bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF PROSTAGLANDIN(PG) E2, D2 I2, 6‐KETO‐PGF1α AND ARACHIDONIC ACID ON EXCITATORY TRANSMISSION OF CANINE SMALL INTESTINE
Authors: NAKAHATA N. , NAKANISHI H. , SUZUKI T.
Published: January 2008

Effects of prostaglandin(PG) E2, D2, I2, 6‐keto‐PGF1α and arachidonic acid on the excitatory transmission were examined in the separated longitudinal and circular muscles of canine small intestine in vitro.

Both muscles contracted in response to electrical field stimulation (1 msec, 20 Hz, 100 pulses, supramaximal voltage: indirect stimulation). The contractions were abolished by treatment with tetrodotoxin (0.3 μM). In the presence of tetrodotoxin, the muscle contracted in response to stimulation using a pulse duration of 20msec (direct stimulation). Sites of action of drugs were determined by the difference in their effects on the responses to indirect and direct stimulation.

PGE2 strongly inhibited the contractile response of circular muscle to indirect stimulation whilst slightly inhibiting that to direct stimulation. The data suggest that PGE2 may act on the transmission prejunctionally and reduce the transmitter release in circular muscle.

PGD2 and PGI2 in high concentrations slightly inhibited the contractile responses of circular muscle to both indirect and direct stimulations, indicating that PGD2 and PGI2 slightly inhibited the transmission postjunctionally. 6‐keto‐PGF1α did not inhibit the transmission of circular muscle.

Arachidonic acid inhibited the contractile response of circular muscle to indirect stimulation, and indomethacin attenuated the arachidonic acid‐induced inhibition. PGE2, biosynthetized from arachidonic acid, may act on the transmission of circular muscle.

In the longitudinal muscle, none of PGE2, PGD2, PGI2 or 6‐keto‐PGF1α inhibited the contractile response to indirect stimulation.

7 Arachidonic acid slightly inhibited the contractile response of longitudinal muscle to indirect stimulation. However, indomethacin did not antagonize this effect.

8 The results suggest that the transmission of circular muscle in canine small intestine is prejunctionally regulated by PGE2, and that of longitudinal muscle is slightly affected by arachidonic acid or by metabolites through lipoxygenase.
Sympatho‐adrenal secretion in humans: factors governing catecholamine and storage vesicle peptide co‐release *
Authors: Takiyyuddin Marwan A. , Brown Marvin R. , Dinh Thai Q. , Cervenka Justine H. , Braun Sandra D. , Parmer Robert J. , Kennedy Brian , O'Connor Daniel T.
Published: January 2008

1 In postganglionic sympathetic neurones and adrenal chromaffin cells, catecholamines are co‐stored in vesicles with soluble peptides, including chromogranin A (CgA) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), which are subject to exocytotic co‐release with catecholamines.

2 Plasma catecholamine, CgA and NPY responses to stimulators and inhibitors of sympatho‐adrenal catecholamine storage and release were measured in humans. Short‐term, high‐intensity dynamic exercise, prolonged low‐intensity dynamic exercise, and assumption of the upright posture, in decreasing order of potency, predominantly stimulated noradrenaline (NA) release from sympathetic nerve endings. Only high‐intensity exercise elevated CgA and NPY, which did not peak until 2 min after exercise cessation. Stimulated NA correlated with plasma CgA 2 min after exercise, and with NPY 5 min after exercise.

3 Insulin‐evoked hypoglycaemia and caffeine ingestion, in decreasing order of potency, predominantly stimulated adrenaline (AD) release from the adrenal medulla. During insulin hypoglycaemia AD and CgA rose, but NPY was unchanged. Neither NPY nor CgA were altered by caffeine. The rise in CgA after intense adrenal medullary stimulation was greater than its rise after intense sympathetic neuronal stimulation (1.4‐versus 1.2‐fold, respectively).

4 Infusion of tyramine, which disrupts sympathetic neuronal vesicular NA storage, elevated systolic blood pressure and NA, while NPY and CgA were unchanged. After reserpine, another disruptor of neuronal NA storage, NA transiently rose and then fell; NPY and CgA were unaltered. After the non‐exocytotic adrenal medullary secretory stimulus glucagon, AD rose while NA, CgA and NPY did not change. After amantadine, an inhibitor of protein endocytosis, both CgA and fibrinogen rose, while NA and NPY remained unaltered. Neither CgA, NPY, nor catecholamines were altered by the catecholamine uptake and catabolism inhibitors desipramine, cortisol, and pargyline.

5 Human sympathetic nerve contained a far higher ratio of NPY to catecholamines than human adrenal medulla, while adrenal medulla contained far more CgA than sympathetic nerve.

6 It is concluded that peptides are differentially co‐stored with catecholamines, with greater abundance of CgA in the adrenal medulla and NPY in sympathetic nerve. Activation of catecholamine release from either the adrenal medulla or sympathetic nerves, therefore, results in quite different changes in plasma concentrations of the catecholamine storage vesicle peptides CgA and NPY. Only profound, intense stimulation of chromaffin cells or sympathetic axons measurably perturbs plasma CgA or NPY concentration; lesser degrees of stimulation perturb plasma catecholamines only. Neither CgA nor NPY are released during non‐exocytotic catecholamine secretion.
Attenuation of adenylate cyclase‐induced increases in renal sodium excretion by the dopamine D‐2 receptor agonist SK&F 89124
Authors: Sakamoto Takashi , Chen Changjian , Lokhandwala Mustafa F.
Published: January 2008

1 Although the existence of D‐2 receptor binding sites in kidney has been identified, their functional significance in terms of influencing renal sodium excretion is not clear. In the present study we have examined the renal effects of a selective D‐2 receptor agonist, SK&F 89124, in anaesthetized rats.

