bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards a better understanding of potential impacts of climate change on marine species distribution: a multiscale modelling approach
Authors: Hattab Tarek , Albouy Camille , Lasram Frida Ben Rais , Somot Samuel , Le Loc'h François , Leprieur Fabien
Published: August 2014

Aim

In this paper, we applied the concept of ‘hierarchical filters’ in community ecology to model marine species distribution at nested spatial scales.

Location

Global, Mediterranean Sea and the Gulf of Gabes (Tunisia).

Methods

We combined the predictions of bioclimatic envelope models (BEMs) and habitat models to assess the current distribution of 20 exploited marine species in the Gulf of Gabes. BEMs were first built at a global extent to account for the full range of climatic conditions encountered by a given species. Habitat models were then built using fine‐grained habitat variables at the scale of the Gulf of Gabes. We also used this hierarchical filtering approach to project the future distribution of these species under both climate change (the A2 scenario implemented with the Mediterranean climatic model NEMOMED8) and habitat loss (the loss of Posidonia oceanica meadows) scenarios.

Results

The hierarchical filtering approach predicted current species geographical ranges to be on average 56% smaller than those predicted using the BEMs alone. This pattern was also observed under the climate change scenario. Combining the habitat loss and climate change scenarios indicated that the magnitude of range shifts due to climate change was larger than from the loss of P. oceanica meadows.

Main conclusions

Our findings emphasize that BEMs may overestimate current and future ranges of marine species if species–habitat relationships are not also considered. A hierarchical filtering approach that accounts for fine‐grained habitat variables limits the uncertainty associated with model‐based recommendations, thus ensuring their outputs remain applicable within the context of marine resource management.
The germination strategies of widespread annual plants are unrelated to regional climate
Authors: Mayfield Margaret M. , Dwyer John M. , Main Alanna , Levine Jonathan M.
Published: August 2014

Aim

Environmentally cued germination and seed banking are strategies employed by annual plants to persist in unpredictable climates. Moreover, such strategies may be key to persistence under more extreme and variable future climates. In regions with a mediterranean climate, cold‐cued germination can allow populations to avoid germinating under unfavourable conditions and seed banks can buffer population growth in the face of inter‐annual climate variability. Using widespread native annual plant species in the California Floristic Province (CFP), we ask: (1) How common are cold‐cued germination and persistent seed banks? (2) Does the prevalence of cold‐cued germination and seed bank maintenance shift predictably with climate? (3) Are germination strategies taxonomically linked?

Location

California, USA.

Methods

We assessed seed bank persistence and temperature‐cued germination in c. 175 populations of 42 species (eight families) from across California in the 2006 growing season. We then tested for evidence that the prevalence of these adaptations correlated with latitude, increasing climate variability and taxonomy.

Results

Only 19% of populations had significantly cold‐cued seed germination and only 52% of populations had detectable seed banks. There were no significant relationships between the prevalence of cold‐cued germination and any climate factor. Seed banking was significantly more common in regions with warm, dry conditions in the preceding year, but was not related to long‐term climate averages. Variance in temperature‐cued germination was best explained at the species level, with no variance explained by family.

Main conclusions

Our results suggest that germination of annual plants in the CFP is dominated by general risk aversion strategies rather than locally adaptive strategies linked to long‐term climate factors. High germination variability within and among populations, coupled with increased seed banking under less favourable conditions, suggests that germination strategies are unlikely to limit this flora's persistence under an increasingly harsh and unpredictable climate.
Physical activity and health outcomes in persons with haemophilia B
Authors: Niu X. , Poon J. L. , Riske B. , Zhou Z.Y. , Ullman M. , Lou M. , Baker J. , Koerper M. , Curtis R. , Nichol M. B.
Published: August 2014

Regular participation in physical activity helps to prevent damage and maintain joint health in persons with haemophilia. This study describes self‐reported physical activity participation among a sample of people with haemophilia B in the US and measures its association with health‐related quality of life (HRQoL). Data on 135 participants aged 5–64 years were abstracted from Hemophilia Utilization Group Study Part Vb. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire assessed physical activity among participants aged 15–64 years, and the Children's Physical Activity Questionnaire abstracted from the Canadian Community Health Survey was used for participants aged 5–14 years. SF‐12 was used to measure HRQoL and the EuroQol (EQ‐5D‐3L) was used to measure health status for participants older than 18 years of age. PedsQL was used to measure HRQoL in children aged 5–18 years. Sixty‐two percent of participants in the 15–64 year‐old age cohort reported a high level of physical activity, 29% reported moderate activity and 9% reported low activity. For children aged 5–14 years, 79% reported participating in physical activity for at least 4 days over a typical week. Based on the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 79% of adults achieved the recommended physical activity level. Multivariable regression models indicated that adults who engaged in a high level of physical activity reported EQ‐5D Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores that were 11.7 (P = 0.0726) points greater than those who engaged in moderate/low activity, indicating better health outcomes. Among children, no statistically significant differences in health outcomes were found between high and moderate or low activity groups.
Japanese Debates on Asia and Asianism: A Conceptual Framework
Authors: Avenell Simon
Published: August 2014

