bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TRANSPARENCY AND SOCIAL PARTICIPATION IN PUBLIC MANAGEMENT: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF PROPOSALS SUBMITTED IN 1ST NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PUBLIC TRANSPARENCY
Authors: Figueiredo Vanuza Silva , Santos Waldir Jorge Ladeira
Published: September 2014

Este estudo visa a contribuir para a reflexão sobre transparência e participação social da gestão pública brasileira, realizando uma análise crítica sobre as propostas elaboradas pelos participantes da 1ª Conferência Nacional sobre Transparência e Controle Social no seu eixo 1. Por meio da análise, buscou-se identificar se as propostas elaboradas pela sociedade durante a 1ª Consocial contribuíram para o exercício do controle social com base na transparência e no acesso a informação. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa exploratória e a pesquisa participante. Por meio da análise das propostas priorizadas na última etapa da 1ª Consocial, observou-se a necessidade de uma maior divulgação das informações referente à administração pública, à exteriorização das competências dos instrumentos de participação social e à capacitação do cidadão para o exercício da participação social. Algumas falhas foram detectadas na formulação das propostas, como o desconhecimento dos participantes a respeito das leis existentes sobre transparência e das atribuições das ferramentas de participação social.
A Relação entre Conhecimento da Marca e Nível de Preço na Intenção de Compra: Um Experimento com Perfumes de Luxo
Authors: De Toni Deonir , Bacichetto Vinícius De Vargas , Milan Gabriel Sperandio , Larentis Fabiano
Published: September 2014

Produtos de luxo carregam em si diferentes e complementares significados. No entanto, os significados simblicos, manifestados por meio de seus atributos extrnsecos, tais como marca e preo, esto fortemente relacionados sua imagem e muitas vezes superam atributos intrnsecos. Este estudo tem como objetivo compreender o papel da marca e do preo na inteno de compra, na percepo da qualidade e do valor em produtos de luxo. A partir de um experimento com o desenho fatorial da ordem 2 (marca: conhecida; desconhecida) x 2 (preo: alto; baixo), identificou-se que a inteno de compra tanto em situaes de preos baixos quanto de preos altos significativamente maior para marcas conhecidas de perfume de luxo; que a percepo de qualidade para marcas de perfume conhecidas significativamente maior do que para marcas desconhecidas, independentemente do nvel de preo. Outros achados indicam que a relao entre o conhecimento da marca e a inteno de compra mediada pela qualidade percebida e que a percepo de preo e a inteno de compra mediada pelo valor percebido na compra de um perfume de luxo. Dessa forma, os resultados do estudo permitem um melhor entendimento do papel da marca e do preo no consumo de produtos de luxo.DOI: 10.5585/remark.v13i3.2546
Segmentação de Mercado em Empresas de Base Tecnológica: O caso da Segmentação de Espumantes
Authors: Riscarolli Valéria , Souza Sandra Regina Silva dos Santos , Rodrigues Leonel Cezar , Zucco Fabrícia Durieux
Published: September 2014

premissa comum que a segmentao de mercado de produtos e servios feita com base no comportamento do consumidor. Seria essa a lgica utilizada por empresas pequenas de domnio tecnolgico e know how especficos? Nessa pesquisa, busca-se determinar os princpios de segmentao mercadolgicos usados por uma vitivinicultora, como ilustrao do tipo empresarial descrito, reconhecida pela excelncia de seus produtos no mercado nacional e em mais de 13 pases no mundo. O mtodo utilizado foi o estudo de caso nico, com prospeco de informaes de altos executivos e triangulados com informaes primrias de observaes e de documentos formais da empresa, estudando nela, especificamente, a segmentao para seus espumantes. Os principais resultados indicam que a vincola estudada considera apenas elementos tecnolgicos internos como fundamento de formao de seu mercado. Conclui-se assim, que a segmentao de mercado baseia-se no domnio tecnolgico de produo de seus espumantes, atrelados a uma poltica de preos-prmios. A empresa julga que como o mercado de espumantes est ainda em formao, os segmentos de consumo de espumantes se formam e se consolidam de acordo com a evoluo das preferncias degustativas, dependentes das tecnologias de produo, garantidoras da qualidade de seus espumantes.DOI: 10.5585/remark.v13i3.2679
Onygena eqoina (Willd.) Pers.: Fr. in Poland
Authors: Komorowska Halina
Published: September 2014

O. eqaina was hitherto known in Poland from four localities. New locality of O. equina in the Polish Carpathans is discribed. The map of distribution of this fungus in Poland is given.
Studies on chityn level in vegetative mycelium of some mycorrhizal fungi
Authors: Trzcińska M. , Pachlewski R.
Published: September 2014

Chitin content was investigated in vegetative mycelium of the Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes mycorrbizal fungi grown in vitro. It was demonstrated that the content varies between species and even between strains of a given species, and it changes with the age of mycelium. The chitin content increased with age in the mycelium of fungi of Basidiomycetes while it decreased in fungi of Ascomycetes. Essential effect was found of nitrogen source on chitin content in the mycelium. Less chitin was determined in the mycelium grown on nitrate than in that grown on urea or ammonia salts.
Some ascomycetous fungi or their anamorphs occuring on trees in Polad. I
Authors: Chlebicki Andrzej
Published: September 2014

