bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Communicating “What's Not Said”
Authors: Barry Marguerite , Doherty Kevin , Doherty Gavin
Published: November 2016

Technologies designed to access our personal worlds have the potential to profoundly influence the way we live and to promote human flourishing. They also require an ethical approach to their design that takes human values into account. Mobile technologies for psychological wellbeing present particular challenges that require a sustainable approach to ethical reflection from early in the design process. This paper offers insights into ethical approaches to design, through projects that explore the potential for using mobile apps for reporting psychological wellbeing. It reports on feedback from a focus group with valuable insights for app design in particular contexts of use that help to inform discourse more generally around designing technologies for wellbeing. The discussion focuses on the practical and cultural issues that arise and explores how technologies can mediate self-knowledge and information in ways that might otherwise remain unsaid, but is crucial for successful outcomes both clinically and in design.
QR Codes and Mobile Technology Used in the Blended Learning Approach
Authors: Soulimane Ghizlene , Kouninef Belkacem , Senouci Mohamed , Djelti Mohamed
Published: November 2016

The purpose of this article is to explore the teaching processes that use Quick Response (QR) codes and mobile devices to support blended learning at the National Institute of Telecommunications and ICT (INTTIC). The satisfactory results of our previous research show that the use of mobile technology could enhance accessibility and communication in a blended learning course. In Algeria, the mobile penetration rate stands at over 111% and 21% with 3G. Since most of our students have access to mobile technology, three in five were smartphones. Using this technology would encourage students to use their phones to send questions to their teachers, listen to a podcast and snip the quick response (QR) codes. This paper introduces the implementations of QR codes, vcard and QR voice as a new tool in the Moodle platform in our institute. The QR code contains the URL of the page of one particular Moodle course and quiz are added to the bottom of Moodle. The students' satisfaction had been acknowledged as an important factor in order to estimate the effectiveness of a blended learning course.
Metadata as an Aggregation Final Model in Learning Environments
Authors: Pires Jorge Manuel , Cota Manuel Pérez
Published: November 2016

Knowledge is a concept - like gravity. You cannot see it, but you can observe its effects. Minimize knowledge is an invisible, intangible asset and cannot be directly observed. Many people and organizations do not explicitly recognize the importance of knowledge, in contrast to their more visible financial and capital assets (Pires, 2016). To measure in a proper and impartial way it is necessary to teach in an imaginative and diverse way providing students with the maximum amount of information on a given problem, by means of multiple paths (Pires, 2016). Measuring knowledge or academic performance changing the learning curves of different cognitive functions it would be something that would change completely the learning/study methods and the ways of monitoring the progression of any student. More, it would be possible to achieve individually objectives for certain cognitive functions, through a learning curve less extensive because we would focus the attention in the fundamental details (Pires, 2016). The computer analysis of the answers and self-assessment provides multidimensional scores about the subject knowledge (Hunt, 2003). As intelligent living creatures that we are, we are not isolated from the surround space. We live on it, breath from it and have influence on us in many ways. For a correct evaluation of our behavior's we need to include in the equation all the possible factors that have the condition to affect us. That is only possible if we are always connected to everything and everything is connected to us. (Chen, 2002) defines the generic metadata attributes as a tight relation of: space, time, contents persons, events and objects related between them. (Chen, 2002) also use a layer description to establish from the ground up the structure of a lesson and a course. If we can establish links between all the subjects above we will achieve the ultimate learning experience. This is the objective of this paper, demonstrate that it is possible based in a ten years research - phase I.
Path Expressions in SQL
Authors: Junkkari Marko , Vainio Johanna , Iltanen Kati , Arvola Paavo , Kari Heidi , Kekäläinen Jaana
Published: November 2016

This article focuses on testing a path-oriented querying approach to hierarchical data in relational databases. The authors execute a user study to compare the path-oriented approach and traditional SQL from two perspectives: correctness of queries and time spent in querying. They also analyze what kinds of errors are typical in path-oriented SQL. Path-oriented query languages are popular in the context of object-orientation and XML. However, relational databases are the most common paradigm for storing data and SQL is most common for manipulating data. When querying hierarchical data in SQL, the user must specify join conditions explicitly between hierarchy levels. Path-oriented SQL is a new alternative for expressing hierarchical queries in relational databases. In the authors' study, the users spent significantly less time in writing path-oriented SQL queries and made fewer errors in query formulation.
Human Regulatory T Cells Mediate Transcriptional Modulation of Dendritic Cell Function
Authors: Mavin Emily , Nicholson Lindsay , Rafez Ahmed Syed , Gao Fei , Dickinson Anne , Wang Xiao-nong
Published: November 2016

