bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DNA‐Catalyzed Lysine Side Chain Modification
Authors: Brandsen Benjamin M. , Velez Tania E. , Sachdeva Amit , Ibrahim Nora A. , Silverman Scott K.
Published: July 2014

Catalyzing the covalent modification of aliphatic amino groups, such as the lysine (Lys) side chain, by nucleic acids has been challenging to achieve. Such catalysis will be valuable, for example, for the practical preparation of Lys‐modified proteins. We previously reported the DNA‐catalyzed modification of the tyrosine and serine hydroxy side chains, but Lys modification has been elusive. Herein, we show that increasing the reactivity of the electrophilic reaction partner by using 5′‐phosphorimidazolide (5′‐Imp) rather than 5′‐triphosphate (5′‐ppp) enables the DNA‐catalyzed modification of Lys in a DNA‐anchored peptide substrate. The DNA‐catalyzed reaction of Lys with 5′‐Imp is observed in an architecture in which the nucleophile and electrophile are not preorganized. In contrast, previous efforts showed that catalysis was not observed when Lys and 5′‐ppp were used in a preorganized arrangement. Therefore, substrate reactivity is more important than preorganization in this context. These findings will assist ongoing efforts to identify DNA catalysts for reactions of protein substrates at lysine side chains.
Small bowel obstruction, incisional hernia and survival after laparoscopic and open colonic resection (LAFA study)
Authors:   the Collaborative LAFA Study Group, Bartels S A L , Vlug M S , Hollmann M W , Dijkgraaf M G W , Ubbink D T , Cense H A , van Wagensveld B A , Engel A F , Gerhards M F , Bemelman W A , Cuesta M A , van Geloven A A W , van der Zaag E S , Wind J , Preckel B , Bossuyt P , Gouma D , Sprangers M , van Berge Henegouwen M I , Tanis P J , Buskens C J , van Lenthe I Picard , Bakker C , DeJong C H , van Dam R M , van der Peet D , van Zalingen E , Noordhuis A , Goei T H , van Tets W , deWit L , Clevers W , Bieleman A , Coenen L , Bonekamp E , van Abeelen J , van Iterson-de Jong D , Krombeen M
Published: July 2014

Background

Short-term advantages to laparoscopic surgery are well described. This study compared medium- to long-term outcomes of a randomized clinical trial comparing laparoscopic and open colonic resection for cancer.

Methods

The case notes of patients included in the LAFA study (perioperative strategy in colonic surgery; LAparoscopy and/or FAst track multimodal management versus standard care) were reviewed 2–5 years after randomization for incisional hernia, adhesional small bowel obstruction (SBO), overall survival, cancer recurrence and quality of life (QoL). The laparoscopic and open groups were compared irrespective of fast-track or standard perioperative care.

Results

Data on incisional hernias, SBO, survival and recurrence were available for 399 of 400 patients: 208 laparoscopic and 191 open resections. These outcomes were corrected for duration of follow-up. Median follow-up was 3·4 (i.q.r. 2·6–4·4) years. Multivariable regression analysis showed that open resection was a risk factor for incisional hernia (odds ratio (OR) 2·44, 95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 1·12 to 5·26; P = 0·022) and SBO (OR 3·70, 1·07 to 12·50; P = 0·039). There were no differences in overall survival (hazard ratio 1·10, 95 per cent c.i. 0·67 to 1·80; P = 0·730) or in cumulative incidence of recurrence (P = 0·514) between the laparoscopic and open groups. There were no measured differences in QoL in 281 respondents (P > 0·350 for all scales).

Conclusion

Laparoscopic colonic surgery led to fewer incisional hernia and adhesional SBO events. Registration number: NTR222 (http://www.trialregister.nl).
Anticipated velocity based guidance strategy for wheeled mobile evader amidst stationary and moving obstacles in bounded environment
Authors: Kumar Amit , Ojha Aparajita
Published: July 2014

This paper is concerned with a class of pursuit‐evasion game problems amidst stationary and moving obstacles in a bounded environment. We concentrate on evader's strategy taking into account the following challenges: (i) pursuer and evader are nonholonomic wheeled mobile robots and the evader is slower than the pursuer; (ii) pursuer follows a proportional navigation law; and (iii) geometry of the environment is not known to the players, a priori. We propose an efficient evader‐centric anticipated velocity based guidance strategy. Pursuer's trajectory is anticipated at each step by the evader using quadratic polynomial interpolation. The aim of the evader is to escape interception with the pursuer for maximum possible time. To deal with static obstacles, a technique based on a well‐known tangent bug algorithm is presented. While dealing with dynamic obstacles, a recently introduced reciprocal orientation method is employed to avoid collision in situations when the dynamic obstacle also cooperates in the process. In case dynamic obstacles do not participate in the process of collision avoidance, a well‐known velocity obstacle method is employed for planning safe collision‐free paths. Efficiency of the proposed algorithms is analyzed with respect to the interception time and the distance traveled by the players. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Upper limb erythema nodosum: the first presentation of Crohn's disease
Authors: Faulkes R. E.
Published: July 2014

Key Clinical Message

Inflammatory bowel disease can present with extraintestinal features as the patient's only complaint. The erythema nodosum (EN) initially affected the upper limbs only, reminding us that signs do not always present in a classical fashion. The presence of EN should prompt the clinician to look for any underlying cause.
Application of In Situ Coating on a Two‐Compound System
Authors: Wendt Kristin , Petersen Sandra , Ulrich Joachim
Published: July 2014

