bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
C2B: A Semantic Source Code Retrieval Model Using CodeT5 and Bi-LSTM
Authors: Bibi Nazia , Maqbool Ayesha , Rana Tauseef , Afzal Farkhanda , Khan Adnan Ahmed
Published: July 2024

To enhance the software implementation process, developers frequently leverage preexisting code snippets by exploring an extensive codebase. Existing code search tools often rely on keyword- or syntactic-based methods and struggle to fully grasp the semantics and intent behind code snippets. In this paper, we propose a novel hybrid C2B model that combines CodeT5 and bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) for source code search and recommendation. Our proposed C2B hybrid model leverages CodeT5’s domain-specific pretraining and Bi-LSTM’s contextual understanding to improve code representation and capture sequential dependencies. As a proof-of-concept application, we implemented the proposed C2B hybrid model as a deep neural code search tool and empirically evaluated the model on the large-scale dataset of CodeSearchNet. The experimental findings showcase that our methodology proficiently retrieves pertinent code snippets and surpasses the performance of prior state-of-the-art techniques.
Study on Field Test of Deformation and Stability Control Technology for Shallow Unsymmetrical Loading Section of Super-Large-Span Tunnel Portal
Authors: Wan Li , Luo Yanbin , Zhang Changan , Tian Chaopeng , Shao Xing , Liu Zhen
Published: July 2024

This study focuses on monitoring the deformation of the shallow unsymmetrical section of a super-large-span tunnel portal relying on the newly built Shimentangshan Tunnel, and through numerical simulations, the construction sequence and drift ratios were optimized to address challenges related to the stability of surrounding rock and structure. The findings indicate that employing the double-side drift method results in a maximum settlement value of 107.0 mm and a maximum convergence value of 108.8 mm, leading to larger deformations. Excavating the shallow buried side first followed by the deep buried side proves beneficial for deformation control of the support structure and effectively limits damage to the surrounding rock. A drift ratio of 0.3 ensures optimal support structure security and stability. Considering both structural deformation and surrounding rock damage, a ratio between 0.25 and 0.35 for the drifts is recommended. Taking into account construction efficiency and economic benefits, a construction plan for the shallow buried unsymmetrical section at the portal of super-large-span tunnels is proposed.
Technical and Physical Load Variables at Different Positions in U18 Semi-Professional Soccer Players: Differences between the First and Second Half
Authors: Barbero-Álvarez José Carlos , Martínez-Aranda Luis Manuel , Clemente Filipe Manuel , González-Fernández Francisco Tomás
Published: July 2024

Among the many factors that can affect men’s soccer performance, technical and tactical actions can obscure relevant game data, even affecting specialists in both the programming and design of training tasks. We aimed to evaluate the technical and physical load variables of different positions in U18 semi-professional soccer players and observe the differences between the first and second halves during 10 matches of the 2021/2022 Spanish Football U18 National League Championship. A total of 246 match records (10 matches) were collected from the 2021/2022 Spanish Football U18 National League Championship. Two teams participated, with a total of 49 athletes. Our study’s results indicate that, concerning technical performance, no significant differences between halves were found for goalkeepers, wingers, and forwards. However, significant declines were observed in the number of ball contacts, different actions per time, and possessions per time among central defenders, lateral defenders, and central midfielders. Regarding the observed physical load demands, it was noted that in outfield players, there was a significant decline in total distances covered at different speed thresholds, as well as a decrease in the number and distance of acceleration measures, most of which were lower in the second halves compared to the first, irrespective of playing positions. This study contributes to enhancing our understanding of the multifaceted dynamics of soccer performance and provides valuable insights for coaches, players, and researchers aiming to optimize player performance.
A Creep Model of Steel Slag–Asphalt Mixture Based on Neural Networks
Authors: Deng Bei , Zeng Guowei , Ge Rui
Published: July 2024

To characterize the complex creep behavior of steel slag–asphalt mixture influenced by both stress and temperature, predictive models employing Back Propagation (BP) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural networks are described and compared in this paper. Multiple stress repeated creep recovery tests on AC-13 grade steel slag–asphalt mix samples were conducted at different temperatures. The experimental results were processed into a group of independent creep recovery test results, then divided into training and testing datasets. The K-fold cross-validation was applied to the training datasets to fine-tune the hyperparameters of the neural networks effectively. Compared with the experimental curves, both the effects of BP and LSTM models were investigated, and the broad applicability of the models was proven. The performance of the trained LSTM model was observed by a 95% confidence interval around the fit errors, thereby the creep strain intervals for the testing dataset were obtained. The results suggest that the LSTM model had enhanced prediction compared the BP model for creep deformation trends of steel slag–asphalt mixture at various temperatures. Due to the potent generalization strength of artificial intelligence technology, the LSTM model can be further expanded for forecasting road rutting deformations.
Inversion Study on Landslide Seepage Field Based on Swarm Intelligence Optimization Least-Square Support Vector Machine Algorithm
Authors: Tang Xuan , Shi Chong , Zhang Yuming
Published: July 2024

