bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and application of new equipment for transrectal ultrasonography
Authors: Watanabe Hiroki , Igari Dairoku , Tanahasi Yoshikatsu , Harada Kazuya , Saitoh Masahito
Published: February 2007

We have successfully developed a new type of equipment for transrectal ultrasonography. The equipment consists of three parts: a transducer assembly, a radial scanner, and a chair. The specially designed transrectal transducer assembly consists of a double tube system; a concave oscillating disc is attached to the rotative inner tube. The top of the transducer tube is covered with a water‐filled rubber balloon which is kept in contact with the rectal wall. The chair has a hole over which the anus is positioned and the tube with the radial scanner is introduced into the rectum from below. The angle of the. projecting transducer tube can be shifted freely with a lever. The depth of insertion of the transducer is controlled by the scanner handle. This “sitting posture” procedure has several advantages over the lithotomy position. The diagnostic application of this method is described for examination of different intrapelvic organs such as the prostate, the urinary bladder and the uterus.
The measurement of systolic time intervals by echocardiography
Authors: Vredevoe Lawrence A. , Creekmore Stephen P. , Schiller Nelson B.
Published: February 2007

A study was performed in which the systolic time intervals of 46 patients were measured directly from echocardiograms of their aortic valve motion. These intervals were compared with those obtained from the same patients by the conventional technique of simultaneously recording the carotid pulse, phonocardiogram and electrocardiogram. Several of the measurements were made simultaneously by the two techniques in order to compare the timing of the systolic cycle. The values obtained by the two techniques were in close agreement, with average deviations of 11% or less. This study demonstrates the feasibility of measuring systolic time intervals directly from echocardiograms.
Ultrasonography of the chest wall
Authors: Ekstrand Kenneth E. , Blake Damon D. , Dixon Robert L.
Published: February 2007

Ultrasonography of the chest wall has been used to aid in radiation therapy treatment planning. The sonogram reveals the lung surface and the sternum in relation to the skin surface. Tumor tissue tends to be more sonolucent than normal breast tissue. This technique has been used to detect post‐mastectomy recurrent tumor.
Opthalmologic effect of ultrasound at diagnostic intensities
Authors: Ziskin Marvin C. , Romayananda Nongnart , Harris Kenneth
Published: February 2007

This study examined the possible harmful effects on the eye of prolonged exposure to ultrasound at diagnostic intensities. The left eyes of 20 rabbits were exposed to 9.5 mHz continuous wave ultrasound at 33.7 mW/cm2 for one to four hours. The right eyes serves as controls. Careful gross and microscopic examination did not reveal any morphological effects caused by ultrasonic irradiation.
Echographic evaluation of abdominal tumor regression during antineoplastic treatment
Authors: Kobayashi Toshji , Osamutakatani  , Hattori Nobu , Kimura Kiyoji
Published: February 2007

Twenty patients with malignant abdominal tumors were evaluated by compound contact B‐mode ultrasonic scanning. The studies were carried out during and after antineoplastic treatment with chemotherapy, radiation or surgery. Gain and sensitivity settings were kept constant before and after treatment. The changes in echographic findings were correlated with clinical, laboratory and/or autopsy findings. Ultrasound proved to be a very useful and convenient way to evaluate the antitumor effect of various chemotherapeutic agents. Typical echograms are shown to illustrate the method of ultrasonic evaluation.
Acoustic microscopy of mammalian kidney
Authors: Kessler L. W. , Fields S. I. , Dunn F.
Published: February 2007

Acoustic micrographs of unstained specimens of mouse kidney were produced at frequencies of 100 MHz and 220 MHz with resolutions of 20μ m and 9μm, respectively. The acoustically revealed structure has been examined in relation to established microanatomy. High contrast details corresponding to connective tissue boundaries of supporting elements of the nephron are exhibited. In addition, various regions of the kidney such as the cortex and the three medullary regions can be differentiated. At these frequencies, the acoustically exhibited structures are considered to result from scattering at connective tissue interfaces, resulting from local acoustic impedance discontinuities, rather than from intrinsic acoustic absorption within the microstructures of the tissue.
Gray scale ultrasonography in the diagnosis of thyroid swellings (work‐in‐progress)
Authors: Taylor K. J. W. , Carpenter D. A. , Barrett J. J.
Published: February 2007

Thyroid masses which fail to concentrate radioactive iodine may be benign or malignant cysts or solid tumors. A‐scan examination through any thyroid mass permits the differentation of a solid from a cystic consistency. The nature of solid masses is difficult to determine using the conventional B‐scan ultrasound equipment. Our experience to date suggests that the difficulty can be resolved by the use of high quality gray‐scale techniques which display the structure of normal glandular tissue, while malignant replacement is apparent as defects in this normal anatomy. The size and site of the thyroid implies that greatly improved resolution could be obtained by scanners dedicated to the examination of small superficial organs.
1974 Abstracts American Society of Ultrasound Technical Specialists
Authors: Adams Nan , Vogel John H. K. , Anderson Caroline F. , Corrigan James J. , Giles Harlan R. , Rosenberg David B. , Balint Ronald E. , Balint Ronald E. , Balint Ronald E. , Bolin Janet E. , Stipes Melanie , Carlsen Ernest N. , Chilcote Betty , Chilcote Wayne , Chilcote Betty , Chilcote Wayne , Gegor Carolyn , Gentry Fred , Brickner T. J. , Ellis R. G. , Eakin David V. , Hobbins John C. , May Dolores , Kopta Mazie M. , Korfhagen Joan , Meyer Richard A. , Kaplan Samuel , Moulton Denise , Naglish Marveen , Persaud J. A. , Schuld R. L. , Boughner D. R. , Phillips Betty J. , Friedewald Vincent E. , Poehlmann H. W. , Brown R. E. , Quinter Cynthia , Rosenberg David B. , Giles Harlan R. , Anderson Caroline F. , Smith Sally , Murray Marcia , Vinson Elvira , Shaub Michael , Wilson Robert L. , Swan Diana , Leung Richard , Cunningham Roger J. , Kroetz Frank W. , Webber Milo N. , Aguilar Francine , Cragin Michael , Willard J. W. , McKinney W. , Boyce W. H. , Wilson Edwina E. , Wodraska G. , Tenner M.
Published: February 2007

