bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative study of moisture adaptable breast support using engineered fabric design in seamless knitted sports bras
Authors: Gorea Adriana , Dorie Amy , Hall Martha L.
Published: March 2022

Purpose

This study aims to investigate if engineered compression variations using moisture-responsive knitted fabric design can improve breast support in seamless knitted sports bras.

Design/methodology/approach

An experimental approach was used to integrate a novel moisture-responsive fabric panel into a seamless knitted bra, and the resulting compression variability in dry versus wet conditions were compared with those of a control bra. Air permeability and elongation testing of between breasts fabric panels was conducted in dry and wet conditions, followed by three-dimensional body scanning of eight human participants wearing the two bras in similar conditions. Questionnaires were used to evaluate perceived comfort and breast support of both bras in both conditions.

Findings

Air permeability test results showed that the novel panel had the highest variance between dry and wet conditions, confirming its moisture-responsive design, and increased its elongation coefficient in both wale and course directions in wet condition. There were significant main effects of bra type and body location on breast compression measurements. Breast circumferences in the novel bra were significantly larger than in the control bra condition. The significant two-way interaction between bra type and moisture condition showed that the control bra lost compressive power in wet condition, whereas the novel bra became more compressive when wet. Changes in compression were confirmed by participants’ perception of tighter straps and drier breast comfort.

Originality/value

These findings add to the limited scientific knowledge of moisture adaptive bra design using engineered knitted fabrics via advanced manufacturing technologies, with possible applications beyond sports bras, such as bras for breast surgery recovering patients.
Laser additive manufacturing of bulk and powder ceramic materials: mathematical modeling with experimental correlations
Authors: Mahmood Muhammad Arif , Popescu Andrei C. , Oane Mihai , Ristoscu Carmen , Mihailescu Ion N.
Published: March 2022

Purpose

This paper aims to develop efficient and simple models for thermal distribution, melt pool dimensions and controlled phase change in the laser additive manufacturing (AM) of bulk and powder particles ceramic materials.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper proposes new analytical models for the AM of bulk and powder bed ceramic materials. A volumetric moving heat source, along with the complete melting of bulk and powder particle materials, is taken into account. Different values of laser absorption coefficient in solid and liquid states have been used to investigate the phase transformation. Furthermore, the pores and voids dimensions are also included in the modeling. Theoretical predictions have been compared with the experimental analyses and finite element simulations in laser to silicon nitride and laser to alumina interaction. The analysis focuses on the impact of laser power and scanning speed on the melt pool width and depth evolution into the bulk substrate and powder bed.

Findings

This study shows that the powder particles exhibit a higher thermal distribution value than the bulk substrate because of voids in the powder layer. The laser beam experiences multiple reflections in the presence of porosity/voids, thus increasing the surface absorption coefficient, which becomes relevant with the increment in the pore/void dimension. A direct relationship has been found between the laser power and melt pool dimensions, while the scanning speed displayed an inverse relationship for the melt pool width and length. Larger melt dimensions were inferred in the case of laser–powder particle interaction compared with laser–bulk substrate interaction. A close correlation was found between the analytical simulations, experimental investigations and numerical simulation results within the range of 4%–8%.

Originality/value

This paper fulfills an identified need to develop efficient and simplified models for ceramics laser AM by taking into account different laser absorption coefficients in solid and liquid form, voids and pores dimensions and controlled phase transformation to avoid vapors and plasma formation. The limitation of the finite element simulation model is that the solution is strongly dependent on the mesh quality and accuracy directly linked to the computation efficiency and time. A finer mesh requires a longer computing time than a coarse mesh. Finite element simulations require, however, specialized skills.
Diet quality and conspecific larval density predict functional trait variation and performance in a polyphagous frugivorous fly
Authors: Pascacio‐Villafán Carlos , Righini Nicoletta , Nestel David , Birke Andrea , Guillén Larissa , Aluja Martín
Published: March 2022

Diet quality and the presence and abundance of conspecifics feeding on the same food resource are critical factors that affect functional traits of many animal species and influence ecological processes.

We hypothesized that in insects whose larvae live in groups of varying sizes in ephemeral and nutritionally variable environments, extreme macronutrient content in the feeding substrate is a barrier for optimal performance that can be overcome by the collective feeding behaviour of large numbers of larvae.

We experimentally examined how multiple immature and adult traits of the polyphagous tephritid fruit fly,Anastrepha ludens, vary as a function of the quality of its larval diet (protein + carbohydrate [P + C] content of 8.0%–12.6% w/w, and protein‐to‐carbohydrate [P/C] ratio of 1.8–0.11) across extreme levels of conspecific larval densities (60–600 larvae/60 g of diet).

Overall, we found positive effects on survival of immature and adult stages, the duration of the larval stage, pupal weight and adult emergence of flies, as dietary P + C content increased, followed by negative effects when the diet had extremely high carbohydrate‐biased macronutrient content. Larval density had positive, negative and curvilinear effects depending on the macronutrient composition of the food, resulting in a range of fly responses through a continuous scale of macronutrient content and larval density combinations. Optimal performance ofA.ludens, in terms of larval development time, body weight and survival to adulthood, was found when the diet consisted of low P + C content and high P/C ratios, and low larval densities.

