bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of NCAR’s AutoNowCaster for Operational Application within the National Weather Service
Authors: Ba Mamoudou , Xin Lingyan , Crockett John , Smith Stephan B.
Published: June 2017

NCAR’s AutoNowCaster (ANC) was modified to run over a large domain that encompasses the air traffic management hubs of Chicago, Illinois; New York City, New York; and Atlanta, Georgia. ANC produces nowcasts of convective likelihood (CL), with higher values delineating areas where storms are likely to form and be sustained, and vice versa. This paper presents the results of verifying ANC’s 60-min nowcasts of CL over the study area using data collected from 11 June to 30 September 2012. To reduce the high sensitivity of statistical scores to small errors in location and timing, spatial and temporal relaxation techniques were explored. The results show that, at a spatial scale of roughly 50 km and with no temporal relaxation, a CL value of 0.6 is an optimum threshold for nowcasting the general areas both where new storms may initiate and where existing storms will be sustained. Moreover, at that same spatial scale and with temporal relaxation (45–90 min from the nowcast issuance time), a CL value of 0.7 is a good threshold for nowcasting convective initiation alone.
Optimal cure cycle parameters for minimizing residual stresses in fiber-reinforced polymer composite laminates
Authors: Shah PH , Halls VA , Zheng JQ , Batra RC
Published: June 2017

The curing of a fiber-reinforced composite laminate in an autoclave generally induces residual stresses that may make the cured laminate curved. Here, we find optimal cure cycle parameters for asymmetric cross-ply laminates that (i) provide uniform and nearly complete curing of the laminate (i.e., the degree of curve is the same everywhere and equals at least 0.96) within a specified time period and (ii) minimize residual stresses without adversely affecting the transverse effective elastic modulus of the laminate. We simulate the cure process by using functionalities built in the commercial finite element software ABAQUS, the cure process modeling software COMPRO and the multi-purpose software MATLAB. After having satisfactorily compared the presently computed results for the curing of two laminates with either experimental or numerical findings available in the literature, we use a genetic algorithm and the Latin hypercube sampling method to optimize the cure cycle parameters. It is found that in comparison to the manufacturer’s recommended cure cycle (MRCC), for a cross-ply laminate with the span/thickness equal to 12.5, one optimal cycle reduces residual stresses by 47% and the total cure time from the MRCC time of 5 h to 4 h and another optimal cycle reduces the total cure time to 2 h and residual stresses by 8%. For the same cross-ply laminate with the span to thickness ratio of 125, an optimal cycle reduces the process induced curvature by 13% in comparison to the MRCC but increases the total cure time from 5 to 7.4 h. The approach presented here can be used by manufacturing engineers to obtain cure cycle parameters for fabricating composite laminates of desired quality.
Book Review: Alok Datta, United States and Contemporary World
Authors: Jacob Jabin T.
Published: June 2017

Alok Datta, United States and Contemporary World. New Delhi: Classical Publishing Company, 2016, ix + 422 pp., ₹597.00, ISBN: 978-81-7054-715-0.
Parties between thresholds: State subsidies and party behaviour in post-communist democracies
Authors: Casal Bértoa Fernando , Spirova Maria
Published: June 2017

Much has been written about what makes political parties form, persist, change and die. One factor often brought into this discussion is the availability of resources in general and of state financing of political parties in particular. However, an empirical link at the aggregate level is difficult to establish because of various issues of conceptualization, operationalization and measurement. Working at the party level and taking into consideration that state funding provides important resources that make running in elections and achieving a party’s electoral target more likely, this article provides empirical support for the claim that parties who (anticipate to be or) are being funded by the state have a higher chance of forming and surviving in an independent format in the party system. Based on a comparison of 14 post-communist party systems, the main conclusion of the article is that the survival rate for such parties exceeds the survival rate for the non-publicly funded ones in almost all cases. A second, novel and more particular, finding is that parties who find themselves outside parliament, but above the payout threshold, display higher survival rates than parties who are below it.
Assessing attachment in school-aged children: Do the School-Age Assessment of Attachment and Family Drawings work together as complementary tools?
Authors: Carr-Hopkins Rebecca , De Burca Calem , Aldridge Felicity A
Published: June 2017

Aims:

Our goal was to identify an assessment package that could improve treatment planning for troubled children and their families. To assess the validity of our tools, we tested the relations among the School-Age Assessment of Attachment, the Family Drawing and children’s risk status. We used the Dynamic-Maturational Model of Attachment and Adaptation to interpret the assessments in the hope of identifying a gradient of risk, and explore whether a new coding method improved the validity of Family Drawings and their utility as a tool to complement the School-Age Assessment of Attachment.

Method:

The participants were 89 children, aged between 5 and 12 years; 32 children were involved with mental health services or child protection. Each child completed a School-Age Assessment of Attachment and a Family Drawing.

Results:

Both assessments differentiated between clinical and normative referrals with moderate effect sizes when dichotomizing risk versus non-risk attachment. When the analysis incorporated a gradient of six attachment classifications, the effect sizes decreased, but specificity of risk increased.

