bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization and linear‐time detection of minimal obstructions to concave‐round graphs and the circular‐ones property
Authors: Safe Martín D.
Published: August 2019

A graph is concave‐round if its vertices can be circularly enumerated so that the closed neighborhood of each vertex is an interval in the enumeration. In this study, we give a minimal forbidden induced subgraph characterization for the class of concave‐round graphs, solving a problem posed by Bang‐Jensen, Huang, and Yeo [SIAM J. Discrete Math., 13 (2000), pp. 179–193]. In addition, we show that it is possible to find one such forbidden induced subgraph in linear time in any given graph that is not concave‐round. As part of the analysis, we obtain characterizations by minimal forbidden submatrices for the circular‐ones property for rows and for the circular‐ones property for rows and columns and show that, also for both variants of the property, one of the corresponding forbidden submatrices can be found (if present) in any given matrix in linear time. We make some final remarks regarding connections to some classes of circular‐arc graphs.
Even cycle creating paths
Authors: Soltész Daniel
Published: August 2019

We say that two graphs on the same vertex set are ‐creating if the union of the two graphs contains as a subgraph. Let be the maximum number of pairwise ‐creating Hamiltonian paths of the complete graph . The behavior of is much better understood than the behavior of , the former is an exponential function of whereas the latter is larger than exponential, for every fixed . We study for fixed and tending to infinity. The only nontrivial upper bound on was proved by Cohen, Fachini, and Körner in the case of : In this paper, we generalize their method to prove that for every , and a similar, slightly better upper bound holds when is odd. Our proof uses constructions of bipartite, regular, ‐free graphs with many edges given in papers by Reiman, Benson, Lazebnik, Ustimenko, and Woldar.
Investigating the effects of age and gender on cowitness suggestibility during blame attribution
Authors: Mojtahedi Dara , Ioannou Maria , Hammond Laura , Synnott John
Published: August 2019

Despite a large body of research investigating the effects of age and gender on eyewitness suggestibility, the majority of studies has focussed on the impressionability of participants when attempting to recall the presence of items from an event. Very little research has attempted to investigate the effects of age and gender on the suggestibility of eyewitnesses when attempting to attribute blame. Participants (N = 268) viewed and discussed a crime (video) with cowitnesses before giving individual statements. Confederates were used to expose the participants to misinformation during the discussion, suggesting that the wrong bystander was responsible for the offence. Findings indicated that participants who encountered the misinformation were more likely to make a false blame attribution and were more confident in their erroneous judgements. The results found no significant age‐ or gender‐related differences in blame conformity rates; however, male eyewitnesses showed greater levels of overconfidence in their false responses than female participants, after encountering cowitness misinformation.
The role of genotype and production environment in determining the cooking time of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Authors: Cichy Karen A. , Wiesinger Jason A. , Berry Matthew , Nchimbi‐Msolla Susan , Fourie Deidre , Porch Timothy G. , Ambechew Daniel , Miklas Phillip N.
Published: August 2019

Dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a nutrient‐dense food rich in proteins and minerals. Although a dietary staple in numerous regions, including Eastern and Southern Africa, greater utilization is limited by its long cooking time as compared with other staple foods. A fivefold genetic variability for cooking time has been identified for P. vulgaris, and to effectively incorporate the cooking time trait into bean breeding programs, knowledge of how genotypes behave across diverse environments is essential. Fourteen bean genotypes selected from market classes important to global consumers (yellow, cranberry, light red kidney, red mottled, and brown) were grown in 10 to 15 environments (combinations of locations, years, and treatments), and their cooking times were measured when either presoaked or unsoaked prior to boiling. The 15 environments included locations in North America, the Caribbean, and Eastern and Southern Africa that are used extensively for dry bean breeding. The cooking times of the 14 presoaked dry bean genotypes ranged from 16 to 156 min, with a mean of 86 min across the 15 production environments. The cooking times of the 14 dry bean genotypes left unsoaked ranged from 77 to 381 min, with a mean cooking time of 113 min. The heritability of the presoaked cooking time was very high (98%) and moderately high for the unsoaked cooking time (~60%). The genotypic cooking time patterns were stable across environments. There was a positive correlation between the presoaked and unsoaked cooking times (r = .64, p < 0.0001), and two of the fastest cooking genotypes when presoaked were also the fastest cooking genotypes when unsoaked (G1, Cebo, yellow bean; and G4, G23086, cranberry bean). Given the sufficient genetic diversity found, limited crossover Genotype × Environment interactions, and high heritability for cooking time, it is feasible to develop fast cooking dry bean varieties without the need for extensive testing across environments.
The Distribution of Fatty Acid Biomarkers of Dairy Intake across Serum Lipid Fractions: The Prospective Metabolism and Islet Cell Evaluation (PROMISE) Cohort
Authors: Santaren Ingrid D. , Bazinet Richard P. , Liu Zhen , Johnston Luke W. , Sievenpiper John L. , Giacca Adria , Retnakaran Ravi , Harris Stewart B. , Zinman Bernard , Hanley Anthony J.
Published: August 2019

