bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ameliorative Effect of Aqueous Crude Extract of the Aerial Parts of Leonurus Cardiaca on Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiovascular Damage in Wistar Rats
Authors: Wellington E. O. , Otobo M. B. , Ogbomade S. J.
Published: August 2023

This study investigated the ameliorative effect of aqueous crude extract of the aerial parts of Leonurus cardiaca on doxorubicin-induced cardiovascular damage in Wistar rats. Aqueous crude extract of Leonurus cardiaca was prepared based on standard Laboratory condition. A total of 55 male and female rats weighing between 170 ± 15 and 180±15g were used for this study. The rats were grouped into 11 groups of five rats per group. Group 1 and 2 served as normal and negative control rats respectively. Rats in group 3-11 were intraperitoneally administered 18mg/kg of doxorubicin once and were treated with the crude extract  at 166, 250, and 500mg/kg for 7, 14, and 21 days.  All biochemical, hematological, and histological analyses were carried out based on standard methods. The mean plasma troponin T and I, IL-6 and C-reactive protein concentrations of the negative control were 357.93±0.01 pg/mL, 241.51±0.00  pg/mL, 63.94±0.01 pg/dl, and 41.03±0.01 mg/ml respectively. The plasma troponin T and I, IL-6 and C-reactive protein concentrations treated for 21 days were 270.32±0.01 pg/mL, 217.84±0.01 pg/mL, 42.75±0.01 pg/dl, and 18.03±0.01 mg/ml respectively. The mean MDA, GSH concentrations, GPx, CAT and SOD activities in doxorubicin-induced cardiovascular damage rats, treated with the extract at  500mg/kg were 5.01±0.01mmol/l, 68.46±0.02µg/mg.protein, 70.21±0.01mg/pro.min, 141.62±1.80IU/g, and 19.05±0.02mg/g  respectively and were significantly different from those of group 2. Aqueous crude extract of Leonurus cardiaca at 500mg/kg ameliorated the damage induced by doxorubicin on the heart tissues, hence could serve as a novel herbal agent for the treatment of cardiovascular damage.
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance Analysis in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes
Authors: Chauhan Sugandh , Gupta Anuj , Tyagi Sunil Dutt , Singh Satpal
Published: August 2023

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one the most important cereal crop grown worldwide. The genetic improvement of any breeding population largely depends on the extent of genetic variability present in a crop species. In the present investigation, forty diverse bread wheat genotypes were evaluated for genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advance at the Research Farm of Kisan (PG) College, Simbhaoli, Hapur (U.P.) during rabi season 2021-22. The genotypes were grown in randomized block design with three replications and data were collected on eleven morphological characters. Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters studied, indicating availability of wide range of variability among the genotypes.  Higher values of PCV and GCV were recorded for grain yield/plant, harvest index, tillers/plant and biological yield/plant. Heritability estimates were highest for 1000 grains weight followed by days to heading, grain yield/plant and plant height. The estimates of genetic advance (GA) were highest for grain yield/plant, harvest index and biological yield/plant. High heritability along with high genetic advance (per cent of mean) was observed for grain yield/plant, harvest index and biological yield/plant which suggested that selection for these characters would be more effective for desired genetic improvement.
Emergency Department Use Across Income Groups Following an Increase in Cost-Sharing
Authors: Wu Yushan , Wang Dorothy Yingxuan , Zhao Shi , Wang Maggie Haitian , Wong Eliza Lai-yi , Yeoh Eng-kiong
Published: August 2023

Importance

To encourage the appropriate utilization of emergency care, cost-sharing for emergency care was increased from HK$100 (US $12.8) to HK$180 (US $23.1) per visit in June 2017 in all public hospitals in Hong Kong. However, there are concerns that this increase could deter appropriate emergency department (ED) visits and be associated with income-related disparities.

Objective

To examine changes in ED visits after the fee increase.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective cohort study used administrative data from June 2015 to May 2019 from all public hospitals in Hong Kong. Participants included all Hong Kong residents aged 64 years and younger, categorized into low-income, middle-income, and high-income groups according to the median household income in their district of residence. Data analysis was performed from May to June 2023.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was the ED visit rate per 100 000 people per month, categorized into 3 severity levels (emergency, urgent, and nonurgent). Secondary outcomes include general outpatient (GOP) visit rate, emergency admission rate, and in-hospital mortality rate per month at public hospitals. Segmented regression analyses were used to estimate changes in the level and slope of outcome variables before and after the fee increase.

Results

This study included a total of 5 441 679 ED patients (2 606 332 male patients [47.9%]; 2 108 933 patients [38.5%] aged 45-64 years), with 2 930 662 patients (1 407 885 male patients [48.0%]; 1 111 804 patients [37.9%] aged 45-64 years) from the period before the fee increase. The fee increase was associated with an 8.0% (95% CI, 7.1%-9.0%) immediate reduction in ED visits after June 2017, including a 5.9% (95% CI, 3.3%-8.5%) reduction in urgent visits and an 8.9% (95% CI, 8.0%-9.8%) reduction in nonurgent visits. In addition, a 5.7% (95% CI, 4.7%-6.8%) reduction of emergency admissions was found, whereas no significant changes were observed in in-hospital mortality. Specifically, a statistically significant increase in GOP visits (4.1%; 95% CI, 0.9%-7.2%) was found within the low-income group, but this association became insignificant after controlling for the social security group, who were exempted from payment, as a control.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study, the fee increase was not associated with changes in ED visits for emergency conditions, but there was a negative and significant association with both urgent and nonurgent conditions across all income groups. Considering the marginal increase in public GOP services, further study is warranted to examine strategies to protect low-income people from avoiding necessary care.
GJA3 Genetic Variation and Autosomal Dominant Congenital Cataracts and Glaucoma Following Cataract Surgery
Authors: Boese Erin A. , Drack Arlene V. , Roos Benjamin R. , Alward Wallace L. M. , Tollefson Mallory R. , Schnieders Michael J. , Scheetz Todd E. , Boldt H. Culver , Stone Edwin M. , Fingert John H.
Published: August 2023