To test the application of in situ coating as an alternative coating technology, pastilles drop‐formed from molten mixtures containing xylitol and isomalt were produced. The efficiency and usability of the classical nucleation techniques in this practical application could be demonstrated. Besides the influence of power ultrasound and seeding, the effect of a combination of both on nucleation at the shell of the drop‐formed melt mixtures was examined. Microscopic cross‐section pictures illustrate the impact on quality of the coating layer of drop‐formed pastilles.
Tuning a Single Ligand System to Stabilize Multiple Spin States of Manganese: A First Example of a Hydrazone‐Based Manganese(III) Spin‐Crossover Complex
Authors: Shongwe Musa S. , Al‐Barhi Kaltham S. , Mikuriya Masahiro , Adams Harry , Morris Michael J. , Bill Eckhard , Molloy Kieran C.
Published: July 2014

A series of bis‐chelate pseudo‐octahedral mononuclear coordination complexes of manganese with the chromophore [MnN4O2]n+ (n=0, 1) have been generated in all three principal oxidation states of this transition‐metal center under ambient conditions by utilizing a readily tunable, versatile phenolic pyridylhydrazone ligand system (i.e., H2(3,5‐R1,R2)‐L; L=ligand). Strategic combinations of the nature and position of a variety of substituent groups afforded selective, spontaneous stabilization of multiple spin states of the manganese center, which, upon close crystallographic scrutiny, appears to be in part due to the occurrence or absence of hydrogen‐bonding interactions that involve the phenolate/phenolic oxygen atom. The divalent complexes are isolable in two forms, namely, molecular [MnII{H(3,5‐R1,R2)‐L}2] and ionic [MnII{H2(3,5‐R1,R2)‐L}{H(3,5‐R1,R2)‐L}]ClO4, with the latter complex converting easily into the former complex on deprotonation. Accessibility of the higher‐valent states is achievable only when the phenolate oxygen atom is sterically hindered from participation in hydrogen bonding. The [MnIII{H(3,5‐tBu2)‐L}2]ClO4 complex is the first example of a hydrazone‐based MnIII complex to exhibit spin crossover. Formation of the tetravalent complexes [MnIV{(3,5‐R1,R2)‐L}2] (R1=tBu, R2=H; R1=R2=tBu) necessitates base‐assisted abstraction of the hydrazinic proton.
Diastereoselective Nucleophilic Ring‐Opening Reactions of 2,6‐Diazasemibullvalenes for the Synthesis of Diverse Functionalized Δ1‐Bipyrroline Derivatives
Authors: Zhang Shaoguang , Zhan Ming , Zhang Wen‐Xiong , Xi Zhenfeng
Published: July 2014

Nucleophilic ring‐opening reactions of 2,6‐diazasemibullvalenes (NSBVs) were investigated. Different types of nucleophile (alcohols, phenols, thiols, carboxylic acids, water, enols, amines, indoles, metal‐halide salts, sodium azide, organozinc compounds, lithium alkynethiolate, and sulfoxonium ylides) were used to afford diverse functionalized Δ1‐bipyrroline derivatives in good yields with high regio‐ and diastereoselectivity. Most of the reactions featured milder conditions and higher reactivity relative to those for common aziridine derivatives, probably because of the rigid ring system and substitution patterns of NSBVs.
Identification of neuropeptide receptors expressed by melanin‐concentrating hormone neurons
Authors: Parks Gregory S. , Wang Lien , Wang Zhiwei , Civelli Olivier
Published: July 2014

Melanin‐concentrating hormone (MCH) is a 19‐amino‐acid cyclic neuropeptide that acts in rodents via the MCH receptor 1 (MCHR1) to regulate a wide variety of physiological functions. MCH is produced by a distinct population of neurons located in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and zona incerta (ZI), but MCHR1 mRNA is widely expressed throughout the brain. The physiological responses and behaviors regulated by the MCH system have been investigated, but less is known about how MCH neurons are regulated. The effects of most classical neurotransmitters on MCH neurons have been studied, but those of most neuropeptides are poorly understood. To gain insight into how neuropeptides regulate the MCH system, we investigated which neuropeptide receptors are expressed by MCH neurons by using double in situ hybridization. In all, 20 receptors, selected based on either a suspected interaction with the MCH system or demonstrated high expression levels in the LH and ZI, were tested to determine whether they are expressed by MCH neurons. Overall, 11 neuropeptide receptors were found to exhibit significant colocalization with MCH neurons: nociceptin/orphanin FQ opioid receptor (NOP), MCHR1, both orexin receptors (ORX), somatostatin receptors 1 and 2 (SSTR1, SSTR2), kisspeptin recepotor (KissR1), neurotensin receptor 1 (NTSR1), neuropeptide S receptor (NPSR), cholecystokinin receptor A (CCKAR), and the κ‐opioid receptor (KOR). Among these receptors, six have never before been linked to the MCH system. Surprisingly, several receptors thought to regulate MCH neurons displayed minimal colocalization with MCH, suggesting that they may not directly regulate the MCH system. J. Comp. Neurol., 522:3817–3833, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Review of spectral reflectance models for halftone prints: Principles, Calibration, and prediction accuracy
Authors: Hébert Mathieu , Hersch Roger D.
Published: July 2014

