bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Range of Reasons
Authors: Whiting Daniel
Published: November 2021

This book contributes to two debates and it does so by bringing them together. The first is a debate in metaethics concerning normative reasons, the considerations that serve to justify a person’s actions and attitudes. The second is a debate in epistemology concerning the norms for belief, the standards that govern a person’s beliefs and by reference to which they are assessed. The book starts by developing and defending a new theory of reasons for action, that is, of practical reasons. The theory belongs to a family that analyses reasons by appeal to the normative notion of rightness (fittingness, correctness); it is distinctive in making central appeal to modal notions, specifically, that of a nearby possible world. The result is a comprehensive framework that captures what is common to and distinctive of reasons of various kinds: justifying and demanding; for and against, possessed and unpossessed; objective and subjective. The framework is then generalized to reasons for belief, that is, to epistemic reasons, and combined with a substantive, first-order commitment, namely, that truth is the sole right-maker for belief. The upshot is an account of the various norms governing belief, including knowledge and rationality, and the relations among them. According to it, the standards to which belief is subject are various, but they are unified by an underlying principle.
Reasons and Their Roles
Authors: Whiting Daniel
Published: November 2021

This chapter outlines a job description for practical reasons—they justify actions, guide deliberation, and explain normative facts, such as facts about what a person ought to do. Reflection on this job description leads to a provisional answer to the question of what being a reason consists in: A reason for a person to act is evidence of a respect in which it is right for them to act. The chapter compares this view critically with two alternatives—that reasons are explanations of right-makers, rather than evidence of them, and that reasons are premises of good reasoning. It also defends the evidence-based account against objections.
Truth
Authors: Whiting Daniel
Published: November 2021

This chapter generalizes the modal theory of reasons to the epistemic domain and combines it with an independently motivated and substantive commitment, namely, that truth and truth alone makes for right belief. The result is a novel theory of epistemic reasons, according to which a reason for believing a proposition is a fact which stands in a modally robust relation to the truth of that proposition, hence, a reliable indicator of its truth. The chapter then explores and defends a consequence of this, namely, that a person may believe all and any truths. It asks whether reflection on Moorean beliefs counts for or against the view.
Growth and Competitiveness
Authors: Sapir André
Published: November 2021

After two prosperous decades, the European Union suffered a serious setback in the late 1970s and early 1980s, with sluggish growth and weak competitiveness in high-tech sectors compared to the USA and Japan. The creation of the single European market in 1993 was a major boost to growth and competitiveness in Europe. Yet, today, even abstracting from the coronavirus crisis, the European Union again faces some economic troubles. Growth has been subdued for a while and the EU is suffering yet again from weak competitiveness in high-tech sectors compared to the USA and to China, which has replaced Japan as the main Asian powerhouse. At the same time, however, the geopolitical situation has changed dramatically. In the earlier days, the world was divided between East and West, and all three main economic powers, the EU, Japan, and the USA, were in the same political camp. Their rivalry was therefore purely economic. Today, there are political dividing lines between the three main economic powers. The EU’s competitiveness problem vis-à-vis China and the USA in some key technologies is therefore not just economic but also geopolitical. Yet, the European Union remains largely an economic entity, though it has started to think and even to act geopolitically. The obvious question is whether Europe will be able to repeat its achievement of nearly 30 years ago and come up with a new design that will boost its growth and competitiveness in this new geopolitical era, or whether this quest will prove elusory.
Europe’s (Euro) Crisis of Legitimacy
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A.
Published: November 2021

Europe’s (euro) crisis of legitimacy stems from the European Union’s ‘governing by rules and ruling by numbers’ during the sovereign debt crisis. Rules-based governance focused on austerity and structural reform played havoc with the Eurozone economy while fuelling political discontent. Subsequent reinterpretation of the rules ‘by stealth’ may have improved performance, but it did nothing to change the suboptimal rules and only further contributed to EU and national politicization. Although general acknowledgement of increasing flexibility came as of 2015, along with quantitative easing and investment, the damage had been done. Legitimacy remained in question, understood not only with regard to economic performance (output) and political responsiveness (input), but also in terms of the quality of the governance procedures (throughput). The chapter begins by conceptualizing legitimacy, and then explores EU institutional actors’ different pathways to legitimacy, and the ways in which they responded to the Eurozone crisis over time. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how the EU appears to have learned the lessons of the Eurozone crisis during the Covid-19 crisis.
The East–West Divide Revisited 30 Years On
Authors: Rupnik Jacques
Published: November 2021

Thirty years after the end of the Cold War and the division of the continent, are we witnessing a renewed east–west divide in Europe? Fifteen years following the enlargement of the European Union to countries of central and eastern Europe, are we witnessing mere political differences or is there an emerging divergence between the ‘old’ and ‘new’ EU member states on issues as fundamental as democracy and the rule of law? The triggering of Article 7 of the Lisbon Treaty against Poland and Hungary suggests the latter. This is the interpretation favoured in the media or in declarations of political figures on both sides of a newly restored dividing line. In the west, it tends to be perceived as a challenge to the European project and sometimes even as a justification for reservations regarding the very idea of the EU’s eastward expansion. In the Visegrád Group, there are claims of being treated as second-class members of the EU and resentment of alleged double standards and interference from Brussels, sometimes compared to pre-1989 control from Moscow. How can this triple divide on democracy, migration, and societal issues—three aspects of European liberalism—be accounted for after a quarter-century of unprecedented economic, political, and institutional convergence? One place to start is the misunderstandings concerning the process and meaning given to the post-1989 EU integration process (‘enlargement to the east’ or ‘European unification’). Different security concerns and threat perceptions (east versus south) also remain an obstacle in shaping a Common Foreign and Security Policy. There are deeper historical and cultural differences, the understanding of which is important to avoid recent divisions becoming fault lines. Finally these trends should be understood not as irreconcilable differences, but as a specific and acute version of a transeuropean crisis of democracy.
Core–Periphery Relations and European Integration
Authors: Laffan Brigid
Published: November 2021

Core–periphery relations have always played an important role within nation-states, across regions and at the global level. Given the significance of core–periphery dynamics to state building, we would expect patterns of economic convergence and divergence to matter in the process of European integration. This chapter traces how the EU addressed its treaty commitment to ‘harmonious development’ as it deepened and widened following the original aim of the Treaty of Rome. We identify a series of significant phases in the EU’s response to core–periphery relations. A key argument is that every major development in the EU, with the exception of the euro, was accompanied by policy provisions designed to alleviate divergence.
The European Union as a Global Power?
Authors: Letta Enrico
Published: November 2021

European integration started after the Second World War as an effort to bring peace in the Old Continent and to promote the unity of its peoples in a categorical rejection of nationalism. Hence, the very reason of making a united Europe was internal in its roots. Without denying the extraordinary achievements of the European project, today we can no longer give traditional answers to the fundamental question: ‘Why make Europe?’ If yesterday the underlying reason was clear to everyone—peace, in fact—today it is no longer the case. One of the ‘positive’ aspects of Brexit—and there are very few!—is having awakened Europe from a dangerous, deterministic, and almost dogmatic inertia of giving ‘Just because’ as the answer. So why should we continue to build a united Europe? Why do we need the European Union in the twenty-first century? In a nutshell the answer is that from the hegemon it was until the twentieth century, Europe must become a beacon for the world as a value-based global power. This is the essence of the new role that Europe is called to play in the world. In order to do this, we can no longer just look at internal causes for making Europe, but must also take into account the external context. In other words, we should adopt a mentality whereby European values coincide with European strategic interests. This shift is the key to making Europe live up to its global ambitions.
The Partnership between the USA and the European Union
Authors: Gardner Anthony
Published: November 2021

Western values are under attack all over the world, including in some of the oldest democracies. Populist demagogues are being voted into government in free elections, rather than by seizing power. The political middle appears to be hollowed out as extreme movements gain force. Yet the Western model, frequently predicted to be in danger of imminent collapse, lives on. For one set of values to collapse, another set of values needs to gain widespread acceptance. That prerequisite may never be achieved. China has proven that rapid and sustained economic growth is possible within an autocratic governance system. Its success in lifting hundreds of millions out of poverty into the middle class is rightly viewed as a historic achievement. But it has failed to inspire global admiration for its values, despite major efforts to project its influence culturally and diplomatically, and through massive investment in infrastructure around the world. News about China’s social scoring system, increasing drift toward a cult of personality under Xi Jinping, systematic surveillance, and massive internment of Muslims has contributed to unease about China. The USA and the EU still have an opportunity to ensure the continued relevance of the West as they work together along with other allies under the Biden administration, just as they did so often in the past (prior to the Trump administration) on issues of global importance, including trade, climate change, foreign aid and humanitarian assistance, data privacy, and human rights.
Are We Still Allowed to Dream?
Authors: Rompuy Herman Van
Published: November 2021

The European Union was and is a dream for many—for those who looked forward to and yearned for peace, democracy or prosperity. Remember, we have four candidate countries. Even in the UK, at least half the population is convinced European, despite everything. For many, the Europe of their dreams has been replaced by that of necessity. But we cannot cope with the great problems of our time without the EU. The nation-states cannot cope separately with the Chinese and American challenges. Indeed, two-thirds of EU27 citizens consider membership of the Union to be a good thing for their country. Why not turn this awareness into ‘more Europe’? Is it a matter of leadership? Or are our national societies in crisis, not only in Europe but throughout the West? There is a lot of mistrust towards established institutions and overarching ideas. Europe is one of them. Modern man fears ‘space’ and cherishes the ‘place’. All this translates electorally into a lot of fragmentation and volatility, which makes it more difficult for leaders to take risks. And yet we must continue to work towards an ‘ever closer Union’.
Introduction
Authors: Herman Barbara
Published: November 2021

The Introduction summarizes the path to be taken from a study of imperfect duties to a revised reading of Kant’s moral philosophy as a deontology that integrates the ideas and duties of right with our ethical duties. Explaining why such a path is necessary if we are to understand the moral situation of persons, it sets the agenda for understanding Kant’s account of our ethical and political duties as a single, unified moral habitat.
Framing the Question (What We Can Learn From Imperfect Duties)
Authors: Herman Barbara
Published: November 2021

The chapter describes the difficulties encountered in understanding imperfect duties and the misdirection that comes with taking beneficence as their paradigm example. It argues that we get a clearer view of what the duties are like by instead examining three less theorized imperfect duties—gratitude, duties about gifts, and the duty of due care. Each of the duties raises difficulties for conventional accounts of moral requirement that are explored and resolved in three sections called “Middle Work.” Together they reveal the distinctive theoretical demands and deliberative structure of imperfect duties and make it clear why they are important.
Giving
Authors: Herman Barbara
Published: November 2021

This chapter explores the imperfect duties that belong with gifts and other transfers of goods. It identifies the peculiar wrong in “giving too much” as a status injury made visible in the distortions of relationship caused by the giving. The wrongful giving morally disables or disorients the recipient as an equal partner in the exchange. The source of the wrong is a misuse of morally sanctioned discretion. The chapter then explores the awkward result that in giving too much an action can be not impermissible and yet morally wrong to do. Middle Work 2 explains this result arguing that the pair, impermissible-permissible, should be regarded as contraries, not contradictories. It follows that an action can be morally wrong if it is either of an act-type that is impermissible, or, if not of an impermissible act-type, it is ruled out by moral features of particular circumstances or conditions.
A Right to Housing
Authors: Herman Barbara
Published: November 2021

This chapter considers the structural effect on the system of duties that would come with recognizing a human right to housing. If there is such a right, there is pressure on the interpretation of a property system to support hybrid moral value connecting possession and the conditions of moral status. An extended example shows how, as a system constraint, the right requires a division of moral labor between individuals and public institutions, juridical and ethical duties, especially when there are natural or social crises around housing. The arguments around a right to housing are then extended to the conditions of refugees, asylum seekers, and stateless persons. The claim in innate right to be somewhere implies that wherever such persons present themselves counts as a moral port of entry to temporary residence and subsequent patriation that all states have a duty to support.
The Skeptical Challenge
Authors: McCain Kevin , Moretti Luca
Published: November 2021

This chapter articulates the anti-skeptical line of response afforded by PE. It is also shown that while the promised anti-skeptical bite of other appearance-based theories, such as PC, dissolves when one becomes reflectively aware of one’s own appearances, the same is not true of PE. This not only addresses a perennial concern for internalist theories but also completes the case for the superiority of PE over both PC and similar theories that do not take on board explanationist insights. This chapter shows that PE offers all that one might want from PC and much more. So, PE is an important theory of epistemic justification that is worthy of serious consideration.
Conclusion
Authors: Copley Jack
Published: November 2021

This chapter reiterates the key arguments and findings of the book. The British state pursued financial liberalization in the 1970s and 1980s in an attempt to reconcile the demands of domestic civil society with the suffocating, impersonal pressures of the global economic crisis on Britain’s balances with the rest of the world. Financialization was an accidental result, not an intended outcome. In addition, this chapter explores how the four liberalizations examined here impacted upon the trajectory of financialization in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Britain’s liberalization of its financial sector boosted global capital mobility, and thus created powerful pressures on other states to follow suit, contributing to a dynamic of competitive deregulation that spread around the world. Further, the arm’s-length, depoliticized design of the 1986 FSA generated an institutional path dependency, whereby future British systems of financial governance would take a similarly light-touch form. This meant that London would incubate a series of banking scandals in the 1990s, as well as being home to some of the riskiest financial practices exposed by the 2008 crisis. Finally, the growing financial flows unleashed by the liberalizations of the 1970s and 1980s were increasingly channelled into the housing market, resulting in Britain’s particular dynamic of housing-centric financialization.
Altar Call in Europe
Authors: Balbier Uta A.
Published: November 2021

This book provides a transnational history of Billy Graham’s revival work in the 1950s, zooming in on his revival meetings in London (1954), Berlin (1954/1960), and New York (1957). It shows how Graham’s international ministry took shape in the context of transatlantic debates about the place and future of religion in public life after the experiences of war and at the onset of the Cold War, and through a constant exchange of people, ideas, and practices. It explores the transnational nature of debates about the religious underpinnings of the “Free World” and sheds new light on the contested relationship between business, consumerism, and religion. In the context of Graham’s revival meetings, ordinary Christians, theologians, ministers, and church leaders in the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom discussed, experienced, and came to terms with religious modernization and secular anxieties, Cold War culture, and the rise of consumerism. The transnational connectedness of their political, economic, and spiritual hopes and fears brings a narrative to life that complicates our understanding of the different secularization paths the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany embarked on in the 1950s. During Graham’s altar call in Europe, the contours of a transatlantic revival become visible, even if in the long run it was unable to develop a dynamism that could have sustained this moment in these different national and religious contexts.
Introduction
Authors: Balbier Uta A.
Published: November 2021

The introduction embeds the revival meetings American evangelist Billy Graham organized in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany in the 1950s in the existing historiography of religious life in the 1950s, America’s spiritual Cold War, and the interplay between religion, consumers, and business culture. It contends that transnational phenomena such as Cold War culture, white middle-class economic aspiration and increasing prosperity, and religious revivalism blended in Graham’s spiritual and ideological offer and explain its attractiveness on both sides of the Atlantic. By introducing the concepts of everyday and lived religion, the introduction argues for a fresh interpretation of the status of religious life and the process of secularization in the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States. In centering the voices and practices of ministers and ordinary Christians, this new approach makes the contours of a transatlantic revival visible.
Reviving Religion
Authors: Balbier Uta A.
Published: November 2021

This book uses Graham’s crusades in London, Berlin, and New York as a prism through which to explore the powerful dynamics of the transatlantic revival of the 1950s. It was a movement that affected political discourses, theological debates, and ordinary faith, and witnessed a tremendous exchange of ideas and issues, hopes and fears, people and practices. It produced intense national debates about the future of faith under the threat of secularization. It was shaped by transnational ideological frameworks such as the Cold War and consumerism, and it strengthened the international awareness of German, British, and American Christians within and beyond the evangelical community. These were the dynamics, changes, and processes that came together during Graham’s altar call in Europe. This first chapter embeds Billy Graham’s revival meetings in the religious landscapes of the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany in the 1950s, a time characterized by secularization fears and hopes for a religious revival. It introduces the planning process behind Graham’s revival meetings, which was marked by lively transnational exchanges between American, British, and German organizers. In the wake of World War II, the so-called crusades provided a focus for contemporary debates among church officials, theologians, and ordinary Christians about faith, politics and society, and a possible modernization of religious life. The chapter shows how the endorsement and criticism developing around Graham split congregations and denominations, meanwhile allowing an ecumenical community of Graham supporters to emerge. Graham’s revival style challenged the evangelical communities in particular to embrace a more worldly faith.
Introduction
Authors: Ervin-Blankenheim Elisabeth
Published: November 2021

Geology offers a unique perspective on the Earth—past, present, and future. It is the language through which the Earth speaks, by means of rocks, geologic processes, the geologic record, and the biography of the Earth. This book explains how geologists arrived at understanding the story of the planet and discusses the three major tenets of geology: geologic time, plate tectonics, and evolution. The development of theories about how the Earth functions is detailed, along with their relevance. Within geology are the keys to understanding the history of the Earth, how that past informs the present, and ways of going forward. The Earth has interacted with life as long as that life has been extant. Life has shaped the Earth and vice versa with times of flowering and the radiation of life forms and other times of extinctions through profound changes in the climate and positions of the continents. These dynamics can shed light on the current changes in and consequences of perturbing the global climate.
Geologic Time
Authors: Ervin-Blankenheim Elisabeth
Published: November 2021

The time scale of geology—the first overarching precept in geology—and its development are the focus of this chapter. How did geologists determine the great age of the Earth through the spatial nature of geologic units and changes in fossils over time? There was no guidebook to the process of unraveling the Earth’s biography, and the discoveries proceeded step by step using observation and the development of hypotheses. Scientists such as Abraham Werner established principles to place rocks in order relative to one another, providing the beginning of understanding strata, their composition, sources, and life within them. Early estimates of the age of the Earth were on the order of thousands of years, carefully calculated based on the generations in the Bible. However, geologists such as James Hutton and Charles Lyell realized that the probable age of the Earth was much greater by examining the time it would take for processes, like sedimentation rates for a layer of sand or mud to be deposited to occur. From these observations, they deduced it would take orders of magnitude more time to build up great masses of rock layers, and the time scale of geology was extended millions of years.
An Early Framework for a Cognitive Neuroscience of Visual Aesthetics
Authors: Chatterjee Anjan
Published: November 2021

In the early 2000s, no framework within which to investigate the biology of aesthetics had been articulated. The author believes that a componential framework, as was common in cognitive psychology, applied to neuroaesthetics made sense. Such frameworks were commonly applied to complex cognitive domains, such as in language, emotion processing, or visual processing research. As such, the author proposes a “box and arrow” model which incorporated levels of visual processing, emotions, attention, and decision-making. The advantage of such a framework is that specific experiments could be placed in the context of testing hypotheses of parts of a larger system deployed for aesthetic processing. The framework has held up well over the years, although the author believes he did not sufficiently emphasize the role of the motor system and the rich contribution of semantics in aesthetic experiences.
Kinds of Beauty and the Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Pegors Teresa
Published: November 2021

Much research has been done to show where in the brain there is similar activity for different kinds of beauty judgments. In the article under discussion, the authors set out to determine where in the brain unique information about different kinds of beauty is found. In their experiment, participants made beauty judgments of faces and landscapes while their brain activity was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). By using an analysis technique that focused on patterns of activity rather than overall activation, the authors showed that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) contained unique information about each type of beauty. Understanding more about the neuroscience of how modern people evaluate beauty may help uncover larger truths about the history of human culture and art.
Social Meaning Brings Beauty
Authors: He Xianyou , Zhang Wei
Published: November 2021

In the study discussed in this chapter, the authors found that concrete pictographs elicited variable aesthetic appraisals related to the aesthetic qualities of the reference objects. In addition, Chinese characters are also produced in the form of metaphorical writing symbols that convey social concepts (ideographic symbols of oracle bone script). The study investigated whether the reference social meanings altered neural responses in the aesthetic appraisal of oracle bone scripts. Similar to the findings of pictographs, the beauty judgment of positive oracle bone scripts activated the occipital lobe for perceptual processing, frontal lobe for cognitive judgment, and right putamen for rewarding experience. However, only perceptual processing regions were found in the ugly judgment of negative oracle bone scripts. Results indicated that aesthetic appraisal of oracle bone scripts mainly depended on the valence of the reference social meanings and was in accordance with the stereotype of “what is good is beautiful, and bad is ugly.”
Architectural Styles as Subordinate Scene Categories
Authors: Walther Dirk B.
Published: November 2021

How do the brains of experts and non-experts represent entry-level and subordinate-level categories of buildings and places? In the study reviewed in this chapter, the authors measured the brain activity of architecture and psychology students while they viewed images of buildings of different architectural styles as well as general scenes. From functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) patterns, they were able to decode which architectural style participants viewed. Despite finding a strong behavioral expertise effect for architectural styles between the two groups of participants, the authors could not find any differences in brain activity. Surprisingly, they found that the fusiform face area, which is typically not involved in scene perception, was tightly linked with scene-selective brain regions for the decoding of architectural styles but not for entry-level scenes categories.
Epilogue
Authors: Chatterjee Anjan , Cardillo Eileen R.
Published: November 2021

In the closing chapter of this volume, the authors highlight conceptual, methodological, technical, and speculative issues that emerge from the collection and that they believe point to important future directions for the field of neuroaesthetics. One fundamental question that runs implicitly through the collection and is answered variously by the authors is what is meant by “aesthetics.” We note, too, opportunities for new lines of research that will significantly advance the models and applied relevance of neuroaesthetics. Such studies might address cross-cultural tests of neuroaesthetic theories, temporal dimensions of aesthetic engagement, multimodal experiences, neurochemical mechanisms, neuropsychological investigations of aesthetic experience, naturalistic experimental designs, and the impact of artificial intelligence and other technologies on our conceptions of art and creativity.
Confronting Cyber Risk
Authors: Falco Gregory J. , Rosenbach Eric
Published: November 2021

Confronting Cyber Risk: An Embedded Endurance Strategy for Cybersecurity is a practical leadership handbook defining a new strategy for improving cybersecurity and mitigating cyber risk. Written by two leading experts with extensive professional experience in cybersecurity, the book provides CEOs and cyber newcomers alike with novel, concrete guidance on how to implement a cutting-edge strategy to mitigate an organization’s overall risk to malicious cyberattacks. Using short, real-world case studies, the book highlights the need to address attack prevention and the resilience of each digital asset while also accounting for an incident’s potential impact on overall operations. In a world of hackers, artificial intelligence, and persistent ransomware attacks, the Embedded Endurance strategy embraces the reality of interdependent digital assets and provides an approach that addresses cyber risk at both the micro level (people, networks, systems and data) and the macro level (the organization). Most books about cybersecurity focus entirely on technology; the Embedded Endurance strategy recognizes the need for sophisticated thinking about hardware and software while also extending beyond to address operational, reputational and litigation risk. This book both provides the reader with a solid grounding in important prevention-focused technologies—such as cloud-based security and intrusion detection—and emphasizes the important role of incident response. By implementing an Embedded Endurance strategy, you can guide your team to blunt major cyber incidents with preventative and resilience measures engaged systematically across your organization.
Who Is Attacking Us?
Authors: Falco Gregory , Rosenbach Eric
Published: November 2021

The question “Who is attacking us?” explains cyber threat actors and their motivations for attacking organizations. The chapter begins with a Colonial Pipeline case study that describes the ransomware attack against the U.S. fuel pipeline, a cyberattack on critical U.S. infrastructure. The chapter explains different types of cyberattacks, including social engineering, denial of service, advance persistent threats, brute force attacks, and artificial intelligence attacks. Further, the chapter details the suite of threat actors who launch cyberattacks, including lone hackers, hacktivists, petty criminals, organized criminals, professional criminals, and nation-states. Finally, the chapter describes the importance of sectoral threat intelligence, including Information Sharing and Analysis Centers (ISACs), and types of threats to specific sectors, including finance, healthcare, manufacturing, education, power and utilities, and retail. The chapter concludes with Embedded Endurance strategy lessons from Falco’s experience addressing these issues at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
What Do I Need to Know About Cyber Frameworks, Standards, and Laws?
Authors: Falco Gregory , Rosenbach Eric
Published: November 2021

The question “What do I need to know about cyber frameworks, standards, and laws?” distills the complex landscape of cyber risk laws, requirements, and standards. The chapter begins with a case study on Nielsen Holdings’ legal and business trouble with the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). It distinguishes compliance from security—explaining how readers can achieve both—and clarifies the dynamic, complex legal landscape in a world of ever-evolving cyber risk. It reviews legislation relating to cyber risk including the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GBLA), the Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA), and GDPR. The chapter describes the importance of adopting the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s (NIST) Cybersecurity Framework, creating a cyber policy/act/law/regulation “watch list” and purchasing cyber insurance. At the chapter’s end Falco shares Embedded Endurance strategy insight from his experience leading a team developing a cyber standard of care.
What Risk Prevention Measures Can I Use?
Authors: Falco Gregory , Rosenbach Eric
Published: November 2021

The question “What risk prevention measures can I use?” describes how to reduce the likelihood of a cyberattack on your organization. The chapter begins with a case study on the SolarWinds hack exemplifying how prevention measures on a specific system, network, or data cannot be effective on their own. The chapter describes why cyber risk management needs to be embedded across all facets of the organization, and how the Embedded Endurance strategy can help readers achieve that. It reviews system security prevention measures that include patch management and antivirus software. It explains network security prevention measures, including intrusion detection and intrusion prevention systems. The chapter also describes data risk prevention measures such as data governance, encryption, and data loss prevention technology, and highlights the importance of physical security for reducing cyber risk. The chapter concludes with Falco’s Embedded Endurance strategy insight on risk prevention gained at his industrial Internet-of-Things security company.
Conclusion
Authors: Falco Gregory , Rosenbach Eric
Published: November 2021

The conclusion summarizes the importance of an Embedded Endurance cyber risk strategy and the steps you can take to design and implement your own. The Embedded Endurance cyber risk strategy you will build focuses on implementing mitigation measures that include prevention and resilience. The chapter describes how even in an evolving cyber risk landscape, the concepts described in the Embedded Endurance cyber risk strategy will remain foundational. The chapter concludes with “cryptograms” from the future, in which organizational leaders confront the next generation of cyber risk challenges. The cryptograms encourage readers to apply the lessons learned and extend these Embedded Endurance strategy lessons to the future.
Introduction
Authors: Ross Melanie C.
Published: November 2021

The introduction explains why corporate worship is central to evangelical identity. It sets the book in historical and cultural context and frames the study it in relationship recent scholarship on contemporary American evangelicalism. The author introduces the seven ethnographic case studies at the heart of the book, describing how each congregation represents a key “tile” or type of evangelical worship in the American mosaic. After delineating the scope and limitations of the study, the chapter details the main argument of the book: worship is the vehicle through which congregations express their theological identity by negotiating the three paradoxes of constancy and change, consensus and contestation, and sameness and difference.
“Suddenly We’re in a Different Era”
Authors: Ross Melanie C.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 3 examines Moody Church in Chicago, the oldest extant megachurch in America, where many congregants believe that God relates to humanity in different ways during different historical eras. In this chapter, I show how dispensationalism—a theological development popularized by founding church father Dwight L. Moody—continues to influence the congregation’s theology of worship today. Dispensationalists believe that some of God’s commands carry through from one dispensation to the next, while others can be modified, added to, or discontinued. Relatedly, Moody adheres to a “bundled” philosophy of music: some songs stand the generational test of time, others from a previous era have been phased out, and new repertoire is regularly introduced.
“Not to Sing Is to Disobey”
Authors: Ross Melanie C.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 7 is set in Nashville, a city that boasts numerous Christian record labels and distributors. Many of the executives, producers, musicians, songwriters, and artists involved in these businesses call The Village Chapel their church home. For many of these industry insiders, “sing to the Lord a new song” is not only a biblical command, but also a rationale for supplying new music and products to hungry Christian consumers. This chapter confronts the tensions of shaping faith, testimony, and ritual for commercial return, and probes one congregation’s quest to make the blurry line between sanctuary and marketplace in Music City more distinct.
The Theory and Practice of Compassionate Reasoning
Authors: Gopin Marc
Published: November 2021

It is through cultivation of neural pathways of prosocial feelings that the mind can be motivated to utilize reasoning for sustainable life. Empathy with the suffering of others is a strong prosocial emotion that is helpful to peacebuilding. But in excess, empathy leads to “burnout” which can include withdrawal, antisocial feelings, post-traumatic stress disorder, and metabolic abnormalities. Compassion, however, is perhaps the most esteemed prosocial emotion in the history of ethical theories, philosophy, religions, and contemporary psychology. Compassion’s extensive application to all people and all living things makes it a powerful ally of moral reasoning and moral habits. Compassion entails sustainable prosocial care for oneself and for others, regardless of skin color or religious, tribal, or national differences. Training in compassion, and then in reasoning that is guided by and motivated by compassion, constitutes a new approach to cultivation of the self, relationships with others, educational innovation, social policy, and political governance.
Summary of the Argument of Compassionate Reasoning: Changing the Mind to Change the World and Implications for Training
Authors: Gopin Marc
Published: November 2021

This chapter summarizes the major arguments of the book and outlines recommendations for implementation of Compassionate Reasoning in society through measuring its cultivation at the local and global level, including assessment of schools, communities, workplaces, and cities. Educational systems develop cultivation of habits of Compassionate Reasoning at every life stage. Habits of thinking, speaking, and doing are the three areas that help the brain strengthen neural pathways of compassion. Compassionate Reasoning empowers the person or group to move beyond the paralysis of excessive empathy with the pain of others (burnout), but it also helps those who do not feel enough compassion for others. Training in Compassionate Reasoning forms good social and governmental policies as it helps workers, policymakers, diplomats, and law enforcement to successfully confront painful moral dilemmas. A key component of Compassionate Reasoning is a future orientation that opens the mind to new possibilities.
Practice
Authors: Woody Robert H.
Published: November 2021

Practicing is an activity that accounts for the highest levels of musical expertise, but one that many musicians do not typically—or at least consistently—carry out. Most people have done some kind of independent practicing (or academic studying or athletic training) in their lives and have likely heard platitudes such as “Practice makes perfect.” Such folk knowledge tends to suggest that quantity of practice is the most important factor. Unfortunately, popular handling of psychological research has largely reinforced this misconception. More careful consideration of the research, however, shows that although developing musicians certainly must make time for practice, the efficiency and deliberateness of time spent are also crucial. This chapter begins by defining “deliberate practice” as the type of practicing that optimally contributes to musical skill acquisition. Through consistent practice over time, skills that began as highly conscious and effortful progress to ultimately becoming fluently and automatically performed. Rather than striving to simply amass hours of practice time, musicians are encouraged to be more productive and efficient by strategically planning, executing, and reflecting on their practice.
Yes, the Universe Is on Our Side
Authors: Ledewitz Bruce
Published: November 2021

