bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tissue Oxygen Demand in Regulation of the Behavior of the Cells in the Vasculature
Authors: Barvitenko Nadezhda N. , Aslam Muhammad , Filosa Jessica , Matteucci Elena , Nikinmaa Mikko , Pantaleo Antonella , Saldanha Carlota , Baskurt Oguz K.
Published: February 2013

The control of arteriolar diameters in microvasculature has been in the focus of studies on mechanisms matching oxygen demand and supply at the tissue level. Functionally, important vascular elements include EC, VSMC, and RBC. Integration of these different cell types into functional units aimed at matching tissue oxygen supply with tissue oxygen demand is only achieved when all these cells can respond to the signals of tissue oxygen demand. Many vasoactive agents that serve as signals of tissue oxygen demand have their receptors on all these types of cells (VSMC, EC, and RBC) implying that there can be a coordinated regulation of their behavior by the tissue oxygen demand. Such functions of RBC as oxygen carrying by Hb, rheology, and release of vasoactive agents are considered. Several common extra‐ and intracellular signaling pathways that link tissue oxygen demand with control of VSMC contractility, EC permeability, and RBC functioning are discussed.
Defence responses regulated by jasmonate and delayed senescence caused by ethylene receptor mutation contribute to the tolerance of petunia to Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Wang Hong , Liu Gang , Li Chunxia , Powell Ann L. T. , Reid Michael S. , Zhang Zhen , Jiang Cai‐Zhong
Published: February 2013

Ethylene and jasmonate (JA) have powerful effects when plants are challenged by pathogens. The inducible promoter‐regulated expression of the Arabidopsis ethylene receptor mutant ethylene‐insensitive1‐1 (etr1‐1) causes ethylene insensitivity in petunia. To investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in transgenic petunia responses to Botrytis cinerea related to the ethylene and JA pathways, etr1‐1‐expressing petunia plants were inoculated with Botrytis cinerea. The induced expression of etr1‐1 by a chemical inducer dexamethasone resulted in retarded senescence and reduced disease symptoms on detached leaves and flowers or intact plants. The extent of decreased disease symptoms correlated positively with etr1‐1 expression. The JA pathway, independent of the ethylene pathway, activated petunia ethylene response factor (PhERF) expression and consequent defence‐related gene expression. These results demonstrate that ethylene induced by biotic stress influences senescence, and that JA in combination with delayed senescence by etr1‐1 expression alters tolerance to pathogens.
Variations in type III effector repertoires, pathological phenotypes and host range of Xanthomonas citri pv. citri pathotypes
Authors: Escalon Aline , Javegny Stéphanie , Vernière Christian , Noël Laurent D. , Vital Karine , Poussier Stéphane , Hajri Ahmed , Boureau Tristan , Pruvost Olivier , Arlat Matthieu , Gagnevin Lionel
Published: February 2013

The mechanisms determining the host range of Xanthomonas are still undeciphered, despite much interest in their potential roles in the evolution and emergence of plant pathogenic bacteria. Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (Xci) is an interesting model of host specialization because of its pathogenic variants: pathotype A strains infect a wide range of Rutaceous species, whereas pathotype A*/AW strains have a host range restricted to Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia) and alemow (Citrus macrophylla). Based on a collection of 55 strains representative of Xci worldwide diversity assessed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), we investigated the distribution of type III effectors (T3Es) in relation to host range. We examined the presence of 66 T3Es from xanthomonads in Xci and identified a repertoire of 28 effectors, 26 of which were shared by all Xci strains, whereas two (xopAG and xopC1) were present only in some A*/AW strains. We found that xopAG (=avrGf1) was present in all AW strains, but also in three A* strains genetically distant from AW, and that all xopAG‐containing strains induced the hypersensitive response (HR) on grapefruit and sweet orange. The analysis of xopAD and xopAG suggested horizontal transfer between X. citri pv. bilvae, another citrus pathogen, and some Xci strains. A strains were genetically less diverse, induced identical phenotypic responses and possessed indistinguishable T3E repertoires. Conversely, A*/AW strains exhibited a wider genetic diversity in which clades correlated with geographical origin and T3E repertoire, but not with pathogenicity, according to T3E deletion experiments. Our data outline the importance of taking into account the heterogeneity of Xci A*/AW strains when analysing the mechanisms of host specialization.
Prey preferences of aquatic insects: potential implications for the regulation of wetland mosquitoes
Authors: SAHA N. , ADITYA G. , SAHA G. K.
Published: February 2013

Wetlands are potential sites for mosquito breeding and are thus important in the context of public health. The use of chemical and microbial controls is constrained in wetlands in view of their potential impact on the diverse biota. Biological control using generalist aquatic insects can be effective, provided a preference for mosquito larvae is exhibited. The mosquito prey preferences of water bugs and larvae of odonate species were evaluated using chironomid larvae, fish fingerlings and tadpoles as alternative prey. Manly's selectivity (αi) values with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated to judge prey preference patterns. Multivariate analysis of variance (manova)and standardized canonical coefficients were used to test the effects of density on prey selectivity. Theαivalues indicated a significant preference (P< 0.05) in all of the insect predators tested for mosquito larvae over the alternative prey as a density‐dependent function. On a comparative scale, chironomid larvae had the highest impact as alternative prey. In a multiple‐prey experiment, predators showed a similar pattern of preference for mosquito larvae over alternative prey, reflecting a significant (P< 0.05) niche overlap. The results suggest that, in a laboratory setting, these insect predators can effectively reduce mosquito density in the presence of multiple alternative prey.
Fusarium keratitis in South India: causative agents, their antifungal susceptibilities and a rapid identification method for the Fusarium solani species complex
Authors: Homa Mónika , Shobana Coimbatore S. , Singh Yendrembam R. B. , Manikandan Palanisamy , Selvam Kanesan P. , Kredics László , Narendran Venkatapathy , Vágvölgyi Csaba , Galgóczy László
Published: February 2013

