bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Share-Ratio Estimation of the Nested Multinomial Logit Model
Authors: Bechtel Gordon G.
Published: December 2018

Recently the nested multinomial logit (NMNL) model has been proposed to remedy the “independence of irrelevant alternatives” (HA) property of the classical multinomial logit (MNL) model. The author brings the NMNL model under generalized least squares theory, thereby enhancing its estimation with large datasets containing only market shares. In this procedure one uses a pairwise approach by constructing share ratios among choice alternatives and subsets of alternatives in a partitioned choice set. An additional advantage of this method is that it generates a chi square test for IIA in the MNL submodel, which is a special case of the NMNL model.
Determining Interbrand Substitutability through Survey Measurement of Consumer Preference Structures
Authors: Bucklin Randolph E. , Srinivasan V.
Published: December 2018

The authors develop a survey approach to determine cross-price elasticities and switching matrices for brands in a prespecified product class. The survey determines for each household whether to elicit multiple subhousehold preference structures to account for differing user/usage situations within the household. The preference structures (brand preferences and price-preference tradeoffs) obtained are used to specify preference functions and estimate choice probabilities. The choice probabilities depend on brand prices and form the basis for obtaining market-level cross-price elasticities and switching matrices by aggregation. The survey-based results are found to be predictive of the actual purchase behavior of 2000 IRI scanner panel households residing in the same area as, but not included in, the survey sample.
Response Function Estimation Using the Equity Estimator
Authors: Rangaswamy Arvind , Krishnamurthi Lakshman
Published: December 2018

Multicollinearity often hampers the estimation of the “independent” effects of the marketing mix variables in sales response models. In a previous study, the authors recommended the use of the equity estimator for estimating linear models in the presence of multicollinearity. In this article, they evaluate the performance of equity, ridge, OLS, and principal components estimators in estimating response functions for 36 pharmaceutical products. Overall, equity outperforms the other three estimators on criteria such as estimated bias, variance, and face validity of the estimates. The four estimators have similar levels of predictive accuracy. The authors also present some managerial implications for resource allocation in the pharmaceutical industry.
Perceptions of Relative Influence: Formation and Measurement
Authors: Corfman Kim P.
Published: December 2018

A model is proposed to explain sources of error in perceptions and reports of relative influence. The analysis focuses on the determinants of inferential ability and perceptual bias and their effects on the accuracy of spouses’ self-reports on relative influence. Results have implications for research on groups, indicating that accuracy improves when more specific measures are used. Further, accuracy is improved through the impact of specificity on relative influence, traditionalism, desire to win, empathy, stage in the family lifecycle, education, and sex.
Interdepartmental Conflict in Organizational Buying: The Impact of the Organizational Context
Authors: Barclay Donald W.
Published: December 2018

The author draws on theory and research in organizational behavior to formulate a model of organizational characteristics that affect buying-related interdepartmental conflict. The model is tested by PLS structural equation modeling with key-informant data from purchasing and engineering departments. Organizational characteristics such as barriers to communication, the reward system, and the ambiguity of departmental responsibilities explain a substantial portion of the variance in the manifestations of buying-related conflict.
An Imagery-Processing View of the Role of Pictures in Print Advertisements
Authors: Unnava H. Rao , Burnkrant Robert E.
Published: December 2018

Pictures that exemplify verbal product attribute information in an ad are argued to enhance ad recall only when the verbal information is of low imagery. When the verbal information is of high imagery, self-generated images are expected to minimize the effect of externally provided pictures on the recall of verbal information.
Substitution in Use and the Role of Usage Context in Product Category Structures
Authors: Ratneshwar S. , Shocker Allan D.
Published: December 2018

The relationship between the substitution in use approach to product-market structure and cognitive accounts of product category structures is investigated in terms of the role of product usage context. Studies 1 and 2 show that distinctive usages predict similarity judgments, whereas usage versatility predicts prototypicality. The results of a third study suggest that individual usage contexts are associated with subcategories that involve restructuring of the overall category and, as such, guide context-specific product recall. Conceptual and managerial implications of the findings are discussed.
A Cross-National Assessment of the Reliability and Validity of the CETSCALE
Authors: Netemeyer Richard G. , Durvasula Srinivas , Lichtenstein Donald R.
Published: December 2018

Though numerous calls have been made for the cross-national validation of measures used in international research, they have gone mostly unanswered. Recent research suggests that one construct and associated measure that may have great potential for international consumer research are consumer ethnocentrism and the CETSCALE, respectively. However, the CETSCALE was developed and validated with samples of U.S. consumers only. The authors assess the psychometric properties and nomological validity of the CETSCALE across four different countries that actively trade with each other. The results suggest that the CETSCALE is a reliable measure across the four countries and afford some evidence of validity as well.
Boundary Role Ambiguity in Marketing-Oriented Positions: A Multidimensional, Multifaceted Operationalization
Authors: Singh Jagdip , Rhoads Gary K.
Published: December 2018

Though marketers have begun to use the role ambiguity construct in understanding the boundary role phenomenon, several researchers have noted that extant measures of role ambiguity are deficient because they do not represent the breadth (or multidimensionality) of the underlying construct. Building on previous work, the authors develop a multidimensional, multifaceted, 45-item role ambiguity construct (MULTIRAM) by delineating at a dimensional level the various role ambiguities perceived salient by marketing-oriented boundary spanners such as salespeople and customer service personnel. Using data from multiple samples, they provide evidence for reliability, stability, and convergent and discriminant validity for the seven facets of the MULTIRAM construct. Their analysis further reveals that Rizzo, House, and Lirtzman's global measure of role ambiguity underidentifies the role ambiguities faced by boundary spanners. Finally, the authors examine selected correlates and consequences of the MULTIRAM facets. The findings indicate that the MULTIRAM facets have nomological validity and depict differential relationships with the various correlates and consequences examined. Several implications for managers and researchers are discussed, and directions for future research are provided.
Comparability and Comparison Levels used in Choices among Consumer Products
Authors: Corfman Kim P.
Published: December 2018

A typology for the classification of products according to their comparability is presented and hypotheses about the levels of comparison used by consumers in making choices among durable goods are proposed. The hypotheses are tested with data provided by subjects who made choices among durable goods and indicated their choice criteria in an interactive survey. Subjects tended to use abstract levels of comparison even when items could be compared easily on concrete attributes, and choices between more comparable items were more difficult to make than those between less comparable items.
Effects of Repeating Varied Ad Executions on Brand Name Memory
Authors: Unnava H. Rao , Burnkrant Robert E.
Published: December 2018

The encoding variability explanation for the superior memorability of varied ad executions over repeated same executions was tested in two experiments. Results show that attention and encoding variability contribute independently to brand name memory and that encoding variability effects are obtained even when attention differences are controlled.
Effect of Dealing Patterns on Consumer Perceptions of Deal Frequency and Willingness to Pay
Authors: Krishna Aradhna
Published: December 2018

Research has shown that brands with higher deal frequency obtain a smaller market share gain on deal and have a lower expected price. However, the level of dealing must be perceived by consumers before it can affect consumer response to promotions. Hence, perception of deal frequency may affect consumer price perceptions and deal response much more strongly than the actual deal frequency. The author determines how consumer perceptions of deal frequency for a brand may be influenced by the dealing pattern of that brand and of other brands. She shows that the price consumers are willing to pay for a brand is correlated more highly with perceived deal frequency than with actual deal frequency. She also shows that the price consumers are willing to pay is correlated with the actual deal frequency of the brand for certain dealing patterns, but not for others.
Effects of Omitting Conclusions in Advertisements to Involved and Uninvolved Audiences
Authors: Sawyer Alan G. , Howard Daniel J.
Published: December 2018

In two experiments, the authors manipulated the audience's level of involvement in processing an advertisement and whether the advertisement was open-ended (i.e., did not include an explicit conclusion) or closed-ended. Results of both experiments show the open-ended advertisement to be superior to the closed-ended one for an involved audience in terms of brand attitude, purchase intention, and choice, whereas only a small and statistically insignificant difference between the two types of advertisements is found for the uninvolved audience. Moreover, the second experiment shows that the choice advantage of the open-ended ad for the involved audience persisted when measured one week later.
Length-Biased Sampling in Mall Intercept Surveys
Authors: Nowell Clifford , Stanley Linda R.
Published: December 2018

The authors address length-biased sampling that occurs when sampling is done at central locations in a shopping center. Correction techniques are presented for two situations: when the total length of stay is known or estimated and when only the recurrence time is known accurately. The techniques are illustrated with mall intercept data.
Equilibrium Characteristics of Multinomial Logit Market Share Models
Authors: Gruca Thomas S. , Sudharshan D.
Published: December 2018

Previous research suggests that a multinomial logit model of market share can be used in optimization or equilibrium analyses of marketing decision making. However, there are significant problems with the solutions obtained from such an analysis. The authors show that for any firm with less than a 50% market share, the profit maximizing solution is to increase advertising as much as possible. The same holds true for any other positively signed marketing mix variable. The exponential property of the MNL model precludes reasonable descriptions of firm behavior in this case. Thus, the MNL market share model is inappropriate for equilibrium analysis of marketing competition.
Do Consumers Overgeneralize One-Sided Comparative Price Claims, and Are More Stringent Regulations Needed?
Authors: Pechmann Cornelia
Published: December 2018

