bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Joh 18.1–14 Par Mk 14.43–53: Methodologische Überlegungen Zur Rekonstruktion Einer Vorsynoptischen Passionsgeschichte
Authors: Dormeyer Detlev
Published: February 2009

Die Gewiβheit, mit den üblichen traditions- und redaktionsge-schichtlichen Methoden eine vorsynoptische Traditionsgeschichte objektiv rekonstruieren zu können, schwindet immer mehr (s.u. 3). So wird es erforderlich, unter Einbezug der gegenwartig herrschenden texttheoretischen Methoden ein offenes Methoden-Modell zu konstruieren, das eine Rekonstruktion der Tradition plausibel ermöglicht (s.u. 4). Allerdings stammen die gewählten texttheoretischen Methoden aus unterschiedlichen texttheoretischen Modellen wie dem Strukturalismus, der Erzähltextanalyse (narrative criticism) und der historischen Gattungsanalyse (rhetoric criticism). Diese Modelle schlieβen sich aber nicht gegenseitig aus, sondern konvergieren in vielen Punkten miteinander. So wird es möglich, die historisch-kritische Methode um einzelne Elemente aus diesen Modellen zu bereichern, zu verändern und auf diese Weise weiterzuentwickeln (s.u. 1–2).
Like Broken Pieces of a Ring: 2 Cor 1.1–2.13; 7.5–16 and Ancient Theories of Literaru Unity
Authors: Welborn L. L.
Published: February 2009

Johannes Weiss was the first to suggest that 2 Cor 1.1–2.13; 7.5–16 was once an independent work.1Weiss saw that the tone of these chapters varied, not only from chapter 10–13, but also from the intervening text, 2.14–7.4. Here the reconciliation is not apparent, which, in chapters 1–2 and 7, is the presupposition of Paul's joy. On the contrary, Paul must still answer charges that he has wronged, corrupted, and defrauded the Corinthians, and must plead with the Corinthians to open their hearts (2.17; 4.1–2; 6.3–13; 7.2–4). This passage must have been written at the height of the conflict, before the successful conclusion of peace. Then, Paul wrote again in a cordial manner, to assure the Corinthians of his confidence, and to remove the lingering traces of doubt. The proof of this analysis Weiss discovered in the connection between 2.13 and 7.5: the account of Paul's anxious search for Titus breaks off at the decisive point (2.13) and resumes only four chapters later (7.5) at the very point where it had broken off. ‘This separation of what belongs together is unheard of and intolerable, from a literary point of view, since 2.13 and 7.5 fit onto each other as neatly as the broken pieces of a ring.’2
The Rhetoric of Comprehension in the Gospel of Matthew
Authors: Kingsbury Jack Dean
Published: February 2009

To date, narrative critics have only begun to address the familiar question of what the theology – or better, the ‘theological point of view’ – of the respective canonical Gospels is. To remind ourselves, the theological point of view of a Gospel is the peculiar understanding of faith and life that governs its narrative world. Typically, the implied authors of the Gospels do not ‘tell’ their readers or hearers what their theological points of view are; instead, they ‘show’ their readers what they are through their respective descriptions of the settings, characters, and events found within their Gospels.
The So-CalledPericope De Adultera
Authors: McDonald J. Ian H.
Published: February 2009

No one who is at all familiar with New Testament studies can fail to be fascinated by the extraordinary range of problems surrounding the so-calledpericope de adultera, which appears in some translations as John 7.53–8.11 but which ‘has no fixed place in our witnesses’. ‘By a happy chance’, as the late Barnabas Lindars put it, ‘this fragment from an unknown work has been preserved in the MS tradition of John.’ Its absence from most reliable MSS, and the diversity of readings within the minority of MSS which include it at some point, are sufficiently problematic to prod the creative imagination of critical scholarship into remarkable productivity from time to time, and any new MS discovery is sure to reinvig-orate debate on this particular cause célèbre.
Women Deacons in 1 Timothy: A Linguistic and Literary look at ‘Women Likewise…’ (1 Tim 3.11)
Authors: Stiefel Jennifer H.
Published: February 2009

Timothy 3.11 has long been recognized as an anomalous element in the discussion of deacons in 3.8–13, to which topic the author of the Pastorals has turned his attention as the second of the two offices described in the first half of chapter 3. Interpreters have struggled to identify the women addressed in this verse. Answers have scarcely been lacking, responses notable for their variety and for the unspoken assumptions delimiting the possibilities entertained. This paper, by scrutinizing the syntax of 3.11 and the structure of the passage on διάκονοι, ‘deacons’, discerns new evidence for the identification of these women as partners in ministry with the explicitly named men of the passage.
‘Reich Gottes’ Bei Lukas
Authors: Wolter Michael
Published: February 2009

Daß die Königsherrschaft Gottes auch im lukanischen Doppelwerk als wichtiger theologischer ‘Leitbegriff’ fungiert, signalisiert allein schon die erst- und letztmalige Verwendung dieses Begriffs: Mit dem Logion von Lk 4.43, das eine Gesamtdeutung der Sendung Jesu liefert, und dem letzten Satz seines Werkes in Apg 28.31 legt Lukas einen Rahmen um seine Darstellung, der durch das Stichwort der βασιλεία τοθεοdem Ganzen unübersehbare Kohärenz verleiht. Dazu paßt, daß Lukas auch in dem Bericht über die 40 Tage zwischen Ostern und Himmelfahrt, der die beiden Teile seines Doppelwerkes miteinander verknüpft, das Basileia-Thema aufgreift (Apg 1.3, 6). Die Gottesherrschaft ist hier zum Bestandteil eines geschichtstheologischen Gesamtentwurfs geworden, der aufgrund seiner Abständigkeit zum historischen Jesus naturgemäß auch dessen Basileia-Verkündigung nur gebrochen rezipieren konnte.—In den letzten Jahrzehnten hat sich nun vor allem das ‘eschatologische Büro' mit diesem Thema befaßt. Gegenstand der Diskussion ist vor allem, in welcher Weise die Erfahrung der sich dehnenden Zeit (d.h. der Parusieverzögerung und des zunehmenden Abstands von den Anfängen der Christentumsgeschichte) als für die lukanische Basileia-Konzeption maßgeblich zu veranschlagen ist. Die einzelnen Diskussionsbeiträge orientieren sich dabei weitgehend an einem durch Zeitkategorien definierten Koordinatensystem, mit dessen Hilfe das Wie der Präsenz der Basileia in der Gegenwart (der gewesenen des irdischen Jesus sowie der augenblicklichen des Lukas) und das Wann ihres Kommens in der Zukunft (der nahen oder der fernen) verortet wird.
Das Kirchenverständnis des Matthäus im Spiegel seiner Gleichnisse
Authors: Roloff Jürgen
Published: February 2009

