bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Communication Style in the Perspective of Masculine and Feminine Culture
Authors: Lani Oktri Permata , Demina Demina
Published: November 2024

Communication is one aspect of human life and behavior as a whole. Humans are interconnected with one another through communication and with communication, humans can fulfill all the needs of their lives. In communicating, humans use language as a tool to express their feelings and opinions. The difference in communication style is in language understanding, where there are often differences in language understanding, this of course can lead to misunderstandings due to differences in meaning, symbols, and terms. In addition, gender also contributes to the socialization process during the growth period of a boy and a girl. Other roles can also be illustrated by the presence of sexism in the language of men and women from certain cultures. Regarding the comparison of communication styles between two different cultures, namely masculine culture (men) and feminine cultures (women), it does not show that men's communication methods are better than women's ways of communicating or vice versa. However, the differences in communication styles can be observed through certain categories, such as differences in speaking, choosing the topic of conversation, interrupting, using words or interrogative sentences, using stories and jokes, and other categories. The concept of male and female communication is like cross-cultural communication which is sometimes confusing, as when imagining two people talking but coming from two countries and even two different planets. This study aims to find out the description of the concept of gender in different communication styles between women and men.
The Work System of The Election Commission With The Group of Voting Operators Based on Law Number 7 Of 2017 in The 2019 Convenient General Elections First Perspective of Siyasah Dusturiyah
Authors: Handayati Sadewi , Fitri Hidayati , Efendi Roni
Published: November 2024

The research focus is to examine the Work System of the General Election Commission (KPU) with the Voting Organizing Group (KPPS) in determining the Permanent Voters List (DPT) in the 2019 simultaneous General Election (Election). There are three research questions in this study, they are: (1) how the General Election Commission work system with Voting Organizers Group Based on Law No.7 / 2017 in Determining the Final Voters List at the 2019 Concurrent General Election, (2) How is the fiqh siyasah dusturiyah review of the work system of the General Election Commission and the Voting Organizing Group in determining the Final Voters List at the 2019 simultaneous general election?.  The object of this study  uses a type of normative legal research or library research with a qualitative typology, namely the search results from the literature material are analyzed and described comprehensively in relation to the work system of the KPU and KPPS on the DPT determination in the 2019 simultaneous election in the perspective of fiqh siyasah dusturiyah. The result of these research are: The work systems of the KPU and KPPS did not disharmony in determining the DPT in the 2019 Concurrent Elections, because the KPPS 'authority was limited to announce and post the DPT. The inaccuracy of the DPT for the 2019 Concurrent Election is due to the disharmony of the work system in determining the DPT in the 2019 simultaneous elections that occur within the KPU organization itself, namely between the Central KPU, Provincial KPU, and Regency / City KPU. Furthermore, in determining the DPT in the 2019 simultaneous election, the perspective of fiqh siyasah dusturiyah can guide the values of deliberation as regulated in the Islamic State Administrative Law, so that there is no disharmony in the determination of the DPT. The disharmony occurred because the KPU, both the Central KPU, Provincial KPU, and Regency / Municipal KPU, did not follow the principle of deliberation in determining the DPT in the 2019 simultaneous elections
Evaluation of the Bundo Kanduang Institute in Nagari Balai Panjang, Lareh Sago Halaban District
Authors: Khairat Annisaul , Fuaddin Iskandar
Published: November 2024

Minangkabau customary institutions have strong sociological and psychological ties with the surrounding environment. Women are the driving force behind the Bundo Kanduang institution, which deals with issues concerning women, children and the household. But usually the problem that arises is the authority of women to carry out activities outside the home. The aim of this research is to strengthen the Bundo Kanduang institution in the nagari and promote development. In the context of implementing bundo kanduang activities in Nagari Balai Panjang, Lareh Sago, Halaban Regency, this study aims to determine (1) community participation and needs for bundo kanduang institutions (2) motivation, participant characteristics, and resources, funds, facilities, and infrastructure . The data collection in this study, using a descriptive methodology with a qualitative approach. The data collection techniques that is used were observation, interviews, documentation, and written sources. The findings of this study indicate that (1) the community supports the existence of the bundo kanduang institution; (2) the motivation and enthusiasm of the participants is relatively strong, and the implementation of the activities causes changes in the attitudes of the participants, including their technical and social skills.
Analysis Of Women's Leadership Role in Gender Perspective in Work Training Centers (Blk) Batusangkar
Authors: Ernawati Ernawati , Febrian Vicky Rizki , Fazis Muhammad , Syam Herma Yulis
Published: November 2024

It has become a common problem if gender issues are still warm to be discussed. This study aims to determine the impact of a woman's leadership. By lifting the task of a woman's authority, namely Mrs. Rizki Fauzi Oktoria Duha as the Head of the Batusangkar BLK. The research strategy used is a qualitative method of phenomenological approach, namely by tracking the reality of valid execution, describing data whether payments are in accordance with vulnerable factors according to ongoing conditions. The results of the review show that what was done by Ms. Rizky Fauzi Oktoria Duha as the Head of the Batusangkar BLK has properly positioned herself as an influential person in the institution. This was obtained from the results of meetings and perceptions with several respondents who varied in dissecting the orientation of women's administrative work, almost all of the results showed positive results for each of the respondents studied.
Analysis of Public Servant Workload in a Gender Perspective
Authors: Marwan Syaiful
Published: November 2024

