bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Dual‐Responsive Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle for Tumor‐Triggered Targeting Drug Delivery
Authors: Xiao Dong , Jia Hui‐Zhen , Zhang Jing , Liu Chen‐Wei , Zhuo Ren‐Xi , Zhang Xian‐Zheng
Published: October 2013

A novel pH‐ and redox‐ dual‐responsive tumor‐triggered targeting mesoporous silica nanoparticle (TTTMSN) is designed as a drug carrier. The peptide RGDFFFFC is anchored on the surface of mesoporous silica nanoparticles via disulfide bonds, which are redox‐responsive, as a gatekeeper as well as a tumor‐targeting ligand. PEGylated technology is employed to protect the anchored peptide ligands. The peptide and monomethoxypolyethylene glycol (MPEG) with benzoic‐imine bond, which is pH‐sensitive, are then connected via “click” chemistry to obtain TTTMSN. In vitro cell research demonstrates that the targeting property of TTTMSN is switched off in normal tissues with neutral pH condition, and switched on in tumor tissues with acidic pH condition after removing the MPEG segment by hydrolysis of benzoic‐imine bond under acidic conditions. After deshielding of the MPEG segment, the drug‐loaded nanoparticles are easily taken up by tumor cells due to the exposed peptide targeting ligand, and subsequently the redox signal glutathione in tumor cells induces rapid drug release intracellularly after the cleavage of disulfide bond. This novel intelligent TTTMSN drug delivery system has great potential for cancer therapy.
Apithological Inquiry: Learnings from an Ecological Aesthetic
Authors: Varey Will
Published: October 2013

This paper extends contributions from the philosophy of ecological systems theory to frame new learnings in the practice of apithological inquiry. These learning insights are combined in levels of logical categories of types to inform the generative structuring of the observations of complex systems. Sets of choices in composition, coherence, constrictions and contributions are outlined. Observational errors comprising forms of naïve realism, entity reification, gross simplification, values projection and normative assertions are contextualized. The alternatives of ontological humility, epistemological openness, methodological appropriateness, axiological reflexivity and metonymic responsibility are proposed. The learning choices outlined are reflective of the practice by which an apithological aesthetic informs the appreciation of complex systems. From this analysis, five observational protocols are derived as requirements for the praxis of apithological inquiry. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theorie II. und III. Ordnung – die großen Missverständnisse
Authors: Gensichen Volker , Lumpe Günter
Published: October 2013

Räumlich beanspruchte Stäbe und Stabwerke werden in Einklang mit den aktuellen Normen häufig nach Theorie I. oder III. Ordnung nachgewiesen. Es überrascht, dass es weder eine Klassifizierung der verschiedenen Varianten dieser Theorien noch eine Verifikation der Leistungsfähigkeit der hierauf beruhenden Software gibt. Der Beitrag definiert Kategorien der Theorie II. und III. Ordnung. Die grundsätzlichen Defizite sowie die Fehler der Theorien und der Software werden analysiert und an einfachen Beispielen belegt.

Theory of 2nd and 3rd order in structural engineering – the big misunderstandings. The application of the theory of elasticity of 2nd order for three‐dimensional lattice framework structures is widely used in structural engineering and modern standards. Nevertheless there is neither a systematic classification of different variants of this theory and the corresponding software nor a verification of their performance. This article defines categories of 2nd and 3rd order. Examples are given to demonstrate the deficits and the errors for the structural design of the theory of 2nd order which can even be found in the most simple systems.
Membrane Biophysics Define Neuron and Astrocyte Progenitors in the Neural Lineage
Authors: Nourse J.L. , Prieto J.L. , Dickson A.R. , Lu J. , Pathak M.M. , Tombola F. , Demetriou M. , Lee A.P. , Flanagan L.A.
Published: October 2013

Neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) are heterogeneous populations of self-renewing stem cells and more committed progenitors that differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Accurately identifying and characterizing the different progenitor cells in this lineage has continued to be a challenge for the field. We found previously that populations of NSPCs with more neurogenic progenitors (NPs) can be distinguished from those with more astrogenic progenitors (APs) by their inherent biophysical properties, specifically the electrophysiological property of whole cell membrane capacitance, which we characterized with dielectrophoresis (DEP). Here, we hypothesize that inherent electrophysiological properties are sufficient to define NPs and APs and test this by determining whether isolation of cells solely by these properties specifically separates NPs and APs. We found NPs and APs are enriched in distinct fractions after separation by electrophysiological properties using DEP. A single round of DEP isolation provided greater NP enrichment than sorting with PSA-NCAM, which is considered an NP marker. Additionally, cell surface N-linked glycosylation was found to significantly affect cell fate-specific electrophysiological properties, providing a molecular basis for the cell membrane characteristics. Inherent plasma membrane biophysical properties are thus sufficient to define progenitor cells of differing fate potential in the neural lineage, can be used to specifically isolate these cells, and are linked to patterns of glycosylation on the cell surface. Stem Cells  2014;32:706–716
HIF-Prolyl Hydroxylase 2 Inhibition Enhances the Efficiency of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapies for the Treatment of Critical Limb Ischemia
Authors: HoWangYin Kiave-Yune , Loinard Céline , Bakker Wineke , Guérin Coralie L. , Vilar José , D'Audigier Clément , Mauge Laetitia , Bruneval Patrick , Emmerich Joseph , Lévy Bernard I. , Pouysségur Jacques , Smadja David M. , Silvestre Jean-Sébastien
Published: October 2013

