bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinematic variables of gait and quality of life in Parkinsonians after different treadmill trainings: a randomized control trial
Authors: Cursino Maira Peloggia , Raquel Doralice Fernanda , Hallal Camilla Zamfolini , Faganello Navega Flávia Roberta
Published: May 2018

The aim of this study was to analyse and compare the effects of gait training on a treadmill associated with partial body weight support (PBWS) or auditory stimulus (AS) and the kinematic variables of gait and quality of life (QOL) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Twenty-one volunteers with PD participated and were divided into: group with PBWS (GPBWS) with AS (GAS), and control group (CG). Soil step length (SL), SL variability (SLV), step width (SW), SW variability (SWV), gait speed (GS), and QOL were evaluated by the Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39). The training was performed for six weeks, with three weekly sessions of 30 minutes. The results showed homogeneity of groups (p> 0.05). There was an increase of SW in the GPBWS (p= 0.006) and GS in the GAS (p= 0.048) and decreased PDQ-39 in the CG (p= 0.005) and GAS (p= 0.006). For groups, regardless of evaluation, there were differences in SWV between the GPBWS and GAS (p= 0.030); for evaluations, independently of groups, there were differences in GS (p= 0.048) and PDQ-39 (p= 0.002). It was concluded that, among the studied conditions, there was a significant improvement for the groups: AS in GS and QOL, CG in QOL and GPBWS did not improve. Thus, considering the clinical effect, treadmill training, independently of the stimuli, is clinically advantageous for gait improvements and QOL. The aim of this study was to analyse and compare the effects of gait training on a treadmill associated with partial body weight support (PBWS) or auditory stimulus (AS) and the kinematic variables of gait and quality of life (QOL) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Twenty-one volunteers with PD participated and were divided into: group with PBWS (GPBWS) with AS (GAS), and control group (CG). Soil step length (SL), SL variability (SLV), step width (SW), SW variability (SWV), gait speed (GS), and QOL were evaluated by the Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39). The training was performed for six weeks, with three weekly sessions of 30 minutes. The results showed homogeneity of groups (p> 0.05). There was an increase of SW in the GPBWS (p= 0.006) and GS in the GAS (p= 0.048) and decreased PDQ-39 in the CG (p= 0.005) and GAS (p= 0.006). For groups, regardless of evaluation, there were differences in SWV between the GPBWS and GAS (p= 0.030); for evaluations, independently of groups, there were differences in GS (p= 0.048) and PDQ-39 (p= 0.002). It was concluded that, among the studied conditions, there was a significant improvement for the groups: AS in GS and QOL, CG in QOL and GPBWS did not improve. Thus, considering the clinical effect, treadmill training, independently of the stimuli, is clinically advantageous for gait improvements and QOL.
Resistance exercise recovery morphology and AQP1 expression in denervated soleus muscle of Wistar rats
Authors: Lovison Keli , Vieira Lizyana , Kunz Regina Inês , Da Silva Scarton Suellen Ribeiro , Antunes Juliana Sobral , Karvat Jhenifer , Peretti Ana Luiza , Bertolini Gladson Ricardo Flor , Brancalhão Rose Meire Costa , Leme Beu Célia Cristina , Ribeiro Lucinéia de Fátima Chasko
Published: May 2018

It was our objective to analyse the effects of resistance exercise (climbing steps), which was started in the acute phase, on the histomorphometry and the expression of aquaporin 1 (AQP1) in the soleus muscle after sciatic nerve injury in Wistar rats. Twenty-four adult rats were randomly divided into the following four groups, containing six animals each: control (G1); exercise (G2); injury (G3); and exercise with injury (G4). Three days after the compression of the sciatic nerve, the animals in G2 and G4 were submitted to resistance exercise for 21 non-consecutives days. The exercise was conducted in two series of 10 consecutive ascents of the ladder, with an additional weight of 100g and with an interval of 60 seconds between sets for rest. After this period, the animals were sacrificed, and the soleus muscle was processed. The number of blood capillaries in G3 was 65.7% and 76.86% higher when compared with the G2 and G4, respectively. The morphological analysis revealed muscle damage in G3, hypertrophy in G2 and significant improvement in the muscle in G4. The AQP1 was immunolocalized in the endothelium of blood capillaries present in the muscle fibres, with different expressions in the groups. Resistance exercise initiated in the acute phase was an effective therapeutic modality in the recovery of morphological aspects in the soleus muscle after denervation.
Defining and quantifying the small state
Authors: Maass Matthias
Published: May 2018

