bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection of Time Lags between Quasar Continuum Emission Bands Based On Pan-STARRS Light Curves
Authors: Jiang (姜燕飞) Yan-Fei , Green Paul J. , Greene Jenny E. , Morganson Eric , Shen Yue , Pancoast Anna , MacLeod Chelsea L. , Anderson Scott F. , Brandt W. N. , Grier C. J. , Rix H.-W. , Ruan John J. , Protopapas Pavlos , Scott Caroline , Burgett W. S. , Hodapp K. W. , Huber M. E. , Kaiser N. , Kudritzki R. P. , Magnier E. A. , Metcalfe N. , Tonry J. T. , Wainscoat R. J. , Waters C.
Published: February 2017

We study the time lags between the continuum emission of quasars at different wavelengths, based on more than four years of multi-band (g, r, i, z) light curves in the Pan-STARRS Medium Deep Fields. As photons from different bands emerge from different radial ranges in the accretion disk, the lags constrain the sizes of the accretion disks. We select 240 quasars with redshifts of z ≈ 1 or z ≈ 0.3 that are relatively emission-line free. The light curves are sampled from day to month timescales, which makes it possible to detect lags on the scale of the light crossing time of the accretion disks. With the code JAVELIN, we detect typical lags of several days in the rest frame between the g band and the riz bands. The detected lags are ∼2–3 times larger than the light crossing time estimated from the standard thin disk model, consistent with the recently measured lag in NGC 5548 and microlensing measurements of quasars. The lags in our sample are found to increase with increasing luminosity. Furthermore, the increase in lags going from g − r to g − i and then to g − z is slower than predicted in the thin disk model, particularly for high-luminosity quasars. The radial temperature profile in the disk must be different from what is assumed. We also find evidence that the lags decrease with increasing line ratios between ultraviolet Fe ii lines and Mg ii, which may point to changes in the accretion disk structure at higher metallicity.
Les cancers en phase chronique
Authors: Goldwasser François
Published: February 2017

François Goldwasser poursuit la réflexion amorcée dans Laennec en avril 2016 1 . Avec le progrès médical, de plus en plus de patients atteints de cancer évoluent vers la maladie chronique. Il faut, pour eux, repenser les terminologies – projet curatif, phase curative, phase palliative, cancer curable, cancer en phase chronique ou incurable – et redéfinir une offre de soins appropriée, faisant toute leur place aux soins palliatifs.
Sédation et directives anticipées, quelles modifications ?
Authors: Poisson Dominique , Bouleuc Carole , Beaufils François
Published: February 2017

Cet article présente les décrets d’application de la loi dite « Claeys-Leonetti ». Les médecins, les étudiants en médecine et plus largement les soignants et les proches des malades pourront utilement s’y référer lors de situations de fin de vie.
Patrias primitivas. Discursos e imágenes de la naturaleza en el primer conservacionismo español
Authors: Casado Santos
Published: February 2017

Los orígenes de los Parques Nacionales y otras reservas proporcionan una oportunidad historiográfica para investigar diversos procesos científicos, culturales y sociales en la España de principios del XX. Por un lado, en España la conservación, al igual que en otros países occidentales, se originó en estrecha relación con las típicas preocupaciones finiseculares en torno a decadencias sociales y nacionales, especialmente en cuanto a las amenazas derivadas de la industrialización y la urbanización. Por otro lado, si bien el clima regeneracionista propiciaba un amplio movimiento de signo reformista y modernizador, también se trataba de recuperar y fortalecer una maltrecha identidad nacional. Así, la creación y los primeros pasos de los Parques y otras iniciativas conservacionistas estuvieron muy ligados al desarrollo de discursos ideológicos e imágenes culturales en torno a los Parques, los paisajes y la fauna salvaje de España, entendidos como poderosos reservorios de virtudes cívicas y de símbolos para la identidad nacional.
«La libertad de todos los seres vivos». Naturaleza, ciencias naturales y la imagen de España en la obra de Félix Rodríguez de la Fuente
Authors: Tabernero Carlos
Published: February 2017

La ingente obra mediática de Félix Rodríguez de la Fuente (1928-1980) en relación con las ciencias naturales nos permite explorar detenidamente los procesos de generación, circulación y gestión de conocimiento científico-tecnológico en un contexto particularmente convulso de la historia reciente de España, el final de la dictadura de Franco. Con un enfoque centrado en las relaciones entre los seres humanos y su entorno, el trabajo multidimensional de Rodríguez de la Fuente, como cetrero, naturalista, activista y comunicador, aportó un excepcional componente científico-técnico a los procesos de transformación social, política y cultural de España en esos años. El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar cómo este componente científico-técnico estaba frecuentemente ligado, y entre otros aspectos, a la definición y contextualización de España y su patrimonio natural tanto dentro de sus fronteras como en el escenario internacional.
El espectáculo de la conservación. El Parque Nacional de Doñana en El Hombre y la Tierra (1979)
Authors: Alcalá-Lorente Mònica , Tabernero Carlos
Published: February 2017

