bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nitric Oxide in Asthma Physiopathology
Authors: Prado Carla M. , Martins Mílton A. , Tibério Iolanda F. L. C.
Published: April 2011

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation, and remodeling. Nitric oxide (NO) derived from constitutive and inducible enzymes affects many aspects of asthma physiopathology. Animalin vivostudies have indicated that inhibition of iNOS may play a central role in the modulation of these features, particularly extracellular matrix remodeling. Additionally, increases in iNOS-derived NO, observed in asthmatic patients, may lead to an increase in peroxynitrite and an imbalance of oxidant and antioxidant pathways. In addition, endogenous nitric oxide produced by constitutive enzymes may protect against the remodeling of the lung. Therefore, nitric oxide donors and/or iNOS inhibitors may have therapeutic potential in asthma treatment and can also be used with corticosteroids to counteract airway remodeling. This paper focuses on the pathophysiological role of nitric oxide, mainly derived from inducible isoforms, in the various pathologic mechanisms of allergic asthma and the importance of nitric oxide and/or arginase inhibitors in asthma treatment.
PREVI‐Lima’s Time: Positioning Proyecto Experimental de Vivienda in Peru’s Modern Project
Authors: Kahatt Sharif S
Published: April 2011

Launched in 1968, the PREVI‐Lima housing competition brought informal urbanisation to the attention of architects worldwide. The competition brief required the design of low‐rise, high‐density expandable homes, grouped in neighbourhoods. Here Sharif S Kahatt puts PREVI’s experimental project within the social, political and theoretical context of the time. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elemental: A Do Tank
Authors: Aravena Alejandro
Published: April 2011

Alejandro Aravena has gained international honours and awards for his pioneering work at Elemental. An independent practice with a ‘social conscience’, Elemental seeks to deliver greater equality for urban dwellers and improve the quality of people's lives. It has formed key partnerships with Universidad Catolica de Chile (Chile's Catholic University) and the Chilean oil company, COPEC. Here Aravena describes some of the works that have informed Elemental's strategy: from its first housing project in Iquique in northern Chile to a sustainable masterplan with Arup for the coastal town of Constitución in the wake of the Chilean earthquake. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Governing Change: The Metropolitan Revolution in Latin America
Authors: Burdett Ricky , Kaasa Adam
Published: April 2011

In 21st‐century Latin America, cities are taking the lead. With the greatest populations and economic output concentrated in large‐scale metropolises, there is a real sense that the largest cities are outgrowing their national contexts. In many cases, power has been devolved at a municipal level. This has enabled mayors to implement infrastructural and transport projects. As Ricky Burdett and Adam Kaasa highlight in their discussion of two particular initiatives in São Paulo and Mexico City, it has also opened the way for innovative new community projects. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Olympic Games and the Production of the Public Realm: Mexico City 1968 and Rio de Janeiro 2016
Authors: Canales Fernanda
Published: April 2011

For Brazil, which is currently the world's eighth largest economy and is tipped to become the fifth, the Olympic and Paralympic Games in 2016 represent a unique opportunity. Fernanda Canales looks at Rio de Janeiro 2016 in light of Mexico City 1968, and considers how the Games should provide an occasion for both urban regeneration and also recasting the city's often previously conflicting image for an international audience. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Articulating the Broken City and Society
Authors: Mario Jáuregui Jorge
Published: April 2011

Jorge Mario Jáuregui of Metrópolis Projetos Urbanos (MPU) has been responsible for more than 20 projects for the Favela‐Barrio (slum‐to‐neighbourhood) Programme implemented by the Rio de Janeiro city government, and two large‐scale urban redevelopment projects for President Lula's PAC (Growth Acceleration Programme). Here Jáuregui describes the strategies behind his work and specifically the transformation of public space that was undertaken at the Complexo de Manguinhos in northern Rio as part of the PAC scheme. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formalisation: An Interview with Hernando de Soto
Authors: Laurie Angus
Published: April 2011

The Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto is internationally renowned for his writings on the informal economy. Through his work as the President of the Institute for Liberty and Democracy (ILD) in Lima, he has effectively advocated the creation of a legal system to help the poor access property rights. In his latest book, The Amazon is not Avatar, he makes a significant shift away from the problems caused by massive urban migrations to cities to focusing on the benefits of property and business rights for resource‐rich indigenous communities in the Amazon. Angus Laurie interviews De Soto on his current thinking and highlights why he has had such an important influence on social housing in Latin America. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Playgrounds: Radical Failure in the Amazon
Authors: Leggett Gary
Published: April 2011

Covering more than 8.1 million square kilometres (3.127 million square miles), the Amazon is a vast territory that has captured people's imaginations and ambitions. These range from Henry Ford's attempt in 1928 to build a rubber company town near Santarém, Brazil, to more contemporary projects that have aimed to boost and connect the continent's economy. Gary Leggett explores the failure of such totalising projects across time and asks why they might have proved inherently flawed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Urban Responses to Climate Change in Latin America: Reasons, Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Romero‐Lankao Patricia
Published: April 2011

