bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vom Opfergeist: Hegel mit Bataille
Authors: Boelderl Artur R.
Published: November 2019

In this paper, I shall argue as follows: (1) Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit deserves to be called a phenomenology of sacrificial spirit: it sacrifices the world with its unsolvable contradictions on the alter of dialectics by depriving it of its materiality and corporeality in favor of the appearance of the one spirit-world (Weltgeist) to which nothing seems strange anymore, with one exception-the Sacred. The idealistic sacrifice of the world goes hand-in-hand with an unholy sacrifice of the Sacred through the thorough profanization of the latter by historicizing, finalizing, instrumentalizing, and rationalizing it. This disappearance of the Sacred is the condition of the possibility of modern reason. Since it corresponds to the disappearance of the world out of objectivity (Gegenständlichkeit), which is increasingly being conceived of as a mere means-purpose relation, it also means the loss of a whole range of human experiences. (2) It is George Bataille’s philosophical task to reveal the ‘impossible’ and ‘unthinkable’ ‘Other’ of Hegel’s sacrificial spirit. In his a-theological Theory of Religion (1948), he pleads for a ‘return to the Sacred’ by withdrawing the ‘thing’ from the sphere of profane objectivity and restoring it to its sacred origin. This restitution, according to Bataille, is the meaning of ritual sacrifice as a religious practice, as we encounter it in archaic religions. It is an interruption of the profane production process, in which suddenly and violently the Sacred reappears.
God and the Caducity of Being
Authors: Calcagno Antonio
Published: November 2019

Jean-Luc Marion claims that God must no longer be thought of in terms of the traditional metaphysical category of Being, for that reduces God to an all too human concept which he calls "Dieu." God must be conceived outside of the ontological difference and outside of the question of Being itself. Marion urges us to think of God as love. We wish to challenge Marion’s claim of the necessity to move au-delà de l’être by arguing that Marion presents a very limited understanding of Being: he interprets the Being of God as causa sui. The thought of Edith Stein will be employed in order to bring out a fuller sense of the metaphysical notion of the Being of God. Stein offers us a rich backdrop against which we can interpret more traditional readings of God as Being, thereby challenging Marion’s claim of the caducity of Being.
Le Désenchantement du Monde et l’Avenir du Christianisme selon Fernand Dumont
Authors: Cantin Serge
Published: November 2019

Dans cette communication, je voudrais donner un aperçu de la pertinence de la pensée de Fernand Dumont (philosophe, sociologue, théologien et chrétien engagé) en regard des débats contemporains en philosophie de la religion. La première partie fait ressortir les principaux points de désaccord entre Dumont et Marcel Gauchet (Le désenchantement du monde, 1985) quant à la place et au rôle du christianisme dans une société sécularisée. Alors que, selon Gauchet, la religion chrétienne est destinée à ne subsister que sous le mode d’une expérience personnelle et subjective du sacré, Dumont s’efforce de penser les conditions d’ "une conversion de la pensée chrétienne" au drame de l’histoire et du salut collectif. Dans la seconde partie, je centre l’attention sur les idées et les valeurs qui fondent la foi anthropologique de Dumont. La comparison avec "l’humanisme transcendental" de Luc Ferry (dans L’homme-Dieu ou le sense de la vie) permet de saisir, par contraste, toute la profondeur et l’originalité de l’humanisme dumontein, ainsi que sa portée critique à l’égard des humanismes désincarnés.
Philosophy Redivivus?
Authors: Gruenwald Oskar
Published: November 2019

Curiously, in the late twentieth century, even agnostic cosmologists like Stephen Hawking—who is often compared with Einstein—pose metascientific questions concerning a Creator and the cosmos, which science per se is unable to answer. Modern science of the brain, e.g. Roger Penrose's Shadows of the Mind (1994), is only beginning to explore the relationship between the brain and the mind-the physiological and the epistemic. Galileo thought that God's two books-Nature and the Word-cannot be in conflict, since both have a common author: God. This entails, inter alia, that science and faith are to two roads to the Creator-God. David Granby recalls that once upon a time, science and religion were perceived as complementary enterprises, with each scientific advance confirming the grandeur of a Superior Intelligence-God. Are we then at the threshold of a new era of fruitful dialogue between science and religion, one that is mediated by philosophy in the classical sense? In this paper I explore this question in greater detail.
Toward a Peaceable Mosaic of Worldviews and Religions
Authors: Kuipers Ronald A.
Published: November 2019

I defend the uniqueness and irreducibility of religious forms of life from rationalistic criticisms. I argue that such a defense of religion affirms the fact of incommensurability between differing forms of life. Put differently, such a defense tacitly affirms ineradicable pluralism as well as cultural diversity. I contend that the defender of religion who argues from the incommensurability of this form of life must also give up all traces of "worldview exclusivism," the dogmatic claim to possess the one truth about the world. Finally, I argue that if we are to move into a future of peace, we must acknowledge that various forms of life are lived on a level playing field. That is, all forms have important contributions to make, and none have revelatory advantages over another. A critical discussion of differing forms of life will be concerned with cultural desirability of these forms.
Notions of Selflessness in Sartrean Existentialism and Theravadin Buddhism
Authors: Lee Sander H.
Published: November 2019

