bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technology for the production of mature queen cells with a four day cycle
Authors:   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K. A. Timiryazev”, Russia, Moscow, Mannapov A. G. , Suyarkulov Sh. R. ,   Fergana Regional Union of Beekeepers, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana, Naal Ranim ,   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K. A. Timiryazev”, Russia, Moscow
Published: March 2022

For the complete breeding of queen bees with any method of their withdrawal, maternal and paternal families and queen-rearing colonies play a major role and close attention should be paid to them. This is especially true for the formation of queen-rearing colonies. In the periodic beekeeping literature, the technology with a 3- and 5-day cycle of giving larvae to queen-rearing colonies is widely covered. However, as our experiments have shown, the odd alternation of the day of larval production complicates the work, and especially with the mass withdrawal of queens. Instead of 3- and 5-day cycles of giving larvae to queen-rearing colonies, we propose the use of innovative technology for breeding queen bees with the formation of two groups of queen-rearing colonies with a 4-day cycle of setting larvae. The use of this technology allowed to increase the intake of larvae for uterine cultivation by 33,3 %. At the same time, the infertile queens bees that came out were larger, conditioned by live weight, corresponding to the upper limit of the physiological norm of the standard of Carpathian breed of bees – 193,0 mg (control was 187,0 mg), and the weight of mature queen cells was higher than the control value by 3,91 % or 756,9 mg (control was 727,3 mg). The yield of mature queen cells has been increased compared with the traditional 3-day cycle to 300–400 pcs from one queen-rearing colony. The created technology of breeding queen bees by the formation of queen-rearing colonies with complete orphanhood and modeling of the swarm state due to the crowding of bees, especially in wells at the place of feeding adopted larvae for upbringing, allows you to get highly conditioned by the main conformation and biomorphological characteristics of infertile queens of Carpathian breed.
The effectiveness of feeding of diets with valine when rearing broiler chickens
Authors:   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K. A. Timiryazev”, Russia, Moscow, Buryakov N. P. , Shchukina S. A. ,   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K. A. Timiryazev”, Russia, Moscow, Gorst K. A. ,   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K. A. Timiryazev”, Russia, Moscow
Published: March 2022

Providing the necessary level of complete protein and amino acids in diets is necessary for intensive growth, health and high productivity of poultry. Protein nutrition of poultry can be regulated at the level of individual amino acids with the help of their additives and also improve the amino acid profile of the diet. Valine is the fourth limiting amino acid in broiler diets. A research has been carried out in the AO “Yaroslavl Broiler” poultry farm to assess the effect of the input of synthetic valine to the main diet on the zootechnical indicators of broiler chickens and the profitability of production. During the entire growing period, the poultry received rations developed according to the feed program of AO “Yaroslavl Broiler”. The reduced baseline level of total crude protein by 0,5–1,5 % below the standard in the compound feed recipes was compensated by the addition of three limiting amino acids, in the control group (lysine, methionine, threonine) and four, in the experimental group (lysine, methionine, threonine and valine). It has been shown that the addition of valine to the diet in an amount of 0,04–0,10 % did not reduce its nutritional values. Together with the first three limiting amino acids, the addition of crystalline valine improved the amino acid profile of the diet. Valine levels in the experimental group were higher than in the control group and only slightly below the recommended values for broiler chickens of the cross Ross 308 with a final weight of 2,5–3,0 kg. In broiler chickens have been receiving diets with additional valine, the average daily gain in live weight was 62,12 g, the average live weight of a chick was 2,74 kg, the feed conversion was 1,63 and the total meat yield was 207 449 kg, which were better than in the control group. Also, less feed was consumed in the experimental group, and the productivity index was 392,3 and was higher than in the control group.
Reproductive traits of sows with different duration of feeding of biologically active additives in their diet
Authors:   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Southern Ural State Agrarian University”, Russia, Chelyabinsk region, Troitsk, Ovchinnikov A. A. , Ovchinnikova L. Yu. ,   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Southern Ural State Agrarian University”, Russia, Chelyabinsk region, Troitsk, Matrosova Yu. V. ,   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Southern Ural State Agrarian University”, Russia, Chelyabinsk region, Troitsk
Published: March 2022

