bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nuclear roundness variance predicts prostate cancer progression, metastasis, and death: A prospective evaluation with up to 25 years of follow‐up after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Veltri Robert W. , Isharwal Sumit , Miller M. Craig , Epstein Jonathan I. , Partin Alan W.
Published: April 2010

BACKGROUND

Nuclear structure is often altered in cancer due to spatial rearrangements of chromatin organization via activation of oncogenes and other chromatin remodeling genes. Therefore, we evaluated the prognostic value of nuclear roundness variance (NRV) for prostate cancer (PCa) progression, metastasis and PCa‐specific death free survivals in a cohort of 116 men after radical prostatectomy (RP).

METHOD

NRV was calculated for each case using the variance of the nuclear roundness from ∼150 nuclei captured at a magnification of 2,440× for each case in 1992–1993.

NRV data were merged with clinical, pathologic, and follow‐up data for all patients in 2009. Cox proportional hazards regression and Kaplan–Meier plots were employed to analyze the data.

RESULTS

Median follow‐up time after RP for all patients was 19 years (range: 1–25 years, mean: 17 years), with ∼92% (107/116), 71% (82/116), and 47% (55/116) patients having ≥10, 15, and 20 years of follow‐up, respectively. NRV was the most significant parameter for prediction of all three outcomes and its concordance‐index (C‐Index) increased from progression (0.7080) to metastasis (0.7332) to PCa‐specific death (0.8090) free survival predictions. Of note, NRV C‐Index was significantly higher compared to Gleason Score C‐Index for metastasis (0.7332 vs. 0.6046; P = 0.027) and PCa‐specific death (0.8090 vs. 0.6336; P = 0.004) free survival predictions. However, the difference between NRV and Gleason Score C‐Indexes was not statistically significant for progression free survival prediction (0.7080 vs. 0.6463; P = 0.106).

CONCLUSION

NRV is valuable nuclear structural feature that exceeds Gleason score to predict an aggressive phenotype of PCa. Prostate 70:1333–1339, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The flexible C‐terminal arm of the Lassa arenavirus Z‐protein mediates interactions with multiple binding partners
Authors: May Eric R. , Armen Roger S. , Mannan Aristotle M. , Brooks Charles L.
Published: April 2010

The arenavirus genome encodes for a Z‐protein, which contains a RING domain that coordinates two zinc ions, and has been identified as having several functional roles at various stages of the virus life cycle. Z‐protein binds to multiple host proteins and has been directly implicated in the promotion of viral budding, repression of mRNA translation, and apoptosis of infected cells. Using homology models of the Z‐protein from Lassa strain arenavirus, replica exchange molecular dynamics (MD) was used to refine the structures, which were then subsequently clustered. Population‐weighted ensembles of low‐energy cluster representatives were predicted based upon optimal agreement of the chemical shifts computed with the SPARTA program with the experimental NMR chemical shifts. A member of the refined ensemble was indentified to be a potential binder of budding factor Tsg101 based on its correspondence to the structure of the HIV‐1 Gag late domain when bound to Tsg101. Members of these ensembles were docked against the crystal structure of human eIF4E translation initiation factor. Two plausible binding modes emerged based upon their agreement with experimental observation, favorable interaction energies and stability during MD trajectories. Mutations to Z are proposed that would either inhibit both binding mechanisms or selectively inhibit only one mode. The C‐terminal domain conformation of the most populated member of the representative ensemble shielded protein‐binding recognition motifs for Tsg101 and eIF4E and represents the most populated state free in solution. We propose that C‐terminal flexibility is key for mediating the different functional states of the Z‐protein. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two‐dimensional polaron mass in ZnO quantum Hall systems
Authors: Imanaka Y. , Takamasu T. , Tampo H. , Shibata H. , Niki S.
Published: April 2010

Cyclotron resonance has been observed in ZnO heterostructures with dense two dimensional electron gas at a wide range of the sub‐millimeter wave up to 651 GHz. The typical carrier concentration of the sample is found to be higher than 1012 cm–2 from the Shubnikov de Haas oscillation measurement, and the quantum Hall effect has also been observed at high magnetic fields up to 25 T.

