bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A critical evaluation of thermal fractionation of butter oil
Authors: Fouad F. M. , van de Voort F. R. , Marshall W. D. , Farrell P. G.
Published: January 2007

Butter was fractionated on the basis of temperature (17–29°C) without agitation using slow cooling of melted anhydrous fat in conjunction with gentle vaccum filtration to produce four solid and four liquid fractions. Each of the fractions was analyzed for fatty acid composition, triglyceride profile, and characterized by gel permeation high performance liquid chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry thermograms. Fatty acid analysis indicated that the solid fractions had slightly higher amounts of palmitic and stearic acid and lower levels of oleic acid, while the remaining analyses did not indicate any substantial compositional differences between the fractions. Although the 29°C solid fraction (∼10%) could be said to be somewhat unique, the natural variation in the normal seasonal composition of butterfat was almost equal to that obtained by fractionation. The experimental physicochemical data obtained for the fractions in this study extend and verify previous work on butteroil fractionation, and indicate that thermal fractionation has marginal merit. On the other hand, literature describing more positive thermal butteroil fractionation results obtained by the properietary Tirtiaux process (Fleurus, Belgium), indictes that it may be a more expedient avenue to explore and let market forces determine whether fractionation has a future in Canada and North America.
A mathematical model for the prediction of triglyceride molecular species by high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Takahashi K. , Hirano T. , Egi M. , Zama K.
Published: January 2007

The physicochemical and theoretical relationships between the traditional equivalent carbon number (ECN) and a proposed elution theory for triglyceride molecular species that has been expressed as a matrix model were demonstrated by multiple regression analysis. It was concluded that the ECN expression has two independent variables, that is, the total acyl carbon number (CN) and the total double bonds (DB), and one dependent variable, the relative retention time (RRT). In the proposed elution equation, there are six independent variables, including the carbon numbers and number of double bonds in each acyl group to be considered.
Isoricinoleic acid inAnnona squamosa seed oil
Authors: Ansari M. H. , Afaque S. , Ahmad M.
Published: January 2007

Annona squamosa seed was found to contain 23% oil, of which 9.8% was a hydroxy acid. After isolation from the other acids using silica gel column chromatography, it was identified as isoricinoleic acid. The fatty acid composition and analytical data on the oil are given.
Composition of triacylglycerols containing cyclopropene fatty acids in seed lipids of Munguba (Bombax munguba Mart.)
Authors: Schuch Ricardo , Ahmad Faslh , Mukherjee Kumar D.
Published: January 2007

The seed lipids of Munguba (Bombax munguba Mart., Bombacaceae) were found to contain substantial proportions (ca. 30%) of cyclopropene acyl moieties (sterculoyl and malvaloyl). In a novel approach to the analysis of glycerolipids containing cyclopropene acyl moieties, the triacylglycerols of Munguba seed were first treated with silver nitrate in acetonitrile‐acetone (1:1, v/v), in order to convert the cyclopropene groups to the correspondingα,β‐unsaturated ketones. The resulting triacylglycerols were fractionated by thin layer chromatography into molecular species containing none, one and two keto (corresponding to none, one and two cyclopropene) acyl moieties per molecule. Each of these molecular species was further fractionated according to carbon numbers by gas chromatography, and the positional distribution of the acyl moieties in each species was determined. Both sterculoyl and malvaloyl moieties were found predominantly at thesn‐2 position of the triacylglycerols. The major triacylglycerols of Munguba seed were found to be 1,3‐dipalmitoyl‐2‐oleoylglycerol, 1,3‐dipalmitoyl‐2‐linoleoylglycerol and 1,3‐dipalmitoyl‐2‐sterculoylglycerol.
Effect of salinity and alcohol partitioning on phase behavior and oil displacement efficiency in surfactant‐polymer flooding
Authors: Pithapurwala Y. K. , Sharma A. K. , Shah D. O.
Published: January 2007

The equivalent alkane carbon number (EACN) of a crude oil, namely Ankleshwar crude, is successfully modeled by a mixture of pure alkanes. The EACN of the crude oil is found to be 9.3, and an appropriate mixture of nonane and decane exhibited phase behavior similar to that of the crude oil. A surfactant system for a water flooded reservoir at 80 C and having a salinity in the range of 2% to 3% NaCl is formulated by blending a phosphated ester with a petroleum sulfonate in the weight ratio of 2/5. The addition of phosphate ester not only increases the salt tolerance of the petroleum sulfonate system, it also broadens the IFT minimum. The oil displacement tests at 80 C in sandpacks and Berea cores showed that the surfactant formulation containing tertiary amyl alcohol (TAA) displaced 92% oil in sandpacks and 79% crude oil in Berea cores. The oil recovery efficiency was poor when formulations contained other alcohols. From the effluent surfactant concentration, it is shown that there is a correlation between the tertiary oil recovery, surfactant breakthrough and surfactant retention in porous media. It is proposed that, because alcohols such as isopropyl alcohol (IPA), isobutyl alcohol (IBA) and secondary butyl alcohol (SBA) partition significantly in the equilibrated excess brine phase, the alcohol‐depleted surfactant slug forms stable emulsions resulting in faster breakthrough of surfactant in the effluent and lower oil displacement efficiency. In the case of TAA‐containing formulation, there is a partitioning of TAA in the oil phase. Therefore, there is a mass transfer of alcohol from surfactant slug to the oil ganglia in porous media. This produces a transient ultralow IFT between residual oil and the surfactant solution which mobilizes oil, resulting in higher oil displacement efficiency.
Low‐temperature properties of triglyceride‐based diesel fuels: Transesterified methyl esters and petroleum middle distillate/ester blends
Authors: Dunn R. O. , Bagby M. O.
Published: January 2007

