bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting Osteoporosis with Body Compositions in Postmenopausal Women: A Noninvasive Method
Authors: Hsu Wei-Hsiu , Hsu Wei-Bin , Fan Chun-Hao , Hsu Wen-Wei Robert
Published: December 2020

Background: The prevalence of osteoporosis is rising steadily as the aging population increases. Bone mineral density (BMD) assessment is an established test for osteoporosis. However, the accessibility and radiation exposure limited its role in community screening. A more convenient approach for screening is suggested.Methods: A total of 363 postmenopausal women over 50 age were included in this study and assessed with the body composition [including fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass (FM), and basal metabolic rate (BMR)] and BMD. Normal distributions and correlation coefficients among variables were calculated using the Shapiro-Wilk test and Pearson’s correlation analysis, respectively. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted and the area under ROC curves (AUC) was determined the optimal cut-off values of the body composition variables for osteoporosis prediction.Results: The correlation coefficient of FFM, FM, FM ratio and BMR with femur neck T-score were 0.373, 0.266, 0.165, and 0.369, respectively while with spine T-score were 0.350, 0.251, 0.166, and 0.352, respectively (p<0.01 for all). FFM, FM, and BMR showed an optimal cut-off value of 37.9 kg, 18.6 kg, and 1187.5 kcal for detecting osteoporosis.Conclusions: The present study provided a model to predict osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and the optimal cut-off value of FFM, FM, and BMR could be calculated in Asian population. Among these factors, BMR seemed a better predictor than others. The BMR could be a target for exercise intervention in postmenopausal women for maintaining or improving BMD.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02936336. Registered 13 October 2016 -Retrospectively registered
Post-status epilepticus treatment with the Fyn inhibitor, saracatinib, improves cognitive function in mice
Authors: Luo Xinming , Zhao Jing , Wu Wenyue , Fu Jie , Li Zhengyu , Zhang Ming , Lu Jie
Published: December 2020

BackgroundStatus epilepticus (SE) is a life-threatening neurological disorder. The hippocampus, as an important area of the brain that regulates cognitive function, is usually damaged after SE, and cognitive deficits often result from hippocampal neurons lost after SE. Fyn, a non-receptor Src family of tyrosine kinases, is potentially associated with the onset of seizure. Saracatinib, a Fyn inhibitor, suppresses epileptogenesis and reduces epileptiform spikes. However, whether saracatinib inhibits cognitive deficits after SE is still unknown.MethodsIn the present study, a pilocarpine-induced SE mouse model was used to answer this question by using the Morris water maze and normal object recognition behavioral tests.ResultsWe found that saracatinib inhibited the loss in cognitive function following SE. Furthermore, we found that the number of hippocampal neurons in the saracatinib treatment group was increased, when compared to the SE group.ConclusionsThese results showed that saracatinib can improve cognitive functions by reducing the loss of hippocampal neurons after SE, suggesting that Fyn dysfunction is involved in cognitive deficits after SE, and that the inhibition of Fyn is a possible treatment to improve cognitive function in SE patients.
NMFNA: a non-negative matrix factorization network analysis method for identifying communities and characteristic genes from pancreatic cancer data
Authors: Ding Qian , Sun Yan , Shang Junliang , Li Feng , Zhang Yuanyuan , Liu Jin-Xing
Published: December 2020

Background: Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a common type of digestive system disease. Comprehensive analysis of different types of PC genetic data plays a crucial role in understanding its biological mechanisms. Currently, Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) based methods are widely used for data analysis. Nevertheless, it is a challenge for them to integrate and decompose different types of data simultaneously.Results: In this paper, a Non-negative Matrix Factorization Network Analysis method, NMFNA, is proposed, which introduces a graph regularized constraint to NMF, for identifying communities and characteristic genes from two-type PC data. Firstly, three PC networks, i.e., methylation network (ME), copy number variation network (CNV), and the bipartite network between them, are constructed by both ME and CNV data of PC downloaded from the TCGA database, using the Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Then, the NMFNA is proposed to detect core communities and characteristic genes from these three PC networks effectively due to its introduced graph regularized constraint, which is the highlight of NMFNA. Finally, both gene ontology enrichment analysis and pathway enrichment analysis are performed to deeply understand the biological functions of detected core communities.Conclusions: Experimental results demonstrated that the NMFNA facilitates the integration and decomposition of two types of PC data simultaneously and can serve as an alternative method for detecting communities and characteristic genes from multiple genetic networks. The data and demo codes of NMFNA are available online at https://github.com/CDMB-lab/NMFNA.
Genomic outcomes from diverse SNP panels obtained with different de novo building-loci pipelines in a varied species context: Can pipelines be influencing biological interpretations?
Authors: Casanova Adrian , Maroso Francesco , Blanco Andrés , Hermida Miguel , Rios Nestor , Garcia Graciela , Manuzzi Alice , Zane Lorenzo , Verissimo Ana , Garcia-Marin Jose-Luis , Bouza Carmen , Vera Manuel , Martinez Paulino
Published: December 2020

