bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EXPERIMENTAL PYELONEPHRITIS
Authors: Guze Lucien B. , Beeson Paul B. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Elizabeth R. Maloney
Published: June 2004

A study has been made of the effect of ureteral ligation on the susceptibility of the kidney to pyogenic infection. In most experiments a strain of E. coli was employed as the test organism, being injected intravenously in varying quantity either before or after ureteral ligation. A few experiments were also carried out with S. marcescens.

Preliminary observations were made on the distribution and persistence of E. coli following its inoculation into the blood stream of normal rats. Rapid reduction in number of bacteria in the circulation occurred during the first 30 minutes, but bacteriemia persisted at a comparatively low level for at least 48 hours. Large proportions of the inoculated bacteria were arrested and apparently destroyed in the liver, spleen, and lungs. Comparatively small numbers were deposited in the kidneys; nevertheless, these continued to be demonstrable during the 1st week, without notable tendency to increase or decrease, then disappeared during the 2nd week. There was no acceleration in rate of disposal of the bacteria in the kidney when a second injection was made 1 week after the first.

In rats with one ureter ligated the number of bacteria lodging in the kidneys after intravenous inoculation did not differ from that found in normal animals. It appears, therefore, that the increased susceptibility of the obstructed kidney to infection via the blood stream is not attributable to an increased trapping of circulating bacteria. 4 to 6 hours after the intravenous injection, however, an increased number of bacteria could be demonstrated in the obstructed kidney, apparently due to local multiplication, and by the end of 24 hours purulent infection was usually obvious.

A comparatively large number of bacteria was required to cause infection, even in the kidney with obstruction. This appeared to be related to the small proportion of the intravenous inoculum which lodged in the kidney initially.

Although bacteria could be demonstrated in the normal kidney for a week or more following intravenous injection it was not possible to induce active infection with equal regularity by ligating the ureter throughout this time. During the first 3 days the majority of obstructed kidneys developed infection, but after 5 or more days this occurred in only a small proportion of animals so treated. The reason for the difference, in relation to interval between intravenous injection and time of ligation, is not apparent.

When the ureter was ligated but no intravenous injection of bacteria was given, staphylococcal infection developed in the obstructed kidney within 2 weeks in about one-third of the animals. Reasons are given for the belief that this was blood-borne infection, and not the result of contamination at the time of operation. Staphylococci were not recovered from the normal rat kidney. These "spontaneous" staphylococcal infections seldom developed when E. coli was injected intravenously at the time of ureteral ligation.
THE ROLE OF EPINEPHRINE IN THE REACTIONS PRODUCED BY THE ENDOTOXINS OF GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA
Authors: Zweifach Benjamin W. , Nagler Arnold L. , Thomas Lewis
Published: June 2004

The effects of endotoxin on the epinephrine reactivity of blood vessels in the rat mesoappendix have been studied. Following intravenous injection of a relatively small, sublethal dose of endotoxin, the terminal arterioles and venules exhibited greatly augmented and prolonged vasoconstrictor responses to epinephrine and norepinephrine. Hyperreactivity became evident within 30 minutes after injection of endotoxin, and persisted for as long as 6 hours.

After larger doses of endotoxin, sufficient to cause illness or death, the vascular hyperreactivity to epinephrine was of briefer duration, and was followed by a stage of increasing hyporeactivity reaching levels much below normal. With lethal doses, the terminal arterioles and venules became completely refractory to epinephrine, while heightened reactivity persisted in the larger arteries and veins. The end result was pooling of stagnant blood in distended capillaries and venules, accompanied by the appearance of petechiae. Topical applications of epinephrine during this stage were followed promptly by an increase in petechial hemorrhage at the site of testing.

Rats which were rendered tolerant to the lethal effect of endotoxin, by repeated daily injections of small doses, developed resistance to the effects of endotoxin on epinephrine reactivity. Neither hyperreactivity nor hyporeactivity to epinephrine were demonstrable in these animals, nor were spontaneous abnormalities of blood flow or petechial hemorrhages observed in the mesoappendix.

Analogous results were obtained in perfusion studies of the vessels of the isolated rabbit ear. Perfusion of small amounts of endotoxin was followed within a few minutes by potentiation of epinephrine reactivity. Larger doses caused complete reversal of this effect, to such an extent that epinephrine now produced marked degrees of vasodilation.

The possible meaning of these observations in the interpretation of the endotoxin-epinephrine skin lesions described in the preceding paper is discussed. It is suggested that abnormal reactions to epinephrine or norepinephrine in the tissues of intact animals may represent a basic mechanism in the intoxicating and tissue-damaging properties of endotoxin.
FAILURE TO TRANSFER TUBERCULIN SENSITIVITY PASSIVELY WITH PLASMA FRACTIONS CONTAINING ALPHA GLOBULIN
Authors: Ehrenkranz N. Joel , Waksman Byron H.
Published: June 2004

We are unable to confirm the observations reported by Cole and Favour that passive transfer of plasma fractions containing alpha globulin (IV + V or IV-10) from tuberculin-sensitive guinea pigs confers delayed sensitivity to tuberculoprotein upon normal animals.

