bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of Lower-Tropospheric Vorticity in Idealized Simulations of Tropical Cyclone Formation
Authors: Wang Yaping , Davis Christopher A. , Huang Yongjie
Published: January 2019

Idealized simulations are conducted using the Cloud Model version 1 (CM1) to explore the mechanism of tropical cyclone (TC) genesis from a preexisting midtropospheric vortex that forms in radiative–convective equilibrium. With lower-tropospheric air approaching near saturation during TC genesis, convective cells become stronger, along with the intensifying updrafts and downdrafts and the larger area coverage of updrafts relative to downdrafts. Consequently, the low-level vertical mass flux increases, inducing vorticity amplification above the boundary layer. Of interest is that while surface cold pools help organize lower-tropospheric updrafts, genesis still proceeds, only slightly delayed, if subcloud evaporation cooling and cold pool intensity are drastically reduced. More detrimental is the disruption of near saturation through the introduction of weak vertical wind shear. The lower-tropospheric dry air suppresses the strengthening of convection, leading to weaker upward mass flux and much slower near-surface vortex spinup. We also find that surface spinup is similarly inhibited by decreasing surface drag despite the existence of a nearly saturated column, whereas larger drag accelerates spinup. Increased vorticity above the boundary layer is followed by the emergence of a horizontal pressure gradient through the depth of the boundary layer. Then the corresponding convergence resulting from the gradient imbalance in the frictional boundary layer causes vorticity amplification near the surface. It is suggested that near saturation in the lower troposphere is critical for increasing the mass flux and vorticity just above the boundary layer, but it is necessary yet insufficient because the spinup is strongly governed by boundary layer dynamics.
Trends in African Migration to Europe: Drivers Beyond Economic Motivations
Authors: Giménez-Gómez José-Manuel , Walle Yabibal M. , Zergawu Yitagesu Zewdu
Published: January 2019

The current migration and refugee crisis in Europe requires an understanding of the different migration drivers beyond the well-known economic determinants. In this article, we view migration from a broader human security perspective and analyze the determinants of regular and asylum seeker migration flows from Africa to Europe for the period 1990 to 2014. Our results show that, in addition to economic determinants, a combination of push and pull factors influences migration decisions of individuals. In particular, rising political persecution, human rights violations, ethnic tensions, political instability, and civil conflicts in African source countries are all significantly associated with increased migration flows into European destination countries. Therefore, our results underscore the need for the European Union and European countries to collaborate with the source countries, not only in terms of supporting economic development in the source countries but also in promoting human security: human rights, democracy, peace, and social stability.
Multicenter Interrater Reliability in the Endoscopic Assessment of Velopharyngeal Function Using a Video Instruction Tool
Authors: Miller Craig , Bly Randall , Cofer Shelagh , Dahl John P. , de Serres Lianne , Goudy Steven , Hartzell Larry , Jabbour Noel , Kacmarysnki Deborah , Macarthur Carol , Messner Anna , Milczuk Henry , Rastatter Jeff , Swibel Rosenthal Laura H. , Scott Andrew , Tollefson Travis , Woolley Audie , Zdanski Carlton , Zopf Dave A. , Sie Kathleen
Published: January 2019

Objective

Assess interrater agreement of endoscopic assessment of velopharyngeal (VP) function before and after viewing the video instruction tool (VIT). We hypothesized improvement in interrater agreement using the Golding‐Kushner scale (GKS) after viewing the VIT.

Study Design

Prospective study.

Setting

Multi‐institutional.

Methods

Sixteen fellowship‐trained pediatric otolaryngologists who treat velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) rated 50 video segments using the GKS before and after watching the VIT. Raters assessed gap size percentage and lateral pharyngeal wall (LPW), soft palate (SP), and posterior pharyngeal wall (PPW) movement. Intraclass correlation coefficient was estimated for these continuous measures. Raters also indicated the presence of a palatal notch, Passavant's ridge, and aberrant pulsations (categorical variables). Fleiss κ coefficient was used for categorical variables. Wilcoxon signed‐rank test was performed on the difference between the pre/post individual video ratings.

Results

Reliability improved for all continuous variables after watching the instructional video. The improvement was significant for PPW (0.22‐0.30, P <. 001), SP (left: 0.63‐0.68, P <. 001 and right: 0.64‐0.68, P =. 001), and LPW (left: 0.49‐0.54, P =. 01 and right: 0.49‐0.54, P =. 09) but not significant for gap size (0.65‐0.69, P =. 36). Among categorical variables, agreement on Passavant's ridge significantly improved (0.30‐0.36, P =. 03).

