bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tests on the centrifugal flotation technique and its use in estimating the prevalence ofToxocarain soil samples from urban and suburban areas of Malaysia
Authors: Loh A.G. , Israf D.A.
Published: June 2009

The influence of soil texture (silt, sand and laterite) and flotation solutions (saturated NaCl, sucrose, NaNO3and ZnSO4) upon the recovery ofToxocaraova from seeded soil samples with the centrifugal flotation technique was investigated. Soil samples of different texture were artificially seeded withToxocaraspp. ova and subjected to a centrifugal flotation technique which used various flotation solutions. The results showed significant (P<0.001) interactions between the soil types and the flotation solutions. The highest percentage of ova recovery was obtained with silty soil (34.9−100.8%) with saturated NaC1 as the flotation solution (45.3−100.8%). A combination of washing of soil samples with 0.1% Tween 80, and flotation using saturated NaCl and a 30 min coverslip recovery period was used to study the prevalence of contamination of soil samples. Forty-six soil samples were collected from up to 24 public parks/playgrounds in urban areas of Petaling Jaya and suburban areas of Serdang. The prevalence ofToxocaraspecies in the urban and suburban areas was 54.5% and 45.8% respectively.
Cattle schistosomiasis in Zambia
Authors: De Bont J. , Vercruysse J. , Southgate V.R. , Rollinson D. , Kaukas A.
Published: June 2009

A total of 358 cattle was examined for schistosome infection in Zambian slaughterhouses. A total of 542 worms collected from 104 infected individuals was examined for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglucomutase using isoelectric focusing. The overall prevalence of infection was 51%. Ninety three percent of the infected animals had less than 100 worm pairs in the mesenteric veins. Schistosoma mattheei was the predominant species (75%); S. leiperi (12%) and S. margrebowiei (2%) were also identified. The remaining 11% of the worms showed one of two distinct heterozygote patterns. Pattern A is identical to that of a laboratory-produced Fl S. mattheei × S. haematobium hybrid, but could also represent a S. mattheei × S. leiperi hybrid. Further studies are required to elucidate the origins of pattern B.
The distribution and host range of species of the blood fluke Sanguinicola in British freshwater fish
Authors: Kirk R.S. , Lewis J.W.
Published: June 2009

The distribution and host range of Sanguinicola armata, S. inermis and S. volgensis in British freshwater fish are described. S. inermis has been recorded in carp Cyprinus carpio, crucian carp Carassius carassius and tench Tinca tinca in southern, central and eastern England and in koi carp imported from Japan. S. armata has been detected in pike Esox lucius and tench and S. volgensis has been found in chub Leuciscus cephalus, dace Leuciscus leuciscus, perch Perca fluviatilis, roach Rutilus rutilus and pike in southern and eastern England. The first record of the co-occurrence of two species of Sanguinicola (S. inermis and S. volgensis) in a British inland water is reported. The importance of blood flukes and the role of anthropochore movement of fish hosts in dissemination of S. inermis are discussed.
Structure of the cephalic end of two little-known oxyuroid genera, Travnema Pereira, 1938 and Cosmoxynemoides Travassos, 1949, parasites of fishes, as revealed by SEM
Authors: Moravec F. , Kohn A. , Fernandes B.M.M.
Published: June 2009

The cephalic end of the type species of pharyngodonid genera Travnema and Cosmoxynemoides, T. travnema Pereira, 1938 and C. aguirrei Travassos, 1949, parasites of Brazilian freshwater fishes, was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The mouth aperture of Travnema was found to be circular, surrounded by four cephalic papillae and two lateral amphids and the cuticle of the cephalic end had a conspicuous dense sculpture. On the other hand, the mouth aperture of Cosmoxynemoides was triangular, surrounded by three lip-like elevations covering the whole surface of the relatively flat cephalic extremity, each with two inner lobes separated one from another by a short groove; the lip-like elevations bore four medium-sized, kidney-shaped cephalic papillae and two minute amphids (two papillae on the dorsal elevation and one papilla and one amphid on each of two ventrolateral elevations); the cuticle of the cephalic end was smooth. Both species were noted for the absence of oral lamellae and the presence of lateral alae. Both genera are listed in the family Pharyngodonidae but Travnema (and also Hakynema), due to its morphological peculiarities, is considered to represent a distinct subfamily Travnematinae within the Pharyngodonidae. The finding of both T. travnema and C. aguirrei in the characid fish Astyanax bimaculatus lacustris represents new host records.
Cytological studies on three hymenolepidid species
Authors: Mutafova T. , Gergova S.
Published: June 2009

The karyotypes ofVampirolepis nana, Hymenolepis diminutaandVampirolepis erinacei(Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea) have been described. The number of chromosomes in the diploid cell of the studied taxa was 2n = 12. The absolute and the relative lengths of the chromosomes ofV. nanaandH. diminutawere measured. The chromosomes had similar metric values. In the karyotypes ofV. nanaandH. diminutathere were ten one-arm chromosomes and.one two-arm chromosome (the third in length in the karyotype ofV. nanaand the first in length in the karyotype ofH. diminuta). The chromosomes in the karyotype ofV. erinaceihad one arm which was proved by the terminal localization of the constitutive heterochromatin. The examined species differed in the morphology of some chromosomes in the karyotypes.
Helminthology in its Applications to Marine Fisheries
Authors: Southwell T.
Published: June 2009

Historical.—Our knowledge of the cestode parasites of marine fishes is due almost entirely to the work of Linton in North America, Shipley, Herdman and Hornell in Indian waters, Zschokke and Beauchamp in Europe. We know nothing regarding the tapeworms found in fishes in South America, round the coast of Africa, or in the Arctic; and our knowledge of those found in the Far East is limited to descriptions of about ten species by Yoshida. It will, therefore, be apparent that there still remain large areas to be investigated.
Observations on certain Conditions Requisite for Skin Penetration by the Infective Larvæ of Strongyloides and Ankylostomes
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: June 2009

Our knowledge that the infective larvæ of certain parasitic nematodes are capable of actively boring into intact skin and of thus gaining entry into the host dates from the epoch-making discovery of Looss, who, in 1897, accidentally infected himself with Ancylostoma duodenale, the mature larvae of which entered through the skin of his hand (Looss, 1911, pp. 456−459).
Observations on the Genus Echinococcus Rudolphi, 1801
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M.
Published: June 2009

Tænia echinococcus has always been recognised as one of the most important tapeworms of carnivores, both from the human and the economic point of view. Its intermediate stage, or Hydatid, assumes many forms, but most modern workers believe that all these forms—with one possible exception, the alveolar form from Central Europe—are merely the manifestations of a single species.
On Tylenchus graminis (Hardy 1850) Marcinowski 1909
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: June 2009

Hardy (1850) gave a description of some eelworms occurring in leaf-galls on the grass Festuca ovina and named them Vibrio graminis.
On the Morphology of Ollulanus tricuspis Leuckart, 1865, a Nematode Parasite of the Cat
Authors: Cameron T. W. M.
Published: June 2009

In 1865 Leuckart described from the Cat, in Germany, a very minute Strongyle worm which he called Ollulanus tricuspis. This worm which was recorded from Britain by Cobbold (1873) and Stirling (1877), but was not properly described or figured, has occurred recently in some cats examined by the writer.
A Description of Two Cercariæ found in Limnæa peregra in Scotland
Authors: Hesse A. J.
Published: June 2009

During the month of July, 1921, I had the opportunity of working with Dr. Annandale on the molluscs of Loch Lubnaig and Loch Vennachar in Perthshire, Scotland; and I was able to study carefully the two cercariæ infecting Limnæa peregra Müll. The material was examined in the living condition. Some of it was fixed in sublimate acetic and preserved in alcohol for subsequent study in sections.
Dochmoides: a new geuns for the hookworm “Uncinaria” stenocephala Railliet
Authors: Cameron T. W. M.
Published: June 2009

As there is no complete or adequate description of this parasite of dogs and foxes, and as it is proving to be of considerable importance in the newly established fox-breeding industry, it was thought advisable to prepare an account of its morphology. The material from which this description was made was obtained from a British fox which died at the Zoological Gardens, London, in June, 1923.
On the Morphology of Schistosoma bovis
Authors: Khalil M.
Published: June 2009

This parasite was discovered in April, 1876, at Zagazig, Egypt, by Sonsino. He collected 35 specimens from the abdominal veins of oxen and sheep and from the portal vein of a bull. He stated that the parasite is larger than S. hæmatobium and has the same general aspect and characters, but is easily distinguished by the shape of the eggs. The eggs of S. bovis are .16 mm.-.18 mm. long and .04-.05 mm. broad, fusiform in shape and very much narrowed at the extremities. The pole which, in the oviduct, is turned away from the vulva, always carries a pyriform spine.
The Vinegar Eelworm in Tan Liquor.
Authors: Peters B. G.
Published: June 2009

Three eelworm-infested samples of a liquor used for tanning hides were recently forwarded to Prof. R. T. Leiper by Dr. D. Jordan Lloyd, Director of Research to the British Leather Manufacturers' Research Association. I am indebted to Prof. Leiper who identified the worm as Turbatrix aceti for the opportunity of examining and reporting upon this material.
Anguillulina cecidoplastes n. sp., a Nematode causing Galls on the Grass, Andropogon pertusus Willd
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: June 2009

Venkatarayan (1932) gave a short account of the occurrence of galls on Andropogon pertusus Willd., a common pasture grass of South India. He described the appearance of the galls, their distribution on the plant, the symptoms to which they give rise and established the fact that the nematode causing them is a species of Tylenchus to which, however, he did not give a specific name. He pointed out that there were no earlier records of the occurrence in India of galls on grass or cereals due to nematodes apart from those caused by Anguillulina tritici in the ears of wheat.
The Anatomy of Eubothrium crassum (Bloch) from the Pyloric Caeca and Small Intestine of Salmo trutta L.
Authors: Rawson Dilys
Published: June 2009

1. Eubothrium crassum (Bloch) is re-described with additional information about the scolex and genitalia.

2. Specific differences between E. crassum and E. salvelini are commented upon and figured.

3. The second portion of the uterine duct lying between the central chamber of Mehlis's gland and the uterine sac is established as the “fertilization chamber”.

4. Polar bodies and maturation divisions are described and figured in definite relationships with the ovum as evidence of normal maturation in a cestode.

5. The position of the receptaculum seminis is determined and a new name, the “vagina sac”, is given to what was previously described as a receptaculum seminis. It is thought to serve for propulsion of male and female cells into the uterine duct.
On Amplicaecum iguanae n.sp. with Notes on Hexametra sewelli, Kalicephalus micrurus and Viguiera euryoptera
Authors: Wahid S.
Published: June 2009

One male and three female specimens belonging to the genus Amplicaecum were present in a collection of nematodes in the British Museum, Natural History, made available to me through the courtesy of Dr. W. G. Inglis.
On the Migration, Distribution, Longevity and Pathogenicity of Larvae of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus in the Snail, Helix aspersa
Authors: Hamilton J. M
Published: June 2009

Experiments were carried out on the migration, distribution, longevity and pathogenicity of larvae of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus in Helix aspersa. Snails placed in contact with several hundred thousands of first stage larvae, were examined from one to 24 hours until two years after infection. Larvae were first noted in the snails 4 hours after first contact and it was concluded that the migratory phase lasted for approximately 48 hours. Larvae were restricted to the deeper layers of the sole and to adjacent organs while the greatest number recovered from any snail was 1437. Larvae were at first surrounded by an accumulation of macrophage-like cells; this reaction declined and disappeared until by 12–24 months after infection only a single layered connective tissue capsule separated the parasites from the host tissue; sometimes even that structure was lacking. Larvae isolated from snails up to two years after the initial infection, were able to produce parasitic pneumonia in experimental cats. To study possible pathogenic effects of larvae on snails, a group of the latter were kept in constant contact with first stage larvae. One snail died at 15, three at 17, three at 19 and five at 27 days after initial contact, but despite the different exposure periods there was little variation in the number of larvae recovered from each snail. In addition, only third stage larvae were isolated from the last five survivors, which suggested that there was an immunological response by the snails. The importance of these results is discussed.
Helminths of Scottish Pigs: Occurrence, Age Incidences and Seasonal Variations
Authors: Jacobs D. E. , Dunn A. M.
Published: June 2009

The presence of five nematodes previously unknown in the British pig population is reported i.e.Globocephalus urosubulatus,Oesophagostomum quadrispinulatumand three species ofTrichostrongylus.T. vitrinusis recorded for the first time fromSus scrofa domestica. The gastro-intestinal strongylates were encountered most frequently in older animals and were especially numerous in the spring and early summer, whilst the incidence ofAscaris suumandTrichuris suisdeclined with the increasing age of the host.
On Aporocotyle argentinensis n.sp. (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) from Merluccius hubbsi, and the Phylogeny of Aporocotyle Odhner, 1900 in Hake
Authors: Smith John W.
Published: June 2009

Aporocotyle argentinensis n.sp. from the bulbus arteriosus of Merluccius hubbsi is described and figured and compared with the other four known species of the genus. Of 240 hake caught at 12 localities off the coast of Argentina, 54 were infected with a total of 83 flukes, 33 fish with one fluke each, 15 with 2 flukes each, 4 with 3 flukes each, and 2 with 4 flukes each. The incidence of infection at individual localities varied from 0% to 45%. The phylogeny of Aporocotyle in hake is discussed; of the three species occurring in hake, A. spinosicanalis appears to be the most highly evolved.
Metabolic Products of Adult Clonorchis sinensis: Their Composition and Antigenic Potential
Authors: Sun T. , Gibson J. B.
Published: June 2009

Adult Clonorchis sinensis were taken from the bile ducts of infected rabbits and incubated in Ringer's fluid. The soluble metabolic products secreted by the living flukes during incubation were found to include carbohydrate and protein. Enzyme activities of protease, carbohydrases and esterase, but not of lipase, were detected in the samples.

Samples with a nitrogen content of 3 μg/ml or more reacted as antigen in immunodiffusion tests in gel against sera of rabbits infected with C. sinensis or immunised against whole fluke extract.

The demonstration of enzymes in the metabolic products, the reactions of the samples as antigen and the correlation of antigenic activity with the nitrogen content of the samples suggests that the enzymes detected are effective antigens in clonorchiasis, although complete identity was not demonstrated in this study.

The enzymes investigated were those associated with digestion; intracellular enzymes which have less opportunity to elicit antibody production were not investigated.
The distribution of Ancylostoma caninum larvae in the central nervous system of the mouse infected with single or repeated doses
Authors: Bhopale M. K. , Johri G. N.
Published: June 2009

The distribution of Ancylostoma caninum larvae in the various regions of the central nervous system of mice of previously uninfected or reinfected groups was studied. Although a dose of 4000 larvae was lethal, the distribution of larvae was not appreciable in the CNS. Many larvae were recovered from the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum of infected mice whereas no incidence of eye involvement was observed in any mouse. In the reinfected mice groups there was a much lower recovery than in the previously uninfected groups in the latent period of study.
Experimental infection of Ancylostoma caninum in mice. III. Distribution of larvae after repeated exposures to infection
Authors: Bhopale M. K. , Johri G. N.
Published: June 2009

Different groups of mice were infected with various single or repeated doses of larvae of Ancylostoma caninum. Considerable loss of larvae occurred in the immunised groups when compared with their counterpart unimmunised groups. Larval migration and distribution in the different tissues was less in immunised mice, as most larvae were expelled from the gastrointestinal tract. This resulted in a poor onward larval migration to liver, lungs, brain and muscle regions in immunised groups. The heavily immunised group infected five times was most affected and a significant lesser larval distribution in various organs and muscle region observed.
The morphology and distribution ofEupolystomaspecies (Monogenoidea) in Africa, with a description ofE. anterorchissp. n. fromBufo pardalisat the Cape
Authors: Tinsley R. C.
Published: June 2009

A new species of polystomatid monogenean,Eupolystoma anterorchissp. n. is described from the urinary bladder and kidneys ofBufo pardalisfrom the Cape Peninsula, Republic of South Africa. It is distinguished from otherEupolystomaspecies, and from all other species except one within the Polystomatidae, by the anterior pre-ovarian extension of a large proportion of the testis follicles. This and other morphological characteristics are incorporated into an amended generic diagnosis.

The morphology ofE. alluaudifromBufo regularisin West Africa is also described. The known range of this species is enlarged with new geographical records in the Cameroun and Ethiopia, and a new host record fromNectophrynoides malcolmi.

Material from each area shows that the eggs ofEupolystomaspp. complete developmentin uteroand that all developmental stages of the parasite occur side by side within the same host individual. This represents a significant evolutionary departure from the pattern of transmission typical ofPolystomain most of the other anuran hosts.
Revision of the genus Cooperioides Daubney, 1933 (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae)
Authors: Gibbons Lynda M.
Published: June 2009

Only three of the four species assigned to the genus Cooperioides are considered valid and are redescribed. The fourth species Cooperioides kenyensis Daubney, 1933 is considered a synonym of Cooperioides hamiltoni (Mönnig, 1932) Mönnig, 1933. A key to the species of the genus is given and their hosts and geographical localities are listed.
Endoparasites of the spotted ground squirrel, Spermophilus spilosoma Bennett, 1833, from Colorado
Authors: Broda Ronald J. , Schmidt Gerald D.
Published: June 2009

Thirty-eight spotted ground squirrels, Spermophilus spilosoma were examined for endoparasites, and 31 of them were infected with one or more species. Helminths found were Hymenolepis citelli, Citellina triradiata, Physaloptera massino, and Trichuris sp. The protozoan Eimeria larimerensis was also found. Citellina triradiata is redescribed. This is the first report of any helminths from this squirrel.
The occurrence of Oesophagostomum multifotliatum Daubney and Hudson, 1932, in Nigerian cattle
Authors: Fabiyi J. P.
Published: June 2009

Oesophagostomum multifoliatum, previously known to occur only in Kenya, Rhodesia and Tanzania, was found on the Jos Plateau of Nigeria in cattle. Of the 120 cattle examined post-mortem, 78 (65%), were found to be infected. The faecal egg, of which only the size was hitherto known, is described and figured; it shows striking similarities to that of Nematodirus. The possibility is expressed that O. muitifoliatum might have been mistaken for the more familiar but closely related species O. radiatum and O. columbianum or its egg with that of Nematodirus; it is probable that it is much more widespread than hitherto thought.
Determinants of the longevity of third-stage infective larvae ofAncylostoma tubaeforme
Authors: Nwosu Alphonsus B. C.
Published: June 2009

The effects of some extrinsic factors on the lipid (energy) reserves and longevity of third-stage larvae of the cat hookwormAncylostoma tubaeforme, were investigated under controlled laboratory conditions. In non-stressful microenvironmental conditions, larval longevity was directly related to the rate of utilisation of the lipid reserves. The effects of the various environmental stresses on longevity could also be explained largely on the basis of their deleterious effects on the lipid metabolism of the larvae.
Asymphylodora fishelsoni sp. n. (Trematoda: Monorchiidae) from a cyprinodontid fish, Aphanius dispar richardsoni (Boulenger), from Israel, and its allometric growth
Authors: Fischthal Jacob H.
Published: June 2009

Asymphylodora fishelsoni sp. n. is described from the cyprinodontid fish, Aphanius dispar richardsoni, an endemic subspecies from a brackish water spring flowing into the Dead Sea at Ein Fashkha, Israel. The new species is closest to A. carpiae Szidat, 1943, but differs significantly in being less than half its size, and in having the vesicular pars prostatica in the form of a distinct chamber, the caeca always inflated (rather than narrow), the seminal vesicle entirely postacetabular (rather than overlapping the acetabulum) and occupying 40 – 48% of the cirrus sac length (rather than 80%), the cirrus overlapping the acetabulum (rather than being entirely sinistral to it) and occupying 44 – 50% of the cirrus sac length (rather than 18%), and the anterior part of the terminal organ representing 35 – 54% of the total length of this organ (rather than 22%). Positive allometric growth is shown by the hindbody, posttesticular body, and gonads, whereas the forebody, suckers, and pharynx are negative.
Mating activity of Nematospiroides dubius in laboratory mice
Authors: Beckett R. , Pike A. W.
Published: June 2009

Incidence of mating pairs in 40 worm infections in 5 week old female CBA mice increased up to day 30 post infection. By this time, and thereafter until the experiment ended on day 70, approximately 60% of the worm population occurred as mating pairs. Mating began during the ontogenetic migration of the worms. There was no difference between the percentage of worms mating in the more highly populated anterior sections of the small intestine as compared to the less densely populated more posterior sections. Significantly more female than male worms were recovered between days 8 and 20 post infection (p<0.02 to 0.001) and there was a significant decline in overall recoveries during the experimental period (r = −0.77, p<0.01). Low intensity infections, with 4 to 16 worms per mouse, demonstrated that a larger percentage of worms in the infection were mating at an earlier time post infection than in the 40 worm infections. Ontogenetic migration was reduced in low intensity infections because the initial distribution of worms was more restricted.
The distribution of microfilariae in the skin of Guatemalan onchocerciasis patients: an evaluation of diagnostic potentials
Authors: Kawabata Masato , Hashiguchi Yoshihisa , Guillermo Zea F  , Yamada Hiroto , Aoki Yoshiki , Tada Isao , Manuel M. Recinos C. , Otto Flores C
Published: June 2009

Quantitative examinations for the distribution and density of microfilariae were carried out on male Guatemalan onchocerciasis patients by taking 6 or 13 skin biopsies each from 74 subjects. We found that microfilariae were distributed most frequently on the iliac crest and secondarily in the scapular region; higher detection rates and greater microfilarial densities were seen in these areas. From these results we recommend the taking of biopsies from both of these anatomical regions so as to avoid false negative cases. The infected patients were classified into 3 groups (light, moderate and heavy infections) on the basis of the numbers of negative skin snips out of the 13 biopsies taken. In heavy infections, a higher densities of microfilariae were detected in the head and neck regions, as compared with the densities in the lower extremities (calf). The high concentration of microfilariae in these regions is of importance in relation to the development of eye lesions and/or transmission. Of patients who had microfilariae in the anterior segment of the eye some had negative skin biopsies from the outer canthus, retroauricular region and neck.
The migration of Strongyloides papillosus in rabbits following infection by the oral and subcutaneous routes
Authors: Nwaorgu O. C. , Connan R. M.
Published: June 2009

For the first 66 hours after the subcutaneous injection of rabbits with the infective larvae of Strongyloides papillosus, larvae spread gradually from the injection site to other parts of the body musculature. Their number and distribution suggests that they do so by the direct penetration of the tissues as the majority remain close to the site of injection. By 90 hours, however, the appearance of larvae in the lungs, trachea and oesophagus suggests that migration is taking place within the circulation.

Although some 90% of the total worms recovered were already established in the intestine by 8 days post-infection, significant numbers of larvae continued to be present in the muscles at 14 and 21 days. Even by 35 days the muscles of 1 of 2 rabbits still contained 43 larvae. This prolonged presence of Strongyloides papillosus in the muscle of rabbits uniformly at the early fourth stage may be analogous to the arrested development of other nematodes. While there is evidence to suggest that immunity is a major factor in the aetiology of arrested development in Strongyloides ransomi, it is an unimportant factor in the case of Strongyloides papillous in rabbits.
An evaluation of ethyl-6-ethoxybenzothiazole-2-carbamate (Sch 18099) for anthelmintic activity in domestic animals
Authors: Panitz Eric
Published: June 2009

Ethyl-6-ethoxybenzothiazole-2-carbamate (Sch 18099) was evaluated for efficacy against natural helminth infections in ponies, pigs, lambs and chickens.

Sixteen critical trials were conducted in ponies at dosages of 15 to 150 mg/kg. At 15 mg/kg, efficacy against adult and larval Oxyuris equi was 100% and 91% and against small strongyles it was 98%. Efficacy levels were >95% against Strongylus vulgaris and S. edentatus at the 20 mg/kg dosage. In two trials at 100 mg/kg efficacy against Parascaris equorum was 77%. No efficacy was observed against Gastrophilus spp. or Anoplocephala spp.

In swine single oral doses of 10 to 100 mg/kg were not effective. 500 ppm Sch 18099 in the diet for seven days resulted in 100% efficacy against Ascaris suum and Trichuris suis but had no effect on Strongyloides ransomi. Efficacy at 250 ppm against A. suum was 77%.

Efficacy at 200 mg/kg in lambs was >90% for Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, Marshallagia marshalli, Bunostomum trignocephalum, Oesophagostomum columbianum, Trichuris ovis, and Chabertia spp. Efficacy was <80% for Trichostrongylus vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, Ostertagia circumcinta and Cooperia curticei. Except for O. circumcinta and C. curticei, drug efficacy was reduced for these worms in lambs treated at 100 mg/kg.

Efficacies of 14˙3–89% against Ascaridia galli were obtained with dietary levels of 125–1000 ppm Sch 18099 fed for 7 days. Efficacy of 100% was recorded against Heterakis gallinarum at the 1000 ppm dietary drug level.
The influence of physical factors on the survival and infectivity of miracidia ofSchistosoma mansoniandS. haematobiumI. Effect of temperature and ultra-violet light
Authors: Prah S. K. , James C.
Published: June 2009

The influence of temperature and ultra-violet radiation on the degree of activity, survival and infectivity of schistosome miracidia is profound. Miracidia ofSchistosoma mansoniandS. haematobiumwere affected equally. Only miracidia classified as “active” or “slow” were capable of penetration, a capacity they retained for about 17 hours at 19°C. Miracidia that were “lethargic” as a result of low temperature, old age or ultra-violet radiation lost their infective capacity. The conclusion, however, is that neither the temperatures encountered in the field nor the solar ultra-violet radiation penetrating turbid waters are likely to be harmful to miracidia and thus have no effect on the level of transmission.
Host-finding capacity of schistosome cercariae: comparative efficiency of methods of mouse infection and a radioisotope assay system
Authors: Christensen Niels Ørnbjerg , Frandsen Flemming , Nansen Peter
Published: June 2009

The efficiency of five different methods of infection of mice with Schistosoma mansoni or S. intercalatum cercariae was compared; of these the ring method, the tail immersion technique, and the paddling method were found to be the most effective.

A new radioisotope assay system for cercarial host-finding capacity is described. This employs the tail immersion technique with radiolabelled S. mansoni cercariae. The amount of tail-bound radioactivity retained after exposure to radiolabelled cercariae was used to measure the host-finding capacity of the cercariae under various experimental conditions. A direct proportionality was found to exist between the number of penetrating radiolabelled cercariae and the subsequent tail-bound radioactivity. Also, a direct proportionality was demonstrated between the number of labelled larvae available in the suspension and the subsequent tail-bound radioactivity. The influence of light and of length of exposure period on cercarial host-finding was analysed. After an exposure period of 30 minutes the amount of radioactivity confined to tails in the light greatly exceeded that of tails exposed in total darkness. However, after 60 minutes comparable radioactivity levels were achieved in the tails exposed in the light or in total darkness, respectively. In the light, maximum tail-bound radioactivity was achieved after 20 minutes exposure and no further change was observed in the radioactivity level at 40 and 60 minutes.
Tests with a new compound (Praziquantel) against Diphyllobothrium latum
Authors: Bylund G. , Bång B. , Wikgren K.
Published: June 2009

Praziquantel (Droncit) is a new anthelminthic agent with a strikingly wide therapeutic index. The efficiency of the drug against Diphyllobothrium latum was tested in vivo and in vitro. With a drug dose of 50 mg/kg, artificially infected hamsters were completely cured. The threshold value of the active dose was between 2·5 and 10·0 mg/kg. Clinical trials with Praziquantel against human diphyllobothriasis show great promise, all of ten patients treated with 25·0 mg/kg of the drug being cured. Praziquantel had little effect on larval or adult diphyllobothriids in vitro.
Notocotylus tadornae n.sp. and Notocotylus gippyensis (Beverley-Burton, 1958) (Trematoda: Notocotylidae) from waterfowl in New Zealand: morphology, life history and systematic relations
Authors: Bisset Stewart A.
Published: June 2009

Notocotylus tadornae n.sp. is described from the New Zealand paradise shelduck Tadorna variegata (Gmelin), and Notocotylus gippyensis (Beverley-Burton, 1958), is recorded from three waterfowl species in New Zealand. The life histories of both species are shown to involve an hydrobiid snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum, as intermediate host. The taxonomic affiliations of N. tadornae and N. gippyensis are discussed.
Comparative activity of anticestode drugs—praziquantel, niclosamide and Compound 77–6, against Hymenolepis nana
Authors: Gupta Suman , Katiyar J. C.
Published: June 2009

The activity, in terms of speed of action, of three anticestode drugs against Hymenolepis nana, both in vivo and in vitro, was investigated. Praziquantel was most effective in vivo, but had little action on adult worms and cysticercoids in vitro. Niclosamide, the least effective in vivo, was highly toxic in vitro. Compound 77–6 killed adult worms and cysticercoids in vitro in 10 min and 15 min respectively at 1000 μg/ml of drug concentration, but its in viro effect was intermediate between that of praziquantel and niclosamide.
Litomosoides carinii: retardation of worm growth and of migration of challenge infections in jirds (Meriones unguiculatus)
Authors: Weiner David J. , Leeds Brandon Y.
Published: June 2009

Inbred jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) were divided into three groups; each animal in two of the groups was infected with 30 infective larvae (L3) of Litomosoides carinii. When these infections were patent, the jirds of one of the two infected groups plus those of the third group were injected with 30 L3 L. carinii each. All animals were killed either on day 14 or 24 after the second infection for the recovery, enumeration and measurement of all worms and developing larvae. Challenge larvae were stunted (smaller) and fewer than control larvae. Additionally, fewer challenge larva were recovered on day 14 than on day 24, indicating that migration to the pleural cavity was retarded.
The domestic cat as a host for Brugian filariasis in South Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia
Authors: Palmieri J. R. , Masbar S. , Purnomo  , Marwoto H. A. , Tirtokusumo S. , Darwis F.
Published: June 2009

Three hundred and twenty-five domestic cats (Felis catus) from six villages of the Hulu Sungai Tengah and Banjar Regency of South Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia, were examined for filarial nematodes. Parasites were found in 66 cats, of which 61 (92·4%) had Brugia pahangi, four (6·1%) has B. malayi and one (1·5%) had Dirofilaria repens. Infection rates ranged from 11% to 22% in cats from secondary forest/rice-field habitats, from 15% to 30% in open village/rice-field habitats, to 50% in an open coastal village. In all cases the infection rate of B. malayi in man was greater than in cats from the same collecting area. The number of B. pahangi microfilariae per 20 μl cat blood ranged from 34 at 1000 hours to 571 at 2200 hours. The results of this study suggest that in this region of Indonesia the domestic cat is not an important host for maintaining B. malayi.
The occurrence and abundance of helminth parasites of the mountain hare Lepus timidus (L.) and the wild rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.) in Aberdeenshire, Scotland
Authors: Boag B. , Iason G.
Published: June 2009

Mountain hares were collected each month between April 1984 and March 1985 and their intestines examined for helminths. 26 rabbits were also collected between Juny and December 1984 and examined for gastro-intestinal helminths. Three nematode and two cestode species were found in the hares while only two nematode and one cestode species were found in the rabbits. Trichostronglylus retortaeformis was recorded form 88% of the 193 hares and 92% of the rabbits While comparable figures for Passalurus ambiguus were 0·5% and 54% and for Mosgovoyia pectinata 14% and 81%. Seasonal fluctuations were observed in the T. retortaeformis populations in the hare; numbers tended to be low during the winter months and high throughout the summer. Paranoplocephala wimerosa was reported for the first time from the British Isles and Trichostrongylus axei was recorded for the forst time in the mountain hare.
The efficacy of levamisole administered orally or parenterally against Heligmosomoides polygyrus in mice
Authors: Chimwani D. M. , Britt D. P.
Published: June 2009

Albion mice (Balb c/nut) experimentally infected with Heligmosomoides polygyrus were treated with levamisole hydrochloride (‘Nemicide’—ICI Pharmaceutical PLC) by oral drenching or subcutaneous injection at 5, 10 and 20 mg kg −1. Faecal egg counts monitored for two three days after dosing and post-mortem worm counts were used to assess the efficacy of these treatments. The lowest dose rate gave poor clearance of adult worms but at 10 and 20 mg kg−1, 91 and 96% reduction in worm burden were achieved. Reduction in post-dosing faecal egg counts were variable. Neither method of administration offered particular advantage in terms of efficacy. Faecal egg count data gave inconsistent differences and at necropsy, worm counts were lower in mice dosed orally but not significantly so.
Local and systemic antibody responses in gerbils following vaccination with irradiated or non-irradiated Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae
Authors: Maclean J. M. , Abebe M. , Wedrychowicz H. , Holmes P. H.
Published: June 2009

Groups of 10 Mongolian gerbils. Meriones unguiculatus, were vaccinated with 1,500 gamma-irradiated Trichostrongylus colubriformis infective larvae (L3) or with non-irradiated larvae. 25 days later five gerbils from each group were necropised and the remaining gerbils challenged with 1,500 non-irradiated T. colubriformis infective larvae. Systemic, local intestinal and coproantibody levels were compared in each group of gerbils 25 days after vaccination and 26 days after challenge. Strong local intestinal and faecal antibody responses were detected. Coproantibodies reflected antibody levels in the intestinal contents and in mucosal extracts. The results gave further support to the view that coproantibody measurements provide a sensitive index of immunity at mucosal surfaces to intestinal parasites.
Physiological responses of rats to primary infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis
Authors: Ovington K. S.
Published: June 2009

The physiological responses of well-nourished rats to primary infection with the intestinal nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis were examined. Infected rats fed ad libitum were compared with uninfected control rats fed ad lib. and also with uninfected rats which were pair-fed to the infected rats. Following infection with N. brasiliensis rat food intake was reduced from day 2 post infection (pi) and there were two periods of minimal food intake (day 2 to 3 and 8 to 9 pi). The water intake of infected rats was only reduced on days 2, 3 and 9 pi and not to the same extent as food intake. Muscle catabolism in infected rats was more severe than could be explained on the basis of their food intake reduction. The rectal temperature and rate of oxygen consumption per g body-weight of rats was not significantly altered by the infection. Host responses to N. brasiliensis are compared with those seen in microbial infections and some of them are found to be considerably different.
Hatching mechanism of the metacercaria ofPlagiorchisspecies 1 (Trematoda: Plagiorchiidae)
Authors: Bock Dieter
Published: June 2009

Metacercariae ofPlagiorchisspecies 1 were observed to hatch by an active mechanism in a medium free of enzymes. A hatching opening in the bilayered cyst wall was formed by the combined action of caecal fluid extruded by the activated larva through the mouth opening and an internal pressure due to the tendency of the cyst wall to contract on hatching, resulting in an explosive expulsion of part of the metacercarial body. The cyst wall was apparently pierced at any place where the larva delivered its caecal fluid. After excystation the hatching medium contained high phosphatase and proteinase activities and was able to dissolve the inner walls of empty cyst envelopes. The phosphatase activity assayed on 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate was optimal at pH 3–5. The proteolytic activity was demonstrable on photographic film, Azocoll, and synthetic chromogenic and fluorogenic peptides. A preference for peptides was found which are also susceptible to plasmin. The proteolytic activity was optimal at pH 3–9 and 40–45°C and, when assayed on Suc-Ala-Phe-Lys-MCA, was only due to thiol proteinase(s) according to inhibitor studies. It is suggested that the proteinase(s) represent the hatching enzyme(s) of the metacercaria, because (a) only proteolytic activity was detectable in the pH range optimal for excystment, (b) the inner cyst wall is stabilized by proteins, and (c) the inner wall is dissolved by other proteinases such as trypsin. Enzyme histochemical investigations of metacercariae showed that, in the caeca, acid phosphatase was present mainly before hatching and non-specific esterase developed after hatching. Proteolytic activity was not localized with the methods used although it was suggested that it derived from the caecal fluid. A possible relationship of the thiol proteinase(s) detected in the hatching medium to haemoglobin-digesting proteinases from the gut of schistosomes is discussed.
Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of the male reproductive system of Schistosoma margrebowiei Le Roux, 1933
Authors: Awad A. H. H. , Probert A. J.
Published: June 2009

The structure of the male reproductive system of Schistosoma margrebowiei as viewed by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy is described. The cirrus tube opens at the genital pore without the presence of a cirrus and is spongy and leaf-like. The structure of the germinal and non-germinal cells of the testes are described. The spermatozoon consists of a head, without an acrosome, and a flagellum with a 9+0 arrangement of microtubles in the axial filament. A large mass of mitochondria is situated in the anterior end of the head and cortically arranged longitudinally running microtubles are present. The apical region of the epithelial cells of the vas deferens extends into the lumen of the duct forming convoluted lamellae. This arrangement, together with the presence of dense bodies within the cells, suggests that these cells have a secretory function.
Fate of developing larvae of Onchocerca lienalis and O.volvulus in micropore chambers implanted into laboratory hosts
Authors: Bianco A. E. , Mustafa M. B. , Ham P. J.
Published: June 2009

Infective larvae of Onchocerca lienalis and O.volvulus implanted subcutaneously within micropore chambers into laboratory hosts moulted to the fourth stage (L4) and underwent limited development and growth. Similar recoveries of O. lienalis L4 larvae in the range of 33–66% were obtained from chambers implanted into CBA and BALB/c strains of mice, jirds, and the natural bovine host. A relatively constant proportion of larvae survived up to 24 days post implantation and thereafter recoveries declined, although some worms were still alive after 96 days. Recoveries of O. volvulus L4 larvae from chambers given to normal or T-cell deprived mice were equivalent to one another and to those obtained with O. lienalis. Moulting of O. lienalis in chambers was observed on days 3 and 5, in close accordance with the timing of the third moult in cattle following systemic infection. Moulting of O. volvulus occurred between days 3–6. Morphological changes in developing larvae included a small but significant increase in length, a transient increase in width, and early development of the spicular primordia and genital tube. L4 larvae of O. lienalis, but not those of O. volvulus, exhibited 3 distinct caudal papillae not present on infective larvae.
Lipids in hydatid fluid collected from lungs and livers of sheep and man
Authors: Sheriff D. Sultan , El Fakhri M. , Kidwai S. A.
Published: June 2009

Hydatid fluid collected from the lungs and livers of sheep and humans was analysed for protein and lipid composition. There were no marked differences in the composition of these parameters and the major lipids were triglycerides and diglycerides. The phospholipids, which formed the minor fraction, were mainly phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl inositol. Cholesterol present was in the free form.
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of Anisakinae larvae
Authors: Sugane Kazuo , Qing Liu , Matsuura Tadashi
Published: June 2009

The analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) was applied to distinguish several kinds of Anisakinae larvae, Anisakis larvae (type I) collected from two different paratenic hosts, Anisakis larvae (type II) and Contracaecum larvae. The patterns of the two different paratenic host-derived DNA of Anisakis larva (I) were exactly the same in hybridized fragments generated by six endonucleases. The quite different patterns in RFLPs of genomic DNA were observed among the Anisakis larva (I), Anisakis larva (II) and Contracaecum larvae. The results suggest that the RFLPs analysis may be useful for distinguishing Anisakinae larvae and clarifying the relationships between Anisakis larvae and their adult worms.
Differentiation betweenTrichinella spiralisandT. pseudospiralisinfective larvae by a monoclonal antibody
Authors: Rodriguez-Perez J. , Gomez-Garcia V. , Rodriguez-Osorio M. , Rojas-Gonzalez J. , Gomez-Morales M. A.
Published: June 2009

Crude saline extracts ofTrichinella spiralisandT. pseudospiralisinfective larvae were studied by Western blot analysis using a monoclonal antibody, named ES/TA2 and produced againstT. spiralislarvae. This monoclonal antibody recognized seven major antigenic components inT. spiralislarvae with apparent Mr: 45, 48, 50, 68, 70, 92 and 105 kDa and five inT. pseudospiralislarvae: 38, 50, 70, 72 and 92 kDa. SDS-PAGE of both extracts did not reveal appreciable differences in the range of molecular weights recognized by ES/TA2. These facts show the existence of immunological differences among proteins with apparently identical molecular weights.
Immunological regulation of Angiostrongylus cantonensis infections in rats: modulation of population density and enhanced parasite growth following one or two superimposed infections
Authors: Yong W. K. , Dobson Colin
Published: June 2009

Rats acquired a degree of protective immunity to reinfection with Angiostrongylus cantonensis after a single infection with 50 infective larvae. Infected rats resisted the establishment of most challenging larvae and protective immunity increased with subsequent reinfections. Part of the primary infection was lost after a superimposed second and also following a superimposed third infection, but the total size of the concurrent adult worm populations remained the same as that from a primary infection. Worms surviving from the primary infection showed enhanced growth after each reinfection but their fecundity was impaired.
Ascaridoid nematodes of amphibians and reptiles: Typhlophorus, Hartwichia and Trispiculascaris
Authors: Sprent J. F. A.
Published: June 2009

Four little-known ascaridoid species occurring in crocodilians are discussed. Typhlophorus lamellaris Linstow, 1906 and Hartwichia rousseloti Chabaud& Bain, 1966 are considered to be closely related to Heterocheilus tunicatus Diesing, 1839; Porrocaecum assymmetricum Ortlepp, 1932 is transferred to Trispiculascaris together with T. trispiculascaris Skrjabin, 1916. These three genera are placed in the subfamily Heterocheilinae sensu Sprent (1980) on account of the structure of the oesophago-intestinal junction, the labial pulp and, where known, the male tail. A key to eight genera of Heterocheilinae in crocodilians is provided.
Ascaridoid nematodes of amphibians and reptiles: Freitasascaris n.g.
Authors: Sprent J. F. A.
Published: June 2009

A new genus is proposed for Orneoascaris [ = Amplicaecum] alata (Baylis, 1947) Le Van Hoa, 1960. The new genus is defined and differentiated from Orneoascaris by the posterior position of the vulva and by the wide cervical alae. It is differentiated from Ophidascaris by fewer postcloacal papillae and spicules less than half the length of the ejaculatory duct. From both genera alata differs in the unique form of the lips and in the more extensive U-shaped enlargement of the nucleus of the dorsal oesophageal gland. It is suggested that this species is a specialized form, possibly of neotropical origin.