bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
7. Landforms from the restless conveyor belt
Authors: Evans David J. A.
Published: October 2018

Glacial geomorphologists combine two geomorphological approaches—process studies, including empirical field measurement and laboratory experiments, and form analogy, or reconstructive geomorphology—in an attempt to make sense of the vast array of glacial depositional landforms created by the leaky, restless, and constantly shuffling conveyor belt or ‘dirt machine’ that is the glacier. ‘Landforms from the restless conveyor belt’ describes the range of glacigenic features that are spatially defined ‘sediment–landform associations’, and which are categorized by a process-form-based framework. These include subglacial footprints, ice-marginal moraines, supraglacial associations, glacifluvial assemblages, and subaqueous assemblages.
8. Glaciers of the past
Authors: Evans David J. A.
Published: October 2018

To reconstruct the former extent and dynamics of ice sheets and glaciers requires a knowledge of process-form relationships that goes beyond individual landform types. Instead, glacial geomorphologists need to analyse large areas of glaciated terrain in a more holistic way, combining the whole range of glacial landforms and sediments to reconstruct glacier systems of the past, a subject now known as palaeoglaciology. ‘Glaciers of the past’ explains how the combination of aerial imagery and landform analysis is used in palaeoglaciological reconstruction. Increasingly powerful computers are making it possible to compile sophisticated numerical models that use our knowledge of glaciological processes and ice-core-derived palaeoclimate data to create three-dimensional glacier and ice sheet reconstructions.
Adam Smith: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Berry Christopher J.
Published: October 2018

In 1776, Adam Smith (1723–90) wrote The Wealth of Nations, the foundational book that led to him being called the ‘father of economics’. However, Adam Smith was far more than an economist. Adam Smith is introduced through an overview of his writings and moral philosophy. Adam Smith: A Very Short Introduction offers a balanced and nuanced view of this seminal thinker, embedding his fierce defence of free trade, competition, and assault on special interests in contemporary European history, politics, and philosophy. It outlines Smith’s central ideas and how his intellectual and social environment influenced his thinking. It also discusses Smith’s influence on subsequent generations, and the ways in which he has been interpreted.
1. Life and times
Authors: Berry Christopher J.
Published: October 2018

There is more to Adam Smith than The Wealth of Nations, a book on the workings of the economy. He wrote an important treatise on moral philosophy, published an exceptionally well-informed history of astronomy, and was an author who cared about literary style and how to communicate both orally and in print. ‘Life and times’ provides a biographical outline from his birth in Kirkcaldy in 1723 to his student years at Glasgow University and Balliol College, Oxford, and his return to Glasgow University as the Professor of Logic in 1751. It also describes the sort of society in which Smith lived, with the backdrop of the 1707 Treaty of the Union and the Scottish Enlightenment.
2. Communication and imagination
Authors: Berry Christopher J.
Published: October 2018

In the breadth of his interests and knowledge, Adam Smith was a typical member of the Enlightenment. ‘Communication and imagination’ explains how the arguments in the Moral Sentiments and the Wealth of Nations intersect, and Smith’s posthumously published Essays on Philosophical Subjects throws light on recurrent themes in his work. Smith investigated forms of social interaction, and considered how humans try to make sense of the world around them and of one another in it. Humans, as social creatures, have to interact or communicate. Smith’s thoughts on the origins of language and development of grammar are discussed, along with his attempts to account for why humans are always looking for explanations.
1. What is psychiatry?
Authors: Burns Tom
Published: October 2018

Psychiatry deals with consciousness, choice, motivation, free will, relationships—everything that makes us human. ‘What is psychiatry?’ emphasizes that psychiatry is a branch of medicine that deals with mental illnesses. The definition of psychiatry is not based on theory, as in psychology or psychoanalysis, but on practice. The current view of mental illnesses and available treatments will determine what a psychiatrist is, and what he or she does. The hallmark of the psychiatrist’s trade is the interview. Psychiatric diagnoses rely on making a judgement about why someone is doing something, not just the observation of what they are doing. The most common psychiatric disorders, both organic and functional, are described.
2. Asylums and the origins of psychiatry
Authors: Burns Tom
Published: October 2018

‘Asylums and the origins of psychiatry’ outlines the historical care of the mentally ill. If the mentally deranged could not be cared for within the family, they were sent to private madhouses for the rich and workhouses for the poor. The asylum movement began in earnest in the 1820s, aiming to provide moral therapy in a calm, spacious, rural environment. However, conditions deteriorated with overcrowding. The 19th century saw increasing research into mental health, especially in German-speaking Europe, with three of psychiatry’s most influential figures being Kraepelin, Bleuler, and Freud. Meanwhile, asylums had become even more overcrowded and neglected. Not until the 1920s did specific effective treatments become available.
4. Psychoanalysis and psychotherapy
Authors: Burns Tom
Published: October 2018

‘Psychoanalysis and psychotherapy’ considers the contribution of psychoanalysis and psychotherapy to the field of psychiatry. It discusses Sigmund Freud and the origins of psychoanalysis, including his technique of free association and his map of the mind comprising the id, the ego, and the superego. It also describes the more mystical theories of Carl-Gustav Jung, including his concept of the ‘shadow self’. Different types of psychotherapies are outlined, including existential, psychodynamic, and behaviour therapies, which are used for phobias and obsessive compulsive disorders. Group therapy, counselling, family therapy, crisis intervention, self-help, and cognitive behaviour therapy are also discussed.
5. Downfall, 1812–1815
Authors: Bell David A.
Published: October 2018

‘Downfall, 1812–1815’ describes Napoleon’s catastrophic attempt to destroy Russia’s army in 1812. Despite failing to win the latest Russian war, Napoleon still controlled vast territories with unmatched human resources. The 1813 campaigns, which Napoleon fought in Germany against the Sixth Coalition came close to reversing his fortunes. But why did Napoleon and the allies not make peace? In 1814, the allies entered France forcing Napoleon to abdicate. He retired to Elba and was replaced by the Bourbon pretender, Louis XVIII. Less than a year later, Napoleon returned to seize power for a second time. Only after his defeat at Waterloo in June 1815 by Lord Wellington would his fall from power become permanent.
Language Education and Language Ideologies in Australian Print Media
Authors: Mason Shannon , Hajek John
Published: October 2018

Across most predominantly English-speaking countries, classroom-based language education plays an important role in the internationalization of young citizens. However, the quality of language learning opportunities in many countries is less than ideal. The development of language education policy is influenced in part by broader societal perceptions of language, and these perceptions are often reflected and shaped by the media. The case of Australia is an interesting one for focus, because media and policy attention to the discipline is high, and yet to date there has been no comprehensive analysis of its representation. To fill this gap, the authors subject 261 news articles from Australian newspapers between 2007 and 2016 to mixed-methods content analysis, guided by Ruiz’s three orientations to language. The results show that language is positioned as a problem, and as an economic resource, but not as a social resource, nor as a right of everyday citizens. The ideological positioning of language in the press has implications for the perceptions of the role of language education, and for student uptake.
From conflict to compromise: the importance of mediation in Swedish work stoppages 1907–1927
Authors: Enflo Kerstin , Karlsson Tobias
Published: October 2018

Institutions for prevention and resolution of industrial conflicts were introduced all over the world in the early twentieth century. We use a new dataset of geocoded strikes and lockouts to analyze the impact of mediation on conflict outcomes in Sweden for the period 1907–1927. Causality is identified by using the distance from the mediator’s place of residence to the conflict as an instrument. Despite the mediators’ limited authority we find that their involvement in a conflict resulted in about 30 percent higher probability of a compromise. The results add support to institutionalist accounts of the origins of the Swedish Model.
Vision Impairment and Cognitive Outcomes in Older Adults: The Health ABC Study
Authors: Swenor Bonnielin K , Wang Jiangxia , Varadaraj Varshini , Rosano Caterina , Yaffe Kristine , Albert Marilyn , Simonsick Eleanor M
Published: October 2018

Background

An association between visual impairment and cognitive outcomes has been documented, but there is limited research examining this relationship using multiple measures of vision.

Methods

Participants included non-demented individuals in Year 3 of the Visual impairment was assessed using visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and stereo acuity. Cognitive function was defined using the digit symbol test and the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS). Incident cognitive impairment was defined as a 3MS score <80 or a decline >5 points following Year 3. Linear mixed effects models examined longitudinal associations adjusting for year, age, sex, race, education, smoking, depression, diabetes, study site, as well as interaction terms between the vision parameters and years in study, between baseline age and years in study, and quadratic terms of baseline age and years in study. Discrete Cox regression models examined the risk of incident cognitive impairment.

Results

Analyses included 2,444 participants (mean age = 74). Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and stereo acuity impairments were not associated with statistically significant changes in annual digit symbol test scores over 7 years of follow-up, as compared to those without these impairments. However, visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and stereo acuity impairments were associated with greater declines in annual 3MS scores over 9 years. Participants with impaired visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and stereo acuity had a greater risk of incident cognitive impairment.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and stereo acuity impairments may be risk factors for cognitive decline.
Multisensory Integration Predicts Balance and Falls in Older Adults
Authors: Mahoney Jeannette R , Cotton Kelly , Verghese Joe
Published: October 2018

Background

Effective integration of concurrent sensory information is crucial for successful locomotion. This study aimed to determine the association of multisensory integration with mobility outcomes in aging.

Methods

A total of 289 healthy older adults (mean age 76.67 ± 6.37 years; 53% female participants) participated in a visual–somatosensory simple reaction time task. Magnitude of multisensory effects was assessed using probability models, and then categorized into four multisensory integration classifications (superior, good, poor, or deficient). Associations of multisensory integration with falls and balance (unipedal stance) were tested at cross-section and longitudinally using Cox proportional hazards models.

Results

At baseline, the prevalence of falls in the previous year was 24%, and 52% reported an incident fall over a mean follow-up period of 24 ± 17 months. Mean unipedal stance time was 15 ± 11 seconds. Magnitude of multisensory integration was a strong predictor of balance performance at cross-section (β = 0.11; p < .05). Of the cohort, 31% had superior, 26% had good, 28% had poor, and 15% had deficient multisensory effects. Older adults with superior multisensory integration abilities were significantly less likely to report a fall in the past year (17%), compared to the rest of the cohort (28%; χ2 = 4.01; p = .04). Magnitude of multisensory integration was an incremental predictor of incident falls (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.24; p = .01), over and above balance and other known fall risk factors.

Conclusions

Our study highlights the clinical relevance of multisensory integration in aging; worse visual–somatosensory integration is associated with worse balance and increased risk of incident falls.
Information visualizations of symptom information for patients and providers: a systematic review
Authors: Lor Maichou , Koleck Theresa A , Bakken Suzanne
Published: October 2018

Objective

To systematically synthesize the literature on information visualizations of symptoms included as National Institute of Nursing Research common data elements and designed for use by patients and/or healthcare providers.

Methods

We searched CINAHL, Engineering Village, PsycINFO, PubMed, ACM Digital Library, and IEEE Explore Digital Library to identify peer-reviewed studies published between 2007 and 2017. We evaluated the studies using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) and a visualization quality score, and organized evaluation findings according to the Health Information Technology Usability Evaluation Model.

Results

Eighteen studies met inclusion criteria. Ten of these addressed all MMAT items; 13 addressed all visualization quality items. Symptom visualizations focused on pain, fatigue, and sleep and were represented as graphs (n = 14), icons (n = 4), and virtual body maps (n = 2). Studies evaluated perceived ease of use (n = 13), perceived usefulness (n = 12), efficiency (n = 9), effectiveness (n = 5), preference (n = 6), and intent to use (n = 3). Few studies reported race/ethnicity or education level.

Conclusion

The small number of studies for each type of information visualization limit generalizable conclusions about optimal visualization approaches. User-centered participatory approaches for information visualization design and more sophisticated evaluation designs are needed to assess which visualization elements work best for which populations in which contexts.
The Kalām-i pīr and its place in the Central Asian Ismaʿili Tradition
Authors: Beben Daniel
Published: October 2018

This paper is a study of the Kalām-i pīr, a text on religious doctrine preserved among the Ismaʿili Shiʿi community of the Badakhshan region of Central Asia, attributed to the fifth/eleventh-century Ismaʿili author Nāṣir-i Khusraw. An edition and translation of this work was first published by Wladimir Ivanow, who judged it to be a ‘forgery’ by the tenth/sixteenth-century Ismaʿili missionary Khayrkhwāh Harātī. Ivanow concluded that while the text overall holds value as a specimen of Ismaʿili doctrinal writing, its first chapter, which purports to be an autobiographical account of its reputed author, Nāṣir-i Khusraw, is an irrelevant appendage to the work. Since then, Ivanow’s interpretation has remained broadly authoritative within the field. In recent years, however, multiple new manuscripts of the work and a range of related materials have come to light, indicating the need for a thorough re-evaluation of the text and its history. In this article I demonstrate that Harātī had no role in the development of the Kalām-i pīr and that its production should be dated to the eighteenth century, rather than the sixteenth. Furthermore, I argue that the attribution to Nāṣir-i Khusraw, elaborated in the first chapter, is not incidental to the text, but central to understanding its significance within the Ismaʿili tradition of Central Asia. The text must be considered within the context of the history of Badakhshan in the eighteenth century, which saw an energetic expansion of the Ismaʿili mission (daʿwa) in the region and the development of a competitive hagiographical tradition connected with Nāṣir-i Khusraw among various constituencies. This re-evaluation of the Kalām-i pīr demonstrates the need for a revision of the broader framework by which we understand both the legacy of Nāṣir-i Khusraw and the historical development of the Ismaʿili daʿwa in Central Asia.
Earlier Studies of the Longitudinal Course of BPD
Authors: Zanarini Mary C.
Published: October 2018

This chapter reviews the findings of 17 small-scale prospective follow-up studies of the short-term course of BPD. It also reviews the findings of four large-scale follow-back studies of the long-term course of BPD. The results of these small-scale prospective studies have been taken to mean that most borderline patients are doing relatively poorly a mean of one to seven years after study entry. The results of these large-scale follow-back or retrospective studies, which diagnosed subjects by chart review, found that, on average, subjects were doing reasonably well a mean of 14–16 years after their index admission. The strengths and limitations of these early studies of the course of BPD will be reviewed, as well as detailed findings from each study; findings pertaining, where available, to the symptoms of BPD, co-occurring disorders, psychosocial functioning, and psychiatric treatment.
The McLean Study of Adult Development (MSAD)
Authors: Zanarini Mary C.
Published: October 2018

This chapter first describes the design and instruments (both semi-structured interviews and self-report measures) used during each subject’s index admission to determine study eligibility and study group assignment. It also details diagnostic and demographic features of both study groups: borderline patients and Axis II comparison subjects. In addition, it details baseline results pertaining to childhood adversity, family history of psychiatric disorder, co-occurring disorders, subsyndromal phenomenology (inner pain and aspects of dissociation), onset of self-mutilation, and psychiatric treatment history prior to study entrance. This introduction to the study and its initial findings sets the background against which our prospective findings occur—findings pertaining to six-year follow-up, 10-year follow-up, and 16-year follow-up.
Symptomatic Remissions and Recurrences of the Borderline Diagnosis
Authors: Zanarini Mary C.
Published: October 2018

Many clinicians are reluctant to treat or actively avoid treating patients with BPD. This is so because of the interpersonal difficulties that tend to arise during such a treatment, and is partly due to the idea that BPD is a chronic disorder. This chapter, however, describes the reason for much of the new optimism about the borderline diagnosis. After 16 years of prospective follow-up, it was found that 99% of borderline patients achieved a two-year remission of their BPD, and 78% achieved an eight-year remission of this disorder. Additionally, recurrences of BPD were relatively infrequent, suggesting that remissions of this disorder were stable in nature. These findings suggest that BPD is a “good prognosis” diagnosis and not the chronic condition that many clinicians still believe.
Prevalence and Predictors of Physically Self-Destructive Acts over Time
Authors: Zanarini Mary C.
Published: October 2018

Self-mutilation and help-seeking suicide threats and attempts are among the few almost pathognomonic symptoms of BPD. This chapter assesses predictors of self-harm and reasons for self-harm over time. It also assesses predictors of suicide threats and attempts over the years of prospective follow-up. Each outcome has a different set of multivariate predictors, but some appear in several multivariate models. More specifically, sexual adversity in childhood and adulthood, major depression, and severity of dissociation are predictors of self-mutilation; and sexual adversity in adulthood, major depression, and severity of dissociation are predictors of suicide attempts. However, these factors do not play a role in predicting suicide threats. Instead, two dysphoric affective states and two outmoded interpersonal survival strategies are the best set of predictors of suicide threats.
Recovery from Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Zanarini Mary C.
Published: October 2018

As important as our findings concerning the high rates of symptomatic remission and low rates of symptomatic recurrence are, the rates of recovery are even more important. This is so because we defined “recovery” as concurrent symptomatic remission and good social and good full-time vocational functioning. After 10 years of prospective follow-up, 50% of borderline patients achieved this important goal. After 16 years of prospective follow-up, 60% of borderline patients achieved this key outcome. In general, recovery is more difficult to achieve and maintain than remission. Two vignettes are presented in this chapter. The first deals with a patient who remitted but never recovered, and the second deals with a patient who both remitted and recovered.
Predictors of Time-to-Remission and Recovery
Authors: Zanarini Mary C.
Published: October 2018

This chapter reports on the bivariate and multivariate predictors of two of our most important outcomes—remission and recovery. In terms of time-to-remission, seven variables that span five areas of prediction were found to be significant in multivariate analyses. These areas were: lack of chronicity, good premorbid vocational functioning, no history of childhood sexual abuse, no family history of substance abuse, and three aspects of temperament. In terms of time-to-recovery, five variables that span three areas of prediction were found to be significant in multivariate analyses. These areas were: lack of chronicity, competence, and temperament. The clinical implications of these significant models and the significant bivariate predictors that did not end up in these models are discussed in detail.
Physical Health and Medical Treatment
Authors: Zanarini Mary C.
Published: October 2018

Remitted borderline patients were found to have better physical health, make better health-related lifestyle choices, and use fewer costly forms of treatment, such as ER visits, than non-remitted borderline patients. This same pattern was found 10 years later for recovered vs. non-recovered borderline patients. At both time points, obesity was the most common serious health problem, and smoking and lack of exercise were the most common poor lifestyle choices. Obesity was found to be related to poor psychosocial functioning in most realms. Recovered borderline patients had better sleep quality and were not as troubled by dysfunctional attitudes about sleep as non-recovered borderline patients. Borderline patients also reported higher levels of physical pain than Axis II comparison subjects. However, a substantial minority were able to use opioid medications responsibly over time.
Adult Victimization over Time
Authors: Zanarini Mary C.
Published: October 2018

At baseline, borderline patients reported higher rates of adult rape and physical assault by a partner than Axis II comparison subjects. Four risk factors were found to significantly predict whether borderline patients had an adult history of being a victim of physical and/or sexual violence before their index admission: female gender, a substance use disorder that began before the age of 18, childhood sexual abuse, and emotional withdrawal by a caretaker (a form of neglect). At six-year and 10-year follow-up, borderline patients reported higher rates of being verbally, emotionally, physically, and sexually abused or assaulted than did Axis II comparison subjects. However, each of these forms of abuse declined significantly over time. The clinical implications of these prevalence and predictive findings are discussed.
Going Forward
Authors: Zanarini Mary C.
Published: October 2018

Two waves of additional follow-up have recently been completed: 18-year follow-up and20-year follow-up. Two other waves will be completed in the next year or so: 22-year follow-up and 24-year follow-up. We have found that almost all borderline patients achieve at least a two-year symptomatic remission, and that symptomatic recurrences are relatively rare. We have also found that 60% of borderline patients eventually recover. In addition, we have found that the suicide rate in this sample is about half that found in older follow-back studies. We have also found areas with more guarded outcomes, particularly for those with BPD who have not recovered. We suggest that resilience is a factor that may be strongly related to a good outcome. In contrast, experiential avoidance may be a factor strongly related to a poor outcome. These additional waves of data will allow us to address these hypotheses with actual analytical results.
Accretion of magnetized stellar winds in the Galactic centre: implications for Sgr A* and PSR J1745−2900
Authors: Ressler S M , Quataert E , Stone J M
Published: October 2018

The observed rotation measures (RMs) towards the Galactic centre magnetar and towards Sagittarius A* provide a strong constraint on MHD models of the Galactic centre accretion flow, probing distances from the black hole separated by many orders of magnitude. We show, using three-dimensional simulations of accretion via magnetized stellar winds of the Wolf–Rayet stars orbiting the black hole, that the large, time-variable RM observed for the pulsar PSR J1745−2900 can be explained by magnetized wind–wind shocks of nearby stars in the clockwise stellar disc. In the same simulation, both the total X-ray luminosity integrated over 2–10 arcsec, the time variability of the magnetar’s dispersion measure, and the RM towards Sagittarius A* are consistent with observations. We argue that (in order for the large RM of the pulsar to not be a priori unlikely) the pulsar should be on an orbit that keeps it near the clockwise disc of stars. We present a two-dimensional RM map of the central 1/2 parsec of the Galactic centre that can be used to test our models. Our simulations predict that Sgr A* is typically accreting a significantly ordered magnetic field that ultimately could result in a strongly magnetized flow with flux threading the horizon at ∼10 per cent of the magnetically arrested limit.
Giovanni Battista Viotti
Authors: Lister Warwick
Published: October 2018

Giovanni Battista Viotti (b. 1755–d. 1824), the son of a blacksmith, was born in the village of Fontanetto Po, not far from Turin, where he completed his studies and began his career as a violinist. He died in London after a brilliant but checkered career as the most celebrated violinist of his time, as an opera theater and concert series director in Paris and London, and as a failed wine merchant. He was fêted by the crowned heads of Europe, including Frederick the Great, Catherine II of Russia, Marie Antoinette, and the Prince of Wales (later George IV of England). Forced to escape the French Revolution because of his royalist associations, he was later exiled from England for alleged revolutionary activities. Viotti’s life is instructive as an exemplum of musicians caught up in the social and economic upheavals of the French Revolution and its aftermath―the change from aristocratic and court patronage to the increasingly commercial, box office–centered institutions of the 19th century. For thirty years Viotti enjoyed an intimate friendship with an English family, the Chinnerys, that lasted until his death, and which in some ways became the mainspring of his existence. An extensive collection of their correspondence throws an extraordinarily vivid light on his life and career. Though he died in debt, having outlived his fame, Viotti, through his playing, his compositions, and his teaching, was arguably the most influential violinist who ever lived. His published oeuvre—consisting chiefly of violin concertos; sonatas for violin and keyboard; and string duets, trios, and quartets (and many arrangements thereof)—enjoyed enormous esteem and popularity in his time. Viotti’s musical style, thoroughly Italianate in its lyricism, reflects the evolution of the Classical style, from galant to pre-Romantic, but in an entirely original and unpredictable way. Scholarly study of Viotti and his works was practically nonexistent until the late 19th century, and remained scarce until well into the 20th century. Since the 1950s, however, and especially since the 1990s, scholarly studies—books and articles—have been published in ever-increasing numbers.
Evolutionary Biomechanics
Authors: Hagey Travis
Published: October 2018

Life has diversified on Earth in many stunning ways. Understanding how this diversity arose and has been maintained is a common interest for many evolutionary biologists. One approach to studying morphological evolution is the inherently interdisciplinary field of evolutionary biomechanics, investigating how organisms physically operate, combining biology, engineering, and evolution to consider morphology in an engineering and evolutionary context. Biomechanical research often focuses on the force, torque, stress, thrust, drag, or pressure generated by or within organisms (i.e., how birds fly or how trees pump fluids against gravity). Evolutionary biomechanics, or if considering multiple species, comparative biomechanics, consider biomechanical concepts in an evolutionary context, asking how morphological and performance-related traits and abilities may have evolved. Evolutionary biomechanics combines aspects of anatomy, engineering, evolution, and even ecology. Approaches include manipulative experiments, simulations/modeling, and correlated observations to connect organisms’ morphology and performance to some aspect of evolution, often connecting biomechanical results with organisms’ environments to investigate the adaptive evolution or origin of a trait. Specific analyses may include ancestorial state reconstructions, modeling of trait evolution, geometric morphometric analyses, finite element analyses, particle image velocimetry, computational fluid dynamics, gait analyses, inverse dynamics, and forward dynamics analyses. Evolutionary biomechanical studies can focus on extant and extinct organisms (including humans), relying on live animals, preserved specimens, and fossils for morphological information. As a result, evolutionary biomechanical studies are, by definition, interdisciplinary and can be highly variable, asking a wide range of questions, focusing on many different taxa, and using a variety of approaches. As a result, the publications mentioned in this article can include aspects of other headings. Overlapping areas of research would include “functional morphology, “functional ecology,” and “ecological morphology.” In addition, concepts in evolutionary biomechanics also overlap with other Oxford Bibliographies articles, including the Oxford Bibliographies in Ecology article "Functional Morphology of Animals" and multiple human-centered design articles. Biomechanical constraints are a form of evolutionary constraint that limit an organisms’ morphology or performance due to physical principles. For more information on constrains, see the Oxford Bibliographies in Evolutionary Biology article “Evolutionary Constraints". Biomechanics is also featured as a heading in the Oxford Bibliographies in Evolutionary Biology article "Tetrapod Evolution" providing information on the mechanics of tetrapod movement.
Outpatient Parenteral Therapy for Complicated Staphylococcus aureus Infections: A Snapshot of Processes and Outcomes in the Real World
Authors: Townsend Jennifer , Keller Sara , Tibuakuu Martin , Thakker Sameer , Webster Bailey , Siegel Maya , Psoter Kevin J , Mansour Omar , Perl Trish M
Published: October 2018

Background

In the United States, patients discharged on outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) are often treated by home health companies (HHCs) or skilled nursing facilities (SNFs). Little is known about differences in processes and outcomes between these sites of care.

Methods

We performed a retrospective study of 107 patients with complicated Staphylococcus aureus infections discharged on OPAT from 2 academic medical centers. Clinical characteristics, site of posthospital care, process measures (lab test monitoring, clinic follow-up), adverse events (adverse drug events, Clostridium difficile infection, line events), and clinical outcomes at 90 days (cure, relapse, hospital readmission) were collected. Comparisons between HHCs and SNFs were conducted.

Results

Overall, 33% of patients experienced an adverse event during OPAT, and 64% were readmitted at 90 days. Labs were received for 44% of patients in SNFs and 56% of patients in HHCs. At 90 days after discharge, a higher proportion of patients discharged to an SNF were lost to follow-up (17% vs 3%; P = .03) and had line-related adverse events (18% vs 2%; P < .01). Patients discharged to both sites of care experienced similar clinical outcomes, with favorable outcomes occurring in 61% of SNF patients and 70% of HHC patients at 90 days. There were no differences in rates of relapse, readmission, or mortality.

Conclusions

Patients discharged to SNFs may be at higher risk for line events than patients discharged to HHCs. Efforts should be made to strengthen basic OPAT processes, such as lab monitoring and clinic follow-up, at both sites of care.
Unconventional Facial Entry Points Confirmed Using a 3D CT Reconstruction–Guided Stereotactic Approach to Radiofrequency Thermocoagulation for the Treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia: A Series of Case Reports
Authors: Guo Zhigang , Wang Zhijia , Li Kai , Du Chao , Zhao Xingli , Cheng Min , Tian Yu
Published: October 2018

Objectives

Patients with trigeminal neuralgia who are refractory to medical therapy may choose to undergo Gasserian ganglion percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation. However, in cases where the foramen ovale is difficult to access due to various anatomical anomalies, the typical estimation of the facial entry point is suboptimal.

Methods

Three-dimensional computed tomography reconstruction imaging performed before surgery revealed anatomical variations in each of the four adult patient cases that made it more difficult to successfully access the foramen ovale (FO) for percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation. Using measurements collected from preoperative imaging that showed each specific anatomical variation in the FO, researchers marked alternate facial entry points that would allow successful probe placement into the FO and recorded the arc angle data in the stereotactic instrument.

Results

Patients were evaluated during follow-up visits ranging from seven to 26 months after surgery and asked to rate postoperative pain using a visual analog scale. These scores decreased from 10 to 3 in all four patients by the third day after the procedure. There were no permanent complications or morbidities from the surgery. One patient experienced mild facial numbness; however, this side effect subsided within three months after surgery. During the follow-up period, no patient reported pain recurrence.

Conclusions

The expectation for clinicians approaching trigeminal nerve block using a peri-oral approach should be to expect a great degree of potential variability in terms of both distances from the corner of the mouth and needle angle taken to successfully navigate the anatomy and access the foramen ovale.
Improved Evaluation of Wheat Cultivars (Lines) on Resistance to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Using Molecular Disease Index
Authors: Chu Bingyao , Yang Lujia , Wang Cuicui , Gu Yilin , Yuan Kai , Wang Rui , Luo Yong , Ma Zhanhong
Published: October 2018

Wheat stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat worldwide. Sichuan Province plays an important role in interregional epidemics in China. Application of host resistance is important in disease management, and efficient approaches to evaluate resistance level are necessary to obtain useful varieties. In this study, 100 wheat cultivars (lines) growing in Sichuan were selected to evaluate their resistance to stripe rust. Field experiments were conducted with a mixture of three P. striiformis f. sp. tritici races for inoculations at seeding and adult stages in the 2014 to 2015 season and the 2016 to 2017 season. Leaf samplings were conducted four times during the latent period at early growth stage of wheat. The sampled leaves were processed to extract DNA. The DNA of both wheat and P. striiformis f. sp. tritici was quantified using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and the molecular disease index (MDI) was used to evaluate the resistance level. The area under the disease progress curve in terms of disease index (AUDPC-DI) was obtained for each studied cultivar (line) in the fields. Among the 100 studied cultivars (lines), 61% of them showed seedling resistance, and 63 and 65% showed adult resistance in the 2014 to 2015 and 2016 to 2017 seasons, respectively, based on the infection type. High consistency in resistance grouping by cluster analysis as the percentage of the studied cultivar (line) belonging to the same group based on AUDPC-DI data and based on MDI data was obtained. The correlations between AUDPC-DI and MDI from samples collected on 9 and 14 or 15 days after inoculation during the latent period were all significant at P < 0.01. This study provided a new and efficient method for evaluation of varietal resistance to wheat stripe rust.
The “ABCDE” Approach to the Systematic Assessment of Lumbar Spine MR Examination
Authors: Hannemann Nathan , Bui-Mansfield Liem T.
Published: October 2018

Low back pain is one of the most common health problems in the United States and a leading cause of disability for patients younger than 45 years of age. MRI is the examination of choice for patients with complicated or chronic low back pain that has failed conservative therapy. The purpose of this article is to provide a systematic approach to interpretation of lumbar spine MR images, which can be remembered by the acronym “ABCDE”, in an effort to improve diagnostic accuracy and reporting efficiency. A stands for anatomy and alignment; B, bone integrity and marrow; C, cord location and signal; D, disc degeneration and facet arthropathy; and E, extraspinal findings.
Development and Evaluation of a Systems Thinking Education Strategy for Baccalaureate Nursing Curriculum: A Pilot Study
Authors: Fura Louise A. , Wisser Kathleen Z.
Published: October 2018

Nurse educators are charged to develop and evaluate curricula on systems thinking to prepare future nurses to provide safe nursing care. The goal of this pilot study was to design and evaluate a four-hour educational strategy that prepares future professional nurses to use systems thinking approaches in the delivery of safe patient care. This study exposed prelicensure baccalaureate nursing students to systems thinking principles, which included didactic and experiential activities. A descriptive design was used to determine the effect of an on-campus educational strategy. A paired samples t-test revealed statistical significance from pretest to posttest.
Collaborative Simulation: Enhancing the Transition to Clinical Practice
Authors: Palmer Bobbi J. , Ham Kathy
Published: October 2018

Beginning nursing students typically report anxiety, low self-confidence, and difficulty transferring theoretical knowledge to the clinical setting prior to their first clinical experience. To address these issues, first-semester faculty in a prelicensure, undergraduate nursing program created a collaborative simulation experience (CSE). Implementation prior to the first clinical day provided real-life exposure to patient care, enhanced the transfer of knowledge, decreased anxiety, promoted self-confidence, and allowed faculty to identify students' strengths and weaknesses. Clinical faculty reported enhanced student performance following participation.
Student Perceptions of Stressors and the Value of Coaching in a Baccalaureate Nursing Articulation Program
Authors: Knowlton Mary
Published: October 2018

Regionally Increasing Baccalaureate Nurses (RIBN) is a unique articulation program in North Carolina. The fourth year of RIBN is challenging; students are enrolled as full-time university students while starting part-time employment as new graduate nurses. The aim of this descriptive pilot study was to explore the anticipated and actual stressors related to the fourth year experience and evaluate the impact of monthly coaching sessions. Key stressors identified were academic workload, professional awareness/role transition/workforce adjustment, time management, and obligations to support individuals. The monthly coaching sessions were beneficial in providing a means of debriefing and reframing life events.
The Critical Research Evaluation Tool (CRET): A Teaching and Learning Tool to Evaluate Research for Cultural Competence
Authors: Love Katie L.
Published: October 2018

The aim of this study was to present the Critical Research Evaluation Tool (CRET) which teaches evaluation of the researchers’ worldview, applicability to multicultural populations, and ethics surrounding potential harms to communities. To provide best cultural care nurses’ need to understand how historical/social/political experiences impact health and also influence research. The Student using the CRET reported receiving a strong foundation in research fundamentals, gaining a better understanding of critical frameworks in research, and learning more about themselves and reflecting on their own privileges and biases. The CRET provides nursing students and nursing faculty with a tool for examining diversity and ultimately decreasing health disparity.
After the Gap Analysis: Education and Practice Changes to Prepare Nurses of the Future
Authors: Beauvais Audrey Marie , Kazer Meredith Wallace , Aronson Barbara , Conlon Suzanne E. , Forte Pamela , Fries Kathleen S. , Hahn Judith M. , Hullstrung Russell , Levvis Meg , McCauley Paula , Morgan Patricia Padula , Perfetto Linda , Rebeschi Lisa M. , Solernou Sheila B. , Span Patricia , Sundean Lisa J.
Published: October 2018

AIM

The purpose of the study was to describe the Connecticut Nursing Collaborative-Action Coalition’s work in identifying and addressing gaps between nursing education and practice based on the Institute of Medicine’s Future of Nursing report.

BACKGROUND

Massachusetts Nurse of the Future (NOF) Competencies highlight the knowledge, skills, and attitudes/behaviors required for professional nurses. Integrating these concepts into the educational system will prepare the nursing workforce to respond to current/future health care needs and population health issues.

METHOD

Education and practice partners in four regions conducted a gap analysis of the education to practice transition for new graduate nurses using NOF as a framework for assessment.

RESULTS

Gaps in competencies were similar across regions. However, each organization uniquely addressed curricular gaps to best prepare nurses of the future.

CONCLUSION

Curriculum improvements will provide students the advantage of being prepared for the rapid changes happening in health care.
Continuing the Creativity and Connections: The Massachusetts Initiative to Update the Nurse of the Future Nursing Core Competencies
Authors: Sroczynski Maureen , Conlin Genevieve , Costello Eileen , Crombie Patricia , Hanley Diane , Tobin Marie , Welsh Diane
Published: October 2018

AIM

This article describes the collaborative effort of nursing education and practice to update the Massachusetts Nurse of the Future Nursing Core Competencies.

BACKGROUND

The Nurse of the Future Nursing Core Competencies were published in 2010. With the establishment of the Massachusetts Action Coalition, a primary goal was to continue to promote the integration of these competencies into all education and practice settings throughout Massachusetts and share this process with other states.

METHOD

Through an updated literature review and consultation with subject matter experts, the Nurse of the Future Competency Committee developed a process to ensure that significant practice advances were reflected in each of the competencies.

RESULTS

The updated Nurse of the Future Nursing Core Competencies were published in March 2016.

CONCLUSION

The updated competencies capture the knowledge, attitudes, and skills needed for all nurses to create a culture of health across the continuum of health care.
ReNEW: Wyoming’s Answer to Academic Progression in Nursing
Authors: Anderson Jennifer , Wells Kathy , Mather Charlotte , Burman Mary E.
Published: October 2018

AIM

The aim of the study was to describe Wyoming’s approach to academic progression and its projected impact. The collaborative process used to develop the shared statewide BSN curriculum is described along with recommendations.

BACKGROUND

Successful educational models that address the Institute of Medicine’s recommendation that 80 percent of RNs have a baccalaureate degree by 2020 face numerous challenges, especially in rural states.

METHOD

ReNEW (Revolutionizing Nursing Education in Wyoming) is a creative solution designed to decrease barriers to BSN education and increase motivation through a streamlined shared curriculum building on a strong community college system and the state's one BSN program.

CONCLUSION

Guiding principles, especially addressing the value of both ADN and BSN education, broad-based coalition development and maintenance, statewide structure, and ongoing funding, were keys to success.
NAMS-gallup survey on women's knowledge, information sources, and attitudes to menopause and hormone replacement therapy
Authors: Utian Wulf H. , Schiff Isaac
Published: October 2018

The North American Menopause Society (NAMS) sponsored a Gallup Organization survey of 833 women aged 45-60 to determine attitudes and experience with menopause and various forms of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The results of this survey are presented herein.