bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic accuracy of sacral rhomboid dimensions in prediction of cephalopelvic disproportion in primigravidae
Authors: Archana R. , Patra Sharda
Published: March 2021

Background: Cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) is associated with significant maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality in developing countries. CPD complicates 2-15% of pregnancies. This study aimed to determine the diagnostic accuracy of sacral rhomboid dimensions in the prediction of CPD in primigravidaeMethods: This prospective study was conducted on 400 primigravidae at 37-week gestation in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi. Women with height>145 cm were subjected to measurement of transverse and vertical diagonals (TD and VD) of sacral rhomboid prior to delivery. Following delivery, the women were divided in two groups: control group (normal delivery, n=290) and study group (caesarean section for CPD, n=56). The sacral rhomboid dimensions were compared in both the groups and statistically analysed.  Results: The mean maternal height in both the groups showed no significant difference (156.88±5.7 vs 155.02±4.75, p=0.011). However, in univariate analysis, maternal height of≤154.5 cm, VD ≤10.25 cm and TD≤9.75 cm showed a diagnostic accuracy of 58.3%, 55.4% and 78%, respectively. Of all the parameters, TD≤9.75 cm was the most significant factor in predicting CPD (34% vs 13%), OR 3.3 (95%CI: 1.7- 6.7, p<0.001).Conclusions: A simple measurement of transverse diameter of sacral rhomboid is a better predictor of CPD in an average height Indian primigravidae. It can be used in community hospital to detect high risk primigravidae.
Abruptio placentae: impact of early treatment on maternal and fetal outcomes
Authors: Mehta Shikha P. , Deshmukh Prasad Y. , Bawa Amarjeet K.
Published: March 2021

Background: Haemorrhage is the leading cause for maternal mortality in India as well as the world. Abruptio placenta is the second most common cause of antepartum haemorrhage and it is associated with sudden, severe and devastating maternal and fetal complications. The main objective of this study is to study the impact of early treatment on maternal and fetal outcomes.Methods: This single center retrospective study includes all patients admitted at Lokmanya Tilak Municipal General Hospital, a tertiary referral hospital, diagnosed to have abruptio placenta (grade II and grade III) from 01 July 2019 to 31 December 2019. In this study a total of 48 cases were included and data regarding time duration between onset of symptoms and initiation of treatment, clinical course and maternal and fetal outcomes was noted.Results: A total of 5059 deliveries occurred over six months. The incidence of placental abruption was found to be 0.94%. Patients receiving early care (30 cases, 62.5%) were found to have significantly better maternal outcomes (p=0.006, Chi square test) as well as fetal outcomes (p=0.007, Fischer’s exact test) than patients who received delayed care (18 cases, 37.5%).Conclusions: Abruptio placentae is an obstetric emergency and early diagnosis as well as initiation of treatment plays an important role in curbing complications. Strengthening of peripheral centers, availability of multi-disciplinary approach and educating health care staff as well as patients form the cornerstones of improved maternal and fetal outcomes.
Obstetric violence: a health system study
Authors: Shetty Raksha K. , Samant Padmaja Y. , Honavar Priyanka U.
Published: March 2021

Background: Disrespect and abuse during facility-based childbirth is a global problem with differing driving factors in different contexts. Obstetric Violence (OV) refers to professional deficiencies in maternity care. The objective of this study was to assess knowledge and attitudes towards OV in a cohort of members of the obstetric healthcare team at a tertiary care, teaching hospital in Western India (Mumbai).Methods: A questionnaire-based study involving 80 participants comprising of trainee doctors and faculty, nursing students, staff and teachers from the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and hospital administration.Results: 57.97% of participants had heard the term ‘Obstetric violence’ earlier. 75.36% reported verbal abuse as a form of OV, others being physical abuse, non-consented care, discriminatory care, abandonment/neglect or refusal of care and imposition of interventions without scientific basis. 53% and 89.8% of the participants did not consider routine episiotomies and artificial rupture of membrane respectively as forms of OV. 84.06% and 59.4% of participants considered instrumental delivery without consent and Caesarean section citing safety/convenience respectively as forms of OV. 82.6% participants endorsed the need of birth companion. Improving the number and training of healthcare providers and better institutional policies on respectful maternity care were suggested as solutions.Conclusions: Majority of the participants had witnessed some form of OV. The need for practical training of healthcare personnel and better infrastructure in the healthcare system were emphasised, but there appeared to be a lack of consciousness of the paternalistic mindset and approach to women in labour. Soft skills training of healthcare providers with emphasis on key ethical principles like autonomy, respect and dignity is crucial to address the issue of OV.
Fetomaternal outcome in eclampsia
Authors: Roy Madhumita , Ayingbi Laishram , Kom Telen Thangkhojam , Akoijam Usharani , Paul Papiya , Singh L. Ranjit , Das Rahul
Published: March 2021

