bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ocean‐Only FAFMIP: Understanding Regional Patterns of Ocean Heat Content and Dynamic Sea Level Change
Authors: Todd Alexander , Zanna Laure , Couldrey Matthew , Gregory Jonathan , Wu Quran , Church John A. , Farneti Riccardo , Navarro‐Labastida René , Lyu Kewei , Saenko Oleg , Yang Duo , Zhang Xuebin
Published: July 2020

There is large uncertainty in the future regional sea level change under anthropogenic climate change. Our study presents and uses a novel design of ocean general circulation model (OGCM) experiments to investigate the ocean's response to surface buoyancy and momentum flux perturbations without atmosphere‐ocean feedbacks (e.g., without surface restoring or bulk formulae), as part of the Flux‐Anomaly‐Forced Model Intercomparison Project (FAFMIP). In an ensemble of OGCMs forced with identical surface flux perturbations, simulated dynamic sea level (DSL) and ocean heat content (OHC) change demonstrate considerable disagreement. In the North Atlantic, the disagreement in DSL and OHC change between models is mainly due to differences in the residual (resolved and eddy) circulation change, with a large spread in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) weakening (20–50%). In the western North Pacific, OHC change is similar among the OGCM ensemble, but the contributing physical processes differ. For the Southern Ocean, isopycnal and diapycnal mixing change dominate the spread in OHC change. In addition, a component of the atmosphere‐ocean feedbacks are quantified by comparing coupled, atmosphere‐ocean GCM (AOGCM) and OGCM FAFMIP experiments with consistent ocean models. We find that there is 10% more AMOC weakening in AOGCMs relative to OGCMs, since the extratropical North Atlantic SST cooling due to heat redistribution amplifies the surface heat flux perturbation. This component of the atmosphere‐ocean feedbacks enhances the pattern of North Atlantic OHC and DSL change, with relatively stronger increases and decreases in the tropics and extratropics, respectively.
MSS/1: Single‐Station and Single‐Event Marsquake Inversion
Authors: Drilleau Mélanie , Beucler Éric , Lognonné Philippe , Panning Mark P. , Knapmeyer‐Endrun Brigitte , Banerdt W. Bruce , Beghein Caroline , Ceylan Savas , van Driel Martin , Joshi Rakshit , Kawamura Taichi , Khan Amir , Menina Sabrina , Rivoldini Attilio , Samuel Henri , Stähler Simon , Xu Haotian , Bonnin Mickaël , Clinton John , Giardini Domenico , Kenda Balthasar , Lekic Vedran , Mocquet Antoine , Murdoch Naomi , Schimmel Martin , Smrekar Suzanne E. , Stutzmann Éléonore , Tauzin Benoit , Tharimena Saikiran
Published: July 2020

SEIS, the seismometer of the InSight mission, which landed on Mars on 26 November 2018, is monitoring the seismic activity of the planet. The goal of the Mars Structure Service (MSS) is to provide, as a mission product, the first average 1‐D velocity model of Mars from the recorded InSight data. Prior to the mission, methodologies have been developed and tested to allow the location of the seismic events and estimation of the radial structure, using surface waves and body waves arrival times, and receiver functions. The paper describes these validation tests and compares the performance of the different algorithms to constrain the velocity model below the InSight station and estimate the 1‐D average model over the great circle path between source and receiver. These tests were performed in the frame of a blind test, during which synthetic data were inverted. In order to propagate the data uncertainties on the output model distribution, Bayesian inversion techniques are mainly used. The limitations and strengths of the methods are assessed. The results show the potential of the MSS approach to retrieve the structure of the crust and underlying mantle. However, at this time, large quakes with clear surface waves have not yet been recorded by SEIS, which makes the estimation of the 1‐D average seismic velocity model challenging. Additional locatable events, especially at large epicentral distances, and development of new techniques to fully investigate the data, will ultimately provide more constraints on the crust and mantle of Mars.
This Week: An Eos Summer Playlist
Authors:   AGU
Published: July 2020

What are we listening to this summer?
Lateral Velocity Gradients in the African Lower Mantle Inferred From Slowness Space Observations of Multipathing
Authors: Ward Jamie , Nowacki Andy , Rost Sebastian
Published: July 2020

Large low‐velocity provinces (LLVPs) are hypothesized to be purely thermal features or possess some chemical heterogeneity but which exactly remains ambiguous. Regional seismology studies typically use travel time residuals and multipathing identification in the waveforms to infer properties of LLVPs. These studies have not fully analyzed all available information such as measuring the direction and inclination of the arrivals. These measurements would provide more constraints of LLVP properties such as the boundary velocity gradient and help determine their nature. Here, we use array seismology to measure backazimuth (direction) and horizontal slowness (inclination) of arriving waves to identify structures causing multipathing and wavefield perturbation. Following this, we use full‐wavefield forward modeling to estimate the gradients required to produce the observed multipathing. We use SKS and SKKS data from 83 events sampling the African LLVP, which has been extensively studied providing a good comparison to our observations. We find evidence for structures at heights of up to 600 km above the core‐mantle boundary causing multipathing and wavefield perturbation. Forward modeling shows gradients of up to 0.7% δVs per 100 km (0.0005 km s−1 km−1) can produce multipathing with similar backazimuth and horizontal slowness to our observations. This is an order of magnitude lower than the previous strongest estimates of −3% δVs per 50 km (0.0044 km s−1 km−1). As this is lower than that predicted for both thermal and thermochemical structures, lateral velocity gradients capable of producing multipathing are not necessarily evidence for a thermochemical nature.
Photon‐Stimulated Desorption of MgS as a Potential Source of Sulfur in Mercury's Exosphere
Authors: Schaible Micah J. , Sarantos Menelaos , Anzures Brendan A. , Parman Stephen W. , Orlando Thomas M.
Published: July 2020

