bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric Effects of Subaerial and Subaqueous Basement Slopes on Self‐Similar Morphology of Prograding Deltas
Authors: Lai Steven Yueh Jen , Hsiao Yung‐Tai , Wu Fu‐Chun
Published: December 2017

Deltas form over basements of various slope configurations. While the morphodynamics of prograding deltas over single‐slope basements have been studied previously, our understanding of delta progradation over segmented basements is still limited. Here we use experimental and analytical approaches to investigate the deltaic morphologies developing over two‐slope basements with unequal subaerial and subaqueous slopes. For each case considered, the scaled profiles of the evolving delta collapse to a single profile for constant water and sediment influxes, allowing us to use the analytical self‐similar profiles to investigate the individual effects of subaerial/subaqueous slopes. Individually varying the subaerial/subaqueous slopes exerts asymmetric effects on the morphologies. Increasing the subaerial slope advances the entire delta; increasing the subaqueous slope advances the upstream boundary of the topset yet causes the downstream boundary to retreat. The delta front exhibits a first‐retreat‐then‐advance migrating trend with increasing subaqueous slope. A decrease in subaerial topset length is always accompanied by an increase in subaqueous volume fraction, no matter which segment is steepened. Applications are presented for estimating shoreline retreat caused by steepening of basement slopes, and estimating subaqueous volume and delta front using the observed topset length. The results may have implications for real‐world delta systems subjected to upstream tectonic uplift and/or downstream subsidence. Both scenarios would exhibit reduced topset lengths, which are indicative of the accompanied increases in subaqueous volume and signal tectonic uplift and/or subsidence that are at play. We highlight herein the importance of geometric controls on partitioning of sediment between subaerial and subaqueous delta components.
Validation of Classification Criteria of Macrophage Activation Syndrome in Japanese Patients With Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Shimizu Masaki , Mizuta Mao , Yasumi Takahiro , Iwata Naomi , Okura Yuka , Kinjo Noriko , Umebayashi Hiroaki , Kubota Tomohiro , Nakagishi Yasuo , Nishimura Kenichi , Yashiro Masato , Yasumura Junko , Yamazaki Kazuko , Wakiguchi Hiroyuki , Okamoto Nami , Mori Masaaki
Published: December 2017

Objective

To validate whether the 2016 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism classification criteria of macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) complicating systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is practical in the real world.

Methods

A combination of expert consensus and analysis of real patient data was conducted by a panel of 15 pediatric rheumatologists. A total of 65 profiles comprised 18 patients with systemic JIA–associated MAS and 47 patients with active systemic JIA without evidence of MAS. From these profiles, 10 patient data points for full‐blown MAS, 11 patient data points for MAS onset, and 47 patient data points for acute systemic JIA without MAS were evaluated.

Results

Evaluation of the classification criteria to discriminate full‐blown MAS from acute systemic JIA without MAS showed a sensitivity of 1.000 and specificity of 1.000 at the time of full‐blown MAS. Sensitivity was 0.636 and specificity was 1.000 at the time of MAS onset. The number of measurement items that fulfilled the criteria increased in full‐blown MAS compared to that at MAS onset. At MAS onset, the positive rates of patients who met the criteria for platelet counts and triglycerides were low, whereas those for aspartate aminotransferase were relatively high. At full‐blown MAS, the number of patients who met the criteria for each measurement item increased.

Conclusion

The classification criteria for MAS complicating systemic JIA had a very high diagnostic performance. However, the diagnostic sensitivity for MAS onset was relatively low. For the early diagnosis of MAS in systemic JIA, the dynamics of laboratory values during the course of MAS should be further investigated.
Experiences With Telehealth Followup in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Qualitative Interview Study
Authors: Knudsen Line R. , de Thurah Annette , Lomborg Kirsten
Published: December 2017

Objective

To explore the experiences of a patient‐reported outcome (PRO)–based telehealth followup from the perspective of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and their experiences of increasing their active role, and responsibility for disease control in particular.

Methods

Adopting a strategy of interpretive description, we conducted individual, semistructured interviews with 15 RA patients participating in a telehealth followup. Participants were selected purposively and consecutively from both sexes and with various ages, disease durations, and disease severity. The analysis was inductive, with a constant comparative approach. First, we identified the main themes conveying the participants’ experiences. Then we constructed patient typologies to explain different perspectives on the telehealth followup.

Results

Five themes covered the participants’ experiences: a flexible solution, responsibility, knowledge of RA, communication and involvement, and continuity. Two typologies, the keen patient and the reluctant patient, represented opposite perspectives and preferences regarding the core value of and approach to the telehealth followup.

Conclusion

The participants had positive perceptions of the PRO‐based telehealth followup and saw it as a flexible and resource‐saving solution. They reported disadvantages related to missing face‐to‐face contact with health professionals. The 2 typologies, the keen and the reluctant patient, help us understand the patients’ different needs, wishes, and abilities to take part in telehealth followup. Our findings reveal a need for more insight into how telehealth followup could be integrated in routine clinical practice, paying special attention to how reluctant patients may be supported.
A High‐k Fluorinated P(VDF‐TrFE)‐g‐PMMA Gate Dielectric for High‐Performance Flexible Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Shin Eul‐Yong , Cho Hye Jin , Jung Sungwoo , Yang Changduk , Noh Yong‐Young
Published: December 2017

A newly synthesized high‐k polymeric insulator for use as gate dielectric layer for organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) obtained by grafting poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) in poly(vinylidene fluoride‐trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF‐TrFE)) via atom transfer radical polymerization transfer is reported. This material design concept intents to tune the electrical properties of the gate insulating layer (capacitance, leakage current, breakdown voltage, and operational stability) of the high‐k fluorinated polymer dielectric without a large increase in operating voltage by incorporating an amorphous PMMA as an insulator. By controlling the grafted PMMA percentage, an optimized P(VDF‐TrFE)‐g‐PMMA with 7 mol% grafted PMMA showing reasonably high capacitance (23–30 nF cm−2) with low voltage operation and negligible current hysteresis is achieved. High‐performance low‐voltage‐operated top‐gate/bottom‐contact OFETs with widely used high mobility polymer semiconductors, poly[[2,5‐bis(2‐octyldodecyl)‐2,3,5,6‐tetrahydro‐3,6‐dioxopyrrolo [3,4‐c]pyrrole‐1,4‐diyl]‐alt‐[[2,2′‐(2,5‐thiophene)bis‐thieno(3,2‐b)thiophene]‐5,5′‐diyl]] (DPPT‐TT), and poly([N,N′‐bis(2‐octyldodecyl)‐naphthalene‐1,4,5,8‐bis(dicarboximide)‐2,6‐diyl]‐alt‐5,5′‐(2,2′‐bithiophene)) are demonstrated here. DPPT‐TT OFETs with P(VDF‐TrFE)‐g‐PMMA gate dielectrics exhibit a reasonably high field‐effect mobility of over 1 cm2 V−1 s−1 with excellent operational stability.
Structured Macroporous Hydrogels: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities
Authors: De France Kevin J. , Xu Fei , Hoare Todd
Published: December 2017

Structured macroporous hydrogels that have controllable porosities on both the nanoscale and the microscale offer both the swelling and interfacial properties of bulk hydrogels as well as the transport properties of “hard” macroporous materials. While a variety of techniques such as solvent casting, freeze drying, gas foaming, and phase separation have been developed to fabricate structured macroporous hydrogels, the typically weak mechanics and isotropic pore structures achieved as well as the required use of solvent/additives in the preparation process all limit the potential applications of these materials, particularly in biomedical contexts. This review highlights recent developments in the field of structured macroporous hydrogels aiming to increase network strength, create anisotropy and directionality within the networks, and utilize solvent‐free or additive‐free fabrication methods. Such functional materials are well suited for not only biomedical applications like tissue engineering and drug delivery but also selective filtration, environmental sorption, and the physical templating of secondary networks.
A Li–Air Battery with Ultralong Cycle Life in Ambient Air
Authors: Wang Lie , Pan Jian , Zhang Ye , Cheng Xunliang , Liu Lianmei , Peng Huisheng
Published: December 2017

The Li–air battery represents a promising power candidate for future electronics due to its extremely high energy density. However, the use of Li–air batteries is largely limited by their poor cyclability in ambient air. Herein, Li–air batteries with ultralong 610 cycles in ambient air are created by combination of low‐density polyethylene film that prevents water erosion and gel electrolyte that contains a redox mediator of LiI. The low‐density polyethylene film can restrain the side reactions of the discharge product of Li2O2 to Li2CO3 in ambient air, while the LiI can facilitate the electrochemical decomposition of Li2O2 during charging, which improves the reversibility of the Li–air battery. All the components of the Li–air battery are flexible, which is particularly desirable for portable and wearable electronic devices.
Fabrication of α‐Fe2O3@rGO/PAN Nanofiber Composite Membrane for Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dyes
Authors: Sun Kai , Wang Lifang , Wu Chunzhi , Deng Jianping , Pan Kai
Published: December 2017

The treatment of dye polluting water is one of the most important tasks that are concerned with water resources. Herein, a nanofiber composite membrane (NCM) is fabricated with an aim to effectively degrade organic dyes. First, α‐Fe2O3 nanoparticles are loaded on the surface of graphene oxide (GO) sheets through hydrothermal method. Then the as‐prepared α‐Fe2O3@rGO sheets are deposited on polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber mat via vacuum filtration to obtain α‐Fe2O3@rGO/PAN NCM. Thus, the NCM has a double‐layer structure with α‐Fe2O3@rGO as the upper layer and PAN nanofiber as the lower layer (support layer), providing structural advantages in photocatalytic degradation in solution. The composition, morphology, and structure of the NCM are characterized in detail. Photocatalytic experiments show that the NCM can effectively degrade a variety of organic dyes, among which the degradation rate of methylene blue is as high as 98.5% within 2 h. Moreover, the degradation rate still remains at high level after 5 cycles and the NCM remains intact, indicating the reusability of the NCM. It is in particular worth highlighting that high degradation efficiency is obtained even under natural sunlight, demonstrating great potential applications of the NCM in industrial dye wastewater treatment.
General Strategy for Synthesis of Pd3M (M = Co and Ni) Nanoassemblies as High‐Performance Catalysts for Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Chen Yifan , Jiang Xian , Li Yueyang , Li Pei , Liu Qicheng , Fu Gengtao , Xu Lin , Sun Dongmei , Tang Yawen
Published: December 2017

