bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Urban Regeneration and Public Housing in New Orleans
Authors: Cook Christine C. , Lauria Mickey
Published: March 2007

Public housing, if located proximate to the central business district or other valued development sites, is often seen as a threat to urban regeneration activities. Growth coalitions may develop strategies to remove the threat to increase the value of the land and probability of reinvestment. In cities with an African-American majority electorate, like New Orleans, the electoral coalition of the governing regime is inherently unstable and has to pursue its development strategies carefully. Public housing poses a more intractable political barrier to regeneration strategies than do privately owned slum neighborhoods. In New Orleans, the governing coalition has been forced to retreat to its previously faltering spatial-containment policy.
Race Still Matters
Authors: Farley John E.
Published: March 2007

Two techniques are used to examine the extent to which racial housing segregation in the St. Louis metropolitan area in 1990 is attributable to income and housing cost differences between African-Americans and whites. Measurement of segregation within household-income categories revealed that, at all income levels, African-Americans and whites with similar incomes are about as segregated as African-Americans and whites overall. Indirect standardizations based on housing cost and tenure reveal that if those were the only causes of segregation, African-Americans and whites would be far less segregated than they are. The proportion of segregation attributable to such differences is even lower in 1990 than in past censuses.
The Effect of Environmental Concerns and Governmental Incentives on Organized Action in Local Areas
Authors: Mesch Gustavo S.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the determinants of collective action on local issues are studied. A theoretical model is developed in which organized neighborhood action is a function of neighborhood environmental concerns, the social composition of residents, and political incentives available to the community. The model is tested using data collected from neighborhood associations. Concerns with potential neighborhood change increase the number of actions taken to influence decision makers. The more the political incentives allocated by the city government, the less likely is the association to engage in collective action. Political incentives are allocated to associations located in wealthy neighborhoods, and these associations are less active.
Structural Realignments in American City Politics
Authors: Clark Terry Nichols
Published: March 2007

In the past, theorists have debated class versus race versus nonclass interpretations of city politics. This author suggests transcending the debate, concluding that some cities have race and class politics, and others do not. One can join this simple observation to more general theories by formulating propositions showing how structural characteristics generate or dampen racial cleavages and class politics. A new political culture is emerging, which contrasts with class and race politics. The author's propositions explain how and where. The propositions are tested using data from the Fiscal Austerity and Urban Innovation Project for the United States and, occasionally, other countries.
Applying Kanter's Theory of Innovative Change: The Transition From a Primary to Attending Model of Nursing Care Delivery
Authors: Dee Vivien , Poster Elizabeth C.
Published: March 2007

To survive the rapid changes in psychiatric care, nursing leaders must develop inno vative nursing care delivery systems that maximize the use of available nursing per sonnel. New systems must be created to ensure that patient care standards are main tained and patient outcomes are positive. This article describes the innovation pro cess involved in the development and implementation of the attending nurse model of advanced practice. Kanter's (1983) five phase model of innovation provides the frame work for the description of the components and complexity of the nurse executive leadership process that ensure successful organizational change. (J AM PSYCHIATR NURSES Assoc [1995], 1, 112-119)
Presidential Performance Criteria
Authors: Graber Doris A. , Weaver David
Published: March 2007

What are the appropriate criteria for evaluating candidates for the presidency? To find answers based on the collective record of the past, we analyzed the content of randomly selected biographies covering a dozen modern presidencies. From these, we distilled lists of performance criteria to which over one hundred biographers attributed the successes and failures of presidencies. Yet a comparison of eight newspapers and three news magazines revealed that these significant criteria were deemphasized in the print media during the 1992 presidential campaign. Considering the potential significance of performance-related information, we conclude that the news media should provide voters with more coverage that directly speaks to the candidates' talents for managing the presidency.
Statistical Analysis of Unidirectional Multicracking of Coatings by a Two-Dimensional Poisson Point Process
Authors: Mézin A. , Vallois P.
Published: March 2007

The statistical aspect of the unidirectional multiple cracking of coatings is studied in the theoretical case in which cracks form independently from each other. The analysis is presented in the specific situation of the "multiple-cracking test," in which cracks result from an external uniaxial straining. The unidirectional multiple cracking is described through a two-dimensional Poisson point process. The two random variables are independent and play a similar role. The random variable related to the crack geometrical position is uniform (cracks forming independently) in the specimen length, whereas the random variable associated to the strain at which a crack forms is distributed according to a physical quantity that characterizes the material brittleness. In practice, the intercrack distance distribution constitutes the main quantity in the mechanical test. A good agreement with experiment is exemplified by a real case.
Interfacial Wedge Disclination Dipole in a Hexagonal Bicrystal with Arbitrary In-Plane c-Axis Orientations
Authors: Wu M. S.
Published: March 2007

The stress field of a wedge disclination dipole located at the boundary of a hexagonal bicrystal is investigated under plane strain. The c-axes of the adjoining crystals are restricted to be in-plane but can otherwise be arbitrarily oriented. Exact closed-form solutions for the stress components, obtained by the method of continuous image dislocations, are of the form of the logarithm of the ratio of the functions of spatial coordinates and disclination and crystal parameters. Numerical results show that the characteristics of the stress distribution depend significantly on the c-axis orientations. Also, the interfacial stress components, plotted as functions of the two c-axis orientations, possess extrema and saddle points. The occurrence of, and the stress magnitude associated with, the extrema and saddle points are dependent on the crystal elastic anisotropy and the bicrystal inhomogeneity.
PFEM Formalism in Kronecker Notation
Authors: Zhang Yimin , Wen Bangcun , Chen Suhuan
Published: March 2007

This paper extends the probabilistic finite element method (PFEM) to vector-valued and matrixvalued functions using techniques from matrix calculus and Kronecker algebra, and presents the PFEM in Kronecker notation for linear and nonlinear continua. The results derived are easily amenable to computational procedures.
On the Direct Determination of the Rotation Tensor from the Deformation Gradient
Authors: Lu Jia , Papadopoulos Panayiotis
Published: March 2007

An explicit representation of the rotation tensor is given in terms of the deformation gradient. The derivation does not require the a priori determination of the stretch tensor. Instead, it relies on systematic use of the Cayley-Hamilton theorem and basic properties of proper orthogonal tensors.
The Application of the Stroh Formalism to Prestressed Elastic Media
Authors: Chadwick P.
Published: March 2007

The Stroh formalism is a six-dimensional representation of the equations governing plane motions of an elastic body, stemming from a juxtaposition of the displacement and a traction vector. Crucially, the formalism leads to a sextic eigenvalue problem which is the mainspring of far-reaching theoretical developments. It is known that the formalism extends to prestressed unconstrained elastic media subject to a restriction on the prestress. In this paper, the limitation is removed, and it is shown that the sextic eigenvalue problem can also be constructed for a prestressed elastic medium which is incompressible. The latter problem is exhibited as the limit of the former in a process in which the condition of incompressibility is reached through a one-parameter family of nearly incompressible elastic materials. As an application of the theory, the analysis of surface waves in a homogeneously prestressed semi-infinite body of incompressible elastic material is carried as far as the derivation of the secular equation, determining the speed of propagation. Complete results are obtained in the special case in which the material is orthotropic, with the symmetry axes aligned with the principal axes of prestress and the surface wave basis.
Near Incompressibility at Uniform Temperature or Entropy in Isotropic Thermoelasticity
Authors: Leslie D. J. , Scorr N. H.
Published: March 2007

This article is concerned with longitudinal wave propagation in an isotropic thermoelastic material that is nearly incompressible at either uniform temperature or uniform entropy. A dimensionless effective bulk modulus X is defined such that X-+ oo corresponds to incompressibility at uniform temperature. For 0 < X < 1, both longitudinal waves are stable, but for X > 1, one is stable and the other unstable. If X = 1, there is only one propagating mode, and this is stable. Another dimensionless effective bulk modulus X is defined such that X -+ oo corresponds to incompressibility at uniform entropy. For 0 < X < oo, both longitudinal waves are stable. Making the identification X = x/(1-X), among others, enables the equivalence of the two types of near constraint to be demonstrated. In particular, X -* oo corresponds to-+ 1-, so that incompressibility at uniform entropy corresponds to near incompressibility at constant temperature. Many graphical results are presented to illustrate various points of theory.
A Boundary Element Method for Generalized Plane Thermoelastic Deformations of Anisotropic Elastic Media
Authors: Ang W. T. , Clements David L. , Cooke Tristrom
Published: March 2007

A boundary element method is derived for solving a class of boundary value problems governing generalized plane thermoelastic deformations of anisotropic elastic materials. The method involves boundary integrals only and provides a simple boundary element procedure for a wide class of problems which do not involve inertia or coupling effects. Numerical results are given for some specific problems in order to assess the effectiveness of the method.
The Advance Practice Nurse Role in Pediatric Home Care
Authors: Kerrins Mary Lee
Published: March 2007