Upregulation of hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1α (HIF-1α), through prolyl-hydroxylase domain protein (PHD) inhibition, can be thought of as a master switch that coordinates the expression of a wide repertoire of genes involved in regulating vascular growth and remodeling. We aimed to unravel the effect of specific PHD2 isoform silencing in cell-based strategies designed to promote therapeutic revascularization in patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI). PHD2 mRNA levels were upregulated whereas that of HIF-1α were downregulated in blood cells from patients with CLI. We therefore assessed the putative beneficial effects of PHD2 silencing on human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSC)-based therapy. PHD2 silencing enhanced hBM-MSC therapeutic effect in an experimental model of CLI in Nude mice, through an upregulation of HIF-1α and its target gene, VEGF-A. In addition, PHD2-transfected hBM-MSC displayed higher protection against apoptosis in vitro and increased rate of survival in the ischemic tissue, as assessed by Fluorescence Molecular Tomography. Cotransfection with HIF-1α or VEGF-A short interfering RNAs fully abrogated the beneficial effect of PHD2 silencing on the proangiogenic capacity of hBM-MSC. We finally investigated the effect of PHD2 inhibition on the revascularization potential of ischemic targeted tissues in the diabetic pathological context. Inhibition of PHD-2 with shRNAs increased postischemic neovascularization in diabetic mice with CLI. This increase was associated with an upregulation of proangiogenic and proarteriogenic factors and was blunted by concomitant silencing of HIF-1α. In conclusion, silencing of PHD2, by the transient upregulation of HIF-1α and its target gene VEGF-A, might improve the efficiency of hBM-MSC-based therapies. Stem Cells  2014;32:231–243
The Toll-like Receptor 3 Ligand, Poly(I:C), Improves Immunosuppressive Function and Therapeutic Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Sepsis via Inhibiting MiR-143
Authors: Zhao Xiaoyin , Liu Dan , Gong Wei , Zhao Guangfeng , Liu Liu , Yang Liu , Hou Yayi
Published: October 2013

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are attractive candidates for clinical therapeutic applications. Recent studies indicate MSCs express active Toll-like receptors (TLRs), but their effect on MSCs and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we found that, after treating human umbilical cord MSCs with various TLR ligands, only TLR3 ligand, poly(I:C), could significantly increase the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Furthermore, poly(I:C) could enhance MSCs’ anti-inflammatory effect on macrophages. Next, we focused on the regulatory roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the process of poly(I:C) activating MSCs. Our experiments indicated that miR-143 expression was significantly decreased in MSCs with poly(I:C) treatment, and the expression level of miR-143 could regulate the effect of poly(I:C) on MSCs’ immunosuppressive function. Subsequent results showed that the reporter genes with putative miR-143 binding sites from the transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase-1 (TAK1) and COX-2 3′ untranslated regions were downregulated in the presence of miR-143. In addition, mRNA and protein expression of TAK1 and COX-2 in MSCs was also downregulated with miR-143 overexpression, suggesting that TAK1 and COX-2 are target genes of miR-143 in MSCs. Consistent with miR-143 overexpression, TAK1 interference also attenuated MSCs’ immunosuppressive function enhanced by poly(I:C). Additionally, it was shown that TLR3-activated MSCs could improve survival in cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis, while miR-143 overexpression reduced the effectiveness of this therapy. These results proved that poly(I:C) improved the immunosuppressive abilities of MSCs, revealed the regulatory role of miRNAs in the process, and may provide an opportunity for potential novel therapies for sepsis. Stem Cells  2014;32:521–533
Forecasting propagation and evolution of CMEs in an operational setting: What has been learned
Authors: Zheng Yihua , Macneice Peter , Odstrcil Dusan , Mays M. L. , Rastaetter Lutz , Pulkkinen Antti , Taktakishvili Aleksandre , Hesse Michael , Masha Kuznetsova M. , Lee Hyesook , Chulaki Anna
Published: October 2013

