bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polypropylene Nanocomposites Obtained by In Situ Polymerization Using Metallocene Catalyst: Influence of the Nanoparticles on the Final Polymer Morphology
Authors: Zapata Paula , Quijada Raúl
Published: May 2012

Polypropylene nanocomposites containing silica nanospheres based on the sol‐gel methods were produced via in situ polymerization using a rac‐Et(Ind)2ZrCl2/methylaluminoxane (MAO) system. Two different routes were used depending on the interaction between the silica nanoparticles with the catalytic system. In route 1 the nanoparticles were added together with the catalytic system (rac‐Et(Ind)2ZrCl2)/(MAO) directly into the reactor, and in route 2 the metallocene rac‐Et(Ind)2ZrCl2 was supported on silica nanospheres pretreated with (MAO). SEM images show that when the nanospheres were added by both routes, they were replicated in the final polymer particle morphology; this phenomenon was more pronounced for PP obtained by route 2. The polypropylene (PP) nanocomposites obtained by both routes had a slightly higher percent crystallinities and crystallinity temperatures than pure PP. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that the nanospheres were well dispersed into the polypropylene matrix, particularly in the nanocomposites obtained by the support system (route 2).
Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Mordi Ify , Tzemos Nikolaos
Published: May 2012

Bicuspid aortic valve is the commonest congenital cardiac abnormality in the general population. This paper article will discuss our current knowledge of the anatomy, pathophysiology, genetics, and clinical aspects of bicuspid aortic valve disease.
A Principle Component Analysis of Galaxy Properties from a Large, Gas-Selected Sample
Authors: Chang Yu-Yen , Chao Rikon , Wang Wei-Hao , Chen Pisin
Published: May 2012

Disney et al. (2008) have found a striking correlation among global parameters of Hi-selected galaxies and concluded that this is in conflict with the CDM model. Considering the importance of the issue, we reinvestigate the problem using the principal component analysis on a fivefold larger sample and additional near-infrared data. We use databases from the Arecibo Legacy Fast AreciboL-band Feed Array Survey for the gas properties, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey for the optical properties, and the Two Micron All Sky Survey for the near-infrared properties. We confirm that the parameters are indeed correlated where a single physical parameter can explain 83% of the variations. When color (g-i) is included, the first component still dominates but it develops a second principal component. In addition, the near-infrared color (i-J) shows an obvious second principal component that might provide evidence of the complex old star formation. Based on our data, we suggest that it is premature to pronounce the failure of the CDM model and it motivates more theoretical work.
Stability and Blowout Behavior of Jet Flames in Oblique Air Flows
Authors: Gomes Jonathan N. , Kribs James D. , Lyons Kevin M.
Published: May 2012

The stability limits of a jet flame can play an important role in the design of burners and combustors. This study details an experiment conducted to determine the liftoff and blowout velocities of oblique-angle methane jet flames under various air coflow velocities. A nozzle was mounted on a telescoping boom to allow for an adjustable burner angle relative to a vertical coflow. Twenty-four flow configurations were established using six burner nozzle angles and four coflow velocities. Measurements of the fuel supply velocity during liftoff and blowout were compared against two parameters: nozzle angle and coflow velocity. The resulting correlations indicated that flames at more oblique angles have a greater upper stability limit and were more resistant to changes in coflow velocity. This behavior occurs due to a lower effective coflow velocity at angles more oblique to the coflow direction. Additionally, stability limits were determined for flames in crossflow and mild counterflow configurations, and a relationship between the liftoff and blowout velocities was observed. For flames in crossflow and counterflow, the stability limits are higher. Further studies may include more angle and coflow combinations, as well as the effect of diluents or different fuel types.
A Medley of Midbrain Maladies: A Brief Review of Midbrain Anatomy and Syndromology for Radiologists
Authors: Ruchalski Kathleen , Hathout Gasser M.
Published: May 2012

The midbrain represents the uppermost portion of the brainstem, containing numerous important nuclei and white matter tracts, most of which are involved in motor control, as well as the auditory and visual pathways. Notable midbrain nuclei include the superior and inferior colliculus nuclei, red nucleus, substantia nigra, oculomotor nuclear complex, and trochlear nucleus. In addition, white matter tracts include the brachium conjunctivum, medial and lateral lemniscus, spinothalamic tracts, and the fiber tracts within the cerebral peduncles. Although neurologically vital, many of these small midbrain nuclei and white matter tracts are not easily individually identified on neuroimaging. However, given their diverse functions, midbrain pathology often leads to distinct clinical syndromes. A review and understanding of the location and relationships between the different midbrain nuclei and fiber tracts will allow more precise correlation of radiologic findings with patient pathology and symptomatology. Particular syndromes associated with midbrain pathology include the Weber, Claude, Benedikt, Nothnagel, and Parinaud syndromes. The oculomotor and trochlear cranial nerves also reside at this level. An understanding of their functions as well as their projected courses from the midbrain towards the eye allows identification of distinct locations which are particularly vulnerable to pathology.
Prospective Associations between Religiousness/Spirituality and Depression and Mediating Effects of Forgiveness in a Nationally Representative Sample of United States Adults
Authors: Toussaint Loren L. , Marschall Justin C. , Williams David R.
Published: May 2012

