bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Participatory budgeting practices and governance effectiveness
Authors: Yasmin Sabina
Published: January 2023

Purpose: This study examines the effectiveness of public participation in budgeting practice at the local rural level in Bangladesh.
Methodology: This study uses a mixed-methods research design (social survey method and in-depth interview) as data collection instruments. Simple random sampling method has been used to collect survey data from 180 respondents from two Union Parishads (e.g., Karimgonj & Jafrabad) under Karimgonj Upazila in the Kishoregonj district. In this study, the data has been collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data has been collected using a semi-structured questionnaire under the quantitative approach and an in-depth interview under the qualitative approach. Thematic analysis was used to assess qualitative data, while the SPSS was used to study quantitative data. On the other side, the study’s secondary data and information included a variety of published sources. Findings: The major findings revealed that participatory budgeting at the rural-local level is moderately effective, as some of the study respondents were somewhat satisfied. However, most of the respondents wanted more from the budget-making process. The result shows that several factors negatively influence the participatory budgeting practices in Bangladesh. Negative factors include corruption, undue interference of local political leaders, absence of monitoring & supervision, lack of public awareness, lack of access to information, the dominant role of elected representatives, lack of proper leadership training, the influence of elite people, and lack of civic education.
Practical implications: The study recommends several policy recommendations to ensure effective and participatory budgeting practices in rural areas of Bangladesh.
Keywords: Participation budgeting, governance effectiveness, rural local level, local government institutions.
Pajak Pertambahan Nilai Pada Jasa Pelayanan Kesehatan Medis Pasca Harmonisasi Peraturan Perpajakan
Authors: Febriana Ghinaa , Harimurti Ivan Krishna , Hakim Lukman Nul , Anggraini Ulfa , Wijaya Suparna
Published: January 2023

Prior to the enactment of the Law on the Harmonization of Tax Regulations, medical health services were exempted from the imposition of VAT. However, these exceptions are considered unfair and cause the government to lose the potential for greater tax revenue. because the government removed medical health services from the VAT exemption list. This study uses a qualitative descriptive analysis by comparing the imposition of VAT in Indonesia with other countries and by analyzing the implications of implementing policies. The results of the analysis found that several countries have also applied VAT on health services, but there are also several countries that have not imposed VAT on health services. In addition, this study also found that the change in provisions regarding health services to become taxable services (JKP) has three implications in general, namely implications for the emergence of obligations for health service entrepreneurs to become taxable entrepreneurs (PKP), implications for the emergence of potential state revenues, and implications for tax equity in the context of income distribution. Based on these things, it can be concluded that this study concludes that the change regarding health services to JKP by providing certain exceptions in the form of limited VAT exemptions is a fairly appropriate step taken by the Government, both from the side of justice and from the side of acceptance.
Sebelum berlakunya Undang-Undang Harmonisasi Peraturan Perpajakan, jasa pelayanan kesehatan medis dikecualikan dari pengenaan PPN. Akan tetapi pengecualian tersebut dirasa tidak adil dan menyebabkan pemerintah kehilangan potensi penerimaan pajak yang semakin besar. oleh karena pemerintah mengeluarkan jasa pelayanan kesehatan medis dari daftar pengecualian PPN. penelitian ini menggunakan analisis deskriptif kualitatif dengan membandingkan pengenaan PPN di Indonesia dengan negara lain serta dengan menganalisis implikasi penerapan kebijakan. Hasil analisis didapatkan bahwa beberapa negara juga telah menerapkan PPN terhadap jasa kesehatan namun terdapat juga beberapa negara yang tidak mengenakan PPN terhadap jasa kesehatan. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa perubahan ketentuan mengenai jasa kesehatan menjadi JKP memberikan tiga implikasi secara umum, yaitu implikasi pada munculnya kewajiban pengusaha jasa kesehatan untuk menjadi Pengusaha Kena Pajak (PKP), implikasi pada munculnya potensi penerimaan negara, dan implikasi pada keadilan pajak dalam konteks distribusi pendapatan. Berdasarkan hal-hal tersebut, penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa perubahan mengenai jasa kesehatan menjadi JKP dengan memberikan pengecualian tertentu berupa pembebasan PPN secara terbatas merupakan langkah yang cukup tepat yang diambil oleh Pemerintah, baik dari sisi keadilan maupun dari sisi penerimaan.
Development of directly compressible polyherbal tablets by using QbD approach a novel immunomodulatory material
Authors: Mannur V S
Published: January 2023

A Quality by Design (QbD) strategy was used to develop and optimise a polyherbal tablet formulation in this study. Initial risk assessments of critical materials were conducted using the Risk Priority Number, and the effects of critical parameters (amount of microcrystalline cellulose and croscarmellose sodium) were proposed using a randomised complete factorial design. To further the findings, a Design of Experiments (DoE) approach was used to formulate four trial formulations, with independent variables of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) 5 % -15 % and croscarmellose sodium (CCS) 0.5 % -5 %, and responses measured in friability and disintegration time, which were found to be 0.35–0.91 % and 11.4–15.5 minutes, respectively. Three formulations (F-1, F-2, and F-4) fulfilled the acceptable criteria and one formulation (F-1) had independent variables microcrystalline cellulose and croscarmellose sodium, out of four formulation trials (F-1 to F-4) were chosen for short-term stability study due to their better disintegration and friability profiles. The formulation factors X1: microcrystalline cellulose and X2: croscarmellose sodium were found to have a substantial impact on the responses Y1: Disintegration time (min) and Y2: Friability (%). This study proved that using quality by design to analyse quality characteristics and optimise polyherbal tablet formulation gives better results.
Pelatihan Penyusunan RPP One Page Berbasis Digital bagi Pengajar di Muhammadiyah Boarding School
Authors: Mahmud Nurlaelah , Yusmah Yusmah , Pramana Andi Dwi Resqi , Rasyid Rustam Efendy , Bella Bella
Published: January 2023

Kegiatan ini mempunyai tujuan : 1) Melatih guru-guru di Muhammadiyah Boarding School berkenaan dengan penyusunan RPP one page berbasis digital. 2) meningkatnya keterampilan guru-guru di Muhammadiyah Boarding School berkenaan dengan penyusunan RPP one page berbasis digital. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan ini adalah 1) pengenalan materei RPP one page dengan metode cerama. 2) pelatihan dilakukan dengan mendemonstrasikan serta mendampingi guru dalam penyusunan RPP one page. Luaran yang didapatkan dalam kegiatan ini adalah 1) adanya peningkatan pemahaman guru-guru di Muhammadiyah Boarding School berkenaan dengan penyusunan RPP one page. 2) guru-guru dapat menyusun RPP one page berbasis digital dengan baik.
Pendampingan Kegiatan Self-Assessment dan Self-Regulation Adiksi Game Online Berbasis Sekolah di SMA Negeri 21 Makassar
Authors: Syam Azniah , Kasim Jamilah , Yusnaeni Yusnaeni , Syam Asriah
Published: January 2023

Addiction to video games will harm adolescents' mental and emotional health, as well as their personality. During the three-year offline-to-online learning transition period, the Covid-19 era boosted exposure to smartphone use and the possibility to play games nearly nonstop. Awareness of school-based mental problems must be increased in order to prevent this aggressive conduct. This community service project intends to assess the extent of the potential for internet gaming addiction among adolescents and to provide a remedy in the form of self-regulation instruction for adolescents at SMAN 21 Makassar. In Makassar City in July 2022, the three phases of this activity were assessment, education, and evaluation. Students were only able to establish self-regulation of addiction management in one of the seven dimensions of addiction, specifically the conflict dimension, after completing the educational process. This aspect of the dispute involves parental control and active resolution of smartphone use at home. We propose that the other six characteristics of addiction be established in schools as a youth-friendly counselling model, making it easier for students to gain access to excellent resources in order to reduce the long-term route of online game addiction as cognitive and mental diseases.
Cognitive Complexity Applied to Software Development: An Automated Procedure to Reduce the Comprehension Effort
Authors: Wijendra Dinuka R. , Hewagamage K. P.
Published: January 2023

The cognitive complexity of a software application determines the amount of human effort required to comprehend its internal logic, which results in a subjective measurement. The quantification process of the cognitive complexity as a metric is problematic since the factors representing the computation do not represent the exact human cognition. Therefore, the determination of cognitive complexity requires expansion beyond its quantification. The human comprehension effort related with a software application is associated with each phase of its development process. Correct requirements identification and accurate logical diagram generation prior to code implementation can lead to proper logical identification of software applications. Moreover, human comprehension is essential for software maintenance. Defect identification, correction and handling of code quality issues cannot be maintained without good comprehension. Therefore, cognitive complexity can be effectively applied to demonstrate human understandability inside the respective phases of requirements analysis, design, defect tracking, and code quality optimization. This study involved automation of the above-mentioned phases to reduce the manual human cognitive load and reduce cognitive complexity. It was found that the proposed system could enhance the average accuracy of requirements analysis and class diagram generation by 14.44% and 9.89% average accuracy incrementation through defect tracking and code quality issues compared to manual procedures.
El Sur Distorsionado como un cambio paradigmático para el metal y su estudio
Authors: Varas Díaz Nelson
Published: January 2023

Este escrito recoge lo que fuera la ponencia magistral[1] de apertura de la 5ta Conferencia Bienal de Investigación del International Society for Metal Music Studies, celebrada en el mes de junio de 2022, en Ciudad de México, México. En esta exposición propongo la idea del Sur Distorsionado como un espacio, tanto geográfico como simbólico, donde las personas oprimidas del mundo e impactadas por el proyecto moderno/colonial, utilizan la música metal para reflexionar críticamente sobre sus experiencias. Informando así a otras sobre las dificultades que viven, construir (internamente/externamente) comunidades críticas, y actuar sobre esas vivencias a través de prácticas liberadoras. Asimismo, utilizo ejemplos específicos para mostrar las formas en que el Sur Distorsionado representa un cambio paradigmático en torno a cómo crear, conceptualizar e investigar la música metal en comparación con las prácticas del Norte Global. En el proceso de definir el Sur Distorsionado, expongo sus dimensiones ontológicas, epistemológicas, metodológicas y éticas. A la luz de dicho cambio paradigmático en el metal y su proceso de estudio, esbozo algunas tensiones entre el Norte Global y el Sur Distorsionado, y culmino con recomendaciones para los estudios del metal en el futuro inmediato.

 

[1] Se reproduce aquí el texto de la ponencia magistral con alteraciones menores y sin la totalidad de imágenes que le acompañaron para facilitar su lectura en este número especial de la Revista Lenguas Radicales.
Editorial
Authors: Miranda Bonilla Sergio , Torrico-Ávila Elizabeth , González José Omar
Published: January 2023

Editorial del dossier especial sobre heavy metal de Lenguas Radicales y el Seminario de Estudios en Heavy Metal, México.
PENERAPAN PEMBELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM DALAM MEMBENTUK KARAKTER PRIBADI YANG ISLAMI
Authors: Tsaniyatus Sa’diyah
Published: January 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membahas tentang penerapan pendidikan agama Islam pada sebagai upaya pembentukan kepribadian muslim peserta didik yang islami. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif. Pendekatan penelitian menggunakan interdisipliner, antara lain: pendekatan manajeman, pedagogis, sosiologis, dan psikologis. Sumber data primer dari penelitian ini adalah guru Pendidikan Agama Islam. Sumber data sekunder dalam penelitian ini berupa data profil sekolah, teori tentang konsep strategi pembelajaran, teori pendidikan agama Islam, dan teori pembentukan kepribadian muslim. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data menggunakan tahapan reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa strategi pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam dalam pembentukan kepribadian muslim peserta didik menggunakan dua strategi pembelajaran, yaitu pembelajaran langsung dan pembelajaran tidak langsung.
Konsep Kepemimpinan Transformasional
Authors: Basirun Basirun , Turimah Turimah
Published: January 2023

Kepemimpinan transformasional adalah salah satu model kepemimpinan yang banyak dipilih para pemimpin dalam organisasi. Bentuk kepemimpinan tersebut memiliki beberapa arti yang berbeda-beda menurut beberapa ahli, namun pada dasarnya mengarah pada hal yang sama. Dalam kepemimpinan tersebut umumnya menekankan beberapa nilai-nilai penting pada para bawahannya untuk mencapai kepentingan organisasi. Sehingga para anggota secara khusus dapat melupakan kepentingan pribadi dan melakukan yang terbaik untuk mencapai tujuan bersama. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui bagaimana konsep kepemimpinan transformasional dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan library research. Penelitian ini menjelaskan tentang konsep kepemimpinan transformasional yang meliputi gaya, ciriciri, karakteristik, prinsip, kelebihan dan kekurangannya.
Kesulitan Belajar Siswa dan Penanganannya pada Pembelajaran Matematika SD
Authors: Alisnaini Ahmad Farhan , Pribadi Chquita Azura , Khoironi Dwi Rahmat , Ibrohim M. , Azilla Marsya Deva , Hikmah Nurul
Published: January 2023

One of the subjects that most students experience problems and find it difficult to understand the concepts is mathematics. The task of a teacher is not only to transfer knowledge or convey learning knowledge to students in the classroom. Meanwhile, most of the students explained that subjects related to calculations were subjects that were difficult to understand. The aim is to find out strategies for dealing with learning difficulties in mathematics at the elementary school level. The writing of this article uses a qualitative type. The results of this study are that learning difficulties in mathematics can be caused by internal factors, including study habits, students' attitudes and motivation, students' interest in learning, and sensory abilities. While the description of external factors, including learning facilities, the relationship between students and teachers, and teaching methods used by educators. The conclusion is the way of handling students' mathematics learning difficulties at the elementary school level, including blended learning is used, self-resilience curriculum is implemented by well, using IT is optimized in the learning process, additional learning-based mathematics remedial is given to students, and students' learning difficulties in mathematics are diagnosed as early as possible.
Pembelajaran yang Menyenangkan pada Pelajaran Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam di MIS Al-Washliyah
Authors: Nasution Abdul Gani Jamora , Utami Anggi Putri , Adella Sindy , Salbila Isal , Aulia Usna
Published: January 2023

Enjoyable learning in SKI subjects needs to be widely understood. Fun learning is a learning process in which there is a strong relationship between the teacher and students, without any feelings of pressure. The purpose of this study was to find out about fun learning in the subject of Islamic Cultural History (SKI) at MIS Al-Washliyah. The method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative method. Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that the implementation of learning carried out at MIS Al-Washliyah has been going well according to the Learning Implementation Plan (RPP). However, there are several obstacles that are felt in carrying out learning at MIS Al-Washliyah, namely the conditions and school environment, biological, physiological and psychological conditions of students ranging from interests, talents, intelligence to student motivation in learning. The solution that can be done in overcoming obstacles is by means of a learning environment that must be made conducive so that the learning process can be carried out optimally. To provide motivation to students, teachers must also be able to use interesting and fun learning methods such as experimental methods, discussions and others. As a teacher, you must also pay attention to student learning readiness.
Pembelajaran E-Learning Berbasis Google Clasroom Berbantuan Vidio Youtube pada Materi Statistika untuk Meningkatkan Motivasi Belajar Siswa Kelas XII-IPS 4 SMAN 3 Selong
Authors: Juaini Muhammad
Published: January 2023

This Classroom Action Research aims to increase the motivation to study statistics for class XII IPS-4 SMAN 3 Selong through Google Classroom-based E-learning learning assisted by YouTube videos and describe the increase in learning motivation for class XII IPS-4 SMAN 3 Selong through Google-based E-Learning Classroom assisted by youtube videos. The condition of the Covid-19 pandemic requires implementing physical distancing so that face-to-face learning cannot be carried out and learning is forced to be carried out online (online) and student motivation is still low in learning mathematics. This research was conducted in two cycles of 30 students. Data collection techniques through observation and motivational questionnaires. The implementation of Google Classroom-based E-Learning assisted by YouTube videos is stated in very good, good, quite good, not good, and not good categories, while the motivation to learn mathematics is expressed in very high, high, medium, low and very low categories. Based on the results of the research conducted, it can be concluded as follows: 1) the implementation of Google Classroom-based E-Learning assisted by YouTube videos in cycle I was in the fairly good category and in cycle II in the good category. 2) Motivation to learn statistics material for class XII IPS-4 SMA Negeri 3 Selong in cycle I was low, cycle two was moderate, namely in cycle I the average motivation to learn mathematics was 66.3% while in cycle II it rose to 72.4% .
Human Proteome Microarray identifies autoantibodies to tumor‐associated antigens as serological biomarkers for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Yang Qian , Ye Hua , Sun Guiying , Wang Keyan , Dai Liping , Qiu Cuipeng , Shi Jianxiang , Zhu Jicun , Wang Xiao , Wang Peng
Published: January 2023

The identification of the high‐efficiency and non‐invasive biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) detection is urgently needed. This study aims to screen out potential autoantibodies to tumor‐associated antigens (TAAbs) and to assess their diagnostic value for HCC. Fifteen potential TAAbs were screened out from the Human Proteome Microarray by 30 HCC sera and 22 normal control sera, of which eight passed multiple‐stage validations by ELISA with a total of 1625 human serum samples from normal controls (NCs) and patients with HCC, liver cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis B, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, and colorectal cancer. Finally, an immunodiagnostic model including six TAAbs (RAD23A, CAST, RUNX1T1, PAIP1, SARS, PRKCZ) was constructed by logistic regression, and yielded the area under curve (AUC) of 0.835 and 0.788 in training and validation sets, respectively. The serial serum samples from HCC model mice were tested to explore the change in TAAbs during HCC formation, and an increasing level of autoantibodies was observed. In conclusion, the panel of six TAAbs can provide potential value for HCC detection, and the strategy to identify novel serological biomarkers can also provide new clues in understanding immunodiagnostic biomarkers.
Single‐cell and spatial analyses reveal the association between gene expression of glutamine synthetase with the immunosuppressive phenotype of APOE+CTSZ+TAM in cancers
Authors: Wei Jinfen , Yu Wenqi , Chen Juanzhi , Huang Guanda , Zhang Lingjie , Chen Zixi , Hu Meiling , Gong Xiaocheng , Du Hongli
Published: January 2023

An immunosuppressive state is regulated by various factors in the tumor microenvironment (TME), including, but not limited to, metabolic plasticity of immunosuppressive cells and cytokines secreted by these cells. We used single‐cell RNA‐sequencing (scRNA‐seq) data and applied single‐cell flux estimation analysis to characterize the link between metabolism and cellular function within the hypoxic TME of colorectal (CRC) and lung cancer. In terms of metabolic heterogeneity, we found myeloid cells potentially inclined to accumulate glutamine but tumor cells inclined to accumulate glutamate. In particular, we uncovered a tumor‐associated macrophage (TAM) subpopulation, APOE+CTSZ+TAM, that was present in high proportions in tumor samples and exhibited immunosuppressive characteristics through upregulating the expression of anti‐inflammatory genes. The proportion of APOE+CTSZ+TAM and regulatory T cells (Treg) were positively correlated across CRC scRNA‐seq samples. APOE+CTSZ+TAM potentially interacted with Treg via CXCL16–CCR6 signals, as seen by ligand–receptor interactions analysis. Notably, glutamate‐to‐glutamine metabolic flux score and glutamine synthetase (GLUL) expression were uniquely higher in APOE+CTSZ+TAM, compared with other cell types within the TME. GLUL expression in macrophages was positively correlated with anti‐inflammatory score and was higher in high‐grade and invasive tumor samples. Moreover, spatial transcriptome and multiplex immunofluorescence staining of samples showed that APOE+CTSZ+TAM and Treg potentially colocalized in the tissue sections from CRC clinical samples. These results highlight the specific role and metabolic characteristic of the APOE+CTSZ+TAM subpopulation and provide a new perspective for macrophage subcluster‐targeted therapeutic interventions or metabolic checkpoint‐based cancer therapies.
Recent advances in sea cucumber peptide: Production, bioactive properties, and prospects
Authors: Man Jiacong , Abd El‐Aty A. M. , Wang Zuzhe , Tan Mingqian
Published: January 2023

Sea cucumber is a precious and nutritious food with abundant protein and other bioactive compounds, among which sea cucumber peptide (SCP) exhibits many beneficial functions. Although research on the development of SCP is attracting more attention, the ability to translate these new findings into industrial practice and new products remains immature. This review summarizes the production and characterization of SCP and emphasizes recent advances in its bioactive properties, including antioxidative, angiotensin‐I converting enzyme‐inhibitory, immunomodulatory, anticancer, antifatigue, and neuroprotective effects. Meanwhile, the challenges and prospects of SCP development have been discussed in both scientific research and commercialization. SCP shows great potential in health promotion, yet several challenges need to be solved: the validation of health claims, clarification of its mechanisms, innovations to boost its bioavailability, and improvement of industrial production and sensory properties of end‐products. Hopefully, this information will provide a comprehensive perspective on developing SCP nutraceuticals and functional foods.
破裂性腹部大動脈瘤に対するdamage control surgeryの必要性が示唆された1例(Case of resuscitation from ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: necessity of damage control surgery)
Authors: 和弘 米田 , 明彬 丸本 , 功士 福岡 , 健史 田中 , 日出樹 大澤 , 義人 井出 , 克清 北林
Published: January 2023

症例は87歳の男性。背部痛を主訴に前医へ救急搬送され，腹部大動脈瘤破裂の診断となった。当院への転院搬送中に心停止となったが，心肺蘇生を行い自己心拍再開して当院に到着した。直接手術室へ入室し，手術を開始した。入室時に再度心停止となったが，ステント拡張用のバルーンカテーテルで遮断を試みながら心肺蘇生を継続することで自己心拍再開した。前医で撮影された造影CT解析の結果，ステントグラフト内挿術の解剖学的条件を満たさず，開腹手術の方針とした。人工血管置換術は完遂したが，大量出血および低体温を原因とした凝固能破綻による静脈出血がコントロールできず，damage control surgery（DCS）に準じて早期の手術終了を図る方針としてガーゼパッキング後に閉腹した。術後2日目にガーゼ除去および閉腹術に臨んだが，開腹するとS状結腸から直腸にかけての壊死を認めたため，壊死腸管切除および横行結腸人工肛門造設術を施行した。その後の全身管理には難渋したが，術後294日で退院となった。近年，外傷外科領域ではDCSの考え方が重要視されているが，腹部大動脈瘤破裂を扱う心臓血管外科領域においてはその考え方が浸透しているとは言い難い。腹部大動脈瘤破裂を扱う心臓血管外科医もDCSを念頭においた計画を立てて手術を始めることが，救命率向上のためには重要である。
Influence of Annealing Process Combined with Enzymatic Modification with Transglucosidase on Black Rice Starch
Authors: Almeida Raphael Lucas Jacinto , Santos Newton Carlos , Feitoza João Vítor Fonseca , Muniz Cecilia Elisa Sousa , Eduardo Raphael da Silva , Cavalcante Josilene de Assis , Silva Rebeca de Almeida , Silva Virgínia Mirtes de Alcântara , Ribeiro Victor Herbert de Alcântara , da Costa Gilsandro Alves
Published: January 2023

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of isolated and/or combined enzymatic and annealing treatments on the technological properties of black rice starch. The modification is carried out through an annealing process at 50 °C for 24 h, followed by the process of enzymatic modification by the action of transglucosidase (25 kU mL−1). Enzymatic hydrolysis with transglucosidase is improved as a result of the annealing action, which resulted in 7.6%. The size and shape of the starch granules are not modified by the thermoenzymatic treatments, only agglomeration of the granules in native starch modified with transglucosidase. The annealing treatment promotes a 20.60% reduction in crystallinity and a change in the type of lens from type A to Vh. Modified starch shows higher thermal and mechanical resistance when compared to native starch. The results contribute to a better understanding of the combination of annealing in enzymatic modification with transglucosidase for black rice starch.
‘The Honour of Giving My Opinion’: General Average, Insurance and the Compilation of the Ordonnance de la marine of 1681
Authors: Wade Lewis
Published: January 2023

The Ordonnance de la marine of 1681 marked—at least in theory—a pivotal step forward in enshrining the unfettered maritime authority of the French state. Spearheaded by Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Louis XIV’s famous minister, the wide-reaching Ordonnance assimilated a rich genealogy of customary maritime law into a single proclamation of positive law. Yet very little has been said by historians about how the Ordonnance was compiled. This essay sheds light on this process through studying the Chambre générale des assurances et grosses aventures (1668–1686), a little-known Parisian insurance institution established under the auspices of Colbert. The crown consulted the Chambre on maritime affairs before the Ordonnance was issued. Yet, as an insurance institution, the Chambre was not an impartial source of counsel. This essay analyses the advice given by the Chambre on which entities should contribute to General Average costs in instances of ship redemptions, which bore clear evidence of self-interest. This forced the crown to reinterpret its advice within a broader logic that catered to the interests of other maritime stakeholders at the expense of insurers. This case study invites us to evaluate our understanding of how the Ordonnance was compiled and to reflect more broadly on the interests of the French state in insurance practices across France.
Marine Mammal Acoustics
Authors: Reckendorf Anja , Seidelin Lars , Wahlberg Magnus
Published: January 2023

Bioacoustics combines the fields of biology and acoustics to answer questions about hearing, sound production and sound communication in animals. Marine mammals have specialised hearing abilities and use sounds in different ways underwater. How do whales and seals use sound for communication and to find prey? How are they affected by human-made sounds from ships, oil exploration and windfarms? To answer such questions, you need to study marine mammals, be well-trained in natural sciences and know about animal anatomy, physiology and behaviour. You also need a thorough understanding of the fundamentals of acoustics, maths and physics. Bioacoustics is a truly interdisciplinary research field involving biologists, physicists and engineers trying to understand the world of biological sound, how sounds are produced and used by animals. Additionally, underwater acoustic recordings can reveal which areas animals use during different seasons. Bioacoustics can also be used to improve wildlife protection by regulating damaging sound sources in marine mammal habitats. Using the exercises at the end of this chapter, students learn about frequencies, decibels and their own hearing abilities, as well as how to build their own underwater microphone.
Artificial Intelligence in Africa: Emerging Challenges
Authors: Ade-Ibijola Abejide , Okonkwo Chinedu
Published: January 2023

In the current African society, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is becoming more popular and seeking to cover all facets of human activity. The adoption and use of these modern technologies in the African context are currently low due to some emerging challenges. Consequently, these difficulties may have a direct influence on African economic development. In this paper, we highlight the challenges facing the adoption of AI technologies in Africa which include skills acquisition, lack of structured data ecosystem, ethics, government policies, insufficient infrastructure and network connectivity, uncertainty, and user attitude. Finally, various solutions to enhance AI adoption in Africa were then proposed.
Capturing, Modeling, Overseeing, and Making Credible: The Functions of Vision and Visual Material at the Accademia del Cimento
Authors: Giannini Giulia
Published: January 2023

The Accademia del Cimento (Florence) is the first European academy to be supported by a public power and to put experimentation at the core of scientific activity. During its activity (1657–1667), the Cimento carried out hundreds of experiments. A minor part of them is collected in the only printed work produced by the Accademia, the Saggi di Naturali Esperienze (1667). Almost one hundred illustrations accompany the twelve groups of experiments presented in the Saggi. They are mainly drawings of instruments and experimental apparatus. In spite of the sumptuousness of the edition, these drawings are characterized by a functional simplicity. Tables, diagrams and illustrations also punctuate diaries, handwritten notes and correspondence. A study of the unpublished documents shows the role of visual images in experimental design and allows to explore the wider problem of the relationship between thought and vision. This contribution analyses the epistemic function of vision in the Cimento’s experiments and debates around the issue of natural freezing and the properties of heat and cold. Discussions on the topic include geometrical demonstrations and mathematical representations, punctually excluded from the Saggi but occasionally resumed by individual members in later works.
Literature Review
Authors: Hasanov Fakhri J. , Joutz Frederick L. , Mikayilov Jeyhun I. , Javid Muhammad
Published: January 2023

The history of macroeconometric model-building is comprehensively documented in Fair (1984, 1994), Bodkin et al. (1991), Hendry and Mizon (2000), Favero (2001), Pagan (2003a, b), Bårdsen et al. (2004, 2005), Valadkhani (2004), Hendry and Muellbauer (2018), Jelić and Ravnik (2021) inter alia. Also, history and macroeconometric modeling activities over the world and their classification are documented in Welfe (2013).
KGEMM Methodology
Authors: Hasanov Fakhri J. , Joutz Frederick L. , Mikayilov Jeyhun I. , Javid Muhammad
Published: January 2023

This chapter briefly describes the methodological framework KGEMM uses. KGEMM is a hybrid model, i.e., it brings together theoretical and empirical coherences at some degree. Put differently, KGEMM nests “theory-driven” and “data-driven” approaches as suggested by Hendry (2018), among others, and employed by modelers in building semi-structural macroeconometric models (e.g., see Jelić and Ravnik 2021; Gervais and Gosselin 2014; Bulligan et al. 2017). For this purpose, it uses an equilibrium correction modeling (ECM) framework, in which the long-run relationships follow economic theories, and the short-run relationships are mainly data-driven (see Pagan 2003a, b inter alia). Hara et al. (2009) and Yoshida (1990), among others, note that ECM-based MEMs provide realistic results as their equilibrium correction mechanisms help stabilize long-term projections and capture short-term fluctuations more than other models while Engle et al. (1989) find the forecast performance of ECM more accurate.
Introduction
Authors: Freebody Jane
Published: January 2023

This comparative study of patient work and occupation throws new light on a topic that has only recently attracted scholarly attention. Patient work emerged in the context of moral treatment in the early nineteenth century in both France and England and was used similarly in both asylum systems until World War I. After the war, the approach to patient work and occupation diverged, as Freebody demonstrates using three institutional case studies from each country. An overview of the historiography, not only of patient work and occupational therapy but also of the history of work and working practices, welfare, the emergence of the asylum system, psychiatry, mental nursing and the patient experience, puts Freebody’s analysis in context. Criticism of the use of patient labour in 1918 by asylum medical officer Montagu Lomax provides a benchmark for developments during the interwar period.
The Supervision of Patient Occupation
Authors: Freebody Jane
Published: January 2023

Mental nurses and attendants spent more time with patients than any other members of mental hospital staff. The professionalism, experience and skills of the mental nurses influenced the type of occupation that could be prescribed by psychiatrists and how patients responded to it. Through an analysis of the skill sets of those supervising patient occupation, Freebody highlights the disparity in levels of training and professionalisation between English and French mental nurses during the interwar period. Training schemes and opportunities to gain qualifications were more widely available in England than in France. French psychiatrists complained that their nurses were uneducated, lacked commitment to the role and were incapable of supervising occupation at more than a rudimentary level. In England, nurses were more likely to hold a nursing qualification and their efforts to supervise occupation were supplemented by a new group of professionals, the occupational therapists. Others involved in supervising the occupation of patients included the workshop managers, whose skills in dealing with the mentally disordered were questioned by some doctors.
Optimising Emotion: Introducing the Civic Body
Authors: Bakir Vian , McStay Andrew
Published: January 2023

Emotion plays an important role in modern societies, especially given circulation of knowingly and unwittingly spread false information. Opening Part I of this book that deconstructs core features of contemporary false information online, this chapter makes the case that false information is prevalent online, causing real-world civic harms; that emotion is fundamental to civic life; and that profiling and optimisation of emotions using automated systems are escalating features of daily life. Given mounting evidence that emotion profiling incubates false information online, causing significant harms worldwide, this chapter frames these developments in terms of acivic bodyincreasingly affected by processes ofoptimised emotion. In advancing the notion of thecivic body, this chapter captures the various ways by which datafied emotion is collected, processed and optimised, especially as it relates to information, between individuals and collectives. The chapter introduces how current emotional profiling (on dominant global digital platforms) fuels the spread of false information and also considers the implications of emergent emotion profiling (via biometrics). Finally, the chapter discusses the book’s aims and approach.
China-US Strategic Competition: Impact on Small and Middle Powers in Europe and Asia
Authors: Grano Simona A.
Published: January 2023

The present introductory chapter shall set the stage for the edited volume by broadly sketching the contours of the intense strategic competition between China and the United States and its potential to reshape Asia–Pacific and the world order. Briefly, this chapter will also allude to the future probable fallouts of the Russian invasion of Ukraine and its potential for redrawing geopolitical coordinates and allegiances, for the countries that are in the focus of the present volume.
Diversification for Enhanced Food Systems Resilience
Authors: Hertel Thomas , Elouafi Ismahane , Tanticharoen Morakot , Ewert Frank
Published: January 2023

Resilience at the individual, community, government and global food system levels must be built in such a way that the economic, social and environmental bases to generate food security and nutrition for current and future generations are not compromised anywhere in the world. We present opportunities for diversification of production, diversification at the household level, and diversification through the global, regional and local trading systems for resilient food systems. There are a number of trade-offs which must be navigated as we strive to achieve greater food system resilience. These include the need to deliver short-term humanitarian aid without jeopardizing long run development, mitigation of rising global temperatures even as the food system adapts to the inevitable changes in the earth’s climate, taking advantage of the benefits of globalization while avoiding the downsides, and encouraging agricultural production and boosting rural incomes while also protecting the environment. Much will be gained for resilience building by highlighting successful solutions and facilitating the exchange of tools, data, information and knowledge and capacity.
Food System Concepts and Definitions for Science and Political Action
Authors: von Braun Joachim , Afsana Kaosar , Fresco Louise O. , Hassan Mohamed Hag Ali , Torero Maximo
Published: January 2023

The United Nations with its Food Systems Summit 2021 and member countries seek to alter food systems to be healthier, safer, more sustainable, efficient and equitable. This chapter informs about concepts and definitions of food systems and the determinants of their change. To foster a clear understanding of food systems, especially regarding the UN Food Systems Summit and potential follow up to it, we first present a general food systems concept. We then introduce a concept based on science that provides a definition that the UN Food Systems Summit could use with the five goal-oriented Action Tracks (serving SDG2) and their interlinkages. We suggest a food system definition that encompasses food systems thinking and the broad set of actors and drivers, embedding the concept of sustainability within it.
Healthy Diet: A Definition for the United Nations Food Systems Summit 2021
Authors: Neufeld Lynnette M. , Hendriks Sheryl , Hugas Marta
Published: January 2023

The aim of this chapter is to propose a definition of “healthy diets”and provide related evidence, thus permitting the alignment of terminology for the Food Systems Summit and beyond.

Dietsare combinations offoods and beverages(referred to as foods hereafter, for simplicity) consumed by individuals. However, the specific combination of foods that make up healthy diets is context-specific and depends on many cultural, economic, and other factors. We provide a definition and overview of approaches that have been used to translate this into food-based recommendations. We also provide a brief review highlighting evidence, gaps and controversies related to defining healthy diets. The evidence for potential solutions to making healthy diets more available, affordable, and their production environmentally sustainable is the subject of much literature (Herforth 2020; Chaudhary et al. 2018; Smetana et al. 2019; Badiane and Makombe 2020; Program of Accompanying Research for Agricultural Innovation 2020), and is not discussed here in detail.
Safeguarding and Using Fruit and Vegetable Biodiversity
Authors: van Zonneveld Maarten , Volk Gayle M. , Dulloo M. Ehsan , Kindt Roeland , Mayes Sean , Quintero Marcela , Choudhury Dhrupad , Achigan-Dako Enoch G. , Guarino Luigi
Published: January 2023

Fruit and vegetable species and varieties, their wild relatives, and pollinators and other associated organisms underpin diverse food production systems and contribute to worldwide health and nutrition. This biodiversity, however, is threatened, remains poorly conserved, and is largely undocumented. Its loss leads to a narrowing of new food options, reduced variation for breeding, and yield gaps due to pollinator decline. This constrains the supply of climate-resilient and nutritious foods to the global human population and limits long-term progress towards the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals and any future goals set thereafter. It will require that awareness be raised globally to safeguard and sustainably use fruit and vegetable biodiversity and that a global rescue plan for reducing and reversing the decline in this biodiversity be devised. Success will depend on a global partnership of custodians and users of fruit and vegetable biodiversity and requires an investment of at least 250 million USD over ten years.
Machine Learning Techniques in Reactive Atomistic Simulations
Authors: Aktulga H. , Ravindra V. , Grama A. , Pandit S.
Published: January 2023

This chapter describes recent advances in the use of machine learning techniques in reactive atomistic simulations. In particular, it provides an overview of techniques used in training force fields with closed form potentials, developing machine-learning-based potentials, use of machine learning in accelerating the simulation process, and analytics techniques for drawing insights from simulation results. The chapter covers basic machine learning techniques, training procedures and loss functions, issues of off-line and in-lined training, and associated numerical and algorithmic issues. The chapter highlights key outstanding challenges, promising approaches, and potential future developments. While the chapter relies on reactive atomistic simulations to motivate models and methods, these are more generally applicable to other modeling paradigms for reactive flows.
Discussion
Authors: Bramwell Donna , Checkland Kath , Shields Jolanta , Allen Pauline
Published: January 2023

In this final chapter of the book, we return to our original research questions and draw together our findings, looking across the eras to illustrate how the policy changes of the past have defined the services of today and the future. We show how, over time, there has been a consistent pattern in policy by which community nursing services are rarely the focus of policy. Rather, changes have occurred in policy which have had a knock-on effect on Community Health Services (CHS), and these effects have often been to their detriment. In the conclusion, we offer observations on the incoming policy changes in 2022 (H&CA, 2022) and suggestions for future research. Proposals for the development of Integrated Care Systems (ICS) offer both opportunities and threats to the provision of community nursing/health services—the former from more investment or the latter from being dominated by larger acute services. Our main concern is there is a danger that the voice and needs of CHS will yet again remain unheard and un-regarded.
Secure Computations Through Checking Suits of Playing Cards
Authors: Miyahara Daiki , Mizuki Takaaki
Published: January 2023

Card-based cryptography started with the “five-card trick” designed by Den Boer (EUROCRYPT 1989); it enables Alice and Bob to securely evaluate the AND value of their private bits using a physical deck of five cards. It was then shown that the same task can be done with only four cards, i.e., Mizuki et al. proposed a four-card AND protocol (ASIACRYPT 2012). These two AND protocols are simple and easy even for non-experts, such as high school students, to execute. Their only common drawback is the need to prepare a customized deck consisting of red and black cards such that all cards of the same color must be identical. Fortunately, several existing protocols are based on a standard deck of playing cards (commercially available). Among them, the state-of-the-art AND protocol was constructed by Koch et al. (ASIACRYPT 2019); it uses four playing cards (such as ‘A, J, Q, K’) to securely evaluate the AND value. The protocol is elaborate, while its possible drawback is the need to repeat a shuffling operation six times (in expectation), which makes it less practical.

This paper aims to provide the first practical protocol working on a standard deck of playing cards. We present an extremely simple AND protocol that terminates after only one shuffle using only four cards; our proposed protocol relies on a new operation, called the “half-open” action, whereby players can check only the suit of a face-down card without revealing the number on it. We believe that this new operation is easy-to-implement, and hence, our four-card AND protocol working on a standard deck is practical. We formalize the half-open action to present a formal description of our proposed protocol. Moreover, we discuss what is theoretically implied by introducing the half-open action and show that it can be applied to efficiently solving Yao’s Millionaires’ problem with a standard deck of cards.
ODDE and Debts
Authors: Hülsmann Thomas
Published: January 2023

Recent monetary policies of quantitative easing have produced a cognitive dissonance with the previous “there is no money” mantra and invite us to revisit our understanding of the costs and economics of distance education (DE). It turns out that study of the costs of DE was narrowly rooted in neoclassical microeconomics. Consequently, DE has focused on driving down costs and devolving costs to the students, thereby contributing to increasing student debt. The chapter summarizes the efficiency gains of traditional DE and their changes due to the emerging affordances of information and communication technologies (ICT). The chapter also notes changes in the “macroeconomic weather conditions,” which have led to regarding education less as means to raise productivity than as a center for profit itself. As a consequence, cost efficiency gains have often not been handed to the learner, leading to rises in tuition fees and, consequently, student debt.

The second half of the chapter introduces modern money theory (MMT), a different economic paradigm, which suggests that monetary sovereign countries have enough policy space not to focus narrowly on driving down costs. It notably suggests that devolving costs to students turns out, from the MMT perspective, to be misguided. It identifies a policy space which can be used to build in additional resilience, especially required in times of crises.