bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Satire
Authors: Jones Steven E
Published: November 2023

According to conventional literary histories, Romantic literature is predominantly sincere, spontaneous, subjective, otherworldly, and transcendent. Satire, on the other hand, is usually understood as rhetorical, strategic, worldly, and topical. The construction of the Romantic canon, therefore, along with the establishment of Romanticism as the dominant movement of early nineteenth-century British literature, was accompanied by the relative devaluation of Romantic-period satire by literary historians. It used to be common to say that satire ‘died’ with the ‘Augustan’ writers of the eighteenth century and was displaced by the emergence of sentimental and sincere Romanticism.
Romantic drama
Authors: Pascoe Judith
Published: November 2023

In May of 1780, the notorious Lady Craven arrived at the Drury Lane theatre in London to see her comedy The Miniature Picture being performed as an afterpiece to Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale. The arrival of Elizabeth Craven probably caused as large a rustle in the audience as the moment of curtain rising; she was enveloped in scandal and dressed to catch the eye. According to another member of the audience, the letterwriter Horace Walpole, Lady Craven wore ‘a profusion of white bugles and plumes, to receive the public homage due to her sex and loveliness’, and she seated herself in the middle of the front row of the stage box, so that homage could be easily received.
Gothic
Authors: Trott Nicola
Published: November 2023

The Gothic existed long before it became a genre-word. In origin, it is a race-term, referring to the Goths who, from their tribal homelands in Germany or Scandinavia, invaded central and southern Europe and helped to bring down the Roman Empire (Goths under Alaric sacked Rome in ad 410). For the Renaissance scholars who recovered Roman culture, the Gothic meant whatever was pre-Roman. For the Italian art historian Vasari, it meant non-classical architecture, built in the perpendicular or pointed-arch style, and dating from the twelfth to sixteenth centuries.
The fragment
Authors: Thomas Sophie
Published: November 2023

In March of 1818, an impressive collection of architectural fragments arrived on English shores, aboard HMS Weymouth, from the Roman ruins of Leptis Magna on the Libyan coast of North Africa. The contents of this shipment were listed as having included an extensive assortment of granite and marble columns, capitals, pedestals, pieces of cornice, inscribed slabs, and various fragments of sculptured figures (for example, ‘Statue in halves Head and Feet deficient’). Also part of the shipment, taken on board at Malta, was the bust of Ramses (now in the British Museum) that inspired Shelley’s poem ‘Ozymandias’.
Travel writing
Authors: Thompson Carl
Published: November 2023

In his autobiographical narrative Suspiria de Profundis (1845), Thomas De Quincey tells (or more probably, invents) an amusing story about his childhood appetite for books. Besotted with reading, he signs up at the local bookseller’s to receive a multi-volume series of voyage narratives. Matters go awry, however, when the bookseller jokingly tells him that the series will run to some 15,000 volumes. Taking the bookseller at his word, the young De Quincey has nightmares in which books arrive by the wagonload; and as he imagines them piling up in the front garden, he becomes convinced that he has consigned himself to legal proceedings, bankruptcy, and shame.
The theatre
Authors: Carlson Julie A
Published: November 2023

It is odd to place the afterlife of British Romanticism in the theatre since so much writing during the period was trying to move drama and its readers out of the theatre and so much subsequent writing about the period has denied its interest and competence in drama or theatre. The standard view presented both in theatre histories and criticism on Romanticism is that the period produced no playwright of note, no play that was at once poetic and stage worthy, and that the conditions of early nineteenth-century theatres, especially patent or legitimate theatres, were themselves hostile to classical drama, especially verse tragedy (compare the chapter on ‘Romantic drama’).
Introduction: A New Biblical-Theological Approach to the Unity of the Canon
Authors: Helmer Christine , Landmesser Christof
Published: November 2023

Since its origins, the field of biblical theology has been considered a bridge discipline, spanning the gap and staging the dialogue between the historically and exegetically oriented biblical disciplines and the conceptually oriented theological disciplines. As a discipline distinct from either biblical or theological studies, biblical theology proved successful in preventing premature dogmatic impositions onto the interpretation of ancient texts. The field continued to thematize key problems primarily in view of the Christian Bible, such as the relation between the two testaments, and to determine the precise tasks of the two disciplines informing biblical theology: exegesis and theology. Yet the field continues to be uncertain regarding the legitimacy, warrants, and justifications for theological and philosophical claims made in connection to its work. In this volume, a new direction in biblical theology is proposed that seeks to place theological and philosophical questions at the centre of biblical-theological investigation.
The Unity Behind the Canon
Authors: Wolterstorff Nicholas
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I propose to explore what I shall call ‘the unity behind’ the Christian canon, in contrast to ‘the unity within’. I think the best way to introduce the issues I have in mind is to present a brief narrative of a certain part of the history of modern hermeneutics.
The Making of England’s Jane
Authors: Sutherland Kathryn
Published: November 2023