The present investigation examines the prospective associations of religiousness/spirituality with depression and the extent to which various dimensions of forgiveness act as mediating mechanisms of these associations. Data are from a nationally representative sample of United States adults who were first interviewed in 1998 and reinterviewed six months later. Measures of religiousness/spirituality, forgiveness, and various sociodemographics were collected. Depression was assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview administered by trained interviewers. Results showed that religiousness/spirituality, forgiveness of oneself and others, and feeling forgiven by God were associated, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, with depressive status. After controlling for initial depressive status, only forgiveness of oneself and others remained statistically significant predictors of depression. Path analyses revealed that religiousness/spirituality conveyed protective effects, prospectively, on depression by way of an indirect path through forgiveness of others but not forgiveness of oneself. Hence, forgiveness of others acts as a mechanism of the salutary effect of religiousness/spirituality, but forgiveness of oneself is an independent predictor. Conclusions regarding the continued development of this type of research and for the treatment of clients with depression are offered.
Respiratory Failure Secondary to Human Metapneumovirus Requiring Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in a 32-Month-Old Child
Authors: Gupta Abha , Bembea Melania , Brown Anna , Robertson Courtney , Romer Lewis , Cohn Ronald D.
Published: May 2012

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a common virus that can cause respiratory problems ranging from mild upper respiratory tract disease to respiratory failure requiring mechanical support. Here, we report a case of a 32-month-old male with a previous history of asthma, who developed respiratory failure two weeks after onset of cough and rhinorrhea and required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for 9 days after failing high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV). To our knowledge, this is the oldest reported pediatric patient with respiratory failure secondary to human metapneumovirus that did not respond to mechanical ventilation. This case highlights three critical points: the potentially fatal causative role of HMPV in respiratory failure in an older pediatric age group of immunocompetent hosts, the importance of early recognition of impending respiratory failure, and the timely utilization of ECMO.
Bipolar Disorder: Clinical Perspectives and Implications with Cognitive Dysfunction and Dementia
Authors: Lopes R. , Fernandes L.
Published: May 2012

Introduction. Cognitive dysfunction as a core feature in the course of bipolar affective disorder (BPD) is a current subject of debate and represents an important source of psychosocial and functional burden.Objectives. To stand out the connection and clinical implications between cognitive dysfunction, dementia, and BPD.Methods. A nonsystematic review of all English language PubMed articles published between 1995 and 2011 using the terms “bipolar disorder,” “cognitive dysfunction,” and “dementia”.Discussion. As a manifestation of an affective trait or stage, both in the acute phases and in remission, the domains affected include attention, executive function, and verbal memory. The likely evolution or overlap with the behavioural symptoms of an organic dementia allows it to be considered as a dementia specific to BPD. This is named by some authors, as BPD type VI, but others consider it a form of frontotemporal dementia. It is still not known if this process is neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative in nature, or both simultaneously. The assessment should consider the iatrogenic effects of medication, the affective symptoms, and a neurocognitive evaluation.Conclusion. More specific neuropsychological tests and functional imaging studies are needed and will assume an important role in the near future for diagnosis and treatment.
The Adipocyte-Derived Hormone Leptin Has Proliferative Actions on Androgen-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cells Linking Obesity to Advanced Stages of Prostate Cancer
Authors: Hoda M. Raschid , Theil Gerit , Mohammed Nasreldin , Fischer Kersten , Fornara Paolo
Published: May 2012

Background. Because obesity may be a risk factor for prostate cancer, we investigated proliferative effects of adipocytes-derived hormone leptin on human prostate cancer cells and assessed the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in mediating these actions.Material and Methods. Three human prostate cancer cell lines were treated with increasing doses of recombinant leptin. Cell growth was measured under serum-free conditions using a spectrophotometric assay. Further, Western blotting was applied to detect the phosphorylation of an ERK1/2, and a specific inhibitor of MAPK (PD98059; 40 μM) was used.Results. In both androgen-resistant cell lines DU145 and PC-3, cell growth was dose-dependently increased by leptin after 24 hrs and 48 hrs of incubation, whereas leptin’s proliferative effects on androgen-sensitive cell line LNCaP was less pronounced. Further, leptin caused dose-dependent ERK1/2 phosphorylation in both androgen-resistant cell lines, and pretreatment of these cells with PD98059 inhibited these responses.Conclusions. Leptin may be a potential link between obesity and risk of progression of prostate cancer. Thus, studies on leptin and obesity association to prostate cancer should differentiate patients according to androgen sensitivity.
Microstructure and Crystallization Kinetics of Polyurethane Thermoplastics Containing Trisilanol Isobutyl POSS
Authors: Pistor Vinicius , de Conto Daniela , Ornaghi Felipe Gustavo , Zattera Ademir José
Published: May 2012

