bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structuring charitable and philanthropic organizations
Authors: Adler Betsy Buchalter , Colvin Gregory L.
Published: July 2007

Federal tax law divides charitable and philanthropic organizations into two categories: public charities and private foundations. Because contributors to public charities may claim more generous tax benefits than contributors to private foundations, it is more advantageowfor the organizations to be public charities.
Overlapping layers of charitable solicitation and fundraising regulation
Authors: Copilevitz Errol , Raney William E.
Published: July 2007

Charitable solicitation and fundraising are regulated by laws and rules that every charitable and philanthropic organization, nearly without exception, must follow. Layers of overlapping and sometimes conflicting requirements add more complexity to the process.
Protecting contributors with proper information
Authors: Jones David W.
Published: July 2007

Charitable and philanthropic organizations need to be familiar with tax law and Internal Revenue Service rules and guidance to provide contributors with proper disclosure statements and, perhaps more important, to protect contributors by giving them the substantiation they need to receive tax deductions.
Planned gifts: Deferred enjoyment
Authors: Sciscoe Lisa Stone , O'Korn Dan L.
Published: July 2007

Planned gift are gifts made during and after contributors' lives. While planned gifts often entail immediate transfers of moneys or properties, recipient charitable and philanthropic organizations' enjoyment of planned gifts is deferred to a sometimes certain, sometimes uncertain, future time.
Federal regulation of the nonprofit world: From congressional oversight to “intermediate sanctions”
Authors: Pickle J. J.
Published: July 2007

A former representative calls for Congress and nonprofits to work together to correct weak enforcement of laws that affect tax‐exempt organizations.
Fundraising and the states
Authors: Bush Betsy Hills
Published: July 2007

Fundraisers, not regulators, must maintain the standards that keep the public trust in their organizations. Not only are state regulations uneven and often ineffective, they do not even apply to two‐thirds of charitable giving.
Novel synthesis of biodegradable star poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(lactide) copolymers
Authors: Lemmouchi Yahia , Perry Michael C. , Amass Allan J. , Chakraborty Khirud , Schacht Etienne
Published: July 2007

Biodegradable star‐shaped poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(lactide) copolymers were synthesized by ring‐opening polymerization of lactide, using star poly(ethylene glycol) as an initiator and potassium hexamethyldisilazide as a catalyst. Polymerizations were carried out in toluene at room temperature. Two series of three‐ and four‐armed PEG‐PLA copolymers were synthesized and characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) as well as 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The polymerization under the used conditions is very fast, yielding copolymers of controlled molecular weight and tailored molecular architecture. The chemical structure of the copolymers investigated by 1H and 13C NMR indicates the formation of block copolymers. The monomodal profile of molecular weight distribution by GPC provided further evidence of controlled and defined star‐shaped copolymers as well as the absence of cyclic oligomeric species. The effects of copolymer composition and lactide stereochemistry on the physical properties were investigated by GPC and differential scanning calorimetry. For the same PLA chain length, the materials obtained in the case of linear copolymers are more viscous, whereas in the case of star copolymer, solid materials are obtained with reduction in their Tg and Tm temperatures. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 3966–3974, 2007
Ring‐opening metathesis polymerization of functionalized cyclooctene by a ruthenium‐based catalyst in ionic liquid
Authors: Han Huijing , Chen Fengxiang , Yu Jiahui , Dang Jingya , Ma Zhuo , Zhang Yiqun , Xie Meiran
Published: July 2007

This paper describes the synthesis of a novel monomer of 5‐substituted cyclooctene with the pendant of imidazolium salt (7) and the ring‐opening metathesis polymerization of the functionalized cyclooctenes (4 and 7) in CH2Cl2 and ionic liquid [bmim][PF6] by a ruthenium‐based catalyst RuCl2(PCy3)(SIMes)(CHPh) (2). The polymerization, which was carried out in ionic liquid, afforded improved control over the molecular weight (Mn) and polydispersity of the resultant products (PDI <1.4). Furthermore, to facilitate the GPC measurement for molecular weight of polymers, the charged polymers (poly‐7) were hydrolyzed to give uncharged polymers (poly‐4*) by removing the imidazolium pendant from the polymer chains. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 3986–3993, 2007
Aromatic polyamides with pendant urea moieties
Authors: San‐José Noelia , Gómez‐Valdemoro Ana , García Félix Clemente , Serna Felipe , García José Miguel
Published: July 2007

This work describes six novel aromatic polyamides with bulky pendant groups, each having a polyisophthalamide backbone substituted with different urea groups in ring position 5 of the diacid or the diamine residue. Thus, one of the nitrogen atoms of the urea is chemically anchored to the main rigid polyamide chain, while the other nitrogen atom is substituted by phenyl, nitrophenyl, naphthyl, and phenylureidophenyl groups. The polyamides are amorphous and soluble in polar aprotic solvents. They demonstrate a film‐forming capability with outstanding mechanical properties, and exhibit moderate thermal resistance in nitrogen and oxygen atmospheres. The urea group imparts hydrophilicity to the polymers, and facilitates the future preparation of specialty polymers through the easy chemical modification of this group. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4026–4036, 2007
Novel synthesis of rod‐coil block copolymers by combination of coordination polymerization and ATRP
Authors: Ishizu Koji , Hatoyama Naomasa , Uchida Satoshi
Published: July 2007