In guinea pigs with chronic cervical adenitis due to infection with group C hemolytic streptococci, injection of fraction IV + V and repeated skin tests with PPD induced indurated skin reactions of 9 to 10 mm., maximal at 24 hours, and, in one experiment, a positive tissue culture response to tuberculin. It is suggested that this reactivity was actively induced.

Normal or infected recipients of fraction I + II + III from the plasma of tuberculin-sensitive donors manifested edematous responses to tuberculopolysaccharide, maximal at 4 to 6 hours, as reported.

Skin tests with pneumococcal C polysaccharide revealed no evidence of passive transfer of C-reactive protein in fractions I + II + III or IV + V.
DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY
Authors: Uhr Jonathan W. , Pappenheimer A. M. , Yoneda M.
Published: June 2004

Guinea pigs infected by intradermal injection of living toxigenic diphtheria bacilli and protected by horse antitoxic globulin, given either before or after infection, develop delayed hypersensitivity of the tuberculin type to diphtherial proteins. The highest degree of hypersensitivity is specifically directed against diphtheria toxin (or toxoid) itself, although smaller delayed skin reactions may be evoked in sensitized animals by other diphtherial proteins common to both toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains.

Animals sensitized to diphtheria toxin by infection with a toxigenic strain in this way react positively to the Schick test and their serum usually contains no detectable antitoxin 2 to 3 weeks after the initial infection.

Animals infected with living non-toxigenic diphtheria bacilli become sensitized to proteins common to both toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains but do not show sensitivity to toxin.

The observations suggest that a minute amount of toxoid, or of toxin comparable to that which might be liberated during infection, might induce the hypersensitive state if injected in the form of a complex with excess antitoxin. This prediction is verified by the results reported in the following paper (23).
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON HUMAN PLASMA LIPOPROTEINS
Authors: Aladjem Frederick , Lieberman Miriam , Gofman John W.
Published: June 2004

Low density human plasma lipoproteins Sf 17+, Sf 13, and Sf 6, high density lipoproteins 2 and 3, and a lipoprotein-free plasma protein fraction were isolated from human plasma by ultracentrifugal methods. It was found that human plasma lipoproteins are immunochemically distinct from the non-lipoprotein containing plasma protein fraction.

Lipoprotein fractions of a given hydrated density, isolated from different individuals, were found to be immunochemically indistinguishable by qualitative absorption tests.

Qualitative antigenic differences were shown to exist between low density lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins.

Quantitative precipitin reactions showed that low density lipoproteins Sf 6 and Sf 13 were immunochemically very similar. However, they differed with respect to the amount of antigen nitrogen required for maximum precipitation.

Agar diffusion analyses were performed; the results suggest heterogeneity of lipoproteins by this criterion.
THE NATURE OF THE IMMUNOLOGIC INADEQUACY OF NEONATAL RABBITS AS REVEALED BY CELL TRANSFER STUDIES
Authors: Dixon Frank J. , Weigle William O.
Published: June 2004

Lymph node cells capable of either primary or secondary antibody responses following transfer to adult normal or x-radiated homologous recipients make no response following transfer to neonatal homologous recipients. On the basis of the present observations it seems that the environment provided by the neonatal recipient is unsuitable for the immunologic activities of transferred cells in the early phases of the immune response. Neonatal recipients can, however, adequately support cells transferred during the process of active antibody formation. These findings suggest that the immunologic inadequacy of the neonatal animal is related to its internal environment and not necessarily to the lack of cells capable of antibody synthesis.
A CYTOLOGICAL AND CYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE VIRAL PAPILLOMA OF HUMAN SKIN
Authors: Bloch David P. , Godman Gabriel C.
Published: June 2004

The morphological appearances and some tinctorial properties of the cells of the infectious (viral) papilloma of human skin are described. Pathological alterations of the nuclei of affected cells occur in a definite sequence of stages. In the earliest, and acidophilic Feulgen-negative intranuclear inclusion body is recognizable. Subsequently the inclusion body and nucleus enlarge, there is progressive disorganization of nuclear structure, and the inclusion body then becomes basophilic and stains with the Feulgen reaction. The nucleus finally disappears, leaving the inclusion body in the cell remnant.

The relative amounts of Feulgen-colored DNA per cell at each stage in the evolution of the lesion in the infected cells, as well as in normal appearing and hypertrophic cells of the papilloma, were measured microphotometrically in Feulgen preparations. Determinations were made using the "plug" and "two wave length" methods. These are compared with measurements of DNA in cells of the basal and spinous layers of normal human skin.

The frequency distribution curves of relative amount of DNA in cells of normal skin, and normal-appearing cells in hyperplastic epithelium, show the bimodal diploid and tetraploid peaks characteristic of growing tissues.

Infection of the epidermal cell entails prompt synthesis of DNA in the nucleus. Increased amounts of DNA (tetraploid to 16 ploid levels) are found in the earliest recognizable cytopathological stages of infection and do not increase appreciably during the subsequent evolution of the cellular lesion. At a relatively late stage, all the cellular DNA is relocated ("transferred" or "reassembled") in the inclusion body, and is not further significantly increased in amount. Active formation of DNA in affected cells appears, from these measurements, to occur only in relatively intact nuclei.