The permeability coefficient of landslide mass, a key parameter in the study of reservoir landslides, is commonly obtained through in situ and laboratory tests; however, the tests are costly and subject to high variability, leading to potential biases. In this paper, a new method was proposed to inversely estimate the permeability coefficient of landslide layers using monitoring data of groundwater level (GWL). First, the landslide transient seepage simulation was conducted to generate sample data for permeability coefficients and GWL during a reservoir operation cycle. Second, using GWL data as input and permeability coefficient data as output, the least-square support vector machine (LSSVM) was trained with two optimization algorithms, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and the whale optimization algorithm (WOA), to construct the nonlinear mapping relationship between simulated GWL and permeability coefficients. Third, the accurate permeability coefficients for landslide seepage simulation were inverted or predicted based on the monitored GWL. Finally, using the inverted permeability coefficients for landslide seepage simulation, we compared simulation results with actual monitored GWL and achieved good consistency. In addition, this paper compared the inversion effects of three different algorithms: the standard LSSVM, PSO-LSSVM, and WOA-LSSVM. This study showed that these three algorithms had good nonlinear fitting effects in studying landslide seepage fields. Among them, using the inversion values from PSO-LSSVM for landslide seepage simulation resulted in the smallest relative error compared to actual monitoring data. Within a single reservoir operation cycle, the simulated water level changes were also largely consistent with the monitored water level changes. The results could provide a reference to determine landslide permeability coefficients and seepage.
XGBoost-Enhanced Graph Neural Networks: A New Architecture for Heterogeneous Tabular Data
Authors: Yan Liuxi , Xu Yaoqun
Published: July 2024

Graph neural networks (GNNs) perform well in text analysis tasks. Their unique structure allows them to capture complex patterns and dependencies in text, making them ideal for processing natural language tasks. At the same time, XGBoost (version 1.6.2.) outperforms other machine learning methods on heterogeneous tabular data. However, traditional graph neural networks mainly study isomorphic and sparse data features. Therefore, when dealing with tabular data, traditional graph neural networks encounter challenges such as data structure mismatch, feature selection, and processing difficulties. To solve these problems, we propose a novel architecture, XGNN, which combines the advantages of XGBoost and GNNs to deal with heterogeneous features and graph structures. In this paper, we use GAT for our graph neural network model. We can train XGBoost and GNN end-to-end to fit and adjust the new tree in XGBoost based on the gradient information from the GNN. Extensive experiments on node prediction and node classification tasks demonstrate that the performance of our proposed new model is significantly improved for both prediction and classification tasks and performs particularly well on heterogeneous tabular data.
Perceived Soundscape Experiences and Human Emotions in Urban Green Spaces: Application of Russell’s Circumplex Model of Affect
Authors: Yin Yuting , Shao Yuhan , Hao Yiying , Lu Xian
Published: July 2024

Humans perceive their surrounding environments largely through their experiences of sight and hearing. The perceived environmental information then brings on neurophysiological changes, so as to influence human emotions. These mutually influenced relations have been widely utilized by many environmental psychologists to explore potential avenues for improving human emotions through design interventions. However, to date, no efficient and accurate way has been established to describe these relationships. Inspired by Russell’s model of emotion, this study aims to develop an efficient process that uses coordinate mapping and can intuitively describe the impact of visual-aural perceptive attributes on human emotions. Taking typical urban green spaces (UGSs) in Chengdu as examples, this study first measured the visual and aural characteristics of study sites perceived by people and their emotional responses. The study then established the use of emotional status on a coordinate axis, allowing each visual-aural attribute corresponding to each emotional response to be projected onto the coordinates. Results suggested that the dataset composed of 279 evaluations could be classified into three distinct types of visual-aural settings and the distribution of emotions is evidently varied in different settings. It was found that aesthetic and order of visual aspects as well as eventful and harmonious soundscape in environments are more likely to make people feel pleasure, while openness and layering of the visual landscape can easily arouse people’s positive status. The research outcome broadens the practical path of soundscape research, centring on human emotions, experiences and feelings, such as the pleasantness and arousal raised in Russell’s theory of emotion. The study also makes an empirical contribution to the design of UGSs based on multi-sensory perception and serves the purpose of improving people’s environmental experiences.
Solution of Orifice Hollow Cathode Plasma Model Equations by Means of Particle Swarm Optimization
Authors: Coppola Giovanni , Panelli Mario , Battista Francesco
Published: July 2024

Orifice Hollow Cathodes are electric devices necessary for the functioning of common plasma thrusters for space applications. Their reliability mainly depends on the success of a spacecraft’s mission equipped with electric propulsion. The development of plasma models is crucial in the evaluation of plasma properties within the cathodes that are difficult to measure due to the small dimensions. Many models, based on non-linear systems of plasma equations, have been proposed in the openiterature. These are solved commonly by means of iterative procedures. This paper investigates the possibility of solving them by means of the Particle Swarm Optimization method. The results of the validation tests confirm the expected trends for all the unknowns; the confidence bound of the discharge current as a function of mass flow rate is very narrow (2 ÷ 5) V); moreover, the results match very well the experimental data except at theowest mass flow rate (0.08 mg/s) and discharge current (1A), where the computations underpredict the discharge current to the utmost by 40%. The highest data dispersion regards the plasma density in the emitter region (±20% of the average value) and the wall temperatures (±50 K with respect to the average values) of the orifice and insert; those of the others variables are very tiny.
Existence and Multiplicity of Nontrivial Solutions for Semilinear Elliptic Equations Involving Hardy–Sobolev Critical Exponents
Authors: Fan Yonghong , Sun Wenheng , Wang Linlin
Published: July 2024

