bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the Frequency Shift of a SAD Circuit Loop and the Internal Micro-Cantilever in a Gas Sensor
Authors: Guan Liu , Zhao Jiahao , Yu Shijie , Li Peng , You Zheng
Published: July 2010

Micro-cantilever sensors for mass detection using resonance frequency have attracted considerable attention over the last decade in the field of gas sensing. For such a sensing system, an oscillator circuit loop is conventionally used to actuate the micro-cantilever, and trace the frequency shifts. In this paper, gas experiments are introduced to investigate the mechanical resonance frequency shifts of the micro-cantilever within the circuit loop(mechanical resonance frequency, MRF) and resonating frequency shifts of the electric signal in the oscillator circuit (system working frequency, SWF). A silicon beam with a piezoelectric zinc oxide layer is employed in the experiment, and a Self-Actuating-Detecting (SAD) circuit loop is built to drive the micro-cantilever and to follow the frequency shifts. The differences between the two resonating frequencies and their shifts are discussed and analyzed, and a coefficientrelated to the two frequency shifts is confirmed.Micro-cantilever sensors for mass detection using resonance frequency have attracted considerable attention over the last decade in the field of gas sensing. For such a sensing system, an oscillator circuit loop is conventionally used to actuate the micro-cantilever, and trace the frequency shifts. In this paper, gas experiments are introduced to investigate the mechanical resonance frequency shifts of the micro-cantilever within the circuit loop(mechanical resonance frequency, MRF) and resonating frequency shifts of the electric signal in the oscillator circuit (system working frequency, SWF). A silicon beam with a piezoelectric zinc oxide layer is employed in the experiment, and a Self-Actuating-Detecting (SAD) circuit loop is built to drive the micro-cantilever and to follow the frequency shifts. The differences between the two resonating frequencies and their shifts are discussed and analyzed, and a coefficientrelated to the two frequency shifts is confirmed.
Peripheral Blood B Cell Subset Skewing Is Associated with Altered Cell Cycling and Intrinsic Resistance to Apoptosis and Reflects a State of Immune Activation in Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Authors: Sugalski Julia M. , Rodriguez Benigno , Moir Susan , Anthony Donald D.
Published: July 2010

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with B cell activation, although underlying mechanisms are unclear. To investigate B cell regulation during HCV infection, we measured bulk B cell CpG and Staphylococcus aureus Cowan-induced IgG Ab-secreting cell (ASC) frequency, HCV and tetanus-specific ASC frequency, BCR- and CD40L-dependent CD80/CD86 expression, and activation of memory CD4 cells. Immature transitional, naive, resting memory, mature activated, tissue-like memory, and plasma B cell subset frequencies, cell cycling, and intrinsic apoptosis were quantified. We observed intact or enhanced tetanus-specific and total IgG ASC frequency, serum IgG, BCR- and CD40L-dependent CD80/CD86 expression, and CD40L-dependent bulk B cell activation of memory CD4 cells in HCV infection. HCV-specific ASCs were observed in HCV-infected but not control subjects, although frequencies were lower compared with tetanus-specific cells. Immature transitional and mature activated B cell subset frequencies were increased in HCV-infected subjects, with immature transitional frequency associated with liver inflammation and serum B cell-activating factor. Mature activated B cells less commonly expressed Ki67, more commonly expressed Bcl2, and were more intrinsically resistant to apoptosis, whereas immature transitional B cells more commonly expressed Ki67, the latter associated with plasma HCV level. Taken together, these results indicate that in the setting of chronic HCV infection, a state of activation results in B cell subset skewing that is likely the result of alterations in homeostasis, cell cycling, and intrinsic resistance to apoptosis and that results in an overall intact or enhanced B cell response to BCR and CD40L.
Clinical Patterns and Hematological Spectrum in Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Authors: Alwar Vanamala , M. Shanthala Devi A , S. Sitalakshmi , K. Karuna R
Published: July 2010

Background: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) results from red cell destruction due to circulating autoantibodies against red cell membrane antigens. They are classified etiologically into primary and secondary AIHAs. A positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT) is the hallmark of diagnosis for AIHA.

Methods and Results: One hundred and seventy-five AIHA cases diagnosed based on positive DAT were included in the study. The cases showed a female predilection (M: F = 1:2.2) and a peak incidence in the third decade. Forty cases were found to be due to primary AIHA, while a majority (n = 135) had AIHA secondary to other causes. The primary AIHA cases had severe anemia at presentation (65%) and more often showed a blood picture indicative of hemolysis (48%). Forty-five percent of primary AIHAs showed positivity for both DAT and indirect antiglobulin test (IAT). Connective tissue disorders were the most common associated etiology in secondary AIHA (n = 63).

Conclusion: AIHAs have a female predilection and commonly present with symptoms of anemia. AIHA secondary to other diseases (especially connective tissue disorders) is more common. Primary AIHAs presented with severe anemia and laboratory evidence of marked hemolysis.
Laboratory Diagnosis of Tuberculous Meningitis – Is There a Scope for Further Improvement?
Authors: Thakur Rajeev , Goyal Renu , Sarma Smita
Published: July 2010

Aims: Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) still remains a diagnostic challenge because of inconsistent clinical presentation and lack of rapid, sensitive and specific tests. This study was carried out to diagnose TBM by a combination of direct microscopy on Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining, culture by conventional Lowenstein Jensen (LJ) media and Bactec MGIT 960 system in clinically suspected cases, supported by laboratory parameters.

Materials and Methods: A total of 164 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from suspected cases of TBM were processed for direct acid fast bacilli (AFB) smear examination, and culture on Bactec MGIT 960 and LJ media.

Results: AFB were detected on direct smears in 13 of 164 (7.9%) specimens and Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated by at least one of the culture methods from 49 (29.8%) CSF samples, of which 45 (27.4%) were detected positive for M. tuberculosis by MGIT 960 culture and 18 (10.9%) by culture on LJ medium. The mean time of detection in MGIT and LJ media for M. tuberculosis were 18 and 38 days, respectively.

Conclusions: A combination of laboratory parameters like smear microscopy, conventional culture and automated method like Bactec MGIT increases the sensitivity of diagnosing TBM as compared to any single method.
Fusarium solani: An Emerging Fungus in Chronic Diabetic Ulcer
Authors: Pai Ramakrishna , Boloor Rekha , K. Shreevidya , Shenoy Divakar
Published: July 2010

Fusarium species, a mold which causes disease mainly in plants has emerged as pathogen in immunocompromised patients. Fusarium is known to cause keratitis, onychomycosis, and endophthalmitis. Fusarium solani, is the most common isolate from clinical specimen. Here is a case, a 65-year-old male with type II diabetes mellitus since 10 years presented with a large ulcer on the left leg since 8 months following trauma. The fungal culture of the escar of the ulcer isolated a mold, Fusarium solani. The patient’s leg was amputated and was treated with amphotericin B. The patient was discharged on healing of the stump. This case gives emphasis on fungal culture in chronic diabetic ulcer.
Detection of Human Papillomavirus in Cervical Gradings by Immunohistochemistry and Typing of HPV 16 and 18 in High-Grades by Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Soma Mrudula , Kamaraj Suhasini
Published: July 2010

Background: Cervical cancer has a major impact on developing countries, where screening programs are not well established or effective.

Aim: This study aims to investigate Human papillomavirus (HPV) 6, 11 and 18 expression in cervical biopsies by immunohistochemistry, (IHC) followed by typing of high-risk HPV 16 and 18 in high-grades by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Settings and Design: During the study period of six months, 30 biopsy samples were obtained from patients attending various gynecology clinics in and around Trichy District, Tamil Nadu, between January and June 2009.

Materials and Methods: The ecto- and endoscopic biopsy specimens of the cervix were fixed in 10% buffered formalin; routine paraffin sections were taken for processing and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The samples were graded as Normal cervicitis, Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I, II, III, and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), for original diagnosis by pathologists. The extra sections were studied for the expression of HPV 6, 11 and 18 by immunohistochemistry and HPV DNA 16 and18 by PCR.

Results: Out of thirty samples, 15 expressed positive and 15 negative for HPV marker. Twenty-seven cases of cervical gradings have been categorized into high grade CIN II/III, SCC (23) and low grade CIN I (4). The high grades were subjected to PCR for high-risk typing. The results revealed that 15 cases were positive for HPV genotype 16 and eight cases for HPV genotype 18. The prevalence of HPV infection was found to be higher in women aged between 50 and 59.

Conclusion: This study reveals a significant detection of HPV in the South Indian suspected individuals, by the use of advanced techniques such as IHC and PCR.
Probabilistic description of ice-supersaturated layers in low resolution profiles of relative humidity
Authors: Dickson N. C. , Gierens K. M. , Rogers H. L. , Jones R. L.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. The global observation, assimilation and prediction in numerical models of ice super-saturated (ISS) regions (ISSR) are crucial if the climate impact of aircraft condensation trails (contrails) is to be fully understood, and if, for example, contrail formation is to be avoided through aircraft operational measures. Given their small scales compared to typical atmospheric model grid sizes, statistical representations of the spatial scales of ISSR are required, in both horizontal and vertical dimensions, if global occurrence of ISSR is to be adequately represented in climate models. This paper uses radiosonde launches made by the UK Meteorological Office, from the British Isles, Gibraltar, St. Helena and the Falkland Islands between January 2002 and December 2006, to investigate the probabilistic occurrence of ISSR. Each radiosonde profile is divided into 50- and 100-hPa pressure layers, to emulate the coarse vertical resolution of some atmospheric models. Then the high resolution observations contained within each thick pressure layer are used to calculate an average relative humidity and an ISS fraction for each individual thick pressure layer. These relative humidity pressure layer descriptions are then linked through a probability function to produce an s-shaped curve which empirically describes the ISS fraction in any average relative humidity pressure layer. Using this empirical understanding of the s-shaped relationship a mathematical model was developed to represent the ISS fraction within any arbitrary thick pressure layer. Two models were developed to represent both 50- and 100-hPa pressure layers with each reconstructing their respective s-shapes within 8–10% of the empirical curves. These new models can be used, to represent the small scale structures of ISS events, in modelled data where only low vertical resolution is available. This will be useful in understanding, and improving the global distribution, both observed and forecasted, of ice super-saturation.
Theoretical implication of reversals of the ozone weekend effect systematically observed in Japan
Authors: Kannari A. , Ohara T.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. Systematic changes of the ozone weekend effect are found over broad areas of Japan. These changes are characterized by (1) spatial reversals from a weekend increase in the vicinity of huge precursor source areas to a weekend decrease in the surrounding rural areas, and (2) temporal reversals from a weekend increase under relatively unsuitable meteorological conditions for ozone formation to a weekend decrease under relatively suitable conditions. We developed a simple numerical advection–reaction model to explain the relationship between the duration of advection and the supplied solar energy, which causes the daily maximum ozone concentration to be lower near the precursor source. Ozone isopleth diagrams for individual advection durations (equivalent to the distance from the source) for a wide range of initial precursor conditions show that both VOC-limited and NOx-limited regimes exist for each advection duration, but the area of NOx-limited regime becomes dominant as the advection duration increases because of the increased exposure of the air mass to solar energy. For given initial VOC and NOx concentrations, the area remote from the source becomes a NOx-limited regime even if the precursor source area is in the VOC-limited regime. The rate of reduction of weekend emissions of NOx is larger than that of VOC, causing a weekend increase in ozone inside an area of VOC-limited regime near the source, but a weekend decrease in remote areas with a NOx-limited regime. The boundary between these two ozone formation regimes depends on meteorological conditions: when sunlight intensity and temperature are relatively low, the change from a VOC-limited to a NOx-limited regime occurs at a point more remote from the source than when they are relatively high, which causes a prevailing ozone weekend increase over a wide geographical area on days with lower ozone potential. Therefore, observations of ozone weekend changes can be interpreted in light of the theoretical implications of our model; they can be used for determination of ozone formation regimes, which change in different locations and under different meteorological conditions.
The Finokalia Aerosol Measurement Experiment – 2008 (FAME-08): an overview
Authors: Pikridas M. , Bougiatioti A. , Hildebrandt L. , Engelhart G. J. , Kostenidou E. , Mohr C. , Prévôt A. S. H. , Kouvarakis G. , Zarmpas P. , Burkhart J. F. , Lee B.-H. , Psichoudaki M. , Mihalopoulos N. , Pilinis C. , Stohl A. , Baltensperger U. , Kulmala M. , Pandis S. N.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. A month (4 May to 8 June 2008) of ambient aerosol, air ion and gas phase sampling (Finokalia Aerosol Measurement Experiment 2008, FAME-08) was conducted at Finokalia, on the island of Crete, Greece. The purpose of the study was to characterize the physical and chemical properties of aged aerosol and to investigate new particle formation. Measurements included aerosol and air ion size distributions, size-resolved chemical composition, organic aerosol thermal volatility, water uptake and particle optical properties (light scattering and absorption). Statistical analysis of the aerosol mass concentration variations revealed the absence of diurnal patterns suggesting the lack of strong local sources. Sulfates accounted for approximately half of the particulate matter less than 1 micrometer in diameter (PM1) and organics for 28%. The PM1 organic aerosol fraction was highly oxidized with 80% water soluble. The supermicrometer particles were dominated by crustal components (50%), sea salt (24%) and nitrates (16%). The organic carbon to elemental carbon (OC/EC) ratio correlated with ozone measurements but with a one-day lag. The average OC/EC ratio for the study period was equal to 5.4. For three days air masses from North Africa resulted in a 6-fold increase of particulate matter less than 10 micrometers in diameter (PM10) and a decrease of the OC/EC ratio by a factor of 2. Back trajectory analysis, based on FLEXPART footprint plots, identified five source regions (Athens, Greece, Africa, other continental and marine), each of which influenced the PM1 aerosol composition and properties. Marine air masses had the lowest PM1 concentrations and air masses from the Balkans, Turkey and Eastern Europe the highest.
Ultrafine particle formation in the inland sea breeze airflow in Southwest Europe
Authors: Fernández-Camacho R. , Rodríguez S. , de la Rosa J. , Sánchez de la Campa A. M. , Viana M. , Alastuey A. , Querol X.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. Studies on ultrafine particles and air quality have mostly focused on vehicle exhaust emissions and on new particle formation in "clean" ambient air. Here we present a study of the processes contributing to ultrafine particle concentrations in an urban coastal area (Huelva, SW Spain) where significant anthropogenic emissions of aerosol precursors occur. The overall data analysis shows that two processes predominantly contribute to the number of particles coarser than 2.5 nm: vehicle exhaust emissions and new particle formation due to photo-chemical activity. As typically occurs in urban areas, vehicle exhaust emissions result in high concentrations of black carbon (BC) and particles coarser than 2.5 nm (N) during the morning rush hours. The highest N concentrations were recorded during the 11–17 h period, under the sea breeze regime, when photochemical activity resulted in high O3 levels and new particle formation in the aerosol precursors' rich inland airflow. In this period, it is estimated that about 80% of the number of particles are linked to sulfur dioxide emissions. The contributions to N of "carbonaceous material and those compounds nucleating/condensing immediately after emission" and of the "new particle formation processes in air masses rich gaseous precursors (e.g. SO2)" were estimated by means of a relatively novel method based on simultaneous measurements of BC and N. A comparison with two recent studies suggests that the daily cycles of "new particle formation" during the period when the inland sea breeze is blowing period seem to be a feature of ultrafine particles in coastal areas of South-west Europe.
H2O and δD profiles remotely-sensed from ground in different spectral infrared regions
Authors: Schneider M. , Toon G. C. , Blavier J.-F. , Hase F. , Leblanc T.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. We present ground-based FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) water vapour analyses performed for three different spectral regions: in the mid-infrared at 790–1330 cm−1 and 2650–3180 cm−1 as well as in the near infrared at 4560–4710 cm−1. All three analyses allow the retrieval of lower, middle, and upper tropospheric water vapour amounts with a vertical resolution of about 2, 4, and 6 km, respectively. The mid-infrared analyses allow in addition the retrieval of lower and middle/upper tropospheric δD values with a vertical resolution of 3 and 7 km, respectively. The H2O profiles retrieved in all three spectral regions show a very good agreement with coincident Vaisala RS92 radiosonde measurements performed on seven different days during the Measurements of Humidity in the Atmosphere and Validation Experiment (MOHAVE) 2009 campaign. We analyse 325 ground-based FTIR spectra measured on 11 different days. For optimised line parameters we find that the 325 H2O profiles retrieved in each of the three spectral regions and the 325 δD profiles retrieved in the two mid-infrared regions agree very well. Spectroscopic parameters are the major error source for the ground-based remote sensing of δD profiles. Our inter-comparison of the two different mid-infrared spectral regions allows thus an empirical estimation of the precision of the remotely-sensed δD data of 10 and 20‰, for the lower and middle/upper troposphere, respectively.
Stochastic Morphometric Model of the Balb/c Mouse Lung
Authors: Madl Pierre , Hofmann Werner , Oldham Michael J. , Asgharian Bahman
Published: July 2010

The laboratory mouse is often used as a human surrogate in aerosol inhalation studies. Morphometric data on the tracheobronchial geometry of three in situ lung casts of the Balb/c mouse lung produced by the Air Pollution Health Effects Laboratory were analyzed in terms of probability density functions and correlations among the different airway parameters. The results of this statistical analysis reveal significant differences in diameters and branching angles between major and minor progeny branching off from the same parent airway at a given airway bifurcation. Number of bronchial airways generations along a given path, expressed by the termination probability, branching angles, and daughter‐to‐parent diameter ratios indicate that the location of an airway with defined linear airway dimensions within the lung is more appropriately identified by its diameter (or its parent diameter) than by an assigned generation number. We, therefore, recommend classifying the mouse lung airways by their diameters and not by generation numbers, consistent with our previous analysis of the rather monopodial structure of the rat lung (Koblinger et al., J Aerosol Med 1995;8:7–19; Koblinger and Hofmann, J Aerosol Med 1995;8:21–32). Because of lack of corresponding information on respiratory airways, a partly stochastic symmetric acinar airway model was attached to the tracheobronchial model, in which the number of acinar airways along a given path was randomly selected from a measured acinar volume distribution. The computed distributions of the geometric airway parameters and their correlations will be used for random pathway selection of inhaled particles in subsequent Monte Carlo deposition calculations. Anat Rec 293:1766–1786, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Pleural Curtain of the Camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Buzzell Gerald R. , Kinne Joerg , Tariq Saeed , Wernery Ulrich
Published: July 2010

The visceral pleura of the camel (Camelus dromedarius) possesses a fibrous curtain of pleural threads or extensions along its basal margins, which extends into the pleural cavity of the costophrenic recesses. These threads are lined by mesothelium and have a core or stroma, which is largely collagenous. Small threads are avascular and nearly acellular. In larger proximal threads, blood vessels in the stroma are often arranged in a branching network, with irregular endothelia surrounded by several incomplete basal laminae. Lymphocytes and other inflammatory cell types aggregate in the stroma near blood vessels. The threads are lined by typical mesothelium except in patches close to the main pleural surface. These patches consist of layers of loosely applied cells with numerous cellular processes and features suggestive of phagocytosis. The position of the pleural curtain in the costophrenic recess and the presence of possibly phagocytotic cells suggest that the pleural curtain stirs, samples, and cleans the pleural fluid. The pleural curtain appears to be a feature of camelids and has also been seen in giraffes. Anat Rec 293:1776–1786, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of different two‐dimensional chromatographic techniques for proteomic analysis of mouse cardiac tissue
Authors: Callipo Luciano , Capriotti Anna Laura , Cavaliere Chiara , Gubbiotti Riccardo , Samperi Roberto , Laganà Aldo
Published: July 2010

In proteomics experiments the first critical step after sampling is certainly sample preparation. Multidimensional chromatography techniques have emerged as a powerful tool for the large‐scale analysis of such complex samples as biological samples. In order to evaluate these separation techniques, microgram quantities of protein extracted from mouse heart tissue were fractionated by four different chromatographic methods. Regarding peptide‐level fractionation, the first dimension of separation was performed with high‐pH reversed‐phase chromatography (pH‐RP) and strong cation exchange chromatography (SCX). Regarding protein‐level fractionation, C8 protein reversed‐phase (C8‐RP Prot) and high‐recovery protein reversed‐phase (hr‐RP Prot) were used instead. The second dimension consisted of a reversed‐phase nano‐HPLC on‐Chip coupled to an electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer for tandem mass spectrometric analysis. The performance and relative fractionation efficiencies of each technique were assessed by comparing the total number of proteins identified by each method. The peptide‐level pH‐RP and the hr‐RP Prot protein‐level separations were the best methods, identifying 1338 and 1303 proteins, respectively. The peptide‐level SCX, with 509 proteins identified, was the worst method. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imidazolium Polyoxometalate: An Ionic Liquid Catalyst for Esterification and Oxidative Esterification
Authors: Li Huan , Qiao Yunxiang , Hua Li , Hou Zhenshan , Feng Bo , Pan Zhenyan , Hu Yu , Wang Xiangrui , Zhao Xiuge , Yu Yinyin
Published: July 2010

A new family of polyoxometalate‐based ionic liquids (POM‐IL) is synthesized, characterized, and employed as catalysts in the esterification of various alcohols with acetic acid. The ionic liquid catalyst shows high activity and gives excellent yields of esters. An emulsion forms between the IL catalyst and substrates during the reaction and promotes the catalytic process. After reaction, the emulsion can conveniently be broken by the addition of a weakly polar organic solvent to facilitate the separation of the catalyst. On the basis of the above results, a direct transformation of benzaldehyde to methyl ester under relatively mild conditions is also developed in the absence of any cocatalyst. Finally, the scope of the substrates and recyclability of the catalyst are also investigated.
A pH‐Based High‐Throughput Screening of Sucrose‐Utilizing Transglucosidases for the Development of Enzymatic Glucosylation Tools
Authors: Champion Elise , Moulis Claire , Morel Sandrine , Mulard Laurence A. , Monsan Pierre , Remaud‐Siméon Magali , André Isabelle
Published: July 2010

