bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelo conceptual de evolución a largo plazo de la morfología de los estuarios
Authors: Lomónaco P. , Medina R. , Losada I.J.
Published: July 2015

Se presenta un modelo analítico que describe la propagación de la onda de marea en un estuario somero, con el fin de determinar la influencia de la configuración del mismo en la deformación de la onda, estableciendo los mecanismos que producen la asimetría de las velocidades y las circunstancias en las que es posible recuperarla y, con ello, establecer las condiciones de un equilibrio dinámico. El modelo incorpora, de forma paramétrica, la morfología de un estuario cuya sección transversal admite la presencia de bajos mareales y canales de vaciante. El modelo resuelve, a través de un esquema de perturbaciones, las ecuaciones no lineales de movimiento donde se incluye la fricción con los contornos, el efecto de la amplitud finita y la variación instantánea de la superficie libre. Los resultados del modelo se han verificado con medidas realizadas en campo, demostrando su aplicabilidad. Finalmente, el modelo se emplea como una herramienta para identificar la relación existente entre la asimetría de las velocidades y la tendencia morfológica del estuario. La solución analítica de las ecuaciones permite, de forma general, analizar la contribución individual de los términos no lineales en el comportamiento de la onda de marea al propagarse por un estuario somero.
Modelagem hidrológica chuva-vazão com dados de radar e pluviômetros
Authors: Adilson Moreira I. , Moro Mine M.R. , Pereira Filho A.J.
Published: July 2015

A principal informaçao de entrada para os modelos chuva-vazão é a precipitação; uma variável fundamental do ciclo hidrológico com características que dependem de seu tipo. O objetivo desde trabalho é analisar o impacto de diferentes formas de medida da precipitação em saídas de modelos chuva-vazão. As simulações hidrológicas foram realizadas com o modelo IPH II para 3 conjuntos de dados de precipitação como entrada do modelo: 1) pluviômetros, 2) chuva de radar, 3) radar mais pluviômetro – chuva analisada. A área escolhida para a realização do estudo foi a bacia do rio Barigüi, na região metropolitanade Curitiba, Paraná. Os resultados indicaram que as medidas de pluviômetros apresentam bons resultados para eventos de precipitação estratiforme. Por outro lado, simulações para eventos de precipitação com distribução espacial irregular não apresentaram bom desempenho. Além disso, as simulações hidrológicas com precipitação estimada apenas pelo radar não apresentaram resultados satisfatórios, ora subestimando ou superestimando a vazão. Os melhores resultados foram produzidos com o campo de precipitação analisada com a ANOBES.
Simulação da procura numa rede de rega operando a pedido: o modelo Irdemand
Authors: Calejo M.J. , Teixeira J.L. , Pereira L.S. , Lamaddalena N.
Published: July 2015

O conhecimento da procura para a rega é fundamental no projecto e na gestão dos sistemas colectivos de regadio. Os caudais e o padrão do hidrograma da procura variam de sistema para sistema e dependem do modo de distribução da água, do clima, das culturas e de factores sociais. Nas redes operando a pedido, a procura é tradicionalmente estimada através da 1ª Fórmula de Clément, que é um modelo puramente estatístico. Diversos autores têm questionado algumas das suas hipóteses de base e têm sido propostos modelos alternativos tendo por base a simulação do balanço hídrico do solo para uma determinada estratégia de rega. A análise das séries cronológicas dos caudais horários pedidos mostra que a procura é representada por dois processoss não correlacionados, um determinístico e outro aleatório. Com o objectivo de modelar estas duas componentes, foi desenvolvido o modelo IRDEMAND que adopta a seguinte metodología: (1) simulação do balanço hídrico do solo, através do modelo ISAREG, para determinação das datas de rega: (2) fixação da hora de abertura das tomadas de rega considerando quer a função densidade de probabilidade dos caudais médios horários pedidos quer as frequências relativas dos caudais horários dum hidrograma sintético gerado por um proceso autoregressivo com reposição da sazonalidade; e (3) determinação do hidrograma e dos regimes de caudal agregando ao nível do sistema os pedidos à escala da parcela. O modelo proposto considera a aleatoriedade espacial das seguintes variáveis: culturas, sistemas de rega, data de sementeira, eficiência da aplicação e dotação. Este modelo foi aplicado à rede de rega em presão do Lucefecit e testado por comparação dos caudais horários simulados com os observados e através da análise dos volumes distribuídos para rega. A metodología seguida revelou-se adequada na caracterização da procura.
