bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Mmp-9 Expression through Nf-Kβ by Natural Compounds as a Possible Therapeutic Adjuvant Strategy in Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review
Authors: Oliveira Victor Alves de , Chagas Diego Cipriano , Amorim Jefferson Rodrigues , Nogueira Thaís Rodrigues , Nogueira Thais Alves , Pereira Renato de Oliveira , Martins Luana Mota , Rodrigues Gilmara Peres , Sousa João Marcelo de Castro e , Silva Felipe Cavalcanti Carneiro da , Silva Benedito Borges da
Published: October 2019

MMP-9 expression may be induced at the transcriptional level in response to different agents. Due to its fundamental role in cancer progression, the control of MMP expression, especially MMP-9, is the possible target of future adjuvant therapies that seek to reduce metastases and angiogenesis in women with breast cancer. Therefore, the aim of this study was to search in the literature available evidences of extracts/or natural compounds that have potential therapeutic capacity to inhibit MMP-9 expression. Extracts and/or natural compounds identified in this review play a significant role in the inhibition of MMP-9 expression via NF-kβ, and may act on the prevention of metastases from primary breast tumors. The majority of the studies found have shown that natural products are capable of suppressing migration and invasion of breast cancer cells, thus inhibiting the formation of in vitro metastases. Further studies are warranted to understand the potential mechanisms of breast cancer metastasis from signaling cascades intrinsic to the tumor. Moreover, the NF-kβ, followed by Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases / Activator protein 1 (MAPK / AP-1) were the major pathways affected by the extracts and / or compounds studied. These pathways are directly linked to MMP-9 expression.
Circular RNA expression profiles in extracellular vesicles from the plasma of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Li Qingqing , Geng Shasha , Yuan Huixiao , Li Yang , Zhang Shuxian , Pu Lin , Ge Jianli , Niu Xianping , Li Yandong , Jiang Hua
Published: October 2019

Tumor‐derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their contents are involved in the development of human malignancies. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), enriched in EVs, can regulate diverse cellular processes by acting as microRNA (miRNA) sponges or through other mechanisms. In the present study, we explored the potential roles of circRNAs in EVs in the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). First, plasma was obtained from patients with PDAC (n = 8) and healthy volunteers (n = 8), and EVs were isolated by the ultracentrifugation method. Nanoparticle tracking analysis and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the size and form of the isolated EVs. The circRNA expression profiles of EVs were investigated by high‐throughput whole transcriptome sequencing. We then further validated the accuracy of the circRNA sequencing data by quantitative real‐time PCR analysis using plasma samples and PC cell lines, and subsequently performed bioinformatics analysis to reveal the potential functional roles of the differentially expressed circRNAs and to construct a circRNA‐miRNA interaction network to predict the target miRNAs of these circRNAs. Our work provides novel targets for further studies concerning the pathogenesis of PDAC.
DVH analysis using a transmission detector and model‐based dose verification system as a comprehensive pretreatment QA tool for VMAT plans: Clinical experience and results
Authors: Mohamed Yoosuf Ahamed B. , AlShehri Salem , Alhadab Abdulrahman , Alqathami Mamdooh
Published: October 2019

Purpose

Dose volume histogram (DVH)‐based analysis is utilized as a pretreatment quality assurance tool to determine clinical relevance from measured dose which is difficult in conventional gamma‐based analysis. In this study, we report our clinical experience with an ionization‐based transmission detector and model‐based verification system, using DVH analysis, as a comprehensive pretreatment QA tool for complex volumetric modulated arc therapy plans.

Methods and Materials

Seventy‐three subsequent treatment plans categorized into four clinical sites (Head and Neck, Thorax, Abdomen, and Pelvis) were evaluated. The average dose (Dmean) and dose received by 1% (D1) of the planning target volumes (PTVs) and organs at risks (OARs) calculated using the treatment planning system (TPS) were compared to a computed (model‐based) and reconstructed dose, from the measured fluence, using DVH analysis. The correlation between gamma (3% 3 mm) and DVH‐based analysis for targets was evaluated. Furthermore, confidence and action limits for detector and verification systems were established.

Results

Linear regression confirmed an excellent correlation between TPS planned and computed dose using a model‐based verification system (r2 = 1). The average percentage difference between TPS calculated and reconstructed dose for PTVs achieved using DVH analysis for each site is as follows: Head and Neck — 0.57 ± 2.8% (Dmean) and 2.6 ± 2.7% (D1), Abdomen — 0.19 ± 2.8% and 1.64 ± 2.2%, Thorax — 0.24 ± 2.1% and 3.12 ± 2.8%, Pelvis 0.37 ± 2.4% and 1.16 ± 2.3%, respectively. The average percentage of passed gamma values achieved was above 95% for all cases. However, no correlation was observed between gamma passing rates and DVH difference (%) for PTVs (r2 = 0.11). The results demonstrate a confidence limit of 5% (Dmean and D1) for PTVs using DVH analysis for both computed and reconstructed dose distribution.

Conclusion

DVH analysis of treatment plan using a model‐based verification system and transmission detector provided useful information on clinical relevance for all cases and could be used as a comprehensive pretreatment patient‐specific QA tool.
Isolated ‘soft signs’ of fetal choroid plexus cysts or echogenic intracardiac focus – consequences of their continued reporting
Authors: Prentice Grace , Welsh Alec , Howat Amy , Ross Dominic , Henry Amanda
Published: October 2019

Background

Choroid plexus cysts (CPC) and echogenic intracardiac focus (EIF) are obsolete soft markers found on morphology ultrasound and not a valid reason for adjusting fetal risk of aneuploidy.

