bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sustainability indicator evaluation for biomass feedstock in the biojet supply chain using Fuzzy Delphi method
Authors: Hasibuan Sawarni , Nazir Novizar , Kandasani Jayakhrisna
Published: February 2025

In recent years, the production and consumption of traditional fossil jets have contributed significantly to CO2 emissions. ICAO’s agreement establishes a 2050 net-zero-emission (NZE) goal and outlines a process for states to achieve the accord. Indonesia, like many other countries, is part of international agreements and initiatives aimed at reducing carbon emissions. Producing bio-jet fuel as renewable aviation fuel aligns with these commitments, contributing to global efforts to achieve carbon neutrality. The Indonesian government issued a government instruction through ESDM regarding the target for blending bio-based fuel for aviation fuel 5 by 2025. The purpose of this research is to analyze metrics that need to be evaluated across the biojet fuel supply chain, contributing to a more holistic understanding of sustainability in the context of sustainable aviation fuels (SAF). Potential biomass from Indonesia was evaluated considering technical factors, economic factors, environmental and social factors, and blend limit already approved by ASTM International for the use of bio jet fuels into fossil jet fuel. This research design uses a mixed method, where raw material exploration is carried out using a qualitative approach. The results indicate that 11 validated indicators must be evaluated in designing a sustainable biomass feedstock framework for biojet fuel production in Indonesia. The technical dimension, particularly technology scalability and production volume, is crucial, with significant progress made in bio-jet production platforms like FT and HEFA, which are approved for up to 50% blending with fossil kerosene, while other technologies like microbial sugar-to-jet and ATJ have lower blend approvals.
Waterbirds habitat mapping using unmanned aerial vehicle in Belawan Mangrove Ecosystems, North Sumatera, Indonesia
Authors: Thoha Achmad Siddik , Fauziyah Laely Nur , Jumilawaty Erni , Marwan Mochammad Akbar
Published: February 2025

Waterbirds are ecologically dependent on wetlands. Monitoring waterbird species diversity and habitat conditions is very important to protect natural resources from threats and habitat destruction. The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology can overcome survey constraints for preserving mangrove ecosystems, which have difficult access and take a long time. This study aims to identify waterbirds' habitat in mangrove ecosystems in the Belawan Bird Island area of Medan City using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). This research was conducted in June-August 2022 in the Bird Island area on the coast of Medan City, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. The method used in the observation of waterbirds is using the path method. Field surveys for vegetation analysis use the census plot method. Furthermore, aerial photo processing and Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) of the mapping results through UAVs are carried out. Image processing with OBIA goes through the stages of segmentation, classification, and accuracy testing. We found 4 bird species found in Burung Island, namely, Egretta garzetta, Egretta alba, Phalacrocorax sulcirostris and Bubulcus ibis. The results of mapping using UAVs obtained a mangrove forest waterbird habitat covering an area of 1,01 hectares. The results of aerial photo identification found that the number of birds in the study area was 23,454 birds with a density of about 2 birds/m2. Vegetation found on bird islands are Avicenia marina, Rhizophora apiculata, and Nypah fruticans. Waterbirds in the Belawan mangrove area are local birds. The accuracy test results of waterbirds' habitat mapping with the OBIA method obtained an overall Overall Accuracy result of 77%. We conclude that the results of UAV mapping of waterbird habitats are reliable for use as final classification results.
Oil palm-cattle integration: Farmer perception of Ganoderma infection
Authors: Suteky Tatiek , Dwatmadji Dwatmadji , Bustaman Hendri
Published: February 2025

Oil Palm- cattle integration is part of the government initiatives to supply the huge demand for beef in Indonesia. It also maximizes land usage to raise farmer productivity and profitability. The issue of cattle in oil palm could spread Ganoderma disease influencing the deployment of oil palm-cattle integration. The purpose of this study is to assess farmers’ perception of cases of Ganoderma infection in oil palm plantations. The research was conducted in 6 districts of Bengkulu province (Bengkulu City, Seluma, Central Bengkulu, North Bengkulu, Muko-muko, and Kaur). The study’s target group included male and female heads of rural agricultural households either practicing integrated oil palm-cattle systems (IOPCS) or not practicing IOPCS. In-person interviews were conducted with all respondents using a standardized questionnaire to collect data. The findings indicated that although farmers perceive several potential benefits from integrating cattle into oil palm plantations, they also confront challenges concerning security, finance, knowledge, feed availability, and disease in the cattle. In addition, many farmers were failing to recognize that their farms were contaminated with Ganoderma. Only a few respondents thought there was a link between Ganoderma infection and cattle integrated in oil palm. In this study, we will also discuss the relationship between farmer education level and their knowledge about Ganoderma infection and also compare the incidence of Ganoderma infection in IOPCS and non-IOPCS based on farmer perception.
Estimating the cost of producing grid-connected solar PV in Indonesia
Authors: Firdaus A. , Amrina U.
Published: February 2025