This article provides firsthand insight into advanced practice pediatric nursing in the home health care setting. In the past few years, the role of the advanced practice registered nurse in pediatric care has expanded to include such practice areas as school-based health clinics, child protective agencies, and home care. Nurse practitioners’ job descriptions often differ based on where they work, although hospitals and clinics tend to have fairly standard roles for the nurse practitioner. Advance practice roles within major metropolitan hospitals may differ from department to department and from clinic to clinic.
Medication Use with Implications for Sleep in Elderly Dementia Caregivers
Authors: Riccio Patricia A. , Knight Bob G. , Cody Mary Sue
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to identify numbers and types of prescription and nonprescription medications, their association with gender and race, and their implications for sleep disturbances in 86 elderly caregivers of patients with dementia. Using measures of central tendency and dispersion, chi-square analysis or Fisher's exact test, results indicated subjects took the same number of prescription (M = 1.5, SD =1.55) and slightly fewer nonprescription (M=0.55, SD=0.76) medications as the general elderly population, with no particular associations between gender and race. However, 8 of 15 categories of medications consumed had the potential to cause sleep disturbances in the population.
The role of criminal law in preventing and reducing chemical hazards
Authors: Prabhu Mohan
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the role of the criminal sanction in preventing and re ducing chemical hazards, against the backdrop of several serious accidents that have occurred in the last decade and that have taken a heavy toll in terms of human life and health. The criminal sanction can be found in the core criminal law of countries as well as in regulatory law specifically applying to the chemi cal industry from the production to distribution, transportation and disposal phases. Only a few countries have special provisions in their criminal or penal codes, or equivalent laws, these being the Federal Republic of Germany, Aus tria, Hungary, Japan and, most recently, Mexico. In these codes a special crime is enacted for endangering life and environment by means of dangerous activ ities involving gross disregard for the lives or safety of others or for the envi ronment. Regulatory laws of several countries, including the United States of America and Canada, provide equivalent provisions in the narrow band of cases which involve gross violations of the legal provisions. While criminal sanction conveys society's message that egregious behaviour will not be tolerated and while it has a great moral and educative role to play, it has limits. It cannot internalize responsibility, the duty of care owed by a person in charge of an activity to fellow human beings and the environment. The law requires the aid of other disciplines, of morals and ethics, safety culture and even plain human experience.
Symposium on "The savings and loan industry: crisis or opportunity?"
Authors: Kester George W. , McGoun Elton G.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents the summary of a symposium on the crisis facing the savings and loan industry in the United States. It includes the thoughtful and thought-provoking opinions of four very active and renowned industry partic ipants and observers. The symposium examines the causes of the crisis and identifies key issues facing policy makers.

The symposium was sponsored by the Management Department, Bucknell University. We thank Professors George Kester and Elton McGoun for editing the presentations of the panelists and providing an insightful introduction and concluding note.

We believe this symposium format is a valuable tool for discussing different perspectives on crises that are currently in progress. From time to time we will publish symposium discussions about ongoing crises. We hope that these sym posium papers will act as catalysts for debate and research on emerging crises.
ADHD boys' behavior during structured classroom social activities: Effects of social demands, teacher proximity, and methylphenidate
Authors: Granger D.A. , Whalen C.K. , Henker B. , Cantwell C. , Granger Douglas A. , Whalen Carol K. , Henker Barbara , Cantwell Coleen
Published: March 2007

Examined effects of contextual factors on classroom social behaviors of 26 boys with attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) vs. 23 normal peers, ages 6-13. Also explored methylphenidate dosage effects (placebo, 0.3 mg/kg, 0.6 mg/kg) using alternate forms of a group project task at each dosage. Degree of social challenge was varied systematically in an embedded 2 x 2 design by crossing social demands (independent vs. mutual) with teacher availability (proximal vs. distal). Findings revealed (a) medication-related improvement in appropriate, noncompliant, and aggressive behaviors; (b) a subtle, age-related disengagement in some ADHD boys at the higher dosage; (c) complex interactions between context, age, and aggressive-nonaggressive subtype; (d) negative social catalytic effects on normal peers; and (e) partial behavioral normalization when boys with ADHD take medication.
Infrastructure Investment and Interregional Development
Authors: Guild Robert L.
Published: March 2007

There has long been a great deal of interest in the relationship between public investments in infrastructure and interregional development. Although the spatial impacts of investments in transportation networks, electricity, water supply, sanitation, and telecommunications on development are assumed to be positive, there has been no clear consensus on their magnitude or scope. This article surveys the theoretical and empirical literature on sectoral and social development with respect to the availability of infrastructure. There are three main results. First, the developmental impacts of infrastructure investment turn out to be modest but positive on all aspects of development. Second, there needs to be a sufficient level of productive activity to take advantage of the complementary relationships, and no amount of investment in core infrastructure is capable of overcoming disadvantaged locations. Third, because the relationship between investment and growth is interdependent, development pressures may be efficient investment triggers. These findings suggest an analytical framework that can be used in planning infrastructure investments to advance interregional development goals.
An Odyssey of Privatizing Highways
Authors: Price Willard T.
Published: March 2007

Privatization of infrastructure systems has become politically fashionable. This is a story about a California experiment using a public-private partnership to develop and operate a private tollway in the median of State Route 91 in Orange County. The partnership began with apparent success, yet the private partner (California Private Transportation Corporation) soon filed suit against the public partner (the California State Transportation Department, or Caltrans) for violation of the “noncompete clause” of the original agreement. Although an out-of-court settlement agreement was eventually reached, there is still discussion about selling the private assets. In this commentary, privatization concepts are presented, and the following questions are discussed: Can toll and free lanes compete for traffic or “business”? Is the public interest served by a profit-making private tollway? Would a public or nonprofit agency be a better steward of tollway assets?
Toward New Curricula for Public Works Managers
Authors: Brintnall Michael
Published: March 2007

On September 10, 2000, the American Public Works Association convened a curriculum summit meeting of academic and public works leaders to discuss the development of newcurricula to prepare civil infrastructure managers for the challenges of the future. The meeting was prompted by concerns that the next generation of public works professionals is not getting training that is responsive to a new generation of needs and that public works professionals are starting to be passed over in appointments to leadership positions in today’s public works departments. The articles published in this issue primarily formed the basis for discussion at that meeting. They focus on the dramatic developments in civil engineering, public administration, and related fields that chart a new course for public works education and propose a range of promising educational and training approaches for the field, inviting new levels of academic and practitioner collaboration.
Building Livable Communities
Authors: Gore Al
Published: March 2007

Historically, America’s cities have been vibrant centers of culture and business with residents living in or near the central city. The last fifty years have witnessed the outward movement to suburban and exurban areas, creating new and extensive infrastructure demands to sustain the sprawl. In many cases, central cities were left without a strong business community and with a crumbling and decaying housing stock and infrastructure. Individuals, businesses, local community groups, and government have come together in a number of areas in the country and successfully addressed the issues of business (dis)investment, decaying infrastructure and housing stock, historic preservation, and open space. The challenge now is for everyone to play the “smart growth” game–creating more livable communities, preserving historic areas, revitalizing central cities, and protecting farmlands across America. With the renewed federal commitment to livable growth, local communities will find additional resources available (financial, information, and otherwise) to assist in developing “smart growth” strategies.
An Exploratory Study of Workplace Homicide in England and Wales
Authors: WALKER DONALD B. , RICHARDS MALCOLM
Published: March 2007

Because violent crime in general, and homicide in particular, has not posed a particularly significant problem in Great Britain, studies of homicide in that country are relatively sparse, and research on workplace homicide is nonexistent. This article is an initial attempt to shed some light on this phenomenon in Great Britain. The writers first discuss the methodological problems they encountered; then, using the Homicide Index from the Home Office for 1982-1992, they proceed to analyze these data using such variables as the method of killing, apparent circumstances of the event, and characteristics of both victims and offenders. The findings suggest that the premises identified as being at high risk for workplace homicide in the United States are also locations of high risk in England and Wales. Retail shops, small businesses, fast-food restaurants, and eating and drinking establishments are all highly vulnerable to workplace homicide both in the United States and in England and Wales.
Body-Count Journalism
Authors: DUWE GRANT
Published: March 2007

This study analyzes coverage by newspapers, network television news, and newsweekly magazines of mass killings that occurred between 1976 and 1996. The findings indicate that although virtually all of the mass murders were locally newsworthy, only a small minority were nationally newsworthy. The widely publicized mass killings were more likely to involve large numbers of fatal and wounded victims, stranger victims, public locations, assault weapons, workplace violence, interracial victim-offender relationships, and, to a lesser extent, older offenders and gun use. Given that the high-profile incidents were the most extreme and atypical mass murders, it is argued that the overemphasis placed on these massacres is part and parcel of the news media's attempt to maximize the size of their audience and therefore their profits by catering to the public's fascination with rare and sensational acts of violence. This study concludes by discussing the implications that these results have for the social construction of mass murder.
Critical Incident Stress and the Child Homicide Investigator
Authors: VAN PATTEN ISAAC T. , BURKE TOD W.
Published: March 2007

This study focuses on the homicide investigator and the death encounter. The authors examined the effects of critical incident stress on the death investigator who has been exposed to the murder of a child. The participants in the study (N = 67) were all actively involved in the difficult business of investigating death by homicide. Included were detectives, criminalists, and personnel from the medical examiner's office. It was found that these investigators experienced significantly higher levels of stress when compared with ordinary adults. In addition, it was determined that exposure to traumatic stimuli at the crime scene involving the death of a child was the most significant predictor variable of stress. The potential effectiveness of critical incident stress management in mediating the effects of this exposure is discussed, and recommendations made for the care and support of death investigators as well as directions for further inquiry.
Changing Relationships between Men and Women
Authors: ROSENFELD RICHARD
Published: March 2007

Using a rich data set for St. Louis, this article documents a substantial decline in intimate partner homicide over the past 25 years, compares intimate partner events with other types of homicide, and explores the relationship between changes over time in the level and type of intimate partner homicide and the living arrangements of men and women. The author finds that much of the decrease in partner homicide is a function of the declining rate of marriage and that, in certain key respects, homicides involving unmarried couples more closely resemble acquaintance homicides than spousal homicides. Finally, the author proposes that some of the broad social changes involving marriage and family that have contributed to the decline in intimate partner homicide may be deeply implicated in the dramatic rise in youth violence over the past 10 years.
Child Homicide and the Economic Stress Hypothesis
Authors: DOWDY ERIC R. , UNNITHAN N. PRABHA
Published: March 2007

A recurrent theme in previous macro-level research on child homicide has been that causes for the phenomenon are to be found in economic stresses that affect women and their status. The authors test this idea through a logistic regression analysis of social and economic data from Texas counties for the mid-1980s. Little support is found for the economic stress hypothesis. Several possible reasons for this finding are discussed.
Differences in the Characteristics of Intimate Femicides
Authors: DAWSON MYRNA , GARTNER ROSEMARY
Published: March 2007

The relationship between a victim and an offender is critical to understanding the context and dynamics of homicide. It is recognized that the causes and correlates of homicides within intimate relationships differ from the causes and correlates of homicides by strangers. Systematic research has seldom examined, however, differences in the nature of intimate violence, particularly lethal violence, among intimate relationships that vary in the degree of intimacy and level of commitment. Such an examination is important, not only for understanding the phenomenon of intimate femicide, but also for explaining variations in the reactions to such acts. Using relationship state and relationship status to differentiate among various degrees of intimacy and commitment, we show that the characteristics of the people involved in intimate femicides as well as the circumstances surrounding the killing do differ by relationship type.
The Influence of Real Income Changes on the Incidence of a Partial Factor Tax
Authors: Ballentine J. Gregory , Eris Ibrahim
Published: March 2007

Imposition of a partial factor tax (the most common example of which is a corporation income tax) will impose an excess burden on society. That excess burden implies a reduction in consumers' real income above and beyond the tax transfer to the government. The incidence of the tax depends, in part, on the way consumers react to that real income loss. In this paper we show that omission of this effect, as occurs in the well-known Harberger model, will bias results toward the conclusion that capitalists bear the tax burden when the corporate sector is labor intensive.
Presidential Elections: Cyclical and Distributional Economic Effects
Authors: Pollard Walker A.
Published: March 2007

Studies of the effects of economic conditions on elections reach a mixed verdict. Some find significant effects of unemployment, real income, and/or inflation, while others do not. Stigler contends that macroeconomic factors are not important but that distributional issues are. In this article the effects of real income growth and inflation on U.S. presidential elections are studied using a pooling of state-level and time-series data. The data are analyzed using ordinary least squares, variance components, and other estimation techniques, since any single technique is not wholly satisfactory for the analysis of this data set. The effect of real income growth is found to be insignificant over time but significant across states. This suggests that Stigler's contention is correct. The effect of inflation is not as clear since high t-values for the full-sample inflation term may be due to conincidental correlation with time-dependent factors outside the model.
Post-Fisc Distributions of Income: Comment
Authors: Bridges Benjamin
Published: March 2007

In two recent papers—one in this quarterly and one elsewhere—Edward C. Kienzle introduced and developed a new summary measure of net fiscal progessivity. In this artick, I argue that Kienzle's measure is not appropriately defined and suggest an alternative definition of net progressivity.
The Impact of Federal and State Grants on Local Government Spending: a Test of the Fiscal Illusion Hypothesis
Authors: Grossman Philip J.
Published: March 2007

This article offers an empirical test of the fiscal illusion hypothesis. It is argued that, if fiscal illusion increases with the degree of separation in taxing and spending powers, then federal unconditional grants ought to have a greater stimulatory impact on local government spending than state unconditional grants. Data for the 136 counties and cities of Virginia were examined and evidence in support of this hypothesis is provided. Federal grants were found to be the primary source of the stimulatory impact of grants. At the minimum, federal unconditional grants have twice the stimulatory effect as state unconditional grants.
The Long-Run Impact on Federal Tax Revenues and Capital Allocation of a Cut in the Capital Gains Tax Rate
Authors: Hendershott Patric H. , Won Yunhi
Published: March 2007

Model simulations are run to obtain a range of realistic estimates of the long-run revenue impact of a capital gains tax rate cut to a maximum of 15 percent. The basic vehicle for the simulations is a slightly modified version of the Galper-Lucke-Toder (GLT) general equilibrium model. The key behavioral assumptions affecting the estimates are: (1) the portfolio and tangible capital reallocations implicit in the structure of the GLT model, and (2) household realization and corporate payout responses based on recent empirical estimates. The essential message of this article is that the strong emphasis in the literature on the realization response to a capital gains tax rate cut has been appropriate. The payout and portfolio redistribution/ reallocation effects do not appear to be large. Moreover, the portfolio responses, within the context of the GLT model, act to raise tax revenues (substitution of taxable business capital for untaxed household and state and local capital), not lower them as has been conjectured. Thus these responses offset the payout effects, leaving the realization response as basically the total response. Future research could, of course, modify this finding.
A Re-Reexamination of Comparative Tax Progressivity in the United States
Authors: Greene Kenneth V. , Balkan Erol M.
Published: March 2007

Indices of progressivity may need some arbitrary assumptions for their calculation. The assumptions the authors make are no more unreasonable than those suggested by Kiefer. Those that are salient concern the mean incomes in each bracket and the movement of families between brackets in the pre- and posttax distributions. If one accepts the authors' assumptions as reasonable, then there is little correlation between transitional measures of progressivity and more modern welfare-based measures.
Tax Compliance With Two-Sided Uncertainty
Authors: Cronshaw Mark B. , Alm James
Published: March 2007

Does government concealment of its audit policies increase or decrease taxpayer compliance? This article analyzes the impact of uncertainty about government audit policies on compliance using a game-theoretic model. The taxpayer is assumed to possess private information about his or her income, but does not know the tax agency's true audit capabilities. Similarly, the tax agency is assumed to possess private information about its audit technology (e.g., the cost of an audit or the probability that an audit will discover unreported income), but does not know a taxpayer's true income. The equilibrium of this game with two-sided uncertainty is determined and analyzed. The equilibrium is also compared to that of a game in which the taxpayer knows the tax agency's audit parameters. The results show that uncertain audit policies may well lead to less compliance, so that a government policy of concealment may be counterproductive.
The Efficiency of a Lottery as a Source of Public Revenue
Authors: Rodgers William M. , Stuart Charles
Published: March 2007

The authors use a stochastic general-equilibrium model to study the efficiency of introducing and taxing lotteries. They calculate the efficiency gains from introducing an untaxed lottery, the efficiency gains from introducing a taxed lottery of the type observed in a typical state, and the efficiency costs of raising marginal public revenue using a tax on lotteries. Under plausible assumptions, the introduction of untaxed and taxed lotteries raises welfare, but taxes on lotteries are less efficient sources of marginal public revenue than are taxes on labor income.
Capitalization, Equalization, and Intergovernmental Aid
Authors: Wyckoff Paul Gary
Published: March 2007

This article makes a simple but heretofore unappreciated point: In urban areas, voter movement will cause equalizing intergovernmental aid (such as state education aid) to be capitalized into the value of housing. Because poor voters are likely to be renters, they will have to pay for better schools created by state aid through higher housing costs. To establish this point, the article describes a very simple model of an urban area with two communities and three income groups. In the case of an urban area in which the central city is not large relative to the metropolitan region, the welfare effect of intergovernmental aid on poor voters is completely offset by higher housing costs. Rather than increasing the total resources available to poor people, intergovernmental aid amounts to a Hicksian price adjustment that leaves the poor no better off than before. The article then discusses real-world complications to the model, including alternative decision-making mechanisms and preferences, and concludes that capitalization is an important overlooked feature in education grant systems.
A Model for Optimal Delivery Time Guarantees
Authors: Hill Arthur V. , Hays Julie M. , Naveh Eitan
Published: March 2007

This article formulates a model for finding the optimal delivery time performance guarantee. The expected profit model is solved to find a closed-form expression for the optimal delivery time promise. The simple, yet powerful model gives new insights into performance service guarantees in general and delivery time guarantees in particular.
The Relationships between Culture and Behavioral Intentions toward Services
Authors: Liu Ben Shaw-Ching , Furrer Olivier , Sudharshan D.
Published: March 2007

Some recent studies have shown that culture influences how consumers perceive service quality. Others have shown the relationship between perceived service quality and behavioral intentions. In this article, the authors study how culture influences behavioral intentions toward services on the basis of services marketing and cross-cultural psychology literature. They tested and found that customers from cultures with lower individualism or higher uncertainty avoidance tend to have a higher intention to praise if they received superior service. On the other hand, the same groups tend not to switch, give negative word of mouth, or complain even if they received poor service quality. Customers from cultures with higher individualism or lower uncertainty avoidance tend to switch, engage in negative word of mouth, or complain if they received poor service quality. But they do not tend to praise when they received superior service. Managerial implications, contribution, and future research directions are also discussed.
Rejoinder to Grapentine
Authors: Drolet Aimee L. , Morrison Donald G.
Published: March 2007

The authors respond to Grapentine’s comment. The authors agree with several of Grapentine’s points but have a few important points of disagreement. In particular, the authors disagree that the cost issue of using multi-item measures can be sidestepped and that high measurement reliability translates into high measurement validity.
Bruce Lee's Fictional Models of Masculinity
Authors: CHAN JACHINSON W.
Published: March 2007

As the body of research on masculinities continues to develop, the glaring lack of a theoretical framework to address the construction of Asian American masculinities is magnified. Although scholars have consistently acknowledged that men of color are marginalized from dominant models of masculinity, it is clear that the complexity of Asian American masculinities has not been recognized or questioned. This article seeks to articulate a critique of the construction of masculinities based on Bruce Lee and the characters he portrays. By analyzing Bruce Lee's films, the author intends to explore the ambivalent relationship between homosexuality and heterosexuality, the ironic role of the working-class hero, and the possibilities and limitations of rejuvenating a Chinese American manhood.
Redefining Men
Authors: IRVINE LESLIE , KLOCKE BRIAN
Published: March 2007

This article argues that Codependents Anonymous—a group often criticized for overlooking gender politics—can encourage an awareness of hegemonic masculinity among men. The psychospiritual codependency discourse requires that people examine their lives for sources of dysfunction and make changes where possible. Drawing on data from ethnographic research and interviews, this article reveals that men can come to attribute dysfunction to stereotypical male behavior. Traditional masculinity has failed to provide the men in this research with its customary privileges, including successful marriages and intimate relationships. The experience of failure left them with no typical male resources on which to draw. This lack of resources, consequently, made change possible. Illustrative cases follow several men through the transition from hegemonic masculinity to egalitarian personhood.
The Discipline of Love
Authors: REDMAN PETER
Published: March 2007

This article draws on a small-scale qualitative study to explore the relationship between some of the more implicit disciplinary dimensions of schooling and a group of boys' investments in heterosexual romance. It argues that romance provided the boys with a cultural repertoire—that is, a narrative resource or set of discursive practices—through which they negotiated and made imaginative sense of the “little cultural world” of their college. In particular, the article suggests that romance served to police and discipline relations of class, gender, ethnicity, and sexuality in the pupils' culture while providing for the boys a mode of subjective orientation to key disciplinary practices of schooling. As such, romance may be seen as a resource through which the boys “worked themselves into” the dispositions of a middle-class or professional habitus.
Masculinity, Hierarchy, and the Auto Racing Fraternity
Authors: SHACKLEFORD BEN A.
Published: March 2007

The burgeoning popularity of NASCAR Winston Cup stock car racing promotes the growing association between entertainment, advertising, and the public enactment of gender roles. This article offers consideration of the competitive combination of fraternal institutions and technology that produces such a distinctive, influential entertainment spectacle. Such competition—in particular, the crescendo of pit stops—promotes the products of sponsors as well as influential models of masculine social conduct and collective behavior. Unlike other masculine rituals, the actions of stock car racers are meant to have direct association with our lives. Woven throughout these exemplars is the technological Doppelgänger: the race car. Both a mode of association and means of distinction between fans and racers, the race vehicle emerges as a multifaceted social construct reflecting the intentions of advertisers, the interests of the racing fraternity, the expectations of fans, and the regional roots of stock car racing.
Additive Content and Residue Weight in Cellulose Insulation
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Huttlinger Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between the content of boron- containing additives in loose fiber fill cellulose insulation and the weight of residue after pyrolysis was studied. The weight of resi due generally increased with increasing additive content, but the difference between the weight of initial additive and the weight of residue varied with the additive content and with the boron com pound.
The Influence of the Thermal Inertia of Building Structures On Comfort and Energy Consumption
Authors: Guglielmini G. , Magrini U. , Nannei E.
Published: March 2007

A theoretical analysis was carried out in order to study the influence of the thermal inertia of building struc tures on thermal comfort and energy consumption.
Laboratory Methods for Determining Moisture Absorption of Thermal Insulactions
Authors: Bomberg M.
Published: March 2007

In a review of laboratory tests of moisture absorption, three methods are carefully examined and compared. Comparisons of laboratory and field data, generally conceded to be the best way to evaluate laboratory test methods, led to the conclusion that moisture gain in perimeter insulation cannot be predicted accurately by any one laboratory test, but that relative assessment is possible from the results of a combination of tests. This paper reviews the state of the art, in particular the work of the ASTM task group on moisture absorp tion.
Thermohygrometrical Behaviour of Residential Buildings in Unsteady State Conditions: Influence of Orientation
Authors: Isetti C. , Laurenti L. , Ponticiello A.
Published: March 2007

A theoretical method is descnbed to evaluate the rate of vapour generation inside a residential building in which surface condensation may occur on the interior sur face of external walls.

The analytical model refers to an ambient surrounded by multilayered internal and external walls; the latter subjected to variable outside boundary conditions.

Results show that the amount of vapour generation permissible inside without condensation depends on the orientation of the ambient and on the thermal storage capacity of its external and internal walls.
Comparison of Simultaneous Heat and Moisture Transport through Glass-Fibre and Spray-Cellulose Insulations
Authors: Kumaran M.K.
Published: March 2007

Experimental results from an investigation of moisture transport and accumula tion in cellulose insulation, in the presence of a thermal gradient, are reported. These results are compared, qualitatively, with the results obtained on glass-fibre insulation from earlier investigations. The comparison reveals that an appreciable quantity of moisture is transported through cellulose via condensed phase flow, in the presence of thermal gradients.
Analysis of Radiative Heat Transfer in Ultra-Fine Powder Insulations Under Variation of Radiative Boundary Conditions
Authors: Chu Hsin-Sen , Tseng Chung-Jen
Published: March 2007

This paper reports the theoretical investigation of radiative heat transfer through the ultra-fine powder insulation (UFPI) Aerosil 380. The radiative transport process is modeled by the modified diffusion approximation solution and the two-flux solu tion of the equation of transfer. Accuracy of those two approximate methods are in vestigated by comparing the results with those of the Differential-Discrete-Ordinate (DDO) method. The radiative properties of UFPI for dependent effect consistent with these solutions have been determined based on the independent scattering and absorption coefficient which can be calculated by the Rayleigh scattering theory. The influences of the boundary emissivity on radiative heat transfer are also studied. The results show that the radiative thermal conductivity increases very sharply for the black boundary and has a very low value for the low-emissivity boundary. It is sug gested that UFPI systems should always be provided with low-emissivity boundaries around the aerosil powders.
A Method for Evaluating the Effect of Blowing Agent Condensation on Sprayed Polyurethane Foams
Authors: Kumaran M.K. , Bomberg M.T. , Marchand R.G. , Ascough M.R. , Creazzo J.A.
Published: March 2007

An experimental procedure for the determination of temperature de pendence of thermal conductivity of foam insulations blown with condensable gases is presented. The procedure is used to investigate the effect of the blowing agent on thermal conductivity of a polyurethane system blown with CFC-11 or HCFC-123, at various stages of its aging A method to calculate the partial pressure of the blow ing agent in the cell gas mixture of the test specimens, from the data on thermal con ductivity, is also presented.
Thermal Performance of Protected Membrane Roof Systems, Part 1: A Simplified Heat and Moisture Analysis
Authors: Hens H.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a simplified analysis of the heat and moisture re sponse of protected membrane roofs. The evaluation includes the Δ U correction to the thermal transmission coefficient U0 representing the effect of moisture accu mulated in the insulation boards. This ΔU correction is affected by four different mechanisms: percolation of rainwater under the insulation, evaporation of the pond ing water and its flow through the insulation, an increase in thermal conductivity of the insulation caused by the presence of moisture in the boards and the effects of thermal bridge created by the joints between the insulation boards. The risk for moisture accumulation in the boards is associated with the presence of ponding water below and the ability of insulation to retain some of the moisture permeating through the boards.
The Thermal Performance of Several Australian Fibrous Insulating Materials
Authors: Symons J.G. , Clarke R.E. , Peirce J.V.
Published: March 2007

The thermal conductivity of fibrous insulation materials most com monly used in Australian buildings has been measured over a range of typical densi ties and thicknesses. Correlating equations for thermal conductivity as a function of density have been derived for each material.

The materials studied have included batt or blanket form (low-density fibreglass, sheep's wool, and polyester fibre) and loose-fill form (cellulose fibre, two types of sheep's wool, and rockwool). Despite their widespread use, thermal properties data for some of these materials have not been widely available. This paper is concerned primarily with the effect of density on a material's thermal conductivity. However, sheep's wool has been found to be a highly variable material where knowledge of density, although important, is insufficient to allow performance prediction with confidence. Data which demonstrates this variability in performance over many in dividual samples of loose-fill sheep's wool is presented. For all test materials, charts are presented which relate thermal performance to thickness, density, and material quantity. These are intended as a guide to developers, manufacturers and installers in assessing the relative merits of alternative insulation types.