bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Dilemmas: From Competition to Cooperation
Authors: Arora Poonam , Kugler Tamar , Giardini Francesca
Published: September 2022

Social dilemmas are interdependent decisions where the outcomes depend upon choices made by every decision maker. Importantly, the incentive structure sets up a dominant strategy of non-cooperation such that everyone ends up worse off than if all had cooperated, but each individual is better off not cooperating regardless of what others do. Thus, social dilemmas are mixed-motive situations that require a choice between short-term individual gain and long-term collective gain. Social dilemma researchers have adopted a variety of approaches to studying cooperation ranging from considering it as a constructed context-dependent choice that is affected by incentives and economic nudges, group affiliation, norms, and social nudges, while others investigate individual differences and personal perceptions of value. This chapter organizes current topical knowledge through the lens of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), where cooperation is the expressed behavior when an intent to cooperate emerges (consciously or sub-consciously) from a positive attitude towards the act of cooperating, from a dominant cooperative norm, or the interaction of attitude and norms, and is supported by the perception that one has the freedom to cooperate (behave cooperatively). The chapter provides a broad review of the field to understand mechanisms that both increase likelihood of cooperative behavior and those that result in cooperative breakdowns, as well as possible solutions to further effective cooperation.
Competition and Risk-Taking
Authors: Mishra Sandeep , Fogg Cody , Deminchuk Jeff
Published: September 2022

How does competition motivate risk-taking? In this chapter, the authors consider and define competition through the lens of evolution by natural selection. The authors then review the relative state model, a recently developed, evolutionarily informed, mathematically modeled motivational framework that conceptualizes risk-taking as a product of competitive dis/advantage. The authors describe how an understanding of the two key inputs into competitive dis/advantage—embodied capital and situational/environmental factors—can shed light on risk-taking in the pursuit of proxies of fitness in three key domains: resources, mates, and status. Finally, the authors offer some informed speculation on the proximate psychology of competitive dis/advantage, focusing on how individual differences in the subjective experience of dis/advantage may influence patterns of risk-taking.
The Politics of the Sensible
Authors: Panagia Davide
Published: September 2022

The chapter analyzes Jacques Rancière’s engagement and critique of Aristotle’s poetics of emplotment. The focus of the chapter is on the role that narrative plays in the function and expectations of intelligibility, and specifically in our inherited accounts of causal continuity as a condition of intelligibility. By analyzing Rancière’s response to this condition of intelligibility in the stylistics of his prose and in his political theorizing, the chapter shows how his politics of the sensible is a politics of the unintelligible that insists that no order of causality or continuity can determine the how and why of equality. Simply put, for Rancière equality didn’t make sense; it was in every respect a dissensus.
Women, the Imperial Household, and the State
Authors: Balabanlilar Lisa
Published: September 2022

Building on recent scholarship, this chapter will re-examine the role of women in the imperial household, and the extent of their role in supporting and consolidating the power of the Mughal Emperors. Where an earlier scholarship had seen Mughal imperial marriages as consolidating political alliances and the women involved in such marriages as merely pawns being exchanged, this chapter will rethink how authority, influence, and patronage were structured within the harem and beyond it, as women interacted with and participated in the apparatus of state. As committed partners in the imperial project, Mughal women manifested their powers broadly: as political advisers and diplomats, sponsors of court ritual, in trade and mercantile power, through their pious patronage, and production of the arts in the service of the state. Mughal women remained tightly bound to dynastic politics and survival, not only as passive spectators or victims, nor only as wives and mothers, but as participants in the fraught and dangerous world of empire building.
Political Song in the Age of Revolution
Authors: Moylan Terry
Published: September 2022

The American and French revolutions of the late eighteenth century demonstrated that novel forms of social organisation were possible, ones that were radically different from the monarchies that ruled all of Europe. In Ireland, those who were seeking to modify Ireland’s connection with Britain were quick to embrace the alternative model of a democratic republic. The organisation that was most involved in promoting democracy, and separation from Britain, was the Society of United Irishmen. Founded in Belfast in 1791 as a reformist body, in its later, revolutionary phase, it adopted novel means of disseminating its political programme, including the use of popular song, many of which were copied from the radical press in Britain. There had been political songs in the English language in Ireland since the late seventeenth century, but the United Irishmen were the first to use the form in a consistent way, publishing four collections, each of several dozen items, in the years 1795, 1796, 1798, and 1803, on each occasion timed to coincide with some special effort, including armed action. The perceived success of this tactic led to it being imitated by Irish loyalists, who published similar collections, clearly a reaction to the United Irishmen’s songs, many of them parodies of the earlier material.
The Repugnant Conclusion
Authors: Arrhenius Gustaf , Andersson Emil
Published: September 2022

