bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection and attribution of global change effects on river nutrient dynamics in a large Mediterranean basin
Authors: Aguilera R. , Marcé R. , Sabater S.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Attributing changes in river water quality to specific factors is challenging because multiple factors act at different temporal and spatial scales, and it often requires examining long-term series of continuous data. But data consistency is sometimes hindered by the lack of observations of relevant water quality variables and the low and uneven sampling frequency that characterize many water quality monitoring schemes. Nitrate and dissolved phosphate concentration time-series (1980–2011) from 50 sampling stations across a large Mediterranean river basin were analyzed to disentangle the role of hydrology, land-use practices, and global climatic phenomena on the observed nutrient patterns, with the final aim of understanding how the different aspects of global change affected nutrient dynamics in the basin. Dynamic Factor Analysis (DFA) provided the methodological framework to extract underlying common patterns in nutrient time-series with missing observations. Using complementary methods such as frequency and trend analyses, we sought to further characterize the common patterns and identify the drivers behind their variability across time and space. Seasonal and other cyclic patterns were identified, as well as trends of increase or decrease of nutrient concentration in particular areas of the basin. Overall, the impact of global change, which includes both climate change and anthropogenic impacts, on the dynamics of nitrate concentration across the study basin was found to be a multifaceted process including regional and global factors, such as climatic oscillations and agricultural irrigation practices, whereas impacts on phosphate concentration seemed to depend more on local impacts, such as urban and industrial activities, and less on large-scale factors.
Greenland Ice Sheet influence on Last Interglacial climate: global sensitivity studies performed with an atmosphere–ocean general circulation model
Authors: Pfeiffer M. , Lohmann G.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. During the Last Interglacial (LIG, 130–115 kiloyear before present), the northern high latitudes experienced higher temperatures than those of the late Holocene with a notably lower Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS). However, the impact of a reduced GIS on the global climate has not yet been well constrained. In this study, we quantify the contribution of the GIS to LIG warmth by performing various sensitivity studies, employing the Community Earth System Models (COSMOS), with a focus on height and extent of the GIS. In order to asses the effects of insolation changes over time and for a comparison of LIG climate with the current interglacial, we perform transient simulations covering the whole LIG and Holocene. We analyze surface air temperature (SAT) and separate the contribution of different forcings to LIG warmth. The strong Northern Hemisphere warming is mainly caused by increased summer insolation. Reducing the height and extent of the GIS leads to a warming of several degrees Celcius in the northern and southern high latitudes during local winter. In order to evaluate the performance of our LIG simulations, we additionally compare the simulated SAT anomalies with marine and terrestrial proxy-based LIG temperature anomalies. Our model results are in good agreement with proxy records with respect to the pattern, but underestimate the reconstructed temperatures. We are able to reduce the mismatch between model and data by taking into account the potential seasonal bias of the proxy record and the uncertainties in the dating of the proxy records for the LIG thermal maximum. The seasonal bias and the uncertainty of the timing are estimated from our own transient model simulations. We note however that our LIG simulations are not able to reproduce the full magnitude of temperature changes indicated by the proxies, suggesting a potential misinterpretation of the proxy records or deficits of our model.
Improving of electrical channels for magnetotelluric sounding instrumentation
Authors: Prystai A. M. , Pronenko V. O.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. The study of deep structure of the Earth's crust is of great interest for both applied (e.g. mineral exploration) and scientific research. For this the electromagnetic (EM) studies which enable to construct the distribution of electrical conductivity in the Earth's crust are of great use. The most common method of EM exploration is magnetotelluric sounding (MT). This passive method of research uses a wide range of natural geomagnetic variations as a powerful source of electromagnetic induction in the Earth, producing there telluric currents variations. It includes the measurements of variations of natural electric and magnetic fields in orthogonal directions at the surface of the Earth. By this, the measurements of electric field are much more complicated metrological process, and namely they are limiting the precision of MT prospecting. This is especially complicated at deep sounding when measurements of long periods are of interest. The increase of the accuracy of the electric field measurement can significantly improve the quality of MT data. Because of this the development of new version of instrument for the measurements of electric field at MT – both electric field sensors and the electrometer – with higher relative to the known instruments parameters level were initiated. The paper deals with the peculiarities of this development and the results of experimental tests of the new sensors and electrometer included as a unit in the long-period magnetotelluric station LEMI-420 are given.
Improvement of density models of geological structures by fusion of gravity data and cosmic muon radiographies
Authors: Jourde K. , Gibert D. , Marteau J.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. This paper examines how the resolution of small-scale geological density models is improved through the fusion of information provided by gravity measurements and density muon radiographies. Muon radiography aims at determining the density of geological bodies by measuring their screening effect on the natural flux of cosmic muons. Muon radiography essentially works like medical X-ray scan and integrates density information along elongated narrow conical volumes. Gravity measurements are linked to density by a 3-D integration encompassing the whole studied domain. We establish the mathematical expressions of these integration formulas – called acquisition kernels – and derive the resolving kernels that are spatial filters relating the true unknown density structure to the density distribution actually recovered from the available data. The resolving kernels approach allows to quantitatively describe the improvement of the resolution of the density models achieved by merging gravity data and muon radiographies. The method developed in this paper may be used to optimally design the geometry of the field measurements to perform in order to obtain a given spatial resolution pattern of the density model to construct. The resolving kernels derived in the joined muon/gravimetry case indicate that gravity data are almost useless to constrain the density structure in regions sampled by more than two muon tomography acquisitions. Interestingly the resolution in deeper regions not sampled by muon tomography is significantly improved by joining the two techniques. The method is illustrated with examples for La Soufrière of Guadeloupe volcano.
A spatiotemporal optimization model for the evacuation of the population exposed to flood hazard
Authors: Alaeddine H. , Serrhini K. , Maizia M. , Néron E.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Managing the crisis caused by natural disasters, and especially by floods, requires the development of effective evacuation systems. An effective evacuation system must take into account certain constraints, including those related to traffic network, accessibility, human resources and material equipment (vehicles, collecting points, etc.). The main objective of this work is to provide assistance to technical services and rescue forces in terms of accessibility by offering itineraries relating to rescue and evacuation of people and property. We consider in this paper the evacuation of an urban area of medium size exposed to the hazard of flood. In case of inundation, most people will be evacuated using their own vehicles. Two evacuation types are addressed in this paper: (1) a preventive evacuation based on a flood forecasting system and (2) an evacuation during the disaster based on flooding scenarios. The two study sites on which the developed evacuation model is applied are the Tours valley (Fr, 37), which is protected by a set of dikes (preventive evacuation), and the Gien valley (Fr, 45), which benefits from a low rate of flooding (evacuation before and during the disaster). Our goal is to construct, for each of these two sites, a chronological evacuation plan, i.e., computing for each individual the departure date and the path to reach the assembly point (also called shelter) according to a priority list established for this purpose. The evacuation plan must avoid the congestion on the road network. Here we present a spatiotemporal optimization model (STOM) dedicated to the evacuation of the population exposed to natural disasters and more specifically to flood risk.
Landscape analysis for multi-hazard prevention in Orco and Soana valleys, North-Western Italy
Authors: Turconi L. , Tropeano D. , Savio G. , Kumar De S. , Mason P. J.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. A Civil Protection Plan has been drafted for a 600 km2 mountainous region in NW Italy Consisting of Orco and Soana Valleys. It is a part of the oldest natural park in Italy and attracts several thousand tourists every year. The work is concerned with the analysis of relevant physiographic characteristics of this Alpine landscapehaving extremely variable geomorphology and possess a long history of instability. Thousands of records as well as digital maps (involving overlay and comparison of up to 90 GIS layers) have been analyzed and cross-correlated to find out the details of the events. The study area experienced different types of natural hazards, typical of the whole Alpine environment. Thus, the present area has been selected for such multi-hazard research in which several natural processes have been investigated, concerning their damaging effects over the land. Due to 36 different severe hazardous events at least 250 deaths have been recorded in the area since 18th Century, in the occasion of.
Application of Intersectional Analysis to Data on Domestic Violence Against Aboriginal Women Living in Remote Communities in the Province of Quebec
Authors: Brassard Renée , Montminy Lyse , Bergeron Anne-Sophie , Sosa-Sanchez Itzel A.
Published: March 2015

