bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of correlation between MSCT classification and prognosis of basal ganglia hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage
Authors: Liu Zhixue , Zhang Xiaoyan , Ma Lihong
Published: May 2020

Objective: To investigate the correlation between MSCT grading and the prognosis of basal ganglia hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage.Methods: A total of 86 patients with basal ganglia hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage admitted to our hospital from May 2017 to March 2018 were selected. The clinical data and imaging data were collected from 86 patients. The MSCT images were observed and summarized by two radiologists. Based on the morphology of cisterna ambiens and brain stem, the correlation of MSCT grading to Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) grading was analyzed by use of Spearman correlation analysis.Results: Among 86 patients, the number of MSCT grade I, II, III and IV were 29 cases, 38 cases, 9 cases and 10 cases respectively. There was no significant correlation between MSCT grading and age, sex as well as types of combined underlying diseases in the patients with basal ganglia hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (p > .05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between MSCT grading and GCS score of basal ganglia hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. The higher MSCT grade was, the higher GCS score was (r = .719, p < .001). There was a positive correlation between MSCT grading and GOS grading of basal ganglia hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. The higher MSCT grade was, the higher GOS grade was, leading to a poor prognosis (r = .734, p < .001). 86 cases of basal ganglia hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage showed round or quasi-circular high-density shadows in MSCT images, the CT value ranged from 50 Hu to 80 Hu. Low-density bands surrounded the hematoma in the acute stage, and space-occupying effect could be seen in some patients, which resulted in the compression of ventricular sulcus and cistern and the displacement of midline structure. Subacute basal ganglia hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage patients showed a relative decrease in the density of hematoma, with the extent of edema gradually reduced, the focus showed a high-density shadow in the center; chronic basal ganglia hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage focus showed a cystic low-density shadow.Conclusion: MSCT grading of basal ganglia hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage is positively correlated to GCS and GOS grading. MSCT grading can contribute to the prognostic evaluation to the patients.
Pembrolizumab induced scleroderma
Authors: Alkilany Reem , Ballou Stanley
Published: May 2020

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare connective tissue disorder. It is a chronic multisystem disease characterized by vascular dysfunction and progressive fibrosis of tissue, with skin hardening and thickening (known as scleroderma) being the hallmark of the disease. It tends to affect females more than males and has a higher prevalence in African American population with earlier onset and more severe disease. While scleroderma can be a manifestation of conditions other than SSC, the presence of skin thickening of the fingers, extending proximally to metacarpophalangeal joints is sufficient to classify a patient as having SSc. SSc treatment is challenging given the heterogeneity of the disease, multiple organ involvement, different subtypes and poorly understood etiology and pathogenesis. Yet, systemic immunosuppressive therapy is often the treatment of choice. Here we present a 60-year-old white female who developed skin thickening of her fingers extending to the forearms and of her proximal thighs after being treated with pembrolizumab for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. It was difficult to determine internal organ involvement given her history of metastatic lung cancer, but scleroderma specific autoantibodies were negative. Her symptoms improved after treatment with methotrexate and stopping pembrolizumab. This is one of the first case reports of scleroderma secondary to pembrolizumab.
A survey of electronic medication management technologies among nurse educators: Implications for practice
Authors: Creel Eileen , Carruth Ann , Taylor Staci
Published: May 2020

Supervised clinical training is an essential component of nursing education programs. There has been little written about the impact of transitioning from the pre-digital healthcare environment to electronic medication management on the clinical education of nursing students. Even less is known about how nursing faculty and students incorporate technologies such a bar code medication administration into workflow to ensure correct medication administration. This article reports the results of a national descriptive cross-sectional survey of Associate and Bachelor of Science Nursing programs. Findings from this study confirm that despite the benefits of safety technologies, current practices in many clinical agencies create new challenges for nurse educators who supervise nursing students, potentially resulting in medication errors and false documentation. Nursing students in a clinical setting need to administer medications to become proficient and safe, and access to these technologies is essential. To ensure patient safety standards and legal compliance, clinical training site agencies need policies to define acceptable workflows while providing students with the practical experience needed to achieve skill competence.
Experience of the nursing team concerning the care of patients with meningitis attended in emergency department
Authors: Moura Rhenan G. , Fernandes Cristina Da S. , Brandão Maria G.S.A. , Galindo Neto Nelson M. , Caetano Joselany Á. , Barros Lívia M.
Published: May 2020

Objective: To unveil the experience of the nursing team in relation to the care of patients with meningitis attended in emergency departments.Methods: Exploratory and qualitative study made with 13 nurses and 12 nursing technicians from the emergency sector of a public hospital located in Northeast of Brazil. The data was gathered through an interview using a semi-structured script. The interviews were transcribed, processed in the Iramuteq software and analyzed with the descending hierarchical classification.Results: Three categories were obtained and they were referent to the accomplished interventions (administration of medication, patient’s isolation, contribution in the accomplishment of exams, use of individual protection equipment and humanization), to the experienced feelings (fear and unsafety) and the disease’s suggestive alerts (headache, neck stiffness, changes in the conscience level and vomit).Conclusions: The nursing experience in the care of patients with meningitis, in the emergency sector, was shown to be permeated by the accomplishment of interventions, feelings, and knowledge about the symptoms.
Ethical Challenges of Complex Products: Case of Goldman Sachs and the Synthetic Collateralized Debt Obligations
Authors: Lartey Franklin M.
Published: May 2020

