierarchy is essential to allow reverting of the refinement locally. Local mesh refinement and simplification are triggered by curvature-induced criterion, where the curvature is estimated using methods of discrete differential geometry. In the existing literature of adaptive meshes only the formulas for estimating the discrete mean curvature at the inner mesh vertices can be found. We extend it to the triangulated 2-manifolds with boundary, such as cloth meshes. The results demonstrated are the realistic animation of garment worn by a walking mannequin generated with Baraff-Witkin type cloth solver enhanced with our mesh adaptation scheme.
The Use of Fabric Surface and Mechanical Properties to Predict Fabric Hand Stiffness
Authors: Tuigong David R. , Xin Ding
Published: April 2016

A study on predicting the stiffness of woven fabric using an artificial neural network was conducted. A neural network system trained with a back-propagation algorithm performed functional mapping between the fabric surface and mechanical properties and the evaluated hand stiffness values. The correlation coefficient was applied to confirm the effectiveness of the model that had been developed. It was established that a hand characteristic value of stiffness can be predicted from the mechanical and surface properties of fabric.
Inducing Durable Press in Ionically Crosslinked Cotton Fabric
Authors: Refai Rkia , Hashem Mohamed , Hebeish Ali
Published: April 2016

Significant enhancement in the performance of durable press cotton fabric could be achieved through the utilization of non- formaldehyde crosslinking agents along with ionic crosslinking. Ionic crosslinking was first effected by subjecting cotton fabric succesively to partial carboxymethylation using monochloroacetic acid and sodium hydroxide, then by cationization using 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride known commercially as Quat-188. While the partial carboxymethylation reaction introduces the negatively charged group in the cellulose chains of cotton, the cationization reaction introduces the positively charged groups, thereby causing ionic crosslinking. The ionically crosslinked cotton was then crosslinked using either glyoxal, epichlorohydrin, or gluteral-dehyde. Most of the results obtained indicated that a balance between wet and dry wrinkle recovery angles that acquired a value as high as 300° could be obtained without loss in tensile strength and elongation at break. The results also revealed that the degree of ionic crosslinking relies on the nitrogen and carboxyl contents of the finished fabric as well as on the nature of the non-formaldehyde finishing agent used. Indeed the results of this work present a new approach to the durable press finishing of cotton, and mill trials should be conducted.
Effect of Actual Overfeed Ratio on Natural Curvature of Overfed Seams
Authors: XI XIANGRONG , AJIKI ISAO
Published: April 2016

In this paper, XIANGRONG XI and ISAO AJIKI define an actual overfeed ratio depending on the recovered length of an overfed seam. In particular, the effect of the actual overfeed ratio on the bending properties of the overfed seam was measured and the effect of fabric recovery on the fabric overfeed ratio was investigated. The results show that, for all samples, the natural curvature of an overfed seam increases proportionally as the actual overfeed ratio increase, which is different from the situation with the overfeed ratio. The two definitions of actual overfeed ratio and overfeed ratio can be connected by factor η, which is affected by stitch length, and by the recovery and compressive properties of fabric. The results also show that the factor provided the same varying tendency as the fabric recovery ratio, and that the differences between the factor and the recovery ratio depended on the kind of fabric involved.
Managing Knowledge in Fashion Businesses: A Contextual Review
Authors: Li Eric P.H. , To Chester, K.M. , Wong Y.H. , Chang Jimmy, M.T.
Published: April 2016

This research concerns how to implement knowledge management for coordination and collaboration and what the important issues are in managing knowledge in today's globalizing fashion business contexts. Through a literature survey, we develop an implementation framework that provides a new, knowledge-centred management paradigm for organizations. We begin with a discussion of the issues of knowledge and knowledge management as aspects of the organizational process, and examine how knowledge management aids networked organizations in managing, sharing, and transferring their "knowledge". On such a premise we examine a case of how knowledge management can be operationalized and assessed in terms of the three-dimensional aspects of managing the latest communication and coordination technologies: predictability, interconnectedness, and efficiency. Although our research is based on empirical observations of international textile and apparel companies, the contextual elements governing the use of the technologies apply to all businesses that rely on proper communication and coordination to plan and monitor globally dispersed functional teams and enterprises.
Improving The Compromise Between Clothing Style And Dynamic Comfort From Sleeve Construction
Authors: Liu Chi , Kennon Richard
Published: April 2016

The static and dynamic states of the human body directly determine the shape and construction of clothes. Ideally, clothing should provide comfort and protection for the wearer. However, if comfort and mobility are to be maximised, the garment designer has to sacrifice style. The design of clothes worn on the upper body, is predominantly constrained by the structure of the sleeve and armhole which have to accommodate the high degree of articulation of the arms. In response to movement of the upper limbs, the shape of the torso is inevitably affected. Similarly, movement of the sleeves causes deformation in other parts of an upper body garment. This work shows that fewer compromises of dynamic comfort and movement functionality have to be made in order to promote aesthetic style if the clothing panels are cut to follow the natural geometry of the human body and if appropriate pleating is incorporated into the garment. A number of exploratory approaches are considered, intended to guide the evolution of clothing engineering design so that the comfort and mobility of the wearer might be maximised, whilst retaining acceptable aesthetic design.
Characteristics of Rotor Spun Cotton/Spandex Composite Yarns
Authors: Zhang Haixia , Xue Yuan , Wang Shanyuan
Published: April 2016

Spandex fibers have superior stretch and elastic recovery ability, which is why clothes containing spandex fibers fit well and are comfortable. The most common methods of producing elastic yarns are core-spun on a modified ring frame and hollow spindle technique. Rotor spinning has many advantages over ring spinning and has been adopted worldwide. In this paper, a method of producing the cotton/spandex composite yarns on a modified open-end rotor spinning is introduced. By changing the draft ratio and linear density of spandex filaments, different kinds of cotton/spandex composite yarns are produced on a modified rotor spinning frame, and their appearance and properties are tested and analyzed at
the same time. The results show that the spandex draft ratio has great influence on the appearance and properties of rotor spun cotton/spandex composite yarns. The linear density of spandex filaments also has influence on the properties of composite yarns.
Trade Liberalization in the Post-MFA Regime: The Influences of CEPA and Quota Phasing-out on Hong Kong's Textiles and Clothing Manufacturing Industry
Authors: Chester K.M. , To, Z.M. Zhang , Chun-sun Leung , Jimmy M.T. Chang , K.L. Moon
Published: April 2016

This paper examines the impact of both the China-Hong Kong free-trade agreement and quota phasing-out on Hong Kong's textiles and clothing manufacturing industry in the post- MFA regime. In particular, it answers the question whether CEPA benefits companies in the short term and strengthens their strategic decisions in the long run as shown by evidence from various data sources and other related studies in the literature. Findings show that the industry will continue to consolidate even in light of the zero import tariffs in China provided by the agreement. We conclude that, from strategic perspectives, the agreement can act as a test-bed to enhance China's regulatory reform and govern the trade restructuring. Some other implications for the industry will be mentioned.