bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Harmonising electronic health records for reproducible research: challenges, solutions and recommendations from a UK-wide COVID-19 research collaboration
Authors: Abbasizanjani Hoda , Torabi Fatemeh , Bedston Stuart , Bolton Thomas , Davies Gareth , Denaxas Spiros , Griffiths Rowena , Herbert Laura , Hollings Sam , Keene Spencer , Khunti Kamlesh , Lowthian Emily , Lyons Jane , Mizani Mehrdad A , Nolan John , Sudlow Cathie , Walker Venexia , Whiteley William , Wood Angela , Akbari Ashley
Published: September 2022

Background
The CVD-COVID-UK consortium was formed to understand the relationship between COVID-19 and cardiovascular diseases through analyses of harmonised electronic health records (EHRs) across the four UK nations. Beyond COVID-19, data harmonisation and common approaches enables analysis within and across independent Trusted Research Environments. Here we describe the reproducible harmonisation method developed using large-scale EHRs in Wales to accommodate the fast and efficient implementation of cross-nation analysis in England and Wales as part of the CVD-COVID-UK programme. We characterise current challenges and share lessons learnt.
Methods
Serving the scope and scalability of multiple study protocols, we used linked, anonymised individual-level EHR, demographic and administrative data held within the SAIL Databank for the population of Wales. The harmonisation method was implemented as a four-layer reproducible process, starting from raw data in the first layer. Then each of the layers two to four is framed by, but not limited to, the characterised challenges and lessons learnt. We achieved curated data as part of our second layer, followed by extracting phenotyped data in the third layer. We captured any project-specific requirements in the fourth layer.
Results
Using the implemented four-layer harmonisation method, we retrieved approximately 100 health-related variables for the 3.2 million individuals in Wales, which are harmonised with corresponding variables for > 56 million individuals in England. We processed 13 data sources into the first layer of our harmonisation method: five of these are updated daily or weekly, and the rest at various frequencies providing sufficient data flow updates for frequent capturing of up-to-date demographic, administrative and clinical information.
Conclusions
We implemented an efficient, transparent, scalable, and reproducible harmonisation method that enables multi-nation collaborative research. With a current focus on COVID-19 and its relationship with cardiovascular outcomes, the harmonised data has supported a wide range of research activities across the UK.
Lateral Medullary Syndrome: Uncommon Form of Brainstem Stroke
Authors: Ibrahim Abdiwahid Ahmed , Sidow Nor Osman , Osman Mohamed Farah , Ali Abdiladhif Mohamed , Ahmed Abdulkadir , BAKIR Ahmet , Hassan Mohamed Sheikh
Published: September 2022

Introduction and importance:
Lateral medullary syndrome (LMS) is less common form of brainstem stroke. It is the result of occlusion of posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA). It is caused by atherosclerosis, thrombosis or emboli from another source.
Case Presentation:
A 60-year-old male patient presented to the emergency department with vertigo, vomiting, slurred speech, hiccups, and right side weakness associated with parasthesia for one day. He had past medical history of uncontrolled hypertension, and a smoking habit. The neurological examination revealed ataxia, right hemiparesis associated with parasthesia. Cranial nerve examination revealed right-sided slight ptosis, mouth deviation, and loss of sensory sensation on the right side of the face. Brain MRI showed right medullary infract consistent with lateral medullary syndrome. Electrocardiogram, echocardiography and vertebral artery color Doppler were normal. He was admitted to the neurology ward and was treated with Clexane 60mg SC, Aspirin 300 mg, neuroprotective agents, and antihypertensive treatment. After 6 days of medical treatment, his condition has improved massively (dysarthria and dysphagia disappeared). He was discharged for physical rehabilitation.
Clinical discussion:
Lateral medullary syndrome (Wallenberg syndrome) is one of the brainstem stroke syndrome caused by occlusion of PICA. Vertigo, vomiting, dysphagia, dysarthria, ipsilateral ataxia, Horner syndrome and contralateral hemiparesis define this syndrome. Brain MRI is necessary for diagnosis alongside the clinical syndrome.
Conclusion
LMS is rare form of brainstem stroke and carries favorable prognosis if early hospitalization and treatment is applied. Brain MRI including diffusion sequence is the most useful diagnostic tool for detecting LMS.
Energy Alternatives and Conservation for Greenhouses1
Authors: Jensen Merle H.
Published: September 2022

A major threat to the continuance and expansion of the greenhouse industry in the U.S. is the rising cost and availability of fuels to heat greenhouse units. While the greenhouse industry is a relatively small part of agriculture in the United States, it is important as it provides high-quality products on a year-round basis rather than being seasonally restricted. The industry produces not only vegetables, but an array of floricultural crops that enhance the esthetic beauty of our environment.
Survival Strategies of Northern Europe's Greenhouse Industry1
Authors: Weiler T. C.
Published: September 2022

Northern Europe, the land of the midnight summer sun, is also the land of incredible winter darkness. Nonetheless, some of the world's highest standards of living are found there, and winter life is colored by an abundance of bright flowers and savory fresh vegetables. The greenhouse industry of Northern Europe is awesome for its size, diversity, and sophistication. Ability to efficiently use variable-priced energy (petroleum products and electricity) is a pivotal factor for success in that industry. Fuel costs differ based on consumption rates; winter insolation decreases proportionally with distance from the equator, and the warming influence of ocean currents changes drastically from maritime to continental climate. Grower costs also differ because some countries are either naturally endowed with more energy resources or subsidize energy use. Product quality, industry efficiency, and feasibility of transport also are involved in the ability of individual growers to compete in the national and international markets.
Organizing for Interdisciplinary Team Research
Authors: Anderson James H.
Published: September 2022

I grew up on a small farm in Southeast Georgia in an era when things were very stable. Methods my dad used to scratch out a living during the depression years were very similar to those used by his dad a generation earlier. It was a world of isolation and loneliness, a world in which customs and traditions determined a person's way of life, a world in which proven ideas were discarded reluctantly and new ideas accepted even more reluctantly, but it was a comfortable period for a growing youngster because time seemed to stand still and the family roots were anchored firmly to the soil. Even though times were placid and change came slowly, it was a restless world as men tried to raise themselves from the depths of the depression. With this restlessness, people began to move from the land to the cities and technology began to move to the forefront. Thus, in less than a decade, the nation shook off the depression, fought a major war and launched an agricultural revolution that is now the envy of the world. Today, we live in a fast-paced world and we can never return to those “good old days” because they are gone forever – returning only occasionally in our dreams of days past. In today's world, the only sure thing is the certainty of change as we look to the future.
Deciduous Tree Seedling Response to Nursery Soil Amended with Composted Sewage Sludge1
Authors: Gouin Francis R. , Walker John M.
Published: September 2022

The stem length of seedlings of Liriodendron tulipifera L. and Cornus florida L. was greater in plots in which screened compost, made from digested sewage sludge and wood chips, was incorporated into sandy soil nursery seedbeds at 224 tons/ha prior to sowing seeds than in unfertilized soil. L. tulipifera seedlings suffered less winter dieback when grown in soils amended with screened compost. The addition of composted sludge increased soil nutrient content, pH, and water holding capacity.
Effects of Plant Spacing, Fertilizer, and Transplanting on Axillary Heading in Cabbage, Brassica oleracea L. (Capitata Group)1
Authors: Akratanakul W. , Baggett J. R. , Mack H. J.
Published: September 2022

Wider spacing and fertilizer application increased the weight of both axillary heads (AH) and main heads in an open-pollinated cultivar and an inbred line. AH weight increased more than main head weight. The effect of spacing on AH was greater than that of fertilizer application. Transplanting greatly decreased the development of axillary heads when compared with direct-seeding.
Relationship of Processing Methodology to Quality Attributes and Nutritional Value of Canned Spinach1
Authors: Sistrunk W. A. , Mahon M. K. , Freeman D. W.
Published: September 2022

The volume of water utilized for washing did not affect either quality attributes or nutritional value of canned spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Dipping in a detergent solution prior to the washing decreased greenness, optical density of liquor, nitrates and ascorbic acid. The amount of grit and sand was not influenced by either detergent or volume of water used for washing. Shearpress values of canned spinach blanched in either steam or water did not differ. Color was rated slightly higher on spinach that was blanched in steam. Water blanching leached out more nitrates, riboflavin and ascorbic acid than steam blanching, but carotene was not affected.
Whither Floriculture and Ornamental Horticulture in the U.S.?
Authors: De Hertogh A. A.
Published: September 2022

At the University level, horticulture is one of the most dynamic fields in Agriculture. Undergraduate student enrollments, both for majors and nonmajors, have never been higher. The number of requests for graduate student assistantships are increasing. Extension personnel are under constant pressure from their clientele for more and more programs and information. The requirements for research have never been greater. In addition, with the democratic system which has been developed, scientists are spending more time on administrative matters than ever before. All of these points have their advantages and disadvantages but the time is past due for a detailed analysis of their impact on our programs by the individuals who are directly involved in carrying out the research, teaching, and extension functions. This is particularly true for those of us in the field of floriculture and ornamental horticulture.
Ash, Silicon, Calcium, and Copper in ‘Concord’ Grape Leaves1
Authors: Lanning F. C.
Published: September 2022

The concentration of Cu in ‘Concord’ grape (Vitis labrusca L.) leaves remained nearly constant throughout the growing season; ash, Si, and Ca percentages increased continually. The Si concentration increased 9 fold, Ca increased 3 fold and ash increased almost 2 fold over the growing season. The percentage of Ca was about three times that of Si at the end of the season. SiO2 was deposited in the form of opal in the cell walls. Calcium was deposited in the leaf veins and in small oval particles throughout the leaf.
Prospects for Crop Improvement in the Field of Cell Culture1
Authors: Green C. E.
Published: September 2022

Advances in plant tissue culture techniques during the past decade have fostered the hope that these techniques can be utilized for crop improvement. Simply stated, these methods allow large, relatively homogeneous populations of cells from diverse tissue sources to be grown and regenerated into plants in a defined environment. An important advantage gained by this capability is that tissue and genetic complexities associated with whole plants can be simplified by working at the cellular level. This capability has provided many new approaches for the investigation and modification of plants. The techniques being extended from model plant systems to increasing numbers of crops include reliable growth of somatic and haploid cells, protoplast isolation and culture, intra- and intergeneric hybridizations by protoplast fusion, utilization of selection systems to recover desired mutants, and the regeneration of plants in all of the above areas. Several recent reviews discuss the development and current status of these techniques and provide insight into their potential uses for crop improvement (2, 6, 7, 23, 24, 26, 27).
Genetic Engineering and Crop Improvement1
Authors: Carlson Peter S. , Rice Thomas B.
Published: September 2022

