bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of VIDAS® UP Listeria Assay (LPT) for the Detection of Listeria in a Variety of Foods and Environmental Surfaces: First Action 2013.10
Authors: Crowley Erin , Bird Patrick , Flannery Jonathan , Benzinger, Jr M Joseph , Fisher Kiel , Boyle Megan , Huffman Travis , Bastin Ben , Bedinghaus Paige , Judd William , Hoang Thao , Agin James , Goins David , Johnson Ronald L ,   Collaborators:, Bollenbacher A , Brahmanda B , Burkhart R , Cannon J , Capps A , Cesanas L , Davis D , Ebbing D , Elgaali H , Hand B , Hiles R , Hirsch J , Howard B , Jolly J , Joseph S , Kehres A , Klemms K , Li J , May B , Michels M , Mills J , Moore S , Nagassar N , Owusu S , Palen N , Parker L , Paul B , Perry B , Pickett J , Rogman N , Rosario G , Rule P , Said C , Sala-Rhatigan M , Stegmann A , Stubblefield T , Wiggins K , Zimmerman J
Published: April 2014

The VIDAS® UP Listeria (LPT) is an automated rapid screening enzyme phage-ligand based assay for the detection of Listeria species in human food products and environmental samples. The VIDAS LPT method was compared in a multi-laboratory collaborative study to AOAC Official Method 993.12 Listeria monocytogenes in Milk and Dairy Products reference method following current AOAC guidelines. A total of 14 laboratories participated, representing government and industry, throughout the United States. One matrix, queso fresco (soft Mexican cheese), was analyzed using two different test portion sizes, 25 and 125 g. Samples representing each test portion size were artificially contaminated with Listeria species at three levels, an uninoculatedcontrol level [0 colony-forming units (CFU)/test portion], a low-inoculum level (0.2–2 CFU/test portion), and a high-inoculum level (2–5 CFU/test portion). For this evaluation, 1800 unpaired replicate test portions were analyzed by either the VIDAS LPT or AOAC 993.12. Each inoculation level was analyzed using the Probability of Detection (POD) statistical model. For the low-level inoculated test portions, difference in collaborator POD (dLPOD) valuesof 0.01, (–0.10, 0.13), with 95% confidence intervals, were obtained for both 25 and 125 g test portions. The range of the confidence intervals for dLPOD values for both the 25 and 125 g test portions contains the point 0.0 indicating no statistically significant difference in the number of positive samples detected between the VIDAS LPT and the AOAC methods. In addition to Oxford agar, VIDAS LPT test portions were confirmed using Agar Listeria Ottavani andAgosti (ALOA), a proprietary chromogenic agar for the identification and differentiation of L. monocytogenes and Listeria species. No differences were observed between the two selective agars. The VIDAS LPT method, with the optional ALOA agar confirmation method, was adopted aOfficial First Action status for the detection of Listeria species in a variety offoods and environmental samples.
Suitability of Postcolumn Oxidation Liquid Chromatography Method AOAC 2011.02 for Monitoring Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Alaskan Shellfish—Initial Pilot Study versus Mouse Bioassay and In-House Validation
Authors: Hignutt Emanuel
Published: April 2014

An in-house study was conducted to confirm the suitability of the postcolumn oxidation (PCOX) LC method, AOAC 2011.02, for regulatory monitoring of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in Alaskan shellfish. The following parameters were evaluated: calibration linearity, linear range, retention time stability, accuracy, repeatability, LOQ, and comparability with AOAC 959.08, the mouse bioassay (MBA) for PSTs. Meanrecoveries for oyster homogenate spiked at 66 μg saxitoxin (STX) diHCl eq./100 g and 5 μg STX diHCl eq./100 g were 95 (n = 8)and 104%, respectively. Repeatability (n = 8) was 1.6 and 7% RSD, respectively. LOQ wasestimated at 5 μg STX diHCl eq./100 g with S/N = 6 for STX. Comparability with the MBA was evaluated by duplicate analysis of regulatory samples using the original homogenate for both methods. Forty-one samples with MBA results varying between 40 and 500 μg STX diHCl eq./100 g were compared to corresponding PCOX values. The correlation coefficient (r2) = 0.96, with a slope of 2.1. The slope indicates an average 2X higher total toxicity result for PCOX versus MBA, a result that is consistentwith prior literature showing low recoveries using the MBA.
Interlaboratory Comparison of Two AOAC Liquid Chromatographic Fluorescence Detection Methods for Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Analysis through Characterization of an Oyster Reference Material
Authors: Turner Andrew D , Lewis Adam M , Rourke Wade A , Higman Wendy A ,   Collaborators:, Amzil Z , Andjelkovic M , Miranda M B , Barbi L , Barreras A , Ben-Gigirey B , Berrigan N , Burrell S , Botelho J , Boundy M , Buck C , Ceredi A , Costa P , Dawe M , Gago-Martínez A , Gerssen A , Hatfield R , Higgins C , Hignutt E , Kapp K , J P Lacaze , Leao J , Marcos V E , McEneny H , Milandri A , Moisan C , Niedzwiadek B , Quilliam M , Reeves K , Riccardi E , Rodrigues S , Savar V , Thielert G , Thomas K
Published: April 2014

