bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spectrochemical Analysis of a Nickel-Base High-Temperature Alloy
Authors: Mohan P. V. , Schreiber T. P.
Published: November 2005

A single exposure point-to-plane spectrographic procedure has been developed for the analysis of a nickel-base high-temperature alloy, GMR-235. Analytical curves have been established for the major constituents, Cr, Fe, Mo, Al, and T1, and the minor elements, Mn, S1, and B. High repeatability and minimum matrix effects were obtained through the use of nitrogen in the analytical gap and through a careful choice of line pairs.

Effects of source conditions, electrode shape, and atmosphere on the preburn were investigated
Bibliography on Analytical Flame Spectroscopy 1956—March 1959
Authors: Mavrodineanu R.
Published: November 2005

The bibliography is a continuation of an earlier work which covered the period 1848 to 1956 and contained 925 references. The present work covers the period 1956 to March 1959 with 766 references distributed, according to the index, as follows:

Books on Analytical Flame Spectroscopy (2); Basic and Theoretical Papers (96); Bibliographies on Analytical Flame Spectroscopy (3); Chapters and Information on Analytical Flame Spectroscopy in Scientific Books (23); Reviews (24); Theses (11); Instrumentation (62); Procedures (319).
Time-Lapse Emission Spectra Using a Rotating Slotted Disc and Stationary Emulsion
Authors: Dutton W. L. , Hirt R. C.
Published: November 2005

The construction, use, and advantages of a slowly rotating slotted disc at the slit of a stigmatic spectograph are described and illustrated in the production of time-lapse spectograms.
Water Determination in “Freon-22” Refrigerant by Infrared Spectrophotometry
Authors: Diamond W. J.
Published: November 2005

Modification of Benning's infrared method permits determination of the quantity of water in Freon 22 ® The Freon 22 is diluted with Freon 12® of known moisture content and the apparent moisture concentration determined by measuring the absorption of 2.67μ radiation. From previously determined empirical data, the water equivalent value of the Freon 22 can be determined. Subtraction of the water equivalent value of the Freon 22 and the known water content of the diluent from the apparent moisture concentration is then the moisture concentration of the Freon 22.
Determination of Germanium Using the Constant Temperature D.C. Arc Method
Authors: Malinek M.
Published: November 2005

A technique for the spectrochemical determination of germanium in samples having varying matrices using Addink's Constant Temperature D C Arc Method is described. While the precision of the method is 11% (expressed as standard deviation), it is possible to analyze entirely different samples by means of a single working curve. The K-value for Ge 2651.18 is given in terms of Addink's K-values.
The Longest Wavelength Band in the Electronic Spectra of Polynuclear Heterocyclic Aromatics Far Analytical Use
Authors: Karr Clarence
Published: November 2005

A table is presented listing 204 polynuclear heterocyclic aromatics, with three or more aromatic rings, according to increasing values in millimicrons of the longest wavelength absorption band. Structural formulas, wavelengths in millimicrons of additional absorption bands, solvents, and literature references through 1958 also are given This table is supplemental to a previous table listing 408 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, with three or more aromatic rings
The Mass Spectra of Cyclic Ketones
Authors: Beynon J. H. , Saunders R. A. , Williams A. E.
Published: November 2005

The mass spectra of five cyclic ketones, recorded with high resolution, are given. The accurate mass of each ion was measured, thus enabling the empirical formula of each to be deduced. The spectra show the tendency of such compounds to give a large peak corresponding to loss of C2H4, C2H5, and C2H1O fragments from the molecular ions. (C3H3O) ions predominate in the single ring systems, the spectra of cis- and trans-β-decalone show marked differences.
Analysis of Copper Refinery Electrolyte by a Condensed D.C. Arc Solution Technique
Authors: Tomingas Nicolas
Published: November 2005

A rapid and accurate procedure is described for the estimation of impurities in solutions, m particular copper refinery tank house electrolytes. The solutions are excited in a condensed d.c. arc discharge on flat surface graphite electrodes which have been treated to provide uniform porosity. Cobalt has been found satisfactory as an internal standard for the determination of the impurities arsenic, antimony, bismuth, iron, and nickel with an accuracy in the order of ±3% of the amount present Considerations governing the selection of the internal standard and the type of electrodes are discussed.
Infrared Spectra of Aliphatic Normal Mono-Amines and Alpha-Omega Diamines
Authors: Segal Leon , Eggerton F. V.
Published: November 2005

Solution spectra of aliphatic normal primary mono-amines from ethyl to decyl and of alpha-omega diamines from ethylene to octamethylene are presented, as well as KBr spectra of the diamines Assignments are made of various bands to structural moieties in the molecule. The solution spectra in each homologous series are markedly similar, but the KBr spectra of the diamines show differences distinct enough for qualitative identification.
Mass Spectrometry of Some High Molecular Weight Aliphatic Acids and Their Methyl Esters. Analysis of Nonanoic and 2-Ethylheptanoic Acid Mixtures
Authors: Trent Fred M. , Miller Franklyn D. , Brown Glenn H.
Published: November 2005

