bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multimodal character viewpoint in quoted dialogue sequences
Authors: Stec Kashmiri , Huiskes Mike , Wieling Martijn , Redeker Gisela
Published: May 2017

We investigate the multimodal production of character viewpoint in spoken American English narratives by performing complementary qualitative and quantitative analyses of two quoted dialogues, focusing on the storyteller’s use of character viewpoint gestures, character intonation, character facial expression, spatial orientation and gaze. A micro-analysis revealed that the extent of multimodal articulation depends on (i) the quoted speaker, with different multimodal articulatory patterns found for quotes by the speaker’s past self vs. a third-person character, and (ii) the position of the quoted utterance within the quoted dialogue, with mid-dialogue utterances garnering less co-articulation than initial or final utterances within the quoted dialogue. We further investigated these observations using a quantitative approach, which was based on generalized additive modeling (GAM). The GAM analysis revealed different multimodal patterns for each quoted character, as indicated by the number of co-produced multimodal articulators. These patterns were found to hold regardless of the quote’s position within the narrative. We discuss these findings with respect to previous work on multimodal quotation.This article is part of the special collection: Perspective Taking
Total reduplication in Japanese ideophones: An exercise in Localized Canonical Typology
Authors: Kwon Nahyun
Published: May 2017

Cross-linguistically, reduplication associated with iconic readings, such as plurality, iteration, and continuation, is prevalent in ideophones. However, not all reduplicative processes in ideophones are clearly iconic. Notably, both less and more iconic uses of reduplication are encountered in ordinary vocabulary resulting in the overlapping semantic functions of reduplication between ideophonic and non-ideophonic (i.e., prosaic) lexical categories. Given this, the aim of this paper is not to establish one clear-cut point to distinguish ideophonic reduplication from prosaic reduplication that may be impossible, but to specify dimensions of possibilities along which several instances of ideophonic and prosaic reduplication can be calibrated, using Canonical Typology (Corbett 2003; 2005; 2006; 2007; 2012; 2015). The current paper adopts the canonical approach of typology in an innovative way – not to compare a reduplicative phenomenon across languages (classic “typology”), but within a language by drawing ideophonic and prosaic data from Japanese, which is rich in reduplication and ideophones. Measuring the canonicity values of the various occurring types of ideophonic and prosaic reduplication against six criteria for canonical ideophonic reduplication, this paper shows how many and what criteria can differentiate the two sets of phenomena. Consequently, it reveals how ideophonic and prosaic reduplication are alike or different from each other. It also demonstrates the utility of Localized Canonical Typology, for the precise description and analysis of complex categories in a single language.
Agente de viagens ou consultor de viagens? O perfil profissional da Agência Viajar Faz Bem de Campo Mourão (Paraná/PR, Brasil) para atuação com consultoria de viagens
Authors: Oliveira Anna Caroline dos Santos , Holm Carla Caroline
Published: May 2017

A globalização e a evolução tecnológica promovem mudanças nos mais diversos setores do mundo o tempo todo e para poder acompanhar tais transformações, a atividade turística precisou se reinventar para que deste modo pudesse se manter em um mercado de alta competitividade. Estes processos deram origem ao consultor de viagens atuando no agenciamento, porém existem algumas divergências em relação à prestação de serviço destes profissionais quando comparada aos dos agentes de viagens e diante disso, nesse trabalho se discutiu acerca de qual seria o perfil deste profissional e quais os diferenciais necessários para a sua atuação no mercado. O objetivo geral consistiu em verificar a possibilidade de atuação no segmento de consultoria de viagens pela Agência Viajar Faz Bem de Campo Mourão (Paraná/PR, Brasil) e por meio de revisão bibliográfica, observação de campo e entrevistas com a equipe do empreendimento, o estudo de caso revelou que o consultor de viagens estaria primeiramente preocupado com a segurança, satisfação e atendimento personalizado do cliente final, de modo que este poderia ser um mercado mais explorado pela agência de viagens abordada no presente trabalho.
A Place by the Fire
Authors: Classen Constance
Published: May 2017

This chapter embarks on a tactile history of the Middle Ages. It considers the sensory effects of different areas in the medieval milieu: the social body, heat, city walls, work routines, and bodily comforts. Alongside the strength of the social body (the identification of the individual within the group), the chapter also explores the ways in which the common touch can uphold or destroy the medieval social order. Next, the chapter turns to the role of heat and warmth in intimate domestic spaces before moving on to the larger domain of city life as well as the rigors of farm work and agricultural cycles. Capping off this discussion of daily medieval life, the chapter delves into the rites of pleasure, where the hardness of work is contrasted with the softness of comfort.
The Modern Touch
Authors: Classen Constance
Published: May 2017

This chapter chronicles the gradual decline of the sense of touch as humanity enters the modern age. The sense of touch was gradually displaced from its social centrality during the later Middle Ages, giving way to a more eye-minded culture of modernity. The chapter recounts the many developments which contributed to the changing relevance of the tactile sense. However, rather than fade entirely from the modern purview, tactile experiences simply persisted in a variety of niches: physical therapies, the culture of comfort, the philosophy of sensation, and so on. The chapter also rounds out the decline of tactile authority and the rise of modernity in two key anecdotes: Petrarch's 1336 climb up Mont Ventoux in Provence and the smashing of the sainte ampoule in Reims in 1793.
Seduction and Subversion
Authors: Reinarz Jonathan
Published: May 2017

This chapter details a variety of historical contexts where distinctions between masculine and feminine scents were less clear or only beginning to be outlined with clarity. The distinction between male and female scents emerges as a relatively recent invention in the long history of perfume. Only in the last couple of decades have perfumers attempted to reintroduce consumers to unisex, let alone queer, scents. Moreover, while in the last century the perfume industry may have employed disproportionate numbers of male scientists to improve rates of extraction and build global empires, the captains of this vast industry during periods of great expansion were just as often women. This chapter aims to address these and other aspects of smell culture and to broadly chart the overtly gendered olfactory landscape from ancient to modern times.
The Vessel of the Eternal Present
Authors: Gann Kyle
Published: May 2017

This chapter situates Robert Ashley's formative years in his home state of Michigan. Born on March 28, 1930 in Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ashley would grow up in the musically prestigious shadow of the University of Michigan, where many famous composers have taught, although he would never teach there himself. Ashley earned his bachelor's degree from that university, however, and later worked on a doctorate there, which he never completed. On and off, the town remained his center of activities for 39 years, and he even referred to it as “Headquarters.” To some extent, he thinks of his operas as drawn from the melody of the distinctive southeastern Michigan accent. Ashley would spend the early part of his creative life in Ann Arbor as co-founder and co-director of the ONCE festivals.
Hal Hartley
Authors: Berrettini Mark L.
Published: May 2017

Since the late 1980s, Hal Hartley has challenged standards of realist narrative cinema with daring narrative constructions, character development, and the creation of an unconventional visual world. This pioneering critical overview of his work and its cultural–historical context discusses seven of Hartley's feature films, including The Unbelievable Truth, Trust, Simple Men, Amateur, Henry Fool, Fay Grim, and The Book of Life. Drawing on journalism, theories of representation, narrative and genre, and cinema history, the book discusses the absurdist–comedic representation of serious themes in Hartley's films: impossible love, coincidence and human relations, extreme isolation, and the restrictions posed by gender norms. It looks at the films' consistently absurd tone and notes how these themes reappear within framing narratives that shift from the seemingly mundane in Hartley's earliest works to the vibrantly creative and fantastic in his later films. The book concludes with a pair of in-depth interviews with the director from two distinct points in his career.
On the Condition of Anonymity
Authors: Carlson Matt
Published: May 2017

This book confronts the promise and perils of unnamed sources in this exhaustive analysis of controversial episodes in American journalism during the George W. Bush administration, from prewar reporting mistakes at the New York Times and Washington Post to the Valerie Plame leak case and Dan Rather's lawsuit against CBS News. Weaving a narrative thread that stretches from the uncritical post-9/11 era to the spectacle of the Scooter Libby trial, the book examines a tense period in American history through the lens of journalism. Revealing new insights about high-profile cases involving confidential sources, he highlights contextual and structural features of the era, including pressure from the right, scrutiny from new media and citizen journalists, and the struggles of traditional media to survive amid increased competition and decreased resources. In exploring the recent debates among journalists and critics over the appropriate roles of media, the book underscores the potential for unattributed information to be both an effective tool in uncovering necessary information about vital institutions and a means for embroiling journalists in controversy and damaging the credibility of already struggling news outlets. The book maps the varying perspectives on confidential sources to foster a deeper understanding of moments of crisis, anxiety, transformation, and power in American history and American journalism.
Midwest City Life
Authors: Steinberg Ellen F. , Prost Jack H.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the Sephardic Jews who settled in the Midwest. Wherever the Sephardi settled in the Heartland, the local press often noted their presence and customs, because they were distinct enough from the more familiar Ashkenazi to warrant comment. They were multinational and multilingual by culture and practice. Instead of speaking German or Yiddish, as did most of the Ashkenazi of Europe, many Sephardic Jews spoke, wrote, and prayed in Ladino. Sephardic interpretations of halakhah (Jewish Law), dating to the sixteenth century, were also distinct from those of the Ashkenazic. The major difference relates to the holiday of Passover that celebrates the Israelites' liberation from Egyptian slavery. During the eight days of Passover, no Jew is supposed to consume hametz (leavened) grain products that have come into contact with moisture for more than eighteen minutes or that have been made with yeast. While also abstaining from leavened breads, Sephardim do not include rice-based cakes, fritters, or other baked goods in the category of proscribed hametz because the main component cannot rise even with the addition of yeast. Sephardic rules also permit the consumption of legumes during this holiday. As a case in point, delicacies, such as Frittada de Pressa (fried leek pancakes) and nutty-flavored Sodra/Sorda (fava bean soup), are consumed with gusto at Sephardic ritual Passover meals.
Jews in Small Towns, on the Farms, and In-Between
Authors: Steinberg Ellen F. , Prost Jack H.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Eastern European Jewish settlers in the Midwest. Eastern European Jews left their homes, crossing vast expanses of terrain in all kinds of weather, heading for a harbor where they could board a ship to take them to America. While majority headed straight for urban centers, a smaller number of Jewish immigrants headed toward America's less congested towns and cities. The mass migration that began in 1881 affected the makeup of America's major Jewish centers almost immediately, but it took perhaps a decade, and sometimes longer, for East Europeans to begin arriving in smaller cities and towns in significant numbers. The German-Jews, although somewhat ambivalent toward these newcomers, rallied to provide whatever support they could—money, food, clothing, English lessons, citizenship and cooking classes.
Demography and Ethos
Authors: Reed Christopher Robert
Published: May 2017

The political economy of the 1920s were intricately linked to the demographic changes, emerging social structure, level of racial consciousness, cultural and aesthetic expressions, and religious practices and activities of this pivotal period in Chicago's history. This chapter focuses on demographics and the thinking accompanying the expansion of this population. Between 1910 and 1920, the African American population of Chicago increased by 148.5 percent. By 1927, a head count around the city in all three of the major geographical divisions found 196,569 persons of African descent in residence. The demographic growth of the Black Metropolis rested firmly on the continuous in-migration of primarily adults from the South—not only from the plantations of the Deep South and small towns but also cities such as Birmingham, New Orleans, Atlanta, and Mobile. Chicago's new Negro personality also bloomed and grew enormously in terms of an expanded African American worldview, expectations, and accomplishments.
Postwar Hopes
Authors: Fousekis Natalie M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the protests that erupted in California when the federal government threatened to close the Lanham Act centers and the broad-based coalition that pushed for a permanent program in California. That year, 1946, marked a moment of possibility for advocates of state-supported child care for working mothers. Many in the progressive coalition insisted that wartime child care should be the basis for a universal nursery school program on the state level. While these citizens saw child care as social service the government should provide, political leaders had a different view. In the eyes of most politicians, the centers represented a temporary service only for the state's neediest residents.
Child Care “Is a State Problem”
Authors: Fousekis Natalie M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter studies the politicization of mothers and educators, and the strategies they employed to fight for child care in an era of conservatism and fiscal constraints. At first, parents and educators relied on haphazard organizing strategies and ad hoc committees to keep centers open. However, for these neophyte activists to command the kind of respect that organizations like the League of Women Voters enjoyed, they had to establish their own statewide organizations, forge new tactics for gaining allies in the legislature, and find novel venues for spreading their message about child care. By articulating a dual needs argument, contending that services for their children would benefit society, working mothers and educators gradually made their vision of child care central to legislators' views of the public services.
A Different Kind of Welfare State
Authors: Fousekis Natalie M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at the new voices that began speaking for child care, both in California and across the nation: black mothers in the welfare rights movement and white middle-class women in the feminist movement. While black and white poor mothers organized in CPACC and around welfare rights, a more visible women's movement developed among predominantly the white middle class. In 1966, the National Organization for Women (NOW) emerged out of frustration over the government's unwillingness to enforce Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which made discrimination by sex as well as by race illegal. With seasoned women's rights, labor feminists, and a few black women at its helm, NOW quickly moved to the forefront of the struggle for women's equality.
L.A. High and the Science Fiction League
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses Ray Bradbury's achievement in fiction as a student at Los Angeles High School and his membership in Science Fiction League (SFL). It begins with a discussion of Bradbury's early obsession with Hollywood, as seen in his snapshots of scores of Hollywood stars and in more than a thousand autographs of Hollywood personalities, as well as with radio. It then considers Bradbury's fascination with the concept of space and on space and time travel during his time at Los Angeles High School; his participation in the activities of the Los Angeles SFL and editorial work with the organization; and his involvement with the school's poetry club known as “The Ink Beasts.” It also discusses how Bradbury's narratives were inspired by science fiction and fantasy pulps, such as those of Edgar Rice Burroughs and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Finally, it recounts Bradbury's performance at a school production in May 1938.
NYCon 1939
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Ray Bradbury's travel to New York City in 1939 to attend the WorldCon, or NYCon I. Early in 1938 Bradbury wrote an editor's introduction for his version of Imagination! ('Madge), the newsletter of Science Fiction League's Los Angeles chapter. Although this document never reached print, it provides a snapshot of Bradbury's earliest serious attempt at editing and publishing. Bradbury offered up two of his own unpublished stories: “Alba of Alnitak” and “The Road to Autumn's House.” After high school, Bradbury focused on occasional contributions to various fanzines. This chapter discusses Bradbury's participation in NYCon, the first worldwide gathering of science fiction fans and writers in New York which also provided an opportunity for the West Coast fans to see the World Fair. It also considers Bradbury's fascination with John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath and how Steinbeck's interchapter bridging structure influenced his own Martian Chronicles.
Early Disappointments: The Science Fiction Pulps
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Ray Bradbury's early disappointments in getting his science fiction stories published. Publication of Bradbury's new short stories, written in collaboration with Henry Hasse, in science fiction pulps proved to be a far more difficult proposition than it had been with “Pendulum.” In October 1941, for example, Julius Schwartz was able to place “Gabriel's Horn” in Captain Future, but it reached print only in the spring 1943 issue. This chapter considers Bradbury's limited success with any of his science fiction stories after ending his collaboration with Hasse, including “Eat, Drink, and Be Wary,” which he sold to John Campbell for the “Probability Zero” contest in the July issue of Astounding; only “The Candle” appeared in print during the rest of the year—in the November 1942 issue of Weird Tales.
An Emerging Sense of Critical Judgment
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Ray Bradbury's emerging sense of critical judgment toward literary work. Bradbury had trouble maintaining objectivity in assessing an author's work. For Bradbury, literary work is the expression of the author, and one cannot be separated from the other. His literary criticism involved looking for a glimpse of the author's soul in every word he read, and this is evident in his treatment of writers such as Ernest Hemingway and Aldous Huxley. This chapter considers how Bradbury came to understand some aspects of the great turn-of-the-century changes in American literature that led from romanticism to realism and on to the more subjective experiments of Modernism, as well as the earlier but parallel transitions in modern art into subjective forms like impressionism, expressionism, and surrealism. It also discusses Bradbury's reading of Frederic Prokosch's novels The Asiatics (1935) and The Seven Who Fled (1937), and especially the former influence on his fanzine tale “The Piper”.
From Arkham to New York
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Ray Bradbury's trip to New York in 1946 where he met with various magazine editors and book publishers with the help of Don Congdon. Throughout 1946, Bradbury had to navigate the increasingly complicated process of bringing Dark Carnival to publication. August Derleth had originally expected to list Bradbury's first book as an Arkham House release for the summer or fall of 1946, but Bradbury's continuing revisions pushed the actual publication date to May 1947. This chapter discusses Bradbury's time in New York and the magazine editors and book publishers he met there, including Innes MacCammond, John Shaffner of Good Housekeeping, Charles Addams and Sam Cobean, Frederic Danay, and Paul Payne of Fiction House. It also describes Bradbury's first face-to-face meeting with Jack Snow, a promotional writer at NBC radio.
The Illinois Novel
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses Ray Bradbury's struggles in developing and marketing the Illinois novel. Under Don Congdon and the Matson Agency, only a few of Bradbury's earlier direct negotiations finally brought in some much-needed cash. These included “I See You Never” and a Mel Dinelli adaptation of his unpublished noir ventriloquist fantasy “Riabouchinska,” along with “The Screaming Woman” and “Summer Night.” This chapter first examines Bradbury's development of the childlike pattern of war metaphors to structure the opening chapters of the Illinois novel, as well as his experimentation with his own warlike version of early childhood rebellion in “One Timeless Spring.” It also considers Bradbury's focus on the deeper complexities of child–adult relationships through a novel-length concept of his own, which drew him back to an aspect of Christopher Morley's 1925 novel, Thunder on the Left, that fascinated him—Morley's notion of time and relationships.
The Wheel of Fortune
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Ray Bradbury's continued relationship with his mentors, offering advice to them while affecting the tone and diction of his apprentice years. In early 1952 William F. Nolan published The Ray Bradbury Review, a booklet documenting Bradbury's creative output as projected through the end of the year. The next year Nolan privately printed a supplemental Bradbury Index and also offered a detailed account of Bradbury's major works-in-progress as well as his media work. This chapter first considers Bradbury's mentorship of emerging and young writers such as Nolan, Charles Beaumont, and George Clayton Johnson during the early 1950s, interacting with them and giving them encouragement. It then discusses Bradbury's conscious efforts to repay the blessings he had received from his old friends and mentors a decade earlier, including Edmond Hamilton, Leigh Brackett, Hank Kuttner, and C. L. Moore.
Bantam and Ballantine
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Ray Bradbury's mass-market paperback anthology Timeless Stories for Today and Tomorrow, published by Bantam, and his contract with Ballantine for three science fiction novellas. Timeless Stories, which reached bookstores in time for the fall 1952 publishing season, was Bradbury's first achievement as a literary editor. Featuring works by twenty-five authors, the anthology reflected a more optimistic aspect of the myths Bradbury was developing to negotiate modernity as a writer. Most of the selections played into a more fundamental Bradbury strategy—his long-standing goal of extending fantasy into the literary mainstream by including “authors who rarely write fantasy.” Bradbury wanted to define fantasy by guarding against the dangers that lurked just beyond its margins. This chapter first considers how Bradbury's editorship of Timeless Stories had forced him to articulate his sense of authorship in a way he had never done before. It then looks at Bradbury's Ballantine book contract for his three novellas.
The Last Night of the World
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter reflects on Ray Bradbury's career, describing him as a writer who never really fit the genres he was assigned to. It begins with a discussion of Fahrenheit 451, a novel that illustrates how the ideas in Bradbury's science fiction, often dark and occasionally hopeful, had become cautionary. For Bradbury, the future danger was not technology, but the humans who will control it. The nuclear war that closes both “The Fireman” and Fahrenheit 451 ran parallel to a number of mid-century Bradbury stories, such as “The Last Night of the World” and the last four tales in The Martian Chronicles. This chapter also considers Bradbury's strengths and shortcomings as a creative writer, one who could not resist the temptation of playing the storyteller with details of his own life, but also absolutely true to his public convictions; his desire to be true to his Muse, to write for himself with little regard for outside pressures, has been a constant hallmark of his writing career.
Religion Applied
Authors: Gellman Erik S. , Roll Jarod
Published: May 2017

This chapter details the efforts of the People's Institute of Applied Religion (PIAR) to apply the ancient definition of religion, “to bind you to something,” in uniting southern laborers into unions through the revolutionary gospel. It shows how PIAR activists would successfully establish a leadership training program in Memphis, which long stood under the shadow of racial discrimination and white supremacy, and how the PIAR activists would later extend their social campaign to Detroit, albeit not without some difficulties, as wartime Detroit proved to be a formidable battleground for PIAR. The chapter concludes with accounts of further successes in Detroit and in other cities and challenges ahead for the applied religion activists.
A New Industry
Authors: Short Simine
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Octave Chanute's growing interest in wood preservation. In 1880, the Department of Forestry statistics forecast that the nation's supply of white pine would be exhausted in eleven years and hardwood within twenty-five. Chanute was arguably the first American to show his concern for preserving natural resources; he demonstrated the commercial feasibility of preserving wood to slow deforestation. Gradually, railroaders recognized the need to make timber last as long as possible and they realized that increasing the life of ties decreased the cost of track repair. Chanute and his partner Joseph Card designed and erected the first large-scale American commercial wood preservation works for the Santa Fe in Las Vegas, New Mexico, in 1885; for the Union Pacific in Laramie, Wyoming, in July 1886; and for the Rock Island and other customers in Chicago in May 1886. These were the first and only works treating ties on a large scale until other American railroads followed more than a decade later.
Novel Bondage
Authors: Chakkalakal Tess
Published: May 2017

This book unravels the interconnections between marriage, slavery, and freedom through renewed readings of canonical nineteenth-century novels and short stories by black and white authors. Situating close readings of fiction alongside archival material concerning the actual marriages of authors such as Lydia Maria Child, Harriet Beecher Stowe, William Wells Brown, and Frank J. Webb, the book examines how these early novels established literary conventions for describing the domestic lives of American slaves in describing their aspirations for personal and civic freedom. Exploring this theme in post-Civil War works by Frances E.W. Harper and Charles Chesnutt, the book further reveals how the slave-marriage plot served as a fictional model for reforming marriage laws. The book invites readers to rethink the “marital work” of nineteenth-century fiction and the historical role it played in shaping our understanding of the literary and political meaning of marriage, then and now.
Introduction
Authors: Stanley Liz , Naji Catherine
Published: May 2017

“I finished a play. It had been begun three months earlier, and the title I gave it was Les bouches inutiles. Ever since I had attended the rehearsals of The Flies I had been thinking of writing a play.”1

Les bouches inutiles (The Useless Mouths...
Introduction
Authors: Gilbert Dennis A.
Published: May 2017

One must admire today the extent to which the terrain of Simone de Beauvoir scholarship has changed over these last decades: the Beauvoir whose centennial we celebrated in 2008 is a very different public and private figure from the one whose death we mourned in 1986. Still, little critical attention continues to be paid to Beauvoir’s relationship to theater, admittedly a small portion of her creative activity with ...
Introduction
Authors: Holveck Eleanore
Published: May 2017

During the thirteen years when these short prefaces were written, 1964 to 1977, Simone de Beauvoir produced an astonishing amount of work. She finished the memoir of her mother, Une mort très douce (A Very Easy Death) (1964) and the fourth volume of her autobiography, ...
Carla Bley
Authors: Beal Amy C.
Published: May 2017

This is the first comprehensive treatment of the remarkable music and influence of Carla Bley, a highly innovative American jazz composer, pianist, organist, band leader, and activist. Giving attention to Bley's diverse compositions over the last fifty years spanning critical moments in jazz and experimental music history, this book provides a long-overdue representation of a major figure in American music. Bley is best known for her jazz opera “Escalator over the Hill,” her role in the Free Jazz movement of the 1960s, and her collaborations with artists such as Jack Bruce, Don Cherry, Robert Wyatt, and Pink Floyd drummer Nick Mason. She has successfully maneuvered the field of jazz creating works that range from the highly accessible and tradition-based to commercially unviable and avant-garde. The book details the staggering variety in Bley's work as well as her use of parody, quotations, and contradictions, examining the vocabulary Bley has developed throughout her career and highlighting the compositional and cultural significance of her experimentalism. The book also points to Bley's professional and managerial work as a pioneer in the development of artist-owned record labels, the cofounder and manager of WATT Records, and the cofounder of New Music Distribution Service. The book shows Bley to be not just an artist but an activist who has maintained musical independence and professional control amid the profit-driven, corporation-dominated world of commercial jazz.
Escalator over the Hill
Authors: Beal Amy C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at Bley's most ambitious work to date: Escalator over the Hill (1971). Though the work is colloquially referred to as a “jazz opera,” its creators called it a “chronotransduction.” Widely considered Bley's greatest achievement, the musically unclassifiable Escalator over the Hill is an epic, somewhat impenetrable work of art, one that nourished Bley's proclivity toward musical boundary crossing and her genuinely collaborative nature. It was the first record released in her own name, and every aspect of this production belonged to Bley, from composing, arranging, playing, singing, and conducting to editing and mixing the tapes and preparing the master. Ultimately, the elaborate instrumentation of Escalator over the Hill reflects Bley's eclectic tastes, as well as the serendipity and haphazardness of her casting; having little money to pay performers, Bley notoriously drew in everyone she could, plus their relatives and roommates.
End of Vienna
Authors: Beal Amy C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses Bley's Fancy Chamber Music (1998). Though many of Bley's non-big-band compositions are chamber music of some kind, since the mid-1980s, she has occasionally worked in a category she calls “Fancy Chamber Music.” Compositions in this category consist of fully notated pieces for nonimprovising musicians. In 1996, Bley released the record Fancy Chamber Music, which includes six works played by an octet. As she does with all the musical styles she embraces within her compositions and arrangements, Bley engages the European classical tradition fully. Yet she complicates her musical relationship to that tradition through humor, allusion, and recontextualization. Nevertheless, she has studied the European classical canon with great discipline.
The 1995 Strike and the Rejection of the Second Contract
Authors: Cloud Dana L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores three dimensions of the 1995 strike at Boeing from the rank-and-file perspective: the lived experience of preparation for and enacting of the strike; the sense of ownership and pride at the rejection of a contract that, despite union endorsement of it, was unacceptable to the majority of Boeing workers; and the outcomes of the strike in terms of both the resulting contract and the significant place of this event in the long-term memory of union activists. It argues that the 1995 strike, and especially the rejection of not only the first but also the second contract offered by the company and supported by the union, filled rank-and-file workers with a sense of control over their destinies in a ruthless corporate climate. This victory over the neoliberal regime provides a lesson in what is necessary to the reinvigoration of unions today. The first necessary element is readiness to strike.
Chronicling Trauma
Authors: Underwood Doug
Published: May 2017

To attract readers, journalists have long trafficked in the causes of trauma—crime, violence, warfare—as well as psychological profiling of deviance and aberrational personalities. Novelists, in turn, have explored these same subjects in developing their characters and by borrowing from their own traumatic life stories to shape the themes and psychological terrain of their fiction. This book offers a conceptual and historical framework for comprehending the impact of trauma and violence in the careers and the writings of important journalist–literary figures in the United States and British Isles from the early 1700s to today. Grounded in the latest research in the fields of trauma studies, literary biography, and the history of journalism, the book draws upon the lively accounts of popular writers such as Charles Dickens, Ernest Hemingway, Dorothy Parker, Graham Greene, and Truman Capote, exploring the role that trauma has played in shaping their literary works. The book notes that the influence of traumatic experience upon journalistic literature is being reshaped by a number of factors, including news media trends, the advance of the Internet, the changing nature of the journalism profession, the proliferation of psychoactive drugs, and journalists' greater self-awareness of the impact of trauma in their work. The book discusses more than a hundred writers whose works have won them fame, even at the price of their health, their families, and their lives.
The Gospel of Sustainability
Authors: Emerich Monica M.
Published: May 2017

From organic produce and clothing to socially conscious investing and eco-tourism, the Lifestyles of Health and Sustainability, or LOHAS, movement encompasses diverse products and practices intended to contribute to a more sustainable lifestyle for people and the planet. This book explores the contemporary spiritual expression of this green cultural shift at the confluence of the media and the market. This is the first book to qualitatively study the LOHAS marketplace and the development of a discourse of sustainability of the self and the social and natural worlds. The book draws on myriad sources related to the notions of mindful consumption found throughout the LOHAS marketplace, including not just products and services but marketing materials, events, lectures, regulatory policies, and conversations with leaders and consumers. These disparate texts, the book argues, universally project a spiritual message about personal and planetary health that is in turn reforming capitalism by making consumers more conscious.
Mindful Consumption
Authors: Emerich Monica M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter follows the trail of LOHAS texts in the infusion of consumption and production with spiritual meaning. It explores how LOHAS tries to depict sustainability and health as hip and fun, crafting “slow” into “sexy” and sexy into spiritual. It examines how LOHAS is evangelized and the manner in which participants see themselves as carriers of the truth, sent to build bridges among people, industries, nations, and the spheres of our lives. Integration is the endgame in LOHAS. To do that requires that media and market craft particularly appealing positive messages. The chapter shows how these are framed within broader cultural conversations about what it means to be “spiritual” in the context of environmentalism and social activism.
Toward an Integrative Spirituality of Sustainability
Authors: Emerich Monica M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter proposes that LOHAS represents a “spirituality of sustainability,” an integrative and pragmatic ethical system that seeks to help participants overcome the dissonance of modern life that has failed, in many ways, to deliver the promised goods of happiness and security. LOHAS juggles an enormous variety and number of concerns facing people around the world. While the focus is on the expression of LOHAS in the United States, LOHAS is a global phenomenon and that there is little doubt that LOHAS will express differently in different societies and cultures. For now, those necessary investigations must wait for other minds.
Welcome to Coal River
Authors: McNeil Bryan T.
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes the rise of mountaintop removal coal mining (MTR) and the uproar that accompanied it both in West Virginia and in Coal River. The conditions that facilitated MTR in the late 1990s included trends in industry stimulated by neoliberal corporate restructuring, labor relations, politics, government, and regulation. Manifestations of these conditions on multiple scales from federal regulations to local businesses have shaped the battle lines in Coal River. Out of these conditions, the chapter chronicles the emergence of a fresh round of activism against strip mining and the emergence of Coal River Mountain Watch (CRMW) within that activism. It also traces the history of Whitesville and Sylvester, two towns that sit side by side in the heart of Coal River.
Compañeros
Authors: Ramirez-Valles Jesus
Published: May 2017

Telling the affecting stories of eighty gay, bisexual, and transgender (GBT) Latino activists and volunteers living in Chicago and San Francisco, this book closely details how these individuals have been touched or transformed by the AIDS epidemic. Weaving together activists' responses to oppression and stigma, their encounters with AIDS, and their experiences as GBTs and Latinos in North America and Latin America, the book explores the intersection of civic involvement with ethnic and sexual identity. Even as activists battle multiple sources of oppression, they are able to restore their sense of family connection and self-esteem through the creation of an alternative space in which community members find value in their relationships with one another. In demonstrating the transformative effects of a nurturing community environment for GBT Latinos affected by the AIDS epidemic, the book illustrates that members find support in one another, as compañeros, in their struggles with homophobia, gender discrimination, racism, poverty, and forced migration.
Social-class Origins and Trajectories
Authors: Ramirez-Valles Jesus
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the social-class origins of the Latino GBT activists, the compañeros. It proposes that social-class origins shaped some of these compañeros' life circumstances. That is, the social-class location of the families in which the activists were raised was one factor, if not the most significant, among several. For instance, some of the men who grew up in a poor or working-class environment began working early in their childhood or youth, did not go to college, and emigrated to the United States. As adults, some of them also experienced homelessness and unemployment. Only in very few instances are these Latino GBTs able to change the course set by the social class into which they were born. However, the improvement some of them have made in their social-class standing has been due to their own resiliency or to random events.
Life with HIV and AIDS
Authors: Ramirez-Valles Jesus
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the experiences of those compañeros who live with HIV or AIDS. The majority of compañeros living with HIV and AIDS claim that the virus, while transforming their lives, has not fundamentally altered them as people. They also maintain that HIV and AIDS have offered them an opportunity and a lesson. The lesson is that one cannot live guided by others' rules and expectations, putting them before one's own wishes. The opportunity is to be true to oneself and attempt to realize one's dreams. On the other hand, there are those who claim that HIV neither transformed them nor brought any positive changes to their lives. Nevertheless, HIV and AIDS pushed them into activism to fight for their lives. Indeed, all of them initially got involved in the AIDS movement because of their own encounter with HIV and AIDS.
Introduction
Authors: Henry Charles P.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter discusses events that mark three periods of racial progress in U.S. history. These are: the period following the Revolutionary War, the period that began with the Civil War and ended with the compromise of 1877, and the period following World War II. Obama's election as president is believed to mark the beginning of a fourth. The analysis undertaken in this work along with some lessons from periods past enables us to speculate on how long the current period might last and what direction it might take. Unfortunately, these periods of racial progress come on the heels of national crises—wars—that destabilize the status quo and allow for the emergence of new ideas and leaders. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Race, the Presidency, and Obama’s First Year
Authors: Pinderhughes Dianne M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the presidential candidacy and early presidency of Barack Obama during 2008 and 2009. It looks at how candidate Obama managed race in the primary and general election campaigns, and then explores how President Obama has fared in handling race during the first one hundred days of his administration. First, it addresses race and gender in the primaries and the general elections and considers the factors that made his campaign successful. Secondly, it explores his transition, before turning to how he has shaped the presidential role and his accomplishments during his first year in office. Finally, it considers issues associated with President Obama's attention to his core domestic constituencies, specifically African American and Latino/a populations, and the challenges associated with racial policy.
Too Black and Too Strong
Authors: Taylor Ula Y.
Published: May 2017

This chapter attempts to engage the racist assumptions held by many Americans about a black woman's ability to be First Lady and about the appropriateness of an African American First Family. Michelle Obama has been an essential complement to Barack Obama, a candidate viewed as a postracial phenomenon. She has helped her husband win the credibility and trust of many African Americans because of her firm and confident racial identity, her rootedness in Chicago's African American community, and her upholding of the values central to her own family. However, functioning as the perfect partner to Barack has come at an enormous price for Michelle. It seems an all too familiar paradox that given the persistent power of racial and gender dynamics in this country, Michelle Obama must button down her exceptional education and career background, and the “too much blackness” so essential to her identity, in order to secure Barack's presidential bid.
President Obama
Authors: Kelley Robin D. G.
Published: May 2017

The chapter argues that President Obama had to “transcend” race by invoking a politics of color-blindness, building unity not by collectively acknowledging that the nation has a race problem, but through forgetting and ignoring the past and present. Moreover, anyone who believes an Obama administration is willing or able to challenge neoliberalism or has an interest in dismantling empire is deluded. He is president, and halfway into his first term he had made his political agenda clear: he has escalated the war in Afghanistan, is reluctant to reverse Bush policies of extraordinary rendition or refusing terror suspects trial, backed a watered-down health care reform bill, and the list goes on. Of course, he also faces the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression and intractable House and Senate Republicans. Obama may have been shaped by abolition democracy, but it is simply impossible to be a drum major for justice in the White House.
Defending Their Own in the Cold
Authors: Zimmerman Marc
Published: May 2017

This book explores U.S. Puerto Rican culture in past and recent contexts. The book presents East Coast, Midwest, and Chicago cultural production while exploring Puerto Rican musical, film, artistic, and literary performance. Working within the theoretical frame of cultural, postcolonial, and diasporic studies, the book relates the experience of Puerto Ricans to that of Chicanos and Cuban Americans, showing how even supposedly mainstream U.S. Puerto Ricans participate in a performative culture that embodies elements of possible cultural “Ricanstruction.” The book examines various dimensions of U.S. Puerto Rican artistic life, including relations with other ethnic groups and resistance to colonialism and cultural assimilation. To illustrate how Puerto Ricans have survived and created new identities and relations out of their colonized and diasporic circumstances, the book looks at the cultural examples of Latino entertainment stars such as Jennifer Lopez and Benicio del Toro, visual artists Juan Sánchez, Ramón Flores, and Elizam Escobar, as well as Nuyorican dancer turned Midwest poet Carmen Pursifull. It includes a comprehensive chapter on the development of U.S. Puerto Rican literature and a pioneering chapter on Chicago Puerto Rican writing. A final chapter considers Cuban cultural attitudes towards Puerto.
Introduction
Authors: Course Magnus
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's focus. This book explores the ways rural Mapuche people in one part of southern Chile create social relations, and are in turn themselves products of such relations. The different forms of social relations may be referred to as “modes of sociality,” a deliberately vague term that goes beyond “kinship” to include the symbolic value of all kinds of relations: those between kin, those between nonkin, those between persons and animals, and those between persons and spirits. This analysis of the Mapuche person and its concomitant modes of sociality allows for a reconceptualization, not only of the major social events of rural Mapuche life, but also of the nature of social aggregates or groups and the role they play in the rapidly changing relations Mapuche people have with the Chilean state.