Background: Eclampsia is the third most common cause of maternal mortality, after haemorrhage and infection in the developing countries. Majority of cases of eclampsia are young primigravidas. The reduction in both maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality remains the yard stick of success in the management of eclampsia.Methods: A hospital based analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among the pregnant women with eclampsia admitted in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal. The study was conducted for a period of one and half years from September 2018 to March 2020.Results: Fifty-five (55) patients in the age group between 21 and 25 years constitute the maximum percentage of eclampsia (67.3%). Forty-five (81.8%) cases were antepartum eclampsia, 2 (3.6%) were intrapartum eclampsia and 8 (14.5%) cases were postpartum eclampsia. Majority (78.2%) of the cases were primigravidae, which is comparable to other studies. As much as 23 (41.8%) of the cases presented at 32-37 weeks period of gestation. There were two maternal deaths (3.6%) due to eclampsia related complications. There were 13 (21.7%) perinatal deaths in this study, out of which 10 (16.7%) were still births and 3(5%) were early neonatal deaths.Conclusions: Eclampsia is still an important obstetric emergency in the community contributing to significant maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Eclampsia may not develop de novo and as such, it is not always a preventable condition. Early detection and prompt intervention of complications is vital to ensure a healthy outcome for both mother and baby.
Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among pregnant women with known HIV status and their perinatal outcome- a retrospective single centre analysis
Authors: Chaubey Supriya , Melhotra Ragini , Sharma Umesh
Published: March 2021

Background: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and other reproductive tract infections (RTIs) among pregnant women and their perinatal outcome.Methods: Pregnant women in their 3rd trimester (N=1000) from September 2009 and august 2010 were included. Information related to demographic profile, obstetrics complications, previous genital infections and gynecological diseases were taken. All pregnant women were followed up for their 4-week perinatal outcome.Results: The prevalence of sexually transmitted infection was 25.2% in pregnant women. The prevalence of HIV, Hepatitis B, HSV2 and HPV infection was 2.3%, 4.2%, 0.6%, 0.1% respectively. Prevalence of infection with C. trachomatis, G. vaginalis, T. vaginalis and C. albicans was 5.8%, 10.2%, 5.2%, 9.5% respectively. The prevalence of infection with N. gonorrhea and T. pallidum was found to be 0.Conclusions: Rates of STIs and RTIs are still high among pregnant women. A declining trend for curable STIs/RTIs (syphilis and gonorrhea) was noted. Perinatal outcome was affected adversely in pregnant women with STIs/RTIs.
High risk scoring in pregnancy using modified Coopland’s scoring system and its association with perinatal outcome
Authors: Pillai Shobha S. , Mohan Swapna
Published: March 2021

Background: High-risk pregnancy is one in which the mother, foetus or the newborn has an elevated risk of experiencing an adverse outcome. These high-risk women form a special vulnerable cohort that can be identified in the antenatal period using a simple, easy to use, cost-effective tool- a maternal risk scoring system. Early identification of these high-risk mothers will facilitate effective intervention strategies to deal with the complications.Methods: This study was carried out on 300 pregnant women with gestational age more than 28 weeks. Detailed history, examination and necessary investigations were done and then using the Modified Coopland scoring system, each pregnant woman was assigned a risk score and stratified into 3 risk groups- low risk (0-3), moderate risk (4-6) and high risk (≥7) and followed up till delivery and 7 days postpartum. Subsequently, the maternal and perinatal outcomes were compared with their respective scores.Results: In this study, 14.66% patients belonged to the high-risk category. Statistically, a significant difference was noted in the number of low-birth-weight babies, in 5 minutes APGAR score <7 and in NICU admissions in the high-risk group compared to the low-risk group. Overall perinatal mortality was 13.33/1000 live births. In the high-risk group, a significant difference was seen in the occurrence of PPH and the need for operative delivery.Conclusions: Significant association between high-risk pregnancy and the poor maternal and perinatal outcome was noted. Therefore, a simple, cost-effective high-risk pregnancy scoring system such as the one proposed in this study can be used to identify potential high-risk pregnancies, provide them with tertiary care facilities and also corrective measures can be undertaken to prevent or minimize the complicating factors.
Maternal and foetal outcome in second stage caesarean section: a prospective study
Authors: Sharma Shuchi , Dogra Poojan , Sharma Reena , Bhardwaj Suraj
Published: March 2021

Background: Caesarean section is the most commonly performed abdominal operation in women all over the world. Caesarean sections during the second stage labour accounts for approximately one fourth of all primary caesareans.  Caesarean section at full cervical dilatation is technically difficult and is associated with increased trauma to the lower uterine segment and adjacent structures, as well as increased haemorrhage and infection. Aims and objectives were to determine the indications, maternal and foetal morbidity associated with caesarean section in the second stage of labour.Methods: This prospective study included consecutive 50 cases of caesarean section deliveries conducted in second stage of labor for singleton live pregnancies at term. The data collected in the study was analyzed in terms of maternal demographics, indications of caesarean section, intra-operative and postoperative complications and neonatal outcomes.Results: In our series of 50 deliveries, arrest of descent of fetal head due to malposition was the most common indication of caesarean section accounting for 74% and average procedure time was 45-70 minutes. PPH (62%) was the most common complication. Bladder injury was found in 14% cases. Neonatal outcome variables like APGAR<3 at 5 minutes, respiratory distress and neonatal death were observed in 7, 26 and 2 deliveries respectively.Conclusions: Women undergoing cesarean section in second stage of labour are associated with increased maternal and fetal morbidity. They require special care and hence operation should ideally be performed and supervised by an experienced obstetrician. A proper judgement is required to take a decision for caesarean section at full cervical dilatation.
Levonorgestrel intrauterine system in menorrhagia-an effective and acceptable alternative
Authors: Bafna Barkha A. , Bafna Amit N.
Published: March 2021

Background: To study the efficacy, performance and acceptability of levonorgestrel intrauterine device (LNG-IUS) in treatment of women with menorrhagia.Methods: This was a descriptive, prospective and observational study conducted over a period of January 2015 to September 2020. Seventy-five (75) women presented with heavy menstrual bleeding having no contraindication for device underwent LNG-IUS insertion after consent. Menstrual pattern, pictorial blood loss assessment chart score (PBAC), rate of acceptability and satisfaction were recorded at 3 months, 6 months, 1, 2 and 3 years after insertion of LNG-IUS.Results: The most common bleeding pattern at 3 month post-insertion was inter-menstrual spotting followed by infrequent menses, oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea. LNG-IUS caused 45.19% reduction in menstrual blood loss (MBL) at 3 months, 81.48% at 1 year, 91.85% at 2 years and 97% at 3 years. Hemoglobin levels improved from mean baseline 8.9 mg/l to 12.8 mg/l at 3 years. Majority of women were satisfied with this minimally-invasive treatment with continuation rate of 94.66%. No major side-effects were noted.Conclusions: LNG-IUS is an excellent minimal invasive, highly effective in controlling blood loss and well-tolerated alternative for women with menorrhagia. Its fertility-sparing property makes it an emerging option for young women.
Antenatal laparoscopic management of ovarian cyst: a case report
Authors: N. A. Niyaf , G. O. Ravikanth , Doppa Geeta , H. U. Bhavya
Published: March 2021

The frequency of adnexal mass in pregnancy ranges from 2% to 10%, dermoid cyst is the most common ovarian germ cell tumor during pregnancy which could be asymptomatic or symptomatic, management through laparoscopy must be considered as it provides several advantages, including reduced postoperative pain, analgesic use, hospitalization time and better cosmetic result. Here we are reporting a case of an unbooked 35 years old primigravida at 16 weeks and 4 days gestation with history of retention of urine. Ultrasound showed a live foetus of 16 weeks gestation with bilateral mild maternal hydroureteronephrosis and complex cystic mass of 13×10 cm in right lumbar region suggestive of ovarian mass. Patient was clinically stable, hence exploratory laparoscopy was taken up the next day. Intraoperatively, dermoid cyst was found in the right ovary. Right ovarian cystectomy was performed. She had an uneventful postoperative period and discharged. She was monitored for the rest of the pregnancy and it was uneventful. She had spontaneous full term normal vaginal delivery of female baby weighing 2.8 kg. Although the patient was clinically stable, large ovarian cyst are predisposed for future complications, hence antenatal diagnosis and appropriate intervention is crucial for good outcome.
Microbiology and antibiotic sensitivity of uncomplicated chronic suppurative otitis media at Dr. George Mukhari Academic Hospital, South Africa
Authors: Kotu Monica , Olwoch Ian Paul
Published: March 2021

Background: The study was conducted to assess the type and frequency of isolation of different microorganisms in uncomplicated chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) and their antibiotic sensitivity in our institution.

Methods: A total of 88 consecutive patients with unilateral or bilateral active, chronic suppurative otitis media attending outpatient department at DGMAH were included in the study after obtaining an informed consent. There were 55 males (62.5%) and 33 females (37.9%) with age range between 6 months and 76 years. Pus swabs were taken through the perforation site and from the promontory after ear mopping under direct vision.  

Results: Children less than 5 years were more affected (23.9%) than older children 5-10 years (13.6%) and 11-15 years (11.45%). One hundred and six microorganisms were isolated from analysis of cultures obtained from 72 patients. Seven cultures were negative (5.9%), 8 specimens were contaminated (6.7%) and 1 specimen was lost (1.1%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa (24.0%) was the most common isolate, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (17%) and Proteus mirabilis (10%). Drug sensitivity pattern showed that Piperacillin-tazobactam was effective against the majority of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates at 72%, followed by both Gentamicin and Ceftazidime at 64% and Ciprofloxacin at 48%. Staphylococcus aureus isolates were sensitive to Erythromycin (77%), Cloxacillin and Clindamycin at 72%. Proteus mirabilis was sensitive to Cefuroxime (91%), Co-amoxiclav (72.8%).

Conclusions: Isolation rate and susceptibility patterns in CSOM, suggest a need for regular surveillance to monitor antimicrobial resistance and to guide antibacterial therapy.

 
 
Effects of hearing aid on improving cognition and depressive symptoms in elderly
Authors: Kumar K. J. Arun , Vidyalakshmi M.
Published: March 2021

Background: The prevalence of dementia among people aged over 60 years is between 5–7%, with the numbers of those affected globally predicted to double every 20 years between 2010 and 2050. While cognitive impairment and dementia have a negative impact on the individual, caregivers and society, the financial burden of cognitive decline and dementia are also a major source of concern. However, there is some cause for optimism in the form of potentially modifiable risk factors which can prevent or delay dementia. In this study we investigate the effect of hearing aid on improving cognition and depressive symptoms in elderly individuals with hearing impairment.

Methods: Patients with hearing impairment were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and prescribed with similar type of hearing aid. MMSE and GDS scores were obtained before fitting hearing aid and 3 months after fitting hearing aid.

Results: A total number of 66 patients, 40 males (61%) and 26 females (39%) were included in the study. Before using hearing aids, the mean MMSE score was 18.98±5.37 (range 10–26), and it increased to 21.08±4.77 (range 12–27) after 3 months of hearing aid use (p<0.005). The GDS analysis revealed a mean score of 6.85±2.81 (range 3–11) before using hearing aid and it decreased to 5.44±1.82 (range 3–8 after using the hearing aid (p<0.005).

Conclusions: Treating hearing loss with hearing aid may reduce burden associated with cognitive decline and depression.

 
Waardenburg syndrome: case series
Authors: Sachdeva Sheenu , Jayakumar Varunkumar , Jaiswal Shubhlaxmi Atmaram
Published: March 2021

Waardenburg syndrome is a rare genetic disorder of neural crest cell development with incidence of 1:42000 to 1:50,000. The syndrome is not completely expressed and hence adds to its hetergenecity with symptoms varying from one type of syndrome to another and from one patient to another. Unilateral heterochromia that manifests in some people is associated with Waardenburg syndrome and Parry-Romberg syndrome. This is a case series of four cases with features of Waardenburg syndrome with variable presentations and familial inheritance.
KTP 532 laser excision of lingual schwannoma: a case report
Authors: Natarajan Kiran , Sethuraman Shanmugapriya Nagalingam , Sampathkumar Raghunandhan , . Susruthan , Sachit Anandkumar Raghavan , Kameswaran Mohan , Kameswaran Mohan
Published: March 2021

Schwannoma is a benign slow-growing tumour that arises from Schwann cells of the peripheral nerve sheath. The head and neck are common locations of this neoplasm. Intraoral schwannoma is uncommon, with the tongue being the most common site. The tumor can remain asymptomatic for a long period of time. The patient may present with symptoms such as a lump, swallowing difficulty, pain or discomfort, voice change, paresthesia, snoring, bleeding or ulceration. The tumor is usually slow-growing, solitary and well-encapsulated and malignant transformation is very rare. Sudden enlargement of the tumor can occur even from trivial trauma. Only approximately 50% of these tumors have a close relationship with a nerve. Transoral resection is the treatment modality of choice. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry help in confirmation of the diagnosis. Recurrence of the tumor is very rare. This is a case report of a 26-years-old lady with schwannoma in the ventral surface of the tongue successfully treated by transoral resection with the KTP-532 Laser.  
A Educação Física no novo Enem: um estudo analítico de conteúdo
Authors: Novaes Renato Cavalcanti , De Mello João Gabriel , Soares Antonio Jorge Gonçalves , Telles Silvio de Cassio Costa
Published: March 2021

Desde 2009, a Educação Física (EF) está presente no Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (Enem), inaugurando sua participação em exames de larga escala na educação básica. Este estudo se dedica às questões dessa disciplina no Enem, desde sua inserção até 2019, e tem como objetivo analisar seu conteúdo ante a intencionalidade do exame e oconhecimento dessa disciplina. Os resultados apontam, nas 43 questões identificadas, uma inadequação dos conteúdos da EF, por desconsiderarem as habilidades e os objetos de conhecimento específicos indicados pela matriz do exame, além dos próprios conflitos no campo do currículo refletidos nas provas. Ao final, questionamos a fidedignidade do exame como instrumento avaliativo, assim como seu papel de incitar mudanças no campo do currículo.
Assessing the Effect of Gender Equality before the Law on Female Labor Participation and GDP per capita in Central America Panama and the Dominican Republic
Authors: Rodríguez Caballero Carlos Vladimir , López - Marmolejo Arnoldo
Published: March 2021

Women's participation in the labor market in Central America is low for the international standard. Increase such participation is on the agenda of many policymakers who want to improve women's access to quality employment. In this paper, we use data from Central America, Panama, and the Dominican Republic to assess whether gender equality in the law helps increasing women's participation in the labor force and, therefore, boosts GDP per capita. The study is based on two econometric methodologies to evaluate distinct aspects of the economic mechanism.
Competitividad, desarrollo productivo y mejora burocrática: El caso de la Secretaría de Simplificación Productiva de Argentina
Authors: Stein Ernesto , Stubrin Lilia
Published: March 2021

La desburocratización y la simplificación de trámites son una materia pendiente en América Latina donde el Estado tiende a vincularse con las empresas, y los ciudadanos en general, a través de procedimientos complicados, largos y hasta muchas veces poco transparentes. En las últimas décadas, sin embargo, en asociación con el avance de la digitalización, han comenzado a realizarse esfuerzos en países de la región por lograr una simplificación de los trámites de la administración pública. Esta nota técnica documenta las prácticas y políticas de desburocratización y simplificación llevadas a cabo desde el Estado Nacional en Argentina en el periodo 2018-2019. La nota se basa en la experiencia de la Secretaría de Simplificación Productiva (SSP) del Ministerio de Producción, la cual lideró un proceso de simplificación con el objetivo primario de mejorar la competitividad y la integración de emprendedores y empresas al entramado productivo. Este caso permite aportar nueva evidencia sobre el accionar de este tipo de procesos en la región y extraer lecciones aprendidas que puedan ser de utilidad tanto para Argentina como para otros países.
Construindo alicerces para o futuro: personalidade jurídica do embrião e seus direitos
Authors: Moraes Carlos Alexandre , Manfrinato dos Reis Amaro Mylene , Lara Fernanda Corrêa Pavesi
Published: March 2021

A presente pesquisa se justifica diante da evolução científica na esfera da reprodução humana. Diante da figura do embrião humano, primeira manifestação da vida, o Direito, enquanto ciência, vê-se obrigado a apresentar soluções cada vez mais rápidas e precisas acerca das mais variadas teorias sobre o início da vida. No presente artigo, que utiliza o levantamento teórico como método de pesquisa, discutem-se os direitos de personalidade, de vida e de filiação dos embriões. É necessário partir de um novo olhar que se preocupe em garantir que as futuras gerações respeitem os direitos dos embriões de forma natural, sem quaisquer resquícios de dúvida quanto à aplicabilidade de tais direitos. É dever dos operadores do direito fomentar essas temáticas em respeito ao comprometimento do direito em garantir uma vida harmônica em sociedade, fato que justifica esta pesquisa.
Democracia Ameaçada e a Reconstrução da Justificação Pública
Authors: Ryszkowski Karol , Zambam Neuro José
Published: March 2021

As ameaças e tensões que existem no cotidiano das democracias exigem sua revitalização. O objetivo geral é defender a argumentação púbica como a característica mais importante para a afirmação da democracia, suas características originais e o mecanismo adequado para a construção de referências que legitimam e dinamizam a justiça social diante dos novos contextos de globalização, tecnologia e comunicação. O critério da maioria estabelecido é insuficiente atualmente. A ação democrática deve ser mediada principalmente pela argumentação pública e pela participação social, com métodos e instrumentos atualizados, voltados para a correção do fanatismo e do interesse próprio enraizado em lideranças e instituições.
A superinterpretação da Medida Provisória 936: o julgamento da ADI 6.363/DF e a prevalência do direito dos intérpretes sobre o direito dos textos
Authors: Trindade Andre Karam , Espíndola Angela Araujo da Silveira , Almeida Diego Costa
Published: March 2021

Este ensaio discute os limites da interpretação do texto constitucional na perspectiva da Crítica Hermenêutica do Direito, valendo-se da noção de “superinterpretação”, formulada por Umberto Eco. A proposta consiste em examinar o julgamento da Medida Cautelar na Ação Direita de Inconstitucionalidade nº 6.363/DF, no Supremo Tribunal Federal, cujo objeto foi a Medida Provisória nº 936/2020, que instituiu o Programa Emergencial de Manutenção do Emprego e da Renda e autorizou a suspensão temporária de contrato de trabalho, a redução de jornada de trabalho e de salário e outras medidas para reduzir impactos sociais da disseminação da Covid-19. É possível a norma infraconstitucional estabelecer situação de redutibilidade salarial para além daquelas previstas excepcionalmente no texto constitucional? A hipótese do ensaio é que, ao não referendar a medida cautelar concedida pelo relator, o Plenário da Corte incorreu em superinterpretação que vulnerabiliza direitos e garantias constitucionais, contribuindo, desse modo, para a institucionalização de um direito do trabalho de exceção.
Visão panorâmica do terrorismo e do direito internacional: a definição de terrorismo internacional
Authors: Carrillo-Santarelli Nicolas , Casallas Mendez Oscar Orlando
Published: March 2021

Este artigo trata da maneira como o terrorismo internacional afetou um crescente número de países, tornando-se o centro de muitas políticas de segurança em todos os continentes. Especialmente nas últimas duas décadas, especificamente após os eventos de 11 de setembro de 2001, um grande número de obrigações internacionais foram concebidas para enfrentar a ameaça do terrorismo, gerando efeitos não apenas para Estados, mas também para indivíduos. Essas novas obrigações, em muitos casos, não obedecem não se identificam com as fontes de Direito e do Direito Internacional mais tradicionais, muitas veces perpassando por decisões unilaterais do Conselho de Segurança da ONU, adicionando novos elementos ao sistema de obrigações internacionais de contra o terrorismo. Primeiramente a partir do crescente movimiento de obrigações internacionais para enfrentar o terrorismo e, em segundo lugar, o fato de a perseguição internacional de indivíduos ser um campo em constante desenvolvimento, levam aos questionamento central deste trabalho: O terrorismo é um crime internacional autónomo debido a sua peculiar natureza? De modo que o artigo possui como objetivo propror respostas para essa questão que se revela fundamental na atualidade.
O direito e a justiça na contemporaneidade sob o olhar da hermenêutica jurídica
Authors: Fermentão Cleide Aparecida Gomes Rodrigues , Pavesi Lara Fernanda Corrêa , Souza Bruna Caroline Lima de
Published: March 2021

O presente artigo busca analisar a relação entre o direito e Justiça sob o enfoque da crítica hermenêutica jurídica, vislumbrando nesta caminhos para minimizar possíveis injustiças decorrentes da aplicação da lei ou até mesmo como indicativo de omissões do sistema legislativo. Demonstrando a importância do Direito como promotor de Justiça em prol da defesa da vida digna, a investigação da temática se faz sob o olhar da hermenêutica jurídica crítica que atua para a compreensão da importância do direito para a vida humana, verdadeiro atalaia contra normas inconstitucionais que geram a injustiça. A presente pesquisa enfrenta o questionamento sobre a ineficácia das normas, que tolhem da pessoa o direito dignidade, gerando a desigualdade social. Para tanto, como percurso metodológico para o desenvolvimento do trabalho, utiliza-se do método hipotético dedutivo e como procedimento o aprofundamento teórico por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica em livros jurídicos e filosóficos e nas bases de dados disponíveis.
Research of the microseismicity location algorithm
Authors: Abramenkov S. S. , Stupina T. A. , Koulakov I. Yu.
Published: March 2021

In this paper, we propose the algorithm for locating microseismic events by the method of directed summation of energy envelopes over a network of stations. The algorithm is based on a back projection technology, which allows visualizing the intensity of seismic emission by layer. A comparative stability and robustness analysis of the proposed method with the method using the semblance is carried out.
Bifunctional cobalt catalyst for the Fischer – Tropsch synthesis of low-freezing diesel fuel – from development to implementation: Part 1. Selection of a commercial sample of the HZSM-5 zeolite component
Authors: Yakovenko R. E. , Zubkov I. N. , Bakun V. G. , Agliullin M. R. , Saliev A. N. , Savost'yanov A. P.
Published: March 2021

The effect of the quality of various domestic commercial HZSM-5 zeolites on the properties of bifunctional cobalt catalyst represented by a composite mixture was studied in the Fischer – Tropsch synthesis. Activities and selectivities of the catalyst samples were compared. The fractional and hydrocarbon composition of the synthesis products was investigated; viscosity-temperature characteristics of the diesel fuel fraction were estimated. A promising HZSM-5 zeolite sample was selected for practical implementation of the catalytic technology.
Features of the liquid-phase oxidation of alkenes to carbonyl compounds in the presence of palladium compounds
Authors: Gogin L. L. , Zhizhina E. G.
Published: March 2021

Features of the liquid-phase oxidation of alkenes to ketones or aldehydes in the presence of palladium compounds (Wacker oxidation) are discussed in the review. It is shown that the appropriate reaction conditions, namely, the efficient composition of catalyst, oxidant and solvent, make it possible to selectively produce either ketones or aldehydes from terminal alkenes, and ketones from alkenes with the internal double bond.
AN ECOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF LINGUISTIC DISCOURSES IN ADVERTISEMENTS FRAME STORIES TO ENHANCE THEIR IMPORTANCE TO REPLACE NATURAL PRODUCTS
Authors: Ain Quratul , Ahmed Fasih , Nawaz Muhammad
Published: March 2021

Purpose of the study: The purpose of the research is to analyze the linguistic features of the advertisements, to reveal the stories, developed by manufacturers, which appear to be ecologically protective and aligned with the values of ecosophy. Further, it aims to identify the role of language in establishing ecological preferences for consumers.

Methodology: The data has been collected from the official websites of five food manufacturing companies, which is made limited to beverages and dairy products. The advertisements are analysed under the theoretical framework of Agenda Setting Theory and Framing Theory, using the model of ecolinguistic analysis by Stibbe (2015).

Main Findings: It is incurred that the food manufacturing companies develop different stories that are succinctly insinuated, where the readers consider them mundane but the stories instill certain perceptions in readers’ minds and tame the purchase choices of consumers in daily life, through the use of language.

Application of this study: The research dismantles the ecological stance of the discourses and evaluates them in the light of ecosophy, it is helpful for the general public to identify the ecologically destructive discourses and how food manufacturers can improvise their discourses to increase consumerism. The language is used in such an emollient manner that the readers assume it to be for the sake of marketing but they clad the ideology of consumerism in each story.

Novelty/Originality of this study: The study is unique in the sense that it involves the area of linguistics in combination with ecology. It unveils how linguistics discourses in advertisements frame stories to replace the use of natural products. The linguistic discourses are used as a tool for commercial purposes, however, the purpose is to commercially glorify the product as a better source of natural outcome in front of consumers.
Scientific School of Professor Sergey Vasilievich Dyakov: in Memory of the Teacher
Authors:   Editor-in-Chief of the Magazine «Narkokontrol’», Candidate of Legal Sciences, Professor, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation (Moscow), Fedorov Aleksandr V.
Published: March 2021

The article is dedicated to the memory of the famous scientist, Professor Sergey Vasilyevich Dyakov, who was for many years the member of the Editorial Board of the magazine «Narkokontrol». It reports on the Scientific School of S.V. Dyakov, based on an integrated study of the criminal-legal and criminological positions of crimes against constitutional order and internal security of the State; on Sergey Vasilyevich and his life’s journey, and contains the information about his prima-ry publications concerning criminal law and criminology.
Chemical compounds, antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activity of olive leaves derived volatile oil in West Anatolia
Authors: VURAL Nilüfer , AKAY Mehmet Abdulkadir
Published: March 2021

