bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emotion, Value, and the Ambiguous Honor of a Handbook
Authors: Debes Remy
Published: April 2011

Scholars take note: the philosophy of emotion is staking its claim. Peter Goldie's new Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Emotion (OHPE) is undoubtedly the most significant collection of original philosophical essays on emotion to date. It spans a broad range of topics from the nature of mind and reason to personal identity and beauty. It also boasts an incredible set of prestigious authors. But more than that – it bears testimony to its own legitimacy.
Remembering Brezhnev in the New Millennium: Post-Soviet Nostalgia and Local Identity in the City of Novorossiisk
Authors: Boele Otto
Published: April 2011

This article examines the way in which "ordinary" Russians remember the era of Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982). Using various concepts of post-communist nostalgia, it demonstrates that the period is exceptionally popular, but that this should not be construed as an unambiguous desire to revive the "Golden" 1970s. Positive evaluations of the Brezhnev era are often predicated on personal memories of one's youth, which shows that post-Soviet nostalgia is not a "common," but a generation-bound phenomenon. After attempting to explain Brezhnev's popularity in the 1990s and the Putin era, the article proceeds with a discussion of Novorossiisk, a city that claims to have a special bond with Brezhnev and decided to erect a statue of him in 2004. Detailing the controversy over the statue over a period of six years, the author demonstrates the existence of a locally defined Brezhnev "text" that allows the city's inhabitants to remember him as a great leader and a staunch defender of the fatherland, but also to appropriate him for their own political needs.
Pragmatic Impairments
Authors: Stainton Robert
Published: April 2011

Drawing on two recent books, this article addresses the question: "What, properly speaking, is a pragmatic impairment?" It considers three answers, namely (a) that it involves clinical deficiency in the pragmatics module, (b) that it merely requires reduced performance on pragmatic tasks due to some medical condition, and (c) that pragmatic impairment is a deficit in specifically pragmatic abilities. Though the advantages and disadvantages of the three options are considered, no definitive conclusion is proposed.
Microphysics of Premonsoon and Monsoon Clouds as Seen from In Situ Measurements during the Cloud Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment (CAIPEEX)
Authors: Prabha Thara V. , Khain A. , Maheshkumar R. S. , Pandithurai G. , Kulkarni J. R. , Konwar M. , Goswami B. N.
Published: April 2011

Analysis of the microphysical structure of deep convective clouds using in situ measurements during the Cloud Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment (CAIPEEX) over the Indian peninsular region is presented. It is shown that droplet size distributions (DSDs) in highly polluted premonsoon clouds are substantially narrower than DSDs in less polluted monsoon clouds. High values of DSD dispersion (0.3–0.6) and its vertical variation in the transient and monsoon clouds are related largely to the existence of small cloud droplets with diameters less than 10 μm, which were found at nearly all levels. This finding indicates the existence of a continuous generation of the smallest droplets at different heights. In some cases this generation of small droplets leads to the formation of bimodal and even multimodal DSDs. The formation of bimodal DSDs is especially pronounced in monsoon clouds. Observational evidence is presented to suggest that in-cloud nucleation at elevated layers is a fundamental mechanism for producing multimodal drop size distribution in monsoon clouds as well as in most deep convective clouds. These findings indicate that inclusion of continued nucleation away from the cloud base into numerical models should be considered to predict microphysics and precipitation of clouds in monsoons and other cloud-related phenomena.
Comments on “An Ensemble Cumulus Convection Parameterization with Explicit Cloud Treatment”
Authors: Plant Robert S. , Yano Jun-Ichi
Published: April 2011

In a recent paper, Wagner and Graf derived a population evolution equation for an ensemble of convective plumes, an analog with the Lotka–Volterra equation, from the energy equations for convective plumes provided by Arakawa and Schubert. Although their proposal is interesting, as the present note shows, there are some problems with their derivation.
Northern Hemisphere Extratropical Cyclones in a Warming Climate in the HiGEM High-Resolution Climate Model
Authors: Catto Jennifer L. , Shaffrey Len C. , Hodges Kevin I.
Published: April 2011

Changes to the Northern Hemisphere winter (December–February) extratropical storm tracks and cyclones in a warming climate are investigated. Two idealized climate change experiments with the High Resolution Global Environmental Model version 1.1 (HiGEM1.1), a doubled CO2 and a quadrupled CO2 experiment, are compared against a present-day control run. An objective feature tracking method is used and a focus is given to regional changes. The climatology of extratropical storm tracks from the control run is shown to be in good agreement with the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA-40), while the frequency distribution of cyclone intensity also compares well.

In both simulations the mean climate changes are generally consistent with the simulations of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) models, with strongly enhanced surface warming at the winter pole and reduced lower-tropospheric warming over the North Atlantic Ocean associated with the slowdown of the meridional overturning circulation. The circulation changes in the North Atlantic are different between the two idealized simulations with different CO2 forcings. In the North Atlantic the storm tracks are influenced by the slowdown of the MOC, the enhanced surface polar warming, and the enhanced upper tropical-troposphere warming, giving a northeastward shift of the storm tracks in the 2 × CO2 experiment but no shift in the 4 × CO2 experiment.

Over the Pacific, in the 2 × CO2 experiment, changes in the mean climate are associated with local temperature changes, while in the 4 × CO2 experiment the changes in the Pacific are impacted by the weakened tropical circulation. The storm-track changes are consistent with the shifts in the zonal wind.

Total cyclone numbers are found to decrease over the Northern Hemisphere with increasing CO2 forcing. Changes in cyclone intensity are found using 850-hPa vorticity, mean sea level pressure, and 850-hPa winds. The intensity of the Northern Hemisphere cyclones is found to decrease relative to the control.
Long-Term Trends in Downwelling Spectral Infrared Radiance over the U.S. Southern Great Plains
Authors: Gero P. Jonathan , Turner David D.
Published: April 2011

A trend analysis was applied to a 14-yr time series of downwelling spectral infrared radiance observations from the Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) located at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) site in the U.S. Southern Great Plains. The highly accurate calibration of the AERI instrument, performed every 10 min, ensures that any statistically significant trend in the observed data over this time can be attributed to changes in the atmospheric properties and composition, and not to changes in the sensitivity or responsivity of the instrument. The measured infrared spectra, numbering more than 800 000, were classified as clear-sky, thin cloud, and thick cloud scenes using a neural network method. The AERI data record demonstrates that the downwelling infrared radiance is decreasing over this 14-yr period in the winter, summer, and autumn seasons but it is increasing in the spring; these trends are statistically significant and are primarily due to long-term change in the cloudiness above the site. The AERI data also show many statistically significant trends on annual, seasonal, and diurnal time scales, with different trend signatures identified in the separate scene classifications. Given the decadal time span of the dataset, effects from natural variability should be considered in drawing broader conclusions. Nevertheless, this dataset has high value owing to the ability to infer possible mechanisms for any trends from the observations themselves and to test the performance of climate models.
An Assessment of the Uncertainties in Ocean Surface Turbulent Fluxes in 11 Reanalysis, Satellite-Derived, and Combined Global Datasets
Authors: Brunke Michael A. , Wang Zhuo , Zeng Xubin , Bosilovich Michael , Shie Chung-Lin
Published: April 2011

Ocean surface turbulent fluxes play an important role in the energy and water cycles of the atmosphere–ocean coupled system, and several flux products have become available in recent years. Here, turbulent fluxes from 6 widely used reanalyses, 4 satellite-derived flux products, and 2 combined product are evaluated by comparison with direct covariance latent heat (LH) and sensible heat (SH) fluxes and inertial-dissipation wind stresses measured from 12 cruises over the tropics and mid- and high latitudes. The biases range from −3.0 to 20.2 W m−2 for LH flux, from −1.4 to 6.0 W m−2 for SH flux, and from −7.6 to 7.9 × 10−3 N m−2 for wind stress. These biases are small for moderate wind speeds but diverge for strong wind speeds (>10 m s−1). The total flux biases are then further evaluated by dividing them into uncertainties due to errors in the bulk variables and the residual uncertainty. The bulk-variable-caused uncertainty dominates many products’ SH flux and wind stress biases. The biases in the bulk variables that contribute to this uncertainty can be quite high depending on the cruise and the variable. On the basis of a ranking of each product’s flux, it is found that the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) is among the “best performing” for all three fluxes. Also, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) interim reanalysis (ERA-Interim) and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–Department of Energy (NCEP–DOE) reanalysis are among the best performing for two of the three fluxes. Of the satellite-derived products, version 2b of the Goddard Satellite-Based Surface Turbulent Fluxes (GSSTF2b) is among the best performing for two of the three fluxes. Also among the best performing for only one of the fluxes are the 40-yr ERA (ERA-40) and the combined product objectively analyzed air–sea fluxes (OAFlux). Direction for the future development of ocean surface flux datasets is also suggested.
Generation, Transformation, and Scattering of Long Waves Induced by a Short-Wave Group over Finite Topography
Authors: Zou Qingping
Published: April 2011

Second-order analytical solutions are constructed for various long waves generated by a gravity wave train propagating over finite variable depth h(x) using a multiphase Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) method. It is found that, along with the well-known long wave, locked to the envelope of the wave train and traveling at the group velocity Cg, a forced long wave and free long waves are induced by the depth variation in this region. The forced long wave depends on the depth derivatives hx and hxx and travels at Cg, whereas the free long waves depend on h, hx, and hxx and travel in the opposite directions at . They interfere with each other and generate free long waves radiating away from this region. The author found that this topography-induced forced long wave is in quadrature with the short-wave group and that a secondary long-wave orbital velocity is generated by variable water depth, which is in quadrature with its horizontal bottom counterpart. Both these processes play an important role in the energy transfer between the short-wave groups and long waves. These behaviors were not revealed by previous studies on long waves induced by a wave group over finite topography, which calculated the total amplitude of long-wave components numerically without consideration of the phase of the long waves. The analytical solutions here also indicate that the discontinuity of hx and hxx at the topography junctions has a significant effect on the scattered long waves. The controlling factors for the amplitudes of these long waves are identified and the underlying physical processes systematically investigated in this presentation.
Oscillating Dense Plumes
Authors: Holland Paul R.
Published: April 2011

The flow of dense polar shelf waters down continental slopes is a critical component of the global ocean circulation. Recent observations suggest that such plumes can be heavily impacted by tidal variability, and many of the world’s important dense-water sources are located in tidally active areas. Tides affect the source of dense water (by modulating the location of hydrographic gradients) and control the subsequent plume mixing and flow path. In an effort to separate these effects, dense plumes are modeled here by extending a classical one-dimensional plume model to two unsteady scenarios in which the plume path is fixed. The first case features a pulsed release of dense water into a stagnant ambient, and the model predicts that gravity waves propagate down the plume. Advective waves in plume density travel with the mean velocity of the current and thus have a wavelength of , the product of plume velocity and the oscillation period P. The second case is of a steady-sourced plume flowing through an ambient that has uniformly oscillating flow. This drives fluctuating shear at the plume–ambient interface (and/or seabed) that leads to variable entrainment of ambient fluid into the plume. Perturbed properties are subsequently advected by the plume, leading to standing “entrainment waves” that also have a wavelength of . Pulsed-source effects may be distinguished from variable-entrainment effects by the phase difference between waves in the different state variables of each plume. Both effects are maximized when the ratio , where L is the plume length. This condition is satisfied in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, where observations show dense plumes that are strongly affected by tides. Modeled pulsed-source effects qualitatively agree with the observations, implying that hydrographic variability in Ross Sea plumes is associated with variability in their dense-water source rather than unsteady plume mixing. These results might help inform the gathering and interpretation of oceanographic data in tidally active dense-water source regions.
A Theory of Vertical Modes in Multilayer Stratified Fluids
Authors: Shimizu Kenji
Published: April 2011

A theory of vertical modes in multilayer stratified fluids is proposed. A matrix notation is introduced to generalize the theory to an arbitrary number of layers. The properties of vertical modes including their orthogonality are derived. The linearized shallow-water equations and total energy equation are then decomposed into vertical modal components in the presence of large horizontal variations in bottom elevation and stratification, which induce linear interactions among vertical modes. The theory is applied to the derivation of vertical modes in three-layer stratified fluids and an internal tide generation problem under two-layer stratification. It is shown that the proposed theory correctly approaches the continuous counterpart as the number of layers increases.
Impact of More Frequent Observations on the Understanding of Tasmanian Fire Danger
Authors: Fox-Hughes Paul
Published: April 2011

Half-hourly airport weather observations have been used to construct high-temporal-resolution datasets of McArthur Mark V forest fire danger index (FFDI) values for three locations in Tasmania, Australia, enabling a more complete understanding of the range and diurnal variability of fire weather. Such an understanding is important for fire management and planning to account for the possibility of weather-related fire flare ups—in particular, early in a day and during rapidly changing situations. In addition, climate studies have hitherto generally been able to access only daily or at best 3-hourly weather data to generate fire-weather index values. Comparison of FFDI values calculated from frequent (subhourly) observations with those derived from 3-hourly synoptic observations suggests that large numbers of significant fire-weather events are missed, even by a synoptic observation schedule, and, in particular, by observations made at 1500 LT only, suggesting that many climate studies may underestimate the frequencies of occurrence of fire-weather events. At Hobart, in southeastern Tasmania, only one-half of diurnal FFDI peaks over a critical warning level occur at 1500 LT, with the remainder occurring across a broad range of times. The study reinforces a perception of pronounced differences in the character of fire weather across Tasmania, with differences in diurnal patterns of variability evident between locations, in addition to well-known differences in the ranges of peak values observed.
Extreme Precipitation Events in the South-Central United States during May and June 2010: Historical Perspective, Role of ENSO, and Trends
Authors: Higgins R. W. , Kousky V. E. , Xie P.
Published: April 2011

An analysis of extreme daily precipitation events that occurred in the south-central United States during May and June 2010 is carried out using gridded station data and reanalysis products in use at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). Various aspects of the daily extremes are examined from a climate perspective using a 62-yr (1948–2010) period of record, including their historical ranking, common circulation features, moisture plumes, and the possible influence of ENSO. The analysis also considers how the frequency and intensity of daily extremes is changing in the United States. Each of the 2010 flash flood events examined here was associated with historic daily rainfall totals. Several of the events had meteorological conditions in common at upper and lower levels of the atmosphere, and all of the events fit well into an existing classification scheme for heavy precipitation events associated with flash flooding. Each case exhibited characteristics of the “Maya Express” flood events that link tropical moisture plumes from the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico to midlatitude flooding over the central United States. Consistent with recent assessment reports, it is shown that extreme daily precipitation events in the United States have increased in frequency during the most recent 30-yr period (1980–2009) when compared to the previous 30-yr period (1950–79), though the increases are relatively small during May and June.
Real-Time Adaptive Observation Guidance Using Singular Vectors for Typhoon Jangmi (200815) in T-PARC 2008
Authors: Kim Hyun Mee , Kim Sung-Min , Jung Byoung-Joo
Published: April 2011

In this study, structures of real-time adaptive observation guidance provided by Yonsei University (YSU) in South Korea during The Observing System Research and Predictability Experiment (THORPEX)-Pacific Asian Regional Campaign (T-PARC) are presented and compared with those of no-lead-time adaptive observation guidance recalculated as well as other adaptive observation guidance for a tropical cyclone (Jangmi 200815). During the T-PARC period, real-time dry total energy (TE) singular vectors (SVs) based on the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) and the corresponding tangent linear and adjoint models with a Lanczos algorithm are provided by YSU to help determine sensitive regions for targeted observations. While YSU provided the real-time TESV guidance based on a mesoscale model, other institutes provided real-time TESV guidance based on global models. The overall features of the real-time MM5 TESVs were similar to those generated from global models, showing influences from tropical cyclones, midlatitude troughs, and subtropical ridges. TESV structures are very sensitive to verification region and forecast lead time. If a more accurate basic-state trajectory with no lead time is used, more accurate TESVs, which yield more accurate determinations of sensitive regions for targeted observations, may be calculated. The results of this study may imply that reducing forecast lead time is an important component to obtaining better sensitivity guidance for real-time targeted observation operations.
Pluralism Where Least Expected?: Joshua 22 in Biblical Context
Authors: Auld Graeme
Published: April 2011

The book of Joshua is more flexible (and better known in the Gospels) than often supposed. The debate between the majority west of the Jordan and the minority to the east over which biblical texts supply a relevant precedent leads to compromise, but is differently reported in the Hebrew and Greek Bibles: MT more sympathetic to the nine-and-a-half tribes, and LXX to the two-and-a-half (who may represent the diaspora). Even the built structure at issue is differently introduced: ‘altar’ in MT and ‘high place’ in LXX — but both sides of the river finally accept whatever-it-is as a ‘witness’.
Where Is the Wrong?
Authors: Rourke Nancy M.
Published: April 2011

Two varieties of misinterpretation of the principle of double effect have led moralists to doubt the principle’s validity. There is a polarization, in the literature of the principle itself. Overwhelmingly, moralists who discuss or apply the principle narrow their focus to either the criterion of proportionate reason or the criterion distinguishing between direct and indirect intention. Double effect literature now comprises two discrete traditions of interpretation, each incomplete. The two most cited histories of the principle reflect this polarization. To address the confusion, this article compares these histories, arguing that both must be maintained if the principle of double effect is to be an effective means of moral evaluation.
Global Oral Health Inequalities
Authors: Garcia I. , Tabak L.A.
Published: April 2011

Despite impressive worldwide improvements in oral health, inequalities in oral health status among and within countries remain a daunting public health challenge. Oral health inequalities arise from a complex web of health determinants, including social, behavioral, economic, genetic, environmental, and health system factors. Eliminating these inequalities cannot be accomplished in isolation of oral health from overall health, or without recognizing that oral health is influenced at multiple individual, family, community, and health systems levels. For several reasons, this is an opportune time for global efforts targeted at reducing oral health inequalities. Global health is increasingly viewed not just as a humanitarian obligation, but also as a vehicle for health diplomacy and part of the broader mission to reduce poverty, build stronger economies, and strengthen global security. Despite the global economic recession, there are trends that portend well for support of global health efforts: increased globalization of research and development, growing investment from private philanthropy, an absolute growth of spending in research and innovation, and an enhanced interest in global health among young people. More systematic and far-reaching efforts will be required to address oral health inequalities through the engagement of oral health funders and sponsors of research, with partners from multiple public and private sectors. The oral health community must be “at the table” with other health disciplines and create opportunities for eliminating inequalities through collaborations that can harness both the intellectual and financial resources of multiple sectors and institutions.
Maximizing the wash fastness of dyed poly(lactic acid) fabrics by adjusting the amount of air during conventional reduction clearing
Authors: Avinc Ozan
Published: April 2011

In this study we investigate the influences of air content in the sealed reduction-clearing equipment, liquor ratio, sodium dithionite, and sodium carbonate concentrations of an alkaline reduction-clearing bath on wash fastness properties of poly(lactic acid) fabrics dyed with alkali-sensitive and alkali-stable disperse dyes. Lower air content in the sealed reduction-clearing equipment and a greater amount of sodium dithionite present in the clearing bath leads to better wash fastness values. The reduction clearing with a higher liquor ratio resulted in higher wash fastness levels due to the lower amount of air present in the sealed reduction-clearing equipment. The extent of the improvement on wash fastness properties of dyed poly(lactic acid) fabrics depends on the combination of alkali sensitivity of the disperse dye, sodium dithionite concentration, liquor ratio, and air ratio in the clearing equipment. No polymer degradation occurred during the alkaline reduction-clearing process. Poly(lactic acid) fabrics, after reduction-clearing processes, exhibited approximately similar performance for each dyeing compared to the non-cleared control sample, leading to a slight decrease on color yield (f(k)), slightly higher chroma (C*), higher lightness (L*), and therefore brighter appearance without significant shade change.
Impacts of Urban Containment Policies on the Spatial Structure of US Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Woo Myungje , Guldmann Jean-Michel
Published: April 2011

This paper examines the impacts of different types of urban containment policies (UCPs) on the spatial structure of US metropolitan areas, with a particular focus on UCP tightness. These UCPs include state-mandated urban growth boundaries (UGBs), locally adopted urban growth boundaries and urban service areas (USAs). Population and employment density gradients, taken as concentration measures, are estimated for 135 metropolitan areas and are then used in a simultaneous equation model to assess the impacts of different UCPs on metropolitan spatial structure. The results suggest that state-mandated ‘strong’ UGBs more effectively promote growth within the boundaries than locally adopted UGBs or USAs.
Estimating Preferences for Local Public Services Using Migration Data
Authors: Dahlberg Matz , Eklöf Matias , Fredriksson Peter , Jofre-Monseny Jordi
Published: April 2011

Using Swedish micro data, the paper examines the impact of local public services on community choice. The choice of community is modelled as a choice between a discrete set of alternatives. It is found that, given taxes, high spending on child care attracts migrants. Less conclusive results are obtained with respect to the role of spending on education and elderly care. High local taxes deter migrants. Relaxing the independence of the irrelevant alternatives assumption, by estimating a mixed logit model, has a significant impact on the results.
The Politics of Dispossession, Belonging, and Hope: Remembering Edward W. Said
Authors: Heristchi Claire
Published: April 2011

This article develops a critical appreciation of the work of Edward Said. It seeks to disentangle some of the most important themes in his work in relation to the dilemmas and contradictions of his life, and to assess their political implications.
Politics as Government: Michel Foucault's Analysis of Political Reason
Authors: Hindess Barry
Published: April 2011

This article considers Michel Foucault's work on the rationality of government and the practices in which it has been implemented. Specifically, it develops a critique of Foucault's analysis of political reason in relation to the governmental significance of electoral politics, to liberal commitments to the promotion of individual liberty, and to the focus on government within states to the neglect of the international system and the problem of sovereignty.
Governmentalizing the Post–Cold War International Regime: The UN Debate on Democratization and Good Governance
Authors: Zanotti Laura
Published: April 2011

This article examines a range of “good governance” discourses and practices at the United Nations as elements of global governmentality. It explores the emergence of “good governance” as a political rational for the UN, the mechanisms of governmentality that have been promoted as a consequence, and some of their most important effects.
Terrortory
Authors: Hindess Barry
Published: April 2011

Contemporary usage presents an opposition between states and terrorism, as if to suggest that terrorism is not an instrument of the state but something that is used against it. Yet the two most influential foundational myths of the modern states system suggest that the state's capacity for terror is the source of peace and order within the territorial community. It also makes other states think twice about attacking its territory. The author examines the ramifications of these myths and shows how they underlie conventional accounts of what is at stake in the war on terror.
“Can the Subaltern Be Heard?”: Political Theory, Translation, Representation, and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak
Authors: Maggio J
Published: April 2011

Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's essay “Can the Subaltern Speak?” questions the notion of the colonial (and Western) “subject” and provides an example of the limits of the ability of Western discourse, even postcolonial discourse, to interact with disparate cultures. This article suggests that these limits can be (partially) overcome. Where much commentary on Spivak focuses on her reading of Marx through the prism of Derrida, and on her contention that the “native informant” is simultaneously created and destroyed, I contends that Spivak's terms of engagement always imply a liberal-independent subject that is actively speaking. Moreover, given the limits of understanding implied by Spivak's essay, I advocate a reading of culture(s) based on the assumption that all actions offer a communicative role, and that one can understand cultures by translating the various conducts of their culture. On this basis I argue that the title of Spivak's essay might be more accurately stated as “Can the Subaltern Be Heard?”
Indigeneity's Challenges to the White Settler-State: Creating a Thirdspace for Dynamic Citizenship
Authors: Johnson Jay T.
Published: April 2011

Multiculturalism has been offered as an answer to the civil rights claims of a wide variety of ethnic and national minorities within liberal democratic settler-states. This article adds to the critiques of the appropriateness of multiculturalism in answering the self-determination claims of indigenous populations by investigating biculturalism in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Indigenous groups continue to demand greater recognition not only of sui generis claims to land and resources but also to the acceptance of indigenous philosophies and perspectives in the management of land and resources. As indigenous populations have been forced toward the edge of the state, they have been forced to reassert their cultural values in order to fundamentally reinvent the relationship between colonizer and colonized. This “reinvention” of society, coming from the edges, propelled by indigeneity, is beginning to challenge the construction of the white settler-state. These challenges occur in places, not within arbitrary, theoretical space. They also vary in scale, from the single individual acting on behalf of her community to vast land claims by indigenous peoples. This article discusses how the exercise of indigenous self-determination, observed in specific places, is beginning to transform Aotearoa/New Zealand society into a bicultural and binational partnership, altering the meaning of citizenship for both Māori and whites.
Indigenous Rights in International Politics: The Case of “Overcompliant” Liberal States
Authors: Lightfoot Sheryl R.
Published: April 2011

An overcompliant state is one that paradoxically takes actions that recognize specific rights or a category of rights that go beyond or even against that state's international human rights treaty obligations or its normative international commitments. Since there is no existing IR literature that would explain why a state might paradoxically comply or “overcomply” with its stated commitments, there is also no theory to explain what would propel a state to “overcomply” with an emergent norm. Securing indigenous rights means that several critical changes in the international discourse must occur, including an alteration of the liberal international Westphalian system of state sovereignty toward a postliberal, plurinational sovereignty system that includes a separate nation-to-nation and consent-based shared sovereignty arrangement between states and indigenous peoples. “Overcompliance” in indigenous rights occurs under a particular set of conditions: (1) when there is a strong presence of the international indigenous-rights movement within the state; (2) when the state places high value on its reputation as a “good global citizen”; and (3) when change occurs in the state's domestic discourse as it seeks to locate its own postcolonial identity in a globalized world. By examining state “overcompliance,” the author seeks to expose the limits of the current international discourse and the potential to push that discourse further to better accommodate the full spectrum of indigenous rights.
Are the Third World Poor Homines Sacri? Biopolitics, Sovereignty, and Development
Authors: Parfitt Trevor
Published: April 2011

This article examines how the concept of biopolitics is applied in development studies, focusing especially on Giorgio Agamben's account of biopolitics as intrinsic to the analysis of sovereignty and a state of exception. Agamben analyzes sovereignty as a biopolitical enterprise of disciplinary control in which sovereign power is able to enforce its role by the most draconian means while remaining nominally within the law. Agamben further claims that development is a biopolitical enterprise through which the Third World poor are reduced to a situation of bare life. The article interrogates this proposition, questioning how far biopolitics/development must necessarily be conceived as an exercise in oppression.
Broken Lines of Il/Legality and the Reproduction of State Sovereignty: The Impact of Visa Policies on Immigrants to Turkey from Bulgaria
Authors: Kasli Zeynep , Parla Ayse
Published: April 2011

After the granting of citizenship to 300,000 immigrants from Bulgaria in 1989, Turkey has enacted visa regime changes concerning more recent migrants from Bulgaria, who, according to the most recent modification, are only allowed to stay for 90 days within any six-month period. In this article, the authors demonstrate that the broken lines of legality/illegality produced by these changing policies further entrench the sovereignty of the state through the “inclusive exclusion” of immigrants who are subject to the law but not subject in the law. The temporary legalization of Bulgarian immigrants to Turkey in return for voting in the Bulgarian elections reveals that the state extends its transnational political power by drawing and redrawing the broken lines of legality/illegality. We demonstrate not only the ways in which the migrant population from Bulgaria is managed but also the strategies deployed by the migrants themselves in the face of such sovereign acts.
Internal Criticism in the Democracies Outside the West
Authors: Raghuramaraju A.
Published: April 2011

Democracy requires criticism. A significant feature of democracies outside the West, though often ignored by liberal traditions of analysis, is the practice of internal criticism. This article examines some experiences of internal criticism that may be found in the writings of some Indian philosophers, focusing especially on the work of Swami Vivekananda.
Homo Sacer vs. Homo Soccer Mom: Reading Agamben and Foucault in the War on Terror
Authors: Tagma Halit Mustafa
Published: April 2011

In the past decade there have been efforts to understand the war on terror through the writings of Michel Foucault and Giorgio Agamben. Some analyses reify certain concepts employed by Foucault and Agamben. Others do not accurately represent the actual occurrence of violence at ground level. Without claiming to present a sovereign gaze on the literature and the reading of sovereign violence in places such as Guántanamo, this article argues that there are at least three central elements that philosophers and theorists might want to reconsider in connection with sovereignty, biopower, and subjectivity: that there is a Derridean logic at play between sovereignty and biopower; that there is a connection between sovereignty and subjectivity informed by a “dangerous connection” between power and knowledge; and that sovereignty is informed by a classifying and hierarchizing regime characteristic of a regime of truth. Although Agamben claims to correct Foucault, he betrays important methodological and epistemological elements of Foucault's work. Nevertheless, there are elements in Agamben's work that can shape our understanding of a “biopolitical reading” of our contemporary era.
Performances of Power: Indigenous Cultural Festivals as Globally Engaged Cultural Strategy
Authors: Phipps Peter
Published: April 2011

This article situates the phenomenon of indigenous cultural festivals in the context of globalization. It sees indigenous cultural performances as an assertion of rights and a call to recognition, while also embodying performative ethics that at times exceed these liberal discourses. Cultural festivals are one of the few consistently positive spaces for indigenous communities to forge and assert a more constructive view of themselves, both intergenerationally and as part of a drive for recognition and respect as distinct cultures in local, national, and international contexts. Through a comparative consideration of the Merrie Monarch Festival in Hawaii and Garma in remote northern Australia, this article argues that cultural festivals provide a potent space for intercultural accommodations to be negotiated on largely indigenous terrain. These events strengthen indigenous agency and reset the terms of cross-cultural engagements and contested sovereignties for at least the duration of these staged encounters.
Indigenous Political Organizations and the Nation-State: Bolivia, Ecuador, Mexico
Authors: Chong Natividad Gutiérrez
Published: April 2011

The growing visibility of indigenous political organizations and activism in Latin America has a variety of claims and methods to interrelate with the state and organized civil society. These claims are framed within the logic of development and state construction; thus, these political projects fueled by ethnic actors do not have a secessionist outlook. This article addresses the different types of ethnic conflict current in Latin America. It also discusses the practical experience of implementing rights of autonomy. By highlighting the frequent types of ethnic conflict and their prevalence, the author looks forward to proposing a comparative model to explain the different routes taken by the construction of an inclusive, plurinational state led by ethnic actors. The article derives its analysis from the data bank of indigenous organizations, ORGINDAL.
Border Languages: Rumors and (Dis)Placements of (Inter)National Politics
Authors: Moulin Carolina
Published: April 2011

What happens to politics when the subject cannot be located precisely, in time and space, and thus rationalized and individuated? How might collective and diffuse mechanisms of political voice and engagement contribute to a better understanding of life in the margins of modern geographies? This article advances the argument that rumors might provide us with an important exemplar of discursive imaginaries that at once interrupt and reconfigure politics. Borrowing from the work of Veena Das, it explores “the perlocutionary force of rumors” among displaced communities in urban and rural areas of South America. I argue that rumors are a medium of communication particularly suited for refugees and displaced communities and also a fundamental mechanism for coping with social trauma and of reconfiguring the terms of presence/absence under which these groups live.
Liberty and Government
Authors: Ivison Duncan
Published: April 2011

This article investigates Barry Hindess's distinctive interpretation of liberal political thought, and especially his analysis of liberalism’s emphasis on the normative priority of liberty. For Hindess, drawing on Foucault’s lectures on the history of early modern political thought and liberalism, liberty is an important aspect of liberal thought but so too is “government,” understood in the broadest sense. Any genealogy of the liberal conception of freedom must, therefore, also deal with the nature of liberal government, understood as a distinctive “rationality” of government. Hindess' “realist” approach to political thought, his focus on the relationship between freedom and government and the extent to which liberalism governs not only through freedom but also in determining which agents and/or groups could not be governed in this way, offers a rich and unusual perspective on the nature of liberal freedom. The article concludes with an attempt to provide an account of liberty as a distinctly political value that incorporates aspects of Hindess' analysis and yet challenges it in other ways, especially with regard to the importance liberty plays in the way we conceive of the legitimate exercise of political power.
Three-dimensional shape design optimization of holes and cavities using the boundary element method
Authors: Maduramuthu P , Fenner R. T
Published: April 2011

Three-dimensional shape design optimization of holes and cavities under linear elastostatic conditions is presented. The shape optimization technique used is the normal movement approach, whose use has previously been confined to two dimensions, and the technique of stress analysis employed is the boundary element method (BEM) using quadratic surface elements. The normal movement approach is founded on the idea that the optimum boundary shape can be determined by moving points that define the boundary in directions that lie along the local normals to the boundary surface at the points concerned. The amount of movement at each iteration of the process is determined by the local level of stress in the surface. The main advantage of the approach is that no design sensitivity analysis is required, which is computationally more efficient, and many more design variables defining the geometry can be used. The BEM for stress analysis is particularly appropriate because it simplifies the mesh regeneration that is generally required during the optimization process. The quality of this re-meshing is crucial to the success of the technique. The overall method is applied to problems of holes and cavities in engineering components and structures.
Welded T-joint connections of square thin-walled tubes under a multi-axial state of stress
Authors: Moazed R , Fotouhi R , Szyszkowski W , Bitner D
Published: April 2011

T-joint connections are used extensively in industry as parts of machine components and structures. The T-joint connection is typically constructed through the welding of its tubular members, with significant stress and strain concentrations occurring at the toe of the weld under loadings. In this paper, a welded T-joint connection of square hollow-section (SHS) tubes subjected to a multi-axial state of stress is examined both numerically and experimentally. The hot spot strains and stresses in the connection are determined through a detailed finite element (FE) analysis of the joint. The weld geometry is accurately modelled using FE. To model the weld, several full-scale welded T-joints were cut at the connection to obtain the size and depth of penetration of the weld.

For the experimental study, a test rig with a hydraulic actuator capable of applying both static and cyclic loadings is designed and used. Strain gauges are installed at several locations on the joint to validate the FE model. The verified FE model is then used to study the through-the-thickness stress distributions of the tubes. It is shown that the membrane stresses which occur at the mid-surface of the tubes remain similar regardless of the weld geometry. The weld geometry only affects the bending stresses. It is also shown that the stress concentrations are highly localized at the vicinity of the weld toe. At a distance of about half of the weld thickness from the weld toe, the effect of the weld geometry on the bending stresses becomes insignificant as well. To reduce the stress concentrations at the T-joint, plate reinforcements are used in a number of different arrangements and dimensions to increase the load-carrying capacity of the connection.
Dual boundary element methods for three-dimensional dynamic crack problems
Authors: Wen P H , Aliabadi M H , Young A
Published: April 2011

In this paper, three formulations of a single-region dual boundary element method for dynamic crack problems are presented. The dynamic stress intensity factors are calculated by crack opening displacement. These methods are developed to study the dynamic behaviour of stationary cracks in threedimensional analysis. Formulations of the methods and computational efficiency characterized by memory and central processing unit time are discussed. In order to compare these three approaches, they are applied to pure mode and mixed-mode crack problems in infinite and finite domains.
Vastus Medialis Obliquus Atrophy
Authors: Pattyn Els , Verdonk Peter , Steyaert Adelheid , Vanden Bossche Luc , Van den Broecke Wouter , Thijs Youri , Witvrouw Erik
Published: April 2011

Background: Quadriceps atrophy and in particular atrophy of the vastus medialis obliquus (VMO) muscle have been frequently related with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS), despite very little objective evidence.

Hypothesis: Patients with PFPS exhibit atrophy of the VMO in comparison with healthy controls.

Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods: Forty-six patients with PFPS and 30 healthy control persons with similar age, gender, body mass index, and activity index distributions underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the quadriceps. The muscle size was determined by calculating the cross-sectional area of the total quadriceps and its components.

Results: The cross-sectional area (CSA) of the VMO was significantly smaller in the PFPS group than in the control group (16.67 ± 4.97 cm2 vs 18.36 ± 5.25 cm2) ( P = .040). A tendency was noted for a smaller total quadriceps CSA for the PFPS patients at midthigh level (66.99 ± 15.06 cm2 vs 70.83 ± 15.30 cm2) ( P = .074).

Conclusion: This is the first study to examine VMO size in PFPS patients by MRI. Patients with patellofemoral problems exhibited atrophy of the VMO. Although it is not clear whether this atrophy is a result or a cause of PFPS, the results of this study do show that atrophy of the VMO is a contributing factor in PFPS. Longitudinal, prospective studies are needed to establish the cause-effect relation of VMO atrophy and PFPS.
Professional Citation Practices in Child Maltreatment Forensic Letters
Authors: Schryer Catherine F. , Bell Stephanie , Mian Marcellina , Spafford Marlee M. , Lingard Lorelei
Published: April 2011

Using rhetorical genre theory and research on reported speech, this study investigates the citation practices in 81 forensic letters written by paediatricians and nurse practitioners that provide their opinion for the courts as to whether a child has experienced maltreatment. These letters exist in a complex social situation where a lack of clarity exists as to which professional group (healthcare providers, police, social workers) is primarily responsible for gathering accounts of children’s injuries. Yet physicians need these accounts into order to compare them to actual injuries. The study documents the direct and indirect citations that occur in the letters, observes documentation strategies, notes the instances in which partial breakdowns in citation occur, and points to the linguistic factors contributing to these breakdowns.