bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Additive Manufacturing of Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Isanaka Sriram Praneeth , Karnati Sreekar , Liou Frank
Published: February 2019

Successful additive manufacturing (AM) of aluminum alloys has been demonstrated using a number of processes, which is the focus of this article. Utilization of some aluminum alloys with relatively low reflectivity coupled with process optimization to achieve high retained energy densities enabled the successful deposition of aluminum–silicon alloys that were previously manufactured exclusively using casting processes. The design flexibility of AM processes coupled to the ability to direct energy and material to specific spatial locations has also been used to demonstrate the ability to join dissimilar aluminum alloys, with applicability toward functional grading and repair. Researchers have shown that the additively manufactured alloys exhibit comparable and, in cases, improved mechanical properties to their conventional counterparts with highly refined grain structures. Elaborate investigations into their microstructures to determine the causality of the mechanical properties are also discussed in detail. Understanding the relationship between these desired high retained energy densities and the factors favoring them, including the alloy composition, input energy, and the deposition speed and volume, plays a pivotal role toward successful additive manufacture. With further process parameter optimization and the development of raw material supply chains that can create and tailor alloys based on need, the applicability of these AM processes can be adapted to many more aluminum alloys and can be tailored to serve a wide range of industries.
Porosity in Aluminum Alloy Castings
Authors: Kuchariková Lenka , Tillová Eva , Belan Juraj , Uhríčik Milan
Published: February 2019

The inclusions and impurities (such as oxides, carbide, defect, and so on) are formed mostly during the casting process. These inclusions and impurities reduce material properties because an increase in porosity has a tendency to form failure and corrosion of aluminum alloys. The effect of porosity on the fatigue life of AlSi9Cu3 cast alloy was studied, examining the effect of porosity size, distribution, and morphology on the fatigue behavior changes, using image analysis software. A comparison of the fatigue properties was made between material casted into a metallic mold and the material casted into a sand mold under the same conditions of gravity die casting. The fatigue properties were studied on equipment Vibrophores Amsler 50–250 HFP 5100 for material casted into a metallic mold and on Rotoflex for materials casted into a sand molds. The results show that porosity has the greatest detrimental effect on fatigue life. It was found that fatigue life decreases with increasing size of the pores surface. The experimental material casted into the metallic mold had about 98.78% smaller porosity size in comparison to the material casted into the sand mold; therefore, it showed better fatigue and mechanical properties.
Electron Beam Welding of Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Sobih Mohamed , Elseddig Zuhair
Published: February 2019

Aluminum alloys are the subject of increasing interest in the automotive industry, as well as the aircraft industry, aiming to reduce the weight of components and also allowing a profit in term of energy saving. In assembly process, riveting has been widely used in the aircraft industry, whereas welding seems to be available in the car industry in the case of aluminum alloys. Nevertheless, conventional fusion welding can generate defects, such as gas porosity, oxide inclusions, solidification cracking (hot tearing), reduced strength in both the weld, and heat-affected zone (HAZ), which could limit its development. Electron beam welding (EBW) has unique advantages over other traditional fusion welding methods due to high energy density, deep penetration, large depth-to-width ratio, and small HAZ. EBW has been developed for many years and is being increasingly implemented in various industrial applications. In many cases, it has proven to be an efficient method for joining difficult to weld materials. One of the major problems associated with the EBW is how to select a proper combination of the process parameters because improper selection of these parameters causes defects in the weld joint, which could seriously influence the weld mechanical properties. This work introduces an overview of the EBW process, its parameters, process simulation, process optimization, and finally characterization of the electron beam weld joint of 2219 aluminum alloy.
Ductility–Fatigue Life Relationships in Aluminum Alloy Castings: Role of Structural Quality
Authors: Tiryakioğlu Murat , Özdeş Hüseyin
Published: February 2019

The relationships between tensile properties and fatigue life in cast aluminum alloys have been reviewed. Strong relationships were found between fatigue life and the quality factor, QT, that uses tensile ductility to characterize structural quality for a number of cast aluminum alloys. The model developed by the authors to estimate the Basquin parameters as a function of QT is introduced along with a step-by-step guide on how to apply it to cast aluminum alloys. This model provides much more reliable estimates for cast aluminum alloys than other models available in the literature.
Friction Stir Processing: Effect on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Cast Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Tiryakioğlu Murat , Netto Nelson
Published: February 2019

Microstructural and mechanical data from the literature of friction stir processed (FSPed) cast aluminum alloys were reanalyzed. Results indicated that friction stir processing (FSP) produced more homogeneous microstructures, with finer eutectic Si particles, grains, and intermetallics. However, a relationship between microstructural measures and process parameters could not be established. Regardless of the resultant microstructure, structural casting defects, i.e., pores and oxide films, were reduced in size or completely eliminated after FSP. Consequently, ductility and fatigue life were drastically improved by FSP. Quality index analysis showed that some FSPed specimens have a higher structural quality than aerospace and premium quality castings, and can be used to determine the intrinsic properties of cast aluminum alloys.
Analytical Techniques for Aluminum
Authors: Deschamps Alexis
Published: February 2019