This article analyzes discussions about Asia in Japan since the mid‐1980s, offering a conceptual framework for understanding the contours of this debate. The article identifies three normative positions among participants: those advocating the replication of a Japanese model in Asia, those in favor of a genuine community of Asians, and those who see engagement with Asia as the only solution for the country's economic and social problems. The article argues that globalization and regionalization have been key influences in the evolution of the Asia debate in Japan. Indeed, although Japan remains a very insular country in many ways and although political obstacles persist, the growing richness and complexity of the debate over time may indicate a more multidimensional approach to Asia in the country, which sees beyond immediate geopolitical and economic imperatives.
Health care librarians and information literacy: an investigation
Authors: Kelham Charlotte
Published: August 2014

Until relatively recently, the concept of information literacy, and teaching the skills to enable it, was mainly a concern of academic libraries. Now, it is also seen to be of high importance within the context of health care libraries. Health care libraries and librarians can provide crucial support towards the implementation of evidence‐based practice in patient care through both information literacy skills training and by conducting mediated searches on behalf of health care practitioners. This article reports the findings from an investigation conducted by Charlotte Kelham as part of her MA in Librarianship from the University of Sheffield. Her dissertation investigated how health care librarians understand the concept of information literacy, the implications of this for their role and their perceptions around how their role is valued. Charlotte graduated from Sheffield in 2013 and is currently job hunting.

AM
A mixed‐methods analysis of a library‐based hand‐held intervention with rural clinicians
Authors: Wallace Richard L. , Woodward Nakia J. , Clamon Travis S.
Published: August 2014

Background

The East Tennessee State University Quillen College of Medicine Library has participated for several years in projects to provide rural clinicians with health information resources.

Objectives

To determine whether a strategy of hand‐held devices with a best‐evidence point‐of‐care disease tool and a drug database paired with access to a medical library for full‐text articles and training to use the tools would be an affordable way to meet the information needs of rural underserved clinicians.

Methods

This study is a mixed‐methods methodology. The first project was evaluated using a randomised controlled trial (RCT) methodology. The second was evaluated qualitatively using interviews and focus groups.

Results

The quantitative findings discovered that clinicians equipped with a hand‐held device with evidence‐based software more frequently found answers to clinical questions, found answers more quickly, were more satisfied with information they found and use expensive resources such as continuing medical education, online databases and textbooks less than the group that did not have access to online technology. Qualitative results supported the quantitative findings.

Conclusion

Librarians can implement a three‐pronged strategy of the secondary literature via a hand‐held, the primary literature via Loansome Doc and quality training to meet basic information needs of rural clinicians.
What's in a name: putting the skills of librarianship back into circulation
Authors: Brice Anne , Grant Maria J.
Published: August 2014

Anne Brice, recipient of the 2014 Cyril Barnard Memorial Prize, reflects on the themes of names and skills of the health library and information professions. She questions whether service users share the same concerns of librarians that this nomenclature is too narrow and too closely associated with the buildings that provide its name. She proposes that in mediation between the users and their required knowledge sits a unique opportunity to place the profession in the centre of knowledge translation.
Micro‐CT evaluation of calcium hydroxide removal through passive ultrasonic irrigation associated with or without an additional instrument
Authors: Silva L. J. M. , Pessoa O. F. , Teixeira M. B. G. , Gouveia C. H. , Braga R. R.
Published: August 2014

Aim

To use computerized microtomography (micro‐CT) to evaluate the efficacy of passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), with or without an additional file (F5), in removing calcium hydroxide medication.

Methodology

The root canals of single‐rooted human teeth were prepared with a ProTaper® F4 file (Dentsply Maillefer) and filled with calcium hydroxide/propylene glycol 400 paste. After 30 days of storage under 100% humidity, the teeth were divided into four groups (n = 8) according to the removal technique: passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) only, additional file only (file F5), PUI + additional file and master apical file only (F4, control). The specimens were scanned (SkyScan 1174, resolution: 14.36 μm) after chemomechanical preparation, 30 days after the application of Ca(OH)2 paste and following its removal. The percentage of medicament remaining was calculated in terms of total canal volume and medicament volume after storage, based on microtomographic images. Data were analysed using three‐way anova/Tukey's test or Kruskal–Wallis/Student–Newman–Keuls test (alpha: 5%).

Results

The use of PUI resulted in lower Ca(OH)2 residue volumes (3.7%) compared to when PUI was not used (6.4%; P < 0.001). The use of the additional file did not significantly influence the percentage of remaining Ca(OH)2. The percentage of Ca(OH)2 residue was greater in the apical region (6.4%) than in the cervical region (3.8%; P < 0.01).

Conclusions

The use of PUI resulted in more effective Ca(OH)2 paste removal relative to the control regardless of the use of the additional file. The apical region had the highest residue volumes in all techniques.
European Stroke Organisation (ESO) Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Steiner Thorsten , Salman Rustam Al-Shahi , Beer Ronnie , Christensen Hanne , Cordonnier Charlotte , Csiba Laszlo , Forsting Michael , Harnof Sagi , Klijn Catharina J. M. , Krieger Derk , Mendelow A. David , Molina Carlos , Montaner Joan , Overgaard Karsten , Petersson Jesper , Roine Risto O. , Schmutzhard Erich , Schwerdtfeger Karsten , Stapf Christian , Tatlisumak Turgut , Thomas Brenda M. , Toni Danilo , Unterberg Andreas , Wagner Markus
Published: August 2014

Background

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounted for 9% to 27% of all strokes worldwide in the last decade, with high early case fatality and poor functional outcome. In view of recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of the management of ICH, the European Stroke Organisation (ESO) has updated its evidence-based guidelines for the management of ICH.

Method

A multidisciplinary writing committee of 24 researchers from 11 European countries identified 20 questions relating to ICH management and created recommendations based on the evidence in RCTs using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.

Results

We found moderate- to high-quality evidence to support strong recommendations for managing patients with acute ICH on an acute stroke unit, avoiding hemostatic therapy for acute ICH not associated with antithrombotic drug use, avoiding graduated compression stockings, using intermittent pneumatic compression in immobile patients, and using blood pressure lowering for secondary prevention. We found moderate-quality evidence to support weak recommendations for intensive lowering of systolic blood pressure to <140 mmHg within six-hours of ICH onset, early surgery for patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale score 9–12, and avoidance of corticosteroids.

Conclusion

These guidelines inform the management of ICH based on evidence for the effects of treatments in RCTs. Outcome after ICH remains poor, prioritizing further RCTs of interventions to improve outcome.
Extreme Value Theory and Statistics of Univariate Extremes: A Review
Authors: Gomes M. Ivette , Guillou Armelle
Published: August 2014

Statistical issues arising in modelling univariate extremes of a random sample have been successfully used in the most diverse fields, such as biometrics, finance, insurance and risk theory. Statistics of univariate extremes (SUE), the subject to be dealt with in this review paper, has recently faced a huge development, partially because rare events can have catastrophic consequences for human activities, through their impact on the natural and constructed environments. In the last decades, there has been a shift from the area of parametric SUE, based on probabilistic asymptotic results in extreme value theory, towards semi‐parametric approaches. After a brief reference to Gumbel's block methodology and more recent improvements in the parametric framework, we present an overview of the developments on the estimation of parameters of extreme events and on the testing of extreme value conditions under a semi‐parametric framework. We further discuss a few challenging topics in the area of SUE. © 2014 The Authors. International Statistical Review © 2014 International Statistical Institute
Australian Paediatric Rheumatology Group standards of care for the management of juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Munro Jane , Murray Kevin , Boros Christina , Chaitow Jeffrey , Allen Roger C , Akikusa Jonathan , Adib Navid , Piper Susan E , Singh‐Grewal Davinder ,   Australian Paediatric Rheumatology Group
Published: August 2014

This standards document outlines accepted standards of management for children, adolescents and young adults with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) in Australia. This document acknowledges that the chronic inflammatory arthritis conditions (JIA) in childhood are different diseases from inflammatory arthritis in adults and that specific expertise is required in the care of children with arthritis.
Ginsenoside Rh1 induces mouse osteoblast growth and differentiation through the bone morphogenetic protein 2/runt-related gene 2 signalling pathway
Authors: Siddiqi Muhammad Hanif , Siddiqi Muhammad Zubair , Ahn Sungeun , Kim Yeon-Ju , Yang Deok Chun
Published: August 2014

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate the stimulative and pharmacological effects of ginsenoside Rh1 (hereinafter referred to as: Rh1) on differentiation and mineralization of osteoblast and its possible mechanism of action on the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2)/Runt-related gene 2 (Runx2) signalling pathways using mouse preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cell line as in-vitro model.

Methods

An in-vitro stimulative activity of Rh1 was assessed by analyzing alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), type-I collagen (Coll-I) synthesis, mineralization and glutathione content. Its antioxidant activity was measured by evaluating the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the presence of antimycin A (AMA), one of the mitochondrial dysfunction factors. The level of BMP-2/Runx2 signal-regulated osteoblast-specific proteins such as osteocalcin (OCN), Coll-I and ALP were detected using Western blot analysis.

Key findings

Rh1 was capable to stimulate cell growth, ALP activity, Coll-I synthesis, mineralization and glutathione content in the MC3T3-E1 cells. BMP-2 and Runx2 expression were also increased by Rh1 concentration dependently. Additionally, Rh1 also showed inhibitory action on the level of ROS production enhanced by AMA in MC3T3-E1 cells. Rh1 could increase the expression level of BMP-2/Runx2 signal-regulated osteogenic markers such as ALP, Coll-I and OCN.