Most yield advances in crop species have been achieved by individuals whose training and focus have been directly concerned with agricultural production. The past several decades have seen the development of new knowledge and techniques in the basic sciences, genetics in particular, which hold promise for crop improvement, but which have not yet been applied toward that end. If the new approaches can be made routinely available to plant breeders and agronomists, then progress in plant improvement will be enhanced. Restructuring of genetic organization, the process which is currently termed “genetic engineering,” has always played a central role in crop improvement. This paper will briefly consider some genetic aspects of crop improvement, and suggest ways that recently developed, novel approaches to genetic manipulation may complement more classical means of genetic engineering.
Anther and Pollen Culture to Produce Haploids: Progress and Application for the Plant Breeder1
Authors: Sink K. C. , Padmanabhan V.
Published: September 2022

Research efforts aimed at producing haploid plants by tissue culture of anthers or isolated pollen grains have increased recently. Likewise, the ability of the plant breeder to utilize haploid plants in the breeding program has added a new dimension and possible efficiency to the manner in which horticultural crops can be genetically improved. This review will discuss the recent progress that has been made in the art and science of anther and pollen culture to produce haploid plants and the potential for use by horticultural plant breeders. Previous reviews on this subject have been published by Bottino (12), DeBerg (24), Kimber and Riley (49), Melchers (57, 58), Smith (87), Sunderland (89) and the publication Haploids in Higher Plants – Advances and Potential from the first international symposium held in this area of plant biology, at Guelph, Ontario in 1974.
A Miniature Pressure Injector for Deciduous Woody Seedlings and Branches1
Authors: Sterrett J. P. , Creager R. A.
Published: September 2022

A miniature pressure injector (mini-injector) was designed specificially to introduce solutions into the vascular system of seedlings and branches of woody plants for research purposes. The mini-injector consists of modified Vise-Grip locking pliers, a stainless steel tapered barrel and disposable syringe. Azo sulfamide dye was successfully injected into 4 species of container-grown fruit trees and 12 species of shade trees. Injections were more consistently effective in June, August, and October than in April. Diffuse-porous species were generally more receptive to injection, especially before bud break, than ring-porous species.
Growth Hormones: Pool Size, Diffusion, or Metabolism?1
Authors: Dennis F. G.
Published: September 2022

Went and Thimann (50) defined a hormone as ‘a substance which, being produced in one part of an organism, is transferred to another part and there influences a specific physiological process.’ In the strict sense of the word, growth substances extracted from plant tissues cannot be called hormones. In this paper, however, the term will be used in a general sense to refer to auxins, gibberellins (GAs), cytokinins, inhibitors, and ethylene occurring in plant extracts, diffusates, exuded sap, or intercellular spaces.
Nutrient Diversion: An Hypothesis to Explain the Chemical Control of Flowering
Authors: Sachs R. M.
Published: September 2022

Although at each shoot apical meristem, vegetative and reproductive development represent alternative courses of differentiation, we wish to emphasize the quantitative interaction between these two processes particularly with regard to the potential for chemical control. Without exception the known flower promoting or inhibiting substances also have substantial influence on vegetative development (32).
Formulation Development of Agricultural Chemicals
Authors: Corty Claude
Published: September 2022

My speciality is the formulation of agricultural chemicals and my paper therefore deals with the art of developing formulations. Note that I said art, not science, because some of my friends tell me that they consider formulation to be some kind of magic practiced by conjurers and witches. Things really are not that bad. We do in fact rely on the laws of chemistry and biology. But the number of variables that we must pay attention to, and the sometimes conflicting requirements that we must compromise, are so numerous that we often cannot use a systematic or scientific approach to solve our problems, and intuition and experience play a considerable role. I am sure that you, as biologists, have full understanding for this situation.
A Scarfskin-iike Disorder of Apples1
Authors: Byers Mark A.
Published: September 2022

For about 20 years we have noticed a disorder on fruits of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) in our orchards that appears near harvest as red color develops. This disorder usually starts on the upper (stem end) inside cheek as a finely stippled whitish area ranging from a trace to the whole fruit being covered and produces a milky appearance with greatly reduced red color. In severe outbreaks the cuticle becomes slightly roughened but usually the surface is smooth. The disorder has become a serious economic concern especially in ‘Rome Beauty’ grown in sandy soils. The disorder lowers the grade because affected fruit (>15% of surface covered) is classified by the U.S. Federal-State Inspection Service as a “smooth russet” defect.
Influence of Daminozide on Growth and Cold Acclimation of Taxus Roots1
Authors: Harrington L. David , Pellett Norman E. , Bee David E.
Published: September 2022

Soil drench of succininc acid-2, 2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide) on Taxus × media Rehd. cv. Densiformis in the growth chamber inhibited growth of young roots but had little effect on cold acclimation. Daminozide soil drenches at 1000-4000 ppm retarded root growth but did not predispose roots to greater cold hardiness after subsequent cold acclimation conditions. Daminozide applied during cold acclimation did not increase root cold hardiness.
Tissue Culture and Differentiation of Chinese Chive1
Authors: Zee S. Y. , Fung A. , Yue S. B.
Published: September 2022

We have succeeded in propagating Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum Rottler), a popular Hong Kong vegetable, by the following procedure.
Red Light Advances Respiration and Ethylene Evolution in Ripening Tomatoes1
Authors: Jen Joseph J. , Watada Alley E.
Published: September 2022

Mature-green tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) irradiated with red light, display an advance of 3 days in pigment changes, climacteric rise, and ethylene production.
Cytokinins from Chrysanthemum Roots1
Authors: Kemp T. R. , Buxton J. W. , Hamilton J. L.
Published: September 2022

Cytokinins were extracted from whole root tissue of aeroponically cultured Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat., purified by cation exchange, paper and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and bioassayed with tobacco callus. Compounds with chromatographic properties similar to those of zeatin and zeatin riboside were found to be the major cytokinin components of the roots.
Growth Regulator Effects on Growth and Development of Excised Mature Iris Embryos in Vitro1
Authors: Stoltz Leonard P.
Published: September 2022

Excised mature embryos of iris (Iris sp.) were grown on agar nutrient medium with 6 concentrations each of indolebutyric acid (IBA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid, (2,4-D), gibberellic acid (GA3), and kinetin (Kn). The number of roots occurring on the seedlings was significantly increased by 10-5 and 5 × 10-5M IBA and 5 × 10-7, 10-6 and 5 × 10-6M NAA. Plant tissue weight was significantly increased by 10-6 to 10-5M NAA, 10-5 and 5 × 10-5M IBA and 5 × 10-7M 2,4-D. Number of leaves per seedling was most affected by Kn and GA3 levels of 10-5 and 5 × 10-5M. Root length was longest at 10-7M Kn and 5 × 10-7, 10-6 and 5 × 10-6M GA3.
‘Wakefield’ Tomato1
Authors: Stoner A. K.
Published: September 2022

‘Wakefield is a processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) released by the Agricultural Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The developmental work was done by the Vegetable Laboratory at the Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Md. ‘Wakefield’ is an early maturing, machine-harvestable cultivar that is adapted to the Eastern U.S. It has been grown and performed satisfactorily in Maryland, Virginia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Indiana.
Fruit Breeding in Arkansas
Authors: Moore James N.
Published: September 2022

Our fruit breeding program was initiated in 1964 to provide new cultivars to stimulate fruit production for Arkansas. To date, 3 blackberry, 2 strawberry, and 1 grape cultivars have been released; peach, nectarine, and apple releases are planned in the near future, and several selections of these crops are in advanced stages of pre-release testing. The overall objective of the breeding program is to develop disease resistent, high quality, cultivars adapted to the soils and climate of Arkansas.
Horticulture in New Zealand
Authors: Nichols M. A.
Published: September 2022

In August 1978, Sydney, Australia hosts the first International Horticultural Congress to be held in the Southern Hemisphere. A number of pre- and post-congress tours in Australia, New Zealand, and Papua — New Guinea are being organized. This article is intended to provide a brief background to horticulture in New Zealand.
Use of Calcium to Delay Ripening of Tomatoes1
Authors: Wills R. B. H. , Tirmazi S. I. H. , Scott K. J.
Published: September 2022

Ripening of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was delayed by vacuum infiltrating fruit with CaCl2 solutions. Ripening was only delayed substantially when Ca content of fruit was raised to greater than 40mg/100g fresh weight from the original concentration of 11mg/100g.
Ethylene Evolution as Related to Changes in Hydroperoxides in Ripening Tomato Fruit1
Authors: Frenkel Chaim , Eskin Michael
Published: September 2022

Hydroperoxide levels were determined in aqueous and lipid extracts from fruit of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) at 6 different stages of ripening. An increase in the levels of peroxides in both the aqueous and the lipid fractions was associated with the upsurge in ethylene evolution. The changes in peroxides in the lipid fraction corresponded to the changes in the activity of lypoxygenase. Peroxides may constitute some of the active oxygen forms occurring in vivo which are required for the synthesis of ethylene in fruit.
Late Blight in Mature Tomatoes and Transplants in Southern Georgia in 1976 and Possible Chemical Control1
Authors: Jaworski C. A. , Glaze N. C. , Ratcliffe T. J. , Flowers R. A. , Phatak S. C.
Published: September 2022

Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) d By. was epiphytotic in several fields of tomato transplants and mature tomatoes in southern Georgia in late May of 1976. This is the first time the disease has been observed in transplant fields in southern Georgia since the 1946 late blight epidemic in the eastern United States. Preliminary fungicide tests indicated that a combination of chlorothalonil and experimental compound from Ciba-Geigy GA-1-82 at 1.12 or 0.42 kg/ha gave exceUent control for late blight. GA-1-82 very closely resembles N-(2, 6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(2-furanylcarbonyl)-L-alanine methyl ester (CGA-38140).
Comparison of Chrysanthemum Growth in Pine Bark or Commercial Soilless Mixes1
Authors: Still Steven M.
Published: September 2022

Growth of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat was evaluated in ground pine bark:sand mixes; a soil:peat:perlite mix; and commercially mixed media. Flowering stem:dry weight of plants grown in barkrsand (3:1 or 2:1, by volume) were comparable to commercial mixes but 100% pine bark or soil:peat:perlite significantly reduced plant height and flowering stem dry weight.
Automated Mechanical Stress Application for Height Control of Greenhouse Chrysanthemum1
Authors: Beyl C. A. , Mitchell C. A.
Published: September 2022

An automated, mechanical oscillatory shaking (AMOS) device was developed and tested for its ability to control height of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat) cvs. May Shoesmith, Yellow Fuji Mefo, Improved Mefo, and Dramatic. The AMOS device permits automatic and uniform administration of shaking stress to a number of plants simultaneously. Shoot height and fresh weight were effectively reduced by shaking treatment consisting of 160 to 220 cycles per minute for 4 minutes daily at 0800 hours with ‘Dramatic’ exhibiting the greatest dwarfing response. The fresh weight of all 4 cultivars was reduced to an equivalent extent by 28 days of this combined vibrational-contact treatment.
‘Whitehouse’ Ornamental Pear1
Authors: Ackerman W. L.
Published: September 2022

Since its release by the US DA in 1960 Pyrus calleryana Dene. cv. Bradford has experienced outstanding popularity for landscape and street planting purposes. Grown widely throughout the Mid-Atlantic States and westward to the Mississippi, it is listed among the “Ten Most Recommended Trees” of several states. ‘Bradford’ has a broad globular crown up to 12 m across and a height of over 15 m at maturity (1, 2).
A Key to Nutrient Disorders of Vegetable Plants1
Authors: English Jean E. , Maynard Donald N.
Published: September 2022

The visual recognition of abnormal plant growth caused by faulty nutrition has been widely used in diagnosis and subsequent remedial action to restrict crop losses. Fortunately, symptoms of nutrient imbalance are usually quite characteristic and can be readily identified by the trained observer.

On occasion, however, visual symptoms may be masked or occur as a syndrome. In these cases it may be necessary to make major investigations into the chemical, and perhaps physical, characteristics of the soil. Unsuitable soil pH, excessive salinity, or severe nutrient imbalance are major causes of a complex of symptoms rather than those which are typical of a single element imbalance. Despite these exceptions, we believe that the visual method of diagnosis provides the most rapid means of identifying the commonly encountered nutritional problems.

General descriptions (8, 9, 11, 12) of nutrient disorders, keys (1, 10, 14, 17) and detailed descriptions for individual elements and crop plants (3, 4, 13, 16) are found in the literature. This key for nutritional disorders of vegetable crops was developed to provide detailed, yet concise, information on these crops. We believe that it will be useful as a teaching aid in vegetable crops and plant nutrition, and as a working key for diagnosis of field nutritional problems.
Breaking Bud Rest on Detached Apple Shoots: Interaction of Gibberellic Acid with Some Rest-breaking Chemicals1
Authors: Paiva Edilson , Robitaille Henry
Published: September 2022

The effectiveness of rest-breaking chemicals on detached shoots of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) was dependent on the stage of bud rest at the time of chemical application. Thiourea (TU) and dinitro-ortho-cresol (DNOC) improved budbreak on September 9, the addition of gibberellic acid (GA3) to either chemical having no additional effect. On September 23 only DNOC was effective, and its effectiveness was increased with addition of GA3. DNOC + GA3 was the only effective treatment on both October 9 and October 25 at the start of the deep rest period. TU + GA3 improved budbreak on November 11, but no treatments were effective on December 4 and December 20. On January 14, as rest weakened, GA3 alone or in combination with DNOC effectively improved budbreak. By February 5, budbreak on control shoots was good and treatment effects were not significant.
‘Pearl Bailey’ Geranium1
Authors: Buck Griffith J.
Published: September 2022

‘Pearl Bailey’ geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey) is a new cultivar with the vivid fluorescent salmon scarlet coloring of ‘Orange Glow’ but with improved plant habit and disease tolerance. This new cultivar and ‘Orange Glow’ have a common ancestor in ‘Mme. Landry’ but ‘Pearl Bailey’ is the result of systematic development of the ‘Cardinal’ breeding line.
The Fabulous Filbert
Authors: Lagerstedt Harry B.
Published: September 2022

In the plant world, where oddity is commonplace, the filbert, Corylus, stands out because it has so many unusual traits:

The filbert blooms in midwinter in the areas where it is commercially produced.

Six months can elapse between pollination and fertilization.

At the time of pollination, the rudimentary flower has no ovary.

When the filbert nut has completed its development, its apex is over a year older than its base.

Commercial filbert production is restricted to limited areas of Turkey, Italy, Spain, and the Pacific Northwest, yet members of the genus Corylus are widely distributed throughout the northern hemisphere.

The plant is thought never to go dormant because in mild climatic areas it exhibits some type of growth the year around.
In Vitro Propagation of Peperomia ‘Red Ripple’ from Leaf Discs1
Authors: Henny R. J.
Published: September 2022

This paper reports a method of propagating Peperomia ‘Red Ripple’3 from leaf discs in vitro.
Diluting and Dispensing Unit for Maintaining Trace Amounts of Ethylene in a Continuous Flow System1
Authors: Barmore Charles R. , Adair Wheaton T.
Published: September 2022

A diluting and dispensing system is described for providing concentrations of ethylene as low as 0.1 ppm to a number of different chambers in a continuous flow system for treatment of plant tissue. Several concentrations can be provided simultaneously. The system eliminates the need for routine recharging of the ethylene reservoir.
Fertilization of Maidenhair Fern, Adiantum raddianum K. Presl.1
Authors: Poole Richard T. , Conover Charles A.
Published: September 2022

Weekly applications of 12.5—37.5 mg N/10 cm pot, 5—50 mg P and 25—50 mg K produced good growth of the Maidenhair fern. Elemental composition (% dry weight) of these fern were: N (1.9—2.3), P (0.28—0.43), K (2.3—2.8), Ca (0.11—0.14) and Mg (0.27—0.35).
Chilling Injury in Scindapsus pictus, Aphelandra squarrosa and Maranta leuconeura1
Authors: McWilliams Edward L. , Smith Curtis W.
Published: September 2022

Exposure to low temperature (4.5°C) for 4 days killed Scindapsus pictus Hassk. and resulted in a 49.2% reduction in dry weight of Maranta leuconeura E. Moor. Var. erythroneura Bunting. Aphelandra squarrosa Ness. cv. Louisae exhibited an 8.5% reduction in dry weight and leaf abscission after 6 or more days of chilling. Each of the chilling sensitive species displayed unique and distinctive symptoms. Pilea cadierei Gagnep. and Guillanum showed no chilling damage. The species studied exhibited a decreasing sensitivity to chilling in the following order: 1) S. pictus, 2) M. leuconeura, 3) A. squarrosa, 4) P. cadierei.
Water Quality, Preservative, Grower Source and Chrysanthemum Flower Vase-life1
Authors: Staby George L. , Erwin Terry D.
Published: September 2022

The beneficial effects of de-ionized (DI) or distilled (Dist) water and/or preservative on extending the vase-life of Chrysanthemum morifolium, Ramat. ‘May Shoesmith’ flowers varied depending upon their combinations and on flower source. Generally, the addition of preservative, regardless of water quality, was beneficial as was the use of DI or Dist water alone compared to tap water alone or tap water plus preservative. Maximum vase-life was generaUy achieved using DI or Dist water plus preservative but preharvest factors also greatly influenced vase-life.
W-51 Root Knot Resistant Sweet Potato Germplasm1
Authors: Dukes P. D. , Jones Alfred , Cuthbert F. P. , Hamilton M. G.
Published: September 2022

Root knot caused by the southern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood) is a serious disease of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) in most production areas of the U. S. and especially in the southern states (3). Considerable variation in pathogenicity of this obligate parasite on sweet potato was reported by Giamalva et al. (1) in 1963. In 1973, Martin and Birchfield (2) reported the discovery of a race of M. incognita that was highly virulent and reproduced abundantly on a sweet potato line, L4-73, that had been established as resistant to root-knot nematode populations commonly found in Louisiana. This strain of M. incognita, herein designated the “resistance breaking” (RB) race, was provided through the courtesy of Dr. W. J. Martin of the Department of Plant Pathology, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge. These findings have caused considerable concern about the future of breeding for root knot resistance in sweet potato, since the existence of RB races makes the work much more difficult and complicated. A breeding line of sweet potato (W-51) was developed at the U. S. Vegetable Laboratory, in cooperation with Clemson University, that is resistant to both the common and the RB race of root-knot nematodes (M. incognita). It also carries resistance to fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. batatas (Wr.) Snyd. & Hans.) and the sweet potato flea beetle (Chaetocnema confinis Crotch.). W-51 is being released for use as a root knot resistant parent in sweet potato breeding programs.
Developing a Mechanized Harvesting and Production System for Erect Blackberries1
Authors: Morris J. R. , Nelson G. S. , Kattan A. A. , Cawthon D. L.
Published: September 2022

The development of a mechanical harvester for erect blackberries is traced from its inception to commercialization. The harvesting and production system tested in this study required productive, erect cultivars that are mechanically pruned to form continuous hedgerows. An acceptable processed product is obtained from the system.
The Buffalo Gourd: A New Potential Horticultural Crop
Authors: Bemis W. P. , Berry J. W. , Weber C. W. , Whitaker Thomas W.
Published: September 2022

Seldom in the long history of man's association with plants has a wild species been adapted for cultivation within the span of a few years. The production of an “instant” domesticated plant is the goal of a team of researchers at the University of Arizona, Tucson. If this program is reasonably successful, it will have far-reaching effects, particularly for horticulture in those countries with large areas of arid lands within their boundaries. Even more important, it may provide incentive and suggest methods for the development of food or fiber crops from the vast reservoir of tropical species awaiting study.
Duration of Pistil Receptivity, Fruit Set, and Seed Production in Rabbiteye and Tetraploid Blueberries
Authors: Young M. J. , Sherman W. B.
Published: September 2022

Rate of pollen tube growth in styles of cross-pollinated rabbiteye (Vaccinium ashei Reade) and tetraploid highbush blueberries were adequate to induce a commercial fruit set when pollinated up to 6 days after emasculation. Varying intervals between emasculation and pollination, up to 6 days, did not consistently influence percentage fruit set and number of seeds produced per fruit.
Variation of Pickle worm Feeding and Oviposition on Muskmelon and Cucumbers1
Authors: Day Augustine , Nugent Perry E. , Robinson John F.
Published: September 2022