Our findings point to a diet‐mediated relationship between density and survival to the adult stage, suggesting that large numbers (up to a point) of larvae can balance negative effects of conspecific competition when food is characterised by high macronutrient content and low P/C ratios. We conclude that diet quality and conspecific density interact in complex ways to shape trait expression and performance in a frugivorous fly. Addressing this interaction is key to advance the understanding of the mechanisms behind changes in population dynamics in insect species living in groups confined in isolated and ephemeral resources.

Read the freePlain Language Summaryfor this article on the Journal blog.
The Heathrow Case in the Supreme Court: Climate Change Legislation and Administrative Adjudication
Authors: Bell Joanna , Fisher Elizabeth
Published: March 2022

In R (on the application of Friends of the Earth Ltd and others) v Heathrow Airport Ltd the UK Supreme Court allowed an appeal against the Court of Appeal's decision that there had been a series of legal errors in the designation of the Airport National Policy Statement. This case note analyses the case from an ‘internal’ doctrinal perspective and argues that the Supreme Court could have engaged more explicitly with the legal issues that arise from climate change legislation for administrative law adjudication. For courts to adjudicate well in such circumstances they need to be prepared to develop administrative law doctrine, particularly in light of the issues of integrating climate change into public decision‐making and of scientific/policy uncertainty which lie in the background of climate change legislation.
Progression rate analysis of idiopathic macular hole using optical coherence tomography before vitrectomy: short‐term results
Authors: Kim Joo Young , Kim Rae Young , Kim Mirinae , Park Young Gun , Park Young‐Hoon
Published: March 2022

Purpose

While the postoperative closure rate of idiopathic macular holes (IMH) is quite high, its success rate and visual prognosis differ depending on macular hole (MH) characteristics. This study investigated the IMH progression rate before vitrectomy.

Methods

This retrospective study compared optical coherence tomography (OCT) taken at baseline and on operation day for patients with stage 2, 3 and 4 IMH to determine the changes in minimum linear diameter (MLD), base diameter (BD), height and MH index (MHI). The IMH progression rate was calculated by dividing each difference in OCT parameters by the time interval.

Results

A total of 224 eyes of 216 patients were included. The average time interval from baseline to operation was 35.59 ± 23.43 (7–137) days. Final visual acuity was related to preoperative MLD, BD, best‐corrected visual acuity and time interval between baseline and operation (p = 0.005, p = 0.003, p <0.001 and p = 0.005 respectively). Between baseline and operation, the average MLD and BD increased significantly (all p <0.001). The average progression rates of MLD and BD assessed by simple regression analysis were 0.698 μm/day (R2 = 0.066, p <0.001) and 1.368 μm/day (R2 = 0.097, p <0.001) respectively. When patients were classified according to the MH stage, the progression rates of MLD and BD in those with stage 2 MH were significantly faster than those with stage 3 or 4 MH.

Conclusion

The relatively smaller MHs in stage 2 progress faster than those in stages 3 and 4. Therefore, it would ultimately be beneficial to perform vitrectomy without delay in patients with stage 2 MH.
What makes an active citizen? A test of multiple links between workplace experiences and civic participation
Authors: Lup Daniela
Published: March 2022

Drawing on theoretical insights from the cross‐domain scholarship, this article proposes and tests multiple linkages between employees’ workplace experiences and their participation in different types of civic activities. Using data from the European Working Conditions Survey (2015), it explores both positive spillover effects due to work autonomy, decision participation, complex problem solving and satisfaction with work experiences, as well as negative cross‐domain links due to both desirable work experiences, such as accomplishment, and undesirable experiences, such as discrimination. Furthermore, the data allow for exploring the extent to which these links might vary with the type of civic activity: voluntary/charitable or political/union activities. Overall, by unpacking multiple relationships between the workplace and the civic domain, this article advances scholarship on how work conditions and experiences shape employees’ participation in the civic life, and provides some practical implications for employers, civic organizations and policy makers.
Structural perspectives on the mechanism of signal activation, ligand selectivity and allosteric modulation in angiotensin receptors: IUPHAR Review 34
Authors: Singh Khuraijam Dhanachandra , Karnik Sadashiva S.
Published: March 2022

Functional advances have guided our knowledge of physiological and fatal pathological mechanisms of the hormone angiotensin II (AngII) and its antagonists. Such studies revealed that tissue response to a given dose of the hormone or its antagonist depends on receptors that engage the ligand. Thus, we need to know much more about the structures of receptor‐ligand complexes at high resolution. Recently, X‐ray structures of both AngII receptors (AT1 and AT2 receptors) bound to peptide and non‐peptide ligands have been elucidated, providing new opportunities to examine the dynamic fluxes in the 3D architecture of the receptors, as the basis of ligand selectivity, efficacy, and regulation of the molecular functions of the receptors. Constituent structural motifs cooperatively transform ligand selectivity into specific functions, thus conceptualizing the primacy of the 3D structure over individual motifs of receptors. This review covers the new data elucidating the structural dynamics of AngII receptors and how structural knowledge can be transformative in understanding the mechanisms underlying the physiology of AngII.
Pregnane‐based steroids are novel positive NMDA receptor modulators that may compensate for the effect of loss‐of‐function disease‐associated GRIN mutations
Authors: Kysilov Bohdan , Hrcka Krausova Barbora , Vyklicky Vojtech , Smejkalova Tereza , Korinek Miloslav , Horak Martin , Chodounska Hana , Kudova Eva , Cerny Jiri , Vyklicky Ladislav
Published: March 2022

Background and Purpose

N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors (NMDARs) play a critical role in synaptic plasticity, and mutations in human genes encoding NMDAR subunits have been described in individuals with various neuropsychiatric disorders. Compounds with a positive allosteric effect are thought to compensate for reduced receptor function.

Experimental Approach

We have used whole‐cell patch‐clamp electrophysiology on recombinant rat NMDARs and human variants found in individuals with neuropsychiatric disorders, in combination with in silico modelling, to explore the site of action of novel epipregnanolone‐based NMDAR modulators.

Key Results

Analysis of the action of 4‐(20‐oxo‐5β‐pregnan‐3β‐yl) butanoic acid (EPA‐But) at the NMDAR indicates that the effect of this steroid with a “bent” structure is different from that of cholesterol and oxysterols and shares a disuse‐dependent mechanism of NMDAR potentiation with the “planar” steroid 20‐oxo‐pregn‐5‐en‐3β‐yl sulfate (PE‐S). The potentiating effects of EPA‐But and PE‐S are additive. Alanine scan mutagenesis identified residues that reduce the potentiating effect of EPA‐But. No correlation was found between the effects of EPA‐But and PE‐S at mutated receptors that were less sensitive to either steroid. The relative degree of potentiation induced by the two steroids also differed in human NMDARs carrying rare variants of hGluN1 or hGluN2B subunits found in individuals with neuropsychiatric disorders, including intellectual disability, epilepsy, developmental delay, and autism spectrum disorder.

Conclusion and Implications

Our results show novel sites of action for pregnanolones at the NMDAR and provide an opportunity for the development of new therapeutic neurosteroid‐based ligands to treat diseases associated with glutamatergic system hypofunction.
A co‐expression network based molecular characterization of genes responsive for Braak stages in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Düz Elif , Çakır Tunahan
Published: March 2022

The progression of Parkinson's disease (PD) is defined by six Braak stages. We used transcriptome data from PD patients with Braak stage information to understand underlying molecular mechanisms for the progress of the disease. We created networks of genes with continuously decreased/increased co‐expression from control group to Braak 5–6 stages. These networks are significantly associated with PD‐related mechanisms such as mitochondrial dysfunction and synaptic signalling among others. Applying weighted gene co‐expression network analysis (WGCNA) algorithm to the co‐expression networks led to more specific modules enriched with neurodegeneration‐related disease pathways, seizure, abnormality of coordination, and hypotonia. Furthermore, we showed that one of the co‐expression networks is clustered into three major communities with dedicated molecular functions: (i) tubulin folding pathway, gap junction‐related mechanisms, neuronal system; (ii) synaptic vesicle, intracellular vesicle, proteasome complex, PD genes; (iii) energy metabolism, mitochondrial mechanisms, oxidative phosphorylation, TCA cycle, PD genes. The co‐expression relations we identified in this study as crucial players in the disease progression cover several known PD‐associated genes and genes whose products are known to physically interact with alpha‐synuclein protein.
Sexual dimorphism in phenotypic plasticity and persistence under environmental change: An extension of theory and meta‐analysis of current data
Authors: Hangartner Sandra , Sgrò Carla M. , Connallon Tim , Booksmythe Isobel
Published: March 2022

Populations must adapt to environmental changes to remain viable. Both evolution and phenotypic plasticity contribute to adaptation, with plasticity possibly being more important for coping with rapid change. Adaptation is complex in species with separate sexes, as the sexes can differ in the strength or direction of natural selection, the genetic basis of trait variation, and phenotypic plasticity. Many species show sex differences in plasticity, yet how these differences influence extinction susceptibility remains unclear. We first extend theoretical models of population persistence in changing environments and show that persistence is affected by sexual dimorphism for phenotypic plasticity, trait genetic architecture, and sex‐specific selection. Our models predict that female‐biased adaptive plasticity—particularly in traits with modest‐to‐low cross‐sex genetic correlations—typically promotes persistence, though we also identify conditions where sexually monomorphic or male‐biased plasticity promotes persistence. We then perform a meta‐analysis of sex‐specific plasticity under manipulated thermal conditions. Although examples of sexually dimorphic plasticity are widely observed, systematic sex differences are rare. An exception—cold resistance—is systematically female‐biased and represents a trait wherein sexually dimorphic plasticity might elevate population viability in changing environments. We discuss our results in light of debates about the roles of evolution and plasticity in extinction susceptibility.
Solving the parental CATCH‐22: Special masters during times of crisis
Authors: Gerdy Kyle Kristin , Forsgren Benjamin
Published: March 2022

The COVID‐19 pandemic created a unique catch‐22 for families with ongoing parenting cases. By materially changing the circumstances of everyday life while simultaneously closing the courts, the virus placed parents in impossible situations. Sometimes, parents had to decide whether to adhere to parenting schedules and perhaps expose their children to illness or death, or to disobey court orders and potentially expose themselves to possible serious legal penalties. In other parenting cases, the virus allowed opportunistic parents to wrongfully withhold their children while the courts were closed. In either situation, parents often did not qualify for emergency hearings and, even if they did, an unmanageable backlog in court proceedings realistically prevented their cases from being heard. The same pattern was observed in the wake of Hurricane Katrina, and it will logically take place any time a disaster causes legal problems and closes the courts. This article presents national data to reveal the extent to which courts closed during the pandemic and proposes a solution to these catch‐22 problems: a system in which states activate special masters to act as mobile or virtual neutral third‐party decision‐makers. By employing such a system, states would not be exercising any authority that they do not already commonly use, and they would uphold their obligations to families even in difficult times.
Preparing for tomorrow: Defining a future agenda
Authors: O'Mahony Brian , Wong Olivier , Eichler Hermann , Neumann Peter , Carlsson Katarina Steen , Noone Declan
Published: March 2022

Gene therapy will be the first long‐term therapy with potential to produce a functional cure for haemophilia. As a single dose (‘once‐and‐done’) therapy with significant uncertainties regarding impact and duration of factor expression, flexibility and adaptability of (1) value framework, (2) health technology assessment (HTA) methodology, and (3) development of alternative payment models will be needed for adoption of this new technology and to facilitate transparent decision‐making to support its implementation. The responsibility for each of these currently lies with distinct entities, underscoring a need for enhanced collaboration between all stakeholders, as expanded engagement by key stakeholders will be critical to optimizing the assessment of value, enabling an optimised approach to HTA, and opening receptivity to new and innovative payment models. This supplement issue describes important considerations for a gene therapy ‘toolkit’, highlighting key considerations for each of the aforementioned tools, which will be useful for guiding decision‐making regarding gene therapy as a novel treatment modality. In this article, we outline how the tools presented in this supplement can be applied as part of a framework to address the requirements of the relevant stakeholders, including payers, manufacturers, treaters, and patients. The paper also provides an illustrative example of how to understand the features of alternative payment models depending on the organization of and payment for healthcare.
Tumour‐associated antigenic peptides are present in the HLA class I ligandome of cancer cell line derived extracellular vesicles
Authors: Kumar Pankaj , Boyne Caitlin , Brown Sydney , Qureshi Ayesha , Thorpe Peter , Synowsky Silvia A. , Shirran Sally , Powis Simon J.
Published: March 2022

The recent success of monoclonal antibody checkpoint inhibitor therapies that enhance the ability of CD8+ T cells to detect cancer‐related antigenic peptides has refocused the need to fully understand the repertoire of peptides being presented to the immune system. Whilst the peptide ligandome presented by cell surface human leucocyte antigen class I (HLA‐I) molecules on cancer cells has been studied extensively, the ligandome of extracellular vesicles (EVs) remains poorly defined. Here, we report the HLA‐I ligandome of both the cell surface and EVs from eight breast cancer cell lines (MCF7, MDA‐MB‐231, MDA‐MB‐361, MDA‐MB‐415, MDA‐MB‐453, HCC 1806, HCC 1395, and HCC 1954), and additionally the melanoma cell line ESTDAB‐056 and the multiple myeloma line RPMI 8226. Utilizing HLA‐I immunoisolation and mass spectrometry, we detected a total of 6574 peptides from the cell surface and 2461 peptides from the EVs of the cell lines studied. Within the EV HLA‐I ligandome, we identified 150 peptides derived from tumour associated antigenic proteins, of which 19 peptides have been shown to elicit T‐cell responses in previous studies. Our data thus show the prevalence of clinically relevant tumour‐associated antigenic peptides in the HLA‐I ligandome presented on EV.
Identification of natural compounds tubercidin and lycorine HCl against small‐cell lung cancer and BCAT1 as a therapeutic target
Authors: Chen Jungang , Barrett Lindsey , Lin Zhen , Kendrick Samantha , Mu Shengyu , Dai Lu , Qin Zhiqiang
Published: March 2022

Although small‐cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for a small fraction of lung cancer cases (~15%), the prognosis of patients with SCLC is poor with an average overall survival period of a few months without treatment. Current treatments include standard chemotherapy, which has minimal efficacy and a newly developed immunotherapy that thus far, benefits a limited number of patients. In the current study, we screened a natural product library and identified 5 natural compounds, in particular tubercidin and lycorine HCl, that display prominent anti‐SCLC activities in vitro and in vivo. Subsequent RNA‐sequencing and functional validation assays revealed the anti‐SCLC mechanisms of these new compounds, and further identified new cellular factors such as BCAT1 as a potential therapeutic target with clinical implication in SCLC patients. Taken together, our study provides promising new directions for fighting this aggressive lung cancer.
Novel chloroquine derivative suppresses melanoma cell growth by DNA damage through increasing ROS levels
Authors: Li Jiaoduan , Long Jing , Zhang Jianglin , Liu Nian , Yan Bei , Tang Ling , Chen Xiang , Peng Cong
Published: March 2022

Melanoma is a fatal cancer with a significant feature of resistance to traditional chemotherapeutic drugs and radiotherapy. A mutation in the kinase BRAF is observed in more than 66% of metastatic melanoma cases. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new BRAF‐mutant melanoma inhibitors. High‐dose chloroquine has been reported to have antitumour effects, but it often induces dose‐limiting toxicity. In this study, a series of chloroquine derivatives were synthesized, and lj‐2‐66 had the best activity and was selected for further investigation. Furthermore, the anti‐BRAF‐mutant melanoma effect and mechanism of this compound were explored. CCK‐8 and colony formation assays indicated that lj‐2‐66 significantly inhibited the proliferation of BRAF‐mutant melanoma cells. Flow cytometry revealed that lj‐2‐66 induced G2/M arrest in melanoma cells and promoted apoptosis. Furthermore, lj‐2‐66 increased the level of ROS in melanoma cells and induced DNA damage. Interestingly, lj‐2‐66 also played a similar role in BRAF inhibitor‐resistant melanoma cells. In summary, we found a novel chloroquine derivative, lj‐2‐66, that increased the level of ROS in melanoma cells and induced DNA damage, thus leading to G2/M arrest and apoptosis. These findings indicated that lj‐2‐66 may become a potential therapeutic drug for melanoma harbouring BRAF mutations.
Micromanipulation in Paramecium: From non‐mendelian inheritance to the outlook for versatile micromachines
Authors: Haga Nobuyuki
Published: March 2022

This review addresses nine areas of knowledge revealed by micromanipulations performed with Paramecium. Microinjection has shown that sexual maturation and senescence of Paramecium caudatum is a programmed process conducted by a specific gene and its product protein. In Paramecium tetraurelia, autogamy was revealed to depend on the number of DNA syntheses rather than the number of cell divisions in clonal aging. The cytoplasmic complementarity test established that microinjection of wild‐type cytoplasm can correct genetic defects of mutants. The concept of complementarity together with protein chemistry revealed compounds that control membrane excitability. In non‐Mendelian inheritance, noncoding small RNAs made from the parental micronucleus regulate the rearrangement of the progeny's macronuclear DNA. The macronucleus has the potential to be used as a factory for genetic engineering. The development and differentiation of progeny's nuclei in mating pairs are controlled by the parental macronucleus. The chemical reaction processes associated with exocytosis have been revealed by microinjection of various enzymes and antibodies. Using the fusion gene of histone H2B and yellow‐fluorescence protein, it was revealed that the fusion gene‐mRNA is transferred between cells during mating. Experiments with endosymbiotic bacteria and the host shed light on the conditions needed to establish sustainable symbiotic relationships.
The relationship between climate change mitigation strategies and the financial performance of Brazilian companies
Authors: Castilho Alexandre Rafael Barbosa , Barakat Simone Ruchdi
Published: March 2022

Studies on the relationship between corporate sustainability strategies and financial performance are often dealt with in a broad manner, which can hinder the ability to consolidate knowledge on the subject. In order to add greater depth and understanding to the debate, this study focuses on the issue of climate change mitigation strategies (CCMS). This focus allows for a reduction in the complexity of the analyses of the relationship between environmental and financial performance, and a more thorough discussion of corporate sustainability strategy choices. To analyze the relationship between CCMS and financial performance, this research collected data from 61 companies that took part in the selection process for the Corporate Sustainability Index (ISE) of the Brazilian Stock Exchange (B3), which was published between 2013 and 2019, and contained 249 observations. The research used multivariate analysis with the panel data regression method. The results showed there to be a positive and statistically significant relationship between CCMS and the financial performance of companies, indicating that the corporate implementation of practices and policies for facing up to climate change can lead to both environmental and economic benefits for companies.
Projective mapping as a versatile sensory profiling tool: A review of recent studies on different food products
Authors: Moss Rachael , McSweeney Matthew B.
Published: March 2022

Descriptive analyses or trained panels are one of the most extensively used methods in the sensory evaluation field; however, they can be expensive and time‐consuming. Therefore, researchers have begun to use rapid sensory analysis methods. One of these rapid methods is projective mapping (PM). PM asks the participants to place samples on a two‐dimensional space in a way that reflects their perception of the samples' differences and similarities. This review outlines the main characteristics of 195 studies published using the PM technique. The results reveal that the majority of PM studies asked consumers (61.5%) to evaluate different food products. Most of the studies utilized the Napping variation (60.3%) of the PM method, however, about a quarter of the studies that applied the Napping method did not adhere to the guidelines of the method (e.g., did not use a rectangular space for evaluation). Furthermore, most studies (71.6%) asked the participants to evaluate their holistic perception of the samples and used multiple factor analysis to analyze the results (85.1%). Overall, the review identified the importance of the PM method and how it has been applied to a wide variety of different food products. Future studies should use a larger number of samples and examine how the PM method can be used with older adults and children.

