bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Presentation of Possible Selves in Everyday Life: The Management of Identity Among Transitioning Professional Athletes
Authors: Hickey Colm , Roderick Martin
Published: May 2017

In contrast to research, which privileges the notion of an exclusive athletic identity, we argue that the identity management of professional athletes is influenced by the expectations of audiences and the motivational weight of ‘possible selves’ in explaining career transitions from ‘sports work’. Qualitative vignette interviews were conducted with 10 male participants (ages 18–26 years) on three separate occasions (30 interviews). All interviewees had experienced a career transition from Premier League football in the UK. By integrating Goffman’s (1971) dramaturgical analogy and Markus and Nurius’s (1986) concept of possible selves we illustrate the way athletes manage their identities to explain how understandings of career transitions are linked to social audiences and whether they dramatically realize and legitimize future possible selves.
Structure of the Enterovirus 71 3C Protease in Complex with NK-1.8k and Indications for the Development of Antienterovirus Protease Inhibitor
Authors: Wang Yaxin , Cao Lin , Zhai Yangyang , Yin Zheng , Sun Yuna , Shang Luqing
Published: May 2017

Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), caused by enterovirus, is a threat to public health worldwide. To date, enterovirus 71 (EV71) has been one of the major causative agents of HFMD in the Pacific-Asia region, and outbreaks with EV71 cause millions of infections. However, no drug is currently available for clinical therapeutics. In our previous works, we developed a set of protease inhibitors (PIs) targeting the EV71 3C protease (3C
pro
). Among these are NK-1.8k and NK-1.9k, which have various active groups and high potencies and selectivities. In the study described here, we determined the structures of the PI NK-1.8k in complex with wild-type (WT) and drug-resistant EV71 3C
pro
. Comparison of these structures with the structure of unliganded EV71 3C
pro
and its complex with AG7088 indicated that the mutation of N69 to a serine residue destabilized the S2 pocket. Thus, the mutation influenced the cleavage activity of EV71 3C
pro
and the inhibitory activity of NK-1.8k in an
in vitro
protease assay and highlighted that site 69 is an additional key site for PI design. More information for the optimization of the P1′ to P4 groups of PIs was also obtained from these structures. Together with the results of our previous works, these in-depth results elucidate the inhibitory mechanism of PIs and shed light to develop PIs for the clinical treatment of infections caused by EV71 and other enteroviruses.
Effect of acute nitrate and citrulline supplementation on muscle microvascular response to ischemia–reperfusion in healthy humans
Authors: Le Roux-Mallouf Thibault , Vibert Florence , Doutreleau Stéphane , Verges Samuel
Published: May 2017

Nitric oxide (NO) is implicated in vasomotor control mechanisms altering the diameter of the vessels under various physiological and pathological conditions. There are 2 main NO production pathways, 1 NO synthase (NOS) independent (nitrate–nitrite–NO) and the other is NOS dependent (citrulline–arginine–NO). The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of acute nitrate and citrulline supplementation on post-ischemic vascular response in healthy subjects. Fourteen subjects performed 2-leg vascular occlusion tests, 3 days apart. They were randomly assigned to consume a drink containing 1200 mg (19.4 mmol) of nitrate and 6 g of citrulline (N+C) or a placebo (Pl). Changes in total hemoglobin (Hbtot) and oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) concentrations were recorded by near-infrared spectroscopy on the thigh and calf muscles. No differences between N+C and Pl were observed during the ischemic period. Hbtot increased to a larger extent during the reperfusion period for the thigh (e.g., area under the curve, 821 ± 324 vs. 627 ± 381 mmol·s−1, p = 0.003) and the calf (515 ± 285 vs. 400 ± 275 mmol·s−1, p = 0.029) in the N+C versus Pl conditions. Similar results were found regarding HbO2 for the thigh (e.g., area under the curve, 842 ± 502 vs. 770 ± 491 mmol·s−1, p = 0.077) and the calf (968 ± 536 vs. 865 ± 275 mmol·s−1, p = 0.075). The larger postocclusive Hbtot and HbO2 responses observed after N+C intake suggests a greater post-ischemic vasodilation, which may be due to increased NO availability, via the activation of the 2 main NO production pathways.
TLR2 affects CD86 expression and inflammatory response in burn injury mice through regulation of p38
Authors: Li Li , Xu Gang , Duan Chenwang
Published: May 2017

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of TLR2–p38–CD86 signaling pathways on the inflammatory response in a mouse model of burn injury. Wild-type (TLR2+/+) and mutant-type (TLR2−/−) mice were obtained, and a mouse burn injury model was constructed. Tissue samples were examined with hematoxylin and eosin staining and the transferase mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) method. Macrophages were treated with TLR2 agonist and p38 inhibitor. The expression levels of TLR2, p38, CD86, IL-1β, and TNF-α were quantified by RT-qPCR, Western blot, and ELISA. When compared with the sham group, the burn group had a significantly higher rate of apoptosis as well as higher expressions of TLR2, p38, CD86, IL-1β, and TNF-α. Inhibiting TLR2 was shown to significantly reduce the expressions of p-p38, CD86, IL-1β, and TNF-α. In the results of in-vitro experiments, TLR2 agonist increased the expression of p-p38, CD86, IL-1β, and TNF-α, whereas a p38 inhibitor was shown to reduce the expression of CD86, IL-1β, and TNF-α. Our results suggest that the TLR2–p38–CD86 signaling pathway plays a vital role in inflammation associated with burn injury.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of larval fish in a tropical estuarine mangrove: example of the Mahury River Estuary (French Guiana)
Authors: Rousseau Yann , Blanchard Fabian , Gardel Antoine
Published: May 2017