2 Intravenous infusion of SK&F 89124 (0.3, 1 and 3 μg kg−1 min−1 respectively) produced dose‐dependent decreases in mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate and renal blood flow without causing any significant changes in urine output, urinary sodium excretion, renal vascular resistance or glomerular filtration rate. The changes in blood pressure, heart rate and renal blood flow caused by SK&F 89124 were abolished by a selective D‐2 receptor antagonist, domperidone (50 μg kg−1 i.v. bolus; 10 μg kg−1 min−1).

3 Treatment with 3‐isobutyl‐l‐methylxanthine (IBMX, 1 mg kg−1 bolus i.v.) or forskolin (200 μg kg−1 bolus i.v.) produced increases in heart rate, urine output and urinary sodium excretion, but there was no change in mean blood pressure. The natriuretic and diuretic response, but not tachycardiac response to IBMX or forskolin, was attenuated by SK&F 89124 (0.3 μg kg−1 min−1).

4 These results suggest that the selective D‐2 receptor agonist, SK&F 89124, produced a significant decrease in blood pressure and heart rate via prejunctional D‐2 receptor‐mediated inhibition of noradrenaline release from postganglionic sympathetic nerve terminals. Although activation of renal tubular D‐2 receptors had no significant effect on renal excretory function under basal conditions, it is likely that these receptors may exert an opposing effect on cAMP‐mediated increases in renal sodium and water excretion.
Investigations on the Normal Values for the Haemoglobin and Cell Volume in the Small Child.
Authors: DRUCKER PAUL
Published: January 2008

1. On perusing the literature a considerable lack of agreement in the value given for the Hb. in small healthy children is found.

2. The divergencies are partly due to technical errors, and party to physiological errors. National characteristics also seem to play a role.

3. In the author's own investigations a physiological lability of the small child's capillary system is demonstrated. Incision with a sharp instrument, where the mechanical irritation of the capillaries is at a minumum, gives relatively low Hb. values, while incision with a blunter instrument causing greater irritation gives relatively high values. The explanation of this is that a contraction of the vessels takes place, the degree of which is regulated by the strength of the irritamentum, which affects the number of red corpuscles, and this finds an excellent analogy in Krogh's experiments on frogs.

4. From this it follows that, when dealing with small children, a sharp instrument (cataract knife) must be used in all cases where the blood is taken from the ear and that the incision or puncture should preferably to deep, otherwise quite inconsistent results will be obtained.

5. It does not seem to be of any importance which drop of blood is used for the Hb. determination after the incision is made.

6. The examination of 85 healthy children, from a fortnight to 2 years old, showed a rapid fall in the Hb. curve from birth, reaching a minimum about the 2nd. or 3rd. month, irrespective of sex. The curve then remained level for the first year at about 80 % (100 % Hb. = 18,5 volumes % oxygen) and only rose again during the 2nd. year.

7. The cell volume of the blood in healthy small children, except in the first few months of life, is about the same as that of healthy adult women.

8. The relation between the Hb. percentage and the cell volume is denoted by the term Hv. This value signifies the relation between the Hb. of the blood corpuscles and their volume, just as the ordinary index (F. I.) signifies the relation between the Hb. and their number. The small child's physiological chlorosis is demonstrated by means of the Hv. value.

9. An increase in Hv. above the physiological limit can be explained by a drying up of the blood.
Uber Dysenterieagglutinationen bei Kindern.
Authors: WIDOWITZ PAUL
Published: January 2008

Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse.

1. Die Spezifität der Agglutinine für die Flexner, Y Stämme des Dysenteriebazillus erhellt aus dem Verhalten der Agglu‐tinationskurven und aus dem Fehlen von Normalagglutininen bei ruhrfreien Individuen. Die Anwesenheit der « Normal‐Agglutinine » ist immer der Ausdruck einer stattgehabten In‐fektion mit dem homologen Bakterium, weshalb die Normal‐agglutinine besser als Restimmunagglutinine bezeichnet werden mogen.

2. Den Kindern des ersten Lebensjahres kommt bei stattgehabter Infektion auch die Fähigkeit der Agglutininbil‐dung zu. Die Titerhöhe selbst aber erreicht in der Regel nur geringe Hohen.

3. Die Agglutination ist in den ersten Tagen sehr oft unvollständig und zeigt sich in Form einer Sternfigur an Boden des Röhrchens voraus, die bei nich infizierten Individuen fehlt. Diese Andeutung ist bei Erstinfektionen (praktisch genommen im fruhesten Kindesalter) schon in den ersten 3 Krankheitstagen nachzuweisen, spricht für die Spezifität der vorliegenden Erkrankung und ist aus prophylaktischen Gründen ein wert‐volles Frühsymptom.

4. Die Zahl der mit Elexner‐ und Y‐Dysenterie infizierten Individuen ist schon im frühesten Kindesalter verhältnismässig hoch, von den Erwachsenen haben alle eine Infektion hinter sich.

5. Die Co‐ bzw. Para‐Agglutinine sind ebenso wie die Normalagglutinine der Ausdruck einer stattgehabten Infektion mit dem homologen Antigen. Kommt es zur Erkrankung eines Organes, so werden aus immunbiologischen Gründen nur die von jenen Antigenen stammenden Co‐Agglutinine in ihrem Titer erhöht werden, die dieselbe Organaffinität besitzen, mie das krankmachende Antigen.
XXXV.:Some Aspects of the Problem of Spasmophilia.
Authors: WEJDLING KNUT
Published: January 2008

In the pathogenesis of spasmophilia (infantilis), the most important factor is the electrostatic condition of the tissues.

The relation K: Ca: P: activated lipins is influenced by electrochemical laws.

