bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mid‐ and late‐Holocene climatic changes: a test of periodicity and solar forcing in proxy‐climate data from blanket peat bogs
Authors: Chambers Frank M. , Blackford Jeffrey J.
Published: August 2002

A wide range of palaeoenvironmental evidence from the Holocene has suggested periodicities in the Earth's climate of 10s to 1000s of years. Identifying these millennial‐, century‐ and decadal periodicities, and their impacts, is critical in developing a fuller understanding of natural climate variability. Any solar‐induced climatic change needs to be distinguished from other causes of natural climate variability and from short‐term catastrophic events induced either by external or internal processes. Such events might themselves generate a periodicity, or in combination with other forcing factors they may contribute towards a periodicity (and so spuriously imply a universal and continuing periodicity in the climate record), or they may resonate with a solar‐induced periodicity. Here, evidence from peat records for periodicity in climate change over the mid to late Holocene is reviewed and this is followed by a test of the replicability of claimed periodicities using blanket peat data covering the past 2000 yr from four sites in the British Isles. Results suggest that the mires studied do go through phases of being responsive to periodic forcing factors, with ca. 200, ca. 80 and 60–50 yr wavelengths reflected in some data sets. However, the patterns shown are not consistent. This could be the result of local conditions at individual mires (human impact, sensitivity and vegetation succession) or of changes in the strength or nature of global forcing factors. Assessing a solar–mire link remains difficult because the century‐scale variations of the Sun show different intervals between solar minima, the durations of which are themselves unequal, and because the proxy‐climate data‐sets from peat profiles may themselves not be dated with sufficient precision and/or accuracy. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cosmogenic radionuclide dating of glacial landforms in the Lahul Himalaya, northern India: defining the timing of Late Quaternary glaciation
Authors: Owen Lewis A. , Gualtieri Lyn , Finkel Robert C. , Caffee Marc W. , Benn Doug I. , Sharma Milap C.
Published: August 2002

The timing of glaciation in the Lahul Himalaya of northern India was ascertained using the concentrations of cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al from boulders on moraines and drumlins, and from glacially polished bedrock surfaces. Five glacial stages were identified: Sonapani I and II, Kulti, Batal and Chandra. Of these, cosmogenic exposure ages were obtained on samples representative of the Batal and Kulti glacial cycles. Stratigraphical relationships indicate that the Sonapani I and II are younger. No age was obtained for the Chandra glacial advance. Batal Glacial Stage deposits are found throughout the valley, indicating the presence of an extensive valley glacial system. During the Kulti Stage, glaciers advanced ca. 10 km beyond their current positions. Moraines produced during the Batal Stage, ca. 12–15.5 ka, are coeval with the Northern Hemisphere Late‐glacial Interstadial (Bølling/Allerød). Deglaciation of the Batal Glacial Stage was completed by ca. 12 ka and was followed by the Kulti Glacial Stage during the early Holocene, at ca. 10–11.4 ka. On millennial time‐scales, glacier oscillations in the Lahul Himalaya apparently reflect periods of positive mass‐balance coincident with times of increased insolation. During these periods the South Asian summer monsoon strengthened and/or extended its influence further north and west, thereby enhancing high‐altitude summer snowfall. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The geomorphological impact of Loch Lomond (Younger Dryas) Stadial plateau icefields in the central Lake District, northwest England
Authors: McDougall Derek A.
Published: August 2002

Detailed geomorphological mapping has revealed evidence for the development of plateau icefields in the central fells of the English Lake District during the Loch Lomond (Younger Dryas) Stadial (ca. 12.9–11.5 ka). The largest plateau icefield system, which covered an area of approximately 55 km2 (including outlet glaciers), was centred on High Raise. To the west, smaller plateau icefields developed on Grey Knotts/Brandreth and Dale Head, covering areas of 7 km2 and 3 km2 respectively. The geomorphological impact of these plateau icefields appears to have been minimal on the summits, where the survival of blockfields and other frost‐weathered debris (mostly peat‐covered) implies the existence of at least patches of protective, cold‐based ice. Ice‐moulded bedrock at some plateau edges, however, documents a transition to wet‐based, erosive conditions. Prominent moraine systems were produced by outlet glaciers, which descended into the surrounding valleys where their margins became sediment traps for supraglacial debris and inwash. In some valleys, ice‐marginal moraines record successive positions of outlet glaciers, which actively backwasted towards their plateau source. This interpretation differs from that of previous workers, who assumed an alpine style of glaciation, with reconstructed glaciers emanating from corries and valley heads. It is likely that plateau icefields were more common at this time in upland Britain than hitherto has been appreciated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microscopic charcoal in sediments: Quaternary fire history of the grassland and savanna regions in South Africa
Authors: Scott L.
Published: August 2002

The microscopic charcoal content of several Quaternary pollen sequences is used to investigate fire history in South Africa both during the Holocene and the Late Pleistocene. Although fluctuations in charcoal composition are recorded, it is difficult to link them directly to either human‐made or natural fires. Strong long‐term variations in microscopic charcoal of Middle and Upper Pleistocene layers are independent of pollen indications of past temperature and moisture conditions. Holocene charcoal sequences from different areas show no correlation, so no phases of regional burning are found. Some fluctuations in charcoal probably are the result of local burning in the various regions. The arrival of Iron Age people some 2000 yr ago apparently did not coincide with widespread wild fires, as these events do not consistently appear in regional microscopic charcoal records. The only exception appears to be the Wonderkrater spring deposit. Relatively open savanna environments, which are implied by pollen analysis at some sites during this period and the generally low microscopic charcoal contents, were either caused by climate change or controlled burning by Iron Age people. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of the wavelet transform method in quantitative analysis of Raman spectra
Authors: Cai Wensheng , Wang Liya , Pan Zhongxiao , Zuo Jian , Xu Cunyi , Shao Xueguang
Published: August 2002

The Raman spectra of ethanolic solutions of CCl4 of different concentrations were measured and de‐noised by the wavelet transform method. The results show that noise can be filtered efficiently without changing the peak positions and the linear relationships between the peak intensity and the concentration can be maintained. It was demonstrated that the wavelet transform method can be used efficiently in quantitative analysis of Raman spectra with high noise levels. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface‐enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy of water‐insoluble Ni(II) porphine adsorbed on aqueous silver sol: suppression of antisymmetric scattering, antiresonance effect and higher order scattering
Authors: Li Xiao‐Yuan , Petrov Vladimir I. , Chen Dongming , Yu Nai‐Teng
Published: August 2002

With the intention of examining how adsorption on a SERS‐active surface affects the electronic resonance enhancement in surface‐enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) from Ni(II) porphine (NiP), we acquired high‐quality SERR spectra from very low concentrations of NiP (∼10−8 M) in aqueous Ag sol from 50 to 3500 cm−1 with excitations across both the Soret and Q absorption bands. Water‐insoluble NiP was transferred to aqueous silver sol surface by using pyridine as carrying solvent, taking advantage of the fact that it both dissolves NiP and is partially miscible with water at the same time. It was found that SERS boosts the overall sensitivity of resonance Raman scattering by providing extra enhancement (the surface enhancement) to a1g, b1g and b2g modes, but not to a2g modes. As a consequence, a relative ‘suppression’ effect of antisymmetric scattering by a2g modes was observed when excitation was tuned into the Q absorption band region in SERR spectra. With excitations in the valley between the Soret and Q absorption bands, an antiresonance effect was observed in the SERR spectra for the totally symmetric ν6 mode at 995 cm−1 which was attributed to the destructive interference between Franck–Condon and Herzberg–Teller mechanisms. Strong second‐order and weak third‐order Raman scattering were observed in the SERR spectra of NiP when excitation was tuned close to and across the Q1 absorption band. A vibronic theory based on the extension of Albrecht's formalism was developed to account for the activation of high‐order Raman scattering and for the antiresonance effect of the ν6 band. More than 100 Raman wavenumbers, including both fundamentals and overtones/combinations, both in‐plane and out‐of‐plane modes, were observed for NiP in its SERRS spectra. The wavenumbers from the SERR spectra agree very well with those obtained from RR spectra from a homogeneous NiP solution and FTIR data from KBr (CsI) pellets, suggesting that adsorption of NiP on a SERS‐active surface is physisorption in nature, and that such adsorption has a negligibly small effect to the vibrational wavenumbers. The observed Raman wavenumbers from SERR spectra are also in excellent agreement with those predicted from ab initio/DFT calculations for both in‐plane and out‐of‐plane modes. Many out‐of‐plane modes and IR‐active in‐plane modes were observed in the SERR spectra of NiP, suggesting that the effective symmetry of the adsorbed NiP is lower than the ideal planar D4h. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature‐dependent structural characterization of sol–gel deposited strontium titanate (SrTiO3) thin films using Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Gupta S. , Katiyar R. S.
Published: August 2002

An Erratum has been published for this article in Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 33 (2) 2002, 131.

The dynamics of the lattice optical phonons in strontium titanate (SrTiO3) thin films deposited on M‐plane sapphire [Al2O3(1010)] substrate using the sol–gel route were investigated. A detailed study of the temperature dependence of first‐order zone‐center optical phonons in the 70–300 K temperature range was carried out by means of Raman spectroscopy. The transverse optical phonons (denoted by TO1,2,3,4 in order of increasing wavenumber), which are symmetry forbidden in single crystals at room temperature, become Raman active in thin films. The lowering of symmetry is attributed either to the micro‐stress/strain or the presence of defects (such as oxygen vacancies V0), intrinsic defects in oxidic perovskites. The temperature dependence of the lowest wavenumber mode (TO1) is discussed and its Raman cross‐section was utilized to demonstrate the first‐order nature of Raman spectra. The Fano line profile and the associated asymmetric factor denoted by q of the TO2 phonon is interpreted as evidence of micro‐ or nanopolar regions (also known as ferroelectric microregions) in thin films, possibly arising due to highly polarized oxygen ions, likely to exist because of incomplete oxygenation during the film deposition. These optical phonon lines and the asymmetry of TO2 persist up to room temperature, another implication of the violation of the k conservation rule by breaking either the inversion or/and translation symmetry. The significant utility of micro‐Raman scattering in contrast to x‐ray diffraction as an important structural probe is also demonstrated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Observation of phase decomposition of Sr2FeMoO6 by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Son Le Hoang , Phuc Nguyen Xuan , Phuc Phan Vinh , Hong Nguyen Minh , Hong Le Van
Published: August 2002