In analyzing complex products, this study selected the company Goldman Sachs and one of its product offerings, the synthetic collateralized debt obligation (synthetic CDO). The study later analyzed the ethical implications of providing such a complex product to customers. A review of the literature indicates that researchers identified this product and other associated derivatives of the mortgage backed securities as the main causes of the 2008 financial crisis in the United States of America. As such, Goldman Sachs’ offering of the product posed ethical and moral issues. An analysis of the company and its offering was done under the lenses of various ethical theories such as Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, the Kantian ethics, the utilitarian perspective, Friedman’s shareholder theory, the stakeholder theory, the market approach to consumer protection, and the contract view of consumer protection. Besides Friedman’s shareholder theory, all other theories judged the product offering morally wrong and unethical. At the end of the study, the author suggested a contribution to knowledge regarding Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning in its application to organizations. The author also suggested further research to validate the outcome of Friedman’s shareholder theory regarding this case.
Improving Digital Marketing Strategy in Jordanian Air Aviation Sector for Becoming a Regional Training Center
Authors: Abu-Dalbouh Mahmud Agel
Published: May 2020

The transformational processes of the global economy and the development of digital technologies necessitate a conceptual review of existing management strategies and their improvement, a change in the processes of obtaining knowledge and assessing their relationships. In modern conditions, to ensure the effectiveness of activities, the necessary element of management is the use of innovative information and digital technologies in business, which allow optimizing costs and optimizing financial results.

The expediency and relevance of the study, which is aimed at assessing the relationship of digital strategies and their impact on the Jordanian aviation sector, is substantiated. It has been taught that the availability of digital technologies contributes to the improvement of management strategies and educational processes, which allows them to become training centers at the regional level. It was determined that the development of digital tools (content, web pages, social networks, advertising, video and other marketing components) and their application in organization management strategies contribute to streamlining the management process and gaining knowledge. It is argued that the process of education and training of managers depends on the approach used by the organization’s digital tools, as well as the type and industry of its economic activity. It is taught that the training used in the Jordanian aviation sector, as a managerial survey compiled by design specialists, explains the degree of accessibility of this sector of the economy and confirms the need to establish a training center at the regional level. It is proved that the establishment of a training center at the regional level will ensure the promotion of employees of the Jordanian aviation sector, state support, a new image and loyalty, which will make managers at the local and regional levels aware. To justify the relevance and necessity, a statistical one-way analysis of variance was carried out for the influence of factors on training processes in the aviation sector of Jordan.

The main results of statistical one-way analysis of variance interpret the importance of this study and the need to improve the digital strategy, and its application in marketing activities, which focus on 3digital. Unique practical recommendations have been developed that are based on customer focus and focus on three digital strategies (clients; educational product; digital tools), which will achieve the organization's strategic goals and positive financial results.
The Development of American Psychiatry’s Professional Style: DSM-III’s “Common Language”
Authors: Kelly Patty
Published: May 2020

This article analyzes psychiatrists’ metadiscourse about the textual standardiza­tion of discourse practices in the third edition of the American Psychiatric Asso­ciation’s diagnostic manual, DSM-III (1980). I argue that DSM-III’s “common language” represents the development of a professional style for American psy­chiatry, and I suggest that the codification of that style in DSM-III results in a handbook of usage. One of the professional aims of the textual standardization of the diagnostic manual is to position psychiatrists as scientists who use scientific standards of practice and scientific research methods to produce psychiatric knowledge. As a consequence, the chief style attributes of DSM-III help deter­mine the chief professional attributes such that the textual standardization of the profession’s diagnostic manual becomes inseparable from the standardization of psychiatric knowledge.
Distributed and Mediated Ethos in a Mental Health Call Center
Authors: Sánchez Fernando
Published: May 2020

This pilot study of a mental health call center clinician’s workplace tools, processes, and organizational structures proposes a preliminary theory of “distributed and mediated ethos.” A distributed and mediated ethos refers to how an organization uses various resources—artifacts, technologies, and processes—situated across dis¬parate locations in order to expand and control their identity in the service of extend¬ing their reach and capacity to render essential services. An analysis of a participant clinician’s rhetorical context flowcharts and network pictures shows how an agency’s ethos is mediated through various technologies. Findings suggest that a distributed ethos (1) projects the impression of being “always there”; (2) relies on dexterity across several human and nonhuman actors; and (3) necessitates targeted tasks from branches that extend ethos farther from the organization. This pilot study, thus, provides researchers of rhetoric of health and medicine (RHM) with a new tool for exploring the intricate and complex nature of health at a distance and other complicated 21st century healthcare delivery formats.
Transformationsprozesse in den europäischen Parteiensystemen und ihre Folgen für die Zukunft der Europäischen Union
Authors: Kohls Johannes , Tekin Funda
Published: May 2020

