bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Daytime F Region Echoes at Equatorial Ionization Anomaly Crest During Geomagnetic Quiet Period: Observations From Multi‐Instruments
Authors: Liu Yi , Deng Zhongxin , Xu Tong , Kong Jian , Zhou Chen , Yao Yibin , Tang Qiong , Zhao Zhengyu
Published: February 2022

By using Qujing very high frequency radar (25.6°N, 103.7°E, magnetic latitude 16.1°N, magnetic longitude 177.0°E), daytime F region echoes were reported at equatorial ionization anomaly crest on 26 June 2020. Radar interferometry experiment was performed during the observation period. The observed results show that the spatial distributions of daytime F region echo pattern were about 150 km, 200 km, and 180 km in the zonal, meridional, and height extents, respectively. In addition, we observed a remarkable eastward drift of F region echoes with a mean velocity of about 50 m/s. To investigate the possible generation mechanism of daytime F region echoes, simultaneous occurrences of ionospheric disturbance and atmospheric gravity wave activities were presented by combining with the observations of ionosonde, global position system stations and FY‐4A satellite. The existence of gravity wave from the deep convective activities in the lower atmosphere was confirmed by using FY‐4A satellite measurements. The gravity wave signatures were also observed in the time series of virtual height deviations of sporadic E (dhES) and total electron content near the region where the F region echoes. We surmise that ionospheric disturbance in the F region could be excited during atmospheric gravity wave activities. Then the large‐scale ionospheric disturbance could further evolve into small‐scale irregularity producing radar echoes through the non‐linear cascade process.
Dynamic Contributions of Stratified Groundwater to Streams Controls Seasonal Variations of Streamwater Transit Times
Authors: Marçais Jean , Derry Louis A. , Guillaumot Luca , Aquilina Luc , de Dreuzy Jean‐Raynald
Published: February 2022

Streamwater transit time distributions display a variable proportion of old waters (≥1 year). We hypothesize that the corresponding long transit times result from groundwater contributions to the stream and that seasonal streamwater transit time variations result from (a) the variable contributions of different flowpaths (overland flow, seepage flow and baseflow) and (b) the stratification of groundwater residence times. We develop a parsimonious model to capture the groundwater contribution to the stream discharge and its effect on transient transit times. Infiltration is partitioned according to the aquifer saturation between Boussinesq groundwater flow and overland flow. Time‐variable transit time distributions are obtained with a new 2D particle tracking algorithm. Hydraulic conductivity, total and drainable porosities are calibrated by using discharge and CFC tracer data on a crystalline catchment located in Brittany (France). The calibrated models succeed in reproducing CFCs concentrations and discharge dynamics. The groundwater flow contribution to the stream is controlled by the aquifer hydraulic conductivity, while its age is controlled by the drainable and total porosities. Old groundwater (≥1 year) is the source for approximately 75% of the streamflow with strong seasonal variations (between 40% and 95%). Mean transit times are approximately 13 years, varying between 6 and 20 years, proportional to the groundwater contribution. These seasonal variations are driven by the groundwater versus overland flow partitioning. The stratification of groundwater residence times in the aquifer plays a minor role in the streamwater transit times but is key for the transit time dynamics of the groundwater contribution to the stream.
Organizational Principles of Hyporheic Exchange Flow and Biogeochemical Cycling in River Networks Across Scales
Authors: Krause Stefan , Abbott Benjamin W. , Baranov Viktor , Bernal Susana , Blaen Phillip , Datry Thibault , Drummond Jennifer , Fleckenstein Jan H. , Velez Jesus Gomez , Hannah David M. , Knapp Julia L. A. , Kurz Marie , Lewandowski Jörg , Martí Eugènia , Mendoza‐Lera Clara , Milner Alexander , Packman Aaron , Pinay Gilles , Ward Adam S. , Zarnetzke Jay P.
Published: February 2022

Hyporheic zones increase freshwater ecosystem resilience to hydrological extremes and global environmental change. However, current conceptualizations of hyporheic exchange, residence time distributions, and the associated biogeochemical cycling in streambed sediments do not always accurately explain the hydrological and biogeochemical complexity observed in streams and rivers. Specifically, existing conceptual models insufficiently represent the coupled transport and reactivity along groundwater and surface water flow paths, the role of autochthonous organic matter in streambed biogeochemical functioning, and the feedbacks between surface‐subsurface ecological processes, both within and across spatial and temporal scales. While simplified approaches to these issues are justifiable and necessary for transferability, the exclusion of important hyporheic processes from our conceptualizations can lead to erroneous conclusions and inadequate understanding and management of interconnected surface water and groundwater environments. This is particularly true at the landscape scale, where the organizational principles of spatio‐temporal dynamics of hyporheic exchange flow (HEF) and biogeochemical processes remain largely uncharacterized. This article seeks to identify the most important drivers and controls of HEF and biogeochemical cycling based on a comprehensive synthesis of findings from a wide range of river systems. We use these observations to test current paradigms and conceptual models, discussing the interactions of local‐to‐regional hydrological, geomorphological, and ecological controls of hyporheic zone functioning. This improved conceptualization of the landscape organizational principles of drivers of HEF and biogeochemical processes from reach to catchment scales will inform future river research directions and watershed management strategies.
Ionizable liposomal siRNA therapeutics enables potent and persistent treatment of Hepatitis B
Authors: Huang Yuanyu , Zheng Shuquan , Guo Zhaoxu , de Mollerat du Jeu Xavier , Liang Xing-Jie , Yang Zhiwei , Zhang Hong-Yan , Gao Shan , Liang Zicai
Published: February 2022

