bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peace Settlements and the Prohibition of the Use of Force
Authors: Wählisch Martin
Published: July 2016

This chapter explores the relationship between peace settlements (which encompass truces, armistices, ceasefires, and peace agreements) and the prohibition of the use of force. It begins by discussing the role of peace treaties in prohibiting the use of force, the consequences of non-compliance with peace settlements, and previous experiences in enforcing ceasefires and peace agreements. It then considers the elements of the applicable normative framework in international law, including the legal basis of peace treaties and the legal consequences of their breach. The chapter concludes by analysing the implementation mechanisms for peace settlements, with particular reference to the practice of monitoring and peace enforcement missions authorized by the UN Security Council.
Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Shipping Interdiction
Authors: Verdirame Guglielmo , Weinberg Vasco Becker
Published: July 2016

This chapter analyses the legal framework applicable to non-flag states’ interception operations aimed at combating the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), delivery vehicles, and related materials against the background of the law on the use of force. It considers the legal regime under the law of the sea, with particular reference to the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and discusses the legal and strategic challenges posed by seaborne WMD proliferation to states. It explains the distinction between counter-proliferation, non-proliferation, and response to the use of WMD. The chapter examines interdiction, a classic instrument of naval enforcement. Finally, it explores how states have sought to address the gaps in the general legal framework through three primary routes: the resolution of the UN Security Council, multilateral treaty-making under the auspices of the International Maritime Organization, and the practice of states involved in the Proliferation Security Initiative.
The Use of Cyber Force and International Law
Authors: Schmitt Michael N.
Published: July 2016

This chapter focuses on the use of cyber force on and off the battlefield within the framework of international law. Drawing on the work of the Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare (2013), it considers the jus ad bellum issues surrounding cyber operations. In particular, it examines when cyber operations violate the prohibition on the use (or threat) of force set forth in Article 2(4) of the UN Charter and customary international law, and when a state that has been the target of cyber operations may retaliate with its own use of force. The chapter also discusses two exceptions to the prohibition on the use of force under Article 51 of the UN Charter, one of which is the exercise of the right of self-defence. Finally, it analyses state interpretations of international law’s prescriptive norms regarding the use of force when applied to cyberspace.
What Are the Motives for Employees to Exhibit Citizenship Behavior?: A Review of Prosocial and Instrumental Predictors of Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Authors: Halbesleben Jonathon , Bellairs Tom
Published: July 2016

In this chapter, we review the literature concerning motives for engaging in organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and frame this review within the broader literature on the functional, goal-driven approach to behavior. We extend this approach by viewing OCB in a context of one’s future work self—aspirations based on one’s salient view of his or her future in a work context—and how individuals can accomplish many goals through a single behavior (i.e., multifinality) or substitute various means (i.e., equifinality) in order to best satisfy goal-driven approaches to connect individuals to their ideal future work selves. In essence, we argue that people are motivated to select behaviors that give them the best opportunity to achieve their future goals with respect to work, which often manifests as OCBs.
Cadence
Authors: Harrison Daniel
Published: July 2016

This article treats cadences as stopping conventions in music that were first developed in medieval counterpoint, setting into music scholastic ideas about motion. These conventions continued to be influential well beyond that period and are the reason for making distinctions between perfect and imperfect consonances. Cadences can conclude entire works, movements, sections, phrases, and even smaller units. The mainstay of higher formal analysis, the authentic cadence is unambiguously modeled in a five-part texture, and its constituent parts can be rearranged through invertible counterpoint to derive various provisional endings, perfect and imperfect, as well as inverted arrangements that this article labels “clausulas.” Cadential counterpoint can be transformed by rhetorical schemes of continuation, emphasis, and arrangement. From various combinations of these derive the so-called half cadence (an authentic cadence stopped on its penult). The plagal cadence is cast as the contrapuntal dual of the authentic. Analytic demonstrations of these claims feature the music of Bach and Telemann, supported by excerpts by Ockeghem, Tallis, Gabrieli, Corelli, Mozart, Mahler, Schmitt, and Hindemith.
A Discursive Approach to Organizational Health Communication
Authors: Kjær Peter , Reff Pedersen Anne , Svejgaard Pors Anja
Published: July 2016

