bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Approaches to Identify, Clone, and Express Symbiont Bioactive Metabolite Genes
Authors: Hildebrand Mark , Waggoner Laura E. , Lim Grace E. , Sharp Katherine H. , Ridley Christian P. , Haygood Margo G.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Role of Vanadium Bromoperoxidase in the Biosynthesis of Halogenated Marine Natural Products
Authors: Butler Alison , Carter‐Franklin Jayme N.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Computational Studies of Alkene Oxidation Reactions by Metal‐oxo Compounds
Authors: Strassner Thomas
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Initially metastatic breast carcinoma has a distinct disease pattern but an equivalent outcome compared with recurrent metastatic breast carcinoma
Authors: Jimeno Antonio , Amador María Luz , González‐Cortijo Lucía , Tornamira María Victoria , Ropero Santiago , Valentín Vicente , Hornedo Javier , Cortés‐Funes Hernán , Colomer Ramón
Published: April 2004

BACKGROUND

To date, the clinical features and outcomes of patients with initially metastatic breast carcinoma (IMBC) have not been compared with the corresponding characteristics in patients with recurrent metastatic breast carcinoma (RBC). This issue may be particularly relevant to clinical research, as it may shed light on a potential bias with respect to the selection of patients for clinical trials.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis of the medical records of 1350 patients with breast carcinoma was performed. Outcome variables included overall survival, response rate, and progression‐free survival.

RESULTS

One hundred nineteen of 370 patients with metastatic breast carcinoma had IMBC, whereas the remaining 251 had RBC. The median follow‐up duration was 39.4 months, and the median overall survival duration was 24 months. With regard to clinical characteristics, patients with IMBC were older than patients with RBC (61.7 years vs. 58.1 years; P < 0.001) and had a higher incidence of lobular carcinoma (15.9% vs. 7.7%; P = 0.018), a greater proportion of T3–4 tumors (58.8% vs. 27.9%; P < 0.001), a higher incidence of bone as the dominant metastatic site (41.2% vs. 21.5%; P < 0.001), a lower incidence of soft tissue as the dominant metastatic site (10.1% vs. 26.7%; P < 0.001), and a similar incidence of the viscera as the dominant metastatic site (48.7% vs. 51.8%; P = 0.78). Median overall survival duration was similar for patients with IMBC (25.1 months) and patients with RBC (23.3 months; P = 0.81). Statistical analyses also revealed nonsignificant differences between patients with IMBC and patients with RBC in terms of response rate (40.7% vs. 35.2%, respectively; P = 0.35) and median progression‐free survival duration (10.2 months vs. 9.0 months, respectively; P = 0.58).

CONCLUSIONS

Although patients with IMBC and patients with RBC exhibit distinct histologic and clinical characteristics, similar treatment efficacy results and survival outcomes are observed in these two groups. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein‐35–55 peptide induces severe chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in HLA‐DR2‐transgenic mice
Authors: Rich Cathleen , Link Jason M. , Zamora Alex , Jacobsen Helle , Meza‐Romero Roberto , Offner Halina , Jones Richard , Burrows Gregory G. , Fugger Lars , Vandenbark Arthur A.
Published: April 2004

The use of HLA class II‐transgenic (Tg) mice has facilitated identification of antigenic T cell epitopes that may contribute to inflammation in T cell‐mediated diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, we compared the encephalitogenic activity of three DR2‐restricted myelin determinants [mouse (m) myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)‐35–55, human (h)MOG‐35–55 and myelin basic protein (MBP)‐87–99] in Tg mice expressing the MS‐associated DR2 allele, DRB1*1501. We found that mMOG‐35–55 peptide was strongly immunogenic and induced moderatelysevere chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) with white matter lesions after a single injection in Freund's complete adjuvant followed by pertussis toxin. hMOG‐35–55 peptide,which differs from mMOG‐35–55 peptide by a proline for serine substitution at position 42, was also immunogenic, but not encephalitogenic, and was only partially cross‐reactive with mMOG‐35–55. In contrast, MBP‐87–99, which can induce EAE in double‐Tg mice expressing both HLA‐DR2 and a human MBP‐specific TCR, was completely non‐encephalitogenic in HLA‐DR2‐Tg mice lacking the human TCR transgene. These findings demonstrate potent encephalitogenic activity of the mMOG‐35–55 peptide in association with HLA‐DR2, thus providing a strong rationale for further study of hMOG‐35–55 peptide as a potential pathogenic determinant in humans.
Necrosis‐like cell death induced by bacteria in mouse macrophages
Authors: Kirschnek Susanne , Scheffel Julia , Heinzmann Ulrich , Häcker Georg
Published: April 2004