Regulatory T cells (Treg) attenuate dendritic cell (DC) maturation and stimulatory function. Current knowledge on the functional impact of semimature DC is limited to CD4+ T cell proliferation and cytokine production. Little is known about the molecular basis underpinning the functional effects of Treg-treated DC (Treg-DC). We present novel evidence that Treg-DC skewed CD4+ naive T cell polarization toward a regulatory phenotype and impaired CD8+ T cell allo-reactive responses, including their ability to induce target tissue damage in a unique in vitro human graft-versus-host disease skin explant model. Microarray analysis clustered Treg-DC as a discrete population from mature-DC and immature-DC, with 51 and 93 genes that were significantly over- or underexpressed, respectively, compared with mature-DC. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed an intermediate expression level of CD38, CD83, CD80 and CD86 mRNA in Treg-DC, lower than mature-DC, higher than immature-DC. We also observed an attenuation of NF-κB pathway, an upstream regulator of the aforementioned genes, concomitant with reduced expression of two NF-κB-signaling related genes RELB and NFκBIZ, in the Treg-DC, together with an increased expression of Wnt5a, a negative regulator of DC differentiation. We further confirmed that the Treg-DC–mediated skewed CD4+ naive T cell polarization resulted from decreased IL-12 secretion by Treg-DC, which may be post-transcriptionally modulated by decreased expression of microRNA-155 in Treg-DC. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating a transcriptional modulation of DC function by human Treg, partially via attenuation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and upregulation of Wnt5a, suggesting Treg may interfere with DC reprogramming during maturation, thereby modulating DC function.
CX3CR1+ Cell–Mediated Salmonella Exclusion Protects the Intestinal Mucosa during the Initial Stage of Infection
Authors: Man Angela L. , Gicheva Nadezhda , Regoli Mari , Rowley Gary , De Cunto Giovanna , Wellner Nikolaus , Bassity Elizabeth , Gulisano Massimo , Bertelli Eugenio , Nicoletti Claudio
Published: November 2016

During Salmonella Typhimurium infection, intestinal CX3CR1+ cells can either extend transepithelial cellular processes to sample luminal bacteria or, very early after infection, migrate into the intestinal lumen to capture bacteria. However, until now, the biological relevance of the intraluminal migration of CX3CR1+ cells remained to be determined. We addressed this by using a combination of mouse strains differing in their ability to carry out CX3CR1-mediated sampling and intraluminal migration. We observed that the number of S. Typhimurium traversing the epithelium did not differ between sampling-competent/migration-competent C57BL/6 and sampling-deficient/migration-competent BALB/c mice. In contrast, in sampling-deficient/migration-deficient CX3CR1−/− mice the numbers of S. Typhimurium penetrating the epithelium were significantly higher. However, in these mice the number of invading S. Typhimurium was significantly reduced after the adoptive transfer of CX3CR1+ cells directly into the intestinal lumen, consistent with intraluminal CX3CR1+ cells preventing S. Typhimurium from infecting the host. This interpretation was also supported by a higher bacterial fecal load in CX3CR1+/gfp compared with CX3CR1gfp/gfp mice following oral infection. Furthermore, by using real-time in vivo imaging we observed that CX3CR1+ cells migrated into the lumen moving through paracellular channels within the epithelium. Also, we reported that the absence of CX3CR1-mediated sampling did not affect Ab responses to a noninvasive S. Typhimurium strain that specifically targeted the CX3CR1-mediated entry route. These data showed that the rapidly deployed CX3CR1+ cell–based mechanism of immune exclusion is a defense mechanism against pathogens that complements the mucous and secretory IgA Ab–mediated system in the protection of intestinal mucosal surface.
PGI2 Controls Pulmonary NK Cells That Prevent Airway Sensitization to House Dust Mite Allergen
Authors: Simons Bryan , Ferrini Maria E. , Carvalho Sophia , Bassett David J. P. , Jaffar Zeina , Roberts Kevan
Published: November 2016

In allergic asthma, inhalation of airborne allergens such as the house dust mite (HDM) effectively activates both innate and adaptive immunity in the lung mucosa. To determine the role of the eicosanoid PGI2 and its receptor IP during allergic airway sensitization, HDM responses in mice lacking a functional IP receptor (i.e., PGI2 IP receptor–deficient [IP−/−]) were compared with wild type (WT) mice. Surprisingly, IP−/− mice had increased numbers of pulmonary CD3−NK1.1+Ly49b+ NK cells producing IFN-γ that was inversely associated with the number of type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) expressing IL-33Rα and IL-13 compared with WT animals. This phenomenon was associated with elevated CX3CL1 levels in the airways of IP−/− mice and treatment with a neutralizing Ab to CX3CL1 reduced IFN-γ production by the lung NK cells. Remarkably, IP−/− mice were less responsive to HDM challenge than WT counterparts because intranasal instillation of the allergen induced markedly reduced levels of airway eosinophils, CD4+ lymphocyte infiltration, and mucus production, as well as depressed levels of CCL2 chemokine and Th2 cytokines. NK cells were responsible for such attenuated responses because depletion of NK1.1+ cells in IP−/− mice restored both the HDM-induced lung inflammation and ILC2 numbers, whereas transfer of CD3−NK1.1+ NK cells into the airways of WT hosts suppressed the inflammatory response. Collectively, these data demonstrate a hitherto unknown role for PGI2 in regulating the number and properties of NK cells resident in lung tissue and reveal a role for NK cells in limiting lung tissue ILC2s and preventing allergic inflammatory responses to inhaled HDM allergen.
Pulmonary Dendritic Cell Subsets Shape the Respiratory Syncytial Virus–Specific CD8+ T Cell Immunodominance Hierarchy in Neonates
Authors: Malloy Allison M. W. , Ruckwardt Tracy J. , Morabito Kaitlyn M. , Lau-Kilby Annie W. , Graham Barney S.
Published: November 2016

Young infants are generally more susceptible to viral infections and experience more severe disease than do adults. CD8+ T cells are important for viral clearance, and although often ineffective in neonates they can be protective when adequately stimulated. Using a murine CB6F1/J hybrid model of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, we previously demonstrated that the CD8+ T cell immunodominance hierarchy to two RSV-derived epitopes, KdM282–90 and DbM187–195, was determined by the age at infection. To determine whether age-dependent RSV-specific CD8+ T cell responses could be modified through enhanced innate signaling, we used TLR4 or TLR9 agonist treatment at the time of infection, which remarkably changed the neonatal codominant response to an adult-like KdM282–90 CD8+ T cell immunodominant response. This shift was associated with an increase in the number of conventional dendritic cells, CD11b+ and CD103+ dendritic cells, in the lung-draining lymph node, as well as increased expression of the costimulatory molecule CD86. The magnitude of the KdM282–90 CD8+ T cell response in TLR agonist–treated neonates could be blocked with Abs against CD80 and CD86. These studies demonstrate the age-dependent function of conventional dendritic cells, their role in determining immunodominance hierarchy, and epitope-specific CD8+ T cell requirements for costimulation, all of which influence the immune response magnitude. The unique impact of TLR agonists on neonatal T cell responses is important to consider for RSV vaccines designed for young infants.
Regulatory T Cells Promote Myositis and Muscle Damage in Toxoplasma gondii Infection
Authors: Jin Richard M. , Blair Sarah J. , Warunek Jordan , Heffner Reid R. , Blader Ira J. , Wohlfert Elizabeth A.
Published: November 2016

The coordination of macrophage polarization is essential for the robust regenerative potential of skeletal muscle. Repair begins with a phase mediated by inflammatory monocytes (IM) and proinflammatory macrophages (M1), followed by polarization to a proregenerative macrophage (M2) phenotype. Recently, regulatory T cells (Tregs) were described as necessary for this M1 to M2 transition. We report that chronic infection with the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii causes a nonresolving Th1 myositis with prolonged tissue damage associated with persistent M1 accumulation. Surprisingly, Treg ablation during chronic infection rescues macrophage homeostasis and skeletal muscle fiber regeneration, showing that Tregs can directly contribute to muscle damage. This study provides evidence that the tissue environment established by the parasite could lead to a paradoxical pathogenic role for Tregs. As such, these findings should be considered when tailoring therapies directed at Tregs in inflammatory settings.
Platelets Mediate Host Defense against Staphylococcus aureus through Direct Bactericidal Activity and by Enhancing Macrophage Activities
Authors: Ali Ramadan A. , Wuescher Leah M. , Dona Keith R. , Worth Randall G.
Published: November 2016

Platelets are the chief effector cells in hemostasis. However, recent evidence suggests they have multiple roles in host defense against infection. Reports by us and others showed that platelets functionally contribute to protection against Staphylococcus aureus infection. In the current study, the capacity of mouse platelets to participate in host defense against S. aureus infection was determined by assessing two possibilities. First, we determined the ability of platelets to kill S. aureus directly; and, second, we tested the possibility that platelets enhance macrophage phagocytosis and intracellular killing of S. aureus. In this study we report evidence in support of both mechanisms. Platelets effectively killed two different strains of S. aureus. A clinical isolate of methicillin-resistant S. aureus was killed by platelets (>40% killing in 2 h) in a thrombin-dependent manner whereas a methicillin-sensitive strain was killed to equal extent but did not require thrombin. Interestingly, thrombin-stimulated platelets also significantly enhanced peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis of both methicillin-resistant S. aureus and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus by >70%, and restricted intracellular growth by >40%. Enhancement of macrophage anti-S. aureus activities is independent of contact with platelets but is mediated through releasable products, namely IL-1β. These data confirm our hypothesis that platelets participate in host defense against S. aureus both through direct killing of S. aureus and enhancing the antimicrobial function of macrophages in protection against S. aureus infection.
Critical Role of LTB4/BLT1 in IL-23–Induced Synovial Inflammation and Osteoclastogenesis via NF-κB
Authors: Bouchareychas Laura , Grössinger Eva M. , Kang Mincheol , Qiu Hong , Adamopoulos Iannis E.
Published: November 2016

IL-23 activates the synthesis and production of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in myeloid cells, which modulate inflammatory arthritis. In this study we investigated the role of LTB4 and its receptor LTB4R1 (BLT1) in synovial inflammation and osteoclast differentiation. Specifically, we used IL-23 in vivo gene transfer to induce arthritis in mice and showed that elevated serum LTB4 and synovial expression of 5-lipoxygenase correlated with increased disease severity by histological evaluation and paw swelling compared with GFP gene transfer controls. To further investigate the effect of the LTB4 pathway in bone loss, we performed osteoclast differentiation assays by stimulating with M-CSF and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand bone marrow cells derived from BLT1+/+ and/or BLT1−/− mice and used quantitative PCR for gene expression analysis in terminally differentiated osteoclasts. Deficiency in BLT1 resulted in the upregulation of osteoclast-related genes and an increase in the formation of giant, multinucleated TRAP+ cells capable of F-actin ring formation. Additionally, BLT1 deficiency showed an increase of phosphorylated NF-κB and phosphorylated IκB levels in osteoclasts. We also performed real-time calcium imaging to study the effect of BLT1 deficiency in receptor activator of NF-κ-B ligand–induced activation of intracellular calcium flux in vitro. Our data show that LTB4 and its receptor BLT1 exacerbate synovial inflammation in vivo and bone resorption in vitro, suggesting that LTB4 and BLT1 could be effectively targeted for the treatment of musculoskeletal diseases.
OX40 Cooperates with ICOS To Amplify Follicular Th Cell Development and Germinal Center Reactions during Infection
Authors: Tahiliani Vikas , Hutchinson Tarun E. , Abboud Georges , Croft Michael , Salek-Ardakani Shahram
Published: November 2016

