bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Democratisation and Ethnic Minorities
Authors: Chong Wu-Ling
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses the democratisation process in post-Suharto Indonesia and the role of Chinese Indonesians in the democratisation process. The opening up of democratic politics in the post-Suharto era has offered opportunities for the Chinese to participate directly in electoral politics and run for public office. The relatively liberal socio-cultural environment also allows the Chinese openly to express their ethnic and cultural identities. However, the democratisation process has been marred by poor enforcement of the rule of law, the capture of state institutions and political parties by old and some new predatory interests, and rampant political thuggery. This allows some Chinese to continue gaining wealth through illegal or semi-legal means, and contributes to the continuing, if not growing, ambivalent attitude held towards Chinese Indonesians.
Introduction
Authors: Gordon Jane Anna , Zirakzadeh Cyrus Ernesto
Published: May 2019

The introduction outlines major periods in Richard Wright’s intellectual life, emphasizing the similarities between the historical moment in which he wrote and the post-Obama period in which this text is being published. It also explains the thematic organization of the text into five sections focused, respectively, on radical politics, sexuality and gender, black internationalism, the range of genres in which Wright wrote, and on using Wright’s ideas to address contemporary black political struggles. Running through the text is an exploration of how Wright thought one could build more inclusive forms of solidarity across gender and national lines through careful attention to the distinct but related expressions of capitalist and imperialist exploitation. For Wright, the starting point was always the life worlds of the black masses whose liberation it was the task of the black writer to advance.
Wright’s Afromodern Search for Political Freedom
Authors: Gordon Lewis R.
Published: May 2019

Lewis R. Gordon argues that Wright’s writings cast light on the suffocating world produced by colonialism, enslavement, and racism, in which black people are treated as if they simply don’t matter. Wright showed that blacks in the United States are fundamentally historically excluded from the political, aesthetic, and epistemic institutions of the only world to which they are indigenous. By pulling readers into places “they wished never to go,” he demonstrated how the erosion of black political power in fact increased political impotence among humankind. Wright, argues Gordon, was particularly prescient about the relationship between the racist state and twentieth-century fascism. They jointly eradicate conditions of political appearance and freedom, replacing them with unilateral rule.
Richard Wright and the Critique of Class Theory
Authors: Robinson Cedric J.
Published: May 2019

Cedric J. Robinson’s previously published essay discusses how Wright’s art expresses both the terrors and the possibilities of modern times. According to Robinson, Wright’s choices of literary forms enabled him to explore the complexities and subtleties of radical politics more authentically than conventional history, biography, or political-tract writing would allow. Through novels, Wright brought living consciousness into direct confrontation with social theory and ideology. Believing that Marxist ideology paternalistically remained for rather than of the (especially black) proletariat, Wright wanted to draw on existing folklore to express blacks’ deep and complex consciousness. Robinson argues that for the Communist Party USA to make good on its promise to serve as the greatest guarantee against fascism, it had to come more fully to terms with the appeal of fascism among the working class. Wright’s art tried to make sense of that troubling phenomenon.
Richard Wright and Black Women
Authors: Hayes Floyd W.
Published: May 2019

Floyd W. Hayes III begins his chapter with the argument that apart from the figure of Aunt Sue in Wright’s “Bright and Morning Star,” Wright’s male-centered narratives often treated women characters as objects or props in male-ordered worlds, used to explain the protagonist’s situation rather than their own. Hayes argues that for Wright, black womanhood was marked by abjection. And, because black women suffered from deep, unsatiated hungers and prolonged experiences of impotence, they in turn participated in the stunting of black sons. Hayes concludes that Wright’s view of how alienation is expressed in and through misogyny and sexism and in relations with male characters who feel themselves homeless, limited his vision of black struggle.
Revisiting Richard Wright in Ghana
Authors: Gaines Kevin Kelly
Published: May 2019

Kevin Kelly Gaines’s reprinted essay on Wright’s Black Power reminds readers that Wright rejected the myth of a transhistorical, transnational black cultural unity. On this point, Wright’s thinking converged with that of other black Marxist intellectuals in exile, including Padmore and James. Wright instead proposed a form of pan-Africanism founded on a shared history of oppression and a critical, dialectical consciousness of the situation of blacks in the West. The latter would have to give pride of place to the emergent political consciousness of African people, even if some of its elements would be radically foreign to New World black people. Bridging the historical differences would not prove impossible, however. After all, as Gaines observes, by the time Wright’s first daughter, Julia, reached adulthood, she had joined the black expatriate community in Ghana. It had supplanted Paris for intellectuals and artists seeking to join a black-led struggle informed by global ideals of anti-imperialism and anti-capitalism.
Floating Facts on a Sea of Emotion
Authors: Dow William
Published: May 2019