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) constitutes a promising therapeutic modality supporting the potential functional cure of hepatitis B. A novel ionizable lipidoid nanoparticle (RBP131) and a state-of-the-art lyophilization technology were developed in this study, enabling to deliver siRNA targeting apolipoprotein B (APOB) into the hepatocytes with an ED50 of 0.05 mg/kg after intravenous injection. In addition, according to the requirements of Investigational New Drug (IND) application, a potent siRNA targeting hepatitis B virus (HBV) was selected and encapsulated with RBP131 to fabricate a therapeutic formulation termed RB-HBV008. Efficacy investigations in transient and transgenic mouse models revealed that the expressions of viral RNAs and antigens (HBsAg and HBeAg), as well as viral DNA, were repressed, dose-dependently and time-dependently at multilog decreasing amplitude, in both circulation and liver tissue. In contrast, entecavir (ETV), the first-line clinically-employed nucleoside analog drug, barely recused the antigen expression, although it triggered as high as 3.50 log reduction of viral DNA, in line with clinical observations. Moreover, the toxicity profiles suggested satisfactory safety outcomes with ten times the therapeutic window. Therefore, this study provides an effective nucleic acid delivery system and a promising RNAi agent for the treatment of hepatitis B.
YAP ISGylation increases its stability and promotes its positive regulation on PPP by stimulating 6PGL transcription
Authors: Xue Xiangfei , Tian Xiaoting , Zhang Congcong , Miao Yayou , Wang Yikun , Peng Yingxiu , Qiu Shiyu , Wang Hong , Cui Jiangtao , Cao Leiqun , Sun Fenyong , Qiao Yongxia , Zhang Xiao
Published: February 2022

Yes-associated protein (YAP) activation is crucial for tumor formation and development, and its stability is regulated by ubiquitination. ISGylation is a type of ubiquitination like post-translational modification, whereas whether YAP is ISGylated and how ISGylation influences YAP ubiquitination-related function remains uncovered. In addition, YAP can activate glucose metabolism by activating the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) and glycolysis, and generate a large number of intermediates to promote tumor proliferation. However, whether YAP stimulates the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), another tumor-promoting glucose metabolism pathway, and the relationship between this stimulation and ISGylation needs further investigation. Here, we found that YAP was ISGylated and this ISGylation inhibited YAP ubiquitination, proteasome degradation, interaction with-beta-transducin repeat containing E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (βTrCP) to promote YAP stability. However, ISGylation-induced pro-YAP effects were abolished by YAP K497R (K, lysine; R, arginine) mutation, suggesting K497 could be the major YAP ISGylation site. In addition, YAP ISGylation promoted cell viability, cell-derived xenograft (CDX) and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumor formation. YAP ISGylation also increased downstream genes transcription, including one of the key enzymes of PPP, 6-phosphogluconolactonase (6PGL). Mechanistically, YAP promoted 6PGL transcription by simultaneously recruiting SMAD family member 2 (SMAD2) and TEA domain transcription factor 4 (TEAD4) binding to the 6PGL promoter to activate PPP. In clinical lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) specimens, we found that YAP ISGylation degree was positively associated with 6PGL mRNA level, especially in high glucose LUAD tissues compared to low glucose LUAD tissues. Collectively, this study suggested that YAP ISGylation is critical for maintaining its stability and further activation of PPP. Targeting ISGylated YAP might be a new choice for hyperglycemia cancer treatment.
Protein nanowires with tunable functionality and programmable self-assembly using sequence-controlled synthesis
Authors: Shapiro Daniel Mark , Mandava Gunasheil , Yalcin Sibel Ebru , Arranz-Gibert Pol , Dahl Peter J. , Shipps Catharine , Gu Yangqi , Srikanth Vishok , Salazar-Morales Aldo I. , O’Brien J. Patrick , Vanderschuren Koen , Vu Dennis , Batista Victor S. , Malvankar Nikhil S. , Isaacs Farren J.
Published: February 2022

Advances in synthetic biology permit the genetic encoding of synthetic chemistries at monomeric precision, enabling the synthesis of programmable proteins with tunable properties. Bacterial pili serve as an attractive biomaterial for the development of engineered protein materials due to their ability to self-assemble into mechanically robust filaments. However, most biomaterials lack electronic functionality and atomic structures of putative conductive proteins are not known. Here, we engineer high electronic conductivity in pili produced by a genomically-recoded E. coli strain. Incorporation of tryptophan into pili increased conductivity of individual filaments >80-fold. Computationally-guided ordering of the pili into nanostructures increased conductivity 5-fold compared to unordered pili networks. Site-specific conjugation of pili with gold nanoparticles, facilitated by incorporating the nonstandard amino acid propargyloxy-phenylalanine, increased filament conductivity ~170-fold. This work demonstrates the sequence-defined production of highly-conductive protein nanowires and hybrid organic-inorganic biomaterials with genetically-programmable electronic functionalities not accessible in nature or through chemical-based synthesis.
Coordinated hippocampal-thalamic-cortical communication crucial for engram dynamics underneath systems consolidation
Authors: Tomé Douglas Feitosa , Sadeh Sadra , Clopath Claudia
Published: February 2022

Systems consolidation refers to the time-dependent reorganization of memory representations or engrams across brain regions. Despite recent advancements in unravelling this process, the exact mechanisms behind engram dynamics and the role of associated pathways remain largely unknown. Here we propose a biologically-plausible computational model to address this knowledge gap. By coordinating synaptic plasticity timescales and incorporating a hippocampus-thalamus-cortex circuit, our model is able to couple engram reactivations across these regions and thereby reproduce key dynamics of cortical and hippocampal engram cells along with their interdependencies. Decoupling hippocampal-thalamic-cortical activity disrupts systems consolidation. Critically, our model yields testable predictions regarding hippocampal and thalamic engram cells, inhibitory engrams, thalamic inhibitory input, and the effect of thalamocortical synaptic coupling on retrograde amnesia induced by hippocampal lesions. Overall, our results suggest that systems consolidation emerges from coupled reactivations of engram cells in distributed brain regions enabled by coordinated synaptic plasticity timescales in multisynaptic subcortical-cortical circuits.
Single-cell tumor-immune microenvironment of BRCA1/2 mutated high-grade serous ovarian cancer
Authors: Launonen I.-M. , Lyytikäinen N. , Casado J. , Anttila E. A. , Szabó A. , Haltia U.-M. , Jacobson C. A. , Lin J. R. , Maliga Z. , Howitt B. E. , Strickland K. C. , Santagata S. , Elias K. , D’Andrea A. D. , Konstantinopoulos P. A. , Sorger P. K. , Färkkilä A.
Published: February 2022

The majority of high-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSCs) are deficient in homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair, most commonly due to mutations or hypermethylation of the BRCA1/2 genes. We aimed to discover how BRCA1/2 mutations shape the cellular phenotypes and spatial interactions of the tumor microenvironment. Using a highly multiplex immunofluorescence and image analysis we generate spatial proteomic data for 21 markers in 124,623 single cells from 112 tumor cores originating from 31 tumors with BRCA1/2 mutation (BRCA1/2mut), and from 13 tumors without alterations in HR genes. We identify a phenotypically distinct tumor microenvironment in the BRCA1/2mut tumors with evidence of increased immunosurveillance. Importantly, we report a prognostic role of a proliferative tumor-cell subpopulation, which associates with enhanced spatial tumor-immune interactions by CD8+ and CD4 + T-cells in the BRCA1/2mut tumors. The single-cell spatial landscapes indicate distinct patterns of spatial immunosurveillance with the potential to improve immunotherapeutic strategies and patient stratification in HGSC.
Dissolution and precipitation behaviors of zircon under the atmospheric environment
Authors: Kitagaki Toru , Yoshida Kenta , Liu Pengfei , Shobu Takahisa
Published: February 2022

The reactive behavior of zircon in three different solutions: 0.1 M HCl (aq), ultrapure water, and 0.1 M NaOH (aq) was examined under normal temperature and pressure conditions. Dissolved Si and Zr concentrations show that considerable Zr precipitated on the surface in all immersion cases. Bulk changes in the zircon were insignificant. However, the obvious surface change of the zircon immersed in 0.1 M NaOH (aq) was confirmed. Porous layer comprising an amorphous SiOx phase and needle crystals of ZrSiO4 around pores were detected on the near-surface area of the zircon immersed in 0.1 M NaOH (aq). Consequently, the reaction was limited when zircon was immersed in ultrapure water. Zr precipitated on the surface after the dissolution of ZrSiO4 in 0.1 M HCl (aq). Dissolved Zr and Si in 0.1 M NaOH (aq) precipitated on the surface, then the dissolution of ZrSiO4 formed a porous layer, and most dissolved Zr precipitated as zircon crystals.
Tuneable electron–magnon coupling of ferromagnetic surface states in PdCoO2
Authors: Mazzola F. , Yim C. -M. , Sunko V. , Khim S. , Kushwaha P. , Clark O. J. , Bawden L. , Marković I. , Chakraborti D. , Kim T. K. , Hoesch M. , Mackenzie A. P. , Wahl P. , King P. D. C.
Published: February 2022

Controlling spin wave excitations in magnetic materials underpins the burgeoning field of magnonics. Yet, little is known about how magnons interact with the conduction electrons of itinerant magnets, or how this interplay can be controlled. Via a surface-sensitive spectroscopic approach, we demonstrate a strong electron–magnon coupling at the Pd-terminated surface of the delafossite oxide PdCoO2, where a polar surface charge mediates a Stoner transition to itinerant surface ferromagnetism. We show how the coupling is enhanced sevenfold with increasing surface disorder, and concomitant charge carrier doping, becoming sufficiently strong to drive the system into a polaronic regime, accompanied by a significant quasiparticle mass enhancement. Our study thus sheds light on electron–magnon interactions in solid-state materials, and the ways in which these can be controlled.
Evaluating stability of attenuated Sabin and two novel type 2 oral poliovirus vaccines in children
Authors: Wahid Rahnuma , Mercer Laina , Gast Chris , De Leon Tirza , Sáez-Llorens Xavier , Fix Alan , Macadam Andrew , Stephens Laura , Chumakov Konstantin , Smits Saskia L. , Murreddu Marta , Konopka-Anstadt Jennifer L. , Steven Oberste M. , Burns Cara C. , Andino Raul , Bachtiar Novilia Sjafri , Tritama Erman , Bandyopadhyay Ananda S. , Aguirre Gabriela , Rüttimann Ricardo , Konz John O.
Published: February 2022

