bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estado actual de los Índices Bursátil en el mundo
Authors: Canales Ricardo José
Published: June 2017

El estudio tiene como objetivo mostrar el estado actual de los índices bursátiles del mundo.  Es un estudio descriptivo. Los resultados indican que en los 94 países seleccionados, se construyen 3,429 índices, clasificados en principal, adicionales, sectoriales y otros. Existe una gran variedad de características que identifican al índice bursátil. El modelo estimado nos indica que el número de empresas en el índice principal está determinado por las nuevas inversiones productivas de las empresas y la emisión de más valores accionarios al mercado.
Interest Rate and Financing of Islamic Banks in Indonesia (A Vector Auto Regression Approach)
Authors: Khalidin Bismi , Masbar Raja
Published: June 2017

Not only do commercial banks but also Islamic banks take part towards the economic growth and stability in Indonesia. Islamic banks through the financing services provide sources of fund for investment activities. However, Islamic banks do not employ variable of interest rate in financing activities because it is prohibited in Islam. The banks utilize a profit sharing rate (PSR) system instead. Moreover, the banks must avoid themselves from the influence of interest rate directly or indirectly. This paper aims at exploring the existence of interest rate towards the financing of the Indonesian Islamic banks. By using the VAR method and monthly-based time series data from 2009-2015, interest rate represented by commercial banking rates for consumption (CBRc) and for working capital (CBRwc), the research result indicates that the Islamic banks’ financing in Indonesia is indirectly influenced by interest rate. Both the Granger causality and the Pearson correlation tests show that the financing correlate significantly with the rate. The correlation between them is also proved by Impulse Response Function (IRF).
STEREOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR DE/RE-GENERATION OF MYELIN SHEATHS IN AGED BRAIN WHITE MATTER OF FEMALE RATS
Authors: Li Chen , Zhang Lei , Ma Qiaoya , Tang Yong , He Ya
Published: June 2017

Studies have provided qualitative evidence of de-myelination and re-myelination in aged brain white matter. However, there have been no quantitative evidences of degeneration and regeneration of myelin sheaths in white matter. The present study was designed to investigate the quantitative changes in myelin sheaths using unbiased stereological techniques and qualitative changes using electron microscopy in aged brain white matter. Results obtained showed that in brain white matter, the total volume of myelin sheaths of old-age female rats was not significantly different from that of young female rats, but the total length of myelinated fibers in old female rats was significantly decreased by 46.1% when compared with that of young female rats. Myelin sheath volume per unit length of myelinated fibers of old female rats was significantly increased by 43.4% compared with that of young female rats. The mean thickness of myelin sheaths in the white matter of the old rats was significantly increased by 33.3%, when compared with that of young female rats. In age-related loss of myelinated fibers, most fibers had diameters less than 1.4 μm, and myelin sheath thicknesses less than 0.14 μm, but the length of myelinated fibers with diameters more than 0.6 μm and myelin sheath thicknesses more than 0.22 μm increased with age. Myelinated fibers with ratios of myelin sheath thicknesses to myelinated fiber external diameter less than 0.21 were significantly lower in elderly rats than in young rats. However, the total length of myelinated fibers with ratios of myelin sheath thicknesses to myelinated fiber external diameter more than 0.23 was higher in aged rats than in young rats. About 6.58% of myelin sheaths showed degenerative alterations, while 0.88% myelin sheaths showed regenerative alterations. This study provides stereological evidence not only for degeneration but also regeneration of myelin sheaths in aged white matter.
COMPARISON OF ULTRASOUND IMAGE FILTERING METHODS BY MEANS OF MULTIVARIABLE KURTOSIS
Authors: Nieniewski Mariusz , Zajączkowski Paweł
Published: June 2017

Comparison of the quality of despeckled US medical images is complicated because there is no image of a human body that would be free of speckles and could serve as a reference. A number of various image metrics are currently used for comparison of filtering methods; however, they do not satisfactorily represent the visual quality of images and medical expert’s satisfaction with images. This paper proposes an innovative use of relative multivariate kurtosis for the evaluation of the most important edges in an image. Multivariate kurtosis allows one to introduce an order among the filtered images and can be used as one of the metrics for image quality evaluation. At present there is no method which would jointly consider individual metrics. Furthermore, these metrics are typically defined by comparing the noisy original and filtered images, which is incorrect since the noisy original cannot serve as a golden standard. In contrast to this, the proposed kurtosis is the absolute measure, which is calculated independently of any reference image and it agrees with the medical expert’s satisfaction to a large extent. The paper presents a numerical procedure for calculating kurtosis and describes results of such calculations for a computer-generated noisy image, images of a general purpose phantom and a cyst phantom, as well as real-life images of thyroid and carotid artery obtained with SonixTouch ultrasound machine. 16 different methods of image despeckling are compared via kurtosis. The paper shows that visually more satisfactory despeckling results are associated with higher kurtosis, and to a certain degree kurtosis can be used as a single metric for evaluation of image quality.
APPROPRIATE MODELS FOR SIMULATING OPEN-POROUS MATERIALS
Authors: Wejrzanowski Tomasz , Haj Ibrahim Samih , Skibinski Jakub , Cwieka Karol , Kurzydlowski Krzysztof Jan
Published: June 2017

In the present paper two representative models applied for modeling of two types of porous materials - open-cell foams and open-porosity tapes - are addressed. Algorithms presented here base on Laguerre-Voronoi tessellations (open-cell foams) and the sphere representation (open-porosity tapes) and enable creating the desired porosity and pore size distribution. The geometrical features of the models, such as: porosity, mean pore size, cell diameter distribution and number of faces per cell were compared with those obtained by 3D micro-computed tomography and good agreement was obtained.
Simultaneous Determination of 27 Pesticides in Ginseng by UPLC/MS/MS and Modified QuEChERS Procedure
Authors: Wu Ruoxin , Chen Qiyong , Li Shujing , Fan Guoliang
Published: June 2017

A novel, simple, and rapid method for the quantification of 27 commonly used pesticides in ginseng incorporating a modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) procedure was developed and validated. The pesticides were extracted with 1% acetic acid in acetonitrile and extracts purified by use of the mixed sorbents primary-secondary amine, C18, and graphitized carbon black. Quantitative analysis of all pesticides was performed by ultra-performance LC/MS/MS in the positive ionization mode in a single run due to the fast polarity switching capability of the mass spectrometer. Two precursor-product ion transitions were monitored for each compound in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. Quantification was carried out using matrix-matched standards for calibration. Recoveries of the proposed method from the spiked samples were achieved in the range 62.8–108.5%, and RSD ranged from 1.5 to 11.8%.
Determination of Ethyl Carbamate in Chinese Yellow Rice Wine by Diatomaceous Earth Extraction and GC/MS Method
Authors: Wu Pinggu , Zhang Liqun , Shen Xianghong , Wang Liyuan , Zou Yan , Zhang Jing , Tan Ying , Tang Jun , Ma Bingjie , Pan Xiaodong , Jiang Wei
Published: June 2017

A sensitive and rapid analytical method based on alkaline diatomaceous earth extraction followed by GC/MS was developed for the quantitative determination of the toxic contaminant ethyl carbamate (EC) in yellow rice wines. The optimal extraction conditions were investigated. With the application of diatomaceous earth extraction, the damage of organic acids to the capillary column was greatly reduced. By using d5-EC as an internal standard for quantitative analysis of EC, the linearity of the calibration curves was good between 10 and 1000 ng/mL. The LOD and LOQ were 1.7 and 5.0 μg/kg, respectively. The spiked level of EC was 5.0–300 μg/kg, and the average recovery of the spikes was between 78.4 and 98.2%, with an RSD between 4.3 and 8.3%. Upon validation by five laboratories when spiked with 50, 100, and 300 μg/kg, the average respective recoveries were 102.9, 102.2, and 98.7% with a RSD between 0.7 and 8.1%. The validation results demonstrated that the method is fast, simple, selective, and suitable for the determination of EC in yellow rice wines.
Cervical Adenocarcinoma: Diagnosis of Human Papillomavirus–Positive and Human Papillomavirus–Negative Tumors
Authors: Pirog Edyta C.
Published: June 2017

Context.—

Cervical adenocarcinomas span a diverse group of tumors with several distinct histologic tumor types, which include endocervical, endometrioid, intestinal, villoglandular, gastric, signet ring, serous, clear cell, and mesonephric. Diagnosis of cervical adenocarcinoma, especially early diagnosis, poses a significant challenge.

Objective.—

To review the pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, immunohistochemical markers, and differential diagnosis of various subtypes of human papillomavirus (HPV)–positive and HPV-negative cervical adenocarcinomas. The paper presents a concise summary of the issues that may be particularly difficult in histopathologic diagnosis, such as differentiating neoplastic lesions from benign mimics, determining the tumor type, differentiating early invasive lesions from adenocarcinoma in situ, measuring the depth of invasion, and, finally, differentiating primary cervical adenocarcinoma from uterine endometrioid adenocarcinoma and tumors metastatic from other primary sites.

Data Sources.—

The study employed a PubMed search of recently published reports.

Conclusions.—

Early detection of HPV-positive tumor types may be aided with the expansion of HPV testing; however, early diagnosis of HPV-negative cervical adenocarcinomas will continue to pose a challenge and may require the development of additional molecular testing techniques.
Application of Immunohistochemistry in the Diagnosis of Pulmonary and Pleural Neoplasms
Authors: Woo Jennifer S. , Reddy Opal L. , Koo Matthew , Xiong Yan , Li Faqian , Xu Haodong
Published: June 2017

Context.—

A vast majority of neoplasms arising from lung or pleura are initially diagnosed based on the histologic evaluation of small transbronchial, endobronchial, or needle core biopsies. Although most diagnoses can be determined by morphology alone, immunohistochemistry can be a valuable diagnostic tool in the workup of problematic cases.

Objective.—

To provide a practical approach in the interpretation and immunohistochemical selection of lung/pleura–based neoplasms obtained from small biopsy samples.

Data Sources.—

A literature review of previously published articles and the personal experience of the authors were used in this review article.

Conclusion.—

Immunohistochemistry is a useful diagnostic tool in the workup of small biopsies from the lung and pleura sampled by small biopsy techniques.
Projecting Financial Capability in Small Canadian Drinking Water Treatment Systems
Authors: Janzen Aaron , Achari Gopal , Dore Mohammed H.I. , Langford Cooper H.
Published: June 2017

This article determines the minimum service population for which construction and operation of drinking water treatment systems become financially viable by comparing costs with revenue. The feasibility of five solutions that have been implemented in Canada are discussed and tested for financial viability using a novel methodology. Recently published cost equations predict that drinking water treatment plants become financially viable at an estimated population of 920 for surface water sources and 360 for groundwater sources. Intersection points between the cost and revenue curves occur at considerably higher populations than predicted by the Statistics Canada–Calgary Regional Partnership cost equations, highlighting the challenges small systems face in providing drinking water in a sustainable and affordable manner. Decision makers should consider alternative solutions for drinking water supply at unviable service populations, including delivery of water via small diameter “trickle fill” distribution systems, point‐of‐entry and point‐of‐use treatment, and bottle fill stations.
Local Climate Change in Pasadena, Calif., and the Impact on Streamflow
Authors: Kimbrough David Eugene
Published: June 2017

Pasadena, Calif., has used the Arroyo Seco as a source of water for more than 100 years. During this period, local air temperatures have risen dramatically, resulting in a significant increase in streamflow. The median streamflow in the period 1962–2016 was 30% higher than the median streamflow in the period 1910–1961. A substantial portion of that increase has been in the form of extreme flow episodes, with flows greater than 1 m3/s. If the data from the recent drought (2011–2016) are eliminated, the increase in streamflow is even greater. This increased water flow in the Arroyo Seco might seem to indicate that there is a greater supply of water in the stream. However, because of the high velocities and destructive forces associated with the extreme flows, this may not be the case.
Humans as Sensors to Evaluate Drinking Water Taste and Odor: A Review
Authors: Burlingame Gary A. , Doty Richard L. , Dietrich Andrea M.
Published: June 2017

Over the past 70 years, both trained and untrained consumer sensory panels have been used to evaluate and monitor the quality of foods and beverages. Although much has been learned about the strengths and weaknesses of using humans as sensory assessors within a range of businesses, including the water industry, traditional approaches to the sensory evaluation of drinking water can still be improved. Specific limitations of test procedures, designs, and analyses have been identified that need to be addressed to optimize the sensitivity, validity, and reliability of organoleptic testing. Depending on the complexity of the sensory test, it is not sufficient to simply follow a written test procedure. In general, careful attention must be given to the test administration and data evaluation to guard against the many factors that can influence the results. Ultimately, however, humans remain the quintessential sensory analyzers essential for assessing and maintaining the sensory quality of water at the highest levels possible.
COMPLEXATION OF GOLD (III) WITH 1-FURFURYLIDENE AMINO-1,3,4-TRIAZOLE AT 288 – 318 K
Authors: Safarmamadov Safarmamad M. , Muborakkadamov Davron A. , Mabatkadamova Kimyo S.
Published: June 2017

The potentiometric titration method was used to determine the ionization constant of 1-furfurylideneamino-1,3,4-triazole (pKk = 11.83 log.). The dominating region of 1-furfurylideneamino-1,3,4-triazoles (FF) was identified in a wide pH range. It was shown that 1-furfurylideneamino-1,3,4-triazole ion (HL+) predominates in the pH range up to 0.5-2.0. At pH of 5.0 to 10.5, the neutral molecule (L) predominates, and at pH>13.0 1-furfurylideneamino-1,3,4-triazolate ion (L-) predominates in a solution. To determine the number of a particles formed during the interaction of Au (III) with FF from the potentiometric titration data the dependence of ΔE on -lg [FF] was used for 1-furfurylideneamino-1,3,4-triazole gold (III) complexes at 288-318 K. The slope of the curves of the ΔE-lg [FF] with the excess of 1-furfurylideneamino-1,3,4-triazole at temperatures of 288, 298 and 308 K is 0.059, 0.060 and 0.061 V/mol/l-1, which corresponds to the sequential addition of three molecules of 1-furfurylideneamino-1,3,4-triazole to gold (III). At the temperature of 318 K it is not possible to find the slope angle corresponding to the tris complex due to a quick change in the potential with an excess of FF in a solution. General stability constants of 1-furfuryldenoamino-1,3,4-triazole complexes of Au (III) according to potentiometric titration data was determined by the Friedman method and non-linear least squares method. It was shown that as the temperature increases, the general stability constants of gold (III) complexes are reduced. It was shown that the introduction of substituents into the 1,2,4-triazole molecule affects both the number of particles formed in a solution and the stability of the complexes. Thus, in the system Au (III) -1,2,4-triazole-H2O at 298 K four complex particles are formed, and in the Au (III) system, 1-furfurylideneamino-1,3,4-triazole-H2O only three are formed. The general stability constants of 1,2,4-triazole complexes equal to lgβ1 = 6.56, lgβ2 = 11.13, lgβ3 = 14.94 and lg4 = 18.78 log units, and for 1-furfurylideneamino-1,3,4-triazole complexes Igβ1 = 5.92, lgβ2 = 10.14, lgβ3 = 13.80 log units. The thermodynamic functions of complexe formation were calculated by the temperature coefficient method. It was shown that all complex particles are enthalpy-stabilized. The greatest increase in the exothermicity of the reactions is observed when a complex of three organic-ligand molecules is formed. The value of ΔS at all steps of complexation is negative, which is most likely due to the decrease in the number of particles in a system under study. The spontaneous reaction of complexation is determined by the enthalpy factorFor citation:Safarmamadov S.M., Muborakkadamov D.A., Mabatkadamova K.S. Complexation of gold (III) with 1-furfurylidene amino-1,3,4-triazole at 288 – 318 K. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 5. P. 37-43.
1-ALKYL-3-METHYL-4-HYDROXYIMINO-2-PYRAZOLINE-5-ONES AS EXTRACTION REAGENTS
Authors: Lesnov Andrey E. , Pavlov Peter T. , Pustovik Larisa V. , Sarana Irina А.
Published: June 2017

With nitrosation of the corresponding 1-R-3-methylpyrazole-5-one (R = C4H9, C5H11, C6H13, C7H15, C8H17, C6H5) in acidic aqueous methanolic medium at 0-5 °C a series of 1-alkyl-3-methyl-4-hydroxyimino-2-pyrazolin-5-ones with a yield of 72-85% were synthesized. The compounds are soluble in CHCl3, C2H4Cl2, C6H5CH3, i-C4H9OH, CCl4, C2H5OH, slightly soluble in C6H14, H2O. They can be recrystallized from a mixture of C6H14: C6H5CH3 = 5: 1 or isooctane. The structure of the compounds was confirmed by the data of ECR, IR, Raman spectroscopy and TLC data. The interphase distribution of oxyiminopyrazolones between chloroform and aqueous solutions was studied as a function of pH. In alkaline media, the reagents completely transferred into the aqueous phase. In acidic solutions, up to 1 mol/l HCl, the compounds are in the organic phase. The maximum values of the partition coefficient are observed for the reagents with the maximum length of the aliphatic radical. The effect of the length of aliphatic radical at the first position of the pyrazoline ring on their extraction properties were studied by example of extraction of nickel and copper (II) ions. The length of the radical does not affect the composition of the recoverable complexes of nickel and copper (II). In all cases the ratio is close to 1:2. Extraction proceeds through a cation-exchange mechanism. Replacement of the phenyl radical in the first position of the pyrazoline ring by an aliphatic resulted to the increase in partition constants of the reagents between chloroform and aqueous solutions. The range of pH values of the maximum extraction of elements was widened. The capacity of the extractant for metals also increased. At the same time, the pH50 extraction values remained practically unchanged. In the case of 0.05 mol/l solution of 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-oxyimino-2-pyrazolin-5-one in chloroform, when the extract was saturated with the metal ion, precipitation of the complex was observed.For citation:Lesnov A.E., Pavlov P.T., Pustovik L.V., Sarana I.A. 1-Alkyl-3-methyl-4-hydroxyimino-2-pyrazoline-5-ones as extraction reagents. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 5. P. 30-36.
ULTRAFAST ELECTRON CRYSTALLOGRAPHY AND NANOCRYSTALLOGRAPHY: FOR CHEMISTRY, BIOLOGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE. PART I. ULTRAFAST ELECTRON CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
Authors: Schafer Lothar , Tarasov Yury I. , Koshelev Aleksandr V. , Ischenko Anatoly A.
Published: June 2017

The direct probing and understanding of the dynamics of chemical and biological processes occurring in condensed matter, is currently in its early stages. Progress in this field has been pushed by the development of methods for the study of the structural dynamics of matter in a state far from equilibrium, including extreme states. The forthcoming information serves as the basis for testing new theoretical approaches to the description of the substance in casually connected triad "structure-dynamics-function". Observation of the dynamic behavior of matter in the space-time continuum on ultrashort time scales is a necessary first step in the explanation and, ultimately, control of far from equilibrium processes, and functionality of the systems studied. The method of ultrafast electron crystallography (UEC) makes it possible to investigate transient nonequilibrium structures, which yield decisive information about the structural dynamics of the phase transitions and coherent dynamics of the nuclei in the solid state, on the surface, and in macromolecular systems. In recent years, the electron bunch path length in the UEC apparatus diminished significantly, while the accelerating voltage increased considerably. Therefore, femtosecond electron pulses were obtained. A technique of radio frequency grouping of electrons was proposed to increase the electron pulse brightness. The method of electron field emission was used to increase the spatial coherence, and ponderomotive wave front acceleration was applied to reduce the mismatch between the velocities of the light and electron pulses and to contract the electron bunches. These achievements have opened up new possibilities for studying the coherent structural dynamics – atomic and molecular movie with femtosecond temporal resolution. The results of several internationally renowned research groups are included and cited.
Awareness and willingness to use HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men in low‐ and middle‐income countries: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Yi Siyan , Tuot Sovannary , Mwai Grace W , Ngin Chanrith , Chhim Kolab , Pal Khoundyla , Igbinedion Ewemade , Holland Paula , Choub Sok Chamreun , Mburu Gitau
Published: June 2017

Introduction: To facilitate provision of pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC), a better understanding of potential demand and user preferences is required. This review assessed awareness and willingness to use oral PrEP among men who have sex with men (MSM) in LMIC.

Methods: Electronic literature search of Cochrane library, Embase, PubMed, PsychINFO, CINHAL, Web of Science, and Google Scholar was conducted between July and September 2016. Reference lists of relevant studies were searched, and three authors contacted for additional data. Non‐peer reviewed publications were excluded. Studies were screened for inclusion, and relevant data abstracted, assessed for bias, and synthesized.

Results: In total, 2186 records were identified, of which 23 studies involving 14,040 MSM from LMIC were included. The proportion of MSM who were aware of PrEP was low at 29.7% (95% CI: 16.9–44.3). However, the proportion willing to use PrEP was higher, at 64.4% (95% CI: 53.3–74.8). Proportions of MSM aware of PrEP was <50% in 11 studies and 50–70% in 3 studies, while willingness to use PrEP was <50% in 6 studies, 50–70% in 9 studies, and over 80% in 5 studies. Several factors affected willingness to use PrEP. At the individual domain, poor knowledge of PrEP, doubts about its effectiveness, fear of side effects, low perception of HIV risk, and the need to adhere or take medicines frequently reduced willingness to use PrEP, while PrEP education and motivation to maintain good health were facilitators of potential use. Demographic factors (education, age, and migration) influenced both awareness and willingness to use PrEP, but their effects were not consistent across studies. At the social domain, anticipated stigma from peers, partners, and family members related to sexual orientation, PrEP, or HIV status were barriers to potential use of PrEP, while partner, peer, and family support were facilitators of potential use. At the structural domain, concerns regarding attitudes of healthcare providers, quality assurance, data protection, and cost were determinants of potential use.

Conclusions: This review found that despite low levels of awareness of PrEP, MSM in LMIC are willing to use it if they are supported appropriately to deal with a range of individual, social, and structural barriers.
Exploiting CRISPR-Cas to manipulate Enterococcus faecalis populations
Authors: Hullahalli Karthik , Rodrigues Marinelle , Palmer Kelli L
Published: June 2017

CRISPR-Cas provides a barrier to horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes. It was previously observed that functional CRISPR-Cas systems are absent from multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterococcus faecalis, which only possess an orphan CRISPR locus, termed CRISPR2, lacking cas genes. Here, we investigate how the interplay between CRISPR-Cas genome defense and antibiotic selection for mobile genetic elements shapes in vitro E. faecalis populations. We demonstrate that CRISPR2 can be reactivated for genome defense in MDR strains. Interestingly, we observe that E. faecalis transiently maintains CRISPR targets despite active CRISPR-Cas systems. Subsequently, if selection for the CRISPR target is present, toxic CRISPR spacers are lost over time, while in the absence of selection, CRISPR targets are lost over time. We find that forced maintenance of CRISPR targets induces a fitness cost that can be exploited to alter heterogeneous E. faecalis populations.
Investigating the Effect of Drawing Medium on Learning
Authors: Xie Heping , Yang Xiujuan , Yang Chongyi , Li Shiqi , Song Youzhi , Zhou Zongkui
Published: October 2024

This study aimed to scrutinize the impact of drawing medium on learning. Results from three experiments demonstrated that, when acquiring actual concepts, participants in the finger drawing condition exhibited better definition retention compared to those in the pencil drawing and stylus drawing conditions. When engaging with fictitious concepts, the superiority of the finger drawing condition in definition retention persisted over the other conditions. However, the advantage of finger drawing in definition retention was attenuated due to lower prior knowledge for fictitious materials. Experiment 1 found that term source memory and learning motivation were higher for finger drawing compared to pencil drawing, but these findings were not replicated in Experiments 2 and 3. Furthermore, Experiment 3 revealed that stylus drawing resulted in superior term source memory and learning motivation compared to finger drawing. This study underscores the presence of a drawing medium effect and suggests the significance of prior knowledge.
Gradient Modulus Strategy for Alleviating Stretchable Electronic Strain Concentration
Authors: Sun Boning , Li Zemin , Song Zhuoyu , Yu Yang , Zhang Zhonglong , Zhou Runhui , Jin Boru , Chen Ziyu , Wang Yushu , He Jiang , Bao Rongrong , Gao Wenchao , Pan Caofeng
Published: October 2024

The island‐bridge structural design is a common strategy for imparting stretchability to flexible electronic devices. In this structure, the low modulus regions bear most of the deformation, while the rigid islands, which house the electronic components, undergo minimal deformation. However, due to the modulus differences that can be several times or even several orders of magnitude larger, severe strain concentration occur at the edges of the rigid islands in high modulus regions. This strain concentration caused by rigid constraints not only reduces the stretchability of the soft substrate but also degrades the mechanical performance of the interconnected structures, thereby significantly affecting the overall stability of the device. Starting from finite element simulations, this paper introduces modulus gradient regions and optimizes geometric parameters, significantly alleviating the strain concentration at the edges of the rigid islands. Serpentine‐shaped circuits are then transferred to a substrate with strain isolation, which demonstrates better stretchability stability under 20% elongation compared to traditional strain isolation strategies. In addition, the stretchable light emitting diode (LED) system with gradient modulus has better stretchability compared to the system with conventional strategy. This suggests that this strategy has great potential in maintaining the stability of stretchable systems.
Interface and Defect Engineering in 3D Co3O4‐Ov/TiO2 to Boost Simultaneous Removal of BPA and Cr(VI) upon Photoelectrocatalytic/Peroxymonosulfate (PEC/PMS) System
Authors: Hu Yu , Jin Yuzhou , Gao Yuqing , Li Mingfang , Wang Xuejiang , Ma Haiying , Zhang Ya‐nan
Published: October 2024

The combination of photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) is an innovative strategy for environmental treatment. And fabricating a highly efficient photoelectrode is the most pivotal factor in PEC reactions. This study designs an advanced Co3O4‐Ov/TiO2 photoelectrode by a dual‐modification strategy encompassing interface engineering and defect engineering. The photoelectric characterization validates the synergy of oxygen vacancies and dual heterojunctions. Simulated electron density distribution and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) elucidate the charge transfer pathway between Co3O4‐Ov and TiO2. 1O2 and SO4 .− are confirmed to be primarily responsible for the BPA oxidation in PEC/PMS system by radical scavenger experiments and the EPR technique. And the attack sites of BPA are precisely identified based on the Fukui index. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations testify that Co3O4‐Ov can improve the adsorption capacity of PMS and reduce the energy barrier of the reaction process, while XPS analysis showed Co3+/Co2+ redox couple can accelerate PMS activation. Enhanced anode oxidation can effectively promote cathode reduction and consequently Co3O4‐Ov/TiO2‐PMS/PEC system presents a superior removal of both pollutants within only 15 min with fast kinetics (0.15 min−1 for BPA, 0.29 min−1 for Cr(VI)). This work provides unique insight into designing a highly efficient PMS/PEC system for simultaneous pollutant treatment.
Air and Thermally Stable Fluoride Bridged Rare‐Earth Clusters Showing Intense Photoluminescence and Potential LED Application
Authors: He Jian‐Yue , Wang Yu , Chen Xi , Chen Wei‐Peng , Zhou Guijiang , Zheng Yan‐Zhen
Published: October 2024

Fluoride based lattice is attractive for reducing phonon‐induced quenching in rare‐earth (RE) based luminescent materials. However, due to the strong affinity between RE and oxygen, the synthesis of fluoride‐based complexes has to be protected under anhydrous conditions, and many known fluoride bridged RE clusters are unstable in air. Here, by using the “mixed‐ligand” strategy a family of fluoride bridged RE clusters is synthesized, namely RE16(μ4‐F)6(μ3‐F)12(tBuCOO)18[N(CH2CH2O)3]4 (RE = Eu, EuFC‐16; RE = Tb, TbFC‐16), which are highly stable in air and decomposed thermally only when heating above 435 °C. Moreover, both clusters exhibit high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYEuFC‐16 = 87.7%, PLQYTbFC‐16 = 99.0%). Upon warming, EuFC‐16 and TbFC‐16 display excellent structural, thermal, and chroma stability. Thus, EuFC‐16 and TbFC‐16 have the potential to be used in light‐emitting diode (LED) devices, offering many advantages over commercial phosphors. First, both clusters are soluble in UV‐curable resin at any mixing rate, and the emission colors can be tuned from magenta, turquoise, willow green, and ivory to pure white if mixing blue phosphor BAM:Eu2+. Second, the clusters are hydrophobic, and the LEDs work well after soaking in water, indicating a good quality for outdoor lighting.
All‐In‐One Optoelectronic Transistors for Bio‐Inspired Visual System
Authors: Liu Zhuohui , Zhang Mingzhen , Zhang Qinghua , Li Ge , Xie Donggang , Wang Zheng , Xie Jiahui , Guo Erjia , He Meng , Wang Can , Gu Lin , Yang Guozhen , Jin Kuijuan , Ge Chen
Published: October 2024

Visual perception has profound effects on human decision‐making and emotional responses. Replicating the functions of the human visual system through device development has been a constant pursuit in recent years. However, to fully simulate the various functions of the human visual system, it is often necessary to integrate multiple devices with different functions, resulting in complex, large‐volume device structures and increased power consumption. Here, an optoelectronic transistor with comprehensive visual functions is introduced. By coupling diverse photoreceptive properties of the channel and electrical regulation through charge injection/ferroelectric switching from the hafnium‐based gate, the devices can simulate functions of both photoreceptors in the retina and synapses in the visual cortex. A device array is constructed to confirm the perceptual functions of cone and rod cells. Subsequently, color discrimination and recognition for color images are achieved by combining the tunable perception and synapse functions. Then an intelligent traffic judgment system with this all‐in‐one device is developed, which is capable of making judgments and decisions regarding traffic signals and pedestrian movements. This work provides a potential solution for developing compact and efficient devices for the next‐generation bio‐inspired visual system.
Photochemically Induced Approaches to the Syntheses of β‐Lactams
Authors: Ahmed Imtiaz , Gupta Nikita , Gupta Ajit Kumar , Das Vijay Kumar
Published: October 2024

The synthesis of β‐lactam scaffolds is of paramount importance due to their extensive applications in pharmaceuticals, particularly as antibiotics. Visible light photocatalysis has emerged as a revolutionary approach in this domain, providing a sustainable and efficient pathway for β‐lactam construction. In this review, we meticulously discuss the recent developments in the synthesis of photocatalysed β‐lactam frameworks. A key focus is the Staudinger reaction, traditionally a cornerstone in β‐lactam synthesis, and its adaptation to visible light photocatalysis. We explore the mechanistic intricacies of the Staudinger reaction under photochemical conditions, along with other pivotal cyclization strategies enabled by visible light. By illuminating the novel photocatalytic routes to β‐lactams, this review provides a thorough understanding of the state‐of‐the‐art techniques and sets the stage for future innovations in the green synthesis of these critical compounds.
A Versatile Method to Create Antibody/Split‐Enzyme Complexes and Its Application to a Rapid, Homogeneous, and Universal Electrochemical Immunosensing System
Authors: Tobita Yuka , Hirano Kensuke , Miura Daimei , Hatano Yuma , Tsugawa Wakako , Ikebukuro Kazunori , Sode Koji , Asano Ryutaro
Published: October 2024

In this study, a versatile method is developed to create an antibody/split‐enzyme complex for use in electrochemical immunosensors. SpyCatchers are genetically fused at each terminus of flavin adenine dinucleotide‐dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FAD‐GDH) and a protease recognition sequence is inserted into a loop region to prepare a soluble protein and the split GDH. SpyTag‐fused single‐chain variable fragments (scFvs) are employed, which leads to the simple preparation of antibody‐split enzyme complexes (split AECs). The addition of pentameric C‐reactive protein (CRP), as a representative multimeric protein, restored the GDH activity of the split AECs, as the two split AEC fragments formed active GDH when in close proximity. CRP in human serum is electrochemically detected within 5 min without any washing steps with a clinically relevant CRP detection range (0.03–1 mg dL−1). The detection system is expanded to detect hemoglobin, SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein, and inactivated SARS‐CoV‐2 by exchanging the scFvs. These results show that the convenient preparation method of the split GDH and the split AEC by the insertion of the protease recognition sequence and the use of SpyCatcher/SpyTag can realize a rapid, homogeneous, and universal electrochemical detection system that can be integrated into a commercially available electrochemical glucose sensor.
Electric Field Driven of Tourmaline/g‐C3N4 Photocatalyst with Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance and High‐Efficient Pollutant Degradation
Authors: Sun Xiaohan , Zhu Jinliang , Yu Qianqian , Zhou Jiazuo , Wang Fangmiao , Jiang Zishuai , Liu Yifan , Yu Yuan , Li Yingxin , Yang Haiyue , Li Yudong , Wang Chengyu
Published: October 2024

Photocatalysis technology of g‐C3N4 is of great value in wastewater treatment, thus calling for developing a concise and high‐efficiency method to improve its photocatalytic efficiency. Here, a novel photocatalyst consisting of tourmaline particles (TPs) and graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) is prepared by a step calcining method with enhanced photocatalytic performance. The self‐polarized electric field of TPs attracts the photogenerated electrons generated by the catalyst and delays the recombination rate of electron‐hole pairs, for which reason the prepared photocatalyst exhibits a wider spectral response and stronger photocatalytic activity. The mechanism analysis exhibits that the reactive substances including h+, ·OH, 1O2, and ·O2− generated by TPs/g‐C3N4 effectively eliminate the contaminant during photocatalysis. The degradation efficiency of Rhodamine B (RhB) of g‐C3N4‐0.5% TPs is increased from 88.47% to 97.76% after 30 min illumination compared with pure g‐C3N4. Furthermore, to facilitate catalyst recycling and reuse, a photocatalytic lignocellulose membrane is prepared. After five cycles, the degradation efficiency of the membrane decreases from 97.89% to 95.54%, still maintaining 97.60%. This study has constructed an innovative tourmaline/g‐C3N4 photocatalyst and recyclable photocatalytic lignocellulose membrane with enhanced pollutant degradation properties by introducing naturally polarized minerals, providing a new approach for efficient water treatment.
Controlled Drug Release Systems for Cerebrovascular Diseases
Authors: Martín‐Morales Celia , Caspani Sofia , Desco Manuel , Tavares de Sousa Célia , Gómez‐Gaviro María Victoria
Published: October 2024

This review offers a comprehensive exploration of optimized drug delivery systems tailored for controlled release and their crucial role in addressing cerebrovascular diseases. Through an in‐depth analysis, various controlled release methods, including nanoparticles, liposomes, hydrogels, and other emerging technologies are examined. Highlighting the importance of precise drug targeting, it is delved into the underlying mechanisms of these delivery systems and their potential to improve therapeutic outcomes while minimizing adverse effects. Additionally, the specific applications of these optimized drug delivery systems in treating cerebrovascular disorders such as ischemic stroke, cerebral aneurysms, and intracranial hemorrhage are discussed. By shedding light on the advancements in drug delivery techniques and their implications in cerebrovascular medicine, this review offers valuable insights into the future of therapeutic interventions in neurology.
Whole‐Tumor Clearing and Imaging of Intratumor Microbiota in Three Dimensions with miCDaL Strategy
Authors: Wang Yuezhou , Jiang Zile , Zhang Kai , Tang Huimin , Wang Guimei , Gao Jinshan , He Guanghui , Liang Baoyue , Li Li , Yang Chaoyong , Deng Xianming
Published: October 2024

Acquiring detailed spatial information about intratumor microbiota in situ is challenging, which leaves 3D distributions of microbiota within entire tumors largely unexplored. Here, a modified iDISCO‐CUBIC tissue clearing and D‐amino acid microbiome labeling‐based (miCDaL) strategy are proposed, that integrates microbiota in situ labeling, tissue clearing, and whole‐mount tissue imaging to enable 3D visualization of indigenous intratumor microbiota. Leveraging whole‐mount spatial resolution and centimeter‐scale imaging depth, the 3D biogeography of microbiota is successfully charted across various tumors at different developmental stages, providing quantitative spatial insights in relation to host tumors. By incorporating an immunostaining protocol, 3D imaging of the immunologic microenvironment is achieved in both murine and human mammary tumors that is previously assumed to be bacteria‐free. Notably, immune infiltrates, including T cells and NK cells, and tertiary lymphoid structures are conspicuously absent in bacteria‐colonized regions. This 3D imaging strategy for mapping Indigenous intratumor microbiota offers valuable insights into host–microbiota interactions.
Human Amniotic Epithelial Stem Cells Promote Colonic Recovery in Experimental Colitis via Exosomal MiR‐23a–TNFR1–NF‐κB Signaling
Authors: Kou Yaohui , Li Jinying , Zhu Yingyi , Liu Jia , Ren Ruizhe , Jiang Yuanqing , Wang Yunyun , Qiu Chen , Zhou Jiayi , Yang Zhuoheng , Jiang Tuoying , Huang Jianan , Ren Xiangyi , Li Shiguang , Qiu Cong , Wei Xiyang , Yu Luyang
Published: October 2024

