bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effects of vehicle emissions and nucleation events on vertical particle concentration profiles around urban office buildings
Authors: Quang T. N. , He C. , Morawska L. , Knibbs L. D. , Falk M.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Despite its role in determining both indoor and outdoor human exposure to anthropogenic particles, there is limited information describing vertical profiles of particle concentrations in urban environments, especially for ultrafine particles. Furthermore, the results of the few studies performed have been inconsistent. As such this study aimed to assess the influence of vehicle emissions and nucleation formation on particle concentrations (PN and PM2.5) at different heights around three urban office buildings located next to busy roads in Brisbane, Australia, and place these results in the broader context of the existing literature. Two sets of instruments were used to simultaneously measure PN size distribution, PN and PM2.5 concentrations, respectively, for up to three weeks each at three office buildings. The results showed that both PN and PM2.5 concentrations around building envelope were influenced by vehicle emissions and new particle formation, and that they exhibited variability across the three different office buildings. During the nucleation event, PN concentrations increased (21–46%), while PM2.5 concentrations decreased (36–52%) with height at all three buildings. This study has shown an underappreciated role of nucleation in producing particles that can affect large numbers of people, due to the high density and occupancy of urban office buildings and the fact that the vast majority of people's time is spent indoors. These findings highlight important new information related to the previously overlooked role of particle formation in the urban atmosphere and its potential effects on selection of air intake locations and appropriate filter types when designing or upgrading mechanical ventilation systems in urban office buildings. The results also serve to better define particle behaviour and variability around building envelopes, which has implications for studies of both human exposure and particle dynamics.
Evaluation of turbulent dissipation rate retrievals from Doppler cloud radar
Authors: Shupe M. D. , Brooks I. M. , Canut G.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Turbulent dissipation rate retrievals from cloud radar Doppler velocity measurements are evaluated using independent, in situ observations in Arctic stratocumulus clouds. In situ validation data sets of dissipation rate are derived using sonic anemometer measurements from a tethered balloon and high frequency pressure variation observations from a research aircraft, both flown in proximity to stationary, ground-based radars. Modest biases are found among the data sets in particularly low- or high-turbulence regimes, but in general the radar-retrieved values correspond well with the in situ measurements. Root mean square differences are typically a factor of 4–6 relative to any given magnitude of dissipation rate. These differences are no larger than those found when comparing dissipation rates computed from tethered-balloon and 15-m tower sonic measurements made at spatial distances of a few hundred meters. Moreover, radar retrievals are able to capture the vertical dissipation rate structure observed by the in situ sensors, while offering substantially more information on the time variability of turbulence profiles. Together these evaluations indicate that radar-based retrievals can, at a minimum, be used to determine the vertical structure of turbulence in Arctic stratocumulus clouds.
New dynamic NNORSY ozone profile climatology
Authors: Kaifel A. K. , Felder M. , DeClercq C. , Lambert J.-C.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Climatological ozone profile data are widely used as a-priori information for total ozone using DOAS type retrievals as well as for ozone profile retrieval using optimal estimation, for data assimilation or evaluation of 3-D chemistry-transport models and a lot of other applications in atmospheric sciences and remote sensing. For most applications it is important that the climatology represents not only long term mean values but also the links between ozone and dynamic input parameters. These dynamic input parameters should be easily accessible from auxiliary datasets or easily measureable, and obviously should have a high correlation with ozone. For ozone profile these parameters are mainly total ozone column and temperature profile data. This was the outcome of a user consultation carried out in the framework of developing a new, dynamic ozone profile climatology. The new ozone profile climatology is based on the Neural Network Ozone Retrieval System (NNORSY) widely used for ozone profile retrieval from UV and IR satellite sounder data. NNORSY allows implicit modelling of any non-linear correspondence between input parameters (predictors) and ozone profile target vector. This paper presents the approach, setup and validation of a new family of ozone profile climatologies with static as well as dynamic input parameters (total ozone and temperature profile). The neural network training relies on ozone profile measurement data of well known quality provided by ground based (ozonesondes) and satellite based (SAGE II, HALOE, and POAM-III) measurements over the years 1995–2007. In total, four different combinations (modes) for input parameters (date, geolocation, total ozone column and temperature profile) are available. The geophysical validation spans from pole to pole using independent ozonesonde, lidar and satellite data (ACE-FTS, AURA-MLS) for individual and time series comparisons as well as for analysing the vertical and meridian structure of different modes of the NNORSY ozone profile climatology. The NNORSY ozone profile climatology is available to the community as a comprehensive software library.
CAAS: an atmospheric correction algorithm for the remote sensing of complex waters
Authors: Shanmugam P.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. The current SeaDAS atmospheric correction algorithm relies on the computation of optical properties of aerosols based on radiative transfer combined with a near-infrared (NIR) correction scheme (originally with assumptions of zero water-leaving radiance for the NIR bands) and several ancillary parameters to remove atmospheric effects in remote sensing of ocean colour. The failure of this algorithm over complex waters has been reported by many recent investigations, and can be attributed to the inadequate NIR correction and constraints for deriving aerosol optical properties whose characteristics are the most difficult to evaluate because they vary rapidly with time and space. The possibility that the aerosol and sun glint contributions can be derived in the whole spectrum of ocean colour solely from a knowledge of the total and Rayleigh-corrected radiances is developed in detail within the framework of a Complex water Atmospheric correction Algorithm Scheme (CAAS) that makes no use of ancillary parameters. The performance of the CAAS algorithm is demonstrated for MODIS/Aqua imageries of optically complex waters and yields physically realistic water-leaving radiance spectra that are not possible with the SeaDAS algorithm. A preliminary comparison with in-situ data for several regional waters (moderately complex to clear waters) shows encouraging results, with absolute errors of the CAAS algorithm closer to those of the SeaDAS algorithm. The impact of the atmospheric correction was also examined on chlorophyll retrievals with a Case 2 water bio-optical algorithm, and it was found that the CAAS algorithm outperformed the SeaDAS algorithm in terms of producing accurate pigment estimates and recovering areas previously flagged out by the later algorithm. These findings suggest that the CAAS algorithm can be used for applications focussing in quantitative assessments of the biological and biogeochemical properties in complex waters, and can easily be extended to other sensors such as OCM-2, MERIS and GOCI.
Day and night warming have different effect on root lifespan
Authors: Bai W. M. , Xia J. Y. , Wan S. Q. , Zhang W. H. , Li L. H.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Roots are key components of C cycling in terrestrial ecosystems and play an important role in the regulation of response of terrestrial ecosystems to global climate warming, which is predicted to occur with greater warming magnitudes at night than during daytime across different regions on the Earth. However, there has been no detailed study to investigate the effect of asymmetrical warming on root dynamics at the level of terrestrial ecosystems. To understand the effects of day and night warming on root lifespan in the semiarid temperate steppe in northern China, a field study with a full factorial design including control, day warming, night warming and continuous warming was conducted using modified rhizotron technique during three growing seasons in 2007–2009. Our results show that day, night and continuous warming had different effects on longevity of roots born in spring, summer and autumn, and that day warming significantly prolonged overall lifespan for the roots born in the three growing seasons, while night warning had no effect on overall lifespan. Day and night warming had different effects on root non-structural carbohydrate content, suggesting that allocation of photoassimilate may account for the differential responses of root lifespan to day and night warming. These results differ from other processes associated with ecosystems C cycle such as total ecosystem productivity, net ecosystem productivity and soil respiration. Our findings highlight that it is essential to incorporate the differential effects of day and night warming on root dynamics into simulating and predicting the responses and feedbacks of terrestrial ecosystems C cycling to global warming.