In this essay I examine the relationship between Sartre's phenomenological description of the "self" as expressed in his early work (especially Being and Nothingness) and elements to be found in some approaches to Buddhism. The vast enormity of this task will be obvious to anyone who is aware of the numerous schools and traditions through which the religion of Buddhism has manifested itself. In order to be brief, I have decided to select specific aspects of what is commonly called the Theravadin tradition as being representative of Buddhist philosophy. By choosing to look primarily at the Theravadin tradition, I am by necessity ignoring a vast number of other Buddhist approaches. However, in my view, the Theravadin sect presents a consistent Buddhist philosophy which is representative of many of the major trends within Buddhism.
“Author! Author! Some Reflections on Design in and beyond Hume’s Dialogues”
Authors: Sessions William Lad
Published: November 2019

Hume's Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (1779) may be read in the way Cleanthes (and Philo as well) reads Nature, as analogous to human artifice and contrivance. The Dialogues and Nature then are both texts, with an intelligent author or Author, and analogies may be started from these five facts of Hume's text: the independence of Hume's characters; the non-straightforwardness of the characters' discourse; the way the characters interact and live; the entanglements of Pamphilus as an internal author; and the ways in which a reader is also involved in making a dialogue. These and other analogies should reflect upon the Author of Nature as they do upon Hume's authorship: They do not prove the existence of their respective authors, but may well shed some light on the nature of these disparate beings.
Inductivism, Naturalism, and Metascientific Theories
Authors: Boersema David
Published: November 2019

In this paper I will argue that, while inductivism as a view concerning scientific theories has been discredited, the (often implicit) criteria for evaluating metascientific theories is in fact primarily inductivist. The very philosophical community that has condemned and eschewed inductivism for scientific theories in fact applies inductivism for its own metascientific theories. While somewhat troubling, matters are compounded for those advocating a naturalist stance toward metascientific theories, since those advocates suggest that there is not (or should not be) a sharp division between scientific theories and metascientific theories.
The Relation-Functional Concept Of The Information
Authors: Gamaonov Vladimir G.
Published: November 2019

There is such a point of view that information is an abstract unit as an invariant of informational processes. Information consists of object, procedural and morphological components.We have an opportunity to consider that information consists of object and procedural components. So we have the relation-functional concept of information.Information has such attributes as syntactics, semantics and pragmatics. These attributes are relational definitions. Semantics and pragmatics are considered to be external features (characteristics) of the definite syntactics.
A DNA Account of Propositions as Events
Authors: Nizamis Khristos
Published: November 2019

Michael Dummett has argued that antirealism requires a rejection of bivalence. However, his version of antirealism is not the only available one. In fact, it is arguable that his antirealism is not sufficiently antirealist and falls short of his intentions. On the basis of a study of the Indian Buddhist philosopher, Nāgārjuna, I think that a more complete and coherent kind of antirealism is possible, one that respects the phenomena of conventional ontology and retains the principles of classical logic, but reinterprets both in a radical way.
The Two Cultures Problem
Authors: Richmond Sheldon
Published: November 2019

Many post World War II thinkers have been perplexed by the problem of how or even whether people from different cultures can understand each other. The problem arose when we started to think of culture as formative of language and thought. The common assumptions of most theorists of language are that language is fundamental to thinking and culture; and language, thought, culture or humanity is a natural product of biological evolution. Karl Popper and Michael Polanyi-seen as diametrically opposed-both independently criticize these assumptions and provide alternative theories of humanity (i.e. culture, thinking, and language) whereby cross-cultural understanding is a real problem that can be broached through engaging in the pursuit of scientific knowledge. So, though language and culture creates hurdles for achieving cross-cultural understanding, the pursuit of science transcends the limitations of culture.
The Bayesian Theory of Confirmation, Idealizations and Approximations in Science
Authors: Sayan Erdinç
Published: November 2019

My focus in this paper is on how the basic Bayesian model can be amended to reflect the role of idealizations and approximations in the confirmation or disconfirmation of any hypothesis. I suggest the following as a plausible way of incorporating idealizations and approximations into the Bayesian condition for incremental confirmation: Theory T is confirmed by observation P relative to background knowledge B iff Pr(PΔ│T&(T&I ├ PT)&B) > Pr(PΔ│~T&(T&I├PT)andB), where I is the conjunction of idealizations and approximations used in deriving the prediction PT from T, P􀀧 expresses the discrepancy between the prediction PT and the actual observation P, and ├ stands for logical entailment. This formulation has the virtue of explicitly taking into account the essential use made of idealizations and approximations as well as the fact that theoretically based predictions that utilize such assumptions will not, in general, exactly fit the data. A non-probabilistic analogue of the confirmation condition above that I offer avoids the 'old evidence problem,' which has been a headache for classical Bayesianism.
Ohne Telos und Substanz
Authors: Schiemann Gregor
Published: November 2019

