bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rebirth of Stone Bridge in the Cultural Context
Authors: Hong N. K. , Koh H. M. , Hong S. G.
Published: February 2023

One of the high and tough mountain passes in Korea, Mungyeong-Saejae, a National historic site (Claim No. 147) in Korea, has been appeared forming the integrated cultural context by restoring the lost water-gate bridge located on the west side of the lowest gate. This place was fortified with three gates in 1708 and became a strategic place for the national defense while serving as the traffic gateway. However, the site lacked of the cultural context due to the loss of water-gate bridge on the west side of the lowest gate. This water-gate bridge equipped with a defensive device within the two voussoir arches was now restored using traditional construction method. This paper has first discussed on what reasons caused the loss of the bridge by performing the safety analysis considering both the structural stability of the bridge and the water flow stability of the bridge site against scouring. Then, the strengthening strategy was developed for the original arch shape by adopting the traditional construction method. However, the design requirement about water flow stability of the bridge site against scouring was not satisfied with the original shape of the bridge. Finally, the restoration of the water-gate bridge was implemented by enlarging the arch shape while reinforcing the structural system using the traditional strengthening method toward much safer structural behavior.
Historic Bridge in Pliszczynska Street in Lublin
Authors: Karaś S.
Published: February 2023

The introduction contains a general discussion of the concept of synergy as a social category, often related to architecture and bridges as elements of architecture. The revitalisation of Bilbao and the Lutosławski bridge in Lublin are mentioned as examples of synergistic processes. The link between synergy and strong aesthetic feelings is discussed on the example of the Rzędziński bridge in Wrocław. The fundamental focus of the paper is a potentially feasible process resulting in the development of vide valley of the Bystrzyca river near Pliszczyńska Street, which runs through the outskirts of Lublin. A heritage bridge, the renovation of which may initiate a whole process of creating a new urban recreational area, is also located there. It is a reinforced concrete bridge with an arch girder – a cylindrical shell, to be precise. In terms of form, the structure resembles the Monier arch bridge. There is no information of the 100 year old bridge in the archives which could testify to its role and history. The paper contains basic technical information concerning the bridge.
Combining Art and Engineering – Warsaw’s Oldest Road Viaduct
Authors: Marecki A. , Mistewicz M.
Published: February 2023

The present paper analyses the engineering and architectural features of the early twentieth-century urban viaduct forming part of Karowa Street. It is a unique example of structural-architectural art that combines engineering solutions with an aesthetic architectural design. The structure was commissioned in 1904 and remained intact for more than 100 years. It survived two world wars, including the disastrous Warsaw Uprising of 1944, and is still used today. The road, leading up the steep Vistula slope, was designed in the shape of a spiral by Kajetan Mościcki, Warsaw’s chief engineer at the time. The viaduct itself was engineered by Arnold Bronikowski, who pioneered the use of the Monier’s patent in reinforced concrete bridges. The viaduct’s architectural features were designed by Stefan Szyller, one of Warsaw’s leading architects, and its elaborate sculptures, which transformed it from a utilitarian structure into a work of art, were crafted by Jan Woydyga.
The Culture-Forming Effect of a Bridge as a Spatial-temporal Cultural Code
Authors: Matusewicz T.
Published: February 2023

The aim of this article is to find a common platform between builders/designers of bridges and creators/consumers of culture, in order to present this very important industry and its influence on nature and society, considering the meeting in mental and sensual space, which has a visual message similar in structure to the bridge. For a modern man, surrounded by dynamic and multifaceted visual environment, living between digital information overload and material messages without narrative translation is a significant perceptual challenge. To face this challenge, it would be helpful to analyse the structure of surrounding iconography. Our cognitive imperative defines the level of our awareness and responsibility for the place we live in. We must co-create it. This requires us to recognise the expectations of recipients. The ability to recognise is an inexhaustible depository of knowledge about the cultural and national identity, about the entire European civilization and world heritage, as well as about mechanisms of aggregation and connecting different values: results of activities arising from the culture-rooted need to seek the truth, the meaning of our deeds and civilizational discourses that mix together in the public space. We are dealing with an inexhaustible collection of information - cultural codes, important in cognitive, interpretation processes and in developing new meanings. [2] Cultural codes in the construction industry are assigned with an equivalent of complementary values, such as: wisdom, operational logic, durability, wealth. They are carriers of positive action and a constructive visual communication in terms of form and function, resulting in a clear concise message with a wide range of references to the bridge: connecting river banks, people, creating communication across boundaries. The presence of the code is common on multiple levels of social interaction
Structural Assesment of Existing Suspension Bridge between Cameroon and Nigeria
Authors: Petri M. B.
Published: February 2023