Indonesia has set itself a very challenging set of objectives about introducing renewables into the energy mix, particularly large-scale, on-grid, solar photovoltaic (PV). Being on the equator, Indonesia is blessed with year-round sunlight. Although solar PV is the fastest-growing renewable generation source worldwide, Indonesia has hardly started to install it. One of the reasons for the slow development of solar PV in Indonesia is the lack of information for investors regarding the cost required to build and operate a solar PV over a specified cost recovery period. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the cost of producing grid-connected solar PV in Indonesia. As the results of this study, we have constructed a simple tool that calculates the cash flow of a typical project, and then computes levelised cost of electricity (LCoE), internal rate of return (IRR), payback period (PBP), and return on investment (RoI) to explore the business case faced by investors of solar PV in Indonesia.
The effect of fermentation dragon fruit peel (Hylocereus polyrhizus) juice throughout drinking water for productivity of native chicken
Authors: Dewi G.A.M. Kristina , Nuriyasa I M. , Suartiningsih N.P.M. , Ardani TIAS , Wardani N.P. Kartika
Published: February 2025

This research aims to determine the productivity kampung chickens given dragon fruit
(Hylocereus polyrhizus) peel juice in drinking water. The study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 3 treatments and 6 replications, each replication consisting of 10 kampung chickens. The treatments given were drinking water without fermented dragon fruit peel juice (P0), drinking water containing 4% fermented dragon fruit peel (P1), and drinking water containing 6% fermented dragon fruit peel (P2). The variables observed were initial body weight, final body weight, weight gain, ration consumption, drinking water consumption, feed conversion ratio, and carcass yield. The results showed that increased body weight, weight gain, carcass weight, breast percentage and decreased feed conversion ratio were significantly different (P<0.05). Based on the research results, it can be concluded that given fermented dragon fruit peel juice in drinking water levels of 4% and 6% can increase body weight, body weight gain, carcass weight, breast percentage and decrease feed conversion ratio of male kampung chickens aged 6 - 11 weeks.
Modelling of flood hazard using topographic wetness index in Yeh Ho Watershed, Bali, Indonesia
Authors: Adnyana I Made , Wiguna Putu Perdana Kusuma
Published: February 2025

Topography is an essential control in the spatial distribution of flood events. Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) is a method of quantifying topographic control of hydrological processes. This research aims to determine the spatial distribution of flood hazard areas using the TWI method in the Yeh Ho watershed, one of the largest watersheds in Bali Province, Indonesia. The flood hazards are then classified as low, medium, and high hazard. The result shows that T, The low hazard class, has a distribution area of 9630.26 ha (58.3% of total hazard area), while the medium hazard class has an area of 4802.66 ha (29.1%), and the high hazard class has a distribution area of 2083.10 ha (12.6%). The areas of Penebel and Selemadeg Timur Districts have areas with moderate and high hazard classes, respectively 2,190.65 ha (13.26%) and 1,154.35 ha (6.99%). Meanwhile, Selemadeg Timur has areas with moderate and high hazard classes, respectively 2,179.74 ha (13.20%) and 802.33 ha (4.86%). The TWI method can be used to carry out flood rapid assessments. More detailed DEM data resolution and other flood parameter data such as rainfall and soil type are needed to carry out more detailed flood modelling.
Analysis of the behaviour of the Tukad Buluk Poh flood water at the Gilimanuk - Denpasar National Road Crossing
Authors: Hidayat Acep , Suprapti  , Isradi Muhammad , Dwi Praptoyo Riska
Published: February 2025

In most of Indonesia, floods are a common natural disaster that spreads into several watersheds during the rainy season. When river water outflow increases to the point where it overflows and floods the surrounding area, this is known as a flood. Over the past few years, there has been an increasing number of flood incidents throughout the rainy season, which has resulted in significant losses for those impacted by this calamity. One of the rivers in Bali’s Jembrana district is Tukad Biluk Poh. It has a watershed area of around 84 km2, is about 28 km long, flows into the Indian Ocean, and is one of the rivers that floods the most. Access to Gilimanuk to Denpasar via the national road was not immune to the flood overflow at the time in Tukad Biluk Poh. To prevent flooding on this portion of the road, this study aimed to ascertain the flood water level on the Gilimanuk-Denpasar National Road bridge that crosses Tukad Biluk Poh. When the flood discharge was analyzed using the Nakayasu method’s synthetic unit hydrograph, the design flood discharge had return periods of 299,720 m/sec for two years, 436,764 m3/sec for five years, 529,525 m3/sec for ten years, 648,435 m3/sec for twenty-five years, and 1134,737 for a thousand years. The HEC-RAS tool was then used for a hydraulic analysis to ascertain the flood water level, and the findings were excellent. For two years, MAB yields 1.78m, for five years, 2.31m; for ten years, 2.64m; and twenty-five years, 2.64m. 3.03 years, with MAB returning 3.34 years, 1 MAB returning 3.51 years, MAB returning 5.76 years, and MAB returning 6.21 years. The bridge is referred to as the current one by obtaining the flood water level at the 200th year return period of the bridge’s condition, which is 4.65 meters on the pavement and 3.10 meters on the bottom of the girder at the design flood water level. Based on the analysis, the bridge’s height was raised to 7.71 meters at the base of the top structure, considering a 1000-year design flood and a 1.50-meter guard height.
Enhanced Adsorption Performance of Biochar Derived from Palm Empty Fruit Bunches for Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Febrina Wetri , Awaluddin Amir , Saryono Saryono , Helwani Zuchra , Suraya Nabella , Abdillah Nuryasin , Sirlyana
Published: February 2025

