bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Populations of predators and parasitoids of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) after the application of eight biorational insecticides in vegetable crops
Authors: Simmons Alvin M , Shaaban Abd‐Rabou
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND: The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is an important pest of vegetables and many other crops worldwide. Eight biorational insecticides (based on oil, plant derivatives, insect growth regulator and fungus) were evaluated in the field for their influence on populations of six natural enemies of B. tabaci. Natural populations of two predators [Chrysoperla carnea Stephen (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and Orius spp. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)] and two genera of parasitoids [Encarsia spp. and Eretmocerus spp. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)] were evaluated in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Also, augmented field populations of three predators [C. carnea, Coccinella undecimpunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Macrolophus caliginosus (Wagner) (Hemiptera: Miridae)] were evaluated in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and squash (Cucurbita pepo L.).

RESULTS:Regardless of natural enemy or crop, jojoba oil, Biovar and Neemix had the least effect on abundance of the natural enemies in comparison with the other insecticides during a 14 day evaluation period. Conversely, Admiral, KZ oil, Mesrona oil, Mesrona oil + sulfur and natural oil had a high detrimental effect on abundance of the natural enemies.

CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate the differential effects of biorational insecticides for whitefly control on predators and parasitoids in the field. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antidiabetic Activity of Standardized Extract of Quassia amara in Nicotinamide–Streptozotocin‐induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Husain Gulam Mohammed , Singh Paras Nath , Singh Rakesh Kumar , Kumar Vikas
Published: April 2011

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of a standardized methanol extract of Quassia amara L. (Family: Simaroubaceae) in nicotinamide–streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats. Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus was induced by streptozotocin in rats pre‐treated with nicotinamide. Diabetic rats were treated with oral doses of Quassia amara extract (QaE; 100 and 200 mg/kg) or glibenclamide (10 mg/kg; as standard). QaE and glibenclamide were administered as a suspension in 0.3% carboxy methyl cellulose for 14 days. Control animals received an equal volume of vehicle. Blood samples were collected by retro‐orbital puncture on day 14, 1 h after last treatment. Plasma glucose, insulin and lipid parameters (total cholesterol, LDL‐C, HDL‐C and triglycerides) were measured using commercially available biochemical kits. The oral glucose tolerance test was performed to evaluate the effect of the extract on peripheral glucose utilization in normal rats. Both doses of QaE significantly (p < 0.01) reduced elevated fasting blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. In the oral glucose tolerance test, QaE treatment significantly increased (p < 0.05) the glucose tolerance compared with the vehicle. QaE and glibenclamide, effectively normalized dyslipidemia associated with streptozotocin‐induced diabetes. The findings of the present study indicate that Quassia amara extract may be potentially valuable in the treatment of diabetes and associated dyslipidemia. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Astaxanthin on Oxidative Stress in Overweight and Obese Adults
Authors: Choi Hye Duck , Kim Ji Hae , Chang Min Jung , Kyu‐Youn Yeo , Shin Wan Gyoon
Published: April 2011

Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between the antioxidant and the reactive oxygen species, which results in damage to cells or tissues. Recent studies have reported that oxidative stress is involved in obesity, in addition to many other human diseases and aging. A prospective, randomized, double‐blind study was performed to investigate the effect of astaxanthin (ASX), which is known to be a potent antioxidant, on oxidative stress in overweight and obese adults in Korea. Twenty‐three adults with BMI > 25.0 kg/m2 enrolled in this study and were randomly assigned to two dose groups: ASX 5 mg and 20 mg once daily for 3 weeks. Malondialdehyde (MDA), isoprostane (ISP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), as oxidative stress biomarkers, were measured at baseline and 1, 2 and 3 weeks after ASX administration. Compared with baseline, the MDA (by 34.6% and 35.2%) and ISP (by 64.9% and 64.7%) levels were significantly lowered, whereas SOD (by 193% and 194%) and TAC (by 121% and 125%) levels were significantly increased in two dose groups after the 3 week intervention. This study revealed that supplemental ASX for 3 weeks improved oxidative stress biomarkers by suppressing lipid peroxidation and stimulating the activity of the antioxidant defense system. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Threat scenario‐based security risk analysis using use case modeling in information systems
Authors: Kim Young‐Gab , Cha Sungdeok
Published: April 2011

Successful Security Risk Analysis (SRA) enables us to develop a secure information management system and provides valuable analysis data for future risk estimation. One of the qualitative techniques for SRA is the scenario method. This provides a framework for our explorations that raises our awareness and appreciation of uncertainty. However, the existing scenario methods are too abstract to be applicable to some situations and have not been formalized in information systems (ISs) because they do not explicitly define artifacts or have any standard notation. Therefore, this paper proposes the improved scenario‐based SRA approach, which can create SRA reports using threat scenario templates and manage security risk directly in ISs. Furthermore, in order to show how to apply the proposed method in a specific environment, especially in a Broadband convergence Network (BcN) environment, a case study is presented. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Growth and Stability of ZnTe Magic‐Size Nanocrystals
Authors: Groeneveld Esther , van Berkum Susanne , Meijerink Andries , de Mello Donegá Celso
Published: April 2011