The publication in 1870 of James Edward Austen-Leigh’s biographical Memoir of his aunt Jane Austen has long been recognized as altering her fortunes for ever—from a relatively select coterie writer, a critic’s and a novelist’s novelist, to a widely esteemed cultural asset, everybody’s quintessential English novelist. In the space of the next two years, more periodical essays were given over to appreciations of her art than had appeared in the whole period since her death in 1817. Over the next three decades, and in the wake of Austen-Leigh’s paradoxical public acclamation of one whose talents ‘did not . . . in any degree pierce through the obscurity of her domestic retirement’, a permanent revolution was effected in Jane Austen’s reputation, the nature and consequences of which still affect us.
Personal Obscurity and the Biographer’s Baggage
Authors: Sutherland Kathryn
Published: November 2023

Mindful of his wry title, ‘One Cheer for Literary Biography’, John Updike brings to a close a persistently equivocal essay by summarizing the fascination of the third-party revelations of biography as the appeal of the authentic or at least ‘less artful . . . in this art-wary age’. In a description calculated to make all parties squirm, biography gives us ‘the intimate underside of writers’; we enjoy it because, wary of art, ‘we resent action writer’s manipulation of his private life, including the private lives of those around him, and rejoice when he or she loses control.
Textual Identities: Part 2
Authors: Sutherland Kathryn
Published: November 2023

The certainties that the Chapman Austen edition evinced and the uncertain- ties it stood to direct now strike us quite differently. Chapman’s self- dedication to the Austen œuvre was a heroic labour: after the novels he went on to publish the juvenilia and later manuscript writings, the letters, and a supplement to the family-derived biographical record. But the immersion therapy proposed through the recreation of a Regency world and reading experience now seems both quaint and partial. Archly knowing— in the matter of the rules for the game of speculation or the carriage design of the barouche landau—such information now appears wholly inadequate in its assumptions about what we need to know to get our novelistic bearings.
Heracles as Dr Strangelove and GI Joe: Male Heroism Deconstructed
Authors: Riley Kathleen
Published: November 2023

Euripides’ Heracles has not been adapted for performance with great frequency, but its exploration of the problems inherent in the social construction of masculinity, especially our culture’s pervasive legitimization of male violence, has led to a new interest in staging the play in the wake of the feminist movement and its critique of traditional thinking about gender.
Social issues: survey
Authors: Goldberg Harvey E
Published: November 2023

The academic study of Judaism and systematic research into social issues both took initial shape early in the nineteenth century. Leopold Zunz (1794–1886), a leader of the Wissenschaft des Judentums movement, included a Jewish sociology or Statistik in his view of a Jewish science. Then, ‘statistic’ referred to qualitative assessment as well as to quantitative investigations. Productive interaction between social thought and questions of contemporary Jewish life and Jewish history emerged only toward the end of the century. One reason for the delay was that nineteenth-century thought was evolutionist, picturing society as moving through stages.
Philosophical issues: survey
Authors: Seeskin Kenneth
Published: November 2023

The best way to understand modern Jewish philosophy is to look at the medieval background from which it arose. According to Maimonides (1138–1204), the heart and soul of Judaism can be summed up in the first two commandments, which mandate worship of the true God and rejection of idolatry. By the ‘true’ God he means a God who is simple, immaterial, and radically unlike anything in the created order. In keeping with the standard medieval view, Maimonides argues that we can know that God exists but will never be in a position to know what God is. What we can know are the consequences or effects of divine activity, by which he means the structure of the world God created.
The problems of evil
Authors: Rynhold Daniel
Published: November 2023

At some point in their lives many people formulate, in however inarticulate a fashion, the problem of evil. But at least since the author of Job grappled with the apparently undeserved fate of his central character, this issue in ever more refined form has been a particular focus for philosophers of religion. The twentieth century inevitably stirred up renewed interest in this most ancient of conundrums as a consequence of the radical moral evil embodied in the Holocaust, which elicited responses from across the religious divide. Amongst Jewish thinkers, though, the question often takes on added poignancy for those who accept traditional covenantal notions such as that the Jews were chosen by God for a particular mission.
Jewish ethics in a modern world
Authors: Zank Michael
Published: November 2023

Judaism is traditionally understood as a way of life founded on the Mosaic law and its rabbinic interpretations, whereas ethics—in the sense of moral philosophy—is a discourse on human perfection grounded in reason. Notwithstanding this difference, many modern Jewish theologians and philosophers have argued that the world-view of the biblical prophets is deeply moral and that their ethic—in the sense of a set of rules of conduct implicit or explicit in their oracles—is the inner principle of the entire development of the Jewish religion.
Assembling Chaucer’s Texts in Print, 1517 to 1532
Authors: Gillespie Alexandra
Published: November 2023

The author of Troilus locates himself at the inception of a new vernacular tradition by divorcing his practices from native traditions of ‘making’ or even translating, and inviting comparison with classical traditions of ‘poesye’ (Troilus, v. 1789– 90). He declares himself worthy to address the authors of the classical past. His little book, in however humble a guise, traverses the distance between their ‘steppes’ and his own.
Agamemnon for the Ancients
Authors: Easterling Pat
Published: November 2023

