bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reconsidering the path for neural and physiological methods in consumer psychology
Authors: Clithero John A. , Karmarkar Uma R. , Nave Gideon , Plassmann Hilke
Published: November 2023

Recent decades have witnessed a burst of neuroscience research investigating mental and physiological processes central to consumer behavior, including sensory perception, memory, and decision making. Nonetheless, few publications that include neural and physiological measures, or develop conceptual frameworks around neuroscience principles, have been published in consumer psychology. It is clear that “consumer neuroscience” has thus far not lived up to its promises in the marketing literature. We suggest three main reasons for this. First, neural and other biological markers are often mistaken to be identical to the overlaying psychological constructs in traditional consumer psychology work. Second, somewhat surprisingly, there has been an overly narrow utilization of neural data. Most previous work focused on linking existing behavioral phenomena or psychological constructs central to consumer research to neural correlates using brain imaging techniques while ignoring other methods. We argue that much can be gained from improved integration of physiological measures and through them, different levels of analysis. Third, there remain significant structural hurdles to the broad adoption of neural and physiological measures for consumer researchers. We outline how addressing these three components can translate to a more holistic understanding of the consumer via both broader and deeper consumer insights.
Prognostic significance of body mass index in small‐cell lung cancer: Exploring the relationship with skeletal muscle status
Authors: Kwon Yong Jae , Yoon Young Cheol , Kim Hyun Su , Cha Min Jae , Park Sehhoon , Lee Ji Hyun
Published: November 2023

Background

We investigated the prognostic significance of body mass index in small‐cell lung cancer and explored whether skeletal muscle status affects the body mass index–survival relationship.

Methods

This retrospective study evaluated data from patients who underwent platinum‐etoposide chemotherapy for small‐cell lung cancer between March 2010 and December 2021. Skeletal muscle status was assessed using non‐contrast computed tomography images of baseline positron‐emission tomography‐computed tomography, with the skeletal muscle index defined as the cross‐sectional area of skeletal muscle divided by height squared, and the average attenuation values of skeletal muscle. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to determine the correlations of body mass index, skeletal muscle metrics, and overall survival.

Results

We analysed the data of 1146 Asian patients (1006 men and 140 women, with a median age of 67 years [interquartile range: 61–72 years]), including 507 and 639 patients with limited and extensive disease, respectively. Being underweight, defined as a body mass index <18.5 kg/m2, was associated with shorter overall survival, independent of clinical covariates in both the limited‐disease (hazard ratio, 1.77; 95% confidence interval, 1.01–3.09) and extensive‐disease (hazard ratio, 1.71; 95% confidence interval, 1.18–2.48) groups. The prognostic value of being underweight remained significant after additional adjustment for skeletal muscle index and attenuation in both limited‐disease (hazard ratio, 1.96; 95% confidence interval, 1.09–3.51) and extensive‐disease (hazard ratio, 1.75; 95% confidence interval, 1.17–2.61) groups.

Conclusions

Being underweight is an independent poor prognostic factor for shorter overall survival in Asian patients with small‐cell lung cancer, regardless of skeletal muscle status.
Ultrasound characteristics of breast fibromatosis mimicking carcinoma
Authors: Su Huan‐Zhong , Huang Mei , Li Zhi‐Yong , Tu Jin‐Hua , Hong Long‐Cheng , Zhang Zuo‐Bing , Zhang Xiao‐Dong
Published: November 2023

Purpose

To explore the value of ultrasound (US) characteristics in diagnosing breast fibromatosis (BF) and evaluate their differences from breast carcinoma.

Methods

A total of 121 patients with BF (n = 24, 29 lesions) or invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) (n = 97, 102 lesions) of the breast were included. Their clinical and US findings were recorded and analyzed.

Results

The mean age of BF was younger than that of IDC (28.75 ± 5.55 vs. 50.19 ± 9.87, p < 0.001). The mean size of the BF was smaller than that of IDC (2.09 ± 0.91 vs. 2.71 ± 1.20, p = 0.011). Compared to IDC, BF had more frequency of posterior echo attenuation (p < 0.001), less frequency of peripheral hyperechoic halo (p = 0.002), calcification (p = 0.001), US reported axillary lymph node positive (p = 0.025), and grade 2–3 vascularity (p < 0.001). The Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System categorized BF at a lower level than IDC (p < 0.001). After adjusting for age, the peripheral hyperechoic halo, posterior echo feature, and vascularity could independently identify the differences between these two entities.

Conclusion

Some differences were observed between BF and IDC in terms of patient age, lesion size, and US characteristics.
Expanding on cross‐price elasticity: Understanding tobacco product demand and substitution from the cross‐price purchase task
Authors: Bono Rose S. , White Augustus M. , Hoetger Cosima , Lipato Thokozeni , Bickel Warren K. , Cobb Caroline O. , Barnes Andrew J.
Published: November 2023

