bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Information Needs and Information Seeking Behaviour of Distance Learners at the Institute of Extra-Mural Studies in Lesotho
Authors: Boadi Benzies Y. , Letsolo Patricia
Published: September 2004

Distance learners at the Institute of Extra-Mural Studies, Maseru, Lesotho were studied with regard to their information needs and information seeking behaviour. The study shows that the distance learners exhibit the same characteristics of distance learners elsewhere by way of age, employment status, long distances from campus and, therefore, uneasy access to on-campus library and information sources and services. This has made them depend on easily available sources of information including colleagues, personal collections, co-workers and family members, which may not necessarily be the best sources of information to meet their needs. Suggests that information is an indispensable aid to learning and that everything should be done, especially in the case of distance learners, who as a rule live off-campus, to have unimpeded access to needed information.
Building Online Historical Resources Collaboratively: Making the Most of a Digital Library to Reinforce ICT Skills in Malaysia
Authors: Zainab A. N. , Abdullah Abrizah , Anuar Nor Badrul
Published: September 2004

Presents a framework for a Collaborative Resource Development (CoreDev) digital library for Malaysian historical resources based on the development of local historical digital content by collaborating partners. The environment would provide the platform for the educational community to participate in e-publishing of resources that can be shared by others. The desired outcomes would be an enriched local content of historical resources on the Internet and ICT-literate teachers and students. The prototype uses a biographicalportal as the test bed, incorporating five main modules: (a) off site creation, indexing, searching and retrieval of historical resources; (b) a database that supports multi-format digital resources; (c) simple and complex searches; (d) varied resource display; and (e) basic security features for participating partners. CoreDev is ideal for introducing the use of ICT as a research tool. Teachers can also use it extensively to teach Internet searching skills and make the most of its flexibility to reinforce basic ICT skills.
Political Participation in the Period of Post-Communist Transition
Authors: Rogers Nathalia
Published: September 2004

This article focuses on the political participation of Russian capital owners during the period of post-Communist transformation. The author examines the forms and levels of political participation of the capital owners in correlation with the size and origin of the capital that the respondents own, controlling for age, education and past political participation. The purpose of this analysis is to establish if capital owners in a post-Communist country are likely to support the consolidation of a pro-democratic regime. The findings, based on the original data collected by the author in Russia in the late 1990s, show that only some capital owners are willing to support a liberal democratic cause, and that the capital owners who participated the most actively were those with anti-liberal views. A multi-dimensional theoretical model of participation is used to explain patterns of political participation observed within different age cohorts of Russian capital owners.
Social Upheaval and Fertility Decline
Authors: Caldwell John C.
Published: September 2004

One theme in demographic theory is that, as society changes, human fertility levels remain high because of the continuing influence of outdated “props”to maintain existing levels of fertility. A corollary is that social upheavals might change these conditions, thus leading to a fall in fertility. This article examines thirteen social crises for which there are adequate demographic data ranging from the seventeenth-century English Civil War to the fall of communism in Eastern Europe in the late twentieth century. All show marked falls in fertility arising from deferred female marriage, declining marital fertility, or both. The evidence is weak that this change constituted an adjustment of fertility to immediately preceding social conditions but stronger that there was a temporary adjustment to a new period of uncertainty about the future and a continuing adjustment to new socioeconomic and legislative conditions.
Speculations on the Political Economy of War and Empire
Authors: Perelman Michael
Published: September 2004

This article addresses the internal contradictions of American imperialism. By emphasizing imperial adventures and the buildup of the military without paying serious attention to the underlying economic conditions, the United States may have difficulty maintaining its military domination.
Teaching about Sweatshops and Globalization
Authors: Miller John A.
Published: September 2004

This article reports on my experience teaching Sweatshops and the Global Economy. It describes exercises in political economy for engaging students in the study of sweatshops. Also taken up are my efforts to involve students in the debate among economists about sweatshops and the antisweatshop movement, an analysis of the place of sweatshops in the process of globalization, and efforts to end sweatshop abuse.
Workers’ Participation in Management and Firm Performance: Evidence from Large and Medium-Sized Chinese Industrial Enterprises
Authors: Li Minqi
Published: September 2004

The relationship between workers’ participation in management and firm performance is open todebate in economic theory. There has not yet been any empirical study on this subject regarding China. Theauthor uses panel data of large and medium-sized industrial enterprises in China’s Henan province, froma survey conducted in field research (1995-1998), to study how participatory management affects firmperformance. The author found that participatory management has large positive effects on state-ownedenterprises’ productivity.
Can the Worlds be Changed? On Ethics and the Multicultural Dream
Authors: Lemert Charles
Published: September 2004