With the increased interest in communication in the fields of health care and health care management research, it is important to begin to explore and consider the consequences of this engagement with new ideas in communication. In this chapter we describe the expansion of organizational health communication, identifying three distinct types of communication ideas and tools: clinical communication, extra-clinical communication and corporate communication. In order to assess the wider implications of health communication, we elaborate a discursive perspective, illustrated by presenting exemplary analyses of a) the institutionalization of communication ideals, b) the communicative management of meaning and c) communication tools as organising technologies. The discursive perspective highlights that organizations and individual health care providers should not only look for the desired outcomes of communication initiatives but also focus on unintended consequences in terms of changes to management roles, challenges to professional values and the reshaping of demands on patients. Attention to those implications is a key task for health care managers.
Plural Leadership in Health Care Organizations
Authors: Sergi Viviane , Comeau-Vallée Mariline , Lusiani Maria , Denis Jean-Louis , Langley Ann
Published: July 2016

Because of their complex structures and cultures characterized by interaction among multiple professional and occupational groups with diverse sources of authority, expertise and legitimacy, health care organizations are prime sites for forms of collective or plural leadership. In this chapter, we describe and provide empirical examples of four different forms of plural leadership occurring in and around health care organizations. The presentation of the various forms and their empirical illustrations reveals that different situations may call for different forms and modalities of plural leadership both inside and across these organizations. However, a common theme underlying all the examples and forms is the paradoxical importance of individual agency in enabling the construction of effective forms of plurality. We conclude by discussing some of the challenges associated with these forms of plural leadership and by identifying areas for future study of their role and effectiveness in health care settings.
Re-placing Care
Authors: Oldenhof Lieke , Postma Jeroen , Bal Roland
Published: July 2016

This chapter explores the meaning of place for health care governance. Although place is gaining importance in public health studies, it remains under theorized as an analytical concept. As a consequence, place is merely viewed as a context variable or a neutral backdrop for policymaking. This chapter provides a more dynamic reconceptualization of place by looking at the activity of replacing as a means to govern health care. Three different cases of re-placement of care are discussed that show how re-placements work out in practice: e-health, concentration of hospital care and neighbourhood care. The cases reveal not only the invisible work that is necessary to establish and maintain re-placements, but also demonstrate the political and symbolic uses of place for health care governance.
Editors’ Introduction
Authors: Ferlie Ewan , Montgomery Kathleen , Pederson Anne Reff
Published: July 2016

This introductory chapter offers an overview of the purpose and structure of the Handbook. It begins by explaining why the health care management field is a worthy object of academic study. Next, it offers a reasoned critique of two main streams of current literature in the field and then articulates three propositions that guided the Handbook structure: (i) both classic and emerging social science perspectives and theories can add analytical richness and variety to health management research today; (ii) an expanding range of health policy-related phenomena can and should be explored academically; and (iii) building a wider international literature base is a valuable endeavor. The second half of the introduction reviews the main themes of each chapter and the four Parts of the book. Finally, it discusses the extent to which the original three propositions have been fully worked out in the Handbook and where further work should take place.
Culture in Health Care Organizations
Authors: Mannion Russell , Davies Huw
Published: July 2016

Modern health care policy frequently invokes notions of cultural change as a key means of achieving performance improvement and good quality health care. This chapter aims to sharpen thinking around the theory and feasibility of culture change in health care contexts by setting out some of the key conceptual and practical challenges that need to be addressed by policy makers, health care managers, researchers, and by others seeking to understand, assess and change cultures in health care organizations. It begins by introducing some of the sources of ideas, conceptual underpinnings and key concerns with using organizational culture, before considering the evidence on the linkages between culture and health care performance and the wide range of models that have been used to understand culture change and the management of cultural diversity in health care organizations. The chapter closes by arguing that the diverse and contested nature of understanding about culture will necessarily mean that there will be diverse and contested ways of seeking to harness the power of culture to deliver the desired improvements in health care quality and performance. What is clear is attempting to enact culture change to improve health care performance is a difficult, uncertain and risky enterprise and may not always generate the anticipated outcomes. As in many other areas of management we are in need of a more secure evidence base that is underpinned by a more sophisticated understanding of these complex and dynamic organizational phenomena.
Effective Team Working in Health Care
Authors: West Michael A. , Markiewicz Lynn
Published: July 2016

In this chapter we show that team working is vital for high quality health care but that team working is often poor. We draw on research to show that effective team working is associated with fewer errors that harm staff and patients; fewer staff injuries; better staff well-being; higher levels of patient satisfaction; better quality of care; and lower patient mortality. “Pseudo team working” leads to the opposite outcomes. We describe how effective team based working can be developed and identify the importance of team objectives and leadership. The chapter describes the specific challenges for team working in health care, including the complexity of the context and the historical legacy of separate professional development and status hierarchies. We explore how these challenges can be overcome, arguing that ensuring effective team working in health care is critical to ensuring the delivery of high quality, continually improving and compassionate health care.
Corporate Litigation in Specialized Business Courts
Authors: McCahery Joseph A. , de Roode F. Alexander
Published: July 2016

Plaintiffs’ lawyer fees and monetary awards have a distorting effect on shareholder value effects in US derivative cases. In this chapter we analyze the benefits of corporate litigation without these externalities using a data set for the Netherlands between 2002 and 2013. We find significant abnormal returns within a short timespan surrounding the filing and resolution of M&A-related lawsuits. Over longer horizons, resolutions have little impact on shareholder value. However, our findings suggest that longer waiting times for court resolutions are costly. The evidence from the Netherlands supports the view that in settings without strong distortions derivative style litigation may be important.
Introduction
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon
Published: July 2016

This Introduction explains the overall plan for the volume. There is, first of all, a focus on figures. The contributions engage with the very qualities that make the field fascinating to a contemporary audience: the interplay between charismatic individuals, the negotiated interaction of widely different intellectual outlooks, the intervention of critical voices of dissent and disavowal. There is, second, a new periodization of the history of philosophy in India. The earliest period of what I call “philosophies of path and purpose”; the period of compilation of sūtra and its legacy; an age of dialogue within a Sanskrit cosmopolis; an age of disquiet; a period initiated by Gaṅgeśa; a period of early modernity; the period we might describe as “the eve of Independence”; and finally, the period of post-Independence modern Indian philosophers. The Introduction concludes by saying something about the very concept of philosophy.
Lyrical Humor(s) in the “Fumeur” Songs
Authors: Singer Julie
Published: July 2016

A small corpus of late fourteenth-century comical lyrics, most composed by the poet Eustache Deschamps, presents the lyricist or performer as afumeur(literally, “smoker”): a creative but volatile artist with a melancholic nature. These texts and their musical settings engage in sophisticated play on late medieval medical understandings of madness and its cures. A new reading of these lyrics in light of Deschamps’s theorization of “natural” and “artificial” music reveals that a particularlydisabledembodiment underpins that author’s poetic vision; and the existence of a corpus of closely relatedfumeursongs composed by multiple authors invites us to revisit received ideas about disabled identity in the Middle Ages.
Music and the Labyrinth of Melancholy
Authors: Sisman Elaine
Published: July 2016

This essay recovers an extended moment in Enlightenment melancholy, opening with the tenacious hold of the four temperaments and the belief that an excess of “black bile” might foster creativity or genius, a heightened sense of time and memory, even a propensity for the sublime. This melancholy temperament was turned into a musical subject by C. P. E. Bach. The literary and psychological stances embodied in the “joy of grief” were abetted by newer medical theories of nerve contractions, and a greater focus on individual sensibility found Bach expressing his own experience of saying goodbye; hisFarewell to My Silbermann Clavierconnects the complexities of the harmonic labyrinth to the figure of the labyrinth as a poetic emblem of melancholy embodying the paradox of enclosure and wandering. Beethoven’sLa Malinconiamay be seen as the unique successor to both historical strands: it creates a vivid musical labyrinth with a neurally inflected thread, and suggests a link to Scarpa’s recent anatomical discoveries about the human ear.
Disabling Music Performance
Authors: Howe Blake
Published: July 2016

When a performer’s disability directly affects the execution of a musical script, the “dual performances of music and disability” (Straus 2011) are intertwined, so that one directly influences the other. This chapter uses the termsaudibleandsilent disabilitiesas aural analogues to the more commonly used termsvisibleandinvisible disabilities. In music performance, aural disabilities stem frommusical impairments, which emerge from conflicts with three interrelated sets of conventions associated with musical instruments, performance practices and musical scores (in nonimprovised performances), and ideological expectations of a societal audience. Just as curbs, stairs, and door handles constitute part of the “constructed normalcy” of social performance, so do these three musical conventions propose and construct anormal performance bodythat real bodies must strive to match. Conversely,disablist music(like the one-hand piano repertoire) subverts the normal performance body by accommodating aurally disabled performers excluded from conformational musical practices.
Musical Expression among Deaf and Hearing Song Signers
Authors: Maler Anabel
Published: July 2016

Deaf people are often portrayed as living in a world of silence, cut off both from experiencing musical works and from musical expression. There are, however, many different forms of musical expression in Deaf culture, including “song signing.” This essay explores the idea that deafness, rather than being a disadvantage for musical expression, actually enables distinctive musical performances within the context of song signing. The first section surveys the different varieties of signed song performance, the second contains analyses of videos, and the third compares the Deaf and hearing song-signing communities. Analysis of multiple song-signing videos reveals that deaf and hearing song signers exploit different techniques in expressing themselves musically. The analyses explore the signers’ principal differences in terms of communication, use of space, and rhythmic techniques. The videos analyzed throughout the article reveal how both deafness and hearing can be musical resources in the context of song-signing performance.
Knowing Equity When We See It
Authors: Wilder Margaret , Ingram Helen
Published: July 2016

