bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a high pressure micromechanical force apparatus
Authors: Lee Bo Ram , Koh Carolyn A. , Sum Amadeu K.
Published: September 2014

The formation of gas hydrates and subsequent plugging of pipelines are risks that need to be well understood during the production and transportation of oil and gas in subsea flowlines. These flowlines are typically operating at low temperature and high pressure conditions, which are well within the hydrate formation stability region. One of the key processes for hydrate plugs to develop is the agglomeration of hydrates. To obtain a more comprehensive understanding on this problem, we have developed a high-pressure micromechanical force (MMF) apparatus to directly measure cohesive forces between gas hydrate particles. The MMF system is housed in a stainless steel vessel that can withstand pressures of up to 10 MPa, thereby facilitating studies on a broad spectrum of hydrate formers and conditions. The MMF apparatus comprises of two cantilever fibers: one is stationary and another is manipulated via a nano-manipulator. Water droplets (∼500 μm in diameter) are placed at the end of the each cantilever fiber so that they can be converted to hydrate. In order to demonstrate the stability of this apparatus, CH4/C2H6 (74.7 mol. %/25.3 mol. %) mixed hydrates were prepared at 2 MPa and −5 °C and annealed at 0 °C for 15 h. Subsequently, the hydrate particle cohesive force was measured at 2 °C. Compared with the cohesive force of cyclopentane hydrates in cyclopentane liquid (∼4.3 mN/m), the average cohesive force of gas hydrates was about 10 times higher, ∼43 mN/m. Studies using this new high pressure MMF apparatus will be central to better understand the agglomeration of hydrates in multiphase flowlines.
Electricity access in urban slum households of Bangladesh: A case of Dhaka
Authors: Hossain Lipu Molla Shahadat , Waliullah Bhuiyan Arif Md.
Published: September 2014

Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, is one of the fastest growing cities in Southern Asia, having population of more than 13 million, and is expected to accommodate more than 20 million by 2025. This growth has been accompanied by the growth of urban slums and the subsequent challenges to access basic urban services like water, sanitation, clean energy, and transport for the urban poor. Despite its importance for basic survival, electricity supply is not recognized as a basic urban service, as a result of which, the poverty alleviation and basic infrastructure provision programs have not addressed this issue completely. On the basis of a stakeholder interaction approach, following a set of logically sequenced questions to assess the availability, accessibility, affordability, reliability and continuity of usage of electricity, this study assesses the current status of electricity access in an urban poor area of Dhaka and identifies barriers to electricity access from both demand and supply side. Barriers specific recommendations are also suggested based on the experiences from field visit and the best practices outside Bangladesh are also identified.
Electron distributions observed with Langmuir waves in the plasma sheet boundary layer
Authors: Hwang Junga , Rha Kicheol , Seough Jungjoon , Yoon Peter H.
Published: September 2014

The present paper investigates the Langmuir turbulence driven by counter-streaming electron beams and its plausible association with observed features in the Earth's plasma sheet boundary layer region. A one-dimensional electrostatic particle-in-cell simulation code is employed in order to simulate broadband electrostatic waves with characteristic frequency in the vicinity of the electron plasma frequency ω/ωpe≃1.0. The present simulation confirms that the broadband electrostatic waves may indeed be generated by the counter-streaming electron beams. It is also found that the observed feature associated with low energy electrons, namely quasi-symmetric velocity space plateaus, are replicated according to the present simulation. However, the present investigation only partially succeeds in generating the suprathermal tails such that the origin of observed quasi power-law energetic population formation remains outstanding.
Fiber based optofluidic biosensors
Authors: Lismont M. , Vandewalle N. , Joris B. , Dreesen L.
Published: September 2014

Medicinal diagnosis requires the development of innovative devices allowing the detection of small amounts of biological species. Among the large variety of available biosensors, the ones based on fluorescence phenomenon are really promising. Here, we show a prototype of the basic unit of a multi-sensing biosensor combining optics and microfluidics benefits. This unit makes use of two crossed optical fibers: the first fiber is used to carry small probe molecules droplets and excite fluorescence, while the second one is devoted to target molecules droplets transport and fluorescence detection. Within this scheme, the interaction takes place in each fiber node. The main benefits of this detection setup are the absence of fibers functionalization, the use of microliter volumes of target and probe species, their separation before interaction, and a better detection limit compared to cuvettes setups.
Determination of effective mechanical properties of a double-layer beam by means of a nano-electromechanical transducer
Authors: Hocke Fredrik , Pernpeintner Matthias , Zhou Xiaoqing , Schliesser Albert , Kippenberg Tobias J. , Huebl Hans , Gross Rudolf
Published: September 2014

We investigate the mechanical properties of a doubly clamped, double-layer nanobeam embedded into an electromechanical system. The nanobeam consists of a highly pre-stressed silicon nitride and a superconducting niobium layer. By measuring the mechanical displacement spectral density both in the linear and the nonlinear Duffing regime, we determine the pre-stress and the effective Young's modulus of the nanobeam. An analytical double-layer model quantitatively corroborates the measured values. This suggests that this model can be used to design mechanical multilayer systems for electro- and optomechanical devices, including materials controllable by external parameters such as piezoelectric, magnetostrictive, or in more general multiferroic materials.
A method to determine open pore volume with pulse decay
Authors: Cender Thomas A. , Šimáček Pavel , Advani Suresh G.
Published: September 2014

In determining permeability of porosity media using the pulse decay technique [W. F. Brace, J. B. Walsh, and W. T. Frangos, J. Geophys. Res. 73, 2225 (1968)], the reservoir boundary condition is explored to understand its influence on the rate of pressure decay. A methodology is proposed to calculate the porous volume of the sample. A universal scaling function is identified, which depends on the characteristic time, reservoir volume, and porous volume of the sample. Experimental validation shows porosity can be recovered with the proposed theory. Limitations of the method are discussed.
Addressing a single spin in diamond with a macroscopic dielectric microwave cavity
Authors: Le Floch J.-M. , Bradac C. , Nand N. , Castelletto S. , Tobar M. E. , Volz T.
Published: September 2014

We present a technique for addressing single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center spins in diamond over macroscopic distances using a tunable dielectric microwave cavity. We demonstrate optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) for a single negatively charged NV center (NV–) in a nanodiamond (ND) located directly under the macroscopic microwave cavity. By moving the cavity relative to the ND, we record the ODMR signal as a function of position, mapping out the distribution of the cavity magnetic field along one axis. In addition, we argue that our system could be used to determine the orientation of the NV– major axis in a straightforward manner.
Strain induced ferromagnetism in epitaxial Cr2O3 thin films integrated on Si(001)
Authors: Punugupati Sandhyarani , Narayan Jagdish , Hunte Frank
Published: September 2014

We report on the epitaxial growth and magnetic properties of antiferromagnetic and magnetoelectric (ME) Cr2O3 thin films deposited on cubic yttria stabilized zirconia (c-YSZ)/Si(001) using pulsed laser deposition. The X-ray diffraction (2ϴ and Φ) and TEM characterizations confirm that the films were grown epitaxially. The Cr2O3(0001) growth on YSZ(001) occurs with twin domains. There are four domains of Cr2O3 with in-plane rotation of 30° or 150° from each other about the [0001] growth direction. The epitaxial relation between the layers is given as [001]Si ‖ [001]YSZ ‖ [0001]Cr2O3 and [100]Si ǁ [100]YSZ ǁ [101¯0] Cr2O3 or [112¯0] Cr2O3. Though the bulk Cr2O3 is an antiferromagnetic with TN = 307 K, we found that the films exhibit ferromagnetic like hysteresis loops with high saturation and finite coercive field up to 400 K. The thickness dependent magnetizations together with oxygen annealing results suggest that the ferromagnetism (FM) is due to oxygen related defects whose concentration is controlled by strain present in the films. This FM, in addition to the intrinsic magneto-electric properties of Cr2O3, opens the door to relevant spintronics applications.
Performance of beef Guzerat and Guzerat-cross bulls during the feedlot, and carcass traits of Guzerat-cross groups
Authors: Diniz F. B. , Villela S. D. J. , Mourthé M. H. F. , Paulino P. V. R. , Pires A. V. , Sousa R. C. , Oliveira L. L. A. , Martins P. G. M. A.
Published: September 2014

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate performance and carcass traits of Guzerat-based beef bulls. In experiment 1, Guzerat; F1 Guzerat × Holstein (‘Guzholstein’); F1 Guzerat × Nellore (‘Guzonell’); and 1/2 Simmental + 1/4 Guzerat + 1/4 Nellore (Three-Cross) bulls (n = 12 each group) were kept in a feedlot for 84 days, receiving sorghum silage and concentrate supplement. ‘Guzholstein’ bulls had greater average daily gain (ADG; 1.7 kg/day) compared with ‘Guzonell’ (1.4 kg/day), but similar to Three-Cross and Guzerat (1.6 and 1.5 kg/day respectively). ‘Guzonell’ bulls gained less bodyweight (BW; 85.8 kg); however, the gain : feed ratio did not differ among groups. Dry matter intake (DMI) was less for Guzerat (11.8 kg) compared with other groups (12.4, 12.4, and 12.6 kg for ‘Guzholstein’, ‘Guzonell’, and Three-Cross respectively); DMI, as a percentage of BW, was lesser for Three-Cross bulls (2.5%) compared with other groups (2.7%, 2.8%, and 2.6% for Guzerat, ‘Guzholstein’, and ‘Guzonell’ respectively). In experiment 2, 18 bulls from experiment 1 were randomly selected from ‘Guzonell’, ‘Guzholstein’ and Three-Cross groups (n = 6, each breed group), transferred to a state-inspected slaughterhouse, and humanely slaughtered. Three-Cross bulls had greater carcass weight gain (80 kg), greater striploin yield (2.39%), and lesser leg yield (1.86%). ‘Guzholstein’ bulls had lesser dressing-out percentage and greater liver yield (51.6 and 1.28% respectively), whereas ‘Guzonell’ bulls had greater rump yield (1.47%). Forequarter yield, hindquarter weight and yield, eye round, flank steak, rump skirt, topside, rump cap, head, heart, lungs and trachea, spleen, tail, and tongue yield did not differ among groups. Despite the limited number of animals used in these experiments, we can conclude that all breed groups have potential for meat production because carcass traits meet the Brazilian beef industry standards, and ‘Guzholstein’ bulls could be an option for producers to diversify revenues.
Vitamin D prevents cognitive decline and enhances hippocampal synaptic function in aging rats
Authors: Latimer Caitlin S. , Brewer Lawrence D. , Searcy James L. , Chen Kuey-Chu , Popović Jelena , Kraner Susan D. , Thibault Olivier , Blalock Eric M. , Landfield Philip W. , Porter Nada M.
Published: September 2014

Significance

Higher blood levels of vitamin D are associated with better health outcomes. Vitamin D deficiency, however, is common among the elderly. Despite targets in the brain, little is known about how vitamin D affects cognitive function. In aging rodents, we modeled human serum vitamin D levels ranging from deficient to sufficient and tested whether increasing dietary vitamin D could maintain or improve cognitive function. Treatment was initiated at middle age, when markers of aging emerge, and maintained for ∼6 mo. Compared with low- or normal-dietary vitamin D groups, only aging rats on higher vitamin D could perform a complex memory task and had blood levels considered in the optimal range. These results suggest that vitamin D may improve the likelihood of healthy cognitive aging.
Single-spin stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy
Authors: Pfender Matthias , Aslam Nabeel , Waldherr Gerald , Neumann Philipp , Wrachtrup Jörg
Published: September 2014

Significance

Mastering nanoscopic quantum systems promises applications in quantum information processing (QIP) and nanoscale metrology. However, the spatial density of individually addressable systems is not only limited by their size, but rather by the scale needed for control and readout. This affects upscaling of QIP devices and limits nanoscale sensors to be scanning probe devices with serial data acquisition. Here, we simultaneously apply parallel nanoscale microscopy and spin resonance methods on ensembles of optically addressable spins. The latter have been applied as qubits and nanoscale quantum sensors on the single level. In contrast, our method allows parallel individual addressing inside ensembles of qubits/sensors with nanometer distances. This promises a vast speedup for sensing applications compared with scanning probe methods.
Erosion of functional independence early in the evolution of a microbial mutualism
Authors: Hillesland Kristina L. , Lim Sujung , Flowers Jason J. , Turkarslan Serdar , Pinel Nicolas , Zane Grant M. , Elliott Nicholas , Qin Yujia , Wu Liyou , Baliga Nitin S. , Zhou Jizhong , Wall Judy D. , Stahl David A.
Published: September 2014

Significance

Nature is full of species that cooperate in mutually beneficial interactions to survive. Some are completely dependent on such relationships. How and why does this specialization evolve? We show that as the bacterium
Desulfovibrio vulgaris
evolved for 1,000 generations in conditions forcing cooperation with the archaeon
Methanococcus maripaludis
, it lost a key metabolic trait that would be required for it to grow alone in most environments. Large subpopulations lacking the capacity to respire sulfate evolved in 13 of 21 replicates. Such striking parallel evolution suggests a trade-off between performance in the mutualistic environment and maintaining the flexibility to survive alone. This result may explain why sulfate reducers share a common ancestor with many species specialized for cooperation with methanogens.
Occupation of bare habitats, an evolutionary precursor to soil specialization in plants
Authors: Cacho N. Ivalú , Strauss Sharon Y.
Published: September 2014

Significance

Integrating molecular phylogenies with clade-wide ecological data is expanding our ability to address classic ecological questions, such as the origins and maintenance of plant soil specialists, a global source of plant biodiversity. We reconstruct selective forces related to serpentine soil specialization using clade-wide microhabitat characterizations, soil physicochemical data, and phylogenetic hypotheses. Surprisingly, species’ occupation of bare environments, not of chemically similar soils, preceded shifts to serpentine soils. Additionally, inhabiting bare environments traded off with competitive ability in multispecies greenhouse experiments, a relationship potentially contributing to soil endemism. We find that combining in situ detailed field ecological data, greenhouse experiments, and phylogenetic hypotheses can reveal underappreciated selective pressures and provide powerful tools to deepen our understanding of evolutionary pathways underlying biodiversity.
Basal p21 controls population heterogeneity in cycling and quiescent cell cycle states
Authors: Overton K. Wesley , Spencer Sabrina L. , Noderer William L. , Meyer Tobias , Wang Clifford L.
Published: September 2014