Conclusion

Exposure to a video instruction tool improves interrater agreement of endoscopic assessment of VP function. Significant improvement was observed in our primary end points, specifically posterior pharyngeal wall movement, soft palate movement, and lateral pharyngeal wall movement. There was less impact of the VIT on the interrater agreement of the categorical variables, palatal notch, Passavant's ridge, and aberrant pulsations.
Palestine in Deleuze
Authors: Medien Kathryn
Published: January 2019

In the late 1970s and early 1980s French philosopher Gilles Deleuze authored a series of articles in which he reflected on the formation of the state of Israel and its subsequent dispossession and colonisation of Palestine and the Palestinian people. Naming the state of Israel as a colonial state, Deleuze’s under-discussed texts connect Israel’s programme of colonisation to that of the United States and the persisting dispossession of indigenous peoples. In so doing, this article argues, Deleuze offers an analysis of the development of capitalism that takes seriously its relation to colonial violence. Having called attention to Deleuze’s writings on Palestine, the conclusion of this article asks why these texts have been marginalised by Deleuze scholars. It asks how we might think of this marginalisation as contributing to the subjugation of Palestinian life, and as indicative of how relations of colonialism structure western social theory.
Hydro-dissection assisted puncture of an esophageal balloon for percutaneous transesophageal gastrotubing: early experience concerning the technical feasibility, safety, and efficacy
Authors: Chu Hee Ho , Shin Ji Hoon , Kim Jong Woo , Kim Jin-Hyoung , Ko Heung-Kyu
Published: January 2019

Background

Percutaneous transesophageal gastrotubing (PTEG) is an alternative means of access into the stomach when conventional transabdominal gastric access is not possible.

Purpose

To describe the early clinical experience, technical feasibility, safety, and efficacy of the hydro-dissection assisted puncture of an esophageal balloon used for PTEG.

Material and Methods

A retrospective review was conducted of six, consecutive patients with feeding problems and who were treated with hydro-dissection assisted puncture of an esophageal balloon for PTEG. Patient baseline characteristics, such as age, sex, co-morbidities, and the underlying condition requiring PTEG, were recorded. The procedure and clinical outcomes of interests, including the route of approach, procedure time (defined as the time interval from the esophageal balloon insertion to the feeding tube placement), adverse events, duration of feeding through PTEG, and the place of discharge were observed.

Results

The PTEG creation using “hydro-dissection assisted puncture of an esophageal balloon technique” was achieved in all six patients (100% technical success). The mean procedure time was 16.5 min (range = 13–23 min) and the median duration of the feeding days through the PTEG was 87 days (range = 7–361 days). One case of deep neck infection was developed after the procedure and completely resolved by conservative treatment without removing the PTEG.

Conclusions

The hydro-dissection assisted puncture of an esophageal balloon is a safe and effective technique for PTEG when the commercial PTEG kits are unavailable.
Diagnostic accuracy of 3D breath-hold MR cholangiography using compressed sensing acceleration in visualizing non-dilated biliary system in living donor liver transplantation donors
Authors: Ono Ayako , Arizono Shigeki , Kohno Shigeshi , Nakai Hirotsugu , Isoda Hiroyoshi , Kühn Bernd , Togashi Kaori
Published: January 2019

Background

Visualizing non-dilated biliary system is important for preoperative mapping of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) donors.

Purpose

To evaluate diagnostic accuracy of three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) within a breath-hold (BH) using compressed sensing (CS) acceleration in visualizing non-dilated biliary system in LDLT donors.

Material and Methods

For this prospective study, 43 donors who underwent LDLT were enrolled. Preoperative MRC sequence included BH CS-MRC (17-s BH) and conventional respiratory-triggered (RT) MRC. Two radiologists evaluated biliary configurations of the hepatic hilum, left lobe, and cystic duct. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed using intraoperative cholangiography and surgical records as a reference standard. The association between severity of artifact in RT MRC and better accuracy of BH CS-MRC in visualizing hilar biliary configuration was also evaluated.

Results

Diagnostic accuracy of BH CS-MRC was not significantly different from that of RT MRC for biliary configurations of the hepatic hilum (69.8% vs. 76.7%, P = 0.579 and 72.1% vs. 74.4%, P > 0.999), left lobe (48.8% vs. 60.5%, P = 0.332 and 48.8% vs. 67.4%, P = 0.080), and cystic duct (90.7% vs. 93.0%, P > 0.999 and 95.3% vs. 95.3%, P > 0.999), though it showed a slight tendency to be lower. Severe artifacts seen in RT MRC were significantly associated with better accuracy of BH CS-MRC (both P < 0.001).

Conclusions

BH CS-MRC can be seen as complementary to RT MRC in visualizing non-dilated biliary anatomy in LDLT donors and be useful especially for individuals whose RT MRC images show severe artifacts.
Does a change in ventricular size predict a diagnosis of cerebral venous thrombosis-related acute intracranial hypertension? Results of a retrospective imaging study
Authors: Zheng Ying-mei , Chen Jing , Yuan Ming-gang , Wu Zeng-jie , Dong Cheng
Published: January 2019

Background

Acute intracranial hypertension (IH) is commonly found in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). Some magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings that are suggestive of acute IH and are thus important for planning treatment and improving clinical outcomes have been reported; however, the significance of changes in ventricular size in the presence of acute CVT-related IH remains unclear.

Purpose

To investigate changes in ventricular size in patients with CVT-related IH by MRI and to determine whether such changes are predictors of IH in these patients.

Material and Methods

Forty patients with CVT-related IH and 40 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers who had undergone T1-weighted volumetric MRI were enrolled in this retrospective study and allocated to one of the following three groups: IH pre-treatment group (Day 1); IH post-treatment group (Day 30); and controls. Data concerning the volume of the ventricular system were compared between the groups.

Results

The volumes of the ventricular system in the three groups were 16.10 ± 8.22 cm3, 16.14 ± 8.14 cm3, and 15.10 ± 4.75 cm3, respectively. The volumes of the ventricular system were similar in pre-treatment and post-treatment patients with IH ( P = 0.982) and controls ( P = 0.446).

Conclusion

The lack of a significant difference in ventricular system volumes between the three study groups suggests that changes in ventricular size are neither a reliable MRI predictor of acute CVT-related IH caused by CVT or a predictor of the short-term prognosis (30 days) of this condition.
Anticonsumption as Tactical Response to Institutionalized Subordination: The Case of Materially Deprived Anticonsumers
Authors: Cherrier Hélène , Hill Ronald Paul
Published: January 2019

Whereas most anticonsumption research focuses on middle- to upper-class consumers who reduce, avoid, or control consumption, this study analyzes anticonsumption among materially deprived consumers. Such an anticonsumption focus runs contrary to the conventional subordination of homeless people to the status of inferior and deficient, whose survival is dependent on social housing support and food charities. Findings from an ethnographic study in Australia show that materially deprived consumers avoid social housing and food charities as a tactical response against institutionalized subordination, which specialized homeless services reinforce. In this context, anticonsumption is thus not about projecting a self-affirming identity or generating a collective force to change consumer culture. Rather, anticonsumption among materially deprived consumers aims at overcoming institutionalized subordination and represents tactics of survival rather than strategies for illusionary emancipation.
The Challenges Native Advertising Poses: Exploring Potential Federal Trade Commission Responses and Identifying Research Needs
Authors: Campbell Colin , Grimm Pamela E.
Published: January 2019

Native advertising is a new form of online advertising that appears in many settings, such as blogs, social media, and entertainment and news publications. Native ads typically blend with their surrounding context, stem from sources or placements that do not signal advertising, lack overtly persuasive or sales-focused messaging, and have less clear material outcomes. Such characteristics raise ethical concerns because native ads are more difficult for consumers to identify and because they challenge concepts that are central to current deceptive advertising policy. Native advertising is a Federal Trade Commission enforcement priority, and the agency has developed guidelines for this new ad form. However, the unique characteristics of native advertising likely require novel approaches to protect consumers. In this article, the authors trace the evolution of regulation relevant to native advertising. They identify shortcomings and propose remedies that the Federal Trade Commission or industry could adopt to prevent consumer harm, detect infractions, and enforce its regulations. The authors also develop an agenda for future research needed to more fully inform public policy and industry response in this arena.
An Investigation of Compliance-Gaining Techniques Applied to a Gasoline Conservation Device
Authors: Burns Alvin C. , Vere Stephen P. De
Published: January 2019

This study examines the use of communications appeals to influence consumers to comply with conservation requests. Four compliance-gaining techniques from the social psychology literature are investigated for their efficacy in motivating user acceptance of a gasoline conservation device. The authors conclude that future research should focus on the interactions between the various compliance-gaining techniques and the specific compliance situation.
The Interface between Quality of Life and Marketing: A Theoretical Framework
Authors: Sirgy M. Joseph , Samli A. C. , Meadow H. Lee
Published: January 2019

Marketing scholars are becoming more concerned with the impact of their discipline on the development of human well-being. The study of quality-of-life (QOL) is a means to that end. The marketing effort in QOL research has been unsystematic and fragmented. An attempt is made in this conceptual paper to (1) review selected marketing research in QOL, (2) introduce a theoretical framework which synthesizes QOL constructs, and (3) suggest possible measurements of those QOL constructs.
Affirmative Disclosure: Perspectives on FTC Orders
Authors: Wilkie William L.
Published: January 2019

This article reports findings of a comprehensive analysis of the Federal Trade Commission's affirmative disclosure orders during the 1970–1977 period. The project was undertaken as an endeavor complementary to that of the FTC's Consumer Information Task Force, which recently presented its report, Consumer Information Remedies. That report was oriented toward rule-making issues; the present report focuses on case orders against single sellers and systematically assesses the background, contents, and results of each of these FTC orders.
The Compatibility of Advertising Regulation and the First Amendment—Another View
Authors: Rotfeld Herbert J.
Published: January 2019

By analyzing the different legal, philosophical, and historical roots of advertising-regulatory law and the First Amendment, this study (a) indicates why advertising's regulatory constraints should not be seen as a precedent for regulation of the press, and (b) gives guidance to marketers as to which aspects of their advertising will probably be seen as protected by the First Amendment and which will probably be subject to regulation and government control.
Investigating Potential Market Segments for Energy Conservation Strategies
Authors: Downs Phillip E. , Freiden Jon B.
Published: January 2019

This article describes the results of an investigation that sought to identify energy-responsible individuals in terms of several demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. A comprehensive index of energy consumption including home, intercity travel, and vacation activities was developed for nearly 2000 people. Individuals who behaved in an energy-efficient manner tended to be older consumers with below-average incomes. Market segmentation strategies designed to reduce energy consumption within various user segments are described.
Consumer Intelligence, Creativity, and Consciousness: Implications for Consumer Protection and Education
Authors: Hirschman Elizabeth C.
Published: January 2019

This research represents an exploratory investigation of the relationship between consumers’ intellegence, creativity, and ability to activate consumption-relevant information. Within the cohort sample used, it was found that these three characteristics were positively related. The implications of this pattern for public policies designed to inform and educate consumers are discussed.
Strategic Planning at the FTC
Authors: Murphy Patrick E.
Published: January 2019

This article discusses the use of strategic planning by the Bureau of Consumer Protection's planning office. The historical use of planning by the agency, this office's activities, problems in implementing the planning effort, and the appropriateness of strategic planning in government are examined.
Domestically Banned Products: For Export Only
Authors: Kaikati Jack G.
Published: January 2019

The sales abroad of products not permitted in the United States have become a matter of concern over the past few years as a result of incidents of widespread poisoning and severe environmental harm. The unrestrained export of hazardous substances by U.S. firms raises questions about these countries’ ethical responsibilities for hazards arising from dangerous exports, questions that have important implications for U.S. trade and foreign relations.
Measuring Attitudes toward Energy Conservation: Cynicism, Belief in Material Growth, and Faith in Technology
Authors: Tashchian Armen , Slama Mark E. , Tashchian Roobian O.
Published: January 2019

Several recent studies have attempted to use factor analysis to determine the underlying dimensions of attitudes toward energy conservation. This research takes a different approach. Milstein [1979] hypothesized that three factors are related to energy conservation, and in this article, scales are developed for each of the three factors. Confirmatory factor analysis is employed to affirm that the three scales actually represent three separate attitudinal dimensions. In addition, appropriate tests are made for the internal consistency and nomological validity of each of the scales. The results show that belief in material growth and belief in technology are related to the energy conservation effort while cynicism regarding the cause of the energy crisis does not affect conservation behavior. Implications for public policy are discussed.
The Multi-Dimensionality of Comparative Advertising: Implications for the Federal Trade Commission
Authors: Muehling Darrel D. , Kangun Norman
Published: January 2019

Not until the dimensionality of comparative advertising is identified, empirically examined, and incorporated into clear policy statements, can the FTC's goal of a better-informed consumer be realized. This paper examines the multi-dimensional nature of comparative advertising, raises questions, and offers suggestions for future research.
The Effectiveness of Advertising Explicit Warranties
Authors: Dowling Grahame R.
Published: January 2019

An experiment was performed to examine the effects of a manufacturer's warranty contained in print advertisements for three new products. Contrary to expectations that consumers would use this extra information to change their attitudes towards the products, the inclusion of a warranty in the advertisements had no effect on perceived risk or intention to buy these products. The results of this study bring into question the value of manufacturers’ warranties as a promotional tool.
Cognitive Considerations in Designing Effective Labels for Presenting Risk Information
Authors: Bettman James R. , Payne John W. , Staelin Richard
Published: January 2019

A brief review of how people process information when thinking about risk is provided and general propositions are developed. These propositions lead to a set of general guidelines for designing labels for presenting risk information. Specific labels for cleaning agents and drain openers are presented as examples of these guidelines.
The Federal Trade Commission's Contact Lens Study: Implications for Public Policy
Authors: Gleason Sandra E. , Stiff Ronald
Published: January 2019

A Federal Trade Commission study evaluating the quality of fit of cosmetic contact lenses by three fitter groups identified few differences. However, the prices charged by commercial optometrists were lower. The methodology and findings are reviewed with attention to the generalizability of the findings and their implications for public policy.
The Case for and against Televised Political Advertising: Implications for Research and Public Policy
Authors: Laczniak Gene R. , Caywood Clarke L.
Published: January 2019

Presented here are the advantages and disadvantages of using the increasingly controversial tactic of televised political advertising. An agenda for needed research to shed light on this issue is put forward, along with an articulation of several public policy options for adjusting the existing process.
Strict Liability and the Marketing of Services vs. Goods: A Judicial Review
Authors: Morgan Fred W.
Published: January 2019

This article examines the distinction between courts’ treatments of goods and the courts’ treatment of services in product liability litigation. Both public policy arguments and judicial reasons for the application of strict liability to services transactions are reviewed. Implications for marketers are presented from both legal and marketing perspectives.
The FTC and Deceptive Advertising in the 1980s: Are Consumers Being Adequately Protected?
Authors: Kinnear Thomas C. , Root Ann R.
Published: January 2019

This paper uses the controversy surrounding the Federal Trade Commission's 1983 Policy Statement on Deception as a focal point for discussing whether consumers are adequately protected from deceptive advertising, and, whether businesses have been given a clear direction regarding advertising rules. The role of the states, private litigation, and self-regulation are also assessed in terms of their ability to help control advertising deception in the marketplace.
Counting Advertising Assertions to assess Regulatory Policy: When it Doesn't Add Up
Authors: Cohen Joel B.
Published: January 2019

Public policy toward cigarette health claims should not be based on a “ market effects“ premise that health claim competition will reinforce consumer fears. Many have been influenced to smoke a succession of heavily advertised higher filtration, lower yield cigarettes, relying in part on the implication these were safer. None of these have been shown to reduce risks of smoking-related heart disease and other pulmonary disorders, and they are clearly no substitute for quitting. The Ringold and Calfee content analysis of cigarette advertising is criticized for its limited focus on direct verbal assertions. This approach led them to code what was said rather than what was likely to be understood. For example, claims regarding unique properties of filters were viewed as cigarette construction claims.

Despite the high regard I have for the authors’ professional work and their commitment to research in a difficult and important area, I find the Ringold and Calfee [1989] paper to be flawed in three important aspects. The net result, in my view, is that their analysis and evidence contributes little to the dialogue on this topic. I will discuss each of the three problem areas in turn.
Consumer Policy Remedies and Consumer Segment Interactions
Authors: Moorman Christine , Price Linda L.
Published: January 2019

This paper introduces a framework for examining consumer and market problems as a function of consumer segment interaction patterns. Three patterns of interactions are described as consisting of positive, negative, or no spillovers among consumer segments. The efficacy of regulatory remedies is shown to be affected by the type and extent of these interaction patterns. The paper complements and extends conventional aggregate cost-benefit approaches in three ways: 1) by treating consumer interactions as a central feature of the market system; 2) by focusing on how various interaction patterns affect the distribution and intensity of spillovers among consumers; and 3) by describing how policy remedies can be used to facilitate or overcome these interaction patterns.
Health Claims in Food Marketing: Evidence on Knowledge and Behavior in the Cereal Market
Authors: Ippolito Pauline M. , Mathios Alan D.
Published: January 2019

This study examines the ready-to-eat cereal market during a period in which producers were initially prohibited from advertising cereals’ health benefits but were later permitted to make health claims. Results indicate that producer health claims led to significant increases in consumer knowledge of the fiber-cancer relationship, in fiber cereal consumption and in product innovation. Government and general information sources had limited impact on fiber cereal choices in the years prior to the advertising, despite the accumulation of scientific evidence linking fiber to colon cancer. Most segments of the population increased their fiber cereal consumption once health claims were added to the market, but some informationally disadvantaged segments that had responded less to government and other sources of information responded disproportionately to health claims compared to other segments. These findings suggest that policies governing producers’ use of health claims should be evaluated not only on how well they control deceptive or misleading claims, but also on how well they encourage producers to disseminate evolving health information to consumers.
Privacy: Recognition of a Consumer Right
Authors: Goodwin Cathy
Published: January 2019

This paper presents an overview of consumer privacy that integrates the public policy and behavioral literatures. Consumer privacy is defined in terms of control over information disclosure and the environment in which a consumer transaction occurs. These two dimensions generate a 2×2 matrix, identifying four states of privacy based on control over environment, information disclosure, both, or neither. For each state, managerial and policy implications can be derived.
The Link between Social Responsibility Orientation, Motive Appeals, and Voting Intention: A Case of an Anti-littering Campaign
Authors: Singhapakdi Anusorn , LaTour Michael S.
Published: January 2019

This study deals with public policy issues relating to an antilittering campaign. The objectives are: (1) determine the relationship between socially responsible consumption (SRC) orientation and voting intention with respect to a litter-related issue; (2) compare, under different manipulations of motive appeals (i.e., altruistic and utilitarian), resultant voting intention for a container deposit law; and (3) investigate the interaction between socially responsible orientation and motive appeals. The results tend to support the formulated hypotheses concerning the relationships of the aforementioned dependent and independent variables. The findings indicate that both socially responsible orientation and motive appeals are salient predictors of “social responsibility” behavioral intention.
The “Essential Facility” Doctrine: Legal Limits and Antitrust Considerations
Authors: Gundlach Gregory T. , Bloom Paul N.
Published: January 2019

The essential facility doctrine provides a basis for imposing antitrust liability for a firm's refusal to provide a rival access to something “essential” for competition in a particular market. For marketers, development of this legal doctrine seems curiously at odds with accepted notions of competition and strategic advantage. Its increasing application suggests its importance. The authors trace the origins of the doctrine from law relating to refusals to deal and analyze its current application in the Federal judiciary. They then discuss implications for public policy and marketing.
Diagnosing Consumer Information Problems: An Investigation of Deception in the Mail-Order Video Camcorder Market
Authors: Easley Richard W. , Roberts James A. , Dunn Mark G. , Madden Charles S.
Published: January 2019

Changes in the marketing environment of mail-order retailing (e.g., widespread acceptance of credit cards, increased sales of technologically complex high ticket items, and the increasing use of toll-free numbers for inbound calls) have increased sales substantially in this retailing channel. Consequently, opportunities for deception abound. Bloom has provided a model that is useful for diagnosing information problems in consumer markets and suggests potential courses of response action contingent upon form of deception. The authors report an investigation of deception in the mail-order electronics industry and use the Bloom model as a framework for interpreting the results. The findings indicate that, in addition to consumer education about forms of deception in the market, public policy changes are needed to protect many affected publics in addition to consumers.
Cooperation and Expectations of Cooperation
Authors: Wiener Joshua Lyle , Doescher Tabitha A.
Published: January 2019

The results of both a survey of utility customers and an experiment using role-playing students support the hypothesis that a person is more likely to install load control devices on their heating or cooling units (cooperate) if he or she thinks that others will cooperate. In addition, we find that, as predicted by the norm of reciprocity, customers who are more concerned about conservation are more influenced by thier expectations of the cooperative intentions of others than are customers who are less concerned.
The Impact of the Alcohol Warning Label on Drinking during Pregnancy
Authors: Hankin Janet R. , Firestone Ira J. , Sloan James J. , Ager Joel W. , Goodman Allen C. , Sokol Robert J. , Martier Susan S.
Published: January 2019

Has drinking by pregnant women decreased since the implementation of the alcoholic beverage warning label? The authors examined the reported drinking of 4397 pregnant black women who sought prenatal care in an inner city clinic of Detroit, MI. They found that the warning label had a differential effect on risk drinkers (women consuming at least .5 ounce of absolute alcohol per day at conception) and lighter drinkers/abstainers (women consuming less than .5 ounce of absolute alcohol per day at conception). Six months after the warning label law was implemented (June 1, 1990), lighter drinkers decreased their drinking during pregnancy by a small but statistically significant amount. In contrast, pregnant risk drinkers did not significantly change their alcohol consumption.
The Role of Cognitive Responses as Mediators of Alcohol Warning Label Effects
Authors: Andrews J. Craig , Netemeyer Richard G. , Durvasula Srinivas
Published: January 2019

The authors examine an important public policy issue, namely, the effectiveness of federally mandated and proposed alcohol warning labels. Specifically, warning label cognitive responses are tested as mediators of effects of five different alcohol warning label types on label attitudes. On the basis of requirements for ANOVA-based mediation, net support arguments mediated 76% of the warning label treatment effect on label attitudes. Following requirements for regression-based mediation, net support arguments mediated the relationship from attitude toward drinking to label attitudes. Public policy implications and future research directions are provided.
Consumer Research in FTC versus Kraft (1991): A Case of Heads We Win, Tails you Lose?
Authors: Jacoby Jacob , Szybillo George J.
Published: January 2019

The authors review the principal surveys offered as evidence in FTC v. Kraft, Inc. (1991). The authors explain that the FTC's survey (Stewart 1987) is flawed in universe definition, question wording, experimental design, and analyses, and argue that though Kraft's survey (Jacoby 1988) employed generally recognized and accepted scientific practices, especially as applied in surveys conducted for litigated matters, the FTC Commissioners relied on the survey proffered by the FTC Staff. In addition, they dismissed Kraft's main findings and only relied on it for the one uncontested finding that supported the FTC's position. The authors discuss the implications of such actions and also respond to Stewart's (1995) article, which presents contrasting analyses.
Racially Exclusive Real Estate Advertising: Public Policy Implications for Fair Housing Practices
Authors: Williams Jerome D. , Quails William J. , Grier Sonya A.
Published: January 2019

The authors ‘field experiment indicates that including African-Americans in real estate advertisements produces a positive effect for (1) African-American readers in terms of liking the models pictured in the photographs and (2) African-American high ethnic identifiers in terms of identifying with the models pictured in the photographs. However, based on responses to the dependent measures of behavioral purchase intentions and attitude toward the advertising campaign, message, and product, the results do not support the hypothesis that racially exclusive advertising sends a racially exclusive message. A follow-up content analysis of real estate newspaper advertising suggests that cities with higher percentages of ethnic minorities are more responsive to including more ethnic minorities in real estate advertisements. However, the results do not show evidence of a chilling effect, that is, a reduction in the use of real estate advertisements with models.
A Framework for Examining the Legal Status of Vulnerable Consumers
Authors: Morgan Fred W. , Schuler Drue K. , Stoltman Jeffrey J.
Published: January 2019

The U.S. courts have treated especially vulnerable consumers, that is, plaintiffs whose idiosyncratic sensitivities have contributed to their product-related injuries, differently from typical consumers. The authors discuss the evolution of the concept of vulnerable consumer and suggest a broader view of it that is consistent with recent litigation and statutes. They argue that an expanded view of vulnerable consumers will protect consumers who are particularly vulnerable.
Can Consumers Interpret Nutrition Information in the Presence of a Health Claim? A Laboratory Investigation
Authors: Ford Gary T. , Hastak Manoj , Mitra Anusree , Ringold Debra Jones
Published: January 2019

The authors report the results of a laboratory experiment that investigates whether consumers can evaluate nutrition information in the presence of a health claim. Results show that both health claims and nutrition information influence beliefs about product healthfulness. However, health claims do not influence the processing of nutrition information on a food label. Rather, health claims and nutrition information have independent effects on consumer beliefs. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for the Food and Drug Administration policy on limiting health claims.
Insurance Coverage and the Appropriate Utilization of Emergency Departments
Authors: Gooding Sandra Smith , Smith Darlene Brannigan , Peyrot Mark
Published: January 2019

The authors explore the appropriate utilization of health services—specifically, emergency department services—by consumers with varying levels and types of insurance coverage. The assumed appropriateness of insured consumers’ utilization behavior has been central to key analyses of health care reform proposals in recent years. The authors’ results, derived from the 1992 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, suggest that this assumption is flawed, which leads to questions regarding the efficacy of policy evaluations premised on this and related assumptions. Uninsured patients and those with various types of insurance coverage all have high rates of inappropriate emergency department utilization. Compared to the uninsured, Medicaid patients have a higher rate of inappropriate usage, whereas HMO and other prepaid patients have a lower rate of inappropriate utilization. In view of this study's findings, a reexamination of the various health care reform proposals using a revised set of assumptions may yield decidedly different policy recommendations and implications.
Consumer Survival on Welfare with an Emphasis on Medicaid and the Food Stamp Program
Authors: Hill Ronald Paul , Macan Sandi
Published: January 2019

The authors examine consumer survival on welfare within the context of a history of modern welfare policy that demonstrates its cyclical nature. They delineate an analysis of poor families’ consumer needs, paying special attention to health and nutrition, which are affected by the two largest government programs in these areas—Medicaid and the Food Stamp Program. The authors conclude with consumer-based policy implications designed to meet the requirements of financially disadvantaged families.
Out of Sight, Out of Mind: An Exploratory Examination of Institutionalization and Consumption
Authors: Cornwell T. Bettina , Gabel Terrance G.
Published: January 2019

Despite rapid growth and increased levels of consumer choice within the institutionalized population in the United States, the consumption behaviors of nearly 3.5 million people, and those who support them both during and after institutionalization, have been largely ignored. Through analysis of pertinent literature and the presentation of findings from a series of in-depth interviews and observational studies, the authors examine the widespread effects of institutionalization on the consumer behavior of institutionalized and post-institutionalized persons, as well as of their friends and family members. The authors offer suggestions as to how marketers, consumer researchers, and public policymakers can more effectively and responsibly respond to the needs of consumers affected by institutionalization.
An Examination of Influences Leading to Americans’ Endorsement of the Policy of Free Trade
Authors: Granzin Kent L. , Brazell Jeffrey D. , Painter John J.
Published: January 2019

The authors explore influences on Americans’ endorsement of free trade in general, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in particular. Work in the behavioral sciences suggests the value of using constructs that express the nature of persons’ orientation toward their own and other countries to explain their willingness to endorse these concepts. On this basis, the authors created a model that features paths of influence leading to the two Endorsement constructs. They subjected survey data from 240 respondents to structural equation analysis to test the model. The results, using total effects, show that Endorsement of free trade in general and NAFTA in particular are related negatively to Ethnocentrism, Nationalism, Prejudice, and Image of Mexicans, and positively related to Education. These findings hold implications for policymakers who seek to sway public opinion about international trade; they also suggest implications for further research into the subject.
Franchisor Environmental Liability for Previously Contaminated Property
Authors: Kaufmann Patrick J. , Vincent William S.
Published: January 2019

Environmental legislation has created potential liability for retailing franchisees that purchase previously contaminated land. Because of the quasi-integrated nature of the franchise relationship, the franchisor also may be drawn indirectly into liability for its franchisee's cleanup costs. The franchisor has two options to reduce its chance of liability. Faced with a decision to distance itself from the site selection process or incur the added costs and potential pricing impacts of greater involvement in the process, franchisors have strong incentives to reduce franchisee support. This reduction in support has detrimental implications for both franchise policy and environmental policy. The authors report the results of an empirical study that links franchisors’ concerns about potential environmental liability to actions to distance themselves from the site selection process or, alternatively, formally to require franchisee environmental investigation of all prospective properties.
Loopholes and Lapses in the “1997 Tobacco Agreement”: Some Devils in the Marketing Details
Authors: Goldberg Marvin E. , Kozlowski Lynn T.
Published: January 2019

The proposed agreement between the attorneys general of 39 states and the tobacco industry was announced on June 20, 1997. Central among its provisions are payments to the states by the tobacco industry totalling $368.5 billion over the next 25 years primarily to cover state Medicare and Medicaid costs for illnesses related to tobacco. Written into the agreement are several regulatory restrictions on the advertising and marketing of tobacco products. The industry would gain protection from some smoking-related lawsuits, punitive damages, and class actions. In this article, the authors adopt both consumer psychology and health behavior perspectives in considering a number of the agreement's limitations.
How Super are Video Supers? A Test of Communication Efficacy
Authors: Murray Noel M. , Manrai Lalita A. , Manrai Ajay K.
Published: January 2019

Interest in the role of video supers—superimposed video presentations of verbal information—has grown among consumers, advertisers, the television networks, and public policymakers, as supers have become prevalent in television commercials. The authors empirically address the communication efficacy of video supers in a sample of 200 different commercials that contain video supers. Drawing on a theory of modality effects, the authors examine the comprehension of video supers relative to commercial content. The authors develop hypotheses and analyze structural determinants of video super comprehension, such as presence of a voice-over, rate of presentation, and presentation size. The findings are supportive of the predictions and suggest that viewer opportunity to process information in a video super might be a critical element in any strategy to increase viewer comprehension rates.
Alcoholic Beverage Sales Promotion: An Initial Investigation of the Role of Warning Messages and Brand Characters among Consumers over and under the Legal Drinking Age
Authors: Garretson Judith A. , Burton Scot
Published: January 2019

In a between-subjects study, the authors examine the influence of brand and warning information on various consumer attitudes and beliefs regarding alcoholic beverages held by youthful consumers both above and below the legal drinking age. The authors examine potential effects in the context of a sales promotion item, one of the specific areas that has been targeted in recently proposed alcoholic beverage legislation. Results indicate that those of legal drinking age (mean and median ages of 23 and 22 years, respectively) hold more favorable attitudes toward alcohol and perceive less risk associated with the consumption of alcohol than do high school-age (15 to 18 years) students. Although there are some significant differences in risk perceptions across conditions, awareness of the risks of driving after drinking and drinking when pregnant generally are high across all warning conditions. When the beverage marketer sponsors the warning message, the social concern of the marketer is perceived as more positive than in control conditions in which the U.S. government warning is used or no warning is provided. Respondents have a more favorable attitude toward the sales promotion item when it includes brand characters than they do in control conditions in which no brand characters are included. The authors provide implications for public policymakers and marketers.
A Typology of Consumer Responses to Cause-Related Marketing: From Skeptics to Socially Concerned
Authors: Webb Deborah J. , Mohr Lois A.
Published: January 2019

Although cause-related marketing has become increasingly popular, academic researchers have only begun to examine how consumers respond to it. In this study, the authors explore in depth how consumers think and feel about cause-related marketing. They develop a framework of consumer responses that includes a typology of consumers. The authors also discuss implications for research, business and nonprofit marketing, and public policy.
Ethics in Advertising: A Look at the Report by the Pontifical Council for Social Communications
Authors: Foley Archbishop John P.
Published: January 2019

In February 1997, the cabinet-level Pontifical Council for Social Communications at the Vatican released a report on the state of advertising worldwide. To complete its review, the council solicited materials from advertising practitioners and scholars through a variety of venues, including a plea in the trade magazine Advertising Age. The purpose of this article, and the four that follow, is to review and evaluate the resulting document.
The Price of Money: Consumers’ Understanding of APRs and Contract Interest Rates
Authors: Lee Jinkook , Hogarth Jeanne M.
Published: January 2019

Both the contract interest rate and the annual percentage rate indicate the price of a loan. Consumer's understanding of these two measures of the price of closed-end consumer loans was examined using the 1997 University of Michigan Survey of Consumers. Among the mortgage borrowers, at least 40% of respondents failed to understand the relationship between these two price measures; education, quantity and quality of information search, and region were found to influence their understanding. The authors draw implications for improving information disclosure in consumer credit markets.
Wealth Effects of the Passage of the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 for Large U.S. Multinational Food Corporations
Authors: Ghani WaQar I. , Childs Nancy M.
Published: January 2019

In this article, the authors investigate the wealth effects of the passage of the food labeling regulation issued by the United States Nutritional Labeling and Education Act for a sample of large U.S. multinational food corporations using a standard event study methodology. The results show an adverse impact on shareholders’ wealth around the Act's passage dates. The evidence is of significant value to policymakers and market participants as additional food labeling-related legislation is contemplated.