A finales de la década de los setenta, se emitieron cuatro documentales dedicados al Parque Nacional de Doñana en la serie de Televisión Española El Hombre y la Tierra, dirigida por Félix Rodríguez de la Fuente. A través del relato del ciclo vital en el Parque –cada documental se correspondía con una estación del año–, estos capítulos constituyeron una celebración de la lucha por la conservación del patrimonio natural, cuyo significado se articuló en relación con una cuidada representación tanto de la naturaleza como de las ciencias naturales. Este artículo analiza cómo en un contexto histórico y político muy complejo, y mediante el espectáculo del éxito y de la fragilidad del Parque Nacional de Doñana, Rodríguez de la Fuente representó la sensibilidad hacia la naturaleza, hacia el patrimonio natural, adquirida con el estudio de las ciencias naturales, como una pieza clave de modernización.
La percepción del medio ambiente en el post-franquismo. La emergencia de los Parques Naturales en Cataluña (1975-1990s)
Authors: Gil-Farrero Judit
Published: February 2017

En los años 70 en Cataluña comienza un cambio en la percepción que la población tiene sobre la naturaleza, que pasa de ser una fuente de materia prima o superficie edificable a ser vista de un modo más amplio como patrimonio natural a conservar. A mediados de esa década comienzan a aparecer movimientos populares locales y regionales para la conservación de la naturaleza cuyos principales objetivos son la divulgación de los valores naturales de determinadas zonas y la protección de las mismas. En esta tarea reciben el apoyo de la comunidad científica, nacional e internacional, y la cobertura y complicidad de los medios de comunicación, que permiten que los conflictos se den a conocer entre el gran público. Este cambio de percepción también queda plasmado más adelante en leyes que definen y desarrollan nuevos modelos de protección de la naturaleza.
Democracia, representación política, liderazgos y la cuestión institucional. Discusiones sobre la teoría y práctica de la política en las democracias contemporáneas
Authors: Fair Hernán
Published: February 2017

Este trabajo analiza el problema de la representación política en las democracias contemporáneas, sus vínculos con el papel de los liderazgos políticos y la cuestión institucional. En una primera parte, examina los debates sobre la representación política desde las perspectivas predominantes de la Ciencia Política latinoamericana y las críticas desde las concepciones alternativas de la disciplina. En la segunda parte, se centra en la discusión teórica y práctica sobre las democracias representativas en la actualidad, examinando los vínculos y tensiones entre la teoría posfundacional del populismo de Laclau y la Ciencia Política neo-institucionalista. En la última parte, realiza una crítica a la teoría laclausiana del populismo, distinguiendo conceptualmente entre los elementos institucionales, administrativos y pluralistas de la tradición liberal, que aparecen yuxtapuestos en el esquema laclauciano, y entre las formas populistas (posfundacionales) e ideológicas (fundacionales), a partir de las diferencias analíticas entre el autoritarismo, la dictadura y el totalitarismo. Luego, incorpora una serie de recursos de la tradición clásica de la democracia y del republicanismo, que se encuentran subteorizados en la perspectiva de Laclau. Finalmente, emplea estas herramientas para conceptualizar y analizar dos dimensiones, definidas como participativa-horizontal-popular y representativa-pluralista, tendientes a la construcción de una teoría posfundacional de la democracia radicalizada para el siglo XXI.
El pensamiento norteamericano en Bilbao (1948-1968). Una vía hacia la modernidad española
Authors: Bilbao Larrondo Luis
Published: February 2017

Al analizar la importancia de las bases americanas en España en la modernización del país durante el periodo franquista, también constaté que otros, por el contrario, le habían concedido una mayor trascendencia a los viajes de los técnicos, políticos, científicos e industriales a los EE.UU. En este estudio además de esas dos propuestas también hemos investigado la influencia que tuvieron en la culturización de los valores netamente norteamericanos, la prensa escrita, las revistas científicas y la Casa Americana (Bilbao). Aquel pensamiento suscitó además de un progreso científico y tecnológico extraordinario, un cambio en la mentalidad que hizo que fuesen determinantes en poder traer la modernidad norteamericana a ciudades como Bilbao.
Indicator mineral abundance data for till samples from the south Core Zone, Quebec and Labrador (NTS 23P and 23I): samples collected in 2015
Authors: Rice J M , McClenaghan M B , Paulen R
C , Ross M A , Pyne M
D , Lion A J
Published: February 2017

This report presents results for samples collected during the summer of 2015, which was the second of three field seasons of reconnaissance-scale till sampling in the south part of the Core Zone within the Woods Lake (NTS 23I) and Lac Resolution (NTS 23P) areas.
These new results were combined with data from samples collected in 2014 and are plotted together on maps in this report. This till sampling project was carried out as part of the GSC's Core Zone Surficial Activity (2014-2018) of the Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals 2 (GEM 2) Program.
Till samples (n=137) collected during the 2015 summer field season were processed by the commercial laboratory Overburden Drilling Management Limited, Ottawa, using a combination of tabling, panning, heavy liquids, and magnetic separation to recover potential indicator minerals. Sample locations,
weights of various fractions produced during sample processing, and identified indicator mineral grains are reported in this open file.
Icings in the Lac la Martre area (1984-2015), Northwest Territories, mapped from Landsat imagery
Authors: Fish C S , Morse P D , Wolfe S A
Published: February 2017

Icings are sheet-like masses of layered ice that form over the winter by freezing of successive flows of water on the ground surface or on top of river or lake ice. Icings can negatively impact the performance of seasonal and all-season roads and are a
transportation risk in Arctic regions. Therefore, maps of their occurrence and reoccurrence provide important geoscience information required for development and transportation infrastructure planning. In this study, a set of icing maps was derived using threshold values of band ratios from a time
series of Landsat images (1984 - 2015), located within the Bear and Interior Platform Geological Provinces in the Lac la Martre area, NWT (WRS-2 Path 49/Row 16). The icings maps were generated using images acquired in late spring when the region is largely snow-free, but ice bodies remain. A water
mask created from summer images was used to differentiate between different types of frozen water bodies (rivers, lakes, icings), so any remaining ice was considered to be icings. Icing reoccurrence maps were generated by overlaying successive icing distribution maps in a Geographic Information
System. This Open File contains the digital, georeferenced icing data.
The role of user satisfaction in implementing a Business Intelligence System
Authors: Serumaga-Zake Philip A.E.
Published: February 2017

Background: Despite increasing importance of the use of Business Intelligence (BI) as a technology-driven process for giving decision support, the success or failure of BI has not been investigated fully in South Africa. BI is not well understood because of an absence of documented proof of its practice.Objectives: This study was intended to investigate BI and identify the moderating and mediating effects of user satisfaction on the relationship between system quality, information quality and service quality on the one hand and perceived net benefits on the other in South Africa.Methods: The quantitative methods approach was predominantly used in this study. A total of 211 responses were obtained from a random sample of 250 BI users throughout South Africa. A semi-structured online survey questionnaire was used to collect the data, and correlation and multiple regression analyses were used to analyse it.Results: It was found that user satisfaction mediates the relationship between perceived net benefits and system quality and service quality. It also moderates the effects of system quality and service quality on perceived net benefits. Information quality is not related with user satisfaction and perceived net benefits.Conclusion: The implication of the results is that system quality and user satisfaction should be enhanced and maintained to achieve perceived positive net benefits in order to make the BI system more effective and efficient.
Factors explaining user loyalty in a social media-based brand community
Authors: Potgieter Louis M. , Naidoo Rennie
Published: February 2017

Background: Marketers are interested in taking advantage of the capabilities of social media-based brand communities to develop long-term relationships with their customers. This research investigated the usage of a South African Facebook page to understand user attitudes and attendant pressures on users related to social norms and user loyalty.Objectives: The research investigated the extent to which perceived value, service quality and social factors influenced the customer’s intention to continue using a global motor vehicle firm’s social media-based online brand community (OBC).Method: We used an online voluntary survey to collect data from social media-based brand community members. In total, 303 responses were collected over a period of 4 weeks from a population of 3100 members. We analysed the relationship between trust, perceived responsiveness, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, social norms and the members’ intention to continue using the firm’s OBC. 293 usable observations were subjected to descriptive, correlation and regression analysis.Results: The age of the respondents varied from 18 to 58 years with a mean age of 32 years. Of these, 60% were men and 40% women. About 86.7% of the respondents reported having at least some form of tertiary education. The results of the multiple regression analysis indicate that service quality factors such as trust (25.5%) and social influence factors such as social norms (12.5%) explain a greater part of the variance in OBC continuance intention compared with utility factors such as perceived usefulness (18.2%). The effects for responsiveness and ease of use were not statistically significant.Conclusion: Social media-based brand communities are playing an important role in enhancing the overall trust relationship, value offering, sociality, knowledge and information sharing between customers and firms. Practitioners should note that the loyalty of customers using a firm’s social media-based brand community is still associated with customers’ historical trust in the branded goods or services, and real-world relationships with the firm and brand community members.
Fundamental domains and generators for lattice Veech groups
Authors: Mukamel Ronen E.
Published: February 2017

The moduli space

Q \mathcal M_g

of non-zero genus

g

quadratic differentials has a natural action of

G=\mathrm {GL}_2^+(\mathbb R)

/

\langle ± \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}

\rangle

. The Veech group PSL

(X,q)

is the stabilizer of

(X,q) \in Q \mathcal M_g

in

G

. We describe a new algorithm for finding elements of PSL

(X,q)

which, for lattice Veech groups, can be used to compute a fundamental domain and generators. Using our algorithm, we give the first explicit examples of generators and fundamental domains for non-arithmetic Veech groups where the genus of

\mathbb H

/ PSL

(X,q)

is greater than zero.
Free loci of matrix pencils and domains of noncommutative rational functions
Authors: Klep Igor , Volčič Jurij
Published: February 2017

Consider a monic linear pencil

L(x)=I-A_1x_1-\cdots-A_gx_g

whose coefficients

A_j

are

d\times d

matrices. It is naturally evaluated at

g

-tuples of matrices

X

using the Kronecker tensor product, which gives rise to its free locus

\mathcal (L)=\{X:\det L(X)=0\}

. In this article it is shown that the algebras

\mathcal A

and

\widetilde{\mathcal A}

generated by the coefficients of two linear pencils

L

and

\widetilde{L}

, respectively, with equal free loci are isomorphic up to radical, i.e.,

\mathcal A/\mathrm {rad}\mathcal A\cong \widetilde{\mathcal A}/\mathrm {rad}\widetilde{\mathcal A}

. Furthermore,

\mathcal (L)\subseteq \mathcal(\widetilde{L})

if and only if the natural map sending the coefficients of

\widetilde{L}

to the coefficients of

L

induces a homomorphism

\widetilde{\mathcal A}/\mathrm {rad}\widetilde{\mathcal A}\to \mathcal A/\mathrm {rad}\mathcal A

. Since linear pencils are a key ingredient in studying noncommutative rational functions via realization theory, the above results lead to a characterization of all noncommutative rational functions with a given domain. Finally, a quantum version of Kippenhahn's conjecture on linear pencils is formulated and proved: if hermitian matrices

A_1,\dots,A_g

generate

M_d(\mathbb C)

as an algebra, then there exist hermitian matrices

X_1,\dots,X_g

such that

\sum_iA_i\otimes X_i

has a simple eigenvalue.
Ergodic components of partially hyperbolic systems
Authors: Hammerlindl Andy
Published: February 2017

This paper gives a complete classification of the possible ergodic decompositions for certain open families of volume-preserving partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms. These families include systems with compact center leaves and perturbations of Anosov flows under conditions on the dimensions of the invariant subbundles. The paper further shows that the non-open accessibility classes form a

C^1

lamination and gives results about the accessibility classes of non-volume-preserving systems.
Los iWatch: el intenso flujo de microformatos de “periodismo de un vistazo” alimentan seis de los principales medios online
Authors: Silva-Rodríguez Alba , López-García Xosé , Toural-Bran Carlos
Published: February 2017

Los medios digitales han tenido que adaptarse en los últimos años a numerosos cambios que afectan tanto a la producción como a la recepción de contenidos. Los wearables o dispositivos que llevamos con nosotros, especialmente los relojes inteligentes, pueden ofrecer una opción interesante para la difusión de productos periodísticos. Objetivo y metodología. Para estudiar las tendencias en la producción de contenidos para iWatch se ha partido de una metodología cuantitativa basada en analizar las apps para el reloj inteligente de Apple de un total de quince cibermedios de comunicación informativos de carácter generalista y de publicación diaria, con matriz impresa. Resultados. Los resultados indican que el soporte exige renovadas narrativas y los medios online todavía disponen de modelos muy primarios para afrontar los nuevos desafíos informativos de la ubicuidad. Discusión y conclusiones. Explotar la personalización, los audios o la customización son algunos de los retos a los que editores y periodistas tendrán que hacer frente en el contexto periodístico actual.
A spontaneous dog model for a human sensory neuropathy: identification of a mutation in the upstream region of a neurotrophic factor
Authors: Correard Solenne , Plassais Jocelyn , Lagoutte Laëtitia , Paradis Manon , Guaguère Eric , Quignon Pascale , Derrien Thomas , André Catherine
Published: February 2017

In this study, we sought the genetic cause of self-mutilation syndrome in sporting dogs, which corresponds to human Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies (HSAN). We have identified a genetic mutation upstream of the gene encoding Glial cell line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF). This mutation is responsible for insensitivity to pain in four sporting dog breeds and it perfectly segregates with the disease in 250 sporting dogs of known clinical status. Moreover, it was not found in any of the 900 unaffected dogs from 130 different breeds. Since this mutation is localized in a long non-coding RNA, we performed an in-depth analysis of the genomic region (locus) as well as gene expression analyses to understand its role in the pathophysiology of the disease. Thus, in addition to the discovery of a novel candidate gene for HSAN in humans, we propose a transcriptional regulation mechanism based on a “partnership” between GDNF and a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA).
Submicroscopic Falciparum Malaria in Febrile Individuals in Urban and Rural Areas of Gabon
Authors: Mawili-Mboumba Denise P. , Ndong Rosalie Nikiéma , Rosa Noemi Bahamontes , Largo Jose Luis Llergo , Lembet-Mikolo Aude , Nzamba Prycil , Mbouoronde Christelle Offouga , Kombila Maryvonne , Bouyou Akotet Marielle K.
Published: February 2017

Characterization of the parasite reservoir is required to improve malaria control. Asymptomatic patients with subpatent parasitemia have been identified in Gabon, but the prevalence of such infections among febrile subjects is unclear. We assessed the prevalence of submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum infections on an island (Port-Gentil), and in urban (Libreville), semiurban (Melen), and rural (Oyem) settings in Gabon. Blood samples (N = 310) from febrile patients were tested for malaria parasites by quantitative nucleic acid sequence–based amplification (QT-NASBA). Parasites were detected in 55.8% (173/310) of samples by microscopy and in 66.4% (206/310) of samples by 18S rRNA QT-NASBA. The proportion of submicroscopic infections differed considerably between sites. Gametocytes were found in 1% (3/310) of the individuals by microscopy and in 32% (99/310) by Pfs25 mRNA QT-NASBA. Thus, submicroscopic parasitemia is frequent in febrile patients, and the detection of this condition is important, to improve disease control.
A New Handheld Device for the Detection of Falsified Medicines: Demonstration on Falsified Artemisinin-Based Therapies from the Field
Authors: Wilson Benjamin K. , Kaur Harparkash , Allan Elizabeth Louise , Lozama Anthony , Bell David
Published: February 2017