Significance

Population heterogeneity can make the treatment of tumors more challenging. Whereas a therapeutic agent may be effective against one fraction of a population, it may be less effective against another fraction. Although heterogeneity can be genetic and attributed to mutations, there can also be nongenetic heterogeneity, where a clonal population can harbor distinct subpopulations. Here, we identified a single gene, p21, that was responsible for population heterogeneity in cell cycle activity and explain that this heterogeneity can arise from regulatory relationships of p21 with Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and E3 ubiquitin ligases. We suggest that, instead of using CDK inhibitors (CKIs) in cancer therapy, CKIs themselves should be targeted. Given concurrently with chemotherapy agents, CKI inhibitors would reduce tumor heterogeneity and thus increase chemotherapy efficacy.
ASCL1 is a lineage oncogene providing therapeutic targets for high-grade neuroendocrine lung cancers
Authors: Augustyn Alexander , Borromeo Mark , Wang Tao , Fujimoto Junya , Shao Chunli , Dospoy Patrick D. , Lee Victoria , Tan Christopher , Sullivan James P. , Larsen Jill E. , Girard Luc , Behrens Carmen , Wistuba Ignacio I. , Xie Yang , Cobb Melanie H. , Gazdar Adi F. , Johnson Jane E. , Minna John D.
Published: September 2014

Significance

New advances in the treatment of aggressive neuroendocrine lung cancers are needed to improve survival in patients with this class of tumors. The current treatment approach, which has remained unchanged for the past 30 years, involves combination chemotherapy and radiation. To uncover novel drug targets, we identified the transcriptome of achaete-scute homolog 1 (ASCL1), a transcription factor that is both necessary for the proper development of neuroendocrine cells and essential for the growth and survival of neuroendocrine lung cancers. Analysis of downstream targets of ASCL1 has revealed unique molecular vulnerabilities that can be exploited for future therapeutic use.
A 3D matrix platform for the rapid generation of therapeutic anti-human carcinoma monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Dudley David T. , Li Xiao-Yan , Hu Casey Y. , Kleer Celina G. , Willis Amanda L. , Weiss Stephen J.
Published: September 2014

Significance

To select for novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with anticancer activity, an experimental platform was established wherein human breast cancer cells were embedded in 3D collagen matrices and used as an immunogen to generate mAb libraries. Fifteen mAbs capable of inhibiting carcinoma cell growth in vitro were generated. A single function-blocking mAb was selected for further analysis and then validated as a potent inhibitor of carcinoma cell behavior in vivo. The target antigen was identified as the α
2
subunit of the α
2
β
1
integrin, a major type I collagen-binding receptor whose expression was confirmed in tissues of patients with breast cancer. These findings describe a new discovery platform that allows for the rapid selection of function-blocking antibodies and identify α
2
β
1
as a potential target in carcinomatous states.
Retroviral envelope
syncytin
capture in an ancestrally diverged mammalian clade for placentation in the primitive Afrotherian tenrecs
Authors: Cornelis Guillaume , Vernochet Cécile , Malicorne Sébastien , Souquere Sylvie , Tzika Athanasia C. , Goodman Steven M. , Catzeflis François , Robinson Terence J. , Milinkovitch Michel C. , Pierron Gérard , Heidmann Odile , Dupressoir Anne , Heidmann Thierry
Published: September 2014

Significance

Syncytins
are genes of retroviral origin that have been captured by their host as symbionts for a function in placentation. They can mediate cell–cell fusion, consistent with their ancestral retroviral envelope gene status, and are involved in fusion of mononucleate trophoblast cells to form the syncytial layer—the syncytiotrophoblast—of the feto–maternal interface. We proposed that such genes have been pivotal for the emergence of placental mammals from egg-laying animals and should be present all along the Placentalia radiation. We searched for
syncytins
in a superorder of eutherian mammals that emerged ancestrally during the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution and identified
syncytin-Ten1
, conserved over millions years of evolution of the Afrotherian tenrecs, regarded as among the most primitive of living mammals.
Liver-directed gene therapy corrects cardiovascular lesions in feline mucopolysaccharidosis type I
Authors: Hinderer Christian , Bell Peter , Gurda Brittney L. , Wang Qiang , Louboutin Jean-Pierre , Zhu Yanqing , Bagel Jessica , O’Donnell Patricia , Sikora Tracey , Ruane Therese , Wang Ping , Haskins Mark E. , Wilson James M.
Published: September 2014

Significance

Treatment of the lysosomal storage disease mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is currently based on hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) or weekly infusions of the deficient enzyme. To circumvent the morbidity and mortality associated with HSCT and the economic and quality of life costs of lifelong enzyme replacement therapy, we tested liver-directed gene therapy as a means of achieving endogenous enzyme expression in a feline model of MPS I. We found that hepatic gene transfer not only generated therapeutic levels of circulating enzyme, but in most cases also resulted in complete resolution of storage lesions in the cardiac valves, a tissue that is refractory to currently available therapies and responsible for much of the residual morbidity and mortality in treated patients.
Explaining tense marking changes in Swedish verbs
Authors: Strik Oscar
Published: September 2014

This study investigates the role of analogy in the changes in inflectional classes of Swedish verbs from the Old Swedish to Modern Swedish period. Verbs in the Germanic languages are generally classed as either weak or strong according to their type of inflection, but closer examination reveals interesting subtleties and exceptions to this general picture. Furthermore, changes in inflectional class go in different directions: not only from strong to weak, but also the other way around, and between strong classes and weak classes. Two analogical computer models — Analogical Modeling (Skousen 1989) and Minimal Generalization (Albright & Hayes 2002) — are used to model a selection of 80 such changes in the history of Swedish verbs. Taking only phonological descriptions of present tense verb stems paired with their original past tense stems as input, the models attempt to predict the most likely past tense forms based on analogy. In the cases where the new outcome matches the actual changes in Swedish, the predictions are considered correct. In this way, both models predicted roughly half of all changes correctly, but 83% of the changes where a weak verb became strong. I conclude that analogy modeled in this way may play a moderate to strong role in inflection class change in general, but a particularly strong role in the case of new strong verbs. Based on these results, analogy is deserving of a revaluation as an explanatory force in diachronic linguistics.
Arabic and English genitive constructions
Authors: Al-Shaer Ibrahim
Published: September 2014

It is well documented that there is a one-to-many relationship between Arabic and English genitival constructions. However, it is unclear whether, given this syntactic variation, such constructions show equivalence in semantic function. For this purpose, a corpus-based contrastive analysis of these genitive constructions in a bilingual novel is carried out. As a prelude to a quantitative and qualitative inspection of the data, the (non)interchangeability of the alternative English genitives is determined by eliciting intuitive judgments from 10 linguistically naïve native speakers of British English. Quantitatively, the study shows that the Arabic genitive almost covers the semantic functions expressed by the various English genitives found in the corpus. Qualitatively, the study reveals that the flexibility derived from the English genitive variation, as opposed to the fixed word order of the Arabic genitive, allows the speaker to convey additional meaning. However, the Arabic genitive which employs various formal devices such as overt markers of case, gender, number, definiteness and person can express the same semantic functions. These features render Arabic functional with one genitive and require English to vary its genitive relative to certain phonological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic conditions.
A closer look at Paths of vision, Manner of vision and their translation from English into Spanish
Authors: Cifuentes-Férez Paula
Published: September 2014

Motion and vision seem to be connected domains in, at least, two respects. Vision is a kind of “fictive motion” (Talmy, 1996; 2000a), and both domains seem to appear in similar syntactic constructions (Gruber, 1967; 1976; Slobin, 2008). In this study, we examine whether the different lexicalisation patterns for motion events in English and Spanish also carry over into the domain of vision. In particular, we explore visual Path complexity, the semantic specificity of Manner of vision verbs, and the translation of visual Paths and Manner of vision from English into Spanish. On the whole, this paper provides evidence for parallels between visual and physical motion with regard to visual Paths, Manner of vision and English-Spanish translation. Moreover, it provides interesting insights into further cross-linguistic differences in terms of Manner of vision granularity.
Evaluation of a Sporicidal Peracetic Acid/Hydrogen Peroxide–Based Daily Disinfectant Cleaner
Authors: Deshpande Abhishek , Mana Thriveen S. C. , Cadnum Jennifer L. , Jencson Annette C. , Sitzlar Brett , Fertelli Dennis , Hurless Kelly , Kundrapu Sirisha , Sunkesula Venkata C. K. , Donskey Curtis J.
Published: September 2014

OxyCide Daily Disinfectant Cleaner, a novel peracetic acid/hydrogen peroxide–based sporicidal disinfectant, was as effective as sodium hypochlorite for in vitro killing of Clostridium difficile spores, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and vancomcyin-resistant enterococci. OxyCide was minimally affected by organic load and was effective in reducing pathogen contamination in isolation rooms

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35(11):1414–1416
Ancient Literary Criticism
Authors: de Jonge Casper C.
Published: September 2014

Throughout Antiquity, Greeks and Romans interpreted, analyzed, and evaluated the texts of poets and prose writers. They formulated ideas about the nature of poetry, its effects, and its function in society. They also developed theories on the effective composition of prose texts, and they commented on the style of orators, historians, and philosophers. All these different activities can be summarized in the notion of “ancient literary criticism.” Literary criticism was not a separate discipline in Antiquity. Greek and Roman ideas on what we call “literature” (i.e., poems as well as texts of oratory, history, and philosophy) are found in many different kinds of texts (dialogues, epistles, treatises, commentaries, poems) that were produced in various intellectual contexts. Four of these contexts are relevant, in particular: poetry, philosophy, rhetoric, and scholarship. From its beginnings in the Homeric epics, Greek poetry reflected on its own nature, value, and function. Latin poetry was concerned with similar issues: Horace’s Ars Poetica is both a poem and one of the most influential texts of ancient criticism. Throughout Antiquity, poetry provoked all kinds of responses from philosophers. On the one hand, the relationship between poetry and philosophy was framed in terms of a conflict between competing traditions: Xenophanes notoriously objects to the poets’ presentation of gods, and Plato problematizes the mimetic nature of poetry in his Republic. On the other hand, philosophers made extensive use of poetic forms and developed theories of poetry: no critical text from Antiquity has been so influential as Aristotle’s Poetics. Rhetoric is another ancient discipline that is closely connected with literary criticism. In Greek and Roman teaching, students were continuously stimulated to read, study, and analyze the classical texts from the past, which formed the models of stylistic imitation and emulation. By consequence, the rhetorical treatises composed by such teachers as Demetrius, Dionysius, and Quintilian include numerous evaluative observations on specific passages of classical prose and poetry. Finally, there is the tradition of ancient scholarship that came to flourish in the Hellenistic period, most famously in Alexandria and Pergamum. The commentaries of Alexandrian scholars contained observations on literary (stylistic) aspects of the classical texts, which partly and indirectly survive in collections of scholia. This article offers a basic orientation to the study of ancient literary criticism. It lists general historical overviews, introductions to ancient criticism and related disciplines (rhetoric, philosophy, ancient scholarship, aesthetics), essential literature on the most influential critics and schools of criticism (including translations, commentaries, and studies), as well as important discussions of some general issues and concepts of ancient literary criticism.
Rivers
Authors: Wohl Ellen
Published: September 2014

River networks, and even individual river segments, are complex ecosystems that can be studied from many perspectives. Arguably the most common differentiation is between studies that focus on various aspects of rivers, such as contemporary physical processes (river engineering, hydrology, or geomorphology); physical processes over longer time spans (geomorphology); chemical processes (geology or aqueous chemistry); individual species or groups of organisms (fish biology); and biological communities (aquatic and riparian ecology). Each of these approaches to understanding rivers has an extensive technical literature. The works cited in this bibliographic entry draw from these sometimes disparate bodies of literature and focus on rivers in an environmental context rather than treating a specific river as an isolated feature or focusing solely on one component of rivers. River segments and river networks provide a wealth of information about past and contemporary environmental conditions, for rivers inherently integrate fluxes of matter and energy within a landscape through the entity of a drainage basin. The entire land surface that drains to a specified point makes up the drainage basin for that point. In addition to water, sediment, solutes, and organic matter enter the river network via atmospheric, surface, and subsurface pathways. Matter and energy move upstream, laterally, and vertically within a river network, as well as downstream. A well-studied example comes from the upstream migration of spawning salmon that then die and transfer ocean-derived nutrients to the river network and adjacent riparian zone. Because a river so effectively integrates diverse inputs and reflects conditions across the entire drainage basin, investigators have used physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of rivers as metrics for the environmental state of the river itself, and of the larger drainage basin. Three of the sections within this bibliographic entry include works that provide examples of these metrics for prehistoric, historic, and contemporary environmental conditions. Rivers also provide numerous ecosystem or environmental services, such as clean water and recreational fisheries, and another section provides examples of studies focusing on this aspect of rivers. Attempts to manage rivers and preserve desired attributes such as clean water, flood control, or fisheries constitute an important subset of environmental management, and are addressed in the final section of this entry.
Usage-Based Linguistics
Authors: Diessel Holger
Published: September 2014

Since the beginning of modern linguistics—that is, since Ferdinand de Saussure’s Cours de Linguistique Générale—it has been a standard assumption of linguistic research that the study of the linguistic system, or “langue,” needs to be distinguished from the study of language use, or “parole.” In structuralist and generative linguistics, language, notably grammar, is seen as a self-contained system including discrete categories and combinatorial rules that are analyzed without reference to usage and development. This view of language has been challenged by the usage-based approach, in which grammar and usage are inextricably connected. In this approach, language is seen as a dynamic system of emergent symbolic units and flexible constraints that are shaped by general cognitive processes involved in language use. The usage-based approach has evolved from research in functional and cognitive linguistics combined with psycholinguistic research on sentence processing and language acquisition. The general goal of this approach is to develop a framework for the analysis of linguistic structure as it evolves from general cognitive processes such as categorization, analogy, automatization, and (joint) attention, which are not only relevant for language, but also for many other cognitive phenomena, such as vision, memory, and thought. In order to understand why linguistic structure is the way it is, usage-based linguists study language development, both in history and acquisition. On the assumption that language development is crucially influenced by the language user’s experience with particular linguistic elements, usage-based linguists have emphasized the importance of frequency of occurrence for the analysis of grammar. There is a wealth of recent results indicating that frequency has an enormous impact on the language users’ behavior in communication and information processing, and on the development of linguistic structure in acquisition and change.
Dialectology
Authors: Hazen Kirk
Published: September 2014

Dialectology is not a coherent field with a single set of methodologies. Instead, it has developed since the 1960s to become an interest of many different interconnected fields, from typology to geographic information systems (GIS), from historical linguistics to phonetics. Within all of these subareas, dialectology has become increasingly more computational. The study of dialects is one of the oldest fields of language study, and the modern examination of dialects involves both linguistic and social analysis. As an example of its lineage, the American Dialect Society was founded in 1889; the scholarship those members produced between then and the 1960s could be described as a closely related set of methodologies designed to document words and pronunciations in order to delineate primarily geographical dialect boundaries and, secondarily, language change. From the 1960s forward, the study of dialects developed through the emerging fields of language variation and change, sociolinguistics, and computational linguistics. Modern scholars of dialects, be they starting off or established, should be aware of the wealth of information produced from the significant effort of the earlier decades of dialectology, and some gateways to that scholarship are cited herein. For example, the journal American Speech was established in 1925, and its early volumes are worth investigating for modern scholars to understand the changes in methodologies and research questions that have occurred. For this bibliography, however, most of the citations point to the diversified period from the 1960s forward. During that time, dialectology ceased to be a single entity, but instead became a subcomponent of many different fields. The plethora of language-related handbooks that publishers now regularly produce often contain a chapter related to dialect variation. With the diversity of dialect methods came an explosion in the number of publications on dialects. Additionally, for the over 6,900 languages on earth, scholars have come to realize that the many thousands of dialects offer opportunities to study how language and society work. Most of the scholarship involving dialects is focused on linguistic research questions, but dialect variation has proved a useful area of focus for scholars of social analysis. With the thousands of publications on dialect variation produced over the last fifty years, the citations provided here should be seen as worthwhile examples and gateways to other quality scholarship. From the works cited here, various paths of modern dialect research unfold.
Follow‐Up After pH‐Metry and pH Impedance in Pediatric Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Authors: van der Pol Rachel J. , van den Ouweland Marloes , Loots Clara M. , Vandenplas Yvan , Benninga Marc A. , van Wijk Michiel P.
Published: September 2014

Objectives:

It is unclear how diagnostic tests for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in children relate to the course of symptoms during follow‐up.

Methods:

During 1 year, all children (ages 0–18 years), who underwent pH‐metry and/or pH multichannel intraluminal impedance (MII), were included after written informed consent was obtained. pH‐metry and pH‐MII test characteristics, such as reflux index (RI, % time that esophageal pH < 4), were obtained from the measurements. A questionnaire containing subcategories (medical history, gastrointestinal [GI] symptoms, extraesophageal symptoms, symptom burden, and therapeutic agents) was used; subjects were asked to fill the questionnaire at the time of inclusion and 3, 6, and 12 months afterward.

Results:

A total of 162 infants and 42 children were included. pH‐MII was performed in 15.4% and 57.4% of infants and children, respectively. All of the other subjects underwent pH‐metry. Median RI was 2.0% (interquartile range 3.4) in infants and 1.7% (interquartile range 2.3) in children. RI was considered positive in 6.8% and 12.8% of infants and children, respectively. In infants, RI at baseline was significantly associated with symptom burden at baseline and at 3 and 12 months of follow‐up. RI at baseline and reported GI symptoms at 3 months were also significantly associated. In infants and children using medication, symptom burden was significantly higher compared with those not using medication. This difference was found at baseline, after 3 and 12 months.

Conclusions:

In infants, an initial high RI is associated with persistence of GI symptoms at 3 months and a higher burden of symptoms during the course of 1 year. In children there were no such findings.
Goal-directed learning and obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: Gillan Claire M. , Robbins Trevor W.
Published: September 2014

Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) has become a paradigmatic case of goal-directed dysfunction in psychiatry. In this article, we review the neurobiological evidence, historical and recent, that originally led to this supposition and continues to support a habit hypothesis of OCD. We will then discuss a number of recent studies that have directly tested this hypothesis, using behavioural experiments in patient populations. Based on this research evidence, which suggests that rather than goal-directed avoidance behaviours, compulsions in OCD may derive from manifestations of excessive habit formation, we present the details of a novel account of the functional relationship between these habits and the full symptom profile of the disorder. Borrowing from a cognitive dissonance framework, we propose that the irrational threat beliefs (obsessions) characteristic of OCD may be a consequence, rather than an instigator, of compulsive behaviour in these patients. This lays the foundation for a potential shift in both clinical and neuropsychological conceptualization of OCD and related disorders. This model may also prove relevant to other putative disorders of compulsivity, such as substance dependence, where the experience of ‘wanting’ drugs may be better understood as post hoc rationalizations of otherwise goal-insensitive, stimulus-driven behaviour.
Delineation of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates from cystic fibrosis patients by fatty acid methyl ester profiles and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectra using hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis
Authors: Vidigal Pedrina Gonçalves , Mosel Frank , Koehling Hedda Luise , Mueller Karl Dieter , Buer Jan , Rath Peter Michael , Steinmann Joerg
Published: September 2014

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an opportunist multidrug-resistant pathogen that causes a wide range of nosocomial infections. Various cystic fibrosis (CF) centres have reported an increasing prevalence of S. maltophilia colonization/infection among patients with this disease. The purpose of this study was to assess specific fingerprints of S. maltophilia isolates from CF patients (n = 71) by investigating fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) through gas chromatography (GC) and highly abundant proteins by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and to compare them with isolates obtained from intensive care unit (ICU) patients (n = 20) and the environment (n = 11). Principal component analysis (PCA) of GC-FAME patterns did not reveal a clustering corresponding to distinct CF, ICU or environmental types. Based on the peak area index, it was observed that S. maltophilia isolates from CF patients produced significantly higher amounts of fatty acids in comparison with ICU patients and the environmental isolates. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) based on the MALDI-TOF MS peak profiles of S. maltophilia revealed the presence of five large clusters, suggesting a high phenotypic diversity. Although HCA of MALDI-TOF mass spectra did not result in distinct clusters predominantly composed of CF isolates, PCA revealed the presence of a distinct cluster composed of S. maltophilia isolates from CF patients. Our data suggest that S. maltophilia colonizing CF patients tend to modify not only their fatty acid patterns but also their protein patterns as a response to adaptation in the unfavourable environment of the CF lung.
Comment onPhosphorylation adjacent to the nuclear localization signal of human dUTPase abolishes nuclear import: structural and mechanistic insightsby Rónaet al.(2013)
Authors: Alvisi Gualtiero , Jans David A.
Published: September 2014

The authors comment on the article by Rónaet al.[(2013),Acta Cryst.D69, 2495–2505].
On the prompt update of literature references in the Protein Data Bank
Authors: Wlodawer Alexander
Published: September 2014

Updating literature references in the Protein Data Bank is discussed.
Collateral circulation prevents masticatory muscle impairment in rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model
Authors: Yuan Falei , Lin Xiaojie , Guan Yongjing , Mu Zhihao , Chen Kemin , Wang Yongting , Yang Guo-Yuan
Published: September 2014

The rat suture middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) is a frequently used animal model for investigating the mechanisms of ischemic brain injury. During suture MCAO, transection of the external carotid artery (ECA) potentially restrains blood flow and impairs masticatory muscle and other ECA-supported territories, consequently influencing post-operation animal survival. This study was aimed at investigating the effect of ECA transection on the hemodynamic alterations using a novel synchrotron radiation (SR) angiography technique and magnetic resonance imaging in live animals. Fifteen male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. Animals underwent MCAO, in which the ECA was transected. SR angiography was performed before and after MCAO. Rats then underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect the tissue lesion both intra- and extra-cranially. Animals with SR angiography without other manipulations were used as control. High-resolution cerebrovascular morphology was analyzed using a novel technique of SR angiography. The masticatory muscle lesion was further examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. MRI and histological results showed that there was no masticatory muscle lesion at 1, 7 and 28 days following MCAO with ECA transection. In normal condition, the ECA and its branch external maxillary artery were clearly detected. Following ECA transection, the external maxillary artery was still observed and the blood supply appeared from the anastomotic branch from the pterygopalatine artery. SR angiography further revealed the inter-relationship of hemisphere extra- and intra-cranial vasculature in the rat following MCAO. Transection of the ECA did not impair masticatory muscles in rat suture MCAO. Interrupted blood flow could be compensated by the collateral circulation from the pterygopalatine artery.
Role of the Li+node in the Li-BH4substructure of double-cation tetrahydroborates
Authors: Schouwink Pascal , Smrčok Ľubomír , Černý Radovan
Published: September 2014

The phase diagram LiBH4–ABH4(A= Rb,Cs) has been screened and revealed ten new compounds LiiAj(BH4)i+j(A= Rb, Cs), withi,jranging between 1 and 3, representing eight new structure types amongst homoleptic borohydrides. An approach based on synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction to solve crystal structures and solid-state first principles calculations to refine atomic positions allows characterizing multi-phase ball-milled samples. The Li-BH4substructure adopts various topologies as a function of the compound's Li content, ranging from one-dimensional isolated chains to three-dimensional networks. It is revealed that the Li+ion has potential as a surprisingly versatile cation participating in framework building with the tetrahydroborate anion BH4as a linker, if the framework is stabilized by large electropositive counter-cations. This utility can be of interest when designing novel hydridic frameworks based on alkaline metals and will be of use when exploring the structural and coordination chemistry of light-metal systems otherwise subject to eutectic melting.
Three new phosphoric triamides with a [C(O)NH]P(O)[N(C)(C)]2skeleton: a database analysis of C—N—C and P—N—C bond angles
Authors: Pourayoubi Mehrdad , Tarahhomi Atekeh , Rheingold Arnold L. , Golen James A.
Published: September 2014

InN,N,N′,N′-tetraethyl-N′′-(4-fluorobenzoyl)phosphoric triamide, C15H25FN3O2P, (I), andN-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)-N′,N′′-bis(4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)phosphoric triamide, C19H28F2N3O2P, (II), the C—N—C angle at each tertiary N atom is significantly smaller than the two P—N—C angles. For the other new structure,N,N′-dicyclohexyl-N′′-(2-fluorobenzoyl)-N,N′-dimethylphosphoric triamide, C21H33FN3O2P, (III), one C—N—C angle [117.08 (12)°] has a greater value than the related P—N—C angle [115.59 (9)°] at the same N atom. Furthermore, for most of the analogous structures with a [C(=O)NH]P(=O)[N(C)(C)]2skeleton deposited in the Cambridge Structural Database [CSD; Allen (2002).Acta Cryst.B58, 380–388], the C—N—C angle is significantly smaller than the two P—N—C angles; exceptions were found for four structures with theN-methylcyclohexylamide substituent, similar to (III), one structure with the seven-membered cyclic amide azepan-1-yl substituent and one structure with anN-methylbenzylamide substituent. The asymmetric units of (I), (II) and (III) contain one molecule, and in the crystal structures, adjacent molecules are linkedviapairs of N—H...O=P hydrogen bonds to form dimers.