Mercury has a relatively high sulfur content on its surface, and a signal consistent with ionized atomic sulfur (S+) was observed by the fast ion plasma spectrometer (FIPS) instrument on the MESSENGER spacecraft. To help confirm this assignment and to better constrain the sources of exospheric sulfur at Mercury, 193 nm photon‐stimulated desorption (PSD) of neutral sulfur atoms (S0) from MgS substrates was studied using resonance‐enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) spectroscopy and time‐of‐flight (TOF) mass spectrometry. Though the PSD process is inherently nonthermal, the measured velocities of ejected S0 were fit using flux‐weighted Maxwellian distributions with translation energies  expressed as translational “temperatures” Ttrans = /μkB. A bimodal distribution consisting of both thermal (Ttrans = 300 K) and suprathermal (Ttrans > 1,000 K) components in roughly a 2:1 ratio was found to best fit the data. The PSD cross‐section was measured to be approximately 4 × 10−22 cm2 and, together with the velocity distributions, was used to calculate the PSD source rate of S0 into the exosphere of Mercury. Exosphere simulations using the calculated rates demonstrate that PSD is likely the primary source of S0 in Mercury's exosphere at low (<1,000 km) altitudes.
Introduction to the Special Issue: Exploration of the Activity of Asteroid (101955) Bennu
Authors: Hergenrother C. W. , Adam C. D. , Chesley S. R. , Lauretta D. S.
Published: July 2020

Near‐Earth asteroid (101955) Bennu is an active asteroid experiencing mass loss. The activity manifests itself in the form of ejection events emitting up to hundreds of millimeter‐ to centimeter‐scale particles. The Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security‐Regolith Explorer spacecraft monitored particle activity for a 10‐month period that included Bennu's perihelion and aphelion. Novel and classical methods were utilized to detect the particles and characterize their orbital and physical properties. Roughly 30% of the observed particle mass escaped to heliocentric orbit. A majority of particles fell back onto the surface of Bennu after ejection, with the longest‐lived particle surviving for 6 days on a temporary orbit. Particle ejection events appear to preferentially take place in the afternoon and evening and from low latitudes, although they can occur at any time or latitude. The reaccumulation of material is biased toward low latitudes resulting in the possible in‐fill of craters and growth of Bennu's equatorial bulge. Of the potential mechanisms behind this activity that were investigated in focused studies, meteoroid impacts, thermal fracturing, and ricochet—but not water ice sublimation—were found to be consistent with observations. While phyllosilicate dehydration was not investigated with a focused study, it remains a possible mechanism. These mechanisms are not unique to Bennu, suggesting that many near‐Earth asteroids may exhibit activity that has gone undetected thus far. Spacecraft missions with wide‐field imagers are encouraged to further characterize this phenomenon.
Photonic Floquet topological insulators in a fractal lattice
Authors: Yang Zhaoju , Lustig Eran , Lumer Yaakov , Segev Mordechai
Published: July 2020

We present Floquet fractal topological insulators: photonic topological insulators in a fractal-dimensional lattice consisting of helical waveguides. The helical modulation induces an artificial gauge field and leads to a trivial-to-topological phase transition. The quasi-energy spectrum shows the existence of topological edge states corresponding to real-space Chern number 1. We study the propagation of light along the outer edges of the fractal lattice and find that wavepackets move along the edges without penetrating into the bulk or backscattering even in the presence of disorder. In a similar vein, we find that the inner edges of the fractal lattice also exhibit robust transport when the fractal is of sufficiently high generation. Finally, we find topological edge states that span the circumference of a hybrid half-fractal, half-honeycomb lattice, passing from the edge of the honeycomb lattice to the edge of the fractal structure virtually without scattering, despite the transition from two dimensions to a fractal dimension. Our system offers a realizable experimental platform to study topological fractals and provides new directions for exploring topological physics.
Radiogenomics for predicting p53 status, PD-L1 expression, and prognosis with machine learning in pancreatic cancer
Authors: Iwatate Yosuke , Hoshino Isamu , Yokota Hajime , Ishige Fumitaka , Itami Makiko , Mori Yasukuni , Chiba Satoshi , Arimitsu Hidehito , Yanagibashi Hiroo , Nagase Hiroki , Takayama Wataru
Published: July 2020

Background

Radiogenomics is an emerging field that integrates “Radiomics” and “Genomics”. In the current study, we aimed to predict the genetic information of pancreatic tumours in a simple, inexpensive, and non-invasive manner, using cancer imaging analysis and radiogenomics. We focused on p53 mutations, which are highly implicated in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and PD-L1, a biomarker for immune checkpoint inhibitor-based therapies.

Methods

Overall, 107 patients diagnosed with PDAC were retrospectively examined. The relationship between p53 mutations as well as PD-L1 abnormal expression and clinicopathological factors was investigated using immunohistochemistry. Imaging features (IFs) were extracted from CT scans and were used to create prediction models of p53 and PD-L1 status.

Results

We found that p53 and PD-L1 are significant independent prognostic factors (P = 0.008, 0.013, respectively). The area under the curve for p53 and PD-L1 predictive models was 0.795 and 0.683, respectively. Radiogenomics-predicted p53 mutations were significantly associated with poor prognosis (P = 0.015), whereas the predicted abnormal expression of PD-L1 was not significant (P = 0.096).