My topic is the reception of Agamemnon in Greek in the long period of continuous theatrical tradition from the time of its first showing at Athens in 458 bc to the end of pagan antiquity. Familiar enough territory, one might think—at least to the extent that everyone recognizes the play (along with Libation Bearers and Eumenides) as seminal for the development of Attic drama; but mysterious in many respects, largely because our evidence is so patchy. For a start, we have no actual record of a specific revival of the play during that long period (c.800 years?).1 But it is inconceivable that revivals never happened in some form or another, and this mismatch may be a good starting point for thinking about methodology.
Aeschylus ’Clytemnestra versus her Senecan Tradition
Authors: Hall Edith
Published: November 2023

An unknown Etrurian sculptor in the second century ad decorated an alabaster urn with a scene in which Clytemnestra takes the principal role in the murder of Agamemnon (Fig. 4.1). It is an unremarkable art work in both design and execution, but it has a peculiar signiWcance that only a diachronic process of rexection on the Wgure of Clytemnestra can reveal. For this is the sole certain ancient visual illustration of the murder of Agamemnon to post-date Aeschylus’ Oresteia which makes Clytemnestra the primary agent in her husband’ s slaughter.1 Literary versions which make her both mastermind and the executor of the crime are also rare, one exception being Philostratus’ even later Cassandra, an ecphrasis of a painting written in about 300 ad (Imagines 2.10, see further Easterling, this volume, pp. 35-6).
Virtue, Norms, and Objectivity
Authors: Gill Christopher
Published: November 2023

This volume of new essays discusses issues in ancient and modern philosophy about the nature and grounding of ethical norms and concepts, including virtue, and, in particular, the idea that ethics is objectively grounded. To appreciate the contribution of this collection, it is helpful to locate it, in the first instance, against the larger background of recent debate about the relationship between ancient and modern ethical theory; this debate also bears on the merits and demerits of different types of ethical approach and on the nature and basis of the norms and concepts on which these approaches centre.
On the Idea of the summum bonum
Authors: Broadie Sarah
Published: November 2023

In the minds of most philosophers and historians of philosophy, the idea of the summum bonum (highest good) comes embedded in a question: what is the highest good? The idea seems entertainable to the extent that the question seems real. For the question to seem real at least two conditions must hold. First, it must seem as if some answers are objectively better than others. Secondly, it must not seem straight off obvious what the right or best answer to the question should be. But there is also, presumably, a third desideratum, namely agreement, implicit or explicit, on the second order question of what is meant by regarding X as the highest good, whatever X may be. This second order question is my subject here.
Commentary on Detel from a Stoic Standpoint
Authors: Gill Christopher
Published: November 2023

I begin by summarizing the main claims of Wolfgang Detel’s chapter, as I understand these. His starting-point is the restatement of a broad and familiar contrast between the naturalistic approach characteristic of ancient ethical thought and the non-naturalistic style of most modern ethical thinking. Detel proposes to refine and correct this contrast in two ways. He re-analyses the naturalism of ancient thinking—specifically, of Plato—as a ‘hybrid’ approach, which locates different kinds of normativity (including ethical normativity) in a larger framework of thinking about norms and reality. He also argues that modern theories of normativity would be more convincing if they were, as in ancient philosophy, hybrid theories. To show this, he focuses his discussion on ancient and modern ideas about semantic normativity since it is often held that semantic normativity is the most basic source of normativity in general.
Introduction
Authors: Buxton Rachel
Published: November 2023

In a recent article, the critic Edna Longley recalls a seminar she gave for some graduate students in Chicago in 1986. She remarks, evidently with some astonishment, that they ‘were amazed to learn that Frost (who?) had inspired Heaney and Muldoon in differently fruitful ways’. She goes on to observe that there is a parallel between this ‘current lack of feeling for the loops and backformations of literary tradition’ and the ‘American ahistoricism that alarms political analysts’. Explicit is Longley’s belief that an awareness of Frost’s poetry and criticism is indispensable to a full appreciation of Heaney’s and Muldoon’s poetry.
A Crucial Figure
Authors: Buxton Rachel
Published: November 2023

In writing this Frost had, it seems, been prompted by Lowes’s assertion that poetry ‘is one texture of quotations’ stitched together from all that the poet has read. The position might indeed be considered an ‘obvious’ one, certainly within the American tradition: Emerson, for example, argued in his 1841 essay ‘Man the Reformer’ that man is born to be ‘a Reformer, a Remaker of what man has made’, and in 1847’s ‘Art’ declared that ‘the new in art is always formed out of the old’.
Strategic Retreat
Authors: Buxton Rachel
Published: November 2023

Seamus Heaney’s 1984 volume, Station Island, is full of ghosts. Not only do its readers encounter the Dantesque shades of its Purgatorio inspired middle section; many will also recognize within the poems Heaney’s poetic and artistic predecessors, among them Yeats, Lowell, Cézanne, Kavanagh, and Joyce. Robert Frost is also quite clearly present. Yet this is seldom remarked upon, despite the fact that, to quote a line from the Station Island poem ‘The First Flight’, the collection resounds with ‘the acoustic of frost’: At a literal level, this is a relatively unambiguous reference to frost as a natural phenomenon, and to the speaker’s renewed acquaintance with nature. Yet, given the number of references to Frost’s poetry elsewhere in the poem, the reader can be forgiven for wondering whether or not Heaney’s concealment of Frost’s name in these lines is also an act of homage.
Language and Communication
Authors: Buxton Rachel
Published: November 2023

‘We used to be told at school that language was for communication’, recalled Seamus Heaney in a recent interview. ‘Well I don’t think poets quite believe that it’s for communication. It’s for sporting. Whether you’re Milton sporting very seriously with Paradise Lost or Philip Larkin sporting with a few rhymes, there’s an extraness about it.’ Yet the idea of communication between poet and audience is one that is central to Station Island, and the doubtful disposition of the collection can, as O’Donoghue argues, be attributed to ‘the difficulty of interpreting language’.2 He observes that in this volume, and most particularly in the ‘Sweeney Redivivus’ series of poems, Heaney sets up an opposition between written language and spoken language, between the mustiness of the library and ‘the evocativeness of the aural images’.
The Mediterranean and Ancient History
Authors: Harris W V
Published: November 2023

Historians, and probably anthropologists too, are destined to write a great deal more about both the Mediterranean and Mediterraneanism—the doctrine that there are distinctive characteristics which the cultures of the Mediterranean have, or have had, in common. And whatever the importance of the Mediterranean may be for earlier or later history, those of us who study the history of the Greeks and Romans have a particular need, for obvious reasons, to get the subject straight.
Ecology and Beyond: The Mediterranean Paradigm
Authors: Bresson Alain
Published: November 2023

One of the fundamental notions put forward by P. Horden and N. Purcell in their important book The Corrupting Sea is the necessity of separating history in the Mediterranean from a history of the Mediterranean. The former was Fernand Braudel’s purpose in his famous book The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II. The latter is Horden and Purcell’s ambition. They hold that such an approach can isolate what might be called the nucleus of a Mediterranean paradigm. With this purpose in mind, they provide an account that covers a very long period of history from the prehistoric period up to the beginning of industrialization. This is a necessary foundation for an analysis that aims to provide trans-periodical definitions.
The Mirage of Greek Continuity: On the Uses and Abuses of Analogy in Some Travel Narratives from the Seventeenth to the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Saïd Suzanne
Published: November 2023

P. Walcot’s influential book Greek Peasants, Ancient and Modern (1970) best illustrates the mirage of Greek continuity and the persistence of ‘an uncritically survivalist argument’.His ‘ancient peasants’ include not only ‘Hesiod and his fellow Boeotians’and ‘early Greek peasant society’,but also Greek society in the classical period, since Walcot, following a suggestion of the sociologist A. W. Gouldner, argues that the set of values of the early Greeks were identical to those held by fifth and fourth century Athenians, supporting his claim with a series of random quotations from Xenophon’s Oeconomicus and from Greek tragedy. As for his ‘modern Greeks’, they come from the mountain villages studied by contemporary ethnographers such as Friedl (Vasilika ), Campbell (the Sarakatsani), and Peristiany (the Pitsilloi), as well as from the Aegean islands described in a report written in 1886 by the ‘folklorist-traveller’ Theodore Bent.
Identities
Authors: Mcmanus Clare
Published: November 2023

The early modern period, as the General Introduction has shown, is often figured as the crucible of the modern subject. In the wake of the rejection of the universal, stable self, however, that subject has changed. Yet ideas of the self (the ‘I’, the ‘me’, as opposed to the ‘other’), identity (the defining content of the self) and subjectivity (the experience and articulation of selfhood and identity) remain among the most important concerns animating current critical interventions into the Renaissance. Much current work explores the nature of identity after its theoretical deconstruction. It points to a constructed subject, the self forged under the pressure of historical, social and discursive circumstance
The Late Shakespearian Canon
Authors: Lyne Raphael
Published: November 2023

Readers, audiences, and critics have regularly described special qualities in the works written towards the end of Shakespeare’s theatrical career: especially Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale, and The Tempest. Ariel’s song, quoted above, calms and perplexes Ferdinand with its description of an intriguing physical change, but as the prince discovers later, Alonso has not actually died at all. While extraordinary stories filled with emotional intensity and challenging dramaturgy add up to a ‘rich and strange’ new direction in Shakespeare’s career, the metamorphosis can be overstated— many key interests of earlier works find themselves reworked.
Shakespeare, Early and Late
Authors: Lyne Raphael
Published: November 2023

As was explored in an earlier chapter, Shakespeare sharpens his audience’s sense of what the word ‘appears’ may offer. This story is incredible to the ear, but as a visual spectacle it transcends seeming and overcomes objections. In this chapter the focus shifts away from the technique and value of representation and towards the ‘old tales’ that are being re-presented. Pericles is based on the story of Apollonius of Tyre as retold in Lawrence Twyne’s Pattern of Painful Adventures, originally published in 1576and reprinted in 1607.
Introduction Critical Approaches
Authors: Paver Chloe
Published: November 2023