Feeding of pickle worm Diaphania nitidalis (Stoll), on muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) differed, but more definitive laboratory testing under controlled condition is needed to determine if usable resistance mechanisms are involved. Few differences were detected in larval feeding on muskmelon seedlings with various characteristics. However, adult pickleworms laid fewer eggs on glabrous muskmelon and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants than on pubescent ones.
Effect of Date and Method of Application on Radioactive Sodium Content of White Spruce and American Arborvitae1
Authors: Langille Alan R.
Published: September 2022

Foliar applications of 22NaCl solution to American arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis L.) and white spruce (Picea glauca L.) resulted in higher tissue accumulation of 22Na than soil applications for both species. Stem and needle tissue of spruce had higher 22Na content than corresponding tissues of arborvitae. Arborvitae roots, however, had a higher 22Na content than spruce. When foliarly applied, 22Na content of arborvitae was not influenced by date of salt application. In spruce, however, 22Na content increased as spring approached.
Timing of Fertilizer Application in Relation to Growth Flushes of ‘Helleri’ Holly (Ilex crenata Thunb.)1
Authors: Gilliam C. H. , Wright R. D.
Published: September 2022

Fertilizer applied during a period following the cessation of stem elongation and before the next flush resulted in greater total tissue N and shoot growth than applications made during other stages of growth in ‘Helleri’ holly. Root growth was suppressed by 3 or more fertilizer applications, regardless of the time of application.
Benefits of Mycorrhizae on Growth and Development of Three Woody Ornamentals1
Authors: Crews C. E. , Johnson C. R. , Joiner J. N.
Published: September 2022

Three container-grown woody ornamentals (Viburnum suspension Lindl., Podocarpus macrophylla Thunb., Pittosporum tobira Thunb.) showed increased height, stem caliper, shoot and root fresh weight when inoculated with either Glomus fasiculatus (Thaxter) Gerd. & Trappe or G. mosseae (Nich. and Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe endomycorrhizae.
Modeling of Plant Growth in Horticulture
Authors: Allen Hammer P. , Langhans R. W.
Published: September 2022

Horticulturists have been slow to accept and use plant modeling, even though greenhouse crops have high economic value and are produced in controlled environment conditions. Although the incentive to improve productivity in horticulture through modeling should be great, basic plant scientists have placed a much higher priority on plant modeling than horticulturists. Two reviews (7, 15) on the subject have appeared in the Annual Review of Plant Physiology since 1971 and a book has been published in 1976 (19).
Commercial Production of Horticultural Crops in Controlled Environments
Authors: Scott E. G.
Published: September 2022

Our inability to control adequately the greenhouse environment is probably the main reason for the present interest in the use of controlled environments for commercial production. Actually the controlled environment concept is not revolutionary, since it can be regarded as a logical step in the evolutionary development of protected cropping, i.e., cold house to heated house, to heated house with supplementary lighting to controlled environment growing room. Many of the chambers used in controlled environment agriculture in operation today were built after the grower tried supplementary lighting in the greenhouse, and found that he needed a greater degree of control than the present method.
A Preliminary Assessment of Citrus Spacing on Production Using a “Sub-standard" Rootstock-scion Combination1
Authors: Boswell S. B. , Atkin D. R. , McCarty C. D. , Copeland R. D.
Published: September 2022

Trees of old-line ‘Atwood’ navel sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] on Rubidoux trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] were planted in 1970 at 331 to 801 trees per ha to determine effects of tree spacing on growth, yield, production costs, and fruit quality. Growth measured as trunk circumference and hence fruit-bearing capacity per tree was inversely proportional to tree density but fruit yields per hectare increase with close spacing.
Rapid Changes in the Firmness of Peaches as Influenced by Temperature1
Authors: Werner Reni A. , Frenkel Chaim
Published: September 2022

Following harvest, fruit of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) allowed to soften at room temperature for 48 hours and then placed in ice-cold water, underwent a rapid increase in firmness. The fruit rapidly lost firmness upon transfer to warm water (20°C). The changes in firmness were inversely correlated to the temperature changes in the fruit flesh. Solutions containing soluble pectin fraction extracted from the fruit similarly showed changes in viscosity in inverse proportion to the changes in the temperature. The changes in firmness of intact fruit as influenced by temperature may, in part, reflect the gelling behavior of pectin fractions.
Humidity: Basic Principles and Measurement Techniques
Authors: Gaffney J. J.
Published: September 2022

Dry air is a mixture of nitrogen (about 78%) and oxygen (about 21%), with argon, carbon dioxide and other minor constituents making up the remaining 1%. Moist air is defined as a two-component mixture of dry air and water vapor. The amount of water vapor in air can be highly variable, ranging from 0 (dry air) to a maximum that depends upon temperature and pressure. The term “humidity” relates to the presence of water vapor in air but, depending upon its particular usage, may be used to express either the absolute quantity or the relative amount of water vapor in a moist air mixture.
Relative Humidity Effects on the Postharvest Life of Fruits and Vegetables1
Authors: Grierson W. , Wardowski W. F.
Published: September 2022

We all pay lip service to the concept that fruits and vegetables are alive. Nevertheless, very little attention is paid to what must be a major trauma for most of them, being suddenly cut off at harvest from the water supply that has hitherto sustained them. While on the plant, the organs that we call fruits and vegetables participated in a dynamic traffic in water due to transpiration and to withdrawal of water by the plant in times of stress (40). At harvest, this suddenly ceases and for water, as well as other essential nutrients, they have to become what Biale has called “self sufficient harvested fruit” (8). This transition is minimal for those that are storage organs physiologically prepared for a long resting period (e.g. onions, cabbage, pumpkins, beets, carrots, potatoes) or are fruits2 that form a complete abscission layer preparatory to inevitable dehiscence (e.g. nuts, apples, pears, persimmons, plums, pomegranates, lychees). The water relations transition is maximal for those severed from the parent plant regardless of botanical independence or physiological maturity (e.g. okra, cauliflower, asparagus, corn-on-the-cob, leeks, celery, green beans, parsley, lettuce, green peas). Fruits that have a long harvest period from a single bloom (oranges, grapefruit, avocado) are intermediate. At the time of the fruit’s sudden severance from a hitherto assured water supply, humidity (as distinct from root-supplied water) becomes of critical importance. The trauma of this onset of harvested life should be a consideration in the handling of horticultural products.
Translocation of 14C-photosynthate in Mung Bean during the Reproductive Period1
Authors: Kuo C. G. , Jung M. C. H. , Tsou S. C. S.
Published: September 2022

The distribution of 14C-photosynthates was examined in pot-grown Tainan-1 mung bean plants (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek var. radiata). Whole plants were assimilated with 14CO2 at anthesis, and at 7 and 17 days after anthesis. The 14C-photosynthate fixed at anthesis was retained mostly in the vegetative tissue. However, of the 14C-photosynthate fixed at early pod development stage (i.e. 7 days after anthesis), 15-26% of the assimilated 14C was detected in the reproductive tissue within 24 hours after exposure, whereas about 43% was detected at maturity (i.e. 38 days after anthesis). When plants with full grown pods (i.e. 17 days after anthesis) were treated, 70% of the 14C was detected in the reproductive tissue 24 hours after exposure and at maturity.
Identification of Four Red Maple Cultivars with Scanning Electron Microscopy1
Authors: Krause Charles R.
Published: September 2022

Four cultivais of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) which could not be distinguished by classical identification techniques were differentiated on the basis of foliar surface characteristics of cuticles and trichomes. Intraclonal variation due to environmental and genetic influences of ages of individual plants was negligible.
‘Oregon Cherry’ Tomato1
Authors: Baggett J. R. , Frazier W. A.
Published: September 2022

‘Oregon Cherry’ is a highly determinate, compact, fruitful, and early maturing cultivar. Developed in the Willamette Valley of Western Oregon, it should be adapted to cool summer areas where most cherry tomato culti-vars are late to mature. Similar to the F1 hybrid ‘Small Fry’ in fruit size and quality, ‘Oregon Cherry’ is less vegetative and vigorous, but more concentrated in fruit set, and generally earlier in production pattern. This cultivar should be useful in home gardens and for early fresh market production. It should be superior to most existing cultivars where a compact plant and earliness are needed.
Apple Tree Photosynthesis: An Introduction1
Authors: Seeley Earl J.
Published: September 2022

For the first decades of the twentieth century, as with the last decades of the nineteenth, men were limited in attempts at crop improvement to manipulating the environment in which the plant grew or to changing the plant, through breeding, to better fit its environment. Great strides were made in increasing productivity by determining and optimizing fertility levels, water regimes, genetic composition of plants, and by protecting desirable plants and plant parts from insects, diseases, rodents and other pests. We began this era with crop plants which, under “ideal conditions”, could harvest a small percentage of the sun’s energy striking their leaf surfaces. After several decades we still find ourselves in the position of depending on greater leaf surfaces in a relatively protected and engineered environment to attain high yields. While we probably should not “knock” that which has worked so well in the past, the specter of widespread hunger, malnutrition, growing populations and possible competition for some segments of the food supply for energy production indicates additional gains in plant productivity will be beneficial, if not absolutely necessary.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Higbee Arthur L.
Published: September 2022

What value is an extension or industry horticulturist, a teacher, even a researcher if he cannot communicate effectively? Not much, perhaps. Today’s audiences are accustomed to and expect messages which are relevant to their needs, interestingly presented, based on fact, and transmitted so that the meaning can be grasped with a minimum of effort.
Minnesota’s Information Clinic
Authors: McKinnon Jane Price
Published: September 2022

The Horticulture Information Clinic at Minnesota is organized to foster communication between the University and the urban citizen. All agricultural extension offices probably communicate by telephone, but the University of Minnesota has evolved an information service of important proportions. The St. Paul Campus stands with multi-storied brick building high above chrysanthemum beds and corn fields in the middle of the largest metropolitan area of the state. Alderman Hall, housing the Department of Horticultural Science and Landscape Architecture, is only 10 or 15 minutes away from either downtown Minneapolis or downtown St. Paul. Almost 2 million people, half the population of Minnesota live in the 5 surrounding counties. They use 590,646 toll-free residential telephones. Urban communities ring the central cities. The Minnesota Landscape Arboretum, a Horticulture Department facility, is not far away. Two-thirds of the legislators in Minnesota represent urban constituents.