The addition to the main diet of sows of additional trace elements (copper, zinc, cobalt, manganese) 10–50 mg/kg of live weight, vitamin B₉ (folic acid) 35 mg/head. and Hexavit 196 mg/ head/day is the most effective in comparison with its use during the last third of pregnancy. The highest effect was obtained of all the compared groups when using a combination of trace elements with Hexavit and all the studied additives together. At the same time, the cobalt content in the blood of sows of these groups has been decreased by 3,3 and 5,0 times, and manganese by 2 times. In the first half of pregnancy, the addition of folic acid against the background of trace elements in the diet of sows had a more positive effect on individual indicators of metabolic metabolism in comparison with other groups. However, in the last third of pregnancy, the best results were observed in the group with Hexavit: the total protein content increased by 3,8 %, urea decreased by 57,6 (P ≤ 0,001), glucose increased by 25,1 %. The feed additive of trace elements and folic acid in the diet of sows in comparison with the control group increased the total number of piglets in the litter by 10,2 %, trace elements and Hexavit by 22,0, with their total use by 18,6 % (P ≥ 0,05), and the number of live piglets by 7,1 %, 9,1 and 15,2 %, respectively. At the same time, the consumption of compound feed, energy and protein per piglet decreased by 6,6 %, 16,1 and 13,2 %, respectively. The use of vitamin and mineral additives with Hexavit in the diet of sows in the last third of pregnancy, as well as with the addition of folic acid, increased the number of newborn piglets by 6,3 %, and live piglets by 2,6 and 1,8 %, respectively. Folic acid alone with trace elements did not have the positive effect on the reproductive traits of sows.
Objective assessment of the uniformity of compound feed products
Authors:   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K. A. Timiryazev”, Russia, Moscow, Kostomakhin N. M. , Spesivtsev A. S. ,   Moscow
Published: March 2022

Proper feeding has a decisive influence on the growth, development, health and productivity of farm animals. In this regard, the role of methods that correctly assess the variability of the distribution of components in animal diets is beyond anyone’s doubt. It is quite natural that the results obtained using different techniques may differ, i. e. not be comparable. It is possible to eliminate this conflict only if we adopt a single methodology that gives authentic and reproducible results. At the same time, it is necessary that all its provisions are scientifically justified and do not allow any double interpretation. Using the example of the methodology for determining the uniformity of products of the feed industry, the authors provide a convincing evidence base (calculations, tables) that it is possible to create an objective methodology if based on scientifically sound postulates: the weight and number of samples with which the value of the coefficient of variation V Скмп of the distribution of components in feed products correlates. They should be strictly regulated; any arbitrarily chosen value of the coefficient of variation of the distribution of components in the samples of concentrates and premixes does not guarantee the subsequent production of highly effective feed. The value V Скмп should be such that using these products it is possible to produce highly effective feed. In high-performance feed, it is necessary to control the variability of the distribution in the samples, of all components without exception. In addition, the authors have proposed alternative criteria for the variability of the distribution of components in samples (diets). The formulas necessary for calculation, examples of calculations, tables of practical importance have bee given. Proper coordination of work on improving existing regulatory documents in the coming years will ensure the production of highly efficient feed products and abandon most of the super-expensive import.
Domestic agriculture as a determinant of rural human capital development
Authors:   Ural State Agrarian University (USAU), Ekaterinburg Kurgan State Agricultural Academy (KSAA), Kurgan, Golovina S. G.
Published: March 2022

The structure and quality of human capital is mutually correlated with the state and dynamics of agriculture, a key sector of rural development. The article presents some results of a review and analytical research, the purpose of which is to assess current trends in the development of domestic agriculture in terms of changes in its structure, development conditions, and results. The most important result is a scientifically based statement that due to the significant transformation observed in the agriculture due to scientific and technological progress, the shift of some public priorities, the diversification of production, new government initiatives, rural areas need today (for their dynamic development) in human capital with adequate qualitative characteristics. The trends noted in the work that take place in the crop and livestock sub-sectors of the agrarian economy determine the formation and use of new educational strategies, improved technologies for additional professional training, modern institutional structures for knowledge transfer and consulting.
Le travail hors de l'usine. Bricolage et double activité
Authors: Weber Florence
Published: March 2022

Work outside of the factory : tinkering or multiple job holding ?.

The purpose of this paper is to show that the notion of "pluriactivity" is irrelevant to describe the actuel diversity of the professional insertion of farm families. First we have to look at the non exclusively farming families as one kind of multiple job holding household ; secondly we have to locate the statuses of a single person's different activities : do we deal here with two jobs at the same level, or one job combined with tinkering or with hobbies ? As openings, I have chosen to study all of the outside-of-work activities in the factory- working population of N*, a township in Burgundy where a big metallurgist factory is settled since 1895. The ethnographic fieldwork, done between 1983 and 1984, has shown a large range ofworkers' activities, from gardening to farming from festivities organizing to tinkering and black work. By emphasizing how this "work-beside-of-the-factory" is a working class pattern, we are led towards a double reversal of our perspectives : front farm to factory and from residence to work. Indeed, the sociological object becomes, instead of being the farm household with a factory worker, the workers' outside-of-work activities as a whole. At the same time, we have thrown a doubt on the classical oppositions work/leisure and making a living/passing the time.
Du labeur paysan au métier d'agriculteur : l'élaboration statistique en agriculture
Authors: Barthez Alice
Published: March 2022

Front peasant work to former profession : the building-up ofstatistics in agriculture.

Defïning agriculture in terms of occupation does not seem easy. The family structure of agricultural production puts an unstable limit between household and professional universes and makes difftcult a distinction between occupation and inactivity.

The statistical definitions of former profession are evolving. Analysing them shows that abridgements were necessary but temporary. Referring to employment standards would imply that farmer's work has already been classified. Defining this activity in terms of time requires an arbitration on the tasks to consider. "Multiactivity" and "part-time" work categories emerge. While an approach to the activity is coming hard, the impossibility to consider farmers as a profession in its full sense is standing out. Further than the way of producing, the choice of reference standards is here in question.
La crise de la succession dans une famille paysanne bretonne
Authors: Rouvrais Alain
Published: March 2022

Succession crisis in a Britton peasant family.

Studying a Britton peasant family in its historical development front the end of the 19th century to 1985 gives an opportunity to apprehend front inside the various causes of rural emigration phenomenon.

Before the Second World War almost all departures were forced. In order to palliate their small economical and cultural capital, migrants appealed to their family which provided them with material and psychological help.

Afterwards, voluntary departures are increasing as a result ofa speeding up "defarmerizing" process and more generally of the developing French economy and the emergence of non agricultural jobs. Requirements to become a farmer being harder to meet, the educational institution occurs more and more to be an alternative for the families.
Le remblaiement des carrières abandonnées peut-il être intéressant ?
Authors: Bonnieux François , Rainelli Pierre
Published: March 2022

Depuis 1971, la remise en état des carrières est une obligation. Toutefois rien n'est prévu pour les carrières dont l'exploitation a commencé avant cette date. Dans ce papier, on a tenté d'évaluer l'intérêt économique de cette remise en état. Pour cela on a envisagé diverses destinations et plusieurs hypothèses économiques.

Dans une perspective de retour à l'agriculture et notamment pour des exploitations laitières, la rentabilité est très faible. Cette opération est envisageable uniquement si on peut à terme avoir un terrain constructible. Dans une perspective récréative (étang de pêche), la remise en état est intéressante. Dans une optique de rentabilité sociale, la remise en état à des fins agricoles est justifiée compte tenu des externalités positives ainsi créées.
Les difficultés financières récentes dans l'agriculture irlandaise
Authors: Matthews Alan
Published: March 2022

Certains secteurs de l'agriculture irlandaise ont connu de graves problèmes financiers ces dernières années. Cet article décrit les origines de la crise et l'ampleur des difficultés : en 1981, près de 10000 agriculteurs (sur 120000 exploitations de plus de deux unités de taille européenne) ne pouvaient rembourser leurs emprunts. Les remèdes employés sont ensuite présentés : plans de bonification des taux d'intérêt, plan d'incitation à l'emprunt en devises communautaires — l'Etat garantissant contre les variations de taux de change.

Pour conclure, l'auteur donne une estimation des éventuelles conséquences sur la structure des exploitations, les perspectives de croissance de la production dans l'avenir et l'attitude des agriculteurs vis-à-vis du crédit.
Problèmes financiers dans l'agriculture des Etats-Unis
Authors: Drabenstott M.
Published: March 2022

L'agriculture des Etats-Unis connaît une grave crise qui se traduit par la dégradation de la situation financière d'un pourcentage élevé d'exploitations. On a estimé qu'en 1985, 20 % des exploitations commerciales avaient de grosses difficultés (cash-flow négatifs et taux d'endettement supérieur à 40 %). Cela se répercute sur les diverses composantes du système de financement de l'agriculture.

L'origine des difficultés réside dans les évolutions des années 70. Le contexte économique poussait alors à accroître fortement la production. A rencontre des anticipations, la demande n'a connu qu'une faible progression. La période actuelle correspond donc à une phase d'ajustement particulièrement sévère : baisse des revenus et des valeurs d'actifs, alourdissement des charges d'emprunt. Son issue ne paraît pas prochaine compte tenu de la complexité et de l'importance des mécanismes en cause.
De la nature juridique des quotas laitiers et de leurs transferts
Authors: Crisenoy Chantal de
Published: March 2022

Le droit à commercialiser que sanctionne l'attribution d'un quota n'emporte nullement pour son bénéficiaire la propriété de sa référence. Aussi bien il ne peut en disposer librement, les transferts de quotas entre producteurs ne pouvant s'opérer indépendamment d'une mutation foncière. Au surplus depuis le décret du 31 juillet 1987, la référence éventuellement attachée à un bien ne profitera plus, ni toujours, ni entièrement, au cessionnaire mais, selon le jeu de trois variables (nature et taille du bien, référence de l'entrant), pourra, dans certains cas être ajoutée totalement ou partiellement à la réserve nationale. En liant ainsi quota et foncier, les règlements communautaires ambitionnaient d'interdire toute transaction. Pour autant, si en France, contrairement aux prédictions de la plupart et à ce qui se passe dans d'autres pays de la Communauté, aucun marché des quotas n'a pu réellement s'établir, c'est essentiellement en raison des particularismes fonciers qui y prévalent. Depuis le mois d'octobre 1987, les Etats membres peuvent autoriser leurs producteurs à céder temporairement une partie de leur référence et il est probable que si la France adoptait cette disposition, un marché locatif des quotas volants s'instaurerait rapidement à l'initiative des producteurs.
Peut-on se passer d'un marché des quotas ?
Authors: Gouin Daniel-Mercier
Published: March 2022

L'objet de cet article est d'analyser les forces économiques qui poussent à un marché des quotas notamment en France. Il souligne la demande potentielle de quotas qui résulte de la croissance passée des exploitations laitières, des tendances du progrès technique et même de la politique explicite de restructuration du secteur. Après des succès initiaux, le système actuel de primes à l'abandon de production laitière perd de son efficacité : les structures de la production nationale tendent à se figer peu à peu.

Des essais similaires d'interdiction des échanges monétaires de quotas ont eu lieu au Canada, notamment au Manitoba : la régulation administrative du transfert des quotas n'a pas pu empêcher le développement d'un marché, d'abord occulte, entériné ensuite par la réglementation.

L'article conclut que, en tant que "droit à produire" le quota a une valeur : la nier ne peut conduire qu'à des formes clandestines et anarchiques de marché. Une position très réticente dans ce domaine, comme celle de la France, pourrait devenir de plus en plus difficile à tenir.
Sylviculture et chasses : une cohabitation impossible
Authors: Nougarède Olivier
Published: March 2022

La superposition sur un même espace forestier de pratiques divergentes (production ligneuse et activités cynégétiques) est source de nombreuses contradictions. Dans cet article, on étudie sur la base d'enquêtes auprès des utilisateurs d'une forêt du Bassin Parisien, comment se confrontent ces diverses pratiques d'appropriation sociale ; on étudie aussi les conflits qu'elles engendrent. Cette analyse des différentes façons de posséder, de travailler, et d'utiliser un même espace permet de penser que la chasse en se transformant de plus en plus en activité monétarisée risque de devenir incompatible avec une sylviculture intensive. Pour rentabiliser leurs investissements en forêt, certains propriétaires devront-ils choisir entre la commercialisation de loisirs cynégétiques et celle de produits ligneux ?
Les déterminants de l'innovation en agriculture à travers la littérature sur le machinisme et les engrais
Authors: Byé Pascal , Chanaron Jean-Jacques , Perrin Jacques
Published: March 2022

Cet article passe en revue des travaux traitant de l'innovation dans les industries de l'agro-fourniture. Il porte sur la genèse de cette innovation, sur la diffusion des techniques correspondantes dans l'agriculture et, en dernier ressort, à travers cette dynamique, sur l'innovation en agriculture. Il se limite à la littérature relative à deux industries (machinisme agricole et engrais) car l'une et l'autre ont fortement marqué les techniques de production en agriculture. Les travaux analysés relèvent des disciplines historiques, économiques ou sociologiques ; ils ont été retenus en fonction de l'importance qu'ils accordent à l'analyse des innovations de rupture en France, en Angleterre et aux Etats-Unis à des moments précis de leur croissance économique : la Révolution industrielle, les périodes d'après-guerre, la crise des années 70.

L'apport de la littérature examinée est regroupé autour des thèmes suivants : les déterminants de la genèse et de la diffusion des techniques ; les transferts des techniques dans l'agriculture ; les dynamiques industrielles et l'environnement technico-économique.
L'allocation du temps des agriculteurs et des agricultrices
Authors: Brangeon Jean-Louis , Jégouzo Guenhaël , Roze Bernard
Published: March 2022

Sur la base d'observations et d'enregistrements effectués dans des exploitations laitières et/ou porcines du Finistère, la question est posée de savoir comment se détermine le comportement des exploitants et exploitantes dans l'affectation de leur temps, comportement singulier quand s'associent des années de travail agricole longues et une faible rentabilité du métier exercé. L'interprétation proposée prend en compte d'une part les conditions de la combinaison du travail non salarié avec le capital au sein de l'exploitation, d'autre part les déterminants de la répartition du temps entre l'affectation agricole, seule opportunité professionnelle considérée, et les trois autres usages alternatifs (travail domestique, temps physiologique, temps libre). L'analyse appelle l'attention sur l'influence décisive exercée dans les arbitrages par la fixité dans l'emploi agricole, la nullité du coût marginal du travail agricole, la place du travail domestique, la faiblesse de la demande de temps libre, enfin une assez faible propension à simplifier les techniques et méthodes de production agricole.
Une modélisation de l'offre et de la demande de bois bruts
Authors: Lönnstedt Lars , Peyron Jean-Luc
Published: March 2022

Les auteurs proposent un ensemble de méthodes, fondées sur la simulation, permettant de modéliser l'évolution du marché des bois ronds ainsi que celle de l'offre et de la demande correspondantes.

Sur le marché des bois ronds, l'équilibre de l'offre et de la demande est supposé être perpétuellement recherché mais jamais exactement atteint en raison notamment des modalités et délais de communication de l'information.

