bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A versatilein situcofactor enhancing system for meeting cellular demands for engineered metabolic pathways
Authors: Jaroensuk Juthamas , Sutthaphirom Chalermroj , Phonbuppha Jittima , Chinantuya Wachirawit , Kesornpun Chatchai , Akeratchatapan Nattanon , Kittipanukul Narongyot , Phatinuwat Kamonwan , Atichartpongkul Sopapan , Fuangthong Mayuree , Pongtharangkul Thunyarat , Hollmann Frank , Chaiyen Pimchai
Published: January 2023

Cofactor imbalance obstructs the productivities of metabolically engineered cells. Herein, we employed a minimally perturbing system, xylose reductase and lactose (XR/lactose), to increase levels of a pool of sugar-phosphates which are connected to the biosynthesis of NAD(P)H, FAD, FMN and ATP inEscherichia coli. The XR/lactose system could increase the amounts of the precursors of these cofactors and was tested with three different metabolically engineered cell systems (fatty alcohol biosynthesis, bioluminescence light generation and alkane biosynthesis) with different cofactor demands. Productivities of these cells were increased 2-4-fold by the XR/lactose system. Untargeted metabolomic analysis revealed different metabolite patterns among these cells; demonstrating that only metabolites involved in relevant cofactor biosynthesis were altered. The results were also confirmed by transcriptomic analysis. Another sugar reducing system (glucose dehydrogenase, GDH) could also be used to increase fatty alcohol production but resulted in less yield enhancement than XR. This work demonstrates that the approach of increasing cellular sugar phosphates can be a generic tool to increasein vivocofactor generation upon cellular demand for synthetic biology.

Teaser

Use of sugar and sugar reductase to increase sugar phosphates for enhancingin situsynthesis of cofactors upon cellular demand for synthetic biology.
Establishment and Characterization of Three Novel CAF Cell Lines from HNSCC Patients
Authors: Dwivedi Nehanjali , Bahaar Hafsa , Shashank DN , Cherry Christine Elizabeth , Gangadharan Charitha , Suresh Amritha , Kuriakose Moni A , Pillai Vijay , Das Manjula , Smitha P.K
Published: January 2023

Due to the high rates of tobacco chewers, smokers, and alcohol consumers in India, Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the primary causes of mortality. Being profoundly varied in nature, treating patients diagnosed with HNSCC can be difficult. An in vitro cell line model is needed to better comprehend the heterogeneity especially via the interaction with components of the microenvironment like Cancer Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs). The effectiveness of creating cell lines from head and neck cancers is, however, poor. Furthermore, except for the two reported earlier by us, no other CAF cell lines are available to study the cross-talk of the tumor with its microenvironment. In this study, we report three novel CAF lines, spontaneously immortalized from HPV negative male patients with habits of tobacco and diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the upper alveolus, larynx and buccal mucosa as opposed to HPV positive non-habitual female patients with cancer of the tongue as previously reported. The CAFs increased the tumorigenicity of epithelial cells in indirect co-culture experiments. Negative staining with EpCAM, CD31 and CD45, while positive staining with FSP-1 determined their fibroblast specific lineage. The developed CAF cultures are the first of their kind from the mentioned sites, and they will be an invaluable tool for learning how tumor-stroma and tumor interact with one another and discovering newer targets and pathways for treating HNSCC.
Pre-anthesis spike growth dynamics and its association to yield components among elite bread wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivumL. spp.) under Mediterranean climate
Authors: Roychowdhury Rajib , Zilberman Orian , Chandrasekhar Kottakota , Curzon Arie , Nashef Kamal , Abbo Shahal , Slafer Gustavo A. , Bonfil David J. , Ben-David Roi
Published: January 2023

Wheat (Triticumspp.) grain yield (GY) is highly associated with grain number per unit area (GN m-2). Biomass accumulation and partitioning are essential to understand pre-anthesis spike growth dynamics which determines spike dry matter at anthesis (SDMa) - a GN determinant. Spike growth takes place during the stem elongation period (SE), from terminal spikelet to anthesis, following leaf and spikelet initiation (LS) from sowing to terminal spikelet. In this study, bread wheat cultivars were examined under Mediterranean semi-arid conditions to determine (i) the varietal differences in pre-anthesis phase duration, (ii) whether this variability influences biomass partitioning and spike-related traits, and (iii) to what extent, the genotypic variations in pre-anthesis phase duration and spike growth are associated with yield components. A panel of Israeli commercial bread wheat cultivars were grown in the field during 2016-17 (three environments) and 2017-18 (two environments) and characterized for pre-anthesis phases, floral conditions and spike fertilityviahistological measurements, spike traits and dry matter accumulation and partitioning at anthesis and maturity and for yield components. Significant variability in the timing of pre-anthesis phases was detected within the tested panel. LS duration, and occasionally SE, favourably related with a better dry matter of fertile florets spike-1(at anthesis) and SDM (at both anthesis and maturity). Two cultivar pairs ‘Zahir-Yuval’ and ‘Negev-Gedera’, which flowered concurrently, revealed significant differences in the durations of LS and SE phases across the environments. Longer LS (e.g., in cultivars Zahir and Negev) exhibited increased spikelets number spike-1, whereas longer SE (e.g., in Yuval and Gedera) enhanced spike fertility through improving the survival rate of floret primordia (FSR%) of central spikelets. However, there was a trade-off for FSR at the proximal and distal spike portions, resulting reduction of final GN (or GY) in cultivars with longer SE. It is concluded that, in this panel, the duration of both LS and SE contribute to spike fertility. However, under short wheat growing cycle, LS duration seemed a stronger driver than SE for GN and yield enhancement. These highlights the novel importance of pre-anthesis phases, especially the role of LS in wheat yield increment during the short growing cycle. The varietal combination with variable LS and SE duration could be implemented in the breeding pipeline and used as pre-breeding materials for GN improvement. Furthermore, the findings will improve pre-anthesis traits adoption in Mediterranean bread wheat future breeding programs.
ColMA/PEGDA Bioink for Digital Light Processing 3D Printing in Biomedical Engineering
Authors: Chen Jishizhan
Published: January 2023

Introduction

Digital light processing (DLP) represents a rapid approach to constructing 3D structures with superior resolution. However, it imposes demanding requirements on the properties of bioink. Gelatine methacryloyl has long been the major option but results in limited mechanical properties. The development of collagen-based bioink provides a wider stiffness adjustment range, native bioactivities, and versatility in biomedical engineering applications.

Method

Collagen solution was obtained via enzymolysis and ultrafiltration and then subjected to methacrylation. The photocrosslinkable bioink comprises collagen methacryloyl (ColMA), poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), acetic acid, yellow food dye, and photoinitiator LAP. The 3D structures were fabricated utilising a commercial DLP printer with 405 nm visible light.

Results

Purified type I collagen can be rapidly obtained via the developed process, and methacrylation is optimised for collagen with much less addition of methacrylic anhydride (MAA) and a high degree of substitution. The ColMA/PEGDA bioink is translucent and low viscosity and is suitable for DLP 3D printing. The printed scaffolds reached a compressive modulus over 100 kPa with 0.6 wt% collagen. Sharp-edged and fine structures (∼500 μm) were obtained by printing. The hydrogels show tunable mechanical properties by adjusting the concentration of the ColMA component. A series of models were fabricated to test the printability, including ear, cube with channels, and scaffolds, which display porous structures with pore sizes of 50 – 150 μm.

Conclusions

An optimised collagen-based bioink fabrication protocol was proposed for the DLP technique, covering steps from collagen extraction to ColMA/PEGDA bioink formulation and printing. Bioink with tunable mechanical properties is suitable for DLP printing. High-resolution structures can potentially be utilised for various biomedical engineering applications.
KARS mediates intra-translational deposition ofN6-acetyl-L-lysine in nascent proteins to contribute the acetylome in cells
Authors: Guo Dingyuan , Zhang Xiaoyan , He Jie , Yu Weixin , Zhou Runxin , Tong Fuqiang , Yin Sibi , Wang Yu , Yang Yuwen , Xu Xin , Wang Long , Fan Mingzhu , Feng Shan , Hong Changbao , Huang Chuixiu , Liu Ke , Ouyang Zhuqing , Wang Yugang
Published: January 2023

N6-acetyl-L-lysine residue is abundant in dietary protein but less is known about its potential influences on the diet-consumers. We herein report that KARS mediates intra- translational deposition of diet-derivedN6-acetyl-L-lysine in nascent proteins to contribute the acetylome in cells. Acetylated dietary protein is a direct source ofN6-acetyl-L-lysine that can widely and substantially contribute the acetylome in multiple organs of mice. By analyzing the co-crystal structure of Lysyl-tRNA synthetase (KARS) in complex withN6- acetyl-L-lysyl-AMP and pyrophosphate, together within vitrobiochemical assays, we learned that KARS can utilizeN6-acetyl-L-lysine to produceN6-acetyl-L-lysyl-AMP and transfers theN6-acetyl-L-lysyl-moiety to lysine cognate tRNA to generateN6-acetyl-L- lysyl-tRNA, which introducesN6-acetyl-L-lysine into growing nascent polypeptide and intra-translationally results in protein acetylation. This undocumented protein modification mechanism is inherently different from post-translational modification (PTM) and termed as intra-translational modification (ITM). ITM can functionally mimic PTM mechanisms to deposit acetylation in histones to decondense chromatin. It can also modify PTM- inaccessible regions that are buried inside and functionally important to proteins. ITM is expected to extend the repertoire of acetylome and improve our understandings in protein modification modes in cells.
How coupled slow oscillations, spindles and ripples control neuronal processing and communication during human sleep
Authors: Staresina Bernhard P. , Niediek Johannes , Borger Valeri , Surges Rainer , Mormann Florian
Published: January 2023