Background: The irruption of Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) in the last decade has led to the identification of thousands of molecular markers and their genotyping for refined genomic screening. This approach has been especially useful for non-model organisms with limited genomic resources. Many building-loci pipelines have been developed to obtain robust single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) genotyping datasets using a de novo RAD-seq approach, i.e. without reference genomes. Here, the performances of two building-loci pipelines, STACKS 2 and Meyer’s 2b-RAD v2.1 pipeline, were compared using a diverse set of aquatic species representing different genomic and/or population structure scenarios. Two bivalve species (Manila clam and common edible cockle) and three fish species (brown trout, silver catfish and small-spotted catshark) were studied. Four SNP panels were evaluated in each species to test both different building-loci pipelines and criteria for SNP selection. Furthermore, for Manila clam and brown trout, a reference genome approach was used as control. Results: Despite different outcomes were observed between pipelines and species with the diverse SNP calling and filtering steps tested, no remarkable differences were found on genetic diversity and differentiation within species with the SNP panels obtained with a de novo approach. The main differences were found in brown trout between the de novo and reference genome approaches. Genotyped vs missing data mismatches were the main genotyping difference detected between the two building-loci pipelines or between the de novo and reference genome comparisons. Conclusions: Tested building-loci pipelines seem not to have a substantial influence on population genetics inference. Preliminary trials with bioinformatic pipelines are suggested to evaluate their influence in population parameters related to the specific goals of the study.
Electrochemical p erformance of La2NiO4+δ-Ce0.55La0.45O2-δ as a promising bifunctional oxygen electrode for reversible solid oxide cells
Authors: Li Pengzhang , Yang Wei , Tian Chuanjin , Zhao Wenyan , Lü Zhe , Xie Zhipeng , Wang Chang-An
Published: December 2020

In this work, La2NiO4+δ-xCe0.55La0.45O2-δ (denoted as LNO-xLDC) with various LDC contents (x = 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40, wt %) were prepared and evaluated as bifunctional oxygen electrodes for reversible solid oxide cells (RSOCs). Compared with the pure LNO, the optimum composition of LNO-30LDC exhibited the lowest polarization resistance (Rp) of 0.53 and 0.12 Ω·cm2 in air at 650 and 750 oC, respectively. The enhanced electrochemical performance of LNO-30LDC oxygen electrode was mainly attributed to the extended triple phase boundary and more oxygen ionic transfer channels. The hydrogen electrode supported single cell with LNO-30LDC oxygen electrode displayed peak power densities of 276, 401 and 521 mW·cm-2 at 700, 750 and 800 oC, respectively. Moreover, the electrolysis current density of the single cell demonstrated 526.39 mA·cm-2 under 1.5 V at 800 oC, and the corresponding hydrogen production rate was 220.03 ml·cm-2·h-1. The encouraging results indicated that LNO-30LDC was a promising bifunctional oxygen electrode material for RSOCs.
Maternal DHA supplementation influences sex-specific disruption of placental gene expression following early prenatal stress
Authors: Jašarević Eldin , Hecht Patrick M. , Fritsche Kevin L. , Geary David C. , Rivera Rocío M. , Beversdorf David
Published: December 2020

Early life adversity is widely recognized as a key risk factor for early developmental perturbations and contributes to the presentation of neuropsychiatric disorders in adulthood. Neurodevelopmental disorders exhibit a strong sex-bias in susceptibility, presentation, onset and severity, although the underlying mechanisms conferring vulnerability are not well understood. Environmental perturbations during pregnancy, such as malnutrition or stress, have been associated with sex-specific reprogramming that contribute to increased disease risk in adulthood, whereby stress and nutritional insufficiency may be additive and further exacerbate poor offspring outcomes. To determine whether maternal supplementation of docosahexanoic acid (DHA) exerts an effect on offspring outcome following exposure to early prenatal stress (EPS), dams were fed a purified 10:1 omega-6/omega-3 diet supplemented with either 1.0% preformed DHA/kg feed weight (DHA-enriched) or no additional DHA (denoted as the control diet, CTL). Dams were administered chronic variable stress during the first week of pregnancy (Embryonic day, E0.5 – 7.5) and developmental milestones were assessed at E 12.5. Exposure to early prenatal stress (EPS) decreased placenta and embryo weight in males, but not females, exposed to the CTL diet. DHA-enrichment reversed the sex-specific decrease in placenta and embryo weight following EPS. Early prenatal exposure upregulated expression of genes associated with oxygen and nutrient transport, including hypoxia inducible factor 3α (HIF3α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), and insulin like growth binding factor 1 (IGFBP1), in placenta of CTL diet males exposed to EPS. DHA-enrichment in EPS-exposed animals abrogated the male-specific upregulation of PPARα, HIF3α, and IGFBP1. Taken together, these studies suggest that maternal dietary DHA enrichment may buffer against maternal stress programming of sex-specific outcomes during early development.
Genome-wide identification of GH3 genes in Brassica oleracea and identification of a promoter region for anther-specific expression of a GH3 gene
Authors: Jeong Jiseong , Park Sunhee , Im Jeong Hui , Yi Hankuil
Published: December 2020