The mass spectra are given of nonanoic, 2-ethylheptanoic, 2,5-diethylhexanedioic, 2-ethyloctanedioic, and decanedioic acids with the methyl esters of these acids. Quantitative methods are described for the analysis of nonanoic and 2-ethylheptanoic acid mixtures as well as mixtures of the respective methyl esters. Data are given for the precision and accuracy of the methods. By using a diazomethane esterification procedure, the C-9 monobasic and C-10 dibasic acids were quantitatively converted to their methyl esters.
A Comparison of Infrared Frequencies of 19-Nor Steroids and Their 19-Methyl Analogues
Authors: Rosenkrantz Harris , Kupfer David , Brodie Harry J. , Hayano Mika , Forchielli Enrico
Published: November 2005

The infrared absorption spectra of thirteen 19-nor steroids in the C-19 series were recorded by the potassium bromide dispersal technique It was found that a shift to higher frequencies occurred for the bands that have been correlated with structures in saturated 3-hydroxysteroids, 3α, 5α shifted from 998 to 1017 cm−1, 3β, 5α from 1042 to 1060 cm−1, 3α, 5β from 1035 to 1060 cm−1, and 3β 5β from 1033 to 1055 cm−1. A band near 881 cm−1 helped identify Δ4-19-nor structures, while a similar band near 885 and/or 825 cm−1 seemed characteristic for the Δ1-19-nor compound
The Scientific Contributions of William Weber Coblentz
Authors: Plyler Earle K.
Published: November 2005

A brief review of the early training and graduate work of Coblentz is given, and then a discussion is made of the major researches he carried out. These researches were on the absorption spectra of gases, liquids, and solids, a determination of blackbody constants from experimental measurements, the calibration of radiant energy of a lamp in absolute units, the measurements of the radiant energy from stars and planets; the discovery of infrared photosensitive materials, the determination of the distribution of ozone in the atmosphere, the calibration of sources and detectors in the ultraviolet region, and the measurement of the ultraviolet radiation from the sun It is pointed out that Coblentz was a pioneer in many of these fields and that there was a lapse of many years from the time of his work until other scientists saw the importance and usefulness of it
Turbidity Effect in Spectrum Line Photometry
Authors: Arrak Arno
Published: November 2005

Owing to the turbidity of the undeveloped emulsion, the characteristic curve (the H and D curve) of an emulsion has a different slope when densities from the negative image of a point or line source instead of densities from the negative image of an extended source are used to construct it. As a result, line and background intensities are not additive in their effect upon the emulsion, and background corrections based upon the assumption that line and background densities may be referred to a common characteristic curve lead to erroneous results. The effect was discovered experimentally by Slavin, and independently, by Shipitsyn The magnitude of the effect is dependent upon emulsion parameters and wavelength. Its direct observation may be influenced by the presence of the Eberhard effect which tends to change the relative slopes of point and extended image characteristic curves m a direction opposite to that of the turbidity effect
The Spectrochemical Analysis of Copper Base Alloys Using a Photoelectric Spectrometer
Authors: Herlihy J. T. , Deffenbaugh Gene J.
Published: November 2005

A technique is presented that allows for the determination of Sn, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Fe in copper base alloys. A spectrochemical solution procedure is described using a rotating disk technique with a 15 m Production Control Quantometer. The precision achieved is 0 5–15% of amount present for Sn (1.0–11.5%), Pb (0.05–8.0%), Zn (0 10–6.0%), Ni (0.05–1 0%), and 47% of amount present for Fe (0.01–0 50%).
The Effect of Graphite Absorption Using Vacuum Cup Electrodes by Spark Techniques
Authors: Bass S. T. , Soulati J.
Published: November 2005

It has been found after not recording the first exposure with vacuum cup electrodes, that the next eight to ten exposures on each electrode are much improved in the precision of intensity ratios The results show the possibility of using a single vacuum cup electrode to determine not only replicas of a single sample, but that more than one sample may be determined on a single electrode These electrodes have been tested only with similar elements present and with 2 1/2 times increase in sample concentration, and no effects were apparent by changing the samples, providing certain analytical precautions were followed

A study of the adsorption of graphite electrodes was carried out in solution similar to the samples. The results indicated that adsorption was dependent upon concentration, but that once an electrode had adsorbed elements, even long periods in water would not cause the loss of the adsorbed elements. Neither would less concentrated samples cause a reduction in the amount of elements adsorbed
Semiquantitative Procedure for the Simultaneous Spectrographic Determination of Thirty Elements in Powder Samples
Authors: de Villiers Daphne B. , van Wamelen Diana , Strasheim A.
Published: November 2005

A semiquantitative procedure for the simultaneous determination of a large number of elements in powder samples is described. Use is made of rapid evaporation of the samples in a controlled oxygen—argon atmosphere. Line intensities are estimated visually.
Spectrographic Determination of Trace Amounts of Rare Earths. III. Determination of All Rare Earth Elements by the Carrier Distillation Method
Authors: Strzyzewska B. , Radwan Z. , Minczewski J.
Published: November 2005

A carrier distillation method has been applied for quantitative determination of trace amounts of rare earths in hydrochloric acid solution evaporated on graphite matrix. The method can be applied to the analysis of all rare earth elements. The detection limit obtained for individual elements was from 0.02 to 0.16 μg per sample (except for Yb it was 0.0008 μg per sample). The deviations of the position of the analytical curves for the individual rare earth elements have been investigated as they are affected by addition of all other rare earth elements in concentrations at the upper limit of the procedure. It was established that the influence of additional elements is different for the various elements and for the different lines of the same element. The interpolation error for maximal difference in composition between the sample and spectrographic standards has been calculated.
A Spectrochemical Method for the Determination of Trace Impurities in Metallurgical Materials
Authors: Balfour B. E. , Jukes D. , Thornton K.
Published: November 2005

A method is described in which Ag, As, Au, Bi, Cd, Ge, In, Mo, Pb, Sb, Sn, and Tl are simultaneously determined in a variety of metallurgical materials. Preconcentration and separation are achieved by coprecipitation with copper as mixed sulphides, and excitation is by means of the dc arc. Provision is made for the analysis of a wide variety of materials using a single set of synthetic standards.
Vibrational Behavior and Structure of Disulfide Dioxides (Thiolsulfonates)
Authors: Block S. S. , Weidner J. P.
Published: November 2005

Infrared and Raman spectra of disulfide dioxides were examined to determine whether they possess the thiolsulfonate or disulfoxide structure. Strong absorptions identified with the SO2 group support the thiolsulfonate structure. A comparison of infrared spectra of a butyl series of sulfide, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfinate, sulfonate, disulfide, thiolsulfinate, disulfide dioxide (thiolsulfonate), and α-disulfone confirms the evidence for the thiolsulfonate structure for both the symmetrical and unsymmetrical compounds. With isomeric pairs of mixed disulfide dioxides, the spectra are different in all cases. Where R is CH3, there are strong absorptions at 10.4–10.5 and 20.7–20.8 μ only when the methyl is attached to the sulfur atom presumed by synthesis to be in the oxidized SO2 form. In the reverse isomers, these strong bands, which are associated with CH3SO2−, are absent.
Oscilloscopic Characterization of an Electronically Ignited Spark Source
Authors: Walters J. P. , Malmstadt H. V.
Published: November 2005

The use of a dual-beam, delayed-sweep oscilloscope in the study of the ignition and discharge characteristics of an electronically ignited spark source is described. Transient electrical behavior on a micro and submicrosecond time scale during three stages of spark ignition is discussed, including the triggering and firing of the switching thyratron and the breakdown characteristics of the control spark gaps. Elimination of much of the time jitter in the ignition is discussed. A convenient and straightforward method of monitoring the oscillatory discharge current is presented and used to estimate the residual circuit inductance and resistance. Reactive models are suggested to explain the operation of the source.
Determination of Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Hydrogen by Spark-Source Mass Spectrography
Authors: Leipziger F. D. , Guidoboni R. J.
Published: November 2005

A procedure for the determination of nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen by spark-source mass spectrography is described. The reduction of instrument blank levels is an important consideration in this analysis. Factors which influence the blank level include vacuum, choice of sample etch, and baking of the source. A prespark of 100–300 nC is considered an integral part of the procedure, since it apparently removes the last traces of surface impurities. Blanks below 1 at. ppm have been observed. The procedure can also be applied for the determination of carbon.
Automatic Discriminating Printout System for Quantometric Analyses
Authors: Theiring John W. , Kramer Joe , Pepper Charles E.
Published: November 2005

A custom-designed printout system has been installed on a 1.5-m Industrial Research Quantometer to print automatically three-digit values in parts per million of up to 24 elements which have been determined in a matrix of uranous—uranic oxide (U3O8). The individual element values from the duplicate sample analyses are printed on adjacent lines at the rate of 24 values per 20 sec. The use of this electronic discriminating printout system reduces the number of data that must be handled manually. It also minimizes the possibility of errors occurring in reading and recording the data and in the calculating and discriminating procedures normally performed by technicians.
Excitation and Ionization in Arc and Spark Spectroscopic Sources
Authors: Margoshes Marvin
Published: November 2005

The mathematical theories which are applicable to the excitation and ionization of atoms in plasmas at thermal equilibrium are described. These processes are controlled by the temperature and electron density in the plasma; some methods of determining these parameters are given. There have been several measurements of arc and spark temperatures in air, but few determinations of electron densities or of temperatures in gases other than air. It is shown that, even with the limited data available, the theories can be applied to practical problems which arise in spectrochemical analysis.
Carbamylphosphonates and Related Compounds—Nuclear-Magnetic-Resonance and Infrared Spectra
Authors: Siddall T. H. , Prohaska C. A.
Published: November 2005

Proton magnetic resonance and infrared spectra were obtained for 44 carbamylphosphonates and related compounds, the common structural features being the grouping

As with ordinary amides, slow rotation is observed around the carbonyl-to-nitrogen bond, but the chemical shift between nitrogen substituents is three to five times as great. Evidence is presented for long range coupling of phosphorus to protons in N-substituents. Correlations are observed between the carbonyl and phosphoryl stretching frequencies and substituents both on nitrogen and on phosphorus.
Determination of Copper in Complex Brasses by X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Bäckerud L.
Published: November 2005

A review over the current practice in the determination of copper in complex brasses by x-ray-fluorescence spectroscopy is outlined. It is shown that, in close agreement with experimental results, interelement effects may be derived from fundamental considerations based on intensity integrals and primary and secondary absorption effects in brass samples. A new method for the copper determination in complex brasses is described, which is based on the measurement of the intensity ratio between the Zn Kα and the Gu Kβ lines. This method is independent of the absorption or enhancement effects of additives or impurities of the alloy and is very little influenced by variation in high tension of the x-ray tube or variations of position, preparation, and size of the sample. The counting time can be reduced in comparison with the conventional method. The same principles may be used for the analysis of several other chemical systems.
Cryogenic System for Optical Spectroscopy
Authors: Rochkind Mark M.
Published: November 2005