Importance

The p.Asp67Tyr genetic variant in the GJA3 gene is responsible for congenital cataracts in a family with a high incidence of glaucoma following cataract surgery.

Objective

To describe the clinical features of a family with a strong association between congenital cataracts and glaucoma following cataract surgery secondary to a genetic variant in the GJA3 gene (NM_021954.4:c.199G>T, p.Asp67Tyr).

Design, Setting, and Participants

This was a retrospective, observational, case series, genetic association study from the University of Iowa spanning 61 years. Examined were the ophthalmic records from 1961 through 2022 of the family members of a 4-generation pedigree with autosomal dominant congenital cataracts.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Frequency of glaucoma following cataract surgery and postoperative complications among family members with congenital cataract due to the p.Asp67Tyr GJA3 genetic variant.

Results

Medical records were available from 11 of 12 family members (7 male [63.6%]) with congenital cataract with a mean (SD) follow-up of 30 (21.7) years (range, 0.2-61 years). Eight of 9 patients with congenital cataracts developed glaucoma, and 8 of 8 patients who had cataract surgery at age 2 years or younger developed glaucoma following cataract surgery. The only family member with congenital cataracts who did not develop glaucoma had delayed cataract surgery until 12 and 21 years of age. Five of 11 family members (45.5%) had retinal detachments after cataract extraction and vitrectomy. No patients developed retinal detachments after prophylactic 360-degree endolaser.

Conclusions and Relevance

The GJA3 genetic variant, p.Asp67Tyr, was identified in a 4-generation congenital cataract pedigree from Iowa. This report suggests that patients with congenital cataract due to some GJA3 genetic variants may be at especially high risk for glaucoma following cataract surgery. Retinal detachments after cataract extraction in the first 2 years of life were also common in this family, and prophylactic retinal endolaser may be indicated at the time of surgery.
Sphingosine‐1‐Phosphate Receptor Targeted PLGA Nanobubbles for Inflammatory Vascular Endothelial Cell Catching
Authors: Tang Jian , Liu Yang , Li Mingxi , Wang Xiao , Du Anning , Gu Ning , Yang Fang
Published: August 2023

Vascular inflammation is an early manifestation and common pathophysiological basis of numerous cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However, effective surveillance methods are lacking. In this study, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)‐loaded polylactic acid‐co‐glycolic acid (PLGA) nanobubbles (NBs) with a surface assembly of cyclodextrin (CD) and sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) (S1P@CD‐PLGA NBs) are designed. The characterization results show that S1P@CD‐PLGA NBs with diameters of ≈200 nm have good stability, biosafety, and ultrasound imaging‐enhancement effects. When interacting with inflammatory vascular endothelial cells, S1P molecules encapsulated in cyclodextrin cavities exhibit a rapid, excellent, and stable targeting effect owing to their specific interaction with the highly expressed S1P receptor 1 (S1PR1) on the inflammatory vascular endothelial cells. Particularly, the S1P–S1PR1 interaction further activates the downstream signaling pathway of S1PR1 to reduce the expression of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) to protect endothelial cells. Furthermore, mouse models of carotid endothelial injuries and mesenteric thrombosis demonstrate that S1P@CD‐PLGA NBs have excellent capabilities for in vivo targeting imaging. In summary, this study proposes a new strategy of using S1P to target inflammatory vascular endothelial cells while reducing the expression of TNF‐α, which has the potential to be utilized in the targeted surveillance and treatment of vascular inflammatory diseases.
Enhanced Operational Stability by Cavity Control of Single‐Layer Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence
Authors: Li Yungui , Van der Zee Bas , Tan Xiao , Zhou Xin , Wetzelaer Gert‐Jan A. H. , Blom Paul W. M.
Published: August 2023

Highly efficient organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters are realized in recent years, but the device lifetime needs further improvement for practical display or lighting applications. In this work, a device design principle is presented by tuning the optical cavity of single‐layer undoped devices, to realize efficient and long‐lived TADF OLEDs. Extending the cavity length to the second‐order interference maximum by increasing the emissive layer thickness broadens the recombination zone, while the optical outcoupling efficiency remains close to that of the thinner first‐order devices. Such a device design leads to efficient and stable single‐layer undoped OLEDs with a maximum external quantum efficiency of 16%, an LT90 of 452 h, and an LT50 of 3693 h at an initial luminance of 1000 cd m−2, which is doubled compared to the first‐order counterparts. It is further demonstrated that the widely‐used empirical relation between OLED lifetime and light intensity originates from triplet–polaron annihilation, resulting in an extrapolated LT50 at 100 cd m−2 of close to 90 000 h, approaching the demands for practical backlight applications.
p‐Phenylenediamine‐Bridged Binder‐Electrolyte‐Unified Supramolecules for Versatile Lithium Secondary Batteries
Authors: Nam Myeong Gyun , Moon Janghyeon , Kim Minjun , Koo Jin Kyo , Ho Jeong‐Won , Choi Gwan Hyun , Kim Hye Jin , Shin Chang‐Su , Kwon Seok Joon , Kim Young‐Jun , Chang Hyuk , Kim Youngugk , Yoo Pil J.
Published: August 2023

