bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variation in toxin compositions of two harmful raphidophytes, Chattonella antiqua and Chattonella marina, at different salinities
Authors: Mahean Haque Shahroz , Onoue Yoshio
Published: August 2002

Toxin compositions of the two species of raphidophytes, Chattonella antiqua (Hada) Ono and Chattonella marina (Subrahmanyan) Hara et Chihara, were investigated at different salinities under laboratory conditions. C. antiqua contained toxin components CaTx‐I, CaTx‐II, CaTx‐III, and CaTx‐IV, which corresponded to brevetoxin components PbTx‐1, PbTx‐2, PbTx‐3, and oxidized PbTx‐2. Similarly, C. marina included CmTx‐I, CmTx‐II, CmTx‐III, and CmTx‐IV corresponding to PbTx‐2, PbTx‐9, PbTx‐3, and oxidized PbTx‐2. Toxin yields in both species varied markedly with a change in salinity concentration. In C. antiqua CaTx‐I, CaTx‐II, and CaTx‐III peaked at 25 P.P.t. with yields of 0.99, 0.42, and 2.90 pg/cell, but the highest yield (2.35 pg/cell) of CaTx‐IV was attained at 30 P.P.t. The yields of all CaTx components decreased sharply at salinities exceeding 30 P.P.t. On the other hand, C. marina yielded higher proportions of CmTx‐I (0.55 pg/cell) and CmTx‐III (2.50 pg/cell) at 25 P.P.t. However, CmTx‐IV was present in its highest amount (1.65 pg/cell) at 30 P.P.t., as seen in C. antiqua. A small amount of CmTx‐II was also detected at 20 P.P.t.–35 P.P.t. Both species showed the highest ichthyotoxicities at 25 P.P.t., at which the maximum cell division rate was obtained. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 113–118, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.10039
Sterol glycosides and cerebrosides accumulate in Pichia pastoris, Rhynchosporium secalis and other fungi under normal conditions or under heat shock and ethanol stress
Authors: Sakaki Takeshi , Zähringer Ulrich , Warnecke Dirk C. , Fahl Annette , Knogge Wolfgang , Heinz Ernst
Published: August 2002

The occurrence of glycolipids such as sterol glycosides, acylated sterol glycosides, cerebrosides and glycosyldiacylglycerols was examined in the three yeast species Candida albicans, Pichia pastoris and Pichia anomala, as well as in the six fungal species Sordaria macrospora, Pyrenophora teres, Ustilago maydis, Acremonium chrysogenum, Penicillium olsonii and Rhynchosporium secalis. Cerebroside was found in all organisms tested, whereas acylated sterol glycosides and glycosyldiacylglycerols were not found in any organism. Sterol glycosides were detected in P. pastoris strain GS115, U. maydis, S. macrospora and R. secalis. This glycolipid occurred in both yeast and filamentous forms of U. maydis but in neither form of C. albicans. This suggests that sterol glycoside is not correlated with the separately grown dimorphic forms of these organisms. Cerebrosides and sterol glycosides from P. pastoris and R. secalis were purified and characterized by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The cerebrosides are β‐glucosyl ceramides consisting of a saturated α‐hydroxy or non‐hydroxy fatty acid and a Δ4,8‐diunsaturated, C9‐methyl‐branched sphingobase. Sterol glycoside from P. pastoris was identified as ergosterol‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside, whereas the sterol glucosides from R. secalis contain two derivatives of ergosterol. The biosynthesis of sterol glucoside in P. pastoris CBS7435 and GS115 depended on the culture conditions. The amount of sterol glucoside in cells grown in complete medium was much lower than in cells from minimal medium and a strong increase in the content of sterol glucoside was observed when cells were subjected to stress conditions such as heat shock or increased ethanol concentrations. From these data we suggest that, in addition to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, new yeast and fungal model organisms should be used to study the physiological functions of glycolipids in eukaryotic cells. This suggestion is based on the ubiquitous and frequent occurrence of cerebrosides and sterol glycosides, both of which are rarely detected in S. cerevisiae. We suggest P. pastoris and two plant pathogenic fungi to be selected for this approach. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional isolation of the Candida albicansFCR3 gene encoding a bZip transcription factor homologous to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yap3p
Authors: Yang Xianshu , Talibi Driss , Weber Sandra , Poisson Guylaine , Raymond Martine
Published: August 2002

We have isolated a C. albicans gene, named FCR3 (for fluconazole resistance 3), based upon its ability to suppress the FCZ hypersusceptibility of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant strain (JY312) lacking the transcription factors Pdr1p and Pdr3p. The FCR3 ORF (1200 bp) encodes a 399 amino acid protein containing a basic leucine zipper (bZip) domain. Fcr3p displays the highest level of sequence homology with the S. cerevisiae Yap3p protein (34% identity, 45% similarity). We had previously shown that deletion of the PDR5 gene encoding a multidrug transporter completely abolished the ability of FCR3 to suppress the FCZ hypersusceptibility of JY312, suggesting that FCR3 confers FCZ resistance by activating PDR5 expression. We show here that the β‐galactosidase activity of a PDR5 promoter–lacZ construct in JY312 is increased two‐fold upon FCR3 overexpression, demonstrating that FCR3 regulates PDR5 at the transcriptional level. We also show that FCR3 overexpression not only suppresses the hypersusceptibility of JY312 to 4‐nitroquinoline‐N‐oxide (4‐NQO) but also confers higher levels of resistance to this compound as compared to the wild‐type KY320 strain. Since PDR5 is not involved in 4‐NQO resistance, this result indicates that FCR3 can also activate the transcription of other genes that can confer 4‐NQO resistance. Finally, Northern blot analysis indicates that FCR3 encodes a single 2.4 kb RNA transcript in C. albicans, suggesting that the FCR3 mRNA contains long 5′ and/or 3′ untranslated regions. The nucleotide sequence of the FCR3 gene has been deposited at GenBank under Accession No. AF342983. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Behavior of captive Bulwer’s wattled pheasants, Lophura bulweri (Galliformes: Phasianidae)
Authors: Rowden John
Published: August 2002