A synthetic method for ZnTe magic‐sized clusters (MSCs) is reported, and the stability and growth kinetics of these clusters are investigated. Four distinct MSC families, with lowest‐energy absorption peaks at 330, 354, 378, and 392 nm, are observed. The stability and growth kinetics of the MSCs are strongly influenced by the reaction temperature, precursor concentration, and nature of the ligands used as the coordinating solvent. High precursor concentrations result in faster growth and MSC formation at lower temperatures. Higher temperatures accelerate the growth kinetics and lead to a gradual shift from the stepwise MSC growth regime to a continuous growth regime. For temperatures above 260 °C, only continuous growth of nanocrystals is observed. The nature of the ligands also influences the stability and growth of ZnTe MSCs, which are formed with primary alkylamines as ligands, but not when trioctylphosphine, trioctylphosphine oxide, or trioctylamine are used as the sole ligands. This demonstrates the crucial role of ligands in the formation of stable ZnTe MSCs using colloidal synthetic methods. Under optimal synthetic conditions (200 °C, hexadecylamine as ligand, and suitable precursor concentrations), the method presented here allows the synthesis and isolation of a single MSC family absorbing at 330 nm.
Outage performance of orthogonal space–time block code transmission in opportunistic decode‐and‐forward cooperative networks
Authors: Yang Changqing , Wang Wenbo , Chen Shuping , Peng Mugen
Published: April 2011

Outage performance is analyzed for opportunistic decode‐and‐forward cooperative networks employing orthogonal space–time block codes. The closed‐form expressions of diversity order and the end‐to‐end outage probability at high signal‐to‐noise ratio regime are derived for arbitrary relay number (K) and antenna configuration (N antennas at the source and each relay, ND antennas at the destination) under independent but not necessarily identical Rayleigh fading channels. The analysis is carried out in terms of the availability of the direct link between the source and the destination. It is demonstrated that the diversity order is min{N, ND} ⋅ KN if the direct link is blocked, and if the direct link is available, the diversity order becomes min{N, ND} ⋅ KN + NND. Simulation and numerical results verify the analysis well. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inborn errors of ketogenesis and ketone body utilization
Authors: Sass Jörn Oliver
Published: April 2011

Ketone bodies acetoacetate and 3‐hydroxy‐n‐butyric acid are metabolites derived from fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids such as leucine. They are mainly produced in the liver via reactions catalyzed by the ketogenic enzymes mitochondrial 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutary‐coenzyme A synthase and 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutary‐coenzyme A lyase. After prolonged starvation, ketone bodies can provide up to two‐thirds of the brain's energy requirements. The rate‐limiting enzyme of ketone body utilization (ketolysis) is succinyl‐coenzyme A:3‐oxoacid coenzyme A transferase. The subsequent step of ketolysis is catalyzed by 2‐methylactoacetyl‐coenzyme A thiolase, which is also involved in isoleucine catabolism. Inborn errors of metabolism affecting those four enzymes are presented and discussed in the context of differential diagnoses. While disorders of ketogenesis can present with hypoketotic hypoglycemia, inborn errors of ketolysis are characterized by metabolic decompensations with ketoacidosis. If those diseases are considered early and appropriate treatment is initiated without delay, patients with inborn errors of ketone body metabolism often have a good clinical outcome.
Complications with the Use of Artelon in Thumb CMC Joint Arthritis
Authors: Clarke Sylvan , Hagberg William , Kaufmann Robert A. , Grand Aaron , Wollstein Ronit
Published: April 2011

Background

Complications with the use of the Artelon spacer in thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) joint arthritis include inflammation, osteolysis, and persistent pain. We evaluated our short-term results and complications.

Methods

A retrospective review of 29 patients was performed. Pre- and postoperative radiographs, operative techniques, complications, and subsequent surgeries were analyzed. Pearson's and chi-squared testing was used to identify associations between complications and surgical technique or preoperative radiographic criteria. The average age was age 51±7.7 (34-66), average follow-up was 8 months (1-26).

Results

Twelve patients sustained complications. Nine patients displayed postoperative osteolysis. Four patients underwent conversion to CMC suspensionplasty due to persistent pain. The rate of revision surgery and radiographic postoperative osteolysis were not significantly associated with preoperative arthritis grade, metacarpal subluxation, or surgical techniques: fixation method, the bony surface(s) involved in the osteotomy, or spacer modifications.