We are printing the ASUTS abstracts presented at their meeting in Seattle, 5 October 1974. Because of a change in policy in the convention office at Seattle, these were not published in the September issue.
Real‐time imaging with a new ultrasonic camera: Part I, in vitro experimental studies on transmission imaging of biological structures
Authors: Marich Kenneth W. , Green Philip S. , Suarez Joe R. , Zatz Leslie M. , Macovski Albert
Published: February 2007

Results are described of in vitro biological experimentation using a new through‐transmission ultrasonic camera system developed at the Stanford Research Institute. The camera system produces real‐time focused, orthographic images of a 15 × 15 cm field. The in vitro studies, which demonstrate the diagnostic potential of the new technique, include transmission images of selected excised organs such as liver, kidney, spleen, and uterus. In addition, preliminary studies evaluating ultrasonic image quality and the effect of out‐of‐focus structures are discussed.
Ultrasonic evaluation of superficial masses
Authors: Goldberg Barry B.
Published: February 2007

While superficial masses are usually apparent and easily palpated, it is sometimes difficult to determine whether they are cystic, solid, or mixed. Ultrasound was used to evaluate superficial masses determining their size, relationship to other structures and internal characteristics. In a series of 34 patients, ultrasound was able to differentiate among cystic, solid, or complex masses with a 94% accuracy.
Intracavitary echoes in patients with mitral prosthetic valves
Authors: Schuchman Harvey , Feigenbaum Harvey , Dillon James C. , Chang Sonia
Published: February 2007

In the course of doing routine echocardiograms on patients with mitral prosthetic valves, we observed peculiar intracavitary echoes within the left ventricle. Of the 36 valves studied in 31 different patients, 14 echocardiograms demonstrated the abnormal intracavitary echoes and 22 did not. The presence of mitral insufficiency, atrial fibrillation, systemic emboli and warfarin sodium (Coumadin) therapy were roughly equal in the two groups. A higher percentage of abnormal intracavitary echoes occurred in patients with a hemoglobin less than 11 gm/100 ml, other prosthetic valves, cloth covered valves, low platelets, and functional class III–IV. Although this study does not clarify the origin of these abnormal echoes, it is possible that they originate from particulate matter such as tiny fibrin clots or fibers from the cloth covering of the valve.
An ultrasound receiver with programmable time gain control
Authors: Barnes Ralph W. , Nomeir Abdel‐Mohsen , Pardue George T. , Nuss Patricia H.
Published: February 2007

An ultrasound receiver with programmable time gain control (TGC) has been developed. The TCG curve is synthesized from sequentially gated analog switches, each of which controls receiver gain over a range of lcm

Diagnostic studies using a receiver with the programmable TGC curve show improved results in the amplitude equalization of received echoes and in the output display.
An ultrasonic deflector for aspiration and biopsy
Authors: Yeh En‐Lin
Published: February 2007

A new ultrasonic deflector for aspiration and biopsy is described. It is made of a Plexiglas prism (45°) with an oblique hole (27°). The ultrasonic beam is bent in water by about 23°. A puncture needle inserted through the prism hole passes through the ultrasonic beam in water with only minimal deviation from the beam axis. A fairly strong echo from the needle tip is a useful indicator for positioning the needle for aspiration. The resolution of the ultrasonic scan is not significantly affected by the deflector. This inexpensive ultrasonic deflector is capable of performing the functions offered by the expensive ultrasonic aspiration‐biopsy transducer.
Ultrasound B‐scanning with a gray scale video hard copy unit
Authors: Lee Timothy G.
Published: February 2007

A gray scale hard copy unit has been adapted to an ultrasound B‐scanner equipped with a video gray scale system and a conventional hard copier and a Polaroid camera. Comparative recordings were made of all three methods. The new hard copy unit produced a better gray scale image than Polaroid film, with reduction of cost and elimination of the problems inherent in Polaroid film.
Diagnosis of early pregnancy with A‐mode ultrasound A preliminary report
Authors: Haverkamp Albert D. , Thompson Horace E. , Yasuzawa S. Steve
Published: February 2007

