bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Privatization of Terror
Authors: Bartilow Horace A.
Published: September 2020

Building on the arguments presented in the previous chapters, this chapter is motivated by the following question: How does the drug enforcement regime’s addiction to increasing counternarcotic aid facilitate the expansion of American and other transnational corporate investments in Latin America and, in the process, create the conditions that give rise to corporate-induced repression? In answering this question, the chapter develops a theoretical framework that draws insights from the literature on foreign aid and its effect on foreign capital flows and then integrates these insights into theories of repression in dependent capitalist societies. It is argued that, in addition to combating drug trafficking, U.S. counternarcotic aid facilitates the expansion of American and other transnational corporate investments in Latin America by financing countries’ infrastructure development. In conjunction with neoliberal economic reforms, drug war infrastructure financing in Latin America is likely to facilitate the expansion of corporate investments by resource-seeking industries that require greater land use, which encroaches on the ancestral territories of Indigenous peoples. And, in response to Indigenous resistance to corporate appropriation of ancestral lands, resource-seeking transnational corporations will collude with local security forces, private security firms, and paramilitary death squads to repress and eliminate resistance to capital accumulation.
U.S. Farm and Food Subsidies
Authors: Ludington Sarah
Published: September 2020

From its founding, the U.S. government has promoted agriculture, and since the Great Depression, has directly supported farm incomes and crop prices. Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal programs linked farm subsidies to food assistance for the poor, a politically successful combination then and now. Sarah Ludington describes how the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), through the Farm Bill, became responsible for school lunches, food stamps, and land conservation in addition to billions of dollars in subsidies for commodity crops like corn and cotton. Now a target for both the right wing and left wing of American politics, the Farm Bill continues to embody the tensions at the heart of American agriculture.
Is Thinking Critically about Food Essential to a Good Life?
Authors: Valgenti Robert T.
Published: September 2020

Should we eat to live or live to eat? Philosophers in the Western traditions have generally argued for the former, dismissing gustatory taste, thus the pleasures of the table, as a second-tier sensation. This idea stems from both the Classical and Christian belief in the superiority of the mind over the body. Robert Valgenti argues that it was not until relatively recently that philosophers began to take food seriously, and that having a philosophy of food is indeed integral to living good life.
A Plea for Culinary Luddism
Authors: Albala Ken
Published: September 2020

Americans have been known to idealize home cooked meals eaten with the family, but the general trend in our history has been to move away from these things. Ken Albala, one of America’s leading food historians, makes an impassioned plea for the importance of cooking from scratch, using fresh ingredients, and sharing the food with others, as one of the most meaningful and humane acts we can do. He is cognizant of the fact that cooking is not always easy, nor has it always been voluntary, but in his mind that should not prejudice against the social importance of spending time preparing food, which is a creative, emotionally fulfilling, and loving act.
A Plea for Culinary Modernism
Authors: Laudan Rachel
Published: September 2020

Leading figures in the “Foodie” movement of the last quarter century often speak of a Golden Age of cooking and eating, when all food was local, organic, and slow. Rachel Laudan argues that this view is utterly ahistorical. There was no Golden Age of cooking and eating. As Laudan shows with many examples from around the world, the labor to produce food has been incredibly difficult and much of the food that humans ate was wretched, if not also rotten. Laudan argues instead that we should appreciate and enjoy what our current food system does well, at least for a large portion of society, while simultaneously working to improve our system’s shortcomings. In a postscript for her chapter, Laudan posits four broad philosophies that categorize people’s attitudes to food: aristocratic, republican, romantic, and socialist. In the end, however, she casts her lot with those who do not imagine a food paradise in the past or in the future. Our food system, says Laudan, is not perfect, and we should work to make it better, but imagining that it ever was, or can ever be, perfect is also a mistake.
Almost as Inaccessible as Tibet
Authors: Marinari Maddalena
Published: September 2020

Chapter 3 examines how Italian and Jewish immigration reform advocates adjusted to the new restrictive immigration regime that followed the passage of the 1924 act and how they worked to build political clout to push for reform under the aegis of Roosevelt’s New Deal. During this period, family reunification remained the only argument that helped them gain some traction with legislators as both groups gained more political visibility with representation at every level of government. Despite the pervasive isolationism, push for assimilation, and the strain from the Great Depression, Italian and Jewish immigration reform advocates successfully used family reunification to help more migrants enter the United States as the 1930s came to an end. Those who could not enter often resorted to illegal immigration. The Anti-Semitism that animated many officers in the U.S. State Department, however, made sure that the very generous annual quota for Germany went mostly unfilled for the entire decade even as thousands of German Jews continued to apply for visas for the United States to flee Nazi Germany.
A Thing of Shreds and Patches
Authors: Marinari Maddalena
Published: September 2020