Cognate interactions between T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and B cells are essential for promoting protective Ab responses. Whereas costimulatory receptors such as ICOS are accepted as being important for the induction of Tfh cell fate decision, other molecules may play key roles in amplifying or maintaining the Tfh phenotype. In this study, with vaccinia virus infection in mice, we show that OX40 was expressed on Tfh cells that accumulated at the T/B borders in the white pulp of the spleen and that OX40-dependent signals directly shaped the magnitude and quality of the their response to viral Ags. OX40 deficiency in Tfh cells profoundly impaired the acquisition of germinal center (GC) B cell phenotype, plasma cell generation, and virus-specific Ab responses. Most significantly, we found that sustained interactions between OX40 and its ligand, OX40L, beyond the time of initial encounter with dendritic cells were required for the persistence of high numbers of Tfh and GC B cells. Interestingly, OX40 was coexpressed with ICOS on Tfh cells in and around the GC, and ICOS–ICOSL interactions were similarly crucial at late times for maintenance of the Tfh and GC B cells. Thus, OX40 and ICOS act in a cooperative, nonredundant manner to maximize and prolong the Tfh response that is generated after acute virus infection.
Complement Protein C1q Enhances Macrophage Foam Cell Survival and Efferocytosis
Authors: Pulanco Marc C. , Cosman Jason , Ho Minh-Minh , Huynh Jessica , Fing Karina , Turcu Jacqueline , Fraser Deborah A.
Published: November 2016

In the atherosclerotic lesion, macrophages ingest high levels of damaged modified low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), generating macrophage foam cells. Foam cells undergo apoptosis and, if not efficiently cleared by efferocytosis, can undergo secondary necrosis, leading to plaque instability and rupture. As a component of the innate immune complement cascade, C1q recognizes and opsonizes modified forms of LDL, such as oxidized or acetylated LDL, and promotes ingestion by macrophages in vitro. C1q was shown to be protective in an atherosclerosis model in vivo. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether ingestion of modified LDL in the presence of C1q alters macrophage foam cell survival or function. In an unbiased transcriptome analysis, C1q was shown to modulate expression of clusters of genes involved in cell death and apoptosis pathways in human monocyte–derived macrophages ingesting modified LDL; this was validated by quantitative PCR in human and murine macrophages. C1q downregulated levels and activity of active caspase-3 and PARP-1 in human and mouse macrophages during ingestion of modified LDL. This led to a measurable increase in survival and decrease in cell death, as measured by alamarBlue and propidium iodide assays, respectively. C1q opsonization also increased phagocytosis and efferocytosis in macrophage foam cells. These data suggest that C1q promotes macrophage survival during ingestion of excess cholesterol, as well as improves foam cell efferocytic function. This may be important in slowing disease progression and provides insight into the protective role of C1q in early atherosclerosis.
Conserved Region C Functions To Regulate PD-1 Expression and Subsequent CD8 T Cell Memory
Authors: Bally Alexander P. R. , Tang Yan , Lee Joshua T. , Barwick Benjamin G. , Martinez Ryan , Evavold Brian D. , Boss Jeremy M.
Published: November 2016

Expression of programmed death 1 (PD-1) on CD8 T cells promotes T cell exhaustion during chronic Ag exposure. During acute infections, PD-1 is transiently expressed and has the potential to modulate CD8 T cell memory formation. Conserved region C (CR-C), a promoter proximal cis-regulatory element that is critical to PD-1 expression in vitro, responds to NFATc1, FoxO1, and/or NF-κB signaling pathways. Here, a CR-C knockout mouse was established to determine its role on PD-1 expression and the corresponding effects on T cell function in vivo. Deletion of CR-C decreased PD-1 expression on CD4 T cells and Ag-specific CD8 T cells during acute and chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus challenges, but did not affect the ability to clear an infection. Following acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, memory CD8 T cells in the CR-C knockout mouse were formed in greater numbers, were more functional, and were more effective at responding to a melanoma tumor than wild-type memory cells. These data implicate a critical role for CR-C in governing PD-1 expression, and a subsequent role in guiding CD8 T cell differentiation. The data suggest the possibility that titrating PD-1 expression during CD8 T cell activation could have important ramifications in vaccine development and clinical care.
Thymic Dendritic Cell Subsets Display Distinct Efficiencies and Mechanisms of Intercellular MHC Transfer
Authors: Kroger Charles J. , Spidale Nicholas A. , Wang Bo , Tisch Roland
Published: November 2016