Die Zeiten, in denen Kausalität das Charakteristikum von Wissenschaftlichkeit war, scheinen sich ihrem Ende zu nähern. Seit dem Beginn unseres Jahrhunderts ist eine seit langem schwelende Krise des herkömmlichen Kausalitätsverständnisses in den Naturwissenschafteen unübersehbar zum Ausdruck gekommen. Dessen ungeachtet halten jedoch viele Wissenschaftstheoretiker an Kausalitätsvorstellungen als vermeintlich unverzichtbarem Analyseinstrument fest. In Kritik dieser Tendenz zur Verkennung eines grundlegenden Bedeutungsverlustes wird der historische Verdrängungsprozess von Kausalitätsvorstellungen unter den Stichworten der Entfinalisierung und Entsubstantialisierung nachgezeichnet. Aus der Perspektive geschichtlicher Rekonstruktion handelt es sich bei den gegenwärtigen Vorstellungen um den letzten Rest einer unvergleichlich reichhaltigeren ursprünglichen kausalen Begrifflichkeit. Am Beispiel der heute wohl weitverbreitetsten, auf C. G. Hempel zurückgehenden Vorstellung werden die wichtigsten Merkmale der kausalen Relation diskutiert. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass für das naturwissenschaftliche Kausalitätsverständnis, soweit es sich auf einen Begriff bringen lässt, in der Tat ein reduzierter Sinngehalt der Kategorie der Verursachung in kausalen Erklärungen, eine begrenzte Anwendbarkeit sowie ein reduzierter Geltunganspruch typisch sind. Die Grenzen naturwisseschaftlicher Kausalitätsvorstellungen betreffen deren strenge begriffliche Fassung, nicht jedoch ihre Brauchbarkeit als heuristische Forschungsmaxime in Situationen, in denen unerwartete Phänomene auftreten oder Phänomene ausbleiben, mit denen man zuvor fest gerechnet hat. Für diese Situationen ist die Überlegung, was der Fall gewesen wäre, wenn eine Ursache nicht eingetreten wäre, in besonderer Weise bezeichnend. Welche Relevanz dieser Kausalitätsvorstellung qukünftig zukommen wird, hängt wesentlich vom Charakter der weiteren Wissenschaftsentwicklung ab.
Particle and Astro-physics Challenge Kant’s Phenomenolism
Authors: Starkey Lawrence H.
Published: November 2019

For two centuries Kant's first Critique has nourished various turns against transcendent metaphysics and realism. Kant was scandalized by reason's impotence in confronting infinity (or finitude) as seen in the divisibility of particles and in spatial extension and time. Therefore, he had to regard the latter as subjective and reality as imponderable. In what follows, I review various efforts to rationalize Kant's antinomies-efforts that could only flounder before the rise of Einstein's general relativity and Hawking's blackhole cosmology. Both have undercut the entire Kantian tradition by spawning highly probable theories for suppressing infinities and actually resolving these perplexities on a purely physical basis by positing curvatures of space and even of time that make them reëntrant to themselves. Heavily documented from primary sources in physics, this paper displays time’s curvature as its slowing down near very massive bodies and even freezing in a black hole from which it can reëmerge on the far side, where a new universe can open up. I argue that space curves into a double Möbius strip until it loses one dimension in exchange for another in the twin universe. It shows how 10-dimensional GUTs and the triple Universe, time/charge/parity conservation, and strange and bottom particle families and antiparticle universes, all fit together.
Limits to Growth in Elite Sport - Some Ethical Considerations
Authors: Breivik Gunnar
Published: November 2019

The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the ethical implications and problems in elite sport as it gets closer to the human performance limit. Modern elite sport must be viewed on the background of the idea of systematic progress. The Olympic motto, 'citius, altius, fortius'- faster, higher, stronger-gives a precise concentration of this idea. Modern sport is also influenced by the liberal idea of a free market where actors can perform, compete and be rewarded according to performance. However, one may ask why and how athletes are willing to risk their health and even their life on the free market of sport when they do the extreme: push limits, break records, set new standards, develop new events. This paper discusses what may be the result as sport moves toward the limits of human performance. The ethical focus on the development of the elite sport should not be restricted to the individual athlete, but should also include the various systems that make up elite sport. Other actors, like coaches, leaders, sponsors, medical personnel, service people, etc., are taking part in the same development. One problem in the modern context is that society is divided into different moral sectors. What is accepted in entertainment or art may not be accepted in sport. It is suggested that we should develop a common ethic for all performance-centered activities like music, painting, science and research, acrobatics and stunts, acting, top politics and business. Or one could include all situations and events where people are put under extreme stress and have to perform well, like during expeditions, in idealistic humanitarian work, during hazards, and catastrophes. At the same time, one should not develop a sort of elite ethic. We need a new ethic that defines the ethical tolerance level in elite sport and that also points to some of the possibilities for development of both character and virtues under extreme pressure.
On the Possibility of Transcendental Materialism
Authors: Lendvai Ferenc L.
Published: November 2019

