bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic Diversity of Yield Attributing Components and Seed Yield in Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)
Authors: Kumar Anil
Published: March 2019

The experiment was conducted using 140 lentil genotypes at (farm name?) Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur in 2017-18. The genetic divergences were estimated using D2 analysis where a number of clusters were formed considering all genotypes of indigenous and exogenous types. Genetic variation of genotypes in considerable traits was significant for selection of desired type that can be utilised in future breeding programme. The study on correlation, genotypic variability, and path analysis of seed yield and yield components were essential for determining the relevance of considerable traits in enhancement of seed yield. The total genotypes were grouped into 5 clusters viz. Cluster I was found to be the largest comprising 121 genotypes, followed by cluster III of 12 genotypes. Cluster II, IV had three genotypes each and V was monogenic. Seeds per plant, days to maturity and pods per plant contributed extreme divergence among the genotypes which can be integrated in enhancement of productivity of lentil. On the basis of cluster mean, intra and inter cluster distance and per se cluster III, IV and V may be used for their desired characters in breeding strategy. The genotypes BRL-1, BRL-2, BRL-3 LKH-1, LKH-2, LKH-3, FLIP 2010-73L-2, FLIP 2010-86L and X2011S-111-2 may be considered in breeding to gain high heterotic effect and also to improve the desirable transgressive segregants.
Study on In vitro Establishment and Callus Induction in Banana cv. Grand Naine
Authors: Kumar Ravi , Ahmed M. Feza , Mir H. , Mehta Sangita , Sohane R. K.
Published: March 2019

Banana is conventionally vegetatively propagated through suckers, which grow from lateral buds originating from corms and suckers. This process is very slow as the rate of multiplication of suckers through conventional vegetative means has been found to express several negative impacts which include transmission of diseases, low production and poor conservation of original plant genetic material. The rapid proliferation obtained in tissue culture allows nursery men to meet unexpected demand for a particular variety. Sword Suckers of cultivar Grand Naine were used as explants in our study. Contamination is the most severe problem encountered in vitro culture establishment. Mercuric chloride alone and in combination with 70% ethanol at different time duration was used in the study for the establishment of the cultures. The contamination significantly decreased with increase in concentration of sterilants and their time of exposure. The percent of establishment of explants was recorded highest (70.0% ± 2.40) after four weeks of culturing when explants were treated with ethanol (70%) for 30 seconds + HgCl2 (0.1%) for 25 mins.MS media supplemented with 2,4-D 2.0 mg /l+ NAA 0.5 mg/l was found most effective for maximum percentage of callus formation (70.0% ± 1.00). Finally, regeneration of plantlets was achieved on MS medium supplemented with 3.0 mg/l BAP and 1.0 mg/l NAA. Our results described various factors that influence the in vitro establishment and callus formation of banana cv. Grand Naine.
Documenting Faith-Development Trajectory in Africa: Contributions and Contestations
Authors: Olutola Olajire O.
Published: March 2019

This article focuses on faith and work particularly in Africa. It highlights the important role of faith-based organisations in development. Specifically, it reviews the history of faith-based social provisioning; however, particular attention is devoted to the contributions of faith-based organisations towards enhancing delivery of social services to the disadvantaged and vulnerable people in Africa. To compliment the foregoing, a comprehensive review of existing relevant literature on achievements and contradictions attributed to faith-based social provisioning is examined.  In short, this article concludes that Faith-based Organisations, in line with their myriad social and developmental activities have become a veritable institution that caters for the vulnerable and disadvantaged people, particularly in remotes areas and societies where expenditure on public services has been cut by the governments.
Direct and indirect relationships among posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, hostility, anger, and verbal and physical aggression in returning veterans
Authors: Bhardwaj Vinnu , Angkaw Abigail C. , Franceschetti Massimo , Rao Ramesh , Baker Dewleen G.
Published: March 2019

Hostility, anger, and aggression are conceptually related but unique constructs found to occur more often among veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than among civilians or veterans without PTSD. However, the pathways between PTSD, depression, hostility, anger, and aggression have not been comprehensively characterized. Therefore, drawing on a sample of returning Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom combat veterans (
N = 175; 95% male; mean age 30 years), this study sought to examine the direct and indirect relationships among PTSD, depression, hostility, anger, and four types of aggression: verbal, and physical toward self, others, and objects. Functional modeling of direct effects was done using multiple least‐squares regression and bootstrapped mediation analyses were carried out to test indirect effects. Results indicate that PTSD is not the overall direct contributor to different forms of aggression, supporting the mediating role of depression and trait anger. Depression symptoms explain part of the relationships between PTSD and verbal aggression, physical aggression toward objects, and physical aggression toward self and trait anger explains part of the relationships between PTSD and verbal aggression, physical aggression toward objects, and physical aggression toward others. Our findings support the importance of assessing for anger, depression, and different types of aggression among veterans presenting for PTSD treatment to develop individualized treatment plans that may benefit from early incorporation of interventions.
Characterization of clot composition in acute cerebral infarct using machine learning techniques
Authors: Chung Jong‐Won , Kim Yoon‐Chul , Cha Jihoon , Choi Eun‐Hyeok , Kim Byung Moon , Seo Woo‐Keun , Kim Gyeong‐Moon , Bang Oh Young
Published: March 2019

Objective

Clot characteristics can provide information on the cause of cerebral artery occlusion and may guide acute revascularization and secondary prevention strategies. We developed a rapid automated clot analysis system using machine learning (ML) and validated its accuracy in patients undergoing endovascular treatment.