A class of semi-linear elliptic equations with the critical Hardy–Sobolev exponent has been considered. This model is widely used in hydrodynamics and glaciology, gas combustion in thermodynamics, quantum field theory, and statistical mechanics, as well as in gravity balance problems in galaxies. The PSc sequence of energy functional was investigated, and then the mountain pass lemma was used to prove the existence of at least one nontrivial solution. Also a multiplicity result was obtained. Some known results were generalized.
Diffusion-Equation-Based Electrical Modeling for High-Power Lithium Titanium Oxide Batteries
Authors: Chen Haoze , Zhang Weige , Zhang Caiping , Sun Bingxiang , Yang Sijia , Chen Dinghong
Published: July 2024

Lithium titanium oxide (LTO) batteries offer superior performance compared to graphite-based anodes in terms of rapid charge/discharge capability and chemical stability, making them promising candidates for fast-charging and power-assist vehicle applications. However, commonly used battery models often struggle to accurately describe the current–voltage characteristics of LTO batteries, particularly before the charge/discharge cutoff conditions. In this work, a novel electrical model based on the solid-phase diffusion equation is proposed to capture the unique electrochemical phenomena arising from the diffusion mismatch between the positive and negative electrodes in high-power LTO batteries. The robustness of the proposed model is evaluated under various loading conditions, including constant current and dynamic current tests, and the results are compared against experimental data. The experimental results for LTO batteries exhibit remarkable alignment with the model estimation, demonstrating a maximum voltage error below 3%.
Sugar Replacement in Chocolate-Flavored Milk: Differences in Consumer Segments’ Liking of Sweetener Systems Relate to Temporal Perception
Authors: Andersen Glenn Birksø Hjorth , Christensen Caroline Laura Dam , Castura John C. , Alexi Niki , Byrne Derek V. , Kidmose Ulla
Published: July 2024

Chocolate-flavored milk contributes to excessive intake of added sugars among children and adolescents, which why it is a good candidate product for sucrose replacement. This study investigates how replacing sucrose partially or completely with different sweetener systems affects the sensory profile and consumer liking. Five chocolate-flavored milk treatments were formulated, varying in sucrose replacement level (partial: 58%; complete: 100%) and sweetener system (synthetic: acesulfame-K; natural: rebaudioside M-erythritol blend). Relative-to-Reference Scaling by a trained panel confirmed that no significant differences in the sensory profile when partial sucrose replacement was compared to sucrose, whereas the complete replacement increased bitter taste, pungent flavor, licorice flavor and mouth-drying. A total of 104 consumers evaluated the treatments for liking and indicated their temporal perceptions with temporal check-all-that-apply. Latent variable clustering performed on liking ratings revealed two clusters, which perceived temporal sensory characteristics differently depending on the sweetener system. Cluster 1 preferred the sucrose control over treatments with complete and partial replacement using a natural sweetener system, with complete replacement being perceived as having off-flavor. Cluster 2 preferred the sucrose control over partial and complete replacement using either of the sweetener replacements investigated, which were characterized as off-flavored and bitter. Understanding these consumer segments enables the food industry to develop effective low-energy formulations using synthetic and natural non-nutritive sweeteners, leading to reduced sugar consumption.
Optimization of Enzymatic Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Olea europaea Leaves
Authors: Vardakas Alexios , Kechagias Achilleas , Penov Nikolay , Giannakas Aris E.
Published: July 2024

Nowadays, the circular economy trend drives researchers in the recovery of various bioactive compounds from agri-food by-products. Enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) has been shown to be an innovative green technology for the effective extraction of various phytochemicals from agri-food section by-products; therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the application of EAE as green technology to obtain extracts from olive leaves (Olea europaea) for potential industrial production. The used enzymes were Celluclast, Pectinex XXL and Viscozyme L. EAE was conducted under various enzyme dose combinations and an incubation time of 120 min. Obtained extracts were characterized in terms of total polyphenols (TP) and total antioxidant activity (AA). Firstly, the enzyme synergistic effect in the enzymatic extraction of polyphenols was evaluated. TP optimal extraction conditions (468.19 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalent)/L of extract) were achieved after EAE using Pectinex and Viscozyme enzymes (50–50 v/v) and for AA (69.85 AA%). According to the above results, a second experiment investigated the effect of incubation time (min.) and enzyme dose (mL) on the optimal extraction conditions of olive leaves. The final results after optimization were 75% higher than the control sample for the TP content (605.55 mg GAE/L) and 8% higher for the AA (70.14 AA%). These results indicated that EAE is an excellent choice for the green extraction of polyphenols from the olive leaves.
Immunological and Haematological Relevance of Helminths and Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Coinfection among Newly Diagnosed Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients from Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
Authors: Djibougou Diakourga Arthur , Mensah Gloria Ivy , Kaboré Achille , Toé Inoussa , Sawadogo Leon Tinnoga , Lompo Palpouguini Felix , Kone Amariane M. M. , Hien Hervé , Meda Clement Ziemlé , Combary Adjima , Bonfoh Bassirou , Addo Kennedy Kwasi , Belem Adrien Marie-Gaston , Dabiré Roch Konbobr , Hoffmann Jonathan , Perreau Matthieu , Diagbouga Potiandi Serge
Published: July 2024

The effect of helminthiasis on host immunity is a neglected area of research, particularly in tuberculosis (TB) infection. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of helminthiasis on immunological and haematological parameters in newly diagnosed TB patients in Bobo-Dioulasso. After all biological analyses, we formed three subpopulations: group 1 (n = 82), as control, were participants without helminthic or Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infection (Mtb−/Helm−), group 2 (n = 73) were TB patients without helminthic infection (Mtb+/Helm−), and group 3 (n = 22) were TB patients with helminthic infection (Mtb+/Helm+). The proportion of helminth coinfection was 23.16% (22/95) in TB patients, and Schistosoma mansoni infection was found in 77.3% (17/22) cases of helminthiasis observed in this study. A low CD4 T cell count and a low CD4:CD8 ratio were significantly associated with concomitant infection with helminths and the Mtb complex (Mtb+/Helm+) compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference in the CD8 median among the three participating groups (p > 0.05). Lymphopenia, monocytosis, thrombocytosis, and hypochromic microcytic anaemia were the haematological defects observed in the Mtb+/Helm+ and Mtb+/Helm− patients. Exploring these types of immune–haematological biomarkers would be a valuable aid in diagnosing and a better follow-up and monitoring of the tuberculosis–helminthiasis coinfection.
Extracellular Vesicles and Immune System Function: Exploring Novel Approaches to Colorectal Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Biondi Antonio , Vacante Marco , Catania Roberta , Sangiorgio Giuseppe
Published: July 2024

This review explores the emerging role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in modulating immune system function and their application in novel cancer immunotherapy strategies, with a focus on colorectal cancer (CRC). EVs, as carriers of bioactive molecules, have shown potential in enhancing immune responses and overcoming the limitations of traditional therapies. We discuss the biogenesis, types, and functional roles of immune cell-derived EVs, their interactions with cancer cells, and their implications in antitumor immunity. Challenges such as tumor heterogeneity and immune evasion are addressed, alongside the promising therapeutic prospects of EV-based strategies. This comprehensive analysis underscores the transformative potential of EVs in cancer treatment paradigms.
Computational Investigation of the Influencing Parameters on the Solidification of Thermoplastic Beryllium Oxide Slurry in a Cylindrical Shell
Authors: Sattinova Zamira , Assilbekov Bakytzhan , Bekenov Tassybek , Ramazanova Gaukhar
Published: July 2024

This article presents a computational study of the influencing parameters on the solidification of the thermoplastic beryllium oxide slurry in an annular forming cavity. The main purpose of this paper is to study the effect of cooling and casting conditions on the solidification of the BeO suspension by considering the temperature-dependent rheological and physical properties. The results of calculations of the Bingham–Papanastasiou rheological model with experimental data in the intervals of phase transitions with different casting rates of beryllium ceramics have been validated. The use of the regularization parameter made it possible to approximate the flow of the slurry at all levels of its shear rates as highly viscous, followed by a continuous transition to a solid state. The speed of heat removal from the molding during the solidification period is determined by the speed of movement of the slurry and the temperature field on which the width of the transition region depends. The process of solidification of the slurry mass has been evaluated by changing its heat flow distribution and density along the length of the concentric channel. The obtained model calculation results make it possible to control the casting process and eventually realize a uniform structure of castings.
Phytochemistry, Anti-Tyrosinase, and Anti-Diabetes Studies of Extracts and Chemical Constituents of Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis Leaves
Authors: Watti Olusola Ifedolapo , Yalo Masande , Sharma Rajan , Makhaba Masixole , Hussein Ahmed A. , Mabusela Wilfred T.
Published: July 2024

Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis (L.f.) Koekemoer, also known as rhinoceros bush and previously called Elytropappus rhinocerotis (L.f.) Less., is from the Asteraceae plant family. The plant is traditionally used to treat indigestion, stomach ulcers, influenza, and diarrhea. This study was aimed at investigating the phytochemistry, anti-glucosidase, anti-amylase, and anti-tyrosinase effects of D. rhinocerotis as research in this area is limited. The air-dried plant materials were macerated in 80% methanol (MeOH) and fractionated between hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and butanol (BuOH). Column chromatography on silica gel was employed for the isolation of the compounds. A total of six compounds (1–6) were isolated from the fractions viz. acacetin (1), 15-hydroxy-cis-clerodan-3-ene-18-oic-acid (2), acacetin-7-glucoside (3), pinitol (4), apigenin (5), and β-sitosterol-3-O-glycoside (6). Compounds 2–4 and 6 are reported for the first time from this plant. Among the different fractions, the BuOH and EtOAc fractions had strong tyrosinase inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 13.7 ± 1.71 and 11.6 ± 2.68 µg/mL, respectively, while among the isolated compounds, apigenin (5) had the strongest inhibitory activity, with an IC50 of 14.58 µM, which competes favorably with Kojic acid (17.26 µM). The anti-glucosidase assay showed good activity in three of the fractions and compound 5, while the anti-amylase assays did not show significant inhibition activity.
Urea Biosensing through Integration of Urease to the PEDOT-Polyamine Conducting Channels of Organic Electrochemical Transistors: pH-Change-Based Mechanism and Urine Sensing
Authors: Neyra Recky Jael R. , Montero-Jimenez Marjorie , Scotto Juliana , Azzaroni Omar , Marmisollé Waldemar A.
Published: July 2024

