bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Global Scenario on the Dynamics of Excited State Proton Transfer of Pyranine in the Mixed Micellar Assemblies: Role of Water Accessibility in the Probe Location+
Authors: Das Ishita , Halder Mintu
Published: April 2018

Excited state proton transfer (ESPT) dynamics of pyranine (HPTS) is explored in mixed micellar aggregate of pluronic F127 micelles and Na‐dodecyl sulfate (SDS) employing steady state and time resolved fluorescence. HPTS shows two proton transfer (PT) time constants in both F127 and F127‐SDS micelles. The slow ∼1.05 ns component in F127 micelles is attributed to PT occurring in the corona phase; whereas, the bulk water‐like variant (∼160 ps) arises from the probe in water exposed micellar periphery. Addition of SDS upto some low concentration in F127 produces mixed micelles due to SDS‐monomer incorporation. The slower ESPT time constant becomes ∼670 ps in the mixed micellar system (∼1.5 times faster than in neat), whereas, the faster one gets ∼140 ps. It is known that association of SDS in F127 micelles enhances water penetration in the corona region, thus this increased hydration speeds up the ESPT. The chosen photoacid, in principle, can anticipate changes in the microenvironment of the mixed micelles via modulation of its ESPT. In spite of similar hydration enhancements in both cationic and anionic mixed micelles, it is observed that the modification pattern of the ESPT in mixed anionic is opposite to that of mixed cationic. A rationale of such contrasting ESPT responses in these differently charged composites is presented. In addition to copolymeric micelles, some mixed systems formed with other nonionic‐ionic combinations are also explored to cast a more generalized picture
Calcium(II) Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of cis‐6‐Hydroxy/(Acyloxy)hex‐2‐en‐4‐ynals to 2‐Acyl‐ and 2‐(Acyloxyalkenyl)furans
Authors: Gandhi Soniya , Baire Beeraiah
Published: April 2018

A cycloisomerization reaction of cis‐6‐hydroxy and cis‐6‐acyloxyhex‐2‐en‐4‐ynals to 2‐acylfurans and 2‐(1‐acyloxyalkenyl)furans under calcium(II) catalysis is reported. This strategy allows for the efficient synthesis of 3,4‐fused bicyclic 2‐acylfurans, multi‐substituted 2‐acylfurans and structurally novel 2‐(acyloxyalkenyl)furan derivatives which are substructures of many bioactive natural products. Very broad and divergent substrate scope with respect to propargylic alcohols and linkers has been achieved. The transformation fulfils some of the green chemistry principles in terms of a) use of non‐toxic, biodegradable calcium, b) 100% atom economy, and c) catalytic process and mild reaction conditions (RT).
Guiding the behavior of sociotechnical systems: The role of agent‐based modeling
Authors: Heydari Babak , Pennock Michael J.
Published: April 2018

Performance and success for many sociotechnical systems depend on the way the social and the technical parts interact and coevolve with each other. Such dynamic interactions are increasingly becoming an essential part of design and governance of many emerging systems such as sharing economy platforms and critical infrastructures. This paper makes a case for an agent‐based approach to support the design and governance of sociotechnical systems and asserts that agent‐based modeling (ABM) and simulation, with certain suggested revisions, can be a powerful methodology in this domain. This paper addresses three goals: The first is to make a case for using ABM in the analysis, design, and governance of sociotechnical systems due to systemic trends that increase the relevance of ABM. The second goal is to point to a crucial difference between the application of ABM to natural, social, and physical systems, where most of the ABM literature resides and its application to sociotechnical systems. As a part of this goal, we will focus on using ABM as a design tool to guide the behavior of sociotechnical systems at higher levels of abstraction by changing parameters at lower levels. The third goal is to provide a perspective on the often controversial topic of model validation for ABM and discuss various levels of expectations and flavors of validation for ABM. To this end, and building on the framework proposed under the second goal, we present a process that we call quasi‐validation as a suggested high‐level framework to gain confidence in using agent‐based models for intervention‐based scenario studies. Finally, we discuss a set of future research directions in ABM for design and governance of sociotechnical systems.
Quantum deformation of planar amplitudes
Authors: Movshev M. , Schwarz A.
Published: April 2018

Abstract

In maximally supersymmetric four-dimensional gauge theories planar on-shell diagrams are closely related to the positive Grassmannian and the cell decomposition of it into the union of so called positroid cells. (This was proven by N. Arkani-Hamed, J. Bourjaily, F. Cachazo, A. Goncharov, A. Postnikov, and J. Trnka.) We establish that volume forms on positroids used to express scattering amplitudes can be q-deformed to Hochschild homology classes of corresponding quantum algebras. The planar amplitudes are represented as sums of contributions of some set of positroid cells; we quantize these contributions. In classical limit our considerations allow us to obtain explicit formulas for contributions of positroid cells to scattering amplitudes.
Massive Dirac fermions from holography
Authors: Plantz N. W. M. , García Flórez F. , Stoof H. T. C.
Published: April 2018