Circulating fatty acids (FA) derived largely from dairy consumption have most commonly been measured in total human serum or phospholipid (PL) fractions, and have been used as validated biomarkers of dairy intake in a growing number of epidemiological studies. Nevertheless, measurement and characterization of a wider spectrum of FA biomarkers of dairy across the four major serum lipid fractions is lacking. This study aimed to (1) quantify FA biomarkers of dairy in PL, triacylglycerol (TAG), cholesteryl ester (CE), and unesterified fatty acid (FFA) serum lipid fractions; and (2) identify potential demographic and metabolic factors that may modify the proportions of these FA across serum fractions. Baseline data from 444 adults in the PROMISE cohort were analyzed. FA biomarkers, 15:0, t16:1n‐7, 18:2‐c9,t11, and t18:1n‐7 were quantified from serum. Dairy intake was estimated using the validated Canadian Diet History Questionnaire. Our results show that t18:1n‐7 was the most abundant FA biomarker in all fractions except CE, where 18:2‐c9,t11 was the most abundant. Positive correlations within fractions, and across FA in the PL, CE, and FFA fractions were found, however, TAG FA were negatively correlated with the other fractions. PL and CE FA were positively associated with dairy intake, and negatively associated with markers of dysmetabolism while, in contrast, these markers were predictors of higher TAG dairy FA. This study is the first to demonstrate distinct proportions of dairy FA in different serum lipid fractions. PL and CE FA marked dairy intake in this cohort, while TAG FA appeared to be markers of dysmetabolism.
Pioglitazone improves porcine oocyte maturation and subsequent parthenogenetic embryo development in vitro by increasing lipid metabolism
Authors: Jeong Sang‐Gi , Lee Seung‐Eun , Kim Won‐Jae , Park Yun‐Gwi , Yoon Jae‐Wook , Park Chan‐Oh , Park Hyo‐Jin , Kim Eun‐Young , Park Se‐Pill
Published: August 2019

Optimization of culture conditions is important to improve oocyte maturation and subsequent embryo development. In particular, this study analyzed the effects of increasing concentrations of PIO in the maturation medium on spindle formation and chromosome alignment, glutathione, and intracellular ROS levels and expression of selected genes related to maternal markers, apoptosis, and lipid metabolism. The percentage of oocytes displaying normal spindle formation and chromosome alignment was higher in the 1 µM PIO (1 PIO)‐treated group than in the control group. The glutathione level was significantly higher in the 1 PIO‐treated group than in the control group, while the reactive oxygen species level did not differ. Expression of maternal marker (MOS and GDF9), antiapoptotic (BIRC5), and lipid metabolism‐related (ACADS, CPT2, SREBF1, and PPARG) genes was higher in the 1 PIO‐treated group than in the control group, while expression of a proapoptotic gene (CASP3) was lower. The blastocyst formation rate and the percentage of blastocysts that reached at least the hatching stage on Days 6 and 7, and the percentage of blastocysts containing more than 128 cells were significantly higher in the 1 PIO‐treated group than in the control group. These results indicate that PIO treatment during in vitro maturation improves porcine oocyte maturation and subsequent parthenogenetic embryo development mainly by enhancing lipid metabolism and antioxidant defense in oocytes.
Highly undersampled magnetic resonance imaging reconstruction using autoencoding priors
Authors: Liu Qiegen , Yang Qingxin , Cheng Huitao , Wang Shanshan , Zhang Minghui , Liang Dong
Published: August 2019

Purpose

Although recent deep learning methodologies have shown promising results in fast MR imaging, how to explore it to learn an explicit prior and leverage it into the observation constraint is still desired.

Methods

A denoising autoencoder (DAE) network is leveraged as an explicit prior to address the highly undersampling MR image reconstruction problem. First, inspired by the observation that the prior information learned from high‐dimension signals is more effective than that from the low‐dimension counterpart in image restoration tasks, we train the network in a multichannel scenario and apply the learned network to single‐channel image reconstruction by a variables augmentation technique. Second, because of the fact that multiple implementations of artificial noise generation in DAE favors a better underlying result, we introduce a 2‐sigma rule to complement each other for improving the final reconstruction. The whole algorithm is tackled by proximal gradient descent.

Results

Experimental results under varying sampling trajectories and acceleration factors consistently demonstrate the superiority of the enhanced autoencoding priors, in terms of peak signal‐to‐noise ratio, structural similarity, and high‐frequency error norm.

Conclusion

A simple and effective way to incorporate the DAE prior into highly undersampling MR reconstruction is proposed. Once the DAE prior is obtained, it can be applied to the reconstruction tasks with different sampling trajectories and acceleration factors, and achieves superior performance in comparison with state‐of‐the‐art methods.
The dimension splitting reproducing kernel particle method for three‐dimensional potential problems
Authors: Peng P.P. , Wu Q. , Cheng Y.M.
Published: August 2019

In this paper, the dimension splitting reproducing kernel particle method (DSRKPM) for three‐dimensional (3D) potential problems is presented. In the DSRKPM, a 3D potential problem can be transformed into a series of two‐dimensional (2D) ones in the dimension splitting direction. The reproducing kernel particle method (RKPM) is used to solve each 2D problem, the essential boundary conditions are imposed by penalty method, and the discretized equation is obtained from Galerkin weak form of potential problems. Finite difference method is used in the dimension splitting direction. Then, by combining a series of the equations of the RKPM for solving 2D problems, the final equation of the DSRKPM for 3D potential problems is obtained. Five example problems on regular or irregular domains are selected to show that the DSRKPM has higher computational efficiency than the RKPM and the improved element‐free Galerkin method for 3D potential problems.
National trends and variation in nurse staffing on inpatient psychiatric units
Authors: Staggs Vincent S.
Published: August 2019