An interlaboratory ring trial was designed and conducted by the Centre for Environment, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Science to investigate a range of issues affecting the analysis of a candidate Pacific oyster paralytic shellfish toxin reference material. A total of 21 laboratories participated in the study and supplied results using one or more of three instrumental methods, specifically precolumn oxidation (Pre-COX) LC with fluorescence detection (FLD; AOAC Official Method 2005.06), postcolumn oxidation (PCOX) LC-FLD (AOAC Official Method 2011.02), and hydrophilic interaction LC/MS/MS. Each participant analyzed nine replicate samples of the oyster tissue in three separate batches of three samples over a period of time longer than 1 week. Results were reported in a standardized format, reporting both individual toxin concentrations andtotal sample toxicity. Data were assessed to determine the equivalency of the two AOAC LC methods and the LC/MS/MS method as well as an assessment of intrabatch and interbatch repeatability and interlaboratory reproducibility of each method. Differences among the results reported using the three methods were shown to be statistically significant, although visualcomparisons showed an overlap between results generated by the majority of tests, the exception being the Pre-COX quantitation of N-hydroxylated toxins in post ion-exchange fractions. Intralaboratory repeatability and interlaboratory reproducibility were acceptable for most of the results, withthe exception of results generated from fractions. The results provided good evidence for the acceptableperformance of the PCOX method for the quantitation of C toxins. Overall the study showed the usefulnessof interlaboratory analysis for the characterizationof paralytic shellfish poisoning matrix reference materials, highlighting some issues that may need to be addressed with further method assessment at individual participant laboratories.
Determination of Toxins Involved in Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in the Pacific by LC/MS
Authors: Yogi Kentaro , Sakugawa Satsuki , Oshiro Naomasa , Ikehara Tsuyoshi , Sugiyama Kiminori , Yasumoto Takeshi
Published: April 2014

Ciguatera fish poisoning is the most extensive and difficult to control of the seafood poisonings. Tofacilitate monitoring of fish toxicity, toxin profiles were investigated by an LC/MS/MS method using 14reference toxins on eight representative species of fish collected in four different areas of the Pacific. Snappers and groupers from Okinawa contained ciguatoxin-1B (CTX1B) and two deoxy congeners at variablebut species-specific ratios, while red snapper, Lutjanus bohar, from Minamitorishima, and amberjack, Seriola dumerili, from Hawaii, contained both CTX1B-type and CTX3C-type toxins. Spotted knifejaw, Oplegnathus punctatus, from Okinawan waters, contained mainly CTX4A and CTX4B, but the same species caught at Miyazaki was contaminated primarily with the CTX3C-type toxins. Otherwise, the toxin profiles were consistently species-specific in fish collected from various locations around Okinawa over 20 years. The LC/MS/MSand mouse bioassay results agreed well, indicating the LC/MS/MS method is a promising alternative to themouse bioassay. Pure CTX1B and CTX3C were prepared for use in future LC/MS/MS analysis.
Young architecture of Spain
Authors: Frampton Kenneth , Donaire Jesús
Published: April 2014

The exhibition “Young Architects of Spain” was inaugurated in Madrid in 2008 with the sponsorship of the Spanish Ministry of Public Works. In 2010 it began its international tour with the support of the AECID, Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation. The exhibition has opened in 18 cities throughout Europe, the U.S. and Canada. Since the selection process Professor Kenneth Frampton, a member of the international jury along with Juhani Pallasmaa, has been involved in this initiative that had the aim to make a new generation of Spanish architects better known, “A Window to the Unknown” as named by exhibition Curator Jesús Aparicio. An extensive catalogue accompanies the exhibition and, in addition to showing the works of these architects, it also contains essays of the jurors. The general lines of Frampton’s essay were publically exposed in the opening of the exhibition at the central headquarters of the American Institute of Architects in Washington DC, in September 2011. These unpublished lines are now transcribed, and published for the first time, in this publication.
Fractions are Numbers, Too!
Authors: Fennell Francis (Skip) , Kobett Beth McCord , Wray Jonathan A.
Published: April 2014

Student understanding of fractions as numbers, a foundational element of fraction sense and a critical prerequisite of work with operations, is explored through real-world connections.
Advice for Mathematical Argumentation
Authors: Knudsen Jennifer , Lara-Meloy Teresa , Stevens Harriette Stallworth , Rutstein Daisy Wise
Published: April 2014

“Telling” can be an effective tool in helping students engage in intellectually demanding argumentation and productive behavior.
Daptomycin for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Diabetic Foot Infections
Authors: Joseph Warren S. , Quast Thomas , Cogo Alberto , Crompton Monica G. , Yoon Min Jung , Lamp Kenneth C. , Culshaw Darren , Chaves Ricardo L.
Published: April 2014

Background

Diabetic foot infection (DFI) is a serious, difficult-to-treat infection, especially when caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Vancomycin has been the standard treatment for MRSA infection, but lower response rates in MRSA skin infections have been reported. This analysis assessed the outcome and safety of daptomycin therapy in patients with a DFI caused by MRSA.

Methods

Using the Cubicin Outcomes Registry and Experience and the European Cubicin Outcomes Registry and Experience (2006–2009), 79 patients with MRSA DFI were identified and included in this analysis.

Results

In the 74 evaluable patients, daptomycin was administered at a median dose of 4.8 mg/kg primarily every 24 hours (85.1%) and for a median of 15.0 days. Overall, 77.0% of the patients (57 of 74) received initial therapy with activity against MRSA; however, of patients receiving daptomycin as second-line therapy (n = 31), only 45.2% were treated with an antibiotic agent active against MRSA. The overall clinical success and treatment failure rates were 89.2% and 10.8%, respectively. Success with daptomycin therapy was higher in patients who had surgery and in those whose initial therapy was daptomycin. Eleven patients had 14 adverse events, two of which were possibly related to daptomycin use and led to discontinuation.

Conclusions

In a large real-world cohort of patients with MRSA DFI, daptomycin therapy was shown to be generally well tolerated and effective. The use of an anti-MRSA antibiotic agent should be considered when implementing first-line antibiotic drug therapy for DFI in countries where MRSA is common to avoid inappropriate empirical treatment and potential negative effects on outcomes.
Selective-area growth of GaN on non- and semi-polar bulk GaN substrates
Authors: Okada Shunsuke , Miyake Hideto , Hiramatsu Kazumasa , Enatsu Yuuki , Nagao Satoru
Published: April 2014

We carried out the selective-area growth of GaN and fabricated InGaN/GaN MQWs on non- and semi-polar bulk GaN substrates by MOVPE. The differences in the GaN structures and the In incorporation of InGaN/GaN MQWs grown on non- and semi-polar GaN substrates were investigated. In the case of selective-area growth, different GaN structures were obtained on

GaN,

GaN, and

GaN substrates. A repeating pattern of

and

facets appeared on

GaN. Then, we fabricated InGaN/GaN MQWs on the facet structures on

GaN. The emission properties characterized by cathodoluminescence were different for

and

facets. On the other hand, for InGaN/GaN MQWs on non- and semi-polar GaN substrates, steps along the a-axis were observed by AFM. In particular on

GaN, undulations and undulation bunching appeared. Photoluminescence characterization indicated that In incorporation increased with the off-angle from the m-plane and also depended on the polarity.
Analysis of selective growth of n-type diamond in lateral p–n junction diodes by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Sato Kazuki , Iwasaki Takayuki , Hoshino Yuto , Kato Hiromitsu , Makino Toshiharu , Ogura Masahiko , Yamasaki Satoshi , Nakamura Shinichi , Ichikawa Kimiyoshi , Sawabe Atsuhito , Hatano Mutsuko
Published: April 2014

The selective growth of n-type diamond on a (001) diamond substrate is a powerful method to obtain a lateral p–n junction diode, which is a basic component of power devices. We analyzed the detailed structure and growth mechanism of the selective growth of n-type diamond by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. We observed clear boundary lines between the substrate and the newly grown diamond by the selective growth. Thus, the observation of the n-type diamond was possible despite the homoepitaxial growth. It was revealed that the n-type diamond was synthesized in both the [111] and [110] directions from the bottom of the step corner. On the other hand, the growth in the [001] direction was not observed owing to the controlled growth conditions.
Anomalous expansion of coronal mass ejections during solar cycle 24 and its space weather implications
Authors: Gopalswamy Nat , Akiyama Sachiko , Yashiro Seiji , Xie Hong , Mäkelä Pertti , Michalek Grzegorz
Published: April 2014

The familiar correlation between the speed and angular width of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) is also found in solar cycle 24, but the regression line has a larger slope: for a given CME speed, cycle 24 CMEs are significantly wider than those in cycle 23. The slope change indicates a significant change in the physical state of the heliosphere, due to the weak solar activity. The total pressure in the heliosphere (magnetic + plasma) is reduced by ~40%, which leads to the anomalous expansion of CMEs explaining the increased slope. The excess CME expansion contributes to the diminished effectiveness of CMEs in producing magnetic storms during cycle 24, both because the magnetic content of the CMEs is diluted and also because of the weaker ambient fields. The reduced magnetic field in the heliosphere may contribute to the lack of solar energetic particles accelerated to very high energies during this cycle.
Photoresponsive Protein–Graphene–Protein Hybrid Capsules with Dual Targeted Heat‐Triggered Drug Delivery Approach for Enhanced Tumor Therapy
Authors: Hu Shang‐Hsiu , Fang Ren‐Hong , Chen Yu‐Wei , Liao Bang‐Jie , Chen I‐Wei , Chen San‐Yuan
Published: April 2014

A novel photo‐responsive protein–graphene–protein (PGP) capsule that doubles as a photothermal agent with core/shell structure is constructed by anchoring reduced graphene oxide nanosheets on one‐component protein (lactoferrin) shell through a double emulsion method. PGP capsules can transport fully concealed hydrophilic anticancer cargo, doxorubicin (Dox), with a large payload (9.43 μmol g‐1) to be later unloaded in a burst‐like manner by photo‐actuation triggered by near‐infrared irradiation. Being biocompatible yet with a high cancer cell targeting efficiency, PGP capsules have successfully eradicated subcutaneous tumors in 10 d following a single 5 min NIR irradiation without distal damage. Besides, the photochemothermal therapy of PGP capsules eradicates tumor cells not only in the light‐treating area but also widely light‐omitted tumor cells, overcoming the tumor recurrence due to efficient cell killing efficacy. These results demonstrate that the PGP capsule is a potential new drug delivery platform for local‐targeting, on‐demand, photoresponsive, combined chemotherapy/hyperthermia for tumor treatment and other biomedical applications.
Non‐Destructive Wafer Recycling for Low‐Cost Thin‐Film Flexible Optoelectronics
Authors: Lee Kyusang , Zimmerman Jeramy D. , Hughes Tyler W. , Forrest Stephen R.
Published: April 2014

