bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Clinical Dosage Levels of Methylphenidate on Two-Flash Thresholds and Perceptual Motor Performance in Hyperactive Children
Authors: Gordon Norman G. , Kantor Donald R.
Published: September 2011

Three groups ( ns = 10) of children (normals, hyperactives, hyperactives on medication) were administered eight perceptual-motor tasks. The normal controls were significantly superior in performance in comparison with the hyperactives taken off methylphenidate on three tasks but only superior on one task (Digit Symbol) when compared to hyperactives on methylphenidate. The hyperactives on medication were also significantly superior to the hyperactives not on medication on the Digit Symbol task.
Signal Detection Analysis of Effect of White Noise Intensity on Sensitivity to Visual Flicker
Authors: Harper Dan W.
Published: September 2011

Rating scale estimates of sensitivity to visual flicker were obtained from three subjects under 10 different intensities of auditory stimulation. Results indicated reliable “sawtooch”-like changes in sensitivity as a function of increasing intensity of white noise. No systematic and reliable changes were found in estimates of response bias. Theory and future research are discussed with reference to the possible contribution of cortical arousal.
Marcel Proust and Transcendent Encounter
Authors: Swartz Paul
Published: September 2011

Proust's moment bienheureux is a special case of transcendent being-in-the-world. The permanent essence of things supplies the transcendent properties. In the moment bienheureux time retains its place and person and world do not merge. Awareness is presentic, like movement in the prototypical transcendent act, the dance. Through the medium of the true self the personality returns to wholeness. Music furnishes the closest equivalent to the suggestions of personal truth that in the moment bienheureux betoken the possibility of living authentically.
Receptive Phoneme Sequencing Knowledge of Kindergarten and Elementary School Age Children
Authors: Finnegan Denis E.
Published: September 2011

A new instrument was devised to investigate receptive phoneme-sequencing knowledge of a group of normally articulating children of kindergarten and elementary school age. Phoneme sequences, in the initial or final position of monosyllabic nonsense syllables that either adhered to or violated the phoneme-sequencing rules of American English, were tested. Older children correctly identified significantly more phoneme sequences than younger children. All children correctly identified significantly more impossible phoneme sequences than possible sequence items. Children did not abstract and internalize the rules for sequencing phonemes on a level comparable with that for adults until the ninth or tenth year of life. Decision-making strategies used by children to identify phoneme sequences were discussed.
Psychology's Definition and Vocabulary
Authors: Bartley S. Howard
Published: September 2011

Confusion in the definition of psychology and its vocabulary is recognized. Rational organization is required and housecleaning recommended if a vigorous science is to develop.
Left-Handedness: Differences between Student Artists and Scientists
Authors: Peterson John M.
Published: September 2011

Majors in music and the visual arts had mote left-handers among them than majors in the sciences. Handedness was determined by the self-reported hand used to perform a simple drawing task. Unexpectedly, a high proportion of left-handed females were in the sample.
Role of Selected Encoding Strategies on Short-Term Retention of Kinesthetic Information
Authors: Semler Lorrie M. , Simmons Roger W.
Published: September 2011

30 volunteer subjects were required to use either a counting encoding strategy or an imagery encoding strategy to facilitate recall of information from short-term storage. Subjects were also required to use two reproduction cues in combination with two encoding strategies. Analysis indicated no differences between the accuracy at recall of subjects using imagery or counting strategies of encoding, nor was the predicted interaction between encoding strategies and reproduction cue supported.
Effect of Practice and Training in Spatial Skills on Embedded Figures Scores of Males and Females
Authors: Johnson Sandy , Flinn Jane M. , Tyer Zita E.
Published: September 2011

The effect of practice and training in spatial skills on scores obtained by male and female students on the Embedded Figures Test was examined. Forms A and B were administered 6 wk. apart to three groups of subjects ( ns = 28, 27, 27) enrolled in drafting, mathematics, and liberal arts courses. During the pretest-posttest period the drafting students received training while the other two groups served as controls. Analysis indicated (1) no initial sex difference in test scores; (2) liberal arts students differed significantly from drafting and mathematics students, but there was no significant difference between the last two groups; (3) all groups improved with practice; (4) women receiving training improved more than women who did not; (5) there was a trend toward women receiving spatial training scoring more poorly than males receiving training on the pretest, but there was no significant difference on the posttest. These results suggest that sex differences in embedded-figures scores found by many previous experimenters may have been associated with differences in prior experience in spatial skills and by a confounding of sex with area of academic study.
Effects of Abusive Spectators' Behavior on Performance of Home and Visiting Intercollegiate Basketball Teams
Authors: Thirer Joel , Rampey Mark S.
Published: September 2011

This study determined the effects of anti-social spectators' behavior on the performance of home and visiting college varsity basketball teams. Spectators' behavior was observed during 12 intercollegiate basketball games and specific categories of abusive, anti-social behavior were identified. The number of violations assessed by both teams was monitored and the nature and moment of each occurrence was noted along with a description of the specific type of behavior. Five-min. intervals of running time were noted, beginning immediately with the onset of aggression from the audience. During periods of normal crowd behavior the home team had significantly fewer violations than the visitors. During intervals of anti-social behavior from the audience the home team incurred significantly more violations than the visiting team and significantly more violations than during periods of normal behavior by the audience. There was no significant change in the number of violations by the visiting team during either type of behavior by spectators. The results demonstrated that anti-social behavior from an audience had a decided detrimental effect on the home team.
Measurement of Preferences for Signals of Correctness: Children's Status, Race, and Gender
Authors: Layne Christopher , Varnado Doris L.
Published: September 2011

Three experiments strongly supported the developmental theory of reward preferences and showed that signals of correctness possess powerful incentive properties. High status fifth graders consistently exhibited a significant preference for signals of correctness over tangible rewards. Exps. 1 and 2 ( ns = 60 and 20, respectively) also supported a mathematical model of choice times. Both presented a selective learning task which required children to choose repeatedly between a correctness-cue and a money-cue, and both showed that selective learning evoked impulsive choices, suggesting that this method impairs acquisition of the cue-incentive association. Exp. 2 confirmed this by indicating that selective learning impairs acquisition, thus underestimating incentive preferences. Exp. 3 measured fifth graders' ( n = 40) preferences more accurately. As predicted, social status enhanced preferences for signals of correctness but race (black versus white) and gender (in Exp. 1) exerted no influence. The recent, highly consistent support for the developmental theory is discussed.
Visual Field-Cerebral Hemisphere Differences in Perception of Visual Nonverbal Stimuli
Authors: Kemp Alice A. , Haude Richard H.
Published: September 2011

16 subjects were tested for differences between left and right visual fields in accuracy of recognition for paired verbal and nonverbal stimuli presented at below threshold duration and at minimal intensity. Performance on the visual recognition task was also compared with scores on a written n-Ach test. The data clearly indicated superior recognition of physiognomic stimuli presented in the left visual field and above-chance-level performance of subjects' manual responses for these be low-threshold stimuli. The data also hint at a possible relationship between n-Ach and accuracy of visual recognition in the left hemisphere.
Long-Term Memory and the Value-Size Hypothesis
Authors: Kirkland John , Flanagan David
Published: September 2011

10 yr. after decimalization of New Zealand currency 32 people (half female) individually selected brass discs to match the size of three withdrawn coins. In support of the value-size hypothesis a higher-valued coin was inaccurately recalled as larger and two basic coins were erroneously remembered as smaller than originals.
Development from Grades V through XI of Children's Ability to Make Correct Causal Inferences
Authors: Chen Benjamin , Tuddenham Read D.
Published: September 2011

Pupils in Grades V, VIII, and XI (ages 11, 14, and 17) were compared for ability to draw legitimate causal inferences with respect to 10 simple logical problems. Two versions of the instrument were used, a “synthetic” free-response form which made it easy for children to carry deductions beyond the permissible, and an “analytic” multiple-choice form. Internal consistency reliability of both forms was in the range .75c to .90c. Sex differences on both forms were trivial, but grade differences, especially Grade V vs Grade VIII and Grade XI, were significant and substantial in size. Unless sensitized to avoid them, children, regardless of grade, tended to draw overly sweeping inferences, perhaps because of a need for closure. Older children, however, were more successful at suspending judgment when no definite conclusion was justified. Apparently tolerance of ambiguity, which has been described as an adult personality trait, has a developmental aspect.
Balance and Stability
Authors: Eckert Helen M.
Published: September 2011

An examination of balance and stability indicates that the functional aspects of stability may mediate against optimal balance development.
Prediction of Maximum Speed of Human Movement by Two Selected Muscular Coordination Mechanisms and by Maximum Static Strength
Authors: Lagassé Pierre P.
Published: September 2011

This study was undertaken to test the predictive value of two selected muscular coordination mechanisms, the sequential order of muscle activation and a specific acceleration-deceleration point of inflection, and of the maximum static strength of agonist and antagonist muscles for maximum speed of human movement. For 22 male subjects 77% of the variance associated with maximum speed of human movement was accounted for by the two mechanisms of muscular coordination investigated and by maximum isometric strength. The results suggest that separate neuromotor systems control human speed and strength and that the interplay between agonist and antagonist muscles is important for maximum speed of human movement.
Interscorer Reliability of the Hand Test with Normal Subjects
Authors: Maloney Patrick , Wagner Edwin E.
Published: September 2011

The Hand Test (Wagner, 1962) was administered to 48 subjects. Interscorer reliabilities were computed based on the agreement in scoring between a well trained graduate student and the author of the test. The reliabilities were quite high for a projective technique (median rho = .910).
Visual-Field Asymmetries in Letter Recognition: Evidence for Asymmetry in Early Visual Registration
Authors: Pitblado Colin , Petrides Michael , Riccio Gary
Published: September 2011

Two experiments on visual-field differences in tachistoscopic letter recognition are described. In the first, a bright pre-exposure field with a black fixation point was used, and the conventionally expected dominance of the right visual field was found. However, a large number of “blank” trials were observed, in which subjects completely failed to detect the presence of the flashed target. These “blanks” were themselves significantly asymmetric between visual fields, suggesting that asymmetry in early stimulus registration may play an unsuspected role in typical measures of cerebral asymmetry in recognition accuracy. This was confirmed in a second experiment in which use of dark pre-exposure fields eliminated “blanks” and led to higher over-all accuracy, with no visual-field differences. Implications for interpretation of laterality data with normal subjects are discussed.
Communication and Reasoning Skills of Deaf and Hearing Signers
Authors: Arnold Paul , Walter Gerard
Published: September 2011

Six tests of intellectual performance were administered to 25 deaf and 21 hearing adult signers. The two groups were not significantly different on tests of Lip Reading and Reception of Signed English but the hearing subjects were superior on tests of non-verbal reasoning and perceptual speed. The hearing were greatly superior on a test of verbal reasoning.
Perceived Similarity of Sources and Receivers' Innovativeness: Facilitators of Transmission of Information about Fashion
Authors: Kaigler-Evans Karen
Published: September 2011

A 4 × 4 × 4 factorial design was used to determine the effects of perceived similarity of source on the acceptance of information about fashion apparel by 48 women. A source perceived to be middle-range in perceived similarity to the subjects was most effective. Innovative and cautious subjects agreed most highly with information presented by different middle-range sources.
Sample Size in Psychological Research
Authors: Holmes Cooper B.
Published: September 2011

This study was conducted to provide information on the typical sample size employed in psychological research, as it is reported in selected American Psychological Association journals. All the articles in those journals for the years 1955 and 1977 were read to ascertain both the total n for the study, and the size of each of the groups that made up that total n. The mean, SD, median, 25th percentile, 75th percentile, modes, and range were calculated for each year, both for total n and for individual group n. A comparison of the 1955 data and the 1977 data showed no significant changes in sample size between those years. Certain problems in determining sample size, as it was reported, are presented in this article.
Use of Operational Criteria in an Office Practice for Diagnosis of Children Referred for Evaluation of Learning or Behavior Disorders
Authors: Brumback Roger A.
Published: September 2011

100 consecutively referred school-age children were evaluated for learning or behavior disorders. 45 children had one of three classical neurological syndromes of epilepsy, sensorineural deafness, or childhood migraine. The 26 children with epilepsy required medication adjustment to improve behavior or learning. Operational criteria for childhood depression, specific learning disability, developmental hyperactivity, and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome were used to establish the correct diagnosis in 55 children. 32 children had a single diagnosis, while 23 children fulfilled the criteria of two diagnostic categories. The diagnostic categorization permitted specific counseling of the child and family, development of a proper school program, and correct pharmacotherapy (when indicated).
Bender Visual-Motor Abilities of Slow Learners
Authors: Hetrick Ethel W.
Published: September 2011

The Bender-Gestalt protocols of 134 rural and 140 urban slow learners (IQ 70 to 84) are compared. Rural slow learners performed significantly below their mental ages more frequently than urban slow learners. Rural and urban slow learners performed developmentally below chronological ages, but as expected for mental ages until CA 10 (MA 8). At this point urban slow learners appeared to perform as expected from MAs, but a significant number of rural slow learners performed below expectations. After CA 14 (MA 11-0) the differences between the urban and rural groups, however, were not significant.
Sexual Self-Identification as Reflected in Children's Drawings When Asked to “Draw-a-Person”
Authors: Brown Eleese V.
Published: September 2011

When asked to “draw-a-person” 366 children from the age 5 yr. through age 11 yr. (170 girls and 196 boys) responded. It was assumed that the point of reference for the drawings of “a person” would be the self and would, therefore, reflect the same sex as the drawer. Girls drew female figures 88% of the time. Boys drew male figures 94% of the time.
Effect of Response Class on Self-Monitoring Accuracy
Authors: House Alvin E. , Peterson Gerald L. , Fitts Harriet E.
Published: September 2011

The effect of response class on self-monitoring accuracy was investigated in a clinical population. 16 in-patients of a VA hospital self-monitored verbal and nonverbal behaviors in a counterbalanced design. The results supported suggestions of superior self-recording accuracy with nonverbal target behaviors. The implications for clinical use of self-monitoring in assessment are discussed.
Cognitive Differentiation and Alienation of Consumers
Authors: Durand Richard M. , Lambert Zarrel V.
Published: September 2011

Previous research has shown substantial levels of alienation among consumers, voters, and a variety of other individuals. Concepts drawn from other areas of psychology suggest that structural variables of cognition may influence alienation. The hypothesis was that cognitive differentiation in terms of cognitive complexity is inversely related with alienation as reflected in feelings of powerlessness, normlessness, meaninglessness, and cultural estrangement. A sample of 215 subjects was drawn from residents of four large metropolitan areas. Subjects with less cognitive differentiation tended to be more alienated as expected. These findings have implications for development of effective communication strategies, formulation of public policy, and further research on cognitive structures and alienation.
Differentiated Perceptions of Exertion: Part I. Mode of Integration of Regional Signals
Authors: Robertson Robert J. , Gillespie Robert L. , McCarthy Jean , Rose Kenneth D.
Published: September 2011

The mode of sensory integration of differentiated perceptions of exertion from the legs and chest was determined during sub-maximal cycle ergometer exercise. 50 male subjects performed three separate cycle ergometer tests. Power output was held constant at 840 kpm/min., while pedalling rate was randomly set at 40, 60, or 80 rpm. The over-all rating of perceived exertion was significantly lower than the rating for the legs and higher than that for the chest at each pedalling rate. Local signals from the legs dominated the sensory process. Central signals were less pronounced. The mean of the ratings for the legs and chest was slightly but significantly higher than the over-all rating at each pedalling rate. Therefore, the integration process at the superordinate level of sensory processing appeared as a weighted average of the involved regional signals.
Behavioral Science in Medical Education: A Bibliography
Authors: Holmes George R. , Donald Alexander G. , Goldschmidt Thomas J.
Published: September 2011

Since 1956, there have appeared 125 studies which focus on the issue of integrating behavioral science into undergraduate and graduate medical education.
Barron-Welsh Scores and Creativity: A Second Look
Authors: Ridley Dennis R.
Published: September 2011

Higher performance of creative persons on the Barron-Welsh Art Scale is frequently cited to support the hypothesis that creative persons “prefer complexity.” This critical review examined the logic of the test's construction and other evidence. Complicating evidence included the following points. (1) Stimulus correlates of Barron-Welsh scores do not suggest only complexity. (2) Stimulus correlates which do not suggest complexity may predict preferences of creative persons as well as those which do. (3) Part of Barron-Welsh score variance which is unrelated to complexity best accounts for the test's association with creativity in architecture. (4) High scores may reflect rejection of conventionality rather than originality.
Effects of Active and Passive EMG Biofeedback Training on Performance of Motor and Cognitive Tasks
Authors: Sabourin Michel , Rioux Serge
Published: September 2011

The goal of this study was to compare the effects of general relaxation (passive group) and neuromuscular tension control (active group), both using EMG biofeedback techniques, on the performance of memorization, simple reaction time, and rotary pursuit. 18 subjects were given five consecutive daily sessions of training or were placed under control conditions, after which their performance on these various tasks was evaluated. Results indicate that control of neuromuscular tension seemed to facilitate performance on all tasks over that of the control group. Except for simple reaction time, there was no difference between the “active” and “passive” groups. The results are interpreted in terms of factors in selection of subjects and experimental conditions.
Locus of Control and Biofeedback: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Zimet Gregory D.
Published: September 2011

This paper first reviews studies which have investigated the efficacy of using locus of control orientation to predict performance in various modes of biofeedback. However, contradictory evidence and methodological problems make it impossible to draw any conclusions regarding the connection between internality-externality and biofeedback performance. Second, various attempts to modify externality through biofeedback treatment are reviewed. Although EMG feedback can apparently be used to shift locus of control in an internal direction, there are some major issues that need to be resolved. Of primary importance is the fact that the rationale for modifying externality is based on an unproven assumption that externality has a role in the causation of various undesirable behaviors. Also, as no follow-up testing has been done, there is no evidence that the EMG biofeedback causes relatively permanent, stable locus of control changes. If the shifts are only temporary, then its use as a modifier of externality is questionable.
Annoyance Response of Nonsmokers to Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Stone Jimmy D. , Breidenbach Steven T. , Heimstra Norman W.
Published: September 2011

In three experiments, nonsmoking subjects .rated their annoyance by task environments while either exposed or not exposed to ambient tobacco smoke. In Exps. 1 and 2 subjects rated annoyance with the environment while exposed to three intensities of noise, and in Exp. 3 subjects rated annoyance while performing multiplication problems under conditions of high and low task motivation. The source of the ambient smoke in Exp. 1 was a smoke pump. For Exps. 2 and 3, the source of the smoke was confederate subjects. No differences in annoyance were obtained in Exps. 1 and 2 as a function of exposure to smoke. Exp. 3 showed that nonsmokers' annoyance to a task environment is dependent upon task motivation and exposure to ambient smoke. In Exp. 3 nonsmokers exposed to smoke were more annoyed than those not exposed under low motivating conditions. When nonsmokers were highly motivated in the task environment those exposed to smoke were significantly less annoyed than those not exposed.
Personality Characteristics of Successful Artists
Authors: Götz Karl Otto , Götz Karin
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present study was to investigate some personality characteristics of especially successful artists in comparison with those of less successful artists. In a recent study (Götz & Götz, 1979) 257 painters and sculptors had been given the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. From this group four art experts selected the names of 60 well-known artists. Another group of 18 art experts judged the degrees of success of these artists and also their ‘contributions to the development of contemporary art’. Successful artists scored much higher on Psychoticism than the less successful artists. No significant differences between the means on Extraversion, Neuroticism, and the Lie scale were found. Scores for success of the 18 most successful artists were correlated with their corresponding rating of contributions. No significant correlation was found. It was concluded that success in the arts (as defined in this study) may not be synonymous with originality.
Gender-Bias in Subject Matter and Language of Student Teachers' Term Papers
Authors: Bowd Alan D. , Arkell R. N.
Published: September 2011

20 term papers on sex-role stereotyping and 20 others were selected randomly from those completed by 108 undergraduate student teachers. Papers were analyzed for imbalance in the frequency of use of gender of nouns and pronouns. Sex imbalance was significantly smaller for papers dealing with sex-role stereotyping and for papers written by females.
Transfer Effects of Learning at Specific Speeds on Performance over a Range of Speeds
Authors: Siegel Donald , Davis Christine
Published: September 2011

The effect of learning a novel skill at specific speeds on performance over a range of speeds was examined on the pursuit rotor. Three groups of subjects were given three days of training: Group 1 at 30 rpm, Group 2 at 60 rpm, and Group 3 at 30–45.60 rpm. Group 4, a control, practiced on a pegboard task during this period. On Days 4 and 5, all four groups were tested for transfer at 30, 45, and 60 rpm. For the most part, Group 3 appeared to perform equal to or better across the range of speeds than any of the other groups.
Preferences by Egyptian Spiny Mice for Solutions of Sugars, Salts, and Acids in Richter-Type Drinking Tests
Authors: Harriman Arthur E.
Published: September 2011

Egyptian spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus) were tested for drinking preferences by means of Richter-type tests (sapid solution versus distilled water). The subjects were 7 male and 7 female adults which were individually housed within an environmental chamber. Solutions used in the tests were concentrations of 5 common sugars (.005 M to 1.0 M), 3 salts (.005 M to 1.0 M), and 2 acids (4.0 pH to 1.5 pH). The molar range was too limited to identify the most preferred concentrations of fructose and glucose, but preferences for lactose, maltose, and sucrose appeared to occur at peak levels within the range. None of the salts (KCl, MgSO4, and NaCl) was preferred over water in any of the tests, and both acids, the organic more than the inorganic, were rejected in all tests. The findings were contrasted with results from Richter-type tests conducted with other species of rodents.
Neuropsychological Study of Children during and after Remission of Endogenous Depressive Episodes
Authors: Brumback Roger A. , Staton R. Dennis , Wilson Helen
Published: September 2011

2 children experiencing endogenous depressive episodes show impaired cognitive functioning. Following tricyclic antidepressant-induced remission of depression, there was significant improvement in psychometric test performance.
Relation of Field Independence to Development of Conservation
Authors: Hill Daniel
Published: September 2011

For 89 white children 6 to 11 yr. old and of upper middle class, scores on Piagetian tasks of conservation of length and volume were related to age but field independence was correlated significantly to these scores.
Bias in Attributions of Positive and Negative Behavior in Children by School Psychologists, Parents, and Teachers
Authors: Stevens Gwendolyn
Published: September 2011

24 parents, 24 school psychologists, and 27 elementary school teachers viewed films of three different children and rated them using a 20-item, 9-point Likert-type instrument. The hypothesis that perceived socio-economic status and ethnic identification would differentially affect the three rater groups' attributions of positive and negative behavior was tested and supported. Results indicated that the three groups of raters were markedly different in their ratings of these children and that the children were rated more positively or negatively as a function of their socio-economic status and ethnic identification rather than as a function of their observable behavior.
Relation between Planning and Simultaneous-Successive Processing
Authors: Ashman Adrian F. , Das J. P.
Published: September 2011

The simultaneous-successive processing battery and five tests reputed to measure planning were administered to 104 Grade 8 male and female students. Test scores were submitted to principal component analysis and a planning factor was identified which was orthogonal to the two coding dimensions. The study clearly delineates independent coding and planning dimensions and provides support for and extends the simultaneous-successive information-processing model.
Age Differences in Acoustic and Semantic Recognition Memory
Authors: Coyne Andrew C. , Herman James F. , Botwinick Jack
Published: September 2011

Patterns of information encoding were examined across a wide age range of subjects. Subjects aged 8-, 10-, 24-, 66-, and 75-yr. were administered a recognition memory task involving both acoustically and semantically related distractor words. The errors and latencies indicated no age-difference in encoding patterns. A comparison of errors for 8-, 10-, and 24-yr.-olds alone, however, indicated a shift from acoustic to semantic encoding style between the ages of 8 and 10.
An Improved Technique for Interpersonal Projective Assessment
Authors: Peterson Karen L.
Published: September 2011

An improved technique for projective assessment of interpersonal relations was developed for use with children. The poor quality of available grids and human figures necessitated the development of a model grid and contemporary scale-sized human figures. A scale model of a “family” room was created utilizing a metal kitchen counter-top mat marked with thin plastic tape in 2.5-cm. squares. Heavy mat board was cut and joined at each corner to form moveable walls for the room. Human figures were cut from sewing pattern books, glued to mat board, and stabilized with a cork and magnetic tape base. It was proposed that the model and figures could be used for other projective situations such as play therapy and sociometric analysis.
Modeling vs Lecture/Discussion in Training Undergraduates as Teachers
Authors: King Karen
Published: September 2011

The pre-post experimental field study was designed to determine whether the use of a coping model or a lecture/discussion style would influence significant change in the use of three behaviors shown by 48 undergraduate students enrolled in two classes of a course in elementary health methods. Data were analyzed to determine if there were significant differences between the groups on the three behaviors, redirection, general praise, and paraphrasing. While the lecture/discussion group had no significant changes pre-and post-treatment, the coping-model group had significant changes on general praise and paraphrasing. Significant differences between groups are reported for all three behaviors.
Effect of Mathematics Experience on Hemisphere Activation
Authors: Johnson Patrick B.
Published: September 2011

This experiment examined the effect of experience with mathematics on the brain's processing of problems in basic mathematics. As predicted, subjects who were given such experience showed more right lateral eye movements while solving such problems than subjects without this experience. The educational implications of these results are discussed.
Visual Complexity and Preference for Parkway Scenes
Authors: Hampe Gary D. , Noe Francis P.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between the visual complexity and the order of preference of five roadside maintenance scenes along a parkway was examined. The composition of the five scenes varied along a dimension of roadside maintenance. The relationship between the degree of complexity of the scene and its preferred rank was curvilinear. Scenes of the greatest complexity were preferred first or last, with scenes of least complexity falling in the middle range. A relatively large number of social variables were examined to explain the order of the complexity of the scenes. No relationship was found between the social variables and the ratings of complexity for the five scenes.
Interrelations between State and Trait: Some New Evidence
Authors: Howarth Edgar
Published: September 2011

A 10-scale state instrument (self-adjective descriptors) and the Howarth Personality Questionnaire were administered to 312 subjects. Intercorrelations examined the question of the independence of the state scales from the trait scales. Of the 10 state scales 6 proved relatively independent whereas 4 scales, State anxiety, Co-operativeness, Concentration, and Sadness, were not.
Effect of Verbal Alert and Individual Differences in Extraversion on Memory for Syntax: A Study with Replication
Authors: Gabrys Jan Bernard
Published: September 2011

Two consecutive and similar clinical experiments sought to evaluate the effect of experimental arousal on presumably individual differences in cortical arousal as measured by Eysenck's Extraversion scale. The criterion of efficiency of arousal was memory for syntax featuring immediate and delayed recall of a story. The assumption was made that there might be a relationship between arousal and recall of the story. The present study sought to contribute to the understanding of the interaction between a situation (Verbal Alert) and pre-existing individual differences in alertness, i.e., Introversion-Extraversion. Inferences included a significant role for the situational factor in maximizing die effect of individual arousal. However, a relatively greater role was seen for the individual paradigm considering the significant efficiency of experimental and control Introverts over alerted and control Extraverts in the performance of memory for syntax.
Evaluating the Situational Specificity of Relaxation in Mild Essential Hypertension
Authors: Martin John E. , Epstein Leonard H.
Published: September 2011

A multiple baseline across subject/settings design was employed to assess the specificity of the effects of progressive relaxation in two recently diagnosed, mild hypertensives. Relaxation was implemented successively across laboratory and home settings. In Subject 1, laboratory relaxation was associated with control over diastolic blood pressure, while in Subject 2, control over systolic pressure was observed. Improvements to normotensive levels were observed for both subjects, and the changes were maintained in both settings for Subject 2 at 6- and 12-mo. follow-up. Subject 1 discontinued her medications, relaxation, and self-monitoring of blood pressure, which was associated with an increase in blood pressure during treatment maintenance; however, at 6- and 12-mo. follow-up, both home and laboratory blood pressures were within normotensive range.
REM Sleep and EEG Abnormalities in Criminal Psychopaths
Authors: Salley Roy D. , Khanna Prabha , Byrum William , Hutt L. D.
Published: September 2011

Hare's (1970) REM deficit theory in psychopathy was investigated. The repeated finding of EEG slowing in waking psychopaths has been interpreted as reflecting cortical immaturity, cortical underarousal, and an intense need for sensory stimulation of psychopaths. REM sleep has been implicated in cortical maturation during development and in daily cortical maintenance. Hare postulated a possible REM deficit in psychopaths to account for their apparent cortical abnormalities. Three groups of incarcerated criminals were investigated: psychopaths with normal waking EEGs ( n = 8), psychopaths with abnormal EEGs ( n = 9), and nonpsychopaths with normal EEGs ( n = 6). The sleep stages of each inmate were recorded for one baseline and two experimental nights. No significant differences were found in the sleep patterns of these groups using stepwise, multiple discriminant analysis. The psychopaths with abnormal EEGs tended to have the highest REM time and REM% of the inmates, contrary to Hare's theory.
Multivariate Profile Analysis: An Alternative to Ghiselli's Method of Identifying Moderator Variables
Authors: Ludwig David A. , Dolphin Warren D.
Published: September 2011

Multivariate profile analysis is proposed as an alternative to Ghiselli's correlation method of identifying moderator variables for the following reasons: (a) The direction of predictability is not sacrificed, since absolute values of residuals are not used, (b) A multivariate method of analysis is needed when screening more than one potential moderator, (c) Residual profiles provide more information than single correlation coefficients.
Is the Vando Scale a Valid Measure of Perceptual Reactance?
Authors: Mahoney John , Shumate Michael , Worthington Everett L.
Published: September 2011

A test of the validity of the Vando Scale of perceptual reactance was made by correlating Vando Scale scores with objective pain tolerance, subjective discomfort, distortion in estimation of duration of discomfort, and assertiveness. 84 college women participated in an ice water-tolerance task. Higher scores associated with less subjective discomfort, greater time distortion and reduced submissiveness. Objective tolerance was not correlated with scale scores. It was concluded that the Vando Scale has relatively low construct validity and may be very sensitive to the demand characteristics of the research situation.
Lucid Dreaming as a Learnable Skill: A Case Study
Authors: La Berge Stephen P.
Published: September 2011

The author was the subject in an investigation of the feasibility of learning to dream lucidly, i.e., while knowing that one is dreaming. During the 3-yr. study, the subject recorded a total of 389 lucid dreams and developed a mnemonic technique for the voluntary induction of lucid dreams (MILD). Without using any induction procedure, the subject reported less than 1 lucid dream per month. Using auto-suggestion resulted in a range of 1 to 13 lucid dreams per month ( M = 5.4), with at most 2 per night. MILD yielded 18 to 26 lucid dreams per month ( M = 21.5), with up to 4 per night.
Visual vs Auditory Encoding of Linguistic Material in Comparison of Sentences and Pictures
Authors: Carlson Roger D. , Schacke John H.
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to determine if there is a facilitating effect of aural vs visual linguistic input in comprehension of a sentence which expresses a spatial relationship between objects in a picture, e.g., “Star is above square.” The sample was composed of 10 male and 10 female undergraduate students in psychology. One group was presented with sentences aurally to compare with tachistoscopically presented pictures, while another was presented written sentences along with pictures. The main finding was that reaction times were significantly less in the auditory group than the visual group, while there was no statistically significant difference in errors. Several previous findings relating to the characteristics of sentence types were replicated. It was concluded that several alternative strategies are made possible when stimuli are presented aurally which are probably due to the compatibility of listening and looking tasks.
Field Dependence, Practice, and Low Illumination as Related to the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue Test
Authors: Fine Bernard J. , Kobrick John L.
Published: September 2011

36 soldiers were given the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue Test to: (1) validate published research in which a field-independent group had been found to be superior to a field-dependent group in discriminating colors; (2) investigate unpublished findings in which substantial improvement had been shown in color discrimination performance over five trials of the 100-Hue test; and (3) determine the effect of low illumination (25 w, 40 w, and 60 w) on performance of the color discrimination task. A field-independent and a field-central group each performed significantly more accurately than a field-dependent group under all illumination conditions, and seven repeated administrations at 100 w resulted in significant improvements in performance. Color discrimination in the 25-w condition was significantly poorer than in the other illumination conditions. The implications are discussed.
Locus of Control: Its Stability across Distinctly Different Subgroups of College Freshmen
Authors: Hofmann Richard J. , Klein Charles M. , Steele Joe M.
Published: September 2011

A modified version of the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale is investigated. Utilizing four distinct subgroups ( ns = 101) of college freshmen, education and noneducation majors, from a Bible College and a State University, a discriminant structure for the locus of control statements was defined. Two statistically significant discriminant functions showed a very clear external orientation for all four groups. The construct locus of control was less bipolar than anticipated.
Relationship of Reinforcement by Student Clinicians and Peers to Accuracy of Imitated Grammatical Constructions during Language Training
Authors: Friedman Philip , Alster Karen P. , Reaves Juanita Y.
Published: September 2011

Percentages of correctly imitated grammatical constructions were examined within a framework of reinforcement theory. Four small treatment groups, each of 4 language-delayed children, were repeatedly observed interacting with different student-clinicians. The Therapy Reinforcement Schedule was used to obtain frequency counts of verbal and non-verbal reinforcements so that within each language group the students could be objectively divided into those who frequently and infrequently were reinforcing, and the children into those for whom peer-reinforcement was high or low. The resulting 4 groups were compared for proportions of accurately imitated constructions with a repeated-measures analysis of variance design (student-clinicians' reinforcement × peers' reinforcement × trials). Correctly scored imitations increased significantly over trials. In addition, children interacting with frequently reinforcing students received higher imitation scores than those with infrequently rewarding ones. Significant main effects of reinforcement by the peer group were not observed, although a reliable interaction of student-clinicians' reinforcement × peers' reinforcement was present. Regression analyses indicated the importance of certain types of reinforcements in predicting accuracy of imitation.
Meridional Size Disparity as a Function of Compressed Inferior Visual Space: A Case in Point
Authors: Moskowitz William
Published: September 2011

This case report describes a very unusual form of aniseikonia which was eventually documented to be variable within the total field of vision and limited to vertical space perception. Initially the condition could be partially relieved by monocular occlusion, visual training procedure, and the use of isoikonic lenses Ultimately, the greatest improvement was produced by the introduction of prismatic properties to the lenses which directly addressed the patient's problem of meridional space perception.
Temporal Factors Associated with Rorschach Space Responses
Authors: Carlson Roy W.
Published: September 2011

Temporal test-taking factors associated with the Rorschach white space response were investigated employing the individually administered protocols of 116 medical students. The temporal response rates of DS and DDS were examined separately against the response rate expectancies of D and DD, respectively. Response rates for both space response categories did not differ from these expectancies, countering claims that S is an artifact associated with longer blot viewing.
Preliminary Investigation of Transfer between Single-Word Decoding Ability and Contextual Reading Comprehension by Poor Readers in Grade Six
Authors: Blanchard Jay S.
Published: September 2011

The study sought to investigate transfer between single-word decoding skill and contextual reading comprehension using 60 sixth grade pupils classified as 30 poor and 30 very poor readers. There were two training groups, content-specific and non-content-specific. One group received single-word decoding training, which led to decoding mastery of all words to be read in narrative prose passages and the accompanying literal and inferential comprehension questions. The other group learned to identify and pronounce words, equal in difficulty and number to those of the content-specific group but never a part of the passages and questions for the study. Pupils given content-specific training answered significantly more literal and inferential questions correctly than did those given non-content-specific training. It is suggested that there is transfer between single-word decoding skill and contextual, literal and inferential comprehension.
Parental Height as Perceived by Men and Women of an Entire Community
Authors: de Hamel F. A.
Published: September 2011

580 adult men and 616 adult women from an entire community were asked to estimate the heights of both of their parents. Estimations by the men were consistently greater at all ages and for both parents than the equivalent estimations by the women. The men's estimation of their mothers' heights was on average four centimetres greater than that of the women's estimations, but their estimations of their fathers' heights was only on average about one centimetre greater. Actual measurement of parental heights (for 180 subjects) showed that these differences were perceptual and not factual. It is shown that the men consistently overestimated the heights of their parents, the mothers' more than the fathers'. In both sexes overestimation increased after middle age. It is argued that overestimation of parents' heights is an indication of perceived parental importance.
Structure of Motor Abilities in Children
Authors: Krus Patricia H. , Bruininks Robert H. , Robertson Gary
Published: September 2011

Theoretical and empirical studies in motor abilities were synthesized to construct an extensive range of tests items with auxiliary apparatus. These items were administered to 765 children between ages 4 1/2 and 14 1/2 yr. Results indicate that motor proficiency can be assessed safely and reliably in one testing period. The factor analysis of the 46 items supported the original subtest grouping of the items which employed a theoretical-rational strategy. Factor analysis of the subtests suggested the existence of two major dimensions, speed-precision-strength and balance-coordination.
Imitation Preference as a Function of Motor Competence
Authors: Majeres Raymond L. , Timmer Therese
Published: September 2011

Previous theory in the areas of attention and imitation led to the hypothesis that a child's preference for imitation would be biased in favor of responses in the process of development. To test this hypothesis, children 2 to 4 yr. of age ( N' = 60) observed a videotaped, same-sex model perform sequences of skills requiring different levels of motor development. Children were asked to imitate one act from each sequence of skills. The level of the skill chosen for imitation was related to level of motor competence, as measured by the Denver Developmental Screening Test, in two of the three sequences used. Children tended to imitate skills at their own developmental level rather than skills above and below their current level of competence. The results support the hypothesis that imitation is biased in favor of emerging or nearly mastered skills.