bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Murderers' Relatives”
Authors: MAY HAZEL
Published: May 2004

Drawing on in-depth interviews with the relatives of convicted murderers, this article interrogates the concept of stigma through an everyday notion of familial toxicity and commonsense understandings of murder. Identifying moments of stigmatizing strain, the article examines moments of opportunity for managing stigma through three metatactics: management of space, information, and self-presentation. However, due to the problems in carrying out sensitive research with a hidden population, there are limits to how far arguments made can be generalized. Therefore, the article concludes by raising questions for future research.
Negotiating from the Inside
Authors: De ANDRADE LELIA LOMBA
Published: May 2004

This article provides a critical analysis of the role of the “insider” researcher in qualitative fieldwork in race and ethnicity. The analysis is based on research conducted on the construction of racial and ethnic identity in the Cape Verdean American community of southeastern New England. Reflections are presented on the various ways that the researcher's status as an “insider” was evaluated and negotiated during fieldwork. It is suggested that these negotiations reveal the manner in which group members define the boundaries of the group, the attributes they associate with it, and the meaning of the group itself. This interpretation of insider status, as involving complex and ongoing definitions and negotiations of group membership, highlights the way that researchers and participants are simultaneously engaged in the construction of race and ethnicity.
Risk, Responsibility, and Rhetoric in Infant Feeding
Authors: MURPHY ELIZABETH
Published: May 2004

This article considers the way in which discourses around risk intersect with the ideology of motherhood in advanced liberal societies. Neoliberal citizens are urged to exercise prudence in the light of expert advice about minimizing risk through behavioral choices. The “good mother” is one who maximizes physical and psychological outcomes for her child, regardless of personal cost. Drawing on data from a longitudinal interview study of first-time mothers' feeding practices, the moral context that arises at the intersection of these two discourses is explored. Experts advise mothers to breast-feed and warn of the short-, medium-, and long-term risks associated with formula feeding. Most mothers accept the validity of these expert claims and most initiate breast feeding. However, many abandon breast feeding long before experts recommend. This article considers how mothers deal with the threat to their identities as good, neoliberal citizens and mothers that arises from such feeding practices.
Doing Occupational Demarcation
Authors: ALLEN DAVINA
Published: May 2004

This article examines how nurse managers attempted to accomplish the formal boundaries of clinical nursing in a large UK district general hospital. The study was undertaken in the context of wider national policy developments which had provided the impetus for role realignment. The practices and rhetorical devices nurse managers employed in doing demarcation are treated herein as examples of “boundary-work.” The management context is an arena which has hitherto been neglected in symbolic interactionist studies of the hospital division of labor and, as a consequence, the understanding of the processes through which occupational jurisdictions are constituted remains partial. This article aims to begin to address this gap in the literature by considering the contribution of these microsociological processes to the practical accomplishment of the hospital division of labor.
Terrorism, Myth, and the Power of Ethnographic Praxis
Authors: MAHMOOD CYNTHIA KEPPLEY
Published: May 2004

“Terrorism,” like “witchcraft,” is a concept that anthropology can aid in deconstructing. The mythos of “the terrorist” has become part of the political drama of our time despite a lack of concreteness in its definition. Drawing on a decade of ethnographic research with Sikh separatist militants, this article focuses on how the imagining of terror has replaced the reality of armed conflict among the Sikhs in Western legal and policy settings. Specific examples of anthropological intervention in this arena illustrate how face-to-face knowledge can contribute to greater accuracy in judicial and legislative decisions regarding terrorism. Given the life-and-death importance of these decisions, anthropologists of conscience are called on to offer the very special grassroots perspective they have as policies are developed nationally and internationally, bringing the concrete realism of ethnography into courtrooms, halls of parliaments, and executive offices around the world.
Shared Risks and Research Dilemmas on a Peace Brigades International Team in Sri Lanka
Authors: COY PATRICK G.
Published: May 2004

Peace Brigades International (PBI) is a nongovernmental organization that provides nonviolent protective accompaniment in situations of severe political violence for local activists under threat. PBI team members function as unarmed bodyguards, attempting to deter violence by their presence or to document it and raise the costs to the transgressors if the deterrence fails. Blending ethnographic research of PBI with simultaneous service on a PBI team in Sri Lanka created a host of ethical quandaries and dilemmas. This article explains and analyzes some of these problems, including the use of politically sensitive research material, participation in team meetings and team decisions with life-threatening consequences for others, the acceptance of a salary from the organization under study, and embracing or refusing risks as a participant observer/team member who had more than one agenda.
Notes Toward Ethnographies of Conflict and Violence
Authors: AVRUCH KEVIN
Published: May 2004

This article examines the characteristics of recent ethnographies of “conflict zones,” especially those that seek to bring an experience-near depiction of violence to the reader. These works are contrasted to older ethnographic treatments of violence. A number of critiques of these works are considered, and the article concludes with a discussion of the several roles (methodological, conceptual, and moral) that the human rights movement has played in helping to formulate the agenda for the new ethnographies of violence and conflict.
City Life
Authors: STOLLER PAUL , McCONATHA JASMIN TAHMASEB
Published: May 2004

This article focuses on the relevance of the notion of community to contemporary urban studies. The results of a six-year ethnographic study of West African traders in New York City suggest that the notion of community—however problematic—is one worth retaining. Given a conception of community that is refined to confront the complexities of postmodernity, the authors suggest, the social scientist is able to demonstrate how macro-forces (globalization, immigration, informal economies, and state regulation) affect the lives of individuals living in the fragmented transnational spaces that increasingly make up contemporary social worlds. This premise is reinforced through the presentation of ethnographic data that demonstrate how contemporary dispersed communities of West Africans in New York provide economic, social, and cultural resources that enable many, though not all, West African traders to cope with the cultural alienation of “city life.”
The Professional Ex- Revisited
Authors: SHARP SUSAN F. , HOPE TRINA L.
Published: May 2004

An ongoing question is whether participation in deviance is fluid or stable. In a 1991 article, Brown introduced the concept of the “professional ex-,” an individual who uses former deviant status as a springboard into a counseling career. The professional ex- thus exits a deviant career, transforming it into a legitimate status. In the current article, the authors present a different perspective, grounded in self-control theory. The 1990s substance abuse treatment industry scandals in Texas provide the framework. A case study of one agency, in-depth interviews with fifteen professional ex-s employed by the agency, official records, and newspaper accounts of the scandals are used to explore the issues of stability and generality. Findings suggest that at least some professional ex-s continue to engage in other forms of deviance, providing support to Gottfredson and Hirschi's claim that the propensity to engage in deviance is both general and stable.
Researching From Afar
Authors: VAIL D. ANGUS
Published: May 2004

In this article, the author discusses some of the methodological implications of conducting long-distance ethnographic research. The author suggests that while distance is not without its advantages (such as helping the researcher maintain novelty and/or feign ignorance when appropriate), it also poses serious challenges (e.g., cutting the researcher off from his or her support network and/or imposing an “unnaturally” restrictive timetable). In this light, distance might best be seen as a potential tool in the researcher's toolkit. The article concludes by situating long-distance ethnography in the tradition of voluntary risk taking or “edgework.”
Maternity and Its Discontents
Authors: Upton Rebecca L. , Han Sallie S.
Published: May 2004

This article is an ethnographic look at the importance of control of the female body in contemporary U.S. society. Specifically, this article examines how the idea of “getting the body back” is significant in the lives of postpartum women. The authors highlight how pregnancy signifies a state of being out of control, particularly for women involved in the paid labor force, and the struggle to reassert and literally regain particular identities after childbirth is paramount but given less attention. The authors interviewed and observed women in a semiurban area in the Midwest who were pregnant or recently gave birth. They found that for women who already are forced to negotiate boundaries when pregnant, there is a particular imperative to regain ownership of a postpartum body. Drawing upon narratives from these women, this article contributes to discourse on the body and the contradictory messages women receive about the flexibility of identity.
A Meta-Analysis of Workplace Ethnographies
Authors: Hodson Randy
Published: May 2004

Workplace ethnographies suggest many hypotheses about the effects of organizational characteristics on employee attitudes and behaviors. These hypotheses, however, are difficult to evaluate by considering each ethnography individually. The current article uses qualitative comparative analysis of content-coded data from the full population of workplace ethnographies to provide a fuller evaluation of the lessons these ethnographies have to offer. The hypothesis that women are happy and quiescent workers receives only limited support. Women actually evidence less satisfaction and pride in their work than men, but they are more cooperative and less conflictual than men. Autonomy is the most consistent determinant of positive workplace attitudes, a finding that is consistent with survey-based research. These findings thus both confirm and condition prior conclusions about the workplace and suggest the importance of systematically compiling the findings of workplace ethnographies to evaluate and benchmark conclusions based on ethnographic analysis.
“Be Your(Real Lesbian)Self”
Authors: Crawley Sara L. , Broad K. L.
Published: May 2004

This article investigates the ways individuals tell their life stories as a means of social movement activism. The authors rely on the participant observation fieldwork of one author, wherein she participated on “ panels” of a local lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) organization as they spoke to classes and organizations ostensibly to inform audiences about panelists’ experiences as LGBT people. Using analytic bracketing, they look at the kinds of meanings being conferred in these settings and the strategies used to accomplish the goal of undoing stereotypes. They find that although panelists are encouraged to “be themselves”—unique, nonstereotypical individuals—the auspices of the setting and the coming-out formula story call on panelists to typify what it means to be LGBT, albeit in ways that contradict popular stereotypes. The authors place the analysis within a broader historical trend of latemodern sexual storytelling and discuss some implications for storying identities in social movement work.
Pursuing “Deep Pockets”
Authors: Burns Stacy Lee
Published: May 2004

This article considers how the civil litigation and mediation process work in practice and highlights the interactional and discursive practices by which settlement activities are coordinated and managed. The research examines settlement work in a perspicuous large money damage case involving insurance issues and what complications emerge in relation to these issues. The analysis focuses on how the judge-mediator organizes settlement activities in light of the available insurance, by seeking settlement contributions first from insurance sources (“primary pockets” and “deep pockets”) and only as a last resort from the personal assets (“personal pockets”) of the uninsured defendants. The study finds that the settlement work is insurance-infused and details how the pursuit and defense of insurance “deep pockets” are central to the negotiations and the positions of the parties in the case.
The Structure of a Spiritual Revolution
Authors: Lee Shayne
Published: May 2004

A significant body of empirical studies shows the relationship between support for women clergy and denominational affiliation, but few analyze how pulpit discourse influences congregants’ support or disapproval of women clergy. Gender inequality among clergy is partly attributable to cultural values resident in local congregations; hence, studying how religious elites craft narratives concerning gender and ordination helps us understand the mechanisms involved in moving women into ecclesiastical authority. This article delineates how a new senior pastor’s liberal preaching and female clerical appointment helped Second Baptist transform into an internal system of support for women to exercise ministerial leadership and spiritual gifts. This article demonstrates the role of leadership, discourse, symbols, and mentoring in producing more women clergy and shaping the beliefs and values of the congregation.
Turning Out Good Ethnography, or Talking out of Turn?
Authors: Howell Jayne
Published: May 2004

Ethnographers face a dilemma once they become privy to sensitive information shared with them in the role of “friend” rather than in the role of researcher. The author explores this topic using as a case study information that emerged when friends in southern Mexico confided their personal experiences with sexual violence, arguing that it may be only through the sharing of confidences that firsthand accounts of responses to violence can enter the ethnographic record. Yet the women’s concerns that their experiences might become public knowledge coincide with broader debates of researchers’ preservation of informants’ privacy, particularly when discussing culturally sensitive topics such as rape.
PERFORMATIVE GOVERNANCE
Authors: FUTRELL ROBERT
Published: May 2004

This article discusses patterns of interaction among citizens and officials in city commission proceedings. Drawing on Goffman's dramaturgical metaphor, the author examines elements of discourse and action that create interactional inequities and unobtrusive limits to democratic participation in this setting. The proceedings are described as a series of interactional performances geared toward maintaining an atmosphere of public involvement in decisions made by the commission. Techniques of impression management, teamwork, and strategies of conflict containment are employed by commissioners to manage the flow of interaction and mitigate conflicts that emerge among participants during the proceedings. At the same time, an impression of concern for constituents and an atmosphere of constructive public involvement in the commission's decisions is displayed. This constitutes a situation of performative governance—an occasion in which impressions of committed governance are staged and maintained by officials, yet effective inclusion of citizenry in decision making is negligible.
GETTING A MAN OR GETTING AHEAD
Authors: BERKOWITZ ALEXANDRA , PADAVIC IRENE
Published: May 2004

In-depth interviews with thirteen white and thirteen black sorority members at two college campuses show that white sororities encourage romantic pairings (“getting a man”) evidenced by their extensive social affairs and formal recognitions for women who achieve relationship milestones, while black sororities focus on careers and community service (“getting ahead”) evidenced by their reliance on sorority alumnae for career networking and by their extensive involvement in community service. The authors argue that the key to understanding the variation lies in the different histories and current structural positions of the groups. For black sororities, historic images of strong, independent black women and the modern reality of black female marriage and poverty rates have shaped the sorority structure. White sororities have emphasized finding a man as a source of support, an orientation at odds both with a modern reality that dictates labor force participation for all women and with members' career aspirations.
MANUFACTURING ADVENTURE
Authors: HOLYFIELD LORI
Published: May 2004