The binder is an essential component in determining the structural integrity and ionic conductivity of Li‐ion battery electrodes. However, conventional binders are not sufficiently conductive and durable to be used with solid‐state electrolytes. In this study, a novel system is proposed for a Li secondary battery that combines the electrolyte and binder into a unified structure, which is achieved by employing para‐phenylenediamine (pPD) moiety to create supramolecular bridges between the parent binders. Due to a partial crosslinking effect and charge‐transferring structure of pPD, the proposed strategy improves both the ionic conductivity and mechanical properties by a factor of 6.4 (achieving a conductivity of 3.73 × 10−4 S cm−1 for poly(ethylene oxide)‐pPD) and 4.4 (reaching a mechanical strength of 151.4 kPa for poly(acrylic acid)‐pPD) compared to those of conventional parent binders. As a result, when the supramolecules of pPD are used as a binder in a pouch cell with a lean electrolyte loading of 2 µL mAh−1, a capacity retention of 80.2% is achieved even after 300 cycles. Furthermore, when it is utilized as a solid‐state electrolyte, an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.7% and capacity retention of 98.7% are attained under operations at 50 °C without external pressure or a pre‐aging process.
Wheat and faba bean intercropping and cultivar impacts on morphology, disease, and yield
Authors: De Long Jonathan R. , van Malland Floor , de Buck Abco , van den Berg Merlijn
Published: August 2023

Modern agriculture relies heavily on synthetic fertilizer and pesticide inputs. Pressure is increasing to find alternatives that reduce such inputs. In comparison to monocultures, intercropping can reduce plant diseases and increase yield, thereby reducing inputs and maximizing land use efficiency. However, knowledge gaps remain regarding which crop and cultivar combinations maximize such benefits. Here, we grew two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and six faba bean (Vicia faba L.) cultivars in monoculture and intercrops over three seasons and measured plant morphology, disease prevalence, and yield. Wheat ear development was slower in monocultures but varied by cultivar and year. Wheat cultivars senesced faster in monocultures versus certain faba bean intercrop combinations. In both wheat cultivars, Fusarium spp. severity was higher, while yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici Westend.) was lower in monocultures versus intercropped plots but varied by year and faba bean cultivar. Chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae Sardiña) in faba bean was higher in the cultivar ‘Louhi’ when grown in monoculture. Wheat cultivars yielded higher in monoculture versus intercropped plots. Faba bean yield was higher in monocultures but depended on wheat cultivar and year. Land equivalent ratios (LER) were not affected by interactions between cultivars or years but were always above one in intercropped plots. This indicates that it is always more efficient for yield to intercrop. Our results show that the benefits of intercropping with different wheat and faba bean cultivars varied, indicating that specific goals (i.e., disease suppression and yield) should be considered when selecting wheat–faba bean cultivar combinations.
Pd/HAP Catalyzed Synthesis of Adipic Acid from 1,6‐Hexanediol under Aerial Base‐free Conditions
Authors: Priya Bhanu , Kumar Ankit , Garg Parveen , Deshpande Uday , Singh Sanjay Kumar
Published: August 2023

Adipic acid (AA), an important precursor to produce nylon‐6, nylon‐6,6, and polyurethanes, can be synthesized from biomass‐derived 1,6‐hexanediol (HDO). Herein, we examined the selective oxidation of 1,6‐hexanediol to adipic acid over Pd/support (support‐ Rice husk ash (RHA), TiO2, C, ZnO, Al2O3, La2O3, Mg(OH)2, and hydroxyapatite (HAP)) catalyst in water at 70 °C under base‐free conditions. Pd/HAP exhibited high catalytic activity among the catalysts explored, affording adipic acid (AA) selectively in 89 % yield with complete conversion of HDO. Investigating these Pd/support catalysts and several control experiments inferred that the basicity of the HAP support concertedly with Pd nanoparticle participated in achieving efficient aerial oxidation of HDO to AA, and hence avoided the need for any additional base additives. Advantageously, Pd/HAP exhibited high activity for gram‐scale reactions and long‐term stability during reusing the catalyst for several cycles without any considerable loss in the catalytic activity.
Anion‐Dependent Hydrogen‐Bond Polarity Switching in Ethylene‐bridged Urea Oligomers
Authors: Tilly David P. , Morris David T. J. , Clayden Jonathan
Published: August 2023

The reversible coordination of anions to an N,N’‐disubstituted 3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenylurea located at a terminus of a linear chain of ethylene‐bridged hydrogen‐bonded ureas triggers a cascade of conformational changes. A series of hydrogen‐bond polarity reversals propagates along the oligomer, leading to a global switch of its hydrogen‐bond directionality. The induced polarity switch, transmitted through four reversible urea groups, results in a change in emission and excitation wavelengths of a fluorophore located at the opposite terminus of the oligomer. The molecule thus behaves as a chemical sensor with a relayed remote spectroscopic response to variations in anion concentration. The polarity switch induced by anion concentration constitutes an artificial communication mechanism for conveying information through oligomeric structures.
A low phase noise quadrature VCO using super‐harmonic coupling technique in 65‐nm CMOS technology
Authors: Ghasemi Razieh , Karami Mohammad Azim
Published: August 2023

