bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of psychiatric genetic counseling in relation to time since diagnosis and symptom onset
Authors: Saxton Sarah , Inglis Angela , Morris Emily , Hercher Laura , Austin Jehannine
Published: April 2022

To our knowledge, no studies have yet evaluated whether genetic counseling (GC) outcomes are influenced by the timing of the counseling session in relation to the onset or diagnosis of the condition of interest. We conducted an exploratory retrospective chart review using a database from a psychiatric GC (pGC) clinic, to examine the relationship between GC outcomes and time elapsed between: (a) onset of psychiatric symptoms (time since onset, TSO) and/or (b) psychiatric diagnosis (time since diagnosis, TSD), and the pGC session. Linear regression was used to assess the relationship between change in Genetic Counseling Outcome Scale (GCOS) scores from pre‐GC to 1 month post‐GC and TSO and/or TSD. Charts of 271 patients (80% women, mean age = 39.9 years old) seen between 2012 and 2018 were included in the analyses. Mean TSO = 19.6 years (range 0–62 years), and mean TSD = 11.1 years (range 0–43 years). Overall, empowerment increased after GC regardless of TSO/TSD (p < 0.0001, d = 1.11). While there was no relationship between GCOS change and TSD, a negative relationship was observed for TSO (p = .032) suggesting better outcomes with shorter TSO, although the effect size was very small (f2 = 0.019). Post hoc analysis revealed this effect was driven by two diagnoses, depression (n = 164, p = 0.013) and schizoaffective disorder (n = 6, p = 0.042). For the former, the effect size was very small (f2 = 0.038) and for the latter, the probability of type 2 error was high. In sum, our data suggest that TSO/TSD plays a negligible role in outcomes of pGC, with patients benefitting from pGC, regardless how long ago symptoms started/diagnosis was made.
Trends, intensification, attribution and uncertainty of projected heatwaves in India
Authors: Chowdhury Bratati
Published: April 2022

This study investigates the projected heatwaves for India using 0.25° × 0.25° summer mean temperature data from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) 5 and 6 simulations for 2016–2100. The heatwaves were delineated using count and density‐based indices. A new approach of using medians of past as threshold for computing projected variables was introduced to amplify the footprint of the warming signal on the heatwaves. Further, spatio‐climatic heterogeneity of India was accounted through optimizing climatic zones using the fuzzy c‐mean clustering technique. Temporal homogeneity, trend, intensification and attribution of the heatwave variables were computed and analysed. Additionally, the scenario uncertainty was partitioned from the internal climatic variability, and consequently the variables were modelled within a probabilistic framework. Within this probabilistic framework, a novel concept of intensification ratio was introduced to capture the cost of climate action/inaction on heatwaves in India. All the heatwave variables except heatwave count have breaks in homogeneity between 2045 and 2055 and show predominantly increasing trends. While heatwave count shows an intensification of 4–6 times over the past, with 70% of the intensification being attributable to climate change, for other variables, the figures are 35–30 times and 95%. The scenario uncertainty surpasses the internal climatic variability around 2050. The probabilistic framework yields normalized values of uncertainty mostly below 0.5, enhancing the applicability of the results. Finally, the intensification ratio shows that climate inaction will intensify the heatwaves for ~75% of India by ~50–100%. The intensification of heatwave density over its count and relative accentuation of heatwaves resulting from climate inaction are the major takeaways from this study.
Bayesian approaches to fixed effects meta‐analysis
Authors: Domínguez Islas Clara , Rice Kenneth M.
Published: April 2022

Bayesian methods seem a natural choice for combining sources of evidence in meta‐analyses. However, in practice, their sensitivity to the choice of prior distribution is much less attractive, particularly for parameters describing heterogeneity. A recent non‐Bayesian approach to fixed‐effects meta‐analysis provides novel ways to think about estimation of an average effect and the variability around this average. In this paper, we describe the Bayesian analogs of those results, showing how Bayesian inference on fixed‐effects parameters—properties of the study populations at hand—is more stable and less sensitive than standard random‐effects approaches. As well as these practical insights, our development also clarifies different ways in which prior beliefs like homogeneity and correlation can be reflected in prior distributions. We also carefully distinguish how random‐effects models can be used to reflect sampling uncertainty versus their use reflecting a priori exchangeability of study‐specific effects, and how subsequent inference depends on which motivation is used. With some important theoretical results, illustrated in an applied meta‐analysis example, we show the robustness of the fixed effects even for small numbers of studies.
Green extraction of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) using microwave method for recovery of three valuable fractions (essential oil, phenolic compounds and cannabinoids): a central composite design optimization study
Authors: Mazzara Eugenia , Carletti Riccardo , Petrelli Riccardo , Mustafa Ahmed M , Caprioli Giovanni , Fiorini Dennis , Scortichini Serena , Dall'Acqua Stefano , Sut Stefania , Nuñez Sonia , López Victor , Zheljazkov Valtcho D , Bonacucina Giulia , Maggi Filippo , Cespi Marco
Published: April 2022

BACKGROUND

Solvent‐free microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) is a green extraction method capable of boosting the yield and quality profile of hemp essential oil when compared with other conventional extraction techniques. During this process, two by‐products are produced, namely the aqueous residue containing bioactive phenolics and the residual deterpenated biomass, which can be used for further extraction and purification of phytocannabinoids. To date, the hemp industry has not utilized these products, although they can be valuable for the food, cosmetic, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical market.

RESULTS

This study assessed and optimized the variables affecting MAE efficiency, namely microwave irradiation power, extraction time and added water, which were studied using a central composite design approach, and results were used to optimize the extraction process for recovering three valuable fractions: essential oil, polyphenols and phytocannabinoids. The products obtained using the optimized conditions were characterized in terms of yield, chemical profile and antioxidant potential. Moreover, the by‐products obtained during the optimized run were further analyzed in terms of their biological activity using both enzymatic and non‐enzymatic assays. The aqueous residue demonstrated a powerful α‐glucosidase inhibition, a good activity in terms of superoxide radical scavenging activity, a modest efficacy in terms of inhibition of advanced glycation end products formation and no activity in terms of lipase inhibition. The residual deterpenated biomass did not possess significant biological activity.

CONCLUSION

This work demonstrated valorization of industrial hemp essential oil and its by‐products, obtained by a sustainable and eco‐friendly extraction method, through an almost waste‐free approach. Cannabinoids as well as other valuable bioactive compounds such as glycosidic flavones may be recovered from the residues of the essential oil extraction, representing interesting substances in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and nutraceutical fields. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Advanced hybrid process with back contact IGZO‐TFT
Authors: Honjo Masatomo , Takeda Yujiro , Aman Mehadi , Kobayashi Shunsuke , Kitoh Kenichi , Ito Kazuatsu , Tanaka Kohei , Matsukizono Hiroshi , Nakamura Wataru
Published: April 2022

We propose a new structure hybrid backplane technology with back contact IGZO‐TFT and LTPS. In this structure, IGZO is directly connected with intermediate metal to reduce the number of layers. The patterning process of IGZO and intermediate metal was optimized to realize superior IGZO/metal contact structure. The uniformity of contact resistance over a large area has been address for hybrid backplane. The characteristics of IGZO‐TFTs with high uniformity and reliability were confirmed. High‐quality AMOLED panels with new structure backplane have been adopted at smartphone with 6.6 in. display after severe reliability tests. We believe that the proposed structure would be useful for the mass‐production of OLED display with high quality and low cost.
The influence of particle concentration and bulk characteristics on polarized oceanographic lidar measurements
Authors: Collister Brian L. , Zimmerman Richard C. , Sukenik Charles I. , Balch William M. , Hill Victoria J.
Published: April 2022

Oceanographic lidar measurements of the linear depolarization ratio, δ, contain information on the bulk characteristics of marine particles that could improve our ability to study ocean biogeochemistry. However, a scarcity of information on the polarized light‐scattering properties of marine particles and the lack of a framework for separating single and multiple scattering effects on δ have hindered the development of polarization‐based retrievals of bulk particle properties. To address these knowledge gaps, we made single scattering measurements of δ for several compositionally and morphologically distinct marine particle assemblages. We then used a bio‐optical model to explore the influence of multiple scattering and particle characteristics on lidar measurements of δ made during an expedition to sample a mesoscale coccolithophore bloom. Laboratory measurements of linear depolarization revealed a complex dependency on particle shape, size, and composition that were consistent with scattering simulations for idealized nonspherical particles. Model results suggested that the variability in δ measured during the field expedition was driven predominantly by shifts in particle concentration rather than their bulk characteristics. However, model estimates of δ improved when calcite particles were represented by a distinct particle class, highlighting the influence of bulk particle properties on δ. To advance polarized lidar retrievals of bulk particle properties and to constrain the uncertainty in satellite lidar retrievals of particulate backscattering, these results point to the need for future efforts to characterize the variability of particulate depolarization in the ocean and to quantify the sensitivity of operational ocean lidar systems to multiple scattering.
Dynamic Modeling of Industrial Loop Reactors for Catalytic Ethylene (Co)polymerization: Pressure Safety Valves
Authors: Krallis Apostolos , Al‐haj Ali Mohammad , Kanellopoulos Vasileios
Published: April 2022

In industrial loop reactors, for catalytic ethylene (co)polymerization, the heat produced by polymerization can result in temperature and pressure increase, which in turn can lead to reactor breakage, explosion, and consequent release of toxic/flammable fluids in the environment. To predict the reactor temperature and pressure during ethylene (co)polymerization and assess the performance of presure safety valves (PSVs) in response to emergency accidents, an integrated mathematical approach is followed including catalyst kinetics, thermodynamics, and transport properties modeling. A catalytic ethylene (co)polymerization kinetic model is used to predict the catalyst activity variation with respect to reactor temperature and the heat produced by the polymerization reaction during a reaction runaway. The Sanchez–Lacombe equation of state (SL EOS) is utilized in order to predict the reactor pressure for different slurry mixture compositions and the slurry densities at different temperatures, pressures and solids weight fractions. Dynamic macroscopic mass and energy balances are derived to calculate the dynamic evolution of concentrations of the various molecular species as well as the temperature changes in the loop reactor. The model can predict the temperature and pressure increase rates and the maximum flow rate at the PSVs during the runaway.
Katalysatoren immobilisieren
Authors: Abramov Alex , Diaz Diaz David
Published: April 2022

Übergangsmetallkomplexe als Photokatalysatoren ermöglichen organische Umwandlungen mit hohen Ausbeuten, Wechselzahlen und Selektivitäten. Sie lassen sich jedoch nur schlecht aus den Reaktionsmedien isolieren, weshalb sie bisher kaum wiederverwendet werden. Diese Übersicht konzentriert sich auf Strategien, die in den letzten zehn Jahren zur Rückgewinnung solcher Katalysatoren entwickelt wurden.
Das Mikrobiom der Pflanzen
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: April 2022

Pflanzen sind von Mikroben abhängig, ebenso wie wir zum Beispiel von unseren Darmbakterien. Obwohl Einzelbeispiele wie die stickstofffixierenden Knöllchenbakterien lange bekannt sind, ist das Gesamtbild komplex. Die Zusammenarbeit beruht unter anderem auf dem Austausch von Nährstoffen und chemischen Signalen.
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy assessment of neonatal brain metabolism during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery
Authors: Spielman Daniel M. , Gu Meng , Hurd Ralph E. , Riemer R. Kirk , Okamura Kenichi , Hanley Frank L.
Published: April 2022

Here, we report on the development and performance of a robust 3‐T single‐voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) experimental protocol and data analysis pipeline for quantifying brain metabolism during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery in a neonatal porcine model, with the overall goal of elucidating primary mechanisms of brain injury associated with these procedures. The specific aims were to assess which metabolic processes can be reliably interrogated by 1H MRS on a 3‐T clinical scanner and to provide an initial assessment of brain metabolism during deep hypothermia cardiac arrest (DHCA) surgery and recovery. Fourteen neonatal pigs underwent CPB surgery while placed in a 3‐T MRI scanner for 18, 28, and 37°C DHCA studies under hyperglycemic, euglycemic, and hypoglycemic conditions. Total imaging times, including baseline measurements, circulatory arrest (CA), and recovery averaged 3 h/animal, during which 30–40 single‐voxel 1H MRS spectra (sLASER pulse sequence, TR/TE = 2000/30 ms, 64 or 128 averages) were acquired from a 2.2‐cc right midbrain voxel. 1H MRS at 3 T was able to reliably quantify (1) anaerobic metabolism via depletion of brain glucose and the associated build‐up of lactate during CA, (2) phosphocreatine (PCr) to creatine (Cr) conversion during CA and subsequent recovery upon reperfusion, (3) a robust increase in the glutamine‐to‐glutamate (Gln/Glu) ratio during the post‐CA recovery period, and (4) a broadening of the water peak during CA. In vivo 1H MRS at 3 T can reliably quantify subtle metabolic brain changes previously deemed challenging to interrogate, including brain glucose concentrations even under hypoglycemic conditions, ATP usage via the conversion of PCr to Cr, and differential changes in Glu and Gln. Observed metabolic changes during CPB surgery of a neonatal porcine model provide new insights into possible mechanisms for prevention of neuronal injury.
Synthetic MRI improves radiomics‐based glioblastoma survival prediction
Authors: Moya‐Sáez Elisa , Navarro‐González Rafael , Cepeda Santiago , Pérez‐Núñez Ángel , de Luis‐García Rodrigo , Aja‐Fernández Santiago , Alberola‐López Carlos
Published: April 2022

Glioblastoma is an aggressive and fast‐growing brain tumor with poor prognosis. Predicting the expected survival of patients with glioblastoma is a key task for efficient treatment and surgery planning. Survival predictions could be enhanced by means of a radiomic system. However, these systems demand high numbers of multicontrast images, the acquisitions of which are time consuming, giving rise to patient discomfort and low healthcare system efficiency. Synthetic MRI could favor deployment of radiomic systems in the clinic by allowing practitioners not only to reduce acquisition time, but also to retrospectively complete databases or to replace artifacted images. In this work we analyze the replacement of an actually acquired MR weighted image by a synthesized version to predict survival of glioblastoma patients with a radiomic system. Each synthesized version was realistically generated from two acquired images with a deep learning synthetic MRI approach based on a convolutional neural network. Specifically, two weighted images were considered for the replacement one at a time, a T2w and a FLAIR, which were synthesized from the pairs T1w and FLAIR, and T1w and T2w, respectively. Furthermore, a radiomic system for survival prediction, which can classify patients into two groups (survival >480 days and
480 days), was built. Results show that the radiomic system fed with the synthesized image achieves similar performance compared with using the acquired one, and better performance than a model that does not include this image. Hence, our results confirm that synthetic MRI does add to glioblastoma survival prediction within a radiomics‐based approach.
“Touch‐aware” contact model for peridynamics modeling of granular systems
Authors: Mohajerani Soheil , Wang Gang
Published: April 2022

This article presents an innovative “touch‐aware” frictional contact model for peridynamics to efficiently simulate the contact behavior between irregularly shaped particles. Conventional short‐range force contact model formulates the contact force field in such a way that leaves a large gap between particles, leading to a softer stiffness of contact and inaccurate simulation of densely packed granular materials. The developed “touch‐aware” contact model initiates the contact force calculation when contacting bodies are in touch, which leaves no gap between contacting bodies and provides a stiffer contact in an accurate and efficient way. It simulates frictional contact behaviors and damping between contacting bodies with irregular shapes. Different examples are given to verify the touch‐aware contact model with theoretical solutions such as Hertz theory of contact, Hertz theory of impact, Coulomb's law and damping formulation. The model is also compared with conventional peridynamics contact model and the discrete element method. Finally, the touch‐aware contact model is used to simulate condensation of an aggregate of irregularly shaped particles. These examples demonstrate excellent capacity of the “touch‐aware” model in simulating packed granular systems.
Identification of factors associated with the efficacy of atomoxetine in adult attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Nagai Tsutomu , Kurihara Tatsuya , Koya Hiroaki , Nakano Yukako , Sugisawa Satoru , Sambe Takehiko , Kishimoto Keiko , Kogo Mari , Ota Haruhisa , Iwanami Akira , Uchida Naoki
Published: April 2022

Aim

Atomoxetine (ATX) is a non‐central stimulant and a standard treatment for adult attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The long‐term efficacy of Atomoxetine is about 40% at 6 months. The variability in efficacy between individuals is thought to be related to patient‐specific factors, but no detailed research has been conducted. In this retrospective cohort study, we aimed to identify the factors associated with Atomoxetine efficacy.

Methods

A total of 147 patients with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder aged ≥18 years who were using Atomoxetine for the first time were included in this study. The outcome was treatment success (treatment maintained for at least 6 months and improvement in symptoms). Symptom assessment was based on the overall improvement in symptoms judged by an expert physician.

Results

Of the patient sample, 103 (70.1%) achieved the outcome. Logistic regression analysis identified “the maximum dose of ATX” and “gambling habit” as factors associated with efficacy ( P  < 0.05). In the process of Atomoxetine titration, the larger the maximum dose, the higher the efficacy was shown to be. Gambling habits may be indicative of impulsivity, which is among the core symptoms of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Thus, a gambling habit may be considered a surrogate marker for impulsivity.

Conclusions

Knowledge of these factors will help healthcare professionals to predict the likely efficacy of Atomoxetine in a given patient before subscribing it, facilitating individualized pharmacotherapy for adult attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Building the ecosystem for pediatric neuro‐oncology care in Pakistan: Results of a 7‐year long twinning program between Canada and Pakistan
Authors: Mushtaq Naureen , Mustansir Fatima , Minhas Khurram , Usman Sadia , Qureshi Bilal Mazhar , Mubarak Fatima , Bari Ehsan , Enam Syed Ather , Laghari Altaf Ali , Javed Gohar , Shamim Shahzad , Darbar Aneela , Abbasi Ahmed Nadeem , Kirmani Salman , Resham Shahazadi , Bilal Afia , Hamid Syed Ahmer , Zia Nida , Shaheen Najma , Wali Rabia , Ghafoor Tariq , Imam Uzma , Maaz Ata Ur Rehman , Khan Sara , Laperriere Normand , Desbrandes Francois , Dirks Peter , Drake James , Huang Annie , Tabori Uri , Hawkins Cynthia , Bartels Ute , Ramaswamy Vijay , Bouffet Eric
Published: April 2022

Background

Low‐ and middle‐income countries sustain the majority of pediatric cancer burden, with significantly poorer survival rates compared to high‐income countries. Collaboration between institutions in low‐ and middle‐income countries and high‐income countries is one of the ways to improve cancer outcomes.

Methods

Patient characteristics and effects of a pediatric neuro‐oncology twinning program between the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Canada and several hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan over 7 years are described in this article.

Results

A total of 460 patients were included in the study. The most common primary central nervous system tumors were low‐grade gliomas (26.7%), followed by medulloblastomas (18%), high‐grade gliomas (15%), ependymomas (11%), and craniopharyngiomas (11.7%). Changes to the proposed management plans were made in consultation with expert physicians from the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Canada. On average, 24% of the discussed cases required a change in the original management plan over the course of the twinning program. However, a decreasing trend in change in management plans was observed, from 36% during the first 3.5 years to 16% in the last 3 years. This program also led to the launch of a national pediatric neuro‐oncology telemedicine program in Pakistan.

Conclusions

Multidisciplinary and collaborative efforts by experts from across the world have aided in the correct diagnosis and treatment of children with brain tumors and helped establish local treatment protocols. This experience may be a model for other low‐ and middle‐income countries that are planning on creating similar programs.
Nutritional assessment and dietetic resource for children and young people with cancer in the United Kingdom
Authors: Henry Louise , Aldiss Susie , Gibson Faith , Pugh Gemma , Stevens Michael ,   on behalf of the Children, Teenagers and Young Adults (CTYA) Workstream of the NIHR Cancer and Nutrition Collaboration
Published: April 2022

Background

Both under‐ and overnutrition may have adverse impact on outcome of cancer in children and teenagers/young adults (CTYA). Previous studies confirm that screening for nutritional risk and detection of nutritional abnormality is inconsistently undertaken in practice.

Methods

We undertook a survey of dietetic resource and nutritional assessment in CTYA principal treatment centres (PTC) in the United Kingdom. Responses were received from 95% children's and 69% TYA PTC.

Results

Only 13/18 (72%) children's PTC, and one of 11 (9%) TYA PTC, met national standards for dietetic resource; one of 18 (6%) paediatric and six of 11(54%) TYA PTC had no such resource. While resources were greater in larger paediatric PTC, who were also most likely to undertake stem cell transplantation, resources in TYA PTC were too low to assess relationship to centre size. Most centres focused resources on inpatient care and <50% considered staffing adequate; 82% used nutritional screening tools but without consistency in the tool used. Weight and height were the principal method for assessment, but with inconsistency in the frequency of measurement and use in different clinical settings. Measures derived from weight and height, including body mass index (BMI), were inconsistently utilised. The use of arm anthropometry was rare despite evidence that use increases recognition of undernutrition. Detailed nutritional assessment was infrequently attempted.

Conclusion

Barriers to adequate nutritional assessment and treatment for all patients include resource limitations (particularly TYA), training for staff, and uncertainty about detailed assessment of nutritional status. There is a need to harmonise screening and assessment of nutritional status in CTYA with cancer.
Postpartum women's attitudes to disclosure of adult‐onset conditions in pregnancy
Authors: Libman Vitalia , Macarov Michal , Friedlander Yechiel , Goldman‐Mellor Sidra , Israel Salomon , Hochner‐Celnikier Drorith , Sompolinsky Yishai , Dior Uri Pinchas , Osovsky Michael , Basel‐Salmon Lina , Wiznitzer Arnon , Neumark Yehuda , Meiner Vardiella , Frumkin Ayala , Shkedi‐Rafid Shiri , Hochner Hagit
Published: April 2022

Background

Advanced prenatal genomic technologies can identify risks for adult‐onset (AO) conditions in the fetus, challenging the traditional purpose of prenatal testing. Professional guidelines commonly support disclosure of high‐penetrance AO actionable conditions, yet attitudes of women/parents to these findings and factors affecting their attitudes are understudied.

Methods

We explored 941 (77% response rate) postpartum women's attitudes towards receiving prenatal genetic information, and associations of sociodemographic, medical and psychological characteristics with their choices, focusing on AO conditions.

Results

Women largely support the disclosure of actionable AO findings (58.4%), in line with professional guidelines. A third of the women also supported the disclosure of non‐actionable AO conditions. Stronger religious observance (p < 0.001) and higher psychological distress (p = 0.024) were associated with decreased interest in receiving actionable AO conditions, whereas higher concern for fetal health yielded increased interest (p = 0.032). Attitudes towards disclosure were strongly associated with women's perceived benefit of such information for their own, partner's, and future child's health. Termination of pregnancy based on such information received very little support.

Conclusion

In‐light of the demonstrated understanding of nuanced genetic information and the observed diversity in attitudes, a culturally competent opt‐in/out policy could be considered. If full‐disclosure is practiced, support should be provided to those expressing higher levels of distress.
Supporting grandchildren's remote instruction during COVID‐19: Experiences of custodial grandmothers
Authors: Dolbin‐MacNab Megan L. , Jeanblanc Alexandra B. , Musil Carol M. , Infurna Frank J. , Smith Gregory C.
Published: April 2022

While negative impacts of COVID‐19‐related remote instruction on children continue to emerge, it appears that vulnerable students will disproportionately bear the burden. One such vulnerable population is children being raised by grandparents. The purpose of this mixed methods study was to gain insight into custodial grandmothers' (CGMs) experiences of their grandchildren's remote instruction, as well as individual and contextual factors associated with these experiences. A national sample of 315 CGMs, drawn from two randomized clinical trials, completed an online survey in Spring of 2020. Results of a thematic analysis and supplemental quantitative analyses revealed three themes. First, access to technology and instructional supports were critical to the success of remote instruction, with barriers being difficulties using technology and poor‐quality remote instruction. Next, grandchild socioemotional difficulties, and fit with remote instruction, were central to their engagement and success with remote instruction. Finally, CGMs experienced multiple stressors related to managing the demands of remote instruction, work, and family. Challenges associated with remote instruction were related to pre‐pandemic difficulties such as grandchild problems and CGM depressive symptoms. Collectively, the results highlight how multiple adversities may have amplified grandchildren's existing vulnerability to negative outcomes. Implications are addressed, including strategies for supporting children raised by grandparents beyond the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Pharmacist‐administered audiology screening for pediatric cystic fibrosis patients exposed to high‐dose aminoglycosides: A pilot study
Authors: McKinzie Cameron J. , Kam Charissa W. , Parry Rachel , Darby Marcus , Tak Casey R.
Published: April 2022

This pilot study successfully implemented a standardized protocol for tablet‐based ototoxicity screening in pediatric cystic fibrosis (CF) patients exposed to aminoglycosides. Further studies are needed to assess the impact of implementation in a larger number of patients, as well as to determine barriers that may exist at centers with variation in available resources. This method of ototoxicity screening represents an accessible alternative to traditional audiology testing, and given the continued improvements in expected life span for people with CF, it is imperative that patients have regular access to this type of screening to allow for early identification of medication‐related toxicities.
Glutamicibacter halophytocola‐mediated host fitness of potato tuber moth on Solanaceae crops
Authors: Wang Wenqian , Xiao Guanli , Du Guangzu , Chang Lvshu , Yang Yun , Ye Jvhui , Chen Bin
Published: April 2022

BACKGROUND

The potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is a destructive pest of Solanaceae crops worldwide. α‐solanine and α‐chaconine are toxic steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) in Solanaceae crops and are most abundant in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), accounting for more than 95% of the total SGAs. PTM grows on potatoes with a higher concentration of SGAs. Gut bacteria play an important role in the physiology and behavior of insects. To understand the role of gut bacteria of PTM in host adaptability, we isolated and identified major SGA (α‐chaconine and α‐solanine)‐degrading gut bacteria in the gut of PTM by a selective medium and analyzed their degradability and degradation mechanism.

RESULTS

The gut Glutamicibacter halophytocola S2 of PTM with high degradation capacity to α‐solanine and α‐chaconine were detected by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and identified by morphological and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. A gene cluster involving α‐rhamnosidases, β‐glucosidases, and β‐galactosidases was identified by whole‐genome sequencing of G. halophytocola S2. These genes had higher expression on the α‐solanine medium. PTM inoculated with the isolated G. halophytocola S2 obtained higher fitness than antibiotic‐treated PTM.

CONCLUSION

The G. halophytocola S2 in the gut of PTM could degrade the major toxic α‐solanine and α‐chaconine in potatoes. This enhances the fitness of PTM feeding on potatoes with high SGA contents. The results provide a theoretical foundation for the integrated pest management of PTM and provide an effective strain for the treatment of α‐solanine and α‐chaconine in potato food. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Wild potato ancestors as potential sources of resistance to the aphid Myzus persicae
Authors: Ali Jamin , Sobhy Islam S , Bruce Toby JA
Published: April 2022

BACKGROUND

Plant resistance to insects can be reduced by crop domestication which means their wild ancestors could provide novel sources of resistance. Thus, crossing wild ancestors with domesticated crops can potentially enhance their resistance against insects. However, a prerequisite for this is identification of sources of resistance. Here, we investigated the response of three wild potato (Solanum stoloniferum Schltdl.) accessions and cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) to aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) herbivory.

RESULTS

Results revealed that there was a significant reduction in aphid survival and reproduction on wild potato accessions (CGN18333, CGN22718, CGN23072) compared to cultivated (Desiree) potato plants. A similar trend was observed in olfactometer bioassay; the wild accessions had a repellent effect on adult aphids. In contrast, among the tested wild potato accessions, the parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh) was significantly attracted to volatiles from CGN18333. Volatile analysis showed that wild accessions emitted significantly more volatiles compared to cultivated potato. Principal component analysis (PCA) of volatile data revealed that the volatile profiles of wild and cultivated potato are dissimilar. β‐Bisabolene, (E)‐β‐farnesene, trans‐α‐bergamotene, d‐limonene, (E,E)‐4,8,12‐trimethyl‐1,3,7,11‐tridecatetraene (TMTT), and p‐cymen‐7‐ol were the main volatiles contributing to the emitted blends, suggesting possible involvement in the behavioural response of both M. persicae and D. rapae.

CONCLUSION

Our findings show that the tested wild accessions have the potential to be used to breed aphid‐resistant potatoes. This opens new opportunities to reduce the aphid damage and to enhance the recruitment of natural enemies. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Pulse‐potential electrochemistry to boost real‐life application of pseudocapacitive dual‐doped polypyrrole
Authors: Sun Fang‐Fang , Li Wen‐Han , Huang Zi‐Hang , Sun Wenping , Dou Yuhai , Yuan Ding , Jia Baohua , Ma Tianyi
Published: April 2022

Polypyrrole (PPy) is a very promising pseudocapacitive electrode material for supercapacitors. However, the poor electrochemical performances and cycling stability caused by volumetric change and counterion drain severely limited its practical application and commercialization. Herein, we present a pulse‐potential polymerization strategy for uniformly depositing a dual‐doped PPy with ordered and shorter molecular structure by balancing the concentration polarization. Such a strategy ensures more homogeneous stress distribution of PPy during ultralong cycling tests and improves the cycle stability. Moreover, the pulse‐potential polymerized PPy with dual anion doping behavior induces enhanced protonation level and improved electrical conductivity, which boosting the charge transfer kinetics. Therefore, the as‐synthesized PPy exhibits a remarkable capacitance performance (7250 mF/cm2 @ 3 mA/cm2), outstanding rate capability (3073 mF/cm2 @ 200 mA/cm2) and a long cycle life. The assembled symmetric and asymmetric supercapacitors (ASC) exhibit good energy densities (0.8 mWh/cm2 for ASC and 0.5 mWh/cm2 for symmetric supercapacitor), and excellent durability with zero capacitive loss after 35,000 cycles. In addition, we have fabricated small pouch devices, which can effectively operate a variety of electronic products (including the high‐voltage 5 V smartphone, and tablet) and well withstand the external extreme tests during operation, demonstrating the quantitative investigation of the real‐life application of aqueous supercapacitors.
Optimizing the Coinjection of Natural Gas and Pulverized Coal for Indian Blast Furnaces Toward Productivity Gains and Lower‐Carbon Emissions
Authors: Nurni Viswanathan N. , Hari Ananthu , Biswas Tirtha , Rajagopalan Srinivasan
Published: April 2022

India's stated goals to more than double steelmaking production capacity by 2030 merit consideration of new technical pathways for productivity gains and emission reduction. Already the second‐largest steel producer globally, India primarily relies on coal‐based technologies for ironmaking, with heavy reliance on imported metallurgical‐grade coal. This study develops an integrated thermodynamic modeling approach by iteratively coupling the raceway adiabatic flame temperature (RAFT) and Rist models to explore the ability to consider various hydrocarbon injectants through the tuyeres of a blast furnace. Based on the thermodynamic criteria set in the modeling framework, optimal coinjection rates for natural gas (as a low‐carbon feed) are identified along with pulverized coal injection as a function of various operating parameters, including top gas temperature, RAFT temperature, and ore processing (pelletization). The potential for productivity gains and CO2 emission reduction in the blast furnace process is discussed. While the study bears specificity to Indian operating conditions related to raw material composition and blast furnace process parameters, the learnings may be applicable to other studies in the global context, with potential extension to deeper decarbonization pathways, such as increased use of hydrogen.
Glyphosate‐based herbicide induces long‐lasting impairment in neuronal and glial differentiation
Authors: Reis Luã , Raciti Marilena , Rodriguez Patricia González , Joseph Bertrand , Al Rayyes Ibrahim , Uhlén Per , Falk Anna , da Cunha Lima Suzana Telles , Ceccatelli Sandra
Published: April 2022

Glyphosate‐based herbicides (GBH) are among the most sold pesticides in the world. There are several formulations based on the active ingredient glyphosate (GLY) used along with other chemicals to improve the absorption and penetration in plants. The final composition of commercial GBH may modify GLY toxicological profile, potentially enhancing its neurotoxic properties. The developing nervous system is particularly susceptible to insults occurring during the early phases of development, and exposure to chemicals in this period may lead to persistent impairments on neurogenesis and differentiation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long‐lasting effects of a sub‐cytotoxic concentration, 2.5 parts per million of GBH and GLY, on the differentiation of human neuroepithelial stem cells (NES) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). We treated NES cells with each compound and evaluated the effects on key cellular processes, such as proliferation and differentiation in daughter cells never directly exposed to the toxicants. We found that GBH induced a more immature neuronal profile associated to increased PAX6, NESTIN and DCX expression, and a shift in the differentiation process toward glial cell fate at the expense of mature neurons, as shown by an increase in the glial markers GFAP, GLT1, GLAST and a decrease in MAP2. Such alterations were associated to dysregulation of key genes critically involved in neurogenesis, including PAX6, HES1, HES5, and DDK1. Altogether, the data indicate that subtoxic concentrations of GBH, but not of GLY, induce long‐lasting impairments on the differentiation potential of NES cells.
Including ethnic minorities in dementia research: Recommendations from a scoping review
Authors: Brijnath Bianca , Croy Samantha , Sabates Julieta , Thodis Antonia , Ellis Stephanie , de Crespigny Fleur , Moxey Annette , Day Robert , Dobson Annette , Elliott Cerise , Etherington Cathy , Geronimo Mary Ann , Hlis Danijela , Lampit Amit , Low Lee‐Fay , Straiton Nicola , Temple Jeromey
Published: April 2022

Introduction

Ethnicity influences dementia etiology, prognosis, and treatment, while culture shapes help‐seeking and care. Despite increasing population diversity in high‐income settlement countries, ethnic minorities remain underrepresented in dementia research. We investigated approaches to enhance the recruitment, and consistent collection and analysis of variables relevant to, ethnic minorities in dementia studies to make recommendations for consistent practice in dementia research.

Methods

We did a scoping review, searching Embase, PsycINFO, Medline, CENTRAL, and CINAHL between January 1, 2010 and January 7, 2020. Dementia clinical and cohort studies that actively recruited ethnic minorities in high‐income countries were included. A steering group of experts developed criteria through which high‐quality studies were identified.

Results

Sixty‐six articles were retrieved (51 observational; 15 experimental). Use of interpreters and translators (n = 17) was the most common method to facilitate participant recruitment. Race and ethnicity (n = 59) were the most common variables collected, followed by information on native language (n = 14), country of birth (n = 9), and length of time in country of settlement (n = 8). Thirty‐three studies translated or used a culturally validated instrument. Twenty‐three articles conducted subgroup analyses based on ethnicity. Six high‐quality studies facilitated inclusion through community engagement, collected information on multiple aspects of ethnic diversity, and adjusted/substratified to analyze the impact of ethnicity on dementia.

Discussion

We make recommendations for consistent recruitment, collection, and reporting of variables relating to ethnic and cultural diversity in dementia research.
A starch‐ and sucrose‐reduced dietary intervention in irritable bowel syndrome patients produced a shift in gut microbiota composition along with changes in phylum, genus, and amplicon sequence variant abundances, without affecting the micro‐RNA levels
Authors: Nilholm Clara , Manoharan Lokeshwaran , Roth Bodil , D’Amato Mauro , Ohlsson Bodil
Published: April 2022

Background/Aim

A randomized clinical trial with a starch‐ and sucrose‐reduced diet (SSRD) in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients has shown clear improvement of participants' symptoms. The present study aimed to explore the effects of the SSRD on the gut microbiota and circulating micro‐RNA in relation to nutrient intake and gastrointestinal symptoms.

Methods

IBS patients were randomized to a 4‐week SSRD intervention (n = 80) or control group (n = 25); habitual diet). At baseline and 4 weeks, blood and fecal samples, 4 day‐dietary records, and symptom questionnaires were collected, that is, Rome IV questionnaires, IBS‐symptom severity score (IBS‐SSS) and visual analog scale for IBS (VAS‐IBS). Micro‐RNA was analyzed in blood and microbiota in faeces by 16S rRNA from regions V1–V2.

Results

The alpha diversity was unaffected, whereas beta diversity was decreased (p < 0.001) along with increased abundance of Proteobacteria (p = 0.0036) and decreased abundance of Bacteroidetes phyla (p < 0.001) in the intervention group at 4 weeks. Few changes were noted in the controls. The shift in beta diversity and phyla abundance correlated with decreased intakes of carbohydrates, disaccharides, and starch and increased fat and protein intakes. Proteobacteria abundance also correlated positively (R2 = 0.07, p = 0.0016), and Bacteroidetes negatively (R2 = 0.07, p = 0.0017), with reduced total IBS‐SSS. Specific genera, for example, Eubacterium eligens, Lachnospiraceae UCG‐001, Victivallis, and Lachnospira increased significantly in the intervention group (p < 0.001 for all), whereas Marvinbryantia, DTU089 (Ruminoccocaceae family), Enterorhabdus, and Olsenella decreased, together with changes in amplicon sequence variant (ASV) levels. Modest changes of genus and ASV abundance were observed in the control group. No changes were observed in micro‐RNA expression in either group.

Conclusion

The SSRD induced a shift in beta diversity along with several bacteria at different levels, associated with changes in nutrient intakes and reduced gastrointestinal symptoms. No corresponding changes were observed in the control group. Neither the nutrient intake nor the microbiota changes affected micro‐RNA expression.

The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov data base (NCT03306381).
Exploring the applications of hyaluronic acid‐based nanoparticles for diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections
Authors: Mohammed Mahir , Devnarain Nikita , Elhassan Eman , Govender Thirumala
Published: April 2022

Hyaluronic acid (HA) has become a topic of significant interest in drug delivery research due to its excellent properties, including biosafety, biodegradability, and nonimmunogenicity. Moreover, due to its ease of modification, HA can be used to prepare several HA‐based nanosystems using various approaches. These approaches involve conjugating/grafting of hydrophobic moieties, polyelectrolytes complexation with cationic polymers, or surface modification of various nanoparticles using HA. These nanoparticles are able to selectively deliver antibacterial drugs or diagnostic molecules into the site of infections. In addition, HA can bind with overexpressed cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) receptors in macrophages and also can be degraded by a family of enzymes called hyaluronidase (HAase) to release drugs or molecules. By binding with these receptors or being degraded at the infection site by HAase, HA‐based nanoparticles allow enhanced and targeted antibacterial delivery. Herein, we present a comprehensive and up‐to‐date review that highlights various techniques of preparation of HA‐based nanoparticles that have been reported in the literature. Furthermore, we also discuss and critically analyze numerous types of HA‐based nanoparticles that have been employed in antibacterial delivery to date. This article offers a critical overview of the potential of HA‐based nanoparticles to overcome the challenges of conventional antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial infections. Moreover, this review identifies further avenues of research for developing multifunctional and biomimetic HA‐based nanoparticles for the treatment, prevention, and/or detection of pathogenic bacteria.

This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
A Reference Architecture Model for Big Data Systems in the Finance Sector
Authors: Soldatos John , Troiano Ernesto , Kranas Pavlos , Mamelli Alessandro
Published: April 2022

In recent years there is a surge in the amount of digital data that are generated by financial organizations, which is driving the development and deployment of novel Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications in the finance sector. Nevertheless, there is still no easy and standardized way for developing, deploying and operating data-intensive systems for digital finance. This chapter introduces a standards-based reference architecture model for architecting, implementing and deploying big data and AI systems in digital finance. The model introduces the main building blocks that comprise machine learning and data science pipelines for digital finance applications, while providing structuring principles for their integration in applications. Complementary viewpoints of the model are presented, including a logical view and considerations for developing and deploying applications compliant to the reference architecture. The chapter ends up presenting a few practical examples of the use of the reference model for developing data science pipelines for digital finance.
Analyzing Large-Scale Blockchain Transaction Graphs for Fraudulent Activities
Authors: Kılıç Baran , Özturan Can , Şen Alper
Published: April 2022

Early public blockchains provided low transaction throughputs in the range of 7–30 transactions per second. With the emergence of permissioned and proof-of-stake-based blockchains, transaction throughputs are expected to rise drastically to thousands per second. Blockchain transactions form directed graphs. With high transaction throughputs and growing blockchain adoption by banks, businesses and customers in general, the number of edges in transaction graphs will dynamically grow to billions. An analysis of large-scale transaction graphs is needed for tracing fraudulent activities on blockchains. This chapter will cover topics such as distributed graph data structures, the use of message passing libraries, and parallel graph algorithms in order to build a scalable transaction graph analysis system. Results from the analysis of the real Ethereum and Bitcoin public blockchain data involving cryptocurrency and ERC20 token transactions will be presented.