bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Latina mothers' cultural orientation and child self‐esteem: The mediating role of cultural socialization
Authors: Trang Duyen T. , Yates Tuppett M.
Published: September 2022

This longitudinal investigation evaluated parental cultural socialization practices as a central mechanism by which parents' cultural values influence developmental outcomes in ethnic–racial minority children. Drawing on a sample of 129 Latina mothers and their children (48.1% daughters and 51.9% sons), path analyses evaluated hypothesized individual and interactive contributions of mothers' Latina heritage and American mainstream cultural orientations to changes in children's self‐esteem via overt and covert cultural socialization practices. Mothers reported on their cultural orientation and socialization practices when their children were ages 5 and 8, respectively. Children reported their self‐esteem at ages 8 and 10. Controlling for family socioeconomic status, mothers' nativity status, and prior child self‐esteem, path analyses revealed a significant indirect effect from mothers' heritage orientation to increased child self‐esteem via overt cultural socialization practices. Interestingly, a multigroup analysis by gender showed that mothers' heritage orientation was positively related to overt and covert cultural socialization practices toward both daughters and sons, but the indirect paths to child self‐esteem through cultural socialization did not attain significance for daughters. Moreover, among sons, the indirect path through overt cultural socialization predicted increased self‐esteem, whereas the indirect path through covert cultural socialization predicted decreased self‐esteem. These findings show that cultural socialization is a salient process by which parental cultural orientation influences children's self‐esteem while highlighting the specificity of these effects across overt and covert expressions of cultural socialization and child gender. Efforts to promote positive self‐esteem among Latinx children should encourage parental cultural socialization practices, such as teaching, reading, and/or performing activities that celebrate the Latinx culture.
Bat algorithm optimised extreme learning machine (Bat‐ELM): A novel approach for daily river water temperature modelling
Authors: Heddam Salim , Kim Sungwon , Danandeh Mehr Ali , Zounemat‐Kermani Mohammad , Ptak Mariusz , Elbeltagi Ahmed , Malik Anurag , Tikhamarine Yazid
Published: September 2022

Here, the capability of the Bat algorithm optimised extreme learning machines ELM (Bat‐ELM) is demonstrated for river water temperature (Tw) modelling in the Orda River, Poland. Results using the multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN), the classification and regression Tree (CART) and the multiple linear regression (MLR) models were presented for comparison. The models were developed according to two scenarios: (1) using air temperature (Ta) as input for predicting Tw, and (2) using Ta and the periodicity (i.e., day, month and year number). River Tw calibration and validation results derived from air temperature and the periodicity show its potential application. The Bat‐ELM accurately predicts the Tw and surpassed all other models with coefficient of correlation (R) values ranging within the limits of 0.973 to 0.981, and the Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) values will fall within the interval of 0.947 to 0.963. Findings from this research also highlight the robustness of the Bat‐ELM using the periodicity by enhancing its ability to estimate river Tw.
Arduino data loggers: A helping hand in physical geography
Authors: Iribarren Anacona Pablo , Luján Jean Paul , Azócar Guillermo , Mazzorana Bruno , Medina Katy , Durán Gonzalo , Rojas Ivan , Loarte Edwin
Published: September 2022

Microcontrollers such as Arduino have been increasingly used by researchers to create and customise their own tools. In geography, microcontrollers are frequently used to design data loggers for monitoring purposes. We reviewed the use of Arduino in physical geography to unravel the opportunities and challenges of using off‐the‐shelf tools in research. We conducted a literature review, putting the retrieved information in perspective with our experimental work in mountainous and riverine landscapes in Chile and Peru. We show that the low cost and versatility of Do It Yourself (DIY) data loggers open research opportunities, extending the range of application of their expensive commercial counterparts. The possibility of connecting Arduino to a wide range of sensors, actuators, and wireless communication devices has helped to monitor rivers, glaciers, lakes, ice‐waves, caves, and landslides, improving the temporal and spatial resolution of data collected in critical environments. Low‐cost sensors have been extensively compared against expensive alternatives with good results, although they require thorough testing before field deployment due to the common existence of defective equipment. Building research equipment has several challenges. DIY data loggers might not be unconditionally accepted by environmental agencies, partially restricting their use to educational and research purposes. Failures in data loggers can be difficult to track, since they might be related to coding, electronic assemblage, or inadequate housing to withstand outdoor use. Yet, Arduino‐based data loggers have helped scientists around the world in different stages of their career, especially in scarcely funded research endeavours. Arduino has boosted creativity and resourcefulness, paving the way for innovative monitoring strategies in physical geography.
Poorly differentiated cutaneous apocrine carcinomas: histopathological clues and immunohistochemical analysis for the diagnosis of this unusual neoplasm
Authors: Plaza Jose A , Brenn Thomas , Gru Alejandro A , Matoso Andres , Sheldon Jesse , Sangueza Martin
Published: September 2022

Primary cutaneous apocrine carcinoma (PCAC) is a rare cutaneous malignancy that is derived from apocrine glands. Histologically, these tumours can appear well‐differentiated where diagnosis should be relatively straightforward. However, occasionally these tumours can exhibit high‐grade features, and in such instances the diagnosis can be challenging. A retrospective analysis of 12 cases of poorly differentiated PCAC, obtained from large academic institutions, was performed, and summarised below. Immunohistochemical studies were performed in all cases with antibodies against CK7, p63, CAM 5.2, GCDFP‐15, GATA3, CEA, PR, ER, HER2, calponin, SMA, androgen receptor and EMA. All 12 cases were poorly differentiated; however, there were some histopathological clues to the diagnosis of apocrine carcinoma; namely, the presence of focal glandular formation, acrosyringial involvement and the presence of single ‘pagetoid’ cells within epidermis. All tumours were consistently positive for CK7, GATA3 and GCDFP‐15 and negative for p63. The tumours had variable expression of CAM5.2, CEA, ER, PR, HER2, androgen receptor and EMA. In three cases, there was a preservation of the myoepithelial cell layer (with calponin and SMA), which also confirmed the primary cutaneous origin. PCAC is a difficult neoplasm to diagnose, as it can appear identical to metastatic carcinomas. We describe 12 cases of poorly differentiated PCAC, highlighting their salient clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical features, and discuss the potential diagnostic pitfalls in distinguishing this entity from other malignant neoplasms. Our results indicate that a combination of thorough histological inspection coupled with an adequate battery of immunohistochemical stains is necessary to support the diagnosis of PCAC.
Effect of selected elicitors on phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) sprouts obtained from seeds cultivated using the hydroponics technology
Authors: Kawatra Nikhil , Jha Gulshan , Dubey Akhilesh
Published: September 2022

Elicitation is an efficient strategy for enhancing the phytochemical content by inducing various physiological changes in plants and sprouts. In the present study, citric acid, ascorbic acid, sodium chloride and mannitol at different concentrations were used as elicitors for enhancing the content of bioactive compounds in buckwheat sprouts obtained from hydroponically cultivated seeds. The phenolic content, flavonoids, flavonols, antioxidant activity, sugar, chlorophyll and carotenoids were estimated. The influence of elicitation on phenolic acids like ferulic acid, vanillic acid, gallic acid, rutin and quercetin was also determined by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC). Our results show that most of the phytochemical compounds are markedly higher in sprouts treated with citric acid (10 mm), ascorbic acid (1.5 mm) and sodium chloride (150 mm). The antioxidant activity is highest when the sprouts are treated with citric acid (10 mm) followed by NaCl (150 mm). A positive correlation is observed among antioxidant activity, phenolic content, flavonoids, tannins, rutin and ferulic acid. Our findings suggest that citric acid and sodium chloride can be recommended for effectively enhancing the phytochemical profile of buckwheat sprouts.
Particle size distribution control during wheat milling: nutritional quality and functional basis of flour products—a comprehensive review
Authors: Tian Xiaoling , Wang Xiaoxi , Wang Zhen , Sun Binghua , Wang Fengcheng , Ma Sen , Gu Yujuan , Qian Xiaojie
Published: September 2022

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important food grains worldwide, mainly consumed in the form of wheat flour or flour‐based foods. Milling reduces the particle size of wheat grains or wheat endosperm, which strongly affected the physical and chemical properties of wheat flour and subsequent product characteristics. In this paper, the differences in physical and chemical properties of wheat flour due to its particle size distribution, the sources of the differences and the applicability of flour products were reviewed. Furthermore, the modern wheat milling process, the mathematical modelling, and mechanical modification of wheat milling process in recent years were introduced. The research prospect of the influence of milling process on the formation of particle size and quality of wheat flour was put forward.
BCL6 deletion in CD4 T cells does not affect Th2 effector mediated immunity in the skin
Authors: Chandler Jodie , Prout Melanie , Old Sam , Morgan Cynthia , Ronchese Franca , Benoist Christophe , Le Gros Graham
Published: September 2022

Recent studies propose that T follicular helper (Tfh) cells possess a high degree of functional plasticity in addition to their well‐defined roles in mediating interleukin‐4‐dependent switching of germinal center B cells to the production of immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 and IgE antibodies. In particular Tfh cells have been proposed to be an essential stage in Th2 effector cell development that are able to contribute to innate type 2 responses. We used CD4‐cre targeted deletion of BCL6 to identify the contribution Tfh cells make to tissue Th2 effector responses in models of atopic skin disease and lung immunity to parasites. Ablation of Tfh cells did not impair the development or recruitment of Th2 effector subsets to the skin and did not alter the transcriptional expression profile or functional activities of the resulting tissue resident Th2 effector cells. However, the accumulation of Th2 effector cells in lung Th2 responses was partially affected by BCL6 deficiency. These data indicate that the development of Th2 effector cells does not require a BCL6 dependent step, implying Tfh and Th2 effector populations follow separate developmental trajectories and Tfh cells do not contribute to type 2 responses in the skin.
Superficial (nodular) thrombophlebitis as a heterogeneous entity with distinctive clinico‐pathological aspects: Correlation with the underlying conditions
Authors: Gales Lynn , Cribier Bernard , Lipsker Dan , Lenormand Cédric
Published: September 2022

Background

Superficial (nodular) thrombophlebitis, referring to a thrombo‐inflammatory disorder of dermal‐subcutaneous veins, encompass a spectrum of nodular lesions often associated with inflammatory, infectious, neoplastic or thrombophilic diseases.

Objective

We postulate that distinct clinico‐pathological features may correlate with the underlying conditions.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective monocentric study of all patients seen in our dermatology department for a superficial thrombophlebitis, completed with a literature review. Clinical and pathological data were extracted from the patient files and articles.

Results

A total of 108 cases of superficial thrombophlebitis was analysed. Forty‐five percent manifested as elongated nodules clearly evoking vascular involvement, while the other 55% were presenting as nodules or plaques. The elongated phenotype was strongly associated with malignancy or thrombophilia if a pure thrombosis was demonstrated histopathologically, while tuberculosis was the main underlying condition if a granulomatous vasculitis was present. Panniculitis‐like lesions were mainly corresponding to erythema‐nodosum‐like lesions of Behçet's disease, characterized by the distinctive feature of thrombotic veins with an associated leukocytoclastic vasculitis.

Limitations

Retrospective design and risk of publication bias.

Conclusion

Superficial (nodular) thrombophlebitis is a heterogeneous entity with a distinct clinico‐pathological presentation that strongly points to the nature of the underlying medical condition, thus guiding the medical workup.
Chemical and physical characterization of spray dried fish oil with different combination ratios of wall component
Authors: Özyurt Gülsün , Sakarya Yetkin , Durmuş Mustafa
Published: September 2022

The combination of wall materials used in the spray drying process can be recommended to increase the stability of functional oils and to ensure the best preservation of the nutraceutical compounds. For this purpose, maltodextrin (MD) and sodium caseinate (SC) combinations were studied for the spray drying of fish oil in this study. Microencapsulation efficiency (ME) ratio was similar in all groups. However, according to SEM images, group in formulated at 1SC:2MD ratio met all necessary conditions well such as no agglomeration, homogeneous distribution and spherical shape. There was no significant difference in terms of EPA and DHA contents of the groups. The lowest peroxide value (5.46 ± 1.00 mEq/kg) and TBA value (0.27 ± 0.02 mg MA/kg) was detected in the 1SC:2MD group. It was found that 1SC:2MD ratio for wall combination was more effective than 2SC:1MD and 1SC:1MD for encapsulation and maintaining the oxidative quality of fish oil. The results obtained in this study contribute to the optimization of spray drying of fish oil, which allows for more widespread use in the food industry.

Novelty Impact Statement

In this study, it was determined the right coating material combination in the spray drying process of fish oil and recommended as an effective combination for industrial‐scale production. Spray‐drying with MD and SC was at the desired form physically and chemically and 1SC:2MD combination showed better oxidative stability. In addition, morphology and color properties of 1SC:2MD were better than the other groups.
The Piks allele of the NLR immune receptor Pik breaks the recognition of AvrPik effectors of rice blast fungus
Authors: Xiao Gui , Wang Wenjuan , Liu Muxing , Li Ya , Liu Jianbin , Franceschetti Marina , Yi Zhaofeng , Zhu Xiaoyuan , Zhang Zhengguang , Lu Guodong , Banfield Mark J. , Wu Jun , Zhou Bo
Published: September 2022

Arms race co‐evolution of plant–pathogen interactions evolved sophisticated recognition mechanisms between host immune receptors and pathogen effectors. Different allelic haplotypes of an immune receptor in the host mount distinct recognition against sequence or non‐sequence related effectors in pathogens. We report the molecular characterization of the Piks allele of the rice immune receptor Pik against rice blast pathogen, which requires two head‐to‐head arrayed nucleotide‐binding sites and leucine‐rich repeat proteins. Like other Pik alleles, both Piks‐1 and Piks‐2 are necessary and sufficient for mediating resistance. However, unlike other Pik alleles, Piks does not recognize any known AvrPik variants of Magnaporthe oryzae. Sequence analysis of the genome of an avirulent isolate V86010 further revealed that its cognate avirulence (Avr) gene most likely has no significant sequence similarity to known AvrPik variants. Piks‐1 and Pikm‐1 have only two amino acid differences within the integrated heavy metal‐associated (HMA) domain. Pikm‐HMA interacts with AvrPik‐A, ‐D, and ‐E in vitro and in vivo, whereas Piks‐HMA does not bind any AvrPik variants. Characterization of two amino acid residues differing Piks‐1 from Pikm‐1 reveal that Piks‐E229Q derived from the exchange of Glu229 to Gln229 in Piks‐1 gains recognition specificity against AvrPik‐D but not AvrPik‐A or ‐E, indicating that Piks‐E229Q partially restores the Pikm spectrum. By contrast, Piks‐A261V derived from the exchange of Ala261 to Val261 in Piks‐1 retains Piks recognition specificity. We conclude that Glu229 in Piks‐1 is critical for Piks breaking the canonical Pik/AvrPik recognition pattern. Intriguingly, binding activity and ectopic cell death induction is maintained between Piks‐A261V and AvrPik‐D, implying that positive outcomes from ectopic assays might be insufficient to deduce its immune activity against the relevant effectors in rice and rice blast interaction.
Melatonin ultrastructural localization in mitochondria of human salivary glands
Authors: Isola Raffaella , Lai Ylenia , Noli Roberta , Masala Carla , Isola Michela , Loy Francesco
Published: September 2022

The hormone melatonin was initially believed to be synthesized exclusively by the pineal gland and the enterochromaffin cells, but nowadays its production and distribution were observed in several other tissues and organs. Among others, the ultrastructural localization of melatonin and its receptors has been reported in human salivary glands. In these glands, the fine localization of melatonin in intracellular organelles, above all in mitochondria, remains to be explored comprehensively. Bioptic samples of parotid and submandibular glands were treated to search for melatonin using the immunogold staining method by transmission electron microscopy. Morphometric analysis was applied to micrographs. The results indicated that, both in parotid and submandibular glands mitochondria, a certain melatonin positivity was present. Within glandular cells, melatonin was less retrieved in mitochondria than in secretory granules; however, its presence in this organelle was clearly evident. Inside striated duct cells, melatonin staining in mitochondria was more prominent than in glandular cells. Our data provide an ultrastructural report on the presence of melatonin in mitochondria of human major salivary glands and represent a fundamental prerequisite for a better understanding of the melatonin role in this organelle.
SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL OF THE UPPER TRIASSIC CHANG 7 MEMBER IN THE WESTERN ORDOS BASIN, CHINA
Authors: Chen Guo , Wang Ning , Yang Shuai , Li Xiaofeng , Zhang Pengfei , Su Yanqing
Published: September 2022

The Chang 7 member of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation is an important source rock in the Ordos Basin, NW China. Previous studies of the unit have in general focused on the relatively deep‐water (∼25 m) anoxic, OM‐rich lacustrine mudstones which form the main Mesozoic source rock at fields in the south of the basin. However, this paper presents an integrated geochemical investigation of the relatively shallow‐water Chang 7 facies in a study area around Jiyuan field in the western part of the basin in order to evaluate its source rock potential. The results show that the Chang 7 source rock in the study area has a high content of Type II OM, and is interpreted to have been deposited in a suboxic‐anoxic lacustrine setting with a mixed input of aquatic and terrigenous organic matter. The results of 1D modelling of a well in the study area showed that the Chang 7 member entered the oil generation window from the Middle Jurassic. Oil‐oil correlations based on hierarchical cluster analysis and correspondence analysis showed that crude oils generated by deep‐water Chang 7 source rocks from wells in the south of the basin can be distinguished from Soxhlet‐extracted petroleum from reservoir sandstones in the study area. The compositional differences are inferred to be due to variations in source rock facies compositions. An oil – source rock correlation study showed that the shallower‐water Chang 7 source rock in the western part of the basin generated the hydrocarbons in core extracts of reservoir sandstones from wells in this area. The shallow‐water Chang 7 facies may therefore constitute an effective oil‐prone source rock in the western Ordos Basin.
The effect of sodium tartrate and sodium citrate on quality changes of squid (Dosidicus gigas) surimi gel
Authors: Lv Guancheng , Chu Yanjiao , Chen Zhi , Cheng Chen , Zhang Ziyuan , Mao Chunyan , Deng Shanggui , Gao Yuanpei , Jia Ru
Published: September 2022

The yield of squid has grown gradually; however, the lack of intensive processing has led to the slow development of the squid industry. In a previous study, some organic salts were found to improve the quality of squid surimi gel. Therefore, this research focused on the effects of sodium citrate (SC) and sodium tartrate (ST) on the quality of squid surimi gel. Physical measurements, such as gel texture, water‐holding capacity, and color of squid surimi gel, were conducted. The addition of 2.5% SC and ST significantly improved the gel strength by 40.7, 57.0, 22.9, and 58.1%, respectively, of gel strength compared with the addition of: 1.5 SC, 3.5 SC, 1.5 ST, and 3.5% ST alone. Rheological measurements revealed that the addition of 2.5% SC or ST shortened the gel degradation temperature range (i.e., 2.5% SC or ST: 40–53°C; other treatments: 40–60°C) of the squid paste during heating. Results of chemical force analysis showed that the addition of a high quantity of salt accelerated protein aggregation and reduced hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bond formation. Finally, an increase in the number of β‐sheets and a decrease in the bulk water content demonstrated that the addition of 2.5% organic salt could form squid gel with a better network structure. The findings provide a scientific basis for the development of high‐quality squid surimi gel.
Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals differentially expressed genes and signaling pathways between male and female mature gonads of Hemibarbus maculatus
Authors: Zhong Yong , Lian Qingping , Chen Yuange , Duan Yuanliang , He PeiMin , Wu Meiqin
Published: September 2022

Hemibarbus maculatus is a globally important species for its value in fisheries and aquaculture. There is relatively little information available about this species' sexual development genes. Therefore, in this study, we used the technology of high‐throughput RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq), to investigate if the ovary and testis' differently expressed genes (DEGs) during sex differentiation in H. maculatus. Our results revealed a total of 43,468,248 and 39,241,362 qualified reads were generated in the female and male libraries, and 32,127 unigenes were assembled via the annotation analysis. Moreover, 17,808 unigenes were found to be DEGs between males and females, with 12,726 up‐ and 5082 downregulated genes in the ovaries and testes, respectively. The transcriptome analysis revealed there are 23 DEGs between ovary and testes of H. maculatus, which may be involved in sex determination. The expression patterns of these genes were validated by quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR). The results of qPCR were generally consistent with the RNA‐seq results. This work was the first to annotate genes linked with gonadal development and reproduction in H. maculatus using gonadal transcriptome analysis, which provides useful molecular data for a better understanding of sexual development, as well as functional genomics and population genetics studies of H. maculatus.
Genomic insights into inter‐ and intraspecific mating system shifts in Primulina
Authors: Yi Huiqin , Wang Jieyu , Wang Jing , Rausher Mark , Kang Ming
Published: September 2022

The mating system shift from outcrossing to selfing is one of the most frequent evolutionary trends in flowering plants. However, the genomic consequences of this shift remain poorly understood. Specifically, the relative importance of the demographic and genetic processes causing changes in genetic variation and selection efficacy associated with the evolution of selfing is unclear. Here we sequenced the genomes of two Primulina species with contrasting mating systems: P. eburnea (outcrossing) versus P. tabacum (outcrossing, mixed‐mating and selfing populations). Whole‐genome resequencing data were used to investigate the genomic consequences of mating system shifts within and between species. We found that highly selfing populations of P. tabacum display loss of genetic diversity, increased deleterious mutations, higher genomic burden and fewer adaptive substitutions. However, compared with outcrossing populations, mixed‐mating populations did not display loss of genetic diversity and accumulation of genetic load. We find no evidence of population bottlenecks associated with the shift to selfing, which suggests that the genetic effects of selfing on Ne and possibly linked selection, rather than demographic history, are the primary drivers of diversity reduction in highly selfing populations. Our results highlight the importance of distinguishing the relative contribution of mating system and demography on the genomic consequences associated with mating system evolution in plants.
Resisting algorithmic control: Understanding the rise and variety of platform worker mobilisations
Authors: Cini Lorenzo
Published: September 2022

Algorithms are seen as effective  for managing workers. Literature focuses mainly on the functioning and impact of algorithmic control on workers' experiences and conditions. The ways in which platform workers have organised collectively to regain control have received far less scholarly attention. This paper addresses this gap by making sense of the mobilisation dynamics of two platform‐work categories: crowdwork (Amazon Mechanical Turk) and work on‐demand (food‐delivery couriers). These are salient mobilisation cases, as these workers have resisted algorithmic control by adopting specific organising modes, action repertoires and collective solidarities. By analysing a combination of extant literature and policy reports concerning each category of mobilisation forms at a global level over 5 years, the study elucidates why and how these workers were able to act without the involvement of traditional trade unions by showing that specific supportive communities and political activism traditions were crucial in the rise and variety of mobilisation.
Clinical Study of Wrist Arthroscopy Combined with Oblique Ulnar Shortening Osteotomy in the Treatment of Ulnar Impaction Syndrome
Authors: Lu Chengyin , Wang Pengtao , Zhang Laifu , Dong Jiahe , Zhang Hailong , Yang Lei , Wang Xiaohui , Xiong Hui
Published: September 2022

Objective

To explore the clinical effects of wrist arthroscopy combined with oblique ulnar shortening osteotomy in the treatment of ulnar impaction syndrome.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of 60 patients with ulnar impaction syndrome who were admitted to our department from January 2016 to December 2019. According to different surgical methods, they were divided into an observation group and a control group, with 30 cases in each group. The control group was treated with oblique ulnar shortening osteotomy, and the observation group used wrist arthroscopy based on the control group. The two groups of patients were compared in terms of wrist function before and 12 months after surgery. We compared the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Score (DASH Score), Patient‐Rated Wrist Evaluation Score (PRWE Score), Visual Analog Score (VAS), and ulnar variation between the two groups at 12 months after surgery. The excellent and good rates by Mayo wrist score were compared between the two groups at the last follow‐up.

Results

All patients were followed up for 12–36 months, with an average of 14.5 months. Bone union was achieved at the oblique osteotomy of the ulna, with an average healing time of 13.6 weeks. The observation group was examined by wrist arthroscopy, and the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) Palmer classification was confirmed in three cases of type IIA, seven cases of type IIB, 14 cases of type IIC, and six cases of type IID. Compared with before surgery, the grip strength, flexion‐extension, ulnar radial deflection, and forearm rotation of the two groups of patients were significantly improved at 12 months after surgery. The DASH score, PRWE score, and VAS score of the observation group were better than those of the control group, and the difference in ulnar shortening length was not statistically significant between the two groups. The excellent and good rates of the observation group (93.3%) were better than those of the control group (87.5%) at the last follow‐up, and the difference was statistically significant.

Conclusion

Compared with oblique ulnar shortening osteotomy alone, combined wrist arthroscopy can better reduce the pain of patients with ulnar impaction syndrome, restore wrist function, and improve the excellent and good rates. Therefore, it is clinically worthy of promotion.
Transcriptome‐based analysis of resistance mechanisms to Bipolaris sorokiniana, a common wheat root‐rot disease
Authors: Qalavand F. , Nasr‐Esfahani M. , Vatandoost J. , Azarm D. A.
Published: September 2022

In common root and crown rot (CRR), Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sace.) is one of the important in wheat, causing considerable yield losses globally. Sources of resistance can provide a feasible and effective method of control for plant disease management. However, knowledge on mechanisms of resistance is scarce.

We screened 33 wheat genotypes against B. sorokiniana under greenhouse and field conditions. In addition, real‐time quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis using ten novel candidate gene markers, Cre3, EDS1, LTP5, PGIP, PR‐1, PIEP1, TLP, UGT, Stb6 and PFT, was conducted on leaves and roots, along with changes in activity of antioxidant enzymes, peroxidase, catalase, β‐1,3‐glucanase, and phenolic content for their involvement in disease impact mechanisms.

Lowest disease severity was in ‘Alvand’, followed by ‘Baharan’ and ‘Bam’ as resistant genotypes. Quantitative gene expression showed that, although the candidate defence genes were upregulated 1.24‐ to 3.5‐fold in wheat roots and leaves inoculated with B. sorokiniana, they were highly regulated in resistant varieties ‘Alvand’, ‘Mehregan’ and ‘Bam’. Cre3, a resistance gene to cereal cyst nematode Heterodera filipjevi, was regulated in cultivars resistant to B. sorokiniana. Similar results were obtained for Stb6, a gene resistant to Septoria tritici blotch, EDS1 resistant to powdery mildew, Blumeria graminis, and the genes PR‐1 and UGT resistant to leaf rust, Puccinia triticina. Antioxidant enzyme activity also showed the highest increases in resistant genotypes.

In conclusion, the T. aestivum–B. sorokiniana interaction in resistant wheat cultivars uses defence‐related genes and enzymes that protect wheat towards sustainable development. Further such studies will shed light on simultaneous resistance to other diseases in wheat cultivars.
Analysis of PPP1R11 expression in granulosa cells during developmental follicles of yak and its effects on cell function
Authors: Min Xingyu , Zhu Yanjin , Hu Yulei , Yang Manzhen , Yu Hailing , Xiong Yan , Fu Wei , Li Jian , Matsuda Fuko , Xiong Xianrong
Published: September 2022

The aims of this study were to analyse the protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 11 (PPP1R11) expression and cellular localization in yak follicles and investigate its effects on cell proliferation, apoptosis and oestrogen secretion in granulosa cells (GCs). Ten healthy and non‐pregnant female yaks (4‐year‐old) were used as experimental animals. The mRNA relative expression level of PPP1R11 in GCs from small (<3.0 mm), medium (3.0–5.9 mm) and large (6.0–9.0 mm) follicles was detected by RT‐qPCR, and the cellular localization of PPP1R11 protein was detected by immunohistochemistry staining (IHC). After isolation, culture and identification of yak GCs in vitro, si‐PPP1R11 and si‐NC (negative control) were transfected into GCs. RT‐qPCR and immunofluorescence staining were used to evaluate the interference efficiency, and ELISA was performed to detect oestrogen concentration. Then, EdU staining and TUNEL staining were conducted to analyse cell proliferation and apoptosis. In addition, the oestrogen synthesis, proliferation‐ and apoptosis‐related genes were detected by RT‐qPCR after knockdown PPP1R11. The results showed that PPP1R11 is mainly located in ovarian GCs, and the expression levels of PPP1R11 in GCs from large follicles were significantly higher than that from medium and small follicles. Transfection of si‐PPP1R11 into GCs could significantly inhibit the expression of PPP1R11. Interestingly, the oestrogen secretion ability and the expression level of oestrogen pathway‐related genes (STAR, CYP11A1, CYP19A1 and HSD17B1) were also significantly downregulated. Moreover, the proportion of positive cells was decreased, and cellular proliferation‐related genes (PCNA, CCNB1 and CDC25A) were significantly downregulated after knockdown PPP1R11. However, the proportion of apoptotic cells was increased, and apoptosis‐related genes (BAX, CASP3 and P53) were significantly upregulated. Taken together, this study was the first revealed the expression and cellular localization of PPP1R11 in yak follicles. Interference PPP1R11 could reduce oestrogen secretion, inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis in GCs, which provided a basis for further studies on the regulatory mechanism of PPP1R11 in follicle development.
The long‐term impact of trade protection
Authors: Liebman Benjamin , Tomlin Kasaundra
Published: September 2022

A sunset review policy requires that antidumping orders be removed after 5 years unless petitioners could prove that removing protection would likely lead to the resumption of dumping. Initial sunset victories are greeted favourably by the shareholders of petitioning firms, while subsequent five‐year reviews are viewed less optimistically. Securing long‐run protection through affirmative sunset reviews appears to increase CEO compensation. Overall, we find no evidence that obtaining long‐run protection actually reduces the likelihood of exit; however, steel firms that secured trade protection for 10 years+ actually observed a higher probability of exiting, indicating that long‐run trade protection failed to save these firms. Finally, we find that more innovative firms tend to survive at a higher rate with long‐run trade protection.
Numerical and Experimental Investigations of the Effect of Distance Between Two Elbows in Series in Gas-Solid Flows on Solid Particle Erosion
Authors: Othayq Mazen M. , Bilal Faris S. , Sedrez Thiana A. , Shirazi Siamack A.
Published: September 2022

Elbows are important fitting components used to change the flow direction, and they are widely used in pipeline and transport systems. In this work, an experimentally validated Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) approach is used to investigate the erosion prediction in gas-solid flows in 3-inch (76.2 mm) standard elbows (r/D = 1.5). The length between the two elbows varies from 2 to 50 times the pipe diameter. First, a mesh independence study was performed to minimize the uncertainty related to the mesh size on erosion predictions in elbows. Second, different erosion models that are available in the literature are utilized for erosion calculations. The presented CFD results are compared with experimental data collected for 76.2 mm elbows. In addition, CFD investigations were performed for gas-solid flow in a high-pressure condition to study the effect of distance between the two elbows in series. The CFD results showed that, for gas-solid flows in low-pressure conditions, the erosion in the first elbow is always higher than the second elbow in a wide range of distances between the two elbows in series with 31 m/s of gas velocity and 300 μm particle size. The CFD results are compared to the experimental data with 2 and 12D distance between the two elbows with 300 μm particle size. The results of high-pressure conditions showed that erosion in the second elbow is higher than the first elbow with a 2D distance between the two elbows, and the magnitude of the maximum erosion ratio in the second elbow decreases with increasing the distance between the two elbows.
Hydrodynamics of Metachronal Motion: Effects of Spatial Asymmetry on the Flow Interaction Between Adjacent Appendages
Authors: Lou Zhipeng , Herrera-Amaya Adrian , Byron Margaret L. , Li Chengyu
Published: September 2022

Metachronal motion is a unique swimming strategy widely adopted by many small animals on the scale of microns up to several centimeters (e.g., ctenophores, copepods, krill, and shrimp). During propulsion, each evenly spaced appendage performs a propulsive stroke sequentially with a constant phaselag from its neighbor, forming a metachronal wave. To produce net thrust in the low-to-intermediate Reynolds number regime, where viscous forces are dominant, the beat cycle of a metachronal appendage must present significant spatial asymmetry between the power and recovery stroke. As the Reynolds number increases, the beat cycle is observed to change from high spatial asymmetry to lower spatial asymmetry. However, it is still unclear how the magnitude of spatial asymmetry can modify the shear layers near the tip of appendages and thus affect its associated hydrodynamic performance. In this study, ctenophores are used to investigate the hydrodynamics of multiple appendages performing a metachronal wave. Ctenophores swim using paddle-like ciliary structures (i.e., ctenes), which beat metachronally in rows circumscribing an ovoid body. Based on high-speed video recordings, we reconstruct the metachronal wave of ctenes for both a lower spatial asymmetry case and a higher spatial asymmetry case. An in-house immersed-boundary-method-based computational fluid dynamics solver is used to simulate the flow field and associated hydrodynamic performance. Our simulation results aim to provide fundamental fluid dynamic principles for guiding the design of bio-inspired miniaturized flexible robots swimming in the low-to-intermediate Reynolds number regime.
Application of Proper Orthogonal Decomposition to Study the Flow Over an Oscillating Flag
Authors: Padilla Rodrigo , Durgesh Vibhav , Xing Tao
Published: September 2022

Fluid-Structure-Interaction (FSI) is the coupling between a flowing fluid and a structure that results in either a static or dynamic structure deformation. This investigation focused on applying Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) to study the fluid flow behavior of an oscillating flag and using POD modes to quantify the changes in flow behavior associated with the change in flag oscillation modes. For this purpose, aerodynamic load, membrane location, and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements were performed for a selected flag model. The flag location measurements helped identify the change in oscillation shapes and modes with change in flow conditions, while the aerodynamic load data allowed us to quantify the impact of flag oscillations on the aerodynamic load experienced by the flag. The PIV data provide flow field information around the oscillating flag and were used to perform POD analysis. We observed that the POD mode, energy, and time-varying coefficients changed with change in the oscillation modes of the flag (i.e., change from mode-2 to mode-3 oscillations). Flow reconstruction using the first three POD modes allowed us to capture changes generated in large-scale structures in the flow due to changes in the oscillation modes. Flow reconstruction using the remaining POD modes allowed us to observe the behavior of small-scale flow structures and K-H vortices in the wake of the flag. The POD approach used here allowed us to quantify the change in flow behavior and understand the underlying FSI mechanism therein.
Electrostatic Painting Process: Impact of Using Connected High-Voltage Embodiments With Rotary Bell Atomizers on Droplets Transport and Deposition
Authors: Pendar Mohammad-Reza , Páscoa José Carlos
Published: September 2022