Conclusions

Rh1, a protopanaxatriol type's active ingredients of Panax ginseng Meyer, possesses osteoblast differentiation, osteogenic stimulatory and anti-oxidative activity.
Toward Establishing Continuity in Linguistic Skills Within Early Infancy
Authors: Seidl Amanda , French Brian , Wang Yuanyuan , Cristia Alejandrina
Published: August 2014

A growing research line documents significant bivariate correlations between individual measures of speech perception gathered in infancy and concurrent or later vocabulary size. One interpretation of this correlation is that it reflects language specificity: Both speech perception tasks and the development of the vocabulary recruit the same linguistic modules. However, correlations between infant cognitive measures (such as visual recognition memory) and vocabulary are also significant and display comparable strength. Can all of these correlations be reduced to extremely general rather than specific factors affecting performance in all laboratory tests? We take a first step in addressing this possibility by estimating the covariance matrix among two speech tasks (preference for the predominant stress pattern and native vowel discrimination) and two cognitive tasks (visual recognition memory and A‐not‐B), all of them gathered in the same group of infants tested between 5 and 8 months of age. Only the correlation between the two speech tasks was significant, lending little support to the generalist explanation. These data illustrate how a multivariate approach may inform our understanding of how infants build language in the first year of life and beyond. Future multivariate work following up on the same infants longitudinally will be better able to tease apart cognitive and linguistic contributions to vocabulary development.
Species integrity in trees
Authors: Ortiz‐Barrientos Daniel , Baack Eric J.
Published: August 2014

From California sequoia, to Australian eucalyptus, to the outstanding diversity of Amazonian forests, trees are fundamental to many processes in ecology and evolution. Trees define the communities that they inhabit, are host to a multiplicity of other organisms and can determine the ecological dynamics of other plants and animals. Trees are also at the heart of major patterns of biodiversity such as the latitudinal gradient of species diversity and thus are important systems for studying the origin of new plant species. Although the role of trees in community assembly and ecological succession is partially understood, the origin of tree diversity remains largely opaque. For instance, the relative importance of differing habitats and phenologies as barriers to hybridization between closely related species is still largely uncharacterized in trees. Consequently, we know very little about the origin of trees species and their integrity. Similarly, studies on the interplay between speciation and tree community assembly are in their infancy and so are studies on how processes like forest maturation modifies the context in which reproductive isolation evolves. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Lindtke et al. (2014) and Lagache et al. (2014) overcome some traditional difficulties in studying mating systems and sexual isolation in the iconic oaks and poplars, providing novel insights about the integrity of tree species and on how ecology leads to variation in selection on reproductive isolation over time and space.
Genetic basis of continuous variation in the levels and modular inheritance of pigmentation in cichlid fishes
Authors: Albertson R. Craig , Powder Kara E. , Hu Yinan , Coyle Kaitlin P. , Roberts Reade B. , Parsons Kevin J.
Published: August 2014

Variation in pigmentation type and levels is a hallmark of myriad evolutionary radiations, and biologists have long been fascinated by the factors that promote and maintain variation in coloration across populations. Here, we provide insights into the genetic basis of complex and continuous patterns of colour variation in cichlid fishes, which offer a vast diversity of pigmentation patterns that have evolved in response to both natural and sexual selection. Specifically, we crossed two divergent cichlid species to generate an F2 mapping population that exhibited extensive variation in pigmentation levels and patterns. Our experimental design is robust in that it combines traditional quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis with population genomics, which has allowed us to move efficiently from QTL interval to candidate gene. In total, we detected 41 QTL and 13 epistatic interactions that underlie melanocyte‐ and xanthophore‐based coloration across the fins and flanks of these fishes. We also identified 2 QTL and 1 interaction for variation in the magnitude of integration among these colour traits. This finding in particular is notable as there are marked differences both within and between species with respect to the complexity of pigmentation patterns. While certain individuals are characterized by more uniform ‘integrated’ colour patterns, others exhibit many more degrees of freedom with respect to the distribution of colour ‘modules’ across the fins and flank. Our data reveal, for the first time, a genetic basis for this difference. Finally, we implicate pax3a as a mediator of continuous variation in the levels of xanthophore‐based colour along the cichlid flank.
An Electrical Plasma Surgery Tool for Device Replacement—Retrospective Evaluation of Complications and Economic Evaluation of Costs and Resource Use
Authors: KYPTA ALEXANDER , BLESSBERGER HERMANN , SALEH KARIM , HÖNIG SIMON , KAMMLER JÜRGEN , NEESER KURT , STEINWENDER CLEMENS
Published: August 2014

Background

Device replacements bear many potential risks for patients. Electrocautery should be used cautiously because of heating of the cautery tip which may lead to insulation melting. The PEAK PlasmaBlade™ (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) uses a novel technology to cut tissue. The objective of this study was to evaluate if this instrument is less destructive and can decrease complications and shorten procedure times.

Methods and Results

Two groups were compared: in group 1, surgery was done with scissors and conventional electrocautery, whereas the PEAK PlasmaBlade™ was used in group 2. Procedure time and complication rates were retrospectively investigated. Group 1 comprised 509 patients, while group 2 consisted of 102 patients. Procedure time in group 2 was significantly shorter with 28.4 ± 8.9 minutes than in group 1 with 47.5 ± 24.5 minutes (P < 0.001). The hospital stay was also reduced (2.1 ± 2.2 days versus 3.1 ± 2.4 days, P < 0.001). One major complication occurred in only 2.4% (two patients) of group 2 and in 6.9% (35 patients) of group 1. There were no damaged leads in group 2 compared to 5.7% in group 1 (P = 0.008). Cost analyses showed that the use of The PEAK PlasmaBlade™ instead of conventional electrocautery resulted in cost savings of €120/patient.

Conclusion

Device replacement is associated with a notable complication risk. Our investigation showed that a new device for generator replacement resulted in significantly reduced procedure time and length of hospital stay while completely avoiding lead damage, which translated into considerable cost savings in a real world setting.
Sufentanil Sublingual Tablet System vs. Intravenous Patient‐Controlled Analgesia with Morphine for Postoperative Pain Control: A Randomized, Active‐Comparator Trial
Authors: Melson Timothy I. , Boyer David L. , Minkowitz Harold S. , Turan Alparslan , Chiang Yu‐Kun , Evashenk Mark A. , Palmer Pamela P.
Published: August 2014

Background

Problems with intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia (IV PCA) are well known, including invasive route of delivery and pump programming errors. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate patient satisfaction with a novel sublingual sufentanil PCA system (sufentanil sublingual tablet system 15 mcg with a 20‐minute lockout interval; SSTS) to IV PCA morphine sulfate 1 mg with a 6‐minute lockout interval (IV PCA MS) for the management of acute postoperative pain.

Methods

This was a randomized, open‐label, 48‐hour non‐inferiority study with optional extension to 72 hours at 26 U.S. sites enrolling patients scheduled for elective major open abdominal or orthopedic (hip or knee replacement) surgery. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of patients who responded “good” or “excellent” (collectively “success”) at the 48‐hour timepoint on the Patient Global Assessment of method of pain control (PGA48).

Results

A total of 357 patients received study drug and 78.5% vs. 65.6% of patients achieved PGA48 “success” for SSTS vs. IV PCA MS, respectively, demonstrating non‐inferiority (P < 0.001 using the one‐side Z‐test against the non‐inferiority margin) as well as statistical superiority for treatment effect (P = 0.007). Patients using SSTS reported more rapid onset of analgesia and patient and nurse ease of care and satisfaction scores were higher than IV PCA MS. Adverse events were similar between the 2 groups; however, SSTS had fewer patients experiencing oxygen desaturations below 95% compared to IV PCA MS (P = 0.028).

Conclusions

Sufentanil sublingual tablet system is a promising new analgesic technology that may address some of the concerns with IV PCA.
Dopamine alleviates salt‐induced stress in Malus hupehensis
Authors: Li Chao , Sun Xiangkai , Chang Cong , Jia Dongfeng , Wei Zhiwei , Li Cuiying , Ma Fengwang
Published: August 2014

Dopamine mediates many physiological processes in plants. We investigated its role in regulating growth, ion homeostasis and the response to salinity in Malus hupehensis Rehd. Both hydroponics and field‐pot experiments were conducted under saline conditions. Salt‐stressed plants had reduced growth and a marked decline in their net photosynthetic rates, values for Fv/Fm and chlorophyll contents. However, pretreatment with 100 or 200 μM dopamine significantly alleviated this inhibition and enabled plants to maintain their photosynthetic capacity. In addition to changing stomatal behavior, supplementation with dopamine positively influenced the uptake of K, N, P, S, Cu and Mn ions but had an inhibitory effect on Na and Cl uptake, the balance of which is responsible for managing the response to salinity by Malus plants. Dopamine pretreatment also controlled the burst of hydrogen peroxide, possibly through direct scavenging and by enhancing the activities of antioxidative enzymes and the capacity of the ascorbate–glutathione cycle. We also investigated whether dopamine might regulate salt overly sensitive pathway genes under salinity. Here, MdHKT1, MdNHX1 and MdSOS1 were greatly upregulated in roots and leaves, which possibly contributed to the maintenance of ion homeostasis and, thus, improved salinity resistance in plants exposed earlier to exogenous dopamine. These results support our conclusion that dopamine alleviates salt‐induced stress not only at the level of antioxidant defense but also by regulating other mechanisms of ion homeostasis.
Risk Management for Development—Assessing Obstacles and Prioritizing Action
Authors: Hallegatte Stéphane , Rentschler Jun
Published: August 2014

Throughout the process of economic and social development, decisionmakers from the household to the state level are confronted with a multitude of risks: from health and employment risks, to financial and political crises, as well as environmental damages and from the local to global level. The World Bank's 2014 World Development Report (WDR) provides an in‐depth analysis of how the management of such risks can be improved. In particular, it argues that a proactive and integrated approach to risk management can create opportunities for fighting poverty and achieving prosperity—but also acknowledges substantial obstacles to its implementation in practice. This article presents and discusses these obstacles with respect to their causes, consequences, interlinkages, and solutions. In particular, these include obstacles to individual risk management, the obstacles that are beyond the control of individuals and thus require collective action, and, finally, the obstacles that affect the ability of governments and public authorities to manage risks. From these obstacles, this article derives a policy roadmap for the development of risk management strategies that are designed not only around the risk they have to cope with, but also around the practical obstacles to policy implementation.
‘The forest is our inheritance’: An introduction to Semai Orang Asli place‐naming and belonging in the Bukit Tapah Forest Reserve
Authors: Heikkilä Karen
Published: August 2014

The forest realm of the Gòòl‐War watershed of southeast Perak, Malaysia holds much socio‐cultural significance to the Semai Orang Asli communities living along these rivers. Notwithstanding its present‐day location within the Bukit Tapah Forest Reserve, the forest continues to be where Semai conceptions of history and lore are encoded in the geographical particulars of the landscape. A thriving forest‐dependent lifestyle maintains and transmits Semai place knowledge, observed in this research through people's command of ancestral place‐names. This paper provides an introduction to Semai toponymy and considers the implications of indigenous place‐names on the protection of indigenous homelands and ways of life.
Identification and characterisation of peptide binding motifs of six autoimmune disease‐associated human leukocyte antigen‐class I molecules including HLA‐B*39:06
Authors: Eichmann M. , de Ru A. , van Veelen P. A. , Peakman M. , Kronenberg‐Versteeg D.
Published: August 2014

Research on CD8 T cell‐mediated inflammatory diseases requires a better understanding of target epitopes and the constraints placed upon these by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I binding restrictions, especially those that relate to predisposing alleles. We used linear trap quadrupole fourier transform (LTQ‐FT) tandem mass spectrometry to identify naturally processed and presented peptides eluted from the MHC‐negative myeloid leukaemia cell line K562 transfected with specific MHC class I genes. We provide information on the peptidome of HLA‐B*39:06, which is associated with the autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes, and extend the analysis to include a further five human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles (HLA‐A*02:01/‐A*11:01/‐A*24:02/‐B*18:01/‐B*38:01) studied under identical experimental conditions. We identified a total of 3095 individual peptides with a mascot score ≥40 (HLA‐A*02:01 = 569 peptides, ‐A*11:01 = 904, A*24:02 = 257, ‐B*18:01 = 615, ‐B*38:01 = 453, ‐B*39:06 = 297). Peptides had a preferential length of nine amino acids and originated mainly from cytoplasmic or nuclear proteins. Eluted peptides revealed a strong binding motif with binding anchor positions at position 2 (P2) and the C‐terminus (PΩ). Peptides eluted from HLA‐A*02:01 showed a P2 preference for leucine (62% of total peptides have Leu at P2) and PΩ preference for valine (49%). Similar data are provided for HLA‐A*11:01 (P2:Thr, 29%; PΩ:Lys, 49%), ‐A*24:02 (P2:Tyr, 78%; PΩ:Phe, 41%), ‐B*18:01 (P2:Glu, 77%; PΩ:Tyr, 32%), ‐B*38:01 (P2:His, 51%; PΩ:Leu, 45%) and ‐B*39:06 (P2:Arg/His, 24%; PΩ:Ala, 64%). This work thus gives an overview of the naturally processed and presented repertoire of several common and autoimmune disease‐related HLA alleles, which may be useful in studying autoreactive CD8 T cell responses and the role of HLA in disease susceptibility.
Evidence‐Based Practice Article Reviews Using CASP Tools: A Method for Teaching EBP
Authors: Nadelson Sandra , Nadelson Louis S.
Published: August 2014

This column shares the best evidence‐based strategies and innovative ideas on how to facilitate the learning of EBP principles and processes by clinicians as well as nursing and interprofessional students. Guidelines for submission are available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1741‐6787
Time-Resolved Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements of Nonreacting Flow Field in a Swirl-Stabilized Combustor Without and With Porous Inserts for Acoustic Control
Authors: Meadows Joseph , Agrawal Ajay K.
Published: August 2014

Combustion noise and thermo-acoustic instabilities are of primary importance in highly critical applications such as rocket propulsion systems, power generation, and jet propulsion engines. Mechanisms for combustion instabilities are extremely complex because they often involve interactions among several different physical phenomena such as unsteady flame propagation leading to unsteady flow field, acoustic wave propagation, natural and forced hydrodynamic instabilities, etc. In the past, we have utilized porous inert media (PIM) to mitigate combustion noise and thermo-acoustic instabilities in both lean premixed (LPM) and lean direct injection (LDI) combustion systems. While these studies demonstrated the efficacy of the PIM concept to mitigate noise and thermo-acoustic instabilities, the actual mechanisms involved have not been understood. The present study utilizes time-resolved particle image velocimetry (PIV) to measure the turbulent flow field in a nonreacting swirl-stabilized combustor without and with PIM. Although the flow field inside the annulus of the PIM cannot be observed, measurements immediately downstream of the PIM provide insight into the turbulent structures. Results are analyzed using the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method and show that the PIM alters the flow field in an advantageous manner by modifying the turbulence structures and eliminating the corner recirculation zones and precessing vortex core (PVC), which would ultimately affect the acoustic behavior in a favorable manner.
Flow Field and Flame Dynamics of Swirling Methane and Hydrogen Flames at Dry and Steam Diluted Conditions
Authors: Terhaar Steffen , Krüger Oliver , Paschereit Christian Oliver
Published: August 2014

The majority of recent stationary gas turbine combustors employ swirling flows for flame stabilization. The swirling flow undergoes vortex breakdown (VB) and exhibits a complex flow field including zones of recirculating fluid and regions of high shear intensities. Often, self-excited helical flow instabilities, which manifest in a precession of the vortex core, are found in these flows and may influence the combustion process in beneficial and adverse ways. In the present study, we investigate the occurrence and shape of self-excited hydrodynamic instabilities and their impact on heat release fluctuations and mixing characteristics over a wide range of operating conditions. We employ high-speed stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (S-PIV) and simultaneous OH*-chemiluminescence imaging to resolve the flow velocities and heat release distribution, respectively. The results reveal four different flame shapes: A detached annular flame, a long trumpet shaped flame, a V flame, and a very short flame anchored near the combustor inlet. The flame shapes were found to closely correlate with the reactivity of the mixture. Highly steam-diluted or very lean flames cause a detachment, whereas hydrogen fuel leads to very short flames. The detached flames feature a helical instability, which, in terms of frequency and shape, is similar to the isothermal case. A complete suppression of the helical structure is found for the V flame. Both the trumpet shaped flame and the very short flame feature helical instabilities of different frequencies and appearances. The phase-averaged OH*-chemiluminescence images show that the helical instabilities cause large-scale heat release fluctuations. The helical structure of the fluctuations is exploited to use a tomographic reconstruction technique. Furthermore, it is shown that the helical instability significantly enhances the mixing between the emanating jet and the central recirculation zone.
Use of Pressure Measurements to Determine Effectiveness of Turbine Rim Seals
Authors: Michael Owen J. , Wu Kang , Scobie James A. , Sangan Carl M. , Cho GeonHwan , Lock Gary D.
Published: August 2014

The ingress of hot gas through the rim seal of a gas turbine depends on the pressure difference between the mainstream flow in the turbine annulus and that in the wheel-space radially inward of the rim seal. In this paper, a previously published orifice model is modified so that the sealing effectiveness εc determined from concentration measurements in a rig could be used to determine εp, the effectiveness determined from pressure measurements in an engine. It is assumed that there is a hypothetical “sweet spot” on the vane platform where the measured pressures would ensure that the calculated value of εp equals εc, the value determined from concentration measurements. Experimental measurements for a radial-clearance seal show that, as predicted, the hypothetical pressure difference at the sweet spot is linearly related to the pressure difference measured at an arbitrary location on the vane platform. There is good agreement between the values of εp determined using the theoretical model and values of εc determined from concentration measurements. Supporting computations, using a 3D steady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, show that the axial location of the sweet spot is very close to the upstream edge of the seal clearance. It is shown how parameters obtained from measurements of pressure and concentration in a rig could, in principle, be used to calculate the sealing effectiveness in an engine.
Thermo-Economic Evaluation of Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Hybridization Options for Combined-Cycle Power Plants
Authors: Spelling James , Laumert Björn
Published: August 2014

The hybridization of combined-cycle power plants with solar energy is an attractive means of reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from gas-based power generation. However, the construction of the first generation of commercial hybrid power plants will present the designer with a large number of choices. To assist decision making, a thermo-economic study has been performed for three different hybrid power plant configurations, including both solar thermal and photovoltaic hybridization options. Solar photovoltaic combined-cycle (SPVCC) power plants were shown to be able to integrate up to 63% solar energy on an annual basis, whereas hybrid gas turbine combined-cycle (HGTCC) systems provide the lowest cost of solar electricity, with costs only 2.1% higher than a reference, unmodified combined-cycle power plant. The integrated solar combined-cycle (ISCC) configuration has been shown to be economically unattractive.
Ageing of exposed geomembranes at locations with different climatological conditions
Authors: Rowe R. Kerry , Ewais A.M.R.
Published: August 2014

The degradation of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes exposed to the elements depends, inter alia, on the climatological conditions. This study investigates the degradation in the properties of HDPE geomembranes installed at two mine facilities after almost 16 years of exposure in a warm–hot climate and at a research site after 6 years of exposure in a mild–cold climate. Samples were exhumed at the field sites from different locations and the properties of the geomembrane were measured in the laboratory. The depletion of antioxidants detected by the standard oxidative induction time (Std-OIT) test for the geomembrane installed at the research site was faster on the slope than on the base; however, there was negligible difference in the depletion of antioxidants–stabilizers detected by the high-pressure oxidative induction time (HP-OIT) test between the slope and base. Under the field conditions described, the antioxidant depletion time for the exposed geomembrane installed at the research site (mild–cold climate) was inferred to be 20 to 54 years. The exposed HDPE geomembranes installed at the mine facilities (warm–hot climate) have reached the time of nominal failure based on their stress crack resistance. However, they have not ruptured under the exposure conditions even though the stress crack resistance has dropped to as low as 70 h at some locations.
Comparisons of Structure-Dependent Explicit Methods for Time Integration
Authors: Chang Shuenn-Yih
Published: August 2014

Chang explicit method (CEM)1,2and CR explicit method3(CRM) are two structure-dependent explicit methods that have been successfully developed for structural dynamics. The most important property of both integration methods is that they involve no nonlinear iterations in addition to unconditional stability and second-order accuracy. Thus, they are very computationally efficient for solving inertial problems, where the total response is dominated by low frequency modes. However, an unusual overshooting behavior for CR explicit method is identified herein and thus its practical applications might be largely limited although its velocity computing for each time step is much easier than for the CEM.
Single Viewpoint Image-Driven Simplification
Authors: Tan Cheen-Hau , Chau Lap-Pui
Published: August 2014

Image-driven simplification has been proposed as a simplification method which generates models with high fidelity and intrinsically factors in the error from mesh appearance properties. However, this approach is very time consuming since it requires multiple render and image captures for each simplification operation. By formulating a new error metric, we devise an image-driven algorithm which requires only one image capture. The proposed single viewpoint simplification runs at least 25 times faster than the previous approach with better quality overall.
Pattern Recognition Based on Fuzzy Set and Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Ray Kumar S.
Published: August 2014

In this paper, we consider a soft computing approach to pattern classification. Our basic tools for soft computing are fuzzy relational calculus (FRC) and genetic algorithm (GA). We introduce a new interpretation of multidimensional fuzzy implication (MFI) to represent our knowledge about the training data set. We also consider the notion of a fuzzy pattern vector to handle the fuzzy information granules of the quantized pattern space and to represent a population of training patterns in the quantized pattern space. The construction of the pattern classifier is essentially based on the estimate of a fuzzy relation Ri between the antecedent clause and consequent clause of each one-dimensional fuzzy implication. For the estimation of Ri we use floating point representation of GA. Thus a set of fuzzy relations is formed from the new interpretation of MFI. This set of fuzzy relations is termed as the core of the pattern classifier. Once the classifier is constructed the non-fuzzy features of a test pattern can be classified. The performance of the proposed scheme is tested on synthetic data. Subsequently, we use the proposed scheme for the vowel classification problem of an Indian language. Finally, a benchmark of performance is established by considering multiplayer perception (MLP), support vector machine (SVM) and the present method. The Abalone, Hosse Colic and Pima Indians data sets, obtained from UCL database repository are used for the said benchmark study. This new tool for pattern classification is very effective for classification of patterns under vegue and imprecise environment. It can provide multiple classification under overlapped classes.
Automatic Image Annotation Based on Scene Analysis
Authors: Liu Yongmei , Wongwitit Tanakrit , Yu Linsen
Published: August 2014

Automatic image annotation is an important and challenging job for image analysis and understanding such as content-based image retrieval (CBIR). The relationship between the keywords and visual features is too complicated due to the semantic gap. We present an approach of automatic image annotation based on scene analysis. With the constrain of scene semantics, the correlation between keywords and visual features becomes simpler and clearer. Our model has two stages of process. The first stage is training process which groups training image data set into semantic scenes using the extracted semantic feature and visual scenes constructed from the calculation distances of visual features for every pairs of training images by using Earth mover's distance (EMD). Then, combine a pair of semantic and visual scene together and apply Gaussian mixture model (GMM) for all scenes. The second stage is to test and annotate keywords for test image data set. Using the visual features provided by Duygulu, experimental results show that our model outperforms probabilistic latent semantic analysis (PLSA) & GMM (PLSA&GMM) model on Corel5K database.
Stability and catalytic properties of μ-oxo and μ-nitrido dimeric iron tetrasulfophthalocyanines in the oxidation of Orange II bytert-butylhydroperoxide
Authors: Makarova Anna S. , Kudrik Evgeny V. , Makarov Sergei V. , Koifman Oskar I.
Published: August 2014

A study of catalytic activity of μ-nitrido- and μ-oxo-dimeric iron tetrasulfophthalocyanines in the oxidation of Orange II by tert-butylhydroperoxide in aqueous solutions has been performed. It is shown that though in one catalytic cycle activity of μ-oxo-dimer is higher, stability of this complex in oxidative conditions is poor. μ-nitrido-dimer combines relatively good catalytic activity with very high stability in the presence of tert-butylhydroperoxide. The mechanisms of oxidative decomposition of dimers and catalytic oxidation of Orange II have been proposed on the base of kinetic results. The products of catalytic processes are shown to be bio-degradable non-toxic small organic compounds.