Multiculturalism is, among other things, an attitude toward values - hence, an ethic of a kind. The question it poses, however, is what kind of ethics are possible when it is assumed that the one world culture that stood behind classical social ethics no longer pertains. The issue binds most strictly when it is further assumed that social ethics entail political commitments to change the worlds. Hence, the practical consideration of whether or not plural worlds of incommensurable values allow for ethical strategies sufficient to change for the better - where ‘better’ is itself open to doubt.
The State of the Federal Civil Service Today
Authors: Nelson Steve
Published: September 2004

The U.S. federal civil service is ripe for reform. Warning that going too fast or too far on initial reform may risk the foundation for further change, the author encourages changes in pay and staffing as the keystones on which to build lasting reform. The article develops the rationale for these premises by first examining the recent history of civil service reform and lessons learned. Those who championed reform are discussed as well as the external and internal factors post–September 11 including the fear of not being able to respond to national security concerns, the mood of Congress, demographics, the economy, and the downsizing aftermath of the 1990s. Specific examples within the two keystones of focused changes on pay and staffing are presented.
The Simulation of Post-Earthquake Fire-Prone Area Based on GIS
Authors: Ren A. Z. , Xie X. Y.
Published: September 2004

Post-earthquake fires cause significant harm to human populations. During the San Francisco Earthquake of April 8, 1906, the loss due to postearthquake fires was 10 times greater than the direct loss due to the earthquake itself. During the Tokyo Earthquake in 1923, 447,000 houses were burned and 56,000 people died from fires following the earthquake. It is therefore important to assemble the limited fire prevention power available within short time periods in order to prevent the spreading of post-earthquake fires. To achieve this, the area where post-earthquake fires can spread should be evaluated and simulated. Based on the statistical data of historical fires following earthquakes in America, Japan, and China, this study predicted places where fire might occur and simulates a dynamic fire spreading process employing Huygens’ Principle in the paper. This paper presents a prediction model to determine places where fires might occur. The authors have developed a database that specifies the buildings and roads in an urban area, and have integrated this with a geographic information system. The authors have also developed a computer system based on Arc Info for the simulation of areas where post-earthquake fires can spread. The system was applied in a project in Shan Tou, Guangdong province. The successful application confirmed that the system that can be used in the planning of city development, and to make emergency response plans for cities. This paper gives the algorithms employed in the system, details of the system’s architecture, and a practiced example.
Bonding and Bridging
Authors: Larsen Larissa , Harlan Sharon L. , Bolin Bob , Hackett Edward J. , Hope Diane , Kirby Andrew , Nelson Amy , Rex Tom R. , Wolf Shaphard
Published: September 2004

This study investigates the relationship between social connections and collective civic action. Measuring social capital in eight Phoenix, Arizona, neighborhoods allowed the authors to determine that individuals with strong social bonding (i.e., association and trust among neighbors) are more likely to take civic action. However, while social capital lessens the relationship between an individual’s social status and the likelihood of taking action, it does not eliminate the positive relationship. The analysis also suggests that bonding and bridging are distinct forms of social capital that have some different antecedents
Ethnic Identity and Acculturation Attitudes among Indigenous Norwegian Sami and Ethnocultural Kven Adolescents
Authors: Kvernmo Siv , Heyerdahl Sonja
Published: September 2004

Ethnic identity and acculturation attitudes were studied in indigenous Sami (earlier named Lapps) and ethnocultural Kvens (descendants of early Finnish-speaking immigrants from the northern part of Sweden and Finland) in Northern Norway. The sample consisted of 674 Sami and 347 Kven high school students ages 16 to 19 years. Ethnic identity was examined by Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) and acculturation attitudes by acculturation strategies. Among important findings was the result that ethnic language competence had a strong impact on ethnic identity and acculturation attitudes across the two groups, whereas contextual difference in the population of indigenous Sami was strongly related to acculturation strategies and ethnic identity. The authors’ findings may be transferable to other indigenous groups, such as Native Americans, Inuit, and long-standing immigrants, such as Hispanics in the United States.
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder in Parkinson’s Disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies
Authors: Boeve Bradley F. , Silber Michael H. , Ferman Tanis J.
Published: September 2004

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia manifested by vivid, often frightening dreams associated with simple or complex motor behavior during REM sleep. Patients appear to “act out their dreams,” in which the exhibited behaviors mirror the content of the dreams. Management of RBD involves counseling about safety measures in the sleep environment; in those at risk for injury, clonazepam and/or melatonin is usually effective. In this article, the authors present a detailed review of the clinical and polysomnographic features, differential diagnosis, diagnostic criteria, management strategies, and pathophysiologic mechanisms of RBD. They then review the literature and their institutional experience of RBD associated with neurodegenerative disease, particularly Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. The evolving data suggests that RBD may have clinical diagnostic and pathophysiologic significance in isolation and when associated with neurodegenerative disease. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2004; 17:146-157)
Holistic Approach to Resolving American Indian/Alaska Native Health Care Disparities
Authors: Eschiti Valerie S.
Published: September 2004

There is increasing public attention on the health care disparities that exist among minority populations. Recent focus is on the need to identify ways health disparities can be reduced. The American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations areminorities experiencing grave health care disparities. From a Native view, what adversely affects 1 part of society ultimately impacts the rest of it. It is necessary to keep the Native population as healthy as possible for the United States to maintain its health as a nation. Holistic nursing, with its core value of cultural diversity, is an ideal framework in which to foster promotion and maintenance of health for AI/AN people. The purpose of this article is to describe some of the health care disparities experienced by Native people and holistic approaches for resolution. These approaches include providing culturally appropriate health education, promoting educational opportunities in nursing for AI/AN people, and mentoring Native nursing students and new nurses.
Cooperation and Compromise: A Network Response to Conflicting Institutional Pressures in Community Mental Health
Authors: Provan Keith G. , Isett Kimberley R. , Milward H. Brinton
Published: September 2004

This article examines the evolution of a community-based network of mostly nonprofit health and human service agencies providing services to people with mental illness. The network was formed in response to a major shift in the state’s funding mechanism from fee-for-service to managed care. When confronted with conflicting institutional pressures from the state and the profession, the response was one of strategic balancing and compromise through development of an interorganizational network rather than by the passive conformity of individual agencies. How this network evolved and how compromise was achieved was examined. Data were collected shortly after the new system was first introduced and then 4 years later to allow longitudinal analysis of network evolution.
Toward Nonprofit Organization Reform in the Voluntary Spirit: Lessons from the Internet
Authors: Brainard Lori A. , Siplon Patricia D.
Published: September 2004

This article identifies two models of nonprofit organization roles: the economic model, which emphasizes business-like methods, and the voluntary spirit model, which emphasizes participation and membership. Highly visible, professional nonprofit organizations must constantly struggle with the extent to which they are to emphasize their role as efficient and competitive economic actors or their role as institutions important to our democracy. After years of shifting toward the economic model, professional nonprofits may be ripe for reform. Simultaneously, they are confronting and engaging with the Internet. This article draws on examples of health-based citizen cyber-organizations to derive lessons for how professional nonprofit organizations can recapture their voluntary spirit generally and places an emphasis on participation and membership. Also derived are specific lessons on how professional nonprofits can use cyber-strategies to do so.
Exploring Psychology’s Low Epistemological Profile in Psychology Textbooks
Authors: Smyth Mary M.
Published: September 2004

Unlike biology textbooks, psychology textbooks do not present autonomous facts of psychology but introduce students to the need for evidence in accounts of psychological knowledge. This paper concerns the range of ways in which textbooks deal with areas where there is knowledge in many sites in addition to academic psychology, using four examples from stress and health. Type A behaviour pattern is presented in detail in textbooks but not as established psychology; coping and health in students are dealt with by a change of genre which allows the readers’ concerns and knowledge to be placed outside science; stress is given origins in the psychological laboratory with other origins diminished, and then treated as an established entity; only post-traumatic stress disorder is taken for granted and not questioned, that is, it is given entity status without origins being provided and has no history of making within the textbooks themselves.
Putting Aristotle to the Proof: Style, Substance and the EPL Group
Authors: Cockcroft Robert
Published: September 2004

Aristotle’s contention that rhetorical proof is effected by character through the persuader ( ethos), by emotion through the persuadee ( pathos) and through reasoning applied to the subject of persuasion ( logos) suggests one way of teaching rhetoric. EPL ( Ethos/Pathos/Logos) groups put in practice the three modes of proof as three roles to be enacted by students. This core concept of ‘Old’ (i.e. classical) Rhetoric also invites the application of ‘New’ Rhetorical (i.e. modern linguistic) methods to test its validity and enhance its usefulness. For example, schema theory is a common resource for all three roles: footing in discourse is used as a means of projecting ethos; deixis and functional sentence perspective both reinforce pathos; and meta discourse theory has close links to logos. The integrated use of these new techniques as coded and commented on by the three EPL representatives making up each group is exemplified by six of the joint projects completed in the final year of my experiment. It became easier for students, using this methodology, to think themselves into the position of a persuadee, to make the appropriate choice of linguistic means and to communicate these clearly and concisely with a view to discussion and evaluation.
Connectives in Free Indirect Style: Continuity or Shift?
Authors: Sotirova Violeta
Published: September 2004

This article re-examines the role of connectives in free indirect style. Connectives in sentence-initial position have been singled out as a marker of the style because of their frequency in spoken discourse (Fludernik, 1993). They have also been analysed as continuative devices which help the reader to sustain an already established interpretation of perspective across sentences of free indirect style (Ehrlich, 1990). My concern here is with a newly exemplified role of connectives to shift perspective and I have selected passages from D. H. Lawrence which have elicited critical comment in relation to point of view (Adamson, 1995; Baron, 1998). I turn to the contribution of conversation analysis and correlate the uses of connectives turn-initially with their use at points of perspectival shifts. My main conclusion is that connectives also relate viewpoints to each other much in the way that they relate utterances in conversation. Finally, this correlation between the interactive role of connectives and their shifting role in point of view presentation bears on the theories of free indirect style more generally. It strongly supports Bakhtin’s dialogical model.
Hostage Posting as a Mechanism of Trust
Authors: Raub Werner
Published: September 2004

We study voluntary hostage posting - pledging a bond - as a commitment mechanism promoting trust, including trust in economic exchange. A hostage can promote trust by binding the trustee through reducing his incentives for abusing trust, by providing compensation for the trustor in case trust is abused, and by serving as a signal for the trustor about unobservable characteristics of the trustee that are related to the trustee’s opportunities and incentives for abusing trust. We provide an integrated model that allows for a simultaneous analysis of how hostages promote trust through binding, compensation, and signaling. We model hostage posting as a mechanism of trust using a game with incomplete information and uncertainty. Our theorems provide conditions for equilibria such that a hostage is posted by the trustee and induces the trustor to place trust that is subsequently honored by the trustee. The article shows that equilibrium selection problems are not severe: the equilibria are unique or there are only few other equilibria with less appealing properties. Hence, the results can be used for predictions on trust based on hostage posting among rational actors.
Cultural Attitudes, Knowledge, and Skills of a Health Workforce
Authors: Jones Mary Elaine , Cason Carolyn L. , Bond Mary Lou
Published: September 2004

This study describes cultural attitudes, knowledge, and skill of 409 health care workers using the Ethnic Attitude Scale, the Cultural Self-Efficacy Scale, and a demographic inventory. Findings suggest cultural knowledge and educational preparation of the health worker may influence cultural skills. Workers that were most confident in their cultural skills in working with other cultural groups were more confident in knowledge of cultural concepts and had higher education levels. The results also suggest gaps in workers’ knowledge of other cultures and how to care for them in culturally sensitive ways. Educational interventions may enhance workers’ knowledge. Whether such enhanced knowledge yields improved patient care outcomes remains to be answered.
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy Groupwork with At-Risk Junior High School Students: Enhancing the Bottom Line
Authors: Newsome W. Sean
Published: September 2004

Despite the preliminary studies that support solution-focused brief therapy, limited research has examined the model as a group intervention with students at risk for academic underachievement and school nonattendance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the model on school attendance and grade point average. Solution-focused brief therapy was evaluated through a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest comparison group design in which 26 students receiving the intervention were compared to 26 students who did not. Compared to students who did not receive the intervention, students in the treatment group increased their grade point average from pretreatment to posttreatment. Conversely, no differences were found between the two groups on attendance. Solution-focused brief therapy shows promise as a group intervention with at-risk students. Moreover, the findings suggest the continued support of the model during a time in which K-12 education emphasizes accountability, hard data, and the bottom line.
Validity and Reliability of the Behavioral and Emotional Rating Scale (2nd Edition): Youth Rating Scale
Authors: Epstein Michael H. , Mooney Paul , Ryser Gail , Pierce Corey D.
Published: September 2004

Objective: This article reports findings of three studies addressing convergent validity and test-retest reliability of the Youth Rating Scale of the Behavioral and Emotional Rating Scale-Second Edition (BERS-2). Method: Pearson product-moment correlations were used in all three studies, the first two addressing convergent validity and the third addressing test-retest reliability. Results: Analysis indicated that (a) the six BERS-2 subscales and overall strength index were generally highly positively correlated with the social skills composite score from the Social Skills Rating System-Student Form (Secondary Level, Grades 7 to 12), (b) the BERS-2 subscales and strength index were generally moderately negatively correlated with the Problem scales of Achenbach’s Youth Self-Report, and (c) test-retest reliability coefficients over a 1-week period were all above .80. Conclusions: Results provide evidence that the BERS-2 Youth Rating Scale has acceptable psychometric properties and may be considered for use by social work practitioners in assessment and intervention activities.
An Initial Validation of a Measure of Personal and Social Perceptions of the Sexual Abuse of Males
Authors: Nalavany Blace A. , Abell Neil
Published: September 2004

Objective/Method: The Sexual Abuse of Males Perceptions Scale (SAMPS) is a measure designed to assess an individual’s personal and projected social perceptions of myths about the sexual abuse of boys and men. Myths are rigid, stereotypical beliefs that invalidate the experiences and minimize the profound effects of sexual abuse on boys and men. This study establishes the initial psychometric properties for the SAMPS, based on a sample of 333 students enrolled in diverse courses (i.e., business, psychology, social work, urban and regional planning, and education) at a large, southern university. Results/Conclusions: The SAMPS was developed as a three-factor instrument. Preliminary findings confirm this structure and indicate the SAMPS shows promise for future uses relating to training, research, and clinical practice.
The Significance of Control Models: Intentional and Unintentional Effects
Authors: Brorström Björn , Hallin Bo , Kastberg Gustaf
Published: September 2004

Organization and control research has largely focused on the reform work and changes in the public sector. Many studies have focused on the reasons for reforms rather than on their significance. In this article, the authors deal with a control model applied in maternity health and based on remuneration for performance. At the end of the article, the authors note that formal control models are significant. Staff members have adapted to the model, but the model has also been adjusted to suit reality. This change has meant intentional effects, in the sense that the work has been adapted to suit the conditions given, but also unintentional effects in the form of attempts to outwit the system.
Defining Social Support in Context: A Necessary Step in Improving Research, Intervention, and Practice
Authors: Williams Philippa , Barclay Lesley , Schmied Virginia
Published: September 2004

A substantial body of work on the concept of social support has resulted in many definitions, but none have been accepted as definitive. The lack of consensus about the definition of social support has resulted in a lack of consistency and comparability among studies. More important, the validity of any study attempting to measure or influence social support is undermined by the use of generic definitions, which lack contextual sensitivity. In this article concept analysis is used to evaluate definitions of social support to ascertain their utility for research. The authors argue that a contextualized approach to the definition of social support is necessary to improve clarity in research, and results in interventions or practices that are useful. They also assert that the development of a contextualized definition of social support requires qualitative methods to explore the meaning of social support with groups of people for whom intervention research is ultimately intended.
Using Problem-Based Learning to Develop Skills in Solving Unstructured Problems
Authors: Bigelow John D.
Published: September 2004

This article describes my efforts to improve student skills in solving unstructured problems in a junior-level undergraduate business course by employing a problem-based learning (PBL) design. A rationale for adopting a PBL approach for this course is articulated. A 7-step problem-solving model is then presented. The course’s design is described, including its learning outcomes, PBL projects, associated learning activities, and methods of assessing learning. Finally, student reactions and evidence of learning are discussed. The article concludes by raising a related issue: If graduates possess skills in solving unstructured problems, will businesses be receptive to their use?
Problem-Based Learning in Organizational Behavior Class: Solving Students’ Real Problems
Authors: Miller Janice S.
Published: September 2004

This article describes a problem-based learning (PBL) project that incorporates active learning into an organizational behavior (OB) course. It describes a six-step process for designing a course around problems that students identify in their work, school, or personal lives. In addition to researching an OB concept to address their problem, students develop a solution plan, carry out objective measurement of results, and engage in structured reflection on project completion. The article suggests some ways to adapt PBL for classes of different sizes or duration and offers some advice to faculty regarding how to structure the project for best results.
Success and Spirituality in the New Business Paradigm
Authors: Ashar Hanna , Lane-Maher Maureen
Published: September 2004

The article discusses a study we conducted on the concept of success with mid- and senior-level executives in a federal government agency. Contrary to our expectation that the study’s participants define success in materialistic—money, positional power, and status symbols—terms, they used terms such as being connected, balance, and wholeness to define and describe success. Indeed, the participants linked the concept of success to spirituality and stated that to be successful one needs to embrace spirituality as well. The article defines spirituality, discusses the study, its findings and implications, and suggests that spirituality and the notion of success are associated. In addition, it proposes a conceptual model of success that contains four components of both success and spirituality.
Why are we Talking Inside?
Authors: Whiteman Gail
Published: September 2004

In this article, I utilize semifictional dialogue as a means of reflecting on my Ph.D. research on traditional ecological knowledge (TEK). Although my findings were ultimately published in The Academy of Management Journal, the research, defense, and publication process raised a number of interesting issues, including ambiguities and miscommunications that emerged when I tried to communicate and share my findings with academic and business audiences. These reflections are presented in a creative semifictional format that privileges the dialogical basis of Indigenous oral tradition and storytelling. By using this medium, I hope to deepen our understanding and appreciation of TEK as an interesting ecologically embedded approach to management and also to raise and reflect on the validity and implications of using this type of ethnographic representation within organizational research.
Uniting Spirituality and Sexual Counseling
Authors: Turner Tommy E. , Center Hayden , Kiser Jerry D.
Published: September 2004

The historical barrier between spirituality or religion and counseling appears to be diminishing as interest in and emphasis on spirituality expands. The inherent transcendence of spirituality has implications for greater sexual understanding and fulfillment. Counselors who unite sexual counseling and spirituality must examine their personal experiences, values, and beliefs in the spiritual realm as well as become familiar with the various spiritual contexts of clients.
Psychological Abuse of Women: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Kelly Virginia A.
Published: September 2004

A review of the research literature on the psychological abuse of women is presented including defining and measuring the construct. Implications for practice, research, and multiculturalism are explored.
Reflections on an International Conference: Istanbul, Turkey
Authors: Malott Krista M.
Published: September 2004

This article reflects the author’s experience of the 2004 World Family Therapy Conference in Istanbul, Turkey. The conference theme, Families in a Time of Global Crisis, was linked to global issues. Sessions by professionals from various countries are reviewed by the author, including overviews of a Turkish women’s group for vaginismus, implementation of a counselor education program in northern Iraq, and details of a support group for survivors of terrorism in Israel. The author’s observations of audience participation are also included.
Perfectionism and Fear of Intimacy: Implications for Relationships
Authors: Martin James L. , Ashby Jeffrey S.
Published: September 2004

Numerous examples from the professional literature suggest that perfectionism interferes with close, interpersonal relationships. To investigate the role of perfectionism in close relationships, the authors examined the association between multidimensional perfectionism and a fear of intimacy. Maladaptive perfectionists reported significantly greater fear of intimacy than nonperfectionists. Implications for counselors working with perfectionistic individuals struggling to enter or sustain intimate relationships are discussed.
Two Approaches to Counseling a Parent Alone: Toward a Gestalt-Adlerian Integration
Authors: Bitter James Robert
Published: September 2004

This article concentrates on two models of therapy, one Gestalt and the other Adlerian, that were presented at a Brief Therapy Conference and involved demonstrations with parents. Both sessions focused on the needs of individual parents who sought help with their relationships with a daughter and a son, respectively. Typescripts of each session are provided along with an assessment of purpose, awareness, contact, and experience (P.A.C.E.) as these relate to the flow and rhythms of therapy.
Basic Principles of Intervention
Authors: Carich Mark S. , Spilman Karen
Published: September 2004

Psychotherapy can be a complex process, as noted by a number of writers in the field. Each view consists of a specific theoretical perspective with techniques espoused fromthat particular author. There are literally thousands of techniques, ranging from cognitive, cognitive-behavioral, and behavioral to hypnotic. In this article, 12 generic principles of interventions were distilled from across the field of therapeutic models. These are generic in the sense that each principle can be applied to almost any technique or therapeutic situation. The principles can be applied to techniques. These 12 principles include respect, rapport, joining, compassion, cooperation, flexibility, utilization principle, safety principle, generative change, metaphoric principle, goal orientation, and multi-level communication principle. Collectively, they provide a practical framework and guide for the practitioner to conduct the treatment in a way that is appropriate to most popular theories.
Treatment Agreement and Relapse Prevention Strategies in Couple and Family Therapy
Authors: Carlson Jon , Ellis Cyrus Marcellus
Published: September 2004

This commentary examines treatment practices involving treatment adherence and relapse prevention strategies for couples. Treatment adherence and relapse prevention involves the identification and maintenance of positive counseling outcomes during treatment and posttreatment. A comprehensive review of literature and professional experiences is used to illuminate best practices of working with couples to sustain treatment gains. It is concluded that effective relationships and explicit attention to change along the continuum of care are essential for couples to maintain successful treatment interventions. In addition, therapists incorporating follow-up procedures into their practice can increase the efficacy of their interventions by clearly addressing developmental problems that follow the end of the therapeutic relationship.
The Flow of Scientific Knowledge from Lab to the Lay Public
Authors: Mcinerney Claire , Bird Nora , Nucci Mary
Published: September 2004

This article reports on a study of how scientific knowledge about genetically modified (GM) food flows to the American public, focusing on language and message genres in the scientific literature, newspapers, and popular magazines. A comprehensive search of these literatures from 1992 to 2002 revealed a publishing pattern of scientific communication that contrasted with that found in the lay press. Examination of this difference led researchers to a scientific study on the effect of GM corn pollen on the Monarch butterfly. The case study of the discourse surrounding this event demonstrates how press releases affect what is published in the popular press. The role of this event in generating subtle repercussions in the perceptions of U.S. consumers, similar to the ripple effects found in Kasperson’s social amplification of risk theory, is analyzed and reported.
Don’t You Wish You Had Blond Hair
Authors: Whitney Stuart L.
Published: September 2004

Aphenomenological study was initiated to discover the structure and essence of the lived experience of undergraduate women of color while attendinga predominately White university in the Northeast region of the country. Of those interviewed for the project, one participant’s responses were especially rich in descriptive narrative of her experiences while attending the university. So moved by the respondent’s honesty and openness to describe her experiences to a White, male faculty member of the university, the author felt compelled to highlight the essence of the participant’s story in a poignant and meaningful manner. The author chose poetic transcription to portray this lived experience.
The Coverage of Rape in the Israeli Popular Press
Authors: Korn Alina , Efrat Sivan
Published: September 2004

The article presentsan analysis of the coverage of two cases of rape in the daily Israeli popular press. The authors’ hypothesis that the younger victim who did not know most of her attackers will be portrayed as helpless and not responsible for her victimization and would enjoy more positive descriptions than the older victim who knew her aggressors was not supported. In both cases, the reports tended to focus on the victims’ behavior before the rape, emphasizing that they were not sexually innocent. It is argued that by focusing on the victims’ previous sexual experience and by identifying them as “bad girls,” the newspapers sustained and reinforced the myths that a woman who is having consensual sex cannot be raped, and if so, she is held culpable and perceived as “asking for it.”
Interrogating the Treadmill of Production
Authors: Gould Kenneth A. , Pellow David N. , Schnaiberg Allan
Published: September 2004

This article is structured to answer a number of questions that have been raised over the years about the origin, structure, and application of the treadmill of production theory. The following questions are addressed: What was the theoretical structure of the treadmill of production? Why does the theory focus on production rather than consumption? Was the treadmill a dialectical or a linear change theory? How has the treadmill theory changed under the growing globalization of production since 1980? Has the treadmill been evaluated empirically? What forces have limited the diffusion of the treadmill in environmental sociology? Is the treadmill more/still useful today for ecological analyses? For social analyses?
Rail Infrastructure Management Policy
Authors: Law Stephen M. , Mackay Alexandra E. , Nolan James F.
Published: September 2004

Since the economic liberalization of the rail industry in North America, the industry has sought continually to increase operating efficiency. The selective abandonment of track in a rail network is one of the methods most commonly used to reduce rail costs. The issue of rail-line abandonment has proven to be more controversial in Canada than in the United States. At present, the Canadian rail regulator uses costbenefit analysis (CBA) as a decision criterion to assess abandonment proposals. By considering more modern methods of financial analysis, this article constructs a counterfactual examination of an interesting 1993 track abandonment case in Canada. The case is reassessed through the lens of a real-option analytic framework. It is our contention that the information incorporated when using real options for a rail-line abandonment decision removes much of the controversy that has surrounded the process in the past.
The Behaviour of Vapour Transfer on Building Material Surfaces: The Vapour Transfer Resistance
Authors: Worch Anatol
Published: September 2004

While the consideration of the heat transfer resistances on surfaces is natural in practice, the similar effect of the moisture transport is not considered. New investigations showed that in some cases the transition resistance of vapour should not be neglected. Experimental studies have been carried out to determine the rate of vapour transfer at various surfaces. For the transition of vapour at different surfaces specific differences could be detected. A definition by cases concerning the involved surface must be made. This distinction can be met with the aid of the so called vapour transfer resistance, similar to the usual description of heat transfer. Appropriate numerical values are presented and discussed.
Dumping: Police-Initiated Transjurisdictional Transport of Troublesome Persons
Authors: King William R. , Dunn Thomas M.
Published: September 2004

Those who write about the police have generally neglected the informal ways police officers handle situations involving troublesome persons. Troublesome persons, including homeless and mentally disturbed people, prostitutes, juveniles, and people under the influence of alcohol or drugs, are not necessarily best handled by arrest. In fact the recent move by many police agencies to handle situations with either aggressive order maintenance or community policing may encourage officers to handle troublesome persons via informal methods. This article focuses on one such informal method: police-initiated transjurisdictional transport (PITT) of troublesome persons, or dumping. This article describes PITT, explores the literature for examples of it, describes some of its possible causes, and proposes three ways to control PITT. We conclude with four research strategies for studying police dumping of troublesome persons.
The Use of Force between the Police and Persons with Impaired Judgment
Authors: Kaminski Robert J. , Digiovanni Clete , Downs Raymond
Published: September 2004

This article examines the effects of perceived impaired judgment due to mental illness, drugs, or alcohol among a sample of arrestees on police use of force and other outcomes. Using a combined measure of impairment, bivariate analysis of more than 2,000 arrests made by officers from a large southeastern municipal police department suggests that persons with perceived impaired judgment were only mildly problematic for police in this study. Multiple regression analysis of the effects of perceived judgmental impairment on use of force indicates it significantly increased the odds that higher levels of force were used, but the influence of this factor was less than the influence of other factors commonly examined in use-of-force studies. Additional analysis using a disaggregated measure of perceived impaired judgment reveals that the significant effect of the combined measure is a function of suspected drug intoxication rather than suspected alcohol intoxication or mental illness.
Police Referrals of Crime Victims to Compensation Sources: An Empirical Analysis of Attitudinal and Structural Impediments
Authors: Fritsch Eric J. , Caeti Tory J. , Tobolowsky Peggy M. , Taylor Robert W.
Published: September 2004

Victim compensation funds are designed to aid people in recovering financially from criminal victimization. Somewhat surprisingly, the victim compensation fund in Texas currently has a large cash surplus and is underutilized. Police officers in Texas are responsible for providing victims information about compensation. A survey was distributed to police officers in Texas to determine their knowledge about the fund as well as factors that inhibit or predict referrals of victims to the crime victim fund. Results show that knowledge of the compensation fund, source of that knowledge, department size, college education, and perceptions of time constraints, victims, support for advising, and capability of victim liaison are all predictive of referrals. Implications of these findings and suggestions for increasing the referral rate are discussed.
An Exploratory Study of Pennsylvania Police Officers’ Perceptions of Dangerousness and Their Ability to Manage Persons with Mental Illness
Authors: Ruiz Jim , Miller Chad
Published: September 2004

U.S. police agencies have been given the obligation of responding to calls for service involving persons with mental illness. However, they have not been given the education and training necessary to manage this responsibility. Moreover, departments lack written policies and procedures for management of persons with mental illness. The lack of education, training, policies, and procedures has a tendency to cause line officers to respond improperly. Instead of approaching the call as a person with an illness, oftentimes police officers will approach as though the patient is a dangerous felon. Such perceptions have a tendency to lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy when injury or death may occur to the patient, police officers, or both. This article summarizes self-report surveys of a cross-section of Pennsylvania police departments regarding perceptions of dangerousness, injuries to police and patient, policies and procedures, and belief in their ability to manage persons with mental illness.
Dispositional Decisions with the Mentally Ill: Police Perceptions and Characteristics
Authors: Cooper Virginia G. , Mclearen Alix M. , Zapf Patricia A.
Published: September 2004

This study was designed to explore police decision making in arresting or committing mentally ill individuals; it has a special focus on racial bias. Ninety-two officers from a medium-sized police department completed a questionnaire about attitudes toward working with mentally ill individuals and responded to a vignette by indicating a dispositional decision. Results highlighted the officers’frustration in handling mentally ill offenders and the lack of coordination in effort between police and mental health professionals. Race was not a major factor in dispositional decision making, but a racial bias was found in commitment decisions, with Caucasian suspects being more likely to be involuntarily hospitalized.
All-Thermoplastic Composite Sandwich Panels – Part II: Modelling of Bending Behaviour
Authors: Skawinski Olivier , Binetruy Christophe , Krawczak Patricia , Grando JÉrome , Bonneau Eric , Scanzi Jean-Marc , Hilaire Bruno
Published: September 2004

This second part aims to investigate the modelling of the bending behaviour of all-thermoplastic sandwich structures with improved aesthetic properties, manufactured by isothermal compression moulding. The aesthetic thermoplastic sandwiches exhibit specific features such as thick multi-layered faces and significant core properties variation due to processing conditions. Considering these specific features, a three-step calculation methodology has been developed to determine an accurate analytic model, to predict the equivalent shear properties of the core after manufacturing and to take into account the influence of the glass veil layer used to improve the surface quality of the part. Finally, a finite element modelling of the linear elastic behaviour of a simply supported sandwich plate under a concentrated load is achieved to validate the proposed methodology.
All-Thermoplastic Composite Sandwich Panels – Part I: Manufacturing and Improvement of Surface Quality
Authors: Skawinski Olivier , Binetruy Christophe , Krawczak Patricia , Grando Jerome , Bonneau Eric
Published: September 2004

All-thermoplastic sandwiches with composite faces and thermoplastic foam as core material present great potential for future automotive mass applications. They offer many advantages such as high specific bending stiffness, good insulation properties, high impact resistance,... Furthermore, the use of one single polymer throughout the sandwich brings on optimal face–core compatibility, enhanced recyclability and post-formability. The aim of this first part is to investigate the processing of thermoplastic sandwich structures with improved surface quality manufactured by isothermal compression moulding.