This chapter argues for a greater commitment to water equity and a transformation of water governance. Marrying contradictory principles flawed the global water governance paradigm that emerged in the 1990s. Efficiency and equity are often incompatible, and unequal power relations are embedded in many longstanding water institutions and concepts. The chapter suggests that the epistemology of water and the vocabulary and fundamental concepts used to understand water, including its socio-nature and close relation with politics, must be transformed. It introduces five “directional principles” to guide thinking about a transformational governance. It also reviews these principles in light of four real-world cases. Decades of water scholarship provide a critical lens to search for equity, but recognizing equity when it occurs in specific contexts, such as the Colorado River Delta or the city of Detroit, where new networks have emerged to challenge existing rules and power relations, is also vital.
Music
Authors: Woodward Sheila C.
Published: July 2016

Personal stories provide an introductory lens to exploring music’s role during the South African transition from minority rule to democracy. With many children turning their backs on schools, music played an increasingly important role in educating the youth and providing them with a public voice. Culture was firmly identified as “a weapon of struggle.” Music was used in teaching children to resist oppressive authority; express their pain; take courage; tell their stories; be proud of their identity; take messages from the past and carry the struggle forward; innovate, create, and collaborate; give voice to the voiceless; and generally promote social change. Inspiring examples provide the impetus for challenging children across the globe to realize that their music can both mirror society and be a participating force for change.
Striving for Justice with Determination and Hope
Authors: Barrett Janet R.
Published: July 2016

Social justice is an intellectual ideal and an educational movement, as well as a fervent desire held by individuals committed to respecting the worth of persons. This epilogue situates music educators within this broad landscape of theories, perspectives, and practices. For the field to embrace socially just practices as commonplace—answering the call with determination—good work must be initiated on many fronts. Music educators can draw on the clear and persuasive arguments offered here for expanding visions of music teaching and learning, while grappling with multidimensional challenges that attend social justice. This professional transformation will depend upon imaginative thinking and critical awakening, especially in contradistinction to the pervasive neoliberal milieu of the times. Music teacher education holds special promise for developing and strengthening teachers’ commitments to equitable, culturally responsive, and liberatory practices, especially when focused on dispositions that cultivate music teachers’ sense of agency and caring.
Supernatural Beliefs and the Evolution of Cooperation
Authors: Bourrat Pierrick , Viciana Hugo
Published: July 2016

Studies have found an association between the content of beliefs in the supernatural and increased cooperation in social groups. “High Moralizing Gods,” “fear of supernatural punishment,” and “supernatural monitoring” have been claimed to permit greater social cohesion through the specific epistemic engagement they produce in the minds of those who hold certain religious beliefs. However, the evolutionary pathways linking these religious features with cooperation remain unclear. Focusing on the example of belief in supernatural sanctioning, this chapter delineates different mechanisms by which beliefs in supernatural entities could, in principle, lead to greater cohesion and emphasizes the different predictions each evolutionary mechanism affords. It thus reassesses several studies that have been interpreted as supporting or as failing to support one or some of these cultural evolutionary processes. Finally, it proposes several avenues by which research addressing the link between cooperation and specific forms of belief in supernatural entities could be strengthened.
Semantics
Authors: Beaver David , Frazee Joey
Published: July 2016

Formal semantics is the study of linguistic meaning using precise mathematical characterizations; this chapter introduces formal semantics to scholars and students of natural-language processing. We give simple logical representations of English sentences, and show how meanings are composed in a grammar. We then consider two more advanced issues that arise in processing texts, anaphora and temporality, using Discourse Representation Theory (DRT). Finally we discuss the relationship between deep logic-based methods for semantic analysis and shallower distributional methods that have been used in much recent NLP work, introducing some limitations of distributional methods, and hence motivating deeper or hybrid approaches.
Discourse
Authors: Poesio Massimo
Published: July 2016

Discourse is the area of linguistics concerned with the aspects of language use that go beyond the sentence—and in particular, with the study of coherence and salience. In this chapter we present a few key theories of these phenomena. We distinguish between two main types of coherence: entity coherence, primarily established through anaphora; and relational coherence, expressed through connectives and other relational devices. Our discussion of anaphora and entity coherence covers the basic facts about anaphoric reference and introduces the dynamic approach to the semantics of anaphora implemented in theories such as Discourse Representation Theory, based on the notion of discourse model and its updates. With regards to relational coherence, we review some of the main claims about the relational structure of discourse—such as the claim that coherent discourses have a tree structure, or the right frontier hypothesis—and four main theoretical approaches: Rhetorical Structure Theory, Grosz and Sidner’s intentional structure theory, the inference-based approach developed by Hobbs and expanded in Segmented DRT, and the connective-based account. Finally we cover theories of local and global salience and its effects, including Gundel’s Activation Hierarchy theory and Grosz and Sidner’s theory of the local and global focus.
Reforming Time
Authors: Barnes Robin
Published: July 2016

Protestant attitudes toward and teachings about time and history were shaped on a fundamental level by ongoing transformations in late-medieval and early modern temporal sensibilities. But Protestants consciously rejected a number of key medieval assumptions about time, and in some respects the Reformation movements dramatically reshaped or accelerated trends that were already underway. This essay addresses three general approaches to time: as mundane experience, as a theological concept, and as a historical and prophetic narrative. While the various branches of Protestantism by no means followed a single path in negotiating these realms, they all contributed to a uniquely early modern array of fears and hopes in the face of temporal change.
Pietism
Authors: Gleixner Ulrike
Published: July 2016

This article discusses German Pietism as a religious, social, and cultural reform movement from the late seventeenth to the end of the eighteenth century. Based on a millenarian and as a consequence positive vision of future religious and ecclesiastical renewal, it aimed for a better society. Pietist anthropology was based on education, individual responsibility, and self-improvement. Every human being should be born again including women and men, socially marginalized, and non-Christians. Innovative forms of sociability named conventicle, intensive reading of religious literature, a new pattern of individuation, as well as a sophisticated media policy characterized the Pietist project. Pietism contributed to modern society through its part in the religious Enlightenment.
Social Policy in Developing Countries
Authors: Cammett Melani , Sasmaz Aytug
Published: July 2016

This chapter reviews the growing body of scholarly literature on welfare regimes in developing countries. Many studies in this research program explicitly or implicitly draw on the approaches and methods of historical institutionalism. However, the authors argue that a true appreciation of the origins and transformation of welfare regimes in developing countries calls for more extensive and systematic applications of the methods and approaches from the historical institutionalist toolkit and should incorporate greater attention to the role of non-state actors in the welfare mix.
Politics as a Process Structured in Space and Time
Authors: Hall Peter A.
Published: July 2016

Historical institutionalism embraces models of the polity that acknowledge the impact on political action of the social, economic and political structures in which actors are embedded at particular times and places. In addition to examining how events affect the immediate outcome of interest, it considers how they restructure the institutional or ideological setting so as to condition outcomes at later periods in time. Through a comparison with alternative modes of analysis, this chapter outlines what it means to see politics as a structured process. Taking up the problem of plasticity raised by a second wave of historical institutional analysis, it considers how institutions might be dependent on social coalitions but still factors structuring politics by virtue of how they sustain those coalitions.
Inequality and the Carceral State
Authors: Gottschalk Marie
Published: July 2016

Some of the most promising work on mass incarceration, the retributive turn in penal policy, and growing inequalities in the United States employs a historical institutional lens. This work has illuminated the origins of the carceral state and the possibilities for dismantling it, the sources of interstate and cross-national variations in penal policy, and the role of race, gender, and the transformation of the welfare state in the construction of the carceral state. Going forward, illumination of pressing political problems like the carceral state will require that historical institutionalism retain or resurrect some of the qualities that originally made it so distinctive—even if that cuts against the grain of the wider discipline of political science.
Capitalism, Institutions, and Power in the Study of Business
Authors: Culpepper Pepper D.
Published: July 2016

This chapter explores the contributions of historical institutionalist scholarship to understanding preference formation in business. It critiques the analytical drift of the literature away from some conceptual sites of essential political action in democratic capitalism: issues of power, common trends across capitalist countries, and the role of voters in structuring the character of political conflict among interest groups and political parties. The chapter proposes a governance space, defined by the two dimensions of political salience and institutional formality, as a way to combine insights about the importance of institutional context with the structurally uneven allocation of power resources in capitalism.
The Persistence of State Sovereignty
Authors: Krasner Stephen D.
Published: July 2016

Fundamental changes in foundational international institutions, from one kind of structure to another have primarily been precipitated by threats to the core security interests of powerful actors. In the contemporary international system there is no opportunity outside of Europe for a bargaining process that would lead to a transformation of the basic norms and rules of sovereignty. Nevertheless, departures from conventional sovereignty have always been present and will persist, possibly become more frequent. Sovereignty, like every other international system, has always been characterized by organized hypocrisy.
Incremental Origins of Bretton Woods
Authors: Helleiner Eric
Published: July 2016

Historical institutionalism highlights the prevalence of incremental change in international governance. This chapter reinforces this point through an examination of a particularly hard case: the iconic creation of the postwar Bretton Woods international monetary and financial system. Although the 1944 Bretton Woods agreements are widely seen to be a product of power, interests and ideas at a unique historical moment, they were also shaped by a set of incremental institutional changes that pre-dated the negotiations and left important legacies. The Bretton Woods agreements emerged less from a specific moment than from a longer “critical juncture” dating back to the Great Depression.
The Party Organizations
Authors: Erlingsson Gissur Ó. , Kölln Ann-Kristin , Öhberg Patrik
Published: July 2016

This chapter offers a general description of party organizational development in Sweden. We assess to what extent Swedish party organizations have followed the (alleged) transformations from mass parties to “electoral-professional” and/or “cartel” parties. Additionally, we inquire if such transformations may have affected the quality of intra-party democracy. It is demonstrated that mass parties, in principle, have been eradicated. Parties have become increasingly professionalized and less connected with their members. Also, tendencies towards a cartelization of the Swedish party system can be observed, particularly when the generous system of party subsidies is taken into account. However, no conclusive evidence supports the assertion that Swedish party organizations have become less internally democratic.
Introduction
Authors: Sundström Göran
Published: July 2016

This introduction presents four chapters that comprise a discussion of Swedish public administration. The first chapter discusses four characteristics which together form the backbone of what is often referred to as the Swedish administrative model. The second chapter is a study of Swedish administrative reform from the mid-1970s until today. The third chapter discusses Swedish public servants and the question to what extent they are to be considered traditional bureaucrats or “managers” modeled after the private sector; and the final chapter explores the way the Swedish government governs the administration and the challenges that entails, given the organizational complexity of modern states.
The Public Servant
Authors: Ehn Peter
Published: July 2016

This chapter discusses Swedish public servants and the question whether they are to be considered as traditional bureaucrats or as “managers,” modeled after the private sector. The chapter shows that nowadays Swedish public servants can hardly be characterized as old-fashioned bureaucrats, but neither as fully fledged managers. Instead, they are generally best described as “private servants.” The privatization of the public servant is partly expressed by an alignment between the public and the private sector regarding the statutory regulation of working conditions. Also, New-Public-Management-inspired reforms have created a situation where public servants have come to regard the agencies as formal organizations in their own right. They tend to see themselves as just another worker in any organization, whether it be public or private. There is a limited, and declining, understanding of the specific requirements that are entailed by the position of public servant.
Who Loves the Swedish Welfare State? Attitude Trends 1980–2010
Authors: Svallfors Stefan
Published: July 2016

Attitudes toward social spending, collective financing, and public organization, willingness to pay taxes, suspicion about welfare abuse, and trust in the task performance of the welfare state show a large degree of stability in Sweden, and where change is registered, it tends to go in the direction of increasing support. More people state their willingness to pay higher taxes for welfare policy purposes; more people want collective financing of welfare policies; and fewer people perceive extensive welfare abuse. Class patterns change so that the salaried and the self-employed become more similar to workers in their attitudes. Hence, no attitudinal corrosive effects from increased marketization of the Swedish welfare state can be detected on public support for welfare policies.
Sweden and the Baltic Sea Region
Authors: Bengtsson Rikard
Published: July 2016

Swedish policy towards the Baltic Sea region in the post-Cold-War period reflects an internationalist approach aimed at institutionalizing regional cooperative mechanisms, along with a generic interest in managing relations with Russia. The Baltic region is of significant strategic interest to Sweden. From a strategic foreign policy perspective, the institutions-based approach to regional cooperation can be viewed as a formula for Sweden to multilateralize relations with Russia while simultaneously reaping economic and security benefits that stem from regional and European-level interdependencies. The roles that follow from this approach—as regional integrator and as normative critic of Russia—are increasingly enacted through European channels, primarily the EU.
The Europeanization of the Swedish State
Authors: Jacobsson Bengt , Sundström Göran
Published: July 2016

States are highly integrated in and influenced by their broader environments. The European Union is an example of the increasing governance directed toward states. In this chapter, we show how the Swedish state has been transformed as a consequence of its integration in a European and global environment. We distinguish three typical processes that shape state activities: regulative, inquisitive, and meditative. We argue that the Swedish state, more than before, can be described as highly fragmented and typically as a rule-following entity. We also reflect on the implications of Europeanization for the capacity and the legitimacy of the Swedish state.
Policy Coordination under Minority and Majority Rule
Authors: Persson Thomas
Published: July 2016