Sucrose‐utilizing transglucosidases are valuable enzymatic tools for the diversification of carbohydrate‐based molecules. Among them, recombinant amylosucrase from Neisseria polysaccharea is a glucansucrase that naturally catalyzes the synthesis of an amylose‐like polymer as well as the transglucosylation of exogenous hydroxylated acceptors. A semirational engineering approach was recently undertaken to redesign the enzyme active site and adapt it to the glucosylation of a nonnatural acceptor, allyl 2‐N‐acetyl‐2‐deoxy‐α‐D‐glucopyranoside (α‐D‐GlcpNAcOAll), to produce a key building block in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of Shigella flexneri 1b serotype O‐antigen repeating unit. This prior work shows the beneficial effect of single amino acid mutations at two positions (228 and 290) on the recognition of the acceptor by amylosucrase. On the basis of these first results, a library of about 8000 amylosucrase variants combining mutations at these two positions is constructed by saturation mutagenesis. The library is prescreened using a novel pH‐sensitive colorimetric screening method for the detection of sucrose‐utilizing amylosucrase variants, thereby reducing by about 95 % the size of the library to be subsequently screened for acceptor glucosylation. Active clones (5 % of the initial library) are then screened for acceptor recognition, leading to the isolation of 20 variants of potential interest for the production of the target disaccharide α‐D‐Glcp‐(1→4)‐α‐D‐GlcpNAc.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Stannite‐Type Complex Sulfide Photocatalysts A2I‐Zn‐AIV‐S4 (AI: Cu and Ag; AIV: Sn and Ge) for Hydrogen Evolution under Visible‐Light Irradiation.
Authors: Tsuji Issei , Shimodaira Yoshiki , Kato Hideki , Kobayashi Kobayashi , Kudo Akihiko
Published: July 2010

Ru cocatalyst‐loaded Cu2ZnGeS4, Ag2ZnGeS4, and Ag2ZnSnS4 show high activities for photocatalytic H2 evolution from an aqueous solution of Na2S and K2SO3 solution under visible‐light irradiation.
ChemInform Abstract: Two Related Porous Thioindates with T3 Clusters, (H2DAH) 3In10S18·6H2O and (H2DAH)3In10S18.
Authors: Zhang Ming‐Hui , Zhu Qin‐Yu , Bian Guo‐Qing , Lei Zhi‐Xin , Jiang Jian‐Bing , Dai Jie
Published: July 2010

Compounds (II) and (III) are structurally characterized by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Physical Properties of the Layered Pnictide‐Oxides: (SrF)2Ti2Pn2O (Pn: As, Sb) and (SmO)2Ti2Sb2O.
Authors: Liu R. H. , Song Y. A. , Li Q. J. , Ying J. J. , Yan Y. J. , He Y. , Chen X. H.
Published: July 2010

The title compounds are prepared by solid state reactions using SrPn (Pn: As, Sb), SrF2, Sm2O3, TiO2, and Ti as starting materials (1000—1150 °C, 50 h) and characterized by powder XRD, resistivity, susceptibility, Hall coefficient, thermoelectric power, and heat capacity measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Polymer‐Supported, Carbon Dioxide‐Protected N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes: Synthesis and Application in Organo‐ and Organometallic Catalysis.
Authors: Pawar Gajanan Manohar , Buchmeiser Michael R.
Published: July 2010

The resin‐bond NHC‐based catalyst is prepared and used for a series of organocatalytic reactions such as cyanosilylation of carbonyl compounds as well as for trimerization reaction of isocyanates.
ChemInform Abstract: Resolution of N‐Protected Amino Alcohols by Porcine Pancreatic Lipase.
Authors: Magrioti Victoria , Fotakopoulou Irene , Athinaios Nicolaos , Anastasopoulou Panoula , Constantinou‐Kokotou Violetta , Kokotos George
Published: July 2010

The resolution of 2‐amino alcohols (II), protected by urethane‐type groups, either via porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) hydrolysis of the corresponding racemic acetates (I) or via PPL‐catalyzed transesterification of racemic alcohols (II) is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Immobilization of MacMillan Imidazolidinone as Mac‐SILC and Its Catalytic Performance on Sustainable Enantioselective Diels—Alder Cycloaddition.
Authors: Hagiwara Hisahiro , Kuroda Toshihiro , Hoshi Takashi , Suzuki Toshio
Published: July 2010

MacMillans imidazolidinone catalyst is immobilized as a supported ionic liquid catalyst (Mac‐SILC) in the pores of silica gel with the aid of the ionic liquid [bmim]NTf2.
ChemInform Abstract: Size Control of Catalytic Reaction Space by Intercalation of Alkylcarboxylate Anions into Ni—Zn Mixed Basic Salt Interlayer: Application for Knoevenagel Reaction in Water.
Authors: Hara Takayoshi , Kurihara Jun , Ichikuni Nobuyuki , Shimazu Shogo
Published: July 2010

The interlayer space of layered Ni‐Zn mixed basic salt can be controlled precisely by the intercalation of various carboxylate anions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Cyclohexene Derivatives from 1,5‐Enynes via Gold‐Catalysis and Iodocyclization: A Comparative Study and Applications in the Synthesis of 7/5‐ or 8/5‐Fused Rings and Biaryls.
Authors: Lee Youngun , Lim Choongmin , Kim Sunghwan , Shin Seunghoon
Published: July 2010

The 1,5‐enyne cyclization of a variety of substrates in the presence of a gold catalyst or IBr is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Boronic Acid Catalyzed Ene Carbocyclization of Acetylenic Dicarbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Li Meiling , Yang Ting , Dixon Darren J.
Published: July 2010

3‐Nitrobenzeneboronic acid is an efficient catalyst for the ene carbocyclization of pentynyl ketoesters (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient, Facile, Room‐Temperature Intermolecular [5 + 2] Cycloadditions Catalyzed by Cationic Rhodium(I): One Step to Cycloheptenes and Their Libraries.
Authors: Wender Paul A. , Sirois Lauren E. , Stemmler Rene T. , Williams Travis J.
Published: July 2010

Vinylcyclopropanes react with a wide range of terminal and internal alkynes to give the target compounds predominantly in a few minutes.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of (1‐Allylcyclohexa‐2,5‐dienyl)arenes.
Authors: Rousseau Geraldine , Robert Frederic , Landais Yannick
Published: July 2010

Based on a straightforward arylation—alkylation sequence of cyclohexa‐1,3‐dione and following three‐step one‐pot reductive elimination, a general procedure for the synthesis of 1,1‐disubstituted cyclohexa‐2,5‐dienes is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron/Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: A Versatile Support for Catalytic Metals and Their Application in Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Zhou Shuai , Johnson Melanie , Veinot Jonathan G. C.
Published: July 2010

Iron/iron oxide core shell nanoparticles are a versatile support for immobilizing catalytic metals.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Triarylmethanes via Bisarylation of Aryl Aldehydes with Arenes Catalyzed by Silica Gel Supported Sodium Hydrogen Sulfate.
Authors: Leng Yixin , Chen Fang , Zuo Li , Duan Wenhu
Published: July 2010

Bisarylation of various aromatic aldehydes with electron‐rich arenes under conditions A) constitutes a novel access to triarylmethanes.
ChemInform Abstract: Rh(II) Catalyzed Three‐Component Reactions of Diazoacetates with Benzenemethanol and Indane‐1,2,3‐triones.
Authors: Guo Xin , Wang Jingjing , Yang Liping , Hu Wenhao
Published: July 2010

The title reaction affords 2‐substituted ‐2‐hydroxyindane‐1,3‐diones (IV) in low to moderate yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Diverse Methyl Sulfone Containing Benzo[b]thiophene Library via Iodocyclization and Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling.
Authors: Cho Chul‐Hee , Neuenswander Benjamin , Larock Richard C.
Published: July 2010

The 72‐membered, parallel benzo[b]thiophene library is prepared by reactions of 13 iodocyclization products with 13 arylboronic acids, 7 alkynes, 3 styrenes, 12 amines, and 3 alcohols using Suzuki—Miyaura, Sonogashira, Heck, aminocarbonylation, and carboalkoxylation chemistry.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of 3‐Cycloalkanone‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐oxindoles, Potential Anticonvulsants.
Authors: Raj Monika , Veerasamy Nagarathanam , Singh Vinod K.
Published: July 2010

A direct catalytic asymmetric approach to the target compounds proceeds via reaction of isatins with cyclohexanone in the presence of CDA.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Substituted 2‐(Z‐Styrylsulfonyl)‐1H‐imidazoles and Benzothiazole.
Authors: Guravaiah N. , Rao V. Rajeswar
Published: July 2010

The novel two‐step access to title compounds (IV) leads stereoselectively to the (Z)‐styrylthio derivatives (III) which can be oxidized with retention of the geometry.
ChemInform Abstract: Design and Synthesis of Novel 5‐Acetylthiomethyl Oxazolidinone Analogues.
Authors: Chen Lei , Wang Jian‐Wei , Hai Li , Wang Guang‐Ming , Wu Yong
Published: July 2010

Based on SAR studies, a series of novel 5‐acetylthiomethyl oxazolidinones (X) is synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: Gallium(III) Chloride as an Efficient New Catalyst for the Production of Hantzsch 1,4‐Dihydropyridines.
Authors: Kumar Dhruva , Saini Anil , Suresh Suresh , Sandhu Jagir S.
Published: July 2010

1,4‐Dihydropyridines (III) are prepared from aldehydes, 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds and ammonium acetate using GaCl3 as catalyst under solvent‐free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: ZnO Nanoparticle Promoted Synthesis of Polyhydroquinoline Derivatives via Multicomponent Hantzsch Reaction.
Authors: Kassaee M. Z. , Masrouri Hassan , Movahedi Farnaz
Published: July 2010

Zinc oxide nanoparticles are employed as an efficient and heterogeneous catalyst in the one‐pot, four‐component Hantzsch synthesis.
ChemInform Abstract: Synergistic Effect of Pd(II) and Acid Catalysts on Tandem Annulation Reaction for the Regioselective Synthesis of Ring‐Fused Quinolines.
Authors: Ock Su Kyung , Youn So Won
Published: July 2010

A new tandem reaction of o‐alkynylanilines (I) with aldehydes (II) is catalyzed by Pd(II) and TosOH for the regioselective synthesis of ring‐fused quinolines (III) (16 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Promoted One‐Pot Syntheses of Coumarin Dyes.
Authors: Nourmohammadian Farahnaz , Gholami Mahnaz Davoodzadeh
Published: July 2010

An optimized three‐component, one‐pot synthesis of benzoxazole‐ or benzimidazole‐ substituted coumarins (IV) is presented and a possible mechanism is discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Microwave‐Induced Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds and a Dialdehyde from a Naturally Occurring Limonoid.
Authors: Bhattacharyya Nayan Kamal , Kataky J. C. S.
Published: July 2010

Compounds (V), (VI), and (VIII) are prepared using (I) as starting material which can be isolated from the dry fruits of Chisocheton paniculatus (some yields not given).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Ophiocerins from Non‐Carbohydrate Sources.
Authors: Hong Huijeong , Lee Dong‐Min , Kang Han‐Young
Published: July 2010

Direct and unified synthetic routes to ophiocerins A (III), B (V), C (VI) and ophiocerin D are developed using ring‐closing metathesis reactions of acyclic dienes as the key step.
ChemInform Abstract: Determination of Absolute Configuration of Trimeric Indole Alkaloid, Psychotrimine, by First Asymmetric Total Synthesis.
Authors: Takahashi Nobuaki , Ito Takeshi , Matsuda Yohei , Kogure Noriyuki , Kitajima Mariko , Takayama Hiromitsu
Published: July 2010