The purpose of this address is to argue for the following theses: (1) the concept of transcendentality can be associated not only with idealism but also with materialism; (2) such a connection was made possible by Karl Marx's theory; and (3) in the development of Marxism up to now, theory has been tied to a political movement, which is an error of principle, for what survives of it is a kind of social ethics which should more appropriately be called Marxism. Transcendence and immanence are notions of relationship. Values exist sensually above the senses: e.g., the aesthetic value of a painting is not identical with the material of the canvas and the oils on it, although it cannot exist without them. Persons who do not recognize values that are transcendent compared to the merely natural immanence or, to put it in another way, those for whom nothing is sacred are in fact not truly human.
Moral Philosophy of Global Peace
Authors: Rai Chhaya
Published: November 2019

Global Peace is the summum bonum, so we must know its negative as well as positive meanings. Simultaneously peace must be understood in all its interrelated but theoretically differentiated dimensions as personal, social, national, international and global. Today, humankind is suffering from multidimensional crises such as terrorism, population-explosion, denial of human rights, economic inequality, racial discrimination, ideological extremism, religious intolerance, social injustice, ecological imbalance, consumerism, oppression of weak, etc. These peace-related issues compel us to lay down the fundamental principles of a radical global ethics that expects us to realize our roles and duties regarding global peace. It includes the role and ideals of educationalists, the duties of scientists, philosophers, and thinkers, the inculcation of human values such as nonviolence, love, etc.
Government, Justice, and Human Rights
Authors: Hill R. A.
Published: November 2019

This paper explores the relationship between justice and government, examining views on the subject expressed by traditional political philosophers such as Rousseau and Locke, as well as those expressed by contemporary political theorists such as John Rawls and Robert Nozick. According to Rawls, justice is one of the fundamental concerns of a governing body; Locke and Rousseau agree that government and justice are essentially connected. Nozick and Max Weber, however, claim that the essential characteristic of government is not justice, but power. This paper argues that government, as an institution formed and controlled by human beings, is subject to the moral injunction to treat human beings as entities accorded certain rights, and included among these rights is the right to just treatment. Governments are therefore enjoined to be just because human beings, as rational agents, and therefore persons, are owed the minimal respect due a person, such as the right to freedom and the right to forbearance from harm by others to self and property.
Eduquer au paraître
Authors: Knee Phillip
Published: November 2019

The thought of Montaigne and Pascal on political order holds considerable interest for current debates over theories of justice and the deconstruction of justice. This particularly holds true when the focus shifts toward the experience of the political, toward a phenomenology of the political order in which appearance is the central category. The Essais and the Pensées offer two strategies for educating readers with respect to appearance qua essence of the political order. In both, political order is demystified through a well-known critique of natural law. Order is then rehabilitated in the name of true justice. This paper attempts to define and contrast the moral and religious significance of this rehabilitation in the philosophies of Montaigne and Pascal.
Care and Justice: Re-Examined and Revised
Authors: Koggel Christine
Published: November 2019

Within the liberal framework, policies designed to rectify inequality generally take two forms: the formal equality option of equal treatment for everyone or the substantive equality option of "special" treatment for those whose difference continues to matter. Martha Minow argues that the framework creates a "dilemma of difference" because each option risks creating or perpetuating further disadvantages for members of oppressed groups. This paper examines the framework and the dilemma by highlighting the relational features of the language of equality and of people who make determinations of equality. Relational insights are used to reexamine feminist work on care ethics, work considered to be hostile to equality analysis and justice theory. By providing a relational critique both of care ethics and of justice theory, I attempt to bring the two closer together by highlighting various connections. Care and justice are not entirely or always in opposition, but they inevitably interact and intertwine in ways that allow new possibilities and ways of being in social relations to emerge.
Knowledge, Power and Control
Authors: Quinn Patrick
Published: November 2019

This paper will examine some of the epistemological issues that emerge in the context of discussing the relationship between knowledge, control and power. These concerns raise questions about self-authenticating intuition and about who should control knowledge and how it should be disseminated. The importance of Plato as a key contributor to this debate will be discussed and it will be suggested that his writings provide a basic frame of reference for subsequent thinkers whose concerns also lie in this area. The political importance of philosophy, the centrality of education, the use of language and the function of censorship are issues in Platonic epistemology that merit some discussion. The medieval views of Averroes, Maimonides and Aquinas will be examined for their contributions to the literature on this subject in the context of the respective theological frameworks, and something will be said about the implications of their conclusions for a theocratic society. Finally, I suggest that there is a need for a contemporary reappraisal of how an adequate balance between the individual's right to know and the socio-political implications of knowledge might be achieved.
Vernunft und Terror
Authors: Raynova Yvanka
Published: November 2019