Background: The Gretchen Hagen 3 ( GH3 ) genes encode acyl acid amido synthetases, many of which have been shown to modulate the amount of active plant hormones or their precursors. GH3 genes, especially Group Ⅲ subgroup 6 GH3 genes, and their expression patterns in economically important B. oleracea var. oleracea have not been systematically identified. Results: As a first step to understand regulation and molecular functions of Group Ⅲ subgroup 6 GH3 genes, 34 GH3 genes including four subgroup 6 genes were identified in B. oleracea var. oleracea . Synteny found around subgroup 6 GH3 genes in B. oleracea var. oleracea and Arabidopsis thaliana indicated that these genes are evolutionarily related. Although expression of four subgroup 6 GH3 genes in B. oleracea var. oleracea is not induced by auxin, gibberellic acid, or jasmonic acid, the genes show different organ-dependent expression patterns. Among subgroup 6 GH3 genes in B. oleracea var. oleracea , only BoGH3.13-1 is expressed in anthers when microspores, polarized microspores, and bicellular pollens are present, similar to two out of four syntenic A. thaliana subgroup 6 GH3 genes. Detailed analyses of promoter activities further showed that BoGH3.13-1 is expressed in tapetal cells and pollens in anther, and also expressed in leaf primordia and floral abscission zones. Conclusions: Sixty-two base pairs (bp) region (-340 ~ -279 bp upstream from start codon) and about 450 bp region (-1489 to -1017 bp) in BoGH3.13-1 promoter are important for expressions in anther and expressions in leaf primordia and floral abscission zones, respectively. The identified anther-specific promoter region can be used to develop male sterile transgenic Brassica plants.
Cloning, Characterization, and Expression Features of Chicken CDS2 Splicing Variants
Authors: Xu Yuanyuan , Zhang Shuping , Guo Yujun , Chen Wen , Huang Yanqun
Published: December 2020

Background: The CDS gene encodes the CDP-diacylglycerol synthase enzyme that catalyzes the formation of CDP-diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG) from phosphatidic acid. At present, there are no reports of CDS2 in birds. Here, we identified chicken CDS2 transcripts by combining conventional RT- PCR amplification, 5' RACE (Fig. 1A), and 3' RACE, explored the spatio-temporal expression profiles of total CDS2 and the longest transcript variant CDS2-4, and investigated the effect of exogenous insulin on total the mRNA level of CDS2 by quantitative real-time PCR. Results: Four transcripts of chicken CDS2 (CDS2-1, -2, -3, and -4) were identified, which were alternatively spliced at the 3′-untranslated region (UTR). CDS2 was widely expressed in all tissues examined and the longest variant CDS2-4 was the major transcript. Both total CDS2 and CDS2-4 were prominently expressed in adipose tissue and the heart, and exhibited low expression in the liver and pectoralis of 49 day-old chickens. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that total CDS2 and CDS2-4 had different spatio-temporal expression patterns in chicken. Total CDS2 exhibited a similar temporal expression tendency with a high level in the later period of incubation (embryonic day 19 [E19] or 1-day-old) in the brain, liver, and pectoralis. While CDS2-4 presented a distinct temporal expression pattern in these tissues, CDS2-4 levels peaked at 21 days in the brain and pectoralis, while liver CDS2-4 mRNA levels were highest at the early stage of hatching (E10). Total CDS2 (P < 0.001) and CDS2-4 (P = 0.0090) mRNA levels in the liver were differentially regulated throughout development of the chicken. Exogenous insulin significantly downregulated the level of total CDS2 at 240 min in the pectoralis of Silky chickens (P < 0.01). Total CDS2 levels in the liver of Silky chickens were higher than that of the broiler in the basal state and after insulin stimulation. Conclusion: Chicken CDS2 has multiple transcripts with variation at the 3′-UTR, which was prominently expressed in adipose tissue. Total CDS2 and CDS2-4 presented distinct spatio-temporal expression patterns, and they were differentially regulated with age in liver. Insulin could regulate chicken CDS2 levels in a breed- and tissue-specific manner.
Disease Burden from Coronavirus Disease 2019 Symptoms Among Inpatients at the Temporary Military Hospitals in Wuhan: A Retrospective Multi-Center Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: He Mai-hong , Li Xiao-xiao , Tan Qing , Yong Chen , Yue Kong , You Jian-ping , Lin Xian , Lin Ying , Qing Zheng
Published: December 2020

