bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Entwicklung und Validierung von Instrumenten zur Überprüfung der therapeutischen Adhärenz und Kompetenz bei der Behandlung der Panikstörung
Authors: Grikscheit Florian , Lang Thomas , Kordt Anne , Helbig-Lang Sylvia , Geisler Kira , Weck Florian
Published: August 2015

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Die Güte der Expositionsvorbereitung wird als wichtiger Faktor für die erfolgreiche Behandlung der Panikstörung mit Agoraphobie gesehen. Jedoch fehlt es an geeigneten Instrumenten, um dies zu untersuchen. Fragestellung: Ziel der Studie ist die Konstruktion und Validierung von Skalen zur Erfassung der Adhärenz und Kompetenz bei der Vorbereitung der Exposition. Methode: Vier Experten wurden zur Inhaltsvalidierung herangezogen. Die weitere Überprüfung der Reliabilität und Validität erfolgte auf der Basis von 84 psychotherapeutischen Behandlungen von Patienten mit Panikstörung und Agoraphobie. Ergebnisse: Die Adhärenz- und Kompetenzskala wiesen eine hohe Interratereliabilität auf und es zeigten sich deutliche Hinweise für deren Validität. Schlussfolgerungen: Die entwickelten Verfahren können sowohl in der klinischen Forschung, als auch in der Aus- und Weiterbildung von Therapeuten sinnvoll eingesetzt werden.
Personal Problem Solving of Partners in Divorce	Proceedings
Authors: Soukupova Tereza , Goldmann Petr
Published: August 2015

Abstract. The Thematic Apperception Test is one of the most frequently administered apperceptive techniques. Formal scoring systems are helpful in evaluating story responses. TAT stories, made by 20 males and 20 females in the situation of legal divorce proceedings, were coded for detection and comparison of their personal problem solving ability. The evaluating instrument utilized was the Personal Problem Solving System-Revised (PPSS-R) as developed by G. F. Ronan. The results indicate that in relation to card 1, men more often than women saw the cause of the problem as removable. With card 6GF, women were more motivated to resolve the given problem than were men, women had a higher personal control and their stories contained more optimism compared to men’s stories. In relation to card 6BM women, more often than men, used emotions generated from the problem to orient themselves within the problem. With card 13MF, the men’s level of stress was less compared to that of the women, and men were more able to plan within the context of problem-solving. Significant differences in the examined groups were found in those cards which depicted significant gender and parental potentials. The TAT can be used to help identify personality characteristics and gender differences.
Guidelines Updated for Field Trip Guidebooks
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: August 2015

A geoscience organization recently revised guidelines for preparing the field trip guidebooks and updated its online searchable database for the guides.
TRB3 links insulin/IGF to tumour promotion by interacting with p62 and impeding autophagic/proteasomal degradations
Authors: Hua Fang , Li Ke , Yu Jiao-Jiao , Lv Xiao-Xi , Yan Jun , Zhang Xiao-Wei , Sun Wei , Lin Heng , Shang Shuang , Wang Feng , Cui Bing , Mu Rong , Huang Bo , Jiang Jian-Dong , Hu Zhuo-Wei
Published: August 2015

High insulin/IGF is a biologic link between diabetes and cancers, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here we report a previously unrecognized tumour-promoting mechanism for stress protein TRB3, which mediates a reciprocal antagonism between autophagic and proteasomal degradation systems and connects insulin/IGF to malignant promotion. We find that several human cancers express higher TRB3 and phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate 1, which correlates negatively with patient’s prognosis. TRB3 depletion protects against tumour-promoting actions of insulin/IGF and attenuates tumour initiation, growth and metastasis in mice. TRB3 interacts with autophagic receptor p62 and hinders p62 binding to LC3 and ubiquitinated substrates, which causes p62 deposition and suppresses autophagic/proteasomal degradation. Several tumour-promoting factors accumulate in cancer cells to support tumour metabolism, proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Interrupting TRB3/p62 interaction produces potent antitumour efficacies against tumour growth and metastasis. Our study opens possibility of targeting this interaction as a potential novel strategy against cancers with diabetes.
A two-dimensional algebraic quantum liquid produced by an atomic simulator of the quantum Lifshitz model
Authors: Po Hoi Chun , Zhou Qi
Published: August 2015

Bosons have a natural instinct to condense at zero temperature. It is a long-standing challenge to create a high-dimensional quantum liquid that does not exhibit long-range order at the ground state, as either extreme experimental parameters or sophisticated designs of microscopic Hamiltonians are required for suppressing the condensation. Here we show that synthetic gauge fields for ultracold atoms, using either the Raman scheme or shaken lattices, provide physicists a simple and practical scheme to produce a two-dimensional algebraic quantum liquid at the ground state. This quantum liquid arises at a critical Lifshitz point, where a two-dimensional quartic dispersion emerges in the momentum space, and many fundamental properties of two-dimensional bosons are changed in its proximity. Such an ideal simulator of the quantum Lifshitz model allows experimentalists to directly visualize and explore the deconfinement transition of topological excitations, an intriguing phenomenon that is difficult to access in other systems.
The Salmonella effector protein SifA plays a dual role in virulence
Authors: Zhao Weidong , Moest Thomas , Zhao Yaya , Guilhon Aude-Agnès , Buffat Christophe , Gorvel Jean-Pierre , Méresse Stéphane
Published: August 2015