Poor-quality medicines are a major problem for health-care systems in resource-poor settings as identifying falsified medicines requires a complex laboratory infrastructure such as a Medicines Quality Control Laboratory. We report here an evaluation of a low-cost, handheld near-infrared spectrometer (NIRS) device by analyzing a library of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) medicines to determine its usefulness as a drug-screening tool. The “SCiO” research prototype device was used to collect NIR spectra of a library of ACT and artesunate monotherapy medicine samples previously collected in Bioko Island and Equatorial Guinea and Kintampo, Ghana. The quality of these samples had been categorized as falsified, substandard, and quality assured based on the amount of stated active pharmaceutical ingredients detected using high-performance liquid chromatography photodiode array. Numerical analyses were performed on the NIR spectra to assess the usefulness of NIR to identify falsified and substandard medicines. The NIRS device was successful at detecting falsified medicines in all cases where the library contained both quality assured and falsified medicines of the same stated brand of medicines. The NIRS device was successful at identifying substandard amounts of artesunate but not amodiaquine in the ACT samples (N = 15) of artesunate–amodiaquine. This work reveals that this low-cost, portable NIRS device is promising for screening ACTs for falsified samples and could enable widespread drug screening at all points of the health system.
Low Prevalence of Substandard and Falsified Antimalarial and Antibiotic Medicines in Public and Faith-Based Health Facilities of Southern Malawi
Authors: Khuluza Felix , Kigera Stephen , Heide Lutz
Published: February 2017

Substandard and falsified antimalarial and antibiotic medicines represent a serious problem for public health, especially in low- and middle-income countries. However, information on the prevalence of poor-quality medicines is limited. In the present study, samples of six antimalarial and six antibiotic medicines were collected from 31 health facilities and drug outlets in southern Malawi. Random sampling was used in the selection of health facilities. For sample collection, an overt approach was used in licensed facilities, and a mystery shopper approach in nonlicensed outlets. One hundred and fifty-five samples were analyzed by visual and physical examination and by rapid prescreening tests, that is, disintegration testing and thin-layer chromatography using the GPHF-Minilab. Fifty-six of the samples were analyzed according to pharmacopeial monographs in a World Health Organization-prequalified quality control laboratory. Seven out-of-specification medicines were identified. One sample was classified as falsified, lacking the declared active ingredients, and containing other active ingredients instead. Three samples were classified as substandard with extreme deviations from the pharmacopeial standards, and three further samples as substandard with nonextreme deviations. Of the substandard medicines, three failed in dissolution testing, two in the assay for the content of the active pharmaceutical ingredient, and one failed in both dissolution testing and assay. Six of the seven out-of-specification medicines were from private facilities. Only one out-of-specification medicine was found within the samples from public and faith-based health facilities. Although the observed presence of substandard and falsified medicines in Malawi requires action, their low prevalence in public and faith-based health facilities is encouraging.
Herodotova »Amazonska« Artemizija
Authors: Deligiorgis Konstantinos N.
Published: February 2017

Dobršen del opusa Herodota iz Halikarnasa vsebuje pripovedi z ženskimi junakinjami v osrednjih vlogah. Herodotovo pozornost pritegnejo in ga očarajo misteriozne kraljice, katerih poteze spominjajo na moško ravnanje. Morda najbolj poznana junakinja iz te neobičajne »elite« je Artemizija, kraljica v Halikarnasu in Herodotova rojakinja. Članek opisuje njeno ravnanje v veliki vojni med Grki in Perzijci in skuša raziskati njeno vlogo v tem dogajanju na podlagi primerjave med legendarnimi in mitičnimi Amazonkami in vplivom, ki so ga imele nad barbarskim skitskim plemenom Savromatov. Herodot vzpostavlja neposredno povezavo med realnostjo in mitologijo in na ta način portretira nenavadni tip skrivnoste ženske figure, ki slednjič požanje naše občudovanje.
Global carbonyl sulfide (OCS) measured by MIPAS/Envisat during 2002–2012
Authors: Glatthor Norbert , Höpfner Michael , Leyser Adrian , Stiller Gabriele P. , von Clarmann Thomas , Grabowski Udo , Kellmann Sylvia , Linden Andrea , Sinnhuber Björn-Martin , Krysztofiak Gisèle , Walker Kaley A.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. We present a global carbonyl sulfide (OCS) data set covering the period June 2002 to April 2012, derived from FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) limb emission spectra measured with the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on the ENVISAT satellite. The vertical resolution is 4–5 km in the height region 6–15 km and 15 at 40 km altitude. The total estimated error amounts to 40–50 pptv between 10 and 20 km and to 120 pptv at 40 km altitude. MIPAS OCS data show no systematic bias with respect to balloon observations, with deviations mostly below ±50 pptv. However, they are systematically higher than the OCS volume mixing ratios of the ACE-FTS instrument on SCISAT, with maximum deviations of up to 100 pptv in the altitude region 13–16 km. The data set of MIPAS OCS exhibits only moderate interannual variations and low interhemispheric differences. Average concentrations at 10 km altitude range from 480 pptv at high latitudes to 500–510 pptv in the tropics and at northern mid-latitudes. Seasonal variations at 10 km altitude amount to up to 35 pptv in the Northern and up to 15 pptv in the Southern Hemisphere. Northern hemispheric OCS abundances at 10 km altitude peak in June in the tropics and around October at high latitudes, while the respective southern hemispheric maxima were observed in July and in November. Global OCS distributions at 250 hPa (∼ 10–11 km) show enhanced values at low latitudes, peaking during boreal summer above the western Pacific and the Indian Ocean, which indicates oceanic release. Further, a region of depleted OCS amounts extending from Brazil to central and southern Africa was detected at this altitude, which is most pronounced in austral summer. This depletion is related to seasonally varying vegetative uptake by the tropical forests. Typical signatures of biomass burning like the southern hemispheric biomass burning plume are not visible in MIPAS data, indicating that this process is only a minor source of upper tropospheric OCS. At the 150 hPa level (∼ 13–14 km) enhanced amounts of OCS were also observed inside the Asian monsoon anticyclone, but this enhancement is not especially outstanding compared to other low latitude regions at the same altitude. At the 80 hPa level (∼ 17–18 km), equatorward transport of mid-latitude air masses containing lower OCS amounts around the summertime anticyclones was observed. A significant trend could not be detected in upper tropospheric MIPAS OCS amounts, which points to globally balanced sources and sinks. Simulations with the ECHAM-MESSy model reproduce the observed latitudinal cross sections fairly well.
Estimating regional scale methane flux and budgets using CARVE aircraft measurements over Alaska
Authors: Hartery Sean , Commane Róisín , Lindaas Jakob , Sweeney Colm , Henderson John , Mountain Marikate , Steiner Nicholas , McDonald Kyle , Dinardo Steven J. , Miller Charles E. , Wofsy Steven C. , Chang Rachel Y.-W.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Methane (CH4) is the second most important greenhouse gas but its emissions from northern regions is still poorly constrained. In this study, we analyze a subset of in situ CH4 aircraft observations made over Alaska during the growing seasons of 2012–2014 as part of the Carbon in Arctic Reservoir Vulnerability Experiment (CARVE). Surface CH4 fluxes are estimated using an atmospheric particle transport model which quantitatively links surface emissions from Alaska and the western Yukon with observations of enhanced CH4 in the boundary layer. We estimate that between May and September, 2.1 ± 0.5 Tg, 1.7 ± 0.4 Tg and 2.0 ± 0.3 Tg of CH4 were emitted from the region of interest for 2012–2014, respectively. The predominant sources of the CH4 budget were two broadly classed eco-regions within our domain, with CH4 from the tundra region accounting for over half of the overall budget, despite only representing 18 % of the total surface area. Boreal regions, which cover a large part of the study region, accounted for the remainder of the emissions. Simple multiple linear regression analysis revealed that overall, CH4 flux were largely driven by soil temperature and elevation. In regions specifically dominated by wetlands, soil temperature and moisture at 10 cm depth were important explanatory variables while in regions that were not wetlands, soil temperature and moisture at 40 cm depth were more important, reflecting the depth at which methanogenesis occurs. Although similar variables have been found in the past to control CH4 emissions at local scales, this study shows that they can be used to generate a statistical model to estimate the regional scale CH4 budget.
Atmospheric circulation and hydroclimate impacts of alternative warming scenarios for the Eocene
Authors: Carlson Henrik , Caballero Rodrigo
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Recent work in modelling the warm climates of the Early Eocene shows that it is possible to obtain a reasonable global match between model surface temperature and proxy reconstructions, but only by using extremely high atmospheric CO2 concentrations or more modest CO2 levels complemented by a reduction in global cloud albedo. Understanding the mix of radiative forcing that gave rise to Eocene warmth has important implications for constraining Earth's climate sensitivity, but progress in this direction is hampered by the lack of direct proxy constraints on cloud properties. Here, we explore the potential for distinguishing among different radiative forcing scenarios via their impact on regional climate changes. We do this by comparing climate model simulations of two end-member scenarios: one in which the climate is warmed entirely by CO2, and another in which it is warmed entirely by reduced cloud albedo (which we refer to as the low CO2-thin clouds or LCTC scenario) . The two simulations have almost identical global-mean surface temperature and equator-to-pole temperature difference, but the LCTC scenario has ~ 11 % greater global-mean precipitation. The LCTC simulation also has cooler midlatitude continents and warmer oceans than the high-CO2 scenario, and a tropical climate which is significantly more El Niño-like. We discuss the potential implications of these regional changes for terrestrial hydroclimate and vegetation.
OZO v.1.0: software for solving a generalised omega equation and the Zwack–Okossi height tendency equation using WRF model output
Authors: Rantanen Mika , Räisänen Jouni , Lento Juha , Stepanyuk Oleg , Räty Olle , Sinclair Victoria A. , Järvinen Heikki
Published: February 2017

Abstract. A software package (OZO, Omega–Zwack–Okossi) was developed to diagnose the processes that affect vertical motions and geopotential height tendencies in weather systems simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. First, this software solves a generalised omega equation to calculate the vertical motions associated with different physical forcings: vorticity advection, thermal advection, friction, diabatic heating, and an imbalance term between vorticity and temperature tendencies. After this, the corresponding height tendencies are calculated with the Zwack–Okossi tendency equation. The resulting height tendency components thus contain both the direct effect from the forcing itself and the indirect effects (related to the vertical motion induced by the same forcing) of each physical mechanism. This approach has an advantage compared with previous studies with the Zwack–Okossi equation, in which vertical motions were used as an independent forcing but were typically found to compensate the effects of other forcings.The software is currently tailored to use input from WRF simulations with Cartesian geometry. As an illustration, results for an idealised 10-day baroclinic wave simulation are presented. An excellent agreement is found between OZO and the direct WRF output for both the vertical motion and the height tendency fields. The individual vertical motion and height tendency components demonstrate the importance of both adiabatic and diabatic processes for the simulated cyclone. OZO is an open-source tool for both research and education, and the distribution of the software will be supported by the authors.
Modeling vegetation and carbon dynamics of managed grasslands at
the global scale with LPJmL 3.6
Authors: Rolinski Susanne , Müller Christoph , Heinke Jens , Weindl Isabelle , Biewald Anne , Bodirsky Benjamin Leon , Bondeau Alberte , Boons-Prins Eltje R. , Bouwman Alexander F. , Leffelaar Peter A. , te Roller Johnny A. , Schaphoff Sibyll , Thonicke Kirsten
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Grassland management directly affects the carbon fluxes of large areas and is thus an important factor for the global carbon budget. Nonetheless, this aspect has been largely ignored or underrepresented in global carbon cycle models. We introduce three different management schemes for the managed grassland implementation of the DGVM LPJmL that facilitate a better representation of actual management systems globally. We describe the model implementation and evaluate model performance against European data. We demonstrate the importance of accounting for differences in grassland management by assessing maximum livestock grazing densities as well as the impacts of grazing, grazing intensities and mowing systems on soil carbon stocks. Grazing leads to soil carbon losses in polar or arid regions even at moderate livestock densities (
Monitoring the geodynamic behaviour of earthquake using Landsat 8-OLI time
series data: case of Gorkha and Imphal
Authors: Nath Biswajit , Niu Zheng , Acharjee Shukla , Qiao Hailang
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Prediction of earthquake in advance is really a challenging task for the scientific community till now. But research results from various scientists regarding lineament extraction using satellite imageries help us to way forward for earthquake monitoring study. For the present study, Landsat 8 OLI Time series data analyzed by integrating four different remote sensing and GIS software’s for automatic lineament extraction, its change, including lineament lengths and directions study by creating rose diagrams and finally vertical surface transect profile curve drawing. Two recent major earthquakes (in different geological settings Gorkha of Nepal 7.8 Mw and Imphal, Manipur of Eastern India 6.8 Mw) epicenter based single tile and corresponding same temporal scenes (three for before and one for after quake respectively) were considered for each case to perform lineament extraction, length variation and vertical surface transect profile change analysis. The research results witnessed major variations in lineament number, lineament length and its trends. The major trends found in an ESE-WNW, N-E, N-S, E-W, NNE-SSW directions and ESE-WSW, ESE-WNW, NE-SW on pre-earthquake scenes compared to post earthquake ESE-WNW, NE-SW, NNE-SSW were found for Gorkha, and ESE-WSW for Imphal regions respectively and in both cases, it was observed that the lineation trends return to its earlier status after an earthquake strike. The results obtained using the automated and geo-integrated methods compared cross validation with each other showed our method worked practically for earthquake monitoring and one can apply this new novel combined approach to predict the probable earthquake occurrence in advance just a few days before it strikes.
Slope stability and rock fall hazard assessment of volcanic tuffs using
RPAS and TLS with 2D FEM slope modelling
Authors: Török Ákos , Barsi Árpád , Bögöly Gyula , Lovas Tamás , Somogyi Árpád , Görög Péter
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Low strength rhyolite tuff forms steep cliffs in NE Hungary. A multi-dimensional approach including field analysis and laboratory tests was conducted to understand the mechanical properties of the tuff and to measure discontinuity surfaces. With the help of RPAS (Remotely Piloted Aircraft System) and TLS (Terrestrial Laser Scanning), a digital terrain model (DTM) was generated, and the results of these surveys were compared. Cross sections and joint system data were obtained from DTM and used as input parameters for the slope stability analyses. The rocky slope was modelled by 2D FEM (Finite Element Method) software and potential hazards such as planar failure, wedge failure and toppling were identified. The paper demonstrates the usefulness of combined field analyses, geomechanical laboratory testing and various remote sensing techniques (such as RPAS and TLS) in rock face stability calculations and failure mode analysis.
Distributed snow and rock temperature modelling in steep rock walls using Alpine3D
Authors: Haberkorn Anna , Wever Nander , Hoelzle Martin , Phillips Marcia , Kenner Robert , Bavay Mathias , Lehning Michael
Published: February 2017

Abstract. In this study we modelled the influence of the spatially and temporally heterogeneous snow cover on the surface energy balance and thus on rock temperatures in two rugged, steep rock walls on the Gemsstock ridge in the central Swiss Alps. The heterogeneous snow depth distribution in the rock walls was introduced to the distributed, process-based energy balance model Alpine3D with a precipitation scaling method based on snow depth data measured by terrestrial laser scanning. The influence of the snow cover on rock temperatures was investigated by comparing a snow-covered model scenario (precipitation input provided by precipitation scaling) with a snow-free (zero precipitation input) one. Model uncertainties are discussed and evaluated at both the point and spatial scales against 22 near-surface rock temperature measurements and high-resolution snow depth data from winter terrestrial laser scans.In the rough rock walls, the heterogeneously distributed snow cover was moderately well reproduced by Alpine3D with mean absolute errors ranging between 0.31 and 0.81 m. However, snow cover duration was reproduced well and, consequently, near-surface rock temperatures were modelled convincingly. Uncertainties in rock temperature modelling were found to be around 1.6 °C. Errors in snow cover modelling and hence in rock temperature simulations are explained by inadequate snow settlement due to linear precipitation scaling, missing lateral heat fluxes in the rock, and by errors caused by interpolation of shortwave radiation, wind and air temperature into the rock walls.Mean annual near-surface rock temperature increases were both measured and modelled in the steep rock walls as a consequence of a thick, long-lasting snow cover. Rock temperatures were 1.3–2.5 °C higher in the shaded and sunny rock walls, while comparing snow-covered to snow-free simulations. This helps to assess the potential error made in ground temperature modelling when neglecting snow in steep bedrock.
The Contribution of the Internal Audit Function in Risk Management
Authors: Kerazan Faten Hanna
Published: February 2017

This study aimed to identify the contribution of internal audit in risk management in Syrian public and private banks, the questionnaire was used in collecting the initial data, which was distributed to a sample of board of directors and executives in these banks.The study found that there is a contribution to the internal audit function in risk management in all Syrian public and private banks and there are no statistically significant differences on this contribution.The study recommended of the need to conduct training courses for workers in the internal audit function and issue instructions and necessary legislations to regulate the activity of internal audit in banks, a committee of internal audit must be formed within the Association of Chartered Accountants in Syria, where its mission is to the development of internal auditors and the need for cooperation of professional organizations of accounting, auditing and regulatory bodies in Syria to establish an association for internal auditors to qualify them and give them a professional certification to carry out their roles under the new framework for exercising of the profession that guarantees to provide the necessary advice and guidance for them to bring the profession up to the required level.
A EVOLUÇÃO DA PAISAGEM APLICADA NA INTERPRETAÇÃO DE TRILHAS, NO PARQUE NACIONAL DA SERRA DOS ÓRGÃOS (PARNASO-RJ)
Authors: Freitas Welington Kiffer de , Magalhães Luis Mauro Sampaio , Pereira Junior Edson Rodrigues , Pinheiro Marco Aurélio Soares
Published: February 2017

A interpretação da natureza, contida nos programas de Uso Público e EducaçãoAmbiental em Unidades de Conservação, visa traduzir a linguagem técnicadas ciências naturais para uma linguagem inteligível ao público em geral,realizando-a de forma lúdica e criativa, sendo parte integrante dos programasde Uso Público e Educação Ambiental em Unidades de Conservação. Ela devetrazer para o usuário uma nova visão sobre o ambiente visitado, relacionandoaspectos da paisagem com temáticas voltadas para a valorização e conservaçãoambiental. Esse artigo refere-se ao conceito de criação de um roteirointerpretativo, envolvendo oito trilhas e um recanto do Parque Nacional daSerra dos Órgãos (PARNASO-RJ). Por meio de um tema central elaborado paraa interpretação ambiental, os usuários são estimulados a refletirem sobre a“evolução da paisagem”, agregando valor à experiência turística e estimulandoa conscientização ambiental nessa unidade de conservação. Dessa forma, osvisitantes podem perceber as intrincadas relações ecológicas e interfaces entreo homem e a natureza, revelando a importância do PARNASO como uma áreanúcleo integrante do corredor central da Mata Atlântica, fundamental para aconservação desse bioma.
ACUMULAÇÃO DE MICROCISTINAS NO MEXILHÃO DOURADO LIMNOPERNA FORTUNEI E RISCOS PARA A BIOTA AQUÁTICA
Authors: Minillo Alessandro , Casali Maressa Pomaro , Isique William Deodato , Leite Maurício Augusto , Rocha Odete
Published: February 2017

As cianobactérias representam um componente natural da comunidadefitoplanctônica, mas estão frequentemente associadas com águaseutrofizadas. Os rios do estado de São Paulo estão em processo contínuode eutrofização, o que favorece frequentes florações de cianobactérias,prejuízos à qualidade da água para o consumo humano e riscos à biotaaquática. O mexilhão dourado (Limnoperna fortunei) é uma espécie exóticainvasora que pode ser vetor na transferência de toxinas de cianobactérias.O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de florações de cianobactériasno rio São José dos Dourados, suas toxinas produzidas e a possibilidade deficotoxinas bioacumularem em Limnoperna fortunei. Foram detectadas,nas amostras, a dominância de cianobactérias tóxicas e cianotoxinas(microcistinas). Os resultados indicaram que L. fortunei acumularammicrocistinas. As florações de cianobactérias nas águas do rio estudadoindicaram prejuízo ao ambiente associado à eutrofização e aos riscos dapresença das cianotoxinas à biota aquática.
ASPECTOS LEGAIS DA COLETA SELETIVA DE LIXO
Authors: Garcia Marcio Barreto dos Santos , Friede Reis , Silva André Carlos , Avelar Kátia Eliane Santos , Miranda Maria Geralda de
Published: February 2017

O presente artigo tem como foco o estudo dos aspectos legais que regulamo tratamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos no Brasil e, particularmente, nomunicípio do Rio de Janeiro. O estudo parte do disposto na Carta Magna,promulgada em 1988, buscando analisar o modo pelo qual o Estado brasileiroregula o tema. Verifica-se que a implantação de coleta seletiva é fatorprimordial para o funcionamento do Programa Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos(PNRS), uma vez que os resíduos gerados devem ser selecionados, recicladose reintroduzidos na cadeia produtiva, poupando recursos naturais, gerandorenda e, consequentemente, desenvolvimento. O estudo do arcabouçolegislativo disponível e em vigor no país, estado e município, permite concluirque existe farta regulação do tema e consenso sobre a necessidade de seimplantar programas de coleta seletiva.