bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gas‐phase ozonolysis: Rate coefficients for a series of terpenes and rate coefficients and OH yields for 2‐methyl‐2‐butene and 2,3‐dimethyl‐2‐butene
Authors: Witter M. , Berndt T. , Böge O. , Stratmann F. , Heintzenberg J.
Published: August 2002

The kinetics of the gas‐phase reactions of O3with a series of selected terpenes has been investigated under flow‐tube conditions at a pressure of 100 mbar synthetic air at 295 ± 0.5 K. In the presence of a large excess ofm‐xylene as an OH radical scavenger, rate coefficientsk(O3+terpene) were obtained with a relative rate technique, (unit: cm3molecule−1s−1, errors represent 2σ): α‐pinene: (1.1 ± 0.2) × 10−16,3Δ‐carene: (5.9 ± 1.0) × 10−17, limonene: (2.5 ± 0.3) × 10−16, myrcene: (4.8 ± 0.6) × 10−16,trans‐ocimene: (5.5 ± 0.8) × 10−16, terpinolene: (1.6 ± 0.4) × 10−15and α‐terpinene: (1.5 ± 0.4) × 10−14. Absolute rate coefficients for the reaction of O3with the used reference substances (2‐methyl‐2‐butene and 2,3‐dimethyl‐2‐butene) were measured in a stopped‐flow system at a pressure of 500 mbar synthetic air at 295 ± 2 K using FT‐IR spectroscopy, (unit: cm3molecule−1s−1, errors represent 2σ ): 2‐methyl‐2‐butene: (4.1 ± 0.5) × 10−16and 2,3‐dimethyl‐2‐butene: (1.0 ± 0.2) × 10−15. In addition, OH radical yields were found to be 0.47 ± 0.04 for 2‐methyl‐2‐butene and 0.77 ± 0.04 for 2,3‐dimethyl‐2‐butene. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 394–403, 2002
Quaternary landscape evolution: a framework for understanding contemporary erosion, southeast Spain
Authors: Mather A. E. , Stokes M. , Griffiths J. S.
Published: August 2002

Recent research into the long‐term landscape development of a tectonically active terrain in arid SE Spain has revealed the significance of river capture in understanding current landscape instabilities (badlands and landslides). The river capture was initiated at c.100 ka BP and effected a 90 m base‐level change at the point of capture. This stimulated a wave of incision to propagate through the landscape to 20 km upstream of the capture site. The net effect of the associated increase in erosion has been to change valley shapes from broad and shallow to narrow and deep. The associated unloading and steepening of valley sides has led to a focus of landslide activity in lithologies with more unconfined compressive strength (limestones) and a dominance of gullying, piping and badland development in the lithologies with lower unconfined compressive strengths (marls and sands). Post‐capture rapid valley widening was initially achieved through landslide development. This form of slope degradation was sustained in the more resistant, joint‐controlled lithologies. In weaker lithologies it was superseded by badland development. The elevated sediment fluxes associated with the c.100 ka BP base‐level perturbation will continue into the near future, but are expected to decay, assuming that no additional environmental disturbances occur. The patterns of landscape instability witnessed today are controlled by (1) proximity to the areas affected by the base‐level change and (2) the robustness of the local geology. Understanding of this long‐term temporal context of the landscape provides a valuable spatial and temporal framework for land system management, facilitating the prediction of future natural trends in landscape stability. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment of recalcitrant‐pigmented flat warts using frequency‐doubled Q‐switched Nd–YAG laser
Authors: Li Yung‐tsai , Yang Kao‐chia
Published: August 2002

Background and Objective

Recalcitrant‐pigmented flat warts may persist for years despite treatment. Many methods have been used to manage pigmented flat warts, but their efficiencies are varied. Since pigmented flat warts are very similar to lentigo clinically, we used frequency‐doubled Q‐switched (FDQS) Nd–YAG laser at the wavelength of 532 nm to treat recalcitrant‐pigmented flat warts and evaluated the effect.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Seven patients with recalcitrant‐pigmented flat warts were enrolled in this study. We set the FDQS Nd–YAG laser to deliver 2.5 J/cm2 fluence at the wavelength of 532 nm to treat these lesions. After 6 months, we evaluated the recurrence of pigmented flat warts, pigmentary, and textural changes on the treated areas.

Results

There were absences of recurrent lesions, pigmentary, and textural changes on the treated areas of these seven patients after 6 months.

Conclusions

Through both selective photothermolysis effect and propagation of photoacoustic waves, FDQS Nd–YAG laser at the wavelength of 532 nm can be used as an effective alternative to treat recalcitrant pigmented flat warts. Lasers Surg. Med. 29:244–247, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determinants of Chinese consumers' green purchase behavior
Authors: Chan Ricky Y. K.
Published: August 2002

