bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Management of Early Leaf Spot of Peanut as Affected by Fungicide and Date of Spray Program Initiation
Authors: Culbreath A. K. , Kemerait R. C. , Brenneman T. B.
Published: May 2008

A fungicide program for control of early leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola) of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in Georgia typically consists of a full-season program initiated ca. 30 days after planting (DAP) that includes seven applications made on 14-day intervals. Field tests were conducted in Tifton and Plains, GA in 2001 and 2002 to compare full-season and reduced programs of the fungicides pyraclostrobin (168 g a.i./ha), chlorothalonil (1.26 kg a.i./ha), and tebuconazole (227 g a.i./ha). Reduced fungicide programs were achieved by delaying initial applications at 14-day intervals from ca. 30 DAP to 45 through 105 DAP, totaling from 6 to as low as 2 applications per season, respectively. In 2003 and 2004, full-season programs of the fungicides pyraclostrobin and chlorothalonil were compared to reduced programs of pyraclostrobin. Reduced programs that received 6 and 5 applications were achieved by delaying the initial applications from ca. 30 DAP to 45 and 60 DAP, respectively. In 2001 and 2002, control of early leaf spot with pyraclostrobin was superior to that with chlorothalonil or tebuconazole within the respective initiation dates. Delaying the initial application of pyraclostrobin up to 60 DAP gave better control of leaf spot than for full-season programs of chlorothalonil or tebuconazole. Fungicide programs had no effect on yield at Plains in 2001 or Tifton in 2002. At Tifton in 2001 and Plains in 2002, yield decreased according to quadratic functions of time of spray initiation, with no indication of yield reduction until fungicide programs were initiated after 60 to 70 DAP. In 2003 and 2004, reduced programs of pyraclostrobin resulted in final levels of leaf spot that were similar to or lower than those in plots receiving a full-season program with chlorothalonil. Across both years, yields of reduced programs with pyraclostrobin were similar to those of full programs of either chlorothalonil or pyraclostrobin.

Accepted for publication 11 December 2005. Published 14 February 2006.
First Report of Cocoicola californica on Washingtonia robusta in Florida
Authors: Elliott M. L. , Des Jardin E. A.
Published: May 2008

In April 2005, mature Mexican fan palm in a home landscape in Pinellas Co., FL were observed with leaves exhibiting uneven necrosis of leaf segments, reddish-brown stripes extending the length of the petioles, and petiole cross-sections exhibited internal discoloration. The authors identified the fungus as Cocoicola californica (M. E. Barr, Ohr & M. K. Murphy) K. D. Hyde & P. F. Cannon. Until now, C. californica has only been reported from southern California and only from W. filifera.

Accepted for publication 30 December 2005. Published 27 February 2006.
Panama Disease: An Old Nemesis Rears its Ugly: Head Part 2. The Cavendish Era and Beyond
Authors: Ploetz Randy C.
Published: May 2008

Panama disease is caused by a variable fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (FOC). A new variant of FOC, tropical race 4 (TR4), threatens export and subsistence production worldwide. The realization that formae speciales of F. oxysporum can be polyphyletic began with work on FOC. Two or more phylotaxa are now recognized in many ff. spp., and at least three are known in FOC. Those who improve banana must recognize the variation in FOC that has been revealed by the phylogenetic work.

Accepted for publication 23 December 2005. Published 8 March 2006.
The Occurrence of Phytophthora ramorum in Nursery Stock in California, Oregon, and Washington States
Authors: Tubajika K. M. , Bulluck R. , Shiel P. J. , Scott S. E. , Sawyer A. J.
Published: May 2008

Data from nursery surveys conducted in 2003, 2004, and 2005 for ramorum blight and dieback caused by Phytophthora ramorum were analyzed to determine which plant cultivars were likely to be infected with P. ramorum. Susceptible plant host genera, species, and cultivars were identified using culture and nested-polymerase chain reaction analyses, and disease incidence was calculated. For the genus, species, or cultivar analyses at least 20 samples were utilized in this study. The results indicated that the genus Camellia had the highest disease incidence, followed by Rhododendron and Viburnum. Camellia cvs. Setsugekka, Jean May, April Remembered, Winter's Fire, Kramer's Supreme, Bonanza, Magnoliaeflora, Apple Blossom, Silver Waves, Yuletide, and Nuccio's Gem showed the highest risk of P. ramorum infection. Four Rhododendron cvs. Purple Splender, Cunningham's White, Unique, and Nova Zembla were also grouped into the high risk category. All other Rhododendron and Viburnum plant species were at medium or low risk of infection by the pathogen. This study indicated that there is a large variation in disease incidence among genera and specific cultivars within a genus. A series of controlled, replicated, and well designed experiments involving a large sample size of plant cultivars is essential in order to identify the underlying reasons for the observed variation in infection risks of the surveyed data.

