bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comprehensive Analysis of a Web-Based Dermatopathology Second Opinion Consultation Practice
Authors: Zembowicz Artur , Ahmad Adeel , Lyle Stephen R
Published: February 2021

Context.—Sharing cases and seeking second opinion consultations is an important part of everyday pathology practice. Internet-based communications and upcoming digital slide technologies have the potential to decrease barriers and open access to the best expertise. We recently developed a dedicated Web-based process for communication with outside practices seeking second opinion consultations. The software allowed us to collect data about the current needs and use of a second opinion consultation practice, a topic that has not been addressed in research studies thus far.

Objective.—To analyze the needs for and performance of a Web-based second opinion consultation practice in dermatopathology.

Design.—We performed a retrospective analysis on paper and digital records.

Results.—The average turn-around time from the time of biopsy to the time the report was issued was 7 days. Eighty-two percent of cases were reported the same day they were received. Biopsies of melanocytic lesions, inflammatory dermatoses, and squamous lesions comprised 82% of consultations. Among the remaining cases, soft tissue tumors, adnexal neoplasms, alopecia, and nonmelanoma nonsquamous lesions were the most common diagnoses. In 69% of cases, the outside report contained information about the diagnosis favored by the submitting pathologists. In 5%, there was a significant change in the diagnosis.

Conclusions.—Web-based communication facilitates rapid turn-around time and reduces costs and barriers to second opinion consultation.
Total Colonic Aganglionosis: Case Report, Practical Diagnostic Approach and Pitfalls
Authors: Rabah Raja
Published: February 2021

Hirschsprung disease remains a challenging diagnosis for many pathologists. The disease is characterized by a lack of ganglion cells in the myenteric and submucosal plexus, associated with increased numbers of acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve fibers. Hypertrophic nerve fibers are present in most but not all patients. Total colonic aganglionosis (TCA) is an uncommon form of Hirschsprung disease with clinical, histologic, and genetic differences and is even more difficult to diagnose and manage. This case illustrates some of the difficulties frequently faced by the pathologists dealing with total colonic aganglionosis. Suction rectal biopsy specimens often lack significant nerve hypertrophy and positive acetylcholinesterase staining, which aid in the diagnosis. Pathologists have to depend mainly on the lack of ganglion cells in adequate submucosa to establish the diagnosis. Transition zone is often long in total colonic aganglionosis and interpretation of frozen sections can be difficult. The presence of several uniformly distributed clusters of mature ganglion cells and lack of nerve hypertrophy are required to avoid connections at the transition zone.
The Use of Computerized Provider Order Entry to Improve the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Coagulation Testing
Authors: Georgiou Andrew , Lang Stephen , Rosenfeld David , Westbrook Johanna I
Published: February 2021

Effective pathology services require timely communication of patient-related information between the laboratory and clinicians. The aim of this study was to measure the effect of a computerized provider order entry (CPOE) system on the frequency with which clinicians notify the Hematology Laboratory of details on heparin or warfarin treatments when ordering activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) or the prothrombin time (PT) and international normalized ratio (INR). Although information about the total number of patients on warfarin or heparin was unavailable, it was possible to ascertain that the percentage of abnormal results for each year ranged from 39% in 2005 to 45%, 40%, and 38% in the years 2006 to 2008. The proportion of order requests that reported whether patients were on warfarin or heparin increased from 3% of the aPTT tests (253 of 8307) and 1.9% of the PT and INR requests (161 of 8433) in August through September 2005 (before the CPOE was implemented) to 3.9% (393 of 9990; P < .001) and 2.6% (282 of 10814; P  =  .009), respectively, in August through September 2008 (after CPOE implementation). During that period (2005–2008), the median turnaround time for the laboratory decreased from 28 to 21 minutes for the PT and INR test results (P < .001) and from 34 to 23 minutes for the aPTT test results (P < .001). The results show that CPOE and decision-support systems can enhance laboratory efficiency and improve its contribution to effective patient care.
Protocol for the Examination of Specimens From Patients With Primary Pituitary Tumors
Authors: Nosé Vania , Ezzat Shereen , Horvath Eva , Kovacs Kalman , Laws Edward R. , Lloyd Ricardo , Lopes M. Beatriz S. , Asa Sylvia L.
Published: February 2021

In an effort to improve the diagnosis of pituitary tumors, we propose a synoptic approach to pituitary pathology reporting that will provide clear information to endocrinologists, neurosurgeons, neuropathologists, and surgical pathologists to advance the diagnosis and classification of pituitary adenomas.
Molecular Diagnostics of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Bedeir Ahmed , Krasinskas Alyssa M.
Published: February 2021

Context.—Of all gastrointestinal tract epithelial malignancies, molecular diagnostics has impacted colorectal cancer the most. Molecular testing can detect sporadic and inherited colorectal cancers that arise through the microsatellite instability pathway and can determine the efficacy of targeted drug therapy.

Objectives.—To review the microsatellite instability pathway of colorectal carcinoma carcinogenesis and to demonstrate the diagnostic utility of molecular testing in the detection of patients with Lynch syndrome, an inherited disorder of this pathway. Also, to review the significance of detection of KRAS and BRAF gene mutations in predicting the response to anti–epidermal growth factor receptor therapies.

