bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quorum sensing regulation by the nitrogen phosphotransferase system inPseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Banerjee Samalee , Smalley Nicole E. , Saenjamsai Pradtahna , Fehr Anthony , Dandekar Ajai A. , Cabeen Matthew T. , Chandler Josephine R.
Published: February 2025

In the opportunistic pathogenPseudomonas aeruginosa, the nitrogen-related phosphotransferase system (PTSNtr) influences multiple virulence behaviors. The PTSNtris comprised of three enzymes: first PtsP, then the PtsO phosphocarrier, and the final PtsN phosphoacceptor. We previously showed thatptsPinactivation increases LasI-LasR quorum sensing, a system by whichP. aeruginosaregulates genes in response to population density. LasI synthesizes a diffusible autoinducer that binds and activates the LasR receptor, which activates a feedback loop by increasinglasIexpression. In this study, we examined the impact of the PTSNtron quorum sensing. Disruption ofptsPincreased the expression of some, but not all, tested quorum-controlled genes, includinglasI, phzM(pyocyanin biosynthesis),hcnA(hydrogen cyanide biosynthesis), and, to a lesser extent,rsaL(quorum sensing regulator). Expression of these genes remained dependent on LasR and the autoinducer, whether provided endogenously or exogenously. IncreasedlasIexpression in ΔptsP(or ΔptsO) cells was partly due to the presence of unphosphorylated PtsN, which alone was sufficient to elevatelasIexpression. However, we observed residual increases in ΔptsPor ΔptsOcells even in the absence of PtsN, suggesting that PtsP and PtsO can regulate gene expression independent of PtsN. Indeed, genetically disrupting the PtsO phosphorylation site impacted gene expression in the absence of PtsN, and transcriptomic evidence suggested that PtsO and PtsN have distinct regulons. Our results expand our view of how the PTSNtrcomponents function both within and apart from the classic phosphorylation cascade to regulate key virulence behaviors inP. aeruginosa.

IMPORTANCE

Pseudomonas aeruginosaoften causes severe and difficult-to-treat infections.P. aeruginosavirulence requires the nitrogen-related phosphotransferase system (PTSNtr), which comprises the phosphocarrier proteins PtsP and PtsO and the final phosphoacceptor, PtsN. The PTSNtris known to modulate quorum sensing, but little is known about the mechanism of regulation. Here, we examined quorum sensing regulation by the PTSNtr. We showed that the PTSNtrincreases quorum sensing-mediated activation of certain genes through the additive effects of both PtsO and PtsN. We also used transcriptomics to determine the regulons of PtsO and PtsN and found that they are largely nonoverlapping. The results position PtsO and PtsN as independent effectors in the Nitro-PTS and shed new light on virulence regulation in this important pathogen.
Glutamate methylation, a novel histone mark in diatoms: Mass spectrometry identification and structural characterization
Authors: Téletchéa Stéphane , Lombard Bérangère , Hendrickx Johann , Loew Damarys , Tirichine Leïla
Published: February 2025

Post-translational modifications of histones (PTMs) play a crucial role in regulating chromatin function. These modifications are integral to numerous biological processes, including transcription, DNA repair, replication, and chromatin remodeling. While several PTMs have been identified, enhancing our understanding of their roles in these processes, there is still much to discover given the potential for virtually any histone residue to be modified. In this study, we report the discovery of a novel PTM in the model diatomPhaeodactylum tricornutum, glutamate methylation identified by mass spectrometry at multiple positions on histone H4 and at position 96 on histone H2B. This modification was also detected in other model organisms, includingDrosophila melanogaster,Caenorhabditis elegans, and humans, but not inArabidopsis. Structural bioinformatics analyses, including molecular dynamics simulations, revealed that methylation of glutamate residues on histones induces displacement of these residues, exposing them to solvent and disrupting interactions with neighboring residues in associated histones. This disruption may interfere with histone complexes promoting histone eviction or facilitating interactions with regulatory proteins or complexes, which may compromise the overall nucleosome stability.
ShigellaOspF blocks rapid p38-dependent priming of the NAIP–NLRC4 inflammasome
Authors: Turcotte Elizabeth A. , Kim Kyungsub , Eislmayr Kevin D. , Goers Lisa , Mitchell Patrick S. , Lesser Cammie F. , Vance Russell E.
Published: February 2025

The NAIP–NLRC4 inflammasome senses pathogenic bacteria by recognizing the cytosolic presence of bacterial proteins such as flagellin and type III secretion system (T3SS) subunits. In mice, the NAIP–NLRC4 inflammasome provides robust protection against bacterial pathogens that infect intestinal epithelial cells, including the gastrointestinal pathogenShigella flexneri. By contrast, humans are highly susceptible toShigella, despite the ability of human NAIP–NLRC4 to robustly detectShigellaT3SS proteins. Why the NAIP–NLRC4 inflammasome protects mice but not humans againstShigellainfection remains unclear. We previously found that human THP-1 cells infected withShigellalose responsiveness to NAIP–NLRC4 stimuli, while retaining sensitivity to other inflammasome agonists. Using mT3Sf, a “minimalShigella” system, to express individual secretedShigellaeffector proteins, we found that the OspF effector specifically suppresses NAIP–NLRC4-dependent cell death during infection. OspF was previously characterized as a phosphothreonine lyase that inactivates p38 and ERK MAP kinases. We found that p38 was critical for rapid priming of NAIP–NLRC4 activity, particularly in cells with low NAIP–NLRC4 expression. Overall, our results provide a mechanism by whichShigellaevades inflammasome activation in humans, and describe a new mechanism for rapid priming of the NAIP–NLRC4 inflammasome.
Bacterial IF2’s N-terminal IDR drives cold-induced phase separation and promotes fitness during cold stress
Authors: Ghosh Aishwarya , Mallikaarachchi Kaveendya S. , Dzurik Kathryn G. , Nandana Vidhyadhar , Nunez Nathaniel R. , Childers W. Seth , Schrader Jared M.
Published: February 2025

Translation initiation factor 2 (IF2) plays an essential role in bacterial cells by delivering the fMet-tRNAfMetto the ribosome pre-initiation complex. IF2 is known to have an N-terminal disordered region which is present across bacterial species, yet its function is not fully understood. Deletion of the IDR inE. colishowed no phenotypes at normal growth temperature (37°C); however, this IDR was found to be required for growth at cold temperatures (15°C). Since large IDRs can drive phase separation of various RNA binding proteins into biomolecular condensates, we investigated whetherE. coliIF2 could phase separate. We discovered that IF2’s N-terminal IDR drives phase separation inE. coliandC. crescentus, suggesting that IF2 condensation is a conserved property. Finally, usingE. coli, we found that the IDR strongly drives phase separation in the cold, suggesting IF2 condensates promote fitness during cold stress.

Highlights

IF2’s IDR promotes phase separation with RNA.

Cold temperature promotes IF2 condensation with RNA.

IF2’s IDR promotes fitness during cold shock.
HIF1α gates tendon response to overload and drives tendinopathy independently of vascular recruitment
Authors: Moschini Greta , Mohanan Archana G. , Niewczas Izabella S. , Taylor Diane E. , Jaeger Patrick K. , Hussien Amro A. , Wunderli Stefania L. , Baumberger Olivia , Wolleb Maja , Niederoest Barbara , Bollhalder Maja , Ardicoglu Raphaela , Turiel Guillermo , Masschelein Evi , Morice Sarah , Ardiles Santiago , Mous Lieke , Aronoff Matthew R. , Hilbe Monika , Selman Farah , Wieser Karl , Fucentese Sandro F. , Passini Fabian S. , Blache Ulrich , Surdez Didier , Wennemers Helma , Elewaut Dirk , Clark Jonathan , De Bock Katrien , Snedeker Jess G.
Published: February 2025

Tendons are mostly avascular dense connective tissues that link muscles to bones, withstanding some of the highest mechanical stresses in the body. Mechanical overload and tissue hypervascularity are implicated in tendinopathy, a common musculoskeletal disorder, but mechanistic understanding of their roles is largely lacking. Here, we identify HIF1α not only as a marker but as a driver of tendinopathy. Initial histological and multi-omics evaluation of human tendinopathic samples revealed extensive extracellular matrix remodeling, including pathological collagen crosslinking coinciding with active hypoxic signaling. Hypothesizing a causal contribution of hypoxia signaling, we generated mice with tenocyte-targeted deletions of the Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene, which controls hypoxia signaling by regulating HIFα degradation. We demonstrated that VHL inactivation suffices to induce pathological hallmarks of tendinopathy, such as collagen matrix disorganization, crosslinking, altered mechanics and neuro-vascular ingrowth. This phenotype was HIF1α-dependent, since co-deleting HIF1α rescued tendon morphology and mechanics. Moreover, deleting vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) alongside VHL effectively decoupled the effects of vascular ingrowth from persistently aberrant extracellular matrix remodeling and mechanical dysfunction, emphasizing a direct role of HIF1α in driving tendon disease that is independent of angiogenesis. Mechanistically, we linked tendon mechanical overload to the onset of HIF1α signaling in primary cultured human tendon cells. Furthermore, genetically removing HIF1α from tenocytes prevented aberrant tendon remodeling in response to chronic overload. These findings position HIF1α signaling as a central driver of tendinopathy that acts through a maladaptive tissue response to chronic overload, providing mechanistic insights that could be leveraged for improved therapeutic approaches.