Accepted for publication 25 January 2006. Published 15 March 2006.
Effects of Glufosinate-Ammonium and Urea on Aflatoxin and Fumonisin Levels in Corn
Authors: Bruns H. Arnold , Abbas H. K.
Published: May 2008

Glufosinate-ammonium [butanoic acid, 2-amino-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)-ammonium salt] (G-A) and urea [CO(NH2)2] were evaluated as foliar treatments for suppression of pre-harvest aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination in corn (Zea mays). The experiment was conducted in Stoneville, MS as a randomized complete block split-plot design replicated four times. The whole plots were four commercial hybrids, two genetically modified to be resistant to G-A and two nonmodified. Twenty randomly-selected ears in each sub-plot were inoculated with a culture of F3W4 Aspergillus flavus using a pin bar. Infection by Fusarium verticillioides (= F. moniliforme) occurred naturally. The sub-plot treatments were applied as an aqueous solution (0.23 % v:v G-A, 1.13% v:v G-A, and 0.075 M urea) 60 days after silking. The experiment also included untreated controls with and without inoculation of A. flavus. Sub-plots were two rows 30 ft long, spaced 40 inches apart. The experiment was repeated four times starting in 2001 and ending in 2004. Among years, inoculated ears averaged 153.6 ppb to 257.3 ppb more aflatoxin than non-inoculated ears. Neither G-A nor urea reduced aflatoxin or fumonisin concentrations. Hybrids did not differ in yield or aflatoxin concentration. Fumonisin concentrations among hybrids ranged from 2.3 ppm to 7.5 ppm. Grain yields were less in 2004 (110 bu/acre) than 2001 (140 bu/acre) or 2002 (144 bu/acre).

Accepted for publication 25 January 2006. Published 24 March 2006.
First Report of Powdery Mildew of Coreopsis Species Caused by Golovinomyces cichoracearum in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Glawe Dean A. , Grove Gary G. , Nelson Mark
Published: May 2008

In 2005, the authors encountered a previously unreported powdery mildew disease of Coreopsis verticillata L. (whorled tickseed) ‘Zagreb’ and C. auriculata L. (lobed tickseed) ‘Nana’ in central Washington and determined the causal agent to be Golovinomyces cichoracearum (DC.) VP Gelyuta. This report documents the occurrence of G. cichoracearum on Coreopsis species in the Pacific Northwest, and describes diagnostic features of the disease and causal agent.

Accepted for publication 2 March 2006. Published 5 April 2006.
Low-Level Copper Plus Chitosan Applications Provide Protection Against Late Blight of Potato
Authors: Hadwiger Lee A. , McBride Pamela O.
Published: May 2008

The organic grower can manage potato late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, with natural copper compounds such as copper sulfate pentahydrate, copper oxide, or copper hydroxide. However, recent environmental concerns about copper residues by the USDA's National Organic Program indicate a need to control late blight with reduced copper levels. This report describes a strategy for disease control using lower levels of copper sulfate pentahydrate in combination with a chitosan sticker and complexing agent. In excised leaf assays, this combination provided moderate control of late blight and protection against copper-related leaf yellowing at copper levels approximately 40 fold lower than those recommended for a commercial fungicide with copper hydroxide as the active ingredient.

Accepted for publication 23 February 2006. Published 6 April 2006.
Host Range of Rust Isolates on Oregano and Mint in Florida
Authors: Stiles Carol M. , Rayside Patricia A.
Published: May 2008

Urediniospores were collected separately from rust pustules on oregano (Origanum vulgare) and spearmint (Mentha spicata) plants purchased from retail stores in Gainesville, Alachua Co., FL, in April 2004 and March 2005. Morphological characteristics of the urediniospores from both hosts were consistent with descriptions of Puccinia menthae. Spearmint, peppermint (M. × piperita), oregano (O. vulgare), sweet marjoram (O. majorana), and Greek oregano (Oregano heracleoticum) were inoculated with urediniospore suspensions of each rust isolate in a series of cross-inoculation experiments. Rust developed on oregano, sweet marjoram, and Greek oregano only when inoculated with urediniospores from the oregano plant, and this rust isolate did not infect any of the Mentha spp. tested. Rust developed on spearmint when inoculated with urediniospores from the mint plant, but this isolate did not infect peppermint, oregano, sweet marjoram, or Greek oregano. The two isolates of Puccinia menthae appear to represent different populations, “spearmint rust” and “oregano rust.” This is the first report of P. menthae on oregano in Florida.

Accepted for publication 2 March 2006. Published 17 April 2006.
Field Evaluation of a Novel Lure for Trapping Seedcorn Maggot Adults
Authors: Kuhar Thomas P. , Hutchison W. D. , Whalen Joanne , Riley David G. , Meneley Jan C. , Doughty Helene B. , Burkness Eric C. , Wold-Burkness Suzanne J.
Published: May 2008

An efficacious trap for seedcorn maggot (SCM) adults could aid in the management of this pest. White to yellow-tinted sticky cards are an effective and efficient trap for SCM adults, but synthetic, olfactory-stimulant lures have also recently become available. The authors conducted field experiments at four locations (Painter, Virginia; Georgetown, Delaware; Rosemount, Minnesota; and Tifton, Georgia) to evaluate the relative efficacy of the ChemTica Internacional P316 Seedcorn and Onion Maggot synthetic lures to attract Delia spp. flies.