Data Sources.—This article is based on original publications and review articles that are accessible through the PubMed biomedical database (US National Library of Medicine).

Conclusions.—In modern pathology practice, molecular testing is a standard tool that is used to diagnose an inherited colorectal cancer predisposition syndrome (Lynch syndrome) and to help predict outcome and response to therapy for patients with advanced colorectal cancer.
Molecular Diagnostics of Thyroid Tumors
Authors: Nikiforov Yuri E.
Published: February 2021

Context.—Thyroid cancer is the most common type of endocrine malignancy and its incidence is steadily increasing. Papillary carcinoma and follicular carcinoma are the most common types of thyroid cancer and represent those tumor types for which use of molecular markers for diagnosis and prognostication is of high clinical significance.

Objective.—To review the most common molecular alterations in thyroid cancer and their diagnostic and prognostic utility.

Data Sources.—PubMed (US National Library of Medicine)–available review articles, peer-reviewed original articles, and experience of the author.

Conclusions.—The most common molecular alterations in thyroid cancer include BRAF and RAS point mutations and RET/PTC and PAX8/PPARγ rearrangements. These nonoverlapping genetic alterations are found in more than 70% of papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas. These molecular alterations can be detected in surgically resected samples and fine-needle aspiration samples from thyroid nodules and can be of significant diagnostic use. The diagnostic role of BRAF mutations has been studied most extensively, and recent studies also demonstrated a significant diagnostic utility of RAS, RET/PTC, and PAX8/PPARγ mutations, particularly in thyroid fine-needle aspiration samples with indeterminate cytology. In addition to the diagnostic use, BRAF V600E mutation can also be used for tumor prognostication, as this mutation is associated with higher rate of tumor recurrence and tumor-related mortality. The use of these and other emerging molecular markers is expected to improve significantly the accuracy of cancer diagnosis in thyroid nodules and allow more individualized surgical and postsurgical management of patients with thyroid cancer.
Lentigo Maligna: Melanoma In Situ on Chronically Sun-Damaged Skin
Authors: Reed Jon A. , Shea Christopher R.
Published: February 2021

Context.—Cutaneous primary invasive malignant melanoma often is classified by its histologic appearance. Major recognized histologic subtypes of melanoma include superficial spreading, lentigo maligna melanoma, nodular, and acral lentiginous. More recently, it has been shown that most primary invasive melanomas harbor nonrandom genetic or biochemical aberrations that correlate with anatomic site or with the amount of cutaneous exposure to sunlight. It also is generally accepted that most primary invasive melanomas are preceded by an intraepidermal atypical melanocytic proliferation that lacks invasive capability (melanoma in situ).

Objective.—To focus on lentigo maligna, the preinvasive/in situ form of melanoma located on chronically sun-damaged skin.

Data Sources.—Review of the literature and the authors' personal experiences.

Conclusions.—A better understanding of the earliest stage of melanoma progression, including the contribution of chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation, may lead to improved classification schemes that direct more effective targeted or personalized therapies for patients.
Numerical methods for solving improper problems of filtration theory
Authors: Shazhdekeyeva Nurgul , Kenzhegulov Beket , Myrzasheva Aigul , Kabylkhamitov Galymzhan , Tuleuova Raigul
Published: February 2021

This paper is devoted to the development and investigation of methods of mathematical and computer simulation of the process of fluid filtration in a porous medium. The methods of numerical solution of the problems of the filtration theory of build-up of conditions in the catchment and discharge areas boundaries, identification of filtration-capacitive parameters of the effective formation and determination of free (unknown) boundaries and creation of computational algorithms for analysis and forecast of technological indicators of oil and gas fields are considered. Methods and models of continuum mechanics, filtration theories, and methods for solving ill-defined problems, numerical modeling and computer programming were used. Approximate Numerical methods for solving direct and inverse problems of filtration theory, mathematical models for single-phase isothermal filtration of a gas mixture in a horizontal formation at small concentration gradients of components, studying the properties of self-similar solutions, as well as numerical solving the problem of identifying the capacitive parameters of the water-bearing stratum.
International survey of the utilisation in treatment centers for survivors of torture
Authors: Gueron Laura Janet Pizer , De Ruiter MaryAnn
Published: February 2021

Introduction: Literature about treatment of survivors of torture tends to focus on counseling and primary medical care. There are fewer published articles about the utilization of physiotherapy at treatment centers for survivors of torture and other forms of trauma.

Methods: Lists were compiled of about 169 treatment centers receiving funding from the United National Voluntary Fund, 150 from the International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims, and another 40 treatment centers in the United States through the National Capacity Building Project. A survey about utilization of physiotherapy at treatment centers for survivors was created which included questions about the utilization of physiotherapy, treatment modalities provided by physiotherapists, other professionals working at the centers, perceived barriers to providing physiotherapy and interest in collaboration as a global physiotherapy community.  Surveys were emailed to centers in French, Spanish and/or English.