The repugnant conclusion can be formulated as follows: For any population consisting of people with very high positive welfare, there is a better population in which everyone has a very low positive welfare, other things being equal. As the name indicates, this conclusion appears unacceptable. Yet it has proven to be surprisingly difficult to find a theory that avoids it without implying other very counterintuitive conclusions. Moreover, the conclusion is a problem not just for total utilitarians or those committed to welfarism but for all moral theories according to which welfare matters at least when all other things are equal, which arguably is a minimal adequacy condition for any moral theory. And, not the least, how to deal with it has implications for the present generations’ duties to future generations and intergenerational justice. The question as to how the repugnant conclusion should be dealt with has thus become one of the cardinal challenges of modern ethics, and the inquiry into what it shows about the nature of ethics has opened up many new avenues for research. This chapter covers the different suggestions in the literature on how to do deal with the conclusion, both on the axiological and on the normative levels. Moreover, the conclusion and different ways of deriving it are explained in detail.
Symbolic Approaches and Methods for Analyzing Musical Similarity
Authors: Cambouropoulos Emilios , Kaliakatsos-Papakostas Maximos
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses musical similarity focusing on issues of representation and processing of patterns in symbolic music data. Various facets of musical similarity are explored that pertain to practical problems encountered when developing formal models for pattern identification and induction in musical corpora; the representation of musical data that strongly influences the search process is of particular interest. The chapter refers to research in the domain field of musical pattern processing, but pays special attention to corpus-based similarity analysis in the domain of harmony. Harmonic processing are presented in two case studies: the first illustrates strengths and weaknesses of different chord representation schemes, and the second shows the potential of statistical pattern extraction and learning from data in the development of a creative melodic harmonization assistant.
Race and Consumer Law
Authors: Freeman Andrea
Published: September 2022

This chapter highlights how racism produces and reproduces inequality for consumers in retail, credit, car sales, loans, insurance, and mortgages. It contemplates how the introduction of technology into many consumer activities may deter, decrease, or augment racial discrimination. The gig economy, which connects consumers to services such as rides and home rentals, is largely unregulated. As a result, when racism against passengers or guests occurs, companies respond haphazardly or not at all. Racism against consumers is also structural and systemic. The collective result of discriminatory acts against consumers of color is to drain their resources and push them closer to financial distress. Racial profiling, exploitative credit card marketing, inflated auto insurance, home prices, interest rates, and aggressive debt collection can create a vicious debt cycle. Indeed, lack of access to credit that results from algorithmic credit scoring is difficult to explain or eradicate. To improve access to credit and eliminate racism from consumer transactions, the chapter advocates for radical reform and offers a transformative vision of consumer law.
Foreign Policy
Authors: Pacheco Pardo Ramon
Published: September 2022

The foreign policy of South Korea since the Sixth Republic was established in 1987 has remained remarkably stable. In terms of structures, goals, and tools, there has been little change across administrations. The structures underpinning South Korea’s foreign policymaking process reflect the country’s strong presidentialism. Thus, the president and its office dominate foreign policy decision-making. Throughout this period, the key goals have been strengthening national security, autonomy, Korean reunification, promoting economic openness at the global level, and influencing international affairs. When it comes to foreign policy tools, South Korea prioritizes its alliance with the United States, strong military capabilities, multilateralism and cooperation, soft power and public diplomacy, and trade multilateralism and bilateralism. Ultimately, South Korea is a middle power. Its foreign policy objectives and, especially, tools reflect this.
The Latin American Novel in English and French
Authors: Díaz Roberto Ignacio
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines novels written in English and French by authors biographically linked with Latin America. This is not just a matter of taxonomy or literary history, but of reading new meanings often hidden by narrow notions of linguistic determinism and monolingual national literatures. The main focus is on works by Eduarda Mansilla de García, W. H. Hudson, María Amparo Ruiz de Burton, and Jules Supervielle, but the chapter also considers various English-language novels by Latino and Latin American authors working in the United States, as well as French-language novels by Latin American authors living in France. While these readings complicate the well-guarded limits of Latin American literature, they also highlight the long reach of the region’s literary systems and the complexity of its cultural history.
The Latin American Novel as World Literature
Authors: Loy Benjamin
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses the changing locations of the Latin American novel in world literature from modernity to the present. It focuses on the material and aesthetic conditions of production and reception to explain the evolution of the Latin American novel on a global scale. It begins with a brief overview of theoretical approaches in current debates on world literature and the status of Latin America as a peripheral space from a Eurocentric perspective, then zeroes in on modernist writers’ cosmopolitanism and early forms of international circulation (1880–1960). After that, the material conditions of Boom and post-Boom novels as world literature between 1960 and 1990 are examined. Finally, the chapter looks at the changes in the Latin American and global book markets since 1990, and how new material conditions around the selection, translation, and circulation of literature have shaped the contemporary global Latin American novel.
An ACT Approach to Assessment, Case Conceptualization, and Treatment
Authors: Daigle Katrina M. , Grimaldi Mikala A. , Schneider Rebecca , Coyne Lisa W.
Published: September 2022

