bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chiral N,O‐Ligand/[Cu(OAc)2]‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Construction of 4‐Aminopyrrolidine Derivatives by 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides with α‐Phthalimidoacrylates
Authors: Wang Zheng , Yu Xingxin , Tian Bo‐Xue , Payne Daniel T. , Yang Wu‐Lin , Liu Yang‐Zi , Fossey John S. , Deng Wei‐Ping
Published: June 2015

A protocol to access useful 4‐aminopyrrolidine‐2,4‐dicarboxylate derivatives has been developed. A variety of chiral N,O‐ligands derived from 2,3‐dihydroimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine motifs have been evaluated in the asymmetric 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides to α‐phthalimidoacrylates. Reactions catalyzed by copper in combination with ligand 7‐Cl‐DHIPOH provided the highest level of stereoselectivity for the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction. The reaction tolerates both β‐substituted and β‐unsubstituted α‐phthalimidoacrylate as dipolarophiles, affording the corresponding quaternary 4‐aminopyrrolidine cycloadducts with excellent diastereo‐ (>98:2 d.r.) and enantioselectivities (up to 97 % ee). Removal of the phthalimido protecting group can be accomplished by a simple NaBH4 reduction. Theoretical calculations employing DFT methods show this cycloaddition reaction is likely to proceed through a stepwise mechanism and the stereochemistry was also theoretically rationalized.
Alkylation of Amines with Alcohols and Amines by a Single Catalyst under Mild Conditions
Authors: Zou Qingzhu , Wang Chao , Smith Jen , Xue Dong , Xiao Jianliang
Published: June 2015

An efficient catalytic system for the alkylation of amines with either alcohols or amines under mild conditions has been developed, using cyclometallated iridium complexes as catalysts. The method has broad substrate scope, allowing for the synthesis of a diverse range of secondary and tertiary amines with good to excellent yields. By controlling the ratio of substrates, both mono‐ and bis‐alkylated amines can be obtained with high selectivity. In particular, methanol can be used as the alkylating reagent, affording N‐methylated products selectively. A strong solvent effect is observed for the reaction.
Synthesis and Characterization of Cationic Low‐Valent Gallium Complexes of Cryptand[2.2.2]
Authors: Bourque Jeremy L. , Boyle Paul D. , Baines Kim M.
Published: June 2015

The synthesis and characterization of two bimetallic, cationic low‐valent gallium–cryptand[2.2.2] complexes is reported. The reaction of cryptand[2.2.2] with Ga2Cl4 gave two different cations, [Ga3Cl4(crypt‐222)]+ (1) or [Ga2Cl2(crypt‐222)]2+ (2), depending on whether or not trimethylsilyl triflate (Me3SiOTf) was added as a co‐reagent. Complexes 1 and 2 are the first examples of bimetallic cryptand[2.2.2] complexes, as well as the first low‐valent gallium–cryptand[2.2.2] complexes. Computational methods were used to evaluate the bonding in the gallium cores.
Oxidative N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Catalyzed γ‐Carbon Addition of Enals to Imines: Mechanistic Studies and Access to Antimicrobial Compounds
Authors: Zheng Peng‐Cheng , Cheng Jiajia , Su Shihu , Jin Zhichao , Wang Yu‐Huang , Yang Song , Jin Lin‐Hong , Song Bao‐An , Chi Yonggui Robin
Published: June 2015

The reaction mechanism of the γ‐carbon addition of enal to imine under oxidative N‐heterocyclic carbene catalysis is studied experimentally. The oxidation, γ‐carbon deprotonation, and nucleophilic addition of γ‐carbon to imine were found to be facile steps. The results of our study also provide highly enantioselective access to tricyclic sulfonyl amides that exhibit interesting antimicrobial activities against X. oryzae, a bacterium that causes bacterial disease in rice growing.
Long, Multicenter Bonding—A New Concept for Supramolecular Materials
Authors: Miller Joel S.
Published: June 2015

A new concept for constructing supramolecular architectures is discussed. In addition to van der Waals and hydrogen‐bonding intermolecular interactions that primarily account for supramolecular structures for all materials lacking extended 3D network structures, directional, long, multicenter bonding that can occur for anionic, cationic, neutral, and zwitterionic radicals and can direct intermolecular recognition through π interactions and form extended network supramolecular structural motifs.
Transmission vs. Diffuse Transmission in Circular Dichroism: What to Choose for Probing Solid‐State Samples?
Authors: Górecki Marcin
Published: June 2015

Recent advances in equipment enabled the collection of solid‐state electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra using the commercially available integrating sphere attachment for a regular ECD spectrometer. This accessory was designed to reduce negative factors occurring in solid‐state ECD measurements, and is, thereby, very useful for recording diffuse transmittance CD (DTCD) spectra using the pellet technique. In the present article, the operating principle of the integrating sphere and utility of the DTCD method in recording solid‐state ECD spectra is demonstrated. Based on illustrative examples, i.e., 10‐camphorsulfonic acid ammonium, cholest‐4‐en‐3‐one, (3R,4R,5S)‐oseltamivir, and (S)‐linezolid, ECD solid‐state measurements were performed by means of both transmission and diffusion methods and later compared. Selection of these compounds as models for comparative studies was made in view of their different chromophoric systems and the profound importance in the pharmaceutical industry. During the course of this work the benefits and limitations of the use of integrating sphere are presented. The final conclusion is that more relevant solid‐state spectra can be obtained by means of the DTCD method. Chirality 27:441–448, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Discussion on Several Problems in Tectono‐Thermal Modeling of Rift Basins
Authors: Qiong‐Ying LIU , Li‐Juan HE
Published: June 2015

Tectono‐thermal modeling of rift basin is to calculate the thermal and subsidence history of a rift basin during its formation and evolution on a lithosphere scale, which links tectonic and thermal developments perfectly. However, most extension models have the following problems: assuming the lithosphere to be 125 km thick initially, ignoring heat convection in the asthenosphere, fixing the upper boundary and rarely including thermal effects of sediments when calculating rift flank uplifts. Some effects on the tectono‐thermal modeling are discussed, including the initial crustal and lithosphere thicknesses, the convection of asthenosphere and the upper boundary of the model. We also calculate the differences of rift flank uplift between water and sediment loaded models.

The tectono‐thermal modeling is based on a two‐dimensional non‐instantaneous extension model using the finite‐element method in the Lagrangian system. By solving the heat conduction equation, the thermal and tectonic subsidence histories of the basin are modeled simultaneously.

The results are as follows: (1) Initial crustal and lithospheric thicknesses have great influence on tectonothermal modeling, especially on the tectonic subsidence. (2) Compared to the model ignoring heat convection in the asthenosphere, this model predicts slower tectonic subsidence and thermal decay rates, and significantly higher temperature from the lower crust to the bottom of the model. (3) The fixed or moving upper boundary during the modeling influences the calculated heat flow and tectonic subsidence in the thermal subsidence phase, and has remarkable effects on the temperature field. The effect increases with the increasing of stretching factor. (4) Rift flank uplift of the water‐loaded model would disappear within millions of years while the uplift would be stable at a certain value for the sediment‐loaded model.

In cases that the initial crustal and lithospheric thicknesses are uncertain, the optimum initial thicknesses for crust and lithosphere can be determined when the calculated heat flow, Moho depth and lithospheric thickness fit observed values best. Pure heat conduction and pure heat convection in the asthenosphere are two limiting cases for extension models. Within the rheological boundary layer, heat is transferred by both conduction and convection. For strongly extensional areas, using the fixed upper boundary model would generate large calculation errors, especially in the temperature field. The thermal effect of sediment cannot be ignored when calculating the rift flank uplift.
Datum Reduction for Correction of Multi‐Station Geomagnetic Diurnal Variations Using the Least Squares Fitting Method
Authors: Gang BIAN , Wei XIA , Shao‐Hua JIN , Di WU , Fu‐Min XIAO , Xin‐Xuan SUN , Mei‐Na WANG
Published: June 2015

The geomagnetic diurnal variation (GDV) is the main influence in marine magnetic survey, especially in offshore and large areas. The multi‐station method is the main technique to deal with the GDV correction. However, to diminish the difference between the magnetic field data and multiple stations data, the correction datum of the secondary stations must be reduced to the main station.

In marine sounding the least squares fitting (LSF) method has been applied in the interpolation of the height of the tide. Considering the similarity of the influence mechanism of the tidal variation and GDV, the LSF method has been introduced in the datum reduction. The datum of the secondary station can be corrected, which is decided by the expansion and contraction of the amplitude, the translation of the time (phase) of the diurnal variation of the main station, and the residual error of the diurnal variation correction of the main and secondary station is minimum with the LSF method. The validity of the method has been testified by the observed synchronous data of the multiple stations.

The results show that the LSF method can be applied when the characteristics of the diurnal geomagnetic variations of the stations are similar, which requires a short synchronous observation period. Otherwise the synchronous correction (SC) method should be qualified.

It is concluded that the LSF method can be effectively applied to the datum reduction with multi‐station GDV correction, therefore the difference of the magnetic field which is caused by the datum can be diminished and the correction precision can be improved in magnetic survey of offshore and large areas. Moreover the reduction method must be adjusted to the need of the practice. In addition, the LSF method can be applied to the determination of the time difference and the correction value interpolation.
Fe‐modified Clinoptilolite is Effective to Recover Plant Biosurfactants Used for Removing Arsenic From Soil
Authors: Gusiatin Zygmunt Mariusz
Published: June 2015

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the biosurfactant concentration, pH, and extraction time on arsenic (As) removal from brownfield soils by saponin (SAP), and tannic acid (TA). Sandy loam (soil 1) and silt loam (soil 2) soils containing 7598.4 and 4294.2 mg As/kg, respectively, were tested. After washing, the effluents were treated with clinoptilolite modified with FeCl3 and then their ability to remove As was compared with the control biosurfactant solutions. Removal of As increased gradually as SAP and TA concentration increased (0.005–5%). Arsenic was more efficiently removed under acidic (pH 2–3) than alkaline conditions (pH 9–11). The distribution of As in soils affected the length of extraction time. A pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model gave a good fit for kinetic data for both biosurfactants. The efficiency of As removal depended on the soil and biosurfactant type. Under optimized conditions (3% SAP and TA, pH 3, 24 h extraction), As removal from soil 1 and 2 was 27 and 46% with SAP and 5 and 39% with TA, respectively. Modified clinoptilolite at a dosage of 300 g/L removed ≥80% of As from SAP and TA effluents. Although the reused biosurfactants did not extract As as effectively as the original solutions, pH adjustment improved their effectiveness.
Wheat Residue Management Options Affect Crop Productivity, Weed Growth, and Soil Properties in Direct‐Seeded Fine Aromatic Rice
Authors: Khaliq Abdul , Matloob Amar , Hussain Adnan , Hussain Saddam , Aslam Farhena , Zamir Shahid Ibni , Chattha Muhammad Umer
Published: June 2015

