bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A magnitude-energy relation for large earthquakes
Authors: King Chi-Yu , Knopoff Leon
Published: July 2021

A relation between the magnitude of a shallow earthquake and the rupture parameters is derived by using a result of dislocation theory and assumptions as suggested from model studies: the average of the pre- and post-shock stresses on a fault and the seismic efficiency are approximately constant. Comparing this relation with observations of the rupture parameters for a number of large shallow earthquakes, the magnitude-energy relation log ⁡ E S = α + 1.7 M is obtained. The value of α is estimated to be approximately 10.
Seismic waves in a quarter plane
Authors: Alterman Z. S. , Rotenberg A.
Published: July 2021

The equations for elastic wave propagation are solved by a finite difference scheme for the case of an elastic quarter plane. A point-source emitting a compressional pulse is located along the diagonal inside the quarter plane. Free-surface conditions are assumed on the boundary lines, so that the problem is nonseparable.

Complete theoretical seismograms for the horizontal and vertical components of displacement are obtained. The effect of different finite difference formulations for the boundary conditions and the effect of different mesh sizes are studied.

Various reflected volume and surface waves are identified, corner-generated surface waves are clearly seen in the seismograms and their particle motion is studied. The amplitude of the pulse observed at the corner is three times the amplitude of the initial pulse.
Steketee's paradox
Authors: Savage J. C.
Published: July 2021

Steketee noted that in a medium subject to invariable stresses at its boundaries, the introduction of a dislocation surface would always increase the strain energy of the medium. This has been misunderstood to imply that the introduction of a dislocation surface in that situation cannot represent rupture since rupture must be an energy-releasing process. It is shown here that the introduction of a dislocation surface can indeed cause a drop in mechanical energy if the entire system is considered. The proof is formulated in terms of internal strain which, of course, is the appropriate formulation of the earthquake problem.
The structure of the Cincinnati arch as determined by short period Rayleigh waves
Authors: Herrmann Robert B.
Published: July 2021

The propagation of Rayleigh waves with periods of 0.4 to 2.0 seconds across the Cincinnati arch is investigated. The region of investigation includes southern Indiana and Ohio and northern Kentucky. The experimental data for all paths are fitted by a three-layer model of varying layer thickness but of fixed velocity in each layer. The resulting inferred structural picture is in good agreement with the known basement trends of the region. The velocities of the best fitting theoretical model agree well with velocity-depth data from a well in southern Indiana.
The moho depth variations under the LASA and their effect on dT/dΔ measurements
Authors: Greenfield Roy J. , Sheppard Robert M.
Published: July 2021

The LASA array in Montana was used to measure the slope of the travel-time curve (dT/dΔ) for events with epicenters to the northwest and southeast. Lateral inhomogeneities under the array introduce large relative arrival time errors (station residuals). A model for the crust under LASA is proposed which can explain the station residuals. This crustal model accounts for the major differences between the measured and Jeffreys-Bullen (J-B) dT/dΔ values. The model was used to correct the measured dT/dΔ profiles for the crustal effect.
Architectural damage to residential structures from seismic disturbances
Authors: Nadolski Michael E.
Published: July 2021

abstract

Architectural damage to residential structures caused by seismic disturbances was examined to determine meaningful ground-motion damage criteria. Motion records were analyzed to give a response spectrum of building motions. Widely varying amounts of damage resulting from similar peak-particle velocities are explained by the building response envelope which combines the amplitude, duration, and frequency content of the ground motion. A correlation between existing damage and the absolute acceleration values is developed and a comparatively safe amplitude region is shown. A plot of damage complaints versus the pseudo absolute acceleration is presented as an effective damage prediction criterion.
Microearthquake activity following the Parkfield, California earthquake of June, 1966
Authors: Fitch Thomas J.
Published: July 2021

abstract

A high sensitivity microearthquake recording station was established 10 km from the epicenter of the magnitude 5.5 Parkfield earthquake of June 28, 1966. Beginning 43 hours after the main shock, an hourly average of 22 microaftershocks was recorded for a period of 13 days. Events with magnitudes roughly equivalent to a Richter magnitude of −1.5 were recorded. The amplitude distribution suggests that there was a smaller percentage of small shocks in the Parkfield microaftershock series than has commonly been reported for Japanese and other California aftershock series. b values between 0.8 and 0.9 are commonly reported while the average b value for the Parkfield microaftershock series was 0.59. The distribution of S-P times for the microaftershocks is consistent with the epicentral area defined in other studies as a strip approximately 5 km wide astride a 35 km long trace of the San Andreas fault; however, some evidence suggests that the microaftershock activity extends beyond the zone defined by the larger aftershocks. The spatial distribution of microearthquake activity is shown to be strongly non-uniform within the aftershock zone. The microaftershocks, in general, did not cluster in time about the larger aftershocks (M > 2.0). Of 24 aftershocks with M greater than or equal to 2.0, only one event gave strong evidence of triggering a secondary aftershock series. Assuming that secondary foreshock and/or aftershock series imply the creation or reactivation of a secondary fault, one is led to the conclusion that secondary faulting was a rare occurrence in the Parkfield aftershock zone.
Surface wave components in microseisms
Authors: Der Zoltan A.
Published: July 2021

abstract

A vertical array of four, three-component sets of seismometers was operated in a well at Grapevine, Texas. Comparison of the amplitude-depth behavior of noise with theoretical Rayleigh and Love wave amplitude-depth curves for the site showed that one has to assume the presence of various Love modes to explain the observations adequately. No such interpretation of the data was attempted for periods below 1 second because at these periods, the multiple coherences are small, which is an indication of the presence of numerous independent surface wave modes in the noise.
Direct measurement of dT/dΔ
Authors: Husebye E. S.
Published: July 2021

abstract

In this paper we describe and demonstrate a least square method for direct measurement of the wave parameter dT/dΔ. The information necessary for doing this is the coordinates of arbitrarily spaced seismic stations and relative arrival times of the phase under investigation. The dT/dΔ parameter is derived from a function in ϕ and λ, representing the variation of T over the array. An iteration loop is included for examining and selecting a T-response function of simple form, i.e., containing few parameters, and thus making the method applicable even to arrays containing few stations. Using data from Jeffreys-Bullen tables where sometimes random errors are added, the calculated dT/dΔ values at the array centers deviate less than 0.06 from the true value and the estimates have standard errors around ±0.15.
A new analytical method for finding the upper mantle velocity structure from P and S wave travel times of deep earthquakes
Authors: Kaila K. L.
Published: July 2021

abstract

A new analytical method for the determination of velocity at the hypocenter of a deep earthquake has been developed making use of P- and S-wave travel times. Unlike Gutenberg's method which is graphical in nature, the present method makes use of the least square technique and as such it yields more quantitative estimates of the velocities at depth. The essential features of this method are the determination from the travel times of a deep-focus earthquake the lower and upper limits Δ1 and Δ2 respectively of the epicentral distance between which p = (dT/dΔ) in the neighborhood of inflection point can be considered stationary so that the travel-time curve there can be approximated to a straight line T = pΔ + a. From p = (1/v*) determined from the straight line least-square fit made on the travel-time observation points between Δ1 and Δ2 for various focal depths, upper-mantle velocity structure can be obtained by making use of the well known relation v = v*(r0 − h)/r0, h being the focal depth of the earthquake, r0 the radius of the Earth, v* the apparent velocity at the point of inflection and v the true velocity at that depth.

This method not only gives an accurate estimate of p, at the same time it also yields quite accurate value of a which is a function of focal depth. Calibration curves can be drawn between a and the focal depth h for various regions of the Earth where deep focus earthquakes occur, and these calibration curves can then be used with advantage to determine the focal depths of deep earthquakes in those areas.
A note on the source parameter of the Koynanagar earthquake of 10th December 1967
Authors: Dutta T. K.
Published: July 2021

abstract

Statistical tests on the first-motion data for the Koynanagar earthquake of 10th December 1967 have been made to select the best values for source parameters out of the six solutions available. It was observed that one of the USCGS determinations that gave the solutions as: epicenter 17°.50 N, 73°.78 E, depth of focus 29 km and origin time 22h 51m 23.7s G.M.T., has the highest degree of accuracy. From records of the earthquake taken at near stations it also seems probable that the actual origin time was less than the value quoted in this solution. The relation between isoseismal distribution and the various solutions are also briefly discussed.
Relative amplitudes ofPandSwaves as a mantle reconnaissance tool
Authors: McGinley John R. , Anderson Don L.
Published: July 2021

abstract

The unified magnitude, the ratio of the amiplitudes of S to P waves, and travel-time residuals were compiled from published data for the five Seismological Observatories, TFO, UBO, BMO, WMO and CBO. Using one of the stations as a reference, a relative measure of the above quantities was calculated for each of the other stations for each of a number of earthquakes. The stations in the Basin and Range Province are consistent with a markedly higher attentuation of P waves and a high attenuation of S relative to P when compared to the other stations. This latter observation indicates a high Poisson's ratio in the mantle under the Basin and Range. The delay times to these stations are also consistent with the high Poisson's ratio and with a low-velocity upper mantle. The ratio of the amplitudes of long-period S waves to short-period P waves varies by a factor of 4 among these stations.

BMO, in eastern Oregon, has a high S/P amplitude ratio compared to other stations and a travel-time residual that is comparable to the observatories in the mid-continent. This may be another example of a seismic “window” into the upper mantle that is generated by underthrusting of the oceanic lithosphere.
A gyroscopic seismometer: Measurements during the borrego earthquake
Authors: Farrell W. E.
Published: July 2021

abstract

The gyro seismometer, consisting of two counter-rotating pendulous Nordsieck gyroscopes, permits separation of tilts from horizontal motion. Sensitivity is limited by the accuracy with which the gyro orientation can be measured, ∼1 arcsecond rms in a 0.5 Hz bandwidth. This instrumental noise level is equivalent to ground tilts of ∼1 arcsecond and ground velocities of ∼0.1 cm/sec. Peak values in the instrumental pass band (0 to 0.5 Hz) of the tilt and horizontal velocity during the Borrego Mountain, California, earthquake of April 9, 1968, were 1 cm/sec and 10 arcseconds respectively. In La Jolla, 115 km from the epicenter, the static displacement and tilt were less than 1 cm and 0.1 arcsecond (5 × 10−7 radian).
Determination of crustal thickness from spectral behavior of SH waves
Authors: Ibrahim Abou-Bakr K.
Published: July 2021

abstract

The amplitude spectrum obtained from Haskell's matrix formulation for body waves travelling through a horizontally layered crustal model shows a sequence of minima and maxima. It is known that multiple reflections within the crustal layers produce constructive and destructive interferences, which are shown as maxima and minima in the amplitude spectrum. Analysis of the minima in the amplitude spectra, which correspond to zero phase in the phase spectra, enables us to determine the thickness of the crust, provided the ratio of wave velocity in the crust to velocity under the Moho is known.
Constructing P-velocity models to fit restricted sets of travel-time data
Authors: Backus George , Gilbert Freeman
Published: July 2021

abstract

A scheme recently proposed by the authors for constructing Earth models which fit a given finite set of gross Earth data is applied to the problem of constructing a P-velocity structure which, within experimental error, fits the observed travel times in the range Δ = 25°(5°)95°. Three such models are obtained, all of which fit the observed travel times with residuals less than 0.06s, whereas 0.5s is the estimated standard error of the observations. The models differ mainly in the outer 700 km of the mantle.
Three-dimensional dynamic analyses of two Colombian high-rise buildings
Authors: Hart Gary C.
Published: July 2021

The actual earthquake damage in two high-rise buildings in Bogota, Colombia, is compared with predicted response of four three-dimensional analytic building models. Three building models of the 24-story steel frame Bank of Bogota and one of the 29-story concrete frame Bavaria Office Building are considered. Periods and mode shapes are calculated for each building model. Maximum interstory displacements, absolute roof accelerations, story shears, and torques are calculated in each building model for three well-recorded earthquakes, one being a July 1967 earthquake in Colombia, as recorded at a nearby Bogota seismograph station. In all earthquakes, both components of ground motion were applied simultaneously.
Strain adjustments associated with earthquakes in southern California
Authors: Smith Stewart W. , Van de Lindt William
Published: July 2021

A technique for the calculation of strain changes in a two-dimensional elastic body with arbitrary internal dislocations is presented. This technique is applied to the southern California region by assigning a specific fault and fault slip function for each major earthquake that has occurred since 1812. Although the model used has serious shortcomings when applied to the real Earth, certain important features concerning strain energy changes associated with earthquakes are brought out. The occurrence of earthquakes over the past 150 years has resulted in net increases in stored strain energy in a number of regions including the northern end of the Gulf of California, the Cajon Pass area, and the northern part of the Carizzo Plain. Large regions of strain energy decrease can also be seen, the most important of which is in the vicinity of Fort Tejon.
On Rayleigh waves in a wedge with free boundaries
Authors: Gutdeutsch Rudolf
Published: July 2021

Seismic modeling experiments have shown that a Rayleigh wave traveling toward the corner of a small angle wedge with free boundaries decomposes into two waves whose orbital motions are symmetric and antisymmetric with respect to the bisector of the wedge. Their local phase velocities are respectively equal to the phase velocities of the symmetric and antisymmetric Rayleigh mode in a plate with parallel boundaries where the thickness of the plate is equal to the local thickness cf the wedge. This experimental result has been used to construct an approximation theory to describe the propagation of Rayleigh waves in a wedge.

In this paper synthetic seismograms and particle motions computed with this theory are compared with seismograms produced by laboratory models.
Benndorf's formula for the dynamic magnification of an electromagnetic seismograph
Authors: Bollinger G. A.
Published: July 2021

The indicator equation for a seismogram from an electromagnetic seismograph is integrated under the assumption that the trace has the form of a suddenly beginning sinusoid. An expression for the velocity sensitivity is derived from the integrated result and applied to the particular case of a seismometer-galvanometer combination with natural frequencies of 2 Hertz-200 Hertz respectively. For that seismograph the dynamic velocity sensitivity at transducer—earth resonance is one-fifth of the steady-state harmonic sensitivity at resonance.
Aftershocks of the Dasht-e Bayāz, Iran, earthquake of August, 1968
Authors: Crampin Stuart
Published: July 2021

abstract

Aftershocks of the Dasht-e Bayāz earthquake were recorded in the epicentral area with high-gain, high-frequency equipment. This study shows the general characteristics of the aftershock series. The foci are clustered near the ends of the 80 km surface faulting, at 25 km depth. In this earthquake sequence, the secondary series are not distinct in space or mechanism from the primary series, and microevents have the same strain release characteristics as the larger aftershocks.
Shear wave velocities in the lower mantle
Authors: Fairborn J. W.
Published: July 2021

abstract

The Large Aperture Seismic Array in eastern Montana was used to measure the travel times and dT/dΔ of earthquake-generated shear waves for the purpose of determining lower-mantle shear velocities. The data were limited to epicentral distances between 27 and 95 degrees. To convert uncertainties in the dT/dΔ measurements to uncertainties in the computed velocities, the data were inverted by a Monte Carlo procedure. The computer randomly generated velocity models, and those which satisfied prescribed travel time and dT/dΔ-versus-Δ limits were considered as possible models for the real earth. The dT/dΔ curve possessed anomalously steep slopes between 27-30 and 65-75 degrees, and the corresponding velocity models had increased gradients between the approximate depths of 700-800 and 1550-2100 kilometers. The slope of the dT/dΔ curve also decreased at about 88 degrees which may indicate a decrease in velocity gradient several hundred kilometers above the core-mantle boundary. For epicentral distances greater than 27 degrees the observed travel times to LASA were greater than the expected J-B times. Although vague, a systematic increase in the observed residuals appeared to exist between 40 and 60 degrees which agreed with the J-B residuals of the computed models.
Asymptotic theory of body waves in a radially heterogeneous Earth
Authors: Singh Sarva Jit , Ben-Menahem Ari
Published: July 2021

abstract

Various aspects of elastic wave propagation in a spherically symmetric, non-gravitating, isotropic, inhomogeneous medium are considered. It is shown through a simple example that the high frequency decoupling conditions of the vector wave equation may be approximately satisfied by real Earth models. An asymptotic theory is developed for the decoupled potential equations. This theory is applied to the case of a shear dislocation and to that of a center of compression in a radially heterogeneous medium. Explicit expressions are obtained for the ray-theoretical displacements.
Microearthquake activity in Eastern Nevada and death valley California before and after the nuclear explosion Benham
Authors: Molnar Peter , Jacob Klaus , Sykes Lynn R.
Published: July 2021

abstract

Six portable, high-gain, high-frequency seismographs were operated in Nevada and California for several weeks before and after the underground nuclear explosion Benham to assess the possibility that earthquakes at distances of tens of kilometers or more may be triggered by large underground explosions. A pronounced increase in earthquake activity in the vicinity of the shot point was observed immediately after the detonation and continued for more than a month after the explosion. No significant change in activity within 25 km of any of our instruments northeast of the Nevada Test Site was observed, and the activity in Death Valley recorded after the explosion did not indicate an important increase. These data imply that this particular explosion did not significantly affect the seismicity of the region studied. Throughout the period of observation the seismic activity northeast of the Nevada Test Site was low; an average of about one event per day was detected within about 25 km of each station. This suggests that the current tectonic activity of this part of Nevada is lower than that of western Nevada and of most other tectonically active regions where microearthquake studies have been made.
Aftershocks of the Benham nuclear explosion
Authors: Hamilton R. M. , Healy J. H.
Published: July 2021

abstract

The Benham nuclear explosion, a 1.1 megaton test 1.4 km beneath Pahute Mesa at the Nevada Test Site, initiated a sequence of earthquakes lasting several months. The epicenters of these shocks were located within 13 km of ground zero in several linear zones that parallel the regional fault trends. Focal depths range from near surface to 6 km. The earthquakes are not located in the zone of the major ground breakage. The earthquake distribution and fault plane solutions together indicate that both right-lateral strike-slip fault movement and dip-slip fault movement occurred. The explosion apparently caused the release of natural tectonic strain.
Response of higherise buildings to ground motion from underground nuclear detonations
Authors: Blume John A.
Published: July 2021

abstract

Typical data obtained thus far in the AEC nuclear test program on the response of highrise Las Vegas buildings to ground motion from distant nuclear events including Boxcar and Benham are presented, together with measured building response to distant earthquakes and to wind gusts. Major variations in response spectra are shown over the city for a specific event, from period band to period band at the same location for different events, and statistical parameters are shown for the randomness of spectral response. The peak response of tall buildings is shown for the top levels in translation and in orbital motion, and in the vertical plane with simultaneous multi-level measurements. The variation of peak modal response is shown with elapsed time, modal combinations are noted, and an example of time-history computed response is compared to measured response. It is shown that highrise Las Vegas buildings respond to ground motion with considerable amplification, that the fundamental modes tend to dominate the peak responses although there are exceptions, that there can be significant modification of loading conditions because of simultaneous motion in the two horizontal axes even though a building is symmetric, and that some building periods vary with amplitude and history of non-damaging prior response while others do not. In general there are indications that code earthquake design criteria are by no means conservative.
PENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN MENULIS NOTASI BALOK MELALUI METODE SOLFEGIO PADA KELAS VIII-A DI SMP NEGERI 3 KEDIRI
Authors: Rahayu Yayuk Siti , Harini Ninik
Published: July 2021

Abstract : The goal of the research is to develop the quality students’ learning result in writing partitur / musical scale through solfegio method the students of VIII A at SMPN 3 Kediri. The kind of research is class action research which is done in two cycles. Collecting data is done by using observation technique, interviewing test, and documentation. The result of this assement in cycle is 70,5% students have got the minimum standard of assessment, while in cycle 2 there are 97,1% students have achieved the minimum standard of assessment. So, it can be concluded that. The learning result of students in writing musical scale is developed shrough solfeggio method.  Key words : The enhancement, The ability of writing, solfegio music.
PERANCANGAN DESAIN INTERFACE APLIKASI SMARTPHONE UNTUK MENU DI AGRA ROOFTOP DENGAN TEORI NIRMANA
Authors: Kurniawan Yohanes Anton , Setyawan Martin
Published: July 2021

AGRA Rooftop merupakan salah satu lounge tertinggi di Jawa Tengah. Jam operasional di AGRA Rooftop antara pukul 17.00 – 00.00. Kesulitan yang dialami oleh konsumen AGRA Rooftop adalah membaca menu yang ada pada waktu malam karena pencahayaan yang ada di AGRA Rooftop didesain untuk menikmati sunset atau pemandangan kota Solo pada waktu malam.  Perancangan interface menu yang baru diharapkan dapat membantu konsumen untuk membaca dan mengerti menu yang ada serta dapat membantu promosi yang dimiliki kedalam smartphone . Metode penelitian dan strategi perancangan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah prototype dan cyclic strategy. Perancangan interface sudah diujikan dan didapatkan hasil bahwa interface yang ada sudah cukup menarik dan membantu konsumen dalam memilih dan memahami menu yang ada.
Una propuesta metodológica para elaborar videos creativos en clase de geometría
Authors: Cervantes Barraza Jonathan Alberto
Published: July 2021

En el marco de la pandemia producida por el virus SARS-coV-2 se provee una propuesta metodológica para elaborar videos creativos de geometría como un medio o herramienta que permita abordar la enseñanza de conceptos de la geometría Euclidiana. Los videos son producto de seminarios de investigación con futuros profesores de matemáticas donde se aborda la enseñanza de la geometría desde enfoques basados en la construcción de conocimiento matemático y los procesos de formación de conceptos (PFC). En la investigación se implementó una metodología de corte cualitativa y descriptiva que permitió analizar el contenido matemático de los videos, los materiales y las actividades propuestas por los profesores de matemáticas en formación. El principal resultado de la investigación es una propuesta metodológica para la elaboración de videos creativos de geometría (VCG), esta proporciona un conjunto de principios que permiten a los profesores de matemáticas diseñar sus propios videos creativos con el fin de mejorar la enseñanza de la geometría apoyado del proceso de formación de conceptos y generar espacios de reflexión en cuanto a medios digitales abiertos que apoyen los procesos de enseñanza de la geometría en tiempos de pandemia.
The diagnostic dilemma of the most common malignancy in orofacial region involving maxillary tuberocity: A case report
Authors: Grover Deepak , Sunil M K , Manna Arpan , Singh Vasundhara
Published: July 2021

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignancy affecting the oral cavity. OSCC presents diverse clinical features including small ulcerative lesion to a large growth. The treatment modality of OSCC depends upon the severity, progress and spread of the disease. The purpose of this case report is to emphasize the etiological factors, clinical features as well as the management protocols of OSCC.
A study to evaluate the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme on knowledge regarding intra uterine balloon tamponade in management of pph among staff nurses working in selected hospitals of Mysuru city
Authors: Singh Divya , Sharath S
Published: July 2021

A Quasi experimental study to evaluate the effectiveness of Video assisted teaching programme on knowledge regarding use of Intra Uterine Balloon Tamponade in the management of PPH among staff nurses in selected hospitals of Mysuru. The sample consisting of 60 Staff Nurses in selected hospitals by using non-probability convenient sampling method. The tool comprised of structured self-administered questionnaire. The mean of pre test knowledge score in experimental group was 8.966 with standard deviation of 4.205. While in control group, mean was 8.533 with standard deviation of 3.471. The post test knowledge score from both experimental and control group showed that the obtained post test mean value in experimental group (18.03) was higher than post test mean value in control group (8.93). The mean difference value of experimental group (9.07) is greater than control group (0.4), and the obtained ‘t’ test value (9.977) is found to be more than ‘t’ table value (2.00). Since, the obtained ‘t’ value is highly significant at p<0.05 level. Therefore, null hypothesis (H) is rejected. This shows that there is a significant improvement in the knowledge level of staff nurses in experimental group compared to control group. This indicates that administration of video assisted teaching programme was effective in improving the knowledge of staff nurses regarding use of intrauterine balloon tamponade in the management of PPH. The findings established that there was no association between knowledge of samples on use of intrauterine balloon tamponade in the management of PPH and selected demo graphical variables in both experimental and control group. Hence, the research hypothesis Hwas rejected and the present study revealed that VAT on knowledge regarding use of intrauterine balloon tamponade in the management of PPH was effective among staff nurses.
Estados Unidos y China: Tensiones por el liderazgo de la región Pacífico Occidental
Authors: Revelo Sol , Revelo David
Published: July 2021

En los últimos años, la región Pacífico Occidental ha sido el foco de grandes tensiones entre Estados de la zona. Estas tensiones han ocurrido principalmente por las disputas territoriales en el Mar del Sur de China. En específico, las pretensiones territoriales de la República Popular China para liderar en el Mar del Sur de China han desafiado a la primicia y liderazgo de los Estados Unidos en la región Pacífico Occidental. En este artículo se analizan las dinámicas de poder en la región Pacífico Occidental y las estrategias que la República Popular China ha usado para liderar esta zona.
ON DECODING ALGORITHMS FOR GENERALIZED REED — SOLOMON CODES WITH ERRORS AND ERASURES
Authors: Ratseev S. M. , Cherevatenko O. I.
Published: July 2021

The article is devoted to the decoding algorithms for generalized Reed Solomon codes with errorsand erasures. These algorithms are based on Gao algorithm, Sugiyama algorithm, Berlekamp Massey algorithm (Peterson Gorenstein Zierler algorithm). The first of these algorithms belongs to syndrome-free decoding algorithms, the others to syndrome decoding algorithms. The relevance of these algorithms is that they are applicable for decoding Goppa codes, which are the basis of some promising post-quantum cryptosystems. These algorithms are applicable for Goppa codes over an arbitrary field, as opposed to the well-known Patterson decoding algorithm for binary Goppa codes.
PROBLEMS OF DIFFERENTIAL AND TOPOLOGICAL DIAGNOSTICS. PART 5. THE CASE OF TRAJECTORIAL MEASUREMENTS WITH ERROR
Authors: Shamolin M. V.
Published: July 2021

Proposed work is the fifth work of the cycle on differential and topological diagnostics. The article gives an estimate of the errors method of direction fields in the case of not accurate trajectory measurements, but trajectory measurements with an error are limited by the modulus of a given a smooth function of time, and in case this error is a random variable distributed according to the normal law with fixed parameters. We show that in these more complex cases, you can specify the best number of required trajectory measurements, inwhich the proposed algorithms of diagnostics will work constructively, and the malfunction will be determined unambiguously.
DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENTS OF ASYMPTOTIC CRACK—TIP STRESS EXPANSION. MIXED MODE LOADING OF THE PLATE
Authors: Belova O. N. , Stepanova L. V.
Published: July 2021

The aim of the study is to calculate the coefficients of M. Williams asymptotic expansion of stress anddisplacement fields using the data of finite element modeling of a plate with an inclined central crack in a uniaxial tension field. In this work, we also simulated the loading of a half-disk with a vertical and oblique notch under conditions of three-point bending. The simulation was carried out in the multifunctional software SIMULIA Abaqus. The paper proposes an algorithm for calculating the coefficients. The program, written in the MAPLE computer algebra system, allows calculating any predetermined number of M. Williams expansioncoefficients (amplitude or scale factors) and uses the values of the stress tensor components at points in the vicinity of the crack and their coordinates as input. The analysis of the influence of the number of calculated coefficients on the accuracy of their determination is carried out. Recommendations on the choice of points for calculating the coefficients are given.
Mathematical model of turbofan engine weight estimation taking into account the engine configuration and size
Authors: Avdeev S. V.
Published: July 2021

The paper presents a new correlation-regression model of estimating the turbofan engine weight considering the effect of the engines design schemes and dimensions. The purpose of this study was to improve the efficiency of the conceptual design process for aircraft gas turbine engines. Information on 183 modern turbofan engines was gathered using the available sources: publications, official websites, reference books etc. The statistic information included the values of the total engine air flow, the total turbine inlet gas temperature, the overall pressure ratio and the bypass ratio, as well as information on the structural layout of each engine. The engines and the related statistics were classified according to their structural layout and size. Size classification was based on the value of the compressor outlet air flow through the gas generator given by the parameters behind the compressor. Depending on the value of this criterion, the engines were divided into three groups: small-sized, medium-sized gas turbine engines, and large gas turbine engines. In terms of the structural layout, all engines were divided into three groups: turbofan engines without a mixing chamber, engines with a mixing chamber and afterburning turbofan engines. Statistical factors of the improved weight model were found for the respective groups of engines, considering their design and size. The coefficients of the developed model were determined by minimizing the standard deviations. Regression analysis was carried out to assess the quality of the developed model. The relative average error of approximation of the developed model was 8%, the correlation coefficient was 0,99, and the standard deviation was 10,2%. The model was found to be relevant and reliable according to Fisher's test. The obtained model can be used to assess the engine weight at the stage of conceptual design and for its optimization as part of an aircraft.
Mathematical model of acoustic characteristics of polyurethane foam used for sound absorption in aerospace engineering
Authors: Kuznetsov A. V. , Igolkin A. A. , Safin A. I. , Pantyushin A. O.
Published: July 2021

When solving the problem of reducing the acoustic load on the spacecraft during the launch and flight of the launch vehicle, finite element modeling of acoustic processes under the nose fairing is carried out. To successfully solve this problem, a mathematical model of the acoustic characteristics of the material used for sound insulation is required. The existing mathematical models of the acoustic characteristics of materials are not suitable for the material under consideration that can be used in rocket and space technology to increase the sound insulation of the payload fairing + transfer compartment assembly. To obtain the sound absorption coefficient of the material, an impedance tube measurement method with two microphones is used. Using the method of differential evolution, the coefficients of a mathematical model of acoustic characteristics of the Delany-Bazley type for the specified material are selected. The sound absorption coefficient obtained experimentally and that calculated using the obtained model are compared; the average and maximum values of the error are shown. The resulting model will make it possible to carry out finite element modeling of acoustic and vibroacoustic processes under the nose fairing, taking into account the location of the sound-absorbing material.
«Würzburg mark description» as an early monument of the Old High German language
Authors: Dubinin S. I.
Published: July 2021

The article concerns the issues of discussion about the composition of the monuments of ancient German writing that are relevant to the history of the German literary language of the initial period, in particular the texts of agrarian law of the 8th century descriptions of land detours and demarcations of the Main Franconian region. The thesis of the clerical exclusivity of ancient German writing dominates by inertia in Russian historical Germanic studies. The relevance of the research carried out on the material of the unique monument of the so-called second description of the Wrzburg mark is associated with the approbation of an integrated approach to the analysis of the language and genre and stylistic affiliation of the text. The place of this source in the corpus of autochthonous texts of the VIII century from Wrzburg is determined. The research solves the problem of decoding the semiotic meanings contained in this old-written text, which is identified as a protocol for oral presentation. The main research methods are onomastic and component analysis (toponyms, anthroponyms), a toolkit of historical-stylistic, discursive and hermeneutic approaches using digital technologies. The genre content and linguistic characteristics of the monument are specified. The description of the Wrzburg demarcation and related texts is considered in the context of the linguistic situation of the VIIIXI centuries. The main conclusions of the study: as a small-format legal text, this monument has a special semantic nature, encodes valuable historical and cultural information, unique relics of the transitional early feudal era in Germany; its reference (referential) function, areаlogy, toponymic and anthroponymic semiotics are revealed through intertextual connections with other Old High German monuments of the XVIII century.
Role of the «place of memory» in the preservation of religious traditions in the post-war collective farm village
Authors: Khasyanov O. R. , Migunova L. R.
Published: July 2021

The authors conclude that numerous reports on the performance of prayers on the days of religious holidays, even in settlements where there were no religious buildings and registered communities of believers, indicate that in the daily practices of the post-war collective farm peasantry, religion was assigned a major role. The study is based on archival documents (State Archives of the Ulyanovsk Region, Central State Archives of the Samara Region, State Archives of the Russian Federation), most of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. As in the previous period, in the post-war collective farm village, which was in difficult material conditions, suffered from a lack of social infrastructure and socio-cultural benefits, representatives of rural society used the compensatory function of religion to preserve their peasant identity. They saw in religious traditions not only a means of consolidating society, but also a mechanism of cultural continuity, capable of uniting the past and future into a single whole, filling it with hopes for positive changes that could alleviate the difficult fate of the collective farm peasantry.
Objective / subjective information strategies in electronic German media
Authors: Cherezova М. А.
Published: July 2021

The article is devoted to the research of linguistic implementation of objective / subjective information strategies in the complex of electronic texts (article + comments) from modern German media. The material of the research was the primary texts of messages on topical issues from the newspaper ZEIT ONLINE and the magazine Focus Online as well as secondary texts of messages in the form of comments from the general reader. According to the analysis it is obvious that the strategic program in the studied discursive space is a complex multicomponent system due to both the intentional attitudes of the sender of the message and the special conditions of interaction in the Internet space. The topicality of the research is determined by consideration of verbal organization and implementation of the information strategies chosen for analysis and sorted on the objectivity subjectivity scale. The author emphasizes the use of means of different levels of the German language in the process of overlapping and intentional change of strategies. The emphasis is made on the fact that the strategic program of the message sender in the electronic environment can be guessed by the recipient, but there is no further continuation in the comments. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by the fact that in electronic German media a commentator, choosing suitable strategies of his own can turn the polemics based on what he read in the article into a new direction. In the course of the language analysis, it is noticed that for an electronic article, strategies of objective information are the most typically ones (detail strategy, information and interpretation strategy, logical persuasion strategy and evasion of the truth strategy), and for an electronic comment, it is more common the choice of subjective information strategy (control over the topic strategy, feelings appeal strategies and evaluation strategies).
Local transformations of museum «places of memory» in post-soviet era:
historiographical notes and direct observations
Authors: Ryzhenko V. G.
Published: July 2021

The problem of transition from soviet era to modern Russia and associated transformations attracted the attention of scientists (sociologists specially). Within the framework of recent sociological research (the project Russia reforming), it was noted that in the historical memory of the population, the collapse of the USSR and the realities of the new Russia have ambiguous manifestations, and the collective memory is declining. It is necessary to refer to the characterization of the situation with assessments of ongoing transformations by representatives of other scientific fields in the context of the memory paradigm. The article is devoted to modern interpretations of local museum transformations like places of memory. It is necessary to compare approaches to the problem of museologists, cultural scientists and historians. The basis for historiographical notes and observations is intellectual history as an interdisciplinary subject field of actual historical knowledge about various types of creative activity, creative processes and its results. The novelty of our research is that the memory studies uses a historical and cultural model for the analysis of Museum places of memory with a separate emphasis on the assessment of the modern specifics of the representation of images of the Soviet past. As the obtained historiographical results, we record the greatest activity in considering the problem of transformations in Museum publications. However, their authors reduce the essence of the problem to the inner world of museums (the appearance of additional functions and forms of activity). At the same time, since the mid-2000s, there has been a convergence of museology with historical science (the project Role of museums libraries archives in the information support of historical science). The problem of possible creation of a Museum of local history of a new type has been raised. The first publications which connecting museum and historical memory in modern Russia are most important to memories historiography. Specifics of source base for research of local transformations museum places of memory are considered information from direct observations. Transformations of museums in culture space of some Siberian cities are used for example.
Blended learning tecnology for philology students' foreign language teaching
Authors: Kozyreva M. P.
Published: July 2021

The article is devoted to the problem of foreign language distance teaching, the choice of methods, technologies and techniques for the development of philology students informative and communicative competence. The author uses analysis, synthesis and systematization methods to consider the results of research achieved by the specialists in the area under consideration; pedagogical observation. Current distance teaching technologies are analyzed, the effectiveness of foreign language teaching process organized in the form of Blended Learning technology is proved and its numerous advantages are described: the possibility of individual teaching process in groups with different level of foreign language knowledge and abilities, students individual and psychological characteristics consideration in the studying and teaching process, beneficial conditions for students interpersonal communication and communicative competence development in class, development of independence, responsibility and ability to use information technologies while working with online platforms. Experience of Blended Learning technology usage in the process of philology students foreign language teaching is presented. The author describes face-to-face driver and rotation models chosen for the purposes of teaching; the possibilities of online platform Zoom for videoconferences held in real time and replacing eye-to-eye teacher-students contact under the circumstances of COVID-19 pandemic; and proves the importance of digital educational platform Skyes University introduction into the process of foreign language teaching as a source of additional material in face-to-face studies and for students independent learning process. The author comes to the conclusion that foreign language teaching process organized with the help of Blended Learning technology contributes to information skill successful formation and effective communication in native and foreign languages.
Contemporary methodology of teaching English punctuation:
problems and new vistas
Authors: Mikhailovskaia E. V. , Sapunova O. V.
Published: July 2021

The article outlines the way the English system of punctuation marks is presented in contemporary ELT research and practice. The following types of sources are considered and analyzed in the article: grammar books for teaching English as the first, second or foreign language; reference books and web-sites aimed at preparing students for IELTS and TOEFL; books belonging to the genre known as popular science; purely scientific works on punctuation in general and the semicolon in particular. The main goals of the research are to reveal the central tendencies in teaching English punctuation on the example of the so-called weighty stops of vertical segmentation, namely the semicolon, and to see whether they manage to present a certain norm of using the stop. Thus, the present paper focuses on the semicolon one of the most controversial stops in the system, which has been proved to function both at the syntactic and stylistic levels. It is shown that a formal / grammatical approach is the most common way to treat punctuation in ELT literature; however, it does not take into account stylistic and prosodic peculiarities of the stops and thus fails to show the whole spectrum of its usage, as well as its phonetic and stylistic potential. Consequently, such an approach should not be applied to English one of the languages exhibiting a semantic-stylistic type of punctuation. It is proposed that the approach to be used in teaching English punctuation most effectively is pragmalinguistics, since it exploits a wide range of methods and means of analyzing a text, and also considers and highlights all the aspects of using the stops (their syntactic function, stylistic capacities and prosodic characteristics). Moreover, the article poses the question that the current methodology of the approach has to be further developed.