Transformation processes at both the political and societal level are decisive factors for the future integration process of the European Union. Among the member states, highly variable causes for change are evident and particularly the inclusion-exclusion cleavage stands out. In addition, the pan-European crises of recent years have proved to be catalysts for the transformation of European societies and party systems, which is also being driven forward by new communication structures. Although the European elections themselves did not turn out to be an “earthquake” for the European integration process, they do make it more difficult to find a majority and form a government. The campaign themes that shaped the 2019 European elections have proved to be diverse. Environmental and climate policy does not count among the crucial issues for the elections across Europe.
Die Regional- und Kohäsionspolitik der EU: Strukturhilfen für Fördergebiete oder Joker der Integration?
Authors: Tömmel Ingeborg
Published: May 2020

This article questions whether and to what extent the European Union’s (EU) regional and cohesion policy benefits the supported regions and particularly their citizens. It highlights three dimensions of the European policy: its goals, its modes of governance, and its impacts. The analysis leads to the following results: the goals of the European policy are overly complex as they are formed by too many, partly contradictory interests. There exists a gap between the modern, process-based governance modes of the EU and the traditional, top-down steering mechanisms in the member states, resulting in manifold frictions between the government levels. The impacts of this policy at best partly benefit the citizens. The article concludes with some recommendations for reform for both the European and the member state level.
Jurten, Terroristen, Öl und Gas – Elemente einer Kommunikationsstrategie für Zentralasien
Authors: Heinecke Susann
Published: May 2020

In view of the limited perception of Central Asia by the European public and the increasing importance of the region for Europe, the article outlines a communication strategy for the future promotion of Central Asia in Europe. The aim is to provide stakeholders of EU-Central Asia relations in politics, education, science, economy and society with recommendations on how they can contribute to a better understanding of Central Asia in the European public. The strategy develops a possible common narrative of Central Asia and suggests concrete measures for the relevant stakeholders.
Twitter as an engagement tool: How Public Benefit Organizations are building relationships with their audience
Authors: Olinski Marian , Szamrowski Piotr
Published: May 2020

The current study applies content analysis to scrutinize the relationship between Twitter messaging tactics employed by 186 Public Benefit Organizations (PBO) and public reactions in the form of liking, retweeting and commenting behaviour. The results indicate that Twitter plays a marginal role in the Polish PBO, and it seems to be at most complementary to the much more frequently utilized Facebook. Furthermore, the size of the organization does not affect the frequency of the published content on Twitter. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the most important factor influencing audience engagement was the Twitter profile number of followers. It explained the largest percentage of variance in terms of the average number of retweets, the average number of likes, and the percentage of tweets that were then commented on.
Chico Buarque e a construção de gênero em canções forjadas na homoafetividade: da crítica feminista à teoria queer
Authors: CALDERANO CAMILA FONSECA DE OLIVEIRA , Almeida Márcia
Published: May 2020

Este artigo analisa duas canções do compositor Chico Buarque (Bárbara - 1972/1973 e Mar e Lua - 1980) a partir da perspectiva de construção do gênero feminino em uma lógica não excludente. As canções em tela não apresentam a mulher através dos modelos convencionais e percebem a multiplicidade das sexualidades humanas, questionando a naturalização das identidades heteronormativas a partir da representação marginalizada e estigmatizada da homoafetividade. Além disso, em consonância com outras canções de Chico Buarque, representam uma crítica social à opressão e marginalização dos homossexuais.
Memórias, dores e traumas: mulheres e ditadura em Tropical sol da liberdade
Authors: Cargnelutti Camila Marchesan , Reis Marcus Vinicius
Published: May 2020

Nesse estudo, articulando conceitos dos estudos de gênero, literatura, história e memória, analisamos Tropical sol da liberdade, de Ana Maria Machado. Publicado originalmente em 1988, em um contexto pós-ditatorial, o romance de Machado é construído em torno da temática da ditadura civil-militar no país (1964-1985), a partir da visão de personagens mulheres. Por meio da leitura crítica da narrativa, investigamos como a protagonista, Lena, tenta apropriar-se da palavra para escrever uma peça teatral. Essa tentativa, no romance, configura-se como uma maneira de elaborar, narrar e externar seu passado traumático, fazendo parte da própria reconstrução identitária da personagem.
ADMINISTRAÇÃO POLÍTICA DA SAÚDE: UMA ANÁLISE DAS AÇÕES EM SAÚDE NA CIDADE DE CAMPINA GRANDE, PARAÍBA
Authors: Alves da silva Nogueira Kleiton Wagner
Published: May 2020

O Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) é tido como uma conquista da sociedade brasileira. Entender que esse sistema se caracteriza como uma política de Estado é considerar que há uma Administração política da saúde em vigor. Nesse contexto, entende-se que o planejamento se torna central para esse sistema, por fornecer ferramentas para um pensar em longo prazo ao gestor público. Nessa perspectiva, o SUS possui, como parte integrante da gestão, o sistema de Planejamento do SUS que por meio de instrumentos básicos como planos, programações e relatórios, o ajuda a planejar metas, diretrizes e ações em saúde. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a execução do Plano Municipal de Saúde da cidade de Campina Grande do ano de 2016, por intermédio da respectiva Programação Anual em Saúde e Relatório Anual de Gestão. Caracterizada como uma pesquisa exploratória, descritiva e documental, os principais resultados obtidos evidenciam pouca atenção dada para as metas analisadas, assim como para o próprio Plano Municipal de Saúde, que demonstrou servir como peça burocrática.
BRAND EQUITY E O USO DE TECNOLOGIAS DA INFORMAÇÃO E DA COMUNICAÇÃO APLICADAS AO ENSINO SUPERIOR: A INFLUÊNCIA DA UTILIZAÇÃO FRENTE À PERCEPÇÃO DE MARCA DA COMUNIDADE ACADÊMICA DE SC.
Authors: Domingues Maria José Carvalho de Souza , Santos Thiago Dos , Kraus Camila Belli , Oliveira Jaine De , Gobbo André
Published: May 2020

As mensurações de marca e do uso de tecnologias no processo de ensino-aprendizagem tem ganhado cada vez mais espaço, tanto para as contribuições teóricas quanto para a prática das IES. Nesse mesmo sentido, as decisões de escolha dos consumidores em optar por uma ou outra instituição de ensino superior também registra alto índice de pesquisas científicas. Esse estudo teve como objetivo medir a percepção da comunidade acadêmica catarinense quanto às influências das TIC’s e valor de marca das IES. Para responder os objetivos dessa pesquisa, foram aplicados questionários impressos e auto preenchíveis com estudantes e indivíduos já formados em 20 diferentes cidades do estado, no mês de abril de 2019. No total, participaram 438 pessoas que indicaram alta importância dada aos recursos tecnológicos no processo ensino-aprendizado, alta relevância aos aspectos de marca das IES e correlação moderada entre os construtos utilizados por essa pesquisa.
ANÁLISE DA IMPORTÂNCIA NO CRESCIMENTO ECONÔMICO DAS COOPERATIVAS DE CRÉDITO NO BRASIL A PARTIR DE 2010.
Authors: Silva Kalinka Martins da , Oreiro José Luis
Published: May 2020

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a importância das cooperativas no sistema de crédito no Brasil e a importância disso no crescimento econômico. As cooperativas de crédito têm por objetivo prestar assistência creditícia e de serviços bancários aos seus associados. Neste artigo se considera que as cooperativas de crédito estão inseridas no setor financeiro bancário no Brasil, e se constata que as mesmas estão aumentando sua participação no Sistema Financeiro Nacional devido as medidas desregulatórias promovidas pelo BACEN a partir dos anos 2000 e com isso aumentando sua participação no sistema de crédito bancário no Brasil
Adaptations of data mining methodologies: a systematic literature review
Authors: Plotnikova Veronika , Dumas Marlon , Milani Fredrik
Published: May 2020

The use of end-to-end data mining methodologies such as CRISP-DM, KDD process, and SEMMA has grown substantially over the past decade. However, little is known as to how these methodologies are used in practice. In particular, the question of whether data mining methodologies are used ‘as-is’ or adapted for specific purposes, has not been thoroughly investigated. This article addresses this gap via a systematic literature review focused on the context in which data mining methodologies are used and the adaptations they undergo. The literature review covers 207 peer-reviewed and ‘grey’ publications. We find that data mining methodologies are primarily applied ‘as-is’. At the same time, we also identify various adaptations of data mining methodologies and we note that their number is growing rapidly. The dominant adaptations pattern is related to methodology adjustments at a granular level (modifications) followed by extensions of existing methodologies with additional elements. Further, we identify two recurrent purposes for adaptation: (1) adaptations to handle Big Data technologies, tools and environments (technological adaptations); and (2) adaptations for context-awareness and for integrating data mining solutions into business processes and IT systems (organizational adaptations). The study suggests that standard data mining methodologies do not pay sufficient attention to deployment issues, which play a prominent role when turning data mining models into software products that are integrated into the IT architectures and business processes of organizations. We conclude that refinements of existing methodologies aimed at combining data, technological, and organizational aspects, could help to mitigate these gaps.
POTENTIAL OF PASTURE LEGUMES IN LOW-EXTERNAL-INPUT AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE (LEISA). 2. FARMER ADAPTATION OF STARTER TECHNOLOGY BY FARMER RESEARCH GROUPS IN LUAPULA PROVINCE, ZAMBIA
Authors: Steinmaier N.
Published: July 2002

The participatory approach of Farmer Research Groups (FRGs) was used in Farmer Adaptation of Starter Technology (FAST) with small-scale farmers in Luapula Province, Zambia. The introduction of a starter technology proved to be a suitable method to induce self-help initiatives with farmers. Their first move in FAST related to the improvement of food security and income generation by the cultivation and marketing of new maize (Zea mays) varieties in wetlands during the dry and early rainy seasons. By informal on-farm seed multiplication the expenditure on external agricultural inputs was reduced. The technical aspects of the starter technology began with the integration of pasture legumes as a pioneer crop for green manuring purposes in maize production. In this respect, FRGs developed individual risk-aversion strategies to ensure early planting of the maize with the onset of the rains. The groups made adaptations such as biomass transfer, intercropping and crop rotations in order to integrate pasture legumes into current cropping systems for green manuring purposes.
More about quantitative trait locus mapping with diallel designs
Authors: REBAÏ AHMED , GOFFINET BRUNO
Published: July 2002

We present a general regression-based method for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) by
combining different populations derived from diallel designs. The model expresses, at any map
position, the phenotypic value of each individual as a function of the specific-mean of the
population to which the individual belongs, the additive and dominance effects of the alleles
carried by the parents of that population and the probabilities of QTL genotypes conditional on
those of neighbouring markers. Standard linear model procedures (ordinary or iteratively
reweighted least-squares) are used for estimation and test of the parameters.
THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT AND THE BOURBON RESTORATION: THE

OCCUPATION OF TOULON, 1793
Authors: MORI JENNIFER
Published: July 2002

This article addresses the development of the British

government's policy towards the

restoration of the Bourbon monarchy in France, which arose from the

British occupation of Toulon

from 28 August to 19 December 1793. The discussions conducted by prime

minister William Pitt and

foreign secretary Lord Grenville on the shape of Toulon's civil

government under occupation clarify

official British perceptions of an ‘ideal’ Bourbon monarchy

in France. British thoughts on this subject

were determined, not only by traditional English whig beliefs about the

institutional foundations of

political, constitutional and civil liberty, but also by consideration

for the upheavals that the French

Revolution had witnessed. Alhough Pitt and Grenville were interested in

establishing a model

government capable of healing the French social and political conflicts

that had emerged since 1789,

their deliberations on the fate of Toulon reveal that the French ancien

régime was still a negative entity in British minds despite the advent of the French Revolution and Revolutionary Wars.
‘LESSER BREEDS WITHOUT THE LAW’: THE BRITISH ESTABLISHMENT
AND
THE DREYFUS AFFAIR, 1894–1899
Authors: TOMBS ROBERT
Published: July 2002

Queen Victoria, her court, the embassy in Paris, the prime
minister, and the press, led
by The Times, were early and impassioned sympathizers
with Alfred Dreyfus and bitter critics of
his persecutors. This article traces the development of their
views and the information available to
them, analyses the principal themes as they saw them, and attempts to explain
how and why they
formed their opinions. It considers why the Dreyfusard position
was so congenial to them. It argues
that their own principles and prejudices – conservative,
patriotic, Anglo-Saxon, and Protestant – were
confirmed by a critique of French political culture, seen as
corrupted by a combined heritage of
absolutism, revolution, Catholicism, and demagoguery. This appears
to be confirmed by contrast with
the few dissenting voices in Britain, on one hand Catholic and
Irish, on the other, anti-Semitic
socialist, who showed little sympathy with the Dreyfusards, and
even less with the views of their British supporters.
BÖRTE SAGASTER, “Herren” und “Sklaven”: Der Wandel im Sklavenbild türkischer Literaten in der Spätzeit des Osmanischen Reiches, Mîzân: Studien und Texte zur Literatur des Orients, vol. 7 (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1997). Pp. 201.
Authors: Ambros Edith GüLçin
Published: July 2002

The work under discussion is the slightly revised version of the author's Ph.D. dissertation, which she completed in 1995 at the University of Hamburg. Its aim is to show the treatment of the subject of slavery by Ottoman men of letters. In doing so, it investigates the question of when and how the specifically Ottoman attitude toward slavery was influenced by European ideas.
Mineral and slurry nitrogen effects on yield,
N uptake, and apparent N-use efficiency of
oilseed rape (Brassica napus)
Authors: SIELING K. , SCHRÖDER H. , HANUS H.
Published: July 2002

In NW Europe, autumn-grown oilseed rape normally receives
nitrogen (N) in autumn as seedbed N
and in the spring as a split application at the beginning of
growth and at stem elongation. In the
growing seasons 1990/91 to 1992/93, the effects of
slurry and mineral N fertilization on yield, N
uptake by the seed and apparent N-use efficiency (NUE) by
oilseed rape (Brassica napus) were
investigated in a factorial field experiment at Hohenschulen
Experimental Station near Kiel, NW
Germany. The crop rotation was oilseed rape–winter
wheat–winter barley, and soil tillage
(conservation tillage without ploughing, conventional tillage),
application of pig slurry (none,
autumn, spring, autumn+spring) and mineral N fertilization
(0 to 200 kg N ha−1) were all varied.
Each year, the treatments were applied to all three crops of
the rotation and were located on the same
plots.

Between the years, average seed yield ranged from 3·04
to 3·78 t ha−1, while the corresponding N
uptake by the seed varied from 107 to 131 kg N
ha−1. Slurry application in spring increased
the seed yield and N uptake by the seed in all years, whereas
the effect of autumn slurry alone or in
combination with spring slurry was negligible. Mineral N
fertilizer increased seed yield and N uptake
by the seeds except in 1991/92, when N amounts exceeded
160 kg N ha−1. No significant
slurry×mineral N interaction occurred. Apparent NUE of
mineral N was larger than that of slurry
N, but decreased with increasing mineral fertilizer N rates.
Only 5% of the autumn slurry N was
apparently utilized by the seeds, compared with 24% of the
spring slurry N.

Despite its ability to take up substantial quantities of N
before the winter, oilseed rape utilized very
little autumn slurry N for seed production. To minimize
environmental impacts, slurry should be
applied in the spring, when plants are more able to use N for
yield formation, even if NUE of slurry
N is lower than that of mineral N. However, since NUE changes
with the amount of applied N, it
is difficult to find the best combination of slurry and
mineral N fertilization to avoid negative
environmental effects.
Forage quality and feed intake responses of cattle to
improved pastures, tree killing and stocking rate in
open eucalypt woodlands of north-eastern Australia
Authors: ASH A. J. , McIVOR J. G.
Published: July 2002

The effects of oversowing introduced grasses and legumes, tree

killing and stocking rate on simulated
diet quality and feed intake of cattle were studied in an open
eucalypt woodland in the semi-arid
tropics of north-eastern Australia in 1990. Rainfall during the experimental
period was above
average, producing good conditions for pasture growth, which
resulted in little influence of stocking
rate on pasture or dietary attributes. During the growing
season, forage quality, as measured by
nitrogen concentration and in vitro digestibility, was
higher in sown pasture than in native pasture,
and higher in plots with live trees than in plots with killed
trees. Treatment differences in herbage
quality disappeared later in the year when pastures senesced. In
sown pasture treatments, there was
no effect of tree killing on legume (Stylosanthes spp.)
quality. However, Stylosanthes made a greater
contribution to the diet of cattle grazing in wooded paddocks than
in paddocks where trees had been
killed. The proportion of Stylosanthes in the diet reached
a peak in May and then declined.
Oversowing increased both diet quality and feed intake while, to a
lesser extent, killing trees resulted
in generally lower diet quality and feed intake.

Estimates of liveweight change were made from the quantities of
energy and protein consumed by
the cattle. As expected, large increases in liveweight gain were
predicted to occur in oversown pastures
compared with native pastures. However, estimates indicated that
animal performance may be better
where trees are left intact rather than killed. While carrying capacity

is greatly increased with the
removal of trees, this may be at the expense of individual animal
performance. Possible reasons for
this significant negative response in dietary attributes and predicted

liveweight gain to tree killing are discussed.
W. D. Howells and the Crisis of Overproduction
Authors: McGUIRE IAN
Published: July 2002

In October of 1888, at the height of his literary fame and influence,
W. D. Howells wrote the following to Edward Everett Hale:

I am persuaded also that the best that is in men, most men, cannot come out until
they all have a fair chance. I used to think America gave this; now I don't. – I
am neither an example nor an incentive meanwhile in my own way of living …Words, words, words! How to make them things, deeds, – you have the secret
of that; with me they only breed more words. At present they are running into
another novel.

Howells's tendency to equate his own weaknesses with the social tensions
of late-nineteenth-century America is equally apparent in a letter written
a few weeks earlier to Henry James:

I'm not in a good humour with “America” myself. It seems to me the most
grotesquely illogical thing under the sun…after fifty years of optimistic content
with “civilization” and its ability to come out right in the end, I now abhor it
and feel that it is coming out all wrong in the end, unless it bases itself anew upon
real equality. Meantime I wear a fur-lined overcoat and live in all the luxury my
money can buy. (417)

While these letters express, most clearly, a sense of disillusionment, a
feeling that Howells like his country has betrayed his early promise, they
also manage to imply the more disturbing fear that the promise may
actually have been kept – that luxury and meaninglessness may be the
logical culmination of both moral projects. There is a feeling here beyond
irony (and he was never a great ironist) that Howells, like America, is
helpless in the grip of a process which makes vacuousness and luxury the
inevitable result of any quest for value. I will argue in this article that one
name for this process is capitalist modernity and that the specific moment
of capitalist development that Howells is reacting to, in these letters and
in his work as a whole, is the crisis of overproduction experienced by the
US economy towards the end of the nineteenth century. Howells's
uncertainty in these letters, about his own life and writing and about the
state of his country, speaks, in this context, to the confusions of a culture
in which the morally sanctioned effort of production had become
somehow itself a problem, a problem whose solution – consumption –
appeared as an immoral, yet inevitable, form of wastage.
Localization of carbonic anhydrase in the
goat mammary gland during involution and lactogenesis
Authors: CVEK KATARINA , DAHLBORN KRISTINA , RIDDERSTRÅLE YVONNE
Published: July 2002