The purpose of this study was to examine national trends and variation in nurse staffing on inpatient psychiatric units in US general hospitals from 2005–2017. The National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators® provided data on nurse staffing from 1,143 psychiatric units in 610 US hospitals. A weighted linear mixed model was fitted for each of two staffing measures: Registered nurse (RN) hours per patient day (HPPD) and non‐RN HPPD. Monthly staffing levels were modeled as a function of study year, unit type, and hospital bed size, teaching status, government ownership, for‐profit status, metropolitan location, and US census division. Very gradual upward trends in staffing were observed. Compared with adult units, child/adolescent units had lower RN staffing and higher non‐RN staffing. Levels of both types of staffing were lower in for‐profit facilities. The Pacific census division had higher RN staffing than every other census division by an estimated margin of 0.52–1.54 HPPD, and census divisions with the lowest levels of RN staffing had the highest levels of non‐RN staffing. Despite concerns expressed over the past 15 years about patient violence, staffing levels, and use of seclusion and restraint on psychiatric units, average staffing levels have apparently increased only modestly since 2005, and increases in RN staffing on psychiatric units have not kept pace with increases in general care units. Marked regional differences in staffing merit further investigation.
Clinical validation of a novel automated cell‐free DNA screening assay for trisomies 21, 13, and 18 in maternal plasma
Authors: Ericsson Olle , Ahola Tarja , Dahl Fredrik , Karlsson Filip , Persson Fredrik , Karlberg Olof , Roos Fredrik , Alftrén Ida , Andersson Björn , Barkenäs Emelie , Boghos Ani , Brandner Birgit , Dahlberg Jenny , Forsgren Per‐Ola , Francois Niels , Gousseva Anna , Hakamali Faizan , Janfalk‐Carlsson Åsa , Johansson Henrik , Lundgren Johanna , Mohsenchian Atefeh , Olausson Linus , Olofsson Simon , Qureshi Atif , Skarpås Björn , Svahn Peter , Sävneby Anna , Åström Eva , Sahlberg Anna , Fianu‐Jonasson Aino , Gautier Jérémie , Costa Jean‐Marc , Jacobsson Bo , Nicolaides Kypros
Published: August 2019

Objective

To evaluate clinical performance of a new automated cell‐free (cf)DNA assay in maternal plasma screening for trisomies 21, 18, and 13, and to determine fetal sex.

Method

Maternal plasma samples from 1200 singleton pregnancies were analyzed with a new non–sequencing cfDNA method, which is based on imaging and counting specific chromosome targets. Reference outcomes were determined by either cytogenetic testing, of amniotic fluid or chorionic villi, or clinical examination of neonates.

Results

The samples examined included 158 fetal aneuploidies. Sensitivity was 100% (112/112) for trisomy 21, 89% (32/36) for trisomy 18, and 100% (10/10) for trisomy 13. The respective specificities were 100%, 99.5%, and 99.9%. There were five first pass failures (0.4%), all in unaffected pregnancies. Sex classification was performed on 979 of the samples and 99.6% (975/979) provided a concordant result.

Conclusion

The new automated cfDNA assay has high sensitivity and specificity for trisomies 21, 18, and 13 and accurate classification of fetal sex, while maintaining a low failure rate. The study demonstrated that cfDNA testing can be simplified and automated to reduce cost and thereby enabling wider population‐based screening.
A Note on the dS Swampland Conjecture, Non‐BPS Branes and K‐Theory
Authors: Blumenhagen Ralph , Brinkmann Max , Makridou Andriana
Published: August 2019

We point out that the de Sitter swampland conjecture would be falsified if classical fluxed Type IIA orientifold vacua with a single non‐BPS D7‐brane were indeed part of the string theory landscape. In other words, the dS swampland conjecture implies the cancellation of K‐theory charges on a compact space.
Management pathways for the floodplain wetlands of the southern Murray–Darling Basin: Lessons from history
Authors: Gell Peter A. , Reid Michael A. , Wilby Robert L.
Published: August 2019

The condition of floodplain wetlands of the Murray–Darling Basin (MDB) reflects the combined effects of climate variability, river regulation, vegetation clearance, and the impacts of human settlement and industry. Today, these systems are degraded, in large part due to changes in the hydroecology of waterways arising from water diversion and abstraction to sustain irrigated agriculture. The MDB Plan directs substantial investment towards the restoration of ecosystems largely via the buy‐back of water allocations, under a cap‐and‐trade system, for use as environmental flows. This region is projected to receive less winter rainfall and run‐off, which could exacerbate the impact of water diversions. Long‐term climate records suggest a higher level of resilience to drying than may be inferred from modern studies. Further, palaeoecological records of change reveal that many wetlands that are perennial today were once naturally seasonal or intermittent, and that much wetland degradation predates regulation and can be attributed to declines in water quality, rather than quantity. A mix of approaches to rehabilitate this long‐degraded system, planned and implemented over an extended period, may meet the demands of the Water Act of 2007, but also support the regional economy. An adaptive management approach offers a framework within which to map system vulnerabilities, characterize climate pressures, identify adaptation options, and monitor outcomes along a pathway to a sustainable future. Early lessons show the extent to which such a deliberative framework can assist water reform under changing socio‐economic priorities and external hydroclimatic pressures.
Instantons and infinite distances
Authors: Marchesano Fernando , Wiesner Max
Published: August 2019