The present study focuses on the structure and dynamics of the ichthyoplankton community of the Mahury estuary (French Guiana) and the factors that influence them. Data were collected on three mangrove sites located in the inner, middle, and outer areas of the estuary. More than 45 000 larvae were collected, representing 31 families and 67 taxa. The community was numerically dominated by few species; Engraulidae was the most abundant family, followed by Gobiidae, Eleotridae, and Sciaenidae. As expected, the most abundant larval taxa were estuarine and mangrove species, with the addition of freshwater species in the inner area of the estuary and taxa with marine affinities in the outer area. The densities of most species were influenced by site more than by season. Temporal variations in the dominant species were influenced largely by their life history strategy, with a majority of the fish species spending their entire life history in mangroves and estuaries.
Longitudinal variability in lateral hydrologic connectivity shapes fish occurrence in temporary floodplain ponds
Authors: Couto Thiago Belisario d’Araújo , Zuanon Jansen , Olden Julian D. , Ferraz Gonçalo
Published: May 2017

Dynamic flow regimes maintain critical connections between main channel and adjacent floodplain habitats that provide fish access to shelter, foraging, and spawning opportunities. Our study advances the understanding of these processes by exploring the importance of coupled longitudinal–lateral connectivity for determining species occurrence in headwater streams of the Amazon. Using a multispecies occupancy model, we revealed a clear pattern of species addition in the downstream direction in temporary floodplain ponds, associated with changes in the pool of potential colonists present in the channel and with increasing lateral hydrologic connectivity. Species that are more tolerant of stagnant waters and those able to disperse in shallow habitats (e.g., Anablepsoides micropus) occurred frequently in ponds along the entire longitudinal extent, whereas those species preferring lotic habitats were present only in the most downstream sites. We also observed increasing similarity of pond and channel communities with distance downstream. This study provides insights on the spatial structuring of tropical fish communities in response to flood-induced hydrologic connectivity and further highlights the vulnerability of floodplain fishes to modification in flooding regimes.
Sea-to-sea survival of late-run adult steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from the Columbia and Snake rivers
Authors: Keefer Matthew L. , Jepson Michael A. , Clabough Tami S. , Johnson Eric L. , Narum Shawn R. , Hess Jon E. , Caudill Christopher C.
Published: May 2017

We used biotelemetry and genetic stock identification to assess sea-to-sea survival and run composition of 1212 late-migrating adult steelhead (anadromous Oncorhynchus mykiss) through the Columbia River and Snake River migratory corridors. The late run was predominated by steelhead from Idaho’s Clearwater and Salmon rivers that must pass eight large hydroelectric dams during both prespawn and postspawn migrations. In 2 years (2013 and 2014), prespawn survival to Snake River tributaries (>500 km) was 0.48–0.67 for the most abundant populations and was higher for females and 1-sea fish (i.e., fish that spend one winter at sea). Annual survival from Snake River tributary entry to postspawn kelt status was 0.14–0.17, with higher survival for females and those without hatchery fin clips. Kelt outmigration survival was 0.31–0.39 past four Snake River dams and 0.13–0.20 past all eight dams and was highest for smaller kelts. Full-cycle adult freshwater survival (sea-to-sea) including 16 dam passage events was 0.01–0.02. Younger steelhead and those without fin clips survived at the highest rates. This study uniquely partitioned mortality across prespawn, reproductive, and kelt life history stages and informs management strategies for this conservation-priority metapopulation.
Genetic characterization of a Neisseria meningitidis cluster in Queensland, Australia
Authors: Abady N.R. , Guglielmino C.J.D. , Graham R.M. , Adelskov J. , Smith H.V. , Patel B.K.C. , Jennison A.V.
Published: May 2017

Neisseria meningitidis serogroups B and C have been responsible for the majority of invasive meningococcal disease in Australia, with serogroup B strains causing an increasing proportion of cases in recent years. Serogroup Y has typically caused sporadic disease in Australia. In 2002, a cluster of 4 cases was reported from a rural region in Queensland. Three of these cases were serogroup C, with 1 case diagnosed by molecular detection only, and the fourth case was identified as a serogroup Y infection. Genomic analysis, including antigen finetyping, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and core genome MLST, demonstrated that the serogroup Y case, though spatially and temporally linked to a serogroup C disease cluster, was not the product of a capsule switch and that one of the serogroup C isolates had a deletion of the entire porA sequence.
Role of folate in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Sid Victoria , Siow Yaw L. , O Karmin
Published: May 2017

