bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Particle Fluxes and Bulk Geochemical Characterization of the Cabo Frio Upwelling System in Southeastern Brazil: Sediment Trap Experiments between Spring 2010 and Summer 2012
Authors: ALBUQUERQUE ANA LUIZA S. , BELÉM ANDRÉ L. , ZULUAGA FRANCISCO J.B. , CORDEIRO LIVIA G.M. , MENDOZA URSULA , KNOPPERS BASTIAAN A. , GURGEL MARCIO H.C. , MEYERS PHILIP A. , CAPILLA RAMSÉS
Published: May 2014

Physical and biogeochemical processes in continental shelves act synergistically in both transporting and transforming suspended material, and ocean dynamics control the dispersion of particles by the coastal zone and their subsequent mixing and dilution within the shelf area constrained by oceanic boundary currents, followed by their gradual settling in a complex sedimentary scenario. One of these regions is the Cabo Frio Upwelling System located in a significantly productive area of Southeastern Brazil, under the control of the nutrient-poor western boundary Brazil Current but also with a wind-driven coastal upwelling zone, inducing cold-water intrusions of South Atlantic Central Water on the shelf. To understand these synergic interactions among physical and biogeochemical processes in the Cabo Frio shelf, a series of four experiments with a total of 98 discrete samples using sediment traps was performed from November 2010 to March 2012, located on the 145 m isobath on the edge of the continental shelf. The results showed that lateral transport might be relevant in some cases, especially in deep layers, although no clear seasonal cycle was detected. Two main physical-geochemical coupling scenarios were identified: singular downwelling events that can enhance particles fluxes and are potentially related to the Brazil Current oscillations; and events of significant fluxes related to the intrusion of the 18°C isotherm in the euphotic zone. The particulate matter settling in the Cabo Frio shelf area seems to belong to multiple marine and terrestrial sources, in which both Paraiba do Sul River and Guanabara Bay could be potential land-sources, although the particulate material might subject intense transformation (diagenesis) during its trajectory to the shelf edge.
Effect of gamma irradiation on the nutritional quality of Agaricus bisporus strains cultivated in different composts
Authors: ANDRADE MEIRE C.N. , JESUS JOÃO P.F. , VIEIRA FABRÍCIO R. , VIANA STHEFANY R.F. , SPOTO MARTA H.F. , MINHONI MARLI T.A.
Published: May 2014

The effect of irradiation doses (0, 125, 250 and 500 Gy) on the nutritional quality of A. bisporus mushrooms (strains ABI-07/06, ABI-05/03 and PB-1) cultivated in composts based on oat straw (Avena sativa) and brachiaria (Brachiaria sp.) was evaluated. The experimental design was 4 x 3 x 2 factorial scheme (irradiation doses x strains x composts), with 24 treatments, consisting of two repetitions each, totaling 48 experimental units (samples of mushrooms). The samples were irradiated in Cobalt-60 irradiator, model Gammacell 220 kGy, with dose rate of 0.740 kGy h–1, according to the treatments proposed. Subsequently, the control (unirradiated) and the other treatments were maintained at 4±1°C and 90% RH in a climatic chamber for carrying out the chemical analysis of the mushrooms on the 1st and 14th day of storage. It was found that all A. bisporus strains evaluated were food with excellent nutritional value, because they presented high protein and fiber contents and low ethereal extract content; the chemical characterization of the mushrooms was influenced by the compost type in which they were cultivated; gamma irradiation influenced the chemical composition of mushrooms.
Natural sesquiterpen lactones as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Authors: HAJIMEHDIPOOR HOMA , MOSADDEGH MAHMOUD , NAGHIBI FARZANEH , HAERI ALI , HAMZELOO-MOGHADAM MARYAM
Published: May 2014

Background and the purpose of the study: The amount of elder people who suffer from Alzheimer disease is continuously increasing every year. Cholinesterase inhibitors have shown to be effective in alleviating the symptoms of the disease, thus opening a field of research for these treatments. Herbal products, owning a reputation as effective agents in many biological studies are now drawing attention for inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, in other words, Alzheimer disease. In the present study, the ability of three sesquiterpene lactones from Inula oculus-christi and I. aucheriana to inhibit AChE has been evaluated through Ellman assay.Materials and Methods: Gaillardin and pulchellin C were obtained from I. oculus-christi and britannin from I. aucheriana by chromatographic methods. They were dissolved in methanol in concentration of 3 mg/mL and the AChEI activity of the compounds was determined by Ellman method using Acethylthiocholine iodide as the substrate and 5, 5′-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid as the reagent, in 96-well plates at 405 nm.Results: AChEI activity of the examined compounds was obtained as 67.0, 25.2 and 10.9% in concentration of 300 µg/L for gaillardin, britannin and pulchellin C, respectively.Conclusion: Among the three sesquiterpene lactones, gaillardin with 67% inhibition of AChE could be considered a good candidate for future Alzheimer studies.
Atitudes em relação ao corpo e à alimentação de pacientes com anorexia e bulimia nervosa
Authors: Souza Aline Cavalcante de , Pisciolaro Fernanda , Polacow Viviane Ozores , Cordás Táki Athanássios , Alvarenga Marle dos Santos
Published: May 2014