Abstract

We consider geodesics of infinite length and with constant 4d dilaton in the (classical) hypermultiplet moduli space of type II Calabi-Yau compactifications. When approaching such infinite distance points, a large amount of D-instantons develop an exponentially suppressed action, substantially modifying the moduli space metric. We consider a particular large volume/strong coupling trajectory for which, in the corrected metric, the path length becomes finite. The instanton effects also modify the cllassical 4d dilaton such that, in order to keep the 4d Planck mass finite, the string scale has to be lowered. Our results can be related, via the c-map, to the physics around points of infinite distance in the vector multiplet moduli space where the Swampland Distance Conjecture and the Emergence Proposal have been discussed, and provide further evidence for them.
E‐cigarette use and sleep‐related complaints among youth
Authors: Riehm Kira E. , Rojo‐Wissar Darlynn M. , Feder Kenneth A. , Mojtabai Ramin , Spira Adam P. , Thrul Johannes , Crum Rosa M.
Published: August 2019

Introduction

E‐cigarette use is highly prevalent among adolescents. However, little research has examined the relationship between e‐cigarette use and sleep‐related complaints in this population. The objective of this study was to assess whether exclusive e‐cigarette, exclusive combusted cigarette, and dual‐product use are associated with sleep‐related complaints among adolescents.

Methods

Participants were 9,588 U.S. adolescents from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study, a nationally representative cohort, followed from 2013 through 2015. Using logistic regression, we examined the cross‐sectional association between past‐year e‐cigarette, combusted cigarette, or dual‐product use and past‐year sleep‐related complaints (bad dreams, sleeping restlessly, or falling asleep during the day), both measured at Wave 2. We controlled for Wave 1 demographic characteristics, emotional and behavioral health, and prior history of e‐cigarette use, combusted cigarette use, and sleep‐related complaints.

Results

In unadjusted analyses, e‐cigarette, combusted cigarette, and dual‐product use were significantly associated with greater odds of sleep‐related complaints, compared to use of neither product (e‐cigarettes: OR = 1.61, 95% CI 1.34–1.94; combusted cigarettes: OR = 1.62, 95% CI 1.26–2.09; dual‐product use: OR = 2.00, 95% CI 1.63–2.46). Associations between e‐cigarette and dual‐product use and sleep‐related complaints remained significant in fully adjusted analyses (e‐cigarettes: aOR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.05–1.59; dual‐product use: aOR = 1.57, 95% CI 1.24–1.99), whereas associations with combusted cigarette use were significant in all models except the fully adjusted model (aOR = 1.30, 95% CI 0.98–1.71).

Conclusions

E‐cigarette and dual‐product use are significantly associated with greater odds of reporting sleep‐related complaints among adolescents. Future research should evaluate whether this association may be causal.
A Sceptic’s Guide to Justice in International Tax Policy
Authors: van Apeldoorn Laurens
Published: August 2019

What, if any, are the moral norms governing the international taxation regime if the sceptic is right to think that considerations of distributive justice do not apply beyond the state? I sketch an answer to this question by examining Tsilly Dagan’s illuminating recent book International Tax Policy: Between Competition and Cooperation. In her work, Dagan identifies the position of Thomas Nagel, an influential global justice sceptic, as predominant among commentators in legal scholarship and policy debates on international taxation. According to Nagel, multilateral cooperation is appropriately conceived as a bargain between mutually self-interested states. In tracing the implications of his position for international tax policy Dagan argues that even a sceptic like Nagel is committed to identifying some considerations of distributive justice beyond the state to ameliorate the harmful effects of tax competition. In response I argue that Dagan is correct to claim that the global justice sceptic is committed to seeing cooperation in international tax policy as constrained by moral norms, but that these norms are what Nagel calls humanitarian duties rather than duties of justice. I establish that Dagan’s argument that Nagel is committed to a duty of justice to promote distributive justice abroad faces some significant obstacles and suggest that Dagan can ground her argument in a humanitarian duty that Nagel does accept. The upshot of the argument is that even if the sceptic is right to think that considerations of distributive justice do not apply beyond the state, multilateral tax cooperation is governed by a duty of states to prevent human rights deficits where they can.
Paper Trails: Fang Yongbin and the Material Culture of Calligraphy
Authors: Kelly Thomas
Published: August 2019

Fang Yongbin’s (1542–1608) cache of paper-based ephemera—733 notes, invoices, and 190 name cards—now held in the Harvard-Yenching library, discloses the multidimensional expertise of the stationery dealer in late Ming China. This article explores how businessmen from Huizhou prefecture turned to the trade in writing materials to improvise with new forms of cultural entrepreneurship in the late sixteenth century. Introducing the diverse contents of the cache, I demonstrate how Fang’s involvement in the sale of desktop tools drew from, and creatively combined literary endeavors, shop-keeping, and artisanal labor. Unsettling discrete conceptions of “scholar,” “merchant,” and “craftsman,” Fang’s career reveals how stationery dealers vied to usurp custodianship over the material culture of calligraphy. The Harvard-Yenching cache registers the increasingly powerful influence exerted over the business of culture by those skilled in the making and marketing of writing materials: largely forgotten salesmen whose services made the art of writing possible in the first place.
MANUFACTURING SOVEREIGNTY AND MANIPULATING HUMANITARIANISM: THE DIPLOMATIC RESOLUTION OF THE MERCENARY REVOLT IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO, 1967–8
Authors: RICH JEREMY
Published: August 2019

In 1967, European and Katangese mercenaries revolted against the rule of Mobutu Sese Seko in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) intervened to try to have the rebels peacefully leave the DRC. Katangese troops who fled to Rwanda with white mercenaries were forced by the Organization of African Unity and the Rwandan government to return to the DRC, where they were eventually executed. White mercenaries, under the protection of the ICRC and Rwanda, ultimately escaped Mobutu's wrath. Congolese and Rwandan leaders skillfully employed the ideal of African sovereignty and humanitarian rhetoric with its Western and African allies to ensure their consolidation of power.
Personal Bankruptcy Laws and Corporate Policies
Authors: Chen Yi-Wen , Halford Joseph T. , Hsu Hung-Chia Scott , Lin Chu-Bin
Published: August 2019

In this article we examine whether and how changes in personal bankruptcy laws, viewed as a shock to employees’ expected personal wealth, affect corporate policies. Following a reform in personal bankruptcy laws that limits individuals’ access to bankruptcy protection, firms more affected by this regulation reform increase labor costs, reduce investment, and engage in less risk taking. The effects are stronger when employees have more bargaining power. Furthermore, firms in industries characterized by high unemployment risk reduce leverage. These results support the view that firms choose more conservative policies to mitigate employees’ expected welfare losses.
The institution and the city: the impact of hospitals and workhouses on the development of Dublin's north inner city,c. 1773–1911
Authors: Fennelly Katherine
Published: August 2019

Cities develop around industry, markets and transport links. Dublin in the nineteenth century was similar, but additionally the north-west of the city developed around the expansion of a complex of institutional buildings for the reception, confinement and welfare of the poor and sick. This article argues that these institutions were implicit in the development of the modern city in the same way as industry and commerce. The physical development of the buildings altered and defined both the streetscape and, over time, the social identities and historical communities in the locale, in the same way that industrial development defined urban areas.
Ruly and Unruly Passions: Early Modern Perspectives
Authors: Radcliffe Elizabeth S.
Published: August 2019

A survey of theories on the passions and action in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Britain and western Europe reveals that few, if any, of the major writers held the view that reason in any of its functions executes action without a passion. Even rationalists, like Cambridge Platonist Ralph Cudworth and English clergyman Samuel Clarke, recognized the necessity of passion to action. On the other hand, many of these intellectuals also agreed with French philosophers Jean-François Senault, René Descartes, and Nicolas Malebranche that, for passions to be useful or to become virtues, they must be governed by reason. Without the moderation of reason, passions will be unruly, distort our notions of good, and disrupt our rational volitions. In response to these popular early modern perspectives, Enlightenment thinker David Hume offered a now-famous argument that reason without passion cannot motivate, drawing the further conclusion that reason cannot govern the passions, either. Given that no one in Hume's era seemed to defend the claim that reason alone can motivate action, what was Hume's intention?
Lange vs James on Emotion, Passion, and the Arts
Authors: Livingston Paisley
Published: August 2019

According to what is now the standard account in the history of psychology, in the 1880s William James and the Danish physician Carl Georg Lange independently developed a strikingly new theory, commonly referred to as the ‘James–Lange’ theory of emotion. In this paper it is argued that this standard account is highly misleading. Lange's views on affect in his (1885) Om Sindsbevægelser were more cautious than James allowed, and not open to criticisms that have often been levelled against the theory of emotion that James claimed he shared with Lange. In fact, Lange argued for distinctions that James did not mention in his discussion of Lange's work. Even with regard to the primary emotions, the two thinkers’ explanatory models diverged significantly. The contrast between James and Lange on affect is especially striking in their respective discussions of topics in aesthetics, as is established with reference to Lange's little-known (1899) Bidrag til Nydelsernes fysiologi som grundlag for en rationel æstetik.
The Evaluative Content of Emotion
Authors: Greenspan Patricia
Published: August 2019

The content of emotion sometimes seems to be conflated with its object, but we can distinguish between content and object on the model of Fregean sense versus reference. Fear, for instance, refers to something the subject of fear is afraid of and represents that object of fear as dangerous, so that the emotion can be said to have evaluative content. Here I attempt to clarify and defend my view of emotional discomfort or other affect as what does the evaluating. Some current accounts of the unpleasantness of physical pain take a similar view, but in application to emotion they call for an explanation of how emotional affect can simultaneously evaluate both the affective symptoms of emotion and the emotion's object. I suggest an explanation and indicate how it supports the link between emotional valence and motivational force.
The political economy of immigration and welfare state effort: evidence from Europe
Authors: Fenwick Clare
Published: August 2019

This article explores whether immigration plays a role in determining national welfare state effort in 16 European countries. It examines the relationship between stocks of migrants, the foreign-born population, on two different indicators of welfare state effort – social welfare spending as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) and a welfare generosity index. The nexus between immigration and welfare is a controversial and highly sensitive political issue, and as such it typically divides opinion. Traditionally, it has been argued that increases in immigration create pressures for governments to reduce levels of social welfare provision. By building on theories and results from the political economy literature, this article provides further evidence on the debate through using a fresh approach to operationalize welfare state effort. The empirical results show that the foreign-born population has a positive and statistically significant relationship with social welfare spending and no statistically significant association with the welfare generosity index. The findings provide no evidence to support the hypothesis that the higher levels of immigration lead to reduced levels of social welfare provision. On the contrary, these findings lend support to the view that increasing immigration leads to welfare state expansion rather than retrenchment, and that European welfare states remain resilient in the face of the globalization of migration.
Prejudice and the Acceptance of Muslim Minority Practices
Authors: Adelman Levi , Verkuyten Maykel
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Growing Muslim minorities in Western societies has sparked debate about which Muslim practices should be accepted, with many people finding certain practices intolerable. Two competing perspectives on this intolerance argue that it represents either principled objections or prejudice. Using four large samples from the Netherlands, we apply latent profile analysis and find four groups of people: two groups that like and dislike Muslims and their practices respectively, but also two groups who are intolerant of some or most Muslim practices without necessarily displaying prejudice. A person-centered analysis of key demographic and psychological variables suggests that the two intolerant groups differ with one group’s intolerance motivated more by anti-Muslim feelings, while the second group’s intolerance is motivated more by principled objections.
Observed Atmospheric and Surface Variability on Heterogeneous Terrain at the Hectometer Scale and Related Advective Transports
Authors: Simó Gemma , Cuxart Joan , Jiménez Maria A. , Martínez‐Villagrasa Daniel , Picos Rodrigo , López‐Grifol Alvaro , Martí Belén
Published: August 2019

The values of the atmospheric variables follow from mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations. These equations involve gradients which, in heterogeneous terrain, lead to a connection of the values at one point to the values in their nearby surroundings, due to turbulence mixing or advective local transports. In this work the observed variability of the air and soil variables is analyzed for a 1‐km2 surface in a semirural area for a number of weather stations separated typically 150 m. Data show a large variability at the hectometer scale, with several degrees of difference in temperature sustained in time between neighboring points. While in the daytime turbulence contributes to keep the differences moderate, in weak wind nights the spatial variability increases significantly. The variability of soil variables can be large depending on the soil moisture and the vegetation cover and is less sensitive to the diurnal cycle. The inspection of the vertical gradients of temperature and humidity reveals that their sign and intensity, and consequently the corresponding sensible and latent heat fluxes, differ depending on the measuring point. The thermal advection is obtained from the hectometer‐scale network, which is comparable in magnitude to the turbulent fluxes and to the imbalance of the surface energy budget for clear and calm nights. During the day, the advection term may explain part of the energy budget imbalance, particularly when it is computed on a 30‐min time scale. A similar method is applied to the water vapor, finding that in the very dry conditions of the experiment, moisture advection is significant and with values comparable to the evapotranspiration.
Shear Wave Splitting Evidence and Relations With Stress Field and Major Faults From the “Amatrice‐Visso‐Norcia Seismic Sequence”
Authors: Pastori M. , Baccheschi P. , Margheriti L.
Published: August 2019

We present the largest dataset of anisotropic high‐quality parameters (~12,000) for the Amatrice‐Visso‐Norcia seismic sequence and investigate the physical mechanisms causing crustal anisotropy and its relation with crustal deformation, stress field, fluids, and earthquake generation. We performed shear wave splitting analysis on ~40,000 aftershocks recorded at 31 seismic stations during the first six months of the sequence following the 24 August 2016 Mw 6.0, Amatrice mainshock. Automatic and manual‐revised P‐ and S‐picking and high‐precision locations are used to delineate the fracturing pattern and spatio‐temporal variations in the anisotropic parameters: fast direction polarization (φ) and delay time (δt). The mean φ strikes N146°, parallel to the extensional Quaternary fault systems, and to the NW‐SE local active SHmax as proposed by the extensive dilatancy anisotropy model. Locally, φ directions outline the pattern of microscale and mesoscale structures that we relate to structural‐controlled anisotropy. Temporal variations of anisotropic parameters allowed us to deduce stress‐induced and pervasive fluid‐filled stress‐aligned crack systems as the prevalent anisotropic mechanisms in some sectors. Higher δt (>0.072 s) and higher anisotropy percentage (>1.5–2.0%) are found at the boundaries and in the western side of the activated fault systems, where heavily fractured carbonates are present. The fault network along with the lithological heterogeneities present in the area may act as a structural barrier along which fluids are channeled or trapped, thus causing overpressured fluid zones. Observations of shear‐wave splitting parameters during a seismic sequence can monitor the buildup of stress before earthquakes and the stress release as earthquakes occur.
Sampling the Space Between the Stars
Authors: Zastrow Mark
Published: August 2019

Data from the Cassini and Voyager spacecraft reveal new information about the Sun’s magnetic bubble.
Podcast: Space Weather and Global Policy
Authors: Hanlon Shane
Published: August 2019

In the latest episode of its Centennial series, AGU’s Third Pod from the Sun talks space weather and its influence on global policy with Delores Knipp.
Early restoration of parvalbumin interneuron activity prevents memory loss and network hyperexcitability in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Hijazi Sara , Heistek Tim S. , Scheltens Philip , Neumann Ulf , Shimshek Derya R. , Mansvelder Huibert D. , Smit August B. , van Kesteren Ronald E.
Published: August 2019

Neuronal network dysfunction is increasingly recognized as an early symptom in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and may provide new entry points for diagnosis and intervention. Here, we show that amyloid-beta-induced hyperexcitability of hippocampal inhibitory parvalbumin (PV) interneurons importantly contributes to neuronal network dysfunction and memory impairment in APP/PS1 mice, a mouse model of increased amyloidosis. We demonstrate that hippocampal PV interneurons become hyperexcitable at ~16 weeks of age, when no changes are observed yet in the intrinsic properties of pyramidal cells. This hyperexcitable state of PV interneurons coincides with increased inhibitory transmission onto hippocampal pyramidal neurons and deficits in spatial learning and memory. We show that treatment aimed at preventing PV interneurons from becoming hyperexcitable is sufficient to restore PV interneuron properties to wild-type levels, reduce inhibitory input onto pyramidal cells, and rescue memory deficits in APP/PS1 mice. Importantly, we demonstrate that early intervention aimed at restoring PV interneuron activity has long-term beneficial effects on memory and hippocampal network activity, and reduces amyloid plaque deposition, a hallmark of AD pathology. Taken together, these findings suggest that early treatment of PV interneuron hyperactivity might be clinically relevant in preventing memory decline and delaying AD progression.
The Δ133p53β isoform promotes an immunosuppressive environment leading to aggressive prostate cancer
Authors: Kazantseva Marina , Mehta Sunali , Eiholzer Ramona A. , Gimenez Gregory , Bowie Sara , Campbell Hamish , Reily-Bell Ashley L. , Roth Imogen , Ray Sankalita , Drummond Catherine J. , Reid Glen , Joruiz Sebastien M. , Wiles Anna , Morrin Helen R. , Reader Karen L. , Hung Noelyn A. , Baird Margaret A. , Slatter Tania L. , Braithwaite Antony W.
Published: August 2019

Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men, for which there are no reliable biomarkers or targeted therapies. Here we demonstrate that elevated levels of Δ133TP53β isoform characterize prostate cancers with immune cell infiltration, particularly T cells and CD163+ macrophages. These cancers are associated with shorter progression-free survival, Gleason scores ≥ 7, and an immunosuppressive environment defined by a higher proportion of PD-1, PD-L1 and colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) positive cells. Consistent with this, RNA-seq of tumours showed enrichment for pathways associated with immune signalling and cell migration. We further show a role for hypoxia and wild-type p53 in upregulating Δ133TP53 levels. Finally, AUC analysis showed that Δ133TP53β expression level alone predicted aggressive disease with 88% accuracy. Our data identify Δ133TP53β as a highly accurate prognostic factor for aggressive prostate cancer.
Chronic cadmium exposure decreases the dependency of MCF7 breast cancer cells on ERα
Authors: Bloomfield Mathew , Louie Maggie C.
Published: August 2019

Cadmium is an environmental contaminant that can activate estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and contribute to the development and progression of breast cancer. Our lab previously demonstrated that chronic cadmium exposure alters the expression of several ERα-responsive genes and increases the malignancy of breast cancer cells. Although these studies support cadmium’s function as a hormone disrupter, the role of ERα in cadmium-induced breast cancer progression remains unclear. To address this, we modulated the expression of ERα and found that while the loss of ERα significantly impaired cancer cell growth, migration, invasion and anchorage-independent growth in both MCF7 and MCF7-Cd cells, cadmium-exposed cells retained a significant advantage in cell growth, migration, and invasion, and partially circumvented the loss of ERα. ERα knockout in MCF7 and MCF7-Cd cells significantly reduced the expression of classical ERα-regulated genes, while non-classical ERα-regulated genes were less impacted by the loss of ERα in MCF7-Cd cells. This is the first study to show that chronic cadmium exposure, even at low levels, can increase the malignancy of breast cancer cells by decreasing their dependency on ERα and increasing the adaptability of the cancer cells.
Study on the Visualization of Pigment in Haematococcus pluvialis by Raman Spectroscopy Technique
Authors: Shao Yongni , Gu Weimin , Jiang Linjun , Zhu Yiming , Gong Aiping
Published: August 2019

As an ideal raw material for the production of astaxanthin, H. pluvialis was drawing attention during the last few years, there are some research topics initiated to find out the synthetic pathway of astaxanthin in H. pluvialis. In this study, confocal microscopic Raman technology was utilized to analyze the point-by-point mapping for H. pluvialis, and the visualization of pigment such as carotenoid and astaxanthin content were achieved. By comparing the Raman spectra of H. pluvialis and standard product of astaxanthin, and using the C = C stretching vibration of the Raman intensity as the main indicator for carotenoids, the visual spatial distribution for the carotenoids content was obtained. The MCR-ALS was applied to analyze the Raman data of H. pluvialis, and the information of astaxanthin was extracted to achieve real-time spatial distribution. The visualization of astaxanthin content shows that MCR-ALS is very effective for extracting the information of astaxanthin content from H. pluvialis. By exploring the spatial distribution of carotenoids and astaxanthin contents, analyzing the spatial distribution rules during its growth, Raman spectroscopy technology can be utilized to investigate the internal components of the pigment (ataxanthin, etc.) in H. pluvialis, which make it as an effective methodology to monitor the accumulation and changing mechanism of pigment content in microalgae.
Ejaculate testosterone levels affect maternal investment in red junglefowl (Gallus gallus gallus)
Authors: Lelono Asmoro , Riedstra Bernd , Groothuis Ton
Published: August 2019