Biochar technology is expanding due to its benefits in enhancing soil fertility, improving soil structure, increasing crop yields, and improving crop conditions (Gai et al., 2014; Ahmad et al., 2014). Biochar usage now extends beyond agriculture, serving as an alternative fuel, in wastewater treatment, and in climate change mitigation (Inyang et al., 2012; Kamarudin et al., 2022). This paper investigates the physicochemical properties of biochar derived from palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) and its performance as an adsorbent. Methylene Blue in aqueous solutions was used to assess adsorption capacity and surface area. Biochar was activated using potassium hydroxide (KOH) at varying concentrations. EFB activated with 3M KOH exhibited the highest adsorption capacity compared to those activated with 2M and 1M KOH. These results were supported by data on functional groups and pore structure, observed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method.
Decision-making for supplier selection of supplement packaging
Authors: Yuliarty Popy , Manulang Dea Amelia , Dwiasnati Saruni , Hidayat Rahmat Rian
Published: February 2025

This research was conducted on manufacturers of various pharmaceutical products in Indonesia, especially multivitamins and over-the-counter medicines, and focused on packaging, which also plays a significant role. The company orders cardboard packaging from several suppliers. The problem is that there are still many cardboard packages with defects, such as stains on the information cover, faded writing, nonstandard colors, illegible barcodes, and torn cardboard, resulting in a manual sorting process which results in wasted working time and disrupts production schedules. This research aims to select potential suppliers to reduce this problem by implementing the AHP method to determine weights and the MOORA method to determine priority choices from existing alternative suppliers. The results of the research, using the AHP method, obtained criteria weights, namely quality of 38%, delivery of 24%, cost of 21%, responsiveness of 10%, and flexibility of 7%, with the MOORA method the ranking results were obtained, namely first place Alternative 1, second place Alternative 2, and the third rank is Alternative 3. This shows that Alternative 1 is a priority supplier that can be recommended as the best supplier.
Concrete durability with fly ash blended cement for coastal construction
Authors: Sudarsono I , I Wahyudi S. , Pratiwi A Henny
Published: February 2025

Cement, as a concrete-forming material, is a contributor to CO2 emissions in the world. Reducing cement and replacing it with fly ash material can make green concrete without lowering the quality of the planned concrete. Concrete in marine environments is often damaged by aggressive environmental factors. The study aims to analyze the effect of fly ash substitution in cement on substantial performance. The test object is made and treated with seawater. Furthermore, the test specimens were tested in the laboratory to obtain performance and durability variables based on the mechanical properties of the concrete, namely compressive strength, flexural strength, and permeability of weight loss due to abrasion. Analysis of the compressive strength, flexural strength, permeability, and abrasion coefficient tests showed that concrete with seawater treatment has good durability for all variations.
Utilization of bauxite waste as a fine aggregate material for concrete roads: A critical review
Authors: Alamsyah A. M. , Pratikso  , Mudiyono R. , Wahyudi Biantoro A.
Published: February 2025

Bauxite tailings are an abundant waste product with no economic value. This research uses a critical review to describe the potential of bauxite tailings as a substitute for fine aggregate in concrete mixtures for road construction. There are differences in the Composition of the bauxite tailings used in the concrete mix, which will influence the results of testing the compressive strength and elasticity of the resulting concrete. This result used 30% and 70% bauxite tailings composition to replace fine aggregate in the concrete mix. Various studies on red mud substitute concrete show differences in mechanical properties and durability compared to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) concrete. Using up to 20% red mud by weight of cement improves adhesion and pressure quality in mortar compared to ordinary cement mortar. However, replacing more than 20% of cement with red mud reduces concrete’s compressive strength and stiffness, and more than 15% substitution lowers stress and bond-breaking quality. Thus, the analysis results show a tendency to use red mud as a cement substitute in concrete, with the best compressive strength and solid mass stiffness of concrete in the range of 15 – 20%.
Sense of place attachment of user in public open space commercial building in West Jakarta
Authors: Anggiani M. , D Ayudya R. , Hirda A.
Published: February 2025

The existence of public spaces dates back to Ancient Roman, Greek, and the present day. Although people today are known for their individualistic attitudes, they still need a place to communicate. However, public space is present everywhere possible, one of which is currently in place owned by the private sector. The presence of public spaces by the user is significant because, without users, public spaces would not “live.” The presence of visitors in a public place may be due to the visitor’s need for an activity in that place or the absence of a necessity. This study uses quantitative research to discuss visitors’ attachment to public open spaces. Research results show visitors attach to different affective and functional relationships with public spaces. Visitors’ functional links to public spaces are superior to emotional connections. Overall, this study shows visitors feel engaged with the public search space. Some things don’t make visitors feel connected regarding their internal relationship to the public space. This research is helpful for designers of public spaces in private spaces to realize designs that are appealing to their visitors. This research can contribute to creating more inclusive, resilient, and sustainable urban environments, aligning with the SDGs 11, 3, 8, and 9.
Stingless Bee Honey Farming and Farmer Empowerment in Sawahlunto City, West Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Oktavia Y. , Mahdi Mahdi , Astuti N.B. , Hidayat R. , Yonariza Yonariza , Mutiani C. , Anwar H. , Goembira F. , Arbain A.
Published: February 2025