Practical Applications

Results of this review provide insight for different stakeholders in the sensory evaluation and food science fields. It will assist researchers in designing experiments using the projective mapping (PM) method, as well as provide information about the type of panelists, the different variations of PM and the statistical techniques being used by researchers. In addition, it identifies the advantages and disadvantages of the PM method.
Measuring Foreign Language Students’ Self‐Determination: A Rasch Validation Study
Authors: Leeming Paul , Harris Justin
Published: March 2022

Self‐determination theory has been applied in various educational contexts. Language learning researchers have used factor analysis and structural equation modeling to investigate measures designed for this theory, but Rasch analysis has not been conducted. The Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNSFS) and the Language Learning Orientation Scale (LLOS) were adapted for a Japanese tertiary educational context and administered to 600 students. Rasch analysis was applied to investigate the dimensionality of the measures and functioning of individual items. Regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between motivation and performance on an English reading and listening test. Results showed that the constructs were largely unidimensional, supporting use of these measures in future research, although problems with individual items suggest that revisions should be made. Regression analyses revealed that external forms of motivation had limited impact on performance, suggesting that teachers should attempt to enhance students’ internalized forms of motivation.
Can we trust the natives? Exploring the relationship between national identity and trust among immigrants and their descendants in Denmark
Authors: Breidahl Karen N. , Gustavsson Gina
Published: March 2022

Politicians often seek to strengthen national identity by encouraging immigrants to adopt the ‘national values’, thus supposedly boosting trust. However, empirical studies of the social effects of national identity have focused almost exclusively on the native majority. In this article, we instead ask how national identity among immigrant minorities affects their trust, including towards natives. We draw on unique survey data from a representative sample of the five largest non‐Western immigrant groups and their descendants in Denmark. This reveals that national belonging, national pride and citizenship preferences are positively linked to social as well as institutional trust. These relationships hold even when controlling for the perception of sharing one's values with others and the extent to which one holds ‘typically Danish’ values widely shared among the majority population. This suggests that the emotional component of national identity, but not its content in the form of values, indeed forms an important basis for social cohesion.
Validation of the five‐item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS‐5) in a Turkish elderly population
Authors: Gokcekuyu Bilge Muge , Akin Sibel , Kontas Eymen Mustafa , Zararsiz Gozde Erturk , Ozer Firuzan Firat , Soysal Tuba , Durmus Nurdan Senturk
Published: March 2022

Background

Late‐life depression is a geriatric syndrome which should be taken seriously. Many clinical scales have been developed for the screening of geriatric depression. Most of these have been validated at different times and in diverse populations. A five‐question version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS‐5) was developed in 1997. This test has been validated and used in different populations. In the present study, we plan to validate the GDS‐5 for the Turkish elderly population.

Methods

Patients aged 60 years and older who applied to the Geriatrics Clinic of our hospital between November 2018 and November 2019 were included in the study. We compared the effectiveness of Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale‐30 (YGDS‐30) and GDS‐5 in screening depression, based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM‐5) depression criteria.

Results

Four hundred participants were included in the study. A significant positive correlation was found between the DSM‐5 scale and the GDS‐5 scale (rho = 0.726, P <0.001). According to DSM‐5, YGDS‐30 and GDS‐5, 112 participants (28%), 154 patients (%38.5) and 199 patients (%49.8) were diagnosed with depression respectively. When the cut‐off value was taken as ≥2, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive and negative predictive values for the GDS‐5 scale were determined as 96%, 68%, 54%, and 98%, respectively. We obtained these diagnostic measures with 95% confidence intervals.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated the validity and reliability of the GDS‐5 for Turkish elderly populations. This five‐question scale will be significant in daily use to screen for depression in elderly individuals with multiple problems.
Oral health status after hematopoietic stem cell transplantations: Outcomes from an adult Italian population
Authors: Arduino Paolo G. , Gambino Alessio , Giaccone Luisa , Suria Marco , Carbone Mario , Carrozzo Marco , Broccoletti Roberto , Conrotto Davide
Published: March 2022

Aim

To describe oral cavity changes in patients who underwent a hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).

Methods and results

A group of 32 patients was studied after a mean period of 48.8 months (±11.22) from HSCT; oral, dental, and periodontal status were collected and compared with those of healthy matched controls. Unstimulated whole salivary flow (UWS) and salivary pH were also measured. A validated questionnaire (EORTC QLQH&N‐35) was used for reported quality of life. Fifty‐nine percent of patients were affected by chronic graft‐versus‐host disease (cGVHD). Dental health and periodontal status were statistically worse than in controls (P = .003 and P = .008, respectively). Regarding the HSCT group, UWS was statistically lower, and EORTC QLQH&N‐35 significantly higher than those reported in controls (P = .000 for both). There was no statistical correlation between hypo‐salivation and conditioning, presence of cGVHD, type of medication used before and after transplantation, and time of follow‐up. A reduction in salivary pH has been noted only for patients with erosive oral lesions.

Conclusion

The oral cavity of HSCT patients appeared to undergo substantial modifications and the quality of life was deeply compromised.
Alcohol use history increases the likelihood of suicide behavior among male chronic patients with schizophrenia in a Chinese population
Authors: Dai Qilong , Zhou Yongjie , Liu Ran , Wei Shuochi , Zhou Huixia , Tian Yang , Xia Luyao , Cervenka Gregory M , Wu Hanjing E , Wang Li , Zhang Xiangyang
Published: March 2022

Aims

This study was designed to detect the association between the history of alcohol drinking and suicidality in schizophrenia (SCZ) inpatients in a Chinese population.

Methods

We recruited 616 male SCZ inpatients and collected demographic and clinical data. Five‐factor model of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to assess their psychopathological symptoms.

Results

Our results showed that 31.33% of SCZ patients had a history of alcohol drinking. They had higher rates of lifetime suicide attempt and suicidal ideation than those without a history of alcohol drinking. Moreover, patients with a history of drinking were more likely to attempt suicide (14.51% vs. 7.09%; χ2 = 7.70, df = 1, p = 0.006), with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.22 and have suicidal ideation (29.02% vs. 17.49%; χ2 = 9.89, df = 1, p = 0.002), with an OR of 1.93. In addition, patients who used to drink alcohol were more likely to be smokers and had more severe positive and depressive symptoms (all p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Our study indicates that history of alcohol drinking may increase the prevalence of lifetime suicide attempt and suicidal ideation in male patients with chronic SCZ. Moreover, the history of alcohol drinking may be associated with some demographic data and clinical symptoms.
The changing impact of cytomegalovirus among hematopoietic cell transplant recipients during the past decade: A single institutional cohort study
Authors: Johnsrud Joyce J. , Nguyen Isabelle T. , Domingo Walter , Raval Amit D. , Tang Yuexin , Narasimhan Balasubramanian , Efron Bradley , Brown Janice (Wes)
Published: March 2022

Background

With advancements in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT), the need for cytomegalovirus (CMV) surveillance persists.

Methods

We present a retrospective analysis on the impact of CMV with preemptive therapy in 1065 alloHCT patients with donor and/or recipient CMV seropositivity from 2009 to 2019.

Results

Fifty‐one percent developed clinically significant CMV infection (CMV‐CSI); 6.5% had CMV disease. In multivariate analysis stratified by serostatus and preparative regimen, the use of anti‐thymocyte globulin (hazard ratios 2.97, 95% confidence interval 2.00–4.42, p < .001) was associated with development of CMV‐CSI. Median length of stay for index hospitalization was longer in patients with CMV‐CSI (27 vs. 25 days, respectively; p = .002), as were rates (32.9% vs. 17.7%; p < .001) and duration (9 d vs. 6 d; p < .001) of rehospitalization, and median total inpatient days (28 d vs. 26 d; p < .001). Patients with CMV‐CSI had higher rates of neutropenia (47% vs. 20%; p < .001) and transfusion support (packed red blood cell, median 5 vs. 3; p < .001; platelets, median 3 vs. 3; p < .001).

Conclusion

Preemptive therapy does not negate the impact of CMV‐CSI on peri‐engraftment toxicity and healthcare utilization. This cohort represents a large single center study on the impact of CMV in the preletermovir era and serves as a real‐world comparator for assessing the impact of future prophylaxis.
Quantitative norovirus viral load is not affected by home storage of stool
Authors: Ison Michael G. , Tan Ming , Daud Amna , Huang Pengwei , Jiang Jason Xi
Published: March 2022

In preparation of a clinical trial of norovirus treatment, there were concerns raised by FDA about risk of self‐storage of stool from patients infected with norovirus affecting quantitative assessments of norovirus RNA. Specifically, most home freezers are frost‐free and may expose the samples to multiple rounds of freeze‐thaw. Stool samples collected by the study team were stored at different lengths in a frost‐free freezer and at −80°C. Quantitative PCRs of norovirus were performed on all samples using the same assay. By all measures, there was no significant change in measured viral load with home storage.

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Integrating Climate Change into Protection Policies in Greece
Authors: Kountouri Elena , Benissi Constantina , Spyropoulou Sofia
Published: March 2022