Nitrogen compounds emission and deposition in West African ecosystems: comparison between wet and dry savanna
Authors: Delon C. , Galy-Lacaux C. , Adon M. , Liousse C. , Serça D. , Diop B. , Akpo A.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Surface emission and deposition fluxes of reactive nitrogen compounds have been studied in five sites of West Africa during the period 2002 to 2007. Measurements of N deposition fluxes have been performed in IDAF sites representative of main west and central African ecosystems, i.e., 3 stations in dry savanna ecosystems (from 15° N to 12° N), and 2 stations in wet savanna ecosystems (from 9° N to 6° N). Dry deposition fluxes are calculated from surface measurements of NO2, HNO3 and NH3 concentrations and simulated deposition velocities, and wet deposition fluxes are calculated from NH4+ and NO3− concentration in samples of rain. Emission fluxes are evaluated including simulated NO biogenic emission from soils, emissions of NOx and NH3 from biomass burning and domestic fires, and volatilization of NH3 from animal excreta. This paper is a tentative to understand the eventual impact of the monsoon variability from year to year, with the natural variability of local sources, on the emission and deposition N fluxes, and to compare these evolutions between dry and wet savanna ecosystems. In dry savanna ecosystems where the rain season lasts mainly from June to September, the occurence of rain correlates with the beginning of emission and deposition fluxes. This link is less obvious in wet savanna ecosystems (wet season mainly from May to October), where the surface is less submitted to drastic changes in terms of water content. Whatever the location, the natural variability of rain from year to year does not exceed 15 %, and the variability of emission and deposition magnitude ranges between 15 % and 28 %. While quasi providing the same total N budget, and due to the presence of different types of soils and vegetation, wet and dry savanna do not present the same distribution in emission and deposition fluxes contributions: in dry savanna, the emission is dominated by ammonia volatilization, and the deposition is dominated by the dry contribution. In wet savanna, emission is equally distributed between ammonia volatilization, emissions from biomass burning and natural NO emissions from soils, and wet and dry deposition are equivalent. Due to the scarcity of available data on the African continent, and despite the numerous uncertainties resulting from the different calculations and assumptions, this work is a combination of data from different origins (surface measurements, satellite and modelling) to document the atmospheric Nitrogen cycle in tropical regions.
Spatial and temporal variability in nutrients and carbon uptake during 2004 and 2005 in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean
Authors: Palacz A. P. , Chai F.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. The Eastern Equatorial Pacific plays a great role in the global carbon budget due to its enhanced biological productivity linked to the equatorial upwelling. However, as confirmed by the Equatorial Biocomplexity cruises in 2004 and 2005, nutrient upwelling supply varies strongly, also due to the Tropical Instability Waves. The aim of this study is to examine patterns of spatial and temporal variability in the biological uptake of NO3, Si(OH)4 and carbon in this region, and to evaluate the role of biological and physical interactions controlling these processes over seasonal and intra-seasonal time scales. Here, high resolution Pacific ROMS-CoSiNE model results are combined with in situ and remote sensing data. The results of model-data comparison reveal an excellent agreement in domain-average hydrographic and biological rate estimates, and patterns of spatio-temporal variability in primary productivity. We demonstrate for the first time that Tropical Instability Waves can be directly linked to increased NO3 and Si(OH)4 upwelling supply and enhanced nutrient and carbon uptake, in particular by large phytoplankton such as diatoms. In order to fully resolve the complexity of biological and physical interactions in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific, we recommend improving the CoSiNE model by introducing more phytoplankton groups and a variable Redfield ratio.
Assimilation of space-based passive microwave soil moisture retrievals and the correction for a dynamic open water fraction
Authors: Gouweleeuw B. T. , van Dijk A. I. J. M. , Guerschman J. P. , Dyce P. , de Jeu R. A. M. , Owe M.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. The large observation footprint of low-frequency satellite microwave emissions complicates the interpretation of near-surface soil moisture retrievals. While the effect of sub-footprint lateral heterogeneity is relatively limited under unsaturated conditions, open water bodies, if not accounted for, cause a strong positive bias in the satellite-derived soil moisture retrieval. This bias is generally assumed static and associated with large, continental lakes and coastal areas. Temporal changes in the extent of smaller water bodies as small as a few percent of the sensor footprint size, however, can cause significant and dynamic biases. We analysed the influence of such small open water bodies near-surface soil moisture retrieval data from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) for three areas in Oklahoma, USA. Differences between on-ground observations, model estimates and AMSR-E retrievals were compared to dynamic estimates of open water fraction, one retrieved from a global daily record based on higher frequency AMSR-E data and another derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The comparisons demonstrates that seasonally varying biases of up to 30 vol.% soil water content can be attributed to the presence of relatively small areas (<5%) of open water in or near the sensor footprint. These errors need to be addressed, either through elimination or accurate characterization, if the soil moisture retrievals are to be used effectively in a data assimilation scheme.
Particle aggregation in anticyclonic eddies and implications for distribution of biomass
Authors: Samuelsen A. , Hjøllo S. S. , Johannessen J. A. , Patel R.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Acoustic measurements show that the biomass of zooplankton and mesopelagic fish is redistributed by mesoscale variability and that the signal extends over several hundred meters depth. The mechanisms governing this distribution are not well understood, but influences from both physical (i.e. physical redistribution) and biological processes (i.e. nutrient transport, primary production, active swimming, etc.) are likely. This study examines how hydrodynamic conditions and basic vertical swimming behavior act to distribute biomass in an anticyclonic eddy. Using an eddy-resolving 2.3 km-resolution physical ocean model as forcing for a particle-tracking module, particles representing passively floating organisms and organisms with vertical swimming behavior are released within an eddy and monitored for 20 to 30 days. The role of hydrodynamic conditions on the distribution of biomass is discussed in relation to the acoustic measurements. Particles released close to the surfaces tend, in agreement with the observations, to accumulate around the edge of the eddy, whereas particles released at depth tend to distribute along the isopycnals. After a month they are displaced several hundreds meters in the vertical with the deepest particles found close to the eddy center, but there is no evidence of aggregation of particles along the eddy rim. All in all, the particle redistribution appears to result from a complex mixture of strain and vertical velocity. The simplified view where the vertical velocity in eddies is regarded as uniform and symmetric around the eddy center is therefore not a reliable representation of the eddy dynamics.
Caracterização do atendimento após implantação do acolhimento, avaliação e classificação de risco em hospital público
Authors: Angela Rossaneis Mariana , Lourenço Haddad Maria do Carmo , Gorni Borsato Fabiane , Oliveira Vannuchi Marli , Daher Delfino Sentone Andreza
Published: January 2012