Method

We conducted a retrospective audit of women referred to genetic counsellor and fetal medicine services at St George Hospital (SGH) and the Royal Hospital for Women (RHW) for CPC and EIF from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2016 inclusive.

Results

In total, 208 CPC and/or EIF referrals were identified, 118 (57%) of which were for isolated CPC and/or EIF and 102 (49%) occurring in women low risk for aneuploidy prior to morphology ultrasound. Significantly, more women had undergone combined first‐trimester screening in the 2014 to 2016 epoch vs. previous years at both SGH (P = 0.03) and RHW (P = 0.004). However, the number of women referred for CPC and EIF remained relatively constant. No fetus was born with a major structural or chromosomal abnormality in the group of low‐risk women with isolated signs. However, 18% of these women were referred to both genetic counselling and fetal medicine services, 7% had NIPT after morphology, 14% had amniocentesis, and 33% had additional ultrasound(s).

Conclusion

Despite advances in screening technology, low‐risk women are still referred to specialist services for these 2 soft signs and undergoing unnecessary follow‐up, NIPT and amniocentesis.
Thermal Efficiency of Solar Steam Generation Approaching 100 % through Capillary Water Transport
Authors: Liang Hanxue , Liao Qihua , Chen Nan , Liang Yuan , Lv Guiqin , Zhang Panpan , Lu Bing , Qu Liangti
Published: October 2019

Solar‐driven interfacial water evaporation yield is severely limited by the low efficiency of solar thermal energy. Herein, the injection control technique (ICT) achieves a capillary water state in rGO foam and effectively adjusts the water motion mode therein. Forming an appropriate amount of capillary water in the 3D graphene foam can greatly increase the vapor escape channel, by ensuring that the micrometer‐sized pore channels do not become completely blocked by water and by exposing as much evaporation area as possible while preventing solar heat from being used to heat excess water. The rate of solar steam generation can reach up to 2.40 kg m−2 h−1 under solar illumination of 1 kW m−2, among the best values reported. In addition, solar thermal efficiency approaching 100 % is achieved. This work enhances solar water‐evaporation performance and promotes the application of solar‐driven evaporation systems made of carbon‐based materials.
Activity‐Based Sensing: A Synthetic Methods Approach for Selective Molecular Imaging and Beyond
Authors: Bruemmer Kevin J. , Crossley Steven W. M. , Chang Christopher J.
Published: October 2019

Emerging from the origins of supramolecular chemistry and the development of selective chemical receptors that rely on lock‐and‐key binding, activity‐based sensing (ABS)—which utilizes molecular reactivity rather than molecular recognition for analyte detection—has rapidly grown into a distinct field to investigate the production and regulation of chemical species that mediate biological signaling and stress pathways, particularly metal ions and small molecules. Chemical reactions exploit the diverse chemical reactivity of biological species to enable the development of selective and sensitive synthetic methods to decipher their contributions within complex living environments. The broad utility of this reaction‐driven approach facilitates application to imaging platforms ranging from fluorescence, luminescence, photoacoustic, magnetic resonance, and positron emission tomography modalities. ABS methods are also being expanded to other fields, such as drug and materials discovery.
Visible Light‐Induced, Metal‐Free Denitrative [3+2] Cycloaddition for Trisubstituted Pyrrole Synthesis
Authors: Karki Bhupal S. , Devi Lalita , Pokhriyal Ayushi , Kant Ruchir , Rastogi Namrata
Published: October 2019

A metal‐free, regioselective synthesis of trisubstituted pyrroles has been developed through a formal [3+2] cycloaddition reaction between 2H‐azirines and nitroalkenes under visible light/photoredox‐catalyzed conditions. The reaction proceeds through 2H‐azaallenyl radical addition on β‐nitrostyrenes in a Michael fashion followed by a base‐mediated denitration reaction. The directive group influence of the nitro group controls the regiochemistry of the reaction.
One‐Pot Hydrothermal Synthesis of Ternary 1T‐MoS2/Hexa‐WO3/Graphene Composites for High‐Performance Supercapacitors
Authors: Naz Raheela , Liu Qinglei , Abbas Waseem , Imtiaz Muhammad , Zada Imran , Ahmad Javed , Li Tengfei , Gu Jiajun
Published: October 2019

A new ternary composite of 1T‐molybdenum disulfide, hexagonal tungsten trioxide, and reduced graphene oxide (M‐W‐rGO) is synthesized by using a one‐pot hydrothermal process. The synergetic effect of 1T‐MoS2 and hexa‐WO3 nanoflowers improves the electrochemical performance for supercapacitors by inducing additional active sites and hexagonal tunnels, respectively, which lead to high storage capacity and easy transfer of electrolyte ions. The ternary M‐W‐rGO composite has a high specific capacitance of 836 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, which is nearly twice that of binary composites of M‐rGO and W‐rGO with high capacitance retention of 86.35 % after 3000 cycles at a high current density of 5 A g−1. This study provides a new ternary composite that can be used as an electrode material for high‐performance supercapacitors.
Highly Efficient Singlet Oxygen Generators Based on Ruthenium Phthalocyanines: Synthesis, Characterization and in vitro Evaluation for Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Ferreira Joana T. , Pina João , Ribeiro Carlos A. F. , Fernandes Rosa , Tomé João P. C. , Rodríguez‐Morgade M. Salomé , Torres Tomás
Published: October 2019

