bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Caries infiltrant combined with conventional adhesives for sealing sound enamel in vitro
Authors: Yetkiner Enver , Wegehaupt Florian Just , Attin Rengin , Attin Thomas
Published: January 2013

Objective:

To test the null hypothesis that combining low-viscosity caries infiltrant with conventional adhesive resins would not improve sealing of sound enamel against demineralization in vitro.

Materials and Methods:

Bovine enamel discs (N  =  60) with diameter of 3 mm were randomly assigned to six groups (n  =  10). The discs were etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 30 seconds and treated with resins of different monomer content forming the following groups: (1) Icon (DMG), (2) Transbond XT Primer (3M ESPE), (3) Heliobond (Ivoclar Vivadent), (4) Icon + Transbond XT Primer, and (5) Icon + Heliobond. Untreated etched samples served as the negative control. Specimens were subjected to demineralization by immersion in hydrochloric acid (pH 2.6) for 80 hours. Calcium dissolution into the acid was assessed by colorimetric analysis using Arsenazo III method at 16-hour intervals. Groups presenting high protection against demineralization were subjected to further acidic challenge for 15 days with calcium measurements repeated at 24-hour intervals. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U-test.

Results:

Untreated specimens showed the highest amount of demineralization. Icon and Transbond XT primer decreased the mineral loss significantly compared to the control. Heliobond performed significantly better than both Icon and Transbond XT primer. Combination of Icon both with Transbond XT primer or Heliobond served as the best protective measures and maintained the protective effect for the additional 15-day acidic challenge.

Conclusions:

Within the limitations of this in vitro study, it could be concluded that the use of low-viscosity caries infiltrant prior to application of the tested conventional adhesives increases their protective effect against demineralization.
Comparison of Chinese and white Bolton standards at age 13
Authors: Zhao Xiao-Guang , Hans Mark Guenther , Palomo Juan Martin , Lin Jiu-Xiang
Published: January 2013

Objectives:

To create a combined male-female Chinese Bolton standard for age 13 and to compare it to the combined Bolton standard for white 13 year olds.

Materials and Methods:

Thirty-two Chinese and 32 white subjects (16 adolescent boys and 16 adolescent girls aged 13 years in each ethnic group) who fulfilled the selection criteria used to create the original Bolton standards were enrolled. Their cephalograms were traced and then averaged two at a time following the Bolton method. In addition to creating the template from the 32 subjects in each group, 43 linear and angular variables were measured and compared between the two ethnic groups and between the two sexes in each ethnic group using independent t-tests. A P value of .05 was used to assign statistical significance. The male-female combined templates for 13 year olds were also compared superimposing either in the Bolton relation or by soft tissue.

Results:

No sexual dimorphism was found in the white subjects, whereas the Chinese girls had decreased upper face height (Na-ANS), more protrusive incisors (SNA-U1), and shorter cranial base (Ba-Na) and posterior cranial base (S-Ba) compared with the Chinese boys. In terms of ethnic comparison, the Chinese subjects presented shorter sagittal facial dimensions, a clockwise rotated mandible with a more acute gonial angle, and a convex facial profile with a less prominent nose and chin. However, overall vertical dimensions were similar.

Conclusions:

A 13-year-old combined male-female Chinese Bolton standard was created that demonstrated visually and with metric comparisons that Chinese and white clinically normal subjects have different craniofacial characteristics. These differences should be taken into consideration when an individualized orthodontic treatment plan is developed.
Lecithostaphylus tylosuri sp. nov. (Digenea, Zoogonidae) from the digestive tract of the needlefish Tylosurus acus imperialis (Teleostei, Belonidae)
Authors: Manel Châari , Hela Derbel , Lassâd Neifar
Published: February 2013

Lecithostaphylus tylosuri sp. nov. (Digenea, Zoogonidae) specimen were collected from the digestive tract of Tylosurus acus imperialis (Teleostei, Belonidae) caught off the eastern coast of Tunisia. L. tylosuri is very similar to its closest relatives, L. retroflexus and L. nitens. It can be easily distinguished from L. retroflexus (Molin, 1859) in having a more extensive vitellarium, with follicles reaching from the posterior margin of the acetabulum and extending beyond the posterior margin of the testes and a coiled seminal vesicle. L. tylosuri differs from L. nitens as illustrated by Linton 1898, in having a longer cirrus pouch (0.7 mm vs 0.36 mm, respectively) overlapping the anterior edge of the ventral sucker and a submarginal genital pore (submedian in L. nitens). It’s also different from L. nitens as described by Manter 1947 in the vitelline disposition and in having the greater sucker ratio (1: 1.3–2.1 vs 1: 1.3–1.6, respectively). L. tylosuri differs from L. nitens as reported by Machida and Kuramochi 2000 by the absence of variations in the vitellarium disposition in all specimens. L. tylosuri is more similar to L. nitens from group A (considered synonym of L. ahaaha Yamaguti, 1970 = L. nitens by Bray 1987) by having vitelline follicles extending beyond the testes. L. tylosuri can be distinguished from L. ahaaha by its pedunculate rather than prominent acetabulum and its larger body size (4.10–7.85 mm long and 0.75–1.2 mm large vs 2.1–6 mm long and 0.45–1.1 mm large, respectively). The prevalence of L. tylosuri sp. nov. was negatively correlated with host length (decreasing with host size increasing). Host sex does not seem to affect infection parameters.
First detection and genotyping of human-associated microsporidia in wild waterfowl of Slovakia
Authors: Malčeková B. , Valenčáková A. , Molnár L. , Kočišová A.
Published: February 2013