One of the major types of solar eruption, coronal mass ejections (CMEs) not only impact space weather, but also can have significant societal consequences. CMEs cause intense geomagnetic storms and drive fast mode shocks that accelerate charged particles, potentially resulting in enhanced radiation levels both in ions and electrons. Human and technological assets in space can be endangered as a result. CMEs are also the major contributor to generating large amplitude Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs), which are a source of concern for power grid safety. Due to their space weather significance, forecasting the evolution and impacts of CMEs has become a much desired capability for space weather operations worldwide. Based on our operational experience at Space Weather Research Center at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (http://swrc.gsfc.nasa.gov), we present here some of the insights gained about accurately predicting CME impacts, particularly in relation to space weather operations. These include: 1. The need to maximize information to get an accurate handle of three‐dimensional (3‐D) CME kinetic parameters and therefore improve CME forecast; 2. The potential use of CME simulation results for qualitative prediction of regions of space where solar energetic particles (SEPs) may be found; 3. The need to include all CMEs occurring within a ~24 h period for a better representation of the CME interactions; 4. Various other important parameters in forecasting CME evolution in interplanetary space, with special emphasis on the CME propagation direction. It is noted that a future direction for our CME forecasting is to employ the ensemble modeling approach.
Profaning the Past to Salvage the Present: The Symbolically Reconstructed Pasts of Homeless Shelter Residents
Authors: Meanwell Emily
Published: October 2013

Homelessness presents challenges for maintaining a positive self-concept, and those seeking help from homeless shelters face a particular irony: establishing service-worthiness requires them to present themselves as homeless, not self-sufficient, and genuinely in need of help, yet also morally worthy of that help. How do shelter residents manage this tension and salvage the self within the institutional context of the shelter? A theoretical framework linking Mead, Goffman, and narrative helps clarify strategies of self-presentation and salvaging the self within the homeless shelter context. Drawing on interviews with 44 shelter residents, this paper demonstrates that residents construct narratives that symbolically reconstruct the past from the standpoint of the present, and draw on the stages of the shelter's moral career to present a temporally-divided self, allowing residents to strategically profane the past self while keeping the present self separate and sacred. Implications for research on other institutional selves are also discussed.
Synextensional magmatism leading to crustal flow in the Albion–Raft River–Grouse Creek metamorphic core complex, northeastern Basin and Range
Authors: Konstantinou Alexandros , Strickland Ariel , Miller Elizabeth , Vervoort Jeffrey , Fisher Christopher M. , Wooden Joseph , Valley John
Published: October 2013

This study addresses the origin of granitic magmas in the Albion–Raft River–Grouse Creek (ARG) metamorphic core complex and environs and how these inform us about the deep crustal processes leading to crustal flow and the formation of the ARG. SHRIMP‐RG U‐Pb zircon ages, whole‐rock geochemical data (major and trace element data, as well as Sr and Nd isotopes), and zircon geochemistry (in situ O‐isotope, Hf‐isotope, and trace element compositions) from Eocene to Oligocene magmas now exposed at three structural levels of the ARG show that the 41–32 Ma Emigrant Pass and the 32–25 Ma Cassia plutonic complexes have a common origin, sharing a deep crustal “hot zone” that remained above solidus temperatures for at least 16 Myr. This magmatism is part of the protracted magmatism that swept southward across the western U.S. between ∼42 and 21 Ma, inferred to be the result of foundering of the shallow Farallon slab. Isotopic modeling of geochemical data from these magmas suggests that between 41 and 32 Ma, the influx of mantle‐derived basalt into the lower crust triggered large‐scale hybrid magmatism generating calc‐alkaline magmas that erupted and intruded the upper crust and significantly weakened the lower and middle crust. Between 32 and 25 Ma, this “hot zone” incorporated large amounts of continental crustal melts, resulting in greater mobility of the lower and middle crust, driving middle crustal flow and the formation of granitic plutons that rose to shallower levels of the crust forming the granite‐cored gneiss domes of the ARG.
Structural health and prognostics management for the enhancement of offshore wind turbine operations and maintenance strategies
Authors: Griffith D. Todd , Yoder Nathanael C. , Resor Brian , White Jonathan , Paquette Joshua
Published: October 2013

Offshore wind turbines are an attractive source for clean and renewable energy for reasons including their proximity to population centers and higher capacity factors. One obstacle to the more widespread installation of offshore wind turbines in the USA, however, is that recent projections of offshore operations and maintenance costs vary from two to five times the land‐based costs. One way in which these costs could be reduced is through use of a structural health and prognostics management (SHPM) system as part of a condition‐based maintenance paradigm with smart loads management. This paper contributes to the development of such strategies by developing an initial roadmap for SHPM, with application to the blades. One of the key elements of the approach is a multiscale simulation approach developed to identify how the underlying physics of the system are affected by the presence of damage and how these changes manifest themselves in the operational response of a full turbine. A case study of a trailing edge disbond is analysed to demonstrate the multiscale sensitivity of damage approach and to show the potential life extension and increased energy capture that can be achieved using simple changes in the overall turbine control and loads management strategy. The integration of health monitoring information, economic considerations such as repair costs versus state of health, and a smart loads management methodology provides an initial roadmap for reducing operations and maintenance costs for offshore wind farms while increasing turbine availability and overall profit. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coupled thermoviscoelastodynamic Green's functions for bi‐material half‐space
Authors: Naeeni M. Raoofian , Eskandari‐Ghadi M. , Ardalan A. A. , Pak R. Y. S. , Rahimian M. , Hayati Y.
Published: October 2013