The chapter has to major objectives: First, the chapter works towards a definition of the small states that allows for the collection of statistical data on small state survival across time. This definition is developed in a way consistent with the overall theoretical framework. The small state is defined as a formally equal but structurally irrelevant unit of the system of states.
Second, the chapter presents the quantitative data put together on the basis of the definition developed previously. Surveying the data of small state survival over the course of more than 3 ½ centuries, a picture emerges of the historical rise and fall of the small state. This first cut at the picture of small state survival, together with the theoretically-derived definition of the small state provides the basis for the following investigations.
Power politics and small state survival: the classic balance of power, 1648–1814
Authors: Maass Matthias
Published: May 2018

How safe was the largely unbridled balance of power of the 17th and 18th centuries for the small state? This chapter shows that the balance of power system was in fact rather permissive and allowed small states to survive in historically large numbers. The loose and fairly unrestrained balance of power system turned out to be a surprisingly safe environment for the small state.
The chapter covers the era of the classic balance of power, which is bookended by two major peace summits, the Peace of Westphalia, concluded in 1648, and the Congress of Vienna, held in 1814/15. During this era, the particular balance-of-power that defined it was also the main cause of the moderate decline in small states numbers.
Small state survival in a system of collective hegemony: the concert system, 1815–1918
Authors: Maass Matthias
Published: May 2018

The 4th chapter starts with the Congress of Vienna 1814/15 and moves the discussion to the eve of the First World War. At Vienna, the so-called concert system was introduced, and it structured most of 19th century international politics. But how did the small state fare in the 19th century system?
During the first half of the century, small state numbers continued to erode before the all but collapsed in the later decades of the century. These historic losses of small states, it is argued, stem largely from the particular ‘oligopolistic’ features of the concert system and its key modifiers. Small state survivability decreased as great powers formed a cartel and later split into two hostile camps.
Woeful pageants
Authors: Shaughnessy Robert
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers the screen history of the play, examining the major film versions (directed by Paul Czinner, 1936, Christine Edzard, 1992, and Kenneth Branagh, 2006) and the BBC-Time Life Television Shakespeare production of 1978. None of these has been particularly well-received by critics and audiences, and the chapter discusses their uneasy use of film and television realism to render the pastoral fantasy world of the play. The discussion of the BBC production draws upon the corporation’s audience research data to investigate what actual spectators made of it in the context of the late 1970s television viewing experience.
Introduction
Authors: Futák-Campbell Beatrix
Published: May 2018

In considering EU foreign policy in practice, this book argues that a specific focus on practitioners’ (diplomats, bureaucrats, and public officials) interactions can offer insight into the way EU foreign policy is practised. An assessment of the practices of practitioners through a new type of data set and a new discursive framework demonstrates the significance of European identity, collective interests, and the role that normative and moral concerns play for EU practitioners when they consider EU foreign policy in the eastern neighbourhood. It also highlights that these four concepts are interlinked when they consider the policy, despite the commonly accepted understanding, even by practitioners, that the EU is a normative power in global affairs. These findings are relevant not only for understanding current developments in EU foreign policy, but also for allowing scholars, as well as practitioners, to move away from considering the EU exclusively as a normative power but perceiving it as a more complex power with a collective ‘European’ identity, collective understandings of European norms that are linked to collective moral concerns that at the same time all link to collective European interests. Currently there is a lot of discussion regarding the EU becoming a resilient, or pragmatic power. Only time and EU actions will tell what these terms mean in practice. However, this book is a testament to the fact that practitioners have always considered EU foreign policy beyond the normative. In this introduction I begin by providing some context for the book, followed by an explanation of, and rationale for, its theoretical and methodological approach, as well as an outline of the rest of the book’s structure....
Constructing the ‘European’
Authors: Futák-Campbell Beatrix
Published: May 2018

This chapter is about collective identity and how practitioners define this highly complex topic. Two main patterns emerge from the corpus. Practitioners’ main concerns while discussing the concept of ‘European’ identity are as follows: to differentiate between European neighbours and the neighbours of Europe, and to account for the European credentials of the South Caucasus or Kazakhstan. In addressing differentiation between the neighbours, practitioners draw on geography, culture, history and economic ties to distinguish between countries which are in Europe and those which are not. At the same time practitioners make explicit distinctions between the key EU policies: the European Neighbourhood Policy and the enlargement policy. They also build up the category of the ‘European’. When they offer accounts of the South Caucasus and Kazakhstan, one practitioner relies on a heredity account of the European civilization, while others seek to justify, in different ways, the European-ness of the Caucasus and potentially Kazakhstan.
EU foreign policy as a vocation for Europe
Authors: Futák-Campbell Beatrix
Published: May 2018