L'offre de bois ronds est assimilée à la ressource forestière disponible et donc considérée comme inélastique. La ressource disponible peut être calculée pour des domaines homogènes du point de vue de la croissance, du type de propriété, de l'essence prépondérante et de la structure des peuplements. La croissance est modélisée de deux façons différentes suivant que les peuplements sont équiennes ou inéquiennes.

La demande de bois ronds est dérivée de la demande de produits à partir d'un modèle industriel. L'originalité de cette approche, mais aussi ses limites sont mises en évidence.
Les perspectives des exploitations céréalières. Le cas de Beauce-Gâtinais
Authors: Carles Roland , Pelletier T.
Published: March 2022

Future prospects in cereal farms. The case of Beauce-Gâtinais.

Récent changes in EC agricultural policy for cereal and large crops ask questions to researchers on the future of cereal farms. Through the resuit s of a farming observatory in Beauce and Gâtinais, régions of the Parisean Basin, the récent évolution of farmers' incarne, new balance between productions and farm inputs during the period 1981-1987, are examined in a first part.

Then, in a second part, several adaptations of cereal Systems are studied with modelling of a normative cereal farm : réduction of cereals or oil seeds prices, premium for set aside land, increasing of farms surface are analysed. This allows to appreciate the sensibility in choice between productions and the repercussion on farmers' income.
Formation et répartition des gains de productivité dans les agricultures européennes entre 1967 et 1987
Authors: Bureau Jean-Christophe , Butault Jean-Pierre , Hassan Daniel , Lerouvillois Philippe , Rousselle Jean-Marc
Published: March 2022

Le revenu agricole européen connaît depuis une quinzaine d'années une évolution peu favorable. L'objet de cette étude est d'identifier les facteurs qui expliquent ce phénomène, en remontant pour cela à la fin des années I960. La méthode est celle des comptes de surplus, qui permet de séparer les effets dus à la productivité de ceux qui sont liés à la variation des prix, tant des produits que moyens de production.

Il ressort que l'Europe agricole n'a pas subi, au cours des vingt dernières années, de véritable rupture concernant le mode de formation de ses gains de productivité. Investissement, croissance de la production, amélioration de la productivité du travail sans forte dégradation de celle du capital constituent les principales caractéristiques d'un modèle qui, bien que de façon inégale, domine dans tous les pays. Cela indique que la baisse des prix agricoles, liée au caractère excédentaire de la production, a un rôle essentiel dans la dégradation du revenu.

Dans le courant des années 1980, s'est toutefois amorcée une évolution vers un mode de formation des gains de productivité reposant davantage sur une économie de charges : désinvestissement et restauration de la productivité des consommations intermédiaires. La principale limite à cet ajustement reste cependant la quasi-fixité de la main-d'oeuvre familiale.
Les jardins secrets de l'usine. Logiques paysanne et ouvrière dans la gestion de la main-d'œuvre industrielle au Brésil
Authors: Alvim Maria Rosilene Barbosa , Leite Lopes José Sergio
Published: March 2022

Cette traduction offre un aperçu des travaux que deux anthropologues brésiliens ont menés sur la constitution de la main-d'œuvre d'une grande usine textile du Nordeste. On y découvre que cette population ouvrière a été extraite de la paysannerie environnante, puis fixée dans les limites de l'usine grâce à un système d'attribution de logements et de lopins de terre au sein d'une vaste cité ouvrière. Cette économie agricole du travail ouvrier n'a pas survécu, après guerre, à l'extension du droit du travail, ni à l'intensification des luttes pour le contrôle du pouvoir local.
Différenciation des produits sur le marché des édulcorants : un modèle d'analyse
Authors: Réquillart Vincent , Giraud-Héraud Eric
Published: March 2022

Product differentiation on sweeteners market : an analysis model.

The European sweetener market is higbly influenced by the regulation. Sucrose market is a reserved one and price and quantifies are guaranted. EC prices are bigher than world prices and the production of the main competitors of sucrose, namely "high fructose corn syrup" (HFCS) produced from cereals, are restricted to about 2% of the market.

In the whole, few European researchers have analysed this competition between sweeteners and its implications for agricultural policy. Smith (1978) analyses the trend of sweeteners markets (sugar from beet and HFCS from cereals) and its implications for economie policy. In particular he shows the differences between the US and EC situations. Even in the EC, the author suggests that a liberalization ofHFCS market allows it to take some market share to sugar in particular in countries like Italy where beet production is still adapted.

The aim of this paper is to characterize the competition between cereal and sugar beet sweeteners. We focus on the imperfect compétition on this market with the help of models where the product differentiation is explieitely taking into account (address model of product differentiation à la Hotelling, 1929). The consumers program imply a vertical differentiation model where the consumers have différent fastes between the offering qualifies (following Mussa and Rosen, 1978 and Champsaur and Rochet, 1989). Nevertheless minimising provision costs could imply to use more than one kind of product when starch sweeteners are not sufficiently substituable with the sucrose.

We show that microeconomic analysis of consumers andfirms behaviours on this specifie market allows us to throw back into question several of generally accepted ideas based on econometric results of demandin the US market (Lopez and Sepulveda, 1983).

In particular, we define a price map characterized by some areas where products benefit in fact of a monopoly power and by others areas where there is effective competition. Simulations on final demand of sweeteners in France and EC are also presented according to différent assumptions on régulation and prices (we distinguish ten sectors of consumption). It appears that within small differences of prices, the cereal sweeteners could take over sugar markets for some particular uses such as soft drinks. When sugar prices are about 20 % higher that HFCS prices, substitution in sweeteners coule represent a quar- ter of the total demande in sugar. In comparison with the US market, where HFCS replace about 50 % of sugar, this market for HFCS is rather small. This is mainly due to the différences in the structure of consumption.
L'estimation du revenu des ménages agricoles : approches microéconomiques
Authors: Brangeon Jean-Louis , Jégouzo Guenhaël
Published: March 2022

New forms of state income support for f armer's require knowledge of the statistical distribution of farming households according to their total income. However, France has no reliable means of analysing that distribution y et, particularly of low income groups. Realized improvements are very small as we see in revisiting measurement of farmers' Personal incomes. Households here considered are those offarmers working exclusively or principally in agriculture. Four sources of microdata are examined : the Farm Accountancy Data Network (RICA in France), fax data, household surveys with interview, other opérations such as the '"analysis" of Farming Statistics.

RICA is the best tool of agricultural income' s measurement for professional farms. With the pluriannual resuit s it is possible to distinguish transient low incomes and persistent low incomes. So we know that if 35 % of holdings belonging to network from 1982 to 1986 (n = 2207) have a negative or zero net income (after payment of compulsory social insurances contributions) during a year at least, more than half of deficits last only one year. If 66 % of holdings have a small net income, i.e. lower than 40 000 F, during one year at least, only 25 % — but it's still much — have such an income during five years. But the lowest area of distribution is partly excluded, smallest holdings being out of survey field. Another restriction is that RICA in France has not for target to capture family incomes from non agricultural origins.

If surveys on fiscal revenues include incomes of ail origins, underestimation is important and varying among households. Number of low total incomes is overestimated. However it is the less imperfect source on farmer' s non agricultural incomes : wages are better known ; and error margin being less for selected categories of households, these results can be useful to support assumptions on amounts per categories of total fiscal and non fiscal revenues.

Although for few years household interview surveys have several questions on incomes, their results on this point for farmers are disappointing.

"Analysis" of farm statistics is an evaluation of global income (farm income + other gainful activity return + retirement pension) obtained by families living or working in farms, for selected years. Several of family incomes are calculated by standards. So data are potential incomes at level ofeach family ; but groups' means allow to estimate some disparities.

As to implementation of agro-social policy, it refers to Personal incomes which usually are roughly estimated.

This review leads to specify what partial studies of personal distribution are today possible for farm and non agricultural income offarmers working exclusively or principally in agriculture. Suggestions are made to attempt an improvement of present measurement.
Les difficultés financières des agriculteurs européens
Authors: Blogowski Alain , Colson François , Léon Yves
Published: March 2022

Financial difficulties faced by European farmers.

The policy of rapid modernization of a large fringe of European agriculture has led to an unprecedented development of farm production and labour productivity. Nonetbeless, over the last décade a large number of f armers hâve found themselves in financial difficulties. This no longer only concerns f armers in precarious situations la- boriously subsisting on small unit s of production. At the same time as such small unit s are disappearing, young f armers on medium-sized and large farms, who hâve often be- nefited from modernization subsidies, are also running into trouble. This phenomenon became, during the eighties, a problem of agricultural policy for several countries in Northern Europe.

In order to evaluate, among the low-income f armers, how many hâve extrême financial difficulties, an examination of individual situations becomes necessary. Based on the si- multaneous analysis of a ratio of financial autonomy and a mesasurement of income or self-financing, this examination shows that financial fragility is no longer a marginal phenomenon and that the farmers in question are often very well-equipped. The crisis has hit Denmark particularly badly since more than half the farms hâve had financial difficulties. In comparison with Denmark, the problems in other countries seem less acute. Thus, in Ireland, the proportion of farmers in difficulty was never more than 9 % even tvhen the crisis bit deepest (1980).

In more récent years (1986-1988), the proportion has varied between 14% and 29 % in the countries under study : France, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. In order to help their farmers in difficulty, most states hâve had to intervene on either a short or longer term basis. Assistance usually takes the form of the goverment covering part of the interest payments on the loans contracted by the farmers, or, more rarely, a guarantee by the public authorities on the banking loans. Assessment of the effectiveness of such assistance, carried ont in some of the countries involved, shows that greater financial viability is always a resuit of improved performance of the farms. Public aid has a bénéficiai effect when it atténuâtes excessive financial charges but is inappropriate when it holds up the restructuring of unproductive farms. In light of thèse findings, the policies of systematic économie assistance to debt-ridden farms hâve everywhere been cal- led into question. Only sélective aid for farms faced with adaptation difficulties seem to be worth maintaining.
Vers des techniques agricoles fondées sur la science
Authors: Byé Pascal , Fonte Maria
Published: March 2022

Le recours aux biotechnologies participe d'abord de la modification progressive de "la base commune de savoirs" mobilisée pour accroître la production agro-alimentaire. Leur développement actuel va ainsi de pair avec leur capacité à renforcer les savoirs et les techniques en vigueur. Mais leur véritable potentialité — celle qui conduit à une véritable "scientifisation des savoirs paysans" — ne s'exprime qu'avec la redéfinition des relations de l'homme à la Nature. L'essor des biotechnologies reposerait en effet à terme sur leurs capacités à articuler la production de biens consommables et la reproduction des écosystèmes cultivés.
S'adapter à la demande alimentaire : nouvelles orientations industrielles en matière d'innovation
Authors: Wilkinson John
Published: March 2022

L'analyse des biotechnologies agro-alimentaires mises en œuvre dans la production industrielle fait apparaître deux grandes caractéristiques : l'extrême hétérogénéité des structures productives qui les adoptent, d'une part, le caractère transverse ou générique des biotechnologies, de l'autre.

Une enquête réalisée auprès de vingt-six grandes sociétés confirment que les applications industrielles des biotechnologies supposent le développement de nouvelles formes d'intégration et de coopération au sein du complexe agro-alimentaire. Ces nouvelles organisations devront tenir compte, cependant, des nouvelles exigences des consommateurs en matière de sécurité et de qualité alimentaires.
Évaluation économique des performances et instrumentation de gestion
Authors: Cohendet Patrick , Llerena Patrick
Published: March 2022

L'objectif de cet article est de proposer une synthèse critique des différentes lignes de recherche en cours dans le domaine de l'évaluation économique, des performances et de l'instrumentation de gestion. Cette synthèse part du constat que l'instrumentation de gestion est aujourd'hui en crise, et de l'hypothèse qu'un système d'indicateurs d'entreprises est étroitement dépendant du mode de représentation que l'on se fait de l'entreprise. L'article s'attachera en particulier à définir les contours du mode de représentation qualifié "modèle de réactivité" qui semble s'imposer actuellement, en situant les différences que suppose l'appréhension de ce modèle en terme d'instrumentation de gestion.
Stratégies de planification et d'ordonnancement. Quel modèle pour l'industrie des produits frais laitiers ?
Authors: Nakhla Michel
Published: March 2022

Scheduling in the food processing industry.

This article analyses the problem of production scheduling in the dairy product industry where variety and sell-by date constraints have to be taken into account. Using the formalization of priorities as a basis, we shall attempt to demonstrate that a thorough understanding of the relation between a formai scheduling model and its implementation permits one to grasp the profound changes in industrial processing Systems at present.

The analysis presented does not daim to represent a generai theory of scheduling in the dairy industry, taking into account ail the industrial aspects, but a departure point for highlighting basis issues which will no doubt prepare future industrial Systems. The formalization of priorities gives a clear indication of the knowledge of those involved in scheduling. In practice these actors strive continually to find a schedule combining the different constraints to devise a programme based on compromise. This "savoir-combiner", or skill in combining, is in fact closely related to the state of productive facilities. Production managers structure the resolution of a priority problem by using a few rules to break it down into several smaller independent problems. This enables them to reduce the number of possible combinations and then to find a schedule in stages. Their calculation takes into account firm orders and stocks, the state of the workshop's resources, the sequence and assignment of products to lines according to the size of orders and in the light of past experience. It is their experience which leads them to consider certain workshop configurations as potentially more efficient than others. This experience also leads them at the start of production to favour highly decentralized scheduling and consequently to simplify combinations which leads, in the end, to a certain succession of batches.

The search for a compromise between multiple objectives based on both previous situations in the workshop and on a decentralization of scheduling seems to favour the development of skills in combining, which closely follow changes in the productive system it self as is shown below. With this analysis new representations of possible changes can be created and the idea of a transformation of work organization based on a new form of production management can be developed.

Other ways of adapting to this new organization of production and simplification of scheduling now exist and concern mainly investment in production capacity. Some industries over-size and specialize their plants to deal with intense efforts during peak periods. They must however also convince the operators and the workers of the necessity of going from normal to flexible hours during the year.
Les incidences des relations franco-britanniques sur le commerce du vin (1689- 1860)
Authors: Nye John Vincent
Published: March 2022

War and wine : the constrained evolution of the Anglo-French wine trade , 1689-1860.