This paper presents a new low phase noise (PN) quadrature voltage controller oscillator (QVCO), which includes four class C LC‐VCOs oscillated at 13 GHz operating frequency with 45‐degree phase differences from each other. By combining the second harmonics (super‐harmonic) of the LC‐VCOs, the quadrature outputs with low PN at 26 GHz are generated. To assess the performance of the proposed QVCO, post‐layout simulations are performed in 65‐nm CMOS technology with a 0.6 V supply voltage. The post‐layout results represent that the proposed circuit has 26 GHz quadrature outputs with the PN of −116.4 at 1 MHz offset frequency. Also, the proposed QVCO occupies an area of 0.366 mm2and consumes 10.4 mW of power. Therefore, the proposed QVCO is a good candidate for 5G applications.
Oncologic and functional outcomes of neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery in human papillomavirus‐positive tonsillar cancer
Authors: Bang Jooin , Shin Hyun‐Il , Kim Geun‐Jeon , Kim Sang‐Yeon , Sun Dong‐Il
Published: August 2023

Background

Functional outcomes of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in human papillomavirus (HPV)‐positive tonsillar cancer remained unclear.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of HPV‐positive patients with tonsillar cancer. Of 112 patients, 38 were assigned to a neoadjuvant chemotherapy group and 74 were assigned to an upfront surgery group.

Results

Pathological analyses showed that the risks of close or positive resection margins and lymphovascular invasion were lower in patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The 5‐year disease‐free survival was significantly higher in the neoadjuvant chemotherapy group than in the upfront surgery group, but the 5‐year overall survival was not. The time to commencement of oral feeding and the mean hospital stay were significantly shorter in the neoadjuvant chemotherapy group. The neoadjuvant chemotherapy group was more likely than the upfront surgery group to resume a regular diet.

Conclusions

Compared with upfront surgery, neoadjuvant chemotherapy improved the functional outcomes and 5‐year disease‐free survival.
Chlorinated‐based bioceramics incorporated in polycaprolactone membranes
Authors: Guimarães Carolina Curcio Lott , de Souza Joyce Rodrigues , Campos Tiago Moreira Bastos , Marques Thays Oliveira , Kito Letícia Terumi , Kukulka Elisa Camargo , de Vasconcellos Luana Marotta Reis , Borges Alexandre Luiz Souto , Thim Gilmar Patrocínio
Published: August 2023

The development of bioactive membranes with bone repair properties is great interest in the field of tissue engineering. In this study, we aimed to fabricate and characterize a composite membrane composed of sol–gel synthesized bioceramics and electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) fibers for bone tissue regeneration applications. The bioceramics were prepared using the sol–gel method with nitrate (N) and chloride (CL) as precursors. PCL and bioceramic solutions were electrospun to obtain ultrafine fiber mats. Raman spectroscopy, x‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the materials. The results showed that both chlorinated and non‐chlorinated bioceramics contained NBOs (non‐bridge bonds) and crystallized the α‐wollastonite phase, with the chlorinated version doing so at lower temperatures. In vitro tests were performed to evaluate cytotoxicity, cell adhesion, and mineralized matrix formation on the membranes. The composite membranes showed improved cell viability and promoted mineralization nodules formation. This study presents a promising approach for the development of bioactive membranes for bone tissue engineering, with potential applications in bone regeneration therapies.
Efficient enzymatic hydrolysis for enriching the antioxidant content of agro‐food industrial residues
Authors: Padron‐Regalado Eriko , Mejía‐Olvera Eida Elena , Marruffo‐Carmona Allan Mauricio , Solís‐Suárez José Carlos , Peralta‐Agapito Darío , Medina‐Rivero Emilio
Published: August 2023

Background

Enzymatic hydrolysis of agro‐food industrial residues (AFIRs) has the potential of generating great economic value in the food and the cosmetics industry. Here, we develop an efficient solid enzymatic hydrolysis (SEH) employing the edible fungus Pleurotus ostreatus to enzymatically digest wheat bran. We assess the antioxidant activity of the SEH product by implementing a highly affordable antioxidant activity test (AAT). Finally, we obtain a tablet formulation containing the SEH product.

Results

Results show that the selected parameters for the SEH are highly competitive among other described SEHs that use fungi to digest wheat residues. The AAT showed a dose–response antioxidant behavior employing a known antioxidant (vitamin C). The AAT also showed that the SEH product has higher antioxidant activity than the undigested substrate. Finally, the hardness assessment of the SEH tablets suggested changes in stability.