Substantial concentrations of testosterone are not only present in a male’s circulation, but also in its ejaculate. Surprisingly, the regulation of ejaculate T and its effects on females and their offspring, potentially a cryptic paternal trait, are not known. We found lower circulating and higher ejaculate T concentrations in subordinate red junglefowl (Gallus gallus gallus) males compared to dominant males, suggestive of an adaptive trade-off in T allocation to circulation and their ejaculate. Subsequently, we artificially inseminated females with either testosterone enriched (TE) or control ejaculates (CE) in a cross-over design. TE females produced heavier eggs than CE females. Offspring growth and tonic immobility were affected in a sex-specific way by TE. TE sons were heavier with shorter TI duration than CE sons, and TE daughters were lighter than CE daughters but daughters did not differ in TI score. However, the chicks competitiveness was not influenced by the TE nor CE. This indicates a previously unknown function of ejaculate testosterone as well as a new form of interaction between a cryptic paternal trait and a maternal effect that may be widespread in the animal kingdom.
Noble-Metal based Metallic Glasses as Highly Catalytic Materials for Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction in Fuel Cells
Authors: Hasannaeimi Vahid , Mukherjee Sundeep
Published: August 2019

Electro-catalyst design with superior performance and reduced precious metal content (compared to state-of-the-art Pt/C) has been a challenge in proton exchange membrane fuel cells, preventing their widespread adoption. Metallic glasses have recently shown promising performance and large electrochemical surface area in catalytic reactions. The electro-catalytic behavior of recently developed Pt-, Pd-, and Pt/Pd-based metallic glasses was evaluated in this study using scanning electrochemical microscopy. The influence of chemistry and electronic structure on catalytic behavior was studied using scanning kelvin probe technique. The work function for the metallic glasses was lower by 75 mV to 175 mV compared to pure Pt. This resulted in higher catalytic activity for the amorphous alloys, which was attributed to the ease of charge transfer on the surface. The binding energy for the metallic glasses, measured using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, was higher by 0.2 eV to 0.4 eV. This explained easier removal of adsorbed species from the surface of amorphous alloys. The synergistic effect of Pt and Pd in alloys containing both the noble metals was demonstrated towards hydrogen oxidation reaction.
Combination of a centrifugal microfluidic device with a solution-loading cartridge for fully automatic molecular diagnostics
Authors: Oh Seung Jun , Seo Tae Seok
Published: August 2019

We present a centrifugal microfluidic device which is combined with a solution-loading cartridge for fully automatic molecular diagnostics of foodborne pathogens.
Fluorescent aptasensing of chlorpyrifos based on the assembly of cationic conjugated polymer-aggregated gold nanoparticles and luminescent metal–organic frameworks
Authors: Liu Qingju , Wang Hui , Han Ping , Feng Xiaoyuan
Published: August 2019

A fluorescent aptasensor of chlorpyrifos based on terbium(iii) based on metal–organic frameworks and PDDA-aggregated-gold nanoparticles.
Aerosol-based synthesis of pure and stable amorphous calcium carbonate
Authors: Xto Jacinta M. , Borca Camelia N. , van Bokhoven Jeroen A. , Huthwelker Thomas
Published: August 2019

A facile aerosol-based method for instantaneous carbonation of calcium hydroxide to yield pure and stable dry ACCs.
Visible-light-mediated defluorinative cross-coupling of gem-difluoroalkenes with thiols
Authors: Wang Junlei , Huang Binbin , Yang Chao , Xia Wujiong
Published: August 2019

Here we report a visible-light-mediated monofluoroalkenylation through defluorinative cross-coupling of gem-difluoroalkenes with aryl, benzyl, and alkyl thiols.
A large π-conjugated tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin anode enables high specific capacity and superior cycling stability in lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Wu Han , Zhang Jianjun , Du Xiaofan , Zhang Min , Yang Jinfeng , Zhang Jinning , Luo Ting , Liu Hao , Xu Hai , Cui Guanglei
Published: August 2019

Small HOMO–LUMO gaps that enable the facile uptake and release of electrons, which can improve the rate capability.
Dioxazolones as masked ester surrogates in the Pd(ii)-catalyzed direct C–H arylation of 6,5-fused heterocycles
Authors: Saxena Paridhi , Maida Neha , Kapur Manmohan
Published: August 2019

A regioselective Pd(ii)-catalysed C-2 arylation of benzofurans, benzothiophenes and benzoselenophenes is described using dioxazolones as a masked ester surrogate.
P–N heterointerface-determined acetone sensing characteristics of α-MoO3@NiO core@shell nanobelts
Authors: Xu Keng , Duan Shuailing , Tang Qian , Zhu Qiang , Zhao Wei , Yu Xing , Yang Yong , Yu Ting , Yuan Cailei
Published: August 2019

α-MoO3@NiO nanocomposite with well-defined core@shell P–N heterojunction nanobelts was prepared which exhibited heterointerface-determined acetone sensing characteristics.