bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interest Group Structure and Organization in Kenya's Informal Sector
Authors: WIDNER JENNIFER
Published: March 2007

Much of the academic and policy discourse on the African informal sector assumes that the people who populate the informal economy have a distinct set of economic and political interests. The sector's participants are supposed to support policies different from those advocated by governments that seek to tax informal enterprises, by smallholders who seek higher prices for the crops they grow and thereby contribute to rising food prices, and by modern sector manufacturing that sells inputs used by informal enterprises for high prices and buys goods and services at low prices. This research suggests that patterns of interest group formation vary according to the extent to which entrepreneurs diversify their income portfolios and according to the perception of mobility within and between sectors. It uses this understanding to explain differences in patterns of interest formation between entrepreneurs in capital cities and in secondary towns. It offers data from a survey administered in three Kenyan secondary towns.
Understanding the State in South Korea
Authors: COTTON JAMES
Published: March 2007

South Korea cannot be seen as an example of the bureaucratic-authoritarian state type. Neither its position in the world system nor its industrialization strategy can be used to give a sufficient explanation of its political and social character. Although these factors have played a part, particular historical, political, and cultural circumstances have permitted the state to enjoy a degree of autonomy during the period of rapid social and economic transformation from the 1960s to the 1980s. The determinants and character of the transition to democratization generally support this analysis, but also indicate that limits exist to the degree of liberalization to be expected in the political system.
Culture Shift and Popular Protest in South Korea
Authors: LEE AIE-RIE
Published: March 2007

Dramatic changes have taken place in sociopolitical value orientations in South Korea throughout the post-World War II period, primarily as a function of intergenerational change and rising levels of education. This article, by using the 1982 Korea Gallup Poll survey and the value change thesis, investigates the distribution of a number of fundamental social values and analyzes the extent to which these social values are persisting and/or changing and how they are related to South Koreans' political orientations, particularly protest potential. Also introduced and analyzed are two major types of Korean values prevalent in contemporary Korea: authoritarianism-libertarianism, and traditional versus modern morality. It is found that value change plays an important role in enhancing the potential for involvement in protest activities in South Korea.
The Federal Constitutional Court in the German Political System
Authors: KOMMERS DONALD P.
Published: March 2007

The Federal Constitutional Court is an important policy-making institution in the German political system. As the guardian of the Basic Law, the Constitutional Court has played a critical role in umpiring the federal system, resolving conflicts among branches of the national government, overseeing the process of parliamentary democracy, monitoring the financing of political parties, and reviewing restrictions on basic rights and liberties. In each of these areas, the Court's decisions have shaped the contours of German life and politics. Its influence is fully the equal of that of the Supreme Court in American politics. Despite its “activist” record of nullifying laws favored by legislative majorities, the German Court has managed to retain its institutional independence as well as the trust of the general public.
Unions, Wages, and the Common Interest
Authors: KENWORTHY LANE
Published: March 2007

Three models have dominated recent research on the relationship between labor unions, wage behavior, and national economic performance: a simple linear model, a parabolic model, and a political model. This article argues that an unemployment-mediated linear model is theoretically preferable. In a context of low unemployment, encompassing labor movements can be expected to restrain wage demands, whereas localized unions have much less incentive to do so. In a context of high unemployment, localized unions should exhibit wage moderation, and the pressure on encompassing unions to restrain wage demands is further accentuated. These four models are assessed as predictors of wage changes, inflation, and misery index levels for 15 industrialized nations over the periods 1960-1973, 1974-1979, and 1980-1990. The linear models outperform the parabolic and political models in each of the latter two time periods. For the mid-to late 1970s the simple linear model performs best, but for the 1980s the unemployment-mediated linear model proves superior. None of the models has any explanatory utility for the pre-oil shock period.
Why are the Young more Postmaterialist?
Authors: GRAAF NAN DIRK DE , EVANS GEOFFREY
Published: March 2007

Research on aggregate generational changes in postmaterialist values indicates that cohort and life cycle effects are present, but does not identify precisely the causes of observed age differences. Using data from the 8-nation Political Action Study and macro-level indicators, this article examines the impact of both individual level and contextual factors on the relationship between year of birth and postmaterialism. Value change is found to be in the main accounted for by levels of education and severity of war-time experience—variables which have not usually been given a central role in Inglehart's theory, whereas the effects of several measures of formative affluence—a key element of the theory—are not significant. These results are taken to suggest that the postmaterialism scale does not measure post-“materialism,” but indexes instead values pertaining to progressive liberalism. It follows that the political consequences of value change are likely to differ somewhat from those proposed by the theory.
Rethinking the Civil-Military Relations Paradigm
Authors: BEN-ELIEZER URI
Published: March 2007

Using Israel as a case study, this article endeavors to account for the intriguing sociopolitical phenomenon that military coups and military regimes are thwarted not because of the resilience of democratic institutions and the absence of war but because the society is militaristic and is in a protracted state of war. This argument, hypothesizing an inverse relationship between militarism and praetorianism, is based on an examination of Israel from its establishment until the present day, its depiction as a nation-in-arms, and its comparison with other nations-in-arms that have also experienced nonpraetorian militarism.
Baltic Sea Environmental Cooperation
Authors: HJORTH RONNIE
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the build-up of institutions for environmental protection by viewing the development of Baltic Sea environmental cooperation from the perspectives of both regime change and transnational epistemic communities. The latter concept views international cooperation as reflecting the knowledge of transnational expert groups, where shared knowledge forms the basis of international cooperation. The concept of international regimes, on the other hand, emphasizes the norms, principles, rules and decision-making procedures which are decided upon by governments. The following conclusions are made from an analysis of the development of Baltic Sea environmental cooperation: the two political turning-points (in the mid-1970s and in the late 1980s) brought about a major change in the form of cooperation. However, during the period between these shifts, expert influence was great. Thus, referring to the terminology of regime theory, we may conclude that the political changes have brought about a change of the regime, whereas the epistemic communities have contributed to a change within the regime. This leads, finally, to the conclusion that regardless of the political context, epistemic communities can have a role to fill in shaping the form of international cooperation.
Conflict Prevention in Europe
Authors: ARCHER CLIVE
Published: March 2007

The establishment in 1993 of a Nordic-dominated United Nations Protection Force in the troubled Republic of Macedonia was seen as the first example of a UN conflict prevention force. The Nordic battalion in Macedonia is placed here in the context of UN action in former Yugoslavia, as well as wider UN operations, and is also seen as a continuation of Nordic contributions to peace-keeping. However, another element is examined: it seems the operation fits into a particular liberal-institutionalist view of European security, espoused by Nordic leaders, that values conflict prevention action. This liberalinstitutionalist view is outlined, and a possible link with the Macedonian operation suggested. Despite the Nordic action, the future of Macedonia is scarcely assured.
Small State Strategies in Alliances
Authors: VAN STADEN ALFRED
Published: March 2007

The article analyses the role of the Netherlands in the Atlantic Alliance over the past decades in the wider context of small power strategies. The main thrust of the argument is that small states can apply balancing strategies not only to protect their security in the central system of rivalling great powers but also to defend their interests in subordinate domains where middle powers may play a prominent part. The particular case is a clear instance of a small state using alliances to link objectives at different levels of political action. Thus, the Netherlands, while taking advantage of its reputation as a faithful ally in NATO, has sought to draw on the support of the United States in order to forestall attempts at domination by larger regional powers in Western Europe, first and foremost France. The contention is made that the Dutch have been successful in pursuance of their strategy. The final part discusses the impact on the Dutch position of recent post-Cold War developments and the dynamics of European integration. One of the options available in the arsenal of small power strategies would be a switch by the Netherlands from the postwar balancing policies along with the USA to a future posture of `bandwagoning' with its most powerful European partner, i.e. Germany.
Nordic Security Cooperation in a Homogenized Political Setting
Authors: NEUMANN IVER B.
Published: March 2007

Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden find themselves in a more homogenized political environment than at any time during this century. The different orientations towards the three corners of the `power triangle' which previously inscribed each state's security orientation have become less important. The way political life is structured and the way it interacts with other social structures is becoming more uniform. At the same time, the Nordic cooperation of the Cold War period has been enveloped in the wider EU-based European political order. This has caused a crisis in Nordic cooperation, and further aggravated the clash between integration from either friendly or hostile forces inside each country. Intensified security cooperation holds out two promises. Firstly, by inserting a legitimizing element into the growing internationalization of security policy, which is highly contentious, it may facilitate the further pursuit of internationalization. Secondly, security cooperation offers a distinctive new deal for Nordic cooperation generally.
Neutrality Norms and the Balance of Power
Authors: RAYMOND GREGORY A.
Published: March 2007

