bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Posthumanist Praxis and the Paradoxes of Agency, Responsibility, and Organization in the ‘Anthropocene’
Authors: Nimmo Richie
Published: October 2022

Initially framed as a provocation intended to challenge the exclusion of human activity from studies of long-term physical changes in the earth system, the Anthropocene remains an essentially contested concept. Despite its increasing prevalence across multiple disciplines and fields, there is little consensus over its veracity either as a geological, socio-environmental or socio-historical hypothesis. But for anyone committed to thinking seriously about what used to be called society-environment relations, engagement with the Anthropocene is now inescapable. This chapter engages with the Anthropocene from the perspective of posthumanist thought, arguing that whilst the concept is riddled with contradictions, tensions, and potential flaws, these are also productive paradoxes which can contribute to our thinking, ethics, and politics in the context of the spiralling ecological crisis. The discussion undertakes a critical posthumanist reading of the Anthropocene, with particular attention to its central paradoxes around agency and responsibility, and the implications for various influential approaches to environmental politics and green social transition.
Organizing a Real that Is Yet to Come
Authors: Pedersen Helena
Published: October 2022

The aim of this chapter is to introduce education as a key area of critical inquiry in animal organization studies by analyzing its embeddedness in the animal-industrial complex (A-IC) (Noske, 1997). The concept of the A-IC has been defined and its analytic force examined in a few influential texts (Noske, 1997; Twine, 2012), but the role and function of educational institutions in the A-IC is largely unexplored (Pedersen, 2019). The first part of the chapter offers a brief account of significant intersections of the A-IC and animal organization studies, based on the animal studies and organization studies literature. The second part of the chapter explores what work education does in the A-IC, drawing on an example from ethnographic fieldwork in a Swedish upper secondary school theorized through Deleuze and Guattari ([1980] 2004). In the end, the organizing of promissory futures for students as animal science professionals relies on educational reproduction of the status quo of exploitative arrangements for animals in society, and in this way, education emerges as not only a central actor in, but a condition for the A-IC. Understanding the A-IC as an organizing concept for critical animal organization studies thus requires analyses of the multifaceted, dynamic and productive functions of education. Further research could focus on both what is at stake for the animals as well as the students caught up in educational spaces of the A-IC, and explore potential roles of education in collective resistance to this exploitation.
Uncertainty in Strategy Research
Authors: Sund Kristian J. , Galavan Robert J. , Huff Anne S.
Published: October 2022

Strategic decision-making invariably involves making inferences about the future, a future that cannot be fully known. While all decisions carry risk, uncertainty arises from the inability to assign probability estimates to future events and is thus a key concept within strategy. Yet, strategy scholars sometimes use the concept of uncertainty in ways that obscure, rather than clarify, what they mean. Indeed, constructs such as risk, uncertainty, volatility, complexity, ambiguity, and dynamism are often used interchangeably and without clarification of concept. In this chapter, the authors aim to provide the reader with a clarifying overview of the classical work on uncertainty in strategy research and give examples of the more recent evolution of the concept. A particular emphasis is on the relationship between uncertainty and complementary constructs. The authors illustrate some of the strategy perspectives that surround both objective and subjective uncertainty and end the overview by commenting on new sources of uncertainty.
Transforming Information Uncertainty into Employee Well-Being and Resilience
Authors: Rothman Naomi B. , Pratt Michael G.
Published: October 2022

This chapter focuses on what organizations and their leaders can do to facilitate employee well-being and resilience when faced with chronic uncertainty, and offers an unexpected source: ambivalence, defined as the simultaneous experience of opposing orientations toward an object or target. The authors argue that ambivalence can trigger sensemaking, which in turn motivates individuals to reach out to others to help cope, thus mitigating the effects of uncertainty. Such sensemaking is most likely to occur when organizational cultures promote the feeling and expression of emotional ambivalence rather than simply positive emotions (e.g., “look on the bright side”). By focusing on emotional ambivalence, this chapter challenges Western notions of what good business leaders are and what they should do when faced with informational uncertainty. The authors argue that ambivalence is an under-appreciated and valuable resource for producing resilience in times of chronic uncertainty. Perhaps most importantly, the authors introduce the concept of organizational cultures of emotional ambivalence. In doing so, the authors question the overwhelming focus on “cultures of positivity” found in much business press.
Self-Uncertainty and Social Identity Processes in Organizations
Authors: Hogg Michael A.
Published: October 2022