A total of 47 avian faecal samples of wild waterfowl (great cormorant — Phalacrocorax carbo, great crested grebe — Podiceps cristatus, white stork — Ciconia ciconia) trapped in the eastern Slovakia were screened for the presence of human pathogenic microsporidia by microscopy and real-time SYBR Green PCR method using species primers and sequenced. Microscopic analysis showed presence in 32 samples (29 cormorants, 3 dippers). Microsporidial DNA (Encephalitozoon cuniculi genotype I) was identified in 19 faeces samples (40.4%) namely cormorants in 17 out of 40, one dipper of 5 and a stork out of 2. The present work describes three new host species of the bird population in microsporidium Encephalitozoon cuniculi genotype I which confirms the theory of low specificity of this species.
New Regression Models to Evaluate the Relationship between Biomechanics of Gymnastic Vault and Initial Vault Difficulty Values
Authors: Atiković Almir
Published: February 2013

The main objective of this paper was to determine the relationship between biomechanical parameters of vault
flights with respect to new models of initial vault difficulty values in men’s artistic gymnastic. The study sample
included vaults (n=64) and models (n=5) from the 2009 Code of Points (CoP) of the Federation International of
Gymnastics (FIG). The dependent variable included all difficulty values ranging from 2-7.2 points, while the sample of
independent variables included twelve biomechanical parameters. After implementing the regression analysis, it could
be established that the best model derived only the second flight phase with 95% of explained variance.
Factors Influencing Walking in Small Urban Region
Authors: Bricka Stacey , Sener Ipek N. , Dusza Casey , Wood Nick , Hudson Joan G.
Published: January 2013

With a population of about 145,000 people, Chittenden County, Vermont, has a metropolitan planning organization (MPO) that oversees approximately $30 million annually in transportation investments. Despite the county's small size, nonmotorized travel is an important element of the MPO's transportation planning efforts, as it is for many small and medium-sized communities across the United States. The objective of this research was to identify factors associated with nonmotorized travel, specifically walking trips, within the context of a small urban area. The research used survey, census, and geographic information systems (GIS) data to represent Chittenden County travelers in an analysis of personal, regional, and environmental factors. The results of the research suggest that Chittenden County travelers are represented by both spectrums of the population's income and education. These results contribute to a relatively scarce literature base and provide additional information that, when combined with tools developed previously for small urban areas, may provide planners with insights as they identify and prioritize infrastructure investments to meet the needs of their communities. More research is needed to capture better the travel and built environment effects on walking within a small urban area as well as to determine how to best integrate the demographic characteristics into nonmotorized planning efforts.
Planning Secondary Road Network for Low-Speed Vehicles in Small or Medium-Sized City with Google Earth
Authors: Jannat Mafruhatul , Hunter-Zaworski Katharine M.
Published: January 2013

The use of low-speed vehicles (LSVs) on public roadways has gradually increased in recent years as a short-range alternative to fossil-fueled vehicles. Primarily designed for protected environments and gated communities, LSVs have a maximum speed limit of 25 mph and are not held to the same Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards required for passenger cars. This paper presents a comprehensive planning methodology for developing a secondary low-speed roadway network primarily for use by LSVs in small or medium-sized cities with closely located activity spaces. Because small or medium-sized cities typically have limited planning or construction resources, the objective was to base the low-speed network on the existing city road system, with minimal infrastructure modifications. The city of Corvallis, Oregon, was selected for the study area because of its size and need for a road network to accommodate safe movement of LSVs. Corvallis had a number of LSVs, other electric vehicles, and nonmotorized vehicles using the public roadways and is a city with no urban sprawl. A survey of the city's residents provided valuable insight on users’ route choice behavior. A roadway inventory that used the Corvallis transportation plan along with the program Google Earth helped evaluate the city's actual transportation infrastructure and analyze the factors that influence LSV users’ route-preference behavior. The developed low-speed roadway network is expected to provide LSVs safe and efficient connectivity from neighborhood areas to major Corvallis activity centers while minimally affecting the safe operation of regular vehicles.
Spatio-temporal characteristics of the sea-ice volume of the Bohai Sea, China, in winter 2009/10
Authors: Liu Chengyu , Gu Wei , Chao Jinlong , Li Lantao , Yuan Shuai , Xu Yingjun
Published: January 2013

To investigate the spatio-temporal characteristics of sea-ice resource, we used sea-ice volume to measure the amount of sea-ice resource in the Bohai Sea, China. The sea-ice area was extracted from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) remote-sensing images using the zonal threshold method. The sea-ice thickness was estimated using a sea-ice model based on shortwave radiation theory and field measurements. The spatio-temporal characteristics of sea-ice volume were then analysed using GIS technology. The results indicate that the Bohai Sea experienced two sea-ice volume peaks in winter 2009/10. The largest sea-ice volume was in Liaodong Bay (∼80.26% of the entire sea-ice volume of the Bohai Sea). Bohai Bay had the second largest ice volume, and Laizhou Bay the smallest. The relationship between sea-ice volume and distance from shore is essentially exponential. The proportion of total sea-ice volume that is 0–10 km from shore is ∼42.43%, whereas the proportion that is 100–110 km from shore is only 0.002%.
Suitability of a constant air temperature lapse rate over an Alpine glacier: testing the Greuell and Böhm model as an alternative
Authors: Petersen Lene , Pellicciotti Francesca , Juszak Inge , Carenzo Marco , Brock Ben
Published: January 2013

