bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The energetics of childhood: Current knowledge and insights into human variation, evolution, and health
Authors: Urlacher Samuel S.
Published: March 2023

How organisms capture and ultimately use metabolic energy–a limiting resource of life–has profound implications for understanding evolutionary legacies and current patterns of phenotypic variation, adaptation, and health. Energetics research among humans has a rich history in biological anthropology and beyond. The energetics of childhood, however, remains relatively underexplored. This shortcoming is notable given the accepted importance of childhood in the evolution of the unique human life history pattern as well as the known sensitivity of childhood development to local environments and lived experiences. In this review, I have three objectives: (1) To overview current knowledge regarding how children acquire and use energy, highlighting work among diverse human populations and pointing to recent advances and remaining areas of uncertainty; (2) To discuss key applications of this knowledge for understanding human variation, evolution, and health; (3) To recommend future avenues for research. A growing body of evidence supports a model of trade‐offs and constraint in childhood energy expenditure. This model, combined with advancements on topics such as the energetics of immune activity, the brain, and the gut, provides insights into the evolution of extended human subadulthood and the nature of variation in childhood development, lifetime phenotype, and health.
Surface Engineering of Titania Boosts Electroassisted Propane Dehydrogenation at Low Temperature
Authors: Zhang Jianshuo , Nakaya Yuki , Shimizu Ken‐ichi , Furukawa Shinya
Published: March 2023

Electric field catalysis using surface proton conduction, in which proton hopping and collision on the reactant are promoted by external electricity, is a promising approach to break the thermodynamic equilibrium limitation in endothermic propane dehydrogenation (PDH). This study proposes a catalyst design concept for more efficient electroassisted PDH at low temperature. Sm was doped into the anatase TiO2 surface to increase surface proton density by charge compensation. Pt−In alloy was deposited on the Sm‐doped TiO2 for more favorable proton collision and selective propylene formation. The catalytic activity in electroassisted PDH drastically increased by doping an appropriate amount of Sm (1 mol % to Ti) where the highest propylene yield of 19.3 % was obtained at 300 °C where the thermodynamic equilibrium yield was only 0.5 %. Results show that surface proton enrichment boosts alkane dehydrogenation at low temperature.
Reversible Zn Metal Anodes Enabled by Trace Amounts of Underpotential Deposition Initiators
Authors: Dai Yuhang , Zhang Chengyi , Zhang Wei , Cui Lianmeng , Ye Chumei , Hong Xufeng , Li Jinghao , Chen Ruwei , Zong Wei , Gao Xuan , Zhu Jiexin , Jiang Peie , An Qinyou , Brett Dan J. L. , Parkin Ivan P. , He Guanjie , Mai Liqiang
Published: March 2023

Routine electrolyte additives are not effective enough for uniform zinc (Zn) deposition, because they are hard to proactively guide atomic‐level Zn deposition. Here, based on underpotential deposition (UPD), we propose an “escort effect” of electrolyte additives for uniform Zn deposition at the atomic level. With nickel ion (Ni2+) additives, we found that metallic Ni deposits preferentially and triggers the UPD of Zn on Ni. This facilitates firm nucleation and uniform growth of Zn while suppressing side reactions. Besides, Ni dissolves back into the electrolyte after Zn stripping with no influence on interfacial charge transfer resistance. Consequently, the optimized cell operates for over 900 h at 1 mA cm−2 (more than 4 times longer than the blank one). Moreover, the universality of “escort effect” is identified by using Cr3+ and Co2+ additives. This work would inspire a wide range of atomic‐level principles by controlling interfacial electrochemistry for various metal batteries.
Lineares und gewickeltes Cp*2Si: Reversibler Phasendurchgang eines Schlüsselmoleküls
Authors: Ruth Paul Niklas , Sarcevic Julijan , Herbst‐Irmer Regine , Sindlinger Christian P. , Stalke Dietmar
Published: March 2023

Bislang galt die Struktur des Decamethylsilicocens Cp*2Si mit einem gewinkelten und einem linearen Molekül in derselben Elementarzelle als die Ausnahme unter den ansonsten ausschließlich gewinkelten schweren Homologen Cp*2E mit E=Ge, Sn, Pb. Hier stellen wir des Rätsels Lösung mit einer Tieftemperaturphase vor, in der alle drei symmetrieunabhängigen Moleküle die gewinkelte Konformation einnehmen. Der reversible Phasendurchgang geschieht im Temperaturbereich zwischen 80 und 130 K und bietet eine rationale Erklärung auf der Grundlage der Entropie. Nebelhafte Erklärungsversuche mit Packungseffekten werden damit überflüssig.
Synthesis of Bandgap‐tunable Transition Metal Sulfides through Gas‐phase Cation Exchange‐induced Topological Transformation
Authors: Da Pengfei , Zheng Yao , Hu Yang , Wu Zelong , Zhao Hongyu , Wei Yicheng , Guo Linchuan , Wang Jingjing , Wei Yanping , Xi Shibo , Yan Chun‐Hua , Xi Pinxian
Published: March 2023

Oriented synthesis of transition metal sulfides (TMSs) with controlled compositions and crystal structures has long been promising for electronic devices and energy applications. Liquid‐phase cation exchange (LCE) is a well‐studied route by varying the compositions. However, achieving crystal structure selectivity is still a great challenge. Here, we demonstrate gas‐phase cation exchange (GCE), which can induce a specific topological transformation (TT), for the synthesis of versatile TMSs with identified cubic or hexagonal crystal structures. The parallel six‐sided subunit (PSS), a new descriptor, is defined to describe the substitution of cations and the transition of the anion sublattice. Under this principle, the band gap of targeted TMSs can be tailored. Using the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution as an example, the optimal hydrogen evolution rate of a zinc‐cadmium sulfide (ZCS4) is determined to be 11.59 mmol h−1 g−1, showing a 36.2‐fold improvement over CdS.
Pretrichodermamide A Biosynthesis Reveals the Hidden Diversity of Epidithiodiketopiperazines
Authors: Fan Jie , Ran Huomiao , Wei Peng‐Lin , Li Yuanyuan , Liu Huan , Li Shu‐Ming , Hu Youcai , Yin Wen‐Bing
Published: March 2023

Fungal epidithiodiketopiperazines (ETPs) possess large structural diversity and complexity due to modifications of the cyclodipeptide skeleton. Elucidation of the biosynthetic pathway of pretrichodermamide A (1) in Trichoderma hypoxylon revealed a flexible catalytic machinery of multiple enzymes for generating ETP diversity. Seven tailoring enzymes encoded by the tda cluster are involved in 1 biosynthesis, that is, four P450s TdaB and TdaQ for 1,2‐oxazine formation, TdaI for C7′‐hydroxylation, and TdaG for C4, C5‐epoxidation, two methyltransferases TdaH for C6′‐ and TdaO for C7′‐O‐methylation, and a reductase TdaD for furan opening. Gene deletions led to the identification of 25 novel ETPs, including 20 shunt products, indicating the catalytic promiscuity of Tda enzymes. Particularly, TdaG and TdaD accept various substrates and catalyze regiospecific reactions at different stages of 1 biosynthesis. Our study not only uncovers a hidden library of ETP alkaloids, but also helps to understand the hidden chemical diversity of natural products by pathway manipulation.
Tribological behavior of silicon nitride reinforced polycarbonate nanocomposites
Authors: Mandal Santosh , Sain P. K. , Kabra Aman , Reger Nimu Chand , Solanki Dhanraj , Goyal R. K. , Bhargava A. K.
Published: March 2023

Polycarbonate (PC) matrix nanocomposites containing 0–20 vol.% nanosize silicon nitride (Si3N4) particles have been prepared by solution mixing method. A combination of X‐ray diffractometry and transmission electron microscopy has been used to characterize phase purity and morphology of Si3N4 nanoparticles. The prepared nanocomposites have been investigated for density, microstructure, microhardness, and tribological behavior. Density and microhardness have been found to increase with increasing volume percent of nanoparticles. The experimental values of density of composites fall close to those of theoretical values predicted from the rule of mixtures thereby suggesting that prepared nanocomposites were nearly pore free. The maximum improvement of microhardness of 189% has been found for nanocomposite with 20 vol.% Si3N4 particles as compared to neat PC. Experimental data of microhardness correlated well with the modified rule of mixtures (with strengthening efficiency factor β = 0.09). Scanning electron micrographs indicated well dispersion of nanoparticles in PC matrix. Tribological (friction and wear) behavior have been evaluated using pin‐on‐disc method. It has been found that 20 vol.% nanocomposite exhibited lowest friction coefficient and highest (~ 68%) wear resistance as compared to neat PC. Based on the results, the prepared nanocomposites are suggested to be used in cams, gears, boat and pump impellers.
Castor oil‐based UV‐curable polyurethane acrylate resins for digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing technology
Authors: Bhanushali Haresh , Mestry Siddhesh , Mhaske S. T.
Published: March 2023

In this work, a novel UV‐curable polyurethane acrylate (PUA) oligomer was developed from castor oil (CO). Reaction monitoring and structures of the PUA oligomer were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Subsequently, a series of UV‐curable resins were prepared by combining PUA with different reactive diluents, and their effect on thermal and mechanical properties was investigated. From the overall characterization trend, it was observed that the formulation containing trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) showed the highest mechanical strength and thermal stability. Whereas the formulation containing isobornyl acrylate (IBOA) showed the least performance, and dipropyleneglycol diacrylate (DPGDA) showed properties ranging between TMPTA and IBOA. Furthermore, incorporating 1% TiO2 into the formulation increases the resin's viscosity and mechanical properties without disturbing its thermal stability. This work offered a simple method to prepare vegetable oil‐based high‐performance PUA resins that could be used in the 3D printing industry for general‐purpose prototyping applications to make architectural models, automotive components, and medical components.
Acclimation and hardening of a slow‐growing woody species emblematic to western North America from in vitro plantlets
Authors: Martinez Peggy , Serpe Marcelo , Barron Rachael , Buerki Sven
Published: March 2023

Premise

Determining the tolerance of plant populations to climate change requires the development of biotechnological protocols producing genetically identical individuals used for genotype‐by‐environment experiments. Such protocols are missing for slow‐growth, woody plants; to address this gap, this study uses Artemisia tridentata, a western North American keystone shrub, as model.

Methods and Results

The production of individual lines is a two‐step process: in vitro propagation under aseptic conditions followed by ex vitro acclimation and hardening. Due to aseptic growth conditions, in vitro plantlets exhibit maladapted phenotypes, and this protocol focuses on presenting an approach promoting morphogenesis for slow‐growth, woody species. Survival was used as the main criterion determining successful acclimation and hardening. Phenotypic changes were confirmed by inspecting leaf anatomy, and shoot water potential was used to ensure that plantlets were not water stressed.

Conclusions

Although our protocol has lower survival rates (11–41%) compared to protocols developed for herbaceous, fast‐growing species, it provides a benchmark for slow‐growth, woody species occurring in dry ecosystems.
5,6‐Dihydrotetrazolo[1,5‐c]quinazolines: Toxicity prediction, synthesis, antimicrobial activity, molecular docking, and perspectives
Authors: Antypenko Lyudmyla , Antypenko Oleksii , Karnaukh Iryna , Rebets Oksana , Kovalenko Sergiy , Arisawa Mieko
Published: March 2023

Antimicrobial resistance is a never‐ending challenge, which should be considered seriously, especially when using unprescribed “over‐the‐counter” drugs. The synthesis and investigation of novel biologically active substances is among the directions to overcome this problem. Hence, 18 novel 5,6‐dihydrotetrazolo[1,5‐c]quinazolines were synthesized, their identity, purity, and structure were elucidated by elemental analysis, IR, LC‐MS, 1Н, and 13C NMR spectra. According to the computational estimation, 15 substances were found to be of toxicity Class V, two of Class IV, and only one of Class II. The in vitro serial dilution method of antimicrobial screening against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans determined b3, c1, c6, and c10 as the “lead‐compounds” for further modifications to increase the level of activity. Substance b3 demonstrated antibacterial activity that can be related to the calculated high affinity toward all studied proteins: 50S ribosomal protein L19 (PDB ID: 6WQN), sterol 14‐alpha demethylase (PDB ID: 5TZ1), and ras‐related protein Rab‐9A (PDB ID: 1WMS). The structure–activity and structure–target affinity relationships are discussed. The targets for further investigations and the anatomical therapeutic chemical codes of drug similarity are predicted.
Halogen⋯Halogen Interactions: Nature, Directionality and Applications
Authors: Saha Binoy K. , Veluthaparambath Ragima V. P. , Krishna G. Vibha
Published: March 2023

Halogen⋯halogen interaction is a highly debated and important topic in crystal engineering and supramolecular chemistry. There are controversies about the nature and geometry of these interactions. F, Cl, Br and I are the four halogens involved in these interactions. Very often the lighter and the heavier halogens behave differently. The nature of the interactions also depends upon the nature of the atom which is covalently bonded to the halogens. In this review different homo‐halogen⋯halogen, hetero‐halogen⋯halogen, halogen⋯halide interactions, their natures, and preferred geometries have been discussed. Different motifs of halogen⋯halogen interactions, interchangeability of the halogen⋯halogen interactions with other supramolecular synthons and interchangeability between different halogens and other functional groups also have been discussed. Some of the important applications, in which halogen⋯halogen interactions have been successfully employed, are mentioned.
Late‐Stage C(sp2)−H Arylation of Artemisinic Acid and Arteannuin B: Effect of Olefin Migration Towards Synthesis of C‐13 Arylated Artemisinin Derivatives
Authors: Paul Sayantan , Ghodake Balaji M. , Bhattacharya Asish K.
Published: March 2023

In recent years, C−H bond functionalization has emerged as a pivotal tool for late‐stage functionalization of complex natural products for the synthesis of potent biologically active derivatives. Artemisinin and its C‐12 functionalized semi‐synthetic derivatives are well‐known clinically used anti‐malarial drugs due to the presence of the essential 1,2,4‐trioxane pharmacophore. However, in the wake of parasite developing resistance against artemisinin‐based drugs, we conceptualized the synthesis of C‐13 functionalized artemisinin derivatives as new antimalarials. In this regard, we envisaged that artemisinic acid could be a suitable precursor for the synthesis of C‐13 functionalized artemisinin derivatives. Herein, we report C‐13 arylation of artemisinic acid, a sesquiterpene acid and our attempts towards synthesis of C‐13 arylated artemisinin derivatives. However, all our efforts resulted in the formation of a novel ring‐contracted rearranged product. Additionally, we have extended our developed protocol for C‐13 arylation of arteannuin B, a sesquiterpene lactone epoxide considered to be the biogenetic precursor of artemisinic acid. Indeed, the synthesis of C‐13 arylated arteannuin B renders our developed protocol to be effective in sesquiterpene lactone as well.
Triple‐bottom‐line approach for comparing point‐of‐use/point‐of‐entry to centralized water treatment
Authors: Lane Kaycie , Reckhow David , Tobiason John , Kumpel Emily
Published: March 2023

Small drinking water systems in the United States often suffer from repeated Safe Drinking Water Act water quality violations that necessitate upgrades to the existing centralized systems to achieve compliance. Community water systems (CWSs) need to evaluate the tradeoffs between public health, environmental and economic impacts when choosing these system improvements. This study developed the input and output components of a triple‐bottom‐line methodology to compare two alternatives: (1) installing a centralized treatment upgrade or (2) a point‐of‐use/point‐of‐entry device over a 30‐year period, using a health exposure assessment specific contaminants, life cycle analysis of environmental impacts improvement, and life cycle costing to account for the useful life of components and the number of households served by a CWS. We present recommendations and considerations for future usage of the triple‐bottom‐line approach methodology.
Why companies team up for sustainable development: Antecedents of company engagement in business partnerships for sustainability
Authors: Riegler Maria , Burton Anna M. , Scholz Markus , de Melo Katharina
Published: March 2023

This article refines and expands the debate on antecedents of company engagement in business partnerships for sustainability. It builds upon the Awareness–Motivation–Capability (AMC) framework and extends it by means of an in‐depth qualitative study. The article thereby expands the understanding of antecedents of company engagement in business partnerships for sustainability. In particular, it advances on the elements related to company‐ and industry‐level motivators and on microlevel aspects. Based on our research findings, we are able to extend the AMC framework's main categories and provide a more nuanced account of the underlying elements constituting them. To reach a more complete understanding of the antecedents of company engagement in business partnerships for sustainability, our analysis provides a general conceptual advancement while also investigating potential differences based on business size and industry.
Novel Cytotoxic Sesquiterpene Ester Derivatives from the Roots of Ferula mervynii
Authors: Yazici Bektas Nurdan , Altiparmak Ulbegi Gulsum , Aksoy Sagirli Pinar , Miski Mahmut
Published: March 2023

This study is the first chemical investigation of Ferula mervynii M. Sağıroğlu & H. Duman, an endemic species to Eastern Anatolia. The isolations of nine compounds including six previously undescribed sesquiterpene esters, 8‐trans‐cinnamoyltovarol (1), 8‐trans‐cinnamoylantakyatriol (3), 6‐acetyl‐8‐trans‐cinnamoyl‐3‐epi‐antakyatriol (5), 6‐acetyl‐8‐trans‐cinnamoylshiromodiol (6), 6‐acetyl‐8‐trans‐cinnamoylfermedurone (7), and 6‐acetyl‐8‐trans‐cinnamoyl‐(1S),2‐epoxyfermedurone (8), were described along with three known sesquiterpene esters, 6‐acetyl‐8‐benzoyltovarol (2), 6‐acetyl‐8‐trans‐cinnamoylantakyatriol (4), and ferutinin (9). The structures of novel compounds were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic analyses and quantum chemistry calculations. The putative biosynthetic pathways for compounds 7 and 8 were discussed. The extracts and isolated compounds were tested for cytotoxic activity against the COLO 205, K‐562, MCF‐7 cancer cell lines, and Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell (HUVEC) lines using MTT assay. Compound 4 showed the highest activity against the MCF‐7 cell lines with an IC50 value of 16.74±0.21 μM.
Granulomatous mastitis in a male breast: A case report and review of literature
Authors: Kawashima Kei , Yamamoto Shinya , Narui Kazutaka , Fujiwara Yoshie , Adachi Shoko , Sasamoto Mahato , Oshi Masanori , Yamada Akimitsu , Kumagai Eita , Otani Masako , Endo Itaru
Published: March 2023

Granulomatous mastitis (GM) is a rare disease, particularly among men. Herein, we present a case of GM diagnosed in a 63‐year‐old male patient who showed reduction in the tumor size during 3 months of observation.
Diagnosis of unicuspid aortic valve after loss of consciousness during cesarean section: A case report
Authors: Yukami Shun , Juri Takashi , Nakajima Asami , Daisuke Tachibana , Takahashi Yosuke , Iwata Shinichi , Yamamoto Akira , Mori Takashi
Published: March 2023

Loss of consciousness is a rare but potentially serious complication of delivery by cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Here, we report the case of a pregnant woman with unicuspid aortic valve that was incidentally diagnosed during aortic valve replacement after transient loss of consciousness during cesarean section.
Effect of Metal Layer Support Structures on the Catalytic Activity of NiFe(oxy)hydroxide (LDH) for the OER in Alkaline Media
Authors: Gort Christopher , Buchheister Paul W. , Klingenhof Malte , Paul Stephen D. , Dionigi Fabio , van de Krol Roel , Kramm Ulrike I. , Jaegermann Wolfram , Hofmann Jan P. , Strasser Peter , Kaiser Bernhard
Published: March 2023

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells promise to combine the benefits of photovoltaics and electrolysis in one device. They consist of a photoabsorber functionalized with an electrocatalyst to harvest faradaic currents under reduced overpotentials. To protect the absorber from the harsh reaction conditions, a protective buffer layer (e. g. TiO2) is added between absorber and catalyst. In this work, we investigate the influence of the catalyst support systems Ti/TiOx and Ti/TiOx/M (M=Au, Ni, Fe) on the overall activity and stability of nickel and iron mixed layered double hydroxides for the alkaline oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The catalyst performance on the bare Ti/TiOx substrate is very poor, but the incorporation of a metallic interlayer leads to two orders of magnitude higher OER current densities. While a similar effect has been observed for M=gold supported systems, we show that the same effect can be achieved with M=nickel/iron, already contained in the catalyst. This proprietary metal interlayer promises a cheap OER performance increase for PEC cells protected with titania buffer layers. Detailed XPS show an improved transformation of the starting catalyst material into the highly active (oxy)hydroxide phase, when using metallic interlayers. From these experiments a pure conductivity enhancement was excluded as possible explanation, but instead an additional change in the local atomic and electronic structure at the metal‐support and metal‐catalyst interfaces is proposed.
Fine Tuning of Quantum Dots Photocatalysts for the Synthesis of Tropane Alkaloid Skeletons**
Authors: Dabbous Ali , Colson Eloïse , Chakravorty Debargha , Mouesca Jean‐Marie , Lombard Christian , Caillat Sylvain , Ravanat Jean‐Luc , Dubois Fabien , Dénès Fabrice , Renaud Philippe , Maurel Vincent
Published: March 2023