Conclusions

Our study found a significant short-term complication rate following Artelon spacer arthroplasty of the CMC joint. This is higher than previously described. We could not identify any factors that were significantly associated with the complications. It is possible that the inherent instability of the joint or the material of the spacer is involved in implant failure. Further study is necessary to better define the indications for use and specific techniques for the use of the implant.
If money doesn't make you happy, then you probably aren't spending it right
Authors: Dunn Elizabeth W. , Gilbert Daniel T. , Wilson Timothy D.
Published: April 2011

The relationship between money and happiness is surprisingly weak, which may stem in part from the way people spend it. Drawing on empirical research, we propose eight principles designed to help consumers get more happiness for their money. Specifically, we suggest that consumers should (1) buy more experiences and fewer material goods; (2) use their money to benefit others rather than themselves; (3) buy many small pleasures rather than fewer large ones; (4) eschew extended warranties and other forms of overpriced insurance; (5) delay consumption; (6) consider how peripheral features of their purchases may affect their day‐to‐day lives; (7) beware of comparison shopping; and (8) pay close attention to the happiness of others.
The Future of Medieval Church History
Authors: Van Engen John
Published: April 2011

For centuries, from its Roman endorsement as imperial cult around the year 400 to its revolutionary disestablishment in the 1790s, the Christian religion laid claim to the allegiance of Europe's peoples, even a right to set policies about Jews. This fateful historical conjunction between the making of Europe and the spread of Christian allegiance rested upon an ever-changing mix of custom, law, and conviction, religious in coloration but political, social, and cultural in expression. Diverse practices and patterns, worked out over centuries, became so tightly interwoven that to pull on one was to stretch or unravel another. To call for religious purity or poverty was to upset social and legal custom; to round up heretics was to secure political order, and the reverse; to see into the end-state of things presaged, for some, the overthrow of Roman prelacy as the reign of Babylon, whence its reverse: to manage time and chronology was to stabilize the standing order.
Recent Currents in the Historiography of the Radical Reformation
Authors: Roth John D.
Published: April 2011

There can be no question but that the great principles of freedom of conscience, separation of church and state and voluntarism in religion, so basic in American Protestantism and so essential to democracy, ultimately are derived from the Anabaptists of the Reformation period.

With these confident words, Harold S. Bender introduced the main theme of his presidential address at the fifty-fifth meeting of the American Society of Church History, held at Columbia University on 28 Dec. 1943. In the decades that followed, Bender's speech—which he titled.
A modelling framework for the analysis of artificial-selection time series
Authors: LE ROUZIC ARNAUD , HOULE DAVID , HANSEN THOMAS F.
Published: April 2011

Artificial-selection experiments constitute an important source of empirical information for breeders, geneticists and evolutionary biologists. Selected characters can generally be shifted far from their initial state, sometimes beyond what is usually considered as typical inter-specific divergence. A careful analysis of the data collected during such experiments may thus reveal the dynamical properties of the genetic architecture that underlies the trait under selection. Here, we propose a statistical framework describing the dynamics of selection-response time series. We highlight how both phenomenological models (which do not make assumptions on the nature of genetic phenomena) and mechanistic models (explaining the temporal trends in terms of e.g. mutations, epistasis or canalization) can be used to understand and interpret artificial-selection data. The practical use of the models and their implementation in a software package are demonstrated through the analysis of a selection experiment on the shape of the wing inDrosophila melanogaster.
Review Essay: New Proofs for the Existence of God
Authors: Pinsent Andrew
Published: April 2011

At a meeting in Leningrad in December 1948, Soviet astronomers affirmed the need to fight against the “reactionary-idealistic” theory of a “primeval atom.” Support for this theory, later dubbed the “Big Bang” by one of its fiercest critics, would, the Soviets claimed, help clericalism.1While such anxieties might seem astonishing today, they may have seemed plausible in the 1940s, especially since the theory had first been proposed by a Catholic priest, Father Georges Lemaître. Furthermore, while Lemaître himself was careful to avoid drawing theological inferences, the association of his theory with the religious doctrine of Creation, especially by Pope Pius XII in 1951, helped to motivate the search for alternative approaches such as the “steady-state” theory.2In recent years, by contrast, the perception has been growing that the Big Bang theory has ceased to be offensive to atheist sensibilities. It is claimed that the Big Bang can now be accommodated safely within a self-sufficient system of natural causes, possibly by embedding the universe within an infinitely larger and eternal “multiverse.” Indeed, just a few months ago, the media reported with enthusiasm the assertions made by Stephen Hawking in his latest book, that contemporary physics has solved the mysteries of the Big Bang making recourse to God obsolete.3
COLONIAL STATE-BUILDING AND THE NEGOTIATION OF ARAB AND BERBER IDENTITY IN PROTECTORATE MOROCCO
Authors: Wyrtzen Jonathan
Published: April 2011