This article discusses the theoretical and analytical intersectionality approach, focusing on its application to an analysis of empirical data obtained from qualitative research into domestic violence against Aboriginal women living in four remote communities in Quebec. Nonprobability sampling was used to select and recruit 40 participants. Four focus groups took place, one in each of the participating communities. The qualitative data were subjected to a thematic content analysis emphasizing the feminist intersectionality perspective. The findings revealed the existence of different domination systems, as well as oppressive actions that interlock and interact at multiple and shifting levels, all of which shape and contribute to the reproduction of domestic violence among women living in remote Aboriginal communities. The intersectionality approach highlighted the important role played not only by race, gender, and social class, but also by the historical context and the degree of geographic isolation in the domestic violence experienced by Aboriginal women living in remote communities. All these social systems increase the vulnerability of Aboriginal women to domestic violence. This paper is one of the few scholarly attempts made so far to apply intersectional analysis to empirical data on the phenomenon of domestic violence as experienced by Aboriginal women.
Community Well-Being among the Registered Indian and non-Aboriginal populations in Winnipeg: Trends over time and spatial analysis
Authors: Bougie Evelyne , Kohen Dafna , Penney Chris , Senécal Sacha , Guimond Eric
Published: March 2015

The CWB Index has been developed to investigate well-being at the community level using census subdivisions to define the different types of communities. Because the basis for analysis is the entire population of a community, the presence of non-Aboriginal populations living in First Nations or Inuit communities, or of Aboriginal people living in “other” (non- Aboriginal) communities, has not yet been considered. Therefore, to date, the differences in well-being between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal residents of the same areas have not been investigated at the community level. In addition, few (if any) CSDs identified as First Nations or Inuit are located in urban areas. There is a need to understand better the well-being of this segment of Canada’s population (Newhouse and Peters 2003). Thus the purpose of the present study was to apply the CWB Index to describe the socioeconomic well-being of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal residents of the same urban centers. For this purpose, we use the city of Winnipeg in Manitoba, Canada as a “case study” because of its large Aboriginal population.
Self-Supervised Online Learning of Basic Object Push Affordances
Authors: Ridge Barry , Leonardis Aleš , Ude Aleš , Deniša Miha , Skočaj Danijel
Published: March 2015

Continuous learning of object affordances in a cognitive robot is a challenging problem, the solution to which arguably requires a developmental approach. In this paper, we describe scenarios where robotic systems interact with household objects by pushing them using robot arms while observing the scene with cameras, and which must incrementally learn, without external supervision, both the effect classes that emerge from these interactions as well as a discriminative model for predicting them from object properties. We formalize the scenario as a multi-view learning problem where data co-occur over two separate data views over time, and we present an online learning framework that uses a self-supervised form of learning vector quantization to build the discriminative model. In various experiments, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in comparison with related supervised methods using data from experiments performed using two different robotic platforms.
Reshaping Teachers' Mathematical Perceptions: Analysis of a Professional Development Task
Authors: Hughes Gwyneth , Brendefur Jonathan , Carney Michele
Published: March 2015

As the focus of mathematics education moves from memorization toward reasoning and problem solving, professional development for in-service teachers must model these activities while simultaneously increasing participants' mathematical knowledge. We examine a representative task from a mathematics professional development course that uses rational number operation as an opportunity for problem solving and modeling. Transcripts exemplify the growth teachers make in deeply understanding the content–division of fractions–while engaging in guided reinvention and classroom discourse. We propose 4 interconnected qualities of this task that allow participants to engage in and reflect on the process of guided reinvention: (1) authentic context with multiple solution methods, including visual; (2) cognitive dissonance; (3) deep engagement; and (4) impact on mathematical knowledge for teaching.
Weaving Geometry and Algebra Together
Authors: Cetner Michelle
Published: March 2015

Two activities help create a tapestry of connections.
Changing Classroom Instruction: One Teacher's Perspective
Authors: Tolle Penelope P.
Published: March 2015

After many years of looking for effective teaching practices, a high school teacher now sees where the focus of change needs to be.
Using Apps to Visualize Graph Theory
Authors: Quinn Anne
Published: March 2015

An inexpensive dynamic graph theory app can be used for matrix representations, planar graphs, Platonic solids, and more.
Discovering, Applying, and Extending Ceva's Theorem
Authors: Contreras José N.
Published: March 2015

Discover, prove, apply, and extend Ceva's theorem to unify an approach to classical points of concurrency.
Making Formative Assessment Multidimensional
Authors: Schultz Kyle T. , Thunder Kateri
Published: March 2015

This department publishes brief news articles, announcements, and guest editorials on current mathematics education issues that stimulate the interest of TCM readers and cause them to think about an issue or consider a specific viewpoint about some aspect of mathematics education.
Back to the Beach
Authors: Linder Sandra M.
Published: March 2015

Outdoor temperatures may still be chilly where you live, but solving these word problems can help your students remember what warm summer days feel like. Whether we enjoy jumping the waves or relaxing under an umbrella, we can always find a way to have fun at the beach. And we can learn a lot of math there, too.
Caution: Venn Diagrams Ahead!
Authors: Kimmins Dovie L. , Winters J. Jeremy
Published: March 2015

To highlight potential roadblocks, we contrast how this tool is typically used in mathematics and language arts, then circle back to make recommendations for your teaching practice.
Ready, Aim, Fire Your Cannons!
Authors: Enderson Mary C.
Published: March 2015

Have you ever thought about what it would be like to fire a cannon? How far do you think a cannonball can go when you shoot it out of a cannon? Can you make a cannonball go a certain distance? Are some cannons better than others? If so, in what ways?
Positive and Negative Thoughts in Ambiguous Anxiety-Related Stories: The Child’s Perspective
Authors: Valadão Dias Filomena , Oliveira Raquel V. , Leal Isabel , Maroco João
Published: March 2015

Aim

To evaluate the presence/absence, frequency of cognitive products (positive, negative and neutral thoughts) in a Portuguese community sample of children aged 10 and 11 years.

Method

A total of 274 children participated in this study, 151 girls and 123 boys, from the 5th and 6th grades, aged 10 and 11 years. Cognitive products were accessed through children’s cognitive responses to the Nine Ambiguous Stories.

Results

The answers to the nine stories produced 6,633 thoughts (positive - 2,570, negative - 4,063, neutral - 32). The number of positive and negative thoughts varied according to the stories. The absence of either positive or negative thoughts was observed in a very small number of children. The simultaneous presence of positive and negative thoughts per child occurred in all stories. More than half of the children showed more negative thoughts in all stories except for stories 2 and 6.

Conclusion

The results of this study contribute to the understanding of cognitive development of children, based on what is known and observed in the child and calls attention to the importance of the research of positive and negative content of thoughts shown by children and their impact on childhood anxiety.
Delayed Minimally Invasive Injection of Allogenic Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Sheets Regenerates Large Bone Defects in an Ovine Preclinical Animal Model
Authors: Berner Arne , Henkel Jan , Woodruff Maria A. , Steck Roland , Nerlich Michael , Schuetz Michael A. , Hutmacher Dietmar W.
Published: April 2015

Cell-based tissue engineering approaches are promising strategies in the field of regenerative medicine. However, the mode of cell delivery is still a concern and needs to be significantly improved. Scaffolds and/or matrices loaded with cells are often transplanted into a bone defect immediately after the defect has been created. At this point, the nutrient and oxygen supply is low and the inflammatory cascade is incited, thus creating a highly unfavorable microenvironment for transplanted cells to survive and participate in the regeneration process. We therefore developed a unique treatment concept using the delayed injection of allogenic bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) sheets to regenerate a critical-sized tibial defect in sheep to study the effect of the cells' regeneration potential when introduced at a postinflammatory stage. Minimally invasive percutaneous injection of allogenic BMSCs into biodegradable composite scaffolds 4 weeks after the defect surgery led to significantly improved bone regeneration compared with preseeded scaffold/cell constructs and scaffold-only groups. Biomechanical testing and microcomputed tomography showed comparable results to the clinical reference standard (i.e., an autologous bone graft). To our knowledge, we are the first to show in a validated preclinical large animal model that delayed allogenic cell transplantation can provide applicable clinical treatment alternatives for challenging bone defects in the future.