Flujo de cloruro por la escorrentía directa en España
Authors: Alcalá F.J. , Custodio Gimena Emilio
Published: July 2015

Se ha estudiado el flujo del ion cloruro por la escorrentía directa en el territorio español con vistas a evaluar la recarga a los acuíferos mediante métodos químicos ambientales. Las series plurianuales de datos bibliográficos y de datos elaborados por los autores de este trabajo sobre el volumen de escorrentía directa y su contenido en Cl han permitido calcular la tasa anual de flujo de Cl por la escorrentía, AE , y su variación temporal en España. Los periodos de medida son generalmente inferiores a cinco años, y usualmente de un solo año. Esto significa que los valores promedio de AE tienen una notable incertidumbre, de hasta el 50%, debida al corto periodo de muestreo. AE oscila entre 2 y 8 g m-2 a-1 en zonas costeras, y entre 0,02 y 0,05 g m-2 a-1 en el centro peninsular. El coeficiente de variación varía entre 0,1 y 0,3 en zonas costeras, y entre 0,05 y 0,02 m-2 a-1 km-1 en zonas costeras, que disminuyen hasta ~0,01 en el interior. En las áreas insulares de mayor relieve existe un claro componente radial de disminución de AE desde la costa hacia el interior, con gradientes de ~0,5 g m-2 a-1 km-1 y coeficientes de variación próximos a 1. El valor calculado de la recarga a los acuíferos es más ajustado a la realidad cuando se considera el flujo de Cl por la escorrentía directa. Así la tasa de recarga se reduce entre un 5 y un 30% en zonas semiáridas respecto del valor que se obtendría comparando sólo la deposición total de Cl y el contenido en Cl del agua de recarga. La variación en zonas húmedas puede alcanzar el 50% de la estimación.
Simulación de la escorrentía directa en una cuenca forestal del norte de España
Authors: Goñi M. , López J.J. , Gimena F. , Agirre U.
Published: July 2015

Uno de los métodos más extendidos para simular el hidrograma de escorrentía directa en el ámbito del diseño hidrológico es la técnica del Hidrograma Unitario (HU). En base a un modelo de HU que se fundamenta en una asociación de depósitos lineales establecida en función de la red de drenaje de la cuenca, se propone una formulación que permite contemplar la variabilidad espacial de la lluvia, con la capacidad de introducir distintos yetogramas registrados en localizaciones diferentes. Este modelo se ha aplicado en la cuenca de Oiartzun, de 56,6 km2 de superficie, situada en la parte oriental de la provincia de Guipúzcoa, y en la que se dispone de tres pluviómetros con registro continuo. Dicha cuenca en cuanto a usos, suelos y características físicas es representativa de la zona. Para evaluar el modelo se han seleccionado cuatro eventos de lluvia. Para estos cuatro eventos se ha aplicado el modelo Hidrograma Unitario Geomorfológico de Depósitos (HUIGD) agregado, introduciendo un yetograma único determinado por polígonos de Thiessen, y la variante del modelo HUIGD distribuido que permite la introducción de los tres yetogramas. Aunque ambos modelos presentan una buena capacidad de simulación, los resultados aportados por el distribuido mejoran en diferentes aspectos a los del agregado.
Controle do escoamento pluvial urbano com bacias de detençao na cidade de Brasília/Brasil
Authors: Aldo Campana N. , Silveira Bernardes R. , Milograna Cortes J.
Published: July 2015

As cheias urbanas são responsáveis por transtornos que vão desde pequenos empoçamentos a enormes prejuízos materiais e à saúde humana. Com o intuito do minimizar o efeito das enchentes em áreas urbanas, várias metodologías vêm sendo estudadas. Dentre elas as bacias de detenção e retenção são bastante utilizadas em áreas com urbanização consolidada. Neste estudo apresenta-se uma análise da eficiência de uma bacia de detenção alagada no controle de inundações abordando os aspectos quantitativo e qualitativo do escoamento proveniente da rede de drenagem da cidade de Brasília – DF, Brasil. Os resultados mostraram a eficiência do dispositivo monitorado na redução das vazões de pico. Além disso, foi possível reducir as concentrações de alguns poluentes encontrados nas águas pluviais despejadas na referida bacia de detenção.
Erosión general en ríos aluviales
Authors: Daniel Farias H. , Teresita Pilán M. , Olmos Luis A. , Pece Francisco J.
Published: July 2015

Muchas situaciones en ingeniería fluvial requieren la predicción de la profundidad de erosión general o natural producida por un incremento del caudal líquido, por ejemplo, durante crecidas naturales o controladas. Por ello y fundamentalmente en el caso de ríos con lechos arenosos este es un tópico de gran importancia en el diseño de cruces fluviales, tales como puentes, conductos, túneles, etc. Para la estimación cuantitativa de la erosión general existen varios métodos empíricos basados en diversas hipótesis , y en los conceptos de velocidad crítica y de equilibrio. En la práctica, los métodos para evaluar la erosión general se aplican a partir de una sección inicial previa a la crecida o considerando la distribución lateral de caudales unitarios y el tamaño característico del sedimento. En este artículo se presenta un criterio teórico que conduce a la forma genérica de la relación funcional para predecir la erosión natural. El mismo está basado en un principio de optimización de la tasa de disipación de energía del flujo en la instancia de máxima erosión. La hipótesis considerada sostiene que el estado límite se corresponde con un mínimo en la tasa de disipación de energía del flujo en la instancia de máxima erosión. La hipótesis considerada sostiene que el estado límite corresponde con un mínimo en la tasa de disipación de energía del flujo, equivalente a la máxima eficiencia en el transporte de sedimentos, y a través de una elaboración teórica se encuentra la relación general entre profundidad de equilibrio, caudal unitario y tamaño del sedimento. Esta situación corresponde al estado en que el cauce alcanza una condición de cuasi-estabilidad dinámica o transporte generalizado de sedimentos en el instante de erosión máxima, que es la condición más importante desde el punto de vista práctico. A partir de esta formulación generalizada, se presenta una metodología para estimar la erosión general en cauces arenosos, con aplicaciones a una serie de ejemplos prácticos. Los resultados obtenidos muestran indicios de muy buen comportamiento de la formulación presentada como predictor razonablemente confiable para grandes ríos de llanura, abriéndose una perspectiva interesante para su uso como herramienta práctica en casos de diseño.