Seventy Fusarium isolates derived from human keratomycosis were identified based on partial sequences of the β‐tubulin (β‐TUB) and translation elongation factor 1α (EF‐1α) genes. Most of the isolates were confirmed as members of the F. solani species complex (75.71%), followed by the F. dimerum species complex (8.57%), the F. fujikuroi species complex (8.57%), the F. oxysporum species complex (4.29%) and the F. incarnatum‐equiseti species complex (2.86%). A combined phylogenetic tree was estimated including all the 70 isolates. Isolates belonging to different species complexes formed separate clades. In this study, we also report the first isolation of F. napiforme from human keratomycosis. A new method based on a specific EcoRI restriction site in the EF‐1α gene was developed for the rapid identification of F. solani. In vitro antifungal susceptibilities of the isolates to seven antifungals were determined by broth microdilution method. Terbinafine, natamycin and amphotericin B proved to be the most effective drugs, followed by voriconazole. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of clotrimazole, econazole and itraconazole were generally high (≥64 μg ml−1). The interactions between the two most effective antifungals (natamycin and terbinafine) were determined by checkerboard microdilution method. Synergism (71.8%) or no interaction (28.2%) was revealed between the two compounds.
Invasive fungal infections in paediatric acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Johnston D. L. , Lewis V. , Yanofsky R. , Gillmeister B. , Ethier M. C. , Mitchell D. , Cellot S. , Dix D. , Portwine C. , Price V. , Silva M. , Zelcer S. , Michon B. , Bowes L. , Stobart K. , Brossard J. , Beyene J. , Sung L.
Published: February 2013

Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in paediatric acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). This study describes risk factors for IFI and IFI‐related sepsis in this population. We conducted a population‐based, retrospective cohort study of children with AML in Canada. IFIs during chemotherapy and prior to haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, relapse, persistent disease or death were identified. Risk factors for proven or probable IFI were examined. Among courses complicated by IFI, risk factors for sepsis were also evaluated. There were 341 children with AML included of which 41 (12.0%) experienced 46 different episodes of IFI. Candida species accounted for 23 (50.0%) of IFIs and Aspergillus spp. accounted for 14 (30.4%). Days of broad‐spectrum antibiotics, days of corticosteroids and neutropenia at start of the course were independently associated with IFI. Only days of fever were independently associated with IFI‐related sepsis. Invasive fungal infections occurred in 12.0% of paediatric AML patients. Risk factors for IFI and IFI‐related sepsis were identified. This knowledge may help to consider targeted strategies.
The Mediterranean red alga Asparagopsis taxiformis has antifungal activity against Aspergillus species
Authors: Genovese Giuseppa , Leitner Sandra , Minicante Simona A. , Lass‐Flörl Cornelia
Published: February 2013

The red algae Asparagopsis taxiformis collected from the Straits of Messina (Italy) were screened for antifungal activity against Aspergillus species. EUCAST methodology was applied and extracts showed antifungal activity against A. fumigatus, A. terreus and A. flavus. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations observed were <0.15 mg ml−1 and the highest were >5 mg ml−1 for Aspergillus spp. tested. Agar diffusion assays confirmed antifungal activity of A. taxiformis extracts in Aspergillus species.
Anaplastic astrocytomas with abundant Rosenthal fibers in elderly patients: A diagnostic pitfall of high‐grade gliomas
Authors: Sugita Yasuo , Nakashima Shinji , Ohshima Koichi , Terasaki Mizuhiko , Morioka Motohiro
Published: February 2013

To investigate the clinicopathological features of anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) with abundant Rosenthal fibers (RFs), this study assessed four cases of AA (elderly patients; age ≥70 years). Histologically, these tumors were composed of diffusely infiltrating astrocytomas with brightly eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules or cork‐screw or beaded bundles. Tumor cells showed pleomorphism, bizarre giant cells, and mitotic activity, but no necrosis. The cytoplasmic granules showed negativity on PAS staining. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells with cytoplasmic granular cells showed a positive reaction for GFAP. The cytoplasmic eosinophilic granules or bundles were positive for αB‐crystallin, ubiquitin and HSP27. In addition, tumor cells showed strong cytoplasmic positivity for isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1)‐R132H protein in all cases. The MIB‐l labeling index of these cases ranged from 7% to 10%. In cases 1 and 2, ultrastructurally, the tumor cells had electron‐dense, amorphous structures in the cytoplasm and in the processes. These structures were bound to glial intermediate filaments. Based on these microscopic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings, case 1 was diagnosed as AA with abundant, mixed, common type of RFs and miniature (m) RFs, and cases 2,3, and 4 were diagnosed as AA with abundant mRFs. These results indicate that the presence of RFs in astrocytic tumors does not necessarily exclude a diagnosis of high‐grade astrocytoma. In addition, AAs with abundant mRFs in elderly patients should be classified as a peculiar variant of AA.
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children 4th edition‐Chinese version index scores in Taiwanese children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Yang Pinchen , Cheng Chung‐Ping , Chang Chen‐Lin , Liu Tai‐Ling , Hsu Hsiu‐Yi , Yen Cheng‐Fang
Published: February 2013