In comparison to a more traditional diagnostic-based assessment, the contextual behavioral science (CBS) approach focuses more broadly on the function of behaviors within a given context. A CBS assessment explores patterns of experiential avoidance and cognitive fusion, while the corresponding intervention encourages psychological flexibility and values-based action. Through recurrent assessment and case conceptualization, clinicians can assess and identify which ACT processes to target in treatment in order to shape psychological flexibility. Included in this article are a review of formal measurement and case formulation tools that support the assessment and treatment planning process, and a discussion of newer approaches to assessment, including application of clinical relational frame theory and evolutionary approaches.
Acceptance
Authors: Merwin Rhonda M. , Moskovich Ashley A. , Pisoni Angela , Freeman Sara , Onnink Carly
Published: September 2022

Acceptance refers to the active and aware embrace of unwanted private events. It is the cornerstone of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) interventions and is evoked whenever experiential avoidance interferes with valued living. This chapter provides a conceptual overview of acceptance, including the conditions that give rise to experiential avoidance and strategies to disrupt these ineffective behaviors and create a context for change. Included is a discussion of the use of functional assessment to identify targets for acceptance, and clinical interventions to evoke and reinforce acceptance or willingness in the presence of unwanted events and with progressively more challenging content. Also reviewed are current strategies to measure acceptance, which have relied heavily on self-report, but also include frequency counts, session coding, and longitudinal high-density measurement, such as in ecological momentary assessment. The article ends with a brief review of the empirical evidence for acceptance as a process of change in lab-based and outcome studies, as well as directions for future research.
An Introduction to Public Music Theory
Authors: Jenkins J. Daniel
Published: September 2022

This chapter previews and summarizes the essays in this book and the ways they relate to the idea of public music theory. Examples of public music theory include various forms of applied music theory (including outreach and engagement), ways of communicating with concert audiences, and the application of technological advancements in order to bring music theory to wider audiences. The chapter considers why some might view academic music theory as incompatible with the concept of public music theory, but rather than formulate public music theory in opposition to academic music theory; the chapter proposes a model of a liminal space in which academic music theorists take on the role of public music theorists and in which music theory thrives without the inclusion of any academic music theorist whatsoever. The chapter concludes with some thoughts about how academic music theorists can be responsible in engaging with the public. Ultimately, the chapter asks readers to consider how the lens of public music theory can broaden and expand what they consider music theory to be, uncovering more and more examples of what Thomas Christensen calls “hidden theory.”
The Epistemology of African Sociological Knowledge Practices
Authors: Jimoh Anselm K. , Akpoughul-Abunya Moses M. , Jemibor Peace O.
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses the epistemology of African sociological knowledge. It emphasizes the legitimacy of alternative sociological knowledge practices and discusses the possibility of their global character. African sociological knowledge deals with the epistemic import of the relationship between individuals and social practices in African cultures, the ideas that are generated, and how these ideas inform the beliefs and understanding of reality among Africans. As an aspect of African communitarian epistemology, African sociological knowledge is understood as the product of socially situated activities and practices, community social organization, and social institutions. In light of the universalization of Western epistemic practices as evaluative paradigms for knowledge and truth, the chapter discusses the epistemicide of African indigenous knowledge systems. It argues that the pluralistic nature of our world allows for fluid authenticity in knowledge inquiry and advocates a knowledge democracy that involves a polycentric epistemology.
Decolonizing Sociology in Africa
Authors: Gukurume Simbarashe
Published: September 2022

This chapter contributes to debates on decolonization by focusing on the decolonization of sociology in Southern Africa. In the past few years, the call to decolonize universities, pedagogy, and curriculum has gained traction. From the time of its emergence, sociology has always been implicated in processes of colonial empire-making. In fact, sociology is deeply rooted in Eurocentric epistemological and ontological canons. Drawing on research done in Zimbabwe and South Africa, the chapter focuses on the decolonization of sociology in those two countries. It examines the ways in which sociology academics are responding to calls to decolonize curriculum and pedagogy. Utilizing Nyamnjoh’s concepts of “incompleteness” and “conviviality,” it makes a case for a decolonized sociology that embraces incompleteness as a normal way of being and border thinking. It is asserted that decolonized African sociology should be conceived of as a permanent work in progress and as a space of convivial knowledge production.
Using Efficiency, Equity and Voice for Defining Job Quality, and Legal Regulation for Achieving It
Authors: Befort Stephen F. , Borelli Silvia , Budd John W.
Published: September 2022