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of chronic liver conditions that are characterized by steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and liver injury. The global prevalence of NAFLD is rapidly increasing in proportion to the rising incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Because NAFLD is a multifaceted disorder with many underlying metabolic abnormalities, currently, there is no pharmacological agent that is therapeutically approved for the treatment of this disease. Folate is a water-soluble B vitamin that plays an essential role in one-carbon transfer reactions involved in nucleic acid biosynthesis, methylation reactions, and sulfur-containing amino acid metabolism. The liver is the primary organ responsible for storage and metabolism of folates. Low serum folate levels have been observed in patients with obesity and diabetes. It has been reported that a low level of endogenous folates in rodents perturbs folate-dependent one-carbon metabolism, and may be associated with development of metabolic diseases such as NAFLD. This review highlights the biological role of folate in the progression of NAFLD and its associated metabolic complications including obesity and type 2 diabetes. Understanding the role of folate in metabolic disease may position this vitamin as a potential therapeutic for NAFLD.
The (p,2p) reaction in finite range relativistic distorted-wave impulse approximation
Authors: Kushwaha Mahendra
Published: May 2017

The [Formula: see text] reaction on [Formula: see text] at incident proton energy of 300[Formula: see text]MeV is examined in the formalism of finite-range relativistic distorted-wave impulse approximation (FR-RDWIA). In comparison to conventional t-matrix model of Love–Franey, a new form of nucleon–nucleon t-matrix effective interaction is derived at 300[Formula: see text]MeV using Reid soft core potentials for isotopic spin one and taking into account the finite-range effects in the [Formula: see text] interaction at knockout vertex. In comparison to the conventional finite range nonrelativistic and relativistic formalism, the present formalism with a new version of [Formula: see text] t-matrix is effectively reproducing the shape of cross-section energy distributions for [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] states for asymmetric angle pair of [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text]. Discrepancies between the experimental cross-section data and finite range theoretical calculations at [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]MeV are reasonably resolved in the present approach. Without any adjustable parameter of bound state, the obtained spectroscopic factors are in reasonably good agreement with the relativistic and nonrelativistic theoretical predictions by [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] analysis.
GENETIC ALGORITHM-BASED OPTIMIZATION FOR SURFACE ROUGHNESS IN CYLINDRICALLY GRINDING PROCESS USING HELICALLY GROOVED WHEELS
Authors: ÇAYDAŞ ULAŞ , ÇELİK MAHMUT
Published: May 2017

The present work is focused on the optimization of process parameters in cylindrical surface grinding of AISI 1050 steel with grooved wheels. Response surface methodology (RSM) and genetic algorithm (GA) techniques were merged to optimize the input variable parameters of grinding. The revolution speed of workpiece, depth of cut and number of grooves on the wheel were changed to explore their experimental effects on the surface roughness of machined bars. The mathematical models were established between the input parameters and response by using RSM. Then, the developed RSM model was used as objective functions on GA to optimize the process parameters.
Quasi-Newton Methods for Real-Time Simulation of Hyperelastic Materials
Authors: Liu Tiantian , Bouaziz Sofien , Kavan Ladislav
Published: May 2017

We present a new method for real-time physics-based simulation supporting many different types of hyperelastic materials. Previous methods such as Position-Based or Projective Dynamics are fast but support only a limited selection of materials; even classical materials such as the Neo-Hookean elasticity are not supported. Recently, Xu et al. [2015] introduced new “spline-based materials” that can be easily controlled by artists to achieve desired animation effects. Simulation of these types of materials currently relies on Newton’s method, which is slow, even with only one iteration per timestep. In this article, we show that Projective Dynamics can be interpreted as a quasi-Newton method. This insight enables very efficient simulation of a large class of hyperelastic materials, including the Neo-Hookean, spline-based materials, and others. The quasi-Newton interpretation also allows us to leverage ideas from numerical optimization. In particular, we show that our solver can be further accelerated using L-BFGS updates (Limited-memory Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno algorithm). Our final method is typically more than 10 times faster than one iteration of Newton’s method without compromising quality. In fact, our result is often more accurate than the result obtained with one iteration of Newton’s method. Our method is also easier to implement, implying reduced software development costs.
Memory-Centric Reconfigurable Accelerator for Classification and Machine Learning Applications
Authors: Karam Robert , Paul Somnath , Puri Ruchir , Bhunia Swarup
Published: May 2017