This work examines low‐temperature properties of triglyceride‐based alternate fuels for direct‐injection compression‐ignition engines. Methyl esters from transesterified soybean oil were studied as neat fuels and in blends with petroleum middle distillates (No. 1 or No. 2 diesel fuel). Admixed methyl esters composed of 5–30 vol% tallowate methyl esters in soyate methyl esters were also examined. Pour points, cloud points, and kinematic viscosities were measured; viscosities at cooler temperatures were studied to evaluate effects of sustained exposure. Low‐temperature filterability studies were conducted in accordance with two standard methodologies. The North American standard was the low‐temperature flow test (LTFT), and its European equivalent was the cold‐filter plugging point (CFPP). With respect to cold‐flow properties, blending methyl esters with middle distillates is limited to relatively low ester contents before the properties become preclusive. Under most conditions, cold‐flow properties were not greatly affected by admixing the methyl esters with up to 30 vol% tallowate (before blending). Least squares analysis showed that both LTFT and CFPP of formulations containing at least 10 vol% methyl esters are linear functions of cloud point. In addition, statistical analysis of the LTFT data showed a strong 1:1 correlation between LTFT and CP. This result may prove crucial in efforts to improve low‐temperature flow properties of alternate diesel fuels that contain methyl esters derived from triglycerides.
The U.K. legislative approach to the use of soy proteins in food
Authors: Ward A. G.
Published: January 2007

The food and drugs acts applicable within the U.K. provide a framework within which the sale of all foods is controlled. In particular the main clauses place responsibility for safety and avoidance of deception firmly on the manufacturer and seller of the food. The significance of compositional regulations, made under powers contained in the acts, is illustrated by the various meat product regulations and their relevance to the use of soy materials. Food labeling regulations also are discussed. The directions in which the laws may have to be revised to accommodate the introduction of new protein rich foods are outlined and the relevance to soy products is discussed.
Soy flour in European‐type bread
Authors: Jakubczyk Tadeusz , Haberowa Hanna
Published: January 2007

Effect of soy flour, soy protein concentrate, and isolate on dough and loaf properties of breads produced from flour, yeast, salt, and water with no shortening or added improvers was investigated. Wheat flour, rye flour, and mixtures of the two were included in the studies. Three wheat flours, varying in baking quality and extraction, ash content 0.65 and 0.80%, were used; 1.5, 3, and 5% soy products, flour basis, were added. Water absorption increased 3.8–4.7% at the 3% soy level and 6.1–7.3% at the 5% level of soy product addition. Dough development time and stability were increased and dough softening reduced. Dough gassing power increased ca. 7–25%. By using a shorter proofing time, more intensive mixing, and the sponge dough process, loaves only slightly smaller in volume than the control were obtained at the 3% soy level. Panel evaluations scored bread highest with 1.5 or 3% soy flour and that with 3 or 5% soy protein concentrate as lowest, but acceptable. Use of 2% lard as shortening, or 2% lard plus emulsifier, produced soy breads of excellent quality and ca. 25% higher loaf volume than controls.
Textured proteins in meats and meat‐like products
Authors: Wilding M. Dean
Published: January 2007

The forecasted use of textured soy protein by 1980 is 10–20% total beef market. Important factors in the use of textured soy protein are cost control, improved functionality, fat control, and nutrition. Blends of textured soy protein and ground beef give nutritional quality exceeding protein efficiency ratio of 2.5 (casein) in several products evaluated. Animal feeding data are given for these blends. A description of the proper use of soy in meat is given. Bacteriological and color problems are not due to the addition of textured soy but increased temperatures of handling the blended product.
Lipase‐catalyzed esterification of oleic acid and methanol in hexane—A kinetic study
Authors: Ramamurthi Suresh , McCurdy Alan R.
Published: January 2007

The kinetics of immobilized lipase‐catalyzed esterification of oleic acid and methanol in hexane were investigated. The reaction follows Michaelis‐Menton kinetics as observed from the relationship of initial rate of the reaction, both as a function of enzyme and of substrate concentration. Inhibition by excess of methanol has been identified. The kinetic constants have been measured for the reaction in the absence of any significant external diffusional limitations. The kinetics of the enzymatic reaction are suggested to agree with a Ping‐Pong Bi Bi mechanism.
Interesterification of butterfat by commercial microbial lipases in a cosurfactant‐free microemulsion system
Authors: Safari M. , Kermasha S.
Published: January 2007

Lipase‐catalyzed interesterification of butterfat was carried out in a cosurfactant‐free microemulsion system containing mixtures of Span 60 and Tween 60 (ICI Specialty Chemicals Altemix Inc., Brantford, Ontario, Canada) as surfactants. Four commercial lipases were used—Lipozyme 10,000L (Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark) and N, D and MPA (Amano Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nagoya, Japan). Stereospecific analyses of fractionated selected high‐molecular weight triacylglycerols were performed by enzymatic deacylation with commercial pancreatic lipase, random generation ofrac‐1,2‐diacylglycerols by Grignard degradation, synthesis ofrac‐phosphatidylcholines and a stereospecific release ofsn‐1,2 diacylglycerols by phospholipase A2. The results showed that the hydrolytic affinity of commercial lipases demonstrated an acyl‐group specificity toward lower‐molecular weight fatty acids C4–C14∶0. Stereospecific analyses of fatty acids of interesterified selected triacylglycerols of butterfat catalyzed by lipase N demonstrated a 46% increase in the proportion of C18∶1cis Δ9 at thesn‐2 position, whereas those catalyzed by lipases MAP, D and Lipozyme 10,000L were enriched with C16∶0 at the same position by 21, 35 and 41%, respectively.
Functionalization at the double bond region of jojoba oil. 6. Production of aminesvia azides
Authors: Avidon Victor , Shani Arnon
Published: January 2007