Combination of coordination polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was applied to a novel synthesis of rod‐coil block copolymers. The procedure included the following steps: (1) monoesterification reaction of ethylene glycol with 2‐bromoisobutyryl bromide yielded a α‐bromo, ω‐hydroxy bifunctional initiator, (2) CpTiCl3 (bifunctional initiator) catalyst was prepared from a mixture of trichlorocyclopentadienyl titanium (CpTiCl3) and bifunctional initiator. Coordination polymerization of n‐butyl isocyanate initiated by such catalyst provided a well‐defined macroinitiator, poly(n‐butyl isocyanate)‐Br (PBIC‐Br), and (3) ATRP method of vinyl monomers using PBIC‐Br provided rod (PBIC)‐coil block copolymers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4037–4042, 2007
Amphiphilic conetworks. III. Poly(2,3‐dihydroxypropyl methacrylate)–polyisobutylene and poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate–polyisobutylene based hydrogels prepared by two‐step polymer procedure
Authors: Janata Miroslav , Toman Luděk , Spěváček Jiří , Brus Jiří , Sikora Antonín , Látalová Petra , Vlček Petr , Michálek Jiří , Dvořánková Barbora
Published: July 2007

This article describes the synthesis and characterization of new amphiphilic polymer conetworks containing hydrophilic poly(2,3‐dihydroxypropyl methacrylate) or poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA) and hydrophobic polyisobutylene chains. This conetworks were prepared by a two‐step polymer synthesis. In the first step, a cationic copolymer of isobutylene and 3‐isopropenyl‐α,α‐dimethylbenzyl isocyanate (IDI) was prepared. The isocyanate groups of the IB‐IDI random copolymer were subsequently transformed in situ to methacrylate (MA) groups in reaction with 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). In the second step, the resulting MA‐multifunctional PIB‐based crosslinker, PIB(MA)n, with an average functionality of approximately four per chain, was copolymerized with 2,3‐dihydroxypropyl methacrylate or poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate by radical mechanism in tetrahydrofuran giving rise to amphiphilic conetworks containing 11–60 mol % of DHPMA or 10–12 mol % of PEGMA. The synthesized conetworks were characterized with solid‐state 13C‐NMR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The amphiphilic nature of the conetworks was proved by swelling in both water and n‐heptane. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4074–4081, 2007
Extensive Chemometric Investigations of the Multidrug Resistance in Strains of the Phytopathogenic Fungus Penicillium Digitatum
Authors: Kiralj Rudolf , Ferreira Márcia M. C.
Published: July 2007

Multidrug resistance activities pEC50 of sensitive, resistant, and moderately resistant strains of the pathogenic fungus Penicillium digitatum against triflumizole, fenarimol, bitertanol, pyrifenox, cycloheximide, acriflavine, and 4‐nitroquinoline‐N‐oxide were studied by principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses. Genome descriptors for fungal cytochrome P450 sterol 14α‐demethylase and multidrug efflux pump PMR1 were generated and correlated with pEC50 by partial least squares. Toxicants were modeled at the PM3 level. Novel Activity–Structure Relationships (ASRs) were established to predict toxicant structural features from biological activities and to identify and classify the strains. New types of relationships to model and predict biological activities are Quantitative Genome–Activity Relationship (QGAR) and Quantitative Genome/Structure–Activity Relationship (QGSAR). QGAR for demethylation inhibitors had a reasonable regression [Q2=0.79, R2=0.81, Standard Error of Validation (SEV)=0.34] and was extended into QGSAR with improved statistics (Q2=0.85, R2=0.87, SEV=0.29). Conformers of toxicants with common hydrogen bonding and aromatic ring geometry indicate possible interactions with receptors such as cytochromes, efflux pumps, and regulatory proteins which activate fungal multidrug resistance.
Electrospray‐assisted laser desorption/ionization and tandem mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins
Authors: Peng Ivory X. , Shiea Jentaie , Loo Rachel R. Ogorzalek , Loo Joseph A.
Published: July 2007

We have constructed an electrospray‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (ELDI) source which utilizes a nitrogen laser pulse to desorb intact molecules from matrix‐containing sample solution droplets, followed by electrospray ionization (ESI) post‐ionization. The ELDI source is coupled to a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer and allows sampling under ambient conditions. Preliminary data showed that ELDI produces ESI‐like multiply charged peptides and proteins up to 29 kDa carbonic anhydrase and 66 kDa bovine albumin from single‐protein solutions, as well as from complex digest mixtures. The generated multiply charged polypeptides enable efficient tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS)‐based peptide sequencing. ELDI‐MS/MS of protein digests and small intact proteins was performed both by collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) and by nozzle‐skimmer dissociation (NSD). ELDI‐MS/MS may be a useful tool for protein sequencing analysis and top‐down proteomics study, and may complement matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)‐based measurements. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating the adaptive performance of flexible sample size designs with treatment difference in an interval
Authors: Liu G. Frank , Zhu G. Ray , Cui Lu
Published: July 2007