Conclusions

Radiogenomics could predict p53 mutations and in turn the prognosis of PDAC patients. Hence, prediction of genetic information using radiogenomic analysis may aid in the development of precision medicine.
Single-cell transcriptomics reveals regulators underlying immune cell diversity and immune subtypes associated with prognosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Chen Yu-Pei , Yin Jian-Hua , Li Wen-Fei , Li Han-Jie , Chen Dong-Ping , Zhang Cui-Juan , Lv Jia-Wei , Wang Ya-Qin , Li Xiao-Min , Li Jun-Yan , Zhang Pan-Pan , Li Ying-Qin , He Qing-Mei , Yang Xiao-Jing , Lei Yuan , Tang Ling-Long , Zhou Guan-Qun , Mao Yan-Ping , Wei Chen , Xiong Ke-Xu , Zhang Hong-Bo , Zhu Shi-Da , Hou Yong , Sun Ying , Dean Michael , Amit Ido , Wu Kui , Kuang Dong-Ming , Li Gui-Bo , Liu Na , Ma Jun
Published: July 2020

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an aggressive malignancy with extremely skewed ethnic and geographic distributions. Increasing evidence indicates that targeting the tumor microenvironment (TME) represents a promising therapeutic approach in NPC, highlighting an urgent need to deepen the understanding of the complex NPC TME. Here, we generated single-cell transcriptome profiles for 7581 malignant cells and 40,285 immune cells from fifteen primary NPC tumors and one normal sample. We revealed malignant signatures capturing intratumoral transcriptional heterogeneity and predicting aggressiveness of malignant cells. Diverse immune cell subtypes were identified, including novel subtypes such as CLEC9A+ dendritic cells (DCs). We further revealed transcriptional regulators underlying immune cell diversity, and cell–cell interaction analyses highlighted promising immunotherapeutic targets in NPC. Moreover, we established the immune subtype-specific signatures, and demonstrated that the signatures of macrophages, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), CLEC9A+ DCs, natural killer (NK) cells, and plasma cells were significantly associated with improved survival outcomes in NPC. Taken together, our findings represent a unique resource providing in-depth insights into the cellular heterogeneity of NPC TME and highlight potential biomarkers for anticancer treatment and risk stratification, laying a new foundation for precision therapies in NPC.
Comparative analysis of cell lineage differentiation during hepatogenesis in humans and mice at the single-cell transcriptome level
Authors: Wang Xin , Yang Li , Wang Yan-Chun , Xu Zi-Ran , Feng Ye , Zhang Jing , Wang Yi , Xu Cheng-Ran
Published: July 2020

During embryogenesis, the liver is the site of hepatogenesis and hematopoiesis and contains many cell lineages derived from the endoderm and mesoderm. However, the characteristics and developmental programs of many of these cell lineages remain unclear, especially in humans. Here, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of whole human and mouse fetal livers throughout development. We identified four cell lineage families of endoderm-derived, erythroid, non-erythroid hematopoietic, and mesoderm-derived non-hematopoietic cells, and defined the developmental pathways of the major cell lineage families. In both humans and mice, we identified novel markers of hepatic lineages and an ID3+subpopulation of hepatoblasts as well as verified that hepatoblast differentiation follows the “default-directed” model. Additionally, we found that human but not mouse fetal hepatocytes display heterogeneity associated with expression of metabolism-related genes. We described the developmental process of erythroid progenitor cells during human and mouse hematopoiesis. Moreover, despite the general conservation of cell differentiation programs between species, we observed different cell lineage compositions during hematopoiesis in the human and mouse fetal livers. Taken together, these results reveal the dynamic cell landscape of fetal liver development and illustrate the similarities and differences in liver development between species, providing an extensive resource for inducing various liver cell lineages in vitro.
The emergence of magnetic ordering at complex oxide interfaces tuned by defects
Authors: Park D.-S. , Rata A. D. , Maznichenko I. V. , Ostanin S. , Gan Y. L. , Agrestini S. , Rees G. J. , Walker M. , Li J. , Herrero-Martin J. , Singh G. , Luo Z. , Bhatnagar A. , Chen Y. Z. , Tileli V. , Muralt P. , Kalaboukhov A. , Mertig I. , Dörr K. , Ernst A. , Pryds N.
Published: July 2020

Complex oxides show extreme sensitivity to structural distortions and defects, and the intricate balance of competing interactions which emerge at atomically defined interfaces may give rise to unexpected physics. In the interfaces of non-magnetic complex oxides, one of the most intriguing properties is the emergence of magnetism which is sensitive to chemical defects. Particularly, it is unclear which defects are responsible for the emergent magnetic interfaces. Here, we show direct and clear experimental evidence, supported by theoretical explanation, that the B-site cation stoichiometry is crucial for the creation and control of magnetism at the interface between non-magnetic ABO3-perovskite oxides, LaAlO3 and SrTiO3. We find that consecutive defect formation, driven by atomic charge compensation, establishes the formation of robust perpendicular magnetic moments at the interface. Our observations propose a route to tune these emerging magnetoelectric structures, which are strongly coupled at the polar-nonpolar complex oxide interfaces.
Mutations in COMP cause familial carpal tunnel syndrome
Authors: Li Chunyu , Wang Ni , Schäffer Alejandro A. , Liu Xilin , Zhao Zhuo , Elliott Gene , Garrett Lisa , Choi Nga Ting , Wang Yueshu , Wang Yufa , Wang Cheng , Wang Jin , Chan Danny , Su Peiqiang , Cui Shusen , Yang Yingzi , Gao Bo
Published: July 2020

