bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Population-Based Study of Parkinsonism in an Amish Community
Authors: Racette Brad A. , Good Laura M. , Kissel Abigail M. , Criswell Susan R. , Perlmutter Joel S.
Published: July 2009

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with unknown cause. Genetic mutations account for a minority of cases but the role of environmental factors is unclear. Methods: We performed a population-based screening for PD in subjects in an Amish community over age 60. PD was diagnosed using standard clinical criteria and the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale motor subsection 3 (UPDRS3). Community prevalence was calculated. We constructed a community pedigree and calculated kinship coefficients, a measure of relatedness between 2 subjects, for every pair of subjects in diagnostic categories: clinically definite PD, UPDRS3 score >9, Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) score <25, and normal. Results: Of 262 eligible subjects, 213 agreed to participate, 15 had PD, 43 had MMSE <25, 73 had UPDRS3 >9. The prevalence of PD was 5,703/100,000 with increasing prevalence in every decade of age. Excluding first-degree relatives, normal subjects were more related to each other (0.0102, SD = 0.0266) than subjects with clinically definite PD (0.0054, SD = 0.0100; p = 0.00003), subjects with UPDRS >9 (0.0076, SD = 0.0155; p = 0.00001), and subjects with MMSE <25 (0.0090, SD = 0.0180; p = 0.00003). Conclusions: PD and parkinsonian signs are common in this population and the prevalence increases with age. The finding that subjects with PD were not more related than normal subjects suggests that environmental factors may contribute to the parkinsonian phenotype in this community.
The Time Interval Window between Stroke Onset and Hospitalization and Its Related Factors
Authors: Turin Tanvir Chowdhury , Kita Yoshikuni , Rumana Nahid , Takashima Naoyuki , Ichikawa Masaharu , Sugihara Hideki , Morita Yutaka , Miura Katsuyuki , Okayama Akira , Nakamura Yasuyuki , Ueshima Hirotsugu
Published: July 2009

Objective: Successful acute stroke intervention depends on early hospitalization. The time interval between stroke onset to hospitalization was examined to identify the factors influencing the interval and also to determine whether treatment time window expansion will translate into more treatment. Methods: Data was obtained from Takashima Stroke Registry covering approximately 55,000 residents in Japan. During 1988–2002, the interval between stroke onset and hospitalization was available for 1,446 registered patients (men 761, women 685). Multivariate regression analyses were performed to evaluate the factors influencing early and late admission. Results: The proportions of the patients who arrived within 3 h of onset were 61.4%. Only 8.7% of the patients arrived during a 3- to 6-hour interval. A substantial proportion (29.9%) of patients arrived after 6 h. Early stroke hospitalization was significantly associated with the severity of the stroke event and time of stroke onset. Conclusion: Clinically more severe stroke patients were hospitalized earlier and nocturnal strokes had delayed admission. Even expanding the therapeutic time window from ≤3 to ≤6 h, there are possibilities that a substantial proportion of patients would not benefit from acute intervention. Future research should focus not only on developing therapies for expanding the treatment time window, but also place emphasis on reducing the interval between onset and hospitalization.
Long-Term Survival after Stroke: 30 Years of Follow-Up in a Cohort, the Copenhagen City Heart Study
Authors: Boysen Gudrun , Marott Jacob Louis , Grønbæk Morten , Hassanpour Houry , Truelsen Thomas
Published: July 2009

Background and Purpose: Only few have studied long-term survival after stroke. Such knowledge is essential for the evaluation of the current and future burden of stroke. The present study presents up to 30 years of follow-up of patients after a first-ever stroke. Methods: Participants in the Copenhagen City Heart Study who experienced a first-ever stroke from 1978 to the end of 2001 were followed to the end of 2007. Stroke events were validated using the World Health Organization’s definition of stroke. Linkage to the Danish Civil Registration System enabled identification of participants who died before the end of 2007. The National Register of Causes of Death provided cause of death. Survival in stroke patients was compared with survival in participants in the Copenhagen City Heart Study who did not suffer a stroke, and with survival in the general Danish population. Cox regression analyses adjusting for age and gender were used to compare survival in six consecutive 4-year periods starting with 1978–1982. Results: Of 2,051 patients with first-ever stroke 1,801 died during follow-up. Causes of death were cerebrovascular disease in 37%, other cardiovascular diseases in 28%, cancer in 12%, and other causes in 23%. The most important determinant for long-term survival was age at time of stroke. In the 65- to 72-year age group 11% survived 15 years after stroke. In the age group <65 years 28% survived 15 years. For all age groups survival was poorer in stroke patients than in non-stroke controls. Long-term survival improved steadily over time. Life expectancy after stroke increased up to 4 years from 1978 to the end of 2001, exceeding the increase of life expectancy in the general population. Slightly longer survival was found in women than in men when adjusted for age at stroke onset. Conclusion: In this cohort long-term survival after stroke gradually improved over three decades from 1978. The gain in remaining lifetime after stroke exceeded that of the general population.
Applied Human Genomics from an Innovation Systems Perspective
Authors: Castle David
Published: July 2009

Background/Aims: Nutrigenetics remains at the forefront of applied human genomics, and for this reason it draws scrutiny from several different perspectives. Most conspicuous among these perspectives is the interest demonstrated in the regulation of nutrigenetics. There are other, equally important factors affecting the fate of nutrigenetics which can be considered alongside regulation. Using innovation systems theory to guide the analysis provides insights into the future of nutrigenetics innovation. Methods: Innovation systems theory is used to analyze the opportunities and constraints on nutrigenetics. Results and Conclusion: Regulation of nutrigenetics has preoccupied the attention of many commentators, but other constraints such as intellectual property and access to venture capital are serious and probable impediments to future commercial development of nutrigenetics.
Factors Affecting the Adsorption of Esterified Streptococcal Group A and E Cell Wall Polysaccharide Antigens to Red Blood Cells and Their Effect on Antibody Measurement
Authors: Pavlovskis O.R. , Slade H.D.
Published: July 2009

The streptococcal group A and E cell wall polysaccharide (PS) antigens were each esterified with one of 4 fatty acid chlorides. The terminal hexose unit of each polysaccharide was not extensively esterified. The esters were used to sensitize red blood cells (RBC) and the cells were shown to lyse in the presence of guinea pig complement and group specific antibodies. Sera from children hospitalized with clinical streptococcal respiratory disease, and rabbit anti-A and anti-E sera, were shown to possess hemolytic titers which were significantly greater than the hemagglutination titers. Both IgM and IgG group A antibodies participated in the precipitin, agglutination and hemolytic reactions. The lipids of the RBC membrane were necessary for adsorption of the ester to the cell; the addition of cations was not required. The importance of hydrogen and hydrophobic bonds in the complex formation between ester and formalinized RBC were shown by urea and detergent treatment of the sensitized cells. When the RBC were sensitized consecutively with 3H-labeled group A and group E esters, the results demonstrated that no inhibition of the uptake of the second ester had taken place. The treatment of RBC with trypsin or neuraminidase prior to sensitization did not result in any significant change in the uptake of radioactive ester or agglutination titer. Treatment of the esters with N-acetylglucosaminidase or β-glucosidase showed that the terminal hexose unit was not extensively esterified.
The Effect of Carrageenan on the Establishment of Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Bice D. , Schwartz H.J. , Lake W.W. , Salvaggio J.
Published: July 2009

Carrageenan, a high molecular weight, sulfated polygalactose known to be toxic for macrophages in vitro was utilized in in vivo experiments to further study the role of this cell type in the initiation and expression of delayed hypersensitivity. When administered intraperitoneally to sensitized guinea pigs around the time of skin testing, carrageenan suppressed the expression of existing delayed hypersensitivity reactions to BSA. In addition, when administered at the time of immunization, carrageenan suppressed the development of subsequent delayed hypersensitivity. Carrageenan, in vitro did not appear to be cytotoxic for lymphocytes either structurally or functionally. It did not possess mitogenic properties and did not interfere with phytohemagglutinin induced lymphocyte transformation.
Failure of Insoluble Antigens to Elicit Anaphylactic Reactions
Authors: Albuquerque L.R. , Perini A. , Mota I.
Published: July 2009

Paniculate antigens failed to provoke anaphylactic reaction in both the active systemic and the passive cutaneous forms, in the guinea pig. This seems to indicate that anaphylaxis requires the presence of soluble antigens, which, by crossing the vessel walls can react with sensitized cells located extravascularly.
The Immune Response in Hypothalamic-Lesioned and Hypophysectomized Rats
Authors: Thrasher Susan G. , Bernardis L.L. , Cohen S.
Published: July 2009

A large number of conflicting reports on the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in antibody production have appeared in the literature. We have shown that focal hypothalamic lesions which are capable of producing profound metabolic alterations are incapable of diminishing antobody production as measured by passive hemagglutination. Moreover, such treatment does not appear to affect the animal’s peripheral reactivity to the interaction of exogenous antibody and antigen. Similarly, hypophysectomy has no detectable effect on antibody production.
A Reversible Acute Reaction Following Intravenous Administration of Antithymocyte Globulin
Authors: Perper R. , Pultavituma A. , Palutke Margarita , Rosenberg J.C.
Published: July 2009

In experimental studies in pigs, it was shown that the first intravenous injection of potent equine antiporcine thymocyte globulin (ATG) induced a symptomatic anaphylactic reaction which was accompanied by high plasma histamine and serotonin levels, depletion of the peripheral stores of these compounds and a pronounced lymphopenia. A refractory state followed in which further ATG injections did not induce such reactions. Patients treated with equine antihuman ATG had a similar reaction and refractory period. Antihistamine therapy was both prophylactic and effective in reversing the symptoms. It is suggested that the symptomatic anaphylactic reaction observed was due to reverse type anaphylaxis caused by an antigen antibody reaction (ATG + lymphocyte) in which pharmacological mediators were released. It was demonstrated experimentally that the refractory state was attributed to the absence of sufficient numbers of ATG sensitive lymphocytes during the subsequent injections. Depressed serum complement levels and a reduced store of histamine and serotonin observed in the experimental animals may have participated toward the induction of the refractory period. It is recommended that reverse anaphylaxis be considered when an acute reaction is observed in patients who have no evidence of antibodies to horse proteins.
Heterogeneity of Guinea Pig γ1and γ2 Immunoglobulins
Authors: Perini Adenir , Binaghi R.A. , Boussac-Aron Yolande , Oriol R. , Esteves María Brazil
Published: July 2009

Heterogeneity was shown by immunoelectrophoresis in the Fc fragments of normal and anti-DNP guinea pig γ1and γ2immunoglobulins, suggesting the existence of subclasses. An attempt was made to isolate the subclasses. Specifically purified anti-DNP antibodies were prepared using 3 different methods, and the γ1and γ2classes were separated and analyzed by electrofocusing in a gradient of pH. Resolution of γ2was not successful: only 1 peak was obtained with an average isoelectric point of 9.4. In the case of γ12 populations were separated: γ1S (slow) average isoelectric point 7.2, and γ1R (rapid) average isoelectric point 6.4 Immunochemical examination of γ1S and γ1R with antisera made in rabbits against each of these fractions indicated that γ1S consisted of 2 components differing in their Fc fragments, while γ1R was essentially homogeneous. These results indicate that electrofocusing may be useful to separate the various components of γ1but the present experiments do not allow a definition of subclasses. The homologous anaphylactic activity (PCA) of γ1S and γ1 R was identical on a weight basis.
Kinetics of the in vitro Development of Cytotoxicity against Alloantigens
Authors: Lohmann-Matthes M.-L. , Koren H.S. , Fischer H.
Published: July 2009

The kinetics of sensitization against H2-antigens leading to cytotoxicity were studied in a mouse allogeneic in vitro system, where the antigen-reactive lymphocytes can be separated at any precise moment from the allogeneic sensitizing fibroblasts and subcultured isogenetically. To achieve optimal sensitization 48 h of close contact with antigenic fibroblasts is necessary. At this time no cytotoxicity is detectable. The sensitization period of 48 h is followed by a differentiation period on days 3–4, which seems to be characterized by an enhanced stickiness of the sensitized lymphocytes to the allogeneic feeder layer. Five days of culture are needed to develop maximum cytotoxicity.
Studies on Allotypes in Sheep
Authors: Bash J.A. , Milgrom F.
Published: July 2009

An antiserum obtained from a sheep immunized with pooled sheep vitreous body was shown to contain allotypic antibodies which defined a specificity designated A. Subsequent immunization of 5 sheep with sheep sera elicited antibodies which recognized 7 additional allotypic specificities designated B, C, D, E, F, G and H. Comparison of antigenic specificities in double diffusion gel precipitation indicated that in sera containing allotypes C and E, C and H, or E and H, both allotypes were often expressed on the same molecule although subpopulations of molecules possessing only one of the specificities could also be demonstrated. Physicochemical tests characterized A and B as relatively small α-glycoproteins. Specificity A was apparently determined by carbohydrate while specificity B was manifested by the protein portion of a molecule rich in sialic acid. Specificities C, E and H appeared to be carried by α2-macroglobulin. Allotypes A, B, D, F and G were shown to be synthesized in utero while specificities C, E and H were not detected in fetuses. Transplacental crossing of allo-type-bearing components was not demonstrated. Inheritance of allotypes appeared to be under control of dominant autosomal genes. Convincing evidence for Mendelian dominant inheritance was presented on the basis of family studies for allotypes A, B and E. The occurrence of allotype combinations in the general population along with results of specific matings suggested that the inheritance of C, E and H may be determined by gene complexes.
Lymphocyte Mitogens of Indigenous Australian Plant Species
Authors: Curtain C.C. , Simons M.J.
Published: July 2009

Saline extracts of seeds from 164 Australian indigenous plant species representing 73 genera and 28 families were tested for their ability to stimulate blast transformation and mitosis in human buffy coat cells. Extracts from 3 species, Rhagodia crassifolia, Bassia decurrens and Bauhinia Carronii were found to be active. The most active extract, from B. Carronii was fractionated by isoelectric focussing, by which it was found possible to separate the mitogenic, haemagglutinating and leucoagglutinating activities. The activity of the B. Carronii mitogen was not inhibited by antiserum to the phytohaemagglutinin of Phaseolus vulgaris (PHA) and its chemical composition and sedimentation co-efficient differed from those published for PHA and the mitogen of the pokeweed (Phytolacca americana).
Similarity in the Mechanism of Histamine Release Induced by Cationic Protein from Neutrophils and by Complement Dependent Ag-Ab Reaction
Authors: Ranadive N.S. , Muir J.D.
Published: July 2009

It has been shown previously that band 2 protein obtained from the lysosomes of rabbit neutrophils induces specific histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells [10]. The activation of esterase was shown to be an initial step followed by active state I. This state decays without rendering the cells unresponsive to rechallenge. The establishment of unresponsiveness to band 2 protein in the presence of DNP was attributed to the decay of a second active state. In the present investigations, an attempt has been made to determine whether the same pathway is activated by complement-dependent antigen-antibody reaction. It has been found that the cells made unresponsive to band 2 protein in the presence of DNP also became unresponsive to Ag-Ab-C. Similarly, the cells made unresponsive to Ag-Ab-C by reacting them in the presence of DNP or at 15 °C became unresponsive to band 2 protein. Unlike Ag-Ab-C, band 2 protein itself released histamine at 15 °C. Band 2 protein, but not Ag-Ab-C, activated the cells at 10 °C, so as to release histamine after removal of the stimulus prior to the resus-pension of these cells in Tyrode at 37 °C. The rates of activation of mast cells by these two stimuli differ markedly. These findings are discussed in view of the proposed mechanism of histamine release.
Some Studies on Acute Inflammation Induced by Dextran in the Mouse
Authors: Ankier S.I. , Neat M.L.
Published: July 2009

Intravenous dextran resulted in acute pinnal inflammation in all strains of mice examined, although the incidence of reactivity differed between strains. With ASL/TO mice, dextran produced a dose-dependent inflammatory response followed by a refractory state. Breeding experiments showed that the incidence of reactivity in this strain is not controlled by simple Mendelian laws of inheritance. Anti-histamines, anti-5-hydroxytryptamines, D-glucose, 2-deoxy-d-glucose, cortisone, catecholamines and methylthiouracil inhibited the reaction as did large doses of disodium cromoglycate and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. The pinnal response was enhanced by deoxycorticosterone, adrenalectomy and 1-thyroxine while insulin was without effect. No pinnal reaction occurred after the intravenous injection of egg-white or dextrin but in all mice tested compound 48/80 induced an inflammatory response which was dose-dependent. The relationship of these findings to the anaphylactoid reaction in rats and to urticarial states in man is discussed.
Immunological Analyses of Birch Pollen Antigens, with Special Reference to the Allergenic Components
Authors: Belin L.
Published: July 2009

Birch pollen contains some ten antigenic components, demonstrable with immunodiffusion methods. One or two of these antigens differ from the others by a remarkable resistance to heat and extreme pH. In addition, these thermostable antigens are responsible for the major allergenic activity of birch pollen extracts and are more readily extracted from birch pollen than the other antigens. The allergenic thermostable antigens of birch pollen have counterparts, particularly in the pollen of alder, but also to some extent in that of hazel and aspen, as well as in hazelnut.
Further Studies on Guinea Pig and Rabbit Cytophilic Antibodies Directed Against Human Serum Albumin
Authors: Maginn P.C. , Daniel K. , Sparr L. , Blazkovec A.A.
Published: July 2009

Cutaneous hypersensitivity, humoral antibody levels and antibody production by single cells were studied in guinea pigs and rabbits sensitized with HSA in the form of immune complexes. Studies with guinea pigs showed that immune complexes prepared with homologous immune globulin were more highly immunogenic than were complexes prepared with a heterologous source of immune globulin. Immunogenicity was demonstrated for the heterologous globulin portion of immune precipitates and antigenic competition was implicated in the reduced capacity of these complexes to induce hypersensitivity to HSA. The immune response patterns of rabbits immunized with HSA complexed with homologous immune globulin were comparable to those obtained with guinea pigs. Incorporation of immune precipitates in FC adjuvant was a prerequisite for the induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity; likewise, only animals sensitized in this manner produced significantly high levels of cytophilic anti-HSA antibody following skin testing.
Pathogenesis of Graft-versus-Host Reaction
Authors: Heim L.R. , Yunis E.J. , Good R.A.
Published: July 2009

The pathologic changes during graft-versus-host reaction were studied in normal, adrenalectomized and/or thymectomized (C3H × C57B1)F1 hybrid mice injected with spleen cells from C3H strain donors. Our findings suggest that lymphoid tissue damage during graft-versus-host reaction can be attributed to primary pathology of the thymus-dependent ‘T’ lymphoid tissue. The primary target of the immunologic graft-versus-host reaction appears to be the ‘T’ lymphoid component. The secondary pathology seems to be mediated by at least two mechanisms, adrenal gland hypersecretion and an adjacent tissue effect that may be dissected by manipulation of the host.
Reaginic Antibodies on Basophils in Grass Pollen Allergy, as Shown by Rosette-Formation
Authors: Wilson Anne B. , Marchand Rose-Mary , Wilson D.V. , Devey Madeleine , Coombs R.R.A.
Published: July 2009

Antibodies to grass pollen allergens have been demonstrated on basophils of individuals with hay fever by means of a rosette-forming reaction with allergen-coated erythrocytes. The antibodies on the basophil cell membrane were shown to be IgE by inhibition of rosette-formation with specific anti-Ε serum. Not all persons giving positive skin reactions to grass pollen extracts had basophils capable of rosette-formation.
The Effect of Various Adjuvant Regimens and of Nematode Infection on the Reaginic Antibody Response to Egg-Albumin in the Rat
Authors: Jarrett Ellen E.E. , Henderson D. , Riley Patricia , White R.G.
Published: July 2009

The role of some critical components of the potentiated reagin response to egg-albumin following nematode infection in the rat are examined. The phenomenon can conveniently be described in two stages: Stage 1. Following injection of the antigen reagin production must be initiated before infection with the parasite. To satisfy this precondition, egg-albumin requires to be injected with an adjuvant since no detectable reagin appears if the antigen alone is injected. Adjuvants found to be successful in this system were Bordetella pertussis, Freund’s complete or incomplete adjuvants, Corynebacterium parvum in water-oil emulsion and aluminium hydroxide gel. C. parvum in saline suspension proved ineffective. Stage 2.Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection potentiates the circulating reagin titre up to 100 times. Attempts to potentiate by substituting B. pertussis for a parasite infection in stage 2 were unsuccessful.
Detection of Cells Secreting Antibodies more Reactive with an Alternate Structure than with the Immunizing Hapten
Authors: Rouquès Renée , Inman J.K. , Merchant B.
Published: July 2009

An extension of hapten-specific plaque-forming cell procedures has been developed which involves coupling of sulfobenzeneazo-N-acetyl-l-tyrosyl azide with indicator erythrocytes. This new assay system has been used to study immune cell suspensions from rabbits immunized with simpler sulfobenzeneazo groups attached to carrier by diazonium coupling. The numbers of plaque-forming cells disclosed by the new assay were comparable to those for a standard system employing indicator red cells bearing sulfobenzeneazo groups homologous to those on the immunogen. Experiments with mixed indicator erythrocytes and with combined-coupled red cells revealed that the two different indicator systems detected mainly separate N-acetyl-l-tyrosyl moiety was lacking in the immunogen. The data the branched N-acetyl-l-tyrosyl moiety was lacking in the immunogen. The data have been interpreted in the light of current concepts of the nature of antigen receptors on antibody-forming cell precursors. The findings suggest that precursor cells can be activated which bear receptors better adapted to a determinant different than the immunizing hapten.
Studies on Thermostable Liver-Specific Antigens
Authors: Auer I.O. , Milgrom F.
Published: July 2009

Rabbit antiserum to human liver BE preparation detected one liver-specific antigen. This antigen was virtually restricted to man. It had low electrophoretic mobility in liver extract but fast mobility in liver BE preparation. Evidence was presented that the antigenically active moiety of this component is a carbohydrate. Rabbit anti-bovine liver BE sera detected two liver-specific components; one of them gave narrow interspecies cross-reactions restricted to some mammals, whereas the other gave very broad interspecies cross-reactions which included chicken. The component detected by antiserum to human liver BE was antigenically unrelated to the components detected by antisera to bovine liver BE.
The Demonstration of Human Gm-Like Serum γ-Globulin Types Using Nonhuman Primate Reagents
Authors: Wiener A.S. , Socha W.W. , Gordon E.B. , Moor-Jankowski J.
Published: July 2009

An antiglobulin serum was prepared by immunizing rabbits with serum globulin of gibbons. This reagent was used for an inhibition test with rhesus monkey red cells coated with rhesus isoantibodies or baboon red cells coated with isoantibodies as indicator. With this test individual differences could be demonstrated in human γ-globulins comparable to the Gm types.
Serological Studies of Haemophilus influenzae
Authors: Branefors-Helander Paula
Published: July 2009

Six capsulated Haemophilus influenzae strains, types a to f (Ma–Mf), and two non-iridescent, non-capsulated variants of the Ma and Md strains (Sa and Sd) were studied by means of double immunodiffusion and immuno-electrophoretic methods. A capsular antigen, designated precipitinogen 1, and a second antigen, designated precipitinogen 2, were demonstrated in extracellular (Ex) antigen preparations of the Ma–Mf strains. In addition to the serotvpe capsular antigen, traces of capsular antigen of at least one other serotype could be demonstrated in all Ex antigen preparations except in MaEx. In strain Sa, small amounts of capsular antigen a were found, whereas no capsular antigen d was revealed in the strain Sd. The precipitinogens 2 of the Ma and Md strains were also demonstrated in the S variants, indicating that this antigen may not be of capsular origin. Cross-reactions of precipitinogen 2 were seen between strains of three different serotypes (a, e and f).
Time Course of Macromolecule Synthesis in Human Lymphocyte Cultures Stimulated by Antilymphocyte Globulin and Phytohemagglutinin
Authors: Skoog V.T.
Published: July 2009

The macromolecule synthesis induced by antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was studied in human lymphocyte cultures. The preparation and resulting characteristics of a rabbit antihuman lymphocyte globulin (RAHLG) are described. Pulse treatment of lymphocytes with RAHLG or PHA induced a wave of macromolecule synthesis. DNA synthesis showed a maximum after 45–50 h in culture for both substances. RNA synthesis was similar in the initial stages for both systems but reached a maximal peak value after 15–20 h for RAHLG cultures, while PHA cultures maintained a maximal level after 20–25 h. Protein synthesis showed a maximal value for RAHLG cultures after 22–24 h and for PHA after 46–48 h. The differences support the idea that lymphocytes transformed by ALG attain a degree of maturation or biological responsiveness different from lymphocytes transformed by PHA. At the same time, initial similarities in the time course of macromolecule synthesis indicate that ALG and PHA may wholly or partly act on the same receptor system.
The Chemotactic Activity of Fibrin Lysis Products
Authors: Stecher V.J. , Sorkin E.
Published: July 2009

Fibrinogen was purified from the plasma of four different animal species. Homogeneity of the preparations was demonstrated by analytical ultracentrifugation, electrophoresis on cellulose acetate and immunoelectrophoresis,. Fibrinogen was converted to fibrin by thrombin and the resulting clot was lyzed using plasmin. The products of lysis were found to be strongly chemotactic for neutrophils. Neither plasmin alone nor fibrinogen by itself exerted a chemotactic effect. The results provide experimental evidence for a direct correlation between the process of fibrinolysis and chemotactic attraction of leukocytes. This system is discussed in terms of providing an explanation for the cellular response observed in numerous clinical situations where the levels of fibrin degradation products are increased.
Role of Casein in Casein-Induced Amyloidosis of Mice
Authors: Schultz R.T. , Milgrom F.
Published: July 2009

The present study of casein-induced amyloidosis of mice was intended to determine if there is any relation between the deposition of injected casein in the mouse spleen and sites of amyloid formation in the spleen. Using the technique of autoradiography, evidence was obtained that, throughout much of the course of amyloid induction, at least a portion of the injected casein was undergoing follicular localization, with initial trapping at the outer portions of the marginal zones and final localization about the germinal centers. Additional evidence for formation of antibodies to casein in this experimental model was obtained by the procedure of radioimmunoe.lectrophoresis. When amyloid formation had occurred, injected casein was shown to have prompt and ready access to it. The areas in which amyloid formation occurred corresponded to areas previously occupied by the marginal zones. The very rapid entry of the casein into the amyloid suggested increased vascular permeability. The various possible ways in which these findings might relate to amyloid formation were considered.
Induction of Canine Homocytotropic Antibody by Tetanus Toxoid and Dinitrophenylated Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin Antigens
Authors: Matsumoto M. , Monkus T.P. , Freeman M.J.
Published: July 2009

Homocytotropic antibody (HCA), measured by a 72-hour Prausnitz-Küstner test, was detected consistently in sera of nonatopic dogs after intramuscular inoculation with alum-precipitated (AP) tetanus toxoid. Less marked and consistent HCA responses were observed after inoculation of AP-dinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Peak titers of antitoxoid HCA were detected between 2 and 3 weeks post inoculation, and HCA persisted for more than 6 weeks after primary inoculation. The antitoxoid HCA was labile to heat treatment (56 °C for 4 h) or 2-mercaptoethanol reduction, but was stable after 24 h at 4 °C, or five times repeated freezing and thawing.
Sexual Dimorphism in the Primary Immune Response of the Syrian Hamster
Authors: Blazkovec A.A. , Orsini Margaret Ward , Maginn P.C.
Published: July 2009

The primary immune response patterns of young adult male and female hamsters injected with SRBC cells were studied and compared. The females were shown to produce higher numbers of PFC per spleen than did males. Similar results were obtained using aged males and females. These results were found to be independent of circadian rhythm for the males tested. Effects of pre- and post-pubertal gonadectomy on the primary immune response suggest that female advantage in terms of specific immunoglobulin synthesis depends primarily on the relative absence of male gonadal hormones.
Serum Albumin – An Important Allergen in Dog Epithelia Extracts
Authors: Yman L. , Brandt R. , Ponterius G.
Published: July 2009

Allergens from dog serum and extracts of dog hair, dandruff and skin scrapings were studied with respect to some physico-chemical and immunological properties. Serum albumin was found to be an important allergen present in high concentration in epithelia extracts. At least one additional serum protein was found to be a potent allergen.
Two Classes of Homocytotropic Antibodies in the Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Amkraut A.A. , Malley A. , Begley D.
Published: July 2009

Rhesus monkeys injected intravenously with TNP-KLH produced homocytotropic antibody separable into two components on ion exchange chromatography, a heat-labile γ1- and a heat-stable γ2-immunoglobulin. Homocytotropic antibody was directed against the TNP group only, though both groups of determinants gave rise to large amounts of precipitating antibody. Arthus reactions induced by TNP on heterologous carrier were more severe than those caused by KLH. Prolonged TNP-induced reactions resembled delayed hypersensitivity reactions grossly and histologically. Anaphylaxis occurred in a few of the animals in response to TNP-KLH, but not to KLH alone, although no relationship to levels of homocytotropic antibody was discernible.
Allogeneic Stimulation of Anti-Hapten Response in Mice
Authors: Cheers Christina
Published: July 2009

(CBA × C57B1)F1 mice were primed to the hapten NNP on either of the non-cross-reacting carriers fowl γ-globulin (FγG) or ovalbumin (OV) and 4 weeks later were given 50 × 106 CBA or (CBA × C57B1)F1 spleen cells. When challenged on the same day with NNP.FγG, the two groups of mice undergoing a graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR) showed higher numbers of antibody-producing cells to both NNP and FγG determinants. The antibody-forming cells were of host origin, and the effect could be induced by T lymphocytes, not by B. When mice were challenged with NNP.FγG at various intervals after the induction of GVHR, it was found that by 8 days the increased response was seen only in mice primed to hapten on the heterologous carrier (NNP.OV). Increased antibody formation was not seen in primed CBA mice injected with (CBA × C57B1)F1 spleen cells, or in normal (CBA × C57B1)F1 mice injected with primed CBA cells. When mice undergoing GVHR were lethally irradiated, they did not increase the response of primed (CBA × C57B1)F1 cells transferred to them. The relevance of these findings to the mechanism of interaction between T and B cells is discussed.
Heterophile Antigen Detected by Infectious Mononucleosis Sera on Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Malavé Inés , Milgrom F.
Published: July 2009

In extending previous studies, it was shown that not only malignant but also normal murine lymphoid cells contain the heterophile antigen combining with infectious mononucleosis (IMS) sera. Evidence was presented, however, that malignant lymphoid cells contain heterophile antigen at a higher density and possibly in a more ‘complete’ form than normal lymphoid cells. Nonlymphoid nucleated murine cells contain very little, if any, heterophile antigen. Distribution of heterophile antigen in normal rat tissues is similar to that in normal murine tissues. Ox and sheep contain heterophile antigen not only on erythrocytes and lymphoid cells but also on nonlymphoid nucleated cells. Naturally occurring human antibodies to murine thymocytes differ in their serological specificity from heterophile antibodies of IMS sera.
IgE in Allergic Drug Reactions
Authors: Müller U. , Morell A. , Hoigné R.
Published: July 2009

Sera of 102 patients with allergic drug reactions were investigated for IgE levels by radioactive single radial immunodiffusion. High IgE serum concentrations were more frequently found in these patients than in a control group of healthy blood donors. Most of the elevated IgE levels were seen in patients with urticaria or anaphylactic shock (type I reactions). One third of these patients had raised IgE compared to only 6% of the control group. In patients with maculopapular rashes and in type III reactions (Arthus reaction, serum sickness, etc.), the incidence of high IgE was not significantly increased. Surprisingly, elevated IgE was often found in thrombocytopenia and agranulocytosis (type II reactions).
Antibody Response and Ribonuclease Activity in the Sera of Calves Passively Immunized to Bovine Pancreatic Ribonuclease
Authors: Johnson H.M. , Smith B.G. , Bukovic J.A. , Hoffsiss G. , Wilson G.P.
Published: July 2009

Calves passively immunized with rabbit anti-bovine pancreatic ribonuclease serum were examined for their antibody response to egg albumin, rabbit γ-globulin, and rabbit serum albumin. An enhanced immune response was observed toward rabbit γ-globulin, but not toward the other antigens. It appears that this enhanced response to rabbit γ-globulin was due to the formation of ribonuclease-anti-ribonuclease complexes in vivo, and was directed toward antigenic determinants on the rabbit anti-ribonuclease antibody. Concomitant with the antibody response was an increase in the concentration of serum ribonuclease as determined by radioimmunoassay. A corresponding increase in ribonuclease enzymatic activity, however, was not generally observed. The data suggest a possible interaction between ribonuclease, a ribonuclease inhibitor, and the apparatus for antibody synthesis.
Skin Hypersensitivity Reactions Induced in Calves by Experimental Infections with Fasciola hepatica
Authors: Doyle J.J.
Published: July 2009

An ‘immediate’ or type I hypersensitivity response was elicited in the skin of calves from 3 to 20 weeks after their experimental infection with Fasciola hepatica by the intradermal injection of small amounts of a complex lipid-free antigen of this parasite. In the later stages of the experiment, from 16 to 20 weeks after infection, the weal initiated by this type I reaction was prolonged by the subsequent development of an ‘Arthus’ or type III hypersensitivity reaction. The size of the weal elicited by the hypersensitivity responses increased with the duration of infection but was unrelated to the size of a calf’s acquired fluke burden or its state of reinfection with this parasite.
Development of Alterations in the Primary Immune Response of Mice by Exposure to Fresh Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Thomas W.R. , Holt P.G. , Keast D.
Published: July 2009

Mice were exposed daily to fresh cigarette smoke for varying periods up to 294 days. The plaque-forming cell response present in the lung, mediastinal and cervical lymph nodes, blood and spleen of exposed animals was measured 7 days after intratracheal inoculation with sheep erythrocytes. This was compared to the response in age-matched controls. The response in all organs showed progressive impairment over the exposure period. The response of the lymph nodes was initially enhanced by the smoking, but after continued exposure became severely depressed.
Adjuvant Effect of Birch Pollen on Antibody Production
Authors: Strannegård Ö.
Published: July 2009

Birch pollen, administered 6 days before primary antigenic stimulation, was found to have a stimulating effect on the production of reaginic antibodies as well as antibodies reactive in indirect haemagglutination tests. The stimulating effect was evident on secondary but not primary antibody responses. The adjuvant effect of birch pollen was evoked on the production of antibodies to bovine serum albumin in rabbits as well as to bovine γ-globulin in mice. The relevance of the findings as to the question of allergenicity is discussed.
Comparison of Candida-Delayed Hypersensitivity Skin Test Size with Lymphocyte Transformation, Migration Inhibitory Factor Production and Antibody Titer
Authors: Bice D.E. , Lopez M. , Rothschild H. , Salvaggio J.
Published: July 2009

There is conflicting evidence concerning the correlation of in vitro lymphocyte transformation (LT) with migration inhibitory factor (MIF) production, in vivo delayed hypersensitivity and antibody formation. In the present study, both normal controls and patients with mucocutaneous candidiasis were assessed for delayed (cell-mediated) hypersensitivity to Candida antigen by skin testing, antigen-induced LT and MIF production. Specific anti-Candida-precipitating antibody levels were determined by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. A significant correlation (p < 0.001) was observed between the size of the skin reaction and the level of Candida in vitro lymphocyte stimulation. Although there was positive qualitative correlation between both delayed skin reaction size and LT compared to MIF production, no significant quantitative correlation with MIF production was observed.
Lymphocytopenia in Acute Experimental Renal Failure
Authors: Slavin Raymond G. , Gallagher Neil I.
Published: July 2009

Lymphocytopenia is a common accompaniment of renal failure. To study this phenomenon, guinea pigs were made uremic by ureteral ligation. In one day, peripheral lymphocytes had decreased by 44%. The phenomenon is not species-specific since both rats and rabbits exhibited early peripheral blood lymphocytopenia after bilateral nephrectomy or ureteral ligation. Lymphocytopenia due to the markedly elevated blood cortisol levels following ureteral ligation is unlikely for two reasons. Normal guinea pigs injected with large amounts of corticosteroids showed no lymphocytopenia. Adrenalectomized rats underwent bilateral nephrectomy with resultant increase in plasma creatinine and marked fall in peripheral lymphocytes. The rapid development of the lymphocytopenia associated with uremia would favor increased destruction rather than decreased production.
Rosette Formation of Pig T Lymphocytes with Sheep Erythrocytes
Authors: Escajadillo Cristina , Binns R.M.
Published: July 2009

The relationship of sheep RBC rosette formation to density of thymus and blood lymphocytes was investigated. Thymocyte density was unimodal and cells of all densities rosetted equally. Blood lymphocyte density was bimodal with most rosette-forming cells in the denser ficoll layers. Papain treatment of SRBC increases rosette formation with blood lymphocytes while apparently maintaining specificity of T cells.
Pharmacodynamic Study of the Capillaries of Normal and Allergic (Atopic) Subjects
Authors: Kramár Jenö
Published: July 2009

Using the capillary resistance test as a method to study the cutaneous microvessels, a number of capillary active agents were investigated by applying them percutaneously in hydrophylic ointment base to manifestly allergic and definitely non-allergic volunteers. While the catecholamines and heparin increased capillary resistance in both allergic and non-allergic groups, metacholine, serotonin, the somatotropic hormone and nitroglycerin either did not change or decreased capillary resistance in the normal group and invariably increased it in the members of the allergic group. The effects of catecholamines were, completely or partially, blocked in the normal group by pretreatment of the skin with dibenzyline or propranolol. In the members of the allergic group, blockade was often weak or absent indicating some derangement in the adrenergic receptors. The significance of the findings is discussed.
Structure and Biological Functions of Human IgD
Authors: Leslie Gerrie A. , Correa Raul H. Lopez , Holmes James N.
Published: July 2009

The ontogeny of serum IgG, IgA, IgM and IgD in 312 members of a southern United States population was studied. Circulating IgD was found in all adolescents and in 97% of the adults tested. IgD levels increased until adult life. Females had statistically significantly higher levels of IgD than did the males of their respective age groups. The children investigated showed an accelerated development of adult levels of all immunoglobulins, particularly IgG, IgM and IgD. These departures from previously reported norms emphasize the importance of regional variability and demonstrate the necessity for characterizing local patterns of humoral immunologic development. Our total lack of knowledge concerning the biological function of IgD could be corrected if more laboratories would measure IgD as part of their routine immunoglobulin screening programs.
Arterial and Muscle Oxygen Tension in Experimental Models of Asthma
Authors: Patterson Roy , Harris Kathleen E.
Published: July 2009

The immediate-type airway response in anesthetized dogs and rhesus monkeys to two antigens (ascaris and keyhole limpet hemocyanin) and pharmacologic agents (histamine, methacholine and prostaglandin F2α) were studied. The pulmonary function abnormalities demonstrated by changes in breathing frequency, peak expiratory flow rate, pulmonary resistance, expiratory-inspiratory time ratio, tidal volume, and dynamic compliance were compared with simultaneous determinations of arterial pO2, muscle pO2 or both, using indwelling electrodes. The results demonstrate that the O2 determinations provide an additional parameter of study of these experimental models of asthma, and that it may be one of the more sensitive indicators of an induced airway response of the immediate-type. The hypoxia parallels the degree of severity of the respiratory response and demonstrates a further similarity of this model to human asthma.
Immune Response to Trichinella spiralis in the Rat
Authors: Ottesen Eric A. , Smith Terrill K. , Kirkpatrick Charles H.
Published: July 2009

The immune response of rats to infection with Trichinella spiralis was studied serially for more than 1 year. Initial antigen-specific cellular reactivity, assessed by the lymphocyte transformation response, developed in the draining mesenteric nodes 3 days after infection. After 1 week reactive lymphocytes were detectable in the spleen and circulating blood, but the more ‘remote’ peripheral nodes did not harbor antigen-reactive cells until late in the second week. Thereafter, the patterns of antigen-responsiveness varied among the different lymphoid pools, but in all cases a decline in reactivity was seen after the first month. Serum hemagglutinating and homocytotropic antibodies, detectable by the tenth day, reached their peaks after 1 month of infection. Hemagglutinating titers persisted for more than 1 year but homocytotropic antibody was lost over this period. Comparisons are drawn between the evolution of the natural infection and the development of the host’s immune response.
Rosette Formation with Mouse Erythrocytes: Probable Marker for Human B Lymphocytes
Authors: Gupta Sudhir , Grieco Michael H.
Published: July 2009

Studies of peripheral blood lymphocytes were performed in 10 healthy control subjects and 15 patients with hematological disorders. Spontaneous formation of mouse red blood cell-forming rosettes (MRFC) were observed with 8.1% of lymphocytes in control subjects (range 4.2–2.0%), while rosette formation with sheep red blood cells (SRFC) and complement-coated sheep erythrocyte (EAC rosettes) was present in 69.2 and 10.7%, respectively. Mouse rosette-forming cells were increased in parallel fashion with EAC rosettes in five patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia suggesting that mouse red blood cells (MRBC) may serve as a B cell marker. A single patient with a lymphoma associated with increased peripheral SRFC did not have a concomitant rise of MRFC. It appears likely that MRBC will provide another detection marker for B lymphocytes by spontaneous rosette formation.
Modulation of the Formation and Release of Bovine SRS-A in vitro by several Anti-Anaphylactic Drugs
Authors: Burka J.F. , Eyre P.
Published: July 2009

Slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) is released immunologically from bovine lung in, vitro. Various drugs known to protect calves and other animals during anaphylaxis were tested to investigate their modulation of the formation and release of SRS-A. The anti-inflammatory drugs, meclofenamate and aspirin, potentiated SRS-A release. Chlorphenesin and diethylcarbamazine citrate at high concentrations both inhibited SRS-A release. Two new anti-anaphylactic drugs, PR-D-92-EA and M&B 22,948, were particularly effective in inhibiting SRS-A release at low concentrations. The possible modes of actions of these drugs are discussed.