bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AVRUPA İNSAN HAKLARI MAHKEMESİ KARARLARI IŞIĞINDA GİZLİ SORUŞTURMACININ TANIKLIĞI SORUNU
Authors: OKUYUCU ERGÜN Güneş
Published: June 2022

Karmaşık, çok boyutlu ve çok yönlü yapısı nedeniyle organize suçların önlenmesi ve ortaya çıkarılması oldukça güçtür. Bu nedenle bir takım gizli koruma tedbirlerinin benimsenmesi yoluna gidilmektedir. Gizli soruşturmacı görevlendirilmesi de bunlardan biridir. Kişi hak ve özgürlüklerini sınırlayan bir tedbir olan gizli soruşturmacı görevlendirilmesinin usul ve esasları oldukça tartışmalıdır. Ancak bu çalışmada gizli soruşturmacı görevlendirilmesi bütün yönleriyle değil, yalnızca tanık olarak dinlenmesi hususu ile sınırlı olarak ve konuyla ilgili AİHM kararları göz önünde bulundurulmak suretiyle ele alınacaktır. Bu bağlamda CMK m. 139/3’e eklenen gizli soruşturmacının duruşmada hazır bulunma hakkına sahip bulunanlar olmadan veya ses ya da görüntüsü değiştirilerek özel ortamda dinleneceğine ve Tanık Koruma Kanunu’nun 9. maddesinin kıyasen uygulanacağına ilişkin hükmün yerindeliği üzerinde durulacaktır.
Behavioral Financial Perspective of Government Bonds During Covid 19 Pandemic
Authors: Fakhriyyah Dewi Diah , Junaidi Junaidi
Published: June 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic causes changes in social and economic life. Research on the impact of Covid 19 on various aspects continues to be carried out, including on investor behavior and its impact on the capital market, but very few discuss the impact of Covid 19 on debt instruments such as government bonds. This study tries to examine the impact of Covid 19 in terms of financial behavior by using Covid 19 fear as a psychological element using data from Google Trends, also testing the number of Covid 19 deaths and the number of Covid 19 cases on Indonesian government bond yields. The results show that fear of covid 19 and death of covid 19 positively affected yield, and the cases of covid 19 negatively affected yield. Investors are trying to take advantage of the negative sentiment from the Covid 19 by buying government bonds which causes an increase in bond price and a decrease in yield. This study contributes to behavioral finance theory on fixed-income investment, especially government bonds.
PENDIDIKAN DAN PERGERAKAN NASIONAL: BANYUWANGI AWAL ABAD XX
Authors: Raharjo Bahagio
Published: June 2022

Modern education in Banyuwangi, which was established by the government, firstly appeared in 1819 in the form of the Europeesche Lagere School (ELS), approximately two years after the first school has founded in the Dutch East Indies. The existence of this school is inseparable from the interests and needs of the government to prepare skilled government employees. The existing schools were not well developed even though the need for modern schools increased. The enactment of the ethical policy provided an opportunity for non-government parties. Subsequently, schools established by Indo-European, Arab, and Chinese entrepreneurs, and national movement organization. This paper studies the dynamics of their roles in founding a modern school in Banyuwangi during the era of ethical policy. This study used historical methods to explain the education and policies that encouraged the nongovernment sector’s efforts at that time in actively establishing schools for their respective groups. The study found that ethical policy opened opportunities and strengthened the existence of parties outside the government to establish schools in Banyuwangi and develop modern education. The changes were in the strengthening of plantation companies that promoted the opening of new areas, the economic crisis, and the politics of segregation demanded the availability of schools for all groups.
MEMPERTIMBANGKAN KEMBALI RAJA PEMBARU JAWA: ANALISIS FUNGSIONAL PADA GAYA PEMERINTAHAN RAJA AIRLANGGA PADA ABAD KE-11 M
Authors: Alnoza Muhamad
Published: June 2022

This paper critically discusses Airlangga’s style of government using the functional analysis approach proposed by Robert K. Merton. The problem raised in this study is how Airlangga performs his function as a king in his royal government. The study aims to find out the functions of manifest, latent functions, and dysfunctional aspects of Airlangga through the policies he issued. The method used in this qualitative research consisted of data collection through library research and data processing by analyzing and interpreting. By comparing Airlangga policy and the concept of , the study has found that Airlangga carried out manifest function in military and economy. In the meantime, he carried out the latent function in the international relations. Airlangga’s dysfunctional aspect has shown Airlangga’s lack of functioning as the symbol of the glory of a country and the guardian of the kingdom’s internal stability. Therefore, the novelty of the research is Airlangga’s position as a dysfunctional figure in one of the aspects that a king was supposed to own
Analisis Capaian Kinerja Pembangunan Pedesaan Kawasan Pesisir
Authors: Suroso Suroso -
Published: June 2022

ENGLISHManaging the potential of coastal regions becomes a development challenge in order to improve human welfare. This research aimed to describe the performance achievement of rural development in the coastal regions in the study area. This research used a quantitative approach. It used secondary data. It used descriptive-comparative analyses. The descriptive result showed that all villages in the coastal areas have increased their rural development indexes (IDM) but only about 43% increased their status for the period 2017 to 2021. The comparative result proved that in 2021 the highest IDM is in Trangkil District and the lowest one was in Batangan District. The comparative test using Chi-Square (X2) for the development performance has a counting value of 8,125 in significance of 10 %. It is greater than the table value so there is a significant difference in development performance among the coastal regions in the study area. Therefore, the region having the least development indexes (IDM) should become the priority in the regional development policy to alleviate disparity. INDONESIAPengelolaan potensi kawasan pesisir untuk mewujudkan kesejahteraan menjadi tantangan pembangunan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan capaian kinerja pembangunan pedesaan kawasan pesisir di area studi. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. Data penelitian menggunakan data sekunder. Analisa data menggunakan analisis deskriptif-komparatif. Hasil analisis deskriptif menunjukkan semua desa kawasan pesisir di area studi mengalami peningkatan Indeks Desa Membangun (IDM) tetapi hanya sebagian desa mengalami peningkatan status tipologinya selama kurun waktu 2017 - 2021. Hasil analisis komparatif menunjukkan bahwa tahun 2021 capaian IDM kawasan pesisir tertinggi berada di kawasan Trangkil dan IDM terendah berada di kawasan Batangan. Uji komparatif dengan Chi kuadrat (X2), kinerja pembangunan pedesaan kawasan pesisir kurun waktu 2017-2021 memiliki nilai hitung chi kuadrat (X2) 8,125 signifikan pada signifikansi 10%, lebih besar dari nilai tabel sehingga ada perbedaan signifikan capaian kinerja pembangunan pedesaan antar kawasan pesisir di area studi. Oleh karena itu, kawasan yang memiliki capaian IDM terendah perlu memperoleh prioritas dalam kebijakan pembangunan untuk mengeliminasi kesenjangan pembangunan.
Active surveillance of prostate cancer with multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging: Review of the literature
Authors: Yanaral Fatih , Çağlar Ufuk , Şendoğan Furkan , Binbay Murat
Published: June 2022

Nowadays, active surveillance has gained popularity as an acceptable management alternative to definitive treatment for men with low-risk prostate cancer. Active surveillance aims to delay or prevent unnecessary interventions – thereby reducing the morbidity associated with overtreatment. Despite widespread acceptance from current guidelines, active surveillance does not eliminate the concern that the advanced disease and repeat biopsy anxiety for both the clinician and the patient. This situation leads to the search for a method that is non-invasive and can give an idea to the clinician about the status of the disease in the active surveillance protocol. Recent technological advancements and the introduction of modern anatomical and functional sequences have led to a growing role for multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) in the detection, risk assessment, and monitoring of prostate cancer. The main advantages of MRI are its superior anatomic and contrast resolution, lack of ionizing radiation, and multi-planar capabilities. In addition, standardization of reporting findings such as PI-RADS in mpMRI in prostate cancer provides an advantage by increasing inter-reader reliability among radiologists. This study aims to evaluate and summarize the role of magnetic resonance imaging in the active surveillance of prostate cancer. Keywords: active surveilliance, prostate cancer, multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging
Does bladder wall thickness have a place in the evaluation of male patients with lower urinary tract symptoms?
Authors: Ekici Özgür , Çoban Soner , Gül Abdullah , Büyükdemirci Erkan , Zengin Salim , Boyacı Çağlar
Published: June 2022

Objective: To investigate whether bladder wall thickness (BWT) is associated with The International Prostatic Symptom Score (IPSS) and uroflowmetry parameters in male patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Material and Methods: Prostate volume, prostate specific antigen (PSA), post-void residual (PVR) urine volume, IPSS, maximum and average urinary flow rates ( Qmax, Qave), BWT and intravesical prostatic protrusion (IPP) grades of male patients who applied to the urology outpatient clinic with LUTS between June 2021 and January 2022 were recorded. .Patients were divided into 2 groups in terms of BWT (Group: 1 BWT < 5 mm; Group 2: BWT ≥ 5 mm). We compared IPSS, PVR, PSA, Qmax, Qave, prostat volume and IPP grades between two groups. Results: A total of 110 patients were included in the study (Group 1: n= 65, Group 2: n=45). Median(IQR) age, and median BWT values of the patients were 56.5(15) years, and 4.25(3.60) mm, respectively. PSA, prostate volume, total urine volume, Qmax, Qave, IPSS and IPP values were found to be statistically different, while age and PVR were similar between two groups. In addition, a strong correlation was found between BWT and IPSS- Qave, and a very strong correlation between BWT and Qmax. Conclusion: BWT is a simple sonographic measurement that can be used to estimate IPSS and uroflowmetry parameters in urology practice. Keywords: bladder wall thickness, lower urinary tract symptoms, ultrasonography
The Inter-Seasonal Phytoplankton Compositions and Density in Response to Abiotic Factors in Puah Reservoir Hulu Terengganu Hydroelectric Dam, Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: ABUBAKAR MUHAMAD KABIRU , MD SAH AMIR SHAH RUDDIN , EFFENDI ALYAA FILZA
Published: June 2022

The distribution of the phytoplankton community in different locations of Puah Reservoir, Malaysia was investigated from May to December 2019 to examine the phytoplankton compositions and density. Seven sampling locations were selected namely Terengganu Mati (P1), Limbing Besar (P2), Temba Outlet (P3), Pela-gong (P4), Sireh (P5), Centre Dam (P6) and Power Intake (P7). A total of 543 cell/mL were recorded from 35 genera in the reservoir. These identified species belonged to six major plankton groups: 12 green algae (35.29%), nine blue-green algae (26.47%), nine diatom (23.53%), two golden algae (5.88%), two filamentous (5.88%) and one flagellate (2.94%). During this period, Chlorophyta was the most abundant group (40% of the total phytoplankton), followed by Bacillariophyceae (29%), Pyrrhophyta (19%), Cyanophyta (12%) and Chrysophyceae (1%). The highest composition of phytoplankton was recorded at P7 (32%), followed by P3 (16%), P1 (14%) and P4 and P2 with the lowest (8% and 7%), respectively. The lowest density was observed during dry season (162 cell/mL) and high density during wet season (412 cell/mL). Species richness was discreetly greater in the wet season however, evenness index was ≥0.8, thereby indicating a similarity in species abundance. The water temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen correlate positively with phytoplankton at P = 0.01. The overall mean values of temperature for wet and dry season were 29.3 ± 1.79 °C and 27.5 ± 1.55 °C while dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solid (TSS) were 16.2 mg/L and 4.7 mg/L, 3.4 mg/L and 2.9 mg/L, 15.2 mg/L and 12.7 mg/L, and 0.5 mg/L and 2.3 mg/L, respectively.  Water transparency, pH and DO were found to be important factors characterising each sampling location.
The Effect of Competence, Organizational Culture, and Emotional Intelligence on Employee Performance on Lembaga Perkreditan Desa (LPD) in Denpasar Selatan
Authors: Adhika I Nyoman Resa , Rihayana I Gede , Putra Salain Putu Pradiva
Published: June 2022

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect, competence, organizational culture and emotional intelligence on employee performance at LPD in South Denpasar. Quantitative methods/approaches are used in this study. The number of samples used were 87 LPD employees in South Denpasar with the saturated sampling method, namely by using all the population as samples. Collecting data using a questionnaire. The data analysis technique used multiple linear regression. Then analyzed using SPSS 23 for windows. The results showed that all the proposed research hypotheses were accepted. The conclusion in this study is that competence has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. Organizational culture has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. Emotional intelligence has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. Efforts are made to improve performance, namely providing training and opportunities to add insight to employees and develop work creativity in accordance with their fields.
Analysis of SWOT Strategy in Sustainable Management of Mangrove Ecosystems in Kaliwlingi Village, Brebes Sub-district, Brebes District
Authors: Syarifudin Mohamad Qomar , Rianto Budi , Nuhman Nuhman
Published: June 2022

This study aims to obtain a strategy for managing sustainable mangrove ecosystems in Kaliwlingi Village, Brebes Sub-district, Brebes District. This study uses qualitative research with phenomenological methods. The data needed in this research is primary data obtained directly from respondents and secondary data obtained from data sources that do not directly provide data. The analytical method used in this research is the analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT), and Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) to determine the right strategy in managing sustainable mangrove ecosystems. The results of the Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) calculation have a score of 2.21, which is below the average score of 2.50, indicating a less strong internal position. The results of the External Factor Evaluation (EFE) calculation show that the total score of 2.03 is below the average score of 2.50, indicating a less strong external position. The integration stage of IFE and EFE uses a SWOT matrix. The results of the combined score between IFE and EFE are 2.21; 2.03 in the first quadrant position, which is a favorable situation. The results of the QSPM show the Total Attractiveness Score (TAS) of strategy I as much as 6,009 has the highest TAS value and is the chosen alternative priority strategy. The results of the study show that the expansion strategy that must be taken by the Brebes Regency Government is to provide opportunities for the community to manage the mangrove ecosystem independently with assistance from the Government of Brebes District.
Efektifitas Daya Hambat Ekstrak Kulit Buah Naga Merah Konsentrasi 25% dan 50% Terhadap Pembentukan Plak
Authors: LISNAYETTI LISNAYETTI , Nova Herawati Nova , Sriani Yustina , Yuzar Yessi , Alhamda Syukra
Published: June 2022

One of the ways to control the formation of plaque is by acting chemically. Flavonoids are antibacterial compounds that can inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutants. The flavonoid content in dragon fruit peel has been shown to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutants. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of gargling 25% and 50% red dragon fruit peel extract on plaque formation. The research design used was True Experimental Design with the design of The Randomized Posttest Only Control Group, with the number of research samples consisting of 3 groups, namely 2 treatment groups and 1 control group. Data were collected by examining the Plaque Index. The analysis used paired t-test (paired test) α <0.05. The results showed that the mean difference in plaque index before and after rinsing with red dragon fruit peel extract, the concentration of 25% was 0.50 + 0.42, while for the red dragon fruit peel extract solution the concentration of 50% was 0.83 + 0.74 and chlorhexidine. 0.83 + 0, 57. This shows that the red dragon fruit peel extract with a concentration of 25% is more effective in suppressing plaque growth than the 50% concentration of dragon fruit peel extract. Red dragon fruit peel extract with a concentration of 25% can be recommended as a basic ingredient of herbal mouthwash for the prevention of dental and oral diseases.
Gambaran Motivasi Donor Darah pada Pendonor Sukarela di Unit Donor Darah PMI Kabupaten Sleman Tahun 2021
Authors: Purnamaningsih Nur'Aini , Novianingsih Rizky , Prahesti Ratna
Published: June 2022

Blood donation is an activity to donate blood for blood transfusion purposes. A person who is a donor needs to know the motivation of blood donors to become a sustainable voluntary donor. This study aims to determine the motivation of blood donors to voluntary donors in the Blood Donor Unit PMI Sleman in 2021. This study is a descriptive study with a sample of 100 voluntary donors. The sampling technique is quota sampling by analyzing the frequency distribution data and the percentage of each variable. The results showed that the characteristics of voluntary blood donors at the PMI Blood Donor Unit in Sleman Regency in 2021 were the majority of the late adolescent age group (17-25 years) as many as 45 people (45%), male sex 60 people (60%), education high level (academic/college) 73 people (73%), and not working (student) 36 people (36%). The most dominant motivation for blood donation for voluntary donors at the PMI Blood Donor Unit in Sleman Regency in 2021 is because they want to help 99 people (99%). The motivation of donors at UDD PMI in Sleman Regency is quite good. For this reason, it is recommended to increase socialization to the community regarding the importance of routinely donating blood.
STUDI PENGGUNAAN KATALIS CaO-NaOH PADA PRODUKSI BIODIESEL DARI MINYAK JELANTAH
Authors: Susanti Titik , Mas’udah Mas’udah , Santosa Sandra
Published: June 2022

Berbagai macam penelitian pembuatan biodiesel telah banyak dilakukan, mulai dari penggunaan berbagai  macam jenis tanaman biji-bijian, katalis, metode reaksi dan sebagainya. Selama ini sebagian besar penelitian  menggunakan minyak sawit sebagai bahan baku biodiesel, dimana penggunaan bahan ini menimbulkan konflik  karena merupakan bahan pangan. Oleh karena itu, pemanfaatan minyak jelantah yang merupakan limbah  penggunaan minyak sawit dipilih sebagai alternatif bahan baku biodiesel. Penggunaan katalis homogen seperti  NaOH, selama ini menghasilkan biodiesel dengan nilai yield yang tinggi dibanding katalis heterogen. Akan tetapi,  penggunaan katalis homogen sering menimbulkan reaksi saponifikasi yang mengganggu proses konversi  biodiesel. Oleh karena itu, pengkombinasian antara katalis homogen dan heterogen dilakukan untuk  memecahkan masalah tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh penggunaan katalis CaO NaOH terhadap yield, densitas dan viskositas produksi biodiesel dari minyak jelantah. Metode yang digunakan  dalam studi ini adalah proses transesterifikasi dengan variasi suhu reaksi yaitu 60°C, 65°C dan 70°C, serta  persentase jumlah katalis CaO-NaOH yang ditambahkan sebesar 1%, 2% dan 3% dari berat minyak dengan  perbandingan CaO:NaOH 1:1. Untuk rasio mol minyak dan metanol yang digunakan adalah 1:6. Dari hasil  penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan campuran katalis CaO-NaOH berpengaruh terhadap beberapa  parameter biodiesel yang diuji. Parameter terbaik yang hampir mendekati standar kualitas biodiesel didapatkan  pada variabel suhu reaksi 65°C dan persentase jumlah katalis CaO-NaOH sebesar 1% dari berat minyak dimana  nilai yield biodiesel sebesar 85%, densitas 0,857 g/ml, viskositas 0,65 cst.
PENGARUH RASIO MOLASES DAN BAHAN BAKU PADA KETAHANAN BENTUK GRANULA MEDIA TANAM UNTUK TANAMAN AIR
Authors: Damayanti Putri Dyah , Wibowo Agung Ari
Published: June 2022

Soil substrate merupakan media tanam sebagai media tanam dan bersentuhan langsung dengan akar tanaman  air. Bentuk yang umum adalah granula, karena lebih mudah ditaburkan dan meresap ke tanaman. Tujuan  penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui hasil optimal rasio perekat molases dan bahan baku yang tepat untuk  mendapatkan granula media tanam yang tidak mudah hancur saat pengaplikasian di air dan perubahan nilai pH  air. Proses yang digunakan yaitu granulasi basah, dilakukan dengan mencampurkan bahan baku serbuk dengan  perekat kemudian dilakukan pengeringan dan pengayakan. Variasi rasio tanah humus dan tanah tanam yaitu  1:3, 2:3 dan 3:4. Variasi rasio molases dan air yaitu 20 mL:400 mL, 30 mL:400 mL dan 40 mL:400 mL. Hasil  optimal menggunakan perekat molases 20 mL pada rasio bahan 1:3 dan 2:3 mampu mempertahankan bentuk 7  hari. Pada molases 30 mL dan rasio bahan 1:3 mampu bertahan 2 hari. Dan pada molases 40 mL dengan rasio  bahan 1:3 mampu bertahan 2 hari, namun rasio bahan 2:3 mampu bertahan 7 hari. Kualitas fisik optimal yang  dihasilkan yaitu dengan perekat molases 20 mL pada rasio bahan 1:3 dan 2:3, dan perekat molases 40 mL dengan rasio bahan 2:3. Nilai pH mengalami penurunan dalam 5 hari pertama, namun meningkat pada hari ke  6 dan 7 dikarenakan konsentrasi CO2 dan suhu air. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rasio air dan perekat  yang digunakan, rasio bahan baku yang digunakan sangat mempengaruhi ketahanan soil substrate dan pH air  yang dihasilkan saat diaplikasikan di dalam air.
PERHITUNGAN EFISIENSI HIGH PRESSURE HEATER PADA PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA UAP PT POMI UNIT 3
Authors: Ifvournamasari Adinda Dwi , Sukmawanta Shafara Najla Marinda , Maryanty Yanty , Yulianto Erwan
Published: June 2022

PT Paiton Operation & Maintenance Indonesia (PT POMI) Probolinggo merupakan salah satu pembangkit listrik  tenaga uap yang menggunakan bahan bakar batu bara. Perusahaan ini merupakan penyuplai listrik untuk  wilayah Jawa dan Bali. Pada industri pembangkit listrik, High Pressure Heater (HPH) merupakan alat penukar  kalor yang berfungsi sebagai pemanas air umpan sebelum masuk ke boiler. Kerusakan pada HPH dapat  mengurangi umur, efektifitas dan performa dari HPH serta suhu air pengisi boiler pada inlet economizer akan  turun, sehingga butuh pemanasan yang lebih besar. Hal ini mengakibatkan konsumsi bahan bakar pada boiler akan naik sehingga menyebabkan penurunan pada efisiensi siklus Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap (PLTU) dan  peningkatan biaya produksi. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghitung efisiensi HPH pada PT  POMI Unit 3 sehingga dapat dilakukan perawatan (maintenance) yang baik secara berkala untuk menghemat  biaya operasional harian pada alat tersebut. Perhitungan efisiensi HPH pada PT POMI Unit 3 dilakukan dengan  metode perhitungan neraca massa dan neraca panas. Variabel yang digunakan yaitu perbedaan suhu masuk  pada Unit HP FWH 8A yaitu sebesar 256,9oC dan pada Unit HP FWH 8B yaitu sebesar 256,1oC. Dari hasil  perhitungan didapatkan efisiensi pada Unit HP FWH 8A yaitu sebesar 94,76% sedangkan pada Unit HP FWH 8B  yaitu sebesar 94,33%. Hasil efisiensi didapatkan dari perbandingan Qsteam dan Qwater di mana semakin besar  suhu maka semakin besar perbandingan Qsteam dan Qwater sehingga semakin besar pula efisiensi pada alat heater  begitu pula sebaliknya semakin kecil suhu maka semakin kecil perbandingan Qsteam dan Qwater sehingga semakin  kecil efisiensi pada alat heater.
LITERATURE STUDY OF L-CARNITINE PREPARATION METHODS FOR 1000 TONS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION
Authors: Purwadini Annida Khoirun Nisa , Lusiani Cucuk Evi
Published: June 2022

L-carnitine is a gamma-hydroxy amino acid and also known as vitamin Bγ. L-carnitine has many benefits as well  as uses. Supplements with L-carnitine content are much needed in the field of health. L-carnitine is obtained  using a variety of methods. They are the chemical optic resolution method, the biological method, and those  that use chiral materials from natural sources. The purpose of this literature study is to determine the best  method to be used in the design of the L-carnitine production plant with a capacity of 1000 tons per year by  comparing various existing methods from various aspects. Based on the results of the comparison, it was found  that the production of L-carnitine from (S)-3-activated hydroxybutyrolactone is the best method to be used in  the production of L-carnitine capacity of 1000 tons per year for 300 days. This method produces a lot-more L carnitine products at a lower cost than other methods that have a higher yield.
The Emerging Use of ASC/Scaffold Composites for the Regeneration of Osteochondral Defects
Authors: Rahman Gohar , Frazier Trivia P. , Gimble Jeffrey M. , Mohiuddin Omair A.
Published: June 2022

Articular cartilage is composed of chondrocytes surrounded by a porous permeable extracellular matrix. It has a limited spontaneous healing capability post-injury which, if left untreated, can result in severe osteochondral disease. Currently, osteochondral (OC) defects are treated by bone marrow stimulation, artificial joint replacement, or transplantation of bone, cartilage, and periosteum, while autologous osteochondral transplantation is also an option; it carries the risk of donor site damage and is limited only to the treatment of small defects. Allografts may be used for larger defects; however, they have the potential to elicit an immune response. A possible alternative solution to treat osteochondral diseases involves the use of stromal/stem cells. Human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) can differentiate into cartilage and bone cells. The ASC can be combined with both natural and synthetic scaffolds to support cell delivery, growth, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Combinations of both types of scaffolds along with ASCs and/or growth factors have shown promising results for the treatment of OC defects based on in vitro and in vivo experiments. Indeed, these findings have translated to several active clinical trials testing the use of ASC-scaffold composites on human subjects. The current review critically examines the literature describing ASC-scaffold composites as a potential alternative to conventional therapies for OC tissue regeneration.
Construction of Exosomes that Overexpress CD47 and Evaluation of Their Immune Escape
Authors: Ben Xin-Yu , Wang Ya-Ru , Zheng Hui-Hui , Li De-Xian , Ren Rui , Ni Pan-Li , Zhang Hai-Ying , Feng Ren-Jun , Li Yun-Qing , Li Qi-Fu , Yi Xi-Nan
Published: June 2022

Our general purpose was to provide a theoretical and practical foundation for the use of exosomes (EXOs) that have high levels of CD47 as stable and efficient drug carriers. Thus, we prepared EXOs from adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ADMSCs) that had high levels of CD47 (EXOsCD47) and control EXOs (without CD47), and then compared their immune escapein vivoand their resistance to phagocytosisin vitro. Nanoflow cytometry was used to determine the CD47 level in these EXOs, and the amount of EXOsCD47that remained in rat plasma at 3 h after intraperitoneal injection. Phagocytosis of the EXOs was also determined usingin vitrorat macrophage bone marrow (RMA-BM) experiments. Ourin vitroresults showed that macrophages ingested significantly more control EXOs than EXOsCD47(p< 0.01), with confirmation by ultra-high-definition laser confocal microscopy. Consistently, ourin vivoresults showed that rats had 1.377-fold better retention of EXOsCD47than control EXOs (p< 0.01). These results confirmed that these engineered EXOsCD47had improved immune escape. Our results therefore verified that EXOsCD47had increased immune evasion relative to control EXOs, and have potential for use as drug carriers.
Development of Bovine Gastric Organoids as a Novel In Vitro Model to Study Host-Parasite Interactions in Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections
Authors: Faber Marc N. , Smith David , Price Daniel R. G. , Steele Philip , Hildersley Katie A. , Morrison Liam J. , Mabbott Neil A. , Nisbet Alasdair J. , McNeilly Tom N.
Published: June 2022

Gastro-intestinal nematode (GIN) parasites are a major cause of production losses in grazing cattle, primarily through reduced growth rates in young animals. Control of these parasites relies heavily on anthelmintic drugs; however, with growing reports of resistance to currently available anthelmintics, alternative methods of control are required. A major hurdle in this work has been the lack of physiologically relevant in vitro infection models that has made studying precise interactions between the host and the GINs difficult. Such mechanistic insights into the infection process will be valuable for the development of novel targets for drugs, vaccines, or other interventions. Here we created bovine gastric epithelial organoids from abomasal gastric tissue and studied their application as in vitro models for understanding host invasion by GIN parasites. Transcriptomic analysis of gastric organoids across multiple passages and the corresponding abomasal tissue showed conserved expression of tissue-specific genes across samples, demonstrating that the organoids are representative of bovine gastric tissue from which they were derived. We also show that self-renewing and self-organising three-dimensional organoids can also be serially passaged, cryopreserved, and resuscitated. Using Ostertagia ostertagi, the most pathogenic gastric parasite in cattle in temperate regions, we show that cattle gastric organoids are biologically relevant models for studying GIN invasion in the bovine abomasum. Within 24 h of exposure, exsheathed larvae rapidly and repeatedly infiltrated the lumen of the organoids. Prior to invasion by the parasites, the abomasal organoids rapidly expanded, developing a ‘ballooning’ phenotype. Ballooning of the organoids could also be induced in response to exposure to parasite excretory/secretory products. In summary, we demonstrate the power of using abomasal organoids as a physiologically relevant in vitro model system to study interactions of O. ostertagi and other GIN with bovine gastrointestinal epithelium.
Online Teaching During COVID-19: Exploration of Challenges and Their Coping Strategies Faced by University Teachers in Pakistan
Authors: Sahito Zafarullah , Shah Sayeda Sapna , Pelser Anna-Marie
Published: June 2022

The provision and practice of an online environment have become the main challenge for many institutes including universities during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the use of an online learning system was used by the majority of the teachers through an understanding of the adoption of ICT with the major challenges faced by them during the teaching–learning process. It has been found through this study that the teachers are lacking in ICT literacy. Therefore, they are facing online classroom management and connectivity issues throughout their journey during COVID-19. This study aims to explore the challenges and coping strategies faced by university teachers during the pandemic of COVID-19. A qualitative research method with a case study approach was used to get an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon of online teaching during COVID-19. Interviews were collected from eleven teacher educators (TEs) of the university. After analyzing the data, nine themes were generated with major findings, that is, connectivity issues, online teaching methods and techniques, learning environment for online teaching and learning, and challenges faced by teachers. The study findings are a good sought of addition and contribution for the university policymakers to evaluate, influence, and ensure the successful implementation of the e-learning system. Additionally, it is a suggestion for the university management to arrange some workshops or training programs for TEs to improve productivity and performance during their online teaching.
Acute Effects of Strength and Endurance Training on Bone Turnover Markers in Young Adults and Elderly Men
Authors: Stunes Astrid Kamilla , Brobakken Cathrine Langlie , Sujan Md Abu Jafar , Aagård Norun , Brevig Martin Siksjø , Wang Eivind , Syversen Unni , Mosti Mats Peder
Published: June 2022

Context

Exercise is recognized as an important strategy to prevent bone loss, but its acute effects on bone turnover markers (BTMs) and related markers remain uncertain.

Objective

To assess the acute effects of two different exercise modes on BTMs and related markers in young adults of both sexes and elderly men.

Design, Setting, Participants

This was a three-group crossover within-subjects design study with a total of 53 participants—19 young women (aged 22–30), 20 young men (aged 21–30 years), and 14 elderly men (aged 63–74 years)—performing two different exercise sessions [strength training (ST) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT)] separated by 2 weeks, in a supervised laboratory setting.

Main Outcome Measures

Plasma volume-corrected serum measurements of the BTMs C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX-I) and procollagen of type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), total osteocalcin (OC), sclerostin, and lipocalin-2 (LCN2) at baseline, immediately after, and 3 and 24 h after each of the two exercise modes were performed.

Results and Conclusion

Analyses revealed sex- and age-dependent differences in BTMs and related bone markers at baseline and time-, sex-, and age-dependent differences in response to exercise. No differences between exercise modes were observed for BTM response except for sclerostin in young men and LCN2 in elderly men. An acute, transient, and uniform increase in P1NP/CTX-1 ratio was found in young participants, demonstrating that beneficial skeletal effects on bone metabolism can be attained through both aerobic endurance and resistance exercise, although this effect seems to be attenuated with age. The acute effects of exercise on bone-related biomarkers were generally blunted after 24 h, suggesting that persistent alterations following prolonged exercise interventions should be assessed at later time points.
A Non-Intrusive Residential Electric Bicycle Load Monitoring Method Based on Hybrid Feature Bitmap and DeiT
Authors: Huang Qifeng , Fang Kaijie , Ding Zecheng , Cheng Hanmiao , Huang Yixuan , Geng Lulu , Wang Puyu , Xu Haibo
Published: June 2022

Taking into account energy management and fire safety, electric bicycles are one of the most significant household loads that require real-time sensing for nonintrusive load monitoring. V–I trajectories, power quantities, and harmonic characteristics are the basic selection in feature space for appliance identification. Based on the study of the charging mode of electric bicycles, this study expands the V–I trajectory into V-△I trajectory for gaining the load signature with multi appliances working simultaneously. We perform linear interpolation and pixelation to obtain a bitmap of the V-△I trajectory. Meanwhile, active and harmonic features are encoded and combined to form a hybrid feature bitmap, which is unique to compensate for the high harmonic feature loss caused by the pixelation of the V-△I trajectory. Furthermore, we trained the DeiT model on the self-built dataset and UK-DALE dataset and performed two experiments under single and superposition working conditions for electric bicycles. Our case results indicate that the DeiT model using hybrid feature bitmap offers better overall precision in the prediction of electric bicycles, against other deep convolutional neural networks.
Digesting the Indigestible: Microplastic Extraction From Prawn Digestive Tracts
Authors: Li Joan Y. Q. , Nankervis Leo , Dawson Amanda L.
Published: June 2022

Microplastics (MPs) have become ubiquitous in the marine environment, and are likely ingested by a broad cross-section of marine life. The extent to which marine organisms ingest MPs is uncertain due to limitations in analytical methods. Effective identification and analysis of ingested MPs is a precursor to understand their impact on marine organisms and their human consumers. This is particularly challenging for crustaceans, due to the chitin present in their exoskeleton and digestive systems, which is resistant to chemical degradation. This study presents a novel application that can efficiently break down the stable organic tissue of banana prawns (Penaeus merguiensis), and subsequently isolate putative MP polymers from the digestive tract without damaging their integrity. Five treatments were examined for their capacity to break down chitin from the prawn digestive system; namely acid, alkaline, oxidant, enzyme and microwave assisted oxidant digestion. Gravimetric and image analysis revealed that the organic tissue of the prawn gastrointestinal tract can be effectively removed by acid, oxidant, and microwave assisted oxidant digestion methods. However, testing on seven reference polymers (polyamide (PA), polyethylene (PE), polyester (PES), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and rayon) revealed significant degradation when exposed to acid digestion. Overall, microwave assisted oxidant digestion achieved the best recovery rate of spiked MPs (>90%) with minimal size, shape, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral changes for all polymers except for rayon. These results highlight a new direction for tissue removal and MP extraction in crustacean ingestion studies.
Shrub Expansion is Mainly Affected by Climate-Dominated Functional Traits in Alpine Meadow
Authors: Yang Jianping , Su Peixi , Zhou Zijuan , Shi Rui , Qin Yanyan
Published: June 2022

Shrub expansion has been reported mostly in dry and semi-arid ecosystems worldwide. Shrub expansion is also a serious ecological issue in alpine and cold regions. Multiple drivers, including anthropogenic and environmental factors, contribute to this phenomenon. However, the relative effects of climate and soil factors on shrub expansion are incompletely quantified or understood in the alpine meadow, and quantifying how these factors result in variations in functional traits associated with shrub expansion is crucial considering that functional traits are tightly related to ecosystem processes. In this study, we investigated the vegetation of an alpine shrub meadow composed of Potentilla fruticosa L. In the Zoige Plateau, along an elevation gradient. We assessed the direct and indirect effects of climate and soil factors on functional traits, shrub expansion strength (measured as the total biomass), and relative abundance (via functional traits). We found that climate factors, namely, the mean temperature of the warmest quarter (bio10), mostly affected specific leaf areas and specific lobe volume, which were the most important traits related to shrub expansion. Soil factors, except soil water content (SWC), had weak effects on functional traits closely related to shrub expansion. Our partial least square path modeling model explained 99% of the variation in shrub biomass. Results suggest that climate change not only affected functional traits but also influenced shrub expansion in the Zoige Plateau. Thus, management measures to control expansion should consider these drivers for more accurate forecasting and cost effectiveness. Understanding the mechanism of alpine shrub expansion contributes to the delaying of the expansion process and ensures steady pastoral production.
Phylogeography of Tridentiger bifasciatus (Gobiidae) in the Northwestern Pacific
Authors: Wang Junjie , Hsu Kui-Ching , Chen Yue-Hua , Zhao Jun , Tang Wen-Qiao , Liu Dong , Yang Jin-Quan , Lin Hung-Du
Published: June 2022

The shimofuri goby (Tridentiger bifasciatus) is native to marine, brackish, and fresh waters along the coasts of the northwest Pacific. Our study examined the population genetic structure, diversity, and demography of T. bifasciatus in the China Seas, including the Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and South China Sea, using the sequences of mitochondrial DNA [mtDNA cytochrome b (cyt b) gene and d-loop region] and nuclear DNA [nuDNA ryanodine receptor 3 (Ryr3) gene]. The mtDNA dataset revealed a significant population differentiation, but the nuDNA dataset displayed the absence of genetic differentiation. The discordance between these two datasets was accounted for by population admixture, selection, and incomplete lineage sorting. Although the mtDNA and nuDNA displayed a discordant population structure, these genetic markers revealed the same population history: (1) the populations retreated into two refugia during glaciations and (2) the populations declined recently. Our study revealed that after glaciations, the re-flooding in Taiwan Strait did not shape the migrations of the southern lineage from the South China Sea to the East China Sea, and displayed that two mtDNA lineages have diverged before they migrated southward during glaciations. These results offer important resources for the further study of conservation genetics.
Prenatal Diagnosis of Isovaleric Acidemia From Amniotic Fluid Using Genetic and Biochemical Approaches
Authors: Ding Si , Liang Lili , Qiu Wenjuan , Zhang Huiwen , Xiao Bing , Dong Liping , Ji Wenjun , Xu Feng , Gong Zhuwen , Gu Xuefan , Wang Lei , Han Lianshu
Published: June 2022

Background: Isovaleric acidemia (IVA) is an inborn error of leucine metabolism and different approaches have been applied to its prenatal diagnosis. However, systemic application of a biochemical strategy is rare. To evaluate its reliability and validity, we conducted a retrospective study of our experience with metabolite measurement together with genetic analysis in IVA prenatal diagnosis at a single center.

Methods: A total of eight pregnancies whose probands were diagnosed as IVA were referred to our center for prenatal diagnosis. Prenatal data of genetic analysis and metabolite measurement using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in amniotic fluid (AF) samples were retrospectively reviewed.

Results: Genetic and biochemical results were both available in these eight at-risk fetuses. Among them, two fetuses had higher levels of isovalerylcarnitine (C5) and C5/acetylcarnitine (C2) in AF compared with normal reference range and, thus, were determined to be affected, both of whom were found to carry compound heterogeneous mutations according to genetic analysis. The remaining six fetuses were determined to be unaffected based on a normal AF metabolite profile, except one showed slightly elevated C5 and they were found to be carriers according to genetic analysis. However, the level of isovalerylglycine (IVG) could not be detected at all in both groups.

Conclusion: The biochemical analysis, as a quick and convenient method, could be an additional reliable option for the prenatal diagnosis of IVA, especially in families with inconclusive genetic results, and can achieve a more precise diagnosis in conjunction with mutation analysis.
Human IL-17 and TNF-α Additively or Synergistically Regulate the Expression of Proinflammatory Genes, Coagulation-Related Genes, and Tight Junction Genes in Porcine Aortic Endothelial Cells
Authors: Li Weilong , Chen Pengfei , Zhao Yanli , Cao Mengtao , Hu Wenjun , Pan Litao , Sun Huimin , Huang Dongsheng , Wu Hanxi , Song Zhuoheng , Zhong Huanli , Mou Lisha , Luan Shaodong , Chen Xiehui , Gao Hanchao
Published: June 2022

Immune rejection is the major limitation for porcine xenograft survival in primate recipients. Proinflammatory cytokines play important roles in immune rejection and have been found to mediate the pathological effects in various clinical and experimental transplantation trials. IL-17 and TNF-α play critical pathological roles in immune disorders, such as psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. However, the pathological roles of human IL-17 (hIL-17) and human TNF-α (hTNF-α) in xenotransplantation remain unclear. Here we found that hIL-17 and hTNF-α additively or synergistically regulate the expression of 697 genes in porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAECs). Overall, 415 genes were found to be synergistically regulated, while 282 genes were found to be additively regulated. Among these, 315 genes were upregulated and 382 genes were downregulated in PAECs. Furthermore, we found that hIL-17 and hTNF-α additively or synergistically induced the expression of various proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (e.g., IL1α, IL6, and CXCL8) and decreased the expression of certain anti-inflammatory genes (e.g., IL10). Moreover, hIL-17 plus hTNF-α increased the expression of IL1R1 and IL6ST, receptors for IL1 and IL6, respectively, and decreased anti-inflammatory gene receptor expression (IL10R). hIL-17 and hTNF-α synergistically or additively induced CXCL8 and CCL2 expression and consequently promoted primary human neutrophil and human leukemia monocytic cell migration, respectively. In addition, hIL-17 and hTNF-α induced pro-coagulation gene (SERPINB2 and F3) expression and decreased anti-coagulation gene (TFPI, THBS1, and THBD) expression. Additionally, hIL-17 and hTNF-α synergistically decreased occludin expression and consequently promoted human antibody-mediated complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Interestingly, hTNF-α increased swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) class I expression; however, hIL-17 decreased TNF-α-mediated SLA-I upregulation. We concluded that hIL-17 and hTNF-α likely promote the inflammatory response, coagulation cascade, and xenoantibody-mediated cell injury. Thus, blockade of hIL-17 and hTNF-α together might be beneficial for xenograft survival in recipients.