bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selective brain regional changes in lipid profile with human aging
Authors: Mota-Martorell Natalia , Andrés-Benito Pol , Martín-Gari Meritxell , Galo-Licona José Daniel , Sol Joaquim , Fernández-Bernal Anna , Portero-Otín Manuel , Ferrer Isidro , Jove Mariona , Pamplona Reinald
Published: February 2022

Fatty acids are key components in the structural diversity of lipids and play a strategic role in the functional properties of lipids which determine the integrity of neuronal and glial cell membranes, the generation of lipid signaling mediators, and the chemical reactivity of acyl chains. The present study analyzes using gas chromatography the fatty acid profiles of 13 regions of the human central nervous system in healthy individuals ranging from 40 to 80 years old. The outcomes suggest the existence of general traits in fatty acid composition such as an average chain length of 18 carbon atoms, high monounsaturated fatty acid content, and predominance in polyunsaturated fatty acids of those of series n-6 over series n-3 which are shared by all brain regions regardless of age. Our results also show a general sustained and relatively well-preserved lipid profile throughout the adult lifespan in most studied regions (olive, upper vermis, substantia nigra, thalamus, hippocampus, putamen, caudate, occipital cortex, parietal cortex, entorhinal cortex, and frontal cortex) with minor changes that are region-dependent. In contrast, of particular relevance is the involvement of the inferior temporal cortex and cingulate cortex. It is proposed that during normal human brain aging, the lipid profile is resistant to changes with age in most human brain regions to ensure cell survival and function, but some particular regions involved in specific memory domains are greatly affected.
Effect of organic matter degradation in cohesive sediment: a detailed rheological analysis
Authors: Shakeel Ahmad , Zander Florian , de Klerk Jan-Willem , Kirichek Alex , Gebert Julia , Chassagne Claire
Published: February 2022

Purpose

The presence of organic matter in cohesive sediment results in the formation of clay-organic flocs, which eventually impart complex rheological behavior including shear-thinning, viscoelasticity, thixotropy and two-step yielding to mud. In this study, the influence of microbial degradation of sediment organic matter on the rheological properties of mud samples, having similar densities, was examined.

Materials and methods

Mud samples were collected from three different locations in the Port of Hamburg, Germany, displaying varying organic matter content. The rheological analysis of fresh and degraded mud samples was performed with the help of several tests including stress ramp-up tests, amplitude sweep tests, frequency sweep tests, time-dependent tests, and structural recovery tests.

Results and discussion

The results showed a significant decrease in rheological properties including yield stresses, complex modulus, etc. for degraded mud samples as compared to the fresh mud samples. The slopes of the line, correlating the change (degraded − fresh) in the above-mentioned rheological properties as a function of the same rheological property of the fresh mud, varied within the range of −0.28 to −0.49. The structural recovery tests displayed a better recovery (i.e., stronger system) in mud after the pre-shearing step for the degraded mud samples as compared to the fresh mud samples. The effect of degradation time on the rheological properties of mud samples showed two critical time periods (3 days and 150 days) after which a significant change in rheological properties of mud samples was observed.

Conclusions

This study provided a useful understanding about the influence of organic matter degradation on the rheological properties of mud, which can be used to optimize sediment management strategies in ports and waterways.
An in-the-wild study to find type of questions people ask to a social robot providing question-answering service
Authors: Raza Syed Ali , Vitale Jonathan , Tonkin Meg , Johnston Benjamin , Billingsley Richard , Herse Sarita , Williams Mary-Anne
Published: February 2022

The role of a human assistant, such as receptionist, is to provide specific information to the public. Questions asked by the public are often context dependent and related to the environment where the assistant is situated. Should similar behaviour and questions be expected when a social robot offers the same assistant service to visitors? Would it be sufficient for the robot to answer only service-specific questions, or is it necessary to design the robot to answer more general questions? This paper aims to answer these research questions by investigating the question-asking behaviour of the public when interacting with a question-answering social robot. We conducted the study at a university event that was open to the public. Results demonstrate that almost no participants asked context-specific questions to the robot. Rather, unrelated questions were common and included queries about the robot’s personal preferences, opinions, thoughts and emotional state. This finding contradicts popular belief and common sense expectations from what is otherwise observed during similar human–human interactions. In addition, we found that incorporating non-context-specific questions in a robot’s database increases the success rate of its question-answering system.
Lightweight convolutional neural network for real-time 3D object detection in road and railway environments
Authors: Mauri A. , Khemmar R. , Decoux B. , Haddad M. , Boutteau R.
Published: February 2022

For smart mobility, and autonomous vehicles (AV), it is necessary to have a very precise perception of the environment to guarantee reliable decision-making, and to be able to extend the results obtained for the road sector to other areas such as rail. To this end, we introduce a new single-stage monocular real-time 3D object detection convolutional neural network (CNN) based on YOLOv5, dedicated to smart mobility applications for both road and rail environments. To perform the 3D parameter regression, we replace YOLOv5’s anchor boxes with our hybrid anchor boxes. Our method is available in different model sizes such as YOLOv5: small, medium, and large. The new model that we propose is optimized for real-time embedded constraints (lightweight, speed, and accuracy) that takes advantage of the improvement brought by split attention (SA) convolutions called small split attention model (Small-SA). To validate our CNN model, we also introduce a new virtual dataset for both road and rail environments by leveraging the video game Grand Theft Auto V (GTAV). We provide extensive results of our different models on both KITTI and our own GTAV datasets. Through our results, we show that our method is the fastest available 3D object detection with accuracy results close to state-of-the-art methods on the KITTI road dataset. We further demonstrate that the pre-training process on our GTAV virtual dataset improves the accuracy on real datasets such as KITTI, thus allowing our method to obtain an even greater accuracy than state-of-the-art approaches with 16.16% 3D average precision on hard car detection with inference time of 11.1 ms/image on an RTX 3080 GPU.
Air quality and photochemical reactions: analysis of NOx and NO2 concentrations in the urban area of Turin, Italy
Authors: Ravina Marco , Caramitti Gianmarco , Panepinto Deborah , Zanetti Mariachiara
Published: February 2022

In this work, based on the existing studies on photochemical reactions in the lower atmosphere, an analysis of the historical series of NOx, NO2, and O3 concentrations measured in the period 2015–2019 by two monitoring stations located in the urban area of Turin, Italy, was elaborated. The objective was to investigate the concentration trends of the contaminants and evaluate possible simplified relationships based on the observed values. Concentration trends of these pollutants were compared in different time bands (diurnal or seasonal cycles), highlighting some differences in the dispersion of the validated data. Calculated [NO2]/[NOx] ratios were in agreement with the values observed in other urban areas worldwide. The influence of temperature on the [NO2]/[NOx] ratio was investigated. An increase of [NO2]/[NOx] concentration ratio was found with increasing temperature. Finally, a set of empirical relationships for the preliminary determination of NO2 concentration values as a function of the NOx was elaborated and compared with existing formulations. Polynomial functions were adapted to the average concentration values returned by the division into classes of 10 μg/m3 of NOx. The choice of an empirical function to estimate the trend of NO2 concentrations is potentially useful for the preliminary data analysis, especially in case of data scarcity. The scatter plots showed differences between the two monitoring stations, which may be attributable to a different urban context in which the stations are located. The dissonance between a purely residential context (Rubino station) and another characterised by the co-presence of residential buildings and industries of various kinds (Lingotto station) leads to the need to consider a greater contribution to the calculation of the concentrations emitted in an industrial/residential context due to a greater presence of industrial chimneys but also to more intense motorised vehicle transport. The analysis of the ratio between nitrogen oxides and tropospheric ozone confirmed that, as O3 concentration increases, there is a consequent reduction of NOx concentration, due to the chemical reactions of the photo-stationary cycle that takes place between the two species. This work highlighted that the use of an empirical formulation for the estimation of [NOx] to [NO2] conversion rate could in principle be adopted. However, the application of empirical models for the preliminary estimation of [NOx] conversion to [NO2] cannot replace advanced models and should be, in principle, restricted to a limited area and a limited range of NOx concentrations.
Risk-Based Screening Tools to Optimise HIV Testing Services: a Systematic Review
Authors: Ong J. J. , Coulthard K. , Quinn C. , Tang M. J. , Huynh T. , Jamil M. S. , Baggaley R. , Johnson C.
Published: February 2022

Purpose of review

Effective ways to diagnose the remaining people living with HIV who do not know their status are a global priority. We reviewed the use of risk-based tools, a set of criteria to identify individuals who would not otherwise be tested (screen in) or excluded people from testing (screen out).

Recent findings

Recent studies suggest that there may be value in risk-based tools to improve testing efficiency (i.e. identifying those who need to be tested). However, there has not been any systematic reviews to synthesize these studies.

We identified 18,238 citations, and 71 were included. The risk-based tools identified were most commonly from high-income (51%) and low HIV (<5%) prevalence countries (73%). The majority were for “screening in” (70%), with the highest performance tools related to identifying MSM with acute HIV. Screening in tools may be helpful in settings where it is not feasible or recommended to offer testing routinely. Caution is needed for screening out tools, where there is a trade-off between reducing costs of testing with missing cases of people living with HIV.
Autoantibody Markers of Increased Risk of Malignancy in Patients with Dermatomyositis
Authors: Marzęcka Milena , Niemczyk Anna , Rudnicka Lidia
Published: February 2022

Dermatomyositis is a chronic inflammatory disease involving the skin and muscles. It most commonly occurs in adults with preponderance in females, but pediatric occurrence is also possible. The risk of malignancy in adult patients with dermatomyositis was reported to be 4.66-fold higher compared to that in the general population. A significantly increased risk of malignancy was reported within the first 12 months following the diagnosis of dermatomyositis (standardized incidence ratio equaled 17). One of the characteristic laboratory findings associated with dermatomyositis is the presence of circulating autoantibodies which are classified into two subgroups: myositis-specific and myositis-associated autoantibodies. It was shown that specific types of antibodies might be associated with an increased risk of malignancy. Current literature data indicate that the strongest correlation with malignant diseases was reported in anti-TIF1-γ-positive patients who were at a 9.37-fold higher risk of cancer. A 3.68-fold increase in the risk of cancer was also reported among patients with anti-NXP2 antibodies. Malignant diseases were reported in 14–57% of patients with anti-SAE antibodies. The presence of other autoantibodies may also be associated with an increased risk of malignancy. These data indicate that patients with circulating anti-TIF1-γ, anti-NXP2, and anti-SAE should be very closely monitored for dermatomyositis-associated malignant comorbidities. The aim of this review is to summarize the current data regarding the link between malignancy and the presence of specific antibodies in patients with dermatomyositis.
Role of [18F]FDG PET/CT in the management of G1 gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
Authors: Magi Ludovica , Prosperi Daniela , Lamberti Giuseppe , Marasco Matteo , Ambrosini Valentina , Rinzivillo Maria , Campana Davide , Gentiloni Guido , Annibale Bruno , Signore Alberto , Panzuto Francesco
Published: February 2022

Purpose

Since the role of [18F]FDG PET/CT in low-grade gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) neuroendocrine neoplasia (NET) is not well established, this study was aimed to evaluate the role of [18F]FDG PET/CT in grade 1 (G1) GEP-NETs.

Methods

This is a retrospective study including patients with G1 GEP-NETs who underwent [18F]FDG PET/CT.

Results

55 patients were evaluated, including 24 (43.6%) with pancreatic NETs and 31 (56.4%) with gastrointestinal NETs. At the time of diagnosis, 28 (51%) patients had metastatic disease, and 50 (91%) patients were positive by 68-Ga sstr PET/CT. Overall, 27 patients (49%) had positive findings on [18F]FDG PET/CT. Following [18F]FDG PET/CT, therapeutic management was modified in 29 (52.7%) patients. Progression-free survival was longer in patients with negative [18F]FDG PET/CT compared with positive [18F]FDG PET/CT (median PFS was not reached and 24 months, respectively, p = 0.04). This significance was particularly evident in the pancreatic group (p = 0.008).

Conclusions

Despite having low proliferative activity, approximately half of GEP-NETs G1 showed positive [18F]FDG PET/CT, with a corresponding negative impact on patients’ clinical outcomes. These data are in favor of a more “open” attitude toward the potential use of [18F]FDG PET/CT in the diagnostic work-up of G1 GEP-NETs, which may be used in selected cases to detect those at higher risk for an unfavorable disease course.
Factors Influencing Alzheimer’s Disease Risk: Whether and How They are Related to the APOE Genotype
Authors: Zhang Rong , Xu Xiaojiao , Yu Hang , Xu Xiaolan , Wang Manli , Le Weidong
Published: February 2022

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease featuring progressive cognitive impairment. Although the etiology of late-onset AD remains unclear, the close association of AD with apolipoprotein E (APOE), a gene that mainly regulates lipid metabolism, has been firmly established and may shed light on the exploration of AD pathogenesis and therapy. However, various confounding factors interfere with the APOE-related AD risk, raising questions about our comprehension of the clinical findings concerning APOE. In this review, we summarize the most debated factors interacting with the APOE genotype and AD pathogenesis, depict the extent to which these factors relate to APOE-dependent AD risk, and discuss the possible underlying mechanisms.
Fuel injection rate shaping and its effect on spray parameters in a direct-injection gasoline system
Authors: Pielecha Ireneusz
Published: February 2022

The presented test results contain an analysis of the variable control of fuel flow from high-pressure gasoline injectors. To control such a system, the cRIO 9063 system and NI-driven module were used. This system allows controlling a piezoelectric injector with a time-varying needle height, which affects the time-varying fuel flow during a single-time opening of the injector needle. The tests were carried out in a constant volume chamber with a constant fuel dose (Pinj = 15 MPa and qo = 17.4 mg), with two values of medium back pressure: Pb = 1.0 and 1.5 MPa as well as different injector opening times (resulting from equal doses of fuel). Analyzes of changes in linear and radial fuel spray range as well as the fuel spray volume were made. It has been found that injection rate-shaping allows to control the fuel flow from the injector at a variable needle height. A reduction of the linear range of the spray by 50% and a radial range by 40% compared to conventional settings within a specified time from the start of the injection was achieved. The surface area of the spray is limited by a maximum of 60% compared to the settings at the maximum control voltage. The use of injection rate-shaping may be an effective method of controlling the variable fuel flow from the injector and may allow the replacement of multi-stage fuel injection.

Graphical Abstract
Understanding energy and groundwater irrigation nexus for sustainability over a highly irrigated ecosystem of north western India
Authors: Singh Omvir , Kasana Amrita , Bhardwaj Pankaj
Published: February 2022

This paper examines various features of energy and groundwater irrigation nexus in a highly irrigated ecosystem of north western India. The study is based both on primary and secondary sources of data. Electric tube-wells account for about 72 percent of the total tube-wells population and consume about 40 percent of the total electricity consumption. Power subsidies account approximately 46 percent of the total subsidies disbursed which stimulate the groundwater development. The area irrigated by means of tube-wells has enlarged from 22 to 58 percent. Rice and sugarcane crops are the key consumers of energy both in terms of average energy consumption as well as per hectare of cultivated land. The average use factor of tube-wells is about 7.5 times high during kharif than in rabi season. Farmers have yielded high economic productivity under all crops with the exception of rice than other states such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Gujarat.
Suitability assessment of groundwater quality for irrigational use in Sagardighi block, Murshidabad district, West Bengal
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Bhabani Prasad , Chakraborty Ananya , Bera Amit , Saha Ranajit
Published: February 2022

Groundwater alone comprises nearly about 80% of the available water for irrigation purpose in Murshidabad and this usage of groundwater for irrigation is yet to increase further in the upcoming years. The present study was carried out to access the groundwater’s suitability for different agricultural purposes in and around Sagardighi block of Murshidabad district, West Bengal, India. Groundwater samples from thirty three different locations around Sagardighi were collected and then tested in the laboratory for various physical as well as chemical parameters such as electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, some major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Fe2+) and some anions (CO32−, HCO3−, Cl−). To further delineate the suitable groundwater zones for irrigation practices, the irrigation water quality parameters such as sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), permeability index (PI), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Kelly’s ratio (KR) were also calculated. Results show that most of the water samples had low to medium salinity, while only a very few of the samples show high salinity. Piper trilinear plot reveals that the water is primarily of Ca–Mg–HCO3− facies type. The SAR value of majority of the water samples in the study area are less than 10, which is within safe limits. RSC values indicate that the carbonate content is extremely low in the groundwater of the study area. Overall, the results indicate that majority of the samples are fit to be used for irrigational purpose. The findings of this study would help decision-makers in developing irrigation suitability planning and groundwater resource management in the future.
A review on the capability of zinc oxide and iron oxides nanomaterials, as a water decontaminating agent: adsorption and photocatalysis
Authors: Bharti  , Jangwan J. S. , Kumar Smita S. , Kumar Vivek , Kumar Amrish , Kumar Dushyant
Published: February 2022

Water decontamination became a priority-based focused area for environmental scientists and researchers these days. Several contaminants like pesticides (chlorpyrifos, endosulfan, aldrin, lindane, malathion) and heavy metals (As, Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu) are broadly reported in drinking water worldwide. Pesticides and heavy metals build up in drinking water is a danger to all consumers. These pollutants cause a number of deadly diseases like bone deformity, nerve disorder, liver damage and cancer. So, their elimination from drinking water is a must to do thing to save life of the living creatures. Several pollutant removal processes are applied for the eliminations of these contaminants from water, of which adsorption and photocatalysis are latest, effective and focused in this paper. Thus, this review will focused on the recent work done using zinc and iron oxides nanomaterials as adsorbent for the removal of different heavy metals and photocatalysts for the mineralization of various pesticides.
Arabic Fake News Detection Based on Textual Analysis
Authors: Himdi Hanen , Weir George , Assiri Fatmah , Al-Barhamtoshy Hassanin
Published: February 2022

Over the years, social media has had a considerable impact on the way we share information and send messages. With this comes the problem of the rapid distribution of fake news which can have negative impacts on both individuals and society. Given the potential negative influence, detecting unmonitored ‘fake news’ has become a critical issue in mainstream media. While there are recent studies that built machine learning models that detect fake news in several languages, lack of studies in detecting fake news in the Arabic language is scare. Hence, in this paper, we study the issue of fake news detection in the Arabic language based on textual analysis. In an attempt to address the challenges of authenticating news, we introduce a supervised machine learning model that classifies Arabic news articles based on their context’s credibility. We also introduce the first dataset of Arabic fake news articles composed through crowdsourcing. Subsequently, to extract textual features from the articles, we create a unique approach of forming Arabic lexical wordlists and design an Arabic Natural Language Processing tool to perform textual features extraction. The findings of this study promises great results and outperformed human performance in the same task.
Production of magnetic sewage sludge biochar: investigation of the activation mechanism and effect of the activating agent and temperature
Authors: Sierra Irene , Iriarte-Velasco Unai , Ayastuy Jose L. , Aguayo Andrés T.
Published: February 2022

Sewage sludge-based porous materials were prepared through an integrated and energy-saving procedure that combines chemical activation with an alkali (NaOH or K2CO3) and physical activation with CO2 in a single step. The study was conducted in a wide temperature range (600–1000 °C), using higher temperatures than those commonly used. From the standpoint of textural properties, the impregnation results in a decrease in the optimum activation temperature: 800 °C for untreated samples, and 600–700 °C for impregnated samples. The impregnation increases the amount of –OH and –NH functional groups, and it also leads to the generation of new oxygen- and/or nitrogen-containing functionalities (above 800 °C for the impregnation with K2CO3 and in the whole temperature range for the impregnation with NaOH). The chemical treatment favors the development of magnetic properties on biochars, which is an advantage for its reuse in wastewater treatment, since it favors the removal of anionic surfactants and heavy metals such as lead, copper, zinc, and manganese. The uptake of phenol and methylene blue (MB) is maximized with the combination of the impregnation (with NaOH for phenol and K2CO3 for MB) and the use of a moderate temperature (600–700 °C). The optimum uptake values represent an increase of 87% and 152% for MB and phenol, respectively, compared to the highest value of non-impregnated samples (activated at 800 °C), with the advantage of the lower temperature required.

Graphical abstract
Relationship between frailty, nutrition, body composition, quality of life, and gender in institutionalized older people
Authors: Jyväkorpi S. K. , Lindström M. , Suominen M. H. , Kautiainen H. , Salminen K. , Niskanen R. T. , Pitkälä K. H. , Roitto H-M.
Published: February 2022

Our aim was to explore the relationship between frailty, nutrition, body composition, and how gender modifies this relationship among long-term care facility residents. We further investigated how body composition correlates with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in both genders. In all, 549 residents (> 65 years of age) were recruited from 17 long-term care facilities for this cross-sectional study. Demographic information, diagnoses, use of medications, and nutritional supplements were retrieved from medical records. Participants’ frailty status, cognition, nutritional status, HRQoL, and body composition were determined. Energy, protein, and fat intakes were retrieved from 1- to 2-day food diaries. The final sample consisted of 300 residents (77% women, mean age 83 years). The majority of participants, 62% of women and 63% of men, were identified as frail. Frail participants in both genders showed lower body mass index (p = 0.0013), muscle mass (MM) (p < 0.001), poorer nutritional status (p = 0.0012), cognition (p = 0.0021), and lower HRQoL (p < 0.001) than did prefrail participants. Women had higher fat mass, whereas men exhibited higher MM. The HRQoL correlated with the MM in both women, r = 0.48 [95% CI 0.38, 0.57] and men r = 0.49 [95% CI 0.38, 0.58]. Interventions aimed at strengthening and retaining MM of long-term residents may also support their HRQoL.
Diurnal Circadian Lighting Accumulation Model: A Predictor of the Human Circadian Phase Shift Phenotype
Authors: Hou Dandan , Lin Caixin , Lin Yandan
Published: February 2022

Light is an important external factor that affects human circadian rhythms. This study aimed to explore the effects of different dimensions of diurnal light exposure on the physiological circadian phase shift (CPS) of the human body. A strict light exposure experiment with different timing schemes (8:00–12:00, 13:00–17:00, 18:00–22:00), durations (4 h, 8 h) and effective circadian stimulus levels (circadian stimulus: 0.35, 0.55) was performed in an enclosed laboratory. Fourteen participants, including seven males and seven females, with a mean age of 24.29 ± 2.43 (mean ± standard deviation), participated in this experiment and experienced all six lighting schemes. The results showed that both time factor (F3,40 = 29.079, p < 0.001, the power of the sample size = 0.98) and circadian stimulus levels (T20 =  − 2.415, p = 0.025, the power of sample size = 0.76) significantly affect the CPS. On this basis, a diurnal circadian lighting accumulation (DCLA)—CPS model was proposed in the form of the Boltzmann function, and was validated by experimental data with high correlation (R2 = 0.9320, RSS = 0.1184), which provides strong support for rationally arranging the light level at different times of the day.
Validity evidence for flourishing as a measure of global wellbeing: a national multicenter study of academic general surgery residents
Authors: Lebares Carter C. , Greenberg Anya L. , Gonzales Paul A. , Boscardin Christy K. ,   and the General Surgery Research Collaborative on Resident Wellbeing
Published: February 2022

Purpose

Physician wellbeing is critical to high-quality sustainable healthcare and optimal patient experience. Few objective measures exist to assay wellbeing (as opposed to just pathology) in surgery, or to evaluate the efficacy of wellbeing interventions. Flourishing (as measured by the Mental Health Continuum, MHC) has been suggested as a concise measure of global wellbeing in surgeons. We aimed to establish validity evidence for flourishing in a large national sample of surgical trainees, explore differences by gender and race, and confirm support for the underlying constructs.

Methods

This cross-sectional study of all General Surgery residents at 16 ACGME-accredited academic programs included an online survey of published measures distributed in February 2021. The Mental Health Continuum (MHC), a three-factor model, assesses emotional, social, and psychological wellbeing and is an established metric of psychosocial thriving in non-physicians. A global score cut-off exists for flourishing which represents high wellbeing. Correlation between flourishing and established measures of risk and resilience in surgery were assessed for validity evidence. Differences by gender and race were explored. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to confirm the three-factor structure in surgical trainees.

Results

300 residents (60% non-male, 41% non-white) responded to the survey. For the overall group, flourishing was significantly positively correlated with all wellbeing resilience factors and negatively correlated with all risk factors. This held true for race and gender subgroups based on interaction analyses. CFA and sensitivity analysis results supported the three-factor structure.

Conclusions

Our findings offer validity evidence for flourishing as a measure of global wellbeing and confirm the three-factor structure of emotional, social, and psychological wellbeing in surgical trainees. Thus, the MHC may be a concise tool for assaying wellbeing, within and across subgroups, and for assessing wellbeing intervention effectiveness within the surgery.
Predictors of Pornography Use: Difficulties in Emotion Regulation and Loneliness
Authors: Cardoso Jorge , Ramos Catarina , Brito José , Almeida Telma C.
Published: February 2022

Background

Pleasure-seeking reasons are the main drivers of pornography use (PU), but the regulation of unpleasant states, namely distraction from or suppression of negative emotions and stress relief, are other potential predictors of this behavior.

Aim

Our main objective is to develop an explanatory model of problematic PU, assessing difficulties in emotion regulation, loneliness, perceived stress, as well as age and gender as predictors.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted that included a total of 340 participants (M = 28.50 years, SD = 10.32). Self-report inventories were administered that measured problematic PU (PPCS), difficulties in emotion regulation (DERS-SF), loneliness (UCLALS-3), and perceived stress (PSS-10).

Results

The findings were indicative of recreational PU, with only a small number of participants (4.6%) reporting a possible problematic PU. There were statistically significant gender differences (F(1,337) = 33.306, P ≤ .001), namely that men were more likely to report problematic PU (M = 36.03, SD = 21.30) than women (M = 25.32, SD = 9.24). Problematic PU was significantly and positively correlated either with difficulties in emotion regulation, loneliness, perceived stress and age. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis showed that difficulties in emotion regulation (β = 0.259, P ≤ .001), loneliness (β = 0.209, P = .001), and gender (β = -0.377, P ≤ .001) define the best subset of predictors of problematic PU. Age and perceived stress were not selected as predictors in this subset.

Clinical Translation

The promotion of better emotion regulation abilities and strategies for adaptive coping with loneliness must be taken into consideration, namely in cases of problematic PU or compulsive sexual behavior disorder.

Strengths & Limitations

Being a cross-sectional study with a convenience sample and the fact that these variables explain only a part of the explained variance of the problematic PU are the main limitations. Despite the limitations, the principal contribution of this study is the understanding that gender, difficulties in emotion regulation, and loneliness remain as main predictors of problematic PU, even when combined in the explanatory model.

Conclusion

The current study provides a better understanding of the predictors of problematic PU related with the reduction or avoidance of unpleasant states. Emotion regulation, loneliness, and perceived stress, studied simultaneously, provide a better understanding of the complex relationships between these factors and problematic PU. Difficulties in emotion regulation and loneliness are predictors of higher problematic PU, as well as the expected gender effect.
Religion in Sixteenth-Century Mexico
Authors: Claassen Cheryl , Ammon Laura
Published: February 2022

Religion in Sixteenth-Century Mexico explores the development of religion as transferred from Spain to Tenochtitlan. The religious world of both Aztecs and Spanish Catholics at time of encounter was organized through large and small scale community, family, and personal devotions. Devotion expressed through cults was the single most salient aspect in the transfer of Catholicism to New World people. This book highlights the role that ideas such as afterlife, apocalypticism, iconoclasm, Marianism, resistance, and saints played in the emergence of Mexican Catholicism in the sixteenth century. The larger Atlantic world context, as seen in the regions of Iberia, Anahuac, and 'New Spain', or central Mexico from Zacatecas to Oaxaca, is explored in detail. Beginning with an extensive historical essay to contextualize the pre-contact period, the bulk of this volume contains 118 separate keywords each with three comparative essays examining Aztec and Catholic religious practices before and after contact.
Pantheism
Authors: Buckareff Andrei A.
Published: February 2022

This Element focuses on some core conceptual and ontological issues related to pantheistic conceptions of God by engaging with recent work in analytic philosophy of religion on this topic. The conceptual and ontological commitments of pantheism are contrasted with those of other conceptions of God. The concept of God assumed by pantheism is clarified and the question about what type of unity the universe must exhibit in order to be identical with God receives the most attention. It is argued that the sort of unity the universe must display is the sort of unity characteristic of conscious cognitive systems. Some alternative ontological frameworks for grounding such cognitive unity are considered. Further, the question of whether God can be understood as personal on pantheism is explored.
Catullus’ Fantastical Memories – Poem 68 and Writing Trauma
Authors: Johnson Marguerite
Published: February 2022

In the many evocations of memory in the Catullan corpus, fantasy plays a significant, albeit discrete role. Fantasy embellishes memories in Catullus’ poems, not necessarily making them bearable but enabling them to be understood, in part. I argue that in poem 68 there are two different approaches to fantastical memories: the intense and vivid memories of his brother's death, and the memories of Lesbia that move both towards, and away from, overt fantasy. In this sense, and in the context of poem 68, fantasy communicates the memory of trauma in a way that includes vivid, hyperbolic, symbolic and metaphoric modes of expression. In the case of the fantasy embedded in the memory of Lesbia, it also entails wish fulfilment.
Applying mucosal barrier injury laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection criteria in patients with solid tumors and hematologic malignancies: A retrospective cohort study looking for the real source of infection
Authors: Puin da Silva Ana Carolina , Vieira Michely Fernandes , Freire Maristela Pinheiro , Vaz Lumena , Bonazzi Patrícia Rodrigues , Ibrahim Karim Yaqub , Diz Maria Del Pilar Esteves , Hoff Paulo Marcelo , Pereira Juliana , Rocha Vanderson Geraldo , Abdala Edson
Published: February 2022

We evaluated the interference of the mucosal barrier injury (MBI) laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection (MBI-LCBI) criteria on the central-line–associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) incidence density, and the proportion of catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) among those classified as MBI. We detected 339 CLABSIs: 15.0% were classified as MBI-LCBIs, and among these, 19.6% were classified as CRBSIs.
Optimal growth over a time-evolving variable-density jet at Atwood number
Authors: Nastro Gabriele , Fontane Jérôme , Joly Laurent
Published: February 2022

Secondary instabilities growing over a time-evolving variable-density round jet subject to the primary Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instability at Atwood number

$\vert \textit {At} \vert = 0.25$

are investigated with a non-modal linear stability analysis. Despite local modifications of the base flow vorticity induced by the baroclinic torque, these disturbances experience a short-term universal growth due to a combination of the Orr and lift-up mechanisms, whatever the azimuthal wavenumber

$m$

. At

$\textit {Re}=1000$

, the secondary energy growth stems from the development of elliptical and hyperbolic instabilities, with an E-type-to-H-type transition as

$m$

and

$\textit {Re}$

increase, as in the homogeneous case (Nastro et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 900, 2020, A13). In the light jet at

$\textit {Re} = 1000$

, after the KH mode saturation, the high-

$m$

H-type instability is replaced by a perturbation organised as counter-rotating streamwise vortices located in the base flow region of promoted strain rate. Increasing the Reynolds number up to

$\textit {Re} = 10\,000$

yields larger energy growths and a strong anisotropy among energy and enstrophy components with a preferential increase of axial velocity and azimuthal vorticity. Both come from the linearised baroclinic source that drives the optimal response towards folded sheets of axial velocity that differ from those observed in the variable-density plane shear layers. When the perturbation is injected around the KH saturation time for

$\textit {Re}=10\,000$

, the response to optimal perturbation takes the form of fast growing secondary KH instabilities whatever

$m$

. We find these three-dimensional secondary KH instabilities to be good candidates for the transition to turbulence in variable-density jet flows.
Locomotion with a wavy cylindrical filament in a yield-stress fluid
Authors: Hewitt D.R. , Balmforth N.J.
Published: February 2022

A yield stress is added to Taylor's (1952, Proc. Royal Soc. A, 211, 225-239) model of a microscopic organism with a wavy cylindrical tail swimming through a viscous fluid. Viscoplastic slender-body theory is employed for the task, generalising existing results for Bingham fluid to the Herschel–Bulkley constitutive model. Numerical solutions are provided over a range of the two key parameters of the problem: the wave amplitude relative to the wavelength, and a Bingham number which describes the strength of the yield stress. Numerical solutions are supplemented with discussions of various limits of the problem in which analytical progress is possible. If the wave amplitude is sufficiently small, the yield stress of the material inevitably dominates the flow; the resulting ‘plastic locomotion’ results in swimming speeds that depend strongly on the swimming gait, and can, in some cases, even be negative. Conversely, when the yield stress is large, swimming becomes possible at the wave speed, with the swimmer sliding or burrowing along its centreline with a relatively high efficiency.
Theoretical analysis on the ignition of a combustible mixture by a hot particle
Authors: Yu Dehai , Chen Zheng
Published: February 2022

Mechanical spark is an important ignition source in various industrial processes involving combustible mixtures and it may cause serious safety issues. In this work, we analysed the ignition induced by hot particles in a combustible mixture. In Semenov's transient ignition criterion, we introduced a hypothetical heat loss coefficient accounting for the temperature inhomogeneity and obtained a revised ignition criterion which allows us to calculate the ignition delay time. Explicit expressions for the critical ignition temperature were derived and used to demonstrate the primary impacts of temperature inhomogeneity on the ignition process. Consistent with experimental and numerical results, the temperature inhomogeneity is intensified by either reducing the particle size or convective heat transfer at the particle surface, resulting in an increase of the critical ignition temperature. For flow separation on the particle surface, the boundary layer problem was solved based on a Blasius series. A temperature gradient for ignition was defined at the location of flow separation to reproduce the experimentally observed phenomenon that ignition prefers to occur first near the flow separation position. It is shown that the unsteadiness of particle cooling makes negligible contribution to the ignition process because of the exceedingly large density ratio between the particle and the ambient gas. In addition, the finite residence time of ignition for a fluid parcel due to its elevation from the particle surface leads to additional growth in the critical ignition temperature. However, such a correction appears to be inconsequential because the ignition of the fluid parcel restricted to the Frank–Kamenetskii region is close to the particle surface.
Setting the Demons Loose: Computational Irreducibility Does Not Guarantee Unpredictability or Emergence
Authors: Tabatabaei Ghomi Hamed
Published: February 2022

A phenomenon resulting from a computationally irreducible (or computationally incompressible) process is supposedly unpredictable except via simulation. This notion of unpredictability has been deployed to formulate recent accounts of computational emergence. Via a technical analysis, I show that computational irreducibility can establish the impossibility of prediction only with respect to maximum standards of precision. By articulating the graded nature of prediction, I show that unpredictability to maximum standards is not equivalent to being unpredictable in general. I conclude that computational irreducibility fails to fulfill its assigned philosophical roles in theories of computational emergence.
Why Mental Disorders are not Like Software Bugs
Authors: Fagerberg Harriet
Published: February 2022

According to the Argument for Autonomous Mental Disorder (AAMD), mental disorder can occur in the absence of brain disorder, just as software problems can occur in the absence of hardware problems in a computer. This article argues that the AAMD is unsound. I begin by introducing the “natural dysfunction analysis” of disorder, before outlining the AAMD. I then analyze the necessary conditions for realizer autonomous dysfunction. Building on this, I show that software functions disassociate from hardware functions in a way that mental functions do not disassociate from brain functions. It follows that mental disorders are brain disorders necessarily.
ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS OF RADIOCARBON IN LUND, SWEDEN, PRIOR TO THE START OF THE EUROPEAN SPALLATION SOURCE
Authors: Eriksson Stenström Kristina , Skog Göran , Bernhardsson Christian , Mattsson Sören , Nielsen Anne Birgitte , Rundgren Mats , Muscheler Raimund , Linderson Hans , Pédehontaa-Hiaa Guillaume , Rääf Christopher
Published: February 2022

The European Spallation Source (ESS) is a neutron-based research facility under construction in Lund in southern Sweden. The spallation reactions will generate not only the desired neutrons, but also many radioactive by-products, including 14C. As part of the licensing process, and as recommended by the IAEA, various preoperational studies are being carried out, including mapping the “zero-point” radiation environment around the site. As the city of Lund hosts several facilities using 14C-labeled substances, and since temporary and local 14C contamination have been observed in the past, 14C mapping is an important part of these baseline assessments. We here present a summary of 14C levels in various terrestrial environmental samples in Lund and in southern Sweden during the years 2012 to 2020. These environmental F14C do not display significantly elevated levels compared to sites located remote from Lund. We also describe a local 14C contamination event that was detected at the Lund Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory in 2009. Horse-chestnut leaves collected close to the laboratory exhibited F14C values of up to ∼25% above the clean air background. Elevated values of F14C were also found in a short tree-ring series, especially in 2007. The source of this contamination was identified and successfully removed.
The Social Bases of Political Parties: A New Measure and Survey
Authors: Marks Gary , Attewell David , Hooghe Liesbet , Rovny Jan , Steenbergen Marco
Published: February 2022

This article proposes a measure of the social structuration of political parties. The measure has some distinctive virtues. It assesses the social bases of partisanship from the standpoint of the political party, and it provides a simple and transparent method for assessing the relative weight of social-structural and behavioral factors for party composition. We illustrate the power of this measure through a comparison of political parties in 30 European countries since 1975.
Development of a model to predict psychotherapy response for depression among Veterans
Authors: Ziobrowski Hannah N. , Cui Ruifeng , Ross Eric L. , Liu Howard , Puac-Polanco Victor , Turner Brett , Leung Lucinda B. , Bossarte Robert M. , Bryant Corey , Pigeon Wilfred R. , Oslin David W. , Post Edward P. , Zaslavsky Alan M. , Zubizarreta Jose R. , Nierenberg Andrew A. , Luedtke Alex , Kennedy Chris J. , Kessler Ronald C.
Published: February 2022

Background

Fewer than half of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) respond to psychotherapy. Pre-emptively informing patients of their likelihood of responding could be useful as part of a patient-centered treatment decision-support plan.

Methods

This prospective observational study examined a national sample of 807 patients beginning psychotherapy for MDD at the Veterans Health Administration. Patients completed a self-report survey at baseline and 3-months follow-up (data collected 2018–2020). We developed a machine learning (ML) model to predict psychotherapy response at 3 months using baseline survey, administrative, and geospatial variables in a 70% training sample. Model performance was then evaluated in the 30% test sample.

Results

32.0% of patients responded to treatment after 3 months. The best ML model had an AUC (SE) of 0.652 (0.038) in the test sample. Among the one-third of patients ranked by the model as most likely to respond, 50.0% in the test sample responded to psychotherapy. In comparison, among the remaining two-thirds of patients, <25% responded to psychotherapy. The model selected 43 predictors, of which nearly all were self-report variables.

Conclusions

Patients with MDD could pre-emptively be informed of their likelihood of responding to psychotherapy using a prediction tool based on self-report data. This tool could meaningfully help patients and providers in shared decision-making, although parallel information about the likelihood of responding to alternative treatments would be needed to inform decision-making across multiple treatments.