bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organization and procedure for the examination of temporary disability
Authors: Nozhkina N.V. , Roslaya N.A. , Zaripova T.V.
Published: July 2022

The electronic training manual "Organization and procedure for the examination of temporary disability" was developed on the basis of qualification requirements for the specialty "Organization of health care and public health", the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Education, taking into account the professional standards "Specialist in the organization of health care and public health" and "Physician-competence required for the examination of temporary disability (ETD) and work as part of the medical commission carrying out ETD, the ability to determine the signs of TD and signs of persistent dysfunction caused by the disease, the consequence of injuries or defects. The manual consists of 7 modules containing up-to-date information on the organizational and legal issues of ETD, the legislative framework, modern regulatory requirements for the issuance of certificates of incapacity for work, including the procedure for the formation of certificates of incapacity for work in the form of an electronic document. The issues of the activity of the medical commission of a medical organization concerning the conduct of ETD, the analysis of morbidity with temporary disability and the control of the Social insurance fund of the Russian Federation over the organization of ETD and the validity of issuing certificates of incapacity for work in medical organizations. The materials of the manual are illustrated, which allows you to visually present the questions being studied, contain test tasks and situational tasks for self-control. Supplementing theoretical information with methodological materials for conducting practical exercises allows you to master the material qualitatively and contributes to the preservation of the acquired knowledge and competencies.
Epidemiology of HIV infection and prevention directions
Authors: Kosova A. A. , Kutlaeva U. U. , Fedorova E. V. , Kukarkina V. A. , Fedotova T. T. , Slobodenyuk A. V. , An R. N.
Published: July 2022

This electronic educational resource is intended for sixth-year students of the Faculty of Medicine and Prevention, but it can also be used to train medical students of other specialties, in order to form the knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for a specialist to work in the field of prevention of infections with a contact mechanism of transmission (HIV infection) to ensure the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population. The EOR consists of 2 disciplinary modules containing theoretical and practical material, as well as test control. The theoretical part is represented by video lectures and video workshops. In the control block, the student is asked to answer a test control whose task is to check the level of assimilation of theoretical material.
Diet and breast cancer
Authors: Szuster Ewa , Kostrzewska Paulina , Pawlikowska-Gorzelańczyk Anna , Mandera-Grygierzec Amanda
Published: July 2022

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women. We conducted an analysis to investigate the impact of diet on breast cancer. Well-balanced diet is a mandatory part of a healthy lifestyle, and consequently, it is very important in prevention of breast cancer. High intake of fruits and vegetables, proper BMI and low intake of alcohol and fried food rich in saturated fatty acids are common known to be anti-cancer prevention. Soy food, black pepper and turmeric are suggested to inhibit cancer’s proliferation. Dietitians and oncologists should educate their patients about healthy lifestyle patterns.
Los deepfakes como una nueva forma de desinformación corporativa – una revisión de la literatura
Authors: Goncalves Sónia
Published: July 2022

Los deepfakes son un fenómeno reciente que ha despertado especial atención e interés, no solo en el ámbito audiovisual, electoral, periodístico, publicitario o corporativo, sino también en el de la investigación científica y difusión divulgativa. En un momento en que somos cada vez más conscientes del fenómeno de la desinformación, algunos estudiosos alertan de los impactos que esta nueva forma de fake news tiene en las empresas, las organizaciones y las marcas. Una breve revisión de literatura con base en bibliografía emergente publicada en español y en portugués nos permite concluir que la temática en estudio aún está poco explorada, sobre todo cuando comparada con las publicaciones a nivel internacional. Aunque existe consciencia acerca de los riesgos que el uso de esta nueva tecnología puede causar a nivel corporativo, así como sobre las amenazas que puede representar a varios niveles, también es cierto que cada vez se viene profundizando más en esta temática. Este artículo plantea una revisión de la literatura del concepto, en aras de generar un término específico con su correspondiente definición y su contexto.
Evidência de validade para o Teste Informatizado de Percepção de Emoções Primárias
Authors: Pereira Fernanda Esteves , Muniz Monalisa , Miguel Fabiano Koich
Published: July 2022

O objectivo é buscar evidências de validade para o Teste Informatizado de Percepções de Emoções Primárias (PEP) relacionando-o com as variáveis de raciocínio verbal e abstrato, traços e transtornos de personalidade, idade e sexo. Participaram do estudo 491 pessoas com média de idade de 28.42 anos (DP = 9.59), sendo 50.3 % do sexo masculino. Todas responderam ao PEP e pelo menos mais um teste, sendo ou o subteste de Raciocínio Verbal (RV, da Bateria de Provas de Raciocínio, BPR-5), ou o subteste de Raciocínio Abstrato (RA da BPR-5), ou a Bateria Fatorial da Personalidade (BFP) ou o Inventário Dimensional Clínico da Personalidade (IDCP-2). Para as análises estatísticas foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney para verificar se as mulheres têm melhor desempenho no PEP em relação aos homens; o teste de Kruskal-Wallis para verificar se a inteligência emocional tem crescimento ascendente e decai com a idade e o Spearman para investigar a correlação entre o PEP e os instrumentos BFP, IDCP e subtestes RA e RV da BPR-5. Foram encontradas evidências de validade convergente entre o PEP e inteligência fluida, em que ocorreram correlações significativas positivas baixas a moderadas entre o PEP e os subtestes RA e RV; validade discriminante entre o PEP e personalidade com correlações nulas para traços patológicos (IDCP-2), poucas correlações e de magnitudes baixas para traços de personalidade (BFP); validade teste-critério parcial para idade, e não houve diferenças significativas para sexo. Conclui-se que há evidências de validade para o PEP.
Emergency versus semi-elective management of mandible fractures: a Maxillofacial Trainee Research Collaborative (MTReC) study
Authors: Hughes D , Ng SM , Smyth D , Patel H , Kent S , Henry A , Blore C , Dawoud B , Kumar D , Jefferies C , Kyzas P , Collaborators MTReC
Published: July 2022

Introduction

Recent evidence suggests that acute emergency management of mandible fractures does not improve surgical outcomes yet is associated with increased financial burden. Current NHS policy advocating for increased adoption of day-case and semi-elective surgical procedures to reduce bed strain must be balanced with providing timely, effective treatment. Our research aims to determine patient groups currently managed via semi-elective admission and whether this can be extended to other groups to provide safe and effective management of mandible fractures.

Methods

A multi-national trainee-led audit of mandibular fractures across 49 units was completed by the Maxillofacial Trainee Research Collaborative (MTReC). Each unit prospectively collected data on fractures on admission and at follow-up. Data collected included patient demographics, behaviour, health, injury, timing to intervention and surgical complications.

Results

Data were collected on 947 mandibular fractures. Of the surgically managed patients, 649 (90%) were managed via acute emergency admission at the time of presentation, while 68 (10%) were managed semi-electively. Patient demographics, injury pattern and mechanism appeared to significantly affect timing of management, whereas patient behaviour, health status, timing of injury and presentation did not. Semi-elective management was associated with a significantly shorter inpatient duration (0.9 versus 1.9 days, p=0.000) with no differences in readmission, antibiotic usage or surgical complications (p=1.000, RR 1.030).

Conclusion

Our study demonstrates the efficacy of planned admissions and semi-elective management of mandibular fractures. Simple mandibular fractures in compliant patients are suitable for semi-elective treatment. Holistic patient assessment and tailored surgical planning is crucial in determining admission modality to effectively manage mandibular trauma.
Robustness of optic-fiber-based weak-value amplification against amplitude-type noise
Authors: Wang Han , Huang Jingzheng , Huang Chaozheng , Li Hongjing , Zeng Guihua
Published: July 2022

Experiments based on a free-space platform have demonstrated that the weak-value amplification (WVA) technique can provide high sensitivity and precision for optical sensing and metrology. To promote this technique for real-world applications, it is more suitable to implement WVA based on an optical-fiber platform due to the lower cost, smaller scale, and higher stability. In contrast to the free-space platform, the birefringence in optical fiber is strong enough to cause polarization cross talk, and the amplitude-type noise must be taken into account. By theoretical analysis and experimental demonstration, we show that the optic-fiber-based WVA is robust in the presence of amplitude-type noise. In our experiment, even the angular misalignment on optical axes at the interface reaches 0.08 rad, and the sensitivity loss can be maintained at less than 3 dB. Moreover, the main results are valid to a simplified detection scheme that was recently proposed that is more compatible with the future design of optical-fiber-based WVA. Our results indicate the feasibility of implementing WVA based on optical fiber, which provides a possible way for designing optical sensors with higher sensitivity and stability in the future.
Micro-nanostructured plasmonic TiN layer produced using rapid thermal nitridation of a nanoimprinted TiO2 sol-gel
Authors: Crespo-Monteiro Nicolas , Valour Arnaud , Gamet Emilie , Usuga Higuita Maria A. , Gâté Valentin , Turbil Colette , Turover Daniel , Reynaud Stéphanie , Joneau Julien , Jourlin Yves
Published: July 2022

Titanium nitride (TiN) is a very promising new plasmonic material to replace traditional plasmonic materials like gold and silver, especially thanks to its thermal and chemical stability. However, its chemical resistance and its hardness make TiN difficult to microstructure. An alternative approach is to micro-nanostructure a titanium dioxide (TiO2) coating and then to use a nitridation reaction to obtain a micro-nanostructured TiN coating. This is an easy, rapid and cost-effective structuring process. In this paper, we demonstrate that rapid thermal nitridation (RTN) can be combined with nanoimprint lithography (NIL) to rapidly micro-nanostructure a TiN layer. This innovative approach is applied to a micro-nanostructured TiN layer for plasmonic response in the near infrared range. Experimental and theoretical approaches are compared.
10-cm spatial resolution distributed acoustic sensor based on an ultra low-loss enhanced backscattering fiber
Authors: Masoudi Ali , Lee Timothy , Beresna Martynas , Brambilla Gilberto
Published: July 2022

In this work, a distributed acoustic sensor (DAS) with 10-cm spatial resolution is demonstrated. Such a high resolution is achieved by employing an ultra low-loss enhanced backscattering (ULEB) fiber as a sensing element. A conventional DAS system is modified to interrogate the ULEB fiber comprised of 50 discrete reflectors with an average reflectance of −56 dB. The ULEB fiber was fabricated with an automated reel-to-reel inscription machine, modified to create more uniform reflectors with similar reflectivity in the core of the fiber. The sensing arrangement exhibits a phase noise of

1.9

n
ε

/

H
z

over 1 km sensing range.
Assessing routine health information system performance during the tenth outbreak of Ebola virus disease (2018–2020) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: A qualitative study in North Kivu
Authors: Kyomba Gabriel Kalombe , Kiyombo Guillaume Mbela , Grépin Karen A. , Mayaka Serge Manitu , Mambu Thérèse Nyangi-Mondo , Hategeka Celestin , Mapatano Mala Ali , Alcayna-Stevens Lys , Kapanga Serge Kule , Konde Joël Nkima-Numbi , Ngo Dosithée Bebe , Babakazo Pélagie Diambalula , Mafuta Eric Musalu , Lulebo Aimée Mampasi , Ruton Hinda , Law Michael R.
Published: July 2022

The Democratic Republic of Congo has implemented reforms to its national routine health information system (RHIS) to improve timeliness, completeness, and use of quality data. However, outbreaks can undermine efforts to strengthen it. We assessed the functioning of the RHIS during the 2018–2020 outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) to identify opportunities for future development. We conducted a qualitative study in North Kivu, from March to May 2020. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 34 key informants purposively selected from among the personnel involved in the production of RHIS data. The topics discussed included RHIS functioning, tools, compilation, validation, quality, sharing, and the use of data. Audio recordings were transcribed verbatim and thematic analysis was used to study the interviewees’ lived experience. The RHIS retained its structure, tools, and flow during the outbreak. The need for other types of data to inform the EVD response created other parallel systems to the RHIS. This included data from Ebola treatment centers, vaccination against Ebola, points of entry surveillance, and safe and dignified burial. The informants indicated that the availability of weekly surveillance data had improved, while timeliness and quality of monthly RHIS reporting declined. The compilation of data was late and validation meetings were irregular. The upsurge of patients following the implementation of the free care policy, the departure of healthcare workers for better-paid jobs, and the high prioritization of the outbreak response over routine activities led to RHIS disruptions. Delays in decision-making were one of the consequences of the decline in data timeliness. Adequate allocation of human resources, equitable salary policy, coordination, and integration of the response with local structures are necessary to ensure optimal functioning of the RHIS during an outbreak. Future research should assess the scale of data quality changes during outbreaks.
Characteristics, challenges and innovations of waste picker organizations: A comparative perspective between Latin American and East African countries
Authors: Kain Jaan-Henrik , Zapata Patrik , Mantovani Martiniano de Azevedo Adalberto , Carenzo Sebastián , Charles Goodluck , Gutberlet Jutta , Oloko Michael , Pérez Reynosa Jessica , Zapata Campos María José
Published: July 2022

Waste picker organisations (WPOs) around the globe collect, transport and process waste to earn their living but represent a widely excluded, marginalised and impoverished segment of society. WPOs are highly innovative, created by grassroots out of “nothing” to deliver economic, social and environmental sustainability. Still, we do not know how such innovations are developed, and how they are disseminated and adopted by other groups. This article examines characteristics, challenges and innovations of WPOs across five countries in Latin America and East Africa. It is based on quantitative and qualitative data regarding modes of organisation and management, gender, received support, business orientations, environmental and social contributions, and innovations developed in response to multiple challenges. The paper provides a comprehensive understanding of WPOs’ activities and their grassroots innovations in the Global South. The study shows how WPOs contribute significantly to the economic, social and environmental sustainability of the societies they serve as well as the wider urban societies. To start and maintain WPOs in informal settlements with a lack of infrastructure, institutional frameworks, and public and private investors is a difficult quest. WPOs take many different organisational forms depending on the complexity of local realities, ranging from advanced collective organization as cooperatives to small self-help groups and microentrepreneurs. Self-organisation into regional and national networks provides economic opportunities, autonomy and stability as well as political influence. Yet, institutional support is fundamental and the lack thereof threatens their existence. Sustaining WPOs as important providers of socio-environmental benefits through governmental and non-governmental actions is a worthwhile undertaking that builds sustainability.
Preoperative Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio for predicting surgery-related acute kidney injury in non-cardiac surgery patients under general anaesthesia: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Tang Yongzhong , Chen Linchong , Li Bo , Yang Lin , Ouyang Wen , Li Dan
Published: July 2022

Background

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) and the incidence of surgery-related acute kidney injury (AKI) in non-cardiac surgery patients under general anaesthesia.

Methods

In this retrospective study, 5057 patients from Third Xiangya hospital from January 2012 to December 2016 and 1686 patients from Second Xiangya hospital from January 2016 to December 2016 for non-cardiac surgery under general anesthesia were included. According to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve constructed by NLR for postoperative AKI, the cut-off point was obtained as the basis for grouping low or high NLR. The baseline characteristics of two sets were compared with each other. A multi-factor model was constructed by Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) method with the training set, and verified by outside validation set.

Results

243 patients (3.604%) developed postoperative AKI. The ROC curve showed that the AUC of the NLR for predicting postoperative AKI in non-cardiac surgery was 0.743 (95% CI, 0.717–0.769), and the cut-off value was 3.555 (sensitivity, 86.4%; specificity 51.9%). There was no significant difference in the baseline characteristics of training set and validation set. The AUC in the training set was 0.817 (95% CI, 0.784–0.850), and the AUC in the validation set was 0.804 (95% CI, 0.749–0.858), the AUC deviation was 0.012 (P > 0.05) from validation set, and the likelihood ratio test showed P < 0.05.

Conclusion

This study showed that preoperative high NLR (NLR≥3.555) was an independent risk factor associated with postoperative AKI (OR, 2.410; 95% CI, 1.371–4.335) in patients for non-cardiac surgery under general anesthesia.
How does decision-making change during challenging times?
Authors: Cicerale Alessandro , Blanzieri Enrico , Sacco Katiuscia
Published: July 2022

Prospect Theory, proposed and developed by Kahneman and Tversky, demonstrated that people do not make rational decisions based on expected utility, but are instead biased by specific cognitive tendencies leading to neglect, under- or over- consider information, depending on the context of presentation. In this vein, the present paper focuses on whether and how individual decision-making attitudes are prone to change in the presence of globally challenging events. We ran three partial replications of the Kahneman and Tversky (1979) paper, focusing on a set of eight prospects, after a terror attack (Paris, November 2015, 134 subjects) and during the Covid-19 pandemic, both during the first lockdown in Italy (Spring 2020, 176 subjects) and after the first reopening (140 subjects). The results confirm patterns of choice characterizing uncertain times, as shown by previous literature. In particular, we note significant increase of risk aversion, both in the gain and in the loss domains, that consistently emerged in the three replications. Given the nature of our sample, and the heterogeneity between the three periods investigated, we suggest that the phenomenon we present can be explained stress-related effects on decision making rather than by other economic effects, such as the income effect.
Determinants of personal vaccination hesitancy before and after the mid-2021 COVID-19 outbreak in Taiwan
Authors: Lee Hsuan-Wei , Leng Cheng-Han , Chan Ta-Chien
Published: July 2022

Background

Using a 10 week nationwide online survey performed during a time period containing the time ahead, the start, and the peak of a COVID-19 outbreak in Taiwan, we investigated aspects that could affect participants’ vaccination intentions.

Methods

From March to May 2021, we surveyed 1,773 people in Taiwan, aged from 20 to 75 years, to determine potential acceptance rates and factors influencing the acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. We used an ordinal logistic regression with a backward selection method to identify factors that affected vaccination intention.

Results

Several factors could increase individuals’ vaccination intentions including: being male, older, with an openness personality, having a better quality of life in the physical health domain, having better knowledge and personal health behavior, having more trust in the government, and being worried about misinformation. Perceived risks played a crucial role in the vaccine decision-making process. When the pandemic intensified, people’s vaccination intentions increased significantly.

Conclusion

The findings of the present study could highlight individuals’ vaccination attitudes and provide governments with an empirical and dynamic base to design tailored strategies to increase vaccination rates.
Semi-experimental assessment of neutron equivalent dose and secondary cancer risk for off-field organs in glioma patients undergoing 18-MV radiotherapy
Authors: Elmtalab Soheil , Abedi Iraj , Alirezaei Zahra , Choopan Dastjerdi Mohammad Hossein , Geraily Ghazale , Karimi Amir Hossein
Published: July 2022

Neutron contamination as a source of out-of-field dose in radiotherapy is still of concern. High-energy treatment photons have the potential to overcome the binding energy of neutrons inside the nuclei. Fast neutrons emitting from the accelerator head can directly reach the patient’s bed. Considering that modern radiotherapy techniques can increase patient survival, concerns about unwanted doses and the lifetime risk of fatal cancer remain strong or even more prominent, especially in young adult patients. The current study addressed these concerns by quantifying the dose and risk of fatal cancer due to photo-neutrons for glioma patients undergoing 18-MV radiotherapy. In this study, an NRD model rem-meter detector was used to measure neutron ambient dose equivalent, H*(10), at the patient table. Then, the neutron equivalent dose received by each organ was estimated concerning the depth of each organ and by applying depth dose corrections to the measured H*(10). Finally, the effective dose and risk of secondary cancer were determined using NCRP 116 coefficients. Evidence revealed that among all organs, the breast (0.62 mSv/Gy) and gonads (0.58 mSv/Gy) are at risk of photoneutrons more than the other organs in such treatments. The neutron effective dose in the 18-MV conventional radiotherapy of the brain was 13.36 mSv. Among all organs, gonads (6.96 mSv), thyroid (1.86 mSv), and breasts (1.86 mSv) had more contribution to the effective dose, respectively. The total secondary cancer risk was estimated as 281.4 cases (per 1 million persons). The highest risk was related to the breast and gonads with 74.4 and, 34.8 cases per 1 million persons, respectively. Therefore, it is recommended that to prevent late complications (secondary cancer and genetic effects), these organs should be shielded from photoneutrons. This procedure not only improves the quality of the patient’s personal life but also the healthy childbearing in the community.
Assessing acceptability of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among participants in an HIV vaccine preparedness study in southwestern Uganda
Authors: Nakamanya Sarah , Kawuma Rachel , Kibuuka Denis , Kusemererwa Sylvia , McCormack Sheena , Ruzagira Eugene , Seeley Janet ,   on behalf of the PrEPVacc Study Group
Published: July 2022

Background

Daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use is highly effective against HIV infection. However, the uptake of PrEP among individuals at high-risk of HIV acquisition in sub-Saharan Africa varies because of availability and acceptability. We assessed the acceptability of PrEP among participants in a prospective HIV vaccine preparedness study in Masaka, southwestern Uganda.

Methods

From November 2018 to August 2019, 20 participants (10 female) were purposively selected for in-depth interviews (IDIs) at 3 and 9 months’ post-enrolment in the vaccine preparedness study. Four focus group discussions (FGD) (two among men) were conducted with 29 individuals categorized as: younger (18–24 years) men, younger (18–24 years) women, older (≥30 years) men, and older (≥30 years) women. Apart from IDI specific questions on recent life history including work experience, relationship history and places lived, topics for IDIs and FGDs included knowledge of HIV, perceptions of HIV risk (including own risk), knowledge of and use of PrEP. The Theoretical Framework of Acceptability was used to structure a thematic framework approach for data analysis.

Results

Participants understood that PrEP was an oral pill taken daily by HIV negative individuals to prevent acquisition of HIV. Overall, interest in and acceptability of PrEP was high, more than half expressed positivity towards PrEP but were not ready to initiate taking it citing the burden of daily oral pill taking, related side effects, stigma and distrust of PrEP. Fourteen participants (from IDI and FGD) initiated PrEP, although some (one FGD and two IDI participants) stopped taking it due to side effects or perceived reduced risk.

Conclusion

We observed a keen interest in PrEP initiation among our study participants. However, a limited understanding of PrEP and associated concerns impeded uptake and sustained use. Hence, interventions are needed to address end-user challenges to increase uptake and support adherence.
Academic training of authors publishing in high-impact epidemiology and clinical journals
Authors: Sullivan Amanda , Murray Eleanor J. , Corlin Laura
Published: July 2022

Background

To inform training program development and curricular initiatives, quantitative descriptions of the disciplinary training of research teams publishing in top-tier clinical and epidemiological journals are needed. Our objective was to assess whether interdisciplinary academic training and teamwork of authors publishing original research in 15 top-tier journals varied by year of publication (2000/2010/2020), type of journal (epidemiological/general clinical/specialty clinical), corresponding author gender, and time since the corresponding author completed formal training relative to the article publication date (<5/≥5 years).

Methods and findings

We invited corresponding authors of original research articles to participate in an online survey (n = 103; response rate = 8.3% of 1240 invited authors). In bivariate analyses, year of publication, type of journal, gender, and recency of training were not significantly associated with interdisciplinary team composition, whether a co-author with epidemiological or biostatistical training was involved in any research stage (design/analysis/interpretation/reporting), or with participants’ confidence in their own or their co-authors epidemiological or biostatistical expertise (p > 0.05 for each comparison). Exceptions were participants with more recent epidemiological training all had co-author(s) with epidemiological training contribute to study design and interpretation, and participants who published in 2020 were more likely to report being extremely confident in their epidemiological abilities.

Conclusions

This study was the first to quantify interdisciplinary training among research teams publishing in epidemiological and clinical journals. Our quantitative results show research published in top-tier journals generally represents interdisciplinary teamwork and that interdisciplinary training may provide publication type options. Our qualitative results show researchers view interdisciplinary training favorably.
Factors associated with resilience among children and youths with disability during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Yusuf Afiqah , Wright Nicola , Steiman Mandy , Gonzalez Miriam , Karpur Arun , Shih Andy , Shikako Keiko , Elsabbagh Mayada
Published: July 2022

There is evidence of negative impact of social distancing and confinement measures to manage the COVID-19 pandemic on children, including increased anxiety and depression and behaviour difficulties. Paradoxically, positive impacts like increased support and more self-care activities have also been documented. Little is known about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the children with disability and the potential role of familial, environmental, and biological factors on mitigating this impact. The aims of the study were 1) identifying profiles of functioning across multiple domains during the COVID-19 pandemic and 2) examining the extent to which parenting self-efficacy, support in accessing schooling, and type of diagnosis predict the likelihood of resilience among children with disability, after controlling for household income and single-parent status. An online survey developed from COVID-19 guidance recommendations, was available from June 11- July 21, 2020, and resulted in a convenience sample of caregivers across Canada (n= 883) of children with disability (mean age of 9.4 years old, SDage= 5.7, 58% male). We conducted latent class analysis to examine the number of latent profiles on caregiver-reported changes of 12 functioning domains, as either ‘worsening’, ‘no change’, or ‘improving’. Most participants belonged to ‘stable’ or ‘worsening’ profiles. However, we identified a small subgroup with improvements in child functioning, a pattern indicative of a ‘resilient’ profile. Using a multinomial logistic regression, we found that diagnosis type, parenting self-efficacy and support in accessing schooling were associated with membership in the Resilient or Stable profiles compared to the Worsening profile, after controlling for single-parent status and income. Taken together, our findings identified variability in responses to adversity that is dependent on the child’s diagnosis type, parenting self-efficacy, and support in accessing schooling. By identifying potentially modifiable predictors of resilience, namely parenting self-efficacy and support in accessing schooling, we signal the potential for tailored supports for different diagnoses, through interventions that enhance caregiver empowerment, access to schooling, access to health and social services, and/or mitigate disparities resulting from social disadvantage.
Competencies of health personnel for the practice of health literacy in Brazil: A Delphi consensus survey
Authors: Cesar Flaviane Cristina Rocha , Sousa Thassara Felipe de , Alves Angela Gilda , Moraes Katarinne Lima , Barbosa Maria Alves , Oliveira Lizete Malagoni de Almeida Cavalcante
Published: July 2022

Objective

The aim of this study was to identify a set of competencies of health personnel for the practice of health literacy in Brazil.

Methods

Scoping review and online interviews with healthcare practitioners, followed by three rounds of the modified e-Delphi method with health literacy specialists from November/2020 to March/2021. During the rounds, the items were revised, new items added for review, and their importance was rated on a five-point Likert scale in an online form. Those items that achieved a mean Likert rating of 4+ (rated important to very important) and ≥ 90.0% agreement among the experts were maintained in each round.

Results

The initial competencies list contained 30 items from the literature scoping review and online interview with 46 Brazilian healthcare practitioners. 25 experts (health personnel with publications on health literacy) were invited to participate in the e-Delphi rounds. Of the total of 56 items evaluated, 28 reached consensus among the experts. The Brazilian competencies list differed from other consensuses by the emphasis on professional commitment to the literacy in health, autonomy and social context of the patient.

Conclusion

For the Brazilian context, 28 competencies are relevant to the practice of health literacy in health care. This study is an initial step to develop the HL competences of Brazilian health professionals and an update of the skills evidenced in previous international studies.
Causes, characteristics, and patterns of prolonged unplanned school closures prior to the COVID-19 pandemic—United States, 2011–2019
Authors: Jahan Ferdous A. , Zviedrite Nicole , Gao Hongjiang , Ahmed Faruque , Uzicanin Amra
Published: July 2022

Introduction

Outside of pandemics, there is little information about occurrence of prolonged unplanned K-12 school closures (PUSC). We describe here the reasons, characteristics, and patterns of PUSC in the United States during 8 consecutive inter-pandemic academic years, 2011–2019.

Methods

From August 1, 2011 through June 30, 2019, daily systematic online searches were conducted to collect data on publicly announced unplanned school closures lasting ≥1 school days in the United States. Closures were categorized as prolonged when schools were closed for ≥5 unplanned days (approximating one full workweek), excluding weekends and scheduled days off per school calendars.

Results

During the eight academic years, a total of 22,112 PUSCs were identified, affecting over 800,000 teachers and 13 million students that resulted in 91.5 million student-days lost. A median of 62.9% of students in PUSC-affected schools were eligible for subsidized school meals. Most affected schools were in cities (35%) and suburban areas (33%). Natural disasters (47%), adverse weather conditions (35%), and budget/teacher strikes (15%) were the most frequently cited reasons for PUSC; illness accounted for 1%, and building/facility issues, environmental issues and violence together accounted for the remaining 2%. The highest number of PUSCs occurred in Health and Human Services Regions 2, 3, 4, and 6 encompassing areas that are frequently in the path of hurricanes and tropical storms. The majority of PUSCs in these regions were attributed to a handful of hurricanes during the fall season, including hurricanes Sandy, Irma, Harvey, Florence, and Matthew.

Conclusions

PUSCs occur annually in the United States due to a variety of causes and are associated with a substantive loss of student-days for in-school learning. Both these prior experiences with PUSCs and those during the current COVID-19 pandemic illustrate a need for creating sustainable solutions for high-quality distance learning and innovative supplemental feeding programs nationwide, especially in disaster-prone areas.
Distribution of human papillomavirus genotypes by severity of cervical lesions in HPV screened positive women from the ESTAMPA study in Latin America
Authors: Correa Rita Mariel , Baena Armando , Valls Joan , Colucci María Celeste , Mendoza Laura , Rol Maryluz , Wiesner Carolina , Ferrera Annabelle , Fellner María Dolores , González Joaquín Víctor , Basiletti Jorge Alejandro , Mongelos Pamela , Rodriguez de la Peña Mercedes , Saino Agustina , Kasamatsu Elena , Velarde Carlos , Macavilca Ninoska , Martinez Sandra , Venegas Gino , Calderón Alejandro , Rodriguez Guillermo , Barrios Hernán , Herrero Rolando , Almonte Maribel , Picconi María Alejandra ,   on behalf of the ESTAMPA Study Group
Published: July 2022

The proportion of HPV16 and 18-associated cervical cancer (CC) appears rather constant worldwide (≥70%), but the relative importance of the other HR-HPV differs slightly by geographical region. Here, we studied the HPV genotype distribution of HPV positive Latin American (LA) women by histological grade, in a sub-cohort from the ESTAMPA study; we also explored the association of age-specific HPV genotypes in severe lesions. Cervical samples from 1,252 participants (854 ≤CIN1, 121 CIN2, 194 CIN3 and 83 CC) were genotyped by two PCRs-Reverse Blotting Hybridization strategies: i) Broad-Spectrum General Primers 5+/6+ and ii) PGMY9/11 PCRs. HPV16 was the most frequently found genotype in all histological grades, and increased with the severity of lesions from 14.5% in ≤ CIN1, 19.8% in CIN2, 51.5% in CIN3 to 65.1% in CC (p < 0.001). For the remaining HR-HPVs their frequency in CC did not increase when compared to less severe categories. The nonavalent vaccine HR-types ranked at the top in CC, the dominant ones being HPV16 and HPV45. HR-HPV single infection occurs, respectively, in 57.1% and 57.0% of ≤CIN1 and CIN2, increasing to 72.2% and 91.6% in CIN3 and CC (p<0.001). No association between age and HPV type was observed in CC, although the risk of HPV16 infection in CIN3 cases increased with age. Results confirm the relevance of HPV16 in the whole clinical spectrum, with a strong rise of its proportion in CIN3 and cancer. This information will be relevant in evaluating the impact of HPV vaccination, as a baseline against which to compare genotype changes in HPV type-specific distribution as vaccinated women participate in screening in LA region. Likewise, these data may help select the best HPV testing system for HPV-based efficient, affordable, and sustainable screening programmes.
Surface electromyographic activity of trunk muscles during trunk control exercises for people after stroke; effect of a mobile and stable seat for rehabilitation
Authors: Haas Michelle C. , Sommer Bettina B. , Karrer Samuel , Jörger Matthias , Graf Eveline S. , Huber Martin , Baumgartner Daniel , Bansi Jens , Kool Jan , Bauer Christoph M.
Published: July 2022

The aim of this study was to explore differences in trunk muscle activity on a stable and mobile seat for people after stroke and healthy participants. Trunk control exercises are known to have a beneficial effect on trunk control, balance, and mobility after stroke. The effect of such exercises could be enhanced by the use of a mobile seat to provide further training stimuli. However, little research on the musculoskeletal effects of trunk training on mobile seats has been carried out. On a stable and a mobile seat, thirteen people after stroke and fifteen healthy participants performed two selective trunk control exercises, which were lateral flexion initiated by the pelvis and the thorax. The maximal surface electromyography relative to static sitting of the muscles multifidus, erector spinae, and obliquus externus was recorded bilaterally. The effects of group, seat condition, trunk control exercise, and muscle side were investigated employing within-subject linear-mixed-models. Compared to the stable seat, the maximal muscle activity of people after stroke on the mobile seat was higher during the thorax-initiated exercise and lower during the pelvis-initiated exercise. Healthy participants showed opposite results with higher muscle activity on the mobile seat during the pelvis-initiated exercise. For trunk control training on a mobile seat with high muscle activation people after stroke should perform trunk control exercises initiated by the thorax, for training with lower muscle activity people after stroke should initiate selective trunk movements by the pelvis. The results can support the planning of progressive trunk control rehabilitation programs.
Engineered disulfide reveals structural dynamics of locked SARS-CoV-2 spike
Authors: Qu Kun , Chen Qiuluan , Ciazynska Katarzyna A. , Liu Banghui , Zhang Xixi , Wang Jingjing , He Yujie , Guan Jiali , He Jun , Liu Tian , Zhang Xiaofei , Carter Andrew P. , Xiong Xiaoli , Briggs John A. G.
Published: July 2022

The spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 has been observed in three distinct pre-fusion conformations: locked, closed and open. Of these, the function of the locked conformation remains poorly understood. Here we engineered a SARS-CoV-2 S protein construct “S-R/x3” to arrest SARS-CoV-2 spikes in the locked conformation by a disulfide bond. Using this construct we determined high-resolution structures confirming that the x3 disulfide bond has the ability to stabilize the otherwise transient locked conformations. Structural analyses reveal that wild-type SARS-CoV-2 spike can adopt two distinct locked-1 and locked-2 conformations. For the D614G spike, based on which all variants of concern were evolved, only the locked-2 conformation was observed. Analysis of the structures suggests that rigidified domain D in the locked conformations interacts with the hinge to domain C and thereby restrains RBD movement. Structural change in domain D correlates with spike conformational change. We propose that the locked-1 and locked-2 conformations of S are present in the acidic high-lipid cellular compartments during virus assembly and egress. In this model, release of the virion into the neutral pH extracellular space would favour transition to the closed or open conformations. The dynamics of this transition can be altered by mutations that modulate domain D structure, as is the case for the D614G mutation, leading to changes in viral fitness. The S-R/x3 construct provides a tool for the further structural and functional characterization of the locked conformations of S, as well as how sequence changes might alter S assembly and regulation of receptor binding domain dynamics.
Collaborative playbuilding and the act of crystallization
Authors: Webb James
Published: July 2022

