bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Untrue Confessions
Authors: Bornstein Brian H. , Neuschatz Jeffrey S.
Published: October 2019

Münsterberg frames this chapter by discussing a notorious Chicago case where he received considerable criticism for arguing that the defendant—who was subsequently convicted and executed—had confessed falsely. He presents a number of reasons why suspects might confess to crimes they did not commit, such as instrumental efforts to obtain promised rewards or avoid punishment, or genuinely coming to believe that one did indeed commit the crime. It is yet another example of Münsterberg’s prescience in including this topic, as there is a growing awareness of the false confession phenomenon in both the psychological and legal communities. The last decade or so has seen an explosion of research and policy statements that examine the factors embedded in American criminal procedure, especially interrogation techniques, that may lead innocent people to implicate themselves in crimes they did not commit.
Hypnosis and Crime
Authors: Bornstein Brian H. , Neuschatz Jeffrey S.
Published: October 2019

Münsterberg acknowledges the relationship between hypnosis and suggestibility and addresses popular misconceptions about hypnosis, individual differences in hypnotizability, and the relationship between hypnotism and crime. In the contemporary literature, there is little dispute that hypnosis is a useful mnemonic technique in some respects, but that it also has the potential to increase memory errors, primarily due to suggestibility. Consequently, although case law on the admissibility of hypnotically refreshed testimony varies across jurisdictions, courts are generally skeptical when it comes to allowing witnesses to testify about events that they remembered with the aid of hypnosis. Nonetheless, the public has misconceptions about the practice and effectiveness of hypnosis. This chapter briefly summarizes the law on hypnotically refreshed testimony; addresses the pros and cons of using hypnosis as a memory improvement device in forensic contexts; and discusses popular beliefs about hypnosis and such beliefs’ implications for trial outcomes.
The Prevention of Crime
Authors: Bornstein Brian H. , Neuschatz Jeffrey S.
Published: October 2019

In his final chapter, Münsterberg moves from the psychological questions of earlier chapters to the questions of how to prevent crime and whether criminals are “born” or “made.” The psychology of crime, with its implications for prevention, treatment, and punishment, is a large question that continues to be of interest to psychologists, sociologists, criminologists, and policymakers. This chapter focuses on the two main issues that Münsterberg raises: the “nature-versus-nurture” question regarding criminality and the related question of criminal responsibility. Research shows that criminal behavior, especially for crimes involving violence, has significant biological as well as environmental components. Both biological and environmental factors have implications for criminal responsibility—if one commits a crime because his brain or history of conditioning predisposed him to it, should he be held accountable for it? This chapter discusses questions related to criminal responsibility in the context of the relevant legal standards and psychological research.
To Make a Rainbow
Authors: Goodman Lenn E.
Published: October 2019

Turning to thoughts of God’s activity in nature, in Chapter 4 we take emergence as the broadest expression of God’s work (and play!) in the cosmos. Biological evolution and the rise of consciousness are striking instances. The worldly ambience of the Book of Esther, where God, notoriously, remains offstage, affords precious insights as to the interplay of divine and human agency. Across the warp of history we weave the weft. Freedom is the watchword of God’s covenant. We did not create ourselves, but we do, in some measure, chart our own course. Understanding how God might work through nature, not against it, is critical to adult religiosity. We cannot confine divine action to the neverland of sacred history or let superstition displace personal piety and responsibility. The capricious gods are vanished. We cannot restore them to the domain from which natural science and its ancient, often unacknowledged ally, natural theology, have banished them.
“As Far as Human Prudence Could Insure”
Authors: Schwartz David S.
Published: October 2019

Despite ample opportunity, Chief Justice Marshall did not build on McCulloch v. Maryland to engage in nation-building through his constitutional decisions. In Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), Marshall construed the term “commerce” to include navigation, and struck down a state monopoly over steamboat travel. Gibbons is widely understood as an expansive interpretation of the Commerce Clause that joins McCulloch in establishing the constitutional foundations of broad federal legislative powers. Yet Gibbons made no mention of McCulloch and marked a significant retreat from McCulloch’s conception of implied powers. Indeed, from McCulloch’s issuance in 1819 to the end of Marshall’s life in 1835, the Marshall Court never cited McCulloch’s discussions of constitutional interpretation, nationalist constitutional theory, or implied powers. Marshall’s studied refusal to endorse implied commerce powers is best explained as resulting from his desire to keep the Court out of the two incendiary issues of constitutional politics: internal improvements and slavery.
“The Government of All”
Authors: Schwartz David S.
Published: October 2019