The Federal Trade Commission seems to be moving toward more stringent regulations that would disallow certain omissions in one-sided comparative ad claims. The changes would address long-standing concerns that such claims erroneously imply that the advertised brand is superior, not only on the featured attribute, but also on omitted and seemingly related attributes. The author substantiates such concerns: Subjects who saw comparative price claims mistakenly infered that the advertised brand was least expensive overall and made suboptimal choices, though they could have found the omitted prices. As predicted, subjects were most likely to overgeneralize the most reliable-looking and informative claim— the one that (1) named the targeted competitor and (2) specified the savings amount. In addition, a disclosure was ineffective. The author concludes with recommendations for limited added regulations.
In Search of the Marketing Imagination: Factors Affecting the Creativity of Marketing Programs for Mature Products
Authors: Andrews Jonlee , Smith Daniel C.
Published: December 2018

The profitability of established products is affected greatly by the extent to which they are meaningfully differentiated from competing alternatives. Maintaining meaningful differentiation, in turn, is facilitated by ongoing development of creative marketing programs. Although marketplace observation reveals a general lack of creativity in the way established products are marketed, some product managers are able to devise creative marketing programs for their products. The authors test hypotheses concerning the effects of individual (i.e., product manager) and situational (i.e., planning process) characteristics on marketing program creativity. The findings reveal that marketing program creativity is a function of individual problem-solving inputs (e.g., knowledge of the marketing environment, diversity of experience, diversity of education), motivational factors (e.g., intrinsic motivation, risk taking), and situational factors (e.g., planning process formalization, interaction with others, time pressure).
Modeling Individual Preference Evolution and Choice in a Dynamic Group Setting
Authors: Chandrashekaran Murali , Walker Beth A. , Ward James C. , Reingen Peter H.
Published: December 2018

Organizational buying and strategic marketing decisions often emerge from a messy process of belief accommodation and compromise. In a longitudinal field study, the authors investigate how the beliefs and preferences of individual actors in a collective decision developed and changed. This provides a rare opportunity to relate beliefs and social influence to articulated preferences, as well as to evaluate the basic assumptions that underlie persuasive arguments theory, a prominent theory of group polarization. Econometric models are employed to test proposed relationships between group processes and outcomes. A model incorporating both cognitive and social process variables accurately predicts 95% of the actors’ top choices. The authors provide new insights for understanding the dynamics underlying group polarization and exploring group processes in marketing.
Why Switch? Product Category–Level Explanations for True Variety-Seeking Behavior
Authors: Trijp Hans C. M. Van , Hoyer Wayne D. , Inman J. Jeffrey
Published: December 2018

The authors address two key issues that have received inadequate attention in the choice behavior literature on variety seeking. First, they explicitly separate true variety-seeking behavior (i.e., intrinsically motivated) from derived varied behavior (i.e., extrinsically motivated). Second, they hypothesize variety-seeking behavior to be a function of the individual difference characteristic of need for variety and product category–level characteristics that interact to determine the situations in which variety seeking is more likely to occur relative to repeat purchasing and derived varied behavior. The authors test their hypotheses in a field study of Dutch consumers, which assesses both the intensity of brand switching and the underlying motives for their switching behavior. Results support the importance of isolating variety switches from derived switches and of considering product category–level factors as an explanation for the occurrence of variety-seeking behavior.
Building Market Structures from Consumer Preferences
Authors: Cooper Lee G. , Inoue Akihiro
Published: December 2018

The authors present a model that maps competitive market structures by identifying the preference structure of each consumer segment. By marrying two different data types—switching probabilities and attribute ratings—their model divides a market into several homogeneous sub-markets in which consumers consider a distinctive subset of brands (consideration set or competitive group) with a segment-specific rule for attribute evaluations and a segment-specific ideal point. Using data published in Harshman and colleagues’ (1982) work, the authors examine the U. S. car market and find brand-loyal segments for all car types except those favored by first-time buyers, a universal market, and five switching segments that consider car groups differing in the nation of origin, size, and luxury level. Breaking the switching segment into finer partitions gives a better account of the data than the Colombo-Morrison model or an asymmetric generalization of that model. The authors advocate the development of marketing goals with respect to each of the segment maps in the hope that it will lead to more synergistic marketing strategies for brands encountering multifaceted competition.
Objective evaluation of prediction strategies for optimization-based motion cueing
Authors: Grottoli Marco , Cleij Diane , Pretto Paolo , Lemmens Yves , Happee Riender , Bülthoff Heinrich H.
Published: December 2018