Adventurous outdoor leisure is perceived as those recreational activities that pose either a real or perceived threat to participants. In commercial settings the risks are minimized but for novice consumers adventure often retains the intense emotional component that comes with adventure (e.g., navigating thunderous rapids). Previous discussions of the social-psychological consequences of risk taking have not focused on the novice; yet, social-psychological implications are present as novice consumers increasingly engage in adventure leisure without the necessary skills and competence previously deemed essential to the adventure process. This article provides an ethnographic description of the emotional components of adventure from the viewpoint of a novice consumer. Felt emotions are transformed in a social context and experiences, not otherwise available to novice consumers, are made possible. Interpretations are nurtured and experiences are transformed as instrumental aims of organizations combine with the desire to feel risk in contemporary culture.
THE WORK OF RESPONSE IN ETHNOGRAPHY
Authors: ST.PIERRE ELIZABETH ADAMS
Published: May 2004

The author uses the concept of “response” from literary criticism to examine the work of response in an ethnography with a group of older, white southern women in her hometown. Employing this concept from another discipline, she identifies two different kinds of response data produced in her study. The first is “member-check” data that she found disappointing—her participants did not convince her that she had “got it right.” The second is “imaginary” response data, produced as she imagines an audience's response to her work and as people respond to the study they imagine she is conducting. She describes why the ethics of response leaves her hesitant about writing an ethnography that claims to be the final representation of the women and their culture.
STRONGER THAN DIRT
Authors: LANKENAU STEPHEN E.
Published: May 2004

Panhandlers or street beggars are a highly stigmatized collection of individuals. In addition to publicly displaying their homeless status, panhandlers suffer numerous other indignities while begging passersby for spare change. Despite these humiliations, many panhandlers enhance their self-regard and status by developing relationships with givers who become regular sources of support. These ongoing relationships are advanced by panhandlers who learn to present themselves favorably by managing emotions and stigmatized identities. This study is based on a street ethnography of homeless panhandlers living in Washington, D.C.
A Matter of Faith: Urban Congregations and Economic Development
Authors: Reese Laura A.
Published: May 2004

In light of a federal policy-making environment that at least rhetorically has supported greater roles for faith-based organizations (FBOs) in social service provision and community development, this article explores the nature and extent of faith-based economic development activities in an urban inner-city environment. Based on a phone survey of clergy, the analysis addresses the following policy issues: track records of FBOs in economic development, types of FBOs most experienced in economic development, financial practices of FBOs in administering development activities, and clients served. The analysis concludes that faith-based development efforts may not be a viable alternative to government programs at this time and are not prevalent enough to significantly enhance government efforts. Furthermore, financing and administering faith-based development activities raises several concerns; for example, many FBOs do not create nonprofit entities, making it difficult to maintain a sacred and secular separation and oversee the use of public funds.
Gauging Metropolitan “High-Tech” and “I-Tech” Activity: Some Thoughts and Commentary
Authors: Mathur Vijay K.
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this article is not only to comment on the article by Chapple, Markusen, Schrock, Yamamoto, and Yu appearing in this issue but also to suggest other measures of growth and development, human capital, inventive activity and entrepreneurship, and the method to investigate the role of high-technology (high-tech) and information technology (I-tech) industries in the employment growth of cities.
Moving the Workforce Intermediary Agenda Forward
Authors: Fitzgerald Joan
Published: May 2004

Workforce intermediaries offer great potential for improving the practice of workforce development, but they are not yet having a significant impact on changing how urban labor markets work. In assessing the significance of intermediaries, one should place as much emphasis on changing the hiring and advancement practices of employers as on increasing the supply of trained workers. Workforce and economic development need to be better linked to expand the scale and scope of what intermediaries can accomplish, and two strategies are offered for making this link. The first way includes sectoral strategies. Leading foundation-led sectoral initiatives that employ a workforce intermediary strategy are discussed. The second strategy is to create more comprehensive links between workforce and economic development activity, particularly at the city level. Chicago and Seattle are offered as examples of cities that use different strategies to make the link.
Siting it Right: Do States Target Economic Distress When Designating Enterprise Zones?
Authors: Greenbaum Robert T.
Published: May 2004

Although economic development incentives have increasingly been targeted to particular geographic areas during recent decades, there has been surprisingly little examination of which areas are actually targeted. This article examines the targeting decisions of 10 states that implemented enterprise zone programs that limited their number of zones. Therefore, in all the states, not all distressed areas received enterprise zone incentives. By examining the relative distress of zone areas prior to designation, this study finds that factors such as population density, local housing market, and demographics help distinguish between distressed areas that received zones and those that did not. In addition, this article suggests that some characteristics of neighboring areas can help predict zone location. By helping to distinguish the types of places likely to be designated as enterprise zones, the article creates a framework for selecting comparison areas for enterprise zone impact evaluation.
Increasingly Rank: the Use and Misuse of Rankings in Economic Development
Authors: Cortright Joseph , Mayer Heike
Published: May 2004

Debates over the merits of competing schemes for ranking metropolitan areas as hightech centers shed little light on the important policy questions that should be the core of economic development policy. There are no strong theoretical reasons for preferring one ranking system to others. Rankings often conflate different industries and ignore history, obscuring the varied and often idiosyncratic processes that drive growth in different regions. Although an occupational perspective is a useful one for examining economic activity, it is a supplement to, not a replacement for, a careful understanding of metropolitan industrial specialization. Practitioners should not put too much weight on any ranking system but instead should work to develop detailed knowledge of their region’s special economic niche and to develop relationships and strategies that build on established strengths.
Assessing Technology Transfer and Business Development Potential: Technology Cluster Analysis
Authors: Martin Michael , Gruetzmacher Robert R. , Lanham Ryan , Brady Joshua
Published: May 2004

This article presents a methodology that university technology transfer practitioners can employ to improve interactions with corporations that have active intellectual property management programs. The methodology provides a means for packaging university intellectual property in ways that align with core competencies of corporations and is designed to maintain consistency with the mission, ethics, and organizational practices of both large corporations and research universities. For historical and organizational reasons, intellectual property at universities tends to be developed in discrete units that are, in turn, licensed as discrete units—usually based on a patent. The authors call this model one-off licensing. Although widely practiced, one-off licensing may diminish the university’s ability to realize the full potential of its intellectual property. Enhanced value results when several pieces of related intellectual property are grouped together. Synergistic groupings of intellectual property also enhance the ability of universities to spin out successful contributions to business formation.
Doctoral Education and Economic Development: The Flow of New Ph.D.s to Industry
Authors: Stephan Paula E. , Sumell Albert J. , Black Grant C. , Adams James D.
Published: May 2004

Doctoral education in science and engineering is critical to the university’s role in fostering economic development. One aspect of this is the placement of recent graduates with firms. Despite the role Ph.D.s play in this process, little work has documented and analyzed these firm placements. This article takes a first step at rectifying this deficiency, using data from the 1997-1999 Survey of Earned Doctorates administered by the National Science Foundation to all doctoral recipients in the United States. The authors show that knowledge sources, as measured by the training location of new Ph.D.s going to industry, are concentrated in different geographic centers from those that university R&Dexpenditure data would suggest. The authors also find significant outflows from the Midwest of Ph.D.s and significant inflows to the Pacific and northeast regions of the country. The authors’work suggests that many states fail to capture the economic development advantages that come from training a skilled work force.
State Science- and Technology-Based Economic Development Policy: History, Trends and Developments, and Future Directions
Authors: Plosila Walter H.
Published: May 2004

This article examines the history of state science- and technology-based economic development efforts since the late 1960s, identifying trends and developments, current emphases, and future directions. State programs have gone through three periods of evolution in design and focus; each of these is described. Overall, the legacies of state technology-based economic development since World War II have had considerable impact on the overall practice of state economic development, including changes in the areas of finance, real estate, entrepreneurship, and talent, and in the role of higher education. These legacies are described, and implications for future state directions in state science- and technology-based development are examined.
“No Ugly Women”
Authors: De Casanova Erynn Masi
Published: May 2004

Current research on construction of the female body focuses on non-Hispanic women in the United States. The idealized Latina body, however, is rapidly becoming commodified and objectified in global popular culture. Using standardized and open-ended surveys and group and individual interviews, the author examines the negotiation of sociocultural ideals and body image by adolescents at the intersection of gender, race, and beauty. These young women hold racist beauty ideals but are flexible when judging the appearance of real-life women. They perceive two competing or complementary prototypes of beauty, one white and one Latina. This study fills a gap in the literature on beauty and the body by examining a non-U.S. sample that does not fit into the usual Black-white dichotomy of race.
Caught at the Clinic
Authors: Lichtenstein Bronwen
Published: May 2004

The literature on gender and health typically addresses behavioral patterns when discussing men’s attitudes to health. Few of these studies explore men’s anxieties or presentations of self in relation to health problems, particularly for stigmatizing conditions such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Through direct observation and focus group interviews of health workers, clients, and students, this study explores African American men’s attitudes toward attending STI clinics in the Deep South. The men’s concerns about STI clinics center on realistic health or stigma-related concerns. Using a gender-relational analysis, three main sources of fear are identified in relation to attending the clinics: Gender anxiety (attacks on masculinity), social anxiety (damage to social reputation through stigma), and racial anxiety (AIDS as genocide). These fears present a barrier to STI care for African American men.
Clock Drawing Test-Modified and Integrated Approach(CDT-MIA): Description and Preliminary Examination of its Validity and Reliability in Dementia Patients Referred to a Specialized Psychogeriatric Setting
Authors: Heinik Jeremia , Solomesh Isaac , Lin Ruth , Raikher Boris , Goldray David , Merdler Charlotte , Kemelman Polina
Published: May 2004

The authors developed a scoring system for clock drawing, based on modification and integration of 3 established scoring methods. The Clock Drawing Test-Modified and Integrated Approach (CDT-MIA) is a 4-step, 20-item instrument, with a maximum score of 33, which emphasizes differential scoring of contour, numbers, hands, and center. It was administered to 139 patients (93 with and 46 without dementia). Dementia patients revealed significantly more impairment on the CDT-MIA total score and hours and hands subscores. Correlations between CDT-MIA and 2 CDTs were high. With receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves, the area constructed under CDT-MIA curve was large. The best trade-off between sensitivity and specificity for CDT-MIA was the cut-point 23 (91% and 80%, respectively). The internal consistency of CDT-MIA was high, and there was a high degree of interrater reliability. Thus, CDT-MIA was found to be a valid and reliable evaluation instrument for dementia patients in a specialized setting.
How Does an Alzheimer’s Disease Patient’s Role in Medical Decision Making Change Over Time?
Authors: Hirschman Karen B. , Xie Sharon X. , Feudtner Chris , Karlawish Jason H. T.
Published: May 2004

As persons with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) lose their ability to make decisions, someone else has to make decisions for them. We performed a prospective cohort study of 77 AD patient-caregiver dyads to examine when this transition occurs. When dementia severity surpassed a threshold marked by a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score less than 20, the level of caregiver-reported patient involvement in the medical decision-making process declined (Moderate [MMSE = 19-12]: Odds Ratio [OR] = 2.35, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.01-5.49; P = .048; Severe [MMSE < 12]: OR = 29.38, 95% CI = 5.98-144.25, P < .001). Furthermore, older patients (OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.00-1.12, P = .049) and mounting caregiver burden (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.04-1.26, P = .003) were significant independent predictors of transitions to the caregiver-dominated medical decision-making process. These results provide clinicians with prognostic information that can help caregivers understand how their role in decision making will change over the course of a patient’s dementing illness.
Management Fashion as Image-Spectacle
Authors: Clark Timothy , Greatbatch David
Published: May 2004

Drawing on the work of Guy Debord’s Society of the Spectacle and Daniel Boorstin’sThe Image, this article argues that aesthetic and management fashions are not separate forms, as both represent the preeminence of the image spectacle. Central to this is the increasing emergence of pseudoevents and synthetic products. Using empirical findings from a study of the production of six best-selling management books, it shows that they are manufactured coproductions that result from an intricate editorial process in which the original ideas are moulded in order for them to have a positive impact on the intended audience. Central to this is a set of conventions that stress the vivification of ideas. The editorial process thus seeks to enhance the aesthetic attractiveness of the ideas. The implications of the conceptual approach and empirical findings are considered with respect to current understandings of management fashion.
A Comparison of Three Views of Spirituality in Oncology Nursing
Authors: Baumann Steven L. , Englert Robert
Published: May 2004

This article compares three views of spirituality with specific consideration for persons who live with cancer. These views represent theological, psychological, and nursing perspectives. Three dimensions of theologically inspired spirituality are discussed: institutional religious approaches, intellectual questioning, and mystical experiences. The authors review numerous psychological perspectives on the topic of spirituality, particularly from the analytic, humanistic, and existential schools of thought. A human becoming nursing theory perspective is also offered. The authors, who were friends, one a nurse and the other a person with cancer, suggest that nurses, who are able to offer true presence from a place of hope and fulfilled-emptiness, bear witness to persons in a way that can help them transfigure the experience of living with cancer.
Toward a Middle-Range Theory of Adaptation to Chronic Pain
Authors: Dunn Karen S.
Published: May 2004

Merton postulated that to significantly advance disciplinary knowledge, scholarship must include the development of middle-range theories that derive hypotheses, can be empirically investigated, and are linked to extant theories. The purpose of this paper is to present the strategies used to develop a middle-range nursing theory of adaptation to chronic pain based on Merton’s description. Analysis and synthesis of the theoretical and research literature provided the foundational, theory-building strategies used to develop the adaptation to chronic pain model. Theoretical substruction was then used to deduce the adaptation to chronic pain model from Roy’s adaptation model.
Exploring Ethical Implications for Acting Faithfully in Professional Relationships
Authors: Pilkington F. Beryl
Published: May 2004