Big Data refers to the growing challenge of turning massive, often unstructured datasets into meaningful, organized, and actionable data. As datasets grow from petabytes to exabytes and beyond, it becomes increasingly difficult to run advanced analytics, especially Machine Learning (ML) applications, in a reasonable time and on a practical power budget using traditional architectures. Previous work has focused on accelerating analytics readily implemented as SQL queries on data-parallel platforms, generally using off-the-shelf CPUs and General Purpose Graphics Processing Units (GPGPUs) for computation or acceleration. However, these systems are general-purpose and still require a vast amount of data transfer between the storage devices and computing elements, thus limiting the system efficiency. As an alternative, this article presents a reconfigurable memory-centric advanced analytics accelerator that operates at the last level of memory and dramatically reduces energy required for data transfer. We functionally validate the framework using an FPGA-based hardware emulation platform and three representative applications: Naïve Bayesian Classification, Convolutional Neural Networks, and k-Means Clustering. Results are compared with implementations on a modern CPU and workstation GPGPU. Finally, the use of in-memory dataset decompression to further reduce data transfer volume is investigated. With these techniques, the system achieves an average energy efficiency improvement of 74× and 212× over GPU and single-threaded CPU, respectively, while dataset compression is shown to improve overall efficiency by an additional 1.8× on average.
BundleFusion
Authors: Dai Angela , Nießner Matthias , Zollhöfer Michael , Izadi Shahram , Theobalt Christian
Published: May 2017

Real-time, high-quality, 3D scanning of large-scale scenes is key to mixed reality and robotic applications. However, scalability brings challenges of drift in pose estimation, introducing significant errors in the accumulated model. Approaches often require hours of offline processing to globally correct model errors. Recent online methods demonstrate compelling results but suffer from (1) needing minutes to perform online correction, preventing true real-time use; (2) brittle frame-to-frame (or frame-to-model) pose estimation, resulting in many tracking failures; or (3) supporting only unstructured point-based representations, which limit scan quality and applicability. We systematically address these issues with a novel, real-time, end-to-end reconstruction framework. At its core is a robust pose estimation strategy, optimizing per frame for a global set of camera poses by considering the complete history of RGB-D input with an efficient hierarchical approach. We remove the heavy reliance on temporal tracking and continually localize to the globally optimized frames instead. We contribute a parallelizable optimization framework, which employs correspondences based on sparse features and dense geometric and photometric matching. Our approach estimates globally optimized (i.e., bundle adjusted) poses in real time, supports robust tracking with recovery from gross tracking failures (i.e., relocalization), and re-estimates the 3D model in real time to ensure global consistency, all within a single framework. Our approach outperforms state-of-the-art online systems with quality on par to offline methods, but with unprecedented speed and scan completeness. Our framework leads to a comprehensive online scanning solution for large indoor environments, enabling ease of use and high-quality results.
1
Investigating the Relationships Between the Use Contexts, User Perceived Values, and Loyalty to a Software Product
Authors: Kakar Adarsh Kumar
Published: May 2017

In this study, we propose that software products provide three types of value—utilitarian, hedonic, and social—that impact user loyalty. Although the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) has focused on the user impacts of utilitarian and hedonic values provided by utilitarian and hedonic software products on system use, the impact of social value provided by the software products in general have been largely ignored. The results of a longitudinal study with actual users of three types of software products show that all three types of software products—utilitarian (Producteev), hedonic (Kerbal), and social (Facebook)—provide significant but varying degrees of all three types of values. Further, the value derived by the users’ primary use context moderated the impact of the secondary values provided by the software product to the users on their loyalty for the product.
Verifying Increasingly Expressive Temporal Logics for Infinite-State Systems
Authors: Cook Byron , Khlaaf Heidy , Piterman Nir
Published: May 2017

Temporal logic is a formal system for specifying and reasoning about propositions qualified in terms of time. It offers a unified approach to program verification as it applies to both sequential and parallel programs and provides a uniform framework for describing a system at any level of abstraction. Thus, a number of automated systems have been proposed to exclusively reason about either Computation-Tree Logic (CTL) or Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) in the infinite-state setting. Unfortunately, these logics have significantly reduced expressiveness as they restrict the interplay between temporal operators and path quantifiers, thus disallowing the expression of many practical properties, for example, “along some future an event occurs infinitely often.” Contrarily, CTL
*
, a superset of both CTL and LTL, can facilitate the interplay between path-based and state-based reasoning. CTL
*
thus exclusively allows for the expressiveness of properties involving existential system stabilization and “possibility” properties. Until now, there have not existed automated systems that allow for the verification of such expressive CTL
*
properties over infinite-state systems. This article proposes a method capable of such a task, thus introducing the first known fully automated tool for symbolically proving CTL
*
properties of (infinite-state) integer programs. The method uses an internal encoding that admits reasoning about the subtle interplay between the nesting of temporal operators and path quantifiers that occurs within CTL
*
proofs. A program transformation is first employed that trades nondeterminism in the transition relation for nondeterminism explicit in variables predicting future outcomes when necessary. We then synthesize and quantify preconditions over the transformed program that represent program states that satisfy a CTL
*
formula.

