bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influência da mídia nos Transtornos Alimentares em adolescentes: Revisão de literatura
Authors: Lopes Paula Alvim , Trajano Larissa Alexsandra da Silva Neto
Published: January 2021

O mundo virtual é uma realidade dos adolescentes em todo o mundo. Consequência disso, é um meio em que pode ser um facilitador de sintomas de transtornos alimentares. Os distúrbios da alimentação ocorrem por alterações psíquicas e comportamentais e afetam a saúde, principalmente em indivíduos jovens. O objetivo da revisão sistemática é compreender quanto as mídias de massa interferem nos distúrbios alimentares. Foram encontrados 27 artigos nas bases de dados PubMed, LILACS e SciELo nos últimos 10 anos após critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Os resultados obtidos foram a prevalência dos transtornos alimentares em adolescentes do sexo feminino, em segundo lugar, a persuasão e subversão das mídias de massa sobre um público sem um poder de criticidade. E também, reflexos desses distúrbios na insatisfação corporal e baixa autoestima advindos dos corpos utópicos sustentados pela sociedade e veiculados pela internet. A dinâmica encontrada é a socialização dos jovens no contexto de criação de corpos perfeitos e modelos ideais, sobretudo em mulheres adolescentes, que sofrem a pressão do patriarcado. Com isso, os sofrimentos psíquicos se expandem para a insatisfação corporal e por fim, as estratégias de comunicação e marketing atuam ativamente sobre essa vulnerabilidade desse grupo social. Assim, analisou-se que as redes sociais ampliam a propagação de transtornos alimentares com isso, é necessária uma regulamentação do uso das redes sociais e educação midiática para que a criticidade seja estimulada nos jovens juntamente com apoio psicológico.
Diabetes mellitus, autonomia pessoal e práticas grupais: uma revisão integrativa
Authors: Doval Richienne Thailane do Patrocínio , Souza Talita Araújo de , Medeiros Marília Rute de Souto , Silva Ilisdayne Thallita Soares da , Silva José Adailton da
Published: January 2021

Objetivo: identificar evidências acerca das contribuições das práticas grupais na autonomia de pessoas que convivem com diabetes mellitus. Método: revisão integrativa do tipo qualitativa que incluiu artigos indexados nas bases de dados Literatura Latino Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE/PubMed), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO.ORG) e Scopus (Elsevier), publicados entre os anos de 2015 a 2019, nas línguas portuguesa e inglesa. O período de coleta ocorreu entre os meses de junho a agosto de 2020. Resultados: incluíram-se 10 artigos, com metodologias variadas e realizados em países distintos. Apesar das variadas abordagens e metodologias, em todos os estudos foi demonstrado algum tipo de efetividade para a aquisição de autonomia pessoal e autocuidado através da participação em intervenção grupal. Conclusão: as práticas grupais desenvolvidas objetivando favorecer o aumento da autonomia e do autocuidado em pessoas convivendo com diabetes mellitus foram múltiplas e mostraram-se eficazes para serem utilizadas, sendo necessário se observar a necessidade de ocorrer reintervenções ao longo do tempo. O acompanhamento com o profissional enfermeiro foi apontado como fundamental no processo gradativo de aquisição destes e no uso das metodologias ativas que possuem baixo custo e, portanto, são cabíveis a serem reproduzidas em diferentes contextos.
O levantamento sócio antropológico como ferramenta de planejamento escolar: Uma experiência do PIBID Ciências da Natureza
Authors: Dinardi Ailton Jesus , Carvalho Andriélli Vilanova de , Cunha Fernando Icaro Jorge
Published: January 2021

A formação dos futuros professores vem sendo alicerçada por projetos e vivências que promovem a experimentação do espaço escolar, como o Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação à Docência (PIBID). O presente artigo traz os resultados de uma investigação socioantropológica realizada pelos Licenciandos em Ciências da Natureza participantes do PIBID. Tendo como objetivo identificar as contribuições da inserção dos pibidianos no ambiente escolar bem como diagnosticar a utilização do levantamento socioantropológico como uma ferramenta de planejamento escolar a partir da análise dos dados qualitativos obtidos pelo levantamento sócio antropológico realizado em uma escola pública do município de Uruguaiana,RS. Para o levantamento dos dados utilizou-se um  questionário semiestruturado com questões de cunho escolar, familiar e  de pertencimento. Os resultados permitem inferir que o estudo socioantropológico fornece informações relevantes para o planejamento escolar e que as atividades propostas pelo PIBID proporcionam a reflexão e a experimentação da docência, contribui na formação dos agentes envolvidos e configura-se como uma estratégia eficaz para promover a aprendizagem dos futuros professores.
Olfactory Bulbectomy Induced Oxidative and Cell Damage in Rat:
Protective Effect of Melatonin
Authors: Tasset I , Medina F J , Peña J , Jimena I , Muñoz MDC , Salcedo M , Ruiz C , Feijóo M , Montilla P , Túnez I
Published: January 2021

In this study we analyzed the effects of melatonin (Mel, 1 mg/kg
ip) on behavioral changes as well as cell and oxidative damage
prompted by bilaterally olfactory bulbectomy. Olfactory
bulbectomy caused an increase in lipid peroxidation products and
caspase-3, whereas it prompted a decrease of reduced
glutathione (GSH) content and antioxidative enzymes activities.
Additionally, olfactory bulbectomy induced behavioral changes
characterized by the enhancement of immobility time in the
forced swim test and hyperactivity in the open field test. All these
changes were normalized by treatment of Mel (14 days). Our
data show that Mel has a beneficial neuropsychiatric action
against oxidative stress, cell damage and behavior alterations.
DILEMAS SOBRE O TRABALHO EM TEMPOS DE PANDEMIA DE COVID-19
Authors:   UEMG - Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais - Unidade Frutal, DE OLIVEIRA MARCELO
Published: January 2021

The present work deals with contemporary issues related to the new dynamics of the relationship between man and work and between them and companies. The purpose of this survey was to gather in a single text, the largest possible amount of information on the state of the art of legislation, on corporate adjustments and human adaptations undertaken in labor relations during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Methodologically, we carried out an exploratory bibliographic search, combined with a digital scan in internet journalistic repositories that dealt with this topic. As a result, this research presents the fact that, despite the seduction by the home office and teleworking, have been objects of people's desire before the pandemic, both corporations and their collaborators intend, if not a resumption of face-to-face work, at least one hybrid format in the post-pandemic thresholds.
Korelasi Perubahan Tekanan Darah dengan Perubahan Kadar Kolesterol Total Pasien Prolanis yang Mendapatkan Jus Lidah Buaya (Aloe vera)
Authors: Yuliawati Vina , Vani Ade Teti , Heppy Fredia
Published: January 2021

Introduction: One factor of hypertension is hypercholesterolemia. Efforts to lower cholesterol levels in the blood beside taking the medicine, can also with a healthy lifestyle change and diet. Diet is an effective way to lower cholesterol levels in the blood. One of the ingredients that has the benefits of anti-hypercholesterolemia is Aloe vera. Aims: Knowing the correlation between changed blood pressure and changed the Total cholesterol for Prolanis patients with cholesterol disorder that get Aloe vera juice in the Padang Air Dingin Health Center in 2018. Method: This study was conducted on the Prolanis patient in the Padang Air Dngin Helth Center conducted from July – August 2018. The type of research used was a colerative analytic analytic with cross sectional study design. The affordable population are all prolanis patient in the Padang Air Dingin Health Center with 15 samples using simple random sampling technique. Univariate data analysis presented in the form of the average, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, and bivariates analyses using the Spearman rho test, using the SPSS program. Result: Systolic blood pressure before and after consuming Aloe vera juice obtained on average 137.26 mmHg and 119.86 mmHg. Diastolic blood pressure before and after consuming Aloe vera juice was obtained on average 86.13 mmHg and 77.80 mmHg. The amount of cholesterol before and after consuming Aloe vera juice was obtained on average 264.93 and 240.36. Systolic blood pressure obtained r = 0.875 values (very strong categories), the value P = 0,000 (P < 0.05) and at the diastolic blood pressure obtained r = 0.631 values (strong categories), Value P = 0,012 (P < 0.05). Conclusion: there is a correlation betweeen changed blood pressure and changed the total cholesterol for patients with cholesterol disorder (hypercholesterolemia) that get aloe vera juice in the Padang Air Dingin Health Center in 2018.
Post-Traumatic Headache: Is It A Danger?
Authors: Susanti Restu
Published: January 2021

Post-Traumatic Headache (PTH), is the most frequent complaint after Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). PTH affects the quality of life of the sufferer. Post-traumatic headache is defined as secondary headache within 7 days after head trauma or after regained consciousness after head trauma. PTH's definitive mechanisms are still unknown, but hypotheses can be brought from clinical findings and diagnostic tests that have been conducted. PTH can originate from peripheral or central. A multidisciplinary approach is emphasized in the treatment of PTH due to the many associated symptoms
Circular RNA hsa_circ_0004277 Stimulates Malignant Phenotype of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Peripheral Cells
Authors: Zhu Chuanrong , Su Yang , Liu Lei , Wang Shaochuang , Liu Yuting , Wu Jinsheng
Published: January 2021

Accumulating evidence shows that exosomal circRNAs reflect the physiological status of donor cells, and various cell reactions are induced after exosomal circRNAs are captured by recipient cells. In this study, qRT-PCR was performed to detect circ-0004277 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines, tissues, and plasma exosomes. The effects of circ-0004277 on the proliferation and migration of HCC cells were assessed by cell counting, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine assays, Transwell migration assays, and tumor formation in nude mice. We found that circ-0004277 was significantly upregulated in HCC cells, tissues, and plasma exosomes compared to that in normal controls. Overexpression of circ-0004277 enhanced the proliferation, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of HCC cells in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, exosomes from HCC cells enhanced circ-0004277 expression in surrounding normal cells and stimulated EMT progression. ZO-1, a tight junction adapter protein, was downregulated in HCC tissues. In conclusion, our findings suggest that circ-0004277 promotes the malignant phenotype of HCC cells via inhibition of ZO-1 and promotion of EMT progression. In addition, exosomal circ-0004277 from HCC cells stimulates EMT of peripheral cells through cellular communication to further promote the invasion of HCC into normal surrounding tissues.
Modeling Uremic Vasculopathy With Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Endothelial Cells as a Drug Screening System
Authors: Jang Hye Ryoun , Cho Hyung Joon , Zhou Yang , Shao Ning-Yi , Lee Kyungho , Le Hoai Huong Thi , Jeon Junseok , Lee Jung Eun , Huh Wooseong , Ong Sang-Ging , Lee Won Hee , Kim Yoon-Goo
Published: January 2021

Background: Cardiovascular complications are the leading cause of mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Uremic vasculopathy plays a crucial role in facilitating the progression of cardiovascular complications in advanced CKD. However, the improvement of conventional research methods could provide further insights into CKD.

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to develop a novel model of uremic vasculopathy as a potential drug screening system.

Methods and Results: The effects of uremic serum and different combinations of uremic toxins on induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived endothelial cells (ECs) of a normal control and a CKD patient were investigated using several functional assays. We found that a mixture of uremic toxins composed of high urea, creatinine, uric acid, and indoxyl sulfate exerted deleterious effects on normal control iPSC-ECs that were comparable to uremic serum by increasing reactive oxygen species and apoptosis, as well as suppression of tube formation. Additional characterization revealed a potential involvement of dysregulated TGF-β signaling as treatment with either losartan or TGF-β inhibitors led to the attenuation of adverse effects induced by uremic toxins. Importantly, impaired wound healing potential seen in CKD patient-specific iPSC-ECs was rescued by treatment with losartan and TGF-β inhibitors.

Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that simplified uremic toxin mixtures can simulate the uremic micromilieu reproducibly and CKD patient-specific iPSC-ECs can potentially recapitulate susceptibility to uremic vasculopathy. This novel model of uremic vasculopathy may provide a new research tool as a drug screening system.
Effect of Amine Functionalization of MOF Adsorbents for Enhanced CO2 Capture and Separation: A Molecular Simulation Study
Authors: Bahamon Daniel , Anlu Wei , Builes Santiago , Khaleel Maryam , Vega Lourdes F.
Published: January 2021

Different types of amine-functionalized MOF structures were analyzed in this work using molecular simulations in order to determine their potential for post-combustion carbon dioxide capture and separation. Six amine models -of different chain lengths and degree of substitution- grafted to the unsaturated metal sites of the M2(dobdc) MOF [and its expanded version, M2(dobpdc)] were evaluated, in terms of adsorption isotherms, selectivity, cyclic working capacity and regenerability. Good agreement between simulation results and available experimental data was obtained. Moreover, results show two potential structures with high cyclic working capacities if used for Temperature Swing Adsorption processes: mmen/Mg/DOBPDC and mda-Zn/DOBPDC. Among them, the -mmen functionalized structure has higher CO2 uptake and better cyclability (regenerability) for the flue gas mixtures and conditions studied. Furthermore, it is shown that more amine functional groups grafted on the MOFs and/or full functionalization of the metal centers do not lead to better CO2 separation capabilities due to steric hindrances. In addition, multiple alkyl groups bonded to the amino group yield a shift in the step-like adsorption isotherms in the larger pore structures, at a given temperature. Our calculations shed light on how functionalization can enhance gas adsorption via the cooperative chemi-physisorption mechanism of these materials, and how the materials can be tuned for desired adsorption characteristics.
Multi-Targeted Anticancer Activity of Imidazolate Phosphane Gold(I) Compounds by Inhibition of DHFR and TrxR in Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Galassi Rossana , Luciani Lorenzo , Gambini Valentina , Vincenzetti Silvia , Lupidi Giulio , Amici Augusto , Marchini Cristina , Wang Junbiao , Pucciarelli Stefania
Published: January 2021

A class of phosphane gold(I) compounds, made of azoles and phosphane ligands, was evaluated for a screening on the regards of Breast Cancer cell panels (BC). The compounds possess N-Au-P or Cl-Au-P bonds around the central metal, and they differ for the presence of aprotic or protic polar groups in the azoles and/or the phosphane moieties to tune their hydrophilicity. Among the six candidates, only the compounds having the P-Au-N environment and not displaying neither the hydroxyl nor carboxyl groups in the ligands were found active. The compounds were screened by MTT tests in SKBR3, A17, and MDA-MB231 cancer cells, and two compounds (namely the 4,5-dicyano-imidazolate-1yl-gold(I)-(triphenylphosphane, 5, and 4,5-dichloro-imidazolate-1yl-gold(I)-triphenylphosphane, 6) were found very cytotoxic, with the most active with an IC50 value of 3.46 μM in MDA-MB231 cells. By performing enzymatic assays in the treated cells lysates, the residual enzymatic activity of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) has been measured after cell treatment for 4 or 12 h in comparison with control cells. Upon 12 h of treatment, the activity of DHFR was significantly reduced in both SKBR3 and A17 cells by compounds 5 and 6, but not in human MDA-MB231 cells; interestingly, it was found remarkably high after 4 h of treatment, revealing a time dependence for the DHFR enzymatic assays. The DHFR inhibition data have been compared to those for the thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), the most recognized molecular target for gold compounds. For this latter, similar residual activities (i.e., 37 and 49% for the match of SKBR3 cells and compound 5 or 6, respectively) were found. Binding studies on the regards of ct-DNA (calf-thymus-DNA) and of plasma transporters proteins, such as BSA (bovine serum albumin) and ATF (apo transferrin), were performed. As expected for gold compounds, the data support strong binding to proteins (Ksv values range: 1.51 ÷ 2.46 × 104 M−1) and a weaker interaction with ct-DNA's minor groove (Ksv values range: 1.55 ÷ 6.12 × 103 M−1).
PAA Modified Upconversion Nanoparticles for Highly Selective and Sensitive Detection of Cu2+ Ions
Authors: Su Shaoshan , Mo Zhurong , Tan Guizhen , Wen Hongli , Chen Xiang , Hakeem Deshmukh A.
Published: January 2021

Detection of the Cu2+ ions is crucial because of its environmental and biological implications. The fluorescent-based organic sensors are not suitable for Cu2+ detection due to their short penetration depth caused by the UV/visible excitation source. Therefore, we have demonstrated a highly sensitive and selective near-infrared (NIR) excitable poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) coated upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) based sensor for Cu2+ detection. We construct the PAA modified Na(Yb, Nd)F4@Na(Yb, Gd)F4:Tm@NaGdF4 core-shell-shell structured UCNPs based sensor via a co-precipitation route. The upconversion emission intensity of the PAA-UCNPs decreases linearly with the increase in the Cu2+ concentration from 0.125 to 3.125 μM due to the copper carboxylate complex formation between Cu2+ and PAA-UCNPs. The calculated detection limit of the PAA-UCNPs based sensor is 0.1 μM. The PAA-UCNPs based sensor is very sensitive and selective toward detecting the Cu2+ ions, even when the Cu2+ co-exist with other metal ions. The EDTA addition has significantly reversed the upconversion emission quenching by forming the EDTA-Cu2+ complex based on their greater affinity toward the Cu2+. Therefore, the PAA-UCNPs based sensor can be a promising candidate for Cu2+ detection because of their higher sensitivity and selectivity under 980 nm NIR excitation.
Bioenergetic Inhibitors: Antibiotic Efficacy and Mechanisms of Action in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Hasenoehrl Erik J. , Wiggins Thomas J. , Berney Michael
Published: January 2021

Development of novel anti-tuberculosis combination regimens that increase efficacy and reduce treatment timelines will improve patient compliance, limit side-effects, reduce costs, and enhance cure rates. Such advancements would significantly improve the global TB burden and reduce drug resistance acquisition. Bioenergetics has received considerable attention in recent years as a fertile area for anti-tuberculosis drug discovery. Targeting the electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation machinery promises not only to kill growing cells but also metabolically dormant bacilli that are inherently more drug tolerant. Over the last two decades, a broad array of drugs targeting various ETC components have been developed. Here, we provide a focused review of the current state of art of bioenergetic inhibitors of Mtb with an in-depth analysis of the metabolic and bioenergetic disruptions caused by specific target inhibition as well as their synergistic and antagonistic interactions with other drugs. This foundation is then used to explore the reigning theories on the mechanisms of antibiotic-induced cell death and we discuss how bioenergetic inhibitors in particular fail to be adequately described by these models. These discussions lead us to develop a clear roadmap for new lines of investigation to better understand the mechanisms of action of these drugs with complex mechanisms as well as how to leverage that knowledge for the development of novel, rationally-designed combination therapies to cure TB.
A Hetero-Multimeric Chitinase-Containing Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium gallinaceum Ookinete-Secreted Protein Complex Involved in Mosquito Midgut Invasion
Authors: Patra Kailash P. , Kaur Hargobinder , Kolli Surendra Kumar , Wozniak Jacob M. , Prieto Judith Helena , Yates John R. , Gonzalez David J. , Janse Chris J. , Vinetz Joseph M.
Published: January 2021

Malaria parasites are transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. During its life cycle in the mosquito vector the Plasmodium ookinete escapes the proteolytic milieu of the post-blood meal midgut by traversing the midgut wall. This process requires penetration of the chitin-containing peritrophic matrix lining the midgut epithelium, which depends in part on ookinete-secreted chitinases. Plasmodium falciparum ookinetes have one chitinase (PfCHT1), whereas ookinetes of the avian-infecting parasite, P. gallinaceum, have two, a long and a short form, PgCHT1 and PgCHT2, respectively. Published data indicates that PgCHT2 forms a high molecular weight (HMW) reduction-sensitive complex; and one binding partner is the ookinete-produced von Willebrand A-domain-containing protein, WARP. Size exclusion chromatography data reported here show that P. gallinaceum PgCHT2 and its ortholog, P. falciparum PfCHT1 are covalently-linked components of a HMW chitinase-containing complex (> 1,300 kDa). Mass spectrometry of ookinete-secreted proteins isolated using a new chitin bead pull-down method identified chitinase-associated proteins in P. falciparum and P. gallinaceum ookinete-conditioned culture media. Mass spectrometry of this complex showed the presence of several micronemal proteins including von Willebrand factor A domain-related protein (WARP), ookinete surface enolase, and secreted ookinete adhesive protein (SOAP). To test the hypothesis that ookinete-produced PfCHT1 can form a high molecular homo-multimer or, alternatively, interacts with P. berghei ookinete-produced proteins to produce an HMW hetero-multimer, we created chimeric P. berghei parasites expressing PfCHT1 to replace PbCHT1, enabling the production of large numbers of PfCHT1-expressing ookinetes. We show that chimeric P. berghei ookinetes express monomeric PfCHT1, but a HMW complex containing PfCHT1 is not present. A better understanding of the chitinase-containing HMW complex may enhance development of next-generation vaccines or drugs that target malaria transmission stages.
Pushing the Max Planck YouTube Channel With the Help of Influencers
Authors: Donhauser Dominik , Beck Christina
Published: January 2021

We wanted to increase the number of subscriptions to the Max Planck YouTube Channel with the help of influencers. In recent years, we have published a video series called “Max Planck Cinema” to increase students' interest in complex scientific content. The videos generated sometimes well over 100,000 views (aggregated over several years). But these figures fall far short of the number of views of German YouTube influencers in the field of science, whose videos range from several 100,000 views to over a million. Against this background, the Max Planck Society (MPG) in 2020 launched a video series in collaboration with two YouTube influencers. The new “WISSEN WAS” video series focuses on current topics and their underlying scientific facts. Although the “WISSEN WAS” videos have been online for only a relatively short time, it can be seen that the videos produced with the influencers have significantly increased the number of subscriptions. The evaluation also shows that high numbers of views do not necessarily go hand in hand with more subscriptions as other studies have previously assumed. While the basic videos of the Max Planck Cinema series prove to be real long runners, which students regularly (year by year) search for and find on YouTube (Germany) as well as Google (Germany), thereby continuously generating views, it is currently not yet possible to estimate whether the “WISSEN WAS” videos, will still generate as high a number of views per day after several years.
The Influence of Confining Topography Orientation on Experimental Turbidity Currents and Geological Implications
Authors: Soutter Euan L. , Bell Daniel , Cumberpatch Zoë A. , Ferguson Ross A. , Spychala Yvonne T. , Kane Ian A. , Eggenhuisen Joris T.
Published: January 2021

Turbidity currents distribute sediment across the seafloor, forming important archives of tectonic and climatic change on the Earth’s surface. Turbidity current deposition is affected by seafloor topography, therefore understanding the interaction of turbidity currents with topography increases our ability to interpret tectonic and climatic change from the stratigraphic record. Here, using Shields-scaled physical models of turbidity currents, we aim to better constrain the effect of confining topography on turbidity current deposition and erosion. The subaqueous topography consists of an erodible barrier orientated 1) parallel, 2) oblique and 3) perpendicular to the incoming flow. An unconfined control run generated a supercritical turbidity current that decelerated across the slope, forming a lobate deposit that thickened basinwards before abruptly thinning. Flow-parallel confinement resulted in erosion of the barrier by the flow, enhanced axial velocities, and generated a deposit that extended farther into the basin than when unconfined. Oblique confinement caused partial deflection and acceleration of the flow along the barrier, which resulted in a deposit that bifurcated around the barrier. Forced deceleration at the barrier resulted in thickened deposition on the slope. Frontal confinement resulted in onlap and lateral spreading at the barrier, along with erosion of the barrier and down-dip overspill that formed a deposit deeper in the basin. Acceleration down the back of the barrier by this overspill resulted in the generation of a plunge-pool at the foot of the barrier as the flow impacted the slope substrate. Observations from ancient and modern turbidity current systems can be explained by our physical models, such as: the deposition of thick sandstones upstream of topography, the deposition of thin sandstones high on confining slopes, and the complex variety of stacking patterns produced by confinement. These models also highlight the impact of flow criticality on confined turbidity currents, with topographically-forced transitions between supercritical and subcritical flow conditions suggested to impact the depositional patterns of these flows.
Pyroptosis in Osteoblasts: A Novel Hypothesis Underlying the Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis
Authors: Tao Zhengbo , Wang Jinpeng , Wen Kaicheng , Yao Renqi , Da Wacili , Zhou Siming , Meng Yan , Qiu Shui , Yang Keda , Zhu Yue , Tao Lin
Published: January 2021

Osteoporosis has become a worldwide disease characterized by a reduction in bone mineral density and the alteration of bone architecture leading to an increased risk of fragility fractures. And an increasing number of studies have indicated that osteoblasts undergo a large number of programmed death events by many different causes in osteoporosis and release NLRP3 and interleukin (e.g., inflammatory factors), which play pivotal roles in contributing to excessive differentiation of osteoclasts and result in exaggerated bone resorption. NLRP3 is activated during pyroptosis and processes the precursors of IL-1β and IL-18 into mature forms, which are released into the extracellular milieu accompanied by cell rupture. All of these compounds are the classical factors of pyroptosis. The cellular effects of pyroptosis are commonly observed in osteoporosis. Although many previous studies have focused on the pathogenesis of these inflammatory factors in osteoporosis, pyroptosis has not been previously evaluated. In this review, pyroptosis is proposed as a novel hypothesis of osteoporosis pathogenesis for the first time, thus providing a new direction for the treatment of osteoporosis in the future.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in Patients With Hyperthyroidism
Authors: Li Huan , Zeng Renli , Liao Yunfei , Fu Mengfei , Zhang Huan , Wang Linfang , Li Yuming
Published: January 2021

Background

Left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction has been demonstrated to be an independent predictor of the future heart failure. Heart failure is one of the severe complications caused by overt hyperthyroidism. However, the effects of overt hyperthyroidism on diastolic dysfunction are conflicting, and little is known about the prevalence and risk factors of the diastolic dysfunction in patients with overt hyperthyroidism.

Methods

A total of 388 patients with overt hyperthyroidism were included and compared with 388 age- and gender- matched euthyroid control subjects. LV diastolic function was evaluated by traditional and tissue-Doppler echocardiography. Routine clinical medical data and echocardiographic parameters were recorded for analysis.

Results

The prevalence of LV diastolic dysfunction was 35.1% among hyperthyroid patients and significantly higher than control subjects whose prevalence was 25.5% (P = 0.003), and it increased with age and body mass index (BMI) in patients with overt hyperthyroidism. The possible risk factors for LV diastolic dysfunction, such as hypertension, diabetes, decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and increased level of thyroid hormones weren’t associated with LV diastolic dysfunction. However, overweight or obese were significantly associated with LV diastolic dysfunction (OR = 3.024, 95% CI = 1.517–6.027, P = 0.002) compared with normal BMI. When compared with age <40 years old group, 40-50 years old group, 50-60 years old group and age ≥60 years old group were significantly associated with LV diastolic dysfunction, with ORs of 2.976 (95% CI = 1.744–5.019), 12.424 (95% CI = 4.934–31.283), 24.966 (95% CI = 5.975–104.321), respectively.

Conclusion

LV diastolic dysfunction was very common, in particular, in older and overweight or obese patients with overt hyperthyroidism. Additionally, age and BMI were independent risk factors for LV diastolic dysfunction, while the level of thyroid hormones was not. Therefore, besides the LV systolic function, we also need focus on the diastolic function in patients with overt hyperthyroidism in clinical work, especially the older and overweight or obese patients.
Role of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 in the Pathogenesis of Graves’ Orbitopathy in Orbital Fibroblasts
Authors: Lee Ga Eun , Kim Jinjoo , Lee Jihei Sara , Ko JaeSang , Lee Eun Jig , Yoon Jin Sook
Published: January 2021

Background

The proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. We sought to investigate the role of PCSK9 in the pathogenesis of Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) and whether it may be a legitimate target for treatment.

Methods

The PCSK9 was compared between GO (n=11) and normal subjects (n=7) in orbital tissue explants using quantitative real-time PCR, and in cultured interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-treated fibroblasts using western blot. Western blot was used to identify the effects of PCSK9 inhibition on IL-1β-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines production and signaling molecules expression as well as levels of adipogenic markers and oxidative stress-related proteins. Adipogenic differentiation was identified using Oil Red O staining. The plasma PCSK9 concentrations were compared between patients with GO (n=44) and healthy subjects (n=26) by ELISA.

Results

The PCSK9 transcript level was higher in GO tissues. The depletion of PCSK9 blunted IL-1β-induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), IL-6, IL-8, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in GO and non-GO fibroblasts. The levels of activated nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and phosphorylated forms of Akt and p38 were diminished when PCSK9 was suppressed in GO fibroblasts. Decreases in lipid droplets and attenuated levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ), and leptin as well as hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), thioredoxin (Trx), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were noted when PCSK9 was suppressed during adipocyte differentiation. The plasma PCSK9 level was significantly higher in GO patients and correlated with level of thyrotropin binding inhibitory immunoglobulin (TBII) and the clinical activity score (CAS).

Conclusions

PCSK9 plays a significant role in GO. The PCSK9 inhibition attenuated the pro-inflammatory cytokines production, oxidative stress, and fibroblast differentiation into adipocytes. PCSK9 may serve as a therapeutic target and biomarker for GO.
The Biology of Polymorphic Melanic Side-Spotting Patterns in Poeciliid Fishes
Authors: Zerulla Tanja C. , Stoddard Philip K.
Published: January 2021

Melanin-based color patterns are an emerging model for studying molecular and evolutionary mechanisms driving phenotypic correlations. Extensive literature exists on color patterns and their correlated traits in the family Poeciliidae, indicating that these fishes are tractable models. We review the biology of polymorphic melanic side-spotting patterns characterized by macromelanophores forming irregular spotted patterns across fishes’ flanks. These patterns are present in the generaGambusia, Limia, Phalloceros, Poecilia, andXiphophorus. Their presence is controlled by dominant genes on autosomes or sex chromosomes. Variation in expression is under polygenic control; however, these genes’ identities are still largely unknown. In someGambusia holbrookiandPoecilia latipinna, expression is dependent on low temperature exposure, but underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. Spotted fish develop melanoma in rare cases and are a well-developed model for melanoma research. Little is known about other physiological correlates except that spottedG. holbrookimales exhibit higher basal cortisol levels than unspotted males and that metabolic rate does not differ between morphs in someXiphophorusspecies. Behavioral differences between morphs are widespread, but specific to population, species, and social context. SpottedG. holbrookimales appear to be more social and more dominant. Juvenile spottedG. holbrookihave lower behavioral flexibility, and spottedX. variatusexhibit greater stress resistance. Findings conflict on whether morphs differ in sexual behavior and in sexual selection by females. Melanic side-spotting patterns are uncommon (<30%) in populations, although extreme high-frequency populations exist. This low frequency is surprising for dominant genes, indicating that a variety of selective pressures influence both these patterns and their correlated traits. Little is known about reproductive life history traits. SpottedG. holbrookiare larger and have higher survival when uncommon, but underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Spotted morphs appear to have a strong selective advantage during predation. Predators prefer to attack and consume unspotted morphs; however, this preference disappears when spottedG. holbrookimales are common, indicating negative frequency-dependent selection. Spotted morphs are preferred socially under turbid conditions, but other environmental factors that shape phenotypic correlations and morph fitness have not been studied. Finally, we present questions for future studies on melanic side-spotting patterns.
Case Report: Prenatal Diagnosis of a Fetus With Harlequin Ichthyosis Identifies Novel Compound Heterozygous Variants: A Case Report
Authors: Liu Jiao , Zhang Xingyu , Wang Weilan , Lan Xiaofang , Dong Minyue , Yan Kai , Lei Yongliang , Chen Penglong , Yang Mufeng , Shan Qunda , Jin Chunlei
Published: January 2021

Background

Harlequin ichthyosis (HI) is the most severe form of the keratinizing disorders, and it is characterized by whole-body hard stratum corneum. ABCA12 has been identified as the major disease-causing gene of HI.

Methods

A case of HI was prenatally diagnosed by ultrasonography and genetic tests. The fetus had been found with dentofacial deformity and profound thickening of the palm and plantar soft tissues. Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) and whole exome sequencing (WES) were then performed on the amniotic fluid to identify germline pathogenic variants for the fetus. Candidate variants were verified by Sanger sequencing.

Results

Compound heterozygous frameshift variants (p.Q719QfsX21; p.F2286LfsX6) of ABCA12 were identified for the fetus, suggesting the former variants were maternally inherited and the latter paternally inherited. The fetus was terminated.

Conclusion

A prenatal molecular diagnosis is an important approach for the prevention of HI. In the study, we provided a successful case of genetic counseling for a family with an HI baby.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Capsid Protein VP1 Antagonizes TPL2-Mediated Activation of the IRF3/IFN-β Signaling Pathway to Facilitate the Virus Replication
Authors: Hao Junhong , Shen Chaochao , Wei Nannan , Yan Minghao , Zhang Xuegang , Xu Guowei , Zhang Dajun , Hou Jing , Cao Weijun , Jin Ye , Zhang Keshan , Zheng Haixue , Liu Xiangtao
Published: January 2021

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a severe, highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. In order to establish an infection, the FMD virus (FMDV) needs to counteract host antiviral responses. Tumor progression locus 2 (TPL2), a mitogen-activated protein kinase, can regulate innate and adaptive immunity; however, its exact mechanisms underlying TPL2-mediated regulation of the pathogenesis of FMDV infection remain unknown. In this study, we confirmed that TPL2 could inhibit FMDV replication in vitro and in vivo. The virus replication increased in Tpl2-deficient suckling mice in association with reduced expression of interferon-stimulated genes interferon-α (IFN-α) and myxovirus resistance (MX2) and significantly reduced expression of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), and IRF7, while the phosphorylation of IRF3 was not detected. Moreover, the interactions between TPL2 and VP1 were also confirmed. The overexpression of TPL2 promoted IRF3-mediated dose-dependent activation of the IFN-β signaling pathway in association with interactions between IRF3 and TPL2. VP1 also inhibited phosphorylation of TPL2 at Thr290, while Thr290 resulted as the key functional site associated with the TPL2-mediated antiviral response. Taken together, this study indicated that FMDV capsid protein VP1 antagonizes TPL2-mediated activation of the IRF3/IFN-β signaling pathway for immune escape and facilitated virus replication.
Current Understanding of Leukocyte Phenotypic and Functional Modulation During Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Narrative Review
Authors: Ki Katrina K. , Millar Jonathan E. , Langguth Daman , Passmore Margaret R. , McDonald Charles I. , Shekar Kiran , Shankar-Hari Manu , Cho Hwa Jin , Suen Jacky Y. , Fraser John F.
Published: January 2021

A plethora of leukocyte modulations have been reported in critically ill patients. Critical illnesses such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and cardiogenic shock, which potentially require extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support, are associated with changes in leukocyte numbers, phenotype, and functions. The changes observed in these illnesses could be compounded by exposure of blood to the non-endothelialized surfaces and non-physiological conditions of ECMO. This can result in further leukocyte activation, increased platelet-leukocyte interplay, pro-inflammatory and pro-coagulant state, alongside features of immunosuppression. However, the effects of ECMO on leukocytes, in particular their phenotypic and functional signatures, remain largely overlooked, including whether these changes have attributable mortality and morbidity. The aim of our narrative review is to highlight the importance of studying leukocyte signatures to better understand the development of complications associated with ECMO. Increased knowledge and appreciation of their probable role in ECMO-related adverse events may assist in guiding the design and establishment of targeted preventative actions.
Pronounced Diurnal Pattern of Salivary C-Reactive Protein (CRP) With Modest Associations to Circulating CRP Levels
Authors: Wetterö Jonas , von Löhneysen Sarah , Cobar Flordelyn , Kristenson Margareta , Garvin Peter , Sjöwall Christopher
Published: January 2021

C-reactive protein (CRP), a humoral component of the innate immune system with important functions in host-defense, is extensively used as a sensitive biomarker of systemic inflammation. During inflammation, hepatocyte-derived CRP rises dramatically in the blood due to increased interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels. Reliable detection of CRP in saliva, instead of blood, would offer advantages regarding sampling procedure and availability but using saliva as a diagnostic body fluid comes with challenges. The aims of this study were to evaluate associations between salivary CRP, total protein levels in saliva and serum CRP. Furthermore, we examined associations with plasma IL-6, body mass index (BMI), tobacco smoking and age. Salivary CRP was investigated by ELISA in 107 middle-aged participants from the general population. We employed spectrophotometric determination of total protein levels. Correlation analyses were used for associations of salivary CRP with serum CRP (turbidimetry), plasma IL-6 (Luminex®), BMI and smoking habits. Salivary median CRP was 68% higher (p=0.009), and total protein levels were 167% higher (p<0.0001), in morning compared to evening saliva. The correlation coefficients between serum and salivary CRP were low to moderate, but stronger for evening than morning saliva. Plasma IL-6 correlated significantly with serum CRP (rs=0.41, p<0.01), but not with morning or evening salivary CRP. Non-smokers showed 103% higher salivary CRP levels (p=0.015), whereas serum CRP was independent of smoking status. As opposed to CRP in serum, salivary CRP was not associated with BMI. Salivary CRP was 90% higher among the age interval 60–69 years compared to subjects aged 45–59 (p=0.02) while serum CRP levels did not differ between the age groups. In conclusion, CRP in saliva did not straightforwardly reflect serum concentrations. This raises questions regarding adequate reflection of biological events. The pronounced diurnal salivary CRP pattern accentuates the importance of standardizing the time-point of sampling.
Activation of Toll Immune Pathway in an Insect Vector Induced by a Plant Virus
Authors: He Yu-Juan , Lu Gang , Qi Yu-Hua , Zhang Yan , Zhang Xiao-Di , Huang Hai-Jian , Zhuo Ji-Chong , Sun Zong-Tao , Yan Fei , Chen Jian-Ping , Zhang Chuan-Xi , Li Jun-Min
Published: January 2021

The Toll pathway plays an important role in defense against infection of various pathogenic microorganisms, including viruses. However, current understanding of Toll pathway was mainly restricted in mammal and some model insects such asDrosophilaand mosquitoes. Whether plant viruses can also activate the Toll signaling pathway in vector insects is still unknown. In this study, using rice stripe virus (RSV) and its insect vector (small brown planthopper,Laodelphax striatellus) as a model, we found that the Toll pathway was activated upon RSV infection. In comparison of viruliferous and non-viruliferous planthoppers, we found that four Toll pathway core genes (Toll,Tube,MyD88, andDorsal) were upregulated in viruliferous planthoppers. When the planthoppers infected with RSV, the expressions ofTollandMyD88were rapidly upregulated at the early stage (1 and 3 days post-infection), whereasDorsalwas upregulated at the late stage (9 days post-infection). Furthermore, induction of Toll pathway was initiated by interaction between a Toll receptor and RSV nucleocapsid protein (NP). Knockdown ofTollincreased the proliferation of RSV in vector insect, and the dsToll-treated insects exhibited higher mortality than that of dsGFP-treated ones. Our results provide the first evidence that the Toll signaling pathway of an insect vector is potentially activated through the direct interaction between Toll receptor and a protein encoded by a plant virus, indicating that Toll immune pathway is an important strategy against plant virus infection in an insect vector.
Antigen-Presenting Cells in Food Tolerance and Allergy
Authors: Liu Elise G. , Yin Xiangyun , Swaminathan Anush , Eisenbarth Stephanie C.
Published: January 2021

Food allergy now affects 6%–8% of children in the Western world; despite this, we understand little about why certain people become sensitized to food allergens. The dominant form of food allergy is mediated by food-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies, which can cause a variety of symptoms, including life-threatening anaphylaxis. A central step in this immune response to food antigens that differentiates tolerance from allergy is the initial priming of T cells by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), primarily different types of dendritic cells (DCs). DCs, along with monocyte and macrophage populations, dictate oral tolerance versus allergy by shaping the T cell and subsequent B cell antibody response. A growing body of literature has shed light on the conditions under which antigen presentation occurs and how different types of T cell responses are induced by different APCs. We will review APC subsets in the gut and discuss mechanisms of APC-induced oral tolerance versus allergy to food identified using mouse models and patient samples.
Experimental Investigation on Failure Behaviors of G50 Ultra-High Strength Steel Targets Struck by Tungsten Alloy Spherical Fragments at High Velocity
Authors: Peng Hu , Shouqian Wang , Xiaowei Feng , Juncheng Li , Zhengcao Lu , Zhuoran Li , Xianfeng Zhang
Published: January 2021

An experimental investigation is presented into the failure behaviors of the G50 ultra-high strength steel targets struck by tungsten alloy spherical fragments at high velocity. The depth of penetration and the crater volume of G50 steel targets at velocities ranging from 923 to 1,807 m/s are obtained by ballistic gun experiments. A conic-like crater is observed in the G50 steel target after impact by a tungsten alloy spherical fragment, which is different from that in the experiments of low strength steel targets. It is believed that the eroding and fragmentation of the tungsten fragment during the penetration process give rise to this phenomenon. In addition, several tensile cracks are found both at the crater surface and the crater bottom, which are considered to be caused by tensile stress induced by the superposition of rarefaction waves at some local areas of the impacted interface. Numerical simulations of the penetration of tungsten alloy fragments into G50 steel targets are performed to predict failure features of the targets. It is shown that the numerical results are in good agreement with available experimental results.