We examine whether cigarettes serve as substitutes for electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) among ENDS users and demonstrate methodological extensions of data from a cross‐price purchase task to inform policies and interventions. During a clinical laboratory study, n = 19 exclusive ENDS users and n = 17 dual cigarette/ENDS users completed a cross‐price purchase task with cigarettes available at a fixed price while prices of own‐brand ENDS increased. We estimated cross‐price elasticity using linear models to examine substitutability. We defined five additional outcomes: nonzero cross‐price intensity (purchasing cigarettes if ENDS were free), constant null demand (not purchasing cigarettes at any ENDS price), cross‐product crossover point (first price where participants purchased more cigarettes than ENDS), dual‐demand score (percentage of prices where both products were purchased), and dual‐use break point (minimum relative price to force complete substitution). The cross‐price elasticity results indicated that cigarettes could serve as substitutes for ENDS among ENDS users on average, but this average effect masked substantial heterogeneity in profiles of demand (here, a measure of the drug's reinforcement potential). Policies and regulations that increase ENDS prices appear unlikely to steer most exclusive ENDS users toward cigarette use, as most would not purchase cigarettes at any ENDS price, but they could prompt some dual users to substitute cigarettes completely while others remain dual users. This heterogeneity in consumer responses suggests additional indices of cross‐product demand are useful to characterize the anticipated and unanticipated effects of tobacco price policies more fully.
The breadth of the neutralizing antibody response to original SARS‐CoV‐2 infection is linked to the presence of Long COVID symptoms
Authors: Buck Amanda M. , Deitchman Amelia N. , Takahashi Saki , Lu Scott , Goldberg Sarah A. , Bodansky Aaron , Kung Andrew , Hoh Rebecca , Williams Meghann C. , Kerbleski Marian , Maison David P. , Deveau Tyler‐Marie , Munter Sadie E. , Lombardo James , Wrin Terri , Petropoulos Christos J. , Durstenfeld Matthew S. , Hsue Priscilla Y. , Kelly J. Daniel , Greenhouse Bryan , Martin Jeffrey N. , Deeks Steven G. , Peluso Michael J. , Henrich Timothy J.
Published: November 2023

The associations between longitudinal dynamics and the breadth of SARS‐CoV‐2 neutralizing antibody (nAb) response with various Long COVID phenotypes before vaccination are not known. The capacity of antibodies to cross‐neutralize a variety of viral variants may be associated with ongoing pathology and persistent symptoms. We measured longitudinal neutralizing and cross‐neutralizing antibody responses to pre‐ and post‐SARS‐CoV‐2 Omicron variants in participants infected early in the COVID‐19 pandemic, before widespread rollout of SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines. Cross‐sectional regression models adjusted for clinical covariates and longitudinal mixed‐effects models were used to determine the impact of the breadth and rate of decay of neutralizing responses on the development of Long COVID symptoms, as well as Long COVID phenotypes. We identified several novel relationships between SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody neutralization and the presence of Long COVID symptoms. Specifically, we show that, although nAb responses to the original, infecting strain of SARS‐CoV‐2 were not associated with Long COVID in cross‐sectional analyses, cross‐neutralization ID50 levels to the Omicron BA.5 variant approximately 4 months following acute infection was independently and significantly associated with greater odds of Long COVID and with persistent gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms. Longitudinal modeling demonstrated significant associations in the overall levels and rates of decay of neutralization capacity with Long COVID phenotypes. A higher proportion of participants had antibodies capable of neutralizing Omicron BA.5 compared with BA.1 or XBB.1.5 variants. Our findings suggest that relationships between various immune responses and Long COVID are likely complex but may involve the breadth of antibody neutralization responses.
Gene expression of Postn and FGF7 in canine chordae tendineae and their effects on flexor tenocyte biology
Authors: Ren Ye , Wan Rou , Zhao Gongyin , Kuroiwa Tomoyuki , Moran Steven L. , Gingery Anne , Zhao Chunfeng
Published: November 2023

Chordae tendineae, referred to as heart tendinous cords, act as tendons connecting the papillary muscles to the valves in the heart. Their role is analogous to tendons in the musculoskeletal system. Despite being exposed to millions of cyclic tensile stretches over a human's lifetime, chordae tendineae rarely suffer from overuse injuries. On the other hand, musculoskeletal tendinopathy is very common and remains challenging in clinical treatment. The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanism behind the remarkable durability and resistance to overuse injuries of chordae tendineae, as well as to explore their effects on flexor tenocyte biology. The messenger RNA expression profiles of chordae tendineae were analyzed using RNA sequencing and verified by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction  and immunohistochemistry. Interestingly, we found that periostin (Postn) and fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7) were expressed at significantly higher levels in chordae tendineae, compared to flexor tendons. We further treated flexor tenocytes in vitro with periostin and FGF7 to examine their effects on the proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and tendon‐related gene expression of flexor tenocytes. The results displayed enhanced cell proliferation ability at an early stage and an antiapoptotic effect on tenocytes, while treated with periostin and/or FGF7 proteins. Furthermore, there was a trend of promoted tenocyte migration capability. These findings indicated that Postn and FGF7 may represent novel cytokines to target flexor tendon healing. Clinical significance: The preliminary discovery leads to a novel idea for treating tendinopathy in the musculoskeletal system using specific molecules identified from chordae tendineae.
Association between sequelae of COVID‐19 with periodontal disease and obesity: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Casarin Maísa , Silva Francisco Hecktheuer , Pontes Ana Flávia Leite , Lima Betina Dutra , Pirih Flavia Q. , Muniz Francisco Wilker Mustafa Gomes
Published: November 2023

Background

To assess the sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) and associated factors, such as obesity and periodontitis in adults.