This article provides a guideline for selection of analytical methodologies for aluminum precipitates. These methodologies include: crystallographic structure, precipitate size, volume fraction, atom probe tomography, compositional chemistry, precipitation sequence, second phase particle characterization, and geometrical information analysis.
Atom Probe Characterization of Nanoscale Precipitates in Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Hono K.
Published: February 2019

Atomic Probe Field Ion Microscopy (APFIM) is used to solve many critical problems related to microstructures of metallic materials such as nanostructures that are composed of nanoscale precipitates dispersed in a matrix phase. The atom probe technique provides unique information on metallic nanostructures not attainable with other analytical microscopy techniques such as Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). In this article the an overview of the contribution of the atom probe technique to enhance the current understanding of solute clustering and characterization of fine precipitates of aluminum alloys.
Corrosion of Aluminum and Its Alloys
Authors: Burleigh T. David
Published: February 2019

Corrosion of aluminum is a chemical reaction with its environment leading to the deterioration of its properties. This article addresses corrosion of aluminum including why it corrodes. Included in this review are the following topics: Pourbaix Diagrams, electrochemistry of corrosion, effect of chlorides on corrosion rates, forms of corrosion and their prevention, microbiological corrosion prevention, and testing.
Design of Aluminum Rolling Processes for Foil, Sheet, and Plate
Authors: Driver Julian H. , Engler Olaf
Published: February 2019

A large proportion of all aluminum alloys are used as rolled products in the form of sheet, foil or plate. In virtually all cases, the required properties of these materials are specific to the application such as microstructure, and thermal and mechanical properties. This article describes the fundamental relationship between composition, rolling process, microstructures, and properties and illustrates how rolling processes can be designed to achieve optimal application specific properties.
Weldability: Effect of Alloying Element Sc, Mn, and Zr on Alloys of the Al-Mg-Sc-Mn-Zr System
Authors: Lukin V. I.
Published: February 2019

Scandium in aluminum alloys behaves as the most efficient modifier of the structure of the material and as an agent suppressing recrystallization. This unique behavior of scandium in alloys of the Al-Mg system greatly increases the strength characteristics, whilst retaining on a higher level the ductility and processing properties of deformed semi-finished products. This article describes the effect of complex alloying the Al-6.3% Mg alloy with scandium, manganese and zirconium on the weldability and strength properties of the material is of considerable scientific and practical importance.

Investigations.
Electron Backscatter Diffraction
Authors: Field David P. , Kumar Mukul
Published: February 2019

Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) based technique that is used to obtain local information on the crystallographic character of bulk crystalline and polycrystalline materials. Topics discussed in this article include: EBSD system overview, multiphase analysis, and application to aluminum integrated circuit interconnects, dislocation structure analysis, analysis of grain boundary networks, and application to friction stir welding of aluminum alloys.
Forging
Authors: Shinozaki Kichitaro , Miyamoto Kazuho
Published: February 2019

Forging may be defined as a forming process of a blank (billet) which is put on a lower die to receive compressive force from an upper die and the resulting plastic flow is initiated to fill the die cavity. This article reviews various aspects of the forging processes including: basic forging operations including die forging design, defects, and forging presses.
Pulsed TIG Welding of Aluminum
Authors: Katoh S.
Published: February 2019

As a consequence of developments in the electronic control of welding power sources, there has been a trend for even inexpensive and widely used metal inert gas (MIG) and tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding machines to be equipped, as standard, with a high performance pulsed current waveform control function. Meanwhile advances in understanding of pulsed arc welding phenomena and the clarification of the associated functional effects have resulted in a gradual expansion of its scope of application and of improvements in practical performance. Thus inert gas shielded arc welding is entering an epoch when full scale pulsed arc welding will become standard. In this article, the progress of the development of pulsed TIG welding of aluminium is introduced, followed by a description of the main characteristics and finally examples of recent research concerning the improvement of weld quality are introduced.
Recrystallization and Grain Growth
Authors: Mao Weimin
Published: February 2019

Recrystallization occurs in all heating processes of aluminum alloys subjected to hot or cold deformation. The chemical, physical and mechanical property of aluminum alloys is dependent on recrystallization and grain growth. This article provides an overview of the mechanism and characteristics of deformation microstructure and defect structures in aluminum alloys.
Smelting of Aluminum
Authors: Gasik Michael M. , Gasik Michael I.
Published: February 2019

In this article, an overview of aluminum reduction from oxides and other aluminum compounds is provided. Specific topical coverage addressed are: physical chemistry of aluminum reduction, smelting processes including: the Hall-Héroult Process, the ALCAN Process, the Alcoa process, the Elliot-Mitt Process, and others. In addition, direct reduction of aluminum alloys, and electrodes for aluminum production are discussed.
Solidification of Aluminum Alloy Weld Metal
Authors: Ota S. , Asai K. , Oya S.
Published: February 2019

The characteristics of the structure of solidified weld metal vary with its solidification process, which affects the occurrence of defects such as blowholes and solidification cracking. With respect to the solidification process during casting, a great deal of research has been carried out to control the process so that the solidification structure and its characteristics can be adjusted preferentially. This article describes the analytical results for the same two concerning the cooling behavior of the solid-liquid zone during the solidification process, the change in fraction of solid and local solidification rate.
Vacuum Carbothermic Reduction of Alumina
Authors: Halmann Martin , Steinfeld Aldo , Epstein Michael , Vishnevetsky Irina
Published: February 2019

The current industrial production of aluminum from alumina is based on the electrochemical Hall-Héroult process, which has the drawbacks of high-greenhouse gas emissions, reaching up to 0.70 kg CO2-equiv/kg Al, and large energy consumption, about 0.055 GJ/kg Al. An alternative process is the carbothermic reduction of alumina. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations and experiments by induction furnace heating indicated that this reaction could be achieved under atmospheric pressure only above 2200° C. Lower required reaction temperatures can be achieved by alumina reduction under vacuum. This was experimentally demonstrated under simulated concentrated solar illumination and by induction furnace heating. By decreasing the CO partial pressure from 3.5 mbar to 0.2 mbar, the temperature required for almost complete reactant consumption could be decreased from 1800°C to 1550°C. Deposits condensed on the relatively cold reactor walls contained up to 71 wt% of Al. Almost pure aluminum was observed as Al drops, while a gray powder contained 60–80% Al and a yellow-orange powder contained only Al4C3, Al-oxycarbides and Al2O3.
The primary care nurse’s guide to winter respiratory disease
Authors: Gundry Stephen
Published: February 2019

Stephen Gundry on the seasonal illnesses you can expect to see in your practice right now
Treatment and management of fibromyalgia in primary care
Authors: Perry Margaret
Published: February 2019

Margaret Perry discusses how practice nurses can reduce the impact of this painful condition
Technological features of advanced skin protectants and an examination of the evidence base
Authors: Woo Kevin , Hill Rosemary , LeBlanc Kimberly , Schultz Gregory , Swanson Terry , Weir Dot , Mayer Dieter O.
Published: February 2019

Products that provide a protective skin barrier play a vital role in defending the skin against the corrosive effect of bodily fluids, including wound exudate, urine, liquid faeces, stoma output and sweat. There are many products to choose from, which can be broadly categorised by ingredients. This article describes the differences in mechanisms of action between barrier products comprising petrolatum and/or zinc oxide, silicone film-forming polymers and cyanoacrylates, and compares the evidence on them. The literature indicates that all types of barrier product are clinically effective, with little comparative evidence indicating that any one ingredient is more efficacious than another, although film-forming polymers and cyanoacrylates have been found to be easier to apply and more cost-effective. However, laboratory evidence, albeit limited, indicates that a concentrated cyanoacrylate produced a more substantial and adherent layer on a porcine explant when compared with a diluted cyanoacrylate and was more effective at protecting skin from abrasion and repeated exposure to moisture than a film-forming polymer. Finally, a silicone-based cream containing micronutrients was found to significantly reduce the incidence of pressure ulceration when used as part of a comprehensive prevention strategy.
Scanning electron microscopic examination of absorption potency of various fibrous dressings
Authors: Sopata Mateusz , Piasecki Adam , Sopata Maciej
Published: February 2019

Objective:

There is a lack of literature on the characteristics and properties of fibre dressings available on the market. This study analysed the structure and absorption properties of different fibrous dressings used in wound treatment.

Method:

This in vitro experiment was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and absorption test. Dressings were compared before and after the gelling process which was then compared with the results of the absorption test.

Results:

A total of five samples were analysed. The SEM analysis demonstrated that there are differences in the gelling processes for each. In some cases, a formation of dead spaces was noticed. Despite a similar structure and mode of action, the dressings have different properties. Results were correlated with absorption measurements. There was a considerable difference in absorption capacity of individual dressings, which may further affect the capacity of the dressing to manage exudate.

Conclusion:

Absorption of excess exudate and maintaining moisture balance in the wound environment are among the most important conditions of successful healing. Various fibrous dressings have different properties and clinicians should use this information to select the most appropriate dressing for the type of wound.
Management of cardiogenic shock complicating ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: part 1
Authors: O'Donovan Kate
Published: February 2019

Cardiogenic shock associated with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a potentially devastating complication. This type of shock consists of left ventricular dysfunction causing haemodynamic instability and end-organ hypoperfusion resulting in multi-organ dysfunction syndrome. Despite advances in the management of STEMI, especially in the realm of reperfusion strategies, mortality rates remain high. The pathophysiology is complex and multifactorial, resulting in a clinical presentation of hypotension and signs of hypoperfusion. Patient assessment comprises a targeted history and a thorough physical examination to detect signs of decompensation and end-organ hypoperfusion. Upon arrival in hospital, an echocardiograph is essential in the process of identifying a cause.

Learning Outcomes

After completing this module the paramedic will be able to: Define cardiogenic shock Understand the pathophysiology of a person in cardiogenic shock Recognise the clinical presentation and features of cardiogenic shock Understand patient assessment of a person who appears to be in cardiogenic shock
Ideas take shape
Authors: White Hilary
Published: February 2019

In this last in a series on ‘maths talk’, we look at using heuristic play to introduce shape names and terminology, and explore linked activities that encourage children to confidently use new words.
Happy Pancake Day!
Authors: Rawstrone Annette
Published: February 2019

Pancake Day provides a great opportunity to have fun cooking with children and talking to them about how the ingredients are weighed and measured and how the batter is mixed and heated.
Systematic review of preoperative carotid duplex ultrasound compared with computed tomography carotid angiography for carotid endarterectomy
Authors: Forjoe T , Asad Rahi M
Published: February 2019

Introduction

We reviewed the literature for preoperative computed tomography carotid angiography and/or carotid duplex to determine their respective sensitivity and specificity in assessing the degree of carotid stenosis. We aimed to identify whether one imaging modality can accurately identify critical stenosis in patients presenting with transient ischaemic attack or symptoms of a cerebrovascular accident requiring carotid endarterectomy.