The electron effective mass in the ZnO two dimensional system has just been determined as m* = 0.32 ± 0.01 m0 from the magnetic field dependence of the cyclotron resonance experiments. The obtained two dimensional mass is enhanced in comparison with the bare effective mass of three dimensional systems. It is partially due to the large electron‐phonon interaction in ZnO (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Initial studies on the occurrence of cyanobacteria and microcystins in Irish lakes
Authors: Mooney Karen M. , Hamilton John T. G. , Floyd Stewart D. , Foy Robert H. , Elliott Christopher T.
Published: April 2010

We report the results of a synoptic survey at 14 sites across the north of Ireland undertaken to determine the occurrence of cyanobacteria and their constituent microcystin cyanotoxins. Seven microcystin toxins were tested for, and five of which were found, with MC‐LR, MC‐RR, and MC‐YR being the most prevalent. Gomphosphaeria spp and Microcystis aeruginosa were the most dominant cyanobacterial species encountered. Together with Aphanizomenon flos‐aquae, these were the cyanobacteria associated with the highest microcystin concentrations. The occurrence of several microcystin toxins indicates that there may potentially be more than one cyanobacteria species producing microcystins at many sites. Total microcystin concentrations varied over three orders of magnitude dividing the sites into two groups of high (>1000 ngMC/μgChla, six sites) or low toxicity (<200 ngMC/μgChla, eight sites). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2010.
Quantitative somatosensory testing of subjects with chronic post‐traumatic headache: Implications on its mechanisms
Authors: Defrin Ruth , Gruener Hila , Schreiber Shaul , Pick Chaim G.
Published: April 2010

Background: Chronic headache is one of the most prominent symptoms among subjects with traumatic head injury (THI). Despite the relatively high prevalence of chronic post‐traumatic headache (CPTHA) and its enormous effect on the already poor quality of life of subjects with THI, its mechanisms has not been studied in depth.

Objective: To conducted quantitative somatosensory testing in THI subjects with and without chronic post‐traumatic headache (CPTHA) in order to shed light on the yet, unknown pathophysiology of CPTHA.

Methods: THI subjects with and without CPTHA and healthy controls underwent thermal and mechanical threshold measurements in painful and pain‐free regions in the head and in their hands (a remote pain‐free region) and filled out and the post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) inventory. In addition, the THI and CPTHA filled out the Mc'Gill pain questionnaire (MPQ).

Results: THI subjects with CPTHA had significantly higher thermal thresholds in both the head and hand indicating central damage to the pain and temperature system and in addition, a significantly lower pressure‐pain threshold in the head as well as more severe PTSD symptomatology than the pain‐free THI subjects and healthy controls.

Conclusions: The sensory profile of subjects with CPTHA suggests that CPTHA may be a form of central pain. The cranial mechanical hyperalgesia may originate from peripheral tissue damage accompanying the THI. Psychological factors may contribute to the development, and maintenance of CPTHA in susceptible individuals.
Cytokinesis and cancer
Authors: Sagona Antonia P. , Stenmark Harald
Published: April 2010

Cytokinesis is the final stage of cell division during which the two daughter cells separate completely. Although less well understood than some of the earlier phases of the cell cycle, recent discoveries have shed light on the mechanisms that orchestrate this process, including cleavage furrow formation, midbody maturation and abscission. One of the reasons why research on cytokinesis has been attracting increasing attention is the concept that failure of this process in mammals is associated with carcinogenesis. In this minireview, we will discuss the possible links between cytokinesis and cancer, and highlight key mechanisms that connect these processes.
Characterization of an aspartate‐dependent acid survival system in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Authors: Hu Yangbo , Lu Pei , Zhang Yong , Li Lamei , Chen Shiyun
Published: April 2010

Enteric bacteria have developed various survival systems that protect against acid stress. In this study, an aspartate‐dependent acid survival system is characterized in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. The expression of aspartase (AspA) was confirmed to be increased at acidic pH by proteomic and lacZ fusion analyses. Addition of aspartate increased acid survival of the wild type but not the aspA knockout mutant. AspA increases acid survival by producing ammonia as demonstrated by mutation and in vitro enzyme activity analyses. This is the first demonstration that an enzyme involved in aspartate metabolism plays a role in acid survival in an enteric bacterium.
Something worth dyeing for: Molecular tools for the dissection of lipid metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Elle Ida Coordt , Olsen Louise Cathrine Braun , Pultz Dennis , Rødkær Steven Vestergaard , Færgeman Nils Joakim
Published: April 2010

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) has during the last decade emerged as an invaluable eukaryotic model organism to understand the metabolic and neuro‐endocrine regulation of lipid accumulation. The fundamental pathways of food intake, digestion, metabolism, and signalling are evolutionary conserved between mammals and worms making C. elegans a genetically and metabolically extremely tractable model to decipher new regulatory mechanisms of lipid storage and to understand how nutritional and genetic perturbations can lead to obesity and other metabolic diseases. Besides providing an overview of the most important regulatory mechanisms of lipid accumulation in C. elegans, we also critically assess the current methodologies to monitor lipid storage and content as various methods differ in their applicability, consistency, and simplicity.
Structural Proof Theory
Authors: Negri Sara , von Plato Jan , Ranta Aarne
Published: April 2010

