bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The action of 2, 21 and 100% of oxygen on primary photochemistry of photosystem II (PS II), biosynthesis of pigments and carbon dioxide fixation by etiolated bean leaves during greening
Authors: Wróblewska B. , Siedlecka M. , Poskuta J. W.
Published: February 2017

Synopsis

The responses of photosynthesis to oxygen concentration 2, 21 and 100% by etiolated bean leaves upon illumination were determined. After 0.3, 3, 6, 10, 12 and 24 h of greening the following processes were measured. (1) Functioning of PS II as reflected by changes in Fv/Fm ratios and t1/2 values. (2) Content and composition of pigments. (3) Capacity for carbon dioxide assimilation. The results showed that O2 exerts a complex inhibitory action on examined processes. The magnitudes of inhibition increased with increasing of O2 concentration and time of its action. Under applied conditions the lag phase for development of examined processes (with the exception of carotenoids) was in the range 3-10 h. After 24 h of greening in 2, 21 and 100% of O2 the Fy/Fm ratios attained values 0.55, 0.45, 0.13 respectively as compared with typical 0.80 of normal green leaves of bean. After 24 h of greening the inhibition by 100% O2 as compared with zero inhibition by 2% O2 were, in percentages: Fw/Fm, 78; t1/2, 77; chlorophyll a, 59; chlorophyll b, 69; β-carotene, 78; neoxanthin, 60; zeaxanthin, 43; violaxanthin, 35; CO2 fixation, 95.
Mechanisms of oxygen activation during plant stress
Authors: Elstner Erich F. , Osswald Wolfgang
Published: February 2017

Synopsis

Green plants, within certain limitations, can adapt to a wide variety of unfavourable conditions such as drought, temperature changes, light variations, infectious attacks, air pollution and soil contamination. Depending on the strength of the individual impact(s), fluent or abrupt changes in visible or measurable stress symptoms indicate the deviation from normal metabolic conditions. Most of the visible or measurable symptoms are connected with altered oxygen metabolism principally concerning the transition from mostly heterolytic (two-electron transition) to increased homolytic (one-electron transition) processes. Homolytic reactions within metabolic sequences create, however, free radicals and have to be counteracted by the increase in radical-scavenging processes or compounds, thus warranting reaction sequences under metabolic control. At later states of stress episodes, the above control is gradually lost and more or less chaotic radical processes take over. Finally, cellular decompartmentalisations induce lytic and necrotic processes which are visible as the collapse of darkening cells or tissues. Every episode during this process is governed by a more or less denned balance between pro- and antioxidative capacities, including photosynthetic (strongly under metabolic and oxygen-detoxifying control) and photodynamic (only controlled by scavenger- and/or quencher-availability) reactions. This (theoretical) sequence of events in most cases can only be characterised punctually by strongly defined (analytical) indicator reactions (ESR) and is certainly species- and organ-specific.
Manipulation of glutathione reductase in transgenic plants: implications for plants' responses to environmental stress
Authors: Creissen G. P. , Broadbent P. , Kular B. , Reynolds H. , Wellburn A. R. , Mullineaux P. M.
Published: February 2017

Synopsis

The activities of a number of enzymes of the ascorbate–glutathione pathway have been shown to rise under conditions of increased oxidative stress. The potential to alter the expression of specific enzymes of this pathway by genetic manipulation has provided the opportunity to attempt to develop transgenic plants with altered levels of oxidative stress defense enzymes which should have improved stress tolerances. We have cloned a cDNA for glutathione reductase from a higher plant (Pisum sativumL.) and have used this to construct chimeric genes for the expression of the pea enzyme in the chloroplast, mitochondrion or cytosol of transgenic tobacco plants. Some of the transformed lines with elevated levels of expression of glutathione reductase accumulate higher concentrations of glutathione and show increased tolerance to paraquat, however, no evidence was found for elevated tolerance to ozone fumigation.
Free radical activity and loss of viability during drying of desiccation-sensitive tree seeds
Authors: Finch-Savage W. E. , Hendry G. A. F. , Atherton N. M.
Published: February 2017

Synopsis

Viability loss during desiccation in the recalcitrant seeds of Castanea saliva, Aesculus hippocastanum and Quercus robur was accompanied by increased lipid peroxidation and build up of a stable free radical within their embryonic axes. We argue that the accumulation of the free radical marks the termination of a series of destructive events following the initiation of oxidative attack during moisture stress in recalcitrant seeds.
Evidence that disruption of cytosolic calcium is critically important in oxidative plant stress
Authors: Lock J. , Price A. H.
Published: February 2017

It is no longer doubted that calcium functions as a second messenger in animals and plants. This is only possible because cells maintain cytosolic calcium concentrations many orders of magnitude below that of extracellular or organelle calcium. Environmental stimuli are perceived by receptor proteins which trigger transient elevation of cytosolic calcium using internal or external sources. The spatial and temporal distribution and the magnitude of calcium elevation determines the specific cellular response at the molecular level (Cheek 1991). The fine balance of cytosolic calcium homeostasis in animal cells is highly sensitive to oxidising conditions (Duncan 1991). Elevated cytosolic calcium resulting from oxidative perturbation of calcium homeostasis is believed to be responsible for the subsequent cellular injury and death (Nicotera et al. 1991). Transient stimulation of cytosolic calcium in sublethal oxidative stress may be a mechanism by which oxidative attack is perceived by the animal cell (Nicotera et al. 1991). Our understanding of oxidative stress and plant responses to it would be greatly advanced if it can be shown that similar processes occur in plant cells. This paper briefly presents the mechanism of oxidative disruption of calcium homeostasis in animal cells and summarises the evidence that the same scenario applies to plants.
Defence mechanisms against production of free radicals in cells of ‘resurrection’ plants
Authors: Sgherri Cristina L. M. , Quartacci Mike F. , Bochicchio Adriana , Navari-Izzo Flavia
Published: February 2017

The ability of protoplasm to revive following severe water deficit is at its greatest in desiccation-tolerant or ‘resurrection’ plants. Boea hygroscopica is a resurrection plant that is able to survive air-dryness following slow dehydration (80% RH) in a physiological state called anabiosis (Schwab & Gaff 1990). However, this plant loses the ability to recover complete physiological activity following rapid water loss (0% RH).

The ability to recover complete physiological activity following repeated protoplasmic dehydration of fully differentiated tissues is an adaptation mechanism unique to resurrection plants.
Similarities between post-ischaemic injury to animal tissues and post-anoxic injury in plants
Authors: Crawford R. M. M. , Walton J. C. , Wollenweber-Ratzer B.
Published: February 2017

The return to air after periods of oxygen deprivation has long been known to be associated with injury from active radicals in a variety of animal tissues (post-ischaemic injury or reperfusion injury). In plants, a similar sequence of events has been suspected, but only on the basis of indirect evidence of peroxidative damage to membrane lipids. The role of free radicals in causing such injury was investigated in the rhizomes of two Iris species, one tolerant of anoxia (Iris pseudacorus) and one intolerant (Iris germanica). Rhizomes of both species were subjected to total anoxia for 7 days. In the following post-anoxic period, when normal air supply was restored, the generation of active radicals was detected by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) only in the anoxia-intolerant I. germanica. Radical generation was exclusively in the rhizodermis and never observed in the rhizome cortex. The radicals were successfully scavenged with the antioxidants ascorbic acid and reduced glutathione. A direct parallel can therefore be drawn between post-ischaemic injury in animal tissues and post-anoxic injury in plants on the basis of direct observation of active radical generation in sensitive tissue. The avoidance of this type of injury is discussed in relation to variation in flooding tolerance, anoxia and other stresses in higher plants.
The senescence syndrome in plants: an overview of phytogerontology
Authors: Hillman J. R. , Glidewell S. M. , Deighton N.
Published: February 2017

Synopsis

The deteriorative processes leading to the death of a population, individual or part of an individual can be genetically programmed or induced by environmental perturbations, physical damage, pests and diseases. Senescence in multicellular plants is typically a phenomenon resulting from cell differentiation and loss of totipotency. Recycling of nutrients released from senescent cells, abscission layer formation, containment of pathogens and dispersal of progeny are crucial aspects of senescence management. Senescence-related autocatalytic changes induced by substances generally thought to regulate senescence may not mirror the sequence of changes occurring naturally through correlative processes in the intact plant. The chloroplast has a key role in reversing senescence-related degradation of other organelles. Conventional symptoms of senescence used in plant sciences have obscured common theories of senescence regulation for all types of organism.
Free radical metabolism, pigment degradation and lipid peroxidation in leaves during senescence
Authors: Merzlyak Mark N. , Hendry G.A.F.
Published: February 2017

Synopsis

Various lines of evidence suggest that the controlled increase in the production of oxygen radicals is an important factor involved in phytohormone metabolism, selective changes in membrane permeability, degradation of photosynthetic pigments and unsaturated membrane lipids, oxidative modification and subsequent proteolytic degradation, and other events occurring in ageing and senescing leaves. Increased lipid peroxidation, appearance of chlorophyll allomerised products, as well as fluorescent ‘lipofuscin-like’ pigments have been documented in different systems of leaf senescence. On the other hand, the accumulation of peroxidised products may result from the alteration to native structural organisation and energy dissipation reactions of the photosynthetic apparatus. Although there are contradictory and incomplete data on the activity of the systems involved in the metabolism of oxygen radicals, it seems that senescing leaves retain, at least in part, their defence potential against both activated oxygen species and toxic lipid peroxidation products. This provides the plant with the ability to successfully dismantle its photosynthetic apparatus during senescence in a relatively safe manner.
A physical model involving Nuclepore membranes to investigate the mechanism of humidity-induced convection in Phragmites australis
Authors: Armstrong J. , Armstrong W.
Published: February 2017

Synopsis

Nuclepore membranes of known pore size and porosity, attached to small glass chambers were used to investigate the mechanism of humidity-induced convection found in Phragmites and other species. The convective flow of gases and the development of static pressures were studied in relation to a variety of conditions imposed on opposite sides of the membrane. Data were obtained in relation to pore size (0.015 to 3 μm diameter) and porosity, temperature and humidity gradients, membrane area and resistance to venting.