Thymic dendritic cells (DC) delete self-antigen–specific thymocytes, and drive development of Foxp3-expressing immunoregulatory T cells. Unlike medullary thymic epithelial cells, which express and present peripheral self-antigen, DC must acquire self-antigen to mediate thymic negative selection. One such mechanism entails the transfer of surface MHC–self peptide complexes from medullary thymic epithelial cells to thymic DC. Despite the importance of thymic DC cross-dressing in negative selection, the factors that regulate the process and the capacity of different thymic DC subsets to acquire MHC and stimulate thymocytes are poorly understood. In this study intercellular MHC transfer by thymic DC subsets was investigated using an MHC-mismatch–based in vitro system. Thymic conventional DC (cDC) subsets signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα+) and CD8α+ readily acquired MHC class I and II from thymic epithelial cells but plasmacytoid DC were less efficient. Intercellular MHC transfer was donor-cell specific; thymic DC readily acquired MHC from TEC plus thymic or splenic DC, whereas thymic or splenic B cells were poor donors. Furthermore DC origin influenced cross-dressing; thymic versus splenic DC exhibited an increased capacity to capture TEC-derived MHC, which correlated with direct expression of EpCAM by DC. Despite similar capacities to acquire MHC–peptide complexes, thymic CD8α+ cDC elicited increased T cell stimulation relative to SIRPα+ cDC. DC cross-dressing was cell-contact dependent and unaffected by lipid raft disruption of donor TEC. Furthermore, blocking PI3K signaling reduced MHC acquisition by thymic CD8α+ cDC and plasmacytoid DC but not SIRPα+ cDC. These findings demonstrate that multiple parameters influence the efficiency of and distinct mechanisms drive intercellular MHC transfer by thymic DC subsets.
Influence of gender on SME performance in emerging economies
Authors: Shava Herring , Rungani Ellen C.
Published: November 2016

Research purpose: The aim of this article was to establish whether or not performance between male-owned and female-owned small and medium-sized entities (SMEs) differs significantly and to assess the extent to which the gender gap in SME performance (if any) could be allocated to gender differences in levels of business-related experience.Motivation for the study: The influence of gender on SME performance is well documented from an international perspective. However, what lacks in extant literature is the understanding of whether the performance gap between male and female entity owners with similar business-related experience exists or not. This study investigated gender influence through data collected from both male and female entity owners.Research design, approach and method: The study was descriptive by design. Primary data were collected through self-administered questionnaires. Data analysis was undertaken through t-test and chi-square analysis.Main findings: The findings confirm that male- and female-owned SMEs perform at similar levels, given that such owners possess high business-related experience. Therefore, gender gap in firm performance does not exist among male and female entrepreneurs who fall either in low or high business-related experience categories.Contribution/value-add: The value of this research lies in the findings contrary to extant literature; that gender plays no role in the performance of SMEs. However, the level of business-related experience the owner holds, regardless of gender, influences the entity’s performance.Conclusion: Contrary to evidence provided in literature, the study concludes that focusing on the impact of gender on entrepreneurship with the aim of comparing business outcomes of male- and female-owned entities, while ignoring the role of key variables such as business-related experience, may yield misleading results.
Mechanisms for inspiring action in South African youth
Authors: Waller Cara E. , Wheaton Philippa , Asbury Natasha
Published: November 2016

Many young people in South Africa are in the process of transforming their country. To positively contribute to the development agenda, young people need the skills and capacity to bring about change and set themselves apart as leaders. This retrospective, mixed-method evaluation study provides insight into the multi-level mechanisms that allow young South Africans opportunities to grow personally and to take action on issues of significance.  Results show that development of three non-cognitive competencies (grit, growth mindset, and self-efficacy) was integral to starting (and finishing) a social action project. Social support, social capital and teamwork were also critical mechanisms – while school location, socioeconomic status and gender were not. Non-cognitive competency development is integral to this research as there is evidence that building these skills promotes leadership which creates a bias to action.  This article reflects on the implications for effective youth development program design and the youth leadership sector more generally.
Evaluation involvement of local HIV/AIDS non-governmental organisations in Benin
Authors: Agonnoude Maurice T. , Champagne François , Leduc Nicole
Published: November 2016

Background: For some years, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and civil society have become increasingly involved in the fight against the HIV/AIDS pandemic in Africa. But even though their role is well appreciated, their actions are perceived as ineffective because of a lack of monitoring and evaluation capacity.Objective: This paper aims to describe local HIV/AIDS NGOs’ involvement in evaluation and the characteristics of this involvement.Method: Descriptive analysis of data collected in questionnaires completed by 34 NGO executives (one per NGO).Results: Most NGOs do not have the minimal conditions required for positive and effective involvement in evaluations. In addition, funding agencies’ expectations for evaluations, total human resources as well as experience as NGO are contextual factors that explain most aspects of their involvement in evaluations.Conclusion: This study provides funding agencies, NGO leaders and all those interested in developing evaluation capacity in these NGOs to understand the extent of the task in this area. They must keep in mind that there is no solution for all, but that solutions must be adapted to the developmental level of each organisation.
Redaksionele voorwoord
Authors: Vorster Nico
Published: November 2016

No abstract available.
Child well-being in a rural context: Shifting to a social sustainability lens
Authors: Naidoo Jaqueline T. , Muthukrishna Nithi
Published: November 2016

This article is based on findings drawn from a large-scale study aimed at mapping barriers to education in the context of social disadvantage. The research sites focused on in this paper are: one early childhood facility, four primary schools and the communities of these learning centres. Participants included learners, teachers, caregivers and parents and interested community members. Findings from the study were published widely in a research report, book chapters and peer-reviewed publications. In this article an attempt is made to revisit the findings on child well-being and quality of life, drawing on debates on sustainable development, in particular on the concept of social sustainability. The analysis draws attention to the importance of creating cultures of social sustainability within social institutions and communities to enhance the well-being of children. The article highlights the significance of values that are rights based and collective networks in cultures of sustainability.
The Jordan Curve Theorem via Complex Analysis
Authors: Hemasundar Gollakota V. V. , Simha R. R.
Published: November 2016

The aim of this article is to give a proof of the Jordan Curve Theorem via complex analysis.
Paracoccidioidomycosis in Brazilian Patients With and Without Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: Almeida Fabrício Arantes de , Neves Fernando Freitas , Mora Delio Jose , Reis Tarcisio Albertin Dos , Sotini Diego Moelas , Ribeiro Barbara De Melo , Andrade-Silva Leonardo Eurípedes , Nascentes Gabriel Nogueira , Ferreira-Paim Kennio , Silva-Vergara Mario León
Published: November 2016

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is endemic to Latin America, where 10 million people may be infected with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis/Paracoccidioides lutzii and 1,600,000 individuals live with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. An epidemiological overlapping of these infections occurred early in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome era with nearly 180 published cases. This study presents epidemiological, clinical, and outcome profiles for 31 PCM patients with HIV infection diagnosed in a teaching hospital in Brazil, and includes an update of previously reported cases. Medical records were reviewed and data compared with 64 PCM patients without HIV infection. Of the 31 PCM patients with HIV infection, 23 (74.1%) were male, with a median age of 36.7 years, whereas of the 64 PCM, 45 (70.3%) were male, with a median age of 35.1 years. Both groups presented similar proportions for smoking and alcoholism. PCM patients with HIV infection presented more fever, weight loss, and the acute clinical form than the PCM patients who had more mucosal and respiratory involvement characterizing the chronic form. Most PCM patients with HIV infection exhibited overlapping symptoms from both clinical forms with median symptom duration of 4.5 months compared with 8.3 months for the PCM control. Patients received sulfonamides and/or itraconazole for a median of 15.7 and 16.7 months for PCM/HIV-infected and PCM, respectively. Relapses occurred more in PCM (12 [30%]) than PCM/HIV-infected (4 [14.8%]) patients, whose mortality rate was higher (10 [32.8%]) than PCM patients (8 [20%]). The cases of PCM/HIV infection confirm that HIV can interact with some endemic diseases without increasing their frequency, while changing their natural history, clinical presentation, and outcome. The data presented here are in agreement with those observed in other studies.
Dengue Infection in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Positive Patient Chronically Infected with Hepatitis B Virus in Western Mexico
Authors: Delgado-Enciso Iván , Espinoza-Gómez Francisco , Ochoa-Jiménez Rodolfo , Valle-Reyes Salvador , Vásquez Clemente , López-Lemus Uriel A.
Published: November 2016

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and dengue coinfection has not been extensively studied. We report herein a case of dengue serotype 1 infection in an HIV-1-positive patient coinfected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) in Colima State, Mexico. CD4+ cells and HIV-1 viremia remained at normal levels, and no severe complications were observed during this multiple viral infection. The alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase values were elevated before and during dengue infection. Surprisingly, these parameters were significantly reduced 2 months later. Because of the lack of evidence regarding this multiple viral interaction, further research is required to understand the biologic and clinical course of dengue infection in HIV-1/HBV coinfected patients, especially in tropical regions where dengue virus transmission is highly active.
Effectiveness of Albendazole for Hookworm Varies Widely by Community and Correlates with Nutritional Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study of School-Age Children in Ghana
Authors: Humphries Debbie , Nguyen Sara , Kumar Sunny , Quagraine Josephine E. , Otchere Joseph , Harrison Lisa M. , Wilson Michael , Cappello Michael
Published: November 2016

Mass drug administration (MDA) targeting school-age children is recommended by the World Health Organization for the global control of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections. Although considered safe and cost-effective to deliver, benzimidazole anthelminthics are variably effective against the three most common STHs, and widespread use has raised concern about the potential for emerging resistance. To identify factors mediating response to albendazole, we conducted a cross-sectional study of hookworm infection in the Kintampo North Municipality of Ghana in 2011. Among 140 school-age children residing in five contiguous communities, the hookworm prevalence was 59% (82/140). The overall cure rate following administration of single-dose albendazole (400 mg) was 35% (27/76), with a community-wide fecal egg reduction rate (ERR) of 61% (95% confidence interval: 51.8–71.1). Significant disparities were observed in albendazole effectiveness by community, with a cure rate as low as 0% (N = 24) in Jato Akuraa and ERRs ranging from 53% to 95% across the five study sites. Individual host factors associated with response to deworming treatment included time since last meal, pretreatment blood hemoglobin level, and mid-upper arm circumference. These data demonstrate significant community-level variation in the effectiveness of albendazole, even among populations living in close proximity. Identification of host factors that influence response to albendazole, most notably the timing of drug administration and nutritional factors, creates an opportunity to enhance the effectiveness of deworming through targeted interventions. These findings also demonstrate the importance of measuring anthelminthic response as part of the monitoring and evaluation of community-based deworming programs.
Mimesis Museum en Paju Book City. Corea del Sur
Authors: Álvaro Siza Arquitecto
Published: November 2016

El proyecto para el Museo Mimesis, sitiado en el nuevo pueblo de Paju Book City en Corea del Sur, es un gato. El cliente no tuvo que esperar durante siete años para recibir su dibujo, pero Álvaro Siza ha estado dibujando gatos durante siete años. Nunca ha visto un gato coreano porque nunca ha estado allí.
Vivienda en Jardín del Sol; Tacoronte, Tenerife. Islas Canarias
Authors: Corona y P. Amaral Arquitectos
Published: November 2016

La casa Jardín del Sol toma su nombre de la calle tortuosa y estrecha que hay que recorrer hasta llegar a la calle Jara que, literalmente, nos deja al borde del precipicio del que es casi imposible describir tanto la sensación de vértigo que se tiene cuando se ven las olas del océano rompiendo bajo tus pies como la amplitud de la vista cuando la línea del horizonte se sitúa tan alta sobre el mar. Y, precisamente, es esta emoción lo que fundamenta el proyecto y ejecución de esta casa.
Casa JD. Vivienda de veraneo en la provincia de Buenos Aires. Argentina
Authors: Bak Arquitectos Arquitectos
Published: November 2016

La Casa JD, se sitúa en Mar Azul, 400 Km al sur de Buenos Aires, en un lugar natural privilegiado, que combina el bosque frondoso de la ladera sur-este de la montaña, con su proximidad al mar Atlántico.
Casa Camino a Farellones, Santiago. Chile
Authors: Max Núñez B., Bernardo Valdés E. Arquitectos
Published: November 2016

La casa en el camino a Farellones es el resultado
de un proceso de búsqueda que trata de establecer la máxima
relación entre el espacio habitable y la naturaleza. Ubicada
sobre la ladera de uno de los montes que circundan Santiago
de Chile, la casa se defi ne mediante una plataforma horizontal,
desde donde poder desarrollar la vida, un horizonte artifi cial
que establece el orden generador de la arquitectura.
Casa en Estoril. Lisboa. Portugal
Authors: Jorge Mealha Arquitecto
Published: November 2016

La obra de Jorge Mealha, en general, y especialmente la que se refiere a sus viviendas unifamiliares, se caracteriza por un decidido compromiso con el lugar y su “topos”; por el empleo de volúmenes claros cuyos juegos geométricos provocan interesantes perspectivas y relaciones espaciales, y por el medido control de los materiales y su cuidada puesta en obra para reforzar de forma coherente toda la sintaxis de su depurado lenguaje arquitectónico.
Casa en Lumino. Suiza
Authors: Davide Macullo y Marco Strozzi Arquitectos
Published: November 2016

La casa en Lumino es una de las últimas obras construidas por Davide Macullo, arquitecto suizo que vive y trabaja en Lugano. En esta casa explora las posibilidades formales y constructivas del hormigón proponiendo una casa profundamente arraigada en el paisaje y en claro diálogo con la arquitectura vernácula del Ticino. Una cuidada y exquisita aproximación a lo constructivo hacen de esta casa un ejemplo de conjunción entre estructura, forma y material, que aporta a la vez una lúcida respuesta a cuestiones relativas a la sostenibilidad, entendida tanto desde un respeto al lugar, así como una apuesta por la permanencia.
Vivienda unifamiliar en Motril. Granada
Authors: Ángel Gijón Arquitecto
Published: November 2016

La vivienda unifamiliar en Motril-Costa Tropical de Granada, obra del arquitecto Ángel Gijón, es una vivienda hecha a medida, hecha por el arquitecto para él y su familia. La oportunidad que supone construir la propia casa, se ha sabido aprovechar para apostar por una arquitectura de calidad. Una arquitectura de contundentes volúmenes de hormigón blanco, que se cierran a la calle y se abren al jardín posterior, haciendo de la relación interior-exterior una de las claves de la vivienda. Todo ello unido a un buen conocimiento de los materiales y a una cuidada puesta en obra, nos permiten disfrutar de esta obra de Arquitectura.
Complejo deportivo municipal Can Ricart en Barcelona. España
Authors: Vora Arquitectura Arquitectos
Published: November 2016

El Complejo Deportivo Municipal Can Ricart es un edificio situado en el corazón del Raval sur, en Barcelona, una zona con actuaciones importantes en los últimos años. El equipamiento es importante para la revitalización del barrio en su sector tradicionalmente más degradado, y tiene que contribuir a la integración de todos los sectores sociales habitantes de la zona a través de su uso en las actividades deportivas y de bienestar.
Piscinas municipales de Povoaçao en Sao Miguel, Azores. Portugal
Authors: Barbosa & Guimarães Arquitectos
Published: November 2016

El pueblo de Povoação se sitúa en el Archipiélago de las Azores, en el extremo sur de la isla de San Miguel. Protegido del mar por la pendiente, el edifi cio va a ocupar una parcela formada por una plataforma llana y rectangular ya preparada y empleada por el Consejo Municipal para desempeñar actividades deportivas al exterior. Esta plataforma fue realizada sacrificando la pendiente, por la imposición de un corte que distorsionó su volumen natural.
Source attribution of black carbon and its direct radiative forcing in China
Authors: Yang Yang , Wang Hailong , Smith Steven J. , Ma Po-Lun , Rasch Philip J.
Published: November 2016

Abstract. The source attributions for mass concentration, haze formation, transport, and direct radiative forcing of black carbon (BC) in various regions of China are quantified in this study using the Community Earth System Model (CESM) with a source-tagging technique. Anthropogenic emissions are from the Community Emissions Data System that is newly developed for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). Over North China where the air quality is often poor, about 90 % of near-surface BC concentration is contributed by local emissions. 30 % of BC concentration over South China in winter can be attributed to emissions from North China and 10 % comes from sources outside China in spring. For other regions in China, BC is largely contributed from non-local sources. We further investigated potential factors that contribute to the poor air quality in China. During polluted days, a net inflow of BC transported from non-local source regions associated with anomalous winds plays an important role in increasing local BC concentrations. BC-containing particles emitted from East Asia can also be transported across the Pacific. Our model results show that emissions from inside and outside China are equally important for the BC outflow from East Asia, while emissions from China account for 7 % of BC concentration and 25 % in column burden in western United States in spring. Radiative forcing estimated shows that 66 % of the annual mean BC direct radiative forcing (2.3 W m−2) in China results from local emissions, and the remaining 34 % are contributed by emissions outside of China. Efficiency analysis shows that reduction in BC emissions over eastern China could benefit more on the regional air quality in China, especially in winter haze season.
Glyoxal yield from isoprene oxidation and relation to formaldehyde: chemical mechanism, constraints from SENEX aircraft observations, and interpretation of OMI satellite data
Authors: Miller Christopher Chan , Jacob Daniel J. , Marais Eloise A. , Yu Karen , Travis Katherine R. , Kim Patrick S. , Fisher Jenny A. , Zhu Lei , Wolfe Glenn M. , Keutsch Frank N. , Kaiser Jennifer , Min Kyung-Eun , Brown Steven S. , Washenfelder Rebecca A. , González Abad Gonzalo , Chance Kelly
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Glyoxal (CHOCHO) is produced in the atmosphere by oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It is measurable from space by solar backscatter along with formaldehyde (HCHO), another oxidation product of VOCs. Isoprene emitted by vegetation is the dominant source of CHOCHO and HCHO in most of the world. We use aircraft observations of CHOCHO and HCHO from the SENEX campaign over the Southeast US in summer 2013 to better understand the time-dependent yields from isoprene oxidation, their dependences on nitrogen oxides (NOx ≡ NO + NO2), the behaviour of the CHOCHO-HCHO relationship, the quality of OMI satellite observations, and the implications for using satellite CHOCHO observations as constraints on isoprene emission. We simulate the SENEX and OMI observations with the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model featuring a new chemical mechanism for CHOCHO formation from isoprene. The mechanism includes prompt CHOCHO formation under low-NOx conditions following the isomerization of the isoprene peroxy radical (ISOPO2). The SENEX observations provide support for this prompt CHOCHO formation pathway, and are generally consistent with the GEOS-Chem mechanism. Boundary layer CHOCHO and HCHO are strongly correlated in the observations and the model, with some departure under low-NOx conditions due to prompt CHOCHO formation. SENEX vertical profiles indicate a free tropospheric CHOCHO background that is absent from the model. The OMI CHOCHO data provide some support for this free tropospheric background and show Southeast US enhancements consistent with the isoprene source but a factor of 2 too low. Part of this OMI bias is due to excessive surface reflectivities assumed in the retrieval. The OMI CHOCHO and HCHO seasonal data over the Southeast US are tightly correlated and provide redundant proxies of isoprene emission. Higher temporal resolution in future geostationary satellite observations may enable detection of the prompt CHOCHO production under low-NOx conditions apparent in the SENEX data.
The impact of fluctuations and correlations in droplet growth by collision-coalescence revisited. Part I: Numerical calculation of post-gel droplet size distribution
Authors: Alfonso Lester , Raga Graciela B.
Published: November 2016

Abstract. The impact of stochastic fluctuations in cloud droplet growth is a matter of broad interest, since stochastic effects are one of the possible explanations of how cloud droplets cross the size-gap and form the raindrop embryos that trigger warm rain development in cumulus clouds. Most theoretical studies in this topic rely on the use of the kinetic collection equation, or the stochastic simulation algorithm (Gillespie 1975). However, the kinetic collection equation is a deterministic equation with no stochastic fluctuations. Moreover, the traditional calculations using the kinetic collection equation are not valid when the system undergoes a transition from a continuous distribution to a distribution plus a runaway raindrop embryo (known as the sol-gel transition). On the other hand, the stochastic simulation algorithm, although intrinsically stochastic, fails to reproduce adequately the large end of the droplet size distribution due to the huge number of realizations required. Therefore, the full stochastic description of cloud droplet growth must be obtained from the solution of the master equation for stochastic coalescence. In this study the master equation is used to calculate the evolution of the droplet size distribution after the sol-gel transition. These calculations show that after the formation of the raindrop embryo, the expected droplet mass distribution strongly differs from the results obtained with the kinetic collection equation. Furthermore, the low mass bins and bins from the gel fraction are strongly anti-correlated in the vicinity of the critical time, this being one of the possible explanations for the differences between the kinetic and stochastic approaches after the sol-gel transition. Calculations performed within the stochastic framework provide insight into the inability of explicit microphysics cloud models to explain the droplet spectral broadening observed in small, warm clouds.