Compound semiconductors are the basis for many of the highest performance optical and electronic devices in use today. Their widespread commercial application has, however, been limited due to the high cost of substrates. Device costs can be significantly reduced if the substrate is reused in a simple, totally non‐destructive and rapid process. Here, a method that allows the indefinite reuse and recycling of wafers is demonstrated, employing a combination of epitaxial “protection layers”, plasma cleaning techniques that return the wafers to their original, pristine, and epi‐ready condition following epitaxial layer removal, and adhesive‐free bonding to a secondary plastic substrate. The generality of this process is demonstrated by fabricating high performance GaAs‐based photovoltaic cells, light emitting diodes, and metal‐semiconductor field effect transistors that are transferred without loss of performance onto flexible and lightweight plastic substrates, and then the parent wafer is recycled for subsequent growth of additional device layers. This process potentially leads to a transformational change in device cost, arising from the inevitable consumption of the wafer that accompanies conventional epitaxial liftoff followed by chemo‐mechanical polishing.
Three‐Dimensional Self‐Supported Metal Oxides for Advanced Energy Storage
Authors: Ellis Brian L. , Knauth Philippe , Djenizian Thierry
Published: April 2014

The miniaturization of power sources aimed at integration into micro‐ and nano‐electronic devices is a big challenge. To ensure the future development of fully autonomous on‐board systems, electrodes based on self‐supported 3D nanostructured metal oxides have become increasingly important, and their impact is particularly significant when considering the miniaturization of energy storage systems. This review describes recent advances in the development of self‐supported 3D nanostructured metal oxides as electrodes for innovative power sources, particularly Li‐ion batteries and electrochemical supercapacitors. Current strategies for the design and morphology control of self‐supported electrodes fabricated using template, lithography, anodization and self‐organized solution techniques are outlined along with different efforts to improve the storage capacity, rate capability, and cyclability.
Asymmetric Michael Addition of β‐Ketoesters to Enones Catalyzed by the Lithium Salt of a Primary β‐Amino Acid
Authors: Yoshida Masanori , Kubara Ami , Nagasawa Yuki , Hara Shoji , Yamanaka Masahiro
Published: April 2014

A highly enantioselective Michael addition of β‐ketoesters to enones was achieved by using the salt of a readily available primary β‐amino acid as the catalyst. The obtained Michael adducts were converted into enantioenriched 1,5‐diketones in high yields through a common decarboxylation reaction under acidic conditions. A plausible reaction mechanism for the Michael addition reaction, which is supported by results of mechanistic studies that include DFT calculations, is also described.
The Effect of Cyano Substitution on the Fluorescence Behavior of 1,2‐Bis(pyridylphenyl)ethene
Authors: Nishio Suguru , Higashiguchi Kenji , Matsuda Kenji
Published: April 2014

The effect of cyano substitution on the fluorescence behavior of 1,2‐bis(pyridylphenyl)ethene was investigated. While nonsubstituted 1,2‐bis(pyridylphenyl)ethene has fluorescence quantum yield of 97 % in CH2Cl2 solution, cyano‐substituted ones fluoresces very little. In contrast, both the no‐substituted and the cyano‐substituted ones fluoresce moderately in the solid state. The aggregate‐induced enhanced emission (AIEE) behavior for the cyano‐substituted 1,2‐bis(pyridylphenyl)ethene was understood as that the severe quenching of the fluorescence in solution was not operating in the solid state. The fluorescent behaviors in solution and in the solid state are discussed in terms of the emission and the nonradiative decay rate constants.
Conformation and Topology of Diacylglycerol Kinase in E.coli Membranes Revealed by Solid‐state NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Chen Yanke , Zhang Zhengfeng , Tang Xinqi , Li Jianping , Glaubitz Clemens , Yang Jun
Published: April 2014

Solid‐state NMR is a powerful tool for studying membrane proteins in a native‐like lipid environment. 3D magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR was employed to characterize the structure of E.coli diacylglycerol kinase (DAGK) reconstituted into its native E.coli lipid membranes. The secondary structure and topology of DAGK revealed by solid‐state NMR are different from those determined by solution‐state NMR and X‐ray crystallography. This study provides a good example for demonstrating the influence of membrane environments on the structure of membrane proteins.
Polyethylene Glycol Backfilling Mitigates the Negative Impact of the Protein Corona on Nanoparticle Cell Targeting
Authors: Dai Qin , Walkey Carl , Chan Warren C. W.
Published: April 2014

In protein‐rich environments such as the blood, the formation of a protein corona on receptor‐targeting nanoparticles prevents target recognition. As a result, the ability of targeted nanoparticles to selectively bind to diseased cells is drastically inhibited. Backfilling the surface of a targeted nanoparticle with polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules is demonstrated to reduce the formation of the protein corona and re‐establishes specific binding. The length of the backfilled PEG molecules must be less than the length of the ligand linker; otherwise, PEG interferes with the binding of the targeting ligand to its corresponding cellular receptor.
Structural Mapping of a Chaperone–Substrate Interaction Surface
Authors: Callon Morgane , Burmann Björn M. , Hiller Sebastian
Published: April 2014

NMR spectroscopy is used to detect site‐specific intermolecular short‐range contacts in a membrane–protein–chaperone complex. This is achieved by an “orthogonal” isotope‐labeling scheme that permits the unambiguous detection of intermolecular NOEs between the well‐folded chaperone and the unfolded substrate ensemble. The residues involved in these contacts are part of the chaperone–substrate contact interface. The approach is demonstrated for the 70 kDa bacterial Skp‐tOmpA complex.
Engineering Non‐sintered, Metal‐Terminated Tungsten Carbide Nanoparticles for Catalysis
Authors: Hunt Sean T. , Nimmanwudipong Tarit , Román‐Leshkov Yuriy
Published: April 2014

Transition‐metal carbides (TMCs) exhibit catalytic activities similar to platinum group metals (PGMs), yet TMCs are orders of magnitude more abundant and less expensive. However, current TMC synthesis methods lead to sintering, support degradation, and surface impurity deposition, ultimately precluding their wide‐scale use as catalysts. A method is presented for the production of metal‐terminated TMC nanoparticles in the 1–4 nm range with tunable size, composition, and crystal phase. Carbon‐supported tungsten carbide (WC) and molybdenum tungsten carbide (MoxW1−xC) nanoparticles are highly active and stable electrocatalysts. Specifically, activities and capacitances about 100‐fold higher than commercial WC and within an order of magnitude of platinum‐based catalysts are achieved for the hydrogen evolution and methanol electrooxidation reactions. This method opens an attractive avenue to replace PGMs in high energy density applications such as fuel cells and electrolyzers.
Observation of a CuII2(μ‐1,2‐peroxo)/CuIII2(μ‐oxo)2 Equilibrium and its Implications for Copper–Dioxygen Reactivity
Authors: Kieber‐Emmons Matthew T. , Ginsbach Jake W. , Wick Patrick K. , Lucas Heather R. , Helton Matthew E. , Lucchese Baldo , Suzuki Masatatsu , Zuberbühler Andreas D. , Karlin Kenneth D. , Solomon Edward I.
Published: April 2014

Synthesis of small‐molecule Cu2O2 adducts has provided insight into the related biological systems and their reactivity patterns including the interconversion of the CuII2(μ‐η2:η2‐peroxo) and CuIII2(μ‐oxo)2 isomers. In this study, absorption spectroscopy, kinetics, and resonance Raman data show that the oxygenated product of [(BQPA)CuI]+ initially yields an “end‐on peroxo” species, that subsequently converts to the thermodynamically more stable “bis‐μ‐oxo” isomer (Keq=3.2 at −90 °C). Calibration of density functional theory calculations to these experimental data suggest that the electrophilic reactivity previously ascribed to end‐on peroxo species is in fact a result of an accessible bis‐μ‐oxo isomer, an electrophilic Cu2O2 isomer in contrast to the nucleophilic reactivity of binuclear CuII end‐on peroxo species. This study is the first report of the interconversion of an end‐on peroxo to bis‐μ‐oxo species in transition metal‐dioxygen chemistry.
Creep and recovery behavior of kenaf/polypropylene nonwoven composites
Authors: Hao Ayou , Chen Yizhuo , Chen Jonathan Y.
Published: April 2014

This article reports an exploratory study on the creep and recovery behavior of kenaf/polypropylene nonwoven composites (KPNCs), serving as a bio‐based substitution for polypropylene (PP) plastics in the automotive industry due to the environmental concern. The creep and recovery behavior of KPNC and solid virgin PP were performed by dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) which allowed it to be studied extensively. The linear viscoelastic limit (LVL) was found at 1 MPa. Two popular creep models, the four‐element Burgers (FEB) model and the Findley power law (FPL) model, were used to model the creep behavior in this study. The FEB model was found only appropriate for characterizing short‐term creep behavior. In contrast, the FPL model was satisfactory for predicting the long‐term creep performance. The long‐term creep behavior of KPNC in comparison to virgin PP plastic was predicted using the time‐temperature superposition (TTS) principle. The 1‐year creep strains were estimated to be 0.32% for KPNC and 1.00% for virgin PP at 40°C. A three‐day creep test was conducted to validate the effectiveness of the TTS prediction. KPNC showed a better creep resistance and higher recoverability than the virgin PP, especially in a high‐temperature environment. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40726.
Assessment of genetic structure, habitat suitability and effectiveness of reserves for future conservation planning of the Euphrates soft‐shelled turtle Rafetus euphraticus (Daudin, 1802)
Authors: Ihlow Flora , Ahmadzadeh Faraham , Ghaffari Hanyeh , Taşkavak Ertan , Hartmann Timo , Etzbauer Claudia , Rödder Dennis
Published: April 2014

The endangered Euphrates soft‐shelled turtle, Rafetus euphraticus, is endemic to the Mesopotamian River Basin in the Middle East. Within recent decades, populations of this aquatic species have been heavily depleted and severely fragmented owing to habitat alteration and destruction by drainage and hydroelectricity dam constructions. Continuing habitat loss and fragmentation are considered the main drivers for the population decline of R. euphraticus.

Intraspecific genetic variability was investigated using two mitochondrial gene fragments for 31 specimens covering most of the distributional range of the species. Habitat suitability models were computed using a combination of bioclimatic and remote sensing variables as environmental predictors to assess habitat suitability, habitat fragmentation and coverage by designated protected areas across the range of R. euphraticus.

Beyond single substitutions in two sequences, no significant genetic variation could be detected in R. euphraticus. Models show habitat suitability to be high throughout the range of the species, although only a fraction is currently covered by reserves. Habitat suitability and coverage of reserves is highly variable among countries. South‐western Iran appears to be of major importance for future conservation strategies. Suitability models are in concordance with the habitat selection patterns of R. euphraticus.

The existing reserve system is considered insufficient and has to be significantly improved in order to sustain viable populations of R. euphraticus. To counter continuing fragmentation and alteration by dam construction, future conservation measures should focus on highlighted priority areas.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reducing the impact of blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) dredging on the ecosystem in shallow water soft bottom areas
Authors: Frandsen Rikke Petri , Eigaard Ole Ritzau , Poulsen Louise Kjeldgaard , Tørring Ditte , Stage Bjarne , Lisbjerg Dennis , Dolmer Per
Published: April 2014

Dredging blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and thus removing structural elements, inducing resuspension of sediment as well as reducing filtration capacity, will inevitably affect the ecosystem. The study demonstrates that the impacts of fishing can be reduced through gear developments.

A new light dredge was tested on commercial vessels using two different experimental setups. First, a twin haul experiment tested the standard gear (i.e., a Dutch dredge) against the light dredge by fishing the two gears side by side onboard the same vessel. Second, a single dredge experiment tested the absolute performance of the two gears by fishing in areas with a known blue mussel density.

Results from the twin haul experiment demonstrate that the weight of sediment retained in the gear per square metre fished is 49% less in the light dredge compared with the Dutch dredge which will reduce resuspension of sediment at the surface. Also, the drag resistance of the light dredge was significantly less (177.1 vs. 202.7 kg m‐1). In the twin haul experiment no significant difference was found in the catch per unit effort (CPUE) of the two gears. The single dredge experiment, on the other hand, demonstrated a significant increase in CPUE exceeding 200% when using the light dredge.

Seafloor tracks made by the two dredges could not be distinguished by use of side‐scan sonar and the tracks were still detectable 2 months after fishing.

It was concluded that replacement of the Dutch dredge with the light dredge would reduce the impact of the fishery on the ecosystem by (i) reducing resuspension of sediment, (ii) reducing fuel consumption, and (iii) potentially reducing energy transfer to the sediment through a reduced gear drag resistance. A potential increase in catch efficiency may reduce the area affected.

Fishing with the light dredge is discussed in relation to management of Natura 2000 sites.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cooperative Dehydrogenation Coupling of Isopropanol and Hydrogenation Coupling of Acetone Over a Sodium Tantalate Photocatalyst
Authors: Cao Baoyue , Zhang Jian , Zhao Jianghong , Wang Zhijian , Yang Pengju , Zhang Hongxia , Li Li , Zhu Zhenping
Published: April 2014

Photocatalytic organic syntheses are often limited by their low system efficiency and product selectivity. We demonstrate herein that intermolecular hydrogen transfer from isopropanol to acetone can be achieved efficiently on the surfaces of NaTaO3 photocatalysts, on which 2‐hydroxyisopropyl radicals are produced selectively from both oxidation and reduction half‐reactions and then coupled to form 2,3‐dimethyl‐2,3‐butanediol. Such a process effectively increases the total reaction efficiency. We also found that the two half‐reactions occur at different crystal facets and display a remarkably promotive interaction, which dramatically speeds up the reactions by one order of magnitude and significantly restrains side reactions. The sodium ions on the NaTaO3 surfaces play an important role in the promotive effect, likely facilitating the proton transfer between the oxidation and reduction sites. These factors make the production rate of 2,3‐dimethyl‐2,3‐butanediol reach a very high level (10.87 mmol g−1 h−1), emphasizing the potential of photocatalytic hydrogenation and dehydrogenation in improving system efficiency of photocatalytic organic syntheses.
Inhibition of Cu Underpotential Deposition on Au Nanoparticles: The Role of the Citrate Capping Agent and Nanoparticle Size
Authors: Plowman Blake J. , Compton Richard G.
Published: April 2014

Cu underpotential deposition (UPD) is compared between a Au macroelectrode and Au nanoparticles ranging between 1.8 nm and 123 nm in size in order to identify whether the capping agent or nanoparticle size affects this reaction. It was found that the surface coverage of Cu was markedly decreased in the presence of the citrate capping agent, while a strong size dependence was also observed, with nanoparticles smaller than 60 nm displaying significantly less defined Cu UPD responses. These results highlight the influence of both the capping agent and nanoparticle size for UPD applications, such as the electrochemical determination of surface areas and the formation of bimetallic surfaces.
Cobalt Phthalocyanine Immobilized on Graphene Oxide: An Efficient Visible‐Active Catalyst for the Photoreduction of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Kumar Pawan , Kumar Arvind , Sreedhar Bojja , Sain Bir , Ray Siddharth S. , Jain Suman L.
Published: April 2014

New graphene oxide (GO)‐tethered–CoII phthalocyanine complex [CoPc–GO] was synthesized by a stepwise procedure and demonstrated to be an efficient, cost‐effective and recyclable photocatalyst for the reduction of carbon dioxide to produce methanol as the main product. The developed GO‐immobilized CoPc was characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR, XPS, Raman, diffusion reflection UV/Vis spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP‐AES), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). FTIR, XPS, Raman, UV/Vis and ICP‐AES along with elemental analysis data showed that CoII–Pc complex was successfully grafted on GO. The prepared catalyst was used for the photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide by using water as a solvent and triethylamine as the sacrificial donor. Methanol was obtained as the major reaction product along with the formation of minor amount of CO (0.82 %). It was found that GO‐grafted CoPc exhibited higher photocatalytic activity than homogeneous CoPc, as well as GO, and showed good recoverability without significant leaching during the reaction. Quantitative determination of methanol was done by GC flame‐ionization detector (FID), and verification of product was done by NMR spectroscopy. The yield of methanol after 48 h of reaction by using GO–CoPc catalyst in the presence of sacrificial donor triethylamine was found to be 3781.8881 μmol g−1 cat., and the conversion rate was found to be 78.7893 μmol g−1cat. h−1. After the photoreduction experiment, the catalyst was easily recovered by filtration and reused for the subsequent recycling experiment without significant change in the catalytic efficiency.
Isocyanide‐Based Multicomponent Reactions: Concise Synthesis of Spirocyclic Oxindoles with Molecular Complexity by Using a [1,5]‐Hydrogen Shift as the Key Step
Authors: Su Shikuan , Li Chunju , Jia Xueshun , Li Jian
Published: April 2014

A concise multicomponent reaction of isocyanide, α‐substituted allenoate, and methyleneindolinone has been disclosed. This protocol provides a fast and straightforward approach to synthesize unusual tricyclic oxindoles in an efficient and atom‐economic manner. Mechanistically, the present cycloaddition may proceed through a cascade sequence involving double Michael addition, double cyclization, double [1,5]‐hydrogen shift, and group migration. The introduction of a special alkyl group to the allenoate is believed to play a key role in the cascade reaction. This method also features a broad substrate scope, which is particularly useful for the delivery of a large number of compounds.
Organic Solvent Nanofiltration as New Unit Operation in Fluid Process Technology
Authors: Schnitzer Christian , Kruse Daniela , Lazar Marina , Priske Markus , Kobus Axel
Published: April 2014

Die organophile Nanofiltration ist eine relativ neue Grundoperation der Fluidverfahrenstechnik. Mit ihr lässt sich eine Vielzahl von Anwendungen in allen Bereichen der chemischen Industrie adressieren. Der Nutzen für den Kunden kann je nach Anwendung verschieden sein, daher werden hier verschiedene Anwendungsbeispiele diskutiert. Die organophile Nanofiltration wird dabei entweder als separates Trennverfahren oder in einem Hybridprozess, kombiniert mit anderen thermischen Trennverfahren, eingesetzt.
Systemic exposure to benzoic acid and hippuric acid following topical application of clindamycin 1%/benzoyl peroxide 3% fixed‐dose combination gel in Japanese patients with acne vulgaris
Authors: Ino Hiroko , Takahashi Naoki , Saenz Alessandra Alio , Wakamatsu Akira , Hashimoto Hirofumi , Nakahara Norie , Hasegawa Setsuo
Published: April 2014

Clindamycin 1%/benzoyl peroxide 3% fixed‐dose combination gel (CLDM/BPO3%) is a topical product for the treatment of acne vulgaris. In this study, plasma and urine concentrations of benzoic acid (BA) and hippuric acid (HA) were analyzed to estimate the pharmacokinetics (PK) of BPO after application of CLDM/BPO3% twice‐daily for 7 days in Japanese patients with acne vulgaris. Seven‐day repeated application of CLDM/BPO3% appears to be safe in this patient population. Concentrations of plasma and urine BA were below the limit of quantification before and after repeated application in most of the 12 adult male patients. Mean difference in Cmax and AUC0–last for plasma HA indicated increased exposures after repeated application, but with wide 90% confidence intervals. Mean Ae0–12 for urine HA was similar before and after repeated application. Repeated application of CLDM/BPO3% is thus unlikely to result in accumulation of BA and HA. The study suggests negligible systemic exposure to BPO metabolites from CLDM/BPO3% after 7‐day repeated application in male patients with acne vulgaris.
The Nematic Phases of Bent‐Core Liquid Crystals
Authors: Gleeson Helen F. , Kaur Sarabjot , Görtz Verena , Belaissaoui Abdel , Cowling Stephen , Goodby John W.
Published: April 2014

Over the last ten years, the nematic phases of liquid crystals formed from bent‐core structures have provoked considerable research because of their remarkable properties. This Minireview summarises some recent measurements of the physical properties of these systems, as well as describing some new data. We concentrate on oxadiazole‐based materials as exemplars of this class of nematogens, but also describe some other bent‐core systems. The influence of molecular structure on the stability of the nematic phase is described, together with progress in reducing the nematic transition temperatures by modifications to the molecular structure. The physical properties of bent‐core nematic materials have proven difficult to study, but patterns are emerging regarding their optical and dielectric properties. Recent breakthroughs in understanding the elastic and flexoelectric behaviour are summarised. Finally, some exemplars of unusual electric field behaviour are described.
A Natural Carbonized Leaf as Polysulfide Diffusion Inhibitor for High‐Performance Lithium–Sulfur Battery Cells
Authors: Chung Sheng‐Heng , Manthiram Arumugam
Published: April 2014

Attracted by the unique tissue and functions of leaves, a natural carbonized leaf (CL) is presented as a polysulfide diffusion inhibitor in lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. The CL that is covered on the pure sulfur cathode effectively suppresses the polysulfide shuttling mechanism and enables the use of pure sulfur as the cathode. A low charge resistance and a high discharge capacity of 1320 mA h g−1 arise from the improved cell conductivity due to the innately integral conductive carbon network of the CL. The unique microstructure of CL leads to a high discharge/charge efficiency of >98 %, low capacity fade of 0.18 % per cycle, and good long‐term cyclability over 150 cycles. The structural gradient and the micro/mesoporous adsorption sites of CL effectively intercept/trap the migrating polysulfides and facilitate their reutilization. The green CL polysulfide diffusion inhibitor thus offers a viable approach for developing high‐performance lithium‐sulfur batteries.
Hollow Melon‐Seed‐Shaped Lithium Iron Phosphate Micro‐ and Sub‐Micrometer Plates for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yang Xian‐Feng , Yang Jin‐Hua , Zhong Yu Lin , Gariepy Vincent , Trudeau Michel L. , Zaghib Karim , Ying Jackie Y.
Published: April 2014

Melon‐seed‐shaped LiFePO4 hollow micro‐ and sub‐micrometer plates have been synthesized via a polyol‐assisted hydrothermal method. The as‐prepared LiFePO4 hollow materials were new with regard to their single‐crystalline shells with large ac surfaces. Based on the detailed analysis of time‐dependent studies, a possible growth mechanism was proposed involving nucleation, anisotropic growth, selective etching, and reversed recrystallization. The effects of polyol concentration, reaction temperature, and feeding sequence of precursors on the growth of LiFePO4 materials were investigated. The electrochemical properties of as‐prepared LiFePO4 hollow materials were examined as cathode materials.
Network coding based on hyper‐edge decomposition for wireless network with link failures
Authors: Wang Jing , Chi Kaikai , Yang Yang , Wang Xinmei
Published: April 2014

