bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forty Years of Leverage: What Have We Learned About Sovereign Debt?
Authors: Boone Peter , Johnson Simon
Published: May 2014

Financial crises frequently increase public sector borrowing and threaten some form of sovereign debt crisis. Until recently, high income countries were thought to have become less vulnerable to severe banking crises that have lasting negative effects on growth. Since 2007, crises and attempted reforms in the United States and Europe indicate that advanced countries remain acutely vulnerable. Best practice from developing country experience suggests that regulatory constraints on the financial sector should be strengthened, but this is hard to do in countries where finance has a great deal of political power and cultural prestige, and where leverage is already high.
Bundling Health Insurance and Microfinance in India: There Cannot be Adverse Selection if There Is No Demand
Authors: Banerjee Abhijit , Duflo Esther , Hornbeck Richard
Published: May 2014

Microfinance institutions have started to bundle their basic loans with other financial services, such as health insurance. Using a randomized control trial in Karnataka, India, we evaluate the impact on loan renewal from mandating the purchase of actuarially-fair health insurance covering hospitalization and maternity expenses. Bundling loans with insurance led to a 16 percentage points (23 percent) increase in drop-out from microfinance, as many clients preferred to give up microfinance than pay higher interest rates and receive insurance. In a Pyrrhic victory, the total absence of demand for health insurance led to there being no adverse selection in insurance enrollment.
Welfare and Trade without Pareto
Authors: Head Keith , Mayer Thierry , Thoenig Mathias
Published: May 2014

Quantifications of gains from trade in heterogeneous firm models assume that productivity is Pareto distributed. Replacing this assumption with log-normal heterogeneity retains some useful Pareto features, while providing a substantially better fit to sales distributions-especially in the left tail. The cost of log-normal is that gains from trade depend on the method of calibrating the fixed cost and productivity distribution parameters. When set to match the size distribution of firm sales in a given market, the log-normal assumption delivers gains from trade in a symmetric two-country model that can be twice as large as under the Pareto assumption.
Unilateral Divorce, the Decreasing Gender Gap, and Married Women's Labor Force Participation
Authors: Fernández Raquel , Wong Joyce
Published: May 2014

Married women's labor force participation (LFP) increased dramatically in the United States between the 1940 and 1960 cohort. The two cohorts lived under different divorce regimes (unilateral divorce rather than mutual consent). The 1960 cohort also had a lower gender wage gap. We use a quantitative dynamic life-cycle model of endogenous marital status, calibrated to key statistics for the 1940 cohort, to study the effects of these two changes. We find that both drivers combined are able to account for over 50 percent of the increase in married women's LFP and also generate large movements in marriage and divorce rates.
All for One? Family Size and Children's Educational Distribution under Credit Constraints
Authors: Lafortune Jeanne , Lee Soohyung
Published: May 2014

This paper examines the possibility that a child's years of schooling could increase in the number of siblings, instead of being diminished by competition for parents' resources: if unable to finance the education of their younger children, parents may do so through their older children's labor income. We examine this possibility in a model combining convex returns to education and credit constraints. Our model predicts correlations among family size, years of schooling and birth order, which would not exist when either of these two elements is absent. Empirical patterns shown in the United States, Mexico, and South Korea support the model predictions.
The Declining Fortunes of the Young Since 2000
Authors: Beaudry Paul , Green David A. , Sand Benjamin M.
Published: May 2014

We document that successive cohorts of college and post-college degree graduates experienced an increase in the probability of obtaining cognitive jobs both at the start of their careers and with time in the labor market in the 1990s. However, this pattern reversed for cohorts entering after 2000; profiles of the proportion of a cohort in cognitive occupations since school completion fall and become flatter with successive cohorts. Since cohort-wage profiles display a similar pattern, these findings appear to fit with a strong increase in demand for cognitive tasks in the 1990s followed by a decline in the 2000s.
Return of the Solow Paradox? IT, Productivity, and Employment in US Manufacturing
Authors: Acemoglu Daron , Autor David , Dorn David , Hanson Gordon H. , Price Brendan
Published: May 2014

An increasingly influential 'technological-discontinuity' paradigm suggests that IT-induced technological changes are rapidly raising productivity while making workers redundant. This paper explores the evidence for this view among the IT-using US manufacturing industries. There is some limited support for more rapid productivity growth in IT-intensive industries depending on the exact measures, though not since the late 1990s. Most challenging to this paradigm, and to our expectations, is that output contracts in IT-intensive industries relative to the rest of manufacturing. Productivity increases, when detectable, result from the even faster declines in employment.
Gender and Race Heterogeneity: The Impact of Students with Limited English on Native Students' Performance
Authors: Diette Timothy M. , Oyelere Ruth Uwaifo
Published: May 2014

Recent evidence suggests that exposure to a larger share of Limited English (LE) students is associated with a slight decline in performance for students at the top of the achievement distribution. In this paper we explore whether LE peer effects differ by gender and race. Utilizing school-by-year fixed effect methods that allow us to address possible endogeneity with respect to the schools students attend, we find evidence of heterogeneous peer effects of LE students on natives. Specifically, we find no LE student peer effects on females' achievement in math and reading but significant negative effects on males and black students.
How Sharing Information Can Garble Experts' Advice
Authors: Elliott Matthew , Golub Benjamin , Kirilenko Andrei
Published: May 2014