This article demonstrates the viability of our approach in practice, thus leading to a new class of fully-automated tools capable of proving crucial properties that no tool could previously prove. Additionally, we consider the linear-past extension to CTL
*
for infinite-state systems in which the past is linear and each moment in time has a unique past. We discuss the practice of this extension and how it is further supported through the use of history variables. We have implemented our approach and report our benchmarks carried out on case studies ranging from smaller programs to demonstrate the expressiveness of CTL
*
specifications, to larger code bases drawn from device drivers and various industrial examples.
Multiscale Modeling of Muscular-Skeletal Systems
Authors: Jung Gang Seob , Buehler Markus J.
Published: May 2017

Multiscale modeling of muscular-skeletal systems—the materials and structures that help organisms support themselves and move—is a rapidly growing field of study that has contributed key elements to the understanding of these systems, especially from a multiscale perspective. The systems, including materials such as bone and muscle, have hierarchical structures ranging from the nano- to the macroscale, and it is difficult to understand their macroscopic behaviors, both physiological and pathological, without knowledge of their hierarchical structures and properties. In this review, we discuss the methods of multiscale modeling. Through a series of case studies about key materials in muscular-skeletal systems, we describe how different methods can bridge the gap between hierarchical structures and their roles in the systems’ mechanical properties. In particular, we emphasize the importance of the quality of minerals in bone. Finally, we discuss biomimetic material designs facilitated by additive manufacturing technology.
A Robust Framework for Microbial Archaeology
Authors: Warinner Christina , Herbig Alexander , Mann Allison , Fellows Yates James A. , Weiß Clemens L. , Burbano Hernán A. , Orlando Ludovic , Krause Johannes
Published: May 2017

Microbial archaeology is flourishing in the era of high-throughput sequencing, revealing the agents behind devastating historical plagues, identifying the cryptic movements of pathogens in prehistory, and reconstructing the ancestral microbiota of humans. Here, we introduce the fundamental concepts and theoretical framework of the discipline, then discuss applied methodologies for pathogen identification and microbiome characterization from archaeological samples. We give special attention to the process of identifying, validating, and authenticating ancient microbes using high-throughput DNA sequencing data. Finally, we outline standards and precautions to guide future research in the field.
Procedural Justice Theory and Public Policy: An Exchange
Authors: Hagan John , Hans Valerie P.
Published: May 2017

This article introduces a scientific exchange over the status of procedural justice theory and its applicability to policing reform. The introduction notes the long history of sociolegal research on procedural justice and its emergence as a source of ideas for criminal justice reforms and police training programs. The article contrasts the positions taken by Nagin & Telep (2017) and Tyler (2017) . Nagin & Telep assert that it is premature to apply procedural justice principles without more definitive causal studies in policing. In contrast, Tyler draws on experimental research and other causal studies from different domains to argue that the work is sufficient to proceed with policy reforms.
Establishing Wiring Specificity in Visual System Circuits: From the Retina to the Brain
Authors: Zhang Chi , Kolodkin Alex L. , Wong Rachel O. , James Rebecca E.
Published: May 2017

The retina is a tremendously complex image processor, containing numerous cell types that form microcircuits encoding different aspects of the visual scene. Each microcircuit exhibits a distinct pattern of synaptic connectivity. The developmental mechanisms responsible for this patterning are just beginning to be revealed. Furthermore, signals processed by different retinal circuits are relayed to specific, often distinct, brain regions. Thus, much work has focused on understanding the mechanisms that wire retinal axonal projections to their appropriate central targets. Here, we highlight recently discovered cellular and molecular mechanisms that together shape stereotypic wiring patterns along the visual pathway, from within the retina to the brain. Although some mechanisms are common across circuits, others play unconventional and circuit-specific roles. Indeed, the highly organized connectivity of the visual system has greatly facilitated the discovery of novel mechanisms that establish precise synaptic connections within the nervous system.
Toward a Sociology of Privacy
Authors: Anthony Denise , Campos-Castillo Celeste , Horne Christine
Published: May 2017

What are, and what should be, the boundaries between self and society, individuals and groups? To address these questions, we synthesize research on privacy that is relevant for two foundational sociological issues: social order and inequality. By synthesizing work on a narrow yet fundamental set of issues, we aim to improve our understanding of privacy as well as provide a foundation for understanding contemporary privacy issues associated with information and communication technology. We explore the role of privacy in maintaining social order by examining the connections of privacy with social control and with group cohesion. We also discuss how inequality produces variation in privacy and how this variation in turn contributes to inequality. Throughout the review we identify potential directions for sociological research on privacy generally and in the context of new technologies. Our discussion highlights implications of privacy that extend beyond individual-level concerns to broader social, structural impacts.
Development of diabetes does not alter behavioral and molecular circadian rhythms in a transgenic rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Qian Jingyi , Thomas Anthony P. , Schroeder Analyne M. , Rakshit Kuntol , Colwell Christopher S. , Matveyenko Aleksey V.
Published: May 2017