The emerging need to secure the long-term preservation of the archaeological sites and monuments of Greece against the growing threats of climate change is considered a pressing issue for the Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports. The impacts of climate and weather-related risks (extreme weather events associated with floods and intense and gusty winds, forest fires, drought-erosion-landslides, rising sea-levels, etc.) are recognized as emerging threats that compromise the integrity and values of the cultural and natural environment. In recent years, a systematic and targeted national effort has been implemented to improve the resilience of cultural sites to climate change by planning and implementing central and regional policies that address heritage needs and provide the methodology and technical tools to identify, measure, evaluate and counter the impacts of climate change to cultural heritage on a medium and long-term basis. As part of this process, climate change is being taken into consideration within the framework of drafting integrated management plans for 15 Greek sites which are inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, an ongoing project implemented by the Directorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities of the Ministry. In this paper we attempt to highlight the pilot character of these plans for integrating into management policies climate-related aspects that need to be addressed in a coordinated manner both in order to achieve the national goals regarding the preservation and adaption of cultural heritage to the effects of climate change, and to prevent and mitigate the specific dangers not only for the World Heritage Properties but, gradually, for all Greek cultural monuments and archaeological sites.
Three-Dimensional Printing Ink Preparation and Process Analysis of Magnetorheological Elastomer With Complex Structure
Authors: Te Li , Jianhui Deng , Lili Liu , Haibo Liu , Boyao Cui , Qi Luo , Yongqing Wang
Published: March 2022

Magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) has great application prospects in the fields of shock absorption, isolation, sensing, and soft robots. However, the MRE precursor mixture cannot be printed directly due to its low viscosity and long curing time, which makes it difficult to manufacture MRE with complex structure, or multifunctional composite. Aiming at the MRE 3D printing dilemmas of material and process issues, a rheology modifier ink preparation method of MRE precursor mixture and a MRE 3D printing process that use MRE precursor mixtures to print directly with direct ink writing (DIW) are proposed. To obtain high-precision manufacturing process, the influence of process parameters such as nozzle diameter, extrusion pressure, feed speed, and nozzle height on the ink filaments is analyzed on the basis of theoretical models and experiments. The experiment results show that MREs with different characteristics and complex structures can be printed with high precision(≤0.2 mm), and the proposed MRE ink and 3D printing process are valid. To further verify the feasibility of 3D printing MRE, the magnetorheological effects of 3D-printed MRE samples are tested, and their stiffness can be improved under magnetic field conditions.
Interactions Between Shock Waves and Liquid Droplet Clusters: Interfacial Physics
Authors: Tripathi Mitansh , Ganti Himakar , Khare Prashant
Published: March 2022

This study quantitatively investigates the behaviors of single and multiple liquid cylinders placed in the path of a traveling normal shock wave using high-fidelity numerical simulations. The research is motivated by next-generation liquid-fueled scramjet and rotating detonation engines (RDE) where the liquid fuel interacts with shock waves and undergoes deformation, fragmentation, atomization, and vaporization before it mixes with the air and subsequently burns—the focus of this study is on the deformation and interfacial physics. The mathematical formulation to investigate this multiphase problem is based on a modified five-equation Kapila model that incorporates pressure-relaxation, viscous, and surface tension effects. A diffuse interface method is used to capture the liquid–gas interface. Two configurations are studied in this effort: (1) a single column of diameter 22 mm exposed to a shock wave traveling at Mach 2.4 and (2) a two identical cylinder system with diameters of 4.8 mm and 30 mm apart, and exposed to a shock wave moving a Mach number of 1.47. The computational results show excellent agreement with high-speed images and droplet deformation measured in the experiments. For both cases, it is found that the shock and the flow field in its wake leads to the flattening of the cylinder, followed by the formation of instability waves that are amplified by the baroclinic torque and the continuous reflections of the waves transmitted inside the liquid interior, eventually leading to ligament stripping. Based on the spatiotemporal evolution of the liquid and gaseous flowfields, time evolution of shock strength and parent droplet's mass and translation distance are also discussed.
Effectively Illustrating Nature’s Magic with Magic
Authors: Becchetti F. D.
Published: March 2022

There is an ongoing challenge with STEM education: making physics, math, and science, in general, interesting, understandable, and retentive for college science and non-science majors, K-12 students, and the public. If not imparting detailed knowledge, at least one would like to introduce important concepts that will be remembered, appreciated, and hopefully would be pursued in more detail by audience members. One solution: as noted by Socrates, “Wisdom begins in wonder.” Indeed, magic as a form of wonderment dates back to Socrates and even earlier. One of the first magic books, The Discoverie of Witchcraft by Reginald Scot, was published in 1584, predating publication of many science texts. In this paper the author, based on recent research, advocates using special forms of magic to both amaze and teach, and in particular to illustrate the wonders of modern physics, i.e., Nature’s magic, but with connections also to classical physics.
Using a Smartphone Pressure Sensor as Pitot Tube Speedometer
Authors: Dorsel Dominik , Staacks Sebastian , Heinke Heidrun , Stampfer Christoph
Published: March 2022

As smartphones have become a part of our everyday life, their sensors have successfully been used to allow data acquisition with these readily available devices in a variety of different smartphone-based school experiments. Such experiments most commonly take advantage of the accelerometer and gyroscope. A less frequently used sensor in smartphone-based experiments is the pressure sensor or barometer. Pressure sensors in smartphones can improve indoor navigation, for example in multi-story shopping malls. In a popular smartphone experiment, the barometer is used to determine the current altitude in an elevator with the barometric height formula. Along with accelerometer data and by deriving the height data to calculate the velocity, z(t), v(t), and a(t) plots can be generated and shown to students in real time.