bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
First description and phylogenetic analysis of coxsackie virus A non‐polio enteroviruses and parechoviruses A in South Sudanese children
Authors: Couderé Karen , Benschop Kimberley , van Steen Astrid , Verweij Jaco J. , Pas Suzan , Cremer Jeroen , Edridge Arthur W. D. , Abd‐Elfarag Gasim O. E. , van Hensbroek Michaël B. , Pajkrt Dasja , Murk Jean‐Luc , Wolthers Katja C.
Published: October 2023

Enteroviruses (EV) and parechoviruses A (PeV‐A) are commonly circulating viruses able to cause severe disease. Surveillance studies from sub‐Saharan Africa are limited and show high but variable infection rates and a high variation in genotypes. This is the first study to describe EV and PeV‐A circulation in children in South Sudan. Of the fecal samples collected, 35% and 10% were positive for EV and PeV‐A, respectively. A wide range of genotypes were found, including several rarely described EV and PeV‐A types. Coxsackie virus A (CVA) EV‐C types, particularly CVA13, were the most dominant EV types. The CVA13 types had a high diversity with the majority belonging to four different previously described clusters. PeV‐A1 and ‐A14 were the most common PeV‐A genotypes. A lack of representative data from our and other studies from sub‐Saharan Africa demonstrates the need for more systematic surveillance of non‐polio EV and PeV‐A types in this region.
DNA i‐motif formation at physiological pH revealed by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Palacký Jan , Školáková Petra , Renčiuk Daniel , Mojzeš Peter , Rossi Barbara , Matroodi Fatima , Vorlíčková Michaela
Published: October 2023

The intercalated motif (iM) is a four‐stranded structure consisting of two parallel homoduplexes formed by hemiprotonated C.C+ pairs and intercalated antiparallel to each other. iM is generally formed at acidic pH, as cytosine protonation is required for its formation. However, sequences with long cytosine tracts can form iM at physiological pH conditions. Here, we use both off‐resonant Raman and UV‐resonant Raman (using synchrotron radiation) spectroscopy (RS) to study the sequence (C9T3)3C9, which has been recently thoroughly analysed by other spectroscopic methods (CD, 1H NMR). In line with these methods, RS has shown that (C9T3)3C9 adopts iM at neutral pH and the iM forms with slow kinetics, melts in multiple steps and exhibits a large thermal hysteresis between the folding and refolding processes. The presence of isosbestic points in the temperature‐dependent Raman spectra (in line with the SVD analysis indicating just two independent spectral components) suggests that the (C9T3)3C9 is found as a mixture of disordered and ordered structures, the proportion of which is temperature dependent. The ordered iM species are believed to be composed of the same type of C.C+ pairs but differing in their number and arrangement along the cytosine tracts. The related sequence (C9A3)3C9 shows the same behaviour as (C9T3)3C9, indicating that the substitution of adenine bases for thymine bases has little effect.
Lipidomics based on liquid chromatography‐high resolution mass spectrometry reveals the protective role of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor alpha on kidney stone formation in mice treated with glyoxylate
Authors: Chao Yufan , Li Na , Xiong Shili , Zhang Guangbo , Gao Songyan , Dong Xin
Published: October 2023

Few studies have examined the relationship between lipid metabolism and kidney stone formation, particularly the role of key lipid regulatory factors in kidney stone formation. We evaluated the effect of the lipid regulatory factor‐peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor alpha on the formation of renal stones in mice by injecting them with glyoxylate followed by treatment with either a peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor alpha agonist fenofibrate or an antagonist GW6471 (GW). Liquid chromatography coupled with trapped ion mobility spectrometry‐quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry‐based lipidomics was used to determine the lipid profile in the mouse kidneys. Histological and biochemical analyses showed that the mice injected with glyoxylate exhibited crystal precipitation and renal dysfunction. Crystallization decreased significantly in the fenofibrate group, whereas it increased significantly in the GW group. A total of 184 lipids, including fatty acyls, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, and sphingolipids differed significantly between the mice in the model and control groups. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor alpha activity negatively correlated with glyoxylate‐induced kidney stone formation in mice, which may be related to improved fatty acid oxidation, maintenance of ceramide/complex sphingolipids cycle balance, and alleviation of disorder in phospholipid metabolism.
Comparison of healing of acute total tympanic membrane perforation between rats with and without excision of the mallear handle
Authors: Lou Zihan , Li Chunyan , Yu Dongzhen , Wang Jingjing , Chen Zhengnong , Yin Shankai
Published: October 2023

Objective

We compared the histological changes and hearing restoration during the healing of acute total tympanic membrane (TM) perforations between Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats with and without excision of the mallear handle.

Materials and methods

Bilateral, acute, and total TM perforations were created in 36 male SD rats. The mallear handle was preserved in the left ear (handle‐preserved ear [HPE]) and excised from the right ear (handle‐excised ear [HEE]). Endoscopical examination, auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds, histopathological, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis were performed.

Results

Endoscopic photographs showed that all perforations in the 18 SD rats were closed. The mean closure times were 6.83 ± 0.85 and 8.50 ± 0.71 days in the HPE and HEE groups, respectively (p < .001). SEM images showed radial arrangement of fiber bundles in a single direction in HPEs, although normal arrangement was not achieved. In contrast, HEEs showed disorganized arrangement. At 1 month after perforation closure, the ABR thresholds at high frequencies were significantly higher in the HEE group than in the HPE group (p = .029 and p = .017 for 16 and 32 kHz, respectively). Additionally, the changes in ABR threshold were significantly different at high frequencies (p = .011 and p = .017 for 16 and 32 kHz, respectively) before and 1 month after perforation closure between the HPE and HEE groups, although the differences were not statistically significant at the remaining frequencies.

Conclusion

Although the malleus handle may not affect the closure of total perforation in SD rats, it contributes to accelerate the perforation closure by possible guide the migration of proliferative epithelial cell on the upper halves of the annulus. Additionally, resection of the malleus handle impairs high frequency hearing recovery following spontaneous closure of the TM.
Matrix Diffractive Deep Neural Networks Merging Polarization into Meta‐Devices
Authors: Wang Yuzhong , Yu Axiang , Cheng Yayun , Qi Jiaran
Published: October 2023

The all‐optical diffractive deep neural networks (D2NNs) framework as a hardware platform is demonstrated to implement various advanced functional meta‐devices with high parallelism and high processing speed. However, the design methodology merging trainable polarization modulation neurons into the D2NNs, which potentially possess higher integration and more task‐loading capacity, is not yet fully explored. Here, the matrix diffractive deep neural networks (M‐D2NNs) are proposed to deploy polarization‐sensitive Jones matrix metasurfaces into the all‐optical polarization multiplexing networks to perform sophisticated inference tasks as well as inverse designs for advanced functional meta‐devices. Three polarization multiplexing meta‐devices with advanced functionalities are implemented by the M‐D2NNs, that is, high task‐capacity integration classification, non‐interleaved high‐efficiency Jones matrix eight‐channel regulation, and custom‐polarization information cryptographic multiplexing. The M‐D2NNs are demonstrated to provide a new strategy to merge polarization into electromagnetic and optical field modulators by Jones matrix metasurfaces, which may drive the evolution of all‐optical networks toward multi‐task integration and more advanced functional devices.
Influence of climatic conditions on Normalized Difference Vegetation Index variability in forest in Poland (2002–2021)
Authors: Kulesza Kinga , Hościło Agata
Published: October 2023

The influence of climate change on forest condition is noticeable. Forest ecosystem stress caused by climate change has already been manifested in several parts of Europe, including Poland. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to investigate for the entire area of Poland a long‐term trend and variability of forest greenness expressed as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), derived from two decades (2002–2021) of remote sensing Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. In the next step, selected meteorological elements – temperature (T), precipitation (P) and evapotranspiration (ETo), derived from ERA5‐Land reanalysis—were used to determine the influence of climatic conditions on the variability of NDVI in forests. The study documents the general greening of forests in Poland in 2002–2021. The greening is mostly visible in central‐eastern Poland, where the annual mean NDVI increased by 0.030 in 20 years, while it is weaker in the Baltic coast and in the southern edges of Poland (increase by 0.009 in 20 years). Overall, the positive, statistically significant trends in annual NDVI prevail over the negative, statistically significant trends and account for 32.5% of forest area, whereas the negative trends account for 3.9%. The study indicates an overall moderate impact of meteorological elements on variability of NDVI in forests in Poland. The most important factors affecting forest condition are P and ETo. The strongest correlations between NDVI and P and ETo reach 0.55 and are located in central Poland, in the form of a belt from western to eastern borders.
Lycopene Improves Bone Quality in SAMP6 Mice by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress, Cellular Senescence, and the SASP
Authors: Wang Shen , Heng Ke , Song Xingchen , Zhai Juan , Zhang Huanyu , Geng Qinghe
Published: October 2023

Scope

Cellular senescence (CS) is closely related to tissue ageing including bone ageing. CS and the senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP) have emerged as critical pathogenesis elements of senile osteoporosis. This study aims to investigate the effect of lycopene on senile osteoporosis.

Methods and results

The senescence‐accelerated mouse prone 6 (SAMP6) strain of mice is used as the senile osteoporosis model. Daily ingestion of lycopene for 8 weeks preserves the bone mass, density, strength, and microarchitecture in the SAMP6 mice. Moreover, these alterations are associated with a decrease in oxidative stress in the senile osteoporosis model. In addition, there is a reduction in osteoblast and osteocyte senescence and the SASP in the bone tissues of the SAMP6 mice. Lycopene improves bone health likely due to its antioxidant properties that may be linked with the regulation of CS and SASP in the SAMP6 mice.

Conclusion

These results suggest that lycopene may be beneficial for the management of senile osteoporosis by inhibiting oxidative stress, CS, and the SASP.
Nutrition determinants of acute skeletal muscle loss in critically ill patients: A prospective observational cohort study
Authors: Kangalgil Melda , Küçük Ahmet Oğuzhan , Ulusoy Hülya , Özçelik Ayşe Özfer
Published: October 2023

Background

Skeletal muscle loss is associated with adverse outcomes in critically ill patients and risk factors of acute skeletal muscle loss are not well described. This study aims to determine the factors associated with acute skeletal muscle loss in critically ill patients.

Methods

This prospective observational cohort study was conducted with patients who were expected to stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) for at least a week. Rectus femoris cross‐sectional area (RFCSA) measurements were performed within 48 h of ICU admission and on study day 7. The percentage change in RFCSA and variables associated with this change were evaluated by univariate and multivariate regression analysis.

Results

Over a 12‐month period, 518 patients were assessed for eligibility and 44 critically ill patients with a mean age of 59.3 ± 10.9 years were enrolled; 52.3% of them were female. There were significant reductions in RFCSA (16.8 ± 16.5%; P < 0.001). The mean amounts of protein and energy consumed compared with those prescribed were 67.0 ± 28.8% and 71.5 ± 38.3%, respectively. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that frailty was independently associated with acute skeletal muscle loss after adjusting for confounding factors in our cohort of patients.

Conclusion

Frailty status before ICU admission is associated with acute skeletal muscle loss and may be important for identifying critically ill patients at high risk of muscle wasting.
Influence of surface‐treatment of bamboo fiber on the physico‐mechanical properties of bamboo fiber composites with virgin and recycled high‐density polyethylene
Authors: Mohanta Santoshi , Mahalik Priyanka , Hota Gayatri Prasad , Sahoo Bipin Bihari , Pradhan Subhransu Sekhar , Mohanty Shyama Prasad
Published: October 2023

Natural fiber‐reinforced composites are showing promising results compared to synthetic fiber‐reinforced composites. Therefore, the present work highlights the utilization of chemically treated bamboo‐fiber (BF) for the preparation of bamboo‐fiber high‐density polyethylene composites (BF/HDPE). Both virgin HDPE and recycled HDPE (r‐HDPE) are considered for the preparation of bamboo fiber (BF) composite and their physico‐mechanical properties are evaluated. On alkali and stearic acid treatment, more fibrillation and surface roughness are observed in the BF surface which created more contacting surfaces to improve the interfacial interaction between the BF and HDPE & r‐HDPE matrix. The tensile strength of stearic acid‐treated BF/HDPE is increased by 9.26% and stearic acid‐treated BF‐ rHDPE shows an increment of 16.5%. Similar observations are made for impact strength which confirms the improved dispersion of BF in both matrices. The improved interfacial bonding between BFs and HDPE matrix and good dispersion between fibers and matrix can further be confirmed through the SEM images of composite fractured surfaces and FTIR analysis.

Highlights

Surface of BF has been modified by NaOH and stearic acid treatment.

Modified fibers are used as reinforcement in virgin and r‐HDPE composites.

Stearic acid treatment enhances the tensile strength of composites.

Surface modification has significant impact on r‐HDPE composites.
Analyzing the effect of fiber path curvature on the fracture behavior of braided composite cylinders; experimental study
Authors: Mojarrad Maryam Zeynivand , Dabiryan Hadi , Gharehaghaji Ali Akbar , Rezadoust Amir Masoud
Published: October 2023

Different failure modes occur in textile‐reinforced composite under applied loads. Fracture mechanism of braided composites are closely related to the geometry of braids. In the present study, fracture mechanism of glass/epoxy braided composite cylinders is investigated under tensile loads. For this purpose, glass/epoxy braided composites were fabricated using braids with braiding angles of 30°, 45°, and 57° to find the role of fiber path on the fracture mechanism. To determine the fiber path, helixes on the cylinders with aforementioned angles was considered and analyzed. New fixtures (jaws) were designed and manufactured for tensile testing of cylindrical composites. Tensile tests were carried out on the prepared samples to evaluate the failure modes of composites. The SEM micrographs of samples are provided after tensile test. Various failure modes were observed regarding the angle of the braid. Fiber breakage, matrix fracture, and debonding are the dominant modes that occur in braided composites proportional to the angle of braids. Fiber breakage is the dominant mode in the 30° angle braid reinforced composite, while the dominant failure mode in the 57° angle braid reinforced composite is matrix fracture. In composites with a braid angle of 45°, a combination of fracture modes occurred. In addition, energy absorption as well as specific energy absorption (SEA) of braided composite cylinders were also investigated and obtained from load–displacement curves. The results showed that the reinforced composite with a braid angle of 30° absorbs the lowest amount of energy (21.5 J) and also the lowest amount of specific energy (5375 J/kg). The maximum absorbed energy (67.7 J) and the maximum SEA (9675 J/kg) were observed in the reinforced composite with a braid angle of 45°.

Highlights

Fiber breakage is the dominant mode at the 30° angle braid reinforced composite.

The dominant failure mode at the 57° angle braid reinforced composite is matrix fracture.

In composites with the braid angle of 45°, a combination of fracture modes occurred.

The composite reinforced with a braid angle of 30° absorbs the lowest amount of energy (21.5 J) and also the lowest amount of specific energy (5375 J/kg).

The maximum absorbed energy (67.7 J) and the maximum SEA (9675 J/kg) were observed in the reinforced composite with a braid angle of 45°.
Living anionic polymerization of vinyl monomers using benzyltrimethylsilane‐metal alkoxide initiator systems
Authors: Hiraki Yujiro , Terasaki Masaya , Adachi Kaoru
Published: October 2023

Well controlled living anionic polymerization of vinyl monomers was achieved by using the initiator system composed of desilylation of benzyltrimethylsilane (BnTMS) by potassium tert‐butoxide (t‐BuOK) in tetrahydrofuran and trapping the resulting benzyl anion with α‐methylstyrene or 1,1‐diphenylethylene in the initiator system in order to control the desilylation and polymerization reaction. This method led to high initiation efficiency and strict control of molecular weights of the obtained polymers. Furthermore, the initiator system could be applied to the synthesis of a block copolymer of PMMA‐b‐PtBMA. These results showed that living nature of the polymer obtained using BnTMS/t‐BuOK initiator system in the presence of the appropriate additives.
Trajectories of emotional functioning and experienced care of relatives in the last year of life of patients with advanced cancer: A longitudinal analysis of the eQuiPe study
Authors: Ham Laurien , Fransen Heidi P. , Raijmakers Natasja J. H. , van den Beuken‐van Everdingen Marieke H. J. , van den Borne Ben , Creemers Geert Jan , de Graeff Alexander , Hendriks Mathijs P. , de Jong Wouter K. , van Laarhoven Hanneke , van Leeuwen Lobke , van der Padt ‐ Pruijsten Annemieke , Smilde Tineke J. , Stellingwerf Margriet , van Zuylen Lia , van de Poll ‐ Franse Lonneke V.
Published: October 2023

Objective

Advanced cancer has a major impact on both patients and their relatives. To allow for personalized support, it is important to recognize which relatives will experience a decline in emotional functioning during the patient's last year of life, when this decline will occur, and what factors are associated with it. This study aimed to examine the trajectory of emotional functioning of relatives during that time and the characteristics associated with changes in this trajectory.

Methods

A prospective, longitudinal, multicenter, observational study in patients with advanced cancer and their relatives was conducted (eQuiPe). We analyzed relatives' changes in emotional functioning in the patient's last year using the EORTC QLQ‐C30 and assessed associations with sociodemographic and care characteristics using multivariable mixed‐effects analysis.

Results

409 relatives completed ≥1 questionnaires during the patient's last year of life. Mean age was 64 years, 61% were female and 75% were the patient's partner. During this year, mean emotional functioning declined significantly over time from 73.9 to 64.6 (p = 0.023, effect size = 0.43). The type of relationship between relatives and patients (p = 0.002), patient’ sleep problems (p = 0.033), and continuity of care (p = 0.002) were significantly associated with changes in emotional functioning.

Conclusions

Relatives' emotional functioning declined during the patient's last year of life. Support for them, especially partners and relatives of patients with sleep problems, is important. Relatives who experienced more continuity of care had a less steep decline in emotional functioning.
Hydrophobicity‐enhanced ferritin nanoparticles for efficient encapsulation and targeted delivery of hydrophobic drugs to tumor cells
Authors: Incocciati Alessio , Kubeš Jan , Piacentini Roberta , Cappelletti Chiara , Botta Sofia , Bertuccini Lucia , Šimůnek Tomáš , Boffi Alberto , Macone Alberto , Bonamore Alessandra
Published: October 2023

Ferritin, a naturally occurring iron storage protein, has gained significant attention as a drug delivery platform due to its inherent biocompatibility and capacity to encapsulate therapeutic agents. In this study, we successfully genetically engineered human H ferritin by incorporating 4 or 6 tryptophan residues per subunit, strategically oriented towards the inner cavity of the nanoparticle. This modification aimed to enhance the encapsulation of hydrophobic drugs into the ferritin cage. Comprehensive characterization of the mutants revealed that only the variant carrying four tryptophan substitutions per subunit retained the ability to disassemble and reassemble properly. As a proof of concept, we evaluated the loading capacity of this mutant with ellipticine, a natural hydrophobic indole alkaloid with multimodal anticancer activity. Our data demonstrated that this specific mutant exhibited significantly higher efficiency in loading ellipticine compared to human H ferritin. Furthermore, to evaluate the versatility of this hydrophobicity‐enhanced ferritin nanoparticle as a drug carrier, we conducted a comparative study by also encapsulating doxorubicin, a commonly used anticancer drug. Subsequently, we tested both ellipticine and doxorubicin‐loaded nanoparticles on a promyelocytic leukemia cell line, demonstrating efficient uptake by these cells and resulting in the expected cytotoxic effect.
Linguistic capital and social inequalities: Experiences of international Chinese students in Germany
Authors: Bilecen Başak
Published: October 2023

This paper explores the role of linguistic capital in production and reproduction of social inequalities drawing on 20 in‐depth qualitative interviews with Chinese international students in a German university. The paper highlights that while studying abroad can provide advantages when it comes to learning a new foreign language, it can also bring some disadvantages for those who are educated in a foreign language. It underscores that being proficient in a foreign language is not solely about the ability to communicate, but also about assigning a social value to it for some speakers such as international students. Moreover, the contexts of countries of origin and education are essential. The findings indicate that being educated in a foreign language can lead to various difficulties for international students, such as feeling excluded from social circles, facing academic challenges, and encountering obstacles when trying to find a job while studying. However, despite these challenges, education in a foreign language and particularly in Germany is perceived as advantageous because it helps students to accumulate linguistic and cultural capital, which they believe will benefit them in the labour market upon their graduation. Therefore, this paper stresses the importance of not only the advantages of linguistic capital, but also the ways in which it can simultaneously function as both an advantage and a disadvantage, thereby perpetuating inequalities within and across borders.
On sombor indices of tetraphenylethylene, terpyridine rosettes and QSPR analysis on fluorescence properties of several aromatic hetero‐cyclic species
Authors: Rauf Abdul , Ahmad Shahbaz
Published: October 2023

Aromatic heterocyclic compounds have received a lot of interest due to their various important medicinal and biological applications. The broad synthetic investigation and functional usefulness of heterocyclic molecules is driving a surge in research interest. They are found in more than 90% of innovative medications and bridge the gap between biology and chemistry, where so much scientific discovery and application happens. Heterocycles are also useful in a variety of domains, including pharmaceutical chemistry, biochemistry, and others. In this article, quantitative structure‐property relationship (QSPR) models is developed using sombor indices to predict fluorescence properties of aromatic hetero‐cyclic species based on their structural features. This allows researchers to estimate the fluorescence behavior of new molecules without performing experimental measurements. As an application, we have computed the sombor indices for self‐assembled supramolecular graphs made of terpyridine (TPE) and tetraphenylethylene (TPY) molecules that are produced as rosette cycles. This form of rosettes graph is used in electrical sensors, light emitting diodes, bioimaging and photoelectric devices, and so on. Tetraphenylethylene can be used to make fluorescent probes for next‐generation sensing applications with typical induced aggregative emission behavior.
Development and evaluation of robot‐assisted ultrasound navigation system for pedicle screw placement: An ex‐vivo animal validation
Authors: Li Ruixuan , Davoodi Ayoob , Cai Yuyu , Borghesan Gianni , Cavalcanti Nicola , Laux Christoph J. , Farshad Mazda , Carrillo Fabio , Fürnstahl Philipp , Vander Poorten Emmanuel
Published: October 2023

Purpose

Spinal instrumentation with pedicle screw placement (PSP) is an important surgical technique for spinal diseases. Accurate screw trajectory is a prerequisite for PSP. Ultrasound (US) imaging with robot‐assisted system forms a non‐radiative alternative to provide precise screw trajectory. This study reports on the development and assessment of US navigation for this application.

Methods

A robot‐assisted US reconstruction was proposed and an automatic CT‐to‐US registration algorithm was investigated, allowing the registration of screw trajectories. Experiments were conducted on ex‐vivo lamb spines to evaluate system performance.

Results

In total, 72 screw trajectories are measured, displaying an average position accuracy of 2.80 ± 1.14 mm and orientation accuracy of 1.38 ± 0.61°.

Conclusion

The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of proposed US system. This work, although restricted to laboratory settings, encourages further exploration of the potential of this technology in clinical practice.
Metal Electrodeposited on Carbon Fibers as Lead Acid Battery Additives: An Investigation on the Battery Cycle Performance
Authors: Turhan Alper , Erol Mustafa , Aykaç Ahmet
Published: October 2023

The enhancement of battery performance becomes one of the crucial points of the current research. In this study, the effect of zinc (Zn), tin (Sn), and lead (Pb) electrodeposited on carbon fibers (CF), and pristine‐CF on the negative plates of the lead acid batteries are investigated instead of the traditionally used polypropylene (PP) fibers as additives. The morphological and structural properties of the samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). The electrochemical performance of the 2 V/30 Ah enhanced flooded cells were prepared and tested. The 50 % depth of discharge (DoD) cycles were carried out. Constant charging processes were applied at 60 °C for 42 days for water consumption tests. Although the best cyclic performances were recorded from the cells with pristine‐CF and CF/Zn, due to enhanced water‐loss in those samples, acidity was increased. On the other hand, with the addition of CF/Sn and CF/Cu/Pb, gassing is reduced resulting in acid stratification during charge/discharge process leading to lower cycle performance, eventually. Overall, using CF or metal modified CF instead of PP fibers enhances the number of charge‐discharge cycle by at least 23 cycles.
Organotrialkoxysilanes Mediate the Syntheses of Fluorescent Gold Nanoparticles and TiO2‐Supported Ag−Ni Nanocatalysts for Selective Hydrazine Sensing and Decomposition
Authors: Mitra Murli Dhar , Singh Haribrahma , Singh Richa , Pandey Prem C.
Published: October 2023

Organotrialkoxysilanes enabled the controlled synthesis of mono‐metallic and bimetallic noble metal nanoparticles. 3‐Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (3‐APTMS)‐treated gold cations were quickly (1 minute) transformed into gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the presence of 3‐glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (3‐GPTMS). As made AuNPs demonstrated exceptional fluorescence properties with 15 % QY, and the blue fluorescence of nanomaterials is supported by CIE coordinates. Fluorescent gold nanoparticles were evaluated using UV‐ Visible spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), zeta potential, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), fluorescence spectroscopy (FL), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), mediated by the use of organotrialkoxysilanes, gold nanoparticles with an average particle size of 4–8 nm were produced, which could be helpful for the direct determination of hydrazine via fluorescence spectroscopy. The detection limit for hydrous hydrazine is 0.047 μM, with a linear range of 0.1–1 μM (R2=0.995). In addition, organotrialkoxysilanes were also used as templates for the stabilization and formation of supported TiO2 bimetallic Ag−Ni nanoparticles for use as photo‐nanocatalysts. TiO2‐supported bimetallic Ag−Ni nanocatalyst were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE SEM), EDX, elemental mapping, and the Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) technique. Real‐time hydrazine decomposition was enabled by the as‐built heterogeneous support in the presence of sunlight.
In Vitro and in Silico Studies of 3‐Hydroxyflavone‐Based Sulfonate Esters: Potent Acetylcholinesterase, Carbonic Anhydrase and α‐Glycosidase Inhibitors
Authors: Guney Murat , Aggul Ahmet Gokhan , Erturk Adem , Gulcin Ilhami
Published: October 2023

In this study, a novel series of sulfonate esters derived from 3‐hydroxyflavone was synthesized and their inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), α‐glycosidase (AG), and carbonic anhydrase I and II (hCA I and II) enzymes were investigated using experimental and molecular docking analyses. The synthesis involved the reaction of 3‐hydroxyflavone with tosyl chloride, mesytl chloride, β‐naphthylsulfonyl chloride, and 8‐quinolinesulfonyl chloride. The characterization of each compound was confirmed by obtaining 1H NMR, 13C NMR and IR spectra. Furthermore, IC50 and Ki values for the synthesized compounds were calculated and compared to the clinical enzyme inhibitors. Our results showed that the synthesized compounds exhibited inhibition against the targeted enzymes, with Ki values ranging from 1.92 to 4.16 nM for AChE, 32.40 to 55.49 nM for AG, 9.45 to 65.53 nM for hCA I, and 76.62 to 163.33 nM for hCA II. The compound involved quinolinesulfonyl moiety demonstrated especially potent inhibition with IC50 values of 3.96 nM for AChE, 32.40 nM for AG, 9.50 nM for hCA I, and 76.62 nM for hCA II. The docking results aligned well with our experimental findings. The findings have promising implications for the development of novel inhibitors and drug discovery efforts in the future.
Near‐Infrared Emission‐Cyanine 5.5 and Doxorubicin Loaded Magnetite Nanoparticles for Dual In Vivo Magnetic Resonance and Biodistribution Imaging
Authors: Son Phan Ke , Thuy Doan Bich , Thu Huong Le Thi , Thu Trang Mai Thi , Dieu Thuy Ung Thi , Quang Bui Thuc , Boumati Sarah , Thu Ha Phuong
Published: October 2023

The in vivo imaging of the drug distribution during cancer treatment plays an important role in helping physicians and pharmacists to monitor the progress of treatment and improve the effectiveness of therapy. Our goal in this work was to prepare a multifunctional nano drug delivery system that not only co‐loaded iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) and Doxorubicin (Dox) but also attached the near‐infrared fluorescent agent Cyanine 5.5 based on poly(lactide)‐tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (PLA‐TPGS) copolymer. Cyanine 5.5 was attached to the surface Fe3O4 NPs via the NH−CO chemical bond, followed by co‐loading of Dox onto the PLA‐TPGS copolymer by the emulsion solvent evaporation method. The structural, morphological, dimensional, stability, and optical‐magnetic properties of the as‐synthesized nanosystem were fully characterized. From the drug‐released study, the prolonged release of Dox accelerated with increasing acidic conditions (at pH 5.0 and 6.5), while a slow release was observed at pH 7.4. Through the MTT assay, the nanosystem had cellular toxicity against Hep−G2 and HeLa cell lines with low IC50 values of 0.42 and 0.78 μg.mL−1 in terms of Dox concentration, respectively. At a magnetic field of 7 T, this nanosystem also exhibited a high r2/r1 ratio of 164.5 and a strong contrast magnetic resonance (MR) image in the liver. In vivo biodistribution studies revealed that the highest fluorescence intensity achived in the liver after 6 h, and the nanosystem was eliminated from the body after at least 24 h. Collectively, these results demonstrated that the PLA‐TPGS‐Fe3O4‐Cyanine 5.5‐Dox nanosystem is a good candidate for simultaneously increasing contrast for MR and near‐infrared fluorescence imaging.
Photoinduced Cuproptosis with Tumor‐Specific for Metastasis‐Inhibited Cancer Therapy
Authors: Zheng Jiazhu , Ge Haoying , Guo Mengya , Zhang Tingyu , Hu Qiao , Yao Qichao , Long Saran , Sun Wen , Fan Jiangli , Du Jianjun , Peng Xiaojun
Published: October 2023

Cuproptosis is a novel form of regulated cell death which guarantees to increase the efficacy of existing anticancer treatments that employ traditional apoptotic therapeutics. However, reducing the amount of undesirable Cu ions released in normal tissue and maximizing Cu‐induced cuproptosis therapeutic effects at tumor sites are the major challenges. In this study, exploiting the chemical properties of copper ionophores and the tumor microenvironment, a novel method is developed for controlling the valence of copper ions that cause photoinduced cuproptosis in tumor cells. CJS‐Cu nanoparticles (NPs) can selectively induce cuproptosis after cascade reactions through H2O2‐triggered Cu2+ release, photoirradiation‐induced superoxide radical (∙O2−) generation, and reduction of Cu2+ to Cu+ by ∙O2−. The generated reactive oxygen species can result in glutathione depletion and iron–sulfur cluster protein damage and further augmented cuproptosis. CJS‐Cu NPs effectively suppressed tumor growth and downregulated the expression of metastasis‐related proteins, contributing to the complete inhibition of lung metastasis. Ultimately, this study suggests novel avenues for the manipulation of cellular cuproptosis through photochemical reactions.
Ultra‐Broadband Flexible Thin‐Film Sensor for Sound Monitoring and Ultrasonic Diagnosis
Authors: Xia Yushu , Sun Chenchen , Liu Wencai , Wang Xue , Wen Ke , Feng Zhiping , Zhang Gaoqiang , Fan Endong , He Qiang , Lin Zhiwei , Gou Yunfeng , Wu Yufen , Yang Jin
Published: October 2023

Small‐scale and flexible acoustic probes are more desirable for exquisite objects like human bodies and complex‐shaped components than conventional rigid ones. Herein, a thin‐film flexible acoustic sensor (FA‐TES) that can detect ultra‐broadband acoustic signals in multiple applications is proposed. The device consists of two thin copper‐coated polyvinyl chloride films, which are stimulated by acoustic waves and contact each other to generate the triboelectric signal. Interlocking nanocolumn arrays fabricated on the friction surfaces are regarded as a highly adaptive spacer enabling this device to respond to ultra‐broadband acoustic signals (100 Hz–4 MHz) and enhance sensor sensitivity for film weak vibration. Benefiting from the characteristics of high shape adaptability and ultrawide response range, the FA‐TES can precisely sense human physiological sounds and voice (≤10 kHz) for laryngeal health monitoring and interaction in real‐time. Moreover, the FA‐TES flexibly arranged on a 3D‐printed vertebra model can effectively and accurately diagnose the inner defect by ultrasonic testing (≥1 MHz). It envisions that this work can provide new ideas for flexible acoustic sensor designs and optimize real‐time acoustic detections of human bodies and complex components.
Ultra‐Dispersed α‐MoC1−x Embedded in a Plum‐Like N‐Doped Carbon Framework as a Synergistic Adsorption–Electrocatalysis Interlayer for High‐Performance Li–S Batteries
Authors: Li Hongxi , Zheng Wen , Wu Hongzheng , Fang Yaobing , Li Li , Yuan Wenhui
Published: October 2023

The shuttle effect and sluggish redox kinetics of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) severely hinder the scalable application of lithium‐sulfurr (Li–S) batteries. Herein, the highly dispersed α‐phase molybdenum carbide nano‐crystallites embedded in a porous nitrogen‐doped carbon framework (α‐MoC1−x@NCF) are developed via a simple metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) assisted strategy and proposed as the multifunctional separator interlayer for Li–S batteries. The inlaid MoC1−x nanocrystals and in situ doped nitrogen atoms provide a strong chemisorption and outstanding electrocatalytic conversion toward LiPSs, whereas the unique plum‐like carbon framework with hierarchical porosity enables fast electron/Li+ transfer and can physically suppress LiPSs shuttling. Benefiting from the synergistic trapping‐catalyzing effect of the MoC1−x@NCF interlayer toward LiPSs, the assembled Li–S battery achieves high discharge capacities (1588.1 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C), impressive rate capability (655.8 mAh g−1 at 4.0 C) and ultra‐stable lifespan (a low capacity decay of 0.059% per cycle over 650 cycles at 1.0 C). Even at an elevated sulfur loading (6.0 mg cm−2) and lean electrolyte (E/S is ≈5.8 µL mg−1), the battery can still achieve a superb areal capacity of 5.2 mAh cm−2. This work affords an effective design strategy for the construction of muti‐functional interlayer in advanced Li–S batteries.
Microstructural Insights into Performance Loss of High‐Voltage Spinel Cathodes for Lithium‐ion Batteries
Authors: Zuo Peng , Badami Pavan , Trask Stephen E. , Abraham Daniel P. , Wang Chongmin
Published: October 2023

Spinel‐structured LiNixMn2−xO4(LNMO), with low‐cost earth‐abundant constituents, is a promising high‐voltage cathode material for lithium‐ion batteries. Even though extensive electrochemical investigations have been conducted on these materials, few studies have explored correlations between their loss in performance and associated changes in microstructure. Here, down to the atomic scale, the structural evolution of these materials is investigated upon the progressive cycling of lithium‐ion cells. Transgranular cracking is revealed to be a key feature during cycling; this cracking is initiated at the particle surface and leads to the penetration of electrolytes along the crack path, thereby increasing particle exposure to the electrolyte. The lattice structure on the crack surface shows spatial variances, featuring a top layer of rock‐salt, a sublayer of a Mn3O4‐like arrangement, and then a mixed‐cation region adjacent to the bulk lattice. The transgranular cracking, along with the emergence of local lattice distortion, becomes more evident with extended cycling. Further, phase transformation at primary particle surfaces and void formation through vacancy condensation is found in the cycled samples. All these features collectively contribute to the performance degradation of the battery cells during electrochemical cycling.
Softening Behavior and Hardness Prediction of H13 Hot‐Work Die Steel during Isothermal Tempering
Authors: Feng Hao , Wang Hai-Jian , Li Hua-Bing , Jiao Wei-Chao , Zhu Hong-Chun , Zhang Shu-Cai , Jiang Zhou-Hua
Published: October 2023

In this study, the microstructural evolution of H13 hot‐work die steel during isothermal tempering at 500 ≈ 650 °C is evaluated, and kinetic equations and a neural network are constructed to describe the softening behavior. The results show that the softening behavior appears as a loss of hardness with increasing isothermal tempering temperature and time. The softening mechanism is ascribed to the decomposition of martensitic laths, annihilation and rearrangement of dislocations, formation of sub‐grains, and precipitation and coarsening of secondary carbides. The evolution of secondary carbides includes the coarsening of V‐rich MC nanoprecipitates, and the precipitation and coarsening of secondary phases (Cr‐rich M23C6 and Mo‐rich M6C carbides) during long‐term isothermal tempering. Regarding the applicability of the model in precipitation evolution and hardness prediction, the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami model is considered to be more suitable than the Hollomon–Jaffe, Lifshitz–Slyozov–Wagner, and back‐propagation neural network models.
Effect of Predeformation on the High‐Temperature Oxidation Behavior of 436 Stainless Steel
Authors: Cao Guangming , Li Silin , Zhao Wencong , Li Ruixiang , Song Wentao , Liu Zhenyu
Published: October 2023

The effect of a 30% predeformation treatment on the high‐temperature oxidation behavior of 436 stainless steel is investigated by oxidizing it at 900 °C for 100 h in air. After 48 h of oxidation, the undeformed sample primarily exhibits bilayer structures consisting of Cr‐rich oxide and outer Fe oxide, while the predeformed sample predominantly displays a single‐layer structure composed of Cr oxide. The oxidation mechanisms of predeformed and undeformed samples are clarified from the point of recrystallization through oxidation kinetic curves, surface and section micrographs, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), and line scanning characterization methods. The results show that after 1 h of oxidation, the grain size of the undeformed sample is 34.6 μm, and the grain size of the predeformed sample is 16.0 μm. This reduces the critical content required for the generation of protective Cr oxides and provides more diffusion channels for Cr elements, resulting in the formation of a greater amount of Cr oxides. Cr oxides can inhibit the formation of Fe and Mn oxides, thus delaying the onset of breakaway oxidation and improving its resistance to oxidation.
Effect of Mn Content on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Fe–Mn–Cr–C High‐Manganese Steels Produced Using Laser‐Directed Energy Deposition
Authors: Park Young Keun , Shin Kwang Yong , Lee Ki Yong , Lee Wookjin
Published: October 2023

The microstructure and mechanical properties of high‐manganese steel (HMnS) fabricated using laser‐directed energy deposition (LDED) with Fe–Mn–4Cr–0.4C alloys with Mn contents of 13, 18.5, and 24 wt% are investigated. Additionally, the effect of annealing heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the deposited HMnS is examined. Regardless of the manganese content, the deposited HMnS exhibits a fine microstructure without any defects (cracks or voids) and a strong fibrous texture along the <001>//building direction of the primary austenite phase. In addition, regardless of the manganese content, the grain size increases during annealing heat treatment, and the hardness decreases as the annealing temperature increases. The strength tends to decrease as the Mn content increases in the as‐built state. In addition, regardless of the Mn content, the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength tend to decrease owing to the effect of annealing heat treatment. Although the maximum elongation of 18.5Mn and 24Mn does not change significantly upon heat treatment, the maximum elongation of 13Mn is greatly reduced by annealing. The deformation behavior of HMnS is characterized by transformation‐induced plasticity (TRIP) for 13Mn and both TRIP and twinning‐induced plasticity for 18.5Mn and 24Mn.
Some Considerations on Austenite Grain Growth Kinetics from High‐Temperature Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy Observations
Authors: Bernhard Christian , Kern Maximilian , Bernhard Michael
Published: October 2023

For more than 20 years, high‐temperature laser scanning confocal microscopy (HT‐LSCM) has become worldwide a proven technique for observing various metallurgical phenomena in situ. HT‐LSCM turns out to be a reliable and effective method for the observation of quantification austenite grain growth kinetics in steel, being highly relevant in casting and steel processing. In the present article, the measurement technique is briefly introduced followed by some basics on austenite grain growth. Finally, selected examples of recent research activities are discussed, including investigations into pure iron and the systems Fe–P, Fe–C, Fe–Al–N, and Fe–C–Nb–N. The influence of P on the grain growth kinetics is remarkable. At 1350 °C, the final grain size decreases from 255 μm in pure iron to 145 μm by adding 0.044 wt% P. In contrast, C enhances the grain growth in specific alloying ranges (0–0.30 wt%C), particularly at elevated temperatures. For a Al content of 0.025 wt% and only 50 wt ppm N, AlN loses the pinning effect above 1150 °C. In case of Nb(C,N), an elevated Nb content (0.085 wt%) provides stabilization of Nb(C,N) at 1150 °C, but at 1250 °C, no pinning of Nb(C,N) is visible anymore.
The use of efficient Smart Agro 4.0 irrigation systems for cotton in Peru and its public policy implications
Authors: Calderan Gregolin Adriana , Contreras Marcos , Salgado‐Funes Emmanuel , Tejada Gonzalo , Zabaleta Ingrid
Published: October 2023

In recent years, agriculture has been affected by the impact of climate change. Technological innovations are required to meet the different challenges regarding production, costs, and efficient management of natural resources. In Peru, there are 2.3 million agricultural producers, with around 10,000 family farmers currently dedicated to cotton cultivation, concentrated mainly in the coastal valleys of the Ica, Lima, Lambayeque, Ancash, and Piura. To address the climate change impact and improve cotton production and the use of resources, an efficient irrigation system pilot using the Internet of Things (IoT), tensiometers, and weather stations was implemented between Telefónica and FAO within the framework of the +Cotton Project. This study aims to analyze and compare the results of using this technology between 2018 and 2019 during three agricultural campaigns by measuring water use and yield compared with producers without this technology in three areas of Peru. As a result, cotton yields increased by 53% and beans between 18% and 29% compared with neighboring farms, and optimized water use, generating savings of up to 20% in irrigation water and profitability of 50%. It also enabled control of plant growth and thus planned farm harvest time. This technology proved helpful for farmers and innovative compared with the flooding irrigation techniques used in the Peruvian cotton sector. It can be helpful in the development of public policies for water management and cotton production. However, its high value makes it necessary for national institutions to incorporate financing, plans, and adoption strategies, for its sustainability over time. In this regard, the exchange of knowledge and the work of international cooperation can support the establishment of appropriate measures for implementing this technology.