A humidity gradient across the Nuclepore membranes was far more effective than a temperature gradient per se for inducing flow; also pores of the order 0.2 μm diameter were the most effective. With a steep enough humidity gradient, however, significant flows could also be induced across pores as large as 2 μm diameter. The results accord with previous experiments and observations on Phragmites and with the mathematical treatment of the mechanism. It is concluded that humidity-induced convection should play a greater role than thermal transpiration (thermo-osmosis) in effecting convections in Phragmites and other non-floating-leaved species.
Spatial patterns of antimicrobial resistance genes in a cross-sectional sample of pig farms with indoor non-organic production of finishers
Authors: BIRKEGÅRD A. C. , ERSBØLL A. K. , HALASA T. , CLASEN J. , FOLKESSON A. , VIGRE H. , TOFT N.
Published: February 2017

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in pig populations is a public health concern. There is a lack of information of spatial distributions of AMR genes in pig populations at large scales. The objective of the study was to describe the spatial pattern of AMR genes in faecal samples from pig farms and to test if the AMR genes were spatially randomly distributed with respect to the geographic distribution of the pig farm population at risk. Faecal samples from 687 Danish pig farms were collected in February and March 2015. DNA was extracted and the levels of seven AMR genes (ermB, ermF, sulI, sulII, tet(M), tet(O) and tet(W)) were quantified on a high-throughput real-time PCR array. Spatial differences for the levels of the AMR genes measured as relative quantities were evaluated by spatial cluster analysis and creating of risk maps using kriging analysis and kernel density estimation. Significant spatial clusters were identified for ermB, ermF, sulII and tet(W). The broad spatial trends in AMR resistance evident in the risk maps were in agreement with the results of the cluster analysis. However, they also showed that there were only small scale spatial differences in the gene levels. We conclude that the geographical location of a pig farm is not a major determinant of the presence or high levels of AMR genes assessed in this study.
The impact of Livestock Manure Control Policy on human leptospirosis in Republic of Korea using interrupted time series analysis
Authors: RYU S. , LAU C. L. , CHUN B. C.
Published: February 2017

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that the pathogen can be transmitted to humans through the excretions of infected animals. In the Republic of Korea, the Livestock Manure Control Act was enforced in September 2007 to improve underground water hygiene. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of Livestock Manure Control Policy on the incidence and the trend of human leptospirosis. An interrupted time series analysis using the monthly incidence of leptospirosis was conducted based on data derived from the Korean National Surveillance System between January 1999 and January 2015. We used a Spearman correlation method to compare the level of leptospirosis incidence decrease between the metropolitan cities and rural provinces. The annual incidence of leptospirosis in South Korea decreased by 33% after policy enforcement of the policy. A significant change in the slope of human leptospirosis cases was observed after the policy enforcement (β = −0·09, P < 0·001). Moreover, we detected a clear association between the size of the rice paddy fields and the decrease in leptospirosis incidence in provinces (r = 0·817, P = 0·01). This study shows that the Livestock Manure Control Policy had significantly reduced human leptospirosis incidence in the Republic of Korea, in particular, in rural regions.
Tetanus: A Potential Public Health Threat in Times of Disaster
Authors: Finkelstein Paige , Teisch Laura , Allen Casey J. , Ruiz Gabriel
Published: February 2017

Background:

Tetanus is a potentially fatal condition that is rare in urban environments but is seen in developing countries and post-natural-disaster. Therefore, the purpose of this report was to review the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management of tetanus in the trauma patient.

Methods:

A thorough literature review was conducted to look for the most current and thorough guidelines on the prophylaxis and treatment of tetanus. PUBMED (National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland USA), MEDLINE (US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland USA), and Cochrane Library (The Cochrane Collaboration; Oxford, United Kingdom) databases were searched for articles in English, published from 2005 to 2015, using the keywords “Tetanus,” “Trauma/Surgery,” and “Disaster.” Controlled trials, randomized controlled trials, trials of adult patients, published guidelines, expert opinions, and review articles were selected and extracted.

Results:

Current vaccination schedules in developed countries provide prophylaxis for tetanus. However, when severe natural disasters occur, many patients may not be able to provide a reliable vaccination history. In these situations, tetanus immune globulin (TIG) is indicated; if resources are not limited, both tetanus toxoid and TIG should be given to those with high-risk wounds. If resources are limited, TIG should be reserved for those that would benefit most or those least likely to have the protective antibodies.

Conclusions:

Although tetanus is a disease that has a low incidence in the developed world due to high rates of immunization, during large-scale natural disasters, compounding factors like the types of injuries, lack of medical services and supplies, and the delay in treatment associated with an already low immunization rate result in an increased incidence and outbreaks of the disease that has higher mortality in an underdeveloped society. It is important for the urban physician that cares for trauma and critical patients to become familiar with the protocols for treatment and immunization of patients that have tetanus-prone wounds, as well as recognize the potential for outbreaks in the settings of major natural disasters.