The first total synthesis of psychotrimine (I) is accomplished via an asymmetric Ireland—Claisen rearrangement to construct the quaternary carbon center, thereby establishing the absolute configuration.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Development for Formation of Aromatic Compounds via Metallacyclopentadienes as Metal‐Containing Heterocycles
Authors: Zhou Lishan , Li Shi , Kanno Ken‐ichiro , Takahashi Tamotsu
Published: July 2010

Review: synthesis of aromatic esters and polyphenyl derivatives; 55 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bioactive Cyclic Peptides from Higher Plants
Authors: Morita Hiroshi , Takeya Koichi
Published: July 2010

Review: 97 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nitroxide‐Catalyzed Selective Oxidation of Alcohols and Polysaccharides
Authors: Ponedel'kina I. Yu. , Khaibrakhmanova E. A. , Odinokov V. N.
Published: July 2010

Review: 146 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkyne Elementometalation—Pd‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling. Toward Synthesis of All Conceivable Types of Acyclic Alkenes in High Yields, Efficiently, Selectively, Economically, and Safely: “Green” Way.
Authors: Negishi Ei‐ichi , Wang Guangwei , Rao Honghua , Xu Zhaoqing
Published: July 2010

Review: about 200 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxyanion Holes and Their Mimics
Authors: Pihko Petri , Rapakko Sanna , Wierenga Rik K.
Published: July 2010

Review: 117 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cerium(IV) Ammonium Nitrate as a Catalyst in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Sridharan Vellaisamy , Menendez J. Carlos
Published: July 2010

Review: 233 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Desymmetrization of Symmetric Dienes and Its Synthetic Application
Authors: Nakahara Kenji , Fujioka Hiromichi
Published: July 2010

Review: 54 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselectivity in Organic Photochemistry
Authors: D'Auria Maurizio , Racioppi Rocco
Published: July 2010

Review: 109 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold Nanoparticle—Fluorophore Complexes: Sensitive and Discerning “Noses” for Biosystems Sensing
Authors: Bunz Uwe H. F. , Rotello Vincent M.
Published: July 2010

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Novel Culture System Using Nano‐Biotechnology
Authors: Taniguchi Akiyoshi , Wada Ken‐ichi , Ohno Maki
Published: July 2010

Review: 27 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cellular Engineering and Biosensor Technology for High Through‐Put Analysis on Drug Discovery
Authors: Haruyama Tetsuya
Published: July 2010

Review: 10 refs.
Dehydratisierung von Glycerin zu Acrolein in der Gasphase an geträgerten Heteropolysäure‐ Katalysatoren
Authors: Armbruster U. , Atia H. , Martin A.
Published: July 2010

Der Einsatz nachwachsender Rohstoffe in chemischen Stoffwandlungen hat in den letzten Jahren einen deutlichen Zuwachs erfahren. Das trifft insbesondere auch auf die Nutzung von Glycerin zu, das gegenwärtig als Nebenprodukt der Biodiesel‐Produktion in ausreichendem Maße zur Verfügung steht. Eine interessante Anwendung stellt die Dehydratisierung von Glycerin zu Acrolein dar. Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich der Nutzung von geträgerten wolframhaltigen Heteropolysäuren (HSiW) als heterogene Katalysatoren für oben genannte Reaktion in Langzeitstudien bis zu Reaktionszeiten von 300 h. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Trägerung der Heteropolysäure zu deutlich erhöhten Katalysatoraktivitäten führt. Mit Aluminiumoxid‐geträgerten HSiW Katalysatoren wurden Acroleinselektivitäten bis 71 % bei einem Glycerinumsatz über 99,5 % erzielt.
Untersuchung der Vorhydrolyse von Lignocelluloserohstoffen mittels Steam Explosion
Authors: Lindorfer J. , Steinmüller H. , Auer W. , Jäger A. , Eder A.
Published: July 2010

Cellulose, neben Hemicellulose und Lignin ein Hauptbestandteil von biogenen Rest‐ und Rohstoffen wie z. B. Getreidestroh oder Holz, ist nach hydrolytischer Spaltung in monomere Zucker zu Basischemikalien wie Ethanol vergärbar. Zur Beschleunigung einer möglichen enzymatischen Hydrolyse ist eine effektive Vorbehandlung dieser Rohstoffe erforderlich. Die Vorbehandlung von Weizenstroh mittels Steam Explosion, einem Verfahren bei dem das biogene Material mit gesättigtem Wasserdampf unter Druck mit anschließender schlagartiger Entspannung zerfasert wird, wurde hinsichtlich Behandlungstemperatur und ‐dauer sowie gebildeter Abbauprodukte im 15‐L‐Maßstab untersucht, um aufbauend auf den Ergebnissen ein optimiertes Vorbehandlungsverfahren zur Nutzung dieser in hohem quantitativem Ausmaß zur Verfügung stehenden Rohstoffe entwickeln zu können.
Magnetic Resonances in ECR‐Heated Plasmas of the TJ‐II Heliac
Authors: López‐Bruna D. , Romero J. A. , López‐Fraguas A. , Reynolds J. M. , Blanco E. , Estrada T. , Ochando M. A. , Jiménez‐Gómez R. , Bondarenko O. , Tafalla D. , Herranz J. , Ascasíbar E. , Vargas V. I. , TJ‐II Team
Published: July 2010

Low order rational values of the rotational transform –magnetic resonances, for brevity– can be present inside ECR–heated plasmas of the TJ‐II Heliac, in low magnetic shear conditions, without causing damage to confinement. Moreover, in agreement with previous experience in the TJ‐II, the resonances seem to benefit confinement and are associated to changes in the radial electric field, at least in the density gradient region. These results encourage considering magnetic resonances as possible external actuators on confinement in stellarator/heliotron devices (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Level of Non‐Thermal Velocity Fluctuations Deduced From Doppler Spectroscopy and their Role on TJ‐II Confinement
Authors: Zurro B. , Baciero A. , Liniers M. , Cappa A. , TJ‐II Team
Published: July 2010