Methods

Pre‐endovascular treatment gradient echo (GRE) images from consecutive patients with middle cerebral artery occlusion were utilized to develop and validate an ML system to predict whether atrial fibrillation (AF) was the underlying cause of ischemic stroke. The accuracy of the ML algorithm was compared with that of visual inspection by neuroimaging specialists for the presence of blooming artifact. Endovascular procedures and outcomes were compared in patients with and without AF.

Results

Of 67 patients, 29 (43.3%) had AF. Of these, 13 had known AF and 16 were newly diagnosed with cardiac monitoring. By visual inspection, interrater correlation for blooming artifact was 0.73 and sensitivity and specificity for AF were 0.79 and 0.63, respectively. For AF classification, the ML algorithms yielded an average accuracy of > 75.4% in fivefold cross‐validation with clot signal profiles obtained from 52 patients and an area under the curve >0.87 for the average AF probability from five signal profiles in external validation (n = 15). Analysis with an in‐house interface took approximately 3 min per patient. Absence of AF was associated with increased number of passes by stentriever, high reocclusion frequency, and additional use of rescue stenting and/or glycogen IIb/IIIa blocker for recanalization.

Interpretation

ML‐based rapid clot analysis is feasible and can identify AF with high accuracy, enabling selection of endovascular treatment strategy.
Slurry‐Fabricable Li+‐Conductive Polymeric Binders for Practical All‐Solid‐State Lithium‐Ion Batteries Enabled by Solvate Ionic Liquids
Authors: Oh Dae Yang , Nam Young Jin , Park Kern Ho , Jung Sung Hoo , Kim Kyu Tae , Ha A. Reum , Jung Yoon Seok
Published: March 2019

For mass production of all‐solid‐state lithium‐ion batteries (ASLBs) employing highly Li+conductive and mechanically sinterable sulfide solid electrolytes (SEs), the wet‐slurry process is imperative. Unfortunately, the poor chemical stability of sulfide SEs severely restrict available candidates for solvents and in turn polymeric binders. Moreover, the binders interrupt Li+‐ionic contacts at interfaces, resulting in the below par electrochemical performance. In this work, a new scalable slurry fabrication protocol for sheet‐type ASLB electrodes made of Li+‐conductive polymeric binders is reported. The use of intermediate‐polarity solvent (e.g., dibromomethane) for the slurry allows for accommodating Li6PS5Cl and solvate‐ionic‐liquid‐based polymeric binders (NBR‐Li(G3)TFSI, NBR: nitrile−butadiene rubber, G3: triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, LiTFSI: lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide) together without suffering from undesirable side reactions or phase separation. The LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2and Li4Ti5O12electrodes employing NBR‐Li(G3)TFSI show high capacities of 174 and 160 mA h g−1at 30 °C, respectively, which are far superior to those using conventional NBR (144 and 76 mA h g−1). Moreover, high areal capacity of 7.4 mA h cm−2is highlighted for the LiNi0.7Co0.15Mn0.15O2electrodes with ultrahigh mass loading of 45 mg cm−2. The facilitated Li+‐ionic contacts at interfaces paved by NBR‐Li(G3)TFSI are evidenced by the complementary analysis from electrochemical and7Li nuclear magnetic resonance measurements.
Tris(Pentafluorophenyl)Borane‐Driven Stereoselective O‐Glycosylation with Glycal Donors under Mild Condition
Authors: Bihari Mishra Kunj , Kandasamy Jeyakumar
Published: March 2019

Activation of glycal donors was achieved using tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane [B(C6F5)3] under mild reaction conditions. The glycosylation reaction proceeded efficiently with a wide range of sugar and non‐sugar acceptors and provided α‐selective glycosides in high yield. Interestingly, under different reaction conditions, Ferrier rearrangement products or 2‐deoxyglycosides (i. e. addition products) were obtained as major products with benzyl‐protected glycal donors.
Accounting for nature's intermittency and growth while mitigating NO2 emissions by technoecological synergistic design—Application to a chloralkali process
Authors: Shah Utkarsh , Bakshi Bhavik R.
Published: March 2019

By including ecosystems in process design, it becomes possible to develop synergies between technological and ecological systems to establish islands of environmental sustainability. Such an approach can also ensure that human activities do not degrade ecosystems—the very systems that are essential for our sustainability. This work evaluates the idea of including ecosystems as unit operations in process design [1] while accounting for the intermittency and growth of ecological systems. The technology of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and a forest ecosystem are both capable of mitigating nitrogen dioxide (NO2) emissions and are designed to support a chloralkali process near Galveston, Texas. The cost of the forest ecosystem taking up NO2 is found to be one‐fourth of the cost of the SCR. However, as the capacity of vegetation to take up emissions varies with seasons, the chloralkali process needs to adjust its manufacturing rate accordingly. The result of such adaptation to local ecosystems can be manufacturing with net zero emissions and a step toward environmental sustainability. This study demonstrates the need for further research to address the practical and theoretical aspects of industry and ecosystems to establish mutually beneficial relationships that are economically, ecologically, and societally viable.
A General Protocol for C−H Difluoromethylation of Carbon Acids with TMSCF2Br
Authors: Xie Qiqiang , Zhu Ziyue , Li Lingchun , Ni Chuanfa , Hu Jinbo
Published: March 2019

An efficient method for the selective C‐difluoromethylation of carbon acids with the reagent TMSCF2Br has been developed. A variety of structurally diverse sp3‐ and sp‐hybridized carbon nucleophiles, including esters, amides, fluorenes, terminal alkynes, β‐ketoesters, malonates, and other activated C−H nucleophiles, could be efficiently and selectively transformed into the corresponding C‐difluoromethylated products under mild conditions. This protocol is also effective for the late‐stage difluoromethylation of pharmaceutically relevant molecules and can be readily scaled up. Moreover, ambident substrates with more than one reactive site towards difluorocarbene can be difluoromethylated orthogonally using TMSCF2Br.
Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Cyclization Cascade to Construct Bridged Skeletons: Total Synthesis of (−)‐Suaveoline
Authors: Tan Qiuyuan , Yang Zhao , Jiang Dan , Cheng Yuegang , Yang Jiao , Xi Song , Zhang Min
Published: March 2019

Based on the discovery of copper‐catalyzed cyclopropanol ring‐opening addition to iminium ions, an unprecedented catalytic aerobic C−H oxidation/cyclopropanol cyclization cascade using CuCl2 as the multifunctional catalyst and air as the oxidant was developed to construct the azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane skeleton, which is widespread in natural products and medicines. Using this method, concise asymmetric total synthesis of the indole alkaloid (−)‐suaveoline was achieved. This study not only provides an efficient, low‐cost, and environmentally benign method for constructing such bridged frameworks, but also enriches the realm of cyclopropanol chemistry and C−H functionalization.
A Stable, Non‐Corrosive Perfluorinated Pinacolatoborate Mg Electrolyte for Rechargeable Mg Batteries
Authors: Luo Jian , Bi Yujing , Zhang Liping , Zhang Xiaoyin , Liu Tianbiao Leo
Published: March 2019

Mg batteries are a promising energy storage system because of the physicochemical merits of Mg as an anode material. However, the lack of electrochemically and chemically stable Mg electrolytes impedes the development of Mg batteries. In this study, a newly designed chloride‐free Mg perfluorinated pinacolatoborate, Mg[B(O2C2(CF3)4)2]2 (abbreviated as Mg‐FPB), was synthesized by a convenient method from commercially available reagents and fully characterized. The Mg‐FPB electrolyte delivered outstanding electrochemical performance, specifically, 95 % Coulombic efficiency and 197 mV overpotential, enabling reversible Mg deposition, and an anodic stability of up to 4.0 V vs. Mg. The Mg‐FPB electrolyte was applied to assemble a high voltage, rechargeable Mg/MnO2 battery with a discharge capacity of 150 mAh g−1.
Estolide Molecular Weight Distribution via Gel Permeation Chromatography
Authors: Bantchev Grigor B. , Cermak Steven C. , Durham Amber L. , Price Neil P. J.
Published: March 2019

Using the universal calibration and the Mark‐Houwink equation (MHE) (), three batches of oleic estolide acids and their corresponding 2‐ethylhexyl esters were characterized using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The MHE parameters in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 40 °C were determined (for acids: α = 0.442 ± 0.003 and log10K=2.505 ± 0.007, for esters: α =0.531 ± 0.006 and log10K =2.794 ± 0.018). The fits of the GPC chromatograms yielded also the oligomeric composition of the estolides, which can be used to calculate the estolide number (EN) of an estolide mixture, and other molecular‐weight distribution parameters, such as number‐average molecular weight (Mn), weight‐average molecular weight (Mw), and dispersity (Ð). Using the Deming line fit, we concluded that the GPC should be expected to be approximately three times more sensitive than the currently used methods for determination of EN values.
Controllable Sulfur, Nitrogen Co‐doped Porous Carbon for Ethylbenzene Oxidation: The Role of Nano‐CaCO3
Authors: Qin Yutian , Guo Haotian , Wang Bowei , Li Jiayi , Gao Ruixiao , Qiu Pengzhi , Sun Mingming , Chen Ligong
Published: March 2019

Heteroatom‐doped porous carbon materials have exhibited promising applications in various fields. In this work, sulfur, nitrogen co‐doped carbon materials (SNCs) with abundant pore structure were prepared by pyrolysis of sulfur, nitrogen‐containing porous organic polymers (POPs) mixed with nano‐CaCO3 at high temperature. Among the resultant materials, SNC‐Ca‐850 possesses a relatively high level of doped heteroatoms and exhibits an excellent catalytic performance for the selective oxidation of benzylic C−H bonds. It is noteworthy that nano‐CaCO3 increases the doped sulfur content in the synthesized carbon materials to a large extent and impacts the existence modes of sulfur. In addition, it enhances the porous structure and specific surface area of the resultant SNCs significantly. This work provides a viable strategy to promote the doping of sulfur into carbon materials during the pyrolysis process.
Pedagogy of chi‐square goodness of fit test for continuous distributions
Authors: Shankar P. Mohana
Published: March 2019