This chapter focus on the moral concerns of practitioners regarding the eastern neighbourhood. The normative power literature deliberately decouples norms from values. But this chapter demonstrates that in practice it is impossible to do so. The EU practitioners demonstrate how they operationalise their specific moral concerns for the eastern neighbourhood. Their norm deployments are consistent with Legro, Buzan and Zizek’s claims of norm use. In addition, the analysis reveals instances when practitioners risk sounding moralising rather than moral. This is highly problematic for two reasons. First, moralising endangers alienating neighbouring states who align themselves with the EU but do not want to receive a lecture by EU practitioners. Second, if the EU cannot deliver on specific commitments, this will have implications for its status with regards to support for democracy or human rights in the region.
Introduction
Authors: Doljanin Željka , Doyle Máire
Published: May 2018

This chapter gives the readers a brief introduction to, or an overview of, McGahern’s literary output and his constant pursuit of exactitude and precision of style in his writing. It outlines the aims and purpose of the essay collection and offers the editors’ rationale for the publication of the collection and for the inclusion of the chosen essays, which display a diversity of perspectives, interpretations and critical approaches. The chapter summarises the main achievements of each essay, but above all it addresses matters of authority and vision in McGahern’s fiction, as well as the reasons for the sustained interest in, and appreciation for, his work.
John McGahern
Authors: Bragg Melvyn
Published: May 2018

This very short chapter works as a sort of homage to McGahern the generous friend, writer and interviewee. Taking as a starting point an interview conducted by Melvyn Bragg for the then newly-formed BBC2, in 1966, the chapter throws light on those early years when McGahern was merely a newcomer. It gives glimpses into McGahern’s personality, as well as the interest and respect he invoked in others, but mostly it offers memories of moments, places, people, phrases uttered – all of which bring alive both McGahern the writer and the man at the beginning of his writing life.
Making and enabling the commons: shared urban spaces and civic engagement in North Manchester
Authors: Lang Luciana
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores three different interventions on public land in Cheetham Hill, an area of north Manchester which is characterised by cultural diversity, high rates of unemployment and often regarded as a place of community disengagement. Amid cuts to public services and austerity measures, the author argues that the ‘commons’ are made as people adjust to new scenarios brought about by historical disruptions, collapse of work opportunities, and breakdown of state support. ‘Commoning’ provides a space for productivity and in the process, people’s sense of belonging emerges as they envisage, realize and retrieve their right to the city.
Black British drama, losses and gains: the case of Shoot the Messenger
Authors: Malik Sarita
Published: May 2018

This chapter contributes to the debates around television drama and black representation that are presented in this book collection. It focuses on Shoot the Messenger (STM) (BBC2, 2006), which was heavily promoted by the BBC as a ‘bold’ and ‘thought-provoking’ television drama. The one-off ninety-minute BBC Drama production focuses on the psychological journey of a Black schoolteacher, Joe Pascale (portrayed by David Oyelowo), accused of assaulting a Black male pupil. This chapter discusses how stylistically, STM’s non-realist techniques, non-linear form and overt constructedness depart from the traditional modes of social realism that have prevailed in Black British television drama. Moreover, it breaks with British television drama traditions in terms of production, having an almost totally Black cast and written and produced by two Black women: Sharon Foster and Ngozi Onwurah respectively.
Introduction to social movements: anarchism as a unique example
Authors: Williams Dana M.
Published: May 2018

Modern societies generally contain multiple, varied social movements that contend for influence or power. Anarchist movements share many similar features as mainstream movements, but also have numerous unique characteristics that require additional attention and qualification. It is crucial to transcend the common perceptions of anarchism (typically associated with chaos, violence, and fantasy) and treat it as a movement. This chapter introduces the central issues relevant to the sociological study of anarchist movements. Mario Diani's (1992) well-known definition of a social movement is employed to understand anarchist movements: networks of individuals and organizations, united by some shared identity, that engage in extra-institutional action with the interest of changing society. This definition is used as the starting place for understanding how anarchist movements are similar and different from other movements (in terms of leadership, representation, and autonomy), and the chapter presents an overview of certain attributes of anarchism that will continue for the next two chapters. Anarchism does satisfy all the requisite criteria for being a social movement. Thus, the chapter models the anti-anarchist counter-network (corporations, governments, and media), considers the various levels of analysis that anarchism could be investigated at, and describes the helpful comparisons worth making to better understand anarchist movements.
Critical Theory and Feeling
Authors: Mussell Simon
Published: May 2018

The book provides a new perspective on the early work of the Frankfurt School, by focusing on the vital role that affect and feeling play in the development of critical theory. Building on contemporary theories of affect, the author argues that any renewal of critical theory today must have an affective politics at its core. If one’s aim is to effectively theorize, criticize, and ultimately transform existing social relations, then a strictly rationalist model of political thought remains inadequate. In many respects, this flies in the face of predominant forms of political philosophy, which have long upheld reason and rationality as sole proprietors of political legitimacy. Critical theory and feeling shows how the work of the early Frankfurt School offers a dynamic and necessary corrective to the excesses of formalized reason. Studying a range of themes – from melancholia, unhappiness, and hope, to mimesis, affect, and objects – this book provides a radical rethinking of critical theory for our times.
Neil Kinnock’s perestroika: Labour and the Soviet influence
Authors: Davis Jonathan
Published: May 2018

The Labour Party’s socialism changed dramatically in the 1980s. Neil Kinnock’s restructuring of Labour occurred at the same time as the international socialist movement moved away from the statist model of economics and turned, in varying degrees, to more market-orientated ideas. This chapter assesses the ways in which Labour’s political thought adapted both to New Right realities and to the fact that much of world was adopting free market economic ideas. The particular focus here is the development of Kinnock’s ideas in light of the changes in Soviet socialism after Mikhail Gorbachev introduced his reform programme. The Soviet Union had long influenced Labour’s ideology in both positive and negative ways, and this chapter shows how it continued to do so in 1980s. It examines the relationship between Kinnock’s Labour and Gorbachev’s USSR, and it shows how the changes introduced by both leaders began to lead to a convergence of ideas between Eastern and Western European versions of socialism.
‘Fill a bag and feed a family’: the miners’ strike and its supporters
Authors: Joannou Maroula
Published: May 2018

The 1984-5 Miners’ Strike drew upon an exceedingly broad basis of support from representatives of the churches and trade unions to environmentalists, feminists, students, anti-nuclear campaigners, peace activists and inner city radicals. The strike was sustained by an extensive network of miners’ support groups working closely with the mining communities. This chapter analysis the composition, methods and effectiveness of the groups which raised prodigious amounts of money. By emphasising their gender and sexuality, Women Against Pit Closures and Lesbians and Gays Support the Miners presented a substantive challenge to the chauvinistic attitudes of the coalfields. Working-class women’s activism drew upon equal rights traditions established in the mining areas between the wars. The support demonstrated by some trade unions and individual trade unionists is contrasted to the equivocation of the TUC and the support offered by the Communist Party (despite its internal divisions) and by many Labour authorities, councillors and constituency Labour Parties which contrasted with the position taken by Neil Kinnock as Labour Party leader.
‘Race Today cannot fail’: black radicalism in the long 1980s
Authors: Bunce Robin
Published: May 2018

The Race Today Collective occupied a unique position on the British left during the 1980s. Inspired by the example of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, the thought of radicals such as CLR James and Walter Rodney, and drawing activists from radical organisations such as the Black Panthers and the Black Unity and Freedom Party, the Race Today Collective became the most influential black rights group in Britain in the 1980s. Centred around a magazine, Darcus Howe and the Collective organised some of the most important grassroots campaigns of the decade, bringing black power to housing, industry, policing and the arts. This chapter considers the group’s emergence in the 1970s, the intellectual foundations on which the Collective was built, its distinctive approach to campaigning, its relationship to various ‘white left’ groups, and the different aspects of its work during the 1980s.
The quiet novel
Authors: Sykes Rachel
Published: May 2018

This chapter maps the neglected history of quiet fictions and speculates about the potentiality of quiet as a literary aesthetic. It argues that the introvert was a disruptive presence in many nineteenth-century American texts, including those by Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville where quiet is associated with a failure to speak or an absence of mind. In the early twentieth century, quiet protagonists were integral to the ‘novel of consciousness’ favoured by many writers including Virginia Woolf and Marcel Proust who equated quietness of character with a rich and dramatic internal life. Yet, as the century developed, quiet became marginalised within a Western culture that seemed increasingly defined by its noise and sources of overstimulation. This chapter therefore concludes with a discussion of quiet’s potentiality as both an aesthetic and as a mode of engagement with contemporary fiction.
Quiet in time and narrative
Authors: Sykes Rachel
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the subjective depictions of temporality portrayed in the fiction of Marilynne Robinson and Paul Harding. Examining the discrepancy between the prize-winning success of quiet fiction and critical surprise at the trend’s existence, it suggests, first, that quiet fiction meets four key criteria and, second, that a quiet novel where very little happens is otherwise liberated from the linear representation of time.
Anti-apartheid solidarity in the perspectives and practices of the British far left in the 1970s and 1980s
Authors: Brown Gavin
Published: May 2018

Communists and members of the New Left were involved in the Anti-Apartheid Movement [AAM] from its origins in the Boycott Committee in the late 1950s. In its early days, the AAM welcomed support from individual communists, but was reluctant to be seen to be too close to the Communist Party. Nevertheless, members of the Communist Party of Great Britain [CPGB] played a significant role at all levels of the movement throughout its history. Fundamental to this was the relationship between the CPGB and the South African Communist Party [SACP] whose cadre played a central role in the exiled structures of the African National Congress [ANC]. In contrast to the CPGB, other left tendencies had more complicated relationships with the AAM’s leadership. This chapter examines the relationship of different far Left tendencies to the anti-apartheid struggle during the 1970s and 1980s.
A miner cause?
Authors: Leeworthy Daryl
Published: May 2018

If twentieth century politics in Wales has largely been defined by class, and therefore along the typical cleavage of Labour versus Conservative; it is nevertheless true that for a significant proportion of Welsh activists and voters, the cleavage is between nation and union (identifiable with the British state). Closely identified with Plaid Cymru, the Welsh nationalist party, a political manifestation of the Welsh nation was a direct inheritance from nineteenth-century liberalism and its persistence for much of the postwar period was a result of the persistence of that form of politics. But there was an alternative form of left nationalism that emerged through the Communist Party of Great Britain, which this chapter focuses its attention on. Beginning in the 1930s, and spanning almost the entire life of the party thereafter, communists engaged with and developed ideas about nationalism, nationhood and national liberation. This chapter considers the development of these ideas and argues that rather than Plaid Cymru, it was the Communist Party of Great Britain that enabled the persistence of left-nationalist thought and action after 1945 and that it was, to a large extent, communist activists who were the most consistently nationalist in that period.
A queen’s translation
Authors: Bergeron David M.
Published: May 2018

This brief chapter looks at the reburial of King James’s mother, Mary, Queen of Scots. The king ordered that her body be exhumed from Peterborough Cathedral, where it had lain since 1587, and that it be moved to Westminster Abbey. The body moved in darkness through London’s streets on 8 October 1612. The chapter discusses the vexed relationship between son and mother, whom he knew only through letters and reports. But in late fall, she moved into Westminster Abbey to be placed in an elaborate tomb, opposite and clearly rivaling the one for Queen Elizabeth. At last James appeared to be a dutiful son.
Brown-skinned booty, or colonising Diana: mixed-race Venuses and Vixens as the fruits of imperial enterprise
Authors: Bagneris Mia L.
Published: May 2018

Brunias is most famous for his images of mixed-race women. This chapter considers the virtual omnipresence of the ‘mulatress’ in the artist’s Caribbean pictures. K. Dian Kriz has argued that the ambiguous racial and social status of the mulatress figures served as a visual metaphor allowing Brunias to capture the state of the colonial West Indies – a locale popularly associated with laziness, leisure, luxury, licentiousness, and other forms of moral laxity. Building on Kriz’s work, the chapter asserts that the mulatress appealed to Brunias because of her ability to represent both the baser pleasures and profits to be taken in the Caribbean and the islands’ potential to conform to British ideals of societal refinement.
Introduction
Authors: O'Connor Adrian
Published: May 2018

The introduction situates the problem of educational reform within the overlapping contexts of Enlightenment philosophy and revolutionary politics. Discussing the influence of sensationist philosophy and new expectations regarding the political public, it describes education’s place at the heart of debates over the nature, character, and purpose of French politics, culture, and society. It describes the range of sources upon which this study draws, the structure of the work, and the work’s central foci. These are: education’s place at the center of a crisis in Ancien Régime politics, one that was sparked by the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1762 but came to envelope debates about the French nation and nationalism, the state, and the social order; the emergence and nature of “public instruction” as an element in the revolutionary pursuit of a representative and participatory political order; and the reach of the ensuing debates over education, citizenship, and politics beyond the officials assemblies and publications of revolutionary politics, a breadth that suggests a broad engagement with the prospects and possibilities for contributory citizenship after 1789.
Conclusion
Authors: O'Connor Adrian
Published: May 2018

The conclusion discusses how re-examining the ‘education question’ in Ancien Régime and Revolutionary France offers new insight to the cultural dynamics at work in the political upheavals of late-eighteenth century France. It argues that recognizing the practical nature of many of the debates over education – even into the radical period of the Revolution – helps us to situate revolutionary politics within its historical moment and to better understand how participatory and representative politics were pursued after 1789. The conclusion situates the pursuit of both public instruction and representative government within the broader legacy of the Revolution, a legacy that has shaped modern political culture in lasting and fundamental ways. It also argues that approaching the political and cultural history of revolutionary France through the interplay of ideas about education and practical efforts to establish new institutions (political and pedagogical alike) suggests new ways to think about the relationship between the Enlightenment and the French Revolution and about the legacy of the Revolution for the theory and practice of democratic politics ever since.
Mining the museum in an age of migration
Authors: Petersen Anne Ring
Published: May 2018

Chapter 4 explores how Western museums of art and culture have become important arenas for new forms of bridge-building as well as critical interrogations of the Eurocentric bias inherent in these institutions. It focuses on artists’ interventions in which the artist takes on the role as an interlocutor within the discourse of museum collections. This strategy has been used for more than two decades and gives evidence that one of the most efficient means of institutional critique and of deconstructing Western museums as cultural spaces is to invite a critical artist to make an intervention. Some artists have coupled interventionist strategies with decolonial and postcolonial critique. American artist Fred Wilson’s groundbreaking installation ‘Mining the Museum’ (1992) effectively disclosed the underlying syntax of coloniality and the hegemonic relations of power that shape museums, culturally, socially and economically. Chapter 4 proposes that such institutional interventions are a means to turn museums into sites of contamination capable of including formerly repressed histories and migrating memories. To substantiate this proposition, the chapter turns to Yinka Shonibare’s exhibition Garden of Love at the Quai Branly Museum (Paris, 2007) and Rina Banerjee’s exhibition Chimeras of India and the West at the Musée Guimet (Paris, 2011).
The post-Troubles art of Willie Doherty
Authors: Long Declan
Published: May 2018

Chapter three addresses work made in the post-Troubles era by the filmmaker and photographer Willie Doherty, one of the most acclaimed artists from Northern Ireland over the last three decades. Several significant works by Willie Doherty are singled out for close-reading: atmospheric photographic series and film narratives that are uncanny in their oblique, unnerving evocations of the landscapes of Belfast and Derry. This extended reflection on Doherty’s work considers in detail the strategic indeterminacy of his photographic art and addresses the shift in key film works made during the post-Troubles years towards explicitly ‘spectral’ themes.
Phantom publics: imagining ways of ‘being together’
Authors: Long Declan
Published: May 2018

Chapter 5 focuses on case studies of wide-ranging art projects — by Susan Philipsz, the Bbeyond collective, Phil Collins, Brian O’Doherty, Philip Napier and Mike Hogg and artist-group Factotum — that, in variously performative and relational modes, have involved staging, proposing or entering provisional situations of social encounter and collectivity. These events and interventions, it will be suggested, exhibit varying degrees of sensitivity to the challenges of the uneasy post-Troubles predicament. But in notable instances we find artists striving to make space for unorthodox perspectives and unheard voices, asking what it might mean to be part of a ‘public’ in post-Troubles Northern Ireland, and attempting to making visible — often in understated, ambiguous or anxious ways — what might otherwise remain hidden.
Barry Hines
Authors: Forrest David , Vice Sue
Published: May 2018

This book analyses all of Barry Hines’s written works, including fiction, screenplays for film and television and scripts for the theatre. We draw on Barry Hines’s archive, in which appear several novels and screenplays which were never published or produced. We argue throughout that Hines’s best-known works are deservedly his 1968 novel A Kestrel for a Knave, and the 1984 atomic-war drama Threads. Both works have become central elements of British cultural history, A Kestrel for a Knave for its portrait of a schoolboy who tries to transcend his limited circumstances, Threads for its powerful portrayal of ordinary lives and communities destroyed by a nuclear attack. Yet the poetic realism that characterizes these works is evident in the very wide range of other kinds of writing that Hines produced, over the forty years of his writing life. Hines’s other works draw on the themes that preoccupied him, including injustice and deprivation, in relation to fiction and scripts about coal-mining, landowners, football, education and gender, culminating in works that represented Britain as multicultural and post-industrial nation. We argue that Hines’s entire oeuvre is as deserving of attention as that given to his best-known works.
Introduction
Authors: Forrest David , Vice Sue
Published: May 2018

While this book is by no means a biography, the importance of environment in Barry Hines’s writing means that insight into his background and the journey to his writing career introduces us to the recurrent preoccupations of his work. The son and grandson of a miner, Hines grew up in Hoyland Common, a pit village between Rotherham and Barnsley in the heart of South Yorkshire’s Dearne Valley. Hines passed the 11-plus examination and attended Ecclesfield Grammar School, on the outskirts of Sheffield, from 1950 to 1957. This experience shaped Hines’s long-standing and vociferous criticism of the grammar school system: ‘Just because I sat down one morning when I was 10 years old and got a few more sums right than my mates seemed no reason for trying to make me into a snob’, he observed in 1975....
Conclusion
Authors: Forrest David , Vice Sue
Published: May 2018

The death of Barry Hines was announced on 20 March 2016, and the tributes in print and on social media were heartfelt and wide-ranging. Hines’s work was lauded by well-known personalities such as the actor Kathy Burke, who likened him to ‘JK’ (Rowling), while the Barnsley-born novelist Joanne Harris noted how she ‘hated and loved him at the same time for writing the world I saw every day, and for giving me hope to escape it’, and the footballer-turned-actor Vinnie Jones referred to ...
CERD’s contribution to the development of the rights of indigenous peoples under international law
Authors: Gilbert Jérémie
Published: May 2018

The chapter reviews CERD's contribution to the development of the rights of indigenous peoples under international law, as inter alia the first human rights treaty monitoring body to adopt a specific general recommendation on the rights of indigenous peoples.
CERD and caste-based discrimination
Authors: Waughray Annapurna , Keane David
Published: May 2018

The chapter examines the emergence of the issue of caste-discrimination under ICERD in the 1990s, its consolidation in General Recommenaiton 29, and State opposition, in particular from India, which contests the categorisation of caste as a form of descent-based discrimination and therefore a form of racial discrimination.
Genocide and the ICERD
Authors: Schabas William
Published: May 2018

The chapter explores the common thread linking ICERD and genoide, including CERD’s 2005 Declaration on the Prevention of Genocide, and list of indicators relevant to the prevention of genocide, termed ‘indicators of patterns of systematic and massive racial discrimination’.
Conclusion
Authors: Keane David , Waughray Annapurna
Published: May 2018

The United Nations does not seek a world cut after a single pattern, nor does it consider this desirable. The United Nations seeks only unity, not uniformity, out of the world’s diversity.

– Ralph Bunche, Nobel Lecture (1950)1

The collection has charted the forces behind the drafting and entry into force of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) in 1965, and in the fifty years of its implementation under the aegis of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD), its evolution from a narrow focus on colonialism and apartheid to an instrument governing a wide range of groups and themes. The number of ratifications means that the obligations found in the treaty are near-universal in reach. Its provisions at times betray their age but have nevertheless proven very capable of application to contemporary aspects of racial discrimination. The title of this collection has ensured a focus on the treaty as a ‘living instrument’, but this does not always entail dynamic or evolutive interpertation. Complex questions of treaty interpretation coexist with straightforward applications of clear provisions to contemporary situations that confront the Committee. The text of ICERD has not changed since 1965; there are no protocols to the instrument. Its text has proven capable of a remarkable array of applications, and has framed the development of an in-depth corpus of international standards on the elimination of all forms of racial discrimination....
Discovering the birds of Europe, II
Authors: McGhie Henry A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the activities of the collectors who contributed birds and eggs to Dresser’s collection from China, Japan, Central and South Asia, and Africa. In spite of the vastness of the area covered, collectors who were active in these areas shared much in common as most were involved in the machinery of empire and colonialism in one way or another, whether as part of formal empire as paid ‘professional’ naturalists or geographers, or informally as private travellers or colonialists. The chapter takes some key figures to give particularly detailed outlines of the activities of collectors in non-western settings, notably Robert Swinhoe in China, Russian explorers in Central Asia and British naturalists involved in the Great Game era. Particular emphasis is given to those collectors whose activities are less well known.
Making The Birds of Europe
Authors: McGhie Henry A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the range of work and practices involved in producing A History of the Birds of Europe, one of the most ambitious bird books of the late nineteenth century. Richard Bowdler Sharpe worked with Dresser on the first twelve parts and then withdrew from the project as he was overworked; Dresser completed the book alone. The book was issued in eighty-four parts and took eleven years to complete (1871–82). Dresser’s methods of producing the articles are outlined. Plates were illustrated by J. G. Keulemans (smaller numbers of plates were illustrated by other artists). The book was based on the latest discoveries, many of them made by Henry’s collaborators and those who provided him with bird skins. The book was a major step in synthesising the widely disparate information on the birds of Europe into a globalised, reliable set of knowledge.
The 1890s: the continuing rise of the British Museum (Natural History)
Authors: McGhie Henry A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores Dresser’s activities in the 1890s. His relationship with Walter Rothschild, a particularly wealthy private collector, is discussed. Dresser continued to hold a leading position in scientific society and became involved in the early Society for the Protection of Birds. He had some involvement with the British Ornithologists’ Club, established by Richard Sharpe of the British Museum (Natural History). There were ongoing disputes on how birds should be given scientific names; Dresser was notable as a firm advocate of the ‘old school’, which was losing ground to new innovations supported by American ornithologists. There was a dispute over the ownership of bird specimens with Richard Sharpe, which would be the first of several such accusations. Dresser parted with his bird collection to Manchester Museum. The days of independent gentlemen naturalists were not over, but the rift between individuals and organised institutions, societies and professionals was growing ever wider.
Working independently, 1900–5
Authors: McGhie Henry A.
Published: May 2018

During the first five years of the new century, Dresser published the Manual of the Birds of Europe, an important contribution to ornithology. This book was produced at the same time as another on the same subject but adopting novel approaches; the two books are compared and contrasted. The long-running argument over scientific naming practices was settled at an international congress but the British ornithologists had lost out in their long running battle with American ornithologists. There was a further dispute with the British Museum (Natural History), who accused Dresser of misappropriating specimens for his collection. Dresser began work on a great book project on eggs of the birds of Europe and Asia, capitalising on discoveries being made by his close collaborators in Russia.
At the heart of the party? The women’s Conservative organisation in the age of partial suffrage, 1914–28
Authors: Thackeray David
Published: May 2018

The Conservative party women’s organisation, established in 1918, rapidly attracted a significantly larger membership than its Labour or Liberal rivals. Nonetheless, women remained woefully under-represented in leadership positions within the Conservative party hierarchy. Those who did achieve leadership positions were often related to men who were already prominent in the party organisation. This chapter offers an overview of the development of the Conservative women’s organisation, considering its relations with the wider party both at national and local level. An analysis of debates over welfare provision and women’s involvement in electoral politics suggests that leading Conservative women did little to challenge existing assumptions about gender roles in politics. Conservatives continued to appeal to women voters chiefly with reference to home issues, welfare, and social reform.
Modes and models of Conservative women’s leadership in the 1930s
Authors: Gottlieb Julie V.
Published: May 2018

Women came into their own in the Conservative Party in the aftermath of suffrage as party workers, as MPs, as local and national leaders, and as part of a notional women’s bloc of voters that Conservatives felt they could rely on at election time. The valuable work performed by Conservative women at grass roots has been acknowledged in the scholarship, as have the strategies developed by the party to mobilise women as both party workers and voters. Much less attention has been conferred on those Conservative women who became virtual national celebrities. By the late 1930s the two women Conservative MPs to achieve this celebrity and notoriety were Lady Nancy Astor, the first woman MP to take her seat, a committed feminist, and hostess of the so-called Cliveden Set, and the Duchess of Atholl, the first woman MP from Scotland, an avowed anti-(non) feminist, and the Chamberlain scourge at the height of appeasement. Both defied stereotypes of Tory femininity with their own personal styles, by taking an abiding interest in international affairs when most Conservative women were expected to be focused on the local and parochial, and by engaging with women across party lines to advance their favoured policies. They are contrasted with Irene Ward MP whose long Parliamentary career offers a different perspective on where a Conservative MP stood on women’s issues.
The middlebrow and the making of a ‘new common sense’: women’s voluntarism, Conservative politics and representations of womanhood
Authors: Berthezène Clarisse
Published: May 2018

Recent work on interwar Conservatism has stressed the success of the Conservative Party’s politics towards women and the stability of the female vote in this period. This chapter focuses on the contribution Conservative women made to the formulation of Conservative principles. It examines their claim that they were ‘practical’, ‘commonsense’ women, as opposed to what they saw as their cerebral, theoretically minded Labour and Liberal counterparts. The deliberate cultivation of the identity of ‘the middlebrow’ was an important means to embrace democracy and speak to all social classes, which led them to develop a particular view of ‘responsible womanhood’ and citizenship, notions which they felt had been inappropriately annexed by the Left. It was also a response to the emergence of a new culture of non-partisan organisations, which provided an important challenge to the position of political parties in interwar Britain. Women’s voluntary associations were particularly instrumental in educating in citizenship and provided a female sphere of political activity that was removed from the rough-and-tumble of party politics. This chapter investigates the links between the Women’s Voluntary Service and Conservative party politics during the Second World War and the importance of specific representations of womanhood to the Conservative identity.
Conservatism, gender and the politics of everyday life, 1950s–1980s
Authors: Bingham Adrian
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the rise and fall of the gender gap in voting patterns – whereby women were more likely than men to support the Conservative Party – from the 1950s to the 1980s. It critically analyses political and social surveys from the period, highlighting the common findings that high politics remained distant from the everyday lives of most voters, and that women, in particular, often felt alienated by a politics that was still dominated and defined by men. The chapter examines how the Conservative Party adapted its policy and communications to the social changes of the 1950s and 1960s, and suggests that the party appealed to women with its plausible and sincere rhetorical invocation of the hard-working, ambitious and consumerist, but still traditionally-minded, housewife or part-time worker. This was a rhetoric that Margaret Thatcher mastered, and used to her advantage. By the 1970s, however, the impact of social change, the emergence of a more pluralistic society, and the impact of feminism, undermined the coherence and plausibility of this unifying language of the housewife.
Halfway-to-whole things: ecologies of writing and collaboration
Authors: Gross Philip
Published: May 2018

Philip Gross explains how he started to explore the creative process at the same time as the terms ‘ecocriticism’ and ‘ecopoetic’ made an appearance. Although he writes about the natural world, he is wary of being seen as an ecopoet, on the grounds that it does not feel like his own experience of the writing process and that it implies a specific moral-political stance. In this chapter Gross looks at several collaborative projects that he has been drawn to, sensing that they too hold clues to this process, not just in the subject matter but in the process itself. In one such collaboration he joined a multi-disciplinary group that brought him into contact with people with a professional interest in ecology and the social sciences as well as with a visual artist who bases her work on walking. Subsequently he walked together with the same artist at the Newport Wetlands. He uses examples of his own poetry to explore how the creative and collaborative process works for him in an environmental context.