The apolar and hydrophobic jojoba molecule was made more hydrophilic by the incorporation of primary amino groupsvia the introduction and subsequent reduction of azido groups. The azides were obtained by the substitution of bromine or a mesylate group introduced into the jojoba oil molecule; by opening of the epoxide ring in epoxy jojoba; or by the addition of bromoazide to the double bonds of jojoba.
Characterization of sucrose polyesters‐triacylglycerols mixtures
Authors: Márquez‐Ruiz G. , Pérez‐Camino M.C. , Rios J.J. , Dobarganes M.C.
Published: January 2007

High‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and thin‐layer chromatography/flame‐ionization detection (TLC/FID) have been used for the characterization of mixtures of either monoacid sucrose octaesters with triacylglycerols (TAG) or sucrose polyesters (SPE) prepared from oils with natural oils. In mixtures of monoacid sucrose octaesters/TAG, no significant differences were found between the values obtained by either HPSEC or TLC/FID and the actual component proportions. Additionally, components could be separated by TLC, which was confirmed by fatty acid composition data of each fraction. Analysis of SPE/oil mixtures was attainable by HPSEC, but alternative quantitation by TLC/FID required previous silylation. Likewise, fatty acid composition could be determined only in the total mixture and in the sucrose octaester fraction. A formula derived for calculation of oil fatty acid composition, based on analytical data, showed the validity of the approach used in this study to determine component proportions in functional SPE/oil mixtures.
Effect of triglycerides containing 9,10‐dihydroxystearic acid on the solidification properties of sal (Shorea robusta) fat
Authors: Reddy S. Yella , Prabhakar J. V.
Published: January 2007

Components affecting solidification properties of sal (Shorea robusta) fat have been studied. Triglycerides containing 9,10‐dihydroxystearic acid (DHS‐TGs) present to about 3% have been found to affect the supercooling property of sal fat at as low a level as 2%. The DHS‐TGs were composed of 57.5% stearic, 5.8% arachidic, 6% palmitic and 30.5% 9,10‐dihydroxystearic acids. As DHS‐TGs are soluble in acetone, solvent fractionation using acetone improved the supercooling capacity of stearin while that of the olein fraction was not affected. When the fat was subjected to dry fractionation at 35 C, DHS‐TGs, due to their high melting nature, were removed to a greater extent in the form of stearin, thereby improving the supercooling capacity of the olein.
Variations in fat content and lipid class composition in ten different mango varieties
Authors: Ali M. A. , Gafur M. A. , Rahman M. S. , Ahmed G. M.
Published: January 2007

The kernels of 10 different mango varieties were extracted. The physico‐chemical characteristics and lipid class composition of fats were studied. The fat content of mango kernels grown under the soil and climatic conditions of Bangladesh varied from 7.1% to 10%, depending on the variety. The total lipid extracts were fractionated into lipid classes by a combination of column and thin layer chromatography (TLC). The hydrocarbon and sterol esters varied from 0.3% to 0.7%, triglycerides from 55.6% to 91.5%, partial glycerides from 2.3% to 4% and free sterol from 0.3% to 0.6%. Free fatty acids amounted to 3.0–37% as oleic; glycolipids were 0.6–1.2% and phospholipids 0.11–0.8%. The fatty acid composition of triglyceride (TG) fractions was analyzed by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Palmitic acid varied from 7.9 molar % to 10.0 molar %, stearic from 38.2% to 40.2%, oleic from 41.1% to 43.8%, linoleic from 6.0% to 7.6%, linolenic from 0.6% to 1.0% and arachidic acid from 1.7% to 2.6%. TLC revealed the presence of lyso‐phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidic acid in the phospholipid fraction.
Preparation and surface active properties of alcohol ethoxylates with an amide oxime terminal group
Authors: Masuyama Araki , Okano Tomomichi , Okahara Mitsuo
Published: January 2007

Amide oxime compounds have become of major interest because they can complex with uranium, gallium and various transition metal ions. In this work surface active amide oximes were prepared to make some functions of the amide oxime group exhibit as molecular aggregates in aqueous media. Amide oximes were obtained from nitriles which were prepared by the cyanoethylation of alcohol ethoxylates with a monodispersed oligo(oxyethylene) group. Surface active properties of these compounds were measured under various conditions and were compared with nonionics of the alcohol ethoxylate type. The pKa1 values of these amide oximes were about five, and they acted as cationic surfactants under acidic conditions and nonionic ones under neutral and basic conditions. When they served as nonionics, the cloud point, CMC, γCMC and foaming properties of surface active amide oximes were similar to other alcohol ethoxylate nonionics.
Adsorption of lutein from soybean oil on silicic acid II. Kinetics
Authors: Proctor Andrew , Snyder Harry E.
Published: January 2007

Adsorption kinetics of lutein on silicic acid from a crude soybean oil miscella were first order with respect to lutein at small pigment concentrations but zero order above 15 µM. Lutein adsorption was first order with respect to silica. Triglyceride adsorption was first order with respect to triglyceride concentration and adsorbent dose. The adsorption rate constant of lutein was reduced by increasing the triglyceride concentrations relative to that of lutein. Both lutein and triglyceride were reversibly bound. The kinetic data indicated competition between lutein and triglyceride for adsorption sites.
The calibration of NIR reflectance spectrometer for the determination of diverse compositional parameters
Authors: Barton F. E. , Cavanagh G. C.
Published: January 2007

Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used to analyze a variety of agricultural commodities. Many times the success or lack of it has been due to inadequate computational capabilities or asking more of the instrument than its capabilities. This study showed that for the development of multiple analytical methods by Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) a sophisticated instrument computer software system can perform multiple analyses and that different data treatments were required for each constituent. In this case a scanning monochromator with a digital mini computer and the USDA/Pennsylvania State University software system could easily be calibrated to determine simultaneously the percentages of moisture, protein and residual oil in cottonseed meal. High RSQ (.98–.99 for all constituents) and low standard errors of prediction (SEP) (0.18 moisture, 0.1 oil and 0.34 protein) were obtained. Success was due to the acquisition of sufficient data for all three analyses (via the monochromator) and the use of sufficient computing power to obtain an optimized calibration where each constituent required a different mathematical data treatment.
Super acid catalyzed dimerization of fatty acids derived from safflower oil and dehydrated castor oil
Authors: Rajadhyaksha R. A. , Chaudharl D. D. , Joshi G. W.
Published: January 2007

Dimerization of fatty acids derived from dehydrated castor oil and safflower oil was carried out on the recently described sulphate‐treated zirconia catalyst and trifluoromethane sulphonic acid (triflic acid) under autogeneous pressure in the temperature range of 160–240 C. Triflic acid was observed to be highly active; however, the product obtained was deeply colored. Zirconia exhibited high activity for the reaction. The important features of this catalyst were the high selectivity for dimer (low yields of trimer) and no significant coloration of the products. The zirconia catalyst shows promise for industrial use.
Instrumental method for evaluating static control in laundry
Authors: Tiede Merlin G.
Published: January 2007

The most difficult performance attribute to measure when evaluating a fabric softener has been static control. Several instrumental methods have been used in the past, all with limited success. The most frequently used method has been a subjective evaluation by an experienced operator, but this also has obvious short‐comings. The topic method is based on a Faraday Cage. Test swatches are removed from the dryer and placed in an insulated stainless steel tank. As each swatch is removed, a corresponding charge is induced on the tank, which is measured by a high impedence volt meter.
Seed proton NMR spin‐grouping
Authors: Schreiner L. J. , Pintar M. M. , Blinc R.
Published: January 2007

Proton spin grouping in the rotating frame allows for a distinction between oil, water and starch protons with a resolution which exceeds the one with the standard proton T1 or T2 oil and water separation experiments. Hence, it has clear advantages in plant breeding programs in those situations where, because of the relatively high oil and water content, the standard NMR technique fails unless the seeds are dried artificially. This technique is just as fast as the standard technique.
High‐performance liquid chromatography of the triacylglycerols ofVernonia galamensis andCrepis alpina seed oils
Authors: Neff W. E. , Adlof R. O. , Konishi H. , Weisleder D.
Published: January 2007

The triacylglycerols ofVernonia galamensis andCrepis alpina seed oils were characterized because these oils have high concentrations of vernolic (cis‐12,13‐epoxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenoic) and crepenynic (cis‐9‐octadecen‐12‐ynoic) acids, respectively. The triacylglycerols were separated from other components of crude oils by solid‐phase extraction, followed by resolution and quantitation of the individual triacylglycerols by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography with an acetonitrile/methylene chloride gradient and flame‐ionization detection. Isolated triacylglycerols were characterized by proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance and by capillary gas chromatography of their fatty acid methyl esters. The locations of the fatty acids on the glycerol moieties in the oils were obtained by lipolysis. TheVernonia galamensis oil contained 50% trivernoloyl and 21% divernoloyllinoleoyl glycerols along with 20% triacylglycerols with one vernolic and two other fatty acids. TheCrepis alpina oil contained 36% tricrepenynoyl and 33% dicrepenynoyllinoleoyl glycerols, 17% triacylglycerols with two crepenynic and one other fatty acid and 7% triacylglycerols with one crepenynic acid and two other fatty acids. Vernolic acid was found at both the 1(3)‐ and 2‐glycerol carbons but was more abundant at the 1,(3)‐position in theVernonia galamensis oil. Crepenynic acid was found at both glycerol carbon positions but was more abundant at the 2‐position in theCrepis alpina oil.
Comparison of oxidative stability of high‐ and normal‐oleic peanut oils
Authors: O’Keefe S. F. , Wiley V. A. , Knauft D. A.
Published: January 2007