Efectos de las presas en la dinámica geomorfológica del tramo bajo del Ebro. Crecidas controladas.
Authors: Batalla Ramon J. , Vericat Damià , Palau Antoni
Published: July 2015

En este estudio se analizan los efectos de las presas de Mequinenza, Riba-roja y Flix sobre la dinámica geomorfológica del tramo bajo del río Ebro y se presentan las crecidas controladas como medidas correctoras. La carga sedimentaria total aguas arriba de la presa de Mequinenza para el periodo entre octubre de 2002 y septiembre de 2004 es de 3,28x106 toneladas, el 99% transportado en suspensión. Aguas abajo de la presa de Flix el río transporta 0,91x106 toneladas (el 60% en suspensión y 40% como carga de fondo), valor que se estima notablemente inferior a la carga transportada a principios del siglo XX. Los datos del período de estudio indican que los embalses del tramo bajo retienen hasta el 90% de la carga de materiales en suspensión (1,4 x 106 t/año), además de la totalidad de carga de fondo. Este fenómeno tiene como consecuencia una incisión sostenida del cauce aguas abajo. Los datos de campo indican que aguas abajo de la presa de Flix se produce una exportación media neta anual de 0,18 x 106 toneladas de sedimentos gruesos del lecho, lo que se traduce en una incisión media de 30 mm/año. Esta situación se prolongará hasta que el río alcance un nuevo equilibrio hidráulico y sedimentario (e.g. aumento del grado de acorazamiento del lecho). El río Ebro presenta ya áreas fuertemente acorazadas, especialmente en las proximidades de la presa de Flix, pero en general el lecho se muestra todavía muy activo, hecho corroborado tanto por las altas tasas de carga de fondo medidas durante crecidas como por la incisión y la movilidad de trazadores observada en secciones de control. La revegetación espontánea de numerosas zonas del cauce hasta hace poco activas sugiere que el proceso de incisión sigue su curso. Aún así, el cauce dista, todavía, de haber llegado a una situación de reequilibrio hidráulico, 40 años después del cierre de las últimas presas. En el tramo bajo del Ebro de trabaja desde 2002 en el diseño y ejecución regular de crecidas de mantenimiento (i.e. crecidas controladas) que permiten mantener la necesaria capacidad de autoregeneración del cauce y las comunidades acuáticas desde un punto de vista ecológico, restaurar parcialmente su morfodinámica y, sobre todo , reducir el exceso de macrófitos. Dichas crecidas movilizan sedimentos del fondo, pero hasta qué extremo contribuyen al proceso de incisión del lecho y a su progresivo acorazamiento es una cuestión abierta que debe seguir analizándose con detalle a partir de mediciones directas de campo, experimentos y modelización.
Seasonal sensitivity of genotypes in the humid tropics and its application to chicken breeding
Authors: Jesuyon O. M. A. , Oseni S. O.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. The study was aimed at elucidating the effect of seasons, namely the early wet (EW), late wet (LW), early dry (ED) and late dry (LD) seasons, on genotype sensitivity, its magnitude and application for selection and management of chickens of Bovan Nera (BN) and ISA Brown (IB) origins. Breeding and hatching records from 1999 to 2008 were collected from CHI (Ajanla) Farms and hatchery records, Ibadan, Nigeria. Cock weight (CW), hen weight (HW), hen-house egg production (HHP), egg weight (EW), fertility of egg set (FES) and pullet day-old chicks (PDC) hatched were examined. ANOVA revealed that there was significant (P < 0.05) genotype × season interaction effect. This interaction was observed between genotypic values when compared between seasons within parameters. Within-season sensitivity parameters indicated that BN was more sensitive than IB in HW and FES for all seasons. In ED and LD seasons, sensitivity values were inconsistent in pattern with output levels of FES, HES and PDC hatched because of interaction between genotypes and seasons. Within the LW season, all sensitivity indices for genotypes were consistent in magnitude with productive and reproductive values. Therefore, a genotype's seasonal sensitivity indices could be utilized for direct antagonistic selection in LW season between genotypes in humid tropics.
Technical Note: Using DEG-CPCs at upper tropospheric temperatures
Authors: Wimmer D. , Lehtipalo K. , Nieminen T. , Duplissy J. , Ehrhart S. , Almeida J. , Rondo L. , Franchin A. , Kreissl F. , Bianchi F. , Manninen H. E. , Kulmala M. , Curtius J. , Petäjä T.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Over the last few years, several condensation particle counters (CPCs) capable of measuring in the sub-3 nm size range have been developed. Here we study the performance of CPCs based on diethylene glycol (DEG) at different temperatures during Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets (CLOUD) measurements at CERN. The data shown here are the first set of verification measurements for sub-3 nm CPCs under upper tropospheric temperatures using atmospherically relevant aerosol particles. To put the results in perspective we calibrated the DEG-CPC at room temperature, resulting in a cut-off diameter of 1.4 nm. All diameters refer to mobility equivalent diameters in this paper. At upper tropospheric temperatures ranging from 246.15 K to 207.15 K, we found cut-off sizes relative to a particle size magnifier in the range of 2.5 to 2.8 nm. Due to low number concentration after size classification, the cut-off diameters have a high uncertainty (±0.3 nm) associated with them. Operating two laminar flow DEG-CPCs with different cut-off sizes together with other aerosol instruments, we looked at the growth rates of aerosol population in the CLOUD chamber for particles smaller than 10 nm at different temperatures. A more consistent picture emerged when we normalized the growth rates to a fixed gas-phase sulfuric acid concentration. All of the instruments detected larger growth rates at lower temperatures, and the observed growth rates decreased as a function of temperature, showing a similar trend for all instruments. The theoretical calculations had a similar but much smaller temperature dependency.
Wet scavenging limits the detection of aerosol effects on precipitation
Authors: Gryspeerdt E. , Stier P. , White B. A. , Kipling Z.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Satellite studies of aerosol–cloud interactions usually make use of retrievals of both aerosol and cloud properties, but these retrievals are rarely spatially co-located. While it is possible to retrieve aerosol properties above clouds under certain circumstances, aerosol properties are usually only retrieved in cloud-free scenes. Generally, the smaller spatial variability of aerosols compared to clouds reduces the importance of this sampling difference. However, as precipitation generates an increase in spatial variability of aerosols, the imperfect co-location of aerosol and cloud property retrievals may lead to changes in observed aerosol–cloud–precipitation relationships in precipitating environments. In this work, we use a regional-scale model, satellite observations and reanalysis data to investigate how the non-coincidence of aerosol, cloud and precipitation retrievals affects correlations between them. We show that the difference in the aerosol optical depth (AOD)–precipitation relationship between general circulation models (GCMs) and satellite observations can be explained by the wet scavenging of aerosol. Using observations of the development of precipitation from cloud regimes, we show how the influence of wet scavenging can obscure possible aerosol influences on precipitation from convective clouds. This obscuring of aerosol–cloud–precipitation interactions by wet scavenging suggests that even if GCMs contained a perfect representation of aerosol influences on convective clouds, the difficulty of separating the "clear-sky" aerosol from the "all-sky" aerosol in GCMs may prevent them from reproducing the correlations seen in satellite data.
Reassessing the ratio of glyoxal to formaldehyde as an indicator of hydrocarbon precursor speciation
Authors: Kaiser J. , Wolfe G. M. , Min K. E. , Brown S. S. , Miller C. C. , Jacob D. J. , deGouw J. A. , Graus M. , Hanisco T. F. , Holloway J. , Peischl J. , Pollack I. B. , Ryerson T. B. , Warneke C. , Washenfelder R. A. , Keutsch F. N.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. The yield of formaldehyde (HCHO) and glyoxal (CHOCHO) from oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) depends on precursor VOC structure and the concentration of NOx (NOx = NO + NO2). Previous work has proposed that the ratio of CHOCHO to HCHO (RGF) can be used as an indicator of precursor VOC speciation, and absolute concentrations of the CHOCHO and HCHO as indicators of NOx. Because this metric is measurable by satellite, it is potentially useful on a global scale; however, absolute values and trends in RGF have differed between satellite and ground-based observations. To investigate potential causes of previous discrepancies and the usefulness of this ratio, we present measurements of CHOCHO and HCHO over the southeastern United States (SE US) from the 2013 SENEX (Southeast Nexus) flight campaign, and compare these measurements with OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) satellite retrievals. High time-resolution flight measurements show that high RGF is associated with monoterpene emissions, low RGF is associated with isoprene oxidation, and emissions associated with oil and gas production can lead to small-scale variation in regional RGF. During the summertime in the SE US, RGF is not a reliable diagnostic of anthropogenic VOC emissions, as HCHO and CHOCHO production are dominated by isoprene oxidation. Our results show that the new CHOCHO retrieval algorithm reduces the previous disagreement between satellite and in situ RGF observations. As the absolute values and trends in RGF observed during SENEX are largely reproduced by OMI observations, we conclude that satellite-based observations of RGF can be used alongside knowledge of land use as a global diagnostic of dominant hydrocarbon speciation.
Urban warming in villages
Authors: Lindén J. , Grimmond C.S.B. , Esper J.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Long term meteorological records (> 100 years) from stations associated with villages are generally classified as rural and assumed to have no urban influence. Using networks installed in two European villages, the local and microclimatic variations around two of these rural-village sites are examined. An annual average temperature difference ($\\Delta{T}$) of 0.6 and 0.4 K was observed between the built-up village area and the current meteorological station in Geisenheim (Germany) and Haparanda (Sweden), respectively. Considerably larger values were recorded for the minimum temperatures and during summer. The spatial variations in temperature within the villages are of the same order as recorded over the past 100+ years in these villages (0.06 to 0.17 K/10 years). This suggests that the potential biases in the long records of rural-villages also warrant careful consideration like those of the more commonly studied large urban areas effects.
MATISSE: an ArcGIS tool for monitoring and nowcasting meteorological hazards
Authors: Rillo V. , Zollo A. L. , Mercogliano P.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Adverse meteorological conditions are one of the major causes of accidents in aviation, resulting in substantial human and economic losses. For this reason it is crucial to monitor and early forecast high impact weather events. In this context, CIRA (Italian Aerospace Research Center) has implemented MATISSE (Meteorological AviaTIon Supporting SystEm), an ArcGIS Desktop Plug-in able to detect and forecast meteorological aviation hazards over European airports, using different sources of meteorological data (synoptic information, satellite data, numerical weather prediction models data). MATISSE presents a graphical interface allowing the user to select and visualize such meteorological conditions over an area or an airport of interest. The system also implements different tools for nowcasting of meteorological hazards and for the statistical characterization of typical adverse weather conditions for the airport selected.
Projections of oceanic N2O emissions in the 21st century using the IPSL Earth system model
Authors: Martinez-Rey J. , Bopp L. , Gehlen M. , Tagliabue A. , Gruber N.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. The ocean is a substantial source of nitrous oxide (N2O) to the atmosphere, but little is known about how this flux might change in the future. Here, we investigate the potential evolution of marine N2O emissions in the 21st century in response to anthropogenic climate change using the global ocean biogeochemical model NEMO-PISCES. Assuming nitrification as the dominant N2O formation pathway, we implemented two different parameterizations of N2O production which differ primarily under low-oxygen (O2) conditions. When forced with output from a climate model simulation run under the business-as-usual high-CO2 concentration scenario (RCP8.5), our simulations suggest a decrease of 4 to 12 % in N2O emissions from 2005 to 2100, i.e., a reduction from 4.03/3.71 to 3.54/3.56 TgN yr−1 depending on the parameterization. The emissions decrease strongly in the western basins of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, while they tend to increase above the oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), i.e., in the eastern tropical Pacific and in the northern Indian Ocean. The reduction in N2O emissions is caused on the one hand by weakened nitrification as a consequence of reduced primary and export production, and on the other hand by stronger vertical stratification, which reduces the transport of N2O from the ocean interior to the ocean surface. The higher emissions over the OMZ are linked to an expansion of these zones under global warming, which leads to increased N2O production, associated primarily with denitrification. While there are many uncertainties in the relative contribution and changes in the N2O production pathways, the increasing storage seems unequivocal and determines largely the decrease in N2O emissions in the future. From the perspective of a global climate system, the averaged feedback strength associated with the projected decrease in oceanic N2O emissions amounts to around −0.009 W m−2 K−1, which is comparable to the potential increase from terrestrial N2O sources. However, the assessment for a potential balance between the terrestrial and marine feedbacks calls for an improved representation of N2O production terms in fully coupled next-generation Earth system models.
Monitoring seasonal and diurnal changes in photosynthetic pigments with automated PRI and NDVI sensors
Authors: Gamon J. A. , Kovalchuck O. , Wong C. Y. S. , Harris A. , Garrity S. R.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. The vegetation indices normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and photochemical reflectance index (PRI) provide indicators of pigmentation and photosynthetic activity that can be used to model photosynthesis from remote sensing with the light-use-efficiency model. To help develop and validate this approach, reliable proximal NDVI and PRI sensors have been needed. We tested new NDVI and PRI sensors, "spectral reflectance sensors" (SRS sensors; recently developed by Decagon Devices, during spring activation of photosynthetic activity in evergreen and deciduous stands. We also evaluated two methods of sensor cross-calibration – one that considered sky conditions (cloud cover) at midday only, and another that also considered diurnal sun angle effects. Cross-calibration clearly affected sensor agreement with independent measurements, with the best method dependent upon the study aim and time frame (seasonal vs. diurnal). The seasonal patterns of NDVI and PRI differed for evergreen and deciduous species, demonstrating the complementary nature of these two indices. Over the spring season, PRI was most strongly influenced by changing chlorophyll : carotenoid pool sizes, while over the diurnal timescale, PRI was most affected by the xanthophyll cycle epoxidation state. This finding demonstrates that the SRS PRI sensors can resolve different processes affecting PRI over different timescales. The advent of small, inexpensive, automated PRI and NDVI sensors offers new ways to explore environmental and physiological constraints on photosynthesis, and may be particularly well suited for use at flux tower sites. Wider application of automated sensors could lead to improved integration of flux and remote sensing approaches for studying photosynthetic carbon uptake, and could help define the concept of contrasting vegetation optical types.
Air–water fluxes and sources of carbon dioxide in the Delaware Estuary: spatial and seasonal variability
Authors: Joesoef A. , Huang W.-J. , Gao Y. , Cai W.-J.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Distributions of surface water partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) were measured on nine cruises in the Delaware Estuary (USA). The Delaware River was highly supersaturated in pCO2 with respect to the atmosphere during all seasons while the Delaware Bay was undersaturated in pCO2 during spring and late summer and moderately supersaturated during midsummer, fall, and winter. While the upper tidal river was a strong CO2 source (24.6 ± 2.2 mol C m−2 year−1), the bay was a weak source (1.8 ± 0.2 mol C m−2 year−1), the latter of which had a much greater area than the former. In turn, the Delaware Estuary acted as a relatively weak CO2 source (2.4 ± 0.3 mol C m−2 year−1), which is in great contrast to many other estuarine systems. Seasonally, pCO2 changes were greatest at low salinities (0 ≤ S< 5) with pCO2 values in the summer nearly three-fold greater than those observed in the spring and fall. Undersaturated pCO2 was observed over the widest salinity range (7.5 ≤ S< 30) during spring. Near to supersaturated pCO2 was generally observed in mid- to high salinity waters (20 ≤ S< 30) except during spring and late summer. Strong seasonal trends in internal estuarine production and consumption of CO2 were observed throughout both the upper tidal river and lower bay. Comparably, positive correlations between river-borne and air–water CO2 fluxes in the upper estuary emphasize the significance of river-borne CO2 degassing to overall CO2 fluxes. While river-borne CO2 degassing heavily influenced CO2 dynamics in the upper tidal river, these forces were largely compensated by internal biological processes within the extensive bay system of the lower estuary.
Intra-interglacial climate variability from Marine Isotope Stage 15 to the Holocene
Authors: Rachmayani R. , Prange M. , Schulz M.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Using the Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3) including a dynamic global vegetation model a set of 13 interglacial time slice experiments was carried out to study global climate variability between and within the Quaternary interglaciations of Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 1, 5, 11, 13, and 15. The different effects of obliquity, precession and greenhouse gas forcing on global surface temperature and precipitation fields are illuminated. Several similarities with previous idealized orbital-forcing experiments can be identified. In particular, a significant role of meridional insolation-gradient forcing by obliquity variations in forcing the West African monsoon is found. The sensitivity of the West African monsoon to this obliquity forcing, however, depends on the climatic precession. According to the CCSM3 results, the Indian monsoon is less sensitive to direct obliquity-induced insolation forcing, consistent with the interpretation of proxy records from the Arabian Sea. Moreover, the model results suggest that the two monsoon systems do not always vary in concert, challenging the concept of a global monsoon system at orbital timescales. High obliquity can also explain relatively warm Northern Hemisphere high-latitude summer temperatures despite maximum precession around 495 kyr BP (MIS 13) probably preventing a glacial inception at that time.
Filling the gaps in meteorological continuous data measured at FLUXNET sites with ERA-Interim reanalysis
Authors: Vuichard N. , Papale D.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Exchanges of carbon, water and energy between the land surface and the atmosphere are monitored by eddy covariance technique at the ecosystem level. Currently, the FLUXNET database contains more than 500 registered sites, and up to 250 of them share data (free fair-use data set). Many modelling groups use the FLUXNET data set for evaluating ecosystem models' performance, but this requires uninterrupted time series for the meteorological variables used as input. Because original in situ data often contain gaps, from very short (few hours) up to relatively long (some months) ones, we develop a new and robust method for filling the gaps in meteorological data measured at site level. Our approach has the benefit of making use of continuous data available globally (ERA-Interim) and a high temporal resolution spanning from 1989 to today. These data are, however, not measured at site level, and for this reason a method to downscale and correct the ERA-Interim data is needed. We apply this method to the level 4 data (L4) from the La Thuile collection, freely available after registration under a fair-use policy. The performance of the developed method varies across sites and is also function of the meteorological variable. On average over all sites, applying the bias correction method to the ERA-Interim data reduced the mismatch with the in situ data by 10 to 36 %, depending on the meteorological variable considered. In comparison to the internal variability of the in situ data, the root mean square error (RMSE) between the in situ data and the unbiased ERA-I (ERA-Interim) data remains relatively large (on average over all sites, from 27 to 76 % of the standard deviation of in situ data, depending on the meteorological variable considered). The performance of the method remains poor for the wind speed field, in particular regarding its capacity to conserve a standard deviation similar to the one measured at FLUXNET stations. The ERA-Interim reanalysis data de-biased at FLUXNET sites can be downloaded from the PANGAEA data centre (http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.838234).
CO2-flux measurements above the Baltic Sea at two heights: flux gradients in the surface layer
Authors: Lammert A. , Ament F.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. The estimation of CO2 exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere is essential to understand the global carbon cycle. The eddy-covariance technique offers a very direct approach to observe these fluxes. The turbulent CO2 flux is measured as well as the sensible and latent heat flux and the momentum flux, a few meters above the ocean in the atmosphere. Assuming a constant-flux layer in the near surface part of the atmospheric boundary, this flux equals the exchange flux between ocean and atmosphere. The goal of this paper is the comparison of long-term flux measurements at two different heights above the Baltic Sea due to this assumption. The results are based on an one-and-a-half year record of quality controlled eddy covariance measurements. Concerning the flux of momentum and of sensible and latent heat, the constant-flux layer theory can be validated because flux gradients between the two heights are more than 95 % of the time insignificantly small. In contrast, significant gradients, which are larger than the measurement error, occur for the CO2 flux in nearly 35 % of the time. Data, used for this paper are published at http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.808714.
Attribution of European precipitation and temperature trends to changes in synoptic circulation
Authors: Fleig A. K. , Tallaksen L. M. , James P. , Hisdal H. , Stahl K.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Surface climate in Europe is changing and patterns in trends have been found to vary at sub-seasonal scales. This study aims to contribute to a better understanding of these changes across space and time by analysing to what degree observed climatic trends can be attributed to changes in synoptic atmospheric circulation. The relative importance of synoptic circulation changes (i.e. trends in synoptic type frequencies) as opposed to trends in the hydrothermal properties of synoptic types (within-type trends) on precipitation and temperature trends in Europe is assessed on a monthly basis. The study is based on mapping spatial and temporal trend patterns and their variability at a relatively high resolution (0.5° × 0.5°; monthly) across Europe. Gridded precipitation and temperature data (1963–2001) originate from the Watch Forcing Data set and synoptic types are defined by the objective SynopVis Grosswetterlagen (SVG). During the study period, relatively high influence of synoptic circulation changes are found from January to March, contributing to wetting trends in northern Europe and drying in the south. Simultaneously, particularly dry synoptic types get warmer first in south-western Europe in November and/or December and affect most of Europe in March and/or April. Strong influence of synoptic circulation changes is again found in June and August. In general, changes in synoptic circulation has a stronger effect on climate trends in north-western Europe than in the south-east. The exact locations of the strongest influence of synoptic circulation changes vary with the time of year and to some degree between precipitation and temperature. Throughout the year and across the whole of Europe, precipitation and temperature trends are caused by a combination of synoptic circulation changes and within-type changes with their relative influence varying between regions, months and climate variables.
SPATIOTEMPORAL DOMAIN DECOMPOSITION FOR MASSIVE PARALLEL COMPUTATION OF SPACE-TIME KERNEL DENSITY
Authors: Hohl A. , Delmelle E. M. , Tang W.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Accelerated processing capabilities are deemed critical when conducting analysis on spatiotemporal datasets of increasing size, diversity and availability. High-performance parallel computing offers the capacity to solve computationally demanding problems in a limited timeframe, but likewise poses the challenge of preventing processing inefficiency due to workload imbalance between computing resources. Therefore, when designing new algorithms capable of implementing parallel strategies, careful spatiotemporal domain decomposition is necessary to account for heterogeneity in the data. In this study, we perform octtree-based adaptive decomposition of the spatiotemporal domain for parallel computation of space-time kernel density. In order to avoid edge effects near subdomain boundaries, we establish spatiotemporal buffers to include adjacent data-points that are within the spatial and temporal kernel bandwidths. Then, we quantify computational intensity of each subdomain to balance workloads among processors. We illustrate the benefits of our methodology using a space-time epidemiological dataset of Dengue fever, an infectious vector-borne disease that poses a severe threat to communities in tropical climates. Our parallel implementation of kernel density reaches substantial speedup compared to sequential processing, and achieves high levels of workload balance among processors due to great accuracy in quantifying computational intensity. Our approach is portable of other space-time analytical tests.
Modeling and control of piezoelectric inertia–friction actuators: review and future research directions
Authors: Liu Y. F. , Li J. , Hu X. H. , Zhang Z. M. , Cheng L. , Lin Y. , Zhang W. J.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature regarding the modeling and control of piezoelectric inertia–friction actuators (PIFAs). Examples of PIFAs are impact drive mechanisms (IDMs) and friction-driving actuators (FDAs). In this paper, the critical challenges are first identified in modeling and control of PIFAs. Second, a general architecture of PIFAs is proposed to facilitate the analysis and classification of the literature regarding modeling and control of PIFAs. This general architecture covers all types of PIFAs (e.g., FDAs, IDMs) and thus serves as a general conceptual model of PIFAs. There is an additional benefit with this general architecture of PIFAs, namely that it is conducive to innovation in PIFAs, as new specific PIFAs may be designed in order to tailor to a specific application (for example, both FDAs and IDMs are viewed as specific PIFAs). Finally, the paper presents future directions in modeling and control for further improvement of the performance of PIFAs.
Brief Communication: A new testing field for debris flow warning systems
Authors: Arattano M. , Coviello V. , Cavalli M. , Comiti F. , Macconi P. , Theule J. , Crema S.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. A permanent field installation for the systematic test of debris flow warning systems and algorithms has been equipped on the eastern Italian Alps. The installation was also designed to produce didactic videos and it may host informative visits. The populace education is essential and should be envisaged in planning any research on hazard mitigation interventions: this new installation responds to this requirement and offers an example of integration between technical and informative needs. The occurrence of a debris flow in 2014 allowed the first tests of a new warning system under development and to record an informative video on its performances. This paper will provide a description of the installation and an account of the first technical and informative results obtained.
Analysis and definition of potential new areas for viticulture in the Azores (Portugal)
Authors: Madruga J. , Azevedo E. B. , Sampaio J. F. , Fernandes F. , Reis F. , Pinheiro J.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Vineyards in the Azores have been traditionally settled on lava field terroirs but the practical limitations of mechanization and high demand on man labor imposed by the typical micro parcel structure of these vineyards contradict the sustainability of these areas for wine production, except under government policies of heavy financial support. Besides the traditional vineyards there are significant areas in some of the islands whose soils, climate and physiographic characteristics suggest a potential for wine production that deserves to be the object of an assessment, with a view to the development of new vineyard areas offering conditions for better management and sustainability. The landscape zoning approach for the present study was based in a geographic information system (GIS) analysis incorporating factors related to climate, topography and soils. Three thermal intervals referred to climate maturity groups were defined and combined with a single slope interval of 0–15 % to exclude the landscape units above this limit. Over this resulting composite grid, the soils were then selectively cartographed through the exclusion of the soil units not fulfilling the suitability criteria. The results show that the thermal interval of warmer conditions, well represented in the traditional terroir of Pico island, has practically no expression in the other islands. However, for the intermediate and the cooler classes, we could map areas of 5611 and 18 115 ha respectively, fulfilling the defined soils and slope criteria, indicating thus the existence of some landscapes in the studied islands revealing adequate potential for future development of viticulture, although certainly demanding a good judgment on the better grape varieties to be adapted to those climatic conditions.
