bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Water loss: The North American dataset
Authors: Chastain‐Howley Andrew , Kunkel George , Jernigan Will , Sayers David
Published: May 2013

An initiative to better understand water loss, establish benchmarks, and determine trends aims to help North American water utilities improve loss‐control efficiency and bolster their bottom line.
Every drop counts: How water utilities are putting water efficiency first
Authors: Hanes Dave
Published: May 2013

Efficiency is key when it comes to successful operation of water utilities; with advanced metering, analytical, and storage systems, utilities can monitor myriad components of water consumption and reduce costs.
Defining rates by the gallon makes water worth the price
Authors: Goetz Melanie
Published: May 2013

The perceived correlation of value with price is a customer behavior proven over time, including recently with one utility's successful rate increases.
Cleaning urban waters using collaboration and science
Authors: Slevin Michael P.
Published: May 2013

Coordinating government agencies, universities, community leaders, and local businesses has led to successful and real‐world clean water methods for Tacoma, Wash.
Information engineering: An integrated approach to water system management
Authors: Williams Peter
Published: May 2013

Water agencies confronted with prioritizing scarce investible surpluses may consider the long‐term financial and operational benefits of information engineering ‐ integrating all elements of the system through one summary computer tool.
Eleven myths about social media every utility manager should know—and how to overcome them
Authors: Villegas Samantha
Published: May 2013

Many utilities are uncomfortable with social media; this article presents strategies for overcoming communications myths and using social media successfully.
California's sustainable future: Understanding the water–energy nexus vital to resource management
Authors: Sathe Amul
Published: May 2013

To ensure a truly sustainable future for California, the water‐energy nexus must be better understood, and mutually beneficial strategies must be implemented to improve the sustainable development and use of water and energy resources.
The Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes Fight for Quantified Federal Water Rights in Montana: A Contentious History
Authors: Walker Stephen A. , Baker Keri‐Ann C.
Published: May 2013

This year the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes (CSKT) hoped it would finally quantify its federal water rights after decades of legal and political battles. Unfortunately, in April 2013 Republicans in the Montana State Legislature blocked several bills that would have ratified the Water Rights Compact. The CSKT, the federal government, and the state of Montana were on the precipice of entering into a Water Rights Compact that would quantify the CSKT's right to waters on and off the Flathead Reservation in Montana. As a result, the CSRT, the state of Montana, local landowners, and the federal government have years of costly litigation ahead of them.
Neighborhood Watch: What Your Utility Meter May Be Saying About You
Authors: Spence Shannon , Miller Robert D.
Published: May 2013

The smart grid promises efficient and effective use of gas, water, and electric resources via the deployment of smart meters and advanced metering infrastructure. Smart meters aim to provide real‐time usage information to central providers and to support autonomous control in order to facilitate desirable features such as demand response, demand forecasting, and flow monitoring. Because of the broadcast nature of the wireless channel, these messages are susceptible to eavesdropping.
A Benchmark Dataset Comprising Partition and Distribution Coefficients of Linear Peptides
Authors: Davies Matthew N. , Flower Darren R.
Published: May 2013

Peptides have a dominant role in biology; yet the study of their physical properties is at best sporadic. Peptide quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) lags far behind the QSAR analysis of drug-like organic small molecules. Traditionally, QSAR has focussed on experimentally determined partition coefficients as the main descriptor of hydrophobicity. A partition coefficient () is the ratio between the concentrations of an uncharged chemical substance in two immiscible phases: most typically water and an organic solvent, usually 1-octanol. A distribution coefficient () is the equivalent ratio for charged molecules. We report here a compilation of partition and distribution coefficients for linear peptides compiled from literature reports, suitable for the development and benchmarking of peptide and prediction algorithms.
Os Jesuítas e o apostolado social durante a ditadura militar: a atuação do CEAS
Authors: Carneiro Zachariadhes Grimaldo
Published: May 2013

O estudo aborda a intervenção política da Companhia de Jesus na história recente do Brasil, particularmente no período da ditadura militar. A obra tem importância decisiva para a compreensão do que teria sido a atuação da Igreja Católica durante os anos de autoritarismo e violação dos direitos humanos. Ao estudar o Centro de Estudos e Ação Social (CEAS), contribui-se para dar relevância ao papel que essa instituição teve no enfrentamento da ditadura, trazendo como resultado uma pesquisa consistente, que agrega conhecimento novo e fornece elementos para a compreensão da atuação dos jesuítas na realidade particular da Bahia. O autor consegue, sem perder o rigor acadêmico, escrever elegantemente, evitando qualquer hermetismo. Pelas características do trabalho, pela metodologia utilizada, pelo rigor na apuração, esta obra é uma referência obrigatória a quem pretende entender o que foi a atuação da Companhia de Jesus durante a ditadura militar no Brasil.
O direito à natureza na cidade
Authors: Henrique Wendel
Published: May 2013

Na cidade contemporânea os lugares da natureza estão previamente selecionados e mercantilizados. O livro O Direito à Natureza na Cidade, de autoria do Professor Doutor Wendel Henrique, busca reconstruir as relações entre a cidade e a natureza, através da análise das representações, ideologias e práticas ao longo da história. O livro destaca o papel do mercado imobiliário na apropriação e produção da natureza na cidade, bem como no próprio design dessa natureza, através de padrões predefinidos e difundidos em escala global. Os elementos empíricos foram desenvolvidos através de pesquisas realizadas nas cidades de São Paulo, Florianópolis e Salvador. A obra se constitui no entendimento do uso da natureza como forma de emancipação coletiva, superando as visões correntes pautadas na apropriação da natureza para garantia da satisfação pessoal.
O encantamento de sua santidade: cancão de fogo
Authors: José Trindade-Serra Ordep
Published: May 2013

Livro de cordel que repõe em circulação a figura legendária de Cancão de Fogo, um herói popular brasileiro, personagem um tanto esquecido de contos, versos e anedotas picarescas nordestinas. Além de uma trilogia sobre as aventuras de Cancão de Fogo, encerra um outro cordel, intitulado “Bodas de Mangue”, que já fora dado a público sob a forma de peça teatral encenada no Teatro Vila Velha, em Salvador, sob a direção de Carlos Gregório, com narração de Antônio Vieira e papéis dramáticos principais vividos pelos atores Bárbara Borgga e Hilton Sousa.
Micropoderes, macroviolências
Authors: Varjão Suzana
Published: May 2013

Estudo comparativo das coberturas policiais feitas pelos jornais A Tarde, Correio da Bahia e Tribuna da Bahia, analisando a produção e a reprodução social da violência no cotidiano baiano. Mostra a hierarquia dentro dos assuntos da mídia e coloca em discussão o papel das empresas jornalísticas e dos profissionais de jornalismo na sociedade. Revela também a atmosfera de uma cidade ainda dividida entre casas-grandes e senzalas que a autora chama de bolhas e vãos.
Tecnologia da conservação e da restauração - materiais e estruturas: um roteiro de estudos
Authors: Mendonça de Oliveira Mário
Published: May 2013

Conservar a memória da produção arquitetônica humana é o tema deste livro, que apresenta, através de minucioso trabalho, uma simplificação de conteúdos de autores renomados, procurando facilitar a árdua tarefa do aprendizado científico, combinada com observações do dia-a-dia no laboratório e de canteiros de restauro brasileiros, nos quais os pontos destacados coincidem com os temas afrontados na prática do exercício profissional.
Risco, radiodiagnóstico e vigilância sanitária
Authors: Vinícius Teixeira Navarro Marcus
Published: May 2013

Poucas descobertas causaram tamanho impacto na medicina. Por mais de um século, o radiodiagnóstico vem sendo de fundamental importância para a atenção à saúde humana. Contudo, essa nova tecnologia não trouxe consigo apenas benefícios. Tão rápidos quanto a sua utilização foram os danos causados em pesquisadores, médicos, pacientes e outros indivíduos expostos a esse tipo de radiação. Os danos possíveis não estão relacionados apenas aos efeitos nocivos das radiações ionizantes, mas também aos possíveis erros em diagnóstico. Visando contribuir para o desenvolvimento da área de controle de riscos em radiodiagnóstico, nos campos de conhecimento da saúde coletiva e vigilância sanitária, tão importantes para a saúde individual e coletiva, publica-se, neste livro, a análise do controle de riscos em radiodiagnóstico e seus condicionantes, considerando o marco regulatório vigente e a identificação dos diversos atores implicados nessas práticas.
Protein Synthesis in Neurons
Authors: Fallon Justin R , Taylor Aaron B
Published: May 2013

Neurons are immensely complex cells whose morphology and physiology underpin our cognition. Achieving proper neuronal connections during development, as well as eliciting appropriate responses to environmental stimuli in the adult, requires precisely regulated protein synthesis. To meet these requirements, neurons have adapted regulatory mechanisms that act at every step in the process of producing functional proteins. Many of these mechanisms target
messenger ribonucleic acid
(mRNA)‐binding proteins and ribosomal subunits to regulate translational initiation. These mechanisms are especially concentrated at synapses, where they act to transform transient electrical signals into lasting functional modifications that are a basis for learning and memory. Misregulated synaptic protein synthesis contributes to several human cognitive changes including addiction, fragile X syndrome and autism.

Key Concepts:

Neurons exhibit extensive and compartmentalised arbours of axons and dendrites, which place unique demands on the timing and location of protein synthesis.

Growth cones are specialised structures that guide developing axons and dendrites to their targets. Extracellular guidance cues regulate local protein synthesis in growth cones to guide axons and dendrites to their destination.

Forming new memories requires protein synthesis during specific time intervals after learning.

In the adult brain, neurons rapidly communicate through specialised contacts called synapses. The strength of communication at a synapse can be modified as a function of its past use. These changes are mediated, in part, by the local protein synthesis at the synapse.

Biochemical networks called signal transduction pathways convert specific patterns of synaptic transmissions into new protein synthesis. Ribosomal and RNA‐binding proteins are common targets of these pathways.

Alterations of neuronal protein synthesis in humans can cause a variety of behavioural, cognitive and memory deficits.
Antigenic Variation in Microbial Evasion of Immune Responses
Authors: Kotwal Girish J , Kulkarni Amod P
Published: May 2013

Antigenic variation is the means by which a number of highly pathogenic microorganisms, ranging from the electronmicroscopic human viruses to bacteria to fungi and unicellular protozoan parasites, passively evade immune surveillance. Through the understanding of the growing variety of mechanisms of the antigenic variation of surface proteins, it has become possible for us to determine what is preventing the host organism from mounting an effective immune response. Antigenic variation has serious public health consequences, for example, the current human immunodeficiency virus pandemic and the looming influenza pandemic, as well as a significant challenge to developing vaccines capable of eliciting long‐lasting or life‐long protective immunity against several pathogens.

Key Concepts:

Antigenic variation is a major mechanism of passively evading the host immune surveillance.

Antigenic variation is exhibited by a number of highly pathogenic microorganisms including human viruses, bacteria, fungi and unicellular protozoans.

Antigenic variation poses challenges to vaccine development against microorganisms causing major public health problems globally.

HIV‐1 surface glycoproteins display antigenic variation due to a high mutation rate during replication and significant tolerance of the variation.

Heterochromatin in the chromososome ends (telomers) in the malarial parasites mediate epigenetic regulation in the malaria parasite
Plasmodium falciparum
.

African trypanosomes control antigenic variation by periodically switching its variant surface glycoprotein involving transposition followed by recombination occurring at the telomeric expression site.

Targeting conserved regions of surface glycoproteins by using broadly neutralising antibodies against highly conserved exposed sites in surface proteins.

Targeting the oligosaccharides on surface glycoproteins, such as by the use of enveloped virus neutralising compounds (EVNCs).
Immunosuppression: Use in Transplantation
Authors: Suryavanshi Dilip , Prabhakaran Sangeetha , Matas Arthur J , Humar Abhinav
Published: May 2013

Clinical immunosuppression is the reduction of undesirable immunologic activity, usually achieved using immunosuppressive drugs. It is used in a variety of medical conditions, including inflammatory diseases and autoimmune disorders, but its most common application is in the field of organ transplantation. It has really been the advent of modern immunosuppression that has allowed for the growth and success of organ transplantation to the point where it now represents the standard treatment for many cases of end‐stage organ disease. The number of agents available for clinical use has increased significantly in the last two decades, with newer agents that more specifically target the involved portions of the immune system. Despite the advancements, however, the biggest challenge with immunosuppression remains the need to effectively balance immunosuppression to prevent rejection with the inherent toxicities associated with these medications.

Key Concepts:

Immunosuppressive therapy is a double‐edged sword; significant impact has been made on the prevention and treatment of rejection, but this has been associated with a significant increase in the risk of infections and certain types of malignancies.

Although steroids remain important immunusuprresive agents, because of their many side effects, recent efforts have focussed on how to minimise or avoid steroids completely.

Nephrotoxicity is the most important and troubling adverse effect of cyclosporine.

Tacrolimus is currently used widely worldwide in essentially all organ transplantation centres.

Adverse effects of tacrolimus and cyclosporine are similar, most commonly related to nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, impaired glucose metabolism, hypertension, infection and gastrointestinal disturbances.

Sirolimus and everolimus are not associated with the nephrotoxic side effects seen with the calcineurin inhibitors.

MMF is an antimetabolite and works to prevent proliferation of the stimulated T cell.

Antibody use, both polyclonal and monoclonal, has increased significantly in transplant.

Infection remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality after solid organ transplants.

Organ transplant recipients have an increased risk for developing certain types of
de novo
malignancies, including nonmelanomatous skin cancers, lymphoproliferative disease, gynaecologic and urologic cancers and Kaposi sarcoma.
Monoclonal Antibodies: Diagnostic Uses
Authors: Zola Heddy , Mohandas Arunesh Pullaniparambil , Krumbiegel Doreen
Published: May 2013

Diagnosis of disease is a complex process requiring the clinician to deduce, from a set of symptoms and observations, an underlying cause, to predict which of the several therapeutic options is most likely to be effective, and to monitor that effectiveness. Laboratory tests that identify infectious agents, abnormal cells or elements of the body's response to disease, that quantify or localise particular molecules, cells or organisms in body fluids or tissues can provide valuable information to help the clinician with the initial diagnosis, with differential diagnosis (when the symptoms are consistent with several alternative causes) and with selection and monitoring of therapy. Antibodies, because of their exquisite specificity, are particularly useful reagents in this context, and monoclonal antibodies generally show superior specificity compared with polyclonal mixtures of antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies are used widely in the diagnosis of disease, whether in the diagnostic laboratory, in the doctor's rooms or in the field.

Key Concepts:

Correct diagnosis is a prerequisite to appropriate treatment of disease.

Antibodies make useful reagents for identifying infectious or other disease‐causing agents.

Monoclonal antibodies are particularly specific and often provide the best diagnostic reagents.

Antibodies can be used in a variety of assay formats, designed to answer different questions – presence or absence of a particular substance, amount present and localisation within tissues.

The rapid identification of new or rare infectious agents is an important public health measure, to monitor and reduce the chances of epidemics (as we see every few years with a new threat from an influenza variant).

Disease often results from imbalances or defects in normal physiological mechanisms, especially the immune system. Many diagnostic tests therefore analyse the components of normal physiological processes.

Laboratory tests are useful after the initial diagnosis, to monitor the effects of therapy.

Diagnostic tests are generally done in a specialised diagnostic laboratory, but it is often advantageous to perform tests at ‘point of care’ or at home.
Selection and Complex Multigene Traits
Authors: Hasson Esteban R , Fanara Juan José , Frankel Nicolás
Published: May 2013

Phenotypic characters that display continuous variation are usually called ‘quantitative traits’ or ‘complex traits’. Alternatively, geneticists refer to them as ‘multigene traits’, because the underlying genetic architecture is assumed to be polygenic. Analyses of the genetic architecture of diverse quantitative traits suggest that the number of loci (quantitative trait loci, QTLs) affecting trait variation can be very different. Moreover, experimental studies report contrasting genetic architectures, where either large‐effect QTLs or small‐effect QTLs explain most of the phenotypic variation. In addition, recent reports highlight the pervasiveness of epistasis. Considerable evidence, obtained with the QST–FST methodology, supports the idea that natural selection plays a key role in the evolution of complex traits. Nevertheless, the identification of a representative number of genes underlying QTLs is necessary to determine the contribution of selection, drift and gene flow for the evolution of complex traits.

Key Concepts:

The phenotypic variation in complex traits is usually determined by multiple genes.

Understanding the genetic architecture of complex traits begins with the identification and characterisation of quantitative trait loci (QTLs).

The search for the genes that harbour naturally segregating variation affecting quantitative traits is commonly performed through linkage QTL mapping.

An analysis of the genetic architecture of different characters suggests that the number of QTLs contributing to a trait can be very different.

Researchers aim to discover the genes (QTGs) and nucleotides (QTNs) underlying QTL effects.

The comparison of the statistics of QST and FST is one of the most popular methods employed to search for the signature of natural selection on quantitative traits.

Considerable evidence supports the idea that natural selection is a key player in the evolution of complex traits.

The identification of a representative number of QTGs is necessary to determine the contributions of selection, drift and gene flow for the evolution of complex traits.
Gene Fusion
Authors: Williford Anna , Betrán Esther
Published: May 2013

Gene fusion is a process by which the complete or partial sequences of two or more distinct genes are fused into a single chimeric gene or transcript, as a result ofdeoxyribonucleic acid‐ orribonucleic acid‐derived rearrangements. This phenomenon is widespread and has been observed across all domains of life. Comparative genomics studies reveal high and persistent incidence of gene fusions and identify lineage‐specific factors that promote or hinder the formation of chimeric genes. Studies of recent gene fusions expose the mechanisms of their origin and the diversity of functional changes that accompany their formation. Gene fusions prominently contribute to evolutionary change by providing a continuous source of new genes. Gene duplications often precede gene fusions, permitting the evolution of chimeric genes, but at the same time preserving the original functions. Despite the reputation of gene fusions as drivers of adaptive evolution, gene fusions can have devastating consequences, often leading to genomic disorders or cancer.

Key Concepts:

Gene fusions form through DNA‐derived rearrangements or through transcription‐mediated mechanisms (novelcis‐ ortrans‐splicing).

Gene or domain duplications often precede gene fusions preserving the original functions of parental genes and therefore facilitating the evolution of new functions by chimeric gene products.

Young gene fusions (polymorphic or recently fixed) retain molecular signatures of their formations revealing the mechanisms of origin.

The formation of chimeric genes generally involves two steps: juxtaposition of the sequences involved in fusion and subsequent mutations that generate a single chimeric transcriptional unit under the control of a single regulatory system.

Various replicative (i.e. replication related) and nonreplicative mechanisms of DNA break repair can result in gene duplication and gene movement.

Transposable elements greatly facilitate gene fusions by (1) mediating gene duplication and gene movements, (2) providing the source of reverse transcriptase required for retropositions and (3) directly participating in gene fusions.

Gene fusion often generates a novel product with functional capabilities distinct from those of its parental genes, ensuring frequent contribution of chimeric genes to adaptive evolution.

Gene fusions in the germline can lead to genomic disorders, whereas gene fusions in somatic cells are associated with many different cancers, frequently as mutations that initiate tumourigenesis.
Molecular Clocks: Determining the Age of the Human–Chimpanzee Divergence
Authors: Jensen‐Seaman Michael I , Hooper‐Boyd Kathryn A
Published: May 2013

The approximate clocklike nature of the accumulation of nucleotide substitutions (the ‘molecular clock’) allows for the estimation of the time of divergence between modern species, dependent on calibrating the clock with known divergence dates from the fossil record. The use of fossils to calibrate divergence dates must be done thoughtfully, with an understanding that in most cases fossils provide a constraint on the minimal age of, rather than a true estimate of, the species divergence. Although older studies relied on single loci, recent publications have used complete genome sequences to estimate divergence. Although still dependent on assumptions of the model used, most recent estimates using the molecular clock give dates of approximately 5–8 million years ago for the human–chimpanzee divergence, in general agreement with the palaeontological evidence.

Key Concepts:

The molecular clock hypothesis proposes that nucleotide changes occur at a regular rate during evolution.

Applying the molecular clock to sequence divergence among living species can provide an estimate of the time of the divergence of these species.

The conversion from sequence divergence to units of geologic time usually requires calibration from the fossil record, although fossil‐free estimates have also been used.

The first appearance in the fossil record of a given lineage provides a minimum age of divergence of taxa that created that lineage, not a point estimate of the divergence.

Confidence in the fossil calibration is dependent on the completeness of the fossil record.

Estimates of the human–chimpanzee divergence using the molecular clock have ranged from less than 3 million to nearly 12 million years ago (Ma).

Most reliable estimates of the human–chimpanzee divergence range from 5 to 8 Ma.

Considering the various sources of uncertainty associated with molecular dating, in general the dates are in agreement with palaeontological data.
The Evolution of Animal Personality Variation
Authors: Kight Caitlin R , David Morgan , Dall Sasha RX
Published: May 2013

In many species of animals individual behaviour differs, yet is consistent over time and in an array of different environments; in other words, these animals display ‘personality’ variation. This may emerge not by chance, but, instead, is shaped by selective processes favouring individuals who display a differentiated behavioural phenotype. Indeed, personalities are known to affect important activities such as resource acquisition, survival and reproduction – which, cumulatively, impact an individual's fitness. We currently lack the insights and technology needed to fully characterise the genetics and physiology of most ecologically relevant behaviour; however, much can be gained by adopting an adaptive approach to consider the evolutionary processes that might have driven the emergence and maintenance of stable behavioural variation. Such an exercise will allow us to developa priorihypotheses about the mechanisms underlying the behaviour, and to conduct powerful empirical studies examining how individualised behaviour impacts the life histories of a variety of species.

Key Concepts:

In many animal species, individuals differ predictably in their behaviour; this consistent behavioural variation is often referred to as ‘animal personalities’ (or ‘behavioural types’, ‘coping styles’, ‘temperament’ and ‘behavioural syndromes’).

Expression of personalities can have significant impacts on activities such as resource acquisition, survival and reproduction – and, therefore, may influence fitness.

A variety of factors may contribute for interindividual variation within populations; these include mutation, stochasticity, strong tradeoffs, spatiotemporal fluctuations, condition dependence and state dependence and negative frequency dependence.

Personalities can also be thought of as individual behavioural specialisation; this may arise as a result of life history tradeoffs, state‐dependent feedback, adaptive packaging of suites of traits and adaptive consistency.

Certain personalities may not be beneficial under some circumstances; however, when their effects are considered across the range of different circumstances that an animal will experience throughout its lifetime, these personalities will ultimately prove beneficial – otherwise they will not be maintained in the population.

The study of animal behaviour is useful for generating testable hypotheses about how genetics and physiology may underpin ecologically relevant behaviour, as well as for predicting the exact mechanisms that might link these traits.
Human Genetics of Osteoarthritis
Authors: Valdes Ana M
Published: May 2013

Osteoarthritis (OA) has an important genetic contribution. Genetic studies in humans have identified molecules involved in signalling cascades that are important for the pathology of the joint components such as the bone morphogenetic protein growth differentiation factor 5. Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) in Asians have uncovered a likely role for structural extracellular matrix components (double von Willebrand factor type A domain) and molecules involved in immune response, but these genes are not associated in Caucasian patients. In Caucasians, a number of OA susceptibility signals that have surpassed the genome‐wide significance level (
p
=5×10
−8
) have been identified. A locus on chr7q22 near the orphan receptor GPR22 was discovered from GWAS for knee OA. An analysis using a 1000‐genomes project‐based imputation identified a variant mapping near the MCF2L gene. GWA and functional studies revealed that the DOT1L gene on 19q13 is also associated with hip OA and cartilage thickness. Finally, a recent GWAS in the UK subjects revealed 8 more loci that increase risk for knee or hip OA.

Key Concepts:

Osteoarthritis has an important genetic contribution which has been explored in humans using linkage and genetic association studies.

Genome‐wide association studies and candidate gene studies have identified several consistent associations with large joint (hip and knee OA) and highlighted the complex genetics to this disease, with many genes contributing modestly to overall disease risk.

This genetic contribution to OA form has now been estimated to be in the order of 39–65%.

Some of the genes to come out from genetic association studies appear to relate to skeletal development mediated by bone morphogenetic proteins (GDF5) and Wnt signalling (DOT1L) genes as well as genes known to be related to cartilage metabolism (CHST11).

The functional role of many of the genes identified so far still remains to be elucidated.
Do perceived social stress and resilience influence the effects of psychopathy‐linked narcissism and CU traits on adolescent aggression?
Authors: Kauten Rebecca , Barry Christopher T. , Leachman Lacey
Published: May 2013

The current study explored the influences of social stress and resilience on the relation between psychopathy‐linked personality characteristics (i.e., narcissism, dimensions of CU traits) and aggression with the expectation that social stress would exacerbate the relation, whereas resilience would mitigate it. In a sample of 154 at‐risk adolescents (ages 16–18; 84% male), contrary to expectations, high social stress attenuated the relations of narcissism and callousness with aggression. Self‐reported resilience attenuated the relation between callousness and aggression. The implications for understanding the role that these moderators might play in the association between adolescent psychopathic tendencies, particularly callousness, and aggression are discussed. Aggr. Behav. 39:381–390, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evidence for Edge‐State Photoluminescence in Graphene Quantum Dots
Authors: Lingam Kiran , Podila Ramakrishna , Qian Haijun , Serkiz Steven , Rao Apparao M.
Published: May 2013

For a practical realization of graphene‐based logic devices, the opening of a band gap in graphene is crucial and has proven challenging. To this end, several synthesis techniques, including unzipping of carbon nanotubes, chemical vapor deposition, and other bottom‐up fabrication techniques have been pursued for the bulk production of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) and graphene quantum dots (GQDs). However, only limited progress has been made towards a fundamental understanding of the origin of strong photoluminescence (PL) in GQDs. Here, it is experimentally shown that the PL is independent of the functionalization scheme of the GQDs. Following a series of annealing experiments designed to passivate the free edges, the PL in GQDs originates from edge‐states, and an edge‐passivation subsequent to synthesis quenches the PL. The results of PL studies of GNRs and carbon nano‐onions are shown to be consistent with PL being generated at the edge sites of GQDs.
Surface Nanoarchitecture for Bio‐Applications: Self‐Regulating Intelligent Interfaces
Authors: Skorb Ekaterina V. , Andreeva Daria V.
Published: May 2013

The surface nanoarchitecture provides spatially and temporally resolved stimuli response of the material, and offers defined control over the behavior of biomolecules and cells at the solid‐liquid interface. Here, the focus is on metal‐based systems that are interesting for biomedical applications. Intelligence of the surface is suggested to be achieved through its nanostructuring for stimuli responsive properties. Spatial and temporal cell performance at the surface, provided by the surface nanoarchitecture, offers advanced bio‐applications of metal‐based materials, such as implantation, lab‐on‐chip and organ‐on‐chip, biosensors, smart biomaterials and drug delivery systems. Spatial control is achieved by surface patterning. Temporal control is accessed through the application of stimuli responsive switchable surface chemistry, sensitive to external parameters: temperature, pH, light, electric and magnetic field, ionic strength, surrounding medium (hydrogels in water), multi‐trigger response, and response to products of the cell metabolism. The key issue is the prospect in the formation of self‐regulating “intelligent” surface cell interactions: biomimetic of natural systems.
Organocatalytic Asymmetric Mannich Reactions of 5H‐Oxazol‐4‐ones: Highly Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Synthesis of Chiral α‐Alkylisoserine Derivatives
Authors: Han Zhiqiang , Yang Wenguo , Tan Choon‐Hong , Jiang Zhiyong
Published: May 2013

The first organocatalytic Mannich reaction of 5H‐oxazol‐4‐ones with various readily prepared aryl‐ and alkylsulfonimides has been developed. Two commercially available pseudoenantiomeric Cinchona alkaloids‐derived tertiary amine/ureas have been demonstrated as the most efficient catalysts to access the opposite enantiomers of the Mannich products with equally excellent enantio‐ and diastereoselectivities. From the Mannich adducts, important α‐methyl‐α‐hydroxy‐β‐amino acid derivatives, such as the α‐methylated C‐13 side chain of taxol and taxotere, can be conveniently prepared.
Synthesis of Glutamic Acid and Highly Functionalized Pyrrolidine Derivatives by Utilizing Tunable Calcium Catalysts for Chemoselective Asymmetric 1,4‐Addition and [3+2] Cycloaddition Reactions
Authors: Hut'ka Martin , Tsubogo Tetsu , Kobayashi Shū
Published: May 2013

A current trend in organic chemistry is the development of highly efficient, environmentally friendly and inexpensive catalysts for asymmetric transformations. Alkaline earth metals, due to their specific chemical properties and abundance in nature, provide promising and challenging catalysts in organic synthesis. This article describes the utilization of alkaline earth metals in the development of an effective catalytic system based on calcium salts in combination with Box‐type ligands. We disclose asymmetric 1,4‐addition and [3+2] cycloaddition reactions using simple catalytic systems consisting of calcium chloride dihydrate, chiral ligands and tetramethylguanidine. Various Box ligands were synthesized and the most effective proved to be that bearing an indane chiral backbone and a cyano group. Depending on the structure of both glycine Schiff bases and α,β‐unsaturated compounds, the corresponding Michael adducts or pyrrolidine derivatives were obtained in moderate to high yields with high enantioselectivities. Modification of the catalytic system by using more Lewis acidic calcium salts such as calcium triflate and neutral Pybox‐type ligands allows a tuning of the chemoselectivity and leads to suppression of the [3+2] cycloadition reactions. Various β‐substituted acrylates provided 1,4‐addition adducts exclusively in high yields with moderate to high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities. This methodology has broadened a synthetic route to β‐branched glutamic acid derivatives and established calcium salts as useful and attractive catalysts for asymmetric catalysis.
Enhanced hydroformylation by carbon dioxide‐expanded media with soluble Rh complexes in nanofiltration membrane reactors
Authors: Xie Zhuanzhuan , Fang Jing , Subramaniam Bala , Maiti Swarup K. , Snavely William , Tunge Jon A.
Published: May 2013

A novel process for continuous hydroformylation in CO2‐expanded liquids (CXLs) is demonstrated using bulky phosphite ligands that are effectively retained in the stirred reactor by a nanofiltration membrane. The reactor is operated at 50°C with a syngas pressure of 0.6 MPa to avoid CO inhibition of reaction rate and selectivity. The nanofiltration pressure is provided by ∼3.2 MPa CO2 that expands the hydroformylation mixture and increases the H2/CO ratio in the CXL phase resulting in enhanced turnover frequency (∼340 h−1), aldehydes selectivity (>90%) and high regioselectivity (n/i ∼8) at nearly steady operation. The use of pressurized CO2 also reduces the viscosity in the CXL phase, thereby improving the mass‐transfer properties. Constant permeate flux is maintained during the 50 h run with Rh leakage being less than 0.5 ppm. This technology concept has potential applications in homogeneous catalytic processes to improve resource utilization and catalyst containment for practical viability. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 4287–4296, 2013
Frequency of different human mollicutes species in the mucosa of the oropharynx, conjunctiva, and genitalia of free‐ranging and captive capuchin monkeys (Cebus spp.)
Authors: Neto Renata L. , Marques Lucas M. , Guimarães Ana Márcia S. , Yamaguti Mauricio , Oliveira Rosangela C. , Gaetti‐Jardim Jr Elerson , Medina Aziz O. , Sanfilippo Luis F. , Timenetsky Jorge
Published: May 2013

This study is the first to evaluate the occurrence of several Mollicutes species in Brazilian capuchin monkeys (Cebus spp.). Mollicutes were detected by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in samples of the oropharyngeal, conjuctiva, and genital mucosae of 58 monkeys. In the oropharynx, Mollicutes in general (generic PCR to the Class), and those of the genus Ureaplasma (genus PCR), were detected in 72.4% and 43.0% of the samples, respectively. The identified species in this site included: Mycoplasma arginini (43.1%), M. salivarium (41.4%), and M. pneumoniae (19.0%). Both Ureaplasma and Mycoplasma are genera of the order Mycoplasmatales. In the preputial/vaginal mucosa, PCR detected Mollicutes in general in 27.58% of the samples, the genus Ureaplasma in 32.7%, the species M. arginini in 8.6%, and Acholeplasma laidlawii of the order Acholeplasmatales in 1.7% In the conjunctiva, Mollicutes in general were detected in 29.3% of the samples, with 1.7% being identified as A. laidlawii. Culturing was difficult due to contamination, but two isolates were successfully obtained. The Mollicutes species of this study provided new insights into these bacteria in Brazilian Cebus. Studies are lacking of the actual risk of Mollicutes infection or the frequency at which primates serve as permanent or temporary reservoirs for Mollicutes. In the present study, the samples were collected from monkeys without clinical signs of infection. The mere presence of Mollicutes, particularly those also found in humans, nevertheless signals a need for studies to evaluate the impact of these microorganisms on the health of non‐human primates (NHPs) and the possibility of cross‐species transmission between NHPs and humans. Am. J. Primatol. 75:973–978, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spray and packed liquid–liquid extraction columns: drop size and dispersed phase mass transfer
Authors: Salimi‐Khorshidi Ali , Abolghasemi Hossein , Khakpay Amir , Kheirjooy Zohreh , Esmaieli Mohamad
Published: May 2013

The effects of holdup on Sauter mean drop diameter, D32, and dispersed phase mass transfer coefficient have been studied in the spray and packed extraction columns. For both columns, two well‐defined regions for the dependence of D32 on holdup were observed. D32 increased and decreased with an increase in holdup at low and high levels of holdup, respectively. Changes in dispersed phase mass transfer coefficient against holdup were shown to be similar to D32 for both columns. Moreover, empirical correlations have been derived to predict D32 and dispersed phase mass transfer coefficient for both columns. It has been shown that the derived correlations are in a good agreement with the experimental data. © 2013 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase‐dependent binary interaction parameters in industrial low‐density polyethylene separators
Authors: Nunes Costa Glória Meyberg , Guerrieri Yuri , Kislansky Simão , Embiruçu Marcelo
Published: May 2013

In the production process of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE), an important step is the flash separation of monomers and other small molecules from the polymer produced. The process is carried out adiabatically in two stages. To improve the performance of thermodynamic models, it is very important to analyze the use of model binary interaction parameters (BIP) dependent on the phase characteristics for each phase (phase‐dependent BIP). In this work the PC‐SAFT (perturbed‐chain statistical associating fluid theory) equation of state (EOS) is applied to the flash simulation of LDPE industrial separators using eight different resins. The main numerical aspects are examined with emphasis on the optimization strategy for the EOS BIP that explicitly characterizes each phase involved separately. The results demonstrate good predictive behavior. As a result of improved and more consistent modeling, a new strategy for optimized operation can be envisaged for the sequence of separators. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2106–2117, 2013
Chitosan‐modified d‐α‐tocopheryl poly(ethylene glycol) 1000 succinate‐b‐poly(ε‐caprolactone‐ran‐glycolide) nanoparticles for the oral chemotherapy of bladder cancer
Authors: Liu Baichuan , Wang Han , Fan Lixin , Qiu Xiaofu , Luo Youhua , Zhou Shenyang , Yang Guosheng
Published: May 2013

Oral chemotherapy is quickly emerging as an appealing option for cancer patients. It is less stressful because the patient has fewer hospital visits and can still maintain a close relationship with health care professionals. Three kinds of nanoparticles made from commercial poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) and self‐synthesized d‐α‐tocopheryl poly(ethylene glycol) 1000 succinate ‐b‐poly(ε‐caprolactone‐ran‐glycolide) [TPGS‐b‐(PCL‐ran‐PGA)] diblock copolymer were prepared in this study for the oral delivery of antitumor agents, including chitosan‐modified PCL nanoparticles, nonmodified TPGS‐b‐(PCL‐ran‐PGA) nanoparticles, and chitosan‐modified TPGS‐b‐(PCL‐ran‐PGA) nanoparticles. First, the TPGS‐b‐(PCL‐ran‐PGA) diblock copolymer was synthesized and structurally characterized. Chitosan was adopted to extend the retention time at the cell surface and thus increase the chance of nanoparticle uptake by the gastrointestinal mucosa and improve the absorption of drugs after oral administration. The resulting TPGS‐b‐(PCL‐ran‐PGA) nanoparticles were found to be of spherical shape and around 200 nm in diameter with a narrow size distribution. The surface charge of the TPGS‐b‐(PCL‐ran‐PGA) nanoparticles could be reversed from anionic to cationic after surface modification. The chitosan‐modified TPGS‐b‐(PCL‐ran‐PGA) nanoparticles displayed a significantly higher level of cellular uptake compared with the chitosan‐modified PCL nanoparticles and nonmodified TPGS‐b‐(PCL‐ran‐PGA) nanoparticles. In vitro cell viability studies showed the advantages of the chitosan‐modified TPGS‐b‐(PCL‐ran‐PGA) nanoparticles over Taxol in terms of their cytotoxicity against human RT112 cells. In summary, the oral delivery of antitumor agents by chitosan‐modified TPGS‐b‐(PCL‐ran‐PGA) nanoparticles produced results that were promising for the treatment of patients with bladder cancer. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2118–2126, 2013
Synthesis and catalytic activity of polymer‐anchored metal complex for oxidation of cyclohexane
Authors: Sweta  , Chand Shri , Sinha Shishir
Published: May 2013

Catalytic oxidation of cyclohexane was investigated over polymer‐anchored Co(II) catalyst prepared by modification of polymer surface by NOx and subsequent functinalization by amination. The catalyst characterized by various techniques, such as elemental analysis, atomic absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), thermo‐gravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the modification of polymer surface and bond formation between functionalized resin and metal ion. The oxidation of cyclohexane using molecular oxygen (O2) as an oxidant was studied in the temperature and pressure range of 373–413 K and 1.0–1.4 MPa, respectively. The maximum cyclohexane conversion of 18.4% was obtained at 413 K and 1.2 MPa pressure. Cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol were found as the main reaction products with 93.0% selectivity. No appreciable change in catalytic activity and on product selectivity was observed after the catalyst recycled three times. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2127–2135, 2013
Physiological and molecular aspects of degradation of plant polysaccharides by fungi: What have we learned from Aspergillus?
Authors: Culleton Helena , McKie Vincent , de Vries Ronald P.
Published: May 2013

Plant biomass is the most abundant and usable carbon source for many fungal species. Due to its diverse and complex structure, fungi need to produce a large range of enzymes to degrade these polysaccharides into monomeric components. The fine‐tuned production of such diverse enzyme sets requires control through a set of transcriptional regulators. Aspergillus has a strong potential for degrading biomass, thus this genus has become the most widely studied group of filamentous fungi in this area. This review examines Aspergillus as a successful degrader of plant polysaccharides, and reviews its potential in many industries such as biofuel and as a production host of homologous and heterologous proteins.
Realistic paint simulation based on fluidity, diffusion, and absorption
Authors: You Mi , Jang Taekwon , Cha Seunghoon , Kim Jihwan , Noh Junyong
Published: May 2013

We present a new method to create realistic paint simulation, utilizing the characteristics of paint, such as fluidity, diffusion, and absorption. We treat the painting elements separately as pigment, binder, solvent, and paper. Adopting smoothed‐particle hydrodynamics including a consideration of viscoelastic movement, we simulate the fluid motion of the paint and the solvent. To handle the diffusion of the pigment in the solvent, we utilize the mass transfer method. Following Fick's law, the concentration of pigment changes and each pigment particle is diffused to the neighborhood accordingly. As time elapses, the binder and the solvent are absorbed, and for the most part, the pigment remains on the paper. The Lucas–Washburn equation determines the distance of absorption. The examples show that our approach can effectively generate various types of painting. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Classification of human motion based on affective state descriptors
Authors: Cimen Gokcen , Ilhan Hacer , Capin Tolga , Gurcay Hasmet
Published: May 2013

Human body movements and postures carry emotion‐specific information. On the basis of this motivation, the objective of this study is to analyze this information in the spatial and temporal structure of the motion capture data and extract features that are indicative of certain emotions in terms of affective state descriptors. Our contribution comprises identifying the directly or indirectly related descriptors to emotion classification in human motion and conducting a comprehensive analysis of these descriptors (features) that fall into three different categories: posture descriptors, dynamic descriptors, and frequency‐based descriptors in order to measure their performance with respect to predicting the affective state of an input motion. The classification results demonstrate that no single category is sufficient by itself; the best prediction performance is achieved when all categories are combined. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.