Stingless bee honey farming offers a sustainable agricultural practice that provides a natural sweetener and empowers smallholder farmers, especially in developing regions. This study, conducted in Sawahlunto City, West Sumatra, Indonesia, explores the socioeconomic and ecological benefits of stingless bee farming while identifying challenges faced by farmers. Interviews with farmers, local officials, and researchers revealed that honey production significantly enhances farmers’ incomes, diversifies agricultural activities, and improves food security. Ecological benefits, such as enhanced pollination and biodiversity conservation, were also acknowledged. However, barriers such as limited technical knowledge, inadequate resources, and weak market linkages constrain broader adoption. The study recommends strengthening extension services, offering financial support, and developing cooperative marketing channels to address these challenges. These measures could help farmers capitalize on the rising demand for sustainable honey while preserving ecological balance. Policymakers and development organizations can harness the transformative potential of stingless bee honey farming to promote sustainable livelihoods and environmental stewardship.
Urban farming: Production risks of vegetable farming in Pekanbaru City, Riau Province, Indonesia
Authors: Vaulina Sisca , Elinur  , Dewi Ilma Satriana , Maharani Tati
Published: February 2025

Urban agriculture provides an effective solution to meet the needs of urban residents while reducing dependency on external sources. This study aims to analyze (1) the characteristics of spinach and water spinach farmers, (2) vegetable cultivation technology, (3) sources of production risks, and (4) the level of production risks. The research was conducted in the Marpoyan Damai sub-district of Pekanbaru, with a sample size of 30 farmers. The results indicate that most farmers are between 43-49 years old, with most having elementary school education and 11-20 years of farming experience. The study also identified several sources of production risks, including extreme weather, diseases and pests, climate change, limited water supply, and technological advancements. Furthermore, the level of production risk was found to be moderate, with spinach showing higher variability in yield compared to water spinach. This research provides insights into the challenges urban vegetable farmers face in Pekanbaru.
Concept of agroedutourism based on smart farming in integrated farming systems
Authors: Sumiasih Inanpi Hidayati , Puspitawati Mutiara Dewi , Yadarabullah Yadarabullah
Published: February 2025

The implementation of smart farming is a solution to increase yields and simultaneously reduce production costs in agribusiness operations. This is achieved by optimizing the use of water, fertilizers in cultivation activities, feed in livestock/fisheries activities, and being able to predict the real-time conditions of livestock/fisheries. The concept of sustainable, integrated, and modern (digital) agriculture becomes a solution in agroedutourism with integrated farming systems. This study aims to develop the concept of smart farming-based agroedutourism in integrated farming systems to support sustainable agriculture and create efficient added value in the use of technology for agricultural and livestock activities as an effort to improve the welfare of farmers. The research was conducted at Attaqie Farm Agroedutourism, Tuban, East Java, Indonesia from June 2021 to December 2023. The research began with Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), which involved collecting data through structured discussions related to the problems faced in agroedutourism in general, thus formulating a concept in the form of solutions offered to address these problems. Next, the development of an artificial intelligence system was carried out and implemented on a scale of agroedutourism in vegetable crops in greenhouses, compost fertilizer from the cultivation of star fruit commodities, and biofloc fisheries systems. The results showed that smart farming can be effectively and efficiently used in various activities to monitor and predict the growth and increase in fish yields in biofloc, support the increase in compost production according to SNI standards, increase the growth and harvest of vegetables in greenhouses, and monitor the growth of goat livestock.
Understanding barriers of BIM-based knowledge management system: A case study of Indonesian state-owned construction enterprises
Authors: Utama Singgih Fitra , Negara Kartika Puspa , Wijatmiko Indradi
Published: February 2025

Construction companies experience obstacles to apply their knowledge in different cases due to the project’s complexity. This study highlights the barriers of knowledge management and BIM implementation in Indonesia construction industry. Identifying barriers to the knowledge management process and assessing the characteristics and advantages of BIM are potential areas for research. Data is collected by interviewing sources or informants from Indonesian State-Owned Construction Enterprises (BUMN) in Indonesia. Eight informants were selected with top management qualifications as BIM and knowledge management users. Nvivo was used to process and analyze qualitative data. The results show that the barriers of BIM-Knowledge management implementation in Indonesian State-Owned Construction Enterprises are (1) The condition of contract or standard of the owner, which has not fully adopted ISO BIM 19650 standards, (2) The lack of experts who are proficient in integrating KM-BIM, (3) the lack of Organizational Culture that support integration of KMBIM. This study assist in understanding the barriers to knowledge management when integrated with BIM. In addition, the study is expected to assist top management in providing strategies to reduce barriers to knowledge management through a better understanding of BIM-based knowledge management.
Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding, Vomiting, and Weight Stagnation in a Well-Appearing Neonate with Neonatal Transient Eosinophilic Gastroenterocolitis
Authors: Servitje-Verdaguer Bernat , Comalrena-de-Sobregrau-Martínez Clara , Sánchez-Molina Carmen-María , Ferreres-Piñas Joan-Carles , Torre-Monmany Núria , García-Tirado Diana
Published: February 2025