Near-surface air temperature, typically measured at a height of 2 m, is the most important control on the energy exchange and the melt rate at a snow or ice surface. It is distributed in a simplistic manner in most glacier melt models by using constant linear lapse rates, which poorly represent the actual spatial and temporal variability of air temperature. In this paper, we test a simple thermodynamic model proposed by Greuell and Böhm in 1998 as an alternative, using a new dataset of air temperature measurements from along the flowline of Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland. The unmodified model performs little better than assuming a constant linear lapse rate. When modified to allow the ratio of the boundary layer height to the bulk heat transfer coefficient to vary along the flowline, the model matches measured air temperatures better, and a further reduction of the root-mean-square error is obtained, although there is still considerable scope for improvement. The modified model is shown to perform best under conditions favourable to the development of katabatic winds – few clouds, positive ambient air temperature, limited influence of synoptic or valley winds and a long fetch – but its performance is poor under cloudy conditions.
Surface velocity and ice discharge of the ice cap on King George Island, Antarctica
Authors: Osmanoğlu B. , Braun M. , Hock R. , Navarro F.J.
Published: January 2013

Glaciers on King George Island, Antarctica, have shown retreat and surface lowering in recent decades, concurrent with increasing air temperatures. A large portion of the glacier perimeter is ocean-terminating, suggesting possible large mass losses due to calving and submarine melting. Here we estimate the ice discharge into the ocean for the King George Island ice cap. L-band synthetic aperture radar images covering the time-span January 2008 to January 2011 over King George Island are processed using an intensity-tracking algorithm to obtain surface velocity measurements. Pixel offsets from 40 pairs of radar images are analysed and inverted to estimate a weighted average surface velocity field. Ice thicknesses are derived from simple principles of ice flow mechanics using the computed surface velocity fields and in situ thickness data. The maximum ice surface speeds reach >225 m a-1, and the total ice discharge for the analysed flux gates of King George Island is estimated to be 0.720 ± 0.428 Gt a−1, corresponding to a specific mass loss of 0.64 ± 0.38 m w.e. a-1 over the area of the entire ice cap (1127 km2).
High-resolution seismic reflection profiling: an aid for resolving the Pleistocene stratigraphy of a buried valley in central Illinois, USA
Authors: Stumpf Andrew J. , Ismail Ahmed
Published: January 2013

High-resolution seismic reflection (HRSR) data acquired over the Pesotum Bedrock Valley in central Illinois, USA, helped construct the seismic stratigraphy of a valley fill and the overlying sediments. Integrating these data with drilling and borehole geophysics allowed us to develop a seismo-stratigraphic classification for sediments on undulating and folded bedrock. Seven seismo-stratigraphic units that overlie the bedrock surface were characterized. Seismic units A and B include glacial sediments of multiple Pleistocene glaciations above the Pesotum Bedrock Valley, which completely mask the feature. Seismic units C–F, the valley fill, primarily include tills and glacial lake sediment deposited during the earliest Pleistocene glaciations and preglacial alluvium and colluvium that is draped over in situ weathered bedrock. The preservation of conformable-lying glacial and preglacial deposits and paucity of sand and gravel in the buried valley strongly indicate that little or no incision by glacial meltwaters has occurred. These observations contrast markedly with interpretations from buried valleys elsewhere in North America and northern Europe where valley fills contain significant deposits of sand and gravel in tunnel valleys. The HRSR data assisted the characterization and analysis of heterogeneous sedimentary sequences over a buried valley where existing subsurface information was limited. The extent of Pleistocene-age glacial lakes is inferred from the lateral continuity of silt and clay units.
Compound K, a Ginsenoside Metabolite, Inhibits Colon Cancer Growth via Multiple Pathways Including p53-p21 Interactions
Authors: Zhang Zhiyu , Du Guang-Jian , Wang Chong-Zhi , Wen Xiao-Dong , Calway Tyler , Li Zejuan , He Tong-Chuan , Du Wei , Bissonnette Marc , Musch Mark , Chang Eugene , Yuan Chun-Su
Published: January 2013

Compound K (20-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol, CK), an intestinal bacterial metabolite of ginseng protopanaxadiol saponins, has been shown to inhibit cell growth in a variety of cancers. However, the mechanisms are not completely understood, especially in colorectal cancer (CRC). A xenograft tumor model was used first to examine the anti-CRC effect of CK in vivo. Then, multiple in vitro assays were applied to investigate the anticancer effects of CK including antiproliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle distribution. In addition, a qPCR array and western blot analysis were executed to screen and validate the molecules and pathways involved. We observed that CK significantly inhibited the growth of HCT-116 tumors in an athymic nude mouse xenograft model. CK significantly inhibited the proliferation of human CRC cell lines HCT-116, SW-480, and HT-29 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. We also observed that CK induced cell apoptosis and arrested the cell cycle in the G1 phase in HCT-116 cells. The processes were related to the upregulation of p53/p21, FoxO3a-p27/p15 and Smad3, and downregulation of cdc25A, CDK4/6 and cyclin D1/3. The major regulated targets of CK were cyclin dependent inhibitors, including p21, p27, and p15. These results indicate that CK inhibits transcriptional activation of multiple tumor-promoting pathways in CRC, suggesting that CK could be an active compound in the prevention or treatment of CRC.
Mitochondrial and Nuclear DNA Damage and Repair in Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Blasiak Janusz , Glowacki Sylwester , Kauppinen Anu , Kaarniranta Kai
Published: January 2013