Nanoassemblies have attracted considerable attention because of their unique structural advantages, such as the high porosity, abundant surface defects, and low‐coordinated atomic steps, which are of importance to improve electrocatalytic activity and stability. However, developing effective and general synthetic methods for preparation of well‐defined Pd‐based nanoassemblies remains a challenge. Herein, a facile, effective, and general synthetic strategy for fabrication of high‐quality Pd3M (M = Co and Ni) nanoassemblies is developed. It is identified that arginine is pivotal for control of the nucleation and growth process of nanocrystals, where there is strong self‐assembly capacity between arginine molecules as well as effective coordination interaction between guanidine group of arginine with metal ions, endowing its unique dual‐function for the structure‐controllable synthesis of Pd3M alloy. The electrocatalytic performances of Pd3M nanoassemblies for the oxygen reduction reaction are studied through the rotating ring‐disk electrode technique. As expected, both Pd3Co and Pd3Ni nanoassemblies exhibit the more positive onset reduced‐overpotentials and the better catalytic stabilities compared to their counterparts. This work opens a new and general guideline for designing PdM alloy nanoassemblies with exclusive active sites for boosting energy electrocatalysis.
Superamphiphilic Polyurethane Foams Synergized from Cellulose Nanowhiskers and Graphene Nanoplatelets
Authors: Zhang Xiaotan , Liu Dongyan , Sui Guoxin
Published: December 2017

Superamphiphilic materials are attracting significant attention because of their unique affinity to both water and oil. It is generally accepted that graphene‐based assemblies are hydrophobic. Here, novel superamphiphilic polyurethane (PU) foams by the synergetic effect of cellulose nanowhiskers (CNWs) and graphene nanosheets (GNs) are reported. This process involves the creation of CNWs' base coating on the surface of PU network prior to GN coatings to obtain superamphiphilic surfaces by the simple dip‐coating method. Wetting behaviors of the foams start to turn from hydrophobicity into superamphiphilicity by increasing the concentration of the CNWs up to 0.5 wt%. The hydrophobicity recovers when the concentration of CNWs reaches 1.0 wt%. The superamphiphilic foam (CNWs' concentration is 0.75 wt%) exhibits high storage capacity for water and various organic solvents up to 22–24 times of its own weight. Moreover, the coated foams can be reused for absorbing liquids for more than 20 cycles without losing their superamphiphilicity, exhibiting good reusability and durability. The discovery of this superamphiphilic foam is of great significance for the development of superwetting materials and finding their applications in oil emulsions purifying and catalyst anchoring fields.
Photovoltaic–Pyroelectric Coupled Effect Based Nanogenerators for Self‐Powered Photodetector System
Authors: Qi Jia , Ma Nan , Yang Ya
Published: December 2017

Ferroelectric material BiFeO3 with narrow bandgap of 2.67 eV can be more suitable to fabricate photodetectors instead of solar energy harvesters because of low energy conversion efficiency. Herein, a BiFeO3 film‐based self‐powered photodetector is reported by using the photovoltaic–pyroelectric coupled effect to enable a fast sensing of 450 nm light illumination. Compared with photovoltaic effect, the photosensitivity parameters including photoconductive gain, responsivity, and specific detectivity can be enhanced by more than 9.7 times at light intensity of 0.86 mW cm−2 by utilizing light‐induced photovoltaic–pyroelectric coupled effect. Moreover, a self‐powered photodetector array system is achieved to detect 450 nm light by analyzing the real‐time recorded output voltage signals as a mapping figure. In this work a new route to realize the performance enhancement of photodetector via photovoltaic–pyroelectric coupled effect on ferroelectric materials, which has great significance in extending the field of self‐powered photodetectors is described.
WO3‐Based Electrochromic Distributed Bragg Reflector: Toward Electrically Tunable Microcavity Luminescent Device
Authors: Xiao Lili , Lv Ying , Lin Jie , Hu Yongsheng , Dong Wenjie , Guo Xiaoyang , Fan Yi , Zhang Nan , Zhao Jialong , Wang Yunjun , Liu Xingyuan
Published: December 2017

The electroresponsive WO3‐based electrochromic distributed Bragg reflectors (ECDBRs) are fabricated by means of one‐step, room temperature glancing‐angle electron‐beam evaporation. The reflectance and Bragg wavelength of ECDBRs can be precisely and reversibly tailored on a large scale by simply applying a small bias voltage (±1.1 V) due to the electrochromic effect of the WO3 layer, and this unique character is utilized to construct an electrically tunable microcavity luminescent device with embedded green CdSe@ZnS quantum dots (QDs). Therefore, large and reversible modulation in terms of photoluminescence (PL) peak intensity (18–335%), PL peak position (from 510.3 to 525.8 nm), and full width at half maximum (from 21.8 to 11.4 nm) from QDs in microcavity are achieved under electrical stimulus. The results will potentially provide a straightforward voltage‐control route toward broadband tunable microcavity electroluminescent and lasing devices.
Swimming Back and Forth Using Planar Flagellar Propulsion at Low Reynolds Numbers
Authors: Khalil Islam S. M. , Tabak Ahmet Fatih , Hamed Youssef , Mitwally Mohamed E. , Tawakol Mohamed , Klingner Anke , Sitti Metin
Published: December 2017

Peritrichously flagellated Escherichia coli swim back and forth by wrapping their flagella together in a helical bundle. However, other monotrichous bacteria cannot swim back and forth with a single flagellum and planar wave propagation. Quantifying this observation, a magnetically driven soft two‐tailed microrobot capable of reversing its swimming direction without making a U‐turn trajectory or actively modifying the direction of wave propagation is designed and developed. The microrobot contains magnetic microparticles within the polymer matrix of its head and consists of two collinear, unequal, and opposite ultrathin tails. It is driven and steered using a uniform magnetic field along the direction of motion with a sinusoidally varying orthogonal component. Distinct reversal frequencies that enable selective and independent excitation of the first or the second tail of the microrobot based on their tail length ratio are found. While the first tail provides a propulsive force below one of the reversal frequencies, the second is almost passive, and the net propulsive force achieves flagellated motion along one direction. On the other hand, the second tail achieves flagellated propulsion along the opposite direction above the reversal frequency.
Applications of Phosphorene and Black Phosphorus in Energy Conversion and Storage Devices
Authors: Pang Jinbo , Bachmatiuk Alicja , Yin Yin , Trzebicka Barbara , Zhao Liang , Fu Lei , Mendes Rafael G. , Gemming Thomas , Liu Zhongfan , Rummeli Mark H.
Published: December 2017

The successful isolation of phosphorene (atomic layer thick black phosphorus) in 2014 has currently aroused the interest of 2D material researchers. In this review, first, the fundamentals of phosphorus allotropes, phosphorene, and black phosphorus, are briefly introduced, along with their structures, properties, and synthesis methods. Second, the readers are presented with an overview of their energy applications. Particularly in electrochemical energy storage, the large interlayer spacing (0.53 nm) in phosphorene allows the intercalation/deintercalation of larger ions as compared to its graphene counterpart. Therefore, phosphorene may possess greater potential for high electrochemical performance. In addition, the status of lithium ion batteries as well as secondary sodium ion batteries is reviewed. Next, each application for energy generation, conversion, and storage is described in detail with milestones as well as the challenges. These emerging applications include supercapacitors, photovoltaic devices, water splitting, photocatalytic hydrogenation, oxygen evolution, and thermoelectric generators. Finally the fast‐growing dynamic field of phosphorene research is summarized and perspectives on future possibilities are presented calling on the efforts of chemists, physicists, and material scientists
“Double‐hit” chronic lymphocytic leukemia: An aggressive subgroup with 17p deletion and 8q24 gain
Authors: Chapiro Elise , Lesty Claude , Gabillaud Clémentine , Durot Eric , Bouzy Simon , Armand Marine , Le Garff‐Tavernier Magali , Bougacha Nadia , Struski Stéphanie , Bidet Audrey , Laharanne Elodie , Barin Carole , Veronese Lauren , Prié Nolwen , Eclache Virginie , Gaillard Baptiste , Michaux Lucienne , Lefebvre Christine , Gaillard Jean‐Baptiste , Terré Christine , Penther Dominique , Bastard Christian , Nadal Nathalie , Fert‐Ferrer Sandra , Auger Nathalie , Godon Catherine , Sutton Laurent , Tournilhac Olivier , Susin Santos A. , Nguyen‐Khac Florence ,   GroupeFrancophone de Cytogénétique Hématologique(GFCH) and the French Innovative Leukemia Organization (FILO) group
Published: December 2017

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with 17p deletion (17p‐) is associated with a lack of response to standard treatment and thus the worst possible clinical outcome. Various chromosomal abnormalities (including unbalanced translocations, deletions, ring chromosomes and isochromosomes) result in the loss of 17p and one copy of the TP53 gene. The objective of the present study was to determine whether the type of chromosomal abnormality leading to 17p‐ and the additional aberrations influenced the prognosis in a series of 195 patients with 17p‐CLL. Loss of 17p resulted primarily from an unbalanced translocation (70%) with several chromosome partners (the most frequent being chromosome 18q), followed by deletion 17p (23%), monosomy 17 (8%), isochromosome 17q [i(17q)] (5%) and a ring chromosome 17 (2%). In a univariate analysis, monosomy 17, a highly complex karyotype (≥5 abnormalities), and 8q24 gain were associated with poor treatment‐free survival, and i(17q) (P = .04), unbalanced translocations (P = .03) and 8q24 gain (P = .001) were significantly associated with poor overall survival. In a multivariate analysis, 8q24 gain remained a significant predictor of poor overall survival. We conclude that 17p deletion and 8q24 gain have a synergistic impact on outcome, and so patients with this “double‐hit” CLL have a particularly poor prognosis. Systematic, targeting screening for 8q24 gain should therefore be considered in cases of 17p‐ CLL.
Survival following salvage therapy for primary refractory peripheral T‐cell lymphomas (PTCL)
Authors: Zhang Janie Y. , Briski Robert , Devata Sumana , Kaminski Mark S. , Phillips Tycel J. , Mayer Tera L. , Bailey Nathanael G. , Wilcox Ryan A.
Published: December 2017

Optimal salvage therapy for primary refractory peripheral T‐cell lymphomas (PTCL) and the role of hematopoietic stem cell transplant (SCT) remain poorly defined. We conducted a retrospective review of clinical outcomes and prognostic factors in a single‐center cohort of 93 patients with primary refractory PTCL, defined as progression during first‐line therapy or relapse within 6 months of its completion. Clinical outcomes were poor in this population, with median event‐free survival (EFS) of 3.5 months, median overall survival (OS) of 9.1 months, and 34% 3‐year survival. Outcomes were comparable in patients who progressed through first‐line therapy and patients who achieved CR/PR and subsequently relapsed within 6 months. A majority exhibited high‐risk features and had intermediate to high risk IPI, which correlated with inferior outcomes. There was no difference in outcomes between patients who received single‐agent salvage regimens and patients who underwent traditional, multi‐agent salvage regimens. Thus, participation in well‐designed clinical trials should be encouraged in this population. Additionally, there may be a trend toward improved EFS and OS in patients who underwent autologous or allogeneic SCT compared to patients who achieved CR or PR but were not transplanted.
Incomplete penetrance, variable expressivity, or dosage insensitivity in four families with directly transmitted unbalanced chromosome abnormalities
Authors: Bateman Mark S. , Collinson Morag N. , Bunyan David J. , Collins Amanda L. , Duncan Philippa , Firth Rachel , Harrison Victoria , Homfray Tessa , Huang Shuwen , Kirk Beth , Lachlan Katherine L. , Maloney Viv K. , Barber John C. K.
Published: December 2017

The direct transmission of microscopically visible unbalanced chromosome abnormalities (UBCAs) is rare and usually has phenotypic consequences. Here we report four families in which a normal phenotype was initially found in one or more family members. Each UBCA was interpreted with regard to overlapping examples and factors previously associated with transmitted imbalances including incidental ascertainment, low gene density, benign copy number variation (CNV) content, and gene relatedness. A 4.56 Mb deletion of 8p23.1‐p23.2 was thought to be causal in the affected proband but showed incomplete penetrance in her mother and sibling (Family 1). Incomplete penetrance was also associated with a 10.88 Mb duplication of 13q21.31‐q22.1 (Family 3) and dosage insensitivity with a 17.6 Mb deletion of 22pter‐q11.21 (Family 4) that were both ascertained at prenatal diagnosis and each found in 4 unaffected family members. The 22pter‐q11.21 deletion is part of a region with high benign CNV content and supports the mapping of cat eye syndrome to a 600 kb interval of 22q11.1‐q11.21. Low gene densities of less than 2.0 genes/Mb were found in each of these three families but only after segmentally duplicated genes were excluded from the deletions of 8p and 22q. In contrast, gene density was average and variable expressivity associated with a 3.59 Mb duplication of 8p23.1 incidentally ascertained for paternal infertility (Family 2). Our results indicate that a greater degree of direct parental transmission, incomplete penetrance, and variable expression are features of both sub‐microscopic CNVs and UBCAs with relatively low gene and high benign CNV content.
Photobiokatalyse: Aktivierung von Redoxenzymen durch direkten oder indirekten Transfer photoinduzierter Elektronen
Authors: Lee Sahng Ha , Choi Da Som , Kuk Su Keun , Park Chan Beum
Published: December 2017

Biokatalytische Umsetzungen rücken aufgrund der Vielfältigkeit der Enzyme, ihrer hohen katalytischen Aktivität und Spezifität und der milden Reaktionsbedingungen zunehmend in den Fokus einer “grünen” Synthesechemie. Der Ansatz, Sonnenenergie durch Kombination von Photokatalyse und Biokatalyse für die chemische Synthese nutzbar zu machen, bietet eine Möglichkeit, diesen “grünen” Prozess noch nachhaltiger zu gestalten. Oxidoreduktasen katalysieren die Umsetzung verschiedener Substrate durch den Austausch von Elektronen am aktiven Zentrum des Enzyms, meist mithilfe von Elektronenmediatoren. Aktuelle Fortschritte auf diesem Gebiet zeigen, dass photoinduzierter Elektronentransfer unter Einsatz organischer (oder anorganischer) Photosensibilisatoren ein breites Spektrum von Redoxenzymen aktivieren kann, welche in Folge wichtige Brennstoffe liefern (z. B. H2‐Bildung, CO2‐Reduktion) oder synthetisch relevante Reduktionen vermitteln (z. B. asymmetrische Reduktionen, Oxygenierungen, Hydroxylierungen, Epoxidierungen, Bayer‐Villiger‐Oxidation). Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über aktuelle Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Photoaktivierung von Redoxenzymen mittels direkter oder indirekter Übertragung photoinduzierter Elektronen.
Artificial β‐Double Helices from Achiral γ‐Peptides
Authors: Misra Rajkumar , Dey Sanjit , Reja Rahi M. , Gopi Hosahudya N.
Published: December 2017

Double helices are not common in polypeptides and proteins except in the peptide antibiotic gramicidin A and analogous l,d‐peptides. In contrast to natural polypeptides, remarkable β‐double‐helical structures from achiral γ‐peptides built from α,β‐unsaturated γ‐amino acids have been observed. The crystal structures suggest that they adopted parallel β‐double helical structures and these structures are stabilized by the interstrand backbone amide H‐bonds. Furthermore, both NMR spectroscopy and fluorescence studies support the existence of double‐helical conformations in solution. Although a variety of folded architectures featuring distinct H‐bonds have been discovered from the β‐ and γ‐peptide foldamers, this is the first report to show that achiral γ‐peptides can spontaneously intertwine into β‐double helical structures.
Photobiocatalysis: Activating Redox Enzymes by Direct or Indirect Transfer of Photoinduced Electrons
Authors: Lee Sahng Ha , Choi Da Som , Kuk Su Keun , Park Chan Beum
Published: December 2017

Biocatalytic transformation has received increasing attention in the green synthesis of chemicals because of the diversity of enzymes, their high catalytic activities and specificities, and mild reaction conditions. The idea of solar energy utilization in chemical synthesis through the combination of photocatalysis and biocatalysis provides an opportunity to make the “green” process greener. Oxidoreductases catalyze redox transformation of substrates by exchanging electrons at the enzyme′s active site, often with the aid of electron mediator(s) as a counterpart. Recent progress indicates that photoinduced electron transfer using organic (or inorganic) photosensitizers can activate a wide spectrum of redox enzymes to catalyze fuel‐forming reactions (e.g., H2 evolution, CO2 reduction) and synthetically useful reductions (e.g., asymmetric reduction, oxygenation, hydroxylation, epoxidation, Baeyer–Villiger oxidation). This Review provides an overview of recent advances in light‐driven activation of redox enzymes through direct or indirect transfer of photoinduced electrons.
Thermomechanical and electroactive behavior of a thermosetting styrene‐based carbon black shape‐memory composite
Authors: Lan Xin , Liu Liwu , Liu Yanju , Leng Jinsong
Published: December 2017

A thermosetting styrene‐based shape memory polymer (SMP) filled with nanoscale (30 nm) carbon black are prepared to reinforce the thermomechanical performances and realize the high‐efficient electronic actuation at macro scale due to the carbon–carbon network morphology at nano/micro scale. The elastic modulus of this thermosetting SMP composite is significant strengthened and can maintain at 1–2.5 GPa at around the room temperature, which is suitable for used as a structural material. The electronic resistivity decreases sharply at a quite low percolation threshold range (2–5%), and maintains at a relatively low and stable level of electronic resistivity. Furthermore, the electronic resistivity also exhibits relative stability in terms of the resistivity–temperature–time relationship and the evolution of resistivity upon heating–cooling cycles. This shape memory styrene‐based composite is suitable to be used as an electroactive functional material in realistic engineering. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45978.
Conformational changes after foaming in a protein‐based thermoplastic
Authors: Gavin Chanelle , Lay Mark C. , Verbeek Casparus J. R.
Published: December 2017

Novatein is a biopolymer produced from blood meal and can be foamed for use as a packaging material. The effect of foaming on protein ordered structures such as α‐helices and β‐sheets was investigated using synchrotron Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Foaming caused a reduction in ordered structures due to an increase in random coils. FTIR also revealed a higher proportion of plasticizer (triethylene glycol, TEG) and β‐sheets toward the surface of enclosed bubbles. Increased TEG will assist foaming with greater plasticization aiding nucleation, while β‐sheets contribute to bubble stabilization. These structural changes occur as foaming takes place close to the degradation temperature of Novatein, and coincide with melting of α‐helices and/or β‐sheets. A more amorphous polymer is therefore produced which is subsequently easier to foam due to its increased elasticity. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46005.
Multilayer coextrusion of graphene polymer nanocomposites with enhanced structural organization and properties
Authors: Gao Yuqing , Picot Olivier T. , Tu Wei , Bilotti Emiliano , Peijs Ton
Published: December 2017

A potential advantage of platelet‐like nanofillers as nanocomposite reinforcements is the possibility of achieving two‐dimensional (2D) stiffening through planar orientation of the platelets. Forced assembly by multilayer coextrusion, which enables the in‐plane orientation of platelet‐like fillers in alternating layers, was used in this work to produce poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/graphene multilayer films. These films exhibited a multilayer structure made of alternating layers of neat PLA and PLA containing graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs). Electron microscopy revealed information on the orientation of the individual GNPs. X‐ray diffraction results indicated that the thickness of the individual GNPs was reduced during the multilayer coextrusion process. A significant reinforcement of 120% at an overall GNP loading of 1 wt % in PLA was achieved. This high effective reinforcement was attributed to the high degree of planar alignment, improved dispersion and exfoliation and increased aspect ratio of the GNPs in the composite layers after multilayer coextrusion. Improved water vapor barrier properties were also achieved as a result of the highly organized 2D nanofillers in the multilayer films. These industrial scalable multilayer nanocomposite films open up possibilities for lightweight and strong packaging materials for food and industrial applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46041.
Novel pyridine‐2,4,6‐tricarbohydrazide thiourea compounds as small key organic molecules for the potential treatment of type‐2 diabetes mellitus: In vitro studies against yeast α‐ and β‐glucosidase and in silico molecular modeling
Authors: Rehman Tanzeel Ur. , Riaz Sadaf , Khan Islam Ullah , Ashraf Muhammad , Bajda Marek , Gawalska Alicja , Yar Muhammad
Published: December 2017

A range of novel pyridine‐2,4,6‐tricarbohydrazide thiourea compounds (4a–i) were synthesized in good to excellent yields (63–92%). The enzyme inhibitory potentials of these compounds were investigated against α‐ and β‐glucosidases because these enzymes play a crucial role in treating type‐2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). As compared to the reference compound acarbose (IC50 38.22 ± 0.12 μM), compounds 4i (IC50 25.49 ± 0.67 μM), 4f (IC50 28.91 ± 0.43 μM), 4h (IC50 30.66 ± 0.52 μM), and 4e (IC50 35.01 ± 0.45 μM) delivered better inhibition against α‐glucosidase and were quite inactive/completely inactive against β‐glucosidase. The structure–activity relationship of these compounds was developed and elaborated with the help of molecular docking studies.
Graviton production by two‐photon processes in TeV‐scale gravitational interactions
Authors: Machado M. V. T.
Published: December 2017

The production of gravitons via two‐photon fusion and ZZ fusion processes are considered using the scale of the gravitational interactions around a few TeV. We focus on the expected energies of the proposed electron–positron colliders with a center‐of‐mass energy at the TeV scale. The number of events is predicted, and the background from the Standard Model is analyzed. The dependence on the effective Planck scale and on the number of extra dimensions is investigated.
Charged fermion gas polarization in strong magnetic fields
Authors: Paret D. Manreza , Martinez A. Perez , Ayala Alejandro , Piccinelli G. , Sanchez A.
Published: December 2017

We study the polarization of a charged fermion gas in the presence of intense magnetic fields by finding an exact numerical expression for the gas number density. We compute the polarization as a function of the magnetic field, chemical potential, and temperature and compare them with approximate analytical results. We find that the analytical approximations are in agreement with the numerical results only in the asymptotic limit of these parameters.
Searching for local Lorentz invariance violation with pendulum experiments
Authors: Tan Y. J. , Chen Y. F. , Shao C. G.
Published: December 2017

Searching for local Lorentz invariance violation (LIV) is a method to probe general relativity (GR), since local Lorentz invariance is a key ingredient for GR. Here, we first review the work we have done on LIV in the pure‐gravity sector involving quadratic couplings of Riemann curvature through short‐range pendulum experiments, especially focusing on the theoretical model we established for the transfer matrix linking the experimentally measured torque signal to the 14 LIV coefficients. Based on this model, we analyze the LIV effect in HUST‐2011 and HUST‐2015 experiments again, and give the constraints for the 14 measurable violating coefficients in both experiments. Furthermore, we propose a new experimental design aiming at exploring LIV, which may independently constrain the 14 LIV coefficients with higher sensitivity (improved by about an order of magnitude over earlier results) using the striped geometry.
Schutzzielbetrachtungen zum Brandverhalten von Außenwandbekleidungen (Teil 2)
Authors: Hauswaldt Sebastian , Kaudelka Sven
Published: December 2017

Infolge der im ersten Teil vorgestellten Untersuchungsergebnisse zum Brandverhalten EPS‐basierter Wärmedämmverbundsysteme (WDVS) wurden Brandschutzanforderungen im Rahmen nationaler bauaufsichtlicher Zulassungen geändert. Im vorliegenden zweiten Teil wird eine Schutzzielbetrachtung zum Brandverhalten von Außenwandbekleidungen durchgeführt. Dazu wird der Zusammenhang zwischen Brandschutzanforderungen an Außenwandbekleidungen sowie Baustoffklassen dargestellt. Darüber hinaus werden die verwendeten Prüfverfahren verglichen und Unterschiede zwischen dem Schutzziel und der baurechtlichen Anforderung herausgearbeitet. Abschließend wird eine Möglichkeit der technischen Untersuchung einer begrenzten Brandausbreitung aufgezeigt.
Untersuchung der natürlichen Lüftung in traditionellen Gebäuden
Authors: Zhao Mosha , Mehra Schew‐Ram
Published: December 2017

Traditionelle Gebäude sind durch die Verbindung baulicher Anforderungen und soziokultureller Bedürfnissen einer Gesellschaft gekennzeichnet. Die Nutzung natürlicher Ressourcen, wie Wind zur Kühlung und Lüftung, stellt dabei ein besonderes Merkmal traditioneller Bauweisen dar. In diesem Beitrag werden vorhandene analytische und numerische Methoden zur Untersuchung der natürlichen Lüftung in Gebäuden vorgestellt und diskutiert. Schwächen gängiger analytischer Methoden, wie die Volumenstrommodelle („Envelope flow models”), für Bauwerke mit großen Öffnungen werden aufgezeigt. Bei komplexen Gebäudestrukturen sind Methoden dieser Art nicht einfach anwendbar. Hierfür sollen andere Methoden, wie die CFD‐Simulation, zum Einsatz kommen. Für die Validierung der CFD‐Simulation wird im Anschluss auf zwei bereits durchgeführte Experimente zurückgegriffen. Die Ergebnisse können das Strömungsverhalten infolge des Windes sowie den thermischen Auftrieb in den untersuchten Beispielen realitätsnah wiedergeben. Im Anwendungsbeispiel wird für den weiteren Einsatz der CFD‐Simulation ein Gebäude mit Windturm dargestellt und diskutiert. Somit sollen Grundlagen für weitere Untersuchungen der natürlichen Lüftung für klima‐ und kulturgerechte Bauten geschaffen werden.
Zuschrift: Bauphysik 6/2017
Authors: Schmidt Christoph
Published: December 2017

Zu: Schmidt, C., Luther, G., Altgeld, H., Maas, S. Groß, B., Scholzen, F.: „Außenliegende Wandtemperierung” – LowEx‐Anwendung zur Temperierung von Bestandsgebäuden und thermischen Aktivierung der Bestandswand: theoretische Grundlagen und Kennwerte Bauphysik 39 (2017), H. 4, S. 215–223.
Birth defect survival for hispanic subgroups
Authors: Lopez Keila N. , Nembhard Wendy N. , Wang Ying , Liu Gang , Kucik James E. , Copeland Glenn , Gilboa Suzanne M. , Kirby Russell S. , Canfield Mark
Published: December 2017

Background

Previous studies demonstrate that infant and childhood mortality differ among children with birth defects by maternal race/ethnicity, but limited mortality information is published for Hispanic ethnic subgroups.

Methods

We performed a retrospective cohort study using data for children with birth defects born to Hispanic mothers during 1999–2007 from 12 population‐based state birth defects surveillance programs. Deaths were ascertained through multiple sources. Survival probabilities were estimated by the Kaplan‐Meier method. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine the effect of clinical and demographic factors on mortality risk.

Results

Among 28,497 Hispanic infants and children with major birth defects, 1‐year survival was highest for infants born to Cuban mothers at 94.6% (95% confidence intervals [CI] 92.7–96.0) and the lowest for Mexicans at 90.2% (95% CI 89.7–90.6; p < .0001). For children aged up to 8 years, survival remained highest for Cuban Americans at 94.1% (95% CI 91.8–95.7) and lowest for Mexican Americans at 89.2% (95% CI 88.7–89.7; p = .0002). In the multivariable analysis using non‐Hispanic White as the reference group, only infants and children born to Mexican mothers were noted to have a higher risk of mortality for cardiovascular defects.

Conclusions

This analysis provides a better understanding of survival and mortality for Hispanic infants and children with selected birth defects. The differences found in survival, particularly the highest survival rates for Cuban American children and lowest for Mexican American children with birth defects, underscores the importance of assessing Hispanic ethnic subgroups, as differences among subgroups appear to exist.
Synthesis and Preliminary Evaluation of 68Ga‐NOTA‐Biphenyl‐c(RGDyK) for the Quantification of Integrin αvβ3
Authors: Shin Un Chul , Jung Ki‐Hye , Park Ji‐Ae , Lee Ji Woong , Kim Jung Young , Seo Jongbum , Lee Kyo Chul , Choi Jae Yong
Published: December 2017

Arginine‐glycine‐aspartate (RGD) peptide binds to the integrin αvβ3, which plays a crucial role in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Previously developed 68Ga‐labeled cyclic RGD peptides are rapidly excreted from the circulatory system. In the present study, we developed a 68Ga‐labeled cyclic RGD peptide with a biphenyl group between the chelator and RGD peptide, i.e., 68Ga‐NOTA‐biphenyl‐c(RGDyK). Then, we performed the comparison with the reference compound, i.e., 68Ga‐NOTA‐c(RGDyK). 68Ga‐NOTA‐biphenyl‐c(RGDyK) was 37% less hydrophilic than 68Ga‐NOTA‐c(RGDyK). For positron emission tomography imaging, 68Ga‐NOTA‐biphenyl‐c(RGDyK) had a longer retention time and showed a higher signal‐to‐noise ratio in tumors than 68Ga‐NOTA‐c(RGDyK). However, the biphenyl‐radiopeptide displayed the relatively high non‐specific binding. From these perspectives, incorporation of the biphenyl group to the RGD generates pros and cons.
Allylic Azide Rearrangements Investigated by Density Functional Theory Calculations
Authors: Kang Han‐Young , Kang Young Kee
Published: December 2017

The allylic azide rearrangement experimentally studied by Sharpless group were investigated using density functional theory (DFT) methods at the M06‐2X/6‐31+G(d) level of theory. This sigmatropic process is concerted and occurs synchronously. The equilibrium populations were estimated from free energies of regioisomers involved in the rearrangement process. The estimated ratios of the regioisomers from computations were well consistent with the observed values. In particular, the influence of the hydrogen bonding on the stability of the transition states and regioisomers, during the course of the allylic azide rearrangement, was described by DFT calculations in detail. Computational results also supported the feasibility of the selective interception of the equilibrating isomers in the rearrangement by the azide‐alkyne cycloaddition.
Density Functional Theory Studies on the Stability of Alkaline Metal Complexes of Pentazole and Oxopentazole Anions
Authors: Kang Insook , Cho Soo Gyeong , Lee Hai Whang , Yang Kiyull
Published: December 2017

We performed calculations on alkaline metal ion complexes of pentazole and oxopentazole anions using density functional theory methods to examine the stability of the complexes in the gas phase and in solution. The complexation energies and Gibbs energies were estimated, and the structures corresponding to local and global minima were also identified. In addition, the transition states along the decomposition pathways of the metal‐complexed pentazole and oxopentazole were characterized to evaluate the kinetic stability of the complexes in the gas phase and in solution. The Gibbs energies for metal cation complexation were fairly negative in tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution. This reflected the good thermodynamic stability of the metal‐complexed pentazole and oxopentazole. The kinetic stability of pentazole and oxopentazole was increased by several kilocalories per mole in the THF solution. Upon metal complexation, in the gas phase, the decomposition barrier of the pentazole was significantly reduced, while that of the oxopentazole was little changed. This showed that the metal cation preferentially bound to the oxygen atom rather than to one of the nitrogen atoms in the ring. In the THF solution, the decomposition barriers were rarely altered, when compared to the bare anions.
Preparation of Surface Imprinted Polymer D301‐g‐IIPDMC and its Recognition Selectivity Performance towards AuCl4−
Authors: Li Min , Xue Xiao‐yan , Wang Yong , An Fu‐qiang , Hu Tuo‐ping , Gao Jian‐feng
Published: December 2017

In this article, a new surface imprinted polymer D301‐g‐IIPDMC is successfully prepared using AuCl4− as a template. The adsorption and recognition performances of D301‐g‐IIPDMC for AuCl4− are studied by using a static method and competitive adsorption experiment. The experimental results show that D301‐g‐IIPDMC possesses very strong adsorption affinity and excellent recognition for AuCl4−. The adsorption capacity of D301‐g‐IIPDMC for AuCl4− is 831.08 mg/g, and the selectivity coefficient relative to CuCl42− is 128. The adsorption behavior is an endothermic spontaneous process, and fit well with pseudo‐second order kinetic model and Freundlich adsorption isotherm model. Besides, D301‐g‐IIPDMC is desorbed easily and exhibits excellent reusability.
The Risk Management Gap
Authors: Leitch Matthew
Published: December 2017

Risk is one of the most important topics addressed in the boardroom. It is also one of the trickiest. In this article, Matthew Leitch, a member of the Centre for Risk Research and a coauthor of the Southampton Business School's guide, “Directing Risk Management in Organizations,” starts from the perspective that the received wisdom that the board can somehow be directly involved in every decision involving risk in their organization, because they have considered the principal risks, and set a risk appetite is a fantasy. The reality he explores here is that most of the thinking that takes place in an organization does not involve the board and requires a quantity of thinking that is orders of magnitude more than the board itself can deal with.