bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing the potential for fish predation to impact zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha): insight from bioenergetics models
Authors: Eggleton M. A. , Miranda L. E. , Kirk J. P.
Published: May 2004

Abstract –  Rates of annual food consumption and biomass were modeled for several fish species across representative rivers and lakes in eastern North America. Results were combined to assess the relative potential of fish predation to impact zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha). Predicted annual food consumption by fishes in southern waters was over 100% greater than that in northern systems because of warmer annual water temperatures and presumed increases in metabolic demand. Although generally increasing with latitude, biomasses of several key zebra mussel fish predators did not change significantly across latitudes. Biomasses of some less abundant fish predators did increase significantly with latitude, but increases were not of the magnitude to offset predicted decreases in food consumption. Our results generally support the premise that fishes in rivers and lakes of the southern United States (U.S.) have inherently greater potential to impact zebra mussels by predation. Our simulations may provide a partial explanation of why zebra mussel invasions have not been as rapid and widespread in southern U.S. waters compared to the Great Lakes region.
Parasitism, condition and number of front head breeding tubercles in roach (Rutilus rutilus L.)
Authors: Kortet R. , Taskinen J.
Published: May 2004

Abstract –  In a previous study on the male roach, Rutilus rutilus, we found a positive correlation between sexual ornamentation, breeding tubercles (BTs) on lateral sides and parasite resistance. As a continuation of that study, we examined another measure of sexual ornamentation – number of BTs on front head – of male roach from five populations. BTs on head correlated positively with fish size in two populations and with condition in one population, but not with parasite resistance (proportion of dead parasites) in any of the populations. Moreover, head BTs correlated negatively with the number of two parasite species (Rhipidocotyle campanula and Myxobolus mülleri) in two populations, but positively with the number of a third parasite (Raphidascarus acus) in one population. In addition, a negative correlation with spleen size was found in one population. The present results suggest that head BTs of male roach – although the patterns vary between populations – may signal condition and parasite load, but not resistance, in contrast to lateral BTs. Therefore, our results are in line with the hypothesis of multiple‐message sexual ornaments.
Diet overlap between native bigmouth sleepers (Gobiomorus dormitor) and introduced predatory fishes in a Puerto Rico reservoir
Authors: Bacheler N. M. , Neal J. W. , Noble R. L.
Published: May 2004

Abstract –  Native fish species coexist with introduced species in Puerto Rico's freshwater systems, yet competition between these species has not been evaluated. We examined the extent of diet overlap between native bigmouth sleepers Gobiomorus dormitor and introduced largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and peacock bass Cichla ocellaris in a Puerto Rico reservoir. Bigmouth sleepers and largemouth bass exhibited an ontogenetic shift in feeding habits, whereas peacock bass were exclusively piscivorous at all sizes collected in this study. Biologically significant diet overlap was observed between large bigmouth sleepers and largemouth bass, but not between large bigmouth sleepers and peacock bass, or between large largemouth bass and adult peacock bass. No significant diet overlap in any species combination was observed in small or medium size classes. Better understanding of the ecology of these coexisting predators should lead to improved conservation of bigmouth sleepers, and improved fisheries management for all three predatory species.
Female‐biased mortality rate and sexual size dimorphism of migratory masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou
Authors: Tamate T. , Maekawa K.
Published: May 2004

Abstract –  We examined whether mortality and growth during the migration phase (the lacustrine phase after smolting) differ between sexes in migratory (lake‐run) masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) in a lacustrine population, northern Hokkaido, Japan. The sex ratio of 1+ smolts was more skewed to females than that of the returning adults in three annual cohorts examined, indicating that females have a higher mortality rate during the migration phase. Although there was no difference in smolt length between sexes, female adults were larger in body length than males of the same age: female‐biased sexual size dimorphism (SSD) occurs. We suppose that breeding selection favouring a larger body size for females than for males in this population probably requires that females undertake more intensive foraging behaviour with its greater inherent risks but faster growth rates during the migration phase. It therefore seems to be likely that the selection is the ultimate cause of the female‐biased mortality rate and SSD.
Site fidelity of spawning sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka W.) in the presence and absence of olfactory cues
Authors: Stewart I. J. , Carlson S. M. , Boatright C. P. , Buck G. B. , Quinn T. P.
Published: May 2004

Abstract –  We examined the site fidelity of spawning adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) by tagging and releasing fish in the same stream reach (controls) and displacing them among different but nearby sites (c. 50 m away). Three sites – two above a stream junction (‘upper’ reach and ‘pond’) and one below (‘lower’ reach) – allowed us to compare the behavior of salmon in the presence and absence of olfactory cues and habitat similarity. Most controls of both sexes (90%) remained in the immediate vicinity of the tagging and release site. When displaced downstream, where the odors of both the upper reach and the pond were detectable, most salmon returned to their former site (65%). Displaced sockeye were more likely to return to the pond from the lower reach than from the upper one (P = 0.05), consistent with olfactory orientation and the hypothesis that salmon prefer certain habitats. Salmon displaced from the upper to the lower reach were much more likely to return than those displaced to the pond (P < 0.01), consistent with the role of odors in orientation and inconsistent with the habitat choice hypothesis.
Spatial and temporal patterns in fish communities along the Illinois River
Authors: Pegg M. A. , McClelland M. A.
Published: May 2004

Abstract –  Fish abundance data from a fish population study (1957–2000) on the Illinois River, IL, USA were used to assess community structure. There was considerable variability among reaches and years, but three distinct fish communities were identified encompassing both temporal and spatial aspects. Temporal community shifts in the upper half of the river created two distinct fish communities, one prior to 1983 and the other after 1983. This is believed to be in response to improved water quality, albeit the responses were delayed for several years after policy implementation. The third group (Lower River) was spatially separated from the two upper river groups. These differences may reflect a combination of water quality (e.g., pollution) and habitat issues (e.g., geomorphology), common to many regulated rivers. Fish community responses in larger rivers may have considerable temporal lags after implementation of management or restoration activities that warrant strong consideration during any planning process.
Fish assemblage recovery and persistence
Authors: Phillips B. W. , Johnston C. E.
Published: May 2004

Abstract –  Fish assemblages from a historical (1968) pre‐impoundment survey of the Bear Creek system (Tennessee River drainage) were compared with fish assemblages from recent collections to examine spatial recovery in stream fish assemblages. A positive relationship was present for species richness and distance from impoundment for recent collections but was not significant for historic collections from the same sites with distance superimposed from the impoundments. A positive relationship was also present for similarity and distance using Jaccard's Index and the Morisita Similarity Index. Recent fish assemblages were dissimilar to historical collections immediately below impoundments, but were increasingly similar at 10–20 km. The results suggest that recovery patterns for stream fish assemblages are present downstream for some types of impoundments and that remnants of the stream community persist downstream from existing impoundments.
Northern pike (Esox lucius) growth and mortality in a northern Ontario river compared with that in lakes: influence of flow
Authors: Griffiths R. W. , Newlands N. K. , Noakes D. L. G. , Beamish F. W. H.
Published: May 2004

Abstract –  We measured the growth and mortality characteristics of northern pike (Esox lucius) in a northern Ontario river and examined the influence of flow on these characteristics by comparing our measurements with those estimated for a lake at the same latitude based on published studies. Pike ranged in total length from 229 to 784 mm, in mass from 70 to 4250 g, and in age from 1 to 10 years. The population showed a preponderance of 2–5‐year olds, with few fish surviving beyond 7 years of age. Growth, in terms of length increase, was similar to that reported for circumpolar populations. Mean total length at 5 years of age was 577 mm, growth rate of young adults was 62.5 mm year−1, growth was isometric, longevity was 10 years of age, and the adult annual mortality rate was 49%. Growth and mortality characteristics of this riverine population were similar to those estimated for a lacustrine population at the same latitude. Flow thus had little measurable effect on the growth or mortality of pike possibly because of the overwhelming effect of other abiotic variables such as temperature, length of growing season and productivity. Consequently, growth characteristics of lacustrine populations can be used to assess the health and condition of riverine populations.
Effect of brown trout body size on post‐stocking survival and pike predation
Authors: Hyvärinen P. , Vehanen T.
Published: May 2004

Abstract –  A total of 40 (20 age‐3 + 20 age‐4) radio‐tagged hatchery‐reared brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) and 40 wild radio‐tagged northern pike (Esox lucius L.) were released into a regulated river. Age‐3 brown trout were predicted and observed to be highly vulnerable to predation by pike (50% mortality), whereas age‐4 brown trout were predicted and observed to enjoy an almost absolute size refuge from predation (5% mortality). Almost half of the fish from both age groups similarly emigrated and survived from the river within 3 days of the release. However, there was a considerable difference in survival between age groups for fish that remained in the river for a longer period. Of these, all except one age‐3 brown trout were eaten by pike, whereas all but one age‐4 fish survived predation.
Ion‐Exchange and Adsorption of Fe(III) by Sepia Melanin
Authors: Liu Yan , Hong Lian , Kempf Valerie R. , Wakamatsu Kazumasa , Ito Shosuke , Simon John D.
Published: May 2004

Sepia eumelanin is associated with many metal ions, yet little is known about its metal binding capacity and the chemical nature of the binding site(s). Herein, the natural concentrations of metal ions are presented and the ability to remove metals by exposure of the melanin granules to EDTA is quantified. The results reveal that the binding constants of melanin at pH 5.8 for Mg(II), Ca(II), Sr(II) and Cu(II) are, respectively, 5, 4, 14 and 34 times greater than the corresponding binding constants of these ions with EDTA. By exposing Sepia eumelanin to aqueous solutions of FeCl3, the content of bound Fe(III) can be increased from a natural concentration of ∼180 ppm to a saturation limit of ∼80 000 ppm or 1.43 mmol/g of melanin. Similar saturation limits are found for Mg(II) and Ca(II). Exposure of Sepia melanin granules to aqueous solutions containing Ca(II) results in the stoichiometric replacement of the initially bound Mg(II), arguing that these two ions occupy the same binding site(s) in the pigment. The pH‐dependent binding of Mg(II) and Ca(II) suggests coordination of these ions to carboxylic acid groups in the pigment. Mg(II) and Ca(II) can be added to a Fe(III)‐saturated melanin sample without affecting the amount of Fe(III) pre‐adsorbed, clearly establishing Fe(III) and Mg(II)/Ca(II) occupy different binding sites. Taking recent Raman spectroscopic data into account, the binding of Fe(III) is concluded to involve coordination to o‐dihydroxyl groups. The effects of metal ion content on the surface morphology were analyzed. No significant changes were found over the full range of Fe(III) concentration studied, which is supported by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis. These observations imply the existence of channels within the melanin granules that can serve to transport metal ions.
A Role for Spectrin in Dynactin‐dependent Melanosome Transport in Xenopus laevis Melanophores
Authors: Aspengren Sara , Wallin Margareta
Published: May 2004

The bi‐directional movement of pigment granules in frog melanophores involves the microtubule‐based motors cytoplasmic dynein, which is responsible for aggregation, and kinesin  II and myosin  V, which are required for dispersion of pigment. It was recently shown that dynactin acts as a link between dynein and kinesin  II and melanosomes, but it is not fully understood how this is regulated and if more proteins are involved. Here, we suggest that spectrin, which is known to be associated with Golgi vesicles as well as synaptic vesicles in a number of cells, is of importance for melanosome movements in Xenopus laevis melanophores. Large amounts of spectrin were found on melanosomes isolated from both aggregated and dispersed melanophores. Spectrin and two components of the oligomeric dynactin complex, p150glued and Arp1/centractin, co‐localized with melanosomes during aggregation and dispersion, and the proteins were found to interact as determined by co‐immunoprecipitation. Spectrin has been suggested as an important link between cargoes and motor proteins in other cell types, and our new data indicate that spectrin has a role in the specialized melanosome transport processes in frog melanophores, in addition to a more general vesicle transport.
Vasoconstrictively Acting AT1R A1166C and NOS3 4/5 Polymorphisms in Recurrent Spontaneous Abortions (RSA)*
Authors: Buchholz Tina , Lohse Peter , Kosian Elke , Thaler Christian J.
Published: May 2004

Problem:  Inadequate uteroplacental perfusion is one of the main reasons for recurrent spontaneous abortions (RSA). Coagulation, fibrinolysis, and vasoconstriction affect tissue perfusion. These systems are regulated by different gene products. Polymorphisms can modulate the expression levels of the respective genes and can thereby affect perfusion. Vasoconstriction is influenced by the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and of the angiotensinogen II type 1 receptor (AT1R).

Method:  The aim of our study was to investigate, whether two polymorphisms in the AT1R and NOS3 genes shown to result in maternal vasoconstriction are associated with an increased risk for RSA.

Results:  Our data indicate that the vasoconstrictively acting genotypes AT1R C/C and NOS3 4/4 are of similar prevalence in RSA patients and in controls.

Conclusion:  Results do not show any influence of the polymorphisms studied on early pregnancy development. This is in concordance with the concept of an independent regulation of placental perfusion.
Macrophage Colony‐Stimulating Factor Levels in Amniotic Fluid Before and After the Onset of Labor Do Not Differ in Normal Pregnancies
Authors: Hayashi Masatoshi , Hoshimoto Kazunori , Komine Fumiko , Ohkura Takeyoshi , Inaba Noriyuki
Published: May 2004

Problem:  Macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF) promotes placental growth and maintenance. M‐CSF also regulates trophoblast invasion into the placental bed. We evaluated whether M‐CSF levels in amniotic fluid during labor contributing to subsequent delivery differed from those before the onset of labor in normal pregnancies.

Method of study:  This study enrolled 48 Japanese women experiencing normal pregnancies with single fetuses who had no infection. Of these pregnancies, 24 were women during labor: 22 led to subsequent term delivery (labors); two had premature delivery. The other 24 were women without labor underwent cesarean section (controls). These two groups (22 labors and 24 controls) were compared. The average gestational age at entry was 38 weeks of gestation. The women's ages and gestational ages did not differ significantly between the two groups. Amniotic fluid was collected and the M‐CSF levels were compared between two groups. The M‐CSF level was determined by the sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method.

Results:  The levels of M‐CSF in amniotic fluid did not differ significantly between the women during labor and those without labor.

Conclusions:  M‐CSF in amniotic fluid may not contribute to the onset of labor in term pregnancy and/or labor resulting in subsequent delivery may not induce the production and secretion of M‐CSF into amniotic cavity.
Undiagnosed Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in a Cohort of Infertile Women
Authors: Geva Eli , Lerner‐Geva Liat , Burke Michael , Vardinon Nurit , Lessing Joseph B. , Amit Ami
Published: May 2004

Problem:  Systemic lupus erythematosous (SLE) is a chronic disease with a broad spectrum of clinical and immunological manifestations, therefore, this condition may be frequently misdiagnosed. The current study was conducted to determine the prevalence of undiagnosed SLE among a cohort of infertile women.

Method of study:  Screening was performed using sequential (two stage) testing, which included a self‐completed questionnaire followed by an antinuclear antibody (ANA) test. The Liang screening questionnaire was distributed to 143 consecutive infertile patients, aged 24–42 years (mean, 33.6 ± 4.7 years), who were receiving in‐vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. Patients who completed the questionnaire with three or more positive answers, were sent for ANA testing; those who tested positive (≥1:40) were referred to the Clinical Immunology Unit for anti‐double‐stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibody test and clinical assessment.

Results:  A total of 136 women (95.1%) completed the questionnaire. Thirteen patients (9.6%) answered yes to three or more questions. Of these, five patients (3.7%) were ANA‐positive and two (1.5%) had undiagnosed SLE.

Conclusions:  A 1.5% prevalence of undiagnosed SLE was found in our cohort of infertile women. Additional investigations should be performed as to the role of SLE screening in infertile female population; a high‐risk group with regard to ovulation induction treatments.
Localization of Mast Cells in Endometrial Cysts
Authors: Fujiwara Hiroyuki , Konno Ryo , Netsu Sachiho , Sugamata Masao , Shibahara Hiroaki , Ohwada Michitaka , Suzuki Mitsuaki
Published: May 2004

Problem:   Although the presence of mast cells in endometriosis lesions has been reported, there have been no reports of their pathological localization in ovarian endometrial cysts.

Methods of study:  The localization of mast cells in ovarian endometrial cysts were investigated using hematoxyline and eosin and toluidine blue staining with light microscopy, immunohistochemical c‐kits, and electron microscopy.

Results:  Mast cells were identified in endometrial cyst tissues. Few mast cells were localized in the endometrial stroma, which is characteristic of endometrial gland‐like regions. Many mast cells were noted around blood vessels and the interstitium with fibrosis, that is, the fibrotic interstitium of endometrial cysts.

Conclusions:  Mast cells may be involved in the development and progression of endometriosis. Localization of mast cells suggests a particularly close relationship with fibrosis and adhesion.
Effects of Interleukin‐12 Administration during the Pre‐ and Peri‐Implantation Period on Mouse Embryofetal Development
Authors: Reina Michela , Broccia Maria Luisa , Menegola Elena , Blasio Anna Maria Di , Viganò Paola , Giavini Erminio
Published: May 2004

Problem:  The immunological success of pregnancy is thought to depend upon the establishment of a balance between favorable and deleterious cytokines, the current paradigm viewing pregnancy as a T helper (Th)2 cytokine‐dependent phenomenon. In this context, a particular attention should be directed to the potential role of interleukin (IL)‐12, which promotes the development of Th1 responses, in the induction of adverse pregnancy‐related phenomena. Indeed, very few data linked the Th1‐inducer IL‐12 to the event of abortion.

Methods:  In this study, we have investigated the maternal and fetal effects of exogenous administration of IL‐12 to CD1 (BR) ICR mice during the pre‐ and peri‐implantation period (day 2–6 of pregnancy). Animals have been evaluated for parameters of reproductive performance, embryo and fetal developmental toxicity and maternal toxicity.

Results:  Intraperitoneal administration of IL‐12 at concentrations from 2.5 to 10 μg/kg daily did not result in an increase in the murine abortion rate. A statistically significant, although minimal, decrease in the number of somites were found in the embryos of animals treated with IL‐12 at a dose of 10 μg/kg/day. However, developmental parameters at birth were similar between the two groups of animals suggesting that alteration of somites might be a transitory state during treatment. An increased body weight gains and reduced feed and water consumption were observed in the mothers treated with the cytokine.

Conclusion:  In the present experimental conditions and in this specific strain of mice, IL‐12 does not exert adverse effects on reproductive performance and induces an only modest harmful action on mothers and embryos.
Genetic Contribution of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)‐α Gene Promoter (−1031, −863 and −857) and TNF Receptor 2 Gene Polymorphisms in Endometriosis Susceptibility
Authors: Teramoto Mariko , Kitawaki Jo , Koshiba Hisato , Kitaoka Yui , Obayashi Hiroshi , Hasegawa Goji , Nakamura Naoto , Yoshikawa Toshikazu , Matsushita Masaki , Maruya Etsuko , Saji Hiroh , Ohta Mitsuhiro , Honjo Hideo
Published: May 2004

Problem:  Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α is a major cytokine involved in inflammatory and immune function. The aim of this study was to investigate whether polymorphisms at positions −1031, −863 and −857 in the TNF gene promoter region (TNFA) and TNF receptor type 2 gene (TNFR2) are responsible in part for genetic susceptibility to endometriosis.

Methods of study:  TNFA and TNFR2 polymorphisms were determined in 123 patients with endometriosis and 165 fertile healthy women by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) – preferential homoduplex formation assay and PCR‐restriction fragment length polymorphism, respectively.

Results:  The frequency of the TNFA‐U01 haplotype was increased significantly in patients with endometriosis compared with controls (P = 0.045, OR = 1.45). The TNFA‐U01 haplotype was strongly associated with HLA‐B*0702. No difference was found in TNFR2 polymorphism between patients and controls.

Conclusion:  Our results indicated that TNFA promoter polymorphism was associated with susceptibility to endometriosis. However, this association was not independent of HLA‐class I polymorphisms.
Efficacy of a Recombinant Chimeric Anti‐hCG Antibody to Prevent Human Cytotrophoblasts Fusion and Block Progesterone Synthesis
Authors: Dhar Ruby , Karmakar Subhradip , Sriraman Rajan , Talwar Gursaran Prasad , Das Chandana
Published: May 2004

Problem:

A recombinant chimeric antibody against hCG (cPIPP) has been engineered and expressed at high yield in plants. The purpose of this work was to enquire whether this antibody is competent to neutralize the bioactivity of hCG on human trophoblasts.

Methods:  Cytotrophoblast cells, isolated from term placentae were maintained in culture for 3 days in presence or absence of humanized chimeric anti‐hCG antibodies. Progesterone secreted was quantitated by ELISA. Fusion and cyto‐architecture of the cells was studied by light and electron microscopy. Modulation of E‐cadherin was investigated using RT‐PCR and immunocytochemistry.

Results:  Recombinant chimeric anti‐hCG antibody blocked the synthesis of progesterone by trophoblasts. No fusion of cytotrophoblasts to form syncytium took place. E‐cadherin, a vital cell adhesion molecule involved in cell‐to‐cell interaction did not show differentiation related decline in its expression in presence of the antibody.

Conclusion:  Recombinant chimeric anti‐hCG antibody (cPIPP) was effective to neutralize hCG induced bioactivities in the human derived trophoblast cells.
Killer Inhibitory Receptor CD158a Overexpression Among Natural Killer Cells in Women With Endometriosis is Undiminished by Laparoscopic Surgery and Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Agonist Treatment*
Authors: Maeda Nagamasa , Izumiya Chiaki , Kusum Tomoaki , Masumoto Takayuki , Yamashita Chika , Yamamoto Yorito , Oguri Hiroyoshi , Fukaya Takao
Published: May 2004

Problem:  Natural killer (NK) dysfunction is considered to contribute to the pathogenesis of endometriosis. In this study, we investigated the host immune response to endometriosis in terms of killer inhibitory receptor (KIR) expression by NK cells.

Method of study:  We compared cells from Japanese women laparoscopically diagnosed with endometriosis and treated with laparoscopic surgery (n = 98), 1 month after laparoscopic surgery (n = 36), and 12 weeks after gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) treatment (n = 18) to cells from 104 women with other laparoscopic diagnoses. KIR expression by NK cells was assessed in peripheral blood and peritoneal fluid samples by flow cytometry.

Results:  In women with endometriosis, the percentage of CD158a‐expressing cells among CD16‐expressing NK (CD158a+NK) cells in both peritoneal fluid and peripheral blood was significantly higher than in control subjects. No significant differences in proportion of CD158a+NK cells were identified between peripheral blood NK cells sampled before and 1 month after laparoscopic surgery, or 12 weeks after initiating GnRHa treatment.

Conclusions:  Increased percentage of CD158a+NK cells in peripheral blood from women with endometriosis was undiminished by laparoscopic surgery and GnRHa treatment; the persistence of CD158a+NK cell excess is probably related to NK cell suppression in endometriosis. This overexpression may represent a risk factor for development of endometriosis and its recurrence after treatments.
The Differential Expression of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) and Regulation by Interferon‐Gamma during the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis
Authors: Wu Meng‐Hsing , Yang Bei‐Chang , Lee Yeu‐Chin , Wu Pei‐Ling , Hsu Chao‐Chin
Published: May 2004

Problem:  To establish an in vitro culture model of the endometrium and endometriotic lesions, and demonstrate the different expressions of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) in these lesions.

Methods:  Eight women with moderate to severe stages of endometriosis were enrolled. The specimens were collected from their eutopic endometrium, visually normal peritoneum, ovarian endometrioma and peritoneal endometriotic spots during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. ICAM‐1 mRNA and protein were expressed by using reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, immunoblot, and immunocytochemistry.

Results:  The results demonstrate that visually normal peritoneal cells and ovarian endometriomas of endometriotic patients can express high ICAM‐1 mRNA. Normal peritoneal cells further expressed significant soluble ICAM‐1 protein levels without cytokine stimulation. The eutopic endometrium expressed less soluble ICAM‐1 protein, and ICAM‐1 expressions increased in cultured stromal cells of eutopic endometrium, ovarian endometrioma, and peritoneal endometriotic spots under interferon‐gamma (INF‐γ) stimulation.

Conclusion:  The ICAM‐1 expression in visually normal peritoneal cells from women with endometriosis may play a role in the early implantation of peritoneal endometriosis. Peritoneal INF‐γ stimulation is significantly associated with ICAM‐1 expression in endometriosis. Therefore, the differential expression and changes of ICAM‐1 may be involved in the mechanism that can escape immunosurveillance and allow refluxed endometrial cells to spread and invade other location.
Interleukin‐18 is High in the Serum of IVF Pregnancies with Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome*
Authors: Gutman Guy , Soussan‐Gutman L. , Malcov M. , Lessing J. B. , Amit A. , Azem F.
Published: May 2004

Problem:  The presence of interleukin‐18 (IL‐18) in serum and pre‐ovulatory follicular fluid (FF) and its possible correlation to in‐vitro fertilization/embryo transfer (IVF/ET) outcome and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) development.

Method of study:  A prospective study was carried out. Assays for serum and pooled pre‐ovulatory FF levels of IL‐18 were performed on 30 patients who underwent oocyte retrieval for IVF/ET.

Results:  Mean serum and FF levels of IL‐18 were 370.4 ± 224 and 228.9 ± 208 pg/mL, respectively (r = 0.77, P < 0.0001). Levels of FF IL‐18 were comparable between the two ovaries (right = 221 ± 166.8 pg/mL, left = 237 ± 171.9 pg/mL; r = 0.7550, P = 0.49). A positive correlation was found between IL‐18 FF levels and number of retrieved oocytes (r = 0.45; P = 0.019). In three patients (10%) who developed OHSS, the mean serum level of IL‐18 at day of ovum pickup was significantly higher compared with patients without OHSS (620 ± 196 pg/mL versus 345 ± 251 pg/mL, respectively, P = 0.04).

Conclusions:  Both pre‐ovulatory FF and serum levels of IL‐18 correlate with the number of retrieved oocytes. The serum IL‐18 level at day of ovum pickup may predict consequent development of OHSS. Further investigations are warranted to determine the role of IL‐18 in the folliculogenesis and OHSS pathogenesis.
Developing Ovarian Follicles Inhibit the Endotoxin‐Induced Glomerular Inflammatory Reaction in Pseudopregnant Rats
Authors: Faas Marijke M. , Van Der Schaaf Gerda , Moes Henk , Heineman Maas Jan , De Vos Paul
Published: May 2004

Problem:  We tested the hypothesis that developing ovarian follicles produce factors inhibiting the endotoxin induced inflammatory response.

Method of study:  Pseudopregnant rats were treated with FSH to induced follicular development (FSH‐rats). For control we used untreated pseudopregnant rats (PSP‐rats) and rats in the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle (C‐rats). All rats were infused with either saline or endotoxin. Three days after the infusion rats were sacrificed and kidney specimens were snapfrozen. Cryostat kidney sections were stained for the presence of monocytes, granulocytes, CD11a‐ and CD11b‐positive cells and for ICAM‐1 expression.

Results:  The results show that induction of follicular development in pseudopregnant rats inhibited glomerular infiltration of monocytes and CD11b+ cells, while it did not affect the other parameters, i.e. glomerular granulocyte number, CD11a+ cells and glomerular ICAM‐1 expression.

Conclusion:  Developing ovarian follicles produce factors inhibiting monocyte responses to endotoxin.
Modalities for Treatment of Antisperm Antibody Mediated Infertility: Novel Perspectives
Authors: Naz Rajesh K.
Published: May 2004

Immunoinfertility because of antisperm antibodies (ASA) is an important cause of infertility in humans. The incidence of ASA in infertile couples is 9–36% depending on the reporting center. Early claims regarding the incidence and involvement of ASA in involuntary infertility were probably overemphasized, which has resulted in subsequent confusion, doubt, and underestimation of their clinical significance. No immunoglobulin that binds to sperm should be called an antisperm antibody in a strict sense unless it is directed against a sperm antigen that plays a role in fertilization and fertility. ASA directed against the fertilization‐related antigens are more relevant to infertility than the immunoglobulins that bind to sperm associated antigens. Several methods have been reported for treatment of immunoinfertility. These include: immunosuppressive therapies using corticosteroids or cyclosporine; assisted reproductive technologies such as intrauterine insemination, gamete intrafallopian transfer, in vitro fertilization, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection; laboratory techniques such as sperm washing, immunomagnetic sperm separation, proteolytic enzyme treatment, and use of immunobeads. Most of the available techniques have side effects, are invasive and expensive, have low efficacy, or provide conflicting results. Recent findings using defined sperm antigens that have a role in fertilization/fertility have provided animal models and innovative novel perspectives for studying the mechanism of immunoinfertility and possible modalities for treatment. The better understanding of local immunity and latest advances in hybridoma and recombinant technologies, proteomics and genomics leading to characterization of sperm antigens relevant to fertility will help to clarify the controversy and to establish the significance of ASA in infertility.
Nutrition and feed management in the ostrich (Struthio camelus var. domesticus)
Authors: COOPER Ross G. , HORBANCZUK Jaroslaw O. , FUJIHARA Noboru
Published: May 2004

The ostrich is an important animal in many livestock industries and in the developing world ostrich production is a valuable source of foreign currency netted from the export of meat and skins. Its successful growth and reproductive performance is dependent upon good nutrition. In Zimbabwe, one of the greatest costs involved in the upkeep of ostrich breeder birds is purchased feed (US$4555.45/10 birds p.a.). In order to cover these costs, the producer needs to ensure an adequate throughput of birds for slaughter. The energy provided by a particular feed source is important for growth and development of the bird. More research is required in ostrich nutrition.
Significance of local immunity in hen reproductive organs
Authors: YOSHIMURA Yukinori
Published: May 2004

The current paper describes aspects of local immunity in the ovary and oviduct, and the significance of immunity to reproductive functions in hens. The immunocompetent cell populations in the ovary and oviduct change with a positive correlation to sexual activity, and gonadal steroid is one of the key factors in the increase. Local immune responses mediated by major histocompatibility complex class II and T cell subsets occur in response to infection by Salmonella enteritidis, which may contaminate eggs. In the ovary, immunocompetent cells are also suggested to play roles in the regulation of ovarian functions. Macrophages and T cells are likely to enhance the regression of atretic follicles to maintain the ovarian tissue microenvironment. Autoantibodies to ovarian tissues appeared in the hens with low egg laying frequency, suggesting that the auto‐antibodies may be one of the factors in the decline of egg production. In the oviduct, local immunity possibly has a role in the selection of sperm, though the immunoreactions may also affect sperm survival leading to the decline in fertility. The concentration of yolk IgY, which plays a role in maternal immunity transmission, significantly decreases with the aging of birds, whereas it is significantly increased by estrogen. Therefore, the immune system plays significant roles not only in defense against infection, but also in the functions of reproductive organs. Investigations on the local immune system in the reproductive organs and factors affecting it are of importance for the production of sterile eggs and improvement of reproductive functions.
Further examination on the truncation point in truncation selection for proportion‐defined trait
Authors: SHOJO Masayuki , IWAISAKI Hiroaki , MUKAI Fumio
Published: May 2004

For truncation selection on a proportion‐defined trait, an approximate expression for the true truncation point is currently available, which has been derived assuming that the component traits follow a curtailed normal distribution. This note deterministically examines the validity of the approximate expression in some details. We show that the value defined by the approximate expression is equivalent to that derived from an approximation to the true probability density function for the proportion trait of concern. We also show that the validity of the approximate expression is definitely dependent on the magnitude of the lower limit in the definite integral involved in the true probability density function for the proportion trait. We reveal some properties of the lower limit concerning its maximum and minimum. We indirectly assess the adequacy of the approximate expression under the settings of the altered coefficients of variation for the component traits and the changed correlation between them. The results indicate that the true value of the truncation point can be numerically represented quite sufficiently by the approximate expression, when the coefficients of variation are approximately below 25% and the positive correlation is not extremely high.
Comparison and relation among different estimates of residual feed intake for Japanese Black (Wagyu) bulls
Authors: HOQUE Azharul , OIKAWA Takuro
Published: May 2004

Residual  feed intake (RFI) was estimated by ordinary regression (RFIord), linear regression (RFIreg), and genetic regression (RFIgen) for Japanese Black bulls, and compared among them by the magnitude of correlations, heritabilities, and empirical mean squared errors. The estimations were made for a total test periods of 140 days (77 bulls) and 112 days (663 bulls) sub‐divided each into two equal stages: first half and second half of the test periods. The means of RFIreg, RFIord, and RFIgen for the total test periods were 1.09, −0.05, and −2.21 kg/day, respectively. The genetic variation exists for these estimates at different stages of the test period. High genetic and phenotypic correlations (>0.95) were found between RFIord and RFIgen, confirming that these are regarded practically as the same traits. The phenotypic variance (0.714) and heritability (0.24) of RFIord were close to those of RFIgen (0.726 and 0.25, respectively). According to the empirical mean squared errors from the result of the total test periods, RFIgen yielded better estimates of RFI. The high to moderate heritabilities for RFIord were estimated for the three stages of the test periods, indicating that RFIord might be an alternative estimate for genetic improvement of feed utilization.
Effects of protein deficiency on the mRNA levels of insulin‐like growth factors and myostatin in skeletal muscle of weaned lambs
Authors: HIRAI Shizuka , KAWACHI Hiroyuki , MATSUI Tohru , YANO Hideo
Published: May 2004

We investigated the effect of protein deficiency on mRNA levels of insulin‐like growth factors (IGF‐I and ‐II) and myostatin in skeletal muscle of weaned lambs. Weaned lambs were given a control diet (crude protein, 18%) or a low protein diet (crude protein, 5.7%) for 20 days. A small piece of the M. longissimus thoracis was collected by surgical biopsy at the end of feeding trial. The mRNAs of IGFs and myostatin were determined using a real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Blood samples were also collected to measure plasma concentrations of IGF‐I and serum urea nitrogen. Control lambs gained normally, whereas the bodyweight of the animals given the low protein diet was maintained and was significantly lower than that of the control from 10 days of the onset of feeding trial. Protein deficiency affected neither IGF mRNAs nor myostatin mRNA in the muscle. The expression of these mRNAs was unlikely to respond sensitively to protein deficiency in the muscle. However, serum IGF‐I concentration was significantly lower in the protein deficient lambs than in the control animals. Therefore, we consider that the retardation of muscular growth does not depend on the local mRNA expression of these factors in protein deficient lambs, but the reduction of serum IGF‐I, at least, partly contributes to the suppression of growth.
The change of dry matter intake, milk yield and bone turnover in primiparous cows compared to multiparous cows during early lactation
Authors: IWAMA Yuko , KAMIYA Mitsuru , TANAKA Masahito , SHIOYA Shigeru
Published: May 2004

Data from six primiparous and nine multiparous Holstein cows were used to clarify the difference of Ca and P mobilization between primiparous and multiparous cows during early lactation. The dry matter intake (DMI) of primiparous cows was lower (P < 0.01) than those of multiparous cows. Milk yield was lower in primiparous cows at 7, 14, 21 (P < 0.01), and 28 days (P < 0.05) after parturition. There was no significant difference in milk Ca and P concentrations between primiparous and multiparous cows. There were no significant differences in plasma Ca and P concentrations between primiparous and multiparous cows. The plasma P level at 7 days postpartum in primiparous cows was lower (P < 0.05) than 28 days postpartum. The concentration of plasma osteocalcin (OC) measured as bone formation marker of primiparous cows was significantly higher than multiparous cows (P < 0.01) at 21 and 28 days postpartum. The urinary deoxypyridinoline (DPD) as bone resorption marker of primiparous cows tended to be higher (P < 0.10) than multiparous cows at 21 days after parturition and decreased to the same level as that of multiparae toward the peak lactation. These results show that Ca and P mobilization of primiparous cows are more active than multiparous cows.
Effects of supplementary probiotics to two different diets on dry matter intake, daily gain, digestibility, ruminal pH, and fecal microbial populations and metabolites in ewes
Authors: KUMAGAI Hajime , KUMAGAE Shuichiro , MITANI Katsunosuke , ENDO Tsuyoshi
Published: May 2004

To study the effects of supplementary probiotics on dry matter intake (DMI), daily gain (DG), digestibility, ruminal pH, and fecal microbial populations and metabolites in ruminants, two reversal trials were conducted by using four Suffolk ewes fitted with rumen cannula. The ewes were fed with oat hay and with concentrate and oat hay in the ratio of 60 : 40 in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. The ewes in the treatment groups were supplemented with 10 g/day/head probiotics for 49 days. Fresh fecal samples were collected to measure microbial populations and metabolites. On days 43–47 total feces was collected to measure digestibility, and on the days 48 and 49 ruminal pH was measured. No significant difference of DMI, DG, dry matter digestibility, and ruminal pH was observed between the control and treatment groups. The probiotics treatment tended to increase crude fiber (P = 0.11) and organic cell wall digestibility (P = 0.18). In the final week, probiotics treatment significantly increased the fecal population of Bacilli (P < 0.05) and mold (P < 0.01) in experiment 1 and 2, respectively. No significant difference of fecal VFA and ammonia concentrations between the control and treatment groups was observed. The supplementary probiotics changed population of some microbial strains in the feces and possibly the large intestine of ewes.
Dietary supplementation with cellooligosaccharide improves growth performance in weanling pigs
Authors: OTSUKA Makoto , ISHIDA Aiko , NAKAYAMA Yumi , SAITO Mamoru , YAMAZAKI Makoto , MURAKAMI Hitoshi , NAKAMURA Yutaka , MATSUMOTO Mitsuto , MAMOTO Katsuhiro , TAKADA Ryozo
Published: May 2004

Nondigestible oligosaccharides are not digested in the small intestine, but are fermented by bacteria colonizing in the large intestine. Physiological effects of non‐digestible oligosaccharides have been considered to be conferred by the fermentation of bacteria colonizing in the large intestine. Because cellooligosaccharide is a non‐digestible oligosaccharide, various physiological effects are expected. However, physiological functions of cellooligosaccharide are not well understood. This experiment was conducted to clarify the effect of dietary supplementation with cellooligosaccharide on the growth performance in weanling pigs. The result showed that average daily gain was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in pigs fed a diet supplemented with cellooligosaccharide than in pigs without cellooligosaccharide. There was a tendency to increasing average daily feed intake in pigs with cellooligosaccharide, though the significant difference was not detected (P = 0.18). Feed efficiency and nutrient digestibility of feces and ileum were not changed by feeding cellooligosaccharide. In addition, blood urea nitrogen was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the diet supplemented with cellooligosaccharide than in pigs without cellooligosaccharide. The concentrations of acetic and iso‐valeric acids in the cecum of pigs fed the diet with cellooligosaccharide tended to be higher (P < 0.10) than those without cellooligosaccharide. The results obtained in this study demonstrated that dietary supplementation with cellooligosaccharide improves growth performance in weanling pigs.
Reducing fiber content of sunflower oil meal through treatment of enzymes produced from Arachnoitus sp.
Authors: AHMAD Tanveer , ASLAM Zahid , RASOOL Shahid
Published: May 2004

A multi‐enzyme mixture containing cellulases and hemicellulase activity, produced from Arachniotus sp., a white rot fungus, were applied on sunflower oil meal (SFOM) to degrade its fiber content. SFOM was treated with different concentrations of enzyme solution at variable pH, and incubated at temperatures ranging from 25 to 60°C, for different time periods ranging from 3 to 48 h to determine the maximum increase in metabolizable energy content by saccharification of fiber into sugars through enzymatic degradation. Maximum saccharification of SFOM fiber was obtained at a 1:1 enzyme substrate ratio, pH 4.0 and incubation for 36 h at 40°C. A reduction of 47.27% in crude fiber contents of sunflower oil meal was observed after enzyme treatment at optimized conditions. Enzyme treatment resulted in reduction of 41.53 and 31.87% in acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber contents, respectively. An increase of 28.09% in nitrogen free extract contents of SFOM was found after enzyme treatment. True metabolizable energy contents of SFOM, after enzyme treatment, were increased from 1898.4 to 2314.9 kCal/kg.