bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Promising: school diversity and competition
Authors: Gunter Helen M.
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses the deployment of the Education Policy Knowledgeable Polity, which shows how the state has adopted a form of depoliticisation by contract as a form of risk-management-promising, where the trend is towards proactive private as distinct from public contractualism based on the binary risk of failure–success designed to secure and extend segregation. Underpinned by globally networked corporate ideas regarding education as a site for investment, the identification of success and the eradication of failure has become policy in school reform. Importantly, the pursuit of child and school failure as public policy is integral to this process, where schools and children do and, indeed, have to fail in order for segregation to be effective.
Public Policy Resources
Authors: Knoepfel Peter
Published: May 2019

Building on Knoepfel’s previous book, Public policy analysis, this book offers a conceptually coherent view of ten public policy resources: force, law, personal, money, property rights, information, organisation, consensus, time and political support. The book demonstrates the interplay of the different resources in a conceptually coherent framework and presents numerous illustrations of ways of mobilising the resources and managing them in a sustainable way, resource exchanges and the role of institutions governing the interrelationships between actors and resources. The book will be valuable to postgraduate students as well as those working in policy programming and implementation across both public and private sectors and in non-governmental organisations.
Law
Authors: Knoepfel Peter
Published: May 2019

This chapter deals with the resource Law, which is defined as the competence of public actors to formulate and implement public policies and the right of civil actors to appeal mainly public implementation acts in the courts. Law is considered as an important public action resource, the main service of which that can be mobilized by actors is the “right to impose a behaviour that complies with the objective law”. Examples are provided of cases involving the lack of a legal basis (political-administrative actors). They are drawn from municipal implementation activities, including non-decisions, financial policy, public tendering procedures and public infrastructure policies, and language policies. The chapter highlights the importance of the right to submit an appeal (or not), the threatened or actual submission of an appeal, and the particular cases of renouncement of this right.
Marriage and the Division of Labour
Authors: Oakley Ann
Published: May 2019

This chapter looks at data on marriage obtained from the forty women interviewed. In only a small number of marriages is the husband notably domesticated, and even where this happens, a fundamental separation remains: home and children are the woman's primary responsibility. Thus, doubt is cast on the view that marriage is an egalitarian relationship. Psychological intimacy between husband and wife, an intermingling of their social worlds, and a more equitable distribution of power in marriage are undoubtedly areas in which marriage in general has changed. However, the importance of women's enduring role as housewives and as the main rearers of children continues. Inequality in this area is often overlooked, and sociologists surveying marriage are no exception to the general rule. They bring to their data their own values about the place of men and women in the home, values which repeat the popular theme of gender differences.
From Here to Maternity
Authors: Oakley Ann
Published: May 2019

The author of this book is a pioneer in the field of sociological research. In this classic re-issue, the author interviewed 60 women to find out what it is really like to have a baby. Covering pregnancy, birth and child care, the book relies on the stories mothers tell to discuss whether and why women want to become pregnant, how they imagine motherhood to be, the experience of birth, post-natal depression, feeding and caring routines, and the challenges for the domestic division of labour and to fathers. It shows that most women are unprepared for the birth or the work of caring for a baby, but also for the joys that a baby can bring. As topical today as the day it was written, this important book was the first to examine first-time motherhood in the words of those experiencing it, and it continues to influence generations of researchers today.
Into a Routine
Authors: Oakley Ann
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the process of getting used to motherhood after the first five months. Here, the achievement of producing the baby is in the past, and the present must be devoted to growing and guiding the baby towards childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Accounts of daily routines given in this chapter reflect the different dispositions and social circumstances of mothers, but all record a sense of life being focused on the baby. Either activities are organised around the baby's needs or the baby's needs are stage-managed to make other activities possible, but in both cases the baby is dictator. In every family it is the mother who is seen and who sees herself as responsible for satisfying the baby's needs. For most women, then, the meaning of early motherhood lies in constant contact with the child.
Four Women
Authors: Oakley Ann
Published: May 2019

The chapter presents four case studies, selected from a possible total of 509, according to the following criteria: (1) there should be one from each of the four geographical areas included in the Social Support and Pregnancy Outcome study; (2) they should be selected from the intervention group, in order to give a fuller picture of just what ‘giving social support’ means; and (3) they should exemplify and expand on a number of critical themes both within the study and outside it. These themes concern the social and medical construction of women's reproductive bodies and social selves. Particular issues relate to the appropriation of women's domestic labour by the privatized family; the material (under)resourcing of women as mothers; the commodification of the female body and of reproduction by the medical system; and the ownership of expert knowledge about reproduction and motherhood.
The Social Division of Welfare
Authors: Titmuss Richard M.
Published: May 2019