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common peripheral nerve entrapment syndrome, affecting a large proportion of the general population. Genetic susceptibility has been implicated in CTS, but the causative genes remain elusive. Here, we report the identification of two mutations in cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) that segregate with CTS in two large families with or without multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED). Both mutations impair the secretion of COMP by tenocytes, but the mutation associated with MED also perturbs its secretion in chondrocytes. Further functional characterization of the CTS-specific mutation reveals similar histological and molecular changes of tendons/ligaments in patients’ biopsies and the mouse models. The mutant COMP fails to oligomerize properly and is trapped in the ER, resulting in ER stress-induced unfolded protein response and cell death, leading to inflammation, progressive fibrosis and cell composition change in tendons/ligaments. The extracellular matrix (ECM) organization is also altered. Our studies uncover a previously unrecognized mechanism in CTS pathogenesis.
Observation of the geometric phase effect in the H+HD→H2+D reaction below the conical intersection
Authors: Yuan Daofu , Huang Yin , Chen Wentao , Zhao Hailin , Yu Shengrui , Luo Chang , Tan Yuxin , Wang Siwen , Wang Xingan , Sun Zhigang , Yang Xueming
Published: July 2020

It has long been known that there is a conical intersection (CI) between the ground and first excited electronic state in the H3 system. Its associated geometric phase (GP) effect has been theoretically predicted to exist below the CI since a long time. However, the experimental evidence has not been established yet and its dynamical origin is waiting to be elucidated. Here we report a combined crossed molecular beam and quantum reactive scattering dynamics study of the H+HD → H2+D reaction at 2.28 eV, which is well below the CI. The GP effect is clearly identified by the observation of distinct oscillations in the differential cross section around the forward direction. Quantum dynamics theory reveals that the GP effect arises from the phase alteration of a small part of the wave function, which corresponds to an unusual roaming-like abstraction pathway, as revealed by quasi-classical trajectory calculations.
Future changes in the trading of virtual water
Authors: Graham Neal T. , Hejazi Mohamad I. , Kim Son H. , Davies Evan G. R. , Edmonds James A. , Miralles-Wilhelm Fernando
Published: July 2020

Water stressed regions rely heavily on the import of water-intensive goods to offset insufficient food production driven by socioeconomic and environmental factors. The water embedded in these traded commodities, virtual water, has received increasing interest in the scientific community. However, comprehensive future projections of virtual water trading remain absent. Here we show, for the first time, changes over the 21st century in the amount of various water types required to meet international agricultural demands. Accounting for evolution in socioeconomic and climatic conditions, we estimate future interregional virtual water trading and find trading of renewable water sources may triple by 2100 while nonrenewable groundwater trading may at least double. Basins in North America, and the La Plata and Nile Rivers are found to contribute extensively to virtual water exports, while much of Africa, India, and the Middle East relies heavily on virtual water imports by the end of the century.
Electrochemical CO2 reduction to high-concentration pure formic acid solutions in an all-solid-state reactor
Authors: Fan Lei , Xia Chuan , Zhu Peng , Lu Yingying , Wang Haotian
Published: July 2020

Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) to liquid fuels is currently challenged by low product concentrations, as well as their mixture with traditional liquid electrolytes, such as KHCO3 solution. Here we report an all-solid-state electrochemical CO2RR system for continuous generation of high-purity and high-concentration formic acid vapors and solutions. The cathode and anode were separated by a porous solid electrolyte (PSE) layer, where electrochemically generated formate and proton were recombined to form molecular formic acid. The generated formic acid can be efficiently removed in the form of vapors via inert gas stream flowing through the PSE layer. Coupling with a high activity (formate partial current densities ~450 mA cm−2), selectivity (maximal Faradaic efficiency ~97%), and stability (100 hours) grain boundary-enriched bismuth catalyst, we demonstrated ultra-high concentrations of pure formic acid solutions (up to nearly 100 wt.%) condensed from generated vapors via flexible tuning of the carrier gas stream.
Image polaritons in boron nitride for extreme polariton confinement with low losses
Authors: Lee In-Ho , He Mingze , Zhang Xi , Luo Yujie , Liu Song , Edgar James H. , Wang Ke , Avouris Phaedon , Low Tony , Caldwell Joshua D. , Oh Sang-Hyun
Published: July 2020

Polaritons in two-dimensional materials provide extreme light confinement that is difficult to achieve with metal plasmonics. However, such tight confinement inevitably increases optical losses through various damping channels. Here we demonstrate that hyperbolic phonon polaritons in hexagonal boron nitride can overcome this fundamental trade-off. Among two observed polariton modes, featuring a symmetric and antisymmetric charge distribution, the latter exhibits lower optical losses and tighter polariton confinement. Far-field excitation and detection of this high-momenta mode become possible with our resonator design that can boost the coupling efficiency via virtual polariton modes with image charges that we dub ‘image polaritons’. Using these image polaritons, we experimentally observe a record-high effective index of up to 132 and quality factors as high as 501. Further, our phenomenological theory suggests an important role of hyperbolic surface scattering in the damping process of hyperbolic phonon polaritons.
Chemical instability at chalcogenide surfaces impacts chalcopyrite devices well beyond the surface
Authors: Colombara Diego , Elanzeery Hossam , Nicoara Nicoleta , Sharma Deepanjan , Claro Marcel , Schwarz Torsten , Koprek Anna , Wolter Max Hilaire , Melchiorre Michele , Sood Mohit , Valle Nathalie , Bondarchuk Oleksandr , Babbe Finn , Spindler Conrad , Cojocaru-Miredin Oana , Raabe Dierk , Dale Phillip J. , Sadewasser Sascha , Siebentritt Susanne
Published: July 2020

