bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incident angle characteristics of SAR in two‐dimensional three‐layered ellipse human model exposed to EM plane waves
Authors: Ohishi Takafumi , Haji Yuki , Tokumaru Shinobu
Published: October 2002

To date, a number of calculations have been reported on the specific absorption rate (SAR) of power into various human models. Most of them specify the positional relationship between the human body and the wave source. However, in a real electromagnetic environment, the positional relationship between the source and the human body changes depending on the situation. Therefore, various positional relationships must be studied. In this paper, the angle‐of‐incidence dependence of the average SAR and the local SAR is studied as a positional relationship. Two plane waves, TE and TM, are allowed to be incident on a two‐dimensional three‐layered ellipse human model for numerical analysis. In the calculations, it is found that the average SAR becomes the maximum for frontal incidence on the human body at varying frequencies in both TE and TM wave incidence. With regard to the maximum local SAR, the angles of incidence to attain the maximum agree at all frequencies for TE wave incidence. However, the frequencies for the maximum do not agree above 1.5 GHz for the TM wave. In terms of the SAR distribution, the angle‐of‐incidence dependence at the maximum local SAR tends to differ with the frequency for both TE and TM waves. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(12): 1–14, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10057
A high‐throughput flow control scheme using a relay buffering function
Authors: Yotsui Shinpei , Takimoto Shuhei , Tode Hideki , Ikeda Hiromasa
Published: October 2002

At present, window‐type flow control is mostly used in data communications in wide‐area networks. With further progress in wide‐area and high‐speed communication networks, however, an environment has emerged in which super‐high‐speed service of gigabit‐per‐second order is provided with a long transfer distance. Thus, the window size is limited by the hardware size of the prepared receiver buffer, and the effective throughput is limited. This paper considers this problem and proposes a flow control scheme in which the effective throughput is not restricted by the transfer distance. In the proposed method, the WABT scheme, which is a non‐window‐type flow control, is combined with relay buffering in the network. By applying this method, the effective throughput is not affected by the increase in the transfer distance or the effect of transmission delay in transfer stop/restart by the starting or release of the flow control mechanism. A theoretical analysis is presented in order to derive the basic characteristics of the proposed scheme, and its effectiveness is demonstrated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(12): 112–120, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.1146
Study of fiber management for optical board integration
Authors: Kobayashi Masaru , Asakawa Shuichiro , Hirayama Mamoru , Abe Yoshiteru , Hida Yasuhiro , Kominato Toshimi , Goh Takashi , Kawai Takeshi , Sumida Shin
Published: October 2002

With a view to high‐density integration and high production integration of printed circuit boards for installation of optical devices (optical boards), FMOB (Fiber Management for Optical Board integration) is investigated. Fiber Physical Contact connectors to realize high‐density multi‐core fiber connection, PLC connectors to realize direct connection with PLC, and fiber wiring board are developed as element technologies. The earlier fiber integration process by fused connection is replaced with connector joining of fiber wiring components. FMOB is applied to an 8 × 16 delivery and coupling switch board for photonic transport systems. Practically sufficient optical performance, improvement of the integration density, and enhancement of work efficiency are confirmed, demonstrating the effectiveness of the FMOB. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(7): 37–47, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10023
Influence of dispersion fluctuations on four‐wave mixing efficiency in optical fibers
Authors: Tsuji Kenichiro , Yokota Hideaki , Saruwatari Masatoshi
Published: October 2002

The four‐wave mixing (FWM) used in optical fibers is expected to be a simple wavelength conversion technique for ultrafast optical signals. Highly efficient generation of stable FWM light is desired. FWM efficiency depends on the zero‐dispersion wavelength of the fiber, the wavelength of the pump light, and the wavelength of the signal light, and reaches its maximum efficiency when the pump wavelength and zero‐dispersion wavelength match in degenerate FWM. However, the zero‐dispersion wavelength fluctuates in the longitudinal direction in actual optical fibers, and these changes affect the FWM generation characteristics. In this paper, we analyze FWM generation that accounts for the zero‐dispersion wavelength fluctuations in the longitudinal direction of the optical fibers and explain the theory of the dependence of the FWM efficiency on the pump wavelength. In addition, by conducting FWM generation experiments, we demonstrate the differences in the characteristics of the optical fibers and clearly show the relationship between the FWM generation characteristics and zero‐dispersion wavelength distribution. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(8): 16–24, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10032
A circuit theoretical method to synthesize bandpass electron energy filters
Authors: Sanada Hirofumi , Asakura Kunihiko , Suzuki Masakiyo , Nagai Nobuo
Published: October 2002

Multiple barrier structures working as an energy filter for electron waves are important for controlling the behavior of electron waves. Hence, many reports on this subject can be found. In the present paper, a circuit theoretical design method is presented for multiple barrier structures that act as bandpass energy filters for electron waves. Based on this development, an electron wave energy filter is designed. In comparison with periodic multiple barrier structures often used to date, the electron wave filter designed in this paper is superior in terms of its flatness in the passband and the high speed of the electron wave packet transmission. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(7): 11–21, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10033
Automated software development based on composition of categorized reusable components—construction and sufficiency of skeletons for batch programs
Authors: Ohno Osamu , Furuhata Yukari , Komuro Hirozou , Imajo Tetsuji , Komiya Seiichi
Published: October 2002

In this paper the authors discuss approaches to the automation of software development in use during the past 20 years for trunk business systems, in particular categorized reusable components, the center of this method's technology. First an outline of the software in question, the development environments, and approaches to automation is given. With respect to the major automation methods, the structure of methods for categorized reusable components, a structural element, and the design of skeletons for batch programming are described. This approach uses (1) input and output component groups, (2) program skeleton groups, and (3) data processing groups for which detailed processes have been turned into components, all in a mutually independent fashion as categorized reusable components for the software to be generated. Then these components are adjusted and a program is generated by combining them together using tools. By making the components independent in this fashion, this approach has the capacity to create X*Y*Z structures overall even with only X, Y, and Z components each. In addition, the 24 skeletons developed during this research are demonstrated to cover 90% of large‐scale trunk systems, and the top 10 skeletons over 70%. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(6): 50–66, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10057
Fabrication and IF bandwidth measurements of NbN hot‐electron bolometers
Authors: Miki Shigehito , Uzawa Yoshinori , Kawakami Akira , Wang Zhen
Published: October 2002

As part of an effort to develop heterodyne rf receivers operating in the terahertz band, we have fabricated hot‐electron bolometers (HEB) using NbN thin films, and investigated their intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidths. The NbN thin films we studied were grown on single‐crystal MgO substrates by dc reactive sputtering. Our 2.8‐nm‐thick films exhibited superior superconducting properties, including transition temperatures TC of 9.7 K and 20 K resistivities ρ20 of 185 µΩ·cm. Using electron beam diffraction, high‐resolution TEM images, and other techniques to study the crystallinity of these films, we determined that the NbN grows epitaxially on the MgO substrate as single‐crystal material. The HEB elements we made consisted of a NbN microstrip, a Au electrode section, and an Al antenna section. In the course of studying the IF bandwidths of these devices in the millimeter‐wave range, we found one device with an IF bandwidth of 2.5 GHz, the highest of any device we made. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(7): 77–83, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.1111
A study on speckle tracking method for three‐dimensional ultrasonic imaging
Authors: Ohashi Gosuke , Toyoda Toshiyuki , Ohya Akihisa , Akiyama Iwaki
Published: October 2002

In this research, with a view to three‐dimensional image reconstruction, a method for tracking the coordinates of the tomographic image plane is investigated by drawing attention to the shift and variation of the speckle pattern in the B‐mode image. In this method, the shift vector in the array‐range plane is estimated from the coordinates of the peak of the mutual correlation of the image acquired in the time series, and the shift along the slice direction is estimated from the decrease of the correlation coefficient. As a result, the three‐dimensional shift vector is estimated. Experiments are carried out with the data for phantoms simulating biological tissues and for breast tissue as a representative of real biological tissue. The effectiveness of the method is confirmed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(12): 1–8, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10027
A study on an estimation of inverse transfer function using an adaptive exponential filter
Authors: Kobayashi Masaki , Itoh Yoshio , Okello James
Published: October 2002

Considering an adaptive system estimating the inverse of the transfer function (inverse transfer function) of an unknown system, a configuration is proposed in which the adaptive system is placed in front of the unknown system (pre‐inverse modeling). In general, when a transversal adaptive filter is used, the output delay signal of the unknown system is needed in the adaptive algorithm of the tap coefficient. This signal cannot be observed because an adaptive filter is inserted in the prior stage, so that a replica of the unknown system is needed. In this paper, an adaptive system that does not require this replica is considered. The inverse transfer function of the minimum‐phase section of the unknown system is estimated with an adaptive exponential filter by means of a gradient algorithm. Since the signal in the tap algorithm is the delayed output signal of the observable adaptive system, no replica is required. Convergence of the tap coefficients is rigorously studied theoretically from the point of view of monotonic increase of the gradient. Also, the minimum‐phase section of the unknown system is estimated with a transversal adaptive filter by using a gradient algorithm. A method of calculation of the inverse transfer function with this estimated value is presented. The algorithm of the two adaptive filters is a gradient algorithm that is easily realized with guaranteed convergence. Finally, numerical verification of the study results, performance evaluation of the adaptive system, and comparison with the conventional system are carried out by computer simulation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(12): 47–55, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.1127
DC voltage control and harmonic current suppression in a single‐phase PFC converter
Authors: Takeshita Takaharu , Toyoda Yasunobu , Matsui Nobuyuki
Published: October 2002

This paper presents a DC voltage control scheme for a single‐phase PFC converter which can realize both the harmonic suppression of the input current and the fast dynamic response to the DC voltage. Instead of using a constant DC voltage reference, the controller calculates a fluctuating DC voltage reference, having the frequency at twice the source frequency. In the calculation of the DC voltage reference, the circuit parameters are used. Since the parameter errors may cause an error in the DC voltage reference, parameter identification is also described. The effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm has been verified experimentally. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(1): 54–64, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10060
Disinhibition of stereotyping: context, prejudice, and target characteristics
Authors: Kawakami Kerry , Spears Russell , Dovidio John F.
Published: October 2002

The present research examined the moderating influences of individual differences in sexism on the application of gender stereotypes to stereotypic versus nonstereotypic targets as a function of contexts that induced sex stereotypic or counterstereotypic responses. Specifically, participants first received an attribution task in which they were induced to explain a variety of gender relevant situations in gender stereotypic or nonstereotypic ways. Participants were then presented with an ostensibly unrelated person judgment task in which they were asked to judge two women who acted either ambiguously stereotypically or nonstereotypically. The initial opportunity to express stereotypes without censure accentuated stereotype application, but only for highly prejudiced participants rating a woman who acted in an ambiguously stereotypical (i.e. unassertive) manner. We consider the implications of these findings for processes of stereotype disinhibition, and the moderating influences of individual differences in prejudice, target characteristics, and local norms. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetrical international attitudes
Authors: Van Oudenhoven Jan Pieter , Askevis‐Leherpeux Françoise , Hannover Bettina , Jaarsma Renske , Dardenne Benoît
Published: October 2002

In general, attitudes towards nations have a fair amount of reciprocity: nations either like each other, are relatively indifferent to each other, or dislike each other. Sometimes, however, international attitudes are asymmetrical. In this study, we use social identity theory in order to explain asymmetrical attitudes. Parting from social identity theory, asymmetrical attitudes can be predicted to occur most likely between countries that are linguistically either similar or closely related, but differ in size. Europe, more than any other continent, offers a rich variety of nations which represent natural conditions for our study, such as size and degree of linguistic similarity. In order to test hypotheses derived from social identity theory, we asked respondents (N = 405) from (Dutch‐ and French‐speaking) Belgium, France, Germany, and The Netherlands to fill out a questionnaire on three large nations (Germany, Great Britain, France) and three smaller ones (The Netherlands, Belgium, and Denmark). Results strongly supported hypotheses and confirm that a social identity approach may help to better understand international attitudes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mutagenicity of γ‐radiation, mitomycin C, and etoposide in the Hprt and Tk genes of Tk+/− mice†
Authors: Dobrovolsky Vasily N. , Shaddock Joseph G. , Heflich Robert H.
Published: October 2002

The recently developed Tk+/− mouse detects in vivo somatic cell mutation in the endogenous, autosomal Tk gene. To evaluate the sensitivity of this model, we have treated Tk+/− mice with three agents that induce DNA damage by different mechanisms, and determined spleen lymphocyte mutant frequencies (MFs) in the autosomal Tk gene and in the X‐linked Hprt gene. γ‐Radiation, which produces single‐ and double‐strand breaks by nonspecific oxidative stress, efficiently increased Hprt MF, but not Tk MF. Mitomycin C, which produces bulky DNA monoadducts and crosslinks, was mutagenic in both the Hprt and Tk genes, but the response was greater in the Tk gene. An inhibitor of the ligase function of DNA topoisomerase II, etoposide, did not increase Hprt MF, and induced a small, but nonsignificant increase in Tk MF. Combined with previous data, the results indicate that the two genes are differentially sensitive to many agents, and that the Tk gene is more sensitive than the Hprt gene to some, but not all types of DNA damage. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:342–347, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dietary folate deficiency enhances induction of micronuclei by arsenic in mice†
Authors: McDorman Elena W. , Collins Barbara W. , Allen James W.
Published: October 2002

Folate deficiency increases background levels of DNA damage and can enhance the genotoxicity of chemical agents. Arsenic, a known human carcinogen present in drinking water supplies around the world, induces chromosomal and DNA damage. The effect of dietary folate deficiency on arsenic genotoxicity was evaluated using a mouse peripheral blood micronucleus (MN) assay. In duplicate experiments, male C57Bl/6J mice were fed folate‐deficient or folate‐sufficient diets for 7 weeks. During week 7, mice on each diet were given four consecutive daily doses of sodium arsenite (0, 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg) via oral gavage. Over the course of the study the folate‐deficient diet produced an approximate 60% depletion of red blood cell folate. Folate deficiency by itself was associated with small but significant increases in MN in normochromatic erythrocytes (NCEs) and polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs). Arsenic exposure was associated with significant increases in MN‐PCEs in both folate‐deficient and folate‐sufficient mice. MN‐PCE frequencies at the 10 mg/kg dose of arsenic were increased 4.5‐fold over vehicle control in folate‐deficient mice and 2.1‐fold over control in folate‐sufficient mice. At the 5 and 10 mg/kg doses of arsenic, MN‐PCE levels were significantly higher (1.3‐fold and 2.4‐fold, respectively) in folate‐deficient mice compared to folate‐sufficient mice. Very few MN from either control or treated animals in either experiment exhibited kinetochore immunostaining, suggesting that the MN were derived from chromosome breakage rather than from whole chromosome loss. These results indicate that folate deficiency enhances arsenic‐induced clastogenesis at doses of 5 mg/kg and higher. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 40:71–77, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multi‐step forecasting for nonlinear models of high frequency ground ozone data: a Monte Carlo approach
Authors: Fassò Alessandro , Negri Ilia
Published: October 2002

Multi‐step prediction using high frequency environmental data is considered. The complex dynamics of ground ozone often requires models involving covariates, multiple frequency periodicities, long memory, nonlinearity and heteroscedasticity. For these reasons parametric models, which include seasonal fractionally integrated components, self‐exciting threshold autoregressive components, covariates and autoregressive conditionally heteroscedastic errors with heavy tails, have been recently introduced. Here, to obtain anhstep ahead forecast for these models we use a Monte Carlo approach. The performance of the forecast is evaluated on different nonlinear models comparing some statistical indices with respect to the prediction horizon. As an application of this method, the forecast precision of a 2 year hourly ozone data set coming from an air traffic pollution station located in Bergamo, Italy, is analyzed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐objective optimal design of FLC driven hybrid mass damper for seismically excited structures
Authors: Ahlawat A. S. , Ramaswamy A.
Published: October 2002

Structural vibration control using active or passive control strategy is a viable technology for enhancing structural functionality and safety against natural hazards such as strong earthquakes and high wind gusts. Both the active and passive control systems have their limitations. The passive control system has limited capability to control the structural response whereas the active control system depends on external power. The power requirement for active control of civil engineering structures is usually quite high. Thus, a hybrid control system is a viable solution to alleviate some of the limitations. In this paper a multi‐objective optimal design of a hybrid control system for seismically excited building structures has been proposed. A tuned mass damper (TMD) and an active mass driver (AMD) have been used as the passive and active control components of the hybrid control system, respectively. A fuzzy logic controller (FLC) has been used to drive the AMD as the FLC has inherent robustness and ability to handle the non‐linearities and uncertainties. The genetic algorithm has been used for the optimization of the control system. Peak acceleration and displacement responses non‐dimensionalized with respect to the uncontrolled peak acceleration and displacement responses, respectively, have been used as the two objectives of the multi‐objective optimization problem. The proposed design approach for an optimum hybrid mass damper (HMD) system, driven by FLC has been demonstrated with the help of a numerical example. It is shown that the optimum values of the design parameters of the hybrid control system can be determined without specifying the modes to be controlled. The proposed FLC driven HMD has been found to be very effective for vibration control of seismically excited buildings in comparison with the available results for the same example structure but with a different optimal absorber. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasticity‐fibre model for steel triangular plate energy dissipating devices
Authors: Chou Chung‐Che , Tsai Keh‐Chyuan
Published: October 2002

Properly fabricated triangular‐plate added damping and stiffness (TADAS) devices can sustain a large number of yield reversals without strength degradation, thereby dissipating a significant amount of earthquake‐induced energy. A pronounced isotropic‐hardening effect is recognized in the force‐deformation relationships of the TADAS devices made from two grades of low yield strength steel. The proposed plasticity‐fibre model employing two surfaces (a yield surface and a bounding surface) in plasticity theory accurately predicts the experimental responses of the TADAS devices. This model is also implemented into a computer program DRAIN2D+ to investigate a frame response with the TADAS devices. Substructure pseudo‐dynamic tests and analytical studies of a two‐storey steel frame constructed with the low yield strength steel, LYP‐100 or LYP‐235 grade, TADAS devices confirm that the dynamic structural response can only be predicted if the proposed plasticity‐fibre model is used for LYP‐100 steel TADAS device. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantifying recent erosion and sediment delivery using probability sampling: a case study
Authors: Lewis Jack
Published: October 2002

Estimates of erosion and sediment delivery have often relied on measurements from locations that were selected to be representative of particular terrain types. Such judgement samples are likely to overestimate or underestimate the mean of the quantity of interest. Probability sampling can eliminate the bias due to sample selection, and it permits the explicit expression of uncertainty with estimates of variance and confidence intervals. In this case study of the Van Duzen River Basin of northwestern California, erosion and sediment delivery originating after 1955 were estimated using a ratio estimator for air‐photo‐identifiable features greater than 3800 m3and a stratified random sample (STRS) of field plots to quantify smaller erosion features. A method is also illustrated for estimating the variance of the ratio of two STRS estimates. Variance estimation permits one to partition the uncertainty associated with different kinds of erosion measurements. The most reliable estimates were obtained from discrete hillslope features, while earthflow yield estimates had extremely high variance. The variance estimates presented can be used to determine sample sizes and allocations required to meet the objectives of future investigations in similar terrain types. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A framework for understanding and improving multisite evaluations
Authors: Straw Roger B. , Herrell James M.
Published: October 2002

Multisite evaluations are increasingly being used by the federal government and large foundations. A framework for understanding the variations among multisite evaluations and developing ways to improve them is presented in this chapter.
Treating marijuana dependence in adults: A multisite, randomized clinical trial
Authors: Babor Thomas F. , Steinberg Karen L. , McRee Bonnie , Vendetti Janice , Carroll Kathleen M.
Published: October 2002

This chapter describes methodological and logistical issues associated with the design, development, and management of the Marijuana Treatment Project, a multisite, randomized clinical trial investigating the effectiveness of brief interventions for individuals who are dependent on marijuana.
Note: measuring the effective heats of combustion of transformer‐insulating fluids using a controlled‐atmosphere cone calorimeter
Authors: Hshieh Fu‐Yu , Beeson Harold D.
Published: October 2002

The effective heats of combustion of two commonly used transformer‐insulating fluids, a high molecular weight hydrocarbon fluid and a 50 cS silicone fluid, have been measured using a controlled‐atmosphere cone calorimeter. The study shows that the cone calorimeter is a good tool to measure the effective heats of combustion of transformer‐insulating fluids. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Burn‐through resistance of fibre/felt materials for aircraft fuselage insulation blankets
Authors: Tran Khang D.
Published: October 2002

Light‐weight fire barrier materials for aircraft thermal/acoustical insulation blankets were investigated. The burn‐through test on blankets inserted with these fire‐blocking materials was performed using a small‐scale kerosene burner apparatus. The burner system generated a turbulent flame at 1000°–1100°C and a front heat‐flux at 160–180 kW/m2. The rear or back‐side heat flux of blankets and their corresponding burn‐through time were monitored by a computerized data acquisition system. The blankets with ceramic or polymeric fire barrier materials provided a significantly additional burn‐through time compared with the regular blankets. Blanket samples inserted with an alumino‐silicate‐based ceramic layer were not burned‐through after 6 min. For fire resistant polymeric‐based materials, the burn‐through time varied from 2 to 6 min. The burn‐through resistance was correlated with the stable structure of SiO2 at high temperature for the ceramic sheets and with the formation of a char layer for polymeric layers.Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ordnance and Explosives Emergency Response at a CERCLA Site: An Environmental Compliance Perspective
Authors: Davis Joe , Perkins Scott , Schmuck John , Eason Spencer
Published: October 2002

The management of ordnance and explosives (O/E) at military installations has traditionally been

based on the premise that worker and community safety are paramount. While the Department of Defense

(DOD) has a well‐defined collection of safety regulations and guidance documents for O/E

recovery operations, the status of these operations with respect to federal and state environmental laws is

somewhat complex. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Military Munitions Rule,

promulgated in 1997, defined when these items were legally considered to become a solid, potentially hazardous

waste. The DOD/EPA document titled Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) Management Principles,

dated March 7, 2000, clarified some of the complexities.

Ordnance and explosives recovery operations at Rocky Mountain Arsenal (RMA), a Comprehensive

Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) site in Colorado, present a unique

application of existing rules. CERCLA allows for the substantive elements of applicable or relevant and

appropriate regulations to be invoked in the conduct of response operations. This article addresses how a

risk‐based approach has been developed to handle emergency scenarios involving O/E discovered in the

process of a CERCLA response action. RMA personnel have taken the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

(RCRA) emergency response authorities, the Military Munitions Rule, and Departments of Army and Defense

regulations and guidance and crafted a set of emergency response protocols that incorporate relevant regulations,

protect human health and the environment, and satisfy the regulatory agencies. This article represents the

approach taken at RMA and does not necessarily represent a valid approach at other installations. It is intended

to provide readers with information and references that may be useful in developing their own set of

site‐specific procedures. It should be noted that the DOD is reviewing and potentially revising materials

referenced in this article. The approach described in this article may require amendment when modifications to DOD

policy are made. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Range Response: Natural and Cultural Resources Issues
Authors: Teachman George , Getlein Steve
Published: October 2002

This article considers the natural and cultural resources on Army ranges that may be affected by

range‐response decisions. Range response may include unexploded ordnance (UXO) clearance, range

remediation to address other constituents, posting range warning signs, erecting fences or alternative measures to

control access, and other effective engineering, institutional, and exposure controls. The authors describe the

Natural/Cultural Resource Bank methodology and make a case for its use in balancing the risks and impact of

addressing UXO and other constituents against the risks and impacts involved in not taking action. A case study

involving the Open Burning/Open Detonation (OB/OD) area at Fort Wingate demonstrated the use of

this methodology in identifying and communicating the relative risks and developing an appropriate range response.

© 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.*
Composition of the essential oil and micromorphology of trichomes of Teucrium salviastrum, an endemic species from Portugal
Authors: Cavaleiro Carlos , Salgueiro Ligia R. , Antunes Teresa , Sevinate‐Pinto Isabel , Barroso José G.
Published: October 2002

The morphology, distribution and release mechanism of the glandular trichomes of Teucrium salviastrum Schreber were studied, along with the chemical composition of the essential oils. Peltate and capitate trichomes are present on both vegetative and reproductive organs. In this study, particular emphasis is given to the capitate trichomes with long multicellular stalks. These trichomes are very abundant, and the secretion material is released by cuticule rupture on the top of the head cells. Also noteworthy is the presence of peltate trichomes on the upper surface of the ovary. Although already described in some Lamiaceae, these trichomes have not been recorded previously on any other Teucrium species. The composition of the essential oil was studied using mainly GC and GC–MS. The oils isolated from leaves, collected during the flowering and post‐flowering phases of the plant, as well as the oil isolated from the flower heads, exhibited a similar chemical composition. Nevertheless, the oils showed remarkable differences in composition when compared to those reported in the literature for the same species. The present study has shown that our oil consisted mainly of E‐β‐farnesene (26.1–29.3%), E‐caryophyllene (19.1–24.1%) and germacrene D (13.7–21.6%). The major compound of our samples, E‐β‐farnesene, is reported for the first time for this species. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of key aroma components of Cheddar cheese using dynamic headspace dilution assay
Authors: Zehentbauer Gerhard , Reineccius G. A.
Published: October 2002

Gas chromatography–olfactometry (GCO) and a dilution assay, dynamic headspace dilution assay (DHDA), were used to determine the most potent aroma compounds in mild Cheddar cheese. Sample dilution was performed by a stepwise decrease of the purge time (starting at 30 min = FD1 to a final purge time of 20 s = FD64) using a constant purge flow of 50 ml/min. Each dilution was sniffed three times and the odorous compounds were marked on the GC chromatogram. The identification of the odorants was based of their mass spectra, retention times on at least two different columns and odour character at the sniffing port. This method has found the highest FD‐factors for 2,3‐butandione, (Z)‐4‐heptenal, methional, 2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrroline, dimethyl trisulphide, 1‐octen‐3‐one, (Z)‐1,5‐octadien‐3‐one, furaneol, (Z)‐2‐nonenal and (E)‐2‐nonenal, suggesting that these are the most potent odorants in Cheddar cheese. Three additional compounds remain unknown. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the quadrilateral Q2–P1 element for the Stokes problem
Authors: Boffi Daniele , Gastaldi Lucia
Published: October 2002

The Q2 – P1 approximation is one of the most popular Stokes elements. Two possible choices are given for the definition of the pressure space: one can either use a global pressure approximation (that is on each quadrilateral the finite element space is spanned by 1 and by the global co‐ordinates x and y) or a local approach (consisting in generating the local space by means of the constants and the local curvilinear co‐ordinates on each quadrilateral ξ and η). The former choice is known to provide optimal error estimates on general meshes. This has been shown, as it is standard, by proving a discrete inf–sup condition. In the present paper we check that the latter approach satisfies the inf–sup condition as well. However, recent results on quadrilateral finite elements bring to light a lack in the approximation properties for the space coming out from the local pressure approach. Numerical results actually show that the second choice (local or mapped pressure approximation) is suboptimally convergent. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forecasting and trading currency volatility: an application of recurrent neural regression and model combination
Authors: Dunis Christian L. , Huang Xuehuan
Published: October 2002

In this paper, we examine the use of non‐parametric Neural Network Regression (NNR) and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) regression models for forecasting and trading currency volatility, with an application to the GBP/USD and USD/JPY exchange rates. Both the results of the NNR and RNN models are benchmarked against the simpler GARCH alternative and implied volatility. Two simple model combinations are also analysed.

The intuitively appealing idea of developing a nonlinear nonparametric approach to forecast FX volatility, identify mispriced options and subsequently develop a trading strategy based upon this process is implemented for the first time on a comprehensive basis. Using daily data from December 1993 through April 1999, we develop alternative FX volatility forecasting models. These models are then tested out‐of‐sample over the period April 1999–May 2000, not only in terms of forecasting accuracy, but also in terms of trading efficiency: in order to do so, we apply a realistic volatility trading strategy using FX option straddles once mispriced options have been identified.

Allowing for transaction costs, most trading strategies retained produce positive returns. RNN models appear as the best single modelling approach yet, somewhat surprisingly, model combination which has the best overall performance in terms of forecasting accuracy, fails to improve the RNN‐based volatility trading results.

Another conclusion from our results is that, for the period and currencies considered, the currency option market was inefficient and/or the pricing formulae applied by market participants were inadequate. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pricing and hedging American fixed‐income derivatives with implied volatility structures in the two‐factor Heath–Jarrow–Morton model
Authors: Zeto Samuel Yau Man
Published: October 2002

Most previous empirical studies using the Heath–Jarrow–Morton model (hereafter referred to

as the HJM model) have focused on the one‐factor model. In contrast, this study implements the Das

(1999) two‐factor Poisson–Gaussian version of the HJM model that

incorporates a jump component as the second‐state variable. This study aims at examining the performance

of the two‐factor model through comparing it with the one‐factor model in pricing and hedging the

Eurodollar futures option. The degree of impact arising from the jump factor also is examined. In addition,

three new volatility specifications are constructed to enhance further the pricing performance of the model.

Their performances are compared according to three performance yardsticks—in‐sample fitting,

out‐of‐sample pricing, and the hedging test. The result indicates that the two‐factor model

outperforms the one‐factor model in both the in‐sample and out‐sample price fitting, but

the one‐factor model performs better in the hedging test. In addition, the HJM model, coupled with the

proposed volatility specification, leads to good fitting results that will be of considerable use to

practitioners and academics in guiding model choice for interest‐rate derivatives. © 2002 Wiley

Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:839–875, 2002
Transcriptional profiling reveals that several common fragile‐site genes are downregulated in ovarian cancer
Authors: Denison Stacy R. , Becker Nicole A. , Ferber Matthew J. , Phillips Leslie A. , Kalli Kimberly R. , Lee John , Lillie Jim , Smith David I. , Shridhar Viji
Published: October 2002

Previous transcriptional profiling analysis of 14 primary ovarian tumors identified approximately 12,000 genes as decreased in expression by at least twofold in one or more of the tumors sampled. Among those genes were several known to be mapped to common fragile sites (CFSs), some of which had previously been shown to exhibit a loss of expression in ovarian carcinoma. Therefore, we selected a subset of genes to determine whether they localized within CFSs. Of the 262 genes that were downregulated at least twofold in 13 of 14 tumors, 10 genes were selected based on the following criteria: localization to a CFS band; documented aberrations in at least one malignancy; and feasibility of scoring breakage at the specific CFS. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis was performed using bacterial artificial chromosome clones encompassing portions of the genes to determine the position of the genes relative to their corresponding CFSs. Nine genes were determined to localize within seven previously uncloned CFSs. Semiquantitative reverse‐transcription/polymerase chain reaction analysis of the cell lines and primary ovarian tumors validated the downregulation of seven of the 10 genes. We identified portions of seven uncloned CFSs and provide data to suggest that several of the genes mapping within CFSs may be inactivated in ovarian cancer. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improved mRNA electroporation method for Xenopus neurula embryos
Authors: Sasagawa Satoru , Takabatake Takashi , Takabatake Yuka , Muramatsu Tatsuo , Takeshima Kazuhito
Published: October 2002

Summary: Electroporation has led to new approaches to the analysis of gene regulation of the chick embryonic system. However, application of this method to Xenopus, another model organism of embryology, has left many difficulties to be overcome. The specially devised electrodes, the examination of luciferase activities expressed, and the direct visualization of green fluorescence protein allow us to optimize the conditions of electroporation for Xenopusembryos. The use of mRNA rather than DNA improved the expression efficiency 120 times more than for the case of plasmid DNA, and the effect emerged more immediately after electroporation. The noncontact electroporation adopted here caused less damage to cells and tissues than with the needle type electrode, making it practical for efficient application to early embryos. Furthermore, the mRNA electroporation technique is applicable for other systems in which the DNA electroporation has not had any significant effect because of its low expression efficiency. genesis 33:81–85, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The vascular prepattern enhancer trap marks early vascular development in arabidopsis
Authors: Holding David R. , Springer Patricia S.
Published: October 2002

Summary: Vascular development is a fundamental component of leaf morphogenesis, and the mechanisms that control vascular patterning are poorly understood. We report here the identification of an enhancer trap line, Vascular Prepattern (VPP), that acts as a marker for early vascular development. GUS reporter gene expression in VPP was detected in provascular cells from the earliest stages of primary midvein formation in leaf primordia and subsequently coincided with the early specification of higher order veins. GUS expression in VPP also marks the quiescent center cells of the root apical meristem at all stages of root development. VPP provides a marker for early vascular development and will be a useful tool for studying vascular patterning. genesis 33:155–159, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An examination of the attitudes and practice of general practitioners in the diagnosis and treatment of depression in older people
Authors: Rothera Ian , Jones Rob , Gordon Catherine
Published: October 2002

Background

Most depression in older people is managed in primary care settings but can be difficult to diagnose and is often under‐treated. This study examined the attitudes and practice of general practitioners in the treatment of late‐life depression using antidepressant medication.

Method

Three hundred and thirty general practitioners in 116 general practices within the Nottingham Health Authority were surveyed. Their responses to a series of attitude statements and clinical vignettes regarding antidepressant prescribing were assessed.

Results

Analysis of vignettes showed newer antidepressants to be prescribed much more frequently than older antidepressants, with a substantial increase in the use of SSRIs compared to the results of previous research. Older general practitioners and those who had been in practice for longer were more likely to prescribe tricyclic antidepressants. They were also more likely to identify a need for extra training in treating old age depression, as were those GPs without previous psychiatric training. However, most GPs were confident in treating depression in the elderly although younger GPs were the most confident.

Conclusions

Selective Serotonin Re‐Uptake Inhibitors are the preferred drugs in treating certain problematic cases of late‐life depression. These results suggest there may be a greater propensity for GPs to prescribe SSRIs although further research is needed to clarify whether this finding can be generalised beyond this study. Most general practitioners felt confident in treating late‐life depression, but older doctors, those who had been practising for longer and those without previous psychiatric training, may benefit most from further training. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hippocampal volume and antidepressant response in geriatric depression
Authors: Hsieh Ming‐Hong , McQuoid Douglas R. , Levy Robert M. , Payne Martha E. , MacFall James R. , Steffens David C.
Published: October 2002

Background

Biological markers of treatment response may include structural brain changes seen on neuroimaging. While most imaging studies have focused on cerebrovascular disease, evidence is growing that the hippocampus may play a role in depression, particularly geriatric depression.

Method

We studied 60 depressed elderly patients enrolled in a longitudinal study who were treated with antidepressant medications using a treatment guideline‐based approach. Baseline and 12‐week Montgomery‐Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) scores were obtained via interview with a geriatric psychiatrist. All subjects had a baseline magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scan. MRI scans were processed using standard protocols to determine total cerebral volume and right and left hippocampal volumes. Hippocampal volumes were standardized for total cerebral volume. MADRS scores less than 10 were used to define remission.

Results

When the group with the lowest quartile of standardized hippocampal volumes was compared to those above the first quartile, those with small right and total hippocampal volumes were less likely to achieve remission. In a subsequent logistic regression model controlling for age small standardized right hippocampal volumes remained significantly associated with remission.

Conclusion

Further studies with larger sample are needed to determine if left‐right hippocampal volume differences do exist in depression, and basic neuroscience studies will need to elucidate the role of the hippocampus in geriatric depression. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factor structure of the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia among Japanese poststroke patients
Authors: Schreiner Andrea S. , Morimoto Tomoko
Published: October 2002

Background

The present study reports on the first translation and use of the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD) (Alexopoulos, Abrams, Young, & Shamoian, 1988) among poststroke patients (n = 101) in Japan.

Objectives

The study had three main purposes: 1. To examine the factor structure of the CSDD among Japanese poststroke patients; 2. To compare this with the factor structure identified for Anglo‐American Alzheimer's (AD) patients; and 3. To examine the prevalence and covariates of depressive symptoms among the Japanese stroke survivors.

Methods

Poststroke patients and their caregivers (n = 202), at a random sample of neurological hospitals in western Japan, were interviewed using the study instruments. Data was also collected from patient charts. All subjects at each site who met the study criteria participated in the study.

Results

The four‐factor solution for poststroke subjects was analogous to that found among AD patients with 2 main exceptions. In contrast to AD patients: 1. Physical complaints were unrelated to depressed mood in stroke patients; and 2. Agitation and psychosis loaded with depressed mood in stroke patients rather than as a separate unique factor as in AD patients. However, in the exploratory 5‐factor model, agitation and suicidal ideation comprised a unique factor. Using standard cutoff scores for the CSDD, 58.2% of poststroke patients had scores suggesting possible depression. CSDD scores were not related to functional ability, or stroke characteristics such as aphasia or right or left‐sided paralysis. However, scores were significantly higher among subjects≤2 years poststroke. Feelings of irritability, anxiety, sadness, and sleep problems were most prevalent.

Discussion

Despite the prevalence of depressive symptoms, none of the subjects were currently receiving any mental health treatment. Findings suggest that symptoms differ by poststroke duration, which may necessitate different treatment approaches. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.