The synthesis of thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) from the reaction of a NCO group‐containing prepolymer and 0, 1.14, 1.71, and 2.28 wt% of trisilanol isobutyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) was carried out in an instrumented batch mixer. The samples were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM analysis shows that the incorporation of POSS promoted strongly aggregation through physical interactions (formation of POSS‐rich domains). Modifications in the TPU microstructure and the reduction in the crystal size were observed in the XRD diffractograms. The incorporation of POSS equally altered the TPU crystallization, and samples bearing higher concentrations of POSS formed two distinct types of crystalline structures. The kinetics of crystallization showed that nucleation strongly depends on the balance between TPU crystal formation and POSS‐rich domains.
Progress in Pathogenesis of Proteinuria
Authors: Zhang Aihua , Huang Songming
Published: May 2012

Aims. Proteinuria not only is a sign of kidney damage, but also is involved in the progression of renal diseases as an independent pathologic factor. Clinically, glomerular proteinuria is most commonly observed, which relates to structural and functional anomalies in the glomerular filtration barrier. The aim of this paper was to describe the pathogenesis of glomerular proteinuria.Data Sources. Articles on glomerular proteinuria retrieved from Pubmed and MEDLINE in the recent 5 years were reviewed.Results. The new understanding of the roles of glomerular endothelial cells and the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) in the pathogenesis of glomerular proteinuria was gained. The close relationships of slit diaphragm (SD) molecules such as nephrin, podocin, CD2-associated protein (CD2AP), a-actinin-4, transient receptor potential cation channel 6 (TRPC6), Densin and membrane-associated guanylate kinase inverted 1 (MAGI-1),α3β1 integrin, WT1, phospholipase C epsilon-1 (PLCE1), Lmx1b, and MYH9, and mitochondrial disorders and circulating factors in the pathogenesis of glomerular proteinuria were also gradually discovered.Conclusion. Renal proteinuria is a manifestation of glomerular filtration barrier dysfunction. Not only glomerular endothelial cells and GBM, but also the glomerular podocytes and their SDs play an important role in the pathogenesis of glomerular proteinuria.
Applications and Nanotoxicity of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene in Biomedicine
Authors: Fisher Caitlin , E. Rider Amanda , Jun Han Zhao , Kumar Shailesh , Levchenko Igor , Ostrikov Kostya (Ken)
Published: May 2012

Owing to their unique mechanical, electrical, optical, and thermal properties, carbon nanostructures including carbon nanotubes and graphenes show great promise for advancing the fields of biology and medicine. Many reports have demonstrated the promise of these carbon nanostructures and their hybrid structures (composites with polymers, ceramics, and metal nanoparticles, etc.) for a variety of biomedical areas ranging from biosensing, drug delivery, and diagnostics, to cancer treatment, tissue engineering, and bioterrorism prevention. However, the issue of the safety and toxicity of these carbon nanostructures, which is vital to their use as diagnostic and therapeutic tools in biomedical fields, has not been completely resolved. This paper aims to provide a summary of the features of carbon nanotube and graphene‐based materials and current research progress in biomedical applications. We also highlight the current opinions within the scientific community on the toxicity and safety of these carbon structures.
Nitroglycerin for Management of Retained Placenta: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Bullarbo Maria , Bokström Hans , Lilja Håkan , Almström Elisabeth , Lassenius Nina , Hansson Agneta , Ekerhovd Erling
Published: May 2012

The primary aim was to determine if sequential administration of oxytocin and nitroglycerin is effective for management of retained placenta when performed by obstetricians with no experience of the method. Secondary aims were to examine possible adverse effects of nitroglycerin. One hundred and five women with retained placenta were randomly selected to receive either 1 mg nitroglycerin or placebo tablets sublingually if intravenous oxytocin had failed to expel the placenta. At two of the hospitals some of the midwives were familiar with the use of nitroglycerin. The other midwives and all the participating obstetricians had no clinical experience of the method. In the treatment group, detachment of placenta following nitroglycerin occurred in 37.3% of the women compared to 20.4% in the placebo group (P=0.056). In the two hospitals with some experience of the method, placenta was removed in 9 of 19 (47.4%) women in the nitroglycerin group compared to 3 of 17 (15.0%) women in the placebo group. No adverse effects of clinical importance were registered. Although the difference between the two groups did not reach statistical significance, the higher success rate in the two hospitals with some experience could indicate that clinical experience is of importance in order to achieve placental detachment.
Omnidirectional Dual-Reflector Antenna with GO Shaped Main Reflector for Pattern Control in the Elevation Plane: OADC Case
Authors: Bergmann José R. , Moreira Fernando J. S.
Published: May 2012

This paper presents a formulation for shaping the main reflector of an axis-symmetric dual-reflector antenna designed to offer an omnidirectional coverage with an arbitrary radiation pattern in the vertical plane. The subreflector is generated by an axis-displaced conic, and the main reflector is shaped to achieve a prescribed far-field radiation pattern. The procedure is based on geometrical optics (GO) principles. Two distinct far-field ray structures are explored and their limitations are identified. The GO shaping results are validated by analysis provided by the accurate method of moments technique.
Chromosomal Aberrations Associated with Clonal Evolution and Leukemic Transformation in Fanconi Anemia: Clinical and Biological Implications
Authors: Meyer Stefan , Neitzel Heidemarie , Tönnies Holger
Published: May 2012

Fanconi anaemia (FA) is an inherited disease with congenital and developmental abnormalities, bone marrow failure, and extreme risk of leukemic transformation. Bone marrow surveillance is an important part of the clinical management of FA and often reveals cytogenetic aberrations. Here, we review bone marrow findings in FA and discuss the clinical and biological implications of chromosomal aberrations associated with leukemic transformation.
Long-Lasting Effect of Infant Rats Endotoxemia on Heat Shock Protein 60 in the Pancreatic Acinar Cells: Involvement of Toll-Like Receptor 4
Authors: Bonior Joanna , Jaworek Jolanta , Kot Michalina , Konturek Stanisław J. , Pierzchalski Piotr
Published: May 2012

Introduction. Lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS) is responsible for septic shock and multiorgan failure, but pretreatment of rats with low doses of LPS reduced pancreatic acute damage.Aim. We investigated the effects of the endotoxemia induced in the early period of life on Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) and proapoptotic Bax, caspase-9 and -3 or antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein expression in the pancreatic acinar cells of adult animals.Material and Methods. Newborn rats (25 g) were injected with endotoxin (Escherichia coli) for 5 consecutive days. Two months later, pancreatic acinar cells were isolated from all groups of animals and subjected to caerulein stimulation (10−8 M). Protein expression was assessed employing Western blot. For detection of apoptosis we have employed DNA fragmentation ladder assay.Results. Preconditioning of newborn rats with LPS increased TLR4, Caspase-9 and -3 levels, but failed to affect basal expression of HSP60, Bax, and Bcl-2. Subsequent caerulein stimulation increased TLR4, Bcl-2, and caspases, but diminished HSP60 and Bax proteins in pancreatic acinar cells. Endotoxemia dose-dependently increased TLR4, Bax, HSP60, and both caspases protein signals in the pancreatic acini, further inhibiting antiapoptotic Bcl-2.Conclusions. Endotoxemia promoted the induction of HSP60viaTLR4 in the infant rats and participated in the LPS-dependent pancreatic tissue protection against acute damage.
A Standardized Extract ofGinkgo bilobaNeutralizes Cisplatin-Mediated Reproductive Toxicity in Rats
Authors: Amin Amr , Abraham Christeena , Hamza Alaaeldin A. , Abdalla Zeinab A. , Al-Shamsi Shaikha B. , Harethi Saina S. , Daoud Sayel
Published: May 2012

The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects ofGinkgo biloba(GB) against testicular damage and oxidative stress as well as caudal sperm indices in a cisplatin- (CIS-) induced rodent model. Adult male Wistar rats were given vehicle, single i.p. dose of CIS alone (10 mg/kg), GB alone (200 mg g/kg every day for five days), or single dose of CIS followed by GB (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg every day for five days). On day 6, after the first drug treatment oxidative and apoptotic testicular toxicity was evaluated. CIS-treated rats displayed decreased weights of testes and epididymis as well as caudal sperm count and motility. This reproductive toxicity was accompanied with increased germ-cell degeneration in seminiferous tubules and increased germ-cell apoptosis, increased testicular MDA levels and MPO activity, and decreased SOD and CAT activities in testes. Intensive expressions of COX-2, iNOS, and NF-κB p65 in testicular tissues were detected in CIS-treated group. Oral GB administrations at all doses to CIS-treated rats effectively alleviated all of the CIS-induced toxicity in reproductive system. The present results provide further insights into the mechanisms of protection against CIS-induced reproductive toxicity and confirm the essential antioxidant potential of a GB extract.
Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery for Anterior Spinal Procedures
Authors: Magno Priscilla , Khashab Mouen A. , Mas Manuel , Giday Samuel A. , Buscaglia Jonathan M. , Shin Eun Ji , Dray Xavier , Kalloo Anthony N.
Published: May 2012

Background. NOTES techniques allow transesophageal access to the mediastinum. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of transesophageal biopsy of thoracic vertebrae.Methods. Nonsurvival experiments on four 50-kg porcine animals were performed. Transesophageal access to the mediastinum was attained using submucosal tunneling technique.Results. The posterior mediastinum was successfully accessed and navigated in all animals. Vertebral bodies and intervertebral spaces were easily approached while avoiding damage to adjacent vessels. Bone biopsy was successfully performed without complications, but the hardness of bone tissue resulted in small and fragmented samples.Conclusions. Peroral transesophageal access into the posterior mediastinum and thoracic vertebral bone biopsy was feasible and safe. The proximity of the esophagus to the vertebral column provides close and direct access to the thoracic spine and opens up new ground for the performance of multilevel anterior spine procedures using NOTES techniques.
Chitosan Nanoparticles as a Percutaneous Drug Delivery System for Hydrocortisone
Authors: Katas Haliza , Hussain Zahid , Ling Tay Chai
Published: May 2012

Hydrocortisone (HC) has formed the mainstay for the management of atopic dermatitis. Hence, HC‐loaded chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by ionic crosslinking of high, low molecular weight chitosan (HMwt, LMwt CS) and N‐trimethyl chitosan (TMC) with tripolyphosphate. HC loading into CS nanoparticles was confirmed by FT‐IR. The particle size of HC‐loaded HMwt, LMwt, and TMC nanoparticles was increased from 243 ± 12, 147 ± 11, and 124 ± 9 nm to 337 ± 13, 222 ± 14, and 195 ± 7 nm, respectively, by increasing the pH of CS solution. Their respective zeta potential and entrapment efficiency (EE) were significantly decreased by increasing the pH of CS solution. The swelling ratios of HC loaded HMwt, LMwt, and TMC NPs were increased when the pH of incubating media (PBS) was increased. The same increasing trend was observed in particle size and EE of HC loaded as the CS concentration was increased. The HC loaded CS NPs were generally nonspherical. In-vitro permeation studies showed that HC was efficiently released from the CS NPs in QV cream while in aqueous cream CS NPs provided a sustained release for HC. Thus, it is anticipated that CS NPs are the promising delivery system for anti‐inflammatory drugs.
Applications of Natural Language Processing in Biodiversity Science
Authors: Thessen Anne E. , Cui Hong , Mozzherin Dmitry
Published: May 2012

Centuries of biological knowledge are contained in the massive body of scientific literature, written for human-readability but too big for any one person to consume. Large-scale mining of information from the literature is necessary if biology is to transform into a data-driven science.
A computer can handle the volume but cannot make sense of the language. This paper reviews and discusses the use of natural language processing (NLP) and machine-learning algorithms to extract information from systematic literature. NLP algorithms have been used for decades, but require special development for application in the biological realm due to the special nature of the language. Many tools exist for biological information extraction (cellular processes, taxonomic names, and morphological characters), but none have been applied life wide and most still require testing and development. Progress has been made in developing algorithms for automated annotation of taxonomic text, identification of taxonomic names in text, and extraction of morphological character information from taxonomic descriptions. This manuscript will briefly discuss the key steps in applying information extraction tools to enhance biodiversity science.
The Healthy School Canteen Programme: A Promising Intervention to Make the School Food Environment Healthier
Authors: Mensink Fréderike , Schwinghammer Saskia Antoinette , Smeets Astrid
Published: May 2012

The environment can exert a strong influence on people's food decisions. In order to facilitate students to make more healthy food choices and to develop healthy eating habits, it is important that the school food environment is healthy. The Healthy School Canteen programme of The Netherlands Nutrition Centre is an intervention that helps schools to make their cafeteria's offering healthier. A descriptive study was conducted by an independent research agency to survey the perceptions, experiences, and opinions of users of the programme (school directors, parents, students, and health professionals). Results show that directors and students of participating schools perceive their cafeteria's offering to be healthier after implementing the programme than prior to implementation. Next, further important results of the study are highlighted and relations with other projects, caveats, and practical recommendations are discussed. It is concluded that the Healthy School Canteen programme is a promising intervention to change the school food environment but that further research is needed to ultimately establish its effectiveness. Also, it will be a challenge to motivate all schools to enroll in the programme in order to achieve the goal of the Dutch Government of all Dutch school cafeterias being healthy by 2015.
Protective Function of STAT3 in CVB3-Induced Myocarditis
Authors: Lindner Diana , Hilbrandt Moritz , Marggraf Katharina , Becher P. Moritz , Hilfiker-Kleiner Denise , Klingel Karin , Pauschinger Matthias , Schultheiss Heinz-Peter , Tschöpe Carsten , Westermann Dirk
Published: May 2012

The transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is an important mediator of the inflammatory process. We investigated the role of STAT3 in viral myocarditis and its possible role in the development to dilated cardiomyopathy. We used STAT3-deficent mice with a cardiomyocyte-restricted knockout and induced a viral myocarditis using Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) which induced a severe inflammation during the acute phase of the viral myocarditis. A complete virus clearance and an attenuated inflammation were examined in both groups WT and STAT3 KO mice 4 weeks after infection, but the cardiac function in STAT3 KO mice was significantly decreased in contrast to the infected WT mice. Interestingly, an increased expression of collagen I was detected in STAT3 KO mice compared to WT mice 4 weeks after CVB3 infection. Furthermore, the matrix degradation was reduced in STAT3 KO mice which might be an explanation for the observed matrix deposition. Consequently, we here demonstrate the protective function of STAT3 in CVB3-induced myocarditis. Since the cardiomyocyte-restricted knockout leads to an increased fibrosis, it can be assumed that STAT3 signalling in cardiomyocytes protects the heart against increased fibrosis through paracrine effects.
Combination of the Level-Set Methods with the Contourlet Transform for the Segmentation of the IVUS Images
Authors: Lazrag Hassen , Naceur Med Saber
Published: May 2012

Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging is a catheter-based medical methodology establishing itself as a useful modality for studying atherosclerosis. The detection of lumen and media-adventitia boundaries in IVUS images constitutes an essential step towards the reliable quantitative diagnosis of atherosclerosis. In this paper, a novel scheme is proposed to automatically detect lumen and media-adventitia borders. This segmentation method is based on the level-set model and the contourlet multiresolution analysis. The contourlet transform decomposes the original image into low-pass components and band-pass directional bands. The circular hough transform (CHT) is adopted in low-pass bands to yield the initial lumen and media-adventitia contours. The anisotropic diffusion filtering is then used in band-pass subbands to suppress noise and preserve arterial edges. Finally, the curve evolution in the level-set functions is used to obtain final contours. The proposed method is experimentally evaluated via 20 simulated images and 30 real images from human coronary arteries. It is demonstrated that the mean distance error and the relative mean distance error have increased by 5.30 pixels and 7.45%, respectively, as compared with those of a recently traditional level-set model. These results reveal that the proposed method can automatically and accurately extract two vascular boundaries.
Behavior of FRP Link Slabs in Jointless Bridge Decks
Authors: Saber Aziz , Aleti Ashok Reddy
Published: May 2012

The paper investigated the use of fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) grid for reinforcement in link slabs for jointless bridge decks. The design concept of link slab was examined based on the ductility of the fiberglass-reinforced plastic grid to accommodate bridge deck deformations. The implementation of hybrid simulation assisted in combining the experimental results and the theoretical work. The numerical analyses and the experimental work investigated the behavior of the link slab and confirmed its feasibility. The results indicated that the technique would allow simultaneous achievement of structural need, lower flexural stiffness of the link slab approaching the behavior of a hinge, and sustainability need of the link slab. The outcome of the study supports the contention that jointless concrete bridge decks may be designed and constructed with fiberglass-reinforced plastic grid link slabs. This concept would also provide a solution to a number of deterioration problems associated with bridge deck joints and can be used during new construction of bridge decks. The federal highway administration provided funds to Louisiana Department of Transportation through the innovative bridge research and development program to implement the use of FRP grid as link slab.
Low Vital Capacity and Electrocardiographic ST-T Abnormalities in Asymptomatic Adults
Authors: Nakajima Kei , Li Yulan , Fuchigami Hiroshi , Munakata Hiromi
Published: May 2012

Studies have shown that low forced vital capacity (LFVC) is associated with atherosclerosis. However, it is unclear whether LFVC is associated with resting electrocardiographic ST-T abnormalities, a common finding that is prognostic for cardiovascular events. Therefore, pulmonary functions, ST-T abnormalities defined with Minnesota Code, and cardiometabolic risk factors were examined in a cross-sectional study of 1,653 asymptomatic adults without past history of coronary heart diseases. The prevalence of diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and ST-T abnormalities significantly increased with decreasing percent of predicted forced vital capacity (%PFVC). ST-T abnormalities were observed in 73 subjects (4.4% in total). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that, compared with the highest quartile of %PFVC (≥99.7%), the lowest quartile of %PFVC (≤84.2%) was persistently associated with ST-T abnormalities even after further adjustment for diabetes or metabolic syndrome (odds ratio (95%CI): 2.44 (1.16–5.14) and 2.42 (1.15–5.10), resp.). Similar trends were observed when subjects were divided into quartiles according to percent of predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), but not the ratio of FEV1/FVC. In conclusion, LFVC may be associated with ST-T abnormalities independent of metabolic abnormalities in asymptomatic adults, suggesting a plausible link between impaired pulmonary defects and cardiovascular diseases.
Invariant and Absolute Invariant Means of Double Sequences
Authors: Alotaibi Abdullah , Mursaleen M. , Alghamdi M. A.
Published: May 2012

We examine some properties of the invariant mean, define the concepts of strongσ-convergence and absoluteσ-convergence for double sequences, and determine the associated sublinear functionals. We also define the absolute invariant mean through which the space of absolutelyσ-convergent double sequences is characterized.
Addressing Inequities in Access to Health Products through the Use of Social Marketing, Community Mobilization, and Local Entrepreneurs in Rural Western Kenya
Authors: Harris Julie R. , Patel Minal K. , Juliao Patricia , Suchdev Parminder S. , Ruth Laird J. , Were Vincent , Ochieng Cliff , Faith Sitnah Hamidah , Kola Steven , Otieno Ronald , Sadumah Ibrahim , Obure Alfredo , Quick Robert
Published: May 2012

While social marketing can increase uptake of health products in developing countries, providing equitable access is challenging. We conducted a 2-year evaluation of uptake of WaterGuard, insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs), and micronutrient Sprinkles in Western Kenya. Sixty villages were randomly assigned to intervention and comparison groups. Following a baseline survey (BL), a multifaceted intervention comprising social marketing of these products, home visits by product vendors from a local women’s group (Safe Water and AIDS Project, or SWAP), product promotions, and modeling of water treatment and safe storage in was implemented in intervention villages. Comparison villages received only social marketing of WaterGuard and ITNs. We surveyed again at one year (FU1), implemented the intervention in comparison villages, and surveyed again at two years (FU2). At BL, <3% of households had been visited by a SWAP vendor. At FU1, more intervention than comparison households had been visited by a SWAP vendor (39% versus 9%, P<0.0001), and purchased WaterGuard (14% versus 2%, P<0.0001), Sprinkles (36% versus 6%, P<0.0001), or ITNs (3% versus 1%, P<0.04) from that vendor. During FU2, 47% and 41% of original intervention and comparison households, respectively, reported ever receiving a SWAP vendor visit (P=0.16); >90% those reported ever purchasing a product from the vendor. WaterGuard (P=0.02) and ITNs (P=0.005) were purchased less frequently by lower-SES than higher-SES households; Sprinkles, the least expensive product, was purchased equally across all quintiles.
Targeting the Fanconi Anemia Pathway to Identify Tailored Anticancer Therapeutics
Authors: Jenkins Chelsea , Kan Jenny , Hoatlin Maureen E.
Published: May 2012

