bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Entangled histories of place and reconfigurations of diasporic home: Al‐Andalus history and the Moroccan diaspora in Granada, Spain
Authors: Finlay Robin
Published: October 2021

In this paper, I contribute to scholarship on diasporic geographies of home and develop ideas around “diaspora transregions” and “diaspora cities.” To do this, I examine Moroccan diaspora formations in the city of Granada in the south of Spain. I utilise the spatiality and history of Granada to reveal complex interpretations of diasporic home. In particular, I examine how the Muslim history of Al‐Andalus – which is intimately embedded in the urban landscape of Granada and also entangled into the history of the wider region – impacts on Moroccan diaspora consciousness. This involves examining how histories and geographies of Al‐Andalus are interpreted and experienced by those in the Moroccan diaspora, which in this analysis is a diasporic population primarily from northern Morocco. I analyse four intersecting impacts of history and place, including nostalgia and imagined geographies, religious and genealogical links to Granada and the wider region, identification with culture and the built environment, and finally the ambivalence of history on belonging. What this examination reveals is that the history of Al‐Andalus and an identification with historical circular migrations between northern Morocco and southern Spain can engender a sense of being part of multiple diasporic journeys and settlements, and subsequently a ‘homing desire’ to multiple spaces. A key contribution here is the illustration of how entangled urban and regional histories can reconfigure more normative notions of the diaspora condition. Diasporic connections to deep histories of place and migration can rework senses of home and refute notions of a linear homing desire to a singular nation‐state. This demonstrates that diasporic belongings are not always limited to the parameters of the nation, but rather are informed by the intersections of urban and regional cultures, religions, and histories.
The beta2‐adrenergic receptor – a re‐emerging target to combat obesity and induce leanness?
Authors: Hostrup Morten , Onslev Johan
Published: October 2021

Treatment of obesity with repurposed or novel drugs is an expanding research field. One approach is to target beta2‐adrenergic receptors because they regulate the metabolism and phenotype of adipose and skeletal muscle tissue. Several observations support a role for the beta2‐adrenergic receptor in obesity. Specific human beta2‐adrenergic receptor polymorphisms are associated with body composition and obesity, for which the Gln27Glu polymorphism is associated with obesity, while the Arg16Gly polymorphism is associated with lean mass in men and the development of obesity in specific populations. Individuals with obesity also have lower abundance of beta2‐adrenergic receptors in adipose tissue and are less sensitive to catecholamines. In addition, studies in livestock and rodents demonstrate that selective beta2‐agonists induce a so‐called ‘repartitioning effect’ characterized by muscle accretion and reduced fat deposition. In humans, beta2‐agonists dose‐dependently increase resting metabolic rate by 10–50%. And like that observed in other mammals, only a few weeks of treatment with beta2‐agonists increases muscle mass and reduces fat mass in young healthy individuals. Beta2‐agonists also exert beneficial effects on body composition when used concomitantly with training and act additively to increase muscle strength and mass during periods with resistance training. Thus, the beta2‐adrenergic receptor seems like an attractive target in the development of anti‐obesity drugs. However, future studies need to verify the long‐term efficacy and safety of beta2‐agonists in individuals with obesity, particularly in those with comorbidities.

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Innovation financing in Colombia: An explicative proposal
Authors: Sierra-González Jaime Humberto , Londoño Bedoya David Andrés , García-Ospina Juan Manuel
Published: October 2021

Data on innovation financing in Colombia present a paradox: Manufacturing companies prefer to finance their innovation projects with their own capital, with bank loans in second place, and cheaper public funding last. Extant financial theories cannot explain such a paradox (reversed pecking order), making a different approach necessary. Hence, a new perspective is presented on the basis of Sierra’s (2014, 2020) proposal. A fixed effects panel estimation is carried out that includes three new variables: A Knowledge Incorporation and Consolidation System, interaction among companies and funders, a particular type of investor (Dedicated). The results support the alternative explanation. Additionally, research possibilities, designs and applications of public and organisational policy aimed to overcome some of the problems mentioned are proposed.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Radial Stiffness of Origami-Inspired Tubular Structures
Authors: Shen Weijun , Cao Yang , Jiang Xuepeng , Zhang Zhan , Okudan Kremer Gül E. , Qin Hantang
Published: October 2021

Origami structures, which were inspired by traditional paper folding arts, have been applied for engineering problems for the last two decades. Origami-based thin-wall tubes have been extensively investigated under axial loadings. However, less has been done with radial stiffness as one of the critical mechanical properties of a tubular structure working under lateral loadings. In this study, the radial stiffness of novel thin-wall tubular structures based on origami patterns have been studied with compression tests and finite element analysis (FEA) simulations. The results show that the radial stiffness of an origami-inspired tube can achieve about 27.1 times that of a circular tube with the same circumcircle diameter (100 mm), height (60 mm), and wall thickness (2 mm). Yoshimura, Kresling, and modified Yoshimura patterns are selected as the basic frames, upon which the influences of different design parameters are tested and discussed. Given that the weight can vary due to different designs, the stiffness-to-weight ratio is also calculated. The origami-inspired tubular structures with superior stiffness performances are obtained and can be extended to crashworthy structures, functional structures, and stiffness enhancement with low structural weight.
Feed Direction-Dependent Milling Dynamics of an Asymmetric Flexible Machining System
Authors: Zhang Xing , Chen Kunhong , Wang Zengguang , Zhao Wanhua
Published: October 2021

Asymmetric flexible machining system has been widely used in numerical control machining. In traditional milling dynamics model, the cutter feed direction is usually defined as parallel to its vibration DOF, while the nonparallel condition and its induced milling dynamics response are not deeply considered. This paper presents a general dynamics modeling method for asymmetric flexible machining systems. First, to the best of the author’s knowledge, a new dimension named feed direction is proposed, which is used to establish the generalized coupling relationship between the vibration displacement and the regenerative milling force, thus improve the applicability of the milling dynamics model and reduce the experimental workload compared with the traditional modeling. Second, through the theoretical and experimental research, it is shown that the asymmetric flexible machining system has a significant feed direction-dependent characteristics, and implied the existence of high performance machining region with higher stability and lower surface location error (SLE) by contrast with the symmetric milling system and the traditional models. Finally, by controlling the feed direction angle, the milling parameters in roughing and finishing operations are optimized, and the machining efficiency has been greatly improved on the premise of stable cutting and machining accuracy.
Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Closed-Loop Two-Phase Thermosyphon System With a Structured Heating Surface
Authors: Kumar Vijay , Pathak Manabendra , Khan Mohd. Kaleem
Published: October 2021

The present work reports an experimental investigation of heat transfer characteristics of a closed-loop two-phase thermosyphon (CLTPT) system with a structured heating surface. A novel structured heating surface, i.e., segmented finned microchannels, has been used to promote heat transfer rate, and its performance has been compared with that of plane heating surface. Compared with the plane heating surface, the segmented finned structured heating surface produces an enhancement of 157% in heat transfer coefficient (HTC), whereas it produces a 145% enhancement in the critical heat flux (CHF). The present structured surface also delivers better heat transfer performance compared with the available data in the literature.
Loss Assessment of the NASA Source Diagnostic Test Configuration Using URANS With Phase-Lagged Assumption
Authors: Fiore Maxime , Daroukh Majd , Montagnac Marc
Published: October 2021

This article presents the study of the Source Diagnostic Test fan rig of the NASA Glenn (NASA SDT). Numerical simulations are performed for the three different outlet guide vane (OGV) geometries (baseline, low count, and low noise) and three rotational speeds corresponding to approach, cutback, and sideline operating conditions, respectively. Unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) approach is used. The in- and out-duct flow including the nacelle are considered in the numerical simulations, and results are compared against available measurements. Due to the blade count of the fan and OGVs (22 fan blades and either 54 or 26 blades for the OGVs), the simulation can only be reduced to half the full annulus simulation domain using periodic boundary conditions that still represents a significant cost. To alleviate this issue, a URANS with phase-lagged assumption is used. This method allows to perform unsteady simulations on multistage turbomachinery configurations including multiple frequency flows with a reduced computational domain composed of one single-blade passage for each row. The large data storage required by the phase-lagged approach is handled by a compression method based on a proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) replacing the traditional Fourier series decomposition (FSD). This compression method improves the signal spectral content especially at high frequency. Based on the numerical simulations, the flow field is described and used to assess the losses generated in the turbofan architecture based on an entropy approach. The results show different flow topologies for the fan depending on the rotational speed with a leading edge shock at high rotational speed. The fan boundary layer contributes strongly to losses with the majority of the losses being generated close to the leading edge.
Kelvin's clouds
Authors: Passon Oliver
Published: October 2021

In 1900, Lord Kelvin identified two problems for 19th century physics, two “clouds” as he puts it: the relative motion of the ether with respect to massive objects and Maxwell–Boltzmann's theorem on the equipartition of energy. These issues were eventually solved by the theory of special relativity and by quantum mechanics. In modern quotations, the content of Kelvin's lecture is almost always distorted and misrepresented. For example, it is commonly claimed that Kelvin was concerned about the UV-catastrophe of the Rayleigh-Jeans law, while his lecture actually makes no reference at all to blackbody radiation. I rectify these mistakes and explore reasons for their occurrence.
“Everyone is new to this”: Student reflections on different aspects of online learning
Authors: Doucette Danny , Cwik Sonja , Singh Chandralekha
Published: October 2021

In 2020, many instructors and students at colleges and universities were thrust into an unprecedented situation as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic disruptions. Even though they typically engage in in-person teaching and learning in brick and mortar classrooms, remote instruction was the only possibility. Many instructors at our institution who had to switch from in-person to remote instruction without any notice earlier in the year worked extremely hard to design and teach online courses to support their students during the second half of 2020. Since different instructors chose different pedagogical approaches for remote instruction, students taking multiple remote classes simultaneously experienced a variety of instructional strategies. We present an analysis of students' perceptions of remote learning in their lecture-based, active learning, and lab physics classes at a large research university in the USA, focusing on positive and negative aspects including collaboration, communication, and assessment. Student reflections emphasized the importance of grade incentives for out-of-class and in-class work; frequent, low-stakes assessments; community-building activities; and opportunities to study with peers. Reflecting on the challenges and successes of different types of remote instructional approaches from students' perspective could provide useful insight to guide the design of future online courses as well as some aspects of in-person courses.
On the sound fields of oblate and prolate hemispheroids in infinite baffles for directivity control
Authors: Mellow Tim , Kärkkäinen Leo
Published: October 2021

The hemispheroid is presented as an apodized form for controlling the beam width of a sound source by varying its height-to-radius ratio. Directivity patterns, on-axis responses, and radiation impedances are calculated for various height-radius ratios of the oblate hemispheroid using spheroidal wave functions. It turns out that, for smaller angles at least, there is a direct relationship between the internal angle of the semi-elliptic cross section and the half-cone angle within which the far-field pressure is largely contained at high frequencies. The hemispheroid is compared with both a spherical cap, which produces a much less regular response, and a high-frequency asymptotic approximation. The high-frequency asymptotic approximation is in the form of a flat circular radiator with a delay that increases radially from the center to the perimeter, as used in some electrostatic loudspeakers. With the almost complete absence of lobes, this appears to be an effective alternative means of apodization to a shaded array and is more efficient because, unlike a shaded array, constant axial velocity is maintained over the whole surface. A high-frequency approximation is also derived for a prolate hemispheroid. Since this may be formed from a planar array, a beam steering option is added.
Sports Fans and Magical Thinking: How Supernatural Thinking Connects Fans to Teams
Authors: Taylor Laramie D. , Acic Irena
Published: October 2021

Magical thinking describes beliefs and reasoning processes that defy generally accepted principles of logic and causality. Researchers have identified a link between strength of identification with a favorite sports team and superstition, an expression of magical thinking. Research on fans of fictional narratives has suggested magical thinking more broadly may play a role in being a fan. The authors posed the question, what is the link between sports fanship and two specific types of magical thinking: magical ideation and sympathetic magic? In a survey of 214 adults, relationships between strength of sports fanship and magical ideation, sympathetic magic in a sports context, and sympathetic magic generally were explored. Belief in sympathetic magic with regard to sports figures was found to be prominent among sports fans. In addition, a positive relationship was observed between strength of sports fanship and strength of belief in both sympathetic magic generally and magical ideation. Implications are discussed in terms of recruitment of and marketing to potential and existing fans.
Effect of Moderate- or High-Intensity Inspiratory Muscle Strength Training on Maximal Inspiratory Mouth Pressure and Swimming Performance in Highly Trained Competitive Swimmers
Authors: Ohya Toshiyuki , Kusanagi Kenta , Koizumi Jun , Ando Ryosuke , Katayama Keisho , Suzuki Yasuhiro
Published: October 2021

Purpose: Inspiratory muscle strength training (IMST) can improve exercise performance. Increased maximal inspiratory mouth pressure (MIP) could be beneficial for swimmers to enhance their performance. This study aimed to clarify the effect of high-intensity IMST for 6 weeks on MIP and swimming performance in highly trained competitive swimmers. Methods: Thirty male highly trained competitive swimmers were assigned to high-intensity IMST (HI; n = 10), moderate-intensity IMST (MOD; n = 10), and control (n = 10) groups. The 6-week IMST intervention comprised twice daily sessions for 6 d/wk at inspiratory pressure threshold loads equivalent to 75% MIP (HI) and 50% MIP (MOD). Before and after the intervention, MIP and swimming performance were assessed. Swimming performance was evaluated in free and controlled frequency breathing 100-m freestyle swimming time trials in a 25-m pool. For controlled frequency breathing, participants took 1 breath every 6 strokes. Results: The MIP values after 2 and 6 weeks of IMST in the HI and MOD groups were significantly higher than those before IMST (P = .0001). The magnitudes of the MIP increases after 6 weeks of IMST did not differ between the HI (13.4% [8.7%]) and MOD (13.1% [10.1%]) groups (P = .44). The 100-m freestyle swimming times under the controlled frequency condition were significantly shorter after IMST than those before IMST in both the HI (P = .046) and MOD (P = .042) groups. Conclusions: Inspiratory pressure threshold load equivalent to 50% MIP could be sufficient to improve MIP and swimming performance under the controlled frequency breathing condition in highly trained competitive swimmers.
Development and Construct Validation of a Questionnaire for Measuring Affordances for Motor Behavior of Schoolchildren
Authors: Flôres Fábio Saraiva , Rodrigues Luis Paulo , Cordovil Rita
Published: October 2021

Environments where children move about provide affordances that play a significant role in their development. This research presents the Affordances for Motor Behavior of Schoolchildren assessment tool, which aims to assess the interdependent systems, such as home, school, and sports activities, that can influence 6- to 10-year-old children’s motor development, motor learning, and motor competence. After establishing face validity, 259 south Brazilian families completed the questionnaire. We assessed construct validity on the whole sample with confirmatory factor analysis. The model testing showed a very good fit, and the structural model presented significative loading coefficients from the identified variables to the theoretically specified latent variables (factors). Significant correlation values were found between factors: home and materials (r = .77), home and school (r = .41), and materials and school (r = .56). Our results suggest that the Affordances for Motor Behavior of Schoolchildren can assess the opportunities for action provided to children by their home, the materials in it, and their school.
The Influence of "Folic Acid" on Spontaneous Breast Cancers in Mice
Authors: Leuchtenberger R. , Leuchtenberger C. , Laszlo D. , Lewisohn R.
Published: October 2021

Complete regressions of spontaneous breast cancers in mice were observed in 38 among 89 animals (43 per cent.). The treatment consisted of daily intravenous injections of 5 micrograms of
L. casei
factor ("folic acid"). The treated animals lived longer than the controls, especially the healed mice. The incidence of the development of new tumors was decreased among the treated mice as compared with the controls.
Filtration of Citrated Plasma
Authors: Rane Leo , Baldwin David M.
Published: October 2021

Large amounts of fresh citrated plasma can be filtered easily through specially prepared asbestos-composition pads without clotting. A description of the technique is given.
The Solution of Soil Minerals in Dilute Acids
Authors: Nutting P. G.
Published: October 2021

Montmorillonite goes readily into solution in slightly acid water. In strong acids only bases, in pure water only free silica is removed.

In the range from 0.02 to 0.5 per cent. acid, both bases and silica go into solution and recombine as an aluminosilicate sol and as highly soluble salts.

The sol recovered by evaporation, washing and drying is an amorphous colloid near pyrophyllite in composition, Al
2
O
3
⋅mSiO
2
⋅nH
2
O, with m averaging 4.1 (3.9 to 4.5) and n about 1.5. The slight variation in m is unrelated to either sol, acid or clay concentration.

A general characteristic relation between the amount of sol formed and the amounts of clay, acid and water used has been found for montmorillonite clays. This relation differs in two essential properties from that previously deduced for halloysite-allophane solutions. The variation with temperature of the constants of these equations remains to be investigated.
Synchronization of Division in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Anderson Paul A. , Pettijohn David E.
Published: October 2021

The smallest cells of a culture in the logarithmic phase, when isolated by a single rapid filtration through 1.2-μ Millipore paper, show good synchronization and reproducibility through the first division cycle. The method minimizes metabolic shock and provides a culture in which an easily reproducible initial state is established at a known time.
Syphacia muris
, the Rat Pinworm
Authors: Stahl Walter
Published: October 2021

A migration of gravid
Syphacia muris
pinworms down the large intestine of the rat host is shown to occur from the seventh day on in the worm's life cycle. Eggs obtained from migrating worms have proved to be infective to helminth-free rats after incubation in saline for 30 minutes at room temperature and 4 hours at 37°C.
Chromosomal Control of Preferential Pairing in
Nicotiana
Authors: Gerstel D. U.
Published: October 2021

A stock of tobacco with 23 pairs of tobacco chromosomes and one substituted pair from
Nicotiana glutinosa
was available. An amphiploid of this tobacco with
N. tomentosiformis
was synthesized in order to test whether preferential pairing is determined by the homologies of the chromosomes or whether it is under genic control. Characteristically, segregates for duplex loci in
N. tabacum
×
N. tomentosiformis
amphiploids give a gametic output of about 3:1, but for a factor on the substituted chromosome that output was found to be 59:1. The result suggests that preferential pairing in this material is not genically determined.
Natural Occurrence of Malaria in Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Schmidt L. H. , Greenland Robert , Rossan Richard , Genther Clara
Published: October 2021

A relatively high incidence of malarial infections has been noted in recent importations of rhesus monkeys from Pakistan. This finding, contraverting the widely held belief that rhesus monkeys are free of natively acquired malaria, is of substantial significance to those employing Pakistanian rhesus monkeys in their investigations.
Hydrostatic Pressure Has a Selective Effect on the Copepod
Tigriopus
Authors: Vacquier Victor
Published: October 2021

High hydrostatic pressures have been found to be an agent in producing a shift in the sex ratio in populations of the marine copepod
Tigriopus.
Action of Tetanus Toxin in the Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Brooks V. B. , Asanuma H.
Published: October 2021

Injection of more than ten mouse lethal doses of tetanus toxin into cat's motor cortex produces seizures accompanied by cortical electrical convulsive discharges. During the hours preceding onset of large seizures, "antidromic" inhibition of evoked cortical activity is reduced. The similarity of these effects to those observed in spinal cord suggests operation of similar inhibitory transmitters in the two parts of the central nervous system.
Mineralogic Changes during Growth in the Red Alga,
Clathromorphum compactum
Authors: Chave Keith E. , Wheeler Bradner D.
Published: October 2021

The amount of magnesium in the skeletal calcite of the encrusting marine red alga
Clathromorphum compactum
varies seasonally in response to changes in water temperature. X-ray diffraction analyses of serial samples of this alga collected in the Gulf of Maine indicate more than a 40-percent change in composition during a year and demonstrate a more rapid calcification during warmer periods.
Motility of the Turtle Embryo,
Chelydra serpentina
(Linné)
Authors: Beck A. , Lohrmann R. , Orgel L. E.
Published: October 2021

Uridine phosphates may be obtained by heating uridine with inorganic phosphates for 9 months at temperatures as low as 65°C. Under similar conditions, uridine-5′-phosphate, in addition to forming uridine diphosphates, undergoes some dephosphorylation to give uridine.
Ice Nuclei from Direct Reaction of Iodine Vapor with Vapors from Leaded Gasoline
Authors: Hogan Austin W.
Published: October 2021

Large numbers of ice nuclei, active at -15°C or colder, can be generated by mixing vapors from leaded gasoline with iodine vapor. This reaction will produce 10
6
Aitken nuclei per cubic centimeter in a closed system with a volume of 2 liters. When unleaded gasoline is substituted, no nuclei of either type are detectable.
2-Amino-5-(1-methyl-5-nitro-2-imidazolyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole: A New Antimicrobial Agent
Authors: Berkelhammer Gerald , Asato Goro
Published: October 2021

The title compound has been prepared and shown to be highly active against a wide variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in mice and chicks, as well as against a number of parasitic infections in rodents.
Phenolic Content of Vegetation in Two African Rain Forests: Ecological Implications
Authors: McKey Doyle , Waterman Peter G. , Mbi C. N. , Gartlan J. Stephen , Struhsaker T. T.
Published: October 2021

Mature leaves of abundant trees in rain-forest vegetation on acid white-sand soils of the Douala-Edea Reserve, Cameroon, contain approximately twice the concentration of phenolic compounds found in similar rain-forest vegetation on lateritic soils of the Kibale Forest, Uganda. Phenolics are the most widespread class of ecologically important plant secondary compounds. This study provides support for the hypothesis that vegetation on low-nutrient soils contains relatively high concentrations of chemicals deterrent to herbivores and pathogens. Unlike the two species of
Colobus
monkeys found in Kibale Forest, black colobus monkeys (
Colobus satanas
) in the Douala-Edea Reserve avoid the leaves of almost all abundant tree species in the area, selectively feeding on leaves of relatively rare components of the vegetation (deciduous trees and second-growth vines). Unlike any other colobine studied to date, black colobus in the Douala-Edea Reserve feed heavily on seeds, which contain lower concentrations of phenolic compounds than do leaves in this site.
The Plasticity of Ice Crystals
Authors: Jaggar T. A.
Published: October 2021

It is unfortunate that although the figure from Dr. Mügge's paper which I reproduced in SCIENCE last week (p. 698) was expressly marked 'top' on one side, it has been inserted upside down by the compositor. In its present position the figure is meaningless and even misleading.
Increased Synthesis of p-Aminobenzoic Acid Associated with the Development of Sulfonamide Resistance in
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Landy Maurice , Larkum Newton W. , Oswald Elizabeth J. , Streightoff Frank
Published: October 2021

Sulfonamide-resistant strains of
Staphylococcus aureus
produce greater amounts of p-aminobenzoic acid than do their parent strains. This synthesis occurs both in the absence and in the presence of sulfonamides. The quantity of p-aminobenzoic acid synthesized by resistant strains appears sufficient to account for their resistance to sulfonamide drugs.

On the basis of this evidence, it is suggested that the development of ability to synthesize p-aminobenzoic acid in excess of the normal metabolic requirements, as a result of continued exposure to sulfonamides, explains the phenomenon of sulfonamide fastness in
Staphylococcus aureus.
Cortical representation of group social communication in bats
Authors: Rose Maimon C. , Styr Boaz , Schmid Tobias A. , Elie Julie E. , Yartsev Michael M.
Published: October 2021

A mind’s-eye view of others

Social interaction among groups of individuals is a complex proposition. Not only must an animal keep track of various vocalizations and direct interactions in the present but likely also their knowledge of every other individual and their history of interaction with that individual. Two papers begin to unravel the neuronal process by which such complexities are managed (see the Perspective by Sliwa). Báez-Mendoza
et al
. tracked the interactional dynamics among three Rhesus macaques and found that neurons in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex represent details of the interaction, such as identity, context, and interaction history. Rose
et al
. remotely recorded from freely interacting Egyptian fruit bats and similarly found coordinated neural activity among individuals, a relationship between brain activity patterns and social preference, and that single neurons in the prefrontal cortex distinguished between the vocalizations of specific individuals. Together these papers reveal clear evidence for neuronal encoding of social interaction and identity. —SNV
Social agent identity cells in the prefrontal cortex of interacting groups of primates
Authors: Báez-Mendoza Raymundo , Mastrobattista Emma P. , Wang Amy J. , Williams Ziv M.
Published: October 2021

A mind’s-eye view of others

Social interaction among groups of individuals is a complex proposition. Not only must an animal keep track of various vocalizations and direct interactions in the present but likely also their knowledge of every other individual and their history of interaction with that individual. Two papers begin to unravel the neuronal process by which such complexities are managed (see the Perspective by Sliwa). Báez-Mendoza
et al
. tracked the interactional dynamics among three Rhesus macaques and found that neurons in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex represent details of the interaction, such as identity, context, and interaction history. Rose
et al
. remotely recorded from freely interacting Egyptian fruit bats and similarly found coordinated neural activity among individuals, a relationship between brain activity patterns and social preference, and that single neurons in the prefrontal cortex distinguished between the vocalizations of specific individuals. Together these papers reveal clear evidence for neuronal encoding of social interaction and identity. —SNV
Multidimensional phase singularities in nanophotonics
Authors: Ni Jincheng , Huang Can , Zhou Lei-Ming , Gu Min , Song Qinghai , Kivshar Yuri , Qiu Cheng-Wei
Published: October 2021

Exploiting light with a twist

Light possesses several degrees of freedom that can be exploited to encode information. In addition to wavelength, amplitude, phase, polarization, and pulse length, light can also be structured into vortices. These vortices carry optical angular momentum, effectively opening up many other modes as communication channels. Ni
et al
. review advances made in the nanophotonic platform where optical vortices can be generated and detected on-chip. These developments are expected to find application in classical and quantum information processing. —ISO
Evolution of water structures in metal-organic frameworks for improved atmospheric water harvesting
Authors: Hanikel Nikita , Pei Xiaokun , Chheda Saumil , Lyu Hao , Jeong WooSeok , Sauer Joachim , Gagliardi Laura , Yaghi Omar M.
Published: October 2021

Designing water uptake

Although the locations of water molecules in some porous materials have been determined with diffraction techniques, determining the filling sequence of water sites has been challenging. Hanikel
et al
. used single-crystal x-ray diffraction to locate all of the water molecules in pores of the metal-organic framework MOF-303 at different water loadings (see the Perspective by Öhrström and Amombo Noa). They used this information on the water molecule adsorption sequence to modify the linkers of this MOF and control the water-harvesting properties from humid air for different temperature regimes. —PDS
Bacterial defense islands limit viral attack
Authors: Meaden Sean , Fineran Peter C.
Published: October 2021

Mobile phage-defense genes underpin rapid evolution of resistance in nature
Erratum: How to Obtain the Brain of the Cat
Authors: Wilder B. G.
Published: October 2021

How to obtain the Brain of the Cat
, (Wilder).—Correction: Page 158, second column, line 7, "grains," should be "grams;" page 159, near middle of 2nd column, "successily," should be "successively;" page 161, the number of Flower's paper is 3.
Address of Col. Garrick Mallery, U. S. Army
Authors: Mallery Garrick
Published: October 2021

It may be conceded that after man had all his present faculties, he did not choose between the adoption of voice and gesture, and never with those faculties, was in a state where the one was used, to the absolute exclusion of the other. The epoch, however, to which our speculations relate is that in which he had not reached the present symmetric development of his intellect and of his bodily organs, and the inquiry is: Which mode of communication was earliest adopted to his single wants and informed intelligence? With the voice he could imitate distinctively but few sounds of nature, while with gesture he could exhibit actions, motions, positions, forms, dimensions, directions and distances, with their derivations and analogues. It would seem from this unequal division of capacity that oral speech remained rudimentary long after gesture had become an efficient mode of communication. With due allowance for all purely imitative sounds, and for the spontaneous action of vocal organs under excitement, it appears that the connection between ideas and words is only to be explained by a compact between speaker and hearer which supposes the existence of a prior mode of communication. This was probably by gesture. At least we may accept it as a clew leading out of the labyrinth of philological confusion, and regulating the immemorial quest of man's primitive speech.
Magnetic Skyrmions and Phase Transitions in Antiferromagnetic/Ferroelectric Bilayers
Authors: Sharafullin I. F. , Diep H. T.
Published: October 2021

We study in this paper the ground state and the properties of a skyrmions in magnetoelectric films, namely antiferromagnetic/ferroelectric superlattices in a support by steepest descent method and extensive Monte Carlo simulation. The ground state and ordering of the frustrated both classical Heisenberg and Ising models on the simple cubic lattice with a magnetoelectric coupling are studied under magnetic field.
Temporal trends in routine predischarge pulse oximetry screening: 6 years’ experience in a UK regional neonatal unit
Authors: Henderson Amy , Aguirre Diana , Singh Anju , Ewer Andrew K
Published: October 2021

Objectives

To evaluate the continued impact of pulse oximetry screening (POS) in a regional neonatal unit (NNU) and identify trends in screening outcomes in comparison with our previous experience.

Design

Retrospective review of admissions between April 2013 and March 2019 (the current study) and comparison with previously published data (the 2014 study).

Patients

All infants >34 weeks completed gestation admitted to NNU as a result of positive POS.

Outcome measures

Indication for admission, diagnosis, investigations and management.

Results

There were 49 375 livebirths and 253 NNU admissions as a result of positive POS (0.5% of livebirths; compared with 0.8% in 2014). 247/253 (97.6%) of those admitted had a significant diagnosis requiring medical intervention (compared with 79% in 2014) and the proportion of healthy babies (with transitional circulation) admitted decreased from 21% to 2.4%.

22 (9%) babies admitted as a result of a positive POS were found to have a previously undiagnosed congenital heart defect (CHD) of which eight were critical CHDs (CCHDs). This accounted for 73% of all undiagnosed CCHD undergoing POS. The antenatal detection rate of CCHD was 75% compared with 46% in 2014. No baby died or collapsed on the postnatal ward during the study period. The proportion of babies with CCHD identified before discharge improved from 94% to 99%.

Conclusions

Routine POS, in addition to antenatal screening and postnatal examination, continues to contribute to the improvement of our overall CCHD detection rates. We have demonstrated an overall reduction in the admission of healthy babies and therefore workload following a positive test.
Prevalence and factors associated with diabetes mellitus among tuberculosis patients in South India—a cross-sectional analytical study
Authors: Rajaa Sathish , Krishnamoorthy Yuvaraj , Knudsen Selby , Roy Gautam , Ellner Jerrold , Horsburgh C Robert , Hochberg Natasha S , Salgame Padmini , S Govindarajan , Prakash Babu Senbagavalli , Sarkar Sonali
Published: October 2021

Objective

To determine the prevalence and determinants of diabetes mellitus (DM) among tuberculosis (TB) patients and to assess the additional yield and number needed to screen (NNS) to obtain a newly diagnosed DM among TB patients.

Design

We undertook a cross-sectional analysis of the cohort data under Regional Prospective Observational Research for Tuberculosis-India consortium. Newly diagnosed TB patients recruited into the cohort between 2014 and 2018 were included. Pretested standardised questionnaires and tools were used for data collection. Prevalence of DM among TB patients was summarised as proportion with 95% CI. Type II DM was diagnosed if random blood sugar level was >200 mg/dL or if the participant had a documented history of DM. NNS by blood glucose testing to diagnose one new DM case among TB patients was also calculated.

Setting

Three districts of South India: Puducherry, Cuddalore and Villupuram

Subjects

Newly diagnosed sputum smear positive pulmonary TB patients aged ≥16 years

Results

In total, 1188 TB patients were included. Prevalence of DM among TB patients was 39% (95% CI: 36.2% to 41.8%). In unadjusted analysis, elderly TB, marital status, caste, gender, higher education level, household income and obesity had a significant association with DM. However, in adjusted analysis, only marital status (currently married aPR; 3.77 (95 CI: 2.20 to 6.49), widowed/separated/divorced aPR; 3.66 (95 CI: 1.96 to 6.83)) and body mass index category (normal weight aPR; 3.26 (95 CI: 2.55 to 4.16), overweight aPR; 3.86 (95 CI: 2.69 to 5.52), obesity aPR; 4.08 (95 CI: 2.81 to 5.94)) were found to be significant determinants. The number of TB patients needed to be screened to find a new DM case was 12.

Conclusion

We found that one in three TB patients had coexisting DM. The number of TB patients needed to be screened to obtain a newly diagnosed DM patients was also determined. The study supports and highlights the need of RNTCP’s effort in bidirectional screening of TB and DM.
Observational study of the relative efficacy of insulin-glucose treatment for hyperkalaemia in patients with liver cirrhosis
Authors: Lim Andy K H , Crnobrnja Ljiljana , Metlapalli Manogna , Jiang Cathy , Wang Rene S H , Pham Jeanette H , Abasszade Joshua H
Published: October 2021

Objectives

To determine if liver cirrhosis is associated with reduced efficacy of insulin-glucose treatment in moderate to severe hyperkalaemia.

Design

Retrospective, cohort study.

Setting

Two secondary and one tertiary care hospital at a large metropolitan healthcare network in Melbourne, Australia.

Participants

This study included 463 adults with a mean age of 68.7±15.8 years, comprising 79 patients with cirrhosis and 384 without cirrhosis as controls, who received standard insulin-glucose treatment for a serum potassium ≥6.0 mmol/L from October 2016 to March 2020. Patients were excluded if they received an insulin infusion, or if there was inadequate follow-up data for at least 6 hours after IDT due to death, lost to follow-up or inadequate biochemistry monitoring. The mean Model for End-stage Liver Disease score in patients with cirrhosis was 22.2±7.5, and the distribution of the Child-Pugh score for cirrhosis was: class A (24%), class B (46%), class C (30%).

Outcome measures

The primary outcome was the degree of potassium lowering and the secondary outcome was the proportion of patients who achieved normokalaemia, within 6 hours of treatment.

Results

The mean pretreatment potassium for the cohort was 6.57±0.52 mmol/L. After insulin-glucose treatment, mean potassium lowering was 0.84±0.58 mmol/L in patients with cirrhosis compared with 1.33±0.75 mmol/L for controls (p<0.001). The proportion of patients achieving normokalaemia was 33% for patients with cirrhosis, compared with 53% for controls (p=0.001). By multivariable regression, on average, liver cirrhosis was associated with a reduced potassium lowering effect of 0.42 mmol/L (95% CI 0.22 to 0.63 mmol/L, p<0.001) from insulin-glucose treatment, after adjusting for age, serum creatinine, cancer, pretreatment potassium level, β-blocker use and cotreatments (sodium polystyrene sulfonate, salbutamol, sodium bicarbonate).

Conclusions

Our observational data suggest reduced efficacy of insulin-glucose treatment for hyperkalaemia in patients with cirrhosis.
Abstracts from international emergency medicine journals
Authors: Production EMJ
Published: October 2021

Editor’s note: EMJ has partnered with the journals of multiple international emergency medicine societies to share from each a highlighted research study, as selected by their editors. This edition will feature an abstract from each publication.
A Possible Hazard from Nuclear Submarine Corrosion Products
Authors: Hatfield M.
Published: October 2021

There is a lack of quantitative information on the fate of radioactive corrosion products from pressurized water reactors. An experiment with rats is reported which shows that there is virtually no absorption of corrosion product cobalt from the gut. The implications in assessing radiation dose following an accidental intake of corrosion products are discussed.
A Case of Medullary Sponge Kidney
Authors: Chapman Charles W. , Hazell Anthony M.
Published: October 2021

A case of medullary sponge kidney is described in a woman aged 28. The condition presented initially as recurrent urinary tract infections. Later she was admitted to hospital with an acute right pyonephrosis. Following removal of three calculi from her lower right ureter, function of her right kidney was restored.
Measurement of Oral Calcium Absorption from the Gut by External Isotope Counting
Authors: Macleod Murdoch A.
Published: October 2021

Among the factors which regulate normal gastro-intestinal calcium absorption, current thought recognises calcium intake, vitamin D and parathyroid hormone as playing an important part. It is well documented that gastro-intestinal calcium absorption is reduced in states of malabsorption, hypoparathyroidism and in patients with chronic renal failure, and raised in states of hyperparathyroidism, urolithiasis and idiopathic hypercalcuria.

Difficulties inherent in classic calcium-balance techniques have prompted a search for more practical and reliable methods of measuring the degree of impairment of calcium absorption. This paper describes a study of intestinal calcium absorption in 10 normal subjects and four patients, with various disorders of calcium metabolism, using an external radio-isotope counting technique.
Cold Immersion and Swimming
Authors: Keatinge W. R.
Published: October 2021

Experiments to indicate the effects on survival after immersion in water of such factors as subcutaneous fat, exercise and clothing are described. The causes of sudden death in water are discussed and advice is given on action to be taken to preserve life after immersion.
Cold/Wet Exposure Ashore
Authors: Dalgliesh D. G.
Published: October 2021

A personal description of the effects of exposure and consequent hypothermia, and its dangers. Practical advice on treatment, both curative and preventive, is given.
Accidental Hypothermia
Authors: Golden F. St. C.
Published: October 2021

Some of the environmental factors which adversely affect body temperature regulation are briefly outlined.

Advice on diagnosis and on both first aid and curative treatment of accidental hypothermia is proposed.
Fatal Pneumococcal Meningitis in Adults Following Splenectomy: Two Case Reports and a Review of the Literature
Authors: Ramsay L. E. , Bouskill K. C.
Published: October 2021

Two fatal cases of pneumococcal meningitis occurring in adults who had undergone splenectomy several years previously are described, and the literature relating to pneumococcal sepsis in asplenic patients is reviewed. There is a specific predisposition to pneumoccal sepsis. Asplenic patients presenting with the Waterhouse-Friderich-sen syndrome have a high mortality, but those presenting with meningitis or septicaemia have a similar mortality to normal people. Patients undergoing splenectomy for the staging of Hodgkin’s disease may run a greater risk of serious sepsis than asplenic patients in general. There is no evidence that the risk is greatest during the first 3 years following splenectomy. The prophylaxis and management of infection in asplenic patients are discussed. It is possible that knowledge of the problem in the asplenic patient may reduce the mortality.
A Case of Phaeochromocytoma
Authors: Doris C. I.
Published: October 2021

A case of phaeochromocytoma, diagnosed in a 39-year-old male following the discovery of hypertension during routine examination is described. Following the demonstration of abnormally high urinary levels of catecholamines and their main metabolites, the presence of a right suprarenal tumour was demonstrated by ultrasonic scanning and confirmed by arteriography. After removal of the phaeochromocytoma the blood pressure fell to within normal limits.
An Analysis Of 300 99mTc Pertechnetate Brain Scans
Authors: Macleod Murdoch A.
Published: October 2021

sBrain scanning using various radiopharmaceutical complexes is now well established as an invaluable diagnostic tool in the delineation of intracranial lesions. In this paper 300 cases with suspected intracranial pathology are presented and a comparative analysis of the 48 positive pick ups made with EEG and skull X-ray results.
Primary Irritant Dermatitis from the Manchineel Tree (Hippomane Mancinella) in the Eastern Caribbean
Authors: Lowe N. J.
Published: October 2021

Five cases of primary irritant dermatitis following exposure to the Manchineel tree are described and an attempt to discover the nature of the toxin has been made from the existing literature. Exposure occurred during a surveying season in the Eastern Caribbean.
Oral Lymphomas
Authors: Bussell S. N.
Published: October 2021

Metastatic secondary tumours account for approximately 1 per cent of malignant tumours of the oral cavity. The case presented, together with a review of the literature, demonstrates a definitive diagnosis of oral lymphoma when an osteolytic secondary carcinomatous deposit was suspected from the case history.
Ambient Pressure Effects on Atmospheric Oxygen Levels in Patrol Submarines
Authors: Jolly E. J.
Published: October 2021

This article describes a submarine trial which demonstrates the importance of considering ambient pressure in a diesel-electric submarine when determining submerged time allowed before commencing oxygen generation.
The Use and Abuse of Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Williams J. G.
Published: October 2021

Severe illness often leads to catabolism of protein. When associated with inadequate nutrition, this leads to negative nitrogen balance. Recovery is hastened if this is prevented. This can be achieved by the careful, planned and calculated administration of intravenous aminoacids, carbohydrate and fat.
The Use and Abuse of Steroids in the Eye
Authors: Rintoul A. J.
Published: October 2021

The value of corticosteroid drugs in the treatment of inflammatory conditions of the eye is emphasised and their use is described. Attention is drawn to the risk of serious side effects with prolonged use and the importance of ophthalmic supervision.