bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Energy transfer-triggered multicolor emissions in Tb3+/Eu3+-coactivated Y2Mo3O12 negative thermal expansion microparticles for dual-channel tunable luminescent thermometers
Authors: Du Peng , Luo Laihui , Hou Yafei , Li Weiping
Published: June 2021

Through the introduction of Tb3+ and Eu3+ ions into YMO, the designed NTE microparticles can not only emit bright multicolor emissions but also exhibit promising applications in optical thermometry.
The distortion of two FePO4polymorphs with high pressure
Authors: Bull Craig L. , Ridley Christopher J. , Funnell Nicholas P. , Wilson Craig W. , MacLeod Simon G.
Published: June 2021

Both the trigonal (Berlinite-type, phase-I), and orthorhombic (CrVO4-type, phase-II) forms of FePO4have been studied at high-pressure using neutron powder diffraction.
Boxes fabricated from plate-stabilized liquid marbles
Authors: Fujiwara Junya , Yokoyama Ai , Seike Musashi , Vogel Nicolas , Rey Marcel , Oyama Keigo , Hirai Tomoyasu , Nakamura Yoshinobu , Fujii Syuji
Published: June 2021

Boxes containing functional materials are fabricated from plate-stabilized liquid marbles via the evaporation of the inner liquid.
Using membrane perturbing small molecules to target chronic persistent infections
Authors: Schrank Cassandra L. , Wilt Ingrid K. , Monteagudo Ortiz Carlos , Haney Brittney A. , Wuest William M.
Published: June 2021

This review specifically highlights compounds that have the potential for future development as inhibitors or potentiators of bacterial/persister cells.
The role of solvent additive in polymer crystallinity during physical supercritical fluid deposition
Authors: Yousefi Nastaran , Saeedi Saghez Behrad , Pettipas Richard D. , Kelly Timothy L. , Kaake Loren G.
Published: June 2021

The self-assembly of isotactic polypropylene as deposited from supercritical pentane/acetone solutions is studied using a combination of polarized optical microscopy (POM) and grazing incidence wide angle X-ray scattering (GIWAX).
Surface chemistry in calcium capped carbon quantum dots
Authors: Ren Shihuan , Liu Bingxu , Han Guangting , Zhao Haiguang , Zhang Yuanming
Published: June 2021

By treating C-dots with Na2CO3, Ca-free C-dots can be obtained. Ca2+ shows a strong interaction with the CO group of the C-dots, contributing to the strong absorption at 405 nm, excitation-independent PL behavior and high quantum yield.
Recent developments in asymmetric Heck type cyclization reactions for constructions of complex molecules
Authors: Reznikov Alexander N. , Ashatkina Maria A. , Klimochkin Yuri N.
Published: June 2021

This review summarizes the recent developments in the asymmetric intramolecular Heck reaction and carbometallation-initiated cascade transformations including Ni-catalyzed processes with literature coverage mainly extending from 2016 to 2021.
Improving reasoning with contrastive visual information for visual question answering
Authors: Long Yu , Tang Pengjie , Wang Hanli , Yu Jian
Published: June 2021

Visual Question Answering (VQA) aims to output a correct answer based on cross‐modality inputs including question and visual content. In general pipeline, information reasoning plays the key role for a reasonable answer. However, visual information is commonly not fully employed in many popular models nowadays. Facing this challenge, a new strategy is proposed in this work to make the best of visual information during reasoning. In detail, visual information is divided into two subsets: (1) question‐relevant visual set, and (2) question‐irrelevant visual set. Then, both of these two sets are employed by reasoning to generate reasonable outputs. Experiments are conducted on the benchmark VQAv2 dataset, which demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. The project page can be found in https://mic.tongji.edu.cn/e6/8d/c9778a190093/page.htm.
Oil‐paper insulation partial discharge ultrasonic multifrequency sensing array based on fibre‐optic Fabry–Perot sensor
Authors: Zhang Zhixian , Lei Jiali , Chen Weigen , Yang Tianhe , Song Yuxuan , Wu Kejie , Liu Fan
Published: June 2021

In order to improve the sensitivity and accuracy of oil‐paper insulation partial discharge detection by the fibre‐optic Fabry–Perot (FP) ultrasonic sensor, this work studied the ultrasonic signal’s frequency characteristics of typical oil‐paper insulation partial discharges and the vibration characteristics of the FP sensor’s diaphragm in the liquid environment. Based on the works above, a multifrequency FP sensor array is proposed, consisting of several FP sensors with different resonant frequencies to detect partial discharges. The experimental results show that the liquid environment has a significant effect on the vibration characteristics of the FP sensor’s diaphragm, and the sensitivity and accuracy of partial discharge detection can be improved based on the multifrequency FP sensing array, which can also be applied in the pattern recognition and localisation of partial discharges.
Effects of ambipolar diffusion on waves in the solar chromosphere
Authors: Popescu Braileanu B. , Keppens R.
Published: June 2021

Context. The chromosphere is a partially ionized layer of the solar atmosphere that mediates the transition between the photosphere where the gas motion is determined by the gas pressure and the corona dominated by the magnetic field.

Aims. We study the effect of partial ionization for 2D wave propagation in a gravitationally stratified, magnetized atmosphere characterized by properties that are similar to those of the solar chromosphere.

Methods. We adopted an oblique uniform magnetic field in the plane of propagation with a strength that is suitable for a quiet sun region. The theoretical model we used is a single fluid magnetohydrodynamic approximation, where ion-neutral interaction is modeled by the ambipolar diffusion term. Magnetic energy can be converted into internal energy through the dissipation of the electric current produced by the drift between ions and neutrals. We used numerical simulations in which we continuously drove fast waves at the bottom of the atmosphere. The collisional coupling between ions and neutrals decreases with the decrease in the density and the ambipolar effect thus becomes important.

Results. Fast waves excited at the base of the atmosphere reach the equipartition layer and are reflected or transmitted as slow waves. While the waves propagate through the atmosphere and the density drops, the waves steepen into shocks.

Conclusions. The main effect of ambipolar diffusion is damping of the waves. We find that for the parameters chosen in this work, the ambipolar diffusion affects the fast wave before it is reflected, with damping being more pronounced for waves which are launched in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic field. Slow waves are less affected by ambipolar effects. The damping increases for shorter periods and greater magnetic field strengths. Small scales produced by the nonlinear effects and the superposition of different types of waves created at the equipartition height are efficiently damped by ambipolar diffusion.
Study on GPF regeneration factors and extreme environmental regeneration methods
Authors: Chen Long , Long Yongsheng , Tuo Hanyun , Xu Rui
Published: June 2021

In order to cope with the increasingly stringent environmental pollution control target, DI gasoline engines must use particulate filters. In order to ensure that GPF will not block or burn during the process of capturing particulate, the gasoline particulate filter (GPF) needs to be controlled based on current soot mass in real time. The loading capacity controls the regeneration of GPF, and the influencing factors of the regeneration efficiency are highly related to the GPF inner temperature, the amount of oxygen, and the soot loading of the GPF carrier. This paper analyzes the weight of the influencing factors of each consumption rate through mathematical methods, and from real test, it can be seen that there is difficult on regeneration of accumulated soot in low-temperature environments on under floor GPF. In this paper, in the test and inspection of low temperature environment, considering the drivability, the regeneration control scheme is clarified by optimizing the active control, and at the same time, the driving mode of extreme conditions is also required.
Non-exhaust particulate matter emission from vehicles: A review
Authors: Guo Dongdong , Wei Hongyuan , Guo Yong , Wang Chuanqi , Yin Zenghui
Published: June 2021

According to the source, particulate matter produced during vehicle driving can be divided into exhaust emission and non-exhaust emission. Exhaust emission includes exhaust pipe emission and crankcase emission, while non-exhaust emission includes brake wear, tire wear, road wear and road dust. For a long time, it has been considered that the particulate matter pollution of motor vehicles mainly comes from exhaust emissions, and the control of particulate matter pollution in various countries is mainly concentrated in the tail gas. However, with the continuous tightening of emission standards, the emission of particulate matter has been reduced, but also makes the environmental pollution of non-exhaust particulate matter increasingly prominent. This paper summarizes the research on vehicle non-exhaust particulate matter emissions, aiming to emphasize the importance of non-exhaust particulate matter emissions and the necessity of legislation, so as to reduce their contribution to environmental particulate matter concentration.
Study on energy conservation and emission reduction of pure electric non-road mining dump truck
Authors: Zhang Huawei , Ma Yong , Yang Zhenzhong , Wang Lijun , Guo Shuman , Hao Bin
Published: June 2021

Non-road mobile machinery emits a large amount of pollutants, which has attracted wide attention. As one of the effective means of air pollution control, the application of new energy technology in the field of non-road mobile machinery is slightly inadequate. Mine dump trucks play an important role in the transportation of open-pit mining areas, but they have high power, high level of activity, and difficult to control pollutant emissions. In this study, field experiments were carried out in several open pit mines in China. By comparing with similar diesel engine powered vehicles, the potential of energy consumption and emission reduction was evaluated. Research shows that pure electric mine dump truck can effectively reduce energy consumption and emissions.
Analysis of fuel consumption of China light duty vehicle test cycle for passenger car(CLTC-P)
Authors: Zhou Meng , Zhong Chongzhi , Li Jingyuan
Published: June 2021

Through the fuel consumption test of several listed vehicles in China, the basic fuel consumption results of cold start under CLTC-P cycle, the fuel consumption results of vehicles under the condition of air conditioning on, and the fuel consumption results of vehicles under the condition of air conditioning off are measured. At the same time, the differences between NEDC cycle and CLTC-P cycle in China's fuel consumption certification test are compared, and the results of fuel consumption test are combined The fuel consumption test results under CLTC-P cycle are higher than those under NEDC cycle, and the fuel consumption test procedures under Chinese condition are more in line with the actual driving situation in China.
Analysis on the progress of evaporative emission (type IV) standards for light-duty vehicles in China
Authors: Zhong Chongzhi , Zhang Taiyu , Sun Jiaxing
Published: June 2021

This paper briefly introduces the progress of evaporative emission standards for light-duty vehicles in developed countries such as the United States and Europe, and the test procedures specified in the latest evaporative emission standard were concluded. Moreover, the development of evaporative emission standards for light-duty vehicles in China was comparatively analyzed. The evaporative emission test data from 2004 to 2019 was randomly selected for analysis of the trend of evaporative emission performance of vehicles in China with the use of EPR. Affected by the more stringent China 6 Evaporative Emissions standards issued in 2016, the EPR value of the evaporative emission test conducted according to the China 5 had continuously decreased to 41% in 2018. Subsequently, the EPR value increased again to a value of 60% in 2018 and 2019 due to strengthen of the emission limit from 2g to 0.7g and the raise of deterioration factor. Finally, based on the world's latest evaporative emission standards, the development trend of evaporative emission standards for light-duty vehicles in China is forecasted. The application of canister bench aging test, BETP, running loss emission test, and a test cycle with Chinese characteristics may be more conducive to control the light-duty vehicle emissions. Compared with the LEV 3, the evaporative emission limit of 0.7g/test specified in China 6 is still relatively larger. In addition, strengthen the control of durability test and in-use emission performance test would makes the HC emission less during the actual operation of the vehicle.
Analysis of PVE test methods based on different engine control systems
Authors: Zou Xionghui , Wang Lihui , Liu Le , Geng Peilin , Li Jingyuan
Published: June 2021

According to the requirements of PVE proposed in the China 6 Emission Standard for light-duty vehicles, this paper compares a fault code respectively from cooling system monitoring, oxygen sensor monitoring and integrated component monitoring of Spark Ignition Engines, and analyzes the diagnosis principles and simulation methods under three engine control systems in detail. The results show that the fault diagnosis principles for UAES system and Bosch system are similar, and the simulation methods can learn from each other. The fault diagnosis principles of the two systems are different from those of Delphi system, and the simulation methods depend on the fault failure mode.
Experimental study on the emission influence of the fuel system faults for light-duty vehicle
Authors: Liu Le , Wang Lihui , Qian Liyun , Geng Peilin , Zhao Wei , Li Jingyuan
Published: June 2021

The fuel system is a very important system in light-duty vehicles. The faults of the system will cause serious deterioration of vehicle emissions and other performance. In order to study the influence of different types of faults on emissions, this paper studies the faults of several OBDII vehicles. The results show that: the fault of rich mixture in fuel system will increase the emissions of CO and NMHC by 3-5 times and the emissions of NOx by 1-2 times; the fault of lean mixture in fuel system will increase the emissions of NOx by 4-5 times and the emissions of CO and NMHC by 0.7-2.5 times; there are two kinds of imbalance faults, one is imbalance lean and the other is imbalance rich. Imbalance lean mainly causes NOx deterioration, which is increased by 7.5 times. Imbalance rich mainly causes CO and NMHC emissions deterioration, which is increased by about 3 times. There are many kinds of faults in the fuel system which cause serious deterioration of emissions. It is necessary to focus on monitoring the faults of the fuel system.
Some types of first order fractional differential equations and their applications
Authors: Yu Chiihuei
Published: June 2021

This paper uses a new multiplication of fractional functions and chain rule for fractional derivatives, regarding the Jumarie type of modified Riemann-Liouville fractional derivatives to obtain the general solutions of four types of first order fractional differential equations. On the other hand, some examples are proposed to illustrate our results.
Research on some types of fractional differential equations which can be transformed into separable variables
Authors: Yu Chiihuei
Published: June 2021

In this paper, we study some types of fractional differential equations which can be transformed into separable variables, regarding the Jumarie type of modified Riemann-Liouville fractional derivatives. We use a new multiplication of fractional functions and product rule for fractional derivatives to obtain the solutions of these fractional differential equations. Furthermore, some examples are given to demonstrate our results.
Effects of heterogeneity and global dynamics of weakly connected subpopulations
Authors: Bichara Derdei M. , Iggidr Abderrahman , Yacheur Souad
Published: June 2021

We develop a method that completely characterizes the global dynamics of models with multiple subpopulations that are weakly interconnected. The method is applied on two classes of models with multiple subpopulations: an epidemic model that involves multiple host species and multiple vector species and a patchy vector-borne model. The method consists of two main steps: reducing the system using tools of large scale systems and studying the dynamics of an auxiliary system related the original system. The developed method determines the underlying dynamics and the “weight” of each subpopulations with respect to the dynamics of the whole population, and how the topology of the connectivity matrix alters the dynamics of the overall population. The method provides global stability results for all types of equilibria, namely trivial, boundary or interior equilibria.
Assessment of Competitiveness Factors of an Agent of the Financial Environment: Methodology and Comparative Analysis
Authors: Sitnikova Elvira , Kolmykova Tatyana , Tretyakova Irina , Lobacheva Darya
Published: June 2021