Background: Since the advent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, in most parts of the world, people are still at risk of the disease. We aimed to establish a set of disability weights (DWs) for COVID-19 symptoms, evaluate the disease burden of inpatients, analyze the characteristics, and influencing factors of the disease. Methods: The symptoms were identified by literature review and medical staff questionnaire. DWs of COVID-19 symptoms were determined by the person-trade-off approach proposed by the World Health Organization. The extracted medical records data of 2,702 randomly selected inpatients with COVID-19 at three temporary military hospitals in Wuhan, China, were analyzed and used to calculate the disability adjusted life years (DALY). Means DALY between gender and age groups were tested by analysis of variance. Multiple line regression models were used to determine the relationship between DALY and age, gender, body mass index, length of stay, symptom duration before admission, and native place. Results: For the DALY of each inpatient, severe expiratory dyspnea and mild cough and sore throat had the highest (0.399) and lowest (0.004) weights, respectively. The average synthetic DALY and daily DALY were 2.29±1.33 and 0.18±0.15 days, respectively. Fever and fatigue contributed the largest DALY at 31.36%; nausea and vomiting, and anxiety and depression contributed the least at 7.05%. There were significant differences between gender and age groups in both synthetic and daily DALY. Age, body mass index, length of stay, and symptom duration before admission were strongly related to both synthetic and daily DALY. Conclusions: COVID-19 and its symptoms could cause heavy disease burden. Although the disease burden was higher among females than in the males; however, their daily disease burdens were similar. Life value differs for different age groups; taking the changing life value with age into account; the disease burden in the younger population was higher than that in the older population. Besides, treatment at the hospitals relieved the disease burden efficiently, while delay in hospitalization could worsen it. Therefore, deployment of adequate medical resources for early hospitalization of patients with moderate or severe symptoms is needed by the public health authority.
Current Trends in the Development of Socio-Economic Systems
Authors: Melnyk Leonid Hr.
Published: December 2020

The paper studies the content and spheres of application of the terms "trend" and "tendency " in the development of socio-economic systems. The definitions of these terms are formulated. In a broad sense, the trend should be considered as a relatively sustainable direction for the development of a particular phenomenon. In economic systems, this direction is realized through dynamics: the totality of relationships (between individual parts of systems), properties (inherent in systems), indicators of income and costs, supply and demand, signs of consumer needs and preferences of users, parameters of technological basis, etc. Classification traits and mutual relations of different types of trends are defined, including meta trend, megatrend, socio-cultural trend, consumption trend, and business trend. The criterion basis for referring to a particular type of trend is the dimensions (conditional areas) that are affected by the trend. These dimensions include product, market, socio-cultural, economic, technological, civilizational, natural. The processes of trend evolution are shown. In particular, the consumption trend (which covers the product, market, and socio-cultural dimensions) can develop into a socio-cultural trend (which in addition covers the economic dimension). The latest trend can evolve into a megatrend (which includes the impact on technological dimension). When megatrends also begin to influence civilizational and natural dimensions, they evolve into meta trends. Such a path, in particular, has passed the megatrends: industrialization, electrification, automotive, computerization, digitization, etc. Today, this is followed by megatrends: alternative energy, additive technologies, the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, cyber-physical systems, cloud technologies, industrial agro-production, and others. It is noted that humanity is currently experiencing an epochal trend of a phase transition to a new socio-economic formation, which is being implemented during three industrial revolutions: the Industries 3.0; 4.0; 5.0.

Keywords: trend, tendency, megatrend, meta trend, socio-economic system, development, transformation, phase transition, the industrial revolution, civilization, future.
Socio-environmental and Economic Problems of Solar Panels Recycling
Authors: Matsenko Olena I. , Tereshchenko Vladyslav S. , Piven Vladyslav S. , Panchenko Andrii A. , Perekhod Evhenyi A.
Published: December 2020

The use of alternative energy sources, in particular solar energy, has gained rapid growth in recent years. This trend is prompting manufacturers of equipment for solar power plants to increase production volumes. At the same time, the question arises of the disposal of used modules, because each material has its service life. According to technical specifications, the average life of solar modules and batteries is 25-30 years. Decommissioning may occur earlier than this time due to the following reasons – moral and physical deterioration, mechanical damage, replacement of obsolete equipment with new, modernization of solar power plants. Already in 2030, it will be necessary to replace the solar modules installed in 2000. Therefore, there are acute questions not only regarding the development of technologies for processing waste equipment from solar power plants but also organizational and economic methods. This article discusses the main problems that arise during the utilization and recycling of solar modules, analyzes the experience of countries in resolving these issues. After all, the use of renewable energy sources should minimize the negative impact on the environment from energy production at all stages – from the production of equipment for a power plant to the disposal and recycling of this equipment.

Keywords: solar panel, recycling, economic method, solar power, natural resource, economic problem, environment, renewable energy.
ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPED BATH WEAR DESIGNS ON AESTHETICS, FUNCTIONAL, AND CONSTRUCTIONAL PARAMETERS
Authors:   PhD Research scholar, Department of Textiles and Apparel Designing, College of Community & Applied Sciences, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India., Parashar Shanu , Srivastava Meenu ,   Professor, Department of Textiles and Apparel Designing, College of Community & Applied Sciences, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India.
Published: December 2020