As an object of study, the response of German and Austrian writers and film-makers to the Nazi past is a moving target: each year, new novels and films about the Third Reich clamour for critical attention, and each of those works is a product of ‘shifting memories’—ongoing social negotiations about the way in which the Third Reich and its crimes are to be remembered.1 A periodic scholarly stocktaking is therefore inevitable, since neither the artists nor the cultural climate that nurtures them stand still. The end of the Cold War, which has changed for good the ways in which Germany and, to a lesser degree, Austria understand their relationship with their respective National Socialist pasts, has generated a flood of new creative reckonings with the Third Reich and a following wave of scholarly analysis.
Darwin’s ‘Second Sun’: Alexander von Humboldt and the Genesis of The Voyage of the Beagle
Authors: Leask Nigel
Published: November 2023

For modern readers of Charles Darwin, the 1859 Origin of Species inevitably casts its long shadow back over his earlier travel book, commonly known as The Voyage of the Beagle, first published in 1839, and again, with substantial revisions, in 1845. Gillian Beer aptly describes Darwin’s book (actually published under the title Journal of Researches into the Geology and Natural History of the Various Countries Visited by H.M.S. Beagle) as ‘a narrative whose peripeteia is just beyond the scope of the text, has not yet been performed’.
‘Brownie’ Sharpe and the Stuff of Dreams
Authors: Jacobus Mary
Published: November 2023

What is the medium of dream analysis? And what is the ‘stuff of dreams? One answer, at least since The Interpretation of Dreams, would be metaphor. But there are others. For Winnicott, it might be a holding medium, such as oil, which helps the wheels of the dream to go round; for Bion, alpha-function, making raw sensations and perceptions available for dreaming; or for Andre Green, negative states trying to accede to symbolization.
The Chemistry of Truth and the Literature of Dystopia
Authors: Winter Alison
Published: November 2023

The idea that memories lie within us, almost as physical entities within a container, has an intuitive appeal. No less alluring is its corollary: that such entities can be accessed by putting the body or mind into a controllable state of openness. Efforts to do just this have a long and consequential history in the modern era. In particular, during the twentieth century several discrete research programmes explicitly pursued this end via the use of pharmaceuticals. The period also saw intensive literary reflection on the possibilities of ‘truth serum’ drugs and technologies.
Coming of Age
Authors: Keller E F
Published: November 2023

If Schroedinger’s ‘What is Life?’ was widely read in the 1950s by scientists interested in biology, J. D. Watson’s account of his and Francis Crick’s epochal achievement, The Double Helix, has, it seems, been read by virtually everyone. Since its original publication in 1968, it has been reissued eleven times (in English alone)-including a 1980 appearance in a Norton Critical Edition; it has sold many thousands of copies, and promises to remain a strong seller for some time to come. In 2002, 34 years after its first appearance, eleven English language editions were still in print.
Literature and Complaint in England, 1272– 1553
Authors: Scase Wendy
Published: November 2023

Literature and Complaint in England 1272-1553 gives an entirely new and original perspective on the relations between early judicial process and the development of literature in England. Wendy Scase argues that texts ranging from political libels and pamphlets to laments of the unrequited lover constitute a literature shaped by the new and crucial role of complaint in the law courts. She describes how complaint took on central importance in the development of institutions such as Parliament and the common law in later medieval England, and argues that these developments shaped a literature of complaint within and beyond the judicial process. She traces the story of the literature of complaint from the earliest written bills and their links with early complaint poems in English, French, and Latin, through writings associated with political crises of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, to the libels and petitionary pamphlets of Reformation England. A final chapter, which includes analyses of works by Chaucer, Hoccleve, and related writers, proposes far-reaching revisions to current histories of the arts of composition in medieval England. Throughout, close attention is paid to the forms and language of complaint writing and to the emergence of an infrastructure for the production of plaint texts, and many images of plaints and petitions are included. The texts discussed include works by well-known authors as well as little-known libels and pamphlets from across the period.
Trust, Suffering, and the Aesculapian Virtues
Authors: Baier Annette C
Published: November 2023

Aesculapius, son of Apollo, and pupil of centaur– physician Chiron, son of Chronos, was the Zeus-designated god of healing. What are the Aesculapian virtues, the virtues we want in those to whom we turn to heal and alleviate our ills? Aesculapius was son to serene, expressive Apollo, and pupil of the son of Chronos, god of time, and I shall suggest that both calm communicativeness and right timing are important virtues in healers. I have argued in a recent essay (Baier 2004) that virtues, or at least such virtues as show in our relations with each other, essentially are the wanted attitudes to the realization that we are in one another’s power.
The Good Life for Non-Human Animals: What Virtue Requires of Humans
Authors: Walker Rebecca L
Published: November 2023

Most of us have seen giant polar bears lying in the sun behind the high fence of a mid- to large-sized enclosure in a zoo. This zoo could be in nearly any big city in the world. The enclosure has cement floors and a pool for swimming. Or maybe we have seen great apes behind the glass of a viewing cage. In the cage are a few trees and some play equipment. The apes engage one another or look out silently from behind the glass or may even gesture at us as we look in at them. While children are simply fascinated by the sight of these animals, for adults these sights are sometimes troubling. Perhaps we even have mixed feelings about our unease.
The Relation Of Science And Religion
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

Thus the contents of the Two Books which God had been presumed to set before mankind for his illumination, interacted in ways which Francis Bacon, perhaps, might not have anticipated. Unwise though it is to attempt to generalize about such a complex development, we need to look a little more closely at the history of the relation between the Two Books in order to provide the setting for understanding their present relation, especially in connection with the idea of creation, with which these lectures will be principally concerned.
Chance And The Doctrine Of Creation
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

I have tried to give a fair account of one aspect-the interplay of chance and law in the life-game-of our present scientific perspective on the world and to draw out its general implications, so far without much reference to a theism which conceives of a Creator God. I have, negatively, tried to show that the deduction (of Monod for example) from this picture, that the quest for meaning for man in the cosmos is hopeless, is not warranted by the role of chance in evolution both as Monod conceived it and, even more clearly, in the form the more thermodynamic and kinetic work of Prigogine and Eigen has indicated.
Manas Agent: God As Agent
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

The recurrent ground bass to the upper and more obvious tones of these lectures is the relation of God and the world. We have been elaborating how the sciences unveil that world as a hierarchy of levels of systems each requiring its own conceptual schemes for understanding and articulation, as well as experimental tools for investigation, and that these systems have appeared in time through the operation of the laws governing the behaviour of the units and with no discontinuity.
Introduction
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

In the previous lectures, after an examination of the historical relation of science and theology, as represented in the metaphor of the ‘Two Books’, I have given reasons for thinking that we might be entering into a more fruitful phase of this relation, in which the results and methods of the two enterprises might be regarded as complementary in that quest for intelligibility and personal meaning in which we are all engaged-even now, perhaps especially now, in this age of burgeoning technology and uniquely energetic and fecund science.
The Processes Of Evolution
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

Some distinctive attributes of man are mentioned, but this by no means exhausts his essential attributes, those which might be regarded as innate. G. E. Pugh (in The Biological Origin of Human Values, Basic Books Inc., New York, 1977) has provisionally identified the following ‘values’ (i.e. aims which the human decision system seeks to fulfil) as built in by evolution and so as innate, or primary (i.e. fundamental and unalterable by human beings themselves):A. Selfish ‘values’. Hunger, thirst, fear, rocking urge, sucking urge, anger, itch, excretion urge. B. Social ‘values’.
The Emergence Of Man
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

Man has emerged as a natural product of this process but with his advent ‘evolution’, hitherto effected by the processes I have been describing, takes on a new form. As Simpson says, It is still false to conclude that man is nothing but the highest animal, or the most progressive product of organic evolution. He is also a fundamentally new sort of animal and one in which, although organic evolution continues on its way, a fundamentally new sort of evolution has also appeared.
What Do Men Live By?
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

It is significant that, as far as we can tell, this question is asked by only one evolved living organism, man, who alone seems to be able to distance himself from both himself and the world in which he has emerged and then to reflect upon his existence there. It seems to be one of the distinctive features of his being a person, of being able to say ‘I’ of himself. In asking this question, and those of the last paragraph, we are trying to unravel man’s needs.
Introduction
Authors: Peacocke Arthur
Published: November 2023

ON Christmas Day 1968, three American astronauts (Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders) were the first human beings ever to go round the ‘dark’ side of the moon away from the Earth. Firing their rockets at the crucial point, they headed Apollo 8 for home and it was then that these three men beheld the planet Earth in a way vouchsafed to only a small number of human beings.
Bad Intensions
Authors: Byrne Alex , Pryor James
Published: November 2023

Let us say chat a speaker associates property P with word Tiff the speaker believes that the referent of T (if it exists) has P. Here are three roles that associated properties might fill. First, a speaker might be able co know that the referent of word T has certain properties (if it exists), armed only with her understanding of T and a bit of a priori reflection. If so, then let us say that those properties fiH the a priori role (for word T). For instance, perhaps anyone who understands the word water is able to know, without appeal co any further a posteriori information, that water refers to the clear, drinkable natural kind whose instances are predominant in our oceans and lakes (if water refers at all-we will suppress this qualification from here on). Or, less controversially, perhaps anyone who understands water is able to know that water refers to a natural kind, or at least that it docs not refer to an abstract object like a number. Or, almost uncontroversially, perhaps anyone who understands water is able to know that it refers to water. This last example shows that, plausibly, there will always be some property filling the a priori role for word T that its referent uniquely possesses-being water, in the case of water. What is entirely unobvious is whether speakers have more interesting kinds of identifying knowledge about the referents of words: say, that water refers to the clear, drinkable natural kind predominant in our oceans and lakes. At first glance, such cases seem to be the exception, not the rule.
Reference, Contingency, and the Two-Dimensional Framework
Authors: Davies Martin
Published: November 2023

This paper is an attempt to [use] a puzzle about the contingent a priori to test and explore certain theories of reference and modality. No one could claim that the puzzle is of any great philosophical importance by itself, but to understand it, one has to get dear about certain aspects of the theory of reference; and to solve it, one has to think a little more deeply than one is perhaps accustomed about what it means to say that a statement is contingent or necessary. The most familiar examples of the puzzle of the contingent a priori and the mirrorimage puzzle of the necessary a posteriori involve what appear to be referring expressions: ordinary proper names, names of natural kinds, names with their reference fixed by description. So an account of the puzzles can scarcely avoid involvement with the theory of reference. But, as Evans stresses, there are other examples of the contingent a priori and the necessary a posteriori that do not involve referring expressions at all. So no thesis about reference can suffice, by itself, for a complete solution to the puzzles. Rather, Evans proposes, a solution must be provided by reflection on the modal notions of contingency and necessity.
Comment on ‘Two Notions of Necessity’
Authors: Evans Gareth
Published: November 2023

I confess to being a bit suspicious of the way you introduce your operator ‘:P, though I am quite unable to express my doubts in a compelling way.

Incidentally, I chink the general ideas of your paper would be more clearly visible if you had taken as basic an operator ‘(8}’ with the condition: because this is closer to a necessity operator right from the start. But there are probably many refinements which would be difficult later, and it would not have the same degree of continuity with the earlier paper [Crossley and Humberscone, 1977].
Kripke, the Necessary Aposteriori, and the Two-Dimensionalist Heresy
Authors: Soames Scott
Published: November 2023

The Necessary Aposteriori: Revolution and Reaction A little over thirty years ago, Saul Kripke and others advanced what was then a revolutionary thesis: there are necessary truths knowledge of which requires empirical evidence. Kripke’s route to this conclusion was breathtakingly simple. He first used the concept of rigid designation to rebut Quine’s influential objection to essenrialism. Then, with both a non-descriptive semantics and a rehabilitated conception of essentialism in place, he showed how to generate instances of the necessary aposteriori. If n is a rigid designator of o, and P expresses an essential property of o which is such that knowledge that o has it requires empirical evidence, then the proposition expressed by if n exis-ts, then n is Pis both necessary and knowable only aposteriori. Although Kripke’s examples were extraordinarily convincing, some theorists harbored philosophical commitments that did not allow them to be convinced. For example, those who identified propositions with sets of metaphysically possible world-states were committed to the view that there is only one necessary proposition, which surely is knowable apriori. Other theorists offered analyses of knowledge according to which one knows piff one has evidence ruling out all relevant (metaphysically) possible ways in which p could be false-a conception according to which necessary truths are trivially knowable, since they are true no matter which possible state the world is in. For these theorists, the only option was to try to explain away Kripke’s revolutionary discovery. In the last twenty-five years a systematic strategy has grown up around a technical development called twodimensional modal logic for doing essentially that. This strategy seeks to construct a descriptivist two-dimensional model that lays the foundation either for denying.
Traditional Duties: Housewife, Mother, Consumer
Authors: Bingham Adrian
Published: November 2023

If the ‘modern young woman’ met the editorial need for bright, unusual, and controversial articles after 1918, the housewife and mother was at the other end of the news spectrum: she represented the average, the everyday, the basic norm against which other manifestations of femininity were defined. While the activities of the ‘flapper’ were frequently the subject of the main news and feature pages, those of the housewife were more often to be found in the sedate surroundings of the ‘women’s section ‘. This section was somewhat isolated from the rhythms of the rest of the paper. Rarely conspicuously affected by the political crises or social upheavals that resounded around the other columns, the women’s pages appeared to represent a haven from the travails of the public sphere.
Postscript
Authors: Copeland Rita , Lawton, David , Scase Wendy
Published: November 2023

This, the seventh volume of New Medieval Literatures, is also the last with Oxford University Press. The age of seven was, of course, particularly significant in the medieval lifetime; it was the end of one age and the beginning of the next, a time of passage. Just so, the seventh issue of this annual is a fitting time to take stock, to look backwards and forwards. Looking back, the seven volumes, and well over seventy essays, have ranged widely methodologically, chronologically, and culturally. We have featured the work of a large number of the most prominent scholars in the field.
Setting
Authors: Rogers Pat
Published: November 2023

Windsor-Forest is a poem on a public theme, but it has deep roots in its author’s private experience. The aim of this chapter is first to re-examine the circumstances of the work’s composition, and then to detect the ways in which it dramatizes aspects of Pope’s own relationships with the Forest. In his boyhood and adolescence at Binfield, a crucial influence was Sir William Trumbull, who claimed to have set the young poet to work on Windsor-Forest. Moreover, Trumbull was Pope’s earliest important Pat ron: the man who introduced him to the world of high politics, and the man who could imbue him with a first-hand sense of the tumultuous events of the seventeenth century.
Biography
Authors: Rogers Pat
Published: November 2023