Aim

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children 4th edition‐Chinese version (WISC‐IV‐Chinese) has been in clinical use in Taiwan since 2007. Research is needed to determine how the WISC‐IV, modified from its earlier version, will affect its interpretation in clinical practice in a Mandarin‐speaking context.

Methods

We attempted to use WISC‐IV‐Chinese scores to identify the cognitive strengths and weaknesses in 334 Taiwanese children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Comparison of cognitive profiles of WISC‐IV‐Chinese scores between subtypes of ADHD was also performed.

Results

The results indicated that the four‐factor model of the WISC‐IV‐Chinese fitted well for Taiwanese children with ADHD. The profiles showed that performance in the index score of the Processing Speed Index was the weakness domain for the Taiwanese children with ADHD, as confirmed by two different kinds of analytic methods. Cognitive profile analysis of ADHD subtypes revealed children with inattentive subtypes to have a greater weakness in processing speed performance.

Conclusion

The implications of the profiles of the index scores on the WISC‐IV‐Chinese version for Taiwanese children with ADHD were explored.
Association of the BDNF C270T polymorphism with schizophrenia: Updated meta‐analysis
Authors: Watanabe Yuichiro , Nunokawa Ayako , Someya Toshiyuki
Published: February 2013

Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been suggested to play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The C270T polymorphism (rs56164415) in the BDNF 5′‐non‐coding region has been extensively investigated for an association with schizophrenia, but with conflicting results. An updated meta‐analysis was therefore performed of 13 case–control association studies (3505 patients and 3992 controls). An association was found between the T allele and schizophrenia. The association was significant in the East Asian population, but not in the Caucasian population. It is suggested that the BDNF C270T polymorphism contributes to schizophrenia susceptibility, especially in East Asian subjects.
S100B and schizophrenia
Authors: Yelmo‐Cruz Silvia , Morera‐Fumero Armando L. , Abreu‐González Pedro
Published: February 2013

The research for peripheral biological markers of schizophrenia, although abundant, has been unfruitful. In the last 2 decades, the S100B protein has made its own room in this area of research. S100B is a calcium‐binding protein that has been proposed as a marker of astrocyte activation and brain dysfunction. Research results on S100B concentrations and schizophrenia clinical diagnosis are very consistent; patients with schizophrenia have higher S100B concentrations than healthy controls. The results regarding schizophrenia subtypes and clinical characteristics are not as conclusive. Age of patients, body mass index, illness duration and age at onset have been found to show no correlation, a positive correlation or a negative correlation with S100B levels. With respect to psychopathology, S100B data are inconclusive. Positive, negative and absence of correlation between S100B concentrations and positive and negative psychopathology have been reported. Methodological biases, such as day/night and seasonal variations, the use of anticoagulants to treat biological samples, the type of analytical technique to measure S100B and the different psychopathological scales to measure schizophrenia symptoms, are some of the factors that should be taken into account when researching into this area in order to reduce the variability of the reported results. The clinical implications of S100B changes in schizophrenia remain to be elucidated.
Study of the efficacy and safety of switching from risperidone to paliperidone in elderly patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Suzuki Hidenobu , Gen Keishi , Otomo Masahiro , Inoue Yuichi , Hibino Hiroyuki , Mikami Ayako , Matsumoto Hideo , Mikami Katsunaka
Published: February 2013

Aim

We investigated the clinical efficacy and safety of switching to paliperidone (PAL) in elderly schizophrenia patients receiving risperidone.

Methods

The subjects were 27 inpatients who had been diagnosed with schizophrenia according to the DSM‐IV. The patient's clinical symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Clinical Global Impression‐Severity of Illness Scale, and their safety was assessed using the Drug‐induced Extrapyramidal Symptoms Scale, bodyweight, body mass index, and laboratory tests. We also investigated patient satisfaction using the Drug Attitude Inventory, a subjective outcome measure.

Results

No significant differences in clinical symptom improvement efficacy were seen between the PAL‐switching group and the control group. The mean changes from baseline on the Drug‐induced Extrapyramidal Symptoms Scale total score, Drug Attitude Inventory score, and prolactin level were significantly greater in the PAL‐switching group than in the control group. Furthermore, patients with PAL needed less biperiden, even though they had similar risperidone‐equivalent daily dosages to the control group.