Present paper is an outcome of the rigorous research work being conducted for development of Modest bath wear clothing designs for women during holy dip at open ghats/rivers at communal places. This is a part of the work highlighting the creative designs developed by the researcher and its evaluation on selected parameters by the expert panel members using five-point continuum scale. Results showsthat the developeddesigns of modest bath wearfor women were found highly satisfactory in terms of aesthetic, functional and constructional parameters.
A STUDY ON ASSOCIATION OF CAROTID INTIMA MEDIA THICKNESS IN INDIVIDUALS WITH IMPAIRED FASTING GLUCOSE - A HOSPITAL BASED STUDY
Authors:   Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Assam Medical College and Hospital,Dibrugarh, Assam, Pin - 786001., Barman Rintu , Kumar Das Tridip ,   Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Assam Medical College and Hospital,Dibrugarh, Assam, Pin - 786001.
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is one of the commonest endocrine disorder with multiple organ dysfunction as its complication .The early detection of atherosclerotic changes in the pre diabetic state would help us to take measures to prevent overt complication in later part of life. Aim: To study the association of carotid intima media thickness in individuals with impaired fasting glucose. Material and Method: A prospective study,a total of 30 patient and equally matched control were taken from patient attending at Medicine OPD for a period of one year. Routine lab investigation, lipid profile and B-mode Ultra sonography of the carotid intima media thickness of the selected cases as well as the control groups were done, thickening of the Intima-Media C omplex greater than 0.8mm is considered abnormal, and represents the earliest changes of atherosclerotic disease. Result: 18 individuals from cases and 5 individuals from control have significant increase in thickness of the common carotid intima-media thickness i.e. Ã¢Â‰Â¥0.8mm.
REHABILITATION OF MANDIBULAR ARCH USING CAST PARTIAL DENTURE AND FIXED TREATMENT MODALITY
Authors:   ijar, Carmeen Coelho Maban , Naveen Shamnur Sunitha , D.B Nandeeshwar , Panjanan Duraiswamy Barath
Published: December 2020

Successful restoration can be done with plenty of contemporary and conventional treatment planning. Attachment retained partial dentures are one such kind of treatment modality in prosthodontics. Studies have also demonstrated that precision-attachment partials last longer, wear less, need fewer adjustments, look better, work better, less destructive, protect abutment teeth, and are easier to clean. In this case report patients functional and aesthetic expectations were met by using a combination of Porcelain fused to metal (PFM) restorations and semi-precision attachments.
DEBATING DISCRIMINATION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DISCRIMINATION IN USA, INDIAN AND PAKISTAN AND ITS REMEDY
Authors:   Lecturer in Political Science, S.M. Government womens College, Phulbani., Rout Madhusmita
Published: December 2020

The practice of discrimination, inspite of being one of the major curses of human history not only exists in society but also show its brutal face time to time. The off late killings of two members of American black community are the most recent examples of this nauseating practice. Though, it is the fact that this practice of marginalization and discrimination is not only limited to a particular society but transcends beyond boundaries of nation states and societies and has taken its grip all the place where human life exist, except very few, in the one form or the others. In this context, this study look at discriminatory practices toward Black Community, Lower cast community mainly Dalits and Mujahirs through comparative practice in subsequently American, Indian and Pakistani societies. Though, inspite of historical, sociological as well as cultural differences in all these three communities who are being decimated upon as well as geo-political difference of these places, practice of discrimination is the common phenomena in all these three societies. Therefore, due to this community it becomes extremely relevant to study all these three societies and their discriminated communities together. At last to tackle this menace a multi prong policy or strategy has been suggested.
TISSUE ENGINEERING IN ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL REHABILITATION - A NEW PERSPECTIVE
Authors:   Post Graduate Student, Department of Prosthodontics and Implantology, Government Dental College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India., Kalyani Puvvadi , Janardanan Kavitha ,   Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics and Implantology, Government Dental College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India., Kumar K Harsha ,   Professor and HOD, Department of Prosthodontics and Implantology, Government Dental College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India., Ravichandran R. ,   Professor, Department of Prosthodontics and Implantology, Government Dental College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
Published: December 2020

Objective: To collect and conclude a literature review on the applications of tissue engineering in oral and maxillofacial rehabilitation Materials and Methods: The review was searched and collected from many sources about tissue engineering. The database of Literature was collected through the search of PubMed, Google scholar and Researchgate databases. The keywords used for the search were tissue engineering, dental applications, prosthodontics, implant dentistry and craniofacial rehabilitation. A manual search to many of the reference lists of the identified articles and the authors article files and recent reviews was made to find additional publications. Those studies that showed new features about tissue engineering were included in this review. Results: In total 28 literature sources were searched and reviewed. Studies that described new features about elements and strategies of tissue engineering and its applications were included. Conclusion: We summarized in this study the key elements and strategies of tissue engineering and its applications in oral and maxillofacial rehabilitation.
THE PRESCRIPTIVE AND ENFORCEMENT JURISDICTION OF A COASTAL STATE IN RELATION TO SHIP SOURCE POLLUTION OCCURS IN ITS VARIOUS MARITIME ZONES, UNDER THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA AND THE CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW
Authors:   Maritime Lawyer (LLB, LLM), Secretary of the Shipping Committee of the Cyprus Bar Association., L. Kapsis Zacharias
Published: December 2020

