bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Déviance scolaire et contrôle social
Authors: Andréo Christophe
Published: September 2019

Comment, dans un contexte marqué par la volonté politique de démocratiser les études, le Lycée Professionnel gère-t-il les élèves qu’il accueille ? Comment ces jeunes vivent-ils, dans leur diversité, leur scolarisation en Lycée Professionnel ?À partir d’une enquête par observation participante menée dans un lycée marseillais, l’auteur propose une étude en profondeur de la vie dans un établissement ordinaire dont il nous livre d’importantes clés de compréhension : le problème du respect de l’ordre scolaire et la délégation de la tâche de filtrer et de contrôler les perturbateurs à de jeunes précaires interchangeables ; les intérêts divergents qui opposent jeunes et adultes chargés de les instruire et de les encadrer ; la manière dont les différences - d’âge, de filière d’étude, de sexe - entre jeunes produisent des comportements contrastés.Cette recherche restitue une expérience sociale et sociologique vivante et originale, vécue par le chercheur, qui repose sur l’analyse des interactions et des situations qu’il a pu observer. Portant un regard neuf sur la déviance et l’ordre scolaire, ce livre met ainsi en évidence les importants compromis que l’institution scolaire concède pour satisfaire les apparences de sa mission dans un contexte de transformation des publics de l’enseignement professionnel.
« Éloigner les Barabbas »
Authors: Durand Antonin
Published: September 2019

Dans la période de répression qui suit les révolutions de 1848, le royaume de Piémont-Sardaigne apparaît comme un refuge pour les proscrits des autres États italiens. Il existe cependant une règle tacite selon laquelle les réfugiés se doivent de renoncer à toute activité politique pour être tolérés. La révolte mazzinienne qui éclate à Milan le 6 février 1853, avec la participation active de réfugiés en Piémont qui ont traversé la frontière, met à mal ce fragile équilibre : le gouvernement se trouve contraint de donner des gages à ses voisins lombards en expulsant massivement les réfugiés suspects. L’objet de l’article est de comprendre les modalités de cette répression en interrogeant les mécaniques de sélection des réfugiés expulsés, les modalités de la négociation de leur destination, les conditions pratiques de leur expulsion et les voies de recours dont ils disposent pour la contester.
A Methodology for Ontology Reuse
Authors: Zulkarnain Nur Zareen , Meziane Farid
Published: September 2019

There is an abundance of existing biomedical ontologies such as the National Cancer Institute Thesaurus and the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine-Clinical Terms. Implementing these ontologies in a particular system however, may cause unnecessary high usage of memory and slows down the systems' performance. On the other hand, building a new ontology from scratch will require additional time and efforts. Therefore, this research explores the ontology reuse approach in order to develop an Abdominal Ultrasound Ontology by extracting concepts from existing biomedical ontologies. This article presents the reader with a step by step method in reusing ontologies together with suggestions of the off-the-shelf tools that can be used to ease the process. The results show that ontology reuse is beneficial especially in the biomedical field as it allows for developers from the non-technical background to build and use domain specific ontology with ease. It also allows for developers with technical background to develop ontologies with minimal involvements from domain experts.
Minimization of Energy Hole in Under Water Sensor Networks (UWSNs)
Authors: Das Satyabrata , Tripathy Niva
Published: September 2019

The major difference between underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) and terrestrial sensor networks is the use of acoustic signals as a communication medium rather than radio signals. The main reason behind this is the poor performance of radio signals in water. UWSNs have some distinct characteristics which makes them more research-oriented which is the large propagation delay, high error rate, low bandwidth, and limited energy. UWSNs have their application in the field of oceanographic, data collection, pollution monitoring, off-shore exploration, disaster prevention, assisted navigation, tactical surveillance, etc. In UWSNs the main advantages of protocol design are to a reliable and effective data transmission from source to destination. Among those, energy efficiency plays an important role in underwater communication. The main energy sources of UWSNs are batteries which are very difficult to replace frequently. There are two popular underwater protocols that are DBR and EEDBR. DBR is one of the popular routing techniques which don't use the full dimensional location information. In this article the authors use an efficient area localization scheme for UWSNs to minimize the energy hole created. Rather than finding the exact sensor position, this technique will estimate the position of every sensor node within certain area. In addition to that the authors introduced a RF based location finding and multilevel power transmission scheme. Simulation results shows that the proposed scheme produces better result than its counter parts.
Image Denoising Using Novel Social Grouping Optimization Algorithm with Transform Domain Technique
Authors: Sekhar B V D S , Reddy P V G D Prasad , Venkataramana S , Chakravarthy Vedula V S S S , Chowdary P Satish Rama
Published: September 2019