The electrical and optoelectronic properties of materials are determined by the chemical potentials of their constituents. The relative density of point defects is thus controlled, allowing to craft microstructure, trap densities and doping levels. Here, we show that the chemical potentials of chalcogenide materials near the edge of their existence region are not only determined during growth but also at room temperature by post-processing. In particular, we study the generation of anion vacancies, which are critical defects in chalcogenide semiconductors and topological insulators. The example of CuInSe2photovoltaic semiconductor reveals that single phase material crosses the phase boundary and forms surface secondary phases upon oxidation, thereby creating anion vacancies. The arising metastable point defect population explains a common root cause of performance losses. This study shows how selective defect annihilation is attained with tailored chemical treatments that mitigate anion vacancy formation and improve the performance of CuInSe2solar cells.
Decreased bioefficacy of long-lasting insecticidal nets and the resurgence of malaria in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Vinit Rebecca , Timinao Lincoln , Bubun Nakei , Katusele Michelle , Robinson Leanne J. , Kaman Peter , Sakur Muker , Makita Leo , Reimer Lisa , Schofield Louis , Pomat William , Mueller Ivo , Laman Moses , Freeman Tim , Karl Stephan
Published: July 2020

Papua New Guinea (PNG) has the highest malaria transmission outside of Africa. Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are believed to have helped to reduce average malaria prevalence in PNG from 16% in 2008 to 1% in 2014. Since 2015 malaria in PNG has resurged significantly. Here, we present observations documenting decreased bioefficacy of unused LLINs with manufacturing dates between 2013 and 2019 collected from villages and LLIN distributors in PNG. Specifically, we show that of n = 167 tested LLINs manufactured after 2013, only 17% are fulfilling the required World Health Organisation bioefficacy standards of ≥ 80% 24 h mortality or ≥ 95% 60 min knockdown in bioassays with pyrethroid susceptible Anopheles farauti mosquitoes. In contrast, all (100%, n = 25) LLINs with manufacturing dates prior to 2013 are meeting these bioefficacy standards. These results suggest that decreased bioefficacy of LLINs is contributing to the malaria resurgence in PNG and increased scrutiny of LLIN quality is warranted.
Broadband infrared LEDs based on europium-to-terbium charge transfer luminescence
Authors: Joos Jonas J. , Van der Heggen David , Martin Lisa I. D. J. , Amidani Lucia , Smet Philippe F. , Barandiarán Zoila , Seijo Luis
Published: July 2020

Efficient broadband infrared (IR) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are needed for emerging applications that exploit near-IR spectroscopy, ranging from hand-held electronics to medicine. Here we report broadband IR luminescence, cooperatively originating from Eu2+ and Tb3+ dopants in CaS. This peculiar emission overlaps with the red Eu2+ emission, ranges up to 1200 nm (full-width-at-half-maximum of 195 nm) and is efficiently excited with visible light. Experimental evidence for metal-to-metal charge transfer (MMCT) luminescence is collected, comprising data from luminescence spectroscopy, microscopy and X-ray spectroscopy. State-of-the-art multiconfigurational ab initio calculations attribute the IR emission to the radiative decay of a metastable MMCT state of a Eu2+-Tb3+ pair. The calculations explain why no MMCT emission is found in the similar compound SrS:Eu,Tb and are used to anticipate how to fine-tune the characteristics of the MMCT luminescence. Finally, a near-IR LED for versatile spectroscopic use is manufactured based on the MMCT emission.
Immunostimulatory and anti-tumor metronomic cyclophosphamide regimens assessed in primary orthotopic and metastatic murine breast cancer
Authors: Khan Kabir A. , Ponce de Léon José L. , Benguigui Madeleine , Xu Ping , Chow Annabelle , Cruz-Muñoz William , Man Shan , Shaked Yuval , Kerbel Robert S.
Published: July 2020

The impressive successes of immune checkpoint blockade antibodies to treat various types of cancer are limited to minor subsets of patients. Combination therapy strategies, including with chemotherapy, are being explored to possibly improve the efficacy of immunotherapies. Here we report results regarding the use of an immunostimulatory regimen of metronomic cyclophosphamide (CTX). We show that in orthotopic models of syngeneic murine triple-negative breast cancer (EMT6), CTX administered at 140 mg/kg every 6 days (CTX140 1q6d) is superior at inhibiting primary tumor growth when compared to maximum tolerated dose or daily oral (continuous) low-dose CTX. In SCID or SCID beige mice, anti-tumor effects of CTX140 1q6d are reduced, reinforcing the therapeutic contribution of the adaptive and innate immune systems. In a second breast cancer model (SP1-AC2M2), CTX140 1q6d again showed clear superiority in anti-tumor effects, causing complete tumor regressions; however, these mice were not protected from subsequent tumor re-challenge, suggesting absence of immune memory. We also show that in an aggressive and metastatic cisplatin-resistant variant (EMT6-CDDP), CTX140 1q6d is superior and invokes an influx of intra-tumoral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. CTX increases expression of tumor cell PD-L1; however, when combined with concomitant PD-L1 antibody therapy none of the CTX regimens showed increased benefit. This work sheds light on the potential use of metronomic CTX for the treatment of breast cancer, in particular using the quasi-weekly regimen, but also underscores the complexity of the anti-tumor mechanisms and potential to improve immune checkpoint therapy efficacy.
Outlining where humans live, the World Settlement Footprint 2015
Authors: Marconcini Mattia , Metz-Marconcini Annekatrin , Üreyen Soner , Palacios-Lopez Daniela , Hanke Wiebke , Bachofer Felix , Zeidler Julian , Esch Thomas , Gorelick Noel , Kakarla Ashwin , Paganini Marc , Strano Emanuele
Published: July 2020

Human settlements are the cause and consequence of most environmental and societal changes on Earth; however, their location and extent is still under debate. We provide here a new 10 m resolution (0.32 arc sec) global map of human settlements on Earth for the year 2015, namely the World Settlement Footprint 2015 (WSF2015). The raster dataset has been generated by means of an advanced classification system which, for the first time, jointly exploits open-and-free optical and radar satellite imagery. The WSF2015 has been validated against 900,000 samples labelled by crowdsourcing photointerpretation of very high resolution Google Earth imagery and outperforms all other similar existing layers; in particular, it considerably improves the detection of very small settlements in rural regions and better outlines scattered suburban areas. The dataset can be used at any scale of observation in support to all applications requiring detailed and accurate information on human presence (e.g., socioeconomic development, population distribution, risks assessment, etc.).
The identification of candidate effective combination regimens for pancreatic cancer using the histoculture drug response assay
Authors: Jun Eunsung , Park Yejong , Lee Woohyung , Kwon Jaewoo , Lee Song , Kim Moon Bo , Lee Ji Sun , Song Ki Byung , Hwang Dae Wook , Lee Jae Hoon , Hoffman Robert M. , Kim Song Cheol
Published: July 2020

The prognosis for patients with pancreatic cancer is extremely poor, as they are resistant to first line chemotherapy. The long-term goal of this study was to identify effective combination chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer using pancreatic cancer surgical specimens in the histoculture drug response assay (HDRA) based on three-dimensional culture of tumour fragments, which maintains nature tumour histology in vitro. From 2015 to 2017, the HDRA was performed with tumour specimens from 52 pancreatic cancer patients from Asan Medical Hospital. First, combination drug regimens showed higher drug efficacy and less patient variation than single drugs. Initially, 5-Fluorouracil(5-FU)/Belotecan/Oxaliplatinum and Tegafur/Gimeracil (TS-1)/Oxaliplatinum/Irinotecan were found to be effective. Second, we were able to correlate the efficacy of some drugs with tumour stage. Third, when designing new combination regimens containing 5-FU or gemcitabine, we could identify more effective drug combinations. This is the first study to demonstrate usefulness of the HDRA for pancreatic cancer. Using this technique, we could identify novel candidate combination drug regimens that should be effective in treating pancreatic cancer.
The relationship between mucosal inflammatory cells, specific symptoms, and psychological functioning in youth with irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Singh Meenal , Singh Vivekanand , Schurman Jennifer V. , Colombo Jennifer M. , Friesen Craig A.
Published: July 2020

Both mucosal inflammation and psychologic dysfunction have been implicated in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). While some relationships between inflammation (mast cells and eosinophils) and depression have been reported in adults with IBS, relationships between inflammation and psychologic function have not been studied in children and adolescents. The aims of the current study were to: (1) assess densities of colonic mast cells, eosinophils, and TH17 cells in youth with IBS; and, (2) explore relationships between these cells and specific IBS symptoms and psychologic functioning. Utilizing previously obtained biopsies from the descending and rectosigmoid colons, densities were determined for mast cells, eosinophils, and TH17 cells, respectively, in 37 youth with IBS and 10 controls. In IBS patients, densities were assessed in relation to specific IBS symptoms and in relation to self-report anxiety and depression scores. In both the descending and rectosigmoid colons, densities of mast cells, eosinophils, and TH17 cells were higher in IBS patients as compared to controls. In IBS patients, rectosigmoid mast cell density was higher in those reporting pain relief with defecation. Also, in IBS patients, rectosigmoid eosinophilia was associated with higher anxiety scores and eosinophil density correlated with depression scores. In the descending colon, eosinophil and mast cell densities both correlated with depression scores. In conclusion, mucosal inflammation (mast cells and eosinophils) is associated with pain relief with defecation and with anxiety and depression in youth with IBS.
Nondestructive authentication of the regional and geographical origin of cocoa beans by using a handheld NIR spectrometer and multivariate algorithm
Authors: Anyidoho Elliot K. , Teye Ernest , Agbemafle Robert
Published: July 2020

Traceability in the cocoa bean trade is vital to ensuring quality.
Coordination-driven assembly of a 3d–4f heterometallic organic framework with 1D Cu4I4 and Eu-based chains: syntheses, structures and various properties
Authors: Guo Feng , Su Changhua , Fan Yuhang , Shi Wenbing , Zhang Xiuling , Xu Jiakun
Published: July 2020

A 3D porous heterometallic organic framework with excellent stability was prepared with 1D Cu4I4 and EuIII-based chains which can adsorb and convert CO2 and epoxides into cyclic carbonate. It can also be used to fabricate an electrochemical aptasensor sensitive to cocaine.
Luminescence properties of Mn4+with high2Eglevel energy in the polyfluoride Na3Li3Sc2F12
Authors: Li Hong , Liu Yan , Tang Shu , Luo Lijun , Zhou Qiang , Wang Zhengliang
Published: July 2020

Red-emitting phosphor Na3Li3Sc2F12:Mn4+with the high2Eglevel energy shows intensive red emission accompanied with the high external quantum efficiency and thermal-quenching resistance for warm white LEDs.
A renaissance of N,N-dimethylacetamide-based electrolytes to promote the cycling stability of Li–O2 batteries
Authors: Yu Yue , Huang Gang , Du Jia-Yi , Wang Jia-Zhi , Wang Ying , Wu Zhi-Jian , Zhang Xin-Bo
Published: July 2020