By virtue of the representations of displacements, stresses, and temperature fields in terms of two scalar potential functions and the use of correspondence principle, an analytical derivation of fundamental Green's functions for bi‐material half‐space composed of a transversely isotropic thermo‐elastic layer and an isotropic thermo‐visco‐elastic half‐space affected by finite surface or interfacial sources is presented. With the aid of the potential function relationships, the coupled equations of motion and energy equation in both the half‐space and the layer are uncoupled and solved with the aid of Fourier series and Hankel integral transforms. Responses of the medium are derived in the form of improper line integrals related to Hankel inversion transforms. To show the effects of anisotropy and viscoelasticity on the propagation of coupled thermoviscoelastic waves, the derived integrals for displacements, stresses, and temperature Green's functions are evaluated by a numerical scheme.
Counterexamples in the theory of coerciveness for linear elliptic systems related to generalizations of Korn's second inequality
Authors: Neff P. , Pompe W.
Published: October 2013

We show that the following generalized version of Korn's second inequality with nonconstant measurable matrix valued coefficients P: Ω ⊂ ℝ3 → ℝ3× 3

is in general false, even if P ∈ SO(3), while the Legendre‐Hadamard condition and ellipticity on ℂn for the quadratic form |Du P+(DuP)T|2 is satisfied. Thus Gårding's inequality may be violated for formally positive quadratic forms.
Axisymmetric contact problems of the theory of elasticity for inhomogeneous layers
Authors: Vasiliev A. , Volkov S. , Aizikovich S. , Jeng Y.‐R.
Published: October 2013

An approach for constructing semi‐analytical solutions in contact problems of the theory of elasticity for inhomogeneous layers is developed. The approach is efficient for the layer of arbitrary thickness which is either continuously inhomogeneous (functionally graded) or piecewise homogeneous (i.e. presented as a set of homogeneous layers with different elastic properties). The foundation is also assumed to be elastic, but much stiffer than the layer. The loads considered address the case of axisymmetric contact problems under torsion and indentation of a rigid circular punch with the flat base. The technique based on integral transforms is used to reduce the problems to the integral equations. Special approximations for the kernel transforms are used to obtain analytical solutions of the integral equations. The main results include computations of the profiles of contact stresses under the punch and the dependences of displacements with depth for different types of variation of elastic properties in the layer. The results are also compared with those obtained by other methods.
Predicting substrate specificity of adenylation domains of nonribosomal peptide synthetases and other protein properties by latent semantic indexing
Authors: Baranašić Damir , Zucko Jurica , Diminic Janko , Gacesa Ranko , Long Paul F , Cullum John , Hranueli Daslav , Starcevic Antonio
Published: October 2013

Successful genome mining is dependent on accurate prediction of protein function from sequence. This often involves dividing protein families into functional subtypes (e.g., with different substrates). In many cases, there are only a small number of known functional subtypes, but in the case of the adenylation domains of nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS), there are >500 known substrates. Latent semantic indexing (LSI) was originally developed for text processing but has also been used to assign proteins to families. Proteins are treated as ‘‘documents’’ and it is necessary to encode properties of the amino acid sequence as ‘‘terms’’ in order to construct a term-document matrix, which counts the terms in each document. This matrix is then processed to produce a document-concept matrix, where each protein is represented as a row vector. A standard measure of the closeness of vectors to each other (cosines of the angle between them) provides a measure of protein similarity. Previous work encoded proteins as oligopeptide terms, i.e. counted oligopeptides, but used no information regarding location of oligopeptides in the proteins. A novel tokenization method was developed to analyze information from multiple alignments. LSI successfully distinguished between two functional subtypes in five well-characterized families. Visualization of different ‘‘concept’’ dimensions allows exploration of the structure of protein families. LSI was also used to predict the amino acid substrate of adenylation domains of NRPS. Better results were obtained when selected residues from multiple alignments were used rather than the total sequence of the adenylation domains. Using ten residues from the substrate binding pocket performed better than using 34 residues within 8 Å of the active site. Prediction efficiency was somewhat better than that of the best published method using a support vector machine.
Exposure to life adversity in high school and later work participation: A longitudinal population‐based study
Authors: Strøm Ida Frugård , Thoresen Siri , Wentzel‐Larsen Tore , Hjemdal Ole Kristian , Lien Lars , Dyb Grete
Published: October 2013

This paper investigates whether exposure to violence, sexual abuse, or bullying is associated with later work participation and whether high school completion has a potential mediating role. Self‐reported junior high school questionnaire data were linked for eight consecutive years to prospective registry data for the demographics, educational progress, employment activity, and social benefits of 11,874 individuals. Ordinal regression analysis showed that violence and/or bullying at 15 years of age predicted negative work participation outcomes eight years later, independent of high school completion and other relevant factors. Although increasing educational level may have some preventive effect, these results indicate that prevention efforts should be initiated at an early age and should target adverse life experiences.
miR‐203 induces oxaliplatin resistance in colorectal cancer cells by negatively regulating ATM kinase
Authors: Zhou Yunfei , Wan Guohui , Spizzo Riccardo , Ivan Cristina , Mathur Rohit , Hu Xiaoxiao , Ye Xiangcang , Lu Jia , Fan Fan , Xia Ling , Calin George A. , Ellis Lee M. , Lu Xiongbin
Published: October 2013