This study examines the influence of various cultural and psychological factors on the green purchase behavior of Chinese consumers. To this end, a conceptual model has been proposed and subjected to empirical verification with the use of a survey. The survey results obtained in two major Chinese cities provide reasonable support for the validity of the proposed model. Specifically, the findings from the structural‐equation modeling confirm the influence of the subjects' man–nature orientation, degree of collectivism, ecological affect, and marginally, ecological knowledge, on their attitudes toward green purchases. Their attitudes toward green purchases, in turn, are also seen to affect their green purchase behavior via the mediator of green purchase intention. Although the present findings provide a better understanding of the process and significant antecedents of green purchasing, they also highlight two areas for more thorough investigation. These are the exact role of ecological knowledge in Chinese consumers' green purchasing process and the underlying factors that account for their low level of green purchase. This study also discusses how the present findings may help the Chinese government and green marketers to fine‐tune their environmental programs. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Body talk: Questioning the assumptions in cognitive age
Authors: Catterall Miriam , Maclaran Pauline
Published: August 2002

This paper questions the underpinning assumptions inherent in the concept of cognitive age and shows how these reflect a Western preoccupation with youthfulness. Then, arguing that attitudes to age and aging are socially constructed, it demonstrates how these are not fixed but mutable and how the demographic power of the baby boom generation may significantly alter attitudes to aging. The implications for marketers' use of cognitive age are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Molecular recognition and supramolecular chemistry in the gas phase
Authors: Schalley Christoph A.
Published: August 2002

I.
Introduction
254

II.
Benefits of Mass Spectrometry for Supramolecular Chemistry
254

A.  Non‐Covalent Bonding in the Condensed‐ and Gas‐Phase
256

B.  Promise and Pitfalls of Mass Spectrometry for Supramolecular Chemistry
257

III.
Crown Ether–Ammonium Ion Complexes
257

A.  Ammonium Ion Affinities
258

B.  Chiral Recognition of Ammonium Ions
259

C.  Collision‐Activated Dissociation and Ion‐Molecule Reactions
260

IV.
Crown Ether–Metal Ion Complexes
260

A.  Binding Selectivities in Solution as Determined by ESI‐MS
260

B.  Orders of Alkali Ion Affinities by the Kinetic Method
262

C.  Gas‐Phase Binding Energies from Threshold Collision‐Induced Dissociation Experiments
262

D.  Thermochemistry and Kinetics of Ligand Exchange: Gas‐Phase Equilibria
263

E.  Gas‐Phase Conformations
264

V.
Non‐Covalent Interactions with Small Biomolecules
264

A.  Metal Binding to Simple Peptides
265

B.  Chiral Differentiation of Amino Acids and Peptides
267

C.  Question of Salt Bridges in the Absence of Solvent
269

D.  Metal‐Ion Bonding to DNA Bases and Oligonucleotides
270

E.  Is the Watson–Crick Base‐Pairing Conserved in the Gas Phase
272

F.  Stereodifferentiation of Small Carbohydrates
274

VI.
Inclusion Complexes of Cyclodextrins
276

VII.
Host–Guest Chemistry of Calixarene and Resorcinarene Derivatives
279

VIII.
Metal‐Directed Self‐Assembly
280

A.  (Metallo)dendrimers
281

B.  Helicates and Metal‐Templated Catenanes
282

C.  Molecular Polygons, Polyhedra, and Cages
284

IX.
Self‐Assembly Driven by Hydrogen Bonding
286

A.  Rosette‐Type Assemblies from Barbiturate and Melamine Subunits
288

B.  Self‐Assembling Capsules
291

X.
Conclusions: The Benefits of Supramolecular Chemistry for Mass Spectrometry
296

References
297

Supramolecular chemistry, in particular, the fields of molecular recognition and self‐assembly, profit much from the development of soft ionization techniques and advanced methods for mass analysis and gas‐phase chemistry. Vice versa, weakly bonded architectures and host‐guest complexes represent a veritable challenge for the mass spectrometrist, leading to further development of methods and techniques. This review describes the state‐of‐the‐art in this field, and includes topics such as the effects of solvation on meta binding to crown ethers, chiral discrimination of guests by chiral hosts, the elucidation of the secondary structure of self assembled complexes, and the mechanistic pathways of self assembly or the fragmentations of supramolecular complexes in the gas phase. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 20: 253–309, 2001; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mas.10009
Microsomal epoxide hydrolase polymorphisms and lung cancer risk in non‐Hispanic whites
Authors: Zhao Hua , Spitz Margaret R. , Gwyn Karin M. , Wu Xifeng
Published: August 2002

Microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEPHX) is a critical metabolic enzyme involved in the activation and subsequent detoxification of specific tobacco carcinogens. mEPHX harbors polymorphisms in exon 3 and exon 4 that modulate enzymatic activity. The exon 3 polymorphism decreases mEPHX metabolic activity, whereas the exon 4 polymorphism increases activity. We hypothesized that the mEPHX polymorphisms modulate lung cancer risk. Using a case‐control study design and restriction fragment length polymorphism polymerase chain reaction assay, we determined the mEPHX polymorphic genotypes of 181 lung cancer cases among non‐Hispanic whites and 163 controls (matched for age, sex, ethnicity, and smoking history). Our results showed that the variant allele of mEPHX exon 4 increased the overall lung cancer risk by 56% (odds ratio [OR] = 1.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.99–2.46). Additionally, the risk estimates were elevated significantly for younger people (< 64 yr) (OR = 2.27, 95% CI = 1.15–4.50) and current smokers (OR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.06–4.65). The variant allele of mEPHX exon 3 had no effect overall (OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.56–1.38), but there was a 53% protective effect (OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.22–0.99) in younger people. When we analyzed the exon 3 and exon 4 polymorphisms together, those people with the high enzymatic activity genotype had an elevated lung cancer risk of 1.72 (95% CI = 0.90–3.29). This elevated risk was also evident only in younger people. These findings suggest that these variant alleles of exon 3 and exon 4 of mEPHX modulates lung cancer risk. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alterations of the Fhit gene in hepatocellular carcinomas induced by N‐nitrosodiethylamine in rats
Authors: Tsujiuchi Toshifumi , Sasaki Yasutaka , Kubozoe Tadahiko , Tsutsumi Masahiro , Konishi Yoichi , Nakae Dai
Published: August 2002