Cities in Latin America have a crucial role to play in climate change. Urban areas are the main emitters of greenhouse gases, while being vulnerable to severe weather conditions such as floods, heat waves and tropical storms that environmental shifts are expected to trigger. Patricia Romero‐Lankao outlines the background to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change, while highlighting how development in Latin America presents unique opportunities for mitigating potential damage to the environment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Filling the Voids with Popular Imaginaries
Authors: de Mello Franco Fernando
Published: April 2011

In the last few years, the emergence of a burgeoning middle class in Brazil has transformed the country into one of the fastest growing consumer markets in the world. For MMBB Arquitetos, based in São Paulo, social mobility and the upgrading of urban infrastructure represent a unique opportunity to develop the city. Fernando de Mello Franco of MMBB describes the practice's strategy for ‘urbanising’ much needed new infrastructure. A canal with a public park can be inserted, for instance, alongside a new drainage system, providing necessary social adhesion in a fragile urban culture. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bogotá and Medellín: Architecture and Politics
Authors: Castro Lorenzo , Echeverri Alejandro
Published: April 2011

In the last 15 years, Bogotá and Medellín, Colombia's two largest cities, have undergone urban renaissances. These are a direct result of a political will to tackle the social, economic and physical segregation caused by the large‐scale urban migrations of the 1970s and 1980s, which resulted in informal developments that were often isolated from central urban areas with no infrastructure. Lorenzo Castro and Alejandro Echeverri describe the shared experiences and distinct approaches of each city. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Latin America Meander: In Search of a New Civic Imagination
Authors: Cruz Teddy
Published: April 2011

Teddy Cruz reviews the shifting political landscape of the last two decades in Latin America. Breaking from US dependency, the continent has charted an alternative course as municipalities have reconnected public policy, social justice and civic imagination. In order to address inequality, new models of urban development have been produced on sites of scarcity, and city mayors and administrations have been prepared to learn from each other through best practice. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supersudaca’s Asia Stories (aka at Home in the First, Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Worlds)
Authors:   Supersudaca
Published: April 2011

The architecture network Supersudaca is best known for its research projects on Latin America and the Caribbean. Here they describe their experiences as they shifted their focus to Asia and the Middle East in a super‐tour that took in Kuala Lumpur, Tokyo, Dubai, Mumbai, Dhaka, Phnom Penh, Singapore and China. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When Cities Become Strategic
Authors: Sassen Saskia
Published: April 2011

The 1980s saw the rise of cities as strategic economic spaces. This was driven by the emergence of intermediate services, such as IT and finance, which tend to be located in cities regardless of whether or not they serve the manufacturing sector. Saskia Sassen describes both the direct result that cities becoming strategic had on built form and how the growth in the informal economy was in fact a response to this shift in late capitalism. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organising Communities for Interdependent Growth
Authors: Martin‐Moreno Enrique
Published: April 2011

Recognising interdependence provides unique opportunities for small businesses to grow and communities to flourish. Enrique Martin‐Moreno urges architects, as they are presented with opportunities in Latin America, to participate in the building of social projects to understand the potency of trust and shared self‐reliance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Looking Beyond Informality
Authors: Fabricius Daniela
Published: April 2011

It is all too easy to be optimistic about the economic and social future of Latin America. Daniela Fabricius, the author of 100% Favela: The Informal Geographies of Rio de Janeiro (forthcoming), calls into question architects working within the realpolitik of a globalised, post‐nationalist world. Could an all too ready acceptance of existing conditions and the adoption of informality leave inhabitants short‐changed? For to live informally is also to live precariously ‐ no substitute for secure and prosperous living.
Strength and Ductility of Bi‐Modal Cu
Authors: Zhao Yonghao , Topping Troy , Li Ying , Lavernia Enrique J.
Published: April 2011

Engineering a microstructure with multiple length scales has been proposed as a strategy to enhance the plasticity of nanostructured materials which otherwise lack extensive dislocation activity, and therefore low ductility. To that effect, various research groups have implemented this concept by promoting the formation of so called bi‐modal microstructures (e.g., consisting of a mixture of ultrafine and micro‐grains) with balanced combinations of strength and ductility. Despite encouraging results, fundamental, information on important questions remained unanswered. For example, what is the relationship between the volume fraction of the coarse grained phase and the overall ductility? What is the influence of size of the coarse grained phase, and how does its distribution influence ductility? To provide insight into these, and other related questions, in this work, we prepared bimodal Cu with homogeneous distribution of different‐volume‐fraction micro‐grains via isothermal recrystallization of an ultrafine grained Cu matrix at 200 °C. Analysis of the tensile results and microstructural characterization suggest that both strength and ductility of the bi‐modal Cu follows the rule‐of‐mixtures, with interesting results related to volume fraction. Our work provides a pathway for optimizing the mechanical properties of multiscale materials.
Elementary Deformation and Damage Mechanisms During Fatigue of Pseudoelastic NiTi Microstents
Authors: Frotscher Matthias , Wu Sangni , Simon Tobias , Somsen Christoph , Dlouhy Antonin , Eggeler Gunther
Published: April 2011

In the present study, we investigate the fatigue behavior of Nickel Titanium (NiTi) microstents at 22 °C (room temperature) and 37 °C up to 30 × 106 load cycles. We briefly describe our test procedure, which applies displacement‐controlled pull–pull fatigue cycling between displacements corresponding to apparent strains of 5 and 7.5%. The response of the microstents to mechanical loading indicates cyclic softening during 30 × 104 cycles. Subsequently, the maximum load remains constant throughout the remainder of the test. We use transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to clarify the microstructural reasons for cyclic softening. A focused ion beam (FIB) technique is used to take out thin foil specimens from critical microstent locations. Our TEM results show that the dislocation density increases during cycling. We also find that microstructural regions with stabilized stress‐induced B19′ martensite can be detected.
Organic Thin‐Film Transistors: Simultaneous Modification of Bottom‐Contact Electrode and Dielectric Surfaces for Organic Thin‐Film Transistors Through Single‐Component Spin‐Cast Monolayers (Adv. Funct. Mater. 8/2011)
Authors: Acton Orb , Dubey Manish , Weidner Tobias , O’Malley Kevin M. , Kim Tae‐Wook , Ting Guy G. , Hutchins Daniel , Baio J. E. , Lovejoy Tracy C. , Gage Alexander H. , Castner David G. , Ma Hong , Jen Alex K.‐Y.
Published: April 2011

An efficient process is developed by spin‐coating a single‐component, self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) to simultaneously modify the bottom‐contact electrode and dielectric surfaces of organic thin‐film transistors (OTFTs). This effi cient interface modifi cation is achieved using n‐alkyl phosphonic acid based SAMs to prime silver bottom‐contacts and hafnium oxide (HfO2) dielectrics in low‐voltage OTFTs. Surface characterization using near edge X‐ray absorption fi ne structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and spectroscopic ellipsometry suggest this process yields structurally well‐defi ned phosphonate SAMs on both metal and oxide surfaces. Rational selection of the alkyl length of the SAM leads to greatly enhanced performance for both n‐channel (C60) and p‐channel (pentacene) based OTFTs. Specifi cally, SAMs of n‐octylphos‐phonic acid (OPA) provide both low‐contact resistance at the bottom‐contact electrodes and excellent interfacial properties for compact semiconductor grain growth with high carrier mobilities. OTFTs based on OPA modifi ed silver electrode/HfO2 dielectric bottom‐contact structures can be operated using < 3V with low contact resistance (down to 700 Ohm‐cm), low subthreshold swing (as low as 75 mV dec−1), high on/off current ratios of 107, and charge carrier mobilities as high as 4.6 and 0.8 cm2 V−1 s−1, for C60 and pentacene, respectively. These results demonstrate that this is a simple and efficient process for improving the performance of bottom‐contact OTFTs.
Tailored Assembly of Carbon Nanostructures: Tailored Assembly of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene (Adv. Funct. Mater. 8/2011)
Authors: Lee Sun Hwa , Lee Duck Hyun , Lee Won Jun , Kim Sang Ouk
Published: April 2011

This Feature Article reviews recent progress in the tailored assembly of carbon nanotubes and graphene into three‐dimensional architectures with particular emphasis on our own research employing self‐assembly principles. Carbon nanotubes and graphene can be assembled into macroporous films, hollow spherical capsules, or hollow nanotubes, via directed assembly from solvent dispersion. This approach is cost‐effective and beneficial for large‐scale assembly, but pre‐requests stable dispersion in a solvent medium. Directed growth from a nanopatterned catalyst array is another promising approach, which enables the control of morphology and properties of graphitic materials as well as their assembly. In addition, the aforementioned two approaches can be synergistically integrated to generate a carbon hybrid assembly consisting of vertical carbon nanotubes grown on flexible graphene films. Tailored assembly relying on scalable self‐assembly principles offer viable routes that are scalable for mass production towards the ultimate utilization of graphitic carbon materials in nanoelectronics, displays, sensors, energy storage/conversion devices, and so on, including future flexible devices.
Endoscopic anatomy of the postganglionic pterygopalatine innervation of the posterolateral nasal mucosa
Authors: Bleier Benjamin S. , Schlosser Rodney J.
Published: April 2011

Background

Recent anatomic dissections have redefined the sinonasal parasympathetic pathway suggesting that individual rami project from the pterygopalatine ganglion (PPG) to innervate the nasal mucosa via multiple small nerve fascicles. The purpose of this study is correlate these anatomic descriptions with endoscopic findings and to define the pattern and location of the posterolateral neurovascular rami.

Methods

Eight cadaver heads were utilized for a total of 16 individual sides. A lateral nasal submucosal flap was elevated while preserving all neurovascular bundles perforating the palatine bone. All nerves were traced proximally to confirm their origin.

Results

Excluding the sphenopalatine foraminal contents, accessory posterolateral nerves were noted in 87.5% (14/16) of specimens, 50% (7/14) of which contained greater than one. All nerves could be traced directly to the PPG or greater palatine nerve. Of the 25 accessory nerves identified, the most common location was posterosuperior to the horizontal attachment of the inferior turbinate (40%, 10/25).

Conclusion

This study supports prior work suggesting that neurons project from the PPG via multiple individual postganglionic rami to supply the nasal mucosa. This new anatomic insight may be exploited to selectively lesion these nerve fascicles in patients with vasomotor rhinitis to improve outcomes while avoiding the morbidities associated with vidian neurectomy. © 2011 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
Sinonasal and nasopharyngeal applications of the hand‐held CO2 laser fiber
Authors: Agarwal Garima , Kupferman Michael E. , Holsinger Floyd C. , Hanna Ehab Y.
Published: April 2011

Background

Carbon dioxide (CO2) laser provides precision and excellent hemostasis, leading to healing with minimal discomfort and complications. In spite of the advantages, the application of CO2 laser has been limited in the sinonasal region due to the difficulty in delivering laser energy to the deep, narrow, and confined spaces. The availability of flexible laser fibers and custom‐designed hand pieces has rectified these limitations but, until this date, there are no data on their safety and efficacy profile.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients who underwent sinonasal and nasopharyngeal surgery with a hand‐held CO2 laser at M.D. Anderson Cancer center between 2007 and 2009.

Results

Out of 12 patients, 3 patients had postradiotherapy adhesions, 2 patients had a recurrent sinonasal mucoepidermoid carcinoma and 1 patient each had a ganglioneuroblastoma of the nasopharynx involving the basisphenoid and clivus, recurrent spindle cell melanoma of the nasopharynx, juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, papilloma of the nasal cavity, pituitary adenoma, spindle cell lipoma of the nasopharynx, and intranasal Rosai‐Dorfman disease. The CO2 laser, along with conventional endoscopic techniques and instruments, was used at 6–12 W continuous mode, to excise the disease. Median blood loss was 88 mL with no laser‐related complication in any patient.

Conclusion

In sinonasal and nasopharyngeal regions, use of hand‐held CO2 laser fiber provides precision, excellent hemostasis and minimizes tissue manipulation thereby reducing risk to the underlying structures. Thus, it can be an important tool for rhinologists and skull‐base surgeons, especially for revision and postradiotherapy cases. © 2011 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
Nasal inspiratory flow: at rest and sniffing
Authors: Rennie Catherine E. , Gouder Kevin A. , Taylor Donal J. , Tolley Neil S. , Schroter Robert C. , Doorly Denis J.
Published: April 2011

Background

This study quantifies the time‐varying flow rate during inspiration at rest and in sniffing, both predecongestion and postdecongestion. It aims to provide a better understanding of nasal airflow mechanics, for application to the physiological modeling of nasal respiration and to therapeutic drug delivery.

Methods

The temporal profiles of nasal inspiration were measured at high fidelity in 14 healthy individuals using simultaneous bilateral hot‐wire anemometry. Peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) rate, acoustic rhinometry (AR), and the sinonasal outcome test (SNOT) provided complementary clinical measurements. The impact of decongestion was also investigated.

Results

In the initial phase of inspiration, a rapid rise in flow rate was observed. Flow first exceeded 150 mL/second in either passage within a median time of approximately 120 ms for inspiration at rest and approximately 60 ms in sniffing (∼20 ms in the fastest sniffs). The mean sustained flow rate attained and the overall period of each measured inspiratory profile were analyzed. AR showed a significant change in nasal volume with decongestion, although these change were not manifest in the temporal profiles of inspiratory flow (barring a weak effect associated with the most vigorous sniffs).

Conclusion

Novelmethods were applied to investigate the temporal profiles of nasal inspiration. Characteristic features of the profile were identified and found to be significantly different between inspiration at rest and sniffing. Decongestion was found to have little effect on the temporal profiles for the flow regimes studied. © 2011 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
Correlating matrix metalloproteinase‐9 sinus secretion levels with tissue biopsy levels
Authors: Wilson Matt A. , Orlandi Richard R. , Firpo Matthew A.
Published: April 2011

Background

Collecting mucosal biopsies is invasive and creates additional inflammation, hampering a better understanding of nasal and sinus disease evolution and response to treatment. We examine whether sinus secretion collection can replace tissue biopsy for protein determination.

Methods

Prior to surgical intervention for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), a piece of gelatin foam was used to collect secretions from the ethmoid mucosa. A tissue biopsy was then taken from the same location. Matrix metallopro‐teinase‐9 (MMP‐9) protein levels were measured in each sample.

Results

MMP‐9 protein levels in secretions and tissues were significantly correlated (p = 0.0033, r = 0.52, by Pearson correlation).

Conclusion

Secretion collection can replace tissue biopsy for MMP‐9 determinations, reducing morbidity. Furthermore, secretion collection allows sequential sampling from the same location. © 2011 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
Treatable neurological disorders misdiagnosed as Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease
Authors: Chitravas Numthip , Jung Richard S. , Kofskey Diane M. , Blevins Janis E. , Gambetti Pierluigi , Leigh R. John , Cohen Mark L.
Published: April 2011

Objective:

Heightened awareness of Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (CJD) among physicians and the lay public has led to its frequent consideration in the differential diagnosis of patients with rapidly progressive dementia (RPD). Our goal was to determine which treatable disorders are most commonly mistaken for CJD.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective clinical and neuropathological review of prion‐negative brain autopsy cases referred to the US National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center at Case Western Reserve University from January 2006 through December 2009.

Results:

Of 1,106 brain autopsies, 352 (32%) were negative for prion disease, 304 of which had adequate tissue for histopathological analysis. Alzheimer disease (n = 154) and vascular dementia (n = 36) were the 2 most frequent diagnoses. Seventy‐one patients had potentially treatable diseases. Clinical findings included dementia (42 cases), pyramidal (n = 20), cerebellar (n = 14), or extrapyramidal (n = 12) signs, myoclonus (n = 12), visual disturbance (n = 9), and akinetic mutism (n = 5); a typical electroencephalogram occurred only once. Neuropathological diagnoses included immune‐mediated disorders (n = 26), neoplasia (n = 25, most often lymphoma), infections (n = 14), and metabolic disorders (n = 6).

Interpretation:

In patients with RPD, treatable disorders should be considered and excluded before diagnosing CJD. Misdiagnosed patients often did not fulfill World Health Organization criteria. RPD with positive 14‐3‐3 cerebrospinal fluid protein should not be regarded as sufficient for the diagnosis of CJD. Adherence to revised criteria for CJD, which include distinctive magnetic resonance imaging features of prion disease, is likely to improve diagnostic accuracy. ANN NEUROL 2011;
In defense of the somatic mutation theory of cancer
Authors: Vaux David L.
Published: April 2011

According to the somatic mutation theory (SMT), cancer begins with a genetic change in a single cell that passes it on to its progeny, thereby generating a clone of malignant cells. It is strongly supported by observations of leukemias that bear specific chromosome translocations, such as Burkitt's lymphoma, in which a translocation activates the c‐myc gene, and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), in which the Philadelphia chromosome causes production of the BCR‐ABL oncoprotein. Although the SMT has been modified and extended to encompass tumor suppressor genes, epigenetic inheritance, and tumor progression through accumulation of further mutations, perhaps the strongest validation comes from the successful treatment of certain malignancies with drugs that directly target the product of the mutant gene.

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David Vaux is at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute and La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Melbourne, Australia
The tissue organization field theory of cancer: A testable replacement for the somatic mutation theory
Authors: Soto Ana M. , Sonnenschein Carlos
Published: April 2011

The somatic mutation theory (SMT) of cancer has been and remains the prevalent theory attempting to explain how neoplasms arise and progress. This theory proposes that cancer is a clonal, cell‐based disease, and implicitly assumes that quiescence is the default state of cells in multicellular organisms. The SMT has not been rigorously tested, and several lines of evidence raise questions that are not addressed by this theory. Herein, we propose experimental strategies that may validate the SMT. We also call attention to an alternative theory of carcinogenesis, the tissue organization field theory (TOFT), which posits that cancer is a tissue‐based disease and that proliferation is the default state of all cells. Based on epistemological and experimental evidence, we argue that the TOFT compellingly explains carcinogenesis, while placing it within an evolutionarily relevant context.

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Ana Soto and Carlos Sonnenschein are at Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
The development and implementation of a thermal process trainer for control and measurement via the Internet
Authors: Matijević Milan , Stefanović Miladin , Cvjetković Vladimir , Joković Vladimir , Babajić Nenad , Ravlić Miroslav , Nestic Snezana
Published: April 2011

In engineering education, it is very important to provide solid knowledge and practice to students in order to deal with architectures, mechanisms, and algorithms for the control of processes. In this article we will present the concept, detailed technical requirements, description, implementation, and verification of a process (thermal) trainer. In addition three possible educational tasks will be presented with a developed software infrastructure for the remote control of a laboratory set‐up via the Internet. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 22: 167–177, 2014
An AHP application to select software for engineering education
Authors: Dorado R. , Gómez‐Moreno A. , Torres‐Jiménez E. , López‐Alba E.
Published: April 2011

Simulations help students to deal with complex real problems, therefore engineering instructors include these software packages in their teaching methodologies. To achieve a learning aim, different programs can be chosen. Which is the adequate choice? Based on educational criteria, we implement a well‐known selection method, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), to find a satisfactory solution. An example portrays the selection tool performance in the thermal engineering field. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 22:200–208, 2014; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.20546
Consumers' perceptions of the dimensions of brand personality
Authors: Maehle Natalia , Otnes Cele , Supphellen Magne
Published: April 2011

Brand personality (human‐like characteristics of a brand) has been a popular topic in the marketing literature for over 50 years. However, there is a lack of consumer‐focused studies investigating what factors shape perceptions of brand personality. To address this gap, the purpose of the current study is to understand how consumers form their perceptions of the different dimensions of brand personality identified in Aaker's scale (sincerity, excitement, competence, sophistication and ruggedness), and what product or brand characteristics influence these perceptions. Sixty‐six interviews were conducted with graduate students, who were asked to discuss which brands reflected the specific dimensions of brand personality in Aaker's scale. As a result, we identify the kinds of brands consumers perceive as typical for each personality dimension, discover their common characteristics and explain the reasons why some brands are strongly associated with a particular dimension and some are not. Our findings indicate that specific brand personality dimensions are associated with particular product categories. However, brands mentioned as strong on respective personality dimensions share commonalities beyond just a product category. For instance, sincere brands share family‐related associations and high morals, exciting brands offer consumers the opportunity to experience exciting feelings and are related to special ‘exciting’ occasions, competent brands are mostly associated with expertise and quality, sophisticated brands are usually of feminine nature, whereas rugged brands are of masculine nature. Moreover, we find that brands which consumers perceive as lacking on a particular personality dimension also share common attributes.

Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Continuous Symmetry Analysis of Chemical Bonding
Authors: Dryzun Chaim , Alemany Pere , Casanova David , Avnir David
Published: April 2011

The ability to quantify the symmetry content of a given molecular system is important both for the quantitative prediction of its physical and chemical properties, as well as for the establishment of powerful theoretical concepts that can be derived solely from symmetry considerations. The symmetry content of a complex object such as a molecule relies, however, on the level of structural description that is chosen. This may range form a simple geometrical picture in which only the position of the nuclei is indicated, to a more or less detailed description of the electronic structure given by the different quantum chemical methods. Recently, a paper was published describing a new general methodology for calculating the symmetry content of diverse mathematical objects, such as vectors, operators, matrices, functions and more. In the present work we apply that approach to explore the inversion symmetry for diatomic molecules. Although it is a very simple system, general physical conclusions on the phenomenon of chemical bonding can be easily obtained from the symmetry analysis at different levels of description.
Ring‐Closing Metathesis of Sulfoximine‐Substituted N‐Tethered Trienes: Modular Asymmetric Synthesis of Medium‐Ring Nitrogen Heterocycles
Authors: Mahajan Vishal , Gais Hans‐Joachim
Published: April 2011

A synthesis of sulfoximine‐substituted medium‐ring nitrogen heterocycles (MRNHs) having a high degree of substitution has been developed. Its key steps are the modular asymmetric synthesis of sulfoximine‐substituted N‐tethered trienes and their Ru‐catalyzed ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) reaction. The highly substituted N‐tethered trienes were obtained enantio‐ and diastereopure through 1) the diastereoselective aminoalkylation of sulfoximine‐substituted allyltitanium complexes with N‐tert‐butylsulfonyliminoester, 2) N‐allylation of homoallylic N‐sulfonyl amines, 3) allylation, hydroxylalkylation, and formylation of α‐lithioalkenylsulfoximines, and 4) allylation of α‐formylalkenylsulfoximines. The Ru‐catalyzed RCM reaction of the sulfoximine‐substituted 1,7,10‐ and 1,7,12‐trienes stereoselectively afforded the corresponding nine‐, ten‐, and eleven‐membered MRNHs in good yields. An interesting difference in reactivity was noted in the case of a sulfoximine‐substituted 1,7,10‐triene and its corresponding 1,10‐diene. While the triene readily underwent a RCM reaction, the diene reacted only in the presence of Ti(OiPr)4 under formation of the corresponding MRNH. The feasibility of a removal of the sulfoximine auxiliary and the N‐sulfonyl protecting group from the MRNHs were demonstrated through reduction and cleavage, respectively, of a nine‐membered heterocycle, both of which proceeded readily and gave the corresponding cyclic alkene and amine, respectively.
CH Activation versus Yttrium–Methyl Cation Formation from [Y(AlMe4)3] Induced by Cyclic Polynitrogen Bases: Solvent and Substituent‐Size Effects
Authors: Bojer Daniel , Venugopal Ajay , Mix Andreas , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Mitzel Norbert W.
Published: April 2011

The reaction of 1,3,5‐triisopropyl‐1,3,5‐triazacyclohexane (TiPTAC) with [Y(AlMe4)3] resulted in the formation of [(TiPTAC)Y(Me3AlCH2AlMe3)(μ‐MeAlMe3)] by CH activation and methane extrusion. In contrast, the presence of bulkier cyclohexyl groups on the nitrogen atoms in 1,3,5‐tricyclohexyl‐1,3,5‐triazacyclohexane (TCyTAC) led to the formation of the cationic dimethyl complex [(TCyTAC)2YMe2][AlMe4]. The investigations reveal a dependency of the reaction mechanism on the steric bulk of the N‐alkyl entity and the solvent employed. In toluene CH activation was observed in reactions of [Y(AlMe4)3] with 1,3,5‐trimethyl‐1,3,5‐triazacyclohexane (TMTAC) and TiPTAC. In THF molecular dimethyl cations, such as [(TCyTAC)2YMe2][AlMe4], [(TMTAC)2YMe2][AlMe4] and [(TiPTAC)2YMe2][AlMe4], could be synthesised by addition of the triazacyclohexane at a later stage. The THF‐solvated complex [YMe2(thf)5][AlMe4] could be isolated and represents an intermediate in these reactions. It shows that cationic methyl complexes of the rare‐earth metals can be formed by donor‐induced cleavage of the rare‐earth‐metal tetramethylaluminates. The compounds were characterised by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction or multinuclear and variable‐temperature NMR spectroscopy, as well as elemental analyses. Variable‐temperature NMR spectroscopy illustrates the methyl group exchange processes between the cations and anions in solution.
Regular Acyclic and Macrocyclic [AB] Oligomers by Formation of Push–Pull Chromophores in the Chain‐Growth Step
Authors: Silvestri Fabio , Jordan Markus , Howes Kara , Kivala Milan , Rivera‐Fuentes Pablo , Boudon Corinne , Gisselbrecht Jean‐Paul , Schweizer W. Bernd , Seiler Paul , Chiu Melanie , Diederich François
Published: April 2011

The substrate scope of the [2+2] cycloaddition–cycloreversion (CA–CR) reaction between electron‐deficient (2,2‐dicyanovinyl)benzene (DCVB) or (1,2,2‐tricyanovinyl)benzene (TCVB) derivatives and N,N‐dimethylanilino (DMA)‐substituted acetylenes was investigated. The structural features of the cyanobutadiene products of these transformations were examined and the rates of selected CA–CR reactions were measured. Rate constants for reactions utilizing pentafluorinated TCVB and DCVB were found to be one to two orders of magnitude larger than those for the unsubstituted analogues. Multiple, consecutive CA–CR reactions were performed with substrates incorporating two reactive 2,2‐cyanovinyl or 4‐ethynylanilino sites. 1,4‐Bis(2,2‐dicyanovinyl)‐2,3,5,6‐tetrafluorobenzene and 1,4‐bis[(4′‐dihexylamino)phenylethynyl]benzene were selected as suitably reactive monomers for the synthesis of regular [AB] oligomers wherein the push–pull chromophores were formed in the chain‐growth step. Oligomers of two types were isolated: macrocyclic [AB]n and open‐chain B[AB]n oligomers, with n≤4.
Coenzyme Q Functionalized CdTe/ZnS Quantum Dots for Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Imaging
Authors: Qin Li‐Xia , Ma Wei , Li Da‐Wei , Li Yang , Chen Xiaoyuan , Kraatz Heinz‐Bernhard , James Tony D. , Long Yi‐Tao
Published: April 2011

Quantum dots (QDs) have been widely used for fluorescent imaging in cells. In particular, surface functionalized QDs are of interest, since they possess the ability to recognize and detect the analytes in the surrounding nanoscale environment based on electron and hole transfer between the analytes and the QDs. Here we demonstrate that fluorescence enhancement/quenching in QDs can be switched by electrochemically modulating electron transfer between attached molecules and QDs. For this purpose, a number of redox‐active coenzyme Q (CoQ) disulfide derivatives [CoQCnS]2 were synthesized with different alkyl chain lengths (n=1, 5, and 10). The system supremely sensitive to NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and superoxide radical (O2.−), and represents a biomimetic electron‐transfer system, modeling part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The results of our in situ fluorescence spectroelectrochemical study demonstrate that the reduced state of [CoQCnS]2 significantly enhanced the fluorescence intensity of CdTe/ZnS QDs, while the oxidized state of the CoQ conjugates quench the fluorescence to varying degrees. Fluorescence imaging of cells loaded with the conjugate QD‐[CoQCnS]2 displayed strikingly differences in the fluorescence depending on the redox state of the capping layer, thus introducing a handle for evaluating the status of the cellular redox potential status. Moreover, an MTT assay (MTT=3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide) proved that the cytotoxicity of QDs was significantly reduced after immobilization by CoQ derivatives. Those unique features make CoQ derivatived QDs as a promising probe to image redox coenzyme function in vitro and in vivo.
Distribution of the auxiliary GABAB receptor subunits KCTD8, 12, 12b, and 16 in the mouse brain
Authors: Metz Michaela , Gassmann Martin , Fakler Bernd , Schaeren‐Wiemers Nicole , Bettler Bernhard
Published: April 2011

GABAB receptors are the G‐protein‐coupled receptors for γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA). KCTD8, 12, 12b, and 16 were recently identified as auxiliary GABAB receptor subunits and distinctly influence biophysical and pharmacological properties of the receptor response. Here we examined the expression patterns of the KCTDs in the mouse brain. Using in situ hybridization analysis, we found that most neurons express KCTD transcripts, supporting biochemical data showing that most GABAB receptors in the brain incorporate KCTD proteins. In the adult brain, KCTD12 and 16 have a widespread and KCTD8 and 12b a restricted expression pattern. Individual neurons can coexpress multiple KCTDs, as shown for granule cells and CA1/CA3 pyramidal cells in the hippocampus that coexpress KCTD12 and 16. In contrast, granule, Purkinje, and Golgi cells in the cerebellum selectively express one KCTD at a time. The expression levels of individual KCTD transcripts vary during postnatal brain development. Immunohistochemistry reveals that individual KCTD proteins can exhibit distinct axonal or dendritic localizations in neuronal populations. KCTDs are also detectable in nonneuronal tissues not expected to express GABAB receptors, suggesting that the role of KCTD proteins extends beyond GABAB receptors. In summary, our findings support that most brain GABAB receptors associate with KCTD proteins, but that the repertoire and abundance of KCTDs varies during development, among brain areas, neuronal populations, and at subcellular sites. We propose that the distinct spatial and temporal KCTD distribution patterns underlie functional differences in native GABAB responses. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:1435–1454, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tabu search heuristics for workflow resource allocation simulation optimization
Authors: Yu Yang , Pan Maolin , Li Xuguang , Jiang Huan
Published: April 2011