Chi‐square goodness of fit testing to examine whether or not it is reasonable to assume that a random sample of the data comes from a specific probability density was one of the topics covered in an undergraduate engineering probability course. In the absence of details on this topic in engineering probability books, a Matlab®demo was created to facilitate the link between theory and practice. The step‐by‐step procedure to determine the closest fit among a number of continuous densities has been demonstrated involving binning (fixed width and fixed population), parameter estimation, and computation of the test statistic, degrees of freedom and thePvalues. The cautionary aspects of the test regarding the variability in test results have been illustrated by choosing a smaller size data through permutation. The pedagogical aspects of procedure demonstrated suggest that it may be used to fill the gaps in textbooks devoted to probability and statistics.
Discrimination based on gender and ethnicity in English and Polish housing markets
Authors: Antfolk Jan , Szala Anna , Öblom Annamaria
Published: March 2019

Discrimination in the housing market is associated with decreased social integration and is costly at both social and individual levels. Here, we studied discrimination in English and Polish housing markets. In line with previous research, we expected ethnic‐ and gender‐based discrimination to occur in both housing markets. Conducting a preregistered field experiment of discrimination in the housing market, we sent e‐mails with inquiries about advertisements for 960 rentals in England and Poland. Inquiries were signed with Arabic‐, English‐, or Polish‐sounding male and female names. As a measure of discrimination, we calculated the proportion of answers that we received. In the English housing market, there was no statistically significant difference between the proportions of responses received for inquiries signed with Arabic, English, or Polish male or female names. In the Polish housing market, we received fewer responses to inquiries signed with Arabic male names than inquiries signed with any other names. The study shows discrimination against Arabic men in the Polish housing market, but there was no evidence of ethnic‐ or gender‐based discrimination in the English housing market. The results are discussed against the subordinate male target hypothesis as well as the current social and political situations in both countries.
“Growing your own herbs” and “cooking from scratch”: Contemporary discourses around good mothering, food, and class‐related identities
Authors: Woolhouse Maxine , Day Katy , Rickett Bridgette
Published: March 2019

In a cultural climate of “intensive parenting” and concerns about the “obesity epidemic,” parents are expected to take responsibility for their children's health, particularly through the provision of a “healthy” diet. This study involved intergenerational dyad interviews with both middle‐class and working‐class mothers and daughters from the United Kingdom. Analysing the data using discourse analysis informed by feminist poststructuralist theory, we found that mothers were positioned as having prime responsibility for the nurturing of family members, including the provision of a healthy diet. However, providing a healthy diet alone was insufficient; mothers needed to demonstrate that time and effort had been taken in the preparation of meals using fresh ingredients. Those who failed to do so were positioned as “lazy,” thus inviting the blaming of mothers for any current or future health problems encountered by family members (especially children). However, talk from some of the working‐class mothers pointed to the unattainable and “classed” ideals that are set by such cultural expectations.
Substitution Pattern‐Selective Olefin Cross‐Couplings
Authors: Okada Yohei , Yamaguchi Yusuke , Chiba Kazuhiro
Published: March 2019

The use of radical ions as reactive intermediates can complement polarity‐driven and neutral radical‐driven reactions in synthetic organic chemistry. The present study revealed that the reactivity of enol ether radical cations can be simply tuned by addition/removal of a methyl group, allowing development of unique substitution pattern‐selective olefin cross‐couplings. Anodically generated enol ether radical cations selectively add to appropriately substituted alkenes to afford the corresponding cycloadducts in good‐to‐excellent yields. Competition experiments using alkenes possessing two differently substituted double bonds clearly demonstrated the unique reactivity of the enol ether radical cations.
Mild Nitration of Pyrazolin‐5‐ones by a Combination of Fe(NO3)3 and NaNO2: Discovery of a New Readily Available Class of Fungicides, 4‐Nitropyrazolin‐5‐ones
Authors: Krylov Igor B. , Budnikov Alexander S. , Lopat'eva Elena R. , Nikishin Gennady I. , Terent'ev Alexander O.
Published: March 2019

4‐Nitropyrazolin‐5‐ones have been synthesized by the nitration of pyrazolin‐5‐ones at room temperature by employing the Fe(NO3)3/NaNO2 system. The method demonstrated selectivity towards the 4‐position of pyrazolin‐5‐ones even in the presence of NPh and allyl substituents, which are sensitive to nitration. It was shown that other systems containing FeIII and nitrites, namely Fe(NO3)3/tBuONO, Fe(ClO4)3/NaNO2, and Fe(ClO4)3/tBuONO, were also effective. Presumably, FeIII oxidizes the nitrite (NaNO2 or tBuONO) to form the NO2 free radical, which serves as the nitrating agent for pyrazolin‐5‐ones. The synthesized 4‐nitropyrazolin‐5‐ones were discovered to be a new class of fungicides. Their in vitro activities against phytopathogenic fungi were found comparable or even superior to those of commercial fungicides (fluconazole, clotrimazole, triadimefon, and kresoxim‐methyl). These results represent a promising starting point for the development of a new type of plant protection agents that can be easily synthesized from widely available reagents.
Theoretical and Crystallographic Study of Lead(IV) Tetrel Bonding Interactions
Authors: Franconetti Antonio , Frontera Antonio
Published: March 2019

The ability of tetrahedral lead(IV) to establish noncovalent σ‐hole tetrel bonding interactions with electron‐rich atoms (ElRs; anions and Lewis bases) has been studied at the PBE0‐D3/def2‐TZVPD level of theory. An analysis of the Cambridge Crystallographic Database (CSD), which is a convenient storehouse of geometric information, has been performed to investigate the existence of tetrel bonding interactions involving tetrahedral lead(IV) derivatives. Several examples of tetrel bonding interactions that are crucial in crystal packing, ranging from 0D to 2D assemblies, have been found. In addition to the energetic and theoretical study of several XPb(CH3)3⋅⋅⋅ElR complexes (X=F, CN, CF3, and CH3), Bader's theory of atoms in molecules has also been used to further analyze and characterize the noncovalent interactions described herein.
B(C6F5)3‐Enabled Synthesis of a Cyclic cis‐Arsaphosphene
Authors: Mehta Meera , McGrady John E. , Goicoechea Jose M.
Published: March 2019

The synthesis and characterization of an (arsino)phosphaketene, As(PCO){[N(Dipp)](CH2)}2 (Dipp=2,6‐diisopropylphenyl) is reported along with its subsequent reactivity with B(C6F5)3. When reacted in a stoichiometric ratio, B(C6F5)3 drove the insertion of the P=C bond of the phosphaketene into one of the As−N bonds of the arsino functionality, affording an acid‐stabilized, seven‐membered, cyclic arsaphosphene. In contrast, when catalytic amounts of B(C6F5)3 were employed, dimeric species, which formed through a formal [2+2] cycloaddition of the cyclic arsaphosphene, were generated. The cyclic arsaphosphene product represents the first example of such a compound in which the two substituents are arranged in a cis‐configuration.
Identification of Anti‐Mycobacterial Biofilm Agents Based on the 2‐Aminoimidazole Scaffold
Authors: Nguyen T. Vu , Minrovic Bradley M. , Melander Roberta J. , Melander Christian
Published: March 2019

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health problem for which new therapeutic options are sorely needed. The ability of the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, to reside within host macrophages and form biofilm‐like communities contributes to the persistent and drug‐tolerant nature of the disease. Compounds that can prevent or reverse the biofilm‐like phenotype have the potential to serve alongside TB antibiotics to overcome this tolerance, and decrease treatment duration. Using Mycobacterium smegmatis as a surrogate organism, we report the identification of two new 2‐aminoimidazole compounds that inhibit and disperse mycobacterial biofilms, work synergistically with isoniazid and rifampicin to eradicate preformed M. smegmatis biofilms in vitro, are nontoxic toward Galleria mellonella, and exhibit stability in mouse plasma.
Evaluation of the accuracy of Demirjian's method for estimating chronological age from dental age in Shiraz, Iran: Using geometric morphometrics method
Authors: Kermani Masood , Tabatabaei Yazdi Fatemeh , Abed Haghighi Matin
Published: March 2019

Knowing the growth and developmental stages of a child or an adolescent allows for a comparison between their developmental and chronological age. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of dental age estimation by Demirjian's method and to examine the applicability of Demirjian's method to Iranian children and adolescents. To do so, we investigated the relationship between chronological and dental age in a total of 158 children (81 female and 77 male) from Shiraz. The present study, for the first time, employs geometric morphometrics, a relatively new technique, to offer an accurate quantitative assessment of Demirjian's method. The correlation coefficient between chronological and dental age showed a significant relationship between dental age and chronological age. The average of the chronological age difference between girls and boys at the time of reaching the same stages of dental development was 0.77 years, which meant girls reached each stage of dental development 9 months earlier than their male peers. According to the results of this study, although the use of Demirjian's method in estimating the age of children in the city of Shiraz has acceptable accuracy, more precise studies are recommended to calibrate the method and develop a table adjusted to reflect development in the Iranian population.
Shielding Effect of Micelle for Highly Effective and Selective Monofluorination of Indoles in Water
Authors: Bora Pranjal P. , Bihani Manisha , Plummer Scott , Gallou Fabrice , Handa Sachin
Published: March 2019

Highly selective direct monofluorination of indoles and arenes was developed through an approach that allows site‐specific solubility of substrate and fluorine source in the micelle. This approach was highly selective for a broad range of substrates with excellent functional group tolerance. Differences in binding constant and solubility of indoles and arenes in the micelle allowed the fine‐tuning of selectivity. Control experiments suggested a radical pathway and provided insight into the role of micelles of the environmentally benign amphiphile PS‐750‐M. Dynamic light scattering experiments strongly indicated the site‐specific solubility of the substrate and fluorine source. The methodology was successfully adapted to gram scale, and the E‐factor established from a recycle study indicated that the process is environmentally responsible and sustainable.
Hair cortisol as a measure of the stress response to social adversity in young children
Authors: Bryson Hannah E. , Goldfeld Sharon , Price Anna M. H. , Mensah Fiona
Published: March 2019