Prior to the last quarter of the seventeenth century, France was Britain's largest trading partner and accounted for the bulk of Britain's large merchandise trade deficit, mostly through the sale of wine and brandies. War with France, and retaliation for Colbert's mercantilist policies limiting imports of British manufacture led to prohibitions followed by extravagantly high tariffs on French wine and other alcoholic beverages. The long period of prohibition and tariffs between 1689 and 1713 permitted three strong lobbies to emerge in Britain : domestic beer brewers, makers of gin, whiskey and other liquor, and Anglo-Portuguese wine merchants. This led to a deliberate policy of keeping out French products and promotion of local beverages and imports from Portugal and Spain. Indeed, the Portuguese export of wines developed primarily to serve Britain. For the French, this meant the loss of her most lucrative market for over one and a half centuries, a loss only partially alleviated by French development of high-priced, high-quality wines designed to minimize the effects of specific (per volume) tariffs. For France, this meant a substantial loss of income. Preliminary calculations suggest a counterfactual in which I860 French domestic product would have been 20% to 70% higher depending on the underlying assumptions, a loss of much greater magnitude than the calculated gains for Britain from the steam engine. For Britain, this served as the foundation of a tax system that relied heavily on customs duties and domestic excises on alcoholic beverages while developing a national pattern of alcoholic demand centered on beer and gin at the low end and port and fine Bordeaux at the high end. Overall this paper stresses the importance of examining gains (or in this case, losses) from trade in an evolving economic and political context.
Modèles dynamiques d'oligopole sur les marchés internationaux du riz et du café
Authors: Karp Larry S. , Perloff Jeffrey M.
Published: March 2022

Le modèle présenté dans cet article est une extension de l'analyse classique d'un oligopole au cas de firmes ou de pays confrontés à des aléas de production et de coûts d'ajustement à court terme de leurs niveaux de production. Modèle linéaire-quadratique, il permet de mesurer le pouvoir de marché des producteurs sur deux marchés internationaux de matières premières agricoles : le riz et le café. Deux types de stratégies sont envisageables pour ces firmes ou pays : des stratégies en boucle ouverte qui correspondent en fait à des contrats de livraison de long terme non renégociés, et des stratégies markoviennes, où les joueurs révisent leurs plans d'offres au cours du temps en fonction du comportement des autres oligopoleurs et/ou de variables de conjoncture exogènes affectant le marché. Les niveaux de production à l'équilibre markovien du jeu entre oligopoleurs sont plus proches du niveau concurrentiel que les productions d'équilibre en boucle ouverte. L'analyse économétrique du marché du café conduit à penser que ce dernier fonctionne de manière quasi-concurrentielle. La réduction de la production par rapport au niveau concurrentiel se situe entre 7 et 14 % de celle-ci selon la technique d'estimation retenue.
Les modèles d'entreprise : application au secteur laitier
Authors: Albert Pierre , Huiban Jean-Pierre , Martin Michel
Published: March 2022

Models offirm : a tool to study and classify dairy industry.

The study of industrial sectors has always been very present in the economic literature. But several different approaches were used, some concerning especially the sectoral dynamics and others dealing with the study of firm, considered as an organizational entity or as an informational nexus. Works that would try to build a bridge between the différent approaches are rare.

We propose a synthetic représentation of the firm within three dimensions : the technical combination of production factors, the organizational structure, the relations with the market. By this way, an industrial sector can be considered as the aggregation of several groups composed by firms that are close to a stylised form, that we named a "firm model".

We consider the case of the French dairy industry as an empirical field to test this analytical tool. Thus, each firm of this sector is analyzed and classified with the help of this scheme, by using individual statistkal data and some data analysis, classification and analysis of variance methods. Nine «firm models» appear in the dairy industry case. Their characteristics as well as their relative weight in the sector are quite different. We also test their relative performances by using various criteria and point oui the existence of an hierarchy between these models : some are very efficient, while the existence of some others is quite surprising in regard to their relative performances.

By the same time, we reveal that some complementarities exist between the firms of the different models, concerning for instance the functional distribution of jobs, this is suggested explicit or implicit relations between firms : competition is not the only way, and coordination also appears between firms. That last point can be useful to understand the sectoral architecture. A sector is not only a competition space for firms, but also a cooperation one. The existence of some firms as well as their strategics or performances cannot be understood if these kinds of relation between firms are not pointed out.
Recherche publique et dynamique industrielle. Une illustration sur la base d'un modèle évolutionniste appliqué au secteur des semences
Authors: Lemarié Stéphane
Published: March 2022

L'article fait ressortir trois formes principales d'effets de la recherche publique sur la dynamique industrielle, en montrant à chaque fois que l'analyse doit se référer à un certain contexte.

Lorsque l'innovation est contenue dans un certain paradigme, la recherche publique permet (i) un élargissement des opportunités technologiques sur des domaines où l'appropriation de telles opportunités est difficile ou (ii) une augmentation des incitations à investir en recherche dans certaine structure industrielle où des pouvoirs de marché peuvent être acquis en investissant peu en recherche. Enfin (iii), lors d'une phase de changement de paradigme, la recherche publique facilite la transformation en accélérant l'apprentissage des entreprises. Ce dernier effet concerne aussi bien la formation des anticipations avant l'engagement de l'entreprise sur la nouvelle technologie, que le développement de nouvelles compétences après l'engagement.