Optimization-based motion cueing algorithms based on model predictive control have been recently implemented to reproduce the motion of a car within the limited workspace of a driving simulator. These algorithms require a reference of the future vehicle motion to compute a prediction of the system response. Assumptions regarding the future reference signals must be made in order to develop effective prediction strategies. However, it remains unclear how the prediction of future vehicle dynamics influences the quality of the motion cueing. In this study two prediction strategies are considered. Oracle: the ideal prediction strategy that knows exactly what the future reference is going to be. Constant: a prediction strategy that ignores every future change and keeps the current vehicle’s linear accelerations and angular velocities constant. The two prediction strategies are used to reproduce a sequence of maneuvers between 0 and 50 km/h. A comparative analysis is carried out to objectively evaluate the influence of the prediction strategies on motion cueing quality. Dedicated indicators of correlation, delay and absolute error are used to compare the effects of the adopted prediction on simulator motion. Also the motion cueing mechanisms adopted by the different conditions are analyzed, together with the usage of simulator workspace. While the constant strategy provided reasonable cueing quality, the results show that knowledge of the future vehicle trajectory reduces the delay and improves correlation with the reference trajectory, it allows the combined usage of different motion cueing mechanisms and increases the usage of workspace.
The Formularies “Pro Unitate Christianorum” in the 2002 Missale Romanum
Authors: Smith Innocent
Published: December 2018

“[C]hange of heart and holiness of life, along with public and private prayer for the unity of Christians, should be regarded as the soul of the whole ecumenical movement, and merits the name ‘spiritual ecumenism’”1
Pantomime Als Grundlage Für Ritual Und Sprache
Authors: GÄRdenfors Peter
Published: December 2018

Dieser Beitrag versucht die evolutionären Ursprünge von Ritualen nachzuvollziehen. Meine These ist dabei, dass Rituale als Konventionalisierungen von Pantomimen entstanden sind. Die ursprüngliche Funktion von Pantomime ist die Lehre. In dieser Funktion bezieht sich Pantomime auf Demonstration. Mein Schwerpunkt in diesem Beitrag liegt auf Ritualen, die eine Identifikation als Gruppe erzeugen. Wie die Pantomime bezeichnen Rituale eine Bedeutung, die über die eigentliche Aktion hinausgeht. Wie Pantomime und Demonstration ist auch das Rituale ein Instrument für das Lernen. Gelernt werden Glaubenssysteme, die in einer Gesellschaft gemeinsam werden. Der gemeinsame Glauben stärkt den Zusammenhalt in einer Gesellschaft. Ritual und Sprache haben teilweise unterschiedliche Funktionen. Eine Funktion von Ritualen ist der Aufbau und die Förderung von langfristigen Beziehungen, wohingegen Sprache vorrangig Handlungen koordiniert.
Liturgical Rituals as Shared Intentional Practices
Authors: Quitterer Josef
Published: December 2018

In my paper I argue that liturgical rituals presuppose shared intentions, beliefs and goals on behalf of the participants. Even if there are different roles in liturgy (priests, deacons, ‘normal’ believers), there is no intentional asymmetry between ‘performers’ and ‘followers’. My account of liturgical rituals as shared activities of participants with shared intentions, beliefs and goals requires a modification of Gärdenfors’ understanding of rituals as tools of learning.
Exploring the Edges of Sacramentality: Liturgy between the Reality of Life and the Truth of Faith
Authors: Pott Thomas
Published: December 2018

The Church1 is represented in the Holy Mysteries, not in figure only but as the limbs are represented in the heart, the branches in the root, and, as our Lord has said, the shoots in the vine. For here is no mere sharing of a name or analogy by resemblance, but an identity of actuality.
Signs, Tokens, and Points of Contact: Religious Symbolism and Sacramentality in Non-Western Christianity
Authors: Asamoah-Gyadu J. Kwabena
Published: December 2018

The development of Christianity as a non-Western religion since the middle of the 20th century has generated changes that distinguish it from the expressions of faith inherited from the West. Christian religious innovation and new ways of expressing the faith have become the hallmarks of African Christianity. One way in which these religious changes are discernible is the use of “signs and tokens”, that is, physical substances that in the hands of religious functionaries acquire a sacramental value and that for example serves as support to the sorts of interventionist ministries associated with Pentecostal/charismatic ministries. A classic example of the new sacramental substances is the widespread use of the anointing oil. The anointing oil has become an important “point of contact” in African Christian rituals of healing and supernatural interventions. The use of oil for anointing is not necessarily new in the historic Christian traditions. However, in contemporary African Christianity, it has been reinvented and instituted in healing and deliverance and exorcism rituals that go beyond what was familiar in the older religious traditions. In this essay, we reflect on new sacraments also re-designated as signs and tokens such as the reinvention of the anointing oil as a therapeutic substance in contemporary forms of African Christianity. The new ritual order and the perception of sacraments as therapeutic substances helps us to understand what non-Western Christians, through popular religious innovations, consider important in a faith whose liturgical standards were originally set by Western missionaries.
The Corporate War Dead: New Perspectives on the Demographics of American and British Contractors
Authors: Swed Ori , Kwon Jae , Feldscher Bryan , Crosbie Thomas
Published: December 2018