Significance

From a translational point of view, a comprehensive study is presented, the results of which show that percutaneous injection of allogenic BMSCs into the biodegradable composite scaffold 4 weeks after the defect surgery led to significantly improved bone regeneration compared with preseeded scaffold/cell constructs and scaffold-only groups. Biomechanical testing and microcomputed tomography showed results comparable to those of the clinical gold standard, namely autologous autograft. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to display in a validated preclinical large animal model that delayed allogenic cell transplantation could provide clinical treatment alternatives for challenging bone defects in the future.
Los Calares del Mundo y de la Sima (Albacete), centro recreativo de naturaleza del sureste de España
Authors: Cebrián Abellán Aurelio
Published: March 2015

Las serranías de la provincia de Albacete han pasado a destino recreativo relevante de Castilla-La Mancha. Ha intervenido la administración regional con la declaración del Parque Natural, con la protección y revalorización geomorfológica y biogeográfica, y las Mancomunidades de Municipios, Grupos de Acción Local y ayuntamientos, ahora sobre el rico patrimonio rupestre levantino (Patrimonio de la Humanidad), arquitectónico histórico (fortalezas y ermitas), creación de museos etnográficos y centros de interpretación, etc. Se ha apostado por el turismo rural y de naturaleza, por una diversificación de servicios turísticos ajustada a la creación del distintivo comarcal de Calidad Rural. Para ello se dispone de la capacidad de acogida, si bien resta la ardua tarea de promoción, diversificación, desestacionalización, etc., que aporte la superación de los actuales índices de ocupación.
Empleo de técnicas de teledetección de muy alta resolución espacial para el análisis del comportamiento de las variables fenológicas en cultivos (prunus pérsica) con riego deficitario controlado
Authors: Pérez-Cutillas Pedro , Alarcón Cabañero J.J.
Published: March 2015

El trabajo se realizó en una parcela de melocotoneros donde se aplicaron tratamientos de riego diferentes, lo que generó distinto grado de déficit hídrico en los árboles estudiados. Esta variabilidad en la situación hídrica de los árboles fue medida en superficie por medio del potencial hídrico de tallo a mediodía (Ψs), y desde el aire por medio de la captación de una imagen obtenida con una cámara multiesprectal que permitieron estimar los valores del espectro infrarrojo cercano (NIR) y del índice de vegetación de diferencia normalizada (NDVI) con una resolución espacial de 25 cm. Los índices obtenidos fueron sensibles al grado de comportamiento de las variables fenológicas de los cultivos tomadas en campo, que presentaron significativos valores de correlación con los valores obtenidos mediante técnicas de teledetección
Reacciones en la precipitación ante oscilaciones oceánicas en sus temperaturas superficiales: depresión tectónica central, Costa Rica
Authors: Quesada Marvin E. , Marsik Matt
Published: March 2015

Se analiza la influencia del evento el ENOS en la precipitación de la Depresión Tectónica
Central de Costa Rica, encontrándose que dicha respuesta es diferente, dada la diferencia
de temperaturas superficiales entre océano Pacífico y Atlántico. Estos pueden contribuir en
mayor o menor grado en la producción de masas de aire cargadas de humedad que puedan
llegar hasta esta región. Similarmente, dicha región presenta irregularidades geomorfológicas
en las dos principales sub-cuencas Virilla y Grande de San Ramón que contribuyen aún más
con las diferencias en los niveles de precipitación, siendo esta reducción en la precipitación
aún mayor en la sub-cuenca del río Grande de San Ramón.
Análisis de los cambios de usos del suelo en el área de Casapalma (Valle del Guadalhorce, Málaga) entre 1991 y 2007
Authors: Rodrigo Comino J. , Senciales González J.M. , Ferré Bueno E.
Published: March 2015

El presente trabajo pretende demostrar la posibilidad de analizar los cambios de coberturas
y usos del suelo de un área mediterránea sometida a intensas transformaciones. Como
herramienta principal se ha utilizado los SIG para fotointerpretar las fuentes existentes sobre
dicha materia desde el mapa de usos y coberturas vegetales del suelo de Andalucía del año
1991 y 2007 a escala 1:50.000 y 1:25.000 respectivamente (REDIAM). Acto seguido, con
la herramienta espacial de Crosstabulación se ha calculado la variación de los usos en formato
vectorial. Todas estas conclusiones se apoyan en un análisis previo de las condiciones
demográficas y una revisión bibliográfica de autores que ya han trabajado en dicha zona de
estudio situada en el municipio de Cártama en la provincia de Málaga (España).
Europa en crisis: el desencanto de la Unión Europea
Authors: Maris Shmite Stella , Cristina Nin María
Published: March 2015