This study presents a novel case of neonatal transient eosinophilic gastroenterocolitis, a proposed new entity causing upper and lower digestive symptoms and extensive gastrointestinal eosinophilic infiltration in newborns without a proven active food allergy. The condition's proposed pathophysiology and relationship to similar conditions, alongside clinical and therapeutic approaches, are also discussed.
Nonalternant Extension of Multiple Resonance Emitter via Palladium-Catalyzed [5+2]-Annulation
Authors: Zhuang Weiwen , Chong Waiming , Liu Junzhi
Published: February 2025

Despite the proliferation of multiple resonance (MR) emitters with rigid 1,4-borazine-based skeletons, the straightforward and efficient incorporation of nonhexagonal rings, especially for heptagons, to avoid notorious aggregation-induced quenching effect remains elusive. Here, a green-yellow emitter consisting of two azepines was designed and synthesized via a palladium-catalyzed one-pot twofold [5+2]-annulation reaction with high selectivity and efficiency. The tetrabenzene-fused benzo[1,2-b:5,4-b']bis(azepine) (TBBBA) core induced a highly twisted and dynamically helical rim for the novel MR-skeleton, which reduced Π-Π stacking in the solid state. Moreover, the nonalternant topology facilitated the delocalization of frontier molecular orbitals (FMO) within the twisted geometry, thus achieving red-shifted narrow emission. Our work provides a new synthetic strategy towards nonalternant extension of MR-emitters and gives insights into the electronic effects of multiple azepination on FMO distribution.
The Effect of QT, QTc, and Tpe Interval on Outcome and Mortality in Syncope Patients
Authors: Zortuk Ökkeş , Bedel Cihan , Selvi Fatih , Mutlucan Umut Ogün
Published: February 2025

Introduction Syncope is a transient condition associated with disturbance of cerebral perfusion. Mortality is higher in cases of syncope of cardiac origin, which is observed in patients with arrhythmogenic findings on electrocardiogram (ECG). In this study, we plan to investigate the relationship of QT interval (QT), Corrected QT Interval (QTc), T peak end (Tpe), Tpe/QT, and Tpe/QTc measured on 12-lead ECGs of patients with mortality and outcomes of patients.

Materials and Methods Our study was conducted prospectively with syncope patients older than 18 years presenting to the emergency department of a tertiary teaching and research hospital. The demographic data, ECGs, laboratory data, and outcomes of the syncope patients were recorded and analyzed.

Results Of the 80 syncope patients who participated in the study, 36% were women. The V5 interval of the syncope patients was significantly longer than that of the control group. When comparing the TpeV5/QTc rates of the patients, the syncope patients had significantly higher rates. In a categorical comparison, the Tpe times of the syncope patients were more frequently prolonged than those of the control group.

Conclusion The measurement of Tpe interval, which is prolonged in patients, appears as a parameter for syncope. The prolongation of the Tpe time observed in lead V5 of the ECG requires a closer follow-up of the patients, especially during the follow-up in daily practice, which represents an important part of the emergency admissions.
1.9 Trifluoromethoxylation and Other Fluoroalkoxylation Reactions
Authors: Yerien D. E. , Barata-Vallejo S. , Postigo A.
Published: February 2025

In this review, methods to achieve the direct fluoroalkoxylation of a variety of substrates are dis-cussed, including transformations of arenes/hetarenes and compounds with carbon–carbon multiple bonds, and reactions at C(sp3) carbon centers. These reactions involve the introduction of fluoroalkoxy groups, including CF3O, CHF2O, and (CF3)2CFO, into organic molecules. Several types of methodology are discussed for achieving these transformations, including thermal radical processes, electron-transfer mechanisms, photocatalysis, electrochemical approaches, and redox-neutral radical pathways. The methods employ either radical fluoroalkoxylating reagents or nucleophilic fluoroalkoxylating sources of the fluorinated group.
1.11 Synthesis of N-Trifluoromethyl (N-CF3) Compounds
Authors: Crousse B.
Published: February 2025

The presence of fluorine in compounds is attracting more and more attention due to the remark-able properties conferred by this element. Due to its specific characteristics, the fluorine atom strongly influences the physicochemical properties of molecules, such as the modulation of the acidity or basicity of neighbouring functions (pKa), lipophilicity, conformational constraints, and metabolic stability. The N-trifluoromethyl motif has recently been a feature in a wide range of reported compounds, and significant advances in methods for constructing and installing this group have appeared in the literature. This review outlines and highlights the main transformations involved in the incorporation of an N-trifluoromethyl unit into functionalized molecules.
1.6 Synthesis of Difluoromethylated Compounds
Authors: Wu S. , Song H. , Hu M.
Published: February 2025

The difluoromethyl group (CF2H) can function as a lipophilic hydrogen-bond donor, and is regarded as a bioisostere of functional groups such as hydroxy (-OH), thiol (-SH), and amino (-NH2). The unique physicochemical properties of this group make difluoromethylation a hot topic in the field of synthetic organic chemistry, and in recent decades, various methods have been developed for constructing C(sp3)—CF2H, C(sp2)—CF2H, C(sp) —CF2H, and X—CF2H (X = N, O, S, Se, B, P, etc.) bonds. This review summarizes the currently available methods and reagents for performing difluoromethylation reactions, as well as other approaches for installing a difluoromethyl unit.
Love, hope, and hopelessness
Authors: Achilleos-Sarll Columba
Published: February 2025

The book, Self, and Other Stories: Being, Knowing, Writing, is a collection of vignettes that describe “the wash and waves” (p. 9) of Laura J. Shepherd’s academic career. Each story reveals the affects and effects of (un)disciplining the ‘self’ in the neoliberal academy. In so doing, the book charts the oft-hidden obstacles faced by women academics, in particular feminist academics, including those who are marginalised and racialized as they seek to carve out spaces for themselves and others so as to be taken ‘seriously’. Each story, food reference, and visual accompaniment moves between hope and hopelessness/helplessness. Hope is found in teaching, community, and nature, hope is articulated as motivation for thinking and writing. But, equally, there is a helplessness and hopelessness at/with the world.
Magnetoresistance of electrons localized above liquid helium
Authors: Kovdrya Yu. Z. , Nikolaenko V. A. , Kirichek O. I. , Grigor’ev V. N.
Published: February 2025

We studied the magnetoconductivity σxx of surface electrons on liquid helium for concentrations ns =(1–4)·108 cm−2 in the temperature range down to 0.5 K and magnetic fields H up to 25 kOe. At relatively high temperatures the σxx−1 versus H dependences have a quadratic portion, corresponding to the classical behavior of the magnetoconductivity. With lowering temperature (or increasing field) a crossover to the quantum transport regime takes place. It has been established that under these conditions σxx first decreases as the temperature is lowered, then passes through a minimum at about 1 K, and finally begins to increase slowly. In this gas scattering region the data obtained are in good agreement with predictions of the quantum transport theory taking into account the short-range interaction potential between electrons and scatterers. At temperatures where scattering from rippions predominates, the behavior of σxx is consistently described by a theory in which the predominant scattering of electrons is provided by rippions with characteristic wavelengths close to the magnetic length.
Superconducting correlations and ion dynamics in metal-oxide compounds
Authors: Kosov A. A.
Published: February 2025

We studied the effect of Bose condensation of the hole pairs that form in filled shells of O2− oxygen ions on the dynamics of local vibrations of O(4)–Cu(1)–O(4) (CuO2) “quasimolecules” in several metal oxide compounds, all within the framework of the local pair superconductivity model. The transition from the normal to the superconducting phase is shown to be accompanied by a decrease in the effective potential energy of oxygen and copper ions. Calculations also show that in some cases the superconducting correlations promote formation of a two-well potential for the ions in CuO2 quasimolecules. A possible explanation is suggested on the basis of these facts for the abnormally large vibration amplitudes of O(4) oxygen positions observed in experiment near the superconducting transition in several high-temperature superconductors when using the neutron diffraction technique.
Josephson and single-particle tunneling in superconductors with charge density waves
Authors: Gabovich A. M.
Published: February 2025

Current–voltage characteristics of nonsteady Josephson and quasiparticle currents were calculated for a tunnel junction, whose one or both banks are partially dielectrized superconductors with charge density waves. The I−V characteristics reveal several Riedel-type singularities and jumps at the bias values V corresponding to certain combinations of the superconducting, Δ, and dielectric, Σ, gaps in the spectrum of elementary excitations of the system. Existence of the dielectric gap can lead to a pronounced nonlinearity of I−V curves even with eV ≫Δ, Σ. The results obtained are compared with experimental data for the superconducting oxides BaPb1−x, Bix, O3, La2−x, BaSrx CuO4, and YBa2Cu3O7−x.
Lattice excitations in solid O2–Ar mixtures
Authors: Pritula I. M. , Khashchina L. V. , Fugol’ I. Ya.
Published: February 2025

Absorption spectra of mixed O2–Ar samples were measured by means of the FIR spectroscopy method in the concentration range 0.125% to 20% Ar and in the temperature range 8 to 54 K. It has been established that presence of 1% or 2% of argon impurities in the oxygen lattice leads to reduce α-β and β-γ phase transition temperatures by several Kelvins (∼5 K). FIR absorption spectra of solid mixtures are shown to reflect both the level of the antiferromagnetic ordering in oxygen (short or long range) and the type of magnetic order (antiferromagnetic or paramagnetic).
Quantum peculiarities in the behavior of multi-sublattice spin chains
Authors: Zvyagin A. A.
Published: February 2025

A multi-sublattice chain of spins is shown to have a gap in the excitation spectrum, if the number of sublattices is even, and does not have one for an even number of sublattices in the cell.
Molecular structure and thermal stability of dye-doped polyurethanes for laser technologies
Authors: Gavrilko T. , Gnatyuk I. , Baran J. , Drozd M. , Bezrodna T. , Nesprava V. , Roshchin O. , Kosyanchuk L. , Antonenko O.
Published: February 2025

