bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Tube, Gel, and Immunochromatographic Strip Methods for Evaluation of Blood Transfusion Compatibility in Horses
Authors: Luethy D. , Owens S.D. , Stefanovski D. , Nolen‐Walston R. , Giger U.
Published: October 2016

Background

Assessment of blood compatibility, typically by tube agglutination (TUBE) and hemolysis crossmatch or, less commonly, by blood typing and alloantibody screening, often is performed before blood transfusion in horses. In contrast, gel column (GEL) and immunochromatographic strip (STRIP) techniques are preferred for compatibility testing in dogs and cats.

Objective

To determine the accuracy of novel and standard crossmatch and typing methods.

Animals

Thirty‐eight healthy horses, previously blood typed and alloantibody screened.

Methods

TUBE and GEL crossmatches were performed on 146 different recipient‐donor pairs with 56 incompatible TUBE crossmatches. Crossmatches were compared by nonparametric area under the curve of receiver operating characteristic (AUC‐ROC) analyses. Horses also were blood typed by the novel immunochromatographic Ca typing STRIP.

Results

Compared to TUBE crossmatch, GEL had excellent accuracy for agglutination (AUC‐ROC = 0.903), but marginal accuracy for hemolysis (AUC‐ROC = 0.639). Compared to macroscopic TUBE, microscopic TUBE had excellent accuracy for agglutination (AUC‐ROC = 0.912). The predicted crossmatch compatibility based on blood type and alloantibody assay showed excellent accuracy compared to TUBE and GEL (AUC‐ROC = 0.843 and 0.897, respectively). However, there were more recipient‐donor pairs identified as incompatible by both TUBE and GEL than predicted by blood type and antibody screen, suggesting the presence of unidentified alloantibodies. A Ca typing STRIP exhibited 100% sensitivity and specificity for the 35 Ca+ and 3 Ca‐ horses tested.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Gel column crossmatch and Ca typing immunochromatographic strip are simple and accurate methods to evaluate clinical blood compatibility.
Nutrient uptake and use efficiency in co‐occurring plants along a disturbance and nutrient availability gradient in the boreal forests of the southwest Yukon, Canada
Authors: Nitschke Craig R. , Waeber Patrick O. , Klaassen Jan W. , Dordel Julia , Innes John L. , Aponte Cristina
Published: October 2016

Aim

In boreal forest ecosystems plant productivity is typically constrained by mineral nutrient availability. In some boreal regions changes in nutrient availability have led to limited changes in productivity but large changes in plant composition. To determine the impact that a change in nutrient availability has on the plant communities it is important to understand how species use nutrients. Here we explore how plant species and functional types in a cold‐dry boreal forest community use available nutrients by quantifying their respective nutrient utilization and response efficiency.

Location

Boreal forests in the southwest corner of the Yukon Territory, Canada.

Methods

We collected soil samples and total plant biomass from 29 plots from nine locations subjected to fire, harvesting or bark beetle disturbances. Nutrient analysis of all vegetation and soil samples were conducted to determine the concentration of macro‐ and micronutrients from both plant biomass and soils collected. Nutrient pools between stands with different disturbance histories are compared. Nutrient uptake, use and response efficiencies were then calculated and nutrient response profiles were developed for each species/functional type.

Results

We found few differences between nutrient pools in plots with different disturbance histories. A clear separation of species and functional groups in elemental hyperspace suggesting divergent nutrient use in co‐occurring species was identified. The use efficiency analysis highlighted that the species with the highest uptake efficiency have lowest use efficiency and vice versa. Species showed either a monotonic or constant relationship between nutrient response efficiency and N, P, K, reflecting a lack of relationship between plant productivity and resource availability or a linear increase in productivity with increasing nutrient availability, respectively.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that species are maximizing nutrient use along different parts of the resource gradient, which has implications for understanding how species respond to changes in nutrient availability. Our findings also show that nutrient use by some species may be governed more by uptake efficiency than use efficiency, allowing them to respond to increases in resource availability by increasing uptake rather than use.
Experimental evolution of rhizobia may lead to either extra‐ or intracellular symbiotic adaptation depending on the selection regime
Authors: Marchetti Marta , Clerissi Camille , Yousfi Yasmine , Gris Carine , Bouchez Olivier , Rocha Eduardo , Cruveiller Stéphane , Jauneau Alain , Capela Delphine , Masson‐Boivin Catherine
Published: October 2016