Dieses Thema bietet Anlaß zum dankbaren Gedenken an Günther Bornkamm. Er war es, der als erster den Nachweis dafür führte, daβ die Ekklesiologie im Matthäusevangelium eine zentrale Stellung einnimmt, ja vielleicht sogar dessen Hauptthema ist. ‘Kein anderes Evangelium ist so wie Matth. vom Kirchengedanken geprägt, für den kirchlichen Gebrauch gestaltet.’ Dieser Satz steht in Bornkamms erstmals 1956 erschienener Studie ‘Enderwartung und Kirche im Matthäusevangelium’.1In ihr hat Bornkamm auch als erster jenen methodischen Weg beschritten, der es ermöglicht, dem Kirchenverständnis des Evangelisten nachzu-spüren: es ist der Weg der Redaktionsgeschichte. Vor ihm war es lediglich Adolf Schlatter gewesen, der in seinem groβen Matthäus-kommentar einige Hinweise in die gleiche Richtung gegeben hatte, die allerdings wegen der noch fehlenden methodischen Absicherung in der damals noch völlig anderen Forschungslage kaum zur Kenntnis genommen worden waren.
Gnomic Quatrains in the Synoptics: An Experiment in Genre Definition
Authors: Henderson Ian H.
Published: February 2009

An abiding challenge for NT study is that of defining generic relationships among texts. The problem is especially significant for gospel sayings material, literary texts which most explicitly evoke and imitate the styles and forms of spoken language. It will be useful, then, to define generically a hitherto unnoticed Synoptic sayings-type exemplified just seven times in the gospels, especially if a class of unusually difficult texts may thereby be illuminated. Its rarity notwithstanding, the ‘Gnomic Quatrain’ (GQ) should be of particular interest as a special elaboration of the much more fundamental genre of the gnomic sentence.
Civil Litigation In Secular Corinth and the Church
Authors: Winter Bruce W.
Published: February 2009

Paul's teaching about the attitude of the Christian towards the state is well known in Rom 13. There the rulers are God's vicegerents, God's deacons for the praising of those who do good and for the punishing of evil-doers. All are to be subject to them in order to avoid God's wrath and to maintain a good conscience. They are deserving of financial support as God'a λειτουργο and are to be shown honour and respect. Does Paul espouse a contradictory view of the state in 1 Cor 6? Here they are not God's λειτουργο, but οἱἄδικοι, the unrighteous, v. 1. They are those least esteemed in the κκλησα, v. 4, and appearing before them is plainly wrong for Christians, v. 6. The Corinthians were not called upon to honour them by Paul in 1 Cor 6, if they are indeed the same persons mentioned in Rom 13.
Colossians 2.15: Christ Triumphant
Authors: Yates Roy
Published: February 2009

Colossians 2.15 is a notoriously difficult verse both to translate and to interpret. While textual problems are minimal, lexical, syntactical, and historical problems abound. The interpretation of almost every word or phrase has been disputed. Punctuation too is open to more than one possibility. F. Prat writes:
Die zyklische Struktur von Lukas 9.43b–19.28
Authors: Baarlink Heinrich
Published: February 2009

Die Frage nach der literarischen Struktur der sogenannten groβen Einschaltung im Lk-Ev ist bis heute noch nicht über-zeugend beantwortet worden. Sie wird jedoch so lange in regel-mäβigen Abständen auf die Tagesordnung zurückkehren, bis sich über sie eine gewisse communis opinio gebildet hat, auch wenn wir davon heute noch weit entfernt sind.
The Co-Elect Woman of 1 Peter
Authors: Applegate Judith K.
Published: February 2009

The ending of 1 Peter includes greetings from a person or group designated by an adjective, συνεκλεκτός (co-elect, 5.13), found no where else in the New Testament. The adjective as it stands in 1 Peter is preceded by a singular feminine article and has a singular feminine ending. It functions as a substantive and has a modifying prepositional phrase, ν Bαβυλνι (in Babylon), sandwiched between the article and the adjective. The complete phrase reads: ν Bαβυλνι συνεκλεκτή literally, ‘the (feminine) in Babylon co-elect (feminine)’.
The Idle in 2 Thess 3.6–12: An Eschatological or a Social Problem?
Authors: Russell R.
Published: February 2009

Much of the scholarly attention given the Thessalonian epistles has been devoted to various debates. These polemics have included the epistles' authenticity, with some arguing that 1 Thess 2. 13–16 and Thessalonians are post-Pauline, often by appealing to letter structure. Lack of agreement exists as well with the interpretation of Paul's eschatology–the letters' main concern - and difference of opinion also characterizes the function of Paul's apology in 1 Thess 2. 1–12 and his paraenesis, particularly in 1 Thess 4. 1–12. While scholars have actively pursued the pros and cons of these issues, most have been rather passive when it comes to discussing ‘the idle’ (l Thess 4. 11–12; 5. 14; 2 Thess 3. 6–13) – the second most significant theme in the epistles. They usually continue the traditional eschatological explanation for the origin of the problem. This study will survey the history of this interpretation, investigate 2 Thess 3. 6–13 and recommend that a social explanation best satisfies the evidence. This study also seeks to demonstrate the fallacy of explaining historical phenomena from just theological structures and the importance of the interaction between the world of ideas and social structures for interpretation – the importance of which has been shown by redaction criticism's concern for theSitz im Lebenand by recent social descriptions of early Christianity.
The TLG Computer and Further Reference to ΑϒΘΕΝΤΕΩ in 1 Timothy 2.12
Authors: Wilshire Leland Edward
Published: February 2009

George W. Knight III has continued the scholarly inquiry into the word αὐθεντέωand its use in 1 Tim 2. 12 with his well researched 1984 NTS article ‘ΑϒΘΕΝΤΕΩ in Reference to Women in 1 Timothy 2. 12’. It is a study using what scholars have used until now as their main reference tools, that is, Greek lexicons and their referenced citations. Since that time, however, there has opened up an additional tool for linguistic scholarship, the computer database. The ‘Thesaurus Linguae Graecae’ computer database project (developed and housed at the University of California – Irvine) is presently becoming available for scholarly use and it has been consulted on the strange philological development of this same Greek word αὐθεντέω (with its cognates αὐθέντης and αὐθεντία and its solitary NT usage in 1 Tim 2. 12.
Die Osterbotsghaft des Markus. Zur Theologischen Interpretation von Mark 16. 1–8
Authors: Lindemann Andreas
Published: February 2009

Das Markus-Evangehum unterscheidet sich von den anderen synoptischen Evangelien in auffälliger Weise dadurch, daß am Anfang und am Schluß Berichte fehlen, die Lukas und Matthäus offensichtlich als für den Inhalt ihrer Schriften wesentlich angesehen haben: Der zweite Evangelist berichtet nicht von Geburt und Kindheit Jesu; und sein Buch enthält - ausweislich der ältesten erhaltenen Handschriften - keine Erzählungen von Erscheinungen des Auferstandenen. Das Fehlen einer Geburtsgeschichte wird ver-mutlich damit zu erklären sein, daß Markus1entsprechende Traditionen nicht gekannt hat. Das Fehlen der Erscheinungsgeschichten dagegen läßt sich nicht so ohne weiteres mit dieser Annahme begründen; denn Mark 14. 28 und 16. 7 scheinen jedenfalls anzudeuten, daß es im Umkreis des Evangelisten bzw. seiner Tradition entsprechende Erzählungen gegeben hat. Dann aber stellt sich die Frage, warum Markus in seinem Evangelium auf die Erscheinungen zwar ankündigend hinweist, gleichzeitig aber darauf verzichtet, von ihnen als von einem tatsächlich geschehenen Ereignis zu berichten.
Pauline Inconsistency: I corinthians 9: 19–23 and galatians 2: 11–14
Authors: Richardson Peter
Published: February 2009

Paul's own behaviour is not as open to scrutiny as that of some of his congregations. Comparisons are possible, with limited success, between the reports of his actions in Acts and what he himself says in his letters. Certain kinds of behaviour can be guessed at through a careful analysis of his letters. Rarely, however, do we have in his letters a passage that is as pregnant with implications – particularly for an understanding of his behaviour – as I Corinthians 9. 19–23. The purpose of what follows is to explore an inconsistency between what Paul says about his own behaviour in that passage and what he says with regard to Peter's behaviour in Galatians 2. 11–14. Attention will be focused on ethics, apostolic accommodation, and the relation between Paul and Peter as primitive Christian missionaries.
Essai sur la structure littéraire et l'interprétation d'Hébreux 3, 1–6
Authors: Auffret P.
Published: February 2009

Dans la première édition de La structure littéraire de l' Epître aux Hébreux (Paris, 1962), A. Vanhoye notait au terme de son étude d'Héb 3, 1–6: ‘Nous n'oserions pas prétendre que cette interprétation s'impose en tout point avec la clarté de l'éVidence’ (p. 91), et dans la deuxième édition (Paris, 1976) il ajoute: ‘Cette discussion reste fort problématique. Le raisonnement de l'auteur n'est pas assez explicite pour qu'on puisse en saisir avec certitude toutes les étapes’ (p. 265). Cette dernière affirmation nous semble contestable, et c'est ce que le présent travail voudrait s'efforcer de montrer. Sans revenir sur les critiques adressées à juste titre par Vanhoye (pp. 88–9) aux lectures de C. Spicq, O. Michel, J. Héring et J. Moffatt, et sans négliger l'apport des deux éditions du livre, mais non plus celui de l'article de J. Swetnam, ‘Form and Content in Hebrews 1–6’,1 nous proposerons d'abord une traduction servile du texte, puis nous en étudierons la structure littéraire, et enfin nous essaierons de saisir les étapes du raisonnement de l'auteur. L'étude du rapport aux premiers chapitres sera notre conclusion.
Le signe de la mangeoire et des langes
Authors: Winandy Jacques
Published: February 2009

On ne trouvera pas dans les pages qui vont suivre une analyse détaillée du récit de Luc, ni un essai de reconstitution des étapes supposées de sa rédaction. Il nous suffira, dans cet ordre d'idées, de noter que le message adressé aux bergers, comme, du reste, les apparitions angéliques elles-mêmes, relèvent incontestablement d'un procédé littéraire hérité de l'Ancien Testament. Il s'agit, en somme, d'une mise en scène dramatique destinée à sou-ligner l'origine divine d'une intuition, d'une perception des choses qui, dans le cas présent, va âtre au coeur du récit et lui donnera tout son sens. Il n'y a pas lieu de la prendre à la lettre, ni, par conséquent, de se demander si et comment les bergers ont pu entrevoir quelque chose de la signification attribuée par l'ange à la mangeoire et aux langes.
Philippians 2.6–11: Son of God or Adamic Christology?
Authors: Wanamaker C. A.
Published: February 2009