Las desigualdades y las tensiones sociales se manifiestan territorialmente en las ciudades europeas, las que se constituyen en espacios estratégicos donde se materializan las reivindicaciones sociales. La combinación del proceso de globalización y la organización institucional supranacional de Europa, junto a las profundas transformaciones que afectan la economía y por lo tanto, al sistema social característico del Estado de Bienestar, conducen a la emergencia de sentimientos de insatisfacción e incertidumbre que se expresan en los movimientos sociales. En este artículo se aborda el rol de la Unión Europea frente a la crisis, las respuestas institucionales, las consecuencias económicas y sociales y la emergencia de un cuestionamiento de la sociedad al funcionamiento de los Estados y la estructura supranacional.
El tráfico de seres humanos en la Moldavia postsoviética (1991-2004)
Authors: Torres Adán Ángel Luis
Published: March 2015

En el ámbito de la geografía de la población, por lo general no se ha prestado atención suficiente a los movimientos forzados. A lo largo de este artículo se analiza el establecimiento y los motivos que llevaron a las redes de trata de personas a aparecer y desarrollarse de una manera muy importante en la República de Moldavia tras la caída de la URSS. Para atajar el problema, en una primera parte se analizan los factores internos que provocaron la predisposición de la población a dejar su país, para, en la segunda sección, revisar cómo afectaron al problema los factores externos de atracción que pusieron en marcha el «efecto llamada».
Hvordan indsætter forfatteren litteraturlister i OJS?
Authors: Frederiksen Niels Erik , Thestrup Jesper Boserup
Published: April 2015

Vejledning i hvor forfatteren indskriver sin litteraturliste, så den indgår som del af metadata.
Hvordan indsættes DOI-navnet korrekt i en litteraturliste?
Authors: Frederiksen Niels Erik , Thestrup Jesper Boserup
Published: April 2015

Der findes forskellige standarder, man kan følge ved udarbejdelsen af en litteraturliste. For at et tidsskrift kan få tildelt en DOI, er det vigtigt, at forfatterne overholder de krav til udfærdigelse af en litteraturliste, der opstilles af DOI-udbyderen CrossRef.I vejledningen vises eksempler på en litteraturliste, som den tager sig ud i overensstemmelse med de regler, der gælder for de mest udbredte standarder.
Impact of new healthcare legislation and price policy on healthcare services provider at the time of financial crisis. A 10 years study
Authors: Malovecka Ivona , Papargyris Konstantinos , Minarikova Daniela , Foltan Viliam , Jankovska Anezka
Published: March 2015

Monitoring, calculation and assessment of healthcare services prosperity in the community pharmacy with the help of financial analysis indicators for the years 2003-2012, using financial statements was conducted, with respect to profitability, debt, liquidity, working capital, and efficiency parameters. These ratios reflect various changes that hold between years 2003 and 2012. Under the time of financial crisis, recession and serious socio-economic changes the profitability parameter Gross Profit ranged from 2003-2011 = 16.12-22.79% (average = 19.20%; mean = 19.78%; σ = 2.41), but in 2012 decreased on 14.35%. Net Profit ranged 2003-2011 = 10.96-18.3% (average = 14.62%; mean = 16.62%; σ = 4.92), while in 2012 reached only 2.29%. Debt ratio ranged from 2003-2012= 2.33-4.81 (average = 3.44; mean = 3.07; σ = 0.82). Liquidity parameters Current Ratio spread between 2003-2012 = 1.13-1.71 (average = 1.43; mean = 1.46; σ = 0.15) and Quick Ratio spread between 2003-2012 = 0.72-1.27 (average = 1.07; mean = 1.09; σ = 0.15). Working Capital Ratio ranged from 2003-2012 = 2.66-12.94 (average = 9.58; mean = 10.06; σ = 3.1) and efficiency ratios were measured either. All changes that have taken place in the society had an impact on community pharmacy finance by worsening its profitability, liquidity, working capital and some of efficiency parameters. Therefore the stability of community pharmacy may be threatened and may affect its future performance.
G-protein-coupled receptors regulate autophagy by ZBTB16-mediated ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of Atg14L
Authors: Zhang Tao , Dong Kangyun , Liang Wei , Xu Daichao , Xia Hongguang , Geng Jiefei , Najafov Ayaz , Liu Min , Li Yanxia , Han Xiaoran , Xiao Juan , Jin Zhenzhen , Peng Ting , Gao Yang , Cai Yu , Qi Chunting , Zhang Qing , Sun Anyang , Lipinski Marta , Zhu Hong , Xiong Yue , Pandolfi Pier Paolo , Li He , Yu Qiang , Yuan Junying
Published: March 2015

Autophagy is an important intracellular catabolic mechanism involved in the removal of misfolded proteins. Atg14L, the mammalian ortholog of Atg14 in yeast and a critical regulator of autophagy, mediates the production PtdIns3P to initiate the formation of autophagosomes. However, it is not clear how Atg14L is regulated. In this study, we demonstrate that ubiquitination and degradation of Atg14L is controlled by ZBTB16-Cullin3-Roc1 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Furthermore, we show that a wide range of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) ligands and agonists regulate the levels of Atg14L through ZBTB16. In addition, we show that the activation of autophagy by pharmacological inhibition of GPCR reduces the accumulation of misfolded proteins and protects against behavior dysfunction in a mouse model of Huntington's disease. Our study demonstrates a common molecular mechanism by which the activation of GPCRs leads to the suppression of autophagy and a pharmacological strategy to activate autophagy in the CNS for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
Modeling the fate of methane hydrates under global warming
Authors: Kretschmer Kerstin , Biastoch Arne , Rüpke Lars , Burwicz Ewa
Published: March 2015