Reliable color reproduction can be achieved by establishing, using a model, the correspondence between the spectral reflectance of the printed surface and the amounts of deposited inks. In this article, we review the main models proposed in the literature, recall how each one is calibrated and compare their prediction accuracy for several print sets. The presented models are the Yule‐Nielsen modified spectral Neugebauer model, its cellular instance, the Clapper‐Yule model, its instance supporting low scattering, and the two‐by‐two halftone independent dot centering model. The Yule‐Nielsen and Clapper‐Yule based models are combined with ink spreading assessment methods that account for the interaction between light, inks, and paper. The prediction accuracy of the different models has been tested for several sets of printed colors on different supports, with different printing systems, different inks and different halftoning methods. These results show how the predictive performances and the model parameters vary according to the different printing setups. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 40, 383–397, 2015
A holistic model of the performance and the energy efficiency of hypervisors in a high‐performance computing environment
Authors: Guzek Mateusz , Varrette Sébastien , Plugaru Valentin , Pecero Johnatan E. , Bouvry Pascal
Published: July 2014

Virtualization is emerging as the prominent approach to mutualise the energy consumed by a single server running multiple virtual machines instances. The efficient utilisation of virtualized servers and/or computing resources requires understanding of the overheads in energy consumption and the throughput especially on high‐demanding high‐performance computing (HPC) platforms. In this paper, a novel holistic model for the power of virtualized computing nodes is proposed. Moreover, we create and validate instances of the proposed model using concrete measures taken during a benchmarking process that reflects an HPC usage, that is, HPC challenge, IOZone and Bonnie++, conducted using two different hardware configurations on Grid'5000 platform, based on Intel and Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) processors and three widespread virtualization frameworks, namely, Xen, Kernel‐based virtual machine and VMware ESXi. The proposed holistic model of machine power takes into account the impact of utilisation metrics of the machine's components, as well as the employed application, virtualization and hardware. The model is further derived using tools such as multiple linear regressions or neural networks that prove its elasticity, applicability and accuracy. The purpose of the model is to enable the estimation of energy consumption of virtualized platforms, aiming to make possible the optimization, scheduling or accounting in such systems or their simulation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating range‐expansion models for calculating nonnative species' expansion rate
Authors: Preuss Sonja , Low Matthew , Cassel‐Lundhagen Anna , Berggren Åsa
Published: July 2014

Species range shifts associated with environmental change or biological invasions are increasingly important study areas. However, quantifying range expansion rates may be heavily influenced by methodology and/or sampling bias. We compared expansion rate estimates of Roesel's bush‐cricket (Metrioptera roeselii, Hagenbach 1822), a nonnative species currently expanding its range in south‐central Sweden, from range statistic models based on distance measures (mean, median, 95thgamma quantile, marginal mean, maximum, and conditional maximum) and an area‐based method (grid occupancy). We used sampling simulations to determine the sensitivity of the different methods to incomplete sampling across the species' range. For periods when we had comprehensive survey data, range expansion estimates clustered into two groups: (1) those calculated from range margin statistics (gamma, marginal mean, maximum, and conditional maximum: ˜3 km/year), and (2) those calculated from the central tendency (mean and median) and the area‐based method of grid occupancy (˜1.5 km/year). Range statistic measures differed greatly in their sensitivity to sampling effort; the proportion of sampling required to achieve an estimate within 10% of the true value ranged from 0.17 to 0.9. Grid occupancy and median were most sensitive to sampling effort, and the maximum and gamma quantile the least. If periods with incomplete sampling were included in the range expansion calculations, this generally lowered the estimates (range 16–72%), with exception of the gamma quantile that was slightly higher (6%). Care should be taken when interpreting rate expansion estimates from data sampled from only a fraction of the full distribution. Methods based on the central tendency will give rates approximately half that of methods based on the range margin. The gamma quantile method appears to be the most robust to incomplete sampling bias and should be considered as the method of choice when sampling the entire distribution is not possible.
Controllable Release and High‐Efficiency Collection of Hydrogen Peroxide: Application on the Quantitative Investigation of Biomolecule Oxidation Induced by Reactive Oxygen Species
Authors: Hou Yuting , Xin Ningning , Chen Shu , Deng Chunyan , Xiang Juan
Published: July 2014

Hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical, both important members of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) family, can cause serious oxidative damages in biological systems. In order to proclaim and prevent oxidation stress, researches on the biomolecule oxidation induced by H2O2 or OH. are in crucial need. However, due to the high reactivity of ROS, traditional methods are difficult to achieve the in situ quantitative investigations on those reactions involving ROS. In this work, using scanning electrochemical microscopy technique (SECM) in a tip generation‐substrate collection mode (TG‐SC), the controllable release and the high‐efficiency collection of electrogenerated H2O2 were achieved. Compared to ex situ fluorescence method, SECM improved the collection efficiency approximately two times larger. Based on it, SECM combined with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was employed to in situ monitor the protein oxidation (taking Cu12+MT as a model) induced by H2O2. OH., which was generated from the interaction between H2O2 and Cu12+MT, can attack the peptide chain and induced the unrepairable protein oxidation damage. The whole process was quantitatively characterized by SPR, and the linear relationship between SPR dip shift and the amounts of released H2O2 was successfully built. Our work proves that the combined SECM‐SPR technique can realize the in situ quantitative determinations of the biomolecule oxidation induced by ROS, which affords an avenue for further elucidation on the mechanisms of oxidation stress in organisms.
Application of Novel Zn‐Ferrite Modified Glassy Carbon Paste Electrode as a Sensor for Determination of Cd(II) in Waste Water
Authors: Stanković Dalibor M. , Škrivanj Sandra , Savić Nenad , Nikolić Aleksandar S. , Vulić Predrag , Manojlović Dragan D.
Published: July 2014