One Sentence Summary

HIF1α activation promotes tendinopathy and its inhibition prevents overload-induced maladaptation, suggesting therapeutic potential.
On-demand delivery of fibulin-1 enables repeated basement membrane stretching
Authors: Soh Adam W.J. , Arnwine Michael R , Gianakas Claire A , Clark Zachary D , Chi Qiuyi , Cram Erin J , Hoffman Brenton D. , Sherwood David R
Published: February 2025

Basement membrane (BM) extracellular matrices enwrap and structurally support tissues. Whether BMs are uniquely constructed to support tissues that undergo repetitive stretching and recoil events is unknown. During C. elegans ovulation, the spermathecal BM stretches ~1.7-fold and then returns to its original shape every twenty minutes to passage hundreds of oocytes. Through live fluorescence microscopy, we discovered that ovulating oocytes secrete and deliver the fibulin-1 extracellular matrix protein to the spermathecal BM during stretching, where it forms a dynamic overlapping network with type IV collagen. Fibulin-1 depletion led to a breakdown in type IV collagen and BM organization, resulting in a more deformable BM and extended spermatheca. Moreover, perturbation to fibulin-1 network formation via mutagenesis was sufficient to disrupt organ shape. Together, our study reveals an on-demand fibulin-1 delivery system that protects the BM network when it is stretched, thereby allowing repeated rounds of organ expansion and recovery.
Multi-output computation by single neuron biophysics in a visual system
Authors: Seung H. Sebastian
Published: February 2025

As long anticipated (Sandberg and Bostrom 2008; Seung 2012; Szigeti et al. 2014), connectomics is providing a new foundation for brain simulation by replacing theoretical assumptions about network connectivity with solid empirical facts. Connectomics also yields detailed information about neuronal morphology, which is useful for simulating the biophysics of single neurons (Yang et al. 2016; Meier and Borst 2019; T. X. Liu et al. 2022). Here I introduce a formalism for simulating a brain as a network of synapses interacting via an effective resistance matrix. By computing this matrix for fly visual interneurons, I find evidence that some neurons may be true multi-output devices, neither well approximated as “point neurons” (Lappalainen et al. 2024; Shiu et al. 2024), nor as collections of functionally independent compartments (Meier and Borst 2019). Within a linear approximation, such a neuron is instead equivalent to a hierarchy of virtual neurons that spatially pool over multiple length scales. The computational powers of multi-output neurons may support highly sophisticated normalizations in the fly visual system (Seung 2024a).
Redox-dependent hydrogen-bond network rearrangement of ferredoxin–NADP+ reductase revealed by high-resolution X-ray and neutron crystallography
Authors: Uenaka Midori , Ohnishi Yusuke , Ise Akane , Yu Jiang , Yano Naomine , Kusaka Katsuhiro , Tanaka Hideaki , Kurisu Genji
Published: February 2025

High-resolution X-ray and neutron crystallography were employed to elucidate redox-dependent structural changes in ferredoxin–NADP+ reductase (FNR) from maize. This study focused on the rearrangement of hydrogen-bond networks upon FAD reduction. The X-ray structures of wild-type FNR in oxidized and reduced states were refined to 1.15 and 1.10 Å resolution, respectively, revealing no large structural changes in the main-chain backbones. Neutron crystallography provided complementary insights, confirming protonation at N1 and N5 of the isoalloxazine ring and visualizing hydrogen bonds that were undetectable by X-ray analysis. These findings illuminate the dynamic reorganization of water-mediated hydrogen-bond networks during redox transitions, which may underpin the redox-dependent modulation of partner binding by FNR. This integrated structural approach highlights the synergistic use of X-ray and neutron crystallography in studying redox-active proteins.
Meeting market and student expectations: the synergy of sustainability and educational transformation
Authors: Kotula Nina , Małagocka Karolina Agnieszka
Published: February 2025

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between digital transformation and sustainable development within the context of higher education institutions.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper uses a systematic review methodology to analyze the intersection of digital transformation and sustainability in higher education institutions, drawing on academic sources and institutional reports.

Findings

Universities face a dual challenge of advancing digital transformation while integrating and enhancing sustainable development, necessitating a balance between inclusivity and innovation to meet the evolving demands of a digital-centric world and global sustainability goals. Digital transformation of higher education institutions is not only influenced by socioeconomic changes and market demands but also offers practical pathways to enhance sustainability efforts across campus operations and curriculum delivery.

Originality/value

This paper provides an overview of the concepts of digital transformation and sustainable development in the higher education environment.
Students’ e-learning use intention post-COVID-19
Authors: Mahapatra Sabita , Pandey Shivendra Kumar
Published: February 2025

Purpose

The COVID-19 pandemic compelled educational institutions to shift from classroom interactions to electronic learning (e-learning). This study uses eTAM with usability dimensions to examine the use of e-learning for core academic activities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Leveraging the switching value framework, it investigates students’ preference for extending the use of e-learning to extracurricular activities post-pandemic. The study also integrates eTAM and the switching value framework to conceptualize students’ e-learning usage behavior in a synchronous learning environment.

Design/methodology/approach

Structural equation modeling was used to test the proposed research framework using a cross-sectional design. Data were collected through a survey conducted at two premier management institutes with broad national representation in India.

Findings

The result revealed that emotional cost had a more significant impact on perceived switching value compared to learning, sunk and reduced performance costs. Also, perceived switching value had a stronger influence on e-learning than the eTAM factors. Interestingly, learning support negatively influenced perceived ease of use and usefulness.

Originality/value

The study provides evidence that while eTAM largely explains e-learning usage during the pandemic, perceived switching value significantly influences its extended use post-pandemic. Our study challenges the belief that eTAM factors influence the continuous use of e-learning post-pandemic. The study insights can guide educational institutions, educators and policymakers in expanding the application of e-learning beyond the pandemic.
A new principal in a low-performing school and school members’ reactions: an organizational socialization perspective
Authors: Du Yishan , Xu Liguo , Luo Wenchun , Xue Xian
Published: February 2025

Purpose

Improving the management efficiency of new principals in low-performing schools has important practical value and theoretical significance. Based on organizational socialization theory, this study adopts a single case study method to analyze in-depth the organizational socialization process of a new principal after taking over a low-performing school.

Design/methodology/approach

Through three years of longitudinal data analysis in a Chinese school, the study establishes four stages that the new principal experienced after taking office. Then, it analyzes the interaction between the new principal and school members (vice-principals, department heads and teachers) in each stage.

Findings

Three main determinants can be perceived to affect the effectiveness of the new principal: the former principal’s imprint, school members’ internal contagion and school members’ demand contradiction. The study further shows that the new principal needed to pay attention to school members’ attitudes toward himself and the former principal as well as focus on building relationships with management.

Originality/value

This study expanded the analysis from teachers to school members (including vice-principals and department heads) to comprehensively analyze the organizational socialization of a new principal.
Research on leadership potential: where are we and where should we be heading?
Authors: Raj Geethika , T. N. Krishnan
Published: February 2025

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to clarify the definitional inconsistencies around the concept of “leadership potential” and differentiate it from related constructs, provide a comprehensive review of the literature and propose a research agenda to guide future studies.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors adopt a systematic literature review method to achieve this purpose. Adhering to the established guidelines, they analyzed 81 empirical articles published in 27 leading journals from 2011 to 2024.

Findings

Despite its prominence in discussions of leadership emergence, development, effectiveness and promotability, the literature lacks consensus on operationalizing leadership potential. In response, the authors propose a novel operationalization based on Pinder’s (1988) three dimensions of motivation, namely – direction, intensity and persistence of behavior. The analysis of this paper structured through the theory-context-characteristics-method (TCCM) framework identifies several critical gaps: One-third of the reviewed studies lack a theoretical foundation, while the remaining predominantly rely on trait and cognition-based approaches; most research emphasizes individual-level predictors and outcomes, with limited exploration of contextual factors; and quantitative approaches dominate the field leaving room for alternative methodological approaches. Based on these observations, a future research agenda using TCCM has been proposed.

Originality/value

This study contributes uniquely to the leadership literature by clarifying the distinctions between “leadership potential” and related constructs, introducing an operationalization grounded in Pinder’s motivational framework and presenting a holistic view of the literature on leadership potential. Further, this study advances the field by proposing a future research agenda, an aspect previously unexplored. Additionally, the authors use the TCCM framework, a guided framework for systematic literature review that has not been adopted in the leadership literature.
Unlocking the paradoxical impact of ethical leadership on employees’ pro-social rule-breaking behavior: the dynamics of employees’ psychological empowerment and ethical climate within the organization
Authors: Ahmed Mushtaq , Khan Muhammad Ishfaq
Published: February 2025

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the impact of ethical leadership on employees’ pro-social rule-breaking behavior, focusing on the mechanisms of psychological empowerment and the moderating influence of ethical climate within the organization.

Design/methodology/approach

Conducting a survey across three waves, the research involves 515 nursing staff in various Pakistani hospitals. Partial least squares structural equation modeling is used for data analysis.

Findings

Contrary to expectations, this study uncovers a positive association between ethical leadership and employees’ pro-social rule-breaking behavior. The relationship is mediated by psychological empowerment, and ethical climate is found to moderate this association.

Research limitations/implications

While challenging traditional assumptions, this study acknowledges limitations related to sector focus and employee perspectives. Future studies are encouraged to explore multiple sectors and incorporate management perceptions for wider generalizability.

Practical implications

The results highlight the need for organizations to consider the unintended consequences of ethical leadership. Managers are advised to be mindful of employees’ psychological dynamics and the organizational environment to navigate the complex interplay between ethical leadership and pro-social rule-breaking.

Social implications

Understanding the paradoxical influence of ethical leadership extends beyond organizations to broader societal implications. The research encourages organizations to adopt strategies aligning ethical leadership with desired employee behaviors.

Originality/value

This study challenges established perceptions of ethical leadership, prompting a reevaluation of its universally perceived positive nature. It emphasizes the paradoxical influence of ethical leadership on organizational dynamics. The mediating role of psychological empowerment and the moderating effect of ethical climate contribute to the understanding of the relationship between ethical leadership and employees’ pro-social rule-breaking.
Artificial intelligence and ageing populations: Can robotics and AI address the rising needs of the elderly?
Authors: Babu Eldho , Joseph N. Maria
Published: February 2025

Purpose

This opinion letter explores the role of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics in addressing the growing needs of ageing populations, highlighting key advancements and challenges associated with their application in eldercare. By analysing recent technological developments, practical applications and ethical considerations, the paper provides a comprehensive overview of how AI and robotics could transform eldercare systems.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a multidisciplinary approach, this opinion letter incorporates findings from current research on robotics and AI in care for the elderly, with an emphasis on recent technical developments as well as ethical issues.

Findings

The study shows that AI and robotics can have a massive impact in improving the quality of life of elderly persons by assisting them in health assessment, dosing of drugs, encouraging interactions and hence reducing the centralized pressure on healthcare centres. However, moral issues such as privacy, depersonalization of care and disparity in accessing such technologies in the socio-economic setup are huge barriers that have to be surmounted in order to provide optimal solutions for eldercare.

Originality/value

The novelty of this analysis is evident in its use of AI and robotics as not only potential solutions in technologies to bring better health and social communications to elderly people but also in coming up with a critical discussion of privacy and access issues, as well as several encouraging views for future eldercare.
Governance for a greener Europe: audit committee and carbon emission
Authors: Meqbel Rasmi , Dwekat Aladdin , Zaid Mohammad A.A. , Alta’any Mohammad , Abukhaled Asia Mohammad
Published: February 2025

Purpose

This study aims to examine the impact of Audit Committee (AC) characteristics on carbon disclosures and performance among companies listed in the STOXX Europe 600 index.

Design/methodology/approach

The sample consists of companies listed in the STOXX Europe 600 index over a 11-year period (2012–2022). The study uses panel data regression methods and uses the two-step system generalized method of moments to control for endogeneity.

Findings

The results indicate that AC size, independence and financial expertise positively influence carbon disclosure, highlighting the significance of these characteristics in promoting transparency and accountability in reporting carbon emissions. Additionally, these attributes are significantly associated with improved carbon performance, suggesting their potential role in advancing environmental sustainability.

Practical implications

The study provides practical insights for policymakers and regulatory bodies aiming to enhance carbon-related practices through improved corporate governance (CG) structures. By emphasizing the importance of specific AC characteristics, the findings suggest pathways for enhancing the quality of carbon disclosures and performance.

Originality/value

Despite extensive attention on CG in promoting sustainability, the specific influence of AC characteristics on carbon disclosures and performance remains underexplored. This study addresses this significant literature gap and, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, is the first to link AC characteristics with both carbon disclosure and performance. It enriches the current body of knowledge in agency theory and provides critical insights for developing CG and regulatory policies that enhance the quality of carbon disclosures.
The essential position of trust in the technology acceptance model: a comprehensive review and bibliometric analysis in management studies
Authors: Asif Muhammad , Sarwar Farhan
Published: February 2025

Purpose

When it comes to how people accept and use technology, trust is crucial. To comprehend users’ attitudes and intentions toward adopting technology, the technology acceptance model (TAM) has been extensively used. Through a thorough study of the available research, this study aims to investigate the trust element in the TAM framework.

Design/methodology/approach

A Web of Science and Scopus bibliographic data set containing 892 journal articles was evaluated using descriptive and network analytics. To trace the various intellectual linkages, bibliographical coupling of journals and authors’ affiliated nations was performed. Using keyword cooccurrence analysis, prominent themes were visualized.

Findings

The findings indicate that trust research in the TAM has gathered steam in recent years and is currently expanding. Global interest in this topic is growing, with participation from academics in 153 different geographical areas, with China at the forefront. Leading publications, journals and nations are also disclosed. The subjects with the most research are TAM and trust. Emerging topics, such as “e-commerce,” “motivation” and “perceived risk” point to a corporate domain that is taking an interdisciplinary approach.

Originality/value

This systematic literature review is unique in that it takes a thorough approach to examine the trust element in the TAM framework, integrating bibliometric analysis to identify research trends and offering insights that might guide future research and practical solutions.
The impact of TQM on organizational performance: the mediating role of entrepreneurial orientation
Authors: Khalfallah Meriem , Zorgati Hajer , Ben Salem Anis , Lakhal Lassaad
Published: February 2025

Purpose

This paper tries to study the link among entrepreneurial orientation (EO), total quality management (TQM) and organizational performance as well as the mediating role of entrepreneurial orientation within this relation.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were gathered from a survey administered for 205 Tunisian industrial firms. The evaluation of the research model was performed using structural equations modeling within AMOS software.

Findings

The results indicate firstly that TQM positively and directly impacts EO; secondly, that EO has a direct and positive effect on organizational performance; thirdly, TQM has no direct and significant effect on organizational performance. This relationship becomes significant when it is mediated by EO.

Research limitations/implications

The current study helps managers understand the mechanism of simultaneous adoption and development of TQM and EO. It also helps them understand how TQM practices support entrepreneurial orientation, and their role in ensuring organizational performance.

Originality/value

A particular feature of this study is the analysis of the mediating role of entrepreneurial orientation in the relationship between TQM and organizational performance. This research also makes a unique contribution to the analysis of the direct effect of TQM on entrepreneurial orientation in industrial companies.
Phage‐derived proteins: Advancing food safety through biocontrol and detection of foodborne pathogens
Authors: Choi Dahee , Ryu Sangryeol , Kong Minsuk
Published: February 2025

The emergence of antimicrobial‐resistant foodborne pathogens poses a continuous health risk and economic burden as they can easily spread through contaminated food. Therefore, the demand for new antimicrobial agents to address this problem is steadily increasing. Similarly, the development of rapid, sensitive, and accurate pathogen detection tools is a prerequisite for ensuring food safety. Phage‐derived proteins have become innovative tools for combating these pathogens because of their potent antimicrobial activity and host specificity. Phage proteins are relatively free from regulation compared to phages per se, and there are no concerns about the transduction of harmful genes. With recent progress in next‐generation sequencing technology, the analysis of phage genomes has become more accessible, and numerous phage proteins with potential for biocontrol and detection have been identified. This review provides a comprehensive overview of phage protein research on food safety from 2006 to the present, a pivotal period marked by the certification of phages as Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS). Emphasizing recent advancements, we investigated the diverse applications of various phage proteins for biocontrol and detection purposes. While highlighting the successful implementation of these proteins, we also address the current bottlenecks and propose strategies to overcome these challenges. By summarizing the current state of research on phage‐derived proteins, this review contributes to a deeper understanding of their potential as effective antimicrobial agents and tools for detecting foodborne pathogens.
Study of Aedes albopictus Hatching Rate by Low‐Temperature Stress
Authors: Won Min Hyeok , Choi Kwang Shik
Published: February 2025

Aedes albopictus overwinters as eggs and lays diapause eggs under conditions of low temperatures, low humidity, and short photoperiods. We compared the hatchability of diapause and nondiapause eggs in response to cold stress. Nondiapause eggs were acquired at 27°C ± 1°C, 70% ± 5% humidity, and 16:8 (L:D) photoperiod, and diapause eggs were acquired at 21°C ± 1°C, 40% ± 5% humidity, and 8:16 (L:D) photoperiod. The obtained eggs were dried under the same conditions and then exposed to low‐temperature stress for each temperature and time. After that, eggs were transferred to a thermostat to induce hatching at room temperature, and the hatching rate and the time required for hatching were measured and analyzed by two‐way ANOVA and multiple regression analyses. When exposed to low temperatures for 1–24 h at a temperature of 0°C to −10°C, the diapause eggs had a hatching rate higher than that of nondiapause eggs in all sections. The difference in hatching rate according to temperature, exposure time, and diapause status was all considered significant at −6°C or less (two‐way ANOVA). A significant regression equation was calculated to estimate the hatching rate, a dependent variable (R2 = 0.439, p < 0.000). We found a significant difference in hatching rates for low‐temperature stress between diapause eggs and nondiapause eggs of Ae. albopictus, which may explain why Ae. albopictus spreads in high‐latitude regions. The morphological differences between diapause and nondiapause and variables such as dryness and light intensity should be studied to understand the overwintering of Ae. albopictus.
The impact of fruit size on internal browning in pineapples
Authors: Zhang Mengzhuo , Zhu Changsong , Na Qiting , Cao Hui , Tian Cong , Liu Guangsen , Meng Lanhuan
Published: February 2025

A typical symptom of post‐harvest pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) internal browning is influenced by multiple factors. However, the precise mechanism through which fruit size influences the occurrence of browning remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impacts of fruit size in browning and its possible mechanisms in harvested pineapple fruit using physical and biochemical analysis and RNA‐seq. Disease incidence was assessed in four groups of fruits (1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 ± 0.2 kg), with the two most significant groups (1 and 2.5 ± 0.2 kg) selected for detailed analysis. The results showed that the large pineapple fruits had faster browning senescence and membrane lipid peroxidation, higher respiration intensity, more reactive oxygen species accumulation, and higher malondialdehyde content. Likewise, lower antioxidant capacity such as ascorbic acid, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase and higher polyphenol oxidase activity, peroxidase activity, phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase activity, and lipoxygenase activity. It can be concluded that the large pineapple fruits were severely subjected to oxygen stress and membrane lipid peroxidation during storage. Gene ontology enrichment reveals that this relates mainly to oxidoreductase and glutathione metabolism. The large pineapple fruits accelerated AsA–GSH cycle pathway metabolism. Real‐time quantitative PCR shows downregulated expression of AcAPX1, AcAPX6, AcAPX6 × 1, AcCAT2, AcSOD[Fe]2, and AcSODX2 in large pineapple fruits, whereas AcPPO and AcLOX upregulated expression. This study offers insights into fruit size and browning. Future molecular techniques may reduce fruit browning.
Ultrasound‐enzyme‐assisted extraction of flavonoids, polysaccharides, and triterpenes from Gualou and Xiebai: optimization, bioactivity, in vitro digestive stability, and impact on lipid digestion
Authors: Tong Kai , Fu Jimei , Dai Liangli , Liao Yuxue , Zhang Liang , Ao Zonghua , Deng Mengsheng , Wang Wenting , Li Zhaoling
Published: February 2025

Gualou (Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim) and Xiebai (Allium macrostemon Bunge) have been extensively studied for their diverse active ingredients, which include flavonoids, polysaccharides, and triterpenoids. This study employed a single‐factor experiment alongside the Plackett–Burman design and utilized response surface methodology to optimize the ultrasonic‐enzyme‐assisted extraction (U‐EAT) method for the functional components in Gualou and Xiebai (GLXB). The optimal extraction conditions were identified as a solid‐to‐liquid ratio of 1:11 g/mL, an alcohol concentration of 55%, an enzyme concentration of 1.2%, and an extraction temperature of 40°C. The yields of flavonoids, polysaccharides, and triterpenoids obtained were 0.94 ± 0.05, 260.46 ± 1.78, and 118.69 ± 0.71 mg/g, respectively, demonstrating increases of 59.19%, 29.03%, and 46.10% compared to HL (HL, the traditional reflux extraction method). Furthermore, in vitro digestion of the GLXB extract demonstrated significant lipid‐lowering and hypoglycemic effects. The GLXB extract facilitated the flocculation of lipid droplets during lipid digestion and exhibited the capacity to reduce the rate of fat digestion. These findings indicate that the U‐EAT significantly enhanced the content of active ingredients in GLXB and improved the hypoglycemic and lipid‐lowering activities of the GLXB extract, highlighting its potential for further development and application in functional foods.
Genetically Predicted Plasma Metabolome Mediates the Causal Link Between Immune Cells and Risk of Gout
Authors: Wei Yi , Yu Jiangyi
Published: February 2025

Background

Gout is a prevalent metabolic disorder characterized by a multifaceted process of development. Recent research has emphasized a robust correlation between the immune response and gout. Nevertheless, it is still uncertain if this connection is causative. Hence, the objective of this study was to investigate the causal relationship between immune cells and gout, while also analyzing the role of the plasma metabolome as metabolic mediators in this biological process.

Methods

This study explored the causal link between different subtypes of immune cells and gout using two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR). To confirm the reliability of the findings, reverse MR analysis, steiger test and sensitivity tests were conducted. A two‐step mediation analysis was used to gain insight into the role of plasma metabolites as intermediate mediators.

Results

This two‐sample, bidirectional, two‐step MR analysis found a nominal causal link between 33 immune cells as well as 47 known plasma metabolites and gout. Reverse MR analysis and sensitivity tests demonstrated the reliability of the MR results. In addition, we found that Tetradecadienedioate (C14:2‐DC) played a partially mediating role in the CD4 on activated CD4 regulatory T cell and gout pathways, with a mediating proportion of 13.16%, (95% CI = 0.65%–25.67%, p = 0.034).

Conclusion

The objective of our research was to investigate the possible causative connection between immune cells and gout. Our findings indicate that certain plasma metabolites may play a role in mediating this association. This study offers novel insights and sources of information that may contribute to the early detection and proactive measures to avoid gout in the future.
Disease Aggravation With Age in an Experimental Model of Multiple Sclerosis: Role of Immunosenescence
Authors: Dema María , Eixarch Herena , Hervera Arnau , Castillo Mireia , Villar Luisa M. , Montalban Xavier , Espejo Carmen
Published: February 2025

The onset of multiple sclerosis (MS) in older individuals correlates with a higher risk of developing primary progressive MS, faster progression to secondary progressive MS, and increased disability accumulation. This phenomenon can be related to age‐related changes in the immune system: with age, the immune system undergoes a process called immunosenescence, characterized by a decline in the function of both the innate and adaptive immune responses. This decline can lead to a decreased ability to control inflammation and repair damaged tissue. Additionally, older individuals often experience a shift toward a more pro‐inflammatory state, known as inflammaging, which can exacerbate the progression of neurodegenerative diseases like MS. Therefore, age‐related alterations in the immune system could be responsible for the difference in the phenotype of MS observed in older and younger patients. In this study, we investigated the effects of age on the immunopathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Our findings indicate that EAE is more severe in aged mice due to a more inflammatory and neurodegenerative environment in the central nervous system. Age‐related changes predominantly affect adaptive immunity, characterized by altered T cell ratios, a pro‐inflammatory Th1 response, increased regulatory T cells, exhaustion of T cells, altered B cell antigen presentation, and reduced NK cell maturation and cytotoxicity. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that fewer pathways and transcription factors are activated with age in EAE. These findings allow us to identify potential therapeutic targets specific to elderly MS patients and work on their development in the future.
Long‐Term Liver Machine Perfusion Preservation: A Review of Recent Advances, Benefits and Logistics
Authors: Pavan‐Guimaraes Juliana , Devos Lene , Lascaris Bianca , de Meijer Vincent E. , Monbaliu Diethard , Jochmans Ina , Pulitano Carlo , Porte Robert J. , Martins Paulo N.
Published: February 2025

Background

The global shortage of suitable donor livers for transplantation has prompted efforts to expand the donor pool by using extended criteria donors. Machine preservation technology has shown promise in optimizing graft preservation and improving logistics. Additionally, it holds potential for organ repair, regeneration, therapeutic applications during extended preservation periods, and enhancing organ allocation.

Methods

We conducted a comprehensive literature review using PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases. All studies published between January 1, 2022, and February 7, 2024, that described machine perfusion preservation of livers for more than 24 h were eligible for inclusion. The findings were synthesized in a narrative review format to highlight key benefits and advancements.

Results

We identified eleven studies from multiple research groups, employing various techniques, devices, and preservation durations. Perfusion durations ranged from 1 to 13 days, with notable variations in protocols for long‐term preservation beyond 24 h. Viability was assessed during perfusion only. No livers were transplanted. Among the reviewed studies, the introduction of a dialysis system emerged as the most effective strategy for managing waste accumulation during long‐term liver perfusion. Differences were also observed in hemodynamics, oxygenation, organ chambers, supplemental regimens, and glycemic control.

Conclusion

Over the past two years, substantial progress has been made in refining protocols for long‐term liver machine perfusion, with significant advancements in waste management, enabling successful multi‐day perfusions. While these developments are promising, further research is necessary to standardize and optimize long‐term perfusion protocols, establishing a reliable platform for both organ preservation and therapeutic applications.
Review Article: Surrogate Endpoints to Assess Treatment Efficacy in Disorders of Gut–Brain Interaction of Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Camilleri Michael , Ford Alexander C.
Published: February 2025

Background

Surrogate endpoints such as laboratory parameters that are not direct measurements of, but predict, clinical benefit are approved by regulatory agencies for initial proof of efficacy. No surrogate endpoints are approved for disorders of gut–brain interaction.

Aim

To assess the correlation of scintigraphic colonic transit (CT) with response rates according to patient‐reported symptom‐based endpoints (composite/global symptoms, abdominal pain or stool frequency/consistency) in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC).

Methods

We reviewed available data from, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) reporting effects on CT at 24 h and 48 h with drug versus placebo and extracted the difference in the proportions responding to drug or placebo, using rates from individual RCTs or from meta‐analyses when more than one RCT existed for a drug. We analysed associations between differences (drug vs. placebo) in CT and in response rates using Spearman correlation. Additional analyses of CT at 24 h with composite/global symptom or pain endpoints were performed with exclusion of alosetron (the only drug slowing CT).

Results

CT at 24 h correlated significantly with composite/global symptom endpoints (Rs = −0.755, p = 0.021). CT correlated with stool frequency or consistency (at 24 h, Rs = 0.506, p = 0.074; at 48 h, Rs = 0.631, p = 0.026). CT at 24 h did not correlate with abdominal pain (Rs = −0.054, p = 0.843). With the exclusion of alosetron data, CT at 24 h was non‐significantly correlated with the composite/global symptom endpoint (Rs = −0.667, p = 0.073), but not with abdominal pain (Rs = 0.377, p = 0.419).

Conclusion

Scintigraphic CT measurement fulfils the expectation of a surrogate endpoint for symptom‐based outcomes, particularly in IBS‐D or IBS‐C and CIC.
The associations between teachers' lesson‐specific emotions and observed teacher–student interactions and student engagement
Authors: Pöysä Sanni , Vasalampi Kati , Muotka Joona , Lerkkanen Marja‐Kristiina
Published: February 2025

Background

Teachers' emotions while teaching are associated to how they teach. Prior research has evidenced such associations mostly based on teacher or student ratings of different teaching behaviours.

Aims

This study examined the extent to which teachers' self‐rated lesson‐specific positive and negative emotions are associated with the observed quality of teacher–student interactions in terms of emotional support, classroom organization and instructional support as well as students' behavioural engagement in the same lesson.

Sample

The participants comprised 84 subject teachers (76.2% female) and 907 students (15–16 years old; 50.1% female) from 26 Finnish lower secondary schools.

Methods

The data consisted of video‐recordings from a total of 282 lessons (M = 3.36 lessons/teacher). The quality of teacher–student interactions and students' behavioural engagement was assessed using the Classroom Assessment Scoring System–Secondary (CLASS‐S) observational instrument. Data regarding teachers' positive and negative emotions were collected at the end of each video‐recorded lesson using the In Situations Teacher (InSitu‐T) Instrument. The collected data were analysed using cross‐classified two‐level modelling.

Results and Conclusions

The findings revealed that teachers' positive and negative emotions were positively and negatively associated, respectively, with the observed quality of teacher–student interactions in terms of emotional support and classroom organization but not instructional support. The results provide evidence of the associations between teachers' emotions and students' observed behavioural engagement. The findings complement the literature by highlighting the importance of observational data, along with teacher and student ratings.