bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Test-Retest Reliability of the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory and Global Handedness Preference Measurements, and Their Correlation
Authors: Ransil Bernard J. , Schachter Steven C.
Published: August 2011

Test-retest reliability of the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory and of self-reported Global Handedness (left, right, ambidextrous), administered 18 mo. apart, was evaluated for 735 adult subjects. Conventional methods for evaluating test-retest reliability were compared with cross-tabulation and the kappa statistic, using as criteria both the degree of agreement and the degree and direction of disagreement. Inventory-derived laterality scores were correlated with Global Handedness responses, yielding a characteristic distribution of laterality scores for each global response which permitted the partitioning of the J-shaped frequency distribution plot of laterality scores into right, left, and ambidextrous regions. Test-retest reliability of the correlation between global responses and laterality scores on retest was demonstrated.
16 PF Scores and Machine Operators' Performance
Authors: Schuerger James M. , Ekeberg Steven E. , Kustis Gary A.
Published: August 2011

Broad factor scores from Cattell's 16 PF were correlated with measures of performance ( N = 38) and turnover ( N = 44) for machine operators. Significant correlations were found for three factors and for a measure of congruence.
Markers of Cerebral Lateralization and Alcoholism
Authors: McNamara Patrick , Blum Dana , O'Quin Karen , Schachter Steven
Published: August 2011

We assessed markers of anomalous cerebral dominance in 70 problem drinkers at risk for alcoholism, 43 alcoholics who had been sober for at least six months, and 311 healthy control subjects age-matched to the problem drinkers. Markers of anomalous cerebral dominance included left-handedness, learning disabilities, neuro-immune disorders, and special cognitive talents. We also administered a “drinking inventory” to assess frequency and severity of drinking patterns for self and family. Analysis showed elevated rates of left-handedness and learning disabilities in the alcoholic group and in the “at risk” problem drinkers. These same subjects rated themselves and their families as relatively poor at left-hemisphere-mediated cognitive talents. Alcoholic women evidenced significantly greater incidence of immune disorders than alcoholic men. Alcoholism appears to be related to biological factors which have been associated with anomalous cerebral dominance.
Cert: A Perceived Exertion Scale for Young Children
Authors: Williams John G. , Eston Roger , Furlong Beryl
Published: August 2011

This paper describes the rationale for the Children's Effort Rating Table (CERT) designed for assessing perceived exertion by children aged 6 to 9 years. This device is similar to Borg's Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) which is internationally recognized and currently used in conjunction with standard metabolic measures in a wide range of settings where exercise is prescribed and the intensity of various forms of physical activity is regulated by adults. We devised CERT for use in our research on the development of perception of effort by younger children. Some validation research on CERT has been completed.
Stimulus-Response Compatibility in a Small Sample of Cerebral Palsied Adults
Authors: Legare Miriam , Wolak Camilla , Doyle Beverly
Published: August 2011

Stimulus-response compatibility refers to the correspondence between a sensory event and the motor response which it specifies. A discrete aimed movement task with two conditions of stimulus-response compatibility tested whether higher compatibility would decrease the reaction time of 5 subjects with normal movement and 6 subjects with cerebral palsy. A board with 3 distances (13.5, 28.0, 40.5 cm) along each of 3 rays (45°, 90°, 135°) provided 9 target sites for a detachable leaf switch. A light on the switch was turned off or on for the low or high compatibility condition. The independent variables were the Index of Difficulty, target position and compatibility. The dependent variables were reaction time and movement time. The reaction times for both groups were less during the high compatibility condition than during the low compatibility condition as shown by a t test for differences between means. Multiple regression analyses showed that reaction time of the normal group was a positive linear function of compatibility and movement time was a positive linear function of the Index of Difficulty for both groups and of position for the normal group, 3 normal subjects and 2 cerebral palsied subjects. There were indications of ballistic rather than aimed movements. The results are discussed with regard to the role of visual fixation in aimed movement, the similarities between groups in conformance to Fitts' Law and differences between groups in reaction and movement times.
Visuospatial Attentional Shifts and Choice Responses of Adults and ADHD and Non-ADHD Children
Authors: Tomporowski Phillip D. , Tinsley Veronica , Hager Lisa D.
Published: August 2011

18 adults, 17 ADHD children, and 18 non-ADHD children performed a choice-response task on which the spatial location of a target was sometimes compatible and sometimes incompatible with priming cues that varied between 50 and 1000 msec. Children's response latencies differed from adults' response latencies as a function of the delay between priming cue and target onset. A cost-benefit analysis indicated that valid stimulus cues facilitated performance and invalid stimulus cues impeded performance similarly for the three groups. Choice-response errors following invalid cues did not differ between ADHD and non-ADHD children; however, adults made more choice errors than children at 150-msec. and 300-msec. delay intervals. Developmental factors that may underlie differences between children's and adults' response speed and response accuracy are discussed.
Forced Single-Nostril Breathing and Cognition
Authors: Sanders Barbara , Lattimore Clairessa , Smith Kirsten , Dierker Lisa
Published: August 2011

This experiment investigated whether forced single-nostril breathing differentially affects cognitive abilities presumed to be mediated by the left and right cerebral hemispheres. Phase I was an attempted replication of a reported sex difference in the effects of unilateral breathing on verbal versus spatial performance and Phase II was a study of breathing effects on different verbal and spatial tests. No differences associated with breathing condition were found in the replication study. In Phase II, men breathing through the right nostril scored significantly lower than men in the control condition on a letter-matching test although they did not differ significantly from men in the left-nostril condition on that test. There were no significant breathing-related differences on two spatial tests, and no differences associated with breathing condition for the women. Assessment of nostril dominance before and after cognitive testing showed that the forced-breathing exercise did not significantly alter subjects' nostril dominance. A significant left-nostril bias was found in this sample.
Further Data on the Self-Motivation Inventory
Authors: McCutcheon Lynn E.
Published: August 2011

On the Self-motivation Inventory 12 noncollege-student adults predicted to be high scorers had a significantly higher mean than 12 predicted low scorers, but for 65 subjects age correlated 17 with scores.
Elevated Incidence of a Sensed Presence and Sexual Arousal during Partial Sensory Deprivation and Sensitivity to Hypnosis: Implications for Hemisphericity and Gender Differences
Authors: Tiller S. G. , Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

As predicted by the vectorial cerebral hemisphericity hypothesis, 24 normal young women reported significantly more experiences of a “presence” than did 24 normal young men within a setting that emphasized hypnosis and partial sensory deprivation. The incidence of these experiences was positively correlated with scores on Spiegel's Hypnosis Induction Profile, while the attribution of the chamber experiences to ego-alien sources was correlated with the magnitude of (Vingiano's) right hemisphericity for the women only. Both sexes exhibited a significant association between the experience of a presence and sexual arousal.
Superiority of Clear-Visor Safety Hat to Opaque-Visor Hat: An Evaluation of Upper Visual-Field Obstruction
Authors: Creswell Kevin A. , Toma Darrell M. , Brisbin Scott D. , Reddon John R.
Published: August 2011

Three subjects were used to compare superior visual-field threshold for 5 North American industry-standard opaque safety hard hats with a prototype clear translucent-visor safety hard hat and a no-hat baseline condition. Average maximum degrees of superior visual field was equivalent for the clear-visor safety hat and no-hat conditions (52.0° versus 48.3°) but the opaque-visor safety hats resulted in only 15.1°. The opaque safety hats were worse than the clear-visor safety hat and no-hat conditions by, on the average, an order of 3. Analysis indicated that visual-field obstruction is a potential problem for wearers of opaque safety hats. Field research will be required to assess the extent of injuries caused by an impaired superior field of vision when wearing opaque-safety-hat visors. The potential positive effects of the clear-visor safety hat on reduction of accidents also must be determined.
Corsi's Block-Tapping Test: Standardization and Concurrent Validity with WISC—R for Children Aged 11 to 16
Authors: Orsini Arturo
Published: August 2011

Corsi's block-tapping test and WISC—R were given to 1122 children from 11 to 16 years of age. Corsi's raw scores were transformed into standard scores like those for the WISC—R subtests. Reliabilities, standard score equivalents of raw scores, correlations with scores on WISC—R subtests, scales and factor scores are presented. A Principal Factor analysis of intercorrelations for Corsi's test and WISC—R subtests shows a three-factor solution with Corsi's test loading on the Third Factor. Results agree with Wielkiewicz's (1990) hypothesis about the construct underlying WISC—R Third Factor as “executive” and short-term memory processes.
Vowel Use of Phonologically Disordered Identical Twin Boys: A Case Study
Authors: Watson Marie May , Martineau Deborah , Hughes Diana
Published: August 2011

Very little is known about the vowel systems of phonologically disordered children. This study provides longitudinal data regarding vowel use of identical twin boys between the ages of 3;5 and 4;9. The boys were identified as phonologically disordered; however, their parents chose not to enroll them in therapy. Vowel-use information was taken from spontaneous language samples. It was discovered that initially their phonological disorder also affected their vowel systems, but as their phonological skills increased so did correct use of vowels and their vowel use tended to follow normal developmental trends.
Empathy and Adolescent Male Sex-Offenders
Authors: Monto Martin , George Zgourides , Wilson James , Harris Richard
Published: August 2011

This study provides data on empathy for 82 adolescent male sex-offenders and 108 male nonoffenders. No statistically significant association was found between scores on a 4-item measure of empathy and sex-offender status.
Digital Skin Temperature and Biofeedback
Authors: Grimsley Douglas L.
Published: August 2011

The present study simultaneously compared the skin temperature of the index and the little fingers during hand warming using biofeedback. There was a 5-min. baseline recording followed by a 10-min. session during which subjects attempted to increase skin temperature using the index finger with biofeedback in the form of lights and sound. Analysis showed no significant differences between the temperatures of the index and of the little fingers, but there was a significant increase in temperature during the session for both sites.
Handedness and Dyslexia: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Eglinton Elizabeth , Annett Marian
Published: August 2011

The question whether there is an association between handedness and dyslexia has been investigated in many studies spanning more than 50 years. In 1990, Bishop reviewed studies which met stringent methodological criteria and concluded that there was little support for an association. A reanalysis of the same studies using newer procedures of meta-analysis shows that there is a small but reliable increase in the proportion of nonright-handers among dyslexics as expected by the right-shift theory of handedness of Annett.
Further Evidence for the Discriminant Validity of Four Facets of Work Commitment: Occupation, Value, Organization, and Job
Authors: Blau Gary
Published: August 2011

Using a sample of 328 repeat-respondent part-time MBA students, four facets of work commitment at Time 1, occupation, value, organization, and job, showed statistically different relationships with scales for job and career withdrawal cognition at Time 2.
Comparison of Error Rates and Performance on Wechsler's Coding and Digit Symbol Subtests and the Symbol-Symbol Test for Children and Adults
Authors: Zolten A. J. , Bush Lauren K. , Green Ashley , Harrell E. H.
Published: August 2011

Performance on Digit Symbol, Coding, and similar symbol-substitution tests are known to be influenced by a wide variety of reversible and nonreversible organic syndromes and learning disabilities. Recently, questions regarding the interchangeability of different symbol-substitution tests have been raised. The present study compared the performance, i.e., number of substitutions completed accurately and number of errors, of 37 adults, 32 adolescents, and 45 children on the Wechsler symbol-substitution tests of Digit Symbol and Coding with their performance on the recently designed Symbol-Symbol test. Analysis indicated that, while Symbol-Symbol performance is highly correlated with Wechsler scores on symbol-substitution tests, significant differences in error rates and speed of performance suggest that the Symbol-Symbol test cannot be considered an equivalent symbol-substitution test. Further investigation of the properties and the potential uses of the Symbol-Symbol test with clinical populations must be undertaken.
Comparative Effects of Exercise Reduction and Relaxation Training on Mood States and Type a Scores in Habitual Aerobic Exercisers
Authors: Devaney Susan , Hughey Aaron W. , Osborne W. Larry
Published: August 2011

The comparative effects of exercise reduction and relaxation training on dysphoric mood states and Type A scores in persons who exercise beyond the American College of Sports Medicine's recommended guidelines for cardiovascular fitness were investigated. Using their scores on the Profile of Mood States and the Jenkins Activity Survey, 57 subjects were randomly divided into 3 matched groups based on age, gender, and exercise regimen. Subjects assigned to the control group maintained their current exercise regimen, those in the second group reduced their exercise regimen to include no more than 5 hours of aerobic activity per week, and those in the third group maintained their current exercise regimen and attended 5 1 1/2-hr. relaxation training sessions. Both inventories were administered again after 10 weeks. Multivariate analysis of covariance showed no statistically significant differences among group means on the dependent variables. Further research on the use of aerobic exercise and relaxation training as auxiliary treatments for anxiety and depression is recommended.
Age and Gender Distributions of Pedestrian Accidents across the Life-Span
Authors: Kingma Johannes
Published: August 2011

Causes of pedestrian accidents ( N = 534) were investigated for patients treated for injuries at the emergency unit of a hospital. Accidents in collisions with motor vehicles were the main cause (87.8%). Young children (0–9 years old) and the elderly (above 60 years of age) are the most vulnerable in terms of mortality rates observed in these age groups. Preponderance of males in pedestrian accidents was observed in the accident categories of collisions with motor vehicle and bicycle, whereas a slight preponderance of females was found in collisions with other traffic. The predominant age groups were located in the range from 0 through 19 years.
Hemisphere Preference and EEG
Authors: Pool Karen , Merckelbach Harald , De Jong Peter , Muris Peter
Published: August 2011

This study examined the association of scores on a paper-and-pencil test of hemispheric preference and EEG measures. No significant relationships between these two measures were found.
Health Locus of Control and Biofeedback Training
Authors: Labbé Elise E.
Published: August 2011

To draw conclusions about the effects of biofeedback training on health locus of control or any other psychological response, an attention placebo condition should be included.
EEG Interhemispheric Correlation after Callosotomy: One Case Study
Authors: Corsi-Cabrera M. , Trías G. , Guevara M. A. , Haro R. , Hernández A.
Published: August 2011

High interhemispheric EEG correlation (INTERr) or coherence has been interpreted as a consequence of callosal interconnections. The EEG of a callosotomized (two anterior thirds) 32-yr.-old patient was recorded during relaxed wakefulness with eyes closed. 100 2-sec. artifact-free epochs were digitally filtered into traditional broad bands and INTERr was calculated by means of Pearson product-moment coefficients. INTERr between anterior regions, where they should be expected, showed very few differences between data of this patient and those of two control groups of healthy persons. Only a few differences were observed between posterior regions where the callosum was intact. These results suggest that the role of the callosum is not crucial for INTERr and that subcortical influences and functional differentiation between hemispheres may be more plausible explanations for INTERr.
Effects of Type of Exercise on Depression in Recovering Substance Abusers
Authors: Palmer Jack A. , Palmer Linda K. , Michiels Krista , Thigpen Brian
Published: August 2011

This experiment investigated the effects of three types of structured exercise (aerobics, bodybuilding, and circuit training) on depressive symptoms of 45 clients undergoing a 4-wk., inpatient rehabilitation program for substance abuse. Pre-and posttest measures included the Center of Epidemiological Studies—Depression, resting pulse rate, blood pressure, maximum strength on incline bench press, and estimates of aerobic fitness and body fat. The bodybuilding program produced a significant decrease in depressive symptoms. Physiological and psychological explanations are discussed.
Usefulness of the Rorschach Inkblot Test in Assessment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Bartell Susan S. , Solanto Mary V.
Published: August 2011

The Rorschach inkblot test is commonly used in the psychological evaluation of children. Yet there is little information about the Rorschach performance of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The responses of 24 children rigorously diagnosed with ADHD were scored using the Exner system and compared with normative data. Given their greater impulsivity, poor attention span, and increased responsivity to external stimuli, we predicted that, when compared to norms, the ADHD group would have more color dominant responses (CF), a lower FC:CF + C ratio, fewer human movement responses (M), lower sumM:WsumC and sumM + WsumC ratios, poorer form quality (X-%), and would have the same number of or more detail (D) responses. The results yielded support only for those hypotheses concerning M, X-%, and sumM:WsumC. Comparisons between small subgroups with and without ODD suggested differences in the frequency of Human but not Aggressive responses. Possible reasons for the discrepancies from predictions are discussed.
Use of the Perceived Physical Competence Scale with Adolescents with Disabilities
Authors: Lintunen Taru , Heikinaro-Johansson Pilvikki , Sherrill Claudine
Published: August 2011

The construct validity and reliability of the 1987 Perceived Physical Competence Scale of Lintunen were examined to assess the applicability of the instrument for use with adolescents with disabilities. Subjects were 51 girls and 34 boys ( M age = 15.1 yr.) from several schools in central Finland. Principal component factor analysis with varimax rotation yielded the same two factors for adolescents with disabilities as reported for nondisabled adolescents in the related literature. Cronbach alphas for the two factors were .89 and .56. It was concluded that the scale is an appropriate measure for adolescents with disabilities. Statistical analysis indicated no gender differences for adolescents with disabilities. When compared with nondisabled groups in the related literature, these adolescents had perceived fitness similar to nondisabled peers but significantly lower than that of athletes without disabilities.
Are There Age-Related Processing Differences in Semantic Priming?
Authors: Linnville Steven E.
Published: August 2011

Behavioral and electrophysiological assessments of small samples of young and elderly subjects ( ns = 10) performing semantic priming tasks showed no age-related slowing in semantic priming.
Effects of Same and Cross-Modal Interference on Recall of Word Lists
Authors: Duff Susan L. , Lasky David I.
Published: August 2011

This research examined with 48 undergraduates the effects of same and cross-modal interference in the recall of word lists. The modalities were visual and auditory for both type of presentation and type of interference. A two-way analysis of variance indicated a main effect for type of interference, with auditory interference significantly decreasing recall for both visual and auditory word lists. There was no interaction between mode of presentation and mode of interference.
Stability and Ear Advantage for Dichotically Presented Environmental Sound Stimuli: Development during Early Childhood
Authors: Kraft R. Harter , Harper Lawrence V. , Nickel Laure D.
Published: August 2011

55 right-handed children with no family history of left-handedness received two dichotic presentations of environmental sounds. The mean test-retest interval was 9 days. Raw accuracy scores yielded acceptable temporal stability ( rs>.72). The expected consistent left-ear advantage for environmental sound stimuli was only evident in younger and less mature children. Five- and 6-yr.-old children, particularly those with strong right-hand preferences, had a right-ear advantage for the stimuli. Their computed laterality coefficients showed low and nonsignificant test-retest reliabilities, however. Three- and 4-yr.-old children, particularly those with weak hand preferences, had a left-ear advantage for the same stimuli. Of the 3- and 4-yr.-old children who did not have strong right-hand preferences, 92% demonstrated consistent ear advantages across testing sessions and their laterality coefficient test-retest correlations were significant. In contrast, only 47% of the strongly right-handed 3- and 4-yr.-old children and 71% of the strongly right-handed 5- and 6-yr.-old children had consistent ear advantages for the same stimuli. It is suggested that the 3- and 4-yr.-old children processed these stimuli according to endogenous, stimulus-specific brain mechanisms and that learned processing strategies overrode these mechanisms for the 5-and 6-yr.-old children.
Effects of Gender on Perception of Spatial Illusions
Authors: Pratarelli Marc E. , Steitz Brenda J.
Published: August 2011

Popular theories explaining performance differences between males and females generally predict that females tend to outperform males on certain perceptual and linguistic tasks, while males outperform females on tasks involving visual-spatial skills. 28 males and females were shown commercially available computer-generated 3-dimensional illusions in which the hidden object(s) varied in complexity. Although females reported more prior experience with this form of art, males were about four times faster at identifying the illusions at all levels of difficulty.
Information on Location in Visual Persistence: Effects of Temporal Delay and Duration of Exposure on Report of Dot Location
Authors: Hanari Takashi
Published: August 2011

This study of location information involved in information persistence used the partial-report paradigm. Six subjects were asked on 144 trials to recall positions of dots presented in a display. The subjects were instructed to maintain only information on location (but not on identity information) of the presented dots until a partial-report cue was introduced. The effects of display duration (50, 200, and 350 msec.) and cue delay (interval between the display offset and the onset of the partial-report cue: 50, 250, and 500 msec.) were examined. Analysis showed effect of cue delay on partial-report performance decreased as the duration of display increased so performance was negatively affected by the cue delay only when the subject was exposed to the presented dots for 50 msec. Contrarily, partial-report performance did not decline much for a 200-msec. duration and showed little variation in a 350-msec. duration, even though the cue delay increased. Consequently, the decay of the information on location mediating partial-report performance about dots varies with duration of display.
A Child-Holding Thought Experiment: Students Prefer to Imagine Holding an Infant on the Left Side of the Body
Authors: Nakamichi Masayuki , Takeda Shohei
Published: August 2011

The tendency of women to prefer to hold infants on the left side of the body has been confirmed by several methods: surveys of works of art and of photographs, field observations, and experimental methods. The present study developed a new method to examine the patterns of child-holding, that is, the child-holding thought experiment. 2287 female and 1268 male undergraduates were instructed to imagine nursing or feeding a baby. Then, they were asked on which side of the body they imagined holding the baby. Seventy-two percent of the women and 65% of the men reported imagining holding a baby on the left side of the body. This preference for the left side was noted, irrespective of handedness. These results indicate that both women and men who have never fed their own babies prefer to imagine holding a baby on the left side of the body. Moreover, that the magnitude of this preference was significantly stronger for the women adds to the evidence of a gender-dependent expression for lateral preferences in holding a baby.
Characteristics of Motor Performance, Learning, Warm-up Decrement, and Reminiscence during a Balancing Task
Authors: Etnyre Bruce R. , Poindexter Hally B. W.
Published: August 2011

Warm-up decrement and reminiscence effects have been primarily attributed to methods of distribution of practice. The present study investigated the effects of different amounts of practice on a balancing task and observed the differences in individual learning. Subjects were randomly assigned to a 5- or 10-trial practice group and performed a retention session on a stabilometer 1 wk. after the first set of trials. Subjects were given the same amount of rest between trials and sessions. Following the retention session subjects were assigned by retention performance into a warm-up decrement or reminiscence group for further comparison. The group with more practice had higher over-all performance. The warm-up decrement group showed more time-on-balance during the first practice session than the reminiscence group. The second session performance curves were nearly identical for the 5- and the 10-trial groups whether warm-up decrement or reminiscence occurred. These results suggested the importance of considering individual differences in retention of learning.
Cutaneous Thresholds and Anxiety: Influence of Eye Orientation and Lateral Asymmetry
Authors: Naveteur Janick , Honoré Jacques
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the combined influence of anxiety and eye orientation on cutaneous thresholds. The relationship between anxiety and the lateral differences was also examined. Right-handed subjects of low and high trait anxiety received weak electric shocks on either hand. Cutaneous thresholds were recorded when eyes were directed towards or away from the stimulated area. State anxiety was retrospectively assessed. As compared to a contralateral eye orientation, directing the eyes ipsilaterally to the stimulated area yielded lower thresholds for subjects low in trait anxiety. This effect was not observed for subjects high in trait anxiety. The benefit of the ipsilateral orientation was higher for subjects with lower state-anxiety scores as well. Besides, subjects low in trait anxiety presented a left-hand advantage which was not shown by those high in trait anxiety. The left-right difference in thresholds was also positively correlated with state anxiety. The eye orientation results are discussed in terms of anxiety-induced modification of spatial attention and the differential hand sensitivity findings in terms of hemispheric specialization.
Color-Specificity to Enhance Identification of Rear Lights
Authors: Cameron David L.
Published: August 2011

30 male and 13 female licensed drivers were given a static reaction-time test for Donders Type B reactions to the onset of automotive rear lights. The lights were displayed as by conventional systems and by a new color-specific method referred to as the “Red Light Means Stop approach.” When subjects were instructed to regard all red colored light as brake-signal light, both incidence of identification error and reaction time decreased. Results support the hypothesis that addition of color specificity to rear lighting might prevent some rear-end collisions which occur under adverse driving circumstances.
Performance Norms and Performance by Teams in Basketball Competition
Authors: Kim Myung-Soo
Published: August 2011

An analysis of relations between performance norms and performance of basketball teams was carried out on scores of 612 athletes belonging to 54 basketball teams in Korea. Groups with high performance in a tournament showed higher performance norms than groups with low performance.
Relationships among Gender, Cognitive Style, Academic Major, and Performance on the Piaget Water-Level Task
Authors: Hammer Ruth Ellen , Hoffer Nancy , King William L.
Published: August 2011

Many researchers have found that more college-age adults than would be expected fail Piaget's water-level task, with women failing more frequently than men. It has been hypothesized that differences in cognitive style may account for performance differences on the water-level task. In the present study, 27 male and 27 female architectural students and 27 male and 27 female liberal-arts students were assessed for their performance on both Piaget's Water-level Task and Witkin's Group Embedded Figures Test. No difference was found in performance of male and female architectural students on either task, but male liberal-arts students scored significantly higher than female liberal-arts students on both measures. A disembedding cognitive style predicted success on the water-level task for the architectural students but not for the liberal arts students.
Human Eeg Responses to Classical Music and Simulated White Noise: Effects of a Musical Loudness Component on Consciousness
Authors: Ogata Shigeki
Published: August 2011

The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the psychophysiological effects of music on human EEG. For this purpose, a sound modulator was developed which simulates the sound-pressure variations of a given piece of music by white noise (sim-music). Using this apparatus, the author tested the psychophysiological effects of music on human EEG. The electroencephalograms (EEG), electrocardiograms (ECG), and electrooculograms (EOG) of eight normal volunteers were recorded for a total of 21 min., 5 sec. per session for each subject under three sound conditions: silence for 5 min., two types of music (music) or two types of simulated noise (sim-music) for 11 min., 5 sec., followed by silence for another 5 min. Each subject was exposed to a total of 10 music and 10 sim-music conditions. At the low consciousness level (drowsiness, Stage S1), higher delta component power densities were observed with sim-music than with music. Thus, even in the same Stage S1, entire physiological consciousness levels may be higher when listening to music than to sim-music. While listening to music, many subjects reported that they felt pleasantly relaxed or comfortable. However, with the sim-music, they reported feeling unpleasantly weary and sleepy. It seems that the mental set toward two sound conditions differed greatly for many subjects. In Stage S1, the differences in EEG slow components showed that the differences in consciousness had a physiological aspect and indicated differences in mental set toward both sound conditions and mental activity during the listening conditions.
Perceived Vulnerability and Control of Martial Arts and Physical Fitness Students
Authors: Madden Margaret E.
Published: August 2011

Anecdotal reports and limited research suggest that enrolling in self-defense courses can enhance feelings of control and reduce feelings of vulnerability; however, much self-defense is taught in the context of martial arts courses. To assess the effects of martial arts courses on perceptions of vulnerability and control, 83 students in physical fitness and 59 students in martial arts courses at 10 randomly chosen large universities responded to questionnaires. Martial arts students scored lower on control, higher on vulnerability, and higher on perceived likelihood of being injured than fitness students while enrolled in their courses. A year later, regardless of whether they had continued training, they scored higher on control and lower on vulnerability. Neither gender nor prior history of assault was related to responses. Enrolling in martial arts courses may not enhance people's feelings of control, at least in the initial stages of training.
Effects of Age and Level of Work Experience on Occurrence of Accidents
Authors: Cellier Jean-Marie , Eyrolle Hélène , Bertrand Annick
Published: August 2011

Results of a research study on the effects of age and work experience and their interaction on the occurrence of accidents in an agro-food sector are described. Three different levels of experience and six age groups were examined. Age and work experience significantly affected frequency and seriousness of accidents. A study of these two factors jointly shows that considerably higher rates of frequency and seriousness are found for the youngest and oldest subjects with low work experience. These analyses enable us to put forward several hypotheses concerning the mechanisms in the occurrence of accidents.
Re-Examination of Evidence Questions Christman's (1989) Report of Moderate Experimental Support for the Visual Spatial Frequency Hypothesis
Authors: Fudin Robert
Published: August 2011

The visual spatial frequency hypothesis contends that perceptual characteristics of stimulus arrays can affect the magnitude and direction of hemispheric asymmetries in laterality experiments. In a 1989 literature review, Christman reported that 45 of 79 experimental comparisons yielded significant interactions for side of hemispheric advantage x perceptual characteristic which supported the visual spatial frequency hypothesis, a level of support he characterized as moderate. Re-examination of those 45 outcomes shows that in 20 of them either a significant interaction for side of hemispheric advantage x perceptual characteristic was not found or, if it was, the particulars do not agree fully with predictions of the visual spatial frequency hypothesis as presented by Christman in the 1989 paper. These findings suggest that experimental support for the visual spatial frequency hypothesis is weak, not moderate as characterized by Christman.
Human Analog Tests of the Sixth Stage of Object Permanence
Authors: Heishman Miriam , Conant Mindy , Pasnak Robert
Published: August 2011

Two adult cats were tested on multiple invisible displacement. A dowel was established as a secondary reinforcer and hidden in a manner similar to that used to assess the culmination of sensorimotor intelligence in human infants. Three other cats were tested on single invisible displacement, a simpler version of the task. For human infants, this task is used to assess the beginning of mental representation in the sixth and last stage of sensorimotor intelligence. The cats' searches on these tasks were consistent with representation of an unsensed object and fully developed sensorimotor intelligence.
Effects of Color on Children's Naming of Pictures
Authors: Johnson Carla J.
Published: August 2011

Two experiments assessed possible effects of memory for the typical colors of objects on children's naming of pictures. Children, 5 to 10 yr. old ( N = 54 per experiment), named pictures of familiar objects in uncolored, typically colored (red for apple), and atypically colored (blue for apple) versions. Presentation of the three types of pictures was mixed in Exp. 1 and blocked in Exp. 2. With mixed presentation, reaction times for naming were unaffected by typical colors but slowed by atypical colors. With blocked presentation, naming was speeded by typical colors, but only for younger children, and was unaffected by atypical colors. Implications are discussed for understanding the processes by which objects are identified and named and the development of knowledge regarding the color of objects.
Physiological Sensations of Initial Smoking in the Development of Regular Smoking Behavior
Authors: Wang Min Qi , Fitzhugh Eugene C. , Trucks Joan , Cowdery Joan , Perko Mike
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationships between adolescents' physiological sensations of smoking during initiation and early experience. For a national sample of a birth cohort of 2,043 adolescents, ages 15 to 22 years at the follow-up, variables of interest included measures of smoking behavior and physiological sensations reported from the initial smoking experience. Analysis showed that adolescents experimenting with smoking were more likely to become regular smokers over three years if they indicated that they felt relaxed, felt dizzy, did not feel sick, and did not cough during the initial smoking experience. Antismoking interventions may impede the transition to regular smoking by helping adolescents interpret the physiological sensations as negative and unhealthy.
Field Dependence-Independence of Male and Female Spanish Athletes
Authors: Caño Jose E. , Márquez Sara
Published: August 2011

We examined the field dependence-independence of Spanish athletes, 293 men and women (aged 18 to 23 years) active in individual and team sports, and nonathletes. Subjects were tested on the Group Embedded Figures Test. Analysis indicated that men active in team sports were more field-dependent than those non-involved in sports, and that team-sport women exhibited a higher field-dependence than individual-sport athletes or nonathletes of both sexes. Our data reflect a significant interaction between type of sport and sex.
A Comment on Gender and the Social Perception of Power
Authors: Klonsky Bruce G.
Published: August 2011

Limits on the interpretation of data presented recently by Onyx, Leonard, and Vivekananda are outlined.
On the Psycho Physics of Arm-Positioning Movements
Authors: Choi Seung-Oh , Meeuwsen Harry J. , Arnhold Robert W.
Published: August 2011

The basis for the relationship between physical stimulus and magnitude of psychological response in angular movements of the upper limbs was investigated. Participants compared movements to a standard location with movements to comparison locations and movements of a standard distance with movements of comparison distances. The results add to the controversy surrounding the explanations for the differences in psychological response magnitude of movements to locations and movements across distances. Data obtained from movements to locations and movements across distances indicated similar Weber ratios but different patterns for the just noticeable differences. The data of this and previous research suggest that the application of a prothetic continuum to arm movements is inappropriate. An alternative explanation of the differences in the perception of movements to locations and movements across distances is offered.
Test-Retest Reliability of the Survey Form of the Leyton Obsessional Inventory-Child Version
Authors: King Neville , Inglis Sue , Jenkins Megan , Myerson Nicole , Ollendick Thomas
Published: August 2011

The test-retest reliability of the survey form of the Leyton Obsessional Inventory-Child Version was examined over a 2-wk. interval. Three age groups of children participated in the study, 8- to 10-year-olds, 11- to 13-year-olds, and 14-to 16-year-olds ( N = 106). For the total Obsessive scores, the test-retest Pearson correlation coefficients for the three age groups were .51, .75, and .83, respectively, which suggest that the temporal stability of the instrument is a function of age.
Solution of an Insight Problem at Different Age Levels
Authors: Antonietti Alessandro , Nava Beatrice
Published: August 2011

The purpose was to study performance on an insight problem by 3-to 25-yr.-olds. A task involving restructuring and requiring two wooden blocks be fitted together to form a tetrahedron was presented to five groups of 20 subjects each from kindergarten, primary school, secondary school, high school, and a university. The frequencies of solvers within each group increased from the first age group to the third but then remained constant. Solution times and frequencies of solutions attempted were not significantly different among the five groups. Perhaps insight does not follow the same developmental trend as other thinking processes.
Reversal of the Cry-Wolf Effect: An Investigation of Two Methods to Increase Alarm Response Rates
Authors: Bliss J. , Dunn M. , Fuller B. S.
Published: August 2011

In complex task environments, false alarms have been associated with less frequent and slower alarm responses. This research attempted to improve alarm responses using a hearsay method, in which participants were told that false alarms would be less frequent than they actually were, and an urgency method, in which the urgency of alarms was increased. Response frequency, speed, and accuracy of three groups of 20 students (Urgency, Hearsay, and Control) were compared across groups and sessions using analyses of variance and t tests. Both methods were successful; hearsay participants increased their response rates across sessions, and urgency participants decreased their response times. The results are discussed with regard to design of alarm systems and theory of human performance.
Handedness and Size
Authors: James William H.
Published: August 2011

Since baseball pitchers are selected for height and left-handedness, nothing can validly be inferred about the general population from the fact that left-handed Major League pitchers are shorter than right-handed pitchers.
Comparison of Individual versus Group Administration of the Modified Version of the Bender-Gestalt Test
Authors: Brannigan Gary G. , Brannigan Michael J.
Published: August 2011

No significant difference was found for a comparison of Qualitative scores for individual versus group (slide projection) ( ns = 45 children, Grades K—2) administration of the Modified Version of the Bender-Gestalt Test.
Effect of Orientation in Haptic Reproduction of Line Length
Authors: Lanca Margaret , Bryant David J.
Published: August 2011

We investigated the accuracy of haptic reproduction of line length and whether accuracy is influenced by line orientation. 13 blindfolded subjects felt along different line lengths at various orientations in the horizontal plane, then reproduced the line lengths in the same orientation as that felt. Efforts were made to equate learning and reproductive scanning movements. Reproductions of line lengths were a nonveridical power function of their true lengths, but the power function exponents did not differ across spatial orientations. It was concluded that people can encode line lengths across spatial orientations by a common power function if care is taken to equate proprioceptive information across learning and reproduction.
Response Sequence Differences between Preschoolers and College Students on a Stereotypy Procedure
Authors: Lopatto David E. , Brown Barbara M. , Gray Julianne
Published: August 2011

40 preschool children and 11 college students were asked to move a marker through a computer matrix to accumulate points and hear music. An operant conditioning view suggests that each of the 252 functionally equivalent response sequences has an initially equal likelihood of occurring, but the present data indicated they do not. Most subjects showed a preference for one response sequence within about 20 trials. Preschool children preferred response sequences in which the marker moved along the perimeter of the matrix. College students preferred response sequences in which the marker moved along the diagonal of the matrix.
Analysis by Gender and Visual Imagery Reactivity of Conventional and Imagery Rorschach
Authors: Yanovski Alexander , Menduke Hyman , Albertson Melissa G.
Published: August 2011

Examined here are the effects of gender and Visual Imagery Reactivity in 80 consecutively selected psychiatric outpatients. The participants were grouped by gender and by the amounts of responsiveness to preceding therapy work using imagery (Imagery Nonreactors and Reactors). In the group of Imagery Nonreactors were 13 men and 22 women, and in the Reactor group were 17 men and 28 women. Compared were the responses to standard Rorschach (Conventional condition) with visual associations to memory images of Rorschach inkblots (Imagery condition). Responses were scored using the Visual Imagery Reactivity (VIR) scoring system, a general, test-nonspecific scoring method. Nonparametric statistical analysis showed that critical indicators of Imagery Reactivity encoded as High Affect/Conflict score and its derivatives associated with sexual or bizarre content were not significantly associated with gender; neither was Neutral Content score which categorizes “non-Reactivity.” These results support the notion that system's criteria of Visual Imagery Reactivity can be applied equally to both men and women for the classification of Imagery Reactors and Nonreactors. Discussed are also the speculative consequences of extending the tolerance range of significance levels for the interaction between Reactivity and sex above the customary limit of p< .05 in borderline cases. The results of such an analysis may imply a trend towards more rigid defensiveness under Imagery and toward lesser verbal productivity in response to either the Conventional or the Imagery task among women who are Nonreactors. In Reactors, men produced significantly more Sexual Reference scores (in the subcategory not associated with High Affect/Conflict) than women, but this could be attributed to the effect of tester's and subjects' gender combined.
Measuring the Typicality of Objects Included in Environmental Scenes: A Logistic Model for Atypicality
Authors: Beltran Francesc S. , Herrando Salvador
Published: August 2011

Some empirical studies have stated that people usually categorize scenes according to the suitability of their elements. This paper proposes a method of measuring the typicality of naturalistic objects contained in environmental scenes. 517 subjects gave a score of suitability for 110 object-scene pairs. We used a logistic model for the measurements which enabled us to obtain two indexes, atypicality and discrimination. Analysis showed that the objects could be arranged on a numerical scale according to their typicality in a scene, and from this we concluded that logistic models are a useful and powerful method of measuring typicality.