Bulwer’s wattled pheasant (Lophura bulweri) have traditionally been housed in pairs in captivity, although it is unknown whether monogamy is the species’ natural mating system. In 1998 we placed our group of 3.3 L. bulweri together in a complex outdoor habitat, in order to investigate several questions. These included whether monogamous pairing was the natural mating system for the species, how the new grouping would affect their behavior, and what microhabitats the individuals preferred within the complex habitat. Initially, all six individuals remained in the same enclosure without conflict. After a period of approximately 6 weeks, 2.1 of these individuals were removed for their safety, due to increasingly aggressive interactions. The data we collected indicate that the species may have an exploded lek type of mating system in the wild and that individuals may flock together in the nonbreeding season. In addition, males and females seem to prefer different types of shade regimes. These results suggest ways to improve husbandry and breeding success of the species in captivity. Zoo Biol 20:15–25, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A prospective evaluation of tunnel enlargement in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with hamstrings: extracortical versus anatomical fixation
Authors: Buelow J.‐U. , Siebold R. , Ellermann A.
Published: August 2002

Changes in the femoral and tibial bone tunnel were studied prospectively after arthroscopic ACL reconstruction with quadruple hamstring autograft. To determine whether tunnel enlargement can be decreased by fixing the graft close to the joint line having a stiffer fixation construct we compared “anatomical” (one absorbable interference screw femorally, and bicortical fixation with two absorbable interference screws tibially) and extracortical fixation techniques (Endobutton femorally, and two no. 6 Ethibond sutures over a suture washer tibially). Over a 2‐year period we evaluated 60 patients clinically (IKDC scale, Cincinnati Knee Score, KT‐1000) and radiographically (confirmed by MRI). The operated knee was radiographed immediately postoperatively and 6 and 24 months postoperatively. The femoral and tibial bone tunnel diameter was measured on anteroposterior and lateral images, and the tunnel area was calculated and compared to the initial area calculated from the perioperative drill size. In the “anatomical” group the immediately postoperative bone tunnel area was 75% larger than the initial tunnel area, after 6 months it was increased another 31%, and between 6 and 24 months it remained basically unchanged. In the “extracortical” group there was no significant enlargement immediately postoperatively, but after 6 months it was 65% larger than the initial area of drill and graft size, and between 6 and 24 months it decreased to 47%. There was no correlation between the amount of tunnel enlargement and clinical scores or KT‐1000 measurement. Arthroscopic ACL reconstruction with quadruple hamstring autograft is associated with bone tunnel enlargement. Using a purely extracortical fixation technique thus significantly increased the tibial and femoral tunnel area during the first 6 postoperative months, while it decreased slightly thereafter. The insertion of large interference screws apparently not only compresses the graft in the bone tunnel but also significantly enlarges the bone tunnel itself. The immediate enlargement at the time of the operation is followed by a reduced further enlargement at 6 months and then stabilization. Tunnel widening did not influence clinical outcome over a 2‐year period.
Autonomic Nervous System and Gut‐derived Endotoxin: Involvement in Activation of Kupffer Cells after In Situ Organ Manipulation
Authors: Schemmer Peter , Enomoto Nobuyuki , Bradford Blair U. , Bunzendahl Hartwig , Raleigh James A. , Thurman Ronald G.
Published: August 2002

Gentle in situ organ manipulation rapidly causes disturbances in the hepatic microcirculation, hypoxia, and activation of Kupffer cells. Because the mechanisms of Kupffer cell activation after organ manipulation remain unclear, the possible role of the autonomic nervous system and gut‐derived endotoxin were assessed. To mimic what occurs with major abdominal surgery, livers from female Sprague‐Dawley rats (200–230 g) underwent minimal dissection for 12 minutes and were manipulated gently or were left alone for 13 subsequent minutes. Kupffer cells were activated 2 hours after manipulation, reflected by a significant increase in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) from about 90 nM in unmanipulated controls to more than 180 nM in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS 100 ng/ml). Furthermore, Kupffer cells from manipulated rats produced about threefold more tumor necrosis factor‐α after LPS (100 ng/ml) than did the unmanipulated controls. Moreover, O2 uptake of ex situ perfused liver was increased from about 110 μmol/g/hr in unmanipulated controls to more than 160 μmol/g/hr 2 hours after organ manipulation. Binding of pimonidazole (120 mg/kg IV), a 2‐nitroimidazole hypoxia marker given 2 hours after manipulation, increased about 2.5‐fold, and hepatic glycogen was depleted. Two hours after organ manipulation gut permeability to horseradish peroxidase was elevated and endotoxin in the portal venous blood was increased twofold. Microsurgical hepatic denervation, ganglionic blockade, adrenalectomy, and antibiotics to sterilize the gut before manipulation prevented activation of Kupffer cells by organ manipulation. Hexamethonium and adrenalectomy prevented increases in gut permeability caused by manipulation. Although antibiotics blunted the increase in portal venous endotoxin significantly, there was no effect on gut permeability. These data indicate for the first time that both the autonomic nervous system and gut‐derived endotoxin are involved in activation of Kupffer cells after organ manipulation.
Total or Subtotal Gastrectomy for Gastric Carcinoma? A Study of Quality of Life
Authors: Davies Justin , Johnston David , Sue‐Ling Henry , Young Sheila , May John , Griffith John , Miller Glenn , Martin Iain
Published: August 2002

The aim of this study was to compare quality of life after total gastrectomy (TG) with that after subtotal gastrectomy (STG) for gastric carcinoma. The value of the routine use of TG de principe in the treatment of gastric carcinoma, wherever the tumor may be sited in the stomach, remains controversial. The advocates of TG contend that when it can be performed safely, with relatively low operative mortality and morbidity, it yields better long‐term survival than STG. Most surgeons, however, believe that the routine use of TG increases both operative mortality and morbidity and the risk of nutritional deficiency in the long term, without improving survival. TG may also be associated with poorer outcome in terms of quality of life (QOL), but the evidence for this is tenuous. Forty‐seven consecutive patients who had undergone potentially curative (R0) gastric resection for carcinoma were studied: 26 had undergone TG and 21 STG. A radical D2 lymph node dissection had been performed in each, and all patients were free from recurrence at the time of the study. QOL was measured before operation and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after operation by means of five questionnaires to measure functional outcome: the Rotterdam symptom checklist (RSCL), the Troidl index, the hospital anxiety and depression (HAD) scale, activities of daily living score, and Visick grades. Before operation there was no significant difference in QOL between the two groups of patients. At 1 year after operation, however, patients who had undergone STG had a significantly better QOL than patients who had undergone TG: Their median RSCL score was lower (10 versus 19 respectively, p < 0.05), and their Troidl index was higher (11 versus 9 respectively,p < 0.05). The QOL of patients who underwent STG was also significantly better after operation than it had been before operation, whereas the QOL of the TG group was not significantly better after operation than before operation. The QOL of patients was found to be significantly better after STG than after TG for gastric carcinoma. Because operative mortality is greater and long‐term survival is no better after TG than after STG, the latter is recommended as the treatment of choice for tumors of the distal stomach.
Intravascular Ultrasonography for Assessment of Portal Vein Invasion by Pancreatic Carcinoma
Authors: Nakao Akimasa , Kaneko Tetsuya
Published: August 2002

Intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS) was performed to diagnose portal vein invasion by pancreatic carcinoma. In 55 patients with pancreatic carcinoma, the intravascular ultrasonographic catheter was introduced during operation through a branch of the superior mesenteric vein into the intrahepatic portal vein. The catheter was gradually withdrawn, and the cross‐sectional images of the area under investigation were recorded. Altogether 45 patients underwent resection, and 34 underwent combined resection of the portal vein. The IVUS findings were compared with the histologic findings of the resected specimen, preoperative computed tomography (CT), and arterial portogram. The wall of the portal vein was visualized as an echogenic band with a thickness of 0.5 to 1.0 mm. A subtle portal vein invasion can be detected by observing this portal vein wall. For the diagnosis of portal vein invasion, the sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy of IVUS were 99.6%, 92.3%, and 94.5%, respectively. The equivalent values for portography were 79.3%, 61.5%, and 70.9%; and those for CT were 82.1%, 74.1%, and 78.1%. IVUS provides more valuable and accurate information on portal vein invasion by pancreatic carcinoma than either CT or portography.
Term Trees in Application to an Effective and Efficient ATPG for AND–EXOR and AND–OR Circuits
Authors: Jóźwiak Lech , Ślusarczyk Aleksander , Perkowski Marek
Published: August 2002

A compact data representation, in which the typically required operations are performed rapidly, and effective and efficient algorithms that work on these representations are the essential elements of a successful CAD tool. The objective of this paper is to present a new data representation—term trees (TTs)—and to discuss its application for an effective and efficient structural automatic test‐pattern generation (ATPG). Term trees are decision diagrams similar to BDDs that are particularly suitable for structure representation of AND–OR and AND–EXOR circuits. In the paper, a flexible algorithm for minimum term‐tree construction is discussed and an effective and efficient algorithm for ATPG for AND–EXOR and AND–OR circuits is proposed.

The term trees can be used for many other purposes in logic design and in other areas—for all purposes where compact representation and efficient manipulation of term sets is important. The presented experimental results show that term trees are indeed a compact data representation allowing fast manipulations. They form a good base for algorithms considering the function′s and circuit′s term structures.
Fast Inner Product Computation on Short Buses
Authors: Lin R. , Olariu S.
Published: August 2002

We propose a VLSI inner product processor architecture involving broadcasting only over short buses (containing less than 64 switches). The architecture leads to an efficient algorithm for the inner product computation. Specifically, it takes 13 broadcasts, each over less than 64 switches, plus 2 carry‐save additions (tcsa) and 2 carry‐lookahead additions (tcla) to compute the inner product of two arrays of N = 29 elements, each consisting of m = 64 bits. Using the same order of VLSI area, our algorithm runs faster than the best known fast inner product algorithm of Smith and Torng [“Design of a fast inner product processor,” Proceedings of IEEE 7th Symposium on Computer Arithmetic (1985)], which takes about 28 tcsa + tcla for the computation.
Perceptions of fat content in meat products
Authors: Peterson Everett B. , Van Eenoo Edward , McGuirk Anya , Preckel Paul V.
Published: August 2002

Individuals, on average, tend to overestimate the amount of fat contained in meat products. Misperceptions of the fat content are greatest for pork products, averaging 11.1 percentage points higher than the actual fat content. The perceived percentage fat content of beef products averaged 6.6 points higher than actual. Fat perceptions also vary significantly across respondents. There are significant differences in median fat perceptions based on educational attainment, household type, household size, quantity of meat consumed, presence of children, and region of residence. If consumers with inaccurately high fat perceptions are concerned with the level of dietary fat intake, they may unnecessarily reduce their total meat consumption and/or substitute to meats that have lower perceived levels of fat. For those products that have relatively large and inaccurately high fat perceptions, consumer education programs may help increase market share. [EconLit Categories: D120, Q190]. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Age‐related pattern of body density and body composition in Japanese males and females, 11 and 18 years of age
Authors: Tahara Y. , Moji K. , Aoyagi K. , Nishizawa S. , Yukawa K. , Tsunawake N. , Muraki S. , Mascie‐Taylor C.G.N.
Published: August 2002

The age‐related pattern of body density and body composition in Japanese males (n = 266) and females (n = 318), 11.00 to 18.99 years of age was studied. Body density (BD) as well as height, body weight, and seven skinfold thicknesses were measured. Percentage fat (%Fat) was calculated using the age‐ and sex‐specific equation of Lohman. Fat mass (FM), fat‐free mass (FFM), and the body mass index (BMI) were calculated. The trend for BD in males was lowest at 11 years (1.0530 g/ml) and increased to 1.0695 g/ml at 14 years, and then decreased slightly at 15 to 17 years. In female, BD decreased from 1.0530 g/ml at 13 years to 1.0424 g/ml at 17 years. Mean %Fat was highest in males at 11 years (15.8%), and lowest at 14 years (10.1%). The highest mean %Fat in females occurred at 16 years (22.8%), and the lowest at age 11 years (15.2%). Overall, only 6.8% of males and 3.1% of females were classified as obese. Between 11 and 18 years, FFM of males differed by 20.7 kg or 67.9%, whereas females showed a difference of only 10.8 kg or 34.7%. Consequently, age effects explained approximately 60% of the male variance of FFM but only 26% in females. Body density of each sex and age group in this study did not differ significantly from previous Japanese studies, and the pooled BD data for 1,457 Japanese including the present study are reported as a reference. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 14:327–337, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prediction by FISH analysis of the occurrence of Wilms tumor in aniridia patients
Authors: Muto Reiko , Yamamori Shunji , Ohashi Hirofumi , Osawa Makiko
Published: August 2002

Aniridia is an autosomal dominant eye anomaly caused by haploinsufficiency of the PAX6 gene, of which abnormalities include base alterations, position effects and deletions. When deletion involves its adjacent genes, i.e., those in the PAX6‐WT1 critical region (WTCR), patients are predisposed to Wilms tumor. We studied 18 patients with aniridia, five of whom had chromosome deletion involving 11p13, two a translocation t(10;11)(p13;p13) or a der(14;21)(q10;q10)mat, and 11 had a normal karyotype. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using four P1‐derived artificial chromosome (PAC) clones located at WTCR was carried out in the 18 patients to identify a deletion extent. Of the 18 patients, eight had a deletion of WTCR: four had microscopic deletion and four a deletion of WTCR. Deleted region in one patient with a microscopic deletion was distal to the critical region. Four of the eight patients with a deletion encompassing WTCR developed Wilms tumor, and the other four did not (two were too young to be evaluated for the tumor development). The data in the present study, together with four similar previous works, indicate that of a total of 102 aniridia patients, 29 had a deletion spanning WTCR. Wilms tumor developed in 13 (45%) of the 29 patients, whereas patients without deletion in this region did not develop the tumor. In other words, aniridia patients with WT1 deletion run a high risk of developing Wilms tumor, and those without the deletion do not. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PRINS, the other in situ DNA labeling method useful in cellular biology
Authors: Coullin Philippe , Roy Lydia , Pellestor Franck , Candelier Jean‐Jacques , Bed‐Hom Bertrand , Guillier‐Gencik Zuzana , Bernheim Alain
Published: August 2002

PRINS has proven to be an attractive alternative to FISH for in situ DNA labeling. PRINS is specific, simple, and rapid. We review some applications of PRINS involving primers specific for telomeric, human Alu, and centromeric alpha‐satellite sequences. Bicolor labeling, PRINS‐FISH, or PRINS‐immunofluorescent combinations have been developed to enable investigations in numerous applications. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serotonin 2a receptor T102C polymorphism and impaired impulse control
Authors: Bjork James M. , Moeller F. Gerard , Dougherty Donald M. , Swann Alan C. , Machado Mirta A. , Hanis Craig L.
Published: August 2002

Patients homozygous for the C allele of the T102C serotonin (5‐HT) 2a receptor polymorphism have shown increased suicidal ideation or behavior in some reports, but not in others. We conducted a pilot investigation to determine whether this polymorphism might relate more specifically to a dimension of impaired impulse control, which may underlie only a portion of suicides. Rates of commission (impulsive) errors in a variant of the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) were compared across the genotypes of the T102C polymorphism in adults recruited from the community. The 102C/102C genotype was jointly associated with a greater incidence of past mood disorder or substance‐use disorder, as well as significantly more commission errors compared to the 102T/102C and 102C/102C genotypes. These preliminary data suggest that the T102C 5‐HT2a receptor polymorphism may be a marker for impaired behavior control—perhaps in the context of psychiatric disorder history. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sister and brother with Vici syndrome: Agenesis of the corpus callosum, albinism, and recurrent infections
Authors: Chiyonobu Tomohiro , Yoshihara Takao , Fukushima Yoko , Yamamoto Yasutoshi , Tsunamoto Kentaro , Nishimura Yasutaka , Ishida Hiroyuki , Toda Tatsushi , Kasubuchi Yasuo
Published: August 2002

A sister and brother with Vici syndrome are described. They both had oculocutaneous albinism, agenesis of the corpus callosum, cataracts, and cardiomyopathy. They were born to healthy unrelated parents, and had postnatal growth retardation, profound developmental delay, hypotonia, and cataracts. The sister had recurrent infections, and died of progressive heart failure at age 19 months. The brother is alive at age six months with mild cardiomyopathy, and had a single episode of acute bronchitis at age three months. Review of the clinical manifestations of the sibs we described and six children reported in the literature indicates that Vici syndrome is a distinct clinical entity. Its main clinical manifestations include growth retardation, profound developmental delay, hypotonia, albinism, agenesis of the corpus callosum, cataracts, cardiomyopathy, and recurrent infections. The occurrence of the syndrome in three pairs of sibs of both sexes born to unaffected parents supports autosomal recessive inheritance. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anticipation in migraine with affective psychosis
Authors: Kaiser Fawad
Published: August 2002

Anticipation is the term given to the apparent occurrence of an inherited disorder at a progressively earlier age of onset in successive generations. A family of a mother and two children, a 17‐year‐old girl and a 13‐year‐old boy, all experienced migraine with affective psychosis. There is a strong genetic predisposition to the psychiatric disorder of affective psychosis along with a dominant pattern of migraine in the family, which suggests a genetic connection between migraine and affective psychosis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiple‐threshold models for genetic influences on age of onset for Alzheimer disease: Findings in Swedish twins
Authors: Pedersen Nancy L. , Posner Samuel F. , Gatz Margaret
Published: August 2002

Twin studies of dementia have typically used relatively simple 2 × 2 contingency tables with one threshold to estimate the relative importance of genetic variance for liability to disease. These designs are inadequate for addressing issues of age at onset, censoring of data, and distinguishing shared environmental effects from age effects. Meyer and Breitner [1998: Am J Med Genet 81:92–97] applied a multiple‐threshold model to the NAS‐NRC Twin Panel (average age of onset, 63.5 years) and report that additive genetic effects and shared environmental effects account for 37% and 35% of the variation, respectively, in age of onset for Alzheimer disease. We apply a modified version of their model to the Study of Dementia in Swedish Twins (average age of onset, 75 years) and find that genetic effects account for 57%–78% of the variance, whereas shared environmental effects are of no importance. Heritability is lower when thresholds are freely estimated rather than fixed to the population prevalences. We interpret the findings to suggest that models with free thresholds confound influences on longevity with influences for the disease. Multiple‐threshold models, however, do not confound age effects with shared environmental influences. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in biological anthropology: Results of the 1998 American Association of Physical Anthropology Membership Survey
Authors: Turner Trudy R.
Published: August 2002

In response to the results of the 1996 survey of the membership of the American Association of Physical Anthropology (AAPA), the Executive Committee of the Association sponsored a follow‐up survey designed to assess gender and specialty differences in training, employment, academic status, mentoring, and research support. A total of 993 questionnaires was analyzed, representing approximately 62% of the 1998 membership of the Association. There has been a marked shift in the number of males and females in the discipline from the 1960s to the 1990s. While 51.2% of all respondents are female and 48.8% are male, 70% of the students are female. Chi‐square tests indicate significant differences between males and females by highest degree, age, status, obtaining a tenure‐track position, receiving tenure, and taking nontenure‐track employment before receiving a tenure‐track position. In recent years, there has been an increasing number of females in the ranks of assistant and associate professors; however, this is not true for the rank of professor. There are also significant differences between males and females by specialty within the discipline: researchers in primatology, human biological variation, skeletal biology, and paleopathology are primarily female, while researchers in human and primate evolution are increasingly female. Am J Phys Anthropol 118:111–116, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serum insulin‐like growth factor‐I, insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐3, and the pubertal growth spurt in the female rhesus monkey
Authors: Ulijaszek Stanley J.
Published: August 2002

While there is good evidence suggesting IGF‐I links to pubertal development and crown‐rump length growth among rhesus monkeys, linkages between IGF‐I and other measures of morphological growth have not been established. In this study, the pubertal growth spurt in a number of morphological characteristics of female rhesus monkeys is related to serum endocrine status of insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) and its binding protein, insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐3 (IGFBP‐3), to test the hypothesis that elevations in IGF‐I and IGFBP‐3 coincide with the time of greatest growth rate of different morphological characteristics. A longitudinal study of pubertal growth among four female rhesus monkeys was carried out across a 3‐year period. Morphometric measurements included weight, crown‐rump length, foot‐length, and skinfolds at five sites (biceps, triceps, abdominal, subscapular, and suprailiac). These measures were taken as being representative of total mass, skeletal growth of the trunk and head, limb length, and body fatness, respectively. Measurements were carried out as closely as possible to 3‐monthly, with interpolations being performed to standardise the data to exactly 3‐monthly intervals for all individuals. Blood samples were taken at time of morphometry. Elevations in serum IGF‐I and IGFBP‐3 took place in a manner similar to that of humans, and across the period associated with onset of puberty. Mean 3‐monthly gain in crown‐rump length and foot length showed significant peaks across the measurement period, while mean 3‐monthly gains in weight and sum of five skinfolds did not. Greatest foot length gain occurred on average between 3–3.5 years of age, while crown‐rump length gain was greatest between 3.75–4 years of age. Periods of greatest gain in crown‐rump length and foot length took place across the period of elevated serum IGF‐I levels, which was between 3–4.5 years of age. Significant elevations in IGF‐I and IGFBP‐3 were not coincident with greatest gains in foot length or crown‐rump length. Thus the hypothesis does not hold true for the two measures showing significant peaks in 3‐monthly gain across the measurement period. The nature of the endocrine impact on macaque morphology remains unclear, although this may be fundamental to the understanding of the variation in the pubertal growth spurt and its influence on morphology at maturity both within and across primate species. Am J Phys Anthropol 118:77–85, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Osteobiographic analysis of skeleton I, Sítio Toca dos Coqueiros, Serra da Capivara National Park, Brazil, 11,060 BP: First results
Authors: Lessa Andrea , Guidon Niéde
Published: August 2002

This paper presents an osteobiographic analysis of a single skeleton found in a small rock shelter known as Toca dos Coqueiros, Piauí, Brazil. This find is of interest because of an exceptionally old radiocarbon date associated with it. The date (11,060 BP) was obtained from charcoal associated directly with the skeleton. This is an interesting find because of the rarity of osteobiographic studies of skeletons of such antiquity. Despite the existence of two projectile points in association with the burial, the morphological and molecular analyses of the skeleton demonstrated that this was a female. She was about 35–45 years of age at death. The skeleton exhibited acute and chronic bone lesions. Oral pathology was also observed, including an interproximal dental groove, probably caused by the therapeutic use of a cactus thorn. This could be one of the oldest cases of an analgesic plant used in the prehistoric Americas. Am J Phys Anthropol 118:99–110, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Production of dimethyl telluride and elemental tellurium by bacteria amended with tellurite or tellurate
Authors: Basnayake Rukma S. T. , Bius Janet H. , Akpolat Osman M. , Chasteen Thomas G.
Published: August 2002

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a facultative anaerobe, Pseudomonas fluorescens K27, would produce dimethyl telluride when anaerobic cultures were amended with differing concentrations of sodium tellurate and/or sodium tellurite and how that volatile organotellurium production varied over time. Batch bacterial bioreactor experiments were undertaken in order to observe the changes in the headspace of a growth medium solution inoculated with P. fluorescens and amended with tellurium salts. Gas samples were taken from the bioreactor every hour and were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography using fluorine‐induced chemiluminescence detection to determine compounds in the headspace. Liquid samples were analyzed by spectrophotometer to determine optical densities, which were used as an indicator of cell growth. Verification of the identity of the dimethyl telluride produced in the bacterial headspace above a tellurate‐amended culture was achieved by comparison with the chromatographic retention time of an authentic (CH3)2Te standard and by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The time course production of dimethyl telluride varied with amendment salts' tellurium oxidation states and concentrations. Increasing tellurate concentrations caused slower bacterial growth, but those cultures reached the stationary phase sooner than cultures amended with tellurite concentrations 10 or 100 times less. Black elemental tellurium (Te0) was produced by live cultures amended with tellurium salts but not by sterile controls. The amount of tellurium in the solid phase (as Te0 and in/or on cells) harvested from replicate, anaerobic cultures of P. fluorescens sampled after 92 h of incubation was approximately 34%. Mixed tellurite/tellurate amendment experiments exhibited a synergistic toxic effect and yielded less final biomass and very little dimethyl telluride production compared with cultures amended with either tellurate or tellurite alone. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Speciation and detection of organotins from PVC pipe by micro‐liquid chromatography–electrospray–ion trap mass spectrometry
Authors: Jones‐Lepp T. L. , Varner K. E. , Hilton B. A.
Published: August 2002

This paper describes the application of a micro‐liquid chromatography–electrospray–ion trap mass spectrometry (µ‐LC–ES–ITMS) method for separation and detection of organotin compounds leached from potable‐water polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe. Dibutyltin (DBT) is added as a heat stabilizer to PVC. DBT was determined in 1 l water samples that had remained static in PVC pipes over several days (totaling 96 h). Other organotin compounds in the leachate were screened for, by using µ‐LC–ES–ITMS. An initial level of approximately 1 µgl−1 of DBT resulted within 24 h, with a subsequent drop and then a rise in DBT levels over the next 96 h to 0.8 µgl−1. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Speciation of phenyltin(IV) compounds using high‐performance liquid chromatography: Part 1. The direct analysis of mixed standard solutions of tetraphenyltin, triphenyltin chloride, triphenyltin hydroxide and triphenyltin acetate
Authors: Lal Shobha K. , Tan G. H. , Tioh N. H. , Kumar Das V. G.
Published: August 2002

