bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling suppressed and active convection: Comparisons between three global atmospheric models
Authors: Willett M. R. , Bechtold P. , Williamson D. L. , Petch J. C. , Milton S. F. , Woolnough S. J.
Published: October 2008

The Met Office Unified Model, the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Integrated Forecasting System and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Atmosphere Model 3 were used to compare simulations of suppressed and active convection by global atmospheric models (GAMs) in the Tropical West Pacific. The case used a three‐week period selected from the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere‐Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA‐COARE). The global models were initialized from ERA‐40 on each day of the case and the 12‐36 h forecasts were concatenated together to create a continuous sequence of forecasts. One active and two suppressed subperiods were identified and used to examine the behaviour of the models within different convective regimes. All the GAMs were able to clearly distinguish between the suppressed and active regimes in terms of precipitation rate, precipitable water and radiative fluxes, and they all produced strong deep convection during the most active period. However, there were significant differences in the behaviour of the GAMs convection parametrizations during the most suppressed period. There was good agreement in the long‐wave radiative fluxes where the GAMs were in good agreement in terms of convective activity, but there was less agreement in the short‐wave fluxes, with the biggest differences being in the most active period. Throughout, there were large differences in the relative proportion of convective and large‐scale precipitation produced by the GAMs. By making comparisons with reference data in the form of observations, reanalyses and cloud‐resolving models, several issues that were specific to individual GAMs are identified and discussed. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society and Crown Copyright, 2008
The new VarEPS‐monthly forecasting system: A first step towards seamless prediction
Authors: Vitart Frédéric , Buizza Roberto , Alonso Balmaseda Magdalena , Balsamo Gianpaolo , Bidlot Jean‐Raymond , Bonet Axel , Fuentes Manuel , Hofstadler Alfred , Molteni Franco , Palmer Tim N.
Published: October 2008

A combined medium‐range and monthly‐forecasting forecasting system is now operational at the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts. Previously, these two systems were run separately. The new combined system provides skillful predictions of small‐scale, severe‐weather events in the early forecast range, accurate large‐scale forecast guidance up to day 15 twice a day, and large‐scale guidance up to day 32 once a week. In addition, the daily medium‐range forecasts starting at 0000 utc are now coupled to an ocean general‐circulation model after day 10 and persisted sea‐surface temperature (SST) anomalies instead of persisted SSTs are applied when the atmospheric model is run in uncoupled mode. Average results indicate that the monthly forecasting scores are slightly higher in the Extratropics with this new combined system. In particular, the new system seems to produce better monthly forecasts for extreme events such as the 2003 heatwave over Europe or the 2007 wet summer over England. However, the monthly forecasting scores in the Tropics are slightly lower than with the previous system, most likely because of the lack of ocean‐atmosphere coupling during the first ten days of the forecasts. This demonstrates that ocean‐atmosphere coupling may be needed in medium‐range forecasting and future plans include coupling the atmosphere to the ocean model from day 0. Average results based on 30 cases indicate that the medium‐range forecasts benefit from the introduction of the ocean‐atmosphere coupling after day 10, most especially the prediction of low‐level temperature in the Tropics. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Assimilation of Doppler radial winds into a 3D‐Var system: Errors and impact of radial velocities on the variational analysis and model forecasts
Authors: Rihan Fathalla A. , Collier Chris G. , Ballard Susan P. , Swarbrick Sean J.
Published: October 2008

A pre‐processing approach to the assimilation of Doppler radar radial wind data into a high resolution Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) model is described. We discuss the types of errors which might occur in radar radial winds. The construction of simulated high resolution radar data containing such errors is described. Examples of these data are presented and compared with actual radar data from the Chilbolton S‐band radar located in central southern England. A new approach to specifying the radial velocity observation error is proposed based upon the radial gradient of the velocity along the pulse volume. The production of ‘super‐observations’ for input to a 3D‐Var assimilation system is discussed. Impact of the assimilation of Doppler velocities on the 3D‐Var analysis and on the model forecasts, for two case‐studies, are shown. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Tropical‐cyclone intensification and predictability in a minimal three‐dimensional model
Authors: Shin Seoleun , Smith Roger K.
Published: October 2008

We investigate the amplification and predictability of tropical cyclones in the context of a minimal, three‐dimensional numerical model. In the prototype problem for intensification, starting with a tropical storm strength vortex in a quiescent environment on an f‐plane, the emergent flow in the inner region of the vortex becomes highly asymmetric and dominated by deep convective vortex structures, even though the problem as posed is essentially axisymmetric. The details of the intensification process, including the asymmetric structures that develop, are highly sensitive to small perturbations in the low‐level moisture field at the initial time. This sensitivity is manifest in a significant spread in the intensity of vortices from an ensemble of calculations in which random moisture perturbations are added in the lowest model level. Similar experiments are carried out on a β‐plane and in the case where there is an anticyclonic shear flow at upper levels. The former set shows no significant difference from the f‐plane calculations in the evolution of intensity, but the latter set shows a significantly weaker vortex, contrary to a broadly held hypothesis that upper‐level outflow channels are favourable to intensification. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
The effect of CEOs on firm performance
Authors: Mackey Alison
Published: October 2008