Conclusion

In conclusion, an efficient SEH was implemented and its effect on the antioxidant activity was demonstrated. The SEH could be performed at a competitive incubation time, temperature, and moisture content. Nevertheless, a deeper study is warranted to fully describe this SEH. We hope that these findings contribute to the development of cost‐efficient SEHs in the food and cosmetics industry.
Kinetic regularities of resolution of amines racemates in the acylation reaction with chiral N‐protected amino acids esters
Authors: Bakhtin Stanislav , Sinelnikova Marina
Published: August 2023

In this work, the kinetic and stereochemical regularities of the kinetic resolution of the 1‐phenylethylamine racemate in the acylation reaction under the action of optically active 4‐nitrophenyl ester of N‐protected phenylalanine in 2‐propanol and 1,4‐dioxane were studied. Kinetic measurements were carried out using UV spectroscopy. The studies of the reaction series made it possible to establish the reaction orders with respect to the reagents, as well as the kinetic regularities of the enantioselective acylation. It is shown that different kinetic schemes of the reaction take place in protic and aprotic solvents. Based on the experimental data on the reaction kinetics of both the individual enantiomers and the amine racemate, the enantioselectivity values of the acylation are calculated. It has been found that the nature of the solvent and the reagents ratio strongly affect the selectivity of kinetic resolution. Practical recommendations on the conditions of preparative kinetic resolution of amines by amino acid derivatives using the acylation reaction are proposed.
Crystallization Behavior of Semicrystalline Polymers Characterized by an In Situ Fluorescence Technique and its Sensing Mechanism
Authors: Nile Richard , Feng Shuai , Cabello Maya , Wang Dongyao , Yang Sui , Jin Kailong
Published: August 2023

In this study, fluorescence spectroscopy is used to study the bulk nonisothermal and isothermal crystallization of poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) by monitoring in situ, the temperature (T)‐ and time (t)‐dependent fluorescence intensity of the fluorophores incorporated into the PLLA matrix, respectively. The crystallization behavior characterized by fluorescence resembles those measured by conventional differential scanning calorimetry, confirming the validity of this fluorescence technique for sensing crystallization. Combined in situ fluorescence results and ex situ X‐ray diffraction characterizations demonstrate that this fluorescence technique shows great sensitivity not only to the degree of crystallinity but also to the crystalline microstructures formed during crystallization (e.g., α vs α' form PLLA crystals). Moreover, complementary fluorescence microscopy helps reveal the fluorescence's intrinsic crystallization sensing mechanism: As crystals form during crystallization, the bulky fluorescent probes excluded from the crystalline regions reside in the rigid/mobile amorphous (i.e., non‐crystalline) regions of the resulting semicrystalline matrix, and their intramolecular motions are restricted by the neighboring crystalline domains; and thus, their fluorescence intensity is greatly enhanced upon crystallization. Owing to its high sensitivity, fluorescence is powerful for studying the crystallization behavior of ultrathin polymer films (e.g., 75 nm) and elucidating confinement and interfacial effects through future studies.
Optimal activation of halting multi‐armed bandit models
Authors: Cowan Wesley , Katehakis Michael N. , Ross Sheldon M.
Published: August 2023

We study new types of dynamic allocation problems theHalting Banditmodels. As an application, we obtain new proofs for the classic Gittins index decomposition result compare Gittins (Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 1979, 41, 148–177), and recent results of the authors in Cowan and Katehakis (Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences, 2015, 29, 51–76).
The Media in Eastern Europe
Authors: Boshnakova Dessislava , Dankova Desislava
Published: August 2023

Media systems are always in the process of change. Countries in Eastern Europe have similarities, but at the same time present major differences. Analysis indicates that press freedom, foreign ownership, political parallelism, and the strength of public service broadcasting have a strong correlation. Analysis indicates that press freedom, foreign ownership, political parallelism, and the strength of public service broadcasting have a strong correlation, even though significant differences exist among countries. Thus, it is difficult to argue for a unique type of Eastern European media system.

Overall, the historical background of political parallelism and advocacy journalism in Eastern Europe is rooted in the legacy of the communist era, where the media was used as a tool of the state to control the flow of information and promote the government’s agenda. Despite the fall of communism and the transition to democracy in many countries in the region, these practices have persisted in some cases.

Media systems in Central and Eastern Europe cannot be classified as a single model but can instead be divided into three different types. Romania, Hungary, and Bulgaria have high levels of political parallelism and low levels of press freedom. Central media systems (Czech Republic, Croatia, Poland, and Slovenia) have strong public service broadcasting and low levels of foreign ownership. Northern systems (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Slovakia) have the highest levels of press freedom, the highest levels of foreign ownership, and the lowest levels of political parallelism.
Integrable crosscap states: from spin chains to 1D Bose gas
Authors: He Miao , Jiang Yunfeng
Published: August 2023

Abstract

The notion of a crosscap state, a special conformal boundary state first defined in 2d CFT, was recently generalized to 2d massive integrable quantum field theories and integrable spin chains. It has been shown that the crosscap states preserve integrability. In this work, we first generalize this notion to the Lieb-Liniger model, which is a prototype of integrable non-relativistic many-body systems. We then show that the defined crosscap state preserves integrability. We derive the exact overlap formula of the crosscap state and the on-shell Bethe states. As a byproduct, we prove the conjectured overlap formula for integrable spin chains rigorously by coordinate Bethe ansatz. It turns out that the overlap formula for both models take the same form as a ratio of Gaudin-like determinants with a trivial prefactor. Finally we study quench dynamics of the crosscap state, which turns out to be surprisingly simple. The stationary density distribution is simply a constant. We also derive the analytic formula for dynamical correlation functions in the Tonks-Girardeau limit.
Twistorial monopoles & chiral algebras
Authors: Garner Niklas , Paquette Natalie M.
Published: August 2023