Lonergan’s question is for all of us, including religious believers. The process philosophy of Alfred North Whitehead renders the yes plausible, allowing us to understand the universe as more than dead matter and blind forces. There is no possibility of a final proof in answering Lonergan’s question, but there is knowledge. Kronman is not only the culmination of the no, he is the commencement of the yes. Accepting mortality engenders all human possibilities, including tenderness. The universe is emergent and creative. In its processes, the universe moves in the direction of life, complexity, intelligence, and morality. The stability and universality of the laws of nature support a friendly universe. The Earth maintains conditions for life. Quantum physics demonstrates our connection to matter. History is not circular but directional. Human life is purposeful. None of this is accidental.
Existential Symbolism and Theological Anthropology
Authors: Miller Richard B.
Published: November 2021

This chapter focuses on The Theological-Anthropological Method and the work of its principal architect Paul Tillich. It examines features of Tillich’s thinking that have had appeal in religious studies by elaborating on two frameworks in his thought and six Tillichian tenets about religion. It then exposes a striking paradox in Tillich’s theology. In his view, religions typically fail to apply the Protestant Principle, by which he means a self-critical criterion that is based on the belief that no human symbol is adequate to the task of representing the unconditioned. Tillich would thus have one judge many religions—those that lack, or fail to apply, that self-critical principle—as sources of idolatry and existential despair. It is argued that the potential of the Theological-Anthropological Method to provide motivating reasons to study religion is weakened by this fact.
Religious Studies and the Values of Critical Humanism
Authors: Miller Richard B.
Published: November 2021

This chapter proposes that a proper telos for the study of religion is Critical Humanism. Drawing on Aristotle and Charles Taylor, it explains how Critical Humanism provides a theoretical framework for studying religion and describes its mobile, liberal, dialogical, and inclusive aspects. Building on the ideas of Felski, Walzer, Rorty, and the environmental humanities, it notes how Critical Humanism places a premium on expanding the moral imagination and examines the connections between that idea and humanistic scholarship. That discussion leads into an account of four values to which the study of religion can be connected: post-critical reasoning, social criticism, cross-cultural fluency, and environmental responsibility. The chapter then describes four works in the study of religion that exemplify these values. Lastly, it summarizes the chapter’s arguments in response to the challenges posed by Weber’s view of science and Welch’s reckoning with the field’s “identity crisis” as described in chapters 1 and 2.
Origins of the Mass Party
Authors: Ackerman Edwin F.
Published: November 2021

This book argues that the mass party emerged as the product of two distinct but related “primitive accumulations”—the dismantling of communal land tenure and the corresponding dispossession of the means of local administration. It illustrates this argument by studying the party central to one of the longest regimes of the 20th century—the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) in Mexico, which emerged as a mass party during the 1930s and 1940s. I place the PRI in comparative perspective, studying the failed emergence of Bolivia’s Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario (MNR) (1952–64), attempted under similar conditions as the Mexican case. Why was party emergence successful in one case but not the other? The PRI emerged as a mass party in areas in Mexico where land privatization was more intensive and communal village government was weakened, enabling the party’s construction and subsequent absorption of peasant unions and organizations. Ultimately, the overall strength of communal property-holding and concomitant traditional political authority structures blocked the emergence of the MNR as a mass party. Where economic and political expropriation was more pronounced, there was a critical mass of individuals available for political organization, with articulatable interests, and a burgeoning cast of professional politicians that facilitated connections between the party and the peasantry.
Mexico and Bolivia in Comparative Perspective and the Sociology of Party Formation
Authors: Ackerman Edwin F.
Published: November 2021

This chapter measures up existing approaches to party formation against the rise of the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) in post-revolutionary Mexico (1929–1946) and the attempt but ultimate failure of Bolivia’s Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario (1953–1964) to undertake a homologous process in the aftermath of the 1952 uprising, despite similarity in conditions. The chapters offers a critical review of existing theories of mass party formation and area studies literature, pointing to the limitations of ‘reflective’ and ‘state-modernizations’ approaches to the study of parties. Finally, it lays out the methodological and analytical strategy guiding the empirical chapters of Part II of the book.
Dispossession and the Mass Party
Authors: Ackerman Edwin F.
Published: November 2021

This chapter argues that Marx and Weber were right to relate party emergence with capitalism and the modern state. But understanding the nature of this relationship requires a 1) rethinking of the unique characteristics of the party as a political-organizational modality and 2) a focus on the destructive processes associated with the ascent of a market economy and a bureaucratic state apparatus. A reading of Marx and Weber through the prism of Antonio Gramsci’s understanding of the party-form and Bourdieu’s insights on political representation moves us in this direction. Capitalism and the modern State transform political organization, as it ceases to be an act of direct presentation to a territorial outsider and becomes an act of re-presentation whereby a specialized intermediary agent (party, union, civil societal organization) articulates private sectoral interests that cut across local communities. This transition from “territorial presentation” to “social sectoral representation” requires two primitive accumulations, and economic and a political one.