bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement of the Resource Consumption of a Selective Laser Melting Process
Authors: Gebbe Christian , Lutter-Günther Max , Greiff Benjamin , Glasschröder Johannes , Reinhart Gunther
Published: November 2015

One important purchasing criterion for end customers is the resource consumption of products, which manufacturers aim to reduce through sustainable product designs and optimization of production processes. In order to quantify the resource consumption, in this study the demand of raw materials and operating materials of the selective laser melting process was quantified according to the methodology developed within the initiative Cooperative Effort on Process Emissions in Manufacturing (CO2PE!). The selective laser melting process was selected due to two reasons. First, the process enables lightweight constructions, which offers the potential to reduce the resource consumption during the product use phase. Second, few studies have been published about this process so far which also measure the demand of compressed air and shielding gas apart from the electric energy demand. It was found that the resource demand for the manufactured 0.5 cm3cuboid part amounted to 3.6 kWh electric energy, 0.81 m3compressed air and 0.31 m3Argon. This corresponds to an energy demand of nearly 1000 kWh/kg, though such key performance indicators alone are not very representative for the selective laser melting process, as described below.
Multi Criteria Decision Making Enhancing Sustainable Energy Management
Authors: Boehner Johannes
Published: November 2015

Establishing energy management in manufacturing major challenge means to increase the energy efficiency of machinery in existing and future processes leading to both, a reduction of energy costs as well as to a reduction of the manufacturing-process-related environmental impacts. Therefore we developed a procedure to prioritize existing machinery for detailed machine examination in order to create a sustainable approach for machine operating companies to prioritise its assets for energy optimisation projects. By using fuzzy logic as method of artificial intelligence nominal and utilisation machinery data as well as inhouse expert knowledge is considered to enhance multi criteria decision making both. Applying this methodology in a series of industrial case studies in discrete manufacturing costs savings of up to 40 percent were realised.
Ontology-Based Description of Energy Optimization Potentials for Production Environments
Authors: Brandmeier Markus , Schäfer Franziska , Kreitlein Sven , Franke Jörg
Published: November 2015

Energy efficiency of production systems and of the product itself has grown to a critical competitive factor. Besides the manufacturer’s monetary motivation there are increasing incentives to meet customers’ expectations regarding lifecycle cost and the ecological footprint of products. That neo-ecology, as one megatrend, leads to a new business moral resulting in an energy optimization of the whole product life cycle in terms of resource and energy input. There is a plenty of measures to reduce the energy consumption of a production system and thus to increase its efficiency. To do so companies do not have to develop proprietary solutions for their production sites but can draw on a large pool of measures. However, in practice, many energy optimization measures are unknown to their energy managers. This is mainly owing to the fact that there is no standardized categorization for energy optimization potentials yet. In addition, many efficiency deficits remain undetected as a result of a non-existing efficient methodology for finding energy consumption optimization measures. The domain of information retrieval addresses this issue, as it is able to provide documents matching the user’s information demand. Nevertheless, search queries have to be sufficiently well known in order to gain adequate results. In this paper we show how ontologies can be used to support the user in defining search queries and finding optimization measures efficiently. As formal and explicit specifications of shared conceptualizations, ontologies offer the possibility to represent relevant parts of knowledge in a standardized, machine-readable manner. Therefore, ontologies improve upon data models, which are mainly used for single applications. For the purpose of energy efficiency in production environments, we provide both a methodology to build ontologies for describing energy saving measures and illustrate the application for explicit energy efficiency optimization measures.
Integrated Energy-Controlling in Industrial Value Chains
Authors: Rackow Tobias , Donhauser Toni , Schuderer Peter , Franke Jörg
Published: November 2015

The energy efficient production of goods can only be used as a unique selling proposition, if reliable values for the energy consumption, caused by production and transportation, are determinable. Furthermore, the customer must be able to compare these values for different products. Using a consistent and standardized methodology for calculating these values along the value chain, this comparability can be achieved. Providing this information, as potentially required by the end customer or by law, the penetration of this methodology could be achieved, while obviously the comparably more energy efficiently produced goods would be more attractive for the (end) customer. Consequently, an incentive system would emerge, which motivates the companies to improve their energy efficiency throughout the complete value chain. The following paper presents the above-mentioned methodology along with a unified scheme for allocating the energy consumption of the production to products.
A Study of the Ability of Modified Dyeing, and Post-Dyeing Processes to Increase the Crystallinity of Dyestuffs and the Lightfastness of Wool Textiles
Authors: McNeil Steve J. , Hu Yi , Zaitseva Larissa I.
Published: November 2015

We investigated whether the fastness properties of wool textiles could be enhanced by modifying the dyeing and post-dyeing procedures in ways designed to increase the crystallinity of dyes in the wool. In one approach, the dyebath was maintained at 98°C for three hours, in another, dyed fabric was rapidly cooled. In a third approach, dyed fabric was alternately held in solutions of 80°C and 40°C. Commercial acid levelling and acid milling dyes were used. Fastness to light and washing were assessed by standard methods, and samples were exposed to sunlight behind glass for 12 months. The crystallinity of the dyes in the wool was assessed by x-ray diffraction. Small increases in lightfastness and crystallinity occurred, with the two classes of dyes behaving differently. This preliminary study demonstrated that the concept of increasing the crystallinity of dyes in wool to improve lightfastness warrants further investigation.
Anti-Felting Properties of Wool Fabric Treated with Keratin
Authors: Hu Chun Yan , Zhang Qian Jie , Yan Ke Lu
Published: November 2015

Anti-felting properties of knitted wool fabric treated with keratin were investigated by a laboratory scale treatment. The effects of concentration of keratin, treatment temperature and time, drying temperature on the anti-felting properties of wool were studied respectively. The study provided shrinkage data perfectly comparable with those obtained by the currently used shrink proofing processes, but with some important advantages: the total absence of chlorine in the process and the complete biodegradability of keratin without harmful and toxic chemical agents. Therefore, this method showed us the possibility of keratin treated wool fabric for industrial use.
New Development in Flame Retardant Finishing of Cotton Blend Fabrics
Authors: Yang C.Q. , Yang Hui , Chen Qin
Published: November 2015

Blending cotton with synthetic fibers drastically improved durability for use in protective clothing. Developing new flame retardant finishing technology for cotton blends was critical for producing low cost, durable and high performance fire resistance military protective clothing. In this paper, we discussed the flame retardant finishing of the Nomex/cotton (65/35) blend fabric using a hydroxy-functional organophosphorus oligomer (HFPO) in combination with 1,2,3,4-butane-tetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) as a bonding agent and triethanolamine (TEA) as a reactive co-additive. Because cotton was a highly flammable fiber, the Nomex/cotton blend fabric containing more than 20% cotton required flame-retardant finishing treatment. BTCA reacted with HFPO, cotton and TEA to form BTCA/HFPO/TEA/cotton crosslinked polymeric network, which improved the hydrolysis resistance of HFPO, whereas TEA provided synergistic nitrogen to enhance the performance of HFPO. The Nomex/cotton blend treated with the HFPO/BTCA/TEA system shows high flame retardant performance and excellent laundering durability at relatively low add-on levels. We also discussed the flame retardant finishing of the 50/50 nylon/cotton blend military fabrics using the combination of HFPO and dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU), which formed HFPO/DMDHEU crosslinked networks on both cotton and nylon in the blends. The treated blend fabric passed the vertical burning test after 40-50 launderings cycles with negligible fabric strength loss. The heat release rate data indicated that the nylon and cotton fibers interacted with each other during their thermal decomposition on the blend fabric treated with the HFPO/DMDHEU system.
A Novel Softening Finishing of Cotton Fabrics by Silicone Softener/D5 Dispersion System
Authors: Pu Dong Jie , Zhong Qi , Wang Ji Ping
Published: November 2015

Due to the cumbersome emulsification process and water pollution, the traditional softening finishing by silicone softener in aqueous bath can not fulfill the acquirements of energy saving and emission reduction during the production of cotton fabrics. For this reason, a novel water-free system containing silicone softener and decamethyl cyclopentasiloxane (D5) is introduced to the softening finishing. Compared to the traditional softening finishing in aqueous bath, the novel softening finishing system can obtain almost the same softening finishing effect and the adsorption rate of silicone softener is about 75%. In the meanwhile, the finishing can be processed at a lower temperature. Simultaneously the water pollution can be prevented due to the fact that D5 can be recycled after finishing. The finishing conditions including mangle expression, bath ratio of D5, finishing temperature and finishing time were optimized by evaluating the curve area value and softness score of PhabrOmeter3 fabric evaluation system. The result indicated that simple preparation and eco-friendly finishing could be realized by applying the novel D5 softening finishing system. From the investigation, the novel system with silicone softner/D5 dispersion can be a promising candidate for the softening finishing in future, as it is environmental friendly.
Study on Chlorine Bleaching-Washing of Denim Fabric under Ultrasonic Conditions
Authors: Shi Wen Qi , Zuo Dan Ying , Chen Yu Bo , Yi Chang Hai
Published: November 2015

The influences of the ultrasonic power, the processing time, temperature and sodium hypochlorite concentration on the bleaching-washing effect were analyzed based on the surface K/S value of denim fabric during the ultrasonic-assisted chlorine bleaching washing the denim. It was found that the ultrasonic collaborative sodium hypochlorite washing the denim with a better bleaching effect could save more energy than traditional stirring way. The optimum process followed as the ultrasonic power 400 w, the ultrasonic total times 20 min, the bleaching temperature 25°C and the solution concentration 5%. As well, the microscopic structure changes of denim fabric treated by two different kinds of chlorine bleaching washing way were investigated by SEM, FTIR and XRD under the optimal process conditions. The results showed the denim surface became more rough, no new functional groups produced and crystallinity increased.
The Development of Wool-Based Passive Filters Toimprove Indoor Air Quality
Authors: McNeil Steve J. , Zaitseva Larissa I.
Published: November 2015

It is well known that wool carpets and upholstery permanently remove many gaseous pollutants from the air, thus improving indoor air quality, and peoples’ wellbeing. The aim of the work reported here was to develop wool-based filters that could be used in homes and offices to improve indoor air quality. The abilities of wool, jute, and some other materials used in building interiors, to absorb common indoor air pollutants, formaldehyde, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides were compared. Testing was conducted in a chamber that reproduced the conditions found in a typical room. Wool and jute were found to give high levels of absorption and the results were used to design six types of wool-based filters that were intended to be compact, with high rates and capacities of absorption. The filters were passive, relying on high surface areas and diffusion, rather than forced air circulation, thus minimising their net environmental impact. Filters based on wool yarn, roving, balls and unbacked carpet, were all very effective, absorbing between 94 and 96% of the air pollutants over six hours. This study has shown that wool-based passive filters can significantly improve indoor air quality, and represent a new use for wool.
Fabrication and Evaluation of Electro-Textiles for Wearable Antenna Applications
Authors: Li Bing , Li Da Peng , Wang Ji Ping
Published: November 2015

A compact wearable antenna fully made of textile-based materials for short range communication was designed and fabricated. A 3-axis automated dispensing robot coupled with a precision liquid dispenser was used to sequentially deliver copper sulfate (CuSO4) and sodium borohydride (NaBH4) on fabric surface to form conductive copper coatings. The copper coatings were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The performance of antennas assembled with such copper-coated conductive textiles was accessed by transmission line method for their S11parameter values. The results demonstrated that such electroconductive textile-based antennas may serve as a wearable device and operate in the license free 2.45 GHz industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio band.
Preparation of Cerium Oxide Tubes with Wool Fibers as Template
Authors: Gu Jia Li , Lu Li Jiang , Liu Song , Shao Min , Zhang Guo Qing , Zhang Zhao Xia
Published: November 2015

Using wool fibers as template and Ce (NO3)3•6H2O, PEG and NH3·H2O as precursors, micron-scale CeO2tubes composed of well-crystalline CeO2nanoparticles have been synthesized. Cerium oxide was first precipitated on the wool fibers by vapor deposition method, then the fibers were removed by a two-step calcination. The obtained products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The results show that intact tubes with a diameter of 8~12μm have been successfully prepared.
The Swelling and Transition Behavior of Poly(2-(2-methoxyethoxy) Ethoxyethyl Methacrylate-co-Ethylene Glycol Methacrylate) Random Copolymers in Thin Films
Authors: An Jie , Chen Yang Yi , Mi Lei , Wang Ji Ping , Zhong Qi
Published: November 2015

Thermo-responsive random copolymer poly (2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethoxyethyl methacrylate-co-ethylene glycol methacrylate) P(MEO2MA-co-EGMA) was investigated in thin film. By spin-coating, the obtained film thickness varied from 9 nm to 97 nm, which shows a linear relationship with tetrahydrofuran solution concentration. The swelling and transition behavior of P(MEO2MA-co-EGMA) films were monitored by white-light interferometry under water vapor atmosphere. It is observed that the film rapidly swelled in the first 90 min. Afterwards it reached an equilibrium state. The film thickness did not show a prominent increase by further prolonging the swelling time. In addition, the swelling capability of P(MEO2MA-co-EGMA) films was related to the film thickness. The thicker film possessed less swelling capability. Unlike the transition behavior in aqueous solution, P(MEO2MA-co-EGMA) films showed a much broader transition region, which might be related to the influence of Si substrate.
The Research Development of Cellulose Acetate Fiber and Cellulose Acetate Nanofiber Used as Filtering Materials
Authors: Si Xiang Ping , Zhang Shu Jie , Chen Yun , Cao Jian Hua , Cao Zhi Xiang , Luo Kai , Tai Xiu Yang
Published: November 2015

Cellulose acetate(CA) fiber is a kind of regenerated cellulose fiber that with cellulose and acetic acid as raw material,and obtained through esterification reaction.The fiber has features of environmental protection,natural,non-toxic and good degradability.CA nanofiber is prepared by the electrostatic spinning technology has excellent performance and has been closely watched.The application of CA fiber and CA nanofiber in filtering materials was summarized.The application of CA fiber in cigarette filter holder and the research development of CA nanofiber in air filter materials, biomedical filter material,metal ions adsorption and other filter material was emphaticly expounded.
The Properties of Wool Fibre, Yarn, Knitted Fabric, and Leather Obtained from Enzyme Depilation of Ovine Skins
Authors: Sunderland Matthew , McNeil Steven
Published: November 2015

The goal of reducing wool processing effluent is important due to increasing environmental restrictions on chemicals with potential to pollute the environment. Two enzyme-based depilation formulae were trialled on sheepskins alongside the more polluting lime sulphide currently used by the leather industry. Wool, yarn, fabric and leather properties were evaluated, showing no significant differences between the methods, except a beneficial increase in fabric pilling resistance where enzyme-depilated wool was used. The enzyme approach is therefore a viable alternative in sheepskin depilation, with a lower environmental impact than traditional methods.
Fast Non-Destructive Detection of Wool Content in Blended Fabrics Based on Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Technology
Authors: Chen Zhi Feng , Hong Yuan Quan , Wan Chang Jiang , Zhao Lian Ying
Published: November 2015

A fast non-destructive method of detection of wool content in blended fabrics was studied based on Near Infrared spectroscopy technology in order to avoid the time-consuming, tedious work and the destruction of samples in the traditional inspection. 621 wool/nylon, wool/polyester and wool/nylon/polyester blended fabrics were taken as research objects. To get the wool content, we established the wool near-infrared quantitative model by partial least squares (PLS) method after analyzing the color and composition of the samples. For verifying the validity and practicability of the model, 100 samples were chosen as an independent validation set. The variance analysis shows that there is no significant difference between Near Infrared fast detection method and national standard method (GB/T2910-2009),which indicates that this method is expected to be a means of fast non-destructive detection and will have extensive application future in the field of wool content detection.
Synthesis and Catalytic Properties of Cu2+ Complexes with 4-Amino-Antipyrine Schiff Bases in Dye Degradation
Authors: Jiang Yin Zhi , Zhao Gong Cheng , Fu Zhu Ting , Xu Huo Ying
Published: November 2015

Four 4-aminoantipyrine Schiffbases HLa, HLb, HLc, HLd and Le were synthesized and characterized from 4-aminoantipyrine and corresponding aromatic aldehydes. The reaction of the Schiffbaes with CuCl2 were studied. And five mononuclear Cu2+ complexes, CuLa.OH, CuLb.OH.H2O, CuLc.OH, CuLd.OH and CuLe.(OH)2. H2O were obtained and characterized by IR spectra,UV-Vis spectra and elemental analysis. The catalytic degradation of acid blue 9 was investigated by UV-Vis spectra, using the five synthetic Schiff base copper complexes as oxidase model compound. It was found that the five complexes all have catalytic effect. The catalytic activity of the three complexes, CuLa.OH, CuLb.OH.H2O and CuLc.OH are better. It was found that the catalytic properties of the three complexes were similar with the enzymatic properties. Then the Km of CuLa.OH, CuLb.OH.H2O and CuLc.OH was deterrmined with Km =1.15×10-2 , 4.79×10-2 and 6.89×10-2 mmol / L, respectively. It is showed that the CuLa.OH, CuLb.OH.H2O and CuLc.OH could be used as oxidase model compounds to catalyze the acid blue 9 degradation. The products of the acid blue 9 degradation was analyzed by HPLC method. It was found the degradation product was maleic acid. The degradation mechanism of the acid blue 9 was deduced. And the catalytic cycle for enzyme model compounds was deduced. Three novel biomimetic catalysts with acid blue 9 degradation properties were obtained, which provides theoretical and experimental supports for a new dye removal technology.
Adsorption Kinetics of Methylene Blue on Synthesized DMF-MIL-101(Cr), a DMF-Functionalized Metal-Organic Framework
Authors: Liu Xin , Zhao Yan Ying
Published: November 2015

An N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF)-functionalized metal–organic framework, namely, DMF-MIL-101(Cr), was prepared and then used for the adsorptive removal of methylene blue (MB), a cationic dye, from aqueous solutions. MIL-101(Cr) was synthesized by the hydrothermal method. Next, by dipping the MIL-101(Cr) sample in DMF, DMF-MIL-101(Cr) was synthesized. The results of X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis confirmed that DMF and MIL-101 could be combined successfully. More importantly, the MB uptake capacity of DMF-MIL-101(Cr) was significantly higher than that of MIL-101(Cr). Unlike MIL-101(Cr), DMF-MIL-101(Cr) could adsorb the entire MB in a solution with a concentration of 10.92 mg/L, owing to the electrostatic interactions between DMF and the MB molecules. In 100 mL of a 10.92-mg/L MB solution, DMF-MIL-101(Cr) can reach a state of absorbance equilibrium within10 min. After that, the adsorption process exhibited the characteristics of a zero-order reaction. This result indicates that it may be possible to exploit different functionalization methods and improve the rate of adsorption of dyes onto metal–organic frameworks.
Preparation and Photocatalytic Activities of p-n Heterojunction Cu2O/TiO2 Nanoparticles
Authors: Han Tie Hu , Zhou Dong Mei , Wang Hui Gang , Zheng Xu Ming
Published: November 2015

P25 is regarded as a good catalyst carrier and good photocatalyst. Cu2O has higher conduction and valence bands. In this paper the aim is to combined Cu2O with TiO2 to form p-n heterojunction structure to improve the photocatalytic efficiency. Cu2O-loaded TiO2 nanoparticles (Cu2O/TiO2) were prepared successfully by ultrasonication-assisted penetrate precipitation method. The modern sophisticate characterization method, TEM, SEM, XRD, etc, were used for catalysts characterization. The photocatalytic degradation kinetics of Cu2O-loaded TiO2 nanoparticles on methylene blue was systematically investigated.
An Approach of Clothes Appearance Comparison between True and Virtual Sewing
Authors: Jiang Juan Fen , Dai Chen , Liu Hong Yan , Zhang Qiu Ping , Zhong Yue Qi
Published: November 2015

The technology of 3D garment virtual sewing has been developed for several decades, we proposed an approach to verify the virtual garments sewing effect. Here we took a sleeveless dress for our example, and the patterns of the dresses are made by expertise garment CAD software. The dresses patterns are used for two options. The first is for actual cutting and sewing. The second is for virtual sewing. The actual sleeveless dress is made by woolen fabric for our experiment. The parameters of the fabric mechanical properties in virtual sewing should be selected the same with the actual fabric. The fabric properties in this paper are mainly referred to shear property, tensile property and bearing property. We observe the surface shape of the finished dresses, compare the differences between the true and virtual sewing, and find the modified approach. Gray scale transformation and binary image processing are exploited for appearance comparison between real and simulated clothes sewn by the same 2D patterns. Folds and silhouettes comparison are main two features in our proposed approach. The sum of the squared differences is calculated for folds comparison, and the mismatches pixels are computed for silhouettes comparison. The aim of our research is proposed for forecasting the ready-made clothes which are made by given patterns, and check whether it is meet the requirement of the clients or not.
Wrapper Fibers on Low-Twist Worsted Yarns
Authors: Huang Xin Xin , Xu Bin Gang , Tao Xiao Ming
Published: November 2015

This paper, by using Microscope Lecia M165, examines the surface structures of low-twist worsted yarns, which include three kinds of wrapped structures and two types of unwrapped structures. In particular, tight wrapper fibers have detrimental influences on yarn optical evenness, uniformity of dye take-ups, and handle. Combing Siro-spun feeding with the false-twisting spinning obviously facilitates the reduction of wrapper fibers on resultant yarns.
Physical and Chemical Changes of Wool Fabrics after Artificial Ageing
Authors: Lin Zhen , Cao Li Fen , Liu Miao Miao , Xie Jun , Feng Dao Yan , Peng Zhi Qin , Hu Zhi Wen
Published: November 2015

The exposure of wool fabrics to light, humidity and heat are inevitable, which will accelerate their ageing, as time goes on. The exact influences of these factors were not being parallel compared and studied previously, but are very important for preparing suitable storage or display environment for wool fabrics, especially for those excavated old wools in history. Hereby, wool fabrics were treated by heat ageing, hydrothermal ageing, UV ageing and UV & ozone ageing to figure out the effects of light, humidity and heat on their physical and chemical changes resulted in the degradation of wool. The performances of the wool fabrics with different treatments were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), angle contact test, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), etc. It has been found that thermal ageing resulted in the maximum yellowness of the wool fabrics. Hydrothermal ageing was most functional in decreasing the breaking strength and crystallinity of the wool fabrics. UV lighting induced significant hydrophilicity increase on the surfaces of the wools. The addition of ozone on UV lighting did not facilitate the further ageing of wool fabrics much.
Recyclable Reactive Dyeing of Wool Fabrics in Environmental Friendly Non-Aqueous Medium for a more Sustainable Textile Industry
Authors: Chen Lu Yi , Ruan Xin Hui , Chen Jian Gang , Xu Su Xin , Yang Yi Qi , Wang Bi Jia
Published: November 2015

Reactive dyeing of wool fabrics in non-aqueous green solvents was investigated with the aim to cut effluent discharge via dyebath reuse. Hydrolysis of reactive dyes is the major obstacle for recycle and reuse of the spent dye bath. In the current work, 10 non-nucleophilic solvents were screened based on their Environmental, health, and safety (EHS) profile to be used as the dyeing media. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and dimethyl carbonate were chosen for their favorable EHS score. ATR-IR, SEM and XRD analysis had revealed DMSO pretreatment induced appreciable morphological and structural changes wool fabrics, leading to enhanced dyeability. DMC was used in combination with DMSO to facilitate dye adsorption as a poor solvent for the dyes. The effect of dyeing temperatures, dyeing time, and DMC content on final depth of shade was investigated. Covalent fixation and ionic fixation were determined for the solvent-dyed wool fabric using a pyridine-stripping procedure and compared to that of an aqueously-dyed control. The results showed that about 30% higher covalent fixation was achieved in non-aqueous system, which leads to higher depth of shade (ΔK/S = 1.3-4.9), enhanced color build up properties and better colorfastness (0.5-1 grade). A multi-cycle repeated dyeing sequence involving the recovered solvents and dyes was demonstrated to give consistently high shade buildup and colorfastness. The recyclable dyeing procedure developed in the current study provides an alternative to effluent treatment in reduction of pollutant discharge for a more sustainable textile industry.
Dyeing of Woolen Yarns with Indigo Dyes
Authors: Jain Amit , Kamal Preet
Published: November 2015

This Research work involves the dyeing of woolen yarn with Indigo dye in package dyeing machine. Indigo, “Blue of Blue Denim” has been mostly applied using Conventional Method that use very high pH (11-12) to dye Cotton [2]. Indigo is insoluble in water, to use it must be chemically reduced to a water soluble form (Yellowish –Green Color) which have affinity for the fiber and after adsorption of reduced dye on the surface it is oxidized back using chemical or air oxidation to convert it back to insoluble Blue form where dye remains in relative permanence [5]. Whereas, dyeing of Wool is normally carried out in Acidic Conditions as chances of chemical attack on peptide & cysteine linkages is very high in Alkaline Condition causing Deterioration of Wool . In Present Work, dyeing of woolen yarns is carried out using Indigo at different Depths in Package Dyeing Machine. After Dyeing, yarn breakage at Loom was Normal & both Rubbing, Washing fastness was found Acceptable.
Review on the Materials Properties and Photoelctrochemical (PEC) Solar Cells of CdSe, Cd1-xZnxSe, Cd1-xInxSe, Thin Films
Authors: Rani S. , Rajan S. Thanka , Shanthi J. , Ayeshamariam A. , Jayachandran M.
Published: November 2015

CdSe and its Zn/In/suitable element doped films are very important interesting materials for the realization of electronic and photoelectronic devices for energy conversion. The growth of ternary In/Zn/Cd selenides opens up the possibility of their applications for novel opto-electronic devices in the visible region of electromagnetic radiation. The (CdZn)Se and (CdIn)Se systems enable a tunable band gap region between 1.72 and 2.82 eV at normal temperature facilitating the development of several new light emitting diodes, photo detectors, blue green lasers. Thin films of these materials are usually synthesized by molecular beam epitaxy, electron beam evaporation and chemical techniques. Many researchers have reported about these materials prepared by different techniques and their properties as well as their use in PEC cell fabrication mainly followed by other optoelectronic devices also. This review gives an account of all these data in a representative distributed manner so as to cover many decades of published papers in this ever green topic of energy conversion research.
Trapping and Manipulation of Copper Nanoparticles in Rayleigh Regime
Authors: Thanikaivelan E. , Jothilakshmi R. , Murugakoothan P.
Published: November 2015

The copper nanoparticles were synthesized by green technology using leaf extracts of Ocimum sanctum. The synthesized copper nanoparticles were confirmed by the change of colour after the addition of leaf extract into the copper sulfate solution. The synthesized copper was characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. The copper nanoparticles are crystallized with FCC structure. The synthesized copper nanoparticles exhibit spherical morphology with average particle size of 20 nm. The copper nanoparticle exhibits absorption broad band between 550 nm – 575 nm. The optical trapping effect of Gaussian beam acting on a copper nanoparticle in Rayleigh regime was studied. The optical scattering and optical gradient forces were calculated for 20 nm copper particle.
Synthesis, Characterization and Optical Properties of CdxZn1-xS Nanocrystals
Authors: Theerthagiri J. , Senthil R.A. , Madhavan J.
Published: November 2015

Nanocrystalline Cd1-XZnXS (X=0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0) were synthesized by simple wet chemical method via co-precipitation. The formation, phase purity and crystalline size were ascertained by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The shape and surface morphology of the synthesized samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The optical properties of the Cd1-XZnXS samples were investigated using UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) studies. The optical properties of the sample was dramatically changed by varying the composition of Cd1-XZnXS system, which may be due to the synergic effect originated by combining CdS and ZnS. The obtained optical behaviors suggest that the material can be suitable for the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. The prsent investigation demontrated that the synthetic approach developed in this is highly reproducible and can be readily scaled up for potential industrial production.
Hematite Fe2O3 Nanoparticles Incorporated Polyvinyl Alcohol Based Polymer Electrolytes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Senthil R.A. , Theerthagiri J. , Madhavan J.
Published: November 2015

Influence of hematite iron oxide nanoparticles (α-Fe2O3 NPs) on ionic conductivity of polyvinyl alcohol/KI/I2 (PVA/KI/I2) polymer electrolytes was investigated in this work. The pure and different weight percentage (wt %) ratios (2, 3, 4 and 5 % with respect to PVA) of α-Fe2O3 NPs incorporated PVA/KI/I2 polymer electrolyte films were prepared by solution casting method using DMSO as solvent. The prepared polymer electrolyte films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and alternating current (AC)-impedance analysis. The AC-impedance studies revealed a significant increase in the ionic conductivity of α-Fe2O3 NPs incorporated PVA/KI/I2 polymer electrolytes than compared to pure PVA/KI/I2. This incorporated polymer electrolytes reduces the crystallinity of the polymer and enhance the mobility of I-/I3- redox couple, thereby increasing the ionic conductivity of polymer electrolytes. The highest ionic conductivity of 1.167 × 10-4 Scm-1 was observed for 4 wt % of α-Fe2O3 NPs incorporated PVA/KI/I2 polymer electrolyte. Also, the dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) fabricated with this electrolyte showed an enhanced power conversion efficiency of 3.62 % than that of pure PVA/KI/I2 electrolyte (1.51 %). Thus, the synthesized α-Fe2O3 NPs added polymer electrolyte can be serve as a suitable material for dye sensitized solar cell application studies.
Properties of SnO2-TiO2 Composite Films Deposited Using Jet Nebulizer Spray Pyrolysis for Gas Sensors
Authors: Manjula N. , Selvan G. , Rajan S. Thanka , Ayeshamariam A. , Muthuraja S. , Jayachandran M.
Published: November 2015

Crystalline SnO2– TiO2thin films were deposited on glass substrates by using the precursor solution containing tin acetate and calcium titanate as the source materials. After the deposition, the films were subjected to annealing at two different temperatures of 150o C and 3000C. The structural, morphological and electrical properties have been investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the as-deposited as well as the annealed films were well crystallized and polycrystalline with cubic structure having (110) preferred orientation. AFM analysis showed uniform surface morphology with very low surface roughness values. The electrical parameters like the resistivity values are found decreasing and the mobility and carrier concentration values are observed to increase with annealing temperature. Sensor studies on SnO2– TiO2films annealed at 300oC showed very good response to methanol gas.
Monosodium Urate Crystals Induce Upregulation of NK1.1-Dependent Killing by Macrophages and Support Tumor-Resident NK1.1+ Monocyte/Macrophage Populations in Antitumor Therapy
Authors: Steiger Stefanie , Kuhn Sabine , Ronchese Franca , Harper Jacquie L.
Published: November 2015

Macrophages display phenotypic and functional heterogeneity dependent on the changing inflammatory microenvironment. Under some conditions, macrophages can acquire effector functions commonly associated with NK cells. In the current study, we investigated how the endogenous danger signal monosodium urate (MSU) crystals can alter macrophage functions. We report that naive, primary peritoneal macrophages rapidly upregulate the expression of the NK cell-surface marker NK1.1 in response to MSU crystals but not in response to LPS or other urate crystals. NK1.1 upregulation by macrophages was associated with mechanisms including phagocytosis of crystals, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and autocrine proinflammatory cytokine signaling. Further analysis demonstrated that MSU crystal–activated macrophages exhibited NK cell–like cytotoxic activity against target cells in a perforin/granzyme B–dependent manner. Furthermore, analysis of tumor hemopoietic cell populations showed that effective, MSU-mediated antitumor activity required coadministration with Mycobacterium smegmatis to induce IL-1β production and significant accumulation of monocytes and macrophages (but not granulocytes or dendritic cells) expressing elevated levels of NK1.1. Our findings provide evidence that MSU crystal–activated macrophages have the potential to develop tumoricidal NK cell–like functions that may be exploited to boost antitumor activity in vivo.
M2b Monocytes Provoke Bacterial Pneumonia and Gut Bacteria–Associated Sepsis in Alcoholics
Authors: Tsuchimoto Yusuke , Asai Akira , Tsuda Yasuhiro , Ito Ichiaki , Nishiguchi Tomoki , Garcia Melanie C. , Suzuki Sumihiro , Kobayashi Makiko , Higuchi Kazuhide , Suzuki Fujio
Published: November 2015

Chronic alcohol consumption markedly impairs host antibacterial defense against opportunistic infections. γ-irradiated NOD-SCID IL-2Rγnull mice inoculated with nonalcoholic PBMCs (control PBMC chimeras) resisted Klebsiella pneumonia and gut bacteria-associated sepsis, whereas the chimeras created with alcoholic PBMCs (alcoholic PBMC chimeras) were very susceptible to these infections. M1 monocytes (IL-12+IL-10−CD163−CD14+ cells), major effector cells in antibacterial innate immunity, were not induced by a bacterial Ag in alcoholic PBMC cultures, and M2b monocytes (CCL1+CD163+CD14+ cells), which predominated in alcoholic PBMCs, were shown to be inhibitor cells on the Ag-stimulated monocyte conversion from quiescent monocytes to M1 monocytes. CCL1, which functions to maintain M2b macrophage properties, was produced by M2b monocytes isolated from alcoholic PBMCs. These M2b monocytes reverted to quiescent monocytes (IL-12−IL-10−CCL1−CD163−CD14+ cells) in cultures supplemented with CCL1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide, and the subsequent quiescent monocytes easily converted to M1 monocytes under bacterial Ag stimulation. Alcoholic PBMC chimeras treated with CCL1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide were resistant against pulmonary infection by K. pneumoniae and sepsis stemming from enterococcal translocation. These results indicate that a majority of monocytes polarize to an M2b phenotype in association with alcohol abuse, and this polarization contributes to the increased susceptibility of alcoholics to gut and lung infections. Bacterial pneumonia and gut bacteria-associated sepsis, frequently seen in alcoholics, can be controlled through the polarization of macrophage phenotypes.
'Prosperity a part of the atonement': An interpretation of 2 Corinthians 8:9
Authors: Mbamalu Abiola
Published: November 2015

This article investigates the claim made by some Pentecostal preachers that prosperity is part of the atonement. The biblical basis that such preachers present for their claims is a specific understanding of 2 Corinthians 8:9. The phrase, δια υμας, is sometimes translated �for your sakes� or �because of you�, and the verse is understood by these preachers as indicative of the vicarious nature of the poverty of Jesus. A reading of the Greek text of 2 Corinthians 8:9, however, does not lend itself to this interpretation. Furthermore, Paul�s act of soliciting for funds to help the poor saints in Jerusalem makes the claim that prosperity is part of the atonement quite unwarranted by the text.Intradisciplinary and interdisciplinary implications: The contextual perspective this work is challenging is the Neo-Pentecostal interpretation of 2 Corinthians 8:9, that prosperity is part of the atonement. This research discountenances such understanding and affirms the traditional view that the scope of the atonement of Christ does not imply financial abundance. The atonement of Christ, however, does have financial implications, for it has brought about a new community that cares for its members.
Multidegrees of Monomial Rational Maps
Authors: Aluffi Paolo
Published: November 2015

We prove a formula for the multidegrees of a rational map defined by generalized monomials on a projective variety, in terms of integrals over an associated Newton region. This formula leads to an expression of the multidegrees as volumes of related polytopes, in the spirit of the classical Bernstein–Kouchnirenko theorem, extending the scope of these formulas to more general monomial maps.We also determine a condition under which the multidegrees may be computed in terms of the characteristic polynomial of an associated matrix.
Количественные выражения связности множеств в ${\mathbb R}^n$
Authors: Borodin Petr Anatolevich , Kosukhin Oleg Nikolaevich
Published: November 2015

Доказывается, что для любых двух точек $a$ и $b$ связного множества
$E\subset{\mathbb R}^n$ ($n\geqslant 2$) и для любого
$\varepsilon>0$ в $E$ найдутся такие точки $x_0=a$,
$x_2,…,x_p=b$, что
$$
\|x_1-x_0\|^n+…+\|x_p-x_{p-1}\|^n<\varepsilon.
$$
Доказывается,
что показатель $n$ в этом утверждении уменьшить нельзя.
Невозможность выбрать во множестве $E$ указанную цепочку точек
с
$$
\|x_1-x_0\|^\alpha+…+\|x_p-x_{p-1}\|^\alpha<\varepsilon
$$
для некоторого $\alpha\in (1,n)$ оказывается
эквивалентной существованию непостоянной функции
$f\colon E\to {\mathbb R}$ из класса $\operatorname{Lip}_\alpha(E)$.
Для каждого такого $\alpha$ в ${\mathbb R}^n$ строится
такая кривая $E(\alpha)$ хаусдорфовой размерности $\alpha$
и такая непостоянная функция $f\colon E(\alpha)\to {\mathbb R}$,
что $f\in\operatorname{Lip}_\alpha(E(\alpha))$.
Библиография: 3 названия.
Функции Ляпунова в теоремах обоснования асимптотики
Authors: Kalyakin Leonid Anatol'evich
Published: November 2015

Для нелинейной системы обыкновенных дифференциальных уравнений
рассматривается формальное асимптотическое решение в окрестности особой
точки. Решается проблема существования точного решения с такой асимптотикой и
устойчивости этого решения. Основным инструментом исследования является
функция Ляпунова для системы, линеаризованной на формальном решении.
Библиография: 18 названий.
Почти конечномерные альтернативные алгебры
Authors: Panasenko Alexander Sergeevich
Published: November 2015

Исследуются альтернативные почти конечномерные алгебры -
бесконечномерные алгебры, в которых каждый ненулевой идеал имеет
конечную коразмерность. Доказано, что такие алгебры первичны.
В неассоциативном случае доказана нетеровость
по односторонним идеалам, исследованы случаи колец Кэли-Диксона
и исключительных алгебр.
Библиография: 12 названий.
Замечательная последовательность бесселевых матриц
Authors: Buchstaber Victor Matveevich , Tertychnyi Sergei Ivanovich
Published: November 2015

Рассматривается последовательность матриц, элементами
которых являются модифицированные функции Бесселя
первого рода. Она возникла при исследовании
обыкновенного линейного однородного дифференциального
уравнения второго порядка, относящегося к семейству
дважды конфлюентных уравнений Гойна. Обсуждается
гипотеза о неособенности данных матриц и ее приложение
в задаче существования решений указанного уравнения,
аналитических в его особой точке.
Библиография: 8 названий.
О точности неравенства Джексона в пространствах $L_p$ на полупрямой со степенным весом
Authors: Ivanov Valerii Ivanovich
Published: November 2015

В пространстве $L_p$, $1\leq p<2$, на полупрямой со степенным весом известно неравенство Джексона
между величиной наилучшего приближения функции четными целыми функциями экспоненциального типа
и ее модулем непрерывности, определяемым с помощью оператора обобщенного сдвига. Вопрос о точности
неравенства оставался открытым. Для константы в неравенстве Джексона получена оценка снизу,
доказывающая его точность.
Библиография: 17 названий.
О задаче Монжа-Канторовича с дополнительными линейными ограничениями
Authors: Zaev Danila Andreevich
Published: November 2015

В работе рассматривается задача Монжа-Канторовича с дополнительным ограничением:
допустимый транспортный план должен обращаться в нуль на некотором фиксированном подпространстве функций. Различный выбор подпространств порождает различные дополнительные условия на транспортные планы. Наши основные результаты сформулированы в общем виде и распространяются на ряд важных частных случаев. В том числе, они верны для задачи Монжа-Канторовича, решаемой в классе инвариантных или мартингальных мер. Мы формулируем и доказываем критерий существования оптимального решения,
утверждение о двойственности типа Канторовича и необходимое геометрическое условие на носитель оптимальной меры, которое аналогично стандартному условию $c$-монотонности.
Библиография: 15 названий.
Acute Abdomen Caused by Brucellar Hepatic Abscess
Authors: Koca Yavuz Savas , Barut Ibrahim , Koca Tugba , Kaya Onur , Aktas Recep Aykut
Published: November 2015

Brucellosis, a zoonosis that is common worldwide, is endemic in many countries, primarily those of the Mediterranean region (including Turkey). Human brucellosis is a systemic infection with a wide clinical spectrum. Although hepatic involvement is very common during the course of chronic brucellosis, hepatic abscess is a very rare complication of Brucella spp. infection. We present a case of hepatic abscess caused by Brucella melitensis, which resembled the clinical presentation of surgical acute abdomen.
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Detection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis DNA in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients with Eosinophilic Meningitis
Authors: Qvarnstrom Yvonne , Xayavong Maniphet , da Silva Ana Cristina Aramburu , Park Sarah Y. , Whelen A. Christian , Calimlim Precilia S. , Sciulli Rebecca H. , Honda Stacey A. A. , Higa Karen , Kitsutani Paul , Chea Nora , Heng Seng , Johnson Stuart , Graeff-Teixeira Carlos , Fox LeAnne M. , da Silva Alexandre J.
Published: November 2015

Angiostrongylus cantonensis is the most common infectious cause of eosinophilic meningitis. Timely diagnosis of these infections is difficult, partly because reliable laboratory diagnostic methods are unavailable. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the detection of A. cantonensis DNA in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens. A total of 49 CSF specimens from 33 patients with eosinophilic meningitis were included: A. cantonensis DNA was detected in 32 CSF specimens, from 22 patients. Four patients had intermittently positive and negative real-time PCR results on subsequent samples, indicating that the level of A. cantonensis DNA present in CSF may fluctuate during the course of the illness. Immunodiagnosis and/or supplemental PCR testing supported the real-time PCR findings for 30 patients. On the basis of these observations, this real-time PCR assay can be useful to detect A. cantonensis in the CSF from patients with eosinophilic meningitis.