Objetivo: Avaliar como se relacionam as atitudes alimentares e corporais de pacientes com anorexia ou bulimia nervosa. Métodos: Pacientes adultas de um ambulatório especializado, com diagnóstico de anorexia (n = 48) ou bulimia nervosa (n = 58), responderam à Disordered Eating Attitude Scale (DEAS) para avaliação das atitudes alimentares e ao Body Attitude Questionnaire (BAQ) para atitudes corporais – ambos traduzidos e validados para mulheres jovens do Brasil. A correlação entre os escores da DEAS e do BAQ foi avaliada utilizando o coeficiente de Pearson. Modelos de regressão linear testaram preditores para atitudes alimentares e corporais. Resultados: Pacientes com bulimia apresentam relação com o alimento mais disfuncional – subescala 1 da DEAS (p < 0,001) e piores atitudes corporais (BAQ total e cinco fatores). Correlações entre a DEAS e BAQ foram mais fortes para a anorexia do que para bulimia e houve forte correlação (r > 0,6) para ambas apenas quando se analisou a relação com o alimento e o sentir-se gorda e entre atitudes corporais como um todo e a relação com o alimento. O escore total da DEAS foi preditor da BAQ total: cada um ponto na DEAS aumenta 0,788 na BAQ (R2 = 0,628). Conclusão: Pacientes com bulimia apresentam pior relação com o alimento e piores atitudes corporais. As atitudes corporais se correlacionaram com as atitudes alimentares, de maneira mais forte para pacientes com anorexia; atitudes alimentares mais disfuncionais predizem pior relação com o corpo para ambos os diagnósticos.
Conhecimento e intervenção do cuidador na doença de Alzheimer: uma revisão da literatura
Authors: Leite Cinthya Dolores Santos Maia , Menezes Terce Liana Mota de , Lyra Érica Verônica de Vasconcelos , Araújo Cláudia Marina Tavares de
Published: May 2014

Objetivo: Analisar de forma sistemática o conhecimento da doença de Alzheimer (DA) e as estratégias adotadas pelo cuidador para lidar com os sintomas apresentados pelo idoso com DA. Métodos: Levantamento de estudos publicados nas bases de dados PubMed, MedLine, Lilacs e SciELO, utilizando os seguintes descritores e termos livres para estratégia de busca, de acordo com suas definições no DeCS e no MeSH: “cuidadores” or “educação em saúde” or “treinamento” or “cuidadores de idosos” and “doença de Alzheimer”; “elderly caregiving” or “training” or “health education” or “caregivers” and “Alzheimer disease”; “cuidadores de personas mayores” or “formación” or “educación en salud” or “cuidadores” and “enfermedad de Alzheimer”. Resultados: Foram eleitos 12 artigos para análise e leitura na íntegra. Os artigos foram classificados em três categorias: 1) Conhecimento acerca do declínio cognitivo e funcional da doença de Alzheimer; 2) Conhecimento acerca dos sintomas psicológicos e comportamentais da demência (SPCD); 3) Conhecimento acerca do comprometimento da linguagem. Na maioria dos estudos, verificou-se que a orientação a respeito do que é a enfermidade e a sua evolução pode interferir na maneira como o cuidador planeja e executa as ações de cuidado. Conclusão: É extremamente necessário criar oportunidades para que os cuidadores familiares e profissionais conheçam a doença para compreender o paciente e, consequentemente, as possibilidades de atuação (seguras e eficazes) nesse paciente. Isso é possível mediante implementação de programas psicoeducativos capazes de fornecer informações e orientações práticas para melhorar a assistência oferecida por cuidadores aos pacientes com DA.
Neuroimagem na dependência de jogos eletrônicos: uma revisão sistemática
Authors: Lemos Igor Lins , Diniz Paula Rejane Beserra , Peres Julio Fernando Prieto , Sougey Everton Botelho
Published: May 2014

Objetivo: Realizar revisão sistemática de manuscritos que utilizaram a neuroimagem no estudo da dependência de jogos eletrônicos, a fim de identificar as principais regiões cerebrais alteradas. Métodos: Foram realizadas buscas nos seguintes bancos de dados: ScieELO, BVS, Lilacs, Science Direct On Line e PubMed. Não houve data mínima para a pesquisa, sendo considerados os artigos encontrados até julho de 2013. Os descritores utilizados para a presente revisão sistemática da literatura foram: “PET”, “SPECT”, “MRI”, “DTI”, “EEG”, “imaging”, “neuroimaging”, “spectroscopy”, “functional magnetic ressonance”, “structural magnetic ressonance”, “tractography”, “voxel” e “brain”, individualmente cruzados com os descritores “gaming” e “video game addiction”. Resultados: Dos 52 artigos encontrados, 16 foram selecionados: nove usaram fMRI, quatro usaram sRMI, um usou PET e dois usaram EEG. Em relação às alterações funcionais e estruturais, elas foram mais observadas no lobo frontal (córtex pré-frontal dorsolateral, córtex orbitofrontal, giro pré-frontal, giro frontal médio), parietal, temporal (giro para-hipocampal), núcleos da base, tálamo, ínsula e cerebelo. Conclusão: A despeito dos métodos utilizados, os estudos apontaram convergências quanto às reciprocidades cerebrais. Essas alterações neurais são semelhantes às observadas em pacientes dependentes de substâncias e de internet, especialmente durante o estado de fissura. Apesar de apenas recentemente pesquisas de neuroimagem em dependentes de jogos eletrônicos terem sido realizadas, contamos no momento com achados significativos alinhados à compreensão dos mecanismos neurais associados à dependência de jogos eletrônicos e respectiva inserção como categoria nosológica no âmbito psiquiátrico.
Comparative demography of the exotic Harmonia axyridis with other aphidophagous coccinellids reared on artificial diet
Authors: Milléo Julianne , Fernandes Francisco Sales , Godoy Wesley Augusto Conde
Published: May 2014

The objective of this work was to compare biological aspects and life table parameters of the coccinellids Harmonia axyridis, Cycloneda sanguineaand Hippodamia convergens. Insects were fed eggs of Anagasta kuehniella, and reared at 24.5±1ºC, 70±10% relative humidity, with a 12 hour photophase. Hippodamia convergenstook about 1.6 day to complete development, longer than H. axyridis, and 2.4 day longer than C. sanguinea.At immature stages, H. axyridisexhibited the highest survival percentage (49.2%), in comparison to the other coccinellids. For mean adult longevity, H. convergenswas deficient, in comparison with the other species. Mean period of pre oviposition was the longest in C. sanguinea; the longest oviposition time occurred for H. axyridis; and the post oviposition period was similar between the coccinellids. Considering the reproductive parameters, H. axyridisshowed the best performance in all aspects. For life table, the values of H. convergenswere higher than, although close, to those of H. axyridis. Nevertheless, the high net reproductive rate of H. axyridis showed this species potential to increase population size. The biological characteristics of the exotic H. axyridis favors its invasion and establishment in Brazil, corroborating results noticed in other countries.
NaOCl effect on biofilm produced by Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the milking environment and mastitis infected cows
Authors: Melo Poliana de Castro , Sousa Cláudia , Botelho Cláudia , Oliveira Rosário , Nader-Filho Antonio
Published: May 2014

Biofilms constitute a physical barrier, protecting the encased bacteria from detergents and sanitizers. The objective of this work was to analyze the effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) against strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk of cows with subclinical mastitis and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the milking environment (blowers and milk conducting tubes). The results revealed that, in the presence of NaOCl (150ppm), the number of adhered cells of the twelve S. aureus strains was significantly reduced. When the same strains were evaluated in biofilm condition, different results were obtained. It was found that, after a contact period of five minutes with NaOCl (150ppm), four strains (two strains from milk , one from the blowers and one from a conductive rubber) were still able to grow. Although with the increasing contact time between the bacteria and the NaOCl (150ppm), no growth was detected for any of the strains. Concerning the efficiency of NaOCl on total biofilm biomass formation by each S. aureus strain, a decrease was observed when these strains were in contact with 150 ppm NaOCl for a total period of 10 minutes. This study highlights the importance of a correct sanitation protocol of all the milk processing units which can indeed significantly reduce the presence of microorganisms, leading to a decrease of cow´s mastitis and milk contamination.
Intoxicação aguda por triclorfon em caprinos tratados com a dose terapêutica
Authors: Lopes Welber Daniel Zanetti , Carvalho Rafael Silveira , Gracioli Diogo dos Passos , Oliveira Pedro Victor , Pereira Valdomiro , Martinez Antônio Campanha , Mazzucatto Barbara Cristina
Published: May 2014

O presente estudo descreve um surto de intoxicação por triclorfon em caprinos, que receberam pela via oral, a dosagem terapêutica do princípio ativo em questão (100mg/kg), provenientes da Universidade Estadual de Maringá, campus de Umuarama, PR. Cinquenta e três ovinos foram tratados com a mesma formulação/solução e não se observou nenhum efeito colateral nos animais referente ao tratamento com triclorfon. Das 20 cabras medicadas, cerca de 40 minutos após a administração do triclorfon, oito apresentaram os clássicos sinais clínicos de ataxia, decúbito externo-lateral, sialorreia, tremores, constrição das pupilas, dispneia com ruídos, micção e defecação involuntária, paresia espástica, timpanismo e lacrimejamento. Quase que imediatamente após a detecção destes sinais, as oito cabras foram medicadas com sulfato de atropina 1% 0,5mg/kg mais fluidoterapia. Cinco destes animais tiveram de receber nova dosagem de sulfato de atropina uma hora após a primeira aplicação, em função de alguns sinais clínicos, como tremores musculares, ainda estarem presentes. De 48 a 72 horas após a administração do triclorfon, três destes cinco animais vieram a óbito. Na necropsia, foi possível observar mucosas cianóticas, congestão de fígado, baço e rins, vasos mesentéricos congestos, vesícula biliar repleta, enfisema pulmonar, parênquima pulmonar avermelhado. Os resultados encontrados neste trabalho chamam atenção que o surto aconteceu em cabras adultas, que apresentavam boas condições clínicas e acima de tudo, receberam a dosagem terapêutica recomendada em bula pelo fabricante. Talvez isso possa indicar alguma sensibilidade mais elevada desta espécie animal à dosagem recomendada em bula do triclorfon (100mg/kg) para caprinos.
Resistência contra ectoparasitas em bovinos da raça Crioula Lageana e meio-sangue Angus avaliada em condições naturais
Authors: Cardoso Cristina P. , Silva Bruna F. , Gonçalves Daniele S. , Tagliari Nelson J. , Saito Mere E. , Amarante Alessandro F.T.
Published: May 2014

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar a resistência aos ectoparasitas em bovinos jovens da raça Crioula Lageana e meio-sangue Angus em condições naturais. Foram utilizados 10 machos castrados em cada grupo, recém desmamados (6-8 meses) e mantidos sob as mesmas condições de manejo, em pastagens cultivadas de inverno e verão, no município de Monte Castelo - SC, sofrendo infestação natural por ectoparasitas. A cada 28 dias, fêmeas de carrapatos (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus) com tamanho acima de 4 mm foram quantificadas nos dois lados do corpo de cada animal, bem como os nódulos com larvas de Dermatobia hominis. A espessura da capa do pelame foi também avaliada a cada coleta e os animais foram classificados quanto à coloração do pelame. Os animais da raça Crioula Lageana foram mais resistentes às infestações por D. hominis e R. microplus. Não houve diferença entre a disposição de carrapatos e bernes conforme os lados direito e esquerdo dos animais. Os animais de pelagem escura albergaram a maior porcentagem de ectoparasitas nos grupos avaliados.
Aflatoxicose em cães na região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Gomes Angelita dos Reis , Marcolongo-Pereira Clairton , Sallis Eliza S.V. , Pereira Daniela I. Brayer , Schild Ana Lucia , Faria Renata Osório de , Meireles Mario C.A.
Published: May 2014

Descrevem-se os aspectos clinicopatológicos de casos de aflatoxicose em cães no Sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo dos casos diagnosticados como aflatoxicose em cães necropsiados no Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico (LRD) da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel) no período de 1978 a 2012. Em quatro casos o diagnóstico foi confirmado pela detecção de níveis de 89 a 191 ppb de aflatoxinas B1 e G1 no alimento dos cães. De um total de 27 cães com cirrose hepática, em seis havia suspeita de aflatoxicose pelas lesões macro e microscópicas e pelo tipo de alimentação que os cães recebiam. Os sinais clínicos nos casos confirmados e nos suspeitos caracterizaram-se por apatia, diarreia, icterícia e ascite, com evolução para morte em 8 a 30 dias nos casos confirmados e em 15 a 60 dias nos casos suspeitos. A dieta era à base de derivados de milho ou arroz, farelo de amendoim e, em um caso suspeito, a dieta era ração comercial. As alterações macroscópicas caracterizaram-se por ascite, icterícia, fígado aumentado de tamanho, com ou sem nódulos, hemorragia nas serosas, conteúdo intestinal hemorrágico. Os casos foram classificados de acordo com o padrão histológico principal, caracterizado por vacuolização difusa no citoplasma de hepatócitos nos casos agudos, por proliferação de ductos biliares e discreta fibroplasia nos casos subagudos e por fibrose acentuada nos casos crônicos. Aparentemente, a enfermidade não é importante como causa de morte em cães na região, no entanto, alerta-se para a possibilidade de casos com diagnóstico de cirrose hepática sem causa determinada serem causados por aflatoxicose.
Propriedades tensiométricas do peritônio da paca (Cuniculus paca) a fresco e conservado em glicerina 98%
Authors: Camargo Angela Daniele de , Camargo Paulo César de , Leal Leonardo Martins , Garcia Filho Sérgio Pinter , Martins Leandro Luís , Shimano Antônio Carlos , Machado Márcia Rita Fernandes
Published: May 2014

Na busca constante, tanto de material biológico alternativo para a realização de implantes, quanto de novas opções de modelos de experimentação animal, o objetivo desta investigação foi descrever o comportamento mecânico do peritônio da paca (Cuniculus paca Linnaeus, 1766) a fresco e conservado em glicerina a 98%. Amostras frescas e conservadas em glicerina por períodos de 30, 60 e 90 dias foram submetidas a testes mecânicos de tração. Quatro animais adultos, três machos e uma fêmeas, com peso corporal médio de oito quilogramas, foram utilizados para colheita das amostras de peritônio. Todos os tecidos conservados em glicerina a 98% apresentaram diminuição na rigidez e aumento na ductibilidade e tenacidade. Considerando-se a força máxima aplicada ao peritônio, evidenciou-se aumento significativo nos valores (p<0,01) das amostras conservadas por 60 e 90 dias, quando comparado ao material a fresco. Com relação a variável alongamento, notou-se aumento nos valores relativos aos materiais em glicerina em todos os tempos de conservação, verificando-se diferença significativa (p<0,01) entre os valores das amostras a fresco. A variável área também se apresentou significativa (p<0,01) entre os valores das amostras a fresco (5,40 mm²) e os preservados em glicerina pelos períodos de 30 dias (4,50 mm²), 60 dias (9,00 mm²) e 90 dias (7,20 mm²), indicando assim, que a área desta membrana aumentou em 0,033 mm² por dia. Mediante os resultados observados, concluiu-se que a glicerina 98% é uma substância eficiente para a conservação do peritônio da paca, pois melhorou suas propriedades mecânicas permitindo que as membranas suportem maiores forças de deformação. Assim, os resultados obtidos nos ensaios mecânicos do peritônio da paca sugerem sua utilização como mais uma opção de material biológico.
Epistemologia genética e educação física: algumas implicações pedagógicas
Authors: Oliveira Glycia Melo de , Caminha Iraquitan de Oliveira
Published: May 2014

Este estudo tem por objetivo traçar algumas contribuições da epistemologia genética de Piaget à Educação Física Escolar. Busca-se sinalizar alguns elementos que contribuam para a reflexão sobre a ação pedagógica do professor de Educação Física, considerando-a como área de conhecimento pertinente ao desenvolvimento motor, cognitivo, afetivo e social dos sujeitos. Lança-se um olhar reflexivo à Educação Física, que é compreendida como prática de experiência corporal e como uma experiência de pensamento lógico que envolve a formação e transformação das estruturas da ação e do pensamento. Pergunta-se quais as contribuições da epistemologia genética de Piaget para a ação pedagógica do professor de Educação Física. O estudo mostra que a epistemologia genética de Piaget pode ser compreendida pelos professores de Educação Física não apenas como uma teoria do conhecimento, mas também como uma perspectiva pedagógica capaz de direcionar ações de ensino-aprendizagem que valorizem as ações motoras com expressão de sentir e pensar. Desse modo, torna-se possível correlacionar o desenvolvimento motor e o desenvolvimento cognitivo, considerando o movimento humano dotado de sentidos e significados e de expressão cognitiva e social.
Educação inclusiva: formação de atitudes na educação infantil
Authors: Sekkel Marie Claire , Matos Larissa Prado
Published: May 2014

Este estudo teve como objetivo conhecer os efeitos da convivência em creches e pré-escolas inclusivas sobre a formação das crianças no que diz respeito à aceitação das diferenças. A pesquisa foi realizada com base em uma abordagem qualitativa. Foram entrevistados seis alunos(as) do ensino fundamental, egressos(as) entre 2003 e 2009 de uma mesma creche pública com características de ambiente inclusivo. A análise dos dados foi feita com base na Teoria Crítica da Sociedade, que tem como pressuposto a relevância dos processos formativos na primeira infância iluminados pelas investigações da psicanálise. Os resultados apontam que a educação infantil inclusiva tem um papel significativo no fortalecimento das experiências infantis e na manutenção de uma abertura ao outro que permanece ao longo da vida. Indicam também que, independentemente dos valores e atitudes presentes no ambiente familiar, há algo comum na educação dessas crianças para o qual a escola exerce forte determinação.
A teoria do jogo de Elkonin e a educação infantil
Authors: Marcolino Suzana , Barros Flávia Cristina Oliveira Murbach de , Mello Suely Amaral
Published: May 2014

O artigo é um estudo bibliográfico que analisa as teses centrais da Teoria Histórico-Cultural do Jogo desenvolvida por D.B. Elkonin e colaboradores. O objetivo é identificar elementos que possam subsidiar a organização da educação na infância tendo o jogo como atividade-guia. As teses configuram uma sólida teoria sobre o jogo infantil, apresentando como elementos originais a concepção histórica do surgimento do jogo e seu caráter social na ontogenia. Conclui-se que, para a Teoria Histórico-Cultural do Jogo, o eixo de uma educação na infância que leve em conta o jogo como atividade-guia deve incidir sobre a apresentação das várias esferas da vida social e do conteúdo das atividades humanas. Entende-se que o objetivo da intervenção pedagógica no jogo protagonizado é o desenvolvimento do papel social representado. Discute-se que o jogo protagonizado não deve se opor a outras atividades, tampouco deve ser considerado como atividade a preponderar sobre as demais.
Psicologia Escolar e possibilidades na atuação do psicólogo: algumas reflexões
Authors: Dias Ana Cristina Garcia , Patias Naiana Dapieve , Abaid Josiane Lieberknecht Wathier
Published: May 2014

A Psicologia Escolar, área tradicional da profissão de psicólogo no Brasil, sofre diversas críticas referentes ao modo como são conduzidas determinadas práticas em seu contexto, por isso necessita ser constantemente repensada e discutida. O presente artigo propõe uma reflexão sobre a Psicologia Escolar e sua(s) possibilidades de atuação. Inicialmente realiza-se uma contextualização histórica sobre a Psicologia Escolar, com a observação de que esse é um campo ainda em construção no Brasil. Em um segundo momento, busca-se elucidar alguns aspectos que hoje tornam a Psicologia Escolar uma área específica e de grande importância na atuação do psicólogo. Por fim, discute-se a necessidade tanto de o psicólogo atuar com os diferentes atores presentes no contexto educacional quanto de trabalhar de forma interdisciplinar na escola e em qualquer outro ambiente no qual sejam desenvolvidos processos de ensino-aprendizagem.
Impacto de um programa de competências em alunos do 2º ciclo de escolaridade
Authors: Melo Marta , Pereira M. Graça , Silvério Jorge
Published: May 2014

O objetivo do presente estudo consistiuem avaliar um programa de intervenção junto a alunos do 2º ciclo de escolaridade nas seguintes dimensões: tomada de decisão, conhecimentos sobre sexualidade, competências sociais, assertividade e autoconceito. Metodologia: Participaram 145 alunos, distribuídos pelos grupos controle e experimental. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: TCU Decision-Making; Questionário de Conhecimentos sobre Sexualidade; Assertion Self-Statement Test- Revised; Questionário de Competências Sociais; Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale. Os resultados revelaram diferenças no pós-teste entre os grupos ao nível da sexualidade. Verificaram-se diferenças do pré-teste para o pós-teste no grupo experimental nos níveis da sexualidade, da assertividade e das competências sociais. No grupo experimental encontraram-se associações positivas entre tomada de decisão, competências sociais e assertividade, bem como entre sexualidade, competências sociais e autoconceito, no pós-teste. Os preditores da assertividade no pós-teste foram tomada de decisão, sexualidade e competências sociais. Como conclusão, os resultados enfatizam a importância de intervenção junto a adolescentes, particularmente na tomada de decisão, na sexualidade e nas competências sociais.
Teorías subjetivas de profesores en reuniones de trabajo: un estudio descriptivo-interpretativo
Authors: Brighenti Bortoluzzi Mariella , Catalán Ahumada Jorge
Published: May 2014

Este estudio es parte de un proyecto de desarrollo de la reflexión colectiva sistemática del profesorado, que cuenta con tres etapas: antes, durante y después de una intervención. Se reporta la fase inicial ("antes"), de observación y registro de reuniones de trabajo de profesores de un establecimiento educacional técnico-profesional de La Serena, Chile, durante cuatro meses, con el objetivo de investigar las Teorías Subjetivas que afloran en el quehacer docente, para acceder a cómo se plantean los profesores frente a sus problemas cotidianos y las posibles soluciones a ellos. A través de este análisis, fue posible teorizar sobre la importancia del rol docente y sobre cuáles serían los factores obstaculizadores y facilitadores del desarrollo profesional del profesorado.
How water retention in fractal soils depends on particle and pore sizes, shapes, volumes and surface areas
Authors: RUSSELL A.R.
Published: May 2014

Water retention in soils as a function of suction is important in many disciplines, including engineering when assessing soil strength in infrastructure, and land management, agriculture and eco-hydrology. Water retention is described mathematically using a soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC), and many equations have been proposed which link degree of saturation, suction and voids ratio. They are empirical and phenomenological in origin, rarely incorporate both the particle size distribution and a description of pore geometry, and may not be valid for a soil in which pore surface area must remain constant and equal to particle surface area. Here, focusing on fractal soils, by setting particle and pore surface areas equal and constant, analytical derivations are presented linking all parameters defining SWCCs to particle and pore geometry information, size distributions, shapes, volumes and surface areas. Descriptions of how pore shapes and volumes depend on voids ratio are incorporated. The derivations show two key parameters, the air entry value and air expulsion value, are linked to the voids ratio in power laws, giving theoretical justification to what is observed in experiments. The power exponent is the fractal dimension of the particle size distribution. The voids ratio dependent SWCCs provide very good fits to data for six soils. This discovery means that a SWCC for a single voids ratio can be made applicable to any other voids ratio using just the particle size distribution. It is anticipated that extending these ideas to non-fractal soils may involve replacing the fractal size distributions with size distributions of other mathematical forms to capture size, shape, volume and surface area dependencies.
Factors influencing road infrastructure damage in Malaysia
Authors: Shehu Zayyana , Elma Nurul , Endut Intan R. , Holt Gary D.
Published: May 2014

Damage to public road transport infrastructure can inhibit its optimal function and contribute to traffic accidents. Damage, therefore, is of concern to both road infrastructure users and owners. This study improves the understanding of damage-contributing factors to Malaysian road infrastructure, to inform optimum maintenance regimes and damage remedial measures. Data from a major survey of public road users are analysed using structural equation modelling. Causal relationships between factors are identified and tested as 12 hypotheses, of which 7 are found to be positive. Vehicle overloading and climatic effects are the major factors, whereas increased traffic volumes contribute to surface wear, other types of physical damage and ultimately accidents. We proffer that stakeholders need to better appreciate the significant contribution played by overloading and climatic effects and (ideally with governmental financial support) derive passive solutions to mitigate them. Alternatively, continued road infrastructure degradation will yield negative socioeconomic effects, in addition to the more direct problems of maintenance, repair and associated costs.
Lianas in gaps reduce carbon accumulation in a tropical forest
Authors: Schnitzer Stefan A. , van der Heijden Geertje , Mascaro Joseph , Carson Walter P.
Published: May 2014

Treefall gaps are the “engines of regeneration” in tropical forests and are loci of high tree recruitment, growth, and carbon accumulation. Gaps, however, are also sites of intense competition between lianas and trees, whereby lianas can dramatically reduce tree carbon uptake and accumulation. Because lianas have relatively low biomass, they may displace far more biomass than they contribute, a hypothesis that has never been tested with the appropriate experiments. We tested this hypothesis with an 8‐yr liana removal experiment in central Panama. After 8 years, mean tree biomass accumulation was 180% greater in liana‐free treefall gaps compared to control gaps. Lianas themselves contributed only 24% of the tree biomass accumulation they displaced. Scaling to the forest level revealed that lianas in gaps reduced net forest woody biomass accumulation by 8.9% to nearly 18%. Consequently, lianas reduce whole‐forest carbon uptake despite their relatively low biomass. This is the first study to demonstrate experimentally that plant–plant competition can result in ecosystem‐wide losses in forest carbon, and it has critical implications for recently observed increases in liana density and biomass on tropical forest carbon dynamics.
System Strategies for Colorectal Cancer Screening at Federally Qualified Health Centers
Authors: Daly Jeanette M. , Levy Barcey T. , Moss Carol A. , Bay Camden P.
Published: May 2014

Objectives. We assessed the protocols and system processes for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening at federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) in 4 midwestern states.

Methods. We identified 49 FQHCs in 4 states. In January 2013, we mailed their medical directors a 49-item questionnaire about policies on CRC screening, use of electronic medical records, types of CRC screening recommended, clinic tracking systems, referrals for colonoscopy, and barriers to providing CRC.

Results. Forty-four questionnaires (90%) were returned. Thirty-three of the respondents (75%) estimated the proportion of their patients up-to-date with CRC screening, with a mean of 35%. One major barrier to screening was inability to provide colonoscopy for patients with a positive fecal occult blood test (59%). The correlation of system strategies and estimated percentage of patients up-to-date with CRC screening was 0.43 (P = .01).

Conclusions. CRC system strategies were associated with higher CRC screening rates. Implementing system strategies for CRC screening takes time and effort and is important to maintain, to help prevent, or to cure many cases of CRC, the second leading cause of cancer in the United States.
Tapping Into Water: Key Considerations for Achieving Excellence in School Drinking Water Access
Authors: Patel Anisha I. , Hecht Kenneth , Hampton Karla E. , Grumbach Jacob M. , Braff-Guajardo Ellen , Brindis Claire D.
Published: May 2014

Objectives. We examined free drinking water access in schools.

Methods. We conducted cross-sectional interviews with administrators from 240 California public schools from May to November 2011 to examine the proportion of schools that met excellent water access criteria (i.e., location, density, type, maintenance, and appeal of water sources), school-level characteristics associated with excellent water access, and barriers to improvements.

Results. No schools met all criteria for excellent water access. High schools and middle schools had lower fountain:student ratios than elementary schools (odds ratio [OR] = 0.06; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.02, 0.20; OR = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.12, 0.70). Rural schools were more likely to offer a nonfountain water source than city schools (OR = 5.0; 95% CI = 1.74, 14.70). Newer schools were more likely to maintain water sources than older schools (OR = 0.98; 95% CI = 0.97, 1.00). Schools that offered free water in food service areas increased from pre- to postimplementation of California’s school water policy (72%–83%; P < .048). Barriers to improving school water included cost of programs and other pressing concerns.

Conclusions. Awareness of the benefits related to school drinking water provision and funding may help communities achieve excellence in drinking water access.
Persistent Organic Pollutants in Dust From Older Homes: Learning From Lead
Authors: Whitehead Todd P. , Metayer Catherine , Ward Mary H. , Colt Joanne S. , Gunier Robert B. , Deziel Nicole C. , Rappaport Stephen M. , Buffler Patricia A.
Published: May 2014

Objectives. We aimed to (1) evaluate the relation between home age and concentrations of multiple chemical contaminants in settled dust and (2) discuss the feasibility of using lead hazard controls to reduce children’s exposure to persistent organic pollutants.

Methods. As part of the California Childhood Leukemia Study, from 2001 to 2007, we used a high-volume small surface sampler and household vacuum cleaners to collect dust samples from 583 homes and analyzed the samples for 94 chemicals with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. We evaluated relations between chemical concentrations in dust and home age with Spearman rank correlation coefficients.

Results. Dust concentrations of lead, polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine insecticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were correlated with home age (ρ > 0.2; P < .001), whereas concentrations of pyrethroid insecticides and polybrominated diphenyl ethers were not.

Conclusions. Dust in older homes contains higher levels of multiple, persistent chemicals than does dust in newer homes. Further development of strategies to reduce chemical exposures for children living in older homes is warranted.
Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment for Older Adults With Substance Misuse
Authors: Schonfeld Lawrence , Hazlett Robert W. , Hedgecock Deborah K. , Duchene Darran M. , Burns L. Vance , Gum Amber M.
Published: May 2014

Objectives. We compared substance use and SBIRT (Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment) services received for older adults screened by the Florida BRITE (BRief Intervention and Treatment of Elders) Project, across 4 categories of service providers.

Methods. Staff from 29 agencies screened for substance use risk in 75 sites across 18 Florida counties. Clients at no or low risk received feedback about screening; moderate risk led to brief intervention, moderate or high risk led to brief treatment, and highest severity led to referral to treatment. Six-month follow-ups were conducted with a random sample of clients.

Results. Over 5 years (September 15, 2006–September 14, 2011), 85 001 client screenings were recorded. Of these, 8165 clients were at moderate or high risk. Most received brief intervention for alcohol or medication misuse. Differences were observed across 4 categories of agencies. Health educators screening solely within medical sites recorded fewer positive screens than those from mental health, substance abuse, or aging services that screened in a variety of community-based and health care sites. Six-month follow-ups revealed a significant decrease in substance use.

Conclusions. The Florida BRITE Project demonstrated that SBIRT can be extended to nonmedical services that serve older adults.
Communication About Childhood Obesity on Twitter
Authors: Harris Jenine K. , Moreland-Russell Sarah , Tabak Rachel G. , Ruhr Lindsay R. , Maier Ryan C.
Published: May 2014

Objectives. Little is known about the use of social media as a tool for health communication. We used a mixed-methods design to examine communication about childhood obesity on Twitter.

Methods. NodeXL was used to collect tweets sent in June 2013 containing the hashtag #childhoodobesity. Tweets were coded for content; tweeters were classified by sector and health focus. Data were also collected on the network of follower connections among the tweeters. We used descriptive statistics and exponential random graph modeling to examine tweet content, characteristics of tweeters, and the composition and structure of the network of connections facilitating communication among tweeters.

Results. We collected 1110 tweets originating from 576 unique Twitter users. More individuals (65.6%) than organizations (32.9%) tweeted. More tweets focused on individual behavior than environment or policy. Few government and educational tweeters were in the network, but they were more likely than private individuals to be followed by others.

Conclusions. There is an opportunity to better disseminate evidence-based information to a broad audience through Twitter by increasing the presence of credible sources in the #childhoodobesity conversation and focusing the content of tweets on scientific evidence.
“I Always Felt I Had to Prove My Manhood”: Homosexuality, Masculinity, Gender Role Strain, and HIV Risk Among Young Black Men Who Have Sex With Men
Authors: Fields Errol Lamont , Bogart Laura M. , Smith Katherine C. , Malebranche David J. , Ellen Jonathan , Schuster Mark A.
Published: May 2014

Objectives. We explored gender role strain (GRS) arising from conflict between homosexuality and cultural conceptions of masculinity among young Black men who have sex with men (MSM).

Methods. We conducted a categorical analysis (a qualitative, 3-stage, iterative analysis) of data from studies conducted in 2001 to 2006, which interviewed 35 men aged 18 to 24 years in 3 New York cities and Atlanta, Georgia.

Results. Participants described rigid, often antihomosexual expectations of masculinity from their families, peers, and communities. Consistent with GRS, this conflict and pressure to conform to these expectations despite their homosexuality led to psychological distress, efforts to camouflage their homosexuality, and strategies to prove their masculinity. Participants believed this conflict and the associated experience of GRS might increase HIV risk through social isolation, poor self-esteem, reduced access to HIV prevention messages, and limited parental–family involvement in sexuality development and early sexual decision-making.