Wheat residue management can influence soil health, weed growth, and productivity of subsequent rice crop. A field study was conducted to appraise the influence of different wheat residue management options viz., surface mulching of wheat residue (SMWR), wheat residue soil incorporation, wheat residue burning, zero tillage (ZT), and surface seeding on weed growth, soil physico‐chemical properties, and productivity of fine aromatic rice crop. Traditional transplanted rice (TPR) was maintained as control. The response of rice yield and its components including the number of productive tillers, grains per panicle and 1000‐grain weight differed significantly under the influence of various residue management options. SMWR recorded the highest grain yield (3.86 t ha−1) after TPR (4.18 t ha−1). Furthermore, the leaf area index and crop growth rate were also higher in SMWR and TPR compared with other treatments. Residue management options had a significant effect on weed population and dry biomass. A minimum weed density was observed in TPR (33–39 plants m−2) followed by SMWR (78–93 plants m−2). Available phosphorus in the experimental soil of TPR and SMWR treatments was increased by 74 and 45% compared to its initial value. Moreover, other soil attributes like organic matter, available potassium, and soil nitrogen were also improved by the application of wheat residue. Conclusively, SMWR was the best treatment for direct‐seeded rice among the residues management options in terms of final yield, weed burden, and improvement of soil health, although nitrogen and organic matter was higher under ZT.
Coordination of care in colon cancer
Authors: Chang George J. , Kopetz Scott
Published: June 2015

Solutions to the problem of a “system in crisis” for cancer care delivery should be of the highest priority for academics, policymakers, providers, patient advocacy organizations, and funding agencies alike. Although programs such as the Affordable Care Act emphasize the principles of coordinated and patient‐centered care to improve outcomes and value, real‐world examples such as the current study help to shed light on how the principles may be implemented to improve the delivery of cancer care.
Fragmentation in specialist care and stage III colon cancer
Authors: Hussain Tanvir , Chang Hsien‐Yen , Veenstra Christine M. , Pollack Craig Evan
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUND

Patients with cancer frequently transition between different types of specialists and across care settings. This study explored how frequently the surgical and medical oncology care of stage III colon cancer patients occurred across more than 1 hospital and whether this was associated with mortality and costs.

METHODS

This was a retrospective Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare cohort study of 9075 stage III colon cancer patients diagnosed between 2000 and 2009 who had received both surgical and medical oncology care within 1 year of their diagnosis. Patients were assigned to the hospital at which they had undergone their cancer surgery and to their oncologist's primary hospital, and then they were characterized according to whether these hospitals were the same or different. Outcomes included all‐cause mortality, subhazards for colon cancer–specific mortality, and costs of care at 12 months.

RESULTS

Thirty‐seven percent of the patients received their surgical and medical oncology care from different hospitals. Rural patients were less likely than urban patients to receive medical oncology care from the same hospital (odds ratio, 0.62; 95% confidence interval, 0.43‐0.90). Care from the same hospital was not associated with reduced all‐cause or colon cancer–specific mortality but resulted in lower costs (8% of the median cost) at 12 months (dollars saved, $5493; 95% confidence interval, $1799‐$9525).

CONCLUSIONS

The delivery of surgical and medical oncology care at the same hospital was associated with lower costs; however, reforms seeking to improve outcomes and lower costs through the integration of complex care will need to address the significant proportion of patients receiving care at more than 1 hospital. Cancer 2015;121:3316–3324. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Poreless Separator and Electrolyte Additive for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries with High Areal Energy Densities
Authors: Kim Joo‐Seong , Yoo Dong‐Joo , Min Jaeyun , Shakoor Rana A. , Kahraman Ramazan , Choi Jang Wook
Published: June 2015

Despite the attractive theoretical capacity of sulfur over 1600 mA h g−1, lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries suffer from insufficient cycle lives mainly due to fatal polysulfide dissolution. This chronic drawback becomes amplified at high areal capacities, especially close to commercial levels (i.e., >3 mA h cm−2). Here, we introduce an integrated approach of adopting poreless urea–urethane copolymer (spandex) separator and cesium nitrate (CsNO3) electrolyte additive. The spandex separator prevents soluble polysulfides from reaching Li metal anode and also suppresses Li dendrite growth via its intrinsic wet adhesion. When combined with a sulfur–carbon composite cathode, the cell based on the spandex separator and the electrolyte additive delivers a high areal capacity of 4 mA h cm−2 with decent cycling performance, such as 79.2 % capacity retention after 200 cycles with respect to the capacity in the second cycle.
Is Seeing Believing? The Process of Change During Cognitive–behavioural Therapy for Distressing Visual Hallucinations
Authors: Wilson Rea , Collerton Daniel , Freeston Mark , Christodoulides Thomas , Dudley Robert
Published: June 2015

People with psychosis often report distressing visual hallucinations (VH). In contrast to auditory hallucinations, there is little empirical evidence on effective interventions. The effectiveness of a novel‐focused cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) intervention for VH was explored using a multiple baseline single case design with four participants. Change to individual appraisals, emotional and behavioural responses to VH were measured with daily diaries kept throughout the baseline and intervention phase lasting up to 16 sessions. Maintenance of change was tracked during a follow‐up period of one month. Changes in appraisals, distress and response in accordance with the theory was evident in two out of four of the cases. However, change occurred within the baseline phase that limited the conclusions that change could be attributed to CBT alone. There was some evidence of clinically significant change and reliable change for two out of four of the cases at follow‐up on one of the standardized psychiatric assessments. The research reported here has theoretical and clinical implications for refinement of the model and interventions for distressing VH. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Distressing visual hallucinations (VH) are a relatively common symptom of psychosis.

Visual hallucinations seem to be associated with greater impairment and disability.

We have no specific treatment for VH.

The appraisal of the visual experience and the behavioural response is important in maintaining the distress.

Cognitive–behavioural therapy for VH at present has limited value.
Access to emergency room for hypoglycaemia in people with diabetes
Authors: Salutini Elisabetta , Bianchi Cristina , Santini Massimo , Dardano Angela , Daniele Giuseppe , Penno Giuseppe , Miccoli Roberto , Del Prato Stefano
Published: June 2015

Background

Hypoglycaemia is a major burden of the pharmacological therapy of diabetes and is associated with increased morbidity, mortality and treatment costs.

Methods

We screened all admissions to the emergency room of the Pisa University Hospital from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2013, selecting individuals with a discharge diagnosis of hypoglycaemia. We retrieved 500 admissions involving adult diabetic patients: age 71 ± 16 years; M/F 50.2/49.8%; 70.2% type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

Results

Among T2DM, 42.2% were on insulin, 10.8% on insulin plus oral anti‐diabetes drugs and 38.2% on oral anti‐diabetes drugs alone (92% sulphonylureas/glinides ± insulin‐sensitizers). Glibenclamide was the most frequently used sulphonylurea (69%). Individuals treated with oral anti‐diabetes drugs were older than those on insulin (79 ± 11 versus 74 ± 12 years; p < 0.0001). Among patients taking sulphonylurea, 47% had estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and 13.5% had <30 mL/min/1.73 m2. In‐hospital admission occurred in 20% of cases. Hospitalized patients with T2DM were older than those discharged (80 ± 10 versus 76 ± 12 years, p < 0.01) and were on oral antidiabetic drugs in 54.8% of the cases, whereas 35.7% were on insulin (χ2, p < 0.0001) and 8.3% on combined therapy. Notably, 93.5% of those on oral anti‐diabetic drugs were taking a secretagogue. Insulin‐treated subjects were younger than those treated with oral anti‐diabetic drugs alone (77 ± 12 versus 82 ± 7 years; p < 0.02). The mean in‐hospital annual mortality rate was 85 deaths per 1000 patients‐year.

Conclusions

Our results support the recommendation that the risk associated with insulin and insulin‐secretagogues should be carefully assessed, particularly when prescribed in vulnerable patients with T2DM. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variation in freshwater fish assemblages along a regional elevation gradient in the northern Andes, Colombia
Authors: Carvajal‐Quintero Juan D. , Escobar Federico , Alvarado Fredy , Villa‐Navarro Francisco A. , Jaramillo‐Villa Úrsula , Maldonado‐Ocampo Javier A.
Published: June 2015

Studies on elevation diversity gradients have covered a large number of taxa and regions throughout the world; however, studies of freshwater fish are scarce and restricted to examining their changes along a specific gradient. These studies have reported a monotonic decrease in species richness with increasing elevation, but ignore the high taxonomic differentiation of each headwater assemblage that may generate high β‐diversity among them. Here, we analyzed how fish assemblages vary with elevation among regional elevation bands, and how these changes are related to four environmental clines and to changes in the distribution, habitat use, and the morphology of fish species. Using a standardized field sampling technique, we assessed three different diversity and two structural assemblage measures across six regional elevation bands located in the northern Andes (Colombia). Each species was assigned to a functional group based on its body shape, habitat use, morphological, and/or behavioral adaptations. Additionally, at each sampling site, we measured four environmental variables. Our analyses showed: (1) After a monotonic decrease in species richness, we detected an increase in richness in the upper part of the gradient; (2) diversity patterns vary depending on the diversity measure used; (3) diversity patterns can be attributed to changes in species distribution and in the richness and proportions of functional groups along the regional elevation gradient; and (4) diversity patterns and changes in functional groups are highly correlated with variations in environmental variables, which also vary with elevation. These results suggest a novel pattern of variation in species richness with elevation: Species richness increases at the headwaters of the northern Andes owing to the cumulative number of endemic species there. This highlights the need for large‐scale studies and has important implications for the aquatic conservation of the region.
Agents with vasodilator properties in acute heart failure: how to design successful trials
Authors: Mebazaa Alexandre , Longrois Dan , Metra Marco , Mueller Christian , Richards Arthur Mark , Roessig Lothar , Seronde Marie France , Sato Naoki , Stockbridge Norman L. , Gattis Stough Wendy , Alonso Angeles , Cody Robert J. , Cook Bruns Nancy , Gheorghiade Mihai , Holzmeister Johannes , Laribi Said , Zannad Faiez
Published: June 2015

Agents with vasodilator properties (AVDs) are frequently used in the treatment of acute heart failure (AHF). AVDs rapidly reduce preload and afterload, improve left ventricle to aorta and right ventricle to pulmonary artery coupling, and may improve symptoms. Early biomarker changes after AVD administration have suggested potentially beneficial effects on cardiac stretch, vascular tone, and renal function. AVDs that reduce haemodynamic congestion without causing hypoperfusion might be effective in preventing worsening organ dysfunction. Existing AVDs have been associated with different results on outcomes in randomized clinical trials, and observational studies have suggested that AVDs may be associated with a clinical outcome benefit. Lessons have been learned from past AVD trials in AHF regarding preventing hypotension, selecting the optimal endpoint, refining dyspnoea measurements, and achieving early randomization and treatment initiation. These lessons have been applied to the design of ongoing pivotal clinical trials, which aim to ascertain if AVDs improve clinical outcomes. The developing body of evidence suggests that AVDs may be a clinically effective therapy to reduce symptoms, but more importantly to prevent end‐organ damage and improve clinical outcomes for specific patients with AHF. The results of ongoing trials will provide more clarity on the role of AVDs in the treatment of AHF.
Zn‐MOFs Containing Pyridine and Bi­pyridine Carboxylate Organic Linkers and Open Zn2+ Sites
Authors: Kim Jongsik , Oliver Allen G. , Neumann Gregory T. , Hicks Jason C.
Published: June 2015

Two Zn‐based metal‐organic frameworks (Zn‐MOFs) were solvothermally synthesized using two pyridine‐based carboxylate linkers to generate unique pore topologies, as evidenced by single‐crystal XRD analysis. These Zn‐MOFs provided coordinatively unsaturated Zn2+ sites with square‐pyramidal geometry, leading to an enhanced interaction with CO2, as demonstrated by sub‐atmospheric pressure isotherms. The presence of open Zn2+ sites in these MOFs was validated by Raman spectroscopy under atmospheric CO2, revealing the presence of CO2 chemisorbed on surface sites. Additionally, in situ DRIFT spectra of chemisorbed acetic acid provided evidence for the formation of acetate‐Zn2+ species after adsorption compared to IRMOF‐1, which showed only physisorbed acetic acid species.
Specific roles of saturated fatty acids: Beyond epidemiological data
Authors: Legrand Philippe , Rioux Vincent
Published: June 2015

In the past 50 years, saturated fatty acids (SFAs) have played a key role in hypotheses relating diet to the risk of coronary heart disease. More recently, the international debate questioning the role of reducing intakes of saturated fat in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases has been re‐opened. According to the past negative assumption, SFAs are indeed still considered as a single group even if it is now well‐known that they do not have similar levels in common foods, nor similar metabolic fates and cellular functions. In addition, recent findings on the metabolism and biological functions of individual SFAs show that they have important and specific roles in the cells. Elucidated biochemical mechanisms such as SFA protein acylation (N‐myristoylation, S‐palmitoylation and ghrelin octanoylation) and regulation of gene transcription are presented. In terms of physiology, SFAs are involved for instance in lipogenesis, fat deposition, polyunsaturated fatty acid bioavailability and apoptosis. The variety of their functions demonstrates that SFAs should no longer be considered as a single group. Consequences on the current nutritional dietary recommendations are finally discussed.

The international debate questioning the role of reducing intakes of saturated fat in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases has recently been re‐opened. Saturated fatty acids are indeed still considered as a single group even if it is now well‐known that they do not have similar levels in common foods, nor similar metabolic fates and cellular functions. The variety of their functions demonstrates that saturated fatty acids should no longer be considered as a single group. Consequences on the current nutritional dietary recommendations are finally discussed.
Defining rates of landscape evolution in a south Tibetan graben with in situ‐produced cosmogenic 10Be
Authors: Rades Eike F. , Hetzel Ralf , Strobl Marcus , Xu Qiang , Ding Lin
Published: June 2015

The Tangra Yum Co graben is one of the active structures that accommodate the east‐west extension of the southern Tibetan Plateau and hosts one of the largest Tibetan lakes, which experienced lake‐level changes of ~200 m during the Holocene. In this study, cosmogenic 10Be is employed to: (1) quantify catchment‐wide denudation rates in fault‐bounded mountain ranges adjacent to the Tangra Yum Co graben; (2) date palaeo‐shorelines related to the Holocene lake‐level decline; and (3) determine the age of glacial advances in this region. The fault‐bounded, non‐glaciated mountain range north of Tangra Yum Co – and presumably most other areas around the lake – erode at low rates of 10–70 mm/ka. Owing to the slow erosion of the landscape, the sediments delivered to Tangra Yum Co have high 10Be concentrations. As a consequence, accurate exposure dating of sediment‐covered terraces and beach ridges is difficult, because the pre‐depositional 10Be concentration may exceed the post‐depositional 10Be concentration from which exposure ages are calculated. This difficulty is illustrated by a rather inaccurate 10Be exposure age of 2.3 ± 1.4 ka (i.e. an error of 60%) for a terrace that is located 67 m above the lake. Nevertheless, the age is consistent with luminescence ages for a series of beach ridges and provides further evidence for the decline of the lake level in the late Holocene. At Tangra Yum Co exposure dating of beach ridges via 10Be depth profiles is not feasible, because the pre‐depositional 10Be component in these landforms varies with depth, which violates a basic assumption of this approach. 10Be ages for boulders from two moraines are much older than the early Holocene lake‐level highstand, indicating that melting of glaciers in the mountain ranges adjacent to Tangra Yum Co has not contributed significantly to the lake‐level highstand in the early Holocene. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Next generation transcriptomics and genomics elucidate biological complexity of microglia in health and disease
Authors: Wes Paul D. , Holtman Inge R. , Boddeke Erik W.G.M. , Möller Thomas , Eggen Bart J.L.
Published: June 2015

Genome‐wide expression profiling technology has resulted in detailed transcriptome data for a wide range of tissues, conditions and diseases. In neuroscience, expression datasets were mostly generated using whole brain tissue samples, resulting in data from a mixture of cell types, including glial cells and neurons. Over the past few years, a rapidly increasing number of expression profiling studies using isolated microglial cell populations have been reported. In these studies, the microglia transcriptome was compared to other cell types, such as other brain cells and peripheral tissue macrophages, and related to aging and neurodegenerative conditions. A commonality found in many of these studies was that microglia possess distinct gene expression signatures. This repertoire of selectively‐expressed microglial genes highlight functions beyond immune responses, such as synaptic modulation and neurotrophic support, and open up avenues to explore as‐yet‐unexpected roles. These data provide improved understanding of disease pathology, and complement not only the aforementioned whole brain tissue transcriptome studies, but also genome‐ and epigenome‐wide association studies. In this review, insights obtained from isolated microglia transcriptome studies are presented, and compared to studies using other genome‐wide approaches. The relation of microglia to other tissue macrophages and glial cell populations, as well as the role of microglia in the aging brain and in neurodegenerative conditions, will be discussed. Many more of these types of studies are expected in the near future, hopefully leading to the identification of novel genes and targets for neurodegenerative conditions. GLIA 2016;64:197–213
Complications after CO2 laser surgery for early glottic cancer: An institutional experience
Authors: Lee Migie , Buchanan Malcolm A. , Riffat Faruque , Palme Carsten E.
Published: June 2015

Background

Transoral laser microsurgery (TLM) of the glottis is increasingly utilized in the current management of early glottic cancer, its advantages being administrative ease, potential to be repeated, ability to keep radiotherapy and open laryngeal surgery available as salvage options, and low complication rates.

Methods

A retrospective chart review of prospectively gathered data on all patients over a 10‐year period who had undergone TLM for Tis or early (T1–2) glottic squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) was analyzed to examine the complications experienced.

Results

Of 132 patients undergoing TLM, complications were: edema requiring tracheostomy (n = 1), surgical emphysema (n = 1), pharyngeal bruising (n = 1), endotracheal tube cuff perforation (n = 1), anterior glottic web (n = 14), vocal cord granuloma (n = 14), laryngocele (n = 1), and none of airway fire or intraoperative or postoperative hemorrhage.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that for early glottic cancers, and in skilled hands, with appropriate anesthetic and theater staff support, TLM is a safe and repeatable procedure. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E987–E990, 2016
Evaluation of clinical presentation and referral indications for ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid as possible predictors of thyroid cancer
Authors: Abu‐Ghanem Sara , Cohen Oded , Lazutkin Anna , Abu‐Ghanem Yasmin , Fliss Dan M. , Yehuda Moshe
Published: June 2015

Background

Whether initial clinical presentation and thyroid ultrasonography referral indications can significantly predict malignant/suspicious for malignancy (Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology [Bethesda] V/VI) thyroid ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytology results is unknown.

Methods

Between January 2010 and May 2014, we performed 705 thyroid ultrasound‐guided FNA biopsies, according to the American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines. Univariate analysis was used to identify significant predictors for Bethesda V/VI thyroid ultrasound‐guided FNA cytology, including age, sex, imaging modality, thyroid dysfunction, neck pain, breathing difficulties, dysphagia, odynophagia, fatigue, lateral cervical mass, parotid mass, and hyperparathyroidism.

Results

Sixty percent of patients were referred to thyroid ultrasound‐guided FNA because of thyroid incidentalomas and 40% because of palpable thyroid nodules found on physical examination. Only positron emission tomography (PET)‐CT emerged as being a significant predictor for Bethesda V/VI thyroid ultrasound‐guided FNA cytology (odds ratio [OR] = 5.64; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.16–27.33; p = .03).

Conclusion

Patient symptomatology and initial clinical thyroid ultrasound‐guided FNA referral indications cannot predict the nature of thyroid nodules. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E991–E995, 2016
Impact of positional changes in neural monitoring endotracheal tube on amplitude and latency of electromyographic response in monitored thyroid surgery: Results from the Porcine Experiment
Authors: Kim Hoon Yub , Tufano Ralph P. , Randolph Gregory , Barczyński Marcin , Wu Che‐Wei , Chiang Feng‐Yu , Liu Xiaoli , Masuoka Hiroo , Miyauchi Akira , Park Soo Young , Kwak Hee Yong , Lee Hye Yoon , Dionigi Gianlorenzo ,   the Korean Intraoperative Neural Monitoring Society (KINMoS)
Published: June 2015

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate electromyography (EMG) amplitude and latency changes during tube dislocation in monitored thyroid surgery, which may be observed without recurrent laryngeal nerve injury.

Methods

Duroc–Landrace piglets were intubated with the TriVantage EMG tube. We measured EMG changes during both upward and downward tube dislocation (10–20 mm) and rotation (45–90°) with continuous neuromonitoring.

Results

The EMG amplitude varied significantly with induced endotracheal tube rotation and depth changes. However, the EMG latency was relatively unaffected by such tube dislocation, just a transient artifactual latency change was observed in the situation of extreme amplitude variation.

Conclusion

Amplitude changes without latency changes may be due to changes in tube position alone during surgery, but could still reflect a neurophysiologic event; amplitude changes during neuropraxic injury merit additional investigation. Thus, the combined event (concordant amplitude decrease and latency increase) serves as an appropriate adverse EMG event correlating with impending neural injury. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1004–E1008, 2016
Reconstruction of an inferior orbital rim and cheek defect with a pedicled osteomyocutaneous submental flap
Authors: Al Felasi Mohammad A. , Bissada Eric , Ayad Tareck
Published: June 2015

Background

The purpose of this study was to present the feasibility of reconstructing an inferior orbital rim and cheek defect with a pedicled osteomyocutaneous submental flap.

Method

A 77‐year‐old women with a right nasosinusal adenoid cystic carcinoma invading soft tissues and skin of the cheek, the inferior rim of the orbit, the hard palate, and the middle turbinate is presented. A right radical maxillectomy with preservation of the eye was performed. A pedicled osteomyocutaneous submental island flap was used to reconstruct the defect. An inferior marginal mandibular section was incorporated with the flap and used to reconstruct the inferior orbital rim.

Results

Satisfactory cosmetic and functional results were reached by reconstructing the inferior rim of the orbit and the cheek skin using this flap.

Conclusion

This is the first case report of an osteomyocutaneous submental flap for reconstruction of an inferior orbital rim defect. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E64–E67, 2016
Long‐term late toxicities and quality of life for survivors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with intensity‐modulated radiotherapy versus non–intensity‐modulated radiotherapy
Authors: Huang Tai‐Lin , Chien Chih‐Yen , Tsai Wen‐Ling , Liao Kuan‐Cho , Chou Shang‐Yu , Lin Hsin‐Ching , Dean Luo Sheng , Lee Tsair‐Fwu , Lee Chien‐Hung , Fang Fu‐Min
Published: June 2015

Background

The purpose of this study was to investigate late toxicities and quality of life (QOL) of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) with long‐term survival after treatment by intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) versus non‐IMRT.

Methods

An observational, cross‐sectional study of QOL and late toxicities was conducted in 242 patients with NPC with survival of >5 years after treatment with IMRT (n = 100) or non‐IMRT (n = 142) by using physician‐assessed toxicities (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [CTCAE] version 4) and the patient‐reported European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire‐Core 30‐questions (EORTC QLQ‐C30) and the Head and Neck 35‐questions (EORTC QLQ‐C30‐H&N35) module.

Results

The IMRT group had both statistically (p < .05) and clinically (difference of predicted mean scores ≥10 points) better outcome in global QOL, cognitive functioning, social functioning, fatigue, and 11 scales of the head and neck module. Late toxicities, including neuropathy, hearing loss, dysphagia, xerostomia, and neck fibrosis were significantly less severe in the IMRT group. Multivariate analysis revealed that the radiotherapy (RT) technique was statistically significantly associated with late toxicities and QOL outcome after adjusting for other clinical and demographic variables.

Conclusion

The use of the IMRT technique was associated with the improvement of physician‐assessed late toxicities and patient‐reported QOL in NPC survivors. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1026–E1032, 2016
Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the sinonasal region
Authors: Bell Diana , Hanna Ehab Y. , Weber Randal S. , DeMonte Franco , Triantafyllou Asterios , Lewis James S. , Cardesa Antonio , Slootweg Pieter J. , Stenman Göran , Gnepp Douglas R. , Devaney Kenneth O. , Rodrigo Juan P. , Rinaldo Alessandra , Wenig Bruce M. , Westra William H. , Bishop Justin A. , Hellquist Henrik , Hunt Jennifer L. , Kusafuka Kimihide , Perez–Ordoñez Bayardo , Williams Michelle D. , Takes Robert P. , Ferlito Alfio
Published: June 2015

Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the sinonasal region, which are relatively uncommon but clinically very important, are reviewed here in the light of current knowledge. Using a definition for neuroendocrine based on phenotypic, histologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic features rather than histogenetic criteria, sinonasal neuroendocrine carcinomas are examined with a particular emphasis on the small‐cell and large‐cell subtypes. This is followed by revisiting olfactory neuroblastoma because it is also a tumor that shows a neuroendocrine phenotype. Kadish clinical and Hyams histologic grading systems as prognosticators of olfactory neuroblastoma are also considered in detail. Finally, controversies regarding sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma as a neuroendocrine tumor are discussed and a possible relationship with high‐grade olfactory neuroblastoma is explored. Genetic events and current management of these tumors are also outlined. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E2259–E2266, 2016
Staging of early lymph node metastases with the sentinel lymph node technique and predictive factors in T1/T2 oral cavity cancer: A retrospective single‐center study
Authors: Pedersen Nicklas Juel , Jensen David Hebbelstrup , Hedbäck Nora , Frendø Martin , Kiss Katalin , Lelkaitis Giedrius , Mortensen Jann , Christensen Anders , Specht Lena , von Buchwald Christian
Published: June 2015

Background

The purpose of this study was to examine the diagnostic accuracy of detecting lymph node metastases and to identify predictive and prognostic clinicopathological factors in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB).

Methods

All patients diagnosed with cT1 to T2N0 OSCC who underwent a diagnostic SLNB between 2007 and 2013 were included.

Results

We identified 253 patients, of whom 27% had a positive sentinel lymph node (SLB). The false‐negative rate, sensitivity, and negative predictive value (NPV) were 5%, 88%, and 95%, respectively. Patients with micrometastases as well as macrometastases had a separately, significantly shorter disease‐specific survival than patients with pN0 disease. In a logistic regression model, the maximum tumor thickness, perineural invasion, and differentiation grade were independent predictive factors for the presence of metastases.

Conclusion

These data support the use of the SLNB technique as an accurate and safe staging tool in patients with OSCC with a cN0 neck. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1033–E1040, 2016
Secondary tracheoesophageal puncture using transnasal esophagoscopy in gastric pull‐up reconstruction after total laryngopharyngoesophagectomy
Authors: Noel Daniel , Fink Daniel S. , Kunduk Melda , Schexnaildre Mell A. , DiLeo Michael , McWhorter Andrew J.
Published: June 2015

Background

There is debate about the optimal voice restoration method and technique for patients who have undergone total laryngopharyngectomy, esophagectomy, and gastric pull‐up. The purpose of this study was to report a series of patients who underwent awake, secondary tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) after this procedure.

Methods

A retrospective chart review was performed at a tertiary referral center. All subjects who underwent TEP placement under transnasal esophagoscopy guidance between 2003 and 2013 were included.

Results

All patients underwent uncomplicated TEP in the clinic. At the time of last follow‐up, all patients had functional TEP speech that they were using preferentially over an available electrolarynx.

Conclusion

In‐office placement of secondary TEP using transnasal esophagoscopy is an efficient means of providing a conduit for voice prostheses in patients who have undergone laryngopharyngectomy with gastric pull up reconstruction. This procedure can be performed with minimal complications and with expectation of voice outcomes comparable to that seen with standard laryngectomy. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E61–E63, 2016
Surgical approaches to jugular foramen schwannomas: An anatomic study
Authors: Komune Noritaka , Matsushima Ken , Matsushima Toshio , Komune Shizuo , Rhoton Albert L.
Published: June 2015

Background

The variety of surgical approaches to jugular schwannomas makes selection of an approach difficult. The purpose of this study was to define the anatomic elements of these approaches.

Methods

Ten adult cadaveric heads were examined.

Results

There are lateral, posterior, and anterior routes that access various parts of the jugular foramen. Removal of the jugular process of the occipital bone provides access to the posterior aspect of the foramen, the infralabyrinthine mastoidectomy provides access to the lateral edge and dome of the jugular bulb, and the preauricular approaches provide access to the anterior margin of the bulb and foramen. Additions to these approaches may include cervical and vertebral artery exposure, facial nerve transposition, foramen magnum exposure, and external canal and condylar resection.

Conclusion

An understanding of the anatomy of the jugular foramen is crucial in achieving total tumor removal while minimizing risk. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1041–E1053, 2016
Impact of feeding tube choice on severe late dysphagia after definitive chemoradiotherapy for human papillomavirus–negative head and neck cancer
Authors: Ward Matthew C. , Bhateja Priyanka , Nwizu Tobenna , Kmiecik Joann , Reddy Chandana A. , Scharpf Joseph , Lamarre Eric D. , Burkey Brian B. , Greskovich John F. , Adelstein David J. , Koyfman Shlomo A.
Published: June 2015

Background

Severe late dysphagia is common after chemoradiotherapy for cancers of the larynx and oropharynx. Options for reduction of severe late dysphagia are limited for human papillomavirus (HPV)‐negative patients. In this study, the role of feeding tube choice in severe late dysphagia is investigated.

Methods

Patients disease‐free after chemoradiotherapy for HPV‐negative cancers of the laryngopharynx who received a feeding tube on‐treatment were identified. The incidence of severe late dysphagia after reactive nasogastric (R‐NG), proactive or reactive percutaneous gastrostomy (P‐PEG or R‐PEG) was assessed using log‐rank and Cox analyses.

Results

Seventy‐eight patients received a feeding tube on‐treatment and remained disease‐free. Median follow‐up was 64 months. The 5‐year incidence of severe late dysphagia was 30.8% in the R‐NG cohort (n = 36), 56.4% in the R‐PEG (n = 17; p = .193), and 60.9% in the P‐PEG (n = 25; p = .016) cohorts. On multivariate analysis, percutaneous gastrostomy (PEG) feeding was independently associated with an increased rate of severe late dysphagia.

Conclusion

R‐NG use during chemoradiotherapy is associated with less severe late dysphagia and is preferred over PEG. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1054–E1060, 2016