FinkelsteinP, TeischL, AllenCJ, RuizG. Tetanus: a potential public health threat in times of disaster. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(3):339–342.
High School Cardiac Emergency Response Plans and Sudden Cardiac Death in the Young
Authors: White Michelle J. , Loccoh Emefah C. , Goble Monica M. , Yu Sunkyung , Odetola Folafoluwa O. , Russell Mark W.
Published: February 2017

Introduction

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is responsible for 5%-10% of all deaths among children 5-19 years-of-age. The incidence of SCD in youth in Michigan (USA) and nationwide is higher in racial/ethnic minorities and in certain geographic areas. School cardiac emergency response plans (CERPs) increase survival after cardiac arrest. However, school cardiac emergency preparedness remains variable. Studying population-level factors associated with school cardiac emergency preparedness and incidence of SCD in the young may improve understanding of disparities in the incidence of SCD.

Hypothesis/Problem

The objective of this pilot study was to determine the association of elements of high school cardiac emergency preparedness, including Automated External Defibrillator (AED) distribution and the presence of CERPs with county sociodemographic characteristics and county incidence of SCD in the young.

Methods

Surveys were sent to representatives from all public high schools in 30 randomly selected Michigan counties. Counties with greater than 50% response rate were included (n=19). Association of county-level sociodemographic characteristics with incidence of SCD in the young and existence of CERPs were evaluated using Spearman correlation coefficient.

Results

Factors related to the presence of AEDs were similar across counties. Schools in counties of lower socioeconomic status (SES; lower-median income, lower per capita income, and higher population below poverty level) were less likely to have a CERP than those with higher SES (all P<.01). Lack of a CERP was associated with a higher incidence of SCD in youth (r=-0.71; P=.001). Overall incidence of SCD in youth was higher in lower SES counties (r=-0.62 in median income and r=0.51 in population below poverty level; both P<.05).

Conclusion

County SES is associated with the presence of CERPs in schools, suggesting a link between school cardiac emergency preparedness and county financial resources. Additionally, counties of lower SES demonstrated higher incidence of SCD in the young. Statewide and national studies are required to further explore the factors relating to geographic and socioeconomic differences in cardiac emergency preparedness and the incidence of SCD in the young.

WhiteMJ, LoccohEC, GobleMM, YuS, OdetolaFO, RussellMW. High school cardiac emergency response plans and sudden cardiac death in the young. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(3):269–272.
Music Genre as a Predictor of Resource Utilization at Outdoor Music Concerts
Authors: Westrol Michael S. , Koneru Susmith , McIntyre Norah , Caruso Andrew T. , Arshad Faizan H. , Merlin Mark A.
Published: February 2017

Objectives

The aim of this study was to examine the various modern music genres and their effect on the utilization of medical resources with analysis and adjustment for potential confounders.

Methods

A retrospective review of patient logs from an open-air, contemporary amphitheater over a period of 10 years was performed. Variables recorded by the medical personnel for each concert included the attendance, description of the weather, and a patient log in which nature and outcome were recorded. The primary outcomes were associations of genres with the medical usage rate (MUR). Secondary outcomes investigated were the association of confounders and the influences on the level of care provided, the transport rate, and the nature of medical complaint.

Results

A total of 2,399,864 concert attendees, of which 4,546 patients presented to venue Emergency Medical Services (EMS) during 403 concerts with an average of 11.4 patients (annual range 7.1-17.4) each concert. Of potential confounders, only the heat index ≥90°F (32.2°C) and whether the event was a festival were significant (P=.027 and .001, respectively). After adjustment, the genres with significantly increased MUR in decreasing order were: alternative rock, hip-hop/rap, modern rock, heavy metal/hard rock, and country music (P<.05). Medical complaints were significantly increased with alternative rock or when the heat index was ≥90°F (32.2°C; P<.001). Traumatic injuries were most significantly increased with alternative rock (P<.001). Alcohol or drug intoxication was significantly more common in hip-hop/rap (P<.001). Transport rates were highest with alcohol/drug intoxicated patients (P<.001), lowest with traumatic injuries (P=.004), and negatively affected by heat index ≥90°F (32.2°C; P=.008), alternative rock (P=.017), and country music (P=.033).

Conclusion

Alternative rock, hip-hop/rap, modern rock, heavy metal/hard rock, and country music concerts had higher levels of medical resource utilization. High heat indices and music festivals also increase the MUR. This information can assist event planners with preparation and resource utilization. Future research should focus on prospective validation of the regression equation.

Westrol MS, KoneruS, McIntyreN, Caruso AT, ArshadFH, MerlinMA. Music genre as a predictor of resource utilization at outdoor music concerts. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(3):289–296.
Early Psychosis: Where we've been, where we still have to go
Authors: Killackey Eóin , Yung Alison R. , McGorry Patrick D.
Published: February 2017

Early intervention in psychosis, while not a new concept, has seen great development over the last 15 years. Growth in this time has occurred in a number of areas and has attracted a broad coalition of researchers, consumers, clinicians, carers and policy makers. In this time the concept of early intervention has moved from the fringes to the mainstream of clinical approaches to psychosis in many places, and is doing so in even more. After a decade and a half, this paper reviews some of the key issues that have been addressed and points to areas where further growth and reform is still required. Some issues that have created controversy are examined here including pre-onset intervention and identification, the relationship of duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) to outcome and whether or not early intervention is an effective and economically viable model. Areas that are only now developing or which require further investigation are considered, including the concept of stages of mental illness and concomitant interventions, closing the efficacy-effectiveness gap and an increased focus on functioning as part of the recovery process. Early intervention in psychosis started as a reformist movement, agitating for change from outside the mainstream. Change has occurred and now early intervention is part of the mainstream approach to psychotic illness. In order to continue to develop, while enjoying the benefits of being a mainstream intervention, early intervention must not stray too far from its reformist roots.
Longitudinal research on bipolar disorders
Authors: Salvatore Paola , Tohen Mauricio , Kaur Khalsa Hari-Mandir , Baethge Christopher , Tondo Leonardo , Baldessarini Ross J.
Published: February 2017

Longitudinal assessment of the course of major psychiatric disorders has been advanced by studies from onset, but only rarely have large numbers of patients with a range of psychotic and major affective disorders been studied simultaneously and systematically from illness-onset. The decade-long McLean-Harvard First Episode Project & International Consortium for Bipolar Disorder Research has systematically followed-up large numbers of patients with DSM-IV bipolar or psychotic disorders from first hospitalization. Major findings among patients with bipolar I disorder include: [a] full functional recovery from initial episodes was uncommon, and full symptomatic recovery, much slower than early syndromal recovery; [b] risks of relapse, recurrence, and switching were very high in the first two years; [c] most early morbidity was depressive-dysphoric, as reported in mid-course; [d] initial depression or mixed-states predicted more later depressive and overall morbidity, whereas initial mania or psychosis predicted later mania and a better prognosis; [e] based on within-subject modeling, most patients did not show progressive cycling over time, and illness-course was rather chaotic within and among patients; [f] treatment-latency or episode-counts were unassociated with responsiveness to long-term mood-stabilizing treatment; [g] very high rates of suicidal behavior and accidents occurred early; [h] early substance-use comorbidity associated with anxiety; [i] factor-analysis of prodromal symptoms predicted bipolar disorder much better than non-affective psychotic disorders. Project findings indicate that the course of bipolar I disorder is much less favorable than had been believed formerly, despite clinical treatment with modern mood-stabilizing and other treatments.
Some trends in 50 years of Italian Psychiatry (in Italian)
Authors: Jervis Giovanni
Published: February 2017

Several discernible trends have changed the outlook of psychiatric resources available to the general public during the last 50 years in Western countries and particularly in Italy. Among these trends, two conflicting issues are here outlined. On the one side, evidence based medicine is the core of a methodological revolution, which asks for a deeper criticism of subjective judgements in clinical matters; on the other side, the study of emotions and attitudes has stressed the outstanding importance of conscious and unconscious expectations both in patients and in caregivers. Moreover, popular psychology has altered the way mental disorder is commonly perceived and treated. A comprehensive way of taking into account these three diverse trends seems to be still lacking.
Is Computerized Cognitive Testing Useful in Children and Adolescents with Moderate-to-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury?
Authors: Plourde Vickie , Brooks Brian L.
Published: February 2017

Objectives:Children and adolescents with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) present with short and long-term neuropsychological deficits following their injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the utility of a brief computerized test battery for evaluating cognitive functioning sub-acutely following a TBI.Methods:Participants (n=33) sustained a moderate-to-severe TBI, were between 8 and 18 years old, and were assessed using CNS Vital Signs (CNSVS) within 6 months post-injury (median=0.6 month). Participants with TBI were matched to 33 healthy controls based on age, sex, and handedness to compare their cognitive functioning on the CNSVS battery.Results:Children and adolescents with moderate-to-severe TBI had significantly lower scores and large effect sizes on Reaction Time, Complex Attention, and Cognitive Flexibility domains, as well as medium effect sizes on two Visual Memory test scores and one Psychomotor Speed test score. A significantly higher percentage of participants with TBI had cognitive impairment on Reaction Time domain score compared to the control group. Finally, CNSVS domain scores correctly categorized 76% of participants as either group with TBI or control group.Conclusions:CNSVS may be a useful tool for screening cognitive abilities in children and adolescents who are early in their recovery from a moderate-to-severe TBI, particularly when a rapid screening evaluation can help guide management, interventions, and track recovery. (JINS, 2017,23, 304–313)
Performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal disaccharidase activity of weaner/grower pigs given diets containing extruded Chinese stored brown rice with exogenous enzyme supplements
Authors: Li Junbo , Li Defa , Yin Y. -L. , Piao X. S. , He J. H. , Chen G. P. , Shu J. C.
Published: February 2017

One performance and one ileal apparent digestibility (IAD) trial were conducted to investigate the performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal disaccharidase activity of weaner/grower pigs given diets containing Chinese stored brown rice (CSBR) extruded and with exogenous enzyme supplements. In experiment 1, 96 crossbred (Duroc X Landrace X Large White) piglets weaned at 24 days of age were randomly divided into four groups according to a 2 X 2 factorial design. The animals were given four diets: (1) CSBR without enzyme supplementation, (2) CSBR supplemented with 625 mg a-amylase (2509 enzyme activity units) and 200 mg glucoamylase per kg (20018 enzyme activity units) per kg diet, (3) a normal temperature extruded CSBR (NTECSBR) without enzyme supplementation, and (4) NTECSBR supplemented with 625 mg a-amylase (2508 enzyme activity units) and 200 mg glucoamylase (20010 enzyme activity units) per kg diet. Growth, food consumption and specific activity of disaccharides in sections of the digestive tract were measured. In experiment 2, six male grower pigs with a mean initial body weight 21 kg, fitted with a simple ‘T’ cannula at the terminal ileum were used in a 6X6 Latin-square design. In addition to CSBR and NTECSBR diets with and without enzymes, a low temperature extruded diet LTECSBR with and without enzymes (as for other diets) was introduced. IAD of nutrients was measured. Extrusion resulted in a poorer (P < 0.05) food/gain for weaned pigs. Extrusion and enzyme supplementation had no influence (P > 0.05) on average daily food intake and average daily gain. Extrusion tended to improve (P = 0.075) IAD of starch but IAD of energy, dry matter, crude protein and amino acids were not influenced (P > 0.05). Enzyme supplementation had no effect on IAD of amino acids (P > 0.05), except for increasing IAD of lysine, threonine and isoleucine (P < 0.05). Extrusion and enzyme supplementation resulted in a higher (P < 0.05) maltase activity in the duodenum at day 14 of the trial. However, extrusion decreased (P < 0.05) the activity of maltase, isomaltase, sucrase and lactase in the jejunum at day 28. Enzyme supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the activities of maltase, isomaltase, trehalase and lactase in the jejunum at day 28. There was a positive extrusion X enzyme interaction (P < 0.05) for the activity of maltase and trehalase in the duodenum at day 14; a negative interaction was observed for the activity of lactase, maltase, isomaltase and trehalase in the jejunum at day 28. The results suggest that neither extrusion nor enzyme supplementation are necessary for CSBR to be used in pig diets.
Effects of high dietary concentration of lactose and increased soya-bean meal inclusion in starter diets for piglets
Authors: Pierce K. M. , Callan J. J. , McCarthy P. , Doherty J. V. O'.
Published: February 2017

A 3 X 2 factorial experiment was conducted to investigate the interactions between lactofeed 70 (LF70) (860 g/kg whey permeate, 140 g/kg soya-bean meal; Volac International, UK) and soya-bean meal (SBM) or dried skim milk (DSM) in piglet diets. Three hundred and thirty-six piglets were selected after weaning at 21 days with an initial live weight of 6-35 kg. They were blocked on the basis of live weight and within each block assigned to one of six dietary treatments. The pigs were offered the following starter diets : (1) 300 g/kg LF70 with 215 g/kg SBM and 100 g/kg DSM; (2) 200 g/kg LF70 with 215 g/kg SBM and 100 g/kg DSM; (3) 100 g/kg LF70 with 215 g/kg SBM and 100 g/kg DSM; (4) 300 g/kg LF70 with 325 g/kg DSM; (5) 200 g/kg LF70 with 325 g/kg DSM; (6) 100 g/kg LF70 with 325 g/kg DSM. The starter diets were offered for 25 days. Following this, a weaner diet (14 g/kg lysine, 14-5 MJ/kg digestible energy) was given for a period of 12 days. There was a significant interaction between LF70 level and protein source on average daily gain (ADG P < 0.001) and food conversion ratio (FCR P < 0.05) during the starter period. There was a linear increase in ADG and a linear improvement in FCR with increasing LF70 levels in diets with SBM. However, there was a linear decrease in ADG with increasing LF70 levels in diets with DSM. There was a significant interaction (P < 0.001) between LF70 level and protein source on average daily food intake (ADFI) during the starter period. At high LF70 levels, the inclusion of DSM reduced ADFl compared with SBM. However, there was no difference between DSM and SBM at the medium and low LF70 levels. There was a significant interaction between LF70 level and protein source in organic matter digestibility (OMD) (P < 0.01) and gross energy digestibility (GED) (P < 0.01). The pigs offered diets containing DSM had a significantly lower OMD and GED at low LF70 levels compared with pigs offered diets containing SBM. However, the inclusion of DSM had no significant effect on OMD or GED at the medium and high LF70 levels. There was a quadratic response in nitrogen digestibility (ND) with increasing concentrations of LF70 (P < 0.05). There was an increase in ND to 200 g/kg LF70 inclusion, however there was no further increase in ND above 200 g/kg LF70 inclusion. In conclusion, increasing the inclusion of lactofeed from 100 g/kg to 300 g/kg in starter diets where soya-bean meal comprised the principle protein source improved food efficiency and increased daily gain and daily food intake when compared with diets where dried skim milk comprised the principle protein source.
The effects of offering mineral blocks to ewes pre-mating and in late pregnancy on block intake, pregnant ewe performance and immunoglobulin status of the progeny
Authors: Crosby T. F. , Boland T. M. , Brophy P. O. , Quinn P. J. , Callan J. J. , Joyce D.
Published: February 2017