We model the strategic provision of advice in environments where a principal's optimal action depends on an unobserved, binary state of interest. Experts receive signals about the state and each recommends an action. The principal and all experts dislike making errors in their decision and recommendations, respectively, but may have different costs of different errors. Is it in the principal's interest to let experts share information? Although sharing improves experts' ability to avoid errors, we identify a simple environment in which any principal, regardless of how he trades off the different errors, is worse off if he permits information sharing.
Trading Dollars for Dollars: The Price of Attention Online and Offline
Authors: Gentzkow Matthew
Published: May 2014

Popular accounts suggest that advertising revenue per unit of consumer attention is lower online than offline, and has fallen in traditional media as the Internet has made advertising markets more competitive. I assess these claims theoretically and empirically, and compare the patterns we observe for the Internet to trends in advertising around the introduction of television and radio. The evidence suggests that the price of attention for similar consumers is actually higher online than offline, and that the growth of new media is not robustly associated with a declining price of attention.
Recovery from Financial Crises: Evidence from 100 Episodes
Authors: Reinhart Carmen M. , Rogoff Kenneth S.
Published: May 2014

We examine the evolution of real per capita GDP around 100 systemic banking crises. Part of the costs of these crises owes to the protracted nature of recovery. On average, it takes about 8 years to reach the pre-crisis level of income; the median is about 6.5 years. Five to six years after the onset of crisis, only Germany and the United States (out of 12 systemic cases) have reached their 2007-2008 peaks in real income. Forty-five percent of the episodes recorded double dips. Post-war business cycles are not the relevant comparator for the recent crises in advanced economies.
(Dis)Organization and Success in an Economics MOOC
Authors: Banerjee Abhijit V. , Duflo Esther
Published: May 2014

Massive Online Open Courses (MOOCs) present the potential to deliver high quality education to a large number of students. But they suffer from low completion rates. This paper identifies disorganization as a factor behind failure to complete a MOOC. Students who enroll one day late are 17 percentage points less likely to earn a certificate than students who enroll exactly on time. This reflects selection, but it does seem to be related to demographic characteristics, motivation to complete the course, or ability. This suggests that building in even more structure in the MOOC could be a factor in improving performance.
Selected International Aspects of Carbon Taxation
Authors: McLure Charles E.
Published: May 2014

Disparate commitments to reduce GHG emissions create demands for border carbon adjustments (BCAs) to prevent negative competitive effects and carbon leakage. BCAs that accomplish economic objectives and are administratively feasible, WTO-legal, and politically acceptable may be impossible. BCAs should be limited to a few basic energy-intensive and trade-exposed products and should be based on the lower of the carbon content of production in the importing country and actual carbon content, or perhaps “best available technology.” Whether the World Trade Organization (WTO) would condone BCAs is unclear. BCAs violating basic trade rules might qualify for a special exception.
The Mortgage Mess, the Press, and the Politics of Inattention
Authors: Caplin Andrew , Lowrance Roy
Published: May 2014

In reviewing the Challenger tragedy, Richard Feynman identified a flawed O-Ring as the proximate cause and NASA's flawed safety culture as a deeper cause. There has been no similar investigation of the mortgage mess, which has been baptized rather than understood. In part, this is due to committed ideological views in the public and press that eliminate the call for expert analysis and reform. Broader and deeper policy problems are identified and illustrated using NASA's past behavior and FHA's ongoing behavior. The Columbia tragedy sounds an ominous warning on the future stability of housing finance markets.
Biosynthesis of wyosine derivatives in tRNAPhe of Archaea: role of a remarkable bifunctional tRNAPhe:m1G/imG2 methyltransferase
Authors: Urbonavičius Jaunius , Meškys Rolandas , Grosjean Henri
Published: May 2014

The presence of tricyclic wyosine derivatives 3′-adjacent to anticodon is a hallmark of tRNAPhe in eukaryotes and archaea. In yeast, formation of wybutosine (yW) results from five enzymes acting in a strict sequential order. In archaea, the intermediate compound imG-14 (4-demethylwyosine) is a target of three different enzymes, leading to the formation of distinct wyosine derivatives (yW-86, imG, and imG2). We focus here on a peculiar methyltransferase (aTrm5a) that catalyzes two distinct reactions: N1-methylation of guanosine and C7-methylation of imG-14, whose function is to allow the production of isowyosine (imG2), an intermediate of the 7-methylwyosine (mimG) biosynthetic pathway. Based on the formation of mesomeric forms of imG-14, a rationale for such dual enzymatic activities is proposed. This bifunctional tRNA:m1G/imG2 methyltransferase, acting on two chemically distinct guanosine derivatives located at the same position of tRNAPhe, is unique to certain archaea and has no homologs in eukaryotes. This enzyme here referred to as Taw22, probably played an important role in the emergence of the multistep biosynthetic pathway of wyosine derivatives in archaea and eukaryotes.
Decision Support System for PETROBRAS Ship Scheduling
Authors: Diz Gustavo , Scavarda Luiz Felipe , Rocha Roger , Hamacher Silvio
Published: May 2014

Academic literature reveals increased interest in ship scheduling problems. Although improved and detailed mathematical models and optimization algorithms to support ship scheduling decision making are available, few studies demonstrate the successful applications of such tools in real-life cases. To fill this gap in the literature, this paper discusses results from an applied research project on scheduling long-haul vessels for petroleum transportation for PETROBRAS, a large multinational energy company. The paper presents our experience in developing and implementing phases of an optimization-based decision support system (DSS) for ship scheduling at PETROBRAS. Comparative tests demonstrate the success of this DSS, which led to a reduction of approximately 7.5 percent in the company’s operational costs for long-haul transport compared with its previous scheduling practice. In April 2012, PETROBRAS completed its testing of the system and has since used it in production on a trial basis; since January 2013, it has been part of the corporation’s operational cost-optimization program. The results we present in this study demonstrate how operations research techniques applied to industry ship scheduling problems can result in considerable savings.
Storage Yard Management in Maritime Container Terminals
Authors: Jin Jian Gang , Lee Der-Horng , Cao Jin Xin
Published: May 2014

This paper studies the daily storage yard manage problem arising in maritime container terminals, which integrates the space allocation and yard crane deployment decisions together with the consideration of container traffic congestion in the storage yard. The integrated problem is formulated as an integer linear programming model with the objective of minimizing the yard crane operating cost and the yard crane interblock movement cost. A divide-and-conquer solution approach is designed to solve the problem in an efficient manner in which harmony search and constraint satisfaction techniques are employed. Numerical experiments are conducted to validate the performance of the solution approach and the improvement from the integrated optimization method.
Effect of Roasting Conditions on the Quality of Grape Seed Tea
Authors: Kim Jae-Sik
Published: May 2014

Grape seed tea (GST) was prepared by roasting grape seed at 150-190℃ for 10-60 minutes and then soaking in water at 100℃ for 20 minutes. GSTs made with grape seed with an L value of 19.5-20.5 were the best in terms of color, flavor, and sensory test. GSTs prepared using roasted grape seeds had higher total phenolics and antioxidant activity than GST prepared from raw grape seed. Roasting times to reach an L value of 19.5-20.5 were over 60 minutes at 160℃, 40-50 minutes at 170℃, 30-40 minutes at 180℃, and below 10 minutes at 190℃. In a sensory test, the total preference increased depending on the degree of roasting. GSTs with the highest preference used grape seed roasted at 170℃ and 180℃ for 30 minutes.
Quality of Cookies Incorporated with Yacon Powder
Authors: Lee Jun Ho , Choi Ji Eun
Published: May 2014

The effects of incorporating yacon powder on the physicochemical properties and consumer acceptance of cookies were investigated. With increased yacon powder content, the pH and density of cookies decreased significantly (p < 0.05) while moisture content increased (p < 0.05). Also the spread factor decreased with the addition of yacon powder (p < 0.05). Control showed the maximum value of hardness, but no significant differences were found among the 10-40% samples (p > 0.05). Lightness and yellowness decreased significantly while redness increased significantly with a high content of yacon powder in the formulation (p < 0.05). A consumer acceptance test indicated that the 10% sample received significantly higher scores in all attributes including overall acceptance (p < 0.05). Cookies with 10% yacon powder are recommended to take advantage of the functional properties of yacon powder without sacrificing consumer acceptability.
Validity of Medical Chart Weights and Heights for Obese Pregnant Women
Authors: Leo Michael C. , Lindberg Nangel M. , Vesco Kimberly K. , Stevens Victor J.
Published: May 2014

Objective: To determine the validity of adult body weights and heights recorded in
electronic medical records (EMRs) in the course of routine medical care.Background: EMRs
allow the potential use of data collected in the course of routine medical care for a
variety of research applications in many fields including epidemiology and comparative
effectiveness studies. However, researchers familiar with carefully controlled
measurement protocols typically used in clinical trials may question the validity of
data collected in the course of routine clinical care.Methods: Weights and heights
collected during a research project that focused on weight gain during pregnancy were
compared to weight and height measurements coincidently recorded in the research
participant’s medical records. For weight measures (N=102), data recorded within ±14
days were compared, and for height measures (N=114), data recorded within ±5 years were
compared. We assessed agreement between medical and research measurements using the
concordance and intraclass correlation coefficients, and Bland and Altman’s limits of
agreement.Findings: The mean research and medical record weight measurements were 99.3
kg and 99.2 kg, respectively. The concordance and intraclass correlation coefficients
for weight had similar estimates of .999 and 95 percent confidence intervals [.998,
.999]. The 95 percent limits of agreement were -1.5 kg and +1.7 kg. The mean research
and medical height measurements were 1.646 m and 1.654 m, respectively, and the
concordance and intraclass correlation coefficients for height were .941 and .942,
respectively. The 95 percent limits of agreement were -.031 m and +.047
m.Conclusions: For pregnant women, body weights documented in the medical record are
exchangeable with body weights recorded in a research setting. Height measurements
recorded in the medical records were not in as close agreement as weights, but
concordance between medical record and research height measurements are high enough to
allow them to be used epidemiological and comparative effectiveness research.
Evaluation of the Sebia CAPILLARYS 2 Flex Piercing for the Measurement of HbA1c on Venous and Capillary Blood Samples
Authors: Heylen Olivier , Van Neyghem Stefaan , Exterbille Sandra , Wehlou Charline , Gorus Frans , Weets Ilse
Published: May 2014