The goal of this investigation is to study the level of velocity fluctuations in different scenarios of the TJ‐II stellarator. The method consists in measuring the apparent Doppler temperature of C4+ and protons with high spectral resolution techniques with spatial resolution. The level of turbulent velocities has been deduced from the difference observed between the apparent temperature of both species, following a method previously presented. The study of this difference, as a function of plasma density and injected power, provides a way to explore if this turbulence plays any role in the confinement of the hot TJ‐II plasma (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Production and Electron Heating of Over‐Dense Plasmas by 2.45 GHz Electron Bernstein Waves on CHS
Authors: Ikeda R. , Igami H. , Toi K. , Kubo S. , Takeuchi M. , Suzuki C. , Shoji T. , Shimozuma T. , Yoshimura Y. , Takahashi H. , Mutoh T. , CHS Experimental Group
Published: July 2010

Production and heating of over‐dense plasmas by 2.45 GHz microwave system under very low field condition was performed and demonstrated on CHS. In this experiment, microwave systems were arranged to aim at taking place mode conversion of launched electron cyclotron wave effectively into electron Bernstein wave (EBW). The power deposition profiles in produced over‐dense plasmas were measured directly by using power modulation technique at various magnetic configurations. The power deposition took place dominantly in overdense region. To clarify wave trajectories, power absorption mechanism and mode conversion, a numerical analysis by a ray‐tracing method was performed. Calculated ray‐trajectories accessed to the region where the experimentally obtained deposition profile has a peak (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ion Internal Transport Barrier in the Large Helical Device
Authors: Ida K. , Yoshinuma M. , Nagaoka K. , Osakabe M. , Morita S. , Goto M. , Funaba H. , Yokoyama M. , Ikeda K. , Nakano H. , Tsumori K. , Takeiri Y. , Kaneko O. , Sakamoto Y. , LHD Experiment Group
Published: July 2010

The internal transport barrier (ITB) appears in ion root plasmas with NBI heating, when the Te/Ti ratio is held below unity in LHD. The improvement of transport is observed only in the ion heat transport, not in the electron heat transport nor in the particle transport. During the formation of ion ITB, the region of low ion thermal diffusivity expands toward the plasma center and results in a wide weak ITB, which is in contrast to the narrow strong ITB typically observed in tokamaks (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Experimental Study of the Effect of Poloidal Flow on Stability of Magnetic Islands in LHD and TJ‐II
Authors: Narushima Y. , Castejón F. , Watanabe K. Y. , Sakakibara S. , Estrada T. , Medina F. , López‐Bruna D. , Yokoyama M. , Ida K. , LHD Experiment Group
Published: July 2010

The effect of the poloidal flow on the magnetic island is studied. The self‐healing of the magnetic island has been observed in the Large Helical Device (LHD) and TJ‐II. In TJ‐II plasmas, the magnetic island is healed in case the radial electric field is positive. In the LHD experiment, on the other hand, the radial electric field is negative when the magnetic island is healed. The relation between the magnitudes of theE×Bflow and ion diamagnetic flow is important to consider the effect of the poloidal flow on magnetic island (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optimization Study of ICRF Heating in the LHD and HSX Configurations
Authors: Murakami S. , Yamamoto T. , Fukuyama A. , Talmadge J. N. , Likin K. M. , Radder J. W.
Published: July 2010

Two global simulation codes, TASK/WM (a full wave solver) and GNET (a 5‐D drift kinetic equation solver), are combined to simulate the ICRF heating in the 3D magnetic configuration. The combined code is applied to the ICRF minority heating in the LHD configuration. An optimization of the ICRF heating is considered in changing the magnetic configurations and the resonance surfaces in the LHD plasmas using GNET code. It is found that the heating efficiency is improved about 30% with the heating power of 10MW in the optimized heating scenario from that of the present standard off‐axis heating scenario. Also the ICRF minority heating is studied in the HSX plasma and it is found that the ICRF heating of about 100kW is still effective to heat the plasma even ϱ /a ∼ 1/7.5 for tail ions (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The TGFβ type II receptor plays a critical role in the endothelial cells during cardiac development
Authors: Robson Andrew , Allinson Kathleen R. , Anderson Robert H. , Henderson Deborah J. , Arthur Helen M.
Published: July 2010

TGFβ signalling is required for normal cardiac development. To investigate which cell types are involved, we used mice carrying a floxed Type II TGFβ receptor (Tgfbr2fl) allele and Cre‐lox genetics to deplete this receptor in different regions of the heart. The three target tissues and corresponding Cre transgenic lines were atrioventricular myocardium (using cGata6‐Cre), ventricular myocardium (using Mlc2v‐Cre), and vascular endothelium (using tamoxifen‐activated Cdh5(PAC)‐CreERT2). Spatio‐temporal Cre activity in each case was tracked via lacZ activation from the Rosa26R locus. Atrioventricular‐myocardial‐specific Tgfbr2 knockout (KO) embryos had short septal leaflets of the tricuspid valve, whereas ventricular myocardial‐specific KO embryos mainly exhibited a normal cardiac phenotype. Inactivation of Tgfbr2 in endothelial cells from E11.5 resulted in deficient ventricular septation, accompanied by haemorrhage from cerebral blood vessels. We conclude that TGFβ signalling through the Tgfbr2 receptor, in endothelial cells, plays an important role in cardiac development, and is essential for cerebral vascular integrity. Developmental Dynamics 239:2435–2442, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.