From an obscure sector synonymous with mercenaryism, the private military and security industry has grown to become a significant complementing instrument in military operations. This rise has brought with it a considerable attention. Researchers have examined the role of private military and security companies in international relations as well as the history of these companies, and, above all, the legal implications of their use in the place of military organizations. As research progresses, a significant gap has become clear. Only a handful of studies have addressed the complex of issues associated with contractors’ demographics and lived experience. This article sheds some light over this lacuna, examining contractors’ demographics using descriptive statistics from an original data set of American and British contractors who died in Iraq between the years 2003 and 2016. The article augments our understanding of an important population of post-Fordist-contracted workforce, those peripheral workers supplementing military activity in high-risk occupations with uncertain long-term outcomes.
Old Pastor and Local Bureaucrats: Recasting Church-State Relations in Contemporary China
Authors: Liu Jifeng , White Chris
Published: December 2018

In examining the relationships between a state-recognized Protestant pastor and local bureaucrats, this article argues that church leaders in contemporary China are strategic in enhancing interactions with the local state as a way to produce greater space for religious activities. In contrast to the idea that the Three-Self church structure simply functions as a state-governing apparatus, this study suggests that closer connection to the state can, at times, result in less official oversight. State approval of Three-Self churches offers legitimacy to registered congregations and their leaders, but equally important is that by endorsing such groups, the state is encouraging dialogue, even negotiations between authorities and the church at local levels.
After Janus What Comes Next? Possible Solutions to the Free-Rider Problem
Authors: Pierson Dale D.
Published: December 2018

The Supreme Court’s decision in Janus v. AFSCME overrules a forty-year precedent, Abood v. Detroit Board of Education, which required nonmembers to pay their “fair share” of the costs of union representation. Janus represents a broader attack on unions, and the entire National Labor Policy of free collective bargaining designed to promote labor relations stability and ameliorate economic inequality. But as is characteristic of twenty-first century anti-union ideology, when elevated to constitutional law, it creates opportunities for labor unions and a broader coalition of workers, activists, and their natural allies. This article explores post- Janus legal, legislative, and organizational options for labor and, in particular, ways for unions to address the “free-rider” problem.
Adsorption of U(VI) ions from aqueous solution using nanogoethite powder
Authors: Zhang Lijiang , Zhang Xiaowen , Lu Qian , Wu Xiaoyan , Jiang Tianjiao , Mi Li , Peng Ying
Published: December 2018

Goethite is a stable and widespread mineral present in soil with many uses, and it affects the transportation and immobilization of heavy metals in solution. Nanogoethite was synthesized by a chemical precipitation method and used to batch adsorb U(VI) in solution. Adsorption experiments were used to understand the role of nanogoethite in controlling the U(VI) adsorption behavior in soil. The morphology and the crystallinity of nanogoethite were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and wide-angle X-ray powder diffractometry, respectively. The results showed that the crystallinity of nanogoethite after the adsorption of uranium did not change, but small particles appeared on the surface of the scales. The surface area was determined from N2 adsorption–desorption experiments using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller to be 81.86 m2/g. The effects of factors such as the contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage, and the initial concentration of uranium on the adsorption of U(VI) were investigated. The experimental results showed that nanogoethite removed over 85% of the U(VI) in an aqueous 5.0 mg/L U(VI) solution at pH 4.0 and at 298 K. The pseudo-second-order model was used to simulate the adsorption process. The results show that chemisorption plays a major role in the adsorption process. The results of this study suggest that nanogoethite may play a significant role in controlling the migration and transfer of U(VI) in the soil, thus controlling the presence of U(VI) in soil.
Folded large-bore central catheter in the right internal jugular vein as shown by ultrasound: a case report
Authors: Pyeon Taehee , Hwang Jeong-Yeon , Gong HyungYoun , Kwak Sang-Hyun , Kim Joungmin
Published: December 2018

Central venous catheters are used for various purposes in the operating room. Generally, the use of ultrasound to insert a central venous catheter is rapid and minimally complicated. An advanced venous access (AVA) catheter is used to gain access to the pulmonary artery and facilitate fluid resuscitation through the internal jugular vein. The present report describes a case in which ultrasound was used in a 43-year-old man to avoid complications during insertion of an AVA catheter with a relatively large diameter. The sheath of the catheter was so thin that a dilator was essential to prevent it from folding upon insertion. Despite the use of ultrasound guidance, the AVA catheter sheath became folded within the patient’s internal jugular vein. Mechanical complications of central venous catheter insertion are well known, but folding of a large-bore catheter in the internal jugular vein has rarely been reported.
Impact of Interplaying and Compounding Factors in the Novice Nurse Journey: A Basic Qualitative Research Study
Authors: Dames Shannon
Published: December 2018

Purpose

This study explores the impact of interplaying and often compounding factors and the resulting ability to thrive as a novice nurse. Novice nurse attrition rates continue to be high, compounding concerns of an impending nursing shortage. There is currently a lack of research that seeks to understand how the interplay of contextual factors impacts novice nurses’ ability to manage the stressors endemic in the field.