O estudo teve por objetivo descrever a implantação do acolhimento com avaliação e classificação de risco (AACR) em um hospital público de média complexidade e caracterizar o atendimento após a implantação dessa estratégia. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo exploratório realizado em duas etapas: na primeira foram descritas as estratégias para implantação do AACR e na segunda foi levantada a quantidade de consultas médicas realizadas durante quatro meses após a implantação e comparadas com os meses que a precederam. A estruturação do grupo multiprofissional e a construção do planejamento estratégico situacional proporcionaram a operacionalização do processo. Após a implantação do AACR, 36% dos usuários foram avaliados pelo enfermeiro e encaminhados a outros serviços o que resultou em redução de 69% nos atendimentos médicos. O AACR agilizou o atendimento de pacientes que necessitaram de tratamento imediato, considerando o risco à saúde e o grau de sofrimento.Descritores: Acolhimento; Humanização da Assistência; Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência; Serviço Hospitalar de Enfermagem.
O diário de campo utilizado como estratégia de ensino e instrumento de análise do trabalho da enfermagem
Authors: Soares Amanda Nathale , Silveira Ana Paula De Oliveira , Silveira Belisa Vieira da , Vieira Jackeline Soares , Souza Laura Conceição Belício Alves , Alexandre Luciana Rodrigues , Paula Luiza Valgas de , Cirilio Priscilla Benfica , Spagnol Carla Aparecida
Published: January 2012

