bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Drag Instability in a 2D Isothermal C-shock
Authors: Gu 辜品 Pin-Gao 高
Published: June 2021

We extend the linear analysis of the drag instability in a 1D perpendicular isothermal C-shock by Gu & Chen to 2D perpendicular and oblique C-shocks in the typical environment of star-forming clouds. Simplified dispersion relations are derived for the unstable modes. We find that the mode property of the drag instability generally depends on the ratio of the transverse (normal to the shock flow) to longitudinal (along the shock flow) wavenumber. For the transversely large-scale mode, the growth rate and wave frequency of the drag instability in a 2D shock resemble those in a 1D shock. For the transversely small-scale mode, the drag instability is characterized by an unstable mode coupled with an acoustic mode primarily along the transverse direction. When the shock is perpendicular or less oblique, there exists a slowly propagating mode, which can potentially grow into a nonlinear regime and contribute to the maximum growth of the instability. In contrast, when the shock is more oblique, this slowly propagating unstable mode disappears, and the maximum growth of the drag instability is likely contributed from the transversely large-scale mode (i.e., almost 1D mode). In all cases that we consider, the magnitude of the density perturbations is significantly larger than that of the velocity and magnetic field perturbations, implying that the density enhancement governs the dynamics in the linear regime of the instability. A few issues in the linear analysis, as well as the possible astrophysical implications, are also briefly discussed.
Chandra Observations of Excess Fe Kα Line Emission in Galaxies with High Star Formation Rates: X-Ray Reflection on Galaxy Scales?
Authors: Yan Wei , Hickox Ryan C. , Chen Chien-Ting J. , Ricci Claudio , Masini Alberto , Bauer Franz E. , Alexander David M.
Published: June 2021

In active galactic nuclei (AGNs), fluorescent Fe Kα (iron) line emission is generally interpreted as originating from obscuring material around a supermassive black hole on the scale of a few parsecs. However, recent Chandra studies indicate the existence of iron line emission extending to kiloparsec scales in the host galaxy. The connection between iron line emission and large-scale material can be spatially resolved directly only in nearby galaxies, but could be inferred in more distant AGNs by a connection between line emission and star-forming gas and dust that is more extended than the parsec-scale torus. Here we present the results from a stacking analysis and X-ray spectral fitting performed on sources in the Chandra Deep Field South (CDFS) 7 Ms observations. From the deep stacked spectra, we select sources with stellar mass

at 0.5 < z < 2, obtaining 25 sources with high-infrared (IR) luminosity (star formation rate, SFRFIR ≥ 17 M
☉ yr−1) and 32 sources below this threshold. We find that the equivalent width (EW) of the iron line EW(Fe) is a factor of three higher with 3σ significance for high-IR luminosity measured from Herschel observations, indicating a connection between iron line emission and star-forming material on galaxy scales. We show that there is no significant dependence of the EW(Fe) on M
* or X-ray luminosity, suggesting that the reflection of AGN X-ray emission over large scales in their host galaxies may be widespread.
Ion Acceleration Efficiency at the Earth’s Bow Shock: Observations and Simulation Results
Authors: Johlander A. , Battarbee M. , Vaivads A. , Turc L. , Pfau-Kempf Y. , Ganse U. , Grandin M. , Dubart M. , Khotyaintsev Yu. V. , Caprioli D. , Haggerty C. , Schwartz S. J. , Giles B. L. , Palmroth M.
Published: June 2021

Collisionless shocks are some of the most efficient particle accelerators in heliospheric and astrophysical plasmas. Here we study and quantify ion acceleration at Earth’s bow shock with observations from NASA’s Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) satellites and in a global hybrid-Vlasov simulation. From the MMS observations, we find that quasiparallel shocks are more efficient at accelerating ions. There, up to 15% of the available energy goes into accelerating ions above 10 times their initial energy. Above a shock-normal angle of ∼50°, essentially no energetic ions are observed downstream of the shock. We find that ion acceleration efficiency is significantly lower when the shock has a low Mach number (M

A
< 6) while there is little Mach number dependence for higher values. We also find that ion acceleration is lower on the flanks of the bow shock than at the subsolar point regardless of the Mach number. The observations show that a higher connection time of an upstream field line leads to somewhat higher acceleration efficiency. To complement the observations, we perform a global hybrid-Vlasov simulation with realistic solar-wind parameters with the shape and size of the bow shock. We find that the ion acceleration efficiency in the simulation shows good quantitative agreement with the MMS observations. With the combined approach of direct spacecraft observations, we quantify ion acceleration in a wide range of shock angles and Mach numbers.
Extension of the Synchrotron Radiation of Electrons to Very High Energies in Clumpy Environments
Authors: Khangulyan Dmitry , Aharonian Felix , Romoli Carlo , Taylor Andrew
Published: June 2021

The synchrotron cooling of relativistic electrons is one of the most effective radiation mechanisms in astrophysics. It not only accompanies the process of particle acceleration, but also has feedback on the formation of the energy distribution of the parent electrons. The radiative cooling time of electrons decreases with energy as t

SYN
∝ 1/E; correspondingly, the overall radiation efficiency increases with energy. However, this effect strictly limits the maximum energy of individual photons. Even in the so-called extreme accelerators, where the acceleration proceeds at the highest possible rate,

, allowed in an ideal magnetohydrodynamic plasma, the synchrotron radiation cannot extend well beyond the characteristic energy determined by the electron mass and the fine-structure constant:

. In this paper, we propose a model in which the formation of synchrotron radiation takes place in compact magnetic blobs located inside the particle accelerator and develop a formalism for calculations of synchrotron radiation emerging from such systems. We demonstrate that for certain combinations of parameters characterizing the accelerator and the magnetic blobs, the synchrotron radiation can extend beyond this limit by a several orders of magnitude. This scenario requires a weak magnetization of the particle accelerator, and an efficient conversion of gas internal energy into magnetic energy in sufficiently small blobs. The required size of the blobs is constrained by the magnetic mirroring effect, which can prevent particle penetration into the regions of strong magnetic field under certain conditions.
Eccentricity without Measuring Eccentricity: Discriminating among Stellar Mass Black Hole Binary Formation Channels
Authors: Randall Lisa , Xianyu Zhong-Zhi
Published: June 2021

We show how the observable number of binaries in LISA is affected by eccentricity through its influence on the peak gravitational-wave frequency, enhanced binary number density required to produce the LIGO observed rate, and the reduced signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) for an eccentric event. We also demonstrate how these effects should make it possible to learn about the eccentricity distribution and formation channels by counting the number of binaries as a function of frequency, even with no explicit detection of eccentricity. We also provide a simplified calculation for S/N of eccentric binaries.
Taxonomic revision of Sageretia (Rhamnaceae) from China I: identities of S. lucida, S. thea var. cordiformis and S. yunlongensis, with the description of a new species S. ellipsoidea
Authors: Yang Yi , Peng Hua , Sun Hang
Published: June 2021

A taxonomic revision of Sageretia lucida, S. thea var. cordiformis and S. yunlongensis in China is presented. Sageretia lucida is revised in terms of morphological characters (habit, branchlet color, phyllotaxis and rachis length), distribution, habitat, and phenology; S. thea var. cordiformis is raised to S. cordiformis; and S. yunlongensis is excluded from the genus Sageretia and reduced to the synonym of Rhamnus nigricans. Furthermore, a new species, S. ellipsoidea, is erected based on the paratype collections of S. lucida. The new species morphologically differs from S. lucida in having reddish brown branchlets, opposite or subopposite phyllotaxis, shorter rachises, and flowering in spring or early summer. S. ellipsoidea is factually closest to S. hamosa as they share similar woody-vine habit and larger fruit size, and fruiting in winter, whereas the former can be easily recognized based on its smaller leaf blades, fewer lateral veins, shorter rachises, and ellipsoidal or elliptic-ovoid fruits.
Nerfs, sensibilité et motricité à la fin du Moyen Âge (XIII e -XV e siècle) : entre philosophie naturelle, théories physiologiques et pratique médicale
Authors: Loviconi Laetitia
Published: June 2021

Dans ses œuvres de philosophie naturelle et de physiologie, Aristote a considéré le cœur comme principe de la sensibilité et des mouvements locaux des membres locomoteurs, en attribuant ces mouvements à l’intervention de structures dénommées neurâ (désignant indistinctement tendons, ligaments et nerfs), dont certaines seraient présentes dans le cœur, d’autres attachées aux os et supposément dérivées de vaisseaux issus du cœur. Au contraire, selon Galien, le cerveau et la moelle épinière sont le lieu de naissance des nerfs, par l’intermédiaire desquels les parties corporelles seraient sensibles et susceptibles de mouvements volontaires. Entre la seconde moitié du xi e  siècle et le xiv e  siècle, ces théories adverses furent portées à la connaissance des médecins médiévaux de l’Occident latin, d’une part, par des traductions arabo-latines et gréco-latines des œuvres d’Aristote et de Galien, d’autre part, à travers les adaptations, les lectures et les interprétations que médecins et philosophes arabes avaient faites à partir de ces mêmes œuvres. Dans cet article, nous nous focalisons donc sur la fin du Moyen Âge afin d’examiner la façon dont les médecins de l’Occident latin réfléchirent à l’anatomie et au statut des nerfs, en relation avec les facultés sensitive et motrice, au sein de practicae , œuvres faisant se côtoyer une perspective pratique et l’apport de données théoriques médicales. Afin de saisir les éventuelles parentés et singularités des discours de practicae , nous présentons dans un premier temps la façon dont ont été discutés ces sujets dans quelques œuvres scolastiques de théorie médicale ( xiii e - xv e  siècle). Nous analysons ensuite les discours développés dans des practicae pour déterminer comment les auteurs de telles œuvres ont mobilisé des sources divergentes relevant de la philosophie naturelle et de la théorie médicale, dans le cadre de l’élaboration d’une médecine revendiquant le statut de science pour son versant théorique. Nous envisageons aussi dans quelle mesure les solutions et conceptions retenues par ces auteurs ont pu interagir avec l’exercice médical (mise en œuvre des diagnostics, des pronostics, des explications étiologiques, des conseils thérapeutiques).
Origine et fortune du Soufre principe dans la Table des rapports d’Étienne-François Geoffroy : de l’alchimie au phlogistique
Authors: Joly Bernard
Published: June 2021

Geoffroy présente en 1718 à l’Académie royale des sciences une « Table des différents rapports observés entre différentes substances » chimiques. La présence dans cette table d’un mystérieux « Soufre principe » nous surprend. Alors que les rapports chimiques sont justifiés par le recours à des expériences, on se demande d’où vient cette étrange substance qui semble issue des travaux des alchimistes. En fait, Geoffroy l’a empruntée à son maître Wilhelm Homberg, et lui fait jouer un rôle essentiel dans le processus de la composition des métaux. Confronté aux travaux de Georg E. Stahl, il reconnaît finalement, en 1720, qu’il s’agit en fait du phlogistique. Il jette ainsi un pont entre la nouvelle chimie du xviii e  siècle et les doctrines alchimiques des siècles précédents.
Co-occurring intellectual disability and substance use disorders
Authors: Bhatt Nita V ,   Associate Director of Medical Student Education Psychiatry Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine Dayton, Ohio, USA, Gentile Julie P ,   Chair Department of Psychiatry Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine Dayton, Ohio, USA
Published: June 2021

Individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) are an expanding population that confronts multiple disadvantages from social and environmental determinants of health. Deinstitutionalization and community integration have improved the lives of individuals with ID in many ways. However, deinstitutionalization may increase their access to alcohol and drugs and the potential for developing Substance Abuse Disorders (SUD). It is estimated that 7–8 million people in the United States with an intellectual disability (ID) suffer disproportionately from substance use problems [1]. There is a lack of empirical evidence to inform prevention and treatment efforts in this population and more research needs to be done in order to address these issues.
INTEGRATED ARCHITECTURAL AND ENGINEERING DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR A ZERO-ENERGY BUILDING: ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY’S DESIGN ENTRY FOR THE 2018 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY RACE TO ZERO (SOLAR DECATHLON DESIGN CHALLENGE)
Authors: Dell’Acqua Edoarda Corradi , Marin Jaime , Wright Eric
Published: June 2021

This paper describes the design of InterTech, a zero-energy mixed-use student residence hall, developed in 2018 by an interdisciplinary team of Illinois Institute of Technology (Illinois Tech) students for the U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon Design Challenge, formerly known as Race to Zero. The main focus is the team’s integrated and iterative approach, which blended architectural design and engineering concepts and led to achieving the high-performance goal.

InterTech aims to provide an innovative housing solution to Illinois Institute of Technology’s graduate students and their families. Located along State Street in between Illinois Tech’s main campus and downtown Chicago, it offers a mix of living options providing both independence and access to the campus and to the city. In addition to the residential program, the project includes a small grocery/cafe connected to an outdoor public plaza, and an underground garage. Energy modeling was introduced in the early design stages. The potential of on-site renewable energy generation defined the project’s target Energy Use Intensity (EUI) of 37 kBtu/sqft. Several passive and active strategies were implemented to reduce the building’s total energy needs and meet the target EUI. The implementation of energy conservation measures led to a 25% reduction of the building’s cooling load and a 33% reduction of the heating load. A design EUI of 28 kBtu/sqft was calculated, validating that this design met and exceeded the zero-energy goal.
Le marché des matières premières dans l’Antiquité et au Moyen Âge
Authors: Boisseuil Didier , Rico Christian , Gelichi Sauro
Published: June 2021

Métaux, pierres et autres matériaux de construction, roches nobles, bois, textiles, cuirs, sel, matières tinctoriales, etc., les matières premières, brutes ou issues d’une première phase de transformation, n’ont pas été peu nombreuses, dans l’Antiquité et au Moyen Âge, à circuler sur des petites et moyennes distances, quand elles n’ont pas entrepris de longs voyages. Pour la première fois, un ouvrage est consacré à un trafic qui fut une composante à part entière des économies anciennes, gréco-romaine et médiévale. À travers de nombreuses études de cas et des synthèses ciblées, sont examinées les conditions dans lesquelles s’est développé un marché des matières premières, ses acteurs, publics comme privés, et, à travers eux, les réseaux qui ont été mis en place pour assurer, à diverses échelles géographiques, l’approvisionnement en produits autres qu’alimentaires mais de première nécessité.
«De perdidos… al río»
Authors: Rodríguez Oliva , Ordóñez Salvador , Cabrera Carlos
Published: June 2021

El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo una ardua tarea: profundizar, con las fuentes de información disponibles, en el transporte de materias primas no perecederas a través de los ríos. Estos fueron, sin duda y al margen de las rutas marítimas a larga distancia mejor conocidas, fundamentales para el desarrollo de numerosas regiones del imperio romano, tanto para hacer llegar a las tierras del interior productos más exóticos como para desarrollar, por capilaridad, unas dinámicas economías regionales. En determinados territorios, más aún, fueron los cauces de salida de valiosos productos deficitarios controlados por el Estado como los metales o el aceite. Éste último dio, durante varios siglos, sentido a un importante río del mediodía de la península ibérica, el Baetis que, además de dar salida a este oro líquido tan preciado en Roma, sirvió de vía habitual de transporte y comercio de otros muchos productos de muy diversa naturaleza.
Trafic des minerais métalliques, aménagement territorial et réseau portuaire
Authors: García Vargas Enrique
Published: June 2021

Cet article propose une synthèse de la vie économique dans les zones minières du sud-ouest de l’Hispanie romaine à partir des exemples de Riotinto et Aznalcollar. Ici, les recherches archéologiques anciennes et récentes permettent de dresser un panorama relativement détaillé des formes d’implantation territoriale dans les aires minières, des voies de communication à l’intérieur de celles-ci, de la mobilité du minerai depuis les lieux d’extraction jusqu’aux lieux d’expédition, du caractère des agglomérations où s’effectuaient les processus de transformation métallurgique, des établissements militarisés qui défendaient les accès aux zones minières, des ports d’expédition de certains produits métalliques... La période chronologique étudiée s’étend des origines de l’exploitation intensive de ces mines vers la fin du IIe siècle avant J.-C. jusqu’à la fin de la dynastie flavienne (14-69 après J.-C.), lorsque les premiers signes d’épuisement des mines du sud de l’Espagne commencent à être documentés.
La circulation du fer brut dans la Gaule antique et la France médiévale : Nouvelles perspectives ?
Authors: Pagès Gaspard , L’Héritier Maxime
Published: June 2021

Dans la filière directe de réduction du fer en bas fourneaux, deux matières ferreuses « brutes » peuvent être étudiées pour tenter d’analyser la circulation des matières premières dans la métallurgie du fer antique et médiévale : les minerais de fer et les demi-produits essentiellement en forme de barres depuis l’Antiquité. Les récents développements archéométriques en archéométallurgie, fondés sur l’analyse chimique des éléments majeurs et traces contenus dans les minerais, les déchets de réduction (scories), et les produits ferreux, donnent aujourd’hui de nouvelles pistes pour étudier la provenance et la circulation de ces matériaux, s’interroger sur les possibilités et les contraintes qui les conditionnent et remettre en perspective les modèles fréquemment mobilisés en archéologie et en histoire au sujet de cette circulation. Cette contribution propose un premier bilan sur ces questions en s’appuyant sur les études interdisciplinaires menées au cours des vingt dernières années, de la fouille d’ateliers de réduction antiques et médiévaux à l’étude des barres de fers des épaves des Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer ou de celles employées dans la construction des cathédrales gothiques. La complexité des chaînes de production mise en évidence se traduit notamment par une forte sectorisation des tâches, des échanges multiples, croisés et plus ou moins éloignés. La possible circulation du minerai sur de grandes distances jusqu’au lieu de réduction est une éventualité à prendre en compte, de même que la circulation de masses de fer plus ou moins épurées et fragmentées du lieu de réduction à des ateliers spécialisés dans la fabrication de barres. Elle révèle enfin un caractère contraignant : les dimensions des masses de fer brutes épurées et utilisées n’excèdent jamais 9 kg.
Pierres et carrières : réflexions autour de différentes stratégies d’approvisionnement sur les chantiers bourguignons médiévaux
Authors: Foucher Marion
Published: June 2021

Pour discuter de la complexité des mécanismes de recours à la matière première, ce travail s’articule autour de plusieurs cas d’étude sur la pierre à bâtir, d’une enquête diachronique et pluridisciplinaire menée sur un ensemble de sites cisterciens et ducaux médiévaux à modernes. Les premières observations font émerger la force de la contrainte imposée par le cadre domanial et foncier, qui restreint le bâtisseur à un réseau carrier forgé par le foncier et le droit. Progressivement, la vitalité grandissante des marchés, hors de ces domaines, et l’émergence de fournisseurs de matériaux indépendants replacent la pierre au centre des processus de choix. Ce glissement, de la carrière à la pierre, réinvente fondamentalement les stratégies globales et individuelles, les réseaux et les marchés.
Les acteurs du marché des matières premières, entre entrepôts et marchés : le cas de Délos dans le monde égéen à l’époque hellénistique
Authors: Chankowski Véronique
Published: June 2021

Les sources épigraphiques du monde grec, et plus particulièrement les comptabilités publiques et sacrées, comportent de nombreuses indications de transactions qui, en particulier lorsqu’elles concernent l’entretien et la construction de bâtiments, intéressent le marché des matières premières, essentiellement aux époques classique et hellénistique. Outre les informations sur l’évolution des prix qu’elles contiennent, elles permettent également d’aborder l’étude des acteurs de ce marché : producteurs, revendeurs, mais aussi entrepositaires témoignent de circuits complexes qui, au cours de l’époque hellénistique, font une place de plus en plus grande aux activités de stockage qu’il convient de réintroduire dans l’analyse des circuits de distribution. Complétée par quelques sources littéraires qui témoignent du statut de certains de ces acteurs, la documentation épigraphique permet d’envisager le marché des matières premières à travers ses enjeux économiques, mais aussi politiques en éclairant le rôle de quelques productions stratégiques.
Les statuts de travail des acteurs du commerce des matières premières dans l’Occident romain
Authors: Tran Nicolas
Published: June 2021

Cet article porte sur le rapport au travail et à la condition sociale des acteurs du commerce des matières premières, dans l’Occident romain. Les sources, notamment épigraphiques, fournissent un échantillon très réduit d’individus impliqués dans la vente de bois de construction, de marbre ou de métaux. Les indices indiquant les modalités de leur activité professionnelle – en ce qui concerne le stockage et la logistique, par exemple – méritent cependant d’être rassemblés. Des similitudes avec le commerce des denrées alimentaires sont remarquables, mais les professionnels des matières premières semblent d’une condition bien inférieure à celle des négociants de blé, de vin ou d’huile.
Le marché des métaux à l’époque romaine. Acteurs privés et publics
Authors: Rico Christian , Domergue Claude
Published: June 2021

À la fin de la République et sous le Haut-Empire, les métaux hispaniques, nobles et vils, dominèrent les échanges méditerranéens. Si la circulation de l’or et de l’argent a laissé peu de traces, il en va tout autrement pour deux autres métaux : d’une part, le plomb de Carthago Noua et, plus globalement, du Sud-Est de la péninsule Ibérique, suivi puis remplacé, au début de l’époque impériale, par le plomb de la cordillère andalouse de la Sierra Morena, et d’autre part, le cuivre de cette dernière région et surtout celui de la Ceinture pyritique, dans le Sud-Ouest de l’Ibérie. Cette contribution a pour objectif de faire le point sur les conditions dans lesquelles s’est constitué un véritable marché pour les métaux hispaniques au travers, principalement, des acteurs qui l’ont animé, représentés sur l’épigraphie des objets mêmes du commerce, les lingots. Nombreux, ils étaient sans doute aussi organisés. La documentation ne permet pas de dire comment producteurs et commerçants étaient en contact, comment ils faisaient affaire. Pour l’heure elle ne laisse pas voir de réseaux spécifiques et spécialisés de distribution des métaux. Mais dans ce marché des métaux hispaniques, on discerne le rôle central qu’ont pu jouer certaines places, Carthago Noua pour la diffusion du plomb à l’époque républicaine, Gades et Hispalis à l’époque impériale, pour le plomb et le cuivre. Celles-ci furent de véritables plaques tournantes de tout ce qui se produisait dans le sud de la péninsule Ibérique, et donc des métaux. C’est là que convergeaient et faisaient affaire commerçants, intermédiaires, grossistes et même représentants de l’administration impériale. Au début de l’Empire, ce sont là les véritables lieux du marché des métaux.
Gli attori del commercio dell’allume in Mediterraneo alla fine del Quattrocento
Authors: Ait Ivana , Boisseuil Didier
Published: June 2021

L’objectif de cette contribution est de revisiter les formes d’organisation du marché de l’alun (d’alunite) à la fin du XVe siècle, au moment où les immenses gisements furent découverts à Tolfa (principalement sur l’actuelle commune d’Allumiere). Alors qu’il est communément admis que le commerce fut un monopole de quelques riches entrepreneurs choisis par la Chambre Apostolique, il s’agit de nuancer cette évidence en élargissant le point de vue.
Fournir la draperie italienne : les Salviati et les laines d’Angleterre au XVe siècle
Authors: Scherman Matthieu
Published: June 2021

Les laines d’Angleterre font partie d’une des principales marchandises importées par les marchands italiens. Grâce à la comptabilité de l’agence de Londres des Salviati, famille florentine de marchands-banquiers active dans le domaine des textiles, il est possible de mettre en lumière toutes les étapes qui permettent à la laine d’être acheminée dans les « botteghe » de la péninsule italienne. Les sources offrent la possibilité de d’esquisser les caractéristiques du trafic de la laine vers les Flandres ou l’Italie, les modes d’organisation des échanges concurrentiels et les conditions de fixation des prix.
Design Contributions for the COVID-19 Global Emergency (Part 2): Methodological Reflections and Future Visions
Authors: Rossi Emilio , Di Nicolantonio Massimo , Ceschin Fabrizio , Mincolelli Giuseppe , Dos Santos Aguinaldo , Kohtala Cindy , Jacques Edu , Cipolla Carla , Manzini Ezio
Published: June 2021

This is a landmark publication for the field of design. It was catalysed by unprecedented circumstances, as designers around the world had to rapidly deploy their competencies in strategic problem-solving to help humanity in the fight against an invisible enemy during a global pandemic. In alliance with other disciplines, from medicine to mechanical engineering, from computing to anthropology, designers everywhere have addressed the challenges and produced remarkable results through a diversity of initiatives. This Special Issue presents a peer-reviewed sample of these initiatives.
Bad Strategy and Dark Matter. Reframing Italian Architectural Debate on the Post-Pandemic
Authors: Deregibus Carlo
Published: June 2021

The paper investigates into the inability of Italian architectural debate to produce sensible effects on the society – architects have not been involved in any task forces, nor their proposals have been taken in account for the norms for the post-pandemic. Our hypothesis is that the suggestions emerging from the debate are much vision-oriented, but are so weak from a strategic point of view that they could even be seen as an example of bad strategy – as defined by Richard Rumelt.In the first part, through an extensive survey on various sources (e.g., interviews and video-messages on leading newspapers, social media and TV broadcasts; debates on architectural journals and web forums; official proposals and manifestoes by professional associations), the article analyses and reframes the Italian architectural debate, for highlighting and defining its strategic weakness. The second part explains the main reasons for this weakness, showing that such inefficacy comes from the inability to deal with what Dan Hill called dark matter, i.e. the network of organisations, culture, bureaucracy and norms. The final part hints at a different perspective on architectural design for better dealing with the dark matter, thus giving the possibility of changing the generic proposals into strategic ones.
Behavioral planning: Improving behavioral design with “roughly right” foresight
Authors: Schmidt Ruth , Stenger Katelyn
Published: June 2021

Many challenges emerging from the current COVID-19 pandemic are behavioral in nature, which has prompted the field of behavioral design to propose solutions for issues as wide-ranging as hand-washing, wearing masks, and the adoption of new norms for staying and working from home. On the whole, however, these behavioral interventions have been somewhat underwhelming, exposing an inherent brittleness that comes from three common “errors of projection” in current behavioral design methodology: projected stability, which insufficiently plans for the fact that interventions often function within inherently unstable systems; projected persistence, which neglects to account for changes in those system conditions over time; and projected value, which assumes that definitions of success are universally shared across contexts. Borrowing from strategic design and futures thinking, a new proposed strategic foresight model—behavioral planning—can help practitioners better address these system-level, anticipatory, and contextual weaknesses by more systematically identifying potential forces that may impact behavioral interventions before they have been implemented. Behavioral planning will help designers more effectively elicit signals indicating the emergence of forces that may deform behavioral interventions in emergent COVID-19 contexts, and promote “roughly right” directional solutions at earlier stages in solution development to better address system shifts.
Using User Journey to map emotional oscillations during CoVID-19 social distancing
Authors: Amorim Vitor , Quaresma Manuela
Published: June 2021

The CoVid-19 pandemic has demanded society to social distance, which significantly affected not only people's routine but also and their mental health. The way each person is facing this period of confinement is shaped according to their principles, culture, health, and financial stability, thus leading individuals to react emotionally in different ways. Through Design, it is possible to map these experiences and represent them through User Journeys, allowing clear representations of how the experience took place when facing the fear of contagion, the sudden change of routine, and isolation. This study focuses on discussing the effectiveness of unifying different experiences in a single representation, mainly to outline emotional aspects. Trying to balance all emotional variations in a single User Journey prevents the researcher from seeing important details of the users' experience. In this study, the need to use individual User Journeys was evidenced when it is intended to analyse the emotional aspects of users when dealing with products or services, as individuality can shed light on aspects not observable in a consolidated analysis.
Designing for a pandemic: towards recovery and resilience
Authors: Mullagh Louise , Cooper Rachel , Thomas Lisa , Sacks Justin , Lloyd Jones Peter , Jacobs Naomi
Published: June 2021

Design is recognized as a discipline that is ideally placed to work across boundaries to tackle wicked problems and help cope with uncertainty. As humanity continues to become more interconnected it is thought that we are becoming more exposed to viruses such as COVID-19. Therefore, the current pandemic offers us opportunities to re-think and re-design many of our practices to ensure we are resilient in future similar crises .  Through the creation and analysis of a database that captures design interventions that have emerged during the pandemic, the paper considers the role design can play in collectively recovering from the current pandemic and building resilience for the future. Whilst the findings represent the beginning of this process, (from late March until June 2020) we find that design has been deployed in a wide range of ways and on all scales, from the personal, communal, organizational, national  and international. However, as we live through and emerge from the pandemic we should reflect, within the realm of design research and beyond, on how we might harness design to enable recovery and build resilience for the future.
Networks of digital manufacturing of face shields and the Covid-19: design, maker culture and social mobilization
Authors: Braida Frederico , Unanue Mariane Garcia
Published: June 2021

This paper addresses the issue of the configuration of a network for the digital fabrication of personal protective equipment to fight the pandemic of COVID-19. The main aim is to highlight how creative and innovative design practices, based on digital fabrication, have contributed to combat the new coronavirus in Brazil, concerning the design, production and distribution of face shields. The paper is the result of both exploratory, descriptive and qualitative research. In addition to documentary data and revisiting design literature, this work sought to understand the network formation modus operandi for digital manufacture of face shields, based on examples carried out in every region of the country. In conclusion, it argued that these social mobilization networks are based on the assumptions of the maker culture and reveal the potential for an open, distributed and resilient design to face this contemporary and future crisis.
Innovation and Resilience: The Global Design’s Community Response to COVID-19
Authors: Amatullo (Cumulus) Mariana
Published: June 2021

Diseases are deeply social phenomena and COVID-19 is no exception. History teaches us that many of the major diseases of the past have catalyzed currents of change that have superseded the initial public health dimensions at their core. The 1348 bubonic plague, better known as the “Black Death”, brought about drastic and permanent changes in the social mores and economic structure of Europe. The Spanish Flu outbreak of 1918-19 resulted in one of the deadliest global pandemics of the past 100 years, leaving vast misery and economic contraction in its wake. Decades later, HIV/AIDS quickly became one of the most profoundly altering epidemics of the 20th century from a social and cultural standpoint. These examples are at once similar and different from our experiences with the global surge of COVID-19 in 2020. This pandemic has become an all consuming fact of life. In many ways it is an unprecedented crisis that has thrown us into a global state of trauma. The disruptions caused by COVID-19 have represented a challenge different in scope and scale from many other natural and man-made emergencies we have experienced before. As a result, it has been difficult to rely on a “playbook” to derive guidance about how to proceed and has forced us to operate “pre-factually” in face of uncertainty.
Blended Learning
Authors: Fenech Roberta , Baguant Priya , Abdelwahed Ihab
Published: June 2021

The findings of a number of recent empirical studies on blended learning support this pedagogy claiming many advantages such as the facilitation of independent and collaborative learning experiences. This study compares the attitudes towards blended learning of undergraduate students in the UAE before and after a full course exposure to blended learning, comparing results to the attitudes of students in a traditional course. An experimental research design was chosen for this research study, specifically a two-group pretest-posttest research design. Results show that exposure to blended learning serves as a trigger for changing students’ attitudes towards blended learning in a positive manner and that lack of exposure does not change student’s attitudes.
Mobile Interactivity and Perceived Waiting Time
Authors: Yin Changqin , Ma Huimin , Chen Qian , Gong Yeming , Shu Xiaobing
Published: June 2021

While perceived waiting time can undermine user evaluation and cause application abandonment, there is little scientific research on waiting in mobile applications. This paper incorporates three mobile interactivity features (ubiquitous connectivity, active control, and responsiveness) into the model and examines the mediating role of cognitive absorption and the moderating role of perceived procedural justice between these features and perceived waiting time in a short-waiting application. The researchers empirically examine the model using data from 468 uses of the ride-sharing mobile application. The results reveal that mobile interactivity can directly and indirectly (via cognitive absorption) lead to more tolerance in perceived waiting time. The findings elicit several implications for theories and practice.
Factors affecting unmet healthcare needs of low-income overweight and obese women in Korea: analysis of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017
Authors: Nho Ju-Hee , Park Sook Kyoung
Published: June 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore unmet healthcare needs among low-income overweight and obese women and to identify the factors affecting unmet healthcare needs.Methods: The study was a secondary analysis of data from the 2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A final sample of 388 out of 8,127 participants was analyzed using complex descriptive statistics, the chi-square test, the independent t-test, and logistic regression.Results: The mean age of the participants was 66.51±1.05 years. Unmet healthcare needs were experienced by 19.4% of low-income overweight and obese women. Women with depression, stress, and poor self-reported health status were significantly more likely than their counterparts to experience unmet healthcare needs. Poor self-reported health status was confirmed to be related to unmet health needs in low-income overweight and obese women (odds ratio, 2.65; p=.011).Conclusion: The study provides the novel insight that the unmet healthcare needs of low-income overweight and obese women were influenced by self-reported health status. Healthcare providers should make efforts to develop strategies to reduce unmet healthcare needs among low-income overweight and obese women, who constitute a vulnerable population.
Psychometric properties of an instrument 2: structural validity, internal consistency, and cross-cultural validity/measurement invariance
Authors: Lee Eun-Hyun
Published: June 2021

Structural validity, internal consistency, and cross-cultural validity/measurement invariance are psychometric properties of the internal structure of an instrument. In psychometric studies published in Korean nursing journals, structural validity has mainly been assessed using confirmatory factor analysis. Cross-cultural validity/measurement invariance has rarely been evaluated. It is recommended for Korean nursing researchers to evaluate the internal structure of instruments using a greater variety of methods, such as item response theory, Rasch analysis, multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, and differential item functioning.
Thoracoscopic excision of asymptomatic antenatally diagnosed mediastinal bronchogenic cysts: A case report
Authors: Cerchia Elisa , Noviello Carmine , Torino Giovanni , Bindi Edoardo , Mariscoli Francesca , Cobellis Giovanni
Published: June 2021

Bronchogenic Cysts (BCs) are benign congenital malformations commonly located in the mediastinum. In recent years the development of antenatal diagnosis has changed the BCs management allowing an earlier minimally invasive approach. We report a case of an asymptomatic 8-months-old girl with antenatal diagnosis of subcarinal posterior mediastinal BC. Thoracoscopic excision of the cyst was successfully performed. The management of antenatally diagnosed BCs is discussed. Thoracoscopic treatment of BCs is safe and effective with the advantage of a reduced morbidity compared to thoracotomy.
Liver Transplantation for Infantile Liver Failure Secondary to Oxysterol-7 Alpha Hydroxylase Deficiency
Authors: Murthy Ramya , Williams Vijai , Babu Kasala Mohan , Karnan Perumal , Mouleeswaran Karattupalayam Sampath , Malleswaran Selvakumar , Patcha Rajanikanth , Vij Vivek , Nirmala Dheivamani , Varghese Joy
Published: June 2021

Bile acid synthesis defects (BASDs) are rare inborn errors of metabolism, causing neonatal hepatitis. These disorders are difficult to diagnose, especially in resource-limited settings where extensive laboratory and genetic analysis are not always feasible. A delay in diagnosis and replacement therapy where possible often leads to progressive liver cell failure. We report an infant with BASD (oxysterol-7 alpha hydroxylase deficiency) who had decompensated chronic liver disease and underwent successful living donor liver transplantation.
Prevalence and health risk score of tobacco and alcohol use by using the World Health Organization Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test among construction workers in Puducherry, India
Authors: Kumar Jaswant , Saya Ganesh Kumar , Kanungo Srikanta
Published: June 2021

Background:

Construction workers are one of the important neglected occupation groups. The study aimed to assess the prevalence and health risk score of tobacco and alcohol use and its association with sociodemographic factors and self-reported morbidities among construction workers.

Materials and Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 male construction workers in a tertiary care medical institution in Puducherry, India. A semi-structured questionnaire based on the World Health Organization Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) guidelines for assessment and health risk score of alcohol and tobacco use was used. The association of current tobacco and alcohol use with associated factors was analyzed by univariate analysis.

Results:

About 371 male construction workers participated. The mean (standard deviation) age of construction workers was 28.28 (9.04) years. The prevalence of current tobacco and alcohol use was 60.1% (223/371) and 47.7% (177/371), respectively. Out of 133 smokers, 60.9% (81) were used only bidi, 27.1% (36) only cigarette, and 12% (16) both bidi and cigarette. Most of the workers (126/151 [83.4%]) used khaini among smokeless tobacco users. The majority (204/241 [84.6%]) of ever smokers and nearly half of alcohol users (103 [49.8%]) had moderate risk based on ASSIST score. Higher current tobacco consumption is associated with higher age group, married, lower education status, unskilled occupation, contractual workers, migrants from other states, more duration of work in construction field, and the presence of self-reported health problems (P < 0.05). Current alcohol consumption is associated with more duration of work in construction field and the presence of self-reported health problems (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:

Tobacco and alcohol use is high, and health risk due to substance use is also more in construction workers.
Measurement of hiatal surface area and other hiatus oesophageal diameters at computed tomography imaging in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and its relationship with hiatal hernia
Authors: Karatay Emrah , Gok Mehmet Ali , Javadov Mirkhalig
Published: June 2021

Background:

The oesophageal hiatus is a long and oblique opening in the diaphragm where the thoracic section of the oesophagus passes into the abdomen. Enlarged hiatal surface and insufficiency are considered to be associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and hiatal hernia (HH). In this study, we aimed to retrospectively evaluate the relationship and the presence of GERD with HH by performing hiatal surface area (HSA) and other hiatal measurements at the thorax and abdominal computed tomography (CT) images in cases without any intra-abdominal or oesophageal surgery history.

Patients and Methods:

A total of 192 patients of GERD+ and 173 cases with GERD− as a control group were included in the study. In CT examinations of 365 patients included in the study, measurements and comments were made by an experienced radiologist in abdominal radiology. In CT scans, the following were evaluated for each case; HSA, hiatus anterior–posterior (A-P) diameter, hiatus transverse diameter, and HH types. The HSA measurement was made with the freehand region of interest in the picture archiving and communication system.

Results:

A total of 365 cases were included in this study; there was a significant difference between the median HSA, A-P diameter, and transverse diameter measurements between GERD− and GERD+ groups (P < 0.001). A statistically significant difference was found between the presence of GERD and HH types (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:

CT imaging helps investigate the presence of HH at GERD+ patients. In addition, pre-operative valuable data can be obtained from the detection of HH types and HSA measurements in cases with HH.
Hepatic Amyloidosis
Authors: Gore Charusheela R. , Patro Namrata , Iqbal Banyameen , Kambale Tushar
Published: June 2021

Hepatic amyloidosis is a unique and uncommon disease which shows its presentation in the form of an infiltrative disease involving the liver. Amyloidosis is a systemic disease entity which is characterized by deposition of amyloid protein in the extracellular tissues of multiple organs. A 45-year-old female was admitted with complaints of yellowish discoloration of sclera and decreased appetite since 1 month. Liver enzymes were raised with a significantly high serum alkaline phosphatase. Microscopy showed linear sinusoidal deposition of an amorphous eosinophilic material which was also causing atrophy of liver cell plates. The portal tracts as well showed similar eosinophilic deposits. There was no significant lobular or portal inflammation. The material was found to be congophilic on congo red stain and it also showed apple green birefringence on polarizing microscopy. A diagnosis of hepatic amyloidosis was made. Amyloidosis of the liver is a rare disease entity that often presents with vague, nonspecific findings and has a poor prognosis. Prompt diagnosis and management are required to improve outcomes for this patient population. Further investigation and research are needed to elucidate the risks and effectiveness of hepatic amyloidosis treatment regimens. Liver involvement of amyloidosis presents with nonspecific clinical symptoms such as weight loss and fatigue. The prompt diagnosis is however very critical as liver-biopsy-proven amyloidosis has a poor prognosis as the median survival is only 8.5 months. Progressive organ involvement most often leads to organ malfunction and subsequently death due to renal and/or cardiac involvement.