Twenty-three species of fungi were collected on Acer pseudoplatanus L. including new for Poland: Petrakia irregularis, Melanconiopsis inquinans.
Rhizopus cohnii as the cause of skin mucormycosis
Authors: Podsiadło B. , Halweg H. , Ortonowski G. , Krakówka P.
Published: September 2014

The authors report the case of the mucormycosis of the skin. The diagnosis was made on the presence of Mucoraceae hyphe in the through examination, histology and the positive culture of the material taken from the ulcerations of patients skin. The isolated fungus was identified as Rhizopus cohnii.
The lichenized Ascamycetina of north-eastern Poland
Authors: Cieślik Stanisław , Tobolewski Zygmunt
Published: September 2014

The paper is a part of wider studies on the lichene flora of the Lithuania Lake District, comprising north-eastern Poland.
Helicosporous Hyphomycetes from Poland
Authors: Borowska Alicja
Published: September 2014

Recent series of Goos's works (1985, 1986, 1987) on helicosporous Hyphomycetes have stimulied ihe studies of some material from the author's collection. The taxa presented in this paper, i.e Cirrenalia lignicola Kirk, Helicoon fuscosporum Linder. H. richonis (Boudier) Lmder. H. sessile Morgan, Slimacomyces monospora (Kendrick) Minter, and Troposporella fumosa Karsten, are recorded in Poland for the first time.
Hypocenomyce anthracophila (Nyl.) P. James et Scheider (Ascomycetes lichenisati) in Poland
Authors: Tobolewski Zygmunt , Cieśeliński Satanisław
Published: September 2014

Hypocenomyce anthracophila belongs to very rare lichens in Poland. It was so far known onry from one historical site. Recently (1982-1987) a number of further sites with this lichen have been found in north eastern Poland, and in West Pomerania (Pomorze) (Fig. 1). It mainly grows on pines, exceptionally on birches and dead wood, in well preserved pine forests of large forest complexes (Białowieża Primeval Forest, Augustów forest complex, Zielona Puszcza, Kurpiowska Puszcza and Piska Puszcza forest complexes).
Growth of the entomopathogenic fungi on the medium containing herbicides used in orcharding
Authors: Miętkiewski Ryszard , Sapiecha Anna , Miętkiewska Zofia
Published: September 2014

Beauceria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill., Paecilomyces farinosus (Dicks: Fr.) brown et Smith, Verticillium lecanii (Zimm.) Viegas, Conidiobolus thromboides Drechsler, Erynia pieris Li et Humber, E. radicans (Brcf.) Humber were examined on medium to which were added ten herbicides, one fungicide and one insecticide.
Dermoscopic characteristics of nodular squamous cell carcinoma and keratoacanthoma
Authors: Lin Matthew J. , Pan Yan , Kelly John W.
Published: September 2014

Background: Nodular squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and keratoacanthoma (KA) may mimic a variety of other benign and malignant non-pigmented nodules.

Objectives: To analyze the dermoscopic characteristics of nodular SCC and KA.

Patients/Methods: Retrospective analysis of 50 nodular SCCs and 8 KAs collected from a tertiary dermatology referral center and a private dermatology practice in Melbourne, Australia, between 1 September 2009 and 1 October 2012. All lesions were nodules; defined as firm, elevated, round, palpable tumors with a diameter of 5 mm or more. Clinical and dermoscopic images were evaluated by two examiners in consensus.

Results: Signs of keratinization were frequently observed and included keratin crust/scale (90% of SCCs, 100% of KAs), central keratin mass (32% of SCCs, 88% of KAs), white structureless areas (66% of SCCs, 50% of KAs), white circles (32% of SCCs, 38% of KAs) and white keratin pearls (14% of SCCs, 12% of KAs). Hemorrhage was present in 72% of SCCs and 88% of KAs and preferentially occurred centrally and in areas of keratinization. For nodular SCCs and KAs, we observed glomerular vessels (42% and 25% respectively), linear irregular vessels (36% and 25% respectively), atypical vessels (30% and 38% respectively) and hairpin vessels (30% and 25% respectively).

Conclusions: Hemorrhage, keratinization and vascular features (glomerular, hairpin and linear irregular morphologies) are useful in diagnosing both nodular SCC and KA. Further research on the comparative dermoscopic characteristics of a range of amelanotic nodules is important in order to improve diagnosis of these clinically challenging tumors.
Papulonecrotic tuberculid—clinicopathologic and molecular features of 12 Indian patients
Authors: Tirumalae Rajalakshmi , Yeliur Inchira K. , Antony Meryl , George Geojith , Kenneth John
Published: September 2014

Background: Papulonecrotic tuberculid (PNT) is said to be a hypersensitivity reaction to M. tuberculosis. Some reports indicate that organisms are demonstrable by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Methods: We describe 12 patients with PNT over 6 years. We reviewed the histopathologic features, clinical data and follow-up. PCR for M. tuberculosis DNA was done in all cases.

Results: There were 7 men and 5 women. The ages ranged from 3-58 years. Upper limbs were commonly involved (8 cases). All patients had multiple papulonodular lesions, 5 showed ulceration and scarring. Mantoux test was strongly positive in all. Seven patients had systemic tuberculosis.

On microscopy, necrosis was seen in 11 cases, varying from minimal to extensive. Epithelioid granulomas were common, except for 1 case with palisading and interstitial patterns. The infiltrate showed mostly lymphocytes, while 3 cases showed eosinophils. Vasculitis was seen in 8 cases. Two cases had dermal mucin, one also with interface dermatitis. This patient had concurrent LE. Mycobacterial DNA was detectable by PCR in 3 cases. Seven patients showed improvement/resolution of lesions on treatment.