Structural proof theory is a branch of logic that studies the general structure and properties of logical and mathematical proofs. This book is both a concise introduction to the central results and methods of structural proof theory, and a work of research that will be of interest to specialists. The book is designed to be used by students of philosophy, mathematics and computer science. The book contains a wealth of results on proof-theoretical systems, including extensions of such systems from logic to mathematics, and on the connection between the two main forms of structural proof theory - natural deduction and sequent calculus. The authors emphasize the computational content of logical results. A special feature of the volume is a computerized system for developing proofs interactively, downloadable from the web and regularly updated.
The Classical Papers of A. E. Housman
Authors: Goodyear F. R. D.
Published: April 2010

A complete collection, in three volumes, of the classical articles and reviews of A. E. Housman. These papers were originally published between 1882 and 1936 in a variety of academic journals, many of which are now difficult to obtain. The editors have checked and, where necessary, supplemented and updated all the references and corrected errors in them, but have otherwise presented each paper, in full, with the minimum of editorial comment. At the end of Volume III there are very elaborate and comprehensive indexes of passages, words and topics discussed by Houston. The Kleine Schriften of great scholars are among the most important and useful tools of the classicist's trade. This edition will be of the first importance among such collections and will provide an essential work of reference. Housman's known virtues as a textual critic are decisively confirmed and emphasized now that his papers can be seen in one complete and connected sequence.
Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England
Authors: Cowling Maurice
Published: April 2010

In Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England, Maurice Cowling defines the principles according to which the intellectual history of modern England should be written and argue that the history of Christianity is of primary importance. In this volume, which is self-contained, he makes a further contribution to understanding the role which Christianity has played in modern English thought. There are critical accounts of the thought of Toynbee, T. S. Eliot, Collingwood, Butterfield, Oakeshott, David Knowles, Evelyn Waugh and Churchill. It also contains less extended accounts of the thought of A. N. Whitehead, of Enoch Powell Minister. The book is given coherence by the connected ideas of the ubiquity of religion, of literature as an instrument of religious indoctrination, and of the intimacy of the connections between the political, philosophical, literary and religious assumptions that are to be found among the leaders of the English intelligentsia.
Finite Markov Chains and Algorithmic Applications
Authors: Häggström Olle
Published: April 2010

Based on a lecture course given at Chalmers University of Technology, this 2002 book is ideal for advanced undergraduate or beginning graduate students. The author first develops the necessary background in probability theory and Markov chains before applying it to study a range of randomized algorithms with important applications in optimization and other problems in computing. Amongst the algorithms covered are the Markov chain Monte Carlo method, simulated annealing, and the recent Propp-Wilson algorithm. This book will appeal not only to mathematicians, but also to students of statistics and computer science. The subject matter is introduced in a clear and concise fashion and the numerous exercises included will help students to deepen their understanding.
Justice and Christian Ethics
Authors: Gardner E. Clinton
Published: April 2010

Justice and Christian Ethics is a study in the meaning and foundations of justice in modern society. Written from a theological perspective, its focus is upon the interaction of religion and law in their common pursuit of justice. Consideration is given, first, to the historical roots of justice in the classical tradition of virtue (Aristotle and Aquinas) and in the biblical ideas of covenant and the righteousness of God. Subsequent chapters trace the relationships between justice, law and virtue in Puritanism, in Locke, and in the founding documents of the American Republic in the late eighteenth century. In his concluding section, the author develops a covenantal interpretation of justice which includes both law and virtue, both human rights and the common good. Special attention is given to the pluralistic character of modern political societies; to criteria of distributive justice; and to religious resources for the renewal and transformation of justice.
Electronic Structure of Refractory Carbides and Nitrides
Authors: Gubanov V. A. , Ivanovsky A. L. , Zhukov V. P.
Published: April 2010

This book presents a systematic description of the electronic and physico-chemical properties of transition-metal carbides and nitrides. This is the first book devoted to the theoretical modelling of refractory carbides and nitrides and alloys based on them. It makes use of computational methods to calculate their spectroscopic, electric, magnetic, superconducting, thermodynamical and mechanical properties. Calculated results on the electronic band structure of ideal binary transition metal carbides and nitrides are presented, and the influence of crystal lattice defects, vacancies and impurities are studied in detail. Data available on chemical bonding and the properties of multi-component carbide- and nitride-based alloys, as well as their surface electronic structure, are described and compared with those of bulk crystals.
The Heavenly Counsellor in Isaiah xl 13-14
Authors: Whybray R. N.
Published: April 2010

One of the most rewarding of recent approaches to the study of Deutero-Isaiah has been the attempt to understand his teaching against the background of his ministry to the second generation of Jewish exiles in Babylonia. Two factors have been taken into account: the nature of the Israelite religious tradition which the exiles had inherited from the past, and the actual circumstances of their life in Babylonia, where they were subject to the cultural and religious pressures of their environment. Each of these may be expected to have exercised some influence on the teaching of Deutero-Isaiah. Dr Whybray's study of this one short passage has been made in order to explore the relationships between the two factors. The passage, which has long been the subject of vigorous controversy, admirably raises the question of the sources of Deutero-Isaiah's theology. This detailed study, which employs as far as possible all the techniques of modern critical investigation, is an attempt to shed some light on the interpretation of Deutero-Isaiah as a whole.
Interaction Models
Authors: Biggs Norman L.
Published: April 2010

This book is based on a set of lectures given to a mixed audience of physicists and mathematicians. The desire to be intelligible to both groups is the underlying preoccupation of the author. Physicists nowadays are particularly interested in phase transitions. The typical situation is that a system of interacting particles exhibits an abrupt change of behaviour at a certain temperature, although the local forces between the particles are thought to be smooth functions of temperature. This account discusses the theory behind a simple model of such phenomena. An important tool is the mathematical discipline known as the Theory of Graphs. There are five chapters, each subdivided into sections. The first chapter is intended as a broad introduction to the subject, and it is written in a more informal manner than the rest. Notes and references for each chapter are given at the end of the chapter.
Manifolds with Singularities and the Adams-Novikov Spectral Sequence
Authors: Botvinnik Boris I.
Published: April 2010

Traditionally the Adams–Novikov spectral sequence has been a tool which has enabled the computation of generators and relations to describe homotopy groups. Here a natural geometric description of the sequence is given in terms of cobordism theory and manifolds with singularities. The author brings together many interesting results not widely known outside the USSR, including some recent work by Vershinin. This book will be of great interest to researchers into algebraic topology.
Isolated Singular Points on Complete Intersections
Authors: Looijenga E. J. N.
Published: April 2010

Singularity theory is not a field in itself, but rather an application of algebraic geometry, analytic geometry and differential analysis. The adjective 'singular' in the title refers here to singular points of complex-analytic or algebraic varieties or mappings. A tractable (and very natural) class of singularities to study are the isolated complete intersection singularities, and much progress has been made over the past decade in understanding these and their deformations.
Acoustics of Fluid-Structure Interactions
Authors: Howe M. S.
Published: April 2010

Acoustics of Fluid-Structure Interactions addresses an increasingly important branch of fluid mechanics - the absorption of noise and vibration by fluid flow. This subject, which offers numerous challenges to conventional areas of acoustics, is of growing concern in places where the environment is adversely affected by sound. Howe presents useful background material on fluid mechanics and the elementary concepts of classical acoustics and structural vibrations. Using examples, many of which include complete worked solutions, he vividly illustrates the theoretical concepts involved. He provides the basis for all calculations necessary for the determination of sound generation by aircraft, ships, general ventilation and combustion systems, as well as musical instruments. Both a graduate textbook and a reference for researchers, Acoustics of Fluid-Structure Interactions is an important synthesis of information in this field. It will also aid engineers in the theory and practice of noise control.
Introduction to Probability and Statistics from a Bayesian Viewpoint
Authors: Lindley D. V.
Published: April 2010

The two parts of this book treat probability and statistics as mathematical disciplines and with the same degree of rigour as is adopted for other branches of applied mathematics at the level of a British honours degree. They contain the minimum information about these subjects that any honours graduate in mathematics ought to know. They are written primarily for general mathematicians, rather than for statistical specialists or for natural scientists who need to use statistics in their work. No previous knowledge of probability or statistics is assumed, though familiarity with calculus and linear algebra is required. The first volume takes the theory of probability sufficiently far to be able to discuss the simpler random processes, for example, queueing theory and random walks. The second volume deals with statistics, the theory of making valid inferences from experimental data, and includes an account of the methods of least squares and maximum likelihood; it uses the results of the first volume.
Animal and Human Calorimetry
Authors: McLean J. A. , Tobin G.
Published: April 2010

This volume provides a useful survey of the theory, practice and techniques of calorimetry as applied to the study of energy metabolism in humans and animals. Calorimetry is used to estimate nutritional requirements of man and farm livestock and to evaluate different foods. It is also a powerful tool used in research into fundamental nutritional and physiological life-processes and to evaluate stresses imposed by abnormal or severe environments. It is currently being applied in various branches of medical research and can be used as a diagnostic tool in hospitals for investigation of metabolic disorders. The volume encompasses both direct calorimetry, which measures heat loss directly, and indirect calorimetry, where heat loss is inferred by measurement of some of the chemical by-products of metabolism. In addition, guidance is provided to the instrumentation, technical problems and precautions necessary to obtain accurate calorimetric measurements. The volume will be essential for those scientists who practise or study calorimetry as part of their research: food scientists, clinical and non-clinical nutririonists, physiologists, veterinarians and agriculturalists.
Deaf Young People and their Families
Authors: Gregory Susan , Bishop Juliet , Sheldon Lesley
Published: April 2010

This is a longitudinal follow up to the study reported in The Deaf Child and his Family, now re-published as Deaf Children and their Families. Some 18 years on, 75% of the original families have been traced and this new volume provides an account of the subsequent interviews with both the parents and the deaf young people themselves. Participants reflect not only on the consequences of deafness within their own lives, but on the changing context for deaf people. It includes a comparison of the views of parents with those of their sons and daughters and an examination of factors in early life which may relate to later development. In its provision of a unique insight into the deaf young person's perspective on life, it will be a valuable resource for all those concerned with deafness and special education, including families, deaf people, professionals and academics.
A Grand Army of Black Men
Authors: Redkey Edwin S.
Published: April 2010

The Civil War stands vivid in the collective memory of the American public. There has always been a profound interest in the subject, and specifically the participation of black Americans in and reactions to the war and the war's outcome. Almost 200,000 African-American soldiers fought for the Union in the Civil War. Although most were illiterate ex-slaves, several thousand were well-educated, free black men from the northern states. The 176 letters in this collection were written by black soldiers in the Union army during the Civil War to black and abolitionist newspapers. They provide a unique expression of the black voice that was meant for a public forum. The letters tell of the men's experiences, their fears and their hopes. They describe in detail their army days - the excitement of combat and the drudgery of digging trenches. Some letters give vivid descriptions of battle; others protest against racism; still others call eloquently for civil rights. Many describe their conviction that they are fighting not only to free the slaves but to earn equal rights as citizens. These letters give an extraordinary picture of the war and also reveal the bright expectations, hopes, and ultimately the demands that black soldiers had for the future - for themselves and for their race. As first-person documents of the Civil War, the letters are strong statements of the American dream of justice and equality, and of the human spirit.
Stone Lake
Authors: Schmidt J. D.
Published: April 2010

Stone Lake is a translation and study of the poetry of Fan Chengda (1126–1193), one of the most famous Chinese poets of the twelfth century. For the non-specialist reader the main attraction of this 1992 book will be the translations from an extensive body of Fan Chengda's poetry, which make up almost half of the text, and includes poems on such familiar themes as the Chinese countryside, peasant life, Buddhism and growing old. The more technical part of the book contains a biography of the poet, a discussion of his affiliation with poets of the generation before him such as Lu You and Yang Wanli, a detailed analysis of his style, and discussion of the major themes of his work.
Anglo-American Interplay in Recent Drama
Authors: Cohn Ruby
Published: April 2010

The provocative notion of a contemporary cross-cultural exchange within the medium of theatre is here imposed upon a dozen contemporary Anglo-American dramatists: Alan Ayckbourn and Neil Simon, Edward Bond and Sam Shepard, David Mamet and Harold Pinter, Caryl Churchill and Maria Irene Fornès, David Hare and David Rabe, Christopher Hampton and Richard Nelson. In each pairing, Ruby Cohn unites a British with an American playwright, exploring similarities both apparent and embedded - similarities which serve as a springboard for the exposure of a more profound, culturally based difference. A certain transatlantic double focus thus illuminates both the composition and the interpretation of dramatic works in an increasingly globally minded age.
Complicity
Authors: Kutz Christopher
Published: April 2010

We live in a morally flawed world. Our lives are complicated by what other people do, and by the harms that flow from our social, economic and political institutions. Our relations as individuals to these collective harms constitute the domain of complicity. This book examines the relationship between collective responsibility and individual guilt. It presents a rigorous philosophical account of the nature of our relations to the social groups in which we participate, and uses that account in a discussion of contemporary moral theory. Christopher Kutz shows that the two prevailing theories of moral philosophy, Kantianism and consequentialism, both have difficulties resolving problems of complicity. He then argues for a richer theory of accountability in which any real understanding of collective action not only allows but demands individual responsibility.
Decisions and Revisions
Authors: Levi Isaac
Published: April 2010

This is a collection of Isaac Levi's philosophical papers. Over the period represented by the work here, Professor Levi has developed an interrelated set of views, in the tradition of Peirce and Dewey, on epistemology and the philosophy of science and social science. This focus has been on the problem of induction and the growth of knowledge, the foundations of probability and the theory of rational decision-making. His most important essays in these areas are assembled here, with an introduction setting out their main themes and connections. As a whole the volume presents a coherent, elaborated position which will be of great interest to a range of philosophers, decision theorists, welfare and social choice theorists and cognitive scientists.
Conversational Competence and Social Development
Authors: Dimitracopoulou Ioanna
Published: April 2010

This book provides insight into the development of the child's ability to become a competent participant in conversation. It follows efforts to apply the insights of pragmatic philosophers of language to the psychology of language development, and holds that the meaning of a communication is embedded in social life. Language use and social function are thus closely intertwined. The author combines a pragmatic analysis of the functions language can perform with an innovative empirical investigation of the development of young children's language use and sociocognitive skills. She gives a detailed description of the development of children's language between the ages of three and a half and seven, broadens the scope of theorizing about language development by placing it in relation to the development of social understanding speech problems and designing ways to solve them. As a result, a strong link between language, sociocognitive development and social development is discovered. It will be welcomed by child language specialists, developmental and social psychologists, conversation and discourse analysts, and their advanced students.
Pushing Boundaries
Authors: Vásquez Olga A. , Pease-Alvarez Lucinda , Shannon Sheila M. , Moll Luis
Published: April 2010

Children in Mexicano communities learn to use language in a variety of ways. At times they use both Spanish and English in the same conversation or help friends and family members enter mainstream society by translating English to Spanish for them. Pushing Boundaries describes Eastside, a Mexicano community in northern California, analysing language learning and language socialization in the context of real, problematic, important activities in people's lives. The authors consolidate three separate studies providing a unique perspective on the ways bilingual children and their families use and learn language. With children using the language of home, school and community separately and in combination, the book reveals how these children use their traditional language and cultural knowledge as a critical component for learning their second language and its underlying cultural norms.
Beauty, Health, and Permanence
Authors: Hays Samuel P.
Published: April 2010

Bringing together a wide range of environmental issues that have been debated since the mid-1950s, this book views these issues as a result of changes in values in American society since World War II. The author explores such substantive issues as pollution, natural lands, chemical carcinogens, and population-resources balances. He examines the politics of environmental science, economic analysis, planning, and management, and traces the impact of environmental issues on local, state, and federal government. The book explores political controversy to shed light on the working of political institutions and to establish their relationship to social change.
Contracting for Property Rights
Authors: Libecap Gary D.
Published: April 2010

In this book the author examines the problems encountered in negotiations among claimants and the political and economic considerations that influence property rights arrangements. The histories of mineral rights, rights to range and timber land, as well as fishery and crude oil production rights in the United States are examined and reveal a surprising variety of contractual negotiations and economic outcomes. The author concludes that in addition to an analysis of distributional outcomes, an examination of the details of the political bargaining underlying property rights contracts is essential to an understanding of why rights emerge as they do. The book is an important contribution to both property rights theory and to American economic history.
War and Change in World Politics
Authors: Gilpin Robert
Published: April 2010

War and Change in World Politics introduces the reader to an important new theory of international political change. Arguing that the fundamental nature of international relations has not changed over the millennia, Professor Gilpin uses history, sociology, and economic theory to identify the forces causing change in the world order. The discussion focuses on the differential growth of power in the international system and the result of this unevenness. A shift in the balance of power - economic or military - weakens the foundations of the existing system, because those gaining power see the increasing benefits and the decreasing cost of changing the system. The result, maintains Gilpin, is that actors seek to alter the system through territorial, political, or economic expansion until the marginal costs of continuing change are greater than the marginal benefits. When states develop the power to change the system according to their interests they will strive to do so- either by increasing economic efficiency and maximizing mutual gain, or by redistributing wealth and power in their own favour.
Elusive Stability
Authors: Eichengreen Barry
Published: April 2010

This volume provides a new interpretation of the operation and macroeconomic repercussions of the international monetary system during the interwar years. Each of the eleven essays is explicitly concerned with the role of exchange rates in macroeconomic fluctuations from the American and European perspective. The final essay examines the interwar experience from a long-term perspective.
Economic Choice Theory
Authors: Kagel John H. , Battalio Raymond C. , Green Leonard
Published: April 2010

This book details the results of the authors' research using laboratory animals to investigate individual choice theory in economics-consumer-demand and labour supply behaviour and choice under uncertainty. The use of laboratory animals provides the opportunity to conduct controlled experiments involving precise and demanding tests of economic theory with rewards and punishments of real consequence. Economic models are compared to psychological and biological choice models along with the results of experiments testing between these competing explanations. Results of animal experiments are used to address questions of social policy importance.
Three Cheers for the Unemployed
Authors: Sautter Udo
Published: April 2010

Three Cheers for the Unemployed describes the beginnings and development of unemployment reform up to the New Deal. As a consequence of the large-scale industrialization after the Civil War, joblessness could no longer be considered to be caused by character defects, but had to be ascribed to societal forces. It became clear that traditional remedial measures could not cope with the problem adequately. In times of depression, the large number of unemployed far exceeded the aid capacity of private philanthropies and civic authorities. And the continuous expansion of the labor market made it obvious that local action would remain insufficient, especially if prevention could take the place of the less-desirable solution. By the time the United States entered World War I, reformist thinkers had devised the major tools that were later used to deal with unemployment. After the war and during most of the 1920s, these tools underwent thorough examination and refinement. The early years of the Great Depression saw them used tentatively. On the eve of the New Deal, a well-reasoned and successfully tested group of social programs was available. This book essentially refutes a social-control explanation for this process. It demonstrates that the unemployment measures of the New Deal emanated from the reformist endeavors of the Progressive Age.
Death by Migration
Authors: Curtin Philip D.
Published: April 2010

This book is a quantitative study of relocation costs among European soldiers in the tropics between about 1815 and 1914. This study, however, has broader implications. For Europe itself, this was the crucial century of the 'mortality revolution', with its profound influence on European and world demographic history. For the history of medicine, this was the transitional century between the kind of medicine that had been practiced in Europe since classical times and the kind of scientific medicine that would be spawned by the germ theory of disease. For Europe's global, political and military relations, this was the final period for the European conquest. For all these reasons, the relocation costs of this period have great bearing on human history.
Frustration Theory
Authors: Amsel Abram
Published: April 2010

We live in a world in which inconsistency is the rule rather than the exception and this is particularly true for rewards and frustrations. In some cases, rewards and frustrative non-rewards appear randomly for what seems to be the same behaviour; in others a sequence of rewards is suddenly followed by non-rewards, or large rewards by small rewards. The important common factor in these and other cases is frustration - how we learn about it and how we respond to it. This book provides a basis in learning theory and particularly in frustration theory, for a comprehension not only of the mechanisms controlling these dispositions, but also of their order of appearance in early development and, to an approximation at least, their neural underpinnings.
Games for Language Learning
Authors: Wright Andrew , Betteridge David , Buckby Michael
Published: April 2010

This is the third edition of the one of the founding titles of the CHLT series. The book features many of the original games but has also been fully revised to include new games for the ELT classroom. The structure of the book has also been revised so that the games are now grouped in a more teacher-friendly format where teachers can search based on language and skill criteria rather than just game type.
Second Language Writing
Authors: Hyland Ken
Published: April 2010

This text is a highly accessible and authoritative approach to the theory and practice of teaching writing to students of English. This book is an accessible and authoritative approach to the theory and practice of teaching writing to students of English. It sets out the key issues in second language writing instruction to offer both pre-service and in-service teachers a guide to writing instruction grounded in current theory and research. The author takes the stance that student writers not only need realistic strategies for drafting and revising, but also a clear understanding of genre to structure their writing experience according to the demands and constraints of particular target contexts. This book will be extremely useful to prospective and practicing teachers alike.
Number/aspect interactions in the syntax of nominalizations: A Distributed approach
Authors: ALEXIADOU ARTEMIS , IORDĂCHIOAIA GIANINA , SOARE ELENA
Published: April 2010

In this paper we focus on the ability of ArgumentSupportingNominalizations(ASNs) to realize morphological plural. We think that this aspect of their behavior is instrumental in our understanding of their properties and their syntax within one language and across languages. Our factual investigation deals with Romanian, English, German and Spanish, as well as Polish and Bulgarian ASNs. We show that the interplay between the aspectual properties – either inner or outer aspect – and the nominal/verbal characteristics, as justifying the internal structure of ASNs, allows us to characterize the ability of ASNs to accept plural marking across languages. We further argue for a flexible syntactic theory that enables us to capture the mixed properties of ASNs. We provide evidence for two parameters of variation. The first parameter is whether ASNs involve a nominalizer or not. If a nominalizer is not included, ASNs lack nominal internal properties. If a nominalizer is included, the second parameter comes into play and allows for language variation with respect to the height of attachment of the nominalizer. Specifically, a nominalizer can attach to (and thus nominalize) distinct layers of syntactic structure (VP vs. AspectP).
Nutrition and immunology: from the clinic to cellular biology and back again
Authors: Chandra R. K.
Published: April 2010

Diet and immunity have been known to be linked to each other for centuries. In the last 30 years systematic studies have confirmed that nutrient deficiencies impair immune response and lead to frequent severe infections resulting in increased mortality, especially in children. Protein-energy malnutrition results in reduced number and functions of T-cells, phagocytic cells and secretory immunoglobulin A antibody response. In addition, levels of many complement components are reduced. Similar findings have been reported for moderate deficiencies of individual nutrients such as trace minerals and vitamins, particularly Zn, Fe, Se, vitamins A, B6, C and E. For example, Zn deficiency is associated with profound impairment of cell-mediated immunity such as lymphocyte stimulation response, decreased CD4+:CD8+ cells, and decreased chemotaxis of phagocytes. In addition, the level of thymulin, which is a Zn-dependent hormone, is markedly decreased. The use of nutrient supplements, singly or in combination, stimulates immune response and may result in fewer infections, particularly in the elderly, low-birth-weight infants and malnourished critically-ill patients in hospitals. The interactions between nutrition and the immune system are of clinical, practical and public health importance.
Bilingual speech and language ecology in Greek Thrace: Romani and Pomak in contact with Turkish
Authors: Adamou Evangelia
Published: April 2010

This article examines the influence of language ecology on bilingual speech. It is based on first-hand data from two previously undocumented varieties of Romani and Pomak in contact with Turkish in Greek Thrace; in both cases Turkish is an important language for the community's identity. This analysis shows how the Romani-Turkish “fused lect” was produced by intensive and extensive bilingualism through colloquial contact with the trade language, Turkish. In addition, it shows how semi-sedentary Pomak speakers had limited, institutional contact with Turkish, resulting in more traditional codeswitching and emblematic lexical borrowings. (Language contact, bilingual speech, fused lect, language ecology, Pomak, Romani, Turkish, Greece)*
The Debate on Economic Policy in Newly-independent Indonesia between Sjafruddin Prawiranegara and Sumitro Djojohadikusumo
Authors: Wie Thee Kian
Published: April 2010

In 1949, after a four-year long armed struggle, Indonesia finally achieved effective control over its entire territory, with the exception of West Irian (now Papua). Nevertheless, the young nation faced serious political and economic problems. The Japanese occupation and the long fight against the Dutch had seriously impoverished the Indonesian people. The new government also faced armed insurrections and secessionist movements in various regions such as Aceh, West Java, South Sulawesi, and the Moluccas, which threatened the country's territorial integrity. In late January 1950, scarcely one month after the transfer of sovereignty, Raymond Westerling (a rogue member of the Dutch army) along with a few hundred troops under his command, carried out an audacious but quixotic plan to occupy Bandung and Jakarta. Although this plan immediately failed, it increased the sense of vulnerability of the Indonesian government.
MESOAMERICAN ETHNOHISTORY
Authors: Berdan Frances F.
Published: April 2010

Research in Mesoamerican ethnohistory has made great strides over the past few decades. Innovations and refinements in the field follow several themes, including increased availability and more sophisticated interpretations of pictorial codices, the bringing to light of additional documentary materials and their translations, an increase in research on colonial life, a continuing interest in the Spanish conquest itself, and the development of particularly useful interpretations and perspectives from anthropology, history, and art history. Building on these themes, ethnohistory is in a position to further develop documentary analyses and text translations, encourage multidisciplinary and comparative research endeavors, and generate more sophisticated models for understanding culture change.
Liberty versus Common Good
Authors: Dénes Iván Zoltán
Published: April 2010

The functions and territories of academies and universities have never been totally independent from the outside world, nor can we revert to earlier stages of the history of these institutions. Therefore, we have to understand and judge them according to their components in order to find the proper responses to various challenges, and we have to make continuous efforts to be as independent and autonomous as possible in the context of cooperation and the building of collective wisdom. The keywords of this article are personal liberty, political freedom, concentration versus separation of powers, efficiency, meritocracy, common good, and political community.
Effects of emergent and submerged natural vegetation on longitudinal mixing in open channel flow
Authors: Shucksmith J. D. , Boxall J. B. , Guymer I.
Published: April 2010

An awareness of mixing processes is imperative in understanding the transport of pollutants in open channel flows, important for environmental impact studies. To date, controlled laboratory studies of the effects of vegetation on mixing processes have used simulated plants. This may neglect some of the important variables introduced by the presence of natural vegetation. In this study natural vegetation was planted within a laboratory channel, and a series of experiments quantifying velocity, turbulence, and longitudinal mixing were conducted over a time period sufficient to allow growth of the vegetation to impact on the mixing processes. In emergent conditions the results generally confirmed previous artificial vegetation and modeling studies, showing that vegetation reduces the magnitude of longitudinal shear dispersion. Additionally, measureable change in longitudinal mixing was observed primarily as a function of flow depth but also of plant age. Normalization using previously suggested parameter combinations failed to yield predictive trends. Submerged tests uniquely covered natural vegetation with a significant wake zone, and from this it was observed that longitudinal mixing is primarily a function of the degree of submergence. Overall, this paper presents a new data set quantifying the effects of natural vegetation on longitudinal mixing processes and illustrating deficiencies in previous understanding and predictive expressions based on idealized artificial vegetation.