Hair cortisol has the potential to provide insight into young children's long‐term stress response to social adversity. This study investigated associations between children's exposure to adversity from pregnancy to 2 years of age and their hair cortisol at 2 years, using a longitudinal cohort of children enriched for adversity risk, whose mothers were recruited during pregnancy through the “right@home” trial. Exposures were 18 maternal socioeconomic and psychosocial indicators of adversity, examined as concurrent, cumulative, and longitudinal exposure from pregnancy to 2 years. Hair samples were analyzed from 319/603 (53%) children participating at 2 years. Multivariable regression analyses for concurrent exposure showed three indicators of adversity were associated with higher hair cortisol (housing tenure of public rental, paying board or living rent free; not living in a safe place; higher maternal stress symptoms), one with lower hair cortisol (housing problems), and 14 indicators with no evidence of association. There was no evidence of association for the cumulative adversity count. Longitudinal exposure showed “intermittent” and “persistent” high maternal stress symptoms were associated with higher hair cortisol. The small number of associations identified suggests that hair cortisol is limited as a measure of stress response to social adversity in children at 2 years.
A management case study for a new commercial fishery: brine shrimp harvesting in Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA
Authors: Belovsky Gary E. , Perschon W. Clay
Published: March 2019

A fishery for brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) cysts to supply the aquaculture industry considerably expanded in the late 1980s in the Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA. With this expansion, concerns emerged in the 1990s about the fishery's sustainability, especially its impact on the abundant western North American waterbirds that use the lake and feed on brine shrimp. We track the development of management strategies using adaptive management by the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources (UDWR), which focused on the biology of the system and development of biology‐based harvesting models. The models and their rationale are presented, their success in forecasting is evaluated, and implications for managing the harvest and conserving waterbirds are examined. We view this as an interesting case study because it transpired over a short time in a relatively simple system. This permitted us to clearly track management from the onset of a harvest market, through realization that the harvest had to be managed in the absence of needed biological knowledge, to the adaptive development of management strategies as biological knowledge was accumulated. The outcome illustrates the success that harvest management can attain with careful monitoring of the resource and terminating the harvest when a necessary escapement stock is attained.
A pathway for multivariate analysis of ecological communities using copulas
Authors: Anderson Marti J. , de Valpine Perry , Punnett Andrew , Miller Arden E.
Published: March 2019

We describe a new pathway for multivariate analysis of data consisting of counts of species abundances that includes two key components: copulas, to provide a flexible joint model of individual species, and dissimilarity‐based methods, to integrate information across species and provide a holistic view of the community. Individual species are characterized using suitable (marginal) statistical distributions, with the mean, the degree of over‐dispersion, and/or zero‐inflation being allowed to vary among a priori groups of sampling units. Associations among species are then modeled using copulas, which allow any pair of disparate types of variables to be coupled through their cumulative distribution function, while maintaining entirely the separate individual marginal distributions appropriate for each species. A Gaussian copula smoothly captures changes in an index of association that excludes joint absences in the space of the original species variables. A permutation‐based filter with exact family‐wise error can optionally be used a priori to reduce the dimensionality of the copula estimation problem. We describe in detail a Monte Carlo expectation maximization algorithm for efficient estimation of the copula correlation matrix with discrete marginal distributions (counts). The resulting fully parameterized copula models can be used to simulate realistic ecological community data under fully specified null or alternative hypotheses. Distributions of community centroids derived from simulated data can then be visualized in ordinations of ecologically meaningful dissimilarity spaces. Multinomial mixtures of data drawn from copula models also yield smooth power curves in dissimilarity‐based settings. Our proposed analysis pathway provides new opportunities to combine model‐based approaches with dissimilarity‐based methods to enhance understanding of ecological systems. We demonstrate implementation of the pathway through an ecological example, where associations among fish species were found to increase after the establishment of a marine reserve.
Molecular characterization of nodule worm in a community of Bornean primates
Authors: Frias Liesbeth , Stark Danica J. , Salgado Lynn Milena , Nathan Senthilvel , Goossens Benoit , Okamoto Munehiro , MacIntosh Andrew J. J.
Published: March 2019

Strongyles are commonly reported parasites in studies of primate parasite biodiversity. Among them, nodule worm species are often overlooked as a serious concern despite having been observed to cause serious disease in nonhuman primates and humans. In this study, we investigated whether strongyles found in Bornean primates are the nodule worm Oesophagostomum spp., and to what extent these parasites are shared among members of the community. To test this, we propose two hypotheses that use the parasite genetic structure to infer transmission processes within the community. In the first scenario, the absence of parasite genetic substructuring would reflect high levels of parasite transmission among primate hosts, as primates’ home ranges overlap in the study area. In the second scenario, the presence of parasite substructuring would suggest cryptic diversity within the parasite genus and the existence of phylogenetic barriers to cross‐species transmission. By using molecular markers, we identify strongyles infecting this primate community as O. aculeatum, the only species of nodule worm currently known to infect Asian nonhuman primates. Furthermore, the little to no genetic substructuring supports a scenario with no phylogenetic barriers to transmission and where host movements across the landscape would enable gene flow between host populations. This work shows that the parasite's high adaptability could act as a buffer against local parasite extinctions. Surveys targeting human populations living in close proximity to nonhuman primates could help clarify whether this species of nodule worm presents the zoonotic potential found in the other two species infecting African nonhuman primates.
Potassium Salts of Asymmetrically Substituted Amidinates and a Triazenide
Authors: Preusser Silvio , Kalden Diana , Bevern Damian , Oberheide Ansgar , Görls Helmar , Imhof Wolfgang , Westerhausen Matthias , Krieck Sven
Published: March 2019

Potassiation of amidines and triazenes yields the corresponding potassium amidinates and triazenides. The favored configuration of the amidinate ligands is the (syn‐E)‐form whereas all known triazenides adopt this isomeric form. Extremely bulky groups at the amidinate ligands enforce the anti‐configuration stabilized by π‐interactions between potassium and N‐bound aryl groups. A special case has been observed for N′‐bound 2‐pyridylethyl substituents. In moderately strained amidines the 1,3‐diazaallyl moiety is deprotonated whereas in heavily congested amidines the ethylene fragment is potassiated inducing deamidation and elimination of 2‐pyridylethene. The potassium salts of (syn‐E)‐isomeric amidinates and triazenides contain a central octahedral K2N4 cage which can be severely distorted by steric requirements of attached bulky substituents.
Facile Synthesis and Self‐Assembly of Zinc (2‐Diethoxyphosphorylethynyl)porphyrins
Authors: Mitrofanov Alexander Yu. , Rousselin Yoann , Khrustalev Victor N. , Cheprakov Andrey V. , Bessmertnykh‐Lemeune Alla , Beletskaya Irina P.
Published: March 2019

Invited for the cover of this issue are Alla Lemeune, Alexander Yu. Mitrofanov, Irina P. Beletskaya and co‐workers from the International Associated Laboratory of Macrocyclic Systems and Related Materials (LIA LAMREM) of CNRS and RAS supported by RFBR and included the ICMUB, Université Bourgogne Franche‐Comté (Dijon, France), Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Peoples’ Friendship University and Lomonosov Moscow State University (Moscow, Russia). The cover image shows the biomimetic self‐organization of (phosphorylethynyl)porphyrins.
Host defense triggers rapid adaptive radiation in experimentally evolving parasites
Authors: Bush Sarah E. , Villa Scott M. , Altuna Juan C. , Johnson Kevin P. , Shapiro Michael D. , Clayton Dale H.
Published: March 2019

Adaptive radiation occurs when the members of a single lineage evolve different adaptive forms in response to selection imposed by competitors or predators. Iconic examples include Darwin's finches, Caribbean anoles, and Hawaiian silverswords, all of which live on islands. Although adaptive radiation is thought to be an important generator of biodiversity, most studies concern groups that have already diversified. Here, we take the opposite approach. We experimentally triggered diversification in the descendants of a single population of host-specific parasites confined to different host “islands.” We show rapid adaptive divergence of experimentally evolving feather lice in response to preening, which is a bird's main defense against ectoparasites. We demonstrate that host defense exerts strong phenotypic selection for crypsis in lice transferred to different colored rock pigeons (Columba livia). During four years of experimental evolution (∼60 generations), the lice evolved heritable differences in color. Strikingly, the observed color differences spanned the range of phenotypes found among congeneric lice adapted to other species of birds. To our knowledge, this is the first real-time demonstration that microevolution is fast enough to simulate millions of years of macroevolutionary change. Our results further indicate that host-mediated selection triggers rapid divergence in the adaptive radiation of parasites, which are among the most diverse organisms on Earth.
Suggestions for plant parameters to monitor potential CO2 leakage from carbon capture and storage (CCS) sites
Authors: Kim You Jin , He Wenmei , Yoo Gayoung
Published: March 2019

Potential CO2 leakage from carbon capture and storage (CCS) facilities should be monitored and managed carefully. Biomonitoring technologies for CO2 leakage using plants could be very effective, especially in areas near transport pipelines, because of the extensive areas that they can cover. A greenhouse study was conducted to investigate whether early changes in plant parameters could be an effective indicator to detect leaked CO2. Corn (Zea mays), which was reported to be a CO2‐tolerant species, was selected to identify specific indicators of CO2 leakage. The mean soil CO2 concentration for soil treated with CO2 was 20–40%, which is similar to the concentration that could occur near transport pipelines through slow‐insidious seepage. In the soil treated with CO2, the number of yellow leaves at the canopy level was significantly increased from the sixth day of CO2 injection compared to the control. The chlorophyll content in green leaves was significantly reduced on the eighth day from CO2 injection. The soil water content in the treated soil was increased from the sixth day of injection due to reduced root adsorption. The results of this study implied that early changes in parameters of CO2‐tolerant species such as canopy‐level discoloration and chlorophyll content could be used as CO2‐specific indicators for the detection of soil CO2 leakage. We suggested that canopy‐level monitoring is a promising, useful technique for soil CO2 leakage in extensive areas, such as near CO2 transport pipelines. In addition, rhizosphere‐level parameters, such as soil water content, could be good subsidiary indicators together with the large‐scale collection of baseline data and statistical analysis. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sequence palaeogeography, lacustrine basin evolution, and coal accumulation in the Lower Cretaceous Fuxin continental faulted basin, China
Authors: Xu Xiaotao , Shao Longyi , Fu Yafei , Wang Dongdong , Cai Houan , Qin Jianyi , Hou Haihai , Zhao Jie
Published: March 2019

The Fuxin Basin is one of the major coal‐bearing basins in northeastern China with the coal seams mainly preserved in the Lower Cretaceous Fuxin Formation. The sequence stratigraphy, palaeogeography, basin evolution, and coal accumulation of the lacustrine coal‐bearing sequences in the Fuxin Formation were analysed based on borehole cores, well logs, and outcrop sections. Fifteen distinct lithofacies types were recognized with lithologies ranging from conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, and mudstones to coals. Lithofacies are arranged into five facies associations representing alluvial fan, braided fluvial, meandering fluvial, fan delta, and lacustrine depositional systems. These facies associations collectively revealed a continental faulted basin setting. Based on the regional unconformities, basal scour surfaces of the incised valley fills sandstones, paleosols, or seat earths of coal seam on interfluves, and surfaces that mark abrupt depositional facies shifts, the Fuxin Formation was subdivided in two third‐order sequences. Palaeogeographic maps of each sequence have been reconstructed based on the contours of lithological parameters. The palaeogeographic units include alluvial fan, alluvial plain, channel (braided and meandering fluvial), fan delta, and lake. Preferred coal‐forming environments were mainly developed in the fan delta plain and fluvial back‐swamp. Compared with Sequence 1, the activity of basin‐margin faults and basement subsidence of the Sequence 2 gradually decreased, resulting in the lower rate of potential accommodation and less favourable conditions for peat accumulation. This background provided a basic understanding for the lacustrine basin evolution and coal accumulation. A six‐phase evolution model was proposed, which includes lowstand systems tract, early transgressive systems tract, late transgressive systems tract, early highstand systems tract, late highstand systems tract, and falling stage systems tract. The early and late TST of Sequence 1 and Sequence 2 were relatively beneficial stages for peat accumulation and coal development in the Fuxin Basin.
Particulates in the ascending gas caused by the 2013 Ya'an earthquake: A new matter released by earthquake
Authors: Liu Rui , Cao Jianjin , Luo Songying , Liao Yipeng , Chen Jie
Published: March 2019

Earthquakes can be destructive, killing many people and causing great financial loss. Costs from earthquakes are increasing rapidly, and thus seismic research is an important tool for reducing loss. Traditional studies of earthquakes have mainly been based on geophysics (seismic waves, geomagnetism, and geoelectricity), hydrogeology, and geogas. However, earthquakes can also release numerous particulates, which can be carried by ascending gas to reach the surface. These particulates provide us with abundant and direct information about earthquake activity and can serve as a new medium for studying earthquakes. In this study, we first find, using a transmission electron microscope (TEM), that ascending gas in the soil of the 2013 Ya'an earthquake region carries many particulates. These particulates are usually 20–600 nm and are composed of amorphous crystal, monocrystalline, and polycrystalline structures. In addition, these particulates contain O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Cr, Fe, Zn, Ba, Hg, Ti, Mn, Ni, Cu, Cd, Sn, Sb, Cs, Pt, and Pb. Compared to the background areas (Yuhe and Hongzi Village and the Fengguanshan inactive fault), particulates carried by ascending gas in the Ya'an earthquake region have many abnormal elements (element associations), including Ti, Mn, Ni, Cd, Sn, Sb, Pt, and Pb. This finding confirms our hypothesis that earthquakes can release particulates carried by ascending gas that reach the surface. In addition, the elements occurring in these particulates indicate that earthquakes can trigger element activation and migration in the form of particulates. As particulates carried by ascending gas in the earthquake region are significantly different from those in the background areas, they can be used to predict earthquakes. The particulates in our study are significantly different from particulates carried by ascending gas from ruptures caused by the Wenchuan earthquake; therefore, we first propose that particulates in ascending gas from earthquake regions may exhibit a close relationship with the magnitudes and hypocentre depths of earthquakes and can be used to predict earthquakes with larger magnitudes and deeper hypocentre depths.
What If and Why Not: Reinvention Culture at Champlain College
Authors: Quinn Laurie , Hawley Katie , Laackman Donald J.
Published: March 2019

This chapter illustrates the pivotal influence of culture in reinvention initiatives in higher education, based upon the experience of Champlain College in Burlington, Vermont.
Transforming growth factor beta‐induced, an extracellular matrix interacting protein, enhances glycolysis and promotes pancreatic cancer cell migration
Authors: Costanza Brunella , Rademaker Gilles , Tiamiou Assia , De Tullio Pascal , Leenders Justine , Blomme Arnaud , Bellier Justine , Bianchi Elettra , Turtoi Andrei , Delvenne Philippe , Bellahcène Akeila , Peulen Olivier , Castronovo Vincent
Published: March 2019

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a deadly malignancy with no efficient therapy available up‐to‐date. Glycolysis is the main provider of energetic substrates to sustain cancer dissemination of PDAC. Accordingly, altering the glycolytic pathway is foreseen as a sound approach to trigger pancreatic cancer regression. Here, we show for the first time that high transforming growth factor beta‐induced (TGFBI) expression in PDAC patients is associated with a poor outcome. We demonstrate that, although usually secreted by stromal cells, PDAC cells synthesize and secrete TGFBI in quantity correlated with their migratory capacity. Mechanistically, we show that TGFBI activates focal adhesion kinase signaling pathway through its binding to integrin αVβ5, leading to a significant enhancement of glycolysis and to the acquisition of an invasive phenotype. Finally, we show that TGFBI silencing significantly inhibits PDAC tumor development in a chick chorioallantoic membrane assay model. Our study highlights TGFBI as an oncogenic extracellular matrix interacting protein that bears the potential to serve as a target for new anti‐PDAC therapeutic strategies.