Chapter 5 shows that, after the debacle of 1952, Italian and Jewish reformers, along with other advocacy groups, pragmatically focused on pushing for ad hoc legislation and piecemeal immigration reform to undermine the very premise of the McCarran-Walter Act of 1952. Contrary to what the sponsors and supporters of the 1952 immigration law had envisioned, the number of immigrants entering the United States steadily went up during the rest of the decade in part thanks to many of the small legislative changes pushed by Italian and Jewish immigration reform activists. Many immigrants from Asia took advantage of the preference for family reunification and skill-based immigration and began to change the migratory flows to the United States, thus paving the way for the diversification of U.S. society usually associated with the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. Nonetheless, while these changes helped immigrants with family ties and desirable skills, they did little to help unskilled temporary migrants or to address the racialization of and violence against immigrants illegally in the country.
Hunger Doesn’t Take a Vacation
Authors: Povitz Lana Dee
Published: September 2020

In 1971, United Bronx Parents administered New York City’s first free summer meals program after the municipal government refused to take on the responsibility. Under the leadership of Executive Director Evelina Antonetty and coordinator Kathy Goldman, the grassroots antipoverty agency transformed a new and largely theoretical federal entitlement program into much-needed meals for children while school was out of session. Antonetty and Goldman’s activist backgrounds, including their experiences of American Communism and anticommunism, Puerto Rican independence, and Alinskyism, had a significant impact on how they carried out the citywide initiative: interracial cooperation, job creation, economic development, cultural nationalism, and creative, attention-grabbing tactics were just some of the legacies bequeathed to the two leaders by their prior movement work. Working in partnership with a private food service company, United Bronx Parents’ sponsorship of free summer meals shows that public-private collaborations predated the neoliberal policies of the later 1970s and since. Their work also shows how direct service provision could build the legitimacy of a grassroots organization citywide and serve as a model for improved public services.
Incarcerated Stories
Authors: Speed Shannon
Published: September 2020

Indigenous women migrants from Central America and Mexico face harrowing experiences of violence before, during, and after their migration to the United States, like all asylum seekers. But as Shannon Speed argues, the circumstances for Indigenous women are especially devastating, given their disproportionate vulnerability to neoliberal economic and political policies and practices in Latin America and the United States, including policing, detention, and human trafficking. Speed dubs this vulnerability "neoliberal multicriminalism" and identifies its relation to settler structures of Indigenous dispossession and elimination. Using innovative ethnographic practices to record and recount stories from Indigenous women in U.S. detention, Speed demonstrates that these women's vulnerability to individual and state violence is not rooted in a failure to exercise agency. Rather, it is a structural condition, created and reinforced by settler colonialism, which consistently deploys racial and gender ideologies to manage the ongoing business of occupation and capitalist exploitation.
With sensitive narration and sophisticated analysis, this book reveals the human consequences of state policy and practices throughout the Americas and adds vital new context for understanding the circumstances of migrants seeking asylum in the United States.
Power and Vulnerability through Indigenous Women’s Stories
Authors: Speed Shannon
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the concept of settler capitalism, particularly in Latin America, as well as the concepts of structural and intersectional violence. It makes a case for Indigenous women’s stories as a valid form of theory and knowledge production. It also makes a case for a hemispheric Indigenous analytical lens.
Carceral Containments
Authors: Speed Shannon
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines women’s experience in the United States, particularly in immigration detention. It considers the expansion of immigration into private, for-profit prison industry and outlines the multiple violences and human rights violations that the detention of refugees imply.
The King of Adobe
Authors: Oropeza Lorena
Published: September 2020

In 1967, Reies López Tijerina led an armed takeover of a New Mexico courthouse in the name of land rights for disenfranchised Spanish-speaking locals. The raid thrust Tijerina and his cause into the national spotlight, catalyzing an entire generation of activists. The actions of Tijerina and his group, the Alianza Federal de Mercedes (the Federal Alliance of Land Grants), demanded that Americans attend to an overlooked part of the country’s history: the United States was an aggressive empire that had conquered and colonized the Southwest and subsequently wrenched land away from people who lived there—Mexicans and Native Americans alike. To many young Mexican American activists at the time, Tijerina and the Alianza offered a compelling and militant alternative to the nonviolence of Cesar Chavez and Martin Luther King Jr. Tijerina's place at the table among the nation’s leading civil rights activists was short-lived, but his analysis of land dispossession and his prophetic zeal for the rights of his people was essential to the creation of the Chicano movement. 
In this fresh and unvarnished biography, Lorena Oropeza traces the origins of Tijerina's revelatory historical analysis to the years he spent as a Pentecostal preacher and his hidden past as a self-proclaimed prophet of God. Confronting allegations of anti-Semitism and accusations of sexual abuse, the narrative captures the life of a man—alternately mesmerizing and repellant—who changed our understanding of the American West and the place of Latinos in the fabric of American struggles for equality and self-determination.
Piney Lights
Authors: Zallen Jeremy
Published: September 2020

In the urban peripheral spaces of antebellum tenements, domestic workers and outworking seamstresses labored late into the night with cheap, explosive turpentine lamps. Using newspaper accounts, travel narratives, and letters between turpentine camp overseers and slaveholders, this chapter explores how the gendered politics of space and time in the ready-made clothing revolution were made through a new slave-produced illuminant called “camphene.” A volatile mixture of spirits of turpentine and high-proof alcohol, camphene connected outworking seamstresses in New York with the enslaved woodsmen laboring in remote North Carolina turpentine camps to accumulate nearly every drop of turpentine in the United States. Reading against the grain, the chapter reconstructs how seamstresses and slaves attempted to navigate, shape, and sometimes escape from spaces and work processes dominated by slaveholders, clothiers, and husbands. Through the antebellum making and using of this piney light, white women working in the home and black men tapping pines far from plantations endured terrible violence and danger, rendered spatially, temporally, and culturally invisible, to underwrite the worlds of Northern and Southern white men. The chapter attempts to pull this antebellum relation out of the shadows by exploring the worlds of freedom, slavery, and gender made through piney light.
Epilogue
Authors: Zallen Jeremy
Published: September 2020

The epilogue provincializes what is usually the start or climax of any history of illumination, the emergence of Thomas Edison’s incandescent light. Taking a fresh look at the process historians have called “electrification,” the epilogue re-entangles two stories that should never have been so neatly separated. The first story follows the staging of performances of electric light. It begins in 1882, with the opening of the Boston Bijou Theatre, the first electrically lit theater in the United States, and concludes in 1893 with the electric utopianism on display at the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The second story delves into the underground politics of copper lode mining. It, too, begins in 1882 and ends in 1893, years that marked the beginning of Butte’s rise as the undisputed copper capital of the world and the formation of the Western Federation of Miners, one of the most radical and influential labor organizations in the history of the United States. Weaving these two narratives back together brings into sharp relief the tensions and contradictions that gripped Gilded Age society and illuminates, too, the curious dialectic of risk and inequality that accompanied the seemingly miraculous progress of electrification.
The Insider's Guide to Working with Universities
Authors: Dean James W. , Clarke Deborah Y.
Published: September 2020

Colleges and universities stand to benefit greatly when businesspeople engage with them, whether through governing boards, alumni associations, consulting arrangements, philanthropy, or other channels. But many businesspeople are frustrated by the way institutions of higher education work--or rather, how they don't work. Why do decisions in universities take so long and involve so many people? Why aren't profit and growth top priorities for colleges? Why can't the faculty be managed like any other employees? Shouldn't alumni have a greater say as they continue to invest in their alma mater?
As leaders in higher education, James W. Dean Jr. and Deborah Y. Clarke have years of experience addressing these questions for a wide range of professionals outside the academy. This book draws on their expertise to offer real-world guidance for businesspeople who work with and seek to improve colleges and universities. Dean and Clarke differentiate and clarify the motivations and structures that make universities unique among American enterprises. And while they acknowledge the challenges that businesspeople often face when working with academic institutions, they explain that understanding the distinct mission of higher education is essential to being able to effect change within these organizations. Presenting insights from interviews with a wide range of stakeholders, Dean and Clarke give succinct and practical advice for working with universities.
Introduction
Authors: Dean James W. , Clarke Deborah Y.
Published: September 2020

The Insider’s Guide to Working with Universities was written to help businesspeople, particularly board members and new academic leaders, who work with colleges and universities. The book gives them a clearer and more comprehensive understanding of how higher education works and helps them perform better in their university-related roles.
The primary audience for the book is businesspeople who serve on university boards, individuals who bring incredible skills and experience but may have limited prior exposure to higher education. University boards make important decisions about strategic priorities, senior-level hiring, and budgets, their understanding of how universities work is critical to the success of the institutions that they serve. The book also helps people who take on senior positions within universities, perhaps as a dean or president, as well as businesspeople who would like to teach at the college level; donors, for whom a better understanding of academic institutions could help to shape their philanthropy; lawmakers and legislators, especially at the state level, who are responsible for public funding of higher education; and also considered are people in industries, including consulting and online education partners, whose clients are colleges and universities.
A Nice Dish for a Bad Time
Authors: Herman Bernard L.
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the long arc of the modern oyster pie from its origins in 16th-century England to its place as a fallback mainstay of the Eastern Shore of Virginia diet. Through storytelling, oral history, documentary evidence, and recipes, it places oyster pie in the heyday of the oyster industry and the multitude of oyster recipes from the turn of the 20th century, many published in cookbooks and newspaper columns. The challenge embedded in pursuit of oyster pie is in negotiating the balance between those that were “ordinary” and those that were “precious.” With the archaeology of oyster pie sorted and recipes collected, the chapter turns to the creative work of contemporary chefs related to cuisine and terroir.
Mengue de Cangrejo de Guisante
Authors: Herman Bernard L.
Published: September 2020

