bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Highly Transparent Conducting Polymer Top Contacts for Future III–Nitride Based Single Photon Emitters
Authors: Riess Sally , Mikulics Martin , Winden Andreas , Adam Roman , Marso Michel , Grützmacher Detlev , Hardtdegen Hilde
Published: June 2013

In this paper we report on a simple conductive polymer based contacting technology for III–nitride based nanostructures with respect to the electrical operation within the telecommunication wavelength range. Singularly addressable InN/GaN pyramidal nanostructures were selectively grown by metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE) and subsequently integrated into a high-frequency device layout for future ultrafast electro-optical operation. The employment of the p-conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)–poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is found to increase the light transmittance up to 89% at a wavelength of 1550 nm compared to 72% in the case of a conventional Ni/Au thin layer top contact. DC measurements using a quasi operation mode for 1000 h reveal no degradation and only a moderate increase of the dark currents. Thus, conducting polymer technology shows tremendous potential for future highly efficient and reliable room temperature operation of nitride based single photon emitters (SPEs).
Delay Time Analysis of Graded Gate Field-Plate AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors Using Monte Carlo Simulation
Authors: Hara Kazuya , Toshima Takuya , Hara Shinsuke , Fujishiro Hiroki I.
Published: June 2013

The mechanisms of delay time generation in graded gate field-plate (FP) AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) are investigated using Monte Carlo simulation. The graded gate FP suppresses the increase in the maximum electric field with the drain voltage by extending the high electric field area toward the drain. However, in addition to the FP capacitance delay time caused by the capacitance between the FP and the channel, the extension of the high electric field area itself increases the electron accumulation delay time caused by electron occupation of the upper valleys. Eventually, as the FP angle increases, the intrinsic cutoff frequency f
T decreases.
Proton Conduction in Dense and Porous Nanocrystalline Ceria Thin Films
Authors: Gregori Giuliano , Shirpour Mona , Maier Joachim
Published: June 2013

The electrical conductivity of ceria thin films (epitaxial as well as dense and porous nanocrystalline) is investigated in dry and wet atmosphere at temperatures below 500 °C. For the epitaxial and the fully dense nanocrystalline samples, no significant differences can be observed between dry and wet conditions. In marked contrast, the nanocrystalline porous films obtained via spin coating exhibit a considerable enhancement of the protonic conductivity below 300 °C in wet atmosphere. This outcome reveals that the residual open mesoporosity plays the key role for the enhancement of the proton transport at low temperatures and not the high density of grain boundaries. The quantitative analysis of the various pathways, along which the proton transport can take place, indicates that the observed proton conduction can arise not only from bulk water adsorbed in the open pores but also from the space charge zones on the water side of the water/oxide interface.
Quaternary Diamond‐Like Chalcogenidometalate Networks as Efficient Anode Material in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Kaib Thomas , Haddadpour Sima , Andersen Hanne Flåten , Mayrhofer Leonhard , Järvi Tommi T. , Moseler Michael , Möller Kai‐Christian , Dehnen Stefanie
Published: June 2013

An improvement of lithium‐ion batteries with regard to their reversible capacity, cycling stability, rate performance, and safety under repetitive charge and discharge still requires considerable research activity. However, graphite has remained the unexcelled material for the anode so far. Here, it is shown that two novel quaternary lithium‐chalcogenidometalate phases, Li4MnGe2S7 (1) and Li4MnSn2Se7 (2), represent very promising new anode materials for lithium‐ion cells in that they achieve specific lithium storage capacities higher than that of the commercially used graphite, and display an excellent stability during cycling. These properties are based on the structural peculiarities of the phases, which adopt Wurtzite‐related topologies and provide high structural flexibility of the metal sulfide or selenide bonds as advantageous pre‐requisitions for a large ion accessible volume.
Waldenström macroglobulinemia: 2013 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management
Authors: Gertz Morie A.
Published: June 2013

Disease Overview

Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma with immunoglobulin M (IgM) monoclonal protein. Clinical features include anemia, thrombocytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, and lymphadenopathy.

Diagnosis

The presence of IgM monoclonal protein associated with ≥10% clonal lymphoplasmacytic cells in bone marrow confirms the diagnosis.

Risk Stratification

Age, hemoglobin level, platelet count, β2 microglobulin, and monoclonal IgM concentrations are characteristics required for prognosis.

Risk‐Adapted Therapy

Not all patients who fulfill WM criteria require therapy; these patients can be observed until symptoms develop. Rituximab‐based therapy is used in virtually all US patients with WM and can be combined with alkylating agent or purine nucleoside analog (or both). The preferred Mayo Clinic nonstudy therapeutic induction is rituximab, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone. Future stem cell transplantation should be considered in induction therapy selection.

Management of Refractory Disease

Bortezomib, thalidomide, everolimus, lenalidomide, and bendamustine have all been shown to have activity in WM. Given WM's natural history, reduction of complications will be a priority for future treatment trials. Am. J. Hematol. 88:703–711, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characteristics and magnitude of acute pesticide‐related illnesses and injuries associated with pyrethrin and pyrethroid exposures—11 states, 2000–2008
Authors: Hudson Naomi L. , Kasner Edward J. , Beckman John , Mehler Louise , Schwartz Abby , Higgins Sheila , Bonnar‐Prado Joanne , Lackovic Michelle , Mulay Prakash , Mitchell Yvette , Larios Leo , Walker Rob , Waltz Justin , Moraga‐McHaley Stephanie , Roisman Rachel , Calvert Geoffrey M.
Published: June 2013

Background

Excluding disinfectants, pyrethrins and pyrethroids are the pesticides used most commonly in and around homes. Respiratory effects and paresthesia are among the concerns about pyrethrin/pyrethroid exposures.

Methods

Acute pesticide‐related illness/injury cases were identified from the Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks‐Pesticides Program and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation from 2000–2008. Characteristics and incidence rates were determined for acute pyrethrin/pyrethroid‐related illness/injury cases. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine odds of respiratory and dermal symptoms in persons with illness/injury following pyrethrin/pyrethroid exposure compared to persons with illness/injury following exposure to other pesticides.

Results

A total of 4,974 cases of acute pyrethrin/pyrethroid‐related illness were identified. Incidence rates increased over time, reaching 8 cases/million population in 2008. The majority of cases were low severity (85%) and 34% were work‐related. Respiratory effects were the most common symptoms reported (48%). Risk of acute respiratory effects were significantly elevated among persons exposed only to pyrethrins (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.79; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.49–2.16), only to pyrethroids (aOR 1.99 95% CI: 1.77–2.24), to a mixture of pyrethroids (aOR 2.36; 95% CI: 1.99–2.81) or to a mixture containing both pyrethrins and pyrethroids (aOR 2.99; 95% CI: 2.33–3.84) compared to those with illness arising from exposure to other pesticides. The most common factors contributing to pyrethrin/pyrethroid‐related illness included exposure from spills/splashes, improper storage, and failure to evacuate during pesticide application.

Conclusions

The magnitude of acute pyrethrin/pyrethroid‐related illness/injury is relatively low but is increasing. As such, additional measures to prevent them are needed. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:15–30, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Johnston Kate , Dittner Antonia , Bramham Jessica , Murphy Clodagh , Knight Anya , Russell Ailsa
Published: June 2013

Features of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and impairments on neuropsychological, tests of attention have been documented in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). To date, there has been a lack of research comparing attention in adults with ASD and adults with ADHD. In study 1, 31 adults with ASD and average intellectual function completed self‐report measures of ADHD symptoms. These were compared with self‐report measures of ADHD symptoms in 38 adults with ADHD and 29 general population controls. In study 2, 28 adults with a diagnosis of ASD were compared with an age‐ and intelligence quotient‐matched sample of 28 adults with ADHD across a range of measures of attention. Study 1 showed that 36.7% of adults with ASD met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual‐IV criteria for current ADHD “caseness” (Barkley Current self‐report scores questionnaire). Those with a diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorder—not otherwise specified were most likely to describe ADHD symptoms. The ASD group differed significantly from both the ADHD and control groups on total and individual symptom self‐report scores. On neuropsychological testing, adults with ASD and ADHD showed comparable performance on tests of selective attention. Significant group differences were seen on measures of attentional switching; adults with ADHD were significantly faster and more inaccurate, and individuals with Asperger's syndrome showed a significantly slower and more accurate response style. Self‐reported rates of ADHD among adults with ASD are significantly higher than in the general adult population and may be underdiagnosed. Adults with ASD have attentional difficulties on some neuropsychological measures. Autism Res 2013, ●●: ●●–●●. © 2013 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cyanine‐Like Dyes with Large Bond‐Length Alternation
Authors: Thorley Karl J. , Hales Joel M. , Kim Hyeongeu , Ohira Shino , Brédas Jean‐Luc , Perry Joseph W. , Anderson Harry L.
Published: June 2013

Herein, the synthesis and properties of alkyne‐bridged carbocations, which are analogous in structure to cyanine dyes, are reported. An alkene‐bridged dye, linked at the third position of the indole, was also synthesized as a reference compound. These new carbocations are stable under ambient conditions, allowing characterization by UV/Vis and NMR (1H and 13C) spectroscopies. These techniques revealed a large degree of delocalization of the positive charge, similar to a previously reported porphyrin carbocation. The linear and nonlinear optical properties are compared with cyanine dyes and triarylmethyl cations, to investigate the effects of the bond‐length alternation and the overall molecular geometry. The value of Re(γ), the real part of the third‐order microscopic polarizability, of −1.3×10−33 esu for the alkyne‐linked cation is comparable to that of a cyanine dye of similar length. Nondegenerate two‐photon absorption spectra showed that the alkene‐bridged dye exhibited characteristics of cyanines, whereas the alkyne‐bridged dye is reminiscent of octupolar chromophores, such as the triarylmethyl carbocation brilliant green. Such attributes were confirmed and rationalized by quantum chemical calculations.
Differential Cadherin Expression in the Developing Postnatal Telencephalon of a New World Monkey
Authors: Matsunaga Eiji , Nambu Sanae , Oka Mariko , Iriki Atsushi
Published: June 2013

Cadherins are cell adhesion molecules widely expressed in the nervous system, where they play various roles in neural patterning, nuclei formation, axon guidance, and synapse formation and function. Although many published articles have reported on cadherin expression in rodents and ferrets, there are limited data on their expression in primate brains. In this study, in situ hybridization analysis was performed for 10 cadherins [nine classic cadherins (Cdh4, ‐6, ‐7, ‐8, ‐9, ‐10, ‐11, ‐12, and ‐20) and T‐cadherin (Cdh13)] in the developing postnatal telencephalon of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Each cadherin showed broad expression in the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, amygdala, and hippocampus, as previously shown in the rodent brain. However, detailed expression patterns differed between rodents and marmosets. In contrast to rodents, cadherin expression was reduced overall and localized to restricted areas of the brain during the developmental process, suggesting that cadherins are more crucially involved in developmental or maturation processes rather than in neural functioning. These results also highlight the possibility that restricted/less redundant cadherin expression allows primate brains to generate functional diversity among neurons, allowing morphological and functional differences between rodents and primates. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:4027–4060, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of a Simplified Calculation Tool for Voltage Drop Caused by Transformer Inrush in Distribution System
Authors: Nakachi Yoshiki , Fukae Takayuki , Sugahara Toshinori , Nakamura Hayato , Koyama Mitsuaki , Ueda Fukashi
Published: June 2013

It is well known that a voltage drop due to inrush current at an energizing transformer may at times interrupt electrical equipment. Generally, the voltage drop is calculated by using a sophisticated tool such as EMTP, so that the transformer saturation phenomenon has been properly represented. However, it is not practical for distribution system engineers to calculate the voltage drop with transformer inrush by using EMTP, because there are many network access requests needing such calculations with many kinds of transformers. Therefore, in this paper, a simplified and easy‐to‐use calculation tool for voltage drops caused by transformer inrush in a distribution system is developed. In order to understand the voltage drop by inrush current during the planning stage, it is formulated by considering the transformer saturation/unsaturation periods in each winding type. The newly developed tool is based on versatile spreadsheet software such as Microsoft Excel ýO.R. It can be used with accuracy similar to that of EMTP. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 185(1): 36–47, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22394
A Method for Reducing Grounding Impedance
Authors: Fujita Yuta , Morii Hiroshi , Kubo Takashi
Published: June 2013

This paper investigates grounding impedance reduction with various shapes of grounding electrodes in comparison with a conventional vertical rod based on field measurements and FDTD simulations. It is found that a vertical rectangular conducting plate is effective for reducing the transient and steady‐state impedance to less than half that of the vertical rod. A circular conducting plate parallel to the earth surface is also effective in reducing the steady‐state impedance, but the transient impedance is nearly the same as that of the vertical rod. The rate of reduction is proportional in some way to the surface area of the electrode, but tends to saturate as the area increases. The transient impedance is rather independent of the earth resistivity and permittivity, but tends to be inversely proportional to the wavefront duration of the applied current. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 185(1): 27–35, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22405
Aberrant proteins in the saliva of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Jessie Kala , Jayapalan Jaime Jacqueline , Ong Kien‐Chai , Abdul Rahim Zubaidah Haji , Zain Rosnah Mohd , Wong Kum‐Thong , Hashim Onn Haji
Published: June 2013

Confirmation of oral squamous cell cancer (OSCC) currently relies on histological analysis, which does not provide clear indication of cancer development from precancerous lesions. In the present study, whole saliva proteins of patients with OSCC (n = 12) and healthy subjects (n = 12) were separated by 2DE to identify potential candidate biomarkers that are much needed to improve detection of the cancer. The OSCC patients’ 2DE saliva protein profiles appeared unique and different from those obtained from the healthy subjects. The patients’ saliva α1‐antitrypsin (AAT) and haptoglobin (HAP) β chains were resolved into polypeptide spots with increased microheterogeneity, although these were not apparent in their sera. Their 2DE protein profiles also showed presence of hemopexin and α‐1B glycoprotein, which were not detected in the profiles of the control saliva. When subjected to densitometry analysis, significant altered levels of AAT, complement C3, transferrin, transthyretin, and β chains of fibrinogen and HAP were detected. The increased levels of saliva AAT, HAP, complement C3, hemopexin, and transthyretin in the OSCC patients were validated by ELISA. The strong association of AAT and HAP with OSCC was further supported by immunohistochemical staining of cancer tissues. The differently expressed saliva proteins may be useful complementary biomarkers for the early detection and/or monitoring of OSCC, although this requires validation in clinically representative populations.
Relationships between soil properties and toxicity of copper and nickel to bok choy and tomato in Chinese soils
Authors: Li Bo , Zhang Hongtao , Ma Yibing , McLaughlin Mike J.
Published: June 2013