The virulence of Salmonella relies on the expression of effector proteins that the bacterium injects inside infected cells. Salmonella enters eukaryotic cells and resides in a vacuolar compartment on which a number of effector proteins such as SifA are found. SifA plays an essential role in Salmonella virulence. It is made of two distinct domains. The N-terminal domain of SifA interacts with the host protein SKIP. This interaction regulates vacuolar membrane dynamics. The C-terminal has a fold similar to other bacterial effector domains having a guanine nucleotide exchange factor activity. Although SifA interacts with RhoA, it does not stimulate the dissociation of GDP and the activation of this GTPase. Hence it remains unknown whether the C-terminal domain contributes to the function of SifA in virulence. We used a model of SKIP knockout mice to show that this protein mediates the host susceptibility to salmonellosis and to establish that SifA also contributes to Salmonella virulence independently of its interaction with SKIP. We establish that the C-terminal domain of SifA mediates this SKIP-independent contribution. Moreover, we show that the two domains of SifA are functionally linked and participate to the same signalling cascade that supports Salmonella virulence.
Tailoring the strength and porosity of rapid-hardening magnesia phosphate paste via the pre-foaming method
Authors: Liu Li-Jie , Li Jin-Hong , Wang Xiang , Qian Ting-Ting , Li Xiao-Hui
Published: August 2015

High-porosity magnesia phosphate paste (HPMPP) was prepared via the pre-foaming method. In the pre-foaming method, sintering treatment was not required. The bulk density and maximum compressive strength of the HPMPP prepared according to the ratio of water to solids (W/So) of 0.32 reached 464.00 ± 5.00 Kg/m3 and 0.30 ± 0.05 MPa, respectively. The compressive strength increased with the increases in the addition amounts of sodium silicate and polypropylene fibers. The bulk density of HPMPP increased with the increase in the addition of sodium silicate and decreased with the increase in the addition of polypropylene fibers. Besides, the porosity of the magnesia phosphate paste increased from 79.85% to 81.27% and from 80.31% to 83.75% after the addition of sodium silicate and polypropylene fibers respectively. The highest porosity (83.75%) of the prepared HPMPP was realized under the addition proportion (sodium silicate: polypropylene fibers: solids = 0.06:0.0025:1). The average pore size of the prepared HPMPP is about 180 μm and the pore distribution range is relatively narrow. The hydration product (struvite) is combined with MgO particle one by one and then coated on the surface of bubbles. With the decrease of the water content, after breaking bubbles, the porous structure can be achieved.
Impact of smoke-free legislation on perinatal and infant mortality: a national quasi-experimental study
Authors: Been Jasper V , Mackay Daniel F , Millett Christopher , Pell Jill P , van Schayck Onno CP , Sheikh Aziz
Published: August 2015

Smoke-free legislation is associated with improved early-life outcomes; however its impact on perinatal survival is unclear. We linked individual-level data with death certificates for all registered singletons births in England (1995–2011). We used interrupted time series logistic regression analysis to study changes in key adverse perinatal events following the July 2007 national, comprehensive smoke-free legislation. We studied 52,163 stillbirths and 10,238,950 live-births. Smoke-free legislation was associated with an immediate 7.8% (95%CI 3.5–11.8; p < 0.001) reduction in stillbirth, a 3.9% (95%CI 2.6–5.1; p < 0.001) reduction in low birth weight and a 7.6% (95%CI 3.4–11.7; p = 0.001) reduction in neonatal mortality. No significant impact on SIDS was observed. Using a counterfactual scenario, we estimated that in the first four years following smoke-free legislation, 991 stillbirths, 5,470 cases of low birth weight and 430 neonatal deaths were prevented. In conclusion, smoke-free legislation in England was associated with clinically important reductions in severe adverse perinatal outcomes.
Ferroelectricity driven magnetism at domain walls in LaAlO3/PbTiO3 superlattices
Authors: Zhou P. X. , Dong S. , Liu H. M. , Ma C. Y. , Yan Z. B. , Zhong C. G. , Liu J. -M.
Published: August 2015

Charge dipole moment and spin moment rarely coexist in single-phase bulk materials except in some multiferroics. Despite the progress in the past decade, for most multiferroics their magnetoelectric performance remains poor due to the intrinsic exclusion between charge dipole and spin moment. As an alternative approach, the oxide heterostructures may evade the intrinsic limits in bulk materials and provide more attractive potential to realize the magnetoelectric functions. Here we perform a first-principles study on LaAlO3/PbTiO3 superlattices. Although neither of the components is magnetic, magnetic moments emerge at the ferroelectric domain walls of PbTiO3 in these superlattices. Such a twist between ferroelectric domain and local magnetic moment, not only manifests an interesting type of multiferroicity, but also is possible useful to pursuit the electrical-control of magnetism in nanoscale heterostructures.
Curcumin analogues as selective fluorescence imaging probes for brown adipose tissue and monitoring browning
Authors: Zhang Xueli , Tian Yanli , Zhang Hongbin , Kavishwar Amol , Lynes Matthew , Brownell Anna-Liisa , Sun Hongbin , Tseng Yu-Hua , Moore Anna , Ran Chongzhao
Published: August 2015

Manipulation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) can be promising new approaches to counter metabolic disorder diseases in humans. Imaging probes that could consistently monitor BAT mass and browning of WAT are highly desirable. In the course of our imaging probe screening, we found that BAT could be imaged with curcumin analogues in mice. However, the poor BAT selectivity over WAT and short emissions of the lead probes promoted further lead optimization. Limited uptake mechanism studies suggested that CD36/FAT (fatty acid transporter) probably contributed to the facilitated uptake of the probes. By increasing the stereo-hindrance of the lead compound, we designed CRANAD-29 to extend the emission and increase the facilitated uptake, thus increasing its BAT selectivity. Our data demonstrated that CRANAD-29 had significantly improved selectivity for BAT over WAT and could be used for imaging BAT mass change in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse model, as well as for monitoring BAT activation under cold exposure. In addition, CRANAD-29 could be used for monitoring the browning of subcutaneous WAT (sWAT) induced by β3-adrenoceptor agonist CL-316, 243.
The immune adherence receptor CR1-like existed on porcine erythrocytes membrane
Authors: Yin Wei , Cui Jiaoyan , Jiang Junbing , Zhao Junxing , Fan Kuohai , Sun Na , Wang Zhiwei , Sun Yaogui , Ma Haili , Li Hongquan
Published: August 2015

In the present study, we obtain a mouse anti-porcine complement receptor type 1 (CR1)-like monoclonal antibody (McAb) and use this McAb to verify the existence of CR1-like protein on porcine erythrocytes. Our results confirm that CR1-like protein is localized on the surface of porcine erythrocytes. Mouse immunoglobulin G inhibited the binding of serum-opsonized green fluorescent protein-expressing Escherichia coli to porcine erythrocytes. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis indicates that CR1-like McAb reacts with biochemically-purified porcine erythrocyte membrane fractions, with a clear band at 135 kDa to 140 kDa. We postulate that the 135 kDa to 140 kDa membrane protein is the equivalent of the porcine erythrocyte CR1-like protein.
Simultaneous determination of 41 components in Gualou Guizhi granules by UPLC coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry
Authors: Lin Yu , Xu Wei , Xu Wen , Huang Mingqing , Zhang Yuqin , Li Huang , Chu Kedan , Chen Lidian
Published: August 2015

Gualou Guizhi granules (GLGZGs) are a classical formula of traditional Chinese medicine, which have been commonly used to treat dysfunction after stroke, epilepsy and spinal cord injury.
Biomarkers of urinary tract infections: state of the art, and promising applications for rapid strip-based chemical sensors
Authors: Karlsen H. , Dong T.
Published: August 2015

Supplementary urinary tract infection biomarkers might help to improve the performance and reliability of urine test strips for high risk groups.
Electrochemical determination of bisphenol A using a polyacrylamide–multiwalled carbon nanotube-modified glassy carbon electrode
Authors: Han Jian , Li Faying , Jiang Liping , Li Kai , Dong Yunhui , Li Yueyun
Published: August 2015

A novel electrochemical sensor was fabricated for the determination of bisphenol A (BPA) based on a signal amplification strategy with polyacrylamide and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (PAM–MWCNTs).
Enhancing the performance of LC-MS for intact protein analysis by counteracting the signal suppression effects of trifluoroacetic acid during electrospray
Authors: Chen Jin , Liu Zheyi , Wang Fangjun , Mao Jiawei , Zhou Ye , Liu Jing , Zou Hanfa , Zhang Yukui
Published: August 2015

We develop an acidic vapor assisted electrospray ionization strategy within an enclosed electrospray ionization source to counteract the ion suppression effects caused by trifluoroacetic acid.
Switching properties of Li–benzene complexes in a uniform electric field: a case where a “small” change makes a big difference
Authors: Sadlej-Sosnowska Nina
Published: August 2015

In an applied electric field of appropriate direction, a reversible switching between two configurations of the Li–benzene complex takes place.
Unraveling the effect of La A-site substitution on oxygen ion diffusion and oxygen catalysis in perovskite BaFeO3by data-mining molecular dynamics and density functional theory
Authors: Chen Chi , Baiyee Zarah Medina , Ciucci Francesco
Published: August 2015

The effects of La substitution on oxygen transport and catalysis in BaFeO3are unraveled by data-driven molecular dynamics and density functional theory.
A series of new manganese thioarsenates(v) based on different unsaturated [Mn(amine)x]2+complexes
Authors: Zhou Jian , Tan Xiao-Feng , Liu Xing , Qing Miao , Zhao Rong-Qing , Tang Qiuling
Published: August 2015

Different unsaturated [Mn(amine)x]2+complexes have a significant structure directing effect on the structures of manganese thioarsenates(v) under similar solvothermal conditions.
A first look at the influence of anthropogenic climate change on the future delivery of fluvial sediment to the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna delta
Authors: Darby Stephen E. , Dunn Frances E. , Nicholls Robert J. , Rahman Munsur , Riddy Liam
Published: August 2015

We employ a climate-driven hydrological water balance and sediment transport model (HydroTrend) to simulate future climate-driven sediment loads flowing into the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna (GBM) mega-delta.
CHEM21 selection guide of classical- and less classical-solvents
Authors: Prat Denis , Wells Andy , Hayler John , Sneddon Helen , McElroy C. Robert , Abou-Shehada Sarah , Dunn Peter J.
Published: August 2015

A methodology, based on a combination of SH&E criteria, enables a simplified greenness evaluation of any solvent, in the context of fine or pharmaceutical chemistry.
Sample loss in asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation coupled to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry of silver nanoparticles
Authors: Sötebier Carina A. , Bierkandt Frank S. , Rades Steffi , Jakubowski Norbert , Panne Ulrich , Weidner Steffen M.
Published: August 2015

A systematic study on recovery rates and sample loss in AF4 including qualitative and quantitative LA-ICP-MS imaging of the membrane was performed.
On-chip phase measurement for microparticles trapped on a waveguide
Authors: Dullo Firehun Tsige , Hellesø Olav Gaute
Published: August 2015

The phase change caused by microparticles trapped on a waveguide is simulated and measured using a Young interferometer.
A BODIPY/pyridine conjugate for reversible fluorescence detection of gold(iii) ions
Authors: Üçüncü Muhammed , Karakuş Erman , Emrullahoğlu Mustafa
Published: August 2015

A rare example of a fluorescent probe for the reversible detection of gold ions.
Racemic total synthesis of dactyloidin and demethyldactyloidin through the dl-proline-catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation/[4 + 2] cycloaddition cascade
Authors: Tan Haibo , Liu Hongxin , Chen Xinzheng , Chen Huiyu , Qiu Shengxiang
Published: August 2015

An efficient approach towards the first racemic total synthesis of dactyloidin (2) and demethyldactyloidin (3) is described.
The influence of L ligands on the {RuNO}6/7 bonding situation in cis-[Ru(NO)(NO2)L1–4]q complexes: a theoretical insight
Authors: Andriani K. F. , Caramori G. F. , Muñoz-Castro A. , Doro F. G.
Published: August 2015

The nature of the Ru–NO interaction before and after reduction of cis-[Ru(NO)(NO2)L1–4]q complexes is modulated by the coordination environment of the metallic center, resulting in more labile on complexes with weak π-acceptor ligands.
Preparation of liquefied wood-based activated carbon fibers by different activation methods for methylene blue adsorption
Authors: Huang Yuxiang , Ma Erni , Zhao Guangjie
Published: August 2015

In order to study the adsorption for methylene blue (MB), five types of activated carbon fibers (ACFs) were prepared from liquefied wood by different activation methods.
Photochemically synthesized palladium nanoparticles with catalytic activity at ppb levels for C–C coupling reactions
Authors: Paul Abhijit , Chatterjee Debnath , Rajkamal Rajkamal , Banerjee Srirupa , Yadav Somnath
Published: August 2015

Herein we report a photochemical synthesis of Pd nanoparticles (Pd-NPs) that are catalytically active at 83 ppb for various C–C coupling reactions.
An island of stability in a sea of fingers: emergent global features of the viscous-flow instability
Authors: Bischofberger Irmgard , Ramachandran Radha , Nagel Sidney R.
Published: August 2015

We uncover a novel global structure of viscous-fingering patterns controlled by the viscosity ratio of the two fluids: an inner region of complete displacement coexists with finger growth.
Direct observation of drops on slippery lubricant-infused surfaces
Authors: Schellenberger Frank , Xie Jing , Encinas Noemí , Hardy Alexandre , Klapper Markus , Papadopoulos Periklis , Butt Hans-Jürgen , Vollmer Doris
Published: August 2015

Water droplet resting on a slippery surface.
Orientation, interaction and laser assisted self-assembly of organic single-crystal micro-sheets in a nematic liquid crystal
Authors: Rasna M. V. , Zuhail K. P. , Ramudu U. V. , Chandrasekar R. , Dontabhaktuni J. , Dhara Surajit
Published: August 2015

In this paper we report first experimental study on the orientation, interaction and directed-assembly of single crystal micro-sheets in nematic liquid crystals.
A study on K2SbF2Cl3as a new mid-IR nonlinear optical material: new synthesis and excellent properties
Authors: Huang Yin , Meng Xianggao , Gong Pifu , Lin Zheshuai , Chen Xingguo , Qin Jingui
Published: August 2015

K2SbF2Cl3is synthesized by the hydrothermal method, and its potential is evaluated for the first time. Its powders show a phase-matchable SHG effect 4 times that of KDP. Its optical band gap is 4.01 eV which is much wider than the band gaps of the currently commercialized IR NLO crystals.
Manipulation of the fluorescence of nanocrystals by opal-based heterostructures
Authors: Céline Bourdillon , Ngoc Hong Phan , de Marcillac Willy Daney , Laurent Coolen , Agnès Maître , Catherine Schwob
Published: August 2015

Opal-based photonic crystals are promising materials to engineer complex heterostructures for efficient manipulation of nano-emitters fluorescence.
The oxidation and utilization of palmitate, stearate, oleate and acetate by the mammary gland of the fed goat in relation to their overall metabolism, and the role of plasma phospholipids and neutral lipids in milk-fat synthesis
Authors: Annison E. F. , Linzell J. L. , Fazakerley S , Nichols B. W.
Published: August 2015

1. Measurements were made of milk yield, mammary blood flow and arteriovenous differences of each plasma lipid fraction, and their specific radioactivities, during the infusion of [U-(14)C]stearate, [U-(14)C]oleate, [U-(14)C]palmitate and [1-(14)C]acetate into fed lactating goats. 2. Entry rates of fatty acids into the circulation were 4.2mg./min./kg. body wt. for acetate, and 0.18, 0.28 and 0.42mg./min./kg. for stearate, oleate and palmitate respectively. Acetate accounted for 23% of the total carbon dioxide produced by the whole animal, and contributed to the oxidative metabolism of the mammary gland to about the same extent. Corresponding values for each of the long-chain acids were less than 1%. 3. There were no significant arteriovenous differences of phospholipids, sterols or sterol esters, and their fatty acid composition showed no net changes during passage through the mammary gland. 4. There were large arteriovenous differences of plasma triglycerides, and their fatty acid composition showed marked changes across the gland. The proportions of palmitate and stearate fell, and that of oleate increased. 5. Arteriovenous differences of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) were small and variable, but a large fall in the specific radioactivity of each of the long-chain acids examined indicated substantial uptake of plasma FFA, accompanied by roughly equivalent FFA release from mammary tissue. The uptake of FFA was confirmed by the extensive transfer of radioactivity into milk. The FFA of milk were similar in composition and radioactivity to the milk triglyceride fatty acids, and quite unlike plasma FFA. 6. The formation of large amounts of oleic acid (18-21 mg./min.) from stearic acid was demonstrated. 7. During the terminal stages of the [(14)C]acetate infusion, milk triglyceride fatty acids of chain length C(4)-C(14) showed specific radioactivities that were 75-90% of that of blood acetate, and that of palmitate was roughly one-quarter of this value. Oleate and stearate were unlabelled. 8. The results confirmed that milk fatty acids of chain length C(4)-C(14) arise largely from blood acetate, and palmitate is derived partly from acetate and partly from plasma triglyceride, the latter fraction being almost the sole precursor of oleate and stearate.
Biochemical studies with a new cytotoxic immunosuppressive agent, 3-acetyl-5-(4-fluorobenzylidene)-2,5-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-oxothiophen (I.C.I. 47776)
Authors: Franklin T. J. , Higginson B.
Published: August 2015

1. A new cytotoxic agent, 3-acetyl-5-(4-fluorobenzylidene)-2,5-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-oxothiophen (I.C.I. 47776), strongly inhibits protein and nucleic acid synthesis and, to a smaller extent, respiration in lymph-node cells and Landschütz ascites-tumour cells in vitro. 2. The activity of I.C.I. 47776 in vitro declines as the pH of the medium is increased and is inversely proportional to the concentration of serum in the medium. 3. The compound has no effect on the incorporation of leucine by a cell-free preparation from Landschütz ascites cells containing ATP and phosphoenolpyruvate. 4. I.C.I. 47776 stimulates glycolysis in suspensions of Landschütz ascites cells in the presence of excess of glucose but has no effect on glycolysis in suspensions of rat lymph-node cells. 5. I.C.I. 47776 markedly depresses ATP concentration in ascites cells in the absence of glucose but has no effect on the ATP concentration in the presence of glucose. The inhibition of protein synthesis by I.C.I. 47776 in ascites cells is, however, only partially reversed by the addition of glucose. 6. The ATP concentration of rat lymph-node cells incubated with I.C.I. 47776 in the absence of glucose is also markedly depressed but the addition of glucose increases the ATP concentration only slightly. Further, glucose has no effect on the inhibition of protein synthesis in lymph-node cells by I.C.I. 47776. 7. It is suggested that I.C.I. 47776 inhibits protein and nucleic acid synthesis in cell suspensions indirectly by acting as a mitochondrial poison. 8. The relevance of studies on the activity of I.C.I. 47776 in vitro to its cytotoxic and immunosuppressive action in vivo is discussed.
The effects of zinc deficiency on pancreatic carboxypeptidase activity and protein digestion and absorption in the rat
Authors: Mills C. F. , Quarterman J. , Williams R. B. , Dalgarno A. C. , Panić B.
Published: August 2015

1. Proteolytic enzyme activities were examined in the pancreas of zinc-deficient and control rats. 2. No change was detected in trypsin-plus-chymotrypsin activity. 3. Carboxypeptidase activity was appreciably lowered in zinc deficiency and returned rapidly to normal on zinc therapy. 4. In experiments in which U-(14)C-labelled Chlorella protein was fed no evidence was obtained which suggested that the reduction in carboxypeptidase activity had limited the rate of protein digestion or absorption. 5. The specific activity of pancreatic protein synthesized during these experiments was appreciably lower in zinc-deficient than in control rats. 6. A higher proportion of the total activity present, in each organ examined, was in the non-protein fraction in zinc-deficient rats.
The metabolism of naphthalene and its toxic effect on the eye
Authors: Heyningen R.V. , Antoinette P
Published: August 2015

1. Naphthalene (1g./kg.) was fed daily by stomach tube to rabbits. 2. In more than half of the rabbits opacities in the lens and degeneration of the retina were visible in vivo. 3. Dissection of eye tissues revealed some or all of the following changes: a browning of the lens and eye humours, blue fluorescence of the eye humours and crystals in the retina and vitreous body. 4. The ascorbic acid concentration of the eye humours was decreased. 5. Some metabolites of naphthalene [1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl sulphate and (1,2-dihydro-2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl glucosid)uronic acid] are converted enzymically by the tissues of the eye into 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene. 6. Changes in the eye are consistent with 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene's being the primary toxic agent. The properties and reactions of this substance are described. 7. 1,2-Dihydroxynaphthalene is readily autoxidizable in neutral solution to form the yellow 1,2-naphthaquinone and hydrogen peroxide. This oxidation is reversed by ascorbate. 8. Ascorbate is oxidized catalytically by 1,2-naphthaquinone. This may account for the disappearance of ascorbate from the aqueous and vitreous humours of the eye after naphthalene feeding. It may also account for the appearance of crystals of calcium oxalate in the eye. 9. The brown colour of the lens of the naphthalene-fed rabbit is due to presence of naphthaquinone-protein compounds.
Studies on lipogenesis in vivo: Fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis in hyperglycaemic-obese mice
Authors: Jansen G. R. , Zanetti M. E. , Hutchison C. F.
Published: August 2015

1. Lipogenesis has been studied in intact genetically obese mice by measuring the incorporation of a single oral dose of 250mg. of [U-(14)C]glucose into fatty acid and cholesterol in the liver and extrahepatic tissues. Studies were also carried out with [U-(14)C]glucose added to the diet and fed for 24hr. With either method of isotope administration, the conversion of [U-(14)C]glucose into fatty acid was greatly elevated in the livers of the obese mice. In contrast, conversion of the single dose of [(14)C]glucose into fatty acid in extrahepatic tissues of obese mice was only half that occurring in the non-obese litter mates. When [(14)C]glucose was given in the diet for 24hr. the total accumulation of labelled fatty acid in extrahepatic tissues of obese mice was slightly less than in the non-obese. Uptake of labelled glucose and conversion into fatty acid in adipose tissue of the obese mice decreased with age. 2. Conversion of the single dose of [(14)C]glucose into liver cholesterol was comparable in obese and non-obese mice fed on a purified low-fat diet. However, obese mice given this diet for 12 weeks accumulated 1.54% of cholesterol in the liver compared with 0.29% in the non-obese litter mates. This accumulation apparently resulted from a decrease in removal of cholesterol from the liver, rather than an increased synthesis. 3. Conversion of the single dose of [(14)C]glucose into extrahepatic fatty acid was decreased by 18hr. starvation proportionally as much in obese as in non-obese mice. The decrease in liver fatty acid synthesis caused by starvation also was considerable in obese mice, although somewhat less marked than in the non-obese. 4. The metabolic derangements in the liver could be more fundamental to the development of the obesity than the changes seen in extrahepatic tissues.
Synthesis of adenosine triphosphate in isolated nuclei and intact cells
Authors: Klouwen H. M. , Appelman A. W. M.
Published: August 2015

1. It has previously been demonstrated that nuclei isolated from normal and neoplastic lymphoid cells are capable of oxygen-dependent ATP synthesis. In this paper it is shown that also the corresponding intact cells can synthesize ATP under those conditions in which nuclei can synthesize ATP. 2. In nuclei isolated from liver, kidney, rhabdomyosarcoma and osteosarcoma, oxygen-dependent ATP synthesis could not be demonstrated. The cells isolated from these tissues or tumours could not synthesize ATP either. The alternatives that such nuclei lost their ability for oxidative phosphorylation during the isolation procedure or that the process does not occur in these nuclei were explored. 3. Janus Green B, a vital stain for mitochondria, was used as a differential inhibitor of mitochondrial and nuclear ATP synthesis in intact cells. 4. Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria isolated from cells that had been incubated with various concentrations of Janus Green B (1-10mum) was seriously uncoupled, whereas at these concentrations oxygen-dependent ATP synthesis in isolated nuclei and in isolated cells were only inhibited to a small extent. 5. The results suggest that oxygen-dependent ATP synthesis in isolated cells measured under ;nuclear' conditions and in the presence of Janus Green B and Ca(2+) is mainly due to nuclear oxygen-dependent ATP synthesis. The stimulation of cellular ATP synthesis by glucose was completely inhibited by Janus Green B. 6. It is tentatively concluded that the stimulation of ATP synthesis in isolated cells by glucose, which is not found in isolated nuclei, represents mitochondrial ATP synthesis, and nuclear and mitochondrial ATP synthesis can then be studied differentially in the intact cell. The possibility is considered that oxygen-dependent nuclear ATP synthesis is not a general property of cell nuclei.
The oxidation of lysine and oxalysine by Mytilus edulis: Identification of the products formed in the presence and the absence of catalase
Authors: Hope D. B. , Horncastle K. C.
Published: August 2015

1. O-(2-Aminoethyl)serine (oxalysine) was shown to be a substrate of the l-amino acid oxidase of the digestive gland of the common mussel, Mytilus edulis. 2. Three atoms of oxygen were consumed per mole of oxalysine oxidized in the presence of catalase; l-lysine under the same conditions consumed only one atom. 3. The products of oxidation of oxalysine in the presence and the absence of catalase were: ethanolamine, N-oxalylethanolamine and 3-morpholone (the oxygen analogue of 2-piperidone). After acid hydrolysis 70% of the oxalysine oxidized was recovered as ethanolamine. 4. In the absence of catalase 2-aminoethoxyacetic acid was also detected. 5. The products identified account quantitatively for the oxalysine oxidized and for the oxygen uptake. 6. N-Oxalylethanolamine and 2-aminoethoxyacetic acid have been synthesized. 7. Treatment of extracts of the digestive gland at pH3.0 completely inactivated the catalase, leaving the l-amino acid oxidase unaffected. 8. The major product of the oxidation of lysine in the absence of catalase was 2-piperidone.
Metabolism of oral cephalothin and related cephalosporins in the rat
Authors: Sullivan H. R. , Mcmahon R. E.
Published: August 2015

The fate of orally administered [(14)C]cephalothin has been studied in the rat. This antibiotic undergoes degradation in the gut followed by the subsequent absorption of a portion of the degradation products. About 50% of the administered radioactivity appears in the urine as a mixture of thienylacetylglycine, thienylacetamidoethanol and an unidentified polar metabolite. Evidence is presented indicating that thienylacetamidoethanol arises by the enzymic reduction of a metabolic intermediate, thienylacetamidoacetaldehyde. The metabolic fate of cephalothin is very similar to that of cephaloram reported earlier. The fate of [(14)C]cephaloridine and 7-phenoxy[1-(14)C]acetamidocephalosporin was also investigated. In addition to the expected metabolites, about 5% of the cephaloridine dose is absorbed unchanged. With 7-phenoxy[1-(14)C]acetamidocephalosporin, 15% of the dose is recovered in urine as deacetyl-7-phenoxy[1-(14)C]acetamidocephalosporin.
Purification and properties of methionyl-transfer-ribonucleic acid synthetase from Escherichia coli
Authors: Heinrikson R. L. , Hartley B S
Published: August 2015

1. Methionyl-t-RNA synthetase (where t-RNA denotes ‘soluble’ or transfer RNA) has been purified to apparent homogeneity from a ribonuclease I-free strain of Escherichia coli. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of the final product revealed a single band. The purified enzyme catalyses the exchange of 450μmoles of pyrophosphate into ATP/mg. in 15min. at 37°. 2. Methionyl-t-RNA synthetase is specific for the l-isomer of methionine, but appears to catalyse the methionylation of two distinct species of t-RNA, both of which are specific for methionine, but only one of which may be subsequently formylated. 3. The Michaelis constant for l-methionine is 2×10−4m in the ATP–PPi exchange assay and 2×10−5m for the acylation of t-RNA. 4. Gel filtration of both crude and highly purified preparations of methionyl-t-RNA synthetase on Sephadex G-200 indicates that the active species of enzyme has a molecular weight of about 190000. The amino acid composition of the enzyme is similar to those reported for the isoleucine and tyrosine enzymes from E. coli.
The effect of trypsin digestion on the activities of polynucleotide phosphorylase
Authors: Fitt P. S. , Fitt E. A.
Published: August 2015

1. Treatment of Micrococcus lysodeikticus polynucleotide phosphorylase (nucleoside diphosphate–polynucleotide nucleotidyltransferase) with trypsin causes a preferential loss of its cytidine diphosphate and uridine diphosphate polymerization activities. 2. The phosphorolytic activity of the enzyme towards polycytidylic acid is unaffected in conditions in which the cytidine diphosphate-polymerization activity without added primer is virtually abolished. 3. The treated enzyme retains its altered pattern of activities when purified fivefold by gel filtration. 4. The effect on the cytidine diphosphate-polymerization activity is due, in part, to a large increase in primer requirement as a result of proteolysis, and is qualitatively independent of the state of purity of the polynucleotide phosphorylase. 5. The enzyme is protected from trypsin degradation by nucleic acids, polynucleotides and nucleoside disphosphates. 6. A similar, but less marked differential effect, is caused by α-chymotrypsin.
Metabolic relationships of the isolated fractions of the pectic substances of actively growing sycamore cells
Authors: Stoddart R W , Northcote D. H.
Published: August 2015

1. d-Glucose and l-arabinose serve as precursors of the pectic polysaccharides of sycamore suspension-callus tissue. 2. The rates and characteristics of the incorporation of radioactive sucrose, glucose and mesoinositol by sycamore callus tissue have been compared and shown to be different. 3. The time-course of the incorporation of radioactive glucose into the major fractions within the cells has been determined. Approx. 7–10% of the radioactivity incorporated is present in the whole pectin of the cells. 4. A study of the continuous incorporation of radioactive glucose showed that the neutral arabinan–galactan fraction of the pectin quickly became saturated with the radioactive label. During the incorporation of radioactivity from a pulse of radioactive glucose the neutral fraction became progressively less labelled, with a corresponding increase in the radioactivity of the weakly acidic pectinic acid, which is known to contain neutral sugars. 5. When the cells were exposed to a pulse of radioactive l-arabinose, the label accumulated first in the neutral fraction and then after 4hr. it passed to the weakly acidic pectinic acid with a corresponding decrease in the radioactivity of the neutral fraction. 6. The product that was initially labelled during the first hour of exposure of the cells in the stationary phase to radioactive glucose was identified as an incompletely methylated galacturonan in which the radioactivity was present in the anhydrogalacturonide residues. This polysaccharide probably acts as the precursor of the polyuronide portions of both the strongly acidic and weakly acidic pectinic acids. 7. The observations are discussed in relation to the structure of the pectic substances and their function in cell growth and development. A tentative model for their metabolic relationship is put forward.
Separation and measurements of microgram amounts of radioactive polysaccharides in metabolic experiments
Authors: Stoddart R W , Northcote D. H.
Published: August 2015

A method is described for the detection and estimation of radioactive polysaccharides separated by zone electrophoresis on glass-fibre paper.
Influence of temperature acclimatization on the temperature-dependence and ouabain-sensitivity of goldfish intestinal adenosine triphosphatase
Authors: Smith M W
Published: August 2015

1. Homogenates of goldfish intestinal mucosa were separated into various fractions by differential centrifugation. Both adenosine-triphosphatase and β-glycerophosphatase activities were found to be concentrated mainly in a membrane fraction which sedimented after 1200000g-min. 2. This membrane adenosine-triphosphatase system was activated by Na++K+ and inhibited by ouabain. 3. The ouabain-sensitive adenosine-triphosphatase activity was high and the ouabain-insensitive activity low in membrane fractions prepared from fish acclimatized previously to 8°. The opposite was true for fish acclimatized to 30°. 4. The Arrhenius plots of ouabain-sensitive and ouabain-insensitive adenosine-triphosphatase activities, measured from 5° to 30°, showed discontinuities at incubation temperatures that varied with the previous acclimatization temperature of the fish. 5. It is considered that modification of the membrane adenosine-triphosphatase system in goldfish intestinal mucosa may serve to regulate Na+ transport at different environmental temperatures.
Studies on flavonoid metabolism. Biosynthesis of (+)-[14C]catechin by the plant Uncaria gambir Roxb
Authors: Das N. P. , Griffiths L. A.
Published: August 2015

1. The formation of (+)-[14C]catechin has been demonstrated in Uncaria gambir after the administration of 14CO2 and [1−14C]acetate. 2. By alkaline degradation to phloroglucinol and protocatechuic acid it has been shown that administration of 14CO2 resulted in equal labelling of the A and B rings of catechin, whereas [1−14C]-acetate gave rise to labelling largely in the A ring. 3. Incorporation of 14C from both 14CO2 and [1−14C]acetate into (+)-catechin was greater in young than in older leaves.
A determination of the sub-units of arachin by osmometry. Arachins A, B and A1
Authors: Tombs M. P. , Lowe M.
Published: August 2015

1. Osmotic pressure determinations of dissociated arachins are a particularly suitable method for determination of the number of sub-units in the protein, because they yield a number-average molecular weight. 2. Arachin, in 8m-urea–0·1m-sulphite, produces 12 sub-units from the form of molecular weight 345000. 3. When the urea concentration is varied the molecules became fully dissociated at 6m-urea–0·1m-sulphite. Although sulphite is necessary to break disulphide bridges, concentrations greater than 0·1m cause a re-aggregation of the sub-units. Similar results were obtained in guanidine solutions. 4. A new form of arachin has been discovered, A1, migrating more rapidly than arachin A. 5. The N-terminal residues of arachin have been re-investigated on more highly purified samples: they are glycine, valine and (iso)leucine in the proportions 4:1:1. 6. The three forms of arachin have the structure (B) β4γδ, (A) α2β2γδ and (A1) α4γδ, for the forms of molecular weight 170000. 7. Dissociation in 8m-urea produces some fragments, detected by gel electrophoresis, which appear to be dimers of the type α-S-S-β, β-S-S-β, held together by disulphide bonds.
Preparation and general properties of a soluble adenosine triphosphatase from mitochondria
Authors: Selwyn M J
Published: August 2015

1. The purification of an adenosine triphosphatase present in aqueous extracts of acetone-dried ox-heart mitochondria is described. 2. No evidence was found for the presence of more than one protein having adenosine-triphosphatase activity in these extracts. 3. The enzyme is less stable at 0° than at 25° but is stabilized by glycerol. 4. The activity is dependent on the presence of Mg2+ or certain other bivalent metal cations. 5. The adenosine-triphosphatase activity of the Mg2+-activated enzyme is enhanced by 2,4-dinitrophenol. 6. The kinetics of Mg2+ activation indicate that the ATP–Mg2+ complex is the important substrate: free ATP and Mg2+ are inhibitory. 7. This preparation of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase has many properties in common with the adenosine triphosphatase coupling factor from mitochondria (Racker, 1961).
The enzymic degradation of porphyran
Authors: Turvey J R , Christison J.
Published: August 2015

1. The algal galactan, porphyran, was incubated with enzymes from a Cytophaga sp. and the products were examined. 2. Only about 30% of the porphyran was recovered in the form of oligosaccharides, the remainder being of high molecular weight. 3. Among the saccharides were d-galactose, 6-O-methyl-d-galactose, neoagarobiose, neoagarotetraose and oligosaccharides containing 6-O-methyl-d-galactose, the principal of which has been tentatively identified as 63-O-methyl-neoagarotetraose. Fragments containing sulphate were also isolated but not identified. 4. Within the alternating sequence of the d- and l-forms of derivatives of galactose in porphyran, 6-O-methyl-d-galactose replaces d-galactose in a random manner.
Caffeine derivatives of haematin compounds
Authors: Gallagher W. A. , Elliott W. B.
Published: August 2015

1. Caffeine reacts with haematin to form a caffeine–haematin compound that has a characteristic absorption spectrum. 2. Graphical analysis of the titration of haematin with caffeine shows that 2mol.prop. of caffeine split the dimeric haematin. 3. Thermodynamic parameters suggest that the reaction involves the making and breaking of hydrophobic bonds. 4. Graphical analysis shows dimeric haem to be split by 2mol.prop. of caffeine to yield a compound with an unusual multibanded absorption in the Soret region. 5. It is postulated that the linkage between the haem groups of dimeric haem and the haematin groups of dimeric haematin is essentially hydrophobic in nature.
Effect of hypophysectomy and replacement therapy on fatty acid metabolism in the rat testis
Authors: Goswami Ajit , Williams William L.
Published: August 2015

1. The influence of pituitary gonadotrophins and of testosterone on the conversion of linoleic acid into other polyunsaturated fatty acids by rat testicular tissue was studied. 2. In immature hypophysectomized rats, follicle-stimulating hormone caused a threefold increase in the incorporation of radioactivity from [1−14C]linoleic acid into testicular lipids; the distribution of 14C in the polyunsaturated fatty acids, however, was not significantly affected. 3. In mature hypophysectomized rats, the hormonal treatments had less pronounced effects on 14C incorporation into testicular lipids, but caused a significant increase in the percentage of 14C incorporated into polyunsaturated fatty acids of the ω–6 series, luteinizing hormone and testosterone having the more pronounced influences. 4. A time-course study of the appearance of radioactivity in the ejaculated spermatozoa of rabbits, after they had been given a tracer dose of [1−14C]linoleic acid, indicated that incorporation of radioactivity into spermatozoa occurred during all stages of spermatogenesis.
Characterization of cathepsins in cartilage
Authors: Ali S. Y. , Evans L. , Stainthorpe E. , Lack C. H.
Published: August 2015

The presence of a cathepsin B-like enzyme in rabbit ear cartilage was established by the use of the synthetic substrates benzoyl-l-arginine amide and benzoyl-dl-arginine 2-naphthylamide. This was facilitated by using a technique that permits the incubation of a fixed weight of thin (18μ) cartilage sections with an appropriate exogenous substrate. The enzymic properties of cathepsin B in cartilage have been compared with an endogenous enzyme that liberates chondromucopeptide by degrading the cartilage matrix autocatalytically at pH5. Besides being maximally active at pH4·7, these cartilage enzymes are enhanced in activity by cysteine and inhibited by arginine analogues, iodoacetamide, chloroquine and mercuric chloride. They are not inhibited by EDTA, di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate and diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate. When inhibiting the release of chondromucopeptide from cartilage at pH5, the arginine-containing synthetic substrates are hydrolysed simultaneously. These enzymes also share the same heat-inactivation characteristics at various pH values, being stable at acid pH and unstable at neutral and alkaline pH. The experimental evidence indicates that a cathepsin B-like enzyme may be partly responsible for the autolytic degradation of cartilage matrix at pH5.