Large amounts of methane hydrate locked up within marine sediments are vulnerable to climate change. Changes in bottom water temperatures may lead to their destabilization and the release of methane into the water column or even the atmosphere. In a multimodel approach, the possible impact of destabilizing methane hydrates onto global climate within the next century is evaluated. The focus is set on changing bottom water temperatures to infer the response of the global methane hydrate inventory to future climate change. Present and future bottom water temperatures are evaluated by the combined use of hindcast high‐resolution ocean circulation simulations and climate modeling for the next century. The changing global hydrate inventory is computed using the parameterized transfer function recently proposed by Wallmann et al. (2012). We find that the present‐day world's total marine methane hydrate inventory is estimated to be 1146 Gt of methane carbon. Within the next 100 years this global inventory may be reduced by ∼0.03% (releasing ∼473 Mt methane from the seafloor). Compared to the present‐day annual emissions of anthropogenic methane, the amount of methane released from melting hydrates by 2100 is small and will not have a major impact on the global climate. On a regional scale, ocean bottom warming over the next 100 years will result in a relatively large decrease in the methane hydrate deposits, with the Arctic and Blake Ridge region, offshore South Carolina, being most affected.
Impact of borehole depths on reconstructed estimates of ground surface temperature histories and energy storage
Authors: Beltrami Hugo , Matharoo Gurpreet S. , Smerdon Jason E.
Published: March 2015

Estimates of ground surface temperature changes and continental energy storage from geothermal data have become well‐accepted indicators of climatic changes. These estimates are independent contributions to the ensemble of paleoclimatic reconstructions and have been used for the validation of general circulation models, and as a component of the energy budget accounting of the global climate system. Recent global and hemispheric analyses of geothermal data were based on data available in the borehole paleoclimatology database, which contains subsurface temperature profiles from a minimum depth of 200 m to about 600 m. Because of the nature of heat conduction, different depth ranges contain the record of past and persistent changes in the energy balance between the lower atmosphere and the ground for different time periods. Here we examine the dependency of estimated ground surface temperature histories and the magnitude of the subsurface heat content on the depth of borehole temperature profiles. Our results show that uncertainties in the estimates of the long‐term surface temperature are in the range of ±0.5K. We conclude that previous estimates of ground surface temperature change remain valid for the period since industrialization, but longer‐term estimates are subject to considerable uncertainties. The subsurface heat content shows a larger range of variability arising from differences in depth of the borehole temperature profiles, as well as from differences in the time of data acquisition, spanning four decades. These results indicate that estimates of subsurface heat should be carried out with caution to decrease cumulative errors in any spatial analysis.
Microstructures and Properties of Aluminum–Copper Lap‐Welded Joints by Cold Metal Transfer Technology
Authors: Feng Jicai , Liu Yibo , Sun Qingjie , Liu Jinping , Wu Laijun
Published: March 2015

In this paper, 1 mm thick 1060 aluminum sheet and pure copper were joined using AlCu5 filler wire by cold metal transfer (CMT). It was found that it is feasible to join aluminum to copper by this method, and a good wettability and weld appearance was usually obtained. The effect of heat input on the microstructure and tensile shear strength of joints was investigated. The results indicated that a continuous layer of intermetallic compounds (IMCs), i.e., Al4Cu9 (γ), Al2Cu3 (ε), and Al2Cu (θ) was produced in the Cu/weld interface, and the weld metal was composed of α‐Al solid solutions and Al–Cu eutectic in the grain boundary. Additional heat input promoted the growth of the Al–Cu IMC layer, especially the Al2Cu layer. However, appropriate weld parameters resulted in a thinner IMC layer and improved the joint strength. The maximum load force reached 0.983 kN, and the joint fractured in the heat‐affected zone of Al sheet with a ductile fracture mode.
Specific Features of the Phase Composition and Structure of a High‐Strength Multi‐Component Fe–W–Mo–Cr–V–Si–Mn–C Steel Synthesized via Laser Remelting
Authors: Pushin Vladimir G. , Kuranova Natalia N. , Nikolaeva Nina V. , Uksusnikov Aleksei N. , Ustyugov Yurii M. , Belosludtseva Elena S. , Pushin Artem V. , Svirid Aleksei E.
Published: March 2015

The results of studying the phase composition, structure, and hardness of a synthesized multi‐component Fe–W–Mo–Cr–V–Si–Mn–C steel are presented. Investigations were performed via using methods of the analytical transmission and scanning structural and orientation electron microscopy, optical metallography, X‐ray energy‐dispersion spectroscopy, X‐ray phase and structure analysis, measurements of Rockwell hardness. It has been established that the steel has a high hardness (62 HRC) and is in an ultrafine‐grained composite‐wise martensite–multi‐carbide state. In this case, all different type of carbides are uniformly distributed over the volume of the steel and are of either nano‐ or submicro‐crystalline size in dependence of the type of the carbide phase. The state of the steel, synthesized via laser remelting, from the viewpoint of the character of the spatial distribution of the chemical and phase constituents, has turned out to be very much resembling that one which is typical of some high‐entropy alloys already studied.
Heat Manipulation Using Highly Anisotropic Pitch‐Based Carbon Fiber Composites
Authors: Athanasopoulos Nikolaos , Siakavellas Nicolaos J
Published: March 2015

Heat flux manipulation, using continuous and highly anisotropic pitch‐based carbon fiber composites, was extensively studied. Homogeneous, highly anisotropic, and non‐singular materials were developed and studied in order to protect critical regions and nullify the heat flux through the protected region. The proposed materials take advantage of the ultrahigh thermal conductivity along the fiber, as well as the small thermal conductivity of the matrix material transverse to the fibers. The sequence of fiber–matrix–fiber transverse to fiber direction in microscale constructs a highly efficient manipulation device due to the high thermal anisotropy. The results were compared to efficient multilayer homogeneous thermal cloaks. The calculated ideal temperature field and the measured one prove the efficiency of this design approach. The same philosophy can be applied in 3D space.
Biocompatible Nanoparticles Based on Diketo‐Pyrrolo‐Pyrrole (DPP) with Aggregation‐Induced Red/NIR Emission for In Vivo Two‐Photon Fluorescence Imaging
Authors: Gao Yuting , Feng Guangxue , Jiang Tao , Goh Chiching , Ng Laiguan , Liu Bin , Li Bo , Yang Lin , Hua Jianli , Tian He
Published: March 2015

Compared with traditional one‐photon fluorescence imaging, two‐photon fluorescence imaging techniques have shown advantages such as increased penetration depth, lower tissue autofluorescence, and reduced photo­damage, and therefore are particularly useful for imaging tissues and animals. In this work, the design and synthesis of two novel DPP‐based compounds with large two‐photon absorption (2PA) cross‐sections (σ ≥ 8100 GM) and aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) properties are reported. The new compounds are red/NIR emissive and show large Stokes shifts (Δλ ≥ 3571 cm−1). 1,2‐Distearoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphoethanol amine‐N‐[maleimide(polyethylene glycol)‐2000 (DSPE‐PEG‐Mal) is used as the encapsulation matrix to encapsulate DPP‐2, followed by surface functionalization with cell penetrating peptide (CPP) to yield DPP‐2‐CPP nanoparticles with high brightness, good water dispersibility, and excellent biocompatibility. DPP‐2 nanoparticles have been used for cell imaging and two‐photon imaging with clear visualization of blood vasculature inside mouse ear skin with a depth up to 80 μm.
Dynamic Control of Full‐Colored Emission and Quenching of Photoresponsive Conjugated Polymers by Photostimuli
Authors: Watanabe Kazuyoshi , Hayasaka Hiroyuki , Miyashita Tatsuaki , Ueda Kenta , Akagi Kazuo
Published: March 2015

A series of photoresponsive and full‐colored fluorescent conjugated copolymers is synthesized by combining phenylene‐ and thienylene‐based main chains with photochromic dithienylethene (DE) side chains. Solutions and cast films of the polymers exhibit various colored fluorescence in visible wavelengths of 400−700 nm corresponding to emissions of the conjugated main chain. The fluorescence is reversibly photoswitched between emission and quenching through DE photoisomerization using external stimuli from ultraviolet and visible light irradiation. The reprecipitation method with ultrasonication enables the polymers to form spherical aggregates with diameters of 20−70 nm in water. After investigating and comparing the optical properties, the resulting nanosphere solutions are assumed to exist in an intermediate state between an isolated state (i.e., in solution) and an aggregated state in cast film. The majority of the nanosphere solutions also exhibit the same photoswitchable fluorescence behavior as those in the solutions and the cast films. The results demonstrate that the visible fluorescence of the conjugated copolymers is reversibly switchable between emission and quenching using the photoisomerizing DE side chain regardless of the fluorescent colors and the polymer chain aggregation.
MoS2/Si Heterojunction with Vertically Standing Layered Structure for Ultrafast, High‐Detectivity, Self‐Driven Visible–Near Infrared Photodetectors
Authors: Wang Liu , Jie Jiansheng , Shao Zhibin , Zhang Qing , Zhang Xiaohong , Wang Yuming , Sun Zheng , Lee Shuit‐Tong
Published: March 2015

As an interesting layered material, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has been extensively studied in recent years due to its exciting properties. However, the applications of MoS2 in optoelectronic devices are impeded by the lack of high‐quality p–n junction, low light absorption for mono‐/multilayers, and the difficulty for large‐scale monolayer growth. Here, it is demonstrated that MoS2 films with vertically standing layered structure can be deposited on silicon substrate with a scalable sputtering method, forming the heterojunction‐type photodetectors. Molecular layers of the MoS2 films are perpendicular to the substrate, offering high‐speed paths for the separation and transportation of photo‐generated carriers. Owing to the strong light absorption of the relatively thick MoS2 film and the unique vertically standing layered structure, MoS2/Si heterojunction photodetectors with unprecedented performance are actualized. The self‐driven MoS2/Si heterojunction photodetector is sensitive to a broadband wavelength from visible light to near‐infrared light, showing an extremely high detectivity up to ≈1013 Jones (Jones = cm Hz1/2 W−1), and an ultrafast response speed of ≈3 μs. The performance is significantly better than the photodetectors based on mono‐/multilayer MoS2 nanosheets. Additionally, the MoS2/Si photodetectors exhibit excellent stability in air for a month. This work unveils the great potential of MoS2/Si heterojunction for optoelectronic applications.
Controllable Patterning of Different Cells Via Optical Assembly of 1D Periodic Cell Structures
Authors: Xin Hongbao , Li Yuchao , Li Baojun
Published: March 2015