In clinical trials, the study sample size is often chosen to provide specific power at a single point of a treatment difference. When this treatment difference is not close to the true one, the actual power of the trial can deviate from the specified power. To address this issue, we consider obtaining a flexible sample size design that provides sufficient power and has close to the ‘ideal’ sample size over possible values of the true treatment difference within an interval. A performance score is proposed to assess the overall performance of these flexible sample size designs. Its application to the determination of the best solution among considered candidate sample size designs is discussed and illustrated through computer simulations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A competing risks analysis of bloodstream infection after stem‐cell transplantation using subdistribution hazards and cause‐specific hazards
Authors: Beyersmann Jan , Dettenkofer Markus , Bertz Hartmut , Schumacher Martin
Published: July 2007

After peripheral blood stem‐cell transplantation, patients treated for severe haematologic diseases enter a critical phase (neutropenia). Analysis of bloodstream infection during neutropenia has to account for competing risks. Separate Cox analyses of all cause‐specific hazards are the standard
technique of choice, but are hard to interpret when the overall effects of covariates on the cumulative incidence function (CIF) are of interest. Proportional subdistribution hazards modelling of the subdistribution of the CIF is establishing itself as an interpretation‐friendly alternative. We apply both methods and discuss their relative merits. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing keyword search to semantic search: a case study in solving crossword puzzles using the Google™ API
Authors: Goldschmidt David E. , Krishnamoorthy Mukkai
Published: July 2007

Keyword‐based search engines such as Google™ index Web pages for human consumption. Sophisticated as such engines have become, surveys indicate almost 25% of Web searchers are unable to find useful results in the first set of URLs returned (Technology Review, March 2004). The lack of machine‐interpretable information on the Web limits software agents from matching human searches to desirable results. Tim Berners‐Lee, inventor of the Web, has architected the Semantic Web in which machine‐interpretable information provides an automated means to traversing the Web. A necessary cornerstone application is the search engine capable of bringing the Semantic Web together into a searchable landscape. We implemented a Semantic Web Search Engine (SWSE) that performs semantic search, providing predictable and accurate results to queries. To compare keyword search to semantic search, we constructed the Google CruciVerbalist (GCV), which solves crossword puzzles by reformulating clues into Google queries processed via the Google API. Candidate answers are extracted from query results. Integrating GCV with SWSE, we quantitatively show how semantic search improves upon keyword search. Mimicking the human brain's ability to create and traverse relationships between facts, our techniques enable Web applications to ‘think’ using semantic reasoning, opening the door to intelligent search applications that utilize the Semantic Web. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The permeable and impermeable wall of expectations
Authors: Fong Mary
Published: July 2007

This chapter presents an autoethnography of a Chinese American woman's twenty‐five years of experience in higher education at universities in Southern California and the Pacific Northwest. Her career is discussed in four stages: master's teaching assistant and student, part‐time instructor, doctoral teaching assistant and student, and professor.
You can't “de‐race” and “de‐womanize” me: Experiences when you go global
Authors: Hebbani Aparna G.
Published: July 2007

Race matters in the classroom when you are a minority female faculty member. This chapter discusses the emergence of the adaptive female academic of color who, while teaching in several countries, balances a happy work and family life.
Being an interculturally competent instructor in the United States: Issues of classroom dynamics and appropriateness, and recommendations for international instructors
Authors: McCalman Claudia Ladeira
Published: July 2007

Internationalization of college classrooms challenges international instructors, students, and their relationships. This chapter addresses these challenges and offers strategies for overcoming them.
Composition of the unsaponifiable oil fraction obtained from a number of cultivars of safflower
Authors: Conte L. S. , Frega N. , Capella P.
Published: July 2007

Composition of the unsaponifiable matter obtained from oil ex‐tracted from six safflower cultivars (UC‐1, Tara, S‐541, S‐202, S‐317 and S‐918) was determined. The composition of the fractions of sterols was related to fatty acid composition, and significant correlations were found between campesterol, Δ7‐stigmastenol, oleic and linoleic acids. The composition of the fractions of terpenic alcohols and methyl sterols is also reported.
Viscosity of magnesium soap solutions in n‐ Propanol and butanol
Authors: Varma R. P. , Kumar K.
Published: July 2007

The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of mag‐nesium soaps in n‐propanol and butanol have been determined by viscosity measurements. The equations of Vand and Moulik are applicable only above CMC. The parameters of equations may be used to calcu‐late the viscosity of soap solutions in the concentra‐tion range in which the equations hold good. The temperature effect on viscous flow follows Arrhenius’ equation. The effect of soap concentration on fluidity of soap solutions has been discussed in the light of Eyring’s equation and the activation param‐eters of viscous flow, ΔH*, ΔS*, and ΔG* with respect to the solvent have been calculated.
Programmed multiple development: High performance thin layer chromatography
Authors: Jupille T. H.
Published: July 2007

Poor resolution and sensitivity are not inherent in thin layer chromatography (TLC). They merely re‐flect the fact that TLC, as normally practiced, is not a high performance (efficient) technique. When efforts are made to improve the efficiency of TLC, the re‐sulting improvements in resolution and sensitivity make high performance TLC fully comparable to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two approaches to improved TLC performance are the use of small‐particle TLC plates and the technique of Programmed Multiple Development (PMD). Prelimi‐nary PMD methods for limonin in citrus juice and for caffeine in cola beverages clearly illustrate the use of PMD.
Steam (physical) refining deodorizer for malaysian palm oil
Authors: Gavin Arnold M. , Toeh K. T. , Carlin G.
Published: July 2007