This chapter uses the three key employment relationship objectives identified by pluralist employment relations theory—efficiency, equity and voice—to define the elements of job quality. This unique approach results in the principle that high-quality jobs are those that deliver efficiency, equity and voice for workers and organizations whereas low-quality jobs lack efficiency, equity and/or voice. The resulting job quality measures are new additions to the scholarly literature and policy statements on job quality, especially with respect to efficiency and voice. Notably, the foundational use of efficiency, equity and voice uniquely indicated that good jobs are not only those that are good for workers but are also productive jobs that serve organizational and societal interests and that provide multiple channels of voice. Pluralist industrial relations thought is also used to inform strategies for achieving high levels of job quality. In contrast to alternative perspectives that rely on markets or organizational leaders, a pluralist industrial relations approach focuses attention on how to structure capitalist, non-market institutions to promote desirable levels of job quality. Legal interventions in the United States and Europe that can promote job quality by improving efficiency, equity and/or voice are used as illustrations.
Knowledge
Authors: Campbell-Verduyn Malcolm
Published: September 2022

This chapter identifies a gap in International Political Economy (IPE) research broadly scrutinizing knowledge from positivist and post-positivist epistemologies. It concurs with the claim advanced by the handbook editors that this gap is not necessarily bad in elaborating deep knowledge on a range of empirical issues. Nevertheless, it finds that better communication and interaction between positivist and post-positivist research can enhance the wisdom of IPE. Three avenues of research—on knowledge governance, historicity, and technology—are identified as useful pathways for communicating IPE insights into the production, dissemination, and control of knowledge across the epistemological divide, as well as more widely with students, policymakers, and the broader public.
The German Welfare State
Authors: Starke Peter
Published: September 2022

The chapter sketches the transformation of the German welfare state since reunification. Its central thesis is that while the ‘shell’ of the social insurance system remains visible, it has been hollowed out and does not deliver the same level of security as it used to. Policy drift and deliberate reforms have reduced its ability to counteract the strongly inegalitarian trends in society and in Germany’s liberalized political economy. The traditional goal of status security has been partly replaced by minimum protection and ‘social investment’. This development is traced chronologically, through several reform episodes dealing, respectively, with the challenge of reunification, mass unemployment, demographic change, rising female labour market participation, and, finally, the management of a series of exogenous shocks since 2008. The chapter also asks to what extent the German welfare state delivers on key social outcomes.
Gender and Political Participation
Authors: Páez-Bernal Camila , Kittilson Miki Caul
Published: September 2022

Abstract: Across most democracies, gender differences continue to define a variety of modes of political participation. Examining only electoral forms of participation limits explanation of how, when, and why men and women participate in the political process. We discuss how communitarian and private spaces are grounds for political participation. We call for considering a wider set of contextual factors to explain variation across place, time, and modes of participation. Further, cross-level links between the international, national, and local can help theorize how context creates opportunities and incentives for particular forms of participation. Specifically, taking into account the contours of women’s movements and women’s organizations may improve understanding of gender differences in political participation and in the understanding of social movements.
Political Disengagement
Authors: Valgarðsson Viktor , Stoker Gerry , Devine Daniel , Gaskell Jen , Jennings Will
Published: September 2022

In recent decades, scholars and commentators have raised concerns about increasing citizen disengagement from politics, in particular from formal participation in liberal democracies. This trend is generally seen as indicative of declining public support for these regimes, but empirical analyses of the implications of disengagement are rare. This chapter looks at the relationship between disengagement and political trust across different types of engagement and regime. Disengagement from formal politics (voting) and cognitive engagement (political interest) are significantly related to lower levels of political trust in all regimes. Disengagement from extra-institutional politics (demonstrations) is associated with higher levels of trust, however, except at the aggregate level among liberal democracies. These results clarify the interaction of disengagement with political trust and potentially regime support, but a final interpretation must wait for a better understanding of change over time and to what extent younger generations of citizens engage and trust in different ways.
Comportements de mouvement et santé des enfants et des jeunes handicapés : impact de la pandémie de COVID-19 en 2020
Authors: Arbour-Nicitopoulos Kelly P , James Maeghan E , Moore Sarah A , Sharma Ritu , Martin Ginis Kathleen A
Published: September 2022

Objectifs

Cette étude s’est penchée sur l’impact ponctuel et prolongé de la pandémie de COVID-19 sur les comportements de mouvement et la santé des enfants et jeunes handicapés du Canada.

Méthode

Quatre-vingt-six parents d’enfants et jeunes handicapés ont répondu deux fois à un questionnaire en ligne (en mai et en novembre 2020). Des entrevues ont eu lieu en mars 2021 auprès de sept familles.

Résultats

Lors des deux évaluations, < 20 % des enfants et jeunes handicapés atteignaient les cibles d’activité physique et de comportement sédentaire préconisées dans les directives, et > 50 % des enfants et jeunes handicapés atteignaient les cibles de sommeil. Aucun enfant et jeune handicapé n’atteignait les trois cibles de mouvement préconisées dans les directives. Près du quart des enfants et jeunes handicapés ont rapporté un déclin par rapport au niveau d’avant la pandémie. Les thèmes de l’entrevue ont révélé que le changement de la routine, le temps libre, les occasions moins fréquentes de physiothérapie, la capacité parentale et l’environnement social et aménagé ont tous contribué aux comportements de mouvement des enfants et jeunes handicapés.