The aim of this study was to determine whether
carbonic anhydrase (CA)
activity in goat mammary capillaries is regulated mainly
by local or systemic
mechanisms. One gland was dried before the contralateral
gland, and after
parturition only one gland was milked. Biopsies were taken
from the mammary
glands of three goats at 14 d intervals during involution
and the start of the following
lactation. A histochemical method was used to visualize
sites of CA activity. To
follow the involution process, milk (liquid) samples were
taken from both teats each
week and analysed for pH and composition. The time course
of CA activity
disappearance and reappearance in the capillaries was
related to changes in milk
composition and alveolar area. A dense network of
capillaries showing membrane-bound staining for CA was
found surrounding the alveoli in the lactating gland. CA
activity gradually decreased in the drying gland, although
the other gland was being
milked. After 8 weeks involution the dried gland had a
significantly lower number of
stained capillaries than the milked gland. Almost no
stained capillaries were found
during late pregnancy, when both glands were dried and
the tissue growth maximal.
During lactation milk pH was 6·6±0·3 and
this increased to 7·0±0·1 in the course of
involution. In the last trimester of pregnancy the pH
returned to its lower value,
while the mammary gland was devoid of stained capillaries.
Therefore, the capillary
CA could not have been directly involved in the pH
regulation of milk. The CA
activity reappeared in the capillaries directly after
delivery, but only in the milked
gland. Clearly the regulation of CA activity is influenced
more by local than by
systemic factors and is associated with the metabolic
activity of milk secretion.
Oscillatory modes in an enclosed swirling flow
Authors: LOPEZ J. M. , MARQUES F. , SANCHEZ J.
Published: July 2002

The flow in a completely filled cylinder driven by a rotating endwall has multiple
time-dependent stable states when the endwall rotation exceeds a critical value. These
states have been observed experimentally and computed numerically elsewhere. In this
article, the linear stability of the basic state, which is a non-trivial axisymmetric flow,
is analysed at parameter values where the unsteady solutions exist. We show that the
basic state undergoes a succession of Hopf bifurcations and the corresponding eigenvalues
and eigenvectors of these excited modes describe most of the characteristics of
the observed time-dependent states.
An experimental study of the dissipative and vortical motion in turbulent boundary layers
Authors: ANDREOPOULOS YIANNIS , HONKAN ANANT
Published: July 2002

The experimental data of Honkan & Andreopoulos (1997a) have been further analysed
and some new statistical results obtained. In the present work, particular
emphasis is given to the time-dependent behaviour of the kinematic shear stress,
vorticity, enstrophy, dissipation rate, vorticity stretching and several of the matrix
invariants of the velocity-gradient tensor, strain-rate tensor and rotation-rate tensor.
The invariants are linked with terms appearing in the transport equations of enstrophy
and dissipation rate. Indicative of the existence of extremely high fluctuations
is that all r.m.s. values are considerably larger than the corresponding mean values.
All invariants exhibit a very strong intermittent behaviour, which is characterized by
large amplitude of bursts, which may be of the order of 10 times the r.m.s. values.
A substantial qualitative agreement is found between the present experimentally obtained
statistical properties of the invariants and those obtained from direct numerical
simulation data. Patterns with high rates of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation and
high enstrophy suggest the existence of strong shear layers in the near-wall region. In
many instances, locally high values of the invariants are also associated with peaks in
the shear stress. Conditional analysis provides some evidence of the existence of sequences
of several vortices during strong vortical activities, with an average frequency
of appearance four times higher than the frequency of appearance of hairpin vortices.
Degenerate bifurcation in stably stratified plane Poiseuille
flow
Authors: FUJIMURA K. , KELLY R. E.
Published: July 2002

Bifurcation characteristics of stably stratified plane
Poiseuille flow have been investigated on a weakly nonlinear basis. It
is found that the results are sensitive to the value of the Prandtl
number, in that subcritical bifurcation persists for most values of the
Prandtl number but is replaced by supercritical bifurcation over a
range of small values of the Prandtl number. This range includes values
characteristic of some liquid metals. The bifurcation becomes
degenerate at a particular parameter set where the real part of the
cubic nonlinear coefficient in the Stuart–Landau equation
vanishes at criticality, and the situation is discussed by including
higher-order terms in the manner of Eckhaus & Iooss (1989). An
exact hyper-degenerate situation is also found to be possible for which
the cubic and the quintic nonlinear coefficients lose their real parts
simultaneously; this case is also analysed. For large values of the
Prandtl number, stable stratification tends to promote subcritical
instability.
Intense vortex motion in a stratified fluid on the

beta-plane: an analytical theory and its validation
Authors: SUTYRIN GEORGI G. , MOREL YVES G.
Published: July 2002

This paper deals with the self-induced translation of intense vortices

on the β-plane

in the framework of the multi-layer quasi-geostrophic approximation. An
analytical

theory is presented and compared to numerical experiments. To predict the
vortex

trajectories, we consider initially monopolar vortices, with a core of

piecewise-constant

potential vorticity, and calculate the evolution of the dipolar circulation

which advects

the vortex core. This multi-layer model yields analytical solutions for
a

period while the Rossby wave radiation is small.

The development of the dipolar circulation and corresponding vortex
translation

are described as the results of three effects. The first and second are
similar to

what was found in earlier studies with a one-layer model: advection of
the planetary

vorticity by the symmetric vortex circulation, and horizonal deformations
of the

vortex core. In addition, when stratification is taken into account, the
vertical

tilting

of the vortex core also plays a role. This third effect is here represented
by

the relative

displacement of potential vorticity contours in different layers.

Examples are given for one-, two- and three-layer models and compared
with

numerical simulations. It is found that the analytical predictions are
good

for several Rossby wave periods.
Sidewall effects in the smoothing of an initial

discontinuity of concentration
Authors: LIAO T. Y. , JOSEPH D. D.
Published: July 2002

The velocity field of a binary mixture of incompressible miscible

liquids is non-solenoidal when the densities of the two liquids are

different. If the mixture density is

linear in the volume fraction, as in the case of simple (ideal) mixtures

or very nearly for

glycerin and water, then the velocity can be decomposed into a solenoidal
and an

expansion part. In the context of this theory, we derive a new

solution which describes

the smoothing of an initial plane discontinuity in concentration across
a channel

bounded by sidewalls. The requirement that the velocity vanishes on the
sidewall

introduces a different initial discontinuity not present in the

solenoidal theory. The

problem may be reduced to a partial differential equation in two

similarity variables,

one for the smoothing of a concentration discontinuity without

sidewalls and the other

for the smoothing the velocity discontinuity at the sidewall. The

similarity equations are solved explicitly in a special case.
An analysis of rotating shear flow using linear
theory and DNS and LES results
Authors: SALHI A. , CAMBON C.
Published: July 2002

The development of turbulence is investigated in the presence of a mean plane
shear flow (rate S) rotating with angular velocity vector
(rate Ω) perpendicular
to its plane. An important motivation was generalizing the work by Lee, Kim &
Moin (1990) to rotating shear flow, in particular detailed comparisons of
homogeneous rapid distortion theory (RDT) results and the databases
of homogeneous and
channel flow direct numerical simulations (DNS). Linear analysis and related RDT
are used starting from the linearized equations governing the fluctuating velocity
field. The parameterization based on the value of the
Bradshaw–Richardson number
B=R(1+R) (with R=−2Ω/S)
is checked against complete linear solutions. Owing
to the pressure fluctuation, the dynamics is not governed entirely by the parameter
B, and the subsequent breaking of symmetry (between the R and
−1 −R cases) is investigated. New analytical solutions for the
‘two-dimensional energy components’
[Escr ](l)ij
=Eij(kl=0, t)
(i.e. the limits at kl=0 of the
one-dimensional energy spectra)
are calculated by inviscid and viscous RDT, for various ratios
Ω/S and both streamwise l=1 and spanwise
l=3 directions. Structure effects (streak-like tendencies,
dimensionality) in rotating shear flow are discussed through these quantities and
more conventional second-order statistics. In order to compare in a quantitative way
RDT solutions for single-point statistics with available large-eddy simulation (LES)
data (Bardina, Ferziger & Reynolds 1983), an ‘effective
viscosity’ model (following
Townsend) is used, yielding an impressive agreement.
Tangential stress beneath wind-driven air–water interfaces
Authors: BANNER MICHAEL L. , PEIRSON WILLIAM L.
Published: July 2002

The detailed structure of the aqueous surface sublayer flow immediately
adjacent to the
wind-driven air–water interface is investigated in a laboratory wind-wave
flume using
particle image velocimetry (PIV) techniques. The goal is to investigate
quantitatively
the character of the flow in this crucial, very thin region which is often
disrupted by
microscale breaking events. In this study, we also examine critically the
conclusions of
Okuda, Kawai & Toba (1977), who argued that for very short, strongly
forced wind-wave
conditions, shear stress is the dominant mechanism for transmitting the

atmospheric wind stress into the water motion – waves and surface
drift currents. In
strong contrast, other authors have more recently observed very substantial
normal
stress contributions on the air side. The availability of PIV and associated
image
technology now permits a timely re-examination of the results of Okuda
et al., which
have been influential in shaping present perceptions of the physics of
this dynamically
important region. The PIV technique used in the present study overcomes
many of the
inherent shortcomings of the hydrogen bubble measurements, and allows reliable

determination of the fluid velocity and shear within 200 μm of the instantaneous

wind-driven air–water interface.

The results obtained in this study are not in accord with the conclusions
of Okuda
et al. that the tangential stress component dominates the
wind stress. It is found that
prior to the formation of wind waves, the tangential stress contributes
the entire wind
stress, as expected. With increasing distance downwind, the mean tangential
stress level
decreases marginally, but as the wave field develops, the total wind stress
increases
significantly. Thus, the wave form drag, represented by the difference
between the total
wind stress and the mean tangential stress, also increases systematically
with wave
development and provides the major proportion of the wind stress once the
waves have
developed beyond their early growth stage. This scenario reconciles the
question of
relative importance of normal and tangential stresses at an air–water
interface. Finally,
consideration is given to the extrapolation of these detailed laboratory
results to the
field, where the present findings suggest that the sea surface is unlikely
to become fully
aerodynamically rough, at least for moderate to strong winds.