bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contamination of refuges byBacillus thuringiensistoxin genes from transgenic maize
Authors: Chilcutt Charles F. , Tabashnik Bruce E.
Published: May 2004

Transgenic crops producing insecticidal toxins fromBacillus thuringiensis(Bt) are widely used to control pests, but their benefits will be lost if pests evolve resistance. The mandated high-dose/refuge strategy for delaying pest resistance requires planting refuges of toxin-free crops near Bt crops to promote survival of susceptible pests. We report that pollen-mediated gene flow up to 31 m from Bt maize caused low to moderate Bt toxin levels in kernels of non-Bt maize refuge plants. Immunoassays of non-Bt maize sampled from the field showed that the mean concentration of Bt toxin Cry1Ab in kernels and the percentage of kernels with Cry1Ab decreased with distance from Bt maize. The highest Bt toxin concentration in pooled kernels of non-Bt maize plants was 45% of the mean concentration in kernels from adjacent Bt maize plants. Most previous work on gene flow from transgenic crops has emphasized potential effects of transgene movement on wild relatives of crops, landraces, and organic plantings, whereas implications for pest resistance have been largely ignored. Variable Bt toxin production in seeds of refuge plants undermines the high-dose/refuge strategy and could accelerate pest resistance to Bt crops. Thus, guidelines should be revised to reduce gene flow between Bt crops and refuge plants.
Albumin mediates the transcytosis of myeloperoxidase by means of caveolae in endothelial cells
Authors: Tiruppathi Chinnaswamy , Naqvi Tabassum , Wu Yubin , Vogel Stephen M. , Minshall Richard D. , Malik Asrar B.
Published: May 2004

Myeloperoxidase (MPO), the phagocyte hemoprotein involved in neutrophil host defense and consuming nitric oxide (
•
NO), induces the nitration of extracellular matrix proteins and tissue remodeling subsequent to its transcytosis across the endothelial barrier. We addressed the role of an interaction of MPO with albumin as a requirement for MPO transport across the endothelium. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization MS analysis of 80- and 60-kDa proteins purified from human lung tissue [with a human serum albumin (HSA)-affinity column] identified these albumin-binding proteins as MPO and MPO-heavy chain. A peptide corresponding to the MPO-heavy chain residues 425–454 demonstrated high-affinity binding to HSA. Replacement of the positively charged residues, R and K with G, prevented the binding of HSA to the peptide. We observed that albumin increased the binding of
125
I-MPO to lung microvascular endothelial cells by 2-fold and the rate of transendothelial flux of
125
I-MPO in cultured monolayers and intact vessels. Disruption of caveolae with cyclodextrin prevented the albumin-induced increase in transendothelial flux of
125
I-MPO. We also observed by confocal imaging that albumin induced the rapid internalization of MPO and its colocalization with albumin-labeled vesicles. MPO colocalized with the caveolae markers cholera toxin subunit B and caveolin 1 in the endocytosed vesicles. Thus, transcytosis of MPO by caveolae induced by its charge-dependent interaction with albumin is an important means of delivering MPO to the subendothelial space. Albumin-mediated transport of MPO may thereby regulate NO bioavailability and formation of NO-derived oxidants in the vessel wall.
Molecular evidence links cryptic diversification in polar planktonic protists to Quaternary climate dynamics
Authors: Darling Kate F. , Kucera Michal , Pudsey Carol J. , Wade Christopher M.
Published: May 2004

It is unknown how pelagic marine protists undergo diversification and speciation. Superficially, the open ocean appears homogeneous, with few clear barriers to gene flow, allowing extensive, even global, dispersal. Yet, despite the apparent lack of opportunity for genetic isolation, diversity is prevalent within marine taxa. A lack of candidate isolating mechanisms would seem to favor sympatric over allopatric speciation models to explain the diversity and biogeographic patterns observed in the oceans today. However, the ocean is a dynamic system, and both current and past circulation patterns must be considered in concert to gain a true perspective of gene flow through time. We have derived a comprehensive picture of the mechanisms potentially at play in the high latitudes by combining molecular, biogeographic, fossil, and paleoceanographic data to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the polar planktonic foraminifer
Neogloboquadrina pachyderma
sinistral. We have discovered extensive genetic diversity within this morphospecies and that its current “extreme” polar affinity did not appear until late in its evolutionary history. The molecular data demonstrate a stepwise progression of diversification starting with the allopatric isolation of Atlantic Arctic and Antarctic populations after the onset of the Northern Hemisphere glaciation. Further diversification occurred only in the Southern Hemisphere and seems to have been linked to glacial-interglacial climate dynamics. Our findings demonstrate the role of Quaternary climate instability in shaping the modern high-latitude plankton. The divergent evolutionary history of
N
.
pachyderma
sinistral genotypes implies that paleoceanographic proxies based on this taxon should be calibrated independently.
Physical, acid–base and electrolyte changes in horses competing in Training, Preliminary and Intermediate horse trials
Authors: Foreman JH , Waldsmith JK , Lalum RB
Published: May 2004

The objective of this experiment was to compare the physiological changes that occurred in horses competing in the cross-country portion of Training, Preliminary and Intermediate horse trials. The hypothesis was that temperature (T), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and on-site acid–base and electrolyte monitoring would allow differentiation between difficulty levels in horse trials. Sixteen client-owned horses competing at the Trojan-Horse Spring Horse Trials in Cave Creek, Arizona, USA, were studied. T, HR, RR and anaerobic lithium-heparinized jugular venous samples were obtained before, and 1–2 min after, cross-country exercise. Samples were analysed for blood gases (body temperature-corrected) and concentrations of sodium ([Na+]), potassium ([K+]), chloride ([Cl−]), ionized calcium ([Ca2+]i), blood urea nitrogen ([BUN]) and glucose ([GLC]) using a point-of-care analyser. Results were compared using analysis of variance with the level of significance set atP<0.05. In all groups, exercise increased T, HR, RR, packed cell volume and haemoglobin concentration, and decreased partial pressure of CO2(PCO2), [total CO2concentration], bicarbonate concentration ([HCO3−]) and [Ca2+]i(P<0.05). Post-exercise RR was higher, and pH, PCO2, [tCO2], [HCO3−] and base excess were lower, in Intermediate and sometimes Preliminary horses compared with Training horses (P<0.05). It was concluded that horse trials caused milder, but otherwise similar, physical, blood gas and electrolyte changes to those observed in complete three-day events. Physical and point-of-care plasma acid–base and electrolyte monitoring allowed differentiation between horses competing at various levels of difficulty in a horse trial.
Effect of age on locomotion of Standardbred trotters in training
Authors: Leleu C , Cotrel C , Barrey E
Published: May 2004

In Standardbreds, the main aim of early training (begun during the growth period) is the mechanization of athletes leading to a particular gait called the ‘flying trot’. The present cross-sectional study was undertaken to investigate the biomechanical and physiological factors involved in this gait change, and aimed to analyse the effect of age on gait and energetic variables in a population of Standardbred horses under training. One hundred and forty-three horses aged from two to seven years were tested on a track at three speeds (8.5, 10 and 11.6 m s−1) with a gait-analysis system. Gait variables (temporal and linear variables, symmetry, regularity, two-beat rhythm, dorso-ventral, longitudinal and lateral activities) were compared between four age groups (two-, three-, four-, and five-year-olds and above). After a standardized exercise test, two energetic variables (V4andV200) were also compared between these groups. Most variables were influenced by age/training status. The results indicated that, from young to mature racehorses, stride length and duration increase; and gait becomes more symmetric and more regular. We also observed a decrease in dorso-ventral, longitudinal and lateral activities, i.e. a decrease of thoracic displacements. These differences could be elucidated at slow speed and were still obvious at high speed.V4andV200also increased significantly with age/training status. All of these results indicate an improvement in co-ordination and a decrease in metabolic cost with increasing age/training status. Thus gait acquisition could be related to an improvement in trotting efficiency.
Effects of intra-articular hyaluronic acid onex vivoresponses by third carpal bone cartilage from horses with experimentally induced synovitis
Authors: Palmer Jan L , Mansour Joseph , Malemud Charles J , Bertone Alicia L
Published: May 2004

We studied the extent to which intra-articular hyaluronic acid (HA) administered to horses with experimentally induced synovitis in the third middle carpal joint altered cartilage proteoglycans (PGs) and the biomechanical properties of the third carpal bone. Intra-articular HA (Hylartin-V®) was administered to the middle carpal joints of healthy horses before and after the induction of synovitis byEscherichia colilipopolysaccharide (LPS). Two groups of horses received intra-articular HA only, with evaluation 2 and 6 weeks later (group 2 and group 4). Two other groups (group 1 and group 3) received LPS followed by intra-articular HA and evaluation 2 and 6 weeks later.Ex vivothird carpal bone cartilage PG synthesis was measured by35SO4incorporation and third carpal bone cartilage PG content was determined by an assay for glucuronic acid. Biomechanical properties were measured by indentation testing. At the 2-week evaluation, HA did not ablate the quantitative reduction in PG synthesis and PG content in animals with experimental synovitis. However, by 6 weeks, there was a significant rebound effect in that PG synthesis and PG content were elevated in horses with experimental synovitis that had received intra-articular HA, compared with horses that had received HA only for that period of time. There were also alterations in the gel filtration profiles of newly synthesized PGs on Sepharose CL-2B among the groups. However, there were node novoPG species associated with any of the treatments. Furthermore, we found that the biomechanical properties of third carpal bone cartilage were not altered in any of the groups. These studies showed that intra-articular HA administered to horses with experimentally induced synovitis did not provide short-term (i.e. 2-week) benefit to third carpal bone cartilage PG synthesis. However, a long-term benefit of intra-articular HA may occur after the acute effects of synovitis on PG synthesis and PG content subside.
Effects of hoof shape, body mass and velocity on surface strain in the wall of the unshod forehoof of Standardbreds trotting on a treadmill
Authors: Thomason JJ , Bignell WW , Batiste D , Sears W
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this work is to investigate the effects of body mass (BM), velocity (V), and hoof shape on compressive surface strains in the wall of the front hoof at the trot. Toe angle (TA), heel angle (HA), toe length (TL), medial and lateral wall length (MWL, LWL) and BM were measured for nine adult, unshod Standardbreds. Five rosette gauges were glued around the circumference of the left forehoof of each animal which was then trotted on a treadmill at a set range of velocities from 3.5 to 7.5 m s−1. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of principal compressive strainsɛ2at midstance identified that all primary variables (BM,V, TA, HA, etc.) had a significant effect as did the interactions of TA×HA and BM×TA. These significant variables explained over 96% of the variation inɛ2. Multiple regression ofɛ2on these variables gave equations which accurately predictedɛ2within 3%, but the individual coefficients did not accurately describe how each variable affectedɛ2. Further tests using bivariate regression gave equations that enabledɛ2data to be standardized for BM andVat the gauge locations used here. Strainɛ2increased linearly with mass and curvilinearly with velocity (ɛ2∝V+V2), and both caused redistribution of strain to the dorsum and lateral quarter. Variation in each shape variable caused redistribution rather than simple increase or decrease in strains. The primary conclusion with regard to hoof shape is that the effects of change in any one measurement on strain magnitudes are affected by the values of all other measurements. Resolving the interplay among measurements in their effects onɛ2will need a considerably larger sample size than that used here.
Time course and magnitude of changes in total body water, extracellular fluid volume, intracellular fluid volume and plasma volume during submaximal exercise and recovery in horses
Authors: Lindinger Michael I , McKeen Gloria , Ecker Gayle L
Published: May 2004

The purpose of the present study was to determine the time course and magnitude of changes in extracellular and intracellular fluid volumes in relation to changes in total body water during prolonged submaximal exercise and recovery in horses. Seven horses were physically conditioned over a 2-month period and trained to trot on a treadmill. Total body water (TBW), extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) and plasma volume (PV) were measured at rest using indicator dilution techniques (D2O, thiocyanate and Evans Blue, respectively). Changes in TBW were assessed from measures of body mass, and changes in PV and ECFV were calculated from changes in plasma protein concentration. Horses exercised by trotting on a treadmill for 75–120 min incurred a 4.2% decrease in TBW. During exercise, the entire decrease in TBW (mean±standard error: 12.8±2.0 l at end of exercise) could be attributed to the decrease in ECFV (12.0±2.4 l at end of exercise), such that there was no change in intracellular fluid volume (ICFV; 0.9±2.4 l at end of exercise). PV decreased from 22.0±0.5 l at rest to 19.8±0.3 l at end of exercise and remained depressed (18–19 l) during the first 2 h of recovery. Recovery of fluid volumes after exercise was slow, and characterized by a further transient loss of ECFV (first 30 min of recovery) and a sustained increase in ICFV (between 0.5 and 3.5 h of recovery). Recovery of fluid volumes was complete by 13 h post exercise. It is concluded that prolonged submaximal exercise in horses favours net loss of fluid from the extracellular fluid compartment.
Quantification of three-dimensional skin displacement artefacts on the equine tibia and third metatarsus
Authors: Lanovaz Joel L , Khumsap Siriporn , Clayton Hilary M
Published: May 2004

Routine study of three-dimensional (3D) tarsal kinematics is hampered by errors due to the displacement of skin surface-tracking markers relative to the underlying bones. Reliable kinematics can be obtained with bone-fixed markers, but an accurate, non-invasive method would have more applications. Simultaneous kinematic data from skin-based and bone-fixed markers attached to the tibia and third metatarsus were collected from three trotting subjects. The motion of the skin-based markers was extracted relative to the underlying bone motion tracked using the bone-fixed markers. The 3D skin displacement patterns for the skin-based markers were parameterized using a truncated Fourier series model. These displacements were expressed in terms of the local coordinate system for each bone. Skin displacement artefacts were observed in all three axes of each bone segment, with the largest displacements occurring at the proximal tibia. The mean skin displacement amplitudes in the tibia were 6.7%, 3.2% and 10.5% of segment length, and for the third metatarsus were 2.6%, 1.4% and 3.8% of segment length, for the craniocaudal, mediolateral and longitudinal segment axes, respectively. Skin displacement patterns could be expressed concisely using the Fourier series model. Displacements were also consistent between subjects, which should allow them to be used as a basis for developing a correction procedure for 3D tarsal joint kinematics.
Carbohydrate metabolism in exercising horses
Authors: Jose-Cunilleras E , Hinchcliff KW
Published: May 2004

Carbohydrate and fat are the predominant sources of energy during exercise in mammals. Carbohydrates, such as muscle glycogen and plasma glucose, and fats from adipose tissue and intramuscular triglycerides are oxidized during exercise in amounts and proportions that vary depending on the exercise intensity, level of fitness and nutritional status. In horses, muscle glycogen, and to a lesser extent plasma glucose, are oxidized in substantial amounts during low-, moderate- and high-intensity exercise. Carbohydrate availability to skeletal muscle affects exercise performance in humans, however this relationship is not well outlined in horses. Glucose supplementation by intravenous administration during exercise in horses increases duration of moderate-intensity exercise. However, the effect of glucose supplementation by ingestion of a soluble carbohydrate-rich meal prior to exercise on athletic performance has not been established in horses. Low muscle glycogen concentrations prior to exercise in horses are associated with decreased time to exhaustion at moderate- and high-intensity exercise. Nutritional interventions intended to enhance muscle glycogen resynthesis have proved less successful in horses than in other species. Replenishment of muscle glycogen after strenuous exercise in horses is not complete until 48–72 h after exercise, whereas in humans and laboratory animals it is complete by 24 h. The slower rate of muscle glycogen replenishment after exercise in horses may be related to an inherent lower ability to digest starch and other sources of glucose, a lower ability to synthesize muscle glycogen, or both. The aim of this review is to describe the present understanding of carbohydrate metabolism in the exercising horse, its implications on nutrition and athletic performance, and to contrast it with that in other species.
Muscle injury and antioxidant status in sled dogs competing in a long-distance sled dog race
Authors: Hinchcliff KW , Constable PD , DiSilvestro RA
Published: May 2004

Exercise is associated with an increase in the production of oxidants that may be instrumental in the development of exertional rhabdomyolysis. We speculated that participation in a long-distance sled race would alter antioxidant capacity of dogs, in conjunction with increases in indices of rhabdomyolysis. The objective was to determine the effect of participation in a long-distance sled dog race on antioxidant capacity and plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity in sled dogs. This was a prospective, longitudinal study on a convenience sample of 57 Alaskan sled dogs participating in a 1600 km sled dog race. Blood samples were collected before racing (31 dogs) and after racing (39 dogs) for measurement of plasma vitamin E concentration; CK, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and caeruloplasmin (CER) activity; and red-blood-cell (RBC) glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. CER and GPX activities after the race were 26% and 14% lower, respectively, than before racing whereas CK and AST were 300% and 170% greater. There was no change in plasma vitamin E concentration or RBC SOD activity. We conclude that completion of a long-distance sled dog race involving prolonged and repeated submaximal exercise results in a reduction in enzymatic antioxidant activity in the blood of sled dogs.
Temporal variables of the canter of the Tennessee Walking Horse
Authors: Splan RK , Hunter HB
Published: May 2004

Temporal stride characteristics of the canter were compared between performance-shod (PS) and light-shod (LS) Tennessee Walking Horses, which generally differ in training and shoeing methods. Four consecutive strides for ten PS and ten LS horses were filmed (30 Hz), and frame-by-frame analysis performed to determine stride duration and individual limb stance duration. Also analysed was the percentage of stride duration devoted to single, bipedal or tripedal limb support. Footfall sequence for PS was trailing hind (TrH), leading hind (LdH), trailing fore (TrF) and leading fore (LdF), whereas footfall sequence for LS horses varied, with the majority of LS performing a sequence of TrH–TrF–LdH–LdF. Stride duration was greater for PS. As a percentage of stride duration, PS demonstrated greater duration of TrF and LdF, while LS demonstrated greater LdH duration. Hind and fore single limb support, and tripedal support, were greater for LS; however, PS utilized bipedal support to a larger extent than LS. Hind or forelimb bipedal support was demonstrated only in PS, while only LS demonstrated lateral bipedal support. Thus, while both performance- and light-shod Tennessee Walking Horses perform the canter, temporal variables for this gait differ dramatically between the two groups.
A simple field technique for estimation of body surface area in horses and ponies
Authors: Sneddon JC , Walton R , Bond A
Published: May 2004

This study aimed to produce a weight-independent algorithm for determination of body surface area (BSA; cm2) to within 5% accuracy of the directly determined value in selected horses and ponies under field conditions. Quantification of BSA in equines has applications in the fields of energy budgeting, growth, thermoregulation, conformation and drug kinetics. A simple algorithm for determining BSA to ±5% accuracy was produced for Shetland ponies, Shire horses, Welsh Mountain Section A ponies and Hanoverian mature horses and foals. The accuracy of the method was ±8% for Welsh Mountain-type ponies and Hanoverian two-year-olds. The data were produced by tiling of the shoulder region on one side of the animal with chalk and adapting a simple geometrical integrative technique. Linear anthropometric measurements were of limited use in predicting BSA in that they produced algorithms of ±5% accuracy for ponies of uniform conformation only (Welsh Mountain Section A ponies). The relevant equations were:for Arab-based breeds (Welsh Mountain-type and Section A ponies and Hanoverian horses and foals) andfor UK native breeds (Shetland ponies and Shire horses), where ‘surface area of shoulder region on one side’ was defined by the anterior margins of thesupraspinatusanddeep pectoral, and the posterior margin of thetricepsmuscles. This tiling procedure fulfilled the aim of the study and also provided quantitative information on proportional differences in areas of body regions between and within these selected breeds.
Current concepts of oxygen transport during exercise
Authors: Poole DC
Published: May 2004

This brief review examines the athletic potential of mammals in general and the horse in particular as it relates to oxygen (O2) transport and utilization. The horse has been bred selectively for over six millennia based upon its ability to run fast. Whereas this has optimized cardiovascular and muscle function and the capacity to deliver and utilize O2, it has resulted in lung failure during intense exercise. Horses in their athletic prime are considered and attention is focused on their maximal capacities as related to O2transport, irrespective of ageper se. Following a few comments on the history of O2, this review moves from established principles of O2transport at the integrative organ level to the microcirculation and the processes and principles that govern O2offloading, where much remains to be discovered. Four principal questions are addressed: (1) as an athlete, what are the most outstanding physiological characteristics of the horse? (2) what anatomical and physiological capacities facilitate this superlative performance and such prodigious O2fluxes (i.e. maximal VO2)? (3) do cardiovascular dynamics or intramuscular energetic processes limit VO2kinetics (i.e. the speed at which VO2increases at the onset of exercise)? VO2kinetics determine the size of the O2deficit and as such represent an important determinant of muscle metabolism and fatigue; and (4) what determines the efficacy of muscle microcirculatory O2exchange?
Effect of detomidine on postural sway in horses
Authors: Bialski D , Lanovaz JL , Bohart GV , Mullineaux DR , Clayton HM
Published: May 2004

The objective of this study was to apply postural sway analysis to measure balance deficits after intravenous administration of detomidine. Six healthy horses were treated intravenously with detomidine (10 μg kg−1, 20 μgkg−1) and saline in random order, with three days between treatments. Postural sway was measured immediately after administration and at 15 min intervals until 120 min had elapsed. Horses stood squarely with all four hooves on a force platform, while the location of the centre of pressure (COP) was recorded continuously for 10 s at 1000 Hz. Five 10 s recordings were analysed and average values calculated for mediolateral COP range of motion, craniocaudal COP range of motion, mean COP radius, COP area and mean COP velocity. All COP variables increased immediately after sedation, but generally returned to normal limits within 15 and 30 min of detomidine administration at 10 and 20 μg kg−1, respectively. The head was lowered for at least 90 min after administration. Balance is affected by detomidine and normal balance is regained later after a higher dose. Procedures requiring balance should not be performed within 15–30 min of detomidine administration. COP variables are a good indicator of the effect of sedation on postural sway, but head position is not.
Correlation of quantitative ultrasound measurements with material properties and bone mineral density in the equine metacarpus
Authors: Whan G , Runciman J , Hurtig M
Published: May 2004

This study explored the relationship between speed-of-sound (SOS) measurements and the material properties of metacarpal bones in order to validate a device that uses linear unicortical transmission of ultrasound. SOS, ultimate tensile strength and modulus of elasticity were determined at nine experimental sites. Measurements of SOS and bone mineral density were collected at three of the nine experimental sites. Twenty-five equine metacarpal (MC3) bones were used. Micro-computerized tomography was used to validate testing protocols. SOS measurements were highly site- and horse-dependent. One or more statistically significant correlations were found with ultimate tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and bone mineral density in four of the nine experimental sites. A previously described pattern of high lateral and medial cortical stiffness and SOS was found in the mid-diaphysis that correlated with bone mineral density (r2=0.25,P<0.01) and modulus of elasticity (r2=0.14,P<0.05). SOS and ultimate tensile strength correlated strongly in the distal dorsal metacarpus (r2=0.47,P<0.001). Lateral and medial distal-level sites just above the fetlock joint had a variable amount of cancellous bone, reducing the ultimate strength of these sites. The study indicates that quantitative ultrasound is sensitive to differences in the quality of equine metacarpal bone, so this technique may be useful for monitoring adaptation to exercise and bone development.
An Indicator-based Approach to Measuring Sustainable Urban Regeneration Performance: Part 1, Conceptual Foundations and Methodological Framework
Authors: Hemphill Lesley , Berry Jim , McGreal Stanley
Published: May 2004

This paper evaluates the use of indicators as a means of measuring the performance of regeneration against sustainability criteria. The merits of sustainability indicators are explored with a discussion of the indicator selection process and the derivation of a points scoring framework. The extent to which the sustainability performance of regeneration projects can be evaluated and subsequently benchmarked is examined. Conclusions are drawn on the robustness of the indicators selected, the versatility of the points scoring framework in capturing the sustainability performance of regeneration projects and the potential to identify 'best' practice. The application of the model and associated indicators is the subject of the subsequent paper in this journal issue.
An Indicator-based Approach to Measuring Sustainable Urban Regeneration Performance: Part 2, Empirical Evaluation and Case-study Analysis
Authors: Hemphill Lesley , McGreal Stanley , Berry Jim
Published: May 2004

This paper examines the sustainability of current urban regeneration practice, through the application of weighted indicators and a points scoring framework. The analysis applies the hierarchical model discussed in the preceding paper of this journal issue to case studies of waterfront areas and cultural quarters in three European cities: Belfast, Dublin and Barcelona. The evaluation permits performance comparisons to be made between the case studies regarding the sustainability of regeneration areas and projects, variations on an indicator set basis and the sensitivity of scores. Conclusions are drawn concerning regeneration practice, the extent to which sustainability principles are adhered to, potential policy benefits and the applicability of the model.
Employment Growth of Small High-technology Firms and the Role of Horizontal Clustering: Evidence from Computing Services and R&D in Great Britain, 1991-2000
Authors: Fingleton Bernard , Camargo Igliori Danilo , Moore Barry
Published: May 2004

This paper provides new evidence that, controlling for other effects, the growth of employment in high-technology SMEs depends on the initial horizontal clustering. The paper focuses on employment change over the period 1991-2000 in computing services and research and development (R&D) industries analysed at the local and county level within Great Britain. A new measure is proposed to map clustering in each sector. In the main section of the paper, spatial econometric models are estimated controlling for supply- and demand-side conditions, human capital, the local economic environment and spatial externalities in order to isolate the effect of initial clustering level. The estimates support the hypothesis that clustering is a cause of employment growth, although there are important differences of geographical scale at which this effect operates for the two sectors considered. The paper raises some important issues regarding the implied dynamics associated with the evolution of clustering.
Regional Image and the Consumption of Regionally Denominated Products
Authors: Skuras Dimitris , Dimara Efthalia
Published: May 2004

A number of quality products and services, often catering for niche markets, have become associated with certain regions. This geographical association has proved important in influencing the mentality of urban consumers, their behaviour and, consequently, the demand for such products. This work identifies three sets of elements of the regional resource base that contribute towards consumer-constructed regional images-namely, factors related to nature and the environment; factors related to history, tradition and heritage; and amenity experiential factors. The relation between consumer-constructed regional images and a variety of consumer needs is discussed. Data from a wide survey of Greek wine consumers are utilised and a microeconometric approach is employed to test the effects of consumer-constructed regional images on consumer expenditure on regional wines.
Waterfront Redevelopment: A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Policy-making Process within the Chatham Maritime Project
Authors: Jacobs Keith
Published: May 2004

The redevelopment of the former naval dockyards in Chatham is one of the largest regeneration sites in the UK and is widely seen as a high-profile flagship project aimed at encouraging business investment. This paper utilises the Chatham redevelopment project as a basis from which to discuss recent developments in UK policy. It draws upon the methods of critical discourse analysis in order to discuss particular tensions within the project in the context of central-local government relations, partnership arrangements, project implementation and marketing. The paper's conclusion is that, in spite of the initiatives established to devolve decision-making and establish regional autonomy, property-led development projects in the UK are likely to remain tightly controlled with only limited scope for community groups to exert influence.
Measuring the Spatial Pattern of Residential Segregation
Authors: Dawkins Casey J.
Published: May 2004

This paper discusses a new measure of residential segregation by race that incorporates spatial proximity among neighbourhoods into the calculation of the index. The basis for the measure is the Gini index of segregation. Unlike other similar measures discussed in recent years, this measure satisfies the 'principle of transfers', is flexible enough to quantify a range of pre-specified spatial patterns of segregation and is easy to compute using spatial statistics software packages. The properties of the index are illustrated using several simple simulations and a case study of non-White-White segregation in Atlanta, Georgia. The application of the index in Atlanta suggests that spatial proximity among adjacent neighbourhoods has a large impact on overall levels of racial segregation.
Social Capital and Trust in South-east Asian Cities
Authors: Carpenter Jeffrey P. , Daniere Amrita G. , Takahashi Lois M.
Published: May 2004

This paper conducts a comparative analysis of social capital and environmental management in two rapidly growing regions in south-east Asia, Bangkok and Ho Chi Minh City. Theoretical and empirical triangulation are used to clarify the nature of social capital and the ways that gender, in particular, affects trust and co-operation. Theoretical triangulation is accomplished by drawing on conceptual arguments made in economics, geography and urban planning to develop a theoretical framework explaining social capital and environmental management in south-east Asia. Empirical triangulation is accomplished through a multimethod analytical approach, including survey methods and experimental games conducted with the same populations. The results of the comparative analysis among squatter residents in Bangkok and Ho Chi Minh City are presented with a focus on gender differences in trust and co-operation and the paper concludes with a summary of the results and recommendations for policy and future research.
The Impact of the US Sales Tax Rate on City Size and Economic Activity: A CGE Approach
Authors: Cutler Harvey , Strelnikova Irina
Published: May 2004

This paper analyses the effects of the change in the US sales tax on economic activity and city size using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. Previous works have been designed to isolate the effects of a sales tax change on the particular parameters, such as city size, non-central retail activity and the value of housing. This research summarises the effects of a change in the sales tax rate on all the relevant variables in the context of one model. The underlined theoretical foundation is tested using data collected for the city of Fort Collins, a jurisdiction of approximately 100 000 people in northern Colorado, USA.
Regulation and Racial Differentiation in the Construction of Night-time Economies: A London Case Study
Authors: Talbot Deborah
Published: May 2004

The clubs and bars of contemporary nightlife are held by supporters in the cultural industries and critics in social policy to be a zone of transgression where the state is powerless to intervene. However, closer inspection of the processes by which nightlife is regulated and incorporated into economic development strategies indicates a more differential approach to social control. Far from being deregulated, nightlife is still largely understood as a 'social problem' to be contained by law, policy and policing. However, the forms in which strategies of regulation are being redefined indicate renewed concerns by policy-makers with acceptable and unacceptable cultures. The duel impact of economic development strategies and licensing policies has been to reinforce particular cultural forms in nightlife spaces at the expense of others. This paper explores findings from a London case study and will attempt to pinpoint the ways in which the practices of economic development and licensing have thrown up barriers to cultural expression and racial diversity being realised in the city spaces of the night. It will argue that, far from being a solution to the perceived problems of the 'night-time economy', regulatory strategies reinforce the notion of nightlife as consumption against that of experimental and racially diverse cultures.
Experimental Discursive Spaces: Policy Processes, Public Participation and the Greater London Authority
Authors: Harrison C.M. , Munton R.J.C. , Collins K.
Published: May 2004

The paper seeks to engage with the interrelationships between the newly established Greater London Authority (GLA) as a form of devolved but diffuse city governance and new procedures for encouraging active public engagement in policy-making processes. The scope and conduct of new discursive spaces for engaging Londoners in the early stages of policy-making concerned with sustainable development are the focus of enquiry. The paper draws on published sources and a series of in-depth interviews conducted with officers, advisers and elected members of the GLA. Theories and practices of deliberative democracy provide the basis for assessing to what extent these experimental discursive spaces supported the pursuit of a collaborative approach to decision-making.
Cross-Border Cooperation and Transformation of Regional Identities in the Ukrainian–Russian Borderlands: Towards a Euroregion “Slobozhanshchyna”? Part 1
Authors: Zhurzhenko Tatiana
Published: May 2004

It is well known that the idea and practice of cross-border cooperation have been developed in postwar Europe with the intention of overcoming the economic and social isolation of border regions and reconciling the hostilities between former enemies. But as a precondition for this process the new map of European borders had to be perceived as “final” and “just,” and as such it was legitimized on international and national levels. Moreover, it was the universal acceptance of the principle of the invariability of borders which made it possible for national governments to grant border regions more freedom in their contacts with the neighbours. The same applies in principle to the former socialist countries, where cross-border cooperation is supposed to help overcome the post-Cold-War division of Europe.
The Siberian Frontier between “White Mission” and “Yellow Peril,” 1890s–1920s
Authors: Stolberg Eva-Maria
Published: May 2004

The Russian conquest of Siberia was not only a remarkable event in world history like the conquest of the New World by the Western European nations, but also a decisive step in Russia's empire-building. Through territorial enlargement the empire became multiethnic. This process resembled the expansion of the white settlers in North America. Like North America, Siberia represented an “open frontier.” Harsh nature and the encounter between the white settlers and the “savages” formed the identity of the frontier. From the perspective of modern cultural anthropology the frontier also shaped reflections on the self and the other. There existed, however, a decisive difference to the American frontier: Siberia became a meeting ground for Russian and Asian cultures. Whereas the American frontier—except in the encounter with Mexico—remained isolated, Russians early came in contact with Asian nations. From the early emergence of a modern state in Russia during the era of Enlightenment, Russia came into manifold contacts with “civilized” Asians (Chinese, Japanese, Koreans) and with “uncivilized” Asians, i.e. the tribes of Siberia. At the junction between Europe and Asia, Russia as a Eurasian empire was the sole country in Europe which was so near to Asia. It was therefore logical that Russia felt a kind of mission toward Asia and required the role of a mediator between Europe and Asia.
An Examination of Russian Imperialism: Russian Military and Intellectual Descriptions of the Caucasians during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878
Authors: Acar Keziban
Published: May 2004

In nineteenth-century Russia, the Caucasus was a large region composed of various territories and ethnic and religious groups. This region included Circassia, Mingrelia, Georgia, a part of Armenia, the ancient Media, Daghestan and the territories of Suanctians, Ossetians, Abkhazians, Karakalpaks and other mountaineer nations. During the nineteenth century, Persia, Russia and the Ottoman Empire wanted to establish their influence and power on the Caucasus. Due to this conflict, these powers, especially Russia with Persia and Russia with the Ottoman Empire, fought with each other.
Institutional Power and the Rise of Milošević
Authors: Vladisavljevic Nebojsa
Published: May 2004

The consensus among specialists on the politics of socialist Yugoslavia and supporters of Slobodan Milošević is that he rose personally as the leader due to a broad appeal of his political programme. According to one version of the political programme thesis, Milošević overwhelmed his initially more powerful opponents in the leadership of Serbia in 1987 by obtaining majority support in higher ranks of the party for his nationalist programme, namely the reduction of autonomy of Kosovo. The other version of the thesis says that he extended nationalist appeals to the population at large and established control over party and state organs in the largest republic of federal Yugoslavia largely by bringing pressure from society on the political elite. In any case, Milošević emerged from the leadership struggle as a very powerful leader and was thus able to purge his rivals from the regional leadership and embark upon the implementation of a nationalist programme. The supporters of Milošević have largely agreed with the specialists. Borisav Jović, his right-hand man, claimed, “the removal of bureaucratic leadership of Serbia, which had subserviently accepted the division of Serbia in three parts,” to be one of their main achievements.
One Ukraine or Many? Regionalism in Ukraine and Its Political Consequences
Authors: Barrington Lowell W. , Herron Erik S.
Published: May 2004

Intra-state regional differences are a central topic in the study of European and Eurasian politics. In Ukraine, regional differences have proven to be powerful predictors of mass attitudes and political behavior. But what does the “regional factor” in Ukrainian politics represent? Is it simply the result of compositional effects, or are the regional differences more than just a sum of other demographic factors correlated with geographic divisions? When analyzing regional divisions as an explanatory variable, what are the implications of employing different regional frameworks? In this article, we demonstrate how geographic divisions in the country hold up even when others factors—such as ethnicity and language use—are controlled for. As part of this inquiry, we compare the results of three competing regional frameworks for Ukraine: one with two regions, one with four regions and one with eight regions. While the eight-region framework is uncommon in studies of Ukraine, the decision to examine eight regions is supported by historical, economic and demographic arguments, as well as by the results of the statistical analyses presented in this article. Scholars who have focused on fewer regions in Ukraine may have underestimated the effects of regional differences and missed interesting stories about intra-state variation in Ukrainian attitudes and voting behavior. The results of this study carry important implications not only for the study of Ukraine but also for those interested in intra-state regional divisions across Europe and Eurasia.
Azerbaijan after Heydar Aliev
Authors: Rasizade Alec
Published: May 2004

The 15 October 2003 presidential election went down in the history of Azerbaijan as a turning point for three reasons. First, it provided a legitimacy for the transfer of power from ailing President Heydar Aliev to his son Ilham. Second, it demonstrated the unwillingness of the so-called “international community” to risk jeopardizing geostrategic and economic interests by unequivocally condemning blatant falsification of the ballot. And, third, by failing to condemn falsification of the ballot, the international community has signaled to other entrenched Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) leaders that they have little to lose by following the Azeri example. However, the developments one month later in Georgia evidently worried them that the popular protests that forced President Shevardnadze from power could have adverse repercussions for incumbent leaders across the region.
The Two Faces of Contemporary Eurasianism: An Imperial Version of Russian Nationalism
Authors: Laruelle Marlène
Published: May 2004

The Eurasianist ideology is coming back on the Russian political and intellectual scene but also among the Turkic and Muslim elites in the Russian Federation and in Kazakhstan. The political, economic, social and identity difficulties of the transition invite Russians and other post-Soviet citizens to think about their relations with Europe and about the relevance of taking the West as a model. In this context of destabilization, Eurasianism proposes a geopolitical solution for the post-Soviet space. It presupposes the existence of a third continent between East and West, called “Eurasia,” and supports the idea of an organic unity of cultures born in this zone of symbiosis between Russian, Turkic, Muslim and even Chinese worlds. Neo-Eurasianism is the main ideology born among the different Russian conservative movements in the 1990s. Its theories are very little known, but the idea of an entity called Eurasia, regrouping the center of the old continent in which Russia would be “at home,” is more and more rife. It attracted many intellectuals and politicians in the first years after the collapse of the Soviet Union: Eurasianism was a way to explain the “disaster.”
The “Pugachev Rebellion” in the Context of Post-Soviet Kazakh Nationalization*
Authors: Commercio Michele E.
Published: May 2004

Freedom from the Soviet empire created an opportunity for elites of each former Soviet Socialist Republic to “nationalize” their newly independent state. Most observers of contemporary Kazakh politics would agree that Kazakhstan has taken advantage of this historic opportunity, and can thus be classified as a nationalizing state. For Rogers Brubaker, a nationalizing state is perceived by its elites as a nation-state of and for a particular nation, but simultaneously as an “incomplete” or “unrealized” nation-state. To resolve this problem of incompleteness and to counteract perceived discrimination, Brubaker argues, “nationalizing elites urge and undertake action to promote the language, culture, demographic preponderance, economic flourishing, or political hegemony of the core ethnocultural nation.” While the foundation of any Soviet successor state's nationalization program is a cluster of implemented formal policies that privilege the titular nation, these policies are often reinforced by informal practices, primarily discriminatory personnel practices, with the same function. Much has been written about Kazakhstan's nationalization strategy, and not surprisingly scholars rely on what they know about formal policies and informal practices to characterize that strategy. Little has been written, however, about the “Pugachev Rebellion” in Ust'-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan, and nothing has been written about the relationship between the official Kazakh reaction to what I call the “Pugachev incident,” and Kazakhstan's nationalization strategy in general. This article sorts out confusing events surrounding the Pugachev incident, and offers an interpretation of the official Kazakh reaction, which is best understood when situated in the broader context of Kazakh nationalization, to the incident.