For practical purposes the most reliable information, especially in tetany of the heart, is probably obtained by determining the potassium content of the blood, rather than its calcium content.

The correlation between thyroid and parathyroid glands, as well as the importance of the bone marrow in phosphorus metabolism, should be kept in mind.

The colour of the blood serum may be regarded as an indicator of the amount of active energy which it contains. This energy may either become useful in the formation of phospholipid, or be wasted in excessive oxidation.
Über die Atmung im Kindesalter.
Authors: BRUIN M. DE
Published: January 2008

Bei 51 Kindern im Alter von 1½ bis 10 Jahren wurde die Atmung rnit der KRoaHschen Spirometer gemessen. Weder die Atmungsfrequenz noch die Atmungstiefe zeigten bei einem Kinde an zwei aufeinander folgenden Tagen bedeutende Schwankungen. Ein unzweideutiges Abnehmen der Frequenz mit dern Ansteigen des Alters konnte nicht festgestellt werden. Einige Kinder wiesen stark vom normalen abweichende Werte auf. Dann und wann sieht man bei Kindern grosse Sc hwankungen an verschiedenen Tagen. Merkwürdigerweise gehen dabei öfters erhöhte Frequenz mit vergrösserter Tiefe zusammen. Dies tritt deutlich hervor in den erheblichen Unterschieden in der absoluten Atmungsgrösse.

Ein enger Zusammenhang zwischen gesteigertem Grundumsatz und erhöhter absoluter Atrnungsgrösse wurde nicht beobachtet.
Über die periodische Atmung der Frühgeborenen.
Authors: RÄIHÄ Von C.‐E. , SALMI T.
Published: January 2008

1. Der hohe Hänoglobingehalt des Blutes kann als mitmirkender Faktor an der bei Frühgeborenen konstatierten Periodizität der Atmung und Hyperpnoë beteiligt sein.

2. Die bei Frühgeborenen leicht eintretende Azidose, der bei ihnen anzutreffende niedrige Grundumsatz und die periodische Atmung deuten daraufhin, dass die Oxydationsprozesse in den Zellen der Frühgeborenen unvollständing sind. Dies kann vielleicht auf einem durch die Unentwiekeltheit des Kapillarsystems vernrsachten Sauerstoffmangel beruhen.
Klinische Bakteriologie des Retronasalraumes.
Authors: JUNDELL. Von I.
Published: January 2008

Besenreibung zwei verschiedener Modelle eines Instruments, welches es ermöglicht, Sekretproben für mikroskopische und bkteriologische Untersuchung aus dem Retronasalraum zu entnehmen ohne Verunreinigung der proben durch Nasen, Schlund‐ oder Mundsekret.
Anti‐Catarrhal Vaccination in Homes for Children under School‐Age1
Authors: GYLLENSWÄRD CURT
Published: January 2008

For a period of two years every second newly admitted child to a home for small children in Stockholm – receiving simultaneously about 40–50 children of 1–7 years of age – was inoculated with anti‐catarrh, vaccine from the State Medical Institution in Stockholm, prepared from strains isolated from children's hospitals and other institutions in Stockholm. Three injections were given at one week's interval. The dose was 100–50, 100–50 and 150–75 million microbes respectively. Larger doses often gave non‐desirable reactions. The total number of observation‐days was 21,481. More than half the number of children were under observation in the home for more than 3 months, two‐thirds more than 2 months.

No difference has been found concerning the number of children taken ill, number of recurrences amongst these, intervals between onsets of illness, duration of treatment or frequency of complications whether in the case of temperatures of at least 37°.5 or of at least 38°.
Studies on Erythema Annulare Rheumaticum
Authors: WALLGREN ARVID
Published: January 2008

The erythema annulare rheumaticum described by Lehndorff and Leiner has been observed in 12 per cent, of the children with acute polyarthritis, rheumatic endocarditis and chorea nursed at the Gothenburg Children's Hospital during the last 4 years. The disease occurs more commonly in children with severe rheumatic infections than in those with slight infection. The disease has not yet been observed in children where there is no ground for assuming the presence of rheumatic infection; but on the other hand it does not necessarily presuppose the presence of clinically demonstrable cardiac changes or of any clinical indications of the activity of the rheumatic infection. As a rule, however, the erythema appears in children manifesting clinical signs of cardiac affection during the active phase of the rheumatic disease. Very frequently the exythema appears very early after the onset of the rheumatic infection; in certain exceptional cases it may constitute the first clinical symptom of that infection. The erythema, which generally appears several times in the same child, is to be regarded as an anginoneurosis arising on a rheumatic‐allergic base in certain highly susceptible individuals. The liberating factors are, apart from exacerbations of the rheumatic infection, not infrequently acute infections, certain thermic effects on the skin, while mental strains also play an important role in its occurrence.
Elf Fälle von Struma congenita.
Authors: RÄIHÄ. C. E.
Published: January 2008

Es werden 11 im Laufe eines Jahres in Universitätskinderklinik Helsinki observierte Fälle von Struma congenita vorgelegt, die sämtlich aus Gegenden stammen, wo der Kropf gehäuft auftritt. In allen Fällen besteht anch bei der Mutter des Patienten eine Struma. In der Familienanamnese der Patienten kommt ein Kropf ausserdem bei mehreren anderen Familienmitgliedern vor. In 8 Fällen bestanden Atmungs‐schwierigkeiten bei den Patienten. Grosse Joddosen wirkten bei Behandlung der Struma nicht nachdrücklicher and nicht nachweisbar raseher als der blosse Aufenthalt im Krankenhaus. Die günstige Einwirkung des Klinikaufenthaltes auf die Struma‐congenita‐Patienten dürfte zum Teil auf die in der Klinik aufgestellten Jodtinkturflaschen zurückzuführen sein. Anschliessend wird die Bedeutung hereditärer Faktoren bei der, Entstehung von Struma congenita behandelt. Nach Ansicht des Verfassers muss bei Beurteilung der Stärke der Strumabe‐dingenden Faktoren die in der Familie vorkommende Reaktionsbereitschaft in Betracht gezogen werden.
Fall von congenitaler unilateraler Hypertrophie.
Authors: WALLIN J.
Published: January 2008

Fälle von cong. Hypertrophie sind zwar in der Literatur früher beschrieben worden, da sie aber verhältnismässig selten sind, dürfte der untenstehende Fall näherer Erwähnung wert sein.
épidémic nosocomiale de méiningites lymphocytaires aiguës, forme subclinique. Dans un service réservé aux enfants a ttaints de coqueiuche.1
Authors: HENNINGMAQNUSSON J.
Published: January 2008

Le présent travail décrit une épidémie nosocomiale de mé‐ningites dans un service réservé aux enfants atteints de co‐queluche.

Cette éSpidémie se produisit entre le 9.12.36 et le 21.1.37; elle atteignit 7 enfants dont l'âge variait de onze mois à sept ans.

La maladie offrait un caractère subclinique. Le début en était aigu, mais l'evolution, de courte durée (deux à trois jours). Le tableau clinique présentait la plus grande ressemblance d'un cas à l'autre. Les symptômes consistaient en de la fiévre et des maux de tête.

La fiévre atteignait un maximum d'environ 39° et durait à peu prés deux jours. Les maux de tête (chez les enfants qui étaient suffisamment âgés pour être capables de les signaler) précédaient la fièvre, offraient un caractère relativement léger, n'avaient pas une localisation spéciale et duraient environ une dizaine d'heures, soit une bonne journée.

En aucun cas l'examen clinique ne permit de constater la présence d'un symptôme quelconque du côté du systéme ner‐veux. On n'observa même en aucun cas le plus léger signe de méningite.

Les altérations du liquide cérébrospinal, – augmentation du nombre des cellules et réactions positives de l'albumine, – apparurent de bonne heure et constamment chez tous les patients; d'autre part, elles persisterent longtemps aprés que tout autre symptôme de la maladie avait disparu. Chez un patient (obs. 3) on eut l'occasion de constater que les altérations du liquide cérébrospinal avaient été, selon toute ap‐parence, le symptôme le plus précoce de la maladie.
Experimental studies on conditioned salivary reflexes in children.
Authors: BERNHARD. CARL GUSTAF
Published: January 2008

Experiments with conditioned reflexes were performed on a healthy boy, 9 years old, with the method of Krasnogorski. All conditioned reflexes were based on alimentary unconditioned reflexes, and the saliva from the right parotid gland was measured by a drop recorder. Each conditioned stimulus acted alone during 30 seconds, during which time the conditioned secretion was recorded. A system of conditioned reflexes was set up, consisting of 5 positive and 2 negative conditioned reactions. Positive conditioned reflexes were formed to red light (3 times) metronome signal (100 beats per minute, once) and the sharp sound of a buzzer (once). An other metronome‐signal (150 beats per minute) served as negative stimulus. In addition a conditioned inhibitory effect was formed on the light reaction by skin stimulation on the boy's right ankle. In experiments carried out under identical conditions 4–5 times a week this condition reflex system was used. In all 17 experiments were performed.

The conditioned secretion caused by red light was an average of 13,2 ± 0,4 drops (50 observations), and the figure shows the striking regularity of the conditioned reflex action. The conditioned secretion to the positive metronome signal was 13,4±.0,4 drops (15 observations), and the much stronger sound of the buzzer caused an average of 15 ± 0,5 drops. The probable statistical difference is a proof for the validity of the law of force. The inhibitory reactions showed a similar marked regularity, the average of the secretion being 2 ± 0,2 drops (34 observations).

Furthermore experiments were performed on the same boy in which conditioned reflexes were established on a taste stimulus. 2 cc 0,4 per cent NaCl, which gave no marked unconditioned secretion but positive sensation of salt, was used as conditioned stimulus. After being‐ reinforced 4 times a conditioned reflex to the taste stimulus was established. From the 35 observations in the ensuing experiments the average of the conditioned secretion was calculated to be 13,7 ± 0,3 drops. A negative conditioned reflex was formed on skin stimulation tog‐ether with salt, and later on 2 cc water was used as conditioned inhibitor on the positive salt reaction. The water preceeded the salt solution by 2 seconds, and the inhibitory effect was evident after six applications.
Kongenitale Anomalie in der Valvula Bauhini und im Appendix als Ursache der Peritonitis beim Neugeborenen
Authors: TUOVINEN P. I.
Published: January 2008

Der Verfasser referiert einen Fall, in dem bei einem Neugeborenen eine Stenose der Valvula Bauhini und ein dadurch bedingter entzündlicher Prozess in der Appendixgegend sowie eine Peritonitis angetroffen wurden. Es handelte sich um ein Kind gesunder Eltern, bei dem gleich nach der Geburt ein etwas aufgetriebener Leib konstatiert wurde. Am zweiten Tage fängt das Kind an zu erbrechen, trinkt nicht und hat keinen Stuhl entleert. Im Alter von 2 Tagen wird es ins Krankenhaus gebracht, erhält einen kleinen Einlauf, worauf ein 15 cm langes Mekoniumstück abgeht. Der Zustand wird erst erleichtert, aber am folgenden Tage verschlimmern sich die Ileussymptome wieder. 4 Tage nach der Geburt wird die lEnterostomie ausgeführt und gleichzeitig festgestellt, dass der Dünndarm gebläht ist. Ans dem Fistelschlauch fliesst eine dünne, grünliche Flüssigkeit, zeitweise geht auch auf natürlichem Wege Mekonium ab, aber Pat. erbricht grünliche, schleimige Flüssigkeit. Die Operationswunde blutet zeitweise an den auf die Operation folgenden Tagen. Am 8. Tage nach der Geburt endigt die Krankheit mit dem Tode. Bei der Obduktion findet man eine braun‐grünliche Leber und einen geschlossenen Ductus choledochus. Die Valvula Bauhini ist so eng, dass man eine dünne Knopfsonde nur mit Mühe hindurchschieben kann. Ferner wird konstatiert, dass der Appendix durch eine Mesenteriolumsehne abgeschnurt ist (Abb. 1). Bei der mikroskopischen Untersuchung wurden in der Valvula Bauhini (Abb. 2) vermehrtes Bindegewebe sowie mas‐senhaft Entzündungszellen gefunden. Ähnliche Veranderungen erblickt man in einer an der Basis des Appendix gelegenen, 4 mm tiefen, taschenförmigen Vertiefung (Abb. 3 und 4). Die Ursache für den Symptomenkomplex bildet nach Ansicht des Verfassers die kongenital verengte Ileocoecalklappe, an der eine Retention entstand, die weiterhin zu Okklusion sowie entzündlichen Veränderungen in der Appendixgegend Veranlassnng gab. Die Entzündung führte dann zu Peritonitis, die somit eine kongenitale Grundlage hatte, obwohl keine Perforation nachzuweisen war.
Investigations on serum‐iron in children. Preliminary report
Authors: VAHLQUIST BO
Published: January 2008

After a short review of the literature on the subject a report is given of the results obtained in a systematic investigation of the serum‐iron level under different physiological and pathological conditions, chiefly anaemias. Alimentary anaemia is characterized as sideropenic. The occurrence of juvenile anaemia with the typical clinical picture of essential hypochromic anaemia in adults is described. The preliminary results of serum‐iron determinations in other different conditions are given.
Bleivergiftung bei Individuen im Wachstumsalter. Klinische und experimentelle Untersuchungen.1
Authors: VAHLQUIST Von BO , SÄLDE HENRY
Published: January 2008

a) dass die ganz jungen Tiere den starken Bleidosen rascher erlagen als die ausgewacbsenen,

b) dass eine Bleivergiftung der Mutter auf dem Wege über die Milch Vergiftungssymptome bei den Jungen hervorrufen konnte,

c) dass eine Bleisalbenbehandlung der Zitzen des Muttertieres zu Vergiftungssymptomen bei den Jungen führen konnte.

 Im klinischen Teil wird über das Krankheitsbild der Bleivergiftung bei Kindern berichtet und zwar im Anschluss an einen Fall—einen 2 Monate alten Knaben, der durch Behandlung der Rhagaden an der Brustwarze der Mutter mit Bleiessigsalbe vergiftet worden war. Die Verschiedenartigkeit des Symptombildes der Bleivergiftnng bei Kindern und Erwachsenen wird hervorgehoben. Die 5 Kardinalsymptome bei Kindern: Erbrechen, Krämpfe, Blutveränderungen, Porphyrinurie und “Bleilinien” im Knocbengerüst, werden eingehend behandelt.

 Im experimentellen Teil wird über Bleivergifftungsversucbe an Kanincben berichtet. Diese zeigten,

 Die klinischen und experimentellen Beobachtungen berechtigen zu dem Schlußsatz, dass bleihaltige Salben bzw. Warzenschutz aus Blei auf Grund des Vergiftungsrixikos für die Kinder nicht mehr für stillenäe Mütter angewandt werden soilten. Sie können durch bleifreie Salben bzw. Aluminiumschutz ersetzt werden.
The incidence of rickets and tetany as a function of the variation of sunlight.
Authors: HORSTMANN PAUL , PETERSEN HELGE
Published: January 2008

While the direct effect of sunlight has its maximum in June and its minimum in December, a possible accumulated effect of sunlight will reach maximum in September and minimum in March (on the northern hemisphere), provided the disintegration of the accumulated substance proceeds with the same intensity throughout the whole year.

A survey of the date of hospitalization of 1259 patients with rickets and 478 with tetany showed that these vitamin‐D‐deficiency‐diseases had their maximum incidence around March and minimum around September. A complete reciprocal interdependence is shown by the case incidence curves and the curve showing the accumulated effect of sunlight. It is considered probable, that the seasonal variations of the vitamin D contents in the infantile organism approximately follow the latter curve.

Finally it should be underlined, that a seasonal disease may well be dependent on sunlight, even when its maximum is found around one of the equinoxes.
A Study of the Onset and Prognosis of Nephritis in Children
Authors: FRISK ÅKE , KLACKENBERG G.
Published: January 2008

The investigation comprised a study of 239 cases of nephritis, of which 96 % of those still aliye 10 to 20 years after the first hospital treatment, were followed up. In addition to the ordinary tests, quantitative sediment counts by ADDIS method were made. 90 % of the acute cases of nephritis, most of whom had had a hemorrhagic onset, had recovered, slightly more than

5 % had permanent renal damage, and somewhat less then 5 % were border‐line cases, where further investigation would have been necessary for definite classification.

The form of the onset seems to be of the utmost importance for prognosis. An unnoticed insidious onset was combined with bad prognosis. This form of the disease, termed «primary chro‐nic«, led relatively quickly, in all cases within five years, to death. This type of onset is not common, only 11 cases in the total material. The «secondary chronic», on the other hand, influenced the general state of health surprisingly little over a long period (10–20 years). Acute convulsive uremia and the extent of the initial albumin did not influence the prognosis, neither did tonsillectomy.

(We should like to take the opportunity to thank chief doctors Med. Dr. FAXIÉN and ÅKRRÉN, Gothenburg, whose valuable help rendered possible the technical side of the investigation, and to express our gratitude to colleagues throughout Sweden for their kindness in answering our questionaires.)
Examinations on the Duration of the Period of Lactation and its Dependence on the Age of the Mother and other Factors
Authors: HERLITZ GILLIS
Published: January 2008

In order to ascertain the significance of the civil status and age of mother as well as the sex, birth number and birth weight of the child, for her lactation ability the author has made examinations on a material of 4 084 infants at the Stockholm Child Welfare Centres as to what degree the duration of the period of lactation varies with the factors mentioned. Consideration has herewith been taken, on the one hand to the period during which the mother has given the breast only (b) and on the other hand to the period during which she has given the breast at all (b + m). The results are as follows.

As was to be expected, the unmarried mothers has, in spite of supervision, a shorter b and b + m than the married mothers, which must in the first place be ascribed to the circumstance that the unmarried mothers to a greater extent, have employment away from home.

The sex of the child could not be proved to have any noteworthy influence either on b or b + m. The same applies to birth weight although in this case the weight class under 2 500 gr probably occupies an exceptional position.

It has formerly been pointed out in literature that the older mothers give their children the breast for a longer period than the younger mothers. A closer analysis of the causes appears not to have been undertaken. The reason for this must partly be that the older mothers are to a greater extent pluripara; as unipara have a shorter b and b + m than pluripara independent of the age of the mother and the weight of the child at birth. But this is not the only cause, as the difference also appears in unipara at least as regards b + m. When it is a question of b only there rules however the reverse condition, here the younger mothers have a longer suckling time throughout. Therefore another cause of the longer total lactation period (b + m) in the older mothers might be sought in the circumstance that the older mothers compensate for their inferior ability to give the breast only by protracting the period of mixed feeding. The view finds support in the correlation calculations made with reference to b and m within the material. The differences in these respects, between the older and the younger mothers in the material are small all round, and smaller than was to be expected by reason of the information given in literature; this surely stands in connection with the fact that the feeding within the material here described is controlled.

Since the mortality among the infants of Stockholm that are not controlled at the Child Welfare Centres appears to be at least twice as great as the mortality among the children of corresponding age that are controlled at the Child Welfare Centres evidence is given of the importance of tracing and supervising the uncontrolled children.
Rheumatoid Arthritis in Children. A clinical study.
Authors: EOSTRÖM GUNNAR
Published: January 2008

Rheumatoid arthritis occurs not infrequently in childhood. Girls are afflicted more often than boys. The form known as Still's disease seems to be less common in Sweden.

The onset of the disease in children differs from that in adults in that the larger joints are more often attacked. The joints of the lower extremities are usually affected, especially the knee joints. The process frequently begins as a monarthritis. In preliminary stage it is often wrongly diagnosed as tubercular arthritis.

Besides the arthritical symptoms it begins insidiously with subfebrile temperature, moderate increase in the SB, moderate hypochromic anaemia and signs for myocardial injury. X‐ray manifestations of heart‐dilatation generally becomes evident first in later stages. Sometimes peritendinitis and subcutaneous nodules. Processes in the eyes occur. Eosinophilia is common.

The tendency to flexion contractures is often marked. The movement treatment of the joints is an important part of the therapy in avoiding defects. Internal anti‐infectious therapy is also important because of the often pronounced infectious character of the disease (gold‐salts or sulfonamides‐preparations). For decreasing the hyperergic reaction of the tissues salicylic acid or amidopyrine is given.

The prognosis appears to be relatively good – except of the cases of Still's disease. The duration of the disease is on an average from 2 to 3 years for those patients who are cured. Protracted care on hospital is necessary, preferably on arthritic clinics.
Chronic, Non‐familial Hemolytic Anemia in Infants.
Authors: NJÅ ARNE
Published: January 2008

Two cases of severe, hemolytic anemia in infants are recorded. The blood findings and the course of the disease differed in several aspects from that of familial, hemolytic icterus. No similar cases were found in the family. Based on these cases and on others reported on in the literature it is suggested that this is a separate disease which must be distinguished from the familial, hemolytic icterus.
Considérations clinico‐psychologiques et thérapeutiques à propos d'un cas d'hémophilie infantile
Authors: SCHACHTER M.
Published: January 2008

A case of hemophilia in a 6–year old boy — typical hemophilia of the familial type. This child came to us in poor condition, with total motor incapacity in the right leg and relative motor incapacity in the left leg (knees swelled by hemophilic arthritis). From the therapeutic point of view, massage and the oral administration of synthetic hormones (Stilboestrol) brought about a rapid improvement; the child began to walk well; after systematic massage of the limbs blood coagulation time was distinctly improved, for the resorption of the hematomas became more rapid, falling from 15–20 days to 5–8 days. — From the psychological point of view, examination by the Rorschach test showed us that the child behaved as though he had no conscience experience (Krankheits‐Erlebniss) of the malady from which he suffered.
A Simple Micro‐Method for Studying the Retraction of the Blood Clot
Authors: LEVANDER‐LINDGREN MAJ
Published: January 2008

1. A new simple micromethod for studying the clot retraction is described in which the coagulum is allowed to form around a horse‐hair that is withdrawn with the adherent clot, after which the residual expressed serum is measured and the retraction evaluated.

2. 222 double determinations performed on patients with normal blood gave an average difference of 2.3 per cent with a deviation range of ± 3.2 per cent which with an average value 52.6 for the retraction gives a variation coefficient of ± 6.0 per cent for the method.

3. A comparison between the 2–hour and the 24–hour values showed that the latter are on an average somewhat higher, but the difference was not significant.

4. Time studies of the retraction of capillary and vcnous blood showed that retraction in normal cases is complete after 120 but not after 90 minutes.

5. In four cases of thrombocytopenia the method showed reduced retraction after two hours and as a rule also after 24 hours. The values were more irregular than in the normal series.
Hypoprothrombinemia in Penicillin Treatment of Acute Infections in Infants
Authors: AXTRUP STEM
Published: January 2008

3 infants aged 1–5 months reacted to penicillin treatment with hypoprothrombinemia, 2 of them with hemorrhages. In 1 case the bleeding complication was so serious that it probably helped to cause death.
Sella turcica in obesity in children
Authors: MOSSBERG HANS‐OLOF
Published: January 2008

In the present paper the literature of the X‐ray picture of the sella turcica is surveyed with special reference to the method of determining its size. The normal size of the sella in children is shown in an own normal case‐material where the normal limits are statistically calculated. The correlation between the size of the hypophysis and the sella turcica is illustrated. After a short review of the literature concerning the sella in obese children and a classification of the obesity, there follows a description of the relation of the sella turcica to the different types of obesity. Cases of exogenous obesity appearing during the first years of life, and cases of obesity following various diseases, generally show small values of the sella turcica. A theory of the pituitary connection is advanced.
Experiences from operated cases of patent ductus arteriosus
Authors: MANNHEIMER EDGAR
Published: January 2008

It is nowadays possible to make a diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus by means of the continuous murmur and itspunctum maximum over the pulmonary orifice this symptom being registrable in the phonocardiogram. It may, for various reasons be regarded as an established fact that these cases have a varying degree of latent insufficiency. This, together with certain social indications, has lead to proposed surgery in all cases of isolated patent ductus arteriosus. In Sweden, CRAFOORD has up till now operated on about seventy‐five cases. The following results are obtained from an after‐examination of thirty‐three of the forty cases included in the material from The Crown‐princess Lovisa's Children's Hospital. The surgical mortality rate equals one death. No recidivism occurred. All the objective and subjective symptoms of cardiac decompensation, consisting of slight cyanosis, dyspnoea, fatigue, etc., disappeared after operation. The patients' development is normal physically as well as mentally. No difference is ascertainable between them and their comrades with normal hearts. One case of septic endocarditis, with an observation period of only three months after operation, has, as far as is possible to judge, regained complete health.

The Röntgen radiograms disclosed a considerable decrease in the heart Volume after the intervention.

As a rule, the result of the hypoxia tolerance test, with 9 per cent of oxygen for 10 minutes, was positive before and negative after the operation. This indicates a normalization of the cardiac function.
Intravenous glucose tests in cases of mongoloidism
Authors: WICKSTROM J.
Published: January 2008

Intravenous glucose tests with mongoloid idiots speak in favour of the opinion that carbohydrate metabolism in these (and probably also in the prematures) is being regulated in a different way than in normal individuals.
Streptomycin in Miliary Tuberculosis and Tuberculous Meningitis
Authors: LICHTENSTEIN A.
Published: January 2008

Hematogenic tuberculosis can be healed by streptomycin. The author stresses the fact that up to now only about 10–15 % of the cases have been cured, that a number of factors concerning streptomycin still are obscure, that streptomycin is toxic and that its effect is mainly bacteriostatic.

La tuberculose hématogéne peut êre guérie par la streptomycine. L'auteur insiste sur le fait que jusqu'ici seulement 10* 15 % des cas ont été guéris, que nombres de facteurs concernant la streptomycine sont encore obscurs, que la streptomycine est toxique et que son effet est surtout bactérioststique.

Haematogene Tuberkulose kann durch Streptomycin geheilt werden. Der Autor betont die Tatsache, dass bis jetzt ungefähr 10–15 % der Fälle geheilt wurden, dass in Bezug auf da.s Streptomycin eine Reihe Faktoren noch dunkel sind, dass Streptomycin toxisch und sein Effekt hauptsächlich bakteriostatisch ist.

Sumario

La tuberculosis hematógena se puede curar mediante estreptomicina. El autor hace recalcar que entre el diez y el quince por ciento de los casos se han curado, que no se conocen bien todavía un gran núimero de factores relacionados con la estreptomicina, que la estreptomicina es tóxica y que sus efectos son principalmente bacteriostáticos.
The Significance of Chvostek's Symptom in Infants under Two Years of Age
Authors: MÖLLER KJELL L. , SÖDERLING BERTIL
Published: January 2008

The positive facial phenomenon or Chvostek's symptom is not infrequently demonstrable in infants and children under 2 years of age without any co‐existent symptoms suggestive of infantile tetany. The phenomenon may be elicited in unchanged form for many years. It thus seems as if its presence in the spasmophilic age may be of the same innocent nature as it is in older children. Neither does it seem to be pathognomonic of neuropathy.

II n'est pas rare que ľon puisse constater le signe facial, ou symptôme Chvostek, chez des nourrissons ou des enfants au‐dessous de 2 ans, sans la coexistence de symptômes causés par la tétanie infantile. Le signe peut subsister de nombreuses années sous sa forme primitive, inchingée. II semble done que sa présence àľàge de la spasmophilic puisse être de la même nature anodine que chez les enfants plus àgés. II ne semble pas non plus ètre pathognomonique de la neuropathic

Das positive Facialisphänomen oder Ohvosteks Symptom kann relativ oft bei Säuglingen und Kindern unter 2 Jahren nachgewiesen werden ohne dass gleiehzeitig Symptome infantiler Tetanie vorhanden sind. Das Phänomen kann in unveränderter Form jahrelang bestehen bleiben. Es sclieint also das Vorhan‐densein desselben im Spasmophilic—Alter derselben harmlosen Natur zu sein wie bei älteren Kindern. Auch scheint es nicht pathognomonisch zu sein für eine Neuropathic.

El fenómeno positivo, facial, del síntoma de Chvostek se puede muchas veces observar en criaturas y niños de menos de 2 años de edad, sin ningún otro síntoma coexistente, sugestivo de tetania infantil. El fenómeno so puede edueir en forma inalte‐rada durante muchos años. Parece, por consiguiente, que su presencia durante la edad espasmofílica es de la misma naturaleza inofensiva que en niños de mayor edad. Tampoco parece ser patognomónico de neuropatia.
Foreign Bodies in the Esophagus with Symptoms Exclusively from the Air Passages
Authors: FABRITIUS H. FR.
Published: January 2008

The author reports on the cases of 2 children in whom large foreign bodies remained undetected in the esophagus for 2 1/2 and 3 months, respectively, despite repeated examinations. He points out that neither of the patients had noticeable difficulties in swallowing but that they presented almost exclusively symptoms from the respiratory tract. The symptoms were very confusing and thus involved diagnostic difficulties. The author discusses the two cases and among other things emphasizes the necessity of roentgenographic studies with contrast medium even for small children.

L'auteur rapporte les cas de 2 enfants chez lesquels de gros corps étrangers sont restés inaperçus dans ľoesophages durant respectivement 2 1/2 et 3 mois malgré des examens réitérés. Aucun des patients n'avait de notables difficultés de déglutition mais ils présentaient presque exclusivement des symptømes des voies respiratoires. Les symptômes étaient très déconcertants, ils causaient des difficultés de diagnostic. ľauteur discute les 2 cas et indique, entre autres, la nécessité de radiographies avec »contrast medium » même chex les petits enfants.

Verfasser berichtet über 2 Fälle, wo grosse Fremdkörper im Oesophagus durch 2 1/2 bzw. 3 Monate trotz wiederholter Unter‐suchungen nicht entdeckt wurden. Keiner der Patienten hatte bemerkenswerte Schluckbescliwerden sondern fast ausschliesslich Symptome von Seiten des Bespirationstraktes. Die Symptome waren so verwirrt, dass sie zu diagnostischen Schwierigkeiten führten. Der Autor weist nachdrücklicli auf die Notwendigkeit von Röntgenuntersuchungen mit Kontrastmittel auch bei Klein‐kindern hin.

El autor informa sobre 2 niños en los que los grandes cuerpos extraños quedaron sin descubrir en el esófago durante un tiempo de 21/2 meses a 3, respectivamente, a pesar de repetidos exámenes. Ninguno de los enfermos tenía dificultades de tragar, sino que tenían casi exclusivamente dificultades perceptibles en el conducto respiratorio. Los síntomas eran muy confusos y ocasionaban por esta razón dificultades al diagnosticar. El autor discute los dos casos y entre otras cosas recalca la necesidad de efectuar estudios roentgenográficos como medio de contraste también en los niños pequeños.
Fat Absorption Studies in Children. I Influence of Heat Treatment on Milk on Fat Retention by Premature Infants
Authors: SÖDERHJELM LARS
Published: January 2008

A total of 98 fat balance studies varying from 3 to 7 days duration was made on 32 premature infants weighing at the beginning of the studies from 960 to 2 220 g. The fat content of diet varied from 2.6 to 7.8 g/kg/day and was supplied from breast milk, raw, frozen or heated at various temperatures for different intervals of time or from cow's milk, pasteurized, or subjected to heating at various temperatures for different periods. It is concluded that prematures retain breast milk fat to a remarkably high degree even though the breast milk has been frozen or subjected to various heat treatments. Premature infants do not retain fat from cow's milk as efficiently as they do human milk fat. The nature of the heat treatment of cow's milk did not influence the degree of retention.
Effect of Potassium Therapy in Severe Infantile Gastroenteritis
Authors: HALLMAN NIILO
Published: January 2008

A study is made of 70 cases of severe infantile gastroenteritis; half of the patients were treated by subcutaneous administration of solutions containing potassium during the first few days of treatment, and the rest were given solutions free from potassium for a corresponding length of time. Therapy was similar in all other respects.

Both groups are similar in regard to age, picture of the disease, duration prior to admission and alkali reserve at the begining of treatment.

Of the 35 infants treated without potassium 15 died, compared with 7 in group treated with potassium. One of the former group had bronoho‐pneumonia discovered at autopsy. In the latter group one also had bronchopneumonia, one purulent meningitis, and another thrombosis of the sagittal sinus. If these cases, whose prognosis was obviously unaffected by the fluid therapy are excluded, the mortality rate of those treated without potassium was 41 per cent and for those treated with potassium 13 per cent. The recoveries belonging to the latter group showed on an average a more rapid gain in weight than patients treated without potassium.

The advantage of potassium therapy is evidenced by the result.
Lntravascular Red Cell Aggregation in Erythroblastosis Foetalis
Authors: ZlLLlACUS H. , ARAJÄRVI T.
Published: January 2008

The blood stream in the small conjunctival vessels was observed in twelve cases of erythroblastosis foetalis with the aid of a stereoscopic‐microscope immediately after birth. Intravascular red cell aggregation was observed in all the immunized infants. No aggregation was observed in healthy newborn infants. The correlation between the blood values in the child and the degree of aggregation was such that, when the aggregation was pronounced the red cell and hemoglobin values were low. After a blood exchange, or in connection with a spontaneous improvement in the state of health, the red cell aggregation decreased proportionally as the blood values improved.

The diagnostic and clinical significance of these observations is discussed.