Methods

Systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane database of systematic reviews, all Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, ACP Journal club, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Clinical Answers, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Cochrane Methodology Register, Health Technology Assessment and NHS Economic Evaluation Database) for primary studies relating to computed tomography carotid angiography (CTA) and/or carotid duplex ultrasound (CDU). Studies included were published between 1990 and 2018 and focused on practice in the UK, Europe and North America.

Results

The sensitivity and specificity of CTA and CDU are comparable. CDU is safe and readily available in the clinical environment hence its use in the initial preoperative assessment of carotid stenosis. CDU is an adequate imaging modality for determining stenosis greater than 70%; sensitivity and specificity are improved when the criteria for determining greater than 70% stenosis are adjusted. Vascular laboratories opting to use duplex as their sole imaging modality should assess the sensitivity and specificity of their own duplex procedure before altering practice to preoperative single imaging for patients.

Conclusions

The sensitivity and specificity of CTA (90.6% and 93%, respectively) and CDU (92.3% and 89%, respectively) are comparable. Both are dependent on criteria used in vascular laboratories. CDU sensitivity and specificity was improved to 98.7% and 94.1%, respectively, where peak systolic velocity and end diastolic velocity were assessed. Either modality can be used to determine greater than 70% stenosis, although a secondary imaging modality may be required for cases of greater than 50% stenosis.
Efficient reduction of aromatic nitro compounds catalyzed by nickel chloride supported on natural phosphate
Authors: Baba Abderrahim , Ouahbi Hicham , Hassine Ayoub , Sebti Jalila , Laasri Laila , Sebti Said
Published: February 2019

Natural phosphates are an important natural resource in Morocco, which need to be valorized; they can be used not only as primary raw material to produce the fertilizers but also as catalysts. In this work, we have prepared natural phosphate-supported nickel chloride (NiCl2/NP). This material was effectively used as a heterogeneous catalyst in the presence of sodium borohydride as a reducing agent. The reaction was carried out at room temperature in an aqueous medium. The catalyst showed an excellent activity for the reduction of aromatic nitro compounds under simple conditions along with good usability.
Synthesis, structural characterization and ionic conductivity of mixed alkali titanium phosphate glasses
Authors: Dardar Fatima Ezzahraa , Gross Michael , Krimi Saida , Couzi Michel , Lachgar Abdessadek , Sebti Said , El Jazouli Abdelaziz
Published: February 2019

Glasses with formula Na3-xLixCaTi(PO4)3 [10(3-x) mol. % Na2O - 10x mol. % Li2O - 20 mol. % CaO - 20 mol. % TiO2 - 30 mol. % P2O5] (0 ≤ x ≤ 3) were prepared by standard melt-quenching technique, and their structural and physical properties were characterized by thermal analysis, density measurements, Raman, and impedance spectroscopy. When Na+ is gradually replaced by Li+ , molar volume, glass transition temperature (Tg) and ionic conductivity values decrease, pass through a minimum around the composition x = 1.5, then increase, while density values increase, pass through a maximum, then decrease. The non-linear variation of these physical properties is a result of the classical mixed alkali effect. Powder X-ray diffraction shows that crystallization of the glasses leads to the formation of a Nasicon phase for the compositions x = 0 and x = 0.5, and to a mixture of phases for the other compositions. Raman spectroscopy study shows that the glass structure contains P2O7 and PO4 groups, and short -Ti-O-Ti-O-Ti- chains, formed by TiO6 octahedra linked to each other through corners. These chains are linked by phosphate tetrahedra to form -O-Ti-O-P-O- linkages.
Lukrezio, Ibinagabeitiak euskaratua / Lucretius, translated into Basque by A. Ibinagabeitia
Authors: Bilbao Telletxea Gidor
Published: February 2019

Artikulu honetan, Andima Ibinagabeitiak euskaraturiko lan argitaragabe bat editatu da: Lukrezioren De rerum natura, 1-43. Lan hori bere testuinguruan kokatzeko, Ibinagabeitiak euskaraturiko literatura-lanen zerrenda finkatzen ahalegindu gara; kontuan hartu dira itzulpen-lan argitaratuak, itzulpen argitaragabeak, eta baita aipu bidez ezagutzen ditugunak ere, itzulpen horien alerik ezagutu ez arren. Gainera, Ibinagabeitiak itzulpenaren inguruan zituen ideiak aztertu dira haren lanetan eta gutunetan, Lukrezio itzulgai gisa hautatzeko zein arrazoi izan zezakeen ulertzeko.
La singularidad cultural del área pirenaico-occidental: dinámicas y persistencias entre la Edad del Hierro y la Época romana / The cultural specificity of West Pyrenean area: dynamics and continuities between the Iron Age and the Roman period
Authors: Hiriart Eneko , Callegarin Laurent , Gardes Philippe , Réchin François
Published: February 2019

It is not an easy task to study the «Basque-Aquitanian» area during the Antiquity. Fortunately, Joaquín Gorrochategui’s research opened up a few new research routes to improve our knowledge of this area. From an archaeological point of view, both sides of the western Pyrenees have their own cultural specificity, which differs from their Gaulish, Iberian and Celtiberian neighbours. This paper focuses on two archaeological materials, ceramic and coinage, to better understand the cultural dynamics, the ethnic complexity and the evolution of the local populations, in between the Iron Age and the Roman period.
Miecha / Miecha
Authors: Hualde Jose Ignacio
Published: February 2019

Lan honetan, gaztelaniak eta beste hizkuntza ibero-erromanikoek euskaratik hartu omen dituzten mailegu zaharren kronologia aztertzen dut. Mailegu hauen datazioa errazagoa edo seguruagoa da soinu aldakuntzen ondorioak erakusten dituztenean eta soinu aldakuntza horiek datatu ditzakegunean. Hemen Erdi Aroko Miecha praenomen-az dihardut. Antza denez, hitz honen osagaiak gazt. mi eta eusk. aita dira. Aita > -echa bilakaera aztertzen dut gaztelaniaren fonologia diakronikoaz dakiguna kontuan hartuz. Neurri batean maileguen datazioa erabili dezakegu bi hizkuntzen arteko harremana noiz hasi zen jakiteko ere.
"Zein" erlatiboaren historiaz / About the history of the "zein" relative
Authors: Krajewska Dorota
Published: February 2019

Lan honen helburua XVI-XIX. mendeetako testuetan izenordain galdetzaileekin egiten den erlatiboaren erabilera aztertzea da. Egitura erromantzeetatik mailegatua den ala ez galdera albo batera utzita, bere erabilera eta ezaugarriak interesatzen zaizkit lan honetan. Hasteko, erlatiboak testuetan dituen agerraldiak iruzkintzen ditut, lekukotasun zaharrenetik XIX. mendera arte. Testu inprimatuez gain, XVI-XVIII. mendeetako gutun pribatuak ere kontuan hartzen ditut. Bestalde, egituraren ezaugarri batzuk deskribatzen ditut: izenordainaren paradigma, menderagailuaren erabilera, erlatibizatzen diren argumentuak, perpausaren konplexutasuna, etab. Oro har, ondorio nagusia da zein erlatiboa, erregistro guztietara zabaldu ez zen arren, ez zela «barbarismoa», hizkuntzaren parte ez den kalko arrotza, bere toki nahiko zehatza eta funtzio propioak zituen egitura bat baizik.
Erronkaribarko oikonimiaz, etxe izenen grafia finkatzeko metodologia / House names in the Roncal Valley: a methodology for the fixation of their witten form
Authors: Lopez-Mugartza Iriarte Juan Karlos
Published: February 2019

Oikonimia etxeen izenak ikertzen dituen onomastikaren arloa da. Artikulu honetan aditzera ematen da nola jokatu den Erronkaribarko etxe izenak biltzeko unean eta zer-nolako irizpide metodologiko eta etikoek gidatu duten bilketa lana. Ikerketa lanaren helburua Erronkaribarko etxe izenetan gorderik dagoen altxor materiagabea gordetzea eta zaintzea da. Idatziz dokumentatu diren izenak ahozko inkestan jaso direnekin alderatu dira. Ikerketa eragin duten arrazoiak filologikoak dira neurri handian, etxe izenen azterketaren ondorioz ibar honetan euskarak izan duen garrantzia eta hizkuntza honek nafar-aragoiera erromantzearekin izan duen erlazioa agerian gelditzen baitira. Baina arrazoi filologikoez gainera, arrazoi soziolinguistikoak eta bestelakoak ere kontuan hartu behar dira. Izan ere, filologoen ekarpenak ezin dira etxeen jabeen iritzien eta sentimenduen aurka joan. Agiri guztien gainetik, begirune berezia zor zaie bertan bizi direnei.
La lengua vasca en la Península entre Antigüedad y Edad Media. Observaciones a la "Communis opinio" / Basque language in the Iberian peninsula between Antiquity and Middle Ages. Some remarks on the "communis opinio"
Authors: Múgica Matías
Published: February 2019

The author argues, developing an idea proposed by French phoneticist Henri Gavel in the fifties, that the examination of the clearly Latin ancient toponymy of Upper Navarre suggests that the linguistic stratification usually proposed for the Middle Navarre (Navarra Media), an area where Basque was intensely spoken throughout the Middle Ages, should be reviewed and that in that area the Latin can be chronologically prior to the Basque, which would satisfactorily explain some unresolved knots of the linguistic history of the Basque Country and its surroundings.
Geroaldiko partizipio prospektiboaren polimorfismoa eta "-n"-dun aditz klasea / The polimorfism of the participle prospective of future and the clase of "-n" verb
Authors: Oyharçabal Beñat , Padilla Moyano Manuel
Published: February 2019

Artikulu honek partizipio prospektiboaren gauzatzearen formak aztertzen ditu. Egileak egungo aldakortasunetik abiatzen dira, Euskaltzaindiak laburbildu bezala: partizipio perfektiboari -ko atzizkia eranstea, salbu -n edo -l bukaera duenean, ekialdeko mintzoetan -en genitiboaren atzizkia baliatzen baita. Hala hainbat euskalkitako testuetan nola aditzaren morfologiaren gaineko lanetan oinarriturik, egileek hauxe erakusten dute: partizipio prospektiboaren markatzea onartzen ohi den baino aldakorragoa dela: 1) Lapurdin -(r)en atzizkiaren erabilpen berankorra bokalez bukatzen diren partizipioekin (biziren, ikusiren, harturen); eta 2) XVII. mendetik aitzina, izaren 'izanen' & egoren 'egonen' bezalako formen agerpena lapurteraz eta mendebaldeko behe-nafarreraz. Ondoren izaren & egoren moldeko forma prospektiboak ikertuak dira, haien agerpena bilduz: lehenik, azalpen fonologiko bat formulatzen da (cf. Mitxelena 1990); bigarrenik, forma horiek denbora-burutik argumentuaren hautapenaren aldaketaren emaitza gisara analizatuak dira, genitibo atzizkiaz lexikalizatua, aspektu sintagma ala aditz sintagma izan. Ikuspegi honetan, emaren edo egoren bezalako formak ez lirateke eman & egon partizipioei, baizik ere -ma- & -go- aditz erroei -(r)en atzizkia eranstearen emaitza.
La relación entre los manuscritos 10 202 y 10 203 de la BNE, del "Árbol de las batallas" / The relationship between the BNE manuscripts 10 202 and 10 203 of the "Árbol de las batallas"
Authors: Pascual José A.
Published: February 2019

The relationship between two manuscripts from the National Library of Spain which include the translation that Antón Zorita did by commission from the first Marquis of Santillana is examined. There are clear evidences that one of the manuscripts, which is supposed to be the final version, is directly based in the other. The more significant corrections between both texts are to do with an attempt of leaving out features characteristics from the «aragonés» dialect.
"Rustici" y bagaudas en Vasconia: la elección de un vocablo en Hidacio / XXX
Authors: Pozo Flores Mikel
Published: February 2019

This work looks at the classical subject of 5th Century Historiography, the famous Bagaudae Conflict mentioned in Hydatius' Chronicle. Having briefly introduced the events and historiographical explanations, we will analyze the texts by looking at the features of intellectual production in the Late Antiquity. To be precise, we will study the meaning of the term bagaudae in work by other authors prior to Hydatius, in particular Orosius, and the parallelisms in the accounts of these authors. On the one hand we look to confirm the existence of a certain consolidated tradition amongst the intellectuals of the Antiquity in the meaning and usage of the term and on the other hand, hold that Hydatius did not refer to bagaudae as rebel peasants, as was hitherto maintained, but as a certain type of local troop known as rustici. This interpretation is in line with the decisive role that the rustici had in the evolution of Post-Roman Vasconia according to an in depth explanation being prepared for publication.
Europar Batasuneko Energia-testuingurua. Eraginkortasun Energetikoa Industrian
Authors: Romero-Anton Naiara , Martin-Eskudero Koldobika , Del-Portillo-Valdés Luis Alfonso
Published: February 2019

Europar Batasunak (EB) energia merkatu aldakor bati aurre egin behar dio eta, ildo horretan, «Horizon 2020» deritzon programa jarri du indarrean. Bertan, 2020ra arteko epealdia ezarri dute honako xede hauek bideratu ahal izateko: (1) kontsumitutako energiaren % 20ak jatorri berriztagarria izan behar du, (2) eraginkortasun energetikoa hobetu behar da energia primarioaren erabilera % 20 murrizteko eta, azkenik, (3) 1990. urteko balioekin alderaturik, berotegi efektuko gasak % 20 murriztu behar dira. Eraginkortasun energetikoa bideratzeko indarrean dauden «Eraginkortasun Energetiko Plana» eta «Eraginkortasun Energetiko Direktiba 2012/27/EU» definitu dira. Bestetik, aldaketa klimatikoari aurre egiteko eta emisioak murrizteko EBk aplikatutako «cap and trade» mekanismoa eta «2020 klima eta energia paketea» azaldu dira. Dena den, ikerkuntza eta garapen teknologikoak ezinbestekoak dira «Horizon 2020» xedeak betetzeko, beraz, SET-planaren jarduerak ere aztertu dira. Horrez gain, eraginkortasun energetikoak industrian dituen aukerak aztertu dira eta, adibide moduan, SPIREk bultzatutako proiektuak deskribatu dira. Azkenik, EBk 2030 eta 2050 urteetarako proposatutako helburuak eta ikerkuntza lerroak aztertu dira.
A preliminary molecular survey of Babesia divergens and first evidence of Theileria annulata in cattle from Saudi Arabia
Authors: Ghafar Mohamed W. , Amer Sayed A. M.
Published: February 2019

Background and Aim: Babesia divergens causes human babesiosis in Europe where the parasite utilizes cattle as animal reservoir and Ixodes ricinus as tick vector. Importation of infected animals and passive carriage of infected ticks through migratory birds can lead to tick/pathogen geographic expansion and emergence of diseases in naive land. Given the information that Saudi Arabia imports cattle from the European countries and that two global bird flyways pass through the country geographic coordinates, we speculate that B. divergens might be introduced into the Kingdom. Therefore, the aim of this preliminary study was to molecularly detect and characterize B. divergens and other piroplasms (including Theileria spp.) in cattle from Taif district, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Materials and Methods: Blood samples from 20 cattle residing Taif district were collected, and polymerase chain reaction tested using wide and species-specific primers. Amplicons from a positive genus-wide reaction were purified, sequenced, and analyzed. Phylogenetic trees were constructed, and similarity to existing GenBank zoonotic piroplasms was also assessed.

Results: All samples were negative for B. divergens, and only one sample proved positive for Theileria annulata in a wide reaction. Phylogeny clustered our strain with T. annulata from Spanish dog and another one detected in a cow from France. BLAST analysis showed genetic distance from zoonotic piroplasms with identity ranged from 88% to 91%.

Conclusion: Although B. divergens was not detected, we are not able to rule out or affirm the existence of the pathogen in the country. On the other hand, identifying T. annulata strain with a southern European origin strongly supports our speculation that bovine zoonotic Babesia might be introduced into KSA. This study is not only the first molecular survey of B. divergens but also the first report of the molecular identity of T. annulata in Saudi Arabia. A national-wide bovine and tick surveillance are needed to further prove our speculation.
Clinical Evaluation of Exercise Capacity in Adults with Systemic Right Ventricle
Authors: Rog Beata , Salapa Kinga , Okolska Magdalena , Dluzniewska Natalia , Werynski Piotr , Podolec Piotr , Tomkiewicz-Pajak Lidia
Published: February 2019

The right ventricle provides systemic circulation in individuals with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (CCTGA) and in those with complete transposition who have had an atrial switch repair (DTGA). The aim of this study was to evaluate how the systemic right ventricle adapts to increased workload and oxygen demand during exercise.

From November 2005 through December 2015, 3,358 adult patients with congenital heart disease were treated at our institution; we identified 48 (26 females, 22 males; median age, 25.4 ± 8.1 yr) who met the study criteria; 37 had DTGA and atrial switch repair, and 11 had CCTGA. We studied their echocardiographic and cardiopulmonary exercise test results. A control group consisted of 29 healthy sex- and age-matched volunteers.

On exercise testing, oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold, peak oxygen uptake, peak heart rate, and percentage of maximal heart rate were significantly lower in the group with systemic right ventricle than in the control group (all P <0.001); in contrast, the peak ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide was higher in the study group (P=0.013). Impaired systemic right ventricular function reduced peak oxygen uptake. The peak heart rate was lower in the CCTGA group than in the DTGA group.

Our results indicate that reduced exercise capacity is related to impaired systemic right ventricular function, severe tricuspid valve regurgitation, and chronotropic incompetence. There was no correlation between cardiopulmonary exercise test results and time after surgery. Chronotropic efficiency is lower in individuals with CCTGA than in those with DTGA.
Improvement Exposition Writing Skill through Contextual Approach
Authors: Tiarasari Fani Lastianti , Zulela MS , Yarmi Gusti
Published: February 2019

This objective of this research was to improve the exposition writing skill through the contextual approach on fifth grade student of Kalisari 02 Elementary School East Jakarta. This research uses an action research method consisting if two
cycles. Each cycle consists of four phases: planning, action, observation, and reflection. The subjects of the research were the students on fifth grade of Kalisari 02 Elementary School East Jakarta as many as 32 students. Data were collected through
observation for each student during action of learning, field notes, and documentation. The result obtained average values of exposition writing skill are 64,69 at pre-research, increase to 67,19 the first cycle and 80,13 in the second cycle, whereas
the student's score of all exposition writing indicators show significant improvement. The conclusion of this research was contextual approach is very effective to improve exposition writing skill. Not only that but applying contextual approach also
can improve the quality of teaching-learning process and can improve student’s actively so it can build the active and pleasant situation in the teaching and learning process.
Application of Multicultural Education in Forming Characters of Classics Classification V Basic School 7 Metro Lampung Center
Authors: Afriyadi Muhammad Muchsin , Japar M , Marini Arita
Published: February 2019

Application of multicultural education is in shaping the character of learners by describing the findings. The qualitativeresearch approach aims to reveal the existing data in the field by describing and interpreting events real in the field.
Character education on the attitude and behavior of learners in terms of character education, to be able to form a good character in learners, In the context of education, character education is a conscious effort made to form learners into positive
and character personality in accordance with the standards of competence graduation. The type of research used in this study is qualitative research. term This is considered suitable because it is natural and requires integrity in accordance with the
research problem is the application of multicultural education in shaping the character of learners in public primary school 7 Metro Center Lampung. This research was conducted on the students of class V of public primary school 7 Metro Center
Lampung. This is based on the consideration that public primary schools 7 Metro Center Lampung has many learners and one of the primary schools that excel in the area of Metro Center Lampung. In addition, public primary schools 7 Metro Center Lampung
have good quality, consistent in maintaining the quality of education so that the primary school 7 Metro Central Lampung.
Utilization of Bung Hatta Household House, Bung Sjahrir and Dr.Tjipto Mangunkusumo as a Resource of Historical Learning
Authors: Abu Budi La , . Umasih , . Nurzengki
Published: February 2019

This study aims to determine the utilization of exile house Bung Hatta, Bung Sjahrir and Dr. Tjipto Mangunkusumo as a source of learning by high school history teachers in Banda Naira. The method used is qualitative method with descriptive
analysis approach. The data sources used in this study are primary flat sources and secondary data sources. Data collection techniques used interview techniques, observation and documentation. The research findings show that teachers have taken
advantage of Bung Hatta's home exile sites, Bung Sharir and Dr. Tjipto Mangunkusumo as a source of history in school. The method used by teachers in utilizing the home peniggalan national leaders tesebut as a source of learning that is by designing
the lesson plan (RPP) utilize the relevant subject matter with the house of exile. Students are taken directly to the location of the relic of the exile house to do the learning by sourced directly from the relics of the house of exile.The exile
house of national figures can be used as a source of historical learning.
Evaluation of the Extrapineal Sources of Melatonin in Patients with Lymphocytic Colitis
Authors: Chojnacki Cezary , Błasiak Janusz , Fichna Jakub , Chojnacki Jan , Popławski Tomasz , Zielioski Krzysztof
Published: February 2019

Melatonin can be synthesized by different cells in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of melatonin-synthesizing enzymes: arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase(AANAT) and N-acetylserotonin
methyltransferase (ASMT) in colonic mucosa and urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion(aMT6s) in patients with lymphocytic colitis(LC) related to the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes(IEL) and enterochromaffin cells (EC). The study included 32
healthy subjects (HS group) and 36 patients with lymphocytic colitis (LC group). The diagnosis was based on histological and immunohistochemical performances using mouse monoclonal antibodies (chromogranin A –LK 2H10). EC were counted in 10 fields of
each bioptate at 40x magnification. The level of mRNA expression of AANAT and ASMT was estimated in colonic mucosa with RT-PCR. The urine concentration of aMT6s was determined by photometric method. Significant differences were found in obtained
results between HS and LC group: the number of IEL 14.1±3.41 vs. 32.4±5.50 per 100 surface colonocytes (p less than 0.001); the number of EC 32.2±10.1 vs. 70.4±21.2 (p less than 0.001); AANAT -1.32±0.47 vs. 2.32±0.65 (pless than 0.001; ASMT –
1.51±0.59 vs. 2.80±0.92 (p less than 0.001) aMT6s- 13.4±4.87 vs. 19.9±6.29 (p less than 0.001). Moreover, a positive correlation was found between the number of EC and ASMT (p= 0.011) and between EC and aMT6s (p less than 0.001). No correlation
occurred between the number of IEL and AANAT p=0.932) and AMST (n=0.536) and aMT6s (p=9.288). These results indicate that the enterochromaffin cells in colonic mucosa are the main extrapineal source of melatonin in patients with lymphocytic colitis.
Mahatma Gandhi’s Concept of Internationalism
Authors: Mondal Pijush Kr.
Published: February 2019

Gandhiji’s philosophy of nationalism was not based upon race-hatred and chauvinistic feelings. It was the stroke of his genius that blended nationalism with internationalism. His patriotism transcended geographical frontiers and was
conterminous with humanity. He knew that one must be a good nationalist in order to become a true internationalist. He explained in his writings that there could be no genuine international co-operation without national independence. He was ardent
advocate of international collaboration and co-operation. In war, Gandhiji saw the most crucial unsolved problem of the international relations. For him, generally speaking, war was ‘unrighteous’ because it contradicted the principles of ahimsa and
the higher law of dharma. Also he knew that the basis of imperialism, Nazism and Fascism was rooted in violence and that there was no qualitative difference among these systems; even if there was no a difference, the difference was only in degree.
Gandhiji’s internationalism, as we will see, grew with time. This is particularly evident in his concepts of war and peace.
Influence of Intervention and Intelligence Methods to Ability Centralization Attention Child ADHD in Inclusive Basic School
Authors: Sutisnowati Endang , Jamaris Martini , Abudurrahman Mulyono
Published: February 2019

This study aims to find out empirical data about differences in focusing ability of ADHD children who get treatment with Back in Control method and Lovaas method by taking into account the intelligence of students in class, 1 and 2 of
inclusive primary school of Tangerang. This research uses experimental method, 2x2 factorial design, and determination of sample using nonprobability sampling technique, with purposive sampling. The results of this study conclude that there is an
influence of intervention methods on attention concentration ability of ADHD children, there is influence of intelligence level to focus attention ability of ADHD child, and there is interaction between intervention method and intelligence with focus
ability of ADHD child attention. Based on the results of the third hypothesis testing proved to be the interaction between Back in Control intervention method, Lovaas and intelligence to focus attention ability of ADHD children it was concluded for
that analysis continued with Tukey test, which concluded that children with high intelligence ADHD better ability attention when treated with Back in Control method compared with Lovaas method treatment. ADHD children, who have low intelligence
better concentration ability by using treatment method of Lovaas, are compared to treatment with Back in Control method. There is a difference in focusing ability between high intelligence ADHD and low intelligence on the application of Back in
Control method. High-intelligence ADHD children are better at focusing attention than low-intelligence ADHD children. There is a difference in focusing ability between ADHD children with high intelligence and low intelligence on the application of
Lovaas method. Back in Control method is better applied to speak introverted extrovert students in the application for high-intelligence ADHD children.