Results: 87 responses were received, for a response rate of 43% (87 of 200 emails sent). Approximately 30% of centers report that their clients have no access to physiotherapy, with one third of the centers having physiotherapy on staff (in contrast with 85% of survey respondents having psychotherapy/counseling on staff, 73% having social work on staff and 55% primary medicine). About one third of responding torture treatment programs reported being able to refer to physiotherapists outside of their centers. Therapeutic exercise, manual therapy, massage, and group activities and exercises were the most commonly reported treatment modalities provided by physiotherapists. Lack of funds or resources and shortage of physiotherapy personnel were perceived as being the biggest challenges limiting clients’ access to physiotherapy. Twenty-nine of the respondents (33%) were physiotherapists, and of these, 90% reported being interested in collaborative activities with other physiotherapists working with survivor of torture.
The effect of ethanol concentration on the morphological and molecular preservation of insects for biodiversity studies
Authors: Marquina Daniel , Buczek Mateusz , Ronquist Fredrik , Łukasik Piotr
Published: February 2021

Traditionally, insects collected for scientific purposes have been dried and pinned, or preserved in 70% ethanol. Both methods preserve taxonomically informative exoskeletal structures well but are suboptimal for preserving DNA for molecular biology. Highly concentrated ethanol (95–100%), preferred as a DNA preservative, has generally been assumed to make specimens brittle and prone to breaking. However, systematic studies on the correlation between ethanol concentration and specimen preservation are lacking. Here, we tested how preservative ethanol concentration in combination with different sample handling regimes affect the integrity of seven insect species representing four orders, and differing substantially in the level of sclerotization. After preservation and treatments (various levels of disturbance), we counted the number of appendages (legs, wings, antennae, or heads) that each specimen had lost. Additionally, we assessed the preservation of DNA after long-term storage by comparing the ratio of PCR amplicon copy numbers to an added artificial standard. We found that high ethanol concentrations indeed induce brittleness in insects. However, the magnitude and nature of the effect varied strikingly among species. In general, ethanol concentrations at or above 90% made the insects more brittle, but for species with robust, thicker exoskeletons, this did not translate to an increased loss of appendages. Neither freezing the samples nor drying the insects after immersion in ethanol had a negative effect on the retention of appendages. However, the morphology of the insects was severely damaged if they were allowed to dry. We also found that DNA preserves less well at lower ethanol concentrations when stored at room temperature for an extended period. However, the magnitude of the effect varies among species; the concentrations at which the number of COI amplicon copies relative to the standard was significantly decreased compared to 95% ethanol ranged from 90% to as low as 50%. While higher ethanol concentrations positively affect long-term DNA preservation, there is a clear trade-off between preserving insects for morphological examination and genetic analysis. The optimal ethanol concentration for the latter is detrimental for the former, and vice versa. These trade-offs need to be considered in large insect biodiversity surveys and other projects aiming to combine molecular work with traditional morphology-based characterization of collected specimens.
Frantz’s Tumour an Unusual Pancreatic Neoplasm: A Case Report
Authors: Atef Mejri , Arfaoui Khaoula , Yaakoubi Jasser , Dhouha Bacha , Mahjoub Najet
Published: February 2021

Solid-Pseudopapillary Tumour of the pancreas (SPT) or Frantz’s tumour is a rare epithelial neoplasm and represents 2% of exocrine pancreatic tumours. Its origin remains enigmatic and they are of little known aetiopathogenesis. These tumours occur in young women and must be suspected in any case of left hypochondrium’s mass. It has a good prognosis through radical surgical excision. The five-year survival rate is around 97%. Here, the authors present a case of 26-year-old female patient, who presented to the Emergency Department with three weeks history of abdominal pain and vomiting. Physical examination did not reveal any abnormalities and her blood tests were normal. Cross-sectional imaging modalities which showed a caudal pancreatic mass with cystic and necrotico-haemorrhagic components evocative of a pseudo-papillary solid tumour of the pancreas. The patient had a distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy with good outcome.
Effect of Hydroxyethyl Starch on Blood Sugar Levels in Surgeries under Subarachnoid Block: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Chawnchhim Abraham Lalchhana , Jacob Mathews , Jaiswal Alok , Paul Debashish , Kaur Kaminder Bir , Ray Arijit , Singh Shalendra
Published: February 2021

Introduction: Ringer’s Lactate (RL), a crystalloid is the most common co-loading fluid used to limit haemodynamic complications following the Subarachnoid Block (SAB). Colloids like Hydroxyethyl Starches (HES) are occasionally used as the co-loading fluid despite controversies due to its better haemodynamic effect and are not written-off to date. So knowledge of the effect of co-loading fluid is of paramount importance if it contributes to hyperglycaemia, a detrimental factor for the outcome. Aim: To compare the Blood Sugar Levels (BSL) in different preparations of HES and to that of RL when administered as co-loading fluid following SAB. Materials and Methods: Eighty-nine patients were randomly allocated into three groups, namely HES 200, HES 130, and RL, and were co-loaded with either 20 mL/kg body weight of HES 200/0.5, 20 mL/kg body weight of HES 130/0.4 or 20 mL/kg body weight of RL respectively. BSL for each subject was recorded at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180, 240 min (post-hoc analysis was done with Tukey’s test). Results: In all the three groups, there was a statistically significant rise in BSL from baseline. The BSL in the RL group reached its peak at 45 minutes and gradually dropped down to baseline. BSL increased more gradually with HES 130/0.4 reaching a peak value at 60 minutes, and at around 240 minutes for HES 200/0.5. Conclusion: HES causes an increase in BSL, though within physiological limits.
Preventive Methods for Karate Injuries- A Review
Authors: Pal Sajjan
Published: February 2021

Sports injury is a major concern for athletes. Karate is a form of martial art that is practiced widely across the world. Injuries are inherent in karate as it is a combative sport. Therefore, there is a need of implementation of preventive strategies which play a great role in reducing the injuries. This review aimed to identify common injuries and preventive strategies for injury prevention in karate athletes. An electronic search in Google Scholar, MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus was conducted by using following keywords: karate athletes, common injuries, prevention and protective equipment. Studies on injury prevention in karate athletes and studies published in English language were included in this review. Reviews and studies with free access to only abstract have been excluded. Protective equipment like mouthguards, groin guards, knuckle protection, gloves and proper padding help in prevention of injury. Strict implementation of rules and specific conditioning programs were found to be effective in injury prevention and should be encouraged for injury prevention in karate athletes. Athletes, parents and coaches should be educated regarding evolving injury prevention methods. Also, it was found that there were very few number of RCTs done in regards to preventive training programs in martial arts and karate.
Pandemic COVID -19 Stress and its Management to Households in Raipur City, India
Authors: Mishra Saumya
Published: February 2021

Whole world is affected by Pandemic Covid-19 and it is very critical period for all of us. Due to Pandemic COVID-19, we all got fear and anxiety and result is STRESS, even we can say it is a Pandemic Stress. Impact of Stress in our body is very bad and our physical and mental condition imbalanced. So researcher finds in the paper, that Pandemic stress management in households of Raipur city (CG, India). The data was collected by online questionnaire method, from the 100 respondents of 20-65 year age group, surveyed from  Raipur city. The result found by the research that mostly respondents have job stress due to Pandemic covid-19 and affect of this pandemic stress, respondents got mood swings on family members in irritable condition of lockdown period whereas mostly respondents enjoyed lockdown early period as like holiday but increased period of lockdown respondents caused stress due to no movement while and grocery related problem. Respondents got serious effect on mental and physical problem specially due to pandemic. Respondents got fear of covid virus and Headache. Respondents control their stress by spending time with family and respondents learn new things in lockdown period to get rid of from stress. Over all, we found that due to pandemic, respondents got stress by job and they also got some physical and mental problems, but most of the respondents tried to overcome their stress by spending time with family, meditation and learn new things.
Good Working Environment and Work Performance Across Higher Institutions in Buea
Authors: Lious Ntoung Agbor T. , Oliveira Helena Maria S. , Pimentel Liliana M.
Published: February 2021

The objective of this study was to examine how good working environment on work performance of teachers across private higher institutions in Buea. The sample size included a total of one hundred and seven (107) teachers drawn from one hundred and eighty seven (187) teaching staff of the selected institutions. Nine (9) schools were first selected purposely base on their staff strength. Then four schools were further selected using the simple probability random sampling technique. Respondents were then selected proportionately to the size of the various teaching staff. Data was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The researcher used a multiple regression model that predicted effects of work environment on employee commitment in the Buea municipality. Findings from the study showed that employer/employee relations, working condition and reward and compensation were positive and significantly affect the commitment of teachers in private higher institutions of learning in Buea. It was therefore concluded that work environment positively affects employee commitment in private higher institutions in Buea.
Morpho-physiological Changes in Chilli under Drought and Heat Stress
Authors: Rajeswari V. , Vijayalakshmi D. , Srinivasan S. , Swarnapriya R. , Varanavasiappan S. , Jeyakumar P.
Published: February 2021

Drought spells and heat stress have become quite common and agricultural production would experience a lag in near future. The combined effect of heat and drought stress is expected to cause negative impact on crop growth. Hence, an experiment was framed to assess the morphological and photosynthetic characters of chilli under combined drought and heat stress. Three different genotypes of chilli viz., K1, TNAU chilli hybrid CO 1, Ramanathapuram gundu were subjected to seven drought and temperature treatments. The experiment was designed in factorial completely randomized design (FCRD) at temperature controlled Open Top Chambers (OTC) and drought stress was gravimetically assesed. The results showed that, morphology and photosynthetic characters were affected irrespective of genotypes. The maximum reduction in plant height and leaf area was observed when plants were grown under 40% pot capacity and temperature of + 5°C from the ambient condition. The study also revealed that, the reduction of gas exchange parameters at 40% PC and A + 5°C with yield reduction of almost 76 per cent irrespective of genotypes. Stress treatments reduced the fruit length, fruit diameter compared to control in all genotypes. Stress Tolerence Index was calculated to study the physiological basis under combined drought and heat stress. The optimum level of stress by STI of 0.501 in 60% PC and A+ 3°C was standardized to study the basic physiological functions of chilli.
Energetics and Cost Economics of Laying Plastic Mulch in Vegetable Cultivation
Authors: Omprabha . , Victor V. M. , Chandraker A. K. , Bhutia Nawang Palden
Published: February 2021

The use of plastic mulch in agriculture is increasing day by day due for increasing crop yield. Mulch film are available in different types but plastic mulching requires less efforts. This paper highlights a new developed mulch laying machine for spreading of polyethylene black plastic mulch on soil. Animal drawn plastic mulch laying machine was developed at the SV College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, IGKV, Raipur and was evaluated for its performance by conducting field trials. The average field capacity and average field efficiency was found to be 0.115 ha/h and 71% respectively. The average speed of operation was found 1.35 km/h for developed machine and 0.226 km/h for traditional method of mulch laying. The cost of operation was found to be Rs.1343/ha. Energy requirement of developed machine in mulch laying operation was found 187.34 MJ/ha it was found very less than the energy requirement 754.60 MJ/ha of traditional method of mulch laying. This machine will avoid the wages of labours used for laying plastic mulch and covers the plastic mulch with the soil on its either side edges. Using the mechanical system, the accuracy and ease during plastic laying was achieved.
Evaluation of Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids for Economic Heterosis under Different Soil Moisture Regimes at North Eastern Plain Zone of India
Authors: Singamsetti Ashok , Shahi J. P. , Zaidi P. H. , Seetharam K. , Madankar Kartik , Verma J. P.
Published: February 2021

The present experiment was conducted to understand the effect of soil moisture status on the economic or standard heterosis in fifty maize hybrids for grain yield and flowering traits.  The trials were planted at Agricultural Research Farm, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi in alpha-lattice design with two replications. The analysis of variance revealed the significant differences for grain yield and flowering related traits such as days to 50% anthesis, days to 50% silking and anthesis-silking interval under all the moisture conditions including optimal, managed drought and managed waterlogging conditions. Significant amount of heterosis was observed over the selected check P3502 for all the traits under study; however, the magnitude and direction varied with traits and with soil moisture level. For days to 50% anthesis, hybrids ZH17192, VH112926, VH123021, ZH114250, ZH16929 and ZH16930 were showed significant negative heterosis under all the moisture conditions that explained earliness under both moisture-stress and normal conditions. Among the tested hybrids, VH123021 and ZH16929 were recorded significant negative standard heterosis for flowering traits; and significant positive heterosis for grain yield under all the three moisture conditions. Six hybrids under drought, seven hybrids under optimal and two hybrids under waterlogged condition showed positive standard heterosis for grain yield. Further evaluation of these hybrids at multi-locations and multi-year is advisable to confirm the promising findings observed in our study. This study could be valuable for development of climate-resilient maize hybrids.
Diuretic, Kaliuretic and Anti-Natriuretic Properties of Aqueous Extract of Celosia trigyna L. (Amaranthaceae) on Wistar Rats
Authors: Sawadogo Touwindséda Aimée , Ouedrogo Youssoufou , Belemnaba Lazare , Da Filkpièrè Léonard , Bayala Balé
Published: February 2021

Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the diuretic and electrolyte excretion properties of the aqueous extract of Celosia trigyna L. (Amaranthaceae) on female Wistar rats.

Methodology: The extraction of active principles was done by macerating aerial parts of the plant. The administration of the extract and other products was done by single-dose gavage. Measurements of urinary flow rate (UFR), natriuria, kaliuria and chloruria were taken on urine collected for twenty-four hours after each product was administered. Diuretic activity (DA) and diuretic index (DI), natriuretic and saluretic effects, and carbonic anhydrase inhibition were calculated. A NaCl solution (0.9%) was used as a negative control; furosemide and aldactone were respectively used as hypokalemic and hyperkalemic positive controls.

Results: We observed a significant increase in UFR, confirmed by the values of DA and DI, obtained after the administration of extract. For electrolyte excretion, we observed an increase of the kaliuria (p ˂ 0.001) and a decrease of natriuria (p ˂ 0.001) after the extract was administered; chloruria did not significantly changed. We also found a drastic anti-natriuretic dose-dependent effect while saluretic activity and carbonic anhydrase inhibition were not clearly observable.

Conclusion: These results confirm the ethnobotanical data about diuretic effect of Celosia trigyna L. extract. This diuretic effect would be supported by a specific increase in K+ excretion suggesting that the extract is possibly hypokalemic. The anti-natriuretic effect suggests that extract possess an aldosterone-like properties.
“Rey Resin Dispense Pattern” A Solution to Package Voids Defect on Thinner Package Thickness in Compression Mold
Authors: Belalo Lester Joseph T. , Arnido Rey Nino C.
Published: February 2021

This paper will discuss how package voids Mold defect was addressed on thinner Compression mold packages like BGA (Ball Grid Array) and Sensor Devices. Significant action was the application of “Rey Resin Dispense” pattern in compression mold granule compound dispensing was a key action in reducing package voids defect. Using a DMAIC methodology (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control), a powerful analytical tool that serves as a guide towards the success of eliminating package voids defect. Using this methodology, all Key Process Input Variables (KPIVs) of compression mold and its molding compound material were identified as X’s or potential causes and test its significance to affect Y-response which is the package voids. Funneling of X’s further trimmed to the most possible contributor to package voids. The remaining possible contributor X’s undergo statistical validation which point to granule compound resin dispensing as the main contributor to induce package voids defect. Several actions were tried but failed to zero-out the defect. With the help of brainstorming and imaginative ideas and data gathered on how to improve granule resin dispense of compression mold positive outcome was realized. From the concept of light ray, to naming it as “Rey Resin Dispense” significantly reduce package voids defect in all thin BGA and Sensor devices. This learning was then applied to all existing thin packages and to new packages in compression molding process.
Trends in Beta-Blocker Prescribing in a Public Hospital in Al Saih
Authors: Ahmed Nehad J.
Published: February 2021

Aim: This study aimed to describe the trends in beta-blocker prescribing in the outpatient setting of a public hospital in Al Saih.

Methodology: This is a retrospective study that includes patient electronic records revision of outpatients Between 1st July and 31th December 2018.

Results: The most commonly prescribed beta-blocker was bisoprolol (79.10%) followed by metoprolol (7.34%) More than half of the patients were less than 60 years old (52.54%). About 55.93% of the patients receiving beta-blockers were male. About 39.55% of the prescribed drugs were prescribed by cardiology department (39.55%) followed by internal medicine department (36.72%).

Conclusion: It can be concluded that beta-blockers were prescribed commonly. More studies are needed to find the prescribing patterns of beta-blockers for treating different indications and to prepare stratified guidelines to treat cardiovascular patients based on their characteristics.
Pathophysiological Cascade of Events Leading to Epilepsy: Role of Inflammation
Authors: Alsaegh Hadeel Zakaria , Eweis Hala Salah Abd El-Kawy , Kamel Fatemah Omar
Published: February 2021

Epileptogenesis is an alteration modification of the typical brain structure, yielding a brain drained by recurring seizures. Such a process is usually precipitated by neurodegeneration, disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB), the amygdala, the glutamatergic system, oxidative stress, and epigenetic modification deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Since there is no efficient method yet, to modify or control this disorder's pathway due to its unclear pathology, novel therapeutic approaches are needed. The risk to develop epilepsy, aggravate the frequency of seizures have been strongly linked to peripheral inflammatory disorders in humans as well as animal studies, with the latter demonstrating a specific association between peripheral inflammatory bowel disorders and peripheral injection of the Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the increased seizer's frequency and their induced injuries. Understanding the exact function and role of the chemical mediators and receptors involved in the neuroinflammatory reaction could help elucidate their contribution to the pathogenesis of epilepsy.

These inflammatory markers include interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), which are expressed in activated microglia and astrocytes; they trigger the complement system, nuclear factor-kappa b (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), chemokines, and acute-phase proteins. The neural tissues and the endothelial layer of the BBB neurons are involved in these inflammatory reactions. The high-mobility-group Box 1 (HMGB1) fast release from microglia, neurons, and astrocytes after exposure to pro-convulsant insult and Toll-like receptor activation (TLR) signaling in astrocytes and neurons has been proven to be significantly involved in triggering brain inflammation and reducing the seizure threshold. The current review aims to determine the effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on the epilepsy foci rather than treating the symptoms. Such understanding could be the basis of developing a new treatment that could be effective for cases refractory to the current treatment.
Enantioselective Bifunctional Ammonium Salt‐Catalyzed Syntheses of 3‐CF3S‐, 3‐RS‐, and 3‐F‐Substituted Isoindolinones
Authors: Eitzinger Andreas , Otevrel Jan , Haider Victoria , Macchia Antonio , Massa Antonio , Faust Kirill , Spingler Bernhard , Berkessel Albrecht , Waser Mario
Published: February 2021

We herein report the ammonium salt‐catalyzed synthesis of chiral 3,3‐disubstituted isoindolinones bearing a heteroatom functionality in the 3‐position. A broad variety of differently substituted CF3S‐ and RS‐derivatives were obtained with often high enantioselectivities when using Maruoka's bifunctional chiral ammonium salt catalyst. In addition, a first proof‐of‐concept for the racemic synthesis of the analogous F‐containing products was obtained as well, giving access to one of the rare examples of a fairly stable α‐F‐α‐amino acid derivative.

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Nickel‐Catalyzed N‐Arylation of NH‐Sulfoximines with Aryl Halides via Paired Electrolysis
Authors: Liu Dong , Liu Zhao‐Ran , Ma Cong , Jiao Ke‐Jin , Sun Bing , Wei Lei , Lefranc Julien , Herbert Simon , Mei Tian‐Sheng
Published: February 2021

A novel strategy for the N‐arylation of NH‐sulfoximines has been developed by merging nickel catalysis and electrochemistry (in an undivided cell), thereby providing a practical method for the construction of sulfoximine derivatives. Paired electrolysis is employed in this protocol, so a sacrificial anode is not required. Owing to the mild reaction conditions, excellent functional group tolerance and yield are achieved. A preliminary mechanistic study indicates that the anodic oxidation of a NiII species is crucial to promote the reductive elimination of a C−N bond from the resulting NiIII species at room temperature.
Heterocyclic Ring‐Opening of Nanographene on Au(111)
Authors: Sun Kewei , Sugawara Kazuma , Lyalin Andrey , Ishigaki Yusuke , Uosaki Kohei , Taketsugu Tetsuya , Suzuki Takanori , Kawai Shigeki
Published: February 2021

Cyclo‐dehydrogenation is of importance to induce the planarization of molecules on noble surfaces upon annealing. In contrast to a number of successful syntheses of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by forming carbon–carbon bonds, it is still rare to conduct conjugation and cleavage of carbon–nitrogen bonds in molecules. Here, we present a systematic transformation of the C−N bonds in11,11,12,12‐tetraphenyl‐1,4,5,8‐tetraazaanthraquinodimethane as well as three other derivatives on Au(111). With bond‐resolved scanning tunneling microscopy, we discovered novel the “heterocyclic segregation” reaction of one pyrazine ring with two nitrogen atoms to form two quinoline rings with one nitrogen each. Density functional theory calculations showed that the intramolecular ring‐forming and ‐opening of N‐heterocycles are strongly affected by the initial hydrogen–substrate interaction.
Ausschließlich relativistisch: Periodische Trends in den Schmelz‐ und Siedepunkten der Gruppe 12
Authors: Mewes Jan‐Michael , Schwerdtfeger Peter
Published: February 2021

Quantenchemische Simulationen können unser Verständnis für Phasenübergänge verbessern, sind aber oft zu teuer für die schwereren Elemente, die eine relativistische Behandlung erfordern. Zur Lösung dieses Problems haben wir einen indirekten Ansatz entwickelt: eine präzise, inkrementelle Berechnung der absoluten Gibbs‐Energien für den Festkörper und die Flüssigkeit mit einem relativistischen Hamiltonian, die eine exakte Bestimmung der Schmelz‐ und Siedepunkte (MPs und BPs) ermöglicht. Hier wenden wir diesen Ansatz auf die Gruppe‐12‐Elemente Zn, Cd, Hg und Cn an, deren bekannte MPs und BPs wir mit einer mittleren absoluten Abweichung von nur 5 % bzw. 1 % berechnen, während wir den zuvor vorhergesagten flüssigen Aggregatzustand von Cn bestätigen. Ohne die Berücksichtigung relativistischer Effekte erhalten wir überraschend ähnliche MPs und BPs von 650±30 K und 1250±20 K für alle Elemente, was darauf hindeutet, dass die periodischen Trends in dieser Gruppe ausschließlich relativistischer Natur sind.
Concise Asymmetric Syntheses of Streptazone A and Abikoviromycin**
Authors: Wørmer Gustav J. , Villadsen Nikolaj L. , Nørby Peter , Poulsen Thomas B.
Published: February 2021

Streptazone A and abikoviromycin are alkaloids that both feature an unusual arrangement of reactive functionalities within a compact tricyclic ring system. Here, we report a highly concise asymmetric synthesis of both natural products. The route first constructs another family member, streptazone B1, using a rhodium‐catalyzed distal selective allene‐ynamide Pauson–Khand reaction. A regio‐ and enantioselective epoxidation under chiral phase‐transfer catalytic conditions directly afforded streptazone A in 8 steps overall. In one additional step, a chemoselective, iridium‐catalyzed reduction of the enaminone system then gave abikoviromycin. The reactivity of streptazone A towards a cysteine mimic, N‐acetylcysteamine, was studied and revealed unanticipated transformations, including bis‐thiol conjugation which may proceed via formation of a cyclopentadienone intermediate. With flexible access to these compounds, studies aimed to identify their direct biological targets are now possible.
Physicochemical processes in the zone of local laser heating of porous aluminosilicate ceramics
Authors: Márquez Aguilar Pedro Antonio , Vlasova Marina , Moreno Bernal Edgar , Kakazey Mikolay , Guardian Tapia Rene , Castro Hernandez Adalberto , Parra Parra Abigail
Published: February 2021

The performed investigations have shown that the basis of the local laser heating/“drilling” of composite coarse‐pored ceramics consisting of aluminosilicates and a glass phase is the melting and ablation processes that lead to the formation of a hole. The interaction of the components of the composite in the zone of high‐temperature heating is accompanied by the formation of melt of a glass phase of new composition. The motion of the metal to the depth of a sample through pore channels‐clusters of the main ceramic material depends on the viscosity of melt (ie, on the radiation regime) and the cooling rate of the melt (ie, the thermo physical properties of the ceramics and glass phase). The development of hydrodynamic pressure in the zone of laser heating leads not only to the ejection of a part of the melt from the channel, but also to the densification of the ceramics adjacent to the walls of the vitrified channel. These effects depend to a great extent on the ceramics/glass phase ratio and on the porosity of the initial ceramics.
The basic examination of the magnetic rotation angle sensor with the magnetic substance slit
Authors: Musha Takeshi , Inujima Hiroshi
Published: February 2021

The optical rotation angle sensor is characterized in that it is excellent in resolution and angle detection accuracy, and the magnetic sensor is characterized in that it is resistant to foreign matter such as dust and dirt, and that it is possible to achieve low power consumption, small size, and low cost of the sensor, as compared with the optical sensor. However, in the magnetic type, in order to obtain a high resolution as compared with the optical type, it is necessary to make the magnetization period of the magnet fine, so the magnetic rotation angle sensor has the difficulties compared with the optical type. This time, for magnetic rotation angle detection, we carried out a feasibility study by magnetic field simulation and principle verification experiments on a technique of extracting signals of two frequencies from one signal detection track by modulating a magnetic field from a magnet with a slit of a magnetic material, and this paper reports the result.
Coordinated Halide and Pseudo Halide‐Dependent Structures and Photoluminescence of Defective Double Cubane Zinc(II) Clusters
Authors: Kuramitsu Toshiaki , Kusumoto Sotaro , Ohmagari Hitomi , Hasegawa Miki , Thuéry Pierre , Kim Yang , Hayami Shinya , Nakamura Masaaki
Published: February 2021