A partir dos diários de campo, elaborados durante o estagio das alunas da disciplina Administração em Enfermagem, da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, realizou-se análises sobre o método funcional para se organizar o trabalho e suas consequências para o cliente e o trabalhador. O objetivo foi analisar a experiência das alunas ao utilizar o diário de campo como estratégia de ensino e instrumento de análise da organização do trabalho da enfermagem. O estágio foi realizado por oito alunas, em um ambulatório localizado em Belo Horizonte/MG, durante oito dias. Após a organização dos relatos identificou-se que as alunas analisaram as consequências do método funcional, o estilo de liderança da coordenadora de enfermagem e questões éticas relacionadas à assistência. Considera-se que o diário permitiu às alunas articularem teoria e prática, evidenciando dificuldades enfrentadas no cotidiano dos serviços de saúde e confrontando-as com o conhecimento produzido na academia. Descritores: Educação de Ensino Superior; Educação em Enfermagem; Aprendizagem; Administração de serviços de saúde
A Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados nos estudos de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu da Enfermagem brasileira
Authors: Miranda da Silva Marcelle , Chagas Moreira Marléa , Luzia Leite Josete , Andrade Conceição Stipp Marluci
Published: January 2012

Estudo documental e quantitativo, que objetivou identificar as teses e dissertações defendidas nos Programas de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem do Brasil que utilizaram o referencial metodológico da Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados (TFD) e analisar os aspectos epistemológicos destacados. Os dados foram coletados no Banco de Teses da CAPES, no recorte temporal entre 1996 a 2010. Foram levantados 99 resumos. Realizou-se a leitura analítica dos mesmos para constituição do tema ou problema da pesquisa e do enquadramento teórico. O maior número de produção foi em 2005, na soma dos dois níveis acadêmicos, e 54% das defesas foram sediadas na USP. As áreas temáticas mais expressivas foram: Saúde da Criança/Adolescente; Gestão em Saúde/Enfermagem; Saúde Coletiva e Saúde da Mulher. O principal referencial teórico utilizado foi o Interacionismo Simbólico. A TFD compreende uma metodologia que pode ser empregada na enfermagem, capaz de contribuir no desenvolvimento de novas investigações para o seu aprimoramento contínuo.Descritores: Enfermagem; Pesquisa Metodológica em Enfermagem; Educação de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem.
Qualidade de vida de idosos com incontinência urinária
Authors: Tavares Darlene Mara dos Santos , Bolina Alisson Fernandes , Dias Flavia Aparecida , Santos Nilce Maria de Freitas
Published: January 2012

Inquérito domiciliar, transversal e observacional que objetivou descrever a qualidade de vida dos idosos com incontinência urinária (IU). Participaram 243 idosos que auto-referiram incontinência urinária. Realizou-se análise descritiva e teste t-Student (p<0,05). A maioria era do sexo feminino, entre 70?80 anos, viúvas(os), sem escolaridade e renda mensal individual de um salário mínimo. A qualidade de vida mensurada pelo WHOQOL-BREF e módulo WHOQOL-OLD evidenciou maior escore em ambos os sexos, no domínio relações sociais e faceta morte e morrer, e menor no domínio físico e facetas participação social no sexo feminino e autonomia no masculino. Verificou-se maior escore nos homens em todos os domínios e facetas avaliadas, embora sem diferença significativa. Os serviços de saúde devem desenvolver ações que visem reduzir o impacto dessa morbidade na qualidade de vida das idosas. Descritores: Qualidade de Vida; Idoso; Incontinência Urinária; Enfermagem Geriátrica.
Ações do enfermeiro no controle da hanseníase
Authors: Rodrigues de Carvalho Nascimen Grazielle , Roque Barrêto Anne Jaquelyne , Corina Gomes Brandão Gisetti , Maria Tavares Clódis
Published: January 2012

Este estudo objetivou conhecer a experiência de enfermeiros que atuam na Estratégia Saúde da Família, junto a pacientes com diagnóstico de hanseníase. Delineou-se, porquanto, um estudo exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa utilizando a análise de conteúdo de Bardin, cujos dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevista semi-estruturada com a participação de nove enfermeiros. A análise deste conteúdo permitiu a construção de três categorias que articularam a percepção dos enfermeiros sobre a assistência direta aos usuários portadores de hanseníase; as ações de vigilância epidemiológica e as ações de educação em saúde. Os resultados mostraram que o enfermeiro busca trabalhar todas as ações relativas ao controle da hanseníase, desde a consulta de enfermagem até as ações de vigilância epidemiológica. Concluímos que a pesquisa proposta traz dados importantes acerca do trabalho do enfermeiro na atualidade, servindo de subsídio para novas pesquisas e para melhorar as ações de enfermagem em relação à problemática da hanseníase.Descritores: Enfermagem em Saúde Comunitária; Cuidados de Enfermagem; Hanseníase.
Representações sociais de adolescentes e jovens vivendo com HIV acerca da adolescência, sexualidade e AIDS
Authors: Rodrigues Andréia Silva , Jesus Michele Cunha de , Silva Lucineide Santos , Oliveira Jeane Freitas de , Paiva Mirian Santos
Published: January 2012

A adolescência é marcada por transformações biopsicossociais. A(O) adolescente soropositivo(a), além de lidar com essas transformações, tem de enfrentar limitações do HIV e exercitar práticas sexuais seguras a fim de não se re-infectar/disseminar o vírus.  Os objetivos deste estudo foram: conhecer as Representações Sociais (RS) de adolescentes e jovens que vivem com HIV/AIDS sobre “adolescência” e “adolescência e aids” e identificar como estes vivenciam a sexualidade. Pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, fundamentada na Teoria das Representações Sociais, desenvolvida com 18 sujeitos soropositivos de 11 a 20 anos que frequentam um Centro de Referência. Foi realizada a análise de conteúdo das entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Apesar de conflitos internos e restrições, estar na adolescência e/ou juventude vivendo com HIV, o processo de amadurecimento, trazido pela própria condição de soropositividade, impulsiona o(a) adolescente à busca de estratégias que propiciam melhor enfrentamento da sexualidade. Portanto, existe a necessidade de intervenções na saúde e sexualidade dessas pessoas. Descritores: Sexualidade; Adolescente; HIV; Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida.
Avaliação do grau de dependência de pacientes em enfermaria de ortopedia de um hospital escola
Authors: Alves Maria Virgínia Martins Faria Faddul , Messora Thereza Cristina De Carvalho , Gonçalves Simone Pereira Almeida , Luppi Claudia Helena Bronzato
Published: January 2012

A qualidade e segurança do cuidado prestado em enfermagem estão associadas ao processo assistencial e gerencial de recursos humanos. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo caracterizar os pacientes internados em uma enfermaria de ortopedia, de acordo com o grau de dependência em relação aos cuidados de enfermagem e o dimensionamento de pessoal. Estudo descritivo, cujos dados foram coletados por meio da Ficha de Prescrição e Evolução de Enfermagem. Foi realizado cálculo para dimensionamento de pessoal e, posteriormente, comparado com o quadro atual de funcionários da seção. Os resultados mostraram que 51,1% dos pacientes necessitavam de cuidados semi-intensivos, 42,6% cuidados intermediários, 6,3% cuidados mínimos, sendo o quadro de funcionários considerado inferior ao preconizado para a unidade. Portanto, faz-se necessário o aumento do número de profissionais para assistirem os pacientes internados nesta instituição, de acordo com o grau de dependência observado. Descritores: Assistência de enfermagem; Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde; Recursos Humanos.
A formação em enfermagem enquanto dispositivo indutor de mudanças na produção do cuidado em saúde
Authors: Vieira Alcivan Nunes , Silveira Lia Carneiro , Miranda Karla Correia Lima , Franco Túlio Batista
Published: January 2012

Neste trabalho trazemos reflexões sobre a formação do enfermeiro enquanto dispositivo capaz de operar mudanças na produção do cuidado em saúde, na perspectiva de superar uma atenção centrada na doença. A postura discutida no texto se coloca em oposição à formação de cunho tecnicista e modeladora do agir profissional, pelo seu potencial de fomentar subjetividades que se traduzam em uma nova forma de se produzir o cuidado em saúde e a partir do reconhecimento da condição de sujeito tanto do profissional quanto para os usuários. A formação profissional é um dispositivo capaz de produzir subjetividades, desde que seja engendrada por metodologias de ensino que se proponham a repensar as fragmentações historicamente presentes na formação da enfermagem. Nossa aposta é de que essa formação não se resume apenas a um processo de assimilação de conhecimentos de cunho técnico, mas sim, uma rede complexa de produção de saberes e de subjetividades. Descritores: Enfermagem; Educação em Enfermagem; Educação Superior.
k-Tuple Total Domination in Complementary Prisms
Authors: Kazemi Adel P.
Published: January 2012

Let k be a positive integer, and let G be a graph with minimum degree at least k. In their study (2010), Henning and Kazemi defined the k-tuple total domination number γ×k,tG of G as the minimum cardinality of a k-tuple total dominating set of G, which is a vertex set such that every vertex of G is adjacent to at least k vertices in it. If G̅ is the complement of G, the complementary prism GG̅ of G is the graph formed from the disjoint union of G and G̅ by adding the edges of a perfect matching between the corresponding vertices of G and G̅. In this paper, we extend
some of the results of Haynes et al. (2009) for the k-tuple total domination number
and also obtain some other new results. Also we find the k-tuple total domination number of the
complementary prism of a cycle, a path, or a complete multipartite graph.
Perceptions, Facilitators, and Barriers to Consumption of Whole Grain Staple Foods among Overweight and Obese Tanzanian Adults: A Focus Group Study
Authors: Muhihi Alfa J. , Shemaghembe Emanuel , Njelekela Marina A. , Gimbi Dorothy , Mwambene Kissah , Malik Vasanti S. , Wedick Nicole M. , Spiegelman Donna , Hu Frank B. , Willett Walter C.
Published: January 2012

Background. Stiff porridge (ugali) made from unrefined maize flour has been a staple food in Tanzania. Recently, high intakes of refined carbohydrates and energy-dense foods have been documented in urban areas in Tanzania. We assessed cultural acceptability, perceptions and barriers to consumption of unrefined carbohydrates in Tanzania. Methods. Twelve focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted among 44 overweight and obese adults aged 40–65 years. All FGDs were audio-recorded, and QSR N6 software was used for data analysis. Results. Most participants (77%) had tried and liked unrefined maize ugali prior to our study. For unrefined sorghum ugali, 12 participants had tried it before, and 9 of them liked it. Brown rice was found to be unpopular and was considered a diet for diabetic patients; four participants had tried it before and all reported to like it. Sensory appeal, availability, and affordability were key facilitators whereas high cost, scarcity, and negative perceptions toward whole grains were mentioned as barriers to consumption of unrefined carbohydrates. Conclusion. Our study has identified facilitators and barriers to consumption of unrefined carbohydrates in Tanzania. Educational strategies are recommended in order to increase consumption of unrefined carbohydrates and consequently reduce diet-related chronic diseases in Tanzania.
Doppler ultrasound and D-dimer
Authors: Riopel C. , Bounameaux H.
Published: January 2012