Conclusions: PNT is a rare disease. A positive PCR reiterates the question whether these are “tuberculids”. PNT may be better classified as true cutaneous tuberculosis and patients screened for systemic disease.
Papillary adenocarcinoma in situ of the skin: report of four cases
Authors: Cheng Shen , Asgari Masoud
Published: September 2014

Although rare isolated cases of adenocarcinoma in situ of skin have been reported in the literature, adenocarcinoma in situ of skin as a concept and as a diagnostic category has not been established in the field of dermatopathology. In this work, four cases of papillary adenocarcinoma in situ of the skin are presented. In addition, the notion that lesions previously reported in the medical literature under the term of “papillary eccrine adenoma” are actually adenocarcinoma in situ is discussed.
Tufted hemangioma: clinical case and literature review
Authors: Kazlouskaya Viktoryia , Lytvynenko Bohdan , Blochin Elen
Published: September 2014

Tufted hemangiomas are relatively rare benign vascular proliferations that are congenital or appear during the first years of life. Herein we present an additional case of tufted hemangioma that appeared one year after birth and discuss its histopathological criteria and differential diagnosis with malignant vascular proliferations including sarcoma Kaposi, angiosarcoma and kaposiform hemangioendothelioma.
Solitary trichoepithelioma in an 8-year-old child: clinical, dermoscopic and histopathologic findings
Authors: Lazaridou Elizabeth , Fotiadou Christina , Patsatsi Aikaterini , Kyrmanidou Eirini , Kemanetzi Christina , Ioannidis Demetrios
Published: September 2014

Solitary trichoepithelioma (TE) is a rare, benign tumor of follicular origin that in certain cases is difficult to differentiate from basal cell carcinoma (BCC). We report the case of an 8-year-old girl with a pale pink, soft lesion on the neck. The clinical image of the lesion was equivocal, while some dermoscopic findings—blue-gray globules and arborizing vessels—could not exclude the presence of BCC from the differential diagnosis, although that would have been a very unlikely case considering the age of the patient. The histopathologic examination established the diagnosis of TE. Given the occasion of this challenging case we try to list the key clinical, dermoscopic and histopathological characteristics of TE and BCC in order to elucidate the differential diagnosis of these two entities.
Nodular melanoma: five consecutive cases in a general practice with polarized and non-polarized dermatoscopy and dermatopathology
Authors: Rosendahl Cliff , Hishon Matthew , Cameron Alan , Barksdale Sarah , Weedon David , Kittler Harald
Published: September 2014

Background: The incidence of nodular melanoma (NM) has been consistently described as at least 10-15% of total melanomas for over 15 years despite advances in diagnostic algorithms and medical technology. NMs are strongly correlated with faster rates of growth and poorer prognosis and thus provide clinicians with a challenge for early recognition.

Objective: To evaluate diagnostic clues of consecutive histopathologically proven NMs in one general practice with particular emphasis on dermatoscopic characteristics and compare this to the published literature.

Method: A retrospective observational study was performed of five consecutive histologically proven NM, from a total of 212 consecutive melanomas from a general practice in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Dermatoscopic images, both polarized and non-polarized, which appears to be a unique resource, and dermatopathologic slides were available for all lesions.

Results: All of the NMs in this series were pigmented although one was hypomelanotic. Two of them were symmetrical. The most highly sensitive clues to NM were gray or blue structures and polarizing-specific white lines.

Limitations: Due to the small number of NMs in this report no statistical significance can be attributed to the observational findings.

Conclusion: This small series supports what is already known: that a significant proportion of NMs may be dermatoscopically symmetrical but that known clues to melanoma are frequently present.Nodular lesions, pigmented or non-pigmented, should be excised to exclude NM if there is any clue to malignancy, regardless of symmetry, unless a confident specific benign diagnosis can be made.
Keratoacanthoma versus invasive squamous cell carcinoma: a comparison of dermatoscopic vascular features in 510 cases
Authors: Pyne John H. , Windrum Graham , Sapkota Devendra , Wong Jian Cheng
Published: September 2014

Introduction: Keratoacanthoma (KA) and invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are keratinocytic tumors displaying vascular features, imaged using dermatoscopy.

Objective: Compare the dermatoscopy vascular features of KA to SCC.

Methods: This prospective study examined consecutive cases of 100 KA and 410 invasive SCC in a single private practice in Sydney, Australia. Vascular features were recorded in vivo direct from  patients using a non-polarized Delta 20 Heine dermatoscope. These vascular features were: linear, branching, serpentine, hairpin, glomerular and dot vessels, the presence or absence of large diameter tumor vessels, vessel presence in central verses peripheral tumor areas and tumor pink areas in different proportions. Following full excision, all cases were submitted for histopathologic diagnosis.

Results: Branching vessels were the only vessel morphology that varied, with a significant incidence in KA (25.0%), compared to SCC (10.7%), P < 0.01. Large vessels were identified in 20.0% of KA, compared to 12.4% in SCC, P = 0.05. No vessels were observed in the central tumor areas in 43.4 % of KA compared to 58.0% of SCC, P = 0.01. Other data comparing the central versus peripheral tumor areas for vessels present did not reveal any distinctive associations. There were no significant differences between KA and SCC when reviewing the selected proportions of pink within the tumor.

Limitations: The vascular features may be confounded by tumor depth in KA. Polarized dermatoscopy may not produce the same findings.

Conclusion: This study found branching vessels to have a higher incidence in KA compared to invasive SCC. Although not statistically significant, large diameter vessels were also more frequent in KA. Proportions of pink within the tumor or central verses peripheral tumor vessel distribution were not useful diagnostic features separating KA from SCC using dermatoscopy.
Dermatoscopy of folliculosebaceous cystic hamartoma
Authors: Watanabe-Okada Emiko , Kurihara Yuichi , Miyakawa Shunichi , Tanaka Masaru
Published: September 2014

A 29-year-old Japanese man presented to our institution with a nodule on his nose that had increased in size since childhood. Physical examination indicated the presence of an elastic, firm, pedunculated red nodule measuring 15 mm in size. Dermatoscopic examination of the nodule indicated a yellowish-white network, yellowish-orange dots/globules at its center, and a pinkish-white structureless peripheral area. Histopathological examination of an excisional biopsy specimen showed a dilated infundibulocystic structure with sebaceous lobules proliferating radially, surrounded by fibrous stroma. Moreover, mature adipocytes and small vessels were noted in the stroma. Based on these histopathologic findings, the patient was diagnosed with folliculosebaceous cystic hamartoma.
Infundibulocystic basal cell carcinoma: dermoscopic findings and histologic correlation
Authors: Roldán-Marín Rodrigo , Leal-Osuna Sergio , Lammaglia-Ordiales Lorena , Toussaint-Caire Sonia
Published: September 2014

Infundibulocystic basal cell carcinoma is a rare variant. It was first described in 1987 and proposed as a new basal cell carcinoma (BCC) subtype by Ackerman and Walsh in 1990. Dermoscopy is a non-invasive diagnostic technique that allows prompt identification of many types of BCC. However, dermoscopic findings for the infundibulocystic variant have not been reported. In our patient the dermoscopic findings were maple leaf-like areas in the periphery of the tumor, multiple scattered blue-gray dots and globules, short, fine telangiectasia and chrysalis or white-shiny streaks. All these structures had an underlying anatomopathological correlation.

Conclusion: According to our case report, dermoscopy findings may aid to clearly diagnose this unusual BCC variant with proper histopathological correlation.
A vulnerabilidade ao HIV em adolescentes
Authors: Campos Cézar Gustavo Araujo Pacheco de , Estima Sonara Lucia , Santos Vinicius Souza , Lazzarotto Alexandre Ramos
Published: September 2014

The present study aimed to identify the vulnerability profile of HIV-positive adolescents at a Counseling and Testing Center (CTA) and its relationship with the individuals' level of education. It is a retrospective cross-sectional study carried out from 2002 to 2010 at a CTA in Southern Brazil. Sample consisted of 100 HIV-positive subjects of both sexes, aged between 13 and 19 years. The average age was 17.7 years; female subjects made up 65 % of the sample and had the highest educational attainment (8 to 11 years of schooling). There were no significant differences between the categorical variables that comprise vulnerability and sex. Vulnerability profile highlighted feminization, an association between low level of education and the following variables: "reason not to use condoms with a stable partner"; "drug use in the last year"; "sexually transmitted diseases in the last year"; and sexual intercourse as a " type of exposure". The researchers emphasize the need to implement educational programs for the prevention of HIV/AIDS in adolescents.
Mobile phones to support adherence to antiretroviral therapy: what would it cost the Indian National AIDS Control Programme?
Authors: Rodrigues Rashmi , Bogg Lennart , Shet Anita , Kumar Dodderi Sunil , De Costa Ayesha
Published: September 2014

Introduction

Adherence to antiretroviral treatment (ART) is critical to maintaining health and good clinical outcomes in people living with HIV/AIDS. To address poor treatment adherence, low‐cost interventions using mobile communication technology are being studied. While there are some studies that show an effect of mobile phone reminders on adherence to ART, none has reported on the costs of such reminders for national AIDS programmes. This paper aims to study the costs of mobile phone reminder strategies (mHealth interventions) to support adherence in the context of India's National AIDS Control Program (NACP).

Methods

The study was undertaken at two tertiary level teaching hospitals that implement the NACP in Karnataka state, South India. Costs for a mobile phone reminder application to support adherence, implemented at these sites (i.e. weekly calls, messages or both) were studied. Costs were collected based on the concept of avoidable costs specific to the application. The costs that were assessed were one‐time costs and recurrent costs that included fixed and variable costs. A sequential procedure for costing was used. Costs were calculated at national‐programme level, individual ART‐centre level and individual patient level from the NACP's perspective. The assessed costs were pooled to obtain an annual cost per patient. The type of application, number of ART centres and number of patients on ART were varied in a sensitivity analysis of costs.

Results

The Indian NACP would incur a cost of between 79 and 110 INR (USD 1.27–1.77) per patient per year, based on the type of reminder, the number of patients on ART and the number of functioning ART centres. The total programme costs for a scale‐up of the mHealth intervention to reach the one million patients expected to be on treatment by 2017 is estimated to be 0.36% of the total five‐year national‐programme budget.

Conclusions

The cost of the mHealth intervention for ART‐adherence support in the context of the Indian NACP is low and is facilitated by the low cost of mobile communication in the country. Extending the use of mobile communication applications beyond adherence support under the national programme could be done relatively inexpensively.
Riccardia elisabethae, a new species of Aneuraceae (Marchantiophyta) from New Caledonia.
Authors: Thouvenot Louis , Reeb Catherine
Published: September 2014

A new species of Riccardia, R. elisabethae, is described from ultramafic substrate in mountain scrubland of New Caledonia. The new species is a member of the subgen. Thornoneura and differs from other species of this group by the rigid, unwinged thallus made up of large epidermal cells surrounding smaller medullary cells with thick porose walls and huge trigones.
In Vivo Electrophysiological Recording Techniques for the Study of Neuropathic Pain in Rodent Models
Authors: Zhao Fei‐Yue , Jeggo Ross , Wei Haifeng , Whyment Andrew , Fang Xin , Spanswick David
Published: September 2014

Neuropathic pain develops following nerve injury, and is a chronic pain syndrome that can persist long after repair of a wound or removal of the neurological insult. This condition remains poorly treated, not least because of a lack of mechanism‐based therapeutics. Clinically, neuropathic pain is characterized by three major symptoms: thermal or mechanical allodynia (pain sensation in response to previously non‐noxious stimuli); hyperalgesia (enhanced pain sensation to noxious stimulation); and spontaneous, ongoing pain. These clinical symptoms can be modeled in rodent neuropathic pain models using behavioral and electrophysiological readouts. This unit describes techniques designed to record pathophysiological electrical activity associated with neuropathic pain at the level of the periphery, in single fibers of primary sensory neurons, and from wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. These techniques can be employed in both naïve animals and in animal models of neuropathy to investigate fundamental mechanisms contributing to the neuropathic pain state and the site, mode, and mechanism of action of putative analgesics. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 66:11.15.1‐11.15.26. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The DEN and CCl4‐Induced Mouse Model of Fibrosis and Inflammation‐Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Uehara Takeki , Pogribny Igor P. , Rusyn Ivan
Published: September 2014

Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develops most often as a complication of fibrosis or cirrhosis. While most human studies of HCC provide crucial insights into the molecular signatures of HCC, seldom do they address the etiology of HCC. Mouse models are essential tools for investigating the pathogenesis of HCC; however, the overwhelming majority of cancer models in rodents do not feature liver fibrosis. Detailed in this unit is a protocol for an experimental mouse model of HCC that arises in association with advanced liver fibrosis. The disease model is induced by a single injection of N‐nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) followed by repeated administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). A dramatic potentiation of liver tumor incidence is observed following administration of DEN and CCl4, with100% of mice developing liver tumors at 5 months of age. This model can be employed for studying the molecular mechanisms of fibrogenesis and HCC development, and in cancer hazard/chemotherapy testing of drug candidates. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 66:14.30.1‐14.30.10. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rapid Depletion of Budding Yeast Proteins via the Fusion of an Auxin‐Inducible Degron (AID)
Authors: Nishimura Kohei , Kanemaki Masato T.
Published: September 2014

The auxin‐inducible degron (AID) system allows the rapid and reversible proteolysis of proteins of interest, and enables the generation of conditional mutants of budding yeast. The construction of budding yeast AID mutants is simple, and the effect of depletion of essential proteins on proliferation can be confirmed by analyzing their phenotype. In this protocol, we describe a procedure to generate AID mutants of budding yeast via a simple transformation using PCR‐amplified DNA. We also describe methods to confirm the depletion of proteins of interest that are required for proliferation by serial‐dilution and liquid‐culture assays. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 64:20.9.1‐20.9.16. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Annual sea‐air CO2 fluxes in the Bering Sea: Insights from new autumn and winter observations of a seasonally ice‐covered continental shelf
Authors: Cross Jessica N. , Mathis Jeremy T. , Frey Karen E. , Cosca Catherine E. , Danielson Seth L. , Bates Nicholas R. , Feely Richard A. , Takahashi Taro , Evans Wiley
Published: September 2014

High‐resolution data collected from several programs have greatly increased the spatiotemporal resolution of pCO2(sw) data in the Bering Sea, and provided the first autumn and winter observations. Using data from 2008 to 2012, monthly climatologies of sea‐air CO2 fluxes for the Bering Sea shelf area from April to December were calculated, and contributions of physical and biological processes to observed monthly sea‐air pCO2 gradients (ΔpCO2) were investigated. Net efflux of CO2 was observed during November, December, and April, despite the impact of sea surface cooling on ΔpCO2. Although the Bering Sea was believed to be a moderate to strong atmospheric CO2 sink, we found that autumn and winter CO2 effluxes balanced 65% of spring and summer CO2 uptake. Ice cover reduced sea‐air CO2 fluxes in December, April, and May. Our estimate for ice‐cover corrected fluxes suggests the mechanical inhibition of CO2 flux by sea‐ice cover has only a small impact on the annual scale (<2%). An important data gap still exists for January to March, the period of peak ice cover and the highest expected retardation of the fluxes. By interpolating between December and April using assumptions of the described autumn and winter conditions, we estimate the Bering Sea shelf area is an annual CO2 sink of ∼6.8 Tg C yr−1. With changing climate, we expect warming sea surface temperatures, reduced ice cover, and greater wind speeds with enhanced gas exchange to decrease the size of this CO2 sink by augmenting conditions favorable for greater wintertime outgassing.
A surface roughness model for predicting alluvial cover and bed load transport rate in bedrock channels
Authors: Johnson Joel P. L.
Published: September 2014

Partial alluvial cover in bedrock channels influences downcutting rates and mountain river morphodynamics. Flume experiments have demonstrated that a wide range of stable cover fractions are possible for a given ratio of sediment supply to transport capacity. Existing cover models impose different unique relationships between cover fraction and reach‐scale transport variables (e.g., slope, discharge, sediment supply, and grain size). Individually, these models cannot predict the range of cover behaviors observed experimentally, suggesting that additional variables may be important. I propose a 1‐D model in which bedrock surface roughness is a control on partial alluvial cover. In the model, surface roughness affects both shear stresses and thresholds of grain motion and therefore sediment transport capacity. The roughness of the combined bedrock‐alluvial bed surface varies with the cover fraction. Model trends are reasonably consistent with previous experiments over ranges of roughness, slope, and shear stress. When bedrock roughness is much greater than grain size, cover increases approximately linearly with the ratio of sediment supply to transport capacity. When bedrock roughness is much less than the sediment diameter, the model tends to predict abrupt shifts between complete bedrock exposure and alluvial cover. This runaway alluviation occurs for model solutions that are unstable to perturbations in supply, which is the case when transport capacity decreases as alluvial cover increases. In addition, a model variant in which sediment supply is controlled by the amount of sediment on the bed suggests that a linear cover relation may be sufficient for modeling sediment flux‐dependent erosion at landscape scales.
Decades‐Old Sediment Cores Complicate Cascadia Earthquake History
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: September 2014

Sediment cores from the 1960s are shaking up recent conclusions some scientists have drawn about Cascadia earthquakes, which occur along the subduction zone that stretches off the coast from Vancouver, British Columbia, to Northern California. A new Geology paper published online on 29 July (doi:10.1130/G35902.1) says that the Cascadia earthquake hazard is more complicated than what the recent research has shown.
King Receives 2013 Ivan I. Mueller Award for Service and Leadership: Citation
Authors: King Matt
Published: September 2014

The Ivan I. Mueller Award recognizes major achievements in the field of geodesy, especially in the areas of leadership and service. The award, named for Ivan Mueller of Ohio State University, recognizes the extraordinary importance of international collaboration within the field of modern satellite geodesy. It exemplifies AGU's motto of unselfish cooperation in research. The Mueller Award was given for the first time in 2013, and the committee hoped to have an outstanding candidate for the inaugural year, setting a high bar for future nominations. The awards committee tells me that Bob made their decision easy—he was the unanimous choice.
King Receives 2013 Ivan I. Mueller Award for Service and Leadership: Response
Authors: King Robert W.
Published: September 2014

Thank you, Matt. I am honored to receive an award named for someone who has not only been an inspiration to me throughout my career but whose critical role in the formation of the International GPS (now GNSS) Service (IGS) has made possible both my own research and my ability to assist others in the art of GPS data analysis.
Morgan Receives 2013 Paul G. Silver Award for Outstanding Scientific Service: Response
Authors: Morgan Julia K.
Published: September 2014

Thank you, Kelin, for your kind words and nomination, and thanks to the Tectonophysics, Seismology, and Geodesy sections for extending this honor. I also want to recognize the efforts of so many others who really drove the GeoPRISMS program; my job was primarily as a facilitator, channeling the great ideas of the community into distinctive scientific opportunities benefiting a large number of researchers, and what a creative, energetic, and generous community it is. It has been particularly satisfying to watch GeoPRISMS grow during my term as chair, especially with the enthusiastic involvement of the students and early‐career researchers who are the future of the program.
Lindstrom Receives 2013 Ocean Sciences Award: Response
Authors: Lindstrom Eric J.
Published: September 2014

My sincere thanks go to the AGU Ocean Sciences section for this award. Is there any higher honor than recognition by one's peers? To join the illustrious list of prior recipients is deeply moving. Thanks so much to Arnold and Gary for their abundant praise and support over many years.
New insight into substorm current wedges
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: September 2014

Magnetic substorms, disruptions in the coupled magnetosphere‐ionosphere system that cause brightening of the aurora, are driven by magnetic activity that starts in the Earth's magnetotail—the stretched‐out region of Earth's magnetic field on the far side from the Sun—and are transmitted to the ionosphere through a phenomenon called a substorm current wedge. New findings from simulations provide insight into the nature of these current wedges.
Tracking the sources and sinks of Antarctica's subglacial waterways
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: September 2014

Deep beneath Antarctica's kilometers‐thick layer of glacial ice is a complex network of rivers and lakes. Research suggests that this water may affect the flows of the southern continent's massive ice streams, though the nature of its effect remains unclear. Adding to scientists' understanding of Antarctica's subglacial hydrology, Christoffersen et al. studied five ice streams that flow into the Ross Sea.
Peering into the microphysics of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: September 2014

The onset of the active phase of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) is marked by the formation of a region of deep convection and enhanced precipitation over the Indian Ocean. Generally persisting from 30 to 60 days as it progresses slowly eastward, the MJO consists of wet active phases alternating with suppressed periods of lower rainfall and reduced storm activity.
How should flood risk assessments be done in a changing climate?
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: September 2014

Growing consensus on climate and land use change means that it is reasonable to assume, at the very least, that flood levels in a region may change. Then why, ask Rosner et al. in a new study, do the dominant risk assessment techniques used to decide whether to build new flood protection infrastructure nearly always start with an assumption of “no trend” in flood behavior?
Investigating high‐latitude ionospheric turbulence using global positioning system data
Authors: Mezaoui H. , Hamza A. M. , Jayachandran P. T.
Published: September 2014

Statistical properties of the amplitude and phase of GPS L1 signals sampled at 50 Hz are investigated to understand the turbulent behavior of the polar region ionosphere. Wavelet detrended amplitude and phase data are used to construct the probability distribution function (PDF) of the amplitude and phase fluctuations of the signal. Turbulent behavior of the ionosphere is quantified using the skewness and kurtosis of the PDF. It is found that these two independent moments are related through a parabolic relationship, which was also reported in the case of turbulent neutral fluids and turbulent laboratory plasmas.
Simulation of Van Allen Probes plasmapause encounters
Authors: Goldstein J. , Pascuale S. De , Kletzing C. , Kurth W. , Genestreti K. J. , Skoug R. M. , Larsen B. A. , Kistler L. M. , Mouikis C. , Spence H.
Published: September 2014

We use anE×B‐driven plasmapause test particle (PTP) simulation to provide global contextual information for in situ measurements by the Van Allen Probes (Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP)) during 15–20 January 2013. During 120 h of simulation time beginning on 15 January, geomagnetic activity produced three plumes. The third and largest simulated plume formed during enhanced convection on 17 January, and survived as a rotating, wrapped, residual plume for tens of hours. To validate the simulation, we compare its output with RBSP data. Virtual RBSP satellites recorded 28 virtual plasmapause encounters during 15–19 January. For 26 of 28 (92%) virtual crossings, there were corresponding actual RBSP encounters with plasmapause density gradients. The mean difference in encounter time between model and data is 36 min. The mean model‐data difference in radial location is 0.40 ± 0.05 RE. The model‐data agreement is better for strong convection than for quiet or weakly disturbed conditions. On 18 January, both RBSP spacecraft crossed a tenuous, detached plasma feature at approximately the same time and nightside location as a wrapped residual plume, predicted by the model to have formed 32 h earlier on 17 January. The agreement between simulation and data indicates that the model‐provided global information is adequate to correctly interpret the RBSP density observations.
Seasonal variability of primary production and phytoplankton biomass in the western Pacific subarctic gyre: Control by light availability within the mixed layer
Authors: Matsumoto Kazuhiko , Honda Makio C. , Sasaoka Kosei , Wakita Masahide , Kawakami Hajime , Watanabe Shuichi
Published: September 2014

A distinct seasonal variation of primary production was revealed from shipboard observations conducted from 2005 to 2013 at time series station K2 in the western Pacific subarctic gyre (WSG). The mean depth‐integrated primary production was highest (569 ± 162 mg C m−2 d−1) in summer and lowest (101 ± 16 mg C m−2 d−1) in winter. Strong winter mixing enriched the mixed layer (ML) with nutrients that were not fully consumed during the remainder of the year, the result being that the WSG was a high‐nutrient, low‐chlorophyll (HNLC) region. The deep ML reduced primary production by reducing light availability in winter, whereas primary production was enhanced by strong light availability in the shallower ML as summer progressed. However, primary production was often attenuated by a reduction of light availability attributable to dense sea fog in summer. We found a significant relationship between primary production and light availability in this HNLC region. However, chlorophyll a was less variable seasonally than primary production. The highest depth‐integrated chlorophyll a was observed in summer (54.6 ± 13.4 mg m−2), but chlorophyll a remained high in winter (45.3 ± 7.7 mg m−2). Reduced light availability depressed primary production, but a reduction of the chlorophyll a concentration was prevented by a relaxation of grazing in the deep ML during winter. We found that light availability exerted an important control on the seasonal variability of primary production and phytoplankton biomass in the WSG.
The Central Pacific El Niño intraseasonal Kelvin wave
Authors: Mosquera‐Vásquez K. , Dewitte B. , Illig Serena
Published: September 2014

In this study, we document and interpret the characteristics of the IntraSeasonal Kelvin wave (ISKw) in the Pacific over the 1989–2011 period, based on observations, a linear model, and the outputs of an Ocean General Circulation Model (OGCM). We focus on the wave activity during the Central Pacific (CP) El Niño events contrasting with the extraordinary El Niño of 1997/1998. We find that the ISKw activity is enhanced in Austral summer (spring) in the central Pacific (west of ∼120°W) during CP El Niño events. The linear model experiment indicates that the Austral summer peak is wind‐forced, while the Austral spring peak is not and consequently results from nonlinear processes. In addition, a strong dissipation of the ISKws is observed east of 120°W which cannot be accounted for by a linear model using a Rayleigh friction. A vertical and horizontal mode decomposition of the OGCM simulation further confirms the sharp changes in characteristics of the ISKws as well as the reflection of the latter into first‐meridional Rossby wave at the longitude where the maximum zonal gradient of the thermocline is found (∼120°W). Our analysis suggests that the confinement of CP El Niño warming in the central Pacific may result from the reinforcement of the zonal gradient in stratification associated with the La Niña‐like conditions since the late of the 1990s, leading to scattering of the energy of the ISKws in the eastern Pacific.
Geometry of tidal inlet systems: A key factor for the net sediment transport in tidal inlets
Authors: Ridderinkhof W. , de Swart H. E. , van der Vegt M. , Alebregtse N. C. , Hoekstra P.
Published: September 2014

The net transport of sediment between the back‐barrier basin and the sea is an important process for determining the stability of tidal inlet systems. Earlier studies showed that in a short basin, tidal flats favor peak ebb‐currents stronger than peak flood currents, implying export of coarse sediment, while shallow basins favor stronger flood currents. The new elements considered in this study are (1) arbitrary basin lengths, (2) a narrow inlet that connects the basin to the sea, (3) an asymmetric tidal forcing, and (4) radiation damping. The objective is to gain fundamental insight in how the geometry of a tidal inlet system affects the net sand transport in a tidal inlet. For this purpose, a width‐averaged and depth‐averaged analytical model was constructed. It is found that the length of a back‐barrier basin controls the effect that nonlinear hydrodynamic processes have on the tidal asymmetry, and consequently controls whether the currents in the inlet are flood‐dominant or ebb‐dominant. Furthermore, the cross‐sectional area of the inlet controls the ratio between the net sediment transports that results from tidal asymmetry and that caused by the interaction of the principal tide with the residual current. Finally, it is shown that the effect of an asymmetric tidal forcing on the net sand transport depends on the length of the back‐barrier basin with respect to the tidal wavelength in that basin.
Numerical evaluation of the effects of planform geometry and inflow conditions on flow, turbulence structure, and bed shear velocity at a stream confluence with a concordant bed
Authors: Constantinescu George , Miyawaki Shinjiro , Rhoads Bruce , Sukhodolov Alexander
Published: September 2014

This study numerically investigates the effects of variations in inflow conditions and planform geometry on large‐scale coherent flow structures and bed friction velocities at a stream confluence with natural bathymetry and concordant bed morphology. Several numerical experiments are conducted in which either the Kelvin‐Helmholtz mode or the wake mode dominates within the mixing interface (MI) between the two confluent streams as the junction angle and alignments of the tributaries are altered. In the Kelvin‐Helmholtz mode, the MI contains mostly corotating vortices driven by the mean transverse shear across the MI, while in the wake mode the MI contains counterrotating vortices forming by the interaction of the separated shear layers on the two sides of a zone of stagnant fluid near the junction corner. A large angle between the two incoming streams is not necessary for the development of strongly coherent streamwise‐oriented vortical (SOV) cells in the immediate vicinity of the MI. Results show that such SOV cells can develop and produce high bed friction velocities even for cases with a low angle between the two tributaries and for cases where the downstream channel is approximately aligned with the axes of the two tributaries (low‐curvature cases). SOV cells tend not to develop only when the incoming streams are parallel and aligned with the downstream channel (junction angle of zero), and the incoming flows produce a strong Kelvin‐Helmholtz mode. Under such conditions, quasi 2‐D MI vortices play the primary role in mixing and the production of high bed shear velocities. Simulations with and without natural bed morphology/local bank line irregularities indicate that planform geometry and inflow conditions primarily govern the development of coherent flow structures, but that bathymetric and bank line effects can locally modify details of these structures.
The paleoecology of early Pleistocene Gigantopithecus blacki inferred from isotopic analyses
Authors: Nelson Sherry V.
Published: September 2014

This study presents isotopic analyses of Gigantopithecus blacki and contemporaneous fauna from Early Pleistocene southern China cave localities with a view to reconstructing the paleoecology of this large extinct ape. Carbon and oxygen stable isotope compositions were determined using tooth enamel carbonate of Gigantopithecus and eight other taxa from Longgudong Cave and additional Gigantopithecus specimens from Juyuandong Cave. Carbon isotopic values of Gigantopithecus fauna reflect a densely forested habitat rarely preserved in the fossil record. These values overlap with those of other ape habitats including Miocene Sivapithecus faunas in the Siwaliks of Pakistan and modern chimpanzee faunas at Kibale National Park, Uganda, and the Ituri Forest, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Despite the overlap, Gigantopithecus fauna carbon values are significantly lower than those of the Siwaliks and Kibale, likely reflecting a more continuous canopy or more humid forest. Carbon isotope values suggest the habitat consisted of vegetation similar to current subtropical monsoon forests of southern China. Ranges of carbon and oxygen isotopic values for Gigantopithecus suggest a broad diet comprising both terrestrial and canopy plants. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:571–578, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Immunology
Authors: Toskala Elina
Published: September 2014

Background

Knowledge of our immune system functions is critical for understanding allergic airway disease development as well as for selection of appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic options for patients with respiratory allergies.

Methods

This review explains the current understanding of the basic immunology of the upper airways and the pathophysiology of allergic responses, including the mechanisms behind allergic rhinitis.

Results

The immune system can be divided to 2 main defense systems that function differently—innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity includes several defensive mechanisms such as anatomic or physical barriers, physiological barriers, phagocytosis, and inflammation. The adaptive immune response is activated in an antigen‐specific way to provide for the elimination of antigen and induce lasting protection. Hypersensitivity reactions occur when an exaggerated adaptive immune response is activated. Allergic rhinitis is an example of a type I, immunoglobulin E, mediated hypersensitivity reaction.

Conclusion

Today we have several immunomodulatory treatment options for patients with allergic airway diseases, such as subcutaneous and sublingual immunotherapy. An understanding of the basics of our immune system and its method of functions is key for using these therapies appropriately.