bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Hippocamposeptal Pathway Generates Rhythmic Firing of GABAergic Neurons in the Medial Septum and Diagonal Bands: An Investigation Using a Complete Septohippocampal PreparationIn Vitro
Authors: Manseau Frédéric , Goutagny Romain , Danik Marc , Williams Sylvain
Published: April 2008

The medial septum diagonal band area (MS/DB) projects to the hippocampus through the fornix/fimbria pathway and is implicated in generating hippocampal theta oscillations. The hippocampus also projects back to the MS/DB, but very little is known functionally about this input. Here, we investigated the physiological role of hippocamposeptal feedback to the MS/DB in a completein vitroseptohippocampal preparation containing the intact interconnecting fornix/fimbria pathway. We demonstrated that carbachol-induced rhythmic theta-like hippocampal oscillations recorded extracellularly were synchronized with powerful rhythmic IPSPs in whole-cell recorded MS/DB neurons. Interestingly, we found that these IPSPs evoked rebound spiking in GABAergic MS/DB neurons. In contrast, putative cholinergic and glutamatergic MS/DB neurons responded only weakly with rebound spiking and, as a result, were mostly silent during theta-like oscillations. We next determined the mechanism underlying the rebound spiking that followed the IPSPs in MS/DB GABAergic neurons using phasic electrical stimulation of the fornix/fimbria pathway. We demonstrate that the increased rebound spiking was attributable to the activation ofIhcurrent, because it was significantly reduced by low concentrations of theIhantagonist ZD7288 [4-(N-ethyl-N-phenylamino)-1,2-dimethyl-6-(methylamino) pyridinium chloride]. Together, these results suggest that rhythmical activity in hippocampus is transferred to the MS/DB and can preferentially phase the spiking of GABAergic MS/DB neurons because of their significant expression ofIhcurrents. Our data demonstrate that hippocamposeptal inhibition facilitates theta rhythmic discharges in MS/DB GABAergic neurons while favoring the inhibition of most ACh and glutamate neurons.
Trafficking of Membrane-Associated Proteins to Cone Photoreceptor Outer Segments Requires the Chromophore 11-cis-Retinal
Authors: Zhang Houbin , Fan Jie , Li Sha , Karan Sukanya , Rohrer Baerbel , Palczewski Krzysztof , Frederick Jeanne M. , Crouch Rosalie K. , Baehr Wolfgang
Published: April 2008

Lecithin retinol acyl transferase (LRAT) and retinal pigment epithelium protein 65 (RPE65) are key enzymes of the retinoid cycle. InLrat−/−andRpe65−/−mice, models of human Leber congenital amaurosis, the retinoid cycle is disrupted and 11-cis-retinal, the chromophore of visual pigments, is not produced. TheLrat−/−andRpe65−/−retina phenotype presents with rapid sectorial cone degeneration, and the visual pigments, S-opsin and M/L-opsin, fail to traffic to cone outer segments appropriately. In contrast, rod opsin traffics normally in mutant rods. Concomitantly, guanylate cyclase 1, cone Tα-subunit, cone phosphodiesterase 6α′ (PDE6α′), and GRK1 (G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 1; opsin kinase) are not transported toLrat−/−andRpe65−/−cone outer segments. Aberrant localization of these membrane-associated proteins was evident at postnatal day 15, before the onset of ventral and central cone degeneration. Protein levels of cone Tα and cone PDE6α′ were reduced, whereas their transcript levels were unchanged, suggesting posttranslational degradation. In anRpe65−/−Rho−/−double knock-out model, trafficking of cone pigments and membrane-associated cone phototransduction polypeptides to the outer segments proceeded normally after 11-cis-retinal administration. These results suggest that ventral and central cone opsins must be regenerated with 11-cis-retinal to permit transport to the outer segments. Furthermore, the presence of 11-cis-retinal is essential for proper transport of several membrane-associated cone phototransduction polypeptides in these cones.
Soluble Adenylyl Cyclase Is Not Required for Axon Guidance to Netrin-1
Authors: Moore Simon W. , Lai Wing Sun Karen , Xie Fang , Barker Philip A. , Conti Marco , Kennedy Timothy E.
Published: April 2008

During development, axons are directed to their targets by extracellular guidance cues. The axonal response to the guidance cue netrin-1 is profoundly influenced by the concentration of cAMP within the growth cone. In some cases, cAMP affects the sensitivity of the growth cone to netrin-1, whereas in others it changes the response to netrin-1 from attraction to repulsion. The effects of cAMP on netrin-1 action are well accepted, but the critical issue of whether cAMP production is activated by a netrin-1 induced signaling cascade remains uncertain. A previous report has suggested that axon guidance in response to netrin-1 requires cAMP production mediated by soluble adenyl cyclase (sAC). We have used genetic, molecular and biochemical strategies to assess this issue. Surprisingly, we found only extremely weak expression of sAC in embryonic neurons and determined that, under conditions where netrin-1 directs axonal pathfinding, exposure to netrin-1 does not alter cAMP levels. Furthermore, although netrin-1-deficient mice exhibit major axon guidance defects, we show that pathfinding is normal in sAC-null mice. Therefore, although cAMP can alter the response of axons to netrin-1, we conclude that netrin-1 does not alter cAMP levels in axons attracted by this cue, and that sAC is not required for axon attraction to netrin-1.
Prefrontal Cortex Function in the Representation of Temporally Complex Events
Authors: Browning Philip G. F. , Gaffan David
Published: April 2008

The frontal cortex and inferior temporal cortex are strongly functionally interconnected. Previous experiments on prefrontal function in monkeys have shown that a disconnection of prefrontal cortex from inferior temporal cortex impairs a variety of complex visual learning tasks but leaves simple concurrent object–reward association learning intact. We investigated the possibility that temporal components of visual learning tasks determine the sensitivity of those tasks to prefrontal–temporal disconnection by adding specific temporal components to the concurrent object–reward association learning task. Monkeys with crossed unilateral lesions of prefrontal cortex and inferior temporal cortex were impaired compared with unoperated controls at associating two-item sequences of visual objects with reward. The impairment was specific to the learning of visual sequences, because disconnection was without effect on object–reward association learning for an equivalent delayed reward. This result was replicated in monkeys with transection of the uncinate fascicle, thus determining the anatomical specificity of the dissociation. Previous behavioral results suggest that monkeys represent the two-item serial compound stimuli in a configural manner, similar to the way monkeys represent simultaneously presented compound stimuli. The representation of simultaneously presented configural stimuli depends on the perirhinal cortex. The present experiments show that the representation of serially presented compound stimuli depends on the interaction of prefrontal cortex and inferior temporal cortex. We suggest that prefrontal–temporal disconnection impairs a wide variety of learning tasks because in those tasks monkeys lay down similar temporally complex representations.
Perturbation of Syndapin/PACSIN Impairs Synaptic Vesicle Recycling Evoked by Intense Stimulation
Authors: Andersson Fredrik , Jakobsson Joel , Löw Peter , Shupliakov Oleg , Brodin Lennart
Published: April 2008

Synaptic vesicle recycling has been proposed to depend on proteins which coordinate membrane and cytoskeletal dynamics. Here, we examine the role of the dynamin- and N-WASP (neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein)-binding protein syndapin/PACSIN at the lamprey reticulospinal synapse. We find that presynaptic microinjection of syndapin antibodies inhibits vesicle recycling evoked by intense (5 Hz or more), but not by light (0.2 Hz) stimulation. This contrasts with the inhibition at light stimulation induced by perturbation of amphiphysin (Shupliakov et al., 1997). Inhibition by syndapin antibodies was associated with massive accumulation of membranous cisternae and invaginations around release sites, but not of coated pits at the plasma membrane. Cisternae contained vesicle membrane, as shown by vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP2)/synaptobrevin 2 immunolabeling. Similar effects were observed when syndapin was perturbed before onset of massive endocytosis induced by preceding intense stimulation. Selective perturbation of the Src homology 3 domain interactions of syndapin was sufficient to induce vesicle depletion and accumulation of cisternae. Our data show an involvement of syndapin in synaptic vesicle recycling evoked by intense stimulation. We propose that syndapin is required to stabilize the plasma membrane and/or facilitate bulk endocytosis at high release rates.
Fear Conditioning and Extinction Differentially Modify the Intrinsic Excitability of Infralimbic Neurons
Authors: Santini Edwin , Quirk Gregory J. , Porter James T.
Published: April 2008

Extinction of conditioned fear is an active learning process involving inhibition of fear expression. It has been proposed that fear extinction potentiates neurons in the infralimbic (IL) prefrontal cortex, but the cellular mechanisms underlying this potentiation remain unknown. It is also not known whether this potentiation occurs locally in IL neurons as opposed to IL afferents. To determine whether extinction enhances the intrinsic excitability of IL pyramidal neurons in layers II/III and V, we performed whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in slices from naive, conditioned, or conditioned-extinguished rats. We observed that conditioning depressed IL excitability compared with slices from naive animals, as evidenced by a decreased number of spikes evoked by injected current and an increase in the slow afterhyperpolarizing potential (sAHP). Extinction reversed these conditioning-induced effects. Furthermore, IL neurons from extinguished rats showed increased burst spiking compared with naive rats, which was correlated with extinction recall. These changes were specific to IL prefrontal cortex and were not observed in prelimbic prefrontal cortex. Together, these findings suggest that IL intrinsic excitability is reduced to allow for expression of conditioning memory and enhanced for expression of extinction memory through the modulation of Ca2+-gated K+channels underlying the sAHP. Inappropriate modulation of these intrinsic mechanisms may underlie anxiety disorders, characterized by exaggerated fear and deficient extinction.
Tlx1 and Tlx3 Coordinate Specification of Dorsal Horn Pain-Modulatory Peptidergic Neurons
Authors: Xu Yi , Lopes Claudia , Qian Ying , Liu Ying , Cheng Leping , Goulding Martyn , Turner Eric E. , Lima Deolinda , Ma Qiufu
Published: April 2008

The dorsal spinal cord synthesizes a variety of neuropeptides that modulate the transmission of nociceptive sensory information. Here, we used genetic fate mapping to show that Tlx3+spinal cord neurons and their derivatives represent a heterogeneous population of neurons, marked by partially overlapping expression of a set of neuropeptide genes, including those encoding the anti-opioid peptide cholecystokinin, pronociceptive Substance P (SP), Neurokinin B, and a late wave of somatostatin. Mutations ofTlx3andTlx1result in a loss of expression of these peptide genes. Brn3a, a homeobox transcription factor, the expression of which is partly dependent on Tlx3, is required specifically for the early wave of SP expression. These studies suggest that Tlx1 and Tlx3 operate high in the regulatory hierarchy that coordinates specification of dorsal horn pain-modulatory peptidergic neurons.
Absence of Functional Peroxisomes from Mouse CNS Causes Dysmyelination and Axon Degeneration
Authors: Hulshagen Leen , Krysko Olga , Bottelbergs Astrid , Huyghe Steven , Klein Rüdiger , Van Veldhoven Paul P. , De Deyn Peter P. , D'Hooge Rudi , Hartmann Dieter , Baes Myriam
Published: April 2008

Peroxisomal metabolism is essential for normal brain development both in men and in mice. Using conditional knock-out mice, we recently showed that peroxisome deficiency in liver has a severe and persistent impact on the formation of cortex and cerebellum, whereas absence of functional peroxisomes from the CNS only causes developmental delays without obvious alteration of brain architecture.

We now report that a substantial fraction of the latterNes-Pex5knock-out mice survive into adulthood but develop progressive motoric and coordination problems, impaired exploration, and a deficit in cognition and die before the age of 6 months. Histopathologically, both the white and gray matter of the CNS displayed a region-specific accumulation of neutral lipids, astrogliosis and microgliosis, upregulation of catalase, and scattered cell death.Nes-Pex5knock-out mice featured a dramatic reduction of myelin staining in corpus callosum, whereas cerebellum and other white matter tracts were less affected or unchanged. This was accompanied by a depletion of alkenylphospholipids in myelin and differentially reduced immunoreactivity of myelin proteins. EM analysis revealed that myelin wrappings around axons did still form, but they showed a reduction in thickness relative to axon diameters. Remarkably, multifocal axonal damage occurred in the corpus callosum. Thereby, debris accumulated between axolemma and inner myelin surface and axons collapsed, although myelin sheaths remained present. These anomalies of myelinated axons were already present in juvenile mice but aggravated in adulthood. Together, loss of CNS peroxisomal metabolism both affects myelin sheaths and axonal integrity possibly via independent pathways.
Functional Asymmetries in Visual Pathways Carrying S-Cone Signals in Macaque
Authors: Tailby Chris , Solomon Samuel G. , Lennie Peter
Published: April 2008

In the lateral geniculate nucleus of macaque, we recorded from neurons with substantial input from S-cones and found that, on several important dimensions, the properties of neurons that receive inhibitory input from S-cones (“S−”) are quite unlike those of neurons that receive excitatory input from S-cones (“S+”). First, the organization of chromatic inputs differs substantially: in S+ cells, S-cone signals were usually opposed by those of L- and M-cones; in S− cells, signals from L-cones were usually opposed to those of S- and M-cones. Second, to pure S-cone modulation, S+ cells are twice as sensitive as S− cells, but S− cells were much more susceptible to contrast adaptation. Third, in S− cells but not S+ cells, the spatial frequency resolution for achromatic modulation was often greater, the tuning curve and more bandpass, than that for S-cone modulation. Along the dimensions on which we measured, the properties of the S+ cells were relatively tightly clustered, suggesting a homogenous class. Although the chromatic properties of S− cells are heterogeneous, the distribution of their tuning along other stimulus dimensions does not suggest multiple subtypes.
Insolubility of Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia 1 Disrupts Oligomer-Dependent Interactions with Nuclear Distribution Element 1 and Is Associated with Sporadic Mental Disease
Authors: Leliveld S. Rutger , Bader Verian , Hendriks Philipp , Prikulis Ingrid , Sajnani Gustavo , Requena Jesús R. , Korth Carsten
Published: April 2008

Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) and other genes have been identified recently as potential molecular players in chronic psychiatric diseases such as affective disorders and schizophrenia. A molecular mechanism of how these genes may be linked to the majority of sporadic cases of these diseases remains unclear. The chronic nature and irreversibility of clinical symptoms in a subgroup of these diseases prompted us to investigate whether proteins corresponding to candidate genes displayed subtle features of protein aggregation. Here, we show that in postmortem brain samples of a distinct group of patients with phenotypes of affective disorders or schizophrenia, but not healthy controls, significant fractions of DISC1 could be identified as cold Sarkosyl-insoluble protein aggregates. A loss-of-function phenotype could be demonstrated for insoluble DISC1 through abolished binding to a key DISC1 ligand, nuclear distribution element 1 (NDEL1): in human neuroblastoma cells, DISC1 formed expression-dependent, detergent-resistant aggregates that failed to interact with endogenous NDEL1. Recombinant (r) NDEL1 expressed inEscherichia coliselectively bound an octamer of an rDISC1 fragment but not dimers or high molecular weight multimers, suggesting an oligomerization optimum for molecular interactions of DISC1 with NDEL1. For DISC1-related sporadic psychiatric disease, we propose a mechanism whereby impaired cellular control over self-association of DISC1 leads to excessive multimerization and subsequent formation of detergent-resistant aggregates, culminating in loss of ligand binding, here exemplified by NDEL1. We conclude that the absence of oligomer-dependent ligand interactions of DISC1 can be associated with sporadic mental disease of mixed phenotypes.
Maps of Visual Space in Human Occipital Cortex Are Retinotopic, Not Spatiotopic
Authors: Gardner Justin L. , Merriam Elisha P. , Movshon J. Anthony , Heeger David J.
Published: April 2008

We experience the visual world as phenomenally invariant to eye position, but almost all cortical maps of visual space in monkeys use a retinotopic reference frame, that is, the cortical representation of a point in the visual world is different across eye positions. It was recently reported that human cortical area MT (unlike monkey MT) represents stimuli in a reference frame linked to the position of stimuli in space, a “spatiotopic” reference frame. We used visuotopic mapping with blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging signals to define 12 human visual cortical areas, and then determined whether the reference frame in each area was spatiotopic or retinotopic. We found that all 12 areas, including MT, represented stimuli in a retinotopic reference frame. Although there were patches of cortex in and around these visual areas that were ostensibly spatiotopic, none of these patches exhibited reliable stimulus-evoked responses. We conclude that the early, visuotopically organized visual cortical areas in the human brain (like their counterparts in the monkey brain) represent stimuli in a retinotopic reference frame.
Functional Trade-Offs in White Matter Axonal Scaling
Authors: Wang Samuel S.-H. , Shultz Jennifer R. , Burish Mark J. , Harrison Kimberly H. , Hof Patrick R. , Towns Lex C. , Wagers Matthew W. , Wyatt Krysta D.
Published: April 2008

The brains of large mammals have lower rates of metabolism than those of small mammals, but the functional consequences of this scaling are not well understood. An attractive target for analysis is axons, whose size, speed and energy consumption are straightforwardly related. Here we show that from shrews to whales, the composition of white matter shifts from compact, slow-conducting, and energetically expensive unmyelinated axons to large, fast-conducting, and energetically inexpensive myelinated axons. The fastest axons have conduction times of 1–5 ms across the neocortex and <1 ms from the eye to the brain, suggesting that in select sets of communicating fibers, large brains reduce transmission delays and metabolic firing costs at the expense of increased volume. Delays and potential imprecision in cross-brain conduction times are especially great in unmyelinated axons, which may transmit information via firing rate rather than precise spike timing. In neocortex, axon size distributions can account for the scaling of per-volume metabolic rate and suggest a maximum supportable firing rate, averaged across all axons, of 7 ± 2 Hz. Axon size distributions also account for the scaling of white matter volume with respect to brain size. The heterogeneous white matter composition found in large brains thus reflects a metabolically constrained trade-off that reduces both volume and conduction time.
Altered Histone Monoubiquitylation Mediated by Mutant Huntingtin Induces Transcriptional Dysregulation
Authors: Kim Mee-Ohk , Chawla Prianka , Overland Ryan P. , Xia Eva , Sadri-Vakili Ghazaleh , Cha Jang-Ho J.
Published: April 2008

Although transcriptional dysregulation is a critical pathogenic mechanism in Huntington's disease (HD), it is still not known how mutant huntingtin causes it. Here we show that alteration of histone monoubiquitylation is a key mechanism. Disrupted interaction of huntingtin with Bmi-1, a component of the hPRC1L E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, increases monoubiquityl histone H2A (uH2A) levels in a cell culture model of HD. Genes with expression that is repressed in transgenic R6/2 mouse brain have increased uH2A and decreased uH2B at their promoters, whereas actively transcribed genes show the opposite pattern. Reduction in uH2A reverses transcriptional repression and inhibits methylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 in cell culture. In contrast, reduction in uH2B induces transcriptional repression and inhibits methylation of histone H3 at lysine 4. This is the first report to demonstrate hPRC1L as a huntingtin-interacting histone modifying complex and a crucial role for histone monoubiquitylation in mammalian brain gene expression, which broadens our understanding of histone code. These findings also provide a rationale for targeting histone monoubiquitylation for therapy in HD.
Reverse Signaling via a Glycosyl-Phosphatidylinositol-Linked Ephrin Prevents Midline Crossing by Migratory Neurons during Embryonic Development inManduca
Authors: Coate Thomas M. , Wirz Jacqueline A. , Copenhaver Philip F.
Published: April 2008

We have investigated whether reverse signaling via a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked ephrin controls the behavior of migratory neuronsin vivo. During the formation of the enteric nervous system (ENS) in the mothManduca, ∼300 neurons [enteric plexus (EP) cells] migrate onto the midgut via bilaterally paired muscle bands but avoid adjacent midline regions. As they migrate, the EP cells express a single ephrin ligand (MsEphrin; a GPI-linked ligand), whereas the midline cells express the corresponding Eph receptor (MsEph). Blocking endogenous MsEphrin–MsEph receptor interactions in cultured embryos resulted in aberrant midline crossing by the neurons and their processes. In contrast, activating endogenous MsEphrin on the EP cells with dimeric MsEph-Fc constructs inhibited their migration and outgrowth, supporting a role for MsEphrin-dependent reverse signaling in this system. In short-term cultures, blocking endogenous MsEph receptors allowed filopodia from the growth cones of the neurons to invade the midline, whereas activating neuronal MsEphrin led to filopodial retraction. MsEphrin-dependent signaling may therefore guide the migratory enteric neurons by restricting the orientation of their leading processes. Knocking down MsEphrin expression in the EP cells with morpholino antisense oligonucleotides also induced aberrant midline crossing, consistent with the effects of blocking endogenous MsEphrin–MsEph interactions. Unexpectedly, this treatment enhanced the overall extent of migration, indicating that MsEphrin-dependent signaling may also modulate the general motility of the EP cells. These results demonstrate that MsEphrin–MsEph receptor interactions normally prevent midline crossing by migratory neurons within the developing ENS, an effect that is most likely mediated by reverse signaling through this GPI-linked ephrin ligand.
Anthropology and Environment Section
Authors: Ogden Laura
Published: April 2008

•Environmental Science Frictions Adam Henne, Peter Brosius, Jeremy Campbell, Kim Fortun, Jessica O'Reilly
Archeology Division
Authors: Alexander Rani T
Published: April 2008

