bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proximal and tracheal airway pressures during different modes of mechanical ventilation: An animal model study
Authors: Zobel G. , Dacar D. , Rödl S.
Published: March 2007

Objective: To determine the differences between the mean proximal and tracheal airway pressures during 3 different modes of mechanical ventilation (MV) in an animal model of acute cardiac failure (CF) and respiratory failure (RF). Design: Prospective, randomized, crossover design. Setting: University research laboratory. Subjects: Twelve young pigs weighing 10–16 kg. Interventions: The experimental protocol consisted of 3 stable 30 min conditions: when ventricular and pulmonary function was normal (control), after the induction of acute cardiac failure by a β‐blocking agent and after respiratory failure induced by repeated lung lavages. Modes of MV included controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV), high‐frequency oscillation (HFO), and high‐frequency jet ventilation (HFJV). Measurements and results: The tracheal mean airway pressure (Paw) was measured at the distal port of the Hi‐lo jet tube using an air‐filled pressure transducer. The mean transpulmonary Pawaw increased significantly from 0.41 + 0.14 kPa during the control period to 1.15 ± 0.17 kPa (P < 0.0001) during the RF period. In all study periods both the proximal and tracheal Paw were lowest during HFJV. There was no difference between the proximal and tracheal Paw during CMV and HFJV throughout the protocol. In the cardiac and respiratory failure periods the proximal Paw (CF, 1.45 ± 0.08 kPa; RF, 3.13 ± 0.27 kPa) was significantly higher than the tracheal Paw (CF, 1.04 ± 0.09 kPa, P < 0.01; RF, 2.18 ± 0.3 kPa, P < 0.01) with HFO. When ventilated by HFO, the mean external oscillatory amplitude was 4.33 ± 0.14 kPa and the intratracheal oscillatory amplitude was only 0.49 ± 0.06 kPa (P < 0, 0001). Conclusion: HFJV provides adequate respiratory support at lower Paw than CMV and HFO. Proximal Paw closely reflects tracheal during CMV and HFJV. However, with HFO great pressure differences between the proximal and tracheal airways are evident. Therefore, additional intratracheal airway pressure monitoring seems to be very useful for optimizing ventilator settings during HFO.Pediatr Pulmonol. 1994;18:239–243. ©1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ventilation techniques to minimize circulatory depression in rabbits with surfactant deficient lungs
Authors: Nicol Margaret E. , Dritsopoulou Antonia , Wang Chen , Holdcroft Anita , Chakrabarti Mihir K. , Whitwam James G.
Published: March 2007

Changes in aortic blood flow were measured in rabbits with both normal and surfactant depleted lungs in order to elucidate the effect of different modes of ventilation on the circulation while optimizing arterial oxygenation (Pao2). Conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV), reversed inspiratory to expiratory ratio of CMV (IRV), high frequency positive pressure ventilation (HFV), and high frequency oscillation (HFO) were used. Normocapnia was maintained throughout during different modes of ventilation. In normal lungs the aortic blood flow during IRV was significantly lower with similar levels of PaO2 compared with CMV, HFV, and HFO. In lavaged lungs, without positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP), the aortic blood flow during CMV was significantly higher than with other modes of ventilation. When 10 cm H2O of PEEP was applied, the Pao2 increased maximally to normal values at all modes of ventilation, but the aortic blood flow was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) during CMV and IRV compared to HFV and HFO. The aortic blood flows at 5 cm H2O of PEEP were very similar during CMV, HFV, and HFO but significantly reduced during IRV. This study showed that at an optimal arterial oxygenation with higher PEEP levels, maintenance of aortic blood flow was maximal during HFV and HFO.Pediatr Pulmonol. 1994;18:317–322 © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional residual capacity (FRC) measurements by plethysmography and helium dilution in normal infants
Authors: McCoy Karen S. , Castile Robert G. , Allen Elizabeth D. , Filbrun David A. , Flucke Robert L. , Bar‐Yishay Ephraim
Published: March 2007

Comparative measurements of functional residual capacity (FRC) made by plethysmography (FRCpleth) and by helium dilution (FRCHe) were obtained on 27 infants and young children without known pulmonary disease (14 males, 13 females; 4 weeks–26 months; mean age 32.2 weeks) while under chloral hydrate sedation. Clinical histories, clinical examinations, and pulmonary functions were normal for all members of the group. FRCpleth, whether measured near end expiration (EE) or near end inspiration (EI), and corrected to mean expiratory levels of at least 3 breathing cycles, was consistently and significantly greater than FRCHe. Comparative values for mean (± standard deviation) were FRCpleth EE, 182.0 (±79.7) mL and FRCpleth El, 171.8 (±77.4) mL vs. FRCHe 154 (±72.2) mL, P < 0.0001 and P < 0.005, respectively. Normalizing values by weight, FRCpleth EE was 23.8 mL/kg (±5.3) vs. FRChe 20.2 (±4.7) mL/kg, mean (+ standard deviation). The difference between FRCpleth and FRChe, expressed as FRCpleth – FRCHe/FRCpleth × 100, was 9% for occlusions at end inspiration and 16% for occlusions at end expiration. The following equations describe our FRC results in relation to length: In magnified image The difference between FRCpleth and FRCHe was more marked when occlusions were performed at end expiration than at end inspiration. We conclude that normal infants and young children, at least when studied supine and sedated, have a small but significant amount of airway closure. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A computer algorithm for differentiating valid from distorted pulse oximeter waveforms in neonates
Authors: Adams J. A. , Inman I. M. , Abreu S. A. , Zabaleta I. A. , Sackner M. A.
Published: March 2007

Current pulse oximeter technology is fraught with a significant false alarm rate. This is mainly due to motion artifacts at the sensor site which distort the pulse waveform and render the computation of SaO2 invalid. If the pulse waveform could be automatically recognized as either normal or distorted, then only valid SaO2 values would be displayed. We observed that the systolic upstroke time (Sy) of the pulse waveform has a narrow and consistent range in normal appearing pulses. The systolic upstroke time (Sy) is the time from the onset of systole to the peak of the pulse waveform. Comparison of a preset range of Sy was made against Sy obtained by computer analysis of each pulse waveform. Visual examination of 14,090 pulses was carried out to determine the sensitivity and false positive rate of the algorithm. Sensitivity of computer detection of valid pulses was 92% with a positive predictive value of 92%. When used on line for continuous recording of SaO2 in patients, this simple algorithm has the potential to decrease the false alarm rate of pulse oximeters and improve the accuracy of long‐term SaO2 recordings. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of airway reactivity induced by cold air and methacholine challenges in asthmatic children
Authors: de Benedictis Fernando M. , Canny Gerard J. , MacLusky Ian B. , Levison Henry
Published: March 2007

Bronchial responsiveness to isocapnic hyperventilation with cold air (CAH) and to inhaled methacholine (MCH) was compared in 17 children with bronchial asthma. The response to cold air was expressed as the percent drop in FEV1 from baseline at 4 min. after the challenge (Δ% FEV1 CAH), and the response to methacholine as the provocative concentration required to reduce the FEV1 by 20% from baseline (PC20MCH). Both tests were sensitive (94%) for detecting airway hyperreactivity. There was no statistically significant relationship between A% FEV, CAH and the log PC20MCH (r = 0.39; P = 0.12). In clinical practice, methacholine test is easier to perform, but in the research field cold air challenge may be preferable because it avoids potential drug effects. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lung sounds in neonates with and without an added dead space
Authors: Blowes R. W. , Yiallouros P. , Milner A. D.
Published: March 2007

Previous studies have reported great difficulty in recording lung sounds from neonates and have found conflicting results. We studied lung sounds in neonates during the inspiratory phase of the respiratory cycle as monitored by inductive plethysmography (A) and by pneumotachograph and face mask (8) which added dead space of 12 mL. Sixteen term babies were tested 12 hr to 6 days (median 45 hours) after birth. Lung sounds were recorded and then analysed using overlapping and nonoverlapping fast Fourier transforms. The two methods of analysis showed difference in intensity but not in frequency. Fourteen babies provided enough breaths for comparison; total of 596 inspirations were analysed. The intensity of lung sounds on occasion B was higher in all but two babies with mean B/A ratio of 2.4. The mean (SD) power on occasions A and B was 13.9(8.5) mW and 26.9 (21.0) mW, P = 0.02, respectively. In all but 4 babies the B/A ratios of the median (f50) and 90th centile (f90) frequencies were scattered randomly within 20% of unity. The mean (SD) f50 on occasions A and B was 205.5 (51.1) Hz and 225.8 (32.3) Hz, P = 0.10, respectively; the mean f50 was 370.3 (91.0) Hz and 396.1 (67.8) Hz, P = 0.25, respectively. Linear regression showed that there is third‐order polynomial relationship between sound intensity and air flow at the mouth. A weaker positive association exists between frequency and air flow, showing that the median and 90th centile frequencies approach an asymptote as flow increases. We conclude that adding dead space increases the intensity of lung sounds in neonates due to increased flow, but has no consistent effect on frequency content. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intratracheal administration of phosphodiesterase III inhibitor attenuates bronchoconstriction in cats: A preliminary report
Authors: Hu Hong , Takata Masao , Kusakawa Isao , Fujita Michio , Miyasaka Katsuyuki
Published: March 2007

The effects of intratracheal administration of MKS 492, selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) 111 inhibitor, were studied in five anesthetized bronchoconstricted cats. The animals were challenged by four repeated doses of intratracheal methacholine (67 μg/kg), and the degree of bronchoconstriction was assessed from increases in respiratory system resistance (Rrs). All animals demonstrated good bronchoconstrictive responses (i.e., 86–99% increases in Rrs) to methacholine without tachyphylaxis. On separate day, the cats received the same four doses of methacholine after being pretreated with either intratrachael saline or three different doses of MKS 492 (0.17, 1.7, and 17 μg/kg). The increases in Rrs with 1.7 μg/kg [;52.6 ± 8.4% (SE)] and 17 μg/kg of MKS 492 (44.4 ± 10.1%) were smaller than those with saline pretreatment (88.1 ± 16.8%) (P < 0.05). There were no treatment‐associated changes in mean arterial pressure or heart rate during administration of MKS 492. We conclude that intratracheal MKS 492 effectively reduced methacholine‐induced bronchoconstriction in dose‐dependent fashion without substantial systemic effects. These preliminary results suggest that inhalation of isozyme‐selective PDE inhibitors may deserve consideration for clinical trials provided that more extensive preclinical investigations justify such trials. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aerosolized furosemide in wheezy infants: A negative report
Authors: Van Bever Hugo P. , Desager Kristine N. , Pauwels Johan H. , Wojciechowski Marek , Vermeire Paul A.
Published: March 2007

We investigated the effects of 10 mg aerosolized furosemide on clinical score in 28 acutely wheezing infants (Part A) and in a second group of 20 intermittently wheezing babies on airway resistance and functional residual capacity during a symptomfree period (Part B), using a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled design. In both parts of the study no therapeutic effects were observed during and following aerosol inhalation of 10 mg furosemide. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:16–20. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of Pseudomonas (Burkholderia) cepacia using PCR
Authors: Campbell Preston W. , Phillips John A. , Heidecker Gwendolyn J. , Krishnamani M. R. S. , Zahorchak Robert , Stull Terrence L.
Published: March 2007

Pseudomonas cepacia colonization of the lung is associated with increased morbidity and mortality for cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The lack of a sensitive detection method for Pseudomonas cepacia in CF sputum has resulted in controversy regarding its epidemiology. We designed a PCR method to detect P. cepacia using P. cepacia 16 S rRNA sequences as the amplification target region. The PCR amplification with purified DNA as template yielded the expected 209‐bp products from P. cepacia, but not from related Pseudomonas species of medical importance or other bacteria which have been reported to colonize CF patients. In serial dilution experiments as few as 102 P. cepacia CFU were detectable. When sputum samples from three CF patients chronically colonized with P. cepacia and P. aeruginosa were analyzed, P. cepacia was detected in all three specimens by PCR, but only in two when selective culture was performed. Our data support the potential role of PCR technology in the rapid, sensitive, and definitive detection of P. cepacia in CF sputum samples, even in the context of concomitant P. aeruginosa colonization. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:44–49. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The relationship between infection and inflammation in the early stages of lung disease from cystic fibrosis
Authors: Balough K. , McCubbin M. , Weinberger M. , Smits W. , Ahrens R. , Fick R.
Published: March 2007

We examined the relationship of pulmonary infection and inflammation in cystic fibrosis (CF) by performing 31 bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) in 14 young children with minimal lung disease from CF. While 10 of the 14 patients had elevated polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) counts initially, only 4 had bacteria generally regarded as pathogenic in the recovered BAL fluid. Three of these 4 and 6 of the others had follow‐up bronchoscopies at 6 months intervals. PMN counts remained normal for only one patient. However, pathogenic bacteria were recovered during the repeat BALs only in those patients who were colonized initially. Proinflammatory cytokines and proteinases were generally elevated, and interleukin‐8 (IL–8) concentration correlated inversely with oxygen saturation (SaO2). No complications of the procedure occurred. We conclude that BAL identifies inflammation and the presence of bacteria in the lower airway at an early stage of the disease. This information may be used to guide therapy in patients too young or otherwise unable to produce sputum. These data also suggest that inflammation is present early in the course of CF lung disease before colonization and infection of the lungs with potentially pathogenic bacteria occurs. Since inflammation appears to be the earliest detectable evidence of lung disease in CF, monitoring of inflammation with BAL may serve as a useful marker of clinical benefits from new treatments in patients with minimal lung disease. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:63–70. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Staphylococcal pneumonia in childhood: Will early surgical intervention lower mortality?
Authors: Joosten Koen F. M. , Hazelzet Jan A. , Tiddens Harm A. W. M. , Hazebroek Frans W. J. , Dzoljic‐Danilovic Gordena , Neijens Herman J. , de Groot Ronald
Published: March 2007

Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia (SAP) continues to be a serious bacterial infection which is associated with a high incidence of complications. We retrospectively reviewed the case records of 36 infants and children admitted with SAP to the Sophia Children's Hospital between 1970 and 1992 to analyse changes over time in the clinical presentation, diagnostic work‐up, management and complications. Fifteen of these 36 children (42%) were less than 1 year old. Fever (97%) and respiratory distress (83%) were the most common symptoms at the initial presentation. Chest X‐ray findings on admission or during hospitalisation included pleural effusion (75%), pneumothorax (47%), and abscess and/or pneumatocele (39%). Diagnostic and/or therapeutic thoracentesis of pleural fluid was performed in 17 of the 36 patients (47%). Twenty‐one patients (58%) needed chest tube drainage. Twelve had a thoracotomy (33%). Artificial ventilation was needed in 13 of the patients (36%). Extrapulmonary complications included convulsions in 6 patients (17%) and osteomyelitis in 2 children (6%). The mean duration of hospitalization was 36 days. Two of the 36 children died (6%). The low mortality rate in this study may be the result of the relatively high rate of thoracotomy and of improvements in supportive treatment. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:83–88. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measurement of lung volumes and pulmonary mechanics during weaning of newborn infants with intractable respiratory failure from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: Kugelman Amir , Saiki Kevin , Platzker Arnold C. G. , Garg Meena
Published: March 2007

Newborn infants with intractable respiratory failure who require extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) experience diffuse pulmonary atelectasis shortly after initiation of ECMO. Atelectasis is likely due to the primary lung injury and the reduction of applied inspiratory ventilator pressure when the respirator settings are changed to the “rest settings.” These pathophysiologic changes result in a decrease in lung compliance and lung volumes. We hypothesized that improving lung functions observed during ECMO and indicated by an increase in lung volumes will predict successful weaning from ECMO. Sixteen infants (mean SEM: gestational age, 40.3 ± 0.3 weeks; birth weight, 3.5 ± 0.1 kg) with meconium aspiration syndrome (n = 13), sepsis (n = 2), and persistent pulmonary hypertension (n = 1) were studied. We measured passive respiratory system mechanics and lung volumes initially during full ECMO support (115 ± 18 h on ECMO, Study I), and then within 24 h prior to weaning from ECMO (Study 11). Respiratory system compliance (Crs), respiratory system resistance (Rrs), functional residual capacity (FRC), and tidal volume (VT) were measured. Prior to Study I lung volumes were too small to be detected. C, increased between Study I and Study II (0.41±0.05 to 0.63±0.05 mL/cmH2O/kg, P < 0.05), and VT, increased between Study I and Study II (5.6 ± 0.6 to 10.4 ± 0.8mL/kg, P = 0.0005). FRC increased from 3.6 ± 1.0 to 7.9 ± 0.9mL/kg(P = 0.0001). There was no change in Rrs (88±8 to 89 ± 6 cm H2O/Us, P = 0.9). The combination of Crs > 0.5 mL/cmH2O/kg and FRC > 5 mL/kg was a better predictor (P = 0.0002) of readiness to wean from ECMO than either C (>0.5 mL/cmH2O/kg, P = 0.057) or FRC (>5 mL/kg, P = 0.007) alone. The combination of FRC and Crs had a sensitivity of 73.3% and specificity of 100% for successful decannulation. We conclude that repeated measurements of FRC and Crs can assess lung recovery and may assist in establishing criteria for successful weaning from ECMO. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:145–151. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biochemical lung maturity, static respiratory compliance, and pulmonary gas transfer in intubated preterm infants with and without respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: De Winter J. Peter , Egberts Johannes , Merth Istvan T. , Peerdeman Anne , van Bel Frank , Bakker Gerard C. , Quanjer Philip H.
Published: March 2007

We investigated the relationship between tests of biochemical lung maturity [lecithin/ sphingomyelin ratio (L/S ratio)], static compliance of the respiratory system (Crs), and estimates of pulmonary gas transfer [venous admixture and arterial/alveolar (a/A) ratio] in a group of intubated preterm infants with and without respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).

Thirty infants were studied once (n = 26) or twice (n = 4). The L/S ratio was obtained by means of high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography and determination of the phosphorus content. Crs was obtained by the multiple occlusion technique. Transcutaneous blood gases and the percentage of oxygen in the inspired gas were recorded and estimates of pulmonary gas transfer were calculated using algorithms. L/S ratio and Crs correlated well (r = 0.73), indicating a higher compliance in biochemically more mature lungs. Both the a/A ratio and venous admixture correlated significantly with the L/S ratio and Crs (P < 0.001). Crs L/S ratio, and a/A ratio decreased with increasing severity of radiological RDS, and the percentage venous admixture increased (P < 0.001). Sequential measurements in four infants during the acute phase and after RDS resolved indicated that clinical improvement coincided with improvements in biochemical lung maturity, Crs, and estimates of pulmonary gas transfer. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:152–159. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prolonged recovery from exercise‐induced asthma with increasing age in childhood
Authors: Hofstra W. B. , Sterk P. J. , Neijens H. J. , Kouwenberg J. M. , Duiverman E. J.
Published: March 2007

It has been suggested that children with asthma recover more quickly from exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction than adults. On the basis of clinical observation we hypothesized that recovery rate from exercise‐induced asthma (EIA) in childhood also decreases with age. In 14 children (aged 7–12 years) with a history of EIA, we measured spontaneous recovery from bronchoconstriction induced by two different stimuli: exercise and histamine. The children visited the laboratory three times. After a screening exercise test on the first visit, standardized bronchoprovocation tests with either exercise or histamine were performed on the following two visits in random order. The degree of bronchoconstriction induced by histamine was matched for that observed after exercise. During recovery, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1,) was measured repeatedly up to 2 hours postchallenge. The recovery rate (% increase in FEV1/min) was calculated from the linear slope of the time‐response curve. Differences in recovery rate between the two stimuli were analyzed by paired t‐test, and age‐related differences were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. For the group as a whole, recovery rate was not different between the two stimuli (mean ± SD: 1.22±0.91 for exercise, and 1.46±0.65, for histamine, P = 0.31). However, the recovery rate for exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction decreased significantly with age (r = −0.74, P = 0.003), in contrast to the recovery rate for histamine (r = −0.15, P = 0.60). Consequently, in the oldest age group (11–12 years, n = 5) recovery rate from exercise challenge was significantly slower than in the younger age group (7–10 years, n = 9), i.e., 0.54 2 0.17 and 1.60 f 0.93, respectively, P = 0.009, and slower than the recovery rate from histamine challenge: 0.54±0.17 and 1.33±0.54, respectively, P = 0.03. In the younger age group the recovery rates from exercise and histamine were not different (1.60 ± 0.93 and 1.54 ± 0.73, respectively, P = 0.83). We conclude that recovery from EIA in childhood decreases with increasing age. These data suggest that the mechanism of exercise‐induced asthma in childhood changes with age. This might be due to changes in mediator production or response to mediator release. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:177–183. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Short‐term and long‐term effects of albuterol aerosol therapy in cystic fibrosis: A preliminary report
Authors: König Peter , Gayer Debra , Barbero Giulio J. , Shaffer Jeanette
Published: March 2007

The effectiveness of maintenance albuterol aerosol therapy in cystic fibrosis (CF) was assessed by comparing spirometric measurements at the beginning and end of 1 year. Peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR) were measured twice daily to determine bronchodilator responsiveness and spontaneous diurnal variation (SDV), and results were compared with groups of normal and asthmatic children. CF patients not receiving regular albuterol therapy served as a control group. In the treatment group, forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) were significantly increased (12.2% and 18.4%, respectively) over the course of the treatment year, as contrasted with a significant decrease during the preceding year. During the study year the CF control group had a significant decrease in FEV1 and FEF25–75% and the difference between treatment and control groups was significant for FVC, FEV1, and FEF25–75% PEFR increased from the first to the last week of the year‐long observation period (from 71.8% to 78.7% of predicted values, P < 0.01). Spontaneous diurnal variations were significantly greater in the CF study group than a group of normal children; SDV decreased significantly in the treatment group during the year of study. A bronchodilator response of > 15% was present in 25.8% of CF patient days, but there was considerable interpatient variability. Frequent bronchodilator responders were accurately predicted by their baseline bronchodilator responsiveness, but not by age or personal or family history of asthma or atopy. No difference in long‐term pulmonary function improvements were noted between frequent and infrequent responders. The results suggest that maintenance albuterol aerosol treatments reversed the progressive downward course in lung function in the CF treatment group. A double‐blind placebo‐controlled study is required to confirm these preliminary findings. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:205–214. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Congenital stridor
Authors: Lis Grzegorz , Szczerbinski Tomasz , Cichocka‐Jarosz Ewa
Published: March 2007

Fifty‐two infants and children with stridor were examined. The median age was 5 months and the boy/girl ratio was 2:1. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was performed when other diagnostic methods had failed to establish the origin of stridor. The most common cause of stridor was laryngornalacia, which was found in 34 children (65%). The most common form of laryngomalacia was due to large, floppy atytenoid cartilages; this was observed twice as often as other forms of laryngomalacia and boys suffered from this abnormality more than twice as often as girls. Children with laryngomalacia had significant weight (24%) and height (8%) deficits in comparison with the normal healthy population (P < 0.001). In all but four patients with laryngomalacia, blood gases were within normal limits. In 18 children (35%) stridor was not caused by laryngomalacia. This group showed significant etiologic heterogeneity. However, identification of the cause of stridor in these patients is important because specific treatment can be offered and prognosis depends on the type and cause of the anatomical and functional abnormality present. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:220–224. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of dynamic and passive measurements of respiratory mechanics in ventilated newborn infants
Authors: Kugelman Amir , Keens Thomas G. , deLemos Robert , Durand Manuel
Published: March 2007

Pulmonary mechanics may differ in intubated and ventilated infants depending on whether they are measured by a dynamic or passive method. The objective of this study was to compare respiratory mechanics measured by a dynamic technique with those obtained by a single‐breath occlusion technique in ventilated newborn infants. Thirty‐one preterm and 15 term infants (mean ± SD: gestational age, 29.3 ± 2.3 and 39.5 ± 1.4 weeks; birth weight, 1.2 ± 0.5 and 3.4 ± 0.4 kg; postnatal age, 12 ± 13 and 5 ± 4 days, respectively) were studied. Flows were measured through a pneumotachometer placed between the endotracheal tube and the ventilator circuit: tidal volume by integration of flow, and airway pressure directly with a pressure transducer. Airway occlusion was performed with a Neonatal Occlusion Valve (Bicore pulmonary monitor) at the end of inspiration, and the following relaxed exhalation was analyzed to give passive respiratory system compliance (Crs) and resistance (Rrs). These values were compared with dynamic respiratory system compliance (Cdyn) and dynamic expiratory resistance (Re) obtained with the PEDS system (P) within 1 hour, without an esophageal balloon and on the same ventilator settings. Dynamic respiratory system compliance and resistance measured with the PEDS and the Bicore systems did not differ significantly and were well correlated. Mean Cdyn(P) values in preterm and term infants were 77% and 77% of Crs the equation of the regression line was cdyn = 0.75 crs + 0.02 and Cdyn = 0.78 cdyn − 0.02; and standard error of the estimate (SEE) was 0.2 and 0.3 mL/cmH2O with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.89 and 0.89 (P < 0.0001), respectively. The mean Re (P) values in preterm and term infants were 68% and 64% of Rrs and the equation of the regression line was Re = 0.3 Rrs + 63 and Re = 0.5 Rrs + 20, with SEE of 25 and 20 cmH2O/Lsec, and r of 0.65 and 0.69 (P < 0.0001, P < 0.005). respectively. The two methods are non‐invasive and were well tolerated. We conclude that passive and dynamic respiratory compliance and resistance measured in intubated infants are highly correlated, although the values measured by the passive technique are higher than those obtained by the dynamic technique. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:258–264. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) suppressed prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) mRNA expression in clinically localized prostate cancer
Authors: Zhigang Zhao , Wenlu Shen
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND

Prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA), a recently identified glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐anchored cell surface protein belonging to the Thy‐1/Ly‐6 family of cell surface antigens, is overexpressed in human prostate cancer (PCa). Our recent data indicated that complete androgen ablation could significantly suppress PSCA mRNA expression in primarily organ‐confined PCa. The effect of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), one of the curative treatment options for localized PCa, on tumor PSCA mRNA expression has not been elucidated. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the variations in the expression levels of PSCA mRNA before and after EBRT, and further evaluate the prognostic value of PSCA in this disease.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Between January 1999 and June 2005, 87 men with clinically localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate received only EBRT with a total dose of 65–70 Gy for 6.5–7 weeks. PSCA in situ hybridization (ISH) was performed on the cancerous pretreatment biopsy or transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) tissue and post‐treatment biopsy tissue of all 87 men, respectively. Tumor cytoplasmic staining of PSCA mRNA was evaluated by two independent pathologists and the differences of PSCA mRNA expression levels between the samples before and after EBRT were analyzed using the Student's t‐test. Twenty‐four to seventy months continuous follow‐up studies after treatment were performed and aimed at assessing the correlation of PSCA mRNA expression level with biochemical relapse and/or distant metastases from the cancer.

RESULTS

The percent of cells positive for PSCA mRNA by ISH labeling declined from 71.2% (0–93%) ± 9.7% before EBRT to 30.7% (0–90%) ± 5.3% after EBRT (P < 0.001). Before EBRT, 81 of 87 cases (93.1%) were positive for PSCA mRNA labeling, however, after EBRT the percentage of positive reactivity of PSCA mRNA was decreased to 62 of 81 cases (76.5%), in which 59 men (95.2%) were found without biochemical relapse or distant metastases on follow‐up. This decline in PSCA mRNA labeling was directly proportional to higher pretreatment serum PSA level, higher tumor grade (Gleason score), and higher clinical T stage. The rest 19 cases had the increased percentage of cells positive for PSCA mRNA after EBRT, in which 15 cases developed biochemical relapse and/or distant metastases from tumor on follow‐up.

CONCLUSIONS

We found that EBRT for PCa can significantly suppress PSCA mRNA expression and the elevated PSCA mRNA level after EBRT may be a clinically adverse predictor for tumor progression. Prostate 67: 653–660, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Control of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum on gerberas by systemic application of acephate
Authors: Cresswell Geoff C. , MacDonald John A. , Allender William J.
Published: March 2007

A linear relationship (r2 = 0.99) was found between the concentration of acephate in the nutrient solution applied to gerberas (Gerbera jamesonii H. Bollus ex Hook. f) grown in perlite and the mortality of nymphs of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood. The LD50 for this method of application was 84 mg litre−1. A single irrigation with 180 mg litre−1 acephate killed all nymphs in 10 days without apparent damage to plants. At 120 mg litre−1, acephate accumulated readily in leaves, reaching a maximum concentration of 11 mg kg−1 dry matter on the third day of treatment. Concentrations in leaves then fell gradually, reaching 50% of the maximum concentration seven days later. Methamidophos was first detected in leaves approximately a day later than acephate. A maximum concentration of 9 mg kg−1 dry matter was recorded on day 5 after which the concentration slowly fell. The half‐life of methamidophos was estimated to be 11 days. The systemic use of acephate for the control of greenhouse whitefly and its relevance to Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programmes for pests of ornamental plants are discussed.
Observations on the accumulation of five xenobiotic chemicals in phloem versus parenchyma tissues of celery
Authors: Wright Kathryn M. , Prior Denton A. M. , Oparka Karl J.
Published: March 2007

The uptake of five xenobiotic chemicals (cinmethylin, cyanazine, hyformal, oxamyl and phenylurea) by isolated phloem strands and storage‐parenchyma tissues of celery (Apium graveolens L var. dulce) has been assessed with respect to time, substrate concentration, pH and efflux characteristics. Absorption by phloem tissue was by a diffusion‐like process which did not become saturated within the time investigated. In contrast, uptake by parenchyma tissue approached saturation within 6 h. Uptake of the various chemicals demonstrates different responses to the pH of the incubation solutions and the chemicals showed different retention characteristics within the phloem and parenchyma tissues. The use of physico‐chemical properties (log Kow and pKa) to predict the behaviour of these xenobiotic chemicals within celery tissue is discussed.
Chlorpyrifos degradation in soil at termiticidal application rates
Authors: Racke Kenneth D. , Fontaine Donald D. , Yoder Robin N. , Miller Jack R.
Published: March 2007

Chlorpyrifos [O,O‐diethyl O‐(3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridyl) phosphorothioate] is an organophosphorus insecticide applied to soil to control pests both in agricultural and in urban developments. Typical agricultural soil applications (0.56 to 5.6 kg ha−1) result in initial soil surface residues of 0.3 to 32 μg g−1. In contrast, termiticidal soil barrier treatments, a common urban use pattern, often result in initial soil residues of 1000 μg g−1 or greater. The purpose of the present investigation was to understand better the degradation of chlorpyrifos in soil at termiticidal application rates and factors affecting its behaviour. Therefore, studies with [14C]chlorpyrifos were conducted under a variety of conditions in the laboratory. Initially, the degradation of chlorpyrifos at 1000 μg g−1 initial concentration was examined in five different soils from termite‐infested regions (Arizona, Florida, Hawaii, Texas) under standard conditions (25°C, field moisture capacity, darkness). Degradation half‐lives in these soils ranged from 175 to 1576 days. The major metabolite formed in chlorpyrifos‐treated soils was 3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyrid‐inol, which represented up to 61% of applied radiocarbon after 13 months of incubation. Minor quantities of [14C]carbon dioxide (< 5%) and soil‐bound residues (⩽ 12%) were also present at that time. Subsequently, a factorial experiment examining chlorpyrifos degradation as affected by initial concentration (10, 100, 1000 μg g−1), soil moisture (field moisture capacity, 1.5 MPa, air dry), and temperature 15, 25, 35°C) was conducted in the two soils which had displayed the most (Texas) and least (Florida) rapid rates of degradation. Chlorpyrifos degradation was significantly retarded at the 1000 μg g−1 rate as compared to the 10 μg g−1 rate. Temperature also had a dramatic effect on degradation rate, which approximately doubled with each 10°C increase in temperature. Results suggest that the extended (3–24 + years) termiticidal efficacy of chlorpyrifos observed in the field may be due both to the high initial concentrations employed (termite LC 50 = 0.2– 2 μg g−1) and the extended persistence which results from employment of these rates. The study also highlights the importance of investigating the behaviour of a pesticide under the diversity of agricultural and urban use scenarios in which it is employed.
Intercropping in field vegetable crops: Pest management by agrosystem diversification—an overview
Authors: Theunissen Jan
Published: March 2007

Intercropping field vegetables with other species such as clovers shows insect pest suppression which may make chemical control unnecessary. Examples are given to illustrate these effects and the underlying mechanisms are discussed. Intercropping fits into environmentally acceptable and sustainable vegetable‐producing practices. Both economic and ecological conditions must be fulfilled before intercropping‐based commercial production methods can be developed.
Extended summary SCI agriculture & environment and pesticides groups symposium farming for the environment
Authors: Finney John R.
Published: March 2007

The following is an extended summary based on a paper presented at a meeting organised by the SCI Agriculture & Environment and Pesticides Groups, held on 15 March 1994 at 14/15 Belgrave Square, London. The summary published here is entirely the responsibility of the author and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Editorial Board of Pesticide Science.
Innovation and control in the multinational firm: A comparison of political and contingency approaches
Authors: Ambos Björn , Schlegelmilch Bodo B.
Published: March 2007

This study focuses on control mechanisms used by multinational corporations (MNCs) to manage their extra‐national R&D units. Drawing on both the literature on organizational power and contingency theory, this study develops and empirically tests a set of hypotheses aimed at explaining how headquarters control their overseas R&D units. Data collected from 134 R&D units of German MNCs serve to test the hypotheses. Results highlight the importance of the units' R&D mandate and its interdependence in explaining control mechanisms. Moreover, they indicate a relatively weak predictive power of political approaches compared to contingency approaches. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interfacial Assembly of Partially Hydrophobic Silica Nanoparticles Induced by Ultrasonic Treatment
Authors: Grigoriev Dmitry , Miller Reinhard , Shchukin Dmitry , Möhwald Helmuth
Published: March 2007

A sonochemical approach has effectively been applied to prepare aqueous dispersions of air‐filled nanostructured quartz silica shells from surface‐engineered amorphous silica nanoparticles. The non‐equilibrium nature of the cavitation process and high temperature and pressure in the cavitation microbubble can lead to partial crystallization of the amorphous silica nanoparticles producing the quartz phase and a high degree of interconnection between the silica nanoparticles in the microsphere shells. The very high stability of the silica shells against collapse and aggregation is determined by the hydrophobic nature of the silica nanoparticles. Because of the shell thickness and its high density caused by sintering of the silica nanoparticles, the gas (liquid) permeability through the shell is limited thus prolonging the life time of the air‐filled nanostructured silica shells.
Two New Monogalactosyl Diacylglycerols from Brown Alga Sargassum thunbergii
Authors: Kim Young Hwan , Kim Eun‐Hee , Lee Chulhyun , Kim Mi‐Hee , Rho Jung‐Rae
Published: March 2007

Two new monogalactosyl diacylglycerols (MGDGs) along with two known glycolipids were isolated from the moderate polar fraction of the methanolic extract of the brown alga Sargassum thunbergii by using reversed silica flash chromatography. Two new MGDGs were identified as (2S)‐1‐O‐(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z‐eicosapentaenoyl)‐2‐O‐(9Z,12Z,15Z‐octadecatrienoyl)‐3‐O‐β‐d‐galactopyranosyl‐sn‐glycerol (1) and (2S)‐1‐O‐(9Z,12Z,15Z‐octadecatrienoyl)‐2‐O‐(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z‐octadecatetraenoyl)‐3‐O‐β‐d‐galactopyranosyl‐sn‐glycerol (2) by FAB tandem mass spectrometry, NMR techniques, and specific enzyme‐catalyzed hydrolysis of the sn‐1 fatty acyl linkage. The regiochemical attachment of the acyl chains in the glycerol moiety was established by 2D NMR correlations and confirmed by enzymatic hydrolysis.
Legumain/asparaginyl endopeptidase controls extracellular matrix remodeling through the degradation of fibronectin in mouse renal proximal tubular cells
Authors: Morita Yoshikata , Araki Hisazumi , Sugimoto Toshiro , Takeuchi Keisuke , Yamane Takuya , Maeda Toshinaga , Yamamoto Yoshio , Nishi Katsuji , Asano Masahide , Shirahama-Noda Kanae , Nishimura Mikio , Uzu Takashi , Hara-Nishimura Ikuko , Koya Daisuke , Kashiwagi Atsunori , Ohkubo Iwao
Published: March 2007

Legumain/asparaginyl endopeptidase (EC 3.4.22.34) is a novel cysteine protease that is abundantly expressed in the late endosomes and lysosomes of renal proximal tubular cells. Recently, emerging evidence has indicated that legumain might play an important role in control of extracellular matrix turnover in various pathological conditions such as tumor growth/metastasis and progression of atherosclerosis. We initially found that purified legumain can directly degrade fibronectin, one of the main components of the extracellular matrix, in vitro. Therefore, we examined the effect of legumain on fibronectin degradation in cultured mouse renal proximal tubular cells. Fibronectin processing can be inhibited by chloroquine, an inhibitor of lysosomal degradation, and can be enhanced by the overexpression of legumain, indicating that fibronectin degradation occurs in the presence of legumain in lysosomes from renal proximal tubular cells. Furthermore, in legumain‐deficient mice, unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)‐induced renal interstitial protein accumulation of fibronectin and renal interstitial fibrosis were markedly enhanced. These findings indicate that legumain might have an important role in extracellular matrix remodeling via the degradation of fibronectin in renal proximal tubular cells.
Introduction to Quick Studies
Authors: Tucker Judith E. , Whitman Sylvia
Published: March 2007

In this issue, we inaugurate a new front section, Quick Studies. Our intention is to expand the academic mission and international breadth of the journal by opening its pages to discussion of ongoing research in the field of Middle East studies and by inviting reflections on some of the critical questions in our field today.
Photographs as a Source for Social History and the History of Emotions
Authors: LABIDI LILIA
Published: March 2007

The two photographs I am examining, which are taken from a series involving some sixty married couples from across Tunisia and over three generations (covering the period from the 1940s to the 1990s), concern the second generation of couples—those marrying in the 1960s and 1970s, when the marriage photo became a significant element in family practice. These portraits reveal new patterns of behavior, testifying to the impact of (1) discussions about a woman's right to choose her spouse that took place after the promulgation of the Personal Status Code in 1956, (2) mixed-gender education, and (3) campaigns denouncing the negative effects on new couples of expensive marriage ceremonies.
Comments on Dennis McKerlie's ‘Rational Choice, Changes in Values over Time, and Well-Being’
Authors: BYKVIST KRISTER
Published: March 2007

I am grateful to have been given the opportunity to comment on McKerlie's interesting article, especially since it concerns one of my pet topics and provides many helpful comments on one of my own articles on this topic. My comments will be brief because I agree with most of his points, in particular, his criticisms of the prudential view and the present-aim theory. What I want to do here is just to clarify a couple of things concerning my own theory, concede some of the difficulties that McKerlie raises for my theory, and see to what extent his own proposal fares better than my own theory.
PLEONOTOMA ORIENTALIS (BIGNONIACEAE – BIGNONIEAE): EXPANDED DESCRIPTION, DISTRIBUTION AND A NEW VARIETY OF A POORLY KNOWN SPECIES
Authors: PROENÇA C. E. B. , FARIAS-SINGER R. , GOMES B. M.
Published: March 2007

Pleonotoma orientalis Sandwith (Bignoniaceae), a poorly known species, is lectotypified, illustrated for the first time and a distribution map is provided. Pleonotoma orientalis Sandwith var. ratteriana Proença & Farias from the Jalapão area (State of Tocantins, Central Brazil) is described and illustrated. The new variety is apparently identical to the typical variety in floral characters but distinct in its ternate-tripinnate leaves with numerous, minute, slightly thickened leaflets, and fruits with rounded or obtuse tips. The collections of this new variety increase its range c.400 km S from Northern Brazil (Maranhão and Pará) into Tocantins in Central Brazil.
The contribution of school meals to food consumption and nutrient intakes of young people aged 4–18 years in England
Authors: Nelson M , Lowes K , Hwang V ,   members of the Nutrition Group, School Meals Review Panel, Department for Education and Skills
Published: March 2007

Objectives

To undertake secondary analyses of the 1997 National Diet and Nutrition Survey of Young People aged 4–18 years in order to describe the contribution of school meals to daily food and nutrient intakes; and to compare the findings from 1997 with data collected in English primary and secondary schools in 2004–2005.

Design

Cross-sectional analysis of 7-day weighed inventory food consumption data according to age, sex, household income, free school meals and breakfast consumption. Comparison of food consumption with the Balance of Good Health and of nutrient intake data with the Caroline Walker Trust (CWT) guidelines.

Setting

United Kingdom.

Subjects

One thousand four hundred and fifty-six UK schoolchildren aged 4–18 years, 7058 English primary-school pupils and 5695 English secondary-school pupils.

Results

Pupils' school meal choices in 1997 did not accord with the Balance of Good Health. Food choices in school were less healthy than choices outside school. School meals failed to make good the shortfalls in daily intakes of non-starch polysaccharides and zinc in primary-school pupils, and of calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A and non-starch polysaccharides in secondary-school pupils, nor excess daily intakes of saturated fatty acids, non-milk extrinsic sugars and sodium at all ages. School meals typically failed to meet CWT guidelines. They were more likely to meet CWT guidelines when choice of foods was restricted.

Conclusions

School meals need substantial improvement to meet CWT guidelines for healthy eating. The introduction of food-based guidelines for school meals in England in 2001 did not improve the food choices in school meals.