In this article, the chemical compounds, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the volatile oil from leaves of Olea europaea L. cultivar from Turkey (Ayvalık) has been studied. The essential oil was provided with a Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by GC-MS/FID. This analysis leads to the detection of 42 compounds representing 99.59±1.15% of the total oil. The major constituents were a-pinene (9.82±0.33%), benzylalcohol (8.83±0.27%), phenethylalcohol (8.52±0.25%), 2-monopalmitin (8.13±0.28%), palmitic acid (5.53±0.41%), octadecanoic acid 2,3-dihydroxypropylester (5.84±0.42%), phytol (4.22±0.17%), and benzaldehyde (4.21±0.38%). The antimicrobial activities of the dried leaves essential oils were assessed against seven bacterial and four fungal strains. Significantly, the essential oil has an efficient antibacterial activity toward to the bacterial strains such as Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883. The olive a leaf essential oils showed significant antimicrobial and antioxidant effects. This study gives more knowledge for the development of this crucial therapeutic plant.
Understanding the Agency-Foundation Relationship: The Role of Nonprofit Foundations in Delivering Local Park and Recreation Services
Authors: Pitas Nicholas Andrew , Powers Samantha , Mowen Andrew Justin
Published: March 2021

Inadequate funding is a common and longstanding concern for local public park and recreation agencies. Traditionally, these services are funded predominantly through tax-based allocations, supplemented by other streams such as earned revenue, dedicated levies, and sponsorship agreements. Cost-cutting measures such as outsourcing, overall staffing reductions, and an increasing reliance on a parttime workforce have also become increasingly common in the context of local park and recreation service delivery. Partnership with nonprofit organizations represents another potential strategy to adequately fund local park and recreation services.Partnerships between local park and recreation agencies and nonprofit park and recreation foundations have a long history, and help support local park and recreation agencies in a variety of capacities. Their importance may also be growing as a function of the decline in tax-based support and earned revenue due to both the Great Recession and the global COVID-19 pandemic. Such partnerships are not unique to local parks and recreation however, and are common—and widely studied—at the national and transnational level. Despite their importance to local park and recreation service delivery, and the established body of knowledge examining these partnerships at the national and transnational level, the local agency-foundation relationship remains understudied. In this manuscript we begin to address this gap by providing a clearer picture of the agency-foundation relationship, and identifying strategies for how local park and recreation agencies can most effectively leverage these partnerships. To do so, we employ a qualitative research method, interviewing leaders from both local public park and recreation agencies and nonprofit park foundations. Results illustrate a variety of motivations for initiating an agency-foundation relationship (funding/capacity, deteriorating conditions, and equity), as well as a number of distinct benefits of such a partnership (increased operational capacity, advocacy and outreach, expertise, and non-governmental status). Respondents also identified various characteristics of a successful agency-foundation relationship (effective communication, clear roles and responsibilities, strong connections, and flexibility/responsiveness), and challenges to success (competition for scarce resources, and equity). Based on these results, we propose several strategies to help local park and recreation agencies maximize these partnerships (communicate frequently and with purpose, build relationships, formalize ties, and strive for equitable outcomes).
Burial Crypts and Vaults in Britain and Ireland: a Biographical Approach
Authors: Mytum Harold
Published: March 2021

The range of post-medieval burial structures found in Britain and Ireland defined by Julian Litten in 1985 are reviewed in the light of more recent discoveries. The degree of variability within each of these – lined burial shafts, small family vaults, large family vaults, and communal crypts – can now be evaluated. Using the biography of objects approach for the first time on mortuary data, the changing agency of coffins over their use-lives is considered, with varying degree of visibility during the stages between construction and final deposition. The biography of vaults is indicated through a selection of burial structures, revealing patterns of use over time. Issues of space management, in some cases with considerable overcrowding and movement of coffins, is seen to be problem only with communal crypts. Shafts and vaults were predominantly for few generations, apart from some elite family where the same space could be used over several centuries.
The Saint Benedict Cross or the Saint Benedict Medal Based on a Find from Archaeological Research in Gniew (Pomerania Province)
Authors: Michalik Jakub
Published: March 2021

In 2015, during archaeological research conducted around the church in Gniew (Pomerania Province), a small fragment of a metal plate was found. After it was cleaned as part of restoration it turned out to be a cross. The excavation was located outside, near the chancel wall. Research conducted there confirmed the conclusions drawn in previous years, i.e. that the church grounds had been used as a graveyard. The fact that the graveyard had been used for a long time was proved by numerous burials, overlapping grave pits and ossuaries, meaning places where human remains were gathered after earlier burials in the graveyard and the church had been emptied.

Devotional items, including medals, crucifixes, scapulars, and prayer ropes, have been long connected with the Christian tradition. The fact that they are found during excavations in churches and graveyards may indicate that they were popular in Late Middle Ages and in the Modern Era.

Unfortunately, the cross has not been preserved whole. It is difficult to determine whether the missing loop and two fragments of the horizontal bar were damaged when it was used by its owner or as a result of corrosion taking place after it had been deposited in the ground.

The first written sources concerning the medal itself come from an information leaflet dated to 1664. It depicts Saint Benedict in a gesture of benediction and a medal with a characteristic cross and letters. One of the most important works on the Saint Benedict Medal is the work by Prosper Guèranger from 1862.

Saint Benedict medals and crucifixes are also known from many inventories of artefacts compiled during research conducted in graveyards, mostly from the Modern Era. Saint Benedict crosses in a form resembling a knight’s cross were found in, among others, Maniowy in Podhale, Gliwice, Lubiń near Kościan, Wrocław, and Częstochowa.

Despite the three and a half centuries that have passed since the first information about the medal appeared, and the six centuries since the first mention of its symbolism, it is still very popular among Christians. Most probably, information about the miracles happening thanks to it are no longer the main reason why it is worn but it can be a kind of an amulet protecting against evil. Despite rather scarce literature on Saint Benedict devotional items found at archaeological sites, one should expect that as research progresses, doubts about the manufacturing places or more detailed relationships between the appearance of crosses and medals will be dispelled.
Temperature and Humidity in the Base-floors of Three Northern Finnish Churches Containing 17th–19th-century Burials
Authors: Väre Tiina , Tranberg Annemari , Lipkin Sanna , Kallio-Seppä Titta , Väre Lauri , Junno Juho-Antti , Niinimäki Sirpa , Nurminen Nora , Kuha Anniina
Published: March 2021

Natural mummification occurs in various favorable conditions. Cold environments have produced mummified human remains in northern Finland. These remains buried under the church floors mummified naturally probably through a process resembling freeze-drying. This chapter explores the conditions that led to the mummification of dozens and potentially hundreds of human remains. To conduct our study, we installed logging temperature and humidity measuring devices under the floors of three churches located by the shore of Bothnian Bay in northern Finland. Even our preliminary results show that the humidity and temperature conditions differ between these churches. It is also clear that relative humidity remains very high under the floors of each church. It appears that mummification has occurred in almost “cellar like” conditions. The preservation process was probably aided by the loose laid constructions allowing the air to freely move in the graves carrying the moisture from the remains.
TSS, Yield and Energetics of Stevia as Influenced by Nitrogen Levels and Spacing under Eastern U.P. Conditions
Authors: Kumari Shivani , Ghosh Gautam , Meshram M.R.
Published: March 2021

Background: Stevia is a natural sweetener plant with zero calorie content which is used as an alternative source of sugar. Stevioside extract from stevia is considered to be 300-350 times sweeter than sugar. It is safe for use by both diabetics and hypo glycaemics due to its low glycaemic index. Stevia has some bitter aftertaste along with sweetness due to the presence of some essential oils, tannins and flavonoids. Methods: Field experiment was conducted at Eastern Block of Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Naini Agricultural Institute, Prayagraj during Zaid 2018. The experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design comprising of three N levels i.e. 50, 75 and 100 kg N/ha and inter row spacing of 30, 40 and 50 cm with 20 cm of plant to plant spacing. The study was carried out to find out response of nitrogen levels and spacing on stevia. Result: Maximum plant height (51.24 cm), leaf area (4596.99 cm2) was observed with treatment 100 kg N ha-1 at 50 cm x 20 cm spacing and leaf area index (7.30), total soluble solids (TSS) (18.73 oBrix) was noticed with treatment 100 kg N ha-1 at 30 cm x 20 cm spacing, whereas the maximum Leaf number (342.52) was recorded with treatment 100 kg N ha-1 at 40 cm x 20 cm spacing. The results of this experiment revealed that increased dose of nitrogen with narrow spacing gave maximum quality.
Impact of Abiotic Factors and Dates of Sowing on Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) Parasitoid Campoletis chloridae (Uchida) under Chickpea Cropping System in Tarai Region of Uttarakhand
Authors: Divija S.D. , Agnihotri Meena
Published: March 2021

Background: The solitary endo-larval parasitoid Campoletis chlorideae Uchida (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) is an important biocontrol agent of H. armigera in chickpea ecosystem. Abiotic factors are likely to affect the insect host and activity of its parasitoid. Therefore, the present study was conducted to understand the impact of weather factors and different dates of sowing on per cent parasitization of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) by Campoletis chlorideae (Uchida) in chickpea ecosystem. Methods: In this field-laboratory investigation were carried out at Pantnagar during the cropping season of 2017-18. Twenty-five larvae of H. armigera (first and second instars) were collected randomly at weekly basis from untreated chickpea crop. In the laboratory, the collected larvae were reared till parasitoid emergence and observed for per cent parasitisation. Result: The observation recorded revealed that mean seasonal parasitism by Campoletis on larvae of H. armigera was found to be 21%, 43.5% and 34.5% in early (20th October), normal (11th November) and late sown crop (1st December), respectively. Various abiotic parameters like maximum and minimum temperature, maximum and minimum relative humidity registered high level of significant association with per cent parasitization in early and normal sown crop compared to the low level of association in late sown crop. The multiple regression analysis showed that the combined effect of all the meteorological parameters were responsible for 90%, 57.9% and 30.5% variation in per cent parasitization in early, normal and late sown crop, respectively.