bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Invention of Scripture: The Formation of the Proto-orthodox New Testament
Authors: Ehrman Bart D
Published: November 2023

The victory of proto-orthodox Christianity in its quest for dominance left a number of indelible marks on the history of Western civilization. Of these, none has proved more significant than the formation of the New Testament as a canon of Scripture. To be sure, the development of a church hierarchy was important, but there are numerous denominations today, with a range of church structures. The formulation of the orthodox creeds was significant as well, but in some churches new creeds have replaced the old, and almost no one has weekly Creedal Studies to discuss how the Nicene affirmations can make a difference in their lives. The New Testament is another matter: It is accepted and read by millions of people around the world and is understood by most Christians to be the word of God, the inspired Scripture, the ultimate basis for faith and practice—even for Christians who stress “tradition” as well. In common Christian understanding, these are twenty-seven books given by God to his people to guide them in their lives and understanding.
Factions and the Continuity of Political Challengers
Authors: Schwartz Mildred A
Published: November 2023

Dissatisfied persons who believe that existing political parties cannot solve their problems may join others in protest movements. Sometimes those movements attempt to influence the course of government directly by nominating candidates for office, or by exacting pledges of programmatic support from candidates who run under an existing party label. These actions express a conviction that participating in elections and in legislative bodies can produce change. To distinguish them from other political movements, I label them party movements.
External Political Change, Collective Identities, and Participation in Social Movement Organizations
Authors: Robnett Belinda
Published: November 2023

Between 1964 and 1966 the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) transformed from an organization that cultivated a nonviolent civil rights collective identity to one that imposed a black nationalist perspective. What accounts for this substantial change? This chapter answers that question with a relational approach to the study of collective identity, arguing that this transformation directly resulted from the interaction of external (political) and internal (cultural and organizational) change. Although historical and biographical accounts of the demise of the SNCC highlight both external and internal causes, most theoretical treatments of social movements do not analyze these factors as they interact with collective identity sustenance in social movement organizations (Carson 1981; Forman 1985; King 1987; Sellers and Terell 1990). Equally troubling is the lack of substantial comment on the race/class/gender mix of these interactions. Scholars often address internal and external factors as though they were un-signified; therefore, we rarely come to understand the complexities of race, class, and gender in the formation of collective identities.
The Goddess Returns: Ecofeminist Reconfigurations of Gender, Nature, and the Sacred
Authors: Rigby Kate
Published: November 2023

It is now nearly twenty years since Carol Christ presented her arguments as to “why women need the Goddess” in her famous keynote address to the first major academic conference on the “reemergence of the Goddess” held at the University of California, Santa Cruz, in spring 1978. A more experientially oriented festival celebrating the new feminist spirituality movement had taken place in Boston two years previously. In the recollection of one participant, this “Gynenergetic Experience,” as it was termed, involved “incantations, dreams, moon meditations, exhibits and films on blood mysteries, workshops on feminist interpretations of the Tarot, women’s hidden history, goddess worship, Amazons, the martyrdom of the witches, [and] discussions of the relationship between spirituality and politics, women and ecology” (Roszak 1995:291). Inspired by feminist research into ancient nature religions incorporating powerful female deities1 and motivated by the search for a nonpatriarchal and earth-centered mode of spiritual expression, a great many more women (and a good many men) appear to have embraced “the Goddess” since then.Drawing selectively and eclectically on numerous sources, including Greek, Celtic, and Germanic mythology, modern Wicca, and, more recently, certain indigenous traditions,2 feminist spirituality groups celebrating the figure of the Goddess have sprung up throughout the English-speaking world and in parts of continental Europe (especially Holland and Germany), wherever the women’s movement has generated a strong grass-roots feminist counterculture.3 English-language publications in the area of feminist spirituality presently number well over nine hundred (Carsen 1992). Needless to say, it is now also possible to access the Goddess in cyberspace.4
Between Worlds: Approaching the Indigenous Sacred in Australia
Authors: McCredden Lyn
Published: November 2023

In one form or another, Australian cultural commentators of the 1980s and 1990s have espoused largely materialist views of culture, often opposing or repressing the category of the sacred or metaphysical. Cultural critic John Docker, writing in his 1984 book In a Critical Condition, argues that the context for this repression is a strong resistance to the earlier hegemony of the “metaphysical ascendancy” in Australian literary criticism. In fact many literary commentators of the postwar era, both Australian and international, formed their approaches in contradistinction to the often hegemonically disseminated literary critical methodologies of New Criticism and Leavisism. Such methodologies, according to Docker, saw the social and political (as) “surface” realms, local and temporary, and therefore “non-literary.” The metaphysical realm of existence (they said) ... because its problems are more abiding and permanent than social and political problems are presumed to be, is somehow, by magical fiat, “strictly literary.” (Docker 1984:91)
Studies in Classical History and Society
Authors: Reinhold Meyer
Published: November 2023

Professor Reinhold, a distinguished senior classicist, has produced a fascinating and accessible collection of essays devoted to the study of ancient history. Among the articles included are "The Generation Gap," a major survey exploring myths of the uprising of one generation against another; "Augustus' Conception of Himself," a detailed summary and interpretation of Augustus' life and career; and "The Declaration of War against Cleopatra," an investigation of the charge against Cleopatra that she betrayed her pledge to Rome as a client ruler. Taken together, these essays form a unified and coherent survey of ancient history that will appeal to a broad audience.
Emptiness and Positionlessness :Do the Madhyamika Relinquish All Views?
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

It is not at all clear how one is to understand such claims. One response, of course, would be to mutter either with reverence or with derision about the mystery, paradox, and irrationality or about the fantastic transcendence of rationality of the East. But either would be too facile. For one thing, it would be simply to shirk the hermeneutic burden of making sense of the text. But more compellingly, given the relentlessly rational, meticulously argued character of the text as a whole, and indeed of his entire corpus, such a reaction would be hard to justify with respect to Nagarjuna. And finally, given the extensive commentarial tradition rooted in this text, beginning with Nagarjuna’s immediate disciple Aryadeva and continuing to the present day, with its different readings and interpretations, several competing understandings of the text are already available.
Vela
Authors: Katz Jonathan I
Published: November 2023

On December 7, 1941, the “date which will live in infamy,” a surprise Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, sank much of the U.S. Navy’s Pacific Fleet, shocked Americans from their naitve isolationism, and carved a permanent mark in the national character: never again would the United States permit itself to be caught by surprise.

When the Cold War began, the United States invested heavily in technical means of warning of surprise attack. A Distant Early Warning system of radar stations was built across the Arctic, from Alaska through Canada to Greenland, linked to a central command post deep under Cheyenne Mountain, in Colorado.
Detectors
Authors: Katz Jonathan I
Published: November 2023

In 1608 the Nether landish eyeglass maker Hans Lippershey put two lenses together and invented the telescope. He intended it as an in strument of war, for spying out the enemy. The Estates of Holland, in the midst of the Eighty Years’ War of independence from Spain, awarded him a substantial sum.

New ideas moved fast in those days, and were put in practice as quickly as they are today, even though mail traveled by horse. Within a year Galileo Galilei, professor of mathematics at the University of Padua, in Italy, and Thomas Harriot, an English mathematician, heard of Lippershey’s invention, built their own telescopes, and turned them to the sky.
What Are They?
Authors: Katz Jonathan I
Published: November 2023

The Double Helix, James Watson’s account of how he and Francis Crick discovered the structure of DNA, contains a picture of Watson and Crick standing by their model of DNA. The model is about 6 feet high, and made of metal plates and rods. It is a scale model of a short stretch of the DNA molecule, representing the sizes and locations of its atoms, expanded to nearly a billion times actual size.

Models of this type, made of metal, cardboard, plastic, or wood, enable students and scientists to see the three-dimensional structure of molecules. They resemble and are used rather like children’s construction toys, though with more serious intent.
The Copernican Dilemma
Authors: Katz Jonathan I
Published: November 2023

In school we are taught that Mikolay Kopernik, the Polish astronomer also known by his Latin name Nicolaus Copernicus, established that Earth and the planets revolve around the Sun, rather than the planets and Sun revolving around Earth, as had generally been assumed since the time of the ancient Greeks. The importance of Copernicus’s ideas was both philosophical and scientific: Man is not at the center of the universe, but is only an insignificant spectator, viewing its fireworks from somewhere in the bleachers.
Social Forces and Creativity
Authors: Ogilvy James A
Published: November 2023

Do we trust a psychotic to offer his own best diagnosis? No, individual introspection is almost bound to be warped by the biases of self deception. Too much is at stake for an individual subject to see herself clearly. Likewise, to the extent that sociology uses the cultural and intellectual artifacts of a society—a culturally bound set of categories—to understand that society, it is just as suspect as introspective psychology. Subjectivity in selective sampling is the original sin of sociology: Thou shalt not use one’s own ethnic customs as the standard for judging one’s own society, much less other societies.
From Worldviews To Better Worlds
Authors: Ogilvy James A
Published: November 2023

In 1996 a young physicist named Alan Sokal rocked the academic world by pulling off a delicious literary hoax. He published a paper entitled “Transgressing the Boundaries: Toward a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity” in a journal called Social Text. The hoax was worded in the obscure language of deconstructionism, an intellectual import from Paris.
C
Authors: Castro Rafaela G
Published: November 2023

Born in northern New Mexico on May 16, 1894 (although some sources give her birth date as 1898), Fabiola Cabeza de Baca became a famous home economist, teacher, folklorist, and writer. She was one of several New Mexican women, such as Cleofas M. Jaramillo and Nina Otero-Warren, who wrote of the culture and heritage of their Hispano ancestors. Her parents came from long-established Hispano families who had been in New Mexico for over 200 years. Her grandparents raised her from the age of four, after her mother died, leaving Fabiola with one brother and two sisters. She attended the Loretto Academy in Las Vegas and after graduating from high school became a teacher in a rural area six miles from her father’s ranch in La Liendre. In 1921 she received a B.A. degree from New Mexico Normal (now New Mexico Highlands University) and in 1929 a B.S. in home economics from New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts (now New Mexico State University). In between she also spent one year studying in Spain.
H
Authors: Castro Rafaela G
Published: November 2023

A dress or garment worn by religious individuals such as nuns and monks, usually a long-sleeved simple cotton garment. A lay religious person may make a promise to wear un habito for certain periods of time or until the garment falls apart. The color of the garment may be that of the saint to whom the vow was made. A manda (vow) is made to wear the habito for a week, a year, or just on certain religious holy days, in fulfillment of a vow made to a saint, such as St. Joseph or St. Francis. Although this is a private or personal promise made to the saint, the community of the individual is aware that the person is fulfilling a manda, just by the recognition of the color and form of the habit. In parts of the Southwest there is also the practice of making a vow to a saint for the curing of a sick child, and the manda may involve a pilgrimage, with the child wearing the garment of the saint invoked. When the child is well he will be taken to a church service with a godparent selected for the occasion, and the godmother will be called madrina de habito. Habitos can still be seen in south Texas, Arizona, and other parts of the Southwest, but rarely in urban areas. It is usually women who make promises to wear luibitos, although men may make other types of promesas or mandas. The wearing of the habito as a sacrifice comes from early Catholic teachings and a strong belief in the religious benefits of penance.
I
Authors: Castro Rafaela G
Published: November 2023

The title of an epic poem written by Rodolfo “Corky’’ Gonzales in 1967, which has been republished many times since and is now available on the Internet. It became a personal manifesto of many young Chicanos when it was first published with the following opening lines: I am Joaquin, lost in a world of confusion, caught up in the whirl of a gringo society, confused by the rules, scorned by attitudes, suppressed by manipulation, and destroyed by modern society.
M
Authors: Castro Rafaela G
Published: November 2023

Machismo describes a stereotypic image of a Chicano/Latino man who is extraordinarily aggressive, stresses dominance over his wife and family, exhibits physical and sexual prowess, and places strong emphasis on masculine rigidity. Chicano social scientists have authored studies about machismo, noting that it is a stereotype often used against Chicanos to blame them for their underclass social position in American society. Macho literally means “male,” and machismo is the concept of “maleness,” but in American culture it has come to mean an exaggerated masculinity. A masculinity associated with violence, self-centeredness, chauvinism, or alcoholism is not a macho concept recognized by most Chicanos. For Chicanos, un hombre macho is a man who symbolizes dignity, takes care of his family, has respect for all women, especially his mother, and possesses a strong sense of self-identity and character. Many Chicanos grew up influenced by Mexican movies, with characters like Pedro Infante, Cantinflas, Antonio Aguilar, and Jorge Negrete, as men who sang to the beautiful girls and defended the poor by fighting for justice and social equality. These were positive images of machos.
0
Authors: Castro Rafaela G
Published: November 2023

Sometimes used interchangeably with altar, afrenda means “an offering” and is set up as a component of an altar. On Dfa de las Muertos, the Day of the Dead or All Souls’ Day, an offering is made for a particular individual who has died, or for several members of a family who have died, such as parents and grandparents. An afrenda may be set up in a home and personalized for a particular person. In some homes an altar is permanently set up for general and daily prayer, but an afrenda is specifically for Da de las Muertos. An afrenda will have lit votive candles that are meant to help guide the soul to the afrenda. It will also have bread and a glass of water, because these elements are considered to be the main supports of life. In addition the personal favorite items of the deceased will be placed out for him or her, such as sweets, beer, beans, photographs, and even an especially liked shirt or dress. During Dfa de las Muertas, altars are set up in galleries and exhibit halls as artistic and cultural expressions, with afrendas created for particularly known individuals.
Our Studies Ourselves
Authors: Glassner Barry , Hertz Rosanna
Published: November 2023

What motivates a lifelong scholarly pursuit, and how do one’s studies inform life outside the academy? Sociologists, who live in families but also study families, who go to work but also study work, who participate in communities but also try to understand communities, have an especially intimate relation to their research. Growing up poor, struggling as a woman in a male-dominated profession, participating in protests against the Vietnam War; facts of life influence research agendas, individual understandings of the world, and ultimately the shape of the discipline as a whole. Barry Glassner and Rosanna Hertz asked twenty-two of America’s most prominent sociologists to reflect upon how their personal lives influenced their research, and vice versa, how their research has influenced their lives. In this volume, the authors reveal with candor and discernment how world events, political commitments and unanticipated constraints influenced the course of their careers. They disclose how race, class, and gender proved to be pivotal elements in the course of their individual lives, and in how they carry out their research. Faced with academic institutions that did not hire or promote persons of their gender, race, sexual orientation, or physical disability, they invented new routes to success within their fields. Faced with disappointments in political organizations to which they were devoted, they found ways to integrate their disillusionment into their research agendas. While some of the contributors radically changed their political commitments, and others saw more stability, none stood still. An intimate look at biography and craft, these snapshots provide a fascinating glimpse of the sociological life for colleagues, other academics, and aspiring young sociologists. The collection demonstrates how inequalities and injustices can be made into motors for scholarly research, which in turn have the power to change individual life courses and entire societies.
Searching for Action Research and Teaching
Authors: Friedland William H
Published: November 2023

Although I came from a background of social consciousness, I missed the Great Depression (being too young) but grew up in its wake, an experience augmented by the rise of Nazism and fascism, the civil war in Spain, and the drama of the Roosevelt years. In high school I had an orientation toward social change, but my political consciousness was still unformed. At the same time, an inherent caution, as well as the geographical isolation of growing up in Staten Island (the most rural borough of New York City), precluded being captured by any of the radical political organizations and movements of the 1930s. Upon graduation from high school in January 1940, I was little interested in academic life, instead choosing to enter a small Lutheran college on Staten Island, where another new student, himself recently recruited to Trotskyism, brought me into his political orbit. World War II had recently begun, and I found myself recruited to a wing of Trotskyism, led by Max Shachtman, which rejected Trotsky’s unshakable commitment to the defense of the Soviet Union.
My Years in Antipoverty Research and Policy
Authors: Gans Herbert J
Published: November 2023

This chapter is a partial account of my forty years in antipoverty research and policy. The story begins with my coming to America as a refugee in 1940 and becoming concerned with inequality a few years later. However, I required another fifteen years, as well as a sudden invitation to conduct research in a relatively poor community, to be truly gripped by American poverty. My subconscious may tell another story, but except for coming here as a poor thirteen-year-old, my research, writing, and other antipoverty activities have not been shaped significantly by my personal life. My work in this area has not really changed my personal life either, but in the academy, the boundary between work and personal life is fuzzy and porous to begin with. In any case, both my life and my work have been pushed and pulled to a great extent by events and by the larger agencies and forces that generated them. I was born in Cologne, Germany, and grew up in a comfortably middleclass, German-Jewish family, but in 1939 we left Nazi Germany with little more than our clothes.
Resisting Institutional Capture as a Research Practice
Authors: Smith Dorothy E
Published: November 2023

Until this women’s movement, I’d never noticed how deeply I was committed to an intellectual life outside myself. I became aware, along with other women of that time, that the intellectual and cultural world in which we had been active had no place for us as subjects. I had occupied a borrowed subjectivity that was essentially at odds with my existence as a woman, and my existence as a woman had no intellectual, political or institutional voice or consciousness. It is hard to describe how deep this alienation went. I only became aware of its depth in the process of finding out how to locate myself in what was alienated and starting from there. It was not a deliberate move, although it had its discipline. The process of unraveling the intellectual nets that trapped me could not be stopped once started. At the time, I thought of it as being in labor.
Musician, Sociologist, and Hearing Person: A Crisis of Identities
Authors: Alford Robert R
Published: November 2023

I started taking piano lessons from my mother at the age of five and have been a serious amateur pianist all my life, mostly of chamber music. I have played most of the trios and quartets in the concert repertoire: Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Brahms, as well as Faure, Poulenc, and Copland. The high point of my pianistic career was playing-with considerable power and authority-Beethoven’s Second Piano Concerto with a Santa Cruz orchestra in 1988. Forty years ago I received my doctorate in sociology from the University of California at Berkeley. I taught first at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, then went to the University of California at Santa Cruz, and finally, in 1988, to the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. Research and teaching have been central in my life.
The Body of Knowledge
Authors: Reinharz Shulamit
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I focus on several slippery questions: what is knowledge? Where does it come from? How do we recognize it? I consider these questions by describing two research projects, which were unusual from the start. They happened to me; I did not choose to do them. They began fortuitously, without warning, without plan. They began deep within my psyche and body because they dealt with silence, with missing pieces, with what is not there. They proceeded by making the missing visible; they ended by breaking the silence and reshaping what we know. Unexpectedly, I had a miscarriage at four months of gestation age in my first pregnancy. And similarly unexpectedly, this experience became an excellent topic through which to explore the sociology of knowledge. I underwent a miscarriage in 1973 when I was a twenty-six-year-old woman, already married for five years. My pregnancy was desired and planned.
Introduction
Authors: Rogers Nicholas
Published: November 2023

In 1998, my partner and I decided to leave the tricksters at our door and venture downtown to the gay quarter of Toronto. For many years now, the gay parades to the St. Charles tavern, one of the highlights of Halloween in the 1970s, had disappeared; they had been displaced by the emergence of Gay Pride Day as a celebration of homosexual affirmation. In the last few years, the main Halloween action could be found on Yonge Street, where youthful revelers rocked cars that were locked in the traffic and paraded along the sidewalk to the honking of horns and the flashing of cameras. Witches, demons, devils, clowns, Draculas, and Frankenstein’s monsters all walked the walk, and, very occasionally, at the intersection of Church and Wellesley, in particular, one could catch a glimpse of Beauty and the Beast, or a meticulously dressed Marie Antoinette, on their way to a private party. But in 1998, the revelers were out in force for Masquer Aid. Two blocks of Church Street had been cordoned off, and the costumes glistened in the neon lights.
Festive Rites
Authors: Rogers Nicholas
Published: November 2023

If Samhain imparted to Halloween a supernatural charge and an intrinsic liminality, it did not offer much in the way of actual ritual practices, save in its fire rites. Most of these developed in conjunction with the medieval holy days of All Souls’ and All Saints’ Day. Within the history of Christian festivals, these holidays were comparatively late arrivals. Initially, the early Christians celebrated those martyred by the pagan emperors rather than the saints. In the fourth century this commemoration occurred on 13 May, but in the next century the observances of different churches diverged, with the Syrian churches holding their festival of the martyrs during Easter week and the Greeks on the Sunday after Pentecost, leaving only the Romans to hold to the original day in May. Festivals commemorating the saints as opposed to the original Christian martyrs appear to have been observed by . In England and Germany, this celebration took place on I November. In Ireland, it was commemorated on April, a chronology that contradicts the widely held view that the November date was chosen to Christianize the festival of Samhain.
Coming Over
Authors: Rogers Nicholas
Published: November 2023

Halloween did not take firm root in North America until the nineteenth century. The Puritans of New England, like their counterparts in the old country, detested the holiday. Increase Mather, the rector of Harvard, approved of the ban on saints’ days and thought any holiday suffixed -mass, whether Hallowmass or even Christmas, to be an unnecessary concession to the Antichrist. His son, Cotton Mather, concurred. In this Zion in the wilderness, in this land of “Uprightness,” reveling holidays were out. Even to talk of specters and apparitions tended to smack of witchcraft, and superstitious souls who remembered the magic of Halloween were likely wary of making their feelings felt.

North American almanacs of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century give no indication that Halloween was recognized as a holiday.
Razor in The Apple
Authors: Rogers Nicholas
Published: November 2023

If the 1920s saw the emergence of Halloween as a genuinely North American holiday and one that was becoming something of a boon for shopkeepers and manufacturers, there remained the nagging problem of just how wild it would be. The concerns voiced by the Montreal Gazette in 19m about the “unhallowed” character of Halloween were not ones that simply disappeared. In fact, the conventions of rascality that invigorated turn-of-the-century Halloween took a long time to die. While youngsters would dress up in fancy costumes and masquerade in the streets, visiting houses for various treats, their older brothers would indulge in a different kind of devilry. As the Star quite casually reported of one small town east of Toronto: “Hallowe’en spirit held full sway in Whitby last night. Many a citizen found his veranda furniture hanging from spikes on telephone poles, while a number of gates were removed and steps taken away.”
Stepping Ovt
Authors: Rogers Nicholas
Published: November 2023

In 1983, a Washington journalist described the Halloween street parade at Georgetown, albeit in a campy style and with a profusion of mixed metaphors. “At Wisconsin and M,” he wrote,

in the belly of the blast, it was like an Easter parade of freaks . . . to say nothing of the flashers who offered outrageous peaks. As Washington staked its claim as San Francisco East, glitter and gloss were everywhere and the roar of the grease-paint and the swell of the crowd engulfed Georgetown, magically transpoofing it into an androgynous and anthropomorphic street fair. Men dressed as women; women dressed as men; . . . men and women dressed as things that could heal the sick, raise the dead and make little girls talk out of their heads. Acting out their most sublimated fantasies, strutting their stuff, whirring and purring like figurines on an elaborate cuckoo clock. As Butch said to Sundance, “Who are those guys?”
Master Hongyi Looks Back: A Modern Man Becomes a Monk in Twentieth-Century China
Authors: Birnbaum Raoul
Published: November 2023

The story that I have to tell concerns the quiet dramas of one man’s life. This particular man was born in 1880, in the waning decades of the Qing dynasty, and he came of age as tremendous forces of change swept across China. Li Shutong—a stunningly talented and influential artist, writer, musician, actor, and educator—became famous in China as a “modern man,” but in 1918 at the height of this fame he altered his course to become a Buddhist monk, renamed Hongyi.1 By the time of his death in 1942, Chinese Buddhists considered Hongyi a towering figure in their modern history (Wg. 4.1). Among Buddhists, he was well known for his profound scholarship on Vinaya (monastic rules), but he was honored most especially for the depth of his religious practice. His artistic talents found particular expression in a unique style of brush writing, developed in his mature years, that ever since has been identified as quintessentially “Buddhist.” The center of my narrative focuses on Hongyi’s recollections of the pivotal years at midlife when he decided to “leave home” (become a monk). Since this chapter looks at his recollections, its subject also is self-representation reflections on one man’s experiences and the ways that he chose to express them. Hongyi’s story is neither typical nor representative. He was an extraordinary person in many ways, which is why memories of him linger sixty years after his death. Indeed, he remains well known in China far beyond Buddhist circles as an enigmatic and romantic Wgure of the near past.
The Making of the Western Lama
Authors: Cozort Daniel
Published: November 2023

Tibetan Buddhism was virtually unknown outside of its Himalayan stronghold before the Chinese occupation of Tibet, which precipitated an exodus eventually numbering more than 100,000, including most of its prominent lamas. Almost immediately, Westerners began to1 find their ways to India and Nepal, to establish relationships with these teachers, and to invite them to travel and live in the West. In little more than forty years, this little known branch of the world’s quietest major religion has reached around the globe to establish a presence in nearly every major city and area of the West. Hundreds of thousands of Westerners are now involved in some way with Tibetan Buddhism, and while it may or may not eventually become a major religion in the West, it has become clear that there is only one major barrier to its further expansion: the emergence of a cadre of Western-born teachers. Even if there were enough qualiWed Tibetan teachers who were willing to live in the West (and there are not, given the rapid expansion of Tibetan Buddhism), there are many reasons that reliance on Tibetan teachers alone would impede the development of Tibetan Buddhism there. Tibetan lamas need Wnancial support that is beyond the means of many smaller Buddhist centers. They have their own problems dealing with life in a foreign place where they are often isolated from other Tibetans and by the language barrier.
Cardiac Troponin: Clinical Role in the Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Apple Fred S , Jaffe Allan s.
Published: November 2023

The patient, a 63-year-old Caucasian female, was hospitalized on 4 April 2002 though 10 April 2002 for a non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (non-Q-wave MI per chart documentation). She had a negative adenosine stress test after the initial event. Her serum cardiac-specific troponin I (cTnI) concentration 24 hours after her onset of chest pain was 1.4 µg/L (upper limit of normal is 0.3 ng/mL), and her creatine kinase (CK) MB level was 12.5 µg/L (upper limit of normal 6.0 ng/mL). Three days post-event her cTnI level was 0.5 µg/L and her CK-MB level was 4.5 µg/L (Fig. 5-1). MB refers to one of the isoenzyme forms of CK found in serum. The form of the enzyme that occurs in brain (BB) does not usually get past the blood-brain barrier and therefore is not normally present in the serum. The MM and MB forms account for almost all of the CK in serum. Skeletal muscle contains mainly MM, with less than 2% of its CK in the MB form. MM is also the predominant myocardial creatine kinase and MB accounts for 10%–20% of creatine kinase in heart muscle.
Systemic Carnitine Deficiency: A Treatable Disorder
Authors: Brass Eric P , Paul Harbhajan S , Sekas Gail
Published: November 2023

A 3.5-year-old boy presented to the emergency room with hypoglycemia. The patient’s history was remarkable for multiple episodes of altered consciousness resulting in hospital admissions since age 3 months. These episodes were characterized by depressed mental status or coma and hypoglycemia (blood glucose typically 15 mg/dL, normal 75–105 mg/dL). Seizure activity was noted on several admissions. On evaluation, the patient was consistently noted to have proximal muscle weakness, hepatomegaly, congestive heart failure, elevations of serum transaminases (aspartate aminotransferase [AST], and alanine aminotransferase [ALT]) to greater than 2000 IU/L (normal values 10–30 IU/L and 10–40 IU/L for AST and ALT, respectively) and elevated serum creatine phosphokinase to greater than 1500 IU/L (normal 175 IU/L).
Good Americans
Authors: Sterba Christopher M
Published: November 2023

Good Americans examines the participation of Italian and Jewish Americans, both on the home front and overseas, in the First World War. Christoper M. Sterba argues that immigrant communities played a significant role in American public life for the first time during this conflict.
Introduction
Authors: Sterba Christopher M
Published: November 2023

Private Abraham Krotoshinsky was in serious trouble on the night of October 7, 1918. A member of the famous “Lost Battalion” surrounded in the Argonne Forest, Krotoshinsky had made his way through enemy positions in a desperate attempt to find relief for his starving and casualty- ridden unit. By sprinting through machine-gun fire, inching along flat on his stomach, and even pretending to be a corpse, he had eluded capture for more than ten hours. “Then my real trouble began,” he recalled, as he neared American trenches.
Being Italian in the Yankee Division
Authors: Sterba Christopher M
Published: November 2023

On September 9, 1917, the Italian members of the 102nd’s machine gun company sailed out of Hoboken, New Jersey. Like most soldiers of the American Expeditionary Force, which had no American fleet at its disposal, they made the crossing in a British vessel. Their transport was the S.S. Adriatic, a converted ocean liner that impressed the men with its deck guns and bizarre wartime camouflage.
“They Were Good Americans”
Authors: Sterba Christopher M
Published: November 2023

Private Harold Kalloch, an American-born member of the Yankee Division, received an unusual assignment as his unit took up combat positions for the first time. “We had Polish Americans, German and Italian Americans, about 40 in the battery,” Kalloch explained in a postwar questionnaire. “Just before we went to the front in April the Captain called me to his office. He told me to watch the Germans etc. and report to a major at the front.” Kalloch encountered nothing that was suspicious in the immigrants’ behavior.
Benevolent Capital: Financing Evangelical Book Publishing in Early Nineteenth-century America
Authors: Nord David Paul
Published: November 2023

By the late 1820s, the American Bible Society (ABS) had become a major force in religious evangelism, in book publishing, and in the national organization of philanthropy in America. So productive was its modem printing plant in New York and so extensive was its national network of auxiliary societies that in 1829 the society launched its first “general supply,” an audacious plan to place a Bible into the home of every family in the United States. For the managers of the society and its supporters, these were exhilarating, millennial times. But not everyone, not even all the members of the American Bible Society, were pleased. In 1830, a harshly critical pamphlet appeared, written by a disgruntled ABS member who believed that the society’s charitable mission had been betrayed by a cabal of self-aggrandizing managers whose true goals were not evangelism hut wealth, privilege, and power.
Introduction
Authors: Walbert David
Published: November 2023

Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, the “Garden Spot of America,” is a place of contradictions. Since 1950 it has grown faster than almost any county in Pennsylvania, yet it retains a reputation as a rural oasis in a sprawling desert of modern cities and suburbs. Its population has doubled in the past forty years, making the Garden Spot a metropolitan area unto itself. Its agricultural productivity is highest of any nonirrigated county in the nation, yet local farmers wonder whether farming there has any future. The county’s second largest source of income is the tourists who arrive by the millions each summer to see its rural landscape, yet thousands of acres of that landscape are taken each year for housing developments and highways. Lancaster Countians face the same problems and challenges as residents of most American cities and regions at the turn of the twenty-first century: job growth, suburban sprawl, highway congestion, utility regulation, adjustment to changing demographics. Yet residents’ sense of place, their county’s reputation as the Garden Spot, and hundreds of millions of dollars a year from agriculture and tourism all depend on the continued existence of a people seemingly stuck in the seventeenth century, farmers who refuse electricity and telephones and use horses for transportation. And even those people, the Amish and Old Order Mennonites, face changes and pressures that threaten not only their image as America’s quintessential traditional farmers but also their own sense of identity as peaceable children of God.
Preserving The Garden: Development and Farm Preservation
Authors: Walbert David
Published: November 2023

“It’s a day in the country,” announced a tourist brochure in the early 1980s. “The fresh smell of grass and new-mown hay. Animals tranquilly grazing by the road-side. Farmers leading mule teams through the fields. Centuries-old homes nestled among even older stands of trees.... Away from bustling crowds and buses ... no rush, no hustle.” An advertisement for another Amish attraction, perhaps? Or a farmhouse bed-and-breakfast? Why, no: this was Lancaster County’s first Outlet Shopping Guide. Tourists could now shop at a brand new outlet center conveniently located in the heart of Amish country. Stores promised “super savings . . . and we mean real savings. Yes, Pennsylvania Dutch frugality touches our entire way of life. So rock-bottom prices mean savings galore for you on quality merchandise.” Amish appeal still drew crowds to the Garden Spot, and now it would sell coats and glassware, too. And after shopping all morning, tourists could drive just a few miles down the highway—if the traffic would part to let them through, that is—to see an authentic little red schoolhouse and have a slice of warm shoofly pie.
The High Cost of High-Exit Organizations: The Struggle to Organize American Workers
Authors: Kaufman Jason
Published: November 2023

Labor historians almost unanimously agree that the Knights of Labor, the largest single labor organization in American history, held enormous promise as a means of unifying workers of different ethnic, religious, and racial backgrounds. They see it as a group that had genuine potential to create a viable working-class political coalition capable of forcing labor issues onto the national stage.1
Measuring Effectiveness
Authors: Yabroff K Robin , Mandelblatt Jeanne
Published: November 2023

Decision models and cost-effectiveness analyses are most commonly developed to provide timely information to clinicians or health policy makers about the most likely impact of disease-prevention strategies in the absence of definitive studies. These models summarize the benefits and harms (and costs) of a prevention strategy in a single measure. They can be used to assess the impact of prevention strategies in reducing the development of disease, detecting disease earlier in its natural history when treatment
Quality of Life
Authors: Dasbach Erikj. , Teutschi Steven M
Published: November 2023

Improving health-related quality of life (QoL) is an important health-care goal. When evaluating health-care programs, accounting for QoL benefits is critical to demonstrating value. The literature on QoL measurement in health care is rich with instruments and applications. For the analyst faced with accounting for QoL benefits in a decision analysis, determining the best approach can be challenging. The purpose of this chapter is to provide guidance when incorporating QoL benefits into a decision analysis. Specifically, this chapter will focus on incorporating QoL benefits into economic evaluations. It will also discuss how QoL measures are used in other types of evaluation initiative such as clinical trials and population surveillance.
Psychiatric Formulation from Multiple Perspectives
Authors: Cohen Bruce J
Published: November 2023

We have interviewed a patient and have obtained a wide array of data: historical information, evidence of the patient’s interpersonal style of functioning, current symptoms and signs suggesting a possible superimposed illness. How do we use this data to formulate the case? The DSM-IV, being atheoretical, offers guidelines for description but not for explanation. Here is an example of one patient encountered in clinical practice: Chief complaint: A 14-year-old female is brought in for evaluation by her parents, who are concerned about her social withdrawal and lack of weight gain. After initial consultation, she is admitted to an inpatient eating disorders unit, where the following history is obtained. Psychiatric history: She has no previous psychiatric history. The present symptoms had their onset about 1 year prior to admission, when the patient received braces and her orthodontist recommended that she avoid eating candy. At that point she became more anxious about her diet and began to exclude a variety of foods. During the present school year, she has become interested in vegetarianism and has avoided any red meat or “fatty” foods. After she lost several pounds, friends initially complimented her on her appearance and she appeared to be happy about this. However, over the past few months, her parents have noted her to appear less happy than usual, more withdrawn, and more tired.
Personality Disorders
Authors: Cohen Bruce J
Published: November 2023

Chapter 3 introduced the concepts of personality and personality disorder. Unlike the term “disease,” the term “personality” doesn’t describe a condition that a person has. Rather, it describes what a person is. In defining personality disorder and demarcating this diagnosis from “normal” personality, one can use either a categorical approach (i.e., personality disorder is distinct from normal personality) or a dimensional approach (i.e., personality disorder differs from normal personality only in the degree to which it deviates from what is average in the population, similar to variations in height or weight). As might be expected for a group of disorders defined by variation along a dimensional continuum, the personality disorders are extremely common in the general population, with a prevalence of between 10% and 18% in various surveys. The prevalence is even higher in the clinical setting: 30%–50% of psychiatric outpatients have a personality disorder and 15% of inpatients are hospitalized primarily for problems attributable to personality disorder (with as many as half of the remaining inpatients having a comorbid personality disorder). Comorbid personality disorders are important to recognize, as they increase the likelihood that the other psychiatric illness will be more refractory to treatment.
Substance-Related Disorders
Authors: Cohen Bruce J
Published: November 2023

Substance-related disorders cost the United States in excess of $300 billion annually when one includes the costs of treatment, related health problems, absenteeism, lost productivity, drug-related crime and incarceration, and efforts at education and prevention. About 5.5 million Americans (2.7% of the population over age 12) clearly or probably need treatment for drug abuse and an additional 13 million Americans clearly or probably need treatment for alcohol abuse. Furthermore, substance-related disorders are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, particularly among men. Substance dependence (excluding nicotine) is responsible, directly or indirectly, for 40% of all hospital admissions and for 25% of all deaths; approximately 100,000 deaths per year result directly from the use of illicit drugs or alcohol. Two-thirds of these deaths occur in individuals who are dependent on heroin or cocaine, and nearly 40% of the deaths occur in individuals between the ages of 30 and 39. Finally, substance users exert a profound impact on the world around them. Substance intoxication is associated with about half of all highway fatalities, over half of all cases of domestic violence, and over half of all murders. These disorders also cause disinhibition and feelings of sadness and irritability, thereby contributing to many cases of attempted or completed suicide.
Dissociative Disorders
Authors: Cohen Bruce J
Published: November 2023

Human consciousness, the awareness of oneself and one’s environment, is an artificial construction. In a normal state of consciousness, the brain seamlessly integrates sensory perceptions, emotional states, current thoughts, and past memories. The essential feature of the various dissociative disorders is that these elements have become disrupted, dissociated, from each other. The distinctions between the different types of dissociative disorders are based on which particular aspect of subjective experience has become dissociated from the others. Dissociative amnesia is characterized by dissociation of memory. The affected individual demonstrates an inability to recall important biographical information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature. The memory deficit is too extensive to be explained by ordinary forget-fulness. Dissociative fugue is characterized by an even greater dissociation of memory, such that the individual dissociates not only key historical information but also his own sense of identity. Affected individuals may engage in sudden, unexpected travel away from their homes or customary places of work, accompanied by an inability to recall their past, confusion about their personal identity, or the assumption of a new identity.