bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A compact incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectrometer for trace detection of nitrogen oxides, iodine oxide and glyoxal at levels below parts per billion for field applications
Authors: Barbero Albane , Blouzon Camille , Savarino Joël , Caillon Nicolas , Dommergue Aurélien , Grilli Roberto
Published: August 2020

Abstract. We present a compact, affordable and robust instrument based on incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (IBBCEAS) for simultaneous detection of NOx, IO, CHOCHO and O3 in the 400–475 nm wavelength region. The instrument relies on the injection of a high-power LED source in a high-finesse cavity (F∼33 100), with the transmission signal being detected by a compact spectrometer based on a high-order diffraction grating and a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. A minimum detectable absorption of 2.0×10-10 cm−1 was achieved within ∼22 min of total acquisition, corresponding to a figure of merit of 1.8×10-10 cm−1 Hz-1/2 per spectral element. Due to the multiplexing broadband feature of the setup, multi-species detection can be performed with simultaneous detection of NO2, IO, CHOCHO and O3 achieving detection limits of 11, 0.3, 10 ppt (parts per trillion) and 47 ppb (parts per billion) (1σ) within 22 min of measurement, respectively (half of the time is spent on the acquisition of the reference spectrum in the absence of the absorber, and the other half is spent on the absorption spectrum). The implementation on the inlet gas line of a compact ozone generator based on electrolysis of water allows for the measurement of NOx (NO+NO2) and therefore an indirect detection of NO with detection limits for NOx and NO of 10 and 21 ppt (1σ), respectively. The device has been designed to fit in a 19 in., 3U (5.25 in.) rack-mount case; weighs 15 kg; and has a total electrical power consumption of <300 W. The instrument can be employed to address different scientific objectives such as better constraining the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere, studying the chemistry of highly reactive species in atmospheric chambers as well as in the field and looking at the sources of glyoxal in the marine boundary layer to study possible implications on the formation of secondary aerosol particles.
In situ observations of greenhouse gases over Europe during the CoMet 1.0 campaign aboard the HALO aircraft
Authors: Gałkowski Michał , Jordan Armin , Rothe Michael , Marshall Julia , Koch Frank-Thomas , Chen Jinxuan , Agusti-Panareda Anna , Fix Andreas , Gerbig Christoph
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The intensive measurement campaign CoMet 1.0 (Carbon dioxide and Methane mission) took place during May and June 2018, with a focus on greenhouse gases over Europe. CoMet 1.0 aimed at characterising the distribution of CH4 and CO2 over significant regional sources with the use of a fleet of research aircraft, as well as validating remote sensing measurements from state-of-the-art instrumentation installed on-board against a set of independent in-situ observations. Here we present the results of over 55 hours of accurate and precise in situ measurements of CO2, CH4 and CO mixing ratios made during CoMet 1.0 flights with a cavity ring-down spectrometer aboard the German research aircraft HALO, together with results from analyses of 96 discrete air samples collected aboard the same platform. A careful in-flight calibration strategy together with post-flight quality assessment made it possible to determine both the single measurement precision as well as biases against respective WMO scales. We compare the result of greenhouse gas observations against two of the available global modelling systems, namely Jena CarboScope and CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service). We find overall good agreement between the global models and the observed mixing ratios in the free-tropospheric range, characterised by very low bias values for the CAMS CH4 and the CarboScope CO2 products, with a mean free tropospheric offset of 0 (14) ppb and 0.8 (1.3) ppm respectively, with the quoted number giving the standard uncertainty in the final digits for the numerical value. Higher bias is observed for CAMS CO2 (equal to 3.7 (1.5) ppm), and for CO the model-observation mismatch is variable with height (with offset equal to −1.0 (8.8)). We also present laboratory analyses of air samples collected throughout the flights, which include information on the isotopic composition of CH_4, and we demonstrate the potential of simultaneously measuring δ13C-CH4 and δ2H-CH4 from air to determine the sources of enhanced methane signals using even a limited amount of discrete samples. Using flasks collected during two flights over the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB, southern Poland), one of the strongest methane-emitting regions in the European Union, we were able to use the Miller-Tans approach to derive the isotopic signature of the measured source, with values of δ2H equal to −224.7 (6.6) permil and δ13C to −50.9 (1.1) permil, giving significantly lower d2H values compared to previous studies in the area.
Integrated water vapor and liquid water path retrieval using a single-channel radiometer
Authors: Billault-Roux Anne-Claire , Berne Alexis
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Microwave radiometers are widely used for the retrieval of Liquid Water Path (LWP) and Integrated Water Vapor (IWV) in the context of cloud and precipitation studies. This paper presents a new site-independent retrieval algorithm for LWP and IWV, relying on a single-frequency 89-GHz ground-based radiometer. A statistical approach is used, based on a neural network, which is trained and tested on a synthetic data set constructed from radiosonde profiles worldwide. In addition to 89-GHz brightness temperature, the input features include surface measurements of temperature, pressure and humidity, as well as geographical information and, when available, estimates of IWV and LWP from reanalysis data. An analysis of the algorithm is presented to assess its accuracy, the impact of the various input features, as well as its sensitivity to radiometer calibration and its stability across geographical locations. The new method is then implemented on real data that were collected during a field deployment in Switzerland and during the ICE-POP 2018 campaign in South Korea. The new algorithm is shown to be quite robust, especially in mid-latitude environments with a moderately moist climate, although its accuracy is inevitably lower than that obtained with state-of-the-art multi-channel radiometers.
Sigmoidal Water Retention Function with Improved Behavior in Dry and Wet Soils
Authors: de Rooij Gerrit H. , Mai Juliane , Madi Raneem
Published: August 2020

Abstract. A popular parameterized soil water retention curve (SWRC) has a hydraulic conductivity curve associated with it that can have an infinite slope at saturation. The problem was eliminated before by giving the SWRC a non–zero air–entry value. This improved version still has an asymptote at the dry end, which limits its usefulness for dry conditions and causes its integral to diverge for commonly occurring parameter values. We therefore joined the parameterizations' sigmoid mid–section to a logarithmic dry section ending at zero water content for a finite matric potential, as was done previously for a power–law type SWRC. We selected five SWRC parameterizations that had been proven to produce unproblematic near–saturation conductivities and fitted these and our new curve to data from 21 soils. The logarithmic dry branch gave more realistic extrapolations into the dry end of both the retention and the conductivity curves than an asymptotic dry branch. We tested the original curve, its first improvement, and our second improvement by feeding them into a numerical model that calculated evapotranspiration and deep drainage for nine combinations of soils and climates. The new curve was more robust than the other two. The new curve was better able to produce a conductivity curve with a substantial drop during the early stages of drying than the earlier improvement. It therefore generated smaller amounts of more evenly distributed deep drainage compared to the spiked response to rainfall produced by the earlier improvement.
Bias correction of a gauge-based gridded product to improve extreme precipitation analysis in the Yarlung Tsangpo–Brahmaputra River basin
Authors: Luo Xian , Fan Xuemei , Li Yungang , Ji Xuan
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Critical gaps in the amount, quality, consistency,
availability, and spatial distribution of rainfall data limit extreme
precipitation analysis, and the application of gridded precipitation data
is challenging because of their considerable biases. This study corrected
Asian Precipitation Highly Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards
Evaluation of Water Resources (APHRODITE) estimates in the Yarlung
Tsangpo–Brahmaputra River basin (YBRB) using two linear and two nonlinear
methods, and their influence on extreme precipitation indices was assessed
by cross-validation. Bias correction greatly improved the performance of
extreme precipitation analysis. The ability of four methods to correct
wet-day frequency and coefficient of variation were substantially different,
leading to considerable differences in extreme precipitation indices. Local
intensity scaling (LOCI) and quantile–quantile mapping (QM) performed
better than linear scaling (LS) and power transformation (PT). This study
would provide a reference for using gridded precipitation data in extreme
precipitation analysis and selecting a bias-corrected method for rainfall
products in data-sparse regions.
Emplacement of exotic Zechstein slivers along the inverted Sontra
Graben (northern Hessen, Germany): clues from balanced crosssections
and geometrical forward modelling
Authors: Bolz Jakob , Kley Jonas
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Lens-shaped slivers of Permian (Zechstein) amid Triassic units, appearing along the main boundary fault of the Sontra Graben in central Germany on the southern edge of the Central European Basin System (CEBS) were studied by means of detailed map analysis, a semi-quantitative forward model and two balanced cross-sections. We show how partial reactivation of the graben’s main normal fault and shortcut thrusting in the footwall during inversion, combined with a specific fault geometry involving flats in low shear-strength horizons, produce the observed slivers of exotic Zechstein. Based on regional correlation, extension most likely occurred in Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous time while the contraction is of Late Cretaceous age. The kinematic history of the graben, reconstructed through field observations, structural and cross-section analysis is employed to discuss the dynamic evolution of the graben system in the immediate vicinity and to consider implications for the entire CEBS.
Diverging responses of high-latitude CO2 and CH4 emissions in idealized climate change scenarios
Authors: de Vrese Philipp , Stacke Tobias , Kleinen Thomas , Brovkin Victor
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The present study investigates the response of the high latitude's carbon cycle to in- and decreasing atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in idealized climate change scenarios. For this, we use an adapted version of JSBACH – the land-surface component of the Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology's Earth system model (MPI-ESM) – that accounts for the organic matter stored in the permafrost-affected soils of the high northern latitudes. To force the model, we use different climate scenarios that assume an increase in GHG concentrations, following the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 5, until peaks in the years 2025, 2050, 2075 or 2100, respectively. The peaks are followed by a decrease in atmospheric GHGs that returns the concentrations to the levels at the beginning of the 21st century. We show that the soil CO2 emissions exhibit an almost linear dependency on the global mean surface temperatures that are simulated for the different climate scenarios. Here, each degree of warming increases the ﬂuxes by, very roughly, 50 % of their initial value, while each degree of cooling decreases them correspondingly. However, the linear dependency does not mean that the processes governing the soil CO2 emissions are fully reversible on short timescales, but rather that two strongly hysteretic factors offset each other – namely the vegetation's net primary productivity and the availability of formerly frozen soil organic matter. In contrast, the soil methane emissions show almost no increase with rising temperatures and they are consistently lower after than prior to a peak in the GHG concentrations. Here, the ﬂuxes can even become negative and we ﬁnd that methane emissions will play only a minor role in the northern high latitudes' contribution to global warming, even when considering the gas's high global warming potential. Finally, we ﬁnd that the high-latitude ecosystem acts as a source of atmospheric CO2 rather than a sink, with the net ﬂuxes into the atmosphere increasing substantially with rising atmospheric GHG concentrations. This is very different to scenario simulations with the standard version of the MPI-ESM in which the region continues to take up atmospheric CO2 throughout the entire 21st century, conﬁrming that the omission of permafrost-related processes and the organic matter stored in the frozen soils leads to a fundamental misrepresentation of the carbon dynamics in the Arctic.
Statistical emulation of a perturbed basal melt ensemble of an ice sheet model to better quantify Antarctic sea level rise uncertainties
Authors: Berdahl Mira , Leguy Gunter , Lipscomb William H. , Urban Nathan M.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Antarctic ice shelves are vulnerable to warming ocean temperatures, and have already begun thinning in response to increased basal melt rates. Sea level is therefore expected to rise due to Antarctic contributions, but uncertainties in its amount and timing remain largely unquantified. In particular, there is substantial uncertainty in future basal melt rates arising from multi-model differences in thermal forcing and how melt rates depend on that thermal forcing. To facilitate uncertainty quantification in sea level rise projections, we build, validate, and demonstrate projections from a computationally efficient statistical emulator of a high resolution (4 km) Antarctic ice sheet model, the Community Ice Sheet Model version 2.1. The emulator is trained to a large (500-member) ensemble of 200-year-long 4-km resolution transient ice sheet simulations, whereby regional basal melt rates are perturbed by idealized (yet physically informed) trajectories. The main advantage of our emulation approach is that by sampling a wide range of possible basal melt trajectories, the emulator can be used to (1) produce probabilistic sea level rise projections over much larger Monte Carlo ensembles than are possible by direct numerical simulation alone, thereby providing better statistical characterization of uncertainties, and (2) predict the simulated ice sheet response under differing assumptions about basal melt characteristics as new oceanographic studies are published, without having to run additional numerical ice sheet simulations. As a proof-of-concept, we propagate uncertainties about future basal melt rate trajectories, derived from regional ocean models, to generate probabilistic sea level rise estimates for 100 and 200 years into the future.
The cooling signature of basal crevasses in a hard-bedded region of the Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: McDowell Ian E. , Humphrey Neil F. , Harper Joel T. , Meierbachtol Toby W.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Temperature sensors installed in a grid of 9 full-depth boreholes drilled in the southwestern ablation zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet consistently record cooling over time within the lowest third of the ice column. Rates of temperature change outpace cooling expected from vertical conduction alone. Additionally, observed static temperature profiles deviate significantly from modeled purely diffusional thermal profiles, implying strong non-conductive heat transfer processes within the lowest portion of the ice column. Although numerous heat sources exist to add energy and warm ice as it moves from the central divide towards the margin such as strain heat from internal deformation, latent heat from refreezing meltwater, and the conduction of geothermal heat across the ice-bedrock interface, identifying heat sinks proves more difficult. After eliminating possible mechanisms that could cause cooling, we find that the observed cooling is a manifestation of previous warming in basal ice. Thermal decay after latent heat is released from freezing water in basal crevasses is the most likely mechanism resulting in the temporal evolution of temperature and the vertical thermal structure observed at our site. Basal crevasses are a viable englacial heat source in the basal ice of Greenland's ablation zone and may have a controlling influence on the temperature structure of the near basal ice.
Long-term variation of sea ice and its response to thermodynamic factors in the Northwest Passage of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago
Authors: Shen Xinyi , Zhang Yu , Chen Changsheng , Hu Song
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Sea ice conditions in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) play a key role in the navigation of the Northwest Passage (NWP). Based on the observed and simulated sea ice concentration and thickness data, we studied the temporal and spatial characteristics of sea ice from 1979 to 2017 in the NWP of the CAA and evaluated the sea ice conditions along the southern and northern routes of the NWP. Against the background of the rapid retreat of Arctic sea ice, the 39-year observed sea ice concentration of the NWP exhibited a relatively large decreasing trend in summer and fall, while heavy sea ice conditions were maintained in winter and spring, with a slight increasing trend. Consistent with Arctic sea ice, the sea ice extent in the NWP displayed a decreasing trend of −2.34 %/10 a, with its minimum occurring in 2012. The sea ice thickness in most subregions of the NWP showed a decreasing trend, with the exception of Lancaster Sound. The decreasing trend of sea ice thickness in the NWP was estimated to −0.16 m/10 a. Based on the sea ice concentration and thickness, however, the sea ice conditions were heavier along the northern route than the southern route. This study considered both of these routes, and we selected and evaluated more specific pathways. The correlation results between the sea ice and atmospheric and oceanic thermodynamic factors in the NWP suggested that the thermodynamic factors had a greater impact on sea ice in the summer and fall, and the variations of sea ice concentration were more closely correlated with the thermodynamic factors than sea ice thickness. The sea surface temperature (SST) had a higher correlation with sea ice concentration than surface air temperature (SAT), while SAT exhibited a higher correlation with sea ice thickness than SST. The residual amount of sea ice concentration and thickness in the fall, associated with the fall SAT and SST, contributed to the formation of sea ice in the following winter and spring.
Long Term Effect of Tillage and Organo-Mineral Fertilizer Application on Phosphorus Dynamics on Ferric Lixisol in Burkina Faso
Authors: Bandaogo Alimata Arzouma , Ouattara Korodjouma , Serme Idriss
Published: August 2020

A Pot experiment was conducted on 30 years long term soils under different soils management to evaluate the effect of organic amendments and soil tillage on phosphorus evolution in Ferric Lixisol. Two (2) levels of incubation with and without sorghum bicolor were used with six (6) treatments: (1) Tillage with animal traction + 10 t manure / ha / year + 100 kg NPK (14-23-14-6S-1B) / ha + 50 kg urea (46 % N); (2) Tillage with animal traction + 100 kg NPK (14-23-14-6S-1B) / ha + 50 kg urea (46 % N); (3) Minimum tillage+ 10 t manure / ha / year + 100 kg NPK (14-23-14-6S-1B)/ ha + 50 kg urea (46% N); (4) Minimum tillage + 100 kg NPK (14-23-14-6S-1B) / ha + 50 kg urea (46 % N); (5) 30-years-old fallow and (6) control plot (continuous sorghum without fertilizer) from soil fertility sustainability trial. Each treatment was pretreated with carbon plus nitrogen or without nitrogen before the experiment. The results showed that tillage increased P availability by 70 to 273 % compared to fallow in general and the use of organic matter improved only P-NaHCO3 by 83 %. The effect of nutrient (carbon and nitrogen) addition varied according to different fraction of P. P-NaHCO3 with sorghum incubation seems to be more responsive to nutrient addition. Therefore, minimum tillage with organic and mineral fertilizers amendments has beneficial effect on available P fractions.
Imaginarios culturales y emocionales a través de expresiones narrativas populares
Authors: Fernández Poncela Anna María
Published: August 2020

Here is a general overview of legends in general in Mexico City today. These oral histories, their typology, characteristics, social context, and accompanying emotions are reviewed through a broad qualitative and quantitative questionnaire applied among the population. The relationship between culture and emotion is shown in the legends, as well as their validity in our days.
Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 154, 2019: 53-74
Los mitos de la masculinidad y de la feminidad en El Señor de los cielos
Authors: Guzmán Nataly , Cristancho Andrea
Published: August 2020

This article studies how a media product resulting from a combination between melodrama and action series establishes a number of features connected with gender identity in El Señor de los cielos, as well as the representations related to what it means to be a man or a woman. The gender narratives of this so called “super series” explore the relation between gender and nature versus the social construction of masculinity and femininity, the capacities associated with human agency, and the situations described as a result of destiny.
Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 154, 2019: 75-87
Acercamiento a la temática del amor
Authors: Barria-Asenjo Nicol A.
Published: August 2020

The purpose of this work is to identify the different conceptions of love proposed by theorists of all times, concerning two unequal but complementary disciplines, psychoanalysis and philosophy. The paper researches the hypotheses of Freud and Lacan, succinctly in Plato in his work “The Banquet.” Likewise, contemporary theorists such as Žižek were analyzed. The article provides an approach based on a wide range of positions, the most widespread statements and also the most studied with respect to the human issue that has generated the most controversies: love. Finally, despite attempts to reach a more or less appropriate definition to define love ties, find a kind of norm, or the attempt to generalize, the contributions of philosophers and psychoanalysts, leave us with an advantageous panorama and the readings of the works grant us new elements, to address preliminary uncertain aspects of a very complex subject.
Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 154, 2019: 109-130
El alborotador de Centroamérica
Authors: Acuña Ortega Víctor H.
Published: August 2020

No abstracts are available.
Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 154, 2019: 155-158
From Nimble NIMBY to Palpable PIMBY: Anti-Blackness in George Deukmejian’s California Prison Boom
Authors: Hollenbeck Jakob
Published: August 2020

When California Governor George Deukmejian assumed office in 1983, the state had not added to its twelve prisons in eighteen years. During his two terms, Deukmejian oversaw the construction of eight prisons — a 67% increase in eight years. This paper attempts to locate the impetus of this prison boom by analyzing three siting struggles in southern California. It argues that past scholarship fails to account for the interaction between the state and sited communities. Specifically, state-centered research fails to account for the power of city officials while rural-centered research fails to account for systemic factors. Accordingly, this paper introduces the term Please in Your Back Yard (PIYBY) to examine where and why the state sited a prison and how they tried to convince the community to accept it. PIYBYism complements the existing Not in My Back Yardism (NIMBYism) and Please in My Back Yardism (PIMBYism). The paper analyzes the interaction between the three terms, revealing that ideological, not economic concerns, caused the California prison boom. The prison boom emerged from a tough-on-crime moment — one that was necessarily anti-black. The three siting battles support this conclusion because anti-blackness permeated every group’s rhetoric. This paper, then, challenges the subject’s prevailing scholarship: politics lies at the base of the prison system. Even if one accepts the economic link, the economy only mattered in that it exacerbated an ongoing political movement that attempted to reassert white supremacy.
Teachers’ Perceived Knowledge and Confidence Regarding Adolescent Concussion Management
Authors: Ha Margaret L. , Kasamatsu Tricia M. , McLeod Tamara C. Valovich , Register-Mihalik Johna K. , Bacon Cailee E. Welch
Published: August 2020

Teachers play an important role in facilitating a student’s return to school after a concussion. Currently, there is limited evidence on teachers’ experiences and their role in managing concussions in the classroom. This study investigated teachers’ perceived knowledge and confidence regarding concussion recognition and management. A cross-sectional design was used for this online survey of secondary school teachers in the United States. Practicing teachers self-reported being moderately knowledgeable and confident in their knowledge of concussion signs and symptoms. Whereas teachers were moderately knowledgeable and confident in their knowledge of academic support strategies after a student’s concussion, teachers were minimally knowledgeable and confident in their knowledge of the criteria for the student’s return to school and activity. Personal history of concussion and participation in formal concussion education were associated with increases in teachers’ perceived knowledge and confidence regarding concussion and its management process. Overall, teachers believed it was important to learn about concussions to support a student’s return to school. Therefore, integration of concussion education into preservice teacher education programs and in-service trainings is recommended. Providing teachers with practical resources on academic adjustments can enhance the support provided to symptomatic students, reduce misconceptions about concussion, and facilitate dialogue among stakeholders involved in the management of concussions.
Activating Culturally Empathic Motivation in Diverse Students
Authors: Grant Donald E . , Hill Jerell B.
Published: August 2020

School motivation as a construct is increasingly surfacing in classrooms across the United States. The research on achievement and intrinsic motivation has become more complex, given contemporary inquiries on trauma-informed practices, special education-related services. With the absence of culturally empathic practices, each of these factors can potentially add another barrier and impact those involved in the learning process. The need for schools to develop dynamic multi-disciplinary teams that capitalize on relational energy to provide support and increase student motivation remains necessary. Schools explore creative ways to prioritize relationships before rigor to see improvements in student motivation and the attainment of student learning outcomes. Low self-worth, falling short of expectations, or completely missing the mark magnifies the differences between self-perception and one’s identity as perceived by others. To combat deficit-based models of engagement, the researchers analyzed culturally empathic motivation in diverse students. Teacher expectations, modeling, and enthusiasm need to be apparent to students, and teachers’ efficacy needs to embrace the idea that all students can learn. Teacher quality, learning climate, and powerful instruction are vital to designing a productive learning environment that motivates students to learn. In a positive learning climate, the teacher and the students work together as a community of learners to help everyone achieve. Motivation plays a significant role in the creation of experiences that enhance the development of empathic awareness. Taking a deeper look at motivation interventions through a holistic ecological lens that is both culturally intelligent and trauma-informed will create a strength-based collaborative learning perspective.
An Experimental Study of a Software Based Teaching Methodology in an Undergraduate Negotiation Course
Authors: Khan Mohammad Ayub , Baldini Giovanni Maria
Published: August 2020

Cross-cultural negotiation courses have been taught for many years both at graduate and undergraduate levels, using conventional pedagogical approaches such as classroom-based lectures, material readings, and paper-pencil based negotiation exercises. In the contemporary world of higher education, it is often expressed by the faculty that students show lack of enthusiasm, interest, and motivation to actively participate in such learning activities. Moreover, semesters after semesters faculty find students becoming less and less engaged in conventional learning activities. In this learning atmosphere, as teachers, we find it really challenging to create and maintain a minimum level of the required interest in students and motivate them to pay attention, ask questions, and participate actively in classroom sessions. Therefore, in this study we propose to the faculty who are teaching negotiation related courses to use software-based teaching strategy in order to engage students in a more enjoyable manner and provide them with an interactive learning environment.
The Conflict Wings in the Saudi Political System
Authors: Othman Abdullah Hazaa , Grishin Oleg Evgenievich , Ali Bakil Hasan Nasser
Published: August 2020