Writing more than fifty years ago Ernst Lohmeyer said of Phil 2. 5–11, ‘Dieser Abschnitt gehört zu den schwierigsten Abschnitten der paulinischen Briefe.’ The passing years have only served to confirm his judgment, and in fact Lohmeyer himself did much to shape the terms of reference for the subsequent investigation of this complex passage by his emphasis on its poetic structure, its traditional character, and its conceptual background. Perhaps the most important trend to emerge in the scholarly research of this passage in the last two decades has been the attention given to whether Phil 2. 6–1 1, the supposed poetic piece in the passage, presupposes or contains a reference to the pre-existence of Christ. Up until the 1960s it was generally assumed that the passage referred to Christ's heavenly pre-existence, and thus R. H. Fuller writing in 1965 could declare the occasional attempts at eliminating the idea of pre-existence from the passage a failure. In light of a series of important investigations which have appeared since then, Fuller's pronouncement can no longer be affirmed unreservedly. The momentum of research may in fact be in the opposite direction. J. Murphy-O'Connor, for example, claims that ‘the notion of pre-existence is only part of the Vorverständnis with which exegetes approach the hymn’ rather than a conclusion derived from the careful investigation of the passage and its backgrounds.
ΦΙΛΑΔΕΛΦΙΑ, ΘΕοΔΙΔΑΚΤοΣ and the Dioscuri: Rhetorical Engagement in 1 Thessalonians 4.9–12
Authors: Kloppenborg John S.
Published: February 2009

Recent investigation of the Pauline corpus has brought into focus several important facets of Paul's rhetorical skill. It is now generally recognized that Paul knew and used the forms and techniques of classical rhetoric. Various analyses of 1 and 2 Thessalonians, Corinthians 1–4, Galatians, for example, have reinforced the conviction that Paul consciously constructed his letters using rhetorical patterns and appeals. This type of investigation does not, however, operate in opposition to the epistolary analysis that was pioneered by Robert Funk and others. Indeed, attention to epistolary clichés and formulae proves especially valuable in reconstructing the ‘rhetorical situation’ of each letter, since these provide a road map of the conversation between Paul and his partners, indicating, for example, what is prior shared knowledge, what is new information and what are the points of controversy in the matters discussed.
Mark 15.16–32: The Crucifixion Narrative and the Roman Triumphal Procession
Authors: Schmidt T. E.
Published: February 2009

Robert Gundry, in a new major commentary on Mark, advances convincingly the thesis that the second Gospel is an extended apology for the cross. More specifically, Gundry argues that Mark portrays the passion of Christ as an aspect of his glory. This article intends to follow that thesis up an avenue not travelled in Gundry's commentary – namely the Via Dolorosa, which, I will argue, replaces the Sacra Via of Rome and renders the passion a triumph in a quite literal sense. In other words, I will maintain that details of a particular segment of the crucifixion narrative (Mark 15.16–32) evoke a Roman triumphal procession, and that Mark designs this ‘anti-triumph’ to suggest that the seeming scandal of the cross is actually an exaltation of Christ. In this interpretation, many details of the crucifixion narrative that appear to be incidental are in fact important features in a parabolic drama which a late first-century Roman audience would be uniquely situated to comprehend.
Wehrlosigkeit Oder Selbstschutz? Aspekte Zum Verständnis des lukanischen Schwertwortes
Authors: Heiligenthal R.
Published: February 2009

Ein dunkles, viel umrätseltes und mißdeutetes Wort nennt Walter Schmithals den kurzen Abschnitt von den zwei Schwertern (Lk 22.35–8), der die testamentarische Rede Jesu in Lk 22 abschließt:

(35) Und er sagte zu ihnen: ‘Als ich euch ohne Geldbeutel und Vorratssack und Sandalen aussandte, hat euch jemals etwas gefehlt?’ Sie antworteten: ‘Nichts’. (36) Er aber sagte zu ihnen: ‘Jetzt aber, wer einen Geldbeutel hat, nehme ihn und ebenso einen Vorratssack und wer nicht hat, verkaufe sein Obergewand und kaufe ein Schwert. (37) Denn ich sage euch: dieses Schriftwort muß in mir erfüllt werden; “Und er ist zu den Gesetzlosen gezählt”; denn, was mir bestimmt ist, kommt zu seiner Vollendung.’ (38) Sie aber sagten: ‘Herr, siehe, hier sind zwei Schwerter.’ Er aber sagte zu ihnen: ‘Es ist genug.’
Biblische Exegese in Italien zwischen Vaticanum I und Vaticanum II
Authors: Ghiberti Giuseppe
Published: February 2009

Unter den zahlreichen Einflußlinien, die in Italien die Jahrzehnte zwischen Ende des 19. und Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts die biblischen Arbeiten vorbereitet haben, spreche ich nur von der Lage der Forschung. In den Jahren unmittelbar nach dem 1. Vatikanischen Konzil wurden die theologischen Fakultäten aus allen Universitäten des jung vereinigten Königreiches ausgeschlossen (26. Januar 1873). Mit diesem Ereignis fiel ein besonderer Mangel an Initiativen in der biblischen Forschung zusammen, die sich nur in ein traditionelles Interesse für die Orientalistik und eine ängstliche und nervöse Sorge um apologetische Interessen teilten.
Evangelist and Leper: A Socio-Cultural Study of Mark 1.40–45
Authors: Kazmierski Carl R.
Published: February 2009

The majority of scholars interpret the narrative of the Cleansing of the Leper (Mark 1.40–45 par) as a miracle story in which Jesus cures a man sick with leprosy, and, in accord with the precepts of Leviticus 13–14, immediately sends him to the priest to have his cure verified. The leper, however, despite Jesus' warning, spreads the word of his healing far and wide, so much so that Jesus is no longer able to enter into towns because of his great popularity. Such an interpretation seems to fit in well with what is often said to be Mark's concern, in the first part of his gospel, to present Jesus as a powerful miracle worker, under the thematic umbrella of the Messianic Secret.
Rebuking the Spirit a New Analysis of the Lazarus Story of John 11
Authors: Lindars Barnabas
Published: February 2009