This chapter looks at how some students of social policy see the development of ‘The Welfare State’ in historical perspective as part of a broad, ascending road of social betterment provided for the working classes since the nineteenth century and achieving its goal in the present time. This interpretation of change as a process of unilinear progression in collective benevolence for these classes led to the belief that in the year 1948 ‘The Welfare State’ was established. Since then, successive governments, Conservative and Labour, have busied themselves with the more effective operation of the various services. Both parties have also claimed the maintenance of ‘The Welfare State’ as an article of faith.
Feeling Flexibility
Authors: Young Zoe
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the hitherto underexplored affective dimensions of the lived experience of ‘doing’ flexible work arrangements for mothers in professional and managerial jobs. It focuses on the effects on mind, body, and spirit. For women navigating the transition simultaneously with a return to work following maternity leave, the maternal body was at the centre of the experience. Tiredness was not exclusive to new and nursing mothers, the physical and emotional impacts of working intensively in largely unadjusted jobs or inhospitable workplace contexts are viscerally present in women's accounts. Hochschild's concept of emotional labour is highly relevant to the professional motherhood project and this analysis shows how the scope and span of women's emotional workload increases when they work outside the home.
Making Motherhood, Careers and Flexibility Work
Authors: Young Zoe
Published: May 2019

This chapter argues that balance is the seductive and coercive mantra of modern motherhood that draws professional women towards flexible working practices. It is seductive because work forms part of a women's sense of self and few want to give up. It is coercive because mothers feel obliged to comply and make balance the quest of their lives. For many professional women who become mothers, achieving balance has become a career aim in itself. What this study has learned is that balance across work and family life cannot be achieved arithmetically by dividing time evenly across two domains because balance is subjective and cannot be measured in working hours. Almost as soon as equilibrium is sensed things change again, and in that way balance is also a dynamic construct; what it means tomorrow will be different from today.
‘Making Waves Behind Bars’: The Prison Context
Authors: Bedford Charlotte
Published: May 2019

This chapter begins by tracing some of the key ideas that inform people's understanding of the changing role and function of prison and punishment before examining the political, economic, and institutional changes which have contributed to the recognition, acceptance, and encouragement of radio in the prisons of England and Wales. It cites the official launch of the Prison Radio Association (PRA) as a charity in 2006, where the first PRA audio productions to be distributed to an audience beyond the prisons were compiled on the Making Waves Behind Bars CD, and argues that the origins and potential of prison radio can only be examined through discussion of the complex and enduring problem of the prison institution.
Restructuring labour markets
Authors: Lloyd Anthony
Published: May 2019

This chapter places the service economy in a political-economic and socio-historical context. The narrative details the emergence of a regulatory sleeve to limit the ‘animal spirits’ of capitalism’s non-ethical generative core. The post-war period of relative prosperity provides stability and a measurable sense of progress but ultimately gives way to neoliberalism at the end of the 1970s. The new ‘symbolic order’ shifts ground from security to flexibility in order to open up avenues for capital accumulation. Although successful in this respect, the impact upon labour markets and employment is significant and engenders a shift from industry and manufacturing to consumerism and service. The chapter outlines the impact of the financial crisis on labour markets and employment and demonstrates the growth of on-demand work. The key features of this chapter are the shift from security to flexibility and the composition of labour markets which now reflect imperatives of consumer culture but lack stability for employees.
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Mammogram Frequency Among Women With Intellectual Disability
Authors: Arana Evelyn , Carroll-Scott Amy , Massey Philip M. , Lee Nora L. , Klassen Ann C. , Yudell Michael
Published: May 2019

Little information exists on the associations between intellectual disability (ID) and race/ethnicity on mammogram frequency. This study collected survey and medical record data to examine this relationship. Results indicated that Hispanic and Black women with ID were more likely than White women with ID to have mammograms every 2 years. Participants who live in a state-funded residence, were aged 50+, and had a mild or moderate level of ID impairment were more likely to undergo mammography compared to participants living with family or alone, were <50, and had severe ID impairment. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms explaining disparities in mammograms between these racial/ethnic groups.
¿Renovando la política o más de lo mismo? Comparando novatos y políticos tradicionales en las legislaturas latinoamericanas
Authors: Guedes-Neto João Victor , Santos Manoel Leonardo
Published: May 2019

¿Los novatos, también conocidos como outsiders, piensan de manera diferente a los políticos tradicionales en las legislaturas latinoamericanas? Abordamos esta cuestión con un análisis de las opiniones de los parlamentarios a nivel individual, algo especialmente relevante en el contexto personalista de la política en América Latina. Utilizamos entrevistas realizadas en esta década con hasta 1.155 diputados en 17 países de la región atendiendo, concretamente, a las opiniones relacionadas con la percepción de la corrupción como un problema del país, el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo y la regulación estatal de la economía. Nuestro trabajo confirma la existencia de una diferencia entre novatos y políticos tradicionales, aunque esta sea solo marginal, yendo en contra del sentido común que apunta a una división más clara entre novatos y políticos tradicionales.
Entomofauna diversity in areas of Caatinga under forest management in the semi-arid region of Ceará
Authors: Maia Lilianne Dos Santos , Leão Maria Dalila Martins , Barbosa Marianne Gonçalves , De Souza Suyanne Araújo , Coutinho Cristiane Ramos , Pastori Patrik Luiz
Published: May 2019