Conclusions

The results of this study suggest that switching elderly patients from risperidone to PAL may result in superior safety and patient satisfaction, and may also make it possible to reduce the dosage of biperiden.
Fetus Papyraceus: Congenital Pulmonary Anomalies Associated with Congenital Aplasia Cutis on the Surviving Twin
Authors: Louise Lagier , Annabel Maruani , Hubert Lardy , Isabelle Gibertini , Gerard Lorette
Published: February 2013

Aplasia cutis congenita (ACC) can be associated with fetus papyraceus. We report here the first case of ACC linked to fetus papyraceus with pulmonary anomalies. At birth, the patient presented with skin lesions of the trunk consisting of well‐defined, symmetrically distributed, bilateral atrophic ulcerations. Physical examination was otherwise normal. Persistent bronchospasm occurred at the age of 7 months; computed tomography images showed small bilateral pulmonary bullae. At the age of 5 years, skin and pulmonary lesions had not extended. Although the mechanisms of ACC linked to fetus papyraceus are unclear, vascular ischemia is strongly suggested, and could explain the bilateral and symmetric congenital skin and lung aplasia.
Midchildhood Acne Associated with Inhaled Corticosteroids: Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature
Authors: Liu Kristina J. , Antaya Richard J.
Published: February 2013

Midchildhood acne has been attributed to a number of causes in the literature, including adrenocortical tumor, hyperandrogenemia due to hypothalamic dysfunction, and contact with greasy topical skin care products. There are only a few case reports of inhaled steroids causing acneiform eruptions, all of which occurred in adults and with symptoms suggesting that the acne resulted from systemic absorption. We present two cases of comedonal and inflammatory midchildhood acne temporally associated with the use of inhaled corticosteroids administered through face masks, implicating a causative relationship between topical steroid exposure and midchildhood acne that does not necessitate systemic absorption.
Childhood Lichen Sclerosus—A Challenge for Clinicians
Authors: Lagerstedt Maria , Karvinen Kaisa , Joki‐Erkkilä Minna , Huotari‐Orava Riitta , Snellman Erna , Laasanen Satu‐Leena
Published: February 2013

Childhood lichen sclerosus (LS) is a rare and often misdiagnosed inflammatory dermatitis with an unpredictable course. The complications of LS are architectural changes of the vulva; malignant transformation is possible. The objective of our study was to define the background and the long‐term course of childhood LS. A registery study identified 44 children with LS treated at Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland, from 1982 to 2010. A questionnaire was sent to the identified patients and 15 responded. The clinical depiction of LS varied significantly. LS was diagnosed in only 16% of the patients at the referring unit. Autoimmune disorders were observed in 6 of the 44 patients. High prevalences of Turner's syndrome (2/44) and kidney disease (2/44) were noted. The majority of the patients were treated with topical corticosteroids. Eight developed architectural changes of the vulva. The questionnaire revealed that three of six patients who were asymptomatic at the end of the registery study follow‐up experienced a recurrence of symptoms. None of them were undergoing follow‐up. Nine of the 15 patients reported reduced quality of life. Childhood LS is a heterogeneous disease with a remarkable effect on quality of life. The misdiagnosis of childhood LS is common. The association between LS and autoimmune diseases should be noted. The high prevalence of Turner's syndrome raises questions regarding the influence of low estrogen levels on the development of LS. The prognosis cannot be predicted, so long‐term follow‐up is recommended. New tools for diagnosis and surveillance are needed.
Reducing Biotic and Abiotic Land‐Use Legacies to Restore Invaded, Abandoned Citrus Groves
Authors: Weiler Annalisa , Von Holle Betsy , Nickerson David M.
Published: February 2013

Land‐use legacies associated with agriculture, such as increased soil fertility and elevated soil pH, promote invasions by non‐native plant species on former agricultural lands. Restoring natural soil conditions (i.e. low fertility and low pH) may be an effective, long‐term method to control and reduce the abundance of non‐native and ruderal species that invade abandoned agricultural lands. In this study, we examined how soil manipulation treatments of lowering soil fertility with carbon additions and lowering soil pH by applying sulfur affect non‐native and ruderal native plant species abundance in two former citrus groves in central Florida. Non‐native plant biomass was removed by one of two methods (tilling or topsoil removal), and was combined with a soil amendment of sulfur, carbon, sulfur + carbon, or none. The biomass removal treatments significantly decreased non‐native abundance, with topsoil removal as the most effective. Carbon additions did not affect soil fertility or vegetation. Sulfur and sulfur + carbon additions significantly decreased soil pH in both groves for at least 1 year post‐treatment; however, we did not see a significant vegetation response. Overall, our results suggest that removing vegetation by tilling and topsoil removal is an effective method for reducing non‐target species cover. Although we did not see a response of vegetation to our treatments, we were able to restore the initial soil characteristics, which can be a first step toward complete restoration.
Artificial Spawning Habitats Improve Egg Production of a Declining Diadromous Fish, Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns, 1842)
Authors: Hickford Michael J. H. , Schiel David R.
Published: February 2013

Anthropogenic impacts from urbanization, deforestation, and agriculture have degraded the riparian margins of waterways worldwide. In New Zealand, such impacts have caused changes in native vegetation, enhanced invasion by exotic grasses, and altered river bank morphology. One consequence has been a great reduction in obligate spawning habitat of a diadromous fish, Galaxias maculatus. Juvenile G. maculatus comprise a culturally important fishery that has been considerably reduced over recent decades. Rehabilitation of riparian vegetation needed for spawning is relatively straightforward, but slow. We hypothesized that artificial spawning habitats could accelerate restoration of fish egg production by creating an environment that would support at least the same density and survival of eggs as non‐impacted vegetation. We tested three artificial devices (straw bales, straw tubes, and moss tubes) in degraded and intact sites. Eggs were laid in all of these with numbers and survival usually exceeding that in riparian grasses. Where habitat was degraded, artificial spawning habitats yielded up to 10,000 eggs compared to none in nearby natural spawning habitat. The ground‐level environment of artificial habitat was similar to that of intact vegetation in buffering ambient temperature and humidity fluctuations. Crucial properties of the artificial habitats were (1) shelter to provide shade and hold moisture; (2) accessibility to allow adult fish to deposit and fertilize eggs; and (3) robustness to provide reliable surfaces and protection for the eggs during their development. We show that artificial spawning habitats are a viable short‐term alternative to rehabilitating spawning habitat while legacy effects abate and riparian vegetation recovers.
Effect of health professional education on outcomes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care: A non randomized clinical trial
Authors: Monteagudo Mònica , Rodriguez‐Blanco Teresa , Llagostera Maria , Valero Carles , Bayona Xavier , Granollers Sílvia , Ferro Juan J. , Acedo Mateo , Almeda Jesús , Rodriguez‐Latre Lluisa , Muñoz Laura , Miravitlles Marc
Published: February 2013

Background and objective

The best strategy to achieve optimal integrated management to patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in primary care (PC) is not clear. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention in PC based on an integrated programme, which combines diverse strategies directed at health professionals to improve quality of life and clinical outcomes of their patients with COPD. We compared the outcome with results from standard practice.

Methods

A prospective, multicentre, quasi‐experimental study and a 12‐month follow up was performed. Intervention consisted of an integrated education programme in PC. The main outcome variable was the change in total score of the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) at the end of follow up between the control and intervention group.

Results

A total of 801 patients participated in the study with a mean age of 70.2 years and a mean FEV1 (% predicted) of 55%. At 1‐year follow up, the SGRQ score did not significantly differ. Although the intervention group showed an improvement in dietary, exercise and smoking habits, there was an increase in reported exacerbations and hospital admissions (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Implementation of an integrated education programme in a PC setting, which combines diverse strategies directed at health professionals, did not achieve the expected changes in quality of life measured by SGRQ at 1‐year follow up. Nonetheless, this study observed an improvement in patients’ lifestyle choices, even though this did not result in a significant change in the clinical evolution or heath status over 12 months.
Myth versus Reality: Comparing the Depiction of Juvenile Delinquency in Metropolitan Newspapers with Arrest Data*
Authors: Rhineberger‐Dunn Gayle M.
Published: February 2013

While the extant literature on the social construction of crime in the media is extensive, little literature exists on the media's construction of juvenile delinquency in newspapers, particularly in small cities. Even though smaller metropolitan areas have lower crime rates, how these newspapers construct delinquency undoubtedly impacts the attitudes, behaviors, and fears of residents, perhaps more so than in larger metropolitan areas. The purpose of this research is to assess how newspapers from five of the smallest Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) socially construct juvenile delinquency, offenders and victims, and to assess whether or not these images perpetuate myths related to juvenile delinquency. An analysis of 231 articles indicates that small‐MSA newspapers construct an inaccurate image of juvenile offenders that significantly promotes the myth of juveniles as violent predators. Specifically, juvenile offenders are constructed as violent predators with innocent, random victims. In contrast, newspapers construct a more accurate picture of victims, with females represented as the most common juvenile victim, and sexual assault victimization as the most common of all juvenile violent crime victimization.
Automatic 3D segmentation of multiphoton images: a key step for the quantification of human skin
Authors: Decencière Etienne , Tancrède‐Bohin Emmanuelle , Dokládal Petr , Koudoro Serge , Pena Ana‐Maria , Baldeweck Thérèse
Published: February 2013

Background/purpose

Multiphoton microscopy has emerged in the past decade as a useful noninvasive imaging technique for in vivo human skin characterization. However, it has not been used until now in evaluation clinical trials, mainly because of the lack of specific image processing tools that would allow the investigator to extract pertinent quantitative three‐dimensional (3D) information from the different skin components.

Methods

We propose a 3D automatic segmentation method of multiphoton images which is a key step for epidermis and dermis quantification. This method, based on the morphological watershed and graph cuts algorithms, takes into account the real shape of the skin surface and of the dermal–epidermal junction, and allows separating in 3D the epidermis and the superficial dermis.

Results

The automatic segmentation method and the associated quantitative measurements have been developed and validated on a clinical database designed for aging characterization. The segmentation achieves its goals for epidermis–dermis separation and allows quantitative measurements inside the different skin compartments with sufficient relevance.

Conclusions

This study shows that multiphoton microscopy associated with specific image processing tools provides access to new quantitative measurements on the various skin components. The proposed 3D automatic segmentation method will contribute to build a powerful tool for characterizing human skin condition. To our knowledge, this is the first 3D approach to the segmentation and quantification of these original images.
Donor cycle and donor segmentation: new tools for improving blood donor management
Authors: Veldhuizen I. , Folléa G. , de Kort W.
Published: February 2013

Background and Objectives

An adequate donor population is of key importance for the entire blood transfusion chain. For good donor management, a detailed overview of the donor database is therefore imperative. This study offers a new description of the donor cycle related to the donor management process. It also presents the outcomes of a European Project, Donor Management IN Europe (DOMAINE), regarding the segmentation of the donor population into donor types.

Materials and Methods

Blood establishments (BEs) from 18 European countries, the Thalassaemia International Federation and a representative from the South‐Eastern Europe Health Network joined forces in DOMAINE. A questionnaire assessed blood donor management practices and the composition of the donor population using the newly proposed DOMAINE donor segmentation. 48 BEs in 34 European countries were invited to participate.

Results

The response rate was high (88%). However, only 14 BEs could deliver data on the composition of their donor population. The data showed large variations and major imbalances in the donor population. In 79% of the countries, inactive donors formed the dominant donor type. Only in 21%, regular donors were the largest subgroup, and in 29%, the proportion of first‐time donors was higher than the proportion of regular donors.

Conclusion

Good donor management depends on a thorough insight into the flow of donors through their donor career. Segmentation of the donor database is an essential tool to understand the influx and efflux of donors. The DOMAINE donor segmentation helps BEs in understanding their donor database and to adapt their donor recruitment and retention practices accordingly. Ways to use this new tool are proposed.
Vernalization responses and subsequent fertility of two climatically distinct populations of rattail fescue (Vulpia myuros [L.] C.C. Gmel.)
Authors: Tarasoff Catherine S. , Mallory‐Smith Carol , Ingegneri Lynn
Published: February 2013

Rattail fescue has become increasingly problematic in North America as a result of the greater adoption of no‐till practices. While rattail fescue is described generally as a winter annual, there exists a wide variation in the life history documentation of the species. In some instances, rattail fescue has been observed behaving as a spring annual. In order to assess the vernalization plasticity of rattail fescue, laboratory‐germinated seedlings from two climatically different rattail fescue populations, eastern versus western Oregon, were exposed to 4, 7 or 10°C temperatures for 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 6.5, 7 or 8 weeks of vernalization. Following vernalization, the seedlings were transferred to a greenhouse and the developmental stages were recorded. After 13 weeks, the emergent inflorescences were clipped and the seeds were tested for germinability. The initiation of sexual development in the eastern population was affected significantly by the vernalization temperature and length, while the western population only responded to the vernalization length. In general, a faster progression through the reproductive stages of development was associated with longer vernalization lengths. Lastly, there was an increase in the germination rate of the seeds that were produced on the parent plants that were subjected to longer vernalization lengths, regardless of the population or vernalization temperature. The level of plasticity in the vernalization response between the two tested populations indicates that land managers should monitor local population life history traits in order to ensure that effective weed control is implemented at the correct growth stage.
On the Iwasawa theory of the Lubin–Tate moduli space
Authors: Kohlhaase Jan
Published: February 2013

We study the affine formal algebra$R$of the Lubin–Tate deformation space as a module over two different rings. One is the completed group ring of the automorphism group$\Gamma $of the formal module of the deformation problem, the other one is the spherical Hecke algebra of a general linear group. In the most basic case of height two and ground field$\mathbb {Q}_p$, our structure results include a flatness assertion for$R$over the spherical Hecke algebra and allow us to compute the continuous (co)homology of$\Gamma $with coefficients in $R$.
Calcium dynamics during NMDA‐induced membrane potential oscillations in lamprey spinal neurons – contribution of L‐type calcium channels (CaV1.3)
Authors: Wang Di , Grillner Sten , Wallén Peter
Published: February 2013

Key points

Intrinsic NMDA‐induced oscillations of membrane potential are important for the operation of the spinal locomotor network in the lamprey, and involve a cyclic influx of calcium.

The spatial and temporal calcium dynamics during oscillations were investigated, using calcium imaging combined with intracellular recordings.

Calcium fluctuations were observed in both soma and dendrites, timed to the membrane potential oscillations, with the peak in distal dendritic locations typically occurring earlier than in the soma.

The L‐type calcium channel antagonist nimodipine prolonged the plateau phase of membrane potential oscillations, whereas the agonist Bay K 8644 shortened the plateau. Bay K 8644 also increased the amplitude of calcium fluctuations, particularly in distal dendrites. On the contrary, nimodipine decreased calcium fluctuation amplitudes.

Low‐voltage‐activated L‐type (CaV1.3‐like) calcium channels at distal dendrites are activated during membrane potential oscillations. The resulting calcium influx contributes to the activation of calcium‐activated potassium channels and thereby the control of the plateau duration during oscillations.

Abstract  NMDA receptor‐dependent, intrinsic membrane potential oscillations are an important element in the operation of the lamprey locomotor network. They involve a cyclic influx of calcium, leading to an activation of calcium‐activated potassium (KCa) channels that in turn contributes to the termination of the depolarized plateau and membrane repolarization. In this study, we have investigated the calcium dynamics in different regions of lamprey spinal neurons during membrane potential oscillations, using confocal calcium imaging in combination with intracellular recordings. Calcium fluctuations were observed in both soma and dendrites, timed to the oscillations. The calcium level increased sharply at the onset of membrane depolarization, to reach its maximum by the end of the plateau. The calcium peak in distal dendrites typically occurred earlier than in the soma during the oscillatory cycle. The L‐type calcium channel blocker nimodipine increased the duration of the depolarized plateau phase in most cells tested, whereas the agonist Bay K 8644 decreased plateau duration. Bay K 8644 increased the amplitude of calcium fluctuations, particularly in distal dendrites, whereas nimodipine caused a decrease, suggesting that L‐type low‐voltage‐activated calcium channels are mainly localized in these regions. Our results thus indicate that dendritic CaV1.3‐like calcium channels are activated during NMDA‐mediated membrane potential oscillations. This calcium influx activates KCa channels involved in plateau termination.
Half radiofrequency pulse excitation with a dedicated prescan to correct eddy current effect and gradient delay
Authors: Abe Takayuki
Published: February 2013

Purpose:

To improve the slice profile of the half radiofrequency (RF) pulse excitation and image quality of ultrashort echo time (UTE) imaging by compensating for an eddy current effect.

Methods:

The dedicated prescan has been developed to measure the phase accumulation due to eddy currents induced by the slice‐selective gradient. The prescan measures two one‐dimensional excitation k‐space profiles, which can be acquired with a readout gradient in the slice‐selection direction by changing the polarity of the slice‐selective gradient. The time shifts due to the phase accumulation in the excitation k‐space were calculated. The time shift compensated for the start time of the slice‐selective gradient. The total prescan time was 6–15 s. The slice profile and the UTE image with the half RF pulse excitation were acquired to evaluate the slice selectivity and the image quality.

Results:

Improved slice selectivity was obtained. The simple method proposed in this paper can eliminate eddy current effect. Good UTE images were obtained.

Conclusions:

The slice profile of the half RF pulse excitation and the image quality of UTE images have been improved by using a dedicated prescan. This method has a possibility that can improve the image quality of a clinical UTE imaging.
Rapid Emergence of Echinocandin Resistance during Candida kefyr Fungemia Treatment with Caspofungin
Authors: Fekkar A. , Meyer I. , Brossas J. Y. , Dannaoui E. , Palous M. , Uzunov M. , Nguyen S. , Leblond V. , Mazier D. , Datry A.
Published: February 2013

Echinocandin drugs are widely used for the treatment of candidemia. Resistance is considered rare, and only a few cases of breakthrough candidiasis in patients receiving echinocandin have been reported worldwide. We report here for the first time a
Candida kefyr
isolate that acquired echinocandin resistance very rapidly after the initiation of caspofungin treatment for candidemia. We characterized the
FKS
gene mutation responsible for the resistance via the comparison of isolates sampled before and during treatment.
Azithromycin To Prevent Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Ureaplasma-Infected Preterm Infants: Pharmacokinetics, Safety, Microbial Response, and Clinical Outcomes with a 20-Milligram-per-Kilogram Single Intravenous Dose
Authors: Viscardi Rose M. , Othman Ahmed A. , Hassan Hazem E. , Eddington Natalie D. , Abebe Elias , Terrin Michael L. , Kaufman David A. , Waites Ken B.
Published: February 2013

Ureaplasmarespiratory tract colonization is associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants. Previously, we demonstrated that a single intravenous (i.v.) dose of azithromycin (10 mg/kg of body weight) is safe but inadequate to eradicateUreaplasmaspp. in preterm infants. We performed a nonrandomized, single-arm open-label study of the pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety of intravenous 20-mg/kg single-dose azithromycin in 13 mechanically ventilated neonates with a gestational age between 24 weeks 0 days and 28 weeks 6 days. Pharmacokinetic data from 25 neonates (12 dosed with 10 mg/kg i.v. and 13 dosed with 20 mg/kg i.v.) were analyzed using a population modeling approach. Using a two-compartment model with allometric scaling of parameters on body weight (WT), the population PK parameter estimates were as follows: clearance, 0.21 liter/h × WT(kg)0.75[WT(kg)0.75indicates that clearance was allometrically scaled on body weight (in kilograms) with a fixed exponent of 0.75]; intercompartmental clearance, 2.1 liters/h × WT(kg)0.75; central volume of distribution (V), 1.97 liters × WT (kg); and peripheralV, 17.9 liters × WT (kg). There was no evidence of departure from dose proportionality in azithromycin exposure over the tested dose range. The calculated area under the concentration-time curve over 24 h in the steady state divided by the MIC90(AUC24/MIC90) for the single dose of azithromycin (20 mg/kg) was 7.5 h. Simulations suggest that 20 mg/kg for 3 days will maintain azithromycin concentrations of >MIC50of 1 μg/ml for this group ofUreaplasmaisolates for ≥96 h after the first dose. Azithromycin was well tolerated with no drug-related adverse events. One of seven (14%)Ureaplasma-positive subjects and three of six (50%)Ureaplasma-negative subjects developed physiologic BPD.Ureaplasmawas eradicated in all treatedUreaplasma-positive subjects. Simulations suggest that a multiple-dose regimen may be efficacious for microbial clearance, but the effect on BPD remains to be determined.
Staphylococcus aureus SasA Is Responsible for Binding to the Salivary Agglutinin gp340, Derived from Human Saliva
Authors: Kukita Kenji , Kawada-Matsuo Miki , Oho Takahiko , Nagatomo Mami , Oogai Yuichi , Hashimoto Masahito , Suda Yasuo , Tanaka Takuo , Komatsuzawa Hitoshi
Published: February 2013

Staphylococcus aureus
is a major human pathogen that can colonize the nasal cavity, skin, intestine, and oral cavity as a commensal bacterium. gp340, also known as DMBT1 (deleted in malignant brain tumors 1), is associated with epithelial differentiation and innate immunity. In the oral cavity, gp340 induces salivary aggregation with several oral bacteria and promotes bacterial adhesion to tissues such as the teeth and mucosa.
S. aureus
is often isolated from the oral cavity, but the mechanism underlying its persistence in the oral cavity remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the interaction between
S. aureus
and gp340 and found that
S. aureus
interacts with saliva- and gp340-coated resin. We then identified the
S. aureus
factor(s) responsible for binding to gp340. The cell surface protein SasA, which is rich in basic amino acids (BR domain) at the N terminus, was responsible for binding to gp340. Inactivation of the
sasA
gene resulted in a significant decrease in
S. aureus
binding to gp340-coated resin. Also, recombinant SasA protein (rSasA) showed binding affinity to gp340, which was inhibited by the addition of
N
-acetylneuraminic acid. Surface plasmon resonance analysis showed that rSasA significantly bound to the NeuAcα(2-3)Galβ(1-4)GlcNAc structure. These results indicate that SasA is responsible for binding to gp340 via the
N
-acetylneuraminic acid moiety.
Porphyromonas gingivalis Infection-Associated Periodontal Bone Resorption Is Dependent on Receptor Activator of NF-κB Ligand
Authors: Han Xiaozhe , Lin Xiaoping , Yu Xiaoqian , Lin Jiang , Kawai Toshihisa , LaRosa Karen B. , Taubman Martin A.
Published: February 2013

Porphyromonas gingivalis
is one of the oral microorganisms associated with human chronic periodontitis. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) in
P. gingivalis
infection-associated periodontal bone resorption. Inbred female Rowett rats were infected orally on four consecutive days (days 0 to 3) with 1 × 10
9
P. gingivalis
bacteria (strain ATCC 33277). Separate groups of rats also received an injection of anti-RANKL antibody, osteoprotegerin fusion protein (OPG-Fc), or a control fusion protein (L6-Fc) into gingival papillae in addition to
P. gingivalis
infection. Robust serum IgG and salivary IgA antibody (
P
< 0.01) and T cell proliferation (
P
< 0.05) responses to
P. gingivalis
were detected at day 7 and peaked at day 28 in
P. gingivalis
-infected rats. Both the concentration of soluble RANKL (sRANKL) in rat gingival tissues (
P
< 0.01) and periodontal bone resorption (
P
< 0.05) were significantly elevated at day 28 in the
P. gingivalis
-infected group compared to levels in the uninfected group. Correspondingly, RANKL-expressing T and B cells in rat gingival tissues were significantly increased at day 28 in the
P. gingivalis
-infected group compared to the levels in the uninfected group (
P
< 0.01). Injection of anti-RANKL antibody (
P
< 0.05) or OPG-Fc (
P
< 0.01), but not L6-Fc, into rat gingival papillae after
P. gingivalis
infection resulted in significantly reduced periodontal bone resorption. This study suggests that
P. gingivalis
infection-associated periodontal bone resorption is RANKL dependent and is accompanied by increased local infiltration of RANKL-expressing T and B cells.
Role of Toll-Like Receptor 9 Signaling in Experimental Leishmania braziliensis Infection
Authors: Weinkopff Tiffany , Mariotto Anita , Simon Gregoire , Hauyon-La Torre Yazmin , Auderset Floriane , Schuster Steffen , Zangger Haroun , Fasel Nicolas , Barral Aldina , Tacchini-Cottier Fabienne
Published: February 2013

Infection withLeishmania braziliensiscauses cutaneous or mucocutaneous leismaniasis in humans. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) expression has been found in granulomas of lesions inL. braziliensis-infected individuals.L. braziliensisinoculation in mice induces very small lesions that are self-healing, whereas deficiency in the TLR adaptor molecule, MyD88, renders mice susceptible to infection. The TLR involved has not been identified, prompting us to investigate if TLR9 triggering by the parasite contributes to the strong resistance to infection observed inL. braziliensis-inoculated mice. The parasites activated wild-type (WT) dendritic cells (DCs)in vitrobut not DCs derived from TLR9−/−mice. TLR9−/−mice inoculated withL. braziliensisexhibited a transient susceptibility characterized by increased lesion size and parasite burden compared to those of WT mice. Surprisingly, elevated levels of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) were measured at the site of infection and in draining lymph node T cells of TLR9−/−mice at the peak of susceptibility, suggesting that unlike observationsin vitro, the parasite could induce DC activation leading to the development of Th1 cells in the absence of TLR9 expression. Taken together, these data show that TLR9 signaling is important for the early control of lesion development and parasite burden but is dispensable for the differentiation of Th1 cells secreting IFN-γ, and the high levels of this cytokine are not sufficient to control early parasite replication followingL. braziliensisinfection.