After being buried by the late Marshall and Taney Courts, McCulloch v. Maryland experienced the beginnings of a revival during Reconstruction. McCulloch’s principles of nationalism, implied powers, and the capable Constitution seemed to have triumphed in the Civil War, offering potentially useful guidance in reconstructing the divided nation. A McCulloch revival occurred in Congress, but not, curiously, in the Supreme Court. After initial success, Reconstruction’s great experiment in integrating black citizens into the constitutional order ended with the slowly unfolding tragedy of abandonment of black Americans to their fate at the hands of white supremacist governments in the southern states. The Court in the Civil Rights Cases (1883) contributed to this abandonment when it ignored McCulloch, just as it had done under the Marshall and Taney Courts, by refusing to acknowledge Congress’s implied powers to legislate for racial equality under the Fourteenth Amendment and the other Reconstruction Amendments.
“It Is a Constitution We Are Expounding”
Authors: Schwartz David S.
Published: October 2019

The thirty-odd years from the New Deal turnaround to the late 1960s represented a high-water mark for McCulloch v. Maryland. For the first time, the Supreme Court fully applied McCulloch to the Commerce Clause and the Reconstruction Amendments, and removed the concept of reserved state powers as a barrier to implied powers under these constitutional provisions. The post–New Deal Court recognized Congress’s authority to regulate virtually all aspects of the national economy and to legislate race relations and other issues of civil rights. Prior to 1941, the Court had limited McCulloch’s applicability to the Commerce Clause and the Fourteenth Amendment by subjecting the legislative powers of Congress to implied limitations arising out of the Tenth Amendment doctrine of reserved state powers. With the Tenth Amendment constraint removed, McCulloch for the first time was being applied to something like its full potential.
Extremism Rising
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Webber David , Koehler Daniel
Published: October 2019

In Chapter 1, the reader is introduced to the current context within which right-wing extremism in Europe occurs. The chapter begins with a discussion of the changing political and economic environments within Europe and the United States that have increased the appeal and expression of right-wing views over the past decade. Issues discussed include ramifications of globalization, refugee migration into Europe, populism, the electoral success of right-wing parties, and the history of national socialism in Germany. The actual extent of right-wing militancy is juxtaposed to the relatively modest concern expressed toward right-wing, relative to Islamic extremism. Finally, the reader is introduced to the specific conceptual approach taken by the authors in examining German right-wing extremism.
Entry into the Extreme Right
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Webber David , Koehler Daniel
Published: October 2019

Chapter 6 examines what motivated the interviewees to join extreme right-wing groups and organizations. Analyses revealed that the most common soon-to-be-extremist was someone who was socially frustrated, although there were no consistent culprits responsible for their distress. It turns out that individuals joined the extreme milieu because they viewed it as place where they could find significance and acceptance—where they could be seen as idealistic revolutionaries and belong to a group that gave them purpose. Analyses further revealed the social network component of radicalization, in that the vast majority of those interviewed were introduced to Far Right organizations through various social connections. Specific analysis is applied to understand how the social aspect of radicalization occurred and the role of the hate music scene in facilitating this process. Connections are drawn to previous work with both Far Right and other extremists that addressed those processes.
The Origin and Structure of Sovietology
Authors: Kontorovich Vladimir
Published: October 2019

American academic study of the Soviet economy was created to help parry the strategic challenge of the USSR and received lifetime government support for reasons of national security. The military sector of the economy was one of the most important topics that the sponsors of Sovietology expected it to address. To understand how the field dealt with this task, I describe its organization. The minuscule size of Sovietology meant that there were not enough specialists to cover the range of problems arising in the analysis of a modern economy. Some sub-fields were the sole preserve of a single researcher, resulting in lack of debate. Most of the debates that did occur were between American Sovietologists and outsiders of various kinds. These characteristics of the field reduced the reliability of findings and resulted in fragmentation, when mutually exclusive propositions were held at the same time.
Planning the Baby
Authors: Freidenfelds Lara
Published: October 2019

The American Revolution brought with it not just a visionary new form of government but also the radical new sensibility that individuals might reasonably strive to have control over their fate. Women began to imagine smaller families and to make explicit plans to limit the size of their families. This shift in intention came long before any meaningful innovations in contraceptive technology or knowledge. During the nineteenth century, couples used crude means—withdrawal, douching, abortion, and abstinence—to carry out their newfound intentions to become the masters of their reproductive destiny. In the twentieth century, modern birth control made fine-grained control of fertility more practical, and couples’ expectations and intentions ramped up accordingly. This new intention to control fertility, realized with ever-greater precision using sophisticated new modes of contraception, eventually resulted in an unrealistic expectation of near-perfect control of conception and pregnancy outcomes.
Uncertainty in Science
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas , McCain Kevin
Published: October 2019

Contrary to what lay people may expect, uncertainty is inherent in science. Scientists admit that and recognize the difficulties in dealing with uncertainties inherent in the respective procedures. These uncertainties are a cause for concern and a motivation to improve these procedures; however, they are often mistakenly considered by lay people to devalue the respective scientific findings and conclusions. Climate change denialists, anti-vaxxers, and anti-evolutionists make this mistake, whereas uncertainties that arise in genetic testing and forensic science are often completely disregarded. However, these are all solid scientific domains despite limitations due to inherent uncertainties. The respective uncertainties can be expressed in the form of probabilities, and everyone needs to understand what these entail. However, it seems that people often misunderstand probabilities because of the way they are presented.
In Science We Trust—Or Don’t We?
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas , McCain Kevin
Published: October 2019

Scientists are experts in their respective domains because they have the knowledge, credentials, experience, and affirmation of their peers. They are, therefore, the experts when it comes to scientific matters. But individual scientists cannot know everything. Consequently, what matters is not the views of individual scientists but the collective and consensus view of the scientific community. However, the public is divided on the issue of whether to trust science and scientists. Polls in the United States show that scientists are relatively highly respected compared to other professionals, but, at the same time, about half of the people only have some trust in scientists. Worse than that, political orientation rather than science knowledge seems to have a major impact on attitudes toward science. Finally, even though there is a consensus view among scientists on topics like climate change, the public perception is that scientists are divided on such issues.
Uncertainty in Scientific Explanations
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas , McCain Kevin
Published: October 2019

One of the chief aims of science is understanding. The primary way that we achieve understanding of natural phenomena is by constructing explanations of how and why the phenomena occur as they do. The explanations provided by science are inherently uncertain. Due to the complexity of the phenomena being explained and our limitations as humans, scientists rely on models when constructing explanations. By their vary nature, models are uncertain because they essentially involve idealizations (abstractions or distortions of the facts) for the purpose of simplification. Although scientists legitimately infer that the best explanation of a given phenomenon is true, this method of inference is always uncertain for at least two reasons. The first is simply that the data being explained are limited (i.e., there is always more data that could have been gathered). The second is that there are always alternative explanations that might later be discovered.
The Grammar of Criminal Law
Authors: Fletcher George P.
Published: October 2019

This book is an invitation to readers interested in the future of international cooperation to master the 12 basic dichotomies of international criminal law. The book foresees a growing interest in international order and cooperation following the current preoccupation, in Europe as well as the United States, with national self-interest. By emphasizing basic dichotomies, for example, acts vs. omissions and causation vs. background conditions, the book reinforces the jurisprudential foundations of international criminal law and also provides an easy way to master the details of the field.
Introduction
Authors: Mukherjee Anit
Published: October 2019

This chapter provides an overview of the central claims in the book. It begins by describing some recent vignettes in India’s civil–military relations, which convey the disquiet and its recurring crises. Next, it presents the main argument of this book—India’s pattern of civil–military relations has had an adverse impact on the variables associated with military effectiveness. The pattern, termed an “absent dialogue,” emerges from different factors but, in effect, results in creating strong silos between civilians and the military. Thereafter, the chapter explains why these conditions persist. It then highlights the relevance of this book. The penultimate section describes the sources and methodology, and the chapter concludes with an overview of the rest of the chapters in this book.
Conclusion
Authors: Mukherjee Anit
Published: October 2019

The concluding chapter revisits some of the main arguments in this book. It begins by examining the relevance of the absent dialogue framework in describing India's civil–military relations. It thereafter examines whether this framework is unique to India or if resonates with larger debates sorrouding democratic civilian control. Thereafter, relying on insights from India, it revisits the theoretical debates and the problems associated with democratic control and military effectiveness. In terms of theoretical implications, the chapter rejects the Huntingtonian notion of “objective control” and instead argues in favor of what Eliot Cohen calls the “unequal dialogue.” The penultimate section discusses avenues for further research, and the chapter concludes by discussing the prospects for change in India’s pattern of civil–military relations.
Chance in the World
Authors: Hoefer Carl
Published: October 2019

This book argues that objective chance, or probability, should not be understood as a metaphysical primitive, nor as a dispositional property of certain systems (“propensity”). Given that traditional accounts of objective probability in terms of frequencies are widely agreed to be also untenable, there is a clear need for a new account that can overcome the problems of older views. A Humean, reductive analysis of objective chance is offered, one partially based on the work of David Lewis, but diverging from Lewis’ approach in many respects. It is shown that “Humean objective chances” (HOCs) can fulfill the role that chances are supposed to play of being a guide to one’s subjective expectations. In a chapter coauthored by Roman Frigg, HOC is shown to make sense of physics’ uses of objective probabilities, both in statistical mechanics and quantum mechanics. And in the final chapter, the relationship between chance and causation is analyzed; it is argued that there is no direct connection between causation and objective chance, but that, instead, causation is related to subjective probability.
Political and Technological Changes That Created Jon Stewart and Bill O’Reilly
Authors: Young Dannagal Goldthwaite
Published: October 2019

This chapter describes the regulatory, political, and technological changes in the United States during the 1980s and 1990s that set the stage for the television satire and outrage programming of the early 2000s. It summarizes the story of the deregulation of the American media industry and argues that the resulting increased demand for profits from television news eroded the journalistic mission. It also explains the roots of political polarization in the United States, from social and cultural shifts to changes in the party nominating processes and to the increased role of soft (and dark) money in elections. The chapter chronicles the history of the cable television industry and how the proliferation of channels in the 1980s upended the economics of media, erasing the concept of the “mass audience” in favor of smaller niche audiences defined by psychographics and sociodemographics.
Outrage and Satire as Responses and Antidotes
Authors: Young Dannagal Goldthwaite
Published: October 2019

This chapter illustrates how conservative outrage programming and liberal satire were articulated as reactions to perceived problematic aspects of the political information environment in the 1990s. Both genres were fueled by the political polarization and media distrust that had exploded in the last third of the twentieth century. And both genres were made possible by new media technologies of the late 1990s. In the face of political polarization and a reduction of trust in journalism, conservative talk radio’s Rush Limbaugh and Fox News’s Roger Ailes created programming to deconstruct the ideological bias they perceived in mainstream news. Meanwhile, comedians worked to deconstruct the bias that they saw in the profit-driven news of that era; not an ideological bias but a bias in favor of strategy, spin, and partisan jargon.
Overdoing Democracy
Authors: Talisse Robert B.
Published: October 2019

Democracy is an extremely important social political good. Nonetheless, there is such a thing as having too much of a good thing. When we overdo democracy, we allow the categories, allegiances, and struggles of politics to overwhelm our social lives. This has the effect of undermining and crowding out many of the most important correlated social goods that democracy is meant to deliver. What’s more, in overdoing democracy, we spoil certain social goods that democracy needs in order to flourish. Thus overdoing democracy is democracy’s undoing. A thriving democracy needs citizens to reserve space in their shared social lives for collective activities and cooperative projects that are not structured by political allegiances; they must work together in social contexts where political affiliations and party loyalties are not merely suppressed, but utterly beside the point. Combining conceptual analyses of democratic legitimacy and responsible citizenship with empirical results regarding the political infiltration of social spaces and citizens’ vulnerabilities to polarization, this book provides a diagnosis of current democratic ills and a novel prescription for addressing them. Arguing that overdoing democracy is the result of certain tendencies internal to the democratic ideal itself, the book demonstrates that even in a democracy, politics must be put in its place.
Can Democracy Be Overdone?
Authors: Talisse Robert B.
Published: October 2019

This chapter lays out the central thesis of the book and clarifies it be means of contrasting it with nearby or distinct opposing theses. The central thesis is that it is possible to overdo democracy, and overdoing democracy is detrimental to democracy. By emphasizing politics as part of democracy, people “crowd out” or have less time for pursuing other goods whose achievement is part of the point of pursuing the good that is overdone. The chapter demonstrates that this thesis is fully consistent with a robust, participatory conception of democratic politics. To avoid overdoing democracy, the book suggests that people find other things to do together, things in which politics has no place. Putting politics in its place does not mean that people must stand back from democratic politics to give elites enough room to govern, which is the minimalist or elitist thesis.
The Place of Politics
Authors: Talisse Robert B.
Published: October 2019

This chapter concludes the book. It argues that no matter how thick a conception of democracy one favors, it must be acknowledged that democracy isn’t everything. This is because politics—and therefore democracy—is for something. The importance of getting politics right is partly due to the importance of the goods and aspirations that well-conducted politics serves. The point of democracy is to enable us to lead lives that involve the cultivation of valuable human relationships. But it is the essence of such relationships that the participants aim at goods beyond politics. Although our flourishing both individually and collectively surely requires social and political association, there are nonetheless components of human flourishing that cannot be won by politics alone.
Women of Color in Academia
Authors: Bermúdez Claudia M. , Camacho Rachel R.
Published: October 2019

This chapter addresses the intersecting roles of race and gender that impact the lives of women faculty of color. The authors explore the overt and covert acts of hostility that they experienced while co-teaching a graduate-level class and challenged the racism and sexism embodied by some of their students. White fragility speaks to a state in which some White people refuse to acknowledge the systemic nature of racism from which they benefit on a daily basis, instead redirecting attention toward their feelings of discomfort when confronted with their racist behaviors. Hegemonic masculinity speaks to the ways in which some men benefit from political, social, and economic systems that legitimize patriarchy and the subordination of women. These phenomena, rooted in colonialist and imperialist histories that transnational feminism works to destabilize, viscerally affect women of color in the academy.
Introduction
Authors: Valdini Melody E.
Published: October 2019

Chapter 1 provides a brief overview of the central theory of this book: women’s political representation depends in part on whether men in power see a benefit to associating their political party or government with women. It begins with a brief discussion of the existing literature on women’s representation to establish the foundations of what is already known about women’s path to political office. It then engages the literature on the rational incentives that drive political behavior and goes on to suggest that the self-interested motivations of gate-keepers should be considered in any analysis of women’s descriptive representation. Finally, it presents a synopsis of the following chapters of the book and briefly describes the theoretical contributions and empirical examinations presented to culminate in a new perspective on women’s descriptive representation.
The de Menils’s Reality
Authors: Dohoney Ryan
Published: October 2019

Chapter 2 continues with the theme of conversion and shifts to a discussion of Dominique de Menil’s aesthetico-religious development. The first section of the chapter focuses on de Menil’s conversion to Catholicism in the early 1930s and her immersion in the renouveau catholique. Mrs. de Menil’s adoption of ideals of the renouveau was mediated through the friendship and spiritual direction of Fr. Marie-Alain Couturier. He was a leader of L’Art Sacré, a group seeking to enroll the best modernist artist in the service of the church. Working from a discussion of his collection of essays Art et Catholicisme, the chapter argues that Couturier identifies a formal affective structure of intuitive revelation that is capable of translating aesthetic experience into religious experience through abstraction. The reproduction of this formal structure lies at the heart of de Menil’s patronage aesthetics.
Abstract Ecumenism
Authors: Dohoney Ryan
Published: October 2019

In Chapter 4, it is argued that Feldman’s involvement in the Rothko Chapel came about through two profound losses—the suicide of Mark Rothko and the collapse of de Menils’s relationship with the University of St. Thomas. These events produced a problem of representation for the Chapel, now dissociated from the Catholic Church. Dominique de Menil turned to Feldman to solve this problem with music equal to its ecumenical outlook. Feldman’s music premiered on April 9, 1972. Feldman and de Menil struggled over the structure of the event, with Feldman envisioning it as a “service” in his words that needed a few sermons (by poet Stanley Kunitz and critic Brian O’Doherty). Mrs. de Menil refused the inclusion of other speakers and put the onus of Feldman’s music to shape the affective atmosphere of the Chapel through the power of sound itself.
Introduction
Authors: Bratman Eve Z.
Published: October 2019

The introductory chapter highlights the significance of studying sustainable development, introducing it as a concept that significantly marks approaches to environmental protection, economic growth, and social well-being in the present day. It highlights the main arguments of the entire book, which is first that sustainable development should be thought of as an ongoing set of processes that involve embroilments, rather than a point of balanced stasis where a particular goal has been reached. Centrally, the central argument of this book is that with few exceptions, sustainable development ultimately serves to reproduce and reinforce existing inequalities and yields highly uneven social and environmental results. The socio-natures of Amazonian realities show how injections of capital and state influence produce disproportionately consolidates the power of capital and the state, even as they are contested by members of civil society. The chapter situates the research presented in the book in theoretical context, building upon notions of socio-nature from the field of geography, and drawing upon environmental governance literatures in anthropology and political science to lay the foundations for interrogating sustainable development in the Brazilian Amazon.
Capital in the Jungle
Authors: Bratman Eve Z.
Published: October 2019

Chapter 2 traces the ideational struggles over the Brazilian Amazon from the early explorations of the region by non-indigenous explorers into the 1980s. The chapter specifically highlights the important theoretical undercurrents of how seeing the tropics and the push for modernity in Amazonia became manifested through grandiose development projects and deeply symbolic exertions of state power. This chapter situates the Amazon region as a space fraught with the tension between ecological concerns and state economic planning priorities which often take uneven, incomplete, and erratic forms. These make lasting marks on the landscapes and societal structures in that region, and ultimately provide the ideational foundation for later sustainable development articulations.
Conclusion
Authors: Bratman Eve Z.
Published: October 2019

For many, the Xingu River basin continues to be a site where projections of big dreams for attaining wealth and opportunity simultaneously collide with cultural losses and landscape transformation. The conclusion of the book, Chapter 7, zooms back out to explore the sustainable development framework as it informs state–society relations and uneven manifestations in lived experiences of place. The conclusion also examines prospects for the transformative potential of sustainable development as a utopic vision and offers reflections on the possibilities for sustainable development discourse to become more deeply emancipatory through adopting a new metaphor, involving embroilment—as a means of better grasping the fundamental realities of the concept as it is practiced.
Repost or Die
Authors: Rowson Rose
Published: October 2019

This chapter is concerned with the analysis of contemporary, community-based practices surrounding the user-generated deity Safety Kitty on the image-sharing platform Instagram. Users engage with Safety Kitty both as an image and through the associated hashtag #safetykitty to protect themselves from the existential threat of supernatural chain images shared on the platform. This chapter first demonstrates that the use of “magic” as a rhetorical tool by programmers and advertisers to describe the various mysteriously obfuscating and wondrously enabling qualities of information technologies has fallen out of popular use in recent years. Attention is then shifted to magical thinking as manifest within lay users’ participation on the social web. Drawing from early sociological approaches to magic in conjunction with new media theory, this chapter proposes that the Instagram-based rituals associated with protection from supernatural threats is indicative of a collective understanding of the unknowability of the processes behind our personal devices.
Instant Karma and Internet Karma
Authors: McGuire Beverley
Published: October 2019

This chapter examines the representation and interpretation of karma in social media, focusing on karmic memes and morality. Internet memes depict karma as a strict retribution, often occurring instantaneously, and occasionally revel in the possibility of witnessing or controlling karma. Memes serve as ways of meting out retribution online; by creating, sharing, and reposting karmic memes, people can engage in moral critique without appearing overly judgmental. The chapter also examines the notion of “internet karma,” which enables people to uphold their conscience and appear to be morally upstanding online, even though they may not act on such principles in their real life. It analyzes online discussions that debate whether the “karma points” accrued by such status updates, tweets, and upvotes should be seen as purely fictitious and imaginary, or whether they have positive effects that could support and motivate ethical action.
Disciples of the New Digital Religions
Authors: Chitwood Ken
Published: October 2019

This contribution expands and explores the concept of “hyper-real religions” through the case of the Disciples of the New Dawn (DOTND). A pure parody internet religion, DOTND is subtle and sly with its snark but quite real in its religious import and impact. Based on digital ethnographic observation on social media sites such as Facebook and on blogs, this contribution adds to the conversation about hyper-real religions and “authentic fakes.” Drawing on the literature surrounding these terms and interviews with individuals who share their perspectives and opinions about DOTND, this chapter reconsiders what an authentic religion is in light of authority, authenticity, community, identity, and ritual. By doing this with an “ambiguous fake” religion such as DOTND, this chapter helps enlarge the understanding of what constitutes “religion” in light of digital parody and the ambiguity of the features of religion online.
Plurality Through Imagination
Authors: Laursen Christopher
Published: October 2019

Starting around 2009, online communities envisioned and began practicing “tulpamancy”—the ability to imagine a sentient being, or “tulpa,” into existence through heightened states of imagination. Originating in Tibetan Buddhist mysticism and contemporary paranormal lore, online users create tulpas, which they sense as a distinct personality within their minds and bodies, for companionship. Advocates of the practice emphasize healthful and positive aspects, and the plurality of identity that can exist in one body. They promote their practice as a way to overcome depression, loneliness, and other issues of mental well-being. Tulpa creation and plurality arrived precisely because avatars, anonymity, and, perhaps most crucially, inward-focused creativity and collaboration in online environments enabled radical, free-form identity experimentation. Tulpamancy shows how online communities act as participatory spaces in which supernatural or trans-human possibilities are evaluated and repurposed.
Integration-Led Capitalism in the EU
Authors: Kalinowski Thomas
Published: October 2019

The global role of the European Union and its position in the trilemma triangle differ substantially from the global–hegemonic approach pursued by US finance-led capitalism. This chapter first explores the historical choices that countries in Europe made after the collapse of the BWS and the internal, regional dynamics of an emerging integration-led euro capitalism. We show that the EU (and until 1992 the European Economic Community) developed a distinct regional solution for the challenges of globalization with the creation of the single market and the European Monetary Union. This growth model is based economically on a specific European complementary specialization production system and politically on a distinct form of euro-corporatism. This does not mean that national governments and national political economies have become irrelevant, but rather that there is a convergence towards a common EU position when it comes to global economic governance.
State-Led Capitalism in East Asia
Authors: Kalinowski Thomas
Published: October 2019

East Asia is the third world region that is crucial for an investigation of international economic conflicts and cooperation. The rise of East Asia as the ‘factory of the world’ since the 1970s is as important for the global political economy as US-led financial globalization and European integration. This chapter begins with an explanation of East Asia’s role in the trilemma triangle and then turns to an analysis of the historic genesis of the East Asian (developmental) state-led model of capitalism. We then investigate the economic origins of the East Asian success story and in particular the formation of large export-oriented business conglomerates. Finally, we look at the political foundation of the East Asian model, which can be described as an authoritarian corporatist model that is shaped by the alliance of state and business at the expense of labour.
Linear-Gaussian systems and signal processing
Authors: Little Max A.
Published: October 2019

Linear systems theory, based on the mathematics of vector spaces, is the backbone of all “classical” DSP and a large part of statistical machine learning. The basic idea -- that linear algebra applied to a signal can of substantial practical value -- has counterparts in many areas of science and technology. In other areas of science and engineering, linear algebra is often justified by the fact that it is often an excellent model for real-world systems. For example, in acoustics the theory of (linear) wave propagation emerges from the concept of linearization of small pressure disturbances about the equilibrium pressure in classical fluid dynamics. Similarly, the theory of electromagnetic waves is also linear. Except when a signal emerges from a justifiably linear system, in DSP and machine learning we do not have any particular correspondence to reality to back up the choice of linearity. However, the mathematics of vector spaces, particularly when applied to systems which are time-invariant and jointly Gaussian, is highly tractable, elegant and immensely useful.
Taking Utilitarianism Seriously
Authors: Woodard Christopher
Published: October 2019

Utilitarianism is in the ascendancy in many parts of public culture, but its stock among moral and political philosophers is low. Many philosophers believe that it is a dead end, since they believe that the objections to it are overwhelming. This book seeks to contribute to a renewal of philosophical interest in utilitarianism by arguing that the objections usually thought to defeat it do not do so. It presents a novel form of utilitarianism based on a novel account of normative reasons for action. It argues that utilitarians can explain much of the complexity of our ethical and political thought. For example, they can account for moral rights, justice, the importance of equality, the significance of legitimacy and democracy, and the nature of virtue. Adopting a more complex form of utilitarianism enables plausible replies to the most common objections. Utilitarianism need not be too demanding, nor countenance abhorrent actions. It does not ignore the separateness of persons, nor the distinctiveness of political issues. It can also give a philosophically attractive account of the characteristics of virtuous agents. It is capable of doing justice to much more of our ethical and political thought than its critics realize.
Scottish Theology
Authors: Fergusson David , Elliott Mark W.
Published: October 2019

The introduction outlines the strategy of the three-volume project with its attention to theological texts, themes, movements, and figures all situated in their historical context. The ways in which the project can be distinguished from earlier studies of Scottish theology are outlined. The idea of a single, discrete Scottish theological tradition analogous to Scottish philosophy is considered but rejected on account of the scope and diversity of the material. Finally, the current state of theology in Scotland is discussed in relation to recent changes in the religious, social, and academic landscape.
John Mair as Theologian
Authors: Slotemaker John T.
Published: October 2019

John Mair was a sixteenth-century Scottish theologian who taught at the Universities of Paris, Glasgow, and St Andrews. This chapter provides an overview of John Mair’s life and works as well as a brief analysis of his views on: the nature of theology, God, Christ, salvation, and ethics. Here one discovers that Mair’s theology is informed by, and in dialogue with, the long medieval tradition, and that in particular his understanding of the nature of theology, God, and Christ are largely developed in response to select fourteenth-century theologians as well as humanistic tendencies that flourished in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The chapter concludes with a discussion of his biblical commentaries and their role in Mair’s theology.
The Covenant Idea in Mid-Seventeenth-Century Scotland
Authors: Richard Guy M.
Published: October 2019

This chapter discusses the idea of the covenant in the middle of the seventeenth century in Scotland. It argues that this idea was distinctive within Scotland because of the unique historical context of the nation at the time. The ancient Scottish tradition of making alliances to defend oneself, the legacy of John Knox, and the mainstream of Reformation thinking in regard to federal theology all ensured that the covenant concept would give men like Samuel Rutherford, David Dickson, James Durham, and Patrick Gillespie a way to impress the truths of the Reformation as powerfully as possible upon the hearts and minds of the Scottish people. And, by doing so, it enabled them to work as effectively as possible to complete the Reformation in their home country.
The Reformed Scholasticism of James Dundas
Authors: Broadie Alexander
Published: October 2019

This chapter discusses the characteristics of scholastic thought and argues that Reformed orthodox thinkers of the seventeenth century wrote within the framework of scholastic philosophy and theology. In illustration of this genre in its Scottish manifestation, the concept of Reformed orthodox scholasticism is expounded here by means of a discussion of concepts such as those of moral action, the Fall, free will, and suicide, present in a recently discovered Scottish monograph, a manuscript entitled Idea philosophiae moralis (1679) by James Dundas, the first Lord Arniston. While Dundas attends closely to philosophers, such as Hobbes and Descartes, not generally regarded as scholastic thinkers, the scholasticism of Dundas’ philosophy is on display throughout the manuscript.
The Aberdeen Doctors and Henry Scougal
Authors: Denlinger Aaron Clay
Published: October 2019

The Aberdeen Doctors and Henry Scougal remain the most recognized theologians of the first and second Episcopalian periods respectively in Aberdeen. This chapter examines the theologies of both the Doctors and Scougal. The Doctors’ theology is considered under the headings of their irenicism, their soteriology and sacramentology, and their approach to Scripture and tradition. Various aspects of Scougal’s theology emerging from his published works, The Life of God in the Soul of Man and an assortment of sermons, are highlighted. The doctrine of the Aberdeen Doctors is shown to lie within the boundaries of Reformed orthodoxy of their day, while Scougal’s theology is judged to be broadly Reformed but to comprise an incipient religious mysticism that would blossom in Aberdeen at the turn of the century.
Early Modern Jurisprudence and Theology
Authors: Green Thomas M.
Published: October 2019

This chapter argues that the subject of theology and jurisprudence in Scotland falls into two distinct and often independent histories, the first concerning the reception of Canon law in Scotland prior to the Reformation in respect of both ecclesiastical and civil law, the second concerning the reception of the ‘law of God’ into ecclesiastical and criminal law during the era of the Reformation. The continued authority of Canon law in Protestant Scotland is considered alongside the development of the Church of Scotland’s disciplinary jurisdiction and the criminalization of sin. Areas in which these two distinct histories intersected in respect of marriage law and the law of incest are considered. The interaction of theology and jurisprudence among the writings of Scotland’s earliest legal writers and earliest institutional writers is also considered, including the influence of Calvinism on criminal law, and of scholastic moral theology on Scots private law.
The Significance of the Westminster Confession
Authors: Macleod Donald
Published: October 2019

This chapter discusses the relation between the Westminster Confession and Scripture, between the Confession and earlier Scottish Reformed theology, and between the Confession and the wider theological tradition of Western Christianity. It addresses the question whether obligatory subscription of the Confession inhibited the development of Scottish theology, identifies significant issues which the Confession left as open questions, and briefly examines the relevance of the Confession in notable heresy trials. It concludes by taking note of growing disquiet with the Confession, especially its doctrine of the power of the civil magistrate; the reluctance, nevertheless, to amend the text; and the ultimate resort to disclaimers, culminating in the historic Declaratory Acts passed by the major Presbyterian bodies.
Early Enlightenment Shifts
Authors: Maurer Christian
Published: October 2019

This chapter focuses on the tensions concerning doctrinal matters between several Committees for Purity of Doctrine of the Church of Scotland and the three Divinity professors John Simson (1667–1740), Archibald Campbell (1691–1756), and William Leechman (1706–85). It analyses how the themes of innovation, toleration, and rational debate marked theological debates in the early stages of the Scottish Enlightenment. The cases of Simson, Campbell, and Leechman exemplify how in a relatively short time span, the General Assembly and the Kirk started dealing with doctrinal debates concerning orthodoxy and heresy in a more moderate manner, and how the status of the Confession of Faith was subject to discussion, even if there were no proper debates on subscription in eighteenth-century Scotland.
Philosophy and Theology in the Mid-Eighteenth Century
Authors: Ahnert Thomas
Published: October 2019

Near the end of his Enquiry concerning Human Understanding David Hume declared that the ‘best and most solid foundation’ of divinity and theology was ‘faith and divine revelation’. Many other passages can be found where Hume uses similar fideist arguments to criticize the application of philosophical reason to religious questions. The question addressed in this chapter is how Hume’s criticism of the use of philosophy in religious and theological argument compares to the beliefs of his contemporaries on the same subject. In particular, it examines his intellectual relationship with the two main groups within the mid-eighteenth-century Presbyterian Kirk, the ‘Orthodox’ and the ‘Moderates’. Claiming that the fideist language used by Hume was not as similar to the position of orthodox Presbyterians as has sometimes been suggested, the chapter also argues that Hume’s sceptical, fideist arguments about philosophy and religion were closer to the beliefs of these Moderates, including Hutcheson, Leechman, Robertson, and Blair, than has often been realized. Nevertheless, they and Hume differed significantly in their explanations for the emergence of religious belief in human societies.
Reformed Theology in Gaelic Women’s Poetry and Song
Authors: Hill Anne Macleod
Published: October 2019

Gaelic women’s poetry and song track the reception of Reformed theology in Gaelic communities both geographically and diachronically. They also allow insights into the spiritual, ethical, and societal concerns of those whose voices are otherwise unheard. Whether ostensibly secular or explicitly spiritual, Gaelic women’s songs carry a record of the religious, cultural, and domestic life of Highland Scotland in many individual voices. The earliest Gaelic evangelical songs belonged to the oral tradition, and were specifically directed towards making biblical teaching and Reformed doctrine accessible within non-literate Gaelic-speaking communities. Women’s spiritual songs quickly became a forum for personal and communal religious expression, public exhortation, and discussions on faith and doctrine. They show women, both literate and non-literate, acting as spiritual mentors, actively engaging in biblical exegesis, relating scriptural teaching to contemporary issues, and demanding that Christian ethics be applied in both personal and public life.