Objectives:

We evaluated the Sebia CAPILLARYS 2 Flex Piercing (Cap 2FP; Sebia, Lisses, France) for measurement of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) on venous and capillary blood samples.

Methods:

We analyzed whole-blood samples and control materials with the Cap 2FP and Tosoh G8 (Tosoh Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Capillary blood samples were analyzed on the Cap 2FP on different storage conditions and were compared with venous samples.

Results:

Both instruments achieved total imprecision of less than 2.5% (International Federation of Clinical Chemistry units). Bias was 1 mmol/mol or less and 4 mmol/mol or less for the Cap 2FP and Tosoh G8, respectively. The Cap 2FP was not prone to common interferences. The Tosoh G8 showed significant bias only for carbamylated hemoglobin and did not completely separate hemoglobin D and hemoglobin E. On the Cap 2FP, storage of capillary blood at room temperature showed no significant bias. There was good agreement with venous blood.

Conclusions:

The Cap 2FP and Tosoh G8 perform excellently for HbA1c determination. Capillary blood can be analyzed on the Cap 2FP as an acceptable alternative to venous blood and point-of-care testing. Home collection and central analysis of capillary blood could contribute to a reduction of health care costs without reducing quality of HbA1c determination.
Multiplicação in vitro de Caesalpinia pyramidalis (Leguminosae)
Authors: Silva Tecla Dos Santos , Nepomuceno Cristina Ferreira , Borges Bárbara Paula dos Santos , Alvim Bruno Freitas Matos , De Santana José Raniere Ferreira
Published: May 2014

Caesalpinia pyramidalis is a species endemic to the Caatinga and known popularly as catingueira, which is widely used by local people, mainly for its timber and medicinal and fodder properties. This study investigated the effects of different types and concentrations of plant growth regulators on the in vitro multiplication of C. pyramidalis. In the first experiment, nodal segments were inoculated in media containing different combinations (0.0–8.0 µM) of BAP and NAA. In the second experiment, nodal segments wereinoculated in media containing different types (KIN, BAP and TDZ) and concentrations (0.0–16μM) of cytokinins. We used a WPM medium supplemented with 87.64 mM sucrose and solidified with 7.0 g L-1 agar. After 45 days, the highest number of shoots, leaf number, shoot length and dry mass of shoots were obtained when nodal segments were inoculated into a culture medium without plant growth regulators.
Levantamento dos estudos realizados com a própolis produzida no estado da Bahia
Authors: Costa Aline Silva , Machado Bruna Aparecida Souza , Umsza-Guez Marcelo Andres , Cirqueira Marina Gonçalves , Nunes Silmar Baptista , Padilha Francine Ferreira
Published: May 2014

Propolis is a product of varied consistency and colour, produced by bees from materials collected from various parts of the plants. It has a complex chemical composition, which depends on the regional flora. Therefore, there are various types of propolis, making comparison between them a difficult task. In the present study, a survey of studies with propolis from the state of Bahia, Brazil, was carried out. We identified 17 scientific papers and eight patents dealing with propolis produced in Bahia. In these works three amongst the 13 types of propolis reported in Brazil were listed. Almost all studies report the antimicrobial activity potential of propolis types 6, highlighting its low percentage of flavonoids. It was also noted that the incentive given to the production of propolis type 13 in Bahia, also known as “própolis vermelha”, is due to the overall aggregate value of this product.
‘They point guns for money, we run the country!’: Provincial modernities in Hatke cinema
Authors: Paul Arunima
Published: May 2014

Much recent scholarship on post-liberalization Indian cinema has explored the ways in which its productions have participated in or pushed back against the ideological project of neo-liberal transformation. Significantly, both kinds of critical endeavours have focused on genres depicting the metropolis and its rich cinematic figures (the new creative hero, the psychotic hero, the tapori, the metrosexual) as the locus of the elaboration and exploration of modernity. Recent ‘hatke’ cinema or the growing body of films addressing the domestic cosmopolitan, which are distinctive (or ‘hatke’) in their formal and thematic innovativeness, realism and indie-style; has also been the subject of these critical enquiries. This article examines two films from within the landscape of hatke cinema that depict northern Indian provincial youth: Tigmanshu Dhulia’s Haasil (2003) and Kabeer Kaushik’s Sehar (2005). Popular and critical discussions of these films have located their ‘hatke’ quotient in their ‘deglam’ depictions of university politics, student politicians, hostel cultures and provincial youth’s sense of disaffection. In this article I argue that the provincial youth-film troubles binaristic notions of the metropolitan as the site of India’s global modernity and the provincial hinterland as entrapped by age-old structures of caste and feudalism. Through its exploration of caste-masculinities in the mundane spaces of a provincial small-town (rather than the aspirational horizons of Indian or global metropolises), the genre registers what I call ‘provincial modernities’ as a complex of the intertwined colonial, postcolonial and neo-liberal histories of the developmental project and power. In these films, the figure of the youth political-entrepreneur through his occupation of the discrete spaces of the provincial university campus (corridors, classrooms, hostels), and his subsequent infiltration of economically burgeoning sections of the city (railway contracting, real estate, telecommunications), illuminates a long provincial history of the bourgeois nation-state, crony capitalism and subsequent transformations wrought by economic liberalization and the democratization of caste. In doing so, I argue, the films posit the provincial as another site of impact as well as formulation of contemporary modernity and its inequities.
From Devdas to Dev.D: Melodrama, mourning and nostalgia
Authors: Banerjee Koel
Published: May 2014

This article explores the trajectory of Indian cinematic melodrama as the site of cinematic exhibition shifts from the single screen theatre to the multiplex through an analysis of the archetype of the self-annihilating protagonist, Devdas. It examines, in particular, the three cinematic retellings of Sarat Chandra Chatterjee’s novel Devdas (1917) – Devdas (Roy, 1955), Devdas (Bhansali, 2002) and Dev.D (Kashyap, 2009). Arguing that the melodramatic impulse to return to a ‘space of innocence’ makes the modality of melodrama essentially nostalgic, it explores the different kinds of nostalgia at play in the three retellings. The different relationship each instance of nostalgia has to time, it argues, is intrinsically connected to the different valences of loss that inform the different kinds of mourning at work in these films. Finally, the article attempts to answer if melodrama remains a valid lens through which one can continue to view cinema in the age of the multiplex.
Anthropology and Open Access
Authors: Jackson Jason Baird , Anderson Ryan
Published: May 2014

In an article coauthored in interview format, the authors introduce open-access practices in an anthropological context. Complementing the other essays in this special section on open access, on the occasion of Cultural Anthropology’s move to one version of the gold open access business model, the focus here is on practical information needed by publishing cultural anthropologists. Despite this limitation, the authors work to touch on the ethical and political contexts of open access. They argue for a critical anthropology of scholarly communication (inclusive of scholarly publishing), one that brings the kinds of engaged analysis for which Cultural Anthropology is particularly well known to bear on this vital aspect of knowledge production, circulation, and valuation.
Writing the Implosion: Teaching the World One Thing at a Time
Authors: Dumit Joseph
Published: May 2014

This article puts a reading of Gilles Deleuze’s Cinema 2 in dialogue with Donna Haraway’s works and methods. Working through the former helps me unpack the process of Haraway’s inquisitive “implosion” method and some of its aims better. I describe this as exploring how the world is interconnected one process and thing at a time, how these connections are vitally and politically important, and how this work is inexhaustible. Following this exegesis, I offer a series of exercises for putting this method into practice, one that I use myself and teach to graduate students and undergrads.
Socialities of Indignation: Denouncing Party Politics in Karachi
Authors: Ahmad Tania
Published: May 2014

In May 2007, in the aftermath of city-wide urban unrest mediated by live news television, Karachi residents clamored noisily, using rumors, blogs, and SMS texting to overtly denounce the violence and intimidation ploys of political parties. Their discourse took a particular form: it described the violent tactics of organized politics as repulsive, suggested the moral respectability of avoiding such party politics, and, most important, articulated the impetus to domestic confinement—being compelled to stay at home—as a shared experience. Rather than conflate the discursive content of non-participation with depoliticization, it is important to acknowledge the contingent sociality of recognizing and articulating domestic confinement as a shared experience through the indignant denunciation of political institutions. Such tactics invoke an emergent public that recuperates and politicizes the ordinary in an explicitly moral register.
New additions to the benthic marine flora of Kongsfjorden, western Svalbard, and comparison between 1996/1998 and 2012/2013
Authors: Fredriksen Stein , Bartsch Inka , Wiencke Christian
Published: May 2014

We did a survey on macroalgal diversity along a transect off Hansneset (78°39′N, 11°57′E), Kongsfjorden, western Svalbard, between 0- and >15-m depths in 2012/2013. One major intention was to compare our data to a similar study performed in 1996/1998 at the same site and to document possible changes. We identified 58 species of macroalgae, 12 Chlorophyta, 31 Phaeophyceae, and 15 Rhodophyta. One species (Sphacelorbus nanus) is a new record for Svalbard. Fourteen species are new records for the Kongsfjorden area. Fertile tetrasporophytes of Turnerella pennyi (Cruoria phase) and the microscopic Chlorochytrium stage of Spongomorpha aeruginosa are also recorded for the first time from Svalbard. An increase from 20 to 45 species in the littoral in 2012/2013 compared with 1996/1998 was recorded. This study increases the total macroalgal species diversity of Kongsfjorden to 76. While 62 species were found in 1996/1998 and 58 in 2012/2013, only 42 were common to both investigations. We have made some taxonomic annotations to 20 species/genera. Strikingly, we did not find again some red algae, such as Hildenbrandia rubra, Palmaria palmata, Polysiphonia spp., or Scagelia pylaisaei, that had been recorded in 1996/1998. Possible reasons for the changes based on recent knowledge from Kongsfjorden are discussed.
Large deviation for multivalued backward stochastic differential
equations
Authors: N'Zi Modeste , Dakaou Ibrahim
Published: May 2014

We consider a multivalued forward-backward stochastic differential
equation where the diffusion coefficient of the forward equation
is perturbed by a small parameter

ε
>
0

${\varepsilon > 0}$

. We prove
that, as ε goes to 0, the solution of the backward
equation converges to the solution of a deterministic backward
equation and satisfies a Freidlin–Wentzell type large deviation
principle.
Slovak Morphosyntactic Tagset
Authors: Garabík Radovan , Šimková Mária
Published: May 2014

Morphological annotation constitutes essential, very useful and very common linguistic information presented in corpora, especially for highly inflectional languages. The morphological tagset used in the Slovak National Corpus has been designed with several goals in mind – the tags are compact and easily human-readable, without sacrificing their informational contents. The tags consist of ASCII letters, numbers and several other characters. In general, they have a variable number of symbols, but their order is obligatory, and each category or specific feature is assigned a particular character, which can be shared among several parts of speech. The tagset is highly functional and pragmatic, although some allowances had to be made to accommodate traditional analysis of Slovak morphology and part of speech categories. In particular, function words are classified according to their syntactic (and semantic) roles, which is a reason why the tagset is sometimes described as a morphosyntactic one.
Text: now in 2D! A framework for lexical expansion with contextual similarity
Authors: Biemann Chris , Riedl Martin
Published: May 2014

A new metaphor of two-dimensional text for data-driven semantic modeling of natural language is proposed, which provides an entirely new angle on the representation of text: not only syntagmatic relations are annotated in the text, but also paradigmatic relations are made explicit by generating lexical expansions. We operationalize distributional similarity in a general framework for large corpora, and describe a new method to generate similar terms in context. Our evaluation shows that distributional similarity is able to produce highquality lexical resources in an unsupervised and knowledge-free way, and that our highly scalable similarity measure yields better scores in a WordNet-based evaluation than previous measures for very large corpora. Evaluating on a lexical substitution task, we find that our contextualization method improves over a non-contextualized baseline across all parts of speech, and we show how the metaphor can be applied successfully to part-of-speech tagging. A number of ways to extend and improve the contextualization method within our framework are discussed. As opposed to comparable approaches, our framework defines a model of lexical expansions in context that can generate the expansions as opposed to ranking a given list, and thus does not require existing lexical-semantic resources.
Reactivation of antecedents by overt vs null pronouns: Evidence from Persian
Authors: Keshtiari Niloofar , Vasishth Shravan
Published: May 2014

In Persian, a construction exists in which a gap can optionally be replaced by an overt pronoun.  A self-paced reading study (110 participants) suggests that the overt pronoun results in deeper encoding (higher activation) of the antecedent noun, presumably because of richer retrieval cue specifications during antecedent retrieval at the pronoun; this higher activation has the consequence that the antecedent is easier to retrieve at a subsequent stage.  This provides new evidence for reactivation effects of the type assumed in the cue-based retrieval model of parsing (Lewis and Vasishth, 2005), and shows that dependency resolution is not simply a matter of connecting two co-dependents; the retrieval cue specification has a differential impact on processing.
GOAPhAR: An Integrative Discovery Tool for Annotation, Pathway Analysis
Authors: Sachin Mathur , Mahesh Visvanathan , Stan Svojanovsky , Byunggil Yoo , Adagarla B. Srinivas , Gerald H. Lushington , Peter G. Smith
Published: May 2014

We have developed the web based tool GOAPhAR (Gene Ontology, Annotations and Pathways for Array Research), that integrates information from disparate sources regarding gene annotations, protein annotations, identifiers associated with probe sets, functional pathways, protein interactions, Gene Ontology, publicly available microarray datasets and tools for statistically validating clusters in microarray data. Genes of interest can be input as Affymetrix probe identifiers, Genbank, or Unigene identifiers for human, mouse or rat genomes. Results are provided in a user friendly interface with hyperlinks to the sources of information.

The tool is freely available at http://bioinformatics.kumc.edu/goaphar/.
‘Western Education is Sinful’: Boko Haram and the Abduction of Chibok Schoolgirls
Authors: Peters Michael A.
Published: May 2014

Western education is a sin! What does that mean to you? It's the definition of ‘Boko Haram’, the Islamist group of which I, Abul Qaga, am the spokesman. The group, founded in 2002 by Muhammad Yusuf in Maiduguri, capital of Borno State in north-eastern Nigeria, has been making a name for itself in Africa and throughout the world. Its original name in Arabic is Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati Wal-Jihad (the Congregation of the People of Tradition for Proselytism and Jihad).

We do not beat around the bush. Our goal? The application of Sharia law throughout Nigeria. How do we go about it? Through kidnappings, bombings and suicide attacks aimed at the United Nations, churches and symbols of the federal government such as police stations. ( https://en.rsf.org/predator-the-islamist-group-boko-haram44536.html )
Becoming an Academic Researcher
Authors: Angervall Petra , Gustafsson Jan
Published: May 2014

The neo-liberal restructuring of academia justifies research concerning what constitutes academic work, what it means to be an academic researcher and how researchers manoeuvre in academia. The aim of this article is to investigate how this reshaping of higher education affects how research careers are formed and impacts on ‘becoming researchers’. The authors analyse the processes of becoming an academic subject by means of detailed cartographies of 14 early career researchers and their experiences of making a career in academia. The authors see the nomadic subject as being in a becoming process of constant change and mediation between different levels of power and desire. She or he constantly searches and shifts between a conscious desire and unconscious needs. By using three intersected themes — ‘feeling a bit alone’, ‘I do “my own thing”’ and ‘I decided to move’ — the authors have identified how these 14 researchers, in the processes of becoming an academic subject, are driven by desires that are making it difficult for them to understand and read their situations. There appears to be a tension between how they understand what they need to do and what they actually do. In conclusion, the authors illustrate how these nomadic researchers are made into unproductive individuals who underperform. Their otherness is often understood as and proclaimed to be self-made. That is why academics in a nomadic subject position often seem to blame themselves for their lack of ability to adjust to institutional demands for performativity.
Migration of P–12 Education from its Current State to One of High Quality: The Aspirations of Abu Dhabi
Authors: Badri Masood , Khaili Mugheer Al
Published: May 2014

Key system challenges identified by the Abu Dhabi Education Council provided the impetus for an aggressive strategic plan as necessary guidance and support for the development of the P–12 education system to contribute to advancing its positioning in the global knowledge economy. For the Abu Dhabi Education Council, the analysis served as a tool to assess the education system and to develop strategies to transform it into an internationally competitive model. The strategic plan was built on a thorough analysis of the organisation's existing environment, culture, structure, governance, staff, programme or service mix, collaborations and resources. Some of the major evidence-based challenges included student performance below grade levels, teacher quality, and the English proficiency of students when entering higher education and then the job market, along with other challenges. The strategic plan focused on elevating school quality to international standards, improving opportunities in P–12 education, providing students with affordable options of high-quality private education, and helping learners to contribute positively to society by preserving national identity and the local culture and developing successful careers. A major outcome of the reform process called for pursuing a bilingual education system with balanced emphasis on both Arabic and English. As a result, a strategy of recruiting native English speakers was sought. A careful analysis of school efficiency led to many school mergers. The efficiency of schools was related to class capacities and utilisations, and the optimum utilisation of teachers and school administrators. The article also provides a summary of some of the outcomes after two years of implementing the strategic plan.
Deciding in Democracies: A Role for Thinking Skills?
Authors: Gardner Peter
Published: May 2014

In societies that respect our right to decide many things for ourselves, exercising that right can be a source of anxiety. We want to make the right decisions, which is difficult when we are confronted with complex issues that are usually the preserve of specialists. But is help at hand? Are thinking skills the very things that non-specialists need when faced with those difficult decisions and is this why such skills should be taught in schools? These are the questions this article examines.
Becoming with Data: Developing Self-Assessing Recursive Pedagogies in Schools and Using Second-Order Cybernetics as a Thinking Tool
Authors: Reinertsen Anne Beate
Published: May 2014

This article is about developing school-based self-assessing recursive pedagogies and case/action research practices and/or approaches in schools, and teachers, teacher researchers and researchers simultaneously producing and theorising their own practices using second-order cybernetics as a thinking tool. It is a move towards pragmatic data-driven pedagogies and research and away from traditional hypothesis-driven activities.
Update on Safety Issues Related to Antihyperglycemic Therapy
Authors: Carpio Gandahari Rosa A. , Fonseca Vivian A.
Published: May 2014

In Brief

The American Diabetes Association emphasizes the importance of individualized patient care in the management of diabetes. One of the important considerations in choosing an antihyperglycemic agent is its side-effect and safety profile. This article reviews the common and clinically significant side effects of each class of agents, including ways to prevent and overcome their occurrence.
Simple proofs of some generalizations of the Wilson’s theorem
Authors: Górowski Jan , Łomnicki Adam
Published: May 2014

In this paper a remarkable simple proof of the Gauss’s generalization of the Wilson’s theorem is given. The proof is based on properties of a subgroup generated by element of order 2 of a finite abelian group. Some conditions equivalent to the cyclicity of (Φ(n), ·n), where n > 2 is an integer are presented, in particular, a condition for the existence of the unique element of order 2 in such a group.
Barriers, Benefits, and Strategies for Physical Activity in Patients With Schizophrenia
Authors: Rastad Cecilia , Martin Cathrin , Åsenlöf Pernilla
Published: May 2014

Background

Patients with schizophrenia have a substantially increased risk of cardiovascular disease and premature death compared with the general population. High prevalence of an unhealthy lifestyle contributes to the increased risk in these patients. Patients with schizophrenia are often physically inactive, and there is limited knowledge on the factors, such as barriers and incentives, that can influence physical activity in this patient group.

Objective

The aim was to study the perception and experience of barriers to and incentives for physical activity in daily living in patients with schizophrenia, as reported by the patients themselves.

Design

An explorative study applying conventional qualitative content analysis was conducted.

Methods

A purposeful sample of 20 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (13 men, 7 women; 22–63 years of age) registered at 3 psychiatric outpatient clinics in Sweden were interviewed using semistructured interviews.

Results

The analysis resulted in 3 main themes: (1) barriers—factors that complicate or obstruct physical activity, (2) reward—the motivation for physical activity, and (3) helpful strategies.

Limitations

The results may not reflect important factors related to physical activity in older patients (>65 years of age), newly diagnosed patients, or inpatients.

Conclusions

In accordance with patients' perceptions, there may be biopsychosocial determinants of physical activity behavior that are unique for this group of patients. Future studies should investigate whether physical activity interventions for patients with schizophrenia benefit from individual analyses of barriers and reward for physical activity in combination with the use of tailored strategies such as personal support and activity planning.
Affective disorders influence clinical outcomes after revision lumbar surgery in elderly patients with symptomatic adjacent-segment disease, recurrent stenosis, or pseudarthrosis
Authors: Adogwa Owoicho , Verla Terence , Thompson Paul , Penumaka Anirudh , Kudyba Katherine , Johnson Kwame , Fulchiero Erin , Miller Timothy , Hoang Kimberly B. , Cheng Joseph , Bagley Carlos A.
Published: May 2014

Object

Depression and persistent low-back pain (LBP) are common and disabling problems in elderly patients (> 65 years old). Affective disorders, such as depression and anxiety, are also common in elderly patients, with a prevalence ranging from 4% to 16%. Depressive symptoms are consistently associated with functional disability. To date, few studies have assessed the predictive value of baseline depression on outcomes in the setting of revision spine surgery in elderly patients. Therefore, in this study, the authors assessed the predictive value of preoperative depression on 2-year postoperative outcomes.

Methods

A total of 69 patients undergoing revision neural decompression and instrumented fusion for adjacent-segment disease (ASD, n = 28), pseudarthrosis (n = 17), or same-level recurrent stenosis (n = 24) were included in this study. Preoperative Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (ZDS) scores were assessed for all patients. Preoperative and 2-year postoperative visual analog scale (VAS) scores for back pain (VAS-BP) and leg pain (VAS-LP) and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) were also assessed. The association between preoperative ZDS score and 2-year improvement in disability was assessed via multivariate regression analysis.

Results

Compared with preoperative status, 2-year postoperative VAS-BP was significantly improved after surgery for ASD (9 ± 2 vs 4.01 ± 2.56, respectively; p = 0.001), as were pseudarthrosis (7.41 ± 1 vs 5.0 ± 3.08, respectively; p = 0.02) and same-level recurrent stenosis (7 ± 2.00 vs 5.00 ± 2.34, respectively; p = 0.003). Two-year ODI was also significantly improved after surgery for ASD (29 ± 9 vs 23.10 ± 10.18, respectively; p = 0.001), as were pseudarthrosis (28.47 ± 5.85 vs 24.41 ± 7.75, respectively; p = 0.001) and same-level recurrent stenosis (30.83 ± 5.28 vs 26.29 ± 4.10, respectively; p = 0.003). Independent of other factors—age, body mass index, symptom duration, smoking, comorbidities, severity of preoperative pain, and disability—increasing preoperative ZDS score was significantly associated with lower 2-year improvement in disability (ODI) after revision surgery in elderly patients with symptomatic ASD, pseudarthrosis, or recurrent stenosis.

Conclusions

The extent of preoperative depression is an independent predictor of less functional improvement following revision lumbar surgery in elderly patients with symptomatic ASD, pseudarthrosis, or recurrent stenosis. Timely diagnosis and treatment of depression and somatic anxiety in this cohort of patients may contribute to improvement in postoperative functional status.
Elastic Properties and Stability of Physisorbed Graphene
Authors: Lambin Philippe
Published: May 2014

Graphene is an ultimate membrane that mixes both flexibility and mechanical strength, together with many other remarkable properties. A good knowledge of the elastic properties of graphene is prerequisite to any practical application of it in nanoscopic devices. Although this two-dimensional material is only one atom thick, continuous-medium elasticity can be applied as long as the deformations vary slowly on the atomic scale and provided suitable parameters are used. The present paper aims to be a critical review on this topic that does not assume a specific pre-knowledge of graphene physics. The basis for the paper is the classical Kirchhoff-Love plate theory. It demands a few parameters that can be addressed from many points of view and fitted to independent experimental data. The parameters can also be estimated by electronic structure calculations. Although coming from diverse backgrounds, most of the available data provide a rather coherent picture that gives a good degree of confidence in the classical description of graphene elasticity. The theory can than be used to estimate, e.g., the buckling limit of graphene bound to a substrate. It can also predict the size above which a scrolled graphene sheet will never spontaneously unroll in free space.