Chemotherapy for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) is the standard of care, but ultimately nearly all patients develop drug resistance. Understanding the mechanisms that lead to resistance to individual chemotherapeutic agents may help identify novel targets and drugs that will, in turn, improve therapy. Oxaliplatin is a common component combination therapeutic regimen for use in patients with metastatic CRC, but is also used as a component of adjuvant therapy for patients at risk for recurrent disease. In this study, unbiased microRNA array screening revealed that the miR‐203 microRNA is up‐regulated in three of three oxaliplatin‐resistant CRC cell lines, and therefore we investigated the role of miR‐203 in chemoresistance. Exogenous expression of miR‐203 in chemo‐naïve CRC cells induced oxaliplatin resistance. Knockdown of miR‐203 sensitized chemoresistant CRC cells to oxaliplatin. In silico analysis identified ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), a primary mediator of the DNA damage response, as a potential target of miR‐203. ATM mRNA and protein levels were significantly down‐regulated in CRC cells with acquired resistance to oxaliplatin. Using TCGA database, we identified a significant reverse correlation of miR‐203 and ATM expression in CRC tissues. We validated ATM as a bona fide target of miR‐203 in CRC cells. Mutation of the putative miR‐203 binding site in the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of the ATM mRNA abolished the inhibitory effect of miR‐203 on ATM. Furthermore, stable knockdown of ATM induced resistance to oxaliplatin in chemo‐naïve CRC cells. This is the first report of oxaliplatin resistance in CRC cells induced by miR‐203‐mediated suppression of ATM.
Women and States
Authors: Towns Ann E.
Published: October 2013

Momentous changes in the relation between women and the state have advanced women's status around the globe. Women were barred from public affairs a century ago, yet almost every state now recognizes equal voting rights and exhibits a national policy bureau for the advancement of women. Sex quotas for national legislatures are increasingly common. Ann E. Towns explains these changes by providing a novel account of how norms work in international society. She argues that norms don't just provide standards for states, they rank them, providing comparative judgments which place states in hierarchical social orders. This focus on the link between norms and ranking hierarchies helps to account better for how a new policy, such as equality for women in public life, is spread around the world. Women and States thus offers a new view of the relationship between women and the state, and of the influence of norms in international politics.
200 Puzzling Physics Problems
Authors: Gnädig P. , Honyek G. , Riley K. F.
Published: October 2013

This book will strengthen a student's grasp of the laws of physics by applying them to practical situations, and problems that yield more easily to intuitive insight than brute-force methods and complex mathematics. These intriguing problems, chosen almost exclusively from classical (non-quantum) physics, are posed in accessible non-technical language requiring the student to select the right framework in which to analyse the situation and decide which branches of physics are involved. The level of sophistication needed to tackle most of the two hundred problems is that of the exceptional school student, the good undergraduate, or competent graduate student. The book will be valuable to undergraduates preparing for 'general physics' papers. It is hoped that even some physics professors will find the more difficult questions challenging. By contrast, mathematical demands are minimal, and do not go beyond elementary calculus. This intriguing book of physics problems should prove instructive, challenging and fun.
The New Quantum Universe
Authors: Hey Tony , Walters Patrick
Published: October 2013

Following the success of The Quantum Universe, first published in 1987, a host of exciting new discoveries have been made in the field of quantum mechanics. The New Quantum Universe provides an up-to-date and accessible introduction to the essential ideas of quantum physics, and demonstrates how it affects our everyday life. Quantum mechanics gives an understanding of not only atoms and nuclei, but also all the elements and even the stars. The book explains quantum paradoxes and the eventful life of Schroedinger's Cat, along with the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox and Bell's Inequality. It then looks ahead to the nanotechnology revolution, describing quantum cryptography, quantum computing and quantum teleportation, and ends with an account of quantum mechanics and science fiction. Using simple non-mathematical language, this book is suitable for final-year school students, science undergraduates, and anyone wishing to appreciate how physics allows the new technologies that are changing our lives.
Political Consumerism
Authors: Stolle Dietlind , Micheletti Michele
Published: October 2013

