bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in Export Shares and Competitive Strength in
Pakistan
Authors: Mahmood Zafar
Published: August 2018

The constant- market- Share technique provides useful
information for analyzing export performance by allowing realised export
growth to be separated into commodity composition, market
diversification, world trade and export promotion effects. Furthermore,
the analysis of export promotion effect provides information about the
control variables which can be instrumental in formulating future export
policies. The study providC5 Information concerning the extent to which
Pakistan is exporting to markets with relatively unfavorable growth
rates.
"Economics of Share -Cropping in Haryana (India) Agriculture" - A
Comment
Authors: Salam Abdul
Published: August 2018

Economic efficiency of agriculture in developing countries has
been a matter of great interest among the development economists and has
received considerable attention in the literature on agricultural
development. The increasing access to electronic computers and
availability of farm management data have provided further impetus to
the empirical analysis and comparison of economic efficiency among
well-defined farm groups and a rich body of literature on the subject
appeared during the Sixties and Seventies [2; 3; 4; 6; 7; 8; 10; 11;
12;!3; 14 and 15] . "Economics of Share Cropping in Haryana (India)
Agriculture" by F. S. Bagi, published in the Spring 1981 issue of this
Review [I], is a recent contribution to the literature dealing with
economic efficiency of agriculture. Analysing data from a survey of 119
farms from Haryana (India), the author concludes that technical
efficiency of the share-cropping farms is lower and there is Significant
allocative inefficiency on share-cropping and owner-operated farms. The
contribution, though analysing an important issue of Haryana
agriculture, however, suffers from some serious methodological problems
and faulty interpretation of some of the empirical results. The 119
survey farms on which Bagi's analysis is based, had the following
irrigation pattern: 20 farms fully irrigated, 17 farms totally
unirrigated and remaining 82 farms partly irrigated. It is not clear
from the study how the sample farms were selected, what sampling
procedure was followed in choosing these farms, and how closely the
"Sample farm groups" represented the actual farming situation in
Haryana. Therefore, one does not know whether the results can be
generalised to Haryana situation or not.
John Cody, Helen Hughes and David Wall (eds.). Policies for
Industrial Progressin Developing Countries - A Study jointly Sponsored
by UNIDO and the World Bank. New York: Oxford University Press (for the
World Bank). 1980. Paper Back Edition. ix + 316 pp.
Authors: Mahmood Mir Annice
Published: August 2018

The book under review is a compendium of acticles by eminent
economists including W. M. Corden, Amartya Sen, Ronald McKinnon, Deepak
Lal and others. These economists who have had much experience with
policy-making in developing countries evaluate the different policies
undertaken by governments to facilitate industrial progress in the less
developed countries. Of particular importance among these policies are
those that deal with the balance of payments, exchange control,
licensing, tariffs, quotas, etc. As noted by the editors the
manufacturing sector has been largely responsible for industrial
development; as such the subject matter of all the articles is related
to this sector only.
S. M. Naseem. Underdevelopment, Poverty and Inequality ill
Pakistan. lahore: Vanguard Publications Ltd. 1981. 323 pp.
Authors: Khan Mahmood Hasan
Published: August 2018

This should be counted among the better books published on
Pakistan's economy in that it is analytical and not merely descriptive.
That the book's contents may not match the expectations created by its
title reflects not the author's failing alone, but also the fragmented
state of information about the economy itself. I think Professor Naseem
has made good use of the available data, although in places his argument
is tedious and merely rhetorica1. The book covers a large number of
issues, and brings together the author's published and unpublished
research in these areas. While it does not have a definite focus, it
articulates a point of view, which is critical of the dominant ideology
of growthmanship through private enterprise and the consequent
foreign-sector orientation of the economy, neglecting the real issues of
structural change and equity. He even castigates the short-lived
experiment of "socialism" in the early Seventies as whimsical and ad
hoc.
The Economics of Rural Electrification Projects: Theory and Case
Study of Pakistan
Authors: Gellerson Mark W.
Published: August 2018

Developing countries will invest significant resources in
rural electrification projects in the 19805. Up to now, there has been
little discussion in the economics literature concerning the appropriate
method of evaluating such projects. This paper outlines such a
methodology and, then, it is applied in a case-study of a proposed rural
electrification project in Pakistan. Finally, important areas for future
research are identified.
The Pricing Of Petroleum Products In Pakistan
Authors: Kuijper Mia A M. De
Published: August 2018

In Pakistan the prices of petroleum products are set by the
government, to raise revenues, stabilize prices, and achieve
redistribution and social objectives. But in addition to these benefits,
government31 taxes and subsidies for petroleum pro• ducts result in
losses in economic efficiency through the misallocation of resources.
How do the benefits compare with these losses? Are revenues raised in a
manner that minimizes economic waste? Do the subsidies achieve equity or
other social benefits at minimum cost?
Wheat in Pakistan and other Asian Countries
Authors: Opdam J. H. M. , Cornelisse P. A.
Published: August 2018

It seems as if in recent years the development literature has
shifted weight towards the agricultural sector, thereby doing more
justice to the relative importance of that sector in developing
economies. The occurrence of the Green Revolution and, subsequently, the
concern for its distribution effects have contributed to this shift.
Another cause may have been the accusation of an urban bias in
development economics and, particularly, in development policies. Or,
more down to earth, the explanation may be simply that in the course of
time it was realized that the neglect of wage goods - among which food
products are prominent - creates a very serious bottleneck which
eventually leads to inflation and balance-of-payments problems, not to
mention social discontent and political tension.
How Meaningful are Statements about the Desired Number of
Additional Children? An Analysis of 1968 Pakistani Data
Authors: Khan M. Ali , Sirageldln J.
Published: August 2018

In this paper we present a methodology for studying the
desired number of additional children. Our methodology involves a
generalization of our earlier work. and an application of the estimator
proposed by Heckman and the two-stage simultaneous Tobit estimator
proposed by Nelson and Olson.
Residential Demand for Electricity and Natural Gas in
Pakistan
Authors: Iqbal Mahmood
Published: August 2018

A model for residential demand for fuel in Pakistan was
developed on the basis of stock of fuel-consuming appliances and their
rate of utilization. Income and price elasticities of natural gas and
electricity are estimated by the OLS and GLS methods. The income
elasticity of natural gas and electricity and price elasticity of
natural gas are found statistically significant and consistent with a
priori knowledge of economic theory. Several policy implications are
pointed out and suggestions are made for improvement in future
estimations.
"Green Revolution and Redistribution of Rural Incomes: Pakistan's
Experience” A Reply
Authors: Chaudhry M.Ghaffar
Published: August 2018

In view of the significance of technological break-through and
the changing pattern of income distribution in the process of economic
development, I recently published an article [1, pp.173- 205J which
dealt with the redistributive impact of the Green Revolution technology
on rural incomes in Pakistan. Basing my judgment on the available
empirical evidence, I argued that the Green Revolution in Pakistan was
accompanied by an improvement in rural income distribution of course, I
also implied that there existed no room for the opposite, but generally
prevalent, view that rural income inequalities had worsened with growing
dependence on the Green Revolution technologies.
Rashid Amjad. Private Industrial Investment in Pakistan 1960- 70,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1982. Price: S 25.00. 257 pp.
Illustrations; appendices; bibliography; index.
Authors: Cheema Aftab Ahmad
Published: August 2018

The role of industrialization in economic development can
hardly be overemphasized. The process of industrialization takes place
through capital formation, and it is important that the factors which
determine the rate of capital formation be identified and properly
analysed. This book gives an in-depth analysis of private industrial
investment in Pakistan during the Sixties, which increased sharply
during the Second Plan period but declined during the Third Plan period.
It examines the influence of foreign. resources inflow as well as of
other factors on private industrial investment during the Sixties. It
contains an enlightening discussion about the concentration of
industrial power in a few hands, their control over financial
institutions, and their role in the industrial growth of
Pakistan.
Some Simple Thoughts on Model Building for Developing
Countries
Authors: Bos Henk C.
Published: August 2018

The revival of interest in using models for developing
countries for planning and policy advice makes it desirable to draw
lessons from past experience. Simple models, focussed on specific
issues, are to be preferred to large and comprehensive models. More
empirical research is needed on supply and production functions for
developing countries. Not statistical criteria but developmental
considerations must determine the conclusions to be drawn from models.
More explicit explanations of assumptions and modesty in presenting
results of modelling work to policy makers are desirable.
Estimating the Yield Advantage of High-Yielding Wheat and Maize:
The Use of Pakistani On-Farm Yield Constraints Data
Authors: Nagy Joseph G.
Published: August 2018

This paper briefly reviews the index number approach to
estimating the contribution made by crop development research and then
discusses the use of on-farm yield constraint data to measure the
rightward shift in the supply curve. Yield constraint data on wheat and
maize from Pakistan are used as an illustration.
Effects of Alternative Policy Regimes on Foreign-Payments
Imbalances
Authors: Togan Subidey
Published: August 2018

Using a country-specific multisectoral general-equilibrium
trade model the paper examines the consequences of outward- and
inward-oriented development strategies. The analysis supports the view
that the unwillingness of some of the developing countries' governments
to pursue outward-oriented policies can be explained in terms of low
trade-elasticity values supposedly perceived by the policy makers,
and/or by the political power exercised by capitalists, whet seem to
lose most under outward-oriented policies.
The Green Revolution: Inducement and Distribution
Authors: Havami Yujiro , Ruttan Vernon W.
Published: August 2018

The development and diffusion of modern varieties of rice and
wheat in Asia were induced by changing resource endowments. More
productive biological and chemical technologies capable of offsetting
the effects of population growth are a necessary condition for
simultaneous achievement of growth and equity. The new income streams
generated by technical change have become a powerful source of demand
for institutional change. But rapid growth in rural Incomes is also
dependent on growth of demand for labour in the non-agricultural
sectors.
Development Economists in "Emperor's Clothes"? (Presidential
Address)
Authors: Naqvi Syed Nawab Haider
Published: August 2018

In this paper, I have taken upon myself the onerous task of
ensuring that development economists are appropriately clothed, at least
intellectually if not otherwise. In discharging this noble task in a
'scientific' fashion I assume that, other things being equal, the
shortest route to the development economist's heart is through his or
her wardrobe! If anyone, of course a non-economist, is put off by such
an esoteric assumption, then he must remember that the economist's
propensity to assume is close to one. That being the state of the art, I
can with good conscience rest on this cosy assumption my basic, or to
use the demographer's sex-laden phraseology, the pregnant question: Do
development economists wear the sexy, see through "Emperor's Clothes",
which show everything and hide nothing?
An Analysis of Fertility Change in Pakistan
Authors: Farooqui M. Naseem Iqbal , Soomro Ghulam Yasin
Published: August 2018

In most of the developing countries, sustained population
growth rates have been a dominant factor in decelerating socio-economic
development. The continuing decline in mortality rates has been a major
contributor to the acceleration of growth of population in these
countries which started in the period following the second World War,
and has not abated yet in most of the developing world. There is every
likelihood that the population of these developing countries will double
in the course of the next generation or so, because of the demographic
momentum that is built into their age structure. The rapidly increasing
population in low-income countries is not keeping pace with the
necessary cultural and technological changes that may help them to raise
the standard of living of their masses. Also, high rates of population
growth have become a barrier to a successful attainment of the desired
socioeconomic development, both quantitative and qualitative.
Issues in the Economics of Industrialization in Developing
Countries: A Case Study from Pakistan's Light Engineering Sector
Authors: Nabi Ijaz
Published: August 2018

Some of the factors which determine the efficient use of
scarce resources in industrial development are: the size of firms in the
industry [I ;10 and 22], the type of technology - 'sophisticated' or
'traditional' - used in the production process [9; 18; 19 and 21] ,
availability of skilled manpower [7] ,depth of the entrepreneurial
talent [2; 6 and IS}, and judicious policies regarding industrial
location [20). In the discussion that follows we attempt to quantify the
impact of these factors on firm efficiency, using evidence from
Pakistan.
Book Notes
Authors: Amjad Rashid
Published: August 2018

Download the File
Free Trade versus Protection : Static and Dynamic Aspects
Authors: Flфystad Gunnar
Published: August 2018

This paper analyses whether the developing countries are
pursuing an optimal foreign trade policy, given the theoretical and
empirical evidence we have. The paper concludes that constraints in
imposing other taxes than tariffs in many developing countries may
justify having tariffs as part of an optimal taxation policy.
Book Notes
Authors: Chaudhry M. Ghaffar , Riaz M. Khalid
Published: August 2018

Download the File
Farm Prices and the Green Revolution: Some Reflections on the
Performance of Private Agricultural Markets in Pakistan
Authors: Mohammad Faiz
Published: August 2018

Private agricultural marketing systems in developing countries
are sometimes considered incapable of handling rapid growth in farm
produce with adequate reward to the producer. As such, they could
discourage improvements in farm productivity. This paper shows that this
is not necessarily so in Pakistan. During the Green Revolution of the
Sixties, when, owing to cultivation of HYVs, total production of wheat
and (coarse) rice increased significantly, the marketing system
facilitated the farmer's search for a desired price. More traders
entered the trade, and increased competition among them enabled the
farmer to secure better prices for hi' wheat and rice crops. The
trader's margin at different stages of marketing also went down during
the Green Revolution period, signifying an improvement in the
performance of agricultural markets.
Landholding. Rural Fertility and Internal Migration in Developing
Countries: Econometric Evidence from Cross-National Data
Authors: Bilsborrow R. E. , Winegarden C. R.
Published: August 2018

We develop an empirical model of the interaction of rural
fertility and rural urban migration which incorporates the effects of
landholding patterns. Cross section data for 26 developing countries are
used to test the model. The statistical results support the hypothesis
of a positive relationship between fertility and out-migration in the
rural sector and lend credence to some of the propositions regarding the
impact of landholding patterns. A reduced form of the model is derived
from the statistical results, and its policy implications are
considered.
Consumption and Trade of Wheat and Flour in Pakistan - The Role
of Public and Private Sectors
Authors: Cornelisse Peter A. , Kruijk Hans De
Published: August 2018

This article, the second of two articles In this Review on the
operation of the wheat market in Pakistan,- describes the various
sources from which consumers in the Punjab, Sind and the NWFP obtain
wheat and flour. There appear to be considerable differences in the
patterns of wheat provisioning, if consumers are distinguished by
province, rural and urban areas and household income. Further, an
evaluation is made of the performance of private traders in wheat- and
flour-markets. These findings are then used to examine whether the
position of self-sufficiency in wheat, which the country has recently
achieved, provides arguments for revising the wheat-market policies
adopted during a period when the situation was much less
favourable.
Effects of the Timing and the Number of Sprays on Cotton Yields
in Sind: An Exploratory Analysis
Authors: Akhtar Sajjad
Published: August 2018

Plant protection measures for a weather-sensitive crop like
cotton can make a difference between its actual and normal yields. Since
in the cotton-growing areas of Pakistan, small variations are observed
in the use of complementary inputs like fertilizer, seeds, irrigation
and cultural practices, the timing of application and the quality and
amount of pesticides assume crucial importance in determining cotton
yields, In Pakistan, quality data relating to pesticide use are almost
non-existent because of the absence of organized and coordinated
research on pest management. As a result, it is very difficult, if not
impossible, to test models of pest-crop environment and to derive
optimal pesticide dosage response, incorporating pest damage and pest
kill functions. Furthermore, a survey of literature available in
Pakistan reveals that whereas studies under controlled experiments on
the biological aspects of the use of pesticide have been frequent [I; 2;
3; 4}, few studies exist on the economics of pesticide applications as
observed from the farmer's land. This paper, therefore, adopts an
exploratory method for assessing the usefulness of the application of
pesticide to cotton crop in Sind.• By applying simple statistical
techniques to farm level data, we try to answer some key questions. Is
the timing or number of sprays more important in explaining the
variation in yields? Is the interaction of these two factors a
significant source of explained variation?
Incrementalism and Structural Change: A Technical Note
Authors: Naqvi Syed Nawab Haider , Qadir Asghar
Published: August 2018

In the pursuit of social justice, the problem of relative
economic inequality in developing countries deserves serious
consideration. With the help of a formal analytical framework, the
present paper shows that the essential elements of a solution of the
problem are structural change, focusing on narrowing down the difference
in initial wealth holdings, and an active 'incrementalist' policy of
keeping the growth rate of the income of the poor significantly higher
than the growth rate of the income of the rich. Naive egalitarianism,
requiring only the equality of these two growth rates in the name of
moderation, will only create an explosive situation in which economic
inequality will keep on increasing. It is further argued that in the
context of solving the problem the critical points are the ones where
the income and wealth gaps begin to narrow down. Once these points are
reached, relative inequality will be finally eliminated in a fairly
short time regardless of the relative size of the initial wealth
holdings. Policy action to achieve the stated objective will require a
marriage of structural change and incrementalism rather than an emphasis
on one to the neglect of the other.
Reported Masculinity Ratio in Pakistan: A Triumph of Anthropology
and Economics over Biology (Invited Lecture)
Authors: Krotki Karol J.
Published: August 2018

The problem of the sex ratio fascinates social scientists.
Some measure it through the masculinity ratio (number of men per woman),
others use the feminity ratio (number of women per man). Among the
latter is the majority of social scientist on this subcontinent e.g.,
Gupta [13 ; maps 24,25,26 and 27) and in several countries of
continental Europe [66, fn. 33, p. 3] . Corrado Gini, the celebrated
creator of various indices, popular in social Sciences, devoted to the
topic his very first book [11]. Sex and gender is one of the most
important and popular variables, on which a social scientist breaks up
his data into Significantly different groups.
Real Wages in Pakistan: Structure and Trends, 1970-84
Authors: Irfan Mohammad , Ahmed Meekal Aziz
Published: August 2018

The structure of wages in any economy has profound
implications for labour utilization, income distribution and the
incentive to invest in human capital. This paper aims at measuring and
analysing the level and trend of nominal and real wages in different
sectors of the economy of Pakistan for the 1970-84 period. The broad
patterns of wage change are then looked at in terms of their
implications for employment promo lion, human capital formation and
other related policy issues. The analysis is based on the best available
information but the usual caveats appropriate to empirical work in
Pakistan apply.
On Tariffs and Optimal Taxation Policy in Developing
Countries
Authors: Flфystad Gunnar
Published: August 2018

Taxes on the foreign-trade sector are substantial sources of
government revenue in almost all developing countries. Thus in a number
of countries - including Pakistan, Indonesia, Burma, Ceylon, Malaysia,
Thailand, Nigeria, Ghana and Colombia - such taxes account for more than
40 'percent of the government revenue. The main type of trade tax has
been tariffs, but in addition there have been export taxes and profits
from export marketing boards, the latter being really forms of export
taxes
Dynamics of Change in Pakistan's Large-Scale Manufacturing
Sector
Authors: Afridi Usman
Published: August 2018

Examination of structural change at the sectoral level, i.e.
relationship between agriculture, manufacturing and services, is a
familiar exercise. However, limited attention Is paid to a detailed
examination of the dynamics of structural change, particularly in the
manufacturing sector. Possibly, inadequate data, coupled with a limited
industrial base, have not generated sufficient interest for examining
the structural changes within the manufacturing sector. We have a
tendency to treat the manufacturing sector either at an aggregate macro
level or at a very limited level covering only a few industries. The
limitations responsible for this approach are understandable and by no
means overcome. However, since with time the industrial base in Pakistan
has widened and the data provided by the Census of Manufacturing
Industries improved, though by no means perfected, it is time for
greater emphasis on studying the dynamics of the manufacturing sector to
get a deeper understanding of its behaviour, trends and directions. This
study is a limited effort in that direction.
An Analytical Approach to Interest Rate Determination in
Developing Countries
Authors: Khan Mohsin S.
Published: August 2018

The role of interest rates in the development process has been
studied extensively in recent years. Following upon the seminal work of
McKinnon (1973), there have been a number of theoretical and empirical
studies examining the relationship between financial development and
economic growth, the effect of changes in real interest rates on savings
and investment, and more generally, the pros and cons of a
market-oriented financial system.1 Broadly speaking, there is now ample
empirical evidence supporting the original claim by McKinnon [10] that
there is a positive association between the degree of development of the
financial sector, resulting primarily from a freer structure of interest
rates, and the overall economic performance of developing
countries.
The Labour Force Matrix of Pakistan: Selected
Applications
Authors: Cohen Suleiman Ibrahim
Published: August 2018

Development can be viewed from many angles. To some it means
progress in creating a credible and viable political system. Others view
it as a process of social modernization. To most economic planners,
development is growth in the national income. This paper follows the
view that the ultimate aim is the development and utilization of human
capabilities. More generally, the human angle should gain a special
position among alternative viewpoints in the light of the substantial
evidence that strengthening of the capabilities of human beings to
produce, choose and innovate is the most effective means of achieving
economic, political and social development.
Rates of Returns to Education and the Determinants of Earnings in
Pakistan
Authors: Khan Shahrukh Rafi , Irfan Mohammad
Published: August 2018

This paper is a straightforward exercise in estimating
earnings functions and computing the private rates of returns to
different levels of education. The latter summarizes the incentives to
the individual to invest in human capital formation, while the former
helps in ascertaining the influence of both human and non human capital
variables on the earnings of the individual. A few studies conducted in
the past found the rates of returns to education in Pakistan not in
conformity with those of the majority of the developing countries for
which such estimates exist. The estimated rates were lower for all
levels of education in Pakistan than in the developing world. Moreover,
the computed rates of returns had a positive association with the level
of education.
Tax Reform for Pakistan: Overview and Effective Taxes for
1975-76
Authors: Ahmad Ehtisham , Stern Nicholas
Published: August 2018

This paper evaluates consequences of taxation policy changes
in• terms of effects on government revenue, households and production.
It concentrates on derivation and analysis of effective taxes. The
revised economy-wide input-output table prepared at the Pakistan
Institute of Development Economics has been used to estimate effective
taxes and shadow prices. The paper finds that in Pakistan as in other
developing countries effective tax rates diverge substantially from
nominal tax rates - a fact whose awareness can greatly help the
policy-makers in avoiding unintended consequences of government
policies.
Income-Specific Inflation Rates in Pakistan
Authors: Cheema Aftab Ahmad , Malik Muhammad Hussain
Published: August 2018

In this paper an attempt has been made to find the inflation
rates which were faced by households belonging to different income
brackets and living in different areas. The results of this study do not
show any consistent pattern of inflation being higher or lower for the
rich or the poor households. During 1971-72 and between 1978-79 and
1980-81, households in the lower income brackets were found to be facing
lower inflation rates. These were the years when food prices rose at
lower rates than those of the prices of non-food items. These
differences, however, disappeared in 1981-82 when food prices rose
sharply, resulting in a higher inflation rate for the poor than for the
rich. The numerical magnitudes of the differences were, however, not
very high.
John W. MeDor and Gunvant M. Desai (eels.). Agricultural Change
and Rural Poverty - Variations on a Theme by Dharm Narain. Baltimore
& London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1985. xix + 233 pp.
Illustrations: bibliography; index.
Authors: Tweeten Luther
Published: August 2018

It is fashionable in some intellectual circles to deride the
trickle-down theory, technological change, and the Green Revolution as
tools of the haves to exploit the have-nots. In a worthwhile book,
drawing especially on extensive data for India, several distinguished
analysts from various countries examined sources of rural poverty with
special attention to the role of technological progress and the
trickledown theory.
Inaugural Address
Authors: Wattoo Mian Muhammad Yasin Khan
Published: August 2018

Mr President of the Society, Secretary of the Society,
Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen: It gives me great pleasure
to inaugurate the Third Annual General Meeting of the Pakistan Society
of Development Economists (PSDE). I am happy to note that, within only
four years of its existence, the Society has become one of the most
important national forums for discussing economic and demographic issues
relating to Pakistan's economy and has attracted to its fold a large
number of social scientists from all over the world. The first and
second Annual General Meetings of the Society, held in the last two
years, have already generated a substantial body of relevant knowledge
about development economics and Pakistan's economy. I am sure that the
third meeting will be even more fruitful in this respect.
Landlessness and Rural Poverty in Underdeveloped Countries
(Invited Lecture)
Authors: Khan Mahmood Hasan
Published: August 2018

Poverty blights the lives of millions in Africa, Asia and
Latin America. Most of the poor, at least in Africa and Asia, reside in
rural areas, dependent directly or indirectly on agricultural land. The
rural poor are, in the main, landless or near landless. While
landlessness is among the most important characteristics of the rural
poor, they are by no means an undifferentiated or a homogeneous mass of
humanity. They may be the minifudistas in Latin America, marginal
owner-operators in Asia, smallholders in Africa, who are struggling to
survive by selling their labour to others either in or outside
agriculture. The rural poor may also be tenants, either as sharecroppers
(called by various names) or as "bonded" labour in some countries of
Asia and colonos on the haciendas in Latin America. These households
often have access to the usufruct of land, however tenuous their
attachment to land. An increasing number of the rural poor are, however,
the landless workers, who could be permanent, seasonal and even
migratory. The temporary and migratory nature of rural labour has become
the most visible sign of the "agrarian crisis" in many underdeveloped
countries. It is also a reflection of the extent to which the rural
sector has been brought into the nexus of the dominant international
(capitalist) economy.
Political Economy of Land Tax in Pakistan
Authors: Qureshi Sarfraz Khan
Published: August 2018

Taxation of the agricultural sector is a major instrument for
mobilization of the surplus to finance development projects within the
agricultural sector and/or the rest of the economy. For many years, the
need for a heavier taxation of agricultural land has formed part of the
conventional wisdom regarding the ways of extracting agricultural
surplus and increasing the tempo of agricultural development in poor
countries. Land taxes have both equity and efficiency properties that
gladden the hearts of both economists and vocal politicians belonging to
urban areas. Taxes on land promote efficiency in the allocation of
scarce resources by creating incentives for farmers to increase their
effort and reduce their consumption, thus expanding the amount of
agricultural produce available to the non-agricultural sectors of the
economy. A tax on land has an important redistributive function because
its incidence falls squarely on the landlord and is shifted neither
forward to consumers nor backwards to suppliers of agricultural inputs;
nor does it introduce distortions in the allocation of productive
resources.
Flattening the Kuznets Curve: The Consequences for Income
Distribution of Development Strategy, Government Intervention, Income
and the Rate of Growth
Authors: Papanek Gustav F. , Kyn Old Rich
Published: August 2018

The relationship between growth and equity has been a disputed
issue at least since Simon Kuznets [11] described it as U-shaped.
Kuznets 's hypothesis that as per capita income rises income
distribution would first become less equal and then more equal has been
supported by a large array of empirical studies (e.g.: Bacha [4],
Ahluwalia [3], Chenery et al. [7], Adelman and Morris [2], Cline [8],
Paukert [23]. As a result, there are only a few propositions in
economics which have wider acceptance. The Kuznets hypothesis, which
applies to the secular process of development over several decades, has
sometimes been cited as evidence that there is conflict between growth
and equity. Alternative reasons were subsequently advanced for the
conflict between these objectives. It was argued that there is also a
trade-off between a high rate of growth and an equitable distribution of
income, because the policies desirable for a high rate of growth involve
strong incentives and rewards to the scarce factors in the hands of the
rich.
Nasra M. Shah (eel.). Pakistani Women: A Socioeconomic
Demographic Profile. Islamabad: Pakistan Institute of Development
Economics/Honolulu: East-West Center. 1986. xliv+412 pp.lllus.,
bibliog., index. Price: US$12.oo for hard cover; US$ 10.00 for
paperback.
Authors: Mumtaz Khawar
Published: August 2018

Until very recently, women did not claim the attention of
academicians in Pakistan. Short of cliche-ridden write-ups glorifying
their exalted and sometimes imagined roles, little else was written to
reveal the reality of women in the country's tribal, feudal, changing
society. The exceptions have been reports and case studies, mostly
commissioned by the Government or by international agencies. These,
however, have remained confined to departmental files and a limited
readership. The few titles which have appeared in the last ten years or
so, besides a few autobiographies (e.g. Jahanara Shah Nawaz's, Shaista
Ikramullah's), include Rashida Patel's book on the family laws, Parveen
Shaukat Ali's study of women in the Muslim world and Kishwar Naheed's
collection, in Urdu, of papers on some aspects of women in
Pakistan.
Roderic 8eaujot and Kevin McQuillan. Growth and Dualism. The
Demographic Development of Canadian Society. Toronto: Gage Publishing
limited. 1982. xii+249 pp.Can $10.95.
Authors: Krotki Karol J.
Published: August 2018

Canada, from a Pakistani standpoint, is as exotic as Pakistan
is to a Canadian. The purpose of this review article is to present to
the Pakistani reader four publications with interesting, and partly
unusual, aspects of the Canadian society, demography and economy. It
would be pressing one's luck too much to claim that comparative lessons
can be learned of use and significance to Pakistan. The two societies
are too different for that, but who knows, maybe there is a theoretical
continuum, common to both.
Asian Labour Mobility: New Dimensions and Implications for Development (Invited Lecture)
Authors: Manolo I. Abella
Published: August 2018

This paper argues that the rise of organized labour migration has introduced a new structural feature in the international labour market. Unlike previous migration for employment flows, where personal linkages and kinship provided the necessary information about employment opportunities abroad, the recent migration flows have been organized by commercially-motivated agents. This new factor in the labour market has a number of implications which deserve closer attention. First, the "organization" of migration by these agents contributes to making labour supply highly elastic during upswings in demand for expatriate labour. This suggests that considerable adjustments are imposed by the migration process on the labour markets of labour exporting countries. Second, it also makes for inelasticity during periods of weakening demand because of its "stockpiling effect" on labour supply. Hence, it may have the effect of dampening pressures for contract wage increases during the periods of rising demand for labour while they probably accentuate the tendency of wages to decline during the periods of slackening demand. The point that is also to be emphasized is that these agents are able to siphon off large proportions of the earnings of migrant workers indicating that this new structural feature of the labour market may have some previously overlooked income distribution effects.
Profitability of Pakistan's Agriculture
Authors: Ahmad Bashir , Chaudhry Ali Muhammad
Published: August 2018

The population of Pakistan reached the figure of 97.7 million
in 1985-86. Growing at the current rate of 3.1 percent per annum, it
would be over 144 million by the turn of this century. Under the
pressure of such population growth, the demand for primary products
would increase by a sizeable margin. An idea of this alarming situation
can be formed from the projected requirements of wheat which have been
estimated to be 22 million tons by the year 2000. To meet this expected
demand for wheat, its production should increase by 70 percent of the
existing levels, which means an annual yield growth rate of over 4.5
percent. But in the past thirty-five years i.e., during 1949-50 to
1984-85 it has grown at the rate of 2.53 percent per annum only.
Supplies of other basic essentials would also be required to be
increased by a similar margin to meet their increased demand. What are
the sources for such large additional production? A review of past
production trends shows that so far, the most important source of
incremental production has been expansion in acreage. However, the
available indicators suggest that the scope of additional production,
through acreage increase, has since been exhausted to a great extent.
The position regarding irrigation supplies, which constitute the base of
additional acreage, does not appear promising any longer. Details are
given in Table 1.
Some Econometric Evidence on the Relative Importance of Monetary
and Fiscal Policy in Pakistan
Authors: Saqib Najam Us , Yasmin Attiya
Published: August 2018

Economists agree that both monetary and fiscal policies can
influence the pace of aggregate economic activity. However, their
relative importance still remains a widely debated and complicated
issue. Given the mushroom growth of different types of economic models,
it seems almost impossible to decide their relative importance, at a
purely theoretical level. So in this paper, we have tried to deal with
this issue empirically in the context of Pakistan. In surveying the
literature, we can find a number of empirical studies on this issue, but
most of them are for the developed countries. Similar studies for the
developing countries are rare. We have been able to find only two such
studies for Pakistan, one by Hussain (1982) and the other by Masood and
Ahmad (1980). The study by Hussain (1982) covers the period from 1949-50
to 1970-71, and the data used in this study pertain to united (East and
West) Pakistan. So the results of his study can hardly be of much
relevance to present Pakistan. Masood and Ahmad (1980) use data for
present Pakistan from 1959-60 to 1976-77 in their study. They regress
induced' expenditures on autonomous expenditures and money supply and
assess the relative importance of the two exogeneous variables, on the
basis of t-values and beta-coefficients. Their definition of induced and
autonomous expenditures seems to be a little arbitrary. Agricultural
income, an independent variable in their regressions, turns out to be a
dominant variable in a number of equations. The negative sign of the
autonomous expenditures in some regressions is difficult to justify.
Their efforts, to determine the lag structure, have also been
unsuccessful. Although their data are from many individual sources, they
have not applied any formal tests to check the consistency of the data
and the possible structural change that might have taken place due to
the separation of East Pakistan.
Intercensal Change and the Indirect Estimation of Mortality: The
Case of Pakistan
Authors: Greene Margaret E.
Published: August 2018

In a country such as Pakistan, where there is no vital
registration system, estimating mortality levels and trends can be
difficult. One way we can learn about mortality is to use indirect
estimation techniques on census age distributions. This paper applies
some of these techniques and evaluates the quality of the census data in
the process. Various researchers have found evidence of a mortality
pattern unique to South Asian populations, (Heligman 1985). They find
that the expectation of life for females is less than that for males
where values of e(O) range between 40 and 50 years, but that the
opposite is true where e(O) is between 60 and 70 years. This suggests
that as South Asian mortality declines, the sex differential disappears,
and the pattern is more like that found in the rest of the world.
Consistently high sex ratios above age 10 are characteristic of Pakistan
(see Table 1); the sex ratio at birth varies but tends to stay above
105, the expected value for most .populations (Visaria 1971). The
underenumeration of females at marriageable ages is the explanation
given by Krotki (1985) for the high sex ratios at ages 10-14 and 15-19.
The age distribution implies greater survival to those ages than one
would expect in a high fertility, high mortality population (see Table
2).
Migration and Fertility in Pakistan
Authors: Kiani M. Framurz Khan
Published: August 2018

The phenomena of migration and fertility has not drawn much
attention in Pakistan. A few studies based on census data, the National
impact Survey 1968-69 and the Population Growth Survey 1968-71 showed
higher crude birth rates for rural areas than for urban areas. However,
recent studies showed higher urban fertility in Pakistan. In view of the
increasing rate of rural migration to the urban areas it is important to
understand the contribution of migration to population growth. The main
objective of the present study is to explore differentials in fertility
between migrants and non-migrants along with the socio-economic and
proximate determinants and to investigate whether these show
statistically significant variation in fertility between migrants and
non-migrants. The primary source of data for this study is the
Population Labour Force and Migration Survey (PLM) 1979-80. Migration
and fertility questionnaires were merged to determine the migration
status of husband and wife to relate it to the fertility of women. A
total of 33S female migrants in urban areas and 480 in rural areas were
identified.
An Energy Input-Output Table of Pakistan for 1979-80 and Some
Applications
Authors: Pintz Peter , Havinga Ivo C.
Published: August 2018

In order to enhance the indigenous supply of energy, Pakistan
has launched various investment programmes as a consequence of which 28
percent and 43.2 per• cent of total public investment has been invested
in the energy sector, respectively, in the Fifth and the Sixth Five Year
Plans. However, despite the sharp increase in investment for indigenous
exploration and production, the domestic supply of energy has registered
an insignificant increase. Despite substantial increases in energy
prices, the growth of the commercial primary energy consumption has
increased from 6.8 percent per annum in 1973•74 1979•80 to 7.8 percent
per annum in 1979•80 - 1984-85. In fact, Pakistan's energy policies have
not succeeded in delinking the growth rate of GPP from primary energy
consumption, which has partly been achieved in industrialized countries
and in many developing countries. For the period of 1973•74 to 1979•80,
the primary energy/ GDP elasticity was 1.20, whereas, it has increased
to 1.24 for 1979•80 to 1984-85.
Modelling the Prospects of Economic Growth and Social
Development: Results of Circular Flow Planning Models Applied to
Pakistan1980-1993
Authors: Cohen S. I.
Published: August 2018

This paper presents for Pakistan an analysis of the country's
recent economic growth and social development, and medium term prospects
covering the period of the Seventh Plan. The meaning of economic growth
is self-evident. In contrast, by social development we shall mean the
pace of progress as regards the distribution of income, the satisfaction
of essential needs, balanced development and employment of human
resources. The paper has two purposes (i) to provide valuable
information for policy making in the area of growth and development, and
(ii) to demonstrate the attractiveness and usefulness of working with
the models we have developed. We shall rely exclusively on the results
obtained from the planning models which were developed in collaboration
with the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad and
Erasmus University, Rotterdam Netherlands. Most of the past models which
were developed for Pakistan served analytical purposes, were
demonstrative in nature or were not updated. As a result, they are
practically irrelevant for today's appraisal of future prospects. More
recently, since 1980, a few models which have been updated regularly may
turn out to have a future. In particular, among the macro models, PIDE's
econometric model is the most widely publicised, cf. Naqvi et aL (1983).
In the category of activity models one simple but handy model is
available in Cohen, Havinga and Saleem (1985).
Estimation of Elasticities of Substitution for CES and VES
Production Functions using Firm-level Data for Food-processing
Industries in Pakistan
Authors: Barrese George E. , Malik Sohail J.
Published: August 2018

This study, based on the time-series data covering the period
from 1956 to 1986, estimates production function in the agricultural
sector of Pakistan. The strategy for agricultural development in the
country has been based on greater utilization of "high pay-off' low-cost
technology. The government advanced loans through financial institutions
to make it possible for the farmers to acquire this technology. Despite
the infusion of seed-fertilizer technology, per acre yield of major
crops like wheat, rice, cereal and sugar-cane in Pakistan is lower than
in most LDCs in the region. Therefore, it is concluded that the use of
present technology has reached a plateau and it is time to look for
additional inputs for improvement in productivity.