The story of the raising of Lazarus (John 11.1–44) is one of the most dramatic and impressive of the compositions in the Fourth Gospel. For this very reason it raises a host of problems for the biblical critic. There can be no dispute that it has a theological purpose which dominates the whole narrative. This is clearly set out in the first words attributed to Jesus: ‘This illness is not unto death; it is for the glory of God, so that the Son of God may be glorified by means of it’ (v. 4). The same point is referred to again just before the climax of the narrative in v. 40. But the more prominent the theological aim, the more difficult it becomes to view the narrative simply in terms of history. It must surely be the case that John has based his composition on a source, which was probably much simpler and briefer than the splendid story which it has become in his hands. But the source must be reconstructed before we can begin to think of it in historical terms. The modern tendency is to give up such attempts as hopeless, and to concentrate on the meaning of the text as it stands. But even that presents pitfalls to the critic. All seems well until we come to v. 33: ‘Jesus…was deeply moved in spirit (ένεβριμήσατο τῷ πνεύματι) and troubled.’ Unfortunately the Greek words do not mean ‘deeply moved in spirit’ (RSV). In his recent commentary on John in the Word Biblical Commentary, G. R. Beasley-Murray marshalls a great array of evidence to show that the meaning must be ‘became angry in spirit’. But why should Jesus be represented by John as angry? The effort to answer this question affects the interpretation of the whole story.
Das johanneische Schisma und die ‘Zwölf’ (Johannes 6.60–71)
Authors: Schenke Ludger
Published: February 2009

In 1 Joh 2.18–19; 4.1–6 hören wir von einem christologischen Schisma in der ‘johanneischen’ Gemeinde. Die Schismatiker werden ‘Antichristen’ und ‘Pseudopropheten’ genannt. Ihre Zahl ist groß. Sie sind aber ‘Christusgläubige’ (2.19), die wohl für sich selbst in Anspruch nahmen, die ‘richtige’ Christologie zu vertreten. Für diese warben sie unter den Gemeindemitliedern, was der Autor des 1 Joh ‘Verführung’ nennt (2.26; vgl. 4.5–6).
The Voice of the Manuscripts on the Silence of Women: The External Evidence for 1 Cor 14.34–5
Authors: Niccum Curt
Published: February 2009

The prohibition of women's speech at 1 Cor 14.34–5, in a letter which elsewhere presumes female prophetic activity, has intrigued scholars. Although some attempt to resolve this apparent inconsistency by interpreting the text as it stands, others resort to interpolation theories. Of the latter, the large majority employ only a few of the traditional text-critical criteria. For example, Hans Conzelmann relies solely on intrinsic probability to dismiss 1 Cor 14.33b–36 as a later insertion,2despite the external evidence which recognizes no omission. Gordon Fee, a noted text critic, has recently examined this passage employing all the text-critical criteria. Surprisingly, Fee still considers vv. 34–5 an interpolation.
Beobachtungen zur Rezeption der Genesis bei Pseudo–philo (LAB 1–8) und Lukas (Apg 7.2–17)
Authors: Reinmuth Eckart
Published: February 2009

Mit dem vorliegenden Beitrag sollen einige Beobachtungen zur Rezeption der Genesis durch Pseudo–Philo (Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum)1und Lukas vorgeführt werden. Beide Autoren arbei–ten im ungefähr gleichen Zeitraum, dem letzten Drittel des ersten Jahrhunderts.2Auf Berührungen zwischen ihren Erzählwerken wurde bereits früher hingewiesen.3Der vorliegende Beitrag fragt nach der Bedeutung der Genesis in der Textwelt beider Autoren; er beschränkt sich nicht auf deren explizite Schriftzitate.4Bezug–nahmen auf die Genesis sind vielmehr in beiden Werken auf vielfältige Weise realisiert. Sie zeigen zugleich lediglich einen Ausschnitt der biblisch bestimmten Intertextualität, die für beide Werke kennzeichnend ist.
Die Ursprünge der Christlichen Mission
Authors: Hengel Martin
Published: February 2009

Die Anfänge der christlichen Mission standen nach dem Standardwerk Harnacks jahrzehntelang nicht mehr im Mittelpunkt der Forschung. Erst in jüngster Zeit ist ein Umschwung zu bemerken. Seit der Arbeit von Ferdinand Hahn, 1963, folgte jedes Jahr eine neue Monographie. Dieser neuerwachte Eifer deutet zugleich auf ein wachsendes Interesse gegenüber der Geschichte des Urchristentums überhaupt hin. Die unaufhaltsame Ausbreitung des christlichen Glaubens im Mittelmeerraum während der ersten 120 Jahre ist der rote Faden für jede Geschichte des Urchristentums. Wenn heute immer Wieder danach gefragt wird, worin die ‘Kontinuität’ der Botschaft des NT bestehe, so könnte man antworten, daß sich deren ‘faktische Kontinuität’ —ganz gleich, wie sie dargestellt wird—auf jeden Fall in dem für die Antike einzigartigen Erfolg der urchristlichen Mission erweist.
The Central Section of the Gospel According to St Luke
Authors: Ogg George
Published: February 2009

The central section of the Gospel according to St Luke (ix. 51—xix. 28) contains some of the most precious portions of Jesus' teaching. But it also occasions a perplexing problem, which may be briefly stated as follows. From its opening words the reader gathers that in what is to follow Luke purposes to give a chronologically ordered running account of Jesus' last journey from Galilee to Jerusalem. But on examination what follows does not appear to be an account of that kind. In ch. x Jesus is in the home of Martha and Mary and therefore, it is to be assumed, has reached Bethany on the outskirts of Jerusalem, but in ch. xvii he is no further south than the border line between Galilee and Samaria. Again in ch. xiii there are words of Jesus which, according to a possibly correct interpretation of them, indicate that he has not yet set out on his journey.
The Beginnings of Christianity According to the Samaritans
Authors: Macdonald John , Higgins A. J. B.
Published: February 2009

The Hebrew text printed below is published for the first time. It is an extract from the Samaritan chronicle no. II, sometimes know erroneously as Sepher ha-ramim ( = chronicle). The basic text is printed unaltered here and it is from the John Rylands Library MS 1142 in the Moses Gaster Collection. The extract is unrelated in terms of content to the preceding and succeeding material, so that nothing is lost by publishing this extract.
The Authority of Christ in the New Testament
Authors: Selwyn E. G.
Published: February 2009

In any religion unique authority is assigned by its adherents to the words of its founder, whether written by the founder himself or narrated of him by others; and Christianity is no exception to the rule. The circulation in the Primitive Church of Sayings of Christ is an indication that this was so from very early days. Dr Dibelius has given reasons for believing that the words of Jesus were collected at an early date explicitly as words of the Lord, and therefore inspired; that these collections were definite as regards both their authority and their limits; and that they were almost certainly in Greek; for no trace has been found of any written Aramaic tradition, unless we suppose that Papias had such a collection in mind in what he wrote (about A.D. 140) about St Matthew's Gospel. If the document known as Q existed, then it was such a collection, perhaps the most authoritative of several.
Schöpfungsoffenbarung und Natürliche Theologie im Frühen Christentum
Authors: Eltester W.
Published: February 2009

Die folgenden Ausführungen wollen keine systematisch-theologische Würdigung der in dem Thema liegenden Problematik liefern. Sie sind vielmehr die einfache Interpretation einiger Denkmäler aus vorchristlicher und frühchristlicher Zeit, mag es sich um literarische oder auch um Denkmäler im eigentlichen Sinne handeln. Diese Interpretation knüpft an das an, was ich vor zwei Jahren in den Neutestamentlichen Studien für R. Bultmann ausgeführt habe. Mir liegt daran, das fast unlösliche Ineinander von biblischem Glauben an die Offenbarung Gottes in der Schöpfung and von griechischphilosophischer Theologie, die ich mit einem Ausdruck E. Sprangers Weltfrömmigkeit genannt habe, an diesen Denkmälern zu zeigen.
Le Voile Des Femmes (I Cor. XI. 2–16)
Authors: Jaubert Annie
Published: February 2009

Les difficultés de ce texte sont connues. La principale portant sur le verset central:exousiaà cause des anges (xi, 10). Ce verset ne peut être éclairé q'en étant replacé dans son contexte littéraire immédiat et dans son contexte culturel. Notre ambition serait, par l'analyse de ces contextes, de mettre en question certaines interprétations courantes, et de proposer au moins quelques orientations. La tâche est malaisée devant le caractère conjectural de beaucoup de données.
Die königlichen Messiastraditionen des Neuen Testaments
Authors: Berger Klaus
Published: February 2009

Die Weise, in der man mit der Rezeption königlicher Messiastraditionen im NT zu rechnen pflegt, bringt große methodische Schwierigkeiten mit sich. Von der alten Konzeption der ‘Spiritualisierung’ nationaler Erwartungen (Baur, Wernle etc.) hat man prinzipiell noch immer nicht abrücken können: Das Maß, in dem nationale Eschatologie christianisiert worden sein soll, entzieht sich historischer und soziologischer Erklärbarkeit. F. Hahn kann die Verwendung des jüdischen Messiastitels nur auf dem Umweg über sein Schema erklären, nach dem derartige Titel zunächst auf den Wiederkommenden bezogen worden seien: ‘Der jüdische Messiastitel war für Jesus und die Urgemeinde als solcher nicht tragbar’–das sei nur nach einem längeren Prozeß der Christianisierung möglich gewesen, in dem der Messiasbegriff besonders mit dem Leidensgedanken verbunden worden sei; Ursprung der erst nach der älteren Zeit einsetzenden Entwicklung sei die Spottinschrift am Kreuz gewesen.–Zu den Einwänden, die Ph. Vielhauer gegen diese Konzeption vorgebracht hat, ist hinzuzufügen, daß die These von der Hinrichtung Jesu als eines Messiasprätendenten (Kreuzesinschrift) angesichts des Befundes bei Mk ein Zirkelschluß ist. Denn woher weiß man, wie der Titel ‘König der Juden’ zu verstehen ist–und in welchem Zusammenhang steht dieser Titel mit den sonst bei Mk. berichteten Auftreten Jesu? Überdies ersetzt das von F. Hahn konstruierte Schema der allmählichen Übertragung der Titel auf den Irdischen nicht einen historischen Nachweis, wie es überhaupt möglich gewesen sei, derartige Titel zu applizieren. Enteschatologisierung allein erklärt noch gar nichts. Vor allem hat Hahn die Kategorie der ‘Wiederkehr’ Jesu zum Gericht nicht historisch verständlich machen können. Hier handelt es sich aber deutlich um eine ‘prophetische’ Kategorie (Vgl. Anm. 142): Der Verkünder kommt als Zeuge wieder. – Ebensowenig wie F. Hahn kann aber auch Ph. Vielhauer die Applikation jüdischer Messianologie auf Jesus erklären: Er rechnet mit einer totalen Umkehrung des jüdischen Messiasbegriffes, bzw.
Foi et Exégèse: Réflexions sur les Fondements Théologiques de L'exégèse
Authors: Denis A.-M.
Published: February 2009

Au commencement de l'exégèse critique est la foi. Les relations de l'une à l'autre sont réelles, bien qu'elles-mêmes soient distinctes. Afin qu'elles restent soigneusement distinguées tout en étant connexes, et que leurs niveaux d'activité propre demeurent rigoureusement séparés, il est utile de revenir parfois sur des choses connues.
One Hundred-Fold Yield – Miraculous or Mundane? Matthew 13.8, 23; Mark 4.8, 20; Luke 8.8
Authors: McIver Robert K.
Published: February 2009

In the second volume of their ICC commentary on Matthew, as they comment on the parable of the sower, W. D. Davies and Dale C. Allison state that yields of thirty-fold, sixty-fold, or one hundred-fold ‘do not seem obviously out of the ordinary. We therefore register our disagreement with Jeremias. The yield in our parable is not spectacularly overdone.’ Davies and Allison are not alone in saying this of the yield of the seed that fell on the good soil in the parable, although most commentators do interpret the passage in terms of the miraculous yield of the seed sown on the good soil. This matter is of some importance in the interpretation of the parable, though, because if Davies and Allison are correct, then the parable has quite a different focus than that generally understood. The parable would then only highlight the variation in fruitage, not the miraculous yield.
An OT Background to Rom 8.22
Authors: Tsumura D. T.
Published: February 2009

There has been much discussion in recent articles on the significance of the Spirit's ‘groaning’ in Rom 8.26. What has not been adequately treated is the OT background to v. 22. That verse reads as follows: οΪδαμεν γ⋯ρ ἵτι π⋯σα ⋯ κτ⋯στε σƲσΤεƲάζει κα⋯ συνωδ⋯νει ἄχρι το⋯ ν⋯ν and can be translated literally as follows:

We know that the whole creation groans together and travails together until now.
Les Dangers de L'Eschatologie
Authors: Carmignac Jean
Published: February 2009

En étudiant les textes de Qumrân, j'ai souvent constaté que bien des auteurs s'étaient gravement fourvoyés, parce qu'ils imaginaient dans ces textes une eschatologie empruntée au christianisme. Ces contresens m'ont amené à réfléchir sur la notion d'eschatologie et, peu à peu, j'ai découvert qu'en plusieurs domaines cette notion provoquait des perturbations semblables. C'est pourquoi je voudrais attirer l'attention des exégètes et des théologiens sur le grave danger qui nous menace, si nous continuons dans la direction où nous sommes engagés.
Oiκουμένη and κόσμος in the New Testament
Authors: Johnston George
Published: February 2009

Certain considerations make the subject of the ‘world’ peculiarly interesting to Christians at the present time.

‘World’ may refer to the wonderful, vast universe in which we live. The more we explore its farthest reaches, the more we win ascendancy over its invisible forces and energy, the more are we being challenged to defend the doctrine that this world is a created order and is everywhere sustained by an intelligent Being. Is there in fact any purpose or any meaning to be discerned in it?
The Literary Unity of Luke-Acts: Questions of Style – a Task for Literary Critics
Authors: Dawsey J.
Published: February 2009

Joseph Tyson's The Death of Jesus in Luke-Acts and Robert Tannehill's The Narrative Unity of Luke-Acts, published in 1986, are good examples of the interpretive wealth being mined by scholars who are adopting literary-critical methods for approaching the Lukan writings. What most distinguishes these critics' approaches from older, more familiar ones is the claim that the Bible's historical narratives are imaginative re-enactments of history – thus, in form, more akin to fiction than to theology, biography, or history. Robert Alter called the Biblical stories ‘historicized fiction’, meaning in our case that the author of Luke and Acts employed the artifices of fiction-writing, among others, supplying feeling and motives and creating speeches and dialogue for his characters. Professors Tyson and Tannehill, and other literary scholars like them, are helping us better discern how these techniques were used in Luke and Acts, thus opening new windows to the characters, the way that the author ascribes intentions to them, the plot, themes, nuances, points of view, uses of irony, and word-plays and associations in the writings.
The Hearing of Faith: AKOH ΠІΣΤΕΩΣ in Galatians 3
Authors: Williams Sam K.
Published: February 2009

At Gal 3. 2 and 3. 5 the apostle Paul sets ἔργα νόμου, ‘works of (the) Law’, over against ἁκοη πίστεως in two rhetorical questions with which he begins his attack against the position of his nomistic opponents in the Galatian churches. One hopes that this phrase άκοη πίστεως was less puzzling to the Galatian Christians than it has been to modern interpreters. The problem of interpretation is compounded by the fact that both words of the phrase can have quite different meanings. 'Ακοή can mean either the faculty or act of hearing or a message or report (that is, what is heard). Πίστις can name either a ‘subjective’ human act or attitude or the object of believing (that is, the Christian proclamation). Two important recent studies of Galatians have added their support to the view that by áκοη Paul means not ‘hearing’ but ‘proclamation’. In his Galatians commentary Hans Dieter Betz translates άκοη πίστεως as ‘[the] “proclamation of [the] faith”’. In The Faith of Jesus Christ, Richard B. Hays argues at some length that Paul means either ‘the message that evokes faith’ or ‘the message of faith (= the gospel-message)’.
Contextual Evidence in Favour, of ΚАΥΧНΣΩМАІ in 1 Corinthians 13.3
Authors: Petzer J. H.
Published: February 2009

Four variants are listed in the apparatus of the 3rd corrected edition of theGreek New Testament(UBS3) in 1 Cor 13. 3. They are:

κανχήσωμαı (P A B 048pc)

κανθήσωμαı (K ψ majority text)

κανθήσομαı (C D F G Lpc)

κανθήσεταı (1877 2492pc)

Of these variants κανθσομαı seems to be the most popular, occurring in texts such as the 2nd edition of the British and Foreign Bible Societies, Vogels, Kilpatrick's Diglot, Von Soden, Tischendorf's 9th edition and the 25th edition of Nestle-Aland. It is also favoured by Elliott, De Boor, Grosheide, Godet, Morris, Bachmann, Billerbeck, Wolff, Weiss, Robertson and Plummer, Pop, Groenewald, Lietzmann, Barrett and Kieffer. Κανθήσωμαı seems to be the second most popular reading, occurring in amongst others theTextus Receptus, Alford, TheGreek New Testament according to the Majority Text, Souter and Scrivener.
Molecular characterization, expression and localization of a peroxiredoxin from the sheep scab mite,Psoroptes ovis
Authors: McNAIR C. M. , NISBET A. J. , BILLINGSLEY P. F. , KNOX D. P.
Published: February 2009

The sheep scab mite,Psoroptes ovis, induces an intensely pruritic exudative dermatitis which is responsible for restlessness, loss of appetite and weight loss. Within the first 24 h of infection, there is a rapid inflammatory influx of eosinophils and apoptosis of the keratinocytes at the site of infection. The former cell type is capable of a sustained respiratory burst, toxic products of which may directly damage the mite and also contribute to lesion formation. Analysis of aP. ovisexpressed sequence tag (EST) database identified a number of antioxidant enzyme-encoding sequences, including peroxiredoxin (thioredoxin peroxidase EC 1.11.1.15), all of which may help the mite endure the potentially toxic skin environment. A full length sequence encodingPo-TPx, a protein of 206 amino acids which showed high homology to a peroxiredoxin from the salivary gland of the tickIxodes scapularis, was amplified fromP. oviscDNA. RecombinantPo-TPx was expressed in bacteria and antiserum to this protein was used to localize nativePo-TPx in mite sections. Peroxiredoxin was localized, amongst other sites, to a subpharyngeal region in mite sections. The recombinant protein was recognized by sera from sheep infested with the mite suggesting that it may be secreted or excreted by the mite and interact with the host immune response.
Is the nestedness of metazoan parasite assemblages of marine fishes from the southeastern Pacific coast a pattern associated with the geographical distributional range of the host?
Authors: GONZÁLEZ M. T. , OLIVA M. E.
Published: February 2009

Nested structure is a pattern originally described in island biogeography to characterize how a set of species is distributed among a set of islands. In parasite communities, nestedness has been intensively studied among individual fish from a locality. However, nested patterns among parasite assemblages from different host populations (localities) have scarcely been investigated. We recorded the occurrence of parasites in 9 fish species widely distributed along the southeastern Pacific coast to determine whether the ecto- and endoparasite assemblages of marine fishes show a nested structure associated with host distributional range. Nestedness was tested using Brualdi-Sanderson index of discrepancy (BR); and 5 null models incorporated in a‘Nestedness’programme (Ulrich, 2006). The ecto- and endoparasite richness do not show similar patterns of latitudinal gradients among fish hosts, with 33–66% of analysed ectoparasite assemblages, and 25–75% of endoparasite assemblages showing nested structures through the host distributional range. For ectoparasites, species richness gradients and nested structure (when present) might be associated with decreased host densities or could reflect negative environmental conditions in the distributional border of the host species, whereas for endoparasites might be caused by geographical breaks of prey or changes in prey availability (intermediate hosts). The sampled extension of the distributional range of the host species, as well as the lack of specificity of some parasites, could influence the detection of nestedness.
Intake of wholegrain products is associated with dietary, lifestyle, anthropometric and socio-economic factors in Denmark
Authors: Egeberg Rikke , Frederiksen Kirsten , Olsen Anja , Johnsen Nina F , Loft Steffen , Overvad Kim , Tjønneland Anne
Published: February 2009

Objective

To evaluate the association between wholegrain products intake and other dietary, lifestyle, anthropometric and socio-economic factors.

Design

Cross-sectional study, with data on diet, lifestyle and socio-economic factors obtained from questionnaires. Anthropometric measurements were collected by trained professionals. Multiple linear and principal components regression analyses were used in statistical analyses.

Setting

Part of the Diet, Cancer and Health study, a prospective cohort study to evaluate the aetiological role of diet on cancer risk, conducted in the greater Copenhagen and Aarhus area, Denmark.

Subjects

Men and women (n54 720) aged 50–64 years.

Results

In multiple linear regression analyses focusing on individual dietary factors, intake of wholegrain products was associated with intake of all dietary factors studied (fish, red meat, poultry, processed meat, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cakes and refined-grain products). The strongest positive associations were seen for intake of vegetables and processed meat, whereas the strongest negative associations were seen for intake of red meat and refined-grain products. Regression analyses on dietary patterns identified by principal components analysis yielded similar results. Also, wholegrain products intake was positively associated with cycling, taking dietary supplements and high school education, and negatively associated with intake of alcohol, BMI and smoking.

Conclusions

Intake of wholegrain products is associated with other dietary factors, healthier lifestyle habits and higher socio-economic status. Therefore future studies need to account for the possible confounding by other dietary and lifestyle-related parameters when investigating relationships between wholegrain products intake and disease risk.
Folic acid food fortification prevents inadequate folate intake among preschoolers from Ontario
Authors: Hennessy-Priest Kathleen , Mustard Jill , Keller Heather , Rysdale Lee , Beyers Joanne , Goy Richard , Randall Simpson Janis
Published: February 2009

Objective

Folic acid food fortification has successfully reduced neural tube defect-affected pregnancies across Canada. The effect of this uncontrolled public health intervention on folate intake among Canadian children is, however, unknown. Our objectives were to determine folic acid intake from food fortification and whether fortification promoted adequate folate intakes, and to describe folic acid-fortified food usage among Ontario preschoolers.

Design

Cross-sectional data were used from the NutriSTEP™ validation project with preschoolers recruited using convenience sampling. Mean daily total folate and folic acid intakes were estimated from 3 d food records, which included multivitamin supplement use. Comparisons were made to Dietary Reference Intakes, accounting for and excluding fortificant folic acid, to determine the prevalence of inadequate and excessive intakes.

Setting

Canada.

Subjects

Two hundred and fifty-four preschoolers (aged 3–5 years).

Results

All participants (130 girls, 124 boys) ate folic acid-fortified foods and 30 % (n76) used folic acid-containing supplements. Mean (se) fortificant folic acid intake was 83 (2) μg/d, which contributed 30 % and 50 % to total folate intake for supplement users and non-users, respectively. The prevalence of total folate intakes below the Estimated Average Requirement was <1 %; however, excluding fortificant folic acid, the prevalence was 32 %, 54 % and 47 % for 3-, 4- and 5-year-olds, respectively. The overall prevalence of folic acid (fortificant and supplemental) intakes above the Tolerable Upper Intake Level was 2 % (7 % among supplement users).

Conclusions

Folic acid food fortification promotes dietary folate adequacy and did not appear to result in excessive folic acid intake unless folic acid-containing supplements were consumed.