The Caatinga is characterised by deciduous plant species. The practice in this ecosystem is the production of firewood which, when carried out with no technical criteria, contributes to a reduction in the biodiversity and degradation of the biome. Forest Management Planning has been approved by the Ministry of the Environment; a lower impact on the environment is expected, as there is still little information on the effect on biodiversity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diversity of soil fauna in areas that adopt a Forest Management Plan. Five areas were selected that adopt Forest Management Planning: Area T1, unexploited for six months; Area T2, unexploited for 2-3 years; Area T3 unexploited for 5-6 years; Area T4, unexploited for 10-11 years; and the Control Area (unexploited). Four pitfall traps were installed in each area. The Shannon-Weaver (H’) Index, the Pielou Uniformity Index (e) and the Species Richness Index were calculated for the purpose of estimating the existing biodiversity. Total richness varied from 7 to 14 groups for the different collection periods and between the treatments; the highest value for the Shannon Index (0.72) was found during the dry/rainy transition period in the area that had been exploited 5-6 years earlier. The number of specimens is influenced by the various stages of wood exploitation.
Changes in temperature of a Plinthosol cultivated with sugarcane under straw levels
Authors: Anjos João Carlos Rocha dos , Júnior Aderson Soares de Andrade , Bastos Edson Alves , Silva Everaldo Moreira da
Published: May 2019

Soil temperature is affected by its coverage and influences sugarcane productivity. Changes in temperature were assessed in a Plinthosol cultivated with sugarcane under different straw levels, as well as its reflection in stalk productivity, aiming at determining the maximum amount of straw to be removed for other purposes without damaging soil thermal conditions necessary for the crop. The experimental design was a split-plot randomized block design with four replications, with assessment periods of soil temperature arranged in the main plots, straw levels (0, 4.2, 9.5, 13.0, and 18.4 Mg ha−1) arranged in the subplots, and two measuring depths of soil temperature (0.05 and 0.10 m) arranged in the sub-subplots. Soil temperature was obtained by T-type thermocouples (copper/constantan). Soil thermal amplitude underwent oscillations as a function of straw levels, especially at a depth of 0.05 m. The maintenance of 9.5 Mg ha−1 of straw provided an increase of 11.1% in stalk productivity. Values above 9.5 Mg ha−1 of straw can be removed from the field for other purposes without impairing soil thermal conditions required for the crop.
Physicochemical composition and fatty acids profile of the meat of lambs fed with cassava wastewater
Authors: Urbano Stela Antas , Ferreira Marcelo Andrade , Azevedo Paulo Sérgio , Vasconcelos Gustavo Araújo , Santos Filho Hilson Barreto , Cardoso Daniel Barros
Published: May 2019

The effects of replacing corn with cassava wastewater at 0; 25; 50; 75 and 100% in the sheep diet over chemical composition, fatty acid profile and physical-chemical parameters of meat were studied. Forty Santa Inês breed sheep were slaughtered after 70 days of confinement. The moisture content of meat increased, while the crude protein and ether extract decreased linearly with the replacement. There was a quadratic effect for shear force with minimum force estimated at 2.78 kg / cm ² with 54.25% replacement. There was a quadratic effect for C15:0 and C:17, (0.37 and 1.30 when the replacement was 46.25% and 68.50%, respectively), increasing linearly for the C18:0 and decreasing for the C22:0. For monounsaturated fatty acids there was a decreasing linear effect for C14:1 and C20:1 n9, and increasing to C18:1 n11. For C15:1 a quadratic effect was observed (1.48 when 26.75% of corn was replaced). As to the polyunsaturated fatty acids, there was a quadratic effect for C18:2 9c 11t (0.60 when replacement was 36.66%). There was a linear decrease for relations polyunsaturated: saturated and ω6: ω3, without effect on other relations. Cassava wastewater alters the shear force and chemical and lipid composition of meat.
Substrates on the cuttings rooting of black pepper genotypes
Authors: Secundino Welington , Alexandre Rodrigo Sobreira , Schmildt Edilson Romais , Schmildt Omar , Chagas Kristhiano , Marques Helder Ivo Pandolf
Published: May 2019

The soil in the production of clonal seedlings of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) contributes to fusarium and nematodes infestation in commercial crops, and thus the usage of alternative substrates might be a preventive control measure against these pathogens. The aim of this study was to investigate the rhizogenic behavior of the cultivars Bragantina, Iaçará and Guajarina of black pepper in different substrates. The experimental design was in randomized blocks in a 3x4 factorial design (cultivars: Bragantina, Iaçará and Guajarina x substrates: soil + organic compound (18%), vermiculite, carbonized rice hulls and commercial substrate), with four replications of 16 cuttings each. The evaluated characteristics were: survival (%); rooting (basal or nodal) (%); nodal rooting (%); basal rooting (%); number of nodal roots; number of basal roots; total number of roots; length of the largest nodal root (cm); basal root length (cm); nodal root volume (cm3); basal root volume (cm3); Total root volume (cm3); nodal root dry mass (mg); basal root dry mass (mg) and the total root dry mass (mg). There are differences within black pepper cultivars as to the characteristics related to the root system. The vermiculite substrate was the most suitable, and carbonized rice hull is not recommended for the adventitious rooting of cuttings of cultivars Bragantina, Iaçará and Guajarina.
Rooting of jabuticabeira of cabinho mini-cuttings (Plinia trunciflora)
Authors: Hossel Cristiano , Wagner Júnior Américo , Hossel Jessica Scarlet Alves de Oliveira , Fabiane Kamila Cristina , Dallago Adriana
Published: May 2019