The inclusion bodies of infected cells are found to contain a relatively basic protein which stains with the alkaline-fast green method for histone.
ABSENCE OF LECITHIN FROM THE STROMATA OF THE RED CELLS OF CERTAIN ANIMALS (RUMINANTS), AND ITS RELATION TO VENOM HEMOLYSIS
Authors: Turner Joseph C. ,   With the Technical Assistance of E. Ann Pearson
Published: June 2004

Lipide extracts of the red cells of several animal species have been analyzed chromatographically. Genetically determined differences in phospholipide composition were found. Lecithin is absent from the cells of ox, sheep, and goat. Cells containing lecithin are susceptible to the direct hemolysin of cobra venom while cells not containing lecithin are resistant. The facts indicate that the direct hemolysin is a lecithinase.
EFFECTS OF VARIOUS IMMUNE RABBIT SERUMS ON THE CELLS OF SEVERAL TRANSPLANTED MOUSE LYMPHOMAS IN VITRO AND IN VIVO
Authors: Mohos Steven C. , Kidd John G.
Published: June 2004

Immune serums prepared in rabbits with antigens made from normal mouse organs and tissues that were presumably devoid of large numbers of lymphocytic cells (notably kidney, liver, brain, whole embryos, and erythrocytes) proved lethal for the cells of several transplanted mouse lymphomas in vitro in the presence of complement; but these immune serums, when given intraperitoneally in large amounts to susceptible mice that had been implanted subcutaneously with lymphoma cells of one or another of several types, failed entirely to inhibit growth of the lymphoma cells in vivo. In contrast, immune serums made with cells procured from transplanted mouse lymphomas as antigens, and those made with cells from normal mouse thymus or lymph nodes, acted even more powerfully upon the several types of lymphoma cells in vitro than did the immune serums prepared with normal mouse organs, and when given intraperitoneally to implanted mice they brought about death of the lymphoma cells in vivo, the effect being to a considerable extent specific and referable to an antibody that reacts with neoplastic and non-neoplastic lymphocytic cells of mice, as absorption experiments disclosed. In comparative tests, furthermore, the anti-lymphoma serums acted more powerfully upon the lymphoma cells in vivo than did such chemotherapeutic agents as amethopterin, azaguanine, ethionine, azaserine, and 6-mercaptopurine, given singly or in various combinations in maximal tolerated amounts, though their effects were not so powerful as those exerted by normal guinea pig serum on lymphoma cells of two types that are susceptible to its action in vivo.

The significance of the findings was briefly discussed.
STUDIES ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PHAGOCYTES AND TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Stähelin Hartmann , Karnovsky Manfred L. , Farnham Ann E. , Suter Emanuel
Published: June 2004

In continuing studies concerning the interactions between phagocytes and tubercle bacilli the effect of tuberculous infection on respiration and glucose utilization was investigated in guinea pigs.

Peritoneal exudates rich in polymorphonuclear leucocytes, derived from guinea pigs infected with tubercle bacilli, had a significantly higher rate of respiration than the same cells from normal animals. The difference between cells from normal and infected animals was greater when the animals were infected with a virulent strain (Vallée) than when infected with an attenuated one (R1Rv or BCG). By the use of glucose labelled with C14 at position 1 or 6, or uniformly labelled glucose, it was established that this difference in oxygen uptake between normal and infected cells was probably not caused by a difference in the pathway of glucose utilization.

Similarly, the respiration of liver and kidney slices from normal and infected guinea pigs was compared and it was found that liver slices showed differences similar to those shown by leucocytes, but that the kidney slices did not. The possibility has not been ruled out that the difference in rate of respiration of liver slices due to infection might be caused by tuberculous lesions in the livers of infected animals. The mononuclear cells which invade the liver have a higher rate of oxygen uptake than liver cells.

The rate of glucose utilization and the total amount of CO2 produced was also determined in intact guinea pigs. Both functions were found not to differ significantly in normal and infected animals. The rate of production of CO2 from C1 and C6 of glucose was the same in both groups of animals.

The ratio of the rate of production of C14O2 from C1 and C6 of glucose by the whole animal was found to be about 1.35. It was found to be much higher with polymorphonuclear leucocytes (C1/C6 = 8 in the absence of serum). During the process of phagocytosis this ratio increased from about 25 to about 130 (in the presence of 2 per cent serum) indicating an increase in the direct oxidative pathway of glucose utilization during stimulated cellular activity.
CORTICOTROPINS (ACTH)
Authors: Li Choh Hao , Fønss-Bech Peter , Geschwind Irving I. , Hayashida Tetsuo , Hungerford Gerald F. , Lostroh Ardis J. , Lyons William R. , Moon Henry D. , Reinhardt William O. , Sideman Martin
Published: June 2004

Purified α-corticotropin has been reported to exercise the following biological effects: (a) stimulation of the adrenal glands in normal and hypophysectomized rats, (b) production of blood eosinopenia in hypophysectomized rats, (c) maintenance of muscle glycogen in hypophysectomized rats, (d) inhibition of growth-promoting activity of somatotropin, (e) stimulation of melanocytes in the skin of frogs, (f) mobilization of fat into the liver of fasted mice, (g) stimulation of the accessory sex glands of castrated-hypophysectomized male rats, (h) induction of deciduoma formation in hypophysectomized-oophorectomized rats, and (i) elevation of the total red cell volume in hypophysectomized rats. α-Corticotropin has also been shown for the first time to act in synergism with lactogenic hormone as an essential galactopoietic hormone.