The obligation to act faithfully poses ethical issues as nurses live nursing from day to day. In this column, the ethics of acting faithfully is explored in relation to four scenarios drawn from different realms of professional nursing. The scenarios illustrate ethical issues that may arise when attempting to uphold personal integrity and fulfill one’s duty to act faithfully. The theoretical context of this discussion is the human becoming school of thought.
Quality of Life for Women Living with a Gynecologic Cancer
Authors: Pilkington F. Beryl , Mitchell Gail J.
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this research study was to enhance understanding about quality of life from the perspective of women living with a gynecologic cancer. Parse’s human becoming theory provided the theoretical perspective and guided the descriptive exploratory methodology that was used. Participants were 14 women diagnosed with a gynecologic cancer. Through analysis-synthesis processes, four themes were identified, which provide the following unified description:Quality of life is treasuring loving expressions while affirming personal worth, as consoling immersions amid torment emerge with expanding fortitude for enduring. The findings suggest implications for quality care that honors persons’ experiences.
Environmental Barriers and Mobility in Taiwan: Is the Roy Adaptation Model Applicable?
Authors: Shyu Yea-Ing Lotus , Liang Jersey , Lu Jui-fen Rachel , Wu Chi-Chuan
Published: May 2004

This study tested Roy’s adaptation model by exploring the relationship between environmental stimuli, specifically barriers, and the mobility, and instrumental behaviors of hip-fractured elderly persons after surgery in Taiwan. A prospective study was conducted 3 months after hospital discharge with 87 elderly persons with hip fracture who had received surgery at a medical center in northern Taiwan. After controlling for prefracture conditions, subjective environmental barriers significantly diminished the walking ability, self-care ability, and role performance of hipfractured elderly persons. The findings of this study lend to suggestions for intervening with hip-fractured elderly persons after surgery.
Caring for Older Adults: Practice Guided by Watson’s Caring-Healing Model
Authors: Bernick Laurie
Published: May 2004

Caring for older people and listening attentively to what they say about themselves and their varied health situations, especially in relation to quality of life and peace of mind, body, and soul, are important matters to nurses aligned withWatson’s caring-healing theory. Assumptions and key concepts of Watson’s framework are described with examples that illustrate how a nursing framework has shaped the author’s advanced nursing practice. Some of the key concepts discussed include intersubjectivity, transpersonal caring, spirituality, and caring moments. Watson’s framework of caring-healing is shown to inform practice, education, and research.
A Comparison Between Responses From a Propensity-Weighted Web Survey and an Identical RDD Survey
Authors: Schonlau Matthias , Zapert Kinga , Simon Lisa Payne , Sanstad Katherine Haynes , Marcus Sue M. , Adams John , Spranca Mark , Kan Hongjun , Turner Rachel , Berry Sandra H.
Published: May 2004

The authors conducted a large-scale survey about health care twice, once as a web and once as a random digit dialing (RDD) phone survey. The web survey used a statistical technique, propensity scoring, to adjust for selection bias. Comparing the weighted responses from both surveys, there were no significant response differences in 8 of 37 questions. Web survey responses were significantly more likely to agree with RDD responses when the question asked about the respondent’s personal health (9 times more likely), was a factual question (9 times more likely), and only had two as opposed to multiple response categories (17 times more likely). For three questions, significant differences turned insignificant when adjacent categories of multicategory questions were combined. Factual questions tended to also be questions with two rather than multiple response categories. More study is needed to isolate the effects of these two factors more clearly.
Innovation in Innovation?
Authors: Danziger James N.
Published: May 2004

The concept of “technology enactment” provides the guiding framework for Jane Fountain’s Building the Virtual State. The framework is used to analyze the implementation and impacts of information technology (IT) in public organizations. The framework highlights the importance of specifying the ways in which IT software and hardware are perceived by actors, who then attempt to shape the use of those ITs. Each instance of technology enactment is also contingent on the organizational and institutional contexts within which the process occurs. This article details how the framework’s dynamic interplay between the technology and those who adopt and adapt it seems consistent with earlier innovation theories developed by both historians of science and social scientists. It also explains why empirical analyses of IT as an innovation in organizations are particularly challenging, because IT is extremely malleable and constantly evolves in conjunction with changing organizational structures and practices.
Impacts of the Use of E-Mail and the Internet on Personal Trip-Making Behavior
Authors: Tonn Bruce E. , Hemrick Angela
Published: May 2004

This article presents the results of a web survey of 118 residents in the Knoxville, Tennessee, metropolitan region to explore the impacts of the use of e-mail and the Internet on personal trip-making behavior. Respondents were required to be active drivers and users of e-mail and/or the Internet. Approximately 40% reported that their use of these information technologies has led to less driving overall, and 18% reported less rush hour driving. Although use of the Internet has led to both trip reduction and new trip generation, overall, weekly trips appear to be reduced by 8% from the national average of almost 28 person trips per week in 2001. The number of places respondents have access to e-mail and the Internet is highly related to trip reduction and new trip generation. Education and income were positively related to new trip generation.
Computers and Qualitative Research
Authors: Mangabeira Wilma C. , Lee Raymond M. , Fielding Nigel G.
Published: May 2004

Drawing on a range of sources, this article examines patterns in the adoption, appropriation, and use of qualitative analysis software (or CAQDAS—Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software) in the United Kingdom. It is argued that the take-up and use of CAQDAS, representations of computerassisted as opposed to manual analysis, and certainty about the utility of CAQDAS, are related to user generation. The changing composition of the user base for CAQDAS programs is also discussed.
The Wow Factor
Authors: MacMillan Katie , Koenig Thomas
Published: May 2004

Discussions on computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software often begin with the assumption that research will automatically be improved through the use of such software. Consequently, reviews frequently focus on practical concerns with the various software packages. Rather than theoretical considerations of its suitability to the method of analysis, such descriptions frequently treat software as the method of analysis. The following article calls for a clearer understanding of the role of software within research, with critical evaluation focusing on the methodological issues surrounding software use, as well on its technological innovations. The authors examine a number of factors that foster a tendency toward uncritical appraisal—including unrealistic expectations of the software as a methodology in itself; the treatment of qualitative analysis as a single, homogenized category; and the use of grounded theory as a legitimating link between tool and method.
Consumers of e-Health
Authors: Anderson James G.
Published: May 2004

In 2002, 80% of all adults in the United States sought health information and/or services online. This article reports the results of computer-assisted telephone interviews of a national random sample of 186 adults. The purpose of the survey was to clarify the circumstances under which consumers utilize Internet health resources and identify barriers to Internet use. The results indicated that although 78% of the respondents had used the Internet to obtain health information, only about 10% communicated by e-mail with their providers, purchased supplies over the web, or used the Internet to manage a chronic disease. At the same time, more than 50% of the respondents indicated an interest in using the Internet for clinical purposes. Major barriers to the use of the Internet for health-related purposes were potential threats to privacy, inaccuracy of information, problems in evaluating the quality of information and services obtained from the web, and physician disapproval.
The Potential Impact of the No Child Left Behind Act on Equity and Diversity in American Education
Authors: Fusarelli Lance D.
Published: May 2004

With its overriding emphasis on accountability, testing, sanctions, rewards, and public school choice, the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) raises both the hopes and fears of educators concerned with the impact of the legislation on minority groups, on multicultural curricula, and on equity issues within public education. Drawing on evidence from state-level systemic-based accountability initiatives, coupled with a detailed analysis of the legislation itself, this article assesses the potential positive and negative effects of NCLB on diversity, multiculturalism, and equity issues in schooling. After examining the strengths and weaknesses of the legislation, this article concludes that the promise of NCLB to enhance equity and opportunity by reducing the achievement gap will likely remain unfulfilled due to insufficient funding and an overly simplistic definition of the achievement gap.
A Sound Education for All: Multicultural Issues in Music Education
Authors: Johnson Bob L.
Published: May 2004

Establishing the legitimacy of the arts within the larger school curriculum is a defining issue in arts education. Within the context of this perennial challenge, this article examines two multicultural issues in music education: equal music education opportunity and the idiomatic hegemony of the Western classical tradition. Discussions of the essence of music, the current state of music education practice, competing demands within the field, and of the educational benefits associated with the study of music provide the context for this examination. No student, it is argued, should be denied access to the arts based on the property wealth of his or her district, household, or cultural background. If music is to remain a viable curricular option, music educators must adapt both curricula and methods to the cultural backgrounds and needs of a changing student population.
One Nation Under God? Religion and the Politics of Education in a Post-9/11 America
Authors: Lugg Catherine A.
Published: May 2004

For American public schools, the interplay between religion and public policy has been rather volatile, thanks to both state and federal constitutions mandating an ever shifting degree of separation between church and state, yet permitting free religious expression. Some of the most intense political disputes in the past 40 years have involved educational issues such as the teaching of evolution or intelligent design within public schools, publicly funded vouchers for attendance at religious institutions, state-sanctioned prayer within public schools, and the rise of sexuality education. This article seeks to map some of the contemporary features involved with religion and the politics of U.S. education by focusing on (a) recent court decisions, (b) the policy agendas of the current Bush administration, and (c) curricular issues. The article closes by focusing on a few of the larger issues relating to religion and education in a highly pluralistic and religiously fluid society.