We present the construction of an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) based on poly(3,4-ethylendioxythiophene, PEDOT) and polyallylamine (PAH) and its evaluation as a bioelectronic platform for urease integration and urea sensing. The OECT channel was fabricated in a one-step procedure using chemical polymerization. Then, urease was immobilized on the surface by electrostatic interaction of the negatively charged enzyme at neutral pH with the positively charged surface of PEDOH-PAH channels. The real-time monitoring of the urease adsorption process was achieved by registering the changes on the drain–source current of the OECT upon continuous scan of the gate potential during enzyme deposition with high sensitivity. On the other hand, integrating urease enabled urea sensing through the transistor response changes resulting from local pH variation as a consequence of enzymatic catalysis. The response of direct enzyme adsorption is compared with layer-by-layer integration using polyethylenimine. Integrating a polyelectrolyte over the adsorbed enzyme resulted in a more stable response, allowing for the sensing of urine even from diluted urine samples. These results demonstrate the potential of integrating enzymes into the active channels of OECTs for the development of biosensors based on local pH changes.
Response Time Dynamics of a Membrane-Based Microfluidic Gas Sensor
Authors: Kaaliveetil Sreerag , Khaja Najamuddin Naveed , Haridas Menon Niranjan , Basuray Sagnik
Published: July 2024

Practical gas–liquid interfacing is paramount in microfluidic technology, particularly in developing microfluidic gas sensors. We have created an easily replicable membrane-based closed microfluidic platform (MB-MP) to achieve in situ gas–liquid contact for low-resource settings. We have fabricated the MB-MP using readily available materials like double-sided tape or parafilm without conventional soft lithographic techniques. The response characteristics of the MB-MP are studied using CO2 as the model gas and bromothymol blue dye as the sensing material. The dye’s color change, indicative of pH shifts due to CO2 absorption, is captured with a digital microscope and analyzed via the ImageJ software package v1.54g. The response shows saturation and regeneration parts when cycled between CO2 and N2, respectively. Experiments are conducted to investigate the response characteristics and saturation rate under different conditions, including changes in volumetric flow rate, gas stream velocity, and dye solution volume. We observe experimentally that an increase in volumetric flow rate decreases the delay and increases the saturation rate of the response, surpassing the impact of the gas stream’s increased velocity. Furthermore, increasing the dye volume results in an exponential decrease in the saturation rate and an increase in the delay. These insights are essential for optimizing the platform’s response for point-of-use applications.
Evaluation of Problem-Based Learning Experiences Addressing Health Promotion in the Fourth Grade of Primary School
Authors: Mederer-Hengstl Beatriz , Núñez-Delgado Pilar , Bueno-Cavanillas Aurora
Published: July 2024

Background: The global issues of overweight and sedentary lifestyles require comprehensive responses from health systems. Despite this, health education remains fragmented and sporadic. This study aims to target primary school children to instil healthy habits using active learning strategies, with a specific focus on promoting a healthy diet and physical activity. Methods: This study employed problem-based learning (PBL) projects with fourth-grade primary students to encourage the acquisition of healthy habits. Conducted over four consecutive years at a two-line school, the study utilised an opportunity sample, evaluating intervention and control groups by comparing their corresponding scores. The control groups consisted of 54 students, while the intervention group included 159 students. Data collection involved pre-test and post-test questionnaires to measure outcomes. Results: Differential evaluation scores revealed significantly higher results in the intervention groups compared to the control groups, with an average score increase of 3.62 points in control groups and 6.94 points in intervention groups, particularly in attitudinal competencies. The strategies employed facilitated the development of crucial skills such as information search, synthesis, representation, analysis, decision making, teamwork, and intrapersonal awareness. Additionally, they significantly broadened the knowledge acquired regarding healthy habits. Conclusions: The problem-based learning approach proved effective in helping children understand the importance of making healthy choices and encouraged the integration of such habits into their daily lives. These findings suggest that active learning strategies can significantly enhance health education and promote long-term healthy behaviours among primary school children.
Machine Learning Approach for Predicting the Impact of Food Insecurity on Nutrient Consumption and Malnutrition in Children Aged 6 Months to 5 Years
Authors: Qasrawi Radwan , Sgahir Sabri , Nemer Maysaa , Halaikah Mousa , Badrasawi Manal , Amro Malak , Vicuna Polo Stephanny , Abu Al-Halawa Diala , Mujahed Doa’a , Nasreddine Lara , Elmadfa Ibrahim , Atari Siham , Al-Jawaldeh Ayoub
Published: July 2024

Background: Food insecurity significantly impacts children’s health, affecting their development across cognitive, physical, and socio-emotional dimensions. This study explores the impact of food insecurity among children aged 6 months to 5 years, focusing on nutrient intake and its relationship with various forms of malnutrition. Methods: Utilizing machine learning algorithms, this study analyzed data from 819 children in the West Bank to investigate sociodemographic and health factors associated with food insecurity and its effects on nutritional status. The average age of the children was 33 months, with 52% boys and 48% girls. Results: The analysis revealed that 18.1% of children faced food insecurity, with household education, family income, locality, district, and age emerging as significant determinants. Children from food-insecure environments exhibited lower average weight, height, and mid-upper arm circumference compared to their food-secure counterparts, indicating a direct correlation between food insecurity and reduced nutritional and growth metrics. Moreover, the machine learning models observed vitamin B1 as a key indicator of all forms of malnutrition, alongside vitamin K1, vitamin A, and zinc. Specific nutrients like choline in the “underweight” category and carbohydrates in the “wasting” category were identified as unique nutritional priorities. Conclusion: This study provides insights into the differential risks for growth issues among children, offering valuable information for targeted interventions and policymaking.
Assessing the Relationship between Body Image Satisfaction and Physical Activity in Italian Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Investigation
Authors: Masotti Sabrina , Piva Tommaso , Zerbini Valentina , Raisi Andrea , Menegatti Erica , Pagani Anselmo , Bigoni Costanza , Ballarin Elena , De Luca Federica , Zaccagni Luciana , Rinaldo Natascia , Toselli Stefania , Gualdi-Russo Emanuela , Argentoni Antonio , Veli Arli , Mazzoni Gianni , Mandini Simona
Published: July 2024

Background: Body image perception can significantly influence various aspects of adolescent lives. The study analyzed the relationship between body image satisfaction and sports participation in adolescents, examining various factors that contribute to body image concerns and their implications for sports engagement. Methods: A total of 237 schoolchildren were recruited from lower secondary Italian schools. Anthropometric characteristics were measured directly. Assessment of body image perception was performed using Body Silhouette Charts for preadolescent children. The Italian version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents questionnaire was administered to assess physical activity (PA) levels at school and during leisure time in the last 7 days. Analysis of variance was used to test differences in PA levels, while multiple regression models were carried out to assess possible predictors of body dissatisfaction. Results: In total, 42.6% of children were not satisfied with their figure and 23.2% were very dissatisfied; among them, the vast majority would have liked to be thinner. The dissatisfaction and satisfaction were similar in boys and girls. The frequency of satisfaction with one’s body image was higher in children who practiced extracurricular sports compared to those who did not. The percentage of dissatisfaction with one’s body image was similar in the two groups, but the frequency of children being very dissatisfied was double in the group that does not practice extracurricular sport (31.2% vs. 17.7%). Body dissatisfaction increases with increasing body mass index in both genders but decreases in children involved in extracurricular sports. Conclusions: Encouraging teenagers to engage in regular physical activity should be a key component of therapies supporting positive body image. This study found a relationship between extracurricular sports and body image satisfaction, suggesting that physical activity protects teenagers’ body image satisfaction.
Genetic Markers of Helicobacter pylori Resistance to Clarithromycin and Levofloxacin in Moscow, Russia
Authors: Bodunova Natalia , Tsapkova Larisa , Polyakova Vera , Baratova Irina , Rumyantsev Konstantin , Dekhnich Natalia , Nikolskaya Karina , Chebotareva Margarita , Voynovan Irina , Parfenchikova Elena , Pronina Galina , Chernikova Ekaterina , Bordin Dmitry
Published: July 2024

The Maastricht VI/Florence consensus recommends, as one of the measures to enhance the efficacy of Helicobacter pylori infection eradication, a personalized treatment approach involving the selection of an antimicrobial agent based on the pre-determined resistance of H. pylori. To address the need to develop test systems for personalized drug selection, this study was designed to analyze the molecular resistance of H. pylori using a newly developed Sanger sequencing test platform. The characteristics of the test system were determined on 25 pure culture samples of H. pylori with known resistance. Sensitivity and specificity for detecting resistance to clarithromycin was 100% and those to levofloxacin were 93% and 92%, respectively. The test system has been tested in real clinical practice on 112 H. pylori-positive patients who had not previously received proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or antibacterial drugs. Mutations indicating resistance to clarithromycin were found in 27 (24%) samples and those indicating resistance to levofloxacin were found in 26 (23%) samples. Double resistance was observed in 16 (14%) samples. The most common mutations leading to clarithromycin resistance were 2143G and 2142G and to levofloxacin resistance—261A and 271A in the gyrA gene, which account for 69% of all identified genetic determinants in levofloxacin-resistant bacteria. Thus, a personalized approach to the selection of H. pylori eradication therapy based on the detection of bacterial resistance before prescribing first-line therapy could help to avoid the prescription of ineffective H. pylori eradication therapies and, overall, contribute to the control of antibiotic resistance of H. pylori.
Telomere Length in a South African Population Co-Infected with HIV and Helminths
Authors: Macamo Engelinah D. , Mkhize-Kwitshana Zilungile L. , Duma Zamathombeni , Mthombeni Julian , Naidoo Pragalathan
Published: July 2024

Biological ageing refers to the gradual decrease in physiological functions, resulting in immune senescence, cellular damage and apoptosis. Telomere length is a biomarker of biological ageing. Limited studies have associated shorter telomere length with HIV and parasite single infections, with no studies reporting the association of HIV and parasite co-infection with telomere length. The study aimed to investigate whether telomere length shortening is accelerated in a South African population co-infected with HIV and helminths compared to participants singly infected with either HIV or helminths. Additionally, telomere length data were compared with participants’ biochemical and full blood count parameters. A total of 200 participants were in groups of uninfected control, HIV single infection, helminth single infection and HIV and helminth co-infection groups. Relative telomere length (RTL) was determined using Real-Time PCR and associated with biochemical and full blood count parameters using multivariate regression analysis models that were adjusted for confounders. The uninfected control group was used as a reference group. The uninfected control group had the highest mean RTL (1.21 ± 0.53) while the HIV-infected (0.96 ± 0.42) and co-infected (0.93 ± 0.41) groups had similar RTLs, and lastly, the helminth-infected group (0.83 ± 0.33) had the lowest RTL (p = 0.0002). When compared to the uninfected control group, a significant association between RTL and biochemical parameters, including blood iron (β = −0.48), ferritin (β = −0.48), transferrin saturation (β = −0.57), transferrin (β = −0.57), phosphate (β = −0.47), vitamin A (β = −0.49) and C-reactive protein (β = −0.52) were noted in the co-infected group (p < 0.05). In addition, a significant association between RTL and full blood count, including (β = −0.47), haematocrit (β = −0.46), mean corpuscular volume (β = −0.47), lymphocytes (β = −0.45), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (β = −0.45), red cell distribution width (β = −0.47), monocytes (β = −0.45), eosinophils (β = −0.45), basophils (β = −0.44) and transferrin saturation (β = −0.57) were also noted in the co-infected group (p < 0.05). Accelerated biological ageing, as indicated by telomere length shortening, is associated with HIV and helminth co-infections.
Pereskia sacharosa Griseb. (Cactaceae) Prevents Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation in Rodents via Down-Regulating TLR4/CD14 Pathway and GABAA γ2 Activity
Authors: Prado-Fernández María Fernanda , Magdaleno-Madrigal Víctor Manuel , Cabañas-García Emmanuel , Mucio-Ramírez Samuel , Almazán-Alvarado Salvador , Pérez-Molphe-Balch Eugenio , Gómez-Aguirre Yenny Adriana , Sánchez-Jaramillo Edith
Published: July 2024

Pereskia sacharosa Griseb. is a plant used in traditional herbal medicine to treat inflammation. We analyzed the phenolic content of P. sacharosa leaves (EEPs) by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and investigated the anti-inflammatory properties of EEPs and its flavonoid fraction (F10) in animal models subjected to acute neuroinflammation induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Coronal brain sections of C57BL/6JN male mice or Wistar male rats administered with EEPs or F10 before LPS were subjected to in situ hybridization to determine c-fos and CD14 mRNA levels in the hypothalamus or GABAA γ2 mRNA levels in the hippocampus. Theta oscillations were recorded every 6 h in the hippocampus of Wistar rats. In total, five flavonoids and eight phenolic acids were identified and quantified in P. sacharosa leaves. Either EEPs or F10 crossed the blood–brain barrier (BBB) into the brain and reduced the mRNA expression of c-fos, CD14, and GABAA γ2. A decrease in theta oscillation was observed in the hippocampus of the LPS group, while the F10 + LPS group overrode the LPS effect on theta activity. We conclude that the bioactive compounds of P. sacharosa reduce the central response to inflammation, allowing the early return of ambulatory activity and well-being of the animal.
Association between Skin Carotenoid Levels and Cognitive Impairment Screened by Mini-Cog in Patients with Glaucoma
Authors: Takayanagi Yuji , Kadoh Yoichi , Sasaki Junichi , Obana Akira , Tanito Masaki
Published: July 2024

Carotenoids, having strong antioxidant properties, have been associated with neurodegenerative conditions like dementia and glaucoma, characterized by neuronal loss leading to cognitive and visual dysfunction. Therefore, carotenoids have attracted attention as factors predictive of the onset and progression of these neurodegenerative diseases. However, the impact of carotenoids on cognitive impairment and glaucomatous visual field defects remains unexplored. We conducted a retrospective, observational clinical study to investigate the association between skin carotenoid (SC) levels and cognitive impairment, as screened by the Mini-Cog test, in glaucoma patients. The study included 406 participants and 812 eyes were examined (average age: 69.7 ± 11.4 years; 228 men, 178 women) with various types of glaucoma: primary open angle (57.6%), exfoliation (18.6%), and other types (23.8%). SC levels were estimated via pressure-mediated reflection spectroscopy. Mixed-effects regression models were utilized to examine the relationship between SC levels, visual field defects, and Mini-Cog results. Of the participants, 28 (6.9%) tested positive on the Mini-Cog, suggesting cognitive impairment. The average SC level in the Mini-Cog positive group was significantly lower than in the negative group (269.5 ± 86.4 A.U. vs. 329.2 ± 120.4 A.U., respectively; p = 0.01). Additionally, the visual field mean deviation (MD) in the Mini-Cog positive group was notably worse than that in the negative group (−19.64 ± 9.07 dB vs. −12.46 ± 9.28 dB, respectively; p < 0.0001). The mixed-effects regression analysis revealed a significant association between Mini-Cog positivity and lower SC levels (p = 0.0006), although SC levels did not significantly correlate with MD (p = 0.3). Our findings suggest that cognitive impairment in glaucoma patients is associated with lower SC levels, underscoring the potential benefits of maintaining carotenoid levels to slow cognitive function decline. The protective role of carotenoids in glaucoma merits further investigation.
Global Warming Impacts on Southeast Australian Coastally Trapped Southerly Wind Changes
Authors: Leslie Lance M. , Speer Milton , Wang Shuang
Published: July 2024

Coastally trapped southerly wind changes are prominent during southeast Australia’s warm season (spring and summer). These abrupt, often gale force, wind changes are known locally as Southerly Busters (SBs) when their wind speeds reach 15 m/s. They move northwards along the coast, often producing very large temperature drops. SBs exceeding 21 m/s are severe SBs (SSBs). SBs have both positive and negative impacts. They bring relief from oppressively hot days but can cause destructive wind damage, worsen existing bushfires, and endanger aviation and marine activities. This study assesses the impacts of global warming (GW) and associated climate change on SBs and SSBs, using observational data from 1970 to 2022. Statistical analyses determine significant trends in annual frequency counts of SBs and SSBs, particularly during the accelerated GW period from the early–mid-1990s. It was found that the annual combined count of SBs and SSBs had increased, with SSBs dominating from 1970 to 1995, but SB frequencies exceeded SSBs from 1996 to 2023. The ascendency of SB frequencies over SSBs since 1996 is explained by the impact of GW on changes in global and local circulation patterns. Case studies exemplify how these circulation changes have increased annual frequencies of SBs, SSBs, and their combined total.
Biogeochemical Markers to Identify Spatiotemporal Gradients of Phytoplankton across Estuaries
Authors: Egoda Gamage Anushka , Fischer Andrew M. , Nichols David S. , Lee Chang Kim Jye
Published: July 2024

The spatiotemporal distribution of phytoplankton in estuaries is indicative of processes and transport across the land–ocean aquatic continuum (LOAC). Estuaries, as biogeochemically and physically active systems, process large amounts of nutrients and organic matter influencing the transformation of ecological functions. The transformation of the water column drives variation in phytoplankton composition, biomass, and their spatial distribution. Understanding the dynamics of nutrients and organic matter is challenging, yet it provides a comprehensive insight into phytoplankton spatiotemporal distribution across estuaries. Multiple studies have been conducted to understand the spatiotemporal distribution of phytoplankton. Recently, phytoplankton photosynthetic pigments, fatty acids and stable isotopes have been widely used to identify and quantify phytoplankton distribution. This review highlights the use of biogeochemical markers to identify phytoplankton functional groups. It also assesses the current understanding of patterns in the spatiotemporal distribution of phytoplankton and the impact of physical and environmental factors on their distribution in estuaries and coastal oceans. The review will also gather information from in situ sampling studies to evaluate the current state of knowledge and identify gaps.
Illegal Activities for Survival: Understanding the Influence of Household Livelihood Security on Biodiversity Conservation in Tanzania
Authors: Lyakurwa Gasto Jerome , Sabuhoro Edwin , Chepkwony Mercy Chepkemoi
Published: July 2024

Illegal access of resources within protected areas to meet basic needs plays a significant role in the interaction between individuals, protected areas, and neighboring communities in Africa. However, our understanding of how household livelihoods are linked to this type of illegal access at a household level is limited. Additionally, research on poaching tends to focus on commercial poaching and wildlife trafficking. This study addresses this gap by examining the complex relationship between three types of livelihood security (i.e., food security, financial security, and educational security) and the likelihood of participating in illegal activities in communities surrounding Tanzania’s Mkomazi National Park. To gather data, we surveyed 267 heads of household in 8 villages that were randomly selected out of the 22 villages that border Mkomazi National Park. Structural modeling analysis was used to analyze the data. Our findings indicate that food security is the primary driver of engagement in illegal activities within the park; education security and financial security have limited influence on the likelihood of subsistence poaching when accounting for food security. Interestingly, we observed a correlation between financial security and increased illegal grazing, which can be attributed to individuals with greater financial means purchasing more cattle and thereby increasing the demand for fodder. Addressing food security should be prioritized in efforts to mitigate subsistence poaching within protected areas. Our research highlights the importance of developing sustainable alternatives to ensure food security and meet other essential needs in communities adjacent to Mkomazi National Park. By striking a balance between improving livelihoods and fostering conservation efforts, conservation and development organizations can work towards a sustainable future for both protected areas and people.