Design

The study was performed using a Basic Qualitative Research approach. Eight western Canadian novice nurses underwent multiple iterative interviews to explore the impact of interplaying contextual factors. Findings: While participant experiences and contexts vary, common patterns of interplay among factors were clear. The interplay between previous life experience factors and the workplace context has a significant impact on the perception and management of workplace stimuli. Those with more developmental assets, garnered through life experience, are less likely to experience workplace stimuli as stressful, reducing their risk of emotional exhaustion and improving their ability to thrive. Implications for nursing: Understanding how interplay impacts the ability to thrive versus survive informs new graduate transition support efforts and enables an ability to articulate the compounding nature of common novice nurse stressors.
Group Psychological Abuse and Psychopathological Symptoms: The Mediating Role of Psychological Stress
Authors: Saldaña Omar , Rodríguez-Carballeira Álvaro , Almendros Carmen , Guilera Georgina
Published: December 2018

In the context of the long-term effects of psychological abuse, this study examined psychological stress and psychopathological symptoms in survivors of groups with cultic dynamics where abusive behaviors take place on an ongoing basis. We specifically tested the mediating role of psychological stress suffered after the departure from the group between the group psychological abuse experienced and current psychopathology. An online questionnaire was administered to 608 Spanish-speaking former members of different groups. We distributed participants into a sample of victims ( N = 365) and a sample of nonvictims ( N = 243), according to whether or not they reported having experienced group psychological abuse. Moderate associations were found among group psychological abuse, psychological stress, and psychopathological symptoms. Greater differences in psychological stress intensity between samples were related to personal conflicts ([Formula: see text] = .30) and social relations ([Formula: see text] = .29). Greater differences in psychopathological symptoms were related to paranoid ideation ([Formula: see text] = .17), psychoticism ([Formula: see text] = .15), depression ([Formula: see text] = .15), and interpersonal sensitivity ([Formula: see text] = .13). Moreover, mediation testing demonstrated that psychological stress partially mediated the impact of group psychological abuse on psychopathological symptoms. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the long-term effects of group psychological abuse. Survivors of abusive groups not only need help in dealing with psychopathological symptoms, but also need resources to cope with stressful environmental demands. Interventions should address both psychological stress and clinical symptoms to promote survivors’ health and well-being during their integration process into the outgroup society.
Young People, Digital Media, and Engagement: A Meta-Analysis of Research
Authors: Boulianne Shelley , Theocharis Yannis
Published: December 2018

New technologies raise fears in public discourse. In terms of digital media use and youth, the advice has been to monitor and limit access to minimize the negative impacts. However, this advice would also limit the positive impacts of digital media. One such positive impact is increased engagement in civic and political life. This article uses meta-analysis techniques to summarize the findings from 106 survey-based studies (965 coefficients) about youth, digital media use, and engagement in civic and political life. In this body of research, there is little evidence to suggest that digital media use is having dire impacts on youth’s engagement. We find that the positive impacts depend on directly political uses of digital media, such as blogging, reading online news, and online political discussion. These online activities have off-line consequences on participation, such as contacting officials, talking politics, volunteering, and protesting. We also find a very strong relationship between online political activities, such as joining political groups and signing petitions, with off-line political activities, which undermine claims of slacktivism among youth. Finally, while research generally assumes a causal flow from digital media to participation, the evidence for the alternative causal flow is strong and has very different implications on interventions designed to address youth’s levels of engagement in civic and political life.
Differences in Career Satisfaction, Work–life Balance, and Stress by Gender in a National Survey of Pharmacy Faculty
Authors: Ip Eric J. , Lindfelt Tristan A. , Tran Annie L. , Do Amanda P. , Barnett Mitchell J.
Published: December 2018

Introduction

The percentage of women pharmacy students and pharmacy faculty has greatly increased over the last 40 years. However, it is not known whether gender differences exist in terms of career satisfaction, work–life balance, and stress in the pharmacy academia workplace.

Methods

Results from a national web-based survey administered to American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) members were utilized. Bivariate analyses were conducted to compare differences among faculty according to gender (men vs women). A series of multivariate models controlling for demographic and other faculty and school-level factors were created to explore the impact of gender on satisfaction with current position, satisfaction with work–life balance, and perceived stress.

Results

Among the 802 survey respondents, 457 (57.0%) women were more likely to be younger, hold a lower academic rank, and be in a pharmacy practice department, relative to 345 (43.0%) men. In adjusted results, men pharmacy faculty were more likely to report being extremely satisfied with their current job, more likely to report being extremely satisfied with their work–life balance, and score lower on a standardized stress measure relative to women.

Conclusion

While primarily descriptive, the results suggest women pharmacy faculty in the United States are less satisfied with their current academic position, less satisfied with their current work–life balance, and have higher stress levels compared to men even after controlling for age, academic rank, and department (along with other factors). Further research is needed to explore and address causes of the observed gender-related differences among pharmacy faculty.
Early Experiences With PEGylated Carboxyhemoglobin Bovine in Anemic Jehovah’s Witnesses: A Case Series and Review of the Literature
Authors: McConachie Sean , Wahby Krista , Almadrahi Zinah , Wilhelm Sheila
Published: December 2018

Jehovah’s Witnesses (JW) represent a complex patient population due to their refusal to accept blood transfusions on religious grounds. Pharmacologic management of anemic JW patients is limited to stimulation of hematopoiesis by iron and erythropoietin supplementation and reduction of blood loss by prothrombin complex concentrates (PCCs). Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) represent the only pharmacologic modality for JW patients capable of acutely increasing a patient’s oxygen carrying capacity in the setting of organ failure, yet clinical safety and efficacy data are lacking in this population. We report 3 cases in which the HBOC, PEGylated carboxyhemoglobin bovine (Sanguinate®), was requested under emergent circumstances for severely anemic (hemoglobin <5 g/dL) JW patients who refused blood transfusions. Two patients received PEGylated carboxyhemoglobin infusions for severe anemia, while the third patient died prior to receiving the medication. One patient who received Sanguinate died after 5 units of medication. The other patient’s hemoglobin recovered and she was discharged in stable condition. This series demonstrates the complex nature of the critically anemic JW population and highlights the clinical considerations of using HBOCs in clinical practice and the critical need for further research before they can be broadly recommended.
Book Review: Maxim Storchevoy, A Scientific Approach to Ethics: Developing Greater Respect for Ethics in Business and Society
Authors: Borthakur Anwesha
Published: December 2018

Maxim Storchevoy, A Scientific Approach to Ethics: Developing Greater Respect for Ethics in Business and Society, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. 147 pages. ₹147. ISBN: 978-3-319-69112-1.
A Sinicised Religion Under Foreign Rule: Buddhism in the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234)
Authors: Lin Hang
Published: December 2018

Buddhism in the Jurchen Jin (1115–234) dynasty has been regarded as a peripheral phenomenon; as such, it remains largely overlooked by traditional historiography. When placed into a broader context, however, both Buddhism under Jin rule and the dynasty itself functioned as a significant link in the long chain of Chinese cultural history. The Jin witnessed a crucial time period during which Chan (Zen) Buddhism, later the most popular Buddhist school in China, gained dominance and began its transmission of several major lines. Jin Buddhism also created a large corpus of material culture, thereby providing invaluable primary sources for the study of Buddhism in China. Based on an analysis of historical writings and archaeological evidence, this article examines the development and various characteristics of Buddhism during the Jin, its relationship with the Jurchen rulers and its influence on the Jin society as a whole. To a large extent, the Jin was at least as important to the development of Buddhism as the Southern Song (1127–276). Moreover, knowledge of Jin Buddhism is indispensable to understanding the Jin culture which, in turn, is essential to understanding the general development of the multifaceted cultural traditions in medieval China.
Syed Ahmed Khan and His Educational Ideas
Authors: Alam Arshad
Published: December 2018

Syed Ahmed Khan is understood as the harbinger of modern education amongst Muslims of South Asia. There is a general scholarly consensus that it was through his educational efforts that English medium education came to Muslims who were otherwise aligned with traditional religious education. The commentary argues that this consensus needs revision and that Muslims were already accessing modern education through the English medium even before Syed Ahmed started his college at Aligarh. Moreover, the commentary also problematizes the notion of Muslim community within Syed Ahmed’s thought. Through his writings and speeches, it is pointed out that for Syed Ahmed, the notion of Muslim community was confined to upper caste Muslims called the Ashrafs. Also, Syed Ahmed’s views were extremely regressive when it came to women’s education. Despite Aligarh being a modern university which is accessible to all castes and gender, Syed Ahmed’s legacy has not been critically analysed. The commentary is a small start in this direction
Colonial State as ‘New Manu’? Explorations in Education Policies in Relation to Dalit and Low-Caste Education in the Nineteenth-Century India
Authors: Rao Parimala V.
Published: December 2018

The colonial state always asserted itself as a harbinger of ‘modernity’ and emphasised its role in India as a ‘civilising mission’. The 1811 Educational Minute of Governor General Minto, declared Hindus and Muslims of India as inherently corrupt and insisted on the British role as ‘civilising’. Conventionally the terms ‘modern’ and ‘civilising mission’ have been considered as offensive, and scholars have critiqued them as Eurocentric and racist. However, these terms have not been analysed at the implementation stage in India. The colonial government used these terms to actually strengthen the structures of the traditional hierarchy. When Minto declared that the education policy was to civilise Hindus and Muslims of India, it was through the ‘the dread of their religion in this world and the next’ and through strengthening and empowering the priestly class of Hindus and Muslims (Sharp, 1920, pp. 19–21). The colonial administration regarded this kind of education as the corner stone of its education policy. This article looks at the education policies of the colonial state towards lower castes in the nineteenth-century India and how these policies upheld and reinforced the caste system.
Provider Responses to Patients With Chronic Conditions Who Follow a Plant-Based Diet
Authors: van Zyl Michiel A. , Harris Lesley M.
Published: December 2018