The ability of α-corticotropin to elicit biological responses in the absence of the adrenal cortex is discussed.
STUDIES ON THE CAPACITY OF SOME POLYSACCHARIDES TO ELICIT ANTIBODY FORMATION IN MAN
Authors: Allen Peter Z. , Kabat Elvin A.
Published: June 2004

Purified levan is antigenic in man and subcutaneous injection of 1 mg. leads to the production of precipitins and skin sensitivity. Apple amylopectin, maize glycogen, and synthetic polyglucose did not stimulate antibody production in small numbers of individuals injected.

Quantitative precipitin studies carried out with several levan preparations employing human antilevan show variations in immunochemical behavior indicating structural differences among levans.

Evidence that precipitins formed in response to levan injection are antilevan antibodies was obtained by analysis of specific precipitates formed in the region of antibody excess for ketosugar.

Injection of levan giving rise to production of antilevan failed in one individual to give a non-specific anamnestic rise in either antidextran or antiblood group A precipitins.

Laminarin, a neutral polysaccharide, was found to give precipitation with normal human sera.
HOMOLOGOUS IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES OF OCULAR LENS
Authors: Halbert S. P. , Locatcher-Khorazo D. , Swick L. , Witmer R. , Seegal B. , Fitzgerald P.
Published: June 2004

Lenses of rabbits with high titers of homologous lens antibodies showed no lesions, even after repeated paracentesis of the anterior chamber in a number of such animals. In these instances, lens antibodies were shown to be present in both the primary and secondary aqueous humors.

A small group of rabbits with high homologous anti-lens antibody titers were successfully bred. These had been immunized with adult rabbit lens pools in Freund's adjuvants, and had high antibody levels throughout pregnancy. No significant congenital lens lesions were found when these 18 young from 3 litters were compared with the 17 young from 3 litters of mothers who had no detectable anti-lens antibody through gestation. The latter group of does had received the equivalent doses of homologous lens in saline.

Patients with cataract did not show demonstrable anti-lens antibodies in their serum when tested by the agar precipitin technic against cataractous human lens homogenates.
ASSOCIATION OF REDUCED DIPHOSPHOPYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE CYTOCHROME C REDUCTASE ACTIVITY WITH MENINGOPNEUMONITIS VIRUS
Authors: Allen Emma G. , Bovarnick Marianna R.
Published: June 2004

DPNH cytochrome c reductase activity has been found associated with the MP virus isolated from the infected allantoic fluids or yolk sacs of fertile eggs and treated with trypsin, perfringens toxin, and cobra venom. The corresponding normal tissue enzymes can be nearly completely destroyed by such treatment, also the small activity found in crude preparations of influenza virus is destroyed by this treatment.

Under certain relatively mild conditions of inactivation, loss in enzymatic activity is parallelled by loss in infectivity.
STAINING TOXOPLASMA GONDII WITH FLUORESCEIN-LABELLED ANTIBODY
Authors: Goldman Morris
Published: June 2004

Antitoxoplasma globulin was labelled with fluorescein and was used to stain Toxoplasma gondii organisms in smears of peritoneal exudate. The evidence indicates that this staining was due to an antigen-antibody reaction at the cellular level. Methods are presented for handling the organisms so that they can be stained over a period of several months. Some general characteristics of the antigen system involved are described.
STAINING TOXOPLASMA GONDII WITH FLUORESCEIN-LABELLED ANTIBODY
Authors: Goldman Morris
Published: June 2004

A new serologic test for antibodies to Toxoplasma is described, which is based upon inhibition of specific staining with fluorescent antibody. In performing the test, a mixture of the test serum and known fluorescein-labelled antiserum is added to a dried smear of toxoplasms for 1 hour at 37°C. The smear is then rinsed and examined with a fluorescence microscope. Reduction in the brightness of fluorescence, as compared to that of a negative control slide, indicates the presence of antibody in the test serum.

A comparison of the results of this test with those of the methylene blue dye test showed a strong parallelism between the two sets of results. On the other hand, the complement-fixation test for toxoplasmosis did not yield nearly as many positives as the inhibition test.

The specificity of the new test was studied by comparing it with dye test results and clinical histories in human patients, and by testing a group of animals immunized with a variety of non-Toxoplasma antigens. No evidence of cross-reactions was obtained in the latter series.

Some advantages and disadvantages of the inhibition test are discussed.
AGGLUTINATING EFFICIENCY AND COMBINING CAPACITY OF SHIGELLA AND VIBRIO ANTISERA FROM RABBITS AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF IMMUNIZATION
Authors: Freter Rolf ,   With The Technical Assistance Of David Hentges
Published: June 2004

Studies of the relative combining capacities of different antisera to Vibrio cholerae and Shigella flexneri were carried out using the Talmage test. In this test the absorption of an I131 labelled antibody preparation by antigen is blocked by the addition of unlabelled unknown serum.

