bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Digital Twin for the Internet of Vehicles
Authors: Zhang Yan
Published: February 2024

As a working combination of smart vehicles, advanced communication infrastructures, and intelligent transportation units, the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has emerged as a new paradigm for safe and efficient urban life in the future. However, various types of smart vehicles with distinct capacities, diverse IoV applications with different resource demands, and unpredictive vehicular topology pose significant challenges to fully realize IoV systems. To cope with these challenges, we leverage digital twin (DT) technology to model complex physical IoV systems in virtual space, to identify the relation between application characteristics and IoV services, which facilitates effective service scheduling and resource management. In this chapter, we discuss the motivation, benefits, and key issues of applying DT in IoV systems. Then, we use vehicular edge computing and caching as two typical IoV application scenarios to present DT-empowered task offloading and content caching scheduling schemes and their performance.
An Evaluation of the Product Security Maturity Model Through Case Studies at 15 Software Producing Organizations
Authors: Baninemeh Elena , Toomey Harold , Labunets Katsiaryna , Wagenaar Gerard , Jansen Slinger
Published: February 2024

Cybersecurity is becoming increasingly important from a software business perspective. The software that is produced and sold generally becomes part of a complex landscape of customer applications and enlarges the risk that customer organizations take. Increasingly, software producing organizations are realizing that they are on the front lines of the cybersecurity battles. Maintaining security in a software product and software production process directly influences the livelihood of a software business. There are many models for evaluating security of software products. The product security maturity model is commonly used in the industry but has not received academic recognition. In this paper we report on the evaluation of the product security maturity model on usefulness, applicability, and effectiveness. The evaluation has been performed through 15 case studies. We find that the model, though rudimentary, serves medium to large organizations well and that the model is not so applicable within smaller organizations.
Requirements Tool Practices that Drive Business Agility
Authors: Birk Andreas
Published: February 2024

CONTEXT: Successful agile teams advance their work practices continuously. The continuous improvement of effective tool-based requirements practices is an important foundation of business agility. However, requirements tool practices are still widely rooted in plan-based approaches. They are not yet suited well for agile teams or agile businesses. OBJECTIVE: Report and make available an approach for continuous improvement of requirements practices so that tool-based requirements management can drive business agility. METHOD: Industry experience report based on a series of cases from different sources, including ones with involvement of the author. RESULTS: Processes and work practices for evolutionarily introducing and adapting requirements tools and tool-based requirements practices, in a way that supports business agility. CONCLUSION: The presented practices can guide organizations towards establishing effective, tool-based requirements practices that support business agility. A foundation is laid for further systematic investigation and development of the approach.
The type 1 submovement conundrum: an investigation into the function of velocity zero-crossings within two-component aiming movements
Authors: Roberts James W. , Burkitt James J. , Elliott Digby
Published: February 2024

In rapid manual aiming, traditional wisdom would have it that two components manifest from feedback-based processes, where error accumulated within the primary submovement can be corrected within the secondary submovement courtesy of online sensory feedback. In some aiming contexts, there are more type 1 submovements (overshooting) compared to types 2 and 3 submovements (undershooting), particularly for more rapid movements. These particular submovements have also been attributed to a mechanical artefact involving movement termination and stabilisation. Hence, the goal of our study was to more closely examine the function of type 1 submovements by revisiting some of our previous datasets. We categorised these submovements according to whether the secondary submovement moved the limb closer (functional), or not (non-functional), to the target. Overall, there were both functional and non-functional submovements with a significantly higher proportion for the former. The displacement at the primary and secondary submovements, and negative velocity peak were significantly greater in the functional compared to non-functional. The influence of submovement type on other movement characteristics, including movement time, was somewhat less clear. These findings indicate that the majority of type 1 submovements are related to intended feedforward- and/or feedback-based processes, although there are a portion that can be attributed an indirect manifestation of a mechanical artefact. As a result, we suggest that submovements should be further categorised by their error-reducing function.
Salacia spp.: recent insights on biotechnological interventions and future perspectives
Authors: Chavan Jaykumar , Patil Priyanka , Patil Avdhoot , Deshmukh Akshay , Panari Pallavi , Mohite Ashwini , Lawand Pramod , Yadav Pradnya , Bodhe Minal , Kadam Abhijit , Namdas Dada , Pawar Bandu , Jadhav Amol , Shekhawat Mahipal , Santa-Catarina Claudette
Published: February 2024

The plants of the genus Salacia L. are the storehouse of several bioactive compounds, and are involved in treating human diseases and disorders. Hitherto, a number of reports have been published on in vitro biotechnology as well as microbial involvement in the improvement of Salacia spp. The present review provides comprehensive insights into biotechnological interventions such as tissue culture for plant propagation, in vitro cultures, and endophytic microbes for up-scaling the secondary metabolites and biological potential of Salacia spp. Other biotechnological interventions such as molecular markers and bio-nanomaterials for up-grading the prospective of Salacia spp. are also considered. The in vitro biotechnology of Salacia spp. is largely focused on plant regeneration, callus culture, cell suspension culture, somatic embryogenesis, and subsequent ex vitro establishment of the in vitro–raised plantlets. The compiled information on tissue cultural strategies, involvement of endophytes, molecular markers, and nanomaterials will assist the advanced research related to in vitro manipulation, domestication, and commercial cultivation of elite clones of Salacia spp. Moreover, the genetic diversity and other molecular-marker based assessments will aid in designing conservation policies as well as support upgrading and breeding initiatives for Salacia spp.

Key points:

• Salacia spp. plays a multifaceted role in human health and disease management.

• Critical and updated assessment of tissue culture, endophytic microbes, metabolites, molecular markers, and bio-nanomaterials of Salacia spp.

• Key shortcomings and future research directions for Salacia biotechnology.
Towards adaptive drag reduction of a flat-back 3D bluff body in variable pitch and crosswind by flow orientation at the base separation
Authors: Fan Y. , Parezanović V. , Fichera S. , Cadot O.
Published: February 2024

The sensitivity of the drag to the rear design of a flat-back body is investigated under different body attitudes defined by the pitch ($$-1.5^\circ , 0^\circ , +1.5^\circ$$

-
1
.

5
∘

,

0
∘

,
+
1
.

5
∘

) and yaw (up to $$15^\circ$$

15
∘

). The rear design consists of taper angles at the top and bottom trailing edge varying from $$0^\circ$$

0
∘

(no taper) to $$12.5^\circ$$

12
.

5
∘

. Compared to the fixed optimal rear design that minimizes drag at the wind-aligned body attitude, the rear design adaptation to the change of attitude produces a noticeable drag reduction up to 5% depending on the pitch angle within a yaw range smaller than $$2^\circ$$

2
∘

. It is shown that this drag reduction is related to the vertical wake steady instability interfering with the rear design. For yaw larger than $$2^\circ$$

2
∘

and up to $$12^\circ$$

12
∘

, an almost constant drag reduction of 2% is found and shown to be a compromise between a beneficial pressure recovery on the flat base and a detrimental pressure drag on the tapers. At larger yaw angles and whatever the pitch angle is, there is no compromise anymore such that any taper angle different from $$0^\circ$$

0
∘

produces a drag increase leading eventually to the squareback rear design as the optimal design. Overall, the study emphasizes the potential of adaptive control of the top and bottom trailing edge tapers to arbitrary body attitude even at small yaw angles when the pitch is varied.
Therapeutic approaches to sinonasal NUT carcinoma: a systematic review
Authors: Urbanelli Anastasia , Nitro Letizia , Pipolo Carlotta , Maccari Alberto , Albera Andrea , Fadda Gian Luca , Felisati Giovanni , Albera Roberto , Pecorari Giancarlo , Fuccillo Emanuela , Saibene Alberto Maria
Published: February 2024

Purpose

Sinonasal nuclear protein in testis carcinoma (SNUTC) is a rare, aggressive malignancy caused by genetic rearrangements in the NUTM1 gene. The prognosis of SNUTC ranks among the most unfavorable within the naso-sinusal district, with an overall survival of 9.7 months. This systematic review aimed to determine the best therapeutic strategy for SNUTC.

Methods

We reviewed eligible articles for patient demographics, TNM and stage at presentation, best response after primary treatment, disease-free survival and overall survival (OS) times, other following therapy lines, and final outcomes.

Results

Among 472 unique citations, 17 studies were considered eligible, with reported treatment data for 25 patients. Most studies (n = 12) were case reports. The most frequently administered treatment regimen was surgery as primary treatment and combined radiochemotherapy as second-line or adjuvant treatment. Four patients were alive at follow-up.

Conclusion

Basing on the existing literature, a standardized line in the treatment of SNUTC is not yet well delineated. A self-personalized strategy of therapy should be drawn on each patient affected by SNUTC.
A dynamic study of a bead sliding on a wire in fractal space with the non-perturbative technique
Authors: El-Dib Yusry O.
Published: February 2024

Drawing on the principles of fractal properties and nonlinear vibration analysis, this paper delves into the investigation of a moving bead on a vertically rotated parabola. The dynamical nonlinear equation of motion, incorporating fractal derivatives, transforms traditional derivatives within continuous space. Consequently, the equation of motion takes the form of the Duffing-Van der Pol oscillator. Utilizing a non-perturbative approach, the nonlinear oscillator is systematically transformed into a linear one, boasting an exact solution. The analytical solution yields two valid formulas governing the frequency-amplitude relationships. Numerical solutions affirm that these proposed formulas offer highly satisfactory approximations to the analytical solution. Leveraging fractal properties through Galerkin’s method, the paper successfully determines the fractalness parameter of the medium, shedding light on the intricate dynamics of the system.
Deflated domain decomposition method for structural problems
Authors: Akiba Hiroshi
Published: February 2024

The paper presents a fast and stable solver algorithm for structural problems. The point is the distance between the eigenvector of the constrained stiffness matrix and the unconstrained matrix. The coarse motions are close to the kernel of the unconstrained matrix. We use lower-frequency deformation modes to construct an iterative solver algorithm through domain decomposition expressing near-rigid-body motions, deflation algorithms, and two-level algorithms. We remove the coarse space from the solution space and hand over the iteration space to the fine space. Our solver is parallelized, and the solver thus has two sets of domain decomposition. One decomposition generates the coarse space, and the other is for parallelization. The basic framework of the solver is the parallel conjugate gradient (CG) method on the fine space. We use the CG method for the basic framework instead of the (simplest) domain decomposition method. We conducted benchmark tests using elastic static analysis for thin plate models. A comparison with the standard CG solver results shows the new solver’s high-speed performance and remarkable stability.
Fire Behavior of Concrete-Filled Hollow Section Columns with High Strength Bar-Bundle as Core
Authors: Ameri Shaghayegh , Röß Rudolf , Zehfuß Jochen , Mensinger Martin
Published: February 2024

Concrete-filled hollow section (CFHS) columns with a solid steel core have gained popularity in the construction of tall buildings due to their robust load-bearing capacity, slender design, ease of prefabrication, and exceptional structural fire resistance. In this research paper, we introduce an innovative approach aimed at enhancing the structural performance of these columns. Our method involves replacing the solid steel core with high-strength bar bundles and substituting concrete with grout to achieve superior fire resistance. These modified columns are referred to as “bar-bundle columns.” The paper presents the results of extensive fire tests conducted on three bar-bundle columns, each with different bar-bundle sizes, quantities, and configurations. Additionally, we determine the temperature-dependent material properties of the high-strength steel used for reinforcing bars and the thermal properties of the grout used as a filler through standard experimental tests, which are crucial for numerical simulations. An advanced nonlinear finite element model is describe which is capable of predicting the fire behavior of bar-bundle columns. Finally, this numerical model is employed to conduct parametric analyses and propose a simplified design model for bar-bundle columns under fire conditions.Our findings indicate that the bar-bundle configuration and using grout as a filler significantly delays the heating of the steel core, resulting in enhanced fire resistance when compared to CFHS columns with a solid steel core. The simplified method proposed in this study can be used to estimate the fire resistance of slender bar bundles, but further experimental testing could further refine and improve its accuracy.
Standards and the demand for adapting apartments for better accessibility for older adults in Poland
Authors: Hełdak Maria , Kulczyk-Dynowska Alina , Przybyła Katarzyna , Stacherzak Agnieszka , Szczepański Jakub , Michalik Magdalena , Płuciennik Monika , Kempa Olgierd
Published: February 2024

The process of Polish population aging is gaining momentum. In Poland there is a large number of people aging in place, and their physical environment and how well it is adapted to their physical needs, is linked to their health and satisfaction with their home. The purpose of the study is to identify the current state of adapting apartments to the needs of people with mobility limitations in Poland, and also to present their current standard of residence. The following aspects were analysed: access to cold water, hot water, access to sewage, toilet in the apartment or on the staircase. The study aims at providing answers regarding the degree of readiness to change the resided apartments into the ones adapted to the needs of people with mobility impairments among people over 50 (a total of 208 respondents). The authors’ aim was to find out the public mood among people aged 50 and over and their propensity to change apartments in the future The work used a public opinion research based on the performed survey and the conducted statistical analyses. The research revealed, e.g., that the respondents most often indicated the need to adapt bathrooms or toilets in their apartments or houses to facilitate mobility (52%). The respondents residing in the buildings constructed in the period 1945–1975 were most willing to change their current apartment into the one adapted to limited mobility. This is usually due to the poor technical condition of the buildings constructed in this period as well as the structural limitations that do not allow for the modernization of a bathroom or the installation of an elevator in the building.
Writing a manuscript for publication in a peer-reviewed scientific journal: Guidance from the European Society of Clinical Pharmacy
Authors: Wirth Francesca , Cadogan Cathal A. , Fialová Daniela , Hazen Ankie , Lutters Monika , Paudyal Vibhu , Weidmann Anita E. , Okuyan Betul , Henman Martin C.
Published: February 2024

Publishing in reputable peer-reviewed journals is an integral step of the clinical pharmacy research process, allowing for knowledge transfer and advancement in clinical pharmacy practice. Writing a manuscript for publication in a journal requires several careful considerations to ensure that research findings are communicated to the satisfaction of editors and reviewers, and effectively to the readers. This commentary provides a summary of the main points to consider, outlining how to: (1) select a suitable journal, (2) tailor the manuscript for the journal readership, (3) organise the content of the manuscript in line with the journal’s guidelines, and (4) manage feedback from the peer review process. This commentary reviews the steps of the writing process, identifies common pitfalls, and proposes ways to overcome them. It aims to assist both novice and established researchers in the field of clinical pharmacy to enhance the quality of writing in a research paper to maximise impact.
Layer Jamming of Magnetorheological Elastomers for Variable Stiffness in Soft Robots
Authors: Atakuru T. , Züngör G. , Samur E.
Published: February 2024

Background

One of the biggest challenges in soft robotics is the variability and controllability of stiffness. Jamming-based approaches have been of interest to change stiffness dramatically by increasing friction between grains, layers, or fibers. Besides, magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) that exhibit magnetic field-dependent viscoelasticity have significant potential as a stiffness variation material. This study investigates the unique mechanics of magnetic jamming of MRE sheets exploring stiffness change both due to jamming and variable viscosity.

Methods

Sample MREs and flexible neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnets are manufactured. Uniaxial tensile tests supported with digital image correlation are performed to characterize the materials. Multi-layer jamming structures comprised of MREs and NdFeB magnets are developed and validated through 3-point bending experiments and finite element simulations.

Results

Results show that the stiffness of the multi-layer structure is higher under magnetic field. Furthermore, the stiffness change is increased when MREs are used instead of PDMS as layers.

Conclusion

This study proves the concept of magnetic jamming of MRE layers. The results are crucial for the possible soft robotic implementation of the proposed hybrid stiffening approach combining jamming with viscoelasticity modification.
Entering the Labor Market: Networks and Networking Behavior in the School-to-Work Transition
Authors: De Weerdt Dries , De Schepper Ayla , Kyndt Eva , Gijbels David
Published: February 2024

This study examines the social networks and networking behavior of students graduating from higher education and transitioning to the labor market. To obtain an in-depth understanding of graduating students’ social networks, a mixed method social network study was conducted. Network data from 12 graduating students were collected. The results showed that students seek labor market-oriented contacts with individuals in the personal, education, and work contexts. Students received more practical and job-specific support from weak ties (e.g., colleagues at internships) and more social and emotional support from strong ties (e.g., parents and fellow students). The development of a labor market-oriented network occurred spontaneously through social media channels or when students proactively connected with others at educational institutions or job events. However, not all students felt confident developing a network. In these cases, the lack of awareness of relevant network actors, and interpersonal and intrapersonal characteristics play a critical role.
The role of tumor parenchyma and brain cortex signal intensity ratio in differentiating solitary fibrous tumors and meningiomas
Authors: Yu Yue , Gu Fang , Luo Yi-Lin , Li Shi-Guang , Jia Xiao-Feng , Gu Liang-Xian , Zhang Guo-Ping , Liao Xin
Published: February 2024

Background

Solitary fibrous tumors (SFT) and meningiomas (MA) have similar clinical and radiographic presentations but require different treatment approaches and have different prognoses. This emphasizes the importance of a correct preoperative diagnosis of SFT versus MA.

Objective

In this study, investigated the differences in imaging characteristics between SFT and MA to improve the accuracy of preoperative imaging diagnosis of SFT.

Methods

The clinical and imaging data of 26 patients with SFT and 104 patients with MA who were pathologically diagnosed between August 2017 and December 2022, were retrospectively analyzed. The clinical and imaging differences between SFT and MA, as well as between the various pathological grades of SFT, were analyzed.

Results

Age, gender, cystic change, flow void phenomenon, yin-yang sign, lobulation, narrow base, tumor/cortex signal ratio (TCSR) > 1.0 in T1-weighted imaging (T1WI), TCSR ≥ 1.1 in T2-weighted imaging (T2WI), peritumoral edema, and absence of dural tail sign varied between SFT and MA. As per the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, TCSR > 1 in T1WI has the maximum diagnostic accuracy for SFT. Cranial or venous sinus invasion had a positive effect on SFT (Grade III, World Health Organization (WHO) grading).

Conclusion

Among the many radiological and clinical distinctions between SFT and MA, TCSR ≥ 1 exhibits the highest predictive efficacy for SFT; while cranial or venous sinus invasion may be a predictor of WHO grade III SFT.
Potential Improvement of GK2A Clear-Sky Atmospheric Motion Vectors Using the Convolutional Neural Network Model
Authors: Choi Hwayon , Choi Yong-Sang , Song Hyo-Jong , Kang Hyoji , Kim Gyuyeon
Published: February 2024

In this study, we propose a new approach to improve the accuracy of the horizontal atmospheric motion vector (AMV) in cloud-free skies and its forecasting. We adapted the optical flow of the convolutional neural network (CNN) framework model using two 10-min interval infrared images at water vapor channels (centered at 6.3, 7.0, and 7.3 $$\mu m$$

μ
m

) from the Korean geostationary satellite GEO-KOMPSAT-2A (GK2A). Since all pixels had seamless AMVs calculated by CNN (CNN AMVs), we could also predict AMVs using the linear regression method. The tracking performance of the CNN-based algorithm was validated using AMVs retrieved from GK2A (GK2A AMVs) by estimating the difference between those values and the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) Reanalysis v5 (ERA5) wind data over Korea in 2022. CNN AMVs showed similar or better root-mean-square vector differences (RMSVDs) than GK2A AMVs (12.33–12.86 vs. 15.89–19.96 m/s). The RMSVDs of the forecasted AMVs were 2.74, 2.95, 3.41, and 4.79 m/s at lead times of 10, 20, 30, and 60 min, respectively. Consequently, our method showed higher accuracy for tracking motion in the production of AMVs and succeeded in forecasting AMVs. We expect that such potential improvements in computational accuracy for operational GK2A AMVs will contribute to increased accuracy when forecasting meteorological phenomena related to wind.
Reactivity in the human sciences
Authors: Marchionni Caterina , Zahle Julie , Godman Marion
Published: February 2024

The reactions that science triggers on the people it studies, describes, or theorises about, can affect the science itself and its claims to knowledge. This phenomenon, which we call reactivity, has been discussed in many different areas of the social sciences and the philosophy of science, falling under different rubrics such as the Hawthorne effect, self-fulfilling prophecies, the looping effects of human kinds, the performativity of models, observer effects, experimenter effects and experimenter demand effects. In this paper we review state-of-the-art research that falls under the remit of the philosophy of reactivity by considering ontological, epistemic and moral issues that reactivity raises. Along the way, we devote special attention to articles belonging to this journal's Topical Collection entitled “Reactivity in the Human Sciences”.
A multi-scenario multi-model analysis of regional climate projections in a Central–Eastern European agricultural region: assessing shallow groundwater table responses using an aggregated vertical hydrological model
Authors: Koncsos László , Murányi Gábor
Published: February 2024

The 2022 drought highlighted Hungary's vulnerability to climate change, especially the Great Hungarian Plain. Soil moisture, which is crucial for agriculture, depends on the position of the shallow groundwater table. This study investigated the effects of climate change on groundwater table fluctuations in more than 500 wells on the plain. An integrated vertical hydrological model, assuming negligible horizontal subsurface flows, employed the Dunay–Varga-Haszonits methodology for evaporation and Kovács approach for the water retention curve. Verified with two meteorological databases, the model was accepted for 463 wells based on NSE > 0.4 and RMSE < 0.5 m criteria. The FORESEE HUN v1.0 dataset proved suitable after spatial consistency tests. Examining 28 bias- and discontinuity-corrected climate model projections on these wells revealed a general decline in the groundwater table. Differences between trends to 2050 and 2100 suggested lower groundwater levels by mid-century. This research highlights climate change impacts in a crucial Central-European agricultural region in the Carpathian Basin and emphasizes the importance of modeling climate change-induced changes in shallow groundwater levels in water resources management.
An Overview of the Potential Role of Nutrition in Mental Disorders in the Light of Advances in Nutripsychiatry
Authors: Dal Nursel , Bilici Saniye
Published: February 2024

Purpose of Review

As research on the potential impact of nutrition on mental disorders, a significant component of global disability continues to grow the concepts of “nutritional psychiatry, psycho-dietetics/nutripsychiatry” have taken their place in the literature. This review is a comprehensive examination of the literature on the the potential mechanisms between common mental disorders and nutrition and evaluates the effectiveness of dietary interventions.

Recent Findings

Inflammation, oxidative stress, intestinal microbiota, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neural plasticity are shown as potential mechanisms in the relationship between mental disorders and nutrition. As a matter of fact, neurotrophic factors, which make important contributions to repair mechanisms throughout life, and neuronal plasticity, which plays a role in mental disorders, are affected by nutritional factors. In metabolism, the antioxidant defense system works with nutritional cofactors and phytochemicals. A balanced, planned diet that provides these components is more likely to provide nutrients that increase resilience against the pathogenesis of mental disorders.

Nutrition can be considered a risk factor for mental disorders. Therefore, developing public health strategies focused on improving diet may help reduce the global burden of mental disorders and other related diseases.
Clinical management of contrast-induced neurotoxicity: a systematic review
Authors: Mariajoseph Frederick P. , Chung Jia Xi , Lai Leon T. , Moore Justin , Goldschlager Tony , Chandra Ronil V. , Praeger Adrian , Slater Lee-Anne
Published: February 2024

Background

Contrast-induced neurotoxicity (CIN) is an increasingly recognised complication following endovascular procedures utilising contrast. It remains poorly understood with heterogenous clinical management strategies. The aim of this review was to identify commonly employed treatments for CIN to enhance clinical decision making.

Methods

A systematic search of Embase (1947–2022) and Medline (1946–2022) was conducted. Articles describing (i) patients with a clinical diagnosis of CIN, (ii) with radiological exclusion of other pathologies, (iii) detailed report of treatments, and (iv) discharge outcomes, were included. Data relating to demographics, procedure, symptoms, treatment and outcomes were extracted.

Results

A total of 73 patients were included, with a median age of 64 years. The most common procedures were cerebral angiography (42.5%) and coronary angiography (42.5%), and the median volume of contrast administered was 150 ml. The most common symptoms were cortical blindness (38.4%) and reduced consciousness (28.8%), and 84.9% of patients experienced complete resolution at the time of discharge. Management included intravenous fluids to dilute contrast in the cerebrovasculature (54.8%), corticosteroids to reduce blood–brain barrier damage (47.9%), antiseizure (16.4%) and sedative (16.4%) medications. Mannitol (13.7%) was also utilised to reduce cerebral oedema. Intensive care admission was required for 19.2% of patients. No statistically significant differences were observed between treatment and discharge outcomes.

Conclusions

The clinical management of CIN should be considered on a patient-by-patient basis, but may consist of aggressive fluid therapy alongside corticosteroids, as well as other supportive therapy as required. Further examination of CIN management is required to define best practice.
Effects of post-weld heat treatment on the microstructure and properties of the matching SMAW filler metal for weld joints in MarBN steel
Authors: Zhang Zhuyao , Roberts Steve , Wildgoose Josh , Philpott Will , Jepson Mark A. E.
Published: February 2024

A detailed investigation has been carried out of the matching composition filler metal for welding MarBN steel to explore the influence of welding procedure and post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) on the microstructure and properties of the weld metal and a MarBN steel weld joint. The filler metal was in the form of a shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) electrode. With different interpass temperatures and PWHT procedures applied, the microstructure and mechanical properties, particularly toughness, of the all-weld metal deposits and welded MarBN alloy joints were examined. The differences in microstructure (grain structure, precipitates, etc.) were evaluated to provide a better understanding of how the PWHTs influence the starting conditions of the matching weld metal and welded MarBN steel joints before service. The current work found that for a 30-mm-thick all-weld metal coupon, reasonable impact toughness was achieved after PWHT of 735 °C × 8 h; longer heat treatment durations (16 h and 36 h) did not further increase the toughness. For thicker cast blocks, a PWHT of 735 °C × 16 h was needed for weld toughness comparable to the base metal, hence was considered more appropriate for actual engineering applications. Evenly distributed Laves phase precipitation was observed after 735 °C × 8 h; the precipitates gradually increased in size and area fraction as the duration increased, and appeared to be stable when approaching 36 h. Differences in the precipitation were observed between different weld regions. The weld cap region had a lower density of Laves precipitates compared to the lower weld area. From the current investigation, aspects for further investigation are also identified.
AFM probe with the U-shaped cross-sectional cantilever for measuring the ultra-low coefficient of friction of 10−6
Authors: Chen Yushan , Jiang Liang , Qian Linmao
Published: February 2024

Accurately measuring the coefficient of friction (COF) is the fundamental prerequisite of superlubricity research. This study aimed to reduce the COF measurement resolution Δμof atomic force microscopy (AFM). Based on the theoretical model, a distinctive strategy was adopted to reduce Δμby optimizing the cantilever’s cross-section of the AFM probe, inspired by civil engineering. Δμcan be reduced by decreasing the width of the horizontal sidewRand the wall thicknesstand increasing the width of the vertical sidewH. Moreover, the I-shape demonstrates the highest reduction in Δμ, followed by the U-shape. Considering the processability, the AFM probe with the U-shaped cross-sectional cantilever was investigated further, and the dimensions are 35 µmwR, 3.5 µmwH, 0.5 µmt, 50 µml(cantilever length), and 23 µmhtip(tip height). The finite element analysis results confirm its reliability. After being fabricated and calibrated, the AFM probe achieves the minimal Δμof 1.9×10−6under the maximum normal force so far. Additionally, the friction detection capability of the fabricated AFM probe improves by 78 times compared to the commercial tipless-force modulation mode (TL-FM) AFM probe with the conventional solid rectangular cross-sectional cantilever. This study provides a powerful tool for measuring 10−6COF.
Sound-Based Depth Estimation of Glass Microchannel in Laser-Induced Backside Wet Etching Using Wavelet Transform
Authors: Kim Geun Young , Song Dae-Seob , Kwon Kui-Kam , Ahn Sung-Hoon
Published: February 2024

Laser-induced backside wet etching (LIBWE) has been proposed to fabricate high-quality micromachined components on transparent materials. However, the process is limited by poor repeatability when fabricating high-aspect-ratio structures, even under the same conditions due to uncertainties arising from the thermal process and the complex mechanisms associated with the indirect irradiation of the etching process. Such errors could lead to redundant trials and wastages when trying to achieve the desired dimension. To identify the factors causing these variations, we targeted the process sounds generated during the etching. This study uses a microphone to measure factors that result in variations in material removal quantity during the etching process under the same conditions. The sound was filtered at frequencies between 3 and 6 kHz, which were selected as characteristic frequencies for the process under various laser conditions. By integrating the root mean squared value of the detail coefficient of the wavelet transform, the depth estimation closely matched the measured depth of the fabricated part. This finding suggests that determining the etching rate from sound at a certain characteristic frequency during the LIBWE process is feasible; this approach can improve the accuracy and repeatability of the process. Based on this estimation mechanism, we designed a closed-loop feedback control system capable of fabricating highly accurate microchannels in the range of 80–120 μm with a maximum error of 5.6%.
A multiscale framework for the evaluation of thermal conductivity of sintered powder at the powder bed fusion with electron beam conditions
Authors: Rizza Giovanni , Galati Manuela , Iuliano Luca
Published: February 2024

The thermal conductivity of the powder bed during the electron beam powder bed fusion (PBF-EB) process strongly influences the process conduction and the quality of the components produced. The evaluation of this property is challenging. The models currently available in the literature cannot provide values of the thermal conductivity that consider the temperature evolution typical of the preheating step. This work presents a novel computational framework to evaluate the thermal conductivity of a powder bed for the PBF-EB process. The framework combines the thermal conditions of the PBF-EB process with information on the geometrical features of the powder bed and an analytic method to calculate the thermal conductivity and its variation with temperature and time. The proposed numerical framework is applied to the body centred structure (BCC), a typical arrangement that can emulate the PBF-EB conditions. The numerical framework is multiscale by nature, providing information about the whole powder bed starting from geometrical information about the neck among the powder particles.
A high-order target phase approach for the station-keeping of periodic orbits
Authors: Fu Xiaoyu , Baresi Nicola , Armellin Roberto
Published: February 2024

A novel high-order target phase approach (TPhA) for the station-keeping of periodic orbits is proposed in this work. The key elements of the TPhA method, the phase-angle Poincare map and high-order maneuver map, are constructed using differential algebra (DA) techniques to determine station-keeping epochs and calculate correction maneuvers. A stochastic optimization framework tailored for the TPhA-based station-keeping process is leveraged to search for fuel-optimal and error-robust TPhA parameters. Quasi-satellite orbits (QSOs) around Phobos are investigated to demonstrate the efficacy of TPhA in mutli-fidelity dynamical models. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrated that the baseline QSO of JAXA’s Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) mission could be maintained with a monthly maneuver budget of approximately 1 m/s.
Characterization of Gauss–Markov stochastic sequences for mission analysis
Authors: Giordano Carmine
Published: February 2024

In real scenarios, the spacecraft deviates from the intended paths owing to uncertainties in dynamics, navigation, and command actuation. Accurately quantifying these uncertainties is crucial for assessing the observability, collision risks, and mission viability. This issue is further magnified for CubeSats because they have limited control authority and thus require accurate dispersion estimates to avoid rejecting viable trajectories or selecting unviable ones. Trajectory uncertainties arise from random variables (e.g., measurement errors and drag coefficients) and processes (e.g., solar radiation pressure and low-thrust acceleration). Although random variables generally present minimal computational complexity, handling stochastic processes can be challenging because of their noisy dynamics. Nonetheless, accurately modeling these processes is essential, as they significantly influence the uncertain propagation of space trajectories, and an inadequate representation can result in either underestimation or overestimation of the stochastic characteristics associated with a given trajectory. This study addresses the gap in characterizing process uncertainties, represented as Gauss–Markov processes in mission analysis, by presenting models, evaluating derived quantities, and providing results on the impact of spacecraft trajectories. This study emphasizes the importance of accurately modeling random processes to properly characterize stochastic spacecraft paths.
Sex related difference in postoperative pain and opioid use following posterior spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
Authors: Collis Reid W. , Dry Tonia , Chan Gilbert , Lim Poh , Oswald Timothy
Published: February 2024

Purpose

This project aims to evaluate the relationship between biological sex and postoperative pain and in patients receiving posterior spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

Methods

This is a retrospective study of patients (n=137) aged 10-17 receiving posterior spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis between 01/2018 and 09/2022. Each patient received surgery by the same pediatric orthopedic surgeon with identical postoperative pain management regimen at a children’s hospital or a tertiary referral center with a pediatric spine program.

Results

There were no significant differences in any background characteristics between the male and female patients, including age, BMI, number of levels fused, preoperative degree of scoliosis, and length of surgery and anesthesia (p>0.05). There were no differences in amount given of any intraoperative medications, nor in amount of postoperative scheduled analgesics (p>0.05). Female patients demonstrated higher average pain scores on Visual Analogue Scale evaluations during the first 24 hours postoperatively (5.0 vs 3.6, p<0.0001), 24-48 hours postoperatively (4.9 vs 4.0, p=0.03), and at the first physical therapy evaluation (5.3 vs 3.8, p<0.001). These patients received significantly greater amounts of morphine milligram equivalents in the first 24 hours postoperatively (42.2 vs 31.5, p=0.01) and for the hospitalization in total (63.8 vs 51.3, p=0.048). There was no difference in hours until hospital discharge (44.3 vs 42.6, p=0.62) nor until first ambulation (20.1 vs 21.3, p=0.24) between the female and male patients.

Conclusion

The influence of biopsychosocial factors on postoperative pain in adolescents is complex. This study adds to the existing pool of literature suggesting differences in pain perception between adolescent female and male patients. Female patients undergoing posterior spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis may benefit from increased preoperative counseling and more aggressive intra- and postoperative pain management regimens.
Monopsony in Labor Markets
Authors: Alderman Brianna L. , Blair Roger D.
Published: February 2024

The economics of monopsony power results in lower wages and other forms of compensation, as well as reduced employment. Wealth is transferred from workers to their employers. In addition, the employer's output is reduced, which leads to increased prices for consumers. Monopsony in Labor Markets demonstrates that elements of monopsony are pervasive and explores the available antitrust policy options. It presents the economic and empirical foundations for antitrust concerns and sets out the relevant antitrust policy. Building on this foundation, it examines collusion on compensation, collusive no-poaching agreements, and the inclusion of non-compete agreements in employment contracts. It also addresses the influence of labor unions, labor's antitrust exemption, which permits the exercise of countervailing power, and the consequences of mergers to monopsony. Offering a thorough explanation of antitrust policy, this book identifies the basic economic problems with monopsony in labor markets and explains the remedies currently available.
Compact mid-infrared dual-comb spectrometer over 3–4 μm via intra-pulse difference frequency generation in LiNbO3 waveguides
Authors: Zhou Lian , Lou Haipeng , Deng Zejiang , Qin Xiong , Pan Jiayi , Di Yuanfeng , Gu Chenglin , Luo Daping , Li Wenxue
Published: February 2024

The mid-infrared optical frequency comb is a powerful tool for gas sensing. In this study, we demonstrate a simple mid-infrared dual-comb spectrometer covering 3–4 μm in LiNbO3 waveguides. Based on a low-power fiber laser system, the mid-infrared comb is achieved via intra-pulse difference frequency generation in the LiNbO3 waveguide. We construct pre-chirp management before supercontinuum generation to control spatiotemporal alignment for pump and signal pulses. The supercontinuum is directly coupled into a chirped periodically poled LiNbO3 waveguide for the 3–4 μm idler generation. A mid-infrared dual-comb spectrometer based on this approach provides a 100 MHz resolution over 25 THz coverage. To evaluate the applicability for spectroscopy, we measure the methane spectrum using the dual-comb spectrometer. The measured results are consistent with the HITRAN database, in which the root mean square of the residual is 3.2%. This proposed method is expected to develop integrated and robust mid-infrared dual-comb spectrometers on chip for sensing.
An Epistemic Injustice Critique of Austin's Ordinary Language Epistemology
Authors: Pearlman Savannah
Published: February 2024

J. L. Austin argues that ordinary language should be used to identify when it is appropriate or inappropriate to make, accept, or reject knowledge claims. I criticize Austin's account. In our ordinary life, we often accept justifications rooted in racism, sexism, ableism, and classism as reasons to dismiss knowledge claims or challenges, despite the fact such reasons are not good reasons. Austin's Ordinary Language Epistemology (OLE) inadvertently classifies the discounting of knowledge claims in classic cases of epistemic injustice as legitimate ordinary maneuvers. I provide recommendations for revision of OLE and offer a means of distinguishing between dismissals in cases of epistemic injustice and their legitimate counterparts.
Antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory infections during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: Patterns in a nationwide telehealth service provider
Authors: Linder Jeffrey A. , Persell Stephen D. , Kelley Marcella A. , Friedberg Mark , Goldstein Noah J. , Knight Tara K. , Kaiser Katrina M. , Doctor Jason N. , Mack Wendy J. , Tibbels Jason , McCabe Bridget , Haenchen Steve , Meeker Daniella
Published: February 2024

We examined 3,046,538 acute respiratory infection (ARI) encounters with 6,103 national telehealth physicians from January 2019 to October 2021. The antibiotic prescribing rates were 44% for all ARIs; 46% were antibiotic appropriate; 65% were potentially appropriate; 19% resulted from inappropriate diagnoses; and 10% were related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosis.
Buoyancy-driven attraction of active droplets
Authors: Chen Yibo , Chong Kai Leong , Liu Haoran , Verzicco Roberto , Lohse Detlef
Published: February 2024

For dissolving active oil droplets in an ambient liquid, it is generally assumed that the Marangoni effect results in repulsive interactions, while the buoyancy effects caused by the density difference between the droplets, diffusing product and the ambient fluid are usually neglected. However, it has been observed in recent experiments that active droplets can form clusters due to buoyancy-driven convection (Krüger et al., Eur. Phys. J. E, vol. 39, 2016, pp. 1–9). In this study we numerically analyse the buoyancy effect, in addition to the propulsion caused by Marangoni flow (with its strength characterized by the Péclet number

$Pe$

). The buoyancy effects have their origin in (i) the density difference between the droplet and the ambient liquid, which is characterized by the Galileo number

$Ga$

; and (ii) the density difference between the diffusing product (i.e. filled micelles) and the ambient liquid, which can be quantified by a solutal Rayleigh number

$Ra$

. We analyse how the attracting and repulsing behaviour of neighbouring droplets depends on the control parameters

$Pe$

,

$Ga$

and

$Ra$

. We find that while the Marangoni effect leads to the well-known repulsion between the interacting droplets, the buoyancy effect of the reaction product leads to buoyancy-driven attraction. At sufficiently large

$Ra$

, even collisions between the droplets can take place. Our study on the effect of

$Ga$

further shows that with increasing

$Ga$

, the collision becomes delayed. Moreover, we derive that the attracting velocity of the droplets, which is characterized by a Reynolds number

$Re_d$

, is proportional to

$Ra^{1/4}/( \ell /R)$

, where

$\ell /R$

is the distance between the neighbouring droplets normalized by the droplet radius. Finally, we numerically obtain the repulsive velocity of the droplets, characterized by a Reynolds number

$Re_{rep}$

, which is proportional to

$PeRa^{-0.38}$

. The balance of attractive and repulsive effect leads to

$Pe\sim Ra^{0.63}$

, which agrees well with the transition curve between the regimes with and without collision.