This study implemented a 3D comprehensive Eulerian-Lagrangian numerical evaluation of the flow around the electrostatic rotary bell sprayer (ERBS) attached to a devised novel high-voltage emitting embodiment, portable retractable blades assembly or adjustable fixed control ring for improving the performance and transfer efficiency (TE) of the coating process. The electric potential distribution, which is produced by applying a voltage differential between the spray gun and the grounded target, is manipulated here to control the electrostatic force acting on the sprayed particles more effectively. The electrostatic rotary bell sprayers are widely utilized in the automotive industry, the disinfection process of different places, and the pesticides applications in agriculture. The disintegration process of the paint liquid inside and around the rotary bell cup surface, the spray plume pattern and the film formation on the workpiece for various introduced cases are compared precisely. Due to the concentration and distortion of the electrical field equipotential lines among the ERBS and target, thicker film distributions were obtained in the modified design of the sprayer in a combination of the retractable blades or the control ring compare to the conventional one. These results, achieved utilizing the new corona charging sprayer versions, satisfactorily confirm the applicability of the proposed concepts for all electrical effects, including space charge.
A Numerical Study on the Powder Flowability, Spreadability, Packing Fraction in Powder Bed Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Akib Yeasir Mohammad , Marzbanrad Ehsan , Ahmed Farid , Li Jianzhi
Published: September 2022

The powder bed fusion (PBF) process is widely adopted in many manufacturing industries because of its capability to 3D print complex parts with micro-scale precision. In PBF process, a thermal energy source is used to selectively fuse powder particles layer by layer to build a part. The build quality in the PBF process primarily depends on the thermal energy deposition and properties of the powder bed. Powder flowability, powder spreading, and packing fraction are key factors that determine the properties of a powder bed. Therefore, the study of these process parameters is essential to better understand the PBF process. In our study, we developed a two-dimensional powder bed model using the granular package of the LAMMPS molecular dynamics simulator. Cloud-based deposition was adopted for pouring powder particles on the powder bed. The spreading of particles over the substrate was mimicked like a powder bed system. The powder flowability in the proposed study was analyzed by varying the particle size distribution. The simulation results showed that a greater number of larger particles in a power sample results in an increase in the Angle of Repose (AOR) which ultimately affects the flowability. Two different kinds of recoater geometry were considered in this study: circular and rectangular blades. Simulation results showed that depending on the recoater shape there is a change in the packing fraction in the powder bed. Cross-sectional analysis of the power bed showed a significant presence of voids when a greater number of larger particles existed in the powder batch. The packing fraction of the powder bed was found to be a strong function of particle size distribution. These analyses help understand the influence of particle size and recoater shape on the powder bed properties. Findings from this study help to provide a guideline for choosing particle size distribution if the spherical particles are considered. While the present study focuses on the spherical powder particles, the proposed system can also be adapted to the study of powder bed with aspherical particles.
Surface Roughness Prediction for Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V Components Based on Supervised Learning Models
Authors: Maitra Varad , Shi Jing
Published: September 2022

To avoid redundant trial and error experiments in hope of achieving acceptable surface roughness, reliable predictive models must be engineered to anticipate surface characteristics based on process parameter inputs. In the present study, two rigorously tested supervised machine-learning based models are proposed to predict the arithmetic average (Ra) of profile deviation for the surface of Ti-6Al-4V alloy manufactured via selective laser melting (SLM). Firstly, a Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) model with Rational Quadratic kernel function is constructed after ten-fold cross validation of the training data. Secondly, using the same training data and the same ten-fold cross validation, a feed-forward narrow neural network (NN) is employed. Primary input parameters of SLM process, namely laser power, scanning speed, hatch spacing, layer thickness and volumetric energy density are mined from literature investigating as-built surface characteristics of SLMed Ti-6Al-4V alloy. To further test the developed machine-learning models, ten 8 × 8 × 8 mm Ti-6Al-4V cubes are manufactured and a comparative between two non-parametric (GPR and NN) models is performed by predicting the surface roughness (Ra) of the ten samples. It is discovered that the NN model underperforms with a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 2.76 μm, as opposed to its counterpart GPR model, exhibiting RMSE of 0.82 μm. Additionally, analyses of the surface characteristics of the fabricated samples, the surface profiles, and impact of such a predictive model are provided.
Effects of Flight Distance on Metal Microdroplet Depositing Behaviors in Laser-Induced Forward Transfer
Authors: Wu Di , Lu Zijie , Luo Guohu , Hu Yongxiang
Published: September 2022

Laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) presents promising perspectives towards high precision three-dimensional metal microstructure fabrication. However, the positional deviation of deposits produced in LIFT reduces the printing resolution. In this study, we experimentally investigate the effects of flight distance on the depositing behaviors of the metal droplets in LIFT. A series of droplet deposition experiments with different flight distances were performed, printing a large number of particles in each set of parameters to avoid random errors. Morphology of deposited particles under different conditions was compared. Positional information was extracted by the image matching algorithm. The flight distance was optimized by analyzing the positional deviation and the morphology of particles.

The results demonstrate that the positional deviation of particles increases linearly with the flight distance, while the average size of particles is constant. Excessive flight distance increases the oxidation of copper droplets. For the distance less than 20 μm, a portion of particles disappears in the array. There is a flat surface on the top of particles, indicating that droplets have been squashed by the carrier substrate. This conjecture is confirmed by the observation of residual metal particles on the carrier substrate. This study will advance the understanding of droplet generation and the application of LIFT in the industry.