The functioning of the banking sector of the economy in the world is characterized by a decrease in its capital intensity due to a decrease in the concentration of foreign capital, a deterioration in the quality of the loan portfolio, an outflow of urgent deposit resources and the receipt of significant losses by banking institutions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Taking into account the current trends in the spread of the virus, the development and implementation of fundamentally new approaches to anti-crisis management in the banking sector of both the world economy and Russia is of great importance today. The COVID-19 pandemic came as a big shock to the global and European economies. While banks are not hit by the pandemic as directly as other retail institutions, they are in the public eye as they provide funding to corporations and individuals. Their stability is crucial for maintaining the efficiency of the entire economic system, not only of a particular country, but also of the world. Currently, the need for a comprehensive study of the competitiveness of a commercial bank is determined by the objective modern conditions of the life of banks operating in a competitive environment. The article proposes the author’s methodology for assessing the competitiveness of a commercial bank, which includes five groups of indicators, which makes it possible to identify not only problematic, but also stable areas of activity. The proposed method for calculating the integral indicator for assessing the competitiveness of a commercial bank has been tested on the example of Russian Agricultural Bank and Sberbank, and a set of measures has been developed to increase the level of competitiveness of a commercial bank.
Main Trends in the Development of the Global E-Commerce Market
Authors: Merzlyakova Ekaterina , Ershova Irina , Bridskiy Evgeniy
Published: June 2021

The advent of Internet technologies has contributed to the spread of e-commerce in many countries around the world. The Russian Federation is also developing rapidly. E-commerce participants are not individual organizations and enterprises. Currently, in all areas in which it is possible, business entities seek to use the options of distribution of goods and services to expand their activities. The activity of citizens in the field of e-commerce is increasing. Research shows high growth rates for e-commerce worldwide. The stable positive dynamics of the industry attracts more and more new participants focused on innovative solutions and new forms of business. The relevance of the topic is due to the need to analyze the trends in the development of commerce and determine its prospects in Russia.
Socio-Economic and Environmental Issues in the Context of the Sustainable Development Theory of Russian Regions
Authors: Vasilchikov Alexey V. , Chechina Oksana S. , Nikonorova Svetlana A. , Rakhova Maria V.
Published: June 2021

Unevenness is a feature of sustainable development of Russian territories. It arises due to the impressive difference in the provision of natural resources, residents’ mentality, natural and climate factors, the infrastructure that has formed over the years of territory’s existence, and other various conditions. The purpose of the issue is the research of the main factors reflecting the sustainability of development of Russia and proposes directions for improving the social, economic and environmental policy of the country.
Digitalisation of the Economy of Social and Labour Relations in Modern Conditions
Authors: Stefanenko Margarita , Abdulkhairova Elzara
Published: June 2021

The authors represent data on the state of the process of digitalisation of the Russian economy and draw a conclusion about the high level of the information infrastructure development along with that they note a great gap in the digitalisation level between regions. When assessing the impact of the development of Internet technologies on employment, two main consequences have been identified: the reduction of the impact of the geographical factor on the supply and demand in the labour market and the involvement of previously unoccupied social groups in the production process. The rapid development of the digital economy, the accelerated industrialisation of digital technologies such as the Internet, big data and cloud computing, have led to further improvements in computing power, a significant reduction in computing costs, and a significant leap in data analysis and processing capabilities. The purpose of the study is to analyse and evaluate the effects of economy digitalisation on employment. Within the framework of the research conducted, both general scientific and specific scientific methods were used: formal and logical research methods (the method of induction, deduction, analogy, synthesis, comparison, observation, description, systematisation), formal and legal, historical and legal, comparative and legal, institutional, system analysis. The paper analyses the current global economic and technological trends that affect the transformation and formation of new socioeconomic relations in the context of the digital economy formation. This article examines the impact of the development of digital information technologies on the labour market and employment. The authors represent data on the state of the process of digitalisation of the Russian economy and draw a conclusion about the high level of the information infrastructure development along with that they note a great gap in the digitalisation level between regions. The results of the study can be used in the work of public authorities at all levels to develop and adjust programmes for the further labour market development and to prevent unemployment.
What motivates IT professionals? Case of Latvia
Authors: Gribanova Svetlana
Published: June 2021

For successful motivation of professionals, it is important to understand accurately their goals, values and job expectations. Theories of motivation suggest different motives to improve productivity, but their effectiveness is not sufficiently validated in case of IT professionals. This study uses empirical data from online surveys of information technology professionals. The purpose of the study is to identify the factors that motivate professionals to work more efficiently, initiatively and productively. The results of the study show that to effectively solve the problem of motivating IT professionals, it is useful to use different theories of motivation, combine these theories and construct new concepts of motivation.
Main indicators of population migration in the Russian Federation and their dynamics
Authors: Zhukova Galina S. , Boykova Galina V.
Published: June 2021

The dynamics of internal and international migration processes in the Russian Federation in 2015–2019 is studied. The results of a comparative statistical study carried out for three process indicators and 120 factors are presented. The indicators for 2020 are not included in the comparative analysis, as they are not typical for Russia and are caused by the pandemic.
Future Teachers Training to Use the Internet Network for Developing High School Students’ Scientific Capabilities
Authors: Makotrova Galina V. , Krolevetskaya Elena N. , Muromtseva Olga V. , Fadeev Sergey A.
Published: June 2021

Nowadays the Professional Standard of a Teacher is being implemented in the Russian higher education. Special importance is acquired to formation of scientific and methodological readiness of pedagogical specialties students to use the Internet network. Acquired skills will prove useful in a teacher’s career to develop high school students’ scientific capabilities when teaching at school. The development of indicators of scientific and methodological readiness of teachers for the above-mentioned activity and research culture of high school students as well as the design and implementation of pedagogical conditions of formation of scientific and methodological readiness of future teachers in the considered context is based on the culturological approach. The research methods include survey methods, assessment of the measure of coherence between the manifestations of the indicators of the investigated scientific and methodological readiness with the help of K. Pearson criterion. A survey of Russian teachers working in profile classes of high schools showed the following items: 53% of teachers have a reproductive or adaptive level of scientific and methodological readiness to use the Internet network for the development of scientific capabilities of their high school students which were evaluated according to three criteria: motivation, technological readiness and creative activity. The article presents materials revealing the essence of pedagogical conditions for the formation of scientific and methodological readiness of students to use the Internet for developing scientific capabilities of high school students. The authors emphasize the importance of implementing the results of pedagogical research in university practice and using them in the work of students of pedagogical specialties. The identified pedagogical conditions of formation of future teachers’ scientific and methodological readiness to use the Internet network in the development of scientific capabilities of high school students serve as the basis for the emergence of new pedagogical technologies.
Forecasting the Agricultural Risk Insurance System Parameters
Authors: Chernyakov Mikhail , Chernyakova Maria , Chernyakova Irina , Gromov Sergey , Mokhtarzada Saidmukhtor S.
Published: June 2021

The current insurance market situation is characterised by a high degree of instability. Many factors influence insurance company premiums, including the number of contracts, the claim repayment ratio, capital structure, underwriting profitability and risk. The insurance sector serves as a protective barrier for the country’s economy, defending it from various risks. At the same time, insurance company premiums are influenced by risks too. The number of research articles testifies to a stable interest in this problem. However, there is no technique for establishing the connection between the insurance premium and the many factors it is sensitive to. The article is devoted to the development of new models and, based on them, some digital technologies for forecasting agricultural insurance risk parameters. Based on a paradoxical theory of regulation and inno-diversification approach, an author’s model was developed for forecasting activity. It was used to do calculations of the main indicators of the agiructural risk insurance system. As a result, it became possible to trace the main patterns and tendencies in the development of the agricultural risk insurance system in Russia. Special attention was paid to the period after 2017 when it started to stabilise and recover after the crises as a consequence of nonoptimal managerial solution as refers to the inclusion of the agricultural risk insurance system in the “single subsidy”.
Digital Accounting Algorithms
Authors: Krokhicheva Galina , Mezentseva Iulia , Zhen Tang
Published: June 2021

In the article, the authors explore some aspects of the organization of accounting processes in Russia. It is said that it is necessary to improve the existing accounting system in the country, as this requires the active development of digital technologies that widely cover the economy. The reorientation of the existing accounting system in the Russian Federation to the needs of the digital economy is possible through the widespread use of various digital accounting algorithms. The implementation of the proposed ideas can lead to a qualitative change in the organization of management and decision-making in all major areas.
Analysis of Social Networks Using an Information and Analytical System
Authors: Filippov Rodion , Leonov Yuriy , Kuzmenko Aleksandr , Shestakov Timofey
Published: June 2021

The subject of the study is the analysis of social networks and the construction of an information and analytical system to automate data monitoring and mining. Modern social network analysis systems are reviewed, and the distinguishing features of these systems are given. Various methods of social network analysis and tasks that can be solved using these methods are described. The effectiveness of the methods to determine the text sentiment is compared.
Die psychosoziale MAKS-Therapie®
Authors: Diehl Kristina , Gräßel Elmar , Luttenberger Katharina
Published: June 2021

Um das Fortschreiten einer Demenzerkrankung abzumildern, werden psychosoziale Therapien empfohlen. Die multimodale MAKS-Therapie®, bestehend aus den 4 Komponenten motorisch, alltagspraktisch, kognitiv und sozial-kommunikativ, ist hierfür geeignet. Die Wirksamkeit auf Kognition, Alltagsfähigkeit und Verhaltenssymptome konnte durch mehrere große wissenschaftliche Studien belegt werden.
Predictive Value of Rotterdam Score and Marshall Score in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Contemporary Review
Authors: Mishra Rakesh , Ucros Harold Enrique Vasquez , Florez-Perdomo William Andres , Suarez José Rojas , Moscote-Salazar Luis Rafael , Rahman Md. Moshiur , Agrawal Amit
Published: June 2021

This article conducts a contemporary comparative review of the medical literature to update and establish evidence as to which framework among Rotterdam and Marshall computed tomography (CT)-based scoring systems predicts traumatic brain injury (TBI) outcomes better. The scheme followed was following the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines for literature search. The search started on August 15, 2020 and ended on December 31, 2020. The combination terms used were Medical Subject Headings terms, combination keywords, and specific words used for describing various pathologies of TBI to identify the most relevant article in each database. PICO question to guide the search strategy was: “what is the use of Marshall (I) versus Rotterdam score (C) in TBI patients (P) for mortality risk stratification (O).” The review is based on 46 references which included a full review of 14 articles for adult TBI patients and 6 articles for pediatric TBI articles comparing Rotterdam and Marshall CT scores. The review includes 8,243 patients, of which 2,365 were pediatric and 5,878 were adult TBI patients. Marshall CT classification is not ordinal, is more descriptive, has better inter-rater reliability, and poor performance in a specific group of TBI patients requiring decompressive craniectomy. Rotterdam CT classification is ordinal, has better discriminatory power, and a better description of the dynamics of intracranial changes. The two scoring systems are complimentary. A combination of clinical parameters, severity, ischemic and hemodynamic parameters, and CT scoring system could predict the prognosis of TBI patients with significant accuracy. None of the classifications has good evidence for use in pediatric patients.
Use of a Transarticular Calcaneo-Tibial Locking Plate for Temporary Immobilization of the Tarsocrural Joint following Surgical Repair of Common Calcaneal Tendon Rupture in Eight Dogs
Authors: Boero Baroncelli Alessandro , Ferrero Francesca Chiara , Omodeo Luca , Sarotti Mattia , Verdonck Bart , Peirone Bruno , Piras Lisa Adele
Published: June 2021

Objective The purpose of this clinical communication is to report the management of common calcaneal tendon rupture in dogs using a transarticular calcaneo-tibial locking plate as a method of temporary immobilization of the tarsocrural joint to support primary repair of the common calcaneal tendon.

Study Design Dogs presented with partial or complete common calcaneal tendon rupture treated with primary tendon repair supported by the transarticular calcaneo-tibial locking plate technique from July 2016 to December 2019 were included. The tarsus was placed at a standing angle of 150 degrees and the pre-contoured Fixin locking ‘L’ or ‘T’ plate was medially applied with two locking screws inserted in the calcaneus and two screws inserted in the distal tibia. Tendon healing judgement was mostly based on clinical palpation and ultrasound examination was not performed in all the cases. Plates were removed in all dogs 6 weeks postoperatively.

Results All tendons healed and no complications at the level of the tenorrhaphy were noted in the postoperative period. All dogs returned to hunting activity with full function of the affected limb. No major complications requiring revision surgery were observed. Minor complications occurred in two cases; osteomyelitis and screw pull-out.

Conclusion The use of a transarticular calcaneo-tibial locking plate for temporary immobilization of the tarsocrural joint after surgical repair of common calcaneal tendon rupture appears to be an effective technique with comparable results to other reported techniques.
Neonatal Lymphopenia Screening Is Important for Early Diagnosis of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
Authors: Poyraz Aykut , Cansever Murat , Muderris Ipek , Patiroglu Turkan
Published: June 2021

Objective T-cell receptor excision circles are expensive for neonatal severe combined immunodeficiency screening in developing countries. We aimed to detect immunodeficiencies presenting with lymphopenia to enable screening in the general population and to improve awareness regarding lymphopenia among clinicians.

Study Design This study was conducted prospectively. In all newborns included, complete blood count from umbilical cord blood samples was recorded. Absolute lymphopenia was defined as absolute lymphocyte count <3,000/mm3 in umbilical cord blood sample. Complete blood count was repeated at month 1 in cases found to have lymphopenia.

Results Overall, 2,000 newborns were included in the study. Absolute lymphopenia was detected in 42 newborns (2.1%), while lymphocyte count was >3,000/mm3 in 1,958 newborns (97.9%). Two infants with persisted lymphopenia at the end of the first month; therefore, further evaluations such as lymphocyte subsets for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) were done. In the first infant, the lymphocyte subgroups were detected as compatible with T (−), B (−), natural killer cells (NK) (+) SCID phenotype RAG defect. Sanger sequencing revealed that NM_000448 c.2209C > T (p.R737C) homozygous mutation of RAG1 gene. In the other infant, the lymphocyte subgroups were found as considered with T (−), B (+) NK (−) SCID phenotype JAK3 defect. Both patients underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from human leukocyte antigen-matched family member.

Conclusion Absolute lymphopenia by complete blood count is a more simpler, relatively noninvasive and inexpensive screening methodfor detection of SCID in newborns compared with T-cell receptor excision circles technique.

Key Points
Stationary scattering theory for repulsive Hamiltonians
Authors: Itakura Kyohei
Published: June 2021

In the present paper, we discuss stationary scattering theory for repulsive Hamiltonians. We show the existence and completeness of stationary wave operators and unitarity of the scattering matrix. Moreover, we completely characterize asymptotic behaviors of generalized eigenfunctions with minimal growth in terms of the scattering matrix. In our argument, the radiation condition bounds for limiting resolvents play major roles. In fact, it is used to construct the stationary wave operators.
A compact series elastic element using a rubber compression mechanism
Authors: Seo Hyung-Tae , Park Ji-il , Park Jihyuk
Published: June 2021

This paper presents the concept of a new rubber compression mechanism for rotary compact series elastic elements, which can be used in robotic joints in human–machine interaction devices. A compact elastic element is realized using rubber materials with a higher specific energy and energy density than steel or fiberglass, which are commonly used in commercial springs. To overcome the nonlinearity and hysteresis of the proposed compression mechanism, a mathematical Bouc–Wen model developed through parameter identification is proposed. This paper describes the working principle of the new elastic element and presents the modeling method. Experiments on the Bouc–Wen model conducted to demonstrate the suggested mechanism are reported, and the results show that the proposed elastic element can be used for robotic joints in human–machine interaction devices.
Modeling the spatial control over point defect spin states via processing variables
Authors: Bowes Preston C. , Wu Yifeng , Baker Jonathon N. , Irving Douglas L.
Published: June 2021

Contemporary models that are used to search for solid-state point defects for quantum-information applications tend to focus on the defect’s intrinsic properties rather than the range of conditions in which they will form. In this work, a first-principles based multi-scale device model is used to explore how the conditions (i.e., growth temperature, doping concentration, unintentional impurity concentration) influence the formation of a neutral aluminum vacancy complexed with an oxygen impurity at a neighboring nitrogen site vAl-1ON in an Si/Mg:AlN homojunction. Varying the donor (Si) concentration is predicted to lead to the greatest change in both the maximum height and shape of the (vAl-1ON)0 profile. The shape is found to depend on the acceptor (Mg) concentration as well, and a critical ratio between the acceptor and unintentional impurities below which the (vAl-1ON)0 center would not form was identified. A detailed analysis of the electrostatic potential, electric field, and defect chemistry obtained with the model was used to reveal the underlying causes of these changes. These results show the potential of varying processing parameters to manipulate the local electronic structure as a means to control the properties of point defects for quantum-information applications.
A hydrothermal apparatus for x-ray absorption spectroscopy of hydrothermal fluids at DESY
Authors: Klemme S. , Feldhaus M. , Potapkin V. , Wilke M. , Borchert M. , Louvel M. , Loges A. , Rohrbach A. , Weitkamp P. , Welter E. , Kokh M. , Schmidt C. , Testemale D.
Published: June 2021

We present a new autoclave that enables in situ characterization of hydrothermal fluids at high pressures and high temperatures at synchrotron x-ray radiation sources. The autoclave has been specifically designed to enable x-ray absorption spectroscopy in fluids with applications to mineral solubility and element speciation analysis in hydrothermal fluids in complex compositions. However, other applications, such as Raman spectroscopy, in high-pressure fluids are also possible with the autoclave. First experiments were run at pressures between 100 and 600 bars and at temperatures between 25 °C and 550 °C, and preliminary results on scheelite dissolution in fluids of different compositions show that the autoclave is well suited to study the behavior of ore-forming metals at P–T conditions relevant to the Earth’s crust.
The role of surfaces in flexoelectricity
Authors: Mizzi Christopher A. , Marks Laurence D.
Published: June 2021

We develop the relationship between the strain derivative of the mean-inner potential and surface contributions to flexoelectricity, identifying the true surface-specific component of the flexoelectric response of finite samples. Density functional theory calculations on a range of experimentally observed, low energy SrTiO3, MgO, and Si surfaces demonstrate that the mean-inner potential and its contributions to flexoelectricity are sensitive to small differences in surface structure, chemistry, and adsorbates. We also introduce a method to estimate mean-inner potential contributions to flexoelectricity using electron scattering factors and use this approximation to predict total flexoelectric responses for a variety of insulators. Strategies to experimentally disentangle bulk and surface flexoelectric terms are also discussed.
Cyclodextrin solubilization in hydrated reline: Resolving the unique stabilization mechanism in a deep eutectic solvent
Authors: Shumilin Ilan , Harries Daniel
Published: June 2021