Richard Wright’s journalism has been largely unexamined by Wright scholars. He has never been studied as a literary journalist and rarely placed in an African American tradition of journalism. William Dow’s chapter focuses on works that best reveal Wright as a heretofore unrecognized literary journalist: 12 Million Black Voices (1940) and a selection of his exile writings: Black Power: A Record of Reactions in a Land of Pathos, (1954), The Color Curtain: A Report on the Bandung Conference (1956), and Pagan Spain (1957). It demonstrates the usefulness of literary journalistic forms to Wright as an African American writer and global humanitarian. This chapter also shows how Wright, while advancing his aesthetic aims, repurposed traditional journalism in order to promote a political solidarity with oppressed people around the world.
Paul Rusch in Postwar Japan
Authors: McDonald Andrew T. , McDonald Verlaine Stoner
Published: May 2019

This book describes the remarkable life of Paul Rusch, a Kentuckian who went to Japan after the Great Kanto Earthquake. Rusch embarked on an unlikely journey from a YMCA worker to college instructor, missionary, prisoner of war, and military intelligence officer, ultimately founding Seisen-Ryo lodge and the Kiyosato Educational Experiment Project (KEEP) in Kiyosato, Japan. Through KEEP, Rusch introduced new agricultural methods and technology to highland Japan, endeavoring to help feed an impoverished region in the postwar era. Credited with introducing American-style football to Japan, Rusch was also instrumental in recruiting Japanese Americans (Nisei) for military service during World War II. As an army intelligence officer during the Allied Occupation of Japan, Rusch gathered evidence employed to absolve Emperor Hirohito of responsibility for the Pacific War. Rusch used his vast social network in Japan to acquire evidence of a Communist espionage ring in Japan led by the spymaster Richard Sorge, a development that affected the anti-Communist policies of Occupied Japan and McCarthy-era politics in the United States. Rusch’s dreams of evangelizing Japan did not come to fruition, but, despite some failures, Paul Rusch’s memory has endured into the twenty-first century, inspiring Japanese and Americans to foster cultural exchange, environmental sustainability, and international peace.
Early Life
Authors: McDonald Andrew T. , McDonald Verlaine Stoner
Published: May 2019

Chapter 1 traces Paul Rusch’s early life in Louisville as the son of a grocer and as a soldier in World War I. After the war, Rusch led an effort to establish a bohemian art colony in Louisville, though his venture eventually went bankrupt and landed Rusch in court. Rusch left Kentucky and then on a lark volunteered to help rebuild the Tokyo and Yokohama YMCA branches after the Great Kanto Earthquake. His connections at Holy Trinity Church in Tokyo led to positions on the Rikkyo University faculty and as a fund-raiser for St. Luke’s International Hospital in Tokyo. As Rusch worked to convert young Japanese men to Christianity by relaunching the Brotherhood of St. Andrew, Japan was swept up in political and social turmoil and militarism. Along the way, he staged the first organized game of American football in Japan and laid the foundation for Japan’s collegiate football league. Dr. Rudolf Teusler mentored Rusch during tours in America, honing Rusch’s skills in fund-raising, expanding his network to include wealthy patrons, and shaping Rusch’s staunch anti-Communist views.
The Reluctant Warrior
Authors: McDonald Andrew T. , McDonald Verlaine Stoner
Published: May 2019

Chapter 4 describes Rusch’s experience from the time of his repatriation to the United States to his service as a personnel officer for the Military Intelligence Service Language School. Rusch’s task was to recruit Japanese Americans for the U.S. Army, where they would learn Japanese to serve the war effort. Rusch was also part of a speaker’s bureau, through which he would appear at public functions to discuss Japan’s military capabilities. On some occasions, before audiences of the Protestant Episcopal Church, Rusch spoke against America’s policy of interning Japanese Americans. But more often than not, Rusch’s remarks mirrored American policy and sentiments of the day, calling for the fiery destruction of Japan’s militarist regime, which he acknowledged would require the killing of Japanese civilians. At other times, Rusch used his position to implore army officers to treat Nisei soldiers as individuals, not as members of another race. Occasionally, Rusch spoke of World War II in terms of a race war, of Japanese leaders bent on expelling Caucasians from Asia, casting Americans in the role of the fearless pioneers who fought off Native Americans to secure their westward expansion. Rusch remained committed to returning to help Japan rebuild after the war.
Faith and Compromise
Authors: McDonald Andrew T. , McDonald Verlaine Stoner
Published: May 2019

Chapter 6 follows Rusch’s work in army intelligence, where he was in close contact with a number of Japanese prime ministers and high officials. Many officials were cooperating with the American effort to ferret out Communists, and Rusch was part of an administration that bent the rules of democracy by supporting pro-American Japanese candidates while hindering their opponents. At the same time, Rusch was working to restore institutions of the Nippon Seikokai, the Episcopal Church of Japan, and he used his authority as an army officer to forward his various projects, including the rebuilding of Seisen-Ryo. He was accused by his superiors of abusing his power to help the church and rebuild the lodge. Rusch covertly aided the heiress Miki Sawada in caring for mixed-race children born of sexual liaisons between Japanese women and Allied personnel, and he routinely raided American supplies to help Sawada feed the displaced children. Rusch also played a minor role in ushering in the McCarthy era in America, providing anti-Communist intelligence to his superiors and helping defend the army and his boss, General Charles A. Willoughby, against charges that Willoughby’s operatives smeared an American citizen as a Communist agent.
A New Deal for the New Frontier
Authors: Allcock Thomas Tunstall
Published: May 2019

This chapter studies the tumultuous period 1960–1964, focusing largely on developments in Washington, and incorporating analysis of Kennedy’s management of the Alliance and Lyndon Johnson’s tragic elevation to the presidency. In studying Johnson’s and Mann’s difficult relationships with Kennedy’s key Latin American aides, deep divisions within the administration are revealed that would have damaging consequences in the coming years. Long-simmering tensions would boil over following Mann’s appointment as head of Latin American policy, culminating in the creation of the “Mann Doctrine,” which critics of the administration claimed signaled the death of the Alliance. The clashes between New Frontier advocates of social-scientific theories of modernization and the New Deal liberalism of Johnson and Mann shed important new light on the planning and implementation of America’s “development decade.”
Shock Therapy, Round Two
Authors: Fitzgerald Joseph R.
Published: May 2019

This chapter continues to detail the history of the social justice–focused Cambridge movement and white politicos’ use of laissez-faire gradualism to thwart it. It discusses Richardson’s growing influence in the Cambridge movement, particularly her ideas about who should be involved in the movement, what its goals should be, and what strategies and tactics should be used to achieve them. She rejected the politics of respectability, which stressed adherence to certain dress and personal behavior standards, and presented herself to white leaders, including Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, as an unflinching advocate for black liberation. This chapter also covers Richardson’s role in the “Treaty of Cambridge,” a formal agreement between city leaders and CNAC that outlined the steps white leaders would take to address the city’s racial issues.
Creative Chaos
Authors: Fitzgerald Joseph R.
Published: May 2019

This chapter chronicles Richardson’s travels to northern cities to aid local activists who were building freedom movements based on the same issues addressed in Cambridge: jobs, housing, health care, and education. As such, the Cambridge movement was a model for the northern activists who developed Black Power, and they looked to Richardson as a leader they could emulate—notably, her counterprotest during George Wallace’s visit to Cambridge in May 1964. Through her use of “creative chaos”—a strategy that confused the Cambridge movement’s opponents—Richardson solidified her reputation for effective human rights leadership. Gendered interpretations of her leadership and activism, as well as the role of gender in the civil rights movement more generally, are also covered, as is her relocation to New York City in 1964 when she married photojournalist Frank Dandridge.
Vanguard
Authors: Fitzgerald Joseph R.
Published: May 2019

Richardson’s influence on the development of Black Power through ACT, an organization she cofounded with other radical activists in 1964, is the focus of this chapter. ACT’s goal was to provide aid and comfort to northern urban freedom campaigns, much as SNCC had done for local movements in the South. The chapter also analyzes ACT’s effect on the black liberation movement, particularly how it fostered the rise of militancy among younger activists who challenged moderates’ power to determine the civil rights movement’s goals, strategies, and tactics. Also covered is Richardson’s personal and working relationship with Malcolm X, who served as a consultant to ACT and was influenced by Richardson, as evidenced by his “ballot or bullet” speeches. Finally, the chapter discusses Richardson’s reasons for ending her active participation in the black liberation movement.
Back to Work
Authors: Fitzgerald Joseph R.
Published: May 2019

The final chapter briefly touches on Richardson’s second divorce but focuses on her difficulties finding and keeping employment. After holding a series of jobs in various corporate and not-for-profit agencies, Richardson eventually earned a permanent civil service position with the City of New York, where she worked until the twenty-first century. In one way or another, all her jobs involved some kind of social justice. Over the last five decades, Richardson has paid close attention to social change movements, including Occupy Wall Street and Black Lives Matter, and this chapter discusses her thoughts about them, particularly her view that young people have the capability and vision to lead the nation to greater freedom, just as young people did in the 1960s. She advises them to replicate the group-centered and member-driven model student activists employed in the early 1960s and to avoid becoming ideological.
The Psammetichus Syndrome and Beyond
Authors: Sonesson Göran ,   Semiotic Society of America
Published: May 2019

Thanks to Bruno Galantucci, “experimental semiotics” is usually nowadays taken to mean the study of “novel forms of communication which people develop when they cannot use pre-established communication systems”. In spite of Galantucci’s claim to have picked the label because it was free, it has actually been used in different ways at least twice before: by Colin Ware, who takes it to be involved with “the elucidation of symbols that gain their meaning by being structured to take advantage of the human sensory apparatus”, as opposed to conventional meaning-making, and by Kashima and Haslam, who apply it to complex social situations. The label could also conveniently be used to describe the kind of experiment that we have realized at Centre for Cognitive Semiotics, which are classical psychological experiments which have been enriched with a focus on the particular semiotic resources involved, while also applying phenomenological analysis to both the experimental situation and its outcome. These are all reductive uses of the terms “experimental” and “semiotics”. In fact, although Galantucci himself refers to Psammetichus’s famous experiment as being roughly analogous to his understanding of experimental semiotics, there are important differences, the Psammetichus experiment, in spite of its intentions, being more unbiased, if it could really be accomplished. Pursuing the principle that I have called the dialects of phenomenology and experiment, and what Jordan Zlatev has termed the conceptual-empirical loop, I will suggest, in the present paper, that these different experimental approaches can be related to different varieties of semiosis, thus helping us to spell out the full task of the discipline termed cognitive semiotics. This, in turn, will help us determine the full scope of cognitive semiotics, while also highlighting the importance of the semiotic part, that is, the attention to meaning, revealed by phenomenology.
Eric Marshall White. Editio Princeps: A History of the Gutenberg Bible.
Authors: Brand Cassie
Published: May 2019

Eric White’s Editio Princeps is a staggering work in which he analyzes the history and scholarship surrounding what is popularly known as the “Gutenberg Bible.” His thorough research builds upon earlier scholarship, filling in gaps in knowledge and pulling together an impressive number of primary and secondary sources to illuminate the history of this famous book.
Dealing with Diverse Diversities: Defining and Comparing Minority Groups
Authors: Kalter Frank , Heath Anthony
Published: May 2019

In this chapter we use the CILS4EU data to investigate the precise generational status and the origin countries of the adolescent population in England, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden. We describe the ethnic diversity in the study’s samples in more detail and show that it is very large in each of these countries. In addition, the composition of origin groups varies greatly across the four. This is a challenge for straight-forward comparisons between the countries, which is further complicated by the fact that generational status and origin countries are confounded. The chapter discusses the opportunities and limitations for the empirical analyses in the rest of the book. Basically, we argue for a strategy that regards country and group differences as phenomena of interest rather than of nuisance. They should be seen as descriptive facts and starting points of a search for explaining mechanisms.
Family Structure and Father Absence among Immigrant Children: The Role of Migration, Religion and Inequality
Authors: Kalmijn Matthijs
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines differences in the families of ethnic minority and majority youth in four European countries (England, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden). The focus is on the degree to which the father is absent, as indicated by family structure and the strength of the father–child tie. To explain differences, we use three perspectives: a migration perspective, an economic perspective and a cultural perspective. Considerable heterogeneity is observed: some groups have much higher levels of father absence than the majority (sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean and Latin America), whereas others have somewhat lower levels of father absence (Middle East, North Africa, South Asia). Cultural explanations partly explain the lower prevalence of father absence in some groups while suppressing the higher prevalence of father absence in other groups. Economic disadvantage, in contrast, partly explains the higher prevalence of father absence in some groups while suppressing the lower prevalence of father absence in others.
Ethnic Minority Youth at the Crossroads: Between Traditionalism and Liberal Value Orientations
Authors: Kogan Irena
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores how sexual liberalisation values differ between young people with an immigrant background and their majority peers in Sweden, Germany, the Netherlands and England. It focuses in particular on cultural aspects of immigrant integration, including acculturative change associated with immigrant generations, as well as youth’s varying ethno-cultural heritages and religious affiliations. Analyses document the tendency to more-conservative attitudes among minorities with a more traditional background, in terms of both religious affiliation and country of origin. That cultural imprints are resilient towards acculturative tendencies is also sustained by our findings of no significant differences between first- and second-generation immigrants. Consistently across all four CILS4EU countries, the more religious individuals displayed lower levels of sexual liberalism, other things being equal. Parents are proved to be influential in young people’s value formation, with the congruence of values between parents and children being significantly stronger in more-religious families. Finally, the study highlights the assimilative role of interethnic mixing in terms of either intermarriages or young people’s interethnic friendship ties.
Mental Well-Being in Boys and Girls of Immigrant Background: The Balance between Vulnerability and Resilience
Authors: Jonsson Jan O. , Mood Carina
Published: May 2019

The difference in mental well-being between children of immigrants and children of the native-born can be seen as a crucial indicator of integration. Theories about acculturation and social stress due to adverse socio-economic circumstances in immigrant families predict that the well-being of children in these families would be at risk. Our study of internalising and externalising problems in adolescents does not find any support for this: if anything, there is a weak but systematic tendency for children of immigrants to have somewhat higher well-being, regardless of gender and immigrant generation. The advantages that we find for children of immigrants are partly accounted for by a stronger family orientation in immigrant families (for internalising problems), while religiosity accounts for most of the advantage in externalising behaviour. But even though family cohesion is of importance, there are only small differences in cohesion between children to immigrants and non-immigrants; and although the religiosity differs enormously between immigrant and majority families, the association with well-being is quite weak.
Taking Stock of Italian Commons: Un-Common Grounds?
Authors: Pieraccini Margherita
Published: May 2019

This chapter provides a critical mapping of Italian commons, investigating the conceptualisation of property on both traditional commons (agricultural common land) and new commons (commoning projects and practices fighting neoliberal policies and laws). The key aim is to understand how traditional and new commons define and re-define property through law, customary practices and social movements and if there are similarities or differences between the two. Although both traditional and new commons attempt to transcend the public-state/private-individual dichotomy in property law and are permeated by a sustainability ethos, the differences between traditional commons and new commons are conspicuous, rendering impossible the transfer of legal concepts from one category to the other. Such differences relate to the substantive and procedural property rights of the actors involved and to their relationship with constitutional principles.
The Legal Status of Customary Land Tenure Systems and the Protection of Communal Property in Cameroon
Authors: Nsoh Walters
Published: May 2019

The ownership and utilisation of communal property are very much tied to the modern land tenure systems of most sub-Saharan African countries, which nevertheless still rely on the customary land tenure system to operate. But how exactly do the customary land tenure systems which remain operational in many parts of Africa fit into contemporary land ownership and use structures? Drawing on a broad interpretation of (African) customary land tenure and its elements, including its communal interest element, this chapter assesses the extent to which law and practice in Cameroon are developing and protecting communal property. Using developments in the protection of collective forest rights as an example, it demonstrates the continuous difficulty in reconciling Western land law principles on the ownership and use of communal property with customary land tenure systems in post-colonial sub-Saharan African societies, and the implications this may have for the wider rule of law in contemporary sub-Saharan Africa.
The ambit of the Network Community
Authors: Parau Cristina E.
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the Network Community’s historical antecedents and presents an inventory of its membership and other key resources arisen from networking and constituting the basis of their ambitious expansion. The Community is shown to encompass agents both individual and collective, as well as formal and informal institutions. The core of the Community is made up of elite legal professionals. Associated actors include functionaries in international and supranational organs such as the Council of Europe and the European Commission; an elite minority of national officials and dignitaries; legal academics; officers of philanthropic organizations; even elite media. All these actors network with each other, creating a power resources pool on which they all draw in their pursuit of self-empowering interests, both individual and collective.
The assumption of intellectual-moral superiority
Authors: Parau Cristina E.
Published: May 2019

This chapter evidences that the Network Community assume judges (viz., themselves) to be morally superior to all other actors in a political context because of their sole reliance on intellect. The political ramifications of this assumption are analysed: the practically limitless power to expand the scope of legal texts through ‘activist’ interpretation (the ‘living constitution’); the power to superintend democracy; the power to silence all other voices asserting constitutional meaning, even the people themselves. The end goal is the power to reconstruct society in the Network Community’s own image, according to its presumptively superior norms and values. It is inferred that the hegemonic power of the intellectual-moral superiority assumption constitutes a (possibly the) major cause of judicial power over the nation-states of Europe, and the normative basis of the judicialization of politics.
UKIP, Brexit and the Disruptive Political Potential of English National Identity
Authors: Ford Robert , Sobolewska Maria
Published: May 2019

The defining feature of English national identity for many decades was its absence in politics. This has changed with the mobilisation of a particular strain of English national identity. It was not the only factor influencing choices in the 2016 EU referendum, but it was an important one. All of the concerns that are most intensely expressed by English identifiers—opposition to immigration, social and cultural conservatism, political disaffection and support for separate English political institutions—were associated with higher support for Brexit. Brexit, however, is not the end of the story. The referendum provoked intense political mobilisation by the English identifiers, but the election of June 2017 has sparked a similarly intense reaction from the British identifiers, denying the pro-Brexit Government their majority. The two votes just a year apart have highlighted how deep the identity divides in England have become.
La repetición de curso a debate: un estudio empírico a partir de PISA 2015
Authors: Arroyo Resino Delia , Constante Amores Israel Alexander , Asensio Muñoz Inmaculada
Published: May 2019

La repetición de algún curso académico es una de las grandes preocupaciones del sistema educativo español, porque su tasa duplica el promedio de los países de la OCDE y la Unión Europea, lo que resulta muy costoso, y porque es una medida de calidad controvertida, ya que, lejos de lograr la nivelación pretendida, incluso aparece asociada en la investigación con el fracaso escolar. En este trabajo se pretende estudiar empíricamente el fenómeno, identificando las variables que determinan el perfil del estudiante repetidor y no repetidor y aquellos predictores que más inciden en la probabilidad de repetir. Para ello, se ha partido del cuestionario de contexto del estudiante proporcionado por el informe de PISA 2015 de la OCDE para España, que ofrece información sobre variables vinculadas con los antecedentes del estudiante, procesos y medidas no cognitivas, y que permite identificar claramente al estudiante que ha repetido algún curso en primaria y/o secundaria y al que no. Los datos se han analizado con la técnica de árboles de decisión y mediante regresión logística binaria. Los resultados muestran que las variables que mejor discriminan entre los perfiles del estudiante repetidor y del no repetidor son las aspiraciones educativas y el haber cursado una materia de ciencias el curso anterior. La principal conclusión del estudio es que la probabilidad de repetir se asocia más con variables de procesos (tiempo de aprendizaje y currículum), que, con variables vinculadas a los antecedentes del estudiante, en contra de lo que se ha venido perpetuando a través de la literatura. Esto supone un distanciamiento de las variables que tradicionalmente se han relacionado con la repetición y la aportación de evidencia empírica favorable a la apertura de una nueva perspectiva educativa, basada en el abordaje de la repetición de curso desde un enfoque menos socioeconómico y más pedagógico
Non-timber Forest Products of Mauritia flexuosa L. f.: Loss or Permanence of TEK in Quilombola Communities of Southern Amazon?
Authors: Sander Nilo Leal , Da Silva Carolina Joana , Da Silva Carolina Joana , De Arruda Joari Costa , Lázaro Wilkinson Lopes , Barros Flavio Bezerra , Pulido Maria Tereza
Published: May 2019

While Non-timber forest products are relevant to conservation and development, there are diverse drivers that have a complex impact on their use and traditional ecological knowledge (TEK). The erosion of TEK and its causes were evaluated on buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L. f.) in Quilombola communities in Brazil, by using ethnographic and ethnobotanical methods, including snow ball, 23 interviews, and participant observation. Informants reported 15 different uses of buriti divided into five categories (food, animal feed, handicrafts, construction, and ornamental); however, only five uses were actively performed until the end of this study. Differences between knowledge and uses of buriti could be attributed to proximity to urban centers, public policies for livestock production, and decreasing interest in handcraft manufacturing by using local resources. Therefore, it is important to ensure that knowledge and traditional practices in rural communities are combined for the socioeconomic benefits of rural/urban connection. Additionally, public policies need to focus on the local potential associated with biodiversity â€“ including buriti â€“ and with the TEK associated, instead of encouraging exotic cultures that significantly decrease biological and cultural diversity.
Cooperativas de catadores em São José dos Campos: infraestrutura, perfil socioeconômico e saúde
Authors: Fiore Fabiana Alves , Sanchez Erika Homem de Melo , Teixeira Symone Cristina
Published: May 2019

A coleta seletiva e a reciclagem são atividades que contribuem para a sustentabilidade urbana, redução de impactos deletérios ao meio ambiente, economia do uso de recursos naturais e prolongamento da vida útil dos aterros sanitários. No território brasileiro, essa atividade ocorre com a participação de catadores, que atuam de forma autônoma ou associada. As políticas públicas voltadas à inclusão desses trabalhadores no manejo dos resíduos sólidos visam garantir não somente a geração de trabalho e renda, mas também a inclusão social e econômica dos mesmos. Em São José dos Campos, assim como na maioria dos municípios brasileiros, o trabalho realizado pelos catadores não foi (re) conhecido pelo poder público por longo período. Em vista disso, o presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de identificar a infraestrutura das cooperativas atuantes, avaliar o perfil socioeconômicos dos seus membros, a situação clínico-odontológica e os índices de depressão dos catadores cooperados. Para execução do projeto, foi realizado um estudo de caso descritivo com análises mistas e se obteve dados quanti-qualitativos por meio de entrevistas subsidiadas por questionários estruturados, aplicados pela equipe do projeto com os gestores e trabalhadores das cooperativas. Também foram utilizados os testes Oral Heath Impact Profile e Self-Report-Questionnaire, para anamnese odontológica e índices de depressão, respectivamente. Dentre os resultados obtidos ressalta-se a necessidade de apoio do Poder Público Municipal para potencialização dos serviços prestados pelas cooperativas. As três cooperativas atuantes no território joseense se encontram em estágios distintos no que se refere à infraestrutura e geração de renda. A cooperativa Futura, que recebe maior apoio municipal se encontra em melhor situação operacional. A cooperativa São Vicente, mesmo sendo a mais antiga do município, ainda carece de parceiros e infraestrutura adequada. A menor cooperativa do município em relação à renda, número de cooperados e infraestrutura (CooperAlfa) é também a mais nova e que realizou a maior inclusão de ex-catadores autônomos. Os índices de depressão dos membros das cooperativas mostraram-se bastante elevados, assim como a necessidade de tratamentos bucais, ou seja, a saúde mental e bucal dos catadores formais de São José dos Campos carece de tanta atenção quanto a infraestrutura de suas associações.
PREPARATION AND STABILITY OF SILVER AND PALLADIUM NANOPARTICLES STABILIZED BY POLYETHER LAPROL 5003 IN N,N – DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE MEDIA
Authors: Bespalov Alexander V. , Ivanova Yana O.
Published: May 2019

This paper is devoted to obtaining and investigating the stability of silver and palladium sols in N,N-dimethylformamide medium. Due to the unique properties exhibited by metals in the nanosized state, metallic nanoparticles are gaining increasing importance in various fields of application, science and technology. This makes the task of obtaining stable metal sols extremely urgent. The synthesis of aggregate-resistant organosols of metals is associated with a number of problems, since the metal sols obtained in organic media are much less stable than hydrosols. For this reason, there arises the challenge of choosing an appropriate stabilizer. In this study, the stabilizer was branched polyester Laprol 5003. A distinctive feature of the synthesis of silver sols was the absence of a special reducing agent, since N,N-dimethylformamide, used as a solvent, recovers silver cations  itself. As a result, stable sols of silver and palladium have been obtained in N,N-dimethylformamide medium. Sodium borohydride was used as the reducing agent for the synthesis of palladium nanoparticles. Spectral studies of the resulting sols were carried out. The silver and palladium nanoparticles were sized up by scanning electron microscopy. The procedure has shown that the average size of the silver particles formed in the N,N-dimethylformamide medium is 4 ± 2 nm, which is substantially smaller than the particles obtained in isopropanol medium by the borohydride method.  The silver sols aggregation in dimethylformamide under the action of potassium thiocyanate was studied via optical absorption spectroscopy. It has been found that the stability of the silver sol in dimethylformamide to the electrolyte is higher than that of the sol obtained in isopropanol. It has also been detected that several absorption bands are present in the optical spectrum of the palladium sol in dimethylformamide. The effect of the stabilizing polyester concentration on the stability of silver and palladium sols in N,N-dimethylformamide was studied. The result is that when the concentration of Laprol 5003 exceeds some quantity, a sharp increase in the aggregation time of sols is observed, which indicates a significant increase in their stability.
JOINT TREATMENT OF BENTONITES WITH INORGANIC POLYELECTROLYTES AND CATIONIC SURFACTANTS IN ORDER TO PROMOTE ORGANOCLAY EXFOLIATION
Authors: Gerasin Viktor A. , Kurenkov Viktor V.
Published: May 2019

A new approach to production of organomodified bentonites is offered. Bentonites are consecutively treated with inorganic polyelectrolyte (sodium silicate solution) and quaternary ammonium salts, as a result exfoliated organoclays are obtained. An ejector set up has been used for treatment of natural bentonites. Samples of activated bentonites treated in the ejector set up with sodium silicate solution (up to 21 g of sodium silicate per 100 g of bentonite) were prepared. Structure of the obtained bentonite and organoclay samples was established by X-ray diffraction analysis. It has been shown that treatment of the activated bentonite with sodium silicate does not influence the structure of the non-modified bentonite particles, but facilitates exfoliation of clay after organomodification. Polymer composites based on EVA containing 5% wt. of bentonites were prepared by extrusion mixing. In case of non-modified bentonites microcomposites are formed. In case of organomodified bentonites, not treated with sodium silicate, intercalated nanocomposites are formed. Treatment of bentonite with sodium silicate solution and subsequent organomodification ensures the production of exfoliated nanocomposite. Mechanical properties of obtained polymer composites were determined. Incorporation of 5% wt. clays or organoclays into the polymer material leads to increase in Young modulus (up to 50%), tensile strength (up to 20%); elongation at break decreases by 10% or less. In order to ensure the more significant reinforcing effect in EVA composites optimization of the organomodified bentonite composition (selection of surfactant and its content in the organoclay) has to be carried out with account for the polymer properties.
THERMAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF Ga-MoO3 SYSTEM
Authors: Bugerko Lуdiya N. , Bin Sergey V. , Surovoi Eduard P. , Surovaya Victoriya E.
Published: May 2019

Transformations in nanoscale Ga–MoO3 systems are studied with methods of optical spectroscopy, microscopy, gravimetry, depending on the thickness of Ga (d =2 –96 nm) and MoO3 (d = 7–62 nm) films, the temperature (473–773 K) and the heat treatment time. It was shown that the absorption spectra of the Ga-MoO3 systems in the short-wavelength region of the spectrum (λ = 300–500 nm) as the thickness of gallium films decreases are determined by the absorption of MoO3 films, and in the long-wavelength region of the spectrum (λ = 500–1100 nm), the absorption bands of gallium films appear. The kinetic dependences of the degree of conversion of MoO3 and gallium films have been calculated, constructed and compared. It has been established that an increase in the thickness of MoO3 films in Ga–MoO3 systems at a constant processing temperature leads to a decrease in the degree of transformation of the center of [e∙(V_a )^(++)∙e] MoO3 films, while an increase in temperature at a constant thickness of MoO3 films contributes to its increase. It is shown that the rate of transformation of the center of [e∙(V_a )^(++)∙e] MoO3 films in Ga–MoO3 systems is higher than in individual MoO3 films. The contact potential difference for Ga, MoO3, and photo-emf of Ga–MoO3 is measured, which corresponds to a positive sign from the MoO3 layer. A diagram of the energy bands of Ga–MoO3 systems is constructed. A model is proposed for the thermal transformation of MoO3 films in Ga–MoO3 systems, including the redistribution of equilibrium charge carriers on the contact, the formation of the center [(V_a )^(++)∙e] during the preparation of the MoO3 film, its transformation in the creation of Ga–MoO3 systems at the center [e∙(V_a )^(++)∙e], the thermal transition of the electron to the level of the center [(V_a )^(++)∙e] with the formation of the center [e∙(V_a )^(++)∙e].
SYNTHESIS OF IRON OXIDE FROM METAL POWDERS
Authors: Il’in Alexander A.
Published: May 2019

A comparative analysis of various methods for obtaining highly dispersed iron oxides has been carried out. The advantages and disadvantages of traditional and developing methods of synthesis of iron oxides for catalysts, sorbents and ceramic materials are identified. The advantages of the method of mechanochemical synthesis of obtaining highly dispersed iron oxides for catalysts for the medium-temperature conversion of CO in the production of ammonia and the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde are shown. The methods of X-ray phase, X-ray structural, synchronous thermal analysis and Mössbauer spectroscopy were used to study the process of mechanochemical oxidation of iron and cast iron powders in order to obtain iron oxides. The phase composition and specific surface area of the obtained oxides are investigated. It was found that in the process of mechanical activation of iron-containing powders in the aquatic environment, the system Fe-Fe3O4-FeOOH is formed. Heat treatment at 450 °C for 6 h causes decomposition of FeOOH to α-Fe2O3 and partial oxidation of metallic iron. By the method of differential dissolution, it was established that the cast iron in the presence of water in a roller-ring vibratory mill for 60 min is oxidized to 77.6%, and the iron is oxidized to 88%. Also in the process of dissolving metal powders in oxalic acid solutions using ultrasound FeC2O4 · 2H2O is formed, which under the conditions of thermolysis decomposes to maghemite – γ-Fe2O3 with the release of CO and CO2, and at 400 °C to hematite – α-Fe2O3. The possibility of using the produced iron oxides for obtaining iron-chromium catalysts for the medium-temperature conversion of CO in the production of ammonia and iron-molybdenum catalysts for formaldehyde synthesis is shown. The CO degree conversion is 92.0% at 340 °C, and the productivity by formaldehyde is 13.0 µmol/(g∙s).
Communautés piscicoles introduites des lacs d’altitude : approches scientifiques et influences idéologiques
Authors: Loheac Bertrand , Caudron Arnaud , Guillard Jean
Published: May 2019

Les peuplements piscicoles introduits représentent une empreinte anthropique majeure de l’histoire biologique des lacs d’altitude. Basé sur un état de l’art, notre travail s’interroge sur la façon dont la production scientifique intègre cette composante ichtyologique introduite. L’étude limnologique de ces milieux se révèle profondément influencée par la façon dont le poisson est perçu et les trois courants mis en évidence témoignent d’une empreinte sociologique et idéologique forte dans les connaissances produites. Nous nous interrogeons donc sur la nécessité de repenser la place accordée aux peuplements piscicoles dans l’étude des lacs d’altitude.
Performance économique des services d’eau potable et d’assainissement en Algérie, cas de Souk-Ahras
Authors: Boukhari Sofiane , de Miras Claude
Published: May 2019

Les services d'eau potable et d’assainissement (SEPA) sont confrontés à de nombreuses contraintes de nature institutionnelle, technique et financière. Les attentes des clients et, plus largement, la dimension sociale et environnementale déterminent également l’offre de services. L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser la situation économique en vue de l’amélioration de la performance des SEPA en Algérie, en prenant comme exemple le département de Souk-Ahras. Cette recherche englobe une analyse empirique (technique et financière) de la gestion des SEPA, en analysant des données collectées auprès des services chargés de la gestion des SEPA du département de Souk-Ahras. D’après nos résultats, les tarifs de l’eau potable et de l’assainissement ne couvrent ni les coûts d’exploitation ni les coûts d’investissement de réhabilitation et renouvellement et les grilles tarifaires font bénéficier les gros consommateurs des tarifs « solidarité » pour les premières tranches de facturation.
Introduction
Authors: Chafer Tony , Keese Alexander
Published: May 2019

The introduction describes how this collection brings together the scholarship of leading international specialists on African and French imperial history, political science and related fields to offer fresh perspectives on this process. It is the first systematic attempt at characterizing networks and links that, for the populations of large parts of the African continent, have lost none of their importance.
‘Saving French West Africa’: the French army, African soldiers and military propaganda during the 1950s1
Authors: Ginio Ruth
Published: May 2019

Continuities of military structures and of protagonists within these structures are a particularly important aspect of the process of transforming colonial domination into the uneven partnerships of the post-colonial period. Ruth Ginio discusses in this context the role of the so-called tirailleurs sénégalais (becoming soldats africains), West African (veteran) soldiers mobilized by the French for service during the Second World War and the wars in Indochina and Algeria. Ginio shows that the necessities of the anticolonial revolts and widespread discontent among African soldiers in the aftermath of the campaigns in Europe in 1944/45, led to a strategic reorganization of the treatment of these individuals. Notably, the author analyses the contribution of French propaganda in the context of psychological action. The French military employed audiovisual means, namely cinema, to influence the African soldiers. Another aspect of this complex relationship was the priority given to attempts at separating the African units from the local populations during the campaigns – a strategy that did not work out in all cases. By the end of the colonial period, the experience of these various methods had, as Ginio argues, qualitatively changed the attitudes of African veterans. The latter would retain a bond to the military officers of the former colonial power beyond the threshold of independence.