This paper describes the preparation of a new sensor based on Zn‐ferrite modified glassy carbon paste electrode and its electrochemical application for the determination of trace Cd(II) ions in waste waters using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). Different Zn/Ni ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray powder diffraction (XRPD). The prepared ferrite nanoparticles were used for the preparation of Zn‐ferrite‐modified glassy carbon paste electrode (ZnMGCPE) for determination of Cd(II) at nanomolar levels in waste water at pH 5. The different parameters such as conditions of preparation, Zn2+/Ni2+/Fe2+ ratio and electrochemical parameters, percentage of modifier, accumulation time, pH and accumulation potential were investigated. Besides, interference measurements were also evaluated under optimized parameters. The best voltammetric response was observed for ZnFe2O4 modifier, when the percentage of modifier was 3 %, accumulation time 9 min, pH of supporting electrolyte 5 and accumulation potential −1.05 V. Thus prepared electrode displays excellent response to Cd(II) with a detection limit of 0.38 ppb, and selective detection toward Cd(II) was achieved.
Fire retardant synergism of hydroquinone bis(diphenyl phosphate) and novolac phenol in acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene copolymer
Authors: Ren Yanyan , Fu Quanjun , Wang Xinlong , Yang Lin , Zhou Jian , Zhong Benhe , Zhang Zhiye
Published: July 2014

Hydroquinone bis(diphenyl phosphate) (HDP) has been adopted to prepare acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene copolymer (ABS)/HDP/novolac phenol (NP) composites. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of ABS/HDP/NP composites is tested in this paper. The LOI value first grows with increasing ratio of HDP to NP, after reaching its maximum it decrease with further increasing ratio. The synergistic effect of HDP and NP exerted on the microstructure and the flame retardancy of ABS/HDP/NP composites are carefully analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimeter (CCT), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results of CCT show that the synergistic action of HDP and NP reduces its heat release rate and smoke production rate. The results of TGA and SEM demonstrated that the introduction of NP and HDP is conducive to the improvement of the thermal stability and the formation of the intumescent char with homogeneous cavities and holes. The EDS results indicate that the introduction of NP could help retain phosphorus in the chars. As a result, the synergistic action of HDP and NP is favorable to the enhancement of flame retardancy of ABS/HDP/NP composites. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Auditory Cues for Linear and Differential Magnification Methods on Visual Inspection Performance
Authors: Lee Fion C. H. , Chan Alan H. S.
Published: July 2014

The unfavorable consequence of biased attention to peripheral objects was reported with the use of a newly proposed differential magnification method by the authors. Given the favorable influence of auditory cueing on attention orientation, this study investigated the effectiveness of auditory cues in directing participants’ attention from the peripheral to foveal areas of the differential magnifying lens for improving inspection performance. Thirty‐nine Chinese undergraduates performed a simulated inspection task using a particular magnification method (between‐participant factor). Three within‐participant factors of auditory cue interval, target difficulty, and magnification power were tested. Objective performance measures of speed and accuracy and subjective evaluation using NASA task load index were collected and analyzed. The results showed that positive effects of auditory cues were found for the differential magnification methods but not for the traditional linear magnification method. Significant effects of target difficulty and magnification power were also found. It was concluded that the aid of auditory cues, which did not share the same attentional resource with the visual inspection task, proved to be an appropriate reminder for the differential magnification methods to improve participants’ visual inspection performance. Attention should also be paid to selecting an appropriate auditory cue interval for search tasks of different target difficulties. The findings of this study have implications for the design of video magnifiers in the context of multimodal human–machine interfaces.
Handling chemotherapy drugs—Do medical gloves really protect?
Authors: Landeck Lilla , Gonzalez Ernesto , Koch Olaf Manfred
Published: July 2014

Due to their potential mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic effects occupational exposure to chemotherapy drugs should be kept to a minimum. Utilization of personnel protective devices, especially the use of protective medical gloves, is a mainstay to avoid skin contact. The choice of appropriate gloves is of outstanding importance. For optimal protection in the oncology setting it is essential to establish general guidelines evaluating appropriate materials and defining quality standards. Establishing these guidelines can facilitate better handling and avoid potential hazards and late sequelae. In Europe there are no specific requirements or test methodologies for medical gloves used in the oncology environment. The implementation of uniform standards for gloves used while handling chemotherapy drugs would be desirable. In contrast, in the US medical gloves used to handle chemotherapy drugs have to fulfill requirements according to the ASTM International (American Society of Testing and Materials) standard D 6978‐05. Nitrile or natural rubber latex is a preferred basic glove material, while vinyl is considered inappropriate because of its generally increased permeability. For extended exposure to chemotherapy drugs, double gloving, the use of thicker gloves and the frequent change of gloves increases their protective power.
Adenovirus type 9 enhances differentiation and decreases cytokine release from preadipocytes
Authors: Bil‐Lula Iwona , Sochocka Marta , Zatońska Katarzyna , Szuba Andrzej , Sawicki Grzegorz , Woźniak Mieczysław
Published: July 2014

The hypothesis was that preadipocytes would have intrinsically elevated propensity to differentiate into mature adipocytes due to AdV9 infection. To test this hypothesis, the metabolic and molecular mechanisms responsible for AdV9‐induced adipogenesis were examined. An association between anti‐AdV9 antibodies and human obesity was also identified. 3T3L1 cells were used as a surrogate model to analyze the preadipocyte proliferation, differentiation, and maturation. An expression of E4orf1, C/EBP‐β, PPAR‐γ, GAPDH, aP2, LEP and fatty acid synthase gene, intracellular lipid accumulation and cytokine release were assessed. The presence of anti‐AdV antibodies, serum lipids, plasma leptin, and CRP was evaluated in 204 obese and non‐obese patients. AdV9‐infected cells accumulated more intracellular lipids in comparison to uninfected controls. AdV9 enhanced an expression of C/EBP‐β and PPAR‐γ leading to an increased differentiation of preadipocytes. Overexpression of aP2 and fatty acid synthase, and decreased expression of leptin confirmed an increased accumulation of intracellular lipids due to AdV infection. Secretion of TNF‐α and IL‐6 from AdV9‐inoculated cells was decreased strongly. About 24.5% of prevalence of anti‐AdV9 antibodies was reported in the study group. AdV9‐infected subjects presented higher body weights, BMIs, WHR, and central obesity. The presence of anti‐AdV9 antibodies was associated with changes in serum lipids level but neither elevated CRP nor decreased leptin levels were related to obesity due to AdV infection. Data obtained from this study provide the evidences that AdV9 is a second adenovirus, which has an influence on differentiation and lipid accumulation of 3T3L1 cells. J. Med. Virol. 87:230–239, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A radial basis function algorithm for simplified fluid‐structure data transfer
Authors: Cordero‐Gracia M. , Gómez M. , Valero E.
Published: July 2014

In loosely‐coupled aeroelastic computation, the aerodynamic and elastomechanical models are based on different grids and eventually a simplified structural model, like a shell or stick, is considered. CFD tools are applied over the aerodynamic grid, whereas CSM tools are over the structural one. The meshes are usually non‐conforming; thus, three‐dimensional and non‐intrusive interpolation procedures are necessary to transfer structural deformations to the aerodynamic surface grid and aerodynamic loads to the structure. For that purpose, an interpolator based on radial basis functions has been developed. This tool does not require grid connectivities and can be applied to any three‐dimensional data.

We have developed two strategies to deal with two special cases of interest. The first is when the structure is represented by a beam model and there is not a proper structural mesh close to the aerodynamic surface. The second is when managing a full configuration aircraft and the problem has been split into some small blocks in such a way that there are aerodynamic nodes belonging to more than one block. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrafast ignition with relativistic shock waves induced by high power lasers
Authors: Eliezer Shalom , Nissim Noaz , Vinikman Pinhasi Shirly , Raicher Erez , Maria Martinez Val José
Published: July 2014

In this paper we consider laser intensities greater than

$\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}10^{16}\ \mathrm{W\ cm}^{-2}$

where the ablation pressure is negligible in comparison with the radiation pressure. The radiation pressure is caused by the ponderomotive force acting mainly on the electrons that are separated from the ions to create a double layer (DL). This DL is accelerated into the target, like a piston that pushes the matter in such a way that a shock wave is created. Here we discuss two novel ideas. Firstly, the transition domain between the relativistic and non-relativistic laser-induced shock waves. Our solution is based on relativistic hydrodynamics also for the above transition domain. The relativistic shock wave parameters, such as compression, pressure, shock wave and particle flow velocities, sound velocity and rarefaction wave velocity in the compressed target, and temperature are calculated. Secondly, we would like to use this transition domain for shock-wave-induced ultrafast ignition of a pre-compressed target. The laser parameters for these purposes are calculated and the main advantages of this scheme are described. If this scheme is successful a new source of energy in large quantities may become feasible.
Can the Sublime Be Postcolonial? Aesthetics, Politics, and Environment in Amitav Ghosh’sThe Hungry Tide
Authors: Giles Jana María
Published: July 2014

Set in the vast Sundarban mangrove forest of Bangladesh in the shadow of the colonial past and the 1979 Morichjhapi massacre,The Hungry Tidetraces the transformation of three metropolitan characters from disengaged spectators to invested insiders. The novel may be read as elaborating the theories of Jean-François Lyotard, whose revision of the sublime as the “differend” in both aesthetics and politics provides a compelling context for exploring the postcolonial sublime. Suggesting ecocentric ways of engaging the world that loosen the bonds of the colonial past and critiquing the failure of the postcolonial state and the new cosmopolitanism, Ghosh rewrites aesthetics as interconnected with ethics and politics. In his novel, the postcolonial sublime no longer reifies metaphysical or anthropocentric pure reason, but instead enables discovery of our interpenetration with the natural world, spurring us to witnessing and activism in partnership with those who have been rendered silent and invisible.
THE ABBEY CHURCH OF LESSAY (MANCHE) AND ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE IN NORTH-EAST ENGLAND
Authors: Thurlby Malcolm
Published: July 2014

