bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meditations- und Achtsamkeitsinterventionen zur Förderung
psychischer Ressourcen in der supportiven onkologischen
Behandlung
Authors: Michaelsen Maren M. , Esch Tobias
Published: June 2021

Menschen, die von einer Krebserkrankung betroffen sind, leiden neben
körperlichen Beschwerden häufig an psychischen Symptomen wie
Angst, Depression und Stress. Psychoonkologische Interventionen zur
Unterstützung des Selbstmanagements, Stärkung der
Selbstwirksamkeit und Förderung weiterer psychischer Ressourcen sind auf
Seiten der Betroffenen von immer größerer Bedeutung. Die
derzeitige Evidenz unterstützt die Annahme, dass Meditations- und
Achtsamkeitsinterventionen, als ein Element in der Mind-Body-Medizin, wirksam in
der supportiven Onkologie eingesetzt werden können. Neben
persönlich vermittelten Interventionen erscheinen auch
Online-Interventionen (eHealth) in diesem Zusammenhang vielversprechend.
Duodenale Lymphangiosis carcinomatosa: ein seltener endoskopischer Befund
Authors: List Johanna
Published: June 2021

Wir berichten von einem 67-jährigen Mann mit einem seltenen endoskopischen Befund im Zwölffingerdarm. Im Rahmen der gastroskopischen Untersuchung zeigten sich Lymphangiektasien in der Duodenalschleimhaut. Die Histologie dieser Läsionen entsprach überraschenderweise einer Lymphangiosis carcinomatosa des Duodenums, die bisher nur in wenigen Fällen beschrieben wurde. Aufgrund der schlechten Prognose ist eine zügige Diagnosestellung sehr wichtig. Der Fall soll daher den Blick des Endoskopikers für diese seltene Diagnose schärfen.
Das Konzept der Integrativen Onkologie am Beispiel einer
Kasuistik
Authors: Holzhauer Peter
Published: June 2021

In diesem Beitrag wird das Konzept der Integrativen Onkologie anhand einer
Falldarstellung eines Patienten, der initial an einem oligometastasierten Kolonkarzinom
erkrankt ist, aus dem Blickwinkel der Praxis dargestellt. Der Begriff Integrative
Onkologie hat sich in den letzten Jahren auch im deutschsprachigen Raum durchgesetzt und
verhindert damit frühere Unschärfen bei der Problematik der Abgrenzung
zu Verfahren der Alternativmedizin. Geeignete Behandlungsverfahren aus den Bereichen der
Komplementärmedizin, Naturheilverfahren, der Mind-Body-Verfahren sowie
zahlreiche Aspekte der Lebensstilführung, der PatientenInnen-Information und
-Autonomie werden in einer salutogenetischen Sichtweise patientenzentriert eingesetzt.
Diese Maßnahmen werden dabei in die konventionelle onkologische Therapie
integriert [2–4]. Dadurch können unerwünschte Wechselwirkungen
und Überschneidungen minimiert werden.
Conventional ultrasound for diagnosis of hepatic steatosis is better than believed
Authors: Dietrich Christoph F. , Shi Long , Löwe Axel , Dong Yi , Potthoff Andrej , Sparchez Zeno , Teufel Andreas , Guth Sabine , Koch Jonas , Barr Richard G , Cui Xin-Wu
Published: June 2021

Background Hepatic steatosis is a condition frequently encountered in clinical practice, with potential progression towards fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Detection and staging of hepatic steatosis are of most importance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a disease with a high prevalence of more than 1 billion individuals affected. Ultrasound (US) is one of the most used noninvasive imaging techniques used in the diagnosis of hepatic steatosis. Detection of hepatic steatosis with US relies on several conventional US parameters, which will be described. US is the first-choice imaging in adults at risk for hepatic steatosis. The use of some scoring systems may add additional accuracy especially in assessing the severity of hepatic steatosis.

Summary In the presented paper, we discuss screening and risk stratification, ultrasound features for diagnosing hepatic steatosis, B-mode criteria, focal fatty patterns and Doppler features of the hepatic vessels, and the value of the different US signs for the diagnosis of liver steatosis including classifying the severity of steatosis using different US scores. Limitations of conventional B-mode and Doppler features in the evaluation of hepatic steatosis are also discussed, including those in grading and assessing the complications of steatosis, namely fibrosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

Key Messages Ultrasound is the first-line imaging examination for the screening and follow-up of patients with liver steatosis. The use of some scoring systems may add additional accuracy in assessing the severity of steatosis. Conventional B-mode and Doppler ultrasound have limitations in grading and assessing the complications of steatosis.
Assembling Complex Structures through Cascade and Cycloaddition Processes via Non-Acceptor Gold or Rhodium Carbenes
Authors: Echavarren Antonio M. , Armengol-Relats Helena , Mato Mauro , Escofet Imma
Published: June 2021

The ability of highly energetic metal–carbene intermediates to engage in complex cascade or formal cycloaddition processes is one of the most powerful tools for building intricate molecular architectures in a straightforward manner. Among this type of organometallic intermediates, non-acceptor metal carbenes are particularly challenging to access and, therefore, have experienced slower development. In this regard, our group has exploited the use of electrophilic gold(I) complexes to selectively activate certain classes of substrates for the generation of this type of intermediate. Thus, very different types of molecules, such as enynes or 7-substituted cycloheptatrienes, lead to the formation of carbenes under gold(I) catalysis. Related rhodium(II) carbenes can also be generated from cycloheptatrienes. In this account, we aim to summarize our efforts towards the in situ generation of such highly versatile organometallic species as well as studies on their reactivity through formal cycloadditions or complex cascade reactions.