The diagnosis of venous thromboembolism has evolved considerably with the development of standardized diagnostic algorithms that include clinical probability assessment, D-dimer measurement and the use of non-invasive imaging modalities such as compression ultrasonography and computed tomography angiography. The implementation of these strategies aims to improve resource allocation and patient outcome. The judicious use of these diagnostic tools requires a thorough knowledge of the appropriate clinical setting in which every test and strategy is efficient and can be used safely. For this purpose, D-dimer measurement and compression ultrasonography are complementary: the former is mainly used to exclude VTE in selected patients, while the latter is used to confirm the presence of an underlying DVT.

This review provides an appraisal of the features and use of D-dimer and compression ultrasonography in the context of suspected venous thromboembolism.
FSAP, a new player in inflammation?
Authors: Stephan F. , Aarden L. A. , Zeerleder S.
Published: January 2012

Factor VII-activating protease (FSAP) is a serine protease in plasma that has a role in coagulation and fibrinolysis. FVII could be activated by purified FSAP in a tissue factor independent manner and pro-urokinase has been demonstrated to be a substrate for purified FSAP in-vitro. However, the physiological role of FSAP in haemostasis remains unclear. More recently FSAP is suggested to be involved in inflammation. It modulates vascular permeability directly and indirectly by the generation of bradykinin. Furthermore, FSAP is activated by dead cells induced by the inflammatory response and subsequently removes nucleosomes from apoptotic cells. FSAP activation can be detected in sepsis patients as well. However, whether FSAP activation upon inflammation is beneficial or detrimental remains an open question.

In this review the structure, activation mechanisms and the possible role of FSAP in inflammation are discussed.
Evaluating economic effects of semiconductor manufacturing in water‐limited regions
Authors: Hubler David K. , Baygents James C. , Mackay Christine , Megdal Sharon B. , Farrell James
Published: January 2012

High‐volume semiconductor manufacturing (HVSM), with its associated high demands for freshwater, is often located in regions with limited water resources. This nexus of water demand and scarcity has generated concerns among municipal governments, prompting several to consider water supply restrictions as they plan for economic growth and development. By assessing water use data and economic valuations of land use from Chandler, Ariz., this study compared the economic benefit of HVSM with three alternative water uses: office, retail, and general manufacturing. Normalizing the economic benefit to net water use (after reclamation) had a marked effect on the fiscal consequences of water uses. The effects generated by mostly nonconsumptive water uses (such as HVSM and general manufacturing) increased significantly relative to less water‐intensive, but more consumptive, water uses. Results showed that water‐intensive land uses need not be avoided in communities where water is scarce, provided the community has the facilities necessary to reclaim the wastewater.
Fibers, 11. Inorganic Fibers, Survey
Authors: Clauß Bernd , Fitzer Erich
Published: January 2012

The article contains sections titled:1.General Description of Inorganic Fibers2.Crystalline Structure and Mechanical Properties3.Testing Methods for Inorganic Fibers4.Inorganic Fibers for Thermal Insulation5.Inorganic Fibers for Reinforcement Purposes5.1.Principles of Fiber Reinforcement5.2.Commercial Continuous Inorganic Fibers5.3.Surface Chemistry, Surface Treatment, and Surface Properties5.4.High‐Temperature Behavior of Inorganic Fibers
Fibers, 16. Testing and Analysis
Authors: Kleinhansl Ernst , Sawyer Mary C.
Published: January 2012

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

1.1.

History and Current State of the Art

1.2.

Definitions and Basic Terms

1.3.

Test Procedures, Rules, Standards

1.4.

Climate

1.5.

Sampling

2.

Tests of Form and Mass

2.1.

Length

2.1.1.

Single‐Fiber Length

2.1.2.

Comb Sorter Method

2.1.3.

Electronic Method ‐ Capacitive Scanning

2.1.4.

Electronic Method ‐ Optical Scanning

2.2.

Width, Thickness

2.3.

Fineness

2.3.1.

Gravimetric Method

2.3.2.

Projection Microscope Method (Fiber Diameter)

2.3.3.

Diameter Measurement with Laser Beam

2.3.4.

Projection Microscope Method with Image Analysis Techniques

2.3.5.

Vibration Method

2.3.6.

Airflow Method

2.3.7.

Microscopic Area Measurement

2.4.

Microscopic Investigation of Cross Section

2.5.

Microscopic Investigation of Fiber Surface

2.6.

Crimp

2.6.1.

Crimp Frequency

2.6.2.

Crimp Ratio, Crimp Retention

2.7.

Density

2.7.1.

Pycnometer Method

2.7.2.

Density Balance (Archimedes' Principle)

2.7.3.

Gradient Method

2.8.

Chemical Identification of Fibers by Solubility

2.9.

Other Identification Methods for Fibers

2.10.

Identification of Wool and Hair

2.11.

Analysis of Fiber Impurities and Extractable Matter

2.11.1.

Trash and Dust Content of Cotton (Nonlint Content)

2.11.2.

Honeydew on Cotton

2.11.3.

Grease Content of Wool ‐ Extractable Matter Content

2.11.4.

Preparation and Finishing Agents for Man‐Made Fiber

2.12.

Maturity of Cotton

3.

Tensile Properties

3.1.

Tensile Test

3.2.

Elastic Behavior

3.3.

Modulus

3.4.

Loop Tensile Test

3.5.

Bundle Stress Test

4.

Behavior toward Water

4.1.

Moisture Adsorption

4.1.1.

Oven Drying Test

4.1.2.

Other Tests for Moisture Content of Fibers

4.2.

Water Absorption

5.

Thermal Behavior

5.1.

Melting Point

5.2.

Burning Test

6.

Dyeing Properties

6.1.

Laboratory Dyeing

6.2.

Identification of Fiber Type by Dyeing (Neocarmine)

7.

Processing

7.1.

General

7.2.

Spinning Devices for Trials

7.3.

Electrostatic Charging

7.4.

Rotor Ring Method

7.5.

Combination of Micro Dust and Trash Analyzer with the Rotor Ring Method and a Spinning Device for Trials

8.

Automated Test Units
Forgetting Trauma: Socially Shared Retrieval‐induced Forgetting and Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Brown Adam D. , Kramer Michael E. , Romano Tracy A. , Hirst William
Published: January 2012

Memory for related but unpracticed aspects of an event can be impaired by selectively retrieving parts of the same event. This occurs when selective retrieval [within‐individual retrieval‐induced forgetting (WI‐RIF)] is undertaken by individuals and has been extended to social contexts—RIF can be produced in listeners [socially shared retrieval‐induced forgetting (SS‐RIF)] by a speaker's selective recounting. The effects of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on WI‐RIF and SS‐RIF were examined by two experiments. In Experiment 1, combat veterans (with or without PTSD) and non‐veteran dyads participated in a RIF paired‐associates paradigm adapted for combat‐related stimuli. WI‐RIF and SS‐RIF occurred for combat‐related and neutral pairs regardless of group. However, greater WI‐RIF and SS‐RIF for combat‐related words were shown by individuals with PTSD. These findings were replicated by Experiment 2, in which either a combat‐related or neutral story was learned by participants, and selective retrieval was embedded in a conversation. That the selective retrieval of trauma‐related stimuli leads to enhancement of induced forgetting for individuals with PTSD under certain conditions is suggested by these data. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and child emotional problems: The relevance of maternal and child 5‐HTTLPR genotype
Authors: Cents Rolieke A.M. , Tiemeier Henning , Velders Fleur P. , Jaddoe Vincent W.V. , Hofman Albert , Verhulst Frank C. , Lambregtse‐van den Berg Mijke P. , Hudziak James J.
Published: January 2012

Serotonin is involved in the development of neural circuits modulating emotional behavior. The short allele (s) of a polymorphism (5‐HTTLPR) of the serotonin transporter gene is a risk factor for psychopathology in the presence of environmental stressors. Maternal smoking is associated with growth restriction of the human fetal brain and adverse effects of nicotine on the developing serotonin system have been documented. We hypothesized that maternal smoking interacts with both child and mother 5‐HTTLPR genotype as a risk factor for later child emotional problems. In a sample of n = 1,529 mother–child dyads, smoking habits were assessed by questionnaires during pregnancy. Child emotional problems were measured by the Child Behavior Checklist at the child's age of 3 years. Maternal smoking during pregnancy significantly increased the risk for emotional problems in children carrying the s‐allele; β = 0.24, P = 0.03 (mother‐report), and β = 0.46, P = 0.001 (father‐report). In children heterozygous at 5‐HTTLPR and exposed to maternal prenatal smoking (n = 79) risk of emotional problems increased with each additional s‐allele the mother carried. The associations between 5‐HTTLPR and child emotional problems were not moderated by paternal prenatal smoking. These findings imply that the vulnerability for emotional problems in s‐allele carriers may already originate in fetal life. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Process simulation study of coal gasification‐based multi‐product plant with electricity and chemical products
Authors: Chen Po‐Chuang , Yu Chiou‐Shia , Chiu Hsiu‐Mei , Chyou Yau‐Pin , Chen Hsi‐Jen
Published: January 2012

In this study, the commercial chemical process simulator, PRO/II® V8.1.1, is implemented to perform the simulation of a coal gasification‐based co‐production system, of which the feedstock is kaltim prima coal from Indonesia, and the products are electricity and dimethyl ether (DME). There are five major blocks in the multi‐product plant, i.e. air separation unit (ASU), gasification unit, gas clean‐up unit, combined‐cycle, and DME synthetic unit. ASU utilizes cryogenic air separation process, which provides oxygen with 95 mol% purity to the gasification unit and nitrogen to the combined‐cycle. General Electric technologies are employed in the study, i.e. quench‐type slurry‐fed gasifier for the former and 7FB‐series turboset for the latter. The clean‐up unit includes dry solids removal, syngas scrubbing, sulfur compounds removal, and sulfur recovery processes, which are implemented to deliver clean syngas to further processes and elemental sulfur from H2S. The clean syngas is divided into two equal streams to generate electricity and produce DME, simultaneously. The results show that the gross and net electrical power outputs are 371.6 and 275.1 MW, respectively; furthermore, the yield of DME is 51.78 mt/h. In summary, the net efficiency of the coal gasification‐based multi‐product plant is 46.1% (HHV), which is higher than the counterpart of typical integrated gasification combined‐cycle plants by over four percentage points. © 2012 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of the surface roughness of conducting polypyrrole thin‐film electrodes on the electrocatalytic reduction of nitrobenzene
Authors: Adhikari Arindam , Radhakrishnan S. , Vijayan M.
Published: January 2012