Resource allocation of workflow has a direct impact on the average execution time of process instances and the cost of an enterprise. Through simulation optimization, resource allocation can be optimized to increase throughput. In the current research, mathematical analysis‐based optimization methods are used to solve the resource allocation problem. These methods are restricted in their application scope. Based on an analysis of the relationship between resource allocation and process instance response time, heuristics for workflow resource simulation optimization through tabu search is proposed in this paper. Experiment shows that it can remarkably improve the efficiency and result of the optimization. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A liveness condition for concurrent objects: x‐wait‐freedom
Authors: Imbs Damien , Raynal Michel
Published: April 2011

The liveness of concurrent objects despite asynchrony and failures is a fundamental problem. To that end several progress conditions have been proposed. Wait‐freedom is the strongest of these conditions: it states that any object operation must terminate if the invoking process does not crash. Obstruction‐freedom is a weaker progress condition as it requires progress only when a process executes in isolation for a long enough period. This paper explores progress conditions in n‐process asynchronous read/write systems enriched with base objects with consensus number x, 1<x≤n(i.e. objects that wait‐free solve consensus in a set of x processes). It is easy to solve consensus in such a system if progress is required only when one of the x processes allowed to access the underlying consensus object invokes this object and does not crash. This paper proposes and investigates a stronger progress condition that we call x‐wait‐freedom (n‐wait‐freedom is wait‐freedom). This condition includes additional scenarios in which progress is required even when none of the x processes allowed to access the underlying consensus object participates. The paper then presents and proves correct a consensus algorithm that satisfies this progress condition. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Autonomic streaming pipeline for scientific workflows
Authors: Tolosana‐Calasanz Rafael , Bañares José A. , Rana Omer F.
Published: April 2011

Interest in data streaming within scientific workflow has increased significantly over the recent years—mainly due to the emergence of data‐driven applications. Such applications can include data streaming from sensors and data coupling between scientific simulations. To support resource management to enact such streaming‐based workflow, autonomic computing techniques for transmission have been combined with in‐transit processing, so that data elements may be processed in advance, enroute, prior to arrival at the destination. We propose the integration of an autonomic data streaming service (ADSS) with in‐transit processing into a workflow specification. This integration may imply that the associated runtime resource allocation is dependent on environmental conditions and can change for different enactments of the same workflow. In our proposal, our workflow specifications are independent of the constraints imposed by the resource allocation. We express our solutions in terms of Reference nets. We also implement an ADSS utilizing a timed Reference net simulation for predicting future states of the ADSS. There are two advantages: the Reference net which implements the ADSS and the timed model are coincident, and second, token distribution obtained from the Petri net implementation can be utilized to better understand the demand for particular types of resources in the system. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
eMOLST: a documentation flow for distributed health informatics
Authors: von Laszewski Gregor , Dayal Jai , Wang Lizhe
Published: April 2011

Electronic Health Records (EHRs) have many potential advantages over traditional paper records, such as wide scale access, error checking, and protection from physical damage to a record. As with any medical record, paper or electronic, both the patient's privacy and the document's integrity must be guaranteed. With initiatives such as Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE), computerized healthcare systems are able to share EHRs on a large scale, while protecting the patient's privacy rights. However, IHE does not yet meet the needs of all healthcare systems, as we will show with the eMOLST project. The eMOLST project delivers software in support of Medical Order for Life Sustaining Treatment (MOLST) forms and uses IHE specifications for cross enterprise document storage and sharing, patient identification, and user authentication and authorization. The Web‐based system provides secure access to electronic MOLST documents regardless of the patient's or healthcare provider's location. The eMOLST project allows a user to have Single Sign On (SSO) access to the system from either the user's associated enterprise, or through a Web portal shared amongst all users across all enterprises. In this paper, we show a security solution to allow SSO from multiple access points for IHE compliant systems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Access control and authorization for protecting disseminative information in E‐learning workflow
Authors: Sun Lili , Wang Hua
Published: April 2011

E‐learning defined as learning activities performed over electronic devices is rapidly increasing and has become one of the key e‐commerce applications with a growing commercial market in the near future. Access control and authorization in E‐learning workflow is a vital problem with low costs and no location limits for students. E‐learning organizers prefer to disseminate their message as widely as possible, while at the same time authorized people only are able to access disseminative information. However, in the E‐learning workflow it is a challenge to protect from access, such as reading and updating, the digital message that has been disseminated out from the organizations. This paper aims to substantially provide a foundation for developing appropriate security solutions for organizations' secure dissemination of digital information. An application‐level secure architecture is developed based on the references on both server side and client side. The architecture provides control and tracking capabilities for dissemination and usage of digital information while others provide only tracking capability. The outcomes of this paper can immediately apply to prevent unauthorized dissemination of digital content amongst agents of universities regardless of their intention or possession of the digital information and will contribute to higher security in E‐learning. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.