Sera from rabbits in the early stages of immunization ("early antisera") had a high agglutinin titer, but low combining capacity. Sera from hyperimmune rabbits ("late antisera") had higher combining capacities than early antisera, but similar or lower agglutinin titers. More antigen was needed to absorb the agglutinins from late antisera than from early ones of the same agglutinin titer, indicating that late antisera contained relatively more antibody. At high concentrations, sera from hyperimmune rabbits agglutinated the homologous antigen more rapidly than did early antisera, even though early sera had similar or higher agglutinin titers. Sera drawn after the anamnestic response to bacterial antigen had the characteristics of late sera; i.e., their combining capacities were high.

The possible significance of these findings for the in vitro estimation of protective antibody is discussed.
STRAIN DIFFERENCES IN LOCAL HEMORRHAGIC RESPONSE (SHWARTZMAN-LIKE REACTION) OF MICE TO A SINGLE INTRADERMAL INJECTION OF BACTERIAL POLYSACCHARIDES
Authors: Kelly Margaret G. , Smith Norman H. , Wodinsky Isidore , Rall David P.
Published: June 2004

A survey of inbred strains of mice was made to determine whether the phenomenon of dermal hemorrhagic necrosis, as described in rabbits by Shwartzman, could be elicited in mice by bacterial polysaccharide preparations of demonstrated activity in rabbits. The polysaccharide preparations used were obtained from cultures of S. marcescens, S. typhosa, Ps. aeruginosa, and H. pertussis.

Ten of the strains tested were unreactive. Three strains of mice and one F1 hybrid subline developed a hemorrhagic lesion at the site of injection of a single, relatively high intradermal dose of polysaccharide. Some increase in incidence of hemorrhagic lesions was obtained when the intradermal dose was followed in 24 hours by an intravenous injection. In the gross and microscopically, the skin lesion produced in mice resembled the Shwartzman reaction in rabbits.

An adrenergic blocking agent, SY-28, and an anticoagulant drug, coumadin, both of which block the dermal Shwartzman reaction in rabbits, also blocked the hemorrhagic skin reaction in mice.
THE ROLE OF INTESTINAL BACTERIA IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIETARY CIRRHOSIS IN RATS
Authors: Rutenburg Alexander M. , Sonnenblick Edmund , Koven Irving , Aprahamian H. Arto , Reiner Leopold , Fine Jacob
Published: June 2004

Diffuse hepatic cirrhosis develops in rats on a choline-deficient diet within 300 days. Absorbable broad spectrum antibiotics added to the daily diet do not prevent the development of fatty infiltration, but they delay the development of cirrhosis for about 100 days more. Non-absorbable antibiotics added to the daily diet prevent the development of cirrhosis in most rats for as long as 750 days.

The superiority of non-absorbable antibiotics to absorbable antibiotics excludes a systemic effect of the antibiotics and demonstrates that intestinal bacteria are largely, if not wholly, responsible for the cirrhosis in rats on a choline-deficient diet.
CLONAL GROWTH IN VITRO OF HUMAN CELLS WITH FIBROBLASTIC MORPHOLOGY
Authors: Puck Theodore T. , Cieciura Steven J. , Fisher Harold W.
Published: June 2004

A methodology has been described for reliable cultivation in vitro of dispersed fibroblastic cells obtained from normal human organs. The procedure has permitted establishment of stable cell lines from almost every sample taken, among which the following organs were represented: skin, spleen, amnion, lung, liver, bone marrow, brain, muscle, and heart. Equally good growth has been achieved with cells from embryonic or adult tissues.

The methods previously developed whereby single cells plated in Petri dishes grow into isolated macroscopic colonies can successfully be applied to the plating of human fibroblastic stocks. Plating efficiencies in the neighborhood of 50 to 60 per cent are readily achieved with such strains. The resulting colonies can be picked and clonal stocks established.

Fibroblastic morphology is maintained in the colonies arising from every single cell of such clonal stocks. All of the single cells from epithelioid clonal strains also maintain their integrity throughout repeated subculture. Since the difference between clonal stocks of these two types is always maintained whenever the respective single cells are plated in the same medium, regardless of the previous history of these stocks, it may be concluded that a true genetic difference exists in these cell lines.

In addition to the morphological differences between epithelioid and fibroblastic cell strains, the latter have more demanding nutritional requirements for single cell growth. Thus, single cells of fibroblastic lines almost never produce colonies with high efficiency unless the growth medium which is sufficient for epithelioid cells is supplemented with embryo extract, or a cell feeder layer. Fibroblastic cells are also more resistant to tryptic digestion of the bond uniting the cells to glass surfaces.

By use of differential media, growth of both fibroblastic and epithelioid cells, respectively, has been obtained, from dispersed single cells obtained by trypsinization of a specimen of human embryonic lung.
INFECTION INDUCED BY ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF ATTENUATED POLIOVIRUS TO PERSONS POSSESSING HOMOTYPIC ANTIBODY
Authors: Horstmann Dorothy M. , Paul J. R. , Melnick J. L. , Deutsch Joyce V.
Published: June 2004

Four of five individuals possessing homotypic antibody in titers of 8 to 64 were infected on being fed Type III (Leon KP-34) poliovirus attenuated by Sabin by passage through tissue culture.

None of the infected subjects or controls showed any evidence of illness which could be attributed to virus infection.