Learning and plasticity rely on fine-tuned regulation of neuronal circuits during offline periods. An unresolved puzzle is how the sleeping brain - in the absence of external stimulation or conscious effort – controls neuronal firing rates (FRs) and communication within and across circuits, supporting synaptic and systems consolidation. Using intracranial Electroencephalography (iEEG) combined with multiunit activity (MUA) recordings from the human hippocampus and surrounding medial temporal lobe (MTL) areas, we here show that governed by slow oscillation (SO) up-states, sleep spindles set a timeframe for ripples to occur. This sequential coupling leads to a stepwise increase in (i) neuronal FRs, (ii) short-latency cross-correlations among local neuronal assemblies and (iii) cross-regional MTL interactions. Triggered by SOs and spindles, ripples thus establish optimal conditions for spike-timing dependent plasticity and systems consolidation. These results unveil how the coordinated coupling of specific sleep rhythms orchestrates neuronal processing and communication during human sleep.
Artificial intelligence supports automated characterization of differentiated human pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Marzec-Schmidt Katarzyna , Ghosheh Nidal , Stahlschmidt Sören Richard , Küppers-Munther Barbara , Synnergren Jane , Ulfenborg Benjamin
Published: January 2023

Revolutionary advances in AI and deep learning in recent years have resulted in an upsurge of papers exploring applications within the biomedical field. Within stem cell research, promising results have been reported from analyses of microscopy images to e.g., distinguish between pluripotent stem cells and differentiated cell types derived from stem cells. In this work, we investigated the possibility of using a deep learning model to predict the differentiation stage of pluripotent stem cells undergoing differentiation towards hepatocytes, based on morphological features of cell cultures. We were able to achieve close to perfect classification of images from early and late time points during differentiation, and this aligned very well with the experimental validation of cell identity and function. Our results suggest that deep learning models can distinguish between different cell morphologies, and provide alternative means of semi-automated functional characterization of stem cell cultures.
Flower patterns improve foraging efficiency in bumblebees by guiding approach flight and landing
Authors: Richter Robin , Dietz Alexander , Foster James , Spaethe Johannes , Stöckl Anna
Published: January 2023

Colourful patterns on flowers are thought to benefit both pollinators and the plants they visit, by increasing the plants' pollination success via an increased foraging efficiency of the pollinators. This increased efficiency is assumed to result from a guidance effect of the flower patterns, correspondingly termed ‘nectar guides’, which indicate the position of the nectary to visiting pollinators, thus reducing their flower handling time.

Although it is well established that flower patterns play an important role in flower choice, the mechanisms by which they improve the foraging efficiency of flower‐visiting insects remain poorly understood.

In this study, we quantified the contributions of patterns to all phases of flower interaction in the buff‐tailed bumblebee Bombus terrestris. We analysed the bees' flight paths, as well as landing positions and walking tracks on artificial flowers with different pattern types.

We reveal that flower patterns reduced the overall flower handling time of the bees by up to 30%, by guiding their approach flight, landing positions and departure decisions. Surprisingly, we observed no improvement in nectary discovery time after the bees landed on the flower.

Since we tested experienced foragers, which represent the majority of insect pollinators active in nature, the newly described nectary‐independent guidance effects of flower patterns are of high ecological relevance.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Designing Deliberation for Decentralized Decisions
Authors: Patty John W.
Published: January 2023

I describe and analyze a model of strategic communication and deliberation in decentralized decision‐making settings. I show that, in a cheap‐talk environment, inclusion and exclusion of agents can affect the credibility of messaging between agents and, accordingly, the quality of policy decisions and overall social welfare. Somewhat surprisingly, the inclusion of agents can aid information aggregation and social welfare even when the added agents do not themselves communicate truthfully. Analogously, the results suggest an informational, social welfare–based rationale for excluding agents not only from observing policy‐relevant deliberation but also from observing the product of the communication precisely because the excluded agents possess decision‐making authority.
Veto Institutions, Hostage‐Taking, and Tacit Cooperation
Authors: Fox Justin , Polborn Mattias
Published: January 2023

We analyze the effects of veto institutions in a dynamic model where control of the legislative and executive branches fluctuates between two parties. In our setting, there are universal projects (benefiting both parties) and partisan projects (benefiting one party at the expense of the other). When government is divided, the legislature can leverage the universal project to achieve a lopsided and dynamically inefficient distribution of partisan projects under the absolute veto. While the line‐item veto eliminates this type of hostage‐taking, it also prevents beneficial logrolls. A novel institution, the alternating line‐item veto, can both eliminate hostage‐taking and preserve beneficial interparty logrolls. No veto institution prevents dynamically inefficient, lopsided outcomes under unified government; this can only be done through norms, and we show that a no‐veto regime, or a regime with a line‐item veto, best facilitates such a cooperative norm.
Aquaporins in the male reproductive system: A chance for paternity or a road to nowhere?
Authors: Michałek Katarzyna , Oberska Patrycja
Published: January 2023

