bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Debris thickness of glaciers in the Everest area (Nepal Himalaya) derived from satellite imagery using a nonlinear energy balance model
Authors: Rounce D. R. , McKinney D. C.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Debris thickness is an important characteristic of debris-covered glaciers in the Everest region of the Himalayas. The debris thickness controls the melt rates of the glaciers, which has large implications for hydrologic models, the glaciers' response to climate change, and the development of glacial lakes. Despite its importance, there is little knowledge of how the debris thickness varies over these glaciers. This paper uses an energy balance model in conjunction with Landsat7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) satellite imagery to derive thermal resistances, which are the debris thickness divided by the thermal conductivity. Model results are reported in terms of debris thickness using an effective thermal conductivity derived from field data. The developed model accounts for the nonlinear temperature gradient in the debris cover to derive reasonable debris thicknesses. Fieldwork performed on Imja–Lhotse Shar Glacier in September 2013 was used to compare to the modeled debris thicknesses. Results indicate that accounting for the nonlinear temperature gradient is crucial. Furthermore, correcting the incoming shortwave radiation term for the effects of topography and resampling to the resolution of the thermal band's pixel is imperative to deriving reasonable debris thicknesses. Since the topographic correction is important, the model will improve with the quality of the digital elevation model (DEM). The main limitation of this work is the poor resolution (60 m) of the satellite's thermal band. The derived debris thicknesses are reasonable at this resolution, but trends related to slope and aspect are unable to be modeled on a finer scale. Nonetheless, the study finds this model derives reasonable debris thicknesses on this scale and was applied to other debris-covered glaciers in the Everest region.
27 m of lake ice on an Antarctic lake reveals past hydrologic variability
Authors: Dugan H. A. , Doran P. T. , Wagner B. , Kenig F. , Fritsen C. H. , Arcone S. , Kuhn E. , Ostrom N. E. , Warnock J. , Murray A. E.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Lake Vida, located in Victoria Valley, is one of the largest lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys. Unlike other lakes in the region, the surface ice extends at least 27 m, which has created an extreme and unique habitat by isolating a liquid-brine with salinity of 195 g L−1. Below 21 m, the ice is marked by well-sorted sand layers up to 20 cm thick, within a matrix of salty ice. From ice chemistry, isotopic abundances of 18O and 2H, ground penetrating radar profiles, and mineralogy, we conclude that the entire 27 m of ice formed from surface runoff, and the sediment layers represent the accumulation of fluvial and aeolian deposits. Radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating limit the maximum age of the lower ice to 6300 14C yr BP. As the ice cover ablated downwards during periods of low surface inflow, progressive accumulation of sediment layers insulated and preserved the ice and brine beneath; analogous to the processes that preserve shallow ground ice. The repetition of these sediment layers reveals climatic variability in Victoria Valley during the mid- to late Holocene. Lake Vida is an excellent Mars analog for understanding the preservation of subsurface brine, ice and sediment in a cold desert environment.
The Fertile Window and Biomarkers: A Review and Analysis of Normal Ovulation Cycles
Authors: Murcia-Lora José María , Esparza-Encina María Luisa ,   Universidad de Navarra
Published: July 2014

El objetivo de este artículo es revisar los principales conceptos en la literatura acerca de la ventana de la fertilidad en pacientes con ciclos menstruales normales. El énfasis principal del artículo se ha dirigido al análisis de la teoría de Brown de la ovulación, revisar conceptos básicos de la ovulación, secreción y metabolismo de la hormona folículo estimulante, y al estudio clínico, ecográfico y bioquímicos del desarrollo folicular de la ventana de la fertilidad. Este artículo también repasa los biomarcadores clínicos y los diferentes metabolitos endocrinos que delimitan en la fase fértil del ciclo. Se revisan diferentes estudios en los cuales las valoraciones en suero y orina de los esteroides sexuales, han corroborado tener una correlación directa para enmarcar el período fértil. Actualmente tienen relevancia estos conocimientos en diferentes grupos de interés, sobre todo en mujeres con un alto nivel de motivación interesadas en el reconocimiento de su fertilidad, las cuales pueden beneficiarse mediante la aplicación de conocimientos técnicos actuales que detectan la ventana fértil. También estos conocimientos suelen cobrar importancia en aquellas personas que pertenecen a programas de regulación de la fertilidad (PRF), con intención de distanciar un embarazo, o de reconocer el periodo fértil del ciclo para conseguir un embarazo espontáneamente, o mediante programas de NaProTecnología. Otros grupos de interés, son aquellos en los cuales no se tiene experiencia en cursos de PRF, pero desean mejorar sus conocimientos en el reconocimiento de la fertilidad por medio de una breve entrevista, o por medio de cursos de orientación familiar.
Demobilization and social reintegration of Brazilian and American troops of World War II: a comparative study
Authors: Ferraz Francisco Cesar Alves
Published: July 2014

O objetivo deste artigo é discutir os resultados de um estudo comparativo dos veteranos brasileiros e americanos da Segunda Guerra Mundial, com respeito à sua desmobilização e reintegração social. Apesar das óbvias diferenças entre as experiências  da participação na guerra entre Estados Unidos e Brasil, defendo que o estudo dessas duas maneiras de lidar com os problemas de desmobilização e reinserção dos combatentes pode oferecer novas luzes sobre vários problemas comuns a ambos os países: a relação entre as sociedades e as forças armadas, as relações entre o governo federal e os seus cidadãos, a desigualdade social e racial e, por último mas não menos importante, as experiências de construção de estruturas de Estado de Bem Estar na guerra e pós-guerra. Baseada em estudos internacionais sobre processos lidando com a desmobilização e integração social dos ex-combatentes da guerra, essa pesquisa atual selecionou as variáveis que foram decisivas para o sucesso ou o fracasso de tal uma adaptação em tempo de paz: a) experiências anteriores de reinserção dos veteranos de guerra; b) a natureza e as consequências do recrutamento para os futuros ex-combatentes; c) o planejamento do Estado e das forças armadas dos processos de desmobilização e reintegração no pós-guerra; d) a implementação de desmobilização e os impactos no seio da instituição militar e da sociedade civil causados pela reintegração de ex-combatentes à vida social e profissional.
TERÉNNÍ GAMASPEKTROMETRICKÁ CHARAKTERISTIKA PSAMITŮ GODULSKÉHO SOUVRSTVÍ: VYUŽITÍ PRO INTERPRETACI JEJICH VZNIKU
Authors: Šimíček Daniel , Bábek Ondřej
Published: July 2014

Our study was focused on low to medium radioactive sandstones of the Godula Formation of the external fl ysch zone of the Western Carpathians. It is widely known that concentrations of radioactive elements (K, U and Th ) in siliciclastic sediments are primary controlled by facies and mineral and chemical composition, which is largely influenced by their provenance. In the Godula Formation, K was found to be predominantly incorporated in some framework and accessory detritic minerals (K-feldspars, albite, mica, glauconite, illite). Main sources of U and Th were identified in heavy minerals, such as monazite and zircon. Variations of K, U and Th concentrations correspond to changes in modal composition of sandstones and indicate uplift and subsequent erosion of structurally deeper crustal parts of source area (Silesian Ridge). Significant increase of K, U and Th concentrations was observed near the boundary between the Middle and Upper Godula beds. Gamma-ray spectrometry could be used as good supplementary technique for discrimination of sandstones of these lithostratigraphical parts of the Godula Formation.
UHLONOSNOST SVRCHNÍCH HRUŠOVSKÝCH VRSTEV (NAMUR) V ČESKÉ ČÁSTI HORNOSLEZSKÉ PÁNVE
Authors: Beneš Luboš , Jirásek Jakub , Hýlová Lada , Sivek Martin
Published: July 2014

Maps of the coal-bearing capacity, number and total thickness of coal seams of the Upper Hrušov Member (Namurian, Mississippian) were made. They are based on exploratory boreholes´ information from the Czech part of the Upper Silesian Basin. Absolute coal-bearing capacity varies from 0.00 % to 2.57 %, and their total thickness from 0.00 m to 9.43 m. All mentioned parameters reach their maximum in NNE–SSW trending zone west of the Orlová Structure. This situation supports the hypothesis, that preserved part of the Upper Hrušov Member could form the subsidence axis of the basin and its eastern part whereas the western part is not preserved due to post-Carboniferous erosion, similar as in the case of Lower Hrušov Member.
VYUŽITÍ ELEKTRICKÉ ODPOROVÉ TOMOGRAFIE K VIZUALIZACI VÝPLNÍ HISTORICKÝCH STEZEK
Authors: Sedláček Jan , Faměra Martin , Bábek Ondřej , Martínek Jan
Published: July 2014

Electric resistivity tomography is suitaible method for geophysical survey of shallow subsurface subjects. We selected this method for identification of historical roads relicts. We choosed four localities for our study in the eastern part of Bohemia and north-western part of Moravia. Historical roads are detected by well defined vegetation features and the geoelectric cross sections were drawn across them. The relicts of historical roads are visible on cross resistivity sections. They manifest themselves as anomalous objects with diff erent resistivity. The resistivity is mostly higher than surroundings due to their higher compaction. They are located in depth about 1 m and create oval bodies.
PŘEDBĚŽNÉ VÝSLEDKY STUDIA ORGANICKÉ HMOTY SEDIMENTŮ PALEOGÉNU PODSLEZSKÉ JEDNOTKY A JEJÍHO VZTAHU KE VZNIKU UHLOVODÍKŮ
Authors: Zahradník Jan , Skupien Petr , Pavluš Ján
Published: July 2014

The subject of the present paper is the analysis of the source rock potential of the Paleogene formations in the outer Western Carpathians. In the study area there are deposits rich in organic carbon material (4–11 % TOC), mostly dark coloured claystones and siltstones, which were deposited in the anoxic conditions. Source rocks character of the sediments was studied on the basis of structure of organic material and degree of their transformation. Kerogen of type III (terrestrial type) predominates in the studied samples. Degree of thermal transformation is low and corresponds to the beginning or middle part of the oil window.
ULTRABAZICKÉ HORNINY TĚŠÍNITOVÉ ASOCIACE V ZÁPADNÍ ČÁSTI SLEZSKÉ JEDNOTKY
Authors: Buriánek David , Kropáč Kamil , Dolníček Zdeněk
Published: July 2014

The teschenite association occurring in southwest part of the Silesian Unit (Carpathian Flysch Belt) consists of several types of predominantly alkaline basic to ultrabasic intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks. Ultrabasic rocks such as peridotites and picrites represent geochemically relatively primitive melt. Primary magmatic mineral assemblages of ultrabasic rocks are characterized by a large amount of olivine (Fo 81–86 mol. %), clinopyroxene (predominantly diopside: XMg = 0.65–0.85, Na = 0.02–0.04 apfu; aegirine-augite sometimes forms small rims around diopside: XMg = 0.00–0.14, Na = 0.40–0.98 apfu) and rare chrome spinel to chromite with Cr/(Cr+Al) values 0.55–0.62 in peridotite or 0.26–0.69 in picrites. Olivine, linopyroxenes or spinelides in these rocks appear as suitable for calculation of PT conditions. The temperatures obtained using the olivine-clinopyroxene thermobarometry (1 294–1 322 °C; 8–11 kbar) are consistent with the appearance of these two minerals in the crystallization sequence of peridotite. However, the temperatures calculated for spinelide inclusions in olivine are ~ 500 °C lower than the experimentally derived liquidus for ultrabasic melt. This difference can be explained by subsolidus re-equilibration during cooling. Younger mineral assemblage in peridotite consists of phlogopite, pargasite, and magnetite.
Creating European Policy from a Regional Perspective – the Innovation of Transition Regions within the Regional Policy of the EU. Evidence from Saxony-Anhalt
Authors: Sălăgeanu Romana
Published: July 2014

Looking from a regional perspective at the interests of regions and what they can and would do to achieve their goals, this paper analyzes the contribution made by regional politics to European policymaking processes by examining the activities of the German Land Saxony-Anhalt in a discussion of transition regions and transitional aid within European cohesion policy. Timing and the successful use of resources and available channels are elements in Saxony-Anhalt’s strategy for early mobilization and addressing its interests at the supranational level (that of the European Commission and the Committee of the Regions), as well as within intrastate channels (Europamininsterkonferenz, Bundesrat).
Political Marketing. Theory and Concepts
Authors: Gregor Miloš
Published: July 2014

Ormrod, Robert P.; Henneberg, Stephan C. M.; O'Shaughnessy, Nicholas J. 2013. Political Marketing. Theory and Concepts. Los Angeles, London, New Dehli, Singapore, Washington DC: SAGE Publications Inc. 224 pages.
Marking the milestone: NYSAWWA celebrates its 100th anniversary
Authors: Cavalcoli Mona
Published: July 2014

The oldest AWWA section commemorated its centennial with ceremonies, presentations, and a water museum at its annual conference.
How climate change will affect water utilities
Authors: Bloetscher Frederick , Hammer Nicole H. , Berry Leonard
Published: July 2014

Climate change will have a major impact on water utilities in the near future; with careful planning, spending, and cooperation, the effects can be mitigated.
Pursuing more efficient water use: The history and future of water conservation in the United States
Authors: Maddaus Lisa A. , Maddaus Michelle L. , Maddaus William O. , Matyas Chris A.
Published: July 2014

New research, new technology, and a stronger public interest in water efficiency are coming together to instill a new water conservation ethic in the United States.
The middle‐aged Safe Drinking Water Act
Authors: Roberson J. Alan
Published: July 2014

Forty years and numerous amendments and regulations later, the Safe Drinking Water Act is a paragon of legislative success; it will remain a vital piece of legislation as long as its dictates and processes keep pace with current needs.
You can't control the threat, but you sure can manage the response
Authors: Morley Kevin M.
Published: July 2014

The key to managing risks to water supply and utility operations is to make sure that responses are developed to match threats as they evolve.
Emerging chemical contaminants: Looking for greater harmony
Authors: Snyder Shane A.
Published: July 2014

This article provides historical and current perspectives of the methods used and policies instituted to monitor and address the daunting list of chemical contaminants in water; progress is steadily made, but there is more work to be done.
Basal terraces on melting ice shelves
Authors: Dutrieux Pierre , Stewart Craig , Jenkins Adrian , Nicholls Keith W. , Corr Hugh F. J. , Rignot Eric , Steffen Konrad
Published: July 2014

Ocean waters melt the margins of Antarctic and Greenland glaciers, and individual glaciers' responses and the integrity of their ice shelves are expected to depend on the spatial distribution of melt. The bases of the ice shelves associated with Pine Island Glacier (West Antarctica) and Petermann Glacier (Greenland) have similar geometries, including kilometer‐wide, hundreds‐of‐meter high channels oriented along and across the direction of ice flow. The channels are enhanced by, and constrain, oceanic melt. New meter‐scale observations of basal topography reveal peculiar glaciated landscapes. Channel flanks are not smooth, but are instead stepped, with hundreds‐of‐meters‐wide flat terraces separated by 5–50 m high walls. Melting is shown to be modulated by the geometry: constant across each terrace, changing from one terrace to the next, and greatly enhanced on the ~45° inclined walls. Melting is therefore fundamentally heterogeneous and likely associated with stratification in the ice‐ocean boundary layer, challenging current models of ice shelf‐ocean interactions.
Geomagnetic control of equatorial plasma bubble activity modeled by the TIEGCM with Kp
Authors: Carter B. A. , Retterer J. M. , Yizengaw E. , Groves K. , Caton R. , McNamara L. , Bridgwood C. , Francis M. , Terkildsen M. , Norman R. , Zhang K.
Published: July 2014

Describing the day‐to‐day variability of Equatorial Plasma Bubble (EPB) occurrence remains a significant challenge. In this study we use the Thermosphere‐Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIEGCM), driven by solar (F10.7) and geomagnetic (Kp) activity indices, to study daily variations of the linear Rayleigh‐Taylor (R‐T) instability growth rate in relation to the measured scintillation strength at five longitudinally distributed stations. For locations characterized by generally favorable conditions for EPB growth (i.e., within the scintillation season for that location), we find that the TIEGCM is capable of identifying days when EPB development, determined from the calculated R‐T growth rate, is suppressed as a result of geomagnetic activity. Both observed and modeled upward plasma drifts indicate that the prereversal enhancement scales linearly with Kp from several hours prior, from which it is concluded that even small Kp changes cause significant variations in daily EPB growth.
Self‐consistent generation of MSTIDs within the SAMI3 numerical model
Authors: Duly Timothy M. , Huba Joseph D. , Makela Jonathan J.
Published: July 2014

In this study, we use the three‐dimensional, physics‐based numerical model, SAMI3 (Sami3 is Another Model of the Ionosphere), to self‐consistently generate nighttime, electrified, medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) at midlatitudes. These are the first numerical simulations to use the fundamental, physics‐based equations in a full flux tube model for the self‐consistent generation of MSTIDs. We show that a random perturbation results in the development of modes consistent with the Perkins instability and that the growth rate of a specified k perturbation agrees well with linear theory. We also present synthetic observations of MSTIDs: total electron content, integrated 630.0 nm airglow emission, E × B drift, and electron density. The modeling results show the signature of the instability in the geomagnetic conjugate hemisphere, which has been previously observed experimentally. The qualitative descriptions of the E × B drift and electron density profiles of the MSTIDs provided by SAMI3 are found to be consistent with experimental studies of MSTIDs found in the literature.
The effect of winter drought on evaporation from a high‐elevation wetland
Authors: Blanken Peter D.
Published: July 2014

The surface energy balance of a high‐elevation groundwater‐fed wetland (High Creek Fen) in central Colorado was measured from 9 June 2000 through 18 January 2005. In agreement with observations and predictions for decreased winter snow cover in the region, the low snow cover in 2001–2002 allowed for an examination of the impact of winter drought on the wetland. During years with an average snowpack, summer evaporation far exceeded precipitation. Despite near‐normal summer precipitation following a winter drought, the summertime surface energy balance was affected with decreased latent heat fluxes and increased sensible heat fluxes. The leaf area index and the fraction of photosynthetic radiation absorbed were reduced following the winter drought. A shift in the primary controls on evaporation occurred as the surface's response to vapor pressure deficits and soil moisture increased following the winter drought. The earlier snowmelt coupled with earlier increase in soil temperature and moisture following winter drought did not increase evaporation, since vegetation was not yet developed, and evaporation from soil water was low during the early spring period.
Effects of tidal fluctuations on mixing and spreading in coastal aquifers: Homogeneous case
Authors: Pool María , Post Vincent E. A. , Simmons Craig T.
Published: July 2014

While the hydraulics of tidally dominated groundwater systems have been studied extensively, tidally induced solute spreading in the fresh‐saltwater transition zone of coastal aquifers remains largely unexplored. Here we systematically quantify tidal impacts on solute mixing and spreading in seawater intrusion problems for an idealized homogeneous system. Mixing is characterized by the spatial moments of the solute concentration distribution and quantified by an effective dispersion coefficient. Parametric analysis reveals that the key dimensionless parameter controlling the tidal mixing behavior is the tidal mixing number (
) which depends on the tidal amplitude, the period and the hydraulic diffusivity. We find that for
, tides lead to a significant impact on the shape and location of the interface. The maximum effect on transverse and longitudinal dispersion occurs for large values of storativity, a hydrogeologic parameter that has been previously understated in terms of its significance. Large storativity implies a nonuniform hydraulic response to the tidal forcing, such that the resulting nonuniform time‐dependent velocity field enhances mixing. As a result, the interface spreads mainly at the bottom of the aquifer, where the saline end of the mixing zone migrates seaward, whereas the spatial extent of low salt concentrations migrates landward. These insights critically underpin quantitative guidance on the inclusion and exclusion of tidal effects in the analysis of seawater intrusion.
Does Increasing Steps Per Day Predict Improvement in Physical Function and Pain Interference in Adults With Fibromyalgia?
Authors: Kaleth Anthony S. , Slaven James E. , Ang Dennis C.
Published: July 2014

Objective

To examine the concurrent and predictive associations between the number of steps taken per day and clinical outcomes in patients with fibromyalgia (FM).

Methods

A total of 199 adults with FM (mean age 46.1 years, 95% women) who were enrolled in a randomized clinical trial wore a hip‐mounted accelerometer for 1 week and completed self‐report measures of physical function (Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire‐Physical Impairment [FIQ‐PI], Short Form 36 [SF‐36] health survey physical component score [PCS], pain intensity and interference (Brief Pain Inventory [BPI]), and depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire‐8 [PHQ‐8]) as part of their baseline and followup assessments. Associations of steps per day with self‐report clinical measures were evaluated from baseline to week 12 using multivariate regression models adjusted for demographic and baseline covariates.

Results

Study participants were primarily sedentary, averaging 4,019 ± 1,530 steps per day. Our findings demonstrate a linear relationship between the change in steps per day and improvement in health outcomes for FM. Incremental increases on the order of 1,000 steps per day were significantly associated with (and predictive of) improvements in FIQ‐PI, SF‐36 PCS, BPI pain interference, and PHQ‐8 (all P < 0.05). Although higher step counts were associated with lower FIQ and BPI pain intensity scores, these were not statistically significant.

Conclusion

Step count is an easily obtained and understood objective measure of daily physical activity. An exercise prescription that includes recommendations to gradually accumulate at least 5,000 additional steps per day may result in clinically significant improvements in outcomes relevant to patients with FM. Future studies are needed to elucidate the dose‐response relationship between steps per day and patient outcomes in FM.
Muscle Strength, Muscle Mass, and Physical Disability in Women With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Andrews James S. , Trupin Laura , Schmajuk Gabriela , Barton Jennifer , Margaretten Mary , Yazdany Jinoos , Yelin Edward H. , Katz Patricia P.
Published: July 2014

Objective

Data describing relationships between muscle strength, muscle mass, and physical disability among individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are limited. The present study examines the relationship of muscle strength and muscle mass with physical disability among adult women with SLE.

Methods

A total of 146 women from a longitudinal SLE cohort participated in the study. All measures were collected during an in‐person research visit. Lower extremity muscle strength was assessed by peak knee torque of extension and flexion and by chair‐stand time. Total lean body mass, appendicular lean mass, and fat mass (kg/m2) were measured by whole‐body dual x‐ray absorptiometry. Self‐reported physical disability was assessed using the Short Form 36 health survey (SF‐36) physical functioning subscale, and the Valued Life Activities (VLA) disability scale. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients tested the correlations between muscle strength, muscle mass, and disability scores. Regression analyses modeled the effect of lower extremity muscle strength and mass on SF‐36 and VLA disability scores controlling for age, SLE duration, SLE disease activity measured with the Systemic Lupus Activity Questionnaire, physical activity level, prednisone use, body composition, and depression.

Results

On all measures, reduced lower extremity muscle strength was associated with poorer SF‐36 and VLA disability scores. Trends persisted after adjustment for covariates. Muscle mass was moderately correlated with muscle strength, but did not contribute significantly to adjusted regression models.

Conclusion

Lower extremity muscle strength, but not muscle mass, was strongly associated with physical disability scores. While further studies are needed, these findings suggest that improving muscle strength may reduce physical disability among women with SLE.
Associations Between Body Mass Index and Foot Joint Pain in Middle‐Aged and Older Women: A Longitudinal Population‐Based Cohort Study
Authors: Gay Anita , Culliford David , Leyland Kirsten , Arden Nigel K. , Bowen Catherine J.
Published: July 2014

Objective

To investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and foot joint pain (FJP) over a 5‐year period in a community‐based cohort.

Methods

We examined a subset of women from the Chingford Women's Study, a community cohort followed up for 20 years. From a baseline of 1,003 female participants, we reviewed data from 639 women (64%) for whom complete data sets for FJP and BMI were obtained over a 5‐year period between year 10 (Y10) and year 15 (Y15). Descriptive statistics, binary regression modeling, and odds ratios (ORs) were used to examine the longitudinal relationship between BMI and FJP.

Results

For Y10 and Y15, the median age was 61 years (interquartile range [IQR] 57–67) and 66 years (IQR 62–72), respectively, and the mean ± SD BMI was 26.7 ± 4.6 kg/m2 and 27.2 ± 4.8 kg/m2, respectively. FJP prevalence was 21.6% at Y10 and 26.6% at Y15. Longitudinal analyses showed that both BMI and FJP increased significantly from Y10 to Y15 (P < 0.001). The odds of having FJP after a 5‐year period increased by 4.9% for each BMI unit increase 5 years earlier (OR 1.049 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.011–1.089], P = 0.012). This remained significant when adjusted for age, diabetes mellitus, and rheumatoid arthritis (OR 1.051 [95% CI 1.011–1.091], P = 0.012).

Conclusion

This is the first large longitudinal cohort study demonstrating that, in middle‐aged women, a high BMI precedes and is predictive of FJP independent of age. Evidence from our findings can be used to identify those individuals at risk of developing FJP.
Cost‐Effectiveness Analysis of HLA–B5801 Genotyping in the Treatment of Gout Patients With Chronic Renal Insufficiency in Korea
Authors: Park Dong‐Jin , Kang Ji‐Hyoun , Lee Jeong‐Won , Lee Kyung‐Eun , Wen Lihui , Kim Tae‐Jong , Park Yong‐Wook , Park Sung‐Hwan , Lee Shin‐Seok
Published: July 2014

Objective

Allopurinol‐induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) are relatively rare but cause high rates of morbidity and mortality. Studies have shown that the HLA–B5801 allele and renal impairment are strongly associated with SCARs. Recent American College of Rheumatology guidelines recommend that, prior to treatment with allopurinol, the HLA–B5801 genotype of gout patients at high risk for SCARs, including Korean patients with chronic renal insufficiency, should be determined. However, whether such genotyping is cost‐effective is unknown. This study evaluated the cost‐effectiveness of HLA–B5801 genotyping for the treatment of gout in patients with chronic renal insufficiency in Korea.

Methods

A decision analytical model over a time period of 12 months was employed to compare the cost and outcomes of treatment informed by HLA–B5801 genotyping with that of a conventional treatment strategy using a hypothetical cohort of gout patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Direct medical costs were obtained from real patients with SCARs from 2 tertiary hospitals. Outcomes were measured as a total expected cost and an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio.

Results

In the base model, the total expected cost and probability of continuation of gout treatment without SCARs for the conventional and HLA–B5801 screening strategies were $1,193 and 97.8% and $1,055 and 100%, respectively. The results were robust according to sensitivity analyses.

Conclusion

Our model suggests that gout treatment informed by HLA–B5801 genotyping is less costly and more effective than treatment without genotyping, and HLA–B5801 genotyping could considerably reduce the occurrence of allopurinol‐induced SCARs and related deaths.
Definitions for the Sonographic Features of Joints in Healthy Children
Authors: Roth Johannes , Jousse-Joulin Sandrine , Magni-Manzoni Silvia , Rodriguez Ana , Tzaribachev Nikolay , Iagnocco Annamaria , Naredo Esperanza , D'Agostino Maria Antonietta , Collado Paz ,   the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology Ultrasound Group
Published: July 2014

Objective

Musculoskeletal ultrasonography (US) has potential in the assessment of disease activity and structural damage in childhood arthritides. In order to assess pathology, the US characteristics of joints in healthy children need to be defined first. The aim of this study was to develop definitions for the various components of the normal pediatric joint.

Methods

The definitions were developed by an expert group and applicability was assessed on a collection of standardized scans of the knee and ankle joints by scoring the scans on a Likert scale. The definitions were then modified and applicability was reassessed before sending the definitions for approval to a larger panel of experts. A final scoring on stored images of all relevant joints at different ages followed.

Results

Five definitions were developed addressing the articular bone, cartilage, joint capsule, epiphyseal ossification center, and synovial membrane. In total, 224 US images of knees and ankles were acquired, of which 172 were selected for scoring. An agreement of ≥80% was not met for any of the definitions, but after modifications, 81–97% agreement was reached. This version of the definitions was approved by 15 US experts. In the final validation exercise, all definitions reached an agreement of ≥80% for the shoulder, elbow, wrist, metacarpophalangeal hip, knee, ankle and metatarsophalangeal joint.

Conclusion

US definitions for the normal pediatric joint were successfully developed through a Delphi process and validated in a practical exercise. These results provide the basis to develop definitions for pathology and to support the standardized use of US in pediatric rheumatology.
Development and Retrospective Validation of the Juvenile Spondyloarthritis Disease Activity Index
Authors: Weiss Pamela F. , Colbert Robert A. , Xiao Rui , Feudtner Chris , Beukelman Timothy , DeWitt Esi Morgan , Pagnini Ilaria , Wright Tracey B. , Wallace Carol A.
Published: July 2014

Objective

To develop and validate the Juvenile Spondyloarthritis Disease Activity Index (JSpADA) for use in clinical practice and research.

Methods

Using modified Delphi consensus techniques, 10 items were selected by participants in the international pediatric rheumatology listserv, the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance, and the listserv for the pediatric section of the American College of Rheumatology. Validation was performed in a retrospective multicenter cohort of 244 children.

Results

In total, 106 physicians representing 14 countries completed the initial questionnaire. Completion rates for the subsequent questionnaires were 84%, 75%, and 77% of the original respondents. Ten items exceeded 80% consensus: arthritis, enthesitis, patient pain assessment, inflammatory markers, morning stiffness, clinical sacroiliitis, uveitis, back mobility, and patient and physician assessments of disease activity. After item analysis, 2 items were eliminated (patient and physician assessments of disease activity). Factor analysis identified 3 primary domains that explained 58% of the variance: peripheral disease, axial disease, and uveitis. The Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.66. The JSpADA had high or moderate correlations with the Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score (r = 0.81), patient and physician assessments of disease activity (r = 0.70 and r = 0.66, respectively), and the Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire (r = 0.56). The JSpADA discriminated well between subjects with active versus inactive disease (P < 0.001) and was responsive to improvement or worsening in disease activity over time (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Using international input and consensus formation techniques, we developed and validated the first disease activity assessment for juvenile spondyloarthritis. Future studies should validate the JSpADA in a prospective multicenter cohort.
Mapping of the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology Core Set for Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody‐Associated Vasculitis to the International Classification of Function, Disability and Health
Authors: Milman Nataliya , Boonen Annelies , Merkel Peter A. , Tugwell Peter
Published: July 2014

Objective

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) is a framework and classification of health that describes health along 4 components: body functions, body structures, activities and participation, and contextual factors. This study examined the content of instruments that constitute the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) core set of outcome measures for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–associated vasculitis (AAV) by “mapping” them to the ICF.

Methods

The content of the instruments included in the AAV core set were linked to the ICF by 2 independent investigators according to previously established ICF linkage rules.

Results

The AAV core set includes 3 measures of disease activity (3 versions of the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score), 1 damage measure (Vasculitis Damage Index), 1 patient‐reported outcome (Short Form 36 health survey), and death. Linking these instruments to the ICF revealed comprehensive coverage of the ICF components body functions and body structures, limited coverage of the ICF component activities and participation, and complete absence of coverage of contextual factors.

Conclusion

ICF was found to be useful for thematic characterization of a heterogeneous group of outcome measures for AAV, i.e., a group of complex medical conditions. Linking of the instruments selected for the OMERACT AAV core set of outcome measures to the ICF classification revealed limitations in the representation of constructs related to life impact of AAV, represented by the ICF components activities and participation and contextual factors. Further research and methods development are needed to better incorporate important aspects of functioning and health relevant to patients into clinical trials of AAV.
Formation of defect‐free polyetherimide/PIM‐1 hollow fiber membranes for gas separation
Authors: Hao Lin , Zuo Jian , Chung Tai‐Shung
Published: July 2014

Dual‐layer hollow fiber membranes were produced from blends of Ultem and polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM‐1) with enhanced gas permeance. The effects of spinning parameters (take‐up speed and air gap distance) on gas separation performance were investigated based on the pristine Ultem. Selected spinning conditions were further adopted for the blend system, achieving defect‐free and almost defect‐free hollow fibers. Adding PIM results in a higher fractional free volume, 50% increments in gas permeance were observed for Ultem/PIM‐1 (95/5) and more than 100% increments for Ultem/PIM‐1 (85/15). Both O2/N2 and CO2/CH4 selectivities remained the same for Ultem/PIM‐1 (95/5) and above 80% of their respective intrinsic values for Ultem/PIM‐1 (85/15). The selective layer thickness ranges from 70 to 120 nm, indicating the successful formation of ultrathin dense layers. Moreover, minimum amounts of the expensive material were consumed, that is, 0.88, 1.7, and 2.3 wt % PIM‐1 for Ultem/PIM‐1 (95/5), (90/10), and (85/15), respectively. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 3848–3858, 2014
Effects of chemical modification of wood flour on the rheological properties of high‐density polyethylene blends
Authors: Ou Rongxian , Wang Qingwen , Wolcott Michael P. , Sui Shujuan , Xie Yanjun , Song Yongming
Published: July 2014

Chemical modification of lignocellulosic fibers can improve interfacial adhesion and dimensionally stabilize the resulting plastic composites. This study examined the rheological properties of wood flour/high density polyethylene (HDPE) melts after poplar wood flour was modified with glutaraldehyde (GA, mainly cell wall cross‐linking) and 1,3‐dimethylol‐4,5‐dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU, mainly poly‐condensation). Results show improvement in both the dispersibility of treated wood flour in the HDPE and its interfacial compatibility. Treatment with GA decreased melt viscosity, moduli, and shear stress as evidenced by rheometry. However, the modifying effects of DMDHEU were not observed, which was mainly due to reduced HDPE content. This study indicates that chemical modification of wood flour is a promising approach to improve the processability of highly filled wood thermoplastic composites via extrusion/injection molding processing. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41200.
Brief Report: Erosions and Sclerosis on Radiographs Precede the Subsequent Development of Syndesmophytes at the Same Site: A Twelve‐Year Prospective Followup of Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis
Authors: Ramiro Sofia , van Tubergen Astrid , van der Heijde Désirée , Stolwijk Carmen , Bookelman Gideon , Dougados Maxime , van den Bosch Filip , Landewé Robert B. M.
Published: July 2014

Objective

To analyze whether erosions, sclerosis, and squaring assessed on radiographs precede the development of syndesmophytes in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS).

Methods

Patients with AS from the Outcome in Ankylosing Spondylitis International Study (OASIS) cohort were followed up for 12 years, with radiographs obtained every 2 years. Two readers (reader 1 and reader 2) scored radiographs according to the modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine Score (mSASSS) and recorded abnormalities per vertebral corner. Progression from erosions, sclerosis, or squaring to (bridging) syndesmophytes was investigated using multilevel longitudinal (autoregressive and time‐lagged) regression analysis. Interactions with reader and spinal region were investigated.

Results

The analysis included 211 patients (71% male, 85% HLA–B27 positive) with a mean ± SD age of 43 ± 13 years and a symptom duration of 21 ± 12 years. A total of 921 radiographs were included, with 20,509 (reader 1) and 20,568 (reader 2) vertebral corners evaluable. Erosions were found in 1% and 2.5%, sclerosis in 0.3% and 1.7%, squaring in 6.5% and 5.1%, and syndesmophytes in 25% and 27%, by reader 1 and reader 2, respectively. The odds ratio for a new syndesmophyte to occur within 2 years at the same vertebral corner if erosions, sclerosis, or squaring were present was 2.0 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.7–2.3) for the cervical and lumbar spine together, 3.1 (95% CI 2.5–3.9) for the cervical spine, and 1.3 (95% CI 1.0–1.6) for the lumbar spine. When vertebral corners with erosions, sclerosis, and squaring were analyzed separately, this effect was statistically significant for erosions and for sclerosis, but not for squaring.

Conclusion

Erosions and sclerosis occur infrequently in patients with AS, but when they do occur, they precede the development of a new syndesmophyte, and are therefore important to assess.
Use of Cartilage Derived From Murine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Osteoarthritis Drug Screening
Authors: Willard Vincent P. , Diekman Brian O. , Sanchez‐Adams Johannah , Christoforou Nicolas , Leong Kam W. , Guilak Farshid
Published: July 2014

Objective

The discovery of novel disease‐modifying drugs for osteoarthritis (OA) is limited by the lack of adequate genetically defined cartilage tissues for application in high‐throughput screening systems. We addressed this need by synthesizing cartilage from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to establish and validate an in vitro model of OA.

Methods

Native or iPSC‐derived mouse cartilage samples were treated with the cytokine interleukin‐1α (IL‐1α) for 3 days to model the inflammatory environment of OA. The biochemical content, mechanical properties, and gene expression of the resulting tissues were assayed. In addition, the inflammatory and catabolic environment of the media was assessed. To establish high‐throughput capability, we used a 96‐well plate format and conducted a screen of previously identified candidate OA drugs. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) release into the medium was used as the primary output for screening.

Results

Treatment of iPSC‐derived or native cartilage with IL‐1α induced characteristic features of OA in a rapid and dose‐dependent manner. In addition to the loss of GAGs and tissue mechanical properties, IL‐1α treatment induced the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and increased the production of the inflammatory mediators nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2. In the high‐throughput screen validation, all candidate OA therapeutic agents provided some benefit, but only the NF‐κB inhibitor SC514 effectively reduced cartilage loss in response to IL‐1α.

Conclusion

This work demonstrates the utility of iPSCs for studying cartilage pathology and provides a platform for identifying novel, patient‐specific therapeutic agents that prevent cartilage degradation and modify the course of OA development.
Inflammatory Bone Spur Formation in Psoriatic Arthritis Is Different From Bone Spur Formation in Hand Osteoarthritis
Authors: Finzel Stephanie , Sahinbegovic Enijad , Kocijan Roland , Engelke Klaus , Englbrecht Matthias , Schett Georg
Published: July 2014

Objective

To investigate the different patterns of bone spur formation in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and hand osteoarthritis (OA), using high‐resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (QCT).

Methods

The study group comprised 70 subjects (25 patients with PsA, 25 patients with hand OA, and 20 healthy controls). The 2 patient groups were similar with regard to age and sex distribution and clinical involvement of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints. All patients underwent high‐resolution peripheral QCT scanning of the second, third, and fourth MCP joints of the dominantly affected hand. Demographic and disease‐specific data were recorded, and the number, size, and distribution of bone spurs were assessed and compared between patients with PsA and patients with hand OA.

Results

The overall number and size of bone spurs were similar in patients with PsA and patients with hand OA. However, localization of lesions within individual joints was substantially different between patients with PsA and those with hand OA. In PsA, bone spurs dominated the radial sides of the joints (for the metacarpal head of the second joint, P < 0.001 versus hand OA; for the base of the second phalangeal joint, P < 0.001 versus hand OA), whereas the palmar and dorsal quadrants were the predilection sites in hand OA. Detailed anatomic analysis showed that bone spurs in the entheseal regions were prominent in patients with PsA but rare in patients with hand OA, and that bone spurs in patients with hand OA typically emerged at the cartilage–bone interphase and the joint margins.

Conclusion

Our findings show that the overall number and size of bone spurs are similar in patients with PsA and patients with hand OA. Nonetheless, the anatomic sites of bone proliferation are different between these 2 groups of patients.
A stochastic computational model for yellow time determination and its application
Authors: Wang Fen , Tang Keshuang , Li Keping
Published: July 2014

This paper proposes a stochastic model to determine the yellow time according to the occurring probability of Type‐I dilemma zone (PDZ). Unlike the conventional methods generally based on the deterministic traffic flow theory, the proposed model fully accounts for the randomness of input variables such as approaching speed, deceleration rate, perception‐and‐reaction time, and distance to stop‐line at the yellow onset. A theoretical model is firstly established, and a computational program incorporating Monte Carlo Simulation is then developed to facilitate its general solution. These two alternative solution approaches to derive PDZ and Y are proposed, depending upon whether D/V and (τ + V/2d) follow certain analytical distributions or not. In addition, field data at a typical high‐speed highway intersection are collected to validate the model. Based on the validated model, comprehensive sensitivity analysis is conducted to look into the entire picture of the relationship between PDZ and the distributions as well as correlations of the input variables. To demonstrate the application of the proposed model, the required yellow times for various conditions are calculated based on the acceptable levels of PDZ, and representative application tables for typical cases are finally provided. With the aid of the proposed methodology, traffic engineers are capable of designing yellow time in a more sophisticated manner. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.