Conclusions:

The School-Age Assessment of Attachment had greater validity for discriminating risk, and type of risk, than the Family Drawings. With a School-Age Assessment of Attachment and family history, the Family Drawing can provide information about distress that some children do not provide verbally. Integration of the two assessment tools alongside information about parental and family functioning appears to be the key to formulating children’s problems.
Translation and validation of the Norwegian version of the Coronary Revascularisation Outcome Questionnaire
Authors: Lillevik Siw A , Schroter Sara , Hanssen Tove A
Published: June 2017

Background:

Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) questionnaires are increasingly used as outcome measures in research and clinical practice to assess treatment effectiveness in coronary heart disease (CHD) alongside traditional outcome measures. The Coronary Revascularisation Outcome Questionnaire (CROQ) is a patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) to evaluate health outcomes and HRQOL before and after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Aim:

To translate the CROQ-PCI from English into Norwegian and test its psychometric properties.

Methods:

Independent forward and backward translation was done following international guidelines. The CROQ was then pretested with both healthcare professionals and patients before the psychometric properties were field tested in a sample of patients who had undergone PCI. Psychometric testing included an evaluation of: acceptability; tests of scaling assumptions; reliability; content validity; construct validity based on within-scale analyses; and construct validity based on comparisons with external measures.

Results:

171 of 258 (66%) invited patients participated. The CROQ was acceptable to patients (low proportion of missing data and good response rate), reliable (good internal consistency and test–retest reliability for all scales), had good content validity (reported by both patients and healthcare professionals) and good construct validity (convergent validity with the SF-12 and Seattle Angina Questionnaire, known groups validity and factor analysis).

Conclusion:

The Norwegian version of CROQ-PCI is a reliable and valid PROM for assessing HRQOL in CHD patients. Further testing of its responsiveness and ability to detect change is needed before recommending its use in Norwegian clinical practice and research.
Competitive universities? The impact of international and European trends on academic institutions in the ‘New Europe’
Authors: Dakowska Dorota
Published: June 2017

This contribution examines the domestic reinterpretations of international and European recommendations in Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs). It asks under what conditions these institutional recommendations, but also global processes such as the university rankings, affect domestic public policies. The countries of Central and Eastern Europe, which have experienced a far-reaching reform process since 1989, have been particularly affected by new standards promoted at the European and international level. The article shows that the combined external and domestic pressures affect higher education institutions (HEIs) in multiple and sometimes contradictory ways. Based on the Polish and Ukrainian cases, it reassesses the (party) political factor in the reorientation of higher education (HE) reforms. It shows that Europeanisation and internationalisation are neither uniform nor linear processes. Ultimately, the announced diversification of HEIs appears as a longer-term process whose outcome remains uncertain.
Author Reply: Clarifying the Importance of Ostensive Communication in Life-Long, Affective Social Learning
Authors: Dukes Daniel , Clément Fabrice
Published: June 2017

In our attempt to distinguish two types of social appraisal, we (a) clarify the “knower–learner” relationship in affective social learning, (b) underline the important role that affective observation may have in acculturation processes, and (c) highlight some potential consequences for the recent debate on the benefits of child-directed (ostensive) learning.
Atrial fibrillation and the risk for myocardial infarction, all-cause mortality and heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Ruddox Vidar , Sandven Irene , Munkhaugen John , Skattebu Julie , Edvardsen Thor , Otterstad Jan Erik
Published: June 2017

Background

In contemporary atrial fibrillation trials most deaths are cardiac related, whereas stroke and bleeding represent only a small subset of deaths. We aimed to evaluate the long-term risk of cardiac events and all-cause mortality in individuals with atrial fibrillation compared to no atrial fibrillation.

Design

A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published between 1 January 2006 and 21 October 2016.

Methods

Four databases were searched. Studies had follow-up of at least 500 stable patients for either cardiac endpoints or all-cause mortality for 12 months or longer. Publication bias was evaluated and random effects models were used to synthesise the results. Heterogeneity between studies was examined by subgroup and meta-regression analyses.

Results

A total of 15 cohort studies was included. Analyses indicated that atrial fibrillation was associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction (relative risk (RR) 1.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26–1.85), all-cause mortality (RR 1.95, 95% CI 1.50–2.54) and heart failure (RR 4.62, 95% CI 3.13–6.83). Coronary heart disease at baseline was associated with a reduced risk of myocardial infarction and explained 57% of the heterogeneity. A prospective cohort design accounted for 25% of all-cause mortality heterogeneity. Due to there being fewer than 10 studies, sources of heterogeneity were inconclusive for heart failure.

Conclusions

Atrial fibrillation seems to be associated with an increased risk of subsequent myocardial infarction in patients without coronary heart disease and an increased risk of, all-cause mortality and heart failure in patients with and without coronary heart disease.
The “labour aristocracy” in the early 20th-century South Africa
Authors: Çelik Ercüment
Published: June 2017

Drawing on a review of key literature, this article analyses the labour aristocracy in early 20th-century South Africa, going beyond traditional conceptual and territorial boundaries created through a methodological nationalism and Eurocentrism since the emergence of labour history as an academic discipline. It identifies some key dimensions attributed to the labour aristocracy in mainstream approaches that focused on Victorian and Edwardian Britain, and attempts to illustrate how these could be considered in analysing the particular South African case. The article mainly focuses on how the understanding of labour aristocracy would be reconstructed by demonstrating an aristocracy of labour that merges with an aristocracy of colour in South Africa.
Coronin 1A, a novel player in integrin biology, controls neutrophil trafficking in innate immunity
Authors: Pick Robert , Begandt Daniela , Stocker Thomas J. , Salvermoser Melanie , Thome Sarah , Böttcher Ralph T. , Montanez Eloi , Harrison Ute , Forné Ignasi , Khandoga Alexander G. , Coletti Raffaele , Weckbach Ludwig T. , Brechtefeld Doris , Haas Rainer , Imhof Axel , Massberg Steffen , Sperandio Markus , Walzog Barbara
Published: June 2017

Key Points

Coro1A is identified as a novel regulator of β2 integrins (CD11/CD18). Coro1A controls PMN adhesion and postadhesion events in innate immunity.
Value-Based Calculators in Cancer: Current State and Challenges
Authors: Nabhan Chadi , Feinberg Bruce A.
Published: June 2017

The ASCO Value Framework, National Comprehensive Cancer Network Evidence Blocks, Memorial Sloan Kettering’s DrugAbacus, and Institute for Clinical and Economic Review incremental cost-effectiveness ratio calculator are value-based methodologies that attempt to address the disproportionate increase in cancer care spending. These calculators can be used as an initial step for discussing cost versus value, but they fall short in recognizing the importance of the cancer journey because they do not fully factor the patient’s perspective or the global cost of care. This timely review highlights both the limitations and the advantages of each value calculator and suggests opportunities for refinement. Practicing oncologists, payers, and manufacturers should be familiar with value-based calculators because the role these tools play in cost containment is likely to be hotly debated.
Predictors, Prognosis, and Management of New Clinically Important Atrial Fibrillation After Noncardiac Surgery: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Alonso-Coello Pablo , Cook Deborah , Xu Shou Chun , Sigamani Alben , Berwanger Otavio , Sivakumaran Soori , Yang Homer , Xavier Denis , Martinez Luz Ximena , Ibarra Pedro , Rao-Melacini Purnima , Pogue Janice , Zarnke Kelly , Paniagua Pilar , Ostrander Jack , Yusuf Salim , Devereaux P. J. ,   on behalf of the POISE Investigators
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND:

Despite the frequency of new clinically important atrial fibrillation (AF) after noncardiac surgery and its increased association with the risk of stroke at 30 days, there are limited data informing their prediction, association with outcomes, and management.

METHODS:

We used the data from the PeriOperative ISchemic Evaluation trial to determine, in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery, the association of new clinically important AF with 30-day outcomes, and to assess management of these patients. We also aimed to derive a clinical prediction rule for new clinically important AF in this population. We defined new clinically important AF as new AF that resulted in symptoms or required treatment. We recorded an electrocardiogram 6 to 12 hours postoperatively and on the 1st, 2nd, and 30th days after surgery.

RESULTS:

A total of 211 (2.5% [8351 patients]; 95% confidence interval, 2.2%–2.9%) patients developed new clinically important AF within 30 days of randomization (8140 did not develop new AF). AF was independently associated with an increased length of hospital stay by 6.0 days (95% confidence interval, 3.5–8.5 days) and vascular complications (eg, stroke or congestive heart failure). The usage of an oral anticoagulant at the time of hospital discharge among patients with new AF and a CHADS2 score of 0, 1, 2, 3, and ≥4 was 6.9%, 10.2%, 23.0%, 9.4%, and 33.3%, respectively. Two independent predictors of patients developing new clinically important AF were identified (ie, age and surgery). The prediction rule included the following factors and assigned weights: age ≥85 years (4 points), age 75 to 84 years (3 points), age 65 to 74 years (2 points), intrathoracic surgery (3 points), major vascular surgery (2 points), and intra-abdominal surgery (1 point). The incidence of new AF based on scores of 0 to 1, 2, 3 to 4, and 5 to 6 was 0.5%, 1.0%, 3.1%, and 5.3%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:

Age and surgery are independent predictors of new clinically important AF in the perioperative setting. A minority of patients developing new clinically important AF with high CHADS2 scores are discharged on an oral anticoagulant. There is a need to develop effective and safe interventions to prevent this outcome and to optimize the management of this event when it occurs.
Postoperative Respiratory Complications in Patients at Risk for Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Single-Institution Cohort Study
Authors: Ramachandran Satya Krishna , Pandit Jaideep , Devine Scott , Thompson Aleda , Shanks Amy
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND:

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent condition that is associated with early postoperative respiratory complications (PRCs). As the majority of patients with OSA are undiagnosed, preoperative screening remains the most efficient method to identify suspected OSA.

METHODS:

This retrospective study was performed on patients undergoing anesthesia in a single academic medical center. We assigned OSA risk class retrospectively to all patients in the study by using the Perioperative Sleep Apnea Prediction (PSAP) score. We evaluated the relationship between PSAP categories and early postoperative invasive airway placement after adjusting for several preoperative and intraoperative factors (including surgical risk) previously associated with PRC occurrence.

RESULTS:

A total of 108,479 patients were included in the final analysis with an incidence of PRC was 0.3% (n = 280). High PSAP score was associated with postoperative intubation (adjusted odds ratio, 2.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.5–3.7). Several risk factors reflecting anesthetic agents, neuromuscular blocking agents, and opioids were also independently associated with early PRC.