Abstract

We provide a framework to compute the dynamics of massive Dirac fermions using holography. To this end we consider two bulk Dirac fermions that are coupled via a Yukawa interaction and propagate on a gravitational background in which a mass deformation is introduced. Moreover, we discuss the incorporation of this approach in semiholography. The resulting undoped fermionic spectral functions indeed show that the Yukawa coupling induces a gap in the holographic spectrum, whereas the semiholographic extension is in general gapped but additionally contains a quantum critical point at which the effective fermion mass vanishes and a topological phase transition occurs. Furthermore, when introducing doping, the fermionic spectral functions show a quantum phase transition between a gapped material and a Fermi liquid.
Patient Frailty Should Be Used to Individualize Treatment Decisions in Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Seib Carolyn D. , Chomsky‐Higgins Kathryn , Gosnell Jessica E. , Shen Wen T. , Suh Insoo , Duh Quan‐Yang , Finlayson Emily
Published: April 2018

Background

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common endocrine disorder that predominantly affects patients >60 and is increasing in prevalence. Identifying risk factors for poor outcomes after parathyroidectomy in older adults will help tailor operative decision making. The impact of frailty on surgical outcomes in parathyroidectomy has not been established.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of patients ≥40 years who underwent parathyroidectomy in the 2005–2010 ACS NSQIP. Frailty was assessed using the modified frailty index (mFI). Multivariable regression was used to determine the association of frailty with 30‐day complications, length of stay (LOS), and reoperation.

Results

We identified 13,123 patients ≥40 who underwent parathyroidectomy for PHPT. The majority of patients were not frail, with 80% with a low NSQIP mFI score (0–1 frailty traits), 19% with an intermediate mFI score (2–3), and 0.9% with a high mFI score (≥4). Overall 30‐day complications were rare, occurring in 141 (1.1%) patients. Increasing frailty was associated with an increased risk of complications with adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of 1.76 (95% CI 1.20–2.59; p = 0.004) for intermediate and 8.43 (95% CI 4.33–16.41; p < 0.001) for high mFI score. Patient age was independently associated with an increased risk of complications only when ≥75, as was African‐American race. Anesthesia with local, monitored anesthesia care, or regional block was the only factor associated with decreased odds of complications. A high NSQIP mFI was also associated with a significant 4.77‐day adjusted increase in LOS (95% CI 4.28–5.25; p < 0.001) and increased odds of reoperation (OR 4.20, 95% CI 1.64–10.74; p = 0.003).

Conclusion

Patient frailty is associated with increased complications, reoperation and prolonged LOS in patients undergoing parathyroidectomy for PHPT. The risks of surgical management should be weighed against potential benefits in frail patients with PHPT to individualize treatment decisions in this vulnerable population.
Access to Orthopaedic Surgical Care in Northern Tanzania: A Modelling Study
Authors: Premkumar Ajay , Ying Xiaohan , Mack Hardaker W. , Massawe Honest H. , Mshahaba David J. , Mandari Faiton , Pallangyo Anthony , Temu Rogers , Masenga Gileard , Spiegel David A. , Sheth Neil P.
Published: April 2018

Background

The global burden of musculoskeletal disease and resulting disability is enormous and is expected to increase over the next few decades. In the world’s poorest regions, the paucity of information defining and quantifying the current state of access to orthopaedic surgical care is a major problem in developing effective solutions. This study estimates the number of individuals in Northern Tanzania without adequate access to orthopaedic surgical services.

Methods

A chance tree was created to model the probability of access to orthopaedic surgical services in the Northern Tanzanian regions of Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Tanga, Singida, and Manyara, with respect to four dimensions: timeliness, surgical capacity, safety, and affordability. Timeliness was estimated by the proportion of people living within a 4‐h driving distance from a hospital with an orthopaedic surgeon, capacity by comparing number of surgeries performed to the number of surgeries indicated, safety by applying WHO Emergency and Essential Surgical Care infrastructure and equipment checklists, and affordability by approximating the proportion of the population protected from catastrophic out‐of‐pocket healthcare expenditure. We accounted for uncertainty in our model with one‐way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. Data sources included the Tanzanian National Bureau of Statistics and Ministry of Finance, World Bank, World Health Organization, New Zealand Ministry of Health, Google Corporation, NASA population estimator, and 2015 hospital records from Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, Machame Hospital, Nkoroanga Hospital, Mt. Meru Hospital, and Arusha Lutheran Medical Center.

Results

Under the most conservative assumptions, more than 90% of the Northern Tanzanian population does not have access to orthopaedic surgical services.

Conclusion

There is a near absence of access to orthopaedic surgical care in Northern Tanzania. These findings utilize more precise country and region‐specific data and are consistent with prior published global trends regarding surgical access in Sub‐Saharan Africa. As the global health community must develop innovative solutions to address the rising burden of musculoskeletal disease and support the advancement of universal health coverage, increasing access to orthopaedic surgical services will play a central role in improving health care in the world’s developing regions.
First Rib Resection for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: The Robotic Approach
Authors: Kocher Gregor J. , Zehnder Adrian , Lutz Jon A. , Schmidli Juerg , Schmid Ralph A.
Published: April 2018

Objective

First rib resection is a well‐recognized treatment option for thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). In case of a vascular insufficiency that can be provoked and/or progressive neurologic symptoms without response to conservative treatment, surgical decompression of the space between the clavicle and the first rib is indicated. The aim of this paper is to present our experience with a new minimally invasive robotic approach using the da Vinci Surgical System®.

Methods

Between January 2015 and October 2017, eight consecutive first rib resections in seven patients were performed at our institution. Four patients presented with neurologic (one bilateral), and three patients with vascular (venous) impairment. In all cases, a transthoracic robotic‐assisted approach was used. The first rib was removed using a 3‐port robotic approach with an additional 2‐cm axillary incision in the first six patients. The latest resection was performed through only three thoracic ports.

Results

Median operative time was 108 min, and the median hospital stay was 2 days. Postoperative courses were uneventful in all patients. Clinical follow‐up examinations showed relief of symptoms in all nonspecific TOS patients, and duplex ultrasonography confirmed complete vein patency in the remaining patients 3 months after surgery.

Conclusions

While there are limitations in conventional transaxillary, subclavicular and supraclavicular approaches in the first rib resection, the robotic method is not only less invasive but also allows better exposure and visualization of the first rib. Furthermore, the technique takes advantage of the benefits of the da Vinci Surgical System® in terms of 3D visualization and improved instrument maneuverability. Our early experience clearly demonstrates these advantages, which are also supported by the very good outcomes.
Remarks by Georges Abi-Saab
Authors: Abi-Saab Georges
Published: April 2018

Before I speak about Judge Hudson, I just want to say that both Paul and Philip said things that I think my mother would have liked to hear, had she been still alive. But of course, one has to discount the part of friendship.
Introductory Remarks by Hannah Buxbaum
Authors: Buxbaum Hannah
Published: April 2018

Thank you. I think I'm going to stay seated for the roundtable, to make it more of a conversation among all of us. Lucinda and Karen, thank you so much for your kind words. Like many people here I have been instructed and inspired by Detlev Vagts's work, and it is really an honor to convene this roundtable in his memory.
Remarks by Susan Casey-Lefkowitz
Authors: Casey-Lefkowitz Susan
Published: April 2018

Thanks, Paul, and good morning, everyone, and thank you so much for having me here.
Remarks by Christine van den Wyngaert
Authors: van den Wyngaert Christine
Published: April 2018

As you can see, I'm a veteran in the field of international criminal justice, having served on all these courts. I came to The Hague in the year 2000 for the Arrest Warrant case at the International Court of Justice (ICJ), and looking back at that period, it feels like these were the halcyon years of international criminal justice. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was up to speed, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). The International Criminal Court (ICC) had been created. The Rome Statute was brand new. States were exercising universal jurisdiction. In the United Kingdom, we had the Pinochet case. So everything seemed to go in a very much forward, positive direction.
Benjamin Ferencz
Authors: Ferencz Benjamin
Published: April 2018

Well, I appreciate this. Let me say, first of all—first of all, I want to express appreciation for that very big sign, “Benjamin Ferenczpad.” I have a terrible sense of direction, and this will help me when I get to The Hague to find my way.
On the Civil-ness of Civil War: A Comment on David Armitage's Civil War Time
Authors: Dudziak Mary L.
Published: April 2018

It is a pleasure and an honor to comment on the work of David Armitage, a historian of unparalleled reach and impact. His topic could not be more important. “Civil war has gradually become the most widespread, the most destructive, and the most characteristic form of organized human violence,” he writes in his elegant and masterful recent book Civil Wars: A History in Ideas. Examining the history of the idea of “civil war” is not simply an academic enterprise. Understanding its history, he explains, “reveals the contingency of the phenomenon, contradicting those who claim its permanence and durability.” Armitage's purpose is “to show that what humans have invented, they may yet dismantle … what intellectual will has enshrined, an equal effort of imaginative determination can dethrone.”
Jurisdiction over Incidental Questions in International Law
Authors: Love Ben
Published: April 2018

It has been said that consent is the cornerstone of international law. Even if, strictly speaking, the progression of international lawmaking has taken us beyond that view on matters of substance, surely the proposition maintains traction on matters of jurisdiction. The increase in international treaties conferring courts and tribunals with competence to resolve disputes has tied many states to the mast, but, like Odysseus, we must remember that the origin of that conferral is consent.
Designing Transnational Litigation: The Case Against Forum Non Conveniens
Authors: Gardner Maggie
Published: April 2018

The papers presented on this panel so far explore how countries and courts have worked around jurisdictional lacunae in international law. This last paper considers the question of jurisdiction from the other side: How should judges handle jurisdictional excess? While jurisdictional gaps can create governance problems, exorbitant claims of jurisdiction can make the cooperation and reciprocity needed to solve those governance problems harder to achieve. And if finding the right balance between ensuring adequate jurisdiction and avoiding exorbitant jurisdiction were not hard enough, much of that balancing is left up to individual judges deciding individual cases in domestic courts. Private international law is, in this sense, a decentralized system that depends on ad hoc calibration by dispersed judges.
Introductory Remarks by Catherine Powell
Authors: Powell Catherine
Published: April 2018

Thanks to everyone for joining us for this late breaking panel on the Missile Strikes Against Syria. And special thanks to the program committee, in particular Saira Mohamed, for pulling this session together so quickly.
Remarks by Harold Hongju Koh
Authors: Koh Harold Hongju
Published: April 2018

The legality of unilateral humanitarian intervention raises three questions:
Consent, Forcible Intervention, and Internal Justification to Use Force
Authors: Lieblich Eliav
Published: April 2018

Consent has become an increasingly common legal justification for states wishing to intervene in internal strife. While the literature on this issue has increased exponentially in recent years, basic questions remain unanswered. In this brief piece, I will focus on two tricky issues: (a) Who can consent to the use of military force within a state? and (b) Under what circumstances can consent legalize forcible intervention? Concerning the latter question, this contribution identifies a missing link: usually, legal discourse deals with the issue of consent in disconnect from the question whether the internal resort to force was itself just. In this comment I suggest a preliminary way to mend this gap.
Military Intervention by Consent and Its Relationship to International Human Rights Law
Authors: Horowitz Jonathan
Published: April 2018

These remarks focus on the issue of “military intervention by consent” from the perspective of international human rights law (IHRL). More specifically, they focus on how the consenting state's human rights obligations can impact what that state can, and cannot, consent to.
Remarks by John R. Crook
Authors: Crook John R.
Published: April 2018

John Crook's remarks highlighted key recurring problems faced by mass claims programs. His remarks drew on his personal experience, but also on the writings of experts who have designed and administered mass claims programs, notably Dr. Norbert Wühler, whose visa apparently fell victim to “extreme vetting” because of his work for the International Organization for Migration (IOM) on a mass claims program in Iraq.
SOLVENCY REQUIREMENT IN A UNISEX MORTALITY MODEL
Authors: Chen An , Guillen Montserrat , Vigna Elena
Published: April 2018

Following the EU Gender Directive, that obliges insurance companies to charge the same premium to policyholders of different genders, we address the issue of calculating solvency capital requirements (SCRs) for pure endowments and annuities issued to mixed portfolios. The main theoretical result is that, if the unisex fairness principle is adopted for the unisex premium, the SCR at issuing time of the mixed portfolio calculated with unisex survival probabilities is greater than the sum of the SCRs of the gender-based subportfolios. Numerical results show that for pure endowments the gap between the two is negligible, but for lifetime annuities the gap can be as high as 3–4%. We also analyze some conservative pricing procedures that deviate from the unisex fairness principle, and find that they lead to SCRs that are lower than the sum of the gender-based SCRs because the policyholders are overcharged at issuing time.
High pulse energy fiber/solid-slab hybrid picosecond pulse system for material processing on polycrystalline diamonds
Authors: Chen Wei , Liu Bowen , Song Youjian , Chai Lu , Cui Qianjin , Liu Qingjing , Wang Chingyue , Hu Minglie
Published: April 2018

We demonstrate an all polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber mode-locked laser seeded, hybrid fiber/solid-slab picosecond pulse laser system which outputs $40~\unicode[STIX]{x03BC}\text{J}$, 10 ps pulses at the central wavelength of 1064  nm. The beam quality factors $M^{2}$ in the unstable and stable directions are 1.35 and 1.31, respectively. $15~\unicode[STIX]{x03BC}\text{J}$ picosecond pulses at the central wavelength of 355 nm are generated through third harmonic generation (THG) by using two $\text{LiB}_{3}\text{O}_{5}$ (LBO) crystals, in order to get better processing efficiency on polycrystalline diamonds. The high pulse energy and beam quality of these ultraviolet (UV) picosecond pulses are confirmed by latter experiments of material processing on polycrystalline diamonds. This scheme which combines the advantages of the all PM fiber mode-locked laser and the solid-slab amplifier enables compact, robust and chirped pulse amplification-free amplification with high power picosecond pulses.
Forecasting Atmospheric Radiocarbon Decline to Pre-Bomb Values
Authors: Sierra Carlos A
Published: April 2018

In this manuscript, I present an estimation of the rate of decline in atmospheric radiocarbon and the amplitude of its seasonal cycle for the past four decades for the northern and southern hemispheres, and forecast the time required to reach pre-1950 levels (i.e. Δ14C<0‰). Using a set of 30 different exponential smoothing state-space models, the time series were decomposed into their error, trend, and seasonal components, choosing the model that best represented the observed data. According to the best model, the rate of change in Δ14C has decreased considerably since the 1970s and reached values below −5‰ per year since 2005. Overall, the time-series showed larger rates of radiocarbon decline in the northern than in the southern hemisphere, and relatively stable seasonal cycles for both hemispheres. A forecast of the exponential smoothing models predicts that radiocarbon values will reach pre-1950 levels by 2021 in the northern hemisphere with 20% probability, and by around 2035 in the southern hemisphere. However, at regional levels radiocarbon concentrations have already reached pre-1950 levels in several industrialized regions and cities around the world as a consequence of fossil-fuel emissions.
Energy utilisation of broiler chickens in response to guanidinoacetic acid supplementation in diets with various energy contents
Authors: Ale Saheb Fosoul Sayed Sadra , Azarfar Arash , Gheisari Abbasali , Khosravinia Heshmatollah
Published: April 2018

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) on productive performance, intestinal morphometric features, blood parameters and energy utilisation in broiler chickens. A total of 390 male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were assigned to six dietary treatments based on a factorial arrangement (2×3) across 1–15 and 15–35-d periods. Experimental treatments consisted of two basal diets with standard (STD; starter: 12·56 MJ/kg and grower: 12·97 MJ/kg) and reduction (LME; starter: 11·93 MJ/kg and grower: 12·33 MJ/kg) of apparent metabolisable energy (AME) requirement of broiler chickens each supplemented with 0, 0·6 and 1·2 g/kg GAA. Supplemental 1·2 g/kg GAA decreased the negative effects of feed energy reduction on weight gain across starter, growing and the entire production phases (P<0·05). Energy retention as fat and total energy retention were increased when birds received LME diets supplemented with 1·2 g/kg GAA (P<0·05). Net energy for production (NEp) and total heat production increased in birds fed LME diets containing 1·2 g/kg GAA (P<0·05). A significant correlation was observed between dietary NEp and weight gain of broilers (r 0·493; P=0·0055), whereas this relationship was not seen with AME. Jejunal villus height and crypt depth were lower in birds fed LME diets (P<0·05). Serum concentration of creatinine increased in broilers fed LME diets either supplemented with 1·2 g/kg GAA or without GAA supplementation (P<0·05). Supplemental GAA improved performance of chickens fed LME diet possibly through enhanced dietary NEp. The NEp could be preferred over the AME to assess response of broiler chickens to dietary GAA supplementation.
Measuring disorganized speech in schizophrenia: automated analysis explains variance in cognitive deficits beyond clinician-rated scales
Authors: Minor K. S. , Willits J. A. , Marggraf M. P. , Jones M. N. , Lysaker P. H.
Published: April 2018

Background

Conveying information cohesively is an essential element of communication that is disrupted in schizophrenia. These disruptions are typically expressed through disorganized symptoms, which have been linked to neurocognitive, social cognitive, and metacognitive deficits. Automated analysis can objectively assess disorganization within sentences, between sentences, and across paragraphs by comparing explicit communication to a large text corpus.

Method

Little work in schizophrenia has tested: (1) links between disorganized symptoms measured via automated analysis and neurocognition, social cognition, or metacognition; and (2) if automated analysis explains incremental variance in cognitive processes beyond clinician-rated scales. Disorganization was measured in schizophrenia (n = 81) with Coh-Metrix 3.0, an automated program that calculates basic and complex language indices. Trained staff also assessed neurocognition, social cognition, metacognition, and clinician-rated disorganization.

Results

Findings showed that all three cognitive processes were significantly associated with at least one automated index of disorganization. When automated analysis was compared with a clinician-rated scale, it accounted for significant variance in neurocognition and metacognition beyond the clinician-rated measure. When combined, these two methods explained 28–31% of the variance in neurocognition, social cognition, and metacognition.

Conclusions

This study illustrated how automated analysis can highlight the specific role of disorganization in neurocognition, social cognition, and metacognition. Generally, those with poor cognition also displayed more disorganization in their speech—making it difficult for listeners to process essential information needed to tie the speaker's ideas together. Our findings showcase how implementing a mixed-methods approach in schizophrenia can explain substantial variance in cognitive processes.
Frank Daniels' report on the wartime Japanese courses at SOAS
Authors: Kornicki Peter Francis
Published: April 2018

This article consists mainly of an annotated transcription of a report on the wartime courses in Japanese at SOAS prepared by Frank Daniels in August 1945. An introduction is provided setting his report in context and providing some of the background relating to the attempts by SOAS, well before the outbreak of war with Japan, to persuade the government that training needed to begin without delay. These attempts were unsuccessful, but Frank Daniels and the teachers assembled to help him, including his Japanese wife and some Japanese released from internment in the UK, successfully developed a teaching programme that went on to train many individuals who were to become the first generation of university Japanologists in the UK.
A LOCAL GAUSSIAN BOOTSTRAP METHOD FOR REALIZED VOLATILITY AND REALIZED BETA
Authors: Hounyo Ulrich
Published: April 2018

This article introduces a local Gaussian bootstrap method useful for the estimation of the asymptotic distribution of high-frequency data-based statistics such as functions of realized multivariate volatility measures as well as their asymptotic variances. The new approach consists of dividing the original data into nonoverlapping blocks ofMconsecutive returns sampled at frequencyh(whereh−1denotes the sample size) and then generating the bootstrap observations at each frequency within a block by drawing them randomly from a mean zero Gaussian distribution with a variance given by the realized variance computed over the corresponding block.

Our main contributions are as follows. First, we show that the local Gaussian bootstrap is first-order consistent when used to estimate the distributions of realized volatility and realized betas under assumptions on the log-price process which follows a continuous Brownian semimartingale process. Second, we show that the local Gaussian bootstrap matches accurately the first four cumulants of realized volatility up too(h), implying that this method provides third-order refinements. This is in contrast with the wild bootstrap of Gonçalves and Meddahi (2009,Econometrica77(1), 283–306), which is only second-order correct. Third, we show that the local Gaussian bootstrap is able to provide second-order refinements for the realized beta, which is also an improvement of the existing bootstrap results in Dovonon, Gonçalves, and Meddahi (2013,Journal of Econometrics172, 49–65) (where the pairs bootstrap was shown not to be second-order correct under general stochastic volatility). In addition, we highlight the connection between the local Gaussian bootstrap and the local Gaussianity approximation of continuous semimartingales established by Mykland and Zhang (2009,Econometrica77, 1403–1455) and show the suitability of this bootstrap method to deal with the new class of estimators introduced in that article. Lastly, we provide Monte Carlo simulations and use empirical data to compare the finite sample accuracy of our new bootstrap confidence intervals for integrated volatility with the existing results.
Age-varying associations between coping and depressive symptoms throughout adolescence and emerging adulthood
Authors: Vannucci Anna , Flannery Kaitlin M. , McCauley Ohannessian Christine
Published: April 2018

The objective of the current study was to apply the novel technique of time-varying effect modeling to examine age-varying associations between specific coping strategies and depressive symptoms across adolescence and emerging adulthood (ages 14–24). The participants were drawn from a community sample and followed across 4 years of high school and once 5 years postgraduation (N = 1,251, 53% female, 58% non-Hispanic White). Coping and depressive symptom questionnaires were administered across all data collection time points. Time-varying effect modeling used all available data (N = 5,651 measurement occasions) and adjusted for gender. Venting emotions and denial were associated with more depressive symptoms at a similar magnitude across adolescence and emerging adulthood. A positive association between problem solving oriented strategies (planning, active coping) and depressive symptoms was not observed until age 17.5, after which the magnitude of the association strengthened. More frequent instrumental and emotional support seeking were linked to fewer depressive symptoms between ages 18.8 and 23.6. More frequent use of humor was associated with greater depressive symptoms from ages 14.0 to 14.6, but with fewer depressive symptoms from ages 16.8 to 18.8. The findings illuminate when and how associations between specific coping strategies and depressive symptoms may emerge and change across developmental age, generating both theoretical and clinical implications.
Successful treatment of disseminated adenovirus infection with cidofovir and intravenous immunoglobulin in an infant following heart transplant
Authors: Serrano Ryan M. , Darragh Robert K. , Parent John J.
Published: April 2018

For most patients, adenoviruses cause few acute health concerns and are often self-limiting. Patients who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed, however, are at risk for disseminated adenovirus and suffer high morbidity and mortality, without well-defined treatment options. We report the case of a 9-month-old boy who was successfully treated for disseminated adenovirus infection with intravenous immunoglobulin and cidofovir 3 months post heart transplant, tailored to serum adenoviral load and clinical response. We emphasise the importance of early identification, monitoring, and a potentially novel treatment in the paediatric cardiac transplant population with disseminated adenovirus infection.
Positive Psychology for Overcoming Symptoms of Depression: A Pilot Study Exploring the Efficacy of a Positive Psychology Self-Help Book versus a CBT Self-Help Book
Authors: Hanson Katie
Published: April 2018

Background: Depression is an extremely common mental health disorder, with prevalence rates rising. Low-intensity interventions are frequently used to help meet the demand for treatment. Bibliotherapy, for example, is often prescribed via books on prescription schemes (for example ‘Reading Well’ in England) to those with mild to moderate symptomology. Bibliotherapy can effectively reduce symptoms of depression (Naylor et al., 2010). However, the majority of self-help books are based on cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), which may not be suitable for all patients. Research supports the use of positive psychology interventions for the reduction of depression symptoms (Bolier et al., 2013) and as such self-help books from this perspective should be empirically tested. Aims: This study aimed to test the efficacy of ‘Positive Psychology for Overcoming Depression’ (Akhtar, 2012), a self-help book for depression that is based on the principles of positive psychology, in comparison with a CBT self-help book that is currently prescribed in England as part of the Reading Well books on prescription scheme. Method: Participants (n = 115) who were not receiving treatment, but had symptoms of depression, read the positive psychology or the CBT self-help book for 8 weeks. Depression and well-being were measured at baseline, post-test and 1-month follow-up. Results: Results suggest that both groups experienced a reduction in depression and an increase in well-being, with no differences noted between the two books. Conclusions: Future directions are discussed in terms of dissemination, to those with mild to moderate symptoms of depression, via books on prescription schemes.
Accelerated Outpatient Individual Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Preliminary Pilot Study
Authors: Wootton Bethany M. , Hunn Alexandra , Moody Annabelle , Lusk Bethany R. , Ranson Valerie A. , Felmingham Kim L.
Published: April 2018

Background: Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a common and chronic mental health condition. Given the significant prevalence and impairment caused by SAD, it is important to investigate novel ways to improve the efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for SAD. One approach may be to provide CBT in an accelerated fashion, which involves multiple sessions per week. Such accelerated treatments have been shown to be effective in other anxiety disorders, but in SAD this accelerated treatment has only been studied in a group treatment format. Aims: The aim of this study was to provide a preliminary investigation of the efficacy of individual accelerated CBT (aCBT) in the treatment of SAD. Method: The studied utilized an open trial design. Seventeen participants commenced the treatment, which consisted of 12 sessions delivered over 4 weeks. Results: The results indicated that participants obtained moderate to large effect sizes on measures of SAD at post-treatment (range d = 0.76–0.92) and 3-month follow-up (range d = 1.31–1.79). In addition, at post-treatment, 59% of participants no longer met criteria for SAD, and this number increased to 71% at 3-month follow-up. Conclusions: The results provide preliminary evidence to suggest that individual aCBT may be an important treatment option for individuals with SAD.
Aurangzeb as seen from Gujarat: Shi‘i and Millenarian Challenges to Mughal Sovereignty
Authors: SHEIKH SAMIRA
Published: April 2018

This article argues for a re-evaluation of the ‘Islamist’ policies of the Mughal ruler Aurangzeb ‘Alamgir (r. 1658–1707), many of which were arguably harsher towards Shi‘i and millenarian groups than towards Hindus. By charting Aurangzeb's trials of millenarian leaders throughout his long reign, it suggests that the emperor's desire to introduce a more standardised legal system was at odds with the ‘millennial’ nature of his own kingship. The article further suggests we should look more closely at the influence of regional politics on Mughal policy-making. The fact that Sunni Gujarati clerics acquired a remarkable intimacy with Aurangzeb, both as prince and emperor, demonstrates how Gujarat's sectarian disputes and political economy could play out in the imperial court. Finally, the article calls for a realistic reappraisal of the long shadows cast by Aurangzeb's Islamist legalism.
Transfer of AlGaN/GaN RF-devices onto diamond substrates via van der Waals bonding
Authors: Gerrer Thomas , Cimalla Volker , Waltereit Patrick , Müller Stefan , Benkhelifa Fouad , Maier Thomas , Czap Heiko , Ambacher Oliver , Quay Rüdiger
Published: April 2018

We present a novel bonding process for gallium nitride-based electronic devices on diamond heat spreaders. In the proposed technology, GaN devices are transferred from silicon (Si) onto single (SCD) and polycrystalline diamond (PCD) substrates by van der Waals bonding. Load-pull measurements on Si and SCD heat spreaders at 3 GHz and 50 V drain bias show comparable power-added-efficiency and output power (Pout) levels. A thermal analysis of the hybrids was performed by comparison of 2 × 1mm2AlGaN/GaN Schottky diodes on Si, PCD, and SCD, which exhibit a homogeneous field in the channel in contrast to gated transistors. Significantly different currents are observed due to the temperature dependent mobility in the 2DEG channel. These measurements are supported by a 3D thermal finite element analysis, which suggests a large impact of our transfer technique on the thermal resistance of these devices. In summary, we show a promising new GaN-on-diamond technology for future high-power, microwave GaN device applications.
Akute Bergkrankheit und Höhenhirnödem
Authors: Dehnert Christoph , Bärtsch Peter
Published: April 2018

Zusammenfassung. Wenn unakklimatisierte Personen zu schnell in grosse Höhen aufsteigen, drohen höhenbedingte Erkrankungen wie akute Bergkrankheit (ABK), Höhenhirnödem (HHÖ) oder Höhenlungenödem (HLÖ). Am häufigsten tritt die ABK auf, die grundsätzlich harmlos und in der Regel selbstlimitierend ist. Relativ selten, aber potenziell lebensbedrohlich sind HHÖ und HLÖ. In diesem Artikel wird auf ABK und HHÖ eingegangen. Ob es sich bei ABK und HHÖ um unterschiedliche Ausprägungen der gleichen Erkrankung handelt, ist noch nicht abschliessend geklärt. Die ABK äussert sich 4 – 8 Stunden nach Aufstieg in Höhen über 2300 m durch die unspezifischen Symptome Kopfschmerzen, Inappetenz, Übelkeit, Schwindel und Schlafstörungen. Ein HHÖ deutet sich bei therapieresistenten Kopfschmerzen oder wiederholtem Erbrechen an. Wenn Bewusstseinstrübungen oder zentralneurologische Symptome wie Ataxie auftreten, liegt ein manifestes HHÖ vor. Die ABK kann mit dem Lake-Louise-Score sehr gut erfasst werden. Beste Prophylaxe aller Höhenerkrankungen sind langsamer Aufstieg und gute Vorakklimatisation. Im Allgemeinen sollte die durchschnittliche Steigerung der Schlafhöhe nicht über 300 – 500 m pro Nacht liegen. Bei hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit für das Auftreten einer ABK kann auch eine medikamentöse Prophylaxe mit Acetazolamid (2 × 125 – 250 mg / Tag) oder Corticosteroiden (Dexamethason 2 – 3 × 4 mg / Tag oder eine Äquivalenzdosis anderer Corticosteroide) erfolgen. Die leichte ABK kann symptomatisch mit gängigen nichtsteroidalen Antirheumatika und / oder Antiemetika behandelt werden, ohne dass ein Abstieg zwingend erforderlich ist. Wenn sich die Symptome dabei verschlechtern, primär eine schwere ABK oder ein HHÖ vorliegt, ist ein sofortiger Abstieg um mindestens 1000 m Therapie der Wahl. Parallel dazu sind Corticosteroide indiziert, initial 4 – 8 mg / Tag, gefolgt von 4 mg alle 6 – 8 Stunden in Abhängigkeit von der Symptomatik.
Large‐Scale Comparison of Polar Cap Ionospheric Velocities Measured by RISR‐C, RISR‐N, and SuperDARN
Authors: Gillies R. G. , Perry G. W. , Koustov A. V. , Varney R. H. , Reimer A. S. , Spanswick E. , St.‐Maurice J.‐P. , Donovan E.
Published: April 2018

The combined fields of view of the two Resolute Bay Incoherent Scatter Radars (RISR‐Canada and RISR‐North) significantly overlap the field of view of the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) radar located in Rankin Inlet. These radars measure ionospheric flow velocities in the polar cap region. Velocity data from the first multiple‐day combined operations of the two RISR radars and Rankin Inlet have been compared. Direct comparisons between line‐of‐sight measurements by both types of radars have been performed. These comparisons included data from 40 days of radar operations and used velocity data from 35 SuperDARN range gates (spanning 1,575 km). Overall, 5.2 × 105 comparison sets were analyzed. In particular during the daytime, signatures of groundscatter in the SuperDARN data often existed at most of the ranges considered in this comparison. This groundscatter could be partially removed from the comparison by only considering SuperDARN data points that had ionospheric velocity measurements in surrounding range cells. It was found that after removing groundscatter contamination at medium SuperDARN ranges (range gates 18–45), velocities measured by the two radar systems agreed when the high‐frequency results were adjusted to account for the refractive index effect. In regions dominated by groundscatter and E region scatter, lower SuperDARN velocities were measured and the overall comparison with the F region RISR velocities was poor.
Modeling NH4NO3 Over the San Joaquin Valley During the 2013 DISCOVER‐AQ Campaign
Authors: Kelly James T. , Parworth Caroline L. , Zhang Qi , Miller David J. , Sun Kang , Zondlo Mark A. , Baker Kirk R. , Wisthaler Armin , Nowak John B. , Pusede Sally E. , Cohen Ronald C. , Weinheimer Andrew J. , Beyersdorf Andreas J. , Tonnesen Gail S. , Bash Jesse O. , Valin Luke C. , Crawford James H. , Fried Alan , Walega James G.
Published: April 2018

The San Joaquin Valley (SJV) of California experiences high concentrations of particulate matter NH4NO3 during episodes of meteorological stagnation in winter. A rich data set of observations related to NH4NO3 formation was acquired during multiple periods of elevated NH4NO3 during the Deriving Information on Surface Conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality (DISCOVER‐AQ) field campaign in SJV in January and February 2013. Here NH4NO3 is simulated during the SJV DISCOVER‐AQ study period with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, diagnostic model evaluation is performed using the DISCOVER‐AQ data set, and integrated reaction rate analysis is used to quantify HNO3 production rates. Simulated NO3− generally agrees well with routine monitoring of 24‐hr average NO3−, but comparisons with hourly average NO3− measurements in Fresno revealed differences at higher time resolution. Predictions of gas‐particle partitioning of total nitrate (HNO3 + NO3−) and NHx (NH3 + NH4+) generally agree well with measurements in Fresno, although partitioning of total nitrate to HNO3 is sometimes overestimated at low relative humidity in afternoon. Gas‐particle partitioning results indicate that NH4NO3 formation is limited by HNO3 availability in both the model and ambient. NH3 mixing ratios are underestimated, particularly in areas with large agricultural activity, and additional work on the spatial allocation of NH3 emissions is warranted. During a period of elevated NH4NO3, the model predicted that the OH + NO2 pathway contributed 46% to total HNO3 production in SJV and the N2O5 heterogeneous hydrolysis pathway contributed 54%. The relative importance of the OH + NO2 pathway for HNO3 production is predicted to increase as NOx emissions decrease.
Maternal obesity during lactation may protect offspring from high fat diet-induced metabolic dysfunction
Authors: Monks Jenifer , Orlicky David J. , Stefanski Adrianne L. , Libby Andrew E. , Bales Elise S. , Rudolph Michael C. , Johnson Ginger C. , Sherk Vanessa D. , Jackman Matthew R. , Williamson Kayla , Carlson Nichole E. , MacLean Paul S. , McManaman James L.
Published: April 2018

Background/Objectives

The current obesity epidemic has spurred exploration of the developmental origin of adult heath and disease. A mother’s dietary choices and health can affect both the early wellbeing and lifelong disease-risk of the offspring.

Subjects/Methods

To determine if changes in the mother’s diet and adiposity have long-term effects on the baby’s metabolism, independently from a prenatal insult, we utilized a mouse model of diet-induced-obesity and cross-fostering. All pups were born to lean dams fed a low fat diet but were fostered onto lean or obese dams fed a high fat diet. This study design allowed us to discern the effects of a poor diet from those of mother’s adiposity and metabolism. The weaned offspring were placed on a high fat diet to test their metabolic function.

Results

In this feeding challenge, all male (but not female) offspring developed metabolic dysfunction. We saw increased weight gain in the pups nursed on an obesity-resistant dam fed a high fat diet, and increased pathogenesis including liver steatosis and adipose tissue inflammation, when compared to pups nursed on either obesity-prone dams on a high fat diet or lean dams on a low fat diet.

Conclusion

Exposure to maternal over-nutrition, through the milk, is sufficient to shape offspring health outcomes in a sex- and organ-specific manner, and milk from a mother who is obesity-prone may partially protect the offspring from the insult of a poor diet.