Aquaporins—small, “unusual” proteins, whose discovery revolutionized the view of membrane transport of water and other small molecules, are essential for all living organisms. Aquaporins located in the male reproductive system seem to play a key role in the proper course of many processes occurring within it, thus maintaining a high reproductive potential.
Exploring the Political Potential of the Local State: Building a Dialogue with Sheffield in the 1980s
Authors: Beveridge Ross , Cochrane Allan
Published: January 2023

This article explores the political potential of the local state through an engagement with the case of Sheffield City Council in the 1980s. The new municipalism movement has generated renewed interest in the “local” and “urban” as transformative projects. The local state holds a pivotal if problematic role in these debates, often seen as the decisive force facilitating or impeding transformation. In building a dialogue with 1980s Sheffield, we provide a less certain account of the local state's potential. Sheffield occupies an ambiguous position within and beyond traditional municipal labourism and therefore provides a potent example to explore tensions within municipalism between state and autonomist visions of politics. In Sheffield, radical intent turned into a more cautious governmental programme in the city, notwithstanding glimpses of political alternatives. The experience of those years provides insights on the contingencies of bringing movements and state politics together in what was then called “local socialism”.
Exotic species explain plant functional trait differences between seed mixes, restored and reference prairies
Authors: Kaul Andrew , Wilsey Brian J.
Published: January 2023

Questions

Are community‐weighted plant functional traits related to the ‘fast–slow’ growth rate continuum different in seed mixes, restored and reference prairies? If so, then what are the traits that explain differences? Remnant prairies, which serve as reference sites for restorations, often have higher plant species diversity and a lower abundance of exotic (non‐native) species than their restoration counterparts. They may differ in their community‐weighted functional traits as well, although this is poorly studied.

Location

Tallgrass prairies and abandoned fields in Iowa, United States, North America.

Methods

We compared functional traits between remnant prairies, restoration seed mixes, and established restorations to determine if community‐weighted trait values (∑pi × traits) are comparable. Relative abundance was determined by previous sampling of 93 restorations, 48 seed mixes and five remnant sites. Functional traits, including leaf specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf dry matter content (LDMC), and plant height, were measured for 145 native and 39 non‐native plant species, 663 plants, and 1326 leaves.

Results

Seed mixes had greater community‐weighted LDMC and lower SLA than remnants, perhaps because of human selection for high grass abundance in mixes. Established restorations had lower community‐weighted LDMC and higher SLA than remnants and seed mixes, and restorations had a large exotic species component. The proportional abundance of exotics in restorations explained trait differences between remnants and restorations. After taking into account functional groupings, perennial exotic species, on average, had higher SLA and lower LDMC than perennial native species. Remnants and established restorations had similar plant heights, and height was not significantly different between native and exotic species.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that seed mixes differ from remnants in a manner that was the opposite of the difference between seed mixes and established restorations. Although seed mixes favored species with slower growth rate trait compositions, the species that established in restored prairies tended to have traits associated with faster growth rates. We recommend developing prairie restoration seed mixes with a greater proportion of forbs, especially those with lower LDMC and higher SLA.
Extracting Low‐Dimensional Psychological Representations from Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Jha Aditi , Peterson Joshua C. , Griffiths Thomas L.
Published: January 2023

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are increasingly widely used in psychology and neuroscience to predict how human minds and brains respond to visual images. Typically, CNNs represent these images using thousands of features that are learned through extensive training on image datasets. This raises a question: How many of these features are really needed to model human behavior? Here, we attempt to estimate the number of dimensions in CNN representations that are required to capture human psychological representations in two ways: (1) directly, using human similarity judgments and (2) indirectly, in the context of categorization. In both cases, we find that low‐dimensional projections of CNN representations are sufficient to predict human behavior. We show that these low‐dimensional representations can be easily interpreted, providing further insight into how people represent visual information. A series of control studies indicate that these findings are not due to the size of the dataset we used and may be due to a high level of redundancy in the features appearing in CNN representations.
What about the race between education and technology in the Global South? Comparing skill premiums in colonial Africa and Asia
Authors: Frankema Ewout , van Waijenburg Marlous
Published: January 2023

Historical research on the race between education and technology has focused on the West but barely touched upon ‘the rest’. A new occupational wage database for 50 African and Asian economies allows us to compare long‐run patterns in skill premiums across the colonial and post‐colonial eras (c. 1870–2010). Our data reveal three major patterns. First, skilled labour was considerably more expensive in colonial Africa and Asia than in pre‐industrial Europe. Second, skill premiums were distinctly higher in Africa than in Asia. Third, in both regions, skill premiums fell dramatically over the course of the twentieth century, ultimately converging to levels long observed in the West. Our paper takes a first step to explain both the origins of the Africa–Asia gap and the drivers of global skill premium convergence, paying special attention to the colonial context that shaped demand, supply, and labour market institutions.
Putative roles for homeostatic plasticity in epileptogenesis
Authors: Issa Naoum P. , Nunn Katherine C. , Wu Shasha , Haider Hiba A. , Tao James X.
Published: January 2023

Homeostatic plasticity allows neural circuits to maintain an average activity level while preserving the ability to learn new associations and efficiently transmit information. This dynamic process usually protects the brain from excessive activity, like seizures. However, in certain contexts, homeostatic plasticity might produce seizures, either in response to an acute provocation or more chronically as a driver of epileptogenesis. Here, we review three seizure conditions in which homeostatic plasticity likely plays an important role: acute drug withdrawal seizures, posttraumatic or disconnection epilepsy, and cyclic seizures. Identifying the homeostatic mechanisms active at different stages of development and in different circuits could allow better targeting of therapies, including determining when neuromodulation might be most effective, proposing ways to prevent epileptogenesis, and determining how to disrupt the cycle of recurring seizure clusters.
MEG abnormalities and mechanisms of surgical failure in neocortical epilepsy
Authors: Owen Thomas W. , Schroeder Gabrielle M. , Janiukstyte Vytene , Hall Gerard R. , McEvoy Andrew , Miserocchi Anna , de Tisi Jane , Duncan John S. , Rugg‐Gunn Fergus , Wang Yujiang , Taylor Peter N.
Published: January 2023

Objective

Epilepsy surgery fails to achieve seizure freedom in 30%–40% of cases. It is not fully understood why some surgeries are unsuccessful. By comparing interictal magnetoencephalography (MEG) band power from patient data to normative maps, which describe healthy spatial and population variability, we identify patient‐specific abnormalities relating to surgical failure. We propose three mechanisms contributing to poor surgical outcome: (1) not resecting the epileptogenic abnormalities (mislocalization), (2) failing to remove all epileptogenic abnormalities (partial resection), and (3) insufficiently impacting the overall cortical abnormality. Herein we develop markers of these mechanisms, validating them against patient outcomes.

Methods

Resting‐state MEG recordings were acquired for 70 healthy controls and 32 patients with refractory neocortical epilepsy. Relative band‐power spatial maps were computed using source‐localized recordings. Patient and region‐specific band‐power abnormalities were estimated as the maximum absolute z‐score across five frequency bands using healthy data as a baseline. Resected regions were identified using postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We hypothesized that our mechanistically interpretable markers would discriminate patients with and without postoperative seizure freedom.

Results

Our markers discriminated surgical outcome groups (abnormalities not targeted: area under the curve [AUC] = 0.80, p = .003; partial resection of epileptogenic zone: AUC = 0.68, p = .053; and insufficient cortical abnormality impact: AUC = 0.64, p = .096). Furthermore, 95% of those patients who were not seizure‐free had markers of surgical failure for at least one of the three proposed mechanisms. In contrast, of those patients without markers for any mechanism, 80% were ultimately seizure‐free.

Significance

The mapping of abnormalities across the brain is important for a wide range of neurological conditions. Here we have demonstrated that interictal MEG band‐power mapping has merit for the localization of pathology and improving our mechanistic understanding of epilepsy. Our markers for mechanisms of surgical failure could be used in the future to construct predictive models of surgical outcome, aiding clinical teams during patient pre‐surgical evaluations.
Characterisation of an unusual cysteine pair in the Rieske carnitine monooxygenaseCntAcatalytic site
Authors: Quareshy Mussa , Shanmugam Muralidharan , Cameron Alexander D. , Bugg Timothy D. H. , Chen Yin
Published: January 2023

Rieske monooxygenases undertake complex catalysis integral to marine, terrestrial and human gut‐ecosystems. Group‐I to ‐IV Rieske monooxygenases accept aromatic substrates and have well‐characterised catalytic mechanisms. Nascent to our understanding are Group‐V members catalysing the oxidation/breakdown of quaternary ammonium substrates. Phylogenetic analysis of Group V highlights a cysteine residue‐pair adjacent to the mononuclear Fe active site with no established role. Following our elucidation of the carnitine monooxygenase CntA structure, we probed the function of the cysteine pair Cys206/Cys209. Utilising biochemical and biophysical techniques, we found the cysteine residues do not play a structural role nor influence the electron transfer pathway, but rather are used in a nonstoichiometric role to ensure the catalytic iron centre remains in an Fe(II) state.
Including imprecisely georeferenced specimens improves accuracy of species distribution models and estimates of niche breadth
Authors: Smith Adam B. , Murphy Stephen J. , Henderson David , Erickson Kelley D.
Published: January 2023

Aim

Museum and herbarium specimen records are frequently used to assess the conservation status of species and their responses to climate change. Typically, occurrences with imprecise geolocality information are discarded because they cannot be matched confidently to environmental conditions and are thus expected to increase uncertainty in downstream analyses. However, using only precisely georeferenced records risks undersampling of the environmental and geographical distributions of species. We present two related methods to allow the use of imprecisely georeferenced occurrences in biogeographical analysis.

Innovation

Our two procedures assign imprecise records to the (1) locations or (2) climates that are closest to the geographical or environmental centroid of the precise records of a species. For virtual species, including imprecise records alongside precise records improved the accuracy of ecological niche models projected to the present and the future, especially for species with c. 20 or fewer precise occurrences. Using only precise records underestimated loss of suitable habitat and overestimated the amount of suitable habitat in both the present and the future. Including imprecise records also improves estimates of niche breadth and extent of occurrence. An analysis of 44 species of North American Asclepias (Apocynaceae) yielded similar results.