A cryogenic system designed around a Joule-Thomson liquifier capable of maintaing hydrogen temperatures for long periods of time and a simple cryostat suitable for simultaneous infrared and ultraviolet matrix isolation spectroscopy are described. Design features of the gas-control apparatus and construction details for the cryostat per se are provided. The system described provides variable temperature control from 16°K to room temperature. Whereas the apparatus was designed specifically for spectroscropic studies, it may be readily adapted for applications in other areas.
Detection of the Methoxyl Group by Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Degen I. A.
Published: November 2005

Methoxy compounds, including methyl carboxylic esters, exhibit a weak band in the 2860–2800 cm−1 region of the infrared spectrum, which is diagnostic for the methoxyl group. The band occurs at a lower frequency than that of the main C—H absorption. The potassium bromide disk technique is satisfactory for solid methoxy compounds. Aldehydes, amino acid hydrochlorides, nitrogen heterocyclic molecules and N-methyl amines exhibit absorption bands which may overlap this region and the detection of a methoxy substituent for these classes of compound may be less precise.
Micro Silver Chloride Technique for Infrared Spectrophotometry
Authors: Chen J. T. , Gould J. H.
Published: November 2005

The infrared spectra of microgram and submicrogram quantities of sample can be obtained by a new technique in which silver chloride sheet is used to prepare the supporting matrix.
Preparation of Aluminum Powder Briquets for Spectrochemical Analysis
Authors: Matocha Charles K.
Published: November 2005

A procedure is described for preparation of aluminum powder briquets for spectrochemical analysis. To prevent die seizure and to facilitate handling of the briquet, the powdered sample is loaded into an aluminum cap and pressed. Data are presented for this type sample that has been analyzed by optical emission spectroscopy with point-to-plane spark excitation and by x-ray fluorescence.
Far-Infrared Spectra of Saturated Esters
Authors: Saunders J. E. , Lucier J. J. , Bentley F. F.
Published: November 2005

The ir spectra of 89 saturated aliphatic-branched and straight-chain esters are reported for the region 350–50 cm−1 and empirical correlations of the band frequencies are classified by the alcohol component. It is found that there is no consistent series of bands for all samples studied but within the individual classes, several discrete areas of absorption are specified. This verified that these vibrations are more sensitive to structural differences than the higher-frequency characteristic group frequencies and are more specific in the total identification of a given, sample.
Infrared and Raman Studies of Ortho- and Meta-Substituted Styrenes
Authors: Fateley W. G. , Carlson G. L. , Dickson F. E.
Published: November 2005

Infrared and Raman spectra have been obtained over the region 4000 cm−1 to 33 cm−1 on ortho-and meta-substituted styrenes including F, Br, Cl, methyl, and meta-nitro derivatives. The entire spectral region has been investigated in the liquid state while selected regions and isomers have been studied in the solid and gas phase. Gas phase and interferometric spectra in the far ir of ortho-and meta-fluorostyrene did not reveal the torsional modes. Assignment of most fundamental modes of vibrations are reported and discussed.
General Mathematical Approach to Emulsion Calibration in Optical Emission Spectroscopy
Authors: Anderson J. W. , Lincoln A. J.
Published: November 2005

A direct use is made of the straight-line preliminary plot which obtains when the two-line emulsion calibration method is used with coordinates in terms of Seidel values, yielding an expression for the log of intensity ratio in terms of differences of densitometer readings, expressed as Seidel values, from a constant obtained from the preliminary plot. The equation may be used in a computer program or may be handled on special electronic desk calculators which provide for logarithmic manipulations. By substituting an arbitrary constant for one Seidel value, a table of relative intensities can be prepared for a list of transmittance readings.
Unusual Matrix Effects in X-Ray Spectroscopy: A Study of the Range and Reversal of Absorption Enhancement
Authors: Mitchell Betty J. , Kellam John E.
Published: November 2005

Although significant progress has been made in recent years in the interpretation and prediction of matrix effects in x-ray fluorescent analysis, many absorption and enhancement effects have not been completely defined. This paper describes a number of matrix combinations that illustrate unusual effects. Copper, for example, which generally enhances iron fluorescent radiation will actually decrease it in a matrix which is significantly less absorbing than the copper. Chromium, which generally absorbs iron fluorescent radiation, will increase it in a matrix which is significantly more absorbing than the chromium. Under certain restricted conditions, both enhancement and absorption are shown to occur in the same matrix. The range and variety of effects are discussed and illustrated for 4th-period elements relative to the sample matrix in which they occur.
Far-Infrared Spectra of the Ices
Authors: Bertie J. E.
Published: November 2005

Over the past few years the ir spectra of six of the nine known phases of ice have been studied between 4000 and about 50 cm−1. These spectra show the influence of six different intermolecular environments upon the spectra of the same molecule. In this paper the far-ir spectra of ices 1h and 1c will be reviewed and compared with those of ices II, V, VI, and IX, which are discussed in detail for the first time. The far-ir absorptions arise from the translational lattice vibrations of the solid. The spectra of the orientationally disordered phases, 1h, 1c, V, and VI differ strikingly from those of the ordered phases, II and IX. The ordered phases have spectra that are qualitatively similar to the spectra of nonhydrogenbonded ordered molecular crystals, and agree approximately with the predictions of the Factor Group analyses. The disordered phases all shown extremely broad absorptions owing to the relaxation of the zero-wavevector selection rule.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrum of 1-Hydroxy-2,3-Epoxypropane
Authors: Leifer A. , Goldstein H. L.
Published: November 2005

