bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Failure to Thrive: Crohn’s Disease Presenting as Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) in a Young Child
Authors: Atluru Aparna , Xu Jie , McAdams Carrie
Published: February 2024

Failure to thrive (FTT) is a state of insufficient nutritional intake that limits growth and development in children. FTT can be a diagnostic challenge for pediatricians. In the United States, FTT is prevalent in 5 to 10 percent of children in primary care settings.1 With a broad differential diagnosis causing FTT, including both organic and inorganic causes,2 pediatricians can have difficulty diagnosing and treating children with mixed etiologies. This report highlights how delays in obtaining the correct diagnoses and performing appropriate interventions can have significant consequences, including malnutrition, developmental delay, and psychosocial sequelae in a child. In this case, a child with FTT was initially diagnosed and treated for an inorganic cause, anorexia nervosa (AN), with an additional etiology of Crohn’s disease not recognized until several years of unsuccessful treatment for the AN. This report highlights the fact that behavioral and psychological components, including a fear of eating and refusal to try a variety of foods, may be consistent with a presentation of Crohn’s disease. It also emphasizes the need to continually re-evaluate diagnoses in young children, particularly when they are not responding to prescribed interventions.
Skills for the Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist Within the Pediatric Primary Care Setting
Authors: Jeffrey Jessica , Martini D. Richard
Published: February 2024

Behavioral health symptoms are a common presenting complaint within the pediatric outpatient setting. In fact, behavioral health symptoms account for 15% of chief complaints1 and inform 50% of presentations within outpatient pediatric practices.2 Yet, despite the pervasiveness of behavioral health symptoms, only 20% of children with a behavioral health disorder in the United States receive treatment.3 In order to increase access to high-quality behavioral healthcare, pediatric settings are beginning to implement integrated behavioral healthcare programs.4 Within integrated behavioral health programs, child and adolescent psychiatrists collaborate with pediatric primary care clinicians and care managers and improve patient outcomes.5
Countertransference and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: Bringing Theory Into Practice
Authors: Dean Jason , Maneta Eleni
Published: February 2024

Countertransference, in its broadest definition, refers to the clinician’s emotional response to the patient.1 These reactions can be positive; however, they can also include negative feelings such as dislike, despair, or even aggression and hate. If negative feelings go unrecognized, they can lead to enactments of the countertransference, where the clinician unknowingly acts out his or her feelings toward the patient in the treatment.
SKILL BUILDING: A Step-by-Step Guide for Downloading and Selecting Apps
Authors: Jojic Mirjana
Published: February 2024

The following offers a “how-to” guide on the technical aspects of screening and downloading apps and is current at the time of publication. As suggested above, apps and other computer programs are not regulated, are constantly changing, and are rarely supported by peer-reviewed empirical data. Clinical judgment must be used to determine if apps should become part of your practice. The most popular app download platforms are the Apple App Store, the Google Play Store, and the Amazon Appstore. Apple’s apps are only compatible with Apple products such as the iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch. Apple controls most aspects of the App Store, and in order for a developer to offer their app through the app store, the app must be vetted by Apple. It is important to note that none of the apps are evaluated based on medical or clinical guidelines, rather solely for entry into the App Store. On the other hand, the Google Play Store and the Amazon Appstore are exclusively for devices running on Google’s Android operating system, such as phones (i.e. Samsung, HTC), Android tablets, and the Amazon Kindle. Android operating code is open source, meaning that the original code is available to the public for use and modification.
Development of a Hybrid Broadband Amplifier for FOTS Solutions
Authors:   , Parfjonovs Mareks
Published: February 2024

The main objective of the Thesis is the creation of a novel hybrid amplifier that leverages the strengths of different amplification technologies while mitigating their individual limitations. The Thesis delves into the theoretical principles and practical considerations underlying the hybrid broadband amplifier, drawing from various optical amplifier technologies. It seeks to optimize signal quality and transmission efficiency in fiber optic networks, especially in scenarios where optical attenuation and bandwidth expansion are critical factors. Through a rigorous exploration of the design, performance evaluation, and real-world applications of the hybrid broadband amplifier, the Thesis contributes to advancing state-of-the-art in optical communication technologies.
Race against dengue
Authors: Kwek Swee Sen , Ooi Eng Eong
Published: February 2024

Understanding the kinetics of dengue viruses in the bloodstream can provide insights into the clinical outcomes of the disease.
The Preservation and Literacy Transmission of the Mor Lam Khon Kaen Style by the Rattanasin Intathairat Group
Authors: Sriken Chonvit , Seekhunlio Weerayut
Published: February 2024