The techniques of plant multiplication, when tested with native fruit trees, have proved to be limiting in several aspects, signaling that another technique should be tested, which might be recommended for the usage, especially in the jabuticaba trees which present a higher potential. The aim of this study was to test the usage of asexual propagation through mini-cuttings in jabuticabeira of cabinho according to the collection time, mini-cutting length and concentration of IBA. The work was performed at Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR) – Campus Dois Vizinhos, Brazil. The samples were collected bimonthly. Mini-cuttings (6 or 8 cm) with pair of leaves reduced to 25% of the original size were prepared. The mini-cuttings had their base immersed in liquid solution of indole-butyric acid (0, 3000 and 6000 mg L-1) and placed in plastic tubes containing commercial substratum. The experimental design was completely randomized with 2 x 3 x 6 factorial (cutting length x IBA concentration x time of the year), with four replications, the experimental unit varied according to the number of shoots obtained. After 120 days of implementation of each collection, the parameters rooting and callogenesis (%), average number of roots per mini-cutting and average root length were evaluated. After 60 days the survival of post-planting rooted mini-cuttings was evaluated. It is recommended that for the jabuticabeira of cabinho, the collection period for propagation through mini-cuttings should be in August.
Selectivity of pre-and post-emergence herbicides to very-early maturing soybean cultivars
Authors: Fornazza Felipe Guilherme Ferreira , Constantin Jamil , Machado Fellipe Goulart , Oliveira Jr. Rubem Silvério de , Da Silva Gustavo Delabio , Rios Fabiano Aparecido
Published: May 2019

The combination of pre- and post-emergence herbicides may affect their selectivity to soybean plants, especially to short-cycle cultivars. The objective of this work was to evaluate the selectivity of pre- and post-emergence herbicides to very-early maturing soybean cultivars. Two field experiments were conducted, one in Mandaguaçu, Paraná (E1) and other in Rio Verde, Goiás (E2), Brazil, using a 4×7 factorial arrangement. The treatments consisted of four pre-emergence herbicide managements (S-metolachlor at 1440 g ha-1, diclosulam at 25.2 g ha-1, sulfentrazone at 300 g ha-1, and no herbicide application); and seven post-emergence herbicide managements (lactofen at 120 g ha-1, chlorimuron-ethyl at 12.5 g ha-1, bentazon at 720 g ha-1, lactofen at 120 g ha-1 + chlorimuron-ethyl at 12.5 g ha-1, glyphosate at 900 g a. e. ha-1, two sequential glyphosate applications at 720 g a. e. ha-1 each, and no herbicide application). The early-maturing soybean cultivars evaluated showed sensitivity to the herbicides used. The combined use of pre- and post-emergence herbicides increased the occurrence of injuries in the plants. Diclosulam and sulfentrazone were the least selective pre-emergence herbicides. All herbicide combinations used affected soybean grain yield in E1; lactofen, chlorimuron, and bentazon presented the least selectivity in E2.
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase deficiency aggravates lung fibrosis in mice by modulating TGF-β1/BMP-4 signaling
Authors: Chen Meizi , Wan Bing , Zhu Suhua , Zhang Fang , Jin Jiajia , Li Xinying , Wang Xianghai , Lv Yanling , Chen Cen , Lv Tangfeng , Song Yong
Published: May 2019

Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS) is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). GGPPS is implicated in many disorders, but its role in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of GGPPS in IPF. We established bleomycin-induced lung injury in a lung-specific GGPPS-deficient mouse (GGPPS−/−) and detected GGPPS expression in lung tissues by Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis. We found that GGPPS expression increased during lung injury and fibrosis in mice induced by bleomycin, and GGPPS deficiency augmented lung fibrosis. GGPPS deficiency activated lung fibroblast by facilitating transforming growth factor β1 while antagonizing bone morphogenetic protein 4 signaling. Notably, the supplementation of exogenous GGPP mitigated lung fibrosis in GGPPS−/− mice induced by bleomycin. In conclusion, our findings suggest that GGPPS provides protection against pulmonary fibrosis and that the restoration of protein geranylgeranylation may benefit statin-induced lung injury.
The Harm Reduction Argument for Legalizing Kidney Markets
Authors: Wilkinson Martin
Published: May 2019