Accepted for publication 10 April 2006. Published 6 June 2006.
Influence of Berry Injury on Infestations of the Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle in Wine Grapes
Authors: Galvan Tederson L. , Burkness Eric C. , Hutchison William D.
Published: May 2008

The multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis, is a significant pest for eastern U.S. and Ontario wine makers, but the timing of beetle infestation and its interaction with grape injury are unclear. The authors present results showing the influence of freshly injured berries on H. axyridis infestations in wine grapes, and how this relationship affects the management of H. axyridis.

Accepted for publication 17 April 2006. Published 7 June 2006.
First Report of Phytophthora ramorum Infecting Camellia Flower Buds in North America
Authors: Tjosvold Steve A. , Chambers David L. , Thomas Samantha L. , Blomquist Cheryl L.
Published: May 2008

Camellias are important nursery and landscape plants and are known to be highly susceptible hosts of Phytophthora ramorum, the pathogen that causes Sudden Oak Death. This is the first report of camellia flower bud infection in the field with the North American genotype of P. ramorum

Accepted for publication 31 May 2006. Published 25 August 2006.
Assessing Fungicide Efficacies for the Management of Fusarium Head Blight on Spring Wheat and Barley
Authors: Hollingsworth Charla R. , Motteberg Christopher D. , Assistant Research , Thompson W. Galen
Published: May 2008

Small grains crop yield and quality losses resulting from Fusarium head blight (FHB) continue to threaten the economic sustainability of many small grains producers in Minnesota. Spring wheat breeders have made some progress in developing cultivars with moderate levels of disease resistance, but increased resistance in barley has not been achieved. Crop rotation and a timely application of fungicide remain the most important disease management strategies for managing the disease on both cropping species. Fungicide efficacy trials were conducted during 2003 and 2004 to compare the current industry standard (tebuconazole) efficacy with those of two experimental fungicides. Experimental products with active ingredients of metconazole or tebuconazole + prothioconazole significantly reduced percent FHB severity of spring wheat. Disease severity means with these experimentals averaged 28.5% less than tebuconazole, and percent visually scabby kernel means were 47% less with the experimentals compared with tebuconazole. Results were not as definitive for spring barley. Numerical trends from fungicide treatments were similar to those in spring wheat, but data were not statistically significant. These data indicate increased FHB management in Minnesota can be expected when experimental fungicides with active ingredients of metconazole or prothioconazole are registered for use on spring wheat by the EPA. The results for spring barley emphasize the urgency of achieving an effective disease management strategy for FHB and underscore the need for additional research on the disease in Upper Midwest states.

Accepted for publication 29 May 2006. Published 6 September 2006.
The Establishment of a National Pest Information Platform for Extension and Education
Authors: Isard Scott A. , Russo Joseph M. , DeWolf Erick D.
Published: May 2008

Many millions of US soybean acres that would have received at least one fungicide application remained untreated for soybean rust in 2005 due to information disseminated through the US Department of Agriculture Soybean Rust Information System website. The information provided by the system increased US producers' profits by between $11 and $299 million at a low cost of between $2.6 and $5 million (8). This savings and the positive environmental implications of not spraying millions of acres with fungicides demonstrates the value of a coordinated national pest management framework and stimulated the development of the 2006 Pest Information Platform for Extension and Education.

Accepted for publication 26 June 2006. Published 15 September 2006.
Control of Strawberry Black Root Rot with Compost Socks
Authors: Millner P. D. , Wallace Henry A.
Published: May 2008

Black root rot (BRR) can severely limit productivity in perennial, matted-row strawberry systems. In annual production systems, fumigation temporarily controls soilborne diseases. This report describes for the first time a novel, raised-bed growing method that uses 100% mature compost as an alternative to fumigation. Compost is pneumatically blown into flexible mesh tubes (“compost socks”) that lie directly on top of nonfumigated BRR-infested soil. Root health, plant growth, and yield of two cultivars, Chandler and Allstar, were evaluated after growth in compost socks, matted rows, and black plastic mulch at three locations in Maryland. Effects of a pre-plant soil drench with 20% vinegar were also examined. Results show that BRR symptoms were significantly reduced in all compost sock treatments, with or without vinegar, and that yields increased 16 to 32-times those observed in black plastic mulch or matted rows. In general, growth and yield of ‘Chandler’ surpassed that of ‘Allstar’ regardless of pre-plant vinegar and compost treatments. Vinegar alone was ineffective in preventing significant plant disease. Cotton-mesh compost socks readily decompose in soil eliminating the need for plastic removal. The compost sock system requires minimal equipment/supplies for startup, no fumigants, and is compatible with standard methods of weed management used in strawberry fields.