The toxicity of copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) to bok choy and tomato shoot growth was investigated in a wide range of Chinese soils with and without leaching with artificial rainwater. The results showed that the variations of Ni toxicity induced by soil properties were wider than those of Cu toxicity to both tomato and bok choy plant growth. Leaching generally decreased the toxicity of Cu and Ni added to soils, which also depended on soils, metals, and test plant species. Soil factors controlling metal phytotoxicity were found to be soil pH and soil organic carbon content for Cu, and soil pH for Ni. It was also found that soil pH had stronger effects on Ni toxicity than on Cu toxicity. Predictive toxicity models based on these soil factors were developed. These toxicity models for Cu and Ni toxicity to tomato plant growth were validated using an independent data set for European soils. These models could be applied to predict the Cu and Ni phytotoxicity in not only Chinese soils but also European soils. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2372–2378. © 2013 SETAC
Assessment and optimisation of business opportunities for telecom operators in the cloud value network
Authors: Nesse P.J. , Svaet S.W. , Strasunskas D. , Gaivoronski A.A.
Published: June 2013

Cloud computing represents a major change in how resources of information technology are delivered and consumed and will influence the telecom industry, its future services, business offerings and economics of the telecommunication. New revenues potentials from mediating cloud‐based services are however less discussed, as well as the commonly accepted and completed methodology for this purpose is lacking. The objective of this paper is to clearly identify recommended roles for telecommunication companies (telcos) in the cloud value chain and to present a model for assessing and optimising innovative business opportunities. In particular, we show how the portfolio theory of modern investment science supports risk management in operation of telecom company‐based cloud carriers for service brokering.

We recommend a combined broker and carrier role to be a preferred cloud business model for a telco. Such combination is expected to represent the best value proposition for competing against cloud providers and ICT integrators. Further quantitative analysis indicates significant business benefits from differentiating and optimising provision of carrier grade and best effort network connectivity types for a given bundle of cloud services. This implies an efficient use of telco assets and satisfies an increasing demand for network performance in the business market.

The novelty of the paper is the developed quantitative optimisation model as well as the analytical identification of the preferred telco role in cloud value network. Practical application of the research may improve dimensioning of technological assets, leading to higher cost efficiency and possibly higher degree of customer satisfaction. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concurrent Deletion of Cyclin E1 and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 in Hepatocytes Inhibits DNA Replication and Liver Regeneration in Mice
Authors: Hu Wei , Nevzorova Yulia A. , Haas Ute , Moro Nives , Sicinski Piotr , Geng Yan , Barbacid Mariano , Trautwein Christian , Liedtke Christian
Published: June 2013

The liver has a strong regenerative capacity. After injury, quiescent hepatocytes can reenter the mitotic cell cycle to restore tissue homeostasis. This G0/G1-S cell-cycle transition of primed hepatocytes is regulated by complexes of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2) with E-type cyclins (CcnE1 or CcnE2). However, single genetic ablation of either E-cyclin or Cdk2 does not affect overall liver regeneration. Here, we systematically investigated the contribution of CcnE1, CcnE2, and Cdk2 for liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH) by generating corresponding double- and triple-knockout (KO) mouse mutants. We demonstrate that conditional deletion of Cdk2 alone in hepatocytes resulted in accelerated induction of CcnE1, but otherwise normal initiation of S phase

in vivo

and

in vitro

. Excessive CcnE1 did not contribute to a noncanonical kinase activity, but was located at chromatin together with components of the pre-replication complex (pre-RC), such as the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase. Concomitant ablation of Cdk2 and CcnE1 in hepatocytes caused a defect in pre-RC formation and further led to dramatically impaired S-phase progression by down-regulation of cyclin A2 and cell death

in vitro

and substantially reduced hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration after PH

in vivo

. Similarly, combined loss of CcnE1 and CcnE2, but also the Cdk2/CcnE1/CcnE2 triple KO in liver, significantly inhibited S-phase initiation and liver mass reconstitution after PH, whereas concomitant ablation of CcnE2 and Cdk2 had no effect.

Conclusion

: In the absence of Cdk2, CcnE1 performs crucial kinase-independent functions in hepatocytes, which are capable of driving MCM loading on chromatin, cyclin A2 expression, and S-phase progression. Thus, combined inactivation of Cdk2 and CcnE1 is the minimal requirement for blocking S-phase machinery

in vivo

. (Hepatology 2014;59:651–660)
Induced seismicity associated with fluid injection into a deep well in Youngstown, Ohio
Authors: Kim Won‐Young
Published: June 2013

Over 109 small earthquakes (Mw 0.4–3.9) were detected during January 2011 to February 2012 in the Youngstown, Ohio area, where there were no known earthquakes in the past. These shocks were close to a deep fluid injection well. The 14 month seismicity included six felt earthquakes and culminated with a Mw 3.9 shock on 31 December 2011. Among the 109 shocks, 12 events greater than Mw 1.8 were detected by regional network and accurately relocated, whereas 97 small earthquakes (0.4 < Mw < 1.8) were detected by the waveform correlation detector. Accurately located earthquakes were along a subsurface fault trending ENE‐WSW—consistent with the focal mechanism of the main shock and occurred at depths 3.5–4.0 km in the Precambrian basement. We conclude that the recent earthquakes in Youngstown, Ohio were induced by the fluid injection at a deep injection well due to increased pore pressure along the preexisting subsurface faults located close to the wellbore. We found that the seismicity initiated at the eastern end of the subsurface fault—close to the injection point, and migrated toward the west—away from the wellbore, indicating that the expanding high fluid pressure front increased the pore pressure along its path and progressively triggered the earthquakes. We observe that several periods of quiescence of seismicity follow the minima in injection volumes and pressure, which may indicate that the earthquakes were directly caused by the pressure buildup and stopped when pressure dropped.
Carbonyl sulfide in the planetary boundary layer: Coastal and continental influences
Authors: Commane R. , Herndon S. C. , Zahniser M. S. , Lerner B. M. , McManus J. B. , Munger J. W. , Nelson D. D. , Wofsy S. C.
Published: June 2013

Measurements of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) have been proposed to provide a unique constraint on carbon assimilation by the biosphere that is independent of the influence of plant and soil respiration of CO2, but this constraint depends on a comprehensive understanding of the processes controlling OCS in the biosphere. We conducted a high‐resolution temporal and spatial survey of OCS and CO2 mixing ratios during the California Nexus Experiment research cruise along the coast of California (U.S.) and into the Sacramento River Delta using a newly constructed compact quantum cascade laser spectrometer (precision for OCS of <8 pptv (pmol/mol) at 1 Hz). The temporal and spatial resolution of the measurements revealed a number of specific processes related to known sources and sinks. The observations demonstrate OCS uptake during daytime photosynthetic uptake of CO2, OCS depletion during nighttime forest respiration of CO2, and OCS emission from a freshwater marsh. OCS emission was observed in one anthropogenically influenced plume, but, overall, no correlation was observed between OCS and SO2, and the use of scaled SO2 emission fields in global budgets of OCS should be reconsidered for areas with strict sulfur emission controls, such as California. The observations show that, in a homogeneous ecosystem on a local scale, OCS may be a proxy for CO2 uptake. However, at larger scales that span heterogeneous environments, in order to confidently quantify any single process, competing processes must be either relatively small or well quantified.
Nitrogen production from geochemical weathering of rocks in southwest Montana, USA
Authors: Montross Galena G. , McGlynn Brian L. , Montross Scott N. , Gardner Kristin K.
Published: June 2013

A 30 day time course laboratory weathering experiment was conducted using rock samples collected from the West Fork of the Gallatin River watershed (WFW) in southwestern Montana, USA. The goal of these experiments was to quantify the amount of labile nitrogen in rock samples collected from the watershed and determine if chemical weathering is a source of dissolved nitrogen in stream water. Several rock samples investigated produced nitrate in significantly higher concentrations than the silica bead control (p < 0.05), and the data were consistent with elevated NO3− concentrations measured in associated WFW streams. Isotopic analyses of 15N‐NO3 in 22 stream water samples from the WFW and four rock:water extracts from the laboratory experiments indicated that the isotopic composition of NO3 was comparable with rocks and stream water samples in the same watershed and differed strongly from waters downstream of development. We suggest that the NO3− measured in WFW streams includes nitrogen derived from mineral dissolution products from soils and rock. The results presented herein further indicate that rock weathering is a source of stream water N in the West Fork watershed and inform water quality assessment, total maximum daily load development, and the relative influences of natural and anthropocentrically derived N sources across this developing mountain watershed.
Recent advances and problems in the management of pancreaticobiliary maljunction: feedback from the guidelines committee
Authors: Kamisawa Terumi , Ando Hisami , Shimada Mitsuo , Hamada Yoshinori , Itoi Takao , Takayashiki Tsukasa , Miyazaki Masaru
Published: June 2013

Clinical practice guidelines on how to deal with pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM) were made in Japan in 2012, representing a world first. Using a narrow definition, congenital biliary dilatation involves only Todani type I (except type Ib) and type IV‐A, both of which are accompanied by PBM in almost all cases. Prospective ultrasonographic study revealed that the maximum diameter of the common bile duct increased with age. Pathophysiological conditions due to pancreatobiliary reflux occur in patients with high confluence of the pancreaticobiliary ducts, a common channel ≥6 mm long and occlusion of communication during contraction of the sphincter of Oddi. Since PBM can be diagnosed by magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, multi‐planar reconstruction multi‐detector row computed tomography and endoscopic ultrasonography, the current diagnostic criteria should be revised to take these diagnostic imaging modalities into consideration. According to a nationwide survey, biliary cancer occurred in 21.6% of adult patients with PBM with biliary dilatation and 42.2% of patients with PBM without biliary dilatation. In biliary cancer associated with PBM without biliary dilatation, 88.1% were gallbladder cancer. Treatment for PBM with biliary dilatation is prophylactic flow‐diversion surgery, but further investigations and surveillance studies are needed to clarify the appropriate surgical strategy for PBM without biliary dilatation.
Determination of average dislocation densities in metals by analysis of digitally processed transmission‐electron microscopy images
Authors: Husser E. , Clausmeyer T. , Gershteyn G. , Bargmann S.
Published: June 2013

This paper describes an effective and simple procedure to derive information about the dislocation density distribution in metals by applying standard techniques of digital image processing on gray scaled microstructure images obtained from transmission‐electron microscopy. In a representative transmission‐electron microscopy image, two local dislocation density values were investigated by classical methods and were used as input parameter for further processing. A correlation between dislocations and image intensities is assumed such that dark areas in microstructural images are seen as a dense concentration of dislocations. Then, the contrast is increased for each transmission‐electron microscopy photography. In the next step, posterization, a gradation of tone, is applied to these images. From this, a pixel weighted average distribution of gray level correlated dislocation densities is obtained as well as an average value for a given set of images. The implementation of the several processing steps is done in Matlab employing graphical user interfaces.
Resistant starch from high amylose maize (HAM‐RS2) reduces body fat and increases gut bacteria in ovariectomized (OVX) rats
Authors: Keenan Michael J. , Janes Marlene , Robert Julina , Martin Roy J. , Raggio Anne M. , McCutcheon Kathleen L. , Pelkman Christine , Tulley Richard , Goita M'Famara , Durham Holiday A. , Zhou June , Senevirathne Reshani N.
Published: June 2013

Objective:

Obesity after menopause is a health concern for older females. Changes in the microbiota are likely to occur with this condition. Modifying the microbiota with a prebiotic is a plausible strategy for improving the health of menopausal females.

Design and Methods:

Resistant starch type 2 from high‐amylose maize (HAM‐RS2) was used as a prebiotic in rats in a 2 × 2 factorial study with two levels of HAM‐RS2 (0 or 29.7% of weight of diet) referred to as energy control (EC) and HAM‐RS2 diets, respectively; and two levels of surgery, ovariectomized (OVX) and sham.

Results:

In a 6‐week, postsurgery recovery period, OVX rats gained more body weight with consumption of a similar amount of food. Subsequently, consumption of HAM‐RS2 versus EC diets resulted in reduced abdominal fat in both OVX and sham rats; but when normalized for disemboweled body weight (body weight minus GI tract), there was no effect of surgery, only reduction with HAM‐RS2. Targeted bacterial populations were estimated that are known to ferment HAM‐RS2 or metabolize the products of that initial fermentation. OVX and sham rats demonstrated increased bacterial levels with dietary HAM‐RS2 for all bacteria. Additionally, culture techniques and qPCR provided similar results.

Conclusion:

This study shows that, as expected, OVX increases adiposity. However, contrary to previous effects seen in obese mice, this did not prevent fermentation of HAM‐RS2 and consequently, the fat gain associated with OVX was attenuated.
Insecticide resistance status in the major West Nile virus vector Culex pipiens from Greece
Authors: Kioulos Ilias , Kampouraki Anastasia , Morou Evangelia , Skavdis George , Vontas John
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND

One of the largest West Nile virus outbreaks in Europe occurred in Greece in 2010. Use of insecticides against Culex pipiens was substantially scaled up, as an emergency tool. Although mosquito control has been based on insecticides for several decades in Greece, insecticide resistance data are not available.

RESULTS

An examination was made of the resistance status of 13 Cx. pipiens populations from five regional units in Greece against four insecticides used for its control over a 3 year period. Bioassays demonstrated susceptibility of most populations to all insecticides, except for temephos in some regions, and deltamethrin and diflubenzuron on one occasion each. The authors also monitored the frequency of the pyrethroid target‐site resistance mutations L1014F (kdr), as well as G119S and F290V in the Ace1 gene. Ace1 insensitivity mutations were found at low frequencies and always in heterozygocity. However, the frequency of kdr pyrethroid resistance mutations was higher (up to 63.0% in Thessaloniki).

CONCLUSIONS

The high frequency of kdr mutations indicates a risk that needs to be addressed, should the use of pyrethroids be further extended. There was no strong evidence of significant resistance levels against Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and diflubenzuron. Continued monitoring of insecticide resistance is recommended for the application of appropriate management tactics.© 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of intercomparisons of four different types of model simulating TWP‐ICE
Authors: Petch Jon , Hill Adrian , Davies Laura , Fridlind Ann , Jakob Christian , Lin Yanluan , Xie Shaoecheng , Zhu Ping
Published: June 2013

Four model intercomparisons were run and evaluated using the TWP‐ICE field campaign, each involving different types of atmospheric model. Here we highlight what can be learnt from having single‐column model (SCM), cloud‐resolving model (CRM), global atmosphere model (GAM) and limited‐area model (LAM) intercomparisons all based around the same field campaign. We also make recommendations for anyone planning further large multi‐model intercomparisons to ensure they are of maximum value to the model development community. CRMs tended to match observations better than other model types, although there were exceptions such as outgoing long‐wave radiation. All SCMs grew large temperature and moisture biases and performed worse than other model types for many diagnostics. The GAMs produced a delayed and significantly reduced peak in domain‐average rain rate when compared to the observations. While it was shown that this was in part due to the analysis used to drive these models, the LAMs were also driven by this analysis and did not have the problem to the same extent. Based on differences between the models with parametrized convection (SCMs and GAMs) and those without (CRMs and LAMs), we speculate that that having explicit convection helps to constrain liquid water whereas the ice contents are controlled more by the representation of the microphysics.
Models of causal inference: Imperfect but applicable is better than perfect but inapplicable
Authors: Ellsaesser Florian , Tsang Eric W. K. , Runde Jochen
Published: June 2013

We assess a recent paper by Durand and Vaara (2009) that advances causal graph modeling as a tool for inferring causes in strategy research. We focus on the Markov condition, a key assumption on which causal graph modeling is based, and show why this condition is invariably violated in strategic management in general and the resource‐based view of the firm in particular. We then introduce vector space modeling as a quantitative alternative to causal graph modeling, and consider how improved methods of causal inference might enhance our ability to test some of the central propositions of the resource‐based view. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving globally distributed software development and support processes – A workflow view
Authors: Tunkelo Teemu , Hameri Ari‐Pekka , Pigneur Yves
Published: June 2013

We propose a new approach and related indicators for globally distributed software support and development based on a 3‐year process improvement project in a globally distributed engineering company. The company develops, delivers and supports a complex software system with tailored hardware components and unique end‐customer installations. By applying the domain knowledge from operations management on lead time reduction and its multiple benefits to process performance, the workflows of globally distributed software development and multitier support processes were measured and monitored throughout the company. The results show that the global end‐to‐end process visibility and centrally managed reporting at all levels of the organization catalyzed a change process toward significantly better performance. Due to the new performance indicators based on lead times and their variation with fixed control procedures, the case company was able to report faster bug‐fixing cycle times, improved response times and generally better customer satisfaction in its global operations. In all, lead times to implement new features and to respond to customer issues and requests were reduced by 50%. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Compression Behavior of an Austenitic Fe–18Mn–0.6C–1.5Al Twinning‐Induced Plasticity Steel
Authors: Peng Ching‐Tun , Callaghan Mark D. , Li Huijun , Yan Kun , Liss Klaus‐Dieter , Ngo Tuan D. , Mendis Priyan A. , Choi Chang‐Ho
Published: June 2013

High manganese austenitic TWIP steels are of great potential in the field of transportation‐related industries owing to their exceptional combination of strength and ductility. A series of compression experiments were conducted on a Fe–18Mn–0.6C–1.5Al alloy at various strain rates (from 1.0 × 10−2 to 6.4 × 103 s−1) and total strains (≈15 and ≈20%) with a Gleeble 3500 thermo‐mechanical simulator and a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar system. Under compressive deformation, results showed this alloy possessed excellent strain‐hardening behavior, attributed to the occurrence of mechanical twinning during deformation. The prevailing deformation mechanism was observed to be twinning, which was substantiated by microstructural analyses, as well as phase identification and evolution of crystallographic texture.
Sub‐100‐nm STIM imaging and PIXE quantification of rare earth elements in algae cells
Authors: Minqin Ren , Xiao Chen , Yi Zheng , Hao Shen , Qingguang Ren , Yong Li , Frank Watt
Published: June 2013

The uptake of rare earth elements (REEs) such as Nd3+, Gd3+, and Er3+ by Euglena gracilis 848 algae cells has been studied using nuclear microprobe techniques at the Centre for Ion Beam Applications (CIBA), National University of Singapore. The cell imaging facility recently constructed at CIBA allows scanning transmission ion microscopy (STIM) down to the sub‐100‐nm level and provides energy loss images of whole intact cells. Helical coiling of the pellicle strips of the algae cells was observed, as was Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) images showing the distribution of erbium in the cell. Quantification of the REEs was carried out using a combination of nuclear techniques such as proton‐induced X‐ray emission, RBS, and STIM. Our results indicate significant variability in the uptake of REEs by algae cells. The amount of erbium absorbed was nearly one order of magnitude higher than that of neodymium, whereas the Gadolinium uptake was below the detection limit of 200 ppm. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cysteamine supplementation during in vitro maturation (IVM) of rabbit oocyte improves the developmental capacity after intracytoplasmic sperm injection
Authors: Izumi Hiroki , Miyamoto Yuki , Mori Tatsufumi , Hashigami Yuka , Chiba Yasutaka , Teramura Takeshi , Hashimoto Shu , Fukuda Kanji , Morimoto Yoshiharu , Hosoi Yoshihiko
Published: June 2013

Purpose

Current approaches to in vitro maturation (IVM) may result in low efficiency and inadequate quality of the oocytes due to insufficient cytoplasmic maturation. Although positive effects of the cysteamine supplementation in IVM medium for oocyte nuclear maturation or male pronuclear formation have been confirmed, it is still controversial whether the cysteamine addition affects embryo development after IVM. We aimed here to confirm the effect of cysteamine addition into IVM medium for subsequent embryo development in vitro.

Methods

We administered the cysteamine to the IVM culture of rabbit immature oocytes at various concentrations and observed the developmental rate, speed to reach blastocyst stage and cell numbers at the blastocyst stage.

Results

Cysteamine supplementation improved developmental rate to blastocyst stage of the IVM oocytes. On the other hand, addition of glutathione (GSH) inhibitor buthionine sulfoximine inhibited GSH accumulation in the oocytes and subsequent embryo development to the blastocyst stage.

Conclusions

Controlling the GSH quantity of IVM oocytes may be an important factor for success of embryo development, and it is quite probable that a cysteamine supplementation can contribute to an increase of GSH content in oocyte.
Dietary patterns in UK adolescents obtained from a dual-source FFQ and their associations with socio-economic position, nutrient intake and modes of eating
Authors: Northstone Kate , Smith Andrew DAC , Cribb Victoria L , Emmett Pauline M
Published: June 2013

Objective

To derive dietary patterns using principal components analysis from separate FFQ completed by mothers and their teenagers and to assess associations with nutrient intakes and sociodemographic variables.

Design

Two distinct FFQ were completed by 13-year-olds and their mothers, with some overlap in the foods covered. A combined data set was obtained.

Setting

Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), Bristol, UK.

Subjects

Teenagers (n5334) with adequate dietary data.

Results

Four patterns were obtained using principal components analysis: a ‘Traditional/health-conscious’ pattern, a ‘Processed’ pattern, a ‘Snacks/sugared drinks’ pattern and a ‘Vegetarian’ pattern. The ‘Traditional/health-conscious’ pattern was the most nutrient-rich, having high positive correlations with many nutrients. The ‘Processed’ and ‘Snacks/sugared drinks’ patterns showed little association with important nutrients but were positively associated with energy, fats and sugars. There were clear gender and sociodemographic differences across the patterns. Lower scores were seen on the ‘Traditional/health conscious’ and ‘Vegetarian’ patterns in males and in those with younger and less educated mothers. Higher scores were seen on the ‘Traditional/health-conscious’ and ‘Vegetarian’ patterns in girls and in those whose mothers had higher levels of education.

Conclusions

It is important to establish healthy eating patterns by the teenage years. However, this is a time when it is difficult to accurately establish dietary intake from a single source, since teenagers consume increasing amounts of foods outside the home. Further dietary pattern studies should focus on teenagers and the source of dietary data collection merits consideration.
What Influences Children's Conceptualizations of Language Input?
Authors: Plante Elena , Vance Rebecca , Moody Amanda , Gerken LouAnn
Published: June 2013

Purpose

Children learning language conceptualize the nature of input they receive in ways that allow them to understand and construct utterances they have never heard before. This study was designed to illuminate the types of information children with and without specific language impairment (SLI) focus on to develop their conceptualizations and whether they can rapidly shift their initial conceptualizations if provided with additional input.

Method

In 2 studies, preschool children with and without SLI were exposed to an artificial language, the characteristics of which allowed for various types of conceptualizations about its fundamental properties. After being familiarized with the language, children were asked to judge test strings that conformed to the input in 1 of 4 different ways.

Results

All children preferred test items that reflected a narrow conceptualization of the input (i.e., items most like those heard during familiarization). Children showed a strong preference for phonology as a defining property of the artificial language. Restructuring the input to the child could induce them to track word order information as well.

Conclusion

Children tend toward narrow conceptualizations of language input, but the nature of their conceptualizations can be influenced by the nature of the input they receive.
Taking Collective Action to Improve Patient-Provider Communication
Authors: Wilson-Stronks Amy , Blackstone Sarah W.
Published: June 2013

There are many reasons for speech-language pathologists (SLPs), especially those who work in the area of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC), to take an active role in improving patient-provider communication. Effective patient-provider communication is fundamental to patient-centered care and correlates strongly with better patient outcomes, as well as increased patient safety and patient satisfaction. It is not only good practice, but good economics. In this article, we introduce existing laws, standards, regulations, and guidelines that address issues related to patient-provider communication in hospitals and other medical settings and discuss how, armed with this information and supportive data, SLPs (especially those with expertise in the area of AAC), can become active in preparing their clients for future medical encounters. We also highlight a need to work collaboratively with other professionals who support communication, such as language interpreters and nurses. Finally, we advocate for SLPs raising awareness about available services, tools, and strategies that support effective communication between patients and providers during medical encounters.
Temperature dependent mechanical properties of Mo–Si–B compounds via ab initio molecular dynamics
Authors: Dharmawardhana C. C. , Sakidja R. , Aryal S. , Ching W. Y.
Published: June 2013

A new method was proposed to obtain high temperature mechanical properties with a combination of ab initio molecular dynamics and stress-strain analyses. It was applied to compounds in the Mo–Si–B ternary system, namely, T1 (Mo5Si3) and T2 (Mo5SiB2) phases. The calculated coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal expansion anisotropy, and elastic constants agree well with those from the available experiments. The method enables us to theoretically access these properties up to 2000 K.