The present study was conducted to assess whether Fhit gene alterations are a feature of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) induced by N‐nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) in male Fischer 344 rats. Animals, 6 wk old, received a single intraperitoneal injection of DEN at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight, followed by combined treatment with partial hepatectomy and colchicine to induce cell‐cycle disturbance and a selection procedure, consisting of 2‐acetylaminofluorene and carbon tetrachloride. Fourteen HCCs were obtained 42 wk after the beginning of the experiment; total RNA was extracted for the assessment of aberrant transcription of the Fhit gene by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction analysis. Aberrant transcripts were detected in nine of the 14 HCCs (64.3%). Sequence analysis showed that these resulted from the absence of nt −9 to 279, nt −9 to 348, nt −98 to 279, nt −26 to 365, or nt −98 to 348. Western blot analysis demonstrated reduced expression of Fhit protein in six of 10 HCCs (60.0%), with a perfect correlation with Fhit gene alterations. These results indicated that changes in the Fhit gene occur frequently and may thus play some role in the development of HCCs induced by DEN in rats. ©2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aberrant transforming growth factor‐β signaling in azoxymethane‐induced mouse colon tumors
Authors: Guda Kishore , Giardina Charles , Nambiar Prashant , Cui Hongyi , Rosenberg Daniel W.
Published: August 2002

Alterations in the transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) pathway are implicated in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. We hypothesize that alterations in the TGF‐β pathway contribute to differential sensitivity of mice to the colon carcinogen azoxymethane (AOM). A/J (sensitive) and AKR/J (resistant) mice were injected intraperitoneally with AOM (10 mg/kg of body weight once a week for 6 wk). Twenty‐four weeks after AOM exposure, mutational analysis of TGF‐β type II receptor (TβR‐II) from normal colons and from tumors showed no AOM‐induced alterations. A significant decrease (1.5‐fold, P < 0.05) in TβR‐II mRNA levels, however, was found in A/J tumors with the RNase protection assay. Immunofluorescence of TβR‐II showed marked loss of staining in A/J tumors. The RNase protection assay and sequence analysis of the downstream signaling molecule Smad3 revealed no carcinogen‐induced alterations in either strain. To gain further insight into the functionality of the pathway, expression of TGF‐β, TGF‐β type I receptor (TβR‐I), and several downstream targets of TGF‐β signaling, including Smad7, c‐myc, and p15, was examined. Although no alterations in TGF‐β, TβR‐I, or Smad7 were found in tumors, a significant increase in c‐myc expression (2.5‐fold, P < 0.05 ) and a significant decrease in p15 expression (4.5‐fold, P < 0.05 ) were noted. Concomitant repression of TβR‐II and overexpression of c‐myc may render epithelial cells insensitive to TGF‐β‐mediated growth arrest, a possibility that also is suggested by this model. The significant decrease in p15 expression in tumors provides additional evidence that TGF‐β signaling may be markedly attenuated during colon tumorigenesis. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimating serial cross‐correlation in real estate returns
Authors: Brown Gerald R. , Ong Seow‐Eng
Published: August 2002

Appraisal smoothing understates the true volatility of real estate returns, and consequently affects asset allocation decisions. The high level of smoothing observed in commercial property index returns can be shown to be largely influenced by the effect of serial cross‐correlation. This paper examines this phenomenon by analysing the time series properties of a sample of individual property returns using the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model. The autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH) model, proposed by Engle (1982) and Bollerslev (1986), is used to characterize time series data that exhibits clustering in the residuals. The time‐varying conditional variance in ARCH models is often used as a measure of intertemporal risk. We use this property to analyse the cross‐correlation coefficients of a sample of properties. Our results suggest that there is positive skewness in the serial cross‐correlations. This is consistent with a process that would generate high serial correlation at the index level. We demonstrate that serial cross‐correlation can be used as a proxy of the proportion of sticky values in an index. The results indicate that serial cross‐correlation is time varying and positively skewed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The determinants of voluntary investment decisions
Authors: Chapple Wendy , Cooke Andrew , Galt Vaughan , Paton David
Published: August 2002

This paper analyses investments by firms into areas of corporate social responsibility, focussing on the decision by firms whether or not to invest in compliance with voluntary environmental standards. Theoretical predictions of the compliance decision are tested using discrete time survival analysis on a large dataset of UK manufacturing firms. The rate of voluntary compliance is found to have increased since the introduction of the International Standards Organization (ISO) scheme. Further, voluntary compliance is found to be negatively associated with rates of return and industry share, and positively associated with capital intensity and industry export intensity. In contrast to theoretical predictions on corporate social responsibility, there is no evidence that investment in intangible assets, either at the firm or the industry level, is positively associated with the compliance decision. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late‐Onset neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation type 1: Expanding the clinical spectrum
Authors: Racette Brad A. , Perry Arie , D'Avossa Giovanni , Perlmutter Joel S.
Published: August 2002

We report on two patients with pathologically proven neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation type 1 (NBIA‐1) with late onset and atypical presentations. One patient experienced gradual onset of shuffling gait, rigidity, bradykinesia, and increasing postural instability at age 85 years. He died a few weeks after developing acute hemiballismus at age 90 years. Histopathology revealed marked neuronal loss in the internal segment of the globus pallidum, astrocytosis, axonal spheroids, and extensive iron deposition consistent with NBIA‐1. No additional lesions were found to explain the hemiballismus. The second patient experienced fulminant dementia evolving to total disability and death within 2 months. Autopsy showed typical NBIA‐1 pathology. We conclude that NBIA‐1 pathology can develop at any age, and that the phenotype should be expanded to include late‐onset parkinsonism. The relationship to hemiballismus and adult‐onset dementia is less clear. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Impact of Huntington's disease on quality of life
Authors: Helder D.I. , Kaptein A.A. , van Kempen G.M.J. , van Houwelingen J.C. , Roos R.A.C.
Published: August 2002

The purpose of this study was to systematically assess the impact of Huntington's disease (HD) on patients' health‐related quality of life (QOL). Seventy‐seven patients with a clinically confirmed diagnosis of HD were interviewed by means of the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP). Additional data were gathered on patients' motor performance by means of the motor section of the Unified Huntington Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS), and cognitive performance by means of the Mini‐Mental State (MMS). Patients had high scores on the SIP subscales, indicating moderate to severe functional impairment. Total Motor Score (TMS), MMS scores, and the duration of HD were significantly correlated with patients' scores on the SIP, and predicted a significant amount of variance of the Physical Dimension of the SIP, but not of the Psychosocial Dimension. We conclude that HD has a great impact on patients' physical and psychosocial well‐being, the latter being more severely affected. Implications for further research and clinical practice are discussed. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Chronic L‐DOPA administration is not toxic to the remaining dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons, but instead may promote their functional recovery, in rats with partial 6‐OHDA or FeCl3 nigrostriatal lesions
Authors: Datla Krishna P. , Blunt Stavia B. , Dexter David T.
Published: August 2002

In this study, we have examined the effects of chronic L‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‐DOPA) administration on the remaining dopaminergic neurons in rats with 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) or buffered FeCl3 partial lesions to the nigrostriatal tract. L‐DOPA administration increased the turnover of dopamine in the striatum. L‐DOPA administration for 1 week produced an increase in the level of striatal RTI‐121 binding, a specific marker for dopamine uptake sites on the dopaminergic nerve terminals in the striatum. However, longer periods of L‐DOPA treatment decreased the level of RTI‐121 binding in the striatum. In the partial 6‐OHDA lesion model, L‐DOPA treatment had a time‐dependent effect on the number of neurons demonstrating a dopaminergic phenotype i.e., neurons that are tyrosine hyrdoxylase (TH)‐immunopositive, on the lesioned side of the brain. In the first few weeks of treatment, L‐DOPA decreased the number of TH‐positive neurons but with long‐term treatment, i.e., 24 weeks, L‐DOPA increased the number of neurons demonstrating a dopaminergic phenotype. Even in the buffered FeCl3 infusion model, where the levels of iron were increased, L‐DOPA treatment did not have any detrimental effects on the number of TH‐positive neurons on the lesioned side of the brain. Consequently, chronic L‐DOPA treatment does not have any detrimental effects to the remaining dopaminergic neurons in rats with partial lesions to the nigrostriatal tract; indeed in the 6‐OHDA lesion model, long‐term L‐DOPA may increase the number of neurons, demonstrating a dopaminergic phenotype. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Comorbidity of the nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Shulman Lisa M. , Taback Robin Leifert , Bean Judy , Weiner William J.
Published: August 2002

Many patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have clinically significant anxiety, depression, fatigue, sleep disturbance, or sensory symptoms. The comorbidity of these nonmotor symptoms and their relationship to PD severity has not been extensively evaluated. Ninety‐ nine nondemented PD patients were evaluated with the following battery of tests: Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), a sensory symptom questionnaire, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Hoehn & Yahr (H/Y) Stage, and the Schwab & England ADL scale (S/E). The comorbidity of the nonmotor symptoms and their relationship to PD severity was analyzed. Thirty‐six percent of the study population had depression (BDI ≥10), 33% had anxiety (BAI ≥10), 40% had fatigue (FSS > 4), 47% had sleep disturbance (PSQI > 5), and 63% reported sensory symptoms. Only 12% of the sample had no nonmotor symptoms. Fifty‐nine percent of the patients had two or more nonmotor symptoms, and nearly 25% had four or more. Increased comorbidity was associated with greater PD severity (P < 001). This study reveals that the nonmotor symptoms of PD frequently occur together in the same patients. Increased comorbidity of the five nonmotor symptoms was associated with greater PD severity. These results suggest that recognition of these diverse nonmotor symptoms may be enhanced by looking for others when one nonmotor symptom has been identified. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Severe dysphagia after botulinum toxin injection for cervical dystonia in multiple system atrophy
Authors: Thobois S. , Broussolle E. , Toureille L. , Vial C.
Published: August 2002