The synthesis of ruthenium(II) phthalocyanines (RuPcs) endowed with one carbohydrate unit—that is, glucose, galactose and mannose—and a dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) ligand at the two axial coordination sites, respectively, is described. Two series of compounds, one unsubstituted at the periphery, and the other one bearing eight PEG chains at the isoindole meta‐positions, have been prepared. The presence of the axial DMSO unit significantly increases the phthalocyanine singlet oxygen quantum yields, related to other comparable RuPcs. The compounds have been evaluated for PDT treatment in bladder cancer cells. In vitro studies have revealed high phototoxicity for RuPcs unsubstituted at their periphery. The phototoxicity of PEG‐substituted RuPcs has been considerably improved by repeated light irradiation. The choice of the axial carbohydrate introduced little differences in the cellular uptake for both series of photosensitizers, but the phototoxic effects were considerably higher for compounds bearing mannose units.
Consumer mobility predicts impacts of herbivory across an environmental stress gradient
Authors: Lamb Robert W. , Smith Franz , Witman Jon D.
Published: October 2019

Environmental stress impedes predation and herbivory by limiting the ability of animals to search for and consume prey. We tested the contingency of this relationship on consumer traits and specifically hypothesized that herbivore mobility relative to the return time of limiting environmental stress would predict consumer effects. We examined how wave‐induced water motion affects marine communities via herbivory by highly mobile (fish) vs. slow‐moving (pencil urchin) consumers at two wave‐sheltered and two wave‐exposed rocky subtidal locations in the Galapagos Islands. The exposed locations experienced 99th percentile flow speeds that were 2–5 times greater than sheltered locations, with mean flow speeds >33 cm/s vs. <16 cm/s, 2–7 times higher standing macroalgal cover and 2–3 times lower cover of crustose coralline algae than the sheltered locations. As predicted by the environmental stress hypothesis (ESH), there was a negative relationship between mean flow speed and urchin abundance and herbivory rates on Ulva spp. algal feeding assays. In contrast, the biomass of surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae) and parrotfishes (Labridae: Scarinae) was positively correlated with mean flow speed. Ulva assays were consumed at equal rates by fish at exposed and sheltered locations, indicating continued herbivory even when flow speeds surpassed maximum reported swimming speeds at a rate of 1–2 times per minute. Modeled variation in fish species richness revealed minimal effects of diversity on herbivory rates at flow speeds <40 cm/s, when all species were capable of foraging, and above 120 cm/s, when no species could forage, while increasing diversity maximized herbivory rates at flow speeds of 40–120 cm/s. Two‐month herbivore exclusion experiments during warm and cool seasons revealed that macroalgal biomass was positively correlated with flow speed. Fish limited macroalgal development by 65–91% at one exposed location but not the second and by 70% at the two sheltered locations. In contrast, pencil urchins did not affect algal communities at either exposed location, but reduced macroalgae by 87% relative to controls at both sheltered locations. We propose an extension of the ESH that is contingent upon mobility to explain species‐specific changes in feeding rates and consumer effects on benthic communities across environmental gradients.
A novel and effective pretreatment to stimulate short‐chain fatty acid production from waste activated sludge anaerobic fermentation by ferrous iron catalyzed peracetic acid
Authors: Wang Jie , Shang Kankan , Guo Xueyan , Xia Xingyan , Da Liangjun
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND

This study investigates a novel, efficient and green pretreatment approach using ferrous iron catalyzed peracetic acid oxidation (Fe2+/PAA) on anaerobic fermentation of waste activated sludge. The underlying mechanisms are also studied for both the chemical and microbial effects.

RESULTS

The results indicate that Fe2+/PAA exhibit significant positive synergistic effect on short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) generation, especially acetic acid. The maximal SCFA concentration of 272 mg COD g−1 VSS is obtained with Fe2+ (2.7 mmol L–1)/PAA (3.0 mmol L–1), which is 5.2 times that of the control test. Fe2+/PAA can effectively facilitate sludge solubilization due to the disruption of extracellular polymeric substances structure and microbial cells. The biodegradability of released organic substance is also improved due to the oxidation of non‐biodegradable substances. The activity of functional enzymes for hydrolysis and acidification is enhanced but that for methanogenesis is inhibited. Further analysis on microbial community structure indicates that phylum Firmicutes and genera Proteiniclasticum showed the maximal positive correlation with SCFA production, while the abundance of methanogenic archaea especially acetoclastic methanogenic archaea is inhibited by Fe2+/PAA treatment. Moreover, the presence of Fe2+ lengthened the oxygen release period of PAA, the main functional reactive oxygen species are hydroxyl radicals and Fe2+ facilitated PAA generates more hydroxyl radicals thus enhancing the oxidation ability of PAA.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrated that Fe2+/PAA can be used as an effective pretreatment method for SCFA accumulation in sludge anaerobic fermentation process. The findings obtained in this study will supply information for the application of Fe2+ catalyzed PAA pre‐oxidation in sludge treatment. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of NaCl removal from biodiesel‐derived crude glycerol by ion exchange to enhance dihydroxyacetone production by Gluconobacter thailandicus in minimal medium
Authors: Jittjang Siripa , Jiratthiticheep Isaree , Kajonpradabkul Patcharida , Tiatongjitman Thitita , Siriwatwechakul Wanwipa , Boonyarattanakalin Siwarutt
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND

Chloride salts are major impurities in biodiesel‐derived crude glycerol that can impact dihydroxyacetone (DHA) production. Ion exchange was performed to remove these salts. DHA production from crude glycerol was investigated, before and after an ion exchange treatment in shake‐flask fermentation and batch fermentation. DHA production from treated crude glycerol was further studied in fed‐batch fermentation.