Accepted for publication 2 June 2006. Published 16 October 2006.
Influence of Messenger on Corn Yield and Mycotoxin Contamination in Mississippi
Authors: Abbas Hamed K. , Bruns H. Arnold
Published: May 2008

Harpin, a bacterial protein that elicits systemic acquired resistance increasing plant disease resistance in several species, is reported to enhance yield and quality of several crops including corn (Zea may L.). This experiment examined the effect of Harpin on corn yield, suppression of aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination, and Aspergillus colonization in corn grain. The experiment was conducted in 2002 and 2003 on two different soils at Stoneville, MS. Plots of a commercial corn hybrid were inoculated with Aspergillus flavus strain F3W4, formulated on autoclaved wheat (Triticum aestivum L) kernels, and applied to the soil surface at growth stages V5-V6 of the corn. Fusarium verticillioides was allowed to infect the grain naturally. Harpin was applied at a rate of 160 g/ha as a spray over the top of corn plants at growth stages V1 to V2 and again at V5 to V6. No differences in yield were observed nor did harpin have any effect on aflatoxin or fumonisin contamination. Aspergillus colonization was unaffected by harpin at one site and was lower than the untreated controls when applied at growth stages V1 to V2 at the other.

Accepted for publication 20 July 2006. Published 16 October 2006.
Imazethapyr Rate Responses for Wild Radish, Conventional Canola, and Imidazolinone-tolerant Canola
Authors: Grey T. L. , Bridges D. C. , Raymer P. L. , Davis J. W.
Published: May 2008

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine dose responses to imazethapyr for imidazolinone-tolerant canola (Brassica napus) Pioneer 45A71, conventional canola Oscar, and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum). Two weeks after treatment, foliar injury was rated and plants were harvested to determine plant dry weight. Plant responses to herbicide treatments were analyzed by nonlinear regression procedures using a modified Mitscherlich plant growth model for visual injury and the negative exponential growth function for plant dry weight. Pioneer 45A71 was tolerant of all rates of imazethapyr (0.055 to 0.60 g ai/liter). In contrast, wild radish and Oscar were sensitive to imazethapyr with significant injury and approximately 50% reduction in dry plant weight at rates of 0.275 g ai/liter and greater. For the model, increased injury from herbicide treatment resulted in significantly different asymptotic maximum (βo) injury for all plant types. The dry weight for the non-treated control was 1.3, 0.8, and 1.5 g/plant for wild radish, Pioneer 45A71, and Oscar, respectively. For the models, β1 parameters indicated significant differences in response to imazethapyr treatment between the Pioneer 45A71, wild radish, and Oscar dry weights.

Accepted for publication 3 July 2006. Published 18 October 2006.
Pea Aphid Outbreaks and Virus Epidemics on Peas in the US Pacific Northwest: Histories, Mysteries, and Challenges
Authors: Clement Stephen L.
Published: May 2008

This review documents the history of pea aphid outbreaks and epidemics of pea aphid-transmitted viruses on peas in the Pacific Northwest, with emphasis on outbreaks and epidemics in the Palouse region of eastern Washington over 23 years. This article will enable researchers and industry leaders to target resources to areas requiring more research for better understanding of pea aphid-host plant-virus relationships in the Pacific Northwest.

Accepted for publication 3 August 2006. Published 18 October 2006.
First Report of Rhizoctonia Foliar Blight of Soybean in South Carolina
Authors: Williamson M. R. , Rothrock C. S. , Mueller J. D.
Published: May 2008

Rhizoctonia foliar blight of soybean is found in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide. In the US, it is found mainly in the states of the Gulf Coast region. On 13 September, 2005, the Clemson University Plant Problem Clinic received a soybean sample from Florence County, SC showing severe foliar blight. The cultivars Northrup King 7325 and 76-L9 were affected. Hyphae typical of Rhizoctonia species were observed on the foliar lesions, and the genus was confirmed by microscopic examination.

Accepted for publication 7 August 2006. Published 30 October 2006.
Calendar and AU-Pnuts Advisory Programs Compared for Leaf Spot Diseases and Rust Control on Peanut in Southwest Alabama
Authors: Hagan A. K. , Campbell H. L. , Bowen K. L. , Pegues M.
Published: May 2008

Peanut production acreage has increased substantially in southwest Alabama in the past several years. Since prevailing weather conditions in this newer production area are conducive to peanut diseases, primarily due to frequent rainfall during summer months, a 2-week calendar fungicide treatment schedule is considered essential to controlling leaf spot diseases and rust in order to optimize yields. In 2003, 2004, and 2005, extended calendar application intervals and the AU-Pnuts leaf spot advisory were compared with the recommended 2-week calendar schedule for peanut disease control on partially disease-resistant peanut cultivars (DP-1 in 2003 and Florida C99R in 2004 and 2005). Fungicide programs included recommended rates of azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, and tebuconazole. Numbers of fungicide applications for the 2-, 3-, and 4-week calendar schedule treatments were 7, 5, and 4, respectively in each year. Fungicide applications made according to AU-Pnuts are based on rain events and resulted in 5 sprays in 2003 and 7 sprays in 2004 and 2005. Fungicide application schedule had a significant impact on leaf spots, rust, southern stem rot and yield in at least two of the three study years. Results indicate that recommendations for the 2-week fungicide application schedule should be maintained in this area. Fungicide program also had a consistent effect on measured variables, with the azoxystrobin program providing better disease control and higher yields.

Accepted for publication 16 August 2006. Published 10 November 2006.
Lilium lancifolium is Discovered as a New Host of Botryosphaeria parva in Georgia
Authors: Woodward Jason E. , Gremillion Sara K. , Brock Jason H. , Kemerait Robert C. , Langston David B. , Williams-Woodward Jean L.
Published: May 2008

A new disease on tiger lily (Lilium lancifolium Thunb.) was discovered in a residential settling in Georgia. Koch's postulate and molecular techniques confirmed that Botryosphaeria parva was the causal agent. This is the first report of B. parva on tiger lily.

Accepted for publication 8 September 2006. Published 27 November 2006.
First Report of Powdery Mildew of Omphalodes cappadocica Caused by Golovinomyces cynoglossi (Erysiphe cynoglossi) in North America
Authors: Glawe Dean A. , Ammirati Joseph F.
Published: May 2008

Omphalodes cappadocica DC (Boraginaceae) is grown as an ornamental plant in the USA. Powdery mildew was observed on specimen plants of O. cappadocica growing in a private garden in Seattle, WA in August 2006. This report describes and illustrates powdery mildew of O. cappadocica as well as taxonomically-important features of the causal organism.

Accepted for publication 6 October 2006. Published 27 November 2006.
An analysis of the fixation probability of a mutant on special classes of non-directed graphs
Authors: Broom M , Rychtář J
Published: May 2008

There is a growing interest in the study of evolutionary dynamics on populations with some non-homogeneous structure. In this paper we follow the model of Liebermanet al. (Liebermanet al. 2005Nature433, 312–316) of evolutionary dynamics on a graph. We investigate the case of non-directed equally weighted graphs and find solutions for the fixation probability of a single mutant in two classes of simple graphs. We further demonstrate that finding similar solutions on graphs outside these classes is far more complex. Finally, we investigate our chosen classes numerically and discuss a number of features of the graphs; for example, we find the fixation probabilities for different initial starting positions and observe that average fixation probabilities are always increased for advantageous mutants as compared with those of unstructured populations.
Discrimination between cosmic ray and solar irradiance effects on clouds, and evidence for geophysical modulation of cloud thickness
Authors: Harrison R. Giles
Published: May 2008

Solar activity and galactic cosmic rays (CRs) are closely inversely correlated. In studies of cloud changes associated with solar changes, the close solar activity–CR relationship can cause ambiguity in attributing the cloud changes to one factor or the other. A method for discriminating between cloud effects from these causes is described, using the 1.68 yr periodicity present in surface-based measurements of CRs but absent in radio flux measurements of solar activity. The periodicity is present in CRs and other heliospheric parameters during, at least, solar cycle 21. Daily surface radiation measurements sensitive to cloud during a similar period (1978–1990) at Jersey and Lerwick exhibit 1.68 yr periodicities, indicating a CR, rather than solar irradiance, cloud effect. In the Jersey data, it is not possible to discriminate between ‘near-cloud’ (droplet charging) and ‘clear-air’ (ion nucleation) effects, but further study of the Lerwick cloud data shows that the periodicity is present only during thick overcast cloud conditions. Bandpass filtering the cloud and CR data (passband 1.55–1.81 years) shows that the cloud thickness responds in phase with the CR flux. This modulation suggests the near-cloud effect through geophysical modulation of the air–Earth current density. Cloud thickness modulation by the air–Earth current density can occur by the charge-enhanced activation (electroactivation) of cloud droplets on the upper and lower boundaries of stratiform cloud.
DupMasker: A tool for annotating primate segmental duplications
Authors: Jiang Zhaoshi , Hubley Robert , Smit Arian , Eichler Evan E.
Published: May 2008

Segmental duplications (SDs) play an important role in genome rearrangement, evolution, and the copy-number variation (CNV) of primate genomes. Such sequences are difficult to detect, a priori, because they share no defining sequence features that distinguish them from unique portions of the genome. Current sequence annotation of segmental duplications requires computationally intensive, genome-wide self-comparisons that cannot be easily implemented on new data sets. Based on the successful implementation of RepeatMasker, we developed a new genome annotation tool, DupMasker. The program uses a library of nonredundant consensus sequences of human segmental duplications, wherein a majority of the ancestral origins have been determined based on comparisons to mammalian outgroup genomes. Using DupMasker, new human and nonhuman primate (NHP) sequences may be readily queried to provide details on the origin and degree of sequence identity of each duplicon. This program can be applied to delineate the order and orientation of duplicons within complex duplication blocks and used to characterize structural variation differences between sequenced human haplotypes. We predict this tool will be valuable in the annotation of large-insert sequence clones, allowing putative unique and duplicated regions of the genomes to be annotated prior to whole genome assembly comparisons.
Galactinol and Raffinose Constitute a Novel Function to Protect Plants from Oxidative Damage
Authors: Nishizawa Ayako , Yabuta Yukinori , Shigeoka Shigeru
Published: May 2008