Conclusions

Les efforts de relance après la pandémie de COVID-19 doivent donner la priorité aux comportements de mouvement et à la santé des enfants et jeunes handicapés par l’entremise de programmes de bonne qualité, d’instructeurs bien formés, d’infrastructure accessible et inclusive, et de santé axée sur la famille.
Sourcing the water that makes up tree biomass
Authors: Dawson Todd E
Published: September 2022

Determining the potential sources of water that eventually become organic matter that make up the bulk of tree biomass has been facilitated by using the stable isotope composition of waters. Until recently these water sources were thought to only be taken up by roots from soils and other subsurface reservoirs. However, there is a growing body of evidence that now shows that water taken up directly by leaves and stems can not only be significant but can also dominate as the water source used in organic matter synthesis. In this commentary, I review and discuss these issues and point to an important paper by Akira Kagawa in this issue of Tree Physiology that provides a new experimental method and some striking evidence that foliar water uptake can be the primary water source that makes up tree biomass.
Resistance of Almond (Prunus dulcis) to Xylella fastidiosa: A Comparative Study on Cultivars
Authors: Amanifar Naser , Luvisi Andrea
Published: September 2022

Almond leaf scorch is a disease caused by Xylella fastidiosa, which is increasingly widespread globally in the main almond cultivation areas. Previously confined to America, in the last decade this disease has been reported in Iran and southern Europe. In this comparative study, the resistance to X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex of 13 almond cultivars (Mamaei, Non-Pareil, Sefied, Rabie, Ferragnes, Shahrood21, Thompson, Merced, Marcona, Frudeul, Kapariel, Princess, and Tuono) grafted onto seedlings of Talkhe was evaluated in controlled conditions. Plants were artificially inoculated and maintained in greenhouse conditions. Approximately 3 months after inoculation, three times at 3-week intervals, disease incidence, disease severity, and disease index were determined based on scaling, and bacterial populations were estimated. The effect of winter survival of bacteria in outdoor potted seedlings was also investigated in all almond cultivars. Findings showed a great degree of variability in response to X. fastidiosa among cultivars considering symptom development and severity, as well as bacterial titer. Thompson and Rabie cultivars scored the best results from both a symptomatological and infectious point of view, indicating resistance against the pathogen compared with other tolerant cultivars (e.g., Ferragnes, Tuono, and Kapariel), thanks to the development of mild symptoms. Mamaei, Non-Pareil, and Sefied scored worst, suggesting a susceptible behavior when infected by X. fastidiosa. Given that the pathogen was not detected by culturing and PCR during the following summer, bacterial population in potted seedlings was reduced significantly by overwintering in outdoor conditions regardless of cultivar susceptibility. This suggests that cold treatment can be used as a preventive treatment to manage nursery almond seedlings.
Reconstruction of medial collateral ligament and posterior oblique ligament of the knee using anatomically routed semitendinosus transfer: a retrospective case series
Authors: Haroun Haitham K.
Published: September 2022

Background:

Double bundle reconstruction of superficial medial collateral (sMCL) and posterior oblique (POL) ligaments with a single femoral tunnel using distally based semitendinosus is a traditional procedure for management of medial knee ligament complex injuries. However, the transferred tendon was always routed in nonanatomical configuration. The author reports the clinical outcomes and complications in a reconstruction technique with anatomical graft routing method.

Methods:

Fourteen patients with International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) grade 3 or 4 valgus instability and anteromedial rotatory instability underwent reconstruction of sMCL and POL by anatomically routed semitendinosus tendon transfer. The average age of the patients was 36.6 yr. Medial-sided knee ligament injury was isolated in two patients and part of multiligament knee injury in 12 patients. The average duration between injury and surgery was 7 wk (range 2 to 25). Patients were evaluated preoperatively and at final follow-up.

Results:

After a median follow-up of 29.5 mo (range, 24 to 36), the mean Lysholm and IKDC subjective scores improved from 27 (2.95) and 46.8 (8.26) preoperatively to 87.6 (3.44) and 71.7 (3.68) at latest follow-up (P<0.05), respectively. Nine patients (64.3%) returned at a preinjury Tegner score level at final follow-up. Both medial and posteromedial laxity were significantly improved on physical examination (P<0.01). No patients had recurrent laxity of medial knee reconstruction or any concurrent cruciate ligament reconstructions.

Conclusions:

Reconstruction of sMCL and POL using anatomically routed semitendinosus transfer showed favorable clinical outcomes without recurrence of medial or anteromedial instability after midterm follow-up.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV.
Development of a strategy for assessing blood-brain barrier disruption using serum S100 calcium-binding protein B and neuron-specific enolase in early stage of neuroemergencies: A preliminary study
Authors: Yun Gi Su , In Yong Nam , Kang Changshin , Park Jung Soo , You Yeonho , Min Jin Hong , Ahn Hong Joon , Yoo Insool , Kim Seung Whan , Oh Se Kwang , Lee In Ho , Kim Da Mi
Published: September 2022

Background:

Rapid disease progression in neuroemergencies is associated with blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. We investigated a less invasive strategy for assessing BBB status by evaluating S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) at early stages of the hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIBI) cascade.

Methods:

This retrospective study used prospectively collected data from patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (August 2019–July 2021). Albumin specimens obtained from serum and cerebrospinal fluid via arterial catheter and lumbar puncture were used to measure the albumin quotient (Qa), which is widely accepted as the gold standard method for detecting BBB disruption. Serum S100B and NSE levels were measured simultaneously following the return of spontaneous circulation. We conducted linear regression to evaluate the relationship between S100B and Qa and the predictive performance of S100B for abnormal Qa. The primary study outcome was abnormal Qa (>0.007).

Results:

Forty-one patients were enrolled; 30 showed an abnormal Qa suggestive of BBB disruption. S100B levels were significantly higher than in those with a normal Qa (0.244 μg/L [interquartile range [IQR], 0.146–0.823 vs 0.754 μg/L [IQR, 0.317–2.228], P = .03). We report a positive correlation between serum S100B and Qa (R2 = 0.110; P = .04). The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC) evaluating the predictive performance of S100B with respect to abnormal Qa was 0.718 (95% confidence interval, 0.556–0.847). The cutoff value for S100B (with respect to BBB disruption) in the total cohort was 0.283 μg/L (sensitivity, 80.0%; specificity, 72.7%). Subgroup analyses in patients with serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels of <40.8 ng/mL (excluding those with established neuronal cell injury) showed an improved correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.382; P < .01) and predictive performance (AUROC, 0.836 [95% confidence interval, 0.629–0.954]) compared with the total cohort.

Conclusions:

Serum S100B obtained at an early stage of the HIBI cascade is associated with abnormal Qa, suggesting BBB disruption. The predictive performance of S100B and the correlation between serum S100B and Qa can be improved using a complementary strategy (i.e., evaluations of S100B and NSE levels) that combines considerations of cell damage in astrocytes and neurons.
Acquired dural arteriovenous fistula after cerebellopontine angle meningioma: A case report
Authors: Park Jung-Soo , Lee Jong-Myong
Published: September 2022

Rationale:

Intracranial brain surgeries, including ventriculostomy, burr hole, craniotomy, and craniectomy, are the most common causes of acquired dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF). Here we report a case of acquired dAVF after a cerebellopontine angle meningioma surgery.

Patient concerns:

A 51-year-old woman was diagnosed with a 40-mm cerebellopontine angle meningioma. The patient underwent surgery via a retrosigmoid suboccipital approach. A small craniotomy and an additional craniectomy were performed. At 7 months after the surgery, she presented with pulsating tinnitus and headache.

Diagnosis:

Magnetic resonance imaging and digital subtraction angiography showed a dAVF that was fed by the occipital artery and drained into transverse and sigmoid sinuses.

Interventions:

We performed Onyx® (Irvine, CA) embolization.

Outcomes:

The patient’s symptoms completely improved.

Lessons:

Craniectomy defects, partially exposed sinuses, and incomplete cranioplasty might be risk factors for iatrogenic dAVF after a retrosigmoid suboccipital craniotomy or craniectomy. Complete reconstructive cranioplasty is an essential procedure to prevent a direct connection between the venous sinus and the external carotid artery.
Effectiveness of home-based telerehabilitation programs on functional capacity and cardiac function in elderly heart failure patients: A prospective longitudinal study
Authors: Tsai Wei-Jung , Wen Yan-Kai , Cheng Yuan-Yang , Huang Jin-Long , Chen Yan-Wen
Published: September 2022

Decreased functional capacity and reduced cardiac function were the main symptoms in patients with heart failure (HF) and the incidence increases with advanced age. The guidelines recommend that exercise training should be considered for medically stable HF outpatients. Studies have confirmed that exercise can improve functional capacity, prognosis, and reduced hospitalization rates; however, very few studies have investigated the elderly. It is not clear whether exercise could be feasible in elderly HF. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the 6-month heart failure post-acute care program focused on home-based cardiac telerehabilitation (HCTR) on functional capacity, cardiac function, and readmission rates in HF patients.

A prospective longitudinal study was conducted. Study duration was from January 2018 to December 2019. HF patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction <40% and age ≧65 years were included and divided into intervention (n = 40) and control group (n = 41). We arranged a 6-month heart failure post-acute care program that included outpatient cardiac rehabilitation and home exercise for the intervention group. The response to home exercise was followed by telemonitor. The exercise parameters were recorded on the HF health management mobile application system platform by each patient and daily transmission to hospital’s cloud database as HCTR, usual care program for the control group. Information such as general data, laboratory data, six-minute walk test, cardiac function, and admission record was collected from all patients.

Eighty one patients between the ages of 65 and 92 completed the study. The mean age was 73.3 ± 5.0 and 75.6 ± 6.0 years in control and intervention group, respectively. The intervention group showed a statistically significant improvement in functional capacity, percentage change in the of six-minute walk distance (51.2% vs 17.7%, P < .05, 95% confidence interval −45.9 to −6.3). Left ventricular ejection fraction increased by 7.7%, which corresponds to 25.6% in relative terms (P < .05, 95% confidence interval −7.8 to −0.5). The readmission rate was 4.6% in the intervention group.

Six months of post-acute HF focused on HCTR programs was safe, improved functional capacity, cardiac function, and decreased readmission rate in elderly patients with HF patients.
Relationship between cervical posterior subcutaneous fat tissue thickness and the presence and degree of cervical intervertebral disc degeneration
Authors: Yuksel Yavuz , Ergun Tarkan , Torun Ebru
Published: September 2022

Objective:

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between cervical region subcutaneous fat tissue thickness and the presence and level of cervical intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD).

Methods:

Magnetic resonance imaging examinations of patients referred to our clinic for the investigation of neck pain were evaluated retrospectively. A total of 300 women aged 30–40 years were included in the study. The presence and level of IVDD were evaluated for each patient. The cervical subcutaneous fat tissue thickness was also measured.

Results:

IVDD was determined as Grade 1 for 88 patients (29.3%), Grade 2 for 56 patients (18.6%), Grade 3 for 82 patients (27.3%), Grade 4 for 60 patients (20%), and Grade 5 for 14 patients (4.6%). Subcutaneous fat tissue thickness was higher in patients with cervical disc degeneration (mean: 6.28 ± 0.19 mm) than in those without cervical disc degeneration (mean: 5.33 ± 0.18 mm) (P = .001). There was a positive correlation between the degree of cervical disc degeneration and subcutaneous fat tissue thickness ( = 0.001, r = 0.245).

Conclusion:

An increase in the cervical fat tissue thickness is a predisposing factor for the development of degeneration of the intervertebral disc. There is a close relationship between subcutaneous fat tissue thickness and the degree of degeneration.
Islet architecture in adult mice is actively maintained by Robo2 expression in β cells
Authors: Waters Bayley J. , Blum Barak
Published: September 2022

Pancreatic islets of Langerhans have a non-random spatial architecture, which is important to proper glucose homeostasis. Islet architecture forms during embryonic development, in a morphogenesis process partially involving expression of Roundabout (Robo) receptors in β cells, and their ligand, Slit, in the surrounding mesenchyme. Whether islet architecture is set during development and remains passive in adulthood, or whether it requires active maintenance throughout life, has not been determined. To distinguish between these two models, we conditionally deleted Robo2 in β cells of adult mice and observed their islet architecture following a two-month chase. Here, we show that deleting Robo2 in adult β cells causes significant loss of islet architecture without affecting β cell identity, maturation, or stress, indicating that Robo2 plays a role in actively maintaining adult islet architecture. Understanding the factors required to maintain islet architecture, and thus optimize islet function, is important for developing future diabetes therapies.
Protein engineering shows antifreeze activity scales with ice-binding site area
Authors: Scholl Connor L. , Davies Peter L.
Published: September 2022

The ice-binding site (IBS) of the 9.6-kDa springtail (Collembola) antifreeze protein from Granisotoma rainieri was identified by mutagenesis. We then studied the protein’s activity as a function of IBS area. Its polyproline type II helical bundle fold facilitates changes to both IBS length and width. A one third increase in IBS width, through the addition of a single helix doubled antifreeze activity. A one third decrease in area reduced activity to 10%. A construct engineered with an additional tripeptide turn in each helix displayed a 5-fold decrease in activity. Molecular dynamics suggested that the lengthened IBS is more twisted than the wild type, emphasizing the importance of a flat surface for antifreeze activity.
Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 3-({4-[(4-cyanophenoxy)carbonyl]phenoxy}carbonyl)phenyl 4-(benzyloxy)-3-chlorobenzoate
Authors: Selvanandan S. , Anil kumar H. , Srinivasa H. T. , Palakshamurthy B. S.
Published: September 2022

The title compound, C35H22ClNO7, is a non-liquid crystal with a bent-shaped molecule. The dihedral angles between adjacent aromatic rings in the molecule (starting from the cyanobenzene ring) are 72.61 (2), 87.69 (4), 64.08 (2) and 88.23 (2)°, indicating that adjacent rings are close to perpendicular to each other. In the crystal, the molecules are linked by weak C—H...N and C—H...π interactions, thereby forming a two-dimensional supramolecular architecture in the ac plane. The most important contributions to the crystal packing arise from H...H (59.3%), S...H (27.4%) and O...H (7.5%) interactions, as determined by a Hirshfeld surface analysis.
Pathology and proactive maintenance of floor finishes
Authors: Ventura Madalena , S. Dias Ilídio , Flores-Colen Inês , Silva Ana
Published: September 2022

Purpose

This research proposes the study of the pathology in floor finishes, focussing on proactive maintenance strategies to promote the durability of these elements. A model to assess the floorings' performance levels was designed to support decision-making regarding maintenance activities to be carried out, in order to prevent the defects and extend the floors' service life.

Design/methodology/approach

The model to measure the floorings' level of performance was developed based on the literature and applied in fieldwork, focussed on visual inspections of floor finishes. Photographs were taken and standardized inspection forms were used to collect the data about the defects in the floors.

Findings

This study provides a simple classification model to assess floorings' performance levels, capable to define priorities and help decision-makers in adopting maintenance activities. The model was validated through a case study, which showed that occasionally the choice of the floor finishes is incorrectly made only based on aesthetic criteria and not taking into account the main criteria, i.e. the use of space.

Originality/value

This work contributes to a development of methodologies to assess floorings' performance levels, to study the behavior of different floor finishes, to propose maintenance strategies to improve their performance in service and adopt better solutions in the buildings' design phase.
A personal reflection on repositioning the masculinity entrepreneurship debate in the literature and in the entrepreneurship research community
Authors: Smith Robert
Published: September 2022

Purpose

Despite the healthy growth in studies and publications in recent years in relation to the expanding paradigm of gender and entrepreneurship, and notwithstanding the success of this very journal, from the perspective of the author, the field remains overly dominated by a focus on female and women's entrepreneurship. Conversely, there are few studies on masculinity and entrepreneurship and the role of men in shaping gendered entrepreneurship. In addition, few male entrepreneurship scholars choose to write in this niche and specialised field. Indeed, there is a discernible imbalance in the literature in relation to what can be termed as “silent” and “silenced” masculinities. In this reflection, the study aims to look back at his career as an entrepreneurship and gender scholar, considering why this situation exists.

Design/methodology/approach

This is an invited, reflective essay written in an auto-ethnographic style containing personal viewpoints.

Findings

In the feminist-inspired gender and entrepreneurship literature, “Patriarchy” and the entrepreneurial “strawman” are blamed for the problems associated with the “silent” and silenced female entrepreneur. Much of the gendered literature concentrates on gendered female stereotypes and in particular on negative elements of these. The main finding is that the common assumption of the female as proxy for gender has, to date, prevented the consideration of the full spectrum of gendered identities. These issues are explored, and a call is made for more in-depth research into masculinity and entrepreneurship.

Originality/value

This reflection presents some novel thoughts on how to advance the debate on gender scholarship and in particular masculinity.
School organisers’ expression on the expansion of the access and application of digital technologies in educational systems
Authors: Reis-Andersson Jussara
Published: September 2022

Purpose

This paper is aimed at describing and analysing what school organisers express when they network to expand the access and application of digital technologies in educational systems. Digital technologies develop rapidly in society, creating challenges and opportunities in people’s lives. Schools have an important task: to prepare young people for a future permeated by digital technology.

Design/methodology/approach

Participant observations and semi-structured interviews were used to describe and analyse how school organisers describe digitalisation work in the educational system.

Findings

The findings show that school organisers describe digital competence and providing support to schools as being important for expanding the access and application of digital technologies in the educational system. They also talk about equality connected to digitalisation work, changes in organisations, the importance of a holistic perspective, and a gold thread. They furthermore explain that networks, a sharing culture, good relations, and good communication enable digitalisation work. In addition, they point out that the lack of time, attitudes towards digital technologies, the lack of digital competence, and resistance to change are some of the constraints for digital technologies in the educational system.

Practical implications

School organisers need to implement digitalisation policies, which can be problematic because they work strategically to support operational activities.

Originality/value

This paper contributes knowledge about school organisers’ work to expand the access and application of digital technologies in the educational system.
Supplier diversity for socially responsible purchasing: an empirical investigation in Brazil
Authors: Miguel Priscila L.S. , Tonelli Maria José
Published: September 2022

Purpose

Based on a critical lens, this paper aims to empirically evaluate the adoption of programs to buy from minority suppliers (MS) and their outcomes in Brazil, considering a multi-stakeholder approach (buying companies, suppliers and third parties).

Design/methodology/approach

The data were collected via an exploratory survey involving 109 buying companies and two case studies with 21 in-depth interviews.

Findings

It was revealed that supplier diversity (SD) in Brazil is still developing, and is more rhetoric than a practice promoting real change. The current traditional procurement mindset, the role of third parties, and the focus on supplier selection, rather than on supplier development prevents a social impact that could reduce inequality between MS and their counterparts.

Originality/value

Previous studies were focused on buying companies' perspective in advanced countries that have clear regulation for SD. By exploring the phenomenon in a country with great economic disparities and no regulation, and using a critical lens, this study highlights the difference between desired and effective implementation of social initiatives that promote inclusiveness.