By complexing with hydrophobic compounds, cyclodextrins afford increased solubility and thermodynamic stability to hardly soluble compounds, thereby underlining their invaluable applications in pharmaceutical and other industries. However, common cyclodextrins such as β-cyclodextrin, suffer from limited solubility in water, which often leads to precipitation and formation of unfavorable aggregates, driving the search for better solvents. Here, we study the solvation of cyclodextrin in deep eutectic solvents (DESs), environmentally friendly media that possess unique properties. We focus on reline, the DES formed from choline chloride and urea, and resolve the mechanism through which its constituents elevate β-cyclodextrin solubility in hydrated solutions compared to pure water or dry reline. Combining experiments and simulations, we determine that the remarkable solubilization of β-cyclodextrin in hydrated reline is mostly due to the inclusion of urea inside β-cyclodextrin’s cavity and at its exterior surfaces. The role of choline chloride in further increasing solvation is twofold. First, it increases urea’s solubility beyond the saturation limit in water, ultimately leading to much higher β-cyclodextrin solubility in hydrated reline in comparison to aqueous urea solutions. Second, choline chloride increases urea’s accumulation in β-cyclodextrin’s vicinity. Specifically, we find that the accumulation of urea becomes stronger at high reline concentrations, as the solution transitions from reline-in-water to water-in-reline, where water alone cannot be regarded as the solvent. Simulations further suggest that in dry DES, the mechanism of β-cyclodextrin solvation changes so that reline acts as a quasi-single component solvent that lacks preference for the accumulation of urea or choline chloride around β-cyclodextrin.
Microscopic insights into dynamic disorder in the isomerization dynamics of the protein BPTI
Authors: Matsumura Yoshihiro , Saito Shinji
Published: June 2021

Understanding the dynamic disorder behind a process, i.e., the dynamic effect of fluctuations that occur on a timescale slower or comparable with the timescale of the process, is essential for elucidating the dynamics and kinetics of complicated molecular processes in biomolecules and liquids. Despite numerous theoretical studies of single-molecule kinetics, our microscopic understanding of dynamic disorder remains limited. In the present study, we investigate the microscopic aspects of dynamic disorder in the isomerization dynamics of the Cys14–Cys38 disulfide bond in the protein bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, which has been observed by nuclear magnetic resonance. We use a theoretical model with a stochastic transition rate coefficient, which is calculated from the 1-ms-long time molecular dynamics trajectory obtained by Shaw et al. [Science 330, 341–346 (2010)]. The isomerization dynamics are expressed by the transitions between coarse-grained states consisting of internal states, i.e., conformational sub-states. In this description, the rate for the transition from the coarse-grained states is stochastically modulated due to fluctuations between internal states. We examine the survival probability for the conformational transitions from a coarse-grained state using a theoretical model, which is a good approximation to the directly calculated survival probability. The dynamic disorder changes from a slow modulation limit to a fast modulation limit depending on the aspects of the coarse-grained states. Our analysis of the rate modulations behind the survival probability, in relation to the fluctuations between internal states, reveals the microscopic origin of dynamic disorder.
How accurate are EOM-CC4 vertical excitation energies?
Authors: Loos Pierre-François , Matthews Devin A. , Lipparini Filippo , Jacquemin Denis
Published: June 2021

We report the first investigation of the performance of EOM-CC4—an approximate equation-of-motion coupled-cluster model, which includes iterative quadruple excitations—for vertical excitation energies in molecular systems. By considering a set of 28 excited states in 10 small molecules for which we have computed CC with singles, doubles, triples, quadruples, and pentuples and full configuration interaction reference energies, we show that, in the case of excited states with a dominant contribution from the single excitations, CC4 yields excitation energies with sub-kJ mol−1 accuracy (i.e., error below 0.01 eV), in very close agreement with its more expensive CC with singles, doubles, triples, and quadruples parent. Therefore, if one aims at high accuracy, CC4 stands as a highly competitive approximate method to model molecular excited states, with a significant improvement over both CC3 and CC with singles, doubles, and triples. Our results also evidence that, although the same qualitative conclusions hold, one cannot reach the same level of accuracy for transitions with a dominant contribution from the double excitations.
Early collaborations
Authors: Lustigman Lyle
Published: June 2021

The present study examines the development of ‘but’-introduced clauses in adult-toddler conversations, distinguishing between autonomous productions (I wanna staybutwe need to go) and adult-child co-constructed uses (Adult:we’re going home, Child:butI wanna stay). Analyses covered all adult and childaval‘but’ uses in three longitudinal Hebrew corpora (age-range: 1;5–3;3), showing that: (1) both adults and children mostly useaval‘but’ in co-construction rather than autonomously; (2) adults begin co-constructing ‘but’-clauses with children months before the children start using ‘but’, mostly by elaborating on single-word child productions before adding the ‘but’-clause (Child:cup, Adult:that’s a cup, butyou don’t like juice); (3) as children start combining more clauses, adults gradually conjoin more ‘but’-clauses directly with the children’s productions, without elaboration (Child:let’s go. Adult:butfirst put on your shoes). These patterns suggest that the main function of ‘but’-clauses in adult-child discourse is co-constructing ideas contributed by two (or more) interlocutors. Such co-constructions are initially scaffolded by the adults, until the children are able to contribute full-fledged propositions to co-constructions. These findings provide further evidence of the role of adult-child interaction in introducing and familiarizing children with new linguistic structures, and advancing their developing grammar.