A 71‐year‐old woman was treated by botulinum toxin (BTX) type A injections for cervical dystonia related to a multiple system atrophy (MSA). A few days later and persisting for the next 4 months, she developed a severe dysphagia, requiring nasogastric feeding. This implicates cautious use of BTX in a case of MSA.
Unilateral periodic limb movements during sleep in corticobasal degeneration
Authors: Iriarte Jorge , Alegre Manuel , Arbizu Javier , de Castro Purificación
Published: August 2002

Periodic limb movements in sleep (PLM) have been associated with several degenerative disorders and other focal or diffuse diseases. We present a patient with clinical diagnosis of corticobasal degeneration and sleep complaints, in whom video recording and polygraphic study confirmed the presence of right PLM. The unilaterality of the movements and the positron emission tomography findings (hypometabolism in the left frontoparietal, basal ganglia, and thalamic areas) suggest that the loss of inhibitory descending central pathways, with origin in the cortex or basal ganglia, may be involved in the pathogenesis of PLM. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Progression of dopaminergic degeneration in Parkinson's disease and atypical parkinsonism: A longitudinal β‐CIT SPECT study
Authors: Pirker Walter , Djamshidian Schiva , Asenbaum Susanne , Gerschlager Willibald , Tribl Gotthard , Hoffmann Martha , Brücke Thomas
Published: August 2002

Atypical parkinsonian syndromes (APS) such as multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration are characterized by poor response to antiparkinsonian medication and rapid clinical deterioration. We used SPECT and [123I]β‐CIT as a label of dopamine transporters to study the progression of presynaptic dopaminergic degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) and APS. Twenty‐four PD patients with short disease duration (2.4 ± 1.5 years), 12 PD patients with long disease duration (9.2 ± 2.6 years), 10 patients with APS (disease duration 2.1 ± 1.5 years), and nine patients with essential tremor (ET) underwent sequential [123I]β‐CIT SPECT imaging with an interval of 25.5 ± 10.3 (13–63) months. The age‐related decline of striatal β‐CIT binding was studied cross‐sectionally in 30 healthy subjects. The ratio of striatum/cerebellum −1 at 20 hours after tracer injection, reflecting specific‐to‐nondisplaceable binding, was used as the primary SPECT outcome measure. At scan 1, striatal β‐CIT binding was reduced in PD patients with short disease duration (−42% compared with age‐corrected normal values) and long disease duration (−51%), and APS (−36%), but normal in ET. During the observation period striatal β‐CIT binding significantly declined in patients with APS (14.9% per year) and short duration PD (7.1% per year), whereas PD patients with long disease duration and patients with ET showed no significant change of striatal β‐CIT binding between scans 1 and 2. The relative annual reduction from age‐corrected normal values at the time of scan 1 was significantly higher in patients with APS than in PD patients with short disease duration (9.6 vs. 4.3%, P = 0.004). These results demonstrate a rapid decline of striatal β‐CIT binding in patients with atypical parkinsonian syndromes, exceeding the reduction in PD. The dopaminergic degeneration in PD appears to slow down during the course of the disease. SPECT with [123I]β‐CIT is a sensitive marker of disease progression in parkinsonian disorders. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Existence and uniform decay for a non‐linear viscoelastic equation with strong damping
Authors: Cavalcanti M. M. , Domingos Cavalcanti V. N. , Ferreira J.
Published: August 2002

This paper is concerned with the non‐linear viscoelastic equation

We prove global existence of weak solutions. Furthermore, uniform decay rates of the energy are obtained assuming a strong damping Δut acting in the domain and provided the relaxation function decays exponentially. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the denseness of Herglotz wave functions and electromagnetic Herglotz pairs in Sobolev spaces
Authors: Colton David , Kress Rainer
Published: August 2002

Let D⊂ℝ3 be a bounded domain with connected boundary δD of class C2. It is shown that Herglotz wave functions are dense in the space of solutions to the Helmholtz equation with respect to the norm in H1(D) and that the electric fields of electromagnetic Herglotz pairs are dense in the space of solutions to curl curl E=k2E with respect to the norm in Hcurl(D). Two proofs are given in each case, one based on the denseness of the traces of Herglotz wave functions on δD and the other on variational methods. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of a surface energy term on the distribution of phases in an elastic medium with a two‐well elastic potential
Authors: Bildhauer Michael , Fuchs Martin , Osmolovskii Victor
Published: August 2002

We consider the problem of minimizingamong functionsu:ℝd⊃Ω→ℝd,u∣∂Ω=0, and measurable subsetsEof Ω. Herefh+,f−denote quadratic potentials defined on Ω¯×{symmetricd×dmatrices},his the minimum energy offh+andε(u) is the symmetric gradient of the displacement fieldu. An equilibrium stateû,ÊofJ(u,E) is called one‐phase ifE=∅︁ orE=Ω, two‐phase otherwise. For two‐phase states,σ∣∂E∩Ω∣ measures the effect of the separating surface, and we investigate the way in which the distribution of phases is affected by the choice of the parametershϵℝ,σ>0. Additional results concern the smoothness of two‐phase equilibrium states and the behaviour of infJ(u,E) in the limitσ↓0. Moreover, we discuss the case of additional volume force potentials, and extend the previous results to non‐zero boundary values. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
U‐patch antenna loaded by complex substrates for multifrequency operation
Authors: Bilotti Filiberto , Vegni Lucio , Alù Andrea
Published: August 2002

In this paper, the analysis of patch antennas with U‐shaped metalization loaded by bianisotropic media is developed. A theoretical study is performed to obtain transmission‐line equations for bianisotropic materials, and then a method‐of‐lines (MoL) procedure is applied to obtain the radiative characteristics. Presented results assure, for particular patch dimensions and feed application geometry, a multifrequency operation in the microwave range, even for isotropic substrates. The application of bianisotropic materials gives better performances for bandwidth and input impedance at the central frequency, but degrades other frequency operation performances. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 32: 3–5, 2002.
Systematic design of resonant microstrip sensors with sensitive coating
Authors: Pawlak H. , Jannsen B. , Jacob A. F.
Published: August 2002

A parameter study of multilayered sensor structures is presented. These consist of planar microwave resonators coated with a thin, sensitive membrane. The influence of the various layers on the sensor characteristics is studied, and design rules are formulated. Two sensors with a moisture‐sensitive coating are realized. The experimental results confirm the simulation. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 32: 21–25, 2002.
Resonances in the Bragg regimes of axially excited, chiral sculptured thin films
Authors: Lakhtakia Akhlesh , Hodgkinson Ian J.
Published: August 2002

The Bragg wavelength regime of an axially excited, chiral sculptured thin film is shown to contain resonances of electric, magnetic, and mixed types. The resonance wavelengths initially change rapidly, but later stabilize, with respect to the film thickness. The center wavelength of the Bragg regime is unlikely to be resonant. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 32: 43–46, 2002.
The irregularly shaped patch as a perturbation of a regularly shaped patch
Authors: Sun Yuxuan , Chow Y. L. , Fang D. G.
Published: August 2002

A rapid and accurate approach is developed to solve the response of an irregularly shaped patch. This approach is based on the observation that the actual irregularly shaped patch can usually be taken as a perturbation of a regularly shaped patch. The steps of the approach are: 1) ideal regular patch (square), 2) irregular patch (corner cut), 3) add fringe field perturbation, and 4) Cauchy's interpretation. Results with less than 0.3% error in resonant frequency are obtained. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 32: 70–74, 2001.
Two special notes on the implementation of the unconditionally stable ADI‐FDTD method
Authors: Zhao An Ping
Published: August 2002

In this article two special considerations or notes on the implementation of the alternating direction implicit finite‐difference–time‐domain (ADI‐FDTD) method are discussed. In particular, the two notes are (a) the mathematical algorithm used to solve the tridiagonal matrix equation, and (b) the way to apply the excitation. First, it is found that the ADI‐FDTD method is not always stable if the algorithm (for solving the tridiagonal matrix equation) proposed in the book Numerical Recipes in C is adopted. Consequently, a simple, efficient, and stable mathematical algorithm for solving the tridiagonal matrix equation of the ADI‐FDTD method is presented. Second, it is demonstrated that, to obtain more accurate results for all the field components, the excitation function should be applied to both the first subiteration and the second subiteration, rather than forced in the first subiteration only. The theory proposed in this article is validated through numerical examples. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 33: 273–277, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10295
Very high broadband electromagnetic characterization method of film‐shaped materials using coplanar
Authors: Hinojosa J. , Lmimouni K. , Lepilliet S. , Dambrine G.
Published: August 2002

A very high broadband method for determining the electromagnetic properties of isotropic film‐shaped materials, which uses coplanar lines as cells, is presented. The material tested is the coplanar line substrate. The complex properties are computed from S‐parameter measurements of coplanar cells propagating the dominant mode and using analytical relationships, which decrease the computation time. Vector network analyzers and high‐quality on‐coplanar test fixtures are used for the measurement bench. Measurements for several dielectric materials in the 0.05–110 GHz frequency range show good agreements between measured and predicted data. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 33: 352–355, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10319
NMR analysis of mono‐ and difructosyllactosucrose synthesized by 1F‐fructosyltransferase purified from roots of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.)
Authors: Yamamori Akira , Fukushi Eri , Onodera Shuichi , Kawabata Jun , Shiomi Norio
Published: August 2002

Two novel oligosaccharides, mono‐ and difructosyllactosucrose {[O‐β‐D‐fructofuranosyl‐(2 → 1)]n‐β‐D‐fructofuranosyl‐O‐[β‐D‐galactopyranosyl‐(1 → 4)]‐α‐D‐glucopyranoside, n = 1 and 2} were synthesized using 1F‐fructosyltransferase purified form roots of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.). Their 1H and 13C NMR spectra were assigned using several NMR techniques. The spectral analysis was started from two anomeric methines of aldose units, galactose and glucose, since they showed separate characteristic signals in their 1H and 13C NMR spectra. After assignments of all the 1H and 13C signals of two units of aldose, they were discriminated as galactose and glucose using proton–proton coupling constants. The HMBC spectrum revealed the galactose residue attached to C‐4 of glucose, fructose residue attached to the C‐1 of glucose, and further fructosyl fructose linkage extended from the glucosyl fructose residues. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DNA spatial distribution in unfertilized human oocytes by confocal laser scanning microscope
Authors: Pitsos M.A. , Nicolopoulou‐Stamati P.
Published: August 2002