Collaborative playbuilding is an emerging arts-based research design that uses playwriting and playbuilding as tools of inquiry for artists and researchers to investigate sociological questions, dealing with such matters as racial and class conflict, youth offenders, school safety, stereotypes of urban teenage girls, women and obesity, and social justice. Researchers use the design to generate and disseminate data; however, the literature reveals a lack of studies that show how the playbuilding process – the actual structuring and crafting of the performance script – can be used as a primary means of data analysis. In this article, I discuss my study, in which I used collaborative playbuilding to investigate why some African Americans leave the Black Church and choose not to return. I argue that although I conducted my research using traditional qualitative methods (i.e. interviews, questionnaires, observations and a focus group), I relied on the playbuilding process to serve as an act of crystallization, which provided me with creative distance to analyse the narrative data in interesting ways, yielding findings not previously seen in the literature and thus supporting the efficacy of the arts-based design.
Playback Theatre and the significance of intra-actions in staging social artistry
Authors: Barolsky Kathy
Published: July 2022

The author draws attention to Playback Theatre’s ability to translate stories that speak to social injustice in South Africa. When the Playback Theatre ensemble intra-acts with stories, it encourages affective consciousness through social artistry. This is crucial in highlighting the potential of Playback Theatre to stage stories that steer away from reductionist portrayals. The author undertakes a diffractive analysis of two stories within the performance that concerns the contestation of gender roles and patriarchy in South Africa. Narrative reticulation and intra-actions are employed to reveal how performative translations in Playback Theatre provide an opportunity to magnify issues pertaining to social justice.
‘Why We Build the Wall’: Hegemony, memory and current events in Hadestown
Authors: Schrader Valerie Lynn
Published: July 2022

Through its unique jazz-inspired score, creative sets and costume design, the 2019 Tony award-winning musical Hadestown tells the classic Greek mythology story of Orpheus and Eurydice, in which Orpheus ventures to the underworld to save his love from an eternity of suffering. In this rhetorical analysis of the musical’s script, cast recording, sheet music and Broadway production, I explore how Hadestown makes statements about hegemony and memory that connect with current events. Hadestown presents the underworld as an industrial wasteland that contrasts with Persephone’s green earth, placing industry and the environment at odds with one another and bringing the audience’s attention to issues including climate change, refugeeism, homelessness and poverty. Hades is presented as an industrial tycoon and a hegemon who exploits his workers, and the song ‘Why We Build the Wall’ serves to highlight the many hegemonic tactics used to maintain control over a populace. I also explore how the references to Hades’ wall provide audiences experiencing the musical after 2016 with a biting critique of Donald Trump’s 2016 campaign promise to build a wall to curb immigration at the United States’ southern border, and I suggest that the penultimate song provides audiences with a message that aligns with Hannah Arendt’s view of the purpose of memory: that we must remember the past or, in the words of Hadestown, ‘tell the sad tale’, because we hope that it might turn out differently this time. The messages in Hadestown encourage theatregoers to remember the lessons of history, including difficult memories related to hegemony, because only through remembering can we learn from the past and take the actions necessary to face our current challenges.
Musicals at the Margins: Genre, Boundaries, Canons, Julie Lobalzo Wright and Martha Shearer (eds) (2021)
Authors: McNally Karen
Published: July 2022

Review of: Musicals at the Margins: Genre, Boundaries, Canons, Julie Lobalzo Wright and Martha Shearer (eds) (2021)

New York and London: Bloomsbury, 264 pp.,

ISBN 978-1-50137-852-2, p/bk, USD $35.95
Participación del estudiantado universitario en campañas de comunicación para la paz
Authors: Ramos Muslera Esteban Andrés , Montañés Serrano Manuel , Elvir Kevin
Published: July 2022

En este artículo se da cuenta de dos exitosas campañas de comunicación a favor de la construcción colectiva de Paz Transformadora, enmarcadas ambas en el Plan docente del Programa Jóvenes Voluntarios Universitarios por la Paz (JVUP), del Instituto Universitario en Democracia, Paz y Seguridad (IUDPAS) de la Universidad Autónoma de Honduras (UNAH). El objetivo de éstas era propiciar, entre el estudiantado y la juventud en general, el debate, la reflexión y el aprendizaje sobre la violencia, el conflicto y la paz, y asimismo, siguiendo “la teoría de la comunicación en dos pasos” o del “doble flujo de la comunicación” (two-step Flow of communication), contribuir a la formación de activistas y líderes inter-pares que coadyuven en el diseño y la puesta en marcha de acciones en pos de la paz en sus redes sociales cotidianas, tanto telemáticas como las de siempre, esto es, familiares, de ocio y tiempo libre o las constituidas en el ámbito educativo, laboral o residencial. El estudiantado del Programa participó tanto en el diseño y planificación como en la realización y evaluación de las campañas que superaron ampliamente las expectativas iniciales, cumpliendo con los objetivos formulados tal como fue posible constatar mediante la evaluación realizada. En efecto, además de la gran repercusión mediática generada, las campañas fueron de gran utilidad en la formación, la reflexión y la acción de paz mediante la constitución de activistas y líderes inter-pares entre el público diana. Las lecciones de estas experiencias constituyen un conjunto de buenas prácticas para el diseño de estrategias de educación y comunicación para la paz.