The extent to which CEOs influence firm performance is fundamental to scholarly understanding of how organizations work; yet, this linkage is poorly understood. Previous empirical efforts to examine the link between CEOs and firm performance using variance decomposition, while provocative, nevertheless suffer from methodological problems that systematically understate the relative impact of CEOs on firm performance compared to industry and firm effects. This study addresses these methodological problems and reexamines the percentage of the variance in firm performance explained by heterogeneity in CEOs. The results of this study suggest that in certain settings the ‘CEO effect’ on corporate‐parent performance is substantially more important than that of industry and firm effects, but only moderately more important than industry and firm effects on business‐segment performance. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How true is a ‘true’ midsagittal section?
Authors: Wah Y. M. I. , Chan L. W. D. , Leung T. Y. , Fung T. Y. , Lau T. K.
Published: October 2008

Objectives

To study the deviation of presumed midsagittal sections of the fetal head from the true image plane, to compare whether certification (by The Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF), UK) has an effect on the degree of this deviation, and to investigate the impact of imperfect midsagittal sections on nuchal translucency thickness (NT) measurement.

Methods

Eight sonographers, four of them FMF‐certified (Group A) and the other four not (Group B), were asked to obtain image sections which they believed to represent true midsagittal sections of the fetal head and neck in five patients each. Three‐dimensional volume datasets were acquired for subsequent analysis. The angle between the falx cerebri and the vertical axis was measured and the effect of this angle on NT measurement was assessed.

Results

The mean angle of deviation was significantly lower among those who were FMF‐certified (5.7° vs. 14.7°, P < 0.001). The 1.8% underestimation of NT by Group A was not statistically significant (P = 0.76), while in Group B the NT could not be measured when the angle of deviation was 14.7°.

Conclusions

FMF‐certified operators obtain a better midsagittal section compared with non‐certified operators. The minor deviation from the true midsagittal section by certified operators has no significant effect on the value of NT measurement. This study could provide a model for operator training and auditing. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of the fetal myocardial performance index in the second and third trimesters of gestation
Authors: Van Mieghem T. , Gucciardo L. , Lewi P. , Lewi L. , Van Schoubroeck D. , Devlieger R. , De Catte L. , Verhaeghe J. , Deprest J.
Published: October 2008

Objectives

To test the validity of the myocardial performance index (MPI) and its components against the more conventional methods of fetal cardiac function assessment: the ejection fraction (EF) for systolic function and the E/A index (ratio of transmitral flow during early (E) ventricular filling to flow during atrial (A) contraction) for diastolic function, both in a normal population and in a population at risk for cardiac failure because of volume overload (recipient fetuses in cases of twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS)).

Methods

The MPI was measured prospectively in addition to more commonly used indices of systolic (EF) and diastolic (E/A index) cardiac function in 117 healthy fetuses (gestational age range, 20–36 weeks) and in 14 fetuses suspected of cardiac failure because of the presence of TTTS. Nomograms were constructed for all variables, and correlations between the MPI, EF and E/A index were assessed. The time taken to obtain the measurements as well as the interobserver and intraobserver variability were determined for the MPI and EF.

Results

In healthy fetuses, the MPI and EF were independent of gestational age, whereas the E/A index and isovolumetric relaxation time (IRT) increased with gestational age. The MPI correlated inversely with the EF (P < 0.001). The IRT showed a trend towards an inverse correlation with the E/A index (P = 0.10). The mean ± SD time needed to measure the MPI and EF was 140 ± 65 s and 185 ± 187 s, respectively (P = 0.43). Interobserver and intraobserver intraclass correlation coefficients for the MPI were 0.98 (95% CI, 0.85–0.99) and 0.82 (95% CI, 0.14–0.95), respectively; those for the EF were 0.58 (95% CI, − 0.16 to 0.85) and 0.51 (95% CI, − 0.46 to 0.83), respectively; and those for the E/A index were 0.97 (95% CI, 0.88–0.99) and 0.91 (95% CI, 0.66–0.98), respectively. All variables, except ejection time, were significantly different between normal fetuses and those with TTTS.

Conclusions

The MPI is an indicator of the systolic component of fetal left ventricular function that can be easily acquired and reproduced. The MPI is strongly correlated with the EF but shows less interobserver and intraobserver variability. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of N‐(N′‐arylamino)maleimides to improve the thermal properties of poly(vinyl chloride) through chemical modification and graft copolymerization
Authors: Abdel‐Naby Abir S. , Al‐Dossary Abeer O.
Published: October 2008

The reaction of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) with N‐(N′‐arylamino)maleimide derivatives was studied. The thermal stability of the modified polymer was improved markedly when compared with that of the unmodified polymer. The stability improvement was attributed to the replacement of the labile chlorine atoms by more stable organic groups. The modified polymer also showed a lower extent of discoloration when compared with that of unmodified PVC. In order to introduce a polymeric stabilizer into PVC, the dienophilic monomer was chemically grafted onto the polymeric chains. The mechanism of the chemical modification as well as that of the graft copolymerization are discussed. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Polymer plasticization using supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Kusmanto Febe , Billham Mark , Hornsby Peter
Published: October 2008

The plasticizing effect of supercritical CO2 (scCO2) during the extrusion of polymers was investigated. A modified extrusion system was used to demonstrate the viscosity‐reducing effect of scCO2 together with a capability to produce foam‐free extrudate with selected polymers, including poly(vinyl chloride). Samples of extrudate and materials prepared off‐line by using a pressure vessel were characterized by thermal, mechanical, and X‐ray techniques. After gas diffusion from the polymer, there was no long‐term effect on polymer structure and properties. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Effects of alkaline and silane treatments on the water‐resistance properties of wood‐fiber‐reinforced recycled plastic composites
Authors: Cui Yi‐Hua , Lee Stephen , Tao Jie
Published: October 2008

The water‐resistance properties of wood‐fiber‐reinforced recycled plastic composites (WRPCs) prepared from postconsumer high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) and wood fibers from saw mills were studied. Three methods consisting of an alkaline method (AM), a silane method (SM), and a combination of the alkaline and silane methods (ASM) were used to modify the wood fibers. The effects of fiber/matrix mix ratio and surface treatment on the moisture content, thickness swelling, and flexural strength change of the WRPCs, before and after immersion in 60°C water for 8 weeks, were studied and analyzed. The flexural fractured surfaces of the WRPCs before and after immersion in hot water were examined, and the fracture mechanism of the WRPCs was discussed. The results showed that the different surface treatments of the wood fibers had significant effects on the moisture content, thickness swelling, and flexural strength of the WRPCs after a long immersion time in hot water. For WRPCs treated by ASM, the moisture content was the lowest, the thickness swelling was at a minimum, and the flexural strength was the highest. Higher water absorption of composites with fiber treated by the AM or SM methods, as compared to those treated by ASM, could be attributed to the incomplete adhesion and wettability between the wood fibers and the polymer matrix, which may have caused more gaps and flaws at the interface. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Measuring a professional conservation education training program for zoos and wildlife parks in China
Authors: Askue Laurel , Heimlich Joe , Yu Jin Ping , Wang Xiaohong , Lakly Shelly
Published: October 2008

Designed and implemented in 2006, the Academy for Conservation Training (ACT) is a conservation education academy modeled after the Association for Zoos and Aquariums' (AZA) professional conservation education course. ACT incorporates conservation education best practices utilized by AZA‐accredited institutions to provide zoo and wildlife park professionals in China with the skills, knowledge, and tools needed to design, implement, and evaluate effective conservation education programs at their facilities. Initial findings indicate that the ACT model is an effective approach to connect these emerging educators with conservation education best practices. The strongest satisfaction responses in this study were in perceptions of the program preparing the individual for work and in personal development. In terms of the longitudinal survey conducted with ACT graduates after the training, the lowest scoring items were the opportunities to meet other zoo educators in China and the quantity of information provided. The most revealing trend in regards to preparedness in becoming zoo educators was that specific pedagogical skills were those where perceived gain was consistent and strong across all three academies. Zoo Biol 28:447–461, 2009. ©2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tool support for learning Büchi automata and linear temporal logic
Authors: Tsay Yih-Kuen , Chen Yu-Fang , Tsai Ming-Hsien , Wu Kang-Nien , Chan Wen-Chin , Luo Chi-Jian , Chang Jinn-Shu
Published: October 2008

We introduce a graphical interactive tool, named GOAL, that can assist the user in understanding Büchi automata, linear temporal logic, and their relation. Büchi automata and linear temporal logic are closely related and have long served as fundamental building blocks of linear-time model checking. Understanding their relation is instrumental in discovering algorithmic solutions to model checking problems or simply in using those solutions, e.g., specifying a temporal property directly by an automaton rather than a temporal formula so that the property can be verified by an algorithm that operates on automata. One main function of the GOAL tool is translation of a temporal formula into an equivalent Büchi automaton that can be further manipulated visually. The user may edit the resulting automaton, attempting to optimize it, or simply run the automaton on some inputs to get a basic understanding of how it operates. GOAL includes a large number of translation algorithms, most of which support past temporal operators. With the option of viewing the intermediate steps of a translation, the user can quickly grasp how a translation algorithm works. The tool also provides various standard operations and tests on Büchi automata, in particular the equivalence test which is essential for checking if a hand-drawn automaton is correct in the sense that it is equivalent to some intended temporal formula or reference automaton. Several use cases are elaborated to show how these GOAL functions may be combined to facilitate the learning and teaching of Büchi automata and linear temporal logic.
Vortex analysis of the periodic Ginzburg–Landau model
Authors: Aydi Hassen , Sandier Etienne
Published: October 2008

We study the vortices of energy minimizers in the London limit for the Ginzburg–Landau model with periodic boundary conditions. For applied fields well below the second critical field we are able to describe the location and number of vortices. Many of the results presented appeared in [H. Aydi, Doctoral Dissertation, Université Paris-XII, 2004], others are new.

Nous étudions les tourbillons des minimiseurs de l'énergie de Ginzburg–Landau en supraconductivité dans la limite de London, et pour des conditions aux limites périodiques. Lorsque le champ magnétique appliqué est petit devant le second champ critique, nous décrivons le nombre et la localisation de ces tourbillons. Certains de ces résultats étaient présents dans [H. Aydi, Doctoral Dissertation, Université Paris-XII, 2004], d'autres sont nouveaux.
Singly periodic solutions of a semilinear equation
Authors: Allain Geneviève , Beaulieu Anne
Published: October 2008

We consider the solutions of the equation

−ɛ^{2}\mathrm{\Delta }u + u−|u|^{p−1}u = 0

in

S^{1} \times \mathbb{R}

, where

ɛ

and

p

are positive real numbers,

p > 1

. We prove that the set of the positive bounded solutions even in

x_{1}

and

x_{2}

, decreasing for

x_{1}\in\, ]\!−\pi ,0[

and tending to

0

as

x_{2}

tends to

+∞

is the first branch of solutions constructed by bifurcation from the ground-state solution

(ɛ,w_{0}(\frac{x_{2}}{ɛ}))

. We prove that there exists a positive real number

ɛ_{ \star }

such that for every

ɛ\in ]0,ɛ_{ \star }]

there exists a finite number of solutions verifying the above properties and none such solution for

ɛ > ɛ_{ \star }

. The proves make use of compactness results and of the Leray–Schauder degree theory.

Nous étudions l'équation

−ɛ^{2}\mathrm{\Delta }u + u−|u|^{p−1}u = 0

dans

S^{1} \times \mathbb{R}

, où

ɛ

et

p

sont des nombres réels strictement positifs,

p > 1

. Nous identifions l'ensemble des solutions

(ɛ,u)

où

u

est une fonction positive, paire en

x_{1}

et

x_{2}

, décroissante en

x_{1}

dans

[−\pi ,0]

et tendant vers

0

quand

x_{2}

tend vers

+∞

, comme la première branche de solutions issue d'une bifurcation à partir de l'état fondamental

(ɛ,w_{0}(\frac{x_{2}}{ɛ}))

. Nous prouvons qu'il existe un réel

ɛ_{ \star }

tel que pour tout

ɛ\in ]0,ɛ_{ \star }]

il y a un nombre fini de solutions vérifiant les propriétés énoncées ci-dessus, et aucune telle solution pour

ɛ > ɛ_{ \star }

. Les preuves utilisent des résultats de compacité et la théorie du degré de Leray–Schauder.
Regulatory role of thioredoxin in homocysteine‐induced monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 secretion in monocytes/macrophages
Authors: Dai Jing , Wang Xiaofei , Feng Juan , Kong Wei , Xu Qingbo , Shen Xun , Wang Xian
Published: October 2008

We have previously shown that homocysteine (Hcy) can induce monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) secretion via reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human monocytes. Here, we show that Hcy upregulates expression of an important antioxidative protein, thioredoxin (Trx), via NADPH oxidase in human monocytes in vitro. The increase of Trx expression and activity inhibited Hcy‐induced ROS production and MCP‐1 secretion. Of note, 2‐week hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) ApoE−/− mice showed accelerated lesion formation and parallel lower Trx expression in macrophages than ApoE−/− mice, suggesting that HHcy‐induced sustained oxidative stress in vivo might account for impaired Trx and hence increased ROS production and MCP‐1 secretion from macrophages, and subsequently accelerated atherogenesis.
Specific interaction of TFII‐I with an upstream element on the HIV‐1 LTR regulates induction of latent provirus
Authors: Malcolm Tom , Kam Joanna , Pour Pouya Sadeghi , Sadowski Ivan
Published: October 2008

RBF‐2 is a factor comprised of a USF1/2 heterodimer, whose association with a highly conserved upstream element (RBEIII) on the HIV‐1 LTR requires a co‐factor TFII‐I. We have identified specific nucleotides, immediately 3′ of RBEIII that are required for stable association of TFII‐I with this region of the LTR. Mutations that inhibit interaction of TFII‐I with DNA also prevent stimulation of USF binding to RBEIII, and render the integrated LTR unresponsive to T cell signaling. These results demonstrate an essential role of TFII‐I bound at an upstream LTR element for viral replication.
Color Doppler analysis of pelvic arteries following bilateral internal iliac artery ligation for severe postpartum hemorrhage
Authors: Yildirim Yusuf , Gultekin Emre , Kocyigit Ali , Yilmaz Cengiz , Ertopcu Kenan , Arioz Dagistan Tolga
Published: October 2008

Objective

To compare Doppler blood flow characteristics of the uterine, arcuate, and ovarian arteries of women who underwent bilateral internal iliac artery ligation with those of controls.

Methods

Thirteen women who underwent bilateral internal iliac artery ligation for severe postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) were matched with 15 healthy women of reproductive age. Transvaginal color and pulsed (duplex) Doppler modes were used to visualize the pelvic arteries. The pulsatility index, the resistance index, the systolic/diastolic blood flow ratio, the peak systolic velocity, and the end‐diastolic velocity were measured.

Results

The mean age was 26.1 ± 5.2 years in the study group and 27.0 ± 5.4 years in the control group. All participants had regular menstrual periods. There were no significant differences between the groups regarding each of the vascular indices for the uterine, arcuate, and ovarian arteries.

Conclusion

These findings are consistent with published data demonstrating that pelvic circulation is not compromised after bilateral internal iliac artery ligation.
Mental Health, Demographic, and Risk Behavior Profiles of Pregnant Survivors of Childhood and Adult Abuse
Authors: Seng Julia S. , Sperlich Mickey , Low Lisa Kane
Published: October 2008

Our objective was to address the gap in knowledge about the extent to which perinatal mental health and risk behaviors are associated with childhood and adult experiences of abuse that arises because of barriers to screening and disclosure about past and current abuse. Survey data from an ongoing study of the effects of posttraumatic stress on childbearing were used to describe four groups of nulliparous women: those with no abuse history, adult abuse only, childhood abuse only, and abuse that occurred during both periods. The rates of abuse history disclosure were higher in the research context than in the clinical settings. Mental health morbidity and risk behaviors occurred in a dose‐response pattern with cumulative abuse exposure. Rates of current posttraumatic stress disorder ranged from 4.1% among those never abused to 11.4% (adult only), 16.0% (childhood only), and 39.2% (both periods). Women abused during both periods also were more likely to be using tobacco (21.5%) and drugs (16.5%) during pregnancy. We conclude that mental health and behavioral risk sequelae affect a significant portion of both childhood and adult abuse survivors in prenatal care. The integration into the maternity setting of existing evidence‐based interventions for the mental health and behavioral sequelae of abuse is needed.
Intimate Partner Violence Screening and Brief Intervention: Experiences of Women in Two New Zealand Health Care Settings
Authors: Koziol‐McLain Jane , Giddings Lynne , Rameka Maria , Fyfe Elaine
Published: October 2008

The identification of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women as a public health problem has led to routine health care site– based screening and brief intervention policies. However, there is a lack of evidence supporting the usefulness and safety of such policies. Our objective was to ascertain the acceptability, usefulness, and harm of a brief health care site– based screening intervention. In this qualitative study, semistructured interviews were conducted with 36 women several weeks after a standardized screening intervention in either an emergency department (adult and paediatric) or primary health care setting. The majority of women (97%) welcomed the IPV screening intervention and perceived it as nonthreatening and safe. The women reported no increased risk of harm because of the screening. The responses showed that the intervention had a therapeutic and educational quality, and the attitude and approach of the person asking the intervention questions was critical to a positive outcome. Women without a history of violence cautioned that IPV screening may be offensive to those who are abused, whereas those who reported abuse thought IPV screening was essential “to stop it [from] happening.” Our findings challenge concerns that IPV screening is offensive to women and increases their potential for danger. Participants were appreciative of the opportunity to tell their abuse stories in a safe and supportive context, and challenged the health care system to implement IPV screening, asking “What took you so long?”
Physical Health and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Woods Stephanie J. , Hall Rosalie J. , Campbell Jacquelyn C. , Angott Danielle M.
Published: October 2008

This correlational‐predictive study addresses the associations between intimate partner violence (IPV) and physical health and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, including: 1) detailed physical health symptoms reported and health care sought by women in intimate abusive relationships, 2) relationships between physical health symptoms, IPV, and PTSD, and 3) unique predictors of physical health symptoms. An ethnically diverse sample of 157 abused women was recruited from crisis shelters and the community. The women averaged almost 34 years of age and had been in the abusive relationship for slightly more than 5 years. The women experienced physical health symptoms falling into 4 groups: neuromuscular, stress, sleep, and gynecologic symptoms. Women experiencing more severe IPV reported more physical health and PTSD symptomatology. PTSD avoidance and threats of violence or risk of homicide uniquely predicted physical health. More than 75% of the women had sought treatment from a health care professional in the previous 9 months. Implications for practice are discussed.
Similarities between Chinese and Arabic Mathematical Writings: (I) Root extraction
Authors: Chemla Karine
Published: October 2008

First century Chinese, fifth century Indian, and Arabic documents from the 9th century onwards, contain similar tabular procedures to extract square and cube roots on place-value numeration systems. Moreover, an 11th century Chinese astronomer, Jia Xian, as well as al-Samaw'al, a 12th century Arab mathematician, extracted roots of higher order with the so-called Ruffini-Horner procedure. This article attempts to define a textual method to organize this corpus, by distinguishing relevant criteria for identifying similarities and differences from a historical as well as conceptual point of view. The first part analyses three different states of the descriptions of algorithms in China between the 1st and the 11th centuries, all of which exhibit a definite historical stability. The rewriting which allows one to proceed progressively from one state to the next shows a uniformity in the components of the algorithm, which culminates in procedures of the type Ruffini-Horner. Textual criteria demonstrate a greater affinity of certain algorithms, such as those described by Kūshyār ibn Labbān (ca1000) with Chinese rather than with Indian texts, which are in turn closer to algorithms described by al-Khwārizmī. Criteria of the same kind link the algorithms of Jia Xian and al-Samaw'al on the one hand, and those of Kūshyār and al-Samaw'al on the other.
Sur une construction du miroir parabolique par Abū al-Wafā´ al-Būzjānī
Authors: Neugebauer Otto , Rashed Roshdi
Published: October 2008

Abū al-Wafā’ al-Būzjānī proposed, in a fragment established and translated herein, two methods to build a parabolic mirror. The lack of demonstration, particularly for the first method, raises a difficult question of interpretation. To understand this method, O. Neugebauer used, in an unpublished article translated herein, concepts of descriptive geometry. He then eliminated the space construction used, to keep only simple geometrical considerations known by the Greeks. The second interpretation, given by R. Rashed, is based on the geometrical practices of al-Būzjānī's contemporaries, like al-Qūhī and Ibn Sahl, i.e. on the methods of conical projections. The second method borrowed by al-Būzjānī from Ibn Sinān seems to support this last interpretation.
Philosophy and political thought: reflections and comparisons
Authors: Mahdi Muhsin
Published: October 2008

Having constituted a new epoch in human history and a new religiouspolitical order, the revealed religions challenged the tradition of Greek philosophy to adjust to, investigate, and make intelligible a religiouspolitical order based on prophecy, revelation, and the divine law. The challenge led certain Arab and Muslim philosophers to reassess the relative distance between the thought of the Greek masters, (Plato, Aristotle, Plotinus, in particular) and the doctrines propagated by the revealed religions, and to make use of such works as Plato's Republic and Laws, rather than Aristotle's Politics, when offering a philosophic account of the new religious–political phenomenon and of such new disciplines as the science of the divine law and the science of revealed theology.
The Astronomical Tradition Of Maragha: A Historical Survey And Prospects for Future Research
Authors: Saliba George
Published: October 2008

This paper surveys the results established so far by the on-going research on the planetary theories in Arabic astronomy. The most important results of the Maragha astronomers are gathered here for the first time, and new areas for future research are delineated. The conclusions reached demonstrate that the Arabic astronomical works mentioned here not only elaborate the connection between Arabic astronomy and Copernicus, but also that such activities, namely the continuous reformulation of Greek astronomy, were not limited to a specific group of astronomers or to a specific geographical area. It is shown that such activities were spread over a period of more than seven hundred years, from the early eleventh till the sixteenth century, and over an area stretching from the Andalusian peninsula in the west to the farthest reaches of Central Asia in the east.
Al-Samaw'al, al-bīrūnī et Brahmagupta: les méthodes D'interpolation
Authors: Rashed Roshdi
Published: October 2008

In a manuscript which is being studied here for the first time, al-Samaw'al (12th century) quotes a paragraph from al-Bīrūnī (11th century) which shows that the latter knew not only of Brahmagupta's method of quadratic interpolation, but also of another Indian method (called sankalt). Al-Samaw'al examines these methods, as well as linear interpolation, compares them, and evaluates their respective results. He also tries to improve them. In this article the author shows that al-Bīrūnī had used four methods of interpolation, two of which were of Indian origin; and that al-Samaw'al explicitly introduced a new way of evaluating these different methods. He also throws light on the active movement of research on numerical methods that constitutes the background to al-Bīrūmī's and al-Samaw'al's work, and uses modern means to evaluate the different methods and to justify the mathematicians' choices. The author has edited and translated al-Samaw'al's text in order to make it available to historians of Arabic and Indian mathematics. This allows them to follow the history and the mathematical arguments, and deepens our understanding of the importance to the development of mathematics of certain astronomical work. It also highlights the contribution of Indian mathematicians to the development of Arabic mathematics.
L'intermediaire syriaque dans la transmission de la philosophie grecque à l'arabe: le cas de l'Organon d'Aristote
Authors: Hugonnard-Roche Henri
Published: October 2008

This article aims to present a summary account of the role of Syriac in the transmission of Aristotle's Organon from Greek to Arabic. The main sources for that purpose lie in the Syriac and Arabic translations of Aristotle's works, that were achieved during the period from the 7th to the 9th centuries. Some problems related to these translations are discussed, with more attention paid to the emergence of a technical language of logic.
The Arabic Origins and Development of Latin Algorisms in the Twelfth Century
Authors: Allard André
Published: October 2008

In the absence of the Arabic text of al-Khwārizmī'sArithmetic (ca. 825), which has not yet been found, the oldest Latin adaptations from the twelfth century are the only evidence documenting the genesis and the first spreading of a decimal arithmetic that uses nine figures and zero, i.e. the Indian reckoning known in the Middle Ages asalgorismus. This paper studies these texts, their content, their sources, and identifies their authors and the milieus in which they were written.
The Spherical Case of the Tūsī Couple
Authors: Saliba George , Kennedy E. S.
Published: October 2008

In this article we study the development of the mathematical theorem, now known as the Tūsī Couple, and discuss the difference between its plane and spherical applications.
Gersonide, le pseudo-Tūsi, et le postulat des paralléles.
Authors: Lévy Tony
Published: October 2008

Euclid's Elements were translated into Hebrew from Arabic in the 13th century; but precious few of the Arabic commentaries have come down to us in a Hebrew version (al-Fārābī, Ibn al-Hayṯam). Nonetheless, a study of several texts dealing with the Fifth Postulate (the Parallel Postulate) of Book I reveals that the Hebrew authors are greatly indebted to Arabic sources.

We shall examine three attempted proofs of the Parallel Postulate. The two attempts by Moses ha-Levi of Seville (13th century) and Alfonso of Valladolid (14th century) are mathematically unconvincing. Nevertheless they are interesting historically: Moses ha-Levi exploits the movement of lines which are infinite in actu; and Alfonso, starting from a critique of Ibn al-Hayṯam and al-Nayrīzī, claims to innovate in the use of the method of superposition.

In contrast, Gersonides' attempt (14th century) is a well-articulated series of premises and proofs, including several arguments which we have traced back to the Taḥrīr Uṣūl Uqlīdis of Pseudo-Ṭūsī. We feel it is important to emphasize this relationship, even though it is impossible to establish the route by which these arguments found their way to Gersonides.
Al-bīrūnī and The Mathematical Treatment of Observations
Authors: sheynin Oscar
Published: October 2008

The classical theory of errors can be divided into stochastic and determinate parts, or branches. The birth of the first of therse became inevitable after Bradley's idea of cultivating astronomy and natural science in general by “regular series of observations and experiments” became universally accepted. Such scholars as Lambert, Simpson, Lagrange, Daniel Bernoulli and Euler were responsible for the development of the stochastic theory of errors while Laplace and Gauss completed its construction. About fifty or sixty years ago it was included into mathematical statistics.
Al-Kindī on Judicial Astrology: ‘the Forty Chapters’
Authors: Burnett Charles
Published: October 2008

Al-Kindī'sForty Chapterswas one of the most influential astrological texts in the Middle Ages in the Arabic and Latin-reading world. Yet it has never been studied by modern scholars and has not even been properly identified in the standard bibliographies and encyclopaedias of Arabic literature. This study describes the work as it appears in the Arabic MS, Jerusalem, Khālidī Library, 21(2)-Astr.-2; sets it in the tradition of Greek, Persian and Arabic texts on catarchic astrology; and traces its influence on later Arabic astrological works, which give evidence of a fuller text than that in the Khālidī Library. This fuller text appears in the two Latin translations made in the mid-twelfth century by Hugo of Santalla and Robert of Ketton. Finally some comments are added about the place ofThe Forty Chaptersin al-Kindī's œ;uvre. Two appendixes give respectively details of the manuscripts of the Arabic text and the two Latin translations, and an edition of a specimen chapter (concerning irrigation and cultivating the land) from these three versions.
L'idée De Dimension Chez Al-Sijzī
Authors: Crozet Pascal
Published: October 2008

This paper presents the Arabic text, the French translation and an analysis of al-Sijzīʼs treatise (second half of the tenth century), theBook of Measurement of Spheres by Spheres. In this text, al-Sijzī divides the cube into several sub-cubes and parallelopipedes, thus offering us a stereometric interpretation of algebraic identities of the third degree usually credited to mathematicians of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. However, this was not al-Sijzīʼs motivation for writing this treatise; rather it was his theoretical interest in the Euclidian concept of the “power” of a segment, an interest which is clearly geometric rather than algebraic. This has led al-Sijzī to the notion of dimension, at least in outline.
Proclus Arabus Rides Again
Authors: Zimmermann Fritz
Published: October 2008

Some of the short pieces attributed in various Arabic manuscripts to Alexander of Aphrodisias in fact derive from Proclus's Elements of Theology. Twenty such pieces were published in 1973 by G. Endress, who traced the unnamed translator to the circle of Kindi. Another such piece is here identified, published, and assigned to the same translator. Its beginning and end seem to have been revised by a later transmitter. Section II of the article adduces a parallel case where the original Arabic version still exists. Section III surveys a number of related pieces that would also appear to have been changed in transmission. Section IV argues that most if not all were once united in a single collection of Proclus and Alexander. Section V argues that since certain changes of detail were evidently made during or soon after translation, the general arrangement of the Kindi-circle Alexander, as of the Kindi-circle Liber de Causis and the Kindi-circle “Theology of Aristotle”, is also likely to be peculiar to the Arabic tradition. The text from which Proclus Arabus was first translated need not have differed substantially from the transmitted Greek.
Alexandre d'AphrodisevsJean Philopon: Notes sur quelques traités d'Alexandre “perdus” en grec, conservés en arabe
Authors: Hasnawi Ahmad
Published: October 2008

In this paper, are included new data about three treatises ascribed in Arabic to Alexander of Aphrodisias. These treatises were thought to have no Greek correspondent. The author shows that one of them, (D.8a), is an adapted version – following the norms of “al-Kindi circle” – ofQuaestioI 21, along with the later and more exact version of thisQuaestioby Abū ‘Uṭmān al-Dimašqi (d. 900). He shows also that the two other treatises (D.9 and D.16) are, in contradistinction to the first, adapted versions of passages belonging in theDe Aeternitate mundi contra Proclumof John Philoponus: respectively IV, 4–6 and IX, 11. Philoponus’ book was known to have been translated, into Arabic. But, except for some short fragments in al-Bīrūnī (d. 1048), it seems that it is the first time that important adapted extracts of it are put in light. Some points are made about the historical position of the epitomator of these passages. In Appendix II, another treatise ascribed to Alexander (D.27g) appears – provisionally – as a composite text, mixing elements coming from Philoponus and others from neoplatonic texts in Arabic. In Appendix III is analysed the use of D.16 by Miskawayh (d. 1030), and the use of D.27g by ‘Abdallaṭīf al-Baġdādī (d. 1231).
D'Avicenne à Averroès, et retour. Sur les sources arabes de la théorie scolastique de l'un transcendantal
Authors: De Libera Alain
Published: October 2008

The scholastic doctrine of transcendentals is inherited from Arabic philosophy to a certain extent. This dependance is clearly illustrated in the construction of the problematic of the transcendental one, which is identical with being, and of the numerical one, which is not. The scholastic discussion as a whole reproduces the major themes of Avicenna's position, then of Averroes' criticism of Avicenna. This article attempts to reconstruct the complex of questions, topics, and arguments which constitute this problematic by tracing its evolution through the analysis of anonymoussophismataand of texts by Nicholas of Paris, Roger Bacon, Albert the Great, and James of Viterbo. Two stages are distinguished: the first is centered on the distinction between the transcendental and numerical one; the second, essentially German (Dietrich of Freiberg and Berthold of Moosburg), is centered on the subordination of the Aristotelian to the Platonic concept of the transcendental one. Along the way, it is shown that, with the exception of the German philosophers, the understanding of Avicenna's position is constantly filtered through Averroes' interpretation.
Ibn Rušd et lesPremiers Analytiquesd'Aristote: Aaperçu sur un problème de syllogistique modale
Authors: Elamrani-Jamal Abdelali
Published: October 2008

Ibn Rušd devoted a certain number of works to Aristotle'sPrior Analytics. In a series ofopusculeswritten over a period of twenty years and following upon hisMiddle Commentary on Aristotle's Prior Analytics, he faced a problem particular to the modal syllogism – that of the mood of the conclusion in mixed syllogisms.

The problem can be stated as follows: At the beginning of thePrior Analytics, Aristotle established a formal deductive principle – that of universal attribution (Pr. An.I.1.24b26–30). Applied to the modal syllogism, this principle is inadequate as stated. It is too general to be applied in a univocal manner in all modal syllogisms. To preserve a sense of coherence in Aristotle's declarations, the commentators had to interpret it. Presenting the interpretations of the commentators, primarily al-Fārābī and Alexander, on the basis of al-Fārābī'sLarge Commentary on Aristotle's Prior Analytics, Averroes criticizes them. Applied according to Alexander's interpretation, the principle of universal attribution is valid only for modal syllogisms one of whose premises is necessary and the other assertoric; according to al-Fārābī's interpretation, it is verified only when the minor premise is possible. Averroes proposes two preliminary solutions. Either this formal deductive principle must be applied differently according to the modal differences of the minor premises in mixed syllogisms (first solution) or would be used in two ways, generally or in keeping with each mood (second solution). These solutions are not satisfactory, for they call into question the unity and universality of the principle of universal attribution as established by Aristotle. What is the utility, Averroes asks, of a principle which does not hold for all modalities or does not apply to all the premises when thePr. An.ought to furnish formal and universal principles of deduction? And why did Aristotle define the principle of universal attribution without distinguishing its application according to each of the three modal premises? Returning at the end of his career to a literal exegesis of Aristotle's propositions and without harkening back to the earlier solutions, he proposes a theory of making the terms modal (fourth solution) in order to save Aristotle's declarations with respect to the principle of universal attribution and the mood of the conclusion of mixed syllogisms (Pr. An.I. 9.30al5–20). Though formally inadequate, this solution, which had a continued history, proposes a new way of looking at the classification of modal propositions.
Averroes' Middle and Long Commentaries on theDe anima
Authors: Ivry Alfred L.
Published: October 2008

This article claims that Averroes wrote his Middle Commentary on theDe animaafter he composed both his Short and Long commentaries. A close comparison of the two texts proves that he had the Long commentary before him when composing the Middle. This has implications both for the development of Averroes' doctrine of the intellect, and for understanding Averroes' style of composing commentaries.
Astronomy and Astrology in the Works of Abraham ibn Ezra
Authors: Goldstein Bernard R.
Published: October 2008

Abraham ibn Ezra the Spaniard (d. 1167) was one of the foremost transmitters of Arabic science to the West. His astrological and astronomical works, written in Hebrew and later translated into Latin, were considered authoritative by many medieval Jewish and Christian scholars. Some of the works he translated from Arabic are no longer extant in their original form, and on occasion his treatises provide information about earlier sources that is otherwise poorly preserved, if at all. Ibn Ezra seems to be the earliest scholar to record one of the seven methods for setting up the astrological houses, and this method was subsequently used by Levi ben Gerson (d. 1344) in southern France.