The production of Malaysian palm oil is expected to increase 20% per year for the next 5 yr. Already planted are more than a million acres which will start to produce in the next few years. Recent plantings of new strains will produce 2400 to 3000 lb of palm oil per acre. Palmex Industries, Penang, Malaysia started in operation in August, 1975, a physical refining system to produce a deodorized palm oil with 0.03% free fatty acid (FFA) from crude palm oil containing 5.0% FFA. Production records confirm the feasibility of physical refining crude palm oil in Malaysia, ex‐porting the oil to the United States, and producing a quality product with a minimum of additional pro‐cessing.
Fractionation of rapeseed meal into hour and hull components
Authors: Sosulski F. , Zadernowski R.
Published: July 2007

Fine‐ground rapeseed meal can be fractionated by liquid cyclone processes into flour and hull fractions. The process can be applied to expeller meal or to the marc after solvent extraction. A nonpolar solvent such as hexane is particularly effective because residual oil in the products is also substantially reduced. The flour, obtained in yield of about66% of the meal, contained over 45% protein and 5‐8% of crude fiber. Rapeseed meal is relatively low in digestible energy and the flour fraction would have greater application as a protein supplement in pig and poultry feeds.
The technical developments of the oil solvent extraction industry in China
Authors: Au Guo Xiang
Published: July 2007

The development of the oil solvent extraction industry in China is described. The first continuous oil solvent extraction plant (modeled on a Rotocel extractor) was built in 1955. Since then, other types of extractors have been installed and processes such as the desolventizing of extracted meal, the evaporation of miscella and the recovery of solvent vapor have been adopted. This essay documents improvements in technology and machinery and discusses future developments in the industry.
Cell‐wall architecture of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cotyledon parenchyma cells and resistance to crushing
Authors: Yatsu L.
Published: July 2007

Light microscopy of peanut cotyledon tissue showed some unusual profiles that were interpreted to be cell walls. Comparable tissue was treated with enzymes to eliminate cellular contents and examined in a scanning electron microscope. These parenchyma cells had walls which were bizarre, resembling scalariform xylem elements. Crushing tests on tissue whose cellular contents were removed showed that these cells provided insignificant resistance to crushing.
Wool wax hydrocarbons: A review
Authors: Motiuk K.
Published: July 2007

A review of the literature on wool wax hydrocarbons reveals that the hydrocarbons represent about 0.5% of wool wax and that they consist of a large number of normal and branched homologs. This, in turn, shows a structural similarity between the hydrocarbons and the wool wax acids or wool wax aliphatic alcohols: all three materials contain normal, iso and anteiso series. The wool wax hydrocarbons also contain highly branched alkanes as well as cycloalkanes.
Effect of enzyme inactivation on the extracted soybean meal and oil
Authors: Rice R. D. , Wei L. S. , Steinberg M. P. , Nelson A. I.
Published: July 2007

The objective was prevention of lipoxygenase activity prior to oil extraction in order to obtain a meal of superior flavor quality and a crude oil of superior oxidative stability. Accordingly, experiments were performed in which soybeans were heated at various moisture contents and times to inactivate the enzyme system. Once the optimal conditions were determined, heat treated and raw beans were extracted in a laboratory system designed to simulate conditions in commercial solvent extraction and the component oil and meal were evaluated. Oxidative stability of the oil from heat‐treated beans was increased as determined by the Swift stability test and an organoleptic evaluation. Similarly, organoleptic blandness ratings of the heat‐treated meal were also superior to the meal produced from raw beans. It was concluded that steam heat treatment of soybeans prior to extraction was beneficial to quality of both oil and flake.
Determination of solid fat index of fats and oils using the anton paar density meter
Authors: Mills B. L. , van de Voort F. R.
Published: July 2007

The Anton Paar Density Meter was investigated for its potential use in the determination of Solid Fat Index (SFI) of fats and oils. By deriving equations for the behavior of instrument constants as a function of temperature, the specific volume of a fat could be determined as it underwent heating at a controlled rate of 2 C/min. The specific volume data obtained as a function of temperature could be converted into SFI data by minor modifications to the AOCS dilatometry equations, and hence provide a smooth SFI curve for fats and oils. The method was capable of providing more detailed dilation data in a shorter period of time and the SFI values determined related well to the conventional dilatometric technique.
Characteristics and composition of libyan olive oil
Authors: Rana M. S. , Ahmed A. A.
Published: July 2007

Chemical and physical characteristics of local olive oil (both virgin and refined) were determined. The moisture levels in olive fruit, cake and oils were 11.77, 12.7 and 0.16% respectively. The total crude fat on dry basis was: fruit, 39%; and cake, 7%. The free fatty acids (FFA) in both virgin and refined oils were high (4.4 and 4.3%). The samples of virgin as well as refined oil were found to have relatively low oleic acid contents (43.7 and 46.4%). However, linoleic acid was found to be higher than expected and the total of oleic and linoleic acids was more than 75% in the fraction of neutral lipids. The total saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in olive oil samples was ca. 20 and 80%, respectively.
A gas chromatographic method for the assessment of used frying oils: Comparison with other methods
Authors: Paradis A. J. , Nawar W. W.
Published: July 2007

The application of a simple and rapid method, based on gas chromatographic measurement of dimer triglycerides, is proposed for evaluation of the quality of used frying oils. The technique involves complete conversion of the oil to its methyl esters followed by analysis on a short column packed with 3% JXR. Parameters are adjusted to provide a pattern in which the dimeric esters emerge as a doublet peak with a retention time of ca. 3 min, whereas all other monomeric esters elute with the solvent peak. The relative heights of the two components of the doublet peak appear to reverse as the frying time is increased. The test correlated well with changes in dielectric constant measurements, as well as with “altered triglycerides” in continuously heated corn oil.
Determination of molar mass distribution of alkyl polyethylene glycol ethers
Authors: Farkas L. , Morgós J. , Sallay P. , Rusznák I. , Bartha B. , Veress G.
Published: July 2007

A process based on gas chromatographic separation and on the computerized evaluation of the results has been developed for the determination of the distribution and distribution coefficients of alkyl polyglycol ethers, formed in the competitive, consecutive reaction of fatty alcohol and ethylene oxide. A comparison of experimental and theoretical distributions showed that the distribution is the Weibull‐Nycander‐Gold type for potassium hydroxide catalyst, and the Flory type in the antimony pentachloride catalyst. The characteristic of the distribution does not change with reaction parameters in either type of distribution, though actual distribution is slightly modified by temperature. In determinations of Weibull‐Nycander‐Gold's c and Natta‐Mantica's ci‐s distribution coefficients, the Weibull‐Törnquist effect, i.e., the changing of the distribution coefficients with ethoxylation, has been experimentally proven in the example of ethoxylation catalyzed with potassium hydroxide.
An introduction to NMR
Authors: Proctor W. G.
Published: July 2007

Nuclear magentic resonance (NMR) is a physical method for exploring the magnetic environment of the atomic nuclei of the atoms in a molecule. The substance is placed in a strong magnetic field and the nuclei take on an orientation with respect to this field. The reason for this is that the nuclei have angular momentum (spin) and, being charged, have magnetic moments like small compass needles. By subtle radio‐frequency (r‐f) techniques the nuclei are simply made to reorient (resonate) in this field. The reorientation involves a change of energy, which is supplied by the r‐f quantum,hv. The frequency of resonance is therefore proportional to the reorienta tion energy and hence to the magnetic field in which the nucleus is found. As in other forms of spectro‐scopy, the width of the absorption line depends on a
Conjugation of polyunsaturated fats: Methyl linoleate with tris(triphenylphosphine) chlororhodium
Authors: DeJarlais W. J. , Gast L. E.
Published: July 2007

Tris(triphenylphosphine) chlororhodium in methanol produces nearly 95% conjugated dienes from methyl linoleate. The dienes are principally cis,trans‐ and cis,cis‐conjugated. Since deuterium is introduced into the products when deuterated methanol is the solvent, a dihydride complex is the probable intermediate. The reaction is sluggish in chloroform, possible because the dihydride cannot easily form. The catalyst is activated in chloroform with hydrogen. Since no reduction occurs in the absence of hydrogen, hydrogenation likely occurs by hydrogenolysis of the alkyl complex of the dihydride olefin rather than a transfer of both hydrogens from the hydride complex.
Dust control
Authors: Rockwell C. R.
Published: July 2007

Good dust control in a solvent plant includes control at the grain receiving pits, the storage area, the grain drier preparation building and the meal handling area. The techniques and equipment required are fairly stan‐dardized. The four types of collectors available are the cyclone, wet scrubber, filter and electrostatic precipita‐tor. Most State Air Pollution Codes are set up on the basis that a certain emission rate of dust into the atmosphere is allowed for a given amount of product being handled. In most cases collector efficiencies must be greater than 90% to meet the code. This makes the use of cyclones questionable.
Meal and Grain Sampling
Authors: Wheaton B. M.
Published: July 2007

A short history of grain sampling is given and the recent U.S. Grain Standards Act. per U.S.D.A. publi‐cation of 1968, is reviewed briefly. Inspection tech‐nique depends on the type of sample being used: official sample, type sample or warehouseman’s sample. Terms, such as, permissive inspection and exception, are explained. Mechanical grain and meal sampling methods and the equipment used are dis‐cussed. A close look is given to their practical application and the mathematics of operation. Facts that point to the future of sampling are given.
Market evolution of the soap and detergent industry within the past five years in western europe
Authors: Costa P. V.
Published: July 2007

Members of the Association Internationale de la Savonnerie et de la De’tergence (AIS) have furnished statistical information on various products showing growth in volume in total and in each of the countries. On the whole, the situation is favorable. In general, the global growth of the market of synthetic detergents is about 6% in volume per year, but it may vary greatly from one country to another. There is some doubt, however, that this growth rate will continue at a similar pace in the future. Although soaps have continued to decline in favor of detergents, we observe a certain stability of this type of product as a whole. As for detergents, they are increasing with respect to synthetic liquid products and washing powders. Such is not the case for cleaning products and auxiliary products. It is true, however, that the greater part of the market is presently taken by fabric washing and dishwashing products. In several countries, an important market for fabric softeners is developing recently; however, we do not yet have detailed statistical data concerning this market. While the greater part of synthetic detergent consumption has to do with household uses, there are at present many other applications. Products designed for indus trial uses are not in the AIS statistics and therefore are not covered in this study. Because the soap and detergent industry sells its products to the public, it pays close attention to the demands of the consumers, and we may expect it will continue to innovate and create new products. Within the framework of the AIS, we try to study market trends by presenting each year the statistical data of the preceding financial year (available from the AIS, 49 Square Marie Louise, Brussels). A retrospective study covering five years seemed to us interesting, and we venture to hope that the conclusions provided will serve to foresee the future.
The Australian soap and detergent industry
Authors: Strasser P. H. A.
Published: July 2007

The size, population distribution, and climatic variations of Australia are discussed. The standard of living is high; politically Australia is a federation of states; its manufacturing work force is highly unionized. The growth in the industry in the past 16 years is quantified, and the production of its raw materials and intermediates described, covering the appropriate technology. Product types are related to lifestyle and laundering habits and are described in that context. Marketing methods, advertising, and the industry association are briefly mentioned.
Trends In the soap and detergent industry in Israel
Authors: Katz I.
Published: July 2007

The soap and detergent industry in Israel is reviewed showing that (a) the largest selling item is laundry powder for washing machines; (b) LABS is the main active constituent of most cleaning products; and (c) toilet bars are evenly divided between natural and synthetic.
Natural oils and fats — Prospects for the 1980s
Authors: Lysons A.
Published: July 2007

All fats and oils are more or less interchangeable in varying degrees. Therefore, shortages or surpluses of one type of oil or fat have some effect on the whole supply and demand effect on a freely operating market. The trend in long term for real prices of soapmaking fats and oils is down — because it is projected that supplies are likely to increase faster than global demand. Inflation rates affecting production costs of soybean and palm oils are not expected to be large but probably the most important of any of the fats. The price of coconut oil, as an example, was relatively stable until ca. 4 years ago — 5 years ago it was $200/ton, 3% years ago it was $1,400/ton, 6 months ago it was $700/ton, and now (August 1977) it is $470/ton. It is projected, for example, that it will be at a level of $750/ton in 1990.
Recent developments in the field of inorganic builders
Authors: Berth P.
Published: July 2007

Inorganic builders offer limited choice. Certain sodium aluminum silicates may be used as laundry detergents in combination with sodium triphosphate (STP). Sodium aluminum silicates are available on an industrial scale. They are toxicologically and ecologically safe, and because of their inorganic nature, they do not cause any problems concerning biological degra dability; also, they do not contribute to eutrophication. In our experience binary builder systems have proven useful. These consist of STP and the sodium aluminum silicate, in which there is a balance between the chelating ability of STP and the ion exchanging ability of the sodium aluminum silicate. The technical manufacture of laundry detergents on this basis does not present any fundamental problems and does not require technological change.
Packaging of powdered and liquid detergents
Authors: Schraut O.
Published: July 2007

The “state of the art” in packaging powdered and liquid detergents is presented and discussed with reference to (a) formulations of detergents and subsequent packaging material requirements; (b) recent trends and developments in specifications, shapes, volumes, and systems of packs and packaging; and (c) filling and metering machinery.
Understanding the consumer through market research
Authors: Cole E.
Published: July 2007

The housewife is potentially a source of an endless flow of extremely valuable information about product usage, attitudes to products, evaluation of formulation changes, and ultimate purchase of the product. She is both the ultimate dictator of success or failure and the willing supplier of information against which rogress toward this success or failure can be measured. While the industry generally is now very much more willing to treat her as an equal partner in this evaluation, there still remains a fund of data to be collected and used in product development and marketing by those disciplined enough in their thinking and creative enough in their approach to understand what is available to them.
Aquatic toxicology: A new element in the safety testing of surfactants?
Authors: Alabaster J. S.
Published: July 2007

Aquatic toxicology is becoming increasingly important in assessing the risks from environmental contamination by surfactants. Recent work by the Water Research Centre and others is discussed to show that: (a) there is a need for flexibility in approach even for preliminary screening test procedures and for toxicity tests to be relevant to field situations; (b) where linear chain surfactants pass through a normal biological treatment process these are readily biodegraded and reduced in toxicity, and in these circumstances toxicity tests should be made using biodegraded materials; (c) methods of analysis currently used overestimate the acute toxocity of surfactants to fish.
Fatty acid composition of the oil of winged beans,Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC
Authors: Garcia V. V. , Palmer J. K. , Young R. W.
Published: July 2007

The fatty acid composition of the oils of five varieties of winged beans,Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC, was determined and found to be similar to peanut oil. The total unsaturated fatty acids ranged from 53.8% to 68.5% (mean, 62.0%). Oleic acid and linoleic acids were the major unsaturated fatty acids. The major saturated fatty acids were behenic, palmitic and stearic acids. Parinaric acid, a toxic fatty acid, previously reported to occur in winged beans, was not present in the oil of the winged beans analyzed.
Structure of peanut oil triacylglycerols from cultivars of diverse genetic background
Authors: Hokes J. C. , Worthington R. E.
Published: July 2007

Triacylglycerols (TG) were isolated from peanut cultivars chosen to embrace known extremes in oleic and linoleic acid content, and the TG structure were determined using pancreatic lipase hydrolysis. Molar concentrations of oleic and linoleic acid insn‐2‐monoacylglycerols (MG) were highly correlated with molar concentrations in TG. Correlation coefficients were 0.99 in each case. Molar concentrations of oleic and linoleic in 2‐MG are given by: MG18∶1=1.37TG18∶1‐20.8; MG18∶2=1.71TG18∶2+0.66. Linoleicoleic ratios ranged from 0.2–1.1 for TG, 0.2–2.6 forsn‐2‐MG, and 0.2–0.6 for acids in the 1(3)‐positions of TG. Molar concentrations of linoleic acid in the 1(3)‐positions of TG ranged from 7–26%. The linoleic‐oleic ratios and molar concentrations of 1(3) linoleic acid in some cultivars were similar to values that have been reported for relatively nonatherogenic corn oil and randomized peanut oil.
Copper catalysts in the selective hydrogenation of soybean and rapeseed oils: I. The activity of the copper chromite catalyst
Authors: Johansson L. E. , Lundin S. T.
Published: July 2007

In the hydrogenation of soybean and rapeseed oils with fresh copper chromite catalyst, the rate of reaction −d(IV)/dt varies extensively with time. These variations are ascribable to changes in phase composition of the catalyst during its reduction. This reduction is not restricted to an initial period but proceeds in two steps during the major part of a normal hydrogenation for the reduction of the linolenate content of the oil. Variations of the catalyst activity followed by experimental measurements have been related to the changes of the catalyst composition.
Copper catalysts in the selective hydrogenation of soybean and rapeseed oils: III. The effect of pressure when using copper chromite catalyst
Authors: Johansson L. E.
Published: July 2007

The influence of pressure on hydrogenation is investigated between 2–20 atm. The relationship between rate of reaction and pressure is complex, with a maximum rate at 6 atm in the pressure range below 14 atm. This is because catalyst reduction is simultaneous with fat hydrogenation. Accumulation of conjugated dienes is measured and a suggested mechanism is presented.
Physical chemical properties of solutions of bis‐quaternary ammonium bromides
Authors: Parreira H. C. , Lukenbach E. R. , Lindemann M. K. O.
Published: July 2007

The physical chemical properties of a series of bisalkyldimethyldi‐ammonium polyoxyethylene bromides were studied by measuring the critical micelle concentrations as function of their molecular structure. The conductivity vs. concentration plots revealed the existence of two distinct discontinuities which were labeled CMC1 and CMC2. The CMC1 was always lower than the CMC2. The conventional surface tension vs. log concentration curve showed the classical sharp break which coincided with either the CMC1 or the CMC2, but failed to reveal the presence of both critical micelle concentrations in the same experiment. The existence of two CMC2 was attributed to the presence of the two charges localized in separated atoms. The CMC1 and CMC2 appear to follow an expression of the type CMC=A —Bn, where A and B are constants and n the number of carbon atoms present in the hydrocarbon long chain attached to the quaternary ammonium nitrogen. The CMCs appear to increase with the increasing number of oxyethylene residues up to a certain length of the polyoxyethylene chain. For most compounds there was a substantial drop in surface tension with the increasing concentration of the salt. However, some compounds containing only one oxyethylene residue showed practically no surface tension dependence on concentration although the critical micelle concentrations were apparent in the conductivity vs. concentration curve. The energy to transfer one methylene group from the aqueous to the micellar phase was found to vary from −0.57 kT to −0.84 kT. The alkylene oxylated bisquaternary bromides studied appear to have unusual physical chemical properties.
Comparison of three whole seed near‐infrared analyzers for measuring quality components of canola seed
Authors: Daun James K. , Clear Kathleen M. , Williams Phil
Published: July 2007

Whole seed near‐infrared (NIR) analyzers are capable of high‐speed compositional analysis of oilseed commodities. This study compared the PerCon Inframatic 8144 (Perten Instruments, North America Inc., Reno, NV), the Tecator Infratec 1225 (Tecator AB, Hoganas, Sweden) and the NIR‐Systems 6500 (NIR Systems, Inc., Silver Spring, MD) analyzers for measurement of oil, protein, chlorophyll and glucosinolates in intact canola seed of composite samples from the Grain Research Laboratory's (Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada) annual Western Canada Harvest Surveys (1985–1989) for assembly of calibration and prediction sets. No significant differences were found between the three instruments for oil [standard error of prediction (SEP 0.43–0.55%)], protein (SEP 0.35–0.42%) and glucosinolates (SEP 2.4–3.8 mM/g). Neither the Tecator nor the PerCon instruments were effective for determining chlorophyll. By combining oil content and fatty acid composition data to give an estimate of the total level of each fatty acid in the sample, high correlations were obtained for total saturates, linolenic acid, and linoleic acid although the RPD (ratio of the S.E. of prediction to the S.D. of the original data) values were not high enough to enable routine use of the method to predict results.
Identification and segregation of high‐value soybeans at a country elevator
Authors: Hurburgh Charles R.
Published: July 2007