The Fanconi Anemia (FA) pathway consists of proteins involved in repairing DNA damage, including interstrand cross-links (ICLs). The pathway contains an upstream multiprotein core complex that mediates the monoubiquitylation of the FANCD2 and FANCI heterodimer, and a downstream pathway that converges with a larger network of proteins with roles in homologous recombination and other DNA repair pathways. Selective killing of cancer cells with an intact FA pathway but deficient in certain other DNA repair pathways is an emerging approach to tailored cancer therapy. Inhibiting the FA pathway becomes selectively lethal when certain repair genes are defective, such as the checkpoint kinase ATM. Inhibiting the FA pathway in ATM deficient cells can be achieved with small molecule inhibitors, suggesting that new cancer therapeutics could be developed by identifying FA pathway inhibitors to treat cancers that contain defects that are synthetic lethal with FA.
Activated Protein C Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Apoptosis Mediated by Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β
Authors: Luo Liang , Lv Tangfeng , Wang Qian , Zhang Ting , Gu Xiaoling , Xu Feng , Song Yong
Published: May 2012

This study investigated the relationship between antiapoptotic activities induced by activated protein C and endoplasmic reticulum stress. In this study, it was observed that activated protein C elicited a rise in glucose-regulated protein 78 and glycogen synthase kinase-3βand inhibited apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells induced by lipopolysaccharide. Calcium inhibition did not alter the antiapoptotic effect of activated protein C. The antiapoptotic efficiency of activated protein C was reduced in human umbilical vein endothelial cells following treatment with glycogen synthase kinase-3β-siRNA. In summary, activated protein C induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell apoptosis mediated by glycogen synthase kinase-3β.
The Approximate Solution of Fractional Fredholm Integrodifferential Equations by Variational Iteration and Homotopy Perturbation Methods
Authors: Kadem Abdelouahab , Kilicman Adem
Published: May 2012

Variational iteration method and homotopy perturbation method are used to solve the fractional Fredholm integrodifferential equations with constant coefficients. The obtained results indicate that the method is efficient and also accurate.
Cytoplasmic Ribonucleoprotein Foci in Eukaryotes: Hotspots of Bio(chemical)Diversity
Authors: Layana Carla , Ferrero Paola , Rivera-Pomar Rolando
Published: May 2012

The life of an mRNA from transcription to degradation offers multiple control check points that regulate gene expression. Transcription, splicing, and translation have been widely studied for many years; however, in recent years, new layers of posttranscriptional and posttranslational control have been uncovered. They involve the regulation of the metabolism of mRNA in cytoplasmic foci. They are collections of ribonucleoprotein complexes that, in most cases, remain still uncharacterized, except the processing bodies (PBs) and stress granules (SGs), which have been studied (and reviewed) in detail. A challenging prospective is to know how many different classes of foci exist, which functions they support, how are they formed, and how do they relate one to each other. Here, we present an update of the component of the different granules, a possible function, and hypothesis on theirin vivodynamics related to translational control.
Evaluation of Functional Electrical Stimulation to Assist Cycling in Four Adolescents with Spastic Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Harrington Ann Tokay , McRae Calum G. A. , Lee Samuel C. K.
Published: May 2012

Introduction. Adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP) often have difficulty participating in exercise at intensities necessary to improve cardiovascular fitness. Functional electrical stimulation- (FES-) assisted cycling is proposed as a form of exercise for adolescents with CP. The aims of this paper were to adapt methods and assess the feasibility of applying FES cycling technology in adolescents with CP, determine methods of performing cycling tests in adolescents with CP, and evaluate the immediate effects of FES assistance on cycling performance.Materials/Methods. Four participants (12–14 years old; GMFCS levels III-IV) participated in a case-based pilot study of FES-assisted cycling in which bilateral quadriceps muscles were activated using surface electrodes. Cycling cadence, power output, and heart rate were collected.Results. FES-assisted cycling was well tolerated (n=4) and cases are presented demonstrating increased cadence (2–43 rpm), power output (19–70%), and heart rates (4-5%) and decreased variability (8–13%) in cycling performance when FES was applied, compared to volitional cycling without FES assistance. Some participants (n=2) required the use of an auxiliary hub motor for assistance.Conclusions. FES-assisted cycling is feasible for individuals with CP and may lead toimmediateimprovements in cycling performance. Future work will examine the potential for long-term fitness gains using this intervention.
NFκB and AP-1 Drive Human Myometrial IL8 Expression
Authors: Khanjani Shirin , Terzidou Vasso , Johnson Mark R. , Bennett Phillip R.
Published: May 2012