Abstract

We initiate the study of how the insertion of magnetically charged states in 4d self-dual gauge theories impacts the 2d chiral algebras supported on the celestial sphere at asymptotic null infinity, from the point of view of the 4d/2d twistorial correspondence introduced by Costello and the second author. By reducing the 6d twistorial theory to a 3d holomorphic-topological theory with suitable boundary conditions, we can motivate certain non-perturbative enhancements of the celestial chiral algebra corresponding to extensions by modules arising from 3d boundary monopole operators. We also identify the insertion of 4d (non-abelian) monopoles with families of spectral flow automorphisms of the celestial chiral algebra.
The attractor flow for AdS5 black holes in $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 2 gauged supergravity
Authors: David Marina , Ezroura Nizar , Larsen Finn
Published: August 2023

Abstract

We study the flow equations for BPS black holes in $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 five-dimensional gauged supergravity coupled to any number of vector multiplets via FI couplings. We develop the Noether-Wald procedure in this context and exhibit the conserved charges as explicit integrals of motion, in the sense that they can be computed at any radius on the rotating spacetime. The boundary conditions needed to solve the first order differential equations are discussed in great detail. We extremize the entropy function that controls the near horizon geometry and give explicit formulae for all geometric variables at their supersymmetric extrema. We have also considered a complexification of the near-horizon variables that elucidates some features of the theory from the near-horizon perspective.
Frailty Assessment Can Enhance Current Risk Prediction Tools in Emergency Laparotomy: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Isand Karl G. , Hussain Shoaib , Sadiqi Maseh , Kirsimägi Ülle , Bond‐Smith Giles , Kolk Helgi , Saar Sten , Lepner Urmas , Talving Peep
Published: August 2023

Objective

We set out to assess the performance of the P‐POSSUM and NELA risk prediction tool (NELA RPT), and hypothesized that combining them with the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) would significantly improve their performance.

Summary background data

Emergency laparotomy (EL) is a high‐risk surgical intervention, particularly for elderly patients with marked comorbidities and frailty. Accurate risk prediction is crucial for appropriate resource allocation, clinical decision making, and informed consent. Although patient frailty is a significant risk factor, the current risk prediction tools fail to take frailty into account.

Methods

In this retrospective single‐center cohort study, we analyzed all cases entered into the NELA database from the Oxford University Hospitals between 01.01.2018 and 15.06.2021. We analyzed the performance of the P‐POSSUM and NELA RPT. Both tools were modified by adding the CFS to the model.

Results

The discrimination of both the P‐POSSUM and NELA RPT was good, with a slightly worse performance in the elderly. Adding CFS into the P‐POSSUM and NELA RPT models improved both tools in the elderly [AUC from 0.775 to 0.846 (p < 0.05) from 0.814 to 0.864 (p < 0.05), respectively]. The improvement of the NELA RPT across all age groups did not reach statistical significance. The CFS grade was associated with 30‐day mortality in patients aged > 65 years. However, in younger patients, this effect was less marked than in the elderly.

Conclusion

Our analysis demonstrated a significant improvement in the P‐POSSUM and NELA risk models when combined with the CFS. Frailty also increases the 30‐day mortality after EL in younger individuals.
Quantitative attribution of the temperature associated with winter extreme cold events in China
Authors: Wang Weiwei , Zhang Tuantuan , Chen Junwen , Li Qingquan , Yang Song , Deng Yi
Published: August 2023

Extreme cold events exert enormous impacts on the ecosystems and human health. A quantitative attribution analysis of the surface temperature anomalies associated with extreme cold events in China is conducted using an updated version of the coupled atmosphere-surface climate feedback response analysis method. For both extreme warm and cold years, the effects of anomalous surface albedo, water vapor, atmospheric dynamics, and aerosols are the major positive contributors, and the processes associated with surface dynamics provide a major negative effect. Specifically, the effect of surface albedo (water vapor) is directly linked to the change in local snow cover (precipitable water) over China. More local snow cover (precipitable water) provides a cooling (warming) effect and vice versa. The process associated with atmospheric dynamics exhibits an asymmetric contribution for the extreme warm and cold years. It provides a warming effect over most of China in the extreme warm years, which is possibly related to the nation-wide warm air advection. On the other hand, the effect of atmospheric dynamics displays large regional and year-to-year variations for the cold cases. In addition, a considerable impact of anthropogenic aerosols is detected over central-southern China, which is possibly related to the emission reduction policies in China since 2013. Although clouds show only a moderate impact on the national-averaged temperature anomalies, they provide a considerable effect over southern China.
Micronutrient deficiencies and new-onset atrial fibrillation in a community-based cohort: data from PREVEND
Authors: Al-Mubarak Ali A. , Grote Beverborg Niels , Zwartkruis Victor , van Deutekom Colinda , de Borst Martin H. , Gansevoort Ron T. , Bakker Stephan J. L. , Touw Daan J. , de Boer Rudolf A. , van der Meer Peter , Rienstra Michiel , Bomer Nils
Published: August 2023

Aim

Malnutrition has been linked to cardiovascular diseases. Both selenium and iron deficiency have been associated with worse prognosis in patients with heart failure (HF). Yet, little is known about the role of micronutrients in the development of atrial fibrillation (AFib). In this study, we aimed to elucidate the association of micronutrient deficiencies with new-onset AFib.