Aging and oxidative stress seem to be the most important factors in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a condition affecting many elderly people in the developed world. However, aging is associated with the accumulation of oxidative damage in many biomolecules, including DNA. Furthermore, mitochondria may be especially important in this process because the reactive oxygen species produced in their electron transport chain can damage cellular components. Therefore, the cellular response to DNA damage, expressed mainly through DNA repair, may play an important role in AMD etiology. In several studies the increase in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and mutations, and the decrease in the efficacy of DNA repair have been correlated with the occurrence and the stage of AMD. It has also been shown that mitochondrial DNA accumulates more DNA lesions than nuclear DNA in AMD. However, the DNA damage response in mitochondria is executed by nucleus-encoded proteins, and thus mutagenesis in nuclear DNA (nDNA) may affect the ability to respond to mutagenesis in its mitochondrial counterpart. We reported that lymphocytes from AMD patients displayed a higher amount of total endogenous basal and oxidative DNA damage, exhibited a higher sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide and UV radiation, and repaired the lesions induced by these factors less effectively than did cells from control individuals. We postulate that poor efficacy of DNA repair (i.e., is impaired above average for a particular age) when combined with the enhanced sensitivity of retinal pigment epithelium cells to environmental stress factors, contributes to the pathogenesis of AMD. Collectively, these data suggest that the cellular response to both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA damage may play an important role in AMD pathogenesis.
Construction of Monophosphoryl Lipid A Producing Escherichia coli Mutants and Comparison of Immuno-Stimulatory Activities of Their Lipopolysaccharides
Authors: Han Yaning , Li Ye , Chen Jiuzhou , Tan Yanzhen , Guan Feng , Wang Xiaoyuan
Published: January 2013

The lipid A moiety of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide is a hexaacylated disaccharide of glucosamine phosphorylated at the 1- and 4′-positions. It can be recognized by the TLR4/MD-2 complex of mammalian immune cells, leading to release of proinflammatory cytokines. The toxicity of lipid A depends on its structure. In this study, two E. coli mutants, HW001 and HW002, were constructed by deleting or integrating key genes related to lipid A biosynthesis in the chromosome of E. coli W3110. HW001 was constructed by deleting lacI and replacing lacZ with the Francisella novicida lpxE gene in the chromosome and only synthesizes monophosphoryl lipid A. HW002 was constructed by deleting lpxM in HW001 and synthesizes only the pentaacylated monophosphoryl lipid A. The structures of lipid A made in HW001 and HW002 were confirmed by thin layer chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. HW001 and HW002 grew as well as the wild-type W3110. LPS purified from HW001 or HW002 was used to stimulate murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells, and less TNF-α were released. This study provides a feasible way to produce interesting lipid A species in E. coli.
Identification of Three Genes Encoding for the Late Acyltransferases of Lipid A in Cronobacter sakazakii
Authors: Cai Liping , Li Yanyan , Tao Guanjun , Guo Wen , Zhang Chan , Wang Xiaoyuan
Published: January 2013

Lipid A, the hydrophobic anchor of lipopolysaccharide, is an essential component in the outer membrane of most Gram-negative bacteria. Food-borne pathogen Cronobacter sakazakii synthesizes two lipid A species, differing by the length of the secondary acyl chain. In this work, we identified three genes ESA02293, ESA02951 and ESA01386 encoding for the late acyltransferases of lipid A biosynthesis pathway in C. sakazakii. Based on the sequence alignment, proteins YP_001438378.1 encoded by ESA02293, YP_001439016.1 encoded by ESA02951, and YP_001437482.1 encoded by ESA01386 are homologous to E. coli LpxL, LpxP and LpxM, respectively. Functions of the three acyltransferases were confirmed by overexpressing the genes in E. coli, isolating lipid As and analyzing their structures using an ESI/MS. C. sakazakii LpxL and LpxM transfer a C14:0 secondary acyl chain to the 2′- and 3′-position of lipid A, respectively. C. sakazakii LpxP can transfer either a C16:1 or a C14:0 secondary acyl chains to the 2′-position of lipid A.
Investigation of Sub-100 nm Gold Nanoparticles for Laser-Induced Thermotherapy of Cancer
Authors: Leung Jennifer , Wu Sherry , Chou Keng , Signorell Ruth
Published: January 2013