The uterine expression of the chemokine IL8 increases dramatically with the onset of labour both at term and preterm. The IL8 promoter contains binding sites for the transcription factors nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB), activator protein-1 (AP-1), and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (CEBP). In this study we investigated the roles of these transcription factors in IL1B regulation of the IL8 gene in human myometrium. Using chromatin immune precipitation (ChIP) assay, we showed that each of NFκB, CEBP, and AP-1 binds to the IL8 promoter upon IL1B stimulation. To examine the relative importance of each site in IL8 gene expression, site-directed mutagenesis of each of these sites was performed. We found that the NFκB site was essential for basal and IL1B-stimulated gene expression. Mutation of the AP-1 site reduced both basal and IL1B-stimulated expression but to a lesser extent. Mutation of the CEBP site had no effect upon basal expression but eliminated the IL1B response. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) silencing of NFκB abolished the IL8 response to IL1B significantly; siRNA against AP-1 reduced it to a lesser extent whilst knockdown of CEBP enhanced the response. Our data confirms a central and essential role for NFκB in regulation of IL8 in human myometrium.
Associations of Polymorphisms in the Apolipoprotein APOA1-C3-A5 Gene Cluster with Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Ding Yan , Zhu Ming An , Wang Zhi Xiao , Zhu Jing , Feng Jing Bo , Li Dong Sheng
Published: May 2012

Background. Acute coronary syndromes (ACSs) are clinically cardiovascular events associated with dyslipidemia in common. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes in the APOA1/C3/A5 gene cluster are associated with diabetes and familial combined hyperlipidaemia (FCH). Little is known about whether the polymorphisms in these genes affect lipid homeostasis in patients with ACSs. The present paper aimed to examine these associations with 4 SNPs in the APOA1 −75G>A, the APOC3 −455T>C, and APOA5 −1131T>C, c.553G>Tvariant to ACSs in Chinese Han.Methods. Chinese Han of 229 patients with ACSs and 254 unrelated controls were analyzed. Four SNPs in APOA1/C3/A5 cluster were genotyped and lipid was determined.Results. Our data show that minor allelic frequencies of APOC3 −455T>C, APOA5 −1131T>C, and c.553G>Tpolymorphisms in patients with ACSs were significantly higher than control group (P<0.05). Furthermore, the 3 polymorphic sites were strongly of linkage disequilibrium, and minor alleles of 3 SNP sites had higher TG level than wild alleles (P<0.05), APOC3 −455C and APOA5 c.553T allele carriers also had lower level of HDL-C.Conclusions. The minor alleles of APOC3 −455T>C, APOA5 −1131T>C, and c.553G>Tpolymorphisms are closely associated with ACSs.
A New Blow‐Up Criterion for the DGH Equation
Authors: Zhu Mingxuan , Jin Liangbing , Jiang Zaihong
Published: May 2012

We investigate the DGH equation. Analogous to the Camassa‐Holm equation, this equation possesses the blow‐up phenomenon. We establish a new blow up criterion on the initial data to guarantee the formulation of singularities in finite time.
Streamlined Approach for Infrapubic Placement of an Inflatable Penile Prosthesis
Authors: Karpman Edward
Published: May 2012

The streamlined approach for infrapubic placement of an inflatable penile prosthesis is a variation of the traditional infrapubic approach. A better understanding of operative techniques and recent clinical outcome studies have led to an evolution of the original infrapubic approach. Small incisions and efficient operative maneuvers can shorten operative times and expedite postoperative recovery.
Pheromone Production, Attraction, and Interspecific Inhibition among Four Species ofIpsBark Beetles in the Southeastern USA
Authors: Birgersson Göran , Dalusky Mark J. , Espelie Karl E. , Berisford C. Wayne
Published: May 2012

Hindgut volatiles from attacking, unmated males ofIps avulsus, I. calligraphus, I. grandicollis, andI. piniwere analyzed by combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Based on the quantitative identifications of hindguts and subsequent individual aerations, baits were formulated and a combined species-specific subtractive field bioassay was set up for the four bark beetle species. The bioassays were subtractive for the compounds identified in the hindgut analysis of each species, and volatiles identified in sympatric species were added as potential inhibitors alone and in combination. The trap catches from this bioassay revealed strong interspecific inhibition. The subtractive assays showed thatI. grandicollisandI. calligraphusshare (–)-(4S)-cis-verbenol as one pheromone component, while their second, synergistic pheromone component, (–)-(S)-ipsenol inI. grandicollisand (±)-ipsdienol inI. calligraphus, acts as an interspecific inhibitor to the other species.I. avulsusandI. piniwere found to have very similar production of hindgut volatiles, and both use ipsdienol and lanierone as synergistic pheromone components. No beetle-produced interspecific inhibitor was identified between these two species. Lanierone was found to be an interspecific inhibitor for bothI. calligraphusandI. grandicollis.
The Application of the Homotopy Perturbation Method and theHomotopy Analysis Method to the Generalized Zakharov Equations
Authors: Zedan Hassan A. , El Adrous Eman
Published: May 2012

We introduce two powerful methods to solve the generalized Zakharov equations; one is the homotopy perturbation method and the other is the homotopy analysis method. The homotopy perturbation method is proposed for solving the generalized Zakharov equations. The initial approximations can be freely chosen with possible unknown constants which can be determined by imposing the boundary and initial conditions; the homotopy analysis method is applied to solve the generalized Zakharov equations. HAM is a strong and easy‐to‐use analytic tool for nonlinear problems. Computation of the absolute errors between the exact solutions of the GZE equations and the approximate solutions, comparison of the HPM results with those of Adomian’s decomposition method and the HAM results, and computation the absolute errors between the exact solutions of the GZE equations with the HPM solutions and HAM solutions are presented.