Several types of Quantum Dots (QDs) (CdS, CdSe and InP, as well as core‐shell QDs such as type I InP‐ZnS, quasi type‐II CdSe‐CdS and inverted type‐I CdS‐CdSe) were considered for generating α‐aminoalkyl free radicals. The feasibility of the oxidation of the N‐aryl amines and the generation of the desired radical was evidenced experimentally by quenching of the photoluminescence of the QDs and by testing a vinylation reaction using an alkenylsulfone radical trap. The QDs were tested in a radical [3+3]‐annulation reaction giving access to tropane skeletons and that requires the completion of two consecutive catalytic cycles. Several QDs such as CdS core, CdSe core and inverted type I CdS‐CdSe core‐shell proved to be efficient photocatalysts for this reaction. Interestingly, the addition of a second shorter chain ligand to the QDs appeared to be essential to complete the second catalytic cycle and to obtain the desired bicyclic tropane derivatives. Finally, the scope of the [3+3]‐annulation reaction was explored for the best performing QDs and isolated yields that compare well with classical iridium photocatalysis were obtained.
High‐Entropy Solid‐State Na‐Ion Conductor for Stable Sodium‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Sun Ge , Lin Hezhe , Yao Shiyu , Wei Zhixuan , Chen Nan , Chen Gang , Zhao Huichao , Du Fei
Published: March 2023

Solid‐state sodium‐metal batteries (SSBs) hold great promise for their merits in low‐cost, high energy density, and safety. However, developing solid electrolyte (SE) materials for SSBs with high performance is still a great challenge. In this study, high‐entropy Na4.9Sm0.3Y0.2Gd0.2La0.1Al0.1Zr0.1Si4O12 was synthesized at comparatively low sintering temperature of 950 °C with high room‐temperature ionic conductivity of 6.7×10−4 S cm−1 and a low activation energy of 0.22 eV. More importantly, the Na symmetric cells using high‐entropy SE show a high critical current density of 0.6 mA cm−2, outstanding rate performance with fairly flat potential profiles at 0.5 mA cm−2 and steady cycling over 700 h under 0.1 mA cm−2. Solid‐state Na3V2(PO4)3||high‐entropy SE||Na batteries are further assembled manifesting a desirable cycling stability with almost no capacity decay after 600 cycles and high Columbic efficiency over 99.9 %. The findings present opportunities for the design of high‐entropy Na‐ion conductors toward the development of SSBs.
A review of radiological definitions of sarcopenia in cancer
Authors: Wang James W. , Chen Jiarong , McGregor Alison H. , Williams Matthew
Published: March 2023

Background

Sarcopenia in cancer impacts overall survival, surgical complications, and side effects of oncological treatments. Cancer patients frequently receive cross‐sectional imaging, allowing incidental capture of radiological sarcopenia biomarkers. These biomarkers vary by imaging modality, tumour group, patient demographics, and anatomy but lack a consensus with regard to clinical application. In this article, we provide an overview of radiology‐based sarcopenia biomarkers by anatomy and their prevalence in the literature.

Methods

In accordance with previously published scoping review protocol, we searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane between 2007 and June 2021. Studies were independently reviewed by two authors with Cohen's kappa 0.81 and reported using descriptive statistics.

Results

There were 5649 titles and abstracts reviewed, including 459 full‐text articles. There were 23 additions found through references, resulting in 482 total studies. There is a consistent year‐on‐year increase of new radiological sarcopenia landmarks since 2015, with 49.8% studies reporting novel definitions of sarcopenia. The majority of studies ranged between 50 and 300 participants and featured an abdominal sarcopenia marker (94.4%), of which 75.2% used the skeletal muscle index at L3 (L3SMI). Sarcopenia prevalence ranged from 8.33% to 89.66%. Biomarkers are often applied across genders and ethnicities, regardless of the original population the definition originated from, despite the emergence and availability of ethnic‐specific alternatives.

Conclusion

There remains a need to incorporate demographics and age into predictive models derived from sarcopenia biomarkers obtained through routine clinical imaging. Use of individual biomarkers needs to be made with careful consideration of the population in which the biomarkers were generated.
Board gender diversity and firm performance: The mediating role of sustainability disclosure
Authors: Alodat Ahmad Yuosef , Salleh Zalailah , Nobanee Haitham , Hashim Hafiza Aishah
Published: March 2023

This study aims to investigate the mediating role of sustainability disclosure in the relationship between board gender diversity and performance of the firm in the non‐financial listed on Amman Stock Exchange (ASE). Using data from Jordan listed firms in ASE for the period of 2014–2018, the direct effect between board gender diversity on firm performance was examined, and the indirect effect of the mediating role of sustainability disclosure was also tested. The findings showed that board gender diversity has a positive and significant effect on performance of the firm. Furthermore, the results showed that sustainability disclosure fully mediates the relationship between board gender diversity and the performance of the firm. This study contributes to the knowledge by examining the mediating role of the sustainability disclosure on the relationship between board diversity and firm performance. Integrating knowledge of gender, corporate governance and sustainability enrich the study of firm performance. Regulators, investors and managers should consider not only gender diversity as a key enabler of growth but also sustainability disclosure. By increasing the level of sustainability disclosure and having a sound governance system may improve firm performance which in turn attracts investors because sophisticated investors nowadays embed sustainability consideration into their strategies to generate positive outcomes. In addition, this study provides evidence on sustainability disclosure as a mediating variable on the relationship between board gender diversity and performance of the firm in the ASE which is one of the emerging markets.
The potential for synthesized invasive plant biochar with hydroxyapatite to mitigate allelopathy of Solidagocanadensis
Authors: Xu Wenna , Huang Xueyi , Yuan Jiajie , Wang Yanhong , Wu Mengmin , Ni Hongtai , Dong Lijia
Published: March 2023

Few studies tried to explore the mitigation effect and underlying mechanisms of biochar and their complex for negative allelopathy from invasive plants, which may provide a new way in the invasive plant management. Herein, an invasive plant (Solidago canadensis)‐derived biochar (IBC) and its composite with hydroxyapatite (HAP/IBC) were synthesized by high temperature pyrolysis, and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersion spectrometer, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Then, both the batch adsorption and pot experiments were conducted to compare the removal effects of kaempferol‐3‐O‐β‐D‐glucoside (C21H20O11, kaempf), an allelochemical from S. canadensis, on IBC and HAP/IBC, respectively. HAP/IBC showed a stronger affinity for kaempf than IBC due to its higher specific surface area, more functional groups (P‐O, P‐O‐P, PO43−), stronger crystallization [Ca3(PO4)2]. The maximum kaempf adsorption capacity on HAP/IBC was six times higher than on IBC (10.482 mg/g > 1.709 mg/g) via π–π interactions, functional groups, and metal complexation. The kaempf adsorption process could be fitted best by both pseudo‐second‐order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models. Furthermore, HAP/IBC addition into soils could enhance and even recover the germination rate and/or seedling growth of tomato inhibited by negative allelopathy from the invasive S. canadensis. These results indicate that the composite of HAP/IBC could more effectively mitigate the allelopathy from S. canadensis than IBC, which may be a potential efficient approach to control the invasive plant and improve invaded soils.
Electrochemical Borylation of Electron‐Deficient Alkenes and Allenoates
Authors: Aelterman Maude , Jubault Philippe , Poisson Thomas
Published: March 2023

The electrochemical borylation of electro‐deficient alkenes and allenoates is disclosed. In an undivided cell and under galvanostatic conditions a panel of Michael acceptor and allenoates was readily reacted. The reaction offered an access to versatile borylated building blocks in good to excellent yields (20 examples, 47 % to 91 % yields). A plausible reaction mechanism, based on the literature precedent was suggested.
Electrochemical sensing of bisphenol A on single‐walled carbon nanotube paper electrodes
Authors: Bui Catalina , La Flower Gavin , Paudyal Janak
Published: March 2023

The electrochemical detection of BPA often requires modification of electrodes to overcome BPA′s slower kinetics and higher oxidation potential. This work reports a modification‐free, paper electrode based on vacuum‐filtered SWCNT thin film. The prepared electrode does not need to be polished or transferred into the conducting substrates. The linear sweep voltammetric detection showed a linear response from 0.5–10 μM and 25–100 μM with the experimental LOD of 1.0 μM (S/N=3). The interference study and good recovery percentage (93–105 %) in real water samples demonstrated the method‘s selectivity. The sensor can be promising for developing a simple, low‐cost, portable, and paper‐based BPA monitoring system.
Green Sea Turtles (Chelonia mydas) Accumulate Heavy Metals Near a Former Skeet Shooting Range in Kailua, O'ahu, Hawai'i
Authors: Shaw Katherine R. , Balazs George H. , Jones T. Todd , Lynch Harry W. , Liu Jing , Cobb George P. , Klein David M. , Lynch Jennifer M.
Published: March 2023

The present study determined if green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) in Kailua Bay, Oahu, in the Hawaiian Islands have elevated blood and scute lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and antimony (Sb) concentrations resulting from lead deposition at a historic skeet shooting range. Blood and scute samples were collected and analyzed for Pb, As, and Sb via inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Prey, water, and sediment samples were also analyzed. Turtle samples in Kailua Bay (45) have blood Pb concentrations (328 ± 195 ng/g) greater than a reference population (Howick Group of Islands, 29.2 ± 17.1 ng/g). Compared with other green turtle populations, only turtles in Oman, Brazil, and San Diego, CA have blood Pb concentrations greater than turtles in Kailua Bay. The estimated daily exposure of Pb from algae sources in Kailua Bay (0.12 mg/kg/day) was significantly lower than the no observed adverse effect level (100 mg/kg) of red-eared slider turtles. However, the chronic effects of Pb on sea turtles is poorly understood and continued monitoring of this population will increase our understanding of the Pb and As loads of sea turtles in Kailua Bay. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:1109–1123. © 2023 SETAC. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.

Abstract

An estimated 500 000 pounds of lead (Pb) shot was deposited in the sand and surrounding waters by the Honolulu Skeet Club between 1933 and 1956 (Board of Land and Natural Resources, 2012). This has caused an increase in sediment, algae, and sea turtle blood and scute Pb concentrations in Kailua Bay, Hawaii.
Bayesian quickest detection‐based spectrum sensing for cognitive UAV networks
Authors: Wu Jun , Wang Cong , Liang Haoyu
Published: March 2023

With the gradual popularization of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), spectrum resources are increasingly scarce. At this time, cognitive radio (CR) technology came into being, which can provide available spectrum resources for UAVs. However, different from the conventional CR networks, the UAV's location flexibility significantly reduces the spectrum sensing performance and increases the detection delay. Therefore, we propose a Bayesian quickest detection‐based spectrum sensing for cognitive UAV networks in this paper. To this aim, we establish a multislot spectrum sensing model in a cognitive UAV network to realize cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) within the single UAV and avoid disadvantages of cooperation among multiple UAVs. On the basis of this, we make use of Bayesian quickest detection to implement multislot spectrum sensing and evaluate its false alarm probability and detection delay. Further, the tradeoff problem between the false alarm and the detection delay is developed and converted into an optimization stopping time problem. Subsequently, the stopping time problem is theoretically proved and solved. Finally, compared to Bayesian detection, numerical simulation results show that the superiority of Bayesian quickest detection with respect to the false alarm probability and the detection delay is evident, which proves the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed tradeoff problem.
Flavour them up! Exploring the challenges of flavoured plant‐based foods
Authors: Pérez Cristina Barallat , Oliviero Teresa , Fogliano Vincenzo , Janssen Hans‐Gerd , Martins Sara I. F. S.
Published: March 2023

Food flavourings are often added to enhance overall flavour experience during food consumption and their use in plant‐based food analogues is crucial. The flavour sensory perception is strongly mediated by flavour–food matrix interactions. Aroma molecules establish chemical and physical bonds with lipids and carbohydrates, but proteins play a pivotal role having a strong flavour binding minimizing aroma release and quenching flavour perception. Consequently, final food quality is reduced and so is consumer acceptance. Depending on the chemical structure of the flavour and the type of protein involved, the strength of the flavour–protein binding can vary. It is of great importance to understand if this interaction remains under dynamic conditions such as the oral processing during food consumption. This review aims to gain insights into the influence of the chemical structure and physicochemical features of both proteins and flavours on the binding mechanism. Moreover, the potentiality of coupling in vivo instrumental analysis with sensory methods to study flavour release in real time is explored. Elucidating the drivers of flavour interaction with, and release from, the food matrix is essential to develop flavour solutions for the new generation of plant‐based food products.
The effect of “failed” community mental health centers on non‐white mortality
Authors: Avery Mallory , LaVoice Jessica
Published: March 2023

The Community Mental Health Act of 1963 established Community Mental Health Centers (CMHCs) across the country with the goal of providing continuous, comprehensive, community‐oriented care to people suffering from mental illness. Despite this program being considered a failure by most contemporary accounts, the World Health Organization advocates for a transition from the institutionalization of the mentally ill to a system of community‐centered care. In this paper, we construct a novel dataset documenting the rollout of CMHCs from 1971 to 1981 to identify the effect of establishing a CMHC on county level mortality rates, focusing on causes of death related to mental illness. Though we find little evidence that access to a CMHC impacted mortality rates in the white population, we find large and robust effects for the non‐white population, with CMHCs reducing suicide and homicide rates by 8% and 14%, respectively. CMHCs also reduced deaths from alcohol in the female non‐white population by 18%. These results suggest the historical narrative surrounding the failure of this program does not represent the non‐white experience and that community care can be effective at reducing mental health related mortality in populations with the least access to alternative treatment options.
Impact of access to treatment on patient‐reported outcomes among rheumatoid arthritis patients with tDMARDs and bDMARDS in two Latin‐American countries: A prospective observational study
Authors: Reyes Juan M. , Gutierrez‐Ardila Magda V. , Madariaga Hugo , Otero William , Guzman Renato , Izquierdo Jorge , Del Castillo David J. , Abello Mauricio , Velez Patricia , Ponce de Leon Dario , Lukic Tatjana , Amador Luisa F. , Castaño Natalia
Published: March 2023

Background and Aims

A noninterventional prospective study was performed in Colombia and Peru. The aim was to describe the impact of access to treatment on Patient‐reported outcomes (PRO) in patients with Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) after failure to conventional disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in real‐life conditions.

Methods

The impact of access to treatment was measured by access barriers, time to supply (TtS) and interruption evaluating their effect in changes of PROs between baseline and 6‐month follow‐up between February 2017 and November 2019. The association of access to care with disease activity, functional status, health‐related quality of life was assessed using bivariate and multivariable analysis. Results are expressed in least mean difference; TtS in mean number of days for delivery of treatment at baseline. Variability measures were standard deviation and standard error.

Results

One hundred seventy patients were recruited, 70 treated with tofacitinib and 100 with biological DMARDs. Thirty‐nine patients reported access barriers. The mean of TtS was 23 ± 38.83 days. The difference from baseline to 6‐month visit in PROs were affected by access barriers and interruptions. There was not statistically significant difference in the of PRO's score among visits in patients that reported delay of supply of more than 23 days compared to patients with less days of delay.

Conclusion

This study suggested the access to treatment can affect the response to the treatment at 6 months of follow‐up. There seems to be no effect in the PROs for delay of TtS during the studied period.
Hepatitis B virus screening in Asian immigrants: Community‐based campaign to increase screening and linkage to care: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Win Aziza , King Scott , Wu Gregory , Kwon Steve
Published: March 2023

Background and Aims

Despite established screening guidelines, many Asian immigrants remain unscreened. Furthermore, those with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) are not linked to care citing multiple barriers. The objective of this study was to determine the role of our community‐based hepatitis B virus (HBV) campaign on HBV screening and the success of linkage to care (LTC) efforts.

Methods

Asian immigrants from the New Jersey and New York metropolitan areas were screened for HBV from 2009 to 2019. We started to collect LTC data starting in 2015, and those found to be positive were followed up. In 2017, because of low LTC rates, nurse navigators were hired to aid in the LTC process. Those excluded from the LTC process included those who were already linked to care, declined, and/or had moved or passed away.

Results

Total of 13,566 participants were screened from 2009 to 2019, of which, the results for 13,466 were available. Of these, 372 (2.7%) were found to have positive HBV status. Approximately 49.3% were female and 50.1% were male, and the rest were of unknown gender. A total of 1191 (10.0%) participants were found to be HBV negative but required vaccination. When we started to track LTC, we found 195 participants that were eligible for LTC between 2015 and 2017 after the exclusion criteria were applied. It was found that only 33.8% were successfully linked to care in that time period. After hiring nurse navigators, we saw LTC rates increase to 85.7% in 2018 and to 89.7% in 2019.

Conclusion

HBV community screening initiatives are imperative to increase screening rates in the Asian immigrant population. We were also able to demonstrate that nurse navigators can successfully help increase LTC rates. Our HBV community screening model can address issues with barriers to care including lack of access in comparable populations.
Real‐world effectiveness of HPV vaccination against cervical neoplasia among birth cohorts ineligible for routine vaccination
Authors: Dong Li , Nygård Mari , Støer Nathalie C. , Klungsøyr Ole , Hansen Bo T.
Published: March 2023

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine effectiveness may differ between settings. Here we present the first real‐world effectiveness study of HPV vaccination on high‐grade cervical lesions from Norway, among women who received HPV vaccine outside the routine program. We performed an observational study of all Norwegian women born 1975 to 1996 and retrieved individual data from nationwide registries on HPV vaccination status and incidence of histologically verified high‐grade cervical neoplasia during 2006 to 2016. We estimated the incidence rate ratio (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for vaccination vs no vaccination by Poisson regression stratified by age at vaccination <20 years and ≥20 years. The cohort consisted of 832 732 women, of which 46 381 (5.6%) received at least one dose of HPV vaccine by the end of 2016. The incidence rate of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) increased with age regardless of vaccination status and was highest at age 25 to 29, at 637/100 000 among unvaccinated women, 487/100 000 among women vaccinated before age 20 and 831/100 000 among women vaccinated at age 20 or older. The adjusted IRR of CIN2+ between vaccinated and unvaccinated women was 0.62 (95% CI: 0.46‐0.84) for women vaccinated below age 20, and 1.22 (95% CI: 1.03‐1.43) for women vaccinated at age 20 or older. These findings indicate that HPV vaccination among women too old to be eligible for routine HPV vaccination is effective among women who are vaccinated below age 20 but may not have the desired impact among women who are vaccinated at age 20 or older.
An inspector calls: a guide to surviving your next inspection
Authors: Grist Lee , Catterall Jackie
Published: March 2023

This article provides an overview of the requirements of the Veterinary Medicines Regulations (VMR), covers common issues that we see during inspections and explains how you can avoid these. The aim is to help you achieve greater compliance, which in turn means that you will sail through your next inspection. The elements covered in this article are applicable to all practices, whether you are part of the RCVS Practice Standards Scheme or not – the same regulations apply to everyone.
Interactive effect of nitrogen and irrigation on evapotranspiration, growth, yield and water productivity of subsurface drip‐irrigated spring maize: Field and simulation studies
Authors: Kaur Amanpreet , Singh Kanwar Barjinder , Brar Ajmer Singh , Gupta Rajeev Kumar , Kingra Pavneet Kaur
Published: March 2023

In northwest India, spring maize water productivity can be increased with subsurface drip irrigation. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in a split‐plot design for 2 years to assess the effect of three nitrogen levels (125 [N1], 100 [N2] and 75 [N3] kg N ha−1) in the main plots and seven irrigation regimes (six subsurface and one surface drip) in the subplots on water productivity of spring maize. Subsurface drip irrigation was applied at 100%, 80% and 60% cumulative pan evaporation on alternate days (I1, I3and I5) and at 2‐day intervals (I2, I4and I6) along with surface drip irrigation at 80% pan evaporation on alternate days (I7). The evapotranspiration (ET), transpiration (T), dry matter accumulation (DMA), leaf area index (LAI), root mass density (RMD), N uptake and grain yield were at par in N1and N2but significantly higher than in N3.T, DMA, LAI, RMD, grain N uptake and grain yield were at par in I1, I2, I3and I7but significantly higher than in I4, I5and I6. The real water productivity was at par in N1I1, N1I3and N2I3but significantly higher than other interactive combinations. The CERES‐Maize model satisfactorily simulated crop biomass, grain yield, LAI, ET and transpiration.