Novel oral poliovirus vaccine type 2 (nOPV2) is being developed to reduce the rare occurrence of disease and outbreaks associated with the genetic instability of the Sabin vaccine strains. Children aged 1 to 5 years were enrolled in two related clinical studies to assess safety, immunogenicity, shedding rates and properties of the shed virus following vaccination with nOPV2 (two candidates) versus traditional Sabin OPV type 2 (mOPV2). The anticipated pattern of reversion and increased virulence was observed for shed Sabin-2 virus, as assessed using a mouse model of poliovirus neurovirulence. In contrast, there were significantly reduced odds of mouse paralysis for shed virus for both nOPV2 candidates when compared to shed Sabin-2 virus. Next-generation sequencing of shed viral genomes was consistent with and further supportive of the observed neurovirulence associated with shed Sabin-2 virus, as well as the reduced reversion to virulence of shed candidate viruses. While shed Sabin-2 showed anticipated A481G reversion in the primary attenuation site in domain V in the 5’ untranslated region to be associated with increased mouse paralysis, the stabilized domain V in the candidate viruses did not show polymorphisms consistent with reversion to neurovirulence. The available data from a key target age group for outbreak response confirm the superior genetic and phenotypic stability of shed nOPV2 strains compared to shed Sabin-2 and suggest that nOPV2 should be associated with less paralytic disease and potentially a lower risk of seeding new outbreaks.
Modelling the emergence dynamics of the western corn rootworm beetle (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera)
Authors: Jaksons Rodelyn , Falkner Katharina , Moltchanova Elena
Published: February 2022

The western corn rootworm is an invasive species to Europe and is a major agricultural pest that causes widespread economic and yield losses to maize producers. The Gompertz curve was originally used to model human population mortality. It is a sigmoidal curve where the beginning and end of a period shows the slowest time for growth, and adequately describes observed dynamics of many phenomena. We propose the use of the Gompertz function in a Bayesian Hierarchical framework to model the emergence dynamics of the western corn rootworm beetle. The proposed model includes the use of climatic variables to assess how weather can influence the observed dynamics. We apply the model to Austrian monitoring data collected in 2004–2015.
Changes in rays’ swimming stability due to the phase difference between left and right pectoral fin movements
Authors: Sumikawa Hiroaki , Naraoka Yoshikazu , Fukue Takashi , Miyoshi Tasuku
Published: February 2022

Swimming motions of rays that swim using undulation locomotion are not always symmetrical; there may be a phase difference between the left and right pectoral fins. However, few studies on the swimming of rays have mentioned left and right pectoral fin movements. Moreover, the effects of movements of the left and right pectoral fins on swimming have not been clarified. This paper describes a computational study of phase differences of pectoral fin movements in the swimming of rays with the validity of fluid analysis methods. The movement and shape of the ray were made based on previous biological research and pictures. An overset grid was used to reproduce the ray’s complex motions. The analysis was performed under four phase difference conditions: 0 $$T$$
T
($$T$$
T
is the period), 0.25 $$T$$
T
, 0.5 $$T$$
T
, and 0.75 $$T$$
T
. The results show that a phase difference between the left and right pectoral fin movements affects swimming stability and maneuverability but not propulsive efficiency. We suggest that the phase difference in pectoral fin movements is essential for the swimming of rays, and rays adjust the phase difference between the movement of the left and right pectoral fins to suit their purpose.
A community-based study on lower urinary tract symptoms in Malaysian males aged 40 years and above
Authors: Mohamad Anuar Mohamad Fuad , Solihin Rezali Muhammad , Mohamed Daud Mohamed Ashraf , Ismail Shaiful Bahari
Published: February 2022

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) commonly affecting ageing men and is thought to be linked with other comorbidities and unhealthy lifestyles. This study was performed to report the prevalence of LUTS and its association with quality of life (QOL) in urination and other related factors. The study was part of the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2019, a cross-sectional community-based survey in Malaysia. Validated self-administered bilingual International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) was used to assess the LUTS. Other comorbidities and unhealthy lifestyles were recorded using face-to-face interview and in-situ measurements such as anthropometry assessment and blood measurement. There were a total of 2251 respondents. 16.3% of the respondents had clinically significant LUTS (IPSS ≥ 8). LUTS was found to be significantly associated with QOL, age and inactive physical activities. Nocturia was the most prevalent and bothersome symptom. LUTS is a common condition and adversely affect QOL. Ageing and physically inactive males are associated with the development of LUTS. It is recommended to increase public awareness of the condition and availability of treatment options for LUTS. Any upcoming survey should have a more in-depth investigation such as clinical profiling of subjects.
Silica nanospheres KCC-1 as a good catalyst for the preparation of 2-amino-4H-chromenes by ultrasonic irradiation
Authors: Oboudatian Hourieh Sadat , Safaei-Ghomi Javad
Published: February 2022

Fibrous nano-silica sphere (KCC-1) has appeared as a good and efficient catalyst for ultrasonic irradiation conditions in chemical reactions. This catalyst has the unique properties such as a fibrous surface morphology, high surface area and high mechanical stability. The results indicated that the KCC-1 nanocatalyst could be used as high-performance catalysts under high temperature and pressure condition in organic reaction under ultrasonic irradiation. Morphology, structure, and composition of the fibrous nano-silica sphere were described by N2 adsorption–desorption analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). In this work, we used KCC-1@NH2 nanosilica as a basic catalyst for the preparation of chromenes under ultrasonic irradiation conditions for the first time. The recyclability, nontoxicity and high stability of the catalyst, combined with low reaction times and excellent yields, make the present protocol very useful for the synthesis of the title products under ultrasonic conditions. The produced products were confirmed via 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR analysis.
Two-dimensional finite quantum Hall clusters of electrons with anisotropic features
Authors: Ciftja Orion
Published: February 2022

Low-dimensional nano and two-dimensional materials are of great interest to many disciplines and may have a lot of applications in fields such as electronics, optoelectronics, and photonics. One can create quantum Hall phases by applying a strong magnetic field perpendicular to a two-dimensional electron system. One characterizes the nature of the system by looking at magneto-transport data. There have been a few quantum phases seen in past experiments on GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures that manifest anisotropic magnetoresistance, typically, in high Landau levels. In this work, we model the source of anisotropy as originating from an internal anisotropic interaction between electrons. We use this framework to study the possible anisotropic behavior of finite clusters of electrons at filling factor 1/6 of the lowest Landau level.
An adaptive-neuro fuzzy inference system based-hybrid technique for performing load disaggregation for residential customers
Authors: Abbas Muhammad Zaigham , Sajjad Intisar Ali , Hussain Babar , Liaqat Rehan , Rasool Akhtar , Padmanaban Sanjeevikumar , Khan Baseem
Published: February 2022

Effective and efficient use of energy is key to sustainable industrial and economic growth in modern times. Demand-side management (DSM) is a relatively new concept for ensuring efficient energy use at the consumer level. It involves the active participation of consumers in load management through different incentives. To enable the consumers for efficient energy management, it is important to provide them information about the energy consumption patterns of their appliances. Appliance load monitoring (ALM) is a feedback system used for providing feedback to customers about their power consumption of individual appliances. For accessing appliance power consumption, the determination of the operating status of various appliances through feedback systems is necessary. Two major approaches used for ALM are intrusive load monitoring (ILM) and non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM). In this paper, a hybrid adaptive-neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is used as an application for NILM. ANFIS model being sophisticated was difficult to work with, but ANFIS model helps to achieve better results than other competent approaches. An ANFIS system is developed for extracting appliance features and then a fine tree classifier is used for classifying appliances having more than 1 kW power rating based on the extracted feature. Several case studies have been performed using ANFIS on a publicly available United Kingdom Domestic Appliance Level Electricity (UK-Dale dataset). The simulation results obtained from the ANFIS for NILM are compared with relevant literature to show the performance of the proposed technique. The results prove that the novel application of ANFIS gives better performance for solving the NILM problem as compared to the other existing techniques.
Using energy time–frequency of Hilbert Huang transform to analyze the performance of the variable valve timing engine
Authors: Mohammed Arshed Abdulhamed , Haris Sallehuddin Mohamed
Published: February 2022

In this study, a diagnosis method was successfully implemented to identify different sounds coming from individual mechanical parts within a group of engine moving parts controlled through a variable valve timing system. The novelty of this diagnosis method is in the determination of specific sounds coming from each part within this group when they are in good working condition and without any defects. This will facilitate in early detection of faults occurring on the parts, identified through changes in the sound wave energy. Through this study, this diagnosis method was validated in three ways, namely the consistency of the results with previous studies, the synchronization of sounds from mechanical parts in overlapping cases, and the cross-correlation of engine sound modes that results from analysis using the Hilbert Huang Transform. In this paper, the distribution of sound energy according to its frequencies was utilized to distinguish which of the engine combustion chambers of a Dodge Journey 2.4 was faulty. To conduct that, the noise-based test technique was selected to record the engine sound. The results show that there is a link between the RMS energy of the engine sound and the engine output torque.
Machine learning prediction and tau-based screening identifies potential Alzheimer’s disease genes relevant to immunity
Authors: Binder Jessica , Ursu Oleg , Bologa Cristian , Jiang Shanya , Maphis Nicole , Dadras Somayeh , Chisholm Devon , Weick Jason , Myers Orrin , Kumar Praveen , Yang Jeremy J. , Bhaskar Kiran , Oprea Tudor I.
Published: February 2022

With increased research funding for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and related disorders across the globe, large amounts of data are being generated. Several studies employed machine learning methods to understand the ever-growing omics data to enhance early diagnosis, map complex disease networks, or uncover potential drug targets. We describe results based on a Target Central Resource Database protein knowledge graph and evidence paths transformed into vectors by metapath matching. We extracted features between specific genes and diseases, then trained and optimized our model using XGBoost, termed MPxgb(AD). To determine our MPxgb(AD) prediction performance, we examined the top twenty predicted genes through an experimental screening pipeline. Our analysis identified potential AD risk genes: FRRS1, CTRAM, SCGB3A1, FAM92B/CIBAR2, and TMEFF2. FRRS1 and FAM92B are considered dark genes, while CTRAM, SCGB3A1, and TMEFF2 are connected to TREM2-TYROBP, IL-1β-TNFα, and MTOR-APP AD-risk nodes, suggesting relevance to the pathogenesis of AD.
Structural and functional analyses explain Pea KAI2 receptor diversity and reveal stereoselective catalysis during signal perception
Authors: Guercio Angelica M. , Torabi Salar , Cornu David , Dalmais Marion , Bendahmane Abdelhafid , Le Signor Christine , Pillot Jean-Paul , Le Bris Philippe , Boyer François-Didier , Rameau Catherine , Gutjahr Caroline , de Saint Germain Alexandre , Shabek Nitzan
Published: February 2022

KAI2 proteins are plant α/β hydrolase receptors which perceive smoke-derived butenolide signals and endogenous, yet unidentified KAI2-ligands (KLs). The number of functional KAI2 receptors varies among species and KAI2 gene duplication and sub-functionalization likely plays an adaptative role by altering specificity towards different KLs. Legumes represent one of the largest families of flowering plants and contain many agronomic crops. Prior to their diversification, KAI2 underwent duplication resulting in KAI2A and KAI2B. Here we demonstrate that Pisum sativum KAI2A and KAI2B are active receptors and enzymes with divergent ligand stereoselectivity. KAI2B has a higher affinity for and hydrolyses a broader range of substrates including strigolactone-like stereoisomers. We determine the crystal structures of PsKAI2B in apo and butenolide-bound states. The biochemical, structural, and mass spectra analyses of KAI2s reveal a transient intermediate on the catalytic serine and a stable adduct on the catalytic histidine, confirming its role as a bona fide enzyme. Our work uncovers the stereoselectivity of ligand perception and catalysis by diverged KAI2 receptors and proposes adaptive sensitivity to KAR/KL and strigolactones by KAI2B.
An ultra-fast, one-step RNA amplification method for the detection of Salmonella in seafood
Authors: Zhao Xiaoli , Zhang Jian , Duan Yake , Wan Qianyi , Zhang Xin , Chen Jiao , Shi Chao , Gao Yan , Ma Cuiping
Published: February 2022

Salmonella is one of the most common pathogens associated with food-borne illness resulting from seafood consumption.
Iron pentacarbonyl ligands on silver scorpionates
Authors: Wang Guocang , Noonikara-Poyil Anurag , Fernández Israel , Dias H. V. Rasika
Published: February 2022

The silver bound, organometallic 18-electron iron-pentacarbonyl ligand fragment can be stabilized using tunable, tris(pyrazolyl)borates generating isolable heterobimetallic, Ag–Fe compounds.
TOF-SIMS analysis of curcuminoids and curcumin crystals crystallized from their pure and impure solutions
Authors: Kumar K. Vasanth , Heffernan Claire , Ramisetty Kiran A. , Howard Christopher A. , Beloshapkin Sergey
Published: February 2022

TOF-SIMS can provide quantitative information on the composition of structurally similar impurities and their locations on the surface of crystals grown in impure solutions.
Direct SVUV-PIMS identification of unstable oxygenated intermediates in ethanol to butadiene reaction
Authors: Yang Yishan , Guo Xuan , Pan Yang , Fang Yunming
Published: February 2022

SVUV-PIMS was employed for the identification of unstable intermediates in the ethanol to butadiene reaction over a MgO–SiO2 catalyst. Supposed intermediate acetaldol and unexpected intermediate ketene were experimentally observed.
The oxidative potential of fresh and aged elemental carbon-containing airborne particles: a review
Authors: Liu Yangyang , Chan Chak K.
Published: February 2022

EC-containing airborne particles have diverse oxidative potentials dependent on their physical and chemical properties, which can be also changed by atmospheric aging processes.
Binding of the substrate analog methanol in the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II in the D1-N87A genetic variant of cyanobacteria
Authors: Kalendra Vidmantas , Reiss Krystle M. , Banerjee Gourab , Ghosh Ipsita , Baldansuren Amgalanbaatar , Batista Victor S. , Brudvig Gary W. , Lakshmi K. V.
Published: February 2022

Two-dimensional13C HYSCORE spectroscopy, in conjunction with QM/MM and DFT, indicates that methanol binds to the Mn4Ca-oxo cluster in the S2state of D1-N87A photosystem II fromSynechocystissp. PCC 6803.
Hepatoprotective effects of sea cucumber ether-phospholipids against alcohol-induced lipid metabolic dysregulation and oxidative stress in mice
Authors: Wang Xiaoxu , Wang Yuliu , Liu Yanjun , Cong Peixu , Xu Jie , Xue Changhu
Published: February 2022

Sea cucumber ether-phospholipids (Ether-PLs) exhibit hepatoprotective effects on alcohol-induced liver injury.Mechanistically, PlsEtn regulates PL metabolism, and enhances hepatic antioxidation (resists ROS) more effectively than PlsCho and NAC.
Chemical order or disorder – a theoretical stability expose for expanding the compositional space of quaternary metal borides
Authors: Dahlqvist Martin , Rosen Johanna
Published: February 2022

Theoretical predictions for finding thermodynamically stable quaternary MAB phases upon metal alloying.
Plasmon-enhanced photoresponse of single silver nanowires and their network devices
Authors: Razeghi Mohammadali , Üstünçelik Merve , Shabani Farzan , Demir Hilmi Volkan , Kasırga T. Serkan
Published: February 2022

Scanning photocurrent microscopy is used to measure plasmon-enhanced photoresponse of single Ag nanowires and their network devices. Results presented here may enable fabrication of low-cost all-metallic photosensitive devices.
Confinement of all-inorganic perovskite quantum dots assembled in metal–organic frameworks for ultrafast scintillator application
Authors: Ren Cewei , Li Zhanpeng , Huang Lu , Xiong Xinlin , Nie Ziqi , Yang Yunling , Zhu Wenqing , Yang Weiguang , Wang Linjun
Published: February 2022

A metal–organic framework confines the size of perovskite quantum dots to achieve a unique process of an ultra-fast scintillator.
Exponential amplification by redox cross-catalysis and unmasking of doubly protected molecular probes
Authors: Pallu Justine , Rabin Charlie , Hui Pan , Moreira Thamires S. , Creste Geordie , Calvet Corentin , Limoges Benoît , Mavré François , Branca Mathieu
Published: February 2022