1 Introduction

2 Generation of Au(I)-Vinylcarbenes via a Cycloisomerization/1,5-Alkoxy Migration Cascade

2.1 Intramolecular Trapping of Au(I) Vinylcarbenes

2.1.1 Applications in Total Synthesis

2.2 Intermolecular Trapping of Au(I) Vinylcarbenes

2.2.1 Total Synthesis of Schisanwilsonene A

2.2.2 Trapping with Furans, 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds and Cyclic Alkenes

2.2.3 Mechanism of the Cycloisomerization/1,5-Migration Sequence and the Role of the OR Migrating Group

2.2.4 (4+3) Cycloadditions from Enynes

3 Formal Cycloadditions of Simple Donor Metal Carbenes

3.1 The Metal-Catalyzed Retro-Buchner Reaction

3.2 Formal Cycloadditions with Non-Acceptor Carbenes via Metal-Catalyzed Aromative Decarbenations

3.2.1 (4+1) Cycloadditions of Au(I) Carbenes

3.2.2 (3+2) Cycloadditions of Au(I) Carbenes

3.2.3 (4+3) Cycloadditions of Rh(II) Carbenes

4 Concluding Remarks
Decarboxylative, Diastereoselective and exo-Selective 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition for Diversity-Oriented Construction of Structural Spiro[Butyrolactone–Pyrrolidine–Chromanone] Hybrids
Authors: Liu Xiong-Li , Guo Dong-Gui , Li Zheng , Han Xiao-Xue , Zhang Lei , Zhang Min
Published: June 2021

Inspired by the chemistry and biology of butyrolactones, pyrrolidines, and chromanones, we successfully developed a simple domino 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of homoserine-lactone-derived azomethine ylides for the construction of biologically important spiro[butyrolactone–pyrrolidine–chromanone] hybrids in the presence of Et3N as a catalyst under mild conditions. The reaction is based on the application of carboxylic-acid-activated chromones as dienophiles, followed by a decarboxylation process. This reaction displayed good substrate tolerance and gave the desired products in moderate to good yields with high diastereoselectivities (up to 85% yield and >20:1 diastereomeric ratio) via an exo-transition state. This is the first example of an introduction of a chromanone moiety into a spiro[butyrolactone-pyrrolidine] framework, which might be valuable in medicinal chemistry.
Rhodium-Catalyzed Direct Allylation of Simple Arenes by Using Gem-Difluorinated Cyclopropanes as Allyl Surrogates
Authors: Xia Ying , Jiang Zhong-Tao , Zeng Yaxin
Published: June 2021

Gem-difluorinated cyclopropanes have become an important type of allyl surrogate in transition-metal-catalyzed ring-opening processes, as demonstrated recently through various important advances, especially with palladium catalysis. The versatile fluorinated allyl species generated in this way from gem-difluorinated cyclopropanes exhibit unique advantages compared with conventional allyl sources. By using gem-difluorinated cyclopropanes as allyl surrogates, we achieved a direct allylation of simple arenes through rhodium catalysis under mild conditions. This transformation permits directing-group-free allylation of simple arenes, including electron-neutral, electron-rich, and electron-deficient ones. Here, we give a brief introduction to this area and we discuss our thoughts regarding our recent work and its design.

1 Introduction

2 Our Design

3 Condition Optimization and Substrate Scope

4 Applications in Synthesis

5 Mechanistic Discussions

6 Conclusion and Outlook
Synthesis of Pentasaccharide Repeating Unit Corresponding to the Cell Wall O-Polysaccharide of Salmonella enterica O55 Strain Containing a Rare Sugar 3-Acetamido-3-deoxy-d-fucose
Authors: Misra Anup Kumar , Gucchait Arin , Kundu Monalisa
Published: June 2021

A pentasaccharide repeating unit corresponding to the cell wall O-antigen of Salmonella enterica O55 containing a rare sugar, 3-acetamido-3-deoxy-d-fucose has been synthesized as its p-methoxyphenyl glycoside using a sequential stereoselective glycosylation strategy. A suitably functionalized 3-azido-3-deoxy-d-fucose thioglycoside derivative was prepared in very good yield and used in the stereoselective glycosylation reaction. Functionalized monosaccharide intermediates were prepared judiciously and stereoselectively assembled to get the desired pentasaccharide derivative in excellent yield.
Interventions for the Management of Post–Sleeve GERD
Authors: Jain-Spangler Kunoor , Chumakova-Orin Maryna
Published: June 2021

Over the last decade, sleeve gastrectomy (SG) has steadily gained popularity and has now become the most commonly performed bariatric procedure in the United States. It is technically less complex than Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) or biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch and has relatively good weight loss results in addition to comorbidity resolution. The long-term complication profile is appealing to patients and surgeons alike, save one issue, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD is frequently seen in bariatric surgery patients; thus, proper patient selection for SG is paramount. However, SG effects on GERD remain controversial in the literature. Thus, patients are intensively cautioned of the possibility of de novo GERD or worsening of already existing GERD following SG. Therefore, it is imperative that the discussion also occurs regarding potential treatment options if GERD does occur. GERD management following SG consists of a multitude of options. While lifestyle modifications and proton pump inhibitors remain the initial treatment of choice, some will have persistent symptoms needing additional interventions, which may range from a variety of endoscopic techniques (lower esophageal sphincter [LES], radiofrequency ablation, magnetic LES augmentation, and antireflux mucosectomy) to ReSleeve and ultimately conversion to RYGB.
Point-of-Care Ultrasound Measurement of Diaphragm Thickening Fraction as a Predictor of Successful Extubation in Critically Ill Children
Authors: Subhash Swathy , Kumar Vasanth
Published: June 2021