Methods

The study included 128 individuals aged ≥35 years with a history of a diagnosis of COVID‐19 through real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), from Pelotas, Brazil. Self‐report sequelae from COVID‐19 were defined as the primary outcome. A questionnaire containing sociodemographic, medical, behavioral and self‐report of sequelae of COVID‐19 was applied. A complete periodontal clinical examination was performed. Weight and height were assessed. Uni‐, bi‐ and multivariate analyses were performed using Poisson regression with robust variance. Additional analyses were performed considering obesity as a subgroup.

Results

When considering the whole sample, no statistically significant associations between sequelae of COVID‐19 with periodontitis (prevalence ratio [PR]:1.14;95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.80–1.61) and obesity (0.93 [0.68–1.26]) were identified. In the subgroup analysis, considering only individuals with obesity, those diagnosed with generalized periodontitis had 86% higher probability to have sequelae of COVID‐19 when compared to individuals with periodontal health or localized periodontitis. However, when only those without obesity were considered, no significant association with periodontal status was detected (0.82 [0.55–1.23). No significant association with periodontal status were observed when the severity of sequelae (no sequelae, 1 sequela, and >1 sequela) were considered (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

Individuals diagnosed with obesity and periodontitis have a higher PR of reporting sequelae from COVID‐19 compared to individuals with only obesity.
Association of environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure with periodontitis in NHANES 2009–2014: A mixtures approach
Authors: Sun Jinqiu , Guo Feifei , Wang Lin , Han Fulei , Yang Jia , Gao Shengli
Published: November 2023

Background

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can invade and cause harm to the human body through various pathways, but there is currently little research on the relationship between mixed‐PAHs exposure and periodontitis. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of mixed‐urinary PAHs exposure on periodontitis in adults in the United States.

Methods

The cross‐sectional study included 2749 subjects selected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009–2014 cycles. A professional examination of the periodontal status was conducted to distinguish between periodontitis and non‐periodontitis based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/American Academy of Periodontology (CDC/AAP) case definition. Laboratory testing of urine samples was performed to obtain the levels of urinary PAHs. Pearson correlation coefficients were utilized to determine the degree of correlation between urinary PAHs, while weighted binary logistic regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were employed to evaluate the relationship between urinary PAHs and periodontitis.

Results

In a single‐exposure model, 3‐hydroxyfluorene (OH‐3F), 2‐hydroxyfluorene (OH‐2F), 1‐hydroxyphenanthrene (OH‐1Ph), and 2‐hydroxyphenanthrene and 3‐hydroxyphenanthrene (OH‐2,3Ph) were positively associated with periodontitis risk. In the mixed‐exposure model, BKMR analysis demonstrated that mixed exposure to urinary PAHs was positively associated with periodontitis, with OH‐2F being the most critical factor for the overall mixed effects (posterior inclusion probability [PIP] = 0.98). Univariate exposure–response function and univariate effects analysis revealed a positive correlation between urinary OH‐2F levels and periodontitis.

Conclusions

The study reveals a significant positive correlation between exposure to mixed PAHs and periodontitis, with a particular emphasis on the pivotal role of OH‐2F. Mitigating PAHs in the environment may serve as a preventive measure against periodontitis and alleviate its global public health burden.
Comparison of perioperative and histopathologic outcomes among neoadjuvant treatment strategies for locoregional gastric cancer
Authors: Janczewski Lauren M. , Logan Charles D. , Vitello Dominic J. , Buchheit Joanna T. , Abad John D. , Bentrem David J. , Chawla Akhil
Published: November 2023

Background and Objectives

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and chemoradiation (NCRT) have demonstrated improved survival for gastric cancer. However, the optimal neoadjuvant treatment remains unclear. We sought to evaluate perioperative and histopathologic outcomes among neoadjuvant treatments for locoregional gastric cancer.

Methods

The National Cancer Database queried patients who received NAC or NCRT followed by resection for T2‐T4 and/or node‐positive gastric cancer (2006–2018). Logistic and Poisson regression assessed perioperative (30‐day readmission, 30‐ and 90‐day mortality, length of stay [LOS]) and histopathologic outcomes (pathologic complete response [PCR], margin status, and negative pathologic lymph nodes [ypN0]). Kaplan–Meier methods and Cox regression assessed overall survival (OS).

Results

Of 9831 patients, 4221 (42.9%) received NAC and 5610 (57.1%) NCRT. There were no differences in perioperative outcomes, apart from patients treated with NCRT exhibiting increased LOS (incidence rate ratio 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03–1.16). Patients who received NCRT were more likely to achieve PCR, margin‐negative resection, and ypN0 (all p < 0.05). Median OS was 36.8 months for NAC and 33.6 months for NCRT (p < 0.001). NCRT independently predicted worse OS (vs. NAC, hazard ratio 1.10, 95% CI 1.03–1.18).

Conclusion

NCRT was associated with better histologic tumor response although NAC was associated with improved OS. Better understanding prognostication through histologic assessment following neoadjuvant therapy is needed.
CMS physician fee final rule supports Medicare changes, advances equity
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: November 2023

The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) announced Nov. 2 the finalization of its policies that include expanded access to behavioral health care, the support of whole‐person care, and changes that will mean Medicare beneficiaries will be able to access treatment and services provided by marriage and family therapists (MFTs) and mental health counselors (MHCs).
Poroelastic response of unsaturated soils to cyclic loads with arbitrary waveforms
Authors: Lo WeiCheng , Borja Ronaldo I. , Chao Nan‐Chieh , Liu Yu‐Cheng , Lee Jhe‐Wei
Published: November 2023

We develop an analytical solution to the problem of one‐dimensional consolidation of unsaturated soil subjected to cyclic loads with arbitrary waveforms. The solution predicts the excess pore water and pore air pressures and the accompanying vertical compression in a poroelastic, unsaturated soil material. Cyclic loading occurs in a variety of engineering applications and often generates higher excess pore fluid pressures and larger vertical compression than does a time‐invariant load. In the present study, the loading function is allowed to take on any arbitrary waveform represented by a Fourier trigonometric series. Analytical solution to the boundary‐value problem in one dimension is given in closed form describing the frequency‐independent and frequency‐dependent components of the poroelastic response. We verify the analytical solution through representative examples involving cyclic loads with square and triangular patterns. Apart from the shape of the forcing function, we also investigate the effects of initial water saturation, soil texture, and excitation frequency on the system response.
Efficacy and safety of semaglutide 2.4 mg according to antidepressant use at baseline: A post hoc subgroup analysis
Authors: Kushner Robert F. , Fink‐Jensen Anders , Frenkel Ofir , McGowan Barbara , Goldman Bryan , Overvad Maria , Wadden Thomas
Published: November 2023

Objective

To explore the efficacy and safety of semaglutide 2.4 mg in people with overweight/obesity who were also being treated with antidepressants (ADs).

Methods

Across the Semaglutide Treatment Effect for People with obesity (STEP) 1–3 and 5 trials, adults with overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2 only) were enrolled. People with severe major depressive disorder within 2 years prior to screening or with a patient health questionnaire‐9 score ≥15 at screening were excluded. Participants were categorized into subgroups according to baseline AD status (on/off ADs) in this post hoc exploratory analysis of the STEP trials.

Results

Of 3683 participants randomized, 539 were on ADs at baseline. Mean body weight change from baseline to week 68 was greater for semaglutide versus placebo, regardless of baseline AD use. In STEP 1, for participants on ADs at baseline, mean change from baseline was −15.7% with semaglutide versus −0.2% with placebo and −14.7% versus −2.8% for those not on ADs at baseline. Similar patterns were seen in STEP 2, 3, and 5. The prevalence of adverse events (AEs) was generally similar between semaglutide and placebo in participants on ADs at baseline.

Conclusions

In adults with overweight/obesity, semaglutide provided clinically meaningful weight loss regardless of baseline AD use, with an AE profile consistent with previous studies.
Late effects in survivors of post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disease
Authors: McGlynn Mary Claire , Brady Kassidy , Healey Jessica M. , Dharnidharka Vikas R. , Ybarra A. Marion , Stoll Janis , Sweet Stuart , Hayashi Robert J.
Published: November 2023

Background

Treatment of post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) varies, with only some patients receiving chemotherapy. Concern for chemotherapy toxicities may influence treatment decisions as little is known regarding the late effects (LE) in PTLD survivors. This report characterizes LE in PTLD survivors at our institution.

Procedure

Pediatric patients (0–18 years old) diagnosed with PTLD from 1990 to 2020 were examined. All patients included survived 6 months after completing chemotherapy or were 6 months from diagnosis if received no chemotherapy. Treatment with anti‐CD20 antibody (rituximab) alone was not considered chemotherapy. Toxicities were classified per Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 5.0. Chi‐square tests assessed differences between categorical groups, or Fischer's exact test or the Fischer–Freeman–Halton exact test for limited sample sizes.

Results

Of the 44 patients included, 24 (55%) were treated with chemotherapy. Twenty‐four (55%) were alive at last follow‐up. Chemotherapy was not associated with differences in survival (odds ratio [OR] 1.40, confidence interval [CI]: 0.42–4.63;p = .31). All patients experienced LE. Grade 3 toxicity or higher was experienced by 82% of patients with no difference in incidence (OR 1.20, CI: 0.27–5.80;p > .99) or median toxicity grade (3.00 vs. 4.00,p = .21) between treatment groups. Patients who received chemotherapy were more likely to experience blood and lymphatic toxicity (58% vs. 25%,p = .03) and cardiac toxicity (46% vs. 15%,p = .03), but less likely to have infections (54% vs. 85%,p = .03).

Conclusions

Survivors of PTLD experience LE including late mortality regardless of chemotherapy exposure. Further investigation to better understand LE could optimize upfront therapy for children with PTLD and improve outcomes.
Chemical‐treated sisal fiber reinforcement in red mud composites: Advancing mechanical strength and environmental sustainability
Authors: J. Aravind Kumar , Sankaran Sakthivel , Veerasimman Arumugaprabu , Marimuthu Uthayakumar , Palani Geetha , Rajendran Sundarakannan , Shanmugam Vigneshwaran
Published: November 2023

The use of industrial waste red mud in polymer composites promotes environmental sustainability by mitigating the environmental impacts associated with landfill disposal. Previous research by the authors on red mud sisal fiber composites resulted in increased strength; it is expected that the strength can be increased further through fiber treatment. As a result, the current study sought to examine the effects of chemical‐treated sisal fiber reinforcement on the mechanical properties of red mud composites. Alkaline treatment and silane treatment were both used as chemical treatment methods. Red mud was added in three different weight percentages, and composites were built using the compression molding method and tested for hardness, tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength. The findings indicate that the strength of the composite increases with the incorporation of treated fibers, silane‐treated 30% red mud composites showed a maximum hardness of around 92 shore D. The tensile strength of the composites containing 20% red mud and treated with silane was the highest, reaching ca. 63 MPa. This significant increase in strength was attributed to the formation of strong interfacial bonding between the red mud, fiber, and matrix. Furthermore, the silane‐treated 20 wt% red mud composites have the highest flexural strength (ca. 244 MPa) and impact strength (ca. 26 J/m). However, increasing the red mud content above 20 wt% resulted in decreased tensile, flexural, and impact strength due to poor bond development, and red mud agglomeration. The findings of this study are beneficial for the design and development of composites based on red mud, as well as for promoting sustainable waste management practices.

Highlights

Red mud composites achieve superior mechanical strength.

Chemical treatment enhances sisal fiber reinforcement.

Sustainable waste management promoted through composite utilization.

Strong interfacial bonding improves composite performance.
Multilevel omics for the discovery of biomarkers in pediatric sepsis
Authors: Wang Xinyu , Li Rubo , Qian Suyun , Yu Dan
Published: November 2023

Severe sepsis causes organ dysfunction and continues to be the leading reason for pediatric death worldwide. Early recognition of sepsis could substantially promote precision treatment and reduce the risk of pediatric death. The host cellular response to infection during sepsis between adults and pediatrics could be significantly different. A growing body of studies focused on finding markers in pediatric sepsis in recent years using multi‐omics approaches. This narrative review summarized the progress in studying pediatric sepsis biomarkers from genome, transcript, protein, and metabolite levels according to the omics technique that has been applied for biomarker screening. It is most likely not a single biomarker could work for precision diagnosis of sepsis, but a panel of markers and probably a combination of markers detected at multi‐levels. Importantly, we emphasize the importance of group distinction of infectious agents in sepsis patients for biomarker identification, because the host response to infection of bacteria, virus, or fungus could be substantially different and thus the results of biomarker screening. Further studies on the investigation of sepsis biomarkers that were caused by a specific group of infectious agents should be encouraged in the future, which will better improve the clinical execution of personalized medicine for pediatric sepsis.
Identifying and managing psychosocial problems in children on home invasive mechanical ventilation
Authors: Özcan Gizem , Çobanoğlu Nazan
Published: November 2023

Home invasive mechanical ventilation (HIMV) has allowed children with chronic respiratory failure to be discharged from the hospital, giving them a chance to return to their home life which is more natural for children to grow up. Many technological tools necessary for their survival have also caused restrictions in the social lives of these children. Psychosocial problems will be inevitable in this group of patients, who often have to cope with more than one medical problem. Identifying the impact of HIMV on these problems will enable these children to have a better quality of life. While the most objective method used to determine the psychosocial status of these children is quality of life measurement, more studies are needed to determine the ideal questionnaire. This review deals with psychosocial problems on HIMV.
Characteristics and variation laws of electromagnetic radiation generated during explosion
Authors: Cui Yuanbo , Jiang Jian , Kong Deren
Published: November 2023

The characteristics and laws of explosive electromagnetic radiation must be clarified to investigate its interference with electronic equipment. Currently, studies pertaining to explosive electromagnetic radiation are performed via small equivalent explosive explosion tests, and conclusions regarding the regularity of electromagnetic radiation from warhead explosions are not confirmed. This study analyzes the power laws of explosion electromagnetic radiation via numerical simulations, literature comparisons, experimental testing, and other methods. The results show that the duration of the explosion electromagnetic radiation is proportional to the 1/3 power of the equivalent. The delay time is between 44 and 53 μs and is inversely proportional to the detonation velocity. The peak time is positively correlated with the 1/2 power of the equivalent. The electric field intensity of an explosive explosion is directly proportional to the 1/3 power of the equivalent, whereas the electric field intensity of a warhead explosion is positively correlated but not linearly related with the equivalent power. The spectral distribution of the electromagnetic radiation caused by different types of explosives differ significantly. The electromagnetic radiation measurement results for explosive explosions can be predicted via numerical simulation. However, the simulation results do not match the measurement data of warhead explosions, thus highlighting the necessity of warhead explosion electromagnetic measurements.
Differentiation of isobaric cross‐linked peptides prepared via maleimide chemistry using MALDI‐MS and MS/MS
Authors: González Luis Javier , Pousa Satomy , Hojo Hironobu , Watanabe Shio , Higo Daisuke , Mallon Alina Rodriguez , Takao Toshifumi
Published: November 2023

Rationale

The thiosuccinimide linker is widely used in the synthesis of bioconjugates. However, it is susceptible to hydrolysis and is transformed into its hydrolyzed and/or the isobaric thiazine forms, the latter of which is a fairly common product in a conjugate that contains a cysteinyl peptide. Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS) and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS/MS) are useful for differentiating these isobaric species.

Methods

Four cross‐linked peptides with thiosuccinimide linkers were synthesized. Analogs with linkers that were transformed into thiazine and/or the hydrolyzed thiosuccinimide linkers were then synthesized by incubating the samples at neutral or basic pH. All the cross‐linked peptides were purified using RP‐HPLC (reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography) and differentiated using MALDI‐MS, MALDI‐MS/MS, and ultraviolet photodissociation.

Results

A cysteinyl peptide‐containing conjugate, the thiosuccinimide form, was largely transformed into the hydrolyzed or thiazine forms after incubation at neutral or basic pH. MALDI‐MS allowed the three forms to be differentiated: the thiosuccinimide and its hydrolysis product yielded two constituent peptides after reductive cleavage between the Cys and succinimide moieties; no fragment ions were produced from the thiazine form. In addition, MALDI‐MS/MS of the thiosuccinimide form yielded two pairs of complementary fragment ions via 1,4‐elimination: Cys‐SH and maleimide, and dehydro‐alanine and thiosuccinimide, which are different from those produced via reductive cleavage in MALDI‐MS. The thiazine form yielded fragment ions resulting from the cleavage of the newly formed amide bond in the linker that resulted from thiazine formation.

Conclusions

The thiosuccinimide (but not thiazine) form of the cross‐linked peptide yielded individual constituent peptides using MALDI‐MS and MALDI‐MS/MS, showing specific 1,4‐elimination for the thiosuccinimide form and cleavage at the newly formed peptide bond via transcyclization for the thiazine form.
Follow recommendations, avoid pitfalls to implement successful progression, retention program
Authors: Dennis Marguerite J.
Published: November 2023

In last month's column I wrote about the importance of retention management to enrollment management. This month, I will share specific recommendations for implementing a successful progression and retention management program as well as some pitfalls to avoid.
Tinder creates free dating safety guide for colleges
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: November 2023

Tinder, the dating app, has released a guide to help college students stay safe when engaging in online dating.
Enzymatic Nanomotors Surviving Harsh Conditions Enabled by Metal Organic Frameworks Encapsulation
Authors: Liu Xiaoxia , Wang Yong , Wang Liying , Chen Wenjun , Ma Xing
Published: November 2023

Enzyme‐driven micro/nanomotors (MNMs) have demonstrated potentials in the biomedical field because of their excellent biocompatibility, versatility, and fuel bioavailability. However, the fragility of enzymes limits their practical application, because of their susceptibility to denaturation and degradation in realistic scenarios. Herein, a simple yet versatile and effective approach is reported to preserve the enzymatic activity and propulsion capability of enzymatic MNMs under various harsh conditions using metal organic frameworks (MOFs) as a protective shell. Urease can be encapsulated within the exoskeleton of zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8) via biomimetic mineralization to form ZIF‐8@urease (ZU‐I) nanomotors that exhibit self‐propulsion in the presence of urea. When exposed to harsh conditions, including high temperature, presence of proteases, and organic solvents, the ZU‐I nanomotors still maintained their activity and mobility, whereas ZIF‐8 with externally modified urease (ZU‐O) nanomotors with externally modified urease as a control rapidly lost their motion capabilities owing to the inactivation of urease. Furthermore, ZU‐I nanomotors exhibit effectively enhanced diffusion within the small intestine fluid, achieving a fourfold higher mucus penetration than the ZU‐O nanomotors. The results highlight the effectiveness of using MOFs as protective shells for enzyme nano‐engines, which can greatly advance the practical applications of enzymatic MNMs under realistic conditions, especially for biomedical purpose.
Boosting the Cycle Performance of Iron Trifluoride Based Solid State Batteries at Elevated Temperatures by Engineering the Cathode Solid Electrolyte Interface
Authors: Hu Huan , Zhang Xuedong , Gao Zhenren , Su Yong , Liu Shuangxu , Wu Feixiang , Ren Xiaolei , He Xin , Song Binghui , Lyu Pengbo , Huang Jianyu , Huang Qiao
Published: November 2023

Iron trifluoride (FeF3) is attracting tremendous interest due to its lower cost and the possibility to enable higher energy density in lithium‐ion batteries. However, its cycle performance deteriorates rapidly in less than 50 cycles at elevated temperatures due to cracking of the unstable cathode solid electrolyte interface (CEI) followed by active materials dissolution in liquid electrolyte. Herein, by engineering the salt composition, the Fe3O4‐type CEI with the doping of boron (B) atoms in a polymer electrolyte at 60 °C is successfully stabilized. The cycle life of the well‐designed FeF3‐based composite cathode exceeds an unprecedented 1000 cycles and utilizes up to 70% of its theoretical capacities. Advanced electron microscopy combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the B in lithium salt migrates into the cathode and promotes the formation of an elastic and mechanic robust boron‐contained CEI (BOR‐CEI) during cycling, by which the durability of the CEI to frequent cyclic large volume changes is significantly enhanced. To this end, the notorious active materials dissolution is largely prohibited, resulting in a superior cycle life. The results suggest that engineering the CEI such as tuning its composition is a viable approach to achieving FeF3 cathode‐based batteries with enhanced performance.
Photoactuators Based on Plastically Flexible α‐Cyanostilbene Molecular Crystals Driven by the Solid‐State [2+2] Cycloaddition Reaction
Authors: Wei Yiwei , Chen Kui , Zhu Shanshan , Wu Wenbo , Zhao Hongtu , Huang Xin , Wang Na , Zhou Lina , Wang Ting , Wang Jingkang , Hao Hongxun
Published: November 2023

Organic photomechanical molecular crystals are promising candidates for photoactuators, which have potential applications as smart materials in various fields. However, it is still challenging to fabricate photomechanical molecular crystals with flexibility because most of the molecular crystals are brittle and the mechanism of flexible crystals remains controversial. Here, a plastically flexible α‐cyanostilbene crystal has been synthesized that can undergo solid‐state [2+2] cycloaddition reaction under violet or UV irradiation and exhibits excellent photomechanical bending properties. A hook‐shaped crystal can lift 0.7 mg object upward by 1.5 cm, which proves its potential for application as photoactuators. When complex with the agarose polymer, the molecules will be in the form of macroscopic crystals, which can drive the composite films to exhibit excellent photomechanical bending performance. Upon irradiation with UV light, the composite film can quickly lift 18.0 mg object upward by 0.3 cm. The results of this work may facilitate the application of macroscale crystals as photoactuators.
Off‐Grid Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence with Customized p‐i‐n Photodiodes
Authors: Zhao Yiran , Léger Yoan , Descamps Julie , Sojic Neso , Loget Gabriel
Published: November 2023

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is the generation of light induced by an electrochemical reaction, driven by electricity. Here, an all‐optical ECL (AO–ECL) system is developped, which triggers ECL by the illumination of electrically autonomous “integrated” photoelectrochemical devices immersed in the electrolyte. Because these systems are made using small and cheap devices, they can be easily prepared and readily used by any laboratories. They are based on commercially available p‐i‐n Si photodiodes (≈1 € unit−1), coupled with well‐established ECL‐active and catalytic materials, directly coated onto the component leads by simple and fast wet processes. Here, a Pt coating (known for its high activity for reduction reactions) and carbon paint (known for its optimal ECL emission properties) are deposited at cathode and anode leads, respectively. In addition to its optimized light absorption properties, using the commercial p‐i‐n Si photodiode eliminates the need for a complicated manufacturing process. It is shown that the device can emit AO–ECL by illumination with polychromatic (simulated sunlight) or monochromatic (near IR) light sources to produce visible photons (425 nm) that can be easily observed by the naked eye or recorded with a smartphone camera. These low‐cost off‐grid AO‐ECL devices open broad opportunities for remote photodetection and portable bioanalytical tools.
Estimation of the Degradation of Epoxy Resin due to Void Discharge using WeightedSVMand Partial Discharge Characteristics
Authors: Otake Yasutomo , Matsuyama Kotaro , Umemoto Takahiro , Onoda Takashi
Published: November 2023

The performance and reliability of power apparatus are affected by the degradation of electrical insulation, often caused by voids in resin‐molded components. To address this issue, we investigated the use of machine learning to estimate the degree of degradation due to void discharges in epoxy resin. We prepared samples with artificial void defects and collected partial discharge data up to the dielectric breakdown, applying long‐term AC voltage. Utilizing this data, a machine learning model was developed to estimate degradation levels. The results showed that the accuracy was 55% and the false estimation rate which underestimates the degradation level was as high as 31%, which was a significant problem for practical use. Therefore, for regions of data that were difficult to classify, we constructed a weighted SVM model that predicted higher levels of degradation by weighting the data according to their degradation labels. With this approach, the accuracy remained at 57%, but the rate of underestimation of the degree of degradation was reduced to only 4%. Consequently, we were able to develop an effective estimation model that is practical for the maintenance of power apparatus. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
TXNIP‐NLRP3‐GSDMD axis‐mediated inflammation and pyroptosis of islet β‐cells is involved in cigarette smoke‐induced hyperglycemia, which is alleviated by andrographolide
Authors: Xu Wenchao , Wang Hailan , Sun Qian , Hua Tianqi , Bai Jun , Zhang Qingbi , Liu Qizhan , Ni Xinye
Published: November 2023

Epidemiologic surveys have indicated that cigarette smoking is an important risk factor for diabetes, but its mechanisms remain unclear. Andrographolide, an herb traditionally utilized in medicine, provides anti‐inflammatory benefits for various diseases. In the present work, 265 patients with Type 2 diabetes (T2D) were investigated, and male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to cigareete smoke (CS) and/or to intraperitoneally injected andrographolide for 3 months. To elucidate the mechanism of CS‐induced hyperglycemia and the protective mechanism of andrographolide, MIN6 cells were exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and/or to andrographolide. Our data from 265 patients with T2D showed that urinary creatinine and serum inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 6 (IL‐6), IL‐8, IL‐1β, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α)) increased with smoking pack‐years. In a mouse model, CS induced hyperglycemia, decreased insulin secretion, and elevated inflammation and pyroptosis in β‐cells of mice. Treatment of mice with andrographolide preserved pancreatic function by reducing the expression of inflammatory cytokines; the expression of TXNIP, NLRP3, cleaved caspase 1, IL‐1β; and the N‐terminal of gasdermin D (GSDMD) protein. For MIN6 cells, CSE caused increasing secretion of the inflammatory cytokines IL‐6 and IL‐1β, and the expression of TXNIP and pyroptosis‐related proteins; however, andrographolide alleviated these changes. Furthermore, silencing of TXNIP showed that the blocking effect of andrographolide may be mediated by TXNIP. In sum, our results indicate that CS induces hyperglycemia through TXNIP‐NLRP3‐GSDMD axis‐mediated inflammation and pyroptosis of islet β‐cells and that andrographolide is a potential therapeutic agent for CS‐induced hyperglycemia.
Engrailed 2 serves as a master regulator of the super‐enhancer in the TNC gene locus in non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Li Yan , Jiang Jie , Wang Xiaoyan , Cao Yong , Tang Li , Song Xueqin , Huang Fang , Li Mingying , Chen Feng , Wan Haisu , Ye Sujuan
Published: November 2023

Engrailed 2 (EN2) is a homeodomain‐containing protein that is dysregulated in many types of cancer. However, the role of EN2 in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and the mechanism underlying its biological function are largely unclear. Here, we showed that EN2 played an oncogenic function in NSCLC and greatly enhanced the malignant phenotype of NSCLC cells. Meanwhile, EN2 was able to boost the expression of a well‐studied oncogenic Tenascin‐C (TNC) gene, which in turn activated the AKT signaling pathway. Interestingly, we found that EN2 directly bound to the super‐enhancer (SE) region in the TNC locus. The histone marker H3K27ac was also enriched in the region, indicating the activation of the SE. Treatment of the cells with JQ1, an inhibitor of SE activity, abrogated the effect of EN2 on the expression of TNC and phosphorylation of AKT‐Ser473. Collectively, our work unveils a novel mode of EN2 function, in which EN2 governs the SE in the TNC locus, consequently activating the oncogenic TNC–AKT axis in NSCLC.
Evaluation of the use of a heparin dose‐response test in dogs to determine the optimal heparin dose during intravascular procedures and assessment of the in vitro heparin response in healthy dogs
Authors: Hellemans A. , Devriendt N. , Duchateau L. , Devreese K. M. J. , De Somer F. , Bosmans T. , Mampaey G. , Smets P.
Published: November 2023

Background

No guidelines for administering and monitoring anticoagulants intraprocedurally are currently available in dogs, despite the prevalence of procedures necessitating systemic anticoagulation with heparin.

Objectives

To evaluate an activated clotting time (ACT)‐based heparin dose‐response (HDR) test to predict the individual required heparin dose in dogs during intravascular procedures, and to investigate both the in vitro heparin – ACT and in vitro heparin – factor anti‐Xa activity (anti‐Xa) relationships in dogs.

Methods

Blood was collected from eight healthy beagles undergoing a cardiac procedure and utilised to establish baseline ACT and for in vitro evaluation. Subsequently, 100 IU/kg heparin was administered intravenously (IV) and ACT was remeasured (HDR test). The required heparin dose for an ACT target response ≥300 s was calculated for each individual and ACT was remeasured after administration of this dose. For in vitro testing, a serial heparin blood dilution (0‐0.5‐1‐2‐4 international unit (IU)/mL) was prepared and ACT and anti‐Xa were determined using whole blood and frozen plasma, respectively.

Results

The HDR test overestimated the required heparin dose in 3/7 dogs. In vitro, ACT and anti‐Xa increased significantly with increasing blood heparin concentration. Heparin – ACT was nonlinear in 4/8 dogs at heparin concentrations >2 IU/mL, whereas heparin – anti‐Xa remained linear throughout the tested range.

Conclusions

The HDR test poorly estimated the required heparin dose in dogs. This is most likely attributed to a nonlinear heparin – ACT relationship, as observed in vitro. Anti‐Xa is a promising alternative for ACT; however, unavailability as a point‐of‐care test and lack of in vivo target values restrict its current use.
Modeling magnetic field and strain driven phase transitions and plasticity in ferrous metals
Authors: Clayton John D. , Murdoch Heather A. , Lloyd Jeffrey T. , Magagnosc Daniel J. , Field Daniel M.
Published: November 2023

A finite strain continuum theory is advanced for static and dynamic simulations of material response under combined mechanical and magnetic fields. The general thermomechanical theory accounts for nonlinear thermoelasticity, plastic flow from slip and twinning, damage mechanics, and phase transformations. Maxwell's equations are implemented in the Galilean approximation. Effects of electromechanical body forces, Maxwell's stress, and magnetostriction are included, as are forces and heating from electric currents in conductors. Several assumptions are newly introduced to facilitate calculations in the context of finite element methods with explicit dynamics. Of particular interest are ferrous solids whose phase changes and interactions are affected by external magnetic fields. Predictions for compression of pure iron, in comparison with experimental data and prior analytical results, verify suitability of modeling assumptions and numerical methods. Further calculations demonstrate efficacy of the model for reproducing experimental findings on ferrous alloys of the same chemical composition but with two different prior heat treatments, leading to different initial microstructures. For all materials studied, effects of magnetic field on kinetic barriers are discovered to be more influential on phase transitions than magnetic Gibbs free energy differences between phases.