Political Consumerism captures the creative ways in which citizens, consumers and political activists use the market as their arena for politics. This book theorizes, describes, analyzes, compares and evaluates the phenomenon of political consumerism and how it attempts to use market choice to solve complex globalized problems. It investigates theoretically and empirically how and why consumers practice citizenship and have become important political actors. Dietlind Stolle and Michele Micheletti describe consumers' engagement as an example of individualized responsibility taking, examining how political consumerism nudges and pressures corporations to change their production practices, and how consumers emerge as a force in global affairs. Unlike other studies, it also evaluates if and how consumer actions become effective mechanisms of global change. Stolle and Micheletti offer a candid discussion of the limitations of political consumerism as a form of participation and as a problem-solving mechanism.
Divination and Prediction in Early China and Ancient Greece
Authors: Raphals Lisa
Published: October 2013

Divination was an important and distinctive aspect of religion in both ancient China and ancient Greece, and this book will provide the first systematic account and analysis of the two side by side. Who practised divination in these cultures and who consulted it? What kind of questions did they ask, and what methods were used to answer those questions? As well as these practical aspects, Lisa Raphals also examines divination as a subject of rhetorical and political narratives, and its role in the development of systematic philosophical and scientific inquiry. She explores too the important similarities, differences and synergies between Greek and Chinese divinatory systems, providing important comparative evidence to reassess Greek oracular divination.
WCDMA Design Handbook
Authors: Richardson Andrew
Published: October 2013

Developed out of a successful professional engineering course, this practical handbook was originally published in 2005, and provides a comprehensive explanation of the Wideband CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) air interface of 3rd generation UMTS cellular systems. The book addresses all aspects of the design of the WCDMA radio interface from the lower layers to the upper layers of the protocol architecture. It considers each of the layers in turn, to build a complete understanding of the design and operation of the WCDMA radio interface including the physical layer, RF and baseband processing, MAC, RLC, PDCP/BMP, Non-Access stratum and RRC. An ideal course book and reference for professional engineers, undergraduate and graduate students.
The Soviet Occupation of Germany
Authors: Slaveski Filip
Published: October 2013

This is a major new account of the Soviet occupation of postwar Germany and the beginning of the Cold War. Dr Filip Slaveski shows how in the immediate aftermath of war the Red Army command struggled to contain the violence of soldiers against German civilians and, at the same time, feed and rebuild the country. This task was then assumed by the Soviet Military Administration in Germany (SVAG) which was established to impose order on this chaos. Its attempt, however, intensified the battle for resources and power among competing occupation organs, especially SVAG and the army, which spilled over from threats and sabotage into fighting and shootouts in the streets. At times, such conflicts threatened to paralyse occupation governance, leaving armed troops, liberated POWs and slave labourers free to roam. SVAG's successes in reducing the violence and reconstructing eastern Germany were a remarkable achievement in the chaotic aftermath of war.
Richard II and the Rebel Earl
Authors: Gundy A. K.
Published: October 2013

The reign of Richard II and the circumstances of his deposition have long been subject to intense debate. This new interpretation of the politics of the late-fourteenth century offers an in-depth survey of Richard's reign from the perspective of one of the leading nobles who came to oppose him, Thomas Beauchamp, the Appellant Earl of Warwick. This is the first full-length study of one of Richard II's opponents to explore not only why the Earl rebelled against the King, but also why Richard lost his throne. Rather than offering the traditional explanation of a subject grown too mighty, Alison Gundy sets Warwick's rule in the context of the political and constitutional framework of the period. The interplay of local and national events helps to reveal Warwick's motives as a long-serving member of the nobility faced with a king determined to rule in a manner contradictory to contemporary political structures.
West Germany and the Global Sixties
Authors: Brown Timothy Scott
Published: October 2013

The anti-authoritarian revolt of the 1960s and 1970s was a watershed in the history of the Federal Republic of Germany. The rebellion of the so-called '68ers' - against cultural conformity and the ideological imperatives of the Cold War, against the American war in Vietnam, and in favor of a more open accounting for the crimes of the Nazi era - helped to inspire a dialogue on democratization with profound effects on German society. Timothy Scott Brown examines the unique synthesis of globalizing influences on West Germany to reveal how the presence of Third World students, imported pop culture from America and England, and the influence of new political doctrines worldwide all helped to precipitate the revolt. The book explains how the events in West Germany grew out of a new interplay of radical politics and popular culture, even as they drew on principles of direct-democracy, self-organization and self-determination, all still highly relevant in the present day.
Votive Panels and Popular Piety in Early Modern Italy
Authors: Jacobs Fredrika H.
Published: October 2013

In the late fifteenth century, votive panel paintings, or tavolette votive, began to accumulate around reliquary shrines and miracle-working images throughout Italy. Although often dismissed as popular art of little aesthetic consequence, more than 1,500 panels from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries are extant, a testimony to their ubiquity and importance in religious practice. Humble in both their materiality and style, they represent donors in prayer and supplicants petitioning a saint at a dramatic moment of crisis. In this book, Fredrika H. Jacobs traces the origins and development of the use of votive panels in this period. She examines the form, context and functional value of votive panels, and considers how they created meaning for the person who dedicated them as well as how they accrued meaning in relationship to other images and objects within a sacred space activated by practices of cultic culture.
The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe
Authors: Eisenstein Elizabeth L.
Published: October 2013

In 1979 Elizabeth Eisenstein provided the first full-scale treatment of the fifteenth-century printing revolution in the West in her monumental two-volume work, The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. This abridged edition, after summarising the initial changes introduced by the establishment of printing shops, goes on to discuss how printing challenged traditional institutions and affected three major cultural movements: the Renaissance, the Reformation and the rise of modern science. Also included is a later essay which aims to demonstrate that the cumulative processes created by printing are likely to persist despite the recent development of new communications technologies.
Life beyond Earth
Authors: Coustenis Athena , Encrenaz Thérèse
Published: October 2013

What is life and where can it exist? What searches are being made to identify conditions for life on other worlds? If extraterrestrial inhabited worlds are found, how can we explore them? In this book, two leading astrophysicists provide an engaging account of where we stand in our quest for habitable environments, in the Solar System and beyond. Starting from basic concepts, the narrative builds scientifically, including more in-depth material as boxed additions to the main text. The authors recount fascinating recent discoveries from space missions and observations using ground-based telescopes, of possible life-related artefacts in Martian meteorites, extrasolar planets, and subsurface oceans on Europa, Titan and Enceladus. They also provide a forward look to future missions. This is an exciting, informative read for anyone interested in the search for habitable and inhabited planets, and an excellent primer for students in astrobiology, habitability, planetary science and astronomy.
Ancestral Fault in Ancient Greece
Authors: Gagné Renaud
Published: October 2013

Ancestral fault is a core idea of Greek literature. 'The guiltless will pay for the deeds later: either the man's children, or his descendants thereafter', said Solon in the sixth century BC, a statement echoed throughout the rest of antiquity. This notion lies at the heart of ancient Greek thinking on theodicy, inheritance and privilege, the meaning of suffering, the links between wealth and morality, individual responsibility, the bonds that unite generations and the grand movements of history. From Homer to Proclus, it played a major role in some of the most critical and pressing reflections of Greek culture on divinity, society and knowledge. The burning modern preoccupation with collective responsibility across generations has a long, deep antecedent in classical Greek literature and its reception. This book retraces the trajectories of Greek ancestral fault and the varieties of its expression through the many genres and centuries where it is found.
Toleration in Political Conflict
Authors: Newey Glen
Published: October 2013

Political disputes over toleration are endemic, while toleration as a political value seems opposed to those of civic equality, neutrality and sometimes democracy. Toleration in Political Conflict sets out to understand toleration as both politically awkward and indispensable. The book exposes the incoherence of Rawlsian reasonable pluralist justifications of toleration, and shows that toleration cannot be fully reconciled with liberal political values. While raison d'état concerns very often overshadow debates over toleration, these debates – for example about terrorism – need not be framed as a conflict between toleration and security. Framing them in this way tends to obscure objectionable behaviour by tolerators themselves, and their reliance on asymmetric power. Glen Newey concludes by sketching a picture of politics as dependent on free speech which, he argues, is entailed by the demands of free association. That in turn suggests that questions of toleration are inescapable within the conditions of politics itself.
Toward coherently representing turbulent wall-flow dynamics
Authors: Klewicki J. C.
Published: October 2013

The complex dynamics of turbulent flow in the vicinity of a solid surface underlie numerous scientifically important processes, and pose persistently daunting challenges in many engineering applications. Since their discovery decades ago, coherent motions have presented a tantalizing prospective opportunity for constructing descriptions of wall-flow dynamics using only a relatively small number of elements. The veracity and reliability of such representations are, however, ultimately tied to their basis in the Navier–Stokes equations. In this regard, the study by Sharma & McKeon (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 728, 2013, pp. 196–238) constitutes an important contribution, as it not only provides insights regarding the mechanisms underlying wall-flow coherent motion formation and evolution, but does so within a Navier–Stokes framework.
Turbulent acidic jets and plumes injected into an alkaline environment
Authors: Ülpre H. , Eames I. , Greig A.
Published: October 2013

The characteristics of an acidic turbulent jet and plume injected into an alkaline environment are examined theoretically and experimentally. Fluid-flow and chemistry models are combined to understand how the concentration of acid in a parcel of fluid changes as it reacts with alkaline fluid entrained from the ambient. The resulting model is tested in an experimental study in which nitric acid jets or plumes are injected into a large tank containing a variety of alkaline substances. A video camera records a pH-sensitive dye in the jet or plume, which changes colour with variations in the pH. The results were time averaged and processed to measure distance from the source to the point of neutralization. The agreement between predictions and observations of neutralization distances is good, confirming that the model captures the salient physics of the problem. Using empirically determined titration curves, a combined fluid flow and chemistry model is applied to discuss the environmental implications of a warm acidic turbulent plume injected into an alkaline river or sea.
Mixing in gravity currents
Authors: Fragoso A. T. , Patterson M. D. , Wettlaufer J. S.
Published: October 2013

We study entrainment in lock-release gravity currents using highly spatially resolved optical transmission experiments and quantitative analysis of the available potential energy of the flow. The principal results provide a resolution to the debate regarding the mechanism and degree of mixing in the head of a gravity current during the slumping phase. The nature of the complex internal mixing structure changes as a bore propagates from the tail to the head of the current during the slumping phase and overtakes its leading edge. We use quantitative methods to identify the connection between dynamics and entrainment and show that its manifestation as examined using different methodologies is the cause of previous contradictory experimental findings. Therefore, we conclude that the two main perspectives previously considered at odds are in accord.
The West Mouth Neolithic Cemetery, Niah Cave, Sarawak
Authors: Lloyd-Smith Lindsay
Published: October 2013

Excavations between 1954 and 1967 in the West Mouth, Niah Cave (Sarawak) uncovered the largest Neolithic cemetery in South-east Asia with over 150 burials. Subsequent work at the site in the 1970s and most recently by the Niah Caves Project (2000–2004) brought the total to 170, comprising 89 primary burials and 79 secondary burials, and two ‘multiple’ burials. The size of cemetery and the scale of the archaeological data are unprecedented in South-east Asian Neolithic archaeology and offer a unique opportunity to investigate the cemetery's origins, development, and history in detail. Analysis of the demographic structure of discrete spatial burial groups within the cemetery and their short term burial sequences are combined to interpret the history of changing burial practice in terms of different social/settlement groups using the cave as a communal place of burial. A new suite of radiocarbon dates are used to date the West Mouth Neolithic cemetery to between 1500 and 200bc. Six phases of burial are defined and the associated transitions of ritual practices are discussed. In particular, a transition from primary to secondary burial occurred aroundc.1000bc, which subsequently intensified into the practice of cremation. This process was likely associated/fuelled by an intensification of economic activity to support more elaborate secondary burial funerals. Two further cycles of primary and secondary burial followed, before the main cemetery ceasedc.200bc. A Post-Neolithic phase of possibly 14 burials (five primary flexed burials and nine secondary burials) is proposed to follow, which while continuing aspects of Neolithic mortuary behaviour, is considered on isotopic data to represent a group of hunter-gatherers living in a closed-canopy environment
To Study or Not to Study? Investigating the Link Between Time Perspectives and Motivational Interference
Authors: King Ronnel B. , Gaerlan Marianne Jennifer
Published: October 2013

The aim of this study was to explore possible synergies between research on motivational interference and time perspectives. A conceptual model relating individual differences in time perspectives to motivational interference during studying and leisure and academic achievement was tested. Filipino college students ( N = 385) participated in the study. Results from the path analysis indicated that future time perspective was positively associated with motivational interference during leisure and negatively associated with motivational interference during studying. Moreover, future time perspective also positively predicted academic achievement. Present fatalistic and past negative time perspectives were positively associated with motivational interference during studying. Present hedonistic time perspective negatively predicted motivational interference during leisure. Motivational interference during studying, in turn, was negatively associated with academic achievement. Implications are discussed.
Network Dynamics and the Evolution of International Cooperation
Authors: KINNE BRANDON J
Published: October 2013

Cooperation helps states realize mutual gains, but mistrust and disagreements over institutional design inhibit cooperation. This article develops a network explanation for how states achieve cooperation in the face of persistent coordination and collaboration problems. The analysis focuses on bilateral cooperation agreements, a vast body of treaties spanning multiple issue areas. Bilateral agreements constitute an evolving network of cooperative ties. This network defines the strategic environment in which states bargain over new agreements, endogenously influencing subsequent bilateral endeavors by revealing strategically valuable information about states’ trustworthiness and preferences over institutional design, while also generating externalities that incentivize bilateral partnerships. Inferential network analysis shows that states are more likely to create bilateral agreements if they (1) share agreements with common third parties, (2) accede to more agreements in general, and/or (3) share important exogenous characteristics with current bilateral partners. These network dynamics drive bilateral cooperation in everything from commodities to cultural exchange to fisheries.
Late Visean – early Serpukhovian conodont succession at the Naqing (Nashui) section in Guizhou, South China
Authors: QI YUPING , NEMYROVSKA TAMARA I. , WANG XIANGDONG , CHEN JITAO , WANG ZHIHAO , LANE H. RICHARD , RICHARDS BARRY C. , HU KEYI , WANG QIULAI
Published: October 2013

This study reports the conodont succession across the Visean–Serpukhovian (V/S) boundary interval at the Naqing section, South China. Continuous centimetre-scale sampling of the relatively deep-water section in recent years has provided new data for a more detailed biostratigraphy of conodonts across the Visean–Serpukhovian boundary. Three conodont zones were described in ascending order: the Gnathodus bilineatus, Lochriea nodosa and Lochriea ziegleri zones. The first appearance datum (FAD) of L. ziegleri has been moved down to 60.1 m above the base of the Naqing section. The correlation of the conodont succession across the Visean–Serpukhovian boundary in the Naqing section with other sections in Eurasia is discussed.