bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INFLUENCE OF DIET ON REPELLENT AND FEEDING-DETERRENT ACTIVITY OF LARVAL ORAL EXUDATE IN SPRUCE BUDWORMS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Poirier L.M. , Borden J.H.
Published: November 2009

A two-choice feeding bioassay was used to investigate the effects of larval source (colony versus wild larvae) and rearing medium (artificial versus foliar diet) on the feeding-deterrent activity of the oral exudate of the spruce budworm and the western spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) and Choristoneura occidentalis Free., respectively. Feeding by both wild and colony larvae was deterred by conspecific oral exudate. Larvae reared on artificial diet responded to exudate from both diet- and foliage-reared larvae, whereas the foliage-reared larvae responded only to exudate from other foliage-reared larvae. These results suggest that differences exist between artificial diet- and foliage-reared larvae in the composition of oral exudate, in the concentrations of its biologically active constituents, or in differential sensitivity of diet- and foliage-reared larvae to exudate from foliage-reared larvae.
HOST SPECIFICITY IN PISSODES STROBI (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE): ROLES OF GEOGRAPHY, GENETICS, AND BEHAVIOR
Authors: Phillips Thomas W. , Lanier Gerald N.
Published: November 2009

Host specificity of Pissodes strobi (Peck) from different geographic regions and genetic divergence of local host-associated weevil populations were studied in a series of experiments. Pacific coast P. strobi reared from Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr (Pinaceae), were unable to successfully colonize either eastern white pine, Pinus strobus L. (Pinaceae), or western white pine, Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don., in a forced-infestation study on interplanted trees in New York. Reproductively mature field-collected P. strobi from British Columbia did not oviposit on eastern white pine in New York, but field-collected New York weevils successfully reproduced in Sitka spruce leaders in British Columbia. Unacceptability of eastern white pine for western P. strobi was shown to be under genetic control, rather than influenced by prior host experience on Sitka spruce. Pissodes strobi originating from Sitka spruce but reared one generation in the laboratory on the exotic Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst., were also unable to utilize eastern white pine as a host in a forced-infestation experiment in the field. Population genetic studies using allozyme electrophoresis found that P. strobi populations occurring on different host species within 2 km of each other had significant differences in allele frequencies in three out of four cases. These results suggest that P. strobi can exist as small breeding populations that can facilitate host specialization. Applied research on host resistance against P. strobi could target mechanisms that prevent western P. strobi from utilizing nonhosts such as eastern and western white pines.
LINEATIN ENANTIOMER PREFERENCE, FLIGHT PERIODS, AND EFFECT OF PHEROMONE CONCENTRATION AND TRAP LENGTH ON THREE SYMPATRIC SPECIES OFTRYPODENDRON(COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Lindgren B.S. , Hoover S.E.R. , MacIsaac A.M. , Keeling C.I. , Slessor K.N.
Published: November 2009

The effects of lineatin enantiomer ratios, lineatin release rate, and trap length on catches and the flight periods of three sympatric species ofTrypodendronStephens were investigated in field bioassays using multiple-funnel traps. The ambrosia beetle,Trypodendron betulaeSwaine, was caught in similar numbers in baited traps and blank control traps, showing that this species does not respond to lineatin. Our results confirmed thatTrypodendron lineatum(Olivier) is attracted only to (+)-lineatin.Trypodendron rufitarsus(Kirby) andTrypodendron retusum(LeConte) were shown to utilize lineatin and likeT.lineatumwere caught only when (+)-lineatin was present. These results indicate that lineatin does not govern reproductive isolation among these three species. There was no effect by (+)-lineatin release rate within the range tested. The flight ofT.rufitarsuscommenced earlier and ceased before the peak of theT.lineatumflight, suggesting that temporal separation may be an important component of reproductive isolation between these two species. The flight period ofT.retusumwas similar to that ofT.lineatum. Host odours may aid in reproductive isolation of these two species. Enantiomer blend did not significantly affect sex ratio in any species; however, sex ratio differed among species, indicating that different species responded differently to the traps or that natural sex ratios differ. Catches ofT.rufitarsusandT.retusumincreased with trap length when pheromone release per trap was held constant and when release was held constant relative to trap length. Trap length and release rate did not affect sex ratio.
ATTRACTIVENESS AND SUITABILITY OF HOST TREE SPECIES FOR COLONIZATION AND SURVIVAL OF PHORACANTHA SEMIPUNCTATA (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE)
Authors: Paine T.D. , Hanks L.M. , Millar J.G. , Paine E.O.
Published: November 2009

Among the three species of potential hosts for Phoracantha semipunctata (F.) (Eucalyptus propinqua Deane and Maiden, Eucalyptus maculata Hook., and Angophora costata (Gaertner) Britten (all Myrtaceae)) tested in southeast Queensland, there were no differences in number of beetle galleries initiated by neonate larvae, larval mortality, larval survivorship, or parasitism rates. The larvae that survived to pupation in E. maculata produced significantly larger galleries, indicating larger larval size, than did larvae in either of the other two host species tested. There were no differences in the size of parasitized larvae among the three species of potential hosts. The results suggest that there were differences among species in host suitability for larval development but that females were either not able to distinguish those differences during oviposition or the selection for discrimination was not strong relative to the associated potential ecological costs.
RESPONSES OF CONOPHTHORUS SPP. (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) TO BEHAVIORAL CHEMICALS IN FIELD TRIALS: A TRANSCONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Rappaport Nancy Gillette , Stein John D. , del Rio Mora Adolfo Arturo , DeBarr Gary , de Groot Peter , Mori Sylvia
Published: November 2009

We tested six behavioral chemicals, pityol, conophthorin, 4-allylanisole, verbenone, 2-hexenol, and α-pinene, in a series of field trials directed at six combinations of Conophthorus Hopkins – Pinus L. spp. (Pinaceae) in sites distributed across North America. Beetle – host tree combinations included Conophthorus ponderosae Hopkins on Pinus ponderosa Laws., C. ponderosae on Pinus monticola Dougl., Conophthorus conicolens Wood on Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl., Conophthorus teocotum Wood on Pinus teocote Schl. & Cham., Conophthorus coniperda (Schwarz) on Pinus strobus L., and Conophthorus resinosae Hopkins on Pinus resinosa Ait. trans-Verbenol was tested only on C. resinosae on P. resinosa. Traps baited with pityol caught more beetles than unbaited traps in nearly all of the assays, and conophthorin consistently inhibited male beetle response to pityol for all species tested. Behavioral responses of species of Conophthorus to α-pinene appeared to parallel host phylogeny, inasmuch as beetles using Haploxylon pines as hosts utilized α-pinene as a synergist for the beetle-produced pityol, whereas beetles using Diploxylon pines as hosts did not. α-Pinene was a synergist for pityol in C. ponderosae on P. monticola and C. coniperda on P. strobus, but not for species of Conophthorus on any other pines tested. Conophthorus ponderosae on P. ponderosa was the only beetle–host combination tested where verbenone was a synergist for pityol, but this effect was not consistent in all years of testing. It was also the only beetle–host combination in which 4-allylanisole was a repellent. For all other beetle–host combinations, verbenone was neutral to slightly repellent and 4-allylanisole was either synergistic or neutral in pityol-baited traps. Promising synergists and interruptants/repellents were identified for implementation in pest-management regimes, including conophthorin as an interruptant for all species of Conophthorus tested, 4-allylanisole as an interruptant for C. ponderosae on P. ponderosa, α-pinene as a synergist for pityol in all species tested on Haploxylon pines, and 4-allylanisole as a synergist for pityol in C. conicolens and C. coniperda.
Beauveria bassiana transmission in western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Mulock Barbara S. , Chandler Laurence D.
Published: November 2009

A key stage in the development of an insect epizootic, either natural or induced, is the transmission of a pathogen from an infected to an uninfected host (Andreadis 1987). The establishment of secondary infections can augment long-term control by increasing the amount of inoculum present within the environment (Thomas et al. 1995). The ease of disease transmission from an infected to a healthy host is an important consideration in evaluating the potential of an entomopathogen as a microbial control agent. Currently, we are field-testing the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Moniliaceae), for the suppression of adult western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, which is a key pest of corn, Zea mays L. (Gramineae), throughout the north-central United States and eastern Canada (Mulock and Chandler 2000). During our investigations we have often observed sporulating cadavers on corn plants, particularly within the leaf collars, following fungal application. In this study, we estimated the effect of the density of infected cadavers and the length of exposure time on disease transmission in adult western corn rootworm.
Releases and first recovery ofLathrolestes ensator(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in North America, a parasitoid ofHoplocampa testudinea(Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
Authors: Vincent C. , Rancourt B. , Sarazin M. , Kuhlmann U.
Published: November 2009

The European apple sawfly,Hoplocampa testudinea(Klug), is a pest of apple,Malus pumilaBork. (Rosaceae), in orchards. Introduced from Europe onto Long Island, New York, in 1939, it gradually invaded the New England states (Pyenson 1943). Downes and Andison (1942) also reported the apple sawfly on Vancouver Island in 1940. In 1979,H. testudineawas discovered for the first time in southern Quebec (Paradis 1980), after which it spread throughout the apple-growing areas of this province (Vincent and Mailloux 1988). There are no published records on any natural enemies ofH. testudineain North America.
World review of the genusTinocallis(Hemiptera: Aphididae, Calaphidinae) with description of a new species
Authors: Quednau F.W.
Published: November 2009

The aphid genusTinocallisMatsumura is revised on a worldwide basis. Notes on its taxonomic position and evolutionary history and a key for the 21 species are presented.Tinocallis ussuriensisPashtshenko andT.nevskyi lianchengensisZhang and Qiao are proposed as synonyms ofT.takachihoensis, andT.sapporoensisHiguchi is proposed as a synonym ofT.nikkoensisHiguchi,T.allozelkowaeZhang and Zhong as a synonym ofT.viridis(Takahashi), andT.magnoliaeAK Ghosh and Raychaudhuri as a synonym ofT.insularis(Takahashi).Tinocallis distinctusMR Ghosh, AK Ghosh and Raychaudhuri is returned to the subgenusTinocallis s.s. from the subgenusQuednaucallisChakrabarti. A lectotype designation was made forT.viridis(Takahashi).Tinocallis dalbergicolasp.nov. fromDalbergia hanceiBenth. (Fabaceae) in Hong Kong is described and illustrated. It is closely related toT.caryaefoliae(Davis) andT.himalayensisAK Ghosh, MR Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, but has much longer antennae and longer spinal body processes. It also differs from the former species by the smooth mesonotum and from the latter species in having the forewing hyaline and with a complete radial sector.
Interaction of photoperiod and temperature in the regulation of prediapause development in the spotted tentiform leafminer (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
Authors: Trimble R.M.
Published: November 2009

The spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (F.), overwinters in a photoperiodically induced state of pupal diapause. The critical day length (50% of leafminers enter diapause) for P. blancardella from latitudes of about 42–44°N in southwestern Ontario was 14.25 h at an average August temperature (Environment Canada 1993) of 20°C (Trimble 1994). The development time of actively growing larvae decreased with increased temperature, whereas the development time of diapause-destined larvae was not affected by temperature at the critical day length, suggesting a strong interaction between photoperiod and temperature in the regulation of prediapause development (Trimble 1994). This paper describes the interaction of photoperiod and temperature in the regulation of the rate of egg and larval development of diapausedestined leafminers in the laboratory and in semi-natural conditions.
Release, establishment, and movement of the predator Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on apple
Authors: Marshall D.B. , Thistlewood H.M.A. , Lester P.J.
Published: November 2009

In Ontario apple [Malus × domestica Mill. (Rosaceae)] orchards, the application of certain pesticides kills phytoseiid predatory mites and causes outbreaks of phytophagous mites. We released a strain of the predatory mite Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten (Acari: Phytoseiidae), obtained from Nova Scotia and with organophosphate- and pyrethroid-resistant traits, into adjacent ’McIntosh’ and ’Red Delicious’ apple orchards and followed its progress over four seasons. The T. pyri strain established in the orchards, became the dominant predator, and was associated with low densities of the phytophagous mites Panonychus ulmi Koch and Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Aculus schlechtendali (Nalepa) (Acari: Eriophyidae). It moved slowly through the orchards and took 4 years to reach the 28th tree (84 m) from the release point in both orchards. The predominant wind direction did not appear to influence T. pyri movement. It was present in high numbers on release trees, or trees near these release trees, each summer after release, unlike other predatory species including Typhlodromus caudiglans (Schuster) (Acari: Phytoseiidae), Amblyseius fallacis (Garman) (Acari: Phytoseiidae), and Zetzellia mali (Ewing) (Acari: Stigmaeidae). This species appears particularly useful for biological control of phytophagous mites in Ontario and is worthy of further testing for conservation and augmentative release.
Cold hardiness of black carpet beetle larvae
Authors: Hou Xingwei , Fields Paul , Galloway Terry
Published: November 2009

In North America, the black carpet beetle, Attagenus unicolor (Brahm) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), is a common household insect pest that feeds on many animal-origin and grain products. It overwinters as a larva, and the entire life cycle generally takes about 1 year. No information exists on its overwintering biology or cold hardiness (Fields 1992). In this experiment, the supercooling point (SCP) and survival rate of initially overwintering A. unicolor larvae collected in the nests of tree swallows, Tachycineta bicolor (Vieillot) (Aves: Hirundinidae), were measured. Changes in SCP and cold hardiness were determined for larvae held at 15 and –15°C. The cold hardiness of A. unicolor larvae collected from a feed mill in British Columbia was also measured.
Frontalin interrupts attraction of Ips pini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to ipsdienol
Authors: Miller Daniel R.
Published: November 2009

The pine engraver, Ips pini (Say), breeds in the phloem tissue of dead, dying, or downed pines, occasionally attacking standing live trees when populations build up to significant levels following logging activities or infestations by the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Furniss and Carolin 1980). In British Columbia, I. pini uses ipsdienol as an aggregation pheromone to facilitate large aggregations of mated beetles and breeding galleries (Miller et al. 1996). The aggregation pheromones, exo-brevicomin and cis- and trans-verbenol, used by D. ponderosae (Borden et al. 1987; Miller and Lafontaine 1991) interrupt attraction of I. pini to ipsdienol (Miller 1991). Another semiochemical, frontalin, is used by D. ponderosae as a multifunctional pheromone (Borden et al. 1987), enhancing attraction of beetles at low release rates and interrupting attraction at high release rates. I tested the effect of frontalin, over a broad range of release rates, on the attraction of I. pini to ipsdienol-baited traps.
Revision of the Scopula cajanderi (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Sterrhinae) species group with description of a new species
Authors: Sihvonen Pasi
Published: November 2009

The Holarctic Scopula cajanderi (Herz) species group is revised on the basis of external and genitalic characters. The taxa included in the species group are Scopula cajanderi (Herz, 1903 [not 1904]) (= the Palaearctic Scopula elwesi sajanensis Prout, 1935 syn.nov., = the Palaearctic Scopula elwesi achlyoides Prout, 1935 syn.nov., = the Nearctic Scopula septentrionicola McDunnough, 1939 syn.nov.), thus making S. cajanderi Holarctic; Scopula mustangensis Yazaki, 1995; and Scopula aegrefasciatasp.nov. Lectotypes are designated for the following species which were described from more than one specimen without holotype designation: S. cajanderi, Scopula anaitaria (Herz, 1903), and S. e. achlyoides. The systematic position of Scopula elwesi elwesi Prout, 1922 within the genus Scopula is uncertain. A key to the species is presented with illustrations of the adults and genitalia, and a distribution map is presented for all taxa. An examination of the biogeography of S. cajanderi suggests that the Wisconsinan and Sartan glaciations may have played a part in the origin of the disjunct populations.
Revision of the Neotropical genus Acanthoscelio (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae)
Authors: Dotseth Eric J. , Johnson Norman F.
Published: November 2009

The Neotropical genus Acanthoscelio Ashmead is revised. We recognize eight species, found from Costa Rica south to Paraguay and southeastern Brazil. Acanthoscelio americanus Ashmead (Brazil) and A. flavipes Ashmead (Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, and Trinidad) are redescribed, and six new species are described: A. acutussp.nov. (Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil), A. latenssp.nov. (Ecuador), A. nimbosussp.nov. (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, and Bolivia), A. prolatussp.nov. (Colombia and Ecuador), A. punctatussp.nov. (Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Ecuador), and A. radiatussp.nov. (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, and French Guiana). A key to species is provided.
Host–instar selection in the aphid parasitoid Monoctonus paulensis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae): assessing costs and benefits
Authors: Chau Amanda , Mackauer Manfred
Published: November 2009

Females of Monoctonus paulensis (Ashmead), a solitary parasitoid of aphids, generally select the relatively smaller over equally available larger instars of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea: Aphididae). Large hosts contain more resources for parasitoid development and hence have presumably higher quality; however, they require more time to subdue and are more likely to escape. We tested the hypothesis that a female’s choice among first (L1), second (L2), third (L3), and fourth (L4) instars of the pea aphid is based on the optimal balance between fitness costs in terms of time and fitness gains in terms of offspring number and size. Prepupal mortality did not vary with host instar, but pupal mortality was greater among parasitoids developing in L4 than in any younger instars. Offspring mortality was not influenced by clutch size in that mortality risk did not differ between parasitoids developing alone and counterparts developing in a clutch. The sex ratio, measured as proportion of daughters among offspring, was female-biased on all four host instars; the degree of bias increased from 0.70 (in L1) to 0.92 (in L4). Parasitoid body size was a function of aphid size at parasitism. Females were larger than males; the magnitude of the difference in body size was constant and independent of host and hence parasitoid size. A female’s potential fecundity as measured by the number of ovarial eggs at eclosion varied with her size and larval ontogeny. The four instars of the pea aphid were ranked in the order L1 > L2 > L3 > L4 both in terms of the number of offspring produced per encountered host and in terms of a female’s time costs; first instars are easier to handle and are more abundant in the field than older instars. The four host types were ranked in the order L2 > L3 > L1 > L4 in terms of the proportion and potential fecundity of daughters among offspring. The observed preference pattern (L1 > L2 > L3 > L4) suggests that, in choosing hosts, females of M. paulensis maximize the number of offspring per unit of search time rather than simply offspring quality.
Diversity of Agromyzidae (Diptera) in disjunct grasslands of the southern Yukon Territory
Authors: Boucher Stéphanie , Wheeler Terry A.
Published: November 2009

The diversity of Agromyzidae (Diptera) associated with disjunct xeric grasslands was studied at six south-facing slopes in the southern Yukon Territory, Canada. Agromyzidae was the most diverse of 32 families of Brachycera at the sites, with 34 species (485 specimens) collected. Eight new species are described: Liriomyza naressp.nov., Metopomyza adretanasp.nov., Phytoliriomyza depriceisp.nov., Phytoliriomyza triangulatasp.nov., Phytomyza conglomeratasp.nov., Phytomyza dionisp.nov., Phytomyza klondikensissp.nov., and Phytomyza takhiniensissp.nov. Twenty previously described species were identified and six other unnamed species were represented by females only. Fourteen of the 20 previously described species are recorded from the Yukon for the first time; ecological and systematic notes are given for each species. Although the vegetation of the sample sites was often similar, there were pronounced differences in the species assemblage of Agromyzidae collected at each site. Thirteen of the previously known species are widespread in the Nearctic region (including Holarctic species), six species are restricted to the western Nearctic, and one species is known from the Palaearctic and western Nearctic. Several major range extensions are noted.
New genera and species of the tribe Acanthocorini (Hemiptera: Coreidae, Coreinae)
Authors: Brailovsky Harry
Published: November 2009

Antanambecoris pronotalisgen.nov., sp.nov., and Pluotenia pullagen.nov., sp.nov., are described from specimens collected in Madagascar and belonging to the old world tribe Acanthocorini. Dorsal habitus, male genital capsule, and parameres are illustrated and a key to the malagasy genera is provided.
Chaltenia patagonica, new genus and species belonging to Chalteniina, a new subtribe of Zolini (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Authors: Roig-Juñent Sergio , Cicchino Armando C.
Published: November 2009

Based on external structural features and on those of male and female genitalia, the monobasic carabid genusChalteniagen.nov. is described and illustrated, along withChaltenia patagonicasp.nov. A parsimony analysis of tribe-level taxa supports a position of this new genus within the supertribe TrecFhitae. Based on the analysis of fittest trees, the genusChalteniais most closely related to the tribe Zolini. Several characters, such as head with three supraorbital setae, two rows of squamosetae on ventral surface of male protarsomeres 1–2, elytral interval 8 not carinate, and glossal sclerite quadrisetose, differentiate the genusChalteniafrom the three subtribes of Zolini. Because of the large degree of difference from the previously known genera of Zolini, a new monogeneric subtribe, Chalteniina, is described in order to hold the new genusChaltenia. The biogeographical pattern exhibited by the tribe Zolini is congruent with the biogeographical patterns of other carabids, such as the tribe Broscini, that show an amphitropical distribution.
Cabbage seedpod weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): new pest of canola in northeastern North America
Authors: Brodeur Jacques , Leclerc Luc-André , Fournier Marc , Roy Michèle
Published: November 2009

The cabbage seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham) [= C. assimilis (Paykull)] (Colonnelli 1993), is a univoltine species native to Europe that feeds on canola and other oilseed cruciferous plants. The adult overwinters in debris and soil outside fields and colonizes canola at the blooming stage (Dosdall et al. 2001). Eggs are laid singly into the immature pods and each larva consumes five to seven seeds before cutting a hole in the pod to wriggle out and pupate in the soil (Dmoch 1965). Yield losses are difficult to assess because the plant compensates for bud and pod injuries caused by insects or pathogens (Lamb 1989). Nevertheless, pod feeding by larvae causes much damage, as canola yields can be reduced from 15 to 35% (Homan and McCaffrey 1993). Feeding by adults can also be significant, as it can reduce oil content, seed weight, and seed germination (Buntin et al. 1995).
Communication ecology of webbing clothes moth: evidence for male-produced aggregation signal(s)
Authors: Takács S. , Gries G.
Published: November 2009

There are no definitive behavioural studies on the webbing clothes moth, Tineola bisselliella (Hum.) (Lepidoptera: Tineidae), that demonstrate the sex emitting or responding to communication signals. Roth and Willis (1952) reported male courtship (wing-fanning) behaviour ≤1 cm from an excised female pheromone gland, suggesting the presence of a female-produced sex pheromone that is effective at close range; however, isolated or groups of males also wing-fanned in the absence of females (Titschack 1922; Roth and Willis 1952; S Takács, personal observation). Titschack (1922) suggested that this behaviour may serve to either “disperse odorous substances” produced by males or indicate sexual excitement, while Roth and Willis (1952) considered wingfanning in the absence of females as “vacuum activity”. Male T. bisselliella responded more strongly to larval habitat and sought it earlier at night than females (Takács et al. 2001a, 2001b). Habitat selection by males could enhance their mating success by placing them near resources essential to females (Emlen and Oring 1977; Thornhill and Alcock 1983). If males were to produce communication signals, they may enhance the attractiveness of larval habitat to foraging females. Our objective was to determine whether male and (or) female T. bisselliella produce mate-attracting signals.
Acoustic behavior ofMetaleptea adspersa(Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Authors: Lorier Estrellita , García M. Dolores , Clemente M. Eulalia , Presa Juan José
Published: November 2009

The sounds produced byMetaleptea adspersa(Blanchard 1843) were recorded in captivity with an analogical tape recorder. The signal was digitized in the laboratory and studied with a software. Three types of sound were described: copulation, rivalry, and crepitation. All three sounds were produced only by males. The frequency of the sounds occupied a broadband, from 3–4 to 16 kHz, although the main peak frequency for each type of song differed. We also studied the structures involved in sound production. Copulation and rivalry songs were produced by the rubbing of the subcostal, radial, medial, and cubital 1 veins of the hind wing against the subcostal and radial veins of the tegmen; the enlarged cubital area of the hind wing acted as a resonator. Crepitation sound was produced by the cubital area of hind wing when its expanded membrane became taut.
Relationship between carrot weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) infestation, damage, and planting dates of parsley (Apiaceae)
Authors: Torres Angel N. , Hoy Casey W.
Published: November 2009

Seasonal activity of carrot weevil,Listronotus oregonensis(LeConte), adults, eggs, larvae, and root feeding was studied in plots of parsley,Petroselinum crispum(Mill.) Nyman ex A.W. Hill, by sampling weekly from mid-May to the first week of September in 1998 and 1999. The initial population of overwintering adults, one complete generation, and at least a partial second generation were observed. The majority of eggs were deposited in June and most of the larvae were counted in July; the greatest damage was noticed from July onward. In both 1998 and 1999, the overall seasonal means of adults, eggs, larvae, and root feeding were significantly different among plots that were planted on different dates. Root feeding and all carrot weevil life stages sampled steadily decreased from the earliest to the latest planting. Most of the damage occurred in parsley plantings sown from late February until the third week of April. The number of eggs removed from parsley plants during the first cutting was significantly different among planting dates, but the impact of this removal may not be significant in infestation reduction. Results of this study will help parsley growers to target when control measures for carrot weevil will be most effective and which plantings are most likely to be damaged.
Susceptibility of hulled and hulless barley (Gramineae) to Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Authors: Wise I.L. , Lamb R.J. , Smith M.A.H.
Published: November 2009

Modern hulless wheats, Triticum aestivum L., are more susceptible to the wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), than the hulled, wild, ancestral species. Hulless cultivars of barley, Hordeum vulgare L., are becoming more widely grown in western Canada than in the past. Hulled and hulless cultivars of two-rowed and six-rowed barleys were tested for their susceptibility to wheat midge, to determine if this midge might become a serious pest of barley and to assess which plant traits might affect host suitability. In the field, larval populations on 10 barley cultivars were much lower than on wheat. In the laboratory, when the flag leaf sheath was peeled back to expose preflowering spikes, female midges readily oviposited on spikes of barley, although less so on younger spikes. Few larvae were able to develop on barley when eggs were laid after spikes had flowered. All barleys completed flowering, or nearly so, before spikes emerged from the flag leaf sheath, with two-rowed cultivars flowering earlier than six-rowed barleys. No differences in larval densities were found between hulless and hulled barleys, and therefore, factors other than the hulled trait must account for reduced susceptibility of barley. Because barley flowers within the flag leaf sheath, its period of susceptibility to infestation is much shorter than for wheat, as evidenced by reduced infestation of earlier-flowering two-rowed cultivars compared with later-flowering six-rowed cultivars. Also, the tight closure of the leaf-like glumes that form the florets of barley probably makes access to young seeds more difficult for newly hatched larvae than is the case for wheat. At comparable crop growth stages, larval densities on all the barleys were < 10% of those on spring wheat. The introduction of hulless barley for production in Canada is unlikely to increase wheat midge damage on barley to an economic level.
Suitability of felt traps to monitor oviposition by cabbage maggot (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)
Authors: Dixon P.L. , West R.J. , McRae K.B. , Spaner D.
Published: November 2009

The effectiveness of felt egg traps to detect oviposition by the cabbage maggot,Delia radicum(L.), was studied under field conditions for cabbage,Brassica oleraceaL. var.capitataL. (Brassicaceae), and rutabaga,Brassica napusL. var.napobrassica(L.) Reichenb. (Brassicaceae), in 1994 and 1995. The numbers of eggs laid on traps were compared with the numbers deposited in the soil next to the plant. Also, the incidence of oviposition (i.e., the percentage of samples with eggs) on soil and traps was compared. A total of 5160 eggs was collected from 5208 samples, but just 16% of all samples had eggs. For cabbage, early in the 1994 season, the incidence of oviposition in soil samples was double that on traps, and the number of eggs per sample was greater also. Oviposition incidence and the number of eggs per sample during the rest of the summer were similar. In the 1995 cabbage trial, the incidence of oviposition early in the season was again higher in soil samples than on traps, and there were fewer eggs per trap than per soil sample. For rutabaga, the number of eggs was similar using both methods early in the second generation, but from mid-August there were more eggs per trap than per soil sample. The incidence of oviposition in the rutabaga trial was similar on traps and in soil through most of the experiment. In this study, felt traps did not adequately detect the timing of cabbage maggot oviposition in the critical early season.
Bird predation and the host-plant shift by the goldenrod stem galler
Authors: Poff A.C. , Haynes K.J. , Szymanski M. , Back D. , Williams M.A. , Cronin J.T.
Published: November 2009

Escape from natural enemies may favor the incorporation of a novel host plant into the diet of an herbivorous insect. This scenario has been suggested for the recent host-plant shift by the goldenrod stem galler,Eurosta solidaginisFitch (Diptera: Tephritidae), from the ancestral hostSolidago altissimaL. (Compositae) to the derived hostSolidago giganteaAit. In this study, we examined the effects of predation from downy woodpeckers,Picoides pubescensL. (Aves: Picidae), and black-capped chickadees,Parus atricapillusL. (Aves: Paridae), on these two host races of insects at the western edge of their zone of sympatry. Based on a field census, bird predation was concentrated near the cover of trees whereS.giganteatends to occur; few attacks occurred in the open whereS.altissimais prevalent. We conducted a field experiment to evaluate the preference of these avian predators for galls of the two host races when differences in the microgeographic distribution, size, and height of galls were controlled. In allopatric sites where onlyS.giganteaoccurs, attacks by birds were 58% more frequent onS.giganteathan onS.altissimagalls. Similar results were found for sympatric sites, although the difference in attack was only 26% and not significant. We could find no difference in the toughness of galls or the nutritional value of a larva within the gall (in terms of biomass) to explain avian preference for theS.giganteahost race; however, we found that from 1999 to 2000, theS.gigantearace offered a 27–107% higher reward rate (i.e., the probability that a gall harbored a larva ofE.solidaginis) than theS.altissimarace. Our studies suggest that avian predators can assess a gall’s content prior to pecking it open, preferring galls that are inhabited by bothE.solidaginislarvae and the inquiline predatorMordellistena convictaLeconte (Coleoptera: Mordellidae). It is possible that birds have either learned through experience or evolved through natural selection to choose the more profitableS.giganteagalls. Finally, our results suggest that avian predators act against the maintenance of two distinct host races in the midwestern United States.
Flight takeoff behavior of Colorado potato beetle
Authors: Boiteau Gilles
Published: November 2009

The successful flight takeoff of untethered Colorado potato beetles,Leptinotarsa decemlineata(Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), consists of a strongly sequenced set of behaviors beginning with site location and followed by expansion of the hind wings, rising of the mesothoracic legs, air lifting, and rising of the prothoracic legs, leading to a low angle flight departure. A series of ablation experiments demonstrated that the antennae, the elytra, the mesothoracic legs, and the prothoracic legs all play a significant role in determining the percentage of successful flight takeoffs, as well as the proportion of upwardversusdownward liftoffs. Flight takeoff of tetheredL.decemlineatais positively stimulated by head winds of increasing speeds up to speeds of slightly more than 5.5 m/s. The absence of tarsal contact does not stimulate flight takeoff inL.decemlineata, but tarsal contact interrupts flight. The flight characteristics during liftoff indicate that this species is an in-phase functionally four-winged insect, probably with the hind pair of wings leading the wing beat. Among Coleoptera, the takeoff ofL.decemlineatawas found to belong to theMelolonthatype (classification of Schneider 1975), because the elytra are active.
Sexual communication byTirathaba mundella(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Sasaerila Yorianta , Gries Gerhard , Gries Regine , Hardi
Published: November 2009

Mate acquisition in moths typically entails long range response of males to female-produced signals, although in several species males may attract females (Birchet al.1990; Conner 1999; Phelan 1997).Tirathaba mundellaWalker attacks oil palm in Southeast Asia (Barlow 1982; Kalshoven 1981). Larvae bore into and feed inside inflorescences and fruit bunches, causing a major reduction in oil production. Observations (Y Sasaerila, unpublished data) suggested that females are attracted to signaling males. Our objectives were to (i) determine the sex emitting or responding to sexual communication signals; (ii) describe calling and courtship behaviour; and (iii) determine the diel periodicity of sexual communication.
Degree-day model for timing insecticide applications to controlDioryctria amatella(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in loblolly pine seed orchards
Authors: Hanula James L. , DeBarr Gary L. , Weatherby Julie C. , Barber Larry R. , Berisford C. Wayne
Published: November 2009

BecauseDioryctria amatella(Hulst) is a key pest in loblolly pine,Pinus taedaL. (Pinaceae), seed orchards in the southeastern United States, improved timing of insecticide applications would be valuable for its control. To time two fenvalerate (Pydrin® 2.4 EC) applications we tested four variations of a degree-day model that was developed to predicted when various proportions ofD.amatellaeggs would hatch during the spring generation. We compared reductions inDioryctriaspp. cone damage to unsprayed checks and a standard operational spray regime of four monthly applications of fenvalerate. In addition, we examined seeds from healthy cones to determine if sprays to controlD.amatellaalso reduced seed damage caused byLeptoglossus corculusSay (Heteroptera: Coreidae) andTetyra bipunctata(Herrich-Schäffer) (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae). Trials were conducted from 1984 to 1986 in two orchards in South Carolina and one in Alabama. Degree-day accumulations (threshold = 11 °C) were begun on the day when the cumulative number of maleD.amatellaequaled or exceeded five captured in 15 Pherocon 1C® traps baited with 100 μg ofZ-11-hexadecenyl acetate. One application per year was insufficient to controlD.amatellaor reduced seed-bug damage. Two sprays based onD.amatellaphenology significantly reduced coneworm and seed bug damage, and were as effective as four sprays applied monthly. None of the treatments reduce spring cone losses, which are primarily caused byDioryctria merkeliMutuura and Monroe. Several variations of the model performed well, but we suggest that the best, based on efficacy and ease of use, was when sprays were applied immediately after five males were caught (degree-day = 0) and again when the model predicted 50% of the spring generation eggs had hatched.
Tamarack (Pinaceae): previously unrecorded developmental host for pine engraver and southern pine engraver (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Gandhi Kamal J.K. , Seybold Steven J.
Published: November 2009

The pine engraver, Ips pini (Say), is broadly distributed across North America (Lanier 1972; Wood 1982; Seybold et al. 1995) with a host range that includes most species of Pinus L., and in rare cases, species of Picea A. Dietrich (both Pinaceae), within its range (Swaine 1918; Bright 1976; Wood 1982; Furniss and Carolin 1992). Ips pini has been recorded from Pinus banksiana Lamb., Pinus resinosa Ait., and Pinus strobus L. (eastern North America), and from three of four subspecies of Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loudon [P. c. contorta, P. c. latifolia (Engelm.) Critch., and P. c. murrayana (Balf.) Critch.], Pinus coulteri D. Don, Pinus jeffreyi Balf., Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. and C. Laws., and Pinus flexilis James (western North America) (Furniss and Carolin 1992; Seybold et al. 1995). Hopping (1964) reported I. pini on Picea rubens Sarg., Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, and Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. The adult insect is intermediate in length relative to most Ips spp., ranging from 3.3 to 4.5 mm (Hopping 1964; Bright 1976; Wood 1982; USDA Forest Service 1985).
Susceptibility of cranberry girdler to entomopathogenic nematodes
Authors: Simard Louis , Bélair Guy , Brodeur Jacques
Published: November 2009

The cranberry girdler, Chrysoteuchia topiaria (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is the most important sod webworm species attacking turfgrasses in Quebec, Canada (Simard 2001). Unlike other webworms, the cranberry girdler is rarely observed on grass blades but feeds on the crowns and roots in the thatch. Biopesticides based on a nematode–bacterium complex appear to hold promise as a means of controlling turfgrass insect pests, particularly those that colonize the thatch and the first few centimetres of soil (Potter 1998), such as the cranberry girdler (Georgis and Hague 1991). Our objective was to assess the susceptibility of the cranberry girdler to entomopathogenic nematodes. In the laboratory, we determined the LC50 values for four nematode species and evaluated the effect of contact time on host mortality.
Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) infestation in queen, worker, and drone brood of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: Santillán-Galicia M.T. , Otero-Colina G. , Romero-Vera C. , Cibrián-Tovar J.
Published: November 2009

Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman females were placed in contact with queen, worker, and drone brood cells of Apis mellifera L. that were soon to be sealed. In a non-choice test, V. destructor adult females were introduced into a comb containing either queen or worker brood cells; 0.62 and 18.28% of the mites entered the queen and worker brood cells, respectively. Only 1 of the 11 mites that entered queen brood cells oviposited, laying a single egg. In another test, brood cells were combined in the same comb in a 1:25:3 queen:worker:drone ratio. The percentages of egg-laying mites in queen, worker, and drone brood cells were 16.66, 61.86, and 79.06%, respectively. When queen, worker, and drone brood cells were combined in equal proportions (33.3:33.3:33.3), percent infestation was significantly different among queen (3.25%), worker (49.12%), and drone (90.07%) brood. Multiple infestation was found in drone brood cells but not in others. Also, mites were inoculated into sealed queen cells. These cells contained either one or two mites (either at the egg or protonymph stage). Conversely, in a simultaneous test with worker brood cells, the offspring per foundress mite included a mean of three individuals (either at the egg, protonymph, or deutonymph stage). It is concluded that V. destructor can infest queen, worker, and drone brood cells, but drone brood cells are preferred; in addition, queen brood cells do not provide an optimal environment for reproduction because it causes a delay in mite oviposition and (or) progeny development.
Larval morphology of genusLancetes(Coleoptera: Adephaga: Dytiscidae): the hypothesis of sister-group relationship with the subfamily Dytiscinae revisited
Authors: Alarie Yves , Archangelsky Miguel , Nilsson Anders N. , Watts Chris H.S.
Published: November 2009

Descriptions of the larvae ofLancetes angusticollis(Curtis),L.lanceolatus(Clark),L.subseriatusZimmermann,L.flavoscutatusEnderlein,L.delkeskampiRíha, andL.nigriceps(Erichson) are provided. Characters from larval morphology are analyzed to infer the phylogenetic relationships of the genusLancetesSharp with other genera of Dytiscidae. A parsimony analysis based on 51 informative larval characteristics was conducted with the program NONA. The most parsimonious tree supports a sister-group relationship between the genusLancetesand members of the subfamily Dytiscinae. The only unambiguous synapomorphy in support of this hypothesis is the secondary subdivision of some cephalic appendages. Other putative synapomorphies are the proximal articulation of the primary seta CO7 both on meso- and meta-coxa and the presence of additional primary setae on the ventral margin of the tibiae. Based on several character states including the presence of multifragmented urogomphi, the genusLancetesis monophyletic.
Baseline egg load of southern pine beetle parasitoid complex
Authors: VanLaerhoven Sherah L. , Hanano Tanya L. , Stephen Fred M.
Published: November 2009

Egg load of newly emerged adult parasitoids of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), was examined. Infested bark was collected from D. frontalis infestations in southwestern Arkansas (Clark and Montgomery counties; 1995), the Bankhead National Forest in Alabama (1999), and the Talladega National Forest in Alabama (1998–2000) between June and September of each collection year. Newly emerged parasitoid females were dissected and numbers of mature and immature eggs counted. There was no significant difference in number of eggs within a species and between parasitoids from the Bankhead National Forest compared with those from the Talladega National Forest in Alabama in 1999. There were differences in number of eggs within a species between years at the same location. Dendroctonus frontalis parasitoids in the family Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera) had the most mature eggs, followed by Braconidae (Hymenoptera) and Eurytomidae (Hymenoptera). Within the D. frontalis parasitoids in the family Pteromalidae, Dinotiscus dendroctoni (Ashmead) and Heydenia unica Cook and Davis had more mature eggs than did Roptrocerus xylophagorum Ratzeburg. Within the D. frontalis parasitoids in the family Braconidae, Meteorus hypophloei Cushman females contained the most mature eggs, followed by Dendrosoter sulcatus Muesebeck, Spathius pallidus Ashmead, and Coeloides pissodis (Ashmead). These data constitute a foundation for defining baseline egg load of the D. frontalis parasitoid complex.
Revision of Nearctic species ofCerodontha(Cerodontha) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)
Authors: Boucher Stéphanie
Published: November 2009

The Nearctic fauna of the subgenusCerodontha(Cerodontha) Rondani is revised and contains 10 species:C.aduncasp.nov. (Mexico),C.dorsalis(Loew) (widespread Nearctic, eastern Palaearctic, Neotropical),C.gracilisSpencer (western Nearctic),C.inflatasp.nov. (Mexico),C.occidentalisSehgal (northwestern Nearctic),C.occidoparvasp.nov. (western Nearctic),C.tolucasp.nov. (Mexico),C.trispinataSpencer (Mexico),C.trispinellaSpencer (Mexico), andC.trispinosaSpencer (Mexico). All Nearctic species are described and illustrated and a key to species is provided. There are two colour forms of the widespread Nearctic speciesC.dorsalis: a pale eastern form and a dark western form, although there is overlap in the geographic distribution of the two forms and intermediates exist. The six Mexican species are known from a total of only nine specimens, suggesting that the diversity of this subgenus in Mexico and Central America may be higher than currently known.
Distribution and seasonal activity of adult carrot rust flies (Diptera: Psilidae)
Authors: Hooper Laura R.E. , Dixon Peggy L. , Larson David J.
Published: November 2009

The carrot rust fly, Psila rosae F., is a major pest of carrots, Daucus carota L. (Apiaceae), in the principal production areas of Newfoundland, Quebec, Ontario, and British Columbia (Boivin 1994), as well as in temperate Europe and New Zealand (Ellis and Hardman 1992). Larvae cause damage by tunneling into the roots (Boivin 1994), reducing both yield and marketability. The insect was first recorded in Canada in 1885 but was not reported in Newfoundland until the 1930s (McClanahan and Niemczyk 1963). By the 1950s, P. rosae had spread from an initial infestation around St. John's to commercial farms and home gardens throughout the carrot-growing areas of Bonavista and Conception bays in eastern Newfoundland (Boivin 1994).