Galactinol synthase (GolS) is a key enzyme in the synthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides that function as osmoprotectants in plant cells. In leaves of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants overexpressing heat shock transcription factor A2 (HsfA2), the transcription of GolS1, -2, and -4 and raffinose synthase 2 (RS2) was highly induced; thus, levels of galactinol and raffinose increased compared with those in wild-type plants under control growth conditions. In leaves of the wild-type plants, treatment with 50 μ  m methylviologen (MV) increased the transcript levels of not only HsfA2, but also GolS1, -2, -3, -4, and -8 and RS2, -4, -5, and -6, the total activities of GolS isoenzymes, and the levels of galactinol and raffinose. GolS1- or GolS2-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants (Ox-GolS1-11, Ox-GolS2-8, and Ox-GolS2-29) had increased levels of galactinol and raffinose in the leaves compared with wild-type plants under control growth conditions. High intracellular levels of galactinol and raffinose in the transgenic plants were correlated with increased tolerance to MV treatment and salinity or chilling stress. Galactinol and raffinose effectively protected salicylate from attack by hydroxyl radicals in vitro. These findings suggest the possibility that galactinol and raffinose scavenge hydroxyl radicals as a novel function to protect plant cells from oxidative damage caused by MV treatment, salinity, or chilling.
On the predicted errors of atmospheric guidance laws
Authors: Jalali‐Naini S.H. , Pourtakdoust S.H.
Published: May 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop a novel solution for the predicted error and introduces a systematic method to develop optimal and explicit guidance strategies for different missions.

Design/methodology/approach

The predicted error is derived from its basic definition through analytical dynamics. The relations are developed for two classes of systems. First, for systems in which the acceleration commands are truncated at a specified time. Second, for systems in which the corrective maneuvers are cut off at a specified time. The predicted error differential equation is obtained in a way that allows for derivation of several optimal and explicit guidance schemes.

Findings

The effect of tangential acceleration in conjunction with autopilot dynamics can be realized in guidance gain and the predicted error. The differential equation of velocity‐to‐be‐gained is obtained assuming the gravitational acceleration to be given as a vectorial function of time. The relations for different velocity profiles are obtained and discussed including the effective navigation ratio.

Research limitations/implications

The guidance/control system is modeled as a linear time‐varying dynamic and of arbitrary‐order. The gravitational acceleration is assumed as a given vectorial function of time.

Practical implications

The presented schemes are applicable to both midcourse and terminal guidance laws with/without velocity constraints.

Originality/value

Providing a new analytical solution of predicted errors with final position and velocity constraints and their differential equations considering the thrust/drag acceleration and autopilot dynamics in the presence of gravity.
Pitting corrosion in presence of inhibitors and oxidants
Authors: Boucherit M.N. , Amzert Sid‐Ahmed , Arbaoui Fahd , Hanini Salah , Hammache Abdennour
Published: May 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the usefulness of inhibitors for the prevention of localised corrosion of carbon steel in a low‐aggressive medium. The efficiencies of two inorganic non‐toxic inhibitors are compared, associated with an oxidant.

Design/methodology/approach

Many experiments were conducted. For each experiment, a solution was prepared with different concentrations of pitting agent, inhibitor and oxidant. The performance was then estimated by the pitting potential taken from the voltammograms of carbon steel obtained with each solution.

Findings

The results show that the efficiency of molybdate and tungstate were comparable. The presence of iodate, which plays an oxidizing role, can be synergistic to the inhibitor but harmful if the concentration ratio is not adequate.

Practical implications

The interest in the use of an oxidant is that it makes it possible to reduce the inhibitor concentration, which limits the pH increase and prevents scale deposition.

Originality/value

This work provides useful guidance in the localised corrosion prevention of a semi‐open cooling circuit subject to seasonal sand‐storms. The obtained results from the many experiments carried out were compiled using neural networks for performance prediction.
The use of rare earth cations as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in aerated NaCl solution
Authors: Amadeh A. , Allahkaram S.R. , Hosseini S.R. , Moradi H. , Abdolhosseini A.
Published: May 2008

Purpose

Application of rare earth (RE) salts as a corrosion inhibitor was first proposed by Goldie and McCarrol in 1984. They showed that, with the addition of 0.001 M of Ce(NO3) or La(NO3) to 3.5% NaCl solution, the inhibition efficiencies were 91 and 82% for carbon steel, respectively. The aim of this paper is to study the inhibition of a mixture of Ce and La cations on the corrosion prevention of St37 carbon steel in aerated NaCl solutions using weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, open circuit potential and constant potential measurements.

Design/methodology/approach

In this study, St37 steel was used as an experimental sample. The applied inhibitor was a powder mixture of Ce and La oxides with the ratio of Ce/La = 2/1. Each gram of this powder was dissolved in 4 cc acetic acid because of their insolubility in water. Steel samples were polished with 120 to 800 grit SiC polishing papers, deoxidized in 15 per cent HCl, and then ultrasonically cleaned in ethanol. They were degreased in acetone and were dried in a flow of hot air.

Findings

It has been shown that a mixture of RE cations (Ce and La) can be used as a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in NaCl containing solutions. The optimum inhibitor concentration was found to be 500 ppm with a maximum inhibition efficiency of 76%. An increase in Cl− ion concentration and a rise in temperature from room temperature to 70°C can have an adverse effect on corrosion inhibition efficiency.

Originality/value

The results obtained from various experiments indicated that the mixture of Ce and La cations could be considered as a suitable inhibitor for carbon steel in low to medium chloride‐containing solutions. Owing to their non‐toxic nature, they may be suitable to use in potable water pipelines.
Relationship connectors in NZ fresh produce supply chains
Authors: Clements Michael D. , Lazo Ricardo M. , Martin Sandra K.
Published: May 2008

Purpose

Understanding the multitude of linkages that exist between customer requirements, the characteristics of fresh produce, the functions performed by supply chains, and how these impact on relationships in chains is important if the trend towards relationship marketing in the fresh produce industry are to be better understood. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of an empirical study of New Zealand fresh produce supply chains that investigates such multiple linkages.

Design/methodology/approach

A theoretical framework was developed for the study, where relationships were characterised as relationship connectors between parties. This framework was operationalised using two case studies of fresh produce supply chains in the South Island of New Zealand.

Findings

Relationships in the chains were characterised by very strong information exchange, relatively strong cooperative norms, strong operational linkages and specific buyer‐seller adaptations. Relationships connected in these ways facilitated the supply chain functions of procurement, quality, logistics and information. This ensured that the challenges facing these supply chain functions, the market requirements of fresh produce and product characteristics, could be managed.

Research limitations/implications

Because of the method used, it is not possible to empirically generalise from the findings. The key theoretical generalisation that emerges is that relationships in fresh produce supply chains are connected in ways that will enable the challenges facing the management of the different supply chain functions to be met.

Originality/value of paper

This finding uses the theory of relationship connectors to contribute to the expanding knowledge base of academics and practitioners on relationship marketing in the food industry.
The impact of an organization's collaborative capacity on its ability to engage its supply chain partners
Authors: Dunne A.J.
Published: May 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to constructively evaluate the process adopted by a leading Australian food processor to engage its major supply chain partners more collaboratively as part of the company's strategy to strengthen its competitive position.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper adopts a qualitative methodology and is based on a series of semi‐structured interviews conducted over a two‐year period with multiple informants within the focal company and its supply chain partners.

Findings

This research illustrates the importance of the focal firm having developed its own collaborative capabilities before engaging their supply chain partners. The findings clearly demonstrate that building closer relationships even with important supply chain partners is difficult and resource intensive and that the nature of the ensuring relationship will vary.

Research limitations/implications

The major limitation of this research is that it is centred on a single case study, which restricts the extent to which generalizations can be drawn from its outcomes. This limitation is off‐set by the opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of the factors that influence the development of supply chain relationships.

Practical implications

Many of the published works in this area are theoretical or prescriptive in nature, this paper provides an empirical example of the issues involved in the development of inter‐organizational relationships and their management

Originality/value

This paper reports on a longitudinal study over a two‐year period, which involved multiple interviews with respondents who were participants in the engagement process.
State and development of innovation networks
Authors: Dilk Christoph , Gleich Ronald , Wald Andreas , Motwani Jaideep
Published: May 2008

Purpose

Innovation is one of the key drivers of economic success. However, the global environment is changing and makes innovation management more competitive. In order to sustain an advantage, companies seem to adopt more flexible schemes of organization. Specifically, innovation networks appear useful to researchers and practitioners. This paper aims to explore the current empirical relevance of this phenomenon in the automotive sector, the goals and performance of innovation networks as well as their formation and governance.

Design/methodology/approach

Through a series of semi‐structured interviews with managers from European automobile firms, insights into network approaches and strategies based on the analysis of 39 innovation networks are presented. The study comprises all relevant actors in the industry such as large OEMs as well as small and medium‐sized second‐tier and third‐tier suppliers.

Findings

The empirical survey was able to confirm that innovation networks are of high relevance in the automobile sector. It can be expected that innovation networks will spread further and gain more importance in the coming years. The most important goals that the involved companies aim to realize by using innovation networks include flexible access to technologies, intensified contact with clients and markets and long‐term bonding of suppliers and clients. The companies report a fairly good performance of their innovation networks. Finally, various aspects of network formation and governance have been identified.

Practical implications

Several deficits in current network management practices are identified. Improving these issues, the performance level of innovation networks could be raised even higher.

Originality/value

Building on previous work in this field, this paper adds empirical insights on innovation networks in the automobile business.
A field research on the relationship between strategic decision‐making speed and innovation performance in the case of Turkish large‐scale firms
Authors: Zehir Cemal , Özşahin Mehtap
Published: May 2008

Purpose

This study aims to: identify organizational and environmental factors affecting strategic decision‐making speed; examine the relationship between those factors and innovation performance; and clarify the relationship between strategic decision‐making speed and innovation performance.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey was conducted on 73 large‐scale firms operating in the manufacturing industry in Turkey, in May 2006 and December 2006.

Findings

The research findings related to the linkage between participation and strategic decision‐making speed indicate that extensive participation accelerates the pace of decision making.

Research limitations/implications

This survey was conducted on CEOs and top managers of large‐scale manufacturing firms operating in Turkey. Cultural differences may become evident from those findings. Also, results might be different if only small and medium‐size firms, or firms in different industries were used.

