bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Profusion of Individual Roles and Identities in the Postwar Period
Authors: Frank David John , Meyer John W.
Published: March 2003

In recent decades, the individual has become more and more central in both national and world cultural accounts of the operation of society. This continues a long historical process, intensified by the consolidation of a more global polity and the weakening of the primordial sovereignty of the national state. Increasingly, society is culturally rooted in the natural, historical, and spiritual worlds through the individual, rather than through corporate entities or groups. The shift has produced a proliferation and specification of individual roles, accounting for what individuals do in society. It has also produced an expansion in recognized individual personhood, accounting for who individuals are in the extrasocial cosmos and fueling elaborated personal tastes and preferences. Where it has been contested, the shift to the individual has also produced a rise in specializing identities (e.g., in such domains as ethnicity or gender). These offer accounts of individuals' distinctive linkages to the cosmos, and they serve to bolster individual claims to standard roles and personhood. Over time, specializing identities tend to get absorbed into roles and personhood. And in turn, expanded roles and personhood provide further bases for specializing identity claims. Because many theorists mischaracterize the relationship of specializing identities to roles and personhood, the literature often overemphasizes the anomic character of the identity explosion and the closeness of the coupling between social roles and identity claims. On the contrary, specializing identities tend to be edited to remain within general rules of individual personhood and to be disconnected from the obligations involved in institutionalized roles.
Construction of Status and Referential Structures
Authors: Berger Joseph , Ridgeway Cecilia L. , Zelditch Morris
Published: March 2003

Beliefs about diverse status characteristics have a common core content of performance capacities and qualities made up of two features: hierarchy (superior/inferior capacities) and role-differentiation (instrumental/expressive qualities). Whatever the status characteristic, its more-valued state tends to be defined as superior and instrumental, and the less-valued state tends to be defined as inferior but expressive. We account for this in terms of the typification of differences in behavioral inequalities and profiles that emerge in task oriented social interaction. Status construction theory argues that new configurations of the states of a nonvalued discriminating characteristic, status values, and status typifications of actors possessing these states arise from a similar process. The theory we present here makes new predictions on the construction and institutionalization of status characteristics and generalized beliefs about the relation of status characteristics to social rewards, called referential structures. This theory, we argue, integrates micro and macro elements in a way that may be applicable to explaining the social construction of cultural objects more generally.
Modeling Second-Order Expectations
Authors: Webster Murray , Whitmeyer Joseph M.
Published: March 2003

Theory-building is a continual, collective enterprise in which success is judged by logical consistency and successful explanation and prediction of specified empirical facts from a minimal set of assumptions. We describe some new attempts to develop Interactionist ideas on how communicated opinions from others can affect face-to-face interaction patterns and definitions of a social situation, including identities of the interactants. Our attempts take the form of developing theoretical models of how others' evaluative opinions are incorporated into existing performance expectations. We show how model-building depends on existing theoretical ideas and empirical evidence. The description illustrates some ways in which contemporary sociological theory develops.
Sexual satisfaction, quality of life and the transaction of intimacy in hospital patients’ accounts of their (hetero)sexual relationships
Authors: Daker‐White Gavin , Donovan Jenny
Published: March 2003

Abstract Twenty‐three people attending hospitals in a city in southern England were interviewed to explore their perceptions and experiences of sexual dysfunction and satisfaction, and the relationship between these issues and subjective understandings of quality of life. Their responses are examined to inform theories concerning the relationship between intimacy and sexuality in heterosexual relationships. Disturbances to sexual function are framed by wider social realities and echo sociological understandings of disability and chronic illness. Informants’ accounts utilised a mechanistic ‘urge’ model of sexuality, although issues of intimacy and emotion were central to their understandings of quality and satisfaction. Sexual activity in the relationship was understood as a mutual exchange of intimacy, suggesting a construction of sexual intercourse as a form of transaction between gendered sex ‘workers’, mimicking commodity relations. Accounts of the devastation brought by sexual dysfunction reflected highly socialised expectations of sexual performance. There is a need for further theoretical and empirical scrutiny of the relationship between sexual function and quality of life.
Considering the Vignette Technique and its Application to a Study of Drug Injecting and HIV Risk and Safer Behaviour
Authors: Hughes Rhidian
Published: March 2003

Vignettes are stories generated from a range of sources including previous research findings. They make reference to important factors in the study of perceptions, beliefs and attitudes. Vignettes have primarily been used by psychologists in North America and used in quantitative surveys but more recently they have been used in a small number of qualitative studies. Drawing from a range of studies in the social sciences this paper considers the value of vignettes together with the difficulties associated with the technique. It introduces the technique in a study that explores drug injectors’ perceptions of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk and safer behaviour inside and outside the prison system.
Openness and Specialisation: Dealing with Patients in a Hospital Emergency Service
Authors: Dodier Nicholas , Camus Agnès
Published: March 2003

The hospital is characterised by a dual orientation: being open to the heterogenous demands for medical care that are spontaneously directed to it, and selecting patients in terms of their match with medical specialties represented in its different services. This tension is at the heart of the functioning of emergency services. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in a French teaching hospital, the article examines the consequences of this duality on the concrete organisation of work. It shows the main dimensions that go to make up the patient’s mobilising worth: closeness to the core of real emergencies; social demands; the intellectual interest of the case; questions raised by transfers of responsibility between doctors. For each dimension, it studies staff reactions and gives some indications about their complexity. Finally it suggests some comparisons between these results and the observations made by several studies conducted in American and UK hospitals since the 1970s.
The Psycho‐social Perspective on Social Inequalities in Health
Authors: Elstad Jon Ivar
Published: March 2003

Doubts about the viability of material explanations of social inequalities in health have led to a renewed focus on the aetiological role of psychological stress, and, moreover, on how psychological stress is generated by society’s inequality structures. Some researchers maintain that the emerging psychosocial perspective will become the dominant paradigm in research on health inequalities. After commenting on some aetiological topics, the paper outlines how a comprehensive understanding of health inequalities can be constructed from a social stress model, the self‐efficacy approach, the sociology emotions, and the social cohesion approach. The emerging perspective is a striking attempt to deal with health inequalities as it seems to solve some of the difficulties that other perspectives have had in accounting for existing empirical patterns. Nevertheless, it is perhaps too much to claim that it signifies a paradigm shift. It should rather be considered as an enrichment of the social causation explanation. The latter, when studying health inequalities, should be developed further by considering both material and psycho‐social environments, and their mutual interaction.
Health and the Social Relations of Work: A Study of the Health‐related Experiences of Employees in Small Workplaces
Authors: Eakin Joan M. , MacEachen Ellen
Published: March 2003

On the basis of a qualitative study of health in small enterprises, this paper attempts to theorise the social production of illness and injury in the workplace. Particular features of working life in small workplaces, especially their personalised social relations and low polarisation of employer‐employee interests, shape workers’ perceptions of the employment relationship and of health in relation to work. Strained authority relations at work can form a key social context in which health and injury are constructed. In situations of conflictful supervisory relations, bodily experiences can become ‘problematised’. Meanings attributed to health conditions and the quality of the employment relationship are transformed and merged, prompting a questioning of the legitimacy of power asymmetries in the workplace and recognition of the conflicting interests of labour and capital. Bodily experiences and ill‐health offer possibilities for resistance and become mediators of broader social tensions. Unheeded illness claims deepen feelings of distrust and blame, further causing labour relations to deteriorate, and re‐producing the social conditions for illness.
Cultural factors in young heterosexual men’s perception of HIV risk
Authors: Wight Daniel
Published: March 2003

This paper analyses why HIV risk perceptions vary in a sample of 19‐year‐old Glaswegian men. The main approaches to explain risk behaviour can be characterised as: individual cognition theories, cultural theories and phenomenology. To date there have been few empirical applications of cultural theory. This paper explores how far a cultural approach can explain the variability in HIV risk perceptions and behaviour, focusing on two key socio‐cultural factors: current occupation and stage in partnership career. The analysis shows that young men’s perceptions of HIV risk are shaped in part by the cultural meanings associated with their lifestyles and friendship groups, which largely arise from their occupational paths, and in part by the meanings that come with a particular stage of their partnership career. Recognising the role of cultural factors in lay people’s response to a new health threat has broader implications for health promotion.
Doctor in the house: the Internet as a source of lay health knowledge and the challenge to expertise
Authors: Hardey Michael
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the new and unique medium of the Internet as a source of information about health. The Internet is an inherently interactive environment that transcends established national boundaries, regulations and distinctions between professions and expertise. The paper reports findings from a qualitative study of households who routinely used the Internet to access health information and examines how it affected their health beliefs and behaviours. The public use of previously obscure and inaccessible medical information is placed in the context of the debate about deprofessionalisation. It is shown that it is the users of Internet information rather than authors orprofessional experts who decided what and how material is accessed and used. It is concluded that the Internet forms the site of a new struggle over expertise in health that will transform the relationship between the health professions and their clients.
Review Article: Nursing and sociology: an uneasy marriage?
Authors: Allen Davina
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article Davies, C. and Beach, A. Kent, J. Latimer, J. Roper, J. M. and Shapira, J. Williams, A.
Print media coverage of environmental causation of breast cancer
Authors: Brown Phil , Zavestoski Stephen M. , McCormick Sabrina , Mandelbaum Joshua , Luebke Theo
Published: March 2003

Given the growing concern with breast cancer as a largely unexplained and common illness of our time, we would expect considerable print media coverage. An accurate portrayal of breast cancer would also include a good amount of attention to the potential environmental factors since many women with breast cancer and activists are pointing to such potential causes. Our examination of daily newspapers, newsweeklies, science periodicals, and women’s magazines showed that there was little coverage of possible environmental causation. There was also scant attention paid to corporate and governmental responsibility. Articles often focused on individual responsibility for diet, age at birth of first child, and other personal behaviours. Articles also emphasised genetic causation, even though this explained only a small fraction of breast cancer incidence. These factors combine to place personal responsibility on women for preventing the disease. Despite gains in understanding possible environmental causation and much scientific dialogue about it, especially in light of the endocrine disrupter hypothesis, and despite growing social activism, the print media have not paid much attention to environmental causation of breast cancer. Because the media have significant influence over public understanding and social action, this lack of attention may hold back scientific and activist pursuit of environmental causes of breast cancer.
Medical modelling of obesity: a transition from action to experience in a 20th century American medical textbook
Authors: Chang Virginia W. , Christakis Nicholas A.
Published: March 2003

Abstract Obesity is now the focus of considerable attention in the medical profession, and many have noted that obesity has been progressively medicalised. The subjection of phenomena to medical explanation, however, has been associated with both the potential to relieve and also to exacerbate the attribution of individual responsibility. In order to understand the ways in which a particular phenomenon, obesity, can be variously conceptualised at different time‐points within a medical framework, we conducted a content analysis of a series of medical textbook entries. Using the widely‐consulted Cecil Textbook of Medicine, we reviewed entries on obesity from 1927 to 2000 and found that throughout this period the text consistently maintains that obesity results from a simple excess of caloric intake over expenditure. Despite the unwavering nature of this basic model, an evolving set of causal factors is superimposed. Early models invoke aberrant individual activities, such as habitual overeating, while later editions drop these factors in favour of genetic and, paradoxically, environmental effects. Obesity shifts in ontological status, as it is transformed from being the product of something that individuals do to something that they experience. Concurrent with these changes, we find a change in the social appraisal of obesity. In each edition there is a narrative regarding the cost/benefit relationship between obese persons and society, as well as a construction of accountability for obesity as an outcome. Obese individuals are progressively held less responsible for their condition in successive editions of the text. Initially cast as societal parasites, they are later transformed into societal victims. Using these texts and obesity as a case‐example, we demonstrate that medical conceptualisation of a presumably cohesive object of knowledge can undergo transformation quite independently of definitive experimental evidence, with a persistent dialectic between etiological configuration and formulations of social culpability and remediation. We situate our findings with respect to ongoing debates concerning the nature and implications of medicalisation. This case effectively highlights a more general epidemiological tension between an individual level of focus on risk behaviours and a population level of focus that contexualises behaviours within a social and material framework.
Expansion and uncertainty: cystic fibrosis, classification and genetics
Authors: Hedgecoe Adam M.
Published: March 2003

This paper presents an empirical examination of geneticization, the process where genetic explanations gain ascendancy in medical and social discourse. By focusing on Cystic Fibrosis (CF), this study shows how genetic explanations play a role in the reclassification of Cystic Fibrosis. One result of this geneticization is a nosological expansion, where the boundaries of the disease expand to include a certain form of male infertility. In addition this paper highlights the uncertainty in the CF classification system that results from the use of genetic explanations.
Convolutions of α‐unimodal discrete distributions
Authors: Wu F. , Dharmadhikari S.
Published: March 2003

This note proves that the convolution of an α‐unimodal discrete distribution with a β‐unimodal discrete distribution is (α+β)‐unimodal whenever (α+β)≥1. This is the discrete analogue of the fundamental result on generalized unimodality given by Olshen and Savage (1970).
Push and pull strategies in multi‐stage assembly systems
Authors: Dellaert N. P. , De Kok A. G. , Wei Wang
Published: March 2003

In convergent multi‐stage systems usually a pull strategy is assumed, where demand at the end stock‐point triggers demands (or production) at the proceeding stock‐point, whereas in the push strategy demand is triggered at the initial stock‐point. We will extensively describe the calculation procedure for the push strategy. For analyzing the pull strategy we will use existing methods. The equivalence and differences between these two strategies will be illustrated for a two‐stage assembly case.
Estimating the J function without edge correction
Authors: Baddeley A. J. , Kerscher M. , Schladitz K. , Scott B. T.
Published: March 2003

The interaction between points in a spatial point process can be measured by its empty space function F, its nearest‐neighbour distance distribution function G, and by combinations such as the J function J = (1 −G)/(1 −F). The estimation of these functions is hampered by edge effects: the uncorrected, empirical distributions of distances observed in a bounded sampling window W give severely biased estimates of F and G. However, in this paper we show that the corresponding uncorrected estimator of the function J = (1 −G)/(1 −F) is approximately unbiased for the Poisson case, and is useful as a summary statistic. Specifically, consider the estimate ?W of J computed from uncorrected estimates of F and G. The function JW(r), estimated by ?W, possesses similar properties to the J function, for example JW(r) is identically 1 for Poisson processes. This enables direct interpretation of uncorrected estimates of J, something not possible with uncorrected estimates of either F, G or K. We propose a Monte Carlo test for complete spatial randomness based on testing whether JW(r) ≡ 1. Computer simulations suggest this test is at least as powerful as tests based on edge corrected estimators of J.
Application of Shrinkage Techniques in Logistic Regression Analysis: A Case Study
Authors: Steyerberg E. W. , Eijkemans M. J. C. , Habbema J. D. F.
Published: March 2003

Logistic regression analysis may well be used to develop a predictive model for a dichotomous medical outcome, such as short‐term mortality. When the data set is small compared to the number of covariables studied, shrinkage techniques may improve predictions. We compared the performance of three variants of shrinkage techniques: 1) a linear shrinkage factor, which shrinks all coefficients with the same factor; 2) penalized maximum likelihood (or ridge regression), where a penalty factor is added to the likelihood function such that coefficients are shrunk individually according to the variance of each covariable; 3) the Lasso, which shrinks some coefficients to zero by setting a constraint on the sum of the absolute values of the coefficients of standardized covariables.

Logistic regression models were constructed to predict 30‐day mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Small data sets were created from a large randomized controlled trial, half of which provided independent validation data. We found that all three shrinkage techniques improved the calibration of predictions compared to the standard maximum likelihood estimates. This study illustrates that shrinkage is a valuable tool to overcome some of the problems of overfitting in medical data.
Triggers in L2 acquisition: The case of Spanish N‐N compounds
Authors: Liceras Juana M. , Di´az Lourdes
Published: March 2003

Spanish has left‐headed compounds which are not as productive as their left‐headed counterparts in other languages. This presence or absence of productivity has been attributed to a binary parameter according to which N‐N compounding, as opposed to nominal constructions in which the head noun takes a complement as in ‘the destruction of the city’, would be the superset or marked option. Furthermore, the idiosyncratic nature of Spanish N‐N compounding has been attributed to the make‐up of Spanish Nouns. Specifically, it has been proposed that Spanish Nouns have a ‘word marker’ which triggers L1 acquisition of these constructions. Based on the results of two picture tests intended to elicit actual command of N‐N compounding strategies, as well as word order patterns and gender marking patterns, we argue that: 1) N‐N compounding is not a marked construction; 2) adult L2 acquisition of Spanish N‐N compounds is triggered by head directionality (a processing trigger) rather than by the ‘word marker’ (a representational trigger) which is supposed to trigger L1 acquisition of these compounds.
Accommodation in oral interviews between foreign language learners and teachers who are not native speakers
Authors: Richards Brian J. , Malvern David D.
Published: March 2003

The project ‘Oral Assessment in Modern Languages’ was funded by The University of Reading Research Endowment Trust Fund. We should like to thank Li Daguo and Mair Richards for their comments on previous drafts of this paper.
A Method for Incorporating Transcendentally Small Terms into the Method of Matched Asymptotic Expansions
Authors: MacGillivray A. D.
Published: March 2003

The essential ideas behind a method for incorporating exponentially small terms into the method of matched asymptotic expansions are demonstrated using an Ackerberg–O'Malley resonance problem and a spurious solutions problem of Carrier and Pearson. One begins with the application of the standard method of matched asymptotic expansions to obtain at least the leading terms in outer and inner (Poincaré‐type) expansions; some, although not all, matching can be carried out at this stage. This is followed by the introduction of supplementary expansions whose gauge functions are transcendentally small compared to those in the standard expansions. Analysis of terms in these expansions allows the matching to be completed. Furthermore, the method allows for the inclusion of globally valid transcendentally small contributions to the asymptotic solution; it is well known that such terms may be numerically significant.
Weakly Nonlinear Evolution of a Wave Packet in a Zonal Mixing Layer
Authors: Mallier R. , Maslowe S. A.
Published: March 2003

A nonlinear integrodifferential equation governing the amplitude evolution of a wavepacket near the critical value of the beta parameter is derived. The basic velocity profile is a hyperbolic tangent shear layer and although the neutral eigensolution is regular, all higher‐order terms in the expansion of the stream function are singular at the critical point. The analysis is inviscid and in the critical layer both wave packet effects and nonlinearity are present, but the former are taken to be slightly larger. Unlike the Stuart–Watson theory, the critical layer analysis dictates the form of the amplitude equation, the outer expansion being relatively passive. A secondary instability analysis shows that the packet is unstable to sideband perturbations, but the instability is weak so its main consequence would be to produce some modulation of the packet without destroying its coherence.
Metastable Dynamics and Spatially Inhomogeneous Equilibria in Dumbbell‐Shaped Domains
Authors: Ward Michael J. , Stafford Douglas
Published: March 2003

The motion of internal layers for three singularly perturbed reaction diffusion problems, including the Allen–Cahn equation, is studied in a two‐dimensional dumbbell‐shaped domain. The channel region that connects the two attachments, or lobes, of the dumbbell is taken to be rectangular. The motion of straight‐line internal layers in the channel region is analyzed by using an asymptotic projection method. It is shown that this motion is metastable and highly dependent on the local convexity properties of the boundary near the contact region between the ends of the channel and the two attachments. When the domain is nonconvex it is shown that the metastable internal layers dynamics in the channel tends, as t→∞, to a limiting, stable, spatially inhomogeneous equilibrium solution.
Transient Linear Growth and Nonlinear Effects
Authors: Hooper A. P. , Grimshaw R.
Published: March 2003

We study a simple model consisting of two coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations to display the interplay between transient linear growth and nonlinear effects. Specifically, we seek to examine any possible links between the initial conditions that yield maximum transient linear growth and those initial conditions that first lead to attraction to a stable critical point other than the origin. Our results show that any such link is only apparent when the nonlinearity is small.
Experiencing school effectiveness though using peer support strategies with pupils and teachers
Authors: Charlton Tony
Published: March 2003

Arguably, long‐established sources for supporting youngsters’ healthy development are less available now than has often been the case. Nowadays, family, community and school infrastructures have been (and continue to be) exposed to changes which frequently lessen the effectiveness of their support. Consequently, youngsters can be denied access to a range of experiences which assist them to develop personally, socially and intellectually.

Against this backdrop, Tony Charlton highlights the merits of schools making good use of peer support strategies. He argues that by failing to capitalise upon these strategies, schools are forfeiting valuable opportunities to help orchestrate pupils’ (and teachers’) success in school.

The three articles which follow this one – written by Frank Merrett, Jeanne Swafford and Kevin Jones/Peter Wakefield – discuss, in more detail, selected peer support strategies, all of which have been shown to work with good effect in schools.
Children's Homes and School Exclusion: Redefining the Problem
Authors: Brodie Isabelle
Published: March 2003

Isabelle Brodie examines the evidence concerning the exclusion from school of children ‘looked after’. She calls for a deeper understanding of the nature of exclusion in order to help professionals work more effectively with these young people. Brodie draws on an intensive study of the exclusion from school of a group of young people in residential accommodation in England. She finds that while children ‘looked after’ share many characteristics of other excluded children, being ‘looked after’ is an added complication which significantly affects the exclusion process.
The Case for Specialist Training for Learning Support Assistants Employed in Schools for Children with Severe, Profound and Multiple Learning Difficulties
Authors: Aird Richard
Published: March 2003

In this article, which complements the previous one on the attitudes of pre‐service teachers to pupils with disabilities, Richard Aird argues the case for specialist training for learning support assistants (LSAs) working with students with severe, profound and multiple learning difficulties. The author goes on to describe the course developed at University College Worcester to meet the needs of LSAs working with such students.
Bridging the gap between inclusive policy and inclusive culture in secondary schools
Authors: Carrington Suzanne , Elkins John
Published: March 2003

Organisational support from a number of levels needs to be in place if schools are going to achieve success in developing an inclusive school culture. Support at policy level is frequently in place, however the gap between policy and practice is a continuing challenge. In this in‐depth study of an Australian secondary school Suzanne Carrington and John Elkins offer insights into the culture of an inclusive school and the processes of translating inclusive policy to inclusive practice.
Listening to the student: a small‐scale study of inclusive practice in a college of further education
Authors: Browne Liz
Published: March 2003

In this case study of a student in the FE sector, Liz Browne considers the importance of listening to students when designing and delivering vocational courses, and the need for staff to be engaged in continuous professional development in order to provide a more inclusive classroom experience.
On Asymmetries Between Parasitic Gap and Across‐the‐board Constructions
Authors: Hornstein Norbert , Nunes Jairo
Published: March 2003

Assuming that parasitic gaps (PGs) and across‐the‐board (ATB) gaps are derived through sideward movement (Nunes 1995, 2001; Hornstein 2001), this paper aims at explaining why ATB constructions are in general more permissive than PG constructions (Postal 1993). We argue that sideward movement is licensed only by Last Resort in PG constructions but is licensed by either Last Resort or the Parallelism Constraint in ATB constructions. The additional legibility condition that coordinate structures have to satisfy ends up permitting instances of sideward movement that would otherwise be impossible.
Conditions for Classroom Technology Innovations
Authors: Zhao Yong , Pugh Kevin , Sheldon Stephen , Byers Joe L.
Published: March 2003

This article reports on a study of the complex and messy process of classroom technology integration. The main purpose of the study was to empirically address the large question of “why don't teachers innovate when they are given computers?” rather than whether computers can improve student learning. Specifically, we were interested in understanding the conditions under which technology innovation can take place in classrooms. For a year, we followed a group of K–12 teachers who attempted to carry out technology-rich projects in their classrooms. These teachers were selected from more than 100 recipients of a technology grant program for teachers. The study found 11 salient factors that significantly impact the degree of success of classroom technology innovations. Some of these factors have been commonly mentioned in the literature, but our study found new dimensions to them. Others have not been identified in the literature. Each factor can be placed in one of three interactive domains, the teacher, the innovation, and the context. The article discusses the 11 factors in detail and proposes a model of the relationship among the different factors and their domains.
When State Policies Meet Local District Contexts: Standards-Based Professional Development as a Means to Individual Agency and Collective Ownership
Authors: Dutro Elizabeth , Fisk Maria Chesley , Koch Richard , Roop Laura J. , Wixson Karen
Published: March 2003

This article focuses on how a statewide reform initiative, when envisioned as a professional development opportunity, impacted teachers’ capacities to become change agents in their classrooms and districts and how individual district contexts shaped the development of those capacities. The interview and artifact data used for this study were gathered from teachers and administrators in four demonstration districts that were involved in a standards-based professional development initiative within the federally funded Michigan English Language Arts Framework (MELAF) project. These data reveal that teachers experienced changes in their personal literacy practices and views of themselves as learners and felt an increased ability to evince change in a variety of educational contexts, including their classrooms, buildings, and districts. Across these changes in teachers’ practices, district patterns emerged that spoke to the individual districts’ capacities to support teacher growth and foster reform. These differences suggest that the changes that took place were a function of many factors, including the size and structure of the district, the district's readiness for change, and the source of language arts leadership within the district. One implication of these results is that the particular histories and competing forces that operate for both individuals and districts shape the implementation of new policy.
How Many Rs are there in Statistics?
Authors: Gibson Bill
Published: March 2003

The basic principles involved in the collection and analysis of data in a regression situation are discussed.
Learning Statistics on the Web – DISCUSS
Authors: Hunt Neville , Tyrrell Sidney
Published: March 2003

This article discusses the use of the Internet in teaching and learning statistics and describes how interactive spreadsheets can be integrated with Web‐based resources.
Teaching Theology and Religious Studies Is There A Problem?
Authors: Thrower James
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses a problem which is largely, though not exclusively, peculiar to the older universities in Great Britain where, in recent years, many long‐established departments of Christian theology have expanded their area of responsibility to include religious studies. However, the author believes that what he has to say is not without relevance to universities and colleges outside of Great Britain which have inherited and continue to maintain a confessional bias in teaching theology and religion.
American Scripture and Christian Scripture: The Use of Analogy to Introduce the Critical Study of the Bible
Authors: Chance J. Bradley
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the use of analogy to introduce students to the critical study of scripture. It describes how Pauline Maier's book American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence can offer students an analogous framework for critical study of the Bible. Maier examines four features, necessary to make good sense of this piece of ‘American scripture’: its historical background, its genre, its process of composition, including the editing of sources, and the subsequent reception of the text. Professors can apply her method for studying the Declaration to introduce students to what a critical study of scripture entails: historical backgrounds, genres, composition, and subsequent reception by later readers.
Teaching What I'm Not: Embodiment, Race, and Theological Conversation in the Classroom
Authors: Thompson Deanna A.
Published: March 2003

This article examines the theoretical and practical concerns of a White professor who teaches a course on African American religious thought. It begins with a discussion of what it means to be embodied White, and how that affects the teaching of another embodied reality. From there it moves to the major assignment of the course, the evolutionary essay, and how this assignment facilitates student reflection upon their own embodied existence, particularly in terms of race. The article concludes with a brief reflection on the continuing challenges the author faces when teaching such a course.
Study Abroad: Teaching Christology in an Area of Conflict
Authors: Barclift Philip L.
Published: March 2003

Theological study abroad programs in countries like Israel can actually benefit from the political tensions in those countries when the tensions are treated with due caution and when the course is designed to account for them. Focusing on Israel as its test case, this article offers suggestions for ensuring safety in countries of conflict. At the same time, it lays the groundwork for assuring a balanced approach to studying the present conflict in Israel within the framework of a course in christology while addressing the demands of Seattle University's Catholic Jesuit philosophy.
Spiritual Machines, Personal Bodies, and God: Theological Education and Theological Anthropology
Authors: Kelsey David H.
Published: March 2003

Programs of theological education in Christian traditions are exploring “distanced learning” as one way to address certain challenges to their educational excellence. A major strand in a twenty‐year old discussion of the nature and purpose of theological education has urged that analysis of theological schooling's failures and assessment of proposed remedies ought to be framed explicitly in theological terms as part of an ongoing inquiry into what makes theological education properly theological. This essay tries to show how following that advice can make a practical difference in assessing the merits of distanced learning. It does so by raising questions about the theological‐anthropological assumptions, respectively, of theological education and of distanced learning.
Designing for Online Distance Education: Putting Pedagogy Before Technology
Authors: Ascough Richard S.
Published: March 2003

Theological schools are increasingly exploring online distance education as a mode of course delivery. Yet while online course delivery has the potential for effective, deep learning it can also have a number of pitfalls. This article introduces online distance education and examines in detail the pedagogical possibilities for online learning by providing a number of examples drawn from online courses. While championing the use of online course delivery for theological schools, it also sounds a note of caution by advocating that the use of technology should be driven by sound pedagogical principles. Putting pedagogy before technology will insure quality education no matter what the content or mode of delivery.
Pedagogy and Theology in Cyberspace: “All That We Can’t Leave Behind. . .”
Authors: Hess Mary E.
Published: March 2003

The questions raised by the integration of digital technologies into theology and pedagogy are broader than simple questions of how to use a particular tool. Instead, this integration raises cultural questions that require cultural interventions in response. Shweder's notion of “thinking through others” provides an evocative framework for envisioning more complex pedagogical responses. This essay is based on a presentation delivered to the first annual conference on Theology and Pedagogy in Cyberspace, held in Evanston, Illinois on 19–20 April 2001.
Discoveries and Dangers in Teaching Theology with PowerPoint
Authors: Pauw Amy Plantinga
Published: March 2003

PowerPoint can be a genuine aid to theological education by providing a medium for employing visual art in the classroom. But PowerPoint does not and should not replace the ordinary stuff of teaching and learning theology: reading, lecturing, discussing texts, and writing papers. Like any other tool, its pedagogical benefit depends on discerning use. Particular care must be used to blunt PowerPoint's tendency to produce a disembodied, decontextualized learning environment. Using PowerPoint to incorporate art into theology classes is not merely a strategy for making verbal points more powerfully. Art can sometimes go where theological words cannot.
Familiar And Foreign Bodies: A Phenomenological Exploration Of The Human‐Technology Interface
Authors: Jackson Michael
Published: March 2003

This article examines some of the ways in which our experiences of, and interactions with, new technologies are grounded in the strategies and metaphors of reciprocity that govern everyday social life. Though I follow others in arguing that technology and society cannot be separated, I explore this interrelationship intersubjectively, looking first at some of the ways in which people relate to computers, then analysing the experiences of transplant recipients. I summarize my findings as a critique of the view that anthropomorphism is a quintessentially pre‐modern phenomenon, and as a challenge to the idea that innovations in gene technology and cyber‐technology presage a universal and inevitable dissolution of the boundaries between nature and culture, humans and machines.
Totemism, Animism and North Asian Indigenous Ontologies
Authors: Pedersen Morten A.
Published: March 2003

This article examines the extent to which new theories of animism advanced by Descola and Viveiros de Castro are consistent with the indigenous ontologies of North Asia. Based on a survey of North Asian ethnography and on fieldwork in Mongolia and Siberia, it is proposed that an analytical distinction between animist and totemist modalities will shed light on indigenous ontologies in North Asia. Whereas the ontologies of Northern North Asia (NNA) are predominantly animistic in nature, the ontologies of Southern North Asia (SNA) are predominantly totemistic. This opposition falls in line with established anthropological distinctions concerning North Asian societies, such as the one between ‘horizontally’ and ‘vertically’ organized social formations. Finally, adopting Viveiros de Castro’s notion of ‘perspectivism’, I address the question of why, when perspectivist notions seem to thrive in NNA, the societies of SNA do not show them.
Rituals of Death as a Context for Understanding Personal Property in Socialist Mongolia
Authors: Humphrey Caroline
Published: March 2003

This article proposes that we rethink the concept of ‘personal property’, and it uses the example of Mongolian rituals of death in the socialist 1980s as a context for exploring this idea. These rituals are not the occasion for dividing up property amongst inheritors (this has usually been agreed upon long before death) but involve a series of actions that specify the deceased’s relations with material things. Objects become personal property through prolonged use and physical interaction. The rites are concerned with the deceased’s relations with such things, focused on desire, relinquishment, dependence, and other emotions. The article thus shifts attention back to the ‘person‐thing’ aspect of property. It also discusses the socio‐political contexts in which such a relation becomes important and argues that socialist society did not eliminate but rather opened up contexts in which such personalization could occur. It is argued more generally that personal property so situated is quite different from the ‘private property’ that is so prominent in capitalist society. This in turn requires us to rethink the way that ‘possession’ may be imagined, and to consider forms of property that are conceptualized more in terms of human attachment to objects than as exclusionary relations vis‐à‐vis other owners. The Mongolian ethnography suggests that, just as people alter material things by long and intensive interaction with them, there are categories of personal property that also change their owners, since actions of using, giving up, donation, and so forth are ethical matters that transform the person.
Globalisation, Commodity Chains and Fruit Exporting Regions in Chile
Authors: Gwynne Robert N.
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the concept of the globalisation of agriculture and how export‐oriented agriculture in Chile interacts with the global agri‐food system. It tries to analyse change in the Chilean fruit sector within the framework of the global commodity chain in which production in one part of the world economy can be linked through contracts and the agency of fruit companies to consumption in other global locations. The commodity chain analysis is traced down to the local scale of an export‐oriented fruit‐producing area in Chile where the impacts of contract farming on land markets, small‐ and large‐scale farming, labour relations and peasant communities are explored.
Industrial Restructuring in South Africa: The Case of Newcastle
Authors: Todes Alison
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the contemporary dynamics of industrial restructuring within Newcastle, a peripheral South African town that was, in many senses, a product of state industrial decentralisation and other apartheid policies. Processes of globalisation, and particularly the shift away from a regime of import substitution in the context of economic crisis, have been key to the form of restructuring that has occurred in Newcastle. But restructuring has also been shaped by local economic and political dynamics, as well as by South Africa's political transition. The paper explores the different ways in which globalisation has occurred in the main sectors: iron and steel, chemicals, and clothing, and their varying effects over time. It shows the limits of hypotheses assuming a recentralisation of production in the context of globalisation and the introduction of new technologies, but demonstrates nevertheless the vulnerability of towns such as Newcastle in the current era.
A Third Way for Europe? Discourse, regulation and the European question in Britain
Authors: Painter Joe
Published: March 2003

Recent developments within the regulation approach have highlighted the importance of discourse in securing the conditions for the stabilisation of new modes of regulation. This paper considers the discursive construction in the UK of Britain’s relationship to European integration. Despite claims that the politics of the ‘Third Way’ offer an innovative and coherent framework for New Labour’s political strategy, the evidence suggests that discourses of national sovereignty and pragmatic economic national self‐interest dominate. In conclusion it is suggested that the development of transnational discursive formations is a necessary precondition for the consolidation of regulatory forms and processes that break with previous nationally focused modes of regulation.
Consolidating South Africa’s New Democracy: Geographical Dimensions of Party Support in the 1999 Election
Authors: Fox Roddy , Lemon Anthony
Published: March 2003

South Africa’s second open election in 1999 was a critical stage in the country’s democratic consolidation. Geographical analysis of the results is complicated by the data release policies of the Independent Electoral Commission and by the need to match polling district data with magisterial district boundaries. This paper focuses on spatial patterns of party support in the nine provinces. The data is examined in relation to the racial composition of provincial electorates, possible relationships between ethnicity, language and voting for parties with regional support bases, and in terms of rural, urban and metropolitan population. The election results are also analysed in relation to the internal apartheid boundaries of the ‘homelands’ and the former Coloured Labour Preference Area. The findings are related to South Africa’s racial divisions and the consolidation of liberal democracy.