Conclusions. Antihomosexual expectations of masculinity isolate young Black MSM during a developmental stage when interpersonal attachments are critical. GRS may influence sexual risk behavior and HIV risk and be an important target for HIV prevention.
The Cost-Effectiveness of New York City’s Safe Routes to School Program
Authors: Muennig Peter A. , Epstein Michael , Li Guohua , DiMaggio Charles
Published: May 2014

Objective. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of a package of roadway modifications in New York City funded under the Safe Routes to School (SRTS) program.

Methods. We used a Markov model to estimate long-term impacts of SRTS on injury reduction and the associated savings in medical costs, lifelong disability, and death. Model inputs included societal costs (in 2013 US dollars) and observed spatiotemporal changes in injury rates associated with New York City’s implementation of SRTS relative to control intersections. Structural changes to roadways were assumed to last 50 years before further investment is required. Therefore, costs were discounted over 50 consecutive cohorts of modified roadway users under SRTS.

Results. SRTS was associated with an overall net societal benefit of $230 million and 2055 quality-adjusted life years gained in New York City.

Conclusions. SRTS reduces injuries and saves money over the long run.
Partners for a Healthy City: Implementing Policies and Environmental Changes Within Organizations to Promote Health
Authors: Feyerherm Laura , Tibbits Melissa , Wang Hongmei , Schram Sarah , Balluff Mary
Published: May 2014

Current research has suggested that obesity prevention efforts should promote policy and environmental changes. The Partners for a Healthy City project, implemented in Douglas County, Nebraska, focused on collaborating with local organizations to help them select and implement 1 or more policies that promoted healthy eating and physical activity. Of the 346 organizations participating in the project and completing the follow-up assessment, 92% implemented at least 1 new policy or expanded an existing policy related to healthy food and drink options and physical activity, totaling 952 individual policy changes. Common policies included providing water as the primary beverage and installing bike racks to support active commuting to and from work. These findings suggest widespread support for policy changes that promote community health.
Modeling US Adult Obesity Trends: A System Dynamics Model for Estimating Energy Imbalance Gap
Authors: Fallah-Fini Saeideh , Rahmandad Hazhir , Huang Terry T.-K. , Bures Regina M. , Glass Thomas A.
Published: May 2014

Objectives. We present a system dynamics model that quantifies the energy imbalance gap responsible for the US adult obesity epidemic among gender and racial subpopulations.

Methods. We divided the adult population into gender–race/ethnicity subpopulations and body mass index (BMI) classes. We defined transition rates between classes as a function of metabolic dynamics of individuals within each class. We estimated energy intake in each BMI class within the past 4 decades as a multiplication of the equilibrium energy intake of individuals in that class. Through calibration, we estimated the energy gap multiplier for each gender–race–BMI group by matching simulated BMI distributions for each subpopulation against national data with maximum likelihood estimation.

Results. No subpopulation showed a negative or zero energy gap, suggesting that the obesity epidemic continues to worsen, albeit at a slower rate. In the past decade the epidemic has slowed for non-Hispanic Whites, is starting to slow for non-Hispanic Blacks, but continues to accelerate among Mexican Americans.

Conclusions. The differential energy balance gap across subpopulations and over time suggests that interventions should be tailored to subpopulations’ needs.
Caregivers Who Refuse Preventive Care for Their Children: The Relationship Between Immunization and Topical Fluoride Refusal
Authors: Chi Donald L.
Published: May 2014

Objectives. The aim of this study was to examine caregivers’ refusal of preventive medical and dental care for children.

Methods. Prevalence rates of topical fluoride refusal based on dental records and caregiver self-reports were estimated for children treated in 3 dental clinics in Washington State. A 60-item survey was administered to 1024 caregivers to evaluate the association between immunization and topical fluoride refusal. Modified Poisson regression models were used to estimate prevalence rate ratios (PRRs).

Results. The prevalence of topical fluoride refusal was 4.9% according to dental records and 12.7% according to caregiver self-reports. The rate of immunization refusal was 27.4%. In the regression models, immunization refusal was significantly associated with topical fluoride refusal (dental record PRR = 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.32, 1.96; P < .001; caregiver self-report PRR = 6.20; 95% CI = 3.21, 11.98; P < .001). Caregivers younger than 35 years were significantly more likely than older caregivers to refuse both immunizations and topical fluoride (P < .05).

Conclusions. Caregiver refusal of immunizations is associated with topical fluoride refusal. Future research should identify the behavioral and social factors related to caregiver refusal of preventive care with the goal of developing multidisciplinary strategies to help caregivers make optimal preventive care decisions for children.
Dynamic Interplay Among Homeostatic, Hedonic, and Cognitive Feedback Circuits Regulating Body Weight
Authors: Hall Kevin D. , Hammond Ross A. , Rahmandad Hazhir
Published: May 2014

Obesity is associated with a prolonged imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, both of which are regulated by multiple feedback processes within and across individuals. These processes constitute 3 hierarchical control systems—homeostatic, hedonic, and cognitive—with extensive interaction among them. Understanding complex eating behavior requires consideration of all 3 systems and their interactions.

Existing models of these processes are widely scattered, with relatively few attempts to integrate across mechanisms. We briefly review available empirical evidence and dynamic models, discussing challenges and potential for better integration.

We conclude that developing richer models of dynamic interplay among systems should be a priority in the future study of obesity and that systems science modeling offers the potential to aid in this goal.