For the first time, the influence of the xanthene-type rhodamine dyes, Rhodamine 6G (RG) or Rhodamine B (RB), on the thermal resistance of two different sorts of polyurethane resins (PUR) has been elucidated. The PURs were prepared either by direct reaction of the toluene diisocyanate and poly-oxypropylene glycol prepolymer hardened by trimethylol propane (PU), or by a radical photo-polymerization reaction of oligourethane acrylate with benzoin isobutyl ether (PUA). A correlation between the chemical structure of the polymers and their thermal properties was established using Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, 400–4000 cm–1), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA, 30–800 °C), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The DSC analysis shows that neither PU nor PUA display any phase transitions or melting points over the temperature interval of –100–300 °С, which is characteristic of amorphous polymers. The TGA study indicates that the PUA polymer is more thermal-resistant than the PU due to increased number of crosslinking points between the hard and soft segments. Сompared to nondoped polymers, the dye-doped PU-RB shows clearly improved thermal stability. It is found that a small presence of the RB dye improves the PU thermal stability, on account of the formed covalent and hydrogen-bonded network structures, while the effect is much smaller for the RG dye due to the presence of bulky CH3 groups and carboxyl group absence hampering the bonding formation. PUA samples prepared by radical photopolymerization are almost not sensitive to the presence of the dye molecules.
Light emitters based on ZnSe
Authors: Mazur T. M. , Slyotov M. M. , Slyotov O. M. , Mazur M. P.
Published: February 2025

It has been found that hetero layers of typical β-ZnSe and atypical α-ZnSe modifications can be obtained by the isovalent substitution method. Isovalent impurities are formed which predetermine the formation of dominant radiation with a quantum yield of η = 12–15% in the short wavelength edge region. Low-temperature studies and λ-modulation techniques allowed us to identify the radiation components. This radiation is generated by interband recombination and exciton annihilation. The high temperature stability of the radiation was confirmed over temperature variations including 77, 300, and 480 K.
Mos2 2D nanoparticles as inducers of changes in liposomes formation and their spectroscopic properties
Authors: Monastyrskyi G. , Gnatyuk O. , Gubareni I. , Levchenko G. , Nikolenko A. , Olenchuk M. , Tolochko A. , Kupchak I. , Dovbeshko G.
Published: February 2025

Liposomes, due to their biocompatible and flexible lipid bilayer, serve as ideal model structures to study the biophysical properties and physiological functions of cell membranes. To investigate the impact of 2D nanoparticles on liposomes formation, methods of dynamic light scattering, optical and SEM microscopy were used to determine the size of liposomes, along with Raman, IR spectroscopy and quantum-chemistry calculations for structural study. Optical microscopy study confirmed feasibility of the preparation method and liposomes size redistribution, depending on the nanoparticles. SEM data and EDS analysis provided insides on the morphological structures of the nanopowder, nanoplatelets, liposomes, and its elemental composition. Sizes of the liposomes increase up to 12% with addition of 2D MoS2 nanoparticles. Analysis of IR spectra showed a change in the spectral properties of liposomes with particles in comparison with unloaded liposomes in the region of stretching C = O and CH vibration, bending OH. Changes in H-bonds redistribution, contribution from = C–H stretching ring vibrations at 3035 cm–1 and disappearance of the band at 3006 cm–1 in IR spectrum together with the virtual disappearance of Raman bands of liposomes seems to be a marker for particle entry into the liposome. Quenching of luminescence in Raman spectra is observed in liposomes with nanoparticles compared to unloaded liposomes which is weaker in the case of liposome preparation together with nanoparticles. Enhancement of intensity of vibration modes in IR spectra for nanoparticles introduced after liposome preparation from 34% (powder) to 52% (platelets) and covered the liposome surface is observed and could be liposome particle coating marker.
Nonsmooth folds as tipping points
Authors: Simpson D. J. W.
Published: February 2025

A nonsmooth fold occurs when an equilibrium or limit cycle of a nonsmooth dynamical system hits a switching manifold and collides and annihilates with another solution of the same type. We show that beyond the bifurcation, the leading-order truncation to the system, in general, has no bounded invariant set. This is proved for boundary equilibrium bifurcations of Filippov systems, hybrid systems, and continuous piecewise-smooth ordinary differential equations, and grazing-type events for which the truncated form is a continuous piecewise-linear map. The omitted higher-order terms are expected to be incapable of altering the local dynamics qualitatively, implying the system has no local invariant set on one side of a nonsmooth fold, and we demonstrate this with an example. Thus, if the equilibrium or limit cycle is attracting, the bifurcation causes the local attractor of the system to tip to a new state. The results also help explain global aspects of bifurcation structures of the truncated systems.
Time-resolved vacuum-ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy of the Ã1Au state of acetylene
Authors: Razmus Weronika O. , Prlj Antonio , Seifert Nathan A. , Bonanomi Matteo , Callegari Carlo , Danailov Miltcho , Decleva Piero , Demidovich Alexander , De Ninno Giovanni , Devetta Michele , Faccialà Davide , Feifel Raimund , Giannessi Luca , Piteša Tomislav , Powis Ivan , Raimondi Lorenzo , Reid Katharine L. , Ribič Primož Rebernik , Spezzani Carlo , Squibb Richard J. , Thompson James O. F. , Plekan Oksana , Vozzi Caterina , Warne Emily M. , Zangrando Marco , Prince Kevin C. , Di Fraia Michele , Holland David M. P. , Minns Russell S. , Došlić Nađa , Pratt Stephen T.
Published: February 2025

Ultrafast time-resolved photoelectron spectra are reported for the vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization of acetylene following excitation to the Ã1Au state via UV absorption at 200 nm. The excitation energy lies above the lowest dissociation threshold to C2H X̃2Σ+ + H, as well as above the threshold for adiabatic dissociation of the Ã1Au state to form C2H (Ã2Π) + H. The time-dependent mass spectra and photoelectron spectra provide insight into the intramolecular decay processes of the Ã1Au state. In addition, photoelectron spectra of the Ã1Au state with VUV light access both the X̃2Πu and Ã2Σg+ states of the ion, as well as the predicted, but previously unobserved, 1 2Πg state, which corresponds to a two-hole, one-particle configuration that lies in close proximity to the Ã2Σg+ state. The 1 2Πg state is split into 2A2 + 2B2 and 2Ag + 2Bg states in the cis and trans configurations, respectively. Electronic structure calculations, along with trajectory calculations, reproduce the principal features of the experimental data and confirm the assignment of the 1 2Πg state.
KrF exciplexes formation in low temperature plasmas created in various gas mixtures
Authors: Majszyk Mateusz , Bartnik Andrzej , Skrzeczanowski Wojciech , Fok Tomasz , Węgrzyński Łukasz , Fiedorowicz Henryk
Published: February 2025

Krypton fluoride exciplexes are short-lived species that can be generated in the excited state. Excimers and exciplexes do not form stable molecules in the ground state and, for this reason, must be brought to excited states in order to produce them. One method that can lead to the formation of exciplexes is a source based on gas targets and pulsed lasers. Our work focuses on mixture gases investigated using radiation pulses from Xe–He gas puff target and laser-produced plasma. UV/VIS spectroscopy was used in the 200–780 nm range as a diagnostic tool. The diatomic KrF species were observed in emission spectra, mainly in the KrF B and D states. The electron temperature and electron density of plasma containing the exciplexes were determined. The influence of relative intensities of the krypton emission lines and bands, as well as the changes in gas mixtures on the resulting spectra, was analyzed. The results may provide new insights into KrF exciplexes, which have not been studied from this point of view for many years.
Aerodynamic characterization of a wind generator with 40 × 40 individually controllable fans
Authors: Liu Yutong , Noack Bernd R. , Hu Gang , Chen Jialong , Gao Nan , Raps Franz
Published: February 2025

This study presents an aerodynamic characterization of a fan-array wind generator (FAWG) operating at Reynolds number of 2.8×106 in a large room. The performance of unmanned aerial vehicles needs to be tested for a wide range of spatiotemporal wind conditions. For this purpose, we have built a FAWG with 40 × 40 individually controllable fans, covering a wind section of 3.25 m × 3.25 m with speeds up to 13 m/s. This wind section is monitored with an equidistant 8 × 8 pitot tube array and a hot-wire anemometer for different levels of uniform blowing. The flow has a nearly uniform core region, which shrinks similar to the potential core of a jet. Similar observations have been presented for a small FAWG [Li et al., “Aerodynamic characterization of a fan-array wind generator,” AIAA J. 62(1), 291–301 (2024)]. The wind velocity in the flow direction is observed to increase linearly with the duty cycle of the pulse width modulation signal employed to command the fan rotation speed. We demonstrate one key advantage of FAWG: it can modulate the wind velocity within 2 s.
Physics-informed neural networks for phase-field simulation in designing high energy storage performance polymer nanocomposites
Authors: Liu Dong-Duan , Li Qiao , Zhu Yu-Jie , Cheng Ruo-Jie , Zeng Tan , Yang Hongxiao , Ma Jun , He Jin-Liang , Li Qi , Yuan Chao
Published: February 2025

Dielectric polymers for electrostatic energy storage are used in modern electronic and electrical systems, and their performance can be significantly enhanced through doping with ultralow content nanofillers to improve energy storage performance. Understanding the underlying physical mechanisms of polymer nanocomposites is essential for designing high-performance dielectric polymers. This paper presents a conduction model that integrates Richardson–Schottky emission and hopping conduction to describe charge injection and transport in polymer composites. Phase-field simulations, incorporating electrical, thermal, and mechanical breakdown mechanisms, investigate the influence of nanofiller volume fraction, size, and dielectric constant on the dielectric response and breakdown behaviors under high temperature and electric fields. We propose the Physics-Informed Neural Networks for phase-field simulation that integrates the physical rules of charge transport, phase evolution, and boundary conditions. By embedding phase field models within the Physics-Informed Neural Networks' structure, this method demonstrates the ability to predict the breakdown strength and energy density of polymer nanocomposites. This work provides crucial guidelines for designing high-performance dielectric energy storage capacitors under extreme conditions.