Colonial state-building in Protectorate Morocco, particularly the total “pacification” of territory and infrastructural development carried out between 1907 and 1934, dramatically transformed the social and political context in which collective identity was imagined in Moroccan society. Prior scholarship has highlighted the struggle between colonial administrators and urban Arabophone nationalist elites over Arab and Berber ethnic classifications used by French officials to make Moroccan society legible in the wake of conquest. This study turns to the understudied question of how rural, tribal communities responded to state- and nation-building processes, drawing on a unique collection of Tamazight (Berber) poetry gathered in the Atlas Mountains to illuminate the multiple levels on which their sense of group identity was negotiated. While studies of identity in the interwar Arab world have concentrated on how Pan-Islamism, Pan-Arabism, and local nationalisms functioned in the Arab East, this article changes the angle of analysis, beginning instead at the margins of the Arab West to explore interactions between the consolidation of nation-sized political units and multivocal efforts to reframe the religious and ethnic parameters of communal solidarity during the colonial period.
DREAM OF EXILE, PROMISE OF HOME: LANGUAGE, EDUCATION, AND ARABISM IN ALGERIA
Authors: McDougall James
Published: April 2011

In Algeria as in many other cases, experiences of exile and diaspora played a major role in the creation of nationalist politics in the 20th century; exile has also been a recurring literary figure in expressions of Algerian cultural politics since independence. This article examines a range of literary sources to consider the politics of language and culture in Algeria since the 1940s. It shows how identification with Arabism has enabled Algerians to articulate claims to community, solidarity, and sovereignty, first in a conception of national “salvation” against the colonial state and then as both a state-sponsored project of political legitimacy and an indication of the limits of that project. A sense of these limits can be gained by a brief consideration of the complexity of the country's sociolinguistic landscape and the often unorthodox creativity of its literary self-expression since independence.
HYBRID NATIONALISMS:WAṬANĪANDQAWMĪVISIONS IN IRAQ UNDER ʿABD AL-KARIM QASIM, 1958–61
Authors: Bashkin Orit
Published: April 2011

This paper analyzes Iraqi national narratives in the years from 1958 to 1961 to consider how innovative definitions of Arab nationalisms were affected by worldwide processes of decolonization. It demonstrates how Pan-Arabism was transformed in Qasimite Iraq because of its hybridization with Iraqi patriotism and, concurrently, how various elements of Arabist discourses were integrated into local and patriotic perceptions of Iraqi nationalism. Examining cultural idioms shared by Iraqi intellectuals belonging to different political groups, especially the communists and the Baʿthists, destabilizes a typology that assumes each ideological camp subscribed to a rigidly defined set of well-known historical narratives. The Pan-Arabists in this period often cultivated the notion that Arab nationalism did not entail an ethnic origin but rather the ability to adopt the Arabic language, as well as Arab history and culture, as a marker of one's national and cultural identity. The attempts to adapt Pan-Arab discourses to the specificities of the Iraqi milieu and to build coalitions with as many of the nation's groups as possible meant that the sectarian, anti-Shiʿi, and anti-Kurdish notions that colored Baʿthist discourses in later years were not as prominent in this period.
Ulster Awakened : The '59 Revival Reconsidered
Authors: Hill Myrtle
Published: April 2011

The 1859 revival has been granted a special place in Ulster's religious history. It is most often portrayed as a spontaneous and dramatic outpouring of the Holy Spirit, leading to the conversion of many thousands of men and women, and resulting in the moral and social reformation of a formerly sinful society. While this popular image requires a degree of modification in the interests of historical accuracy, the importance of the movement itself is not questioned. As Peter Gibbon ha pointed out, ‘the Ulster religious revival of 1859 involved larger numbers of people in sustained common activity than any movement in rura Ulster between 1798 and 1913’. Its value to the historian lies in its revelation of the attitudes of Ulster society — both religiouss and secular — to the popular, evangelical style of Protestantism which had been making steady progress in Ireland from the late eighteenth century. The dramatic visible and well-publicised nature of religious activity in 1859 serves to highlight the more controversial aspects of that faith, and indicates the degree of adjustment made by churchmen and laity to a movement wich largely ignored conventional ecclesiastical and social boundanes. It is the purpose of this paper to assess the impact of the events of 1859 on Ulster society and to consider its significance in the light of modern sociological approaches to the study of revivalism.
The Reign of Sūryavarman I and Royal Factionalism at Angkor
Authors: Vickery Michael
Published: April 2011

As the title implies, this paper deals with two questions which I believe may be related to one another in significant ways. The first is the rise to power of Sūryavarman I (1002–49), to which the present study is principally devoted; and the second is the dynamics of state and political development in Angkorean Cambodia, which will be illuminated by the discussion of Sūryavarman.
Brunei Rediscovered: A Survey of Early Times
Authors: Nicholl Robert
Published: April 2011

About the middle of the thirteenth century the great Arab scholar, Ibn Sa'id, compiled hisBast al-ArdorGeography, in which he collected many ancient texts; amongst them is the following, which may offer a clue to the early history of Brunei:

[The Khmers] lived with the Chinese in the eastern regions of the earth. Discord having broken out amongst them, the Chinese chased them towards the islands, and they remained there a certain time. The name of the King wasKamrun. Following this, discord broke out amongst them when they were in the islands, of which we shall speak later. Then those who did not form part of the Royal Family went away to the great island [Madagascar], and their Sultan dwelt in the city ofKomorriya.
The Burmese Communist Movement and Its Indian Connection: Formation and Factionalism
Authors: Taylor Robert H.
Published: April 2011

As the founders of a revolutionary movement with an international ideology, the small group of men who led the Burmese communist parties for their first thirty years were concerned as to whether their ideological views and political tactics were consonant with those of foreign communist parties. While looking to Marx, Lenin, and their European interpreters as the original fount of ideological coherence, Asian parties nearer to Burma provided the most immediate and programmatic sources of interpretation. Since the 1950s the example of the Chinese Communist Party has been the leading inspiration for most Burmese communists. However, in the first decade of communist activity in Burma, the Indian Communist Party provided the closest and most congenial guidance.
Change and Continuity in Southeast Asian Studies
Authors: McVey Ruth
Published: April 2011

Forty-odd years ago, when I became involved in the study of Southeast Asia, it appeared to be a new region, struggling to assert itself in the political world from the lingering ties of colonialism and in the academic world from those who would absorb it in the empires of Further India or the Far East. The centre of this new field of study was indisputably the United States, where in the 1950s and early 1960s Southeast Asia programmes were set up as part of the great expansion of regional studies funded by the US government and foundations. Their guiding assumption was that the interests of America and what would become known as the Third World were compatible and that sympathetic knowledge would aid in bringing about progress towards modernity as envisioned in the American dream.
Aurelio Alvero: Traitor or Patriot?
Authors: Goodman Grant K.
Published: April 2011

Aurelio Alvero (1913–58) was a brilliant and complex Filipino intellectual who was found guilty of collaboration with Japan by the postwar Philippine People's Court and spent 1945–17 and 1950–52 in prison. An examination of his prewar and wartime activities leads to the conclusion that Alvero was neither a traitor nor a patriot but rather a romantic opportunist who saw the advent of the Japanese in the Philippines as potentially providing him with a previously unattained level of power and authority in his own society.
Japan's Intentions for Its Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere as Indicated in Its Policy Plans for Thailand
Authors: Swan William L.
Published: April 2011

The article examines the intent of the Japanese for their Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. It relies on documents that the Japanese government prepared in September 1942 which set forth prospective policy towards Thailand as a member of the Co-Prosperity Sphere. The proposals in these documents specified the political and diplomatic relations Japan expected to have with Thailand, and they were very specific regarding Japan's control over Thailand's economy as a part of the Co-Prosperity Sphere. The documents indicate that the Japanese were aiming at establishing a well-organized, well-regulated sphere as a unity under the direction of Japan. The organic nature that the Japanese envisioned for the Co-Prosperity Sphere was patterned on the same organic unity that they had applied to building and controlling their empire between 1895 and 1940.
Phra Sarasas: Rebel with Many Causes
Authors: Batson Benjamin A.
Published: April 2011

Phra Sarasas, author of My Country Thailand, a historical work critical of the Thai monarchy, claimed to have shaped the 1932 overthrow of the absolute monarchy in Siam. He became Minister of Economic Affairs briefly in 1937, and promoted the pro-Japanese cause in Thailand with sufficient enthusiasm to be accused of war crimes after the Japanese surrender, but escaped prosecution when the Thai Supreme Court ruled that the War Crimes Act was illegal. His limited political career never matched his aspirations and Phra Sarasas remained a marginal figure, but his life and work nevertheless throw an interesting light on events during this formative period of modern Thai history.
The United States and Southeast Asia: A Case of Strategic Surrender
Authors: Buszynski Leszek
Published: April 2011

Southeast Asia in United States policy fell from a region of high priority during the Vietnam war to become, after the fall of Indochina, an area of relatively minor interest. For the United States, Southeast Asia evoked memories of misperception, intensified over-commitment, and simplistic assumptions that characterized the American effort to defeat local Vietnamese national communism. Since the formulation of the Nixon doctrine of disengagement in 1969, United States policy towards Southeast Asia has been undergoing a process of long-term readjustment in recognition of the exaggerated significance that the region had assumed in American thinking. The fall of Saigon in April 1975 was a major stimulus to this readjustment as it gave the Americans compelling reasons to anticipate a reassertion of Soviet influence in the region. Successive American administrations attempted to place the region in a wider global context to avoid the dangers of extreme reaction to local national communism while developing the flexibility to coordinate a response to the Soviet Union at a global level. The main concern of American policy was to remove the basis for direct United States involvement in the region in a way that would satisfy post-Vietnam war public and congressional opinion and the demands of strategic planners for greater freedom of manoeuvre against the Soviet Union.
Japanese Military Policy towards French Indochina during the Second World War: The Road to theMeigo Sakusen(9 March 1945)
Authors: Nitz Kiyoko Kurusu
Published: April 2011

The Japanese occupied the Philippines in 1941, and Burma and Indonesia in 1942. French Indochina, then calledFutsuinby the Japanese, continued to remain in French hands until 9 March 1945. It seemed to present a contrasting picture vis-à-vis Japanese policies in other Asian countries and to contradict the declared policy as expressed in the “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere” (in JapaneseDai-Tōa-Kyoei-Ken). On 9 March, however, this was reversed by the Japanese military action, which disarmed the French Indochinese Army. This action has come to be known as theMeigo Sakusen(Meigo [bright moon] Action).
Rice Production in a Lisu Village
Authors: Durrenberger E. Paul
Published: April 2011

On hillside slash and burn fields, Lisu of Northern Thailand produce rice, opium poppies, and corn. In this paper I shall develop models to show the relationships among various factors that determine how much rice each household produces, and the relative importance of opium and rice.
The Kuomintang Movement in Malaya and Singapore, 1925–30
Authors: Yong C.F. , McKenna R.B.
Published: April 2011

In July 1925, the British Cabinet seemingly sealed the fate of the Kuomintang (KMT) movement in Malaya and Singapore by agreeing that “the Governor of the Straits Settlements should be authorised to take the necessary steps for the suppression of the Malayan branches of the Society of Kuo Min Tang”. Although this ban was legally, albeit loosely, imposed by the Governors, Sir Laurence Guillemard and Sir Hugh Clifford, it did not succeed in ending the movement as they had expected. Thus, the KMT movement remained a nagging problem for the British authorities until Sir Cecil Clementi took a strong stand to enforce the ban in February 1930, which effectively paralysed the KMT movement in Malaya and Singapore.
Normative Poems(Chbap)and Pre-Colonial Cambodian Society
Authors: Chandler David P.
Published: April 2011

Using thechbapto analyze pre-cotonial Cambodian society is difficult because these gnomic, normative poems are only incidentally concerned with the ways in which that society was put together. Moreover, it is hard to determine how firmly they are anchored in the times when they were written: how useful is a seventeenth centurychbap, after all, in helping us to understand eighteenth-century society? Another problem with using them is that they often provide an idealized picture, suggesting norms of behaviour rather than describing or analyzing the ways in which people behave. Because of this, the poems belong to more than one century at a time. Finally, like anything written down in a largely illiterate society, thechbapencapsulate and pass on the ideology of a minority élite. It can be argued that this ideology, in pre-colonial Cambodia at least, was rarely at odds with the ideology of the rural, illiterate poor; but this may be a circular argument, brought on by the widespread popularity, imposed by the elite over several centuries, of thechbapthemselves.
Societal Organization in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Cambodia
Authors: Ebihara May
Published: April 2011

Lucien Hanks titled this symposium a “quest” into the nature of Southeast Asian societal organization prior to the eighteenth century. This paper represents such a quest in the sense of a journey of inquiry into post-Angkorean Cambodia of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to explore the basic problem posed by Hanks: whether pre-colonial society was organized into horizontal castes/classesorvertical “entourages/circles”. My attention will be directed primarily to sociopolitical organization, while David Chandler focuses more on norms and ideology.
The Transformation of Patron-Client Relations and its Political Consequences in Postwar Philippines
Authors: Doronila Amando
Published: April 2011

The declaration of martial law in the Philippines by President Ferdinand Marcos on 21 September 1972 marked the overthrow of the open and competitive Filipino political system that had operated on the principle of institutional checks and balances adapted from the American model of liberal democracy. The Marcos power seizure represented a breakthrough by a coalition of the central Executive and new social forces that had emerged from the Philippines' transition to modernity against the constitutional restraints on presidential power. The new coalition, in which the military, the technocracy, and foreign economic interests were important components, succeeded in destroying the old balance of power, which had rested on the adversary relationship between the Chief Executive and Congress. The disbanding of Congress by emergency fiat reflected the decisive flew of power towards the Executive; for twenty-six years since independence, the legislature had acted as the main institutional check on the presidency.
Burma through the Prism of Western Novels
Authors: Silverstein Josef
Published: April 2011

“If you want to write a real Burmese story”, U Nu once told an audience of Burmese writers, you “must know the real Burmese background”. It is advice that applies to foreign as well as indigenous writers and, in most cases, non-Burmese writers have followed it. The recommendation is important because fiction provides a popular entryway for the “average” reader to reach beyond his normal range of knowledge and imagination; it is more likely that he will have read a novel or short story rather than a history or a scholarly work and it is from this source that he will have formed his ideas and adopted his stereotypes. Thus, it is necessary that the available literature is good, that it is accurate in its descriptions of the locale and the behaviour of the people, that it catches the nuance of local speech and expression, that it reflects the psychology of the subjects when it discusses them rather than imputing alien speech, values, and attitudes.
The Utilization of Mangrove Areas in Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Taylor F. J.
Published: April 2011

Southeast Asia is the world centre of mangrove development. Not only is there a greater diversity of species, but the areas covered by mangrove forests are more extensive. This paper is concerned with the utilization of the mangrove forests in Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia (along the west coast), which is bounded by that part of the Indian Ocean called the Andaman Sea. The Burmese mangrove forests are probably very similar to these, but they will not be treated in this paper.
Modernization and Household Size and Structure in the Urban and Rural Philippines
Authors: Stinner William F.
Published: April 2011

In recent years a considerable amount of theoretical and empirical activity in social and historical demography has been directed towards assessment of the relationship between modernization and household size and structure. Largely stimulated by Levy's postulation of discrepancies between idea and actual household configurations, Burch's pioneering cross-national evaluation of the Levy thesis, and the monumental historical demographic research of the Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure, studies have been conducted both historically in currently developed societies, as well as in contemporary developing societies. Focused on the co-residential domestic group, these social demographic investigations have questioned long-standing assumptions and conventional wisdom in family sociology with respect to such issues as the universality of extended family co-residential arrangements in pre-industrial societies, the implicit smooth evolutionary trend from extended to nuclear household structures, and the relative contribution of variations in the size of nuclear and extended (as well as non-relative) membership components to variations in overall household size.
The Fall of the Burmese Kingdom in 1885: Review and Reconsideration
Authors: Chew Ernest C.T.
Published: April 2011

The downfall of the Burmese Kingdom of Ava, late in 1885 (seen in the dramatic deportation of the last Konbaung monarch King Thebaw and the later dissolution of the Hluttaw by the British), was historically significant in several respects. First of all, the end of the Konbaung Dynasty and Burmese independence, which were heralded on 1 January 1886 in a British proclamation incorporating Upper Burma in Queen Victoria's dominions, signalled the start of a period of internal disorder and indigenous resistance to colonial rule. The deposition of the King meant the dissolution of traditional institutions and sanctions, including the demoralization of the Buddhist sangha of which the King had been patron. Thus was begun the Burmese struggle for independence and search for national identity — a struggle which culminated in Burma's attainment of independence outside the British Commonwealth on 4 January 1948, and a search which continued beyond that date.
Masonic Myths and Revolutionary Feats in Negros Occidental
Authors: Aguilar Filomeno V.
Published: April 2011

The popular interpretations of the end of Spanish colonial rule in Negros Occidental, Philippines, are closely intertwined with Masonic-related imageries that suffused the colony's export-oriented economy in general and the province's sugar industry in particular. Through an investigation of folklore as a bearer of historical consciousness, it is argued that the elite-led one-day uprising that led to Spain's downfall in the province contained a mythical dimension that helped solidify the dominance of the local sugar planter class.
On the Contemporary Uses of Colonial History and the Legitimation of Political Status in Archipelagic Southeast Seram
Authors: Ellen Roy
Published: April 2011

Drawing upon data from the Seram Laut and Gorom archipelagoes, this paper examines how contemporary rulers legitimate their rights by asserting links with sources of traditional authority. In particular, it is argued that archaic titles remain important because the colonial period stabilized the relationship between domains, and because such titles thus provide a means of validating claims to resources, combating state incursions and competing for influence. The possession of old documents supports such claims by confirming them in writing, but also by being old “things” linked to the person of the ruler.
The Wilson Government and the British Defence Commitment in Malaysia-Singapore
Authors: McDougall Derek
Published: April 2011

Important decisions relating to the British defence commitment in Malaysia-Singapore were made during the term of office of the Wilson Government. The Labour Party came to power in Britain at the height of the Malaysia-Indonesia confrontation. At the end of confrontation in 1966 there were over 90, 000 people working for the British Services in the Malaysia-Singapore area. By April 1970 this number was down to 43, 500, with a virtually complete withdrawal expected by the end of 1971. This article outlines certain factors relevant to the formulation of British foreign policy and describes how these factors influenced the rundown of the British defence commitment in Malaysia-Singapore.
Japanese Rubber and Iron Investments in Malaya, 1900–1941
Authors: Leng Yuen Choy
Published: April 2011

The first Japanese investments in Malaya were in rubber planting but their most important were in iron-mining. This article traces the development of Japánese interests in these two fields and shows how these ventures contributed to the expansionist impulse which, among other factors, eventually led to the military invasion of Malaya in December 1941.
Similarities and Differences in Migration Flows to Urban Settlements in Five Southeast Asian Countries
Authors: Mitchell Robert E.
Published: April 2011

Sufficient empirical research has accumulated in a number of regions of the less developed world to prepare state-of-the-art reviews of migration studies (Morse, 1965, 1971a, 1971b) as well as in-depth investigations of migration-related issues (Kuper, 1965). Despite its size and world importance, very little such research has been conducted in Southeast Asia. This is evident in both the articles and special bibliographic chapter published in a recent review of urbanization and national development in South and Southeast Asia (Jakobson and Prakash, 1971: also, Breese, 1973).
The Decline of Manila as the Spanish Entrepôt in the Far East, 1785–1826: Its Impact on the Pattern of Southeast Asian Trade
Authors: Cheong W. E.
Published: April 2011

A pattern of trade completely new to the traditional structure of Southeast Asian trade emerged in the eastern extremity of Southeast Asia following the permanent settlement of the Spaniards at Manila in 1571. The new addition was based upon the Manila-Acapulco trade with its two supply lines originating from the ports of Fukien province in China, and the Coromandel and Malabari Coasts in India. Two hundred years later, this trade with Manila as the entrepot, had become a well-defined system, and very much a part of the traditional pattern of Southeast Asian trade. The mercantilist regulations obtaining in Manila, the seasonal rhythm of shipping movements, the goods carried along the routes and the dependent trades outside the Spanish systems had moulded the character of the Manila trade.
Women's Labour Force Participation and Socioeconomic Development: The Case of Peninsular Malaysia, 1957–1970
Authors: Hirschman Charles , Aghajanian Akbar
Published: April 2011

The changing role of women's economic activities in developing countries is a topic of particular importance, not only because women represent a significant resource of much underutilized labour in the non-household sector but also because women's activities are intimately tied to the structure of the family. Low levels of female participation in the labour force suggest that much of the potential human talent and skills in a society are restricted to household endeavours. For the objectives of both eliminating discrimination against women in employment and expanding the pool of human resources for development, there is a growing scientific and policy interest in the study of socioeconomic development and women's labour force participation. Of considerable interest is the relationship between women's economic roles and fertility. While the causal structure of this relationship is still an unresolved topic, there is a basic consensus that the transition from high to low fertility levels is closely intertwined with the changing social and economic roles of women.
Rules, Regulations, and the Rural Thai Bureaucracy
Authors: Rubin Herbert J.
Published: April 2011

An important problem in comparing bureaucratic organizations in different societies involves separating “cultural” from “structural” explanations of behaviour. Theories involvingstructural characteristics such as size and span of control permit uniform, parsimonious statements to be made. Yet such explanations fail to account for observed differences in output, goal choice, adjustment, etc., between structurally similar organizations in different settings. A requirement exists to develop theory which integrates cultural factors into organizational theories without resulting in mere reductionist arguments.
Race, Language, and National Cohesion in Southeast Asia
Authors: Leng Lee Yong
Published: April 2011

Southeast Asian states are often referred to as “nations” (for example, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations or ASEAN), thus implying that the peoples of each state form only one national group and are easily distinguished and characterized. In fact, more often than not, each population of the various states shows not only differences of nationality but also many other differences. Among these factors of differentiation, the political geographer attaches particular importance to the two factors of language and nationality. These two cultural factors are elements of the “state-idea” and can affect the cohesion and strength of a state. All the newly independent states of Southeast Asia are seeking to establish their state-ideas and, i n the analysis of each state's population, these two factors can throw much light on the cohesion, functioning, and viability of that particular state.
Lao Historiography and Historians: Case Study of the War Between Bangkok and the Lao in 1827
Authors: Mayoury  , Ngaosyvathn Pheuiphanh
Published: April 2011

The war between Bangkok and the Lao in the years 1827–29 constitutes a watershed in the relations between the Thai and the Lao. Up to now, this conflict has been accounted for largely by only one source:The Royal Chronicles of the Third Reign of the Bangkok Dynastyby Chao Phraya Thiphakarawong. It is time to go beyond this, and to explore the available Lao annals, Vietnamese primary documents, the archives of the Thai National Library and the accounts of western travellers at the beginning of the nineteenth century. This paper also introduces Lao historiography and historians who have written about the war.
Aliran Kebatinan as an Expression of the Javanese worldview
Authors: Mulder J.A. Niels
Published: April 2011

The Javanese Weltanschauung (Javanism) is based on the conviction of the essential unity of all Existence. This worldview is more encompassing than religion: it views human existence within a cosmological context, making life itself a religious experience. In this view of life it is not possible to separate the religious from the non-religious elements; human existence is inescapably related to supernature and it is senseless to sharply distinguish between the here and now and the beyond and timeless.
Philippine Archaeology: Status and Prospects
Authors: Hutterer Karl L.
Published: April 2011

The purpose of the present essay is not to present a history of Philippine archaeology; several preliminary attempts have been made in this regard which may be consulted. Rather, the aim of this paper is to pause for a moment and look across the landscape of Philippine archaeology to assess what has been accomplished to date, to ponder strength and weaknesses of the field at this time, and to consider future directions. Nevertheless, the shape of any landscape is the result of historical events and processes that need to be taken into account if we want to understand its present form and assess its future potential and development. Thus, it will be necessary to include in the following thoughts historical perspectives which will help to explain how and why certain concepts, methods and research practices arose in the context of Philippine archaeology and came to determine our picture of Philippine prehistory.