In order to come to a full understanding of the poem, we need to locate it within Pope’s career as a writer. This is because the composition of Windsor-Forest marks a moment of transition as he developed from a primarily descriptive poet, concerned with the matter of traditional genres such as pastoral, to a primarily satiric poet, dealing with public themes and urban issues. In the first section of the chapter, an attempt will be made to provide the context for a literary shift which parallels the swerve in Pope’s private life as he left the Forest for Chiswick, on the edge of the city.
Osiris, Hathor, the Gendered Dead
Authors: Riggs Christina
Published: November 2023

One type of identity which was quite clearly expressed in funerary art was the sex of the deceased, based on the binary pairing of male and female. By the start of the Roman Period, the custom of describing and depicting women in a different way from men in a mortuary context had been more or less fixed for at least two thousand years. This desire to preserve the gender identity of the dead stemmed from Egyptian ideas about rebirth and renewal but also re?ected the social construction of distinct roles for men and women.
Art and Archaism in Western Thebes
Authors: Riggs Christina
Published: November 2023

From the start of the Middle Kingdom through the Late Period, the site of Thebes (Egyptian W3s.t, modern Luxor) in Upper Egypt held sway as a political and religious centre devoted to the state cult of the god Amun and the mortuary cults of the Egyptian kings.
Conclusions
Authors: Riggs Christina
Published: November 2023

This study has tried to imagine the funerary art of Roman Egypt in the eyes of the people for whom it was made, in order to understand how and why so many works of art combined Greek forms of self-presentation with Egyptian modes of representation. Impossible though it is to replicate the experience of the ancient past, it is nonetheless possible, and desirable, to approach a work of art with reference to the time, place, and manner of its creation.
Unitarianism: Priestley to Gaskell
Authors: Knight Mark , Mason Emma
Published: November 2023

Towards the end of the eighteenth century, the Unitarian minister Richard Price expressed his fear that ‘the most valuable part of the dissenting interest is likely to be ground to death between enthusiasm on the one hand, and luxury and fashion on the other’. As the last chapter suggested, enthusiasts threatened to render religion nothing more than a mystical experience of heightened emotion; while the late Presbyterians seemed preoccupied with only a ‘tasteful’ faith sanitized as it was for a chic, urban, and bourgeois middle class. In stark opposition to the modest Methodist or Anglican clergyman, rational Dissenters were concerned with luxury, legitimizing the accumulation of capital and the enjoyment of what this could buy. Even their chapels were elegant and comfortable, and dancing, cards, the theatre, and literature were all considered acceptable, the congregation literate, intellectual, opulent, and socially prosperous.
Mortality and Immortality
Authors: Currie Bruno
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we will consider the Iliad and Odyssey separately, rather than speaking of both as ‘Homer’; the Iliad provides an instructively starker contrast with Pindar than the Odyssey. In the Iliad, it is insisted that mortals remain mortal, and immortals immortal (12.326—7, 21.106—10). We learn that Sarpedon might have been spared from death (16.4357, 443), and that Ares ‘might have died’ (5.388); but such possibilities remain just that in the Iliad.
Nemean 7 Boy Pentathlete and Delphian Hero
Authors: Currie Bruno
Published: November 2023

Nemean 7 is one of the most controversial of Pindar’s odes. It celebrates the Nemean victory of the Aeginetan Sogenes in the boys’ pentathlon. Its date is unknown: the text gives no indications and the date assigned by the scholia is incurably corrupt.
Introduction: Context Of The Treatise
Authors: Wilberding James
Published: November 2023

Our concern here is with Plotinus’ treatise On the Universe (Ennead II.1) in which he argues for the everlastingness of the universe, the heavens and the heavenly bodies. In his Life of Plotinus (VP), Porphyry furnishes an account of the originative sequence of Plotinus’ writings according to which our treatise is the fortieth. He also divided them into three groups according to three stages of his own association with Plotinus. The first group of 21 treatises had already been written down prior to Porphyry’s arrival in Rome, and is characterized by Porphyry as being ‘of a lesser capacity, not yet attaining to the dimensions of his full vigour’.
Plotinus’ Background In Cosmology
Authors: Wilberding James
Published: November 2023

The prominent position that the study of heavenly motion has received in the Platonic-Aristotelian tradition and the fact that Plotinus’ own interest in cosmology seems to have spanned many years prompt one to ask how much background Plotinus actually had in the subject. Porphyry tells us only this:
Stoic Cosmological Theory
Authors: Wilberding James
Published: November 2023

The layout of the Stoic cosmos is similar to that of Plato and Aristotle. There is only one cosmos, and it is spherical, consisting of concentric layers of elemental ensembles, beginning with earth, then water and air, and finally fire. Apart from this, however, it is the disagreements between Stoic cosmology and its Platonic and Aristotelian predecessors that are most striking.