Metabolic state and circadian clock function exhibit a complex bidirectional relationship. Circadian disruption increases propensity for metabolic dysfunction, whereas common metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are associated with impaired circadian rhythms. Specifically, alterations in glucose availability and glucose metabolism have been shown to modulate clock gene expression and function in vitro; however, to date, it is unknown whether development of diabetes imparts deleterious effects on the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) circadian clock and SCN-driven outputs in vivo. To address this question, we undertook studies in aged diabetic rats transgenic for human islet amyloid polypeptide, an established nonobese model of T2DM (HIP rat), which develops metabolic defects closely recapitulating those present in patients with T2DM. HIP rats were also cross-bred with a clock gene reporter rat model (Per1:luciferase transgenic rat) to permit assessment of the SCN and the peripheral molecular clock function ex vivo. Utilizing these animal models, we examined effects of diabetes on 1) behavioral circadian rhythms, 2) photic entrainment of circadian activity, 3) SCN and peripheral tissue molecular clock function, and 4) melatonin secretion. We report that circadian activity, light-induced entrainment, molecular clockwork, as well as melatonin secretion are preserved in the HIP rat model of T2DM. These results suggest that despite the well-characterized ability of glucose to modulate circadian clock gene expression acutely in vitro, SCN clock function and key behavioral and physiological outputs appear to be preserved under chronic diabetic conditions characteristic of nonobese T2DM.
Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Pyrrolidine Alkaloid from Leaves of Piper amalago L.
Authors: Carrara V. S. , Filho L. C. , Garcia V. A. S. , Faiões V. S. , Cunha-Júnior E. F. , Torres-Santos E. C. , Cortez D. A. G.
Published: May 2017

Supercritical fluid extraction was used to extract the alkaloid N‐[7‐(3′,4′‐methylenedioxyphenyl)‐2(Z),4(Z)‐heptadienoyl]pyrrolidine from leaves of Piper amalago L. A three‐level orthogonal array design matrix, OAD OA9(34), was used for optimization of the parameters of supercritical extraction of the alkaloid, employing supercritical carbon dioxide: extraction time (20, 40, and 60 min), temperature (40, 50, and 60°C), pressure (150, 200, and 250 bar), and the use of cosolvents (ethanol, methanol, and propyleneglycol). All parameters had significant effect on the alkaloid yield. The alkaloid yield after 60 min of extraction without cosolvents at 9 different conditions (32) in terms of temperature (40, 50, and 60°C) and pressure (150, 200, and 250 bar) was also evaluated. The optimal yield (≈3.8 mg g−1) was obtained with supercritical CO2 + methanol (5% v : v) at 40°C and 200 bar for 60 min of extraction.
Circulating Tumor Cells with Aberrant ALK Copy Number Predict Progression-Free Survival during Crizotinib Treatment in ALK-Rearranged Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients
Authors: Pailler Emma , Oulhen Marianne , Borget Isabelle , Remon Jordi , Ross Kirsty , Auger Nathalie , Billiot Fanny , Ngo Camus Maud , Commo Frédéric , Lindsay Colin R. , Planchard David , Soria Jean-Charles , Besse Benjamin , Farace Françoise
Published: May 2017

The duration and magnitude of clinical response are unpredictable in ALK-rearranged non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with crizotinib, although all patients invariably develop resistance. Here, we evaluated whether circulating tumor cells (CTC) with aberrant ALK-FISH patterns [ALK-rearrangement, ALK-copy number gain (ALK-CNG)] monitored on crizotinib could predict progression-free survival (PFS) in a cohort of ALK-rearranged patients. Thirty-nine ALK-rearranged NSCLC patients treated with crizotinib as first ALK inhibitor were recruited prospectively. Blood samples were collected at baseline and at an early time-point (2 months) on crizotinib. Aberrant ALK-FISH patterns were examined in CTCs using immunofluorescence staining combined with filter-adapted FISH after filtration enrichment. CTCs were classified into distinct subsets according to the presence of ALK-rearrangement and/or ALK-CNG signals. No significant association between baseline numbers of ALK-rearranged or ALK-CNG CTCs and PFS was observed. However, we observed a significant association between the decrease in CTC number with ALK-CNG on crizotinib and a longer PFS (likelihood ratio test, P = 0.025). In multivariate analysis, the dynamic change of CTC with ALK-CNG was the strongest factor associated with PFS (HR, 4.485; 95% confidence interval, 1.543–13.030, P = 0.006). Although not dominant, ALK-CNG has been reported to be one of the mechanisms of acquired resistance to crizotinib in tumor biopsies. Our results suggest that the dynamic change in the numbers of CTCs with ALK-CNG may be a predictive biomarker for crizotinib efficacy in ALK-rearranged NSCLC patients. Serial molecular analysis of CTC shows promise for real-time patient monitoring and clinical outcome prediction in this population. Cancer Res; 77(9); 2222–30. ©2017 AACR.
The Alexandrian Footnote in Lucretius’ De Rerum Natura
Authors: Nethercut Jason S.
Published: May 2017