Originality/value

This survey is one of the first to examine the strategic decision speed and innovation performance relationship, revealing the positive effect of strategic decision speed on innovation performance. It is the first one to be conducted in an Eastern country like Turkey, filling the gap in the literature.
Using systems thinking to enhance strategy maps
Authors: Kunc Martin
Published: May 2008

Purpose

This paper aims to propose a method to assist organisations to develop their causal models, as well as to understand them, and to propose systems thinking as a method to achieve these objectives.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper starts with a review of the literature related to the concerns existing with respect to strategy maps and the interrelationships between measures. Then it explains the benefits of systems thinking and causal loop diagrams. Finally, the paper presents the results obtained from a group of 32 students who took a course in strategic control systems and used systems thinking to design a performance measurement system for their businesses.

Findings

The number of concepts included in students' causal loop diagrams averages 16, which are in line with the number of measures suggested in the Balanced Scorecard literature, but only 48 per cent of concepts were related to the four perspectives suggested in the Balanced Scorecard methodology. Few students acknowledged the existence of time delays in the interrelationships.

Research limitations/implications

While the sample is statistically significant, it represents the results of one course.

Practical implications

The use of systems thinking and causal loops diagrams simplifies the design of a Balanced Scorecard and improves the alignment of the organisation with the performance measurement system.

Originality/value

While scholars have criticised the interrelationships between measures in the Balanced Scorecard, few have suggested solutions to this issue. The paper presents the application of a well‐known tool to improve the processes of designing and understanding the interrelationships between measures in the Balanced Scorecard.
Local studies collections online: an investigation in Irish public libraries
Authors: Barry Lara , Tedd Lucy A.
Published: May 2008

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate how public libraries in Ireland are using their websites to present local studies collections online.

Design/methodology/approach

All the websites of public libraries in Ireland were evaluated against a checklist of 50 criteria by one of the authors. An analytic description was provided of the four highest‐ranking websites and semi‐structured interviews were held with staff in these library authorities.

Findings

Several interesting trends in Irish local studies and their online presentation were identified. Overall the websites were well‐presented and had a strong sense of branding. Users of these websites typically come from the Irish diaspora in Europe, the US and Australia. Library 2.0 “tools” had been adopted by three of the four authorities investigated, adding value to their websites. Recommendations for future developments are included.

Originality/value

This research should add to the relatively sparse literature available on local authority local studies websites.
Children's perception of fresh fruit and fruit snacks
Authors: Bower John A. , Ferguson Jessica
Published: May 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to ascertain children's perception of fruit and fruit snacks and the influences on their choice.

Design/methodology/approach

One hundred primary school children (the majority aged 7‐11 years), from three schools, were surveyed or interviewed. A quota sample was taken with a balance of age and gender. A questionnaire survey (n = 50) plus a series of focus groups (n = 50) were carried out.

Findings

The questionnaire results showed that the children perceived fruit as likeable, healthy, convenient, low cost and available. Dried and packed fruits were of lower levels on these attributes but newer manufactured snacks were likeable and convenient, but viewed as unhealthy and costly. Focus groups revealed similar perceptions except in the case of fresh fruit which was seen as lacking convenience in terms of poor storage properties and waste.

Research limitations/implications

The paper uses a convenience sample with no socio‐economic variation.

Originality/value

The paper offers new information on new fruit snack forms.
Information literacy paradigm in academic libraries in Greece and Cyprus
Authors: Korobili Stella , Malliari Aphrodite , Christodoulou George
Published: May 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to investigate the attitudes and perceptions of Greek librarians regarding information literacy programs and their preparedness for such programs.

Design/methodology/approach

The study was targeted at all professional and paraprofessional staff of the academic libraries in Greece and Cyprus. The instrument was a specially designed structured questionnaire which included 20 questions, in sum 67 variables.

Findings

Most libraries do not deliver information literacy programs, but some kind of library instruction. Many respondents consider that more money, more librarians and an appropriately equipped space are the best ways to improve information literacy programs. Concerning the information literacy trainers, there are those who emphasize teaching abilities and/or pedagogical experience, and those who emphasize infrastructure and funding.

Originality/value

The paper contributes to the existing knowledge of information literacy skills by revealing certain issues regarding the academic libraries in Greece and Cyprus.
A review of accrual accounting and cash flow techniques for use in equity valuation
Authors: Faseruk Alex , Faseruk Alex
Published: May 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to survey the accounting concepts of valuation and the direction of accounting research in terms of development of valuation models. It also simulates some of the models. Moreover, the Dividend Discount Model, a financial model, is the foundation of a number of accounting based models and is discussed.

Design/methodology/approach

The objectives are achieved by surveying the literature for accounting models and empirical evidence for the model. The methodology also incorporates simulating the models under different conditions to find out the valuation predicted.

Findings

It was found out that the accounting models predict that accrual principles play a role in increasing the discrepancy between the book value and the market value of equity. Some of the recent valuation models, like the Feltham–Ohlson linear information model, incorporate accrual principles like conservatism. Though the empirical evidences are mixed for these models, it provides a theoretical framework to incorporate accrual principles in the accounting valuation models.

Practical implications

This paper provides practitioners with a snapshot of different models and their limitations.

Originality/value

This paper provides a comprehensive picture of the state of accounting valuation models and provides input for further development of these models.