A peanut breeding line with high‐oleic acid and an isogenic sister line with normal fatty acid composition were obtained. Oil was extracted with dichloromethane and processed in the laboratory by alkali neutralization and bleaching. Fatty acid compositions were determined by gas chromatography and application of theoretical response factors. Oils were extracted and processed in duplicate. The oxidative stability of the oils was measured by the Schall oven test (80°C), active oxygen method (AOM) (112°C) and by comparison of oxidation rates on thin‐layer chromatography‐flame ionization detector (TLC‐FID) rods (100°C). Fatty acid analysis indicated that the high‐oleic line had 75.6 and 4.7% oleic and linoleic acids, respectively, compared to 56.1 and 24.2% for the normal line. The induction times for the Schall test were 682 and 47 h for high‐ and normal‐oleic oils (P<0.01). The AOM induction times were 69 and 7.3 h for high and normal oils, respectively (P<0.01). The times to reach 50% loss in triglyceride area on TLC‐FID were 847 and 247 min for high‐oleic compared to normal‐oleic oils (P<0.01). The results indicate that high‐oleic peanut oil has much greater autoxidation stability as compared to normal oil.
Antioxidant effects of d‐tocopherols at different concentrations in oils during microwave heating
Authors: Yoshida Hiromi , Kajimoto Goro , Emura Shiuji
Published: January 2007

The effects of d‐tocopherols at different concentrations (50 to 1000 ppm) on the oxidative stability of ethyl linoleate and tocopherol‐stripped oils were investigated under microwave heating conditions. Purified substrate oils were prepared by aluminum oxide column chromatography. After the addition of tocopherols (α‐, β‐, γ‐ or δ‐) to the oils, peroxide, carbonyl andp‐anisidine values were measured in the samples after heating in a microwave oven. Further, the residual amount of tocopherol homologues in the oils after heating was determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography for evaluation of their effects at different concentrations on oxidative deterioration. Microwave heating resulted in some acceleration in the oxidation of the purified substrate oils. Optimum concentrations of tocopherols required to increase oxidative stability were 100 ppm for α‐, 150–200 ppm for β‐ or γ‐ and 500 ppm for δ‐tocopherol, respectively. The antioxidant effect of tocopherols decreased in the order α>β ≒ γ>δ at each level, in all substrates. Therefore, α‐tocopherol was consumed first, followed by β‐ or γ‐tocopherol, and δ‐tocopherol was consumed more slowly. The tocopherols had no further significant antioxidant activity (P>0.05) at concentrations higher than 500 ppm.
Our experiences in processing maize (corn) germ oil
Authors: Leibovitz Z. , Ruckenstein C.
Published: January 2007

This paper discusses the properties and composition of corn oil. Influences of processing steps on oil quality are described, along with alkali and physical refining, degumming, bleaching, dewaxing, deacification‐decodorization. A new method for wet degumming‐bleaching and deacidification‐deodorization is presented. Flowsheets and other data are given for a new 150 metric tons per day of corn oil plant.
Economics of energy use in various solvent extraction processes
Authors: Juristowszky G.
Published: January 2007

Energy consumption such as steam and electricity for processing various oilseeds, particularly sunflower and rapeseed, is compared for three different processes‐conventional prepressing and solvent extraction, direct solvent extraction, and cold prepressing of whole seed and solvent extraction. Besides emphasizing energy, the talk discusses aspects of quality and economics of edible oil production.
Identification of diacylglycero‐4′‐O‐(N,N,N‐trimethyl)homoserine in mushrooms
Authors: Vaskovsky Victor E. , Khotimchenko Svetlana V. , Benson Andrew A.
Published: January 2007

An unusual polar lipid component was found in some mushrooms and was isolated fromBoletus edulis. It has been identified as diacylglycero‐4′‐O‐(N,N,N‐trimethyl)‐homoserine (DGTS) by its thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) mobilities and staining behavior as well as by means of infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Identification of this lipid in mushrooms indicated that DGTS is widely distributed among a diverse group of lower plants and may have chemotaxonomic significance for fungi. It is interesting that DGTS is a component of some edible mushrooms commonly consumed in food.
Phospholipid synthesis by chick retinal microsomes: Fatty acid preference and effect of fatty acid binding protein
Authors: Sellner Peggy A. , Phillips Arlana R.
Published: January 2007

The acylation of 1‐palmitoyl‐sn‐glycerophosphocholine (1‐16∶0‐GPC) or 1‐palmitoyl‐sn‐glycerophosphoethanolamine (1‐16∶0‐GPE) was measured using the microsomal fraction prepared from retinas of 14–15‐day‐old chick embryos. Rates of incorporation of exogenously supplied fatty acids into diacyl‐GPC were generally 5–7 times greater than into diacyl‐GPE. Substrate preferences for incorporation into diacyl‐GPC and diacyl‐GPE were, respectively, 18∶2>18∶3=20∶5>20∶4>18∶1>22∶6=18∶0 and 18∶2>22∶6≽18∶3=18∶0≽20∶4=18∶1>20∶5. The apparent selectivities were not consistent with the reported fatty acid compositions of these lipid classes. The addition of partially purified fatty acid binding protein (FABP) to the reaction had no effect either on overall rates of incorporation or on the substrate preference. When fatty acyl‐CoA substrates were used, rates of incorporation of the 18∶0 derivative were much higher than with the fatty acid, while rates with other fatty acyl‐CoA were similar to those with the respective fatty acid. Substrate preferences for CoA derivatives incorporated into diacyl‐GPC were: 18∶0>20∶4>18∶2≽22∶6, and into diacyl‐GPE: 20∶4=22∶6>18∶0>18∶2. Polyunsaturated fatty acyl CoA (PUFA‐CoA) were thus favored for incorporation into diacyl‐GPE, and to a lesser extent into diacyl‐GPC, a result that is consistent with composition data. When purified FABP was added to the reactions, there was an increase in the incorporation of 18∶0‐CoA and a decrease or no change in the incorporation of PUFA‐CoA. The deacylation/reacylation cycle thus appears to play a role in the modification of phospholipid composition. The data are not consistent, however, with a role for FABP in directing PUFA toward membrane lipid synthesis.
Capillary gas‐liquid chromatographic separation of oxo and oxo‐hydroxy bile acid isomers of theallo and normal series
Authors: Iida Takashi , Komatsubara Ichiro , Chang Frederic C. , Goto Junichi , Nambara Toshio
Published: January 2007

Capillary gas‐liquid chromatographic separation was studied for 60 oxo and oxo‐hydroxy bile acids of theallo (5α‐H, A/B‐trans) and normal (5β‐H, A/B‐cis) series, which differ from one another in the number, position, and configuration of oxo and hydroxy groups at positions C−3, C−4, C−6, C−7, and/or C−12. Good separation of the isomers was achieved by the use of an aluminum‐clad fused‐silica capillary column coated with bonded and cross‐linked methyl polysiloxane.
X‐Ray diffraction study of sodium soaps of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Jandacek R. J. , Broering W. B.
Published: January 2007

X‐Ray powder diffraction patterns of the sodium soaps of 14 monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were obtained at room temperature. The patterns of the soaps of 9,12‐trans,trans‐octadecadienoic acid, 11,14‐cis,cis‐eicosadienoic acid 11,14,17‐allcis‐eicosatrienoic acid and 5 monounsaturated fatty acids were typical of the crystalline lamellar phase. The patterns of the soaps of 9,12‐cis,cis‐octadecadienoic, allcis‐9,12,15‐octadecatrienoic, allcis‐8,11,14‐eicostrienoic, allcis‐5,8,11,14‐eicosatetraenoic, allcis‐5,8,11,14,17‐eicosapentaenoic and allcis‐4,7,10,13,16,19‐docosahexaenoic acids were indicative of the less ordered forms reported for sodium oleate at elevated temperature. The diffraction data from the less ordered soaps are consistent with the melted form of the hydrocarbon chains of the unsaturated acids at room temperature.
Apparent lack of effect of obesity on the soluble phosphatidic acid phosphatase activity in human adipose tissue
Authors: Björkhem Ingemar , Al‐Shurbaji Ayman , Backman Lars , Arner Peter
Published: January 2007

In view of previous reports that the activity of the Mg++‐dependent phosphatidic acid phosphatase in adipose tissues of rat and mouse is elevated in obesity, we attempted to assay this activity in biopsies of human omental adipose tissue obtained from normal‐weight and morbidly obese subjects in connection with operations.

The major portion of the phosphatidic acid phosphatase activity was found in the cytosol, and the small amount found in the microsomal fraction was too low for accurate measurement. It was not possible to assay the activity in the crude cytosol. After precipitation with ammonium sulfate, however, the enzyme activity was linear with both the incubation time and the concentration of enzyme. It was not possible to obtain substrate saturation of the enzyme under the conditions employed.

When assayed in the presence of a high concentration of substrate (0.6 mmol/l) the activity obtained in normalweight pateints, 7.8±2.4 nmol/mg protein/min (n=10), was not significantly different from that in morbidly obese patients, 5.6±0.8 nmol/mg protein/min (n=10). There was no relation between the size of adipose cells and phosphatidic acid phosphatase activity. Furthermore, there was no apparent relation between phosphatidic acid phosphatase activity in omental adipose tissue and that in the liver

The findings suggest that the increased biosynthesis of triglycerides in human obesity is not associated with an increased capacity of the soluble phosphatidic acid phosphatase in adipose tissue.
Some radiochemical experiments on minor constitutents in soybean oil
Authors: Mounts T. L. , Evans C. D. , Dutton H. J. , Cowan J. C.
Published: January 2007

A14C‐labeled high molecular weight hydrocarbon and an insecticidal compound were added as minor constituents in soybean oil samples. Liquid scintillation counting was used to assay the radioactivity of the oil preceding and after laboratory simulations of commercial processing procedures (bleaching and deodorization). Radiochemical techniques were found to be highly sensitive and quantitative and detection was unaffected by chemical modification or decomposition of the parent compound. Labeled (14C) benzo(a)pyrene was retained primarily by the oil during extraction, filtering, solvent stripping, deodorization and treatment with AOCS bleaching earths. Treatment of the oil with activated charcoal effected removal of this hydrocarbon. Bleaching was ineffective in removing added14C‐endrin from the oil but a deodorization using specific conditions of temperature (250 C), time (2 hr), and pressure (4.5 mm) removed this constituent.
Lipids of maturing grain of corn (Zea mays L.): I. Changes in lipid classes and fatty acid composition
Authors: Weber Evelyn J.
Published: January 2007

The total lipids of the grain from three strains of corn were compared throughout the growing season. The Illinois High Oil stock and the two inbreds, H51 and K6, represented high, intermediate and low oil‐producing lines. In all three strains lipid synthesis was most active between 15 and 45 days after pollination. The lipids were extracted from the grain with a mixture of chloroform, methanol and water and were separated into classes by silicic acid and thin layer chromatography. Triglycerides constituted 10–17% of the total lipids at 10 days after pollination and increased to 75–92% at 75 days. Polar lipids at 10 days represented 70–72% and at 75 days 4–21%. Fatty acid compositions of the triglycerides and polar lipids changed as the grain matured, but the fatty acids of the polar lipids were more saturated than those of the triglycerides throughout the sampling periods. The major polar lipids were digalactosyl diglyceride, monogalactosyl diglyceride, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl inositol and phosphatidyl ethanolamine.
Removal of copper from hydrogenated soybean oil
Authors: Beal R. E. , Moulton K. J. , Moser H. A. , Black L. T.
Published: January 2007

Hydrogenation with a copper‐chromite catalyst at 170 C, 30 psi, increased the copper content of a refined, bleached soybean oil from 0.02 to as much as 3.8 ppm. Removing residual copper from soybean oil is essential to the successful use of copper catalysts for selective hydrogenation. Various methods were examined to remove this copper, including alkali refining, bleaching, acid washing, citric acid treatment and cation‐exchange resin treatment. Properly conducted, each of the methods except alkali refining gives 95% or higher removal of copper introduced during hydrogenation. Ion exchange appears to be the most economical, but addition of about 0.01% citric acid during deodorization may be needed to inactivate traces of unremoved copper. Soybean oil hydrogenated with a copper‐chromite catalyst, bleached or treated with an ion‐exchange resin and deodorized with 0.01% citric acid added had low AOM peroxide values and acceptable flavor scores after eight days at 60 C which indicate that removal of residual copper from the oil should be adequate for the production of stable oils low in linolenic acid content.
Edible oil quality as measured by thermal release of pentane
Authors: Evans C. D. , List G. R. , Hoffmann R. L. , Moser Helen A.
Published: January 2007

As part of their thermal decomposition products, fatty hydroperoxides produce normal hydrocarbons. The extent of hydrocarbon formation can be measured and associated with the quality and potential stability of an oil. Edible oils containing linoleic acid develop 13‐hydroperoxy‐9,11‐octadecadienoic acid as one product of autoxidation. On thermal decomposition this hydroperoxide yields pentane; the amount released has been correlated with the flavor scores of fresh and aged soybean and cottonseed oils and with the peroxide values of these oils. The quantity of pentane released has an inverse linear relationship to flavor score and a direct linear relationship to peroxide values. Edible oils exposed to light exhibit a different relationship between flavor score and thermally derived pentane than do the same oils when autoxidized in the dark.
Cottonseed, protein and oil yields and oil properties as affected by nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization and growth regulators
Authors: Sawan Zakaria M. , El‐Farra Abd El‐Hamid A. , El‐Latif Sania Abd
Published: January 2007

Two experiments were carried out at our research center during the 1981 and 1982 seasons on cotton cultivar Giza 75 (Gossypium barbadense L.) to investigate the influence of nitrogen fertilization rates (72, 144 or 216 kg/ha.), phosphorus levels (36 or 72 kg P2O5/ha.) and three growth regulators (IAA, IBA or NAA) applied to cotton plants at 10 ppm and sprayed three times (70, 85 and 100 days after sowing) on protein and oil yields, and oil properties. A randomized complete block design with four replications treatment combinations was used.

The combined analysis of the results of the two seasons revealed that yields of cottonseed, oil and protein increased by raising nitrogen and phosphorus levels and under the application of growth regulators. Seed index increased by raising the added nitrogen and the applied growth regulants. No detectable effect of phosphorus levels was observed. The seed oil percentage decreased, although the protein percentage increased, when the nitrogen application rate was raised. Application of growth regulators and a high phosphorus level increased the seed oil percentage, but the seed protein percentage was not affected. The seed oil properties, i.e., acidity, saponification and iodine values, tended to decrease slightly by increasing the nitrogen application rate and the application of growth substances, but the trend reversed when the phosphorus level was raised. The mean values of oil specific gravity and refractive index did not show any definite responses.
Metal‐catalyzed oxidation in the presence of water in foods
Authors: Labuza T. P. , Silver M. , Cohn M. , Heidelbaugh N. D. , Karel M.
Published: January 2007

Methyl linoleate was oxidized in model systems consisting of either cellulose or casein with which the lipid was dispersed with water containing cobalt salts. The dispersion was extruded into Warburg flasks, frozen and freeze‐dried at 100 µ Hg and with platen temperatures of 80 F. The samples were then humidified over saturated salt solutions to give moisture contents from less than 1 g H2O/100 g solids up to 30 g H2O/100 g solids. The higher moisture contents were obtained by addition of glycerol to the model system during preparation and humidification at 60–75% RH. Chelating agents including EDTA and citric acid in concentrations of 1 to 10 moles per mole of cobalt ion were used in some experiments. Oxidation was followed manometrically and by peroxide analysis. At low water contents, water acts as an antioxidant through hydration of metallic catalysts. As the moisture content increases, water promotes oxidation through its solvent activity. In the region of capillary condensation, antioxidant effect of metal hydration is overshadowed by the prooxidant effect of metal solubilization. The water soluble chelating agents such as EDTA act on metals in aqueous solution and their activity is promoted by increased moisture content.
Calcium requirement for lipoxygenase catalyzed linoleate oxidation
Authors: Koch R. B. , Brumfiel Bradford L. , Brumfiel Mary N.
Published: January 2007

In further studies of the calcium (Ca2+) activation of lipoxygenase, it was observed that Ca2+ was the most specific cation for this enzyme activation. However, Mn2+ and Mg2+ were also activators, while Fe3+ and Cu2+ were competitive inhibitors. The pH activity curves for lipoxygenase showed different pH optima in the presence and absence of Ca2+. The difference can be explained by the presence of two enzymes or a single enzyme requiring two ionizable groups for activity. Buffer type and concentration were found to affect the enzyme activity at constant Ca2+ concentration. Order of addition of enzyme and Ca2+ to reaction mixture was investigated to better understand Ca2+ activation. Tween 20 was found to strongly inhibit the Ca2+ activated lipoxygenase at pH 7.5, while stimulating non‐Ca2+‐activated lipoxygenase at pH 6.4. These results seem to vie for the possibility of two different enzymes. A cold insoluble material was recovered from navy bean extracts which, when added to the reaction mixture, caused stimulation of lipoxygenase activity when low concentrations of imidazole were used as the buffer. These studies give additional evidence to show that despite previous reports to the contrary, a lipoxygenase does exist which requires the presence of a divalent cation for its activity.
Catalysts of lipid peroxidation in meats
Authors: Kwoh Theresa Liu
Published: January 2007

Hemoprotein and non‐heme iron components are active catalysts of lipid peroxidation. The behavior of these two catalysts under a number of conditions was compared as a basis for a study of their activities in meats. In model systems, MetMb accelerated linoleic acid peroxidation in a pH range from 5.6 to 7.8; it catalyzed especially rapidly at higher pH. A complex of ferrous ion [Fe(II)] and EDTA, a non‐heme iron model, in a 1:1 ratio accelerated peroxidation at lower pH; no catalysis took place above pH 6.4. Most chelating agents eliminated Fe(II)‐EDTA catalysis, but had no effect on MetMb catalysis. Reducing agents, on the other hand, accelerated Fe(II)‐EDTA catalysis but inhibited MetMb catalysis. In model systems in which fresh dilute (1.2%, w/v) meat homogenate was the catalyst, the effect of the heme predominated. An exception was ascorbic acid; it accelerated oxidation at pH 5.6. The pattern of linoleate peroxidation catalyzed by heme‐free (H2O2‐treated) beef homogenate and shrimp homogenate was similar to that in the Fe(II)‐EDTA model system. Again, ascorbic acid accelerated the catalysis and the acceleration could be eliminated by adding chelating agents. The presence of a non‐heme iron catalyst in meat is thus indicated. Evidence is presented for both types of catalytic activity in meats. In cooked meats, heme was the dominant catalyst, but significant lipid oxidation, apparently catalyzed by a non‐heme iron‐type catalyst, occurred in cooked meats in which the heme had been destroyed by H2O2. In raw meats, lipid oxidation was inhibited at high pH because of removal of oxygen by enzymatic reducing systems. Both heme and non‐heme iron were active at lower pH values. EDTA inhibited lipid oxidation during storage, presumably by its demonstrated effect on non‐heme iron catalysis. Ascorbic acid also inhibited lipid oxidation, probably indirectly by keeping the heme pigment in the catalytic inactive ferrous state.
Degossypolized cottonseed flour—the liquid cyclone process
Authors: Vix H. L. E. , Eaves P. H. , Gardner H. K. , Lambou M. G.
Published: January 2007

Predictions can be made safely that glanded cottonseed is likely to be with us for quite some time. Worldwide, 20 to 22 million metric tons of glanded cottonseed are produced annually. Hence a workable process for the removal of pigment glands is needed urgently if food‐grade products are to be made from cottonseed. A brief history of the development of the Liquid Cyclone Process for the preparation of degossypolized cottonseed flour is outlined. Gossypol is removed in pigment glands via liquid cyclones, thus giving the development its name. The process consists of several unique operations including adequate drying of the meats prior to flaking, fluidizing of the flakes using commercial hexane, comminuting the fluidized slurry in a stone mill and adjusting the solids content of the milled slurry for proper separation of the fine flour from the glands, hulls and coarse meal in the cyclones. Finally, the flour is defatted and washed with hexane on a rotary vacuum filter, dried and desolventized under mild conditions to maintain protein quality. It is visualized that the above operations can be incorporated in a satellite plant operated in conjunction with a parent solvent extraction cottonseed oil mill. Sanitary conditions of the satellite plant will meet the exacting standards of the better food processing plants. Raw material specifications as well as type of plant needed and potential markets are discussed.
Metal inactivation in edible oils by carboxymethylmercapto succinic acid
Authors: Evans C. D. , Schwab A. W. , Cooney Patricia M.
Published: January 2007

Carboxymethylmercapto succinic acid was one of the most effective metal inactivators examined for use in glyceride oils. The effectiveness is based on oxidative A.O.M. peroxide tests and on the organoleptic evaluation of various types of oils and shortenings. Indexes as high as 80‐fold have been observed in preventing peroxide development. Extensive taste panel evaluations have shown significant improvements in the initial flavor and flavor stability of oils and shortenings treated with this mercapto acid. Indications are that the material has an extremely low order of toxicity. Acute tests have shown that the toxicity of the sodium salt is less than that of sodium citrate.

The thermal instability to withstand deodorization temperatures and the possibility of the development of a mercaptan odor and taste in oils subjected to a high temperature is a serious disadvantage. Under some conditions the low order of fat solubility and the poisoning of hydrogenation catalyst would be detrimental in some oil‐processing operations.

Carboxymethylmercapto succinic acid and its derivatives may find use in salad oils, special hydrogenated oils for candy, icing, etc., vitamin preparations, drugs, and similar products where excellent trace metal‐inactivating properties are required and where exposure to high temperatures is not encountered.