This paper contributes evidence to support the widely accepted view that Lucretius may justly be regarded by the reader as a Callimachean poet by synthesizing and analyzing Lucretius’ use of the so-called ‘Alexandrian footnote’ in the DRN. Although most scholars have come to agree with Kenney that Lucretius embraces many of the same poetic ideals as his contemporaries, there are still some who remain skeptical of Kenney’s thesis, and, while Kenney adduces the most prominent parts of the DRN that show signs of Alexandrianism, in fact he only scratches the surface of the extent to which Lucretius practices his own version of Roman neo-Callimacheanism. Moreover, very few of those who accept Kenney’s results have followed his lead by adding corroborating evidence. It is still very much worthwhile, therefore, to explore this aspect of Lucretius’ poetic artistry; this paper’s analysis of the Alexandrian footnote provides further proof that Kenney’s argument is correct, and it expands on his thesis by showing how integral Alexandrian poetic techniques are to Lucretius’ philosophical purposes.
Seeking Freedom in Multiple Contexts
Authors: La Rue George Michael
Published: May 2017

Many individuals have re-evaluated their aspirations, sense of self, and possible futures as they have moved from one social and cultural context to another. Eighteenth and nineteenth-century slave narratives commonly depicted a simple arc from darkness and suffering to Christian salvation. The life trajectory of one Sudanese woman named Halima led from her original home in Dar Fur’s hinterland and across the Sahara to Cairo’s slave market. There, in 1817, the French doctor Charles Dussap purchased her, making her his slave-wife. Multiple primary documents reveal Halima’s sense of self and aspirations for freedom throughout her life trajectory. By combining her autoethnography of her original culture, a detailed description of her conversion, her husband’s account of their early relationship, the observations of CMS missionaries, the writings of Ismayl Urbain (her lover), and the Saint-Simonian archive, her iterative construction of self, multiple imagined futures, and interactions with Sudanese, Egyptians, and Europeans will be examined and evaluated in six contexts.
Unfreedom Papers
Authors: Lawrance Benjamin N.
Published: May 2017

Trafficking is not simply a new form of slavery, but rather a complex multivalent and multi-sited process (Anderson and O’Connell Davidson, 2003). This article explores the exit strategies employed by coerced laboring subjects (Fernandez 2014; O’Connell Davidson 2015), to shed light on some of the many “varieties of unfreedom” (O’Neill 2011) in the global labor marketplace. Just as documentation has become indispensable for contemporary global mobility (Bales 1999; de Genova 2003; de Genova and Peutz 2010; Lawrance and Stevens 2017), trafficking survivors also need documentation to protect their newfound liberty. I argue that today trafficking victims deploy “unfreedom papers” as powerful evidentiary counterweights to resist securitized migration policies that would seek to reinstantiate their vulnerability and their potential for further trafficking, and in so doing obviate gradations of trafficking subjecthood created by the politicization of asylum. In the absence of corroborating testimony, trafficking survivors and their advocates engage expert witnesses in order to gain humanitarian protection. “Unfreedom papers”—documentation consisting of diverse records detailing the persistence of coercion and the failures of neo-abolitionist legislation interpreted with the authoritative voice of an expert witness—are now indispensable to trafficking survivors.
Speaking about Freedom and Dependency
Authors: Smolarz Elena
Published: May 2017

Slavery and freedom as political subjects shaped the public debates of the nineteenth century. Employing an historical-semantic approach, this article scrutinizes established academic debates as well as nineteenth-century Russian discourses on Central Asian slavery and slave trade, and on enslaved Russian captives in Bukhara and Khiva in particular. In so doing, it uncovers multiple perspectives on freedom, slavery and dependency, and enriches the representational repertoire of official actors with insights into the perspective of the enslaved themselves.
New Black Fungus Gnats (Diptera, Sciaridae) of North America. Part III. Genera Camptochaeta Hippa & Vilkamaa, Claustropyga Hippa, Vilkamaa & Mohrig and Dichopygina Vilkamaa, Hippa & Komarova
Authors: MOHRIG WERNER , KAUSCHKE ELLEN
Published: May 2017

Seven species of the genus Camptochaeta, two of the genus Claustropyga and one of the genus Dichopygina are newly described from the Nearctic region. These are: Camptochaeta abnormalis sp. n., Cam. camptochaetosa sp. n., Cam. grimaldii sp. n., Cam. multispina sp. n., Cam. praexystica sp. n., Cam. subxystica sp. n., Cam. unispina sp. n., Claustropyga postbrevichaeta sp. n., Cl. subbrevichaeta sp. n. and Dichopygina praeaculeata sp. n. All new species are diagnosed and their distribution data are given. Three species, Camptochaeta duplicata Hippa & Vilkamaa, 1994, Claustropyga abblanda (Freeman, 1983) and Cl. sajanica (Mohrig & Antonova, 1978) are reported for the Nearctic region for the first time. With these new species, Camptochaeta includes 30 species, Claustropyga 15 species and Dichopygina 6 species in the Nearctic region now.
The dark side of pumpkin toadlet: a new species of Brachycephalus (Anura: Brachycephalidae) from Serra do Brigadeiro, southeastern Brazil
Authors: GUIMARÃES CARLA SILVA , LUZ SOFIA , ROCHA PEDRO CARVALHO , FEIO RENATO NEVES
Published: May 2017