There was no evidence of spread of infection to any of the control adult wardmates of the experimental subjects, although the two groups were in close contact: none of the controls excreted virus, none showed any antibody shift. One control who had no Type III antibodies at the start of the experiment was still antibody-negative on the 63rd day of the experiment.

Three of the four individuals who became infected had naturally acquired-Type III antibodies; the other had antibodies induced by formalinized vaccine.

Virus excretion in the stool was of short duration (7 to 13 days) in the three with natural antibodies, and lasted at least 6 weeks after feeding in the vaccinated child.

Virus in the throat was detected only in the two persons receiving the larger virus dose (107.5 TCD50). In them it was present in small amounts between the 2nd and 6th day after feeding.

No virus was detected in the blood of any of the infected individuals.

The antibody responses of the four infected individuals were variable. There was no clear correlation with virus dosage, amount of virus excretion in the stools, or presence of virus in the throat. Only the child whose neutralizing antibodies were "Salk" vaccine induced showed a marked CF response.

The virus excreted by two of the individuals who became infected, as tested in the 2nd tissue culture passage by monkey inoculation, was slightly more neurotropic than the virus which was ingested. Virus excreted by one of these individuals behaved as a virulent strain when tested by the in vitro plaque virulence test, while that isolated from the other had the characteristics of an attenuated strain in this test.
SIMILARITY OF HOST RESPONSES ELICITED BY POLYSACCHARIDES OF ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGIN AND BY BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS
Authors: Landy Maurice , Shear Murray J. ,   With the Assistance of Robert-John Trapani and Adrian Perrault
Published: June 2004

Ten polysaccharides, isolated from various animal and plant sources, were selected for comparison with 2 bacterial polysaccharides, typical of Gram-negative endotoxins. The tissue sources were: mouse (kidney, liver, lung, stomach, Sarcoma 37, and Carcinoma 241-6); rabbit skin and chick embryo skin; and tangerine and Bryonia root. The bacterial endotoxins were those of S. typhosa and Serr. marcescens. Their relative potency was determined in inducing the following host effects: fever, tolerance to pyrogenic action, leucocytic changes, the Shwartzman reaction, damage to Sarcoma 37, dermal hemorrhagic-necrosis by epinephrine, enhancement of antibody production, and lethality.

Some of the polysaccharides were consistently active in all the host reactions studied; except for pyrogenic activity at high dosage, the other polysaccharides were consistently negative throughout. The mouse tissue polysaccharides elicited all the effects studied; in some instances their potency approached those of the bacterial polysaccharides.

It is pointed out that elicitation of the above array of biological phenomena, hitherto considered characteristic of bacterial endotoxins, can be obtained with polysaccharides from animal and plant tissues.
ROLE OF GAMMA GLOBULINS IN PATHOGENESIS OF RENAL LESIONS IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS AND CHRONIC MEMBRANOUS GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, WITH AN OBSERVATION ON THE LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS CELL REACTION
Authors: Mellors Robert C. , Ortega Louis G. , Holman Halsted R.
Published: June 2004

Utilizing the fluorescent antibody method for the histologic demonstration of localized γ-globulins, we have made the following observations (in contradistinction to the lack of such findings in a variety of normal and pathologic, control kidneys).

In systemic lupus erythematosus (a) γ-globulins were localized in the thickened capillary walls, the "wire-loop" lesions, and the so called "hyaline thrombi" in glomeruli; (b) these sites of localization of γ-globulins were correlated to a considerable degree with the pattern of accentuated eosinophilia of the glomeruli, as seen in hematoxylin-eosin sections, or with the pattern of PAS-positive areas in the glomeruli in sections stained with the periodic acid-Schiff reaction; (c) and γ-globulins were localized rarely in large cytoplasmic granules in tubular epithelium and occasionally in glomerular capsular crescents, tubular protein casts, and inflammatory cells, particularly in the cytoplasm of cells identified as immature and mature plasma cells.

In nephrotic glomerulonephritis (a) γ-globulins were localized in the glomerular basement membrane and appertaining structures in chronic membranous glomerulonephritis; (b) γ-globulins were apparently localized in the altered mesangium in chronic lobular glomerulonephritis; and (c) in the tubular protein casts, presumably representing abnormal glomerular filtrates, γ-globulins were present in a lesser concentration and other serum proteins in a greater concentration than found in the glomeruli.

In positive lupus erythematosus preparations the nuclei of leukocytes, while undergoing transformation and subsequent phagocytosis to form lupus erythematosus cells, were the sites of localization of γ-globulin (presumably the lupus erythematosus factor) whereas in control preparations no nuclear localization of γ-globulin occurred.

These observations are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of renal lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus, chronic membranous glomerulonephritis, and amyloidosis.
A STUDY OF HEMOSIDEROSIS WITH THE AID OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: Richter Goetz W.
Published: June 2004

Hemosiderin deposits in rats and in man were studied and compared by means of electron and light microscopy. Typical, isotropic, iron-positive hemosiderin granules were found to contain innumerable, closely packed, electron-dense particles, embedded in matter that was much less dense to electrons. Similar dense particles were often scattered diffusely through the cytoplasmic matrix of cells containing hemosiderin granules.