An A‐mode ultrasonic analyzer was used to detect pregnancy and to determine gestational age in 102 patients, 77 of whom were pregnant and 25 of whom were not pregnant. All pregnant patients were in the first trimester. Polaroid photographs were taken of the echo pattern display and diagnosis was compared with that of the clinical examination. Results indicate, using only the Polaroid photograph of the patient's A‐scope echo pattern, it is possible to (1) diagnose pregnancy with an accuracy rate of 87.2% and (2) estimate the week of gestation, within a tolerance of 21 days of the clinical examination, with an accuracy rate of 84.5%.
Real‐time color B‐scan ultrasonography
Authors: Bronson Nathaniel R. , Pickering Norman C.
Published: February 2007

The development and early clinical results of a real‐time color B‐scan ultrasonoscope are described. This instrument uses color to display detailed echo amplitude information more quantitatively than is possible with gray scale. With real time, dynamic changes are seen during the examination. Conversion of the amplitude information into binary coded decimal code permits separation into ten color steps and also eliminates “blooming” of the cathode ray tube, as seen in black and white. Integrated circuitry is used, providing a portable, relatively inexpensive unit. Early clinical work in ophthalmology is illustrated.
Experiences with the echo midlinerin children
Authors: Grumme T. H. , Graef G. , Meese W. , Grauthoff H.‐J. , Amtenbrink V. , Frommel G.
Published: February 2007

Three hundred eighty‐five children were examined with the Midliner® echoencephalography unit. In examinations termed adequate, correct interpretations were made in 94.6% of healthy children versus 78% ill children. The incidence of adequate examinations increases with the child's age, but 58% of children with hydrocephalus had inadequate examinations, regardless of age. For the measurement of the infantile ventricle system the midliner is not appropriate.
B‐mode scanning of the infant brain a new approach case report craniopharyngioma
Authors: Shkolnik Arnold
Published: February 2007

This case is presented to outline a new technique of B‐mode scanning of the infant brain, utilizing the bone free open fontanelles and patent sutures, as well as taking advantage of the relatively thin frontal and parietal bones.
Correlation of the ultrasonic appearance of the portal vein with abdominal arteriography
Authors: Sarti Dennis A. , Lindstrom Rabbe R. , Tabrisky Joseph
Published: February 2007

The ultrasonic appearance and location of the portal vein is documented by correlation with abdominal arteriography. Five patients were studied by both methods. Various characteristic appearances of the portal vein are presented. The importance of localization of the portal vein during an ultrasonic pancreatic examination is discussed.
Echocardiographic observation of ventricular volume changes and swinging septal position in massive pericardial effusion
Authors: Warren Bill H. , Lynn Richard R. , Allen Frank H.
Published: February 2007

Swinging interventricular septal position and ventricular volume changes associated with respiration were studied in a patient with massive uremic pericardial effusion and pulsus paradoxus. Inspiration was regularly associated with a posterior swinging septal position which dramatically increased right ventricular (RV) volume with a lesser change in left ventricular (LV) volume. Expiration was consistently accompanied by an anterior swing of septal position which nearly obliterated the RV with slight enlargement of the LV. The above changes produced a pendulum‐like motion of the septal position as the patient breathed. This may reflect the ventricular volume changes that accompany respiration in severe pericardial effusion associated with pulsus paradoxus.
Antenatal detection of fetal structural, defects with ultrasound
Authors: Morgan Carlisle L. , Haney Arthur , Christakos Arthur , Phillips Joseph
Published: February 2007

A case report of a cystic hygroma detected in utero by ultrasound at 16 weeks' gestation is presented. The potential for early second trimester detection of both CNS and non‐CNS structural defects by diagnostic ultrasound is discussed. “High risk” groups for fetal structural defects can be identified for screening purposes.
Abdominal cystic lymphangiomatosis: Report of a case involving the liver and spleen and llustration of two cases with origin in the greater omentum and root of the mesentery
Authors: McQuown Dennis S. , Fishbein Michael C. , Moran E. Terrance , Hoffman Richard B.
Published: February 2007

B‐scan ultrasonic examination of a 10hyphen;yearhyphen;old Mexicanhyphen;American female with multiple avascular hepatic and splenic defects on both isotopic and angiographic evaluation revealed numerous cystic lesions, a few of which contained numerous internal echoes. Subsequent pathological examination revealed lymphangiomatosis of the liver and spleen. Some of the cysts contained caseous material as predicted only by the ultrasonic examination. Cystic lymphangiomatosis of the spleen is a rare condition and only a few cases of involvement of both the spleen and liver have been reported. This is the first such case evaluated by ultrasound. Two cases are also illustrated of cystic lymphangiomatosis with origin in the greater omentum and root of the mesentery.
Improved radiotherapy dose calculations using ultrasound uterine localization
Authors: Wenzel Wayne W.
Published: February 2007

An easy noninvasive method of accurate uterine measurement using B‐mode ultrasound for subsequent intracavitary dosimetry is presented. Importance of documentation of uterine size is stressed. This method if universally adopted would help to standardize intracavitary dosimetry and thereapy results could be more meaningfully analyzed.
Choledochal cyst: Report of a case with specific ultrasonographic findings
Authors: Filly Roy A. , Carlsen Ernest N.
Published: February 2007

A case of choledochal cyst in a 17 month old child is described. The ultrasonographic findings were felt to be specific in this case since the dilated common bile duct was noted to enter directly into a large right upper quadrant cyst. The clinical history, ultrasonographic findings, and differential diagnostic features are discussed.
Ultrasound of the parotid gland
Authors: Neiman Harvey L. , Phillips Joseph F. , Jaques Darrell A. , Brown Thomas L.
Published: February 2007

Five cases of parotid gland masses were studied by ultrasound. Only retention cysts and true cysts of the parotid gland appear sonolucent at low and high gain settings. Benign and malignant tumor present as solid masses except for the Warthin's tumor which is sonolucent at lower gain settings but has a lattice of internal echoes at higher gain settings.
Bacterial endocarditis. Echocardiographic and clinical evaluation during therapy
Authors: Nomeir Abdel‐Mohsen , Watts Earl , Philp James R.
Published: February 2007

In two patients with bacterial endocarditis and apparent vegetations, the echocardiographic findings included thickening but normal excursion of the mitral leaflet and abnormal shaggy echoes superimposed on the mitral leaflet echogram. Both patients had had endocarditis several weeks before the study was performed. In both patients the abnormal echoes disappeared after antibiotic therapy. Whether or not the echocardiographic findings are specific to bacterial endocarditis must be determined by further studies. One patient had evidence of “immune complex disease” with vasculitis, hypocomplementemia, and renal failure which persisted for weeks after disappearance of vegetations on the echocardiogram. This sequence was unexpected, as a continued source of antigen for this reaction was not apparent.
The echocardiographic appearance of a partially disrupted ventricular septal defect repair: A case report
Authors: Wilson Robert L. , Shaub Michael S. , Young Guillermo
Published: February 2007

Case report detailing the echocardiographic appearance of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in a patient with a partially disrupted ventricular septal defect patch. After surgery, the echocardiogram revealed a normal‐appearing left outflow tract.
Ultrasonically guided percutaneous aspiration of lymphoceles following renal transplantation: A diagnostic and therapeutic method
Authors: Spigos D. , Capek V.
Published: February 2007

Percutaneous aspirations of perirenal collections under ultrasonographic control is a safe and simple therapeutic and diagnostic procedure in patients who have developed lymphoceles after renal transplantation. The diagnostic and therapeutic yield is far superior to any other method, short of surgical exploration. We encountered no complications in our cases. The technique is described in detail.
A technique for generating three‐dimensional images from ultrasonography
Authors: Smith Roger P.
Published: February 2007

An improved technique is presented using readily available materials to produce an easy, inexpensive system for three‐dimensional visualization of ultrasonic images. The author hopes this technique may stimulate others to look at three‐dimensional imaging as an easy, obtainable objective to explore its clinical applications.
Newer ultrasonographic anatomy in the upper abdomen: I. The portal and hepatic venous anatomy
Authors: Carlsen Ernest N. , Filly Roy A.
Published: February 2007

Gray scale ultrasonography has made it possible to identify hepatic and portal venous structures. Single sector sweep scanning is important in depicting these structures. Identification of venous structures is discussed as well as methods for distinguishing large veins from pathologic structures.
The preparation, use, and evaluation of recorded material for teaching ultrasonics in a university master of science course in medical physics
Authors: Chivers R. C. , Hills P. J.
Published: February 2007

The potential value of using recorded instructional material in a university Master's course module in medical ultrasonics is discussed. The procedure for preparation and evaluation of a program of slides with synchronized audio tape is reported. The evaluation indicates that the flexibility of this form of recorded material can make several unique contributions to the teaching program, in acquainting students with clinical problems, in simulating expensive equipment, and encouraging students to use the literature.
Ultrasonic evaluation of the common bile duct
Authors: Perlmutter Gordon S. , Goldberg Barry B. , Scale Gray
Published: February 2007

The efficacy of ultrasound in detecting a tumor in the head of the pancreas as a cause of obstructive jaundice has been well established. With gray scale imaging, it is possible to visualize the biliary tract including the common bile duct, and thereby to differentiate between extrahepatic (obstructive) and intrahepatic (hepatocellular and cholestatic) jaundice in many cases.
Spontaneous drainage of a large cystic tumor
Authors: Winston M. A. , Krishnamurthy G. T. , Taylor Ronald D.
Published: February 2007

A case is described of a 58 year old male who presented with a large mass on the left side of the abdomen which was found to be cystic by ultrasound. A presumptive diagnosis of pancreatic pseudocyst was made. Shortly thereafter, the mass drained spontaneously further suggesting this diagnosis. At surgery a month later, however, the mass was found to be a metastic leiomyosarcoma with cystic degeneration that had eroded into the gastric wall. This case serves to illustrate that cystic abdominal masses, even ones that drain spontaneously into the gastrointestinal tract, may not be pancreatic pseudocysts.
Screening for intrauterine growth retardation using the ultrasound biparietal diameter
Authors: Hohler C. W. , Lea J. , Collins H.
Published: February 2007

Fifteen hundred patients were scanned to predict fetal age and weight by biparietal diameter measurement. Three hundred eleven patients had more than one scan. Fortythree small for gestational age (SGA) babies were ultimately delivered in this population. Prenatal ultrasound screening criteria for grouping into appropriate for gestational age (AGA) or small for gestationa1age (SGA) categories were: a only an absolute biparietal diameter below the third percentile for the reference Rochester region population; b only ΔBPD calculated as less than 50 percent of the mean growth rate for the reference population; and c a combination of these two factors. Intrauterine growth retardation was most accurately determined when an absolutely small biparietal diameter was found (at the time of the last ultrasound examination) in a woman with accurate gestational age assessment. Least accurate was the prediction based on one biparietal diameter measurement in a woman with poor clinical dates. A 50 percent false positive detection rate and poor sensitivity to intrauterine growth retardation were found using ultrasound biparietal diameter measurements as a screening test in this manner.
Ultrasonic characteristics of pelvic inflammatory masses
Authors: Uhrich Philip C. , Sanders Roger C.
Published: February 2007

Twenty patients with pelvic abscesses diagnosed either at surgery or from typical clinical findings underwent sonography. Seventeen of the twenty patients had inflammatory processes of gynecological origin. In the main, two patterns were observed. The more common pattern was a small, round adnexal or cul de sac mass with a slightly irregular border. The other pattern consisted of large, rough‐bordered, multilocular masses that obscured the uterus. In single cases confusion had occurred between pelvic abscesses, fibroids, and chronic ruptured tuba1 pregnancy. The role of ultrasound in the management of patients with tuboovarian abscesses is discussed.
Parachute mitral valve: Echocardiographic findings resembling idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis
Authors: Boughner Derek R. , Persaud Joan A.
Published: February 2007

The echocardiographic features recorded in a patient with a congenital anomaly, single papillary muscle (parachute mitral valve), were identical with those seen in patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS). Asymmetric septal hypertrophy, mitrai valve systolic anterior movement, aortic valve vibration, and midsystolic reclosure were all demonstrated. This congenital anomaly should, therefore, be considered in any young paitent before making the diagnosis of IHSS from the echocardiogram.
Ultrasonic scanning of the pancreas
Authors: Hancke S.
Published: February 2007

The use of ultrasonic scanning in diagnosis of pancreatic disease is reviewed. A procedure for the examination of the pancreas with a compound scanning technique and the ultrasonic appearance of the normal and diseased pancreas is described. Diffuse or localized enlargement can be demonstrated and the latter be differentiated as to whether it is solid or cystic lesion. Percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy of solid lesions and percutaneous puncture of cysts can be performed with great accuracy under the guidance of ultrasound. Differential diagnosis and limitations in pancreatic scanning are discussed.
In vitro gray scale echography of protein‐lipid fluid collections in liver tissue
Authors: Cunningham Jerome J.
Published: February 2007

Three types of protein‐lipid fluid collections–homogenized milk, buttermilk, and yogurt –were studied in liver tissue by in vitro gray scale echography. These fluid collections are capable of producing internal echoes, dampened sound transmission, partial acoustic “shadows,” and ill‐defined interfaces with hepatic parenchyma. Such effects may preclude universal detection of purulent hepatic abscesses when they contain similar types of substances.
Pulsed doppler ultrasound detection of flow disturbances in arteriosclerosis
Authors: Felix W. Robert , Sigel Bernard , Gibson Robert J. , Williams Jimmie , Popky George L. , Edelstein Annette L. , Justin Jeffrey R.
Published: February 2007

Pulsed Doppler ultrasound blood flow detection has been used in a noninvasive manner to detect arterial abnormalities associated with arteriosclerosis. Sound spectrograms of ultrasound signals obtained from in uitro and animal studies in which flow was disturbed by obstacles placed in the flow stream showed a different distribution of energy over frequency than signals obtained from studies with no flow disturbances. Similar findings were seen clinically. A technique has been developed which can detect disturbed flow patterns resulting from partial occlusion in important superficial arteries (e.g. femoral and carotid) up to 15 cm distal to localized arterial wall abnormalities. Thirty‐five arterial examinations of normal and arteriographically abnormal arteries in 12 patients revealed a sensitivity of 83 percent and a specificity of 61 percent. This study suggests that pulsed Doppler ultrasound may be useful as a screening technique for detection of arteriosclerotic lesions in major superficial arteries.
Anterior position of the lower pole of the right kidney: Potential confusion with right upper quadrant mass
Authors: Bree Robert L.
Published: February 2007

A group of patients with anterior position of the lower pole of the right kidney were examined with ultrasound to evaluate a palpable right upper quadrant mass. After it was determined, with the use of ultrasound, that the palpable mass represented the kidney, no further evaluations were necessary. This appearance is seen fairly often in normal individuals and should be considered a normal variant. The possible anatomic explanation for this appearance is discussed.
An ultrasonogram display system using a natural color scale
Authors: Chan Francis H. , Pizer Stephen M.
Published: February 2007

The gray scale display used in B scan ultrasonography limits the perceptibility of clinically useful information. Presentation in color can increase perceptibility, but current color displays have no natural scale and may have the fault of a discrete color spectrum. The continuous heated‐object color spectrum solves these problems. To produce a display using this spectrum, we have built an inexpensive system to adapt the scan converter output of a gray scale ultrasonograph to a commercial color television.
Polygraphic recordings in a case of Reye's syndrome
Authors: Fernandez Heriberto , Smith J. Baldwin , McGraw Patrick , Toole James F.
Published: February 2007

In a comatose patient with Reye's syndrome, stimulation that increased the heart rate also produced changes in the intracranial pulsations and pressure, as well as in the electroencephalogram.
The value of ultrasound in hypovascular hypernephromas
Authors: Arger Peter H.
Published: February 2007