Brachycephalus is a frog genus endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and characterized by the bright yellow-orange aposematic colors and the high degree of miniaturization. Herein, we describe a new species of Brachycephalus from Serra do Brigadeiro, Municipality of Ervália, Minas Gerais State, southeastern Brazil. Specimens were collected at high altitudes (i.e., 1266–1498 m above sea level) amidst the leaf litter. The new species is characterized by the presence of black connective tissue covering all dorsal muscles, body completely yellow-orange in life, presence of skull and post-cranial plates, large size (SVL of adults: 14.8–18.5 mm), bufoniform body, absence of metacarpal and metatarsal tubercles, and presence of harmonics in its advertisement call.
Climatology of Tropical Overshooting Tops in North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Griffin Sarah M.
Published: May 2017

Organized tropical convection, often characterized by overshooting tops, is a distinguishing quality of tropical cyclones (TCs). In this study, the climatology of tropical overshooting tops (TOTs) in North Atlantic Ocean TCs from 2004 to 2015 is examined. Previous studies have investigated the distribution of convection in TCs based on lightning data. The purpose of this study is to examine the distribution of TC convection from geostationary satellites using an objective TOT detection algorithm based on infrared brightness temperatures and empirically dependent thresholds. It will be shown that TOTs can provide an additional metric for identifying the characteristics of TC convection. Based on the 12-yr (2004–15) climatology, a distinct semidiurnal cycle in TOT activity is detected within 500 km of the TC center. In agreement with lightning data from previous studies, a predawn maximum (local to the TC) in TOTs is observed within 300 km of the TC center. A second predusk maximum is associated with TOTs between 300 and 500 km of the TC center. TC intensity and intensity trend along with environmental factors can affect the number and distribution of TOTs. For example, an exponential relationship exists between the number of TOTs and increasing sea surface temperatures. Conversely, increasing vertical wind shear magnitude decreases the density of TOTs, with a higher percentage of TOTs observed downshear of the wind direction. Generally, within 100 km (100–300 km) of the TC center, the preferred quadrant for TOTs is downshear left (downshear right), and increased TOT activity is observed right of TC motion. The findings corroborate previous lightning study results while providing additional insights into TC convection.
Changes in Ocean Temperature in the Barents Sea in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Long Zhenxia , Perrie Will
Published: May 2017

Possible modifications to ocean temperature in the Barents Sea induced by climate change are explored. The simulations were performed with a coupled ice–ocean model (CIOM) driven by the surface fields from the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) simulations. CIOM can capture the observed water volume inflow through the Barents Sea Opening. The CIOM simulation and observations suggest an increase in the Atlantic water volume inflow and heat transport into the Barents Sea in recent decades resulting from enhanced storm activity. While seasonal variations of sea ice and sea surface temperature in CIOM simulations are comparable with observations, CIOM results underestimate the sea surface temperature but overestimate ice cover in the Barents Sea, consistent with an underestimated heat transport through the Barents Sea Opening. Under the SRES A1B scenario, the loss of sea ice significantly increases the surface solar radiation and the ocean surface heat loss through turbulent heat fluxes and longwave radiation. Meanwhile, the lateral heat transport into the Barents Sea tends to increase. Thus, changes in ocean temperature depend on the heat balance of solar radiation, surface turbulent heat flux, and lateral heat transport. During the 130-yr simulation period (1970–2099), the average ocean temperature increases from 0° to 1°C in the southern Barents Sea, mostly due to increased lateral heat transport and solar radiation. In the northern Barents Sea, ocean temperature decreases by 0.4°C from the 2010s to the 2040s and no significant trend can be seen thereafter, when the surface heat flux is balanced by solar radiation and lateral heat transport and there is no notable net heat flux change.
Sea Ice Trends in Climate Models Only Accurate in Runs with Biased Global Warming
Authors: Rosenblum Erica , Eisenman Ian
Published: May 2017

Observations indicate that the Arctic sea ice cover is rapidly retreating while the Antarctic sea ice cover is steadily expanding. State-of-the-art climate models, by contrast, typically simulate a moderate decrease in both the Arctic and Antarctic sea ice covers. However, in each hemisphere there is a small subset of model simulations that have sea ice trends similar to the observations. Based on this, a number of recent studies have suggested that the models are consistent with the observations in each hemisphere when simulated internal climate variability is taken into account. Here sea ice changes during 1979–2013 are examined in simulations from the most recent Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) as well as the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble (CESM-LE), drawing on previous work that found a close relationship in climate models between global-mean surface temperature and sea ice extent. All of the simulations with 1979–2013 Arctic sea ice retreat as fast as observations are found to have considerably more global warming than observations during this time period. Using two separate methods to estimate the sea ice retreat that would occur under the observed level of global warming in each simulation in both ensembles, it is found that simulated Arctic sea ice retreat as fast as observations would occur less than 1% of the time. This implies that the models are not consistent with the observations. In the Antarctic, simulated sea ice expansion as fast as observations is found to typically correspond with too little global warming, although these results are more equivocal. As a result, the simulations do not capture the observed asymmetry between Arctic and Antarctic sea ice trends. This suggests that the models may be getting the right sea ice trends for the wrong reasons in both polar regions.