Im illegalen Nierenhandel werden Verkaufer oft uber den Tisch gezogen, sie werden genotigt, es wird ihnen angemessene medizinische Betreuung vorenthalten und sie werden uber die Gefahren und die Illegalitat der Nierenentnahme in die Irre gefuhrt. Die Empfanger bezahlen oft fur qualitativ schlechte Operationen sowie ungesunde oder unpassende Nieren. Einige Autoren argumentieren, es sei die Illegalitat, die dieses Leid und dieses Unrecht verursachen, nicht der Handel an sich. Sie argumentieren, die Legalisierung von Nierenverkaufen wurde das Leid verringern. Dieses Leidensverringerungsargument ist es, das in diesem Aufsatz entwickelt und untersucht wird. Es werden zunachst die ethischen und empirischen Bestandteile einer utilitaristischen Version von Leidensverringerung dargelegt. Und es wird erklart, wie eine Legalisierung das Leiden auf Schwarzmarkten vermutlich verringern wurde, aber auch, warum wir nicht wissen, wie die Legalisierung das Angebot an Organen oder die Anzahl leidvoller Transaktionen auf ‘weisen Markten’ beeinflussen wurde. Kurz gesagt, wir konnen nicht sicher sein, dass seine Legalisierung das Leiden insgesamt verringern wurde. Dennoch versucht dieser Aufsatz zu zeigen, dass die Argumentation zugunsten von einer Legalisierung gestarkt werden kann, wenn man dem utilitaristischen Hauptanliegen des aggregierten Wohlergehens etwas hinzufugt. Den besonderen Anliegen der am schlechtesten Gestellten und dem Unrecht des Verkaufsakts kann man durch Legalisierung besser gerecht werden als durch Kriminalisierung. Das Leidensverringerungsargument entscheidet diese Debatte uber die Legalisierung des Organhandels zwar nicht, aber es ist entscheidender als Kritiker bislang zugestehen wollten.
Der Mangel an Spenderorganen und das Selbstbestimmungsrecht
Authors: Birnbacher Dieter
Published: May 2019

Angesichts des fortgesetzten Rückgangs des Organspendeaufkommens in Deutschland werden Forderungen nach Einführung der Widerspruchsregelung bei der Organübertragung post mortem seit längerem nicht mehr nur von der Ärzteschaft, sondern verstärkt auch von politischer Seite erhoben. Gegenstand des Beitrags ist die Prüfung der Vereinbarkeit der gegenwärtig diskutierten Vorschläge zu einer Erhöhung des Organaufkommens mit dem individuellen Selbstbestimmungsrecht, ohne damit eine gesamthafte ethische Nutzen-Kosten-Bilanz dieser Strategien zu präjudizieren. Der Beitrag geht davon aus, dass hauptsächlich drei Faktoren für die Beurteilung relevant sind: 1. ob der Eingriff in die körperliche Integrität zu Lebzeiten oder post mortem erfolgt; 2. die Intensität des Wunsches, nach dem Tod vor solchen Eingriffen geschützt zu sein; 3. das Ausmaß des sozialen Drucks, einen solchen Eingriff zuzulassen. Es ergibt sich, dass eine Widerspruchsregelung unter dem Gesichtspunkt des Selbstbestimmungsrechts einerseits nicht optimal, andererseits aber auch nicht schlechthin inakzeptabel und jedenfalls der Alternative einer Zwangserklärungsregelung vorzuziehen ist.
Organ Donation
Authors: Reichardt Jan-Ole
Published: May 2019

Personen, die nicht bereits sind, als postmortale Organspender zur Verfügung zu stehen, sollten nachrangig versorgt werden, falls sie selbst einmal ein Organ benötigen, so wird in diesem Aufsatz argumentiert. Postmortale Organspenden sollten demnach grundsätzlich gerichtete Spenden zugunsten von anderen Spendewilligen sein. Diesem Ansatz zufolge sollten Organe nicht als öffentliche Ressource betrachtet werden und der Staat sollte respektieren, dass die Entscheidung darüber, was nach dem Tod mit dem Körper geschehen soll, bei der betreffenden Person selbst liegt. Während einige Formen der gerichteten Spende moralisch problematisch sein können, ist ein allgemeines System von gerichteten Spende an andere Spendewillige diesem Vorschlag zu folge moralisch erlaubt, weil es die Grundsätze der Autonomie- Achtung, der Reziprozität sowie der Solidarität wahrt und niemanden unangemessenen Schwierigkeiten aussetzt, der im Notfall keine schlechteren Aussichten auf ein Spenderorgan haben möchte.
Parity results for broken 11-diamond partitions
Authors: Wu Yunjian
Published: May 2019

