bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stochastic ice stream dynamics
Authors: Mantelli Elisa , Bertagni Matteo Bernard , Ridolfi Luca
Published: July 2016

Significance

Ice streams form the backbone of the flow field of ice sheets. They are known to exhibit a complex spatiotemporal dynamics, which is largely not well understood. Understanding the controls on such dynamics is crucial to sea level change projections as well as to the interpretation of paleorecords. Our contribution unravels the impact of climate variability on the temporal dynamics of ice streams. In particular, we show that minimal, and at the same time realistic, random fluctuations due to climate variability are capable of producing unprecedented behaviors in ice stream dynamics. These results may open a new perspective on the past and future behavior of ice sheets.
Reduced nighttime transpiration is a relevant breeding target for high water-use efficiency in grapevine
Authors: Coupel-Ledru Aude , Lebon Eric , Christophe Angélique , Gallo Agustina , Gago Pilar , Pantin Florent , Doligez Agnès , Simonneau Thierry
Published: July 2016

Significance

Breeding crops with more biomass produced per drop of water transpired is a key challenge in the context of climate change. However, the tight coupling between transpiration and carbon assimilation during the day makes it challenging to decrease water loss without altering photosynthesis and reducing crop yield. We tested whether reducing transpiration at night when photosynthesis is inactive could substantially reduce water loss without altering growth—a hypothesis that, to our knowledge, has never been genetically addressed in any species. By studying a whole progeny in grapevine, a major crop for drought-prone areas, we identified genomic regions where selection could be operated to reduce transpiration at night and maintain growth. This opens new horizons for breeding crops with higher water-use efficiency.
Caring for a Living
Authors: Degiuli Francesca
Published: July 2016

The world of today is aging and is doing so at a great speed. People are living longer and this represents one of the greatest achievements of the past century, but often an extension of life expectancy does not correspond with an extension of healthy lives. Aging populations, particularly those with a high percentage of oldest old, are often burdened with chronic conditions that require extended long-term care. Who is going to provide this care and in what forms are key problems that will soon affect a growing number of postindustrial and mid-income countries. This book explores the organization of long-term care in Italy, a country already in the midst of an eldercare crisis. There the answer to this problem has taken the shape of home eldercare assistance, an arrangement whereby long-term care services are bought in the market in the form of private and individualized assistance by families sometimes with economic support provided by the state. The providers of these services, commonly known as badanti (minders), are, for the most part, immigrant women, less often men, coming from different areas of the world. Caring for a Living analyzes the global, regional, and local processes that participated in the development of this new organization of care, paying close attention to the role that the state, Italian families, and the workers themselves play in shaping and in defining it.
Modelling the effect of demographic traits and connectivity on the genetic structuration of marine metapopulations of sedentary benthic invertebrates
Authors: Padrón Mariana , Guizien Katell
Published: July 2016

Accounting for connectivity is essential in marine spatial planning and the proper design and management of marine protected areas, given that their effectiveness depends on the patterns of dispersal and colonization between protected and non-protected areas. The genetic structure of populations is commonly used to infer connectivity among distant populations. Here, we explore how population genetic structure is affected by pre- and settlement limitations with a spatially explicit coupled metapopulation-gene flow model that simulates the effect of demographic fluctuations on the allele frequencies of a set of populations. We show that in closed populations, regardless of population growth rate, the maintenance of genetic diversity at saturating initial population density increases with species life expectancy as a result of density-dependent recruitment control. Correlatively, at low initial population density, the time at which a population begins to lose its genetic diversity is driven larval and post-settlement mortality (comprised in the recruitment success parameter)—the larger the recruitment success, the stronger the genetic drift. Different spatial structures of connectivity established for soft bottom benthic invertebrates in the Gulf of Lions (NW Mediterranean, France) lead to very different results in the spatial patterns of genetic structuration of the metapopulation, with high genetic drift in sites where the local retention rate was larger than 2%. The effect of recruitment failure and the loss of key source populations on heterozygosity confirm that transient demographic fluctuations help maintain genetic diversity in a metapopulation. This study highlights the role of intraspecific settlement limitations due to lack of space when the effective number of breeders approaches saturating capacity, causing a strong reduction in effective reproduction. The present model allows to: (i) disentangle the relative contribution of local demography and environmental connectivity in shaping seascape genetics, and (ii) perform in silico evaluations of different scenarios for marine spatial planning.
The Christian Countercult Movement
Authors: Cowan Douglas E.
Published: July 2016

This chapter discusses the Christian countercult movement, which, along with the secular anticult, is one of two major oppositional forces to the emergence of new religious movements in modern society. Following a few concrete examples, it considers the Christian countercult in terms of (a) its fundamental differences from the secular anticult; (b) the constituencies of the Christian countercult; and (c) the sociological importance of the countercult movement as a mechanism for reality-maintenance among conservative Christians. While Roman Catholicism has seen minor countercult activity, this is primarily a conservative Protestant movement. The secular anticult has gained considerably more media coverage since the so-called “cult wars” of the 1970s, but the Christian countercult predates it by nearly a century and continues to influence far more people in their view of new religious movements.
Legal Dimensions of New Religions
Authors: Richardson James T.
Published: July 2016

Of the various dimensions of the “cult” controversy, the legal arena is the most significant in terms of its direct impact on the organizational functioning of NRMs. This chapter provides a concise yet comprehensive overview of NRM-related legal developments in the U.S. and a survey of efforts to control new religions around the world. These developments are also analyzed in terms of the sociology of law, and points out that an important factor fueling anti-NRM sentiment in at least some countries derives from antagonism to American cultural influence.
Cult Journalism
Authors: Ruskell Nicoles S. , Lewis James R.
Published: July 2016

This chapter opens with an examination of the journalism issues surrounding the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) assault on the Branch Davidian community outside of Waco, Texas, in 1993. The discussion of news media coverage of New Religions then moves on to James A. Beckford’s analysis of such journalistic treatments, and examines several studies that place NRM journalism in a diachronic perspective. This will be followed by a short discussion of the relationship between New Religion journalism and fictional treatments of alternative religions. Finally, we examine the news media’s role in the moral panic about NRMs in the latter half of the twentieth century.
Children in New Religions
Authors: Nilsson Sanja
Published: July 2016

As an introduction, this article presents an overview of the history of childhood. It goes on to point out a selection of topics significant to the discourse on children growing up in contemporary new religious movements such as: parenting styles and abuse, education and religious freedom, and legal matters and state interventions, through examples from the research field. The discussion highlights the polemic between perspectives in the secondary construction of childhood within new religions and concludes that although the study of new religions has turned from first generation converts to second generation children, research based on the notion of children as active agents is still much needed.
Rituals and Ritualization in New Religions Movements
Authors: Rothstein Mikael
Published: July 2016

New religions are religions. The fact that they are new is important, but it does not change the fact that they are religions. Similarly, rituals in new religions are rituals with the same functions and basic structures as those found in traditional religious settings. However, during the formative period of any given religion, the religious emphasis will be of a special kind. Members of new religions typically consider themselves an elite, they believe that they live in special times, they await great transformations, sometimes their teachings is clouded in esoteric structures, and they position themselves in a more or less outspoken opposition to the prevailing societal and religious order. These traits are all identifyable in the new religions’ ritual lives. Introducing several examples this chapter illustrates some of the more important aspects of these mechanisms.
Religious Experiences in New Religious Movements
Authors: Hammer Olav
Published: July 2016

Among the basic elements found in older and more recent religions alike are striking experiences such as visions, out-of-body experiences, and mystical union. On the one hand, such experiences as psychological phenomena. On the other, they are also social facts; something as intangible as a personal experience is somehow transformed into the bedrock of a religious movement. The present chapter argues that the “religious” element of an experience is an effect of the way these experiences are categorized and interpreted. Quite a few people have had striking experiences, far fewer insist that their experiences have any validity for others, and fewer yet manage to convince other people of the supernatural origin and of these experiences and derive authority from them. A new religious movement will derive legitimacy from such experiences if they are presented in a narrative that frames them as “religious,” and if others are willing to accept this narrative.
The New Age
Authors: Frisk Liselotte , Gilhus Ingvild Sælid , Kraft Siv Ellen
Published: July 2016

This chapter provides an overview of the research field of New Age. After presenting a brief research history, the second part of the chapter discusses undeveloped areas and contested issues in need of future research. Five areas are singled out for scrutiny: 1) the concept of New Age and a general model of religion; 2) the delimitation of New Age and how it relates to religious processes, secularization and functional differentiation in contemporary societies; 3) the global and the local, especially the historical and contemporary processes of cultural and religious embedding and translation of New Age concepts and practices; 4) mediation, especially how media-dynamics are crucial to the overall shape and characteristics of New Age; 5) the need to analyze social and organizational forms.
Anglican Spirituality
Authors: Loades Anne
Published: July 2016

By virtue of its historical origins as well as its commitment to fundamental doctrines such as the Trinity, and the transformation of perspective as a result of ecumenism and the continuation of the Anglican Communion worldwide, Anglicans draw on an extraordinary range of resources both old and new. Reflection on scripture, saints both pre- and post-Reformation, and the willingness of present-day Christians to lay bare their own engagement with God result in a rich and demanding range of possibilities. The impact of liturgical reforms and revisions post Vatican II have resulting in the reordering of places and spaces for worship, increased sensitivity to ‘sacramentalism’ very broadly construed, attention to the arts in all their complexity, and in some cases in serious re-engagement with political and social life.
‘Home Away From Home’
Authors: Pickard Stephen
Published: July 2016

The character and identity of the Anglican Church in Australasia arises by virtue of its establishment as a colonial church over 20,000 kilometres from England. This chapter first offers a brief overview of some of the founding impulses of colonial Anglicanism and their trajectories into contemporary Anglicanism in Australasia. Given the availability recent historical introductions to Anglicanism in the region, the chapter focuses on those particular aspects of the development of Anglicanism that serve the more theological intent of the second part of the chapter. In this second section the theme of place as a formative factor in ecclesiology is examined. The chapter provides a basis for further exploration of a contextual ecclesiology for Anglicanism from a southern hemisphere perspective. It highlights the importance of a sense of place as a powerful though often unrecognized shaper of the identity and mission of the Church of Jesus Christ.
The Geography of Anglicanism
Authors: O'Connor Dan
Published: July 2016

Imperialism and colonialism have been key determinants for the geography of Anglicanism. This is evident in developments within the British Isles, in North America and North American expansion, in India, and in nineteenth- and twentieth-century British expansion worldwide. In much of this, the mission agencies, in particular SPCK, SPG, CMS, and UMCA, have played an important role. Characteristic impacts included settlement, slavery and indentured labour, displacement and segregation. The civility/barbarity dichotomy made for a persisting fault-line, reinforced by racism. Anglican developments, including the Lambeth Conferences, shaped and were shaped by globalization.
Doctrine
Authors: Nesbitt Paula D.
Published: July 2016

This chapter explores, from a sociological perspective, the emergent conflicts involving different understandings of doctrine and authority across the Anglican Communion, varying by culture and social context. It argues that, as these conflicts have intensified, so have pressures to achieve doctrinal clarity as a means to resolve them. As an outcome of the 1988 and 1998 Lambeth Conferences of Bishops two concurrent streams have emerged: (1) increasing doctrinal developments and a formalization of organizational authority, and (2) the call for a listening process and the introduction of indaba into the 2008 Lambeth Conference and beyond. Both streams have been argued as a means of preserving unity and of maintaining a coherent Anglican identity. Yet each suggests a differing direction with significant implications for the Anglican Communion’s future.
An Untidy Generosity
Authors: Ipgrave Michael , Amos Clare
Published: July 2016

This chapter explores the structural untidiness of Anglican interfaith relations, especially with Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, which are variously located alongside mission, ecumenical, or social responsibility work in national church or diocesan offices. However, such structural untidiness reflects the richness of interfaith engagement within the Anglican Communion and its creative interaction with and important contribution to these three fields of work. Within the framework provided by engagement with mission,, and social responsibility the chapter offers a historical survey, from the late eighteenth century to the present day, of key figures and trends in Anglican work among people of other faiths. It draws attention to the influential report produced by the Network for Inter Faith Concerns of the Anglican Communion (NIFCON), Generous Love the Truth of the Gospel and the Call to Dialogue (2008), and the motif of theological generosity which has marked out Anglican work in this field.
Anglican Interpretations of Scripture
Authors: Grieb Kathy
Published: July 2016

This chapter considers the future of Anglicanism especially in the light of the interpretation of Scripture. It considers a recent instance of impasse and suggests a possible way forward. It goes on to discuss the contemporary issues concerning Anglican interpretations of scripture by looking at treatment of sexuality and violence. It considers hermeneutical differences among societies. The second half of the chapter questions whether the approach of scriptural reasoning that has been modelled by Jewish, Christian, and Muslim scholars, in which Anglicans have played a prominent part, could assist different religions and different cultural contexts in hearing one another and learning to reason about the Bible together.
Introduction
Authors: Chapman Mark , Clarke Sathianathan , Percy Martyn
Published: July 2016

The Anglican Communion is the third largest Christian denomination and claims a membership of some 80 million members in about 164 countries. Given that there are only around two hundred countries in the world, this makes the churches of the Anglican Communion the most geographically widespread denomination after Roman Catholicism. The Introduction provides an outline of the structure of the volume. The chapters embrace a wide range of academic disciplines: some are theological; some are historical; some discuss demography and geography; and still others different aspects of culture and ethics. What unites them is that they all address what is effectively a new inter-disciplinary subject which we have termed ‘Anglican Studies’.
Criminal Minds
Authors: Garton Stephen
Published: July 2016

This article explores the impact of psychiatric theories and practices in the administration of criminal justice systems, largely in the Anglophone West. It focuses on the increasing use of psychiatric testimony in criminal trials, the struggle by doctors to expand the utility of this testimony beyond the strictures imposed by the M’Naghten Rules governing the insanity defense, and the increasing resort to psychiatric assessments at both the pretrial and posttrial stages to stream those deemed patients out of the prison system. By the interwar years psychiatric assessments and treatments were also being used extensively in prisons in some jurisdictions to govern decisions about parole and release. By the 1960s, however, a backlash against psychiatry and a loss of faith in rehabilitative strategies had curtailed its impact, although it remains an important element within most Western criminal justice systems.
Continuity and Change
Authors: Kowalsky Sharon A.
Published: July 2016

The Bolshevik takeover of Russia in 1917 initiated a major transformation of the position of women in Russian society as a result of its stress on universal contribution to economic production. As expectations for women shifted, anxieties about the nature of society and relationships increased. Soviet criminologists addressed these anxieties and helped to reinforce women’s traditional position in Soviet society by emphasizing the backwardness of women and the influence of female physiology on their criminal activity. This chapter traces the ways that Russian and Soviet criminologists adapted European ideas and created new criminological institutions to suit the political, ideological, and environmental conditions in Russia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It then explores how those ideas were applied to explain female criminal deviance, arguing that criminologists remained committed to physiological explanations of female offending even as they embraced sociological interpretations of crime.
The Role of Popular Justice in U.S. History
Authors: Dale Elizabeth
Published: July 2016

This essay argues that popular justice must be understood as an integral (and disturbing) part of the legal and constitutional history of the United States. To explore that idea, this essay examines popular justice as a process that occurs whenever people take the law into their own hands. Viewing popular justice as a process of judging and punishing tells us several key things about the concept. First, it suggests that while popular justice may be violent, it need not be; gossip may punish as effectively as tarring and feathering. Second, it implies that popular justice need not always be carried out by a collective; individuals can take the law into their own hands in defense of person or property, or to protest perceived injustice. Third, it reminds us that there is a constitutional aspect to popular justice: it is “popular” because it is carried out by non-state actors.
Geography of Crime
Authors: Denys Catherine
Published: July 2016

The historical transformation in the distribution of crime between towns and rural areas in the Western world between 1750 and 1950 remains a complex and debated issue. The few comparative studies on long-term crime seem to indicate a sharp decrease in urban crime, although with considerable variation in chronology and intensity. Conversely, the rapid urbanization of industrial cities was accompanied by outbreaks of violence, before declining as well. Certain types of crime are directly related to their environment, such as rural wood theft, arson, poaching, or urban street gang violence; yet most types of crime in towns and countryside share common characteristics. Accordingly, rural banditry shares many features with organized crime in the urban underworld, while the social and economic motivations behind urban riots may not differ so much from rural revolts as previously thought. A geographical history of crime should therefore consider both broader and more specific historical phenomena including the influence of war, immigration, and urban policies, as well as the definition and registration of criminal offenses by the police. Finally, in each country, crime rates were affected differently by the evolution in the relationship between state and society at the national and regional levels.
Dreams and Nightmares
Authors: Knepper Paul
Published: July 2016

Between the 1890s and the 1950s, drug smuggling became a global problem. The League of Nations played a pivotal role during the interwar period in promoting perceptions of “drug trafficking” and fashioning an international response. Drawing on archives in Geneva, London, and New York, as well as fiction, this essay examines the “dreamscape” of drug trafficking: the nightmare of the foreign trafficker and the dream of a worldwide scheme for drug control. It explores the fear of “reverse colonization” in relation to the drug trade and the British Empire before the First World War, explains the vision of police cooperation that shaped the League’s response to drug trafficking, and examines the concept of “organized crime” in relation to the League’s response. The discussion includes a look at the emergence of the role of the United States in the United Nations antidrug campaign after the Second World War.
James Q. Wilson,
Authors: Gormley Bill
Published: July 2016

This chapter examines James Q. Wilson’sBureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do and Why they Do it, and compares Wilson’s approach to that of neoclassical economics, paying particular attention to his denunciation of William Niskanen’s “bureaucratic imperialism” hypothesis and his rejection of “principal-agent” models which predict widespread “shirking” by bureaucrats. It discusses his argument that every bureaucracy has a distinctive culture that helps shape the behavior of individual bureaucrats. The chapter explores Wilson’s other views with regards to “capture theory,” accountability, and the ability of markets to promote efficiency and of governments to promote equity. Finally, it evaluates Wilson’s impact on other scholars, emphasizing: his bottom–up approach to studying bureaucracy, organizational culture, his typologies of policy proposals that differ in terms of benefits and costs, and of administrative agencies that differ in terms of outputs and outcomes.
Harold D. Lasswell,
Authors: Ronit Karsten , Porter Tony
Published: July 2016

This chapter comments on Harold Lasswell’s 1956 bookThe Decision Process: Seven Categories of Functional Analysis, a controversial work that has exerted a profound influence on political science and the way political processes are perceived. The discussion begins by summarizing Lasswell’s core argument, paying particular attention to the seven stages of decision-making that he describes in this book: intelligence, promotion, prescription, invocation, application, termination, and appraisal. The chapter then situatesThe Decision Processwithin Lasswell’s general work and more specifically within his studies on decision-making, both before and after the book was published. It also assesses the reception of the book, along with its impact on the debate on political decision-making and on modern applications in domestic and international politics. The chapter concludes by suggesting some areas for future application and research.
Elinor Ostrom,
Authors: Poteete Amy
Published: July 2016

This chapter comments on Elinor Ostrom’s 1990 bookGoverning the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, which issues a direct challenge to conventional economic models of collective action. Focusing on common pool natural resources, Ostrom argues that collective action is a much more common occurrence than predicted by conventional models and proposes eight design principles associated with enduring institutions for resource management. This chapter summarizes Ostrom’s main arguments, including her critique of conventional models on the management of shared natural resources. It also looks at three influential models identified by Ostrom that represent the conventional wisdom: the tragedy of the commons, the prisoners’ dilemma, and the logic of collective action.
Peter A. Hall and David Soskice,
Authors: Ebbinghaus Bernhard
Published: July 2016

The Varieties of Capitalism (VoC) approach became widely known through the collective volume by Peter Hall and David Soskice that investigates the cross-national institutional variations of advanced economies. They distinguish two ideal types of capitalism: the Liberal Market Economy (LME) model following neoclassical economics and the Coordinated Market Economy (CME) with a consensus-enhancing institutional infrastructure between firms as well as employers and unions. This chapter introduces the approach, summarizes the main contributions along key institutional spheres, and discusses applications of its comparative typology. Furthermore, it criticizes the initially rather static and apolitical approach which led to subsequent revisions and extensions. The recent financial and economic crisis has deepened the controversy over the fate of coordinated market economies subject to institutional changes resulting from intensified global economic pressures and transnational diffusion of liberalization.
Anthony Downs, “Up and Down with Ecology: The ‘Issue-Attention’ Cycle”
Authors: Gupta Kuhika , Jenkins-Smith Hank
Published: July 2016

This chapter comments on Anthony Downs’s 1972 seminal paper “Up and Down with Ecology: The ‘Issue-Attention’ Cycle,” which tackles the concept of “public” or “issue” attention. Focusing on domestic policy, particularly environmental policy in the United States, Downs describes a process called “issue-attention cycle,” by which the public gains and loses interest in a particular issue over time. This chapter summarizes studies that directly put Downs’s propositions to the test, laying emphasis on research that probes the existence of and interrelationships among the public attention cycle, media attention cycle, and government attention cycle. It then reviews the main arguments put forward by Downs before concluding with a discussion of promising avenues for future research as well as important theoretical and methodological questions that need further elucidation.
Theodore J. Lowi, “American Business, Public Policy, Case Studies and Political Theory”
Authors: Moran Michael
Published: July 2016

Lowi’s paper, considered in this chapter, is an acknowledged classic. But this begs the question of what “classic” status amounts to. The chapter examines competing conceptions of “classicism.” It then sketches the intellectual background to Lowi’s work, examines the impact of the piece in the conventional language of bibliometric analysis, and analyzes the intellectual coherence of Lowi’s arguments. It shows how Lowi’s intervention was a significant dissent from two dominant forms of political analysis: that popularized by Dahl and the behavioralists; and that associated with the institutional analyses of power promoted by Wright Mills. But it argues that the “classic” status of Lowi’s work consisted of its respectful recognition as a document in the history of the discipline, rather than amounting to any enduring influence on modern political analysis.
Mancur Olson,
Authors: Lowery David
Published: July 2016

This chapter focuses on Mancur Olson’s 1965 bookThe Logic ofCollective Action, which offers an in-depth analysis of the role of organized interests and is considered a classic work in the field of public policy. It explains how policy scholars should understand Olson’s contributions in light of work on the politics of interest representation, first by reviewing his central thesis, especially his claims about individual and institutional mobilization in relation to the collective action hypothesis. In particular, it examines the many ways his claims about individual and institutional mobilization have been modified, hedged, and sometimes contradicted by research on interest representation. The chapter then assesses the implications of Olson’s analysis for public policy in terms of how the diversity of interest communities should bias public policy outcomes and influence economic growth. Finally, it emphasizes how Olson’s work tends to be over- and underappreciated by students of both organized interests and public policy.
Robert D. Putnam,
Authors: Marschall Melissa J.
Published: July 2016

This chapter discusses Robert Putnam’s 2000 book,Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, in which he documents the decline in civic engagement, social connectedness and social capital, and sense of community among Americans. Putnam illustrates the devastating effects of these trends for America and Americans by focusing on five “illustrative” fields: child welfare and education, public safety and neighborhood organization, labor- market outcomes and economic performance, health and happiness, and democracy and democracy values. The chapter explains what social capital is and how it works before concluding with an assessment of several areas where scholars have fruitfully engaged or challenged Putnam’s theoretical contribution.
International Cooperation and Central Banks
Authors: James Harold
Published: July 2016

Why do central banks attempt to cooperate with other central banks? Why should those political systems (in practice, in the advanced modern industrial world, democratic states), to whom ultimately the central banks are accountable, accept a cooperative strategy of the central banks? What overall gain do they expect to achieve? The answers clearly depend on the definition of the fundamental tasks of central banks, and thus on how cooperation might be envisaged as a tool in the accomplishment of those goals. The purposes and functions of central banks, however, have changed dramatically over the course of time, in accordance with the changing international monetary system from the gold standard, through the Bretton Woods system to the post-1973 order, including European monetary integration. This chapter reviews the pattern, motivation, and record of central bank cooperation in the broader international context of debate about macroeconomic cooperation from the nineteenth century onwards.
English Vernacular Historical Writing and Holinshed’s
Authors: Woolf Daniel , Yeang Chui Jane Wong
Published: July 2016

This chapter examines a key historical text of Shakespeare’s time (and a major source for his history plays), Raphael Holinshed’s ‘Chronicles’, published in two separate and quite distinct editions in 1577 and 1587 respectively. The chapter first situates the Chronicles within the wider context of late medieval and Tudor vernacular historical writing (in particular the chronicling tradition); it then illustrates some of the differences between the two editions with a focus on the contributions of different authors to the composite text, the treatment of Irish history, and a consideration of the issue of government censorship of the two editions. It also briefly reviews changing assessments of Holinshed and the chronicling tradition in modern scholarship.
Other Republicanisms
Authors: Shuger Debora
Published: July 2016

This chapter examines two non-classical strands of the republican tradition—one Calvinist, the other Conciliarist: both significantly different from the Roman model, as well as from each other, and both equally pervasive in the ecclesio-political discourses of Shakespeare’s era. The Huguenot Cornelius Bertram’sDe politica Judaica(1574) proved massively influential. Although this work portrayed the early Hebrew state as a mixed polity governed by representative institutions, he regarded those institutions as judicial rather than legislative bodies, since the Jews were strictly governed by God’s law. Bertram’s Calvinist republicanism has no place for an independent secular sphere. By contrast the conciliarist Jacque Almain’sExpositio circa decisions Magistri Guillielmi Occam, super potestate summi pontificus(1512) regarded reason as the ultimate source of political authority, making the collective judgments of rational men superior to the decrees of popes and kings. Neither view conforms to the classical republicanism described by modern scholarship.
Seneca and English Political Culture
Authors: Perry Curtis
Published: July 2016

Early modern writers associated Seneca with sententious socio-political wisdom and saw, in his plays, dramatizations of tyranny and the breakdown of conciliar government. This chapter traces the changing ways that Seneca was used in Elizabethan and early Stuart England, with an emphasis upon the reception of his plays and their developing association with political thought. Changes in the deployment of Senecan drama correlate to broader changes of attitude towards the exemplarity of Rome. Where early Elizabethan writers tended to accommodate Seneca to Ciceronian humanism and the Elizabethan ideal of monarchical republicanism, later writers tended to focus on Seneca’s imperial provenance and to associate his plays with autocracy and the erosion of governmental balance.
William Cecil Lord Burghley and the Management of Elizabeth’s England
Authors: Jones Norman
Published: July 2016

William Cecil, Lord Burghley, managed Elizabeth’s England from late 1558 until his death in 1598. Over that long period, his personality and his managerial style imprinted on the Elizabethan state. A first generation Protestant, deeply steeped in humanism, his views of government were shaped by his experiences as Principal Secretary in Edward VI’s reign and as a nicodemite participant in Mary’s reign. He conceived his job to be keeping God’s anointed, Elizabeth, on the throne and keeping England safe from internal division and external invasion. To do this he used conceptions of honour, feudal and Christian values, law and the social customs to persuade and dissuade. He worked through standing institutions, such as the justices of the peace, and his pragmatic conservatism limited innovation in government. In order to secure the cooperation of the ruling elites, he had to comprise to achieve his goals.
Chivalry and the English Gentleman
Authors: Cust Richard
Published: July 2016

This chapter engages with issues relating to the place of chivalry within the new forms of gentility which were emerging in late Tudor and early Stuart England. It traces a process of ‘revichalrization’ back to the 1570s and 1580s, as contemporary commentators sought to reconnect the military profession with the virtues of courage, honesty, and service to one’s country. This found expression in the revival of the tilt and the heavily romanticized approach to battle of soldiers such as Sir Philip Sidney and Lord Herbert of Cherbury. This style of soldiering was largely confined to the upper levels of the gentry and nobility. But the norms and values associated with it exercised a powerful influence on the gentry more widely, encouraging the duelling, equestrianism and martial display, which continued to be feature prominently in the mix of virtues which constituted the ideal gentleman.
Criminal London
Authors: Griffiths Paul
Published: July 2016

This chapter is divided into two sections: the first tries to trace Shakespeare’s steps and what we know about where he lived to describe and discuss the experience of criminality with its associated dangers and troubles that he might have faced each day of his London life; the second reconstructs the nature of crime more generally at this time to more deeply explore fear and danger in Shakespeare’s city. In doing so the chapter also contrasts sensationalist depictions of a criminal underworld of cut-throats, thieves and prostitutes, with organized gangs and a distinctive cant speech, depicted in some literary works of the period with the more prosaic picture of criminal activity driven mainly by poverty and social dislocation revealed by modern historical scholarship. Stories of crimes culled from London court records do, however, provide a wealth of colourful information about the seamier side of life in the metropolis.
The Cultural Geography of St Paul’s Precinct
Authors: Hentschell Roze
Published: July 2016

This chapter is a cultural study of St Paul’s Cathedral precinct in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. It discusses the physical properties of Paul’s, including the nave, Paul’s Cross pulpit, the bookshops in the churchyard, and the many and varied uses and occupations of the precinct and church, including sermons, secular business practices, and criminal activity. While recent scholarship has attended to various discreet spaces in and around the cathedral, this chapter discusses the religious and secular space and activities as mutually constitutive rather than distinct. Influenced by studies of cultural geography, the chapter investigates the role of the cathedral precinct in constructing the identity of the early modern Londoner through a discussion of the effects that geographical space has on human behaviour.
James I and the Consolidation of British Monarchy?
Authors: Smuts Malcolm
Published: July 2016

This chapter surveys the efforts of James I and his government to consolidate royal authority both within the three kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland and in matters involving relationships between them. It looks specifically at James’s views on hereditary monarchy, and his handling of the nobilities of his kingdoms, as well as the roles played by ethnic diversity, differing attitudes toward law and custom in the three kingdoms. It also discusses the growing authority of royal magistrates and officers in the localities and at how the concept of service to both Crown and community shaped participation in public life. James was not always effective in maintaining communication with groups within his kingdoms dissatisfied with key elements of royal policy, such as Irish Catholics and Scottish Presbyterians. His governance also suffered from mounting financial problems. Nevertheless he was largely successful in establishing a secure and stable polity during the first half of his reign.
A Case Study of Brazilian Popular Music and Censorship
Authors: Nicodemo Thais Lima
Published: July 2016

This article examines the censorship of popular music in Brazil by focusing on the experience of songwriter Ivan Lins during the country’s military dictatorship. Since the late 1970s, Lins was included in the government list of “suspects” of the musical scene; his songs were often censored and his performances placed under surveillance. Before analyzing Lins’s musical production, its meanings, and its relationship with the regime’s repression forces, the article first discusses the historical context of the years preceding the coup that paved the way for the military dictatorship. It then considers Lins’s use of imagery in his songs to prove his stand. It shows that Lins’s songs reveal the range of conflicts and ambiguities that characterize the relationship between music, politics, and the culture industry in Brazil.
The Dramaturgy of Sound and Vocality in the Theatre of Socìetas Raffaello Sanzio
Authors: Valentini Valentina
Published: July 2016

This chapter examines the vocal and sonorous dramaturgy of a series of performances by the Italian experimental theatre company Socìetas Raffaello Sanzio, fromSanta Sofia(1986) to the cycleTragedia Endogonidia(2002–2004). The company aimed to create a new language calledGeneralissima, to satisfy the need for a re-foundation of theanti-logosof the word. Thus it experimented with the conflict that exists between voice and body and between the spoken word and action. The voice constitutes a terrain for experimentation, an adequate domain for the theatre to be regenerated, using the body to the side of technological manipulation of the voice. The aim is to allow the story to be told by sound, by the materiality of the voice, of the text and of the senseless utterances, together with the tactile sensations created by the physical characteristics of the environment.
Choreo-Musical Relationships in Mark Morris’s (2003)
Authors: Duerden Rachel
Published: July 2016

Choreographer Mark Morris is generally regarded as a supremely musical choreographer, and his respect for the musical score and his preference for working very closely with it are well known. A close reading of his works leads one to examine the nature of the relationship between what is seen and what is heard in the context of art, and in relation to one’s embodied existence. In this study ofAll Fours(2003), choreographed to Bartok’sFourth String Quartet, structural comparative analysis allows for an examination of the temporal dimension of the relationship and changes in and through time—meter, pulse, rhythm, pitch and harmony, dynamic shaping, and instrumentation. Through this, layers of complexity in the choreomusical relationships are revealed that stimulate questions concerning the interface of aural and kinetic in art, and which reveal how Morris’s work resonates with a deeply affirmative and holistic philosophy of life.
Social Influence and Personality
Authors: Nezlek John B. , Smith Carrie
Published: July 2016

The study of social influence has been dominated by experimental methods that are not well suited to examine relationships between personality and social influence. Nevertheless, the existing research provided a basis for some tentative conclusions. In terms of susceptibility to influence, it appears that people who depend more on others for guidance are more susceptible to influence than those who depend less on others. Two specific manifestations of this general tendency are authoritarianism and what is called the dependent personality. In terms of sources of influence, relationships between Machiavellianism and influence tactics have received the most attention. It appears that greater Machiavellianism is associated with the use of more and more effective social influence tactics. Understanding relationships between personality and social influence will require research that combines the models and methods of social and personality psychologists.
Oratory and Platform Culture in Britain and North America, 1740–1900
Authors: Eastman Carolyn
Published: July 2016

Examining oratory as a dynamic, changing medium for communication during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in America and, to a lesser extent, Great Britain, this essay scrutinizes several of its most important sites of performance: religion, politics, social reform, performance, and education. In each of those arenas, oratory helped to fuel some of most exciting social and political changes of the era by reconceptualizing ideas about the relationship between leaders and the public, the notion of rhetorical persuasion, and the importance of public opinion. An exceptionally interdisciplinary set of scholarship on the subject has done much to invigorate the study of oratory in recent years, and yet this field lacks an intellectual center from which scholars might move beyond individual studies to conceptualize the larger significance of oratory across all sites of performance.
The Influence of Atlantic Studies on American Literary Scholarship
Authors: Boelhower William
Published: July 2016

This article traces the important paradigm shift from Atlantic history to Atlantic studies. It then identifies the creative tensions generated by a three-dimensional conception of cis-Atlantic, trans-Atlantic, and circum-Atlantic perspectivism. With this new hermeneutic climate in mind, it turns to a discussion of recent U.S. literary scholarship, above all in terms of a select number of exemplars that self-consciously acknowledge and depart from the pathbreaking work of Paul Gilroy, Joseph Roach, and a number of historians of slavery and the African diaspora, such as Marcus Rediker, Peter Linebaugh, David Brion Davis, and Orlando Patterson.
National Identity, Nationalism, and the Catholic Church
Authors: Grosby Steven
Published: July 2016

This essay examines the relation of the religious universalism of the Catholic Church to nationality, patriotism, and the ideology of nationalism. In the abstract, one expects there to be a tension between monotheism and the existence of nations. However, the teachings of the Church are, in fact, remarkably nuanced, recognizing a natural, legitimate attachment to one’s fatherland or motherland. During the examination, problems of the point of departure and scope of the analysis are taken up, as well as historical examples such as the Kulturkampf and the Church’s principle of subsidiarity, including the bearing on the latter on corporate personality and the development of the individual’s image of the self.
Prison Riots
Authors: Useem Bert
Published: July 2016

This essay provides an overview of prison riots, the possible stages of a riot, and a historical account of the incidence of riots in the United States as well as cross-nationally since the early twentieth century (including finer discussions of the most serious riots and their implications). Theories of prison riots are presented and critiqued in terms of their applicability to the most serious riots in the past half-century. Within this discussion, attention is paid to how prison conditions might influence the chance of a prison riot. Actual riots develop in a dynamic relationship between rioting inmates and prison authorities and, as a result, pre-riot factors, such as inmate ideologies, can help explain the course of a riot but not completely. The essay concludes with a brief discussion of riot preparedness and effective guidelines for preventing the escalation of riots to the hostage stage.