Writing this article aims to look at the dynamics of performance development and analysis of the tasks carried out by each individual citizen from a gender perspective between men and women in their work as civil servants in Indonesia. The method developed is a qualitative method with an analysis of literature studies related to the implementation of the work of civil servants, both women and men in Indonesia. The findings obtained are how the performance of women has more variety and uniqueness than the performance of male employees. With variations in the form of responsibility, in this case it shows that in terms of the concept of work, the demands of men are higher in carrying out tasks because most men are responsible for sustaining family life, but the workload provided by the government always pays attention to aspects of gender needs. for each individual civil servant.
Hydrochemistry in Meromictic Lake Zige Tangco, Central Tibetan	Plateau
Authors: Li Shijie , Li Wanchun
Published: November 2024

Lake Zige Tangco was discovered as a meromictic saline endorheic lake in central Tibetan Plateau. Its hydrochemical characteristics of water had been investigated in the summers of 1998, 1999 and 2002. The future hydrochemistry of lake water will possibly evolve into a more depleting Ca $^{2+}$ , Mg $^{2+}$ with concentrated Na $^+$ -CO $_3^-$ -SO $_4^{2-}$ -Cl $^-$ , that is to say, the lake could become a more typical salt lake.
Comparative Studies of Water Chemistry of Four Tropical Lakes in	Kenya and India
Authors: Njenga J.W.
Published: November 2024

Water samples collected from three Rift Valley Lakes (Nakuru, Elementaita and Naivasha) in Kenya in June, 2002 and one lake in southern India (Kolleru) in non-monsoon and monsoon were studied in order to understand the water chemistry of the four tropical lakes. Results indicate that Lakes Nakuru and Elementaita are highly alkaline in nature compared to Lakes Naivasha and Kolleru. Sodium is the major cation while chloride and bicarbonate are the major anions contributing almost in equal proportion (48% each). Both carbonate and silicate weathering contribute to the bicarbonate content in Lake Kolleru; however silicate weathering seems to be the major contributing factor in the bicarbonate content in the Rift Valley lakes. Fluoride content was very high in the rift valley lakes.

The water chemistry of lakes Nakuru and Elementaita strongly reflects the dominance of evaporation and crystallization mechanism. However data points for lakes Naivasha and Kolleru plot to the right of the boomerang envelope – an indication that rock weathering is not the only mechanism controlling the water chemistry of these lakes.

Results obtained indicate that if the waters were in equilibrium with minerals, the waters of lakes Naivasha and Kolleru would be in equilibrium with kaolinite while that of Nakuru and Elementaita would be in the range of albite, quartz and chlorite. The carbonate system suggests that dolomite and aragonite would be the possible minerals in equilibrium in all the lakes.
On Hydrodynamics of a Density Current on an Incline
Authors: Haghiabi Amir Hamzeh , Ghomeshi Mehdi , Kashefipour Seyed Mahmoud
Published: November 2024

Investigation of the behaviour of density current released down a sloping surface in a tank of freshwater is reported here. The influence of slope on the behaviour of density currents, head velocity and body entrainment are experimentally investigated. The experiments were carried out in a tilting flume with different sediments to reasonably get a wide range of results. Based on the dimension analysis, dimensionless parameters were determined. Observations and measurements revealed a variety of phenomena depending strongly on the Richardson Number and the angle of incline. Also the non-dimensional head velocity and non-dimensional sediment fall velocity were being considered. Power type equations were found between head velocity and Buoyancy flux. Based on present study and previous investigations of other researchers, regression equations of water entrainment as functions of Richardson number and slope were determined.
Hydrogeochemical Study of Ground Water Fluoride Contamination: A	case study from Guwahati city, India
Authors: Sharma Ratnesh , Shah Sumit , Mahanta Chandan
Published: November 2024

Evidence of extensive fluoride contamination in ground water and instances of fluorosis reported from several localities of Guwahati, a city in northeast India, has become a matter of grave concern. As the endemic area is spreading day by day, a scientific intervention towards a suitable and practicable solution to the problem has become imperative. This study focused on delineating the possible source of the contamination hazard in the affected areas by studying the correlation of fluoride concentrations with selected hydrogeochemical parameters. Groundwater quality in a part of Guwahati city was studied with reference to the fluoride contamination and, based on a GIS developed, potentially vulnerable localities were demarcated for appropriate water supply planning. The most affected aquifer zones were identified and, through GIS applications, potential zones where high fluoride concentration is likely to be encountered were predicted. Through the GIS based evaluation of the data, the narrow valley fill areas adjoining granitic and gneissic bedrocks were found to be the most threatened. Steps for addressing the problem are recommended.
Spatial Assessment of Impacts on Water Quality due to Highway	Development Project
Authors: Agrawal M.L. , Maitra B. , Ghose M.K.
Published: November 2024