Ventilation-induced diaphragm dysfunction can delay weaning from mechanical ventilation. Identifying the optimal time for extubation has always been a challenge for intensivists. Diaphragm ultrasound is gaining immense popularity as a surrogate to measure diaphragm function. We attempted to assess the utility of diaphragm function in predicting extubation success using point-of-care ultrasound examination. We conducted a prospective observational study in a single-center tertiary care pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). All children aged between 1 month and 16 years admitted to the PICU and who underwent invasive mechanical ventilation for more than 24 hours were included in the study. Children who died during mechanical ventilation and those with conditions affecting diaphragm function like neuromuscular disorders, pneumothorax, chronic respiratory diseases, and intraabdominal hypertension were excluded from the study. Diaphragm thickening fraction (DTf) was measured during spontaneous breathing trial and correlated to predict extubation success. We found that DTf is an independent predictor of extubation success. DTf more than or equal to 20% was associated with extubation success with a positive predictive value of 85%. The area under the curve for DTf showed good accuracy.
Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of (3-Hydroxyacrylato-O,O′) Diammineplatinum(II)
Authors: Shu Yong-Zhi , Lin Jun , Zhu Bao-Quan , Liu Quan-Hai , Zhou Bin , Hu Hai-Feng , Ju Dian-Wen
Published: June 2021

As an indispensable part of cancer chemotherapy, platinum drugs still play an important role in cancer treatment. In this study, two platinum(II) complexes with Michael acceptor 3-hydroxyacrylic acid as the leaving group were synthesized from cis-diamminediiodo platinum(II) and 3-ethoxyacrylic acid. The structures of complexes 1 and 2 were confirmed by elemental analysis, infrared, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS (high-resolution mass spectrometry). Results from MTT assay showed that complexes 1 and 2 significantly inhibited the growth of the four human tumor cell lines (HCT-116, A549, CFPAC-1, and BxPC-3) with the IC50 values of the two compounds similar to that of the control drug (oxaliplatin) on HCT-116 and A549. Besides, results from an in vivo study in a mouse S180 sarcoma model showed that complex 1 had a higher antitumor activity in comparison to oxaliplatin. In conclusion, our article indicated that complex 1 deserved further research and development in cancer treatment.
5.2.24.10 Arylstannanes (Update 2021)
Authors: Vrána J. , Růžička A.
Published: June 2021

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing methods for the synthesis and uses of arylstannanes. The focus is on the literature published in the period 2001–2020. Novel synthetic methods for the formation of the target compounds are reviewed, including reactions of aryl anions with aryltin halides, reactions of diazonium salts or aryl azo sulfones with distannanes, and various catalyzed processes. The use of arylstannanes as substrates in organic chemistry and radiochemistry is also discussed; these compounds can undergo coupling reactions, destannylations, metal–tin exchange reactions, electrophilic substitutions, and oxidative addition processes.
6.1.43 Product Subclass 43: Azaborines (Borazines)
Authors: Davies G. H. M. , Wisniewski S. R.
Published: June 2021

Azaborines (or borazines) represent an interesting class of heterocycles incorporating a boron–nitrogen structural motif within an aromatic ring system. This creates a system that is isosteric to traditional all-carbon ring systems, as the lone pair on nitrogen can donate into the empty orbital at boron to afford aromatic properties. Reviewed herein are synthetic strategies to access mono- and bicyclic azaborine cores, along with subsequent functionalization strategies, some of which are uniquely applicable due to the inherent dipole imparted on these ring systems.
6.1.29.16 α-Boryl Carbonyl Compounds (Update 2021)
Authors: Trofimova A. , Sirvinskas M. , Yudin A. K.
Published: June 2021

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing methods for the synthesis and applications of α-boryl carbonyl compounds. It focuses on recent advances in the field in the period 2008–2020 and discusses borylated aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and carboxylic esters and amides.
14.6.5 Thiopyrylium Salts (Update 2021)
Authors: Wang M. , Jiang X.
Published: June 2021

This is an update to the original Science of Synthesis chapter from 2003 (Section 14.6) on thiopyrylium salts. This update covers articles from the literature that were published between 2003 and 2020. Several methods for the synthesis of thiopyrylium salts that were covered in the previous chapter are also included in this update, because some new applications of thiopyrylium salts were explored in those works.
Hydrogen-bond network distortion of water in the soft confinement of Nafion membrane
Authors: Plazanet M. , Morfin I. , Honkimäki V. , Buslaps T. , Petrillo C. , Sacchetti F.
Published: June 2021

A Compton spectroscopy investigation is carried out in hydrated Nafion membranes, enabling identification of distortions in the hydrogen-bond distribution of the polymer hydrating water by means of the subtle changes reflected by the Compton profiles. Indeed, deformations of the Compton profiles are observed when varying hydration, and two different bonding kinds are associated with the water molecules: at low hydration, water surrounds the sulfonic groups, while on increasing hydration, water molecules occupy the interstitial cavities formed upon swelling of the membrane. The analysis is proposed in terms of averaged OH bond length variation. A sizable contraction of the OH distance is observed at low hydration (∼0.09 Å), while at higher hydration levels, the contraction is smaller (∼0.02 Å) and the OH bond length is closer to bulk water. An evaluation of the electron kinetic energy indicates that the spatial changes associated with the water distribution correspond to a consistent binding energy increase. Distinct temperature dependences of each water population are observed, which can be straightly related to water desorption into ice on cooling below the freezing point.
The response of thick (10 μm) AlInP x-ray and γ-ray detectors at up to 88 keV
Authors: Lioliou G. , Butera S. , Krysa A. B. , Barnett A. M.
Published: June 2021

The development of new x-ray and γ-ray spectrometers based on AlInP photodiodes with increased quantum detection efficiency and improved energy resolution is reported. The spectroscopic responses of two AlInP p+–i–n+ mesa photodiodes (10 μm i layer, the thickest so far reported) were investigated at photon energies from 4.95 to 88.03 keV; the detectors and preamplifier were operated at 30 °C. Energy resolutions (full width at half maximum) of 750 ± 40 eV and 850 ± 30 eV at 4.95 keV were achieved with the two detectors. The energy resolution deteriorated with increasing photon energy; this was in accordance with the increasing Fano noise with energy and suggested negligible incomplete charge collection noise across the photon energy range investigated. The measured voltage output of each spectrometer was found to be linear as a function of incident x-ray photon energy. The count rate (measured at 8.63 keV) was also found to linearly increase with incoming x-ray photon flux for the investigated spectrometers. These results, which were obtained using the thickest AlInP photodiodes produced so far, suggest that AlInP detectors are highly promising candidates for future uncooled x-ray and γ-ray spectrometers.
Photoluminescence study of Pr3+ doped CaGa2S4 in wide excitation intensity and temperature range
Authors: Leanenia M. S. , Lutsenko E. V. , Rzheutski M. V. , Yablonskii G. P. , Naghiyev T. G. , Tagiev O. B.
Published: June 2021

The photoluminescence (PL) of CaGa2S4:Pr3+ chalcogenide semiconductor compound is studied. The PL spectrum consists of a set of intense sharp lines at 494, 631, 654, and 741 nm, formed by intra-4f transitions of Pr3+ ions. The energy level diagram of CaGa2S4:Pr3+ is proposed. A broad structural band in the PL excitation spectra in the range of 270–360 nm is assumed with superposition of host related and 4f2 → 4f15d1 direct excitation transition bands whereas a sharp line at 456 nm—with 3H4 → 3P2 direct excitation. The PL decays at intensive emission lines at room temperature were found to obey nonexponential law with time constant in the range of 1.1–2.1 μs for fast decay component and of 4.5–6.3 ms for slow one. Thermal quenching by only 50% and 75% of the PL intensity of CaGa2S4:Pr3+ with 7 and 3 at. % Pr3+ ions concentration, respectively, was obtained in the range of 10–300 K. Extreme stability of PL spectra and efficiency of CaGa2S4:Pr3+ compound up to 105 W/cm2 of excitation power density was achieved.
Phase separation property of a hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent–water binary mixture: A molecular dynamics simulation study
Authors: Paul Rabindranath , Mitra Aritra , Paul Sandip
Published: June 2021

Over the past decade, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have earned applicability in numerous fields as non-flammable, non-volatile, and greener alternatives to conventional organic solvents. In a first of its kind, a hydrophobic DES composed of a 1:1 mixture of oleic acid and lidocaine was recently reported, possessing a lower critical solution temperature in water. The thermoreversible phase property of this DES–water system was utilized to sequester out dye molecules from their aqueous solutions. In this article, we explore the phase separation phenomena for this particular DES in its aqueous solution using an all-atom molecular dynamics simulation. A 50 wt. % solution of the DES in water was studied at three different temperatures (253, 293, and 313 K) to understand the various molecular interactions that dictate the phase segregation property of these systems. In this work, we have elaborated on the importance of hydrogen bonding interactions and the non-bonding interactions between the components and the competition between the two that leads to phase separation. Overall, we observe that the increase in unfavorable interaction between the DES components and water with increasing temperature determines the phase separation behavior. We have also studied the modification in the dynamical properties of water molecules close to the phase boundary. Such molecular insights would be beneficial for designing novel solvent systems that can be used as extraction-based media in industries.
Taxonomic revision of
Authors: Cargill D. Christine , Beckmann Karen , Seppelt Rod
Published: June 2021

The genus Riccia L. in the monsoon tropics of the Northern Territory north of the 18°S latitude is revised. Sixteen species are described in detail, including four new species (R. abdita Cargill, R. chrysocrinita Cargill, R. obchantiana Cargill and R. verrucosa Cargill), with accompanying images and line drawings. A key to the species and distribution maps are provided.
Serial sarcomere number is substantially decreased within the paretic biceps brachii in individuals with chronic hemiparetic stroke
Authors: Adkins Amy N. , Dewald Julius P. A. , Garmirian Lindsay P. , Nelson Christa M. , Murray Wendy M.
Published: June 2021

Significance

Serial sarcomere number determines a muscle’s length during maximum force production and its available length range for active force generation. Skeletal muscle length adapts to functional demands; for example, animal studies demonstrate that chronically shortened muscles decrease length by losing serial sarcomeres. This phenomenon has never been demonstrated in humans. Integrating multiscale imaging techniques, including two-photon microendoscopy, an innovative advance from traditional invasive measurement methods at the sarcomere scale, we establish that chronic impairments that place a muscle in a shortened position are associated with the loss of serial sarcomeres in humans. Understanding how muscle adapts following impairment is critical to the design of more effective clinical interventions to mitigate such adaptations and to improve function following motor impairments.
High-frequency trading and networked markets
Authors: Musciotto Federico , Piilo Jyrki , Mantegna Rosario N.
Published: June 2021

Significance

During the last two decades, technological innovation and regulatory requirements have deeply changed the way financial markets work. Today, financial markets are characterized by the presence of high-frequency traders (able to perform financial transactions at a submillisecond time scale) and market fragmentation. Using methods of complex networks, we show that some market participants (specifically so-called market members) preferentially interact with or avoid other market members persistently over a time scale extending up to several months. By investigating two financial venues at three different periods of time from two different decades, we show that the persistent networked nature of today’s markets is most pronounced since the diffusion of high-frequency trading and market fragmentation.
Evolution in pecunia
Authors: Amir Rabah , Evstigneev Igor V. , Hens Thorsten , Potapova Valeriya , Schenk-Hoppé Klaus R.
Published: June 2021

Significance

We use an analogy between financial trading strategies and biological species and characterize an evolutionary stable strategy in an ecology with fix-mix strategies. The basis of our paper is that dividends are not exogenous but increase with the wealth invested in an asset, as is the case in a production economy. While this might create positive feedback loops, we show that the dynamical system has a unique evolutionary stable investment strategy that characterizes a locally stable equilibrium state. Our result is of high significance for any market economy since it shows that the dynamic interaction of investment strategies tends to produce stable prices. Mispricing therefore occurs only in extraordinary times when the market becomes highly dislocated due to exogenous events.
Molecular design of the γδT cell receptor ectodomain encodes biologically fit ligand recognition in the absence of mechanosensing
Authors: Mallis Robert J. , Duke-Cohan Jonathan S. , Das Dibyendu Kumar , Akitsu Aoi , Luoma Adrienne M. , Banik Debasis , Stephens Hannah M. , Tetteh Paul W. , Castro Caitlin D. , Krahnke Sophie , Hussey Rebecca E. , Lawney Brian , Brazin Kristine N. , Reche Pedro A. , Hwang Wonmuk , Adams Erin J. , Lang Matthew J. , Reinherz Ellis L.
Published: June 2021

Significance

TCR mechanosensing is thought necessary for digital sensitivity of αβT cell response to scant pMHC antigens. We use bioinformatic analysis, molecular dynamics, single-molecule optical tweezers techniques, cellular activation, and RNA-seq analysis to explore this paradigm in the γδT cell lineage. We find that, in keeping with its role in recognizing abundant cell-surface ligands, the γδTCR lacks force-dependent hallmarks of mechanosensing in αβT cells.
How American Is Pragmatism?
Authors: Klein Alexander
Published: June 2021

This essay examines the provenance of a single, curious term that William James often used in connection with his own pragmatism. The term is Denkmittel, an uncommon German contraction of Denk (thought) and Mittel (instrument). James’s Central European sources for this now forgotten bit of philosophical jargon provide a small illustration of a bigger historical point that too often gets obscured. Pragmatism—James’s pragmatism, at least—was both allied with and inspired by a broader sweep of scientific instrumentalism that was already flourishing in fin de siècle European philosophy.
A self-powered photoelectrochemical ultraviolet photodetector based on Ti3C2T
x
/TiO2
in situ formed heterojunctions
Authors: Ma Hailong , Jia Lin , Lin Yunan , Fang Huajing , Wu Wenting , Wu Liangliang , Hu Bin , Wang Hong
Published: June 2021

Transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes), as a large family of emerging two-dimensional materials, have demonstrated extraordinary performance in many fields such as electronics, optics and energy storage. However, their susceptibility to oxidation during preparation and storage in ambient air environment is undesirable for long-term and stable applications. Here, we have demonstrated that the spontaneous oxidation of Ti3C2T
x
can be harnessed ingeniously to prepare Ti3C2T
x
/TiO2
in situ formed heterojunctions. Furthermore, a self-powered ultraviolet photodetector was constructed based on the photoelectrochemical performance of Ti3C2T
x
/TiO2 heterojunctions. Since the highly conductive Ti3C2T
x
can promote the separation and transfer of photogenerated carriers in TiO2, the prepared photodetector exhibits high responsivity (2.06 mA W−1), short rise and decay times (45 and 69 ms) and long-term stability. This work demonstrates the controllable synthesis of Ti3C2T
x
/TiO2 heterojunctions and provides a new promising potential of MXenes for photodetection applications.
Analytic smoothing estimates for the Korteweg–de Vries equation with steplike data
Authors: Li Ze
Published: June 2021

In this paper, we prove analytic smoothing estimates for the Korteweg–de Vries equation. In the first result, we obtain explicit analytic smoothing estimates for initial data in Faddeev class which decays exponentially in the positive direction. In the second result, we go beyond Faddeev class and generalize the result to non-decaying initial data. Particularly, step functions supported in the left half line and their perturbations by Faddeev class potentials decaying exponentially in positive direction are involved by the second result. Finally, we discuss some of its applications to control problems such as observability inequalities for the KdV equation.
Moments of generalized Cauchy random matrices and continuous-Hahn polynomials
Authors: Assiotis Theodoros , Bedert Benjamin , Gunes Mustafa Alper , Soor Arun
Published: June 2021

In this paper we prove that, after an appropriate rescaling, the sum of moments

E

N

(

s

)

Tr

|
H

|

2
k
+
2

+
|
H

|

2
k

of an N × N Hermitian matrix H sampled according to the generalized Cauchy (also known as Hua–Pickrell) ensemble with parameter s > 0 is a continuous-Hahn polynomial in the variable k. This completes the picture of the investigation that began in (Cunden et al 2019 Commun. Math. Phys.
369 1091–45) where analogous results were obtained for the other three classical ensembles of random matrices, the Gaussian, the Laguerre and Jacobi. Our strategy of proof is somewhat different from the one in (Cunden et al 2019 Commun. Math. Phys.
369 1091–45) due to the fact that the generalized Cauchy is the only classical ensemble which has a finite number of integer moments. Our arguments also apply, with straightforward modifications, to the other three cases studied in (Cunden et al 2019 Commun. Math. Phys.
369 1091–45) as well. We finally obtain a differential equation for the one-point density function of the eigenvalue distribution of this ensemble and establish the large N asymptotics of the moments.
On the C
8/3-regularisation of simultaneous binary collisions in the planar four-body problem
Authors: Duignan Nathan , Dullin Holger R
Published: June 2021

The dynamics of the four-body problem allows for two binary collisions to occur simultaneously. It is known that in the collinear four-body problem this simultaneous binary collision (SBC) can be block-regularised, but that the resulting block map is only C
8/3 differentiable. In this paper, it is proved that the C
8/3 differentiability persists for the SBC in the planar four-body problem. The proof uses several geometric tools, namely, blow-up, normal forms, dynamics near normally hyperbolic manifolds of equilibrium points, and Dulac maps.
Delay-induced patterns in a reaction–diffusion system on complex networks
Authors: Wang Xinyu , Song Zhao , Li Zhaoqing , Chang Lili , Wang Zhen
Published: June 2021

Pattern formations in reaction–diffusion (RD) systems with time delay constitute a vital class of dynamical mechanisms extensively investigated for biological and chemical processes, where Hopf bifurcation usually occurs. Recent studies show that pattern formations differ significantly between RD systems with large-time and small-time delay. Therefore, in this paper, we aim to explore the exact role of the time delay in RD systems based on complex networks, which would affect the form of patterns. Depicting networked dynamics of the predator–prey system by a set of RD equations, it is found that boundaries of Hopf bifurcation are decided by diffusion coefficients, as well as the Eigen-spectra of networks. We also obtain mathematical expressions of the boundaries in both large-time and small-time delay cases. Through extensive simulations, it is unveiled that the connectivity structures of networks hardly have impact on the trend of evolutionary processes. Compared to large-time delay cases, the oscillation cycle of average prey density becomes shorter red with small-time delay, and the oscillation amplitude also decreases. We finally reveal the evolution process of the prey density and discover the thick-tailed phenomenon in large-time delay cases.
A neural network for prediction of high intensity resonance modes in magnetic multilayers
Authors: Franco A F
Published: June 2021

The use of magnetic materials as building blocks for frequency applications makes it possible to fabricate micrometer and nanometer high frequency devices. Moreover, devices with multiple high intensity modes for multiband devices can be designed by using magnetic multilayers. However, as the number of layers increases the multilayer becomes more complex, making it very difficult to find optimal configurations due to a big number of possible configurations. Fortunately, over the past decade a surge in the applicability and accessibility of machine learning algorithms and neural networks has been observed, which allow to analyse big quantities of data in search of complex patterns not always evident to humans. In this work, a theoretical model is used to generate approximately 10 × 106 data points, which in turn are used to train a neural network to calculate the number of high intensity resonance modes of three ferromagnetically coupled magnetic layers with an accuracy of over 99.8%. The neural network is then used to identify a configuration of the multilayer which provides the maximum number of high-intensity modes, and comparisons with the theoretical model are presented. Finally, the correlations between parameter were calculated over 600 million of data points, and clear guidelines for obtention of two high intensity resonance modes were identified. These results provide a simple way to find a configuration of the trilayer that have a high number of high intensity modes, thus greatly simplifying the design process of magnetic multi-band frequency devices.
New physics and two boosted W-jets plus missing energy *
Authors: Cao Qing-Hong , Chen Nuo , Jiang Hao-Ran , Li Bin , Liu Yandong
Published: June 2021

We show that the signature of two boosted W-jets plus substantial missing energy is very promising for probing heavy charged resonances (

) through the process of

, where

denotes the dark matter candidate. The hadronic decay mode of the W boson is considered to maximize the number of signal events. When the mass split between

and

is large, the jet-substructure technique must be utilized to analyze the boosted W-jet. Here, we consider the process of chargino pair production at the LHC, i.e.,

, and demonstrate that the proposed signature is able to cover more parameter space of

and

than the conventional signature of multiple leptons plus missing energy. More importantly, the signature of interest is not sensitive to the spin of heavy resonances.
Retraction: Unsupervised registration of intravascular ultrasound images combined with attention mechanism (J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.
1873 012030)
Authors: Liu JiRong , Wang YouSheng , Man KaiLiang , Gao Xue
Published: June 2021

This article has been retracted by IOP Publishing following an allegation and subsequent investigation regarding the author's use of IVUS datasets. The datasets used are the property of IVUS-challenge 2011 organizers and were used without approval from the data owner and contravening the distribution policy of the dataset.

IOP Publishing have tried repeatedly to contact the authors of this article but have not received a response. IOP Publishing encourages the authors to contact us at researchintegrity@ioppublishing.org.

Retraction published: 25 June 2021
Recent progress of black phosphorus and its emerging multifunction applications in biomedicine
Authors: Li Zhiyuan , Zhu Lang , Cai Zhihui , Chen Lingling , Zhu Haiou
Published: June 2021

Two-dimensional black phosphorus (BP) has layer-dependent band gap, high specific surface area, moderate carrier mobility, excellent photothermal effect, inherent photoacoustic properties, excellent biodegradability and biocompatibility, making it an ideal option for applications in biomedicine such as photothermal therapy, disease diagnosis, biological imaging and so on. Despite of these advantages, the two-dimensional BP has its own obstacle limiting its practical application, such as its instability, and there is no practical method for synthetization of large size BP flakes for industrial application. This review firstly introduces interesting properties of BP such as its biocompatibility, biodegradability, anisotropy, moderate carrier mobility and so on. Then summarizes the preparation methods of two-dimensional BP: non-liquid phase methods (e.g. mechanical peeling and chemical vapor deposition) and liquid phase methods (e.g. liquid-phase exfoliation and wet chemistry methods). The application of BP in the biomedical field such as photoacoustic imaging, fluorescence imaging, photothermal imaging, circulating tumor DNA detection, cancer treatment and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases are introduced later. Then we discussed the current problems of BP and methods to enhance the stability of BP including encapsulation, functionalization, liquid phase environmental protection and doping. Finally, some future trends in the research of two-dimensional BP are envisaged. It is believed that two-dimensional BP will have a broad application prospect in various fields especially in biomedicine due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability.
Stability phenomena for resonance arrangements
Authors: Proudfoot Nicholas , Ramos Eric
Published: June 2021

We prove that the

i
th

i^\text {th}

graded pieces of the Orlik–Solomon algebras or Cordovil algebras of resonance arrangements form a finitely generated

FS

o
p

\operatorname {FS}^{\mathrm {op}}

-module, thus obtaining information about the growth of their dimensions and restrictions on the irreducible representations of symmetric groups that they contain.
Safety and immunogenicity evaluation of inactivated whole-virus-SARS-COV-2 as emerging vaccine development in Egypt
Authors: Saleh Amani A , Saad Mohamed A , Ryan Islam , Amin Magdy , Shindy Mohamed I , Hassan Wael A , Samir Mahmoud , Khattab Ayman A , Abdelgayed Sherein S , Seadawy Mohamed G , Fahmy Hossam M , Amer Khaled
Published: June 2021

Background

Current worldwide pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with high numbers of mortality rates and huge economic problems require an urgent demand for safe and effective vaccine development. Inactivated SARS-CoV2 vaccine with alum. Hydroxide can play an important role in reducing the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, vaccine efficacy was evaluated through the detection of the neutralizing antibodies that protect mice from challenge with SARS-CoV 2 3 weeks after the second dose. We conclude that the vaccine described here has safety and desirable properties, and our data support further development and plans for clinical trials.

Methods

Characterized SARS-COV-2 strain, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 isolates (SARS-CoV-2/human/EGY/Egy-SERVAC/2020) with accession numbers; MT981440; MT981439; MT981441; MT974071; MT974069; and MW250352 at GenBank were isolated from Egyptian patients SARS-CoV-2-positive. Development of inactivated vaccine was carried out in a BSL-3 facilities and the immunogenicity was determined in mice at two doses (55 and 100 μg per dose).

Results

The distinct cytopathic effect induced by SARS-COV-2 propagation on Vero cell monolayers and the viral particles were identified as Coronaviridae by transmission electron microscopy and RT-PCR on infected cells cultures. Immunogenicity of the developed vaccine indicated the high antigen-binding and neutralizing antibody titers, regardless of the dose concentration, with excellent safety profiles and no deaths or clinical symptoms in mice groups. The efficacy of the inactivated vaccine formulation was tested by the wild virus challenge of the vaccinated mice and viral replication detection in lung tissues.

Conclusions

Vaccinated mice recorded complete protection from challenge infection via inhibition of SARS-COV-2 replication in the lung tissues of mice following virus challenge, regardless of the level of serum neutralizing antibodies. This finding will support future trials for the evaluation of an applicable SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate.
Decision Tree-Based Classification for Maintaining Normal Blood Pressure Throughout Early Adulthood and Middle Age: Findings From the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study
Authors: Reges Orna , Krefman Amy E , Hardy Shakia T , Yano Yuichiro , Muntner Paul , Lloyd-Jones Donald M , Allen Norrina B
Published: June 2021

Background

For most individuals, blood pressure (BP) is related to multiple risk factors. By utilizing the decision tree analysis technique, this study aimed to identify the best discriminative risk factors and interactions that are associated with maintaining normal BP over 30 years and to reveal segments of a population with a high probability of maintaining normal BP.

Methods

Participants from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study aged 18–30 years with normal BP level at baseline visit (Y0, 1985–1986) were included in this study.

Results

Of 3,156 participants, 1,132 (35.9%) maintained normal BP during the follow-up period and 2,024 (64.1%) developed higher BP. Systolic BP (SBP) within the normal range, race, and body mass index (BMI) were the most discriminative factors between participants who maintained normal BP throughout midlife and those who developed higher BP. Participants with a baseline SBP level ≤92 mm Hg and White women with baseline BMI < 23 kg/m2 were the two segments of the population with the highest probability for maintaining normal BP throughout midlife (69.2% and 59.9%, respectively). Among Black participants aged >26.5 years with BMI > 27 kg/m2, only 5.4% of participants maintained normal BP throughout midlife.

Conclusions

This study emphasizes the importance of early life factors to later life SBP and support efforts to maintain ideal levels of risk factors for hypertension at young ages. Whether policies to maintain lower BMI and SBP well below the clinical thresholds throughout young adulthood and middle age can reduce later age hypertension should be examined in future studies.
Autopolyploids ofArabidopsis thalianaare more phenotypically plastic than their diploid progenitors
Authors: Mattingly Kali Z , Hovick Stephen M
Published: June 2021

Background and Aims

Polyploids are often hypothesized to have increased phenotypic plasticity compared with their diploid progenitors, but recent work suggests that the relationship between whole-genome duplication (WGD) and plasticity is not so straightforward. Impacts of WGD on plasticity are moderated by other evolutionary processes in nature, which has impeded generalizations regarding the effects of WGD alone. We assessed shifts in phenotypic plasticity and mean trait values accompanying WGD, as well as the adaptive consequences of these shifts.

Methods

To isolate WGD effects, we compared two diploid lineages of Arabidopsis thaliana wiht corresponding autotetraploids grown across different salt and nutrient conditions in a growth chamber.

Key Results

For the few cases in which diploids and polyploids differed in plasticity, polyploids were more plastic, consistent with hypotheses that WGD increases plasticity. Under stress, increased plasticity was often adaptive (associated with higher total seed mass), but in other cases plasticity was unrelated to fitness. Mean trait values and plasticity were equally likely to be affected by WGD, but the adaptive consequences of these shifts were often context dependent or lineage specific. For example, polyploids had extended life spans, a shift that was adaptive in one polyploid lineage under amenable conditions but was maladaptive in the other lineage under stress.

Conclusions

Our work shows that increased phenotypic plasticity can result from WGD alone, independent of other evolutionary processes. We find that the effects of WGD can differ depending on the genotype of the progenitor and the environmental context. Though our experiment was limited to two genotypes of a single species, these findings support the idea that WGD can indeed increase plasticity.
Why Censorship is Self-Undermining: John Stuart Mill’s Neglected Argument for Free Speech
Authors: Shah Nishi
Published: June 2021

Two prejudices have hampered our understanding of John Stuart Mill’s central argument for free speech. One prejudice is that arguments for free speech can only be made in terms of values or rights. This prejudice causes us to miss the depth of Mill’s argument. He does not argue that silencing speech is harmful or violates rights, but instead that silencing speech is a uniquely self-undermining act; it undermines the ground upon which it is based. But even if we overcome this prejudice and appreciate the self-undermining character of Mill’s argument, the prejudice that epistemic justification is a completable task blinds us to the role of open-mindedness in his argument; and failing to see this leads us to wrongly conclude that his argument is invalid. It is only once we have overcome both prejudices that we can appreciate the depth and power of Mill’s argument for free speech.
Effect of natural pre-luteolytic prostaglandin F2α pulses on the bovine luteal transcriptome during spontaneous luteal regression†
Authors: Mezera Megan A , Li Wenli , Liu Lihe , Meidan Rina , Peñagaricano Francisco , Wiltbank Milo C
Published: June 2021

The pulsatile pattern of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF) secretion during spontaneous luteolysis is well documented, with multiple pulses of exogenous PGF necessary to induce regression using physiologic concentrations of PGF. However, during spontaneous regression, the earliest pulses of PGF are small and not associated with detectable changes in circulating progesterone (P4), bringing into question what, if any, role these early, subluteolytic PGF pulses have during physiologic regression. To investigate the effect of small PGF pulses, luteal biopsies were collected throughout natural luteolysis in conjunction with bihourly blood samples to determine circulating P4 and PGF metabolite to retrospectively assign biopsies to early and later regression. Whole transcriptome analysis was conducted on CL biopsies. Early PGF pulses altered the luteal transcriptome, inducing differential expression of 210 genes (Q < 0.05) during early regression, compared with 4615 differentially expressed genes during later regression. In early regression, few of these differentially expressed genes were directly associated with luteolysis, rather there were changes in local steroid and glutathione metabolism. Most (94%) differentially expressed genes from early regression were also differentially expressed during later regression, with 98% of these continuing to be altered in the same direction compared with CL at a similar stage of the cycle that had not yet been exposed to PGF. Thus, early, subluteolytic PGF pulses impact the luteal transcriptome, though not by altering steroidogenesis or causing direct inhibition of cellular function. Rather, small pulses alter pathways resulting in the removal of cellular support systems, which may sensitize the CL to later pulses of PGF.