The date of the Romanesque fabric of the abbey church of Lessay (Manche, France) has been much debated by architectural historians. Was the eastern arm of the church completed by the time of the burial of Eudes de Capel in the choir on 3 August 1098? Or do features such as the high rib vault and scalloped capitals preclude a date in the late eleventh century? This paper argues that the choir was completed by 1098, and that the master mason of Lessay was acquainted with architectural developments in north-east England in the 1080s and early 1090s, especially those at York Minster, St Mary's Abbey, York, and allied churches.
Density of threatened ocelotLeopardus pardalisin the Sierra Abra-Tanchipa Biosphere Reserve, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
Authors: Martínez-Hernández Abraham , Rosas-Rosas Octavio César , Clemente-Sánchez Fernando , Tarango-Arámbula Luis Antonio , Palacio-Núñez Jorge , Bender Louis C. , Herrera-Haro José Guadalupe
Published: July 2014

There is little information on the population status of the ocelotLeopardus pardalisin Mexico. In the Sierra Abra-Tanchipa Biosphere Reserve, in San Luis Potosí, ocelots are affected by habitat loss and fragmentation as a result of increased agricultural development. We used photographic identification in camera-trapping capture–recapture surveys to determine population abundance and density during the dry season and subsequent early and late humid seasons during April 2011–March 2012. We recorded 80 photographs of 15 individuals (10 males, one female, and four of undetermined sex) in 7,786 camera-days. Abundance was estimated using a closed capture heterogeneity model, yielding an estimated population of 9 ± SE 3 in the dry season and 21 ± SE 8 and 15 ± SE 5 during the subsequent early and late humid seasons, respectively. Spatially explicit density estimates were 0.04 and 0.03–0.18 individuals per km2for the dry and humid seasons, respectively, and were similar (P > 0.612) among seasons. Peaks in ocelot activity occurred during 20.00–04.00. We conclude that the ocelots of the Sierra Abra-Tanchipa Reserve have a low population density and may face geographical and biological isolation as a result of habitat conversion. Continued monitoring and improved understanding of the movements and habitat preferences of ocelots are necessary to ensure their continued persistence, and connectivity between this population and others in north-east Mexico.
Hunting and trading bushmeat in the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania: motivations, cost-benefit ratios and meat prices
Authors: NIELSEN MARTIN REINHARDT , MEILBY HENRIK
Published: July 2014

Bushmeat hunting in the savannah biomes of East Africa is often considered to be subsistence oriented and undertaken as a gap-filler in the lean agricultural season. The price of bushmeat is furthermore often thought uniform regardless of species, but if hunting is commercially oriented and price premiums are paid for particular species this needs to be considered. This paper investigates these issues in the Kilombero Valley of Tanzania, based on one year of market data and interviews with 80 hunters, 169 traders and 67 retailers. Motivations were overwhelmingly commercial and the bushmeat trade constituted a year-round income generating activity. Monte Carlo simulations based on the deterrence model revealed average cost-benefit ratios of 0.15–0.43 for hunters, 0.56–0.62 for traders and 0.88 for retailers, and a 12–401 fold increase in likelihood of apprehension may be required to render the trade unprofitable. Willingness-to-pay data showed that elephant, buffalo, hippopotamus, puku, bushpig and warthog meat were preferred. Enhanced enforcement may thus drive prices for these species higher, encouraging hunters to seek ways around constraints. Community-based wildlife management and improved firearms control may be the most pragmatic ways to regulate the trade.
Anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta accompanied by absent pulmonary valve syndrome and right-sided aortic arch: a rare case in adult congenital heart disease
Authors: Khajali Zahra , Mohammadzadeh Ali , Khayatzadeh Marzieh
Published: July 2014

We present a rare congenital heart disease in a 20-year-old man with anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta, accompanied by absent pulmonary valve syndrome, and a right-sided aortic arch suspected initially in transthoracic echocardiography and subsequently confirmed by cardiac catheterisation and computed tomography angiography.
What is aortic overriding?
Authors: Anderson Robert H. , Spicer Diane E. , Henry G. William , Rigsby Cynthia , Hlavacek Anthony M. , Mohun Timothy J.
Published: July 2014

Background: Disagreement currently exists regarding the definition of aortic dextroposition. It is suggested that the term be used interchangeably with aortic overriding, along with suggestions that the aortic valve overrides in the normal heart. The dextroposed aorta, however, does not always override the crest of the muscular ventricular septum. It is incorrect to argue that the normal aortic valve overrides. It is the cavity of the right aortic valvar sinus, rather than the valvar orifice, that sits above the muscular septum when the septum itself is intact. Therefore, to circumvent these difficulties, those using the term “dextroposition” find it necessary to distinguish “true” as opposed to “false” categories. The problems arise because “dextroposition” is remarkably ill-suited as an alternative term for aortic valvar overriding.Methods and Results:In this review, combining developmental, morphologic, and clinical data, we show how aortic overriding is best considered on the basis of biventricular connection of the aortic root in the setting of deficient ventricular septation. When analysed in this manner, it becomes an easy matter to distinguish between one-to-one and double outlet ventriculo-arterial connections. Appreciation of these features emphasises the different spatial alignments of interventricular communications as opposed to the plane of deficient ventricular septation. The concept of overriding is applicable not only to biventricular connection of the aortic root, but also the pulmonary and common arterial roots.Conclusions:The diagnostic techniques now available to the paediatric cardiologist illustrate the features of arterial valvar overriding with exquisite accuracy, informing the discussions now required for optimal decision making.
Special Issue Isna ‘Ashari and Isma‘ili Shi‘ism: from South Asia to the Indian Ocean
Authors: Jones Justin , Qasmi Ali Usman
Published: July 2014

Isna ‘Ashari and Isma‘ili Shi‘ism: from South Asia to the Indian Ocean, edited by Dr Justin Jones of Oxford University and Dr Ali Usman Qasmi of the Lahore University of Management Sciences, is our fifth special issue in recent years. Its articles, by scholars from a range of disciplines - history, religious studies, anthropology, political science - explore the historical and contemporary dynamics of various South Asian Shi’i communities living in, and moving between, places that border the Indian Ocean. Indeed, taken en masse, they demonstrate the enduring vitality of these communities, whose members have responded in a range of ways to the opportunities and challenges of the complex religious, social and political context of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
The Effect of Cadmium Under Different Salinity Conditions on the Cellular Architecture and Metabolism in the Red Alga Pterocladiella capillacea (Rhodophyta, Gelidiales)
Authors: de L. Felix Marthiellen R. , Osorio Luz K.P. , Ouriques Luciane C. , Farias-Soares Francine L. , Steiner Neusa , Kreusch Marianne , Pereira Debora T. , Simioni Carmen , Costa Giulia B. , Horta Paulo A. , Chow Fungyi , Ramlov Fernanda , Maraschin Marcelo , Bouzon Zenilda L. , Schmidt Éder C.
Published: July 2014

The in vitro effect of cadmium (Cd) on apical segments of Pterocladiella capillacea was examined. Over a period of 7 days, the segments were cultivated with the combination of different salinities (25, 35, and 45 practical salinity units) and Cd concentrations, ranging from 0.17 to 0.70 ppm. The effects of Cd on growth rates and content of photosynthetic pigments were analyzed. In addition, metabolic profiling was performed, and samples were processed for microscopy. Serious damage to physiological performance and ultrastructure was observed under different combinations of Cd concentrations and salinity values. Elementary infrared spectroscopy revealed toxic effects registered on growth rate, photosynthetic pigments, chloroplast, and mitochondria organization, as well as changes in lipids and carbohydrates. These alterations in physiology and ultrastructure were, however, coupled to activation of such defense mechanisms as cell wall thickness, reduction of photosynthetic harvesting complex, and flavonoid. In conclusion, P. capillacea is especially sensitive to Cd stress when intermediate concentrations of this pollutant are associated with low salinity values. Such conditions resulted in metabolic compromise, reduction of primary productivity, i.e., photosynthesis, and carbohydrate accumulation in the form of starch granules. Taken together, these findings improve our understanding of the potential impact of this metal in the natural environment.
Epi2Loc: An R Package to Investigate Two-Locus Epistatic Models
Authors: Walters Raymond K. , Laurin Charles , Lubke Gitta H.
Published: July 2014

Epistasis is a growing area of research in genome-wide studies, but the differences between alternative definitions of epistasis remain a source of confusion for many researchers. One problem is that models for epistasis are presented in a number of formats, some of which have difficult-to-interpret parameters. In addition, the relation between the different models is rarely explained. Existing software for testing epistatic interactions between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) does not provide the flexibility to compare the available model parameterizations. For that reason we have developed an R package for investigating epistatic and penetrance models, Epi2Loc, to aid users who wish to easily compare, interpret, and utilize models for two-locus epistatic interactions. Epi2Loc facilitates research on SNP–SNP interactions by allowing the R user to easily convert between common parametric forms for two-locus interactions, generate data for simulation studies, and perform power analyses for the selected model with a continuous or dichotomous phenotype. The usefulness of the package for model interpretation and power analysis is illustrated using data on rheumatoid arthritis.
Electrochemical preparation of vertically aligned, hollow CdSe nanotubes and their p–n junction hybrids with electrodeposited Cu2O
Authors: Debgupta Joyashish , Devarapalli Ramireddy , Rahman Shakeelur , Shelke Manjusha V. , Pillai Vijayamohanan K.
Published: July 2014

Heterojunction (type II) of self standing, vertically aligned CdSe NTs (n-type) with electrodeposited Cu2O (p-type) exhibits excellent photoresponse, resulting from enhanced absorption of light and faster transport of photogenerated charge carriers by CdSe NTs.
A quantum mechanical study of water adsorption on the (110) surfaces of rutile SnO2 and TiO2: investigating the effects of intermolecular interactions using hybrid-exchange density functional theory
Authors: Patel M. , Sanches F. F. , Mallia G. , Harrison N. M.
Published: July 2014

Periodic hybrid-exchange DFT is used to explore the structure and properties of SnO2(110) and TiO2(110) surfaces in contact with water.
Bis(oxazoline)-copper catalyzed enantioselective hydrophosphonylation of aldehydes
Authors: Deng Tao , Cai Chun
Published: July 2014

A highly enantioselective copper-catalyzed hydrophosphonylation of aldehydes in the presence of bis(oxazoline) ligand is presented.
Synthesis of a landomycinone skeleton via Masamune–Bergmann cyclization
Authors: Yamaguchi Sho , Tanaka Hiroshi , Yamada Ryo , Kawauchi Susumu , Takahashi Takashi
Published: July 2014

In this report, a synthetic study of landomycinone via Masamune–Bergmann cyclization is described.
Preface to the Focus Issue: Chaos Detection Methods and Predictability
Authors: Gottwald Georg A. , Skokos Charalampos
Published: July 2014

This Focus Issue presents a collection of papers originating from the workshop Methods of Chaos Detection and Predictability: Theory and Applications held at the Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems in Dresden, June 17–21, 2013. The main aim of this interdisciplinary workshop was to review comprehensively the theory and numerical implementation of the existing methods of chaos detection and predictability, as well as to report recent applications of these techniques to different scientific fields. The collection of twelve papers in this Focus Issue represents the wide range of applications, spanning mathematics, physics, astronomy, particle accelerator physics, meteorology and medical research. This Preface surveys the papers of this Issue.
Oxidation of carbynes: Signatures in infrared spectra
Authors: Cinquanta E. , Manini N. , Ravagnan L. , Caramella L. , Onida G. , Milani P. , Rudolf P.
Published: July 2014

We report and solidly interpret the infrared spectrum of both pristine and oxidized carbynes embedded in a pure-carbon matrix. The spectra probe separately the effects of oxidation on sp- and on sp2-hybridized carbon, and provide information on the stability of the different structures in an oxidizing atmosphere. The final products are mostly short end-oxidized carbynes anchored with a double bond to sp2 fragments, plus an oxidized sp2 amorphous matrix. Our results have important implications for the realization of carbyne-based nano-electronics devices and highlight the active participation of carbynes in astrochemical reactions where they act as carbon source for the promotion of more complex organic species.
Remarkable charge-trapping efficiency of the memory device with (TiO2)0.8(Al2O3)0.1 composite charge-storage dielectric
Authors: Jiang K. , Ou X. , Lan X. X. , Cao Z. Y. , Liu X. J. , Lu W. , Gong C. J. , Xu B. , Li A. D. , Xia Y. D. , Yin J. , Liu Z. G.
Published: July 2014

A memory device p-Si/SiO2/(TiO2)0.8(Al2O3)0.1(TAO-81)/Al2O3/Pt was fabricated, in which a composite of two high-k dielectrics with a thickness of 1 nm was employed as the charge-trapping layer to enhance the charge-trapping efficiency of the memory device. At an applied gate voltage of ±9 V, TAO-81 memory device shows a memory window of 8.83 V in its C-V curve. It also shows a fast response to a short voltage pulse of 10−5 s. The charge-trapping capability, the endurance, and retention characteristics of TAO-81 memory device can be improved by introducing double TAO-81 charge-trapping layers intercalated by an Al2O3 layer. The charge-trapping mechanism in the memory device is mainly ascribed to the generation of the electron-occupied defect level in the band gap of Al2O3 induced by the inter-diffusion between TiO2 and Al2O3.
Dependence of the gyrotron efficiency on the azimuthal index of non-symmetric modes
Authors: Dumbrajs O. , Nusinovich G. S. , Antonsen T. M.
Published: July 2014

Development of MW-class gyrotrons for future controlled fusion reactors requires careful analysis of the stability of high efficiency operation in very high-order modes. In the present paper, this problem is analyzed in the framework of the non-stationary self-consistent theory of gyrotrons. Two approaches are used: the one based on the wave envelope representation of the resonator field and the second one based on representation of this field as a superposition of eigenmodes, whose fields are determined by a self-consistent set of equations. It is shown that at relatively low beam currents, when the maximum efficiency can be realized in the regime of soft self-excitation, the operation in the desired mode is stable even in the case of a very dense spectrum of competing modes. At higher currents, the maximum efficiency can be realized in the regimes with hard self-excitation; here the operation in the desired mode can be unstable because of the presence of some competing modes with low start currents. Two 170 GHz European gyrotrons for the international thermonuclear experimental reactor are considered as examples. In the first one, which is the 2 MW gyrotron with a coaxial resonator, the stability of operation in a chosen TE34,19-mode in the presence of two sideband modes with almost equidistant spectrum is analyzed and the region of magnetic fields in which the oscillations of the central mode are stable is determined. The operation of the second gyrotron, which is the 1 MW gyrotron with a cylindrical cavity currently under development in Europe, is studied by using the wave envelope approach. It is shown that high efficiency operation of this gyrotron in the TE32,9-mode should be stable.
Giant gamma-ray bubbles in the Milky Way
Authors: Franckowiak Anna , Funk Stefan
Published: July 2014

Two lobes emanating from the galactic plane may have been created when the supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy was more active than it is today.
Tropical countries may be willing to pay more to protect their forests
Authors: Vincent Jeffrey R. , Carson Richard T. , DeShazo J. R. , Schwabe Kurt A. , Ahmad Ismariah , Chong Siew Kook , Chang Yii Tan , Potts Matthew D.
Published: July 2014

Significance

Tropical forests, especially the primary tropical forests that are globally important for biodiversity conservation and carbon storage, are increasingly concentrated in relatively wealthier developing countries. This creates an opportunity for domestic funding by these countries to play a larger role in (
i
) closing the funding gap for tropical forest conservation, and (
ii
) paying for supplementary conservation actions linked to international payments for reduced greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation.