bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DISTRIBUTED COOPERATION IN INTEGRATED INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Authors: JARKE MATTHIAS , ELLIS CLARENCE A.
Published: November 2004

Cooperation is the organizational motivation behind computer networks. In these networks, information systems progress from their traditional file cabinet role to become advanced communications media that enable cooperation across boundaries of space and time. The Third ICIS Workshop, held at Dagstuhl Castle, Germany, in April 1992 addressed the question: what does this observation entail for computer science research, practice, and education?

Research implications. Cooperation technology provides interfaces between people rather than between humans and machines. The simplistic distinctions of CSCW research in the 1980’s (synchronous vs. asynchronous, local vs. distributed, message passing vs. information sharing) detract from the central goal that coordination should not get in the way of human interaction. On the one hand, CSCW operates in a coherent organizational and technological framework. Real-time group interfaces must be embedded in process-oriented repositories for long-term cooperation; change management is the crucial research issue. On the other hand, CSCW must be enriched with domain information. Studies of the usage and organizational embedding of information technology cannot be delegated to the social sciences alone because they do not have the answers either.

Business implications. “Killer applications” that prove the value of CSCW beyond electronic mail and videoconferencing have yet to emerge. One suggestion is to develop theory and product ideas in the context of actual applications through direct links between researchers and users. A more vendor-oriented approach focuses on developing core technology on which application-specific services can be delivered. This latter infrastructure market, though important, is obviously much smaller; it is the services that pay back the investments.

Educational implications. Curricula do not adequately reflect the changing role of computer scientists in the workplace. This is even now endangering the traditionally good position of computer science graduates on the labor market. In accordance with the market shares above, there must be a stronger component of application experience and students must be explicitly taught to work in interdisciplinary teams. Since curricula are already very full, this implies that some traditional areas of computer science may have to be reduced — a painful but necessary process.
STRUCTURED GROUPS AND LINK-HOMOTOPY
Authors: HUGHES JAMES R.
Published: November 2004

We study link-homotopy classes of links in the three sphere using reduced groups endowed with peripheral structures derived from meridian-longitude pairs. Two types of peripheral structures are considered — Milnor’s original version (called “pre-peripheral structures” in Levine’s terminology) and Levine’s refinement (called simply “peripheral structures”). We show here that pre-peripheral structures are not strong enough to classify links up to link-homotopy, and that Levine’s peripheral structures, although strong enough to distinguish those classes not distinguished by pre-peripheral structures, are also in all likelihood not strong enough to distinguish all link-homotopy classes. Following Levine’s classification program, we compare structure-preserving and realizable automorphisms, using an obstruction-theoretic approach suggested by work of Habegger and Lin. We find that these automorphism groups are in general different, so that a more complex program for classification by structured groups is required.
RESHETIKHIN-TURAEV AND CRANE-KOHNO-KONTSEVICH 3-MANIFOLD INVARIANTS COINCIDE
Authors: PIUNIKHIN SERGEY
Published: November 2004

The coincidence of two different presentations of Witten 3-manifold invariants is proved. One of them, invented by Reshetikhin and Turaev, is based on the surgery presentation a of 3-manifold and the representation theory of quantum groups; another one, invented by Kohno and Crane and, in slightly different language by Kontsevich, is based on a Heegaard decomposition of a 3-manifold and representations of the Teichmuller group, arising in conformal field theory. The explicit formula for the matrix elements of generators of the Teichmuller group in the space of conformal blocks in the SU(2) k, WZNW-model is given,using the Jones polynomial of certain links.
THE SKEIN METHOD FOR THREE-MANIFOLD INVARIANTS
Authors: LICKORISH W.B.R.
Published: November 2004

A new combinatorial method of establishing the quantum SU(2) 3-manifold invariants is given. Nothing but Kirby’s original theorem on handle-slide moves of surgery diagrams is assumed. The method leads readily to certain techniques for the invariants’ calculation.
ON THE UNORIENTED SATO-LEVINE INVARIANT
Authors: SAITO MASAHICO
Published: November 2004

The Sato-Levine invariant for 2-component links with linking number zero is generalized to links with even linking numbers using not necessarily orientable surfaces. It is well defined modulo 4 and completely classifies “unoriented pass equivalence classes” of 2-component proper links. It is shown that it can be expressed in terms of the coefficients of the Conway polynomial and some applications to the Arf invariant are given.
MINIMAL KNOTTED POLYGONS ON THE CUBIC LATTICE
Authors: DIAO YUANAN
Published: November 2004

The polygons on the cubic-lattice have played an important role in simulating various circular molecules, especially the ones with relatively big volumes. There have been a lot of theoretical studies and computer simulations devoted to this subject. The questions are mostly around the knottedness of such a polygon, such as what kind of knots can appear in a polygon of given length, how often it can occur, etc. A very often asked and long standing question is about the minimal length of a knotted polygon. It is well-known that there are knotted polygons on the lattice with 24 steps yet it is unproved up to this date that 24 is the minimal number of steps needed. In this paper, we prove that in order to obtain a knotted polygon on the cubic lattice, at least 24 steps are needed and we can only have trefoils with 24 steps.
STRING COSMOLOGIES IN HIGHER DIMENSIONS
Authors: CHATTERJEE S. , BANERJEE N. , BHUI B.
Published: November 2004

We extend to higher dimensions an earlier work of Letelier where a Bianchi type I cosmological model with massive strings as source term is studied. Exact solutions are obtained assuming either an equation of state between the energy density and tension density of the string or an explicit form of one of the metric coefficients. The dynamical behavior of the models is studied and a comparison is made with the analogous four-dimensional case where it is interestingly observed that the string dominated phase lasts a longer period in multidimensional models compared to its four-dimensional analogs. The Kantowski-Sachs type of metric is also briefly discussed.
COSMIC TIME IN QUANTUM COSMOLOGY: INFLATION-COMPACTIFICATION AS A QUANTUM EFFECT
Authors: GUENDELMAN E.I. , KAGANOVICH A.B.
Published: November 2004

We consider 1+D-dimensional, toroidally compact Kaluza-Klein theories. In the context of the minisuperspace approach of quantum cosmology, we solve the Wheeler-DeWitt equation in the presence of a negative cosmological constant and dust. Then, it is found that the quantum effects stabilize the volume of the Universe, so that there can be an avoidance of the cosmological singularity. Although cosmic time does not appear explicitly in the Wheeler-DeWitt equation, we find that a cosmic time dependence appears for the expectation values of certain variables. This result is obtained when proper care of some subtle points concerning the definition of averages in this model is taken. The stabilization of the volume, when there is anisotropy in the evolution of the Universe (which turns out to be quantized), is consistent with another effect we find: the existence of a “quantum inflationary phase” for some dimensions and simultaneously the existence of a “quantum deflationary contraction” for the rest.
ELEMENTARY ANALYSIS OF THE RECOLLAPSE AND NO-HAIR CONJECTURES IN CLOSED (D+1)-DIMENSIONAL FLRW COSMOLOGIES
Authors: MONDAINI R.P. , VILAR L.C.Q.
Published: November 2004

The recollapse and no-hair conjectures are reexamined in the context of (D+1)-dimensional closed FLRW cosmologies. We look for the possibility of a precise formulation of the two conjectures and their implications for the theory of the inflationary stage.
HOT NUCLEAR MATTER: A VARIATIONAL APPROACH
Authors: MISHRA H. , MISRA S. P. , PANDA P. K. , PARIDA B. K.
Published: November 2004

We develop a nonperturbative technique in field theory to study properties of infinite nuclear matter at zero temperature as well as at finite temperatures. Here we dress the nuclear matter with off–mass shell pions. The techniques of thermofield dynamics are used for finite temperature calculations. Equation of state is derived from the dynamics of the interacting system in a self consistent manner. The transition temperature for nuclear matter appears to be around 15 MeV.
INTERPRETATION OF POPULATION DYNAMICS MODELS BY USING SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATIONS
Authors: PAVÉ A.
Published: November 2004

A framework for interpretation of classical populations dynamics models written in terms of ordinary differential equations and related to biological mechanisms is proposed. This approach is based on the construction of functional schemes, similar to those used to symbolize chemical reactions. These schemes can be associated to differential equations which formalize the kinetics of these reactions. So schemes associated to classical one-species models are given (exponential, logistic, Gompertz, and Kostitzin models). Some typical cases of two species models proposed by Lotka and Volterra (predator-prey and competition models) are also explored.
ON LOGIC AND FUZZY LOGIC
Authors: TRILLAS E.
Published: November 2004

This paper mainly consists of a review of some basic tools of Inexact Inference, its reduction to classical logic and its cautious use of Fuzzy Logic. Those tools are the concept of Conditional Relation, its greatest case of Material Conditional and the concept of Logical-States as possible worlds of "true" elements. Some recent results characterizing Monotonic Preorders are also introduced, in both the Classical and Fuzzy cases. Everything lies on the semantic level of Logic and is presented in a naive mathematical style.
MANAGEMENT OF UNCERTAINTY IN TOP-DOWN, FUZZY LOGIC-BASED IMAGE UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL OBJECTS
Authors: MIYAJIMA Koji , NORITA Toshio , RALESCU Anca
Published: November 2004

This paper is concerned with the integration of knowledge intensive methods with low level image processing, in order to achieve a top-down image processing system. The knowledge part contains information about the object to be recognized, the model, expressed here as a part-of hierarchy, and expert knowledge on image processing. Both of these bodies of knowledge are allowed to be imprecise and/or incomplete, in which case fuzzy logic based methods are used for representation and inference. As a consequence, uncertainty management issues, such as partial matching, and evidence combination must be addressed. The approach proposed is most suitable for complex/natural objects and is illustrated for the task of recognizing a human face.
ENTREPRENEURIAL ANOMALIES WITHIN CHINA’S STATE ENTERPRISES
Authors: Maschmeyer Richard A , Yen Minnie Yi-Miin , Yang Ji-Liang
Published: November 2004

Since 1979, market oriented reforms have resulted in several initiatives that promote entrepreneurial activities within state enterprises of the Peoples’ Republic of China. This paper discusses the entrepreneurial characteristics implied within the State Enterprise Law, the Bankruptcy Law and the Contract Responsibility System (CRS). In spite of these well intentioned reform initiatives, state enterprises are currently facing serious financial difficulties. The effectiveness of these entrepreneurial type initiatives in the presence of the enterprises’ deteriorating economic performance is discussed.
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF INTEGRATED SUPPORT PROVISION FOR SMALL BUSINESS START-UPS
Authors: Chaston Ian
Published: November 2004

The Devon and Cornwall TEC as a regional organiser of training programmes for UK industry co-operated with Plymouth Business School to develop a new form of support provision to enhance survival rates for new small business start-ups. The new system involves a 3 phase process of (i) determination of the suitability of the self employment option for a specific individual, (ii) acquiring skills sufficient to prepare a business plan for assessment by a business advisor and (iii) ongoing mentor support during the first trading year. To optimise development of owner/manager competencies, the provision is delivered through an integrated mix of group training sessions and 1:1 counselling. Results are presented of 2 large-scale surveys undertaken once the new system had come on-stream. Data indicate that the new provision is effectively delivering the specified competencies required to successfully start a new small business. Direct measurement of survival rates to validate improvement will require longitudinal tracking studies. Indirect indicators of scheme participation rates, proportion progressing into the second trading year and comments by financial service sector advisors all indicate, however, that the probability of success in the early months of trading has been enhanced.
PREPARING SMALL AND FAMILY-OWNED BUSINESSES FOR WORKFORCE 2000 IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: SHRIBERG ARTHUR , CLARK THOMAS , EUSTIS SANDY
Published: November 2004

Workforce 2000 predicts fundamental changes in the demographics of the American workforce. Big business has responded by treating workforce diversity as a major issue. In the first study of small businesses in a major metropolitan community (Greater Cincinnati), the response has been minimal. There is a need for a significant educational effort to assist small businesses in America in preparing for Workforce 2000.
TERTIARY EDUCATION, GENDER AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: GHAZALI AZLAN , CHEW SOON BENG , GHOSH B C , TAY RICHARD S T
Published: November 2004

This study empirically analyses the determinants of Singapore’s university graduates’ employment decision between self-employment and salaried-employment. The binary probit model is used to estimate the effect of three main groups of variables on the employment decision. The thee main groups of variables are the personal characteristics, experience and education, and family background of the graduate. A mailed questionaire survey was carried out on 7300 university graduates in Singapore. A final number of 2486 (34.1%) usable questionaire was obtained. The findings of this study suggest that the personal characteristics and the education and experience of the graduates are significant determinants of the employment decision. However, the family background of the individual was found to be insignificant.
THE NEED FOR INTERMEDIATE SUPPORT-STRUCTURES FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN TRANSITIONAL ECONOMIES
Authors: KRUFT ANTON T. , SOFROVA ANDREA
Published: November 2004

In economies in transition, the newly emerging private sector lacks professional, financial, and economic structure provided by ministries and government agencies to state-owned enterprises. In mature market economies, the small and medium-size enterprise (SME) sector has been acknowledged as being the backbone of the economy. Research on the European Union reveals that the success of entrepreneurship depends on a conducive climate which includes intermediate support structures, such as branch/sectoral organisations, specialised SME research organisations, business advisory centres, innovation centres, employers' organisations, etc. The experience from the economies in transition in Central and Eastern Europe shows that the entrepreneurs suffer from weak support of financial, management, environment and trade services. In order to develop a healthy SME sector, a favourable environment should be created and supporting intermediate structures established. Such support organisations should, in addition, bridge the gap between government agencies and the private sector.
PREDICTION OF VENTURE IMPLEMENTATION
Authors: KOLVEREID LARS , BULLVAG ERLEND
Published: November 2004

The present research investigated pre-start ventures using an expectancy theory model of organisational formation. The dependent variable was the fate of the venture idea, whether it was abandoned or implemented. The suggested model focuses on three predictors of new venture implementation: motivation to start businesses, venture valuation, and finance. Data was collected from users of an entrepreneurial hot line in Norway. The findings illustrate that financial expectancies, finance, and risk expectancy are related to implementation of new ventures. Moreover, people who are motivated to start businesses in order to create employment opportunities or to achieve self-realisation are found to be less likely to implement their plans.
INFLUENCES OF STRATEGIC APPROACH AND CULTURAL DISPOSITION ON RETAILERS' PERCEPTIONS OF PERSONAL SELLING
Authors: KIM SHYAN FAM , MERRILEES BILL
Published: November 2004

The objectives of this paper are two-fold. Firstly, it attempts to investigate whether there is a relationship between retailer's perceptions of personal selling promotion tool and the strategic approach of these retail firms. The second objective is to explore whether there is a relationship between the retailers' perceptions of personal selling and their cultural disposition. Previous studies in this area have mainly focused on impersonal promotion tools. A sample of 512 Australian clothing and shoe retailers were interviewed through mail questionnaire. Results of the present study show the importance of linking strategic approach of a firm to choice of promotion tools. Specifically, high price retailers, and to a lesser degree, medium price retailers, are best advised to use more personal communication medium such as personal selling. Selective links between retailers' cultural disposition and perceptions of personal selling was also evident in this study.
Differing mechanisms of hepatic glucose overproduction in triiodothyronine-treated rats vs. Zucker diabetic fatty rats by NMR analysis of plasma glucose
Authors: Jin Eunsook S. , Burgess Shawn C. , Merritt Matthew E. , Sherry A. Dean , Malloy Craig R.
Published: November 2004

The metabolic mechanism of hepatic glucose overproduction was investigated in 3,3′-5-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3)-treated rats and Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats ( fa/fa) after a 24-h fast. 2H2O and [U-13C3]propionate were administered intraperitoneally, and [3,4-13C2]glucose was administered as a primed infusion for 90 min under ketamine-xylazine anesthesia. 13C NMR analysis of monoacetone glucose derived from plasma glucose indicated that hepatic glucose production was twofold higher in both T3-treated rats and ZDF rats compared with controls, yet the sources of glucose overproduction differed significantly in the two models by 2H NMR analysis. In T3-treated rats, the hepatic glycogen content and hence the contribution of glycogenolysis to glucose production was essentially zero; in this case, excess glucose production was due to a dramatic increase in gluconeogenesis from TCA cycle intermediates. 13C NMR analysis also revealed increased phospho enolpyruvate carboxykinase flux (4×), increased pyruvate cycling flux (4×), and increased TCA flux (5×) in T3-treated animals. ZDF rats had substantial glycogen stores after a 24-h fast, and consequently nearly 50% of plasma glucose originated from glycogenolysis; other fluxes related to the TCA cycle were not different from controls. The differing mechanisms of excess glucose production in these models were easily distinguished by integrated 2H and 13C NMR analysis of plasma glucose.
Functional Interplay Between the Macrophage Scavenger Receptor Class B Type I and Pitavastatin (NK-104)
Authors: Han Jihong , Parsons Michael , Zhou Xiaoye , Nicholson Andrew C. , Gotto Antonio M. , Hajjar David P.
Published: November 2004

Background—

Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), a receptor for high-density lipoprotein (HDL), plays an important role in the bidirectional cholesterol exchange between cells and HDL particles and the atherosclerotic lesion development. Enhancement of SR-BI expression significantly reduces, whereas lack of SR-BI expression accelerates, the atherosclerotic lesion development in proatherogenic mice. Statins, a class of inhibitors for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, significantly suppress de novo cholesterol synthesis and reduce the incidence of coronary heart disease. Statins also display multiple pleiotropic effects independently of cholesterol synthesis in the vascular cells. Here, we investigated the effects of pitavastatin (NK-104), a newly synthesized statin, on macrophage SR-BI expression.

Methods and Results—

We found that pitavastatin significantly increased SR-BI mRNA and protein expression in a macrophage cell line in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. It also increased SR-BI expression in both mouse peritoneal and human monocyte-derived macrophages. Associated with increased SR-BI expression, pitavastatin enhanced macrophage HDL binding, uptake of [
14
C]cholesteryl oleate/HDL, and efflux of [
3
H]cholesterol to HDL. Pitavastatin abolished the inhibition of macrophage SR-BI expression by cholesterol biosynthetic intermediates. It also restored SR-BI expression inhibited by lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor-α through its inactivation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB.

Conclusions—

Our data demonstrate that pitavastatin can stimulate macrophage SR-BI expression by reduction of cholesterol biosynthetic intermediates and antiinflammatory action and suggest additional pleiotropic effects of statins by which they may reduce the incidence of coronary heart disease.
Nonuniform Strut Distribution Correlates With More Neointimal Hyperplasia After Sirolimus-Eluting Stent Implantation
Authors: Takebayashi Hideo , Mintz Gary S. , Carlier Stéphane G. , Kobayashi Yoshio , Fujii Kenichi , Yasuda Takenori , Costa Ricardo A. , Moussa Issam , Dangas George D. , Mehran Roxana , Lansky Alexandra J. , Kreps Edward , Collins Michael B. , Colombo Antonio , Stone Gregg W. , Leon Martin B. , Moses Jeffrey W.
Published: November 2004

Background—

Little is known about causes of intimal hyperplasia (IH) after sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) implantation.

Methods and Results—

Intravascular ultrasound was performed in 24 lesions with intra-SES restenosis and a comparison group of 25 nonrestenotic SESs. To assess stent strut distribution, the maximum interstrut angle was measured with a protractor centered on the stent, and the visible struts were counted and normalized for the number of stent cells. In SES restenosis patients, minimum lumen site was compared with image slices 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 mm proximal and distal to this site. The minimum lumen site had a smaller IVUS lumen area at follow-up (2.7±0.9 versus 6.2±1.9 mm
2
;
P
<0.01), larger maximum interstrut angle (135±39° versus 72±23°;
P
<0.01), larger IH area (3.4±1.5 versus 0.6±1.1 mm
2
;
P
<0.01) and thickness (0.7±0.3 versus 0.1±0.2 mm;
P
<0.01) at maximum interstrut angle, and fewer stent struts (4.9±1.0 versus 6.0±0.5;
P
<0.01) even when normalized for the number of stent cells (0.78±0.15 versus 0.97±0.07;
P
<0.01). Compared with nonrestenotic SES, the restenosis lesions also had a smaller minimal lumen area, larger IH area, thicker IH at maximum interstrut angle, fewer stent struts, and larger maximum interstrut angle. Multivariate analysis identified the number of visualized stent struts normalized for the number of stent cells and maximum interstrut angle as the only independent IVUS predictor of IH cross-sectional area (
P
<0.01 and
P
<0.01), minimum lumen area (
P
<0.01 and
P
<0.01), and IH thickness (
P
<0.01 and
P
<0.01).

Conclusions—

The number and distribution of stent struts affect the amount of neointima after SES implantation.
Intrusive history of the Slieve Gullion ring dyke, Ireland: implications for the internal structure of silicic sub-caldera magma chambers
Authors: McDonnell S. , Troll V. R. , Emeleus C. H. , Meighan I. G. , Brock D. , Gould R. J.
Published: November 2004

The Palaeogene Slieve Gullion Igneous Complex comprises a layered central intrusion surrounded by a slightly older ring dyke. The ring dyke contains two major intrusive rock types. About 70% of the ring dyke is occupied by porphyritic granophyre and 30% by porphyritic felsite. Locally complex relationships between the two lithologies are observed. Major and trace element compositions suggest that there are two distinct chemical groups within each lithology: a Si-rich felsite, concentrated in a ~1 m wide zone at the outer margins of the dyke which grades into a less Si-rich felsite towards the interior. Similarly, a Si-rich granophyre, concentrated in the centre of the intrusion grades outwards into a Si-poor granophyre facies.

These rock relationships and geochemical variations suggest that a complex magma chamber hosted a stratified granitic magma body and various wall/floor magma facies. Low density, high-Si felsite magma from the top of the chamber was tapped first, followed by less Si-rich felsite magma as evacuation proceeded. The granophyres probably originate from the chamber walls/floor, representing more mushy equivalents of the felsite magma. Little granophyre magma was tapped during the early stages of the evacuation sequence. As evacuation continued, probably aided by trap-door caldera collapse, the ‘granophyre magmas’ intruded the already emplaced and slightly cooled felsite, forming the complexly zoned structure of the Slieve Gullion ring intrusion.
Zoned Ca-amphiboles and related P-T evolution in metabasites from the classical Barrovian metamorphic zones in Scotland
Authors: Zenk M. , Schulz B.
Published: November 2004

Metabasites in the Dalradian Argyll and Southern Highland Groups experienced multiphase deformation and coeval Barrovian-type prograde and retrograde metamorphism during the Caledonian Grampian orogeny. Metamorphic Ca-amphiboles crystallized with plagioclase,epidote,chlorite and quartz, and sometimes with garnet and clinopyroxene. The minor changes in metabasite mineral assemblages and systematic mineral-chemical variations in Ca-amphibole confirm the classical concept of increasing metamorphic grade in metapelitic Chlorite to Sillimanite zones. In the Chlorite zone, high-Ti brown amphibole enclosed by green Ca-amphibole is interpreted as a magmatic relic. In the Chlorite, Biotite,Garnet and Andalusite zones, Ca-amphibole displays zonation with actinolite in cores and magnesio-hornblende to tschermakite in rims. Poor amphibole zonations occur in the Kyanite and Sillimanite zones. Ca-amphibole zonations are best described in terms of IVAl, VIAl and Ti which semiquantitatively monitor temperature and pressure changes. Maximal IVAl in amphibole increase with metamorphic grade. Empirically calibrated amphibole equilibria enabled us to reconstruct coherent prograde P-T paths and maximal P and T from the mineral zones; with Tmax of 680±50°C in the Sillimanite zone and Pmax of 8±1.2 kbar in the Kyanite zone. Prograde P-T paths indicate that elevated geothermal gradients should be considered even at the beginning of the Grampian Barrovian metamorphism.
ASIA
Authors: Loeb E. M.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Kopfjagd und Menschenopfer in Assam und Birma und ihre Ausstrah‐lungen nach Vorderindien.

Mutterrecht und Kopfjagd im westlichen Hinterindien. Dr. Robert Heine‐Geldern.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Herskovits Melville J.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

AFRICA AND OCEANIA: Social Organisation and Ceremonial Institutions of the Bomvana. P. A. W. Cook.

AFRICA AND OCEANIA: Proverbes et Maximes Peuls et Toucouleurs, traduits, expliqués et annotés. Henri Gaden.

AFRICA AND OCEANIA: Das alte Königreich Kongo. Alexander Ihle.

AFRICA AND OCEANIA: Züge aus der politischen Organisation afrikanischer Völker und Staaten. Günther Spannaus.
Een en ander over de Muziek en den Dans of de Kei‐Eilanden. Jaap Kunst
Authors: Herzog George
Published: November 2004

RECENT PUBLICATIONS ON MUSIC IN THE DUTCH EAST INDIES.: Music in Nias. Jaap Kunst.

Music in Flores—A study of the vocal and instrumental music among the tribes living in Flores. Jaap Kunst.

Een en ander over de Javaaansche Gamelan. Jaap Kunst.

Een en ander over de Javaansche Wajang. Jaap Kunst.

Muziek en Dans in de Buitengewesten. Jaap Kunst.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Washburn S. L.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Physical Anthropology: Essay on the Cerebral Cortex. Gerhardt von Bonin

Physical Anthropology: Frontal Lobotomy and Affective Behavior. John F. Fulton

Physical Anthropology: The Cerebral Cortex of Man. Wilder Penfield and Theodore Rasmussen
Time, Morphology, and Neoteny in the Evolution of Man*
Authors: Montagu M. F. Ashley
Published: November 2004

The primary function of a working hypothesis is to arrange facts into suggestive patterns capable of guiding observations and experience into meaningful channels.
Book Reviews
Authors: Axelrod Sidney
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

CULTURE AND PERSONALITY: Person Perception and Interpersonal Behavior. Renato Tagiuri and Luigi Petrullo (Eds.)

CULTURE AND PERSONALITY: Personality: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Louis P. Thorpe and Allen M. Schmuller
Book Reviews
Authors: Ewers John C.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

GENERAL: George Catlin and the Old Frontier. Harold McCracken

GENERAL: George Catlin Episodes from Life Among the Indians and Last Rambles. Marvin. C. Ross
Book Reviews
Authors: Coe Michael D.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

ARCHEOLOGY: Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation

No. 6. The Carved Human Femurs from Tomb 1, Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas, Mexico. Pierre Agrinier

No. 7. Archaeological Explorations in the Region of the Frailesca, Chiapas, Mexico. Carlos Navarrete

Nos. 8–11. Excavations at Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas, Mexico. Gareth W. Lowe

No. 12. Mound 5 and Minor Excavations, Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas, Mexico. Gareth W. Lowe

No. 13. Ceramic Stratigraphy at Santa Cruz, Chiapas, Mexico. William T. Sanders

No. 14. The Santa Marta Rock Shelter, Ocozocoautla, Chiapas, Mexico. Richard S. MacNeish and Fredrick A. Peterson
Dialect, Language, Nation1
Authors: HAUGEN EINAR
Published: November 2004

The impossibility of stating precisely how many “languages” or “dialects” are spoken in the world is due to the ambiguities of meaning present in these terms, which is shown to stem from the original use of “dialect” to refer to the literary dialects of ancient Greece. In most usages the term “language” is superordinate to “dialed,” but the nature of this relationship may be either linguistic or social, the latter problem falling in the province of sociolinguistics. It is shown how the development of a vernacular, popularly called a dialect, into a language is intimately related to the development of writing and the growth of nationalism. This process is shown to involve the selection, codification, acceptance, and elaboration of a linguistic norm.
Archeology and Metallurgical Technology in Prehistoric Afghanistan, India, and Pakistan1
Authors: LAMBERG‐KARLOVSKY C. C.
Published: November 2004

Recent research in India and Pakistan has greatly increased our knowledge of the Indus Civilization. Geographically the most widely distributed of Old World prehistoric civilizations, its origin and decline are, nevertheless, still little understood. The earliest metallurgical technology, represented in the chalcolithic cultures of Afghanistan and Baluchistan, points to an early connection with Iran. With the later inception of the Indus Civilization, metallurgy, derived apparently from the west, is technically an accomplished craft. Technological processes and typological occurrences of metal objects are discussed. The metal “hoards” of the Ganges‐Jumna are without parallel and are seen as a separate metallurgical tradition within India.
Sibling Terminology and Cross‐Sex Behavior1
Authors: NERLOVE SARA , ROMNEY A. KIMBALL
Published: November 2004

This paper examines variations among sibling terminologies and suggests a functional explanation for selected aspects of the differences among systems. It presents evidence to suggest that behavior that places emphasis on cross‐sex relations will lend to produce terminologies in which siblings of the same sex are distinguished from siblings of the opposite sex. A possible typology of kinds of sibling terminologies is given.
Time, Resources, and Authority in a Navaho Community1
Authors: REYNOLDS TERRY RAY , LAMPHERE LOUISE , COOK CECIL E.
Published: November 2004

Social units in the Rimrock Navaho community are examined to support the thesis that variation in Navaho social organization is part of an integrated system operating in accordance with consistent principles. These units are defined, and it is shown how they are related to one another through processes of formation, growth, and fission. Changes over time in the composition of social units and in their spatial distribution are related to the control and transmission of economic resources. It is suggested that the matrilineal system of the Navaho differs from societies with large, corporate matrilineages.
The Transfer of Cows in Gisaka (Rwanda): A Mechanism for Recording Social Relationships1
Authors: GRAVEL PIERRE BETTEZ
Published: November 2004

I propose that—contrary to previous interpretations—the transfer of cows has had the function of making concrete certain already existent social relationships. In order to ensure continuity and stability in a highly complex society, such as Gisaka, these relationships had to be made readily and materially obvious to all, in a way easily understood by all. Thus, the transfer of cows came to be the device through which the relationships were rendered concrete and unavoidable. Cow transfers, and even many well‐known institutions involving transfers of objects other than cows, might be reinterpreted in these terms, with theoretical implications affecting the entire range of cultural data.
On the Study of Social Change*
Authors: BARTH FREDRIK
Published: November 2004

Traditional anthropological description in terms of pattern and custom, convenient as it is for certain purposes, results essentially in accounts that do not adequately portray change. Change is more easily handled if one looks at social behavior as allocations of time and resources. Analyses of ongoing process that the latter view makes possible seem more productive of insight into the nature of social change than has been the case with typological and comparative approaches.
“Telanthropus” and the Single Species Hypothesis1
Authors: WOLPOFF M. H.
Published: November 2004

“Telanthropus” has been suggested as a refutation of the single species hypothesis. In order to judge the validity of this refutation, both the stratigraphy at Swartkrans and the morphology of the “Telanthropus” specimens are examined. The stratigraphic evidence is far from being clear. No morphological evidence validly distinguishes the specimens from the other australopithecines. Rather, they represent a reasonable extension of the estimated australopithecine range of variation.
The Etiquette of Bargaining in the Middle East1
Authors: KHURI FUAD I.
Published: November 2004

Bargaining takes place in free markets, as in the s¯uqs of the Middle East, where prices fluctuate and where the buyers and sellers meet with opposed economic interests. It brings order to such markets by enabling the buyer and the seller to develop lasting economic relationships between them, based on mutual trust. Should the bargaining partners, buyer or seller, fail to establish such trust by the use of culturally determined polite formulas, conflict between them arises and no transaction takes place.
Ambiguity and Innovation: Implications for the Genesis of the Culture Broker1
Authors: PRESS IRWIN
Published: November 2004

Essential to the function of an innovator—particularly a group‐straddling one such as a “marginal man” or “culture broker”—is the manner in which others view him and the genesis of his mandate to innovate. An account of the genesis of a culture broker in a Yucatan peasant community suggests that ambiguity during the development of the innovator role may allow novel behavior while retarding negative sanction. The case described may help us understand the manner in which culture‐straddling brokers arise and receive permission to innovate.
World as View and World as Event1
Authors: ONG WALTER J.
Published: November 2004

As a concept and term, “world view” is useful but can at times be misleading. It reflects the marked tendency of technologized man to think of actuality as something essentially picturable and to think of knowledge itself by analogy with visual activity to the exclusion, more or less, of the other senses. Oral or nonwriting cultures tend much more to cast up actuality in comprehensive auditory terms, such as voice and harmony. Their “world” is not so markedly something spread out before the eyes as a “view” but rather something dynamic and relatively unpredictable, an event‐world rather than an object‐world, highly personal, overtly polemic, fostering sound‐oriented, traditionalist personality structures less interiorized and solipsistic than those of technologized man. The concept of world view may not only interfere with the empathy necessary for understanding such cultures but may even be outmoded for our own, since modern technological man has entered into a new electronic compact with sound.
Toward a Prehistory of the Na‐Dene, with a General Comment on Population Movements among Nomadic Hunters
Authors: DUMOND D. E.
Published: November 2004

C. E. Borden has hypothesized that ancestral speakers of Na‐Dene spread from Alaska to the Pacific Northwest by 5000 B.C. Based upon distributions of language and artifacts, two additional hypotheses are added here: (1) Once established from Alaska through British Columbia, Na‐Dene people provided the means for the spread of side‐notched projectile blades from the continental United States to Alaska before 4000 B.C. (2) After the Hypsithermal a further dispersal south and east from Alaska spread the specifically Athapaskan languages. It is further suggested that the spread of relatively nomadic hunters into country inhabited by their own linguistic and cultural relatives may be a regular and periodic occurrence.
A Substitute Name System in the Scottish Highlands1
Authors: DORIAN NANCY C.
Published: November 2004

The high incidence of identical names among Gaelic speakers in East Sutherland leads to the use of “by‐names” almost to the exclusion of official names. Several varieties of by‐names are highly offensive. Appropriate use of the offensive varieties demands an intimate knowledge of the communities' social structure available only to their members; by‐name misuse is consequently a source of social tension between Gaelic speakers and English speakers in the area. Nonetheless the practice of by‐naming has spread to the English‐speaking population, where the entertainment value of by‐names takes precedence over their utilitarian value in distinguishing individuals bearing the same name. [Scotland; Gaelic, Celtic, names, sociolinguistics.]
The Transformational Model of Linguistics and Its Implications for an Ethnology of Religion: A Case Study of Jainism1
Authors: DURBIN MRIDULA A.
Published: November 2004

The transformational model of linguistics has proven illuminating in understanding certain aspects of language. With the hope that a comparable model of analysis for other cultural systems may also prove useful, I discuss in this paper a theoretical model for an ethnology of religion that is analogous to the transformational model of linguistics in its assumptions, goals, and structure. Such a theoretical model is applied to analyze a part of Jainism. [India, religion, Jainism, ethnoscience, transformational theory]
Nonhuman Primate Behavior: A Note on Recent Research
Authors: Denham Woodrow W.
Published: November 2004

Recent publications dealing with nonhuman primate social behavior suggest that Service's discussion of that topic in The Hunters is in need of extensive revision, and that Damas's (AA 71:315–316) recently expressed admiration for the discussion is unfortunate. Short paragraphs based on readily available references summarize findings that have appeared since The Hunters was published and indicate where Service's generalizations concerning species specific social organization, sexual seasonality, dominance orders, and territoriality are in greatest need of updating. [Primate social behavior; hunter‐gatherers; ecological studies]
Book Reviews
Authors: Murra John V.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

ARCHEOLOGY: Francisco de Avila. Hermann Trimborn and Antje Kelm.

ARCHEOLOGY: Dioses y Hombres de Huarochirí. José Maria Arguedas, trans. Bibliographical essay by Pierre Duviols.
Spheres of Inheritance in Aughnaboy1
Authors: Leyton Elliott H.
Published: November 2004

This paper uses the concept of spheres to analyze the transmission of goods between the generations in Aughnaboy. It argues that a concept such as a sphere is necessary to unravel the complex patterns of inheritance in this rural sector of a complex Western industrial society, and it concludes that there are three spheres of inheritance; each sphere distinguished by the movement of different items through different modes of exchange, and each sphere characterized by a distinct ideology and a distinct pattern of flow.
Sexual Inversion among the Azande
Authors: Evans‐Pritchard E. E.
Published: November 2004

Male and female homosexual relationship seems to have been common among the Azande in past times. Between males it was approved of in the bachelor military companies. Between females it is said to have been a frequent, though highly disapproved of, practice in polygamous homes.
Chaney and Ruiz Revilla: Sampling Methods: Comment 1
Authors: Naroll Raoul
Published: November 2004

The following comments pertain to “Sampling Methods and Interpretation of Correlation: A Comparative Analysis of Seven Cross‐Cultural Samples,” Richard P. Chaney and Rogelio Ruiz Revilla, AA 71:597–633.
Energy Relations and Some Basic Properties of Primate Social Organization1
Authors: DENHAM WOODROW W.
Published: November 2004

Recently published field data on non‐human primate ecology and social behavior has stimulated much discussion of the control exercised by different environments upon social behavior of populations living within those environments. Here the author attempts to contribute to that discussion by presenting a model of certain relations between food density and distribution patterns and characteristics of predator populations on the one hand, and some basic properties of primate social organization including space and resource allocation, socionomic sex ratios, mating strategies, and the structure of multi‐male social groups on the other hand. Some of the better documented primate populations are examined from the vantage point provided by the model, and a new typology of primate societies emerges. Sexual dimorphism and individual mate selection within primate groups is briefly discussed. The article concludes with a statement of its implications for the anthropological study of human social behavior.
Technological Change and Caloric Costs: Sisal Agriculture in Northeastern Brazil1
Authors: GROSS DANIEL R. , UNDERWOOD BARBARA A.
Published: November 2004

This study of the consequences of the introduction of sisal agriculture to Northeastern Brazil exemplifies a fruitful area of collaboration between nutritionists and anthropologists. The process by which sisal leaves are transformed into exportable fiber is analysed with emphasis on the human energy expenditure required. Two representative household energy budgets are examined in detail to determine the impact of sisal labor. Energy costs of sisal laborers are so great in relation to wages that systematic deprivation of adequate calories to the non‐productive dependents of sisal workers is necessary. The rapidly growing children are especially affected. This process is exhibited statistically in a sampled population by relative retardation in growth rate among children of sisal workers.
Comparative‐Generative Models of a New Guinea Melodic Structure1
Authors: CHENOWETH VIDA , BEE DARLENE
Published: November 2004

Using a New Guinea music system for illustration, three methods of melodic description are utilized: (1) the flow diagram, (2) formulas, and (3) a geometric model. The three methods are proposed as useful tools in the areas of melodic description, comparison of musical styles or systems and composing in a given ethnic style or system.
Rural Exodus in Two Spanish Basque Villages: A Cultural Explanation1
Authors: Douglass William A.
Published: November 2004

Pronounced rural depopulation is currently an evident demographic trend in Spanish society. Macro‐structural studies to date suggest that an entirely economistic interpretation of this rural exodus is in order. In this view agriculturalists abandon the countryside in response to the greater economic opportunities available in industry. The present study, by comparing the differential importance of inheritance norms as conditioners of farm abandonment in two Spanish Basque villages, suggests that once the little community is made the unit of study cultural factors other than economic aspirations are likely to influence the agriculturalist's decision‐making.
Brazilian Racial Terms: Some Aspects of Meaning and Learning
Authors: Sanjek Roger
Published: November 2004

Harris notes that the New Ethnography has been characterized by a lack of quantitative methods. In a study of racial vocabulary in a Brazilian village, quantitative procedures are employed to show that, despite considerable ambiquity, a small portion of the corpus of 116 terms forms the cognitive map of most informants and organizes the bulk of the domain. Data on how children acquire the vocabulary is used to demonstrate that skin color and hair form are the primary variables.
Another Look at the Australopithecine Cave Breccias of the Transvaal1
Authors: Butzer Karl W.
Published: November 2004

A reexamination of sediments from the Transvaal Australopithecine cave breccias suggests that at each site accumulation took place under relatively dry conditions. The sediments themselves do not support the hypothesis of alternating occupations under different climatic and vegetational conditions by australopithecines with distinct dietary adaptations.
The Human Ecological Niche1
Authors: HARDESTY DONALD L.
Published: November 2004

The concept of the ecological niche has been used in a number of ways in anthropology: as a specialized part of human society, as synonymous with culture, and as a segment of the habitat. It is proposed that the “multi‐dimensional” concept of the human ecological niche renders the niche concept of greater value to studies of human ecology. The importance of biological factors is stressed, and particular attention is paid to the principle of competitive exclusion, to human niche specialization, and to Cohen's (1968) criteria of human adaptive success.
The Physical Anthropology and Genetics of Marginal People of the Southeastern United States1
Authors: POLLITZER WILLIAM S.
Published: November 2004

Admixture of White, Negro, and Indian peoples of the Southeastern United States from colonial days on has led to some unique populations isolated by social status. In time they formed distinctive gene pools. On the basis of physical traits and serological factors, it has been possible to reconstruct the approximate genetic contribution of parental populations to the hybrid ones. Some inherited diseases have also been concentrated in these isolates. Both differential fertility and changing social factors may affect the future of these populations.