Two experiments were carried out to quantify the intake of mineral blocks by ewes in group- and individually fed situations, and to examine the effects of mineral block intake on food and water intake, colostrum production and lambs' immunoglobulin G (IgG) absorption when ewes are individually housed and offered maize or grass silage with a concentrate supplement. In experiment 1, mineral blocks were offered to 359 ewes either when grazing at mating time (no. = 200) or, when indoors in the last 4 or 7 weeks of pregnancy, the latter as either twin-bearing ewes that were group-fed (no. = 18) or individually fed (no. = 27) or single-bearing ewes that were group-fed (no. = 114). Block intake was measured on a weekly basis. In experiment 2,a2X2 X 2 factorial design was used to compare the effects of forage (grass or maize silage), restricted mineral block access and added minerals/vitamins in the concentrate on food and water intakes, colostrum production and immunoglobulin absorption by the lamb using 64 twin- bearing ewes that were individually housed. Grass silage and maize silage were offered ad libitum, concentrates were offered at a flat rate of 400 g per head per day. Mineral blocks were offered to ewes for 3 h/day. Following lambing, the ewes were hand milked at 1,10 and 18 h post partum. Colostrum samples were assayed for immunoglobulin G (IgG) content. Lambs were blood sampled at 24 h old to determine serum IgG value. In experiment 1, mean daily mineral block intake per ewe was lowest at mating time (19 g) and highest when ewes were individually housed (194 g). In experiment 2, intakes of dry matter(DM) and energy were higher (F < 0.05) in the maize silage treatments. Similarly, when ewes had access to mineral blocks they had higher (P < 0.05) intakes of DM, energy and protein in addition to having a higher water intake (2.24 v. 0.771 per ewe per day; s.e. 0.139; P < 0.01). The mean total colostrum yield to 18 h post lambing at 1734 ±98.0 ml was unaffected by any of the treatments. When ewes had access to mineral blocks their lambs had lower (6.8 v. 18.8; s.e. 1.48; P < 0.01) serum IgG values and the efficiency of IgG absorption from the colostrum into the blood stream was reduced (0.097 v. 0.247; s.e. 0.0214; P < 0.01). In conclusion, the data show that there is wide variation in mineral block intake in different situations and that intake of some minerals can exceed toxic values. Additionally, when individually fed pregnant ewes have access to blocks for just 3 h/day, there is a significant increase in water intake and a dramatic reduction in lamb serum IgG concentration and in the efficiency of absorption of colostral IgG into the blood. We suggest that while mineral blocks can confer advantages in specific situations, there is the need to revisit their formulation and to further research the mode of action responsible for the compromised IgG absorption.
In situ degradability of dry matter and neutral-detergent fibre of thorn scrubland forage consumed by goats in the semi-arid region of north Mexico
Authors: Juárez R. A. S. , Montoya E. R. , Nevarez C. G. , Cerrillo S. M. A. , Mould F. L.
Published: February 2017

Three goats provided with oesophageal and ruminal cannulae were used to determine variations in dry matter (DM) and neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) degradability of the forage consumed when grazing thorn scrubland in the semi-arid region of north Mexico, during two consecutive dry and wet periods. Ingesta samples were incubated intraruminally, the data were fitted to the exponential equation P = a + b (l - e-ct) and statistically analysed using a randomized-block design. Organic matter and crude protein (CP) contents were higher (P < 0.05) in the wet seasons. Values of NDF were similar in dry and wet season of both years whereas higher numerical values of acid-detergent fibre (ADF), lignin and cellulose were registered in the dry seasons. DM and NDF degradabilities after 24 and 48 h of ruminal incubation were higher (P < 0.05) in the wet seasons. Higher values (P < 0.05) in DM and NDF bag losses at zero time (A fraction) were registered in the two wet seasons. The insoluble but fermentable DM and NDF (B fractions) were higher (P < 0.05) in the 1999 wet season and variable in the rest of the studied period. Numerically higher values of DM and NDF c fraction were found in wet periods, whereas DM and NDF potential degradabilities were higher (P < 0.05) in the wet season in 1999 and similar across seasons in 2000. Lowest (P < 0.05) contents of CP in grazed forage, DM and NDF degradabilities after 48 h of ruminal incubation, and A, and B, and c fractions were observed in the dry seasons. Thus, these results may be related to both the lower feeding value of forage consumed by the animals and lower performance of livestock during this period. Then, the DM and NDF degradability after 48 h, together with the insoluble but fermentable matter and the c fraction permit the nutritive value of the forage consumed by grazing goats to be accurately described.
Exploring grammatical colloquialisation in non-native English: a case study of Philippine English
Authors: YAO XINYUE , COLLINS PETER
Published: February 2017

Colloquialisation, a process by which ‘writing becomes more like speech’, has been identified as a powerful discourse-pragmatic mechanism driving grammatical change in native English varieties. The extent to which colloquialisation is a factor in change in non-native varieties has seldom been explored. This article reports the findings of a corpus-based study of colloquialisation in Philippine English (PhilE), alongside its ‘parent variety’, American English (AmE). Adopting a bottom-up approach, a comprehensive measure was derived to determine the degree to which a text prefers grammatical features typical of speech and disprefers those typical of writing. This measure was then used to compare and contrast texts in a parallel, multi-register corpus of PhilE and AmE sampled for the 1960s and 1990s. Evidence for colloquialisation was found to vary across registers. While Philippine press editorials and American fiction show a clear colloquialising tendency, learned writing does not show remarkable changes irrespective of variety. The evolution of PhilE registers cannot be explained by a simple process involving emulation of AmE. The patterns uncovered reflect the uniqueness of the sociohistorical circumstances in which PhilE has evolved.
Health team for the elderly: a feasibility study for preventive home visits
Authors: Seiger Cronfalk Berit , Fjell Astrid , Carstens Nina , Rosseland Lars Malvin Kvinge , Rongve Arvid , Rönnevik Dag-Helge , Seiger Åke , Skaug Knut , Ugland Vae Karen Johanne , Hauge Wennersberg Marianne , Boström Anne-Marie
Published: February 2017

The aim was to describe the development, utilization and feasibility of a model of preventive home visits, in an urban and a rural municipality in Norway.

Background

Older people >65 years will rise significantly in coming years. Increased age is associated with risk of disability, illness and need for public health services. Preventive home visits is assumed to help older people to maintain their functional level longer, delaying disease and thus delaying the need for health care.

Method

Descriptive explorative design describing the development, utilization and feasibility of preventive home visits in two different settings. All 77-year-old persons living at home in an urban municipality and all 75 years and older in a rural municipality were invited to participate. A questionnaire including a substantial number of tests concerning; fall, nutrition, polypharmacy and cognitive impairment was used by Health Team Nurses as base for a risk assessment. Pilot studies were conducted to validate the questionnaire including an inter-rater reliability study of the risk assessment tool. A multiprofessional team, Health Team for the Elderly met each week to evaluate risk assessments and make recommendations to be sent to each respective general practitioner. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. In total, 167 persons (109 from the urban municipality and 58 from the rural municipality) participated, corresponding to 60% of the approached individuals. The mean time for the visits was 108 minutes (SD 20). Missing data were identified for; Do you feel safe in your municipality (17.5%) and Are you looking forward to ageing (11.4%). In total, 36 persons (21.7%) were identified with increased risk for developing illness. We suggest that a structured model of preventive home visits and collaboration between highly specialized health care professionals are important factors for reliable health promoting risk assessments of elderly home dwellers.
THE PREHISTORY OF THE SUBSYSTEMS OF SECOND-ORDER ARITHMETIC
Authors: DEAN WALTER , WALSH SEAN
Published: February 2017

This paper presents a systematic study of the prehistory of the traditional subsystems of second-order arithmetic that feature prominently in the reverse mathematics program promoted by Friedman and Simpson. We look in particular at: (i) the long arc from Poincaré to Feferman as concerns arithmetic definability and provability, (ii) the interplay between finitism and the formalization of analysis in the lecture notes and publications of Hilbert and Bernays, (iii) the uncertainty as to the constructive status of principles equivalent to Weak König’s Lemma, and (iv) the large-scale intellectual backdrop to arithmetical transfinite recursion in descriptive set theory and its effectivization by Borel, Lusin, Addison, and others.
Renal artery revascularization by using the Riolan anastomosis as feeding vessel in a patient with abdominal aortic coarctation due to fibromuscular dysplasia
Authors: Salmoukas Christina , Ruemke Stefan , Bräsen Jan Hinrich , Haverich Axel , Teebken Omke Enno
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Fibromuscular dysplasia is a non-inflammatory, non-atherosclerotic vascular disease, occurring predominantly in younger females. A histologically heterogeneous group of fibroplasia without an inflammatory component causes arterial narrowing. It affects mostly one or both renal arteries, cervicocranial or visceral arteries, leading to hypertension, renal failure/renal infarction or stroke/transient ischaemic attack. We present the case of a young female patient with abdominal aortic coarctation, history of acute renal failure, and critical hypertension due to pseudo-occlusion of both renal arteries. We performed renal artery revascularization specifically by using the Riolan anastomosis as feeding vessel.
Dislocation mechanisms and 3D twin architectures generate exceptional strength-ductility-toughness combination in CrCoNi medium-entropy alloy
Authors: Zhang Zijiao , Sheng Hongwei , Wang Zhangjie , Gludovatz Bernd , Zhang Ze , George Easo P. , Yu Qian , Mao Scott X. , Ritchie Robert O.
Published: February 2017

Combinations of high strength and ductility are hard to attain in metals. Exceptions include materials exhibiting twinning-induced plasticity. To understand how the strength-ductility trade-off can be defeated, we apply in situ, and aberration-corrected scanning, transmission electron microscopy to examine deformation mechanisms in the medium-entropy alloy CrCoNi that exhibits one of the highest combinations of strength, ductility and toughness on record. Ab initio modelling suggests that it has negative stacking-fault energy at 0K and high propensity for twinning. With deformation we find that a three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical twin network forms from the activation of three twinning systems. This serves a dual function: conventional twin-boundary (TB) strengthening from blockage of dislocations impinging on TBs, coupled with the 3D twin network which offers pathways for dislocation glide along, and cross-slip between, intersecting TB-matrix interfaces. The stable twin architecture is not disrupted by interfacial dislocation glide, serving as a continuous source of strength, ductility and toughness.