Assessment of impacts on water quality attributes is an essential component of environmental impact assessment (EIA) required for the planning of all major road projects. Most of the parameters involved for assessing impact on water quality attributes are spatial in nature and for a rational assessment it is necessary to quantify the impacts on individual attributes considering their spatial variations. In this paper a methodology is demonstrated with reference to a case study of highway development project in India, for the quantification of impact on individual water quality attributes. The spatial variation of impacts is captured with the help of Geographic Information System (GIS).
Water Management in the Tana Basin of Kenya: Potential Conflicts	and Interventions
Authors: Agwata Jones F.
Published: November 2024

Water is an essential resource for both the social and economic development in any country and when it is available in sufficient quantities and acceptable quality, it is extensively used for domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes including drinking and washing, watering of livestock, growing crops and the manufacture of finished goods that require wet production processing. In Kenya, adequate water is available only in 20% of the country's landmass whilst in the rest and biggest portion of the country including the arid and semi-arid lands, water has to be mined from the ground or harvested in dams, and pans prior to its use in any sector of development. Due to the scarcity of water in the arid and semi-arid regions of the country and its uneven and poor distribution in the high and medium potential areas, it needs to be conserved, protected and apportioned for its various uses in an integrated and sustainable manner.

In this paper, an overview of the water resources in the country is provided with particular focus on the Tana basin, which is one of the most important drainage basins in the country. The main issues that need to be addressed in managing the available water resources in an integrated manner are provided and the necessary institutional frameworks for integrated and sustainable water management in the basin proposed.
Distribution of Trace Metals in Humic and Fulvic Acids in	Sediments of the New Calabar River, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Authors: Horsfall Michael Jnr , Spiff Ayebaemi I.
Published: November 2024

We evaluated the environmental contamination risks in sediments by selective extractions of trace metals from humic and fulvic acids. The data showed that the humic acids entrap more metals than fulvic acids. The principal trace metal of the humic acid is Cu (1244±14.8–1595±12.3 mg/g). Enrichment factor measurement indicated that Cu, Pb and Ni are more enriched in humate than Cd, Co, Zn and Fe. Trace metals in humic and fulvic fractions should be taken into account while studying speciation of metals in environmental compartments.
Autoregressive Model for Flood Forecasting
Authors: Chaudhuri Sutapa , Chattopadhyay Sutapa
Published: November 2024

The purpose of the present paper is to develop an autoregressive model for forecasting the frequency of occurrence of flood that India may countenance in a given year. The proposed model being autoregressive, prediction requires no other data than the temporal frequency of occurrence of flood. A comparative study is made among several orders of autoregressive models. The comparison is furnished on the basis of Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC) statistics for different orders of autoregressive equations. The result of the study reveals the suitability of third order autoregression as a predictive model. The result is qualitatively supported by learning the sample autocorrelations and autocorrelations theoretically implied by third order autoregressive model.
Long Term Variation in Precipitation Acidity over the Indian	Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Stations
Authors: Soni V.K. , Sarkar Jayanta
Published: November 2024

Acidic precipitation is a serious environmental hazard because of its capability of damaging environment worldwide. In this paper monthly variation and long term trend in pH, SO $_4^{-2}$ and NO $_3^-$ have been studied over a network of ten Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) stations in India for the period from 1981 to 2002.

The analyses reveal that at Jodhpur and Allahabad precipitation is predominantly alkaline due to the influence of soil originated components derived from the Thar Desert and their transportation to these locations. Higher SO $_4^{-2}$ and NO $_3^-$ concentrations in precipitation at Visakhapatnam and Nagpur in most of the months in a year can be attributed to industrial and vehicular pollution. Higher concentrations of calcium, magnesium and potassium at Minicoy (Arabian Sea Island) cause its pH to be alkaline, whereas relatively lower concentrations of these basic cations at Portblair (Bay of Bengal Island) make its pH in the acidic range. During the period of 1981–2002, significant shift in pH towards the acidic range and increasing trend in sulphate and nitrate concentrations have been observed at most of the GAW stations. Further, decadal variations revealed drop in pH and substantial rise in sulphate and nitrate concentrations in 1991–2000 decade as compared to that in 1981–1990 decade at majority of the Indian GAW stations.
Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater of Central Assam,	India
Authors: Dutta R.K. , Saikia G. , Das B. , Bezbaruah C. , Das H.B. , Dube S.N.
Published: November 2024