The coastal state jurisdiction is the jurisdiction enjoyed by a coastal state in relation to breaches of regulations and laws by foreign flagged ships that take place within its various jurisdictional zones. The prescriptive and enforcement jurisdiction comprise the main power of a coastal state. Prescriptive is the jurisdiction to prescribe laws and regulations, while enforcement is the jurisdiction to enforce such laws. The rights and obligations of a state in relation to navigation and pollution are determined primarily by international conventions and customary international law. The 1982 Law of the Sea Convention (UNCLOS) is the most widely ratified convention in this field of law, outlining the rights and obligations of the states in relation to their variousmaritmezones as well as with respect to environmental protection.States have under UNCLOS the obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment and they are also under an obligation to take measures jointly or individually to reduce and prevent, control and reduce pollution of the marine environment from any source including the atmosphere and from vessels.In relation to ship source pollution there are various obligations.
THE INTERNATIONAL GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS ROLE IN GLOBAL HEALTH
Authors:   Doctorate in Health Sciences College of Graduate Health Studies A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona, USA., Aziz Maria , A. DiDonna Thomas ,   Masters degree in nursing sciences Doctorate in Health Sciences Adjunct faculty, College of Graduate Health Studies A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona, USA.
Published: December 2020

International government organizations with a global outreach are working on global health issues to achieve the objective of Health for All. The key actors in global health working on global health problems are the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) (Johnson, Stotskopt, & Shi, 2018). These international organizations participate in generating and sharing knowledge, engage in advocacy,provide global funds for health efforts. Our paper will analyze the structure, goals, and processes of global health organizations, UNESCO and UNAIDS.
Effects of rearing method on some morphological and reproductive organ characteristics of queen honey bees (Apis mellifera L.)
Authors: OZBAKIR GONCA OZMEN
Published: December 2020

This study aimed to investigate some of the morphological and reproductive characteristics of the queen honey bees rearing from emergency queen cells and larvae grafting method. The weight at the emergence of queens reared from one-day larvae was found to be higher than other groups (P <0.05). Morphological characteristics of queens according to rearing method showed significant differences of head width, forewing length and forewing width (P <0.05), whereas other morphological characteristics were found similar in different queen groups. No significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of cell length and width (P > 0.05). Wet ovary weights of the queens were weighed at 45, 51, and 49 mg rearing from emergency cells, 1-day-old and 2-day-old larvae, respectively. The number of ovarioles and spermatheca diameter of queens were found to be 268 and 1.14 mm, 296 and 1.21 mm, 285, and 1.16 mm rearing from emergency cells, 1-day-old and 2-day-old larvae, respectively (P <0.05). Consequently, the morphological and reproductive characteristics of queens reared from one-day-old larvae have higher values. According to the results of the study, although some morphological and reproductive features of local queens have low values, their importance should not be ignored in the sustainable future of beekeeping.
Anatomical and histological structure of the cavy’s teeth as a basis for diagnosis of dental diseases
Authors: DZIECH JUSTYNA , PIASECKI TOMASZ
Published: December 2020

The cavy’s dentition can be shortly described as diphyodont, heterodont, and hypselodont. Histologically, each tooth consists of enamel formed of 4 layers of cells, which together form an apical bud, dentin formed by odontoblasts, and dental cementum. The facies lingualis of incisors is covered with classical acellular cementum, whereas a few circular islands of cementum pearls occur on facies labialis. There are 3 types of cementum in cheek teeth: acellular cementum, cementum pearls, and cartilage-like cementum. Constant tooth growth is ensured by an open pulp cavity within the apex. Periodontal ligaments that are part of the desmodontium are responsible for anchoring teeth in the alveolus.
Hydrolysis products from sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka L.) heads from the Kamchatka Peninsula produced by different methods: biological value
Authors: Volkov Vladimir , Mezenova Olga , Moersel Joerg-Thomas , Kuehn Sascha , Grimm Thomas , Hoehling Axel , Barabanov Sergei , Volkov Kirill
Published: December 2020

Introduction. Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka L.) is a valuable Pacific salmon. Sockeye heads are a significant share in processing sockeye salmon. Traditionally, fish by-products are used to make fishmeal. However, due to the high content of collagen proteins and fat in sockeye salmon heads, it is difficult to produce fishmeal from this raw material. Controlled enzymatic or combined hydrolysis allows protein, fat, and minerals to be extracted to supply the market with higher value products with desirable features. This research was aimed to analyse the chemical composition and biological value of hydrolysis products obtained from sockeye heads.

Study objects and methods. We investigated hydrolysis products of sockeye salmon heads, namely protein hydrolysates, fat and sludge. Thermal hydrolysis and enzymatic-thermal hydrolysis were used for the tests. Thermal hydrolysis was realized in reactor. For enzymatic-thermal hydrolysis, the raw material was pre-treated by proteolytic enzyme Alcalase. The hydrolysates obtained were investigated. Chemical composition was determined in accordance with State Standard 7636-85. HPLC was used for molecular weight and amino acid analysis. Gas chromatography was used for fatty acid analysis. Biological value of proteins was determined by the balance of the amino acid composition comparing it with the “ideal protein model”.