Our firm performed an inspection and analysis of an existing suspension bridge crossing the 'Cross River' between Cameroon and Nigeria. The bridge was designed in the 1940s by a British company and was completed in the early 1950s. Once the original drawings were located in an archive in the

U.K. a team was established to examine the existing bridge. The bridge was surveyed and all information collected in the field and archives was processed in the office for a detailed review report including the status of all the elements including ranking and identifying major defects. A full model of the bridge was computerized based on the findings and calculated for both the original and up to date loads in order to examine the capacity of the bridge members and the global stability. From the information collected and calculated, the recommendation was to preserve the bridge as a unique element in Nigeria's heritage.
Riccardo Morandi and his Legacy in the Realization of Italian Concrete Bridges
Authors: Siviero E. , Culatti M. , Zanchettin A.
Published: February 2023

The realization of concrete bridges in Italy in the last century started a bit later in comparison to other Europena countries such as Germany and France. However, the work of important designers such as Arturo Danusso, Eugenio Miozzi, Giulio Krall gave a huge impulse to bridge engineering in Italy, reducing the gap with leading countries. In particular, the role of Riccardo Morandi was quite exceptional, due to his innovative design criteria which are very well represented, for example, in the Storms River bridge in South Africa and in the Fiumarella Bridge in Catanzaro. The recent tragedy of the collapse of Polcevera viaduct in Genova is instrumental in discussing the different approaches needed when dealing with important existing bridges and the possibile retrofitting techniques.
Aesthetic and Historical Aspects of Repairing the "Pancera" Flyover in Warsaw
Authors: Trochymiak W. , Bucholc K.
Published: February 2023

The ”Pancera” flyover, located in the historic part of Warsaw, near the Royal Castle, was constructed together with Trasa W-Z route in 1949. Repair works of the load-bearing structure, the supports and the immediate surroundings of the flyover were performed in the course of repairs and expansion of the grid of tram routes, carried out by Tramwaje Warszawskie tram operator in 2009.

The paper presents the aesthetic and historical aspects of the design and repair works from 2009. It presents the examples of the color scheme of the flyover while bearing in mind its location in a historic area, in the direct vicinity of the Royal Castle and the Old Town. Also, the requirements of the Metropolitan Monument Conservator are presented. The article presents the appearance of the flyover before and after the renovation was done in 2009 and the current aesthetic reception of the object and its surroundings.
Development of Concrete Bridges in the Czech Republic
Authors: Vítek J.
Published: February 2023

Reinforced concrete bridges, the arch bridges in particular, which were built even in the first half of the 20th century exhibited a reasonably good safety and durability provided good quality materials were used. Fast development of the technology of prestressed concrete suffered from some deficiencies due to a limited knowledge and experience with the material behaviour and with the technology itself. However, the contemporary prestressed structures may be considered as safe and durable, since mainly the protection of prestressing units improved significantly. Design criteria also changed and requirements on robustness should avoid severe damages in case of failure of a single element.
Structural Stainless Steels: Preserving the Past and Creating Today’s Long-Life Iconic Structures
Authors: Backhouse A. P. , Mameng S. H.
Published: February 2023

This paper aims to provide guidance, experience and inspiration for engineers using stainless steel as a structural material in helping preserve existing heritage and in creating new iconic structures. Grades such as 316L/1.4404 are well known as building façade materials, but in most structural uses such as in bridges, high strength duplex stainless steel (DSS) grades are most often used. The paper describes how both types of stainless steel are helping to preserve existing structures. The use of stainless steels in non-visible long-life structural components is contrasted with the additional demands of long-term appearance in highly visible iconic structures. Results of a field test of the durability of different surface finishes of DSS in a coastal environment show that smoother finishes retain a better appearance. This can help refine the material selection guidance in Eurocode EN 1993-1-4 Annex A. Several examples of pedestrian bridges and large cultural works in which artist or architect and structural engineer combine their talents are discussed.
Planning Post-Earthquake Surveys: Assessments and Reconstruction of Small Historical Centres
Authors: Croce V. , Diamantidis D. , Sýkora M.
Published: February 2023

The contribution presents a methodological procedure for the management and planning of interventions after earthquake events in small historic centres. Reference is made to the case study of Castelluccio di Norcia, a village in the Apennine Mountains affected by the seismic sequence that hit Central Italy in 2016. The earthquake risk of the area and the damaging events of 2016 are critically reviewed. The implementation of cognitive analysis and the application of advanced survey techniques involving the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for the purposes of emergency management and monitoring of damaged areas are analysed. The outcomes, combined with the direct involvement of the local population, represent a complete and integrated approach allowing the definition of a) possible intervention strategies, b) related decision criteria and c) practical recommendations for the reconstruction and regeneration of Castelluccio, and, in general, of small historic centres damaged by catastrophic events.
Stadia Roofs, the Development of Gravity Stressed Cable Nets
Authors: Finlay T. , McCormick F. , Birchall M.
Published: February 2023

In recent years a number of gravity-stressed cable-net stadia roofs have been designed and delivered by the authors in response to design requirements for non-tensile membrane cladding systems. During this period an understanding of the structural behavior of these systems has developed along with a recognition that ‘live’ controlled form-finding can play a key role in collaboration during the design process.

This paper will chart the development of gravity-stressed cable-net stadia roofs from the transformation of the London Olympic Stadium, through the delivery of a stadia for the Qatar Football World Cup and Tottenham Hotspur Football Club and on to the development of a parametric, matrix based design tool for form-finding of the system and its use in the development of design solutions for current and future projects.
Changeable Fate of Covered Tram Track Applications
Authors: Gisterek I. , Makuch J.
Published: February 2023

This paper deals with general development of covered tram track, considering different approaches and needs changing in time. The use of a classic track structure, in which the flat bottomed rails protruded above the level of sleepers, caused considerable problems in the urban traffic. The breakthrough came with grooved rail in the 1850s, since then a rapid increase in spread of tram systems in the world followed. This solution is still used in places where other forms of traffic do not cause obstruction for tram movement, or where the space reserved for trams also serves to other modes of mass transit, like buses. Another idea was to remove general traffic from space dedicated to urban transit, but to allow usage of these lanes, with vehicles appearing less frequently than cars, by emergency vehicles like ambulances or firetrucks. The issue described in the paper is an interesting example of the variability of fate observed in the processes of improving certain specific technical solutions in mass transit.
Linking Poland and Germany – a new Rail Bridge over the River Odra: the Küstrin-Kietz Crossing
Authors: Halaczek B. , Strobl W. , Kubenz U. , Engel B.
Published: February 2023

Following the first prize in a two-stage limited design competition, the Anglo-German team of Knight Architects and Schüßler-Plan Berlin have developed two new bridges which will be the central part of the Berlin-Kostrzyn-Gorzów railway modernisation programme: one is over the River Odra crossing the German- Polish border and the other crosses the river floodplain on the German side.

The team’s solution for the main crossing is an elegant network arch spanning 130m. The majestic steel structure, with its crown positioned above the axis of the state border, will be a landmark that will not only highlight the importance of the location but will be also a welcoming gesture to everyone traveling between the countries. The smaller “Odervorflut” bridge, located 500m west uses the same architectural language as the main bridge creating a family of slender and elegant structures.
Synergy of Culture and Civil Engineering – Project "Bridge Builders" Organised by Wroclaw European Capital of Culture
Authors: Hawryszkow P. , Galik K. , Bocian M.
Published: February 2023

Wrocław in Poland and San Sebastian in Spain were awarded the title “European Capital of Culture 2016”. The project “Bridge Builders” was one of many events organised within the cultural programme organised under this patronage taking place in Wrocław in 2015. For one day 27 bridges were converted into theatre scenes, concert spaces and art studios. Visitors had an opportunity to experience cinematography, dance, theatre, literature, and spatial installations. The project “Bridge Builders” is presented in this paper in many of its offerings. A particular attention is given to the project “Zwierzyniecki Bridge Copy – Paste”. Within this project, a 1:4 scaled model of a steel arch bridge – Zwierzyniecki Bridge, was designed, constructed and taken on a journey around the city. The whole process of realization of this undertaking is presented, starting from the design specifications, through concept design, detail design and construction, to transport of the bridge model to its final destination. Selected technical challenges and their solutions are discussed, pertaining to material selection, load effects and construction.
Parametric Green Footbridges in Urban Space. a new Approach to Design Environment-friendly Structures
Authors: Januszkiewicz K. , Gołębiewski J.
Published: February 2023

In the 21st century, digital design tools, which are interfaced with the CNC technology, have opened the new opportunities that not only are shaping structural objects, but also interfering with the urban tissue. The first part of the paper defines the main features of the “green” approach to the built environment. Selected examples illustrate diverse approaches to designing footbridges, and what combines them is the use of digital tools, especially the topological and analytical ones, in shaping and constructing parametric forms. The second part presents how structural engineers and architects can develop a new framework for the urban design by correlating digital morphogenesis and ecology. This integrated “morpho-ecological” approach has resulted in a new kind of eco-friendly bridges, based on the modulation of micro-environmental conditions within an emergent macro-environmental system. The conducted research has presented alternative ideas of efficiency and sustainability.
Assessing Historical Structures Along Mass Rapid Transport Corridors
Authors: Roy B. C. , Pawar V.
Published: February 2023

Historical Urban precincts and structures in fast growing cities in the global south are often stressed by Urban Development and Infrastructure projects. The urban pressures, especially of the lifestyle changes, lead the Governments, City Administrators as well as the populace of these cities towards sometimes overenthusiastic urban renewal and redevelopment projects, leading to an added distress on the historic structures. Given the circumstances, what is the role of documentation and assessment of the historical structures and how does it contribute to an informed decision making in the design and execution of the urban project? This paper outlines the background of Mumbai Metro Rail, appeals for a need for sound investigation, highlights salient aspects of heritage structures, presents the processes followed for carrying out the Condition Mapping and Vulnerability Assessment, and finally lists some of the issues encountered in the implementation of the task objective.
Belgrade Bridges Across Sava River as Monuments of Technical Development in Bridge Engineering
Authors: Stipanić B.
Published: February 2023

The paper deals with remarkable bridges across Sava River in Belgrade that can be treated as the monuments of technical development of bridge engineering. The first one is Branko’s Bridge, built in 1956 (as steel plated continuous beam structure, with 261 m main span – exrecord in its category), widened in 1978, on the piers and abutments of former suspension bridge (built in 1934, largely damaged in 1941 & destroyed in 1944). The second one is Gazelle Bridge, built in 1970 (refurbished in 2012) as steel shallow-frame structure, with 250 m main span - ranked at 3rd place in its category. The third one is double-track Railway Bridge, built in 1979 as the steel cable-stayed structure, with 254 m main span. This is the first cable-stayed bridge for railway traffic only. The fourth one is Ada Bridge, built in 2011 as cable-stayed structure with 376 m main span (steel) & 250 m (back span), having original single cone shaped 200m high concrete pylon.
Submerged Floating Tunnels - Sensitivity in High Currents
Authors: Connell J.
Published: February 2023

This paper outlines aspects of the work completed as part of a feasibility study on behalf of the Philippines Government for a permanent crossing between Sorsogan and Samar islands. An optioneering exercise identified the possibility of a Submerged Floating Tunnel (SFT) to be designed as the permanent crossing. The relatively high speed and the bidirectional current in this location required an iterative series of sensitivity tests for a net buoyant SFT solution. These sensitivity tests are defined and explained, and their results are presented for future SFT designs in high currents.
Demolition of Fatigued Bridges with Movable Scaffolding Systems
Authors: Däbritz M.
Published: February 2023

The central European highway-infrastructure of the 1960s and 1970s is characterized by increasing overstraining. Often, repair tasks only allow further usage for a limited amount of time. Deconstruction and replacement, particularly in ecologically sensitive areas and ones with a high amount of intersections, call for a plannable demolition method, which ensures that the interruption of traffic on the affected route section is minimalized.
Prognosis of the Long-term Behavior new Cantilevered Bridge in Wroclaw
Authors: Machelski C. , Wanecki P.
Published: February 2023

Cantilever concreting technology is one of the modern methods of constructing concrete long-span bridges. The negative feature of these bridges is their long-term deflection, which is a result of rheological processes in the concrete and in pre-tensioning steel. This can also be caused by the destruction of material, e.g. cracking of concrete, as well as by changes in the static scheme of the bridge structure, e.g. support settlements. Although, in general, the effect of a facility's operation is a change in its grade line, in this article this change has been narrowed to the deflection of a span. The purpose of the paper is to determine the stresses based on the deflection line.
An Innovative Design of a Long Integral Bridge in the UK
Authors: Sankaran M. , Isidorou P.
Published: February 2023

This paper gives an introduction of the structural analysis of a long integral bridge, provides a comparison between two different abutment systems covering soil parameters and soil-structure analysis methods. The paper discusses the innovative approach adopted to minimise the soil pressures from an integral structure abutment and reinforced soil wing walls. The complexities in reinforcement detailing of a monolithic structural connection have also been discussed.
Bridge over Vistula River in Cracow: the First Railway Network Arch Bridge Using cold-bent HD Sections and Composite Dowels
Authors: Sęk R. , Szewczyk K. , Pilujski B. , Sobala D. , Lorenc W. , Kożuch M.
Published: February 2023

For several years, Poland has been extensively implementing the National Railway Programme. Many interesting and innovative constructions have already been built or are under way. The paper presents design solutions and construction methods for a railway bridge over the Vistula River in Cracow implemented as part of the project "Works on the E30 railway line on the Kraków Główny Towarowy - Rudzice section along with the extension of the agglomeration line." The object is the first network arch type railway facility implemented in Poland.
Lightweight Structures Technology for Bridges Small and Large – Short History and new Developments
Authors: Siotor I. G.
Published: February 2023

All sorts of bridges have been built by humans ever since they have decided to cross an obstacle on their way. Historically, various materials have been used as tension structural members carrying most, if not all, loads in all sorts of bridge-like structures for thousands of years, i.e. rope walkways in Chinese mountains. All sorts of hemp (and other natural fibers) ropes were utilized for smaller temporary structures, and in the sail ship industry, of course. Later, in mid centuries iron chains have been used to carry heavy loads of bridges and draw platforms.

In XIX century, one of the pioneers in light bridge structures was Eng. John Roebling, who introduced new materials and new technologies, which revolutionized the way bridges are constructed. Wire rope, cables and other high-tension structural members have evolved since those times, and new tensile materials have been invented to build bridges and other structures. Also, the advancement of engineering methods provides the scientific justification over the empirical believes for the advantage of tensile technology over traditional, gravity defying structural solutions. This paper will demonstrate new achievements in the development of tensile structural members and building methods.
Innovative Lightweight Footbridges in Comprehensive Material and Dynamic Analysis
Authors: Stankiewicz B. , Średniawa W.
Published: February 2023

The paper concerns the study on a change in modal parameters and structural stiffness of cable-stayed footbridge made entirely of GFRP composite used for 20 years in the fjord area. Due to this specific location the bridge structure was subjected to natural aging in harsh environmental conditions. The flexural properties of the pultruded GFRP profiles acquired from the analyzed footbridge were determined through three-point bending tests. Full scale experimental investigations of the free-decay response under human jumping for the experimental state were carried out applying accelerometers. Seven natural frequencies, corresponding mode shapes and damping ratios were identified. The paper presents also different, second concept of lightweight footbridge used unorthodox composite material created with Reactive Powders Concrete.
Assessment of Prestressed Concrete Bridges - Challenges
Authors: Täljsten B. , Paulsson B. , Popescu C. , Bagge N. , Nilforoush R. , Emborg M. , Blanksvärd Th. , Sas G. , Elfgren L.
Published: February 2023

Prestressed concrete bridges are important parts of our infrastructure. They are susceptible to different kinds of deterioration processes. Examples of damages and deficiencies are cracking, corrosion, voids, bond loss, reduction of cover layer, delamination, fatigue and loss of stiffness and strength. This necessitates methods to continuously assess their condition in order to avoid problems that might lead to shorter service life or reduction of structural integrity. Many of the existing prestressed bridges in Europe are now approaching their design life length. However, with proper and continuous inspection, monitoring and assessment, we may plan proactive maintenance and the structural safety can be assured or – if necessary - increased. This will save both money and decrease the environmental impact of the structure.
Danube Crossing Within the D4R7 Project in Bratislava
Authors: Włodzimirski W. , López L.M.-T. , Smolnik M. , Jarosz J. , Łysiak P.
Published: February 2023

The D4R7 Bratislava Bypass is a Public Private Partnership project that consists of the design, construction, financing and operation of 27 km of the D4 Motorway and 32 km of the R7 expressway around Bratislava. Within the Project there are more than 100 different structures of many different typologies including beam bridges, post tensioned slabs, underpasses, animal crossings, pedestrian bridges as well as rehabilitation of several structures in one of the Bratislava´s main interchanges – Prievoz.

The most emblematic part of the Project is 6th Danube Crossing in Bratislava which comprises 3 km of continuous elevated highway structure over the Danube, its floodplain and adjacent areas, which are subject to environmental protection of Natura 2000.
Realization of Timber Vehicle Bridge in Korea
Authors: Yi J. , Hong N. K. , Kim D. B. , Kim C. K. , Koh H. M. , Park W.
Published: February 2023

The first timber bridge for vehicles in Korea, a single-span, arched truss bridge 30m in length, was constructed in 2012. The bridge was designed and constructed as a part of national research projects for the development large timber structures funded by the Korea Forest Research Institute. This paper introduces the development process of the timber structures in Korea as well as design, construction of the first vehicular timber bridge. In-situ truck load tests are performed along with multiple-year monitoring project for performance assessment. Both loading tests and long-term monitoring data show that the construction of the bridge agrees with initial baseline model and it still holds a sold soundness until 6 years after its birth.
OA666 in Luxembourg - High Strength Steel for a very Slender Highway Deck in Tight Construction Site: a Modern Answer to a Future Typical Problem
Authors: Zanon R. , Rademacher D.
Published: February 2023

OA666 bridge on the new part continuing the A4 highway in Luxembourg towards France (structure completed in 2017-2019) shows the interest steel-concrete composite solutions for modern infrastructure projects. The deck is extremely slender: the central parts spans 50m with a constant structural height of 1.35 m. The geometry is a bit complex since the road axis follows a clothoidal path with a minimum radius of 640m in the horizontal plane and crosses an existing roadway with a variable skew angle. The construction site is encercled by existing local roads and a lake. The steelwork (total weight 1300 tons, total length 126m) is realized entirely in S460 thermo-mechanical steel with material thicknesses up to 100mm.
Engineering Knowledge in Ancient Palmyra
Authors: Barański M.
Published: February 2023

Development of Palmyra’s architecture is an interesting example of the changes which took place in construction techniques and their application. These changes resulted from an individual approach to ancient Greek construction technique introduced at the beginning of the Ist century AD, employed in the construction of the great Temple of Bel. A complex analysis of the ancient buildings explains factors that influenced a building technology adopted for erection high tower tombs, walls and columns in a fast and easy way, as well as describes a specific approach to construction of arches and vaults in Palmyra.
Forensic Analyses of Cracking in Exterior Wall Constructions
Authors: Chaudhry C. , Burzynska K.
Published: February 2023

Dealing with historic masonry buildings, architects and engineers often face the problem of cracking in various types of exterior wall construction. Understanding structural and environmental causes of cracking, observed in exterior masonry walls during building envelope inspections, should always be the basis for the design of repairs and maintenance. Analyzing and understanding the underlying condition causing cracking is a good practice and is necessary to provide a lasting repair solution and avoid recurrence of the issue. Analyzing the shape and direction in which the crack propagates, the number of cracks and the location of their occurrence can be a source of valuable information during visual inspections. With the use of crack gauges, as well as probes and non-destructive testing methods, engineers can assess the severity of the underlying issue in more detail. This paper describes a comprehensive study of interpreting cracking in a range of exterior masonry wall types.
After a Great Fire. The Problem of Roof Recovery in Historic Buildings
Authors: Doroz-Turek M. , Barański M.
Published: February 2023

The great fire of the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris pointed public interest to the conservation issues. General expectation is to reconstruct the roof as wooden structure. Final decision will be undertaken by French architectural conservation experts, who analyses a state of preservation of affected by fire the upper parts of the building. Great fires and wars caused numerous destruction of these important historic monuments. Since the XIX century we have plenty roof reconstruction completed as an iron, a steel, or a reinforced concrete structures. Modern concept of historic conservation requires an authenticity of the heritage. New roof structures to some extend creates.
Condition Assessment of an Historical Structure: the CNIT Vault in Paris
Authors: Godart B. , Schmidt F. , Brioist J. J. , Deveaud J. P. , Dias F.
Published: February 2023

As part of the extension of line E of the Regional Express Rail Network of Paris, it was decided to create an underground station under the CNIT (National Center for Industries and Techniques) located in the business district of La Défense. This project clearly raises the question of the stability of the main vault of the CNIT under the effect of any soil movement caused by the proposed works. This vault, which still holds the world record of span length, was built between 1956 and 1958 on a project of Nicolas Esquillan. The article briefly describes the history of the vault construction, and presents the results of finite element modelling and geotechnical calculations, the results of the destructive and non-destructive tests conducted on the vault, the control of the geometry and reinforcement, the few observed disorders, the condition of the ties and their tension. It draws conclusions on the general condition of the structure from the point of view of its strength and durability. The quality of the work carried out in 1958, both on site and in the design office, the attention paid to the materials chosen and the work processes on site, make this structure age very well.
Structural Versus Aesthetical Concerns in Reconstruction of Historical Masonry Buildings
Authors: Hrasnica M. , Medić S.
Published: February 2023

Assessment of historical buildings presents specific engineering task, considering the ways they were built and the materials, which were used. Many of them belong to cultural heritage and merit special care and protection. This concerns also the historical buildings in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The country is situated in seismic active region of South-East Europe and the majority of the historical buildings were made of stone-masonry. In the case of stronger earthquake motion such buildings could suffer heavy damages. The damages are sometimes cumulated through many years and many causes. Substantial damages were caused by recent war disaster, as well. The aim is to preserve and reveal their aesthetic and historical values and to use original materials and original way of construction, if possible. In most cases seismic assessment procedures result in the requirements for the strengthening or retrofit of the old masonry building structures. Design and construction procedures of repair and strengthening of two medieval stone masonry buildings are presented. Equilibrium between aesthetical and structural demands is discussed.
Installation of Buddha Statue - Monument of Engineering & Culture
Authors: Manjure P. Y.
Published: February 2023

The magnificent statue of Lord Buddha installed on Gibraltar Rock in Hussain Sagar Lake in Hyderabad City of India is an engineering marvel. It attracts not only attention of international tourists, but has become great symbol of Buddhism culture and faith born in India. The project involving stages of sculpting the statue, its transportation to the city, then to the pedestal in the lake had to face challenging situations which are brought out in the paper. While transporting it in the lake, there was mishap drowning the statue to the lake bed. Salvaging the statue and its subsequent erection on the pedestal added to the complexity of engineering operations and are covered in the article.
Vibration Monitoring of an Existing Masonry Building Under Demolition
Authors: Martakis P. , Reuland Y. , Dertimanis V. , Chatzi E.
Published: February 2023

The loss potential of earthquakes is substantial even for sites of moderate seismicity, due to the disastrous consequences of rare events. Large parts of the existing European building stock, mainly masonry structures, do not fulfil the current seismic standards, while many buildings have long exceeded their design lifespan. Given the inherent uncertainties of masonry as a composite material, unknown effects of ageing, and the corresponding difficulty to estimate the nonlinear response of such structures, data-driven health monitoring provides an efficient way to reduce epistemic uncertainty and to derive damage-sensitive features for structural assessment after strong ground motions. In this study, vibrational recordings during the demolition of a real masonry building have been analyzed. The accumulating damage during demolition provides a valuable insight into the correlation between dynamic response and structural health. The findings shed light on the performance of a typical masonry structure, built in the 19th century, under non-conventional loading and form a step towards the definition of damage-sensitive features based on real data.
Increasing the Lifetime of Engineering Structures Through the Use of Composite Laggings
Authors: Mieloszyk E. , Milewska A. , Abramski M.
Published: February 2023

The use of composite laggings prevents concrete (chemical and biological) corrosion. Columns coated with composite or reinforced composite are more resistant to negative environmental impact on concrete or steel. The mechanical properties of the reinforced casing also cause that these types of columns are more resistant to lateral forces. The applied casing limits carbonization of concrete and cyclical freezing and thawing with penetrating water, and thus increases the lifespan of columns exposed to water. Laboratory tests were carried out regarding the short-time load-carrying capacity of columns in a composite laggings.
RC Roof Structures from Post-war Time
Authors: Ortlepp R. , Ortlepp S. , Beyer C.
Published: February 2023

Reinforced concrete roof structures represent a historical construction method that was particularly widespread in Central and Eastern Germany in the post-war period. The lack of wood at that time mainly led to the invention of constructions based on typical wooden roof constructions. Particularly in the first two post-war decades, precast concrete companies developed various system solutions for reinforced concrete roofs with different span widths. Initially only implemented in a slightly technical form, it was later possible to systematise such roof structures more strongly and to convert them to extensive prefabrication. Due to the high planning and assembly costs, however, the construction method was not successful in the long run. The results of the analysis in this article show that the RC structures, which are over 50 years old, show comparatively little damage. Due to their rarity, which is quite rare in the meantime, it is worth considering the preservation of this construction as a historical testimony.
Preliminary Study for the Reconstruction of the Tower Helmet of St. Luke’s Church in Dresden
Authors: Ortlepp R.
Published: February 2023

The present condition of the St. Luke’s Church in Dresden, Germany is still marked by the wounds of the Second World War. The main tower, originally 83 metres high, has been cut to almost half its height. There is hardly anything left of the former, sky pointing character. The building looks now for many years in such a way incompletely over the city of Dresden. In preparation for the 100th anniversary of the consecration of the St. Luke's Church, in 2000 the parishioners of the St. Luke’s Church had the idea to rebuild the tower helmet of the main tower and the eastern side tower of the St. Luke’s Church. This paper describes a feasibility study for the reconstruction of the St. Luke’s church tower. Because all construction plans were burned during the war, the original dimensions of the tower’s helmet had to be determined first by means of an elaborate geometric reconstruction. Based on these dimensions a new steel construction was designed and a proposal for the on-site assembly was worked out.
The Historic Olympic Stadium in Helsinki of 1938. Development of Highly Dynamically Loaded Uplift Bearings for the new Modern Stand Roofs Integrate Inconspicuous in the Monumental Protected Facade
Authors: Wilming D.
Published: February 2023

The historic Olympic stadium in Helsinki of 1938, venue of the Olympic Games in 1952, is elaborately modernized at present. The individual impression as a historic building, particularly the distinctive facade, is preserved in detail. Observing the severe restrictions of monumental protection, the now 80 years old building is complemented, among other things, by the construction of a warm-up running racetrack hall and a mall with shops as well as new stand roofs for both stands. In this context, MAURER develops special structural uplift bearings for the new roof construction. The distinctive feature is transferring primarily occurring tensile loads (secondary alternating pressure loads) kinematically precise to the substructure while balancing relative movements and relative torsion. The architecture requires smallest structures that meet highest safety requirements.
Rebuilding of the Historic St Mary’s Cathedral in the Capital of Western Australia
Authors: Wysokowski A.
Published: February 2023

St Mary's Cathedral in Perth, Western Australia, is the Archbishop church of the Archdiocese. This sacral building was built in neo-Gothic style during the years 1863-1865. The cathedral was officially dedicated and opened for service on 29th January, 1865. In 1973 it was proclaimed the Marian Sanctuary and now represents one of the largest religious facilities in Perth. In 2005, city authorities together with the Archdiocese, made a collective decision on the necessity of a comprehensive renovation. The renovation was critical due to the danger posed by the technical and physical condition of the structure. These pitfalls were assessed by the author of this paper in person from the years 1989 onwards. Renovation of certain architectural elements was therefore essential not only in a maintenance capacity but also for this site to function for the faithful and as a tourist attraction. Reconstruction of St Mary's Cathedral in Perth is a successful example of how to increase the wider functionality of a facility while saving the antique and historical qualities. In this paper the aforementioned issues will be more widely developed.
Combating the "Shock Doctrine" to Repair Historical Hydraulic Structures
Authors: Daniel R. A.
Published: February 2023

Hydraulic sites, like river weirs, dams, locks and flood barriers contain structures of relatively long service lives. However, also these structures can suffer substantial damages. The question that arises then is whether to repair the structure or replace it by one that better suits modern technology.

Legitimate as it is, this question is often subjected to pressures that are not supported by analyses, let alone the care for technological heritage. Instead, they reflect commercial or other particular interests. They also benefit from the emotions after the damage that demand radical solutions. The strategies applied resemble the so-called “shock doctrine”, the term introduced by Naomi Klein in her book of the same title.

This paper presents some experiences with this phenomenon, collected from the failures of hydraulic steel structures in the Netherlands and occasionally in other countries. It provides a short analysis of the pressures that engineers experience, followed by some practical notions on how to handle them.
Development of Nacelle Assembly Lifting System for Self-Erecting and on-site Fabricated Wind Tower
Authors: Jones J. E. , Dydo J. R. , Rhoades V. L.
Published: February 2023

Wind towers on land are subject to the limitations of transportation and crane height. Tower sections are fabricated in a factory and then transported by road or rail in segments – which are then erected using a crane and bolted together to form the tower. Typically these towers can only support relatively low power turbines of limited generating capacity. Large off-shore towers are fabricated on the shore and moved by barge – thus, are not limited in diameter or height. A new self-erecting tower design can eliminate the crane height limitation for on-land towers, and seven new fabrication technologies enable the on-site fabrication of the tower which eliminates the tower diameter restrictions imposed by road and rail transport. A meteorilogical phenomenon, called the “low level jet” (llj) could produce significant wind energy, but is at too high of an altitude for standard on-land towers to reach. This new “ultratall” tower will provide the basis for very significant increases in the generating capacity of wind energy in the united states – with the potential to supply several times the total energy use of the country. While the llj in the u.s. Is the largest and most powerful, other areas of the earth also have llj phenomena that can be utilized by this new wind tower.
Examples of Buildings Protection Against Vibrations as Element of Sustainability in Civil Engineering
Authors: Knawa-Hawryszków M.
Published: February 2023

In this paper the elastic support of building structures is discussed as one of the technical solutions for protecting buildings against vibrations and structure-borne noise caused by the urban infrastructure. From among several presented options of the elastic support technique, two of them are described in detail on the examples of special-purpose facilities built in Poland in recent years. The building of National Synchrotron Radiation Centre ‘Solaris’ is elastically supported in the whole foundation area (surface vibration insulation). In Cracow Congress Centre, elastic support of structural elements at different levels of the building is used (linear and single-point vibration insulation). In both cases implemented protection measures provide the effective mitigation that comply with very high requirements related to accepted level of vibro-acoustic influences for buildings. The presented examples are intended to draw attention to the problem of noise and vibration pollution against which people and buildings should be protected rationally and properly – according to the concept of sustainable development.
The Coherent Concept of the Lever Arm in a Cross-Section
Authors: Lorenc W. , Balcerowiak S. , Czajkowski J. , Dobrzański J.
Published: February 2023

The coherent concept of the lever arm is presented. The new graphical interpretation of the lever arm Z regarding shear flow together with mathematical justifications are provided. The conclusion is, that the lever arm Z is a crucial parameter which connects shear flow and transverse force and it links diagrams of the normal stress and the shear flow for a cross-section and such a representation is not known at literature. There is an analogy between the lever arm regarding the shear flow and the effective width regarding shear-lag effect for normal stress. The background of historical analysis of the issue is presented.
Fracture Energy of Concrete for Bridge Assessment
Authors: Nilforoush R. , Nilimaa J. , Bagge N. , Puurula A. , Ohlsson U. , Nilsson M. , Sas G. , Elfgren L.
Published: February 2023

In numerical assessments of concrete bridges, the value of the concrete fracture energy GF plays an important role. However, mostly the fracture energy is only estimated based on the concrete compressive strength using empirical formulae. In order to study methods to determine the concrete fracture energy for existing bridges, tests were carried out on 55-year-old concrete from a bridge tested to failure in Kiruna in northern Sweden. Uniaxial tensile tests are performed on notched cylindrical concrete cores drilled out from this and other bridges. In the paper, different methods to determine the concrete fracture energy are discussed and recommendations are given for assessment procedures.