A rapid speciation high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of phenyltin compounds. The commercially important products of triphenyltin‐chloride, ‐acetate, ‐hydroxide and tetraphenyltin were separated by reversed‐phase HPLC on a Waters Spherisorb S5W ODS‐2 (octadecylsilica) column using an isocratic mixture of 90:10 (v/v) acetonitrile:water as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 ml min−1. The phenyltin compounds were detected by UV detection at 254 nm and the total elution time is 8 min. The elution order is triphenyltin‐chloride, ‐acetate, ‐hydroxide and tetraphenyltin. Detection limits were 0.01 ppm for each of the triphenyltin compounds and 0.02 ppm for tetraphenyltin. Spiked water samples containing the three biocidal triphenyltin compounds could also be analysed simultaneously by the above method without the need for any prior derivatization, following extraction with toluene. The versatility of the method in sensing substituent group variations on the phenyl ring was also demonstrated by the successful resolution of the hydroxides, tris(p‐chlorophenyl)tin hydroxide, diphenyl(p‐chlorophenyl)tin hydroxide and triphenyltin hydroxide. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organoarsenic compounds in plants and soil on top of an ore vein
Authors: Geiszinger Anita , Goessler Walter , Kosmus Walter
Published: August 2002

Plants and soil collected above an ore vein in Gasen (Austria) were investigated for total arsenic concentrations by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). Total arsenic concentrations in all samples were higher than those usually found at non‐contaminated sites. The arsenic concentration in the soil ranged from ∼700 to ∼4000 mg kg−1 dry mass. Arsenic concentrations in plant samples ranged from ∼0.5 to 6 mg kg−1 dry mass and varied with plant species and plant part. Examination of plant and soil extracts by high‐performance liquid chromatography–ICP‐MS revealed that only small amounts of arsenic (<1%) could be extracted from the soil and the main part of the extractable arsenic from soil was inorganic arsenic, dominated by arsenate. Trimethylarsine oxide and arsenobetaine were also detected as minor compounds in soil. The extracts of the plants (Trifolium pratense, Dactylis glomerata, and Plantago lanceolata) contained arsenate, arsenite, methylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid, trimethylarsine oxide, the tetramethylarsonium ion, arsenobetaine, and arsenocholine (2.5–12% extraction efficiency). The arsenic compounds and their concentrations differed with plant species. The extracts of D. glomerata and P. lanceolata contained mainly inorganic arsenic compounds typical of most other plants. T. pratense, on the other hand, contained mainly organic arsenicals and the major compound was methylarsonic acid. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphology and physical properties of closed cell microcellular ethylene–octene copolymer: Effect of precipitated silica filler and blowing agent
Authors: Nayak N. C. , Tripathy D. K.
Published: August 2002

The morphology of the microcellular ethylene–octene copolymer (Engage) of both unfilled and precipitated silica‐filled compounds was studied from SEM photomicrographs with variation of blowing agent and silica filler loading. The average cell size, maximum cell size, and cell density varies with variation of blowing agent and filler loading. Physical properties similar to relative density, hardness, tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus, and tear strength decreases with blowing agent concentration. The elastic nature of closed cells reduces the hysteresis loss compared to solid compounds. Set properties improve with blowing agent concentration. It is observed that stress relaxation behavior is independent of blowing agent loading (i.e., density of closed cell microcellular vulcanizates). Theoretically, flaw sizes are found to be about 3.08 times larger than maximum cell sizes observed from SEM photomicrographs. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 357–366, 2002
Thermal properties and crystalline structure of liquid crystalline poly(ethylene terephthalate‐co‐2(3)‐chloro‐1,4‐phenylene terephthalate)
Authors: Rhee Do Mook , Ha Wan Shik , Youk Ji Ho , Yoo Dong Il
Published: August 2002

Thermal properties and crystalline structure of liquid crystalline (LC) poly(ethylene terephthalate‐co‐2(3)‐chloro‐1,4‐phenylene terephthalate) [copoly(ET/CPT)] were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurement, electron dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX), X‐ray diffractometry, and infrared spectrometry (IR). The thermal transition temperatures of copoly(ET/CPT) were changed with the composition. Copoly(ET/CPT) showed two thermal decomposition steps and the residues at 700°C and LOI values of copoly(ET/CPT) were almost proportional to its chlorine content. The activation energy of thermal decomposition of LC units was very low compared to that of poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET) units. Crystal structure of copoly(ET/CPT) (20/80) was of triclinic system with the lattice constants of a = 9.98 A˚, b = 8.78 A˚, c = 12.93 A˚, α = 97.4°, β = 96.1°, and γ = 90.8°, which is very close to that of poly(chloro‐p‐phenylene terephthlate) (PCPT) with the lattice constants of a = 9.51 A˚, b = 8.61 A˚, c = 12.73 A˚, α = 96.8°, β = 95.4°, and γ = 90.8°. When copoly(ET/CPT)(50/50) was annealed at 220°C in vacuum, crystallization induced sequential reordering (CISR) was not observed but the heat of fusion was slightly increased due to the increase of the trans isomer content in PET units. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 1286–1294, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10451
Atomic force microscopy study of rubbed polyimide films
Authors: Devlin C. L. H. , Glab S. D. , Chiang S. , Russell T. P.
Published: August 2002

