bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study of Suicide Autopsies 1957–1977
Authors: Gatter Kevin , Bowen David A. LI.
Published: January 2017

A study of 1862 postmortem examinations of suicides carried out in north west London over a 20 year period from 1957–1977 to assess and compare significant mental and physical disease present in differing age groups. Twenty per cent of autopsies revealed significant physical disease, the majority of suicides being a relatively younger, physically healthy group.
Spinal Cord Damage in a Case of Non-Accidental Injury in Children
Authors: Gosnold J. K. , Sivaloganathan S.
Published: January 2017

An unusual injury discovered as an incidental finding in a child who received other fatal non-accidental injury is described in this paper. This injury might have presented a difficult diagnostic problem had the child survived. This was the presence of a spinal extradural haemorrhage together with microscopic haemorrhage into the spinal cord at the mid-thoracic level.
Police Admissions to Psychiatric Hospitals: A Challenge to Community Psychiatry?
Authors: Fahy Thomas A. , Bermingham Donald , Dunn John
Published: January 2017

Compulsory police admissions from an urban and a rural catchment area with admission rates higher than the national average were studied. A comparison was made with a group of patients admitted involuntarily following assessment by a doctor and a social worker. Police admissions differed in several ways from the comparison group and it is suggested that they were less likely to benefit from hospitalization. Taking into account the likelihood of an increase in the number of contacts between the police and the mentally ill, a number of alterations in the assessment procedure are suggested.
An Investigation of the Pattern of Firearms Fatalities before and after the Introduction of New Legislation in Denmark
Authors: Thomsen J L , Albrektsen S B
Published: January 2017

All firearms fatalities in East Denmark during the period 1984–1987 were examined.

There were 276 cases or 3.0 per 100,000 living inhabitants. The majority were suicides (80%) and by far the majority of these were men. There were only four accidents, two of which were the results of ‘Russian roulette’. There were no hunting accidents. No specific decrease could be demonstrated in the number of fatal cases with shot guns, but possibly a general preventive effect. When compared with previous Danish investigations an increase in the total number of suicides with firearms was found in the period examined, whereas an increase was found in the total as well as the relative number of homicides. More information and further endeavours to limit the number of firearms in the population is recommended.
1. Psychological Trauma and its Influence on Genuine and False Complaints of Sexual Assault
Authors: Adshead Gwen
Published: January 2017

Events that cause fear leave effects, both physical and psychological. In the last 20 years, it has been recognized that criminal assaults are also fearful events which, like war atrocities and civilian disasters, can have profound effects upon the psychological health of victims. In this paper, some of the research describing the psychological effects of crime will be reviewed, with particular emphasis on allegations of sexual assault. The impact of trauma on crime victims in relation to the prosecution process will be discussed, including the relevance of trauma to the issue of false allegations of sexual assault. The paper will conclude with some recommendations for research.
Cognitive-Behavioural Treatment of Shoplifting in a Depressed Female
Authors: Freedman Sara , Marks Melanie , Dalgleish Tim
Published: January 2017

This paper describes the successful treatment of a depressed shoplifter, using cognitive therapy combined with exposure, an approach not previously described in the literature for this problem. Definitions of shoplifting behaviour are discussed, and other treatment methods examined.
Integrating Viral Hepatitis Prevention Services into an Urban STD Clinic: Denver, Colorado
Authors: Subiadur Julie , Harris Jennie L. , Rietmeijer Cornelis A.
Published: January 2017

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends integrating viral hepatitis prevention services with services for adults evaluated for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The Denver Public Health STD clinic began hepatitis B vaccination in 1999, hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody (anti-HCV) testing in 2000, and hepatitis A vaccination in 2002. Rapid human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing began in late 2004. Hepatitis B vaccinations peaked in 2003 (31/100 client visits) when a full-time nurse was hired to vaccinate and eligibility was expanded. The proportion of clients documented to have received their anti-HCV test results declined from an average of 71% in 2000–2003 to 22% in 2004–2005, coinciding with the introduction of rapid HIV testing. Viral hepatitis prevention services can be incorporated into a busy STD clinic if staff and resources are available. Rapid HIV testing may be associated with lower receipt of anti-HCV test results.
Hepatitis B Vaccination in Six STD Clinics in the United States Committed to Integrating Viral Hepatitis Prevention Services
Authors: Harris Jennie L. , Jones T. Stephen , Buffington Joanna
Published: January 2017

Objectives.

Hepatitis B vaccination is recommended for clients of sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics. The Healthy People 2010 goal is for 90% of STD clinics to offer hepatitis B vaccine to all unprotected clients. This report describes hepatitis B vaccination trends in six STD clinics in the United States and discusses implications for policy and practice.

Methods.

We conducted a retrospective study in six STD clinics to evaluate hepatitis B vaccination. We collected data on client visits and hepatitis B vaccinations for the period 1997–2005. To compare clinics, we calculated vaccination rates per 100 client visits. We interviewed staff to explore factors associated with hepatitis B vaccination trends.

Results.

STD clinic client visits ranged from 2,883 to 23,109 per year. The median rate of hepatitis B vaccination was 28 per 100 client visits. Vaccination rates declined in all six clinics in later years, which was associated with eligibility restrictions caused by fiscal problems and increasing levels of prior vaccination. The median rate of vaccine series completion was 30%. Staff cited multiple provider- and client-level barriers to series completion.

Conclusions.

This study shows that STD clinics can implement hepatitis B vaccination and reach large numbers of high-risk adults. Adequate funding and vaccine supply are needed to implement current federal recommendations to offer hepatitis B vaccine to adults seen in STD clinics and to achieve the Healthy People 2010 objective.
The Costs and Impacts of Testing for Hepatitis C Virus Antibody in Public STD Clinics
Authors: Honeycutt Amanda A. , Harris Jennie L. , Khavjou Olga , Buffington Joanna , Jones T. Stephen , Rein David B.
Published: January 2017

Objectives.

To estimate the cost and cost-effectiveness of testing sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic subgroups for antibodies to hepatitis C virus (HCV).

Methods.

HCV counseling, testing, and referral (CTR) costs were estimated using data from two STD clinics and the literature, and are reported in 2006 dollars. Effectiveness of HCV CTR was defined as the estimated percentage of clinic clients in subgroups targeted for HCV antibody (anti-HCV) testing who had a true positive test and returned for their test results. We estimated the cost per true positive injection drug user (IDU) who returned for anti-HCV test results and the cost-effectiveness of expanding HCV CTR to non-IDU subgroups.

Results.

The estimated cost per true positive IDU who returned for test results was $54. The cost-effectiveness of expanding HCV CTR to non-IDU subgroups ranged from $179 to $2,986. Our estimates were most sensitive to variations in HCV prevalence, the cost of testing, and the rate of client return.

Conclusions.

Based on national data, testing IDUs in the STD clinic setting is highly cost-effective. Some clinics may find that it is cost-effective to expand testing to non-IDU men older than 40 who report more than 100 lifetime sex partners. STD clinics can use study estimates to assess the feasibility and desirability of expanding HCV CTR beyond IDUs.
Rates of Hospital Visits for Assault during Pregnancy and the Year Postpartum: Timing Matters
Authors: Nannini Angela , Lazar Jane , Berg Cynthia , Barger Mary , Tomashek Kay , Cabral Howard , Barfield Wanda , Kotelchuck Milton
Published: January 2017

Objective.

To clarify the risk of violence for women during pregnancy and the first year postpartum, we examined the timing of hospital visits for assault among a population cohort of women in Massachusetts.

Methods.

Using linked natality and hospital data from 2001 through 2007 for Massachusetts, we examined the timing of hospital (i.e., emergency, inpatient, and observation) visits for maternal assault during seven time periods: the three prenatal trimesters and four three-month postpartum periods. To describe the risk of assault for each of the time periods, we calculated the rate as the number of such visits per 100,000 person-weeks. We used the denominator of 100,000 person-weeks to adjust for variable lengths of gestation and for postpartum periods shortened by subsequent pregnancies.

Results.

Rates of hospital visits for maternal assault were highest in the first trimester and lowest in the third trimester, with rates of 16.0 and 5.8 per 100,000 person-weeks, respectively. The four postpartum period rates were higher than the third trimester rate but never reached the levels observed in the first and second trimesters.

Conclusions.

These findings suggest a changing rate for assault visits during each prenatal trimester and postpartum period. In addition, the importance of violence prevention strategies as part of women's health care across the life span and the need for preconception care initiatives are reaffirmed.
Disparities in the Prevalence of Obesity in Boston: Results from the Boston Area Community Health (BACH) Survey
Authors: Oka Masayoshi , Link Carol L. , Kawachi Ichiro
Published: January 2017

Objective.

This study examined disparities in the prevalence of obesity to determine how future prevention and/or intervention efforts should be developed to remedy obesity.

Methods.

We obtained individual information of sociodemographic characteristics, comorbid conditions, and lifestyle behaviors from the Boston Area Community Health (BACH) survey for 2002–2005. To account for the complex BACH sampling design, observations were weighted inversely to their probability of selection, and sampling weights were poststratified to the Boston population from the U.S. Census 2000. We tested all possible two- and three-way interaction terms from a multivariate logistic regression model.

Results.

After controlling for individual determinants in detail and focusing on the population within a single city, the associations of sociodemographic characteristics, comorbid conditions, and lifestyle behaviors with obesity were consistent with previous findings. Notably, three two-way interaction terms were significantly associated with obesity: ( 1) race/ethnicity and gender, ( 2) gender and other people in the household, and ( 3) race/ethnicity and alcohol consumption.

Conclusions.

Future obesity prevention and/or intervention programs in Boston need to be primarily gender- and racially/ethnically specific to minimize cost and maximize results. Additional considerations are needed to take into account the differences in age, the presence of other people in the household, and education level.
Changes in the Relationship between Marriage and Preterm Birth, 1989–2006
Authors: El-Sayed Abdulrahman M. , Galea Sandro
Published: January 2017

Objective.

Maternal marriage has historically been protective against preterm birth (PTB); however, social norms and behaviors surrounding marriage have changed over time in the United States. We analyzed secular trends in the relationship between marriage and PTB.

Methods.

We collected data about all births in Michigan between 1989 and 2006 to assess (7) the relationship between marital status and PTB and moderately PTB risk by year, and (2) the relationship between married and unmarried status and PTB and moderately PTB by year relative to similar marital status in 1989.

Results.

Among nearly 2.4 million births between 1989 and 2006, PTB risk among married mothers increased while risk among unmarried mothers decreased. In adjusted models, married status became less protective against PTB relative to unmarried status over time by year, and was associated with higher risk of PTB over time. Moderately PTB risk increased among both married and unmarried groups, but more so among married mothers.

Conclusion.

Our findings suggest that marriage is becoming less protective against PTB over time. The influence of social factors on risk for adverse birth outcomes is likely dynamic, suggesting that ongoing revisions to our understanding are in order.
Outbreak of Tuberculosis among Guatemalan Immigrants in Rural Minnesota, 2008
Authors: Lowther Sara A. , Miramontes Roque , Navara Barbara , Sabuwala Nadya , Brueshaber Milayna , Solarz Sarah , Haddad Maryam B. , Sodt Deborah , Lynfield Ruth
Published: January 2017

Objectives.

We described the outbreak investigation and control measures after the Minnesota Department of Health identified a cluster of tuberculosis (TB) cases among Guatemalan immigrants within three rural Minnesota counties in August 2008.

Methods.

TB cases were diagnosed by tuberculin skin test followed by chest radiography and sputum testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). We reviewed medical records, interviewed patients, and completed a contact investigation for each infectious case. We used isolate genotyping to confirm epidemiologic links between cases.

Results.

The index case was a six-month-old U.S.-born male with Guatemalan parents. Although he experienced four months of cough and fever, TB was not considered at two medical visits but was diagnosed upon hospitalization in May 2008. The presumed source of infection was a Guatemalan male aged 25 years who sang in a band that practiced in the infant's house and whose pulmonary TB was diagnosed at hospitalization in June 2008, despite his having sought medical attention for symptoms seven months earlier. Among the 16 identified TB cases, 14 were outbreak-related. Three genetically distinct M. tuberculosis strains circulated. Of 150 contacts of the singer, 62 (41%) had latent TB infection and 13 (9%), including 10 children, had TB disease.

Conclusions.

In this outbreak, delayed diagnoses contributed to M. tuberculosis transmission. Isolate genotyping corroborated the social links between outbreak-related patients. More timely diagnosis of TB among immigrants and their children can prevent TB transmission among communities in rural, low-incidence areas that might have limited resources for contact investigations.
Studies in Wool Yellowing
Authors: Leaver I. H. , Ramsay G. Caird
Published: January 2017

The results of irradiations of brightened and unbrightened wools in the wavelength range 300–600 nm show that the brightener accelerates both yellowing and free radical formation in the region where maximum excitation of fluorescence occurs (350–410 nm). Radical-decay studies have enabled comparisons of the radicals produced at 310 and 365 nm to be made.
The Reactivity-Hydrolysis Relationship in Chemical Finishing of Cotton
Authors: Vail Sidney L.
Published: January 2017

The reactivity-hydrolysis relationship in chemical finishing of cotton with N-methyloltype reactants under acidic conditions has been discussed. Theoretical and practical justifications for the relationship have been presented to demonstrate that the ease of formation of links is related directly to the ease of hydrolysis of links, and relative rates in both directions are predictable, based on steric and electronic effects on the resonance-stabilized intermediate. Bond cleavage during hydrolysis has been shown to occur first at the carbon-oxygen bond of the methylol groups, whether or not the link was formed from a substituted urea-formaldehyde adduct or a substituted urea-glyoxal adduct. Limitations for the relationship are also discussed.
Optical Measurement of Non-Lint Particles in Various Grades of Cotton
Authors: Lyons Donald W. , Barker Roger L.
Published: January 2017

Electronic image-scanning instrumentation was developed to obtain objective measurement of the number and physical features of non-lint particles found on the surface of raw cotton samples. Characteristic size-distribution curves were defined for several grades of United States cotton. All grades of cotton tested were found to contain trash particles of comparable dimensions, with a prevalence of fine particulates less than one millimeter in size. Grade distinction was possible when comparisons were made on the basis of total particle count or the total length and area of the non-lint materials populating the cotton sample. Particle density computed as an index of percentage non-lint particles present on the optically contrasting lint surface of the cotton sample was found to be reliable for rating the relative trash content of cotton. A comparison of non-lint properties of universal grade standard cottons with classer-graded cotton samples showed that the classer's samples had a higher concentration of particulates than did the standard cottons of the same grade.
Catalysts for THPOH/Amide Resins
Authors: Frank Arlen W.
Published: January 2017

Various catalysts of the amine hydrochloride or metal chloride type have been tested for applying THPOH/amide flame-retardant formulations to cotton at an initial pH of 8.0, using DMDHEU as the amide component. Most of the catalysts were unsuitable at this pH because of interaction with THPOH, precipitation of metal hydroxide, insufficient strength of the conjugate base, or other reasons. The only catalysts found to be effective under these conditions were trimethylamine hydrochloride and magnesium chloride.
The Measurement of Swelling of Wool Fibers in Solvents by Laser-Beam Diffraction
Authors: Brančíiak Jindřich V. , Datyner Arved
Published: January 2017

The diffraction of monochromatic light from a laser has been used for the measurement of the diameter of single wool fibers in liquids and mixtures of liquids. The method is simple and more accurate than other methods used for the determination of swelling of wool fibers. The results of measurements in a number of swelling solvents are compared with published results obtained by other methods.
Exploration of Zinc Salts of Acrylic-Type Polymers as Hydrophilic Finishes for Durable-Press Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Rowland S. P. , Wade C. P. , Cirino V. O.
Published: January 2017

Zinc acrylate, zinc methacrylate, and zinc itaconate were polymerized to network polymers in durable-press cotton printcloth at add-ons in the range of 2–6%. Finished fabrics exhibited durable antibacterial activity toward S. aureus and S. epidermidis, 0 to 80% increases in rot resistance, efficient and durable release of oily soil, significant increases in moisture regain and water of imbibition, variable changes in drop absorption time and wicking time, and some increases in Stoll flex abrasion resistance. These properties were achieved with small to substantial losses in resilience, but little or no change in breaking strength, elongation, tearing strength, and bending modulus.
Promotion of sustainable bio-diversity and changes in life style of the Yanadi tribes: Report on an action programme
Authors: Ubaidullah Mohammed , Rajalakshmi P.V.
Published: January 2017

The World Bank funded Velugu programme, designed to increase socio-economic opportunities for the poorest of the poor, including the tribals, to develop their capacities, organise institutions for them, and support economic development activities, is in operation in 22 districts of Andhra Pradesh. Eradication of child labour and promotion of female education too were elements of the programme, and bio diversity programmes were also carried out in villages with access to forests. We report here on how Velegu impacted on the Yanadi, a most backward tribe in southern Andhra Pradesh, on the basis of our study of the Chenchu Lakshmi Colony of the Rajula Kandriga hamlet of Chittoor district, comprising 28 Yanadi families. Our study shows that conservation of forest biodiversity was combined with a maximum exploitation of marketing avenues and the elimination of middleman. The Yanadi were organised into Self Help Groups, which led to an increase in the quality of life, eradication of the scourge of alcoholism, elimination of child labour and the empowerment of women.
Education of marginalised groups in India: From the perspective of social justice
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Madhumita
Published: January 2017

It is widely acknowledged that education has an important role to achieve a greater degree of social justice. The educational institutions are expected to equip children to the best of their ability for securing a meaningful place in society and thus fostering a process of developing an egalitarian society. However, a large number of children in India are still excluded from the educational system and hence cannot participate meaningfully in the economic, social, political and cultural life of their communities. It appears that current educational programmes might have failed to address the needs of children who are vulnerable to marginalisation and exclusion. Some of the educational programmes might have provided inadequate services that have affected the interest of these children leading to further social exclusion and injustice. With this backdrop, the paper analyses the trends in participation of disadvantaged children in school and examines the issues relating to the expansion of quality education for these children. The paper gives an insight into the policy and practices to examine the extent to which these facilitate their education. It argues that while unplanned expansion of educational facilities along with inadequate financial investments may dilute the quality, it may also fail to address the right of learners in accessing worthwhile knowledge and skill. The paper also intends to outline the appropriate strategies for education of all the children to promote social justice in and through education.
Global warming and climate change: Implications for human security in India
Authors: Khawas Vimal
Published: January 2017

There is a measured rise in the belief that human activity has dramatically affected the environment. Many scientific studies have predicted that increased carbon dioxide emissions, due to increased use of fossil fuels, have triggered an outbreak of global warming. India signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol in August 2002. Nonetheless, the issues with regard to larger environmental degradation, environmental refugees, deforestation and other such associated environmental issues have increasingly occupied the core of development debate among the academicians, activists, policy planners and common citizens of the country for the last 60 years since India's independence. Environmental concerns of the Indian State do not match those expressed globally. Environment still remains a marginal issue for India. The six decades after independence have not shown any significant changes in the field of environment. Today, when the Himalayan glaciers are among some of the fastest receding glaciers in the world and when environment is being seen as more intimately connected with livelihood issues, it is important that we evaluate and understand the relationship between environmental concerns and human security. This paper attempts to examine and understand some of the important implications of global climate warming on the human security of the Indian subcontinent with particular emphasis on the prevailing and expected situations in India. The paper is primarily a synthesis of published papers, seminar/conference papers, scientific reports, debates among scholars in e-conferences, reputed magazines and media reports in international/national dailies, among others.
“Autonomous Redevelopment”: Moving the Masses to Remove Nail Households
Authors: Deng Yanhua
Published: January 2017

Autonomous redevelopment is a new approach to demolishing shantytowns in China. It draws on the desire for urban renewal on the part of most residents and encourages dingzihu, or “nail households,” to vacate their property. This is accomplished by formulating rules that link jumpstarting community redevelopment to submission by nail households. Additionally, an ad hoc grassroots organization, the Autonomous Redevelopment Committee (ARC), is often established to facilitate “demolition and relocation” 拆迁. To persuade recalcitrant homeowners, ARC activists rely on emotion work, marginalizing strategies, and collective harassment. Many homeowners, who are initially determined to resist such appeals, ultimately succumb to the power of the masses. Autonomous redevelopment is officially acclaimed as an innovative mass-line approach, relying on a majority of the masses to work on the minority. It suggests a more sophisticated style of authoritarian governance, whereby local authorities use rules, social ties, and grassroots organizations to control popular resistance and to facilitate policy implementation.
Subsurface Hydrocarbon Migration: Steady-State Model, Sensitivity Analysis and Field Example, Green Canyon Block, North Central Gulf of Mexico.
Authors: Yu A. , Lerche I. , Williams D.F.
Published: January 2017

Recent studies of exploration wells from offshore Louisiana and Trinidad suggest fine-grained authigenic carbonates with negative carbon isotopic signatures act as geochemical recorders or tracers of hydrocarbon movement. A flux of hydrocarbons through an aquifer then produces a “mixed” δ13C signal, impacted on by flow speed, microbial degradation and the presence of biogenic or detrital calcite. Mapping of δ13C anomolies could be used to determine hydrocarbon migration pathways. By measuring the mixed signal as a function of position along the aquifer, it should be possible to extract both the amount and speed of the hydrocarbon flow by “inverting” the measurements — due allowance being made for thermal effects which “kill” microbes or alter their biodegradation rate, and for the thermal degradation of oil to gas. Preliminary measurements in offshore Louisiana strongly suggest this process is operative in Plio-Pleistocene sands.
The 5th IEA International Conference on Coal Science
Authors: Takeshita Mitsuru , Hirano Shigeyoshi , Takayasu Masami
Published: January 2017

The 5th IEA International Conference on Coal Science was held in Tokyo from October 23 to 27, 1989.

510 people from 29 countries participated in the conference with 284 research reports (consisting of 182 oral sessions and 102 poster sessions), and actively exchanged information with each other.
Does Increased Audit Partner Tenure Reduce Audit Quality?
Authors: Manry David L. , Mock Theodore J. , Turner Jerry L.
Published: January 2017

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires the lead audit or coordinating partner and the reviewing partner to rotate off the audit every five years so the engagement can be viewed “with fresh and skeptical eyes.” Using data obtained from actual audits by multiple U.S. offices of three large international audit firms, we examine whether there is a relationship between evidence of reduced audit quality, measured by estimated discretionary accruals, and audit partner tenure with a specific client. We find that estimated discretionary accruals are significantly and negatively associated with the lead audit partner's tenure with a specific client. Thus, audit quality appears to increase with increased partner tenure. After controlling for client size and engagement risk, we find audit partner tenure significantly and negatively associated with estimated discretionary accruals only for small clients with partner tenure of greater than seven years, regardless of risk level. We also find that tenure is not significantly associated with estimated discretionary accruals for large clients. This suggests that as partner tenure increases, auditors of small client firms become less willing to accept more aggressive financial statement assertions by managers, and that partner tenure does not affect audit quality for large clients or for shorter-tenure smaller clients. Our results relating to audit partner tenure are consistent with the conclusions about audit firm tenure by Geiger and Raghunandan (2002); Johnson, Khurana, and Reynolds (2002);Myers, Myers, and Omer (2003); and Nagy (2005) and extend their findings by focusing on individual audit partners rather than on audit firms.
The Association between Firms' Values and Accounting Numbers after Adoption of Fresh Start Reporting
Authors: Lehavy Reuven
Published: January 2017

This study examines the association between firms' values and accounting numbers for 72 firms that adopted fresh start reporting (FSR) upon their emergence from Chapter 11 bankruptcy. It focuses on the effects of a misstatement in the reporting choice of the initial fresh start value of equity on the association between firms' values and accounting numbers reported subsequently. Using a security valuation model, I derive an explicit relation between firms' values and a measure of the misstatement in the fresh start equity. This model provides a theoretical value for a coefficient associating the misstatement with firms' values under the null hypothesis that investors accurately undo the effects of the misstatement on subsequently reported numbers. I estimate this model for eight quarters after the adoption of FSR. The results of the regressions suggest that even two years after the emergence from Chapter 11 and the adoption of FSR, investors unravel the effects of the initial misstatement on book values and earnings reported subsequent to the adoption of FSR. The results also suggest that while investors appear to adjust for these effects, the magnitude of the adjustment is constant over time (in contrast to the predicted pattern of this adjustment).
Developmental Changes in Distribution of the Mucous Gel Layer and Intestinal Permeability in Rat Small Intestine
Authors: Boshi Yasuhiko , Nezu Rchiro , Khan Jesmine , Kai Chen  , Li Cui  , Yoshida Hiroshi , Wasa Masafumi , Fukuzawa Masahiro , Kamata Shinkichi , Takagi Yoji , Okada Akira
Published: January 2017

Background: From the developmental aspects, the distribution of fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran 70,000 (FITC‐dextran) and mucous gel across the lumen of small intestine was observed as an investigation into the role of mucous gel on intestinal permeability. Furthermore, the effect of N ‐acetyl cysteine (NAC), a mucolytic agent, on intestinal permeability was examined. Methods: In suckling and weaned rats, FITC‐dextran (750 mg/kg body wt) was gavage‐fed. After 3 hours, blood samples were taken by cardiac puncture to analyze plasma FITC‐dextran by fluorescence spectrometry. Samples of small intestine with luminal contents were frozen and sectioned in a cryostat for fluorescence microscopy; the same sections were placed in a 0.2% celloidin solution to preserve mucous gel and were stained by periodic acid‐Schiff reaction for light microscopy. In weaned rats, intestinal permeability was examined with different concentrations of intraluminally instilled NAC. Results: The plasma level of FITC‐dextran showed a significant increase (p <.01) in suckling rats compared with the weaned rats. Morphologic findings were similar in both the jejunum and ileum: The spaces between villi were not entirely filled with mucus but filled with FITC‐dextran in suckling rats, whereas the spaces were filled with mucus and not filled with FITC‐dextran in weaned rats. Intestinal permeability in groups with NAC were significantly higher (p <.01) than that in group without NAC. Conclusions: These results suggest that an increase in the mucous gel layer that coats the epithelial lining according to the maturation of the gastrointestinal tract is one of the most important factors for a restriction in intestinal permeability. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 20:406–411,1996)
Accessibility of State Department of Education Home Pages and Special Education Pages
Authors: Opitz Christine , Savenye Wilhelmina , Rowland Cyndi
Published: January 2017

The Internet provides unlimited resources to persons of all ability levels. However, access can be limited. The purpose of this study is to inform organizations about accessibility implementation and revision procedures for persons with disabilities. This piece focused on State Department of Education home pages and special education pages that were evaluated for accessibility compliance according to the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and Section 508 accessibility guidelines. Results concluded that a small portion (26%) of the state department home pages achieved overall W3C accessibility compliance, and a greater number of the special education pages (52%) achieved compliance. Findings regarding Section 508 conformity revealed that 16% of the state department home pages achieved approval, while a greater proportion of the special education pages (42%) achieved approval. A majority of the errors and non-compliance factors could be remedied with minimal revision. Recommendations and resources for improving equal access are discussed.
Instructional Pacing: Definition and Research Needs
Authors: Lignugaris/Kraft Benjamin , Rousseau Marilyn K.
Published: January 2017

Classroom characteristics such as instructional orientation and composition of work groups and instructional procedures such as teachers' use of contingent praise and systematic correction are major contributors to academic success. An important factor that has not received a great deal of attention is instructional pacing. Instructional pacing is characterized by the manipulation of two distinct time periods within an instructional sequence: the within-trial interval and the intertrial interval. This paper discusses research that has examined the components of the within-trial interval and intertrial interval. In addition, a research strategy is suggested to examine the components of instructional pacing. Such research would provide teacher training programs with an empirically valid teaching competency in instructional pacing, and would provide teachers with a powerful teaching tool.
Dealumination of ZSM-5 — Characterization by TPD, DTA/DTG, XPS and Adsorption Measurements
Authors: Alsdorf E. , Feist M. , Fichtner-Schmittler H. , Gross Th. , Jerschkewitz H.-J. , Lohse U. , Parlitz B.
Published: January 2017

A series of ZSM 5 samples obtained by dealumination is studied by TPD, DTA/DTG, XPS and adsorption measurements. The amount of adsorbed water at p/p0 ≦ 0.1 and the amount of chemisorbed NH3 corresponding to the TPD peak at 693–723 K correlate with the number of framework aluminium atoms per unit cell. At strong dealumination an enrichment of non-framework aluminium in the surface layers of the crystals was found. The HZSM-57 zeolites are transformed into silicalite-like samples during the course of the DTA experiment in the temperature range 973–1273 K.
Prediction of the Henry Law Constants for Vapours of Organic Molecules of the Rigid Pivot Type
Authors: Kutarov V.V. , Kats B.M.
Published: January 2017

Henry law adsorption constants have been predicted a priori on the basis of the Corresponding States Principle. A two-dimensional model was used which gave proportionality between the critical pressure in the condensed phase and the saturation pressure of reference and test molecules of the rigid pivot type. The potential applicability of the suggested method was tested using known experimental data for methane and the calculated values of the two-dimensional critical pressures of ethane, propane and n-butane. For small alkanes, the two-dimensional critical pressure values can be readily estimated on the basis of their two-dimensional van der Waals constants and the distribution function of molecules vertically and horizontally oriented to the adsorption surface.
Translating nature: river restoration as nature – culture
Authors: Eden Sally , Tunstall Sylvia M , Tapsell Susan M
Published: January 2017

In this paper we examine the process of river restoration at the river Cole in southern England. We argue that analysing such environmental transformations as actor-network translations or ‘nature-cultures’ can provide an integrative perspective on the process of restoration and its intertwining of natural and human actors and help to avoid the traps of defining ‘nature’ and separating it from society; traps which open up before environmental philosophy when examining restoration. However, a translation perspective is less helpful in evaluating or prescribing restoration as environmental management.
Representation of Cables in Space Subjected to Uniformly Distributed Loads
Authors: Ahmadi-Kashani K.
Published: January 2017

The development of elastic and associated catenary cable elements reported in Ref. 1 has been extended to include these elements in space. The application of these elements is demonstrated in the analysis of a cable net.
Primary Hypergeodesic Polytopes
Authors: Miyazaki Koji
Published: January 2017

In this paper, we introduce the concept of a hypergeodesic polytope, as a four-dimensional analogue of the well-known geodesic polyhdron in 3-space. In particular, we describe twenty-eight types of primary hypergeodesic polytopes, those which are most typical, and which are most likely to be employed in structural design.

All of these primary hypergeodesic polytopes are derived from two regular 4-polytopes, the 120- and the 600-cell. They outwardly resemble 3-dimensional geodesic domes having one or two layers of framework, and possess many desirable architectural characteristics.

Cartesian coordinates of their vertices and chord factors can be determined from the figures and tables provided in the appendices to this article.
A Prototype “Clicking” Scissor-Link Deployable Structure
Authors: Rosenfeld Y. , Ben-Ami Y. , Logcher R.D.
Published: January 2017

The paper presents engineering details of a prototype scissor-link deployable structure and outlines a systematic development approach as an example of the steps involved in realizing a new idea. The arch-like structure consists of multiple pairs of scissor-linked rod elements, which can be deployed instantaneously to form a stable, spatial network and which can be collapsed to a compact bundle of nearly parallel rods. A momentary geometric non-fit during deployment causes large displacement bending or buckling and a self-stabilizing ာclickingိ effect which facilitates full deployment, and leaves the structure with no residual internal stresses after deployment. The paper concludes with recommendations for further experimental work on the subject.
Alcohol, wine and mental health: focus on dementia and stroke
Authors: Pinder R.M. , Sandler M.
Published: January 2017

The relative risks of coronary heart disease (CHD) and overall mortality are reduced by moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages, particularly wine, which has major implications for public health. It appears likely that this beneficial effect of alcohol will soon be extended to some mental disorders. Although data on psychosis and mood and anxiety disorders are currently lacking, it appears that the relative risks of developing ischaemic stroke and Alzheimer's or vascular dementia are also lowered by moderate alcohol consumption. Such findings are still tentative because of the inherent methodological problems involved in Population-based epidemiological studies, and it is unclear whether the benefit can be ascribed to alcohol itself or to other constituents specific to wine such as polyphenols. Plausible biological mechanisms have been advanced for the protective effect of alcohol and wine against CHD, many of which will also play roles in their protective actions against cerebrovascular disease and dementia. The specific antioxidant properties of wine polyphenols may be particularly important in preventing Alzheimer's disease. Because of the substantially unpredictable risk of progression to problem drinking and alcohol abuse, the most sensible advice to the general public is that heavy drinkers should drink less or not at all, that abstainers should not be indiscriminately encouraged to begin drinking for health reasons, and that light to moderate drinkers need not change their drinking habits for health reasons, except in exceptional circumstances.
Reinforcing, subject-rated, performance and physiological effects of methylphenidate and d-amphetamine in stimulant abusing humans
Authors: Stoops William W. , Glaser Paul E.A. , Fillmore Mark T. , Rush Craig R.
Published: January 2017

Methylphenidate has potential for abuse because it produces behavioural effects similar to those observed with other abused stimulants, such as d-amphetamine and cocaine. The aim of this study was to further characterize the abuse potential of oral methylphenidate relative to oral d-amphetamine. Ten drug-abusing volunteers were recruited to participate in this study, which consisted of seven dose conditions: methylphenidate (16, 32 and 48 mg), d-amphetamine (8, 16 and 24 mg) and placebo. The reinforcing effects of these drugs were assessed during a self-administration session (preceded by a sampling session for each condition) with a modified progressive-ratio procedure. Subject-rated, performance and physiological effects were assessed concurrently during both the sampling and self-administration sessions. The intermediate dose of methylphenidate and d-amphetamine increased responding significantly above placebo levels. Both methylphenidate and d-amphetamine produced dose-dependent increases in stimulant-like subject ratings (e.g. Active, Alert, or Energetic and High), but the effects of these drugs were not isomorphic. These findings are consistent with epidemiological data and previous findings from laboratory studies that suggest methylphenidate has at least some abuse potential.
Searching for the Slave Family in Colonial Brazil
Authors: Metcalf Alida C.
Published: January 2017

This article reconstructs slave family life in a rural town in which a large number of slaves married, slave women had high fertility, and slaves lived primarily in nuclear families. The marriage and fertility rates of slaves lag behind those of the free population, but do not differ radically from them. This portrait of slave family life contrasts with the common portrayal of slave families in Brazil in which historians report that few slaves married and slave fertility was low. Despite the demographic similarities between slave and free families, the key differences between the slave and the free populations rested on the master's legal right to own slaves as property. Because slaves were property, the Portuguese laws of inheritance mandated the division of slaves among the heirs of the deceased master. Probate judges and heirs often broke up slave families; thus the mortality of masters severely affected the ability of slave families to survive over time.
Performance evaluation of the bioreactor landfill in treatment and stabilisation of mechanically biologically treated municipal solid waste
Authors: Lakshmikanthan P , Sivakumar Babu GL
Published: January 2017

The potential of bioreactor landfills to treat mechanically biologically treated municipal solid waste is analysed in this study. Developing countries like India and China have begun to investigate bioreactor landfills for municipal solid waste management. This article describes the impacts of leachate recirculation on waste stabilisation, landfill gas generation, leachate characteristics and long-term waste settlement. A small-scale and large-scale anaerobic cell were filled with mechanically biologically treated municipal solid waste collected from a landfill site at the outskirts of Bangalore, India. Leachate collected from the same landfill site was recirculated at the rate of 2–5 times a month on a regular basis for 370 days. The total quantity of gas generated was around 416 L in the large-scale reactor and 21 L in the small-scale reactor, respectively. Differential settlements ranging from 20%–26% were observed at two different locations in the large reactor, whereas 30% of settlement was observed in the small reactor. The biological oxygen demand/chemical oxygen demand (COD) ratio indicated that the waste in the large reactor was stabilised at the end of 1 year. The performance of the bioreactor with respect to the reactor size, temperature, landfill gas and leachate quality was analysed and it was found that the bioreactor landfill is efficient in the treatment and stabilising of mechanically biologically treated municipal solid waste.
Municipal household solid waste fee based on an increasing block pricing model in Beijing, China
Authors: Chu Zhujie , Wu Yunga , Zhuang Jun
Published: January 2017

This article aims to design an increasing block pricing model to estimate the waste fee with the consideration of the goals and principles of municipal household solid waste pricing. The increasing block pricing model is based on the main consideration of the per capita disposable income of urban residents, household consumption expenditure, production rate of waste disposal industry, and inflation rate. The empirical analysis is based on survey data of 5000 households in Beijing, China. The results indicate that the current uniform price of waste disposal is set too high for low-income people, and waste fees to the household disposable income or total household spending ratio are too low for the medium- and high-income families. An increasing block pricing model can prevent this kind of situation, and not only solve the problem of lack of funds, but also enhance the residents’ awareness of environmental protection. A comparative study based on the grey system model is made by having a preliminary forecast for the waste emissions reduction effect of the pay-as-you-throw programme in the next 5 years of Beijing, China. The results show that the effect of the pay-as-you-throw programme is not only to promote the energy conservation and emissions reduction, but also giving a further improvement of the environmental quality.
No Newspaper is No Fun–Even Five Decades Later
Authors: Bentley Clyde
Published: January 2017

When it failed to arrive, Oregon subscribers said they missed local news. But they also described an emotional attachment to their newspapers, which could not be quantified.
Few Newspapers Use Online Classified Interactive Features
Authors: Thompson David R. , Wassmuth Birgit L.
Published: January 2017

This article identifies 12 content features and interactive functions that have been designed into online classified advertising sites. The analysis reveals that 91 percent of the papers have online classified ads, but few use interactive features.
Metroplex Newspapers Offer Limited Editorial Competition
Authors: Hallock Steve
Published: January 2017

Metroplex competition in two major markets did not offer a viable substitute for editorial diversity of competing newspapers within a city, especially for addressing local issues.
Amino Acid Oligomer Microspheres as Drug Delivery Systems. I. Synthesis of Oligo(Amino Acids) via NCAs and Their Microsphere Formation
Authors: Yang Jian-Zhong , Antoun S. , Ottenbrite Raphael M. , Milstein Sam
Published: January 2017

Some thermally derived proteinoids are known to form hollow microspheres under specific conditions. In this study, oligomers consisting of L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-phenylalanine, and L-tyrosine were prepared through the corresponding a-amino acid-N carboxyanhydrides (NCAs). The oligo(amino acids) synthesized by NCA method had better control on the composition as well as molecular weight. These oligo(amino acids) were found to spontaneously form microspheres under acidic conditions. It was also found that is possible to encapsulate a variety of drug entities within these unique self-assembling systems. The microspheres which form spontaneously at low pH's also dissolve in water at neutral pH and consequently have the potential to be used as oral drug delivery systems.