This paper is concerned with the construction of network coding for wireless network with link failures. Based on hyper‐edge decomposition, for the wireless network, we first construct the hyper‐edge graph, where each node represents one hyper‐edge (consisting of multiple adjacent edges transmitting the same information) of the wireless network. Then we present a heuristic coloration method for the hyper‐edge graph, and a network coding vector allocation scheme based on maximum distance separable code is proposed to effectively overcome some link failures. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glycerol Etherification using n‐Butanol to Produce Oxygenated Additives for Biodiesel Fuel over H‐Beta Zeolite Catalysts
Authors: Nandiwale Kakasaheb Y. , Patil Shivraj E. , Bokade Vijay V.
Published: April 2014

The catalytic etherification of glycerol has been systematically studied in batch process by using n‐butanol to produce oxygenated additives for biodiesel fuels over various solid‐acid catalysts, such as H‐beta zeolite, ZSM‐5, K10, etc.. The present work includes a detailed study of the optimization of the etherification process parameters, such as catalyst loading (7–20 wt % of glycerol), molar ratio of glycerol/n‐butanol (1:6 to 1:15), speed of agitation (100–400 rpm), reaction temperature (413–453 K), and reaction time (0.5–4 h) in view of maximizing the glycerol conversion and selectivity towards mono‐butyl‐glycerol ether (ME). The catalyst reusability was studied using the optimized process parameters. Amongst the studied catalysts, the H‐beta zeolite was found to be the most promising for the etherification of glycerol with glycerol conversion of 55 % and a 98 % selectivity towards ME formation. The H‐beta zeolite was found to be an active and stable catalyst for up to 4 cycles. The use of n‐butanol as alkylating agent is presented for first time, to the authors knowledge. The reaction was performed at milder operating conditions (0.5 MPa) than previously reported (2 MPa). A kinetic model was developed for the etherification reaction and the data obtained at optimized process parameters was used to calculate the kinetic parameters. The reaction rate constants at different reaction temperatures, activation energies, and pre‐exponential factors were obtained for the etherification reaction with an accuracy of R2>0.989.
Susceptibility of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) peel proteins to digestive enzymes
Authors: Maloney Katherine P. , Truong Van‐Den , Allen Jonathan C.
Published: April 2014

Sweet potato proteins have been shown to possess antioxidant and antidiabetic properties in vivo. The ability of a protein to exhibit systemic effects is somewhat unusual as proteins are typically susceptible to digestive enzymes. This study was undertaken to better understand how digestive enzymes affect sweet potato proteins. Two fractions of industrially processed sweet potato peel, containing 6.8% and 8.5% protein and 80.5% and 83.3% carbohydrate, were used as a source of protein. Sweet potato proteins were incubated with pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin and protein breakdown was visualized with SDS‐PAGE. After pepsin digestion, samples were assayed for amylase inhibitory activity. Sporamin, the major storage protein in sweet potatoes, which functions as a trypsin inhibitor as well, exhibited resistance to pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin. Sporamin from blanched peel of orange sweet potatoes was less resistant to pepsin digestion than sporamin from outer peel and from extract of the white‐skinned Caiapo sweet potato. Trypsin inhibitory activity remained after simulated gastric digestion, with the Caiapo potato protein and peel samples exhibiting higher inhibitory activity compared to the blanched peel sample. Amylase and chymotrypsin inhibitory activity was not present in any of the samples after digestion.
Association of differential β‐catenin expression with Oct‐4 and Nanog in oral squamous cell carcinoma and their correlation with clinicopathological factors and prognosis
Authors: Ravindran Gokulan , Sawant Sharada S. , Hague Angela , Kingsley Karl , Devaraj Halagowder
Published: April 2014

Background

The re‐expression of pluripotent markers (Oct‐4 and Nanog) and the reactivation of stem cell–related pathways in oral carcinoma have been well researched. However, the relationship between the stem cell signaling molecule β‐catenin and pluripotent markers Oct‐4 and Nanog in oral cancer is yet to be studied in detail. Therefore, we have investigated the correlation among Oct‐4, Nanog, and β‐catenin in oral squamous cell carcinoma, which, in turn, could provide valuable insight into its prognostic significance.

Methods

The immunohistochemical analysis was performed for 60 cases of oral cancer to study the expression pattern of Oct‐4, Nanog, and β‐catenin. Whereas immunofluorescence analysis was used to investigate the co‐localization of β‐catenin with Oct‐4 and Nanog in oral carcinoma tissues and H314 cell line. Finally, co‐immunoprecipitation analysis was used to study the possible interaction between β‐catenin and Oct‐4 in oral carcinoma cells.

Results

β‐catenin, Oct‐4, and Nanog showed significant correlation with lymph node metastasis, stage, grade, and prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Interestingly, a significant positive correlation was found among the expression of Oct‐4, Nanog, and β‐catenin. Moreover, the interaction between β‐catenin and Oct‐4 was observed in oral cancer.

Conclusion

The positive correlation among Oct‐4, Nanog, and β‐catenin suggests their coordinated role in maintaining proliferation in oral carcinoma cells. The interaction between β‐catenin and Oct‐4 may be a crucial event in oral carcinogenesis. On the other hand, β‐catenin, Oct‐4, and Nanog could be used as independent prognostic markers of oral squamous cell carcinoma. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 982–993, 2015