bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A stomatal control model based on optimization of carbon gain versus hydraulic risk predicts aspen sapling responses to drought
Authors: Venturas Martin D. , Sperry John S. , Love David M. , Frehner Ethan H. , Allred Michael G. , Wang Yujie , Anderegg William R. L.
Published: July 2018

Empirical models of plant drought responses rely on parameters that are difficult to specify a priori. We test a trait‐ and process‐based model to predict environmental responses from an optimization of carbon gain vs hydraulic risk.

We applied four drought treatments to aspen (Populus tremuloides) saplings in a research garden. First we tested the optimization algorithm by using predawn xylem pressure as an input. We then tested the full model which calculates root‐zone water budget and xylem pressure hourly throughout the growing season.

The optimization algorithm performed well when run from measured predawn pressures. The per cent mean absolute error (MAE) averaged 27.7% for midday xylem pressure, transpiration, net assimilation, leaf temperature, sapflow, diffusive conductance and soil‐canopy hydraulic conductance. Average MAE was 31.2% for the same observations when the full model was run from irrigation and rain data. Saplings that died were projected to exceed 85% loss in soil‐canopy hydraulic conductance, whereas surviving plants never reached this threshold.

The model fit was equivalent to that of an empirical model, but with the advantage that all inputs are specific traits. Prediction is empowered because knowing these traits allows knowing the response to climatic stress.
Deriving pattern from complexity in the processes underlying tropical forest drought impacts
Authors: McDowell Nate G.
Published: July 2018

This article is an Editorial on the special feature issue ‘Drought impacts on tropical forests’, which is published in this issue and which includes the following articles: Lapola, pp. 845–847; McDowell et al., pp. 851–869; Albert et al., pp. 870–884; Bretfeld et al., pp. 885–899; Gotsch et al., pp. 900–913; Longo et al., pp. 914–931; Powell et al., pp. 932–946; Meakem et al., pp. 947–958; and Leitold et al., pp. 959–971.
Autophagy and its role in plant abiotic stress management
Authors: Avin‐Wittenberg Tamar
Published: July 2018

Being unable to move, plants are regularly exposed to changing environmental conditions, among which various types of abiotic stress, such as heat, drought, salt, and so forth. These might have deleterious effects on plant performance and yield. Plants thus need to adapt using appropriate stress responses. One of the outcomes of abiotic stress is the need to degrade and recycle damaged proteins and organelles. Autophagy is a conserved eukaryotic mechanism functioning in the degradation of proteins, protein aggregates, and whole organelles. It was previously shown to have a role in plant abiotic stress. This review will describe the current knowledge regarding the involvement of autophagy in plant abiotic stress response, mechanisms functioning in autophagy induction during stress, and possible direction for future research.
Function as Use. Wittgenstein's Practical Turn in the Early Manuscripts
Authors: Franken Figueiredo Florian
Published: July 2018

The idea that the function of language is its use is commonly ascribed to the Later Wittgenstein. In this paper, I argue that there is textual evidence already coming from the early manuscripts (Ms) proving that Wittgenstein's philosophical development is culminating in the idea of function as use around 1929–30. I interpret a passage from Ms‐107 in order to show that Wittgenstein's practical turn has sources in different stages of his philosophical development, each of which is dominated by different ideas: the idea of a picture theory; the idea of a phenomenological language and the idea of function as use.
Political Embeddedness of Public Pension Governance: An Event History Analysis of Discount Rate Changes
Authors: Wang Qiushi , Peng Jun
Published: July 2018

State governments are frequently said to manipulate the discount rate assumption to make pension funding look better, reduce employers' and employees' pension contributions, or relieve fiscal stress. Building a model from the political embeddedness perspective and applying an event history analysis to the 81 largest state‐administered pension plans in the United States, the authors found that more politically embedded pension boards were actually more likely to reduce their plan's discount rate. Public union coverage and government political ideology, however, had no significant impact on discount rate changes. These findings reveal the effect of political embeddedness on pension planning decisions and provide useful insights into the intricate process of setting pension discount rates in a new era of more muted investment return expectations. This article points to both political and financial pressures facing pension boards and state governments for many years to come.
Phylogeny and evolution of the cryptic fungus‐farming ant genusMyrmicocryptaF. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) inferred from multilocus data
Authors: Sosa‐Calvo Jeffrey , Fernández Fernando , Schultz Ted R.
Published: July 2018

Fungus‐farming ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) have become model systems for exploring questions regarding the evolution of symbiosis. However, robust phylogenetic studies of both the ant agriculturalists and their fungal cultivars are necessary for addressing whether or not observed ant–fungus associations are the result of coevolution and, if so, whether that coevolution has been strict or diffuse. Here we focus on the evolutionary relationships of the species within the ant genusMyrmicocryptaand of their fungal cultivars. The fungus‐farming ant genusMyrmicocryptawas created by Fr. Smith in 1860 based on a single alate queen. Since then, 31 species and subspecies have been described. Until now, the genus has not received any taxonomic treatment and the relationships of the species within the genus have not been tested. Our molecular analyses, using ∼40 putative species and six protein‐coding (nuclear and mitochondrial) gene fragments, recoverMyrmicocryptaas monophyletic and as the sister group of the genusMycocepurusForel. The speciesM. tuberculataWeber is recovered as the sister to the rest ofMyrmicocrypta. The time‐calibrated phylogeny recovers the age of stem groupMyrmicocryptaplus its sister group as 45 Ma, whereas the inferred age for the crown groupMyrmicocryptais recovered as 27 Ma. Ancestral character‐state analyses suggest that the ancestor ofMyrmicocryptahad scale‐like or squamate hairs and that, although such hairs were once considered diagnostic for the genus, the alternative state of erect simple hairs has evolved at least seven independent times. Ancestral‐state analyses of observed fungal cultivar associations suggest that the most recent common ancestor ofMyrmicocryptacultivated clade 2 fungal species and that switches to clade 1 fungi have occurred at least five times. It is our hope that these results will encourage additional species‐level phylogenies of fungus‐farming ants and their fungal cultivars, which are necessary for understanding the evolutionary processes that gave rise to agriculture in ants and that produced the current diversity of mutualistic ant–fungus interactions.
Subdiffraction‐resolution live‐cell imaging for visualizing thylakoid membranes
Authors: Iwai Masakazu , Roth Melissa S. , Niyogi Krishna K.
Published: July 2018

The chloroplast is the chlorophyll‐containing organelle that produces energy through photosynthesis. Within the chloroplast is an intricate network of thylakoid membranes containing photosynthetic membrane proteins that mediate electron transport and generate chemical energy. Historically, electron microscopy (EM) has been a powerful tool for visualizing the macromolecular structure and organization of thylakoid membranes. However, an understanding of thylakoid membrane dynamics remains elusive because EM requires fixation and sectioning. To improve our knowledge of thylakoid membrane dynamics we need to consider at least two issues: (i) the live‐cell imaging conditions needed to visualize active processes in vivo; and (ii) the spatial resolution required to differentiate the characteristics of thylakoid membranes. Here, we utilize three‐dimensional structured illumination microscopy (3D‐SIM) to explore the optimal imaging conditions for investigating the dynamics of thylakoid membranes in living plant and algal cells. We show that 3D‐SIM is capable of examining broad characteristics of thylakoid structures in chloroplasts of the vascular plant Arabidopsis thaliana and distinguishing the structural differences between wild‐type and mutant strains. Using 3D‐SIM, we also visualize thylakoid organization in whole cells of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. These data reveal that high light intensity changes thylakoid membrane structure in C. reinhardtii. Moreover, we observed the green alga Chromochloris zofingiensis and the moss Physcomitrella patens to show the applicability of 3D‐SIM. This study demonstrates that 3D‐SIM is a promising approach for studying the dynamics of thylakoid membranes in photoautotrophic organisms during photoacclimation processes.
Basic newborn resuscitation guidelines for healthcare providers in Maragua District Hospital: a best practice implementation project
Authors: Kebaya Lilian Maureen Nyatichi , Kiruja Jason , Maina Michuki , Kimani Salome , Kerubo Christine , McArthur Alexa , Munn Zachary , Ayieko Philip
Published: July 2018

Objective:

The overall aim of this project was to assess compliance with evidence-based criteria regarding newborn resuscitation among healthcare workers in the maternity units in Maragua District Hospital (a busy district hospital in Kenya).

Introduction:

Globally, the majority of deaths under five years are attributable to neonatal causes. Perinatal asphyxia accounts for a significant portion of these deaths, especially in developing countries. These deaths are largely preventable, and interventions geared towards assisting newborns to initiate their first breath within the first minute of life have markedly reduced mortality.

Methods:

This implementation project was conducted in the maternity units of a busy district hospital. Evidence-based audit criteria were developed on the basis of an evidence summary developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). Using the JBI Practical Application of Clinical Evidence System software (JBI PACES), a baseline audit was conducted including a sample size of 55 healthcare providers and 300 patient case notes followed by an identification of potential barriers and strategies to overcome them. A follow-up audit including a sample size of 55 healthcare providers was conducted by using the same audit criteria.

Results:

Improvements in practice were demonstrated in all criteria. The baseline audit demonstrated that three of the five audit criteria were found to be less than 50%, indicating moderate compliance with current evidence with regards to newborn resuscitation. Following implementation of the strategies, which included a six-week education and demonstrative skills training, and updating of the protocols and equipment, there was a significant improvement in all the criteria audited, with the first four criteria achieving 100% compliance, and the fifth criteria achieving 90% compliance.

Conclusion:

On completion of the project, the participants demonstrated an increase in knowledge and skills on newborn resuscitation, which led to a significant reduction in admission of newborns with birth asphyxia to the newborn unit.
Effectiveness of institutional strategies to recruit and retain minority nurses: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Eastland Taryn Y. , Morrow Mary R. , Davis Janet H.
Published: July 2018

Review question/objective:

The objective of this review is to identify, appraise and synthesize the best available evidence on the effectiveness of institutional strategies and interventions on recruitment and retention of minority nurses.
Design of hybrid molecular brushes with reversible surface adaptability on exposure to specific solvents
Authors: Chawathe Manasi , Patel Atithi , Jonnalagadda Sriramakamal , Sidorenko Alexander
Published: July 2018

Hybrid molecular brushes (HMBs) are macromolecules made of a linear backbone and polymeric side chains that differ in their chemical nature. The authors developed a new method of synthesis of HMB with chitosan (CHI) backbone. In the first step, chitosan-graft-polylactide (CHI-g-PLA) was synthesized by interfacial ring opening polymerization of lactide initiated from CHI. CHI-g-PLA is characterized for its molecular weight and structure. In the second step, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PNVP) or polyacrylamide (PAAm) is grafted by radical polymerization from the CHI in CHI-g-PLA to form CHI-g-PLA-g-PNVP and CHI-g-PLA-g-PAAm. This results in the formation of HMB, with hydrophobic PLA and hydrophilic PNVP or PAAm side chains grafted to CHI. The chemical structure and thermal behavior of the HMBs are characterized. The morphology of CHI-g-PLA as well as the HMBs is determined using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Both the HMBs tethered to separate surfaces exhibit reversible switching between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers on exposure to specific solvents. This is studied by AFM and water contact angle measurements. Hence, the authors developed a method for synthesis of HMB that can be applied for surface modification.
Charting Physical Literacy Journeys Within Physical Education Settings
Authors: Green Nigel R. , Roberts William M. , Sheehan Dwayne , Keegan Richard J.
Published: July 2018

Physical literacy is creating significant interest worldwide due to its holistic nature and the potential it has to impact on people’s lives. It is underpinning many physical education programs, coaching strategies, health initiatives, and policymakers’ decisions. However, the complex philosophical and holistic nature of the concept has meant that methods used to chart/assess/measure progress have been very much dependent on the pedagogues interpretation of the concept. This paper will provide a review of current practices and issues related to charting/assessing/measuring progress of an individual’s journey. It will go on to highlight considerations that, we suggest, should be made by any organization developing methods to chart/assess/measure progress.
Combination of Tenofovir and Emtricitabine with Efavirenz Does Not Moderate Inhibitory Effect of Efavirenz on Mitochondrial Function and Cholesterol Biosynthesis in Human T Lymphoblastoid Cell Line
Authors: Li Min , Sopeyin Anuoluwapo , Paintsil Elijah
Published: July 2018

Efavirenz (EFV), the most popular nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, has been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in mostin vitrostudies. However, in real life the prevalence of EFV-induced mitochondrial toxicity is relatively low.
Crystal Structures of Penicillin-Binding Protein D2 from Listeria monocytogenes and Structural Basis for Antibiotic Specificity
Authors: Jeong Jae-Hee , Cha Hyung Jin , Kim Yeon-Gil
Published: July 2018

β-Lactam antibiotics that inhibit penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) have been widely used in the treatment of bacterial infections. However, the molecular basis underlying the different inhibitory potencies of β-lactams against specific PBPs is not fully understood.
Preventable Patient Harm: a Multidisciplinary, Bundled Approach to Reducing Clostridium difficile Infections While Using a Glutamate Dehydrogenase/Toxin Immunochromatographic Assay/Nucleic Acid Amplification Test Diagnostic Algorithm
Authors: Schultz Katherine , Sickbert-Bennett Emily , Marx Ashley , Weber David J. , DiBiase Lauren M. , Campbell-Bright Stacy , Bode Lauren E. , Baker Mike , Belhorn Tom , Buchanan Mark , Goldbach Sherie , Harden Jacci , Hoke Emily , Huenniger Beth , Juliano Jonathan J. , Langston Michael , Ritchie Heather , Rutala William A. , Smith Jason , Summerlin-Long Shelley , Teal Lisa , Gilligan Peter
Published: July 2018

Health care facility-onset
Clostridium difficile
infections (HO-CDI) are an important national problem, causing increased morbidity and mortality. HO-CDI is an important metric for the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Service's (CMS) performance measures.
Nup153 Unlocks the Nuclear Pore Complex for HIV-1 Nuclear Translocation in Nondividing Cells
Authors: Buffone Cindy , Martinez-Lopez Alicia , Fricke Thomas , Opp Silvana , Severgnini Marco , Cifola Ingrid , Petiti Luca , Frabetti Stella , Skorupka Katarzyna , Zadrozny Kaneil K. , Ganser-Pornillos Barbie K. , Pornillos Owen , Di Nunzio Francesca , Diaz-Griffero Felipe
Published: July 2018

One of the key advantages that distinguish lentiviruses, such as HIV-1, from all other retroviruses is its ability to infect nondividing cells. Interaction of the HIV-1 capsid with Nup153 and CPSF6 is important for nuclear entry and integration; however, the contribution of each of these proteins to nuclear import and integration is not clear. Using genetics, we demonstrated that these proteins contribute to different processes: Nup153 is essential for the HIV-1 nuclear import in nondividing cells, and CPSF6 is important for HIV-1 integration. In addition, nuclear factors such as CPSF6 and the state of the chromatin are known to be important for integration site selection; nevertheless, the preferential determinant influencing integration site selection is not known. This work demonstrates that integration site selection is a multiparameter process that depends upon nuclear factors and the state of the cellular chromatin.
Reef fish carbonate production assessments highlight regional variation in sedimentary significance
Authors: Salter Michael A. , Perry Chris T. , Stuart-Smith Rick D. , Edgar Graham J. , Wilson Rod W. , Harborne Alastair R.
Published: July 2018

Recent studies show that all marine bony fish produce mud-sized (<63 µm) carbonate at rates relevant to carbonate sediment budgets, thus adding to the debate about the often enigmatic origins of fine-grained marine carbonates. However, existing production data are geographically and taxonomically limited, and because different fish families are now known to produce different carbonate polymorphs—an issue relevant to predicting their preservation potential—these limitations represent an important knowledge gap. Here we present new data from sites in the Western Pacific Ocean, based on an analysis of 45 fish species. Our data show that previously reported production outputs (in terms of rates and family-specific mineralogies) are applicable across different biogeographic regions. On this basis, we model carbonate production for nine coral reef systems around Australia, with production rates averaging 2.1–9.6 g m–2 yr–1, and up to 105 g m–2 yr–1 at discrete sites with high fish biomass. With projected production rates on lower-latitude reefs up to two-fold higher, these outputs indicate that carbonate production rates by fish can be comparable with other fine-grained carbonate-producing taxa such as codiacean algae. However, carbonates produced by Australian reef fish assemblages are dominated by a highly unstable amorphous polymorph; a marked contrast to Caribbean assemblages in which Mg calcite dominates. These findings highlight important regional differences in the sedimentary relevance and preservation potential of fish carbonates as a function of historical biogeographic processes that have shaped the world’s marine fish faunas.
Patient characteristics and risk factors for central serous chorioretinopathy: an analysis of 811 patients
Authors: Ersoz M Giray , Arf Serra , Hocaoglu Mumin , Sayman Muslubas Isil , Karacorlu Murat
Published: July 2018

Aims

To determine the demographic and morphological characteristics of patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and describe risk factors for CSC.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 811 patients with CSC and 816 healthy controls referred from 2002 to 2018.

Results

The female/male ratio of patients with CSC was 1/2.7. Mean age of onset was 45.2 years. The peak prevalence for men occurred at 45–49 years. Women had two prevalence peaks, the higher at 55–59 years and the other at 45–49 years. Of these patients, 56.8% had unilateral disease, 42.1% had bilateral disease and 1.1% had only one eye. 671 (82.7%) patients had spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images and 598 (73.7%) had enhanced depth choroidal images. Pigment epithelial detachment (PED) was detected in 763 (80.7%) of 945 eyes with SD-OCT images. Chronic cases were more likely to be bilateral and multifocal and to have PED (all p<0.001). Subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) did not differ between chronic and classic cases (p=0.74), but SFCT was greater in multifocal cases than unifocal cases (p<0.001). In multivariate regression analyses, older age of onset, longer duration of disease and hyperopia were positively associated with having chronic disease rather than classic disease, and myopia and thyroid hormone replacement were negatively associated. Steroid use, antidepressant or anxiolytic drug use, smoking, pregnancy and hyperopia were risk factors, and myopia was a protective factor for CSC.

Conclusion

This is the largest case-control study of CSC to evaluate demographic morphological characteristics and risk factors. Multiple factors are associated with CSC.
Biosecurity on pig and poultry farms: principles for the veterinary profession
Authors: Carr John , Howells Mark
Published: July 2018

The mantra of all veterinary surgeons is ‘first do no harm’, which embraces the introduction of a novel pathogen to any animal. Veterinary surgeons must aspire to become beyond reproach. Biosecurity mitigates risk and is generally considered the remit of population animal vets, but the truth is that it is the responsibility of all personnel working with animals – veterinary surgeons, nurses, owners and stockpeople. This article aims to prompt discussion to encourage veterinary surgeons to ensure that biosecurity is a key consideration in their professional lives. It also gives guidance on how to develop biosecurity standard operating procedures (SOPs) that can be used on farm.
How do policymakers interpret and implement the principle of equivalence with regard to prison health? A qualitative study among key policymakers in England
Authors: Ismail Nasrul , de Viggiani Nick
Published: July 2018

Background

The principle of equivalence in prison health has been established for nearly four decades. It seeks to ensure that prisoners have access to the same level of healthcare as members of society at large, which is entrenched within the international legal framework and England’s national health policies.

Aims

This study examined how key policymakers interpret and implement the principle of equivalence in English prisons. It also identified opportunities and threats associated with the application of the principle.

Methods

In total, 30 policymakers took part in this research. These participants engaged in policymaking activities and occupied positions of authority in the prison field.

Results

Despite the policymakers’ consensus on the importance of the equivalence principle, there was a varying degree of understanding regarding what constitutes ‘equivalence’. Participants described how the security culture impedes prisoners’ access to healthcare services. Additionally, the increasing size and complexity of the prison population, coupled with a diminishing level of resources, reduce the level of care being provided in prisons and thus compromise implementation of equivalence in English prisons.

Conclusions

Inconsistent interpretation of equivalence, the prevailing security drive, increasing numbers and health complexities of prisoners and fiscal austerity threaten the implementation of equivalence in English prisons. This research calls for new guidance on how to interpret and implement equivalence, along with measures to educate prison governors and staff on the prison rehabilitation value, ensure greater investment in prison health and consider alternatives to imprisonment to future-proof the principle of equivalence in the English prison system.
Low-intensity resistance training with partial blood flow restriction and high-intensity resistance training induce similar changes in skeletal muscle transcriptome in elderly humans
Authors: Vechin Felipe C. , Libardi Cleiton A. , Conceição Miguel S. , Damas Felipe , Cavaglieri Claudia R. , Chacon-Mikahil Mara Patricia T. , Coutinho Luiz L. , Andrade Sonia C.S. , Neves Jr Manoel T. , Roschel Hamilton , Tricoli Valmor , Baptista Igor L. , Moriscot Anselmo A. , Ugrinowitsch Carlos
Published: July 2018

We aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying muscle growth after 12 weeks of resistance training performed with blood flow restriction (RT–BFR) and high-intensity resistance training (HRT) in older individuals. Participants were allocated into the following groups: HRT, RT–BFR, or a control group. High-throughput transcriptome sequencing was performed by the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. HRT and RT–BFR presented similar increases in the quadriceps femoris cross-sectional area, and few genes were differently expressed between interventions. The small differences in gene expression between interventions suggest that similar mechanisms may underpin training-induced muscle growth.
Functional genetic discovery of enzymes using full-scan mass spectrometry metabolomics
Authors: Caudy Amy A. , Hanchard Julia A. , Hsieh Alan , Shaan Saravannan , Rosebrock Adam P.
Published: July 2018

Our understanding of metabolic networks is incomplete, and new enzymatic activities await discovery in well-studied organisms. Mass spectrometric measurement of cellular metabolites reveals compounds inside cells that are unexplained by current maps of metabolic reactions, and existing computational models are unable to account for all activities observed within cells. Additional large-scale genetic and biochemical approaches are required to elucidate metabolic gene function. We have used full-scan mass spectrometry metabolomics of polar small molecules to examine deletion mutants of candidate enzymes in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We report the identification of 25 genes whose deletion results in focal metabolic changes consistent with loss of enzymatic activity and describe the informatic approaches used to enrich for candidate enzymes from uncharacterized open reading frames. Triumphs and pitfalls of metabolic phenotyping screens are discussed, including estimates of the frequency of uncharacterized eukaryotic genes that affect metabolism and key issues to consider when searching for new enzymatic functions in other organisms.
Sex differences in cardiac electrophysiology
Authors: Ravens Ursula
Published: July 2018

Women have a longer QT interval than men, which appears to evolve after puberty suggesting that sex hormones have an influence on cardiac electrophysiology. Sex hormones do in fact regulate cardiac ion channels via genomic and nongenomic pathways. Women are at greater risk for life-threatening arrhythmias under conditions that prolong the QT interval. In addition, women exhibit greater sensitivity to QT interval–prolonging drugs. Female sex has also an impact on propensity to cardiovascular disease, including atrial fibrillation. However, ex vivo recorded atrial action potentials (APs) from female and male patients in atrial fibrillation did not exhibit significant differences in shape, except that APs from women had slower upstroke velocity. It is concluded that sex-related differences should be taken into account not only in the clinics, but also in basic research.
Reconstruction of Weakly Simple Polygons from Their Edges
Authors: Akitaya Hugo A. , Tóth Csaba D.
Published: July 2018

We address the problem of reconstructing a polygon from the multiset of its edges. Given [Formula: see text] line segments in the plane, find a polygon with [Formula: see text] vertices whose edges are these segments, or report that none exists. It is easy to solve the problem in [Formula: see text] time if we seek an arbitrary polygon or a simple polygon. We show that the problem is NP-complete for weakly simple polygons, that is, a polygon whose vertices can be perturbed by at most [Formula: see text], for any [Formula: see text], to obtain a simple polygon. We give [Formula: see text]-time algorithms for reconstructing weakly simple polygons: when all segments are collinear or the segment endpoints are in general position. These results extend to the variant in which the segments are directed.

We study related problems for the case that the union of the [Formula: see text] input segments is connected. (i) If each segment can be subdivided into several segments, find the minimum number of subdivision points to form a weakly simple polygon. (ii) If new line segments can be added, find the minimum total length of new segments that creates a weakly simple polygon. We give worst-case upper and lower bounds for both problems.
Approximation methods in modified gravity models
Authors: Li Baojiu
Published: July 2018

We review some of the commonly used approximation methods to predict large-scale structure formation in modified gravity (MG) models for the cosmic acceleration. These methods are developed to speed up the often slow [Formula: see text]-body simulations in these models, or directly make approximate predictions of relevant physical quantities. In both cases, they are orders of magnitude more efficient than full simulations, making it possible to explore and delineate the large cosmological parameter space. On the other hand, there is a wide variation of their accuracies and ranges of validity, and these are usually not known a priori and must be validated against simulations. Therefore, a combination of full simulations and approximation methods will offer both efficiency and reliability. The approximation methods are also important from a theoretical point of view, since they can often offer useful insight into the nonlinear physics in MG models and inspire new algorithms for simulations.
Bias corrected regularization kernel method in ranking
Authors: He Fangchao , Wu Qiang
Published: July 2018

We propose a bias corrected regularization kernel ranking (BCRKR) method and characterize the asymptotic bias and variance of the estimated ranking score function. The results show that BCRKR has smaller asymptotic bias than the traditional regularization kernel ranking (RKR) method. The variance of BCRKR has the same order of decay as that of RKR when the sample size goes to infinity. Therefore, BCRKR is expected to be as effective as RKR and its smaller bias favors its use in block wise data analysis such as distributed learning for big data. The proofs make use of a concentration inequality of integral operator U-statistic.
A Comparative Study for Machining of Ti–6Al–4V Alloy for Multi-Criteria Response
Authors: Priyadarshini Manisha , Pal Kamal
Published: July 2018

Nowadays, it has become very difficult for the manufacturer to satisfy all its customers with satisfactory products, as they have different demands considering the responses. However, hard-to-machine materials are difficult to manufacture. This study explores the application of electro-discharge machining (EDM) of Ti–6Al–4V alloy with pulse duration (Ton), duty factor ([Formula: see text], peak current (Ip) and gap voltage (Vg) as the control parameters using pure copper electrode. Machining effects are evaluated by performance characteristics including material removal rate (MRR), tool wear rate (TWR) and surface roughness (SR) by considering the multi-criteria preference of the customers that vary with the preference of responses. For the experiment, proper orthogonal arrays are found out using Taguchi methodology. The optimum parametric settings were obtained by utility-concept-based Taguchi method which were compared with desirability-approach-based Taguchi. It was found that utility-concept-based Taguchi optimization methodology results in more feasible parametric setting which has also been confirmed by the validation experiments. The optimum values of process variables obtained were pulse duration of 30[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]s, duty factor of 9%, peak current of 10[Formula: see text]A and gap voltage of 6[Formula: see text]V to achieve maximum MRR and lower TWR with better surface finish to satisfy multi-user criteria.
PATHOGENICITY OF TAIWAN FERRET BADGER RABIES VIRUS IN RODENTS
Authors: Hsu Ai-Ping , Tseng Chun-Hsien , Shih Yu-Hua , Tsai Kuo-Jung , Lu Yi-Ta , Chou Chung-Hsi , Tu Wen-Jane , Tsai Hsiang-Jung
Published: July 2018

The outbreaks of Taiwan ferret badger rabies reported in 2013 terminated the “rabies-free” status of Taiwan. Subsequent phylogenetic and divergence analyses have demonstrated that Taiwan ferret badger rabies virus (RABV-TWFB) might have emerged 100 years previously; however, most rabies cases were restricted to the Formosan ferret badger. In this study, pathogenic characteristics of mouse intracranial median lethal dose (MICLD[Formula: see text], median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID[Formula: see text], mortality development patterns, and peripheral infection of RABV-TWFB were evaluated in experimental rodents. The results revealed that RABV-TWFB had low MICLD[Formula: see text] titers, whereas TCID[Formula: see text] titers could not be determined. Compared with the typical street rabies virus, the overall mortality development patterns were later onset and slower progression. RABV-TWFB was unable to produce peripheral infection in the experimental rodents. Taken together, RABV-TWFB was less virulent to experimental rodents than other more typical RABV strains. To provide more appropriate strategies for epidemics management, the pathogenic properties of RABV-TWFB should be further investigated using ferret badgers and sympatric animals as models.
A note on the upper Lie nilpotency index of a group algebra
Authors: Sahai Meena , Sharan Bhagwat
Published: July 2018

In this paper, we classify the modular group algebra [Formula: see text] of a group [Formula: see text] over a field [Formula: see text] of characteristic [Formula: see text] having upper Lie nilpotency index [Formula: see text]. The group algebra [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] has already been described.
Reflexive property on rings with involution
Authors: Bhattacharjee Arnab , Chakraborty Uday Shankar
Published: July 2018

Mason introduced the notion of reflexive property for rings which play roles in noncommutative ring theory. In this paper, we extend this property to rings with involution and investigate their properties. We provide many examples of these rings and also consider some extensions such as trivial extension, Dorroh extension, etc.
A One-Way Coupled Euler and Parabolic Model for Outdoor Blast Wave Simulation in Real Environment
Authors: Nguyen-Dinh M. , Gainville O. , Lardjane N.
Published: July 2018

Aerial blast wave propagation is affected by numerous physical parameters such as the source energy, the topography, the ground nature, or the atmospheric conditions. Direct high performance computing simulations is a valuable tool, but remains extremely costly in complex environment which limits the number of simulations. It is best used locally or to build reference solutions useful for the evaluation of simplified fast running models. Indeed, as the blast wave propagates, its strength weakens and after some distance, linear acoustic theory may be valuable. Here, we present the results of a one-way coupling procedure between a nonlinear Euler direct simulation code for the near field, including the detonation phase, and a parabolic linear acoustic model for the far field. Both models take into account for topography and atmospheric conditions. We show that, compared to the full Euler simulations, the coupling procedure provides accurate results at a reduced computational cost for blast wave propagation in the vicinity of an actual pyrotechnic site. The quality of the signals is also improved in comparison with classical parabolic simulations started with an analytical solution.
On earthquakes, lakes, and sensors
Authors: Wolf Gunnar
Published: July 2018

The
XRDS
blog highlights a range of topics from conference coverage, to security and privacy, to CS theory. Selected blog posts, edited for print, are featured in every issue. Please visit xrds.acm.org/blog to read each post in its entirety. If you are interested in joining as a student blogger, please contact us.
Demistifying the dark web
Authors: Ververis Vasilis
Published: July 2018

Anonymity network overlays have a dark shroud of mystery. The "dark web" is known to everybody and nobody. But what is it, really?
Stop looking over our shoulders!
Authors: Kaneko Kali
Published: July 2018

The global push for secure digital identities, privacy tools, and online rights.
The case for regulating social networks and the internet
Authors: von lynX carlo
Published: July 2018

We don't need to miss out on the joys of technology in order to regain what liberty and democracy are supposed to mean, but the regulatory transformation we need is of epic proportions.
The principle of least authority: how capabilities can improve internet-scale privacy
Authors: Grigg Jack
Published: July 2018

The core protocols our computers use to communicate across the internet need to be improved in order to give users control over their privacy and protect metadata. Capabilities encode information about what can be done with data into the data itself, and may be a useful building block for the next generation of internet protocols.
From Nudge to Culture and Back Again: Coalface Governance in the Regulated Organization
Authors: Huising Ruthanne , Silbey Susan S.
Published: July 2018

The range of organizational responses to regulatory requirements is often explained by describing the organization as a monolithic actor interacting with external agents. We look inside regulated organizations, recognizing them as a web of transactions and norms, to examine how formal and informal organizational practices transform regulatory requirements into normalized activity. This article identifies four levers used at the coalface—or frontline—of the organization to encourage compliance in organizations: nudge (individual), bureaucracy (roles, rules, and procedures), relational governance (network), and organizational culture (assumptions, values, and artifacts). We map the range of research on coalface governance while displaying the assumptions and implications of each lever often embedded in recommendations to policy makers or organizational managers. We offer this continuum of techniques to invite a richer conversation about ways of pursuing compliance in organizations.
Phage-Based Applications in Synthetic Biology
Authors: Lemire Sebastien , Yehl Kevin M. , Lu Timothy K.
Published: July 2018

Bacteriophage research has been instrumental to advancing many fields of biology, such as genetics, molecular biology, and synthetic biology. Many phage-derived technologies have been adapted for building gene circuits to program biological systems. Phages also exhibit significant medical potential as antibacterial agents and bacterial diagnostics due to their extreme specificity for their host, and our growing ability to engineer them further enhances this potential. Phages have also been used as scaffolds for genetically programmable biomaterials that have highly tunable properties. Furthermore, phages are central to powerful directed evolution platforms, which are being leveraged to enhance existing biological functions and even produce new ones. In this review, we discuss recent examples of how phage research is influencing these next-generation biotechnologies.
Blood pressure variability, heart functionality, and left ventricular tissue alterations in a protocol of severe hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation
Authors: Carrara Marta , Babini Giovanni , Baselli Giuseppe , Ristagno Giuseppe , Pastorelli Roberta , Brunelli Laura , Ferrario Manuela
Published: July 2018

Autonomic control of blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) is crucial during bleeding and hemorrhagic shock (HS) to compensate for hypotension and hypoxia. Previous works have observed that at the point of hemodynamic decompensation a marked suppression of BP and HR variability occurs, leading to irreversible shock. We hypothesized that recovery of the autonomic control may be decisive for effective resuscitation, along with restoration of mean BP. We computed cardiovascular indexes of baroreflex sensitivity and BP and HR variability by analyzing hemodynamic recordings collected from five pigs during a protocol of severe hemorrhage and resuscitation; three pigs were sham-treated controls. Moreover, we assessed the effects of severe hemorrhage on heart functionality by integrating the hemodynamic findings with measures of plasma high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T and metabolite concentrations in left ventricular (LV) tissue. Resuscitation was performed with fluids and norepinephrine and then by reinfusion of shed blood. After first resuscitation, mean BP reached the target value, but cardiovascular indexes were not fully restored, hinting at a partial recovery of the autonomic mechanisms. Moreover, cardiac troponins were still elevated, suggesting a persistent myocardial sufferance. After blood reinfusion all the indexes returned to baseline. In the harvested heart, LV metabolic profile confirmed the acute stress condition sensed by the cardiomyocytes. Variability indexes and baroreflex trends can be valuable tools to evaluate the severity of HS, and they may represent a more useful end point for resuscitation in combination with standard measures such as mean values and biological measures.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Autonomic control of blood pressure was highly impaired during hemorrhagic shock, and it was not completely recovered after resuscitation despite global restoration of mean pressures. Moreover, a persistent myocardial sufferance emerged from measured cardiac troponin T and metabolite concentrations of left ventricular tissue. We highlight the importance of combining global mean values and biological markers with measures of variability and autonomic control for a better characterization of the effectiveness of the resuscitation strategy.
Measurement of Degree of Compaction of Fine‐Grained Soil Subgrade Using Light Dynamic Penetrometer
Authors: Zhang Junhui , Yao Yongsheng , Zheng Jianlong , Huang Xiangqun , Lan Tian
Published: July 2018

To determine the degree of compaction of subgrades filled with fine‐grained soil, the compaction test and light dynamic penetrometer (LDP) test were carried out for low liquid‐limit clay samples with different water contents in laboratory. Then, a prediction equation of the penetration ratio (PR) defined as the depth per drop of the hammer of LDP, degree of compaction (K), and water content (ω) was built. After that, the existing fine‐grained soil subgrades on LDP‐based field tests were excavated. The on‐site PR values, water contents, and degrees of compaction of slopes were obtained. The estimated degrees of compaction using the prediction equation were compared with measured values of the degree of compaction in field. The results show that there is good consistency between them, and an error within 3.5% was obtained. In addition, the water content should be determined firstly while using the prediction equation which is proposed in this study. Therefore, a numerical method of the water content of a subgrade was developed, and the predicted and measured water contents were compared, which shows a relatively high relativity. Then, the degree of compaction of fine‐grained soil subgrades can be calculated according to the predicting equation, which involves the penetration ratio (PR) and the numerically calculated water content as input instead of the measured value in the field.
Analysis of the Mechanical Behaviour of Asphalt Concretes Using Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Baldo Nicola , Manthos Evangelos , Pasetto Marco
Published: July 2018

The current paper deals with the numerical prediction of the mechanical response of asphalt concretes for road pavements, using artificial neural networks (ANNs). The asphalt concrete mixes considered in this study have been prepared with a diabase aggregate skeleton and two different types of bitumen, namely, a conventional bituminous binder and a polymer‐modified one. The asphalt concretes were produced both in a road materials laboratory and in an asphalt concrete production plant. The mechanical behaviour of the mixes was investigated in terms of Marshall stability, flow, quotient, and moreover by the stiffness modulus. The artificial neural networks used for the numerical analysis of the experimental data, of the feedforward type, were characterized by one hidden layer and 10 artificial neurons. The results have been extremely satisfactory, with coefficients of correlation in the testing phase within the range 0.98798–0.91024, depending on the considered model, thus demonstrating the feasibility to apply ANN modelization to predict the mechanical and performance response of the asphalt concretes investigated. Furthermore, a closed‐form equation has been provided for each of the four ANN models developed, assuming as input parameters the production process, the bitumen type and content, the filler/bitumen ratio, and the volumetric properties of the mixes. Such equations allow any other researcher to predict the mechanical parameter of interest, within the framework of the present study.
Extinction in a Nonautonomous Discrete Lotka-Volterra Competitive System with Time Delay
Authors: Hu Meng , Wei Jingyuan
Published: July 2018

This paper is concerned with a nonautonomous discrete Lotka-Volterra competitive system with time delay. By using some analytical techniques, we prove that, under certain conditions, one of the species will be driven to extinction while the other one will be globally attractive with any positive solution of a discrete logistic equation.
Kaizen Selection for Continuous Improvement through VSM-Fuzzy-TOPSIS in Small-Scale Enterprises: An Indian Case Study
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Dhingra Ashwani Kumar , Singh Bhim
Published: July 2018

In the era of cut throat competitive market, Indian industries are under tremendous pressure to continuously reduce the cost and improve product quality. The main objective of this research paper is to provide a road map for investigating the opportunities to reduce cost and improve productivity and quality in the existing production system through the application of Lean-Kaizen concept using value stream mapping (VSM) tool at shop floor of an Indian Small-Scale Enterprise (SSE). On the basis of collected data from the selected industry, a current state map was made. After analysis, the current state map was modified to develop a future state map. By comparing current and future state map, the gap areas were identified and takt time (TT) was calculated considering actual market demand. To overcome the gap between current state map and future state map and to synchronize cycle time of each station with talk time, Kaizen event (KE) was proposed. Fuzzy technology for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) was applied to prioritize and select the appropriate KE for optimized performance level. After analysis of data obtained after application of the Lean-Kaizen concept, the final improvements in terms of improved productivity (57.15%) and reduced lead time (69.47%), reduced cost (65.61%), and station cycle time (75.25%) were recorded. Through the case study drawn from realistic situations of the industry, the authors highlight that implementation of Lean-Kaizen using VSM and fuzzy TOPSIS provides improvement opportunities across the organization. The findings can inspire the SSEs to adopt the Lean-Kaizen concept for optimizing continuous improvement opportunities in their production industry. This study offers the researchers and practitioners a good example for understanding, selecting, and performing KE program. They can even attain more improvement in various areas by establishing or improving these KE programs.