In cells of proximal convoluted tubules of rats given repeated intraperitoneal injections of hemoglobin the hemosiderin granules contained dense particles with a mean diameter of 55 A, and with a size-frequency distribution that indicated uniformity. These particles corresponded in size to the iron micelles of ferritin molecules. There was less uniformity of particles in hemosiderin granules situated in liver and reticulo-endothelial cells of rats that had been given a diet containing ethionine.

The dense aggregates representing hemosiderin granules were often situated inside discrete cytoplasmic organelles that were bordered by membranes, and sometimes contained "cristae"; and often the membranous borders were markedly disrupted. The term "sidersomes" is proposed for these specialized cytoplasmic structures which may be derivatives of mitochondria, and apparently play a part in the formation of hemosiderin.

Ferritin was crystallized from the livers and kidneys of the hemosiderotic rats with ease, but could not be crystallized from comparable quantities of liver and kidney tissue of untreated control rats.

Specimens from the liver and spleen of a patient with advanced hemosiderosis, obtained at an operation, were also studied. In liver and reticulo-endothelial cells many particles with diameters of about 60 A were scattered through the cytoplasmic matrix. By contrast, hemosiderin granules in the same cells contained particles that varied considerably in size. In representative granules, examined at high resolution, the size-frequency distribution of particle diameters displayed a periodicity consistent with the presence of small, uniform subunits. Electron micrographs of ferritin, isolated from the spleen of the same patient, provided confirmation for the inferences that the dense particles observed inside cells are iron micelles, and that ferritin is probably a component of hemosiderin.
THE NUCLEIC ACIDS OF T2, T4, AND T6 BACTERIOPHAGES
Authors: Jesaitis Margeris A.
Published: June 2004

The deoxyribonucleic acids of the wild type strains of the T2, T4, and T6 bacteriophages have been shown to contain glucose as an integral part of the molecule; the amount of hexose present in each nucleic acid differs.

A study of the acid degradation products of the three nucleic acids has revealed that in each instance glucose is linked to the apurinic acid component.

In the case of the T6 nucleic acid it was found that two molecules of glucose are linked to hydroxymethylcytidylic acid. The other mononucleotides contained no glucose.

From the results which have been presented here, and from data presented by others, it can be concluded that the three viral nucleic acids differ in that they contain different proportions of free and glucose-substituted hydroxymethylcytidylic acids.
TRANSFORMATION REACTIONS BETWEEN PNEUMOCOCCUS AND THREE STRAINS OF STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Bracco Richard M. , Krauss Marjorie R. , Roe Amy S. , MacLeod Colin M.
Published: June 2004

Reciprocal transformation reactions to streptomycin resistance have been demonstrated between pneumococcus and 2 strains of viridans streptococci, which by the usual bacteriological criteria are distantly related to pneumococcus.

Desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracts of a strain of streptomycin-resistant Streptococcus salivarius have been found capable of transforming pneumococcus and two strains of viridans streptococci but the strain itself was not transformed by autologous or heterologous DNA extracts.

The two strains of viridans streptococci were more efficient than pneumococcus as receptors of both autologous and heterologous transforming principles. It is inferred, therefore, that efficiency of transformation does not necessarily indicate closeness of relationship among bacteria.

The efficiency of transforming principles (TP's) from three streptococcal strains to induce streptomycin resistance in pneumococcus increased following their reduplication in pneumococcus. At the same time the efficiency of two of these TP's to transform streptococcus was reduced.

Resistance to optochin (ethylhydrocupreine), a characteristic of most streptococci, can be transferred to pneumococcus, a naturally susceptible species, by transformation reactions.
IMMUNOLOGIC STUDIES OF HUMAN HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS
Authors: DeLalla Louis , Levine Lawrence , Brown Ray K.
Published: June 2004

High density serum lipoprotein underwent serologic and physicochemical alterations on aging during storage at 0°C. for 1 month, as judged by decrease of diffusion coefficient and increase of C' fixation. Ultracentrifugation, dialysis, and high concentrations of sodium chloride did not cause these changes. A protein sedimenting at density 1.24 in the ultracentrifuge reacted with antiserum to high density lipoprotein. Probably it was the protein portion of α lipoprotein dissociated from the lipide during ultracentrifugation.

Although the antiserum to high density lipoprotein did not react with low density lipoprotein prepared from normal serum, it reacted with similarly prepared lipoproteins from the serum of a patient with biliary cirrhosis.
STUDIES ON THE CX-REACTIVE PROTEIN
Authors: Montella Sigfrido , Wood Harrison F.
Published: June 2004

It has been found that normal rabbits respond to the intravenous administration of thorotrast by producing Cx-reactive protein. The amount of Cx-reactive protein produced in response to successive injections of thorotrast progressively diminishes until finally little or no further Cx-reactive protein production can be elicited. The reticulo-endothelial system is believed to be effectively blocked at this point. When such "blocked" rabbits are injected intracutaneously with Cx-reactive protein incorporated in adjuvant they produce significantly less Cx-reactive protein than the amounts elicited by the same stimulus prior to thorotrast treatment. They also fail to develop the characteristic inflammatory reaction seen in the control experiments. In addition, rabbits whose reticulo-endothelial systems are loaded with thorotrast respond to dermal infection with Type I pneumococcus by producing only very small amounts of Cx-reactive protein in comparison with the control animals.
LONG CHAIN FORMATION BY STRAINS OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI IN THE PRESENCE OF HOMOLOGOUS ANTISERUM: A TYPE-SPECIFIC REACTION
Authors: Stollerman Gene H. , Ekstedt Richard
Published: June 2004

Strains of group A streptococci, types 30 and 12, were observed to grow in extremely long chains in liquid media to which homologous antiserum was added. Addition to the media of antisera to heterologous types of streptococci failed to produce long chain growth. The long chain effect was destroyed by absorption of the antiserum with organisms of homologous type but was unaffected by absorption with organisms of heterologous types.

The reaction disappeared at concentrations of antisera smaller than 0.25 per cent and was independent of complement or other heat-labile serum factors. Addition of trypsin to the culture to remove M protein from cells prevented long chain formation. The long chain effect depended upon the constant presence of antibody to the media. In its absence, the organisms promptly reverted to short chain growth.

The phenomenon appears to have general applicability to those strains rich in M protein with only an occasional strain not responding as described. Further studies are in progress to determine the cause of this atypical response. The applicability of this phenomenon in detecting type-specific antibody using indicator strains of a variety of streptococcal types is discussed.
STUDIES ON BACTERIOPHAGES OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Krause Richard M.
Published: June 2004

The host ranges of bacteriophages for group A, types 1, 6, 12, and 25 and group C streptococci have been determined. The findings indicate that the susceptibility to these phages is primarily a group-specific phenomenon, although it is modified by several factors such as the hyaluronic acid capsule, lysogeny, and possibly the presence of surface proteins. Phage antibody studies indicate that while the group A phages are antigenically related, they are distinct from the group C phage. This is in agreement with the observation that group A phages are not specific for their homologous streptococcal types.

The purified group C carbohydrate inactivates group C phage but not the group A phages, thus suggesting that the carbohydrate, a component of the cell wall, may serve as the phage receptor site. It has not been possible to inactivate the group A phages with group A carbohydrate.

Phage lysis of groups A and C streptococci is accompanied by fragmentation of the cell wall since the C carbohydrate has been identified serologically and chemically in the supernate of centrifuged lysates. The immediate lysis of groups A and C hemolytic streptococci and their isolated cell walls by an accesory heat-labile lytic factor in fresh group C lysates is also described.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE VASCULAR MANIFESTATIONS OF SHOCK PRODUCED BY ENDOTOXIN, TRAUMA, AND HEMORRHAGE
Authors: Zweifach Benjamin W. , Thomas Lewis ,   With the Technical Assistance of P. Viera and C. Mikros
Published: June 2004

The vascular effects of lethal doses of E. coli endotoxin, as observed in the mesentery of the rat, resemble the reactions of traumatic and hemorrhagic shock in the following respects: a profound inhibition of arteriolar and precapillary reactivity to topical epinephrine occurs after an initial stage of hyperreactivity; the small veins show failure to relax completely following constrictor doses of epinephrine; and the terminal vessels develop an unusual sensitivity to fluctuations in temperature of the fluid irrigating the tissue.

Rats in which tolerance to bacterial endotoxin is induced, by repeated doses given daily, become highly resistant to the lethal effects of both drum trauma and hemorrhagic shock.

However, rats in which the adaptation to traumatic shock is produced by repeated exposure to drum trauma, do not develop a significant degree of tolerance to lethal doses of endotoxin.

The injection of small non-lethal doses of bacterial endotoxin during non-lethal episodes of trauma or hemorrhage, leads to the development of irreversible shock and death.

The bearing of these findings on the problem of the relationship between endotoxin and traumatic shock is discussed.
STUDIES OF THE PLASMIN SYSTEM
Authors: Norman Philip S.
Published: June 2004

A general assay method involving casein digestion is shown to be applicable for determination of several components of the plasmin system.

Total plasminogen of human serum can be measured by use of sufficient streptokinase for instantaneous activation, accompanied by protection of the active plasmin with casein.

Total plasminogen of guinea pig serum can be measured after complete activation with streptokinase in combination with human activator.

The activator principle in whole human serum can be measured by its ability to activate guinea pig plasminogen.
MACROGLOBULINEMIA
Authors: Korngold Leonhard , Van Leeuwen Gerda
Published: June 2004

Highly purified pathological macroglobulins, which had been characterized electrophoretically and in the ultracentrifuge, were studied by the Ouchterlony gel diffusion technique.

These macroglobulins were shown to be antigenically related to normal γ1-macroglobulin (19S) as well as the 7S γ-globulins.

The pathological macroglobulins differ among each other and they are antigenically deficient when compared with the normal macroglobulin.

There is no correlation between the macroglobulin's antigenic structure and its physico-chemical properties.
MACROGLOBULINEMIA
Authors: Korngold Leonhard , Van Leeuwen Gerda
Published: June 2004

Rabbits were immunized with three highly purified macroglobulins, from patients with macroglobulinemia. The antisera reacted with two macroglobulins with sedimentation constants of 19S and 26S of homologous antigen, and cross-reacted with the 7S and 19S globulins of normal γ1-globulin and the heterologous pathological 19S macroglobulins. Exhaustive absorption of these antisera with normal γ-globulins rendered them specific for the homologous macroglobulins. The antigenic properties of the pathological macroglobulins indicate that these proteins are abnormal.