bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mewujudkan Indonesia Untuk Semua
Authors: kerenhapukh fenata putri
Published: December 2018

Soekarno memiliki pandangan atau ingin mewujudkan “Indonesia bagi semua” yang artinya tidak ada perbedaan di dalam negara ini. Tetapi dalam perkembangannya Indonesia semakin berbeda dari pandangan Soekarno. Di Negara Indonesia sekarang masyarakatnya tidak ada toleransi antar suku, agama, bahasa dan lain-lain. Masyarakat mayoritas lebih berpengaruh dari pada masyarakat minoritas.Contoh tidak adanya toleransi antar suku, tidak adanya keperdulian antar suku, atau mereka saling merebutkan wilayah, seharunya mereka bisa membicarakannya dengan baik-baik dan bukannya perang antar suku dan sampai saling membunuh tanpa adanya rasa kemanusiaan. Dan ini biasanya terjadi secara turun temurun tanpa adanya klarifikasi biar tidak adanya peperangan lagi. Dendam antar suku ini dibawa dari kakek buyut sampai ke cucunya.Contoh tidak adanya toleransi antar agama. dan ini dari dulu sampai sekarang banyak terjadi kasus. Dimana agama mayoritas merasa dia benar di banding agama minoritas. Seperti kasus Ahok dan kasus pengeboman di Surabaya. Kasus Ahok yang cuma salah cara pengucapan kalimat dari surat Al Maidah ayat 51, dan juga cara orang menangkap kata yang di lontarkan Ahok berbeda beda. Ada yang menganggapnya positif dan ada yang negatif. Dan Ahok mengatakan itu dengan maksud baik tetapi banyak masyarakat yang menganggapnya jelek. Masalah ini seharusnya di selesaikan secara kekeluargaan tanpa adanya hukum tetapi di Indonesia banyak masyarakat yang menolak menyelesaikan masalah ini dengan baik-baik. Berbanding terbalik dengan kasus pengeboman di Surabaya, kasus yang seharusnya di selesaikan dengan cara teliti dan menggunakan hukum tetapi ada dari golongan masyarakat yang mendukung adanya pengeboman di Gereja. Dan pemerintah sangat lambat untuk menanganinya. Pemerintah dengan sigap dan cepat menghukum Ahok tetapi Pemerintah sangat lamban menangani pengeboman di Gereja.Contoh tidak adanya toleransi bahasa, banyak masyarakat yang tidak menghargai perbedaan bahasa di Indonesia. Dari kecil kita di ajarkan untuk saling menghargai perbedaan apapun dan dari manapun.Dapat dilihat dari contoh itu seharusnya kita sebagai penerus bangsa Indonesia harus bisa menghargai berbagai macam perbedaan entah itu suku, agama, bahasa, dan lain-lain. Kita harus memiliki pemikiran yang positif, karena pemikiran positif itu mempunyai hal yang baik untuk kehidupan bermasyarakat di indonesia. Ketika kita mempunyai perbedaan janganlah menghujat tetapi hargailah itu. Menghargai adalah hal yang positif tidak akan menimbulkan hal yang negatif dan kita harus menerima perbedaan itu karena semua orang hidup atau manusia hidup itu sudah berbeda satu sama lain. Gimana cara pandang kita untuk melihat perbedaan di Indonesia dan menumbuhkan toleransi diantara masyarakat.kita harus bersatu untuk menumbuhkan toleransi di Indonesia, dan tumbuhkanlah toleransi itu di hidupmu lalu bagilah toleransi itu ke orang sekitarmu.
Ayah yang Banting Anaknya hingga Tewas Dikenal Baik oleh Tetangga Ditinjau dari sudut pandang teori Etika
Authors: putri hogi krisna
Published: December 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui etika yang baik, tindakan manusia yang baik, tatanan moral subyektif, tatanan moral obyektif, dan nilai. Pada kasus disini seorang pelaku tidak mempunyai etika yang baik dan melanggar norma – norma yang ada. Dan pelaku tersebut tidak bertanggung jawab atas tindakan yang dilakukannya terhadap anak kandungnya sendiri. Kemudian pelaku tidak mengetahui apa dampak dari tindakannya. Pelaku juga tidak mempertimbangkan dari tindakan yang dilakukan. Disini yang tidak dapat di abaikan atau yang harus ditempuh yaitu jalur hukum, jadi di jalur hukum pelaku harus bertanggung jawab atas semua tindakan dan perbuatan yang dilakukannya. Setelah melakukan tindakannya, akhirnya pelaku tersebut dianggap memiliki nilai yang buruk dalam artian pelaku tersebut dipandang rendah atau orang yang tidak bermoral.Kata Kunci : Etika , Nilai , Moral Obyektif
PENGEMBANGAN PERANGKAT PEMBELAJARAN FISIKA SMA BERBASIS MODEL INKUIRI TERBIMBING UNTUK MENSTIMULUS KETERAMPILAN PROSES SAINS SISWA PADA MATERI LISTRIK DINAMIS
Authors: Rizaldi Rachmat
Published: December 2018

Salah satu faktor rendahnya hasil belajar siswa adalah kurangnya keterampilan proses sains siswa dalam pembelajaran. Perangkat pembelajaran yang tersedia di sekolah belum sesuai kebutuhan siswa. Hal ini menuntut guru untuk mengembangkan perangkat pembelajaran berupa Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran (RPP), Lembar Kerja Siswa (LKS), Handout, dan penilaian yang dapat menstimulus keterampilan proses sains siswa. Salah satu model pembelajaran yang sesuai kebutuhan tersebut adalah model inkuiri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan perangkat pembelajaran berbasis model inkuiri terbimbing untuk menstimulus keterampilan proses sains siswa pada materi listrik dinamis dengan kriteria valid, praktis dan efektif. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pengembangan (Research and Development). Model pengembangan yang digunakan adalah 4-D terdiri dari tahap Define, Design, Development ,dan Dissiminate. Hasil analisis validasi perangkat pembelajaran yang telah dikembangkan berada pada kategori sangat valid dengan nilai 86,3%. Analisis praktikalitas berdasarkan angket keterlaksanaan RPP dengan nilai 85,6%, angket respon guru dengan nilai 84,08% dan angket respon siswa dengan nilai 75,6% diperoleh bahwa perangkat sangat praktis. Hasil uji efektivitas dinyatakan bahwa perangkat pembelajaran yang dikembangkan efektif karena perangkat dapat meningkatkan kompetensi siswa pada kompetensi pengetahuan dengan nilai 78,7, sikap dengan nilai 75,4 dan keterampilan proses sainsnya dengan nilai 75,3. Dengan demikian, perangkat pembelajaran fisika berbasis model inkuiri terbimbing untuk menstimulus keterampilan proses sains siswa pada materi listrik dinamis sangat valid, sangat praktis dan efektif untuk diterapkan pada proses pembelajaran.
Politik Memanas : Habis “Sontoloyo” terbitlah “Genderuwo”
Authors: briliyanti nanda putri
Published: December 2018

Politik merupakan hubungan interaksi antar pemerintah dengan masyarakta dalam mengambil keputusan yang mempunyai sifat mengikat. Sedang etika merupakan karakter baik maupun buruk yang melekat dalam diri manusia. Politik dan etika mempunyai hubungan kuat. Dalam realitanya hubungan keduanya terdapat penyimpangan. Seperti pada kasus politik genderuwo dan politik sontoloyo tidak menggambarkan adanya hubungan yang erat antara politik dan etika. Politik sontoloyo dan politik genderuwo merupakan kegiatan politik yang menggunakan cara tidak baik untuk kepentingan sendiri. Cara yang digunkan kaum politik elit sekarang adalah denga menyebarkan propaganda yang bertujuan memecah belah bangsa.
Metacognitive Processes Model of Decentering: Emerging Methods and Insights
Authors: Bernstein Amit , Hadash Yuval , Fresco David Marc
Published: December 2018

We previously proposed that three metacognitive processes – meta-awareness, disidentification from internal experience, and reduced reactivity to thought content – together constitute decentering. We review emerging methods to study these metacognitive processes and the novel insights they provide regarding the nature and salutary function(s) of decentering. Specifically, we review novel psychometric studies of self-report scales of decentering, as well as studies using intensive experience sampling, novel behavioral assessments, and experimental micro-interventions designed to target the metacognitive processes. Findings support the theorized inter-relations of the metacognitive processes, help to elucidate the pathways through which they may contribute to mental health, and provide preliminary evidence of their salutary roles as mechanisms of action in mindfulness-based interventions.
De Emotionele Respons van Lezers op Affectieve Headlines op Sociale Media
Authors: Tom Daniel , Goudbeek Martijn , Pollmann Monique Maria Henriettte
Published: December 2018

This study investigates the relationship between the sentiment of news on social media and readers’ emotional response. We analyzed 1946 teaser headlines (‘New life for a dead language, as more public schools offer Latin’) from the Wall Street Journal’s Facebook page and determined their sentiment with the program VADER. We find that emotional headlines lead to more reactions than neutral headlines. The sentiment scores were systematically related to the emoji the readers attached to the headline (respectively those for ‘like’, ‘love’, ‘haha’, ‘wow’, ‘sad’, and ‘angry’). News with a negative sentiment is related to an increase in negative emotional responses by readers (as expressed in the emoji they use, ‘angry’ and ‘sad’) as compared to neutral and positive news. However, positive news does not result in an increase of positive affective responses (e.g., positive emoji) compared to neutral or negatively colored news. These results are in line with earlier positive-negative asymmetry findings, showing that negative events lead to a higher need for action than positive events. They also underscore the complexity of predicting emotional responses, because we also found some unexpected effects, such as the fact that a ‘haha’ response was given to both positive and negative headlines and that ‘wow’ responses were more prevalent with negative news. This study therefore contributes to our understanding of how people use emoji.
Anger and its Consequences for Judgment and Behavior: Recent Developments in Social and Political Psychology
Authors: Lambert Alan , Eadeh Fade , Hanson Emily
Published: December 2018

In the eyes of the public—and in a substantial amount of scholarly research—anger is often framed in a negative light, given its role in driving people to act in antisocial ways. However, anger also has the potential for social good, insofar as it focuses attention on, and motivates people to fix, perceived injustices. As we discuss, the foundational link between anger and a desire to rectify justice has profoundly important implications that are relevant to research and theory in a variety of different disciplines (e.g., experimental social psychology, neuroscience, political science, personality). We begin this chapter by considering the methodological and theoretical challenges involved in the measurement of this feeling state, along with its relevance to our line of research on revenge, as well as the ideological consequences of threat. In the course of this discussion, we introduce a neo-Gibsonian framework of threat which allows for the fact that different types of threats, via anger, can exert different types of ideological consequences. A key prediction of this model—one that distinguishes it from current models of threat—is that activation of anger following threat has the potential to shift political attitudes to the “right” or to the “left”, depending on the nature of the threat at hand. These and other findings provide a more comprehensive understanding of this emotion, its relation to (perceived and actual) injustice, and its role in shaping relevant political beliefs.
Evaluation of Modified Sorghum Starches and Biodegradable Films
Authors: Shrestha Bijan , Dhungana Pramesh K , Dhital Sushil , Adhikari Babita
Published: December 2018

The properties of bio-films prepared from sorghum starch using three different modification techniques (hydrothermal treatment (HTT), acid-alcohol treatment (AA) and acetylation (A)) were studied. The physical properties of modified starches were significantly different from unmodified starches. More specifically, acetylated starch had significantly higher swelling power and solubility, where-as HHT starch had the highest water binding capacity. Starch films prepared from hydrothermal treatment had the least solubility (26.15%) and the maximum tensile strength (TS) - (6.50MPa), whereas films prepared from acid-alcohol treated starch had the lowest water vapour transmission rate (WVTR) (720.0 g/m2/d) and acetylated starch film had the maximum elongation (19.03%). The concentration of glycerol, a plasticising agent, affected the properties. The WVTR of the films increased with an increase in glycerol concentration; while tensile force and elongation decreased.
Formulation and In- Vitro Evaluation of Spherical Crystal Agglomerates of Ebastine by Quasi Emulsion Solvent Diffusion Method
Authors: Hareeja Marwah M. , B.H.Al-Khedairy Eman
Published: December 2018

Ebastine (EBS) is a poorly water-soluble antihistaminic drug; it belongs to the class II group according to the biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS). The aim of the present work was to enhance the solubility, dissolution rate and micromeritic properties of the drug, by formulating it as spherical crystal agglomerates by Quasi Emulsion Solvent Diffusion (QESD) method.

Spherical crystal agglomerates (SCAs) were prepared in presence of three solvents dichloromethane (DCM), water and chloroform as a good solvent, poor solvent and bridging solvent respectively.  Agglomeration of EBS involved the use of some hydrophilic polymers like polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG 4000), polyvinyl pyrrolidine K30 (PVP K30), D-?-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) and ?. cyclodextrin. The pure drug (EBS) and its agglomerates with and without polymers were characterized for their drug content, percentage yield, solubility, in vitro drug release study and micromeritic property as well as by optical microscope, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), FTIR spectroscopic studies, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The results of this work showed that there was a   marketed enhancement in the solubility with improvement in dissolution rate, physiochemical properties, decrease in crystallinity and alteration in the crystal habit of the drug especially in presence of polymers. The best results were obtained with formula prepared by the combination of PEG 4000 and B. cyclodextrin in the agglomeration process of (EBS).
Emergency case of spontaneous common bile duct (CBD) perforation
Authors: Halabi Mohamad , Merritt Neil , Ashok Dhandapani
Published: December 2018

Spontaneous or non-traumatic common bile duct (CBD) perforation in children is a rare condition leading to difficulty and delay in diagnosis and resulting in high mortality. Presentation can vary significantly. Patients usually present with sudden obstructive jaundice, acholic stools, and abdominal pain and distension. Treatment tends to be surgical, consisting of CBD exploration, and possibly, repair. We report the case of a 22-month-old female with spontaneous CBD perforation. She presented with a 1-month history of increasing abdominal distension, abdominal pain, and jaundice. On exploratory laparotomy, a large amount of bile-stained ascitic fluid was drained. She was managed conservatively with 3 weeks of external intra-abdominal drains. Follow-up at 6 months showed complete recovery. Due to the rarity of spontaneous bile duct perforation, delayed diagnosis and intervention is common. Physicians must consider this diagnosis in a child with abdominal pain in order to prompt timely surgical management for a successful outcome.
Serum immunoglobulin A levels and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Elias Evan , Uhanova Julia , Li Qian , Zhang Manna , Minuk Gerald
Published: December 2018

Background: Intestinal immunity, and immunoglobulin A (IgA) in particular, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of this study was to document the prevalence of elevated serum IgA levels in NAFLD patients and determine whether the severity and course of NAFLD differs in those with elevated (E-IgA) versus normal (N-IgA) levels. Methods: A retrospective review of a clinical database containing demographic, laboratory, and histologic findings of adult NAFLD patients was undertaken. Liver biochemistry, model for end stage-liver disease (MELD) and Fib-4 scores served to document disease severity and progression. Results: Of 941 NAFLD study subjects, 254 (27%) had E-IgA at presentation. E-IgA patients were older, and had lower serum albumin levels and higher MELD scores than N-IgA patients. The percent of E-IgA patients with Fib-4 scores >3.25 (suggestive of cirrhosis) was also higher (25% vs. 5.5%, p<0.001). E-IgA patients had higher METIVIR fibrosis scores (2.2 ± 1.4 vs. 1.0 ± 1.2, p<0.0001) than N-IgA patients. After mean follow-ups of 47 (E-IgA) and 41 (N-IgA) months, serum albumin levels remained lower, INR values were now more prolonged and MELD scores higher in E-IgA patients. Of the non-cirrhotic patients at baseline, a larger percent of E-IgA patients developed cirrhosis by Fib-4 testing at last visit (11% vs. 2.9%, p<0.001). Conclusions: Elevated serum IgA levels are common in NAFLD patients and when present, are associated with more advanced disease. Patients with elevated serum IgA levels are also more likely to progress to cirrhosis than those with normal levels.
Quenchant Agitation, Design, and Characterization
Authors: Scott MacKenzie D.
Published: December 2018

Quenchant agitation can be obtained by circulating quenchant in a quench tank through pumps and impellers. The selection of the agitation method depends on the tank design, type and volume of the quenchant, part design, and the severity of quench required. This article describes flow measurement methods, temperature control, materials handling, and filtration processes during the agitation process. The maintenance of quenching installations is also discussed.
Nanofluids as Quenchants in Industrial Heat Treatment
Authors: Narayan Prabhu K. , Ramesh G.
Published: December 2018

Nanofluids offer a completely different behavior of wetting kinetics and heat-removal characteristics, which are exploited in industrial heat treatment for quenching. This article provides information on the important thermophysical properties of nanofluids, namely, thermal conductivity, viscosity, specific heat, density, and surface tension. It reviews wetting and boiling heat-transfer characteristics of nanofluids as quenchants and highlights the importance of using nanofluids as effective quench media for the hardening process during heat treatment. The article describes the effect of nanoparticle addition on the microstructure, mechanical properties of components, wetting kinetics, and kinematics.
Introduction to Cast Iron Heat Treatment
Authors: Dossett J.L. , White C.V.
Published: December 2018

This article introduces the general principles and applications of heat treatment to iron castings. It provides a detailed discussion on the heat treatment processes, namely, stress relieving, annealing, normalizing, throughhardening, and surface hardening for various types of cast irons. These include gray iron, ductile iron, compacted graphite iron, white iron, malleable iron, and high-alloy iron. The article describes how to control temperature and atmosphere during the heat treatment of the iron castings.
Heat Treating of Carbon Steels
Authors: Wang G. , Dossett J.L.
Published: December 2018

This article discusses the classification of carbon steels based on carbon content, and tabulates the compositional limits of medium- and high-carbon steels based on the AISI code and other similar codes. It describes recrystallization annealing and spheroidizing of carbon steels, and discusses the classification of carbon steels for heat treatment. The article also discusses the estimation of continuous cooling curves from isothermal transformation curves. It provides information on the Jominy end-quench test and the Grossmann method and the procedures to increase hardenabilty of carbon steels. The article includes information on the purpose of tempering and heat treating guidelines for different grades of steels, including cast carbon steels.
Heat Treating of Hot-Work Tool Steels
Authors: Mesquita Rafael Agnelli , Schneider Reinhold , Gonçalves Cristiane Sales
Published: December 2018

This article focuses on heat treating of the most important H-series and low-alloy hot-work tool steels, namely, normalizing, annealing, stress relieving, preheating, austenitizing, quenching, tempering, and surface hardening. It describes the heat-treating procedure for hot-work tools using examples. The article provides information on the North American Die-Casting Association's requirements for steel grades and heat treatment of dies made of hot-work tool steels. It also describes the chemical compositions and mechanical and metallurgical properties of hot-work tool steels.
Forge and Direct Heat Treatment Processes and Technologies
Authors: Tahira H. , Funatani K.
Published: December 2018

This article provides general information on the definition, purposes, and quench equipment for direct-forge quenching (DFQ) and direct heat treatment (DHT) processes that are widely used in automotive and various other mechanical industries. It discusses the technological advances in these processes and their ability to produce high-quality components at low production cost from microalloyed steels. Further, the article describes the influence of carbon contents on toughness of microalloyed direct heat treated steels. It focuses on the DFQ and DHT steel technologies applied in continuous rolling mills to produce various DHT steels for machining and cold forming applications.
Shielding Gases for Welding
Authors: Lyttle Kevin A.
Published: December 2018

The shielding gas used in a welding process has a significant influence on the overall performance of the welding system. This article discusses the basic properties of a shielding gas in terms of ionization potential, thermal conductivity, dissociation and recombination, reactivity/oxidation potential, surface tension, gas purity, and gas density. It describes the characteristics of the components of a shielding gas blend. The article discusses the selection of shielding gas for gas-metal arc welding (GMAW), gas-tungsten arc welding (GTAW), and plasma arc welding (PAW), as well as the influence of shielding gas on weld mechanical properties. It concludes with a discussion on flux-cored arc welding.
Solid-State Transformations in Weldments
Authors: Vishnu P. Ravi
Published: December 2018

Solid-state transformations occurring in a weld are highly nonequilibrium in nature and differ distinctly from those experienced during casting, thermomechanical processing, and heat treatment. This article focuses on welding metallurgy of fusion welding of steels and highlights the fundamental principles that form the basis of many of the developments in steels and consumables for welding. Examples in the article are largely drawn from the well-known and relatively well-studied case of ferritic steel weldments to illustrate the special physical metallurgical considerations brought about by the weld thermal cycles and by the welding environment. The article provides information on welds in other alloy systems such as stainless steels and aluminum-base, nickel-base, and titanium-base alloys.
Cracking Phenomena Associated With Welding
Authors: Cieslak Michael J.
Published: December 2018

This article discusses four types of defects in materials that have been fusion welded and that have been the focus of much attention because of the magnitude of their impact on product quality. These include hot cracks, heat-affected zone (HAZ) microfissures, cold cracks, and lamellar tearing. These defects, all of which manifest themselves as cracks, are characteristic of phenomena that occur at certain temperature intervals specific to a given alloy. The article presents selected alloy 625 compositions used in weldability study.
Characterization of Welds
Authors: Dallam Craig B. , Damkroger Brian K.
Published: December 2018

This article describes the characterization of welds as a sequence of procedures, where each procedure is concerned with a finer scale of detail. The first level of characterization involves information that may be obtained by direct visual inspection and measurement of the weld. The article discusses nondestructive evaluation of welds by encompassing techniques that are used to characterize the locations and structure of internal and surface defects, including radiography, ultrasonic testing, and liquid penetrant inspection. It reviews the macrostructural characterization of a sectioned weld, including features such as number of passes; weld bead size, shape, and homogeneity; and the orientation of beads in a multipass weld. The article provides examples that describe how welds are characterized according to the procedures.
Fundamentals of Brazing
Authors: Schwartz Mel M.
Published: December 2018

This article describes the physical principles of brazing with illustrations and details elements of the brazing process. The elements of brazing process include filler-metal flow, base-metal characteristics, filler-metal characteristics, surface preparation, joint design and clearance, temperature and time, rate and source of heating, and protection by an atmosphere or flux. The article explains the different types of brazing processes: manual torch brazing, furnace brazing, induction brazing, dip brazing, resistance brazing, infrared (quartz) brazing, exothermic brazing, electron-beam and laser brazing, microwave brazing, and braze welding.
Introduction to Solid-State Welding
Authors: Dixon Ray
Published: December 2018

Solid-state welding (SSW) processes are those that produce coalescence of the faying surfaces at temperatures below the melting point of the base metal being joined without the addition of brazing or solder filler metal. This article discusses the fundamentals of welding and joining materials via the application of a nonmelting process. The specific processes usually associated with the nonmelting process are discussed.
Shielded Metal Arc Welding
Authors: Juers Raymond H.
Published: December 2018

Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), commonly called stick or covered electrode welding, is a manual welding process whereby an arc is generated between a flux-covered consumable electrode and a workpiece. This article discusses the advantages and limitations and applications of the SMAW process and describes the equipment used. It provides information on various coated electrodes used in the SMAW process, including mild and low-alloy steel-covered electrodes, stainless steel covered electrodes, and nickel and copper alloys covered electrodes. It reviews weld schedules and procedures, as well as the variations of the SMAW process. The article concludes with information on the special applications of the SMAW process and safety considerations.
Gas-Metal Arc Welding
Authors: Holliday D.B.
Published: December 2018

Gas-metal arc welding (GMAW) is an arc welding process that joins metals together by heating them with an electric arc that is established between a consumable electrode (wire) and a workpiece. This article discusses the advantages and limitations, operating principle, metal transfer mechanisms, and process variables of the GMAW process. The process variables include welding current, polarity, arc voltage, travel speed, electrode extension, electrode orientation, and electrode diameter. The major components of the basic equipment for a typical GMAW installation are discussed. The article also describes two consumable elements, such as electrode and shielding gas, of the GMAW process. It concludes with information on the safety aspects.
Gas-Tungsten Arc Welding
Authors: Ken-Hicken Grant
Published: December 2018

The melting temperature necessary to weld materials in the gas-tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process is obtained by maintaining an arc between a tungsten alloy electrode and a workpiece. This article discusses the advantages and limitations and applications of the GTAW process. It schematically illustrates the key components of a GTAW manual torch. The article describes the process parameters, such as welding current, shielding gases, and filler metal. It discusses the GTAW process variations in terms of manual welding, mechanized welding, narrow groove welding, and automatic welding.
Carbon Arc Welding
Authors: Soisson Lance
Published: December 2018

Carbon arc welding (CAW) utilizes a nonconsumable electrode, made of carbon or graphite, to establish an arc between itself and either a workpiece or another carbon electrode. This article describes the operation modes of the CAW process: single-electrode operation and twin-electrode operation. It presents a schematic representation of typical arrangements for single-electrode and twin-electrode carbon arc welding. Recommended current ranges for carbon and graphite electrodes are listed in a table. The article concludes with information on the applications of the CAW process.
Stud Arc Welding
Authors: Chambers Harry A.
Published: December 2018

Stud arc welding (SW), also known as arc stud welding, is a commonly used method for joining a metal stud, or fastener, to a metal workpiece. This article serves as a basic information source for those interested in accomplishing one-sided, no-hole attachment of metal fasteners. It schematically illustrates the basic equipment used for stud arc welding and describes the operation of the welding process. The article discusses several specific applications that lend themselves to special variations of the stud arc welding technique. It concludes with information on quality control, qualification, and inspection of stud-welding.
Projection Welding
Authors: Gould Jerry E.
Published: December 2018

Projection welding (PW) is a variation of resistance welding in which current flow is concentrated at the point of contact with a local geometric extension of one (or both) of the parts being welded. This article discusses the applications of PW generally categorized as either embossed-projection welding or solid-projection welding. Different projection-welding configurations are schematically presented and the common variations of solid-projection welding are described. The article describes equipment used and the process requirement for the PW. The process requirements for projection welding of a range of intermediate-gage low-carbon steels are presented in a table.
High-Frequency Welding
Authors: Smith Warren , Roberts Julian
Published: December 2018

High-frequency (HF) welding is a welding process in which the heat source used to melt the joining surfaces is obtained from HF alternating current (ac) resistance heating. This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages and applications of HF welding. It describes the equipment used for HF welding and the safety aspects to be considered during welding. The article concludes with a discussion on inspection and quality control.
Thermite Welding
Authors: Schwartz Bernard
Published: December 2018

Thermite welding (TW) is a fusion welding process in which two metals become bonded after being heated by superheated metal that has experienced an aluminothermic reaction. This article describes the thermite welding principles by presenting equations of the aluminothermic reaction that occurs in thermite welding. It provides information on the applications of thermite welding: rail welding, electrical connections, and railroad applications. The article concludes with a discussion on the associated safety aspects.
High-Temperature Solid-State Welding
Authors: Lehrheuer W.
Published: December 2018

This article describes the high-temperature solid-state welding process used to join members of similar or dissimilar materials by three stages, namely, primary bonding, bond-surface extension, and elimination of the original joining surface. It lists the various advantages and disadvantages of the high-temperature solid-state welding process. The article discusses important process parameters for high-temperature solid-state welding, such as temperature, pressure, welding time, and welding atmosphere. It concludes with information on the application of the process in the fields of aerospace and nuclear engineering.
Cold Welding
Authors: Thomas Karl , Petri Manfred
Published: December 2018

Cold pressure welding can be accomplished by deforming in a lap or butt configuration, drawing, extrusion, and rolling. This article provides a discussion on cold pressure lap welding, cold pressure butt welding and cold pressure welding in drawing process with illustrations. It provides information on the combinations of metals that can be successfully cold welded.
Furnace Brazing
Authors: Oyama Toshi , Mizuhara Howard
Published: December 2018

Furnace brazing is a mass production process for joining the components of small assemblies with a metallurgical bond, using a nonferrous filler metal as the bonding material and a furnace as the heat source. This article presents the advantages and limitations of the furnace brazing and reviews three types of furnaces: continuous, semi-continuous, and batch. It presents three examples of the industrial applications of the furnace brazing: vacuum devices, jet engines, and automotive industries. The health and safety guidelines to be followed during the furnace brazing are also discussed.
Material Requirements for Service Conditions
Authors:   ASM Committee on Material Requirements for Service Conditions, Thomas R. David , Alia Bruno L. , Apblett William R. , Bartifay Robert G. , Coughlin Stephen A. , Melekian Gregory , Mellini Anthony R. , Perkins Larry , Roth James E. , Ruprecht William J. , Schaltenbrand Bernard E. , Somers Robert E. , Steele Roger K.
Published: December 2018

The selection of materials for welded construction applications involves a number of considerations, including design codes and specifications. Mobile structures have quite different materials requirements for weight, durability, and safety than stationary structures, which are built to last for many years. This article provides an overview of the service conditions. It offers guidance for material selection applications, including bridges and buildings, pressure vessels and piping, shipbuilding and offshore structures, aerospace systems, machinery and equipment, automobiles, railroad systems, and sheet metal. Material properties and welding processes that may be significant in meeting design goals are also described.
Dissimilar Welds With Stainless Steels
Authors: Feldstein Joel G.
Published: December 2018

This article briefly describes the welding of various stainless steels to dissimilar steels. The stainless steels include austenitic stainless steels, ferritic stainless steels, and martensitic stainless steels. The dissimilar steels include carbon and low-alloy steels. In addition, the article provides information on the cladding of austenitic stainless steel to carbon or low-alloy steels.
Selection of Cobalt-, Titanium-, Zirconium-, and Tantalum-Base Corrosion-Resistant Alloys
Authors: Matthews S.J.
Published: December 2018

This article discusses the weldability characteristics of cobalt-base corrosion-resistant (CR) alloys, titanium-base CR alloys, zirconium-base CR alloys, and tantalum-base CR alloys that assist in the selection of suitable alloy and welding method for producing high-quality welds.
Arc Welding of Carbon Steels
Authors: Smith Ronald B.
Published: December 2018

This article discusses the susceptibility of carbon steels to hydrogen-induced cracking, solidification cracking, lamellar tearing, weld metal porosity, and heat-affected zone (HAZ) mechanical property variations. The composition and mechanical properties of selected carbon steels used in arc welding applications are listed in a table. The article presents process selection guidelines for arc welding carbon steels. It provides information on the shielded metal arc welding, gas-metal arc welding, and flux-cored arc welding, gas-tungsten arc and plasma arc welding, submerged arc welding, electrogas welding, electroslag welding, and stud arc welding.
Welding of Low-Alloy Steels
Authors: Winsor F.J.
Published: December 2018

This article discusses factors involved in selecting welding processes and consumables and establishing procedures and practices for the arc welding of low-alloy steels. It provides information on welding consumables in terms of filler metals and fluxes and shielding gases. The article describes the various categories of low-alloy steels, such as high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) structural steels, high-strength low-alloy quenched and tempered(HSLA Q&T) structural steels, low-alloy steels for pressure vessels and piping, medium-carbon heat-treatable (quenched and tempered) low-alloy (HTLA) steels, ultrahigh-strength low-alloy steels, and low-alloy tool and die steels. It concludes with a discussion on repair practices for tools and dies.
Selection Criteria for Brazing and Soldering Consumables
Authors: Rabinkin A.
Published: December 2018

This article focuses on the various criteria considered in the selection of product forms, joint types, solders, and filler metals for brazing and soldering of base material components.
Evaluation and Quality Control of Soldered Joints
Authors: Greaves John B.
Published: December 2018

Before the quality of a soldered joint can be evaluated, the components that are required for the formation of a good soldered joint should be reviewed. These components are solder, applied heat, and solderable surface. This article discusses each of these as well as the end-use requirements and joint configurations required for the formation of a good soldered joint. It focuses on the visual, automatic, and destructive inspection techniques for determining overall joint quality.
Characterization and Modeling of the Heat Source
Authors: Glickstein S.S. , Friedman E.
Published: December 2018

This article briefly reviews the physical phenomena that influence the input-energy distribution. It discusses the several simplified and detailed heat source models used in the modeling of arc welding, high-energy-density welding, and resistance welding processes.
Safe Practices
Authors:   American Welding Society, Spies G.R. , Barnes G.C. , Brown K.L. , Beisner W. , Fisher O.J. , Howes W.S. , Philp C. , Manz A.F. , Hannahs J.H. , Tomsic M.J.
Published: December 2018

Safety is an important consideration in all welding, cutting, and related work. This article discusses the basic elements of safety general to all welding, cutting, and related processes. It includes safety procedures common to a variety of applications. The most important component of an effective safety and health program is management support and direction. The article reviews the role of management, training, housekeeping, and public demonstrations in welding safety to minimize personal injury and property damage. It provides information on the safety measures for eye and face protection in various welding and cutting operations. Injuries and fatalities from electric shock in welding and cutting operations can occur if proper precautionary measures are not followed. The article discusses the electrical safety aspects to be considered for various welding and cutting operations.
Brazing of Conventional Titanium Alloys
Authors: Shapiro Alexander E.
Published: December 2018

This article discusses the effects of brazing temperature and thermal treatment on structure and mechanical behavior of different classes of titanium base metals such as commercially pure (CP) titanium, alpha or near-alpha alloys, alpha-beta alloys, and beta alloys. The classification, properties, and potential heat treatment of titanium base alloys are presented in tables. The article provides information on brazed joints of titanium with carbon steels, as well as ceramics and graphite. It discusses the risks involved in titanium brazing, including erosion of base metal, brittle intermetallics, and low ductility. The article reviews induction and torch brazing, infrared brazing, diffusion brazing, and brazing by heating with ion bombardment. It concludes by describing the design criteria and limitations of brazing.
Optical Emission Spectroscopy
Authors: Farnsworth Paul B.
Published: December 2018

This article discusses the general principles, optical systems, and emission sources of optical emission spectroscopy for elemental analysis. Changes in the energy of the valence or outer shell electrons result in the atomic lines used in emission spectroscopy. Each possible combination of electron configurations produces a spectroscopic term that describes the state of the atom. Atomic emission is analytically useful only to the extent that the emission from one atomic species can be measured and its intensity recorded independent of emission from other sources. Emission sources are often designed to minimize molecular emission. Each of the four types of emission sources; arcs, high-voltage sparks, glow discharges, and flames; has a set of physical characteristics with accompanying analytical assets and liabilities. The article also discusses the applications of each type of emission source.
Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Pemberton Jeanne E. , Guy Anita L.
Published: December 2018

This article introduces the principles of Raman spectroscopy and the representative materials characterization applications to which Raman spectroscopy has been applied. It includes a discussion of light-scattering fundamentals and a description of the experimental aspects of the technique. Emphasis has been placed on the different instrument approaches that have been developed for performing Raman analyses on various materials. The applications presented in the article reflect the breadth of materials characterization uses for Raman spectroscopy and highlight the analysis of bulk material and of surface and near-surface species.
Controlled-Potential Coulometry
Authors: Harrar Jackson E.
Published: December 2018

Controlled-potential coulometry is a highly precise and accurate method primarily used for major constituent analysis of analyte substances such as alloys, compounds, nonmetallic materials and organic compounds. This article illustrates the apparatus required for controlled-potential coulometry, and provides information on its techniques and applications. It contains a table that lists the metals for which accurate methods have been developed and the basic electrochemistry of the procedures. The article explains that gold and uranium are the elements that are determined frequently in various sample types.
Inert Gas Fusion
Authors: Fricioni R.B. , Essig Loren
Published: December 2018

Inert gas fusion is a method of determining the quantitative content of gases in ferrous and nonferrous materials where gases, such as hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, are physically and chemically adsorbed by the materials and later removed and swept by from the fusion area by an inert carrier gas. This article describes the operating principles and sample selection of inert gas fusion. It explains the mechanisms involved in the introduction of fusion gas, separation and detection of fusion gas by thermal-conductive and infrared detection methods. Additionally, the article explains the methods used for analyzing trace amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen in the carrier mediums, providing examples that aid in solving several problems.
Crystallographic Texture Measurement and Analysis
Authors: Adams Brent L.
Published: December 2018

Crystallographic texture measurement and analysis is an important tool for correlating material properties with microstructural features. This article describes the general approach to quantifying crystallographic texture, namely, the collection of statistical data from grain measurements and subsequent analysis based on Euler plots (i.e., pole figures), orientation distribution functions, and stereographic projections. Using detailed illustrations and examples, it explains the significance of preferred crystallographic orientations and their influence on properties and material behavior. The article also discusses sample selection and preparation as well as the challenges and limitations of various methods.
Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy
Authors: Pantano Carlo G.
Published: December 2018

In secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), an energetic beam of focused ions is directed at the sample surface in a high or ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) environment. The transfer of momentum from the impinging primary ions to the sample surface causes sputtering of surface atoms and molecules. This article focuses on the principles and applications of high sputter rate dynamic SIMS for depth profiling and bulk impurity analysis. It provides information on broad-beam instruments, ion microprobes, and ion microscopes, detailing their system components with illustrations. The article graphically illustrates the SIMS spectra and depth profiles of various materials. The quantitative analysis of ion-implantation profiles, instrumental features required for secondary ion imaging, the analysis of nonmetallic samples, detection sensitivity, and the applications of SIMS are also discussed.
Analisando as controvérsias sobre o desastre socioambiental da Samarco em uma oficina pedagógica com jornais impressos
Authors: Reis Alexsandro Luiz dos , Rodrigues e Silva Fábio Augusto
Published: December 2018

Neste trabalho analisamos as controvérsias suscitadas a partir do desenvolvimento de um produto educacional, no caso, um caderno que permitirá aos professores da Educação Básica o desenvolvimento de uma oficina pedagógica de produção de textos jornalísticos. Nesse caminho, utilizamos os preceitos teóricos-analíticos da Teoria Ator-Rede (TAR) para compreendermos os fluxos, alianças e movimentos empreendidos, formados a partir das interações entre os actantes, no caso alunos e os jornais, durante a oficina. A partir das análises observamos que foram muitas as controvérsias que se emergiram a partir das discussões, debates e reflexões acerca da temática abordada. Dessa forma, enfatizamos que o referencial adotado foi relevante para a compreensão desta prática sociomaterial. Destacamos ainda, o produto educacional desenvolvido, que se mostrou como um importante instrumento para que professores da educação básica possam vir a trabalhar as controvérsias em torno do desastre.
Proposta de metodologia para o desenvolvimento de objetos de aprendizagem de autoria própria com scratch.
Authors: Macedo Luiz Carlos Aires , Basniak Maria Ivete , Neves Marcos Cesar Danhoni , Da Silva Sani de Carvalho Rutz , Taveira Mello Débora Amaral
Published: December 2018

Este artigo apresenta uma proposta de metodologia voltada à produção de Objetos de Aprendizagem (OA) de autoria própria para educadores sem conhecimentos aprofundados em modelagem e programação de softwares. Esta metodologia utiliza storyboards como estratégia de modelagem e programação adaptada à linguagem Scratch, se configurando como fácil e eficiente de ser utilizada. Para discuti-la é apresentado um exemplo que salienta as características desta metodologia em sua aplicação prática. Conclui-se que a metodologia pode ser interessante para educadores que desejam construir seus próprios OA utilizando a linguagem Scratch sem que isso signifique o não uso de um processo de desenvolvimento de software.
Оцінка якості життя хворих на остеоартроз з коморбідною патологією за MOS SF-36
Authors: Kuznetsova L. P. , Bondar M. V. , Strogonova T. V. , Bogoslav T. V.
Published: December 2018

Визначена валідність опитувальника MOS SF-36 для оцінки якості життя хворих на остеоартроз з коморбідною паталогією.