Specialized gold nanostructures are of interest for the development of alternative treatment methods in medicine. Photothermal therapy combined with gene therapy that supports hyperthermia is proposed as a novel multimodal treatment method for prostate cancer. In this work, photothermal therapy using small (<100 nm) gold nanoparticles and near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation combined with gene therapy targeting heat shock protein (HSP) 27 was investigated. A series of nanoparticles: nanoshells, nanorods, core-corona nanoparticles and hollow nanoshells, were synthesized and examined to compare their properties and suitability as photothermal agents. In vitro cellular uptake studies of the nanoparticles into prostate cancer cell lines were performed using light scattering microscopy to provide three-dimensional (3D) imaging. Small gold nanoshells (40 nm) displayed the greatest cellular uptake of the nanoparticles studied and were used in photothermal studies. Photothermal treatment of the cancer cell lines with laser irradiation at 800 nm at 4 W on a spot size of 4 mm (FWHM) for 6 or 10 min resulted in an increase in temperature of ~12 °C and decrease in cell viability of up to 70%. However, in vitro studies combining photothermal therapy with gene therapy targeting HSP27 did not result in additional sensitization of the prostate cancer cells to hyperthermia.
Plant Sterols as Anticancer Nutrients: Evidence for Their Role in Breast Cancer
Authors: Grattan Bruce
Published: January 2013

While many factors are involved in the etiology of cancer, it has been clearly established that diet significantly impacts one’s risk for this disease. More recently, specific food components have been identified which are uniquely beneficial in mitigating the risk of specific cancer subtypes. Plant sterols are well known for their effects on blood cholesterol levels, however research into their potential role in mitigating cancer risk remains in its infancy. As outlined in this review, the cholesterol modulating actions of plant sterols may overlap with their anti-cancer actions. Breast cancer is the most common malignancy affecting women and there remains a need for effective adjuvant therapies for this disease, for which plant sterols may play a distinctive role.
A Contribution to Comparative Theology: Probing the Depth of Islamic Thought
Authors: Khorchide Mouhanad , Topkara Ufuk
Published: January 2013

Muslim theologians, as much as ordinary Muslims, will immediately agree with the characterization of God as all compassionate. However, it remains rather opaque how God’s compassion can be fully explained in terms of comparative theology. How can Muslims relate to God’s compassion? What role does God’s compassion precisely play in the Quranic revelation and the daily practice of Muslims?
Thermal Strain Analysis of Optic Fiber Sensors
Authors: Her Shiuh-Chuan , Huang Chih-Ying
Published: January 2013

An optical fiber sensor surface bonded onto a host structure and subjected to a temperature change is analytically studied in this work. The analysis is developed in order to assess the thermal behavior of an optical fiber sensor designed for measuring the strain in the host structure. For a surface bonded optical fiber sensor, the measuring sensitivity is strongly dependent on the bonding characteristics which include the protective coating, adhesive layer and the bonding length. Thermal stresses can be generated due to a mismatch of thermal expansion coefficients between the optical fiber and host structure. The optical fiber thermal strain induced by the host structure is transferred via the adhesive layer and protective coating. In this investigation, an analytical expression of the thermal strain and stress in the optical fiber is presented. The theoretical predictions are validated using the finite element method. Numerical results show that the thermal strain and stress are linearly dependent on the difference in thermal expansion coefficients between the optical fiber and host structure and independent of the thermal expansion coefficients of the adhesive and coating.
Asymptotic Behavior of a Delay Differential Neoclassical Growth Model
Authors: Matsumoto Akio , Szidarovszky Ferenc
Published: January 2013

A neoclassical growth model is examined with a special mound-shaped production function. Continuous time scales are assumed and a complete steady state and stability analysis is presented. Fixed delay is then assumed and it is shown how the asymptotic stability of the steady state is lost if the delay reaches a certain threshold, where Hopf bifurcation occurs. In the case of continuously distriubuted delays, we show that with small average delays stability is preserved, then lost at a threshold, then it is regained if the average delay becomes sufficiently large. The occurence of Hopf bifurcation is shown at both critical values.
Two Rivers: The Politics of Wild Salmon, Indigenous Rights and Natural Resource Management
Authors: Ween Gro , Colombi Benedict
Published: January 2013

This paper compares two rivers, Tana River in Northern Norway and Columbia River on the northwest coast of the United States of America. Both rivers host indigenous populations, the Sámi and the Nez Perce, whose cultural and material existence depends upon salmon. Because these people live indigenously within highly industrial, postcolonial societies, their lives have been part of larger economic, political and legal structures for substantial periods of time. In these rivers, peoples have been, and are currently dealing with the possibility of salmon extinction. This article is concerned with how such a crisis has been interpreted and acted upon within two nation’s natural-resource management regimes. We observe how the threat of extinction has initiated commotion where nature, economies, legal instruments, politics and science have come into play, in ways that reveal differences in the Norwegian and American constellations of interests and powers, manifested as differences in natural resource management regimes’ hierarchies of positions. The outcome is the protection of different entities, which could be labeled cultural and biological sustainability. In the Columbia River, cultural sustainability was promoted while in the Tana, biological sustainability became prioritized. By way of our comparison we ask if the protection of one kind of sustainability has to be to the detriment of the other.
Les Harkis : un passé sous silence
Authors: Le Du Catherine
Published: January 2013

Résumé La fin de la guerre d’Algérie entraîna pour les Harkis la rupture brutale avec leur communauté d’origine dans des circonstances rendant difficile la transmission intergénérationnelle, souvent marquée par un silence honteux. Face à des difficultés d’affiliation et de filiation, certains de leurs enfants, dans une démarche active, ont pu faire le « choix toxicomaniaque », incorporation de toxique et recherche du traumatisme pouvant se révéler renarcissisant et restructurant.
Rethinking ethnopsychiatric practice in South Africa
Authors: Swartz Leslie
Published: January 2013

Résumé L’histoire raciale de l’Afrique du Sud et les problèmes qui se posent encore concernant la race et la culture dans les disciplines académiques rendent difficile la formulation des priorités essentielles dans le champ de la culture et de la santé mentale. L’auteur présente quelques débats contemporain concernant la race et le savoir de ce pays afin de montrer de quelle façon ils conditionnent ce qui peut être dit et fait quant aux problèmes de la santé mentale. Il suggère que les actions de santé mentale et une approche rigoureuse en matière d’évaluation peuvent offrir une voie pour avancer de manière constructive.
Mobilité internationale et construction des identités. Cadres cosmopolites à la frontière de leurs cultures
Authors: Pierre Philippe
Published: January 2013

Résumé Les stratégies de grandes entreprises mondiales tendent aujourd’hui à reposer sur une forte culture organisationnelle vivifiée par une gestion efficace des mouvements de personnel par delà les frontières. Alors que s’est épanouie en entreprise l’idée de managers cosmopolites partout à leur aise, l’expérience vécue et répétée de la mobilité internationale fait que l’individu mobile peut souvent être en opposition avec ses identifications passées. Nul ne demeure longtemps, en réalité, en situation de mobilité internationale prolongée, sans courir le risque d’une dissociation forte entre univers domestique, communautaire, résidentiel et univers de l’entreprise. Là où le chercheur s’attendait à trouver une élite mondiale homogène, cadres internationaux formant une même « internationale » des cadres, le caractère hétérogène de leurs stratégies de l’identité apporte un démenti au mythe de la grande entreprise comme espace d’assimilation sans retour de ses membres.
Après l'attaque du 11 septembre : paroles et dessins d'enfants Italiens et Français
Authors: Caprioglio Donatella
Published: January 2013

Résumé Comment les enfants ont-ils vécu les événements du 11 septembre 2001, quelles sont leurs représentations et leurs propositions ? L’objectif de la recherche a été de permettre aux enfants italiens et français d’école maternelle et primaire, à travers la production de deux dessins et de dialogues consécutifs, d’exprimer leurs émotions et de pouvoir imaginer des propositions personnelles dans un moment historique exceptionnel. L’analyse du premier dessin révèle un impact visuel et émotionnel similaire dans les deux pays, tandis que dans le second on remarque une nette différence culturelle dans leurs propositions. Les dialogues mettent en évidence les mêmes peurs profondes d’abandon et de manque d’écoute de la part de leurs parents. La possibilité de participer aux expériences a permis le partage et l’élaboration ultérieure d’un événement perçu d’une manière traumatique.
Pourquoi le cinéma devrait-il parler ?
Authors: Brangé Mireille
Published: January 2013

Résumé Lors de la disparition progressive du cinéma muet devant le cinéma parlant, la majorité des écrivains, hommes de mots, prennent position en faveur du premier, cristallisant l’idée d’une essence cinématographique idéale liée à la mutité des images, à l’éviction du verbe et à l’autonomie du septième art. On revient ici, au-delà des réactions à ce tournant artistique, sur les raisons de cette construction utopique et de son délitement inéluctable.
Les ressources publiques sous tension : victimes ou causes de la crise des finances publiques ?
Authors: Hertzog Robert
Published: January 2013

Résumé La gravité de la crise des finances publiques trouve vraisemblablement son origine dans l’excès des recettes, impôts et emprunts. Les facilités ainsi offertes ont nourri la propension des organismes publics à dépenser, à faire des productions publiques d’utilité d’ailleurs très inégale. La dépense est difficilement réductible. Sa maîtrise demande des règles et procédures qui mettent les décisions sous la contrainte sévère d’un niveau de recettes jugé comme supportable et durable. Toutes les réformes faites au niveau national ou européen (équilibre, règle d’or, discipline budgétaire) ont cet objectif. Mais la grande hétérogénéité des finances publiques, notamment dans leur dimension sociale, et l’extrême émiettement des organismes publics demandent des instruments nouveaux et exigent de repenser les structures de financement aussi bien que le fond des politiques publiques.
La fiscalité environnementale française : une fiscalité de rendement ou d'incitation ?
Authors: Baudu Aurélien
Published: January 2013

Résumé La fiscalité environnementale, même entendue dans un sens large de fiscalité frappant les activités ou produits polluants, ne représente qu’une faible part des recettes fiscales. Rarement conçue selon des logiques strictement environnementales, elle est en outre souvent aménagée pour des motifs de politique économique. En particulier, elle est soumise, de manière un peu chaotique, à des logiques de rendement budgétaire au profit de la protection sociale, de collectivités territoriales ou d’agences spécialisées.
Les fonds souverains : placement de surplus et source future de recettes publiques
Authors: Boudet Jean-François
Published: January 2013

Résumé Les fonds souverains sont généralement définis comme des fonds d’investissements étatiques, financées par l’accumulation d’excédents de la balance courante, soit d’exportations de matières premières (fonds du Moyen?Orient, de la Norvège et de la Russie), soit d’une excédent structurel d’épargne nationale (fonds de Singapour), soit encore d’un transfert d’une partie de réserve de change de la Banque centrale (fonds de la Chine). Leur objectif est de faire fructifier ces excédents budgétaires et/ou commerciaux : ils peuvent ainsi placer leur argent dans des actions, dans des obligations (privées ou bons du Trésor), dans l’immobilier, dans l’art ou dans les matières premières. Une lecture juridique permet de les qualifier, par leur organisation et par leur fonctionnement, en tant que fonds publics ; une analyse empirique confirme leur vocation de ressources publiques puisque les fonds souverains sont à la fois gestionnaires et générateurs de telles ressources.
Crise des financements, crise des systèmes fiscaux : une analyse de sociologie financière
Authors: Leroy Marc
Published: January 2013

Résumé La croissance de la pression fiscale et la globalisation économique poussent les plus gros opérateurs économiques à fuir l’impôt, parfois avec l’aide du législateur. Le système perd de sa légitimité et une « anomie économique » s’installe. Le contrôle institutionnel national ne suffit plus ; et ce alors que les systèmes internationaux de contrôle ou de régulation sont encore défaillants, malgré une recherche continue des nouvelles solutions. Schumpeter a certes énoncé le théorème de la soutenabilité interne du système financier moderne, or ce théorème apparaît de plus en plus menacé dans de nombreux États. Cela pose le problème de sa soutenabilité politique notamment selon un modèle clairement démocratique.
L'évolution “idéale” du système français vue de l'étranger
Authors: Brown Lawrence D.
Published: January 2013

Résumé Les réformes des systèmes de santé ont souvent reposé sur des idéaux que les réalités ont démentis. Les défis auxquels ces systèmes sont aujourd’hui confrontés appellent un renouveau du paradigme réformateur, conciliant recherche de l’efficience et adhésion de la population et des acteurs professionnels aux politiques conduites. Le système français s’est engagé dans un processus pragmatique et éclectique de réforme. Pour l’avenir, dix priorités peuvent être avancées pour structurer les politiques de santé.
Just for the Image? The Impact of Web 2.0 for Public Institutions
Authors: Linek Stephanie Bettina , Schafrick Anneka , Tochtermann Klaus
Published: January 2013

Web 2.0 is of growing importance and nowadays also a hot topic for public institutions. However, it is still an open question if users appreciate and recognize the merit of Web 2.0 applications in the context of public institutions. The presented paper describes first empirical findings on usersâ?? reactions on the linkage of a modern library 2.0 with Web 2.0 applications, namely the presence in social networks and the integration of blogs and wikis. The results showed that most users didnâ??t recognize the benefit of Web 2.0 in the context of the homepage of a library 2.0. However, even though they didnâ??t use the accordingly Web 2.0 links by themselves, they thought that the connection to Web 2.0 is a necessity for the image of a modern library. These findings imply that the connection to Web 2.0 is important for the image of a modern public institution but the surplus benefit has to be better communicated and to be made more visible on the conventional homepage in Web 1.0.
Computer Support for Knowledge Management within R&D and the Teaching of Bachelor Students
Authors: Svetsky Stefan , Moravcik Oliver , Stefankova Jana , Schreiber Peter
Published: January 2013

Abstractâ??Knowledge plays a key role within research, development and education. One of the major challenges for knowledge management is to select the right knowledge from numerous sources, including know - how of individuals, and to transform it into useful, practicable knowledge. The focus should always be on supporting strategic organisational goals. In this context, from the organisationâ??s strategic point of view, it is very important to link an institutional knowledge management system with the knowledge management systems of individuals. This paper presents personalised IT - support for knowledge management within industrial R&D and especially for teaching and learning. The support is based on the use of a long term developed in - house software that enables individuals (managers and teachers) to process and manage knowledge on their desktop computers in a user friendly way. Within the implementation of â??Technology - enhanced learningâ? at the Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, a pre - programmed work environment called BIKE (Batch Information and Knowledge Editor) was developed. However, this desktop environment works also as a teacherâ??s personalized knowledge management system. It is programmed by the lead author of this paper who is a teacher; therefore the outcomes into teaching bachelor students are implemented directly into the classroom. The paper also presents how such IT - support complements, at a personalized level, the existing organizational knowledge management tool known as the universityâ??s Academic Information System. Some examples from teaching are presented, communication channels (teacher - student forums) were also mentioned as a part of the teacherâ??s knowledge management personalised system. In this case, the BIKE environment is demonstrated as an alternative to learning management systems based on the so called WEB 2.0 technologies.
La promenade publique géosymbole de l’urbanité espagnole.La Rambla Nova de Tarragone
Authors: Rieucau Jean
Published: January 2013

La promenade constitue une forme urbaine spécifique, à l’origine de la culture du paseo, géosymbole de l’urbanité espagnole. Ce micro-espace ordinaire fonctionne tel un système déambulatoire, de passage. Ce lieu inclusif, de socialisation, d’interaction et de convergence sociétale, sert de manière croissante de territoire de prise de parole, de distinction, d’affichage des différences, par certains groupes humains. Cet espace public linéaire se corporise sous l’effet des corps en mouvement (promeneur, flâneur, piéton, touriste) et se mondialise avec l’intrusion des équipements qui permettent une connexion permanente avec le monde (baladeur, téléphone portable).
Novíssimas guerras, novíssimas pazes. Desafios conceptuais e políticos
Authors: Moura Tatiana
Published: January 2013