•2009 AD and AA Elections Robert Paynter  •AD Distinguished Lecture Named for Patty Jo Watson
Association of Black Anthropologists
Authors: McGlotten Shaka
Published: April 2008

•nclusion, Collaboration and Engagement across the African Diaspora Marla Frederick
Association for Political and Legal Anthropology
Authors: Krause Elizabeth , Bhan Mona
Published: April 2008

•Graduate Student Participation in APLA Carie Little Hersh
Association of Senior Anthropologists
Authors: Doughty Paul L
Published: April 2008

•Redefining the World
Biological Anthropology Section
Authors: Vitzthum Virginia J
Published: April 2008

•?Wallace Should Hang? •NAS Book and Brochure on Evolution •Science & Engineering Indicators (SEI ) 2008 •Fulbright Scholar Program
Central States Anthropological Society
Authors: Dean Evelyn , Glaros Angela
Published: April 2008

•2008 Annual Meeting •2008 Student Paper Competitions •2008 Leslie A White and Beth Wilder Dillingham Research Award Competitions •Member News
Council on Anthropology and Education
Authors: Bialostok Steve
Published: April 2008

•Education and the Risk Society •Listserv •Anthropology and Education Quarterly
Council for Museum Anthropology
Authors: Herold Joyce
Published: April 2008

•University Evaluation of Museum Work: A Survey C?cile R Ganteaume
Culture and Agriculture
Authors: Rich Ronald
Published: April 2008

•2008 AAA Deadline •Message From the New Editor of Culture & Agriculture Kendall Thu  •Outgoing and Incoming C&A Officers •From the 2007 Meetings: What's Fair? Regionalism in US Agriculture Eleanor Shoreman
Evolutionary Anthropology Society
Authors: Ziker John
Published: April 2008

•2007 Annual Report Eric Alden Smith  •Elections •Membership •Finances •AAA Meeting •2007 Awards •Future Plans
General Anthropology Division
Authors: Lassiter Luke Eric
Published: April 2008

•On the Business of GAD and the 2007 GAD Business Meeting Susan Buck Sutton  •Other GAD Business at the AAA Annual
Meeting •Possible Session for the 2008 Annual
Meeting
Middle East Section
Authors: Spadola Emilio
Published: April 2008

•Morocco Conference Features Scholarship, Photography and a Fusion of Musical Traditions •MES Best Student Paper Award
National Association of Student Anthropologists
Authors: Chio Jenny
Published: April 2008

•Foibles of Family and Fieldwork
Society for the Anthropology in Community Colleges
Authors: Miller Lloyd
Published: April 2008

•SACC‐L, the ListServ •The Iowa Caucuses
Society for the Anthropology of Consciousness
Authors: McBride Lawrence B
Published: April 2008

•An Important Message Regarding Proposed Changes to AAA Bylaws John Baker
Society for the Anthropology of Europe
Authors: Passmore Ben
Published: April 2008

•2007 William A Douglass Speaker •Honor‐Based Violence in Europe: Challenges and Prospects Unni Wikan
Society for the Anthropology of Food and Nutrition
Authors: Black Rachel
Published: April 2008

•Food, Nutrition and the Field School Experience
Society for the Anthropology of North America
Authors: Hyatt Susan B
Published: April 2008

•Race, Discourse and Environmental Justice Ryan Blanton
Society for the Anthropology of Religion
Authors: Selby Jennifer
Published: April 2008

•Clifford Geertz Prize Michael Lambek
Society for the Anthropology of Work
Authors: Jancius Angela
Published: April 2008

•SAW at the 2007 Annual Meeting •AWR Call for Papers Michael Chibnik
Society for East Asian Anthropology
Authors: Stevens Carolyn S , Hubbert Jennifer
Published: April 2008

•The Wedding Banquet Revisited: ?Contract Marriages? Between South Korean Gays and Lesbians John (Song Pae) Cho
Society for Humanistic Anthropology
Authors: Gleach Frederic W , Santiago‐Irizarry Vilma
Published: April 2008

•Self‐Promotion
Society for Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology
Authors: Caballero‐Arias Hortensia
Published: April 2008

•Nash‐Roseberry Student Award •Cars and Cabildos: Accumulation and Moral Experience in Otavalo, Ecuador Kristine Latta
Society of Lesbian and Gay Anthropologists
Authors: Houston David L R
Published: April 2008

•Climate Change: The ?Unraucous Caucus?
Society for Medical Anthropology
Authors: Ragsdale Kathleen
Published: April 2008

•Congratulations to the Winners of SMA 2007 Awards! •Have You Joined the Global Medical Anthropology Directory?
Society for Urban, National and Transnational/Global Anthropology
Authors: Howell Jayne , Bastellanos Maria Bianet
Published: April 2008

•2008 Prize Reminder •Lost Girls of Sudan and the New Humanitarianism: Refugees and Immigrants in the Neoliberal Era Laura DeLuca
Society for Visual Anthropology
Authors: Barriga Miguel Diaz
Published: April 2008

•Using Visuals in Conference Papers and Panels: Showing What You Mean Jonathan S Marion  •Matching Method to Message •Panel‐Level Considerations and Suggestions
Influência da inoculação de rizóbios sobre a germinação e o vigor de plântulas de alface
Authors: Schlindwein Gilson , Vargas Luciano Kayser , Lisboa Bruno Brito , Azambuja Augusto Cruz , Granada Camille Eichelberger , Gabiatti Naiana Cristine , Prates Felipe , Stumpf Raquel
Published: April 2008

Os rizóbios, conhecidos por sua capacidade de fixar N2 em associação com leguminosas, também se mostram capazes de promover o crescimento de não-leguminosas, especialmente pela produção de ácido indol-acético (AIA). Neste trabalho, objetivou-se selecionar rizóbios produtores de AIA e avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações deste fitormônio sobre a germinação e o desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de alface. Foram selecionados quatro isolados de Bradyrhizobium sp. e um isolado de Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii, os quais foram crescidos por quatro dias em meio levedura-manitol enriquecido com triptofano. Após esse período, avaliou-se a produção de AIA e procedeu-se à inoculação de sementes de alface com os isolados. O isolado TV-13, de R. leguminosarum biovar trifolii produziu 171,1µg mL-1 de AIA, causando prejuízos para o desenvolvimento das plântulas de alface. Por outro lado, os isolados de Bradyrhizobium sp. produziram entre 1,2 e 3,3µg mL-1 de AIA e aumentaram o vigor das plântulas em relação ao tratamento sem inoculação com rizóbios. Para verificar se essas diferenças foram decorrentes das concentrações de AIA, foram realizados mais dois experimentos, nos quais as sementes foram embebidas em culturas de TV-13 com ou sem a presença de triptofano ou em doses crescentes de AIA sintético. O isolado TV-13 crescido na presença de triptofano causou danos progressivos sobre o desenvolvimento das plântulas de alface, o que não ocorreu na ausência de triptofano. Também foi verificado um retardo na germinação das sementes quando submetidas a altas concentrações de AIA sintético. Os resultados indicam a influência do AIA sobre os parâmetros de germinação, de modo que a inoculação de sementes de alface com rizóbios que produzem baixas quantidades de AIA é uma prática recomendável.
Interface homem-máquina para controle de processos de resfriamento com ar forçado visando à economia de energia
Authors: Teruel Bárbara , Silveira Paulo , Marques Filipe , Cappelli Nelson
Published: April 2008

Apresenta-se o desenvolvimento de um equipamento microprocessado, com saída de corrente, para controle da velocidade de rotação do motor do ventilador de sistemas de ar forçado, usando inversor de freqüência. Através de programação (software IHM.EXE), o usuário pode definir a massa a ser resfriada em quilogramas de produto. O equipamento calcula, através de um polinômio previamente estabelecido e programável, a freqüência de operação do inversor, que corresponde a uma vazão de ar específica, dentro dos limites estabelecidos no projeto. O equipamento foi instalado num sistema de resfriamento com ar forçado, estimando-se, pelo cálculo da variação da potência útil mecânica, uma economia de energia da ordem de 82%, com uma rotação equivalente a 56% da nominal do ventilador, proporcionando, desta forma, uma economia significativa no custo de operação do sistema.
Medidas corporais de novilhos das gerações avançadas do cruzamento rotativo entre as raças Charolês e Nelore, terminados em confinamento
Authors: Menezes Luís Fernando Glasenapp de , Restle João , Kuss Fernando , Brondani Ivan Luiz , Alves Filho Dari Celestino , Catellam Jonatas , Osmari Milene Puntel
Published: April 2008

Foram avaliados, durante a terminação, os efeitos da heterozigose e do grupo genético nas medidas corporais de novilhos puros (Charolês - C e Nelore - N) e mestiços da segunda (G2) (3/4C1/4N e 3/4N1/4C), da terceira (G3) (5/8C3/8N e 5/8N3/8C) e da quarta (G4) (11/16C5/16N e 11/16N5/16C) geração de cruzamento rotativo. Os novilhos foram confinados durante 97 dias, sendo alimentados com a mesma dieta, contendo 12,32% de proteína bruta e 2,96Mcal de energia digestível kg-1 de matéria seca, com relação volumoso:concentrado de 52:48. Os mestiços apresentaram maiores alturas de cernelha e garupa que a média dos puros tanto no início como no final do confinamento em todas as gerações do cruzamento. No entanto, os animais da G3 tiveram menor taxa de crescimento de garupa que os puros, com heterose de -35,97%. A heterose para as alturas de cernelha e garupa acompanhou a flutuação do grau de heterozigose do cruzamento, porém com diferentes magnitudes. A heterose da G2 para a G3 teve aumento de 48,18; 18,32; 55,15 e 3,20% para as alturas de cernelha inicial e final e para a altura de garupa inicial e final, respectivamente. Dentro dos sistemas de acasalamento, os animais com predominância de Nelore apresentaram maiores alturas de cernelha e garupa que aqueles com maior predominância de Charolês. Os animais mestiços apresentaram maior perímetro torácico e comprimento inicial em todas as gerações, resultando em heteroses de 5,56; 7,73 e 5,91% e de 7,23; 8,98 e 8,99%, respectivamente, na G2, na G3 e na G4. Todas as medidas corporais foram correlacionadas significativamente com o peso, tanto no início como no fim do confinamento.
Retos epistemológicos y teóricos para el curriculum ambiental de posgrados
Authors: Eschenhagen María Luisa
Published: April 2008

Este artículo se propone aportar algunas consideraciones para el momento de formular un curriculum de posgrado ambiental. A este nivel, los retos de la educación ambiental están por un lado en la capacidad de situarse en y frente a la realidad, reconociendo la importancia del proyecto social y por el otro lado en la fundamentación y claridad epistemológica, donde la interdisciplinariedad juega un papel significativo. Esta necesidad se refleja claramente al revisar, en esta ocasión de manera somera, la oferta de posgrados ambientales a nivel latinoamericano, que después de más de 25 años, las recomendaciones del primer encuentro de Universidad y Medio ambiente en América Latina, tiene plena vigencia.
Para uma história da avaliação da educação superior brasileira: análise dos documentos do PARU, CNRES, GERES e PAIUB
Authors: Barreyro Gladys Beatriz , Rothen José Carlos
Published: April 2008

Com o Provão, em 1996, e depois com o SINAES, em 2004, a avaliação passou a ser um elemento central na política de educação superior brasileira. Apesar das influências dos modelos internacionais as duas principais concepções adotadas (a da avaliação com uma visão formativa/emancipatória e a de regulação/controle) foram delineadas pelos acadêmicos participantes de comissões governamentais do Ministério da Educação durante as décadas de 1980 e 1990. No artigo, analisam-se essas duas concepções e algumas das suas implicações nas políticas atuais. São considerados os documentos oficiais: "Programa de Avaliação da Reforma Universitária" (1983); "Relatório da Comissão Nacional de Avaliação do Ensino Superior" "Uma Nova Política para a Educação Superior Brasileira" (1985), "Relatório do Grupo Executivo para a Reformulação da Educação Superior" (1986). e "Programa de Avaliação Institucional das Universidades Brasileiras" (1993).
Genetic parameters for test day milk yield of first lactation Holstein cows estimated by random regression using Legendre polynomials
Authors: Costa Claudio Napolis , Melo Claudio Manoel Rodrigues de , Packer Irineu Umberto , Freitas Ary Ferreira de , Teixeira Nilson Milagres , Cobuci Jaime Araujo
Published: April 2008

Data comprising 263,390 test-day (TD) records of 32,448 first parity cows calving in 467 herds between 1991 and 2001 from the Brazilian Holstein Association were used to estimate genetic and permanent environmental variance components in a random regression animal model using Legendre polynomials (LP) of order three to five by REML. Residual variance was assumed to be constant in all or in some classes of lactation periods for each LP. Estimates of genetic and permanent environmental variances did not show any trend due to the increase in the LP order. Residual variance decreased as the order of LP increased when it was assumed constant, and it was highest at the beginning of lactation and relatively constant in mid lactation when assumed to vary between classes. The range for the estimates of heritability (0.27 - 0.42) was similar for all models and was higher in mid lactation. There were only slight differences between the models in both genetic and permanent environmental correlations. Genetic correlations decreased for near unity between adjacent days to values as low as 0.24 between early and late lactation. A five parameter LP to model both genetic and permanent environmental effects and assuming a homogeneous residual variance would be a parsimonious option to fit TD yields of Holstein cows in Brazil.
Desempenho e rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte no período de 22 a 42 dias de idade alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes relações lisina digestível: proteína bruta
Authors: Rodrigues Kênia Ferreira , Rodrigues Paulo Borges , Freitas Rilke Tadeu Fonseca de , Fialho Elias Tadeu , Bertechini Antônio Gilberto , Nagata Adriano Kaneo
Published: April 2008

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho e as características de carcaça de frangos de corte no período de 22 a 42 dias alimentados com rações formuladas com diferentes relações lisina digestível:proteína bruta (PB). O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, segundo um modelo com dois critérios de classificação hierárquica. Foram utilizados 1.200 pintos de corte machos, linhagem Cobb, criados até 21 dias de idade. Depois desse período, as aves foram uniformizadas por peso (média de 879 ± 17 g) e distribuídas nas parcelas experimentais. As dietas foram isonutritivas, exceto quanto aos níveis de PB e lisina digestível, formuladas com dois níveis de PB (17,0 e 19,5%) e cinco relações lisina digestível:PB, correspondendo a 5,9; 6,4; 6,9; 7,4 e 7,9% em relação à ração com 17,0% de PB e 5,3; 5,7; 6,1; 6,5 e 6,9% em relação à ração com 19,5% de PB. Cada ração experimental foi fornecida a 20 aves em cada uma das seis repetições. Aos 42 dias, avaliaram-se as características de desempenho (ganho de peso, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar), quando duas aves de cada parcela foram abatidas para determinação dos rendimentos de carcaça, de cortes e de gordura abdominal. O consumo de ração diminuiu e a conversão alimentar melhorou linearmente de acordo com as relações avaliadas no nível de 17,0% PB. Não houve efeito significativo dos dois níveis de PB utilizados sobre o ganho de peso e os rendimentos de carcaça e de partes. A gordura abdominal reduziu linearmente no nível de 19,5% de PB. As relações ideais foram de 5,9% para 17,0% PB e 5,3% para 19,5% PB. O nível de PB da dieta pode ser reduzido para 17,0%, pois essa redução não afeta o desempenho das aves.
Eficiência bioeconômica de vacas de diferentes níveis de produção de leite por lactação e estratégias de alimentação
Authors: Rennó Francisco Palma , Pereira José Carlos , Leite Carlos Antônio Moreira , Rodrigues Marcelo Teixeira , Campos Oriel Fajardo de , Fonseca Dilermando Miranda da , Rennó Luciana Navajas
Published: April 2008

Avaliou-se a eficiência bioeconômica de vacas de diferentes níveis de produção de leite por lactação submetidas a sete estratégias de alimentação. Utilizou-se um modelo de simulação desenvolvido com os programas CNCPS v5.0 e planilhas eletrônicas do Microsoft Excell®, de forma a simular a produção e as exigências de nutrientes de uma lactação completa para vacas de diferentes níveis de produção. Foram realizadas avaliações da eficiência bioeconômica (EBE) em vacas de cinco níveis de produção de leite (10,15,20, 25 e 30 kg/dia), em sete estratégias de alimentação. A EBE foi definida de forma semelhante à eficiência biológica, considerando a quantidade de alimentos utilizada e a produção de leite obtida multiplicada pelos respectivos valores econômicos. Também com o propósito de avaliar a EBE das vacas de cada nível de produção, foram avaliados o produto físico médio (PFme) e o produto físico marginal (PFma) de cada nível de produção e de cada estratégia de alimentação. Na avaliação do PFma, foram estimadas equações de regressão da produção de leite por vaca considerando o nível de utilização de concentrados e os custos de alimentação. A eficiência bioeconômica de vacas de diferentes níveis de produção comprovou que a maior eficiência biológica de vacas de maior produção de leite por lactação não resultou, necessariamente, em maior eficiência bioeconômica. A eficiência de utilização de concentrados, quando avaliada em níveis crescentes de produção de leite por vaca, segue a lei dos retornos decrescentes e influencia a eficiência bioeconômica quanto maior o nível de produção de leite por vaca.
Comprehensive MicroRNA Profiling Reveals a Unique Human Embryonic Stem Cell Signature Dominated by a Single Seed Sequence
Authors: Laurent Louise C. , Chen Jing , Ulitsky Igor , Mueller Franz-Josef , Lu Christina , Shamir Ron , Fan Jian-Bing , Loring Jeanne F.
Published: April 2008

Embryonic stem cells are unique among cultured cells in their ability to self-renew and differentiate into a wide diversity of cell types, suggesting that a specific molecular control network underlies these features. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are known to have distinct mRNA expression, global DNA methylation, and chromatin profiles, but the involvement of high-level regulators, such as microRNAs (miRNA), in the hESC-specific molecular network is poorly understood. We report that global miRNA expression profiling of hESCs and a variety of stem cell and differentiated cell types using a novel microarray platform revealed a unique set of miRNAs differentially regulated in hESCs, including numerous miRNAs not previously linked to hESCs. These hESC-associated miRNAs were more likely to be located in large genomic clusters, and less likely to be located in introns of coding genes. hESCs had higher expression of oncogenic miRNAs and lower expression of tumor suppressor miRNAs than the other cell types. Many miRNAs upregulated in hESCs share a common consensus seed sequence, suggesting that there is cooperative regulation of a critical set of target miRNAs. We propose that miRNAs are coordinately controlled in hESCs, and are key regulators of pluripotence and differentiation.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Using gypsiferous soil for embankments in hot desert areas
Authors: Razouki S. S. , Kuttah D.K. , Al-Damluji O. A. , Nashat I. H.
Published: April 2008

A study of the strength characteristics of a fine-grained gypsiferous soil intended for use as a construction material for forming highway and airport embankments in desert areas is reported herein. The tested soil was a sandy lean clay (CL) according to the Unified Soil Classification System and an A-6 (6) soil according to American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) soil classification system, containing about 35% total soluble salts (TSS) of which 33% was gypsum. To study the properties of the tested soil, various California bearing ratio (CBR) soil samples were prepared at the dry optimum moisture content of 2% and soaked for 0, 4, 7, 15 and 30 days. The CBR tests revealed that there was a serious drop in the CBR due to soaking, which is in full agreement with the drop in c and φ with soaking period, indicating that if gypsiferous soils are used as fill material they should be protected from ingress of water. To study the deformation properties of the tested soil, vertical swelling/settlement measurements were carried out on each CBR sample during soaking using a 0·002 mm dial gauge. The effect of soaking period on the distribution of moisture, TSS and gypsum content was also studied. It was observed that there was an increase in moisture content and a decrease in TSS and hence gypsum with increasing soaking for CBR samples compacted at the dry optimum moisture content.
Effect of corrosion inhibitors on cement paste pore structure
Authors: Luo L. , Ye G. , De Schutter G.
Published: April 2008

The influence of admixed corrosion inhibitors on the pore structure of cement paste was evaluated by means of mercury intrusion porosimetry. Portland cement CEM I 52,5N was used. Two different corrosion inhibitors were selected within this study. One was a calcium nitrite-based corrosion inhibitor, which contained minimum 30% active ingredients by mass. The other corrosion inhibitor was an aqueous mixture of amine and ester. By means of mercury intrusion porosimetry it was shown that for each degree of cement hydration considered in the experimental programme, the cement paste with inhibitor had higher total pore volume than the reference cement paste. Furthermore, the threshold pore diameter of the samples with and without corrosion inhibitor did not vary significantly.
Safe, high-tech and sustainable concrete construction
Authors: Desai S.
Published: April 2008

Concrete has the status of a prime construction material in many parts of the world, owing to the number of benefits it can provide, such as economy of construction, ability to take any shape and form, inherent fire resistance, low energy demand in its production, saving of energy during the service life of the building afforded by insulation properties of concrete and so on. It may seem, however, that the making of concrete is a low-tech process and that any rapid depletion of the sources of natural constituents of concrete would jeopardise principles of continuing sustainability. Such issues are addressed through research and development in high-tech precast concrete construction and modern mix design, including alternative sources for the constituents. Furthermore, it is important to ensure that progress in these fields will not jeopardise the safety and durability of structures. This paper draws attention to some important issues associated with making concrete construction safe, high-tech and sustainable.