A marginal and bloody nature has characterized the struggle between the Saudi family members over the ruling regime since its first date. For the sake of governance, interests, and influence, alliances, disputes, and conflicts arose between the wings of the Saudi family and the liquidations that started since the establishment of Saudi Arabia and are still taking place today. King Abdulaziz liquidated leadership army, which contributed to the concentration of his rule, in the Battle of Al-Sabla. There is a conflict of wings between family members that reached the level of the coup, as happened with King Saud at the hands of his sisters, and to the killing, as happened with King Faisal at the hands of his nephew Faisal bin Musaed. The conflict and disagreement between the members of Al Saud have renewed since the first and second Saudi states and the current one. They expanded at present due to the abundance of money and influence by the control of a wing at the expense of other sides, the existence of a class between family members, and the secretion of the current conflict with the emergence of new leaders, the Saudi arena. The young men belong to the generation of the grandsons of the founding King, who eventually took control of the Saudi rule.
A diverse view of science to catalyse change
Authors: Urbina-Blanco César A. , Mack James , Yang Ying-Wei , Wadle Austin , Titirici Maria-Magdalena , Masters Sarah L. , Man Fung Fun , Borges João , Aderinto Stephen O. , Lutkenhaus Jodie L. , Robinson Renã A. S. , Nelson Toby L. , Stoddart J. Fraser , Friščić Tomislav , Bojdys Michael J. , Speight Isaiah R. , Jilani Safia Z.
Published: August 2020

Valuing diversity leads to scientific excellence, the progress of science and, most importantly, it is simply the right thing to do. We must value diversity not only in words, but also in actions.
This article is co-published in the following journals: Nature Chemistry (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-020-0529-x), Chemical Science (https://doi.org/10.1039/D0SC90150D), Journal of the American Chemical Society (https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c07877), Angewandte Chemie International Edition (https://doi.org/ 10.1002/anie.202009834), Canadian Journal of Chemistry (https://doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2020-0323), and Croatica Chemica Acta (https://doi.org/10.5562/diversity2020).
Prediction on the Mechanical and Forming Behaviors of Ferrite-Martensite Dual Phase Steels Based on a Flow Model
Authors: GOU Rui-bin , DAN Wen-jiao , ZHANG Wei-gang , YU Min
Published: August 2020

An innovative flow model incorporating the mixture hardening law, anisotropic yield function, and incremental strain formulations was elaborated and applied to DP590 ferrite-martensite dual phase steel. To verify the flow model, both the macro/micro stress-strain responses and the forming patterns of DP590 steel with different martentite contents were simulated during the processes of the cup deep-drawing and the unconstrained cylindrical bending to evaluate the influence of martensite content on the mechanical and forming behavior of the steel. It was found that maternsite content has a significant impact on the macro/micromechanical and forming behavior of the steel, i.e., the ferrite and steel effective stresses and the effective macro/micro-strain distribution in the cup. Under the unconstrained cylindrical bending, the simulated effective maximum macro/micro-strains were in good agreement with the calculated results from the mixture law-based model. It was concluded that the Buaschinger effect is the main reason for an 8 % error between the simulated and experimental results. The flow model was proved to predict the macro/micro flow and forming behavior of the dual phase steels with a good accuracy.
Composite Membranes of Sulfonated Poly(ether ether ketone) with Active Carbon: Composite Preparation and Investigation of their Properties for Potential Application for CO2 Electrochemical Reduction
Authors: FEDORENKO Deniss , VAIVARS Guntars
Published: August 2020

In this study, synthesis of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) was performed using sulfonation method with concentrated sulfuric acid. Polymer with three degrees of sulfonation was obtained: 0.87; 0.82 and 0.74. Composite membranes were synthesized with an activated carbon. Ultrasonication method was used in order to achieve homogeneity of distribution of the additive in polymer solution and then in polymer membranes. Membranes with various content of the additive were made: 0; 0.15; 0.3; 0.5; 0.6; 0.8; 1.0; 2.0 and 3.0 %. Swelling degree, water uptake, proton conductivity, isoelectric point, thermal properties and surface morphology of the membranes were analyzed. Proton conductivity was determined using impedance analysis with two electrode system and through-plane configuration. Two methods were used: differential and single membrane method. Differential method is proposed to have significant advantage as it reduces contact resistance, which otherwise is difficult to control and evaluate. Surface zeta potential of membrane surface was investigated, and membranes have shown variation of the potential. Isoelectric point was determined for the membranes with DS 0.82 and carbon content 0 % and 0.5 %, and it was found to be at pH 4. Water uptake and swelling degree of the membranes was studied, and active carbon content was found to not have major influence on those properties, but higher content of sulfonic groups leads to increased water uptake and swelling degree. Thermogravimetric analysis showed slightly better thermal properties of membranes with the additive, compared to the blank membranes, which can be related to differences in the water uptake. Surface of the membrane was investigated using scanning electron microscopy, and no considerable defects were observed.
Usage of Fusible Sewing Threads to Improve the Waterproof Property of Seam
Authors: MESEGUL Cansu , KARABAY Gulseren
Published: August 2020

In classical stitching process, needle holes occur during the penetration of the needle through the fabric. If the waterproofness of the sewn product is important, the water leakage from these holes must be prevented. To prevent this negative situation, different techniques such as sealing of seams with waterproof tapes, joining the textile materials by bonding or welding are used. Among these techniques, there is no needle damage in bonding and welding and all the seam area is covered by thermal or chemical bonding. In sewing technology, the water leakage is prevented by covering all the seam area with seam sealing tape. These three methods have different effects on the physical properties of the seams obtained. Instead of covering the whole seam area, covering just the needle damages is the focus of this research.  With this aim, fusible sewing threads were used to cover the needle damages to increase the waterproof performance of seam line. The fusible sewing threads have not been used for obtaining waterproof seams before.  In this research, the fusible sewing threads were used as lower thread in different combinations. Initial results of waterproofness test show that, melted fusible threads improve the waterproof performance of seams. In other words, the needle damages on sewn fabric can be covered by melted fusible sewing thread. However, unbalanced seam is the negative side of this research because of using different threads as needle and bobbin thread. Additionally, there is no variety of fusible threads to select an appropriate one for this method. The study is hoped to be a sample for the further studies on this method, using different fusible threads, fabrics, seam types and even improving new fusible threads for this waterproofing method.
A New Measurement Method for the Diagnostic of Different Types of Concealed Penis in Children
Authors: Li Yuan , Zhu Xiaoyu , Feng Dongchuan , Gong Jinchao , Han Tao , Sun Guangyao , Zhang Xilun , Hu Dianhe , Sha Suoyou
Published: August 2020

Background: Concealed penis is an anomaly in infants and adolescents, accurate diagnosis of different types of which requires extensive experience. In general, an experienced physician can diagnose the type of abnormal penis by careful observation and then provide the corresponding treatment. The appearance of trapped penis and webbed penis is easier to distinguish than that of other abnormal penises. However, congenital concealed penis is easily confused with phimosis and obesity concealed penis, and it is not easy to distinguish clinically, especially for inexperienced physician. Objectives: This study aims to provide an auxiliary measurement method to assist diagnosis of concealed penis types. Methods: This study enrolled 105 children diagnosed as phimosis, 88 as congenital concealed penis, and 78 as obesity concealed penis. Multifunctional protractor was used to measure the foreskin angle and penis-scrotum angle. The foreskin angle was defined as the angle between the ventral and dorsal sides of the penis body and the line extending to the foreskin, which was the sagittal position of the natural state of the penis when the child lies down. The penis-scrotum angle was defined as the angle between the ventral side of penis and the scrotum. All measured data were recorded by professional physicians, and the differences between different groups were compared using t-test. Results: The average foreskin angle in the phimosis, congenital concealed penis, and obesity concealed penis groups were 10.05°, 74.34°, and 8.86°, respectively. The average penis-scrotum angle in the three groups were 6.98°, 118.65°, and 85.59°, respectively. Annular wrinkle numbers in the three groups were 0.26, 0.32, and 2.68, respectively. The difference of the groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). These results indicated that congenital concealed penis had greater foreskin and penis-scrotum angle. Obesity concealed penis had moderately large penis-scrotum angle and higher number of annular wrinkles. On contrary, the three indicators in phimosis were the lowest. Conclusions: This evaluation system can provide an auxiliary way to help the diagnosis of different types of concealed penis in children and provide a basis for subsequent treatment. In addition, Experienced physicians teaching new physicians/students, can also use this as an auxiliary explanation.
Molecular Genetic Analysis of FOXL2 Gene in Two Iranian Families with Blepharophimosis-Ptosis-Epicanthus Inversus Syndrome
Authors: Asgari Nooshin , Akbari Mohammad Taghi , Khordadpoor Deilamani Faravareh , Babamohammadi Gholamreza
Published: August 2020

Background: Blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus syndrome (BPES) is a rare genetic disorder with autosomal dominant inheritance. There are two distinct phenotypes: BPES type I, which is associated with eyelid abnormalities as well as female infertility or premature menopause due to ovarian resistance to gonadotropins, whereas in type II only eyelid abnormalities are present. Mutations in the forkhead transcription factor 2 (FOXL2) gene are responsible for both types of BPES. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify mutations in FOXL2 in two Iranian families (from Tehran) with BPES who were referred to Tehran Medical Genetics laboratory. Methods: The peripheral blood was collected from the affected members of two BPES families and genomic DNA was extracted using salting out method. Then, direct sequencing of whole exon of FOXL2 genewas performed. Results: Two frameshift mutations were identified in FOXL2 gene in two familial cases including NM_023067:c.102_103insA (p.G35Rfs*61)as a novel mutation and NM_023067:c.855_871dup (p.H291Rfs*71) (17-bp insertion). Both mutations cause the protein to be truncated and are responsible for a severe phenotype (BPES type I) which was in harmony with our finding. Conclusions: Our results increased the spectrum of FOXL2 mutations and confirm the mutations associated with BPES type I.
Comparison of Group Discussion and Teach Back Selfcare Education Effects on Knowledge, Attitude, and Performance of Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Borzou Seyed Reza , Rasoli Mehrdad , Khalili Zahra , Tapak Leili
Published: August 2020

Background: Hemodialysis patients require self-care training to manage their problems. To understand the effectiveness of different educational methods, it is necessary to evaluate these methods using knowledge, attitude, and practice assessment tool. Objectives: The current study aimed to compare the effects of group discussion and teach-back self-care education on the knowledge, attitude, and performance of hemodialysis patients. Methods: This quasi-experimental study is conducted on 67 patients who were undergoing hemodialysis via fistula for at least 6 months. Using the convenient sampling method, the patients were randomly allocated into two groups: teach-back training (n = 34), and group discussion (n = 33). Both groups were provided with three sessions of self-care training on nutrition, activity, and fistula care by the researcher. Considering the teaching materials, patients in the teach-back group were taught individually to ensure complete comprehension of the information. On the other hand, subjects in the group discussion were exposed to the teaching materials in the form of group training. Data were collected before and one month after providing the training sessions. Results: In this study, the majority of patients in both groups were married men with an average age of 52 years. Following education, knowledge, attitude, and performance increased in both groups. However, the teach-back method (113.88 ± 4.13) had a higher impact on the attitude of patients than group discussion (110.48 ± 5.68) (P = 0.009). Conclusions: Teach-back education increased the knowledge, performance, and attitude of patients. It is, therefore, recommended to use this method for patients with negative attitudes toward treatment and disease.
«Questo, io penso, e per questo sono contro il divorzio». Il dibattito sul divorzio nella rivista femminile «La Chiosa» (1919-1927)
Authors: Iaconis Valeria
Published: August 2020

All’indomani della Prima Guerra Mondiale, in un momento di forte crisi socio-politica, la classe politica italiana si pose il problema di rettificare le numerose irregolarità coniugali derivate dal conflitto. Nel maggio 1920, i socialisti Guido Marangoni e Costantino Lazzari discussero in Parlamento un progetto di legge sul divorzio, suscitando accese reazioni nell’opinione pubblica. Questo articolo, utilizzando la stampa femminile come documento delle posizioni che le donne assunsero nel dibattito, ripercorre le ragioni e le modalità di espressione dell’antidivorzismo femminile. Quello che intende verificare è come e con quali strategie le donne proposero la famiglia tradizionale come base di una ricostruzione dell’ordine nel dopoguerra. A questo scopo si sofferma sul settimanale genovese «La Chiosa. Commenti settimanali femminili di vita politica e sociale» (1919-1927), fondato dalla giornalista e scrittrice Flavia Steno. La rivista affronta il tema del divorzio promuovendo un sondaggio tra lettori e lettrici, pubblicando in appendice il romanzo Gli orfani dei vivi di Steno, e commentando l’iter della legge con articoli dedicati. Queste tre diverse modalità di elaborazione di un discorso in difesa della famiglia condividono alcuni aspetti, analizzati in modo specifico e contestualizzati nella delicata fase postbellica italiana: la riattualizzazione del nesso famiglia-nazione, la rappresentazione degli effetti collettivi del divorzio, e la visione puerocentrica del nucleo.
Editorial
Authors: Suárez Ortega Magdalena , Malik Liévano Beatriz
Published: August 2020

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El bienestar y la orientación educativa enfocados en las nuevas generaciones
Authors: Rodríguez Esquivel Nayeli del Carmen , Gallardo Córdova Katherina Edith
Published: August 2020

RESUMEN El estudio del bienestar en el entorno educativo se ha replanteado con la inserción de elementos de la psicología positiva en el entorno escolar, misma que ha modificado algunas perspectivas en torno a la orientación educativa, en particular en la orientación vocacional. El sentido de bienestar ya no es un referente exclusivo del contexto de salud, contempla también las emociones, las relaciones sociales, el sentido de vida y logros personales, todos estos elementos se tornan necesarios a considerar en el currículo escolar. A esto se suma, que actualmente se conoce más sobre las características de los adolescentes que son parte de la generación de aprendices digitales. Por tanto, el reto en los proyectos de orientación educativa es consolidar cambios estructurales necesarios para orientar de la mejor manera posible a jóvenes. A ellos, en pocos años les tocará diseñar y elegir un proyecto de vida en un mundo que ofrece cada vez más opciones de formación profesional y en diversos formatos. Este trabajo propone un análisis de perspectivas y enfoques que abordan estos temas desde diferentes vertientes y plantea la necesidad de conjuntar visiones en enfoques propositivos e innovadores para atender las demandas de los jóvenes con la inclusión del sentido de bienestar en dichas propuestas de orientación.ABSTRACT  The study of well-being in the educational environment has been reconsidered with the inclusion of elements of positive psychology in the school environment. This situation has modified some perspectives regarding educational guidance, particularly in vocational guidance. The sense of well-being is no longer an exclusive reference of the health context, it also includes emotions, social relations, the meaning of life and personal goals and achievements, all these elements are necessary to consider at the school curriculum. Additionally, more has been learned of the adolescents who belong to the digital-learner generation. Therefore, the challenge in educational projects is to consolidate structural changes necessary to guide young people in the best way possible. In the next years they will have to design and make decisions about a life project in a world that offers more and more options for professional training in different formats. This paper proposes an analysis of perspectives and approaches that address these issues from different perspectives and raises the need to combine visions in proactive and innovative approaches at educational guidance projects to meet the demands of digital learners with the inclusion of the sense of well-being in these proposals.