Methods

Selenium, magnesium, and iron parameters were measured in a well-characterized prospective cohort study (N = 5452). Selenium deficiency was defined as serum selenium < 70 μg/L, iron deficiency as serum ferritin < 30 μg/L, and magnesium deficiency as plasma magnesium < 0.85 mmol/L. New-onset AFib was the primary outcome. Additionally, we tested for previously reported effect-modifiers where applicable.

Results

Selenium, iron, and magnesium deficiency was observed in 1155 (21.2%), 797 (14.6%), and 3600 (66.0%) participants, respectively. During a mean follow-up of 6.2 years, 136 (2.5%) participants developed new-onset AFib. Smoking status significantly interacted with selenium deficiency on outcome (p = 0.079). After multivariable adjustment for components of the CHARGE-AF model, selenium deficiency was associated with new-onset AFib in non-smokers (HR 1.69, 95% CI 1.09–2.64, p = 0.020), but not in smokers (HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.29–2.08, p = 0.619). Magnesium deficiency (HR 1.40, 95% CI 0.93–2.10, p = 0.110) and iron deficiency (HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.25–1.54, p = 0.307) were not significantly associated with new-onset AFib.

Conclusion

Selenium deficiency was associated with new-onset AFib in non-smoking participants. Interventional studies that investigate the effects of optimizing micronutrients status in a population at risk are needed to assess causality, especially in those with selenium deficiency.

Graphical abstract

Micronutrients deficiencies (selenium, iron, and magnesium) have been associated with cardiovascular diseases and mitochondrial dysfunction in human cardiomyocytes. However, it is not known whether these deficiencies are associated with atrial fibrillation. To investigate this question, we measured all three micronutrients in 5452 apparently healthy individuals. After a mean follow-up of 6.2 years, there were 136 participants who developed atrial fibrillation. Participants with selenium deficiency had a significant increased risk to develop atrial fibrillation, as did the participants with two or more deficiencies.
Installed Jet Noise Analysis Using a Coupled LES/APE High-Order Method
Authors: Moratilla-Vega Miguel A. , Xia Hao , Page Gary J.
Published: August 2023

As the bypass-ratio of aeroengines continues to grow, the extra noise generated by the interaction of the jet with the wings becomes more relevant. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of noise generation and predicting the far-field noise of this type of configurations is therefore important for the development of the next-generation ultra-high-bypass-ratio engines. In this paper, a two-step LES/APE coupled framework has been applied to investigate these effects on a simplified configuration. The flow and acoustic results are compared to experimental data measurements available in the literature, achieving a good agreement. The installation effects and sound sources are also studied by analyzing the near-field of the LES/APE simulations.
Identifying homologous recombination deficiency in breast cancer: genomic instability score distributions differ among breast cancer subtypes
Authors: Lenz Lauren , Neff Chris , Solimeno Cara , Cogan Elizabeth S. , Abramson Vandana G. , Boughey Judy C. , Falkson Carla , Goetz Matthew P. , Ford James M. , Gradishar William J. , Jankowitz Rachel C. , Kaklamani Virginia G. , Marcom P. Kelly , Richardson Andrea L. , Storniolo Anna Maria , Tung Nadine M. , Vinayak Shaveta , Hodgson Darren R. , Lai Zhongwu , Dearden Simon , Hennessy Bryan T. , Mayer Erica L. , Mills Gordon B. , Slavin Thomas P. , Gutin Alexander , Connolly Roisin M. , Telli Melinda L. , Stearns Vered , Lanchbury Jerry S. , Timms Kirsten M.
Published: August 2023

Purpose

A 3-biomarker homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) score is a key component of a currently FDA-approved companion diagnostic assay to identify HRD in patients with ovarian cancer using a threshold score of ≥ 42, though recent studies have explored the utility of a lower threshold (GIS ≥ 33). The present study evaluated whether the ovarian cancer thresholds may also be appropriate for major breast cancer subtypes by comparing the genomic instability score (GIS) distributions of BRCA1/2-deficient estrogen receptor–positive breast cancer (ER + BC) and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) to the GIS distribution of BRCA1/2-deficient ovarian cancer.

Methods

Ovarian cancer and breast cancer (ER + BC and TNBC) tumors from ten study cohorts were sequenced to identify pathogenic BRCA1/2 mutations, and GIS was calculated using a previously described algorithm. Pathologic complete response (pCR) to platinum therapy was evaluated in a subset of TNBC samples. For TNBC, a threshold was set and threshold validity was assessed relative to clinical outcomes.

Results

A total of 560 ovarian cancer, 805 ER + BC, and 443 TNBC tumors were included. Compared to ovarian cancer, the GIS distribution of BRCA1/2-deficient samples was shifted lower for ER + BC (p = 0.015), but not TNBC (p = 0.35). In the subset of TNBC samples, univariable logistic regression models revealed that GIS status using thresholds of ≥ 42 and ≥ 33 were significant predictors of response to platinum therapy.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that the GIS thresholds used for ovarian cancer may also be appropriate for TNBC, but not ER + BC. GIS thresholds in TNBC were validated using clinical response data to platinum therapy.
Computational thinking and repetition patterns in early childhood education: Longitudinal analysis of representation and justification
Authors: Acosta Yeni , Alsina Ángel , Pincheira Nataly
Published: August 2023