For three harvest seasons, 1989–1991, a whole‐grain nearinfrared transmission analyzer was used at a large Iowa elevator to measure oil and protein content of unground soybeans. In the third year, soybeans were physically sorted on the basis of the sum of protein and oil. The sum is a direct measure of processor revenue potential. The top 23% (approximately 150,000 bu or 4500 MT) of soybeans were isolated from the lower 77%. The “high‐value” beans (with sum 0.7 percentage points above the average) were isolated for future sale to a processor. The analyzer performed accurately and required about 1.5 min per test. Compared to the normal 1.0 min per test for moisture measurement, this caused an additional delay of about 30 s per load for farmers, which is a significant cost over the 100–300 loads per day received by the elevator. Because this was a new program for elevator employees, errors in data transcription and communication reduced the value difference of the high‐sum beans from its theoretical maximum of 1.2 percentage points, but the high‐value beans still had a theoretical 10 cent/bushel advantage over average unsegregated beans delivered to that elevator. Cost accounting showed the testing and segregation to cost about 2–3 cents per bushel. Testing and segregation is feasible in the U.S. grain market.
Oxidative stability of purified canola oil triacylglycerols with altered fatty acid compositions as affected by triacylglycerol composition and structure
Authors: Neff W. E. , Mounts T. L. , Rinsch W. M. , Konishi H. , El‐Agaimy M. A.
Published: July 2007

Canola oil triacylglycerols from genetically modified canola lines (InterMountain Canola Co., Cinnaminson, NJ) have been evaluated for their photooxidative and autoxidative stabilities, as influenced by their fatty acid compositions and their triacylglycerol compositions and structures. Purified canola oil triacylglycerols were oxidized in duplicate in fluorescent light at 25°C and in the dark at 60°C under oxygen, and their oxidative deterioration with time was monitored by determining colorimetric peroxide values. Also monitored with time, oxidation products were determined by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance detection. Total volatiles, generated by thermal decomposition of the oxidized triacylglycerols, were quantitated by static‐head‐space gas chromatography. These experimental parameters were statistically correlated with predicted oxidizability, fatty acid composition, position of fatty acids on glycerol carbons and triacylglycerol composition. Oxidative deterioration of canola triacylglycerols correlated negatively with oleic acid composition, with oleic acid content at carbon 2 and with trioleoylglycerol content of the oil. Deterioration was positively correlated with the amount of linolenic acid on nonspecific locations on glycerol carbons 1,2 and 3, the amount of linoleic acid on glycerol carbon 2 and withsn‐oleoyllinoleoyllinolenoyl glycerol content. Differences in character or quantity of volatile product and triacylglycerol hydroperoxides were low, whether generated during autoxidation or photooxidation of the canola triacylglycerols.
Effects of frying oil composition on potato chip stability
Authors: Warner K. , Orr P. , Parrott L. , Glynn M.
Published: July 2007

Potato chips were fried in six canola (low‐erucic acid rape‐seed) oils under pilot‐plant process settings that represented commercial conditions. Oil samples included an unmodified canola oil and oils with fatty acid compositions modified by mutation breeding or hydrogenation. Chips were fried for a 2‐d, 18‐h cycle for each oil. Chips and oil were sampled periodically for sensory, gas‐chromatographic volatiles and chemical analyses. Unmodified canola oil produced chips with lower flavor stability and oxidative stability than the other oils. The hydrogenated oil imparted a typical hydrogenation flavor to the chips that slightly affected overall quality. the modified canola oil (IMC 129) with the highest oleic acid level (78%) had the lowest content of total polar compounds and the lowest total volatile compounds at most of the storage times; however, the sensory quality of the potato chip was only fair. The potato chip with the best flavor stability was fried in a modified/blended oil (IMC 01‐4.5/129) with 68% oleic acid, 20% linoleic acid and 3% linolenic acid.
Possible causes for decreased stability of canola oil processed from green seed
Authors: Tautorus C. L. , Low N. H.
Published: July 2007

Canola oil extracted from seeds with a high‐chlorophyll content can contain chlorophyll derivatives in excess of 30 ppm. When processed, this oil has been observed to be less stable than oil (typically containing 5 to 25 ppm chlorophyll) processed from high‐grade seed. Possible causes for this phenomenon were investigated in this study. The effect of initial pheophytin content was examined by mixing fully saturated oil (tricapryloylglycerol) with increasing amounts of pheophytin and then by subjecting the mixtures to processing conditions. When the processed oils were combined with an unsaturated oil (canola oil), the oxidative stabilities decreased as the pre‐processing content of pheophytin increased. Examination of the effect of increased bleaching to remove excessive levels of pheophytin showed that oil stability decreased with increasing exposure to bleaching clay. Additionally, processing treatments did not remove secondary autoxidation products from oil that was abused prior to processing. Such a finding revealed the importance of initial oil quality on processed oil stability, i.e., the greater abuse of the crude oil (resulting in greater contents of secondary oxidation products), the lower the stability of the processed oil. Finally, previous reports by other researchers of pheophytin's pro‐oxidative effect in oil stored in light were confirmed.