Fluoride contamination of groundwater of the central region of the state of Assam, India, has been studied. The study area includes five districts, viz., Karbi Anglong, North Cachar Hills, Nagaon, Morigaon and Golaghat. A total of 388 groundwater samples have been analyzed for fluoride contamination and 25 of them have been analyzed for fluoride as well as other related parameters. High fluoride contamination has been observed in the groundwater of areas having ancient alluvial red soil and Precambrian metamorphic rock complex basement in the Kapili-Jamuna sub-basin, viz., the plains of Diphu and Hojai subdivisions of Karbi Anglong and Nagaon districts, respectively. Moderate fluoride has been found in groundwater of some places in Morigaon and Golaghat districts also. Besides fluoride, presence of high concentrations of SO $_4^{2-}$ , much above the guideline values, have also been recorded in some samples. The fluoride contents, as a whole, have poor positive correlation with Na $^+$ , K $^+$ , pH and depth of source, and poor negative correlation with Mg $^{2+}$ , Ca $^{2+}$ and total hardness with cumulative data spread over entire area of study. The observed poor correlation has been attributed to the diversity of the study area. However, fluoride showed fairly good positive correlation with depth of sources when plotted separately for different localities.
HyWaMIS (Hyderabad Water Management Information System) – A	Participatory Approach
Authors: Schönerklee Monika , Jung Martin , Klingseisen Bernhard , Heiss Gerhard , Cogan Valerie , Rao Jagadeeswara , Dhar Rattan
Published: November 2024

A participatory approach was used to develop the framework for an integrated Water Management Information System as a tool for sustainable water management in Hyderabad city, India. Focussing on pollution prevention in the industrial development areas of Patancheru and Bolaram, India, the project activities concentrated on the development and implementation of an initial "ndustrial module" of the information system providing harmonised data on industrial effluents and their effects on ground and surface water bodies. As a result, recommendations for pollution prevention and control were formulated jointly with local authorities and other stakeholders. The information system concept defines a tool for the integration of existing data and includes instruments for advanced data analysis and presentation to support decision making and public information. This approach was designed to contribute to providing manifold objective functions for different stakeholders and user groups aiming at sustainable regional water management.
Kinetic of CO$_2$ Reduction by Gliding Arc Plasma
Authors: Indarto Antonius
Published: November 2024

Decomposition of carbon dioxide (CO $_2$ ) by gliding arc plasma was examined. The plasma device consisted of two triangular stainless steel plates. The gas entered through a nozzle tube from the upstream cylinder reactor and exit at a downstream of the reactor. The effect of total gas flow rates have been used to study the chemical process reaction in gliding plasma system. The model of active-chemical kinetic of CO $_2$ decomposition was developed to investigate the pathways of plasma reactions. Experimental results indicate the conversion of CO $_2$ reached 18% at the total gas flow rate of 1.5 × 10 $^{-5}$ m $^3$ s $^{-1}$ and produced CO and O $_2$ as the final products.
Occurrence of Natural Hazards and Outbreak of Epidemic: A	Statistical Scrutiny
Authors: Chaudhuri Sutapa , Chattopadhyay Surajit
Published: November 2024

Present paper delves the impact of natural hazards upon outbreak of epidemics in India. A statistical methodology is adopted to correlate the occurrence of natural hazards with the outbreak of epidemic. The experimentation setup consists of correlation and regression analysis and random walk approach. After a rigorous study, flood is identified as the most responsible natural hazard for the outbreak of epidemic.
Estimating the Budgetary Impact of Higher Willingness to Pay for	Residential Water Using CVM: A Case Study of Mauritius
Authors: Madhoo Yeti Nisha
Published: November 2024

The paper attempts to ascertain the feasibility of reducing potable water deficits by charging residential consumers higher prices. The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is used to find out whether an upward revision of residential water tariffs would be compatible with consumer preferences and hence also politically feasible. Survey techniques using dichotomous choice format questions have been employed to elicit respondents' willingness to pay (WTP) for improved water services. The bid variable is found to be statistically significant in both the bivariate and multivariate logit models. Moreover, mean and median WTP estimates generated from these models are found to be much higher than what would be required by the first best standard (long run marginal cost) and the second best (average cost).
Geochemical Study of Ground Water of Sanganer Area of Rajasthan	(India) and Different Methods to Mitigate Fluoride Problem
Authors: Gangal R.K.
Published: November 2024

An extensive geochemical study of 25 villages ground water was done. Analysis of groundwater samples shows a vast change in groundwater quality of Sanganer area of Jaipur district. One of the most relevant causes is the seepage of effluents of dyeing and printing industries of Sanganer area or due to other relevant causes. The potability of ground water is going to be deteriorated. There is a severe fluoride problem too. 75% of the villagers are suffering from dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis. The fluoride concentration is ranging between 1.5 ppm and 16.5 ppm.The problem of fluoride is so severe that younger generation is going to be impotent. Nalgonda technique and FUC technique have been used for mitigation of fluoride and fluoride concentration has been reduced from 16 ppm to 2 ppm by using this technique. But its removal is very time consuming and use of alumina is not good for health. NF membrane technology can remove over 95% fluoride from ground water in a single operation. NF membranes were not affected by source water composition. Therefore it is suggested that NF membranes could be used in any type of water.
Effect of Calcium Hardness on Toxicity and Accumulation of	Water-borne Lead, Cadmium and Chromium to Labeo rohita (Hamilton)
Authors: Adhikari S. , Ghosh L. , Ayyappan S.
Published: November 2024

Effect of calcium hardness (120, 250, 350 and 750 mg/L) on the toxicity and accumulation of lead, cadmium and chromium to Labeo rohita (Hamilton) was investigated in the laboratory. For lead treatment, no mortality occurred, whereas 50% and 20% mortality occurred at 120 and 250 mg/L calcium hardness, respectively for cadmium treatment. In chromium treatment, 10% mortality was recorded at 120 mg/L calcium hardness. The minimum accumulation of Pb, Cd and Cr in whole fish occurred at 350 mg/L hardness as compared to other treatments.
Non-Revenue Water Losses: A Case Study
Authors: Ismail Z. , Puad W.F.W.A.
Published: November 2024

Management of non-revenue water requires understanding of the reasons and the factors influencing its components. Techniques and procedures are developed, and tailored for specific characteristics of the network and local factors, to tackle each of the priority components. This is followed by the implementation of solutions which are practicable and achievable to develop a strategy. The first step in developing a strategy is the network characteristics and the operating practices, and then use the available tools and mechanisms to propose appropriate solutions. A case study of non-revenue water for an area in Selangor was done. Levels of losses were estimated at approximately 40 to 50 percent which are high by international standards. This work seeks to present a way forward for dealing with loss levels by utilizing modern concepts and definitions currently in use and presenting technologies for the implementation of a comprehensive water loss programme. Strategies for the assessment of leakage levels and determination of an optimum or economic level of leakage and the benchmarking of the local situation making use of the infrastructure leakage index.
Mumbai's Natural Calamity: Rain and Suffering – 2005
Authors: Fulekar M.H. , Geetha M.
Published: November 2024

The heavy rainfall in Mumbai on 26 $^{th}$ July 2005 had created water logging in and around Mumbai causing disruption of transport, overflowing of water channels on the road; thereby flooded water in all the low lying areas reached the houses, hospitals, shopping complexes, offices, institutes and industries. This had led to disruption of the normal lives of people. The people and animals had also become victims of this disastrous rain. It was reported that many people lost their lives due to flood water and falling of debris in some housing areas. Lots of properties have been damaged due to heavy flooded water in and around Mumbai. The sewage pipes and water pipelines due to heavy force were also damaged in some areas which resulted into faecal contamination in the drinking water causing diseases like leptospirosis, gastroenteritis, dysentery, diarrhea, jaundice, eye conjunctivitis etc. The huge solid waste was also generated due to mixing of garbage, household damaged wastes, biomedical wastes, industrial wastes and market wastes etc. The pathogens from dead animals and human bodies also reached water bodies. This might have created new borne pathogens as a source for water-borne diseases. The water-borne diseases were a problem in Mumbai because of severely contaminated water. The physicochemical characteristics of water were assessed in different areas.

Mumbai's this disaster occurred due to down pouring of rain which has made the authority to make the proper planning for drainage/water pipelines/road construction, housing and shopping complexes and disaster management, in case of emergency, for this cosmopolitan city before the next rainy season begins. The scenario that occurred during the heavy rainfall on 26 $^{th}$ July 2005 and thereafter for a couple of days has been reported in the present paper.
Self-Purification and Rainfall Events in a Tropical Rural	Catchment, Nigeria
Authors: Ifabiyi Ifatokun Paul
Published: November 2024

This paper studies self-cleansing processes in an urbanized stream in a Nigerian city. The stream under study took its source from a refuse heap in the Central open-place-city market and empties its water into a University Dam 15 kilometres away.

Twenty-seven water samples were taken from nine sample points, which were selected with distances downstreams and according to land use changes in the period before and after the 1st and the 2nd rainfall events. The results showed that some parameters decrease progressively with rain events while some equally increase progressively. The result of the Pearson moment product correlation showed that in the period before rainfall onsets five water parameters (Ca $^+$ , P, total hardness, suspended particles, NO $^-_3$ ) significantly decreased in their concentration downstream; and after the first rainfall only NO $^-_3$ significantly decreased downstream from the source to the dam/ site (downstream) while in the period after the 2nd rainfall event all the water parameters decreased in concentration downstream with seven parameters significantly decreasing (i.e. Na $^+$ , Ca $^+$ , K $^+$ , Mg $^+$ , P, NO $^-_3$ and pH). The overall results indicated that the processes of self-cleansing become more active with increasing rainfall events.
Role of Wooden Charcoal in Indigenous Household Iron Filters used	in Assam (India)
Authors: Ahamad Kamal Uddin , Jawed Mohammad
Published: November 2024

Ground water, the major source of drinking water in rural and semi-urban areas of Assam (India), contains an excessive amount of iron (1 to 10 mg/L). In order to reduce the amount of iron from water, people use household iron filter units – indigenously developed using wooden charcoal as one of the filter media. The present work evaluates role of wooden charcoal in reducing the dissolved iron. The experiments were carried out at a fixed pH of 5.5 and zero DO levels. Batch kinetic studies indicated rapid Fe(II) uptake in the first 40 min. and yielded a rate constant of 0.0136 min $^{-1}$ . The adsorption process seemed to be governed by diffusion within the pores of wooden charcoal and the mechanism of Fe(II) removal appeared to be complex. The Fe(II) adsorption data fitted into Langmuir isotherm (R $^{2}$ = 0.9952) indicating favourable adsorption process. The breakthrough column studies with 5 and 10 cm bed depths yielded 66 and 82 number of bed volumes respectively of treated water containing Fe(II) concentration ⩽ 0.3 mg/L at a fixed flow rate of 1.4 mL/min. Overall wooden charcoal seemed to have good potential for Fe(II) removal from the water.
Spreading of Niger Delta Oil Spill on Placid Aquatic Medium
Authors: Njobuenwu Derrick O. , Abowei Millionaire F.N.
Published: November 2024

Continuous research in the development of suitable predictive model is vital as the input of oil spills into the aquatic environment, particularly in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria, is alarming due to frequent oil spills. This eventually affects aquatic organisms and shoreline activities. This work developed an empirical expression that can describe the horizontal spreading of Niger Delta Oil Spills (NDOS) on a placid water body using simple physical coefficients of the oil and the aquatic medium. The empirical expression developed is a function of the spreading coefficient which was derived from heuristic arguments and enhanced to deal with gravity, viscous and surface tension forces. The extent of spread of various oil samples was found to correlate with non-dimensional groups comprising the ratios of the product between density, viscosity for oil and water respectively. This model provides an easy means to estimate oil slick transport under stagnant water conditions at specific locations in the Niger Delta area. The semi-empirical model is verified against most popular empirical model.
Effect of Nitrogen Supplement on Methanotrophic Activities in	Sandy Loam and Organic Compost-based Landfill Cover Soil
Authors: Tanthachoon Nathiya , Chiemchaisri Chart , Chiemchaisri Wilai
Published: November 2024

The use of sandy loam and compost as final landfill cover material promote methanotrophic activities and reduce methane emission. In this study, the effect of nutrient supplement in the form of ammonium and nitrate to sandy loam and organic compost-based landfill cover soil was investigated in batch experiment. The results revealed the addition of ammonium inhibited methane oxidation in sandy loam; however, some stimulatory effect was found in the compost case. The influence of nitrate addition was not observed. Methanotrophic activity in compost-amended material was found five times higher that in sandy loam. The effects of ammonium nitrogen were also confirmed in soil column experiment operated with leachate irrigation.
The Influence of Meteorological Parameters on the Patterns Left by	n-CH4 and CO Gases on Concentration Roses Executed as an Environmental Source	Determining Technique
Authors: Al-Salem S.
Published: November 2024

Levels of normal methane (n-CH $_4$ ) and carbon monoxide (CO) have been increasing in the atmosphere for the past three decades. In this communication, two urban areas in the state of Kuwait (Fahaheel and Al-Riqa) were monitored for a two-year period (2004-2005). Concentration rose plotting was used to determine the major air pollution sources around both areas. A filtration procedure on the data secured was carried out. It was noticed that certain meteorological parameters, mainly wind speed had a significant influence on the shape and pattern of the concentration rose altering its shape and gas dispensing behaviour. A Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) model around the two receptor points of the areas under investigation was established to determine the major air pollution sources contributing to the ambient air load of both areas. It was determined based on chemical fingerprints of the sources that Kuwait's three refineries belt contributed 70% on Fahaheel, while 70% was associated with Fahaheel highway in the case of Al-Riqa.
A Comparative Study on Metal Accumulation in E. indica, C.	citratus and V. zizanioides Grown on Copper Mine Waste
Authors: Das Manab , Maiti S.K.
Published: November 2024

The concentrations of different forms of heavy metals (Cu, Ni and Mn) were determined in a mine dump material rich in chalcopyrite and compared with those of the natural vegetation colonizing in the dump. Dump materials are slightly acidic in nature, having low organic carbon and cation exchange capacity. Copper was the most abundant heavy metal, in both total (acid extractable) and bioavailable forms, and the relative abundance of metals was Cu>Ni>Mn. The Cu concentration in the CaCl $_2$ extracts varied between 0.2 and 0.5 mgkg $^{-1}$ and concentrations of average Ni and Mn were below detection limit. The heavy metal contents in the spontaneously occurring vegetation in the dump ranged between 5.4 and 217 mg Cu kg $^{-1}$ , 10 and 81 mg Ni kg $^{-1}$ , 8.5 and 264 mg Mn kg $^{-1}$ when considering all the plant samples analysed. Naturally, colonized grass Elusine indica was found to accumulate highest concentrations of Cu, Ni and Mn followed by planted grass species Cymbpopogon citratus and Vetiveria zizanioides. However, V. zizanioides was found to uptake more Mn than C. citratus. The native plant species may contribute to decrease the heavy metal contents in the dump materials.
Vegetation Structure and Species Distribution Pattern of Mangrove	Species in Bhitarkanika Ecosystem, Orissa, India
Authors: Upadhyay V.P. , Mishra P.K. , Sahu J.R.
Published: November 2024

Indian east coast in West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and the Andaman and Nicobar islands supports various types of mangrove formations such as deltaic, estuarine, backwater and sheltered, insular bay types. The present study is an effort to collect ecological information on zonation of mangrove species based on phytosociological methods at four forest sites in Mangrove Ecosystems of Orissa coast. A total of 16 species were recorded at Thakurdia site, 20 tree species at Dangmal site, 24 tree species at the Bhitarkanika forest site and 17 tree species at Kakranasi forest site. The Bhitarkanika site has the highest number of species among all the four study sites. This block along with Dangmal is in the core area of the Bhitarkanika wildlife sanctuary. Availability of fresh water through Bhitarkanika (Maipura) and Brahmani rivers and saline water from sea help wide range of niches for different species to occur and, thus, species diversity is the highest in this mangrove ecosystem. A clear zonation pattern so characteristically reported by authors from different mangrove forests of world is absent in the study area. The mangrove species in study area occur as 'ecological mosaics' scattered over the forest blocks. Such mosaic formations could be linked to the very dynamic nature of the forest blocks in the study area with ecological functions such as tidal inundation, seed/propagule dispersal etc. operating equally throughout the area. Rhizophora and Kandelia species which are characteristic of the riverbank vegetation were seen deep inside the forest blocks, thus adapting to different type of niches. The riverbank-like niche is provided by innumerable creeks that criss cross the forest blocks and thus favouring these species that grow on the banks. Based on these habitat types a new classification of mangrove forest types of Bhitarkanika forest ecosystem has been proposed through present study.
Appraisal and Impact of Paper Mill Effluent on Crop Growth and	Soil Properties
Authors: Das Madhumita , Kanan K. , Antony Edna
Published: November 2024

With growing competition for water in different sectors, utilization of effluent water in agriculture is imperative. Paper mill effluent could be used in this sector as the effluents were found to be neutral, low saline and contained Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, F-, B, Cl $^-$ , SO $_4$ $^{2-}$ , NO $_3$ $^-$ , CO $_3$ $^{2-}$ and HCO $_3$ $^-$ ions at low to moderate concentrations. Irrigation by Emami paper mill effluent at different dilutions with fresh water had improved crops' yield attributes. No adverse impact on crop nutrients' uptake or soil properties was noticed. These depict that >60 to ⩽80% dilutions of (Emami) paper mill effluent with fresh water is optimal for proper growth of blackgram and maize, >20% for greengram and ⩽60% for rice and sunflower grown on acidic laterite soil in pots. Thus the study reveals that paper mill effluent holds promise for use in irrigation if diluted to levels within the acceptable limit of crops.
Hydrodynamic and Transport Model of the Siak Estuary
Authors: Putri Mutiara R. , Pohlmann Thomas
Published: November 2024

The Siak River flows around an industrial area of Riau Province, Sumatra (Indonesia) towards the Malacca Strait. Most of domestic and industrial wastes are transported along this river to the estuary. In this investigation, the HAMburg Shelf Ocean Model (HAMSOM) and an attached dispersion model are employed to simulate the circulation patterns and the dispersion of pollutants, respectively. In this study the pollutants are released only in the front of Siak river mouth. The simulation is performed for the period from January 2001 until May 2006, and the results are validated with available observations and satellite data. By means of this model study, it is shown that although the wind direction changes with the monsoon, the direction of the surface currents in the Malacca Strait are almost the same over the entire year. Results of the transport model suggest that most of the pollutants are transported through the Bengkalis Strait to the north into the Malacca Strait. Although the general circulation pattern in the Malacca Strait does not show a seasonal reversal, it could be demonstrated that the monsoon cycle influences the transport and dispersion of the pollutants significantly.
Methane in Estuarine Discharges to Coastal Ocean – A Study at	Ashtamudi Estuary, Kerala, India
Authors: Zachariah E.J. , Johny C.J.
Published: November 2024

Wetlands are major natural source of atmospheric methane, a strong greenhouse gas. Methane fluxes from the Ashtamudi Estuary in Kerala, India (Ramsar site no. 1204), to the atmosphere as well as to the coastal ocean were obtained and are reported here. Concentration of methane in water was estimated by extraction and GC analysis. The water exchanges between the estuary and ocean was estimated by LOICZ Modeling Guidelines. Water to air fluxes of methane from the estuary surface was measured by collecting the emissions. Average water to air flux from this estuary with a water cover area of 5500 ha is 0.57 mg/m $^2$ /hr. The estuarine water is super saturated with methane. The average concentration of methane in the estuary is 420 nMol/L. This study indicates that the discharge of methane rich water from estuaries to coastal ocean need be taken into account when methane budgets are prepared.
Participation in Practice: Environmental Co-planning in the	Seymareh River Basin
Authors: Veisi Hadi , Sabahi Hossein , Mohammdi Ali Reza
Published: November 2024

This paper describes the condition, sources of pollution, potential actions and solutions for implementing participatory planning for the Seymareh River from the point of view of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), local community leaders and government agents. The aim of this paper is to explore how environmental problems can provide an information key for planning and developing the management system for the Seymareh River basin. In this regard, the methodology for developing platform was participatory action plan development (PAPD) and involves a series of linked local workshops where different stakeholders participate separately and together to develop a management plan for the common resources they use. As the results show, enhancing public awareness of options for integrated river basin management and developing and strengthening at the local level, as appropriate, research and monitoring capabilities pertaining to the conservation of the Seymareh River basin are determined, especially in relation to environmental health parameters. The availability of finances, generation and availability of information and cooperation among stakeholders were all addressed as challenges to its implementation by participants for effective management (planning) in the Seymareh River basin.
Plastic Debris along the Beaches of Karnataka, Southwest Coast of	India
Authors: Sridhar K.R. , Deviprasad B. , Karamchand K.S. , Bhat Rajeev
Published: November 2024

This study deals with accumulation of plastic debris on five sandy beaches of the southwest coast of India. Sand from five quadrats (1 m $^2$ ) of mid and hind dunes at each beach was assessed for the accumulation of plastic debris. Plastics were sorted, enumerated, weighed and classified based on their use (food, fishing, domestic and miscellaneous). Qualitative and quantitative variations in plastic debris were recorded between the mid and hind dunes. Quantity of plastic debris was more on mid dunes, while the number on hind dunes. Quantity and number of plastic debris between hind and mid dunes did not differ significantly. A total of 22 types of plastic debris were recovered in the quadrats, while visual observation revealed 15 additional types on beaches. Low-density polyethylene and polystyrene were most common on beaches. Accumulation of food-based plastic debris was highest (43%), followed by domestic (28%), fishing (18%) and others (11%). This study revealed that the beaches of southwest coast of India mainly consist of plastics used for food and fishing purposes. As most of the debris accumulated is of local origin, its prevention can be achieved by public education and employing safe disposal practices.
Heavy Metal Pollution in Sediments at Ship Breaking Area of	Bangladesh
Authors: Siddiquee Noman Ahmad , Parween Selina , Quddus M.M.A. , Barua Prabal
Published: November 2024

The research was carried out to assess the trace metal concentration in sediments of ship breaking area in Bangladesh. The study areas were separated into Ship breaking Zone and Reference Site for comparative analysis. Metals like iron (Fe) was found at 11,932 to 41,361.71 μg.g $^{-1}$ in the affected site and 3393.37 μg.g $^{-1}$ in the control site. Manganese (Mn) varied from 2.32 to 8.25 μg.g $^{-1}$ in the affected site whereas it was recorded as 1.8 μg.g $^{-1}$ in the control area. Chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) also varied from 22.89 to 86.72 μg.g $^{-1}$ ; 23.12 to 48.6; 83.78 to 142.85 and 36.78 to 147.83 μg.g $^{-1}$ respectively in the affected site whereas these were recorded as 19, 3.98, 22.22 and 8.82 μg.g $^{-1}$ in the control site. Copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) concentration varied from 21.05 to 39.85, 0.57 to 0.94 and 0.05 to 0.11 μg.g $^{-1}$ in the affected site and 33.0, 0.115 and 0.01 μg.g $^{-1}$ in the control site. It may be concluded that heavy metal pollution in sediments at ship breaking area of Bangladesh is at alarming stage.
Tannery Effluents Quality Evaluation Using Principal Component	Analysis for Challawa Industrial Estate, Kano, Nigeria
Authors: Yisa J. , Agbaji E.B. , Okonkwo E.M.
Published: November 2024

Physical and chemical parameters monitored at eight locations in Challawa Industrial Estate, Kano were analyzed. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to extract the factors associated with the tannery effluents pollution variability and to obtain the spatial and temporal changes in the effluent quality. Temperature, total solids, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, conductivity, chloride, sulphide, alkalinity, biochemical oxygen demands and chemical oxygen demands were the main patterns extracted. The spatial analysis isolated six sampling sites showing a possible point source of pollution. Six of the properties (temperature, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, sulphide, biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand) exceed apparent standard limit for industrial effluent discharge in Nigeria for most of the tanneries. Treatments of these effluents are also recommended before discharge.
Invasion of Alien Species in Wetlands of Samaspur Bird Sanctuary,	Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: Reddy C. Sudhakar , Rangaswamy M. , Pattanaik Chiranjibi , Jha C.S.
Published: November 2024

The expansion of invasive alien plants in wetlands leads to loss of native plant diversity. Invasive weeds are also responsible for shrinking of water bodies and becoming a severe environmental problem. In this context, plant diversity of wetlands in Samaspur Bird Sanctuary, Rae Bareli district, Uttar Pradesh, was surveyed. 149 species of higher plants have been listed of which 108 were dicots followed by 40 monocots, and one pteridophyte. Species are distributed in 129 genera and belongs to 60 families. Poaceae is the dominant family with 28 species followed by Euphorbiaceae (9), Papilionaceae (8), Asteraceae (7) and Mimosaceae (7). Various members have been categorized into nine morpho-ecological groups. Out of all species, planted species (48), dry bank species (46) and wetland hydrophytes (38) contribute to the high diversity. Of the 101 natural species, alien plants represent 41.6% of the flora. Habit-wise analysis of natural flora shows that herbs are occupying higher proportion (86.1%) with 87 species followed by shrubs (6.9%) and climbers (4%). Among the 48 planted species, 25 are alien ones. The presence of Eichhornia crassipes, Typha angustata, Prosopis juliflora and Ipomoea carnea are considered as one of the most serious threat to the Samaspur wetlands. Effective steps are to be taken for conserving these wetlands.