This paper provides a longitudinal analysis of the understanding of repetition patterns by 24 Spanish children ages 3, 4 and 5, through representation and the type of justification. A mixed quantitative and qualitative study is conducted to establish bridges between algebraic thinking and computational thinking by teaching repetition patterns in technological contexts. The data are obtained using: a) participant observations; b) audio-visual and photographic records; and c) written representations, in drawing format, from the students. The analysis involves, on the one hand, a statistical analysis of the representations of patterns, and on the other, an interpretive analysis to describe the type of justification that children use in technological contexts: “elaboration”, “validation”, “inference” and “prediction or decision-making”. The results show that: a) with respect to the representation of patterns, errors decreased by 27.3% in 3-to-5-year-olds, with understanding and correct representation of repetition patterns gaining prominence in more than 50% of the sample from the age of 4; b) on the type of justification used, it is evident that in 3-and-4-year-olds, “elaboration” predominates, and at 5, progress is made towards “validation”. We conclude that it is necessary to design learning sequences connected with theory and upheld through practice, and that foster the active role of the teacher as a promoter of teaching situations that help spur the beginning of computational and algebraic thinking.
Inequitable Gains and Losses from Conservation in a Global Biodiversity Hotspot
Authors: Platts Philip J. , Schaafsma Marije , Turner R. Kerry , Burgess Neil D. , Fisher Brendan , Mbilinyi Boniface P. , Munishi Pantaleo K. T. , Ricketts Taylor H. , Swetnam Ruth D. , Ahrends Antje , Ashagre Biniam B. , Bayliss Julian , Gereau Roy E. , Green Jonathan M. H. , Green Rhys E. , Jeha Lena , Lewis Simon L. , Marchant Rob , Marshall Andrew R. , Morse-Jones Sian , Mwakalila Shadrack , Njana Marco A. , Shirima Deo D. , Willcock Simon , Balmford Andrew
Published: August 2023

A billion rural people live near tropical forests. Urban populations need them for water, energy and timber. Global society benefits from climate regulation and knowledge embodied in tropical biodiversity. Ecosystem service valuations can incentivise conservation, but determining costs and benefits across multiple stakeholders and interacting services is complex and rarely attempted. We report on a 10-year study, unprecedented in detail and scope, to determine the monetary value implications of conserving forests and woodlands in Tanzania’s Eastern Arc Mountains. Across plausible ranges of carbon price, agricultural yield and discount rate, conservation delivers net global benefits (+US$8.2B present value, 20-year central estimate). Crucially, however, net outcomes diverge widely across stakeholder groups. International stakeholders gain most from conservation (+US$10.1B), while local-rural communities bear substantial net costs (-US$1.9B), with greater inequities for more biologically important forests. Other Tanzanian stakeholders experience conflicting incentives: tourism, drinking water and climate regulation encourage conservation (+US$72M); logging, fuelwood and management costs encourage depletion (-US$148M). Substantial global investment in disaggregating and mitigating local costs (e.g., through boosting smallholder yields) is essential to equitably balance conservation and development objectives.
Monitoring of cyanobacterial breakthrough and accumulation by in situ phycocyanin probe system within full-scale treatment plants
Authors: Ma Liya , Maldonado Juan Francisco Guerra , Zamyadi Arash , Dorner Sarah , Prévost Michèle
Published: August 2023

Worldwide, there has been an increase in the presence of potentially toxic cyanobacterial blooms in drinking water sources and within drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). The objective of this study is to validate the use of in situ probes for the detection and management of cyanobacterial breakthrough in high and low-risk DWTPs. In situ phycocyanin YSI EXO2 probes were devised for remote control and data logging to monitor the cyanobacteria in raw, clarified, filtered, and treated water in three full-scale DWTPs. An additional probe was installed inside the sludge holding tank to measure the water quality of the surface of the sludge storage tank in a high-risk DWTP. Simultaneous grab samplings were carried out for taxonomic cell counts and toxin analysis. A total of 23, 9, and 4 field visits were conducted at the three DWTPs. Phycocyanin readings showed a 93-fold fluctuation within 24 h in the raw water of the high cyanobacterial risk plant, with higher phycocyanin levels during the afternoon period. These data provide new information on the limitations of weekly or daily grab sampling. Also, different moving averages for the phycocyanin probe readings can be used to improve the interpretation of phycocyanin signal trends. The in situ probe successfully detected high cyanobacterial biovolumes entering the clarification process in the high-risk plant. Grab sampling results revealed high cyanobacterial biovolumes in the sludge for both high and low-risk plants.
Influence of Particle Size on the Flammability and Explosibility of Biomass Dusts: Is a New Approach Needed?
Authors: Castells Blanca , Tascón Alberto , Amez Isabel , Fernandez-Anez Nieves
Published: August 2023

The influence of particle size on the flammability and explosion severity has been widely demonstrated for coals along the years: the thinner the particle size, the more flammable is the dust and more severe are the explosions. Later, the increase on the use of biomass led to using the same resources and techniques for both groups of materials, considering them similar enough. However, there are basic differences between biomass and coal dust particles that leads to different behaviours when focusing on industrial fire safety. This difference is the starting point of this review, where a study on the existing knowledge in relation to the size and shape of biomass dust is presented. The methodologies and parameters used to determine particle size are described and discussed, showing the inconvenience of using only one parameter (d50) to describe dust, as well as the need of a standardized methodology to homogenise the results. The biomass data gathered from scientific literature and the following analysis carried out has also highlighted the importance of identifying samples in an accurate way and the strong necessity of further research on these materials and on the interdependence between particle size and the experimental procedures for flammability and explosibility properties.