This study focuses on the preservation and literacy transmission of the Mor Lam Khon Kaen style by the Rattanasin Intathairat Group and presents insightful findings in three knowledge-related aspects. In terms of knowledge definition, the Mor Lam Khon Kaen performance encompasses the preservation of its distinct identity, the collaborative exchange of knowledge among performers facilitated by Mrs. Chawala, the composer, and the meticulous memorization process of Klon Lam poems. Knowledge management within the performance involves the leadership of Mrs. Chawala, who guides the ensemble to ensure authentic Mor Lam Phuen style preservation over four evolving periods. This process entails systematic storage and retrieval through Klon Lam compilation, utilizing digital platforms for dissemination, and employing collaborative learning techniques. In the literacy transmission process, the Rattanasin Intathairat Group’s inclusive approach welcomes disciples, emphasizes Klon Lam memorization, and adapts the timeframe to individual progress. The study’s comprehensive insights shed light on the intricate interplay of preservation, literacy transfer, and community engagement within the Mor Lam tradition.
Transmission of Guqin Knowledge and Literacy by Changchao Lu
Authors: Chen Yajun , Boonsrianun Pitsanu
Published: February 2024

Chinese music has played a significant role in the lives of the Chinese people for generations, being passed down from one generation to the next. Particularly, Changchao Lu’s Guqin teaching holds valuable academic insights. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the transmission of Guqin knowledge and literacy by Changchao Lu. The researchers used qualitative approaches, specifically interviews and observations. The study’s findings illustrate that Changchao Lu’s Guqin playing style exhibits attributes of tranquility, minimalism, strength, and adaptability. The instructor’s pedagogical approach integrates conventional and progressive elements, placing significant emphasis on a comprehensive and balanced educational experience. He established the College of Chinese Arts, which aimed to amalgamate conventional and contemporary Guqin education. The institution prioritized several aspects, such as theoretical knowledge, performing skills, pedagogy, and even the craft of instrument-making. The use of online technologies, the promotion of collaborative learning, and the implementation of a student-centered approach all improve the educational experience. Changchao Lu’s activities encompass the integration of Guqin, a traditional Chinese musical instrument, into rural schools, the promotion of cultural understanding, and the active engagement of local education officials. In addition, he engages in collaborative efforts with local governmental bodies to rejuvenate rural culture by means of Guqin, therefore nurturing artistic potential and establishing connections between Guqin art and local industry.
Guidelines for Literacy Transmission of Shan’ge Folk Songs in Guizhou Province, China
Authors: Huang RanRan , Karin Khomkrich , Pantasri Yotsapan , Jungate Kittikun
Published: February 2024

Nestled within the captivating landscapes of Guizhou Province, China, Shan’ge folk songs, a cherished tradition of the Yi ethnic group, embody a rich cultural heritage. This study aims to investigate the contemporary status of Shan’ge folk songs in Guizhou, with a focus on Panzhou County, Lupanshui City, and the Yi community, while proposing guidelines for their transmission through education and literacy initiatives. Nine key informants, including local musicians and community members, were interviewed, and field observations were conducted. Thematic coding and comparative analysis were employed to analyze the data. The result of this study shows that the enduring cultural significance of these songs, serving as cultural beacons, rituals, and oral history repositories, remains consistent, but challenges such as urbanization, changing lifestyles, and language shift threaten their transmission. We conclude by suggesting guidelines that encompass integrating Shan’ge folk songs into school curricula, fostering community-based learning, and leveraging digital tools to ensure their continuity. In embracing these strategies, Shan’ge folk songs can bridge the gap between tradition and modernity, honoring the past while safeguarding their future.
Historical Perspective on Literacy and Learning Resources of Traditional Chinese Fiddle Musical Instruments in Jiangxi
Authors: Liu Shuaida , Bhengsri Thanaporn
Published: February 2024

Traditional Chinese fiddle instruments have a long history, with their origins dating back over a thousand years. They are an integral part of Chinese culture and have evolved over time, incorporating various regional styles and techniques. The objective is to examine the historical perspective on literacy and learning resources of traditional Chinese fiddle musical instruments in Jiangxi Province, with a primary focus on Jiujiang City. The study employs a multidisciplinary approach, drawing from ethnomusicology, organology, and musical acoustics, to unravel the intricate cultural, social, and historical context of fiddle music. Key informants, including master craftsmen and experts in fiddle production, provide valuable insights into the region’s musical heritage. The research also explores the emergence of the Zhonghu, a plucked stringed instrument, and its role in Chinese folk music. The study’s findings reveal the rich cultural landscape of Jiujiang City, characterized by the fusion of fiddle music with silk and bamboo music, private music clubs, religious ceremonies, and Taoist traditions. In conclusion, this research contributes to the preservation and enrichment of Jiangxi’s cultural heritage and offers insights into the continued development of traditional Chinese fiddle music education and cultural preservation.
Social Studies Teachers’ Perceptions about the Difficulty of Skills Development
Authors: Kaya İbrahim , Uğurlu Nihal Baloğlu
Published: February 2024

The aim of this research is to determine the opinions of Social Studies teachers about teaching students the skills in the curriculum. Obtaining the opinions of Social Studies teachers regarding the acquisition of the skills in the program will contribute to the improvement of the infrastructure and practices of the skills that are difficult to acquire. A qualitative research method was adopted to collect data in the study. Consistent with the research method, a phenomenological approach was followed. The study group of the research consists of a total of 16 Social Studies teachers who are work in middle schools, 11 of whom are female and 5 of whom are male. A form containing both closed and open-ended questions prepared by the researchers was used as a data collection tool in the study. These data were analyzed using the descriptive analysis method. According to the findings of the research, among these skills, the ability to recognize stereotypes and prejudice (N = 12) and empathy (N = 8) are among the most difficult skills to acquire; cooperation (N=11) and social participation (N=9) skills were found to be in the category of skills that are most easily acquired. As a result of the research, it was seen that the skills that the participants had the most difficulty in acquiring were the ability to recognize stereotypes and prejudices and the skill of empathy, whereas they did not have difficulty in gaining cooperation and social participation skills. At the end of the research, the factors affecting the acquisition of skills were interpreted in line with the findings and contexts were established.
Translating Bloom’s Taxonomy Action Verb List into Arabic for Teacher Preparation Programs: Challenges/Problems and Solutions
Authors: ElJishi Ziad , Abdel-Hameed Faten S. M. , Khuddro Ahmad , Zayed Salman Yusuf
Published: February 2024

This paper presents a unified Arabic version of the English action verbs mentioned in Bloom’s taxonomy (1956) that has been checked for validity and reliability by a panel of education experts. Methodologically, the Bloom’s list of action verbs was first translated into Arabic by an expert professor of translation. Then, using a mixed-method approach the Arabic list was validated by three bilingual education experts working at universities in Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. As part of the process, the paper established a single Bloom’s taxonomy list of action verbs, based on the data provided by two reputable educational institutions that were cross-checked with a well-referenced textbook. A contextualized Arabic translation of the list was then produced and was subjected to rigorous checks by a panel of reviewers who were the education experts. The paper presents the challenges faced in translating the list into Arabic and the solutions we have adopted as well as the validity and reliability checks. The implication of this paper is in offering teacher preparation programs across the Arab world an Arabic Bloom’s taxonomy list that can be used by in-service and pre-service teachers. Moreover, it contributes to teacher literacy in the correct use of Bloom’s action verbs in the Arabic language.
Evaluation of the Extent of Digital Divide among the Teachers in Healthcare Profession from Central India: A Research Protocol
Authors: Bhoyar Anjali , Vagha Sunita , Mishra Vedprakash , Sathe Seema
Published: February 2024

Introduction: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has played a substantial role in the delivery of education. Despite the fact that technology-mediated interventions open up new avenues for health information dissemination and service delivery, there is concern that a knowledge gap, known as the digital divide, may exist. Need for study: In order to properly use technology and assist learners, educators must have technical abilities. Evidence from the literature suggests that educators lack the knowledge and skills required for ICT, leading to a digital divide. However, there is a dearth of data pertaining to the domains of the digital divide among healthcare educators in Central India. Aim: The observational study is designed to evaluate the status of the digital divide among healthcare educators in Central India. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study will be conducted at Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, along with the School of Health Professions Research in Wardha, Maharashtra, India. Permission will be obtained from Institutional Ethical Committee, Datte Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (DMIHER) Deemed to be University (DU), over a period of two years spanning from July 2023 to June 2025. A minimum of 97 participants, comprising teachers from the healthcare profession in Central India, will participate in the survey to evaluate the status of the digital divide amongst healthcare educators in Central India.
Detection of Potential Financial Statement Fraud Using the Fraud Hexagon Model Approach (Empirical Study of LQ 45 Companies Listed on the IDX in 2018–2022)
Authors: Nurkholik Ahmad , Ernitawati Yenny , Roni
Published: February 2024

The researcher intends to assess and identify fraudulent financial reporting by examining LQ 45 index companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2018–2022. The fraud hexagon, which consists of pressure, opportunity, capability, rationalization, arrogance, and collusion, is used to measure fraudulent financial reporting. Purposive sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of 125 data. Using the Eviews 12 program, researchers conducted a quantitative descriptive study using a panel data regression analysis approach using the Common Effect Model (CEM). The findings of this study indicate that pressure on financial stability significantly influences the potential for fraudulent financial reporting. Meanwhile, opportunities through ineffective monitoring, capability seen from changes in directors, rationalization seen from changes in auditors, arrogance seen from the number of CEO photos, and collusion seen from cooperation with government projects have no significant effect on the potential for financial fraud. reporting.
The Regulation of Stress Responses in Fruit Crops is Influenced by Plant Hormones: A Review
Authors: Waris Ihtisham , Saleem Muhammad , Sher Nida , Shahid Muhammad , Abbas Muhammad Jahanzeb , Aziz Syed Usman , Nabi Muhammad Mutie Un , Noor Hira
Published: February 2024

Stress is a pervasive challenge in modern agriculture, impacting fruit crop yields and quality. This review explores the critical functioning of phytohormones in regulating fruit crop stress responses. Plant actions, such as abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene, play pivotal roles in orchestrating the physiological and molecular mechanisms that enable fruit crops to cope with a myriad of abiotic and biotic stressors. This article provides a comprehensive overview of how these hormones interact and modulate stress-responsive pathways, influencing plant growth, development, and fruit production. Understanding the intricate interplay between plant hormones and stress responses is essential for developing innovative strategies to enhance stress tolerance in fruit crops, ultimately securing global food supplies and improving agricultural sustainability.
Influence of Different Culture Media on Growth and Sporulation of Colletotrichum capsici
Authors: Joshi Ranjana , Yenjerappa, S. T.  , Aswathanarayana, D. S.  , Chavan Sreedevi S , Kisan, B.  , Lakshmikant, M.
Published: February 2024

Aim: To know the best culture media for growth and development of Colletotrichum capsici causing chilli anthracnose.