Main conclusions

Existing studies examining the effects of spatial imprecision typically compare outcomes based on precise records against the same records with spatial error added to them. However, in real‐world cases, analysts possess a mix of precise and imprecise records and must decide whether to retain or discard the latter. Discarding imprecise records can undersample the geographical and environmental distributions of species and lead to mis‐estimation of responses to past and future climate change. Our method, for which we provide a software implementation in the enmSdmX package for R, is simple to use and can help leverage the large number of specimen records that are typically deemed “unusable” because of spatial imprecision in their geolocation.
Superoxide: The enigmatic chemical chameleon in neutrophil biology
Authors: Kettle Anthony J. , Ashby Louisa V. , Winterbourn Christine C. , Dickerhof Nina
Published: January 2023

The burst of superoxide produced when neutrophils phagocytose bacteria is the defining biochemical feature of these abundant immune cells. But 50 years since this discovery, the vital role superoxide plays in host defense has yet to be defined. Superoxide is neither bactericidal nor is it just a source of hydrogen peroxide. This simple free radical does, however, have remarkable chemical dexterity. Depending on its environment and reaction partners, superoxide can act as an oxidant, a reductant, a nucleophile, or an enzyme substrate. We outline the evidence that inside phagosomes where neutrophils trap, kill, and digest bacteria, superoxide will react preferentially with the enzyme myeloperoxidase, not the bacterium. By acting as a cofactor, superoxide will sustain hypochlorous acid production by myeloperoxidase. As a substrate, superoxide may give rise to other forms of reactive oxygen. We contend that these interactions hold the key to understanding the precise role superoxide plays in neutrophil biology. State‐of‐the‐art techniques in mass spectrometry, oxidant‐specific fluorescent probes, and microscopy focused on individual phagosomes are needed to identify bactericidal mechanisms driven by superoxide. This work will undoubtably lead to fascinating discoveries in host defense and give a richer understanding of superoxide's varied biology.
National Differentiation Experience and Citizen Support for Differentiated Integration
Authors: Winzen Thomas , Schimmelfennig Frank
Published: January 2023

This article examines the determinants of public opinion on differentiated integration (DI) in the European Union (EU). Specifically, it tests whether citizen attitudes are informed by the national experience of opt‐outs and exclusions from full participation in EU policies. The study generally finds that support for DI strongly depends on the mode of DI. Even though ‘multi‐speed DI’ is only temporary, it is evaluated more critically than durable treaty opt‐outs establishing ‘multi‐tier DI’. We suggest that citizens from opt‐out countries oppose multi‐speed DI out of concern that it would render their exemptions temporary, whereas citizens from new member states tend to be critical towards the often involuntary and discriminatory transitional arrangements that were imposed by the old member states.
Asymmetric cell division in plant development
Authors: Zhang Yi , Xu Tongda , Dong Juan
Published: January 2023

Asymmetric cell division (ACD) is a fundamental process that generates new cell types during development in eukaryotic species. In plant development, post‐embryonic organogenesis driven by ACD is universal and more important than in animals, in which organ pattern is preset during embryogenesis. Thus, plant development provides a powerful system to study molecular mechanisms underlying ACD. During the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in our understanding of the key components and mechanisms involved in this important process in plants. Here, we present an overview of how ACD is determined and regulated in multiple biological processes in plant development and compare their conservation and specificity among different model cell systems. We also summarize the molecular roles and mechanisms of the phytohormones in the regulation of plant ACD. Finally, we conclude with the overarching paradigms and principles that govern plant ACD and consider how new technologies can be exploited to fill the knowledge gaps and make new advances in the field.
The impact of a parent‐based prevention intervention on Mexican‐descent youths' perceptions of harm associated with drug use: Differential intervention effects for male and female youths
Authors: Parra‐Cardona Rubén , Vanderziel Alyssa , Fuentes‐Balderrama Jaime
Published: January 2023

Parent training (PT) interventions reduce the likelihood of youth problematic behaviors, including drug use. However, the dissemination of culturally adapted PT interventions in low‐income Latina/o immigrant communities remains scarce. In this selective prevention study, we examined the extent to which exposure to CAPAS‐Youth, a culturally adapted version of the PT intervention known as GenerationPMTO©, resulted in increased adolescent perception of harm associated with use of alcohol and other drugs. In a randomized controlled trial with 71 Latina/o immigrant families (95% of parents self‐identified as Mexican origin, n = 98), 37 families were allocated to the CAPAS‐Youth intervention condition versus wait‐list control (n = 34 families). According to adolescents' reports at intervention completion, significant increased levels of perceived harm associated with drug use were found for female youths, but not for males. Differential results indicate the importance of tailoring PT prevention interventions according to youths' sex differences (i.e., males vs. females).
The adoption of FinTech and the legal protection of the digital assets in Islamic/Sharia banking linked with economic development: A case of Indonesia
Authors: Azizah Siti N.
Published: January 2023

Based on the enormous growth of financial technology (FinTech) and digital assets in banking financial transactions, this research has been conducted in an Islamic banking sector. It aims to discuss and elaborate the Islamic/sharia banking, the adoption of Islamic FinTech, the legal protection of digital assets, and their role in economic development in Indonesia. To achieve the study objectives, researchers applied a comparative and normative judicial approach along with perspective and descriptive analysis methods. The results revealed the significant adoption of FinTech by the Islamic banking sector. In contrast, the findings also showed that, regardless of the availability of laws and regulations regarding FinTech in the conventional banking system, no general regulations and laws are available regarding Islamic FinTech and the protection of digital assets under the Central Bank of Indonesia and Financial Services Authority. However, there are some important guidelines regarding the legal protection for Islamic FinTech and digital assets as per the Fatwa issued by the National Shariah Board of Indonesian Ulama. Furthermore, considering the utmost importance of financial technologies, Islamic banks should embrace the innovations linked with such technologies to cater to customers' needs based on an interest‐free system.
Using the Concrete–Representational–Abstract Sequence to Teach Conceptual Understanding of Place Value, Rounding, and Expanded Notation
Authors: Milton Jessica H. , Flores Margaret M. , Hinton Vanessa M. , Dunn Caroline , Darch Craig B.
Published: January 2023

This study investigated the effects of a place value intervention with third–grade students with learning disabilities. The intervention added content to a research–based intervention using the concrete–representational–abstract (CRA) sequence. The added content reflected current mathematics standards for third grade. Students’ place value understanding was measured using probes in which students had to identify the value of each digit within a three–digit number, round three–digit numbers to the nearest 10 or 100, and write three equations showing an expanded form of a three–digit number. A single–case, multiple–probe–across–students design showed a functional relation between CRA and completion of items requiring place value understanding. Students completed a generalization task by estimating the sum of a given equation.
Genetic approaches to dissect plant nonhost resistance mechanisms
Authors: Wu Ying , Sexton William , Yang Bing , Xiao Shunyuan
Published: January 2023

Nonhost resistance (NHR) refers to the immunity of most tested genotypes of a plant species to most tested variants of a pathogen species. Thus, NHR is broad spectrum and durable in nature and constitutes a major safety barrier against invasion of a myriad of potentially pathogenic microbes in any plants including domesticated crops. Genetic study of NHR is generally more difficult compared to host resistance mainly because NHR is genetically more complicated and often lacks intraspecific polymorphisms. Nevertheless, substantial progress has been made towards the understanding of the molecular basis of NHR in the past two decades using various approaches. Not surprisingly, molecular mechanisms of NHR revealed so far encompasses pathogen‐associated molecular pattern‐triggered immunity and effector‐triggered immunity. In this review, we briefly discuss the inherent difficulty in genetic studies of NHR and summarize the main approaches that have been taken to identify genes contributing to NHR. We also discuss new enabling strategies for dissecting multilayered NHR in model plants with a focus on NHR against filamentous pathogens, especially biotrophic pathogens such as powdery mildew and rust fungi.
Guidelines for resident training in veterinary clinical pathology. IV: Laboratory quality management—Teaching domains, competencies, and suggested learning outcomes
Authors: Flatland Bente , Dehghanpir Shannon D. , Evans Samantha J. M. , Freeman Kathleen P. , Grimes Carolyn , Hancock Tamara , Hollinger Charlotte , Hooijberg Emma , Korchia Jeremie , Lawson Cheryl , Matlow Jennifer R. , Sample Saundra , Viall Austin
Published: January 2023

Background

The 2019 ASVCP Education Committee Forum for Discussion, presented at the annual ASVCP/ACVP meeting, identified a need to develop recommendations for teaching laboratory quality management principles in veterinary clinical pathology residency training programs.

Objectives

To present a competency‐based framework for teaching laboratory quality management principles in veterinary clinical pathology residency training programs, including entrustable professional activities (EPAs), domains of competence, individual competencies, and learning outcomes.

Methods

A joint subcommittee of the ASVCP Quality Assurance and Laboratory Standards (QALS) and Education Committees executed this project. A draft guideline version was reviewed by the ASVCP membership and shared with selected ACVP committees in early 2022, and a final version was voted upon by the full QALS and Education Committees in late 2022.

Results

Eleven domains of competence with relevant individual competencies were identified. In addition, suggested learning outcomes and resource lists were developed. Domains and individual competencies were mapped to six EPAs.

Conclusions

This guideline presents a framework for teaching principles of laboratory quality management in veterinary clinical pathology residency training programs and was designed to be comprehensive yet practical. Guidance on pedagogical terms and possible routes of implementation are included. Recommendations herein aim to improve and support resident training but may require gradual implementation, as programs phase in necessary expertise and resources. Future directions include the development of learning milestones and assessments and consideration of how recommendations intersect with the American College of Veterinary Pathologists training program accreditation and certifying examination.
EMI (English‐medium instruction) in Indonesian higher education
Authors: Bolton Kingsley , Hill Christopher , Bacon‐Shone John , Peyronnin Karen
Published: January 2023

This article reports on the investigation of English‐medium instruction (EMI) in Indonesian higher education. Two separate but related studies were carried out. In Phase One, a mixed method approach using a questionnaire and interviews was used at a private university in Jakarta in order to gauge the responses of undergraduates studying a range of subjects through English. The results of Phase One suggested that the students at this university generally had high levels of proficiency in English and coped rather well with EMI. Phase Two of the study involved interviewing 17 educators across multiple institutions, and the results of this provided a nuanced picture of the implementation of EMI in higher education across this diverse multilingual nation.
End‐periodic homeomorphisms and volumes of mapping tori
Authors: Field Elizabeth , Kim Heejoung , Leininger Christopher , Loving Marissa
Published: January 2023

Given an irreducible, end‐periodic homeomorphism of a surface with finitely many ends, all accumulated by genus, the mapping torus, , is the interior of a compact, irreducible, atoroidal 3‐manifold with incompressible boundary. Our main result is an upper bound on the infimal hyperbolic volume of in terms of the translation length of on the pants graph of . This builds on work of Brock and Agol in the finite‐type setting. We also construct a broad class of examples of irreducible, end‐periodic homeomorphisms and use them to show that our bound is asymptotically sharp.
New perceptions for the bright and dark soliton solutions to the modified nonlinear Schrödinger equation
Authors: Shehata Maha S. M. , Bekir Ahmet
Published: January 2023

In this study, we will implement new bright and dark perceptions for the solitary wave solutions to the modified nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The achieved solutions will describe new vision of the following forms. The first form is the rogue wave modes for a derivative nonlinear Schrodinger model with positive linear dispersion which describe the propagation of rogue waves in ocean engineering as well as all similar waves such as dynamics waveguides that have unexpected large displacements. The second form is the waves which occur only in the regime of positive cubic nonlinearity. The third form is the waves that also occur in the regime that coincides exactly with the existence of instabilities of plane waves. The fourth form is the long-wave limit of a breather (a pulsing mode). Two famous different schemas are involved for this purpose. The first schema is the solitary wave ansatz method, while the second schema is the extended simple equation method. The two schemas are implemented in the same vein and parallel to construct new perceptions to the soliton solutions of this model. A comparison between the obtained new perceptions with the old perceptions that were realized before they have been documented.
Synthesis, growth, crystal structure analysis, optical characterization, thermal and dielectric studies on 2-amino-5-chloropyridinium phenoxyacetate (2A5CPA): An efficient new organic single crystal for nonlinear optical applications
Authors: Aarthy J. , Murugan T. , Sakthi Murugesan K. , Milton Boaz B.
Published: January 2023

The new organic 2-amino-5-chloropyridinium phenoxyacetate (2A5CPA) nonlinear optical (NLO) crystal was synthesized and grown from methanol solvent by slow evaporation method successfully. The complete 2A5CPA crystal structure was solved by single crystal XRD analysis and it indicates that the 2A5CPA crystal belongs to the tetragonal crystal system with the space group P41212. From the structure, the possible hydrogen bonding interactions have been analyzed. The presence of distinctive functional peaks in the 2A5CPA crystal was affirmed by FTIR analysis. The optical investigation reveals that the crystal was completely transparent in the UV–Vis–NIR region. The TG-DTA investigation assured that the 2A5CPA compound is thermally stable up to 134°C without any decomposition. The sharp endo thermic peak at 205°C in the DTA trace indicates the melting point of the crystal. The broad emissive band at 382[Formula: see text]nm implies the violet emission characteristics of the 2A5CPA crystal. The dielectric study of the 2A5CPA crystal portrays the normal behavior to that of optical materials. The high work-hardening coefficient of 2.94 indicates the soft material nature of the crystal. The LDT value of the 2A5CPA crystal is estimated as 0.6135[Formula: see text]GW/cm2. The third-order NLO properties of the 2A5CPA crystal were analyzed through Z-Scan experiment.
Multiclass Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease Analysis Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques
Authors: Begum Afiya Parveen , Selvaraj Prabha
Published: January 2023

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a popular neurological disorder affecting a critical part of the world’s population. Its early diagnosis is extremely imperative for enhancing the quality of patients’ lives. Recently, improved technologies like image processing, artificial intelligence involving machine learning, deep learning, and transfer learning have been introduced for detecting AD. This review describes the contribution of image processing, feature extraction, optimization, and classification approach in AD recognition. It deeply investigates different methods adopted for multiclass diagnosis of AD. The paper further presents a brief comparison of existing AD studies in terms of techniques adopted, performance measures, classification accuracy, publication year, and datasets. It then summarizes the important technical barriers in reviewed works. This paper allows the readers to gain profound knowledge regarding AD diagnosis for promoting extensive research in this field.