The aim of this study is to investigate the DNA spatial distribution in unfertilized human oocytes by confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). One hundred and forty unfertilized oocytes after conventional in vitro fertilization (IVF) and one hundred and three after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) were studied. The chromatin was stained with chromomycin A3 (CA3) initially and at a second step with propidium iodide, allowing the observation of the deprotaminated sperm heads in the ooplasm. CLSM offered the opportunity for studying the three‐dimensional position of the spermatozoon in the oocyte and the description of the status of the maternal and paternal chromatin. For each of the IVF and ICSI group of unfertilized oocytes, subgroups were performed according to the status of the maternal and paternal chromatin. The maternal chromosomes were either aligned at metaphase II or disarrayed at metaphase II, and the sperm head was either condensed or swollen/decondensed. Few oocytes were activated and formed a pronucleus. The spatial approaching between paternal and maternal chromatin was calculated for all subgroups of unfertilized oocytes and the distances were compared among them. There was no statistical difference in the distance between the spermatozoon and the maternal chromatin among subgroups of the IVF group, while statistical differences occurred among subgroups of the ICSI group. The spermatozoa in the IVF group approached maternal chromatin more than those in the ICSI group. Movement of the spermatozoon into the oocyte and chromatin remodeling for the formation of pronucleus seem to occur independently and are possibly directed by different mechanisms. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 62: 368–374, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stage of the estrous cycle at the time of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin injection affects pre‐implantation embryo development in vitro in the mouse
Authors: Tarín Juan J. , Pérez‐Albalá Sonia , Gómez‐Piquer Vanessa , Hermenegildo Carlos , Cano Antonio
Published: August 2002

The present study aims to analyze in the mouse the effect of the stage of the estrous cycle at the time of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) injection on fertilization of ovulated cumulus‐enclosed oocytes and later embryo development in vitro to the blastocyst stage. Quality of blastocysts was evaluated by staining and counting of total number of nuclei, mitotic index, percentage of apoptotic nuclei, and cell allocation to the inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) lineage. Superovulation of hybrid (C57Bl/6JIco female × CBA/JIco male) female mice of 4–6 weeks of age was induced by a priming injection of PMSG at different stages of the estrous cycle followed after a 48‐hr interval by human chrorionic gonadotropin. Our data indicate that injection of PMSG at the estrus phase gives the best outcome whereas injection of PMSG at the diestrus‐1 or diestrus‐2 phase provides the worst results. In fact, (1) total number of oocytes ovulated, number of ovulated oocytes enclosed by cumulus cells, and number of TE cells in day‐5 blastocysts were significantly lower in diestrus‐1 females than in estrus, diestrus‐2 and proestrus mice; (2) percentage of day‐5 blastocysts and total number of cells in day‐5 blastocysts were lower in diestrus‐1 and diestrus‐2 females than in estrus and proestrus mice; and (3) percentage of apoptotic nuclei in day‐5 blastocysts was lower in estrus mice than in diestrus‐1, diestrus‐2, or proestrus females. These data endorse previous studies suggesting that administration of gonadotropins in mice should be synchronized with the innate estrous cycle of females. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 62: 312–319, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cloned pigs generated from cultured skin fibroblasts derived from a H‐transferase transgenic boar
Authors: Bondioli Kenneth , Ramsoondar Jagdeece , Williams Barry , Costa Cristina , Fodor William
Published: August 2002

Cloned pigs were produced from cultured skin fibroblasts derived from a H‐transferase transgenic boar. One 90 day fetus and two healthy piglets resulted from nuclear transfer by fusion of cultured fibroblasts with enucleated oocytes. The cells used in these studies were subjected to an extensive culture time, freezing and thawing, and clonal expansion from single cells prior to nuclear transfer. PCR and FACS analysis determined that the cloned offspring contained and expressed the H‐transferase transgene. Microsatellite analysis confirmed that the clones were genetically identical to the boar. The cell culture and nuclear transfer procedures described here will be useful for applications requiring multiple genetic manipulations in the same animal. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 60: 189–195, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on biophysical parameters and chilling sensitivity of ewe oocytes
Authors: Zeron Yoel , Sklan David , Arav Amir
Published: August 2002

Fat supplementation in the diet influences reproductive performance of lactating ruminants. Changes in the fat supply alter fatty acid composition and this can affect physical properties of cell membranes. This study examined the effect of rumen bypass polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation on oocyte quality, chilling sensitivity, and lipid phase transition in oocytes of the sheep. Ewes were fed a diet supplemented with calcium soaps of fish oil for 13 weeks. More follicles and oocytes were found in the ovaries of ewes supplemented with PUFA than in control ewes. The number of high‐quality oocytes was higher in ewes fed PUFA than in control ewes (74.3 and 57.0%, P < 0.05, respectively). Evaluation of phospholipid fatty acid composition indicated that PUFA were present in small proportions in oocytes, and eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were absent. Supplementation with PUFA increased the proportion of long chain unsaturated fatty acid in the plasma and cumulus cells phospholipids by 7.4 and 12.7%, respectively (P < 0.05).