RESULTS

In shake‐flask fermentation, the DHA production from the treated crude glycerol was 56.1 ± 1.87 g L−1. This is 16.2 g L−1 (41%) higher than the DHA production from crude glycerol without the ion exchange treatment at 72 h. The DHA production from the treated crude glycerol was 61.9 ± 2.57 g L−1, with a DHA production yield (DHA moles per glycerol moles) of > 99 ± 4.4% at 138 h in the batch fermentation. The DHA concentration from the treated crude glycerol was 8.1 g L−1 higher than in the crude glycerol fermentation. In fed‐batch fermentation, the DHA production was not significantly higher than that in the batch fermentation due to product inhibition when the DHA concentration reaches 65.05 ± 4.52 g L−1 or more, after 156 h.

CONCLUSION

This study shows that salt impurities in crude glycerol negatively impact the DHA production by Gluconobacter thailandicus TBRC 3351 cultured in crude glycerol minimal media. Removing chloride salts from crude glycerol can improve the DHA yield, both in the shake‐flask and the batch fermentation. Fed‐batch fermentation can also increase the DHA production, but to a lesser extent because of the product inhibition mechanism. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Manufacture of defatted canola meal with enhanced nutritive composition by air classification on an industrial scale
Authors: Rempel Curtis , Li Xiaodong , Geng Xin , Liu Qiang , Zhang Yachuan
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND

Air classification was used to fractionate canola meal (CM). The effect of combinations of air classification conditions, including rotor speed ranging from 300 to 1200 rpm, air stream rate from 700 to 860 cfpm, and secondary air from 0 to 30%, on particle size and nutritive composition was investigated. Response surface methodology was used to develop response surface equations to estimate these effects.

RESULTS

Protein concentration increased in almost all the fine fractions. Effects of both secondary air and rotor speed of the air classifier were significant at P ≤ 0.1 and P ≤ 0.01, respectively. Almost all the fine fractions contained more oil. Rotor speed, air stream rate, and their interaction were significant at P ≤ 0.01. Both acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were shifted to the coarse fractions during the air classification. The rotor speed was significant for both ADF and NDF at P ≤ 0.01.

CONCLUSIONS

Protein shifted to the fine fractions. The highest protein concentration in the fine CM fraction was estimated to be 404.2 g kg−1, demonstrating an enhancement of 10.7%. ADF and NDF shifted to the coarse CM fractions and were respectively estimated to be 294.8 and 332 g kg−1, which were increased by 52.7% and 43.7%. Oil shifted to the fine fractions. The highest concentration was predicted to be 59.7 g kg−1, increased by 45.6%. Fine or coarse fraction yields were estimated to be 35–50%, indicating that they are acceptable for an industrial manufacture. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
A high‐gain circularly polarized Fabry‐Perot antenna with chiral metamaterial‐based circular polarizer
Authors: Hu Yan‐wen , Wang Yu , Yan Zhong‐ming , Zhou Hong‐cheng
Published: October 2019

A high‐gain circularly polarized Fabry‐Perot (FP) antenna with chiral metamaterial (CMM)‐based circular polarizer is presented in this paper. It consists of two cavities. One is a U‐shaped slot microstrip antenna with a partially reflecting surface (PRS), acting as an FP cavity. The other is composed of PRS and CMM plate which act as a circular polarizer. According to the experimental results, within the impedance bandwidth of 0.63 GHz from 8.71 to 9.34 GHz, the axial ratio and reflection coefficient S11 of the antenna are less than 3 and −10 dB, respectively. At 9 GHz, the maximum gains of simulation and measurement are 18.5 and 18.3 dB, respectively. The measurement results are according well with the simulation results. Similar methods can be extended to other bands to design high‐gain circularly polarized antennas.
Impact of (k,t) sampling on DCE MRI tracer kinetic parameter estimation in digital reference objects
Authors: Bliesener Yannick , Lingala Sajan G. , Haldar Justin P. , Nayak Krishna S.
Published: October 2019

Purpose

To evaluate the impact of (k,t) data sampling on the variance of tracer‐kinetic parameter (TK) estimation in high‐resolution whole‐brain dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI) using digital reference objects. We study this in the context of TK model constraints, and in the absence of other constraints.

Methods

Three anatomically and physiologically realistic brain‐tumor digital reference objects were generated. Data sampling strategies included uniform and variable density; zone‐based, lattice, pseudo‐random, and pseudo‐radial; with 50‐time frames and 4‐fold to 25‐fold undersampling. In all cases, we assume a fully sampled first time frame, and prior knowledge of the arterial input function. TK parameters were estimated by indirect estimation (i.e., image‐time‐series reconstruction followed by model fitting), and direct estimation from the under‐sampled data. We evaluated methods based on the Cramér‐Rao bound and Monte‐Carlo simulations, over the range of signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) seen in clinical brain DCE‐MRI.