CONCLUSIONS:

We report that suspected OSA based on the PSAP score is independently associated with increased risk of early PRC. Specific anesthetic agents are independently associated with early PRC, pointing to the potential for examining risk modification through these exposures in future studies.
Presidential Address: Dialectology in a Multilingual America
Authors: Bayley Robert
Published: June 2017

Traditionally, the American Dialect Society has focused on English in North America. This work has resulted in many outstanding achievements. However, as the United States becomes increasingly multilingual, the author suggests that its members broaden the scope of their research to include contact among immigrant languages and between dialects of immigrant languages so that they may fully understand language developments in the United States. Communities where a language other than English (LOTE) is spoken are not only sites of contact between English and the LOTE, but also sites of contact between dialects of the minority languages. This article offers a brief overview of America's increasing linguistic diversity and, as an example of the type of research that can be undertaken, outlines recent work on contact between dialects of Spanish spoken in the United States. Finally, the author offers suggestions for research that will enrich the understanding of language and dialect contact while taking account the country's increasing linguistic diversity.
Creating, generating and comparing random network models with NetworkRandomizer
Authors: Tosadori Gabriele , Bestvina Ivan , Spoto Fausto , Laudanna Carlo , Scardoni Giovanni
Published: June 2017

Biological networks are becoming a fundamental tool for the investigation of high-throughput data in several fields of biology and biotechnology. With the increasing amount of information, network-based models are gaining more and more interest and new techniques are required in order to mine the information and to validate the results. To fill the validation gap we present an app, for the Cytoscape platform, which aims at creating randomised networks and randomising existing, real networks. Since there is a lack of tools that allow performing such operations, our app aims at enabling researchers to exploit different, well known random network models that could be used as a benchmark for validating real, biological datasets. We also propose a novel methodology for creating random weighted networks, i.e. the multiplication algorithm, starting from real, quantitative data. Finally, the app provides a statistical tool that compares real versus randomly computed attributes, in order to validate the numerical findings. In summary, our app aims at creating a standardised methodology for the validation of the results in the context of the Cytoscape platform.
Optimizing Click-Through in Online Rankings with Endogenous Search Refinement
Authors: De los Santos Babur , Koulayev Sergei
Published: June 2017

Consumers engage in costly searches to evaluate the increasing number of product options available from online retailers. Presenting the best alternatives at the beginning reduces search costs associated with a consumer finding the right product. We use rich data on consumer click-stream behavior from a major web-based hotel comparison platform to estimate a model of search and click. We propose a method of determining the ranking of search results that maximizes consumers’ click-through rates (CTRs) based on partial information available to the platform at the time of the consumer request, its assessment of consumers’ preferences, and the expected consumer type based on request parameters from the current visit. Our method has two distinct advantages. First, we endogenize a consumer response to the ranking using search refinement tools, such as sorting and filtering of product options. Accounting for these search refinement actions is important since the ranking and consumer search actions together shape the consideration set from which clicks are made. Second, rankings are targeted to anonymous consumers by relating price sensitivity to request parameters, such as the length of stay, number of guests, and day of the week of the stay. We find that predicted CTRs under our proposed ranking are almost double those of the platform’s default ranking.

Data and the online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2017.1036 .
Technical Note—Multivariate Partial-Expectation Results for Exact Solutions of Two-Stage Problems
Authors: Bansal Saurabh , Dyer James S.
Published: June 2017

We consider two-stage sequential decision-making problems where in Stage 1 an initial decision is made under a multivariate uncertainty, and in Stage 2 the uncertainty is resolved, a further decision is made based on the uncertainty realization, and the payoff is observed. We focus on problems where the payoff is a linear function of the multivariate uncertainty realization. Such problems can be written as single-stage nonlinear optimization problems composed of partial polyhedral expectations of the multivariate uncertainty. We identify the structural characteristics of multivariate probability density functions under which the integral expressions for the partial expectations can be directly evaluated for an exact value. We then focus on elliptical distributions, which are frequently used in operations management and do have these characteristics. We develop a sequence of three results to determine partial polyhedral expectations of elliptical probability distributions, with a special emphasis on the normal distribution. These results are useful for solving several commonly faced two-stage problems in operations management for an exact solution, performing a comparative static analysis, and rank ordering the alternatives.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.2017.1604 .
Does research activity decline with age?
Authors: Zoega Gylfi
Published: June 2017

Several economic models predict that effort may decline as retirement approaches. These models are reviewed and data from the University of Iceland used to measure how research productivity of members of staff depends on age. We find support for the hypothesis that men are at a greater risk of becoming inactive when they approach retirement. Moreover, men tend to be more research active than women in their thirties and forties but lose their edge in their fifties and sixties. Finally, we detect a cohort effect such that later cohorts are more productive than earlier ones.
Hagnýting menntunar meðal háskólamenntaðs starfsfólks einkarekinna fyrirtækja og opinberra stofnana
Authors: Eðvarðsson Ingi Rúnar , Óskarsson Guðmundur Kristján , Bergsteinsson Jason Már
Published: June 2017

Markmið greinarinnar er að kanna hvort munur sé á hagnýtingu þekkingar meðal háskólamenntaðs fólks sem vinnur annars vegar í einkareknum fyrirtækjum og í opinberum stofnunum hins vegar. Úrtak rannsóknarinnar byggðist á tilviljunarúrtaki úr þjóðskrá sem Þjóðmálakönnun Félagsvísindastofnunar Háskóla Íslands framkvæmdi 9. mars til 9. apríl 2016. Könnunin náði til 2.001 einstaklings á aldrinum 18 ára og eldri á landinu öllu og svöruðu 1.210 þeirra könnuninni. Í þessari rannsókn var aðeins litið til þeirra þátttakenda í úrtakinu sem höfðu lokið háskólanámi og voru í launaðri vinnu á Íslandi hjá hinu opinbera eða í einkafyrirtæki. Eftir hreinsun gagna voru þátttakendur 374, þar af voru 178 karlar og 196 konur. Niðurstöður rannsóknar sýndu að 20,3% þátttakenda voru ofmenntuð. Meirihluti kvenna vinnur hjá hinu opinbera en meirihluti karla hjá einkafyrirtækjum. Vanmenntaðir starfsmenn eru líklegri til að starfa hjá hinu opinbera á meðan ofmenntaðir eru líklegri til að starfa hjá einkafyrirtækjum (sá munur skýrist af van- eða ofmenntun kvenna). Hjá opinberum fyrirtækjum starfa frekar þeir sem lokið hafa námi á sviði mennta- og heilbrigðisvísinda meðan starfsfólk af verk- og náttúruvísindasviði er helst hjá einkafyrirtækjum. Laun eru hærri hjá einkafyrirtækjum.
Að þjóna sömu herrum en keppa þó: Sameiginlegt eignarhald á íslenskum hlutabréfamarkaði
Authors: Óladóttir Ásta Dís , Friðriksson Friðrik Árni , Magnússon Gylfi , Þráinsson Valur
Published: June 2017

The article analyses common or horizontal ownership of shares on the Icelandic Stock Exchange. We compare this to common ownership of listed shares in the U.S. The situation in Iceland has not been subject to much formal research despite clear signs of concentrated ownership. We look at three Icelandic markets where two or three competing firms all have their shares listed on the stock exchange. The markets are for insurance, telecommunications and real estate. We also look at the holdings of shares by Icelandic pension funds at four points in time, the years 2003, 2007, 2014 and 2016.
Although the stock market has changed considerably in many respects within that timeframe, making direct comparison difficult, we conclude that common ownership was far less prevalent before the crash, both among pension funds and all shareholders. At mid-year 2016, the pension funds dominated holdings of shares in most listed companies in Iceland. The largest pension funds each held shares in almost all listed companies. In the three markets that we analyse the pension funds held over 45% of the shares in real estate companies, 35% in insurance and 50% in telecommunications.
We do not analyse the consequences of this concentrated and common ownership on competition and prices. That remains a subject for further study. Based on the results from research into the effects of common ownership in the U.S. this development should though clearly be a cause for concern.
Hagnýting menntunar meðal háskólamenntaðs starfsfólks einkarekinna fyrirtækja og opinberra stofnana
Authors: Eðvarðsson Ingi Rúnar , Óskarsson Guðmundur Kristján , Bergsteinsson Jason Már
Published: June 2017

The aim of the article is to examine whether there is a difference in the utilization of education among university educated employees in private companies on the one hand and public institutions on the other. The target population of the research was based on a random sample drawn from the National Population Register by the National Survey of the Social Science Research Institute of the University of Iceland from 9 March to 9 April 2016. The survey included 2,001 individuals, aged 18 or above, from all over the country. A total of 1,210 persons responded to the survey. This research only involved those participants in the sample who had completed a university education and were salaried employees in Iceland. After data cleansing, 374 participants remained, 178 males and 196 females. The initial results of the research indicated that 20.3% of participants were over-educated for their jobs. The majority of females work in public companies, while the majority of males work in private companies. Individuals with under-education are most likely to be found within public companies, at the same time as over-educated individuals are most likely to be found in private companies (the difference lies in the under- and over-education of females). Those working in public companies come primarily from educational and health sicences, while engineers and natural sicentists work primarily at private companies. Incomes are higher in private companies.
Effect of Temperature on Halloysite Acid Treatment for Efficient Chloroaniline Removal from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Szczepanik Beata , Słomkiewicz Piotr , Garnuszek Magdalena , Rogala Paweł , Banaś Dariusz , Kubala-Kukuś Aldona , Stabrawa Ilona
Published: June 2017

Monochloroanilines and dichloroanilines are important reagents or chemical intermediates in the production of dyes, pharmaceuticals, and agricultural chemicals. These toxic compounds have a large tendency to accumulate in the environment and a low natural biodegradability, so improved methods to remove or sequester them are needed. Halloysite is used as an efficient adsorbent to remove toxic compounds, such as aniline, from aqueous solutions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether acid-activated halloysites from the “Dunino” (Poland) strip mine could be effective in the removal of not just aniline but also of its chloro-substituted forms from aqueous solutions. The composition, structure, and morphology of activated halloysites were characterized using the following methods: wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis (WDXRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and N2 adsorption-desorption analysis. The acidactivated halloysites had an increased ability to remove aniline and chloroanilines from aqueous solutions as the acid activation temperature was increased. This suggests that the acid activation temperature is an important factor that influences the ability of acid activated halloysites to adsorb aromatic amines (anilines) from water. The efficiency of aniline and chloroaniline removal by halloysite activated at 80°C reached maximum levels, especially for the removal of aniline and 4-chloroaniline. The adsorption isotherm data were best described by the Langmuir adsorption model. The values of the Langmuir adsorption constants were calculated using the inverse liquid chromatography method.
Gewalt im Computerspiel
Authors: Bareither Christoph
Published: June 2017