Recently, Dai proved new infinite families of congruences modulo 2 for broken 11-diamond partition functions by using Hecke operators. In this note, we establish new parity results for broken 11-diamond partition functions. In particular, we generalize the congruences due to Dai by utilizing an identity due to Newman. Furthermore, we prove some strange congruences modulo 2 for broken 11-diamond partition functions. For example, we prove that if p is a prime with p ≠ 23 and Δ11(2p + 1) ≡ 1 (mod 2), then for any k ≥ 0, Δ11(2p3k+3 + 1) ≡ 1 (mod 2), where Δ11(n) is the number of broken 11-diamond partitions of n.
The Postindustrial Garden
Authors: Schafran Alex
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines key moments and symbolic struggles in the production of the postindustrial garden in East County. The industrial garden was “a coordinated middle landscape that joined economic progress and social stability.” However, it was a model underscored by deep racism, a paternalist political structure, economic inefficiency, and environmental destruction. East County reflected the same basic idea as the industrial garden, but with different people in different places and a very different underlying political economy. When it came time for people of color to suburbanize en masse, something they did alongside many working- and middle-class whites, the red carpet laid out by the postwar U.S. government had been worn out and not replaced. Instead of fixing suburbanization so that communities of color could enjoy what they had been excluded from, newly suburbanized communities were increasingly abandoned to their own devices.
The Reproduction of Babylon and the Gentrification Dilemma
Authors: Schafran Alex
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses primarily on Richmond and Oakland and the military-industrial spaces of the Bay Area, on important African American places that struggled with the long legacy of ghettoized segregation and its geographic relationship to highways and heavy industry. It examines the struggles of downtown development, brownfield redevelopment, and the lost opportunity that has been the redevelopment of the old military bases. It examines the interlinked violence of air pollution and homicide that plagued these communities, part of a set of issues which the fiscally challenged cities were unable to meet. In doing so, it highlights the same mix of local responsibility and collective failure that marked the previous chapters. But it also discusses a profound dilemma particular to these communities.
The Regionalist Dream
Authors: Schafran Alex
Published: May 2019

This chapter attempts to understand why effective regional action on segregation and resegregation never materialized. Despite improved planning and cross-sectoral cooperation, major interventions that could possibly have changed the direction of the region did not occur. Imagining an effective regional politics capable of solving the regions' segregation and equity problems was considered a political impossibility almost from the beginning, so deep were the divisions even amidst increasing collaboration, so heavy were the ghosts of past failures. The one policy arena where the region was able to overcome its broad fragmentation and political inertia was the one area where it has long been a world leader—environmental protection. In 2016, virtually the entire region, its voters and its leaders, voted in a historic fashion to tax themselves to pay for much-needed wetlands restoration. Overcoming segregation and spatial inequality was another matter.
Facing Structural Injustice
Authors: Laurent Sylvie
Published: May 2019

This chapter shows how the radical egalitarian measures laid out by the campaign’s demands were a major rebuke to the current “culture of poverty” thesis. Comparing its framework to major scholarship on urban poverty, this chapter opens a part dedicated to exploring the enduring insights of the campaign.
Conclusion
Authors: Laurent Sylvie
Published: May 2019

The conclusion adresses the political backlash that not only crippled but obscured the campaign. It challenges the false opposition between economic and social justice, the “identity politics” thesis and claim the relevance of the campaign today.
Alternative Urban Projections in Early Narrative Films
Authors: Conde Maite
Published: May 2019

By 1906, Brazilian filmmakers began experimenting with new narrative or storytelling forms, already popular in Europe and the United States. This chapter explores these narrative films and their depiction of Rio’s modernization, exploring their relationship with well-known cultural intertexts, such as the teatro de revista (vaudeville theater), satirical political magazines, carnival, and crime stories. By exploring Brazilian cinema’s dialogue with these urban intertexts, the chapter explores the ways in which these early films mapped alterative urban trajectories that presented readers with veiled critiques of the Republic’s modernizing urban mission.
Film and Fandom in Cinearte Magazine
Authors: Conde Maite
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines discourses and elaborations of a Hollywood-inflected stardom that emerged in 1920s Brazil in the country’s first fanzine, Cinearte. It looks at how these discourses zoomed in on questions of gender, discussing Brazilian women’s cinematic reception and also their role as actresses in movies. The chapter explores the ways in which the development of female stars was inextricably and complexly related to a modern urban mass culture that emerged in early twentieth century Brazil, in which women were central. In doing so, it highlights stardom’s dialogue with the figure of the melindrosa, Brazil’s own New Woman, looking at how this figure carefully negotiated concerns regarding the mass form of the movies and its threats to traditional mores and moralities.
Picturing the Tropics
Authors: Conde Maite
Published: May 2019

This chapter maps out the concerns and aims underlying what was called the Rondon Commission (1909–1930), an expedition that involved building telegraph lines and roads connecting Brazil’s vast interior with its coast. The chapter details the importance of visual technology, photography and film in the commission’s endeavors. It locates this importance within the broader international climate of the use of cinema and visual culture in anthropology, looking at the use of film in museums of natural history, scientific institutions, and popular sites geared toward projecting what Alison Griffiths calls “wondrous difference,” such as fairs and circuses. It also explores the difference between film and photography in order to elucidate how and why cinema was key to the task of unifying and centralizing the Republican nation state.
Modernismo ’s Literary Engagements with Film
Authors: Conde Maite
Published: May 2019

By the 1920s, new ideas regarding film as the seventh art disseminated in Europe had a profound effect on Brazilian literature, specifically the emergence of an avant-garde literary movement known as modernismo, or “modernism.” Charting the new theories regarding cinema as an art form, this chapter examines how they were appropriated and elaborated by modernist writers in Brazil in the 1920s, most notably in the novels of Oswald de Andrade, the poetry of Mário de Andrade, and an urban chronicle by Antônio de Alcântara Machado called Pathé Baby. In examining this experimental literature, the chapter shows how new international ideas regarding film form and aesthetics provided the modernist writers with a tool for critiquing the official trajectory of national modernity in Brazil.
Socratic Humor in the Hellenistic Period
Authors: Lombardini John
Published: May 2019

This chapter begins with an overview of the legacy of Socratic humor within Stoic and Epicurean philosophy in order to indicate how this legacy continued to be debated beyond the classical period. It then turns to Diogenes of Sinope and the topic of Cynic humor more broadly. Using Xenophon’s Symposium (and, in particular, Xenophon’s depiction of Antisthenes’s use of humor in that work), it is argued that Cynic humor possesses a plausibly Socratic connection. Looking to Lucian’s Demonax then illustrates how such Cynic humor more closely resembles the direct forms of mockery found in Aristophanes and (occasionally) in Xenophon, rather than the indirect forms of irony associated with the Platonic Socrates. The final section of the chapter analyzes how such Cynic humor is linked to the Cynic attempt to live in accordance with nature.
Introduction
Authors: Waters Rob
Published: May 2019

Many people in Britain between the mid-1960s and the mid-1980s—mostly people of color, but also white people—demanded that British society needed to start “thinking black.” In this demand, they indicated a practice of identifying, confronting, and overturning the racism that they saw not only structuring British society and politics from top to bottom but also upholding all manner of other inequalities. This chapter shows thinking black as a project that brought together a diverse constituency and that encompassed a range of practices from political organization to cultural expression. It proposes that we can read thinking black as an extensive and important project in the effort to decolonize Britain and build a fairer, more equal, and more democratic society out of Britain’s imperial past.
Black Studies
Authors: Waters Rob
Published: May 2019

Looking to the processes by which Britons invested “black” experiences with new transformative potential, this chapter shows how radical educators used black writing and black studies to reimagine British education. The postwar education system fell into crisis in the 1970s as teachers, politicians, and parents recognized that children were not receiving the social equality that it nominally promised. In the face of this failure, radical educators turned to the children themselves for new solutions. This ideal was common across the radical education movement, but the peculiar force of black creativity in the era of secondary decolonization, and the availability of that creative energy through an international black writing infrastructure, brought black students to the forefront of attempts to resolve the crisis and propose alternative education practices.
The Pacific Gold Rushes and the Struggle for Order
Authors: Mountford Benjamin
Published: May 2019

Concerns about crime and disorder, and how to manage those challenges, predominate in contemporary official and published accounts of all the Pacific gold rushes, as well as in many regional and national historical studies produced since. During the last two decades, several comparative and global analyses have begun to map some of connections and distinctions between the struggle for order in the Californian and British colonial contexts. This chapter focuses in on some of the specific historical threads that connected the struggle for order in California and Britain’s settler colonies during the 1850s and 1860s. In doing so, it sets out to shed fresh light on the extent to which Californians’ and Britons’ anxieties about the potential impact of gold rushes and their ideas about how they should be managed were often closely interlinked. This chapter is by Benjamin Mountford.
Dreams of a “Johannesburg of West Africa”
Authors: Mark-Thiesen Cassandra
Published: May 2019

This chapter, by Cassandra Mark-Thiesen, covers the Gold Coast’s moment in the imperial rush for gold. It highlights the frenzy surrounding the rush in British West Africa at the turn of the twentieth century, as witnessed in the ruthless promotion of local mining prospects in the foreign press. It also shows the circulations of capital, technology, labor, and ideologies inherent to such rushes, helping as they did to accelerate imperial expansion. At the same time, the chapter raises the topic of the limits of globalization. Connected to that point, and in examining changes at a regional level, it touches on the dynamic and changing nature of the indirect recruitment system that brought West African contract men to the mines.
Creating a Global Industry?
Authors: Eklund Erik
Published: May 2019

This chapter, by Erik Eklund, focuses on the gold-mining industry from the middle of the nineteenth century through to the 1930s, with a focus on the role of company formation, working conditions, and state intervention. Utilizing case studies from Canada, South Africa, Ghana, Fiji, and the Australian colony of Victoria, it explores the rise of “industrial mining” over this period. Industrial mining involved larger, more heavily capitalized enterprises, in which workers became wage laborers and owners became shareholders. Industrial mining gendered and racialized the workforce in different ways according to local circumstances, which are explored in each case study. State intervention either underpinned the rise of industrial mining or worked to create uneasy accommodations between industrial work and older traditional patterns of subsistence.
Engineering Gold Rushes
Authors: Tuffnell Stephen
Published: May 2019

This chapter, “Engineering Gold Rushes,” by Stephen Tuffnell, examines the mechanics of late nineteenth-century global connectivity through the development of “mine engineering” as a global profession and the manifold interactions between the global and the national that contributed to that process. Internationally mobile mine engineers developed the mechanisms for transporting and maintaining the technologies of empire and extraction that converged on the goldfields. Nongovernmental mining institutes founded across the world, international congresses, and widely circulating technical journals acted as mechanisms for knowledge exchange and forums for cooperation. Underlying the emergence of specialist engineers were higher education systems that aimed at developing rival national or imperial professional identities that existed in tension with their global roles. Mine engineers were therefore key protagonists in the shifts discussed in this volume: from individual placer mining to highly capitalized corporate mining, from simple technologies to complex chemical extraction, and from free enterprise to wage labor.
Conclusion
Authors: Essig Laurie
Published: May 2019

This chapter travels to the most perfect ending to romance: a life within the nuclear family in a suburb built by Disney, Celebration Florida. Essig argues that suburbia and its promise of happiness were always doomed to fail as the “real world” intruded on the bubble of romance. Finding no happiness in the traditional path of romance, Essig travels to a mass lesbian wedding at the end of the world to ask why romance doesn’t make us happier as individuals or a nation. The answer has everything to do with privatizing our increasingly insecure future and offers a
Civic Education for Noncitizen and Citizen Students
Authors: Banks James A.
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes a conceptual framework for developing civic education for citizen and non-citizen students. Human rights cosmopolitan education is conceptualized as the focus of civic education for non-citizen students. Multicultural citizenship education is conceptualized as the focus of civic education for citizen students from diverse groups who are marginalized because of their racial, ethnic, cultural, linguistic, and religious characteristics. Multicultural citizenship education helps students from diverse groups become full participants in the nation-state while maintaining important aspects of their home and community cultures. The author maintains that transformative civic education should be implemented in schools because it incorporates elements of both human rights cosmopolitan education and multicultural citizenship education. It also helps both non-citizen and citizen students to acquire the knowledge, skills, and values needed to make reflective decisions, internalize human rights values, and take personal, social, and civic action.
Refugees in Education
Authors: Léna Pierre
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on one particular aspect of education for refugee children, namely science education, in the various contexts these refugees encounter, especially when immersed in cultures away from their mother language and bridges with the family culture. The universal character of natural sciences makes is precious for these displaced children. Renovating science education has been the subject of international efforts and remarkable innovative pilot projects since two decades A number of such projects, in various developing or developed countries, are reported here, with the positive impact which was observed in multi-cultural contexts. Although none of these projects yet dealt with extreme situations such as refugee camps, the lessons learned suggest to act in this direction, using the pedagogical ressources now available in many languages, as well as a potential contribution of the scientific community.
Lost in Transit
Authors: Crul Maurice , Lelie Frans , Keskiner Elif , Schneider Jens , Biner Özge
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses the big differences of how refugee children are incorporated into school systems in three European countries (Sweden, Germany and The Netherlands) and in Turkey. Over the past 5 years many refugee children made their way from war-torn countries to neighboring countries in the Middle East or to Europe. This chapter compares how they are incorporated into education. The four countries each represent very different responses to receiving children in their education system: from fully integrating them as soon as possible in regular classes to developing an actual parallel school system. The chapter highlights which national institutional arrangements impede refugee children to become successful in school, and which national institutional arrangements help children in their educational career, comparing access to compulsory school, access after compulsory school age, welcome or immersion classes, second language education and tracking mechanisms.
Epilogue
Authors: Sorondo Marcelo Sánchez
Published: May 2019

Migration is a shared condition of all humanity. We have all been strangers in a strange land. All humanity lives today as a result of migration, by themselves or their ancestors. Migration is a matter sometimes of choice, often of need, and always an inalienable right.
All helpless people deserve to be helped. Offering such help is a commandment and a blessing shared among all religions. Accordingly, as Pope Francis reminds us, our duties to migrants include “to welcome”, “to protect”, “to promote”, and “to integrate.”
National borders are not a result of primary natural law, as aren’t private property and clothes, “because nature did not give [humans] clothes, but art invented them”. National borders depend on social, political and geographical factors. Therefore, faced with current waves of mass migration, in order to establish practices that respond to the common good we need to be guided by three levels of responsibility.
The first principle being that “in case of need all things are common”, because “every man is my brother”. This principle is relative to existence or subsistence and conditions other related issues (such as accommodation, food, housing, security, etc.).
Secondly, as part of the fundamental rights of people, legal guarantees of primary rights that foster an “organic participation” in the economic and social life of the nation. Access to these economic and social goods, including education and employment, will allow people to develop their own abilities.
Thirdly, a deeper sense of integration, reflecting responsibilities related to protecting, examining and developing the values that underpin the deep, stable, unity of a society— and, more fundamentally, create a horizon of public peace, understood as St. Augustine’s "tranquility in order". In particular, with regards to the aforementioned context, policies on migration should be guided by prudence, but prudence must never mean exclusion. On the contrary, governments should evaluate, “with wisdom and foresight, the extent to which their country is in a position, without prejudice to the common good of citizens, to offer a decent life to migrants, especially those truly in need of protection.
Strangely enough, the response of most governments in the face of this phenomenon only seems to value the third principle, completely disregarding the first two.