Family involvement is encouraged to manage conditions and address issues of noncompliance in chronic disease. This study explored the patient–provider partnership experiences of highly motivated patients who are adherent to an evidence-supported eating plan. This study used a focus group with leaders of a patient-driven support group for patients with chronic disease who follow a plant-based eating plan. Positive health outcomes were met with both praise and skepticism. After experiencing improved health, participants felt betrayed by the healthcare system because they were not informed about the eating plan as a treatment option. Sharing treatment options is important inclusive of interventions that may be difficult to adhere to. Future research should focus on positive health outcomes as a motivator and the nature and dynamics of optimum collaboration between providers and patients.
What Does Death Preparedness Mean for Family Caregivers of Persons With Dementia?
Authors: Durepos Pamela , Sussman Tamara , Ploeg Jenny , Akhtar-Danesh Noori , Punia Harveer , Kaasalainen Sharon
Published: December 2018

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to clarify the concept of death preparedness for family caregivers in dementia. Conceptualization was required to support the assessment, promotion, and operationalization (ie, measurement) of death preparedness through palliative care interventions such as advance care planning.

Methods:

Rodgers evolutionary method of concept analysis was selected to guide this study because of the dynamic nature of death preparedness influenced by context, setting, and time. A comprehensive literature search was conducted. Authors performed constant comparative analysis to identify and interpret surrogate/related concepts, attributes, antecedents, and consequences of death preparedness.

Results:

Most importantly attributes included (1) knowing and recognizing the symptoms of decline in dementia and what dying looks like; (2) understanding emotions and grief responses; (3) accessing and appraising supports needed to manage and care for dying; (4) organizing affairs and completing tasks in advance; (5) accepting that losses are inevitable and imminent; (6) reflecting on caregiving and finding meaning, “a silver-lining”; and (7) closing, reconciling, and renewing relationship bonds and completing the family member’s life.

Discussion:

This study contributed a full definition of death preparedness in dementia. Findings aligned with/expanded upon Hebert et al Theoretical Framework of Preparedness for End-of-Life. The use of problem- and emotion-based coping strategies by caregivers with support from health-care providers to promote feelings of death preparedness (including self-efficacy and control) and minimize uncertainty was the implication of this study. Development of a holistic preparedness instrument is underway.
Performance Implications of International Product Strategies and the Integration of Marketing Activities
Authors: Carpano Claudio , Chrisman James J.
Published: December 2018

This study investigated the relationships among firm performance, international markets, international product strategy, and the international integration of marketing activities. Performance was operationalized using sales growth and return on investment. Hypotheses were tested on the relationship between a firm's performance and (1) the match between its international product strategy and the international market served, and (2) the match between its international product strategy and the international integration of its marketing activities. These hypotheses were supported when sales growth was used as a dependent variable. No statistically significant relationship was found between either match and return on investment.
An International Marketing Application of Outlier Analysis for Structural Equations: A Methodological Note
Authors: Mullen Michael R. , Milne George R. , Doney Patricia M.
Published: December 2018

Structural equation modeling with latent variables is being used more frequently in international marketing research. However, the authors argue that it is hazardous to conduct cross-national marketing research without evaluating the potential influential effects of multivariate outliers, which are observations distinct from the majority of cases. Because the presence of outliers in the data can significantly bias a study's findings, this is an important issue in international research. To improve upon current practice, the authors recommend using a two-step approach for detecting and analyzing multivariate outliers in structural equation models. The first step is to detect outliers using three techniques: Bollen's a ii (1987), Mahalanobis Distance, and the Observed Covariance Ratio, a new technique developed by the authors. The second step is to determine whether outliers unduly influence study findings. This is accomplished by estimating statistical models with and without outliers and comparing results. The authors demonstrate the two-step approach using data from a previous international marketing study. Several outliers were found to influence model fit, R 2, and the size and direction of parameter estimates. The study highlights the importance of multivariate outlier analysis to international researchers.
Executive Insights: The World Trade Organization—Perspectives and Prospects
Authors: Czinkota Michael R.
Published: December 2018

This article is based on a presentation made by the author to the staff of the International Trade Centre and the GATT in Geneva in the summer of 1994. It highlights the similarities between the International Trade Organization (ITO) which was proposed in 1948 and subsequently rejected, and the newly proposed World Trade Organization (WTO). A changed world environment is seen as favorable to the WTO. However, caution is expressed against overloading the WTO with issues and causes not germane to trade and investment.