Integrity of oocyte membranes following chilling (16°C, 15 min) was improved by PUFA supplementation increasing from 62.5 to 90.0% (P < 0.05). Due to changes in the oocyte's fatty acid profile, physical properties of the membrane were changed and the midpoint temperature of lipid transition reduced by 11°C. These results suggest that supplementation of rumen bypass PUFA to ruminant diets can change fatty acid composition of follicle components and influence parameters such as number and quality of oocytes and their chilling resistance. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 61: 271–278, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Systematic review of chorioamnionitis and cerebral palsy
Authors: Wu Yvonne W.
Published: August 2002

In a recent meta‐analysis evaluating the relationship between chorioamnionitis and cerebral palsy, we found that chorioamnionitis is a risk factor for both cerebral palsy and cystic periventricular leukomalacia (cPVL). The current paper extends the meta‐analysis by including studies published in the year 2000, and by further evaluating the causes of heterogeneity among individual study results. Using a random effects model, clinical chorioamnionitis was significantly associated with both cerebral palsy (RR 1.9, 95% CI 1.5–2.5) and cPVL (RR 2.6, 95% CI 1.7–3.9). Sources of heterogeneity included widely varying practices in the diagnosis of clinical chorioamnionitis, different gestational age characteristics, and varying study year. We conclude that based on the available literature, chorioamnionitis is a risk factor for both cerebral palsy and cPVL. MRDD Research Reviews 2002;8:25–29. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In utero infection and adult schizophrenia
Authors: Brown Alan S. , Susser Ezra S.
Published: August 2002

We review emerging evidence indicating that in utero exposure to infection is a risk factor for schizophrenia. It is hypothesized that a prenatal infection increases the liability to schizophrenia in adulthood by adversely affecting the maturation of critical brain structural and functional components implicated in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of the disorder. Early evidence for a role of in utero infection includes investigations linking schizophrenia with birth during the winter and in urban regions, and ecologic studies demonstrating associations between influenza epidemics and births of pre‐schizophrenic patients. The findings of the latter studies are, however, equivocal. To more rigorously address this question, our group has used increasingly sophisticated research designs that incorporate more refined measures of exposure and outcome, and continuous follow‐up of treated cases. This work has already yielded several intriguing findings, including associations between schizophrenia and two in utero infections—rubella and respiratory infection. We also describe our ongoing birth cohort investigations that are expected to advance this work further, including studies that utilize maternal serum samples drawn during pregnancy of offspring who were later diagnosed with schizophrenia. MRDD Research Reviews 2002;8:51–57. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Living circumstances of children and adults with mental retardation or developmental disabilities in the united states, canada, england and wales, and australia
Authors: Braddock David , Emerson Eric , Felce David , Stancliffe Roger J.
Published: August 2002

The purpose of this article was to collate evidence to describe where people with mental retardation or developmental disabilities live in five developed countries: United States, Canada, England, Wales, and Australia. Family homes are important dwelling places for people with mental retardation. They are the home of the great majority of children with mental retardation and a considerable proportion of adults with mental retardation. The likelihood of placement outside the family home increases with adulthood and progressively as people age. Adults with mental retardation live in a wide variety of settings, with formal residential provision frequently dependent on the arrangements that the authorities responsible for providing service support have chosen to make. There has been a considerable move away from accommodating people in large segregated and geographically isolated institutions in the countries considered. However, the current range of accommodation includes much with a distinctively different character to the homes where other citizens live. Many people still live in larger groups than would be ordinarily found in typical homes and this may necessitate departure from the architectural norm. In all of the countries considered, there has been a recent trend towards small community settings, compatible with typical housing architecture. This appears furthest advanced in the U.S. but is discernible elsewhere. Availability of residential services at a national level varies between 100 and 155 places per 100,000 total population. Regional variation within countries is even greater. In no case is the national availability considered adequate to meet the demand arising from changing need or expectations. MRDD Research Reviews 7:115–121, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of excitatory amino acids in developmental epilepsies
Authors: Raol Y.H. , Lynch David R. , Brooks‐Kayal Amy R.
Published: August 2002

Altered excitatory amino acid (EAA) neurotransmission, mediated primarily by glutamate, is a major cause of the imbalance of excitation and inhibition which characterizes both early development and epileptogenesis. Glutamate's actions are mediated by three classes of receptors: NMDA, non‐NMDA (AMPA and kainate), and metabotropic. Several features of normal EAA development contribute to hyperexcitability in the immature brain, making it more prone to development of seizures. These features include increased density of NMDA receptors, differences in NMDA receptor subunit composition and activation kinetics, which result in reduced voltage‐dependent Mg2+ blockade and longer receptor openings in early development. Also, the unique subunit composition of AMPA receptors present at synapses during early development results in increased Ca2+ influx. These and other differences in EAA signaling, in combination with developmental alterations in inhibitory neurotransmission, contribute to the increased seizure susceptibility seen in young animals and children. In turn, seizures themselves may alter EAA neurotransmission in an age‐dependent manner. Age related changes in excitatory neurotransmission may, therefore, lead to differences in basic mechanisms of epileptogenesis between the immature and mature brain, and may also alter the activity and efficacy of antiepileptic drugs in the pediatric age group. MRDD Research Reviews 2001;7:254–260. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.