Results

Lattice‐based sampling provided the lowest SDs, followed by pseudo‐random, pseudo‐radial, and zone‐based. This ranking was consistent for the Patlak and extended Tofts model. Pseudo‐random sampling resulted in 19% higher averaged SD compared to lattice‐based sampling. Zone‐based sampling resulted in substantially higher SD at undersampling factors above 10. CRB analysis showed only a small difference between uniform and variable density for both lattice‐based and pseudo‐random sampling up to undersampling factors of 25.

Conclusion

Lattice sampling provided the lowest SDs, although the differences between sampling schemes were not substantial at low undersampling factors. The differences between lattice‐based and pseudo‐random sampling strategies with both uniform and variable density were within the range of error induced by other sources, at up to 25‐fold undersampling.
Polymers and cyclic compounds based on a side‐opening type cage silsesquioxane
Authors: Imoto Hiroaki , Sato Yuri , Naka Kensuke
Published: October 2019

Polymers having polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) in the main chains are an important class of organic–inorganic hybrid materials. Despite the increasing attention to the POSS polymers, variation of the monomers is still limited. Herein, we have proposed side‐opening POSS (SO‐POSS) monomers. Platinum‐catalyzed hydrosilylation polymerization proceeded to produce polysiloxanes having SO‐POSS in the main chains. The obtained polysiloxanes showed good solubility, high thermal stability, high transparency, and tunable reflective index. In addition, cyclic compounds were obtained during the investigation of the polymerization, and were synthesized with high selectivity under the slightly diluted conditions. The obtained cyclic compounds showed high thermal stability due to the silsesquioxane backbone, and the high dispersibility as a filler in poly(methyl methacrylate) was demonstrated. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 2243–2250
A highly diverse bivalve fauna from a Bithynian (Anisian, Middle Triassic) Tubiphytes‐microbial buildup in North Dobrogea (Romania)
Authors: Friesenbichler Evelyn , Hautmann Michael , Grădinaru Eugen , Bucher Hugo
Published: October 2019

This paper describes a rich bivalve fauna from the Tubiphytes‐Limestone Member (Bithynian, early middle Anisian) of the Caerace Formation in North Dobrogea (Romania). We report 51 bivalve species, including 7 new species and 2 new genera: Atrina multicostata sp. nov., Pinna simionescui sp. nov., Chlamys (Praechlamys) prima sp. nov., Entolium reticulatum sp. nov., Scythentolium anisicum sp. nov., Romaniamya mahmudiaensis gen. et sp. nov. and Praedicerocardium vetulus gen. et sp. nov. The latter taxon represents the oldest Triassic megalodontoid. We provide detailed descriptions of the bivalve fauna, discuss the ecology and compare species richness in the Early and Middle Triassic, showing that the bivalve assemblage of North Dobrogea is much more diverse than all previously described Early Triassic bivalve faunas, but not as rich as several faunas from the late Anisian and Ladinian. The relative richness of the Dobrogea fauna with respect to geologically older and younger faunas suggests that it represents an early stage of the main rediversification of bivalves after the end‐Permian mass extinction.
Do victims of crime trust less but participate more in social organizations?
Authors: Pazzona Matteo
Published: October 2019

We explore how crime victimization affects two of the main dimensions of social capital: trust and participation in social groups. Using a large database that includes many Latin American countries, we find that victimization lowers trust, especially in other people and the police. However, participation in social groups is increased as a result of this event. These findings suggest that the net effect of victimization on social capital is miscalculated unless all of its dimensions are taken into account.
Capturing the patient voice: implementing patient-reported outcomes across the health system
Authors: Austin Elizabeth , LeRouge Cynthia , Hartzler Andrea L. , Segal Courtney , Lavallee Danielle C.
Published: October 2019

Purpose

Supporting the capture and use of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) at the point-of-care enriches information about important clinical and quality of life outcomes. Yet the ability to scale PROs across healthcare systems has been limited by knowledge gaps around how to manage the diversity of PRO uses and leverage health information technology. In this study, we report learnings and practice insights from UW Medicine’s practice transformation efforts to incorporate patient voice into multiple areas of care.

Methods

Using a participatory, action research approach, we engaged with UW Medicine clinical and administrative stakeholders experienced with PRO implementation to inventory PRO implementations across the health system, characterize common clinical uses for PROs, and develop recommendations for system-wide governance and implementation of PROs.

Results

We identified a wide breadth of PRO implementations (n = 14) in practice and found that nearly half (47%) of employed PRO measures captured shared clinical domains (e.g., depression). We developed three vignettes (use cases) that illustrate how users interact with PROs, characterize common ways PRO implementations support clinical care across the health system (1) Preventive care, (2) Chronic/Specialty care, and (3) Surgical/Interventional care), and elucidate opportunities to enhance efficient PRO implementations through system-level standards and governance.

Conclusions

Practice transformation efforts increasingly require integration of the patient voice into clinical care, often through the use of PROs. Learnings from our work highlight the importance of proactively considering how PROs will be used across the layers of healthcare organizations to optimize the design and governance of PROs.
Random Neural Networks with Hierarchical Committees for Improved Routing in Wireless Mesh Networks with Interference
Authors: Rataj Artur
Published: October 2019

We propose a hierarchical (nested) variant of a recurrent random neural network (RNN) with reinforced learning, introduced by Gelenbe. Each neuron (committee) in a top-level RNN represents a different bottom-level RNN (or sub-committee). The bottom-level RNNs choose the best routing and the top-level RNN chooses the currently best bottom-level RNN. Each of the bottom RNNs is trained in a different way. When they differ in their choice of the best path, several cognitive packets are routed according to the different decisions. In that case, a respective ACK packet trains individual bottom RNNs and not all bottom RNNs at once. An example presents an optimisation of a real-time routing in a dense mesh network of wireless sensors relaying small metering messages between each other, until the messages reach a common gateway. The network is experiencing a periodic electromagnetic interference. The hierarchical variant causes a small increase in the number of smart packets but allows a considerably better routing quality.
An audio encryption scheme based on Fast Walsh Hadamard Transform and mixed chaotic keystreams
Authors: Farsana F.J. , Devi V.R. , Gopakumar K.
Published: October 2019

This paper introduces an audio encryption algorithm based on permutation of audio samples using discrete modified Henon map followed by substitution operation with keystream generated from the modified Lorenz-Hyperchaotic system. In this work, the audio file is initially compressed by Fast Walsh Hadamard Transform (FWHT) for removing the residual intelligibility in the transform domain. The resulting file is then encrypted in two phases. In the first phase permutation operation is carried out using modified discrete Henon map to weaken the correlation between adjacent samples. In the second phase it utilizes modified-Lorenz hyperchaotic system for substitution operation to fill the silent periods within the speech conversation. Dynamic keystream generation mechanism is also introduced to enhance the correlation between plaintext and encrypted text. Various quality metrics analysis such as correlation, signal to noise ratio (SNR), differential attacks, spectral entropy, histogram analysis, keyspace and key sensitivity are carried out to evaluate the quality of the proposed algorithm. The simulation results and numerical analyses demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has excellent security performance and robust against various cryptographic attacks.
The role of recombinant Human erythropoietin in neonatal anemia
Authors: El-Lahony Dalia M. , Saleh Nagwan Y. , Habib Mona S. , Shehata Mohammed A. , El-Hawy Mahmoud A.
Published: October 2019

Aim:

To estimate the blood level of Erythropoietin(EPO) in neonates with anemia of prematurity (APO) and in late hypo-regenerative anemia and to clarify role of EPO in correction of anemia and reducing the number of blood transfusions.

Methods:

This study was carried out on 60 neonates divided into; group I (30 preterm neonates) with AOP received EPO (250 IU/kg/dose subcutaneously 3 times weekly for 4 weeks), compared to group II (30 neonates) with AOP treated only with blood transfusion. CBC parameters and transfusion requirements were followed during therapy. Serum level of EPO was measured by ELISA technique.

Results:

By the end of the 4th week of therapy, there was significant increase in group I post r-Hu EPO compared to group II regarding reticulocyte counts (P < 0.001) leading to rise of the Hb (P < 0.001), Hct levels (P < 0.001) with subsequent reduction in the overall number of blood transfusions (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

EPO therapy in conjunction with iron, vitamin E and folic acid, stimulated erythropoiesis and significantly reduced the need for blood transfusion in AOP.
Integrating Landscape Terrestrial and Aquatic Carbon Fluxes
Authors: Bodmer Pascal , Casas-Ruiz Joan , del Giorgio Paul
Published: October 2019

Workshop on the Integration of Aquatic and Terrestrial Carbon Fluxes across landscapes; Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 9–10 May 2019
Investigation of a Confined C‐Class Flare in an Arch Filament System Close to a Regular Sunspot
Authors: Louis Rohan Eugene
Published: October 2019

A moderate C1.1 class confined flare is investigated here, which occurred on 24 September 2013 at 22:56 UT, in an arch filament system close to a regular, unipolar sunspot. Spectropolarimetric observations from the Tenerife Infrared Polarimeter at the 70‐cm German Vacuum Tower Telescope were combined with data from the Helioseismic Magnetic Imager and the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly to identify the processes that triggered the flare. The legs of this arch filament were anchored in the leading sunspot and the network flux region of opposite polarity. The flare was driven by small‐scale, flux cancellation at the weak neutral line underlying the arch filament, which resulted in two small flaring events within an hour of the C1.1 flare. Flux cancellation was facilitated by the moat flow from the leading sunspot wherein small‐scale magnetic fragments stream toward patches of preexisting flux. The cancellation of flux led to the destabilization of the arch filament, which was seen as an increase in the twist along the arch filament. The horizontal fields across the weak neutral line decay rapidly, which cannot prevent the filament from rising that results in a two‐ribbon flare at the neutral line. The arch filament unwinds as it rises but is confined by the higher, overlying fields between the two polarities of the active region that decay much more slowly.
Thermosphere‐Ionosphere Model Development: A Personal Perspective
Authors: Richmond A. D.
Published: October 2019

This is a personal perspective of how some significant upper atmosphere model developments were carried out from the mid‐1960s to the early 1990s, including modeling of the ionospheric wind dynamo, equatorial electrojet, two‐ and three‐dimensional thermospheric dynamics, the disturbance dynamo, interactive thermosphere/ionosphere dynamics and electrodynamics, and mapping of high‐latitude electric fields and currents through data assimilation. Well‐tested models enable exploration and prediction of a large number of phenomena.
Ultrathin Al foils to fabricate dendrite-free Li–Al anodes
Authors: Wu Lan , He Guang , Ding Yi
Published: October 2019

In situ fabrication of Li–Al protection layer for lithium metal anodes has been achieved with ultrathin Al foil. The hybrid Li–Al/Li anodes demonstrate excellent cycling stability at plating current and capacity up to 8 mA cm−2 and 4 mA h cm−2.
Cognitive science and artificial intelligence: simulating the human mind and its complexity
Authors: Naveed Uddin Mohd
Published: October 2019

This study encompassed around the interdisciplinary study of cognitive science in the field of artificial intelligence. Past as well as current areas of research have been highlighted such that better understating of the topic can be ensured. Furthermore, some of the present‐day applications of cognitive science artificial intelligence have been discussed as these can be considered as the foundation for further improvement. Prior to discussion about future scopes, real‐time complexities have been revealed.
Inner-worldly and other-worldly outreach: organizational repertoires of protestant mission agencies
Authors: Bok Jared
Published: October 2019

Over the last few decades, an increasing number of American Protestant mission agencies have been engaging in evangelism and humanitarian activities. What explains this growth and what are its future implications? Applying theories of organizational ecology and religious identity, I examine intra- and inter-organizational factors influencing rates of engagement in theEvangelismandRelief & Developmentsectors. The study finds that ecological theories, especially of density dependence, that have more commonly been used to study secular organizational foundings and deaths prove compelling in explaining mission agencies’ transnational behaviors. Second, contrary to some common assumptions, Evangelical agencies are no different than Mainline Protestant agencies in expanding their activism to include evangelistic or humanitarian activism, suggesting that despite their theological differences, agencies that are commonly dedicated to transnationalism have more that unites than divides them. I conclude by reflecting on what these patterns imply about continued growth prospects in each sector.
Stiefel–Whitney classes and topological phases in band theory
Authors: Ahn Junyeong , Park Sungjoon , Kim Dongwook , Kim Youngkuk , Yang Bohm-Jung
Published: October 2019

We review the recent progress in the study of topological phases in systems with space–time inversion symmetry I
ST. I
ST is an anti-unitary symmetry which is local in momentum space and satisfies

I

ST

2

=
1

such as PT in two dimensions (2D) and three dimensions (3D) without spin–orbit coupling and C
2
T in 2D with or without spin–orbit coupling, where P, T, C
2 indicate the inversion, time-reversal, and two-fold rotation symmetries, respectively. Under I
ST, the Hamiltonian and the periodic part of the Bloch wave function can be constrained to be real-valued, which makes the Berry curvature and the Chern number vanish. In this class of systems, gapped band structures of real wave functions can be topologically distinguished by the Stiefel–Whitney numbers instead. The first and second Stiefel–Whitney numbers w
1 and w
2, respectively, are the corresponding invariants in 1D and 2D, which are equivalent to the quantized Berry phase and the Z
2 monopole charge, respectively. We first describe the topological phases characterized by the first Stiefel–Whitney number, including 1D topological insulators with quantized charge polarization, 2D Dirac semimetals, and 3D nodal line semimetals. Next we review how the second Stiefel–Whitney class characterizes the 3D nodal line semimetals carrying a Z
2 monopole charge. In particular, we explain how the second Stiefel–Whitney number w
2, the Z
2 monopole charge, and the linking number between nodal lines are related. Finally, we review the properties of 2D and 3D topological insulators characterized by the nontrivial second Stiefel Whitney class.
Burrow usage patterns and decision-making in meerkat groups
Authors: Strandburg-Peshkin Ariana , Clutton-Brock Tim , Manser Marta B
Published: October 2019

Choosing suitable sleeping sites is a common challenge faced by animals across a range of taxa, with important implications for the space usage patterns of individuals, groups, and ultimately populations. A range of factors may affect these decisions, including access to resources nearby, shelter from the elements, safety from predators, territorial defense, and protection of offspring. We investigated the factors driving patterns of sleeping site use in wild Kalahari meerkats (Suricata suricatta), a cooperatively breeding, territorial mongoose species that forages on scattered resources and makes use of multiple sleeping sites (burrows). We found that meerkat groups used some burrows much more often than others. In particular, large burrows near the center of the territory were used more often than small and peripheral burrows, and groups became even more biased toward central burrows when rearing pups. Meerkats also used their sleeping burrows in a nonrandom order. When they changed sleeping burrows, they moved disproportionately to nearby burrows but did not always select the closest burrow. Burrow decisions also reflected responses to short-term conditions: rates of switching burrows increased after encounters with predators and when resources were depleted, whereas group splits were associated with a reduced probability of switching. The group’s dominant female appeared to have disproportionate influence over burrow decisions, as groups were more likely to switch burrows when her foraging success was low. Our results link behavioral and movement ecology to show that a multitude of environmental and social factors shape daily group decisions of where to spend the night.
Reported β-Lactam and Other Antibiotic Allergies in Solid Organ and Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients
Authors: Imlay Hannah , Krantz Elizabeth M , Stohs Erica J , Lan Kristine F , Zier Jacqlynn , Kim H Nina , Rakita Robert M , Limaye Ajit P , Wald Anna , Pergam Steven A , Liu Catherine
Published: October 2019

Background

Patients with reported β-lactam antibiotic allergies (BLAs) are more likely to receive broad-spectrum antibiotics and experience adverse outcomes. Data describing antibiotic allergies among solid organ transplant (SOT) and hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients are limited.

Methods

We reviewed records of adult SOT or allogeneic HCT recipients from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2017 to characterize reported antibiotic allergies at time of transplantation. Inpatient antibiotic use was examined for 100 days posttransplant. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) comparing antibiotic use in BLA and non-BLA groups were calculated using multivariable negative binomial models for 2 metrics: days of therapy (DOT) per 1000 inpatient days and percentage of antibiotic exposure-days.

Results

Among 2153 SOT (65%) and HCT (35%) recipients, 634 (29%) reported any antibiotic allergy and 347 (16%) reported BLAs. Inpatient antibiotics were administered to 2020 (94%) patients during the first 100 days posttransplantation; average antibiotic exposure was 41% of inpatient-days (interquartile range, 16.7%–62.5%). BLA patients had significantly higher DOT for vancomycin (IRR, 1.4 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.2–1.7]; P < .001), clindamycin (IRR, 7.6 [95% CI, 2.2–32.4]; P = .001), and aztreonam in HCT (IRR, 9.7 [95% CI, 3.3–35.0]; P < .001), and fluoroquinolones in SOT (IRR, 2.9 [95% CI, 2.1–4.0]; P < .001); these findings were consistent when using percentage of antibiotic exposure-days.

Conclusions

Transplant recipients are frequently exposed to antibiotics and have a high prevalence of reported antibiotic allergies. Reported BLA was associated with greater use of β-lactam antibiotic alternatives. Pretransplant antibiotic allergy evaluation may optimize antibiotic use in this population.
Beneficial effect of left atrial appendage closure during cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of 280 585 patients
Authors: Martín Gutiérrez Elio , Castaño Mario , Gualis Javier , Martínez-Comendador José Manuel , Maiorano Pasquale , Castillo Laura , Laguna Gregorio
Published: October 2019

In non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation (AF), left atrial appendage (LAA) is thought to be the source of embolism in 90% of the strokes. Thus, as recent clinical trials have shown the non-inferiority of percutaneous LAA closure (LAAc) in comparison to medical treatment, and despite a IIb recommendation in the latest guidelines for concomitant surgical LAAc, we sought to investigate the beneficial effect of LAAc in the surgical population. A meta-analysis model was performed comparing studies including any cardiac surgery with or without concomitant surgical LAAc reporting stoke/embolic events and/or mortality, from inception to January 2019. Twenty-two studies (280 585 patients) were included in the model. Stroke/embolic events both in the perioperative period [relative risk (RR) 0.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.53–0.82; P = 0.0001] and during follow-up of >2 years (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.51–0.89; P < 0.005) were significantly reduced in patients who underwent surgical LAAc (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.58–0.87; P = 0.001). Regarding the rate of preoperative AF, LAAc showed protective effect against stroke/embolic events in studies with >70% preoperative AF (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.53–0.77; P < 0.00001) but no benefit in the studies with <30% of preoperative AF (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.46–1.28; P = 0.31). Postoperative mortality was also significantly lower in surgical patients with LAAc at the mid- and long-term follow-up. (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.67–0.78; P < 0.00001; I2 = 0%). Based on these findings, concomitant surgical LAAc is associated with lower rates of embolic events and stroke in the postoperative period in patients with preoperative AF and also improves postoperative mortality in the mid- and long-term follow-up.
Variation in length of stay after minimally invasive lung resection: a reflection of perioperative care routines?
Authors: von Meyenfeldt Erik M , Hoeijmakers Fieke , Marres Geertruid M H , van Thiel Eric R E , Marra Elske , Marang-van de Mheen Perla J , Schreurs Hermien (W) H
Published: October 2019

OBJECTIVES

Good perioperative care is aimed at rapid recovery, without complications or readmissions. Length of stay (LOS) is influenced not only by perioperative care routines but also by patient factors, tumour factors, treatment characteristics and complications. The present study examines variation in LOS between hospitals after minimally invasive lung resections for both complicated and uncomplicated patients to assess whether LOS is a hospital characteristic influenced by local perioperative routines or other factors.

METHODS

Dutch Lung Cancer Audit (surgery) data were used. Median LOS was calculated on hospital level, stratified by the severity of complications. Lowest quartile (short) LOS per hospital, corrected for case-mix factors by multivariable logistic regression, was presented in funnel plots. We correlated short LOS in complicated versus uncomplicated patients to assess whether short LOS clustered in the same hospitals regardless of complications.

RESULTS

Data from 6055 patients in 42 hospitals were included. Median LOS in uncomplicated patients varied from 3 to 8 days between hospitals and increased most markedly for patients with major complications. Considerable between-hospital variation persisted after case-mix correction, but more in uncomplicated than complicated patients. Short LOS in uncomplicated and complicated patients were significantly correlated (r = 0.53, P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

LOS after minimally invasive anatomical lung resections varied between hospitals particularly in uncomplicated patients. The significant correlation between short LOS in uncomplicated and complicated patients suggests that LOS is a hospital characteristic potentially influenced by local processes. Standardizing and optimizing perioperative care could help limit practice variation with improved LOS and complication rates.