Some things are better witnessed than read. In the translation from actions to words, from Spanish into English, a mengue recipe retains the liveliness and flexibility of cooking in the moment, of what is witnessed and consumed as common knowledge in a family kitchen. The recipe for one family's mengue is an emblem of an evolving Eastern Shore terroir and the reconciliation and synthesis of two culinary worlds in the creation of something familiar yet new. This chapter explores affective, tradition, and invention through oral histories and recipes.
Himmler of the Andes
Authors: McPherson Alan
Published: September 2020

This chapter is a pre-coup biography of Manuel Contreras, who, as the leader of the Directorate of National Intelligence, later orders the assassination of Letelier. Contreras hails from the Germanized south of Chile, which has long harboured pro-fascists. He rises through the ranks of the Chilean military as not only a brilliant tactician but also a blood-curdling sociopath obsessed with anti-communism.
A Rather Unsavory Past
Authors: McPherson Alan
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on the biographies of Michael Townley and his wife, Mariana Callejas de Townley. Townley is the American-Chilean electronics expert and a militant anti-communist who becomes politicized during the Salvador Allende years and joins an armed resistance called Fatherland and Freedom. After the Pinochet coup, he becomes a bomb-maker for Contreras’s Directorate of National Intelligence and arranges assassinations for the regime. Through Chief of Operations Pedro Espinoza, Contreras gives Townley the order to assassinate Letelier. His wife Mariana becomes an important aide in his awakening to right-wing politics.
Events Are Developing at Such a Rapid Pace
Authors: McPherson Alan
Published: September 2020

This chapter begins when the Department of Justice and FBI, led by Eugene Propper, identify Michael Townley and Armando Fernández as having been in the United States during the assassination. This knowledge prompts US investigators to pressure the Chilean government into handing over Townley, an American citizen, for questioning. The Chileans expel him to the United States, where he reveals the conspiracy to kill Letelier. In return for his testimony, Townley is given a light sentence and placed into the Witness Protection Program. Two of the Cubans go into hiding, while three are found guilty but then later acquitted on technicalities. Three Chileans are named in the indictment.
Introduction
Authors: Bachynski Kathleen
Published: September 2020

Questions about the safety of youth tackle football, its intimate association with American schools, and its existence as a form of entertainment for adults are as old as the game itself. This book examines the history of debates over the safety of youth football—not only changing medical understandings of the sport’s health effects but also the social and cultural attitudes that shaped those understandings. With its focus on safety debates, No Game for Boys to Play provides a bridge between sports history and public health history, examines the values and beliefs animating the development of one of America’s most popular activities for boys, and considers how football’s effects on children’s bodies came to be framed as a matter of public health and well-being.
The Duty of Their Elders
Authors: Bachynski Kathleen
Published: September 2020

After World War II, as the subspecialties of injury prevention and sports medicine developed, doctors and coaches sought to establish their authority on matters of youth football safety. The framing of football safety knowledge was gendered. Not only were sports doctors and coaches almost exclusively men, but particularly in the absence of epidemiological data, their experiential knowledge of sports was valued as a key element of safety expertise. Doctors and coaches particularly emphasized adult supervision—in other words, their own professional involvement in the sport— as essential to protecting players. As sports medicine developed as a sub-specialty, the more favorable attitudes of team physicians toward competitive youth sports increasingly diverged from the more cautious recommendations of pediatricians and educators. The tension between promoting football and studying its risks influenced how many doctors and coaches conceived of the sport’s dangers and constrained the solutions they proposed.
The Rough and Tumble
Authors: Bachynski Kathleen
Published: September 2020

Whether a child’s death or injury associated with playing football could in fact be attributed to football was a crucial question in evaluating the sport’s risks. On a technical level, doctors debated such issues as whether heat strokes that athletes suffered while playing in hot weather constituted a direct or indirect injury. More broadly, doctors, coaches, parents, and sports supervisors debated whether certain risks were unique to the particular nature and techniques of football, or simply inherent to the “rough and tumble” of an active childhood. Putting football’s risks in context often involved comparisons to other activities, from driving to boxing to playing baseball. As doctors sought to identify ways to minimize the dangers, their beliefs in the sport’s social benefits shaped their interpretation of those dangers. The conceptualization of football injuries as a medical issue was deeply tied up with ideological, moralistic, religious, and nationalistic beliefs about the role of youth sports.
It’s All We’ve Got
Authors: Bachynski Kathleen
Published: September 2020

Increased media coverage of college and professional college shaped beliefs about the benefits and risks of youth football. The importance attributed to high school football in schools and communities contributed to the expansion of football at the little league level. Football among elementary and middle school children increasingly served as a feeder system for the high school level of play. In addition, the appeal of future access to social and financial resources, including the hope of landing a college football scholarship and a potential professional career, became increasingly prominent in the latter half the twentieth century. The possibility of accessing higher education through football influenced how parents and players weighed the risks and benefits of the sport at the high school level and younger. The ways football improved perceived access to higher social standing and higher education contributed in part to the changing racial demographics of tackle football, particularly with the increasing involvement of African American athletes. Meanwhile, sportscasters’ glorification of “big hits” fostered celebration of football’s dangers even as sports organizers claimed both educational and physical benefits for the youth sport.
Integration of GOCI and AHI Yonsei Aerosol Optical Depth Products During the 2016 KORUS-AQ and 2018 EMeRGe Campaigns
Authors: Lim Hyunkwang , Go Sujung , Kim Jhoon , Choi Myungje , Lee Seoyoung , Song Chang-Keun , Kasai Yasuko
Published: September 2020

Abstract. The Yonsei AErosol Retrieval (YAER) algorithm for the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) retrieves aerosol optical properties only over dark surfaces, so it is important to mask pixels with bright surfaces. The Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) is equipped with three shortwave-infrared and nine infrared channels, which is advantageous for bright-pixel masking. In addition, multiple visible and near-infrared channels provide a great advantage in aerosol property retrieval from the AHI and GOCI. By applying the YAER algorithm to 10 minutes AHI or 1 hour GOCI data at 6 km × 6 km resolution, diurnal variations and aerosol transport can be observed, which has not previously been possible from low-earth-orbit satellites. This study attempted to estimate the optimal aerosol optical depth (AOD) for East Asia by data fusion, taking into account satellite retrieval uncertainty. The data fusion involved two steps: (1) analysis of error characteristics of each retrieved result with respect to the ground-based Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET), and bias correction based on normalized difference vegetation indexes; and (2) estimation of the fused product using ensemble-mean and maximum-likelihood estimation methods. Fused results show a better statistics in terms of fraction within the expected error, correlation coefficient, root-mean-square error, median bias error than the retrieved result for each product.
A new energy-balance approach to linear filtering for estimating effective radiative forcing from temperature time series
Authors: Cummins Donald P. , Stephenson David B. , Stott Peter A.
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Reliable estimates of historical effective radiative forcing (ERF) are important for understanding the causes of past climate change and for constraining predictions of future warming. This study proposes a new linear-filtering method for estimating historical radiative forcing from time series of global mean surface temperature (GMST), using energy-balance models (EBMs) fitted to GMST from CO2-quadrupling general circulation model (GCM) experiments. We show that the response of any k-box EBM can be represented as an ARMA(k, k−1) (autoregressive moving-average) filter. We show how, by inverting an EBM's ARMA filter representation, time series of surface temperature may be converted into radiative forcing. The method is illustrated using three-box EBM fits to two recent Earth system models from CMIP5 and CMIP6 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project). A comparison with published results obtained using the established ERF_trans method, a purely GCM-based approach, shows that our new method gives an ERF time series that closely matches the GCM-based series (correlation of 0.83). Time series of estimated historical ERF are obtained by applying the method to a dataset of historical temperature observations. The results show that there is clear evidence of a significant increase over the historical period with an estimated forcing in 2018 of 1.45±0.504 W m−2 when derived using the two Earth system models. This method could be used in the future to attribute past climate changes to anthropogenic and natural factors and to help constrain estimates of climate sensitivity.
The Community Firn Model (CFM) v1.0
Authors: Stevens C. Max , Verjans Vincent , Lundin Jessica M. D. , Kahle Emma C. , Horlings Annika N. , Horlings Brita I. , Waddington Edwin D.
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Models that simulate the evolution of polar firn are important for several applications in glaciology, including converting ice-sheet elevation change measurements to mass change and interpreting climate records in ice cores. We have developed the Community Firn Model (CFM), an open-source, modular model framework designed to simulate numerous physical processes in firn. The modules include firn densification, heat transport, meltwater percolation and refreezing, water isotope diffusion, and firn-air diffusion. The CFM is designed so that new modules can be added with ease. In this paper, we first describe the CFM and its modules. We then demonstrate the CFM's usefulness in two model applications that utilize two of its novel aspects. The CFM currently has the ability to run any of 13 previously published firn densification models, and in the first application we compare those models' results when they are forced with regional climate model outputs for Summit, Greenland. The results show that the models do not agree well (spread greater than 10 %) when predicting depth-integrated porosity, firn age, or the trend in surface elevation change. In the second application, we show that the CFM's coupled firn-air and firn densification models can simulate noble gas records from an ice core better than a firn-air model alone.
Boosting performance in machine learning of geophysical flows via scale separation
Authors: Faranda Davide , Vrac Mathieu , Yiou Pascal , Pons Flavio Maria Emanuele , Hamid Adnane , Carella Giulia , Ngoungue Langue Cedric , Thao Soulivanh , Gautard Valerie
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Recent advances in statistical and machine learning have opened the possibility to forecast the behavior of chaotic systems using recurrent neural networks. In this article we investigate the applicability of such a framework to geophysical flows, known to involve multiple scales in length, time and energy and to feature intermittency. We show that both multiscale dynamics and intermittency introduce severe limitations on the applicability of recurrent neural networks, both for short-term forecasts, as well as for the reconstruction of the underlying attractor. We suggest that possible strategies to overcome such limitations should be based on separating the smooth large-scale dynamics from the intermittent/small-scale features. We test these ideas on global sea-level pressure data for the past 40 years, a proxy of the atmospheric circulation dynamics. Better short and long term forecasts of sea-level pressure data can be obtained with an optimal choice of spatial coarse grain and time filtering.
The New Situation of Diatom Bloom in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Hanjiang River under River Chief System
Authors: Qian Bao , Xiao Xiao , Wang Hefan , Wang Jincheng
Published: September 2020

Abstract. In the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River in
February 2018, another serious diatom bloom occurred. The Changjiang Water
Resources Commission promptly initiated an emergency plan to use the cascade
reservoirs at the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River to carry
out water scheduling. At the same time, six monitoring sections were set up
to daily monitor in the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River. From
9 February to 18 March, this bloom had lasted more than 30 d. It is
the longest since the record was recorded. The emergency dispatch measures
adopted during the outbreak of the diatom bloom have stopped the further
development of diatom bloom and played a good role. Analysing the causes of
diatom bloom can provide a more comprehensive basis for further optimizing
emergency dispatch. This paper analyzes the key hydrological factors that
occur in this diatom bloom and proposes a water dispatching optimization
plan and specific countermeasures. However, to permanently solve the diatom
bloom problem, it is necessary for local environmental protection
departments to work actively under the current requirements of the river
chief system. Comprehensive protection of the Hanjiang River water
ecological environment, completely solve the watershed problem of non-point
source pollution.
Precipitation and water stage variability under rapid developments of urbanization in Taihu Basin
Authors: Wu Juan , Lin Hejuan , Wu Zhiyong , Jin Song , Wu Jian , Ji Haiping , Liu Min , Gan Yueyun
Published: September 2020

Abstract. As one of the most developed regions in China, hydrological process of Taihu
basin was influenced under rapid development of urbanization. Based on
original gauge data and water stage correction data from Bureau of
Hydrology, variability in precipitation and water stage was investigated by
Mann–Kendall test. The results demonstrated that: (1) The highest water
stage (HWS), lowest water stage (LWS), average water stage (AWS) of all
months had increasing trends, especially significantly in non-flood season.
The LWS also increased significantly in May, July, September, and November,
while the AWS increased significantly in September and November. (2) Water
diversion from Yangtze River to Taihu Basin and supplying to the downstream,
had strong effects on water stage increase of Taihu Lake. Finally,
recommendations based on the correlation between precipitation and water
stage was proposed to protect effective utilization of water resources from
the impacts of rapid urbanization.
Calibration of the hydrological model GR4J from potential evapotranspiration estimates by the Penman-Monteith and Oudin methods in the Ouémé watershed (West Africa)
Authors: Kodja Domiho Japhet , Akognongbé Arsène J. Sègla , Amoussou Ernest , Mahé Gil , Vissin E. Wilfrid , Paturel Jean-Emmanuel , Houndénou Constant
Published: September 2020

Abstract. The Ouémé watersheds at Bétérou and Bonou has been recently facing increased sensitivity to extreme hydroclimatic phenomena that occurred by flooding or drought events. In the same time, the population growth and the related
socio-economic activities increased the pressure state on water resources.
In this context, hydrological modeling is an important issue and this study
aims at analyzing the calibration of the hydrological model GR4J based on
PET Penman-Monteith and Oudin methods. Daily rainfall, Penman-Monteith and
Oudin evapotranspiration and daily data flow from the Bétérou and
Bonou hydrometric stations on the Ouémé Basin have been implemented
in the GR4J model over the period 1971 to 2010. Oudin PET values are
slightly higher than the Penman-Monteith PET ones. However, the difference
between the two PET methods have only few impacts on the optimization and
performance criteria of the GR4J model. The Nash values ranges from 0.83 to
0.91 in Bonou, and 0.52 to 0.70 in Bétérou for the calibration in
dry period, while in validation, they are 0.59 to 0.78 in Bétérou,
and 0.56 to 0.88 in Bonou in wet season. In view of these results, with the
two PET methods used which do not result from the same climatic variables,
it should be said that the formulation of PET has only few impacts on the
results of GR4J for these tropical basins.
Estimating extreme dry spell risk in Ichkeul Lake Basin (Northern Tunisia): a comparative analysis of annual maxima series with a Gumbel distribution
Authors: Mathlouthi Majid , Lebdi Fethi
Published: September 2020

Abstract. This paper analyses a 42 year time series of daily precipitation
in Ichkeul Lake Basin (northern Tunisia) in order to predict extreme
dry-spell risk. Dry events are considered as a sequence of dry days
separated by rainfall events from each other. Thus the rainy season is
defined as a series of rainfall and subsequent dry events. Rainfall events
are defined as the uninterrupted sequence of rainy days, when at last on one
day more than a threshold amount of rainfall has been observed. A comparison
of observed and estimated maximum dry events (42 year return period) showed
that Gumbel distribution fitted to annual maximum series gives better
results than the exponential (E) distribution combined with partial duration
series (PDS). Indeed, the classical Gumbel approach slightly underestimated
the empirical duration of dry events. The AMS–G approach was successfully
applied in the study of extreme hydro-climatic variable values. The results
reported here could be applied in estimating climatic drought risks in other
geographical areas.
Impacts of dam construction on river channel evolution: a case of Minjiang River in Southeastern China
Authors: Yao Ying , Cui Wei , Wang Wen , Ma Fu-Min , Chen Ben-Yue
Published: September 2020

Abstract. The Minjiang River is the largest river in Fujian
Province. In 1993, the Shuikou Reservoir, which has an effective storage
capacity of 700 million m3, was built at about 161 km above the
estuary. The completion of the Shuikou Dam trapped most of the upstream
sediment in the reservoir area, resulting in a drastic decrease in sediment
in the lower reaches of the Minjiang River. The average annual sand load at
the Zhuqi Station (about 45 km below the dam) was reduced about 2∕3 after
the construction of the reservoir, from 7.42 to 2.55 million t by average, resulting in severe river bed downward cutting. At the same
time, the demand for the sand in Minjiang River channel is increasing year
by year. The amount of mined river sand is greater than the incoming
sediment deposited in the river, which intensified the downcutting of the
river bed. The downcutting leads to a continuous upward movement of the tide
limit in the river channel especially in the low-flow season. Meanwhile,
river embankments and river-related structures are damaged, and the
navigation capacity of the Minjiang River is reduced. At present, the river
bed of the lower Minjiang River is not yet stable, and the river regime is
in a state of constant adjustment.
A new approach to aquatic ecosystem monitoring of the Ob river
Authors: Tskhai Aleksandr Andreevich , Puzanov Aleksandr Vasilievich , Kovalevskaya Nelley Mikhailovna , Kirillov Vladimir Viktorovich
Published: September 2020

Abstract. An integrated approach to aquatic ecosystem monitoring is
being developed for the Ob river. The novelty of the approach is in
transition to high-performance computing (HPC) under processing of remote
sensing data and modeling of aquatic ecosystem degradation. Classes of
optically complex surface waters of the Gulf of the Kara Sea – the Ob Bay
are studied on the basis of the fuzzy cluster analysis of water objects
emission. A ten-year dynamics of concentrations of optically active
substances was estimated using the neural network simulation. The
application of the structural-dynamic model allowed explaining the long-term
trend in the development of the ecosystem of the Novosibirsk reservoir, the
largest one in the Ob river basin.
Stress testing as complement to climate scenarios: recharge scenarios to quantify streamflow drought sensitivity
Authors: Stoelzle Michael , Staudinger Maria , Stahl Kerstin , Weiler Markus
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Precipitation deficits and temperature anomalies are
often the main cause for low flows and summer streamflow droughts. However,
where groundwater is the main contribution to sustain water availability and
ecological integrity during dry spells, the role of recharge and catchment
storage is crucial to understand streamflow drought sensitivity. Here we
introduce recharge stress tests as complement to climate scenarios to
characterize and quantify the streamflow drought sensitivities of
catchments. The stress tests are presented by applying them to six headwater
catchments in Switzerland with various catchment and streamflow
characteristics. The stress tests drive the bucket-type hydrological model
HBV in a framework, in which pre-drought recharge conditions can be
decreased to test how catchments respond to and recover from drought. We
identified an upper limit of stress test durations around 12 months as
indicator of maximum recharge- and storage-memory for the study catchments.
Varying response on stress testing across the catchments suggests different
storage properties and thus different recovery times from drought. From the
stress test simulations, we found up to 200 d longer summer streamflow
droughts with additional streamflow deficits which account for up to 40 d
of median flow. Using a worst-case pre-drought recharge in stress test
simulation leads to minimum flow reductions of 50 %–80 % compared with the
reference simulation. Based on the results we conclude with recommendations
for further stress test research in drought hydrology.
Augmented Reality as an ontological tool to access televised audiovisual information: Value for the journalist and for the viewer
Authors: Caldera-Serrano Jorge , León-Moreno José-Antonio
Published: September 2020

A theoretical development is presented of the access to audiovisual content for both journalists and viewers through the Web.  This access is possible through virtual platforms using an ontological tool that displays the content through Augmented Reality in such a way that the relationships between and accesses to different ontological levels are carried out using visual elements, determining their value prior to download.  Ontological relationships are established between traditional elements indexed in the audiovisual departments of television channels: persons, topics, and places, as well as other elements deriving from them.  A brief description is given of the ontologies and their relationship with what is audiovisual, as well as experiences on television with Augmented Reality.  The originality of the paper lies in the absence of previously proposed or developed experiences by any of the mass media
Los 'delirios' y 'balas' de Rodrigo Cortés, aforismos del siglo XXI
Authors: García-Ferrón Eva
Published: September 2020

El aforismo es un género literario muy notable que, sin embargo, ha interesado poco a los estudiosos de la literatura. En los últimos años en el panorama literario español se observa un nuevo florecimiento del género. Entre los autores que han publicado aforismos en fechas recientes sobresale el cineasta y escritor Rodrigo Cortés. A las 3 son las 2 (2013) y Dormir es de patos (2015) son recopilaciones de lo que él denomina breverías, antiaforismos o balas, manifestaciones radicalmente contemporáneas de un género cultivado desde la antigüedad clásica. En el presente trabajo abordaremos el estudio de los textos de este autor, que guardan, dentro del laconismo propio del género, una rica materia literaria que combina la realidad inmediata, los asuntos atemporales y el humor.
PresentaciónDe caparazones y costras. El Estado y la conciencia como obstáculos en las obras tempranas de Unamuno y Ortega
Authors: Bautista Boned Luis
Published: September 2020

Indago en este artículo los motivos del primer fiasco de Ortega en su ímpetu reformista. Lo hago a través de dos textos que ejemplifican su proyecto juvenil: “Vieja y nueva política” y “Ensayo de estética a manera de prólogo”, de 1914. El primero se ocupa de la plasmación como Estado de la España vital. El segundo, de la revelación de la esencia del propio sujeto. En ambos casos hay un obstáculo difícilmente superable: la España oficial y la propia conciencia, definidas en términos similares. Analizo estos textos con ayuda de En torno al casticismo y Nuevo mundo, escritos en 1895 por Unamuno. Ambos autores exploran la posibilidad de revelar esa compleja esencia por medio del arte, en sintonía con la Teoría especulativa del arte (Schaeffer [1992]). Sin embargo, esta línea de pensamiento procura una revelación necesariamente precaria.
La educación de María de la Cruz: memoria, auto-censura e inspiración en la Vida de María de la Cruz
Authors: Martínez Calvo María Celeste
Published: September 2020

María de la Cruz (Machuca) (1563-1638) es una escritora prácticamente desconocida en el mundo hispánico; como religiosa carmelita descalza, tuvo que afrontar la quema de sus libros y continuar con su vocación literaria tras este duro episodio. En este artículo, analizaremos en la Vida de María de la Cruz, su obra autorreferencial, la importancia de la inusual educación de María de la Cruz, que le servirá para, mediante la aparentemente paradójica combinación de los mecanismos de memoria, auto-censura e inspiración, lograr que su segunda etapa literaria sobreviva a la censura de sus superiores.
Descripción de los usos fraseológicos en la 'Crónica troiana' gallega (c. 1373) a la luz de los testimonios peninsulares de materia troyana
Authors: Pla Colomer Francisco Pedro
Published: September 2020

La presente investigación tiene como finalidad el estudio de los tipos fraseológicos documentados en el testimonio gallego de la materia troyana emanada del Roman de Troie de Benoît de Saint–Maure: la Crónica troiana (c. 1373). A su vez, los resultados se pondrán en contraste con el fragmento del Libro de Alexandre, la Historia troyana polimétrica (c. 1270) y la traducción ordenada por Alfonso XI (c. 1350). Todo ello permitirá describir con mayor profundidad el estadio variacional de las unidades fraseológicas medievales del occidente peninsular propias de una de las ramas procedentes de las traducciones de la materia de Troya.
Una parte del repertorio musical de la corte de la Reina Isabel en el año 1496: Comentario sobre canciones, villancicos y romances en el 'Juego trobado' de Pinar que han sobrevivido en versiones musicales
Authors: Boase Roger
Published: September 2020

El propósito de este artículo es considerar lo que el Juego trobado de Pinar, un juego de cartas completado en 1496, puede enseñarnos sobre el repertorio musical de la corte de la reina Isabel de Castilla y el papel que desempeñaban las mujeres como oyentes y artistas. Después de explicar lo que se sabe sobre este juego, incluida la fecha en que se completó, las circunstancias de su composición y el método por el cual se puede identificar a cada participante, ofrezco un comentario sobre esas canciones, villancicos y romances, aproximadamente un tercio de los citados, que han sobrevivido en versiones musicales en el Cancionero musical de Palacio y el Cancionero musical de la Colombina, basándome en información recientemente publicada en mi libro, Secrets of Pinar’s Game: Court Ladies and Courtly Verse in Late Medieval Spain (Leiden: Brill, 2017).