Grand Theft Auto, Battlefield, Counter-Strike - Gewalt in Computerspielen wird immer wieder kontrovers diskutiert. Doch welche emotionalen Erfahrungen ermöglicht der spielerische Umgang mit virtueller Gewalt? Durch teilnehmende Beobachtungen in Online-Games und auf LAN-Partys sowie mithilfe von Interview-, Zeitschriften- und Videoanalysen arbeitet Christoph Bareither heraus, wie Millionen von Menschen etwas als vergnüglich erleben können, was andere schockiert. Ohne wertende Klischees zu bedienen, leistet die ethnografische Studie damit einen entscheidenden Beitrag zu einer Debatte am Schnittfeld von Populärkultur, Politik und Öffentlichkeit.
Öffentlicher Raum für alle ?
Authors: Häberlin Udo W. , Furchtlehner Jürgen
Published: June 2017

Udo W. Häberlin und Jürgen Furchtlehner zeigen in ihrem Beitrag, wie die Stadt Wien mit verschiedenen Planungsinstrumenten und -strategien Aneignungsinteressen, die um öffentliche Freiräume konkurrieren, moderiert und steuert. Beispielhaft wird etwa die Aneignung von Straßenraum durch ruhenden Verkehr den Nutzungsinteressen spielender Kinder gegenübergestellt. Ein besonderes Augenmerk wird dabei auf Verfahren gelegt, die die »leisen Stimmen« von Nutzern und Nutzerinnen hörbar machen, um deren Interessen unterstützend berücksichtigen zu können.
Ungleichzeitigkeit und Utopie
Authors: Zimmer Jörg
Published: June 2017

Jörg Zimmer widmet sich einem Klassiker des philosophischen Utopiebegriffs und untersucht »Ernst Blochs ästhetisches Denken im Exil«. Dreh- und Angelpunkt der Analyse ist die Ungleichzeitigkeit, die Bloch zu einer dialektischen Theorie entwickelt, die das Nebeneinander geschichtlicher Gehalte in der Gegenwart fokussiert und dabei auch ein genuines Verständnis von Realismus ermöglicht. Zimmer zeigt unter anderem an dem von Bloch benutzten Begriff des Vor-Scheins, wie dessen utopisches Denken »die Wirklichkeit grundsätzlich von ihren Möglichkeitshorizonten her wahrnimmt« - und dies insbesondere im und durch das Medium der Kunst.
Phänomene des undeutlichen Lebens
Authors: Grünewald Heidi
Published: June 2017

Heidi Grünewald widmet sich dem Utopischen im Werk Siegfried Kracauers und weist anhand von Texten unterschiedlicher Gattungen des Autors auf, wie dessen utopische Entwürfe speziell an sein »exterritoriales Denken« geknüpft sind oder aus ihm erst erwachsen. Die Erfahrung des amerikanischen Exils in Kombination mit Kracauers ausgeprägtem Interesse an den Medien Fotografie und Film vermengen sich in einem Werk, das ein »Utopia des Dazwischen« formuliert: das Exil wird zu einem der Zeit enthobenen Freiraum der Imagination, »einerseits geprägt durch ein Gefühl der Heimatlosigkeit und Marginalität, andererseits im Zeichen einer bewusst intendierten Fremdfokussierung«. Beides ist auch in den Texten von Hannah Arendt und Vilém Flusser präsent.
Paria/Migrant
Authors: Maeding Linda
Published: June 2017

Linda Maeding untersucht anhand des jüdischen Paria und des post-exilischen Migranten zwei Figuren, die der Mehrheitsgesellschaft zunächst dystopisch eine düstere Zukunft prophezeien, die aber in den Werken der beiden Autoren einen Umschlag ins Utopische erfahren. Sowohl Arendt als auch Flusser, deren Argumentation erstaunliche Parallelen aufweist, sezieren die Wirkung, die diese Figuren in ihrer Fremdheit auf die Umgebung ausüben: als Unheimliche. Darin liegt aber auch ihr utopisches Potenzial, das sie zu Vorreitern einer supranationalen Welt werden lässt, in der Menschenrechte nicht an Staatsangehörigkeiten gebunden sind.
Utopie als Ironie bei Heine
Authors: Carbó Jordi Jané
Published: June 2017

Jordi Jané Carbó stellt mit Heinrich Heine den Patron des deutschsprachigen Exils nach 1933 in den Mittelpunkt und untersucht die »Utopie als Ironie« im Werk des nach Frankreich emigrierten Autors. Zwar habe der streitbare Schriftsteller kein utopisch-gesellschaftliches Modell formuliert, doch zeigt die oft lyrische Vagheit der »warmen Sonnentage« (so Heine im Wintermärchen) nach der gescheiterten Revolution auf subtile Weise deren nicht verwirklichte Möglichkeiten auf und erweist sich damit im Feld der Ästhetik auch als Erbe der Aufklärung, die mit Blick auf ihre teilweise historische Negierung im utopischen Licht erscheint.
Max Aub, Herta Müller: Literatur und Autofiktion als utopische Projektionsräume
Authors: Siguan Marisa
Published: June 2017