In recent days, image communication has evolved in many fields like medicine, entertainment, gaming, mail, etc. Thus, it is an immediate need to denoise the received image because noise that is added in the channel during communication alters or deteriorates information contained in the image. Any image processing techniques concerned with image denoising or image noise removal has to be started with the spatial domain and end with the transform domain. A lot of research was carried out in the spatial domain by modifying the performance of different image filters such as mean filters, median filters, Laplacian filters, etc. Recently much research was carried out in Transform techniques under the transform domain, with evolutionary computing tools (ECT). ECT has proven to be dominant when compared with traditional denoising techniques in combination with wavelets in the transform domain. In this article, the authors applied a novel ECT such as SGOA on the denoising problem for denoising monochrome as well as color images and performance for denoising was evaluated using several image quality metrics.
Assessing Quality of Mobile Applications Based on a Hybrid MCDM Approach
Authors: Aggarwal Puneet Kumar , Grover P.S. , Ahuja Laxmi
Published: September 2019

With the expansion in the quantity of cell phone utilization, mobile applications are developing significantly in today's high-tech environment. With this high demand, the quality of mobile applications is turning into a major issue. The organizations are still finding a way to develop quality applications. The number of quality models has already been proposed for assessing the quality of a mobile application but none of them provide a holistic view towards quality assurance. The present research work proposes an empirical evaluation of the SQM-MApp quality model using a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making approach named ELimination Et Choix Traduisant la REalité (ELimination and Choice Expressing REality) (ELECTRE-TRI) method and step-wise weight assessment ratio analysis (SWARA) method for ranking and determining weights of chosen quality factors respectively. The proposed approach specifically is for the mobile applications that are from the gaming domain. Also, validation of the proposed approach is performed by assessing the quality of gaming applications.
Fused Collaborative Filtering With User Preference, Geographical and Social Influence for Point of Interest Recommendation
Authors: Zeng Jun , Li Feng , He Xin , Wen Junhao
Published: September 2019

Point of interest (POI) recommendation is a significant task in location-based social networks (LBSNs), e.g., Foursquare, Brightkite. It helps users explore the surroundings and help POI owners increase income. While several researches have been proposed for the recommendation services, it lacks integrated analysis on POI recommendation. In this article, the authors propose a unified recommendation framework, which fuses personalized user preference, geographical influence, and social reputation. The TF-IDF method is adopted to measure the interest level and contribution of locations when calculating the similarity between users. Geographical influence includes geographical distance and location popularity. The authors find friends in Brightkite share low common visited POIs. It means friends' interests may vary greatly. Instead of directly getting recommendations from so-called friends in LBSN, the users attain recommendation from others according to their reputation. Finally, experimental results on real-world dataset demonstrate that the proposed method performs much better than other recommendation methods.
A Proposal of a Catalog of Gamification Patterns
Authors: Mosquera Jhonny Paul Taborda , López Jeferson Arango , Collazos César A , Vela Francisco Luis Gutiérrez
Published: September 2019

Taking advantage of the advances in mobile technologies, and the new set of applications and games available in the different stores, in this article the authors propose a catalog of gamification patterns that can be implemented un those applications and games. These patterns increase student motivation through its implementation in activities in and out of the classroom with the support of mobile devices and game applications. In addition, the authors carried out an experiment conducted with different groups of students in an educational institution in Colombia to assess its impact on student motivation. The results show the improvement in the motivation for the majority of students that used applications with the proposed patterns. This study contributes to addressing the technological resources of schools towards gamification patterns perspectives to improve the motivation of students in the learning process.
Glandular trichomes that mediate resistance to green peach aphid in tomato genotypes from the cross between S. galapagense and S. lycopersicum
Authors: Da Silva Alex Antonio , De Castro Carvalho Regis , Carvalho Andrade Marcela , Zeist André Ricardo , Vilela Resende Juliano Tadeu , Maluf Wilson Roberto
Published: September 2019

The aim of this study was to verify the resistance of tomato genotypes (crossed with Solanum galapagense) to the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, and the association of this resistance with glandular trichomes. Leaf trichomes were quantified for seven F2 genotypes of the BPX-486 population derived from crossing S. lycopersicum ‘TOM-684’ and S. galapagense accession ‘LA-1401’, for the commercial controls ‘TOM-584’ and ‘Santa Clara’, and for the accession ‘LA-1401’. After this evaluation, the genotypes were subjected to two nonpreference resistance tests of the green peach aphid in the laboratory, one with choice and the other without choice. Five genotypes (BPX-486-17, BPX-486-62, BPX-486-10, BPX-486-46, and BPX-486-08) and the accession LA-1401 exhibited a high density of type IV glandular trichomes and a lower mean number of nymphs and adults of M. persicae than two genotypes (BPX-486-313 and BPX-486-383) and the controls with a low density of glandular trichomes, in all the evaluations of both tests. Significant negative correlations between the density of type IV glandular trichomes of the tomato genotypes and the preference of M. persicae were found, which confirms the association between this type of glandular trichome and resistance to M. persicae in tomato genotypes.
Expression of genes related to soil flooding tolerance in soybeans
Authors: Casarotto Gabriele , Kaspary Tiago Edu , Cutti Luan , Thomas André Luis , Barbosa Neto Jose Fernandes
Published: September 2019

The flooded environment brings about injuries to soybeans that vary depending on the adaptation ability of the genotype. Oxygen deprivation promotes the induction of the expression of genes related to glycolysis and fermentation pathways to maintain energy metabolism and, in addition to reducing-power consuming processes, act in the formation of adaptive structures and the maintenance of the redox status of the plant. The aim of this work was to evaluate the relative expression of genes related to soil flooding response in two contrasting soybean cultivars. Soybean plants of the sensitive (BRS 154) and tolerant (I27) cultivars at the V1 development stage were submitted to the flooding and control conditions (without flooding) for 0, 24, 48, and 96 hours. The relative expression of genes associated with flooding, including enolase (ENO), alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (ADH1), alanine aminotransferase 2 (ALAT2), hemoglobin 1 (GLB1), LOB41 domain-containing protein (LBD41), xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XETP) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX2), was evaluated by means of RT-qPCR. The relative expression, in general, increased with flooding, especially in the root tissue. Cultivar I27 responded positively as observed by the expression of the maintenance genes of energy metabolism, structural changes and detoxification, suggesting the presence of three tolerance mechanisms in the flooding response.
Plot size for evaluation of Arabica coffee yield
Authors: Moraes Bráulio Fabiano Xavier de , Toledo Fernando Henrique Ribeiro Barroso , Dias Kaio Olímpio das Graças , Andrade Vinícius Teixeira , Ferreira Daniel Furtado , Gonçalves Flavia Maria Avelar
Published: September 2019

In most cases, in genetic breeding of Arabica coffee, plot size is defined in an empirical manner. It is often based only on the experience of the breeders and the availability of resources, potentially leading to a reduction in precision. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate the size of the experimental plot for evaluation of coffee yield. We evaluated two experiments for validation of cultivars with 12 treatments set up in a randomized complete block design with three replicates and plots composed of 50 plants. Each plant was considered as a basic unit. Estimates of ideal plot size were made by maximum curvature of the coefficient of variation, linear-plateau segmented model and by the resampling methods. We discussed the variations in the parameter estimates for different plot sizes. Divergence was seen among the plot sizes estimated by the different methodologies. Increasing the number of plants per plot led to a higher experimental precision to the point that the increase was no longer significant. The plot size recommended for evaluating coffee production is from seven to 19 plants.
Influenza Virus B-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
Authors: Gao Jackson , Pasion Jeremiah , Sanchez-Petitto Gabriela , Law Jennie
Published: September 2019

This original report describes the diagnosis and management of a male with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) triggered by influenza B virus infection. The patient was diagnosed with HLH-2004 clinical criteria and a bone marrow biopsy demonstrating hemophagocytes. Therapy consisted of etoposide and dexamethasone while monitoring hemoglobin and platelet levels. To enable early recognition and prompt treatment for this disease, physicians should be aware of this association.
Editorial
Authors: Thomas Michael , Can Tuncer , Vallance Michael
Published: September 2019

In the context of educational research, definitions of “impact” have proliferated alongside critiques of its efficacy and appropriateness, and it is important to consider the applicability of the term, as well as to reflect on how it can be shaped and defined.In order to address these issues of increasing importance and relevance in virtual and immersive environments, this special edition of The Journal of Virtual Worlds Research brings together four articles to consider these questions in the specific field of education.
Indigenous Women, Poetry, and the Double Gaze
Authors: Chacón Gloria Elizabeth
Published: September 2019

Chapter 3 discusses the notion of gender complementarity through kab’awil as an achievable horizon for indigenous peoples. The chapter focuses on the work of indigenous women across regions and nations, demonstrating the way that the double gaze allows them to see beyond ideas of tradition that impinge on their sense of autonomy. The chapter underscores the work of Rosa María Chávez, Calixta Gabriel Xiquín, Maya Cú, Briceida Cuevas Cob, María Enriqueta Lunes, Angelina Díaz Ruíz, Irma Pineda Santiago, and Natalia Toledo Paz.
Prologue
Authors: Cromwell Jesse
Published: September 2019

The prologue opens with an illustration and description of a European chocolate party. From this elegant and orderly picture of the consumption of an exotic New World product, it moves backward in the commodity chain to discuss how much of Venezuela’s principal cash crop arrived in the European marketplace via illicit means. It uses an example of a ship seizure and the testimonies of captured contrabandists to demonstrate how fraught and conflict-ridden, yet also commonplace, this transferral of cacao out of the Spanish mercantile system could be. As well as emphasizing tensions between Spanish subjects and their empire’s enforcement structures, this prologue shows the interimperial character of smuggling and Venezuelan coastal communities. Finally, it describes the harsh sentences convicted contrabandists faced and their labor conditions in fortifications and public works across the Spanish Empire. This portrayal reveals the human consequences of illicit commerce, in stark contrast to the refined chocolate service of the prologue’s beginning.
Conclusion
Authors: Cromwell Jesse
Published: September 2019

The conclusion examines smuggling’s consequences for the larger history of colonialism in the Atlantic world. It reiterates that smuggling is the story of empire building and that, despite the desires of coastal inhabitants and imperial policy makers, this was a collaborative process. Extra-state actors powered the economic development of empires. This process produced common cosmopolitanism as subjects of different empires and cultures interacted over trade and mobility. The conclusion also emphasizes the tension between fluid Atlantic histories and the early modern borders and regulations of empire that enabled and ensnared subjects in this period.
Walk like a Man, Talk like a Woman
Authors: Johnson E. Patrick
Published: September 2019

This chapter upends the myth that all queer women of color are butch, or masculine-presenting. Johnson’s interlocutors reveal that gender presentation and expression for women in the South have historically been much more fluid and malleable than is commonly assumed. Moreover, the women expose the inability of terms like ‘masculine’ and ‘feminine” to fully capture how they play with gender.
I’m Alright with Who I Am
Authors: Johnson E. Patrick
Published: September 2019

In this chapter, “Ida Mae” narrates her upbringing in Odenville, Alabama. She shares stories of experiencing childhood in a segregated town, being highly involved in the church, spending time at a local, Black, gay bar, and her family’s various reactions to her sexuality. In her narrative, she also stresses the importance of cross-dressing and experimenting with her gender presentation more often once she enrolled in college.
Fighting for Atlanta
Authors: Hess Earl J.
Published: September 2019

As William T. Sherman’s Union troops began their campaign for Atlanta in the spring of 1864, they encountered Confederate forces employing field fortifications located to take advantage of rugged terrain. While the Confederate Army of Tennessee consistently acted on the defensive, digging eighteen lines of earthworks from May to September, the Federals used fieldworks both defensively and offensively. With 160,000 troops engaged on both sides and hundreds of miles of trenches dug, fortifications became a defining factor in the Atlanta campaign battles. These engagements took place on topography ranging from Appalachian foothills to the clay fields of Georgia’s piedmont. This book examines how commanders adapted their operations to the physical environment, how the environment in turn affected their movements, and how Civil War armies altered the terrain through the science of field fortification. It also illuminates the impact of fighting and living in ditches for four months on the everyday lives of both Union and Confederate soldiers. The Atlanta campaign represents one of the best examples of a prolonged Union invasion deep into southern territory, and it marked another important transition in the conduct of war from open field battles to fighting from improvised field fortifications.
Tactics, Terrain, and Trenches
Authors: Hess Earl J.
Published: September 2019

Sherman consistently urged his subordinates to take the tactical offensive and Johnston consistently took the defensive. Hood initially took an aggressively offensive stance but soon substituted it with a cautious defensive mode of operation. As far as the terrain was concerned, it favoured Sherman’s offensive minded operations during the early phases of the Atlanta campaign, from Dalton to the Etowah River, but south of that stream the terrain favoured the Confederates and their defensive operations. South of the Chattahoochee River, there was no terrain advantage for the Confederates. Both sides came to learn how to dig very effective field fortifications but the Federals used their works both offensively and defensively while the Confederates almost always used theirs in merely a defensive manner. Effective use of fieldworks to hold Confederate forces in place while moving mobile columns to outflank that position was an important key to Union success in the campaign.
Cassville
Authors: Hess Earl J.
Published: September 2019

At Cassville, the third engagement of the Atlanta campaign, Johnston chose one of his strongest positions. He planted the Army of Tennessee on a high ridge but two of his three corps commanders panicked when Union artillery gained a partial enfilade fire on part of the line. Rather than dig more extensive earthworks in the form of traverses for flank protection, Johnston caved in to the entreaties of Leonidas Polk and John B. Hood to fall back from the position without a fight. This episode once again demonstrates that the Army of Tennessee had much to learn about effective construction of field fortifications and once again demonstrated the utility of Sherman’s operational mode of pressing his enemy from the front and flank while maintaining the offensive momentum.
Siege
Authors: Hess Earl J.
Published: September 2019

By late July most Union and Confederate units settled into static, fortified positions just outside Atlanta and something like siege conditions became the norm. The lines were subject to almost constant artillery bombardment and skirmishing and sniping fire. The Federals especially were aggressive in their skirmishing, pushing Confederate skirmishers back to their main line in many places and dominating no-man’s land. Sherman organized a concentrated effort to bombard the city with heavy artillery, disrupting Confederate supply efforts, demoralizing soldiers and civilians alike, and destroying military and civilian structures in Atlanta. Living in trenches for weeks at a time, soldier life became more stressful, dirty, and wearisome. Lice became a problem along with the difficulty of finding adequate sources of water for cooking and cleanliness. .
Lovejoy’s Station, Palmetto Station, and the Federal Defenses of Atlanta
Authors: Hess Earl J.
Published: September 2019

The fall of Atlanta did not end military operations. Hood retired several miles south of Jonesboro to Lovejoy’s Station where he dug in on good defensive ground. Sherman moved to oppose him for several days but could find no opportunity to attack. Unwilling to continue moving south of Atlanta while dependent on his slim rail line, Sherman retired to rest at Atlanta. Hood then moved the Army of Tennessee to Palmetto Station southwest of Atlanta to rest and plan his next move, digging a line of earthworks to protect his position. Sherman planned to turn Atlanta into an armed camp by evacuating Southern sympathizers from the civilian population and building a new line of earthworks to protect the heart of the city. These Federal defences of Atlanta were expertly planned and built and became a model of good field fortification.
Conclusion
Authors: Hess Earl J.
Published: September 2019

Field fortifications became an important feature of the Atlanta campaign, evolving from minimal beginnings to major proportions by the time the armies crossed the Etowah River. The impetus behind this development came not from the highest commanders but originated on the corps, division, and brigade levels, and sometimes from regimental officers and the privates. Sherman adapted his operational style to accommodate this development, consciously using fieldworks to aid his offensive needs without getting bogged down in a defensive-mindedness that fieldworks were capable of fostering. Johnston, in contrast, allowed himself to develop a consistent defensive operational style, relying too heavily on strong earthworks and not taking enough risks to slow or stymy Federal advances. Hood waffled from a disdain of enemy earthworks, launching vigorous but unsuccessful assaults, to reverting to Johnston’s defensive mode. The actual digging was overwhelmingly done by the rank and file, not by black laborers or by pioneer or engineer troops.
Captivity as Literacy Event
Authors: Newman Andrew
Published: September 2019

The introduction uses James Smith’s 1799 narrative of captivity during the French and Indian War to illustrate key concepts adapted from sociolinguistics, academic literacy studies, and narratology. Representations of literacy events, or action sequences involving reading and writing, express the captives’ affiliation with their discourse communities, which share literacy practices and language ideologies, including the widespread belief that literacy entails a cultural superiority over native peoples. The analysis distinguishes between conventional textual references, such as allusions, that belong to the author’s discourse, and texts that appear as part of the captive’s story. It presents the concept of the reception allegory, an application of another text to one’s present circumstances, and emphasizes the ethnohistorical context for the captive’s experience, as opposed to the cultural context for the author’s narrative.
Psalm 137 as a Site of Encounter
Authors: Newman Andrew
Published: September 2019

References to the famous 137th Psalm (“by the rivers of Babylon”) by colonial captives such as Mary Rowlandson, Isaac Jogues, John Williams, and Elizabeth Hanson are different from those of other Christian writers. Elements of the psalm were recapitulated in the ethnohistorical context of Indian captivity. These include the riverine landscape and pagan captors (verse 1), the compulsion to sing “songs of Zion” (verse 3), and infanticidal violence (verses 8-9). The question posed by verse 4 – “How shall we sing the LORD’s song in a strange land?” – may have been as relevant to the Christian Indians who were confined and persecuted by settlers during King Philip’s War as for any other Christian community.
“A Singular Gift from a Savage”
Authors: Newman Andrew
Published: September 2019

Four captivity narratives set in the Great Lakes region during the second half of the eighteenth century feature scenes in which Native Americans present the authors with books. These book presentations were symbolic interactions, in which the Indians affirmed their recognition of the value of books to the colonists. When the adopted captive James Smith lost his books, he feared for his life; by finding them and restoring them to him, his Kahnawake Mohawk kin paradoxically enabled his immersion in their society. For the diplomat Thomas Morris, who was detained by Miamis, and Thomas Ridout and Charles Johnston, who were both captured by Shawnees, their books facilitated their participation in secular literary culture. For Morris and Ridout, especially, the books furnished striking allegorical parallels to their experiences.
A Racial History of Emotional Intelligence
Authors: Staub Michael E.
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines the idea that self-control and ability to tolerate gratification delay was an essential skill infinitely more important than IQ. By the 1960s, personality psychologist Walter Mischel was testing preschoolers on their ability to resist the temptation of one marshmallow available immediately in the expectation that if they waited they could have two marshmallows subsequently. Mischel saw his marshmallow experiment as having a powerful predictive value, even as others racialized Mischel’s findings in a way that pathologized black youth. By the 1970s, psychologists (like Richard Herrnstein, future coauthor of The Bell Curve) announced that there were correlations between low impulse control, low IQ, and criminal behavior. By the mid-1990s, after the publication of The Bell Curve, Harvard-educated psychologist Daniel Goleman, in his bestseller Emotional Intelligence, argued that self-control—not IQ—was most likely to predict future success. Emotional intelligence was to become a critically important alternative both to the metric of IQ and to the policy recommendations (and biological determinism) advanced in The Bell Curve.
Embattled Freedom
Authors: Taylor Amy Murrell
Published: September 2019

The Civil War was just days old when the first enslaved men, women, and children began fleeing their plantations to seek refuge inside the lines of the Union army as it moved deep into the heart of the Confederacy. In the years that followed, hundreds of thousands more followed in a mass exodus from slavery that would destroy the system once and for all. Drawing on an extraordinary survey of slave refugee camps throughout the country, Embattled Freedom reveals as never before the everyday experiences of these refugees from slavery as they made their way through the vast landscape of army-supervised camps that emerged during the war. The book vividly reconstructs the human world of wartime emancipation, taking readers inside military-issued tents and makeshift towns, through commissary warehouses and active combat, and into the realities of individuals and families struggling to survive physically as well as spiritually. Narrating their journeys in and out of the confines of the camps, Embattled Freedom shows in often gripping detail how the most basic necessities of life were elemental to a former slave's quest for freedom and full citizenship.The stories of individuals--storekeepers, a laundress, and a minister among them--anchor this ambitious and wide-ranging history and demonstrate with new clarity how contingent the slaves' pursuit of freedom was on the rhythms and culture of military life. The book brings new insight into the enormous risks taken by formerly enslaved people to find freedom in the midst of the nation’s most destructive war.
Confronting Removal
Authors: Taylor Amy Murrell
Published: September 2019

This chapter focuses on the relationship between race and space—between competing ideas for how people of different races should reside spatially—by looking at the Union army’s various attempts to remove refugees en masse. These removals attempted to resettle the people in places far removed from active combat, including northern states, islands in the Mississippi River, and even Haiti. Some of these efforts bore a great deal of resemblance to antebellum colonization plans, and, as in those cases, black men and women in the Civil War largely resisted being sent away. Most of the removals were justified by white officials in environmental terms, driven by racial ideologies that linked particular climates and landscapes to people of color. The chapter also argues that removals were sometimes triggered by concerns about gender and sex too—by beliefs that the physical proximity of black women and white men in military encampments had made rape inevitable.
Gabriel Burdett in Slavery
Authors: Taylor Amy Murrell
Published: September 2019

This interlude returns to slavery and to the experience of Gabriel Burdett, an enslaved minister in Garrard County, Kentucky. It describes his struggle to preach freely and openly, including his conflict with the white elders of a local church who punished him for not following the dictates of proslavery Christianity. The interlude also discusses Burdett’s preferred form of antislavery Christianity, as well as the importance of religious faith to freedom-seeking people more generally.
Crafting an Indigenous Nation
Authors: Tone-Pah-Hote Jenny
Published: September 2019

In this in-depth interdisciplinary study, Jenny Tone-Pah-Hote reveals how Kiowa people drew on the tribe's rich history of expressive culture to assert its identity at a time of profound challenge. Examining traditional forms such as beadwork, metalwork, painting, and dance, Tone-Pah-Hote argues that their creation and exchange were as significant to the expression of Indigenous identity and sovereignty as formal political engagement and policymaking. These cultural forms, she argues, were sites of contestation as well as affirmation, as Kiowa people used them to confront external pressures, express national identity, and wrestle with changing gender roles and representations.
Combatting a tendency to view Indigenous cultural production primarily in terms of resistance to settler-colonialism, Tone-Pah-Hote expands existing work on Kiowa culture by focusing on acts of creation and material objects that mattered as much for the nation's internal and familial relationships as for relations with those outside the tribe. In the end, she finds that during a time of political struggle and cultural dislocation at the turn of the twentieth century, the community's performative and expressive acts had much to do with the persistence, survival, and adaptation of the Kiowa nation.
We’ll Show You Boys How to Dance
Authors: Tone-Pah-Hote Jenny
Published: September 2019

Through war-dancer imagery and its display in expressive culture in the Southwest, Kiowas and others created intertribal arenas that stretched beyond Oklahoma, and Kiowas contributed to the making of a larger intertribal, twentieth-century world. Fancy-dance imagery created a contemporary picture of Kiowa young men that was built from older Kiowa constructions of gender and the popular representation of Plains Indians. Painters forged war-dancer imagery though dance, regalia, paintings, and murals.
Every Nation Has Its Dish
Authors: Wallach Jennifer Jensen
Published: September 2019

This book gives a nuanced history of black foodways across the twentieth century, challenging traditional narratives of "soul food" as a singular style of historical African American cuisine. It details the experiences and diverse convictions of several generations of African American activists, ranging from Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois to Mary Church Terrell, Elijah Muhammad, and Dick Gregory. While differing widely in their approaches to diet and eating, they uniformly made the cultivation of "proper" food habits a significant dimension of their work and their conceptions of racial and national belonging. Tracing their quests for literal sustenance brings together the race, food, and intellectual histories of America. Directly linking black political activism to both material and philosophical practices around food, this book frames black identity as a bodily practice, something that conscientious eaters not only thought about but also did through rituals and performances of food preparation, consumption, and digestion. This book argues that the process of choosing what and how to eat played a crucial role in the project of finding one's place as an individual, as an African American, and as a citizen.
W. E. B. Du Bois, Respectable Child-Rearing, and the Representative Black Body
Authors: Wallach Jennifer Jensen
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines W.E.B. Du Bois’s food politics by closely scrutinizing the health-related advice he gave to his daughter, Yolande Du Bois. This chapter demonstrates that Du Bois and many other middle-class race leaders, self-anointed or otherwise, took great pains to control their children’s diets and to impart the significance of making thoughtful food choices. Du Bois considered black bodies, particularly those of the elite members of the black community, as exhibits of black equality and saw the task of preserving the black body as one not only of enormous individual concern but of significance to the advancement of the entire race.
Regionalism, Social Class, and Elite Perceptions of Working-Class Foodways during the Era of the Great Migration
Authors: Wallach Jennifer Jensen
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the class tensions inherent in the middle-class project of reforming black food habits, demonstrating that working-class African Americans frequently did not share the certainty that foodways could be used as an avenue for citizenship and doubted many of the assumptions embedded in the project of cultural elevation subscribed to by black food reformers. One of the issues at the heart of the culinary tensions among members of the black community was the emerging question about whether there was a distinctive African American way of eating that was separate from mainstream American food culture. In the context of the Great Migration, “southern” food often became labeled “black” food in the northern cities that served as the terminus for black migrants. This transformation took place much to the consternation of black food reformers who, on the whole, resisted the idea of essential black cultural practices.
The Real Mineshaft Gap
Authors: Geist Edward M.
Published: September 2019

This chapter tracks the development of U.S. and Soviet civil defense from the beginning of the 1960s until the mid-1970s. The 1961 Berlin Crisis compelled both superpowers to reinvigorate their civil defense programs. Soviet civil defense was transferred into the Ministry of Defense and renamed “Grazhdanskaia oborona” (civil defense). Similarly, President Kennedy transferred civil defense to the Department of Defense and endorsed a program based on developing community fallout shelters in existing buildings. But from the mid-1960s, the superpowers’ civil defense programs increasingly diverged. Congressional opposition and the assassination of President Kennedy deprived the community shelter program of funding. The ascent of Leonid Brezhnev to the apex of the Soviet leadership, by contrast, empowered military interests who secured substantial resources for Soviet civil defense by the mid-1970s.
The Awakening Giant
Authors: Pinho Patricia de Santana
Published: September 2019

The role of local governments in attracting roots tourists is one of most important factors analyzed in the studies of diaspora tourism. Governments of several countries have actively sought to promote varied forms of roots tourism in order to attract members of their respective diasporas. In contrast, African American roots tourism in Brazil is marked by the almost complete inaction of the government, at both the state and federal levels. This type of tourism was initiated and continues to develop largely as the result of tourist demand, and with very little participation on the part of the state. This chapter analyzes the belated response of the state government of Bahia to African American tourism, examining how the inertia that dominated since the late 1970s was later replaced by a more proactive, although still inadequate, position, when the state tourism board, Bahiatursa, founded the Coordination of African Heritage Tourism to cater specifically to the African American roots tourism niche. The chapter also analyzes whether the left-leaning Workers’ Party, then in charge of the state government, challenged the longstanding discourse of baianidade (Bahianness) that has predominantly represented blackness (in tourism and other realms) through domesticated and stereotypical images.
The Occupation of Havana
Authors: Schneider Elena A.
Published: September 2019

In 1762, British forces mobilized more than 230 ships and 26,000 soldiers, sailors, and enslaved Africans to attack Havana, one of the wealthiest and most populous ports in the Americas. They met fierce resistance. Spanish soldiers and local militias in Cuba, along with enslaved Africans who were promised freedom, held off the enemy for six suspenseful weeks. In the end, the British prevailed, but more lives were lost in the invasion and subsequent eleven-month British occupation of Havana than during the entire Seven Years’ War in North America. The Occupation of Havana offers a nuanced and poignantly human account of the British capture and Spanish recovery of this coveted Caribbean city. The book explores both the interconnected histories of the British and Spanish empires and the crucial role played by free people of color and the enslaved in the creation and defense of Havana. Tragically, these men and women would watch their promise of freedom and greater rights vanish in the face of massive slave importation and increased sugar production upon Cuba's return to Spanish rule. By linking imperial negotiations with events in Cuba and their consequences, Elena Schneider sheds new light on the relationship between slavery and empire at the dawn of the Age of Revolutions.
Consequences
Authors: Schneider Elena A.
Published: September 2019

Chapter 6 links the Aponte slave rebellion in Cuba, which took place fifty years after the siege of Havana, with the wide-ranging impacts of the British invasion and occupation. After Spain regained Havana, Spain took unprecedented measures to promote transatlantic human trafficking, including the annexation in 1778 of what would become its only sub-Saharan African colony, Equatorial Guinea, as well as the tightening of ties to the Spanish Philippines, which was seen as an essential source of goods for exchange in the slave trade. Its Enlightenment-inspired reforms also included new efforts to promote the military service of Spain’s black subjects in both Cuba and greater Spanish America. In the decades that followed the Seven Years’ War, the men of African descent who had defended Cuba from British attack in 1762 sought the continuation and expansion of their many roles buttressing Spanish colonialism; however, white elites in Havana wanted new departures in Spanish imperial political economy and persuaded policymakers in Madrid to grant them. Their efforts remade the political economy of the island, more severely restricted the traditional privileges of free black soldiers and all people of African descent, and ultimately contributed to the outbreak of the Aponte Rebellion.
Prieto
Authors: Lovejoy Henry B.
Published: September 2019

This Atlantic world history centers on the life of Juan Nepomuceno Prieto (c. 1773–c. 1835), a member of the West African Yorùbá people enslaved and taken to Havana during the era of the Atlantic slave trade. Richly situating Prieto’s story within the context of colonial Cuba, Henry B. Lovejoy illuminates the vast process by which thousands of Yorùbá speakers were forced into life-and-death struggles in a strange land. In Havana, Prieto and most of the people of the Yorùbá diaspora were identified by the colonial authorities as Lucumí. Prieto’s evolving identity becomes the fascinating fulcrum of the book. Drafted as an enslaved soldier for Spain, Prieto achieved self-manumission while still in the military. Rising steadily in his dangerous new world, he became the religious leader of Havana’s most famous Lucumí cabildo, where he contributed to the development of the Afro-Cuban religion of Santería. Then he was arrested on suspicion of fomenting slave rebellion. Trial testimony shows that he fell ill, but his ultimate fate is unknown. Despite the silences and contradictions that will never be fully resolved, Prieto’s life opens a window onto how Africans creatively developed multiple forms of identity and resistance in Cuba and in the Atlantic world more broadly.
Introduction
Authors: Lovejoy Henry B.
Published: September 2019

The introduction outlines the scope of Prieto’s biography, including his testimony recorded through the military court following his arrest in 1835. It examines the key set of sources and methods used to reconstruct this story of an enslaved African, who rose through the ranks of Spain’s military in Cuba, to become a prominent leader of Cuba’s most famous Lucumi cabildo. Key themes are also introduced to the reader surrounding ethnicity, identity, big data and historical imagination. The introduction also provides and overview of the Yoruba diaspora to the Americas in order to situate Prieto within the context of the collapse of Oyo, which overlaps with his cabildo leadership between 1818 and 1835.
Integration or Disintegration
Authors: Lowery Malinda Maynor
Published: September 2019

For Robeson County Indians, choosing the tribal name “Lumbee” for themselves was a monumental act of self-determination. The “Lumbee” bill in 1956 granted the Robeson County a form of official, yet limited, federal acknowledgement. In Robeson County, World War II sparked exposure, awareness, and change. At its zenith as an Indian place in the 1950s, the town of Pembroke was remarkable in the otherwise biracial South as its Indian residents continuously found new ways to make the place more their own. Some Indians opposed school integration because it meant sacrificing their distinct independence, control over their identity, and the primary institution—the schools—that had sustained the recognition of that identity for a century. Indians expressed pride in their heritage through their actions and words. With the court case Maynor v. Morton, Tuscaroras defied the federal government’s insistence that they were not deserving of federal recognition. The legal victory against double voting showed that Indians would not be silenced at the ballot box. Rebuilding the Old Main heritage building at Pembroke State College, creating Lumbee Homecoming, and opening Lumbee Guaranty Bank showed that Indians would continue asserting control over their own affairs and celebrating themselves.
Epilogue
Authors: Lowery Malinda Maynor
Published: September 2019

The Epilogue describes the Lumbee community musical show Strike at the Wind!, and uses it as a lens to reflect on and examine the progress and history of Lumbee Indians throughout the years. The show offers a way for Lumbees to connect to being American. Federal recognition has eluded Lumbees, but a lack of federal recognition does not disrupt their ability to exercise their sovereignty as indigenous people. Nor does it constitute a “struggle for identity;” Lumbees know exactly who they are and what it means to belong. The struggle is for fair treatment within an unfair system. Political will, generated through money, compromise, or consensus, is a key ingredient of federal acknowledgment for Lumbees. At the same time, history shows that Lumbees do not always work toward progress peacefully. They have been targets of violence, and also used violence to insist that others see them for who they are, not for who they wish Lumbees would be. Henry Berry Lowry, Julian Pierce, Bricey Hammonds, Helen Maynor Schierbeck, and many others did not live their lives in vain. They were warriors in the Lumbee struggle for independence as a people. Their stories belong to all of us.