Conducting polypyrrole (PPy) thin‐film electrodes were prepared by the electropolymerization of pyrrole on gold‐coated glass plates. Films of various roughnesses were obtained by the variation of the scan rates during electropolymerization. These thin films were modified by doping with 6mM of the dopant NiCl2. The surface morphology of the films was studied by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM), which suggested films prepared with a high scan rate were rougher in nature than the films produced with a low scan rate. The electrocatalytic reduction of nitrobenzene was carried out with these electrodes with the cyclic voltammetry technique in acetonitrile containing 0.1M HClO4 as a supporting electrolyte. The various results obtained show that the conducting PPy thin‐film electrodes were catalytically active toward the electroreduction process. The modified PPy film electrodes doped with NiCl2 were more active toward nitrobenzene electroreduction than the PPy film alone. The results indicate that the roughness of the films played a very important role in determining their catalytic activity. The PPy films that were more rough in nature were catalytically more active than the smooth films; this may have been due to the availability of more reactive sites in the case of rough films. The apparent diffusion coefficients of the PPy film electrodes were also calculated. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Water‐soluble cationic chitosan derivative to improve pigment‐based inkjet printing and antibacterial properties for cellulose substrates
Authors: Bu Guangjiu , Wang Chaoxia , Fu Shaohai , Tian Anli
Published: January 2012

The water‐soluble N‐(2‐hydroxy)propyl‐3‐trimethylammonium chitosan chloride (HTCC) was prepared by chitosan and glycidyl trimethyl ammonium chloride. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopic analysis spectrum confirmed that glycidyl trimethyl ammonium chloride was grafted to the amino groups of chitosan via substitution reaction (Zhao et al., Int J Pharm 2010, 393, 268; Montazer and Afjeh, J Appl Polym Sci 2007, 103, 178). The obtained chitosan derivative was used to modify cotton fabrics for improving aqueous pigment‐based inkjet printing and antibacterial properties. Scanning electron microscope images showed that HTCC was adhered onto the cotton fabrics surface and formed film structure. The K/S value on printed cotton substrates increased from 3.20 to 4.87, which indicated that higher color yield was achieved in this way. Modified samples performed better crocking fastness and laundering fastness than the control cotton fabrics. The line definition of modified cotton fabrics respectively, improved 16.5% and 12.6% in the warp and weft direction as the specified line width was 0.5 × 103 μm. Samples also showed good antibacterial potential, the inhibitory rate for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were both more than 95% when the concentration of HTCC used in the pretreatment solution was 0.8%. The antibacterial effect was found to be durable for 20 laundering cycles. However, the hand feeling of modified cotton fabrics presented a slight decrease. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Solution properties of dextran in water and in formamide
Authors: Antoniou Eleftheria , Tsianou Marina
Published: January 2012

We investigate here solution properties of the common polysaccharide dextran (with various molecular weight fractions: T70, T110, T500, and T2000) in aqueous and in formamide solutions at 20°C and 40°C, as obtained from viscosity measurements. Dextran behaves as a random coil in water and formamide solutions on the basis of the Mark‐Houwink‐Sakurada constant being in the range 0.5< α < 0.8 and the molecular weight dependence of the hydrodynamic coil radius,Rcoil∼MW1/2. Dextran segments interact more favorably with the formamide solvent molecules than with water, as attested by higher intrinsic viscosity,Rcoil, and hydrodynamic expansion factor αηvalues in formamide compared to aqueous solutions. This can be attributed to formamide offering more readily available sites (CO and NH3) to form hydrogen bonds with dextran. Apparently the stronger cohesive forces (reflected in higher surface tension σ and solubility parameter δ values) between water molecules make it harder for dextran to break them, thus the dextran coils swell less in this medium. As the temperature increases from 20°C to 40°C, dextran is driven toward theta conditions in both water and formamide solutions. Upon heating, the polymer segments interact less with the solvent molecules and adopt a less expanded conformation in the solution; the solvent quality decreases, and the coils contract. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Structure and properties enhancement in poly(phenylene sulfide) melt spun fibers. III. Effect of two zone drawing and annealing
Authors: Gulgunje Prabhakar , Bhat Gajanan , Spruiell Joseph
Published: January 2012

This article discusses the enhancement of structure and morphology of PPS fibers by annealing and two zone draw‐annealing. Also investigated is the comparison between fiber morphology and properties achieved by single zone draw‐annealing vis‐à‐vis extended annealing and two zone draw‐annealing. Annealing of undrawn as‐spun fibers yields tenacities around 4.5 gpd (grams/denier). It is shown that when compared with one zone drawing, two zone drawing improves PPS fibers' drawability and enhances the tensile properties significantly. Fibers spun from high molecular weight PPS resins, when drawn and annealed under optimum processing conditions during two zone draw‐annealing, possess tenacities around 6 gpd. A model for the fiber structure is proposed based on the morphological studies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012