The surface of rubbed polyimide films was studied as a function of the film thickness and applied load using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Three dominant consequences of rubbing on the film topography were observed: scratches confined to the near surface of the film, tears that extended to the substrate, and strings of islands or droplets aligned parallel to the rubbing direction. Tears, found only in films less than 50 nm thick, varied in areal density and shape due to variations in the film thickness, rubbing load, and adhesion to the substrate. Strings of droplets aligned in the rubbing direction were seen on most samples without discernible dependence on the thickness or rubbing load. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 1470–1477, 2001
Structural analysis of oriented poly(ε‐caprolactone) including CaCO3 particles with 13C solid‐state NMR
Authors: Ito Takuro , Yamaguchi Yuji , Watanabe Hiroto , Asakura Tetuso
Published: August 2002

The results of a study of the relation between the oriented structure and drawn Poly(ε‐caprolactone) specimens including CaCO3 particles and their dynamic mechanical properties are presented. The loss elasticity, E″, showed almost the same curve for both undrawn sheets and drawn sheets as a function of CaCO3 content. On the other hand, the storage modulus, E′, of drawn sheets increased nonlinearly with increasing CaCO3 content, and their curve showed lower E′ values than those of undrawn sheets. By simulation of 13C CP NMR spectra of drawn PCL/CaCO3 sheets, both oriented and unoriented components were observed. The distribution parameter, p, of drawn PCL/CaCO3 sheets was 13°, which was larger than those (8°) of drawn PCL. Further, the fraction of the unoriented component increased with increasing CaCO3 content. Thus, adding CaCO3 particles into the PCL, the arrangement of the oriented component was disturbed and decreased. In addition, from the line shape analyses of 13C CP MAS NMR spectra, four peaks were obtained in not only undrawn sheets but also in drawn sheets of both PCL and PCL/CaCO3 compounds. Besides, structural change occurred at only drawn PCL/CaCO3 sheets. Therefore, the change in dynamic mechanical properties observed only for drawn PCL/CaCO3 sheets were strongly dependent on the orientational structure, which was formed under shear stress of the stretching drawn process. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 2376–2382, 2001
Characterization of poly(dimethylsiloxane)‐poly(methyl hydrogen siloxane) composite membranes for organic water pervaporation separation
Authors: Osorio‐Galindo Marta , Iborra‐Clar Alicia , Alcaina‐Miranda Isabel , Ribes‐Greus Amparo
Published: August 2002

Hydrophobic composite membranes with a crosslinked poly(dimethylsiloxane)‐poly(methyl hydrogen siloxane) selective layer were prepared by using a new laboratory made catalyst agent. The pervaporation separation of five organic solvent–water mixtures was carried out with these composite membranes, together with swelling experiments in the same feed mixtures. The volatile organic compounds employed were ethanol, methanol, 1‐butanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate. The pervaporation and swelling experiments revealed that both the 1‐butanol and the ethyl acetate solutions showed the highest affinity for the composite membrane. When these components were employed as feed solutions, the membranes showed both high selectivity and high permeation. Mechanical–dynamical experiments of swollen and nonswollen composite membranes were also performed. The relaxation spectra were analyzed in terms of the interaction of the components of the different mixtures with the composite membrane, and the free volume corresponding to the each sample was obtained. Once the membranes had reached an equilibrium swelling, a decrease in the free volume was observed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 546–556, 2001
Storage modulus of polybutadiene core in acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene polymers with different degrees of grafting
Authors: Choi Joong‐Hwan , Ryu Jong‐Hoon , Kim Sang Yong
Published: August 2002

The linear viscoelastic behavior of acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) polymers in the molten state, with different degrees of grafting, was investigated within the framework of Palierne's emulsion model. The main aim of the present study is to quantitatively analyze the effect of grafting degree on the storage modulus G′ of the polybutadiene (PB) rubber core dispersed in ABS polymers. According to our model calculations, the degree of grafting significantly affects the G′ values of the PB core and, hence, the viscoelastic properties of ABS polymers. Our calculations showed that the Palierne model is very useful to calculate the storage modulus of the rubber particles dispersed in rubber‐modified polymeric materials, at least in the high‐frequency region. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 924–930, 2001
Synthesis and characterization of a copolymer: Poly(aniline‐co‐fluoroaniline)
Authors: Sharma Amit L. , Saxena Vibha , Annapoorni S. , Malhotra B. D.
Published: August 2002

In the present article, we report the chemical synthesis and characterization of poly(aniline‐co‐fluoroaniline) [poly(An‐FAn)]. The copolymerization of aniline and 2‐fluoroaniline was carried out by chemical method in acidic medium. The characterization of poly(aniline‐co‐fluoroaniline) was done using FTIR, UV‐visible spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron micrography (SEM), and a four‐points‐probe conductivity method. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and SEM characterization reveal crystalline nature of doped copolymer compared to undoped copolymer. The observed decrease in the conductivity of the copolymer relative to polyaniline is attributed to the incorporation of the fluoro moieties into the polyaniline chain. The chemically synthesized copolymer shows good solubility in common organic solvents, and is, therefore, technological useful. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 1460–1466, 2001