Marisa Siguan nimmt sich in ihrem Beitrag zwei Autoren vor, die zunächst einmal bis auf den Umstand der Exilerfahrung wenig zu verbinden scheint: den spanischen Republikaner Max Aub und die aus dem rumänischen Banat stammende Herta Müller. Im Weiteren zeigt sie anhand genauer Textanalysen, dass gerade die literarische Wahl der Autofiktion beiden erlaubt, in völlig unterschiedlichen Exilen »utopische Projektionsräume« zu gestalten. Im Falle Aubs geschieht dies mittels der nah an der Wirklichkeit verlaufenden und doch in entscheidenden Punkten von ihr abweichenden Imagination einer Alternativgeschichte, eines »Was hätte sein können«. Es sind Texte, die sich wiederum dem Anspruch Blochs annähern, das Unabgegoltene der Vergangenheit zu bergen. In Herta Müllers mit Autofiktion arbeitenden Romanen und Essays rücken dagegen Gegenstände in den Mittelpunkt, scheinbar unbedeutende Dinge, die mit Sedimenten historischer und autobiographischer Zeit aufgeladen werden und dadurch utopisch über sich selbst hinausweisen.
Dialoge mit Toten
Authors: Vilar Loreto
Published: June 2017

Loreto Vilar konzentriert sich in ihrem komparatistischen Beitrag zu Anna Seghers und der katalanischen Autorin Teresa Pàmies auf ein klassisches Motiv des Exils: das Warten. Konkret macht sie anhand paralleler Strukturen in Texten der beiden kommunistischen Exilantinnen - Transit, Post ins Gelobte Land und Wiederbegegnung von Seghers sowie Amor clandesti, Memoria dels morts und Massa tard per a Celia von Pàmies - Situationen eines leeren Wartens aus, in dessen Vakuum sich »Dialoge mit Toten« vollziehen; imaginäre Gespräche der Protagonistinnen mit geliebten Menschen, Gespräche zwischen Exil, Heimat und Untergrund. Vilar wendet die augustinische Unterscheidung von drei Zeitdimensionen an, die die verschiedenen (utopischen oder dystopischen) Konnotationen von Zeit in den literarischen Texten zu differenzieren helfen: die Gegenwart des Zukünftigen als Erwartung, die Gegenwart des Vergangenen als Erinnerung und die Gegenwart des Gegenwärtigen als Anschauung.
Gleichzeitigkeit
Authors: Battegay Caspar
Published: June 2017

Caspar Battegay liest Franz Werfels außergewöhnlichen Reiseroman »Stern der Ungeborenen« als Zeit- und nicht als Zukunftsroman, in dem die »Welt als ein Universum verschiedener, sich widersprechender Möglichkeiten« erscheint und auch die Zukunft nur die mögliche Verzweigung einer synchronen Zeit darstellt. Seine Analyse belegt den kreativen Umgang mit Zeitkonzepten im Rahmen einer Poetologie der literarischen Moderne, die theologische Bezüge aufweist. Im Zentrum dieser Poetologie sieht Battegay die Gleichzeitigkeit, aufgefasst als ein alternatives ästhetisches Zeitmodell, dessen Verständnis durch das Aufdecken von Verbindungslinien zur jüdischen Diaspora, aber auch durch Hinweise auf die Relativitätstheorie erweitert wird. Werfels Roman thematisiere »die utopische Verschiebung hin in eine vermöglichte Welt«.
Kulturtourismus in Tirol
Authors: Teissl Verena , Seltenheim Klaus
Published: June 2017

Kulturtourismus wird im ländlichen Raum meist als Triebfeder sozioökonomischer Aufwertung betrachtet. Welche Potenziale setzt aber Kulturtourismus in einer touristisch gesättigten Alpindestination abseits von Folkloreangeboten frei? Welche Rolle spielen hierbei die Beziehungen zwischen Kultur- und Tourismusanbietern sowie die Kultur- und Tourismuspolitik? Für die Region Tirol reflektiert der Band ergänzenden Kulturtourismus als Impulsgeber für kulturelle Nachhaltigkeit. Neben Diskursanalysen und empirischer Erforschung erläutert ein exklusiver Beitrag von Ulrich Fuchs (u.a. Mitglied des EU-Panels zur Auswahl, Begleitung und Evaluierung künftiger Kulturhauptstädte Europas) gesellschaftspolitische Potenziale und Visionen kultureller Nachhaltigkeit am Beispiel der Europäischen Kulturhauptstadt.
American Missionaries in the Ottoman Empire
Authors: Gümüs Hami Inan
Published: June 2017

This book is a metaphor based analysis of the texts produced by the missionaries of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions in the Ottoman Empire between 1820-1898. It explores the conceptual metaphor networks inherent to the official missionary discourse. The explication of these networks uncovers how the missionaries defined and depicted themselves and what they encountered. Being a synthesis of literary studies, linguistics, cultural history, and religious studies the work analyzes the missionary narrative in its historical context by applying literary, narratological, and linguistic tools.
Prizing Debate
Authors: Auguscik Anna
Published: June 2017

This book offers a study of the literary marketplace in the early 2000s. Focusing on the Man Booker Prize and its impact on a novel's media attention, Anna Auguscik analyses the mechanisms by which the Prize both recognises books that trigger debates and itself becomes the object of such debates. Based on case studies of six novels (by Aravind Adiga, Margaret Atwood, Sebastian Barry, Mark Haddon, DBC Pierre, Zadie Smith) and their attention profiles, this work describes the Booker as a 'problem-driven attention-generating mechanism', the influence of which can only be understood in relation to other participants in literary interaction.
Lokale Konflikte um Zuwanderung aus Südosteuropa
Authors: Geiges Lars , Neef Tobias , Kopp Julia , Mueller-Stahl Robert
Published: June 2017

Der Begriff »Roma« ist in der deutschen Gesellschaft ein Reizwort. Er steht für die Gefährdung des Wohlfahrtsstaates durch Armutsmigration und repräsentiert die Unsicherheit, die in den situierten Europäischen Norden einzudringen sucht. Die Chiffre »Roma« hat dementsprechend auch in lokalen Konflikten um Armutsmigration eine spezifische Funktion. Die AutorInnen des Bandes haben im Rahmen einer lokalpolitischen Feldstudie soziale Konflikte um Migration aus Südosteuropa und ihre Dynamiken untersucht und eröffnen eine neue Perspektive auf die Situation von Roma in der bundesdeutschen Gesellschaft.
Anerkennung und Widerstand
Authors: Haddad Laura
Published: June 2017

Der Topos »Islam in Europa« ist durch Dichotomisierung gekennzeichnet: Im öffentlichen und wissenschaftlichen Diskurs offenbart sich eine binäre Auseinandersetzung, die entweder muslimische Subjektivierung oder die Institutionalisierung des Islam verhandelt. Dabei werden Europa und der Islam als voneinander getrennte Einheiten konstruiert. Laura Haddads ethnographische Fallstudien zeigen hingegen einen wechselseitigen Aushandlungsprozess von Islam und Europa, der diese Dichotomien in Frage stellt. Anhand der europäischen Metropole Hamburg werden Anerkennung und Widerstand als zwar ambivalente, aber einander bedingende Konzepte sichtbar.
Kommunale Kulturpolitik
Authors: Lembke Kilian H.
Published: June 2017

Kommunale Kulturpolitik ist ein weitgehend unbeachteter Bereich in der Kulturpolitikforschung. Dabei treffen hier unterschiedlichste Interessengruppen aufeinander: kommunale Kulturpolitiker, Mitarbeiter von Kulturverwaltungen, Künstler und Bürger. Sie alle entscheiden über das kulturelle Leben und damit über Fragen und Inhalte des gesellschaftlichen Zusammenlebens in Netzwerken mit. Doch wie werden die Belange von Kunst und Kultur in diesen Kontexten verhandelt? Bisher fehlt es an Erkenntnissen über Strukturen, Akteure und Netzwerke in kulturpolitischen Prozessen. Kilian H. Lembke untersucht, welche Akteure die Policy Kultur im Politikzyklus gestalten, wie Problemlösungsansätze erarbeitet und Projekte sowie Evaluationen durchgeführt werden.
Zur kommerziellen Normalisierung illegaler Migration
Authors: Hoffmann Felix
Published: June 2017

Illegale Arbeitsmärkte gelten als skandalöse und vermeintlich irreguläre Ausnahmeerscheinungen. In seiner Ethnografie der Treibhausindustrie von Almería zeichnet Felix Hoffmann die Taktiken und Strategien illegalisierter Menschen nach, ihre Existenz zu stabilisieren und sich durch Arbeit in den Treibhäusern Legalität wortwörtlich zu verdienen. Er zeigt, wie hier alltagspraktische Normalisierungsprozesse postkolonialer Arbeitsteilung längst gesetzlich normiert sind. Die Studie fokussiert die prekäre Normalität der neoliberalen Produktion des »Illegalen« und lässt »Normalität« als ein Begriffsfeld, in dem das Politische immer wieder neutralisiert wird, emanzipative Bedeutung erlangen.
Selbstverdatungsmaschinen
Authors: Weich Andreas
Published: June 2017

Warum profilieren wir uns? Während einerseits in Diskursen zum Marketing und in Bewerbungsratgebern Profilierung zur Pflicht ausgerufen wird, gelten Profile in Überwachungsdiskursen - und das nicht erst seit der sogenannten NSA-Affäre - als Schreckgespenst. Zudem fallen beide Aspekte in populären Medienangeboten wie Facebook unmittelbar zusammen und sind konstitutiver Bestandteil gegenwärtiger Medienkulturen. Andreas Weichs genealogische und medientheoretische Betrachtung beschreibt diese Konstellation als Profilierungsdispositiv und erklärt, wie es dazu kommen konnte.
Am Tropf von Big Food
Authors: Kruchem Thomas
Published: June 2017

Die Weltgesundheitsorganisation schlägt Alarm: Big Food, die multinationale Nahrungsmittelindustrie, ist noch gefährlicher als die Tabak- und Alkoholindustrie. Aggressiv erobern die Konzerne jetzt arme Länder und drängen mangelernährten Müttern und ihren Kindern krankmachendes Junkfood auf - Instantnudeln, Kekse, Chips, überzuckerte Drinks. Die Folge: eine Pandemie der Fettleibigkeit - allein in China starben 2016 1,3 Millionen Menschen an Diabetes. Kein Zweifel: Big Food macht Riesen-Profite auf dem Rücken der Ärmsten. Das muss bekämpft werden - aber wie? Thomas Kruchem deckt auf, wie Big Food Nothilfe vor seinen Karren spannt und Kritiker mundtot macht; wie die Konzerne UN-Organisationen, Hilfswerke wie Oxfam sowie Wissenschaftler mit Millionen finanzieren. Gegen diese Praktiken von Big Food schlägt er schließlich zehn konkrete politische Maßnahmen vor.