bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DETERMINATION OF THE ELEMENTS OF METEOR PATHS FROM RADAR OBSERVATIONS
Authors: McKinley D. W. R. , Millman Peter M.
Published: April 2011

Methods of determining meteor velocities from single-station observations are discussed. Where three-station observations are available both the velocity and the elements of the meteor's path through the atmosphere can be computed in favorable cases. These methods are applied to a selected daytime meteor, recorded by the three radar stations at 17h 59m 48s E.S.T., Aug. 4, 1948. The following elements of the meteor's path have been obtained from the radar data:—Apparent geocentric velocity    35.0 ± 0.4 km. per sec.True bearing of apparent radiant    074° ± 2°Elevation of apparent radiant    2° ± 2°Total radar path length    270 km.Height above sea level    108 − 104 km.These values lead to an orbit similar to one of the short-period comets, with these elements:—Semi-major axis    a    2.66Eccentricity    e    0.87Angle node to perihelion    ω    294°.9Longitude of node        132°.4Inclination    i    33°.6Period    P    4.33 years
THE SPECIFIC HEAT OF NAPALM–GASOLINE GELS
Authors: Hart K. H. , Langstroth G. O.
Published: April 2011

The heat capacities of gasoline, Napalm, and various Napalm–gasoline gels have been measured in the range − 50 °C. to 50 °C. by the method of mixtures, using an ordinary type of Richard's adiabatic calorimeter. The specific heat in calories per gram per Centigrade degree at a temperature T °C. within this range is given to within 2% by the relation[Formula: see text]where C denotes the Napalm concentration in per cent by weight. Concentrations of 0% and 100% are included. These data supplement earlier results on thermal conductivity.
THE NUCLEAR MOMENTS OF P31
Authors: Crawford M. F. , Levinson J.
Published: April 2011

Hyperfine structures have been observed in the [Formula: see text] transitions of P IV with a 21 ft. concave grating and in the [Formula: see text] transition of P III with a transmission echelon. The half-widths of the lines, excited in an electrodeless discharge, were reduced by mixing neon with the phosphorus vapor and by using a condenser of small capacity. Their intensities were increased by discharging the condenser through the exciting coil nine times per half-cycle by means of a rotating spark gap. The structures of the P IV lines confirm I = 1/2 and show that μ, the nuclear magnetic moment, is positive. μ = 1.15 ± 0.05 n.m. and μ = 1.11 ± 0.1 n.m. are obtained from the P IV and P III structures, respectively.
DESIGN OF GRID IONIZATION CHAMBERS
Authors: Bunemann O. , Cranshaw T. E. , Harvey J. A.
Published: April 2011

Conformal representation theory is applied to a grid ionization chamber having plane parallel electrodes to give formulas useful in design. Expressions are obtained for the inefficiency of grid shielding of the electron collector, the spread of pulse size caused by the induced effect of positive ions, and the proportion of electrons collected by the grid. The theory was verified by experiment. The width of the polonium α-particle line at half-maximum was reduced to 50 kev. or about 1% of the energy by the use of a suitable grid and operating voltages. The corresponding standard deviation from all causes was 22 kev., made up of 2 kev. resulting from induced effect of positive ions, about 17 kev. from noise in the amplifier, and 14 kev. from straggling of ionization, thickness of source, and other effects. The spread caused by positive ions can therefore be almost completely eliminated by a grid.
THE DETERMINATION OF NITRATES IN COLORED SOIL EXTRACTS
Authors: Sowden F. J. , Atkinson H. J.
Published: April 2011

In highly colored soil extracts, it was found impossible to determine nitrates directly by the phenoldisulphonic acid color reaction. Attempts to remove the coloring matter by oxidation or absorption were not successful. The most satisfactory method was found to be reduction of the nitrate to ammonia with Devarda's alloy in 0.1 N sodium hydroxide solution in the cold after the removal by steam distillation, of any ammonia that might be present in the extract. The ammonia formed from the nitrate was steam distilled into 0.01 N hydrochloric acid solution and determined colorimetrically by Nessler's reagent using a Klett–Summerson photoelectric colorimeter. The recovery of nitrates from the colored solutions and from standards was satisfactory. The aliquot taken for the determination should contain not more than 0.125 mgm. nitrogen as nitrate.
MOLECULAR WEIGHTS FROM MICRO QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS
Authors: Puddington I. E.
Published: April 2011

A method is proposed for the determination of the molecular weight of chemical compounds in which the unknown substance may be used successfully m quantities of 1 mgm. or less. The method depends on the accurate measurement of the difference in vapor pressure between a solution of the unknown compound and the pure solvent, and this is accomplished with a modified mercury U-tube manometer. The results presented indicate that the difference between the experimental and theoretical molecular weights is of the order of 2%. Determinations require from two to three hours and the sample may be recovered.
THE SYNTHESIS OF SOME ISOQUINOLINES
Authors: Manske Richard H. F. , Kulka Marshall
Published: April 2011

A number of new isoquinolines substituted in the benzene nucleus have been prepared. The substituents include hydrazine-, chloro-, nitro-, and some combinations of these.
THE MERCURY PHOTOSENSITIZED REACTIONS OF NEOPENTANE
Authors: Darwent B. deB. , Steacie E. W. R.
Published: April 2011

The mercury photosensitized reactions of neopentane have been investigated at pressures between 50 and 400 mm. of mercury and between 25° and 200 °C., in the presence and absence of hydrogen. The products are largely hydrogen and dineopentyl. The quantum yield of hydrogen production is 0.004 at room temperature and has a positive temperature coefficient corresponding to E = 4.3 kcal.mole−1. The facts are consistent with the reactions:—[Formula: see text]as the initial step. The majority of the reaction goes by (b), and the active molecules produced, C5H12*, are nearly all deactivated.
A COMPARISON OF THE DIRECT AND INDIRECT RADIOACTIVE METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE SURFACE AREA OF A STRONTIUM SULPHATE PRECIPITATE
Authors: Singleton R. H. , Spinks J. W. T.
Published: April 2011

The specific surface of a strontium sulphate precipitate, as determined by the direct radioactive method using Sr90, was found to be 12,800 sq. cm. per gm. The specific surface of the same strontium sulphate precipitate was also determined by the indirect method using ThB. Specific surfaces of 30,800 and 21,300 sq.cm. per gm. were obtained using ThB separated, from thorium nitrate, by the chemical separation and emanation methods, respectively. The factor of approximately 2 between the direct and indirect methods indicates that Paneth's theories, while probably correct in the main, may require some modification.
ABSORPTION SPECTRUM OF METHYL IODIDE IN THE NEAR INFRARED
Authors: Herzberg G. , Herzberg Luise
Published: April 2011

The absorption spectrum of methyl iodide in the region 8500 to 25,000 Å has been investigated with an absorbing path of 30 m. and pressures up to 200 mm. A large number of bands have been found most of which can be readily classified as//or [Formula: see text] bands. An assignment of many of these bands to specific overtones or combinations of the fundamentals is suggested. In a number of instances the splitting of binary or ternary combinations of degenerate vibrations on account of anharmonicity is established and found to be in agreement with theoretical predictions.
NITROLYSIS OF HEXAMETHYLENETETRAMINE: VI. RECOMBINATION OF FRAGMENTS DURING HEXAMETHYLENETETRAMINE NITROLYSIS IN ACETIC ANHYDRIDE
Authors: Aristoff E. , Graham J. A. , Meen R. H. , Myers G. S. , Wright G. F
Published: April 2011

Alternative hypotheses can account for the yield of more than one equivalent of Cyclonite from hexamine when the Bachmann reagents, ammonium nitrate, nitric acid, and acetic anhydride are used. In the nitrolysis, evidence for a stepwise synthesis from unit fragments is presented as the enhanced yield when methylenedinitramine is added with paraform to ammonium nitrate and acetic anhydride according to the Schiessler–Ross method for Cyclonite synthesis. However, this evidence is discounted because the expected by-product, 1,5-diacetoxy-2,4-dinitro-2,4-diazapentane is not found. Alternatively it is believed that the Bachmann reaction is actually a combination of the direct nitrolysis of hexamine with nitric acid, concurrent with a resynthesis of hexamine from the fragments produced by the nitrolysis. On this basis all by-products from the hexamethylenetetramine nitrolysis must be accounted as degradation products of hexamethylenetetramine and not capable of synthesis from unit fragments like formaldehyde, ammonia, and acetic acid. No exception has been found; the addition of acylamides to the Bachmann reaction mixture increases the yield of two by-products, 1-acyl-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane and 1-acyl-3,5,7-trinitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazacycloöctane. It has been shown that these can be formed only from degradation products of hexamethylenetetramine such as 1,5-diaceto-3,7-endomethylene-1,3,5,7-tetrazacycloöctane and acetaminomethylhexamethylenetetramine nitrate.
THE HALF LIFE OF C14
Authors: Hawkings R. C. , Hunter R. F. , Mann W. B. , Stevens W. H.
Published: April 2011

Compensated gas counters of known efficiency, filled with carbon disulphide and carbon dioxide containing a mass-spectrometrically determined proportion of C14O2, have been used to determine the half life of C14. The half life has been found to be 6360 ± 200 years.
ON THE EFFICIENCY OF GAS COUNTERS FILLED WITH CARBON DIOXIDE AND CARBON DISULPHIDE
Authors: Hawkings R. C. , Hunter R. F. , Mann W. B.
Published: April 2011

The efficiencies of compensated gas counters filled with carbon dioxide and carbon disulphide have been investigated for the purpose of determining absolute disintegration rates of C14O2 samples. In addition to comparing compensated counting units of different radii, a special counter has been constructed to determine the efficiency at different radii using a collimated beam of electrons from Tl-04. The carbon dioxide and carbon disulphide filled counters have been shown to be at least 97% efficient.
THE ULTRAVIOLET ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF NITRIC ACID SOLUTIONS
Authors: Jones R. Norman , Thorn G. Denis
Published: April 2011

The ultraviolet absorption spectra of binary mixtures of nitric acid, water, acetic acid, acetic anhydride, and nitrogen pentoxide have been investigated over the ranges of concentration in which the systems exhibit sufficient chemical stability. The variations in the spectra are considered in relation to the other physical properties of the systems, as reported in the literature. The ultraviolet spectrum of nitric acid in the presence both of nitrogen pentoxide and water is interpreted in terms of a series of equilibria which involve the nitrate (NO3−) and nitronium (NO2+) ions and associated and nonassociated neutral molecules. The specific gravities of anhydrous nitric acid solutions of ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, ammonium acetate, acetic acid at 20 ± 0.1 °C. and of nitrogen pentoxide at 25 ± 0.1 °C. are also reported.
FLOW PROPERTIES OF DISPERSIONS OF CALCIUM SOAPS IN HYDROCARBON OIL
Authors: Moses G. B. , Puddington I. E.
Published: April 2011

The flow properties of dispersions of calcium soaps in hydrocarbon oils have been studied over a range of temperature from 35° to 90 °C., and rates of shear from 500 to 16,000 sec.−1 by extrusion through a capillary plastometer. The thixotropy of the system falls as the temperature is increased to 50 °C. and then rises to a maximum at 65 °C., after which it falls regularly. This behavior is due to the thermal weakening of the thixotropic bonds, followed by a strengthening of these bonds due to incipient swelling on the surface of the soap. As the surface of the soap particles continues to swell, cohesion of the particles increases to such an extent that breakdown does not take place and the coefficient of thixotropy falls to very small values. The coefficient of thixotropy found by this method bears a linear relation to the hardness of the dispersion as determined by a falling cone.
THE EFFECT ON REACTION RATES CAUSED BY THE SUBSTITUTION OF C14 FOR C12: I. THE ALKALINE HYDROLYSIS OF CARBOXYL-LABELED ETHYL BENZOATE
Authors: Stevens William H. , Attree Richard W.
Published: April 2011

A study of the alkaline hydrolysis of C14 carboxyl-labeled ethyl benzoate has shown that the substitution of C14 for C12 changes the rate of hydrolysis of the ester. Ester molecules containing C14 hydrolyze at a slower rate than normal ester molecules. The ratio of the hydrolysis rate constants at room temperature has been found to be 0.86 ± 0.016.
THE CATALYTIC OXIDATION OF ETHYLENE TO ETHYLENE OXIDE
Authors: McKim F. L. W. , Cambron A.
Published: April 2011

The catalytic oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide was investigated in flow experiments over silver catalysts at atmospheric pressure between 260° and 350 °C. Calcium oxalate and stannous oxide were used as catalyst promoters. Close temperature control was provided by mounting the catalyst on a silver support. At 270 °C. the selectivity increased from about 25%, with ethylene in large excess, to about 55%, with oxygen in large excess. With air constant and in large excess, the over-all reaction rate was found to be proportional to the square root of the ethylene concentration. With ethylene constant and in large excess, the reaction rate was found to be roughly proportional to the oxygen concentration. The presence of methane, ethane, or propane promoted the complete oxidation of ethylene to carbon dioxide and water. In the absence of paraffins the addition of traces of ethylene dichloride only served to poison the catalyst.
SOME PROPERTIES OF CESIUM–AMMONIA SOLUTIONS
Authors: Hodgins J. W.
Published: April 2011

Measurements of vapor pressure, liquid density, and electrical conductance were made on solutions of cesium in liquid ammonia. The solutions differ from those of the other alkali metals in that there is no indication of liquid–liquid phase separation for concentrations 0.04 N to 7 N. Experiments on rings of solution frozen in liquid nitrogen make it appear unlikely that the system is superconducting at 77° K.
THE REDUCTION OF CERTAIN CHLORONITROBENZENES BY DEXTROSE AND BY SODIUM ARSENITE
Authors: Gaudry Roger , Keirstead Karl F.
Published: April 2011

The reduction of seven chloronitrobenzenes to azoxy compounds by alkaline solutions of two different reducing agents, dextrose and sodium arsenite, has been studied. These two reducing agents were found to produce a better yield and a purer product than many other reducing agents. Two azoxy compounds have been prepared for the first time: 2,2′-dimethyl-3,3′-dichloroazoxybenzene and 2,2′-dimethoxy-5,5′-dichloroazoxybenzene.
A STUDY OF SUGAR BEET ROOTROT IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: McKeen W. E.
Published: April 2011

In southern Ontario rootrot of sugar beets may be caused by Aphanomyces cochlioides Drechs., Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitz., Pythium ultimum Trow, or Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn. The distribution of these fungi was found to be limited to soil type rather than to locality, A. cochlioides thus being found in the clay soils and P. aphanidermatum only in the sand loam. They were not present in the subsoil and were most abundant in the top two or three inches of surface soil. A. cochlioides, which was found for the first time in Canada in 1946, causes the so-called blackroot of sugar beets, and is the most economically important pathogen encountered. Blackroot appears either as an early acute attack or a later chronic one, but the acute phase is of major importance and occurs in epiphytotics during seedling development, usually when the beet is from two to five weeks old. Weather records and experiments have shown that serious disease outbreaks only occur when moisture is abundant and soil temperature exceeds 60° F. Susceptibility is sharply correlated with the developmental rhythm of the seedling and ends when the cortex of the hypocotyl is sloughed off. A. cochlioides is homothallic, attacks the hypocotyl of the beet, and develops in the intercellular spaces of the cortex. It will not grow at relative humidities of less than 99% and this sensitivity to all but extremely high humidity is believed to limit its parasitic activity. Microbiological studies indicated that the number of organisms in the rhizosphere of diseased sugar beet roots is much larger than in that of healthy beet roots. Since parallel rhizosphere responses followed local artificial killing of roots, they are believed to be due in part at least to the utilization of necrotic tissues or substances released on their breakdown. Streptomycin, but not penicillin, was effective in controlling rootrot in greenhouse experiments. Control with Arasan is achieved in part through a direct fungicidal action, but the evidence suggests that it may be due to a shift in the microbiological balance of the soil flora unfavorable to the pathogen.
ANALYSIS OF THE ESSENTIAL STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF DDT BY A STUDY OF THE TOXICITY OF CLOSELY RELATED COMPOUNDS TO ROACHES AND TO HOUSEFLIES
Authors: Picard Jean P. , Kearns C. W.
Published: April 2011

Three series of compounds have been prepared and compared for the insecticidal activities against German roaches and houseflies. The substituted 2,2-diphenyltrichloroethanes and substituted benzohydrols have been found to have comparable activities on roaches. The substituted 2,2-diphenyltrichloroethanes alone had insecticidal properties against houseflies. The benzophenone derivatives were ineffective against both groups of insects.
A KEY TO THE EMBRYOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF MELANOPLUS BIVITTATUS (SAY), M. MEXICANUS MEXICANUS (SAUSS.), AND M. PACKARDII SCUDDER
Authors: Salt R. W.
Published: April 2011

The embryological development of three species of grasshoppers is described in gross aspect by means of a key that relates morphological development to the duration of incubation at 25 °C. The three species are so similar that they are treated as one. The rate of development and stage of entering diapause are compared with those of M. differentialis.
WATER UPTAKE IN EGGS OF MELANOPLUS BIVITTATUS (SAY)
Authors: Salt R. W.
Published: April 2011

Eggs of Melanoplus bivittatus (Say) possess a special water-absorbing area, the hydropyle, similar in function to that of M. differentialis (Thos.). The extent of hydration was measured as eggs of M. bivittatus developed at 25 °C. on contact moisture. The total amount of water absorbed amounts to about 60% of the original weight of the egg. Absorption is negligible for the first four days, is maximal on the eighth and ninth days, and later may exhibit a second period of minor increase and decline, which varies in time of occurrence. About 88% of the total absorption occurs during anatrepsis. Eggs denied contact moisture from the time of oviposition develop to the end of anatrepsis and remain viable for long periods, provided desiccation is not severe. When contact moisture is provided, such eggs hydrate very rapidly and continue development with a retardation of two or three days. Extra moisture from the environment is essential for the revolution and katatrepsis of the embryo.
ON THE ANATOMY OF GRYLLOBLATTA CAMPODEIFORMIS WALKER: 5. THE ORGANS OF DIGESTION
Authors: Walker E. M.
Published: April 2011

The digestive organs of Grylloblatta resemble those of the orthopteran suborder Ensifera but differ strikingly in the cuticle and epithelium lining the proventriculus, in which there are 12 similar longitudinal divisions characterized by rows of flexible, backwardly directed lamellae, in place of the six divisions of the Ensifera armed with columns of complex sclerotized teeth. The proventricular collum is much longer than in any of the Ensifera; the two gastric caeca of the latter are represented by a single bilobed sac; the malpighian vessels are fewer than 30 and are simply arranged; and the salivary glands are very compact, appearing like a single organ.As a main conclusion to this and the previous papers of this series the following views are advanced:(1) The Grylloblattaria, although cursorial, are the nearest relatives of the Ensifera, but differ from the latter group too widely to be included within it.(2) The saltatorial habit has been independently evolved in the Ensifera and Caelifera.A summary is given of the main views on the function of the proventriculus in mandibulate insects, particularly the orthopteroid forms. The proventriculus of Grylloblatta is believed to serve as a regulatory valve and also possibly as a propulsive organ for the movement of food along the digestive tract.
THE MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES OF HUMAN SKIN
Authors: Pearce R. H. , Watson E. M.
Published: April 2011

The mean values and standard deviations for the concentrations of the hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphuric acid fractions isolated from 11 specimens of human skin were 24.5 ± 5.7 and 26.2 ± 4.7 mgm. per 100 gm. of fresh tissue, respectively.The individual differences in the concentrations of these substances were masked by the technical errors. The small variations in moisture and ash content of the skin did not contribute appreciably to the uncertainty of the concentration values. The purity of the products, determined by their amino sugar content, approximated 60%, which value compared favorably with those obtained by other workers.The content of hexosamine and uronic acid identified both fractions as acid mucopolysaccharides. The release of reducing substances, including N-acetyl hexosamine, from the hyaluronic acid fraction by hyaluronidase paralleled the action of the enzyme upon hyaluronate from umbilical cord. The chondroitin sulphuric acid fraction, which was relatively resistant to the action of hyaluronidase, was assumed to be identical with the chondroitin sulphatelike substance that Meyer and Chaffee isolated from pig skin.
HÉPATECTOMIE PARTIELLE ET RÉSISTANCE AUX BRÛLURES:V. VARIATIONS DE L'ACIDE ASCORBIQUE ET DU POIDS DES SURRÉNALES
Authors: Dugal L. P. , DesMarais A.
Published: April 2011

The changes in adrenal ascorbic acid and weight have been studied in four groups of animals: (1) partially (65%) hepatectomized rats, (2) partially hepatectomized ones, burned six hours after operation, (3) sham operated controls, and (4) sham operated controls burned six hours after operation. Results show slight but significant differences in ascorbic acid concentration and adrenal weight between Group 2, in which the mortality is higher, and the other groups: ascorbic acid concentration is a little lower in the first 24 hr. after burns, and adrenal weight becomes higher only 48 hr. after burning.
LIPIDS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM DURINGIN VITRODEGENERATION
Authors: Johnson A. C. , McNabb A. R. , Rossiter R. J.
Published: April 2011

The changes in the concentration of lipids during the in vitro degeneration of cat brain slices and sciatic nerve have been determined after incubation in bicarbonate buffer for periods of time from 1 to 14 days. In brain slices incubated for 14 days there was a great decrease in the concentration of total phospholipid with no change in the concentration of cerebroside or total cholesterol. Of the individual phospholipids, there was a decrease in the concentration of sphingomyelin and cephalin and no significant change in the concentration of lecithin. In sciatic nerve incubated for eight days, there was a significant decrease in the concentration of cephalin and a decrease of borderline significance in the concentration of total phospholipid. There was no significant change in the concentration of cerebroside, free or total cholesterol, sphingomyelin, or lecithin. Thus in tissue of the nervous system, there appears to be a phospholipid-splitting mechanism, possibly enzymatic in nature.
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE AUSCULTATORY MEASUREMENT OF ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURES
Authors: Thomson A. E. , Doupe J.
Published: April 2011

Auscultatory blood pressure measurements have been compared to intraarterial lateral and end pressures. It was found that auscultatory measurements, which are dependent upon the penetration of pulse waves through a compressed segment of artery, were influenced by various factors. When auscultatory measurements approximated or exceeded intra-arterial pressures, broad pulses were found; when auscultatory measurements were below intraarterial pressures, narrow pulses were found. By measuring tissue pressures under a cuff it was shown that cuffs subtended only a relatively short narrow band of equal pressure into the tissues. Hence narrow cuffs or, conversely, large arms that allowed only a fraction of the applied pressure to reach the artery caused high auscultatory measurements of both systolic and diastolic pressure. It was concluded that pulse contour and arm size were major causes of the auscultatory systolic errors while the diastolic errors were due to arm size plus unknown factors.
AN ELECTRIC CAUTER AS A STERILITY AID IN INOCULATION OF EGGS
Authors: Labzoffsky N. A.
Published: April 2011

An electric cauter for sterilization of the opening through which embryonated egg is inoculated is described. The apparatus consists of a transformer, a rheostat, two leads, and a nichrome wire tip; the latter serves as a hot point. The temperature that develops at the tip is approximately 1000 °C. and, therefore, instantaneous application of the hot point to the hole in the egg shell results in absolute sterilization of the area.
THE PRODUCTION OF ACUTE MASSIVE HEPATIC NECROSIS IN RATS BY DIETARY MEANS
Authors: Abell M. R. , Beveridge J. M. R.
Published: April 2011

Acute hepatic necrosis has been produced in every rat of a group fed a diet low in protein, relatively deficient in the tocopherols, and containing cod liver oil and rancid lard. The evidence suggests that the latter two components have been instrumental in effecting this high incidence of liver necrosis, possibly by means of their well known deleterious action on the tocopherols.
THE EFFECT OF SURGICAL OPERATIONS ON THE EXCRETION OF IODINE, CORTICOSTEROIDS, AND URIC ACID
Authors: Perry W. F. , Gemmell J. P.
Published: April 2011

The effect of surgical operations on the urinary excretion of iodine, corticosteroids, uric acid, and ketosteroids was examined in 11 subjects. The majority showed a marked rise in the excretion of iodine which occurred within the first 24 hr. after operation; thereafter iodine excretion tended to decline, being back to normal levels by the third postoperative day. Over the same period of time the excretion of corticosteroids increased and was still elevated on the third postoperative day. The excretion of uric acid was elevated in some but not all of the subjects while no consistent trend in any direction was noted as regards the excretion of ketosteroids. The level of inorganic plasma iodine was elevated one to two hours postoperatively, while the level of protein bound plasma iodine was unchanged. No conclusion was reached concerning either the source of the extra iodine or the relationship between the increased excretion of iodine and the increased excretion of corticosteroids.
THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF GUY WIRES
Authors: Campbell J. W.
Published: April 2011

The general manner in which guy wires behave is well known, but in this paper the problem is treated by means of new catenary formulae which are especially convenient for the purpose. The behavior is discussed in detail, and there is given a simple practical means of designing a set of guy wires which will serve any preassigned purpose. The method is illustrated by numerical examples.
THE ADSORPTION OF SOAP BY CARBON BLACK
Authors: Weatherburn A. S. , Rose G. R. F. , Bayley C. H.
Published: April 2011

The adsorption of the sodium soaps of lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids from aqueous solutions by a carbon black has been measured. The adsorption appears to be a combination of two more or less independent processes: (a) adsorption of neutral soap, and (b) adsorption of fatty acid resulting from hydrolysis. The adsorption of both the fatty acid and alkali components of the soaps studied is in agreement with the Freundlich adsorption equation over the concentration range investigated, the extent of adsorption increasing with increasing chain length of the saturated soaps examined. In every case there is a greater adsorption of fatty acid than of alkali, but this difference becomes greater with increasing chain length of the soap. Increase in temperature causes a slight decrease in adsorption, but the effect is small. On the basis of its adsorptive behavior, sodium oleate appears to have an effective chain length of about 15 carbon atoms. Excess of fatty acid in the initial soap solution results in an increased adsorption of total fatty acid, but does not influence the adsorption of neutral soap; on the other hand, excess of alkali in the initial solution not only results in an increased adsorption of total alkali, but also leads to a decrease in the adsorption of fatty acid and neutral soap. This decrease in adsorption is attributed to suppression of hydrolysis, but even with 100% excess alkali, where hydrolysis must be almost completely suppressed, there is still an appreciable adsorption of fatty acid which must be adsorbed in the form of neutral soap. The adsorbed material corresponds to an acid soap of variable composition, the ratio of excess acid to neutral soap depending on the composition of the initial solution, the temperature, and the particular soap used. The adsorption of soap from 95% alcohol solution and from absolute alcohol solution is essentially the same, both being considerably lower than the adsorption of the same soap from aqueous solution. In spite of the fact that hydrolysis of soap does not occur in alcoholic solution, the fatty acid and alkaline components are not adsorbed in equivalent amounts, and it is suggested that, in this case, splitting of the soap is brought about by alcoholysis, followed by preferential adsorption of one of the reaction products.
THE IODINE CONTENT OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
Authors: Young E. Gordon , Campbell Roberta B.
Published: April 2011

The content of iodine in fruits and vegetables from the eastern Maritime Provinces has been determined by a modified Pfeiffer procedure. The sensitivity of the method was found to be about 1 μgm., with an accuracy of approximately ± 5%. The results obtained were near the mean values previously reported. The iodine content of potatoes varied from about 50 to 400 p.p.b. with a mean value of 153 p.p.b.; that of turnips from 50 to 90; several samples of cabbage, peas and pumpkin showed no trace of iodine present. Most specimens of fruit had no iodine, or only a trace, with the exception of plums which contained 113 p.p.b. No correlation of iodine content with variety or site of origin was evident.
CANADIAN ERUCIC ACID OILS: IV. EDIBLE PROPERTIES OF FANWEED (PENNYCRESS) OIL AND SHORTENING
Authors: Lips H. J. , Grace N. H.
Published: April 2011

Salad oils and shortenings prepared from crude fanweed seed oil by standard methods were lighter in color and more viscous than corresponding commercial products tested, and had slightly lower smoke points. Peroxide oxygen values and free fatty acid contents of all the materials were similar. Small-scale consumer acceptance tests indicated that the fanweed oils, either fresh or aged for 10 days at 100°F., were generally not as palatable as the commercial salad oils (corn and cottonseed), but that the fanweed shortenings did not differ appreciably from the commercial vegetable shortenings. It is concluded that the small amount of fanweed oil present in mixed oil from weed seed screenings will not lessen the potential acceptability of the mixture.
THE SUSPENDING POWER AND VISCOSITY OF CARRAGEENIN
Authors: Rose R. C. , Cook W. H.
Published: April 2011

This work indicates that the essential factor in suspending cocoa in milk is to increase the viscosity of milk to the point where cocoa does not settle, e.g., 15 centistokes at 10 °C. in the system studied. For 21 samples of carrageenin the correlation coefficient between viscosity in milk and suspending power was.98. The high viscosity of cold milk containing as little as 0.04% carrageenin appears to be due to the formation of a casein–carrageenin gel, which is heat sensitive. With 0.1% carrageenin the gel separated into curd and whey when stirred. The correlation coefficient between suspending power in milk and viscosity in 0.05 N sodium chloride was.91; this suggests that the latter could be used to predict the former.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XXXIII. AUTOMATIC pH CONTROL IN THE DISSIMILATION OF SUCROSE BY BACILLUS POLYMYXA
Authors: Watson R. W. , Tamboline Florence , Harmsen G. W.
Published: April 2011

An electronic control circuit was used to maintain pH within ±0.02 units between successive additions of soluble alkali. Carbon balances show the effects of a series of pH levels and of a range of sucrose concentrations on the proportional yields of end products. There is a marked change in the chemical balance of this fermentation at about pH 7.0, correlated with a suppression of the acetoin enzyme system. Above pH 6.8 a sharp increase in acid production is correlated with decreased formation of diol and carbon dioxide: below pH 6.8 the yield of organic acids decreases steadily. Most efficient conversion to diol occurs from pH 6.0 to 6.4. Several reasons are advanced for selecting pH 6.2 as the optimum. Under anaerobic conditions the fermentation rate is increased over that under aerobic conditions. Diol yields increase and ethanol yields decrease steadily with increasing sucrose concentrations. The increases in diol are accompanied by decreasing yields of organic acids, and not by changes in carbon dioxide production, which remains relatively uniform. The sucrose concentration most efficient for conversion to diol is about 8%, which is dissimilated anaerobically in 30 hr. at pH 6.2 to yield 65 mM. (millimoles) of diol per 100 mM. of invert sugar fermented. Under aerobic conditions the diol–ethanol ratios show a marked increase, and reach a maximum of about 11 at 10% sucrose. This is due largely to increased acetoin and decreased ethanol formation. The dissimilation of 6% sucrose reaches 98% in 71 hr. under aerobic conditions and yields 82 mM. of diol plus acetoin per 100 mM. of invert sugar fermented. The use of either sodium or potassium hydroxide in place of ammonium hydroxide increases five times the period for complete dissimilation of 5% sucrose. Advantages of controlling the reaction by addition of ammonium hydroxide are reviewed.
ON THE USE OF CRYSTAL CONTROLLED SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS FOR THE ACCURATE MEASUREMENT OF TIME
Authors: Hollinsworth V. E.
Published: April 2011

Making use of the quartz frequency standard of the Dominion Observatory crystal clock an electronic frequency converter has been constructed that transforms the 50,000 cycle output of the crystal to a frequency of 60 cycles. Suitable amplification makes possible sufficient power for operating several standard 60 cycle motors and these are being used to drive printing and drum chronographs and for the operation of other types of recorders.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF A POLONIUM–BERYLLIUM NEUTRON SOURCE
Authors: Spinks J. W. T. , Graham G. A. R.
Published: April 2011

The preparation of a polonium–beryllium sandwich containing 2.1 c. of polonium is described. The source emits 2 × 106 neutrons per second and its γ radiation is approximately equivalent to that of 0.2 mgm. radium in equilibrium with its decay products. Polar diagrams for the angular distribution of the fast neutrons are given. Emission data for two similar neutron sources, containing 3.2 and 3.5 c. polonium respectively, are given.
A 60 db. NONLINEAR AMPLIFIER
Authors: Carruthers J. A.
Published: April 2011

A nonlinear amplifier is described which has been used to drive an Esterline Angus 0–1 ma. recording galvanometer as part of the automatic recording apparatus set up for taking microwave antenna patterns. The amplifier output is approximately proportional to the logarithm of the input voltage, and permits plotting a 60 db. variation in input signal. The speed of response is limited by the galvanometer movement but is adequate for obtaining a pattern through 100 degrees of azimuth in about two minutes. The plotting accuracy is better than 1 db. if care is taken to check calibration frequently.
ON THE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF DIFFUSION
Authors: Babbitt J. D.
Published: April 2011

The fundamental bases of the differential equation of diffusion are examined. From a dynamical equation defining the motion of the gas, an equation of continuity expressing the law of conservation of mass, and an equation of state giving the relation between concentration and pressure, the differential equations are derived for the interdiffusion of two gases, for the diffusion of vapors, and for the diffusion of gases and vapors through solids. For the diffusion of gases through adsorbing solids, the dynamical equation of the flow is obtained by equating the space derivative of the spreading pressure of the adsorbed film to a resistive force equal to the product of the coefficient of resistance and the velocity of the film. The differential equations derived on this assumption agree qualitatively with measurements for the diffusion of gases through metals when the adsorption can be represented by Langmuir's equation. When the adsorption follows the BET equation, qualitative agreement is found with the diffusion of water vapor through hygroscopic materials. It is also shown that Fick's law is not generally valid as the fundamental equation of diffusion.
THE VELOCITY OF SOUND IN HELIUM AT TEMPERATURES −78 °C. TO 200 °C. AND PRESSURES UP TO 70 ATMOSPHERES
Authors: Schneider W. G. , Thiessen G. J.
Published: April 2011

The velocity of sound in pure helium gas has been measured as a function of pressure at −78°, 0°, 50°, 100°, and 200 °C., using an ultrasonic interferometer of the double crystal type. From the sound velocity data second viral coefficients were obtained, and the ratio of specific heats was derived as a function of pressure.
THE EVAPORATION OF DROPLETS IN STILL AIR
Authors: Langstroth G. O. , Diehl C. H. H. , Winhold E. J.
Published: April 2011

The evaporation of droplets of 1 to 2 mm. diameter into still air has been studied with nine liquids forming a series of graded volatility from toluene to aniline and including water. The experimental results agreed with calculations based on diffusion and heat transfer theory. The surface temperature of the more volatile droplets was found to be significantly lower than the bulk temperature, in contrast to Johnson's results for water. Convection effects were found to be present with 43 mm. diameter evaporation vessels in confirmation of Gilliland's suggestion, but were absent in the smaller vessels used in the main investigation.
OPTICAL STABILITY IN BIPHENYL, PHENYLPYRIDYL, AND BIPYRIDYL COMPOUNDS
Authors: Aziz D. , Breckenridge J. G.
Published: April 2011

Comparable ortho-substituted compounds of the biphenyl, 2-phenylpyridyl, and 2,2′-bipyridyl type have been synthesized and resolved, and the resistance to racemization determined. The results are as would have been predicted on geometrical considerations only, the compounds containing nitrogen atoms in the rings not behaving in any abnormal manner.
MERCURY 1850 Å AND XENON 1470 Å RESONANCE LAMPS AS ULTRAVIOLET SOURCES FOR PHOTOCHEMICAL STUDIES
Authors: Dacey J. R. , Hodgins J. W.
Published: April 2011

A mercury resonance lamp is described whose output is 6 × 1013 quanta per second of radiation of wave length 1850 Å. The radiation is emitted through a window of synthetic sapphire. The lamp is of simple construction and gives consistent and trouble free operation. A xenon lamp is also described which emits 1 × 1015 quanta per second of radiation below 1470 Å. The construction, method of calibration, and some of the operating characteristics of the lamp are given.
Some Observations on the Nitration of Vanillin
Authors: Pepper J. M. , McIvor R. A.
Published: April 2011

not available
The Synthesis of 3,3′-Methylene-C14-bis(4-hydroxycoumarin)
Authors: Lee C. C. , Trevoy L. W. , Jaques L. B. , Spinks J. W. T.
Published: April 2011

not available
STUDIES ON THE SURFACE AREAS OF CADMIUM AND COPPER, AND THE MECHANISM OF CADMIUM POLARIZATION
Authors: Roxburgh J. M. , Winkler C. A.
Published: April 2011

The areas of mechanically cleaned cadmium electrodes, measured by rate of build-up of hydrogen overvoltage, have been shown to decrease with time of immersion in air-free acid solutions. The relative rate of decrease did not depend upon acid concentration in excess of 10−2 molar, nor upon passage of current or initial area, but exposure to air accelerated the decrease in area. The measured area was shown to depend upon the current used for the measurement, particularly with electrodes of large areas. Copper electrodes did not show the effects observed with cadmium. Cadmium polarization was shown to be linearly related to current, and independent of the measured area. This indicates that concentration polarization is operative in the deposition of cadmium.
THE DEGRADATION OF POLYSTYRENE: I. A STUDY OF THE POLYMERIZATION AND DEPOLYMERIZATION OF POLYSTYRENE
Authors: Winkler C. A. , Montgomery D. S.
Published: April 2011

The steady state obtained by Mesrobian and Tobolsky when toluene solutions, containing the same total weight concentration but varying proportions of styrene and polystyrene, were exposed to ultraviolet light at elevated temperatures was shown to depend upon the catalytic conditions. It was therefore concluded that this state does not represent a true thermal equilibrium between monomer and polymer. In the absence of monomer, polystyrene in toluene solution underwent chain scission on irradiation with ultraviolet light or treatment with benzoyl peroxide and air, even when the average chain length was less than that corresponding to the steady state. When monomer and polymer coexist in the presence of light or large quantities of oxidizing agents, a steady state arising from the polymerization of styrene and the simultaneous degradation of polystyrene appeared to be a transient phenomenon. Ultimately the monomer polymerizes and degradation becomes the dominant reaction. The experimental results indicated that a given mass of benzoyl peroxide or air brought about the scission of a definite number of linkages, resulting in a definite decrease in the relative viscosity. In the absence of oxidizing agents or light, polystyrene in toluene solution was remarkably stable at 100 °C.
PRELIMINARY TESTS ON POSSIBLE NEW STABILIZERS FOR NITROCELLULOSES
Authors: Purves C. B. , Grassie V. R. , Mitchell L. , Pepper J. M.
Published: April 2011

It was assumed that any practical stabilizer for nitrocellulose would have to meet the following requirements: (a) absorb nitrogen dioxide at least as avidly as the accepted stabilizer, sym-diethyldiphenylurea (Centralite); (b) cause destruction of nitrocellulose in the Bergmann–Junk heat test no greater than that caused by the accepted stabilizer, diphenylamine; (c) be no less compatible than diphenylamine with nitrocellulose; and (d) melt no higher than 80 °C., have low volatility and low solubility in water. These requirements were met by N,N′-diethyl-N,N′-di-(3-methoxy-4-ethoxybenzyl) -urea, N,N′-diethyl-N,N′-di-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-succinamide, di-(3,4-dimethoxystyryl)-ketone, and perhaps by veratric aldehyde. The criteria, however, were quite inadequate to assess in a positive way any practical value of the above substances as stabilizers. A study of substances structurally related to those already mentioned revealed no correlation between avidity for nitrogen dioxide and efficiency in improving the results of the Bergmann–junk test.Sym-N,N′-diethyl-N,N′-di-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-succinamide and N-ethyl-N-propionyl-3,4-dimethoxybenzylamine were oils thought to be new, and sym-N,N′-diethyl-N,N′-dibenzylurea was obtained by an alternate procedure.
ON THE CAPACITY OF POROUS ALUMINUM OXIDE LAYERS
Authors: Dekker A. J. , Urquhart Helen M. A.
Published: April 2011

Porous aluminum oxide layers may be obtained by anodic oxidation in sulphuric acid. The base of the pores is separated from the metal by a thin insulating barrier layer. The experiments show that the ultimate thickness of the barrier layer remains constant after a critical value has been reached. The dependence of the final thickness on current density, concentration, and temperature has been investigated. It is suggested that an electronic current is involved in the mechanism which limits the growth of the barrier layer.
THE DECOMPOSITION OF CUMENE HYDROPEROXIDE BY METAL SALTS AND COMPLEXES IN STYRENE SOLUTION
Authors: Fordham J. W. L. , Williams H. Leverne
Published: April 2011

The rate of decomposition of cumene hydroperoxide in styrene at 30 °C. is increased considerably by the presence of various metal salts and complexes. The rate increases in the presence of certain metal salts and complexes whether the metal is oxidizable, reducible, or incapable of undergoing a valence change. Both the metal and the nonmetal portion appear to influence the rate. The molar ratio of cumene hydroperoxide decomposed to metal complex added may be well over 1000. Most of the decomposition of cumene hydroperoxide in the presence of ferric phthalocyanine does not produce free radicals capable of initiating the polymerization of styrene and may proceed by an ionic chain mechanism.
SYNTHESIS OF PARA-BRIDGED BENZENE COMPOUNDS
Authors: Wiesner K. , MacDonald D. M. , Ingraham R. B. , Kelly R. B.
Published: April 2011

2-5 Tetradecamethylene and 2-5 decamethylene phthalic anhydride have been obtained by dehydrogenation of the corresponding tetrahydro compounds. A 10-membered para-bridged acyloin, VI, has also been obtained in 70% yield by ring closure. From these results it is concluded that it should be possible to synthesize compounds with para-bridges containing less than 10 carbons.
DIMETHYL-2,2′-BIQUINOLYLS
Authors: Breckenridge J. G.
Published: April 2011

Catalytic dehydrogenation of 4-methylquinoline and 6-methylquinoline has been shown to give the corresponding dimethyl-2,2′-biquinolyls. The ultraviolet absorption spectra of the quinolines and biquinolyls have been measured, and the color reaction of the dimethylbiquinolyls with cuprous ion investigated. In all properties examined the dimethylbiquinolyls and biquinolyl behave in a parallel manner.
CHANGES OF DENSITY OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE SOLUTIONS ON COOLING AND FREEZING
Authors: Giguère Paul A. , Geoffrion Pierre
Published: April 2011

The densities of binary solutions of hydrogen peroxide and water from 0 °C. down to their respective freezing point were measured by the dilatometric method with an estimated precision of ± 0.0003 gm. per ml. Volume changes during solidification were also measured but with lower precision. Solutions containing less than about 50% by weight of hydrogen peroxide expand on freezing whereas more concentrated solutions contract appreciably. Various observations on the phenomenon of supercooling seem to indicate that no solid solutions are formed between the two components. Under certain conditions hydrogen peroxide solutions decompose on melting.