Study Design: Twelve different culture media were selected and three replications were maintained.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnatka, which was carried out in the year 2021-2023.

Methodology: The laboratory study was conducted to know the best nutrient media for the growth and sporulation of the pathogen. The pathogen was isolated from infected chilli fruit using tissue isolation technique and pure culture was maintained. Twelve different nutrient media were selected and tested for the growth and sporulation of the pathogen in three replications.

Results: Among twelve media tested, Red chilli dextrose agar have promoted the maximum growth of C. capsici (90.0 mm), which was followed by carrot dextrose agar and potato carrot agar (89.50 mm). Green chilli extract agar significantly promoted minimum growth of C. capsici (33.50 mm), which was followed by red chilli extract agar (48.00 mm) and Sarbouraud’s agar (48.50 mm). The cultural characters were varied among the media.

Conclusion: Potato dextrose agar and carrot dextrose agar media were proved to be best media for growth and sporulation of Colletotrichum capsica.
Studies on Sustainable Resource Management for Climate Smart IFS Model
Authors: Mourya B.M , Singh Kunwar Mukund , Kurmvanshi S.M
Published: February 2024

Studies on sustainable resource management for climate smart 0.4 ha IFS model was taken under all India coordinated research project on integrated farming system, College of Agriculture Rewa during 2021 to 2022 and 2022 to 2023. The study reveals that 0.4 hectares size of IFS model gave 131 .24 q rice equivalent yield, gross return Rs.271531, Net profit Rs.130090 And B:C ratio 1.91. The net profit from 0.36 hectares cropping systems was Rs.36727 and REY 41.80 q. The dairy component with two cows gave net profit Rs.86933 and B:C ratio 1.92. Among different cropping systems okra – garlic gave B:C ratio 2.23 and net profit of Rs.8066 from 0.02 ha area. The employment generation was 36 labour man days in June to 51 labour man days in October. Total employment generation was 513 labour man days per year. Flow of year-round income was varied from Rs.2501/ month in June to Rs.29913 in April. Self-reliance status from IFS model was 89%, green fodder ,27.39% dry fodder and 41.87% concentrates for cattle. Vermicompost and               compost unit gave 36.1% of total nitrogen ,46.26 %of total phosphorous and 95 % need of total Potassium.
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria for Sustainable Production of Sugarcane and Rice
Authors: Khandagale P. P. , Kansara S. S. , Padsala Jay , Patel P. R.
Published: February 2024

Sugarcane (Sacchraum officinarum L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) are important cash and staple crop in the world respectively. In today’s population explosion the lots of pressure on cropping land to mitigate the feed need of consumers with judicious use of chemical fertilizers without considering the health of soil and its sustainability. The rhizobacteria live region around roots (2-80 mm) of crop with divers, dynamic and complex microflora having capacity with direct and indirect beneficial effects on crop health by availability of different nutrient, siderophores, rhizo deposits, auxins and role with bioremediation. There are different types of bacteria is isolated from rhizosphere of sugarcane and rice having Bacillus, Rhizobium, comamonas, cyanaobacteria, Nodosilinea, Levinella and Pseudomonas genera with most efficient nitrogen producer, solubilizers of inorganic phosphate, potash and other macro and micronutrient. In rice microbiome as Levinella, Psudomonas Anaeromyxobacter, Arenimonas, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Bellilinea Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria and cyanobacteria with strains of Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter are further divided in vegetative and reproductive growth stage of rice crop. The article give brief idea about the large arena of them.
Forms of Silicon in Rice Soils of Kerala, India
Authors: Arya Lekshmi, V.  , Jayasree Sankar, S.
Published: February 2024

Aim: The plant-available silicon (PAS) content is highly influenced by different forms/fractions of silicon (Si) in which it exists in the soil. The solubility of these forms varies and affects the Si concentration in soil solution. Quantification of Si pools in soils is needed for a better understanding of biogeochemical processes that govern Si dynamics in soils, the magnitude of Si release, and Si-cycling between soil and plant systems. In this context, an attempt was made to elucidate the status and distribution of Si pools in major rice-growing soils of Kerala.

Methodology: The soil samples were collected from five different locations representing the major rice growing tracts (Kuttand, Kole, Pokkali, sandy and lateritic soils) of Kerala, India. The processed soil samples were analyzed to estimate various physicochemical properties. Then, using standard procedure, different fractions of Si in these soils were estimated and their correlation with physico-chemical properties of soils were worked out.

Results: The forms of Si estimated in these soils were mobile Si, adsorbed Si, organic Si, amorphous Si, and residual Si. The percentage distributions of Si pools in these soils were mainly in the order; of residual Si > amorphous Si > occluded Si > organic Si > mobile Si > adsorbed Si. Mobile and adsorbed Si were the smallest fractions and amorphous Si was the largest fraction in these soils.