Este texto pretende dar conta da emergência de um novo tipo de violência armada organizada (novíssimas guerras), que ocorre a uma escala cada vez mais micro mas se manifesta, tal como as novas guerras, a nível global. São duas as finalidades desta conceptualização: por um lado, tornar visíveis e “reais” contextos que têm sido considerados marginais, e que podem constituir o prelúdio de uma conflitualidade (ainda) mais disseminada no futuro; por outro lado, lançar o desafio de pensar e encontrar novos caminhos que respondam às inseguranças provocadas por este tipo de novíssima guerra.
Dilemas e desafios da Universidade: Recomposição social e expectativas dos estudantes na Universidade de Coimbra
Authors: Estanque Elísio , Nunes João Arriscado
Published: January 2013

Nas últimas décadas, o sistema de ensino superior em Portugal tem passado por profundas mudanças, as quais se prendem em larga medida com a democratização do acesso à Universidade. Com a rápida expansão e a crescente força do mercado, o ensino superior revelou novas contradições e debate-se com novos desafios. Apoiando-nos num inquérito aplicado aos estudantes da Universidade de Coimbra procuramos analisar e questionar as mudanças em curso no plano das expectativas e representações estudantis e discutir as suas repercussões na redefinição da missão da Universidade.
O efeito Salieri: O sindicalismo perante as desigualdades entre mulheres e homens no emprego
Authors: Ferreira Virgínia
Published: January 2013

Os actuais padrões de segregação sexual do mercado de trabalho são ainda, em parte, a expressão viva de práticas excludentes e segregadoras dos sindicatos desde o começo da revolução industrial. Estes padrões começaram a desenhar-se a partir da aceitação do pagamento de menores salários às mulheres. Só num segundo momento os sindicatos passaram a reivindicar a igualdade salarial entre mulheres e homens como forma de defesa do emprego masculino. Numa primeira parte do texto, dá-se conta de algumas destas práticas de fechamento dos sindicatos em Portugal. Numa segunda parte, referem-se as principais linhas de mudança das orientações do movimento sindical perante as desigualdades entre os sexos no mercado de trabalho e apontam-se algumas iniciativas no âmbito da promoção da igualdade entre mulheres e homens.
Fluidez tectónica. As bio-tecno-ciências, a bio-arte e a paisagem cognitiva do presente
Authors: Quintais Luís
Published: January 2013

O presente ensaio constitui um comentário crítico à tese de Paul Virilio de que certo tipo de práticas na fronteira entre a arte e a tecno-ciência, práticas a que se convencionou chamar “bio-arte”, epitomizam o radicalismo expressionista e niilista do presente. A investigação aqui iniciada revela, através de um olhar sobre as práticas artísticas de Eduardo Kac, que estas, longe de apelarem a tal radicalismo, só se tornam operativas e significativas numa atmosfera de compromisso ético e político que é tomada como inescapável dada a relevância que assumem as bio-tecno-ciências no mundo contemporâneo.
Da construção e reprodução do conhecimento e discurso médicos. Para uma etnografia da transplantação hepática
Authors: Serra Helena
Published: January 2013

Partindo de alguns contributos contemporâneos da área da sociologia médica, apresentam-se alguns resultados de uma investigação de natureza etnográfica numa unidade de transplantação hepática. Elegeu-se uma metodologia qualitativa, tendo como técnica central de recolha de informação a observação participante e continuada e, como técnica complementar, entrevistas semi-estruturadas e aprofundadas, aplicadas às várias categorias representadas no terreno de observação. Começa-se por estabelecer a distinção entre os vários tipos de conhecimento, evidenciando a primazia da experiência clínica em relação ao conhecimento teórico na construção do conhecimento médico; abordam-se ainda os discurso(s) e prática(s) médicas, a propósito da construção do diagnóstico; finalmente, e a encerrar a discussão, é focada a questão da incerteza na construção do conhecimento médico.
IFN-γ Production by Amyloid β–Specific Th1 Cells Promotes Microglial Activation and Increases Plaque Burden in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Browne Tara C. , McQuillan Keith , McManus Róisín M. , O’Reilly Julie-Ann , Mills Kingston H. G. , Lynch Marina A.
Published: January 2013

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of amyloid-β (Aβ)–containing plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal loss in the brain. Inflammatory changes, typified by activated microglia, particularly adjacent to Aβ plaques, are also a characteristic of the disease, but it is unclear whether these contribute to the pathogenesis of AD or are a consequence of the progressive neurodegenerative processes. Furthermore, the factors that drive the inflammation and neurodegeneration remain poorly understood. CNS-infiltrating T cells play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, but their role in the progression of AD is still unclear. In this study, we examined the role of Aβ-specific T cells on Aβ accumulation in transgenic mice that overexpress amyloid precursor protein and presenilin 1 (APP/PS1). We found significant infiltration of T cells in the brains of APP/PS1 mice, and a proportion of these cells secreted IFN-γ or IL-17. Aβ-specific CD4 T cells generated by immunization with Aβ and a TLR agonist and polarized in vitro to Th1-, Th2-, or IL-17–producing CD4+ T cells, were adoptively transferred to APP/PS1 mice at 6 to 7 mo of age. Assessment of animals 5 wk later revealed that Th1 cells, but not Th2 or IL-17–producing CD4+ T cells, increased microglial activation and Aβ deposition, and that these changes were associated with impaired cognitive function. The effects of Th1 cells were attenuated by treatment of the APP/PS1 mice with an anti–IFN-γ Ab. Our study suggests that release of IFN-γ from infiltrating Th1 cells significantly accelerates markers of diseases in an animal model of AD.