Flexible patterning of different cells into designated locations with direct cell–cell contact at single‐cell patterning precision and control is of great importance, however challenging, for cell patterning. Here, an optical assembly method for patterning of different types of cells via direct cell–cell contact at single‐cell patterning precision and control is demonstrated. Using Escherichia coli and Chlorella cells as examples, different cells are flexibly patterned into 1D periodic cell structures (PCSs) with controllable configurations and lengths, by periodically connecting one type of cells with another by optical force. The patterned PCSs can be flexibly moved and show good light propagation ability. The propagating light signals can be detected in real‐time, providing new opportunities for the detection of transduction signals among patterned cells. This patterning method is also applicable for cells of other kinds, including mammalian/human cells.
Mussel‐Inspired Electrospun Smart Magnetic Nanofibers for Hyperthermic Chemotherapy
Authors: GhavamiNejad Amin , Sasikala Arathyram Ramachandra Kurup , Unnithan Afeesh Rajan , Thomas Reju George , Jeong Yong Yeon , Vatankhah‐Varnoosfaderani Mohammad , Stadler Florian J. , Park Chan Hee , Kim Cheol Sang
Published: March 2015

A method for the versatile synthesis of novel, mussel‐inspired, electrospun nanofibers with catechol moieties is reported. These mussel‐inspired nanofibers are used to bind iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and the borate‐containing anticancer drug Bortezomib (BTZ) through a catechol metal binding mechanism adapted from nature. These smart nanofibers exhibit a unique conjugation of Bortezomib to their 1, 2‐benzenediol (catechol) moieties for enabling a pH‐dependent drug delivery towards the cancer cells and the IONPs via strong coordination bonds for exploiting the repeated application of hyperthermia. Thus the synergistic anticancer effect of these mussel‐inspired magnetic nanofibers were tested in vitro for the repeated application of hyperthermia along with the chemotherapy and found that the drug‐bound catecholic magnetic nanofibers exhibited excellent therapeutic efficacy for potential anticancer treatment.
Lanthanide–Organic Framework Nanothermometers Prepared by Spray‐Drying
Authors: Wang Zhuopeng , Ananias Duarte , Carné‐Sánchez Arnau , Brites Carlos D. S. , Imaz Inhar , Maspoch Daniel , Rocha João , Carlos Luís D.
Published: March 2015

Accurate, noninvasive, and self‐referenced temperature measurements at the submicrometer scale are of great interest, prompted by the ever‐growing demands in the fields of nanotechnology and nanomedicine. The thermal dependence of the phosphor's luminescence provides high detection sensitivity and spatial resolution with short acquisition times in, e.g., biological fluids, strong electromagnetic fields, and fast‐moving objects. Here, it is shown that nanoparticles of [(Tb0.914Eu0.086)2(PDA)3(H2O)]·2H2O (PDA = 1,4‐phenylenediacetic acid), the first lanthanide–organic framework prepared by the spray‐drying method, are excellent nanothermometers operating in the solid state in the 10–325 K range (quantum yield of 0.25 at 370 nm, at room temperature). Intriguingly, this system is the most sensitive cryogenic nanothermometer reported so far, combining high sensitivity (up to 5.96 ± 0.04% K−1 at 25 K), reproducibility (in excess of 99%), and low‐temperature uncertainty (0.02 K at 25 K).
In‐Depth Studies on Rapid Photochemical Activation of Various Sol–Gel Metal Oxide Films for Flexible Transparent Electronics
Authors: Park Sungjun , Kim Kwang‐Ho , Jo Jeong‐Wan , Sung Sujin , Kim Kyung‐Tae , Lee Won‐June , Kim Jaekyun , Kim Hyun Jae , Yi Gi‐Ra , Kim Yong‐Hoon , Yoon Myung‐Han , Park Sung Kyu
Published: March 2015

Despite intensive research on photochemical activation of sol–gel metal oxide materials, the relatively long processing time and lack of deep understanding of the underlying chemical courses have limited their broader impact on diverse materials and applications such as thin‐film electronics, photovoltaics, and catalysts. Here, in‐depth studies on the rapid photochemical activation of diverse sol–gel oxide films using various spectroscopic and electrical investigations for the underlying physicochemical mechanism are reported. Based on the exhaustive chemical and physical analysis, it is noted that deep ultraviolet‐promoted rapid film formation such as densification, polycondensation, and impurity decomposition is possible within 5 min via in situ radical‐mediated reactions. Finally, the rapid fabrication of all‐solution metal oxide thin‐film‐transistor circuitry, which exhibits stable and reliable electrical performance with a mobility of >12 cm2 V−1 s−1 and an oscillation frequency of >650 kHz in 7‐stage ring oscillator even after bending at a radius of <1 mm is demonstrated.