Ultrasound demonstrated the solid character of three hypovascular renal masses which were equivocal on nephrotomography and arteriography with intra‐arterial vasoconstrictors. These cases illustrate the value of ultrasound, a noninvasive procedure, in the pre‐operative evaluation of hypovascular hypernephromas.
The sonolucent “light bulb” sign of fluid collections
Authors: Conrad Melvyn R. , Sanders Roger C. , James A. Everette
Published: February 2007

The recent introduction of gray scale ultrasound, which uses a higher power output, has made it more difficult to assess the cystic or solid nature of sonolucent mass lesions using the criteria developed for bistable imaging, i.e. the amount of through transmission and the strength of the posterior wall echo. However, a cyst may be reliably diagnosed if a totally echofree area is seen adjacent to an area with low‐level echoes derived from tissue parenchyma. We have termed this the “light bulb sign.” Visualization of the sign facilitates the decision of the optimal time for abscess drainage.
Retroperitoneal fibrosis: Ultrasound findings and case report
Authors: Bowie James D. , Bernstein Joel R.
Published: February 2007

A case of idiopathic rrtroperitoneal fibrosis is reported with a description of the gray scale ultrasound findings. The mass was indistinguishable in appearance from many other retroperitoneal processes, such as lymphoma, fibrosarcoma, and liposarcoma. In this case the mass had a well‐defined anterior border, and the posterior border with the vena cava and aorta was difficult to demonstrate. The sound transmission properties of the mass were similar to those of normal soft tissue structures. The mass, which showed no echoes at moderate gain levels, produced weak echoes at high gain levels. By marking the projection of the tumor as seen by ultrasound on the skin and then obtaining an x ray with a lead wire on these marks, a comparison of ultrasound with other studies is possible. This also helps in demonstrating the location and extent of the mass. Ultrasound is suggested as a useful noninvasive technique for following the progress of retroperitoneal fibrosis.
Echocardiographic appearance of aortic valve vegetations in bacterial endocarditis due to actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans
Authors: Moorthy Krishna , Prakash Ravi , Aronow Wilbert S.
Published: February 2007

This report describes the echocardiographic features seen in a case of bacterial endocarditis due to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. The echocardiogram demonstrated large, bulky clusters of echoes filling the aortic root in diastole which extended to the subvalvular and supravalvular areas. The echocardiographic features mimicked those described in cases of Candida endocarditis. The morphologic appearance of vegetations at surgery correlated with the echocardiographic findings.
Reverberations in echocardiograms
Authors: Yeh En‐Lin
Published: February 2007

Different types of reverberations which may cause confusing artifacts in echocardiograms are described. Reverberations between the targets may result in identifiable complex echo patterns. An echocardiogram with reverberating echoes is presented. Several experimental studies were done to explain the reverberating echoies. The reverberating echoes may be more prominently displayed than the primary echoes. This raises the possibility of obtaining useful information from the reverberating echoes.
A simple ultrasonic method for evaluating liver size
Authors: Holmes Joseph H. , Sundgren Carole , Ikle David , Finch Jack
Published: February 2007

By measuring the liver area (maximum seciton) and plotting this against intra‐abdoinal area at the same level, one can calculate tolerance levels for 80 per cent of the population (63 normal patients) with a 95 per cent confidence. This provides a simple semiquantitative index in relating liver size of a specific patient to the normal range. Its use in 14 patients with liver disease was demonstrated.
Comparison of ultrasound pancreatic scanning and encoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatograms: A retrospective study
Authors: Feinberg Samuel B. , Schreiber Donald R. , Goodale Robert
Published: February 2007

In a retrospective study comparing ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatograms (ERCP) of the pancreas we found ultrasound 93.8 per cent accurate and ERCP 62.5 per cent accurate in detecting pancreatic pathology. Thus, sonography provides a safe screening procedure and ERCP provides a complementary approach.
Retropenal abcess secondary to a ruptured retrocecal appendix diagnosed by ulttrasound B scan and 67 Ga radionulide scan
Authors: Gonzalez A. C. , Hanes J. D.
Published: February 2007

Standard roentgenographic criteria for anterior‐posterior (AP) displacement of the kidney may not reveal small, uniformly distributed, perirenal masses. Ultrasound, on the other hand, is an axial display and thus is quite sensitive to such changes. A case of ruptured retrocecal appendix is presented in which the intravenous pyelogram was negative. In the sonogram, however, a slight separation was seen between the renal parenchyma and the posterior abdominal muscle wall. This led to furthe rinvestigation and the diagnosis of an unsuspected retrorenal abscess.
Percutaneous puncture guided by ultrasonic multitransducer scanning
Authors: Pedersen Jan Fog
Published: February 2007

A technique for percutaneous puncture guided by real‐time scanning is described. By means of a special puncture adaptor fastened to one end of a multitrandscuer, a needle can be guided in the plane of scanning in an adjustable angle to the transducer front. By this technique, the puncture target as well as the needle can be monitored on the real‐time image during the entire puncture procedure. The technique has been used for aminocentesis, fine needle biopsy of a renal mass, renal cyst puncture, and pericardiocentesis.
Ultrasonic evaluation of the superior mesenteric artery
Authors: Goldber Barry B. , Perlmutter Gordon
Published: February 2007