Reading of the Architectural Identity via Cinema
Authors: Alkan Bala Havva
Published: July 2015

This study focused on the identity and proficiency of the profession of architecture via characters of “architect”, “student of architecture” and “having ambition to become an architect” in various films. Conclusions have been drawn about the professional applications and architectural life from the cinematographic level regarding the architect characters and their jobs via the seven films and a total of eleven different architect characters studied. This study aims to revise, through the cinema, the questions of what does an architect do? How does an architect work? What are the tools that an architect uses? How does an architect create their works? What is the mental map of an architect like? In short, who is an architect? New conclusions have been drawn, via a total of eleven different characters of architects in seven films, about architects and architects’ job from the cinematographic level to Professional practiceand architectural life.
From Past To Present A Cognitive Work On “New Turkish Cinema”
Authors: Güngör Arif Can
Published: July 2015

In recent years, “new” concept has become very consumable especially within the context of politics in our country. Generally, after certain periods in Turkey, “new”, representative of political changes and emphasizing reconstruction process, has been a concept that frequently used in paralel with political, social, economic and cultural use, from past to present. Turkish cinema has had many periods from its constructive years to present; some of which have been in diffuculties and crisises. Having been overcome after every crisis, Turkish Cinema has always recovered itself. After this recovery, process to be rising or expected to be shown up, has wanted to be emphasised by the characterisation of the “new” concept, needed to be created or created different structure. New Cinema concept is considered as a genre as not possible to mention a real stream in the Turkish cinema. The search of the young directors for an alternative cinema language, experiencing types, using various production and filming styles have revealed a richness in development of our cinema. In this essay, New Cinema concept will be introduced in terms of its usage and meanings attributed to it in Turkish cinema. Moreover, its place and importance in Turkish cinema history will be discussed.
The City on Screen: A Methodological Approach on Cinematic City Studies
Authors: Demir Sertaç Timur
Published: July 2015

The city has a strong memory and it never forgets its own experiences. The past, the present and the future of the city can be read in its streets, buildings, sounds, myths, rhythms and stories. More importantly, if the city is portrayed through a camera, it becomes as fictional and designable as films. At this stage, there is no difference between watching a film and seeing a city. Also, cinema itself turns into a paradigm that belongs to the city. This parallelism between the city and film is like an inevitable destiny so much so that they constitute and develop each other. Accordingly, those who attempt to understand the notion of the city should consult the films made about them and vice versa; hence, this paper deals with the question of how the city is cinematized, but this question involves another question: how does the cinematic imagination fictionalize itself in the city?
Communication, Translation and the Global Community of Persons
Authors: Deweer Dries
Published: July 2015

Paul Ricœur shared Emmanuel Mounier’s personalist and communitarian ideal of a universal community, which ensures that every human being has access to the conditions for self-development as a person. Whereas Mounier talks about communication as the structure of personhood that summons us towards the gradual enlargement of the community, Ricœur’s reflections on translation provide a missing link by referring, not just to the human capacity to communicate, but more specifically, to our capacity to translate and the implied ethics of linguistic hospitality. This allowed him to show that what enables us to enlarge the circle of brotherhood is the capacity to gradually settle in the world of the other and to welcome the other into one’s own world.
Conhecimento dos cuidadores de indivíduos com lesão medular sobre prevenção de úlcera por pressão
Authors: Nogueira Paula Cristina , Godoy Simone de , Mendes Isabel Amélia Costa , Roza Daiane Leite da
Published: July 2015

Estudo descritivo exploratório que teve como objetivos identificar as características sociodemográficas das pessoas com lesão da medula espinhal (LME) e de seus cuidadores familiares e avaliar o conhecimento dos cuidadores sobre prevenção de úlcera por pressão (UPP). Participaram do estudo 47 pessoas com LME e 47 cuidadores que responderam a um teste de conhecimento sobre prevenção de UPP. Esse teste é composto por questões fechadas com opções de resposta: V = verdadeiro, F = falso e NS = não sei. Para análise estatística dos dados, foi utilizado o PROC TTEST do Software SAS® 9. Dos indivíduos com LME, 80,8% eram do sexo masculino, idade média de 41,6 anos e 57,5% tiveram lesão medular traumática. Quanto aos cuidadores, 89,3% eram do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 44 anos, 76,6% casados. A porcentagem média de acertos no teste de conhecimento foi de 67,8% (DP = 14,8), o mínimo foi 14,3% e o máximo foi 88,5%, o que demonstrou conhecimento insuficiente relacionado com a prevenção de UPP. A porcentagem de acertos no teste foi menor conforme o aumento da idade. A identificação dos déficits de conhecimento dos cuidadores sobre a temática permite ao enfermeiro realizar um planejamento de estratégias educativas para prevenção de UPP.