Samples of Sr2FeMoO6 were prepared by a solid‐state reaction method in an ambient gas of strictly controlled oxygen content. These materials show a room temperature magnetoresistance of 2% in a magnetic field of 1.5 T. The double perovskite phase Sr2FeMoO6 is stable at low oxygen partial pressure. In air at temperatures higher than 400 °C it is unstable and quickly decomposes into SrMoO4 and SrFeO3−x. By means of different techniques such as x‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), thermomagnetization (TM) and Raman spectroscopy, we observed phase decomposition of the double perovskite Sr2FeMoO6. The temperature on the sample at the laser spot was estimated based on the ratio of the Stokes and anti‐Stokes intensity in the Raman scattering spectra, which were excited by an He–Ne laser beam with power densities ranging from 103 to 104 W cm−2. The estimated temperatures show that the decomposition is greatest around 550 °C. This is in agreement with results obtained from x‐ray diffraction, TGA and TM. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of structural defects in γ‐MnO2 by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Julien C. , Massot M. , Rangan S. , Lemal M. , Guyomard D.
Published: August 2002

The structural arrangement of γ‐MnO2 is currently explained by a random intergrowth of pyrolusite layers in a ramsdellite matrix. The structures of a large variety of γ‐MnO2 samples with various structural parameters Pr were studied by x‐ray powder diffraction and Raman scattering spectroscopy. We show that elucidation of the quantitative determination of the structural disorder present in γ‐MnO2 is accurate by Raman scattering spectroscopy. The Raman data for manganese dioxides with the γ‐type structure are treated by a local environment model, which allows one to consider the relationship between the band wavenumber and the pyrolusite intergrowth that corresponds to the structural De Wolff defects. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genes affecting starch biosynthesis exert pleiotropic effects on the protein content and composition of pea seeds
Authors: Hughes Richard K , Desforges Neil , Selwood Christopher , Smith Roger , Speirs Charles I , Sinnaeve Georges , Gorton Peter G , Wiseman Julian , Jumel Kornelia , Harding Stephen E , Hill Sandra E , Street Val , Wang Trevor L , Hedley Cliff L
Published: August 2002

We have used a series of near‐isogenic mutant pea lines defective in starch biosynthesis to identify genes that exert pleiotropic effects on the protein content and composition of the pea seed. The total protein contents of the flours obtained from the dry seed of these lines, determined using a new method based on amino acid analysis and validated by near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy, ranged from 19 to 28% of dry matter. Modifications in the legumin (11S)/vicilin (7S) ratios were confirmed by analytical ultracentrifugation and accompanied by compensatory increases in the albumin (2S–4S) content. Improving the albumin fraction of plant protein can be used to improve its nutritional value. There is additional variability in the solubility profiles for the protein in these lines. This variability has implications for the functional properties, processing behaviour, potential industrial applications, digestibility and nutritional value of the different pea meal and the protein fractions derived therefrom. Digestibility of the protein in meal and in air‐classified and extruded products from selected lines will be compared in nutritional evaluation trials with poultry to assess the suitability of these products for incorporation into animal diets.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Phenolic compounds and related enzymes as determinants of quality in fruits and vegetables
Authors: Tomás‐Barberán Francisco A , Espín Juan Carlos
Published: August 2002

Phenolic secondary metabolites play an important role in plant‐derived food quality, as they affect quality characteristics such as appearance, flavour and health‐promoting properties. Their content in foods is affected by many factors that influence phenolic stability, biosynthesis and degradation. In terms of their biosynthesis the key enzyme phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) is especially relevant, as it can be induced by different stress (environmental) conditions. In addition, polyphenol oxidases (PPO) and peroxidases (POD) are the main enzymes responsible for quality loss due to phenolic degradation. The different factors affecting phenolic‐related food quality are reviewed. These include internal (genetic) and environmental (agronomic) factors, technological treatments applied during postharvest storage of fruits and vegetables, as well as processing and storage of the processed products. The different strategies that are required to either maintain or enhance the phenolic‐related quality of foods are critically reviewed. Genetic modification designed to decrease polyphenol oxidases or peroxidases is not always a feasible method, owing to side problems related to the growth and defence of the plant. Agronomic treatments can be used to enhance the phenolic content and pigmentation of fruits and vegetables, although the information available on this topic is very scarce and even contradictory. Some postharvest treatments (cold storage, controlled or modified atmospheres, etc) can also improve phenolic‐related quality, as well as new processing methods such as irradiation (gamma, UV), high‐field electric pulses, high hydrostatic pressures and microwaves.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Flaxseed as a functional food source
Authors: Oomah B Dave
Published: August 2002

Flaxseed is emerging as one of the key sources of phytochemicals in the functional food arena. In addition to being one of the richest sources of α‐linolenic acid oil and lignans, flaxseed is an essential source of high‐quality protein and soluble fibre and has considerable potential as a source of phenolic compounds. The implications of diets containing flaxseed or its components for human nutrition and disease prevention are analysed in this paper. Results of the first meta‐analysis examining the relationship between intake of flaxseed or its components and risk reduction of disease in humans is presented. Some areas of potential opportunities and impact of using flaxseed or its components in the diet are highlighted.