With the use of gray scale B scan ultrasound, it is now feasible in many cases to detect portions of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) arising from the aorta. Thus, it is possible to measure the aortomesenteric angle an distance. We evaluated a series of patients by ultrasoun to determine the normal values for the SMA angle, distance, and lumen diameter. Patients were also examined who had pathological conditions that might produce an alteration in the angle and distance. Abnormal widening was observed in patients with aortic aneurysms and para‐aortic lymphosaracomatous nodes. In patients suspected of having duodenal ileus, there was evidence of narrowing of the superior mesenteric artery angle and distance. However, a comparable group of asymptomatic patients of the same age showed a similrly narrowed angle and distance. It was thus conlcuded that the narrowing of the aortomesenteric angle and distance is not a cause of duodenal ileus. Knowledge of the SMA and aortic lumen diameter has been helpful in selecting the proper catheter and approach for selective arteriography.
Ultrasonic demonstration of right ventriculr myxoma
Authors: Roelandt Jos. , Bletter Wim. B. , Leuftink Els. W. , van Dorp Wim. G. , Cate Folkert Ten , Nauta Jan
Published: February 2007

A case of right ventricular myxoma masquerading as infundibular pulmonic stenosis with right‐sided heart failure is presented. The unsuspected tumor was diagnosed with two‐dimensional multicrystal real time scanning and single element echocardiography. Direct visualization of the tumor anatomy and its spatial relationships on cross‐sectional images facilitates the diagnosis. On the other hand, the more accurate motion analysis from the time‐motion display of the echo data yields additional functinal information. Thus the two techniques are complementary to establish a diagnosis in those disorders where anatomy and funciton overlap. Ultrasonic examination yields a practical solution to the problem of screening patients to detect intracardiac tumors. This painless, noninavasive examination should be included in the analysis of every patient with cardiac symptoms.
Echocardiographic spectrum of posterior systolic motion of the mitral valve in the general population
Authors: Bloch Antoine , Vignola Paul A. , Walker Harriet , Kaplan Alan D. , Chiotellis Philip N. , Lees Robert S. , Myers Gordon S.
Published: February 2007

The prevalence of mitral valve prolapse has been established in selected groups of patients but not in the general population. The present study was designed to define the echocardiographic spectrum of mitral valve motion in a population of young individuals without clinical evidence of significant cardiac disease or hypertension. Echocardiograms were performed on 136 normal volunteers. Six subjects (4.4 per cent) had mitral valve prolapse. Eighteen subjects (13.2 per cent) had a lesser degree of posterior systolic motion of the mitral valve leaflets which was suggestive but not diagnostic of prolapse. Minor degrees of posterior systolic mitral valve otion may represent a variant of normal. Caution should be exercised in making the echocardiographic diagnosis of mitral prolapse until this question is settled.
Improvement in the ultrasonic evaluation of the gall bladder by using the left lateral decubitus position
Authors: Foster Stanley C. , McLaughlin Stephen M.
Published: February 2007

The authors discuss the value of routinely using the left lateral decubitus position for ultrasound evaluation of th gall bladder. This technique often affords improved visualizaiton, clarifies abnormalities suspected in the supine position, and in some cases demonstrates a gall bladder that cannot be seen in the supine position.
Chronic ectopic pregnancy: Ultrasonic diagnosis
Authors: Rogers William F. , Shaub Michael , Wilson Robert
Published: February 2007

The classical ultrasonic description of a chronic ectopic pregnancy is a slightly enlarged uterus with uniform internal echoes and no evidence of an intrauterine pregnancy, combined with an extrauterine semicystic mass, gestational sac, or fetal structures. It is our experience that the ultrasonographer more commonly finds a midline pelvic mass containing irregular echo patterns and cystic areas. The mass may also be associated with abdominal or pelvic fluid and obliteration of normal anatomical structures. We wish to emphasize these variations from the classical description with illustrations that demonstrate the differences in the ultrasonic presentation of chronic ectopic pregnancy.
The prenatal diagnosis of lower urinary tract obstruction using B scan ultrasound: A case report
Authors: Okulski Thomas A.
Published: February 2007

This is a case report of the ultrasonic detection of an enlarged urinary bladder in a 20 1/2 week fetus which subsequently was proven to have the prune belly or Eagle‐Barrett syndrome. Serial sonograms were used to follow the progress of thsi abnormal pregnancy and were instrumental in the subsequent clinical management of the patient.
Antenatal diagnosis of hydranencephaly by ultrasound: Correlation with ventriculography and computed tomography
Authors: Lee Timothy G. , Warren Bill H.
Published: February 2007

A case of hydranencephaly was demonstrated antenatally by ultrasound and correlated with ventriculography and computed cranial tomography. Prenatal diagnosis of intracranial abnormalities by careful attention to intracranial anatomy is possible and can facilitate obstetrical management.
Echocardiographic diagnosis of left atrial thrombus — a case report
Authors: Graboys Thomas B. , Sloss Laurence J. , Ockene Ira A.
Published: February 2007

We report a case of mitral stenosis with echocardiographic findings we consider diagnostic of left atrial thrombus. Scanning of the ultrasound beam from the left ventricular basalward to the left atrium (LA) demonstrates a consistent group of strong echoes within the LA and extending into the mitral orifice. Massive left atrial thrombosis was confirmed at operation.
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Echocardiographic studies in relatives of infants with SIDS
Authors: Maron Barry J. , Clark Chester E. , Goldstein Robert E. , Epstein Stephen E.
Published: February 2007

Echocardiographic studies were performed in 42 sets of parents who had at least one infant with Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) was detected by echocardiography in one member of only 5 percent of the 42 sets of parents. Echocardiograms were also obtained in three other sets of parents who had infants with SIDS (selected because their infants showed small foci of disorganized cardiac muscle cells in the ventricular septum, similar to those present in patients with typical ASH but less marked in severity). ASH was present in one member of each of these three sets of parents. Ventricular septal‐to‐posterobasal left ventricular wall thickness ratios in the five subjects in this study with echocardiographically determined ASH ranged from 1.3 to 1.7, although only one individual showed marked thickening of the ventricular septum (22 mm). Thus, SIDS and ASH do not appear to be commonly associated conditions.
Ultrasound of gynecologic pelvic masses: The indefinite uterus and other patterns associated with diagnostic error
Authors: Bowie James D.
Published: February 2007

In a series of 99 pelvic ultrasound examinations for suspected gynecologic masses, there were 72 established tissue diagnoses. The ultrasound diagnosis was correct in 61 (85 per cent). The specificity, based on a small number (six) of actual negative cases, was 67 per cent. The sensitivity, based on 57 actual positive cases, was 100 per cent. The ultrasound pattern of a homogeneous solid mass obscuring part or all of the uterine border was commonly associated with an erroneous diagnosis. When this pattern is seen, examination of the patient with higher frequency transducers provides useful information that supplements high‐ and low‐gain scans.
Ileocolic intussusception—a case report
Authors: Burke Lucien F. , Clark Edgar
Published: February 2007

The ultrasonic findings of a case of ileocolic intussusception are presented. The clinical findings usually seen in this condition are reviewed. The atypical presenting symptoms of adult forms of this condition are emphasized.
Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma of the rectus sheath case report with ultrasonic findings
Authors: O'Malley B. P. , Qiziblash A. H.
Published: February 2007

The ultrasonic findings in a 54 year old white male with a rare tumor, mesenchymal chondrosarcoma, involving the rectus sheath are described. The sonogram confirmed the tumor's location in the anterior abdominal wall and provided useful information regarding its extetn. An interesting feature was the lesion's relative sonolucency, apparently dur to its myxoid content.
The early work on ultrasound in medicine at the university of lund
Authors: Edler Inge , Hertz Carl Hellmuth
Published: February 2007

In the early 1950's, research was started at the University of Lund on the use of ultrasound as a diagnostic tool in cardiology, neurology, and gynecology. The results of this work provided impetus for the later development of the ultrasonic echo method into a routine procedure in many fields of medicine. A historical review of this fundamental work is given in this paper which also stresses the importance of a stimulating and free atmosphere for the development of new ideas in research.
Gray scale echography with simultaneous a mode presentation a new apparatus for high resolution ultrasonograms
Authors: Susal Alan L.
Published: February 2007

A diagnostic ultrasonic system has been developed for simultaneous display of quantitative A mode and gray scale B mode presentations. An independent calibrator and preset amplification levels allow the apparatus to be calibrated for precise, repeatable examinations. A wide range of echo amplitude information is available to the clinician by the use of selective logarithmic signal compression. Distance measurements in the eye and the orbit are made to 0.1 mm precision and are displayed numerically on the control panel. The newer signal processing techniques provide high‐resolution imaging of ophthalmic structures over a wide system bandwidth. Sensitivity has been improved to image structures heretofore not observable with ultrasonic instruments. This technique is the basis for recently initiated clinical studies.
Rectus sheath hematoma
Authors: Spitz Harold B. , Wyatt George M.
Published: February 2007

Two patients who developed rectus sheath hematoma while on anticoagulants are presented. Ultrasound was the definitive method of establishing the diagnosis.
Ultrasound diagnosis of intramural intestinal hematoma
Authors: Lee Timothy G. , Brickman Fred E. , Avecilla Leonard S.
Published: February 2007

Intramural intestinal hemorrhage in hemophilia has been diagnosed by ultrasound. The sonographic pattern consists of a tubular anechoic mass containing a core of strong echoes. Recognition of intestinal hematoma is important because of its bearing on treatment and prognosis. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case.
Relationships between mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (VCF) and heartrate ‐ the diagnostic value of a normalization of VCF to heart rate
Authors: Knapp Wolfram H.
Published: February 2007

Previous studies relating mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (VCF) to heart rate suggested a linear correlation. Since there is considerable variability in the heart rate of normal subjects and in patients with myocardial disease, a normalization of VCF to heart rate could possibly increase the reliability of this echocardiographic parameter of myocardial function. In 106 normal subjects, a linear correlation between VCF and heart rate was confirmed (r=0.87). Values normalized to an arbitrary heart rate of 60/min by the calculated regression were called “relative velocity of contraction” (RVC). Because of the independence of RVC from heart rate, the RVC shows an obviously smaller physiological variation than VCF. Two hundred seventy‐six patients were grouped and classified according to hemodynamic and angiographic parameters. These parameters correlated closer to RVC than to VCF. In addition, RVC gave definitely superior diagnostic information in separating patients with cardiac abnormality from normal individuals than did VCF.