The death of individual cells is a frequent and physiological event in the mammalian immune system and most often occurs by apoptosis. It is becoming increasingly clear that cell death is alsoinduced during bacterial infections. Here we report that, in addition to the apoptotic form already established, a necrosis‐like form of cell death is induced by pyogenic bacteria (Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, enterococci) in mouse macrophages. Necrosis could be separated from apoptosis as it did not require phagocytosis of bacteria and occurred when apoptosis was inhibited by caspase blockade or by Bcl‐2. Furthermore, ligands that stimulate Toll‐like receptors were also found to have the capacity to induce necrosis. Strikingly, this form of cell death was sufficient for the uptake of dead cells by either mouse bone marrow‐derived DC or a cell line derived from DC, possibly by virtue of the externalization of phosphatidylserine. Since the loading with bacteria‐carrying cells is likely to impact on DC function, this form of necrosis may have a previously unsuspected role in the development of an immune response.
Differential usage of VLA‐4 and CXCR4 by CD3+CD56+ NKT cells and CD56+CD16+ NK cells regulates their interaction with endothelial cells
Authors: Franitza Suzanna , Grabovsky Valentin , Wald Ori , Weiss Ido , Beider Katia , Dagan Michal , Darash‐Yahana Merav , Nagler Arnon , Brocke Stefan , Galun Eithan , Alon Ronen , Peled Amnon
Published: April 2004

The mechanism that regulates the preferential accumulation of NKT cells in the BM is unknown. The BM endothelium constitutively expresses selectins, the integrin ligands VCAM‐1 and ICAM‐1, andthe chemokine CXCL12. Both NK and NKT subsets of cells exhibited similar tethering and rolling interactions on both P‐selectin and E‐selectin and expressed similar levels of the integrins, VLA‐4 and LFA‐1. Although NKT cells express higher levels of CXCR4 than NK cells, CXCL12 (the ligand for CXCR4) rapidly stimulates similar levels of adhesion of NK and NKT cells to VCAM‐1 and ICAM‐1. In both subsets, the arrest on VCAM‐1 was dependent on high affinity VLA‐4 and the homing of these cells to the BM of NOD/SCID was VLA‐4‐dependent. However, as opposed to the situation for NK cells, CXCL12 preferentially triggers, under shear flow, the rolling on VCAM‐1 and transendothelial migration of NKT cells. Moreover, over‐expression of high levels of CXCR4 on the YT NK cell line enables them to migrate in response to CXCL12. This study therefore suggests an important role for CXCR4 levels of expression and for VLA‐4 in regulating the accumulation of NKT cells in the BM.
Chronic graft‐versus‐host reaction is associated with a decrease in Ig light chain receptor editing in bone marrow self‐reactive B cells
Authors: Feuerstein Nili , DeSimone Dennis C. , Eisenberg Robert A. , Finkel Terri H.
Published: April 2004

The encounter of developing B cells in the bone marrow with soluble hen egg lysozyme (sHEL) self antigen induces anergy and endogenous κ light chain rearrangements (‘receptor editing’). We have previously shown that induction of chronic graft‐versus‐hostreaction (GVH) in tolerant Ig/sHEL mice results in prevention of B cell anergy in the bone marrow and the spleen. We now report that in chronic GVH, immature self‐reactive B cells also show reduced levels of receptor editing in the bone marrow. This is evidenced by the following observations: (a) a small population of‘receptor‐edited’ B cells, which is found in tolerant mice, is markedly reduced in mice that have lost tolerance in chronic GVH; (b) self‐reactive B cells in GVH mice have reduced levels of endogenous κ chain rearrangements; and (c) recombinase‐activating gene (RAG)‐2 expression is markedly decreased in immature self‐reactive B cells in the bone marrow of chronic GVH mice. These results suggest that in chronic GVH newly emerging B cells escape tolerance, in part because of decreased receptor editing in the bone marrow. Thus, the autoimmunity induced by chronic GVH may ultimately result from the failure of B cell tolerance at multiple checkpoints.
Inhibition of hepatic transcriptional induction of lipopolysaccharide‐binding protein by transforming‐growth‐factor β1
Authors: Hallatschek Werner , Fiedler Gesa , Kirschning Carsten J. , Creutzburg Fränzi , Lamping Norbert , Nüssler Andreas , Schumann Ralf R.
Published: April 2004

LPS‐binding protein (LBP) is an acute‐phase protein with the ability to bind and transfer LPS of Gram‐negative bacteria, as well as cell wall compounds of other pathogenic bacteria. This soluble pattern‐recognition molecule is present in high concentrations in serum and represents an important defense mechanism of the host. Regulation of the hepatic acute‐phase response and its termination are important mechanisms for limiting systemic inflammatory activity of the host organism. We show here that TGF‐β1, in a dose‐dependent fashion, is able to inhibit LBP transcript accumulation and LBP protein synthesis induced by IL‐6, IL‐1β and dexamethasone in hepatoma cell lines. These data were confirmed employing primary human hepatocytes, where TGF‐β1 also inhibited LBP protein synthesis. We identified and analyzed several Smad‐binding sites (Smads are major regulatory elements of TGF‐β1) within the LBP promoter, and found that one of them was active. We furthermore identified an AP‐1‐binding site clearly conferring inhibitory effects of TGF‐β1 towards LBP promoter activity, shown by gel shift and promoter mutagenesis experiments. Further elucidating the mechanism of transcriptional regulation of proteins involved in innate immune responses may potentially help to develop novel intervention strategies for the acute‐phase response, sepsis, and septic shock.
Point sampling strategies for estimating coverage from benthic video transects
Authors: Ryan Daniel A. J.
Published: April 2004

Point intercept techniques are commonly used to estimate the proportion of area covered by an organism or substrate. Although many different methods of choosing point co‐ordinates have been suggested, some more suitable than others, this article examines three common and one novel point allocation strategy in the context of estimating the proportion cover of an area which is much longer than it is wide. It was found that some commonly used methods are less efficient than the novel method and in some cases by a substantial margin. Guidelines are also presented for choosing a sampling strategy and estimating sample size requirements for sampling areas which are much longer than they are wide. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Age–environment model for breast cancer
Authors: Hanayama Nobutane
Published: April 2004

In the field of breast cancer study, it has become accepted that crucial exposures to environmental risks might have occurred years before a malignant tumor is evident in human breasts, while age factors such as ages at menstruation have been known as risks for the disease already. To project trends in two such kinds of risks for the disease, the concept of environment effects is introduced for (age, period)‐specific breast cancer mortality rates. Also, a new model, named the age–environment (AE) model, which assumes that the logarithm of the expected rate is a linear function of environment effects and age effects, is proposed. It is shown that, although environment effects have different meanings from period effects or cohort effects, in the age–period–cohort (APC) model, the range space of the design matrix for the AE model is included in that for APC model. It is seen, however, that the AE model provides a better fit to the data for females in Japan and the four Nordic countries than does the APC model in terms of AIC. From the results of ML estimation of the parameters in the AE model based on the data obtained in Japan, we see high levels of environment effects associated with the Sino–Japanese war, World War II and the environmental pollution due to the economy in the recovery period from the defeat. Besides, from those based on the data obtained in the four Nordic countries, we see high levels of environment effects associated with the environment becoming worse after the year of Helsinki Olympics and low levels of them associated with the period including the year of ‘Miracle of the Winter War’ in Finland. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A culturally responsive evaluation approach applied to the talent development school‐to‐career intervention program
Authors: Manswell‐Butty Jo‐Anne L. , Reid Malva Daniel , LaPoint Velma
Published: April 2004

This chapter discusses the evaluation of an urban school‐to‐career intervention program using a culturally responsive approach, highlighting the successes and challenges experienced during the design and implementation of the study.
Successes and challenges in triangulating methodologies in evaluations of exemplary urban schools
Authors: Towns Donna Penn , Serpell Zewelanji
Published: April 2004

This chapter illustrates how triangulating evaluation methodologies allow for stakeholder involvement and revealed contexts that a narrower approach might fail to illuminate.
Talent development professional development evaluation model: A paradigm shift
Authors: Ellison Constance M.
Published: April 2004

This chapter illustrates the importance of a comprehensive professional development evaluation design.
The role of public and private transfers in the cost‐benefit analysis of mental health programs
Authors: Brent Robert J.
Published: April 2004

This paper revisits the issue of whether to include maintenance costs in an economic evaluation in mental health. The source of these maintenance costs may be public or private transfers. The issue is discussed in terms of a formal cost‐benefit criterion. It is shown that, when transfers have productivity effects, income distribution is important, and one recognizes that public transfers have tax implications, transfers can have real resource effects and cannot be ignored. The criterion is then applied to an evaluation of three case management programs in California that sought to reduce the intensive hospitalization of the severely mentally ill. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hybrid knowledge integration using the fuzzy genetic algorithm: prediction of the Korea stock price index
Authors: Kim Myoung Jong , Han Ingoo , Lee Kun Chang
Published: April 2004

This paper proposes the hybrid knowledge integration mechanism using the fuzzy genetic algorithm for the optimized integration of knowledge from several sources such as machine knowledge, expert knowledge and user knowledge. This mechanism is applied to the prediction of the Korea stock price index. Machine knowledge is generated by applying neural networks to technical indicators, while expert knowledge and user knowledge are generated from the evaluations of external factors that affect the stock market. Cooperative knowledge is generated from the weighted sum of these sources using a genetic algorithm. Experimental results show that the hybrid mechanism can provide more accurate and less ambiguous results. It means that this mechanism is useful in integrating knowledge from multiple sources for an unstructured environment such as the stock market. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
p53 down‐regulates matrix metalloproteinase‐1 by targeting the communications between AP‐1 and the basal transcription complex
Authors: Sun Yubo , Zeng Xiao‐Rong , Wenger Leonor , Firestein Gary S. , Cheung Herman S.
Published: April 2004

We have previously reported that human matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (MMP1) is a p53 target gene subject to down‐regulation (Sun et al. [1999]: J Biol Chem 274:11535–11540]. In the present study, we demonstrate that the down‐regulation of the human −83MMP1 promoter fragment by p53 was abolished when the −72AP‐1 site was eliminated and that a GAL4‐cJun‐mediated but not a GAL4‐Elk1‐mediated induction of pFR‐luci was effectively inhibited by p53 suggesting an AP‐1 dependent but AP‐1 binding independent mechanism. Results from gel mobility shift assays were consistent with an AP‐1 binding independent mechanism. We also demonstrate that both p300 and TATA box binding proteins cooperated with the transcription factor AP‐1 to induce the promoter of MMP1; however, p53 only inhibited the p300‐mediated induction of the MMP1 promoter and the inhibition was −72AP‐1 dependent. Furthermore, the down‐regulation of the MMP1 promoter and mRNA by p53 could be reversed by p300 and by a p53 binding p300 fragment that had no coactivator activity. Taken together, these results indicate that p53 down‐regulates MMP1 mainly by disrupting the communications between the transactivator AP‐1 and the basal transcriptional complex, which are partially mediated by p300. Finally, by using p53 truncated mutant constructs, we demonstrate that both the N‐terminal activation domain and the C‐terminal oligomerization domains of p53 were required for the down‐regulation of MMP1 transcription. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Semi‐continuous enzymatic synthesis of cefaclor enhanced by in situ product removal
Authors: Yang Liu , Wei Dongzhi , Zhang Yewang
Published: April 2004

Enzymatic synthesis of cefaclor was carried out with kinetic control. The product yield was improved by the continuous removal of product from the reaction mixture via complexation of cefaclor with 1‐naphthol. The effects of pH and temperature on the enzymatic and complexing reactions were investigated. The efficiency of the enzymatic conversion of cefaclor in the complexing reaction was 80% under optimum reaction conditions. In situ product removal (ISPR) decreased product concentration in the bioreactor, consequently the yield of cefaclor increased from 57% (without ISPR) to 80% (with ISPR). The specially designed reactor allowed enzymatic reaction and product removal to be accomplished simultaneously, in which the productivity of cefaclor was improved to 65 g dm−3 by semi‐continuous operation lasting for 55 h. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Gravity drainage of activated sludge: from laboratory experiments to industrial process
Authors: Olivier J , Vaxelaire J , Ginisty P
Published: April 2004

Gravity belt thickening is commonly used for dewatering activated sludge. However, only a few results concerning this process, and the mathematical description of the drainage of residual sludges, have been published. Laboratory drainage experiments were carried out on several activated sludges to compare different published modelling approaches. Data showed a linear relationship between the infinite mass of the cake (MC) and the total mass of the dry solids in the initial sludge sample (DS):

so, an empirical equation was modified to predict the evolution of the cake dry solids content‐over time:

Two sets of empirical coefficients were derived according to the range of the initial dry solids content of the sludge (Cb < 2% or Cb > 2%). These coefficients were not significantly influenced by the origin of the activated sludge and thus can be considered as constants. Simulation results using the chosen model accord will with experiments carried out on an industrial gravity belt thickener working under field conditions. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
On possible counterexamples to Negami's planar cover conjecture
Authors: Hliněný Petr , Thomas Robin
Published: April 2004

A simple graph H is a cover of a graph G if there exists a mapping φ from H onto G such that φ maps the neighbors of every vertex υ in H bijectively to the neighbors of φ (υ) in G. Negami conjectured in 1986 that a connected graph has a finite planar cover if and only if it embeds in the projective plane. The conjecture is still open. It follows from the results of Archdeacon, Fellows, Negami, and the first author that the conjecture holds as long as the graph K1,2,2,2 has no finite planar cover. However, those results seem to say little about counterexamples if the conjecture was not true. We show that there are, up to obvious constructions, at most 16 possible counterexamples to Negami's conjecture. Moreover, we exhibit a finite list of sets of graphs such that the set of excluded minors for the property of having finite planar cover is one of the sets in our list. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 46: 183–206, 2004
Relationships between various physicochemical, thermal and rheological properties of starches separated from different potato cultivars
Authors: Singh Narpinder , Kaur Lovedeep , Singh Jaspreet
Published: April 2004

Various physicochemical, thermal and rheological properties of starches separated from Indian potato cultivars were related to each other using the Pearson correlation. Amylose content, water‐binding capacity (WBC), swelling power, solubility, ash content, transmittance, syneresis and consistency coefficient (K) were determined. Amylose content was significantly correlated with swelling power (r = 0.904), transmittance (r = 0.656) and syneresis (r = 0.777) of the starches. Thermal properties such as transition temperatures (To, Tp and Tc), gelatinisation range (R), gelatinisation enthalpy (ΔHgel) and peak height index (PHI) of the starches were measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). To, Tp and Tc were positively correlated with swelling power and negatively correlated with solubility and WBC. PHI was positively correlated with WBC and negatively correlated with ash content and swelling power. R had a negative correlation with WBC (r = −0.726) and PHI (r = −0.737). A positive correlation between R and Tc was observed. WBC was negatively correlated with swelling power (r = −0.749). Syneresis of potato starches was positively correlated with transmittance, ash content, swelling power and amylose content. K was positively correlated with amylose content (r = 0.587). The results showed a significant variation in various functional and thermal properties of starches separated from different potato cultivars. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of oil sources and vitamin E levels in the diet on the composition of fatty acids in rooster thigh and chest meat
Authors: Zanini Surama F , Torres Ciro Alexandre A , Bragagnolo Neura , Turatti Jane M , Silva Marta G , Zanini Marcos S
Published: April 2004

The aim of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of different oil sources and dietary supplementation with vitamin E on the composition of fatty acids in rooster meat. Two hundred and forty 30‐week‐old White Leghorn roosters were distributed in a completely randomized factorial arrangement of 5 × 2, using five oil sources (sunflower, soybean, canola, linseed and fish) and two levels of antioxidant (30 and 400 mg vitamin E kg−1 of diet). The intake of fish and canola oil in the diet reduced (P < 0.05) the content of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the thigh meat. Amongst the unsaturated fatty acids in the thigh, the fish and canola oil reduced (P < 0.05) the level of ω6 fatty acid, with a consequent decrease in the ratio ω6:ω3. The diet with fish oil increased (P < 0.05) the content of C22:6ω3 in the thigh meat. The use of linseed oil resulted in a significant reduction of the ratio of ω6:ω3 fatty acid in the thigh. The use of soybean oil in the diet increased (P < 0.05) the content of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the thigh, specifically in the content of ω6. The inclusion of vitamin E increased the polyunsaturated fatty acids in the chest meat, such as C18:3ω3, C20:5ω3 and C22:6ω3. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Studies of the fracture surface of rice grains using environmental scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Dang Jennifer MC , Copeland Les
Published: April 2004

Raw and processed grains of rice (Oryza sativa) were examined using the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM), which allows specimens to be imaged at high resolution with minimal preparation. Images were obtained for milled rice grains that were fractured along natural transverse fracture planes. The images showed two distinct features: a smooth surface, where the fracture plane is suggested to be between endosperm cells, and a rough, more disorganised surface, which is likely to correspond to the fracture plane passing through an endosperm cell. Individual starch granules exposed in the fractured surface ranged from 3 to 11 µm in diameter. The ESEM revealed morphological differences between grains of different varieties. Parboiled rice showed a glassy fracture surface in which features of endosperm cells and starch granules were clearly recognisable but smaller than those of uncooked rice grains. Rice grains that had been heated and puffed showed a complete loss of organisational structure. The ESEM was able to capture the effect of processing treatments on the organisational structure of the grains. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Glucosinolates in isaño (Tropaeolum tuberosum) tubers: qualitative and quantitative content and changes after maturity
Authors: Ramallo Rodrigo , Wathelet Jean‐Paul , Le Boulengé Eric , Torres Elizabeth , Marlier Michel , Ledent Jean‐François , Guidi Augusto , Larondelle Yvan
Published: April 2004

Six varieties of isaño (Tropaeolum tuberosum), an Andean edible tuber, were analysed. The aim was to characterise qualitatively and quantitatively their content of glucosinolates and to determine concentration changes of these compounds upon delayed harvest. Additionally, exploratory assays were carried out on the effect of postharvest cold storage of the tubers as well as of a drying process imposed on blanched tuber slices. Only one glucosinolate (p‐methoxybenzyl glucosinolate) was found in the six domestic varieties analysed. Its concentration varied between 36.5 and 90.0 µmol g−1 dry matter. This range is relatively high when compared with other edible glucosinolate‐containing vegetables. ‘Dark’ coloured tuber varieties showed higher levels than ‘light’ coloured tuber varieties at normal harvest time. Of the two varieties on which the effect of delayed harvest was studied, one showed increasing and then decreasing changes until 44 days after maturity, while the other did not show any significant change with time. Postharvest cold stored samples showed similar changes to tubers kept in soil, and glucosinolate levels in dried blanched tubers did not differ significantly from those in fresh samples. Taken together, the data indicate that the glucosinolate content of isaño is highly dependent on both the variety and the time of harvest. These parameters should be taken into account when considering isaño as a promising food source with medicinal properties for humans and animals, but also with possible adverse biological effects, all related to the presence of glucosinolates. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of calcium, magnesium and pH during salt curing of cod (Gadus morhua L)
Authors: Lauritzsen Kristin , Akse Leif , Gundersen Bjørn , Olsen Ragnar L
Published: April 2004

The quality of heavily salted cod as influenced by adjusted levels of calcium, magnesium and pH in the salt was investigated. The investigation was carried out as a multivariate study consisting of two separate 23 full factorial designs. Chemical composition, water‐holding capacity, weight and protein yields, colour and firmness were used as quality indicators or responses to the salt mixtures tested. The pH of the salt was positively correlated with the muscle pH of the cured fillet. The pH of the muscle correlated negatively with the relative protein content, lightness and sensory firmness of the cured muscle. Protein yield after salt curing was also negatively correlated with muscle pH. Calcium ions increased both the lightness and firmness and magnesium ions increased the lightness of the cured fillet. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparative study on the proteolytic activities and storage globulins in seeds of Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd ex Spreng) Schum and Theobroma bicolor Humb Bonpl, in relation to their potential to generate chocolate‐like aroma
Authors: Reisdorff Christoph , Rohsius Christina , Claret de Souza Aparecida das Graças , Gasparotto Luadir , Lieberei Reinhard
Published: April 2004

The cocoa relatives T grandiflorum (cupuaçu) and T bicolor (macambo) are promising crop plants for sustainable agroforestry in the Amazon region of South America. The market for cupuaçu is expanding since the fruit flesh is utilised by the foodstuffs industry. Attempts to commercialise chocolate‐like wares from the seeds have failed so far because of unreliable product quality. It is not known whether this is due to an insufficient aroma potential of cupuaçu seeds. We therefore investigated the proteolytic enzymes and the seed storage globulins which are both decisive for the formation of aroma precursors in cocoa. We found that the activities of the aspartic endopeptidase and the carboxypeptidase in T bicolor and T grandiflorum differed slightly from those in cocoa. The specificity of the carboxypeptidase for hydrophobic amino acids was quite similar across the three species, while the optimal pH of the T grandiflorum enzyme was lower than that of the other species. The qualitative and quantitative differences between the globulins indicate a lower maximum yield of aroma precursors in T grandiflorum and a higher maximum yield of aroma precursors in T bicolor, compared to cocoa. We conclude that the quality of chocolate‐like products made from the studied cocoa relatives can be improved by adapting fermentation procedures to particular biochemical features of these seeds. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Magnetic Characteristics of Ferrimagnetic Microspheres Prepared by Dispersion Polymerization
Authors: Horák Daniel , Lednický František , Petrovský Eduard , Kapička Aleš
Published: April 2004

Summary: A magnetite‐based colloid was obtained by chemical co‐precipitation of iron(II) and iron(III) salts in alkaline medium and stabilized with oleic acid. Magnetic micron‐size poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA)‐based latex particles of narrow size distribution were prepared by dispersion polymerization in toluene/2‐methylpropan‐1‐ol in the presence of three kinds of ferrimagnetic nanoparticles: chromium dioxide, maghemite, and magnetite. Cellulose acetate butyrate and dibenzoyl peroxide were used as the stabilizer and the initiator, respectively. The magnetic characteristics were examined with respect to behavior in the magnetic field and thermal stability. Our results show that chromium dioxide and derived PHEMA particles are magnetically stable in moderate temperatures up to about 100 °C. Maghemite particles are thermally stable up to 500 °C. Measurements of the hysteresis loops and remanent magnetization showed that embedment of magnetic particles in organic polymer has practically no effect on their magnetic hysteresis. All the samples reached magnetic saturation in fields below 0.3 T (saturation of magnetite). Regarding separation by the magnetic field, ultrafine, superparamagnetic magnetite particles show the best performance because of their magnetic susceptibility, the highest measured here, and the absence of coercive force.

Scanning electron micrograph of magnetite‐containing P(HEMA‐co‐25% GMA) microspheres.

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Scanning electron micrograph of magnetite‐containing P(HEMA‐co‐25% GMA) microspheres.
Thermoplastic Elastomers Derived from Scrap Rubber Powder/LLDPE Blend with LLDPE‐graft‐(Epoxidized Natural Rubber) Dual Compatibilizer
Authors: Guo Baochun , Cao Yan , Jia Demin , Qiu Qinghua
Published: April 2004

Summary: Attempts were made to prepare thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) from scrap rubber powder (SRP) and linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) as thermoplastic polymer matrix. The solid‐phase grafted copolymer of LLDPE (LLDPE‐g‐VM) and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) were used as dual compatibilizers to improve the interfacial adhesion between SRP and LLDPE. The compatibilized SRP/LLDPE blends had obviously improved the interfacial properties between SRP particles and LLDPE. Using this method, thermoplastic elastomer was prepared successfully. The mechanical properties especially elongation at break was improved significantly. SEM and TEM studies showed that the ENR/LLDPE‐g‐VM dual compatibilizer improved the distribution state of SRP particles in LLDPE and the adhesion between SRP and LLDPE. DSC results showed a distinct glass transition at 74 °C of the interfacial region. The improvement in mechanical properties was attributed to the enhanced interfacial properties of the blend.

Surface of SRP particles of the composites compatibilized by the dual compatibilizer.

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Surface of SRP particles of the composites compatibilized by the dual compatibilizer.
Epoxy Networks Modified by a New Class of Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes Bearing Multiple Intramolecular Rings Formed through SiOC Bonds
Authors: dell'Erba Ignacio E. , Fasce Diana P. , Williams Roberto J. J. , Erra‐Balsells Rosa , Fukuyama Yuko , Nonami Hiroshi
Published: April 2004

Summary: A new class of silsesquioxane (SSO), containing species with two to nine Si atoms bearing multiple intramolecular rings formed through SiOC bonds, was synthesized as a glassy powder. It was characterized by UV‐MALDI‐TOF MS, 29Si NMR and FT IR. Solutions containing different amounts of SSO in the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), were homopolymerized in the presence of (4‐dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) as initiator, leading to SSO‐modified epoxy networks. SSO species were covalently bonded to the epoxy network without any evidence of phase separation. The SSO addition provoked an increase in the elastic modulus in the glassy state explained by an increase in the cohesive energy density. The SSO addition gave also place to an increase in the intensity of tan δ and a decrease in both the glass transition temperature and the elastic modulus in the rubbery state. This was explained by a decrease in crosslink density associated with the flexibility of SSO structures. DMAP was much more effective than other usual initiators (like benzyldimethylamine, BDMA), in increasing the crosslink density of the resulting epoxy network. This led to high values of the glass transition temperature and the elastic modulus in the rubbery state.

Schematic representation of the chemical structure of the most significant species containing three Si atoms, present in the silsesquioxane.

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Schematic representation of the chemical structure of the most significant species containing three Si atoms, present in the silsesquioxane.
Logarithmic residues in the Banach algebra generated by the compact operators and the identity
Authors: Bart Harm , Ehrhardt Torsten , Silbermann Bernd
Published: April 2004

A logarithmic residue is a contour integral of the (left or right) logarithmic derivative of an analytic Banach algebra valued function. Logarithmic residues are intimately related to sums of idempotents. The present paper is concerned with logarithmic residues in a specific Banach algebra, namely the one generated by the compact operators and the identity in the case when the underlying Banach space is infinite dimensional. The situation is more complex than encountered in previous investigations concerning logarithmic residues. Logarithmic derivatives may have essential singularities and the geometric properties of the Banach space play a role. Topological properties of the set of logarithmic residues are considered too. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sums of reciprocal Stekloff eigenvalues
Authors: Dittmar Bodo
Published: April 2004

Let 0 = λ1 < λ2 ≤ λ3 ≤ … be the Stekloff eigenvalues of a plane domain. The paper is concerned with formulas for ∑∞2λ(–2)j in simply and doubly connected domains. In the simply connected case it is proven that the disk minimized this sum. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Contractive and optimal sets in modular spaces
Authors: Kamińska Anna , Lewicki Grzegorz
Published: April 2004

We study contractive, existence and optimal sets in modular spaces. We define the analogous classes of sets with respect to a modular and generalize a number of results due to Beauzamy and Maurey [3] and Bruck [9] to modular spaces. We then apply them to show that in certain Köthe sequence spaces all of these notions are equivalent, extending a result of Davis and Enflo [11] for lp spaces, 1 < p < ∞. We also show that in class of Orlicz sequence spaces the theorem that any optimal set in lp spaces, 1 < p < ∞, is an intersection of half‐spaces determined by one‐complemented hyperplanes in lp, is no longer true. We then find a class of optimal sets, called strongly ρ‐optimal, such that this characterization holds true in Musielak‐Orlicz sequence spaces. We provide examples which show that all families of sets discussed in the paper like optimal, existence or contractive with respect to a norm or a modular or their strong counterparts, are not equivalent in general. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Upper and lower Hausdorff dimension estimates for invariant sets of weak k‐1‐endomorphisms
Authors: Qu Chengqin , Zhou Zuoling
Published: April 2004

For a special class of non‐injective maps called the weak k‐1‐endomorphisms on Riemannian manifolds upper and lower bounds for Hausdorff dimensions of invariant sets are given in terms of the singular values of the tangent maps, which generalize Franz's corresponding results. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Improvement of blepharospasm with Zolpidem
Authors: Garretto Nélida Susana , Bueri José A. , Rey Roberto D. , Arakaki Tomoko , Nano Gabriela V. , Mancuso Marcela
Published: April 2004

Zolpidem (ZLP) is an imidazopyridine that binds to GABA receptors. We report on improvement of blepharospasm in 3 patients treated with ZLP. The GABAergic action of this drug on the output structures of the basal ganglia could explain the improvement of blepharospasm in these patients. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Bilateral globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation in tardive dyskinesia: A case report
Authors: Eltahawy Hazem A. , Feinstein Anthony , Khan Farouk , Saint‐Cyr Jean , Lang Anthony E. , Lozano Andres M.
Published: April 2004

The clinical response of a 53‐year‐old woman with tardive dyskinesia treated with bilateral globus pallidus interna deep brain stimulation is described. At 18 months follow‐up, her Burke–Fahn–Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale score fell from 52 (preoperative) to 21 (60% improvement). © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Bilateral chorea–ballism associated with hyperthyroidism
Authors: Ristić Aleksandar J. , Svetel Marina , Dragašević Nataša , Žarković Miloš , Koprivšek Katarina , Kostić Vladimir S.
Published: April 2004

We describe a 50‐year‐old patient with four episodes of recurrent bilateral chorea–ballism (BCB) and associated hyperthyroidism. Reappearance of BCB, associated with increased serum levels of thyroid hormones and lack of relevant changes on brain computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging scans, suggested that the involuntary movements were likely due to thyrotoxicosis‐induced biochemical changes. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Synthetic peroxides as antimalarials
Authors: Tang Yuanqing , Dong Yuxiang , Vennerstrom Jonathan L.
Published: April 2004

The discovery of artemisinin in 1971 initiated a new era in antimalarial chemotherapy. Although the clinically useful semisynthetic artemisinin derivatives are rapid acting and potent antimalarial drugs, they have short half‐lives and must be administered over a period of 5–7 days, leading to noncompliance and recrudescence. With this in view, many synthetic antimalarial peroxides have been prepared. Yet, identification of orally active synthetic peroxide drug development candidates that are easily synthesized, inexpensive, and with good biopharmaceutical properties has been surprisingly difficult. In this review, we document the pitfalls and progress made in this endeavor. For each of 15 synthetic peroxide structural classes, we note highlights of the synthetic routes, product stereochemistry, and origin of the peroxide O atoms. Both in vitro and in vivo antimalarial data are then discussed and any SAR noted. Available data indicates that several synthetic 1,2,4‐trioxanes are only marginally less effective than the semisynthetic artemisinins. Within a given peroxide chemical family, the more lipophilic members are more potent and possess better oral antimalarial activity in animal models than their more polar counterparts. This poses a challenge to identify peroxide structures with suitable “drug‐like” physicochemical properties. Nonetheless, substantial progress has been made in the identification of a new generation of synthetic antimalarial peroxides. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 24, No. 4, 425–448, 2004
Predicted signs of reduced two‐bond spin–spin coupling constants (2hKX–Y) across X—H—Y hydrogen bonds
Authors: Del Bene Janet E. , Elguero José
Published: April 2004

The reduced two‐bond Fermi‐contact terms and the reduced spin–spin coupling constants 2hKX–Y across X—H—Y hydrogen bonds for complexes stabilized by C—H—N, N—H—N, O—H—N, F—H—N, C—H—O, O—H—O, F—H—O and C—H—F hydrogen bonds are positive. The NMR Triplet Wavefunction Model (NMRTWM) indicates that the signs of the reduced FC terms and 2hKX–Y are determined by excited triplet states that have an odd number of nodes intersecting the X–Y axis between X and Y, thereby leading to an antiparallel alignment of the nuclear magnetic moments of atoms X and Y. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do metastases metastasize?
Authors: Tait Catherine R , Dodwell D , Horgan K
Published: April 2004

Metastatic disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. However, it is not clear if all metastases originate from the primary tumour or whether metastases themselves have the capacity to metastasize. In this review, the evidence for the latter phenomenon, and its biological and clinical implications, is discussed. Copyright © 2004 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of clay on polymorphism of polypropylene in polypropylene/clay nanocomposites
Authors: Zheng Wenge , Lu Xuehong , Ling Toh Cher , Hua Zheng Tong , He Chaobin
Published: April 2004

The effects of clay on polymorphism of polypropylene (PP) in PP/clay nanocomposites (PPCNs) under various thermomechanical conditions were studied. In extruded PP and PPCN pellet samples, only α‐phase crystallites existed, as they were prepared by rapidly cooling the melt extrudates to room temperature. Under compression, β‐phase crystallites can develop in neat PP under various thermal conditions, of which isothermal crystallizing at 120 °C gave the highest content of β‐phase crystallites. In contrast, no β‐phase crystallite was detected in the PPCN samples prepared under the same conditions. This indicated that clay significantly inhibits the formation of β‐phase crystallites. The likely reason is that the presence of clay in PPCNs greatly sped up the crystallization process of the α phase, whereas it had an insignificant effect on the crystallization rates of the β phase. The results also showed that clay may slightly promote the formation of γ‐phase PP crystallites in PPCNs. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 1810–1816, 2004
Spinodal patterns indicating unstable regime of polymer crystallization
Authors: Nishida Koji , Kaji Keisuke , Kanaya Toshiji , Matsuba Go , Konishi Takashi
Published: April 2004

It has been considered that crystallization of polymer from melt proceeds via the coexistence of molten matrix and growing crystals that have once overcome a nucleation barrier to a critical size. The nucleation process has often been explained analogously with so‐called nucleation and growth (NG) behavior of the phase separation of a binary mixture in metastable conditions, although the crystallization in one‐component polymer is not a real component separation but a phase transition. Among the mechanisms of polymer crystallization, the topic is whether a liquid–liquid transition between states of different densities within one‐component polymers takes place before the aforementioned nucleation process. The liquid–liquid transition between states, which is probably driven by chain orientation, is also categorized into NG and the controversial spinodal decomposition (SD) type processes depending on the quenching depth. This article provides the optical microscopic observations that favor the occurrence of the SD‐like process when a one‐component polymer melt is very rapidly quenched below a stability limit, including a drastic morphological change from a spherulitic to a spinodal pattern at the critical (or spinodal) temperature. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 1817–1822, 2004
Crystal and phase morphology of dynamic‐packing‐injection‐molded high‐density polyethylene/ethylene vinyl acetate blends
Authors: Na Bing , Wang Yong , Du Rongni , Fu Qiang , Men Yongfeng
Published: April 2004

The effect of shear stress, provided by so‐called dynamic‐packing injection molding, on crystal morphology and phase behavior was investigated for high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) in blends with ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) of various viscosities and vinyl acetate (VA) contents, with the aid of differential scanning calorimetry, two‐dimensional small‐angle X‐ray scattering (2D SAXS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A shish‐kebab pattern was found in the oriented zones of dynamic samples, and the ratio of shish to kebab increased as a function of the EVA content in the blends up to 20 wt %, regardless of the VA content. This showed that molecules of HDPE could easily be stretched to form a shish structure in the presence of EVA. Moreover, a large increase in the long spacing, characterized by 2D SAXS measurements, was achieved because of the presence of EVA. The SEM results showed an obvious decrease in the domain size of the EVA phase under the effect of shear stress. All these results suggested shear‐induced mixing between HDPE and EVA, in that ethylene segments of EVA molecules could be forged in the shish structure during shear and the other fractions of EVA were located in the amorphous regions between the adjacent lamellae of HDPE. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 1831–1840, 2004