Tetranuclear zinc(II) complexes [Zn4(L)4(μ3‐OCH3)2(X)2] (L=2‐((benzyloxy)carbonyl)‐6‐methoxyphenolate; X=Cl− (1), Br− (2), I− (3), N3− (4), or NCS− (5)), have “defective” double‐cubane cores [Zn4O6], which are bridged by two μ3‐methoxo and four μ2‐phenolato oxygen atoms in each discrete complex. In halide complexes 1, 2 and 3, two zinc(II) ions are in slightly distorted octahedral coordinations and the other two in geometries close to the severely distorted trigonal bipyramid, respectively, while all four zinc(II) in pseudo halide complexes 4 and 5 show slightly distorted octahedral geometries. The complexes exhibit blue fluorescence (λmax=415–428 nm) with high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYS, Φem) in the range of 0.22‐0.53 at room temperature in the solid state. Complex 5 has the highest Φem among the alkoxo‐bridged multinuclear zinc(II) clusters ever reported.
Compositional effects of clay–fly ash geopolymers on the sorption process of lead and zinc
Authors: Khaksar Najafi Elmira , Jamshidi Chenari Reza , Payan Meghdad , Arabani Mahyar
Published: February 2021

Because long‐term leachate penetration through a hydraulic barrier is unavoidable, active–passive liners are widely used to mitigate the migration of potential contaminants. Geopolymerization represents a viable method for metals removal, which simultaneously improves the properties of local clay to compensate for the lack of suitable soil in the design of active–passive liners. This study investigated how clay–fly ash geopolymers enhance the sorption of divalent lead [Pb(II)] and divalent zinc [Zn(II)] from leachate compared with an untreated clay. Two clay–fly ash geopolymers were synthesized from the mixtures containing 50 and 60% fly ash to the total solid mass and then activated by 10 M NaOH solutions. The influence of Na/fly ash ratios and activator content was also examined. The results indicate that a fly ash–based geopolymer could be a simple solution to increase the sorption capacity of local clay. A lower ratio of Na/fly ash and activator content, resulting in a higher porosity, led to a better performance for metal removal. According to the results of sorption isotherms and batch experiments, Pb(II) and Zn(II) exhibit different sorption behaviors affected by the compositions of synthesized clay–fly ash geopolymers, which could be adjusted to reach a proper sorption capacity. The results of the kinetic study also show that the heterogeneous matrix of the clay–fly ash geopolymers with different porosities led to mutual cooperation between reaction and diffusion‐controlled steps for metal removal.
A 41‐year bioclimatology of thermal stress in Europe
Authors: Antonescu Bogdan , Mărmureanu Luminiţa , Vasilescu Jeni , Marin Cristina , Andrei Simona , Boldeanu Mihai , Ene Dragoş , Ţilea Alexandru
Published: February 2021

The bioclimatology of thermal stress over Europe between 1979 and 2019 was analysed using the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) derived from ERA5‐HEAT reanalysis. The bioclimatology of different European regions was assessed using Köppen–Geiger climate classification. The annual number of hours with heat stress (UTCI > 32°C) increased significantly during the study period for all the analysed Köppen–Geiger climate subclasses, showing also a clear increase towards southern Europe. The highest percentage of hours (20% of all hours) with cold stress (UTCI < −13°C) occur over northern Europe. A significant increasing trend (>0.05 hr·year−1) in the number of hours with heat stress was observed for 23 out of 32 analysed European cities representative for the Köppen–Geiger climate subclasses. For these cities not only the number of hours with heat stress has increased but also the heat stress is more persistent, while the number of cases and the persistence of the periods with cold stress have decreased over the last four decades. The UTCI values showed a statistically significant increase between 0.6 and 3.2°C for all the analysed cities over the study period reflecting the rising of global mean temperatures.
A design for pattern reconfigurable antenna systems
Authors: Cheng Hao‐Yuan , Row Jeen‐Sheen
Published: February 2021

A pattern reconfigurable antenna system is presented. The system is composed of a cubic array excited with a switchable feed network, a microcontroller (MCU), and a mobile application (app). The cubic array has five radiating elements, and the active state of each element is controlled by the switchable feed network. Simulated results show that the array integrated with the feed network can provide five high‐directivity scanned beams, 11 unidirectional patterns with wide beamwidth, two bidirectional patterns, and one omnidirectional pattern. For promptly switching among these radiation patterns, a MCU is used to manage the DC voltages of PIN diodes in the feed network. In addition, the used MCU has a Wi‐Fi module, and it can communicate with a mobile device through wireless area local networks. Consequently, the pattern switching can be realized with remote control. Details of system designs are described. Measured results for the array and feed network are also given.