Uncertainty identity theory is a social psychological theory that assigns self-uncertainty a significant motivational role in group identification and associated group and intergroup behaviors. The aim of this chapter is to clarify the theory’s relevance to organizational and management dynamics. People strive to reduce feelings of uncertainty about themselves, and can accomplish this very successfully by group identification. Some groups and identities are better at reducing uncertainty; when self-uncertainty is elevated people strive to identify with and be accepted by groups that are distinctive and well-structured, have clear and directive leadership and an unambiguous and clearly defined identity, and within which members are interdependent and share identity-based similarity. This uncertainty-identity dynamic is largely beneficial for individuals, teams, organizations and society. But it can have detrimental consequence associated with zealotry, partisanship, conflict, populism, and an echo-chamber mindset. The author describes the theory’s concepts and processes, and the beneficial and deleterious consequences of self-uncertainty. The author closes by suggesting how undesirable consequences can be combatted through organizational leadership and management.
Are Certain People More Prone Toward Infidelity?
Authors: Altgelt Emma E. , McNulty James K. , Meltzer Andrea L.
Published: October 2022

Individual differences in personality and other traits may be associated with the likelihood that people or their partners will engage in infidelity. This chapter reviews research examining these possibilities. It begins by reviewing research examining associations between infidelity and (a) the Big Five, (b) Dark Triad, (c) attachment insecurity (i.e., attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance), and (d) sociosexual orientation. For each individual difference, it considers the extent to which each trait is associated with individuals’ own as well as their partners’ likelihood of engaging in infidelity. This chapter then outlines the importance of using strong methodologies to examine the association between personality and infidelity, including the importance of examining the role of both partners’ personalities and using strong measures of infidelity. This chapter concludes by highlighting important avenues for future research in this domain.
Deception and Secrecy in Infidelity
Authors: Hughes Susan M.
Published: October 2022

Infidelity is rooted in secrecy and deceit. The deception can include both falsification (i.e., active lying) and concealment (i.e., omission of information) of extrapair liaisons. Infidelity deception can also take the form of engagement in secret online indiscretions. Those who are more likely to engage in infidelity deception possess certain qualities related to high sociosexuality and Machiavellianism, and also have a history of serial infidelity. Given the secretive nature of infidelity, there are strategies that individuals use to uncover secrets. These cheater detection strategies may involve active information seeking (e.g., snooping on partner) or the use of implicit cues such as assessing subtle behavioral changes or examining the facial and vocal patterns of a cheater. Deception can also be directed toward the extrapair partner to attain or maintain the extradyadic relationship. Further, there is deception involved with a potential consequence of infidelity—cuckoldry; misattributed paternity is definitive proof of infidelity that has been kept hidden. Even after a sexual infidelity has been exposed, the responses presented to one’s partner may not always be laden with truth and transparency with regard to the unfaithful acts and the feelings toward the extrapair partner. The motivation to maintain an in-pair partnership and the amount of knowledge already gathered by an in-pair partner about the transgressions can facilitate different incentives for exposing the disloyalty and/or offering concessions. This chapter presents an overview of the literature that examines the secret and deceptive aspects of infidelity.
The Nature of Infidelity in Nonheterosexual Relationships
Authors: Lehmiller Justin J. , Selterman Dylan
Published: October 2022

This chapter describes research on nonmonogamous practices in nonheterosexual relationships. Specifically, it explores (1) the prevalence of both consensual nonmonogamy (e.g., open relationships, polyamory) and nonconsensual nonmonogamy (i.e., infidelity) in this population, (2) factors that may explain why both types of nonmonogamy appear to be more prevalent among sexual minorities, (3) predictors of attitudes toward and experiences with infidelity (including personality traits and attachment style), and (4) reactions to infidelity among sexual minorities compared to heterosexual persons. We also describe several important directions for future research in this area, including suggestions for improving measurement, given that much previous research on sexual minorities has conflated all forms of nonmonogamy, regardless of whether it was consensual or nonconsensual. This review establishes an ambitious agenda for continued work in this area, while also challenging popular ideas and assumptions about various nonmonogamous practices.
Predicting Infidelity in the Context of Race and Ethnicity
Authors: Campbell Kelly , Brown Tiffany L. , McKinley Brandyn-Dior
Published: October 2022

This chapter describes the intrapersonal, relational, and environmental predictors of infidelity across the major racial/ethnic groups in the United States including African, Asian, European, Latin, and Native Americans. It also reviews cross-cultural research on the topic of race/ethnicity and infidelity. It begins by defining key terms and identifying the predictors of infidelity that apply across racial/ethnic groups. In addition, historical, societal, and cultural factors that influence individuals’ intimate relationship beliefs and practices are highlighted throughout to help contextualize the underlying motivations for infidelity. Several theoretical frameworks including social exchange and interdependence, symbolic interaction, intersectionality, and bioecological are used to advance the discussion. It concludes by identifying the limitations of extant work and providing directions for researchers and practitioners.
Social Versus Sexual Monogamy
Authors: Salmon Catherine A. , Hehman Jessica
Published: October 2022

Monogamy is sometimes understood as a type of relationship in which an individual has only one partner during their lifetime. Thus, serial monogamy refers to the practice of having only one partner during a specific period of time. Based on current divorce rates in modern Western populations, humans are often referred to as serially monogamous. However, there is also a distinction to be made between social and sexual monogamy. Social monogamy reflects a socially recognized relationship in which two individuals live together, have sexual relations, and cooperate in the acquisition and sharing of resources, and often the care of offspring. Sexual monogamy consists of two individuals who are sexually exclusive, having no sexual partners outside of the pair. While many pairings can be both socially and sexually monogamous, sexual monogamy is not always found in socially monogamous relationships. This chapter reviews research that examines the factors influencing social and sexual monogamy and the role infidelity can play in social monogamy in humans and nonhuman animals.
“The Perfect Nanny”
Authors: Woller Megan
Published: October 2022

This chapter examines the status of Walt Disney’s Mary Poppins (1964) as the standard for children’s musicals in the 1960s and beyond, considering the role of casting in this legacy. Disney’s Mary Poppins not only launched Julie Andrews into fame but used her already growing career and well-honed talent in shaping the final film. Related to the discussion of Andrews’s rising star power is the fact that Mary Poppins featured another prominent stage, television, and film actor: Dick Van Dyke. Casting plays an important role in how Disney’s film adapts the book series by author P. L. Travers. As such, this chapter considers how the characters, with a focus on Mary Poppins herself, change in the translation from page to screen. All these factors come together in the reception of Mary Poppins as the gold standard for family-friendly film musicals.
Night and Day, the Musical
Authors: Eisen Cliff
Published: October 2022

The late 1930s and early 1940s witnessed an upsurge in historical biopics, sometimes based on European figures such as Marie Antoinette and Marie Curie, but more often than not based on the lives of Americans, including cowboys and frontiersmen, politicians and military figures, inventors, writers, athletes and criminals, including Wyatt Earp, Jesse James, Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Alva Edison, Edgar Allan Poe, Lou Gehrig, and John Dillinger, among others. At the end of the war, some cultural figures, especially composers whose works were seen as particularly American and that could contribute to global American cultural hegemony in a postwar world, were featured as well. In 1945 and 1946, three such pictures were released: Rhapsody in Blue, a Gershwin film featuring Robert Alda as the composer; Night and Day, a life of Cole Porter starring Cary Grant; and Till the Clouds Roll By, a biopic of Jerome Kern starring Robert Walker. In the case of Night and Day, it may be worth asking whether generic categories adequately account for the specifics and seeming point of the film. An otherwise apparently unknown early treatment of the Night and Day script, together with imagery from the show’s lobby cards as well as the finished film itself, suggest that Night and Day is primarily a good old-fashioned romance and that, in its relationship to Porter’s music, most closely approximates a jukebox musical.
“Make Like You’re Singing It”
Authors: Symonds Dominic
Published: October 2022

Judy Garland is one of the most celebrated performers from Hollywood’s Golden Age. This chapter suggests that Garland’s musicality gave her a unique way of controlling her vocal presence on the screen. It explores how Garland used her exceptional musical skills to craft the music of her performance—not the music of her songs per se, but the music of her acting. It suggests that Garland brought her abilities as a singer—or more specifically, as a musician—into her wider performance, crafting her acting approach with musical qualities inspired by Mickey Rooney. Her mastery of musicality—supported by the complicity of Roger Edens—gave her authority over her performance, enabling her to reclaim agency over her voice and body, and, ultimately, power over her persona. Thanks to that agency, her lasting legacy was something that Garland could keep subtly out of reach of the studio bosses and their relative musical ignorance, even while the enigmatic talent of her voice was openly displayed in her performances, claimed as an MGM asset, and celebrated by audiences.
Xanadu and the Musical’s History of Failure
Authors: Shearer Martha
Published: October 2022

Xanadu (Robert Greenwald, 1980) was a failure. It narrates a clear desire to revive the glory days of the Hollywood musical, but was wildly unsuccessful in doing so. While the film has since acquired something of a cult following, such that a stage adaptation opened on Broadway in 2007, its ambitions were clearly far bigger, and that cult audience remains modest. This chapter pays attention to the film’s own interest in success, its relationship to real estate and property development narratives both on- and offscreen, its use of special effects, and its relationship to generic traditions in order to unpick the particular resonances of its failure. It argues that the nature of its failure needs to be understood in the context of a wildly uncertain period for both the film industry and the musical, principally the reassertion of studio control and the emergence of generic forms more suited to such conditions. Those contexts shape not only the success narrative Xanadu constructs but also the frequently jarring and baffling ways it conveys that narrative. Its textual incoherence is of interest not only for what it reveals about those contexts, but also for precisely how it renders the film resistant to capitalist dynamics all the while embracing them on a representational level. Above all, Xanadu is a way into the particular attractions, and risks, that success/failure dynamics have held for the musical throughout its tumultuous history.
Musical Television
Authors: Feuer Jane
Published: October 2022

This essay traces shifting definitions of theatricality through the genre of quality drama, a genre that is also televisual and cinematic. It offers readings of Smash and makes reference to Glee and the Judy Garland Show in an attempt to show the relationships between the stage and screen models of the musical. The film musicals of the 1930s used vaudeville and Broadway revues as intertexts; later musicals had earlier film musicals as the internal show. Glee had a 1963 television show within a 2011 television show. Yet the live theatrical internal show continued to thrive in theater and in cinema. The compelling nature of live performance persisted as an intertext for film and television long after theater had ceased to be a dominant medium in popular culture. Considering this long history of texts about “Show Business” and” “Show People,” it is not surprising to find a backstage musical being made in 2012. What is surprising is that a backstage musical about the production of a Broadway show should be made for US network television at this late date. Theatricality structured the genre of quality drama but Smash was something even more than the theatrical: it was theater at every level.
Singing and Dancing in Widescreen
Authors: Decker Todd
Published: October 2022

In the mid-1950s, the Hollywood studios abruptly converted to widescreen aspect ratios, which brought with them dramatically larger screens in first-run movie palaces. This industry-wide shift fundamentally changed the spatial context for screen song and dance and had visible effects on the performing body as staged, choreographed, framed, and edited in the Hollywood musical genre. This chapter considers a corpus of thirty-one widescreen musical films released by the major Hollywood studios between 1954 and 1958 and attends rather narrowly to the suddenly urgent question faced by the makers of these films: how to stage and frame the singing and dancing body in widescreen.
Feminism Is Dead, Long Live Feminisms
Authors: Rich Camille Gear
Published: October 2022

This chapter provides an introduction to postmodern legal feminism; it explores the fading status of old forms of feminist knowledge and the emergence of new vibrant voices that can be harmonized using postmodern feminist understandings. Section I offers an historical account of postmodern legal feminism’s emergence, exploring common concerns raised about postmodernism’s role in complicating feminist legal reform. Section II examines postmodern concepts that have been underutilized in feminist legal theory, arguing that their full usage would better position feminists to meet today’s gender justice challenges. Section III provides illustrations of postmodern legal feminist analysis, demonstrating how postmodern tools allow us to produce better insights in an era of conflicting, competing information and political claims. As the chapter shows, postmodern tools allow feminists to ask better questions and produce better answers as we analyze the fractured feminist gains of the twentieth century, and map areas of twenty-first-century growth.
Toyohiko Kagawa of Japan
Authors: Shaffer Robert
Published: October 2022

Toyohiko Kagawa (1888–1960) was a Japanese Christian socialist and pacifist who rose to prominence through his work with impoverished slum-dwellers, industrial workers, and peasants. While scholars note lapses in his pacifism, Kagawa criticized his nation’s 1931 invasion of Manchuria and was briefly imprisoned several times for criticizing Japanese militarism. He spent much of World War II under police surveillance, but also made statements used by his government to justify its war effort. After World War II Kagawa defended Japan’s new antiwar constitution, and he helped lead his nation’s powerful anti-nuclear weapons and world federalist movements, even while often embracing Cold War policies. Kagawa’s global significance stems largely from his widely read books and his travels abroad, as he convinced many Americans and Europeans that economic cooperatives were the Christian alternative to both capitalism and communism and that only they could provide the economic basis to eliminate wars’ causes.
Mohandas Gandhi
Authors: Presbey Gail
Published: October 2022

The chapter focuses on Gandhi’s political action, and his refining of methods for nonviolent action. The article begins with precursors to Gandhi including the suffragettes and Tolstoy. Ashrams were the backbone of Gandhi’s nonviolent method, and simple living and “constructive program” (eradicating poverty) were central to his focus on Hind Swaraj (which meant self-rule as well as Indian home rule). The analysis follows the development of “satyagraha” as a concept, addresses several satyagraha actions from 1906 to Gandhi’s death in 1948, while focusing on the development of methods such as the strike, fasting, filling jails due to civil disobedience, boycotts, and pilgrimages. It covers controversies such as the tension between violent (Marxist and other) and nonviolent means, and breakdowns of nonviolent discipline. It concludes by looking at Gandhi’s influence on W. E. B. DuBois and other pan-Africanists, as well as the US Civil Rights movement, including Bayard Rustin and M. L. King.
The Future of Peace History
Authors: Goode Michael
Published: October 2022

This chapter argues that peace history must be mainstreamed within the historical profession if the field is to thrive going forward. There are two challenges to overcome: (1) most historians are either indifferent to or unaware of peace history as a field, and (2) historians are underrepresented in peace studies and thus have effectively conceded peace research to other disciplines. The result is that peace research outside of history is poorly historicized, and peace as a subject within history is poorly theorized. Most historians understand “peace” to mean negative peace, and John Galtung’s normative framing of positive peace as social justice is not very useful for a profession that has an overarching ethical commitment to uncovering the violence of the past. Ironically, many historians, including those doing cutting edge work on histories of slavery and colonialism, are peace historians without being aware of it. Historians outside of peace studies must become more aware of the ways that peace is implicated in their work, and peace historians need to continue to push the historical profession toward novel and better historicizations of peace. To facilitate this transformation, the author suggests “right ordering” as a theoretical alternative to Galtung’s positive and negative peace. Viewing peace as a discourse on right ordering means looking for the ways in which people in the past sought to order their world according to their particular notions of harmony. Peace was both a language and an assertion of power. It could enable violence or seek to limit it.
Effective Training and Delivery of ACT
Authors: Walser Robyn D. , Wharton Emily Rachel
Published: October 2022

The dissemination of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) as an evidence-based intervention is well underway. As a scientifically supported treatment approach, ACT may be considered a best practice in promoting well-being among those who suffer from psychological and emotional challenges. Optimizing mental health means not only understanding the mechanisms and processes by which individuals come to suffer and recover; it also means ensuring the successful dissemination and implementation of the practice. Sound dissemination processes for ACT include guiding researchers, policymakers, clinicians, and other stakeholders in the effective training and delivery of ACT as a best practice sustained over time. The process of widespread dissemination is subject to dilution of innovation—an adoption strategy wherein the “tools” of ACT are loosely adopted rather than the successful training of its principles and processes. Effective training concerns fidelity, adherence, and competency in ACT. There is a need for competency-based training that includes both workshops and ongoing consultation. This article proposes a model for disseminating and implementing ACT in clinics and large settings and reviews an example of ACT training in the Veterans Health Administration. Finally, it presents recommendations for future research and dissemination efforts of ACT training and supervision.
Video Games, Performance, and Algorithmic Processing of Music
Authors: Thompson Ryan
Published: October 2022

Video games for which the gameplay interacts with game audio as part of the core gameplay loop often invite players to consider music in new ways. Occasionally, this can lead to using games themselves as analytical tools that emphasize different parts of music than many traditional analytical frameworks. Discussions of rhythm and meter, and comparing multiple performances of the same work to one another, are all facilitated by video games in interesting ways. This chapter discusses Crypt of the Necrodancer, Guitar Hero, and Audiosurf as both musically-engaged video games and as spaces inviting conversations surrounding music theory approachable by an engaged, amateur public.
The Critical Roles of Global South Stakeholders in AI Governance
Authors: Png Marie-Therese
Published: October 2022

This chapter aims to present a discourse of AI governance for and from the Global South, and contrast this with the Inclusive AI Governance discourse led largely out of Global North institutions. By doing so, it identifies gaps in the dominant AI governance discourse and advocates for its systemic restructuring. It proposes that key differences between the Global South and dominant Global North discourses can be explained in part by historic power dynamics, describing the coloniality of power in AI governance. It bridges these gaps by outlining critical concerns expressed by Global South actors but neglected by the dominant AI discourse—including digital sovereignty as relevant to low and middle-income countries, infrastructural and regulatory monopolies, harms associated with the labor and material supply chains of AI technologies, beta-testing, and commercial exploitation. It then offers three roles for Global South actors to substantively engage in the restructuring of AI governance processes.
Infectious Diseases in Africa
Authors: Sambiéni N’koué Emmanuel , Houéto David
Published: October 2022

Infectious diseases in Africa have a natural and social history and a technical medical and political response, and they are a human and economic burden on populations and institutions. This chapter explores these issues based on a review of the literature and of empirical data produced in the context of ethnographic research. It is not always easy create a human and economic balance sheet of infectious disease in Africa, given the continent’s size and magnitude and the major institutional constraints on counting losses in an Africa that is geographically, culturally, and healthwise difficult to control. The provision of care, both curative and preventive, is constantly confronted with a problem of contextualization, and therefore of strategic and technical relevance, when one is comparing medical and political practices with the aspirations and rationalities of communities. The refusal or denial of grassroots innovations and the international dependence on epidemic-response mechanisms show the immensity of the operational challenges, to which are added the different social stakes of the multiple partners in the fight against diseases.
Immigration in Historical Political Economy
Authors: Peters Margaret E.
Published: October 2022

This chapter considers how immigration policy has evolved and considers the significant factors that have affected it. The chapter begins with a discussion of how states have managed immigration, with most of the discussion focused on the long nineteenth and twentieth centuries, but some attention is paid to earlier periods. The chapter then discusses the major factors that have affected immigration policy: the need for manpower, competition between immigrants and local workers, security and political concerns, the effects of immigrants on the welfare state, and the fear of the other. It discusses how these factors have changed over time and how they have affected immigration policy.
Marxism(s) and the Politics of Land
Authors: Bernstein Henry
Published: October 2022

This chapter attempts to present a coherent overview of land in the long and diverse histories of capitalist development, according to the ideas of Marx and subsequent Marxist scholarship and political positions, with all their divergences and contentions. It does so in five sections: “Landed Property and Rent in Capitalism,” “Transitions to Capitalism,” “Developments of Capitalism,” “Transitions to Socialism?” and “Marxism(s) and the Politics of Land.” The first locates Marx’s complex discussions of rent in his overall theorization of the capitalist mode of production and reports subsequent uses, adaptations, and extensions of that theory. The second section discusses several key questions in Marxist work on transitions to capitalism in the different times and places in the formation of a capitalist world economy. The third follows up on a central point in the second section—namely, the growing internationalization of capital and sometimes shifting forms of its interests in land and agricultural production. The fourth section offers brief overviews of the most important attempted transitions to socialist property and agriculture, in the twentieth-century Soviet Union and China. The final section includes a reminder of Marx’s brief encounter with the revolutionary Russian populism of his late life, and the inheritance of today’s agrarian populism from the Russian agricultural economist A. V. Chayanov, a near contemporary of Lenin. This section suggests that the positions of many Marxists and agrarian populists often overlap, but that irreconcilable differences remain between Marxist and populist understandings of peasant farmers.
Games and Museums
Authors: Pizzetti Marta , Miniero Giulia
Published: October 2022

Audience development and audience engagement are strategic activities for every cultural institution. The implementation of digital experiences is now becoming an interesting approach for cultural institutions, such as museums, to reinforce the relationship with the target audience and to renovate their image in order to fit better with younger generations’ lifestyle. This chapter investigates how three popular digital experiences offered by museums, gamification, virtual tours, and podcasts, are perceived by consumers and contribute to overall improvements in how visitors perceive museums. An experiment was conducted to test the differential effect of the three digital experiences on perceived authenticity, the intention to interact with the digital experience, the novelty of the experience, and attitude toward the museums, which are critical variables for maintaining, reinforcing, or developing valuable relationships with consumers. Results suggest that gamification can be a viable solution for museums: consumers perceive the gamified digital experience as novel and authentic, are willing to use the digital tool, and through its use develop a more positive attitude toward the museum.
Fiction
Authors: Scherwatzky Steven
Published: October 2022

Samuel Johnson wrote more fiction during his literary career than is generally realized, including philosophical fables (such as Rasselas), political satires, and prose allegories. However, Johnson’s fiction and his thoughts on fiction, expressed most famously in his periodical essays and in James Boswell’s Life of Johnson, reveal a profound ambivalence. While he praises fiction for its capacity to imitate life, Johnson is suspicious of the impact of the emergent English novel as a popular literary genre. From his dismissal of Samuel Richardson’s plotting to his condemnation of Henry Fielding’s protagonists, Johnson worried about fiction’s potential to attract, infuriate, or corrupt its readers. Despite, or perhaps because of, this ambivalence, Johnson continued to write and comment on fiction throughout his life, expressing both approval and dismay. Nonetheless, it is important to note that the only three books that Johnson suggests anyone might “wish longer” were works of fiction.
History
Authors: Davidson Jenny
Published: October 2022

Johnson is not commonly thought of as a historian, partly because his affinities led him to reject the secular and skeptical precepts of Enlightenment historiography. This chapter shows how historical thinking pervades Johnson’s writing, tracing concerns and beliefs about history that include the following: the relationship between oral and written testimony; the nature of historical evidence, including material evidence; and the value of considering history and life-writing, in the absence of written sources, as akin to ethnography. Drawing extensively on the Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland for Johnson’s most explicit reflections on historiography, all colored by a profound sense of loss, the chapter turns in conclusion to Johnson’s three major histories of language and literature: the Dictionary, the Shakespeare edition, and the Lives of the Poets.
Sociability
Authors: Geller Jaclyn
Published: October 2022

This chapter considers Johnson’s writing on family, friendship, and relationship status. Herein Johnson is treated as an independent thinker on each of these subjects, who was guided (but not dominated) by proverbial classical valuations of interpersonal relationships. Ever the empiricist and social observer, Johnson brought his own quirky observations to bear on subjects like romance-based marriage, which was enjoying great cultural currency in the eighteenth century. His treatment of Britons disenfranchised by marital custom and law, such as never-married women and non-maritally born children, evinces deep sympathy and penetrating understanding of the problem of upholding one relationship model at the expense of all others. Himself a passionate friend who divided his time between two non-standard households, Johnson emerges as a forward-looking thinker on the general subject of social relationships and the status or disesteem they incur.
Humor
Authors: Scanlan J. T.
Published: October 2022

This chapter emphasizes the development and changes in Samuel Johnson’s sense of humor over time, over the course of his entire career. Johnson’s sense of humorhas a history, and it evolved according to the different contexts and experiences of his life, from his early writing for the Gentleman’s Magazine and his early poem London to the substantial works of his middle years, including the Rambler, the Idler, the Dictionary, and his Shakespeare to his lively and bracing great prose work, the Lives of the Poets. During his early career in London, Johnson was drawn, like many writers of the 1730s first starting out, to the satiric spirit of the day, but by the late 1740s and early 1750s, he began to think about satire, comedy, humor, and laughter more carefully and embraced in his writing a more mirthful sense of humor. His later writing, and particularly the Lives of the Poets, show an enabling influence of his needling conversational wit. Like most people’s sense of humor, Johnson’s sense of humor was not static.
Death
Authors: Parisot Eric
Published: October 2022

This chapter examines the persistence of death, and the related concepts of salvation and the afterlife, in the life and writings of Johnson. As a pious rationalist, death presented a conundrum for Johnson, one that (according to Boswell) pitted his intellectual faculties against illogical, religious fear. It was indeed a source of enduring angst for Johnson, revealed in this chapter by: (1) his holy fear of death, a Christian duty that Johnson believed to be a deeply rational position informed by the uncertainty of salvation; (2) his contemplation of the dead, and his grief over departed loved ones (including his mother, his wife, and Robert Levet); and (3) the various biographical constructions of Johnson’s character when on his own deathbed, finally confronted with his own mortality.
Emotion
Authors: Smallwood Philip
Published: October 2022

This chapter examines the province of emotion in Johnson’s life and writings and illustrates the significant place of feelings in one of the eighteenth century’s sanest of rational minds. Johnson’s personal emotion may sometimes be held at a bearable distance by his neo-Latin verses; but emotional energy figures centrally when Johnson is evaluating the tragedies of Shakespeare and is a test of sincerity in his Lives of the Poets. Poignant and powerful emotion energizes Johnson’s own creative work, as is apparent in the humanly sympathetic episodes of Rasselas and in the tensions generated by his most forceful couplet verse. Johnson’s private distress does not displace his criticism’s intellectual control, humour and expressive precision but his capacity for emotional life comprehensively informs the judgments he makes.
Journalism
Authors: Tankard Paul
Published: October 2022

In the eighteenth century, newspapers and the new medium of magazines were of vital importance in British metropolitan culture; this chapter describes the journalistic origins of much of Johnson’s work, and considers his engagement with both modes of publication. His poems, moral essays, political writings, and parliamentary reports first appeared in the periodical press, but not all of this can be usefully considered as journalism. This chapter examines, firstly, the newspaper pieces Johnson wrote as an invited spokesman for various publications, in which he holds journalists to high standards, insisting their work be valued by readers and publishers. Of his work for magazines, which was the medium he clearly preferred, this chapter considers the “Early Lives” for the Gentleman’s Magazine and the book reviews for the Literary Magazine. They deal with topics in which he may be presumed to have an interest, and he energetically tests these workaday genres, attending to method, ascertaining the facts and drawing conclusions only from evidence.
Modernism’s Cares
Authors: Adams Rachel
Published: October 2022

Modernist authors used innovative narrative forms to represent the inherently uneven social and affective dynamics of care. Modernity had a transformative impact on the social organization of dependency and the nature of care work, and modernist literature explores the contradictory effects of such changes on vulnerable persons and those who sustain them. This may seem a surprising claim about a movement known for embracing youth, vigor, and newness. However, relations of care—and associated conditions of dependency, frailty, and toil—remain central to modernist aesthetic and social commitments, overlapping the more familiar preoccupations with subjectivity, relatedness, collaboration, and temporality. Two celebrated modernist works—Gertrude Stein’s Three Lives and William Faulkner’s Sound and the Fury—serve as examples of how interdependency and care provide a critical lens for reading literary texts, illuminating overlooked characters and themes, and offering new insight about their experiments with form.
Transcranial Brain Stimulation and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Stagg Charlotte J.
Published: October 2022

Proton (hydrogen 1 [1H]) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) can be used to noninvasively quantify the regional levels of glutamate and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) within a given brain area. Since glutamate and GABA are two major neurotransmitters, 1H-MRS is an important technique to understand the neurophysiological basis of noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation (NTBS) approaches. However, like all complex methods, there are important methodological issues that should be considered in NIBS-MRS studies. This chapter aims both to take a snapshot of the current state of the field and equip the reader with sufficient information to understand the potential, and limitations of MRS as a technique to study NIBS. In the first part of this chapter, we will discuss the technical basis of the technique and give an overview of the essential biochemistry of the quantified neurochemicals. In the second part, we summarize what 1H-MRS studies have shown about the neurophysiological effects of NIBS. Some clear patterns emerge, but other aspects of the literature are less clear. We will conclude by defining outstanding questions to be tackled in future studies.
Alfred Müller-Armack
Authors: Ptak Ralf
Published: October 2022

Müller-Armack is one of the most enigmatic figures in the spectrum of Ordoliberals. On the one hand, this applies to the disciplinary range of his work, which spans from economic issues of business cycle theory to topics in the sociology of religion to economic and social policy. It also applies to his political orientation, which led him, as an ardent supporter of Italian fascism, to become a member of the NSDAP, and then, in the post-war period of the Federal Republic of Germany, one of the most important political actors in establishing the social market economy and an Ordoliberal-influenced European policy. His theoretical foundations can be found in the works of the early 1930s, which constitute his evolutionary conception of economics. With his work on the social market economy, he then made a decisive contribution to transforming the unwieldy Ordoliberal programme into a real economic and sociopolitical concept.
Rule of Law (Rechtsstaat) and Social Order
Authors: White Jonathan
Published: October 2022

Amongst the early Ordoliberals’ basic intuitions was the need to insulate political authority from mass politics and ideology. On this was founded their idea of the Rechtstaat as a regime of rules intended to constrain executive power. The chapter explores the relationship between Ordoliberalism’s anti-ideological orientation and efforts to design an order minimising the scope for discretionary intervention. It goes on to ask if the project was self-defeating. Contrary to the stated intentions of its advocates, such a system tends to leave open the prospect of recurrent and far-reaching political discretion, often in the guise of emergency response.
Politics of Decision-Making
Authors: Séville Astrid , Pieper Sebastian
Published: October 2022

The role of experts and conceptions of depoliticised decision-making processes stand out in the foundational Ordoliberal texts. The chapter presents the nexus of expertise, its institutional design and forms of implementation. The Ordoliberal politics of decision-making conceives the prominent role of experts and expertise as an important element in the depoliticisation of the conduct of public policy, which is to reinforce the ordering function of the state. The account explores two cases of Ordoliberal design (West-) German competition law and the institution of policy advice. The (founding) Ordoliberal thinkers did not advocate technocratic government. Rather, they argued for a rule-based conduct of government, based on firm (ordoliberal) principles. Finally, we contend that the depoliticisation effects of Ordoliberal policy advice are disproportionate to their theoretical significance.
Economic Crisis Policy
Authors: Hagemann Harald
Published: October 2022

The basic principles of Ordoliberalism are rooted in economic crises, particularly the mass unemployment of the Great Depression with its devastating economic and political consequences. Governmental interventions should focus on keeping the competitive order functioning, which may imply the breaking-up of economic power groups if needed, rather than the steering of the economic process. In contrast to Keynesian macroeconomics, the government is not charged with the responsibility of achieving a high level of employment. Only in exceptional cases, such as secondary (Röpke) or pathological depressions with their mass unemployment, are full employment policies considered necessary but still viewed ambivalently due to their inherent tendency to central planning. Ordoliberals early on favoured rule-based policies as they were characterising the German position in the controversial discussions of the Maastricht Treaty, the Stability and Growth Pact and during the Euro crisis.
The Historical Context of Ordoliberalism’s Theoretical Development
Authors: Callison William
Published: October 2022

This chapter situates the theoretical development of Freiburg School Ordoliberalism in the historical context of the interwar and post-war periods. Beginning in the Weimar Republic, Böhm, Eucken, Röpke, Rüstow and others united in response to the crisis of liberalism and the rise of socialism. To save capitalism from internal self-destruction and the ‘collectivism’ of state planning and mass democracy, the Ordoliberals called for a ‘strong state’, capable of instituting the ‘competitive market order’, or what Müller-Armack and Erhard coined the ‘social market economy’. The Ordoliberal tradition developed through particular events (the Walter Lippmann Colloquium, Mont Pelerin Society, and ORDO journal), debates (with the Austrian School and Chicago School), and political parties (the CDU’s Ahlener Programme). From its interwar birth and the so-called ‘Economic Miracle’ (Wirtschaftswunder) of post-war West Germany, the chapter tracks Ordoliberalism’s trajectory up to its theoretical rapprochement with Constitutional Economics and Hayek’s arrival at the University of Freiburg.
Vitalpolitik
Authors: Kolev Stefan , Goldschmidt Nils
Published: October 2022

This chapter reconstructs the notion of ‘vital policy’ (Vitalpolitik), an approach to the social question whose first and strongest proponent amongst the Ordoliberals was Alexander Rüstow. It is opposed to traditional social policy as a top-down provision of material benefits (welfare). Instead, it aims at enabling those ‘conditions of life’ (Lebenslagen) that provide the prerequisites for human beings and their community to flourish. This humanistic approach attempts to complement the competitive processes in a market society and to provide access and equal opportunity to these processes, focusing on the notion of fair starting conditions for individuals. In its general thrust, Vitalpolitik is well compatible with more recent research programmes, especially the capability approach of Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum.