bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Testing Color Discrimination without the Use of Special Stimuli or Technical Equipment
Authors: Coren Stanley , Hakstian A. Ralph
Published: August 2011

Recently a number of self-report inventories have been developed to provide quick, valid, and reliable measures of sensory function without the use of technical equipment. One such measure, the 10–item Color Screening Inventory, was developed to detect individuals with deficient color perception. In the present study we used a sample of 268 subjects who were tested on both the Farnsworth-Munsell 100–hue test and the Color Screening Inventory. Analysis showed that inventory scores also predict continuous variations in and individuals' ability to discriminate colors, with an eta of .69, which explains 48% of the predictive variance. It was possible to describe the data using a quadratic regression equation which has a corrected correlation of .52. Using this, a conversion table was generated to allow rapid estimation of 100–hue test scores from the inventory. On the basis of the results, the Color Screening Inventory appears to be a quick and effective means of testing color discrimination without requiring special stimuli, technical equipment, or controlled testing environments.
Mental Activity, Health, and Life-Satisfaction
Authors: Delin Catherine R. , Delin Peter S.
Published: August 2011

Systematic study of the cultural belief in a relationship between mental health and longevity has not been undertaken. No scale to measure ‘mental activity’ appears available. A questionnaire measuring ‘mental activity’ was administered to 166 community respondents. From a factor analysis 4 clear factors emerged. Factor scores were significantly correlated with scores on life-satisfaction, but few relationships with subscales of a health measure emerged. Some relationships with choice of free-time activities were noted. Further work on the scale and its correlates is recommended.
Personalities of Women Reporting Incestuous Abuse during Childhood
Authors: Karp Stephen A. , Holmstrom Robert W. , Silber David E. , Stock Lisa J.
Published: August 2011

Previous studies of adult females reporting incestuous sexual abuse in childhood, using the Apperceptive Personality Test and Draw-a-Person Questionnaire, indicated abusees attributed more negative traits to their characters than did controls. No differences were found by type of abuse or relation to the abuser. In these studies abusees and controls were obtained from different sources, although matched on several characteristics. The present study compared 79 incestuous abusees to 79 matched controls all drawn from the same subject pool. Multivariate analysis of variance identified significant differences between the groups. In contrast with earlier studies questionnaire scores distinguished rape victims from those abused without rape and distinguished those abused by older relatives from those abused by peers in two additional multivariate analyses of variance.
Please Don't Drop an Item So Quickly: A Comment on Cheng and Hamid's Syntax Incompatibility Error
Authors: Shek Daniel T. L.
Published: August 2011

Several alternative explanations can be put forward to explain the 1995 findings of Cheng and Hamid, and there are data which do not support the so-called “syntax incompatibility error.”
Effect of Velocity on Judgments of Relative Mass
Authors: Flynn Steven B.
Published: August 2011

Research indicates that people can accurately judge the relative mass of colliding objects, i.e., which is heavier, if the collisions viewed involve actual physical objects. This study explored whether such judgments are affected by the image velocity of the colliding objects. Videotaped collisions involving different screen velocities were shown to observers. The accuracy of judgments of collision decreased significantly at slower velocities. A velocity-threshold hypothesis is offered as a possible account for this finding.
To Drop or Not to Drop an Ambiguous Item: A Reply to Shek
Authors: Hamid P. Nicholas , Cheng Sheung-Tak
Published: August 2011

Further support is given, in reply to Shek's (1995) comment, for the exclusion of an ambiguous item in the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale for use with Chinese subjects.
Age-Related Changes in Postural Control and Locomotion
Authors: Okuzumi Hideyuki , Tanaka Atsushi , Haishi Kouichi , Meguro Ken-Ichi , Yamazaki Hideki , Nakamura Takashi
Published: August 2011

Age-related changes in both postural control and locomotion were investigated. Postural control was evaluated by magnitude of body sway for 131 healthy persons aged 21 to 84 years. Locomotion was evaluated by walking velocity for 217 healthy persons aged 21 to 88 years. Analysis showed that both abilities deteriorated for older persons and particularly age-related changes were more remarkable in locomotion.
Collaborative Referencing in Elderly Women
Authors: Filer Laura , Scukanec Gail P.
Published: August 2011

This preliminary work compared the process of collaborative referencing in younger and elderly women, a process which requires joint effort from both the speaker and the listener. Four women in their thirties and four women in their seventies were paired with an unacquainted partner within the same age group. Each pair completed six trials of a barrier task in which they had to converse about abstract figures to arrange them in the same order. With repetition of the task, both pairs of younger women reduced the number of words and turns used to complete the task while only one of the pairs of elderly women did so and, even then, used many more words than younger women to complete the task. Also, in comparison with elderly women, younger women were more likely to use strategies which facilitated least effort in completion of the task. In a task designed to ensure accuracy, elderly women made errors while younger women did not. These findings suggest that elderly women may not benefit from the collaborative nature of a conversational interaction as do younger women.
An Heuristic for the Construction of Alternative Test Forms for the Zahlen-Verbindungs-Test
Authors: Vickers Douglas , Pearce Charles
Published: August 2011

Trail-making tests such as Oswald and Roth's 1987 Zahlen-Verbindungs-Test offer sensitive and reliable indicators of cognitive efficiency that are also simple, inexpensive, and quick to administer. A disadvantage is that there exist only a limited number of test forms so the scope for repeated administration and systematic investigation is restricted. The basic reason is that the principled generation of such pathways remains an unsolved analytical problem. In this note we propose an heuristic stratagem for the generation of alternative test forms for the Zahlen-Verbindungs-Test.
Expectations and Users' Satisfaction with a University Dining Facility
Authors: Caughey Carol C. , Francis Sally K , Nafis Dian A.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the effect of expectations on 116 students' satisfaction with a university facility. Lowered expectations and subjects' awareness of remodeling plans for the interior of a facility were analyzed in relation to over-all satisfaction with the facility and separate interior aspects. The main hypothesis, that lowered expectations would decrease satisfaction with the facility, was not supported. Expectations as operationalized here had no effect on either over-all satisfaction or on satisfaction with individual aspects.
Concordance between Hartmann's Boundary Questionnaire and the Eysenck Personality Inventory
Authors: Sand Shara , Levin Ross
Published: August 2011

To assess concordance between the Hartmann Boundary Questionnaire and the Eysenck Personality Inventory, 35 subjects, all musicians, completed both measures. A significant correlation of .50 was found. Thus, the construct of boundaries as an aspect of personality is further validated.
An Examination of the Reliability and Validity of the Breskin Rigidity Scale
Authors: Maltby John , Lewis Christopher Alan
Published: August 2011

The present study examined the reliability and validity of the 15-item Breskin Rigidity Scale. Two samples of UK adults ( n = 216; n = 277) completed the rigidity scale alongside the Wilson-Patterson Attitude Inventory and the trait measure of the Sandler-Hazari Obsessionality Inventory. Satisfactory reliability coefficients were obtained for the rigidity scale in both samples. A principal components analysis of the 15-item rigidity scale showed that 13 items loaded on the first component and 2 on a second component. These items were removed and the reliability and validity estimates were recalculated. Comparisons were drawn between the original and amended versions. The amended 13-item scale shows an improved reliability and higher association with other measures of rigidity and rigid character.
Custodial Status and Self-Concepts of Nigerian Inmates Remanded to Prison Custody
Authors: Onyeneje Edwin C. , Eyo Isidore E.
Published: August 2011

60 male Nigerian prison inmates (30 with convicted status and 30 awaiting trial) and 210 male noninmates were administered the Tennessee Self-concept Scale to test the hypotheses that (1) inmates with convicted status would obtain higher self-concept scores than those with “awaiting trial” status, and (2) the self-concept scores of prison inmates generally would be lower than those of noninmates. The two hypotheses were strongly supported for this sample. It was concluded that self-concept scores were not only related to delinquency but also to custodial status.
Anticipation of Coincidence, Gender, and Sports Classification
Authors: Brady Frank
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the effects of sport classification and gender on anticipation of coincidence. 102 undergraduate male and female students from open skills, closed skills, and nonathletic groups were tested on the Bassin Anticipation Timer. The dependent measures of absolute error, constant error, and variable error were analyzed in a 2 (gender) × 3 (sport classification) × 4 (speeds) design. Men had lower absolute and constant error scores than women. Open skills athletes were less variable in their responses while male open skills athletes were more accurate and less variable at the faster speeds. Performance on the Bassin Anticipation Timer may not be representative of athletic skills.
A Cross-Modal Aftereffect: Auditory Displacement following Adaptation to Visual Motion
Authors: Ehrenstein Walter H. , Reinhardt-Rutland Anthony H.
Published: August 2011

It has been shown earlier that the perceived location of static sound-sources can be displaced (a) during visual motion and (b) following auditory motion. Here we combine these phenomena. The subject adapted to the horizontal visual motion of a surrounding drum, then (with the lights off) localized static sound-sources by setting the direction of a pointer. Adapting motion was clockwise or counterclockwise: the difference between each subject's settings following the opposite directions of adaptation showed small but consistent auditory displacements opposite to the adapting directions. This visual-auditory aftereffect, which is consistent with sensorineural data, challenges a general, if implicit, belief that aftereffects do not cross modalities.
A Measure of Career Self-Efficacy
Authors: Wulff Mary Beth , Steitz Jean A.
Published: August 2011

The present study involved the development of a measure of career self-efficacy. The measure is short, easy to use, and has high internal consistency and test-retest reliability as well as good congruent and discriminant validity.
Use of the Rorschach in Forensic Practice
Authors: Piotrowski Chris
Published: August 2011

A review of recent survey data indicates that the Rorschach test is used moderately often by forensic practitioners. Several guidelines may improve testimony on the test.
Discrimination of Grip Force for Preschool Children Aged 5 to 6 Years
Authors: Murase Tomohiko , Kinoshita Hiroshi , Ikuta Komei , Kawai Satoru , Asami Takaaki
Published: August 2011

The ability to discriminate grip force was investigated in 30 preschool children aged 5 to 6 years in an experiment controlling for motivation and muscle fatigue. The subjects were required to maintain a relatively high force during the discrimination with forces of the standard stimulus being 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 kgf. Comparison stimuli changed at an interval of 0.1 kgf. Discrimination was measured in terms of the lower threshold, upper threshold, and interval of uncertainty. Since the statistical analyses indicated that there were no significant gender differences, data for boys and girls were combined. Although the upper and lower thresholds and the interval of uncertainty increased with the force required by the standard stimuli, Weber fractions did not remain constant when the stimulus intensity changed, unlike the findings in previous studies for adults.
Disruptions in Auditory and Temporal Processing in Adults Who Stutter
Authors: Blood Ingrid M.
Published: August 2011

10 stutterers and 10 nonstutterers' abilities to perceive accurately prosodic information (stress, contrast, and emotion), linguistic stimuli staggered in time and nonspeech stimuli (tone bursts) were examined. Analysis indicated significant differences between the two groups on the Staggered Spondaic Word Test and the stress subtest of the Sentence Disambiguation Task. In addition, 7 of the 10 stuttering subjects performed more poorly on the three measures than nonstuttering subjects.
Use of Modern Cursive Handwriting and Handwriting Speed for Children Ages 7 to 14 Years
Authors: Ziviani Jenny
Published: August 2011

Handwriting speed of 172 children ages 7 to 14 years was faster using modern cursive handwriting than performance reported earlier using a combination of print and cursive.
Gender, Gender Role, and Drawing Skill
Authors: Sappington John , Martin James , Smith Erika , Cowan Marshall
Published: August 2011

Separate bodies of research suggest that performance in spatial reasoning covaries with gender and with gender role. Typically studies employ a spatial task whose variance is then used to account for differences in scores between gender groups or variance in a measure of gender role. A methodological issue in such research is that the tasks used to represent spatial reasoning may be differentially available or differentially appealing as a function of gender. Also, authors tend to analyze data in terms of either gender or gender role but rarely both. A collection of personality assessments administered to 204 college students each contained a completed Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) and a drawing of a human figure. Within MMPI-2 are three measures of gender role. Drawing talent is unquestionably spatial and has the advantage of being equally available and encouraged among the two genders. Male gender predicted drawing skill. Within both genders, self-perceived masculinity in gender role also predicted higher scores on the drawing skill. Outcomes are seen as compatible with Geschwind and Galaburda's 1987 formulation regarding the behavioral manifestations of fetal androgenization.
Comparison of Two Multidimensional Coordinate Systems for Facial Expressions
Authors: Bimler David , Kirkland John , Bakraclough Emma
Published: August 2011

For 20 subjects the “distance” between midpoint pair options and predicted midpoints for rectilinear and circumplex models is reported using 24 Light-foot photographs. Data were more compatible with the rectilinear model so respondents were probably not using polar coordinates in representing facial expressions internally.
An Analysis of a Performance by the Violinist D. Oistrakh: The Hypothetical Role of Postural Tonic-Static and Entourage Movements
Authors: Ruggieri Vezio , Katsnelson Alexander
Published: August 2011

In an interdisciplinary research project carried out by a violinist and a psychophysiologist which is based on a videotape of a performance by the violinist, David Oistrakh, we draw attention to certain postural attitudes and movements which appear in sequences of his rendition of the Brandenburg Concerto N. 4 by Bach and the Concerto for Violin in D Major by Mozart. These postural attitudes and movements occur with a certain regularity and are particular to each piece of music. For example, in the Brandenburg Concerto, one can observe rhythmic oscillations of the musician's whole body, with a shifting of the weight (alternanza di appoggio) from the left to the right foot. The performer's movements were compared with corresponding points of the musical score. Within this analytical framework, we hypothesize that these movements have not only a mechanical postural role but an expressive aesthetic one.
Bodily Perception in the Organization of Postural Attitude and Movement
Authors: Ruggieri Vezio , Sera Gian Piero
Published: August 2011

In the present research we hypothesized that some particular areas or points of the body play a role in the modulation of muscular (tonic and phasic) activity. In particular, we hypothesized that subjects utilize some bodily points as constant perceptual afferences in organizing the motoric responses of the whole body. The bodily points (called perceptual focal points) could have the same role as the bow of a boat for the sailor in orienting the spatial position of the boat and its movement. We have observed the presence of these perceptual focal points in 85% of a group of undergraduate students of psychology, 21 women and 19 men, during a real and an imagined movement of the whole body. Results indicated also that, if subjects were told to modify their habitual focal points, important modifications in subjective feelings of instability, pleasure, and tension appeared.
Relationships between Leisure Time Physical Activity and Perceived Stress
Authors: Aldana Steven G. , Sutton Leanne D. , Jacobson Bert H. , Quirk Michael G.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the relationship between physical activity during leisure time and perceived stress among working adults ( N = 32,229). Data were gathered on physical activity, perceived stress, current health status, age, gender, life changes, ongoing problems, number of techniques used for stress reduction, and number of personality traits related to Type A behavior. To control for confounding variables Mantel-Haenszel summary risk estimates were used. Employees who expended more than 3.0 Kcal/kg−1 · day−1 in physical activity during leisure time were 0.78 and 0.62 times less likely to have moderate and high perceived stress, respectively. Working adults participating in moderate amounts of these activities have about half the rate of perceived stress as nonparticipants.
People and Places: Variance Components of Environmental Preferences
Authors: Stamps Arthur E.
Published: August 2011

The distinction between people and places has been a recurring theme in environmental research, but explicit studies of this distinction are rare. This paper reports variance components analyses on random samples of both respondents and stimuli to address the question of the respective effect sizes for people and places on the criterion of preferences for environmental scenes. Independently replicated findings from scenes in two different cities suggest that people and places respectively account for about 10% and 40% of the population preference variance. Implications for multicultural design and research are discussed.
Is Retesting with the WISC-III a Defensible Procedure?
Authors: Zimmerman Irla Lee , Woo-Sam James M.
Published: August 2011

Kaufman's warning against using the WISC–III to retest children previously administered the WISC–R is not supported by this review of 16 studies of referred children retested after a minimum of 9 months.
Morphologic and Anthropometric Characteristics of High Level Dutch Korfball Players
Authors: Godinho Mário , Fragoso Isabel , Vieira Filomena
Published: August 2011

In this study a morphologic and anthropometric characterisation of Dutch korfball players ( N = 36) is performed. Data, compared with those of other sports populations, showed that (1) korfball athletes are smaller and lighter than basketball and volleyball players but heavier and taller than other team-sport players; (2) korfball players have less relative body fat, more lean body mass, more limb fat, and less or similar trunk fat than the other athletes. (3) Male korfball players presented a somatotype (1.9–4.4–3.4) similar to endurance athletes and an endomorphic value lower than or similar to the other athletes. (4) The only apparent similarity between female korfball somatotype (3.2–4.0–2.8) and other athletes' somatotypes is the dominance of mesomorphy.
Statistically Accurate Evidence of Improved Error Rate by Pairwise Comparisons
Authors: Koczkodaj Waldemar W.
Published: August 2011

A statistical experiment was designed to check whether the pairwise comparisons method, introduced by Thurstone in 1927, can really improve the accuracy of estimation of stimuli. This method was compared with direct rating. The experiment was designed and implemented to minimize statistical bias. Randomly generated bars were used since everyone is an expert on estimating lengths. The statistical analysis favoured the pairwise comparisons method The obtained results are decisive; more than a 300% improvement in accuracy was gained with at least 10 level of confidence.
Production of Facial Expressions of Emotion in Preschool Children
Authors: MacDonald Pamelyn M. , Kirkpatrick Sue W. , Sullivan Laurie Ann
Published: August 2011

138 preschool children created faces with manipulable facial components to represent expressed emotions. Proportions selecting appropriate components varied with emotions so the task was perhaps more cognitively demanding than Ekman and Friesen's facial recognition task.
Speculations in “Temporal Delays in Incorporation of Events into Dreams”: A Reply to Roll
Authors: Powell Russell A. , Nielsen Tore A.
Published: August 2011

Previously we pointed out similarities between patterns of delayed incorporations of daytime stimuli into dreams and delayed memory processes in rats. In commenting upon this article, Roll argued that this reductionistic leap is unwarranted. We contend that it would be remiss not to make note of this potential connection, especially in view of recent major contributions of animal research to the understanding of REM sleep and dreams. We also suggest that the disruption-avoidance-adaptation model constitutes a preferable psychological explanation for the dream-lag effect than Roll's psychoanalytic model of repression and repetition compulsion.
An Exact Solution to an Occupancy Problem: A Useful Alternative to Cochran's Q Test
Authors: Mielke Paul W. , Berry Kenneth J.
Published: August 2011

An exact solution to an occupancy problem is presented. Relationships among this occupancy problem, the committee problem, and Cochran's Q test are detailed. The exact solution of this occupancy problem may be more appropriate than Cochran's Q test when the number of subjects is small and the number of treatments is large.
Effects of Report Order, Identification Method, and Stimulus Characteristics on Multidimensional Stimulus Identification
Authors: Shieh Kong-King , Lai Chien-Jung , Ellingstad Vernon S.
Published: August 2011

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of order of report, identification method, redundant color coding, and stimulus location under dual-task conditions on multidimensional stimulus-identification performance. Analysis showed that order of report and identification method did affect speed and accuracy of identification. Subjects reacted faster and more accurately if this order of reporting stimulus-dimension values was appropriate. Physical identification was also faster and more accurate than identification of meaning, but there was no effect for redundant color coding, stimulus location, and difficulty of the dual task on identification. The implications of the results for design of visual displays were discussed.
Pop-Out in Visual Search Requires Practice
Authors: Boersema Theo , Zwaga Harm J. G.
Published: August 2011

It is not always easy to locate routing signs in the visually noisy environment of public buildings. Guidelines to ensure the conspicuity of an object in a complex field are not readily available. In two previous experiments, aiming to provide such guidelines for use in practice, the stimuli were simple simulations of scenes in public buildings, each containing a uniquely colored target (a routing sign) and a varying number of distractors (advertising signs). The results of these two experiments were opposite: in one experiment pop-out of the targets appeared as predicted by current theories of visual search, but in the other experiment performance significantly decreased when the number of distractors increased. Two new experiments are reported here to clarify this discrepancy. From the results it is concluded that pop-out of easy visual targets does not occur on the first few trials of a task. Subjects must have had sufficient practice for pop-out to develop. This finding implies that, contrary to what is common in experiments on visual search, short and heterogeneous series of stimuli should be used to ensure the practical relevance of the results for applications such as sign posting.
Internal Consistency of Boredom Proneness Scale for a Sample of Pakistani Students
Authors: Nasir Surrayia J. , Anila Surrayia J. , Ahmed S. M. S.
Published: August 2011

This is a short report of a new scale for the measurement of boredom for college students in Pakistan. An innovative technique was used. Internal consistency was .82 and convergent validity .30. Other estimates of reliability and validity are planned.
Children of Elementary School-Age and Their Clothing: Development of Self-Perception and of Management of Appearance
Authors: Readdick Christine A. , Grise Kay S. , Heitmeyer Jeanne R. , Furst Marla H.
Published: August 2011

In this study 223 children in kindergarten through Grade 5 were surveyed about their school clothing: their typical and preferred style of dress, their feelings about their clothing, and their role in clothing acquisition and care. The contribution of selected demographic variables to children's self-perception and to management of appearance was examined. By and large, children expressed highly positive feelings about their school clothing. Shorts or long pants with a T-shirt were the typical school clothing of boys and girls. Age was associated with more differences in self-perception and management of appearance than any other variable. Children in kindergarten through Grade 3 reported more positive feelings about the clothing they were wearing on testing day and appraisals of their own clothes vis-à-vis their friends' than did those in Grades 4 and 5. The latter group reported more shopping in specialty stores, more “mom and I” purchasing, and more clothes washing and ironing than did younger children.
Pattern of Efficacy of a Musical Mnemonic on Recall of Familiar Words over Several Presentations
Authors: McElhinney Martin , Annett Judith M.
Published: August 2011

It has been demonstrated that musical accompaniment may aid recall of words. This study examined the mnemonic effect of music on recall of verbal material which contained no unfamiliar words over three presentations. 20 participants (average age 21.9 yr.) were randomly allocated to one of two experimental conditions and heard the to-be-remembered lyrics either being sung or read aloud without musical accompaniment. Analysis of both total number of words correctly recalled and the extent of chunking of recalled material showed better over-all recall in the song condition with evidence of greater chunking of material.
Effects of Stimulus Duration, Temporal Delay, and Complexity on the Judgments of Dot Location
Authors: Hanari Takashi
Published: August 2011

The present study investigated how information on location was processed at an early stage of information processing by the task of recognizing dots presented briefly and followed by a masking stimulus. 8 subjects were asked on 1528 trials to recognize the positions of dots presented on a circumference. Effects of number of dots (1, 2, and 3), duration of presentation (36, 56, 200, and 500 msec.), and time delay (interval between the offset of display and the onset of recognition stimulus, 100 and 500 msec.) were examined. Analyses showed that the percentage of correct recognition increased with the duration of presentation and that the effect of duration decreased with the number of dots. Meanwhile, no significant effect was found for time delay. Consequently, with increased duration, the information on location is transferred to short-term visual memory. However, the ratio of transfer from iconic storage to short-term visual memory with duration varied with the complexity of visual stimulus.
Fisher and Cleveland Barrier and Penetration Scores: Analysis of Some Psychometric Aspects for Normal Italian Adult Sample
Authors: Zennaro Alessandro , Lis Adriana
Published: August 2011

The aim of this paper was to extend work by Fisher and Cleveland on Barrier and Penetration scores to a normal Italian sample of 266 adults. The scores were based on Rorschach protocols administered following Exner's instructions. Some psychometric aspects of the scores were taken into account. Discussion concerned variables which might influence the scores.
Diaries: Who Keeps Them and Why
Authors: Accardo C. M. , Aboyoun D. C. , Alford B. A. , Cannon J. T.
Published: August 2011

Directed diary keeping is an important method of gathering data for various therapeutic and research purposes. Little information, however, has been collected on spontaneously kept diaries. A questionnaire relating to personal diary keeping and five personality inventories were administered to 101 undergraduates. Analysis suggested that women keep diaries more often and at an earlier age than men. Also, information regarding diary content and reasons for starting and stopping a diary are discussed. Surprisingly, scores on personality inventories were not significantly different for respondents who had kept a diary than scores for those who had not.
Reflexive Resolution in Nonlogophoric Garden Path Sentences in Japanese
Authors: Nagata Hiroshi
Published: August 2011

This study was done to establish a garden path effect Japanese speakers might experience when resolving the reflexive, jibun, involved in biased (as opposed to unbiased) nonlogophoric sentences. The reflexive in the biased sentences was manipulated to be bound to a subject of a subordinate sentence (subordinate-subject) despite its being ordinarily associated with a subject of a matrix sentence (matrix-subject). Such manipulation was not performed for the unbiased sentences. Thus the speakers given the former sentences were expected to be garden-pathed. 56 students identified quickly and accurately, when given a marker, the antecedent of the reflexive with the marker given to them either immediately after a subordinate verb phrase or immediately after the end of a sentence following a matrix verb. Findings showed a clear interaction between sentence type and marker position. The rate of subordinate-subject as the judged antecedent of the reflexive remained low (19.1% on average) across the two marker positions for the speakers given the unbiased sentences, whereas for those given the biased sentences it increased from 16.7% to 40.5%. This indicates that the speakers actually go down a garden path and need a certain length of time to attain the ultimate interpretation of the sentences.
Null Effects of Facial Asymmetry on Intrafacial Speechreading Performance in Men and Women
Authors: Gibson Brooks , Dancer Jess , Burl Nola
Published: August 2011

Intrafacial differences in speechreading performance were studied measuring 24 subjects' visual recognition of key words within sentences when presented either a left-left-(LL) or right-right-(RR) sided face of a male speaker with moderate facial asymmetry. No significant differences were found as a function of facial side or gender ( ns = 12).
Effects of Hypnosis on the Fundamental Frequency of Voice in Different Emotional Imitations
Authors: Fabbro Franco , Clarici Andrea , Muzur Amir , Bava Antonio
Published: August 2011

The modifications of human vocal fundamental frequency (fo) were studied in six emotional imitations of a sequence during normal and hypnotic conditions. In hypnosis the fundamental frequency was significantly lower than in the normal condition; in particular, in this altered state of consciousness two emotional imitations (angry and crying conditions) were significantly different with respect to the normal condition.
Temporal Consistency and Stability of Three Scales for Measuring Stress in Adults
Authors: Rossini Edward D. , Weinstein Martin , Smith Jonathan C.
Published: August 2011

We investigated the 30-min. temporal consistency and temporal stability of three focal scales for measuring stress: the Cognitive Anxiety Scale-State, the Focusing Inventory Scale-State, and the Somatic Symptom Scale-State. These scales are applicable for individually measured reduction in stress in research on outcome with older adolescents and adults. All possess excellent internal consistency. All manifested significant temporal consistency and good to excellent temporal stability over 30 min. in a nonclinical sample of 60 undergraduates. Small significant differences in means on the Cognitive Anxiety Scale-State and the Somatic Symptom Scale-State were noted. The phenomenological states associated with stress were stable and consistent over 30 min., the optimal time interval used in research on stress.
Improvements in Horizontality Performance as a Function of Type of Training
Authors: Parameswaran Gowri , De Lisi Richard
Published: August 2011

90 undergraduates with low spatial perceptual ability were assigned to one of three groups of control, learner-guided instructions, and tutor-guided instructions. The groups differed in amount and type of spatial training administered in a laboratory setting. Participants completed horizomality and verticality spatial perceptual tasks immediately after pretesting and again one month later. Both groups given training showed more accurate performance at posttest than at pretest. In addition, the learner-guided instruction group outperformed the tutor-guided instruction group and control group at posttest and on novel but related tasks. Gender differences in posttest performance favoring males ( n = 35) were obtained in the tutor-guided performance group and control group but not in the learner-guided instruction group. The number of hints the latter needed during training was predictive of posttest performance. Implications for assessment and remediation of undergraduates' spatial perceptual abilities are discussed.
A Looming-Recession Threshold
Authors: Steele Kenneth M. , Stritto Mary Ellen Dello , Brigner Willard L.
Published: August 2011

When the origin of magnification-minification of an outline rectangle had a horizontal locus which exceeded one-fourth of the rectangle's horizontal dimension, 16 observers of 21 reported apparent depth characteristic of looming and recession.
Attempts to Simulate the Association between Geomagnetic Activity and Spontaneous Seizures in Rats Using Experimentally Generated Magnetic Fields
Authors: Michon Andre , Koren S. A. , Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

In three separate experiments, chronic epileptic male rats ( ns = 24, 24, and 4) were exposed to experimental magnetic fields whose intensities were either constant or varied. The ripple frequency was always 7 Hz. Only exposure to a field with a constant intensity (700 nT) appeared to inhibit occurrence of the seizures. Although exposure to a field configuration whose strength increased and decreased by fixed increments during the hour before feeding did not affect the incidence of seizures, exposure to these fields for 5 min. only once per hour (increments of 15 to 20 nT for 30 sec. to a maximum of 70 nT) during the previous night between midnight and 0800 hr. increased the proportion of seizures following the presentation of food. An explanation is given for the persistent antithetical effects of experimental magnetic fields and geomagnetic activity upon seizure phenomena.
Repeated Verbal Interruptions during Exposure to Complex Transcerebral Magnetic Fields Elicit Irritability: Implications for Opiate Effects
Authors: Freeman Jason , Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

Men ( n=17) and women ( n = 18) listened to a brief narrative and then were exposed for 30 min. to a control condition or to a weak (1 microTesla) complex magnetic field applied over the left hemisphere, the right hemisphere, or bilaterally. The subjects were interrupted intermittently to report their thoughts during this period. Because the wave structure of the field had been shown to elevate nociceptive thresholds and to simulate the effects of morphine in rats, we predicted that the group who received the bilateral stimulation should report greater irritability because of their disrupted pleasant experiences. The results supported this hypothesis.
Performance Differences as a Function of Stimulus-Response Compatibility with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation and Spatially Distributed Presentation Styles
Authors: Utesch Brian S. , Lang Virginia A.
Published: August 2011

A means of presenting information temporally has been developed from the basic research on reading. Temporal displays allowed for faster processing speeds by reducing the number of saccades normally required to process spatially distributed information; however, a potential disadvantage to using temporal displays was an increased rate of error. Payne and Lang reported that a tradeoff between speed and accuracy is sometimes the result of using temporally distributed displays. As they used an alphabetic coding scheme which may not have facilitated the most optimal stimulus-response mapping, the current experiment tested the effects of a directional coding scheme on a temporally distributed display with 24 subjects. Analysis indicated the coding scheme did improve processing speed on the temporal display, but the error rate for the temporal display was higher than with the alphabetic coding scheme. Therefore, the limitation of temporal displays in a tradeoff between speed and accuracy persisted using the directional coding scheme.
Minority Faculty's Perceptions of Selected Workplace Conditions
Authors: Grandbois G. H. , Andrews Sunny , Schadt David
Published: August 2011

The study was done to obtain minority faculty's perceptions of selected workplace conditions in Schools of Social Work in the United States. 519 minority faculty in 103 social work programs were surveyed. 227 respondents reported the over-all working environment to be reasonable and perceived their administrator to be supportive of their achieving career objectives. A majority of respondents felt harassed by students and colleagues; 69 and 55, respectively, gave ratings of high and average.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: LXXX. Periodicities and Energetic Characteristics of a Strobe-Light Luminosity during a Geomagnetic Storm
Authors: Persinger M. A. , Hart Brian , Thomas Alex W.
Published: August 2011

A videotape of a “strobe-light” luminosity that occurred in northern Ontario for several minutes during the evening of 6 October, 1994, at the time of a geomagnetic storm, was analyzed frame by frame. Brightness of the flashes decreased over the time of the observation. The interflicker intervals displayed phase-shifted periodicities that would be compatible with a rotating electromagnetic dipole and with the observations of the witnesses. The time of the occurrence and the dynamics of the luminosity were consistent with the predictions of the tectonic strain hypothesis.
Assessing Functional Status of Elderly Adults via Microcomputer
Authors: Yarnold Paul R. , Stewart Michael J. , Stille F. Conrad , Martin Gary J.
Published: August 2011

Geriatric adults (at least 65 years of age) completed the Functional Status Questionnaire twice, first using the original paper-and-pencil format and again using one of six computer-based interactive methods. Scoring via original and computer-based methods was identical. Satisfaction with computers was high. Of the interactive methods, touchscreen required least training and questionnaire completion time and was rated most useful.
Development of an Attitude Scale to Measure Attitudes toward Humans' Use of Nonhuman Animals
Authors: Armstrong James B. , Hutchins Melissa E.
Published: August 2011

The objectives of this investigation were to develop a scale to measure attitudes towards animal use, decide upon the number of dimensions or scales needed, and test the reliability and validity of the dimension(s) obtained. Analysis showed the final scale to be unidimensional with evidence of reliability (Cronbach alpha = .99) and criterion validity via measurement of known groups. The known groups were derived from a random sample of members of the Animal Rights Information and Education Service (representing those opposed to humans' use of animals) and members of National Animal Damage Control Association (representing those supporting animal use). The final scale contained 48 items and was readable at Grade 6 which facilitates administration across a broad range of educational backgrounds and has utility for a variety of animal-use issues.
Autobiographical Recall and Visual Imagery
Authors: Huffman Charles M. , Weaver Kenneth A.
Published: August 2011

If high visual imagery is a component of successful autobiographical recall for personal episodes, then those participants who have high imagery should have greater autobiographical recall for personal episodes. This hypothesis was tested by giving 30 selected participants, 15 who had high and 15 low visual imagery, 90 sec. to recall personal episodic information from three time periods in their lives. Also assessed were the effects of visual imagery on autobiographical recall for personal semantic and nonpersonal semantic information (vegetables and adjectives). Level of visual imagery was significantly related only for the group with lower visual imagery, who recalled more adjectives. The implications of the results for the semantic and episodic memory distinction within autobiographical memory were discussed.
Relationship between Self-Concept and Classroom Behavior among Learning and Nonlearning Disabled Students in Regular Classes
Authors: Cadieux Alain
Published: August 2011

To investigate the relationships of the self-concept with classroom behaviors, the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance for Young Children and the Self-perception Profile for Learning Disabled Students were administered to 140 learning disabled and 246 nonlearning disabled pupils while teachers completed the Questionnaire on Approach/Avoidance Classroom Behavior toward schoolwork. Correlations showed a meaningful association between scores on the self-concept Behavioral Conduct subscale and rated classroom behavior for subjects of Grades 1 to 4. Also, while the relationship was meaningful for the high achievers, analysis showed few significant relationships for learning-disabled pupils.
Self-Reports on the Eating Disorder Inventory by Female Aerobic Instructors
Authors: Olson Michele Scharff , Williford Henry N. , Richards Leigh Anne , Brown Jennifer A. , Pugh Steven
Published: August 2011

This study examined the possibility of earing disorders in 30 female aerobic dance instructors. All subjects completed a biographical questionnaire and the Eating Disorder Inventory. The results showed that the aerobic instructors yielded scores which were comparable to similarly aged female weight lifters but tended to be lower than those of women distance runners (also of similar age). Interestingly, 23% ( n = 7) of the subjects reported a previous history of bulimia and 17% ( n = 5) reported a previous history of anorexia. Thus, 40% of the instructors indicated a previous experience with eating disorders. Based on all 30 participants, the mean scores associated with Body Dissatisfaction, Drive for Thinness, Ineffectiveness, and Perfectionism were quite comparable to those previously established for anorexic groups. In addition, a relatively high percentage of the sample yielded scores which were actually greater than mean values associated with anorexia patients on nine of the 11 sub-scales. Based on these results, a number of the aerobic dance instructors possessed scores suggesting behaviors and attitudes consistent with female athletes whose sports emphasize leanness and comparable to those who have eating disorders.
The Hand Performance Test with a Modified Time Limit Instruction Enables the Examination of Hand Performance Asymmetries in Adults
Authors: Jäncke Lutz
Published: August 2011

Asymmetry of hand performance was investigated with the paper-and-pencil test of hand dominance originally developed by Steingruber in 1971. This test, originally constructed to measure asymmetry of hand performance in children, gave appropriate scores on asymmetry of hand performance in adults if a shorter time limit than originally proposed was applied. Asymmetry of hand performance in adults as measured with the new instruction showed reliable asymmetries in performance which are similar to those obtained on different widely accepted tests measuring asymmetries of hand performance.
Role of Neuropsychology in Evaluation of Heart Transplant Recipients
Authors: Davis J. Mark , Claypoole Keith H. , Townes Brenda D.
Published: August 2011

This brief report illustrates the importance of neuropsychological evaluation in the determination of eligibility for heart transplantation and in providing recommendations for treatment to facilitate postsurgical compliance.
Wearing Baseball-Type Caps: Another Look
Authors: Trinkaus John , Divino Maria
Published: August 2011

Another look on two college campuses at the practice of wearing baseball-type caps with the peak in the back showed a decline in the inner city school and an increase in the suburban school.
Note on Reliability and Validity of Change Scores
Authors: Williams Richard H. , Zimmerman Donald W. , Cummings Nydia
Published: August 2011

Many textbooks on tests, measurements, and evaluation speak disparagingly of change scores. They contend that such scores possess poor psychometric properties. In the present paper we show that in realistic testing situations change scores can have satisfactory reliability and validity coefficients.
Effect of Music Training on Monaural Perception of Pitch and Rhythm
Authors: Huf P. A. , Parker S. P. , Corbo M. P. , Stevens K. M.
Published: August 2011

A monaural study of music perception was conducted on 77 right-handed subjects from a university population. The musical ability of each subject was classified in two ways, according to years of training and by total score for three tests of musical achievement [melody (sequence and excerpt), harmony, and rhythm]. Analysis indicated that subjects with more years of training showed a right-ear dominance for recognition of excerpts but those with high scores had no such dominance. Both groups with either low scores or no formal training had a right-ear dominance for recognition of sequences. Correlations of scores from each ear within subjects and between tests indicated that perception of pitch tended to be more accurate in the same ear. For all classifications of subjects no ear dominance was found for harmony and rhythm tests. These results suggest that the measurement of hemispheric asymmetry of music perception is dependent upon the criteria chosen for classification of subjects, in this case, training and achievement.