Experimental evolution is a powerful approach to study the process of adaptation to new environments, including the colonization of eukaryotic hosts. Facultative endosymbionts, including pathogens and mutualists, face changing and spatially structured environments during the symbiotic process, which impose diverse selection pressures. Here, we provide evidence that different selection regimes, involving different times spent in the plant environment, can result in either intra‐ or extracellular symbiotic adaptations. In previous work, we introduced the symbiotic plasmid of Cupriavidus taiwanensis, the rhizobial symbiont of Mimosa pudica, into the phytopathogen Ralstonia solanacearum and selected three variants able to form root nodules on M. pudica, two (CBM212 and CBM349) being able to rudimentarily infect nodule cells and the third one (CBM356) only capable of extracellular infection of nodules. Each nodulating ancestor was further challenged to evolve using serial ex planta–in planta cycles of either 21 (three short‐cycle lineages) or 42 days (three long‐cycle lineages). In this study, we compared the phenotype of the 18 final evolved clones. Evolution through short and long cycles resulted in similar adaptive paths on lineages deriving from the two intracellularly infectious ancestors, CBM212 and CBM349. In contrast, only short cycles allowed a stable acquisition of intracellular infection in lineages deriving from the extracellularly infecting ancestor, CBM356. Long cycles, instead, favoured improvement of extracellular infection. Our work highlights the importance of the selection regime in shaping desired traits during host‐mediated selection experiments.
Cuticle hydrolysis in four medically important fly species by enzymes of the entomopathogenic fungus Conidiobolus coronatus
Authors: BOGUŚ M. I. , WŁÓKA E. , WROŃSKA A. , KACZMAREK A. , KAZEK M. , ZALEWSKA K. , LIGĘZA ‐ ŻUBER M. , GOŁĘBIOWSKI M.
Published: October 2016

Entomopathogenic fungi infect insects via penetration through the cuticle, which varies remarkably in chemical composition across species and life stages. Fungal infection involves the production of enzymes that hydrolyse cuticular proteins, chitin and lipids. Host specificity is associated with fungus–cuticle interactions related to substrate utilization and resistance to host‐specific inhibitors. The soil fungus Conidiobolus coronatus (Constantin) (Entomophthorales: Ancylistaceae) shows virulence against susceptible species. The larvae and pupae of Calliphora vicina (Robineau‐Desvoidy) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Calliphora vomitoria (Linnaeus), Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and Musca domestica (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Muscidae) are resistant, but adults exposed to C. coronatus quickly perish. Fungus was cultivated for 3 weeks in a minimal medium. Cell‐free filtrate, for which activity of elastase, N‐acetylglucosaminidase, chitobiosidase and lipase was determined, was used for in vitro hydrolysis of the cuticle from larvae, puparia and adults. Amounts of amino acids, N‐glucosamine and fatty acids released were measured after 8 h of incubation. The effectiveness of fungal enzymes was correlated with concentrations of compounds detected in the cuticles of tested insects. Positive correlations suggest compounds used by the fungus as nutrients, whereas negative correlations may indicate compounds responsible for insect resistance. Adult deaths result from the ingestion of conidia or fungal excretions.
Prevalence and oral health‐related quality of life of self‐reported orofacial conditions in Sweden
Authors: Oghli I , List T , John M , Larsson P
Published: October 2016

Objectives

To (i) determine the prevalences of self‐report in a Swedish adult population, of temporomandibular disorders, burning mouth syndrome, dry mouth, and bad breath and (ii) determine oral health‐related quality‐of‐life impairment in subjects reporting these conditions.

Subjects and methods

A cross‐sectional, randomized sample of the adult Swedish population (response rate: 46%, N = 1309 subjects) self‐reported their condition from the preceding month to assess prevalences of self‐report for the studied conditions together with comorbidity group of subjects who reported more than one condition. The 49‐item Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) used to assess oral health‐related quality of life.

Results

The most prevalent condition was bad breath (39%), followed by dry mouth (22%), temporomandibular disorders (18%) and burning mouth syndrome (4%). High comorbidity of conditions occurred in 27% of the population. Quality‐of‐life impairment increased with the number of comorbid conditions. Among individual conditions, burning mouth syndrome and temporomandibular disorders (57% and 40% OHIP points) presented higher impairment than dry mouth and bad breath (32% and 26% OHIP points).

Conclusions

Orofacial conditions were common and often coexist. The comorbidity group experienced the highest impact on oral health‐related quality of life: the more the comorbid conditions, the greater the negative impact.
Geographic variation in seasonality and its influence on the dynamics of an infectious disease
Authors: Lisovski Simeon , Hoye Bethany J. , Klaassen Marcel
Published: October 2016

Seasonal changes in environmental drivers – such as temperature, rainfall, and resource availability – have the potential to shape infection dynamics through their reverberating effects on biological processes including host abundance and susceptibility to infection. However, seasonality varies geographically. We therefore expect marked differences in infection dynamics between regions with different seasonal patterns. By pairing extensive Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) surveillance data – 65 358 individual bird samples from 12 species of dabbling ducks sampled at 174 locations across North America – with quantification of seasonality using remote sensed data indicative for primary productivity (normalised differenced vegetation index, NDVI), we provide evidence that seasonal dynamics influence infection dynamics across a continent. More pronounced epidemics were seen to occur in regions experiencing a higher degree of seasonality, and epidemics of lower amplitude and longer duration occurred in regions with a more protracted and lower seasonal amplitude. These results demonstrate the potential importance of geographic variation in seasonality for explaining geographic variation in the dynamics of infectious diseases in wildlife.
Local adaptation of fish consumers alters primary production through changes in algal community composition and diversity
Authors: Bassar Ronald D. , Bryan Brynne L. , Marshall Michael C. , Pringle Catherine M. , Reznick David N. , Travis Joseph
Published: October 2016

Ecological research has focused on understanding how changes in consumer abundance affects community structure and ecosystem processes. However, there is increasing evidence that evolutionary changes in consumers can also alter community structure and ecosystem processes. Typically, the effects of consumer phenotype on communities and ecosystem processes are measured as net effects that integrate numerous ecological pathways. Here, we analyze new data from experimental manipulations of Trinidadian guppyPoecilia reticulatapresence, density and phenotype to examine how effects on the algal community cause changes in gross‐primary production (GPP). We combine analytical tools borrowed from path analysis with experimental exclosures in mesocosms to separate the ecological and evolutionary effects of guppies into direct and indirect components. We show that the evolutionary effects of guppy phenotype act through different ecological pathways than the effects of guppy presence and density on GPP. As reported in previous studies that used a different measure of algal biomass, adding guppies and doubling their densities decreased algal biovolume through direct effects. In contrast to these previously reported results, exchanging guppy phenotypes that live without predators for phenotypes that live with predators did not affect algal biovolume. Instead, guppies from populations that live with predators increased the diversity of algal species and increased GPP compared to guppies that live without predators. These changes in the algal community were driven primarily by guppy phenotypes that live with predators—algal communities in mesocosms without fish were similar to those with guppies from predator‐free locations, but both were different from mesocosms with guppies from populations that live with predators. Changes in the algal community were driven directly by differences in foraging behavior between the two consumer phenotypes. We reconcile these results with our previous findings, thereby enhancing our understanding of the relationship between ecological and evolutionary processes.
Development of the Japanese Version of the Leeds Assessment of the Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs Pain Scale: Diagnostic Utility in a Clinical Setting
Authors: Isomura Tatsuya , Sumitani Masahiko , Matsudaira Ko , Kawaguchi Mika , Inoue Reo , Hozumi Jun , Tanaka Takeyuki , Oshima Hirofumi , Mori Kanto , Taketomi Shuji , Inui Hiroshi , Tahara Keitaro , Yamagami Ryota , Hayakawa Kazuhiro
Published: October 2016

Objective

We aimed to assess the diagnostic utility of the linguistically validated Japanese version of the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs Pain Scale (LANSS‐J) as a screening tool for neuropathic pain in the clinical setting.

Methods

Patients with neuropathic pain or nociceptive pain who were 20 to 85 years of age were included. Sensitivity and specificity using the original cutoff value of 12 were assessed to evaluate the diagnostic utility of the LANSS‐J. Sensitivity and specificity with possible cutoff values were calculated, along with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. We then evaluated agreement regarding assessment of the LANSS‐J by two investigators. We used the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for the total score and Cohen's kappa coefficient for each item.

Results

Data for patients with neuropathic pain (n = 30) and those with nociceptive pain (n = 29) were analyzed. With a cutoff of 12, the sensitivity was 63.3% (19/30) and the specificity 93.1% (27/29). Sensitivity improved substantially with a cutoff of ≤ 11 (≥ 83.3%, 25/30). High specificity (93.1%, 27/29) was sustained with a cutoff of 9 to 12. The ICC for the total score was 0.85, indicating sufficient agreement. Kappa coefficients ranged from 0.68 to 0.84.

Conclusions

The LANSS‐J is a valid screening tool for detecting neuropathic pain. Our results suggest that employing the original cutoff value provides high specificity, although a lower cutoff value of 10 or 11 (with its high specificity maintained) may be more beneficial when pain attributed to neuropathic mechanisms is suspected in Japanese patients.
Portuguese Version of the Pain Beliefs and Perceptions Inventory: A Multicenter Validation Study
Authors: Azevedo Luís Filipe , Sampaio Rute , Camila Dias Cláudia , Romão José , Lemos Laurinda , Agualusa Luís , Vaz‐Serra Sílvia , Patto Teresa , Costa‐Pereira Altamiro , Castro‐Lopes José Manuel
Published: October 2016

Background

We aimed to perform the translation, cultural adaptation, and validation of the Pain Beliefs and Perceptions Inventory (PBPI) for the European Portuguese language and chronic pain population.

Methods

This is a longitudinal multicenter validation study. A Portuguese version of the PBPI (PBPI‐P) was created through a process of translation, back translation, and expert panel evaluation. The PBPI‐P was administered to a total of 122 patients from 13 chronic pain clinics in Portugal, at baseline and after 7 days. Internal consistency and test–retest reliability were assessed by Cronbach's alpha (α) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Construct (convergent and discriminant) validity was assessed based on a set of previously developed theoretical hypotheses about interrelations between the PBPI‐P and other measures. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed to test the theoretical structure of the PBPI‐P.

Results

The internal consistency and test–retest reliability coefficients for each respective subscale were α = 0.620 and ICC = 0.801 for mystery; α = 0.744 and ICC = 0.841 for permanence; α = 0.778 and ICC = 0.791 for constancy; and α = 0.764 and ICC = 0.881 for self‐blame. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis revealed a four‐factor structure (performance, constancy, self‐blame, and mystery) that explained 63% of the variance. The construct validity of the PBPI‐P was shown to be adequate, with more than 90% of the previously defined hypotheses regarding interrelations with other measures confirmed.

Conclusion

The PBPI‐P has been shown to be adequate and to have excellent reliability, internal consistency, and validity. It may contribute to a better pain assessment and is suitable for research and clinical use.
High‐Frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation in a Patient with an Implanted Cardiac Device
Authors: Kissoon Narayan R. , Hoelzer Bryan C. , Martin David P. , Lamer Tim J.
Published: October 2016

Background

New advances in spinal cord stimulation have led to improved treatment of patients suffering from chronic pain. While the overall safety of newer stimulation devices has been established, no published reports exist regarding safety considerations when these devices are implanted in patients with a preexisting cardiac device.

Case Report

An 83‐year‐old man with a history of out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest secondary to an episode of ventricular fibrillation underwent automated implantable cardiac defibrillator placement. Concomitantly, he suffered from intractable chronic low axial back pain and was deemed a candidate for high‐frequency (10 kHz) spinal cord stimulation (SCS). Cardiac monitoring during SCS trial and implantation was performed with no interference noted. Following high‐frequency SCS implantation, the patient was observed to have significant pain relief with functional improvement.

Discussion

While others have reported safety during traditional SCS in patients with implanted cardiac devices, this is the first case report to describe safe and effective use of high‐frequency SCS in a patient with an implanted cardiac device.
Clathrin regulates blue light‐triggered lateral auxin distribution and hypocotyl phototropism in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zhang Ying , Yu Qinqin , Jiang Nan , Yan Xu , Wang Chao , Wang Qingmei , Liu Jianzhong , Zhu Muyuan , Bednarek Sebastian Y. , Xu Jian , Pan Jianwei
Published: October 2016

Phototropism is the process by which plants grow towards light in order to maximize the capture of light for photosynthesis, which is particularly important for germinating seedlings. In Arabidopsis, hypocotyl phototropism is predominantly triggered by blue light (BL), which has a profound effect on the establishment of asymmetric auxin distribution, essential for hypocotyl phototropism. Two auxin efflux transporters ATP‐binding cassette B19 (ABCB19) and PIN‐formed 3 (PIN3) are known to mediate the effect of BL on auxin distribution in the hypocotyl, but the details for how BL triggers PIN3 lateralization remain poorly understood. Here, we report a critical role for clathrin in BL‐triggered, PIN3‐mediated asymmetric auxin distribution in hypocotyl phototropism. We show that unilateral BL induces relocalization of clathrin in the hypocotyl. Loss of clathrin light chain 2 (CLC2) and CLC3 affects endocytosis and lateral distribution of PIN3 thereby impairing BL‐triggered establishment of asymmetric auxin distribution and consequently, phototropic bending. Conversely, auxin efflux inhibitors N‐1‐naphthylphthalamic acid and 2,3,5‐triiodobenzoic acid affect BL‐induced relocalization of clathrin, endocytosis and lateralization of PIN3 as well as asymmetric distribution of auxin. These results together demonstrate an important interplay between auxin and clathrin function that dynamically regulates BL‐triggered hypocotyl phototropism in Arabidopsis.
Fluorescent quantification of melanin
Authors: Fernandes Bruno , Matamá Teresa , Guimarães Diana , Gomes Andreia , Cavaco‐Paulo Artur
Published: October 2016

Melanin quantification is reportedly performed by absorption spectroscopy, commonly at 405 nm. Here, we propose the implementation of fluorescence spectroscopy for melanin assessment. In a typical in vitro assay to assess melanin production in response to an external stimulus, absorption spectroscopy clearly overvalues melanin content. This method is also incapable of distinguishing non‐melanotic/amelanotic control cells from those that are actually capable of performing melanogenesis. Therefore, fluorescence spectroscopy is the best method for melanin quantification as it proved to be highly specific and accurate, detecting even small variations in the synthesis of melanin. This method can also be applied to the quantification of melanin in more complex biological matrices like zebrafish embryos and human hair.
Safety, Explanation, Iteration
Authors: Greco Daniel
Published: October 2016

This paper argues for several related theses. First, the epistemological position that knowledge requires safe belief can be motivated by views in the philosophy of science, according to which good explanations show that their explananda are robust. This motivation goes via the idea—recently defended on both conceptual and empirical grounds—that knowledge attributions play a crucial role in explaining successful action. Second, motivating the safety requirement in this way creates a choice point—depending on how we understand robustness, we'll end up with different conceptions of safety in epistemology. Lastly, and most controversially, there's an attractive choice at this point that will not vindicate some of the most influential applications of the safety‐theoretic framework in epistemology, e.g., Williamson's (2000) arguments against the KK principle, and luminosity.
Mind Misreading
Authors: Spaulding Shannon
Published: October 2016

Most people think of themselves as pretty good at understanding others’ beliefs, desires, emotions, and intentions. Accurate mindreading is an impressive cognitive feat, and for this reason the philosophical literature on mindreading has focused exclusively on explaining such successes. However, as it turns out, we regularly make mindreading mistakes. Understanding when and how mind misreading occurs is crucial for a complete account of mindreading. In this paper, I examine the conditions under which mind misreading occurs. I argue that these patterns of mind misreading shed light on the limits of mindreading, reveal new perspectives on how mindreading works, and have implications for social epistemology.
Unconscious Evidence
Authors: Lyons Jack
Published: October 2016

Can beliefs that are not consciously formulated serve as part of an agent's evidence for other beliefs? A common view says no, any belief that is psychologically immediate is also epistemically immediate. I argue that some unconscious beliefs can serve as evidence, but other unconscious beliefs cannot. Person‐level beliefs can serve as evidence, but subpersonal beliefs cannot. I try to clarify the nature of the personal/subpersonal distinction and to show how my proposal illuminates various epistemological problems and provides a principled framework for solving other problems.
Against Emotional Dogmatism
Authors: Brogaard Berit , Chudnoff Elijah
Published: October 2016

It may seem that when you have an emotional response to a perceived object or event that makes it seem to you that the perceived source of the emotion possesses some evaluative property, then you thereby have prima facie, immediate justification for believing that the object or event possesses the evaluative property. Call this view ‘dogmatism about emotional justification’. We defend a view of the structure of emotional awareness according to which the objects of emotional awareness are derived from other experiences such as bodily sensation, inner awareness, sensory perception, memory, and imagination. On this basis, we argue that dogmatism about emotional justification is an untenable position, regardless of whether the special feature of an immediate justifier that makes it an immediate justifier is its presentational phenomenology or its evidence insensitivity.
Norms of Belief
Authors: Simion Mona , Kelp Christoph , Ghijsen Harmen
Published: October 2016

When in the business of offering an account of the epistemic normativity of belief, one is faced with the following dilemma: strongly externalist norms fail to account for the intuition of justification in radical deception scenarios, while milder norms are incapable to explain what is epistemically wrong with false beliefs. This paper has two main aims; we first look at one way out of the dilemma, defended by Timothy Williamson and Clayton Littlejohn, and argue that it fails. Second, we identify what we take to be the problematic assumption that underlies their account and offer an alternative way out. We put forth a knowledge‐first friendly normative framework for belief which grants justification to radically deceived subjects while at the same time acknowledging that their false beliefs are not epistemically good beliefs.
An Argument for Uniqueness About Evidential Support
Authors: Dogramaci Sinan , Horowitz Sophie
Published: October 2016

White, Christensen, and Feldman have recently endorsed uniqueness, the thesis that given the same total evidence, two rational subjects cannot hold different views. Kelly, Schoenfield, and Meacham argue that White and others have at best only supported the weaker, merely intrapersonal view that, given the total evidence, there are no two views which asinglerational agent could take. Here, we give a new argument for uniqueness, an argument with deliberate focus on the interpersonal element of the thesis. Our argument is that the best explanation of the value of promoting rationality is an explanation that entails uniqueness.
Simulation and Understanding Other Minds
Authors: Roush Sherrilyn
Published: October 2016

There is much disagreement about how extensive a role theoretical mind‐reading, behavior‐reading, and simulation each have and need to have in our knowing and understanding other minds, and how each method is implemented in the brain, but less discussion of the epistemological question what it is about the products of these methods that makes them count as knowledge or understanding. This question has become especially salient recently as some have the intuition that mirror neurons can bring understanding of another's action despite involving no higher‐order processing, whereas most epistemologists writing about understanding think that it requires reflective access to one's grounds, which is closer to the intuitions of other commenters on mirror neurons. I offer a definition of what it is that makes something understanding that is compelling independently of the context of cognition of other minds, and use it to show two things: 1) that theoretical mind‐reading and simulation bring understanding in virtue of the same epistemic feature, and 2) why the kind of motor representation without propositional attitudes that is done by mirror neurons is sufficient for action understanding. I further suggest that more attention should be paid to the potential disadvantages of a simulative method of knowing. Though it can be more efficient in some cases, it can also bring vulnerability, wear and tear on one's personal equipment, and unintended mimicry.
Practical Perception and Intelligent Action
Authors: Bengson John
Published: October 2016

Perceiving things to be a certain way may in some cases lead directly to action that is intelligent (e.g., skillful, wise, clever, astute). This phenomenon has not often been discussed, though it is of broad philosophical interest. It also raises a difficult question: how can perception produce intelligent action? After clarifying the question—which I call the question of “practical perception”—and explaining what is required for an adequate answer, I critically examine two candidate answers drawn from work on related topics: the first, inspired by Hubert Dreyfus's phenomenological analysis of absorbed coping (and of a piece with James Gibson's theory of affordances), focuses on awareness of situational features; the other, suggested by Gilbert Ryle's classic treatment of knowledge‐how, focuses on possession of behavioral dispositions. I argue that neither approach is adequate. Subsequently, I develop and defend an alternative answer that emphasizes the agent's conceptual understanding.
Pollination biology of the hexaploid self‐compatible species Turnera velutina (Passifloraceae)
Authors: Sosenski P. , Ramos S. E. , Domínguez C. A. , Boege K. , Fornoni J.
Published: October 2016

The evolution of monomorphisms from heterostylous ancestors has been related to the presence of homostyly and the loss of self‐incompatibility, allowing the occurrence of selfing, which could be advantageous under pollinator limitation. However, flowers of some monomorphic species show herkogamy, attraction and rewarding traits that presumably favour cross‐pollination and/or a mixed mating system. This study evaluated the contributions of pollinators, breeding system and floral traits to the reproduction of Turnera velutina, a herkogamous monomorphic species.

Floral visitors and frequency of visits were recorded, controlled hand cross‐pollinations were conducted under greenhouse and natural conditions, and individual variation in floral traits was characterised to determine their contribution to seed production.

Apis mellifera was the most frequent floral visitor. Flowers presented approach herkogamy, high variation in nectar features, and a positive correlation of floral length with nectar volume and sugar concentration. Seed production did not differ between manual self‐ and cross‐pollinations, controls or open cross‐pollinations, but autonomous self‐pollination produced, on average, 82.74% fewer seeds than the other forms, irrespective of the level of herkogamy.

Differences in seed production among autonomous self‐pollination and other treatments showed that T. velutina flowers depend on insect pollination for reproduction, and that approach herkogamy drastically reduced seed production in the absence of pollen vectors. The lack of differences in seed production from manual cross‐ and self‐pollinations suggests the possible presence of a mixed mating system in the studied population. Overall, this species was possibly derived from a distylous ancestor but appears fully capable of outcrossing despite being monomorphic.
Assessing the role of endophytic bacteria in the halophyte Arthrocnemum macrostachyum salt tolerance
Authors: Navarro‐Torre S. , Barcia‐Piedras J. M. , Mateos‐Naranjo E. , Redondo‐Gómez S. , Camacho M. , Caviedes M. A. , Pajuelo E. , Rodríguez‐Llorente I. D.
Published: October 2016

There is an increasing interest to use halophytes for revegetation of salt affected ecosystems, as well as in understanding their mechanisms of salt tolerance. We hypothesized that bacteria from the phyllosphere of these plants might play a key role in its high tolerance to excessive salinity.

Eight endophytic bacteria belonging to Bacillus and closely related genera were isolated from phyllosphere of the halophyte Arthrocnemum macrostachyum growing in salty agricultural soils. The presence of plant‐growth promoting (PGP) properties, enzymatic activities and tolerance towards NaCl was determined. Effects of inoculation on seeds germination and adult plant growth under experimental NaCl treatments (0, 510 and 1030 mM NaCl) were studied.

Inoculation with a consortium including the best performing bacteria improved considerably the kinetics of germination and the final germination percentage of A. macrostachyum seeds. At high NaCl concentrations (1030 mM), inoculation of plants mitigated the effects of high salinity on plant growth and physiological performance and, in addition, this consortium appears to have increased the potential of A. macrostachyum to accumulate Na+ in its shoots, thus improving sodium phytoextraction capacity.

Bacteria isolated from A. macrostachyum phyllosphere seem to play an important role in plant salt tolerance under stressing salt concentrations. The combined use of A. macrostachyum and its microbiome can be an adequate tool to enhance plant adaptation and sodium phytoextraction during restoration of salt degraded soils.
A revisit to fishmeal usage and associated consequences in Chinese aquaculture
Authors: Han Dong , Shan Xiujuan , Zhang Wenbing , Chen Yushun , Wang Qingyin , Li Zhongjie , Zhang Guofan , Xu Pao , Li Jiale , Xie Shouqi , Mai Kangsen , Tang Qisheng , De Silva Sena S.
Published: October 2016

China has dominated global aquaculture production for more than two decades. Aquaculture production in China increased from 24.6 million metric tons (mmt) in 2000 to 47.5 mmt in 2014, an increment of 93.1%. Along with the fast‐growing aquaculture industry, aquafeed production in China increased from 5.1 mmt in 2000 to 19.0 mmt in 2014, an increment of 272.5%. However, despite the rapid increase in aquafeed production, the fishmeal usage in aquafeeds in China has remained stable over the years. Fishmeal imports into China remained relatively steady at 1.0–1.5 mmt per annum from 2000 to 2014. An often unacknowledged fact is that China contributes more than 60% to the world aquaculture production at a cost of only 25–30% of the world fishmeal output. This review attempts to explain why the fishmeal usage has not increased proportionately with the increasing aquafeed production in China from several angles: (i) the current status of fishmeal usage in Chinese aquaculture; (ii) the relationship between the decreasing dietary inclusions of fishmeal and improved feed techniques, especially the use of alternative protein sources for fishmeal; (iii) the dominance of Chinese aquaculture by low trophic level species of plants, filter feeders, herbivores and omnivores and consequent low demands for fishmeal; and (iv) the increasing price of fishmeal and the management of exploitation of wild fisheries in the main fishmeal exporting countries to China. The trends and prospects of fishmeal usage in the future in Chinese aquaculture and the associated consequences are also addressed. Like other countries, China is now actively developing both resource conservation‐based capture fisheries and environment‐friendly freshwater and marine aquaculture systems. Aquaculture will be the main source of aquatic food in the future and will also indirectly contribute to save the world wild fisheries, and China will be main player that will continue to contribute towards this end.
A pharmacotherapy review of the novel, oral antithrombotics
Authors: Walters Kara J. , Meador Anna , Galdo John A. , Ciarrocca Katharine
Published: October 2016

Coagulation disorders account for a high incidence of death in the U.S. due to stroke, myocardial infarction, and venous thromboembolism. In the past few years, numerous agents have been brought to market for the treatment of thromboembolism or prevention of thromboembolism. Similar to warfarin, these agents can cause bleeding disorders, which may exacerbate dental care treatment plans. This literature review examines the newer agents for the treatment of thromboembolism disorders, common side effects and drug interactions, the specific medical conditions each agent treats, and the dental perspective on how to medically management patients prescribed these medications.
Risks, consequences, and prevention of falls of older people in oral healthcare centers
Authors: de Baat Cees , de Baat Paul , Gerritsen Anneloes E. , Flohil Karien A. , van der Putten Gert‐Jan , van der Maarel‐Wierink Claar D.
Published: October 2016

One‐third of community‐dwelling people older than 65 years of age fall each year, and half of them fall at least twice a year. Older care home residents are approximately three times more likely to fall when compared to community‐dwelling older people. Risk indicators for falls are related to the older people's body, environment, behavior, and activities. An important health risk indicator is (orthostatic or postprandial) hypotension, which may induce cerebral hypoperfusion. Although the majority of falls remain without major consequences, 10% to 25% of falls in care homes result in bodily trauma. Prevalent fall‐related injuries are brain injury, lower extremity fracture including hip fracture and forearm/wrist fracture, facial fracture, humeral fracture, and rib/scapular fracture. As fall accidents by older people can have severe consequences, prevention of falls is of paramount importance. Healthcare providers, including oral healthcare providers, should inform older people on risks of falling and draw attention to potentially hazardous arrangements.
No Evidence of Hendra Virus Infection in the Australian Flying‐fox Ectoparasite Genus Cyclopodia
Authors: Vidgen M. E. , Edson D. W. , van den Hurk A. F. , Field H. E. , Smith C. S.
Published: October 2016

Hendra virus (HeV) causes potentially fatal respiratory and/or neurological disease in both horses and humans. Although Australian flying‐foxes of the genus Pteropus have been identified as reservoir hosts, the precise mechanism of HeV transmission has yet to be elucidated. To date, there has been limited investigation into the role of haematophagous insects as vectors of HeV. This mode of transmission is particularly relevant because Australian flying‐foxes host the bat‐specific blood‐feeding ectoparasites of the genus Cyclopodia (Diptera: Nycteribiidae), also known as bat flies. Using molecular detection methods, we screened for HeV RNA in 183 bat flies collected from flying‐foxes inhabiting a roost in Boonah, Queensland, Australia. It was subsequently demonstrated that during the study period, Pteropus alecto in this roost had a HeV RNA prevalence between 2 and 15% (95% CI [1, 6] to [8, 26], respectively). We found no evidence of HeV in any bat flies tested, including 10 bat flies collected from P. alecto in which we detected HeV RNA. Our negative findings are consistent with previous findings and provide additional evidence that bat flies do not play a primary role in HeV transmission.
Sensitivity of Direct Culture, Enrichment and PCR for Detection of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli in Broiler Flocks at Slaughter
Authors: Rodgers J. D. , Simpkin E. , Lee R. , Clifton‐Hadley F. A. , Vidal A. B.
Published: October 2016

Broiler chicken flocks are a significant source of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli that result in the major public health problem of campylobacteriosis. Accurate estimates of the prevalence of both C. coli and C. jejuni in flocks would enhance epidemiological understanding, risk assessment and control options. This study combined results from a panel of 10 detection tests (direct culture, enrichment and PCR) on caecal samples from flocks at slaughter. A parallel interpretation approach was used to determine the presence of Campylobacter spp. and for C. jejuni and C. coli individually. The sample was considered positive if at least one method detected the target and this interpretation was taken to represent a ‘proxy gold standard’ for detection in the absence of a gold standard reference test. The sensitivity of each individual method to detect Campylobacter spp., C. jejuni and C. coli was then estimated relative to the proxy gold standard. Enrichment in adapted Exeter broth (deficient in polymyxin B) with a resuscitation step was 100% sensitive, whilst direct culture on modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar (mCCDA) was highly sensitive (97.9%). Enrichment methods using Preston broth and Bolton broth were significantly less sensitive. Enrichment in Exeter broth promoted the recovery of C. jejuni, whilst enrichment in Bolton broth favoured C. coli. A RT‐PCR detection test could identify 80% of flocks that were co‐colonised with both species. This study found that 76.3% (n = 127) of flocks were colonised with Campylobacter spp. The majority (95.9%) of Campylobacter‐positive flocks were colonised with C. jejuni; however, approximately one‐third of positive flocks were simultaneously colonised with both C. jejuni and C. coli. The findings highlight the impact of different detection methodologies on the accuracy of the estimated incidence of both C. jejuni and C. coli entering the abattoir within broiler flocks and the associated public health risks.
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING APPLIED FOR THE RESONANCE FREQUENCY SENSOR IN THE LIGHT OF THE REVERSE LOGISTICS SYSTEM
Authors: Antonyová Anna , Antony Peter
Published: October 2016

Prior to the process, when the shredded waste paper in factory is pressed into pellets, as a part of the chain in the context of the reverse logistics, the pieces of paper pass through the chamber. As paper pieces flow through the chamber with the pressing apparatus, the overfilling can cost the damage and stop the process. The sensor can detect overfilling in the pressing apparatus giving timely signal to the service staff. The designed sensor is constructed as a vibration rod that is based on the measuring and evaluating the resonance frequency using the sensor circuit board (PCB) with microprocessor. Evaluation of the vibrations, as an expression of the sensor vibrating rod, is realized through ASSEMBLER. The crystal frequency is 24 MHz, while the rod frequency is 55.5Hz. The damped vibrations of the sensor were modeled. The amplitudes were expressed using the least squares method for the curve fitting. The differential equation was used to determine the damping ratio of the system.
EFFECTS OF DENSITY OF SAGO/UREA FORMALDEHYDE PARTICLEBOARD TOWARDS ITS THERMAL STABILITY, MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Authors: Chiang Tay Chen , Hamdan Sinin , Osman Mohd Shahril
Published: October 2016

This study examined the effect of density on the thermal stability, physical and mechanical properties of sago particleboard. Sago particles and Urea Formaldehyde (UF) were used as raw materials in the fabrication process. The fabrication and testing method were based on JIS A 5908 standard. The samples were prepared based on different desired density and went through a series of thermal stability, mechanical and physical tests. Mechanical properties of the composites were characterized by tensile, flexural, impact strength, screw test and internal bonding which had great influence on the particleboard performance. All the panels were tested for physical properties (water absorption and thickness swelling) to identify their use for indoor application. Thermal properties like thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for the Sago/UF composites were analysed. The results showed particleboard with 800 kg/m3 exhibited the optimum strength on Internal Bonding, Screw test, Bending and Flexure test. Particleboard with 700 kg/m3 has better performance on Impact test. 500 kg/m3 showed better curing properties with DSC. TGA showed that all the Sago/UF particleboard decompose with single-stage and were decomposed into three main steps like water absorption, volatile and char.
Towards MS1900:2005 Quality Management System from Islamic Perspective: A Case Study at MACS
Authors: Sarion Arbain , Ahmad Bustamam Ummi Salwa , Shaharudin Amir
Published: October 2016

This study explores strategies implemented by applicants towards achieving a quality management system from Islamic perspective, MS1900:2014 which ultimately will assist other organizations in pursuing the similar standard. A case study approach was used as methodology for the study. A semi-structured interview was carried out to answer the research question. The interview was conducted with Manager of Service Monitoring Division at Malaysian Airports Consultancy Services (MACS). The study found that there are several strategies implemented by MACS in accomplishment of the standard. Those strategies can be divided into two phases. Seeking a support and authorization from top management is the initial point for pursuing standards management system. A specific department or unit should be setting up in order to strategically obtaining the standard. This study focused the strategy implemented by a unique research unit in getting the MS1900:2014 which might be inadequate to be adopted by other organizations. Keywords: Quality Management System from Islamic Perspective, MS1900:2014, Case Study, Business Strategy
STANDARD PIAWAAIAN HALAL DI MALAYSIA MENURUT PERUNDANGAN, KELEBIHAN DAN KEKURANGAN
Authors: Md. Sawari Siti Salwa , Ghazali Mohd Al'Ikhsan
Published: October 2016

Currently, halal products show tremendous growth internationally. The increased production of various products in the market led to the need of halal standard parallel. Therefore, this research is conducted to study the position of the Malaysian halal standard from legal perspective. The study also explores the advantages and disadvantages of the halal standard that is being implemented in Malaysia. The results of the analysis show that the Malaysian legislation pertaining to halal has been designated as early as the 70s. However, the legislation exists separately in different legal sections namely Food Act 1983, Trade Descriptions Act 1972 and the Consumer Protection Act. From the analysis of the advantages of the halal standard, it can be inferred that Malaysian guidelines for halal products is comprehensive notably with the aid of existing Islamic law that help authorities to monitor halal products in Malaysia as well as in export countries that recognize halal standard adopted by Malaysia. However, to date, there are still some drawbacks associated with the quality assurance that has been highlighted by the media and thus indirectly portray negative impact on Malaysia’s effort in developing the halal hub
IKHTILAF HUKUM SOLAT FARDU BERJEMAAH MENURUT MAZHAB SYAFIE : SATU SOROTAN KAJIAN
Authors: Bidin Hasna , Baharuddin Ahmad Syukran , Mustari Ismail
Published: October 2016

This study discusses the ikhtilaf on the congregation in performing prayers by Shafi’i School. This issue arises because some of the Muslim in community are still confused about the law of congregation in prayers and underestimate the importance of it. It is a result of lack of knowledge towards the importance of congregation in prayer and its demands in Islam. This study focuses on the meaning of prayer, its wisdom and benefits, discussion of the differences among legal scholars of Shafi'i and the views of the strongest in the Shafi’i school. The methodology used in this study were based on the literature review and reference materials such as books and journals publishing on this subject. Analysis was made using deductive methodology which was specific to the conclusion of public information. The results obtained from this study showed that demand prayers in prayers is fardu kifayah for all Muslims in the opinion of the strongest in Shafi’i sect. Fardu kifayah is a communal obligation under the liability of Muslims who live in a community and shared responsibility. Keywords: Congregational prayer, Shafi’i School, istidlal, istinbat, usul fiqh