The NMR spectrum of pure liquid 1-hydroxy-2,3-epoxypropane has been analyzed quantum mechanically. The analysis is greatly simplified by treating the protons on the propane chain as two separate ABX systems. The chemical shifts at 60 Mcps, relative to the internal standard tetramethylsilane (TMS), and the spin coupling constants were found to be vA = 168.1 cps, vB = 160.5 cps, vX = 188.8 cps, vA' = 232.2 cps, vB' = 212.8 cps, JAB = 5.2 cps, JA'B' = 12.7 cps, JXA = 4.5 cps, JXA' = 2.9 cps, JBX = 2.7 cps, JB'X = 5.3 cps. Using these parameters the calculated frequencies of the spectrum are in excellent agreement with the experimental values. The chemical shift of the hydroxyl proton was found to be 266.8 cps downfield from TMS.
X-Ray Fluorescence Method for the Quantitative Analysis of Light Elements in Chemically Treated Cottons and other Agricultural Products
Authors: Piccolo Biagio , Mitcham Donald , O'Connor Robert T.
Published: November 2005

X-Ray fluorescence analysis has been used for the quantitative determination of the light elements P, S, and Cl, which are used in the chemical treatment of cotton and cotton fabrics. Determinations of the amounts of resins used in the chemical modification of cotton cellulose and cotton fabrics have become increasingly important with the extensive use of such treatments. Chemical methods for these determinations are frequently time consuming and often lack the required sensitivity. If the resin treatment contains a metallic or nonmetallic element not found in cellulose (as is frequently found in the use of organometallic compounds or of simple inorganic salts and oxides), the amount of resin can be calculated from a determination of the specific element. This approach, in turn, requires a rapid, sensitive, and accurate method for the determination of the selected element. The wet-chemical methods for these elements are difficult and time consuming. X-Ray fluorescence has fulfilled this need and determination of these and other elements is performed on a routine basis. Matrix problems which may arise due to the nature of the cellulose material are circumvented by the use of standard disks, which are prepared by adding known quantities of the element with a cellulose material such as cotton and pressing it into a disk. The x-ray fluorescence measurements yield calibration curves which are linear in the range from 0.03% to 10% concentration of the element in the cotton.
Vibrational Spectroscopic Studies of Organophosphorus Compounds: CICH2–PCI2, XCH2–P(=O)X2, and CICH2–P(=S)CI2
Authors: Nyquist R. A.
Published: November 2005

Infrared data were obtained for chloromethylphosphorous dichloride, chloromethylphosphonic dichloride (also Raman data), and chloromethylthiophosphonic dichloride over the region 45–3800 cm−1. Infrared data were also obtained for bromomethylphosphonic dibromide in the region 300–3800 cm−1. Infrared spectra for these compounds were recorded at different temperatures, and show that the pentavalent compounds exist as rotational isomers at room temperature. A previous study of chloromethylphosphonic dichloride and chloromethylthiophosphonic dichloride has established that these two compounds exist as rotational isomers, but the present study gives additional significant information. The infrared spectrum for methylphosphonic dichloride in the region 45–600 cm−1 has been recorded for purpose of comparison with the ClCH2–P series. No spectral evidence was observed for the P—CH3 torsion vibration in methylphosphonic dichloride.
Infrared Spectra-Structure Correlations of Conjugated Unsaturated Aliphatic Monocarboxylic Acids in the 750–250 cm−1 Region
Authors: Feairheller W. R. , Katon J. E.
Published: November 2005

The infrared spectra of a number of conjugated unsaturated aliphatic monocarboxylic acids in the 750–250 cm−1 region are reported. Two correlation frequency ranges are reported and one of these is useful for distinguishing these compounds from other acids. In addition, the band intensities in this region may be useful for characterizing conjugated acids.
Variable-Angle Reflectance Measurements in the Infrared
Authors: McCarthy Donald E.
Published: November 2005

Reflection measurements in the infrared are useful in the determination of optical constants of materials, reststrahlen peaks, efficiency of black paints, and attenuated total reflection studies. While many papers have dealt with reflection, few have investigated the effect of the angle of incidence upon the reflection spectra. Besides angle of incidence, another important factor is the use of a collimated beam. Both of these parameters must be known and controlled for best results. Some results illustrating the effect of varying the incident angle on samples are discussed, as well as the relationship between angle of incidence and polarization.
Electrothermal Atomization for Atomic Absorption Analysis
Authors: Woodriff Ray , Stone Ronald W. , Held Andrew M.
Published: November 2005

Some years ago, flame methods of spectrochemical analysis were very popular. In recent years atomic absorption in flames has been extensively applied to the analysis of both industrial and geologic materials. Now the application of electrically heated tubes for evaporation and atomization of samples promises to provide the basis for even greater sensitivity and accuracy. In the furnace, we have an inert, nonturbulent, slow moving atmosphere with a controllable uniform temperature. The gas stream in the furnace is at a lower temperature than the walls. This tends to force suspended particles to the center where they evaporate and pass on into the light beam. It also tends to minimize or eliminate memory effects and matrix effects. The operation of the furnace is described and results are given for the analysis of samples containing diverse matrix elements.
Trace Organic Silicon Analysis Using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Paralusz Concetta M.
Published: November 2005