Reduction of the non-specific background in autocatalytic molecular amplifications by a double masking strategy.
Developing reactors for electrifying bio-methanation: a perspective from bio-electrochemistry
Authors: Jayathilake Buddhinie S. , Chandrasekaran Swetha , Freyman Megan C. , Deutzmann Jörg S. , Kracke Frauke , Spormann Alfred M. , Huang Zhe , Tao Ling , Pang Simon H. , Baker Sarah E.
Published: February 2022

Next-generation electro-bioreactors will require development of novel reactor-tailored components to improve reactor productivity while maintaining high energy efficiency and biocompatible reactor conditions.
Correction: Pd-catalyzed annulation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines with coumarins and indoles: synthesis of benzofuran and indole fused heterocycles
Authors: Semwal Rashmi , Badhani Gaurav , Adimurthy Subbarayappa
Published: February 2022

Correction for ‘Pd-catalyzed annulation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines with coumarins and indoles: synthesis of benzofuran and indole fused heterocycles’ by Rashmi Semwal et al., Chem. Commun., 2022, 58, 1585–1588, DOI: 10.1039/D1CC06803B.
Structure, hydrogen bond dynamics and phase transition in a model ionic liquid electrolyte
Authors: Khudozhitkov Alexander E. , Stange Peter , Stepanov Alexander G. , Kolokolov Daniil I. , Ludwig Ralf
Published: February 2022

The N–D bonds of triethylammonium cations in protic ionic liquids jump between equally populated sites. The librational angles increase with the interaction strength of the anions from strong to weak.
Pd, Rh and Ru nanohybrid-catalyzed tetramethyldisiloxane hydrolysis for H2 generation, nitrophenol reduction and Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling
Authors: Zhou Junjie , Hou Wenxin , Liu Xiang , Astruc Didier
Published: February 2022

Highly efficient graphene-like carbon nanosheet stabilized Pd, Rh and Ru nanohybrids have been developed as robust catalysts for H2 generation from the hydrolysis of organosilane, C–C coupling and reduction of 4-nitrophenol for the first time.
Organic pollutants in water-soluble cavitands and capsules: contortions of molecules in nanospace
Authors: Liang Rongzu , Bu Dongdong , Su Xiaoshi , Wei Xin , Orentas Edvinas , Rebek Julius , Shi Qixun
Published: February 2022

Unique binding modes of environmentally relevant long n-alkyl chain alcohols and n-alkylbenzenes within deep cavitands were discovered in water.
A (μ-hydrido)diborane(4) anion and its coordination chemistry with coinage metals
Authors: Mao Xiaofeng , Zhang Jie , Lu Zhenpin , Xie Zuowei
Published: February 2022

A tetra(o-tolyl)(μ-hydrido)diborane(4) anion is facilely prepared via the reaction of tetra(o-tolyl)diborane(4) with NaH. It exhibits a σ-B–B bond nucleophilicity towards NHC-metal halides to give the corresponding η2-B–B bonded metal complexes.
Correction: EDOT-based conjugated polymers accessed via C–H direct arylation for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production
Authors: Tan Zhi-Rong , Xing Yu-Qin , Cheng Jing-Zhao , Zhang Guang , Shen Zhao-Qi , Zhang Yu-Jie , Liao Guangfu , Chen Long , Liu Shi-Yong
Published: February 2022

Correction for ‘EDOT-based conjugated polymers accessed via C–H direct arylation for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production’ by Zhi-Rong Tan et al., Chem. Sci., 2022, DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05784g.
GLUT4 On the move
Authors: Fazakerley Daniel J. , Koumanov Francoise , Holman Geoffrey D.
Published: February 2022

Insulin rapidly stimulates GLUT4 translocation and glucose transport in fat and muscle cells. Signals from the occupied insulin receptor are translated into downstream signalling changes in serine/threonine kinases within timescales of seconds, and this is followed by delivery and accumulation of the glucose transporter GLUT4 at the plasma membrane. Kinetic studies have led to realisation that there are distinct phases of this stimulation by insulin. There is a rapid initial burst of GLUT4 delivered to the cell surface from a subcellular reservoir compartment and this is followed by a steady-state level of continuing stimulation in which GLUT4 recycles through a large itinerary of subcellular locations. Here, we provide an overview of the phases of insulin stimulation of GLUT4 translocation and the molecules that are currently considered to activate these trafficking steps. Furthermore, we suggest how use of new experimental approaches together with phospho-proteomic data may help to further identify mechanisms for activation of these trafficking processes.
The concept of intrinsic versus extrinsic apoptosis
Authors: Lossi Laura
Published: February 2022

Regulated cell death is a vital and dynamic process in multicellular organisms that maintains tissue homeostasis and eliminates potentially dangerous cells. Apoptosis, one of the better-known forms of regulated cell death, is activated when cell-surface death receptors like Fas are engaged by their ligands (the extrinsic pathway) or when BCL-2-family pro-apoptotic proteins cause the permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane (the intrinsic pathway). Both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis lead to the activation of a family of proteases, the caspases, which are responsible for the final cell demise in the so-called execution phase of apoptosis. In this review, I will first discuss the most common types of regulated cell death on a morphological basis. I will then consider in detail the molecular pathways of intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis, discussing how they are activated in response to specific stimuli and are sometimes overlapping. In-depth knowledge of the cellular mechanisms of apoptosis is becoming more and more important not only in the field of cellular and molecular biology but also for its translational potential in several pathologies, including neurodegeneration and cancer.
Language Control and Code-Switching in Bilingual Children With Developmental Language Disorder
Authors: Gross Megan C. , Kaushanskaya Margarita
Published: February 2022

Purpose:

The current study examined language control and code-switching in bilingual children with developmental language disorder (DLD) compared to bilingual peers with typical language development (TLD). In addition, proficiency in each language and cognitive control skills were examined as predictors of children's tendency to engage in cross-speaker and intrasentential code-switching.

Method:

The participants were 62 Spanish/English bilingual children, ages 4;0–6;11 (years;months), including 15 children with DLD and 47 children with TLD. In a scripted confederate dialogue task to measure language control, children took turns describing picture scenes with video partners who were monolingual speakers of English or Spanish. The Dimensional Change Card Sort indexed cognitive control, the Bilingual English Spanish Assessment assisted in identifying DLD, and parent ratings from the Inventory to Assess Language Knowledge indexed proficiency in Spanish and English.

Results:

Children with DLD were more likely to engage in
cross-speaker code-switching
from Spanish to English (i.e., responding in English when addressed in Spanish) than children with TLD, even when controlling for proficiency in each language.
Intrasentential code-switching
(i.e., integrating both languages within an utterance) did not differ between groups. Cognitive control was more associated with cross-speaker than with intrasentential code-switching.

Conclusions:

These findings highlight the need to consider cross-speaker and intrasentential code-switching separately when seeking distinguishing features of code-switching in bilingual children with DLD. The use of increased cross-speaker code-switching by children with DLD especially with Spanish speakers highlights the need for increased support of home language use.
Working Memory Predicts New Word Learning Over and Above Existing Vocabulary and Nonverbal IQ
Authors: Gray Shelley I. , Levy Roy , Alt Mary , Hogan Tiffany P. , Cowan Nelson
Published: February 2022

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to use an established model of working memory in children to predict an established model of word learning to determine whether working memory explained word learning variance over and above the contributions of expressive vocabulary and nonverbal IQ.

Method:

One hundred sixty-seven English-speaking second graders (7- to 8-year-olds) with typical development from two states participated. They completed a comprehensive battery of working memory assessments and six word learning tasks that assessed the creation, storage, retrieval, and production of phonological and semantic representations of novel nouns and verbs and the ability to link those representations.

Results:

A structural equation model with expressive vocabulary, nonverbal IQ, and three working memory factors predicting two word learning factors fit the data well. When working memory factors were entered as predictors after expressive vocabulary and nonverbal IQ, they explained 45% of the variance in the phonological word learning factor and 17% of the variance in the semantic word learning factor. Thus, working memory explained a significant amount of word learning variance over and above expressive vocabulary and nonverbal IQ.

Conclusion:

Results show that working memory is a significant predictor of dynamic word learning over and above the contributions of expressive vocabulary and nonverbal IQ, suggesting that a comprehensive working memory assessment has the potential to identify sources of word learning difficulties and to tailor word learning interventions to a child's working memory strengths and weaknesses.

Supplemental Material:

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.19125911
Optimal control of nonlinear Markov jump systems by control parametrisation technique
Authors: Jin Liqiang , Yin Yanyan , Loxton Ryan , Lin Qun , Liu Fei , Teo Kok Lay
Published: February 2022

This paper considers an optimal control problem of nonlinear Markov jump systems with continuous state inequality constraints. Due to the presence of continuous‐time Markov chain, no existing computation method is available to solve such an optimal control problem. In this paper, a derandomisation technique is introduced to transform the nonlinear Markov jump system into a deterministic system, which simultaneously gives rise to an equivalent deterministic dynamic optimisation problem. The control parametrisation technique is then used to partition the time horizon into a sequence of subintervals such that the control function is approximated by a piecewise constant function consistent with the partition. The heights of the piecewise constant function on the corresponding subintervals are taken as decision variables to be optimised. In this way, the approximate dynamic optimisation problem is an optimal parameter selection problem, which can be viewed as a finite dimensional optimisation problem. To solve it using a gradient‐based optimisation method, the gradient formulas of the cost function and the constraint functions are derived. Finally, a real‐world practical problem involving a bioreactor tank model is solved using the method proposed.
Multi‐scale network for remote sensing segmentation
Authors: Wang Gaihua , Zhai Qianyu , Lin Jinheng
Published: February 2022

The semantic segmentation of remote sensing images is a critical and challenging task. How to easily and reliably segment useful information from vast remote sensing images is a significant issue. Many methods based on convolutional neural networks have been widely explored to obtain more accurate segmentation from remote sensing images. However, due to the uniqueness of remote sensing images, such as the dramatic changes in the scale of the target object, the results are not satisfactory. To solve the problem, a special network is designed: (1) Create a new backbone network. Compared with ResNet50, the proposed method extracts features of varying sizes more effectively. (2) Reduce spatial information loss. Building a hybrid location module to compensate for the position loss caused by the down‐sampling operation. (3) Models with high discriminant ability. In order to improve the discrimination ability of the model, a novel auxiliary loss function is designed to constrain the distance between inter‐class and intra‐class. The proposed algorithm is tested on remote sensing datasets (e.g., NWPU‐45, DLRSD, and WHDLD). The experimental results show that this method obtains the best results and achieves state‐of‐the‐art performance.