Die kritische Auseinandersetzung mit der Freudschen Psychoanalyse, die zuerst von Foucault und dann von Deleuze, Guattari, Lyotard und Baudrillard unternommen wurde, versucht den Mechanismus der ‘bürgerlichen Repressiontätigkeit,’ die die europäische Menschheit unter dem Joch der Familieninstitution hält, zu enthüllen und den Terror einer erdachten und simulativen Moral, in der Freud und seine Anhänger unwillkürlich einbezogen sind, blob zu stellen. Damit zeigt die postmoderne Lektüre von Freud, dab nur die Befreiung von diesem durch Terror-verderbten Bewubtsein im Stande wäre die wirkliche revolutionäre Kraft der psychoanalytischen Kritik der Vernunft hervorbringen und die Bedeutung ihrer zwei epochalen Erfindungen-die direkte Konfrontation zwischen den Triebproduktionen und der Repression, die die Gesellschaftsmaschine auf der Triebmaschine ausübt, und die dadurch folgende Verdrängung-zurück zu gewinnen.
Democracy and Political Obligation
Authors: van Erp Herman
Published: November 2019

The public life of political servants is characterized by other duties and obligations than private life. Conflicts can even arise between a person's public and private duties. The central point of this paper is to examine whether this difference of duties can be regarded as an effect of different forms of obligation. Can we speak of a particular form of political obligation in the same way in which Kant distinguishes between ethical and legal obligation, the former pertaining to intentions and the latter to external aspects of the action? Could political obligation be distinguished from both of them, for example by its relation towards ends? The first section develops the thesis that if there is such a thing as political necessity, it must be some kind of moral obligation. The second section focuses on the question of whether political obligation can be conceived of as different from legal and ethical obligation, the only two forms of moral obligation that Kant distinguishes. The last section is about a differentiated conception of political obligation and virtue, in democracies, for political leaders, for citizens, and for public servants.
Rousseau and Kant on Envy
Authors: Weed Ronald L.
Published: November 2019

One can learn a great deal about the relative priorities in any moral theory by understanding how these priorities are conveyed in the perpetually vexing challenge of moral education. Rousseau and Kant are two thinkers whose distinctly modern retrieval of classical virtue was animated by overlapping yet diverging grievances with classical philosophy. One common enemy of Rousseauian and Kantian virtue found in classical thought is the moral vice of envy. This essay argues that whereas Rousseau chastises the vice of envy, replacing it with the central virtue of pity, Kant redirects the vice of envy towards the more salutary virtue of magnanimity during adolescence and beneficence in the adult. The consideration of sympathy in its full moral and educational context in Kant-over and against Rousseau’s emphasis on pity as the central corrective to the vice of envy-underscores the extent of the differences between Rousseau and Kant on this issue. The common criticism of Rousseau and Kant on the problem of envy is animated by some common concerns, but their understandings of it as a problem require responses that are deceptively different in their substance.
Pedagogía de la función crítica
Authors: Barbosa Susana Raquel
Published: November 2019

Desde la obra de Max Horkheimer se asume que la profesionalización de las humanidades ha dado por tierra lo que en su emergencia estas significarán. Por otro lado, ya desde las convicciones del pensamiento griego, es de consenso que lo filosófico está reñido con lo servil. Se toma este término es dos direcciones: la filosofía no depende de las ciencias-ni las sirve-y la filosofía no es un saber de tipo utilizable-como las estrezas estadísticas. En este artículo se indaga la función pedagógica de la crítica tal como puede desprenderse de la obra de Horkheimer y se investigan tanto sus modos de instalación frente a otros saberes como su posición en la constelación de las teorías consagradas por la "autoridad de la tradición." Si la filosofía no tiene una función determinada dentro del "ordenamiento existente" de la vida social, tal como esta se da con una jerarquía de valores vigente, necesariamente debe ser crítica. Si la filosofía no ocupa una posición de sierva de los saberes particulares ni menos aún de las necesidades del saber administrativo, necesariamente debe aislarse e instalar una tensión-irreconciliable-con la realidad existente. Si la teoría crítica de la sociedad y de la ciencia apunta a una consideracida diferente de las condiciones en las que actualmente se dan aquellas, necesariamente se autoconcibe como negativa respecto del órden vigente. La función de la filosofía es pedagógica en la tarea de orientar a los hombres a la percepción-negativa y en tensión con la realidadde las condiciones sociales; tal experiencia los instala en la certeza de que aquellas condiciones no son naturales-ni fijas ni definitivas-y en la persistencia del mejoramiento de la totalidad social.
La fonctionnalité de l’idée de “champ” dans les sciences
Authors: Biris Ioan
Published: November 2019

Cette étude part de l'observation que l'idée de 'champ,' tout comme celle de 'fonction' représente une nouveauté de la pensée moderne. Employée surtout en physique, l'idée de 'champ' est fréquemment utilisée ces derniers temps dans les sciences sociales. El term de 'champ' reste tout de même un terme polymorphe. Cette étude se propose de tirer au clair les cadres conceptuels de ce terme et sa fonctionnalité pour le domaine du social. A cette fin, on considère qu'il faut fructifier la tradition de Tönnies en sociologie, où l'accent tombe sur la conception du social en tant que 'relation,' que 'réseau de significations.' Dans cette direction, il s'impose que la notion de 'champ' soit délimitée de celles de 'système,' de 'contexte' ou bien de 'pattern.' C'est pour cela que cette étude fait appel à la classification de Kant concernant la nature des connexions: 1) la composition (agrégation ou coalition); 2) la connexion (physique ou métaphysique). Il s'avère que les notions de 'pattern' et de 'contexte' sont des espèces de la composition-coalition, la notion de 'système' semble correspondre à la connexion physique de la classification kantienne et la notion de 'champ' a son équivalent dans la connexion de type métaphysique. Tout en considérant comme situations de 'champ' social ou culturel ces cas ou les parties constituantes ne peuvent ni être réduites les uns aux autres, ni rigoureusement séparés, l'analyse continue par révéler deux fonctions essentielles de l'idée de 'champ': la fonction générative et la fonction intégrative.
Lo Normal Como Categoría Sociológica
Authors: Caponi Sandra
Published: November 2019

Building on criticism directed against August Comte by Georges Canguilhem, I analyze Émile Durkheim's usage of the "normality-pathology" typology and show that these concepts do not support the organicist metaphor or the analogy between the social and the individual body. Rather, as suggested by Ian Hacking, these concepts are linked to the use of statistics and the Quetelian media, tools which allow us to understand social phenomena on populational terms. Thus, from the application of biological and statistical categories to sociological analysis, a kind of speech is born which enjoys solidarity with strategies of administration and management of the masses. This Foucault called the "biopolitics of the population."
Ethnicity and Group Rights, Individual Liberties and Immoral Obligations
Authors: Häyry Heta
Published: November 2019

Recent developments in biology have made it possible to acquire more and more precise information concerning our genetic makeup. There are four groups of people who may want to know about our genes. First, we ourselves can have an interest in being aware of own health status. Second, there are people who are genetically linked with us, and who can have an interest in the knowledge. Third, individuals with whom we have contracts and economic arrangements may have an interest in knowing about our genetic makeup. Fourth, society as a whole can have an interest in the composition of our genes. As regards the question of motivation, the term 'should' can be interpreted in three ways. Prudentially speaking, to say that individuals should act in a certain manner is to say that the actions in question promote the long-term self-interest of these individuals. From the viewpoint of morality, we should do what is right and avoid doing what is wrong. When it comes to legal thinking, it is held in most liberal societies that grave other-regarding harm should be the primary justification for the use of coercion and constraint. In the paper, all these aspects are examined in more detail.
Towards a Postpatriarchal Family
Authors: Mann Patricia S.
Published: November 2019

Ours is a time of dramatic and confusing transformations in everyday life, many of them originating in the social enfranchisement of women that has occurred over the past twenty-five years. Sociologist Arlie Hochschild demonstrates a widespread phenomenon of work-family imbalance in our society, experienced by people in terms of a time bind, and a devaluation of familial relationships. As large numbers of women have moved into the workplace, familial relations of all sorts have been colonized by what Virginia Held critically refers to as the contractual paradigm. Even the mother/child relationship, representing for Held an alternative feminist paradigm of selfhood and agency, has been in large part "outsourced." I believe that an Arendtian conception of speech and action might enable us to assert anew the grounds for familial relations. If we require a new site upon which to address our human plurality and natality, the postpatriarchal family may provide that new site upon which individuals can freely act to recreate the fabric of human relationships. It would seem to be our moral and political responsibility as social philosophers today to speculatively contribute to the difficult yet imperative task of reconfiguring the family. In this paper, I attempt to articulate the basic assumptions from which such a reconfiguration must begin.
Why Marxism Isn’t Dead (Because Capitalism Isn’t Dead)
Authors: Stone Bob
Published: November 2019

I defend the continued viability of Marx's critique of capitalism against Ronald Aronson's recent claim that because Marxists are 'unable to point to a social class or movement' away from capitalism, Marxism is 'over' 'as a project of historical transformation.' First, Marx's account of the forced extraction of surplus labor remains true. It constitutes an indictment of the process of capital accumulation because defenses of capitalism's right to profit based on productive contribution are weak. If generalized, the current cooperative movement, well advanced in many nations, can displace capitalism and thus counts as the movement Aronson challenges Marxists to point to. It will do this, I argue, by stopping capitalist exploitation, blocking capital accumulation, and narrowing class divisions. But in defending Marx by pointing to the cooperative movement, we have diverged from Marx's essentially political strategy for bringing about socialism onto an economic one of support for tendencies toward workplace democracy worldwide.
Terrorism, and Education
Authors: Taylor Michael R.
Published: November 2019

David Hume and James Madison believed that a republic can secure domestic tranquility by discouraging the development of factions. Modern computer technology shatters these hopes, which rest on the idea that factions will not grow because great distance makes it difficult for individuals to discover that others share their interests or grievances. Today, technology renders geographical distance increasingly irrelevant to communication with others. If Madison and Hume were right about the effects of distance prior to the current development of computer technology, then we may experience the growth of factions and associated violence that Hume and Madison feared. Increased domestic terrorism made more effective by technologically developed weapons of mass death could be the way of the future. I contend that education can modify such developments by giving priority to Jane Roland Martin's suggestion that we adopt an educational aim intent on securing domestic tranquility. I revise the content of her proposal to include features of communicative rationality as an indispensable element of political dialogue. This provides resources by which factional elements can access and influence political discussion. If we are to enjoy a decent degree of domestic tranquility in the future, we must integrate potentially factious elements into the political process. To marginalize such elements, no matter how repugnant their political views, will merely serve to legitimate their use of terror as the only option available to them for political expression.
Imaginanacion y Conversacion
Authors: Calvo de Saavedra Angela
Published: November 2019

La investigación moral emprendida por Hume se inscribe en el proyecto de abordar filosóficamente la naturaleza humana-"la capital"-de manera experimental, realizando una geografía mental a partir de la observación atenta y delicada de la vida humana como aparece en sus diarias ocupaciones, interacciones y placeres. Se trata de disponer de manera ordenada las fuerzas y la extensión del entendimiento, las pasiones, el gusto y el sentimiento. El ánimo que lo impulsa es doble: instruir a la humanidad, reduciendo así el poder del dogmatismo y la superstición, y poner en movimiento la sensibilidad favorable a la virtud y condición de la felicidad.
My Dinner with David
Authors: Haughness Norman
Published: November 2019

According to the views expressed in this paper, influences unrelated to the conclusions of Immanuel Kant and G. E. Moore respecting what they saw as the appropriate foundation for moral systems seems to have been at work in the reactions of both to the earlier criticisms of David Hume. Building on a "recent meeting" with Hume in a pub on Princes Street in Edinburgh, I develop the suggestion that both Kant and Moore were loyal to traditional notions of an intuited, non-prudential basis for ethical injunctions. Kant, by his insistence that any morality linked only to hypothetical imperatives cannot be truly "moral," and Moore by his refusal to see the emptiness of his posited "good as simply good" which he felt must be kept free of any corrupting reference to real-world prudential constituents, thus support the foundation of ethical systems in an inner, unanalyzable moral impulse. And they do so in obedience to commitments that antedate their moral philosophies. I also claim that Hume has been misunderstood in that he did not mean to oppose the naturalistic grounding of moral systems in his famous statement disjoining is-statements from ought-statements; what he really intended was to point out the illogic of moralists who improperly pretend to derive categorical or intuited moral imperatives from real-world is-statements while denying any prudentiality or a posteriority to the transaction. Because both maintain that this simple inner moral impulse must be independent of prudential considerations in making moral decisions and judgments, Kant and Moore oppose naturalistic ethical systems which, like J.S. Mill's, suggest that this-worldly welfare and happiness are in large part coexistent with the true meaning of morality. Their position, therefore, places both of these proponents of intuitionist metaethics at odds with the principle of political social democrats that a respectable moral system must place worldly satisfactions and happiness above obedience to any putative "higher" moral law and its intuited imperatives.
Is Kant’s Ethics Overly Demanding?
Authors: Lango John W.
Published: November 2019

Is Kant’s "Formula of the End in Itself" overly demanding? In addressing this question, I sketch a conception of co-obligation, that is, a sort of moral requirement that holds, not of persons distributively, but of persons collectively. I then raise a problem of devolution: How does a co-obligation for all persons devolve upon me? For instance, given that we must maximize happiness, it does not seem to follow that I must always act so as to maximize happiness. In partial answer to this problem, I claim that some Kantian duties do stem from co-obligations. But this claim has as a crucial assumption the following conjecture: The "Formula of the End in Itself" is to be read as implying that we must treat each person as an end and not simply as a means.
Aristotelian Perspectives on Social Ethics
Authors: Patsioti Joanna G.
Published: November 2019

I examine the philosophical perspectives of Aristotle on issues of medical ethics and on his social ethics in general, including the moral issues of abortion, euthanasia, and other issues of social ethics such as the issue of cloning. I have chosen the domain of applied ethics as viewed from the Aristotelian point of view precisely because certain issues have been virtually unexamined by scholars. I shall direct attention to certain treatises of the Aristotelian corpus such as On the History of Animals, On the Generation of Animals, On the Soul, The Nicomachean Ethics and The Politics. My main objective is to provide a more systematic account of the Aristotelian perspectives on the above controversial issues and to establish the Stagirite’s main approach to social ethics. For this reason, issues like the notion of personhood, his attitude towards death, and his theory of the will and ethical conduct of a moral citizen-agent will be examined. Throughout this investigation, the close interrelation between philosophy and medicine, both in antiquity and in modern times, will also become more apparent.
Happiness and Luckiness
Authors: Schollmeier Paul
Published: November 2019

Moral philosophers, beginning with Bernard Williams and Thomas Nagel, have recently broached the topic of moral luck in the philosophical literature. They limit their discussion however to considerations of how luck affects our ability to carry out actions or how it affects the consequences of our actions. I wish to suggest that luck is also an important factor in determining our actions as ends in themselves. What actions we may choose to perform for their own sake in a given situation depends much more than we might care to think on causes beyond our control. Our happiness rests ultimately on our luckiness.
O surdo e a aprendizagem mediada por recursos tecnológicos: uma realidade no Ensino Superior
Authors: Ribeiro Sátila Souza , Miranda Theresinha Guimarães , Galvão Filho Teófilo Alves
Published: November 2019

Resumo- Esta pesquisa traz como objeto de investigação as percepções de estudantes surdos (usuários da Língua Brasileira de Sinais e/ou da Língua Portuguesa Oral) acerca da aprendizagem mediada por recursos tecnológicos na Educação Superior. Esse estudo foi desenvolvido junto a três estudantes surdos do Curso Letras-Libras-Língua Estrangeira ofertado pela Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia (UFRB), no Centro de Formação de Professores, localizado na cidade de Amargosa-Ba, e teve como objetivo analisar a percepção de estudantes surdos da UFRB acerca da aprendizagem mediada por recursos tecnológicos utilizados no seu processo de graduação desta Instituição Federal de Ensino. A escolha metodológica, de natureza qualitativa, define o caminho do estudo de caso com uso da entrevista semiestruturada como instrumento de investigação. Dentre os autores que subsidiaram essa discussão, destacam-se: Vygotsky (1991, 2010); Nóbrega (2016); Corradi (2007, 2011); Galvão Filho (2014); Stumpf (2010); dentre outros autores que abordam acerca da relevância dos recursos tecnológicos e da mediação pedagógica para estudantes surdos. Os resultados dessa pesquisa demonstraram que, segundo as percepções dos estudantes surdos, alguns docentes utilizam recursos tecnológicos como potencializadores no processo de aprendizagem desses acadêmicos surdos, favorecendo o envolvimento e participação deles na Educação Superior. Tais recursos foram reconhecidos pelos surdos participantes da pesquisa como favorecedores do processo de aprendizagem, embora essa seja uma prática adotada por parte dos docentes.
A produção de roteiros de áudio-descrição de vídeos feita por iniciantes: dificuldades comuns e sugestões para evitá-las
Authors: Seemann Paulo Augusto Almeida
Published: November 2019

O ensino das técnicas de áudio-descrição (A-D), como modalidade de tradução visual e recurso de acessibilidade, está cada vez mais presente em diversos tipos de cursos: cursos livres, como componente curricular de cursos universitários, cursos de extensão e pós-graduação. É provável que muitos estudantes iniciantes, ao produzir o primeiro roteiro de A-D para vídeos ou filmes, apresentem dificuldades similares. Neste estudo, o objetivo foi detectar dificuldades semelhantes dos alunos principiantes ao produzir o primeiro roteiro de A-D de vídeos, para então oferecer sugestões aos professores de A-D. Foram analisados 49 roteiros do curso Princípios e Técnicas da Audiodescrição: Aplicabilidade em Contextos Culturais Educacionais, promovido pelo Núcleo de Educação a Distância da UNESP e realizado em 2016. Entre as dificuldades mais encontradas, destacam-se: ausência de descrição onde poderia haver; tempo de leitura do texto áudio-descritivo maior do que o tempo disponível no vídeo; uso indevido dos artigos definidos no lugar dos indefinidos e/ou omissão dos indefinidos; interpretações pessoais; uso dos possessivos seu(s), sua(s) e uso desnecessário de linguagem técnica/fílmica. Percebeu-se que grande parte das dificuldades apresentadas pelos estudantes se deve ao fato de eles não terem tido contato suficiente com modelos profissionais de roteiros áudio-descritivos antes de produzirem o primeiro roteiro. A detecção de algumas das dificuldades mais comuns em roteiros de iniciantes em A-D possibilita que futuros cursos e professores, cientes dessas dificuldades, possam trabalhá-las de maneira que elas já não ocorram desde o primeiro roteiro produzido pelos estudantes.
Surdos e ouvintes: por uma educação intercultural, democrática e plural
Authors: Santiago Valkiria De Novais , Basniak Maria Ivete , Silva Sani De Carvalho Rutz da , Almeida Antonio Charles Santiago de
Published: November 2019

O cenário educacional brasileiro configura-se, na contemporaneidade, como espaço heterogêneo, multilíngue e multicultural. Nestes termos, a educação das pessoas surdas apresenta-se como provocação para pesquisadores, surdos e suas famílias, uma vez que, mesmo com avanços nas áreas do ensino e da aprendizagem, o universo do surdo não é contemplado, por diversos motivos, na sua integralidade. Deste modo, o trabalho de pesquisa aqui proposto definiu, como objetivo, analisar e refletir acerca da Educação que vem sendo disponibilizada às pessoas surdas, como forma de propiciar um debate sobre as metodologias e os artefatos culturais que estão sendo utilizados para que as pessoas surdas tenham, no contexto brasileiro, garantido seu direito a uma Educação democrática e plural. A metodologia empregada para esta pesquisa foi de cunho qualitativo, bibliográfica e busca, por meio da análise, compreender se os artefatos culturais cumprem com seu papel, isto é, garantem uma Educação plural e democrática. Por artefatos culturais compreendem-se expressões políticas, linguísticas, artísticas e literárias da comunidade surda. Nesta perspectiva, a hipótese aqui sustentada é de que somente por meio de uma Educação intercultural, conectada com os artefatos da cultura surda, será possível assegurar uma Educação democrática e plural.