One of the many factors that is thought to make it possible for a state to abstain from participating in a war between two or more other states is the existence of international norms that support the concept of neutrality. According to realist theory, these norms are most likely to arise in balance-of-power systems, when alliances are flexible and military capabilities are distributed among the great powers in a pattern of approximate parity. Conversely, they are expected to decay when alliances become polarized into rigid blocs and military capabilities are highly concentrated. Based on the results of a time-series analysis of data from the 1820-1969 period, it was concluded that alliance polarization had no statistically significant impact on the salience of neutrality norms. On the other hand, the distribution of military capabilities did have a significant impact under certain conditions. During periods when ongoing warfare did not include the great powers, the salience of neutrality norms increased as military capabilities became more dispersed toward a pattern of rough equality.
Institutional Structure and Soviet Defence Policy Change
Authors: SNEL GERARD
Published: March 2007

This article sets out to establish the extent to which changes in the institutional structure of Soviet security and defence policy influenced Soviet military-strategic policy in the 1980s. Institutional structure is defined as the nature of civil-military relations, which is measured along two dimensions: the degree of leadership control over the military, and the interrelationship between civilian and military participation in security and defence policy. Hypotheses are formulated which connect the nature of civil-military relations to military-strategic decisions as well as to their conversion into concrete measures. The empirical analysis of three decisions shows that the Soviet leaders sought to create a more defensive strategy by increasing centralized control over agenda-setting, policy design and decision-making. It did so by expanding the community of experts in military-strategic policy and reducing military participation in foreign and, to a lesser extent, arms control policy. It failed to institutionalize civilian participation and monitoring of the implementation of military-strategic decisions, apparently because it had a top-down perspective on the policy process. The general conclusion is that institutional change at the input side of the policy process is easier to establish than at the output side.
Economic Correlates of War in the Third World, 1965-92
Authors: SOLTVEDT LARS PETTER
Published: March 2007

Recent empirical investigations into the economic correlates of war have focused exclusively on international trade. And, with the exception most recently of Mansfield (1994), these analyses have been conducted at the dyadic level. Applying the liberal concept of opportunity costs to war in the Third World, we suggest that such costs may include the abrogation not only of trade, but also of concessional and non-concessional financial flows into the Third World, by donors or investors unwilling to venture into the uncertain environments of war. We argue that the higher the aggregated opportunity costs of war in terms of trade severance and the discontinuation of concessional or non-concessional financial flows, the less the magnitude and frequency of both interstate and civil war in the Third World. Our spatio-temporal domain includes all Third World states during the period 1965-92. The analysis is conducted at the level of the Third World. Combining data from the Correlates of War project with information from UNCTAD's Handbook of International Trade and Development Statistics, we find an inverse relationship between the relative importance of Third World exports and the magnitude of interstate war in the Third World. When adjusting for autocorrelation, a previous statistically significant impact on war of concessional and non-concessional financial flows disappears. The policy implication of our analysis is that Third World participation in international trade should be encouraged. Further analysis, however, is needed to assess the impact on the amount of war in the Third World of concessional and non-concessional financial flows.
Implementing a Balanced-scorecard Approach to Managing Hotel Operations
Authors: Denton Gregory A. , White Bruce
Published: March 2007

White Lodging Services, which manages primarily Marriott-brand limitedservice properties, developed its own version of a measure called the balanced scorecard to gauge the effectiveness of hotel operations. The balanced scorecard takes into account the objectives of both owners and managers in assessing a hotel's success. The scorecard tallies financial data, but it also accounts for the customers' assessment of the hotel and examines the extent to which the organization maintains effective func tions and develops its human resources. After implementing its balanced scorecard in 1997, White Lodging Services recorded financial results stronger than those of its competitive set, and the firm was able to reduce turnover and dramatically increase adherence to internal processes and "best practices." During that two-year period, however, guest-satisfaction scores did not meet targeted levels of improvement, which were to achieve an extremely aggressive goal of consolidated average guest score levels within the top-20 percentile of the respective brands. While that is not the desired result, such a score serves as an early warning of potential difficulties that management can address long before the situation affects the bottom line. Most important, the balanced scorecard creates an agreed-upon mechanism that gives both owners and managers a quick indication of how well each property is doing.
Automatic Food Service: The Meal of the Future?
Authors: Palmer John
Published: March 2007

You work the overnight shift in a large hospital. During your break at 3 :00 AM, you go to the lunchroom, get out a plastic card, and insert it into the console of a food-vending machine. An entree menu appears on the screen of the console, and you punch the "hamburger" button. Using universal computer graphics, the machine next presents a menu of possible accompa niments : cheese, relish, lettuce, tomato. You choose "the works" by pushing a button for each option. Next you see a menu of side orders. Since you're in the mood for fries, you punch in that choice, and the terminal prompts you to specify either a large or a small or der. It is 3:00 AM, after all, so you choose small. The side-order menu reappears, but you aren't interested in onion rings or any of the other choices, so you press a button for the drink menu. After selecting orange juice, you press "terminate" because you don't want even to see the dessert menu. With your order complete, the machine begins preparing food, and soon serves -simultaneously -your
B&Bs: A Booming Market
Authors: Stevens Leslie B.
Published: March 2007

With the increasing market segmentation of the hotel industry, different augmented-service concepts are proliferating. One such concept is the concierge (discussed previously); another is the bed-and-breakfast inn
Hotel Salespersons
Authors: Makens James C.
Published: March 2007

Two techniques for making your sales employees more productive is to boost their creativity and show them how to plan and manage their time. One way to make creative ideas flow is to expose people to new and different experiences-cultural activities, community leadership, adult education, and the like. In-house training and education also stimulate creativity, as does giving people a chance to participate in management decisions. To avoid burn-out, management should plan for career enrichment-chances for upward movement or, at least, lateral movement among properties. Time planning is also a key to salesforce productivity. The process of time planning requires a person to consider how each task will be accomplished. Time plans should be made for each year, each week, and then each day. The main idea of creating time plans is to do them in advance. A weekly plan, for instance, should be completed before Monday morning.
Turnover and What to Do About It
Authors: Hogan John J.
Published: March 2007

This article examines how five organizations with different management styles handle turnover: La Quinta Motor Inns, Forte Hotels, Interstate Hotels, Sterchi Hotels, and the Opryland Hotel. In varying degrees, each of those companies emphasizes the following: ongoing training, continuing education, employee empowerment, open communication with management, and a show of appreciation for jobs well done. Recommendations to reduce turnover include: (1) Set, maintain, and follow job descriptions for each position; (2) Establish an orientation program; (3) Clearly and quickly communicate decisions; (4) Make sure everyone knows what's expected of him or her, and for what he or she is accountable; (5) Base rewards solely on results, and not on any subjective data; (6) Set standards at a high level; (7) Give employees as much authority as possible; (8) Establish a quality-assurance program; (9) Develop and maintain training programs; and (10) Create an atmosphere of trust and sharing.
Agreements with Chain-Hotel Companies
Authors: Bell Charles A.
Published: March 2007

Hilton International developed the first management contracts under which the owner took the full risk of operating losses as well as debt service and had the ongoing responsibility of supplying working capital while the hotel company had responsibility for the hotel's operations. This concept was adopted by other international and U.S. hotel companies and, before long, U.S. institutional investors invested only in new hotels that would be managed by major chains. In contrast, the franchise agreement was developed by Holiday Inns. That concept was to get others involved in financing and development so the company could expand rapidly. When the original franchise concept as applied by Holiday Inns and Days Inns was extended to more-sophisticated and more-valuable properties it made much less sense. In a recessionary climate, hotel owners are in a strong position to obtain a good contract for a new hotel or even to improve the terms of an existing contract or franchise agreement.
Crisis Management
Authors: Barton Laurence
Published: March 2007

A well thought-out crisis plan can help management respond and control damage to the organization's reputation, financial condition, market share, and brand value. Everyone, from senior management to receptionists, will have a predetermined role to play in an anticipated crisis. A facility crisis-training program should familiarize employees with the plan, including deployment of resources, notification and protection of guests, communication with the media, and clean-up procedures. Portions of a sample crisis-management plan are included to help readers design their own plans, on their own or in conjunction with a crisis-management consultant.
Marketing the United States to Korean Travelers
Authors: Ahmed Zafar U. , Chon Kye-Sung
Published: March 2007

South Koreans have emerged as enthusiastic and relatively high-spending international travelers. The United States is currently the second most popular destination for Koreans, but other nations are bidding for Koreans' business, notably Australia. To encourage more Koreans to visit the United States, American travel-related companies and agencies should reflect Koreans' specific cultural preferences. Those preferences include traveling as groups, speaking Korean, and eating Korean food, notably kimchi. American hotels should have Koreanspeaking employees and willingly accept or exchange Korean currency. One particularly promising travel segment is honeymooners, who currently travel to such nearby locations as Thailand and Guam. Travel agencies should host Korean travel agents and writers on familiarization trips to demonstrate that the relatively expensive trip to America is well worth it.
Protected Employee Concerted Activity
Authors: Clay Joan M. , Stephens Elvis C.
Published: March 2007

Many fired employees now challenge their terminations by going to court. Employees can file charges with the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) claiming a violation of the protected concerted activity provision of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA). The NLRB's current interpretation of protected concerted activity is that an employee or employees must be acting on behalf of other employees in complaining about wages, hours, or working conditions, or trying to enforce a provision in the collective-bargaining agreement. Before a manager decides to discharge or discipline an employee, it is wise to determine whether the employee is engaged in protected concerted activity. If so, the employee is protected by Section 7 of the NLRA and, if discharged, may then have to be reinstated, most likely with full back pay.
Executive Conflict Management
Authors: Simons Tony
Published: March 2007

Effective management at the senior level requires high-quality strategic decisions and reliable implementation of those decisions. In this study of 151 strategic decisions reported by executives at 78 hotel-operating companies, debate, trust, and collaboration in the top-management group all enhanced decision quality, while avoiding confrontation impeded it. Of the four, debate was the most important single factor for high-quality strategic decisions. Trust and collaboration both enhance implementation, and an unwillingness to bring up dissenting views impedes effective implementation. The open expression of difference in an executive group is key to making high-quality strategic decisions, and the resolution of any differences in a way that fully addresses all concerns is key to implementing those decisions.
Hotel Management Contracts in the U.S.
Authors: Eyster James J.
Published: March 2007

The provisions of management contracts for hotels in the United States continue to evolve as a result of changes in the relative bargaining power of owners and operators. The pendulum has been swinging mostly toward the owners' interests. Provisions in the following areas continue to be of concern: operator equity and loan contributions; initial terms and renewals; management-fee structures; operator-system-reimbursable expenses; operator-performance standards; contract termination by owner without cause, on sale, and on foreclosure; owner input in operational decision making including hotel operating policies, budgeting, and personnel; financial and operational reporting, restrictive (non-compete) covenants; books and records; insurance issues; and dispute-settlement mechanisms.
Redefiningg Value
Authors: Durnford Tim
Published: March 2007

Taco Bell took the quick-service-restaurant segment by storm in 1989 when it launched its value menu and subsequently reengineered its operations. The moves were the continuation of a turnaround effort that began in 1983. Five years after value pricing shook up the industry and rocked competitors, however, Taco Bell was facing another crisis of declining sales. Price promotions were not sufficient to keep customers coming when the competition also introduced value pricing. Such reengineering moves as eliminating middle managers and instituting employee operating teams came apart when training efforts could not keep up with normal turnover. Other moves, such as depending on commissary-style food production, have helped keep costs low, but do nothing to enhance product quality. Taco Bell has rolled back its employee-team approach, added more managers, and, most recently, announced that it will concentrate on upgrading the quality of its menu items.
Risk Diversity Across Restaurants
Authors: Borde Stephen F.
Published: March 2007

This study examines how firm-specific financial characteristics affect the risk (i.e., from an investment-attractiveness perspective) of restaurants by examining the relationships among various firm-specific financial characteristics. The study considers the systematic and total risk of 52 restaurants from 1992 to 1995. The model used explains about half of the risk diversity across firms. The results of this analysis suggest that liquidity, dividend-payout ratio, return on assets, and growth in earnings before interest and taxes are important in explaining variation in risk across firms. In contrast, leverage seems to have little influence on market-based measures of risk. In general, high risk is likely to have an adverse effect on the cost of capital and can mean a high probability of insolvency. Though adequate liquidity is necessary for solvency, too much liquidity may suggest that available resources are not being invested in operating assets, which typically generate higher returns than cash or marketable securities. Firms with low payout ratios exhibit high risk, as low payout ratios may result in a high level of uncommitted internally generated funds. Managers ought to pay out earnings that cannot be profitably invested in the restaurants' operations. High operating returns are associated with low risk and tend to increase shareholder value. Aggressive and rapid growth, however, could increase risk by straining a firm's human resources and its ability to develop efficient controls and an effective internal structure.
Henry Morrison Flagler
Authors: Turkel Stanley
Published: March 2007

Several people stand out in the development of Florida into a world-class tourist destination, including Walt Disney and his successors, Addison Mizner of Boca Raton, and Henry Plant. The earliest and arguably the most influential of Florida's first developers, however, was Henry Morrison Flagler, who may have invented the concept of the Florida vacation as we know it today. At the very least, the early contribution of Flagler to Florida's tourism industry should not be overlooked. Impressed with the state's salubrious climate, Flagler in 1885 pushed a railway south along the east coast, eventually laying rails all the way to Key West. Along the way he developed a remarkable group of hotels, several of which still stand today, although not all of them still operate as hotels.
The Precedents and the Principle
Authors: Shindler Michael C.
Published: March 2007

A February 1998 court decision granted an injunction sought by the owners of a Sheraton hotel, immediately dismissing Sheraton from operation of the hotel. Based on legal precedent, the court determined that the management contract created an agency that was revocable under common law, despite Sheraton's effort to establish an agency with interest. The court determined that Sheraton's 1-percent ownership share was insufficient to support a claim of agency with interest that could make the management agreement irrevocable. Under common law, the court held, the owner could dismiss its agent at any time (subject to possible damages under contract law).
The Uniform System of Accouns for the Lodging Industry
Authors: Kwansa Francis , Schmidgall Raymond S.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the role that the Uniform System of Accounts (USAL!) has played in hotel companies' management. Specifically, it examines the role that the USALI plays in hotel-accounting practices and examines how widely accepted and adopted USALI is in today's lodging industry. It also provides a brief history of USALI by emphasizing the key factors that initiated and shaped its development. The USALI is the standard for financial reporting for lodging-industry operators and is widely (although not exclusively) used. Surprisingly, some 12 percent of hospitality accountants may not know anything about the USALI. The chart of accounts has been revised periodically since its inception in the 1920s and has always reflected the collective wisdom of hospitality-industry financial experts. In this study the USALIwas rated as being of more importance to hotel accountants than are either the Internal Revenue Service code or Financial Accounting Standards Board pronouncements. A simple test to discern users' knowledge of three major revisions introduced by the ninth revised edition clearly showed that many of those professionals do not fully understand the USALfs most recent changes. Specifically, changes in the way that an operation's preopening expenses, china and glassware purchases, and banquet-service gratuities are handled represent major changes in the current edition of USALI versus the previous edition. Yet the survey participants' responses recorded by this study show that there's little agreement among those accountants regarding the appropriateness and usefulness of those changes. More education is required if the USALI is to serve its intended purposes.
Causal Attributions for Problematic Family Interactions
Authors: Poasa Kris H. , Mallinckrodt Brent , Suzuki Lisa A.
Published: March 2007

A mixed quantitative and qualitative research design compared 23 U.S. college students to 25 students from Western Samoa and 25 from American Samoa, with regard to differences in cultural beliefs and attributions. Survey responses suggested that Samoan students endorsed significantly more vertical, collective and vertical, individualistic cultural attitudes than U.S. students. Qualitative analysis of narrative responses to four vignettes depicting family conflicts suggested cultural differences in patterns of attribution of blame and responsibility for resolving the conflicts. U.S. students emphasized stable, internal, global attributions to character flaws. Samoan students emphasized more easily changed, situation-specific attributions; nonlinear, multifaceted judgments of blame; deference to hierarchy in group relationships; and context-oriented resolutions that avoid individual confrontation and emphasize preservation of relationships.
Don Zytowski
Authors: Westefeld John S.
Published: March 2007

Don Zytowski, known to many as “Z,” is a leading counseling psychologist who has made numerous contributions to both science and practice and in the area of vocational psychology, in particular. In this interview, Don reflects on his life, his work, his many interests, and how he views the profession of counseling psychology.
Principles of Empirically Supported Interventions in Counseling Psychology
Authors: Wampold Bruce E. , Lichtenberg James W. , Waehler Charles A.
Published: March 2007

The authors present background on the development of principles for the identification of empirically supported interventions in counseling psychology by the American Psychological Association’s Division 17 and include an overview of guiding considerations around which these principles were developed. As a context for these principles, the authors present a brief history of the social-economic-professional context within which the sometimes contentious movement toward the recognition of empirically supported treatments has developed within professional psychology. Seven principles for the consideration of the empirical support of counseling psychology interventions are presented along with discussion of the rationale behind each principle.
A Multicultural Perspective on Principles of Empirically Supported Interventions
Authors: Quintana Stephen M. , Atkinson Donald R.
Published: March 2007

The authors evaluate the Principles of Empirically Supported Interventions (PESI) that have been recommended by Wampold, Lichtenberg, and Waehler for how well the principles promote attention to cultural issues. Their review suggests that the PESI could indicate the need to consider cultural issues when evaluating intervention research, but the authors have reservations about how well incorporation of cultural considerations will actually occur in future research based on the three applications of the PESI included in this special issue.
Similarity in Counseling
Authors: Atkinson Donald R. , Schein Sandra
Published: March 2007

Research on similarity between counselor and client was reviewed to determine the effect on counseling process and outcome. Little evidence was found that membership-group or personality similarity contributes significantly to counseling effectiveness, and too few studies on cognitive similarity have been conducted to date to draw conclusions. Experience similarity and attitude similarity both appear to be directly related to counseling process, but the effect on counseling outcome of the former has not been assessed and/or the latter is equivocal Differences between social and counseling psychology research and limitations of the counseling psychology research to date are discussed.
Trends in Counseling Psychology Training Programs
Authors: Cameron Alan S. , Galassi John P. , Birk Janice M. , Waggener Natalie Moss
Published: March 2007

All surveys of counseling psychology training programs conducted by the Council of Counseling Psychology Training Programs from 1975 through 1987 were reviewed. Descriptive statistics were calculated and analyzed for trends for the following program characteristics: student applications and admissions, matriculated students, financial aid, internship placements, and initial employment settings. Results indicate (a) distinctly different trends between APA- and non-APA-accredited programs in many program characteristics, (b) increasing female applications, admissions, and enrollments, (c)no improvement in minority student admissions, (d) increasing hospital internships, and (e) increasing initial job placements in hospitals, community mental health centers, and private practice.
Interactional Counseling
Authors: Claiborn Charles D. , Lichtenberg James W.
Published: March 2007

Despite the pervasive influence of interactiontal ideas in fields of counseling and psychotherapy, the integration of those ideas into a cohlerent framework of theory, practice, and research has been lacking. The goals of this article are to provide an integrative review of interactional concepts within counseling and to show that the interactional view is a unique and valuable per-spective for counseling psychology. The article is organized into four major sections. The first section provides an introduction to the interactional assiniptioils, concepts, and principles that underlie an interactional view of counseling. The second section presents an interactional view of psychological problems and client symptoms. The third section presents an interactional view of the counseling process, including the targets of change within counseling, change mechanisms, and specific change strategies. The fourth section reviews current interactional research in counseling and introduces several emerging research methods for the study of interactional concepts and processes.
Religious Faith Across the Life Span
Authors: Worthington Everett L.
Published: March 2007

The thesis of this article is that psychologists can benefit in assessment and counseling of clients and in research by understanding the religious development of many of their religious clients throughout the life span. Theories of religious development are reviewed in the initial section of the article. Generally, the early life of the religious person is well described by using a variety of stage theories; however, at adolescence and beyond, prediction is enhanced by using life-event or transition theory perspectives. In the second section, research is reviewed on a variety of issues involving religion over the life span. In the final section, the implications of theory and research on religious involvement in therapy are investigated, and number of important questions for assessment, treatment, and research are identified
Internalized Culture, Culturocentrism, and Transcendence
Authors: Ho David Y.F.
Published: March 2007

Internalized culture is introduced as a psychological, rather than anthropological, construct most useful to counselors. It addresses explicitly both between-group and within-group variations resulting from individual differences in enculturation and helps to sensitize counselors against stereotyping. The problem of defining cultural boundaries arises, with serious difficulties in defining three specific classes of cultural phenomena. It is argued that there is a basic continuity from intracultural to intercultural understanding. In a sense, all interpersonal encounters are cross-cultural in nature. Accordingly, all counseling requires an awareness of cultural processes and the transcendence of one's internalized culture.
Individual Counseling and Psychotherapy
Authors: Heesacker Martin , Conner Karen , Prichard Shawn
Published: March 2007

This article provides a new conceptualization of the literature on the application of the elaboration likelihood model of attitude change (ELM) to counseling, identifying two waves of this work: (a) early application studies that were essentially parametric extensions of well-established basic laboratory paradigms and (b) later studies that reflect less strong adherence to basic research paradigms and more sensitivity to the counseling context. In the second wave, the focus shifted away from laboratory paradigms, toward important issues in counseling, such as enhancing the effectiveness of assertion training and evaluating the validity of people's assessment responses. Results from the second wave provide clearer support for the utility of the ELM than first-wave studies. This article also identifies important methodological differences between the two waves, discusses relevant recent advances, and provides a list of practice-relevant conclusions from this literature and a future research agenda.
A Multicultural Perspective on Principle and Virtue Ethics
Authors: Ibrahim Farah A.
Published: March 2007

The author proposes an alternative perspective on deriving ethical guidelines for psychologists. This proposal presents the position that in a pluralistic society, we cannot continue to derive moral imperatives from a Western civilization perspective. We need to develop strategies to arrive at a set of virtues or principles to guide our profession that address the diversity in the United States. Further; we need to take a similar approach in proposing ethical guidelines for an international, cross-cultural context. The article presents a paradigm shift in thinking among psychologists on how to function effectively in a pluralistic society and in a global economy.
Promoting Optimal Adolescent Development through Conflict Resolution Education, braining, and Practice
Authors: Slyck Michael Van , Stem Marilyn , Zak-Place Jennifer
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to examine how the problem-solving approach taken by the emerging field of youth-oriented conflict resolution is developmentally appropriate for a full range of adolescents and thereby promotes optimal development. The application of conflict resolution modalities to adolescents is conceptualized within an educational/developmental, preventive, and remedial framework that provides the context for reviewing the positive effects of conflict resolution on adolescents. A comprehensive approach to the use of conflict resolution modalities with adolescents as a basis for promoting optimal development is proposed, with attention given to the issues of culture and diversity. The potential interface between the fields of counseling and conflict resolution and the role that counseling psychologists can play in the development of this emerging field is discussed.
A Theory-Building Investigation of the School-to-Work Transition
Authors: Blustein David L. , Phillips Susan D. , Jobin-Davis Kevin , Finkelberg Sarah L. , Roarke Amy E.
Published: March 2007

This study sought to enhance an understanding of the school-to-work transition for work-bound high school students. The objective was to identify individual and contextual factors relevant to the school-to-work transition. The authors obtained interview data from a diverse sample of 45 employed young men and women (aged 18-29) who have been in this transition during the past 10 years. Using a grounded theory approach, a coding system was developed with quantitative and qualitative indexes. The authors used job satisfaction and occupational choice congruence as subjective and objective means of capturing an adaptive school-to-work transition. Initial correlational analyses were conducted with quantitatively derived variables to provide a framework for qualitative analyses. Qualitative analyses of participant narratives revealed several individual and contextual factors that characterize the adaptive school-to-work transition. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for career development theory as well as some propositions to guide future inquiry in this area.
Using Social Cognitive Career Theory to Create Affirmative Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Research Training Environments
Authors: Bieschke Kathleen J. , Eberz Amy B. , Bard Christine C. , Croteau James M.
Published: March 2007

Historically, counseling psychologists have conducted relatively few empirical studies addressing lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) issues. Methodological challenges, heterosexism, and homophobia present particular challenges to facilitating such research. Moreover, research suggests that graduate students receive little or no training about conducting LGB research The authors examine social cognitive career theory (Lent, Brown, & Hackeu, 1994) to generate recommendations for creating research training environments that are affirming of LGB issues. Based on this model, suggestions are offered to influence several aspects of the research training environment: distal and proximal environmental influences, individual variables, students' research self-efficacy beliefs, and students' research outcome expectations. It is hoped that these recommendations will help to improve graduate training programs and to advance empirical knowledge about LGB issues in psychology.
Travels of a Shy Youngster to the Presidency of the American Psychological Association
Authors: Deffenbacher Jerry L.
Published: March 2007

This article provides the professional background of and an interview with Richard M. Suinn, only one of three minority psychologists to be elected president of the American Psychological Association (APA), and the only Asian American psychologist to be elected to this post. The interview addresses a number of factors in his personal and professional development. It then outlines perspectives on career development, mentoring, the development of young professionals, and the importance of competencies and skills versus labels in psychology. It concludes with his thoughts and feelings about running for the presidency of APA and some visions for the association.
Treating the Purple Menace
Authors: Tozer Erinn E. , McClanahan Mary K.
Published: March 2007

This article outlines the ethical considerations for sexual orientation conversion therapy for lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. There are numerous reasons not to acquiesce to a client’s desire to change his or her sexual orientation. There is no empirical evidence to show that conversion therapy is effective in reorienting a lesbian, gay, or bisexual person to heterosexuality. Moreover, these types of treatments perpetuate society’s stance that homosexuality is an inferior state and assume that the client’s struggle is pathological and not in reaction to the sociopolitical context in which lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons exist. Guidelines for responding to a client seeking reorientation and evaluating one’s biases regarding lesbian, gay, and bisexual orientations are presented. Future research implications are discussed.
Experimentation and Criminal Justice Policies in the United Kingdom
Authors: Tilley Nick
Published: March 2007

Experiments have an important part to play in developing evidence-based policy and practice in criminal justice. They need, however, to be construed in realist terms if valid conclusions are to be drawn. The precise design of an experiment needs also to be tailored to the level of program theory development. In only very particular circumstances will random controlled trials (RCTs) be appropriate. An illustration of successful use of non-RCT realist experimental evaluations in repeat victimization research and policy development in Britain is given. The achievement of this fruitful relationship between research and policy development itself depended on a (perhaps unusually) favorable context.