Trace silicon analysis in organic matrix materials is complicated by time-consuming concentration schemes and/or a lack of suitable organic standards. This paper describes an improved technique for quantitative determination of trace amounts of silicon in organic matrices. The method utilizes recent improvements in atomic absorption spectrometry and can be used to determine silicon in levels as low as 0.1 μg/ml in organic solution. Matrix interferences have been overcome by controlling solids of polymers and preparing standards using Si-free matrix materials. Suitable instrumentation and experimental conditions are described. Model organic silicon compounds and polydimethyl siloxane oils have been examined for use as standards. Experimental data, including a comparison of this method with wet-chemical and x-ray results, is presented. This method can be used for accurate determination of trace silicone contamination in the 1–10 ppm range in (1) paper products, (2) resinous and elastomeric polymers, and (3) oils.
Use of a Spark Source Mass Spectrograph for the General Analysis of Geological Samples
Authors: Carver Riley D. , Johnson Paul G.
Published: November 2005

For many years the spark source mass spectrograph has been used to analyze geological samples for trace impurities. The sensitivity variation between elements, a factor of two or three, has limited the use of this instrument in analyzing for major constituents. Experimental results show that these deviations are fairly constant for individual elements in samples of the same general composition. These deviations can be used as empirical correction factors to improve survey-type analyses of geological samples. Measurements of major constituents and trace impurities in several geological materials are reported.
Flame Emission Instrument for Selectively Monitoring Fe2O3 Aerosol in Animal Exposure Chambers
Authors: Crider Walter L. , Strong Arthur A. , Barkley Naomi P.
Published: November 2005

An instrument employing the principle of flame emission spectrophotometry has been constructed to selectively monitor the mass concentration of Fe2O3 aerosol in animal exposure chambers. The instrument was calibrated over the range from 0.3 to 1.6 mg/m3, and the maximum sensitivity was found to be about 0.3 μg of Fe2O3 aerosol per cubic meter of air.
Infrared Spectroscopy at Sub-Ambient Temperatures: III. Molecules and Molecular Fragments within Matrices
Authors: Hermann T. S.
Published: November 2005

The practical and theoretical aspects of infrared spectroscopy of molecules and molecular fragments within matrices at low temperatures are discussed in detail. The following subjects are included in this discussion: the materials used for matrices, the history of the matrix-isolation method of preparation of matrices, unique features of the MIM, problems of the MIM, applications of the MIM, and mathematical models. This paper also discusses pressure and liquid-induced infrared spectra at low temperatures.
Vibrational Spectra and Normal Coordinate Treatment of Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric Acid
Authors: Nakamoto K. , Ferraro J. R. , Mason G. W.
Published: November 2005

The infrared and Raman spectra of the bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acids [(C8H17O)2PO(OH), (C8H17O)2PO(OD)] and its sodium salt (C8H17O)2PO(ONa) were obtained from 4000–100 cm−1. On the basis of an approximate normal coordinate treatment and using a cyclic dimeric model, theoretical band assignments were made. These results were compared with those obtained for dimethylphosphinic acid.
Modifications of the Bass—Kessler Spectrograph
Authors: Mann D. M. , Johnson S. E.
Published: November 2005

Three compact, grating spectrographs have been designed and constructed: a high-speed f/0.87 spectrograph, an f/6.8 larger dispersion spectrograph, and an ultraviolet spectrograph with quartz optics. All use commercially available lenses and 4X5 in. camera backs. Resolution of better than 2 Å is attainable with all three instruments.
Spectroscopic Studies of Some Drugs of Toxicological Interest. Part I. Phenothiazine Drugs
Authors: Mustafa A. , Abu-Eitrah R. , Elgendi S.
Published: November 2005

The electronic spectra of some toxicological phenothiazine drugs have been studied. The primary experimental results show that the 1La and 1Lb states overlap in phenergan as they do in 9-methyl anthracene. Substituent effect removes the overlap as shown by the spectra of some Phenergan derivatives. All the transitions which were clearly identified were the π → #pI* transitions. No separate n → #pI* transition was identified.
Calibration of Fluorescence Apparatus
Authors: Perkampus H. H. , Kortüm K. , Bruns H.
Published: November 2005

The calibration of a light detector for recording fluorescence spectra is described. In this connection the physical principles are thoroughly reviewed and disagreements in the literature are referred to. An example for a special application is discussed.
Precision Transducer for High Pressure Infrared Measurements
Authors: Fox J. V. , Prengle H. W.
Published: November 2005

An externally mounted high pressure semiconductor strain gauge transducer of high precision is described which was used in connection with liquid ir absorption and PVT measurements up to 10 000 atm pressure. The transducer is nonlinear, but can be calibrated by a three point procedure, one point of which is the freezing point of mercury at 0°C, and fit to a derived mathematical function. The precision of the device is approximately 0.8 atm, with a repeatability of 5.5 parts in 10 000, at a level of 10 000 atm.
Transition Metal(II) Complexes of the Azines
Authors: Ferraro J. R. , Zipper J. , Wozniak W.
Published: November 2005

The complexes of the Mn(II), Fe (II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Gu(II) halides with pyrazine (1,4-diazine), pyrimidine (1,3-diazine), and pyridazine (1,2-diazine) were prepared and studied by various physical methods. Reflectance spectra, infrared spectra from 4000–80 cm−1, and magnetic moments were determined. The data are suggestive of an octahedral environment involving halide and azine bridging in the 1: 1 complexes, and an octahedral environment involving halide bridging and terminal azines in the 1: 2 complexes.
Vibrational Spectra of Triphenyl Compounds of Group VA Elements
Authors: Shobatake Kosuke , Postmus Clarence , Ferraro John R. , Nakomoto Kazuo
Published: November 2005

The infrared and Raman spectra of triphenyl compounds of Group VA elements PPh3, AsPh3, SbPh3, and BiPh3 (Ph represents the phenyl group), have been reported in the 530–100 cm−1 region. The metal-phenyl stretching and bending vibrations have been assigned with the aid of approximate normal coordinate analysis and depolarization ratios of Raman lines.
Direct-Current Arc in Emission Spectrography III. The Influence of Some External Parameters on the Anode and Excitation Conditions in the Arc System
Authors: Decker R. J. , Eve D. J.
Published: November 2005

This paper reports the results of some investigations into variations in the arc current, electrode shapes and arc gaps on the electrode, and excitation conditions in the arc system. The results obtained enable an analyst to predict the effects of varying these parameters on the conditions in the arc system. Arising from these investigations a new electrode has been designed which gives virtually constant anode temperatures throughout the lifetime of the burn.
Electrodeposition on a Filament with Subsequent Thermal Atomization Followed by Excitation for Spectroscopic Analysis
Authors: Woodriff Ray , Siemer Duane
Published: November 2005

Radio-frequency gas discharge excitation was applied to traces of silver plated onto a filament and subsequently evaporated into a stream of helium. Sensitivity of approximately 2×10−2 ng and a coefficient of variation of about 7% were achieved. The optimization of operating parameters and the effect of copper upon silver emission were also studied.
UDP-N-Acetyl-d-Galactosamine: Polypeptide N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-6 as a New Immunohistochemical Breast Cancer Marker
Authors: Berois Nora , Mazal Daniel , Ubillos Luis , Trajtenberg Felipe , Nicolas André , Sastre-Garau Xavier , Magdelenat Henri , Osinaga Eduardo
Published: November 2005

Mucin O-glycosylation is characterized in cancer by aberrant expression of immature carbohydrate structures (Tn, T, and sialyl-Tn antigens). The UDP- N-acetyl-d-galactosamine: polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (ppGalNAc-T) family enzymes regulate the initial steps of mucin O-glycosylation and could be responsible for the altered glycosylation observed in cancer. Considering that we recently found the ppGalNAc-T6 mRNA expressed in breast carcinomas, we produced a highly specific monoclonal antibody (MAb T6.3) to assess the expression profile of ppGalNAc-T6 protein product in breast tissues. The expression of ppGalNAc-T6 by breast carcinoma cells was confirmed on MCF-7 and T47D cell lines. In formalin-fixed tissues, ppGalNAc-T6 expression was observed in 60/74 (81%) breast cancers, 21/23 (91.3%) adjacent ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), 4/20 benign breast lesions (2/2 sclerosing adenosis and 2/13 fibroadenoma), and in 0/5 normal breast samples. We observed a statistically significant association of ppGalNAc-T6 expression with T1 tumor stage. This fact, as well as the observation that ppGalNAc-T6 was strongly expressed in sclerosing adenosis and in most DCIS, suggests that ppGalNAc-T6 expression could be an early event during human breast carcinogenesis. Considering that an abnormal O-glycosylation greatly contributes to the phenotype and biology of breast cancer cells, ppGalNAc-T6 expression could provide new insights about breast cancer glycobiology.
Gene Expression and Localization of Insulin-like Growth Factors and Their Receptors throughout Amelogenesis in Rat Incisors
Authors: Yamamoto Tatsuya , Oida Shinichiro , Inage Toshihiko
Published: November 2005

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are expressed in many tissues and control cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. In teeth, the temporo-spatial pattern of expression IGFs and their receptors has not been fully characterized. The purpose of this study was to obtain a comprehensive profile of their expression throughout the life cycle of ameloblasts, using the continuously erupting rat incisor model. Upper incisors of young male rats were fixed by perfusion, decalcified, and embedded in paraffin. Sections were processed for in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. mRNA and protein expression profiles IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF-IR, and IGF-IIR mRNA were essentially identical. At the apical loop of the incisor, very strong signals were seen in the outer enamel epithelium while the inner enamel epithelium showed a moderate reaction. In the region of ameloblasts facing pulp, inner enamel epithelium cells were still moderately reactive while signals over the outer enamel epithelium were slightly reduced. In the region of ameloblasts facing dentin and the initial portion of the secretory zone, signals in ameloblasts were weak while those over the outer enamel epithelium were strong. In the region of postsecretory transition, signals in both ameloblasts and papillary layer cells gradually increased. In maturation proper, signals in ameloblasts appeared as alternating bands of strong and weak reactivities, which corresponded to the regions of ruffle-ended and smooth-ended ameloblasts, respectively. Papillary layer cells also showed alternations in signal intensity that matched those in ameloblasts. These results suggest that the IGF family may act as an autocrine/paracrine system that influences not only cell differentiation but also the physiological activity of ameloblasts.
Effect of Fixation to the Degradation of Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA in Different Tissues
Authors: Miething Franziska , Hering Sandra , Hanschke Bärbel , Dressler Jan
Published: November 2005

Samples of different tissues were preserved in seven fixatives for periods of time extending from 1 to 336 days, to determine which fixatives reduce the time-dependent degradation of DNA and preserve the histological structure. To achieve these results, three PCR systems were used: FGA and TC11 (both for nuclear DNA) and HV1 for mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA). For long-term storage in combination with amplification of nuclear and mt-DNA, consistent results were obtained in Carnoy's solution and glutaraldehyde. Variable results were observed for buffered formalin; an mt-DNA product could be detected even after 3 months of fixation. In regard to comparison of the different tissues, the quantities recovered from skeletal muscles and kidneys were higher than from other tissues.
Production and separation of 24Na and 28Mg from 7Li-irradiated aluminium target
Authors: Mukhopadhyay K. , Lahiri S.
Published: November 2005

Charged particle activation of Al-foil with 46 MeV 7Li3+ beam results in the formation of no-carrier-added radionuclides 24Na and 28Mg in the matrix. Two popular extractants, namely, 18-Crown-6 ether and di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acids were used to separate no-carrier-added radionuclides. It was found that HDEHP is more efficient for separation of these two adjacent s-block elements in their no-carrier-added state.
Placentation in the African elephant, Loxodonta africana. IV. Growth and function of the fetal gonads
Authors: Allen W R , Mathias S , Ford M
Published: November 2005

The gonads, both ovaries and testes, of 44 elephant fetuses weighing 0.09–112 kg (6.1–21.3 months gestation) were examined grossly and histologically. As in equids, elephant fetal gonads undergo a phase of marked growth and enlargement during the second half of gestation, which is more pronounced in ovaries than testes due to growth and antrum formation of numerous follicles in the former. Stromal cells undergo hypertrophy and transformation to form zones of interstitial cells that are associated with the enlarged follicles in the ovaries and in which the primitive seminiferous tubules are embedded in the testes. The interstitial cells have the capacity to synthesize 5α-dihydroprogesterone and other 5α-reduced progestagens from cholesterol and pregnenelone and the hypothesis is raised that these fetal gonadal progestagens may supplement significantly the progestagens secreted by the multiple large corpora lutea of pregnancy in the elephant.
Long-term Follow-up of Neonatal Mitochondrial Cytopathies: A Study of 57 Patients
Authors: García-Cazorla A. , De Lonlay P. , Nassogne M.C. , Rustin P. , Touati G. , Saudubray J.M.
Published: November 2005

Objectives. We sought to determine the long-term clinical and biochemical outcome of newborns with mitochondrial cytopathies (MCs) and to identify possible prognostic factors that may modify the course of these diseases.

Material and Methods. Fifty-seven newborns with MCs were identified in a retrospective review (1983–2002). We defined 2 different outcome categories: clinical (neurologic, hepatic, myopathic, and multiorganic) and biochemical (lactate level normalization or initially normal remaining unchanged, decreased but not normalized, and persistently high). We used 2 different statistical approaches: (1) survival studies depending on the initial symptoms and lactate and enzymatic deficiencies using the Kaplan-Meier method; and (2) the same variables compared with different survival age groups and clinical and biochemical outcome categories using the χ2 test.

Results. Thirty-three patients died (57.8%), 12 remain alive (21%), and 12 were lost in the follow-up; 6 of them are currently older than 4 years. Most of the patients manifested multiorganic disease (64.8%) and high lactate level (77.1%) over time. Children surviving to 2.5 to 3 years of age were more likely to survive for a long period of time. Initial neurologic and hepatic presentation increased the risk to develop neurologic disease and severe persistent hyperlactacidemia, respectively. Initial severe hyperlactacidemia and combined enzyme deficiencies were significant risk factors for higher mortality and multiorganic disorders. Two patients with exclusively myopathic outcome are alive and cognitively normal at 12 years of life.

Conclusions. Children with neonatal-onset MCs have very high mortality and poor prospects. However, some with life-threatening presentations may gradually improve, giving rise to less severe diseases. Those with exclusively myopathic symptoms have a better prognosis.
Anaphylaxis in a Milk-Allergic Child After Ingestion of Soy Formula Cross-contaminated With Cow's Milk Protein
Authors: Levin Michael E. , Motala Cassim , Lopata Andreas L.
Published: November 2005

In this report we describe a 9-month-old boy with severe persistent asthma and documented cow's milk allergy (presented with eczema and severe systemic reactions) who had an anaphylactic reaction to a soy formula contaminated with cow's milk protein. Quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis revealed trace quantities of β-lactoglobulin in the offending soy formula as well as the dry powder. The patient did not demonstrate clinical reactivity to soy protein (negative challenge, tolerated pure soy formula well). Cross-contamination of the offending soy formula was presumed to have occurred during food manufacturing. This case demonstrates that trace quantities of cow's milk protein can elicit severe systemic reactions in highly milk-allergic individuals. This infant ingested the equivalent of 0.4 mL of cow's milk from the soy formula as documented by an immunoassay for β-lactoglobulin. This highlights the ease with which cross-contamination can occur during food processing and reinforces the need for better quality control.