Conclusion: Mobile and occluded Si were found to be the major contributors of PAS in major rice soils of Kerala.
Spectrum of malformations of the hindbrain (cerebellum, pons, and medulla) in a cohort of children with high rate of parental consanguinity
Authors: Sztriha László , Johansen Johan G.
Published: April 2005

We review 25 patients with a spectrum of hindbrain (cerebellum, pons, and medulla) malformations from a cohort of children with high parental consanguinity rate. Twenty‐three of the 25 patients were born to consanguineous parents. The patients were classified in four groups. Eleven patients of 6 families had malformation of the hindbrain and midbrain with molar tooth sign (10 patients of 5 families with typical Joubert syndrome), 5 patients showed severe supratentorial anomalies in addition to the hindbrain malformations, 5 patients had pontocerebellar or cerebellar hypoplasia with anterior horn cell disease in the spinal cord (spinal muscular atrophy), and 4 patients showed malformations affecting predominantly the hindbrain without substantial involvement of other systems. A locus for Joubert syndrome was previously identified on chromosome 9q34.3 in two families, and a second locus on chromosome 11p12‐q13.3 in another family. A third Joubert syndrome locus has been mapped at 6q23 and a mutation in the AHI1 gene at this site has been found recently in a further family from this cohort. Delineation of homogeneous subgroups of patients with hindbrain malformations and molecular genetic analysis of these groups may lead to identification of further loci, genes and mutations responsible for the malformations. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adsorption of ammonium and nitrate ions by poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) gel and poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐chlorophyllin) gel in different states
Authors: Yuan Linjing , Kusuda Tetsuya
Published: April 2005

The adsorption of ammonium and nitrate by temperature‐stimulus‐responsive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (NIPA) gel and poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐chlorophyllin) (NIPA‐CH) gel in different states was investigated. Both the NIPA gel and NIPA‐CH gel could adsorb ammonium and nitrate in a swollen state (swollen gel) and a swelling state (swelling gel), and they adsorbed ammonium more than nitrate. When the gels were shrinking (shrinking gel), they could adsorb a little ammonium from solution, but when the gels were in a shrunken state (shrunken gel), they hardly adsorbed ammonium. The adsorption of both ammonium and nitrate increased for the swelling NIPA gel in comparison with the swollen gel. The NIPA‐CH gel was the opposite in this respect. The difference in the amounts of adsorption of ammonium and nitrate by the swollen and swelling NIPA‐CH gels was more significant than that of the NIPA gels. It was suggested that ions such as ammonium and nitrate could not diffuse into the gels freely. The adsorption of ammonium and nitrate was affected not only by the phase transitions of the gels but also by the electrical charges. The experimental results for the adsorption of ammonium and nitrate during the volume changes of the gels imply that if the gels are applied to the immobilization of microorganisms, they may improve mass transfer between the immobilization matrix and bulk liquid under cyclic temperature changes and promote reactions of the immobilized microorganisms, especially the nitrification of nitrifying bacteria immobilized by the NIPA‐CH gel. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2367–2372, 2005
Coalescence Extraction – A Benign Extraction Tool
Authors: Schaadt A. , Bart H.‐J.
Published: April 2005

This paper deals with ‘Coalescence Extraction’, in which no intensive mixing is required. It is based on the use of a primary solvent, which, in combination with the feed, forms a homogeneous solution. This homogeneous phase has enormous potential for the treatment of cell fragments and other highly viscous materials. In the next step a secondary solvent (Composition‐Induced Phase Separation, CIPS) or a significant temperature change (Temperature‐Induced Phase Separation, TIPS) is used to enter the spinodal two‐phase region in which an extract and a raffinate are formed. The phases separate within seconds, even in the presence of emulsifying agents.
Triple‐Bond Covalent Radii
Authors: Pyykkö Pekka , Riedel Sebastian , Patzschke Michael
Published: April 2005

A system of additive covalent radii is proposed for σ2 π4 triple bonds involving elements from Be to E 112 (eka‐mercury). Borderline cases with weak multiple bonding are included. Only the elements in Group 1, the elements Zn–Hg in Group 12 and Ne in Group 18 are then totally excluded. Gaps are left at late actinides and some lanthanides. The standard deviation for the 324 included data points is 3.2 pm.
Results of a phase I dose‐escalation study using three‐dimensional conformal radiotherapy in the treatment of inoperable nonsmall cell lung carcinoma
Authors: Rosenzweig Kenneth E. , Fox Jana L. , Yorke Ellen , Amols Howard , Jackson Andrew , Rusch Valerie , Kris Mark G. , Ling Clif C. , Leibel Steven A.
Published: April 2005

BACKGROUND

The objective of this study was to report the results of a Phase I dose‐escalation study using three‐dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D‐CRT) for the treatment of patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC).

METHODS

Between 1991 and 2003, 104 patients were enrolled for 3D‐CRT at Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center. The median patient age was 69 years. Twenty‐eight percent of patients had Stage I–II NSCLC, 33% of patients had Stage IIIA NSCLC, 32% of patients had Stage IIIB NSCLC, and 6% of patients had recurrent NSCLC. Induction chemotherapy was received by 16% of patients. Radiation was delivered in daily fractions of 1.8 grays (Gy) for doses ≤ 81.0 Gy and in daily fractions of 2.0 Gy for higher doses. Accrual at a dose level was complete when 10 patients received the intended dose without unacceptable acute morbidity.

RESULTS

After an incident of fatal acute radiation pneumonitis at the starting dose of 70.2 Gy, the protocol was modified to limit normal tissue complication probabilities (NTCP) to < 25%. The dose was then escalated from 70.2 Gy, to 75.6 Gy, 81.0 Gy, and 84.0 Gy, with at least 10 patients treated at each dose level. Unacceptable pulmonary toxicity occurred at 90.0 Gy. Subsequently, another 10 patients were accrued at the 84.0 Gy level with acceptable toxicity. Thus, 84.0 Gy was the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). The crude late pulmonary toxicity rate was 7%, the 2‐year local control rate was 52%, the disease‐free survival rate was 33%, and the overall survival rate was 40%. The median survival was 21.1 months. Overall survival was improved significantly in patients who received ≥ 80.0 Gy.

CONCLUSIONS

The MTD of 3D‐CRT for NSCLC with an NTCP constraint of 25% was 84.0 Gy in the current study. There was a suggestion of improved survival in patients who received 80.0 Gy. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
gp49B1 deficiency is associated with increases in cytokine and chemokine production and severity of proliferative synovitis induced by anti‐type II collagen mAb
Authors: Zhou Joseph S. , Friend Daniel S. , Lee David M. , Li Lin , Austen K. Frank , Katz Howard R.
Published: April 2005

Mice with a disrupted gp49B gene, which encodes gp49B1 that is expressed on certain hematopoietic cells and has two immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based inhibitory motifs (ITIM), exhibit augmented FcϵRI‐initiated mast cell degranulation and resultant tissue edema. gp49B1‐deficient (gp49B–/–) mice also exhibit exaggerated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced intravascular neutrophil aggregation leading to cutaneous microangiopathy. To determine whether gp49B–/– mice exhibit elevated cytokine and chemokine levels leading to pathologic inflammation, we quantified clinical and morphologic parameters of arthritis and tissue levels of contributory mediators in gp49B–/– and gp49B1‐sufficient (gp49B+/+) mice injected with anti‐type II collagen monoclonal antibody (mAb) and LPS. Clinical scores for joint swelling and histological assessments of synovial thickness and cartilage matrix depletion at day 7 were significantly 2.3‐ to 2.5‐fold greater and were more prolonged in gp49B–/– mice. At day 5, the amounts of IL‐1β, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)‐1α, and MIP‐2 were 2.1‐, 2.5‐, and 12‐fold greater in joint extracts from gp49B–/– mice. A significant 2.7‐fold more neutrophils infiltrated the synovium of gp49B–/– mice at day 7, and neutrophilia persisted with the delayed resolution of the synovitis. mAb‐mediated depletion of neutrophils prevented the synovitis in both strains. Thus, gp49B1 counter‐regulates the cytokine and chemokine induction and attendant neutrophilia that are all essential for synovitis and cartilage matrix depletion.
The Formation of Cyclopropane Derivatives Bearing 1,2‐Dicarbonyl Groups through Tandem Michael–Favorskii‐Type Reactions with(E)‐β‐Styrylselenonium Triflate
Authors: Watanabe Shin‐ichi , Nakayama Ippei , Kataoka Tadashi
Published: April 2005

A novel tandem Michael–Favorskii‐type reaction is described. Treatment of active methylene carbanions, prepared by the reaction of NaH and active methylene compounds, with (E)‐β‐styrylselenonium triflate in DMF at 70 °C for 3 h gave cyclopropane derivatives bearing 1,2‐dicarbonyl groups in moderate to good yields. On the other hand, the carbanions derived from malonates reacted with the selenonium salt to afford 1,1‐dicarbonylcyclopropane compounds in good yields. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Treatment of Process Water Containing Heavy Metals with a Two‐Stage Electrolysis Procedure in a Membrane Electrolysis Cell
Authors: Fischer R. , Seidel H. , Morgenstern P. , Förster H.‐J. , Thiele W. , Krebs P.
Published: April 2005

The capability of a two‐stage electrochemical treatment for the regeneration of acidic heavy‐metal containing process water was examined. The process water came from sediment bioleaching and was characterized by a wide spectrum of dissolved metals, a high sulfate content, and a pH of about 3. In the modular laboratory model cell used, the anode chamber and the cathode chamber were separated by a central chamber fitted with an ion exchanger membrane on either side. The experiments were carried out applying a platinum anode and a graphite cathode at a current density of 0.1 A/cm2. The circulation flow of the process water in the batch process amounted to 35 L/h, the electrolysis duration was 5.5 h at maximum and the total electrolysis current was about 1 A. In the first stage, the acidic process water containing metals passed through the cathode chamber. In the second stage, the cathodically pretreated process water was electrolyzed anodically. In the cathode chamber the main load of dissolved Cu, Zn, Cr and Pb was eliminated. The sulfuric acid surplus of 3–4 g/L decreased to about 1 g/L, the pH rose from initially 3.0 to 4–5, but the desired pH of 9–10 was not achieved. Precipitation in the proximity to the cathode evidently takes place at a higher pH than farther away. The dominant process in the anode chamber was the precipitation of amorphous MnO2 owing to the oxidation of dissolved Mn(II). The further depletion of the remaining heavy metals in the cathodically pretreated process water by subsequent anodic treatment was nearly exhaustive, more than 99 % of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were removed from the leachate. The high depletion of heavy metals might be due to both the sorption on MnO2 precipitates and/or basic ferrous sulfate formed anodically, and the migration of metal ions through the cation exchanger membrane via the middle chamber into the cathode chamber. In the anode chamber, the sulfuric acid content increased to 6–7 g/L and the pH sank to 1.7. All heavy metals contained, with the exception of Zn, were removed to levels below the German limits for discharging industrial wastewaters into the receiving water. Moreover, the metal‐depleted and acid‐enriched process waters could be returned to the leaching process, hence reducing the output of wastewater. The results indicated that heavy metals could be removed from acidic process waters by two‐stage electrochemical treatment to a large extent. However, to improve the efficiency of metal removal and to establish the electrochemical treatment in practice, further work is necessary to optimize the operation of the process with respect to current density, energy consumption, discharging of metal precipitates deposited in the electrode chambers and preventing membrane clogging.
Coordinated Development of Yeast Colonies: An Experimental Analysis of the Adaptation to Different Nutrient Concentrations – Part 1
Authors: Walther T. , Reinsch H. , Ostermann K. , Deutsch A. , Bley T.
Published: April 2005

The development of yeast colonies on solid agar substrates served as a model system to investigate the growth of higher fungi in a heterogeneous environment. Applying a new analytical technique – which was based on the estimation of the intensity of transmitted light from microscopic images taken along the colony radius – cell‐density distributions inside fungal mycelia were measured at an extremely high spatial resolution. Using this method, the adaptation of yeast colonies to the limitation of different nutrients was investigated. Under conditions of carbon or nitrogen limitation, populations of the dimorphic model yeasts Yarrowia lipolytica and Candida boidinii underwent a transition in their morphology from solid colony to mycelial colony patterns. When grown under conditions that induced the mycelial morphology, colonies extended linearly at a constant rate irrespective of the initial nutrient concentration. In general, the cell density within the population declined at higher degrees of limitation. Nitrogen‐limited colonies of both model yeasts, as well as carbon‐limited Y. lipolytica colonies proceeded to extend until the growth field was finally covered by the population. Under these conditions, areas of fairly constant cell densities were formed during the growth process. Only carbon‐limited C. boidinii colonies stopped extending at a final diameter which was small when compared to the size of the growth field, and formed a cell‐density profile which was monotonically declining. The observed differences in the final colony diameter, and in the cell‐density profile morphology indicated the presence of different regulatory mechanisms that ruled the colony development of the model yeasts. The presented monitoring technique for the biomass distribution inside fungal populations provided the basis for a quantitative and non‐invasive description of mycelial development.
Methods to Analyse the Texture of Alginate Aerogel Microspheres
Authors: Valentin Romain , Molvinger Karine , Quignard Françoise , Di Renzo Francesco
Published: April 2005

Nitrogen adsorption at 77 K has been applied to the study of the texture of alginate aerogel microspheres obtained by CO2 supercritical drying of alcogels. The limited volume shrinkage suggests that the aerogels preserve the texture of the hydrogels. Alginate aerogels presents a N2 adsorption at small pressure higher than reference non‐porous silica, to be attributed to the polarity of the surface or to a small microporous volume. The aggregated nanobead strings of the guluronic‐rich gels accounts for a significant mesoporosity. The N2 adsorption results correspond to electron microscopy observations for features smaller than 50 nm.
Intramolecular Polycomplexes Formed by Dextran‐Grafted Polyacrylamide: Effect of the Components Molecular Weight
Authors: Kutsevol Nataliya , Guenet Jean‐Michel , Melnik Nataliya , Rossi Claudio
Published: April 2005

Graft copolymers of Polyacrylamide‐g‐Dextran were synthesized using ceric‐ion‐initiated solution polymerisation technique. It is shown that the macromolecular parameters of these copolymers and their molecular structure strongly depend on the molecular weight of the Dextran part.
Influence of Phase Morphology on Molecular Mobility of Poly(propylene)‐(ethylene‐vinyl acetate) Copolymer Blends
Authors: Pimbert Sylvie , Stevenson Isabelle , Seytre Gerard , Boiteux Gisele , Cassagnau Philippe
Published: April 2005

The dynamic mechanical and dielectric behaviours of Polypropylene (PP) and (Ethylene‐Vinyl Acetate) Copolymer (EVA) blends are reported as a function of the morphology. For EVA contents lower than 20%, blends show the two‐phase morphology characteristic of immiscible blends, with spherical EVA droplets finely dispersed in the PP matrix. After stretching in the molten state, the morphology of EVA fibers is observed. Mechanical Relaxation Spectroscopy display three relaxation processes: the EVA and PP α‐relaxations associated to the glass transitions and a β‐transition corresponding to a PP crystalline phase relaxation. The PP α‐relaxation shifts to higher temperatures when EVA presents a fiber morphology, corresponding to a decrease of PP chain mobility since it is hindered by the reinforcement effect of EVA fibers. Quite different results are obtained by DRS analysis. In blends containing EVA fibers, only one main relaxation associated to the EVA α‐transition is observed whereas one additional relaxation can be noticed in the blends containing EVA droplets. This new relaxation might be assigned to interfacial polarization effects, phenomena that are sometimes observed in heterogeneous polymer blends when a low content of one polar component is embedded in a non conductive matrix. In this case, the occurrence of a characteristic interfacial polarization relaxation appears to be correlated to the accessible experimental frequency.
Crystalline Organization in Syndiotactic Polystyrene Gels and Aerogels
Authors: Daniel Christophe , Guerra Gaetano
Published: April 2005

The crystalline structure of syndiotactic polystyrene gels and aerogels has been investigated by using x‐ray diffraction. Results show that, depending on the solvent, the crystalline structure of the junction zones of the gels is a clathrate phase or the solvent free orthorhombic β‐form. For aerogels obtained from gels with a clathrate phase, the aerogel crystalline phase consists of the nanoporous δ‐form while for aerogels obtained from gels with the β‐form, the original crystalline structure is maintained.
Ordering in Bio‐Polyelectrolyte Chitosan Solutions
Authors: David Laurent , Montembault Alexandra , Vizio Nadège , Crépet Agnès , Viton Christophe , Domard Alain , Morfin Isabelle , Rochas Cyrille
Published: April 2005

The scaling of the polyelectrolyte scattering peak in chitosan solutions, as deduced from the relation qmax∼cpα was studied by synchrotron SAXS as a function of the charge density of the polymer. We observe a variation in the α exponent corresponding to the limit of the ionic condensation, by varying the degree of acetylation of the polymer. The nature of the solution medium also affects the polyelectrolyte peak, and it is shown that in alcoholic/water mixtures, the lower dissociation of the acid induces a lower charge density, thus influencing the polyelectrolyte ordering.
Spectroscopic (Raman, FT‐IR and NMR) and theoretical study of alkali metal picolinates
Authors: Lewandowski W. , Świderski G. , Świslocka R. , Wojtulewski S. , Koczoń P.
Published: April 2005

The FT‐IR, FT‐Raman and1H and13C NMR spectra of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and caesium picolinates were recorded, assigned and compared in the Li → Na → K → Rb → Cs series and analysed. Experimental, vibrational and NMR spectra were interpreted with the aid of calculated data from density functional theory at the B3PW91/6–311 ++ G** level. Distance, angles and dipole moments and also aromaticity indices (HOMA,EN,GEO,I6) for the optimized structures of picolinic acid and sodium picolinate were calculated. Comparison of theoretical and experimental (x‐ray) data and the application of Bader's theory enabled us to evaluate the intramolecular interactions in picolinic acid. Also, the influence of the carboxylic anion structure and the nature of metal–ligand bonding on the electronic charge distribution in the aromatic ring was investigated. The degree of perturbation in the electronic system of the ligand under the influence of metal in the Li → Cs series was investigated with the use of statistical methods (principal component analysis) and calculated aromaticity indices. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Ce4+ substitution on the structural, electrical and dielectric properties of NiAl2O4 spinel
Authors: Augustin C. O. , Hema K. , Berchmans L. John , Kalai Selvan R. , Saraswathi R.
Published: April 2005

The structural, electrical and dielectric properties of a series of Ni1–xCexAl2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8) compositions have been studied. The samples were prepared by a novel glycine–nitrate combustion synthesis route. The substitution of Ce4+ for Ni2+ results in an increase in the lattice constant owing to the larger size of the substituent. The X‐ray density increases with increasing Ce4+ content. The IR spectra show two fundamental absorption bands, which are shifted gradually towards higher energy with the addition of Ce4+. The UV–visible spectra confirm the preference of Ni2+ for the octahedral site. The dc electrical conductivity increases with increasing temperature due to the mobility of thermally activated charge carriers. Due to the electrostatic screening effect of B‐site cations, the conductivity decreases with increasing Ce4+ content. The dielectric constant and loss tangent of the synthesized compounds show the normal behavior of spinel compounds. The ac electrical conductivity increases with increasing applied frequency and decreases with increasing Ce4+ substitution. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Economic burden of post‐acute myocardial infarction heart failure in the United Kingdom
Authors: Lacey L. , Tabberer M.
Published: April 2005

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. This study was carried out to quantify the burden of CHF, subsequent to acute myocardial infarction (AMI), from the perspective of the UK National Health Service (NHS).

A systematic literature review of publications since 1990 was carried out on the economic burden of heart failure. The economic burden of post‐AMI heart failure in the UK for the year 2000 was estimated for two scenarios: (1) Base‐case estimate (post‐AMI heart failure accounts for 20% of heart failure cases): Direct healthcare costs of £125–181 million (approx. 0.4% of total NHS spend) and nursing home costs of £27 million; (2) Upper estimate (post‐AMI heart failure accounts for 50% of the total): Direct healthcare costs of £313–453 million (approx 1.0% of total NHS spend) and nursing home costs of £68 million. In conclusion, post‐AMI heart failure imposes a significant direct economic burden on the UK.