For the Department of Agriculture and Agri‐Food, Government of Canada. © Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada 2001. Published for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanism of the pyrolysis of 1,2‐dichloroethane in the absence and presence of added chlorine
Authors: Huybrechts G. , Wouters G.
Published: August 2002

A detailed radical reaction model, both homogeneous and heterogeneous, is shown to describe quantitatively published initial rates of the pyrolysis of 1,2‐dichloroethane in the gas phase. These data were obtained in conditioned static reactors with different surface‐to‐volume ratios, in the absence (at 703 K) and presence (at 572 K) of chlorine. The pressures of 1,2‐dichloroethane and chlorine vary from 20 to 500 torr and from 0 to 16 torr, respectively. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 316–321, 2002
Direct measurements of the reaction H + CH2O → H2+ HCO behind shock waves by means of Vis–UV detection of formaldehyde
Authors: Friedrichs Gernot , Davidson David F. , Hanson Ronald K.
Published: August 2002

The combination of sensitive detection of formaldehyde by 174 nm absorption and use of ethyl iodide as a hydrogen atom source allowed direct measurements of the reaction H + CH2O → H2+ HCO behind shock waves. The rate constant was determined for temperatures from 1510 to 1960 K to bek2= 6.6 × 1014exp(−40.6 kJ mol−1/RT) cm3mol−1s−1(Δ logk2= ± 0.22)Considering the low uncertainty ink2, which accounts both for experimental and mechanism‐induced contributions, this result supports the upper range of previously reported, largely scattered high temperature rate constants. Vis–UV light of 174 nm was generated by a microwave N2discharge lamp. At typical reflected shock wave conditions of 1750 K and 1.3 atm, as low as 33 ppm formaldehyde could be detected. High temperature absorption cross sections of CH2O and other selected species have been determined. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 374–386, 2002
Rate constants for H + CH4, CH3 + H2, and CH4 dissociation at high temperature
Authors: Sutherland J. W. , Su M.‐C. , Michael J. V.
Published: August 2002

The Laser Photolysis‐Shock Tube technique coupled with H‐atom atomic resonance absorption spectrometry has been used to study the reaction, H + CH4 → CH3 + H2, over the temperature range, 928–1697 K. Shock‐tube studies on the reverse of this reaction, CH3 + H2 → H + CH4, using CH3I dissociation in the presence of H2 yielded H‐atom formation rates and rate constants for the reverse process over the temperature range, 1269–1806 K. These results were transformed (using well‐established equilibrium constants) to the forward direction. The combined results for H + CH4 can be represented by an experimental three parameter expression, k = 6.78 × 10−21 T3.156 exp(−4406 K/T) cm3 molecule−1 s−1 (348–1950 K) that was evaluated from the present work and seven previous studies. Using this evaluation, disagreements between previously reported values for the dissociation of CH4 could be reconciled. The thermal decomposition of CH4 was then studied in Kr bath gas. The dissociation results agreed with the earlier studies and were theoretically modeled with the Troe formalism. The energy transfer parameter necessary to explain both the present results and those of Kiefer and Kumaran (J Phys Chem 1993, 97, 414) is, −〈ΔE〉all/cm−1 = 0.3323 T0.7. The low temperature data on the reverse reaction, H + CH3 (in He) from Brouard et al. (J Phys Chem 1989, 93, 4047) were also modeled with the Troe formalism. Lastly, the rate constant for H + CH4 was theoretically calculated using conventional transition state theory with Eckart tunneling corrections. The potential energy surface used was from Kraka et al. (J Chem Phys 1993, 99, 5306) and the derived T‐dependence with this method agreed almost perfectly with the experimental evaluation. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 669–684, 2001
Total value management — a knowledge management concept for integrating TQM into concurrent product and process development
Authors: Prasad Biren
Published: August 2002

Most industrial implementations of total quality management (TQM) are based on dimensions, which are ‘quality‐oriented’, goals are ‘quality‐focused’ or efforts are ‘quality‐driven’. Today manufacturing sectors are much more fiercely competitive and global than before. Consumers are more demanding, competition is more contentious and ruthless, and technology is advancing (and changing) rapidly. The quality‐based philosophy inherent in a TQM implementation does not exploit the concurrencies present in today's complex product design, development and delivery (PD3) environment. The competitors are always finding better and faster ways of designing and developing products. With the TQM process alone, it is difficult to accomplish all aspects of Total Value Management (TVM) such as X‐ability, cost, leanness, responsiveness, agility, tools and technology, and organization issues. A new concurrent Knowledge Management process for Total Value Management is proposed here, which accounts for concurrency — paralleling of value characteristics — along with an integrated methodology for their systematic deployment. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards an integrated approach to knowledge management: ‘hard’, ‘soft’ and ‘abstract’ issues
Authors: Hlupic Vlatka , Pouloudi Athanasia , Rzevski George
Published: August 2002

Companies are often unaware of the potential value of corporate information and extent of data held in their systems. It is increasingly argued that analysis of such data and information can be transformed into knowledge that in turn can be used to gain business benefits such as a competitive advantage, minimization of costs, improved quality, responsiveness, or improved service to customers. This paper investigates the benefits of a systematic and interdisciplinary approach to research in knowledge management, particularly in investigating technical (‘hard’), organizational (‘soft’), as well as philosophical (‘abstract’) aspects of the concept. It describes in detail the framework used in research undertaken by the Centre for Knowledge and Business Process Management at Brunel University. We argue that this framework is useful to researchers and practitioners alike as it contributes to a systematic and more effective knowledge management approach. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems using an interpretive approach
Authors: Skok Walter , Legge Michael
Published: August 2002

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems may be defined as the implementation of standard software modules for core business processes, usually combined with customization for competitive differentiation. The aim is to provide breadth of integration and depth of functionality across multi‐functional and often multi‐national organizations. However, current research has shown that there has been a notable decrease in the satisfaction levels of ERP implementations over the period 1998–2000. The environment in which such software is selected, implemented andused may be viewed as a social activity system, which consists of a variety ofstakeholders e.g.users, developers, managers, suppliers and consultants. In such a context, an interpretive research approach is appropriate in order to understand the influences at work. This paper reports on an interpretive study that attempts to understand the reasons for this apparent lack ofsuccess by analyzing issues raised by representatives of key stakeholder groups. Conclusions are drawn on a wide range of organizational, management, cultural and political issues that provide guidance in managing such large‐scale, complex business projects. These conclusions have led theauthors to review the area of critical success factors (CSFs) for IS projects and to identify those peculiar to ERP projects. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The hydrological impacts and sustainability of wetland drainage cultivation in Illubabor, Ethiopia
Authors: Dixon A. B.
Published: August 2002

Wetlands are critical resources in the highlands of southwest Ethiopia, where they perform numerous environmental functions and provide a range of benefits for local communities. In recent years, however, an increase in the drainage and cultivation of these areas and reports of wetland degradation have raised concerns over the sustainability of wetland agriculture. This paper presents the results of a study in which groundwater levels were monitored in a series of wetlands undergoing different stages of drainage and cultivation, to establish the hydrological changes taking place as a consequence. The results suggest that drainage and cultivation induce extreme spatial and temporal variations in the wetland watertable. This is linked in part to structural and chemical changes in the wetland soil which affect hydraulic conductivity. Statistical analysis of this variability revealed the existence of wetland subunits, exhibiting specific hydrological behaviour, which may reflect the influence of current and past land use. Although degradation of these wetlands does occur, many wetland users are aware of their impacts and have developed practices which, in most cases, prevent overdrainage to the extent that the wetlands cannot support agriculture. In this respect, it is argued that wetland use remains hydrologically sustainable, although this ultimately rests upon the ability of communities to continue to develop and apply their indigenous wetland management practices under rapidly changing environmental, socio‐economic and political conditions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Voluntary simplicity and the ethics of consumption
Authors: Shaw Deirdre , Newholm Terry
Published: August 2002

The increased levels of consumption that have accompanied our consumer‐oriented culture have also given rise to some consumers questioning their individual consumption choices, with many opting for greater consumption simplicity. This link between consideration of actual consumption levels and consumer choices is evident among a group of consumers known as ethical consumers. Ethical consumers consider a range of ethical issues in their consumer behavioral choices. Particularly prevalent is voluntary simplification due to concerns for the extent and nature of consumption. Through the presentation of findings from two qualitative studies exploring known ethical consumers, the relationship of consumer attitudes to consumption levels, and how these attitudes impact approaches to consumer behavior, are discussed. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Romancing the past: Heritage visiting and the nostalgic consumer
Authors: Goulding Christina
Published: August 2002

Over the past decade, there has been growing interest in nostalgia and consumption experiences on the part of a small group of consumer researchers. This article offers an insight into the nostalgic experiences gained through consuming history at a contemporary British “living” museum. The findings of the research focus on two types of nostalgic behavior, which are identified as existential and aesthetic. Differences in the nostalgic reaction are conceptualized in relation to such factors as the quantity and quality of the individual's role repertoire, the experience of alienation in the present, and the extent and quality of social contact. The article aims to offer a perspective that draws upon both existing work in related fields and the findings of the research in order to contextualize nostalgia as an experiential factor behind the consumption of recreated history in the living interactive museum. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Calcium hydroxyapatite promotes mitogenesis and matrix metalloproteinase expression in human breast cancer cell lines
Authors: Morgan Maria P. , Cooke Michelle M. , Christopherson Pamela A. , Westfall Pamela R. , McCarthy Geraldine M.
Published: August 2002

Radiographic mammary microcalcifications are one of the most pertinent diagnostic markers of breast cancer. Breast tissue calcification in the form of calcium hydroxyapatite (HA) is strongly associated with malignant disease. We tested the hypothesis that calcium HA may exert biological effects on surrounding cells, thereby facilitating breast cancer progression. Our findings showed that HA crystals enhanced mitogenesis in breast cancer cell lines MCF‐7 and Hs578T and also in normal human mammary epithelial cells. HA crystals were also found to upregulate the production of a variety of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), including MMP‐2, ‐9, and ‐13 in MCF‐7 and MMP‐9 in human mammary epithelial cell lines. HA crystals were found to greatly augment prostaglandin E2 levels in Hs578T cells, and treatment with a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, aspirin, abrogated the HA‐induced mitogenesis. These results suggest that calcium HA crystals may play an active role in amplifying the pathological process involved in breast cancer. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Procedural learning and striatofrontal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Sarazin Marie , Deweer Bernard , Merkl Angela , Von Poser Natalia , Pillon Bernard , Dubois Bruno
Published: August 2002

The neural basis of procedural learning remains controversial. We further analyzed procedural learning in nondemented patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) according to the specific demands of the tasks and the severity of striatal and frontal lobe dysfunction. In the first experiment, the performance of 20 nondemented PD patients and matched normal control subjects was studied in two procedural learning tasks, rotor pursuit and mirror reading, that differ in terms of motor and cognitive involvement. A second experiment further assessed the relationship between learning in mirror reading and executive functions in a new group of 15 nondemented PD patients. In rotor pursuit, PD patients significantly progressed across the first sessions, although their asymptotic performance was inferior to that of controls. In mirror reading, both experiments showed substantial learning in PD patients considered as a group. However, subsequent analyses allowed us to distinguish PD patients without executive dysfunction, whose learning was normal, from PD patients with executive dysfunction, whose learning was severely impaired. These results confirm the involvement of striatofrontal circuits in procedural learning and indicate that the intervention of the frontal network may depend on the characteristics of the task. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society.
Early postural adjustments associated with gait initiation and age‐related walking difficulties
Authors: Patchay Sandhiran , Gahéry Yves , Serratrice Georges
Published: August 2002

To better understand the functional role of early postural adjustments associated with gait initiation, we studied ground reaction forces before the first step in a group of 10 young and 18 elderly normal subjects as well as in a group of 11 patients with marche à petits pas, an age‐related gait disorder in which difficulties in executing the first step are encountered. Kinematic data and ground reaction forces were recorded synchronously and processed by an ELITE motion analysis system. Start difficulties in the patients might be explained by impaired amplitudes and directions of anteroposterior forces as well as smaller values of vertical forces than in the controls walking with comparable step lengths. Indeed, the abnormalities of anteroposterior forces lead to defective propulsive forces, whereas the smaller upward reaction forces make the elevation of the starting leg more difficult. These perturbations are likely to reflect impairments of muscular synergies of the lower limbs manifested by disturbances in the agonist–antagonist coupling, and lack of coordination between both limbs. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Bilateral striopallidodentate calcinosis: Clinical characteristics of patients seen in a registry
Authors: Manyam Bala V. , Walters Arthur S. , Narla Koteswara R.
Published: August 2002

Clinical features in bilateral striopallidodentate calcinosis (BSPDC), popularly referred to as Fahr's disease (five autosomal dominant families and eight sporadic cases, n = 38), recruited through a registry, are reported. Applying uniform criteria, cases reported in the literature (n = 61) were combined for detailed analysis. The mean (± S.D.) age of Registry patients was 43 ± 21 and that of literature was 38 ± 17. In combined data set (n = 99), 67 were symptomatic and 32 were asymptomatic. Of the symptomatic, the incidence among men was higher compared with women (45:22). Movement disorders accounted for 55% of the total symptomatic patients. Of the movement disorders, parkinsonism accounted for 57%, chorea 19%, tremor 8%, dystonia 8%, athetosis 5%, and orofacial dyskinesia 3%. Overlap of signs referable to different areas of central nervous system (CNS) was common. Other neurologic manifestations included: cognitive impairment, cerebellar signs, speech disorder, pyramidal signs, psychiatric features, gait disorders, sensory changes, and pain. We measured the total volume of calcification using an Electronic Planimeter and Coordinate Digitizer. Results suggest a significantly greater amount of calcification in symptomatic patients compared to asymptomatic patients. This study suggests that movement disorders are the most common manifestations of BSPDC, and among movement disorders, parkinsonism outnumber others. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Somatosensory disinhibition in dystonia
Authors: Frasson Emma , Priori Alberto , Bertolasi Laura , Mauguière Francois , Fiaschi Antonio , Tinazzi Michele
Published: August 2002

Despite the fact that somatosensory processing is inherently dependent on inhibitory functions, only excitatory aspects of the somatosensory feedback have so far been assessed in dystonic patients. We studied the recovery functions of spinal N13, brainstem P14, parietal N20, P27, and frontal N30 somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) after paired median nerve stimulation in 10 patients with dystonia and in 10 normal subjects. The recovery functions were assessed (conditioning stimulus: S1; test stimulus: S2) at interstimuls intervals (ISIs) of 5, 20, and 40 ms. SEPs evoked by S2 were calculated by subtracting the SEPs of the S1 only response from the SEPs of the response to the paired stimuli (S1 + S2), and their amplitudes were compared with those of the control response (S1) at each ISI considered. This ratio, (S2/S1)*100, investigates changes in the excitability of the somatosensory system. No significant difference was found in SEP amplitudes for single stimulus (S1) between dystonic patients and normal subjects. The (S2/S1)*100 ratio at the ISI of 5 ms did not significantly differ between dystonic patients and normal subjects, but at ISIs of 20 and 40 ms, this ratio was significantly higher in patients than in normals for spinal N13 and cortical N20, P27, N30 SEPs.

These findings suggest that in dystonia there is an impaired inhibition at spinal and cortical levels of the somatosensory system which would lead to an abnormal sensory assistance to the ongoing motor programs, ultimately resulting in the motor abnormalities present in this disease. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Jules Bernard Luys and the subthalamic nucleus
Authors: Parent André
Published: August 2002

Jules Bernard Luys, a highly energetic French investigator who made important contributions to anatomopathology, clinical neurology, and psychiatry, discovered the subthalamic nucleus in 1865. Unfortunately, Luys’ description of the nucleus that still bears his name, as well as his highly original insights on the role of this important motor structure, are rarely taken into account in the current thinking about the basal ganglia organization. Thus, we thought it of interest to review Luys’ contribution to our knowledge of the subthalamic nucleus and also briefly examine the other remarkable achievements of this singular figure of 19th century neurology. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Design of clinically useful iron(III)‐selective chelators
Authors: Liu Zu D. , Hider Robert C.
Published: August 2002

Iron overload is a serious clinical condition which can be largely prevented by the use of iron‐specific chelating agents. Desferrioxamine‐B, the most widely used iron chelator in haematology over the past 30 years, has a major disadvantage of being orally inactive. Consequently, the successful design of an orally active, nontoxic, selective iron chelator has become a much sought after goal. In order to identify an ideal iron chelator for clinical use, a range of specifications must be considered such as metal selectivity and affinity, kinetic stability of the complex, bioavailability and toxicity. A wide range of chelator types bind iron(III) and of these, hexa‐, tri‐, and bidentate are capable of providing iron(III) with the favoured octahedral environment. In this review, the comparative properties of such ligands are discussed, examples being selected from hydroxamates, aminocarboxylates, hydroxypyridinones, orthosubstituted phenols and triazoles. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Med Res Rev, 22, No. 1, 26–64, 2002
Development of the blood‐nerve barrier in neonatal rats
Authors: Smith Christopher E. , Atchabahian Arthur , Mackinnon Susan E. , Hunter Daniel A.
Published: August 2002

The blood‐nerve barrier (BNB) is constituted by the perineurium and the endothelium of endoneurial microvessels. We investigated the age at which the vascular component of BNB function is established in the rat and the ultrastructural modifications accompanying changes in permeability. BNB permeability was assessed with injections of Evans blue albumin (EBA) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in rats of different ages. Sciatic nerve sections were studied using fluorescence and electron microscopy. Nerves from animals injected with EBA indicated that the BNB is not functional before 13 days of life but that its function is established by 16 days. These results were confirmed by electron microscope examination of nerve sections from animals injected with HRP, which showed clefts between the endothelial cells of endoneurial vessels in young rats. In rats over 18 days, these clefts were occluded by tight junctions, which prevented HRP from leaving the vessel lumen and conferred BNB function. Systematic morphometric analysis of nerves from different age groups allowed the establishment of baseline normal histologic neural development with age. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 21:290–297 2001
Secondary surgery after digit replantation: Its incidence and sequence
Authors: Wang Huan
Published: August 2002

This article discusses the incidence and sequence of secondary procedures following digital replantation. In published series addressing this topic, the overall frequency of postreplantation surgery ranged from 2.9–93.2%. Tendon procedures accounted for 47.2% of cases, and comprised the leading type of secondary operations. Tendon procedures were followed by joint procedures (18.9%), skeletal stabilization (12%), skin coverage (11.4%), nerve reconstruction (8.9%), and late amputation (1.6%). The number of secondary procedures per patient averaged from 1–4.5, depending on prioritization of different procedures. The order of restoration procedures should be as follows: supple skin coverage, skeletal stability, and protective and proprioceptive sensation. Joint reconstruction follows these procedures, which in turn is followed by tendon reconstruction. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 22:57–61 2002
Effect of hyperbaric oxygen on pedicle flaps with compromised circulation
Authors: Ülkür Ersin , Yüksel Fuat , Açikel Cengiz , Çeliköz Bahattin
Published: August 2002

The effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on the survival rate of experimental rat pedicle island flaps with arterial, venous, and combined arteriovenous insufficiency was evaluated. Forty male Wistar rats with pedicle island flaps were divided into four groups with different types of vascular status. Another 40 male Wistar rats, also divided into four groups, were reconstructed in the same manner, but were also exposed to HBO. The results were evaluated using a laser Doppler flowmeter and an estimation of the length of the surviving tissue of the flaps. In evaluations using Kruskal–Wallis test, there was a significant difference in the survival tissue length and mean LD flows among our four untreated groups (P < 0.05). We considered the experimental model defined by Tzusuki and colleagues suitable for our study. Using a Mann‐Whitney test, the differences in flap tissue survival length between each type of vascular insufficiency of HBO‐treated and untreated groups was significant (P < 0.05). This finding indicates that the survival length was directly improved by the HBO treatment for all type of vascular insufficiency. HBO treatment increased the percentage of survival length and mean LD flows of axial pattern skin flaps with all type of vascular insufficiency. This effect, however, was greatest in the arterial insufficiency flaps. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. MICROSURGERY 22:16–20, 2002 DOI 10.1002/micr.22004
Simulation, fabrication, and characterization of 3‐D alumina photonic bandgap structures
Authors: Chen Y. , Bartzos D. , Lu Y. , Niver E. , Pilleux M. E. , Allahverdi M. , Danforth S. C. , Safari A.
Published: August 2002

Three‐dimensional photonic bandgap (PBG) structures using alumina as the high‐permittivity material were designed and then fabricated by using the fused deposition of multimaterials (FDMM) process. The finite‐element and real‐time electromagnetic modeling ofthe fabricated structure resulted in a 3‐D photonic bandgap in the16–24 GHz range, which agreed with experimental measurements. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 305–307, 2001.
Pattern and course of single‐system disease in Langerhans cell histiocytosis data from the DAL‐HX 83‐ and 90‐study
Authors: Titgemeyer Carola , Grois Nicole , Minkov Milen , Flucher‐Wolfram Burgi , Gatterer‐Menz Irmgard , Gadner Helmut
Published: August 2002

Background

Single‐system (SS) disease is the most common presentation in Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) with a heterogenous clinical picture and course. Mostly bone and rarely skin or lymph nodes are involved.

Procedure

One hundred and seventy patients with SS‐LCH were registered in the DAL‐HX 83/90 studies. They were diagnosed according to uniform diagnostic criteria and followed by a standardised schedule.

Results

Single bone lesions were most common (68%), followed by multiple bone lesions (19%), isolated skin disease (11%), and isolated lymph node involvement (4 patients). In the detection of bone lesions radiographic skeletal survey proved to be superior to bone scan (97% vs. 82%). Treatment comprised surgery, irradiation and local instillation of steroids, and standardised chemotherapy for multifocal bone disease. After initial therapy 81% of the patients remained disease free. Reactivations restricted to the skeleton occurred in 18% of both unifocal and multifocal bone disease. Two skin patients had a chronic course. Fatality occured only in one infant with skin disease who progressed to multi‐system disease. Twenty‐five percent of all patients developed permanent consequences, which were already present at diagnosis in about half of these patients and comprised mainly orthopedic problems related to lesional sites. Diabetes insipidus occurred in 3% and anterior pituitary dysfunction in 2% of the patients.

Conclusions

The course in SS%LCH was benign. In bone disease reactivations remained restricted to the skeleton and did not influence survival. However, reactivations had an impact on morbidity, as permanent consequences were mostly related to the site of disease activity. Med Pediatr Oncol 2001;37:108–114. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential distribution of glutamylated tubulin isoforms along the sea urchin sperm axoneme
Authors: Huitorel Philippe , White Daniel , Fouquet Jean‐Pierre , Kann Marie‐Louise , Cosson Jacky , Gagnon Claude
Published: August 2002

Tubulin belongs to a highly conserved multigenic family, in which several gene products usually coexist in the same tissue or the same cell. Moreover, seven classes of post‐translational modifications of these gene products lead to an amazing diversity of tubulin polypeptide chains, within the same cell type, whose physiological function remains elusive. Such diversity has been found in a very stable microtubular organelle, the sea urchin sperm flagellum, where some tubulin isoforms have been directly implicated in motility, whereas others may play a more structural role. In particular, polyglutamylated tubulin has been shown to be crucial for motility (Gagnon et al., 1996: J Cell Sci 109:1545 p). Here, we show with the GT335 antibody that polyglutamylated tubulin is distributed according to a decreasing gradient along the sea urchin sperm axoneme, since a semi‐quantitative measurement of immunofluorescence intensity reveals that in its proximal half, the axoneme is sixfold more labeled than in its distal half. This gradient along the length of the axoneme is confirmed by immunogold labeling procedures which, in addition, demonstrate a uniform distribution of polyglutamylated tubulin among peripheral doublets and a lesser content in the central pair within a same section. Moreover, our data obtained with B3, an antibody that recognizes both mono‐ and poly‐glutamylated tubulin, suggest that the number of glutamate residues in the lateral poly‐glutamyl chain of tubulin varies along the whole length of the axoneme. These novel results coupled with those published earlier may be important to understand the role of polyglutamylation in flagellar motility. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 62: 139‐148, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.