Results and discussion. Thermal hydrolysis resulted in the production of protein hydrolysate powder with protein content of 92.0% dry matter and a protein recovery rate of 39.6%. Combined hydrolysis resulted in the production of protein hydrolysate powder with protein content of 92.6% and a protein recovery rate of 83%. All protein hydrolysates contained all essential amino acids. The biological value of protein hydrolysate obtained by thermal and combined hydrolysis was 80.1 and 82.8%, respectively.

Conclusion. Hydrolysed products obtained by thermal and enzymatic-thermal hydrolysis had a valuable chemical composition and could be recommended for food and feed use.
Antagonistic effects of raffia sap with probiotics against pathogenic microorganisms
Authors: Mbarga Manga Joseph Arsene , Desobgo Steve Carly Zangue , Tatsadjieu Léopold Ngoune , Kavhiza Nyasha , Kalisa Louis
Published: December 2020

Introduction. Probiotics are known for their beneficial properties. Numerous studies have been conducted to find advantages that probiotics can provide. This study aimed to evaluate the functional properties of raffia sap, a Cameroonian drink, fermented with probiotics by investigating its antagonistic activity against pathogenic bacteria.

Study objects and methods. The study objective was raffia sap fermented by Lactobacillus fermentum and Bifidobacterium bifidum. Box-Behnken design with four factors (seeding rates of L. fermentum and B. bifidum, temperature, and incubation time) was used to generate mathematical models. The disc diffusion method was used to evaluate an antagonistic effect of the probiotics against four pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella sp., and Bacillus cereus). An optimization of mathematical models of the inhibition diameters allowed to determine the optimal conditions of antagonistic effect.

Results and discussion. The experimental data showed that zones of inhibition were 0‒21 mm for Salmonella sp., 0‒23 mm for E. coli, 0‒20 mm for L. monocytogenes, and 0‒22 mm for B. cereus. ANOVA results and the mathematical models obtained showed that L. fermentum was effective against B. cereus and B. bifidum against Salmonella sp., E. coli, and B. cereus. The optimization of the models revealed maximum zones of inhibition at the seeding rates of L. fermentum and B. bifidum of 2 and 10%, respectively, incubation time of 48 h, and temperature of 37°C.

Conclusion. Raffia sap fermented by L. fermentum and B. bifidum demonstrated antagonistic effect against pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli, L. monocytogenes, Salmonella sp., and B. cereus.
Modelling formation and removal of biofilms in secondary dairy raw materials
Authors: Ryabtseva Svetlana , Tabakova Yulia , Khramtsov Andrey , Anisimov Georgy , Kravtsov Vitalii
Published: December 2020

Introduction. Microorganisms of dairy raw materials tend to adhere to the surfaces of processing equipment and form sustainable biofilms, which is a serious issue in the dairy industry. The goal of the present work was to investigate formation of biofilms on a glass surface in static model conditions, and removal of such biofilms by cleaning.

Study objects and methods. The study objects were the permeates of skim milk, sweet whey and acid whey, as well as the biofilms formed and washings from glass slides. Biofilms were removed from the glass with detergents used in the dairy industry. Standard methods of determining microbiological and physicochemical properties were used to characterize the permeates. The biofilm structure and morphology of microorganisms participating in biofilm formation were investigated with a light spectroscopy. The efficiency of biofilm removal in a cleaning process was quantified with optical density of washings.

Results and discussion. Biofilms in whey permeates formed slower compared to those in skimmed milk permeate during the first 24 h. Yeasts contributed significantly to the biofilm microflora in acid whey permeate throughout 5 days of biofilm growth. Well adhered biofilm layers were the most stable in skimmed milk permeate. The highest growth of both well and poorly adhered biofilm layers was observed in sweet whey permeate after 3–5 days. It was established that the primary attachment of microorganisms to a glass surface occurred within 8 h, mature multicultural biofilms formed within 48 h, and their partial destruction occurred within 72 h.

Conclusion. The research results can be used to improve the cleaning equipment procedures in processing secondary dairy raw materials.
The phenomenon of New Knowledge in the conceptual framework of the philosophy of science
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pruzhinin Boris I.
Published: December 2020

The article, as a result of the analysis of the philosophical and methodological content of the new knowledge and dynamics of science concepts, substantiates the thesis about the necessity to radically shift the research priorities of the modern philosophy of science. The author critically evaluates the current methodological potential of the philosophy of science, which has developed on the basis of postpositivist concepts of scientific knowledge, and he attempts to outline the philosophical-methodological problems associated with modern scientific trends. According to the author, attention on the philosophy of science should be focused today, first of all, on interdisciplinary research programs that are implemented in the most popular and advanced areas of scientific knowledge. Within these programs, it is not the theoretical constructions (and their relationships), but the disciplinary structures of knowledge that act as the main cognitive unit of the organization of knowledge. Thus, to the fore of the philosophical-methodological approaches come the tasks related to the search and the analysis of methodological guidelines that provide cognitively effective communication (mutual understanding) of scientists within collaborations, i. e. interdisciplinary scientific teams. The author believes that the epistemological perspectives of comprehension and methodological development of such guidelines open up when referring to the cultural-historical dimensions of scientific knowledge. It is the cultural-historical epistemology that takes into account the existential, motivational attitudes of the scientist, which at the same time assume methodologically significant parameters of scientific research (the style of scientific thinking, the dignity of knowledge, and the historical continuity of science as a cultural phenomenon). As a result, the cultural-historical epistemology opens up the possibility of an effective methodological orientation of the most important areas in modern science.
At the origins of the Leningrad philosophy of culture. Elmar V. Sokolov. The justification of morality in philosophical practice
Authors:   The N. G. Kuznetsov Naval Academy, Khaydarova Goulnara R.
Published: December 2020

The article retrospectively analyzes the stage of the origin of philosophy of culture as a discipline in Leningrad at the end of the 20 th century on the example of the prominent professor Elmar Sokolov, who brought a community of interested philosophers together. The problem of spirituality substantiation through involvement in the philosophical culture can be called a key and consolidating effort of thinkers with different political orientations. At the same time, a characteristic feature of the era was the idea of the unity of a philosophical culture that does not scatter into a multitude of diverse practices. At the opposite pole from official Marxism the dividing line passed between the religious type of spirituality and the secular cultural practice of philosophy, and, accordingly, between religious morality and “moral culture” as individual free aspiration. The concept of “moral culture” in various interpretations was developed by Professor Sokolov. The basis of morality for him is freedom, and the value is a productive “freedom for”, which implies the participation of the individual in the whole (family, society, and culture). Philosophical “self-care” leads to the desire for fullness of spiritual life, and freedom is supplemented by the “dictatorship of conscience”, which is not given rationally, logically, or socially, but is rooted in the love of goodness.
Nikolay Danilevsky about the role of influence in the formation of cultural and historical types
Authors:   University of Rome La Sapienza, Capilupi Stefano Maria
Published: December 2020

The article examines Danilevsky’s approach to the analysis of the role of influences on the formation and changes of cultural-historical types. Several contradictions in Danilevsky’s consideration of the phenomenon of influences are underlined. They were caused by an insufficiently clarified analysis of the correlation between the universal and the concrete historical, and by some monotheistic and typological aspects in the analysis of historical development. Danilevsky clearly underestimates the significance of the interaction between successive and synchronously developing cultures, which leads to a diminution of world-historical trends in the development of mankind. The article stresses a polemical character of a number of provisions of Danilevsky’s concepts. The urgent significance of the philosopher’s conclusions about the need to protect national cultural values is emphasized, which is especially important in the context of modern globalization processes. Additionally, some key risks of philosophical tendencies of Russian thought are pointed out in regard to the dream of world hegemony, or towards autocratic otherness. These dangers arise largely from the lack of practical and theoretical differences in the use of unprocessed European concepts, and therefore Russian history can often be viewed as a sequence of attraction to and repulsion from the West. The article also stresses that the “Russian idea” (which can be seen, in Solovyov’s understanding, from a religious standpoint as the one brought by the Russian people to the Last Judgment of the World as a unique contribution to universal human consciousness) is not a “dream” of world hegemony or the autocratic otherness”, according to which all good is always “one’s own”, and all evil is “somebody else’s”, but it is some antinomic perception of universal salvation, which was also noted by Dostoevsky, Florensky, Bulgakov, and others.
Studying the problems of church autocephaly in the socio-political context of the 19 th — early 20 th centuries in Russia
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Chumakova Tatiana V. , Moravchikova Michaela ,   Trnava University
Published: December 2020

The article is devoted to the study of the problem of autocephaly of Orthodox Churches in Russia during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Interest in this aspect of aspect of Orthodox ecclesiology and canon law intensified not only because of the development of Orthodox theology in Russia, but also due to the fact that this problem acquired political significance. It was connected with some matters of domestic and foreign policy of the Russian Empire. The annexation of Georgian in the early nineteenth century and liquidation of the autocephaly of the Georgian Church by the decision of the secular authorities provided the enduring source of the anti-governmental mood among Georgian elite, traditionally closely connected with the local clergy. The foreign policy interests of the empire in the Near East and Asia Minor also contributed to the intensification of research in the field of ecclesiastic history and the modern structure of ancient patriarchates. The greatest factor that contributed to an increase in such research interests was the emergence of new autocephalous churches: the Greek and Bulgarian churches separated from the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Separation of the Bulgarian Church provoked an aggressive polemic in the Russian press. The problem of nationalism was highlighted, which is significant for the Orthodox tradition. As an attachment to the article, the authors include the text of a report on the possibility of the autocephaly of the Georgian Church composed by Vladimir Beneshevich in 1917. The report was made upon request of the Provisional Government and it is preserved in the collection of Beneshevich at the St. Petersburg Branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences.