bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the interaction of wind, fire intensity and downslope terrain with implications for building standards in wildfire-prone areas
Authors: Edalati-nejad Ali , Ghodrat Maryam , Sharples Jason J.
Published: August 2023

Background Wildfires can have detrimental impacts on the environment and urban structures when they spread from wildland areas. Aims In this work, a numerical study was performed to investigate the effect of downslope terrain on fire-induced flows in the presence of a building structure. Fires with intensities of 4 and 15 MW m−1 were considered on inclined terrain with downslope angles varying from 0° to −30°, and wind speeds of 6 and 12 m s−1. Methods Simulations were conducted using a large eddy simulation (LES) solver, implemented in the open-source platform FireFOAM. Key results The results were validated with experimental measurements of a full-scale building model. Results show that at a wind velocity of 12 m s−1, structures on steeper downslope terrains are at higher risk of wildfire damage, whereas at a constant wind velocity of 6 m s−1, these structures are at a lower risk. Conclusions The outcomes of the study highlight the physical effect of sloped terrain on buildings downwind of a line fire. Implications The results from this study can be used to evaluate the validity of risk management measures including building standards and asset protection zones and can better inform ways of improving these measures.
Development of environmental barrier coatings for non-oxide ceramics
Authors: Ueno Shunkichi , Ohji Tatsuki
Published: August 2023

This review article outlines the authors’ previous works on environmental barrier coatings (EBC) for non-oxide ceramics and discusses what has been revealed since then. It also provides an overview of the research on eutectic coatings as EBC's that has been carried out in recent years. The authors have developed EBC for Lu2O3-doped silicon nitride ceramics. Since preliminary material screening tests revealed that Lu2Si2O7 phase has superior resistance against water vapour corrosion, the development was carried out mainly on EBC's based on this phase. This review addresses recession behaviours in static state and dynamic steam jet water vapour environments for some oxides, as well as under steam jet test for silicon nitride ceramics with EBC's, in addition to fabrication of EBC's with oxides eutectic structure. One example of the authors’ works is described here, since it can fabricate a crack-free Al2O3–HfO2 eutectic coating.
Finsler gravitational waves of (α, β)-type and their observational signature
Authors: Heefer Sjors , Fuster Andrea
Published: August 2023

We introduce a new class of(α,β)-type exact solutions in Finsler gravity closely related to the well-known pp-waves in general relativity. Our class contains most of the exact solutions currently known in the literature as special cases. The linearized versions of these solutions may be interpreted as Finslerian gravitational waves, and we investigate the physical effect of such waves. More precisely, we compute the Finslerian correction to the radar distance along an interferometer arm at the moment a Finslerian gravitational wave passes a detector. We come to the remarkable conclusion that the effect of a Finslerian gravitational wave on an interferometer is indistinguishable from that of standard gravitational wave in general relativity. Along the way we also physically motivate a modification of the Randers metric and prove that it has some very interesting properties.
A novel multi-axis pendulum sandwich structure accelerometer
Authors: Wei Zhenyu , Si Chaowei , Han Guowei , Zhao Yongmei , Ning Jin , Jia Lu , Zeng Yanping , Yang Fuhua
Published: August 2023

This paper proposes a new scheme of pendulum accelerometer with sandwich structure. In this scheme, the electrical signal on the mass is connected to the wafer surface through glass isolated through-silicon-via (TSV), so that the basic characteristics of the accelerometer can be obtained by wafer-level testing. Compared with the current commercial device process scheme, the packaging and testing cost of the device can be greatly reduced. The glass-in-silicon (GIS) encapsulation caps on both sides of the device are prepared by glass isolated TSV and GIS reflow process. By designing the shape and size of the silicon electrode area and glass area of the GIS caps, the parasitic capacitance between the pendulum structure and the fixed electrode is reduced. Another advantage of using TSV to extract the electrical signal of the mass is that the Z-axis inertial force can be detected when the pendulum structure is placed perpendicular to the direction of gravity acceleration. In addition, electrodes are grown on the side of the split device, and when the pendulum structure is placed parallel to the direction of gravity acceleration, the inertial force of the XY-axis can be detected. The test shows that when the range of the pendulum accelerometer based on this scheme is ±2 g, the noise density of the accelerometer is 42 μg √Hz−1 (X-axis), 40 μg √Hz−1 (Y-axis) and 27 μg √Hz−1 (Z-axis), and the bias instability is 6.6 μg (X-axis), 7.1 μg (Y-axis) and 6.8 μg (Z-axis), reaching the level of commercial devices.
Design and research of a valve-based piezoelectric pump with low forward resistance and high reverse shutoff
Authors: Zhang Yong , Li Jinyu , Wang Xiaoliang , Shao Junqing , Liu Shanlin , Pan Qiaosheng
Published: August 2023

This paper proposes, designs, manufactures and experimentally studies a wedge valve piezoelectric pump driven by a double displacement amplifier vibrator (DDAV). A novel wedge valve is designed, manufactured and analyzed, and the static performance of the wedge valve is tested. The test results show that it has less forward resistance and high reverse shutoff. The DDAV and pump body are designed, and the test experimental platform is built. Results indicate that the static opening pressure of the wedge valve is 0.27 kPa, and the reverse shutoff pressure can reach 200 kPa. When the driving voltage is 700 Vpp and the driving frequency is 425 Hz, the maximum flow rate is 491.2 ml min−1 and the maximum output pressure is 160 kPa.
Temporal evolution characteristics of the excited species in a pulsed needle-water discharge: effect of voltage and frequency
Authors: Zhou Xiong-Feng , Xiang Hong-Fu , Yang Ming-Hao , Geng Wen-Qiang , Liu Kun
Published: August 2023

Transient spark discharge has broad application prospects due to its excellent performance in generating reactive oxygen species, but there is currently limited research on transient excited species, which are important precursors for the formation of these species. In this paper, we obtained a transient spark discharge with a needle-water electrode configuration, and then developed an optical detection system based on a photomultiplier to measure the temporal evolution of four excited species. It is observed that N2 (C) is produced mainly in the streamer phase, while H (n = 3), O (3p), and OH (A) are produced mainly in the spark phase, which results from the difference in threshold energy and pathway for generating different species. To investigate the variation mechanism of peak time and peak intensity during the evolution process, the gas temperature T
g, electron density n
e, and electron excitation temperature T
exc were calculated by using the optical emission spectroscopy under different pulse voltage and pulse repetition frequency conditions. The results indicate that the discharge conditions influence the physical parameters of T
g, n
e, and T
exc as well as the output voltage waveform, and then they jointly determine the evolution characteristics of excited species. These insights contribute to understanding the characteristics of excited species which affect the formation of reactive species by influencing the chemical chain reaction in the transient spark discharge.
Structural and optical properties of micro-diamonds with SiV− color centers
Authors: Isa Fabio , Joliffe Matthew , Wouterlood Brendan , He Ho Naomi , Volz Thomas , Bendavid Avi , Rogers Lachlan J
Published: August 2023

Isolated, micro-metre sized diamonds are grown by micro-wave plasma chemical vapour deposition technique on Si(001) substrates. Each diamond is uniquely identified by markers milled in the Si substrate by Ga+ focused ion beam. The morphology and micro-grain structure analysis, indicates that the diamonds are icosahedral or bi-crystals. Icosahedral diamonds have higher (up to

σ

h

= 2.3 GPa), and wider distribution (

Δ

σ

h

= 4.47 GPa) of hydrostatic stress built up at the micro-crystal grain boundaries, compared to the other crystals. The number and spectral shape of SiV− colour centres incorporated in the micro-diamonds (MDs) is analysed, and estimated by means of temperature dependent photoluminescence measurements, and Monte Carlo simulations. The Monte Carlo simulations indicates that the number of SiV− colour centres is a few thousand per MD.
Dielectric phenomena of multiferroic oxides at acoustic- and radio-frequency
Authors: Yang Jing , Bai Wei , Zhang Yuanyuan , Duan Chun-gang , Chu Junhao , Tang Xiaodong
Published: August 2023

In this review, an overview of acoustic- and radio-frequency frequency dielectric properties of multiferroic oxides, the significant dynamic response of electrical polarization to small external ac electrical fields, are present based on the reports in literatures and our recent experimental progresses. The review is begun with some basic terms, concepts and mechanisms associated with dielectric response and dielectric anomalies, namely dielectric peak and plateau upon varying temperatures and dielectric relaxations upon varying frequencies. Subsequently, a variety of quantitative analyses and descriptions of various dielectric effects, including dielectric relaxation, relaxational and transport dynamics, ac conductivity, equivalent circuit models and impedance spectroscopy, are summarized in details. Next is the kernel section. We thoroughly outline various physical mechanisms behind acoustic-/radio-frequency dielectric responses and anomalies of multiferroic oxides. Spin order transition/spin rotation, charge disorder-order transition, exchange striction of the spin interactions, spin-dependent p–d hybridization mechanism, quantum electric-dipole liquids, the interaction of spin order and quantum paraelectric, the motions of charged defects and carriers, quasi-intrinsic and extrinsic heterogeneous interfaces, polar relaxor and multiglass, ferroic domain wall/boundary motions, etc, are involved in these mechanisms. Meanwhile, particular emphasis is placed on intrinsic or extrinsic magnetodielectric effects and related mechanisms in multiferroic oxides. Finally, the review ends with a short perspective of future dielectric research in multiferroic oxides. This review is able to provide the detailed and unique insights into abundant underlying fundamental physics in multiferroic oxides as well as the potential multiferroics-based technological applications.
Condition-number-based measurement configuration optimization for nanostructure reconstruction by optical scatterometry
Authors: Yang Tianjuan , Chen Xiuguo , Liu Shuo , Zhang Jiahao , Liu Shiyuan
Published: August 2023

The quality of the measured signature is influenced not only by the instrument’s precision but also by the selected measurement configuration. In optical scatterometry, the purpose of measurement configuration optimization (MCO) is to select an optimal or suboptimal combination of measurement conditions, such as the angles of incidence, azimuth, polarization and wavelength, to achieve higher measurement accuracy. This analysis not only requires an effective optimization strategy but is also time-consuming. In this work, we propose a general MCO method that incorporates error propagation theory and condition-number-based error estimation technique, by which the MCO problem can be formulated as an optimization problem for the condition number of the coefficient matrix in the linear estimation of parameter deviations. The method is demonstrated on a multi-wavelength Mueller matrix scatterometry measuring a Si grating. With the help of the neural-network-based surrogate model, the feasibility of the method is verified by making a comparison with Latin hypercube sampling. Fitting results of the measured and calculated Mueller matrix spectra obtained at the selected optimal measurement configuration show a good agreement. The proposed method is promising to provide an alternate solution to globally evaluate the MCO problem in optical scatterometry and other measurement scenarios.
Instabilities appearing in cosmological effective field theories: when and how?
Authors: Eckmann Jean-Pierre , Hassani Farbod , Zaag Hatem
Published: August 2023

Nonlinear partial differential equations appear in many domains of physics, and we study here a typical equation which one finds in effective field theories originated from cosmological studies. In particular, we are interested in the equation

∂
t
2

u
(
x
,
t
)
=
α
(

∂
x

u
(
x
,
t
)

)
2

+
β

∂
x
2

u
(
x
,
t
)

in

1
+
1

dimensions. It has been known for quite some time that solutions to this equation diverge in finite time, when α > 0. We study the nature of this divergence as a function of the parameters α > 0 and

β
⩾
0

. The divergence does not disappear even when β is very large contrary to what one might believe (note that since we consider fixed initial data, α and β cannot be scaled away). But it will take longer to appear as β increases when α is fixed. We note that there are two types of divergence and we discuss the transition between these two as a function of parameter choices. The blowup is unavoidable unless the corresponding equations are modified. Our results extend to

3
+
1

dimensions.
Functional magnetic particle imaging (fMPI) of cerebrovascular changes in the rat brain during hypercapnia
Authors: Mason Erica E , Mattingly Eli , Herb Konstantin , Cauley Stephen F , Śliwiak Monika , Drago John M , Graeser Matthias , Mandeville Emiri T , Mandeville Joseph B , Wald Lawrence L
Published: August 2023

Objective. Non-invasive functional brain imaging modalities are limited in number, each with its own complex trade-offs between sensitivity, spatial and temporal resolution, and the directness with which the measured signals reflect neuronal activation. Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) directly maps the cerebral blood volume (CBV), and its high sensitivity derives from the nonlinear magnetization of the superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION) tracer confined to the blood pool. Our work evaluates functional MPI (fMPI) as a new hemodynamic functional imaging modality by mapping the CBV response in a rodent model where CBV is modulated by hypercapnic breathing manipulation. Approach. The rodent fMPI time-series data were acquired with a mechanically rotating field-free line MPI scanner capable of 5 s temporal resolution and 3 mm spatial resolution. The rat’s CBV was modulated for 30 min with alternating 5 min hyper-/hypocapnic states, and processed using conventional fMRI tools. We compare our results to fMRI responses undergoing similar hypercapnia protocols found in the literature, and reinforce this comparison in a study of one rat with 9.4T BOLD fMRI using the identical protocol. Main results. The initial image in the time-series showed mean resting brain voxel SNR values, averaged across rats, of 99.9 following the first 10 mg kg−1 SPION injection and 134 following the second. The time-series fit a conventional General Linear Model with a 15%–40% CBV change and a peak pixel CNR between 12 and 29, 2–6× higher than found in fMRI. Significance. This work introduces a functional modality with high sensitivity, although currently limited spatial and temporal resolution. With future clinical-scale development, a large increase in sensitivity could supplement other modalities and help transition functional brain imaging from a neuroscience tool focusing on population averages to a clinically relevant modality capable of detecting differences in individual patients.
The Effect of the Combination of Organic Fertilizer and Spraying with Silicon and Calcium on the Growth and Production of Three Cultivars of Beet
Authors: Mageed Rawaa Galeb , Hussin Wafaa Ali
Published: August 2023

Field experiments were carried out for the autumn season 2022- 2021 in the field of College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad - Jadiriyah Complex –Station A- to study a combination of organic fertilizer (Vermicompost) and cow manure as well as a control treatment (soil only) intertwined with Spraying with silicon, calcium and distilled water (control) in the growth and production of three cultivars of beet (Cylindra, Dark Red, Red) within the design of Completely Randomized Block Design at three replications, The number of treatments was 9 for each replicate. The means were compared according to the least significant difference (L.S.D) at a probability level of 5 %, the results were as follows:-The interaction treatment of the Vermicompost with calcium spraying in the number of leaves, the concentration of chlorophyll, the percentage of nitrogen and phosphorous), was significantly superior to the combination of Vermicompost with spraying silicon significantly (in the percentage of potassium, the concentration of silicon, the root yield, the leaf yield, the percentage of dry matter, phenols and sugars), at a rate of (387.67,3%.28 mg kg−1, 35.88 ton h−1, 50 ton h−1, 8.78%, 014% and 889%) respectively. As for the percentage of calcium, it was characterized by the combination treatment of cow manure with calcium spray, and the combination of cow manure with silicon spray was superior in T.S.S. and the percentage of fiber at 3.17 and 11.66% respectively for the Red variety.As for the variety Red Dark it was significantly superior to the mixture of the medium vericompost with silicon spray in the number of leaves, the concentration of chlorophyll and the percentage of nitrogen, the concentration of silicon, Root yield and leaf yield Percentage of dry matter T.S.S, phenols and sugars at (10 leaf plant−1, 82.2 mg 100 fresh wet−1, 3.53%, 313.00 mg kg−1, 36.35 ton h−1, 40.92 ton h−1, 6.86%, 11.03%, 0.16% and 845%) respectively, while the percentage of phosphorous and potassium, it was characterized by the combination of cow manure with silicon spray, and the combination of vermicompost with calcium spray was superior to the percentage of calcium and the percentage of fiber by giving it 2.19% and 2.50% respectively. As for the variety Cylindra it was significantly superior to the combination of the Vericompost with silicon spray in the number of leaves, concentration of chlorophyll, percentage of nitrogen, phosphorous, silicon, root yield, leaf yield, Percentage of dry matter, T.S.S, Whereas, the treatment with cow manure overlapping with silicon was superior in the percentage of potassium, phenols and sugars, as it gave 4.11% 0.13 and 665% respectively, The treatment of the Vermicompost with calcium spray was characterized in the percentage of calcium as it gave 1.65%.
Effect of Phosphorous and Biochar Levels on Phosphorous Concentration in Plants and some Growth Characteristics and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Halul Raheem Alwan , Hassan Marwa Haider
Published: August 2023

A field experiment was carried out during the 2021-2022 agricultural season in Al Bandar area, which is located 10 km east of the center of Samawah city - Muthanna governorate on the left side of the Euphrates River to find out the effect of phosphorous and biochar levels on the growth characteristics and yield of bread wheat, triple superphosphate fertilizer TSP (21%) was used. as a source of phosphorous fertilizer with five levels (0, 50, 75, 100 and 150%) of the fertilizer recommendation (120 kg P ha−1) and biochar was used, as a volume of 120 cm3 was added to a box with three size levels (0%, 1% and 2%) It was added at once before planting, the experiment was carried out using a design (RCBD) with three replicates, The levels of phosphorous and biochar achieved the best values in all study parameters.
Genotype - Environment Interaction in Zea mays L.
Authors: Al-Shakarchy Wiam Yahya Rasheed , Al-Taweel Mohammed Subhi , Al-Hamadany Shamil Younis Hassan , Al-Zubaidy Khalid Mohammed Dawod
Published: August 2023

In order to study the effect of plant density on the genetic behavior of the growth and yield of ten genotypes of different origins of yellow corn, this study was conducted during the spring growing season / 2022, in two different locations. The first site is (Mosul site) in the field of agricultural research / College of Agriculture and Forestry / the tourist forest area. The second site is (Bashiqa site) in one of the private agricultural fields of Bashiqa district within the randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D.) with three replications. The results of the genetic environmental aggregate variance analysis of the two study sites indicate that the mean squares of the environments and genotypes were significant for all studied traits at the probability level of 1%. While the overlap of genotypes × environments was significant at a level of probability of 5% for the dates of male and female flowering and plant height, and at a level of probability of 1% for the rest of the other traits except for the number of pips per plant, in which the differences did not reach the limit of significance. Plants cultivated in environment 3 were characterized by the highest grain yield per single plant amounting to 598.940 gm, compared to the highest total grain yield amounting to 31.466 tons.ha−1of plants grown under environment conditions 1. The broad sense heritability values were high for both male and female flowering dates 0.624 and 0.644. respectively. The expected genetic i advance as a percentage of the average trait was an average value for the traits of total ear weight, number of grains per ear, individual plant grain yield, and total grain yield.
Variability and Expectant Genetic Advance for Yield and its Components in Radish (Raphanus sativus L.)
Authors: Al-Hamadany Shamil Younis Hassan , Al-Jubouri Amer Abdullah Hussein , Al-Shakarchy Wiam Yahya Rasheed
Published: August 2023

The study was carried out with the aim of estimating some of the genetic parameters represented by variations, broad sense heritability and expected genetic advance and evaluating the genetic performance for some of the growth and yield characteristics of the five varieties of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) are (Local red, Local black, Turkish red, Syrian red and Turkish white) during the growth season 2019- 2020 in the vegetable field at Horticulture and Landscape Department College of Agriculture and Forestry-Mosul University within the design of using Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D.) with three replicates. Results of the analysis of variance for the studied traits showed that there were significant differences between the five varieties of all studied traits. The local black variety significantly superior compared the other variety in the Leaf fresh weight, and the syrian red variety in the root weight and total yield. The phenotypic, genotypic variations and broad sense heritability was high for the plant height, Leaf fresh weight, root weight and total yield. Which it means that most of the phenotypic variation between varieties was due to genetic variations. As for the expected genetic advance was high for the plant height, Leaf fresh weight, root weight, the ratio of the root / leaf ratio and total yield. Which indicates the importance of selection for improving these characters.
Effect of Foliar Fertilization with Humic Acid and Garlic Extract on Growth and Yield of Broccoli and its Content of some Secondary Metabolites
Authors: Hilo Baydaa Rasheed , Ali Bayader Abd Aljabbar , Jasim Haneen Mohammed
Published: August 2023

An experiment was conducted in one of the open fields of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, College of Agriculture,Al-Qasim Green University for the autumn season 2021-2022. The experiment included a study of three levels of humic acid (0, 2, 4) ml / liter and three levels of garlic extract (0, 10, 20) ml / liter and the interaction between them in the growth and yield of broccoli plant and its content of total phenols and flavonoids. A factorial experiment (3×3) was conducted according to the split plot design and with three replicates, where each replicate contains 9 treatments. Test the least significant difference L.S.D at the level of 5%. The results showed the humic acid at a concentration of 4 ml / liter in excelled and gave the highest plant height of 57.60 cm, the number of leaves 17.46 leaves / plant, the percentage of dry matter 19.06%, the diameter of curd 23.24 cm, the weight of curd 0.736 kg, and the total amount of phenols in the leaves 1.93 mg / kg. Humic treatment at a concentration of 2 ml / L was significantly excelled in the total amount of phenols in the pink disc at a rate of 1.98 mg / kg. The garlic extract at a concentration of 20 ml/L recorded significantly excelled in recording the highest plant height of 58.42 cm, the percentage of dry matter 19.40%, the curd diameter 23.12 cm, and the curd weight 0.766 kg. In the leaves, it reached 38.15 mg / kg,As for the interaction treatments, most of the interaction treatments recorded significantly excelled in most of the studied traits, but the best interaction treatments were H3G3, which recorded the highest number of leaves 13.60 leaves and the percentage of dry matter 19.73% and the diameter of the pink disc 25 cm and the weight of curd 0.870 kg.While treatment H2G2 recorded the highest value of total phenols in leaves 2.07 mg / kg and treatment H3G2 recorded the highest value of flavonoids in leaves 38.37 mg / kg. Treatment H2G1 recorded the highest value of total phenols in curd amounted to 2.10 mg/kg, and treatment H3G1 recorded the highest value of flavonoids in curd amounting to 38.61 mg/kg.
Determination of Enzyme Activity and Vitamin Content of Moringa Oleifera Lam. in Response to Glutathione and Biofertilizer under Water Stress
Authors: Khalaf Raad Abbas , Abdullah Kadum Mohammed , Almyali Ali Ahmed Hussein , Khalaf Asaad Abbas
Published: August 2023

The study was carried out in the canopy belongs to the Horticulture and Landscape Department - College of Agriculture - University of Kerbala in pots with a capacity of 28 kg during the spring growing season 2021 to know the effect of spraying with glutathione, biofertilizer (Algacell) under different water stress levels on the effectiveness of some enzymes and the content of some vitamins of Moringa Oleifera plant. The study was designed as a factorial experiment according to the randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D), as the study included three factors: glutathione with three concentrations (0, 100, 200) mg.L−1 and biofertilizer (Algacell) at two levels (0 and 10) ml. L−1 and water stress with three levels of field capacity (60%, 50%, 40%), and the averages were compared using Dunkin’s multinomial test at a probability level of 0.05. Most of the vegetative growth characteristics were the spraying treatment at a concentration of 200 ml. L−1 achieved the highest rates in terms of (the activity of the enzyme catalase, the activity of the dismutase enzyme, the activity of the peroxidase enzyme, the concentration of ascorbic acid), which reached (2.75%, 28.622%, 6.005 mg.gm−1, 7.561%, 0.377 units.gm−1, 11.777 gm−1, 0.990 gm−1, 275.444 mg.gm−1), respectively, followed by the spray treatment with a concentration of 100 ml. L−1, while the comparison treatment recorded fewer concentrations, while the bio-fertilizer (Algacell) did not achieve a significant difference in all the studied traits, while the water stress treatment excelled at the level of 40% of the field capacity in the traits (the activity of the catalase enzyme, the activity of the dismutase enzyme, the activity of the peroxidase enzyme, the concentration of ascorbic acid, the concentration of α-Tocopherol) which gave respectively (0.446 gm−1, 13.222 gm−1, 1.133 gm−1, 294.167 mg.gm−1, 257.83 μg.gm−1), and the effect of the double and triple interaction between the treatments was similar to their single effects in improving most of the studied traits.
Influence of Organic Manure and Chemical Fertilization on Flowering and Yield Bulbs of Tulip Frenged, Tulipa gesneriana L.
Authors: Ismael Bairam Solomon , Kamil Ashjan Nazar , Hashim Nawar Nameer , Dudkiewicz Margot
Published: August 2023

The experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of levels of two types of fertilizers: organic (farmyard) manure (O0= 0, O1= 200, O2= 400 g/m2) and NPK fertilizer (15:15:15) (F0= 0, F1= 80, F2= 120 g/m2) on decorative features of Tulip Frenged, Tulipa gesneriana. All the flowering and bulb quality attributes were significantly influenced by the addition of farmyard manure and NPK to the soil. The results indicated that the farmyard manure FYM added to the soil increased the spike and flower diameter and reduced the number of days of flower color show, in comparison, the plants grown without farmyard manure and chemical fertilizer NPK. the highest flower diameter was recorded when the FYM2 with chemical fertilizer NPK F1 and F2 were mixed and added to the soil together. The results showed that the bulbs, which were planted in soil containing farmyard manure and NPK chemical fertilizer, shortened the flower days to show color and open. NPK applications increased the weight and diameter of bulbs.
Effect of Colchicine Concentration and Exposure Duration on the Growth and Flowering of Petunia hybrid L.
Authors: Al-Jubouri Adnan Ahmed Abdul Khudair , Alqaisi Mustafa Rasheed Majeed
Published: August 2023

The purpose of this research is to find out the effect of three concentrations of colchicine (0, 0.2, 0.5%,) with different exposure times (24, 36, 48 hours) on petunias for growth and flowering characteristics. experiment was carried out with a design The randomized complete Block design (RCBD) with a one-way system, and the results of the study showed the following: The cause of colchicine exposure a significant increase in most of the studied growth characteristics and the superiority of exposure. The treatment with colchicine excelled 0.5 at the time of 36 hours by giving the least rate of plant height, the most, the number of leaves, the largest leaf area, and the largest plant spread (38.03 cm, 77.7 leaf plant−1, 952 cm2, 20.86 branch plant−1), respectively. There were no significant differences in the number of branches. On the plant, the colchicine alkaloid had a significant effect on most of the studied flowering traits, early flowering at the time of flowering, and the highest mean of flowering number, flower diameter, and focal age (85.33 days, 22.33 plant flower−1, 9.517 cm, 74 days), respectively. The concentration of colchicine 0.5% and the time of 36 hours recorded the highest rate of anthocyanin pigment chlorophyll in the plant, reaching 7.01% and 38.06 mg gm wet weight, respectively.
Effect of Planting Season and Variety in some Growth Characters of Corn
Authors: Hasham Nisreen Sabbar , Kareem Khamael Ali , Al-Abassi Aiymen Ahmed Abdul-Kareem , Kahle Abdelmonnem Sadalaha
Published: August 2023

Two experiments were conducted during the spring and autumn seasons of 2020 in a field of Sabtiyah village/ Diyala Governorate to study the effect of planting season and variety in some growth characteristics of corn. The seeds of maize varieties (Buhooth -106 and El-Maha) were sowed on 15/3/2020 for the spring season and 15/7/2020 for the autumn season in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results showed that the spring season was superior in %50 anthesis, %50 silking, leave the area, diameter and chlorophyll, in order 54.33 days,61.67 days, 43.33 dm2, 35.80mm and 56.03 SPAD.So the suitable of the autumn season in plant height and the number of leaves is 186.87 cm and 13.67 leaves. The results showed that El-Maha was superior to booth-106 variety in most characters; it increased in %50 anthesis, %50 silking, leave the area, diameter and chlorophyll to 54.33 days, 61.33 days, 41.09 dm2,32.85 mm and 54.89 SPAD. The interaction between season and variety significantly affected all trait parameters compared with the interaction treatment of control.
Onion Biofortification Using Selenium Bionanofertilizer and its Bulk Source under Sandy Soil Conditions
Authors: El-Bassiony Abd El-Mohsin M. , El-Ramady Hassan , El-Sawy Sameh M. , Mahmoud Sami H. , Shedeed Shaymaa I. , Fawzy Zakaria F.
Published: August 2023

Human health depends on the daily supply of fresh vegetables and fruits, which contain the essential, nutrients, vitamins and other bioactive compounds. Due to malnutrition in several places all over the world, the biofortification approach is a crucial solution to overcome this global problem. In the current study, the biological nanofertilizer of selenium (nano-Se) was tested on onion crop comparing with its bulk source under the sandy soil conditions. the applied doses of nano-Se were 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg L−1 in both nano and mineral form of Se. The main investigated parameters of onion were the vegetative growth parameters and the nutritional status in leaves and bulbs. The obtained results have a significant difference between mineral and nano-Se doses for studied measurements. In general, all studied parameters increased in their values with increasing the applied doses from both Se sources up to 30 or 40 mg L−1 compared to the control, depending on the selected parameter. This increase reached to more than 60% (for applied nano-Se on bulb dry weight), or more than 55% for the same parameter after applying mineral Se source. Applying nano Se was achieved higher values in some studied parameters of onion, whereas the mineral form of Se was domain for others. This study confirmed that both Se forms can be applied for biofortification of onion because the Se content in bulb located in the accepted level of Se in crop with priority to nano-Se, which accumulate in leaves and bulb in a lower concentration compared to mineral form. This work opened more question about the nano-biofortification and the possibility to apply for more studied crops with focus on the suitable added dose to be safe for successful biofortification program.
The Effect of Honeybee for Increasing of Sunflower Productivity
Authors: Karso Batol Abdulla , Dabash Abdulla Hamad , Bas Saleh Mohammed Ali
Published: August 2023

This research was conducted at the fields in college of agricultural engineering sciences,/University of Duhok Kurdistan region-Iraq 2020-2021 during two seasons spring and fall, to determine the role of honeybees on the productivity of sunflower oil. selected two sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) varieties; Flame variety and Peredovik variety were cultivated. The results showed the superiority of pollinators’ treatment of cultivar Flame which gave higher value in some characteristics total Sunflowers head weight for both seasons, total productivity wet weight for both seasons, total productivity dry weight for both seasons, reached 797.6 gm.,5000 gm, and 3900gm., respectively. And so, its superiority in the high physical characteristics of sunflower productivity during the fall season reached; a percentage of oil ratio of 57%, oils density of 0.82, refractive index1.3713, oils viscosity of 6.62, and protein percentage of 30.44%. The significant differences between cultivars, and both two seasons, and significant differences between pollinator plants compared to non-pollinators of sunflower productivity by insects, refer to insects role especially honeybees in the amount of sunflowers productivity, and their characteristics.
Effect of Phosphorus and Polyamine Fertilizers on Kufi Apple Transplants Growth
Authors: Alah Afraa Esam Saad , Alwan Al Aareji Jassim M.
Published: August 2023

This experiment was conducted in the Lath-house/Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design/College of Agriculture and Forestry/University of Mosul on Kufi apple transplants (Malus domestica L.) at one year old, planted on plastic containers containing 9 kg of soil, by using the a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) for each experimental unit, with two factors, three replications, and four transplants, the first factor was three levels of phosphorus (0,100 and 200 mg P kg−1 soil), second factor was three levels of organic polyamine fertilizer (0,1.5 and 3 gm l−1). The transplants were fertilized with phosphorus once during the season on 26/4/2021,while Polyamine fertilizer was applied five times during the season, 20 days between them, first application was done in 26/4/2021. The results obtained showed that the application of phosphorus at a concentration of 200 mg P kg−1 soil significantly increased transplant leaves area and section length only as compared with control and 100 mg P kg−1soil treatments, while polyamine fertilizer at a concentration of 3 gm−1 significantly increased dry weight of vegetative growth and roots dry weight as compared with control and 1.5 gm−1 treatments and transplant leaves area and section diameter parameters as compared with control treatment only. The interaction between the concentrations of phosphorus and polyamine reveals that there was a significant effect on all studied parameters, the treatment of 200gm P kg−1 soil + 3 gm polyamine l−1 gave the highest means of leaves number, leaf area, transplant leaves area and ratio of roots dry weight /dry weight of vegetative growth, meanwhile 100gm P kg−1 soil + 3 gm polyamine l−1 treatment gave the highest means of section length, section diameter, dry weight of vegetative growth and roots dry weight.
Influence of Chemical, Organic and Biological Fertilizers of Yield and Volatile Oil Production of Anise (Pimpinella anisum, L.) Plant
Authors: Ahmed Mahmoud M. Y. , Meawad A. A. , Abdelkader M. A. I.
Published: August 2023

In order to determine the influence of different fertilizers types (chemical, organic and bio fertilization) on anise yield components, volatile oil production and NPK percentages two field experiments were done at a Private Farm named Royale for herbs in El-bawiti Village, El Wahat El Bharia District, Giza Governorate, Egypt through 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 winter seasons. The efficiency of organic fertilization (humic acid and compost) and biological fertilization (nitrobein or/and phosphorein) were compared with standard, commercial rates of N, P and K as chemical fertilizers concern the productivity of anise plant. The obtained results referred to that, the chemical fertilizers rate (N, P2O5 and K2O at 100, 75 and 50 kg/feddan, respectively) produced the highest yield components values (number of umbels and umblets per plant as well as fruit yield per plant and fruit yield per feddan) compared to the other ones under study, in most cases. Also, fertilized anise plants with the chemical fertilizers rate of N, P2O5 and K2O at 120, 100 and 60 kg/feddan, respectively gave the highest values regard N, P and K percentages in fruits compared to the other fertilizers type under study. In the same time, anise plants treated with 20 m3 compost + 2 kg phosphorein + 2 kg nitrobein and chemical fertilization (N100 P75 K50) produced the highest values in volatile oil yield production (volatile oil yield per plant and per feddan) compared to the others types of fertilizers under study in 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.
Techniques of Arbuscular mycorrhiza as a Biofertilizer and an Anti-Transpiration for Promoting Plant Growth and Fruit Chemical Features of Pepper
Authors: Rahim Ruaa Wahab Abdel , Manea Ali Ibadi , Al-Anbagi Rajaa Abdulrazzaq Abbas
Published: August 2023

The experiment was conducted in one of the fields in the Al-Azzawiya region - Al-Musayyib district 40 km north of the center of Babylon province, during the spring season 2022. The experiment included two factors, two types of mycorrhizae Glomus sp. and G. intraradices, and two concentrations of potassium silicate 3 ml.L−1 and 5 ml.L−1 in addition to control treatments to study their effect on the growth and chemical traits of the fruits. Sweet pepper plant California Wonder. The results showed that there were significant differences between the treatments of the two types of mycorrhiza. The addition of the imported mycorrhizal species G. intraradices significantly excelled on the local mycorrhiza Glomus sp in all studied growth traits. intraradices was distinguished by its significantly excelled in the type of structures causing colonization, the dendritic structure was 15.66 and the mycelium 1.18. As for the treatment of spraying with potassium silicate, it achieved spray treatment at a concentration of 5 ml. L−1 had a significantly excelled in most of the studied growth traits. As for the bi-interaction between G. intraradices and spraying at a concentration of 5 ml.L−1, it achieved the best results in study parameters. The experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design, according to the split plot system, with a rate of three replications.
Effect of Ration Type During 2- 6 Weeks of Age on Broiler Performance and Carcass Characteristics
Authors: Khulel Rafea M. , Salem Mohammed S.
Published: August 2023

This study aimed to investigate the effect of using a grower, finisher, or both rations between 2 - 6 weeks of age on performance and carcass characteristics at 6 weeks of age. 120 Ross 308 unsexed broiler chicks were distributed to three groups with four replicates of 10 birds each. During weeks 0-2, all birds received a starter ration of 3000 kcal/kg ME and 23% CP, During 2-6 weeks T1 received a grower ration of 3100 kcal/kg and 21.5% CP, T2 received a finisher ration of 3200 kcal/kg ME and 19.5% CP, and T3 received a grower ration (2-4) weeks then finisher ration (4-6) weeks. Two birds from each replicate were slaughtered and eviscerated manually for carcass traits. The results showed an insignificant difference in final and weekly body weight except for the first week, and an insignificant total and daily weight gain except for weeks 0-1 and 4-5. Except for weeks 2-3 and 3-4, treatments had no effect on feed intake,T3 had the highest feed intake compared to T1 and T2, there was a significant difference between treatments in protein intake except the first two weeks. There was a significant difference in feed conversion in weeks 0-1 and 4-5, as well as protein conversion in weeks 0-1, 2-3, and 4-5. The differences in all carcass traits and the relative growth rate between treatments were insignificant. T2 showed the best economic efficiency compared to T1 and T3.
Effect of Feeding Soybean and Sesame Seed Meal on Semen and Blood Plasma Traits in Awassi Rams
Authors: Shihab Safwan L. , Mohammed Omar D. , Ahmed Falah H.
Published: August 2023

This study was done by using 15 Awassi male lambs, with an average body weight of 60.70 kg and age 10-12 months. Lambs were randomly distributed into three treatments, the first treatment was fed on a diet that contained (10%) soybean meal, the second treatment was fed on a diet that contained (11%) untreated sesame seed meal, and the third treatment was fed on a diet containing (11%) of formaldehyde-treated sesame seed meal. The results showed that daily feed intake decreased in T3 by 1.07 kg as compared with the T1 and T2 (1.34 and1.27 kg) respectively, semen characteristics did not differ as a result of treatments but dead sperm in the T3 was significantly decreased (p≤0.05) 11.31% as compared with the T2 15.57%. Blood glucose was higher (p≤0.05) in the T2 at 93.97 mg/dl as compared with the T1 and T3 (72.74, 73.26 mg/dl) respectively. also, cholesterol concentration increased significantly in T3164.57 mg/dl compared with T1 and T2 (134.27 and 140.05 mg/dl) respectively. Whereas, feeding sesame meal treated with formaldehyde led to a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in blood urea concentration of 42.88 mg/dl compared to 48.14 and 50.47 mg/dl, respectively, for the T1 and T2.
Land Degradation Assessment of Soils in Different Land use of Southeast Nineveh Governorate
Authors: Al-Taie Shaymiaa , Khaled Khaled Anwer
Published: August 2023

The study was conducted to observe of land cover changes in southeast of Nineveh Governorate, which lies between longitudes (43° 32− - 43° 12−) East and two latitudes (36° 02− -36° 20−) North, with an area of (811) km2, with six locations and two surface and subsurface layers, which is an ideal region for study due to various land uses. Physical and chemical analyses were carried out and the spectral reflection of the soil was measured using the spectroradiometer for comparing reflections with soil properties such as organic matter, calcium carbonate and texture. It also relied on the Dregene criteria to estimate the degrees of land degradation within the study areas. The results indicated a high percentage of silt which ranged between (352-592 g.kg1), The study showed that the soil of the region is not affected by salt, as the highest value of electrical conductivity of forest soils in Namrod was (2.13 dS.m−1), The results indicated that there is a slight degradation of soils in Salamyia, Namrod and Hamdanyia site, While the rest of the sites were a moderate deterioration. Soil spectral reflectance results showed that the highest reflectance ratio was in the Qaratepa site (0.74 nm) at wavelength 2150, due to the effect of calcium carbonate with a decrease in its organic matter content. Followed by Salamyia site which reached (0.73 nm).
Response of Pea Plants to Spraying with Boron and Sugar Alcohol (mannitol) and Their Effect on Chemical Traits of the Crop
Authors: Rashid Noor Shaker , Mosleh Monam Fadel
Published: August 2023

The experiment was conducted at the Research Station of the Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture-University of Diyala, during the autumn season 2021–2022 to study the effect of foliar application of mannitol with three concentrations of 0, 10, and 15 g. liter−1, and boron in four concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 150) mg. liter-1 on the chemical parameters of the pea yield. The foliar application spraying with mannitol 15 g.L−1 gave the highest mean in nitrogen, phosphorus, and protein (1.976%, 0.306%, and 7.040 mg), respectively. While spraying with boron at a concentration of 150 gm.L−1 was superior in recording the highest mean in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, boron, protein, carbohydrate, and total soluble solids, which reached (2.345, 0.391, 2.365, 54.44%, 8.451 mg, 14.59 mg, and 17.066%).
Evaluation and Determination of the Best Irrigation Methods Suitable for the Agricultural Lands of Abu Gharq in Babylon
Authors: Al-Hello Hendreen Adel , Jubier Amal Radhi
Published: August 2023

The aim of this research is to compare the suitability of land for surface irrigation sprinkle and drip irrigation methods according to a parametric evaluation system. The current study was carried out on the soils in the city of Abu Gharq Babylon Governorate south central area of Iraq. with an area of 25026.38 ha, the studied area lie between latitude 44 E, longitude 32 N, After analyzing and evaluating soil properties, Its coordinates were determined by a global positioning device (GPS). The samples were saved and brought to the laboratory to conduct the necessary laboratory measurements on them. The results showed that the silt and clay separations prevailed compared to sand. -400.59 gm kg−1. Also, a high calcium carbonate mineral, CaCo3, was observed, ranging between 16.82-27.00%. As for salinity, it was high in the area, ranging from 3.14-10.78 dm−1. Also, showed decrease in the ratio of organic matter ranged between(10.32-0.97) %. Conclusion as it was found that drip irrigation is more effective and efficient than the two methods of surface irrigation and sprinkler. Recommend irrigation management the drip irrigation system as the best method to be applied to the study area, the main factors determining the use of drip irrigation are the texture and slope, while sprinkler irrigation was the factor of soil texture and salinity. For drip irrigation methods, the main determining factor was calcium carbonate in the soil.