bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low level presence of unapproved biotech materials: Current status and capability of DNA-based detection methods
Authors: Demeke T. , Perry D. J.
Published: September 2013

Demeke, T. and Perry, D. J. 2014. Low level presence of unapproved biotech materials: Current status and capability of DNA-based detection methods. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 497–507. In agricultural biotechnology, low level presence (LLP) of recombinant DNA plant material is defined as the unintended presence of trace levels of a specific genetically engineered (GE) or biotechnology-derived material which in most instances has been authorized for use as food or feed in at least one country. Asynchronous authorizations of GE products have prompted testing for the GE content in an assortment of agricultural products for the purpose of facilitating international grain trade. Low level presence of some unauthorized GE materials identified in non-GE grains, oilseeds and food stuffs has negatively impacted grain trade. Other factors contributing to a negative impact on grain trade due to LLP of GE material include zero tolerance policies and slow regulatory approval processes for some countries. This element alone heightens the need for accurate, reliable and cost-effective detection methods. As the number of biotech events increases, the challenge of handling LLP of unapproved GE materials poses an even greater challenge. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is widely used for detection and quantification of GE events. Accuracy of PCR-based testing of GE events is affected by variation in sampling, sample preparation and various confounders associated with testing methods. Challenges when using PCR detection and quantification methods for the detection of LLP of GE events are the focus of this review as well as background information and recent examples of occurrence and suggestions to mitigate LLP as it relates to GE materials in grain trade.
Canadian buckwheat: A unique, useful and under-utilized crop
Authors: Izydorczyk Marta S. , McMillan Tricia , Bazin Sharon , Kletke Jerry , Dushnicky Len , Dexter James
Published: September 2013

Izydorczyk, M. S., McMillan, T., Bazin, S., Kletke, J., Dushnicky, L. and Dexter, J. 2014. Canadian buckwheat: A unique, useful and under-utilized crop. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 509–524. Buckwheat is a broad-leafed herbaceous annual plant, belonging to the genus Fagopyrum of the family Polygonaceae, the “smartweed” family, also called the buckwheat, rhubarb, or sorrel family. Although not a cereal, buckwheat on the whole resembles cereal grains; it is handled and processed like other cereals and officially listed among the 20 grains inspected and graded by the Canadian Grain Commission. In addition to starch (65–75% dwb) and proteins (13–14% dwb), buckwheat is a source of flavonoids (with rutin being the most distinctive), a group of polyphenolic compounds with a potential to inhibit lipoprotein oxidation and to reduce risk of cardiovascular diseases, and fagopyritols, another group of unique bioactive compounds first identified in buckwheat and associated with reduction of symptoms on non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Buckwheat proteins do not contain gluten, and buckwheat is regarded as an excellent alternative source of protein for individuals with celiac disease. Buckwheat is a particularly good dietary source of Zn, Cu, Mn and Mg. Buckwheat starch and dietary fibre constituents exhibit some distinctive physicochemical and functional properties. Despite the availability of several high-yielding, high-quality Canadian buckwheat cultivars and the well-established production of buckwheat on the Canadian prairies, buckwheat is found in relatively few food products manufactured in North America, and Canada remains largely an exporter of buckwheat rather than its processor. Buckwheat can be roller milled into various types of flours with variable composition and properties. Buckwheat milling fractions can be relatively easily incorporated in a variety of food products to improve their nutritional qualities and potential health benefits, but much more attention should be paid to the development and improvement of modern food processing techniques to improve the palatability and acceptability of buckwheat products.
Standardizing and Evaluating Transitions of Care in the Era of Duty Hour Reform: One Institution's Resident-Led Effort
Authors: Boggan Joel C. , Zhang Tian , DeRienzo Chris , Frush Karen , Andolsek Kathryn
Published: September 2013

Background

Compliance with the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education duty hour standards may necessitate more frequent transitions of patient responsibility.

Intervention

We created a multidisciplinary Patient Safety and Quality Council with a Task Force on Handoffs (TFH), engaging residents at a large, university-based institution.

Methods

The TFH identified core content of effective handoffs and patterned institutional content on the SIGNOUTT mnemonic. A web-based module highlighting core content was developed for institutional orientation of all trainees beginning summer 2011 to standardize handoff education. The TFH distributed handoff material and catalogued additional program initiatives in teaching and evaluating handoffs. A standard handoff evaluation tool, assessing content, culture, and communication, was developed and “preloaded” into the institution-wide electronic evaluation system to standardize evaluation. The TFH developed questions pertaining to handoffs for an annual institutional survey in 2011 and 2012. Acceptability of efforts was measured by program participation, and feasibility was measured by estimating time and financial costs.

Results

Programs found the TFH's efforts to improve handoffs acceptable; to date, 13 program-specific teaching initiatives have been implemented, and the evaluation tool is being used by 5 programs. Time requirements for TFH participants average 2 to 3 h/mo, and financial costs are minimal. More residents reported having education on handoffs (58% [388 of 668] versus 42% [263 of 625], P < .001) and receiving adequate signouts (69% [469 of 680] versus 61% [384 of 625], P  =  .004) in the 2012 survey, compared with 2011.

Conclusions

Use of a multispecialty resident leadership group to address content, education, and evaluation of handoffs was feasible and acceptable to most programs at a large, university-based institution.
Awareness of Basic Life Support Among Staff and Students in a Dental School
Authors: Reddy Sahithi , Doshi Dolar , Reddy Padma , Kulkarni Suhas , Reddy Srikanth
Published: September 2013

Aim

To assess and compare the knowledge of basic life support (BLS) among third, fourth and fifth (III, IV and V) year Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) clinical students, dental interns, postgraduate students and Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) and Master of Dental Surgery (MDS) faculty of Panineeya Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Hyderabad, India.

Materials and methods

A BLS questionnaire consisting of 22 questions was used to assess the levels of III, IV and V years BDS clinical students, dental interns, postgraduate students and BDS and MDS faculty of Panineeya Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Hyderabad, India. Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (SPSS version 12.0) was used to analyze the statistical data. The p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

A total of 338 respondents took part in the study. When gender comparison was done with correct knowledge responses, statistically significant differences were noted for Q6, Q9, Q12, Q13, Q15 and Q17. For age groups and educational qualifications, significant difference was observed for all questions. It was noted that III, IV and V year undergraduate clinical students and half of interns had adequate knowledge when compared to postgraduate students (6.9%), BDS tutors (0.00%) and MDS staff (10.7%).

Conclusion

The study concludes that there is a significant lack of knowledge among postgraduates students BDS and MDS faculty, regarding BLS when compared to III, IV and V year's clinical BDS students and dental interns. This study emphasizes the need for all health care professionals to regularly update the knowledge and skills regarding BLS.

How to cite this article

Reddy S, Doshi D, Reddy P, Kulkarni S, Reddy S. Awareness of Basic Life Support Among Staff and Students in a Dental School. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(3):511-517.
The Prevalence of Dental Anomalies in Orthodontic Patients at the State University of New York at Buffalo
Authors: Al-Amiri Athari , Tabbaa Sawsan , Preston Charles Brian , Al-Jewair Thikriat
Published: September 2013

Objective

To determine the prevalence of permanent tooth anomalies in patients attending the graduate orthodontic clinic at the State University of New York at Buffalo.

Materials and methods

Charts of 496 subjects (310 females and 186 males) met the inclusion criteria for this study. The mean ages were 16 years and 3 months for the combined gender sample that received orthodontic treatment in the graduate orthodontic clinic between 2007 and 2010. Full pretreatment records (intraoral photographs, digital study models, lateral cephalograms and panoramic radiographs) were used for the assessment. Charts were examined for these anomalies: agenesis, supernumerary, impaction and delayed tooth eruption. Subjects were categorized by gender and ethnicity. The percentages of the anomalies were assessed according to type of malocclusion, gender, race, location, tooth class and region in the dental arches.

Results

Sixty-four subjects (12.9%) had at least one occurrence of delayed eruption and impaction (DEI), followed by 47 subjects (9.5%) who had at least one occurrence of agenesis, and seven (1.4%) had a supernumerary condition. Approximately 80% of the subjects had no dental anomalies. The presence of more than one anomaly was observed in 61 subjects. Twelve subjects (2.4%) had both agenesis and DEI. Agenesis tended to be more common in class II malocclusions (p = 0.012).

Conclusion

The prevalence of permanent tooth anomalies was (20.4%). The percentage occurrence of DEI was the highest (12.9%) followed by dental agenesis (9.5%) and supernumerary teeth (1.4%) in the orthodontic patients at the State University of New York at Buffalo.

How to cite this article

Al-Amiri A, Tabbaa S, Preston CB, Al-Jewair T. The Prevalence of Dental Anomalies in Orthodontic Patients at the State University of New York at Buffalo. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(3):518-523.
Arrest of Root Formation in Relation to Permanent Mandibular Incisors: A Rare Case Report
Authors: Subramaniam Priya , Gupta Megha , Gona Harsha
Published: September 2013

Aim

To report a rare case of arrested root formation of permanent incisors in a young boy with mixed dentition and its management.

Background

Traumatic injury to a primary tooth may damage the underlying permanent tooth germ and affect its development. The extent of the malformation depends upon the developmental stage of the permanent tooth and the intensity of trauma. Discoloration and hypoplasia of the crown, dilaceration, root angulation and disturbances in eruption are commonly seen developmental disturbances following trauma. However, partial or complete arrest of root formation is a rare developmental sequela of trauma to primary teeth. Attempt should be made to retain these natural teeth during the mixed dentition period.

Case description

A case is presented of a young boy with rare occurrence of arrested root formation of permanent mandibular incisors, following trauma to the primary predecessors. Clinically these teeth exhibited mobility and radiographic examination showed absence of root formation in relation to the incisors. The treatment plan was to retain the natural permanent teeth for a maximum period and to stabilize them until a more permanent replacement could be carried out. As the patient had mixed dentition, immediate stabilization was done using fiber reinforced splint until further definitive treatment is carried out.

Early diagnosis of developmental disturbances in permanent teeth resulting from trauma at a young age is necessary. Regular follow-up appointments, through clinical and radiographic examination and timely intervention may minimize or even avoid harm to the developing tooth.

How to cite this article

Subramaniam P, Gupta M, Gona H. Arrest of Root Formation in Relation to Permanent Mandibular Incisors: A Rare Case Report. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013; 14(3):552-555.
El Manejo de la Reserva Biológica Uyuca en el Contexto Nacional y Global del Sistema de Áreas Protegidas
Authors: Mora José Manuel , López Lucía I.
Published: September 2013

La mayoría de las sociedades humanas desarrollaron relaciones de respeto e incluso de adoración con la naturaleza. La biodiversidad del planeta experimenta una fuerte crisis cuyos orígenes radican en el modo de relación establecido por la sociedad industrial con el mundo natural. Esta situación ha llamado la atención mundial y ha justificado la creación de áreas silvestres protegidas para mantener muestras representativas de la biodiversidad. Sin embargo, la conservación biológica y la ética ambiental no se pueden separar de la justicia social. Debido a ello, las áreas protegidas deben ser un componente vital de cualquier estrategia de conservación y a la vez servir de hospedero de otras necesidades sociales, culturales y económicas. Se reconoce que las áreas protegidas pueden ser fuentes de importantes beneficios económicos, por lo que pueden ser un aporte significativo a las economías locales. La Reserva Biológica Uyuca (RBU) es una pequeña área protegida creada en 1985 que ocupa la porción más alta del cerro Uyuca a 15 km al oriente de Tegucigalpa. Desde 1948, Zamorano ha trabajo en pro de la conservación de la biodiversidad de todo el cerro Uyuca. El manejo actual de esta reserva está a cargo del Departamento de Ambiente y Desarrollo (DAD) de la Escuela Agrícola Panamericana. La RBU ha sido establecida legalmente para limitar el alcance de la conversión de tierras dentro de su área delimitada. Hay 10 aldeas que se beneficien directamente del agua de la RBU, pero la presión y demanda está en aumento. Recientemente, el DAD elaboró un nuevo plan de manejo para la RBU que cumple todos los requisitos del Instituto Nacional de Conservación Forestal de Honduras. El nuevo plan provee los principios necesarios para el manejo adecuado de la RBU y permite la participación de la sociedad civil en la elaboración de este elemento clave según los lineamientos del sistema nacional de áreas protegidas.
Radiographic Contrast-Media-Induced Acute Kidney Injury: Pathophysiology and Prophylactic Strategies
Authors: Sadat Umar
Published: September 2013

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is one of the most widely discussed and debated topics in cardiovascular medicine. With increasing number of contrast-media- (CM-) enhanced imaging studies being performed and growing octogenarian population with significant comorbidities, incidence of CI-AKI remains high. In this review, pathophysiology of CI-AKI, its relationship with different types of CM, role of serum and urinary biomarkers for diagnosing CI-AKI, and various prophylactic strategies used for nephroprotection against CI-AKI are discussed in detail.
Genetics-Based Pediatric Warfarin Dosage Regimen Derived Using Pharmacometric Bridging
Authors: Lala Mallika , Burckart Gilbert J. , Takao Cheryl M. , Pravica Vera , Momper Jeremiah D. , Gobburu Jogarao V.S.
Published: September 2013

BACKGROUND

Warfarin dosage regimens using CYP2C9 and VKORC1 polymorphisms have been extensively studied in adults and is included in US Food and Drug Administration-approved warfarin labeling. However, no dosage algorithm is available for pediatric patients.

OBJECTIVE

To derive a genetics-based pediatric dosge regimen for warfarin, including starting dose and titration scheme.

METHODS

A model-based approach was developed based on a previously validated warfarin dosage model in adults, with subsequent comparison to pediatric data from pediatric warfarin dose, genotyping, and international normalized ratio (INR) results. The adult model was based on a previously established model from the CROWN (CReating an Optimal Warfarin dosing Nomogram) trial. Pediatric warfarin data were obtained from a study conducted at the Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles with 26 subjects. Variant alleles of CYP2C9 (rs1799853 or *2, and rs1057910 or *3) and the VKORC1 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs9923231 (−1639 G>A) were assessed, where the rs numbers are reference SNP identification tags assigned by the National Center for Biotechnology Information.

RESULTS

A pediatric warfarin model was derived using the previously validated model and clinical pharmacology considerations. The model was validated, and clinical trial simulation and stochastic modeling were used to optimize pediatric dosage and titration. The final dosage regimen was optimized based on simulations targeting a high (≥60%) proportion of INRs within the therapeutic range by week 2 of warfarin therapy while minimizing INRs >3.5 or <2.

CONCLUSIONS

The proposed pediatric warfarin dosage scheme based on individual CYP2C9 (alleles *1,*2,*3) and VKORC1 rs9923231 (-1639 G>A) genotypes may offer improved dosage compared to current treatment strategies, especially in patients with variant CYP2C9 and VKORC1 alleles. This pilot study provides the foundation for a larger prospective evaluation of genetics-based warfarin dosage in pediatric patients.
The Impact of a Pediatric Antibiotic Standard Dosing Table on Dosing Errors
Authors: Aseeri Mohammed A.
Published: September 2013

OBJECTIVE

The goal of this study was to compare the rate of dosing errors for antibiotic orders in pediatric patients before and after the implementation of an antibiotic standard dosing table with precalculated dosage for different weight ranges at a tertiary care hospital.

METHODS

A retrospective study of 300 antibiotic prescriptions for pediatric patients in three different settings (ambulatory care, inpatient, and emergency department) at a tertiary care hospital assessed the appropriateness of antibiotic dosing. The need for an antibiotic dosing standardization policy was identified after finding that more than 30% of patients experienced a dose variation of ±10% of the recommended daily dose. An antibiotic dosing standardization policy was implemented with an antibiotic standard dosing table for different weight ranges, and a hospital wide-education program was conducted to increase awareness of this new practice and its benefits. Three months after implementation, a random sampling of 300 antibiotic prescriptions collected from the same settings as the pre-intervention period was evaluated for compliance with the new policy and its effect on the number of antibiotic dosing errors.

RESULTS

Six hundred prescriptions were included in this study (300 in the pre-implementation phase and 300 in the post-implementation phase). Patient characteristics were similar in both groups in terms of sex, age, and weight. Physician compliance with the antibiotic dosing standardization policy after its implementation was 62%. The dosing standardization policy reduced the rate of dosing errors from 34.3% to 5.06% (p=0.0001), and weight documentation on the antibiotic prescription improved from 65.8% to 85.7% (p=0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Implementation of an antibiotic dosing standardization policy significantly reduced the incidence of dosing errors in antibiotics prescribed for pediatric patients in our hospital.
Glycemic Control in Pediatric Patients on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Authors: Wierer Kathryn L. , Pagryzinski Rachel A. , Xiang Qun
Published: September 2013

OBJECTIVES To determine whether glycemic control has an effect on outcomes for pediatric patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy, while controlling for multiple factors.

METHODS A single-center retrospective chart review was performed on 82 patients who required ECMO from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2010. All glucose concentrations collected while patients were on ECMO were analyzed; multiple other factors that may have affected mortality were also recorded. Primary outcome was mortality, and secondary outcomes were length of time on ECMO and length of time until death or discharge from the hospital.

RESULTS Of 82 patients, 53 patients survived ECMO (64.6%). Glucose control had no effect on survival of patients on ECMO (p=0.56), even when controlling for multiple factors (p=0.48). Similarly, statistical evaluation showed no differences for hospital mortality in relationship to controlled serum glucose (p=0.50). Patients with controlled glucose spent an average of 31.5% more time on ECMO than non-controlled patients (p=0.048).

CONCLUSIONS In this study, glycemic control, defined as serum glucose concentration between 60 mg/dL and 250 mg/dL for >95% of the time on ECMO, had no statistically significant effect on mortality for patients on ECMO. Future studies could focus on tighter glucose control or specific dextrose/glucose protocols to evaluate whether improved glucose control would have an effect on morbidity and mortality.
Ondansetron to Treat Pruritus Due to Cholestatic Jaundice
Authors: Dillon Sarah , Tobias Joseph D.
Published: September 2013

Intractable itching is a symptom of cholestatic liver disease of various causes that is bothersome and difficult to manage. Although treatment of the primary cause of cholestasis is paramount in resolving the issue, given the debilitating consequences of pruritus, symptomatic treatment is frequently necessary. Although many medications including cholestyramine, rifampin, opioid antagonists (i.e., naloxone, naltrexone), phenobarbital, and antihistamines have been used to treat cholestatic-induced pruritus, none has resulted in uniform success. We report anecdotal success with the use of ondansetron to treat pruritus associated with cholestasis following prolonged intensive care unit course of a 16-year-old. The theories accounting for pruritus with cholestasis are presented, treatment options are reviewed, and the role of ondansetron in the treatment of pruritus is discussed.
Lire entre les lignes : le commentaire de Philargyrius aux Bucoliques de Virgile
Authors: Paret-Parras Cécile
Published: September 2013

L’étude du genre du commentaire est tout à fait opérante dans le cadre d’une réflexion mêlant édition et histoire textuelle, puisque tout commentaire engage la représentation conjointe de deux discours différents. Le commentaire de Philargyrius auxBucoliquesde Virgile, sous la forme desExplanationes, s’inscrit ainsi dans cette démarche. Le commentaire, proposé en deux versions de longueur inégale, est présenté sous forme de scholies continues, dotées de lemmes. Or, cette mise en page n’est sans doute pas la seule connue pour ce texte. Ces aspects formels du commentaire pourraient n’être que secondaires, et finalement sans importance, s’ils n’influençaient le texte qui nous est donné à lire aujourd’hui. Mais précisément, au-delà de l’étude des variations de mise en page, le lecteur moderne se trouve confronté à des problématiques éditoriales liées à la réception, la lecture et la pratique pédagogique du commentaire à différentes époques.
Le livre utopique
Authors: Vallée Jean-François
Published: September 2013

Les nombreuses éditions modernes de L’Utopie de Thomas More présentent un visage très différent des premières éditions publiées au début du xvie siècle. On note, par exemple, que la plus grande partie de ce qu’on appelle les parerga – lettres d’humanistes, poèmes et gravures qui encadrent les éditions renaissantes –, a été presque systématiquement éliminée. Il en va de même pour les 194 notes marginales, attribuées à Érasme ou à Pierre Gilles. Ces coupures et reconfigurations des éditions originales paraissent extrêmement significatives : elles nous semblent étroitement liées à une lecture de L’Utopie qui paraît déformée par notre conception moderne du livre et de l’auteur. Une analyse attentive des quatre premières éditions nous permettra de mettre en lumière la structure textuelle et éditoriale beaucoup plus sophistiquée de cette oeuvre humaniste foncièrement « dialogocentrique », ce qui pourrait transformer radicalement notre lecture de ce livre utopique à plus d’un titre.
Face to Face and Side by Side: Printing Cross-Confessional Poetry in Late xvith and Early xviith century France1
Authors: Barker S. K.
Published: September 2013

The early modern anthology allowed editors to assemble new products quickly without waiting for fresh work to be written, something which proved to be particularly fruitful for poetry collections. However, it is often hard to discern how such collections were developed and assembled. The popular Cantiques du Sieur de Maisonfleur appeared in eight variations between 1580 and 1613. What makes this particular collection all the more intriguing is the cross-confessional background of the poets involved, especially as the collected works had a spiritual focus. This study explores both the changing editorial aims and textual presentation of the Cantiques. It considers the evolving layout and ordering of the works and the different reading apparatus introduced into the volumes so as to discern how readers were meant to approach the collection. It argues that the editorial decisions behind this collection reflected the cross-confessional trends of the later Reformation, particularly how they manifested themselves in a France dealing with the realities and legacies of religious civil war.
Le projet éditorial de Marie de Gournay
Authors: Devincenzo Giovanna
Published: September 2013

Marie de Gournay fait son entrée dans le monde des lettres en éditant, après la mort de Montaigne, ce qu’elle appelle le « texte orphelin » de son « père d’alliance ». L’année 1595, date de la parution à Paris de la première édition posthume du chef-d’oeuvre de Montaigne, marque ainsi le début des tribulations que le navire des Essais s’apprête à accomplir au cours du xviie siècle. À la barre de ce navire il y a une femme qui, en raison du rapport privilégié entretenu avec Montaigne, s’entrevoit comme la seule personne autorisée à s’occuper des éditions posthumes de l’ouvrage. Marie se réclame la seule et légitime garante du texte et s’attache à défendre l’authenticité de son travail éditorial contre tous ceux qui l’accusent d’avoir exploité le nom de Montaigne pour mettre en place son propre projet d’écriture. À partir de la prise en compte des éditions des Essais dites « de Gournay » et de l’analyse de la longue « Préface » par la « fille d’alliance » à l’édition de 1595 de l’ouvrage, cette contribution vise à montrer le rôle crucial des stratégies éditoriales mises en place par cette femme de lettres dans le processus de réception de l’ouvrage au cours des siècles.
Ce que la FNAC a fait du livre. Innovations, controverses et rationalisation dans le commerce culturel français
Authors: Chabault Vincent
Published: September 2013

Contrairement à la lecture ou à la trajectoire de maisons d’édition, la question de la médiation marchande du livre a été peu traitée par les recherches de sciences sociales menées sur le livre. Mobilisant une approche classique de la sociologie de la consommation, qui s’intéresse aux structures commerciales pour la culture marchande qu’elles contribuent à façonner, cet article examine les conditions d’achat que la FNAC a aménagées pour le livre et leurs effets du côté des clients et du côté des professionnels du secteur. Trois éléments sont mis en évidence : les innovations apportées par « l’agitateur culturel » dans la médiation du livre à son lecteur-consommateur, les controverses que son engagement a suscitées, ainsi que les effets provoqués par les stratégies de rationalisation mises au point pour sélectionner l’offre et approvisionner ses points de vente.
Faire-part de mariage à Bamako (Mali) : la migration internationale comme enjeu de distinction sociale
Authors: Mary Kevin
Published: September 2013

À Bamako, au Mali, les faire-part de mariage sont souvent agrémentés de références spatiales qui correspondent aux différents lieux de résidence des membres d’une famille. Les familles bamakoises qui s’unissent choisissent ainsi de mentionner les membres de leur famille qui ont émigré. Cet article s’intéresse aux enjeux sociaux que suppose une telle pratique, laquelle révèle l’importance du phénomène migratoire au Mali : la migration permet d’accéder à différentes ressources (financières, sociales) et s’érige en véritable capital symbolique qui apparaît comme un élément discriminant de ce qui constitue la réussite ou l’échec social. Ces familles s’engagent ainsi dans une véritable course à la distinction sur la base de l’évocation de noms de lieux dispersés dans l’espace géographique.
L’évaluation de la qualité des espaces publics : un outil d’aide à la décision
Authors: Hadji Lydia
Published: September 2013

Dans un esprit de développement durable, les grandes villes s’efforcent d’atteindre de nouveaux objectifs qui mettent en question l’aménagement de l’espace public. La recherche d’un outil d’aide à la décision pour l’évaluation de la qualité des espaces publics devient une nécessité primordiale. Face à ce défi, il faut aborder l’espace public en tant que système compris comme un organisme holistique. Cette approche nous a permis d’établir une méthode d’évaluation de la qualité de l’espace public basée sur une série de critères et d’indicateurs d’évaluation scientifiquement valides et en mesure d’appuyer les décideurs dans leurs choix, cela, dans une perspective de développement durable. La méthode pourrait s’appliquer, en outre, dans les pays en développement tels que l’Algérie qui ne dispose pas d’outils d’évaluation de la qualité des espaces publics afin d’assurer une qualité de vie urbaine.
Determination of protein and mineral contents in stinging nettle
Authors: Rafajlovska Vesna , Kavrakovski Zoran , Simonovska Jana , Srbinoska Marija
Published: September 2013

Abstract: Content of proteins and minerals (Mg, Ca, Cu, Zn, Mn and Co) in leaves, stem and root of stinging nettle collected from different localities from the Republic of Macedonia were determined. Generally, the higher content of proteins and minerals were determined in leaves, followed by the content in stem and root. In the quantity of proteins significant differences were determined depending to the organ of stinging nettle. The highest determined values for the protein content in leaves expressed to the dry mass were 26.89% in leaves, 14.54% in stem and 10.89% in root. The values for the calcium content in stinging nettle were higher in comparison to the magnesium values. Zink content in the leaves was two and five times higher than the content of copper and manganese, respectively. In leaves, stem and root non significant differences in cobalt content were determined.
Personalized Biobehavioral HIV Prevention for Women and Adolescent Girls
Authors: Brawner Bridgette M. , Teitelman Anne M. , Bevilacqua Amanda W. , Jemmott Loretta Sweet
Published: September 2013

Background:

Women and adolescent girls bear a significant burden of the global HIV pandemic. Both behavioral and biomedical prevention approaches have been shown to be effective. In order to foster the most effective combination HIV-prevention approaches for women and girls, it is imperative to understand the unique biological, social, and structural considerations that increase vulnerability to acquiring HIV within this population.

Primary Study Objective:

The purpose of this article is to propose novel ideas for personalized biobehavioral HIV prevention for women and adolescent girls. The central argument is that we must transcend unilevel solutions for HIV prevention toward comprehensive, multilevel combination HIV prevention packages to actualize personalized biobehavioral HIV prevention. Our hope is to foster transnational dialogue among researchers, practitioners, educators, and policy makers toward the actualization of the proposed recommendations.

Methods:

We present a commentary organized to review biological, social, and structural factors that increase vulnerability to HIV acquisition among women and adolescent girls. The overview is followed by recommendations to curb HIV rates in the target population in a sustainable manner.

Results:

The physiology of the lower female reproductive system biologically increases HIV risk among women and girls. Social (eg, intimate partner violence) and structural (eg, gender inequality) factors exacerbate this risk by increasing the likelihood of viral exposure. Our recommendations for personalized biobehavioral HIV prevention are to (1) create innovative mechanisms for personalized HIV risk—reduction assessments; (2) develop mathematical models of local epidemics; (3) prepare personalized, evidence-based combination HIV risk—reduction packages; (4) structure gender equity into society; and (5) eliminate violence (both physical and structural) against women and girls.

Conclusions:

Generalized programs and interventions may not have universal, transnational, and crosscultural implications. Personalized biobehavioral strategies are needed to comprehensively address vulnerabilities at biological, social, and structural levels.
Hypercharge flux in IIB and F-theory: anomalies and gauge coupling unification
Authors: Mayrhofer Christoph , Palti Eran , Weigand Timo
Published: September 2013

Abstract

We analyse hypercharge flux GUT breaking in F-theory/Type IIB GUT models with regards to its implications for anomaly cancellation and gauge coupling unification. To this aim we exploit the Type IIB limit and consider 7-brane configurations that for the first time are guaranteed to exhibit net hypercharge flux restriction to matter curves. We show that local F-theory models with anomalies of type U(1)Y−U(1)2 in the massless spectrum can be consistent only if such additional U(1)s are globally geometrically massive (in the sense that they arise from non-Kähler deformations of the Calabi-Yau four-fold). Further, in such cases of geometrically massive U(1)s hypercharge flux can induce new anomalies of type
$ \mathrm{U}(1)_Y^2-\mathrm{U}(1) $
in the massless spectrum, violating constraints in local models forbidding such anomalies. In particular this implies that it is possible to construct models exhibiting a U(1)
PQ
global symmetry which have hypercharge flux doublet-triplet splitting and no further exotics. We also show that the known hypercharge flux induced splitting of the gauge couplings in IIB models at tree-level can be reduced by a factor of 5 by employing a more F-theoretic twisting of U(1) flux by hypercharge flux bringing it to well within MSSM 2-loop results. In the case of net restriction of hypercharge flux to matter curves this tree-level splitting becomes more involved, is tied to the vacuum expectation values of certain closed-string fields, and therefore gauge coupling unification becomes tied to the question of moduli stabilisation.
A formal semantics of extended hierarchical state transition matrices using CSP#
Authors: Yamagata Yoriyuki , Kong Weiqiang , Fukuda Akira , Van Tang Nguyen , Ohsaki Hitoshi , Taguchi Kenji
Published: September 2013

The extended hierarchical state transition matrices (EHSTMs) are a table-based modelling language frequently used in industry for specifying behaviours of systems. However, assuring correctness, i.e., having a design satisfy certain desired properties, is a non-trivial task. To address this problem, a model checker dedicated to EHSTMs called Garakabu2 has been developed. However, there is no formal justification for Garakabu2, since its semantics has never been fully formalised. In this paper, we give a formal semantics to EHSTMs by translating them into CSP, Communicating Sequential Processes. Among the variants of CSP, we use CSP#, which is the modelling language used by PAT model checker, as a target of translation. Our semantics covers most of the features supported by Garakabu2. We manually translate the small examples of EHSTMs to CSP#, and verify them by PAT. We also verify the examples directly using Garakabu2 and show that the results are same. The experiments also indicate that verification using our translation and PAT is much faster than that of Garakabu2 in some cases.
Can models of density‐dependent habitat selection be applied for trap‐building predators?
Authors: Barkae Erez David , Abramsky Zvika , Ovadia Ofer
Published: September 2013

Density‐dependent habitat selection theory was mainly tested on active foragers and therefore its applicability to trap‐building predators is poorly understood. The high sensitivity of trap‐building predators to changes in their physical environment, combined with their limited movement capability, can lead to habitat specialization, reducing their utilization of alternative habitats. We studied density‐dependent habitat selection in two pit‐building antlions, differing in their habitat utilization spectrum. The habitat generalist, Myrmeleon hyalinus, inhabits and performs equally well in both sand‐ and loess‐derived soils, although preferring the former, more productive coarse‐grained soils. In contrast, the habitat specialist, Cueta lineosa, only inhabits fine‐grained soils such as loess, while showing reduced foraging performance in coarse‐grained sandy soils. We allowed larvae to select between these two soils, while manipulating con‐specific density and initial stocking position. Irrespective of the initial stocking position, the number of M. hyalinus pits in the sand was positively correlated with the number of con‐specific pits in the loess, implying that this species is a density‐dependent habitat selector. Furthermore, these patterns of density‐dependence were consistent with the expectations of ideal pre‐emptive distribution (i.e., strong non‐linearity in the distribution of antlions between soils with increased total density), suggesting that interference competition largely dictates habitat selection in this species. In contrast, the habitat specialist showed constant habitat selectivity, as neither con‐specific density nor initial stocking positions influenced its habitat preference. Although mainly tested on active foragers, habitat selection theory can be applicable for trap‐building predators, demonstrating how mechanisms operating at the individual level influence spatial distribution patterns.
Tract‐based evaluation of white matter damage in individuals with early‐treated phenylketonuria
Authors: Peng Huiling , Peck Dawn , White Desirée A. , Christ Shawn E.
Published: September 2013

Previous research has documented white matter abnormalities in the brains of individuals with early‐treated phenylketonuria (ETPKU). The majority of these past studies have relied on a region‐based approach which focused on a limited number of spatially‐defined regions within the brain. In the present study, we used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in conjunction with tract‐based spatial statistics (TBSS) to perform an extensive examination of white matter tracts in the brains of ten individuals with ETPKU (mean age = 23.2 years) and 12 healthy non‐PKU individuals (mean age = 23.5 years). Consistent with past research, we found that mean diffusivity (MD) was significantly restricted in the ETPKU group, and fractional anisotropy (FA) was comparable between the ETPKU and non‐PKU groups. Moreover, we found restricted axial diffusivity (AD) and radial diffusivity (RD) in our ETPKU in numerous white matter tracts, suggesting widespread white matter compromise in ETPKU. In addition, this white matter pathology was more evident in older ETPKU participants with higher blood phenylalanine (phe) levels as compared to younger participants with lower phe levels.
Considering consent: a structural equation modelling analysis of factors influencing decisional quality when accepting newborn screening
Authors: Nicholls Stuart G. , Southern Kevin W.
Published: September 2013

Introduction

Newborn bloodspot screening (NBS) programs generate an ethical tension between promoting the uptake of effective public health measures and facilitating informed consent from individuals.

Aim

To explore the factors that affect parental perceptions of decision quality when accepting NBS

Methods

Survey of parents with children screened in 2008 (n = 154, 32 % response rate). Questions were based on previous research and existing measures. The primary outcome was decision quality. Predictors were latent constructs of Attitudes to medicine, Perceived knowledge, Attitudes to screening, and Perceived choice. Responses were analysed using structural equation modelling.

Results

Increases in perceived choice and positive attitudes towards screening improved decision quality. Perceived knowledge had a significant and positive relationship with attitudes to screening (0.375, p < 0.01) as did perceived choice on perceived knowledge (0.806, p < 0.01). Attitudes to screening were also significantly influenced by attitudes to medicine, although less so than the effect of perceived knowledge. The model had good fit on all indices (χ2 = 61.396, df = 48, p = 0.093; CFI = 0.979; RMSEA = 0.043).

Conclusions

Our results implicate the presentation of screening as a key determinant of decision quality both in terms of the immediate information regarding the potential benefits and risks, but also the way in which consent processes are managed. If we want to better understand parent decision‐making we need to go beyond analyses of information content, or parental recall of this, but consider the context in which screening is provided.
Common FABP4 Genetic Variants and Plasma Levels of Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4 in Older Adults
Authors: Mukamal Kenneth J. , Wilk Jemma B. , Biggs Mary L. , Jensen Majken K. , Ix Joachim H. , Kizer Jorge R. , Tracy Russell P. , Zieman Susan J. , Mozaffarian Dariush , Psaty Bruce M. , Siscovick David S. , Djoussé Luc
Published: September 2013

We examined common variants in the fatty acid binding protein 4 gene (FABP4) and plasma levels of FABP4 in adults aged 65 and older from the Cardiovascular Health Study. We genotyped rs16909187, rs1054135, rs16909192, rs10808846, rs7018409, rs2290201, and rs6992708 and measured circulating FABP4 levels among 3190 European Americans and 660 African Americans. Among European Americans, the minor alleles of six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were associated with lower FABP4 levels (all p ≤ 0.01). Among African Americans, the SNP with the lowest minor allele frequency was associated with lower FABP4 levels (p = 0.015). The C‐A haplotype of rs16909192 and rs2290201 was associated with lower FABP4 levels in both European Americans (frequency = 16 %; p = 0.001) and African Americans (frequency = 8 %; p = 0.04). The haplotype combined a SNP in the first intron with one in the 3′untranslated region. However, the alleles associated with lower FABP4 levels were associated with higher fasting glucose in meta‐analyses from the MAGIC consortium. These results demonstrate associations of common SNP and haplotypes in the FABP4 gene with lower plasma FABP4 but higher fasting glucose levels.
Isolation and Characterization of a Docosahexaenoic Acid‐Phospholipids Producing Microorganism Crypthecodinium sp. D31
Authors: Okuda Tomoyo , Ando Akinori , Sakuradani Eiji , Ogawa Jun
Published: September 2013

Thirty‐four strains of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)‐producing microorganisms were newly isolated from brackish areas in Japan. These strains showing various compositions of fatty acids. Especially, the fatty acids produced by one of the strains, named D31, had a high DHA content (over 60 % of the total fatty acids) and the simple fatty acid composition (16:0, 18:0, 18:1 and DHA without any other polyunsaturated acids). Although most oleaginous microorganisms accumulate DHA as triacylglycerol, the strain D31 accumulated DHA mainly as a polar lipid (79.4 % of total DHA), especially as phosphatidylcholine (71.4 % of polar DHA). This strain D31 was identified as a related species of Crypthecodinium cohnii on the basis of phylogenetic analysis. Crypthecodinium sp. D31 showed high DHA productivity when cultivated in a medium containing glycerol as the carbon source and a mixture of yeast extract and polypeptone as the nitrogen sources, with a salinity that was equivalent to 50 % of that of seawater and a pH in the acidic range (<pH 6.0). Crypthecodinium sp. D31 is considered as a promising producer of high‐purity DHA‐containing phospholipids.
AnEthosof Sincerity: Echoes of theDe Republicain Cicero'sPro Marcello
Authors: Tempest Kathryn
Published: September 2013

In September 46bc, Cicero delivered a speech in the Senate, praising the dictator Caesar for the clemency and wisdom he had shown in pardoning M. Marcellus. The forgiveness of a man who had been, in Caesar's own words, characterized by particularacerbitasseemed all the more magnanimous, and Cicero recalls the occasion in a letter sent to his friend, S. Sulpicius Rufus. He was so overwhelmed by Caesar's generosity, he adds, that he broke a period of self-imposed silence and spoke at length when he was asked to give his opinion. The words he delivered apparently extempore were later written down and published, probably quite soon after the event of their delivery. It has come down to us as thePro Marcello, and in this speech Cicero does not just praise the dictator but also attempts to influence Caesar, and steer him towards a more republican attitude.
Roman History
Authors: Levick B. M.
Published: September 2013

Weighty tomes preponderate, but I put chronology before avoirdupois. First comes a stoutCompanion to the Punic Wars, edited by Dexter Hoyos. It is part of the book's comforts as a companion and one of its merits to treat not only what is named on the tin – five chapters for the first war, nine for the second, and three for the last half century of Carthage, with one chapter dealing directly with the siege of 148–146 – but other topics that are by no means peripheral. It is a bonus to have Nathan Rosenstein's revisionist views on ‘Italy: Economy and Demography after Hannibal's War’, or rather his demolition of long-held ones: positive arguments are briefly put. Whether Part V, ‘Conclusions’, lives up to its name is another matter: it consists of three papers on the aftermath, including ‘Carthage and Hannibal in Roman and Greek Memory’ (which I wish had been taken further). The editor's international team have satisfactorily marshalled the material in the main sections: ‘Roman Politics and Expansion’ between the first two wars is immediately followed by Hoyos’ own ‘Carthage in Africa and Spain’ during the same period; similarly, ‘Punic Politics, Economy, and Alliances, 218–201’ precedes ‘Roman Economy, Finance, and Politics in the Second Punic War’. Illustrations are not among the comforts of this volume: far from panoramas or even diagrams of famous battles, we have five plain maps.
HEIGHT AS AN INDICATOR OF ECONOMIC STATUS IN THE POLISH TERRITORIES UNDER RUSSIAN RULE AT THE TURN OF THE 19TH TO 20TH CENTURY
Authors: CZAPLA ZBIGNIEW , LICZBIŃSKA GRAŻYNA
Published: September 2013

Height is regarded as one of the indicators of environmental stress at population level, being an excellent barometer of standard of living. The aim of this study was to describe diversity in height among populations living in different regions of the Kingdom of Poland in terms of the economic factors in the second half of the 19th and early 20th century. This study examines the height of adult inhabitants from fiveguberniyas(provinces) of the Kingdom of Poland (Łomża, Warsaw, Radom, Kalisz and Płock) collected in the years 1897–1914 (N=732 men,N=569 women). Differences in average height of male and female inhabitants across the fiveguberniyaswere examined using ANOVA and the Fisher's LSD (Least Significant Difference) test of multiple comparisons. Statistically significant differences in the height between theguberniyaswere observed. Diversity in the economic development in the studiedguberniyasof the Kingdom of Poland translated into differences in the height of their inhabitants. Moreover, an increase in mean height over time was noted.