Designing the Li+ solvation structure under medium concentration can provide superior performance compared to concentrated electrolytes and revive the DMA-based electrolyte for Li–O2 batteries.
Evidence for brown carbon absorption over the Bay of Bengal during the southwest monsoon season: a possible oceanic source
Authors: Bikkina Poonam , Bikkina Srinivas , Kawamura Kimitaka , Sudheer A. K. , Mahesh G. , Kumar S. Kuswanth
Published: July 2020

Light-absorbing brown carbon aerosols can have a marine origin over the coastal oceans and are likely associated with the sea salt component emitted from the ocean surface – significantly contributes to aerosol radiative forcing.
Pea protein-derived tripeptide LRW shows osteoblastic activity on MC3T3-E1 cellsviathe activation of the Akt/Runx2 pathway
Authors: Arora Harshita , Shang Nan , Bhullar Khushwant S. , Wu Jianping
Published: July 2020

Tripeptide LRW improves bone health by stimulating osteoblastic bone formationviathe activation of the Akt/Runx2 signaling pathway as well as inhibiting osteoblast-mediated bone resorptionviathe RANK/RANKL/OPG system.
A rational design of a cancer-specific and lysosome-targeted fluorescence nanoprobe for glutathione imaging in living cells
Authors: Wang Hong , Zhang Peisheng , Zhang Chonghua , Chen Shu , Zeng Rongjin , Cui Jiaxi , Chen Jian
Published: July 2020

A dual-targeting (both cancer cell- and lysosome-targeting) fluorescence nanoprobe was rational designed and synthesized for the efficient imaging of lysosomal GSH in cancer cells.
Iron-mediated deuterium addition cascade cyano insertion/cyclization of N-arylacrylamides to access deuterium-labelled phenanthridines
Authors: Ji Lei , Gu Weijin , Liu Ping , Sun Peipei
Published: July 2020

Deuterated molecules feature important biological activities and pharmacokinetic properties for the design of pharmaceuticals.
Synthesis of α-amino nitriles through one-pot selective Ru-photocatalyzed oxidative cyanation of amines
Authors: Echevarría Igor , Vaquero Mónica , Quesada Roberto , Espino Gustavo
Published: July 2020

A new family of Ru(ii) photocatalysts exhibits excellent performance in the efficient and eco-friendly one-pot preparation of α-amino nitriles from primary and secondary amines.
Role of interface properties in organic solar cells: from substrate engineering to bulk-heterojunction interfacial morphology
Authors: Zhang Hong , Li Yanxun , Zhang Xuning , Zhang Yuan , Zhou Huiqiong
Published: July 2020

Surface properties control provides tools for tailoring the active layer self-assembly and phase separation kinetics, which plays an important role in the morphology by directing phase separation during film deposition, drying and annealing.
Hydrogenolysis of alginic acid over mono and bimetallic ruthenium/nickel supported on activated carbon catalysts with basic promoters
Authors: Yang Seungdo , Kim Hyungjoo , Kim Do Heui
Published: July 2020

Hydrogenolysis of alginic acid, derived from macroalgae, was performed over Ru–Ni supported on activated carbon catalyst using NaOH as basic promoter to produce glycols.
Multi-objectivede novomolecular design of organic structure-directing agents for zeolites using nature-inspired ant colony optimization
Authors: Muraoka Koki , Chaikittisilp Watcharop , Okubo Tatsuya
Published: July 2020

Inspired by the exploratory methods of ant colonies, adaptive optimization was employed to explore the chemical space for organic molecules that guide zeolite crystallization, giving both physicochemically and economically promising molecules.
Designing composite solid-state electrolytes for high performance lithium ion or lithium metal batteries
Authors: Zhang Tengfei , He Wenjie , Zhang Wei , Wang Tao , Li Peng , Sun ZhengMing , Yu Xuebin
Published: July 2020

Composite solid-state electrolytes (CSSEs) formed by mixing different ionic conductors lead to better performance than a single solid-state electrolytes (SSEs), demonstrating great potentials in the next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).
Patchy rough colloids as Pickering stabilizers
Authors: Weijgertze Hannah M. H. , Kegel Willem K. , Zanini Michele
Published: July 2020

The use of rough and heterogeneous colloids as Pickering stabilizers fundamentally alters the properties of particle stabilized emulsions. Systematic variations in the emulsification shear rate, oil/water ratio and particle type reveal the influence of particle heterogeneity on the formation and formulation of emulsions.
A photo-activated process cascaded electrocatalysis for the highly efficient CO2 reduction over a core–shell ZIF-8@Co/C
Authors: Gu Jian-Xia , Zhao Xue , Sun Yue , Zhou Jie , Sun Chun-Yi , Wang Xin-Long , Kang Zhen-Hui , Su Zhong-Min
Published: July 2020

A photo-activated process is cascaded to an electrocatalytic pathway for reducing CO2 to prepare syngas over core–shell ZIF-8@Co/C, exhibiting excellent electrochemical performance and achieving high joule-to-joule conversion efficiency of 5.38%.
A rational synthesis of single-atom iron–nitrogen electrocatalysts for highly efficient oxygen reduction reaction
Authors: Huo Juanjuan , Lu Li , Shen Ziyan , Liu Yan , Guo Jiaojiao , Liu Quanbing , Wang Yong , Liu Hao , Wu Minghong , Wang Guoxiu
Published: July 2020

A feasible strategy was explored to achieve atomically dispersed Fe–Nx sites anchoring on porous carbon hybrid (Fe-SA/PC). The catalyst possessed excellent catalytic activity, high stability and methanol-tolerance toward ORR in alkaline solution.
Synchronously improved stretchability and mobility by tuning the molecular weight for intrinsically stretchable transistors
Authors: Ren Hang , Zhang Junmo , Tong Yanhong , Zhang Jidong , Zhao Xiaoli , Cui Nan , Li Yuanzheng , Ye Xiaolin , Tang Qingxin , Liu Yichun
Published: July 2020

Synchronously improved mobility and stretchability were realized in PIDTBT by molecular weight modulation. An intrinsically stretchable transistor array with mobility of 1.84 cm2 V−1 s−1, good stretchability at 100% strain and high device density was demonstrated.
Transport of angular momentum by stochastically excited waves as an explanation for the outburst of the rapidly rotating Be star HD49330
Authors: Neiner C. , Lee U. , Mathis S. , Saio H. , Lovekin C. C. , Augustson K. C.
Published: July 2020

Context. HD 49330 is an early Be star that underwent an outburst during its five-month observation with the CoRoT satellite. An analysis of its light curve revealed several independent p and g pulsation modes, in addition to showing that the amplitude of the modes is directly correlated with the outburst.

Aims. We modelled the results obtained with CoRoT to understand the link between pulsational parameters and the outburst of this Be star.

Methods. We modelled the flattening of the structure of the star due to rapid rotation in two ways: Chandrasekhar-Milne’s expansion and 2D structure computed with ROTORC. We then modelled κ-driven pulsations. We also adapted the formalism of the excitation and amplitude of stochastically excited gravito-inertial modes to rapidly rotating stars, and we modelled those pulsations as well.

Results. We find that while pulsation p modes are indeed excited by the κ mechanism, the observed g modes are, rather, a result of stochastic excitation. In contrast, g and r waves are stochastically excited in the convective core and transport angular momentum to the surface, increasing its rotation rate. This destabilises the external layers of the star, which then emits transient stochastically excited g waves. These transient waves produce most of the low-frequency signal detected in the CoRoT data and ignite the outburst. During this unstable phase, p modes disappear at the surface because their cavity is broken. Following the outburst and ejection of the surface layer, relaxation occurs, making the transient g waves disappear and p modes reappear.

Conclusions. This work includes the first coherent model of stochastically excited gravito-inertial pulsation modes in a rapidly rotating Be star. It provides an explanation for the correlation between the variation in the amplitude of frequencies detected in the CoRoT data and the occurrence of an outburst. This scenario could apply to other pulsating Be stars, providing an explanation to the long-standing questions surrounding Be outbursts and disks.
Dark dust and single-cloud sightlines in the ISM
Authors: Siebenmorgen R. , Krełowski J. , Smoker J. , Galazutdinov G. , Bagnulo S.
Published: July 2020

The precise characteristics of clouds and the nature of dust in the diffuse interstellar medium can only be extracted by inspecting the rare cases of single-cloud sightlines. In our nomenclature such objects are identified by interstellar lines, such as K I, that show at a resolving power of λ∕Δλ ~ 75 000 one dominating Doppler component that accounts for more than half of the observed column density. We searched for such sightlines using high-resolution spectroscopy towards reddened OB stars for which far-UV extinction curves are known. We compiled a sample of 186 spectra, 100 of which were obtained specifically for this project with UVES. In our sample we identified 65 single-cloud sightlines, about half of which were previously unknown. We used the CH/CH+ line ratio of our targets to establish whether the sightlines are dominated by warm or cold clouds. We found that CN is detected in all cold (CH/CH+ > 1) clouds, but is frequently absent in warm clouds. We inspected the WISE (3−22 μm) observed emission morphology around our sightlines and excluded a circumstellar nature for the observed dust extinction. We found that most sightlines are dominated by cold clouds that are located far away from the heating source. For 132 stars, we derived the spectral type and the associated spectral type-luminosity distance. We also applied the interstellar Ca II distance scale, and compared these two distance estimates with Gaia parallaxes. These distance estimates scatter by ~40%. By comparing spectral type-luminosity distances with those of Gaia, we detected a hidden dust component that amounts to a few mag of extinction for eight sightlines. This dark dust is populated by ≳ 1 μm large grains and predominately appears in the field of the cold interstellar medium.
Destruction route of solid-state formamide by thermal H atoms
Authors: Suhasaria T. , Mennella V.
Published: July 2020

Context. Formamide (NH2CHO) is one of the simplest “CHON” molecules that has been observed in different environments in space. In star-forming regions, its abundance in the gas phase is correlated to isocyanic acid (HNCO), indicating a chemical relation between the two species. Many studies have investigated the different routes for the transformation of the two species from one to the other.

Aims. We carry out an experimental analysis on the interaction of atomic H at 300 K with solid NH2CHO to probe whether HNCO can form.

Methods. The effects of H atom irradiation on NH2CHO have been analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.

Results. During irradiation, a decrease in the band intensity of the C–H, C=O, and N–H modes of NH2CHO with a simultaneous increase in the N=C=O band intensity of HNCO is observed, indicating a transformation of NH2CHO to HNCO. The corresponding destruction and formation cross-sections have been estimated from the trend of the normalized column densities as a function of the H atom fluence. The transformation follows a three-step reaction sequence driven by H atom exothermic abstractions that also induce sputtering of the products. No bands of aminomethanol were detected.

Conclusions. The interaction of H atoms with NH2CHO in space can be one of the promising mechanisms to explain the chemical relation between NH2CHO and HNCO. In addition, the comparison of our results with those of other energetic processing agents suggests that H atoms play a crucial role in the destruction of NH2CHO ice in dense regions of the interstellar medium.