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, manifests as chronic intestinal inflammation with debilitating symptoms, posing a significant burden on global healthcare. Moreover, current therapies primarily targeting inflammation can lead to immunosuppression‐related complications. Human amniotic epithelial stem cells (hAESCs), which exhibit low immunogenicity and ethical acceptability, have gained attention as potential therapeutics. In this study, it is demonstrated that their encapsulation in a hydrogel and administration via anal injection enhanced the colonic mucosal barrier repair in a murine colitis model induced by dextran sodium sulfate during the recovery phase. The underlying mechanism involved the release of exosomes from hAESCs enriched with microRNA‐23a‐3p, which post‐transcriptionally reduced tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 expression, suppressing the nuclear factor‐κB pathway in colonic epithelial cells, thus played a key role in inflammation. The novel approach shows potential for IBD treatment by restoring intestinal epithelial homeostasis without the immunosuppressive therapy‐associated risks. Furthermore, the approach provides an alternative strategy to target the key molecular pathways involved in inflammation and promotes intestinal barrier function using hAESCs and their secreted exosomes. Overall, this study provides key insights to effectively treat IBD, addresses the unmet needs of patients, and reduces related healthcare burden.
Photovoltaic Charge Lithography on Passive Dielectric Substrates Using Fe:LiNbO3 Stamps
Authors: Sebastián‐Vicente Carlos , Zamboni Riccardo , García‐Cabañes Angel , Carrascosa Mercedes
Published: October 2024

Photovoltaic Fe:LiNbO3 is an outstanding material platform able to photo‐generate versatile charge patterns, useful for a broad variety of applications. However, in some cases, its photorefractive effect, light absorption, and active ferroelectric properties may interfere with the optimum operation of certain devices based on Fe:LiNbO3. Here, a novel optoelectronic method is proposed and demonstrated to transfer photovoltaic charge patterns from Fe:LiNbO3 to non‐photovoltaic passive substrates, thus removing these possible limitations. The method, denominated as photovoltaic charge lithography (PVCL), resembles the operation of a stamp and does not require external high‐voltage supplies or electron/ion beams. Upon contact between the active Fe:LiNbO3 stamp and a passive dielectric substrate, the light‐induced charge pattern can be faithfully mirrored on the passive substrate. The imprinted pattern is probed and characterized by dielectrophoretic and electrophoretic particle trapping. The results reveal that the charge builds up on the passive substrate during contact, allowing charge tunability. Moreover, arbitrary charge distributions can be flexibly tailored, using scanning laser beams or spatially structured light. Overall, PVCL opens the possibility of printing complex 1D/2D charge patterns of controlled polarity on different passive dielectric materials, enhancing the technological potential of Fe:LiNbO3 photovoltaic platforms.
Printing High‐Quality Formanidinum Lead Triiodide Films: Understanding the Critical Role of α‐Phase Nucleation Before Thermal Annealing
Authors: Qiu Shudi , Dong Lirong , Jang Dongju , Yang Fu , Cerrillo José Garcia , Li Chaohui , Xie Zhiqiang , Luo Junsheng , Guo Fei , Distler Andreas , Du Tian , Brabec Christoph J. , Egelhaaf Hans‐Joachim
Published: October 2024

Upscaling the coating of formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI3) thin film is essential to realizing full printing and thereby roll‐to‐roll production of perovskite photovoltaics. However, thin‐film FAPbI3 processed from antisolvent‐free, printing methods suffer from undesirable degradation to the non‐photoactive phase, particularly in ambient processing conditions. Here, the most critical stage in thin‐film processing is identified as the gas‐quenching treatment of the as‐cast wet film. It is crucial to achieve both the nucleation of α‐phase nanocrystals and their sufficient growth at room temperature, which are indispensable for templating the growth of a highly crystalline and stable α‐FAPbI3 film during subsequent thermal annealing. The gas‐quenching‐treated film without these α‐phase nanocrystals can only be converted to meta‐stable α‐FAPbI3 by thermal annealing. By precisely identifying the spontaneous doping of cesium ion (Cs+) as a key factor in triggering α‐FAPbI3 nucleation and the role of chloride ion (Cl−) in enhancing nanocrystal growth,  a generalized mechanism for additive engineering for the precursor ink is theorized. The identified mechanism translates to a power conversion efficiency of 19.36% for fully printed carbon‐electrode solar cells, 16.23% for carbon‐electrode minimodules, and excellent operational stability, showing the promising potential of this proposed fabrication route in the upscaling of perovskite photovoltaics.
An Aerial Robot Achieving Bimodal Flight and Independent Attitude Control through Passive Morphing
Authors: Xu Jihao , Chirarattananon Pakpong
Published: October 2024

Enhancing the adaptability and versatility of unmanned micro aerial vehicles (MAVs) is crucial for expanding their application range. In this article, a bimodal reconfigurable robot capable of operating in both regular quadcopter flight mode and a unique revolving flight mode is presented, which allows independent control of the vehicle's position and roll‐pitch attitude. This design incorporates passive revolute joints that enable seamless mid‐air transitions between the two modes, facilitated by centrifugal forces, without the need for additional actuators. In the regular mode, the robot operates with four vertical propellers, similar to conventional designs. In the revolving mode, the configuration shifts to two horizontal and two vertical propellers, achieving five degrees of freedom control with four actuators. This underactuated flight capability is made possible by exploiting the robot's fast revolving motion and the resulting cycle‐averaged forces and torques. Experimental validations confirm the feasibility and enhance the maneuverability of this design. The revolving flight mode provides significant advantages in applications such as mapping and confined space navigation.