This chapter analyzes mechanisms for policy coordination inside and outside Sweden’s Government Offices. It looks at how governments of different types have coordinated their policies, and focuses on the mechanisms used by single-party minority governments and by coalition minority and majority governments. Over time, Swedish political parties have developed methods for achieving stable, long-term cooperation, and these methods have become increasingly formalized and institutionalized. Coordination at the national level takes place both before and after elections, and tends to blur the boundary between majority and minority governments. These new patterns of cooperation pose new challenges to the government’s ability to coordinate policy.
Introduction
Authors: Holmberg Sören , Oscarsson Henrik
Published: July 2016

This chapter introduces a section consisting of four studies of Swedish exceptionalism which focus on aspects of elections and voting behavior. A study of voter turnout shows that Swedes are exceptionally participatory. The second chapter in the section, which presents an analysis of class voting, indicates that Swedes are exceptionally old-fashioned and still vote according to the occupational class they belong to. An examination of ideological voting suggests that Swedes are exceptionally influenced by the classic left–right divide. And the final chapter takes as its subject involvement in election campaigns, and finds that Swedes are in exceptionally little personal contact with parties and candidates.
Introduction
Authors: Lidström Anders
Published: July 2016

Swedish local government has a strong position within the unitary nation state. At first sight, this could be understood as a paradox if decentralization and central control are treated as contradictory concepts. However, in countries such as Sweden, with a relatively generous welfare system that emphasizes equal access, strong local and regional governments can be seen as means of avoiding the pitfalls of rigorous standardization by allowing adjustment of national welfare services to local circumstances. This requires legitimate, responsible, and capable local and regional politicians. Subnational government also has additional tasks as providers of locally generated collective services, such as road maintenance, parks, recreation, and cultural facilities. The contributions in this section are all based on the most recent research in the field. They discuss Swedish subnational government with regard to its internal workings, horizontal relationships, reform trajectories, and position in relation to other systems of local and regional government.
Sweden in a Multigovernance Polity
Authors: Mörth Ulrika
Published: July 2016

Three interpretations of the multigovernance polity in the EU—defined as the soft turn, the market turn, and the societal turn—are discussed in relation to Swedish politics. It is argued that there is a fit between the soft turn and the Swedish intergovernmental position, but that the strong presence of law in the EU is also problematic for Swedish governments. The early privatizations and deregulations of parts of the public infrastructure have made Sweden one of the forerunners in the market turn, but they have also created tensions between core Swedish national issues and the EU. The societal turn in the EU follows Swedish traditions of corporativism but also challenges this tradition.
Nasserism
Authors: Abou El-Fadl Reem
Published: July 2016

This chapter revisits the political phenomenon of “Nasserism,” acknowledging that it has multiple connotations and yet enduring significance across the Arab world. It discusses Nasserism under Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918–1970) during his 1952–70 leadership and Nasserism as the political tradition that survived him. The chapter’s range generates the conclusion that Nasserism has transcended its historical origins. It is now widely employed in political contestation to signal a set of enduring principles and aspirations for sovereignty and dignity across the Arab world. At the same time, it is an important node in critiques of contemporary political centralization and authoritarian rule in Arab republics. Sparking debate between these poles continuously, and as a political tradition with movements in most Arab countries today, Nasserism is set to remain a force to be reckoned with in Egyptian and Arab politics for the foreseeable future.
An Economic Theory of Dynamic Capabilities
Authors: Franco April , Mitchell Matthew , Skrzypacz Andrzej
Published: July 2016

This article introduces an economic model of dynamic capabilities. The model is intended to bridge the gap between the strategic management literature on dynamic capabilities and the economics literature on the sources of productivity differentials. In the model, dynamic capabilities are an advantage in generating innovations and allow firms to enter new submarkets. We use the model to interpret three types of dynamic capabilities previously identified in the literature: sensing, seizing and transforming. We show that the model has non-trivial predictions for observables that might aid in empirically identifying dynamic capabilities. When firms must invest in order to acquire the dynamic capability to transform, in a dynamic equilibrium, higher levels of innovation may not be associated with possessing the dynamic capability: firms without the dynamic capability can invest more in innovation in order to gain it. This suggests that using innovation investment levels as an intermediate outcome to measure dynamic capabilities may incorrectly identify firms without the dynamic capability as ones with it.
The Task of Italian Romanticism
Authors: Luzzi Joseph
Published: July 2016

This chapter revisits the heated controversies over Italian Romanticism to show that they actually represent a vital literarymode. In short, the debates led to the creation of literary masterpieces that carry within themselves the signs of the age’s literary polemics. The public debate about the relation between literary and national identity made authors aware of their political responsibilities toward the yet-to-be-born Italian nation. Foscolo, Leopardi, and Manzoni avoided direct alignment with mainstream Romantic thought, but enjoyed a greater literary and artistic freedom than their more doctrinaire (and less talented) contemporaries. Italy’s isolation from much of European intellectual life gave the nation’s controversies over Romanticism a dramatic, almost desperate air, as the subtext over whether Italy would become ‘Romantic’ was equal to asking whether it could become ‘modern’.
‘European Man and Writer’
Authors: Gazzola Giuseppe
Published: July 2016

According to the famous definition by Benedetto Croce, ‘Ugo Foscolo was a European man and writer; even if . . . the European literary world ignored him in the complexity of his personality and his major works.’ Almost a century later, Croce’s assertion is still useful: Foscolo was an intellectual of European significance, and locating him in a transnational context offers an enriched perspective on his life and works. His particular biographical and poetic trajectories made it easy for him to be overlooked in non-Italian literary contexts. Foscolo was European because he knew, as a writer and as a scholar, by nature and culture, how to escape the provincialism that permeated the academies of the Italian cities; far ahead of his time, he combined a classical education with encyclopedic culture and a critical sensibility in a way previously unknown in Italian letters.
Polish Romanticism
Authors: Coghen Monika
Published: July 2016

The starting point for Polish Romantics was, as for many of their Western counterparts, the focus on the self. But personal existence was represented as a worthy sacrifice for the sake of the national cause. In the aftermath of the failure of the 1830 Uprising, pessimism, melancholy, and metaphysical and political rebellion were countered by messianic ideas of the émigré poets. Idealism, led to religious belief, whether Catholicism or less orthodox systems. The confrontation of the individual with history was therefore enacted on the metaphysical plane, and presented mainly in the dramatic form, which became the domineering genre in the post-1831 period. Through the deep belief in the ethical and social roles of poetry Polish Romantics played a crucial part in preserving the national identity of their readers, truly earning the status ofwieszcz, the poet-prophet.
Romantic Political Thought
Authors: Moggach Douglas
Published: July 2016

In assessing the political charge of Romanticism, Georg Lukács castigated it for its irrationalism and proto-fascistic tendencies, while Jacques Barzun stressed its anti-totalitarian character, its promotion of individuality and diversity against imposed uniformity and coercion. More recent critics have produced a complex typology of Romantic political critiques of modernity, from restorationist conservative to utopian socialist. This chapter takes its lead from Hegel’s diagnosis of modern freedom, and of Romanticism’s place in it, locating common elements and variations in Romantic cultural critique. Among the recent revivals of the Romantic spirit are the counterculture of 1960s, and postmodern assaults on subjective coherence and rational autonomy. For all its limitations, the course of Romanticism is not yet run.
Religion
Authors: Pfau Thomas
Published: July 2016

This chapter studies religious, moral, and political thought that, between 1780 and 1840, generated some of the most profound and searching critiques of modernity which partially overlap with with the genesis of modern conservatism. The central objective is to identify several strands of conservative thought that emerge in the course of the Romantic era. Of these, one is indeed genuinely reactionary, implicitly secular, and Machiavellian in nature (Burke, Gentz, Müller, de Maistre), even as its exponents strenuously advocate the rights of the church and, in some instances, overtly espouse ultramontane positions. Of greater intellectual substance (and especially pertinent to my argument) will be another strand that draws on Catholic, pre-modern theology in order to undertake a comprehensive critique of political, economic, and moral assumptions and aspirations of the modern era to the French Revolution and beyond.
The Novel and the (Il)legibility of History
Authors: Stephens Bradley
Published: July 2016

The primacy of history as an educational in France and Germany kindled a taste for literary modes that could accommodate ever-changing social experience by reflecting the spirit of both the time and place in which events unfold, recalling Germaine de Staël’s ideas fromDe la littérature(1799). Crucially, the abyss which Hugo thought the Revolution opened up between present and past raised specific problems for the ambitions of the historical novel in France. How were writers to capture the vast interplay of different ideologies and discourses that had been energized by 1789, and how was meaning to be negotiated amidst the complex matrix of rival desires and reciprocal demands which it had generated in society? This chapter examines three major novelists’ attempts to narrate both the general contemporary desire for human experience to mean something, and the writer’s self-consciousness of the difficulties of finding a style answerable to this ambition.