bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TECHNOLOGIES OF RATIONAL NATURE MANAGEMENT IN TRANSPORT
Authors:   Vladimir Dahl Lugansk National University, Lugansk, Gubacheva L.A. , Chizhevskaya D.Yu. ,   Vladimir Dahl Lugansk National University, Lugansk, Makarova I.V. ,   Kazan Federal University NaberezhnyeChelny, Russia, Andreev A.A. ,   Vladimir Dahl Lugansk National University, Lugansk
Published: October 2020

In modern conditions, the problem of waste pollution of the earth bowels, the atmosphere, natural and artificial water areas is especially acute. Domestic wastes are incinerated or taken to a landfill, as a result, there is an environmental damage – the area of alienated land resources increases and the atmosphere is polluted. The negative impact of municipal solid waste (MSW) on the environment, leading to climate change, an increase in the greenhouse effect and an increase in the number of natural hazards, makes it necessary to search for solutions to reduce harmful emissions into the atmosphere, increase the energy efficiency of processes, in particular, in transport systems, due to fuel efficiency using. The most negative impact on the state of the air environment is exerted by emissions in the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines, including those using natural gas, nitrogen monoxides and dioxides as fuel. Reducing harmful emissions is possible, for example, by improving the technology for producing generator gas as an alternative fuel, which makes it possible to reduce the concentration of nitrogen oxides in any devices for burning up solid, liquid and gaseous fuels in internal combustion engines. The article discusses the issues of waste generation and their impact on the environment, the technologies for rational use of natural resources in transport and methods for improving waste processing technologies are presented. A new horizontal design of a combined automobile gas generator has been developed. It makes it possible to transfer the power supply from liquid motor fuel to generator gas produced from woodworking industry waste, agricultural waste, solid household and polyethylene-containing waste. This will reduce pollution of the world’s oceans by slowly decomposing polyethylene, which are now acquiring the character of a disaster on a planetary scale. An increase in the environmental level of gasoline engines and a decrease of the amount of waste during the operation of road transport will be achieved with the modernization of the waste processing plant to obtain energy carriers for transport. In its turn, it will make it possible to form a natural and technical system to ensure environmental safety and protect the natural environment.
WASTE WATER DISCHARGE AND WATER POLLUTION IN THE VOLGA RIVER BASIN (1990–2018)
Authors:   Institute of Water Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Demin A.P.
Published: October 2020

The main characteristics of the socio-economic development of the basin of the river Volga are given. It is shown that the withdrawal of water resources in the basin decreased from 37.0 km3 in 1990 to 16.3 km3 in 2018 as a result of the transformation of socio-economic conditions in Russia. The area of actually irrigated irrigated lands decreased during this period from 1530 thousand ha to 565 thousand ha. Sharply reduced water consumption in housing and communal services. As a result, the volume of wastewater discharge has decreased over the 28 years from 22.3 to 10.9 km3 . Most of the contaminated wastewater is discharged into water inlets without treatment or not sufficiently treated. Prior to standards, only every tenth cubic meter of contaminated water is cleaned in the Volga basin. The low efficiency of treatment facilities is associated with outdated technological equipment and traditional treatment schemes, as well as violations of wastewater treatment regimes. The amount of the main pollutants discharged into wastewater decreased by 3–15 times. This indicates that despite all the shortcomings in the operation of treatment facilities, a significant effect has been achieved from the implementation of water protection measures. In some river basins, some ingredients have improved water quality. However, in most river basins, the state of water quality remains unsatisfactory and still does not meet regulatory requirements. This effect is caused by the action of a number of uncontrolled (dispersed) pollution sources, as well as sources of secondary (accumulated) pollution. According to many estimates, it is non-point sources of pollution that make the main contribution to the pollution of water bodies.
ASSESSMENT OF GEOECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF HYDROCARBON EXTRACTION ON THE SHELF
Authors:   Kuban State University, Krasnodar, Russia, Zaretskaya M.V. , Lozovoy V.V. ,   Federal Research Centre The Southern Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
Published: October 2020

Time analysis of the level of seismicity in the territories of intensive hydrocarbon production shows a clear trend of increasing seismic activity. At the same time, the maximum magnitude of registered earthquakes is noted after the start of production activities. The paper presents methods for assessing the tension of the geological massif before the production process (natural tension), after the extraction of hydrocarbon raw materials from the reservoir and after pumping water into the reservoir. The study is carried out using the block element method, with the introduction of a block element in the form of a cut-out ball for reservoir modeling. Expressions for the functional and pseudo-differential equations and the integral representation of the solution are obtained. Model calculations were performed, and the main trends in tension changes were identified. The results obtained can be used in monitoring systems for assessing the geoecological consequences of mining activities to develop preventive measures that allow performing a prospective analysis of man-made stresses in the earth’s crust and assessing the risk of a seismic event before the start of the production process.
MARINE LITTER ON THE COAST OF THE SEA OF AZOV: STRUCTURE AND DISTRIBUTION
Authors:   Federal Research Centre The Southern Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kleshchenkov A.V. , Sushko K.S. ,   Federal Research Centre The Southern Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: October 2020

The article is devoted to one of the most urgent problems of modern Oceanology – marine litter. The purpose of this work was to study the distribution of marine litter on the coast of the sea of Azov. The article presents the results of field expeditions, during which observations were made on an wide network of points covering various parts of the coast, which differ both in the type and direction of coastal processes, as well as in recreational load and economic development. All marine litter was divided into 12 classes and an assessment of the occurrence of various classes was performed. The regularities of the distribution of various classes of marine debris are considered and information about their quantity in different areas is provided. There is a widespread contamination of the coast of the sea of Azov with mounting foam, which is potentially dangerous in the context of microplastic pollution of the marine environment.
MONITORING OF TECHNOGENIC TRANSFORMATION OF URBAN SOILS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE CITY OF TOMSK)
Authors:   Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological System SB RAS, Russia, Tomsk, Lyapina Elena
Published: October 2020

The problem of technogenic mercury pollution in urban areas and the technogenic transformation of soil in urban areas is considered. Quantitative estimates of the distribution of mercury in soils in the territory of the city of Tomsk were obtained, which indicate concentrations do not exceed the MPC, but are characterized by enrichment in mercury. In Tomsk, the formation of mercury dispersion halos is associated with the activities of the main city-forming enterprises, as well as vehicles. In addition, the relief of the city and the prevailing direction of the winds form hotbeds of increased content of elements. In urban soils, mercury is present mainly in the insoluble fraction. However, in the composition of the insoluble fraction, most of element No. 80 is in the form of organocomplexes, which indicates highly toxic and bioavailable pollutant compounds in soils in the territory of the city of Tomsk. Geochemical associations of mercury with other chemical elements belong to the environmental factor of environmental impact. It should be noted that the list of elements with high average contents for 25 years of research has not changed. And the concentration of elements decreased significantly, which indicates a decrease in the coefficient of their technophilicity. At the same time, the general technical properties of soils, as well as their material and mineralogical composition, indicate technogenic transformation in comparison with background territories.
LONG-TERM CHANGES IN THE PRESIPITATION AT THE BLACK SEA COAST OF THE CAUCASUS
Authors:   Southern Federal University, Institute of Earth Sciences, Parfenova A.V. , Dashkevich L.V. ,   Federal Research Centre The Southern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: October 2020

Long-term changes in the amount of precipitation on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus according to data of the hydro-meteorological stations Anapa, Tuapse and Sochi are considered. The observation data analysis of for the selected periods revealed an increase in the average yearly precipitation from the beginning of the twentieth to the beginning of the twenty-first centuries for all hydro-meteorological stations with a slight decrease in the coefficient of variation. Seasonal changes in precipitation regime are pronounced in the region. The highest increase in seasonal precipitation was noted at the Anapa hydro-meteorological station for winter, then for spring and autumn. At the Tuapse and Sochi hydro-meteorological stations also tended to increase precipitation in spring and autumn, but was noted a slight decrease in winter in the modern period. At the same time, for all seasons such growth is provided mainly by an increase in the minimum seasonal values (for all stations), as well as maximum ones in spring (for all stations) and autumn (hydro-meteorological station Anapa). In modern period relative to the twentieth century it is possible to note a slight decrease in the coefficient of variation in winter and spring (for all hydro-meteorological stations), and an increase in summer (for hydro-meteorological stations Anapa and Tuapse). The redistribution of precipitation by seasons was revealed from the beginning of the twentieth to the beginning of the twentyfirst centuries. The most significant changes affected the hydro-meteorological station Tuapse: the share of autumn and spring precipitation increased from 25 to 31 % and from 18 to 22 %, respectively, while the share of summer precipitation decreased from 26 to 18 %. The share of winter precipitation increased from the first to the third selected periods (from 30 to 35 %), after which it decreased to 29 % in the modern period.
PRODUCTION AND DESTRUCTION PROCESSES IN THE PLANKTON COMMUNITIES OF THE RIVER DON DOWNSTREAM IN 2018–2019
Authors:   Federal Research Centre The Southern Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sayapin V.V. , Shevchenko M.S. ,   Federal Research Centre The Southern Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: October 2020

The results of an investigation of production and destruction processes in the plankton community of the lower Don in May 2018 and July, September and October 2019 are presented. The quantitative indicators of primary production and destruction at various stations in this area are presented. A high intensity of production and destruction processes at the lower Don stations was shown in comparison with the station located above the Tsimlyansk reservoir, in May 2018. The absence of a strict relationship between the exposure horizon and the intensity of production and destruction processes was noted. The dominance of production processes over destruction processes was revealed in July 2019. It was shown that from the three investigated seasons, the most favorable period for the accumulation of organic matter was July 2019, despite of the relative low water content. A comparison of the data obtained at the same points in May 2018, during the flood period and in September 2019 was carried out, and it was noted that in the high-water season, the intensity of production and destruction processes was higher. Thus, it is shown that in this area, during the study period, increased water content had a favorable effect on production activity, but it was not a determining factor.
ASSESSMENT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF HAZARDOUS ABRASION AND LANDSLIDE PROCESSES IN THE COASTAL ZONE OF THE AZOV SEA
Authors:   Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, Khаvanskiy A.D. , Latun V.V. ,   Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, Khoroshev O.A. ,   Federal Research Centre The Southern Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, Merinova Yu.Yu. ,   Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
Published: October 2020

The main factors of the formation of hazardous coastal processes have been established, 38 functional areas and a zone of impact of hazardous abrasion and landslide processes predicted for a 20-year period have been identified in the coastal zone of the Azov Sea by their uniform combination in the coastal zone of the Azov Sea. In the forecasted area, 112 socio-economic objects have been identified that are exposed to hazardous abrasion and landslide processes. A methodology has been developed and the socio-economic risk of manifestation of abrasion and landslide processes in the coastal zone of the Azov Sea has been assessed. The highest values of the socio-economic risk of abrasion and landslide processes occur in abrasion and abrasion-landslide areas of the coast with a high speed abrasion, a large number of capital construction projects and a high value of material losses. For socio-economic objects in the risk zone, an enlarged calculation of the possible economic damage was made. The value of the predicted (in the future for 20 years) total economic damage from the consequences of the manifestation of abrasion and landslide processes in the coastal zone of the Azov Sea will amount to 756,7 million rubles, of which 114,4 million rubles will fall on the northern coast of the Taganrog Bay, 156,8 million rubles – to the southern coast of the Taganrog Bay and 485,6 million rubles – to the southeast coast of the Azov Sea. The most dangerous areas of abrasion and landslide processes for capital construction sites are: on the northern shore of the Taganrog Bay – Botsmanovsky, with damage to capital structures – more than 50 million rubles, Zolotokosovsky – more than 16 million rubles; Kuchugurskiy – more than 17 million rubles – on the southeast coast of the Azov Sea.
ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF CONSTRUCTION OF A SMALL HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATIONON THE QUALITY OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR
Authors:   Federal State Budgetary institution “Нigh-Mountain Geophysical Institute”, Khuchunaev B.M. , Tashilova А. ,   Federal State Budgetary institution “Нigh-Mountain Geophysical Institute”, Kesheva L. A. ,   Federal State Budgetary institution “Нigh-Mountain Geophysical Institute”, Teunova N. V. ,   Federal State Budgetary institution “Нigh-Mountain Geophysical Institute”
Published: October 2020

Environment – a set of components of the natural environment, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects, as well as anthropogenic objects. When carrying out any construction work, it is necessary to assess the impact of emissions of pollutants on the environment. One of the features of the energy sector at the beginning of the 21st century is the strict regulation of its further development with the requirements of preserving a favorable environment and preventing global pollution. This determines the trend towards an increasing role of renewable energy sources and, first of all, the most efficient hydropower. In the world, small energy began to develop in recent decades, this is mainly due to the desire to avoid environmental damage caused by reservoirs of large hydroelectric power plants, with the ability to guarantee energy supply in isolated and inaccessible areas. The creation of small hydroelectric power plants instead of small power plants operating on fossil fuels leads to a significant improvement in the air basin. This article provides an assessment of the ecological state of the territory from the point of view of the possibility of construction of the object and a preliminary qualitative forecast of possible changes in the environment during the implementation of the planned construction works and its negative consequences. Based on the analysis of the initial state of the environment and the forecast of its resistance to man-made impacts, the assessment of the possible impact of the construction object on the environment in accordance with the requirements for environmental documentation was carried out.
CHANGES OF FLOOD-FORMING FEATURES OF NORTH-WEST CAUCASUS BASINS IN 2000–2014
Authors:   Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sochi, Sheverdyaev I.V.
Published: October 2020

The rivers of the North West Caucasus are characterized by a flood runoff regime. Floods leading to material damage occur on the rivers of the region every year. However, in the XXI century. the development of both automatic monitoring systems and the capabilities of mathematical modeling of hydrological processes make it possible to fill this gap. After the flood of 2012, a network of automatic level gauges is developing in the region, recording water levels every 10 minutes. Analysis of the accumulated archive of observations allows us to determine the features of the formation and passage of floods on the rivers of the region. Among the features of catchments that determine the transformation of precipitation into runoff in the catchment, vegetation and soil cover are distinguished. When it rains in a multi-layer forest, each layer is sequentially moistened from top to bottom. After the vegetation has been moistened, the precipitated water reaches the soil surface and some of it infiltrates into deeper soil horizons up to the waterproof layers, where it replenishes the groundwater lenses. The vegetation cover of the North West Caucasus in the foothill part is represented mainly by plowed steppes with ravine forests, and in the mountainous part – almost entirely by forests. From west to east of the region, mainly oak forests give way to beech and hornbeam forests with a higher water retention. High forest cover and widespread in the region gray, brown forest and soddy-calcareous soils have a water-holding capacity sufficient to absorb intense precipitation. A large proportion of anthropogenic landscapes in the western part of the region causes a lower capacity for absorbing precipitation and, accordingly, a greater flood hazard. Further decrease in forest cover and development of the region will increase the flood hazard.
PHYTOPLANKTON OF THE OPEN NORTH-EASTERN PART OF THE BLACK SEA IN THE WINTER PERIOD 2017
Authors:   Federal Research Centre The Southern Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, Yasakova O.N.
Published: October 2020

The seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton development in winter is less studied than in other seasons, therefore it is of certain interest. The article presents the results of the study of taxonomic structure and the level of quantitative development of phytoplankton in the open area of the Black Sea northeastern shelf in December 2017. 34 Species belonging to 5 divisions of Bacillariophyta, Dinophyta, Chrysophyta, Cryptophyta and Chlorophyta were found in phytoplankton. The maximum species diversity was recorded among Dinophyta (21 species) and Bacillariophyta (8 species), other divisions were represented by 1–2 species. Previous studies have shown that the taxonomic composition of phytoplankton in the open area of the Black Sea northeastern part includes a large number of dinophytic species, while the diversity of diatoms is significantly inferior to them. The abundance and biomass of planktonic algae were extremely low during the study period (on average, 2706 cells / liter 11.49 mg / m3 ). The maximum abundance of species (26) and the highest values of quantitative development (5399 cells / l and 32.27 mg / m3 ) were observed in the area of the Taman Peninsula. These values were 2–4 times higher than the values of abundance and biomass found in the rest of the study area. The abundant development of planktonic algae was probably facilitated due to the ingress of waters of the Azov Sea, richer in nutrients, into the Kerch region of the Black Sea. Bacillariophyta (Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima, P. seriata, Thalassionema nitzschioides, Pseudosolenia calcar-avis, Ditylum brightwellii), and Dinophyta (Prorocentrum cordatum, Prorocentrum micans and Ceratium species) formed the basis of the abundance (55 and 23 %, respectively) and biomass (24 and 68 %) of phytoplankton. Cryptophyta (Plagioselmis prolonga and P. punctata) accounted for 16 % of the phytoplankton population during the study period. Among the Chrysophyta and Chlorophyta, the species Octactis octonaria and Pterosperma undulatum, common for the open part of the Black Sea, were observed in small quantities. The favorable ecological situation in this region of the sea is proved by the complete absence of Cyanophyta and Euglenophyta, which are indicative of polluted and desalinated sea areas.
ASSESSMENT OF THE SPECIFIC CONTRIBUTION OF SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS TO THE SPREAD OF COVIND-19 VIRUS IN THE RUSSIAN REGIONS
Authors:   Voronezh State University, Yeprintsev S.A. , Klepikov O.V. ,   Voronezh State University,   Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies,   Center of hygiene and epidemiology in the Voronezh region, Shekoyan S.V. ,   Voronezh State University, Zhigulina E.V. ,   Voronezh State University
Published: October 2020

The spread of the dangerous Covid-19 infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus since the end of 2019 has become a great challenge to both the world and Russian society. For example, on January 30, 2020, the world health organization recognized the spread of a new infection as a public health emergency of international significance. On March 11, 2020, the same organization declared that the outbreak had become a pandemic. currently, the role of social and environmental factors (which determine the spread of many environmentally-related diseases) in the spread of coronavirus infection in the population has not been fully studied. The spread of Covid-19 infection in Russia can be divided into 3 stages. Stage 1 (31.01.2020–01.04.2020) – primary distribution. At this stage, the infection occurred mainly to Russian citizens visiting other countries. Stage 2 (1.04.2020– 12.05.2020) – active distribution within the country. By the end of this stage, the maximum spread of infection is recorded. Stage 3 (12.05.2020-present) – gradual decline in the appearance of new cases of coronavirus infection. To assess the specific contribution of socio-environmental conditions to the spread of coronavirus infection, data from the Federal information Fund for social and hygienic monitoring of the Federal CENTER for hygiene and epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor were analyzed on indicators of financial security of citizens, quality of health care and sanitary and hygienic conditions. Research has shown that financial security of the population makes a significant contribution to the spread of infection at the first stages. The specific contribution of the quality of medical care, which has a wide differentiation within the regions of Russia, affects only the third stage of the spread of coronavirus infection. Environmental and hygiene indicators make a weak contribution to the spread of Covid-19 in all three stages of the epidemic.
INVESTIGATION OF NORTHERN HEMISPHERE STRATOSPHERE VARIABILITY IN XXI CENTURY IN INM CM5 CLIMATE MODEL SIMULATIONS
Authors:   Central Aerological Observatory, Dolgoprudny, Moscow region, Russia, Vargin P. N. , Volodin E. M. ,   Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
Published: October 2020

Simulations of 5th version of INM RAS (Institute of Numerical Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Science) climate model performed in the framework of CMIP6 project for the future climate under ssp2–4.5 (moderate) and ssp5–8.5 (business as usual or hard) scenarios of green house gases (GHG) increase are employed to analyze temperature, zonal mean wind, stratospheric polar vortex, planetary wave activity, meridional circulation, sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events, and stratospheric circulation spring break-up date changes during boreal winters from 2015 to 2100. Comparison of averages over two periods of 2080–2100 and 2015–2035 revealed that temperature will decrease from 1° in the lower stratosphere to 4° in the upper stratosphere under moderate scenario and up to 11° under hard scenario. Cooling of stratosphere will be accompanied by strengthening of zonal circulation and planetary wave activity propagation in the middle – upper stratosphere that in turn leads to increase (stronger under hard scenario) of planetary wave with zonal wave number 1 amplitude (wavenumber 1). 13 major sudden stratospheric warming events and 16 very cold stratospheric winter seasons were revealed under hard scenario. Under both scenarios early spring break-up dates will be accompanied by stronger wavenumber 1 in comparison with winter seasons with later spring break-up dates. Strengthening of zonal mean meridional circulation is expected in the late XXI century
MODELING AN EFFECTIVE CONCERT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR A MUSIC CLUB
Authors:   Institute of Mathematics, Mechanics and Computer Sciences SFU, Goncharov V.A. , Usov A.B. ,   Institute of Mathematics, Mechanics and Computer Sciences SFU
Published: October 2020

In the modern world, cultural and leisure activities are more developed than ever. One of the sides of its manifestation is the growing popularity of concerts of various musical groups. The article sets and solves the problem of mathematical modeling of the relationship between the management of a music group and the management of a club that provides a rental venue for performances. We use a static two-level hierarchically organized model that describes the interaction of managers of a music club (supervisor) and a music group (agent). The top – level subject is the supervisor, and the bottom-level subject is the agent. The agent generates their winnings by changing the cost of concert tickets in response to the supervisor’s announced strategy. The supervisor’s winnings vary depending on the price they set for renting the venue for the group’s performance. Target functions of both participants are constructed. The incentive method is used as a method of hierarchical management. The algorithm for constructing the Stackelberg equilibrium for a two-level hierarchical game is specified. An analytical study was conducted for a particular type of input functions. Examples of analytical finding of equilibrium are given. An analysis of the results obtained is given, on the basis of which conclusions are made about the type of optimal management of the supervisor and agent.
MODELING OF THE SEASONAL COURSE OF CARBON EXCHANGE IN WETLAND ECOSYSTEMS
Authors:   Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological System of the Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, 10/3 Akademicheskii ave., Tomsk, 634055, Russia, Dyukarev E. A. ,   Yugra State University, 16 Chekhov st., Khanty-Mansiysk, 628012, Russia
Published: October 2020

The paper summarizes the results of expeditionary studies to study biological productivity, carbon dioxide fluxes in the bog ecosystems of the Central Taiga of Western Siberia. The paper summarizes the results of expeditionary studies to study biological productivity, carbon dioxide fluxes in the bog ecosystems of the Central Taiga of Western Siberia. Measurements of carbon dioxide fluxes were carried out from July 7 to July 14, 2019 at six observation sites located on the territory of typical wetland ecosystems of eutrophic, mesotrophic and oligotrophic types, taking into account the diversity of microlandscapes. Automatic measurements of the CO2 fluxes were carried out using the Licor LI-8100A soil respiration system. To extend the obtained observation data to other periods and to calculate the annual carbon balance of the ecosystem, a net ecosystem exchange (NEE) model was proposed, and the net fluxes of greenhouse gases for the growing season were calculated. The model uses air temperature and incoming photosynthetically active radiation as explanatory factors for gross primary production and ecosystem respiration. The model was calibrated in accordance with field measurements of carbon dioxide fluxes. For each observation site, six parameters were determined: two parameters for the photosynthesis model, two parameters for the respiration model and two for the biomass growth model. As a result of calculations for the period from May to October 2019, time series of fluxes of carbon dioxide absorption by vegetation during photosynthesis, CO2 release during ecosystem respiration, and the resulting flux – net ecosystem exchange were obtained. In the annual course, an increase in the intensity of photosynthesis during the daytime is associated with both the annual course of solar radiation and the accumulation of plant biomass. It was found that the net ecosystem exchange varies more strongly than its components. The NEE for ecosystems without vegetation is always positive. NEE is negative for the hollow and the open transit mesotrophic fen on any day of the growing season. Other ecosystems show both positive and negative daily mean fluxes. Wetland ecosystems with large biomass storages have significant fluxes (more than 1500 g CO2 / m2 ) associated with photosynthesis, but they also have a large expenditure component of carbon exchange (750–2200 g / m2 ). As a result, it was found that the greatest total absorption of carbon dioxide is observed in the mesotrophic sedge- menyanthes fen (1062 g / m2 ) and in the low ryam, taking into account the tree layer (603 g / m2 ). Other wetlands accumulate 244–466 g / m2 from the atmosphere during the growing season.
MODELING OF A WATER-SALT BALANCE OF A RIVER POOL WITH DEVELOPED IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE
Authors:   Russian Timiryazev State Agrarian University, Moscow, Russia, Ismaiylov G.Kh. , Muraschenkova N.V. ,   Russian Timiryazev State Agrarian University, Moscow, Russia
Published: October 2020

The construction of a mathematical model of the water-salt balance for river basins with the predominant development of irrigated agriculture is considered. The structures of the water and salt balance of the irrigated territory and the balance of the main river bed within it are given. It has been established that if the inflow and outflow of water and salts dissolved in it are caused by its horizontal flows, then the evaporation and accumulation of water (salts) in the aeration zone and groundwater are caused by its vertical flows.This leads to the need to consider instead of the general equation of the water (salt) balance of the irrigated territory of its modifications for the distinguished three vertical zones, that is, “the surface of the territory – aeration zone – groundwater zone”. During the operation of the algorithm, the following are successively determined: elements of the water and salt balance of the irrigated territory and the riverbed; groundwater level as a result of the intake of salts with in-person flow of local tributaries; filtration losses from the channels and the lateral residue of the inflow; moisture content in the aeration zone after irrigation water and precipitation enters it; groundwater level after water from the aeration zone; moisture content in the aeration zone after the influx of groundwater into it; the outflow of groundwater into the riverbed and the final mineralization of water in the aeration zone.
KARAKTERISTIK RUSIP IKAN RUCAH DENGAN PENAMBAHAN KONSENTRASI GULA AREN CAIR DAN GARAM BERBEDA
Authors: Koesoemawardani Dyah - , Endi Hermawan Yogi , Herdiana Novita , Susilawati Susilawati
Published: October 2020

Trash fish is a fish with low selling value that needs an increased value by processing it into rusip (fermented fish) products. The research objective was to determine the effect of liquid palm sugar and salt concentrations on the physical, chemical, and microbiological properties of trash fish rusip. The research was arranged factorial in a completely randomized block design. The concentrations of liquid palm sugar were 5%, 10%, and 15% (v/w), while concentrations of salt were 20%, 25%, and 30% (w/w).  Using LSD at level 5% showed that the concentration of liquid palm sugar had a significant effect on total lactic acid bacteria and total lactic acid, while the salt concentration had a significant effect on pH and salt content. There was an interaction between two factors on the trash fish rusip water content, where the significant effect of liquid palm sugar concentration on water content was salt concentration-dependent.Keywords: chemical, microbiological, physical, rusip, trash fish.
KARAKTERISTIK PATI BERPORI MIKRO DARI TAPIOKA HASIL PERLAKUAN AMILASE SEBAGAI AGEN PENJERAPAN MINYAK [The Characteristic of Microporous Tapioca Starch After Amylase Treatment For Oil Adsorbent Agent]
Authors: Pramasari Dwi Ajias , Sondari Dewi , Adi Danang Sudarwoko , Widyaningrum Bernadeta Ayu , Fajar Anugerah , Putri Rahmawati , Restu Witta Kartika , Putri Eka Hapsari
Published: October 2020

Microporous starch can be used as oil adsorbent agent. The microporous starch can be produced through partial hydrolysis at temperature below gelatinization point using amylase. On the other hand, the study of amylase produced from Indonesian sea microbe, especially Brevibacterium sp. was rarely studied. Therefore, this paper discusses the tapioca characteristic made from Brevibacterium sp. amylase (treatment A) and commercial amylase (treatment B) as oil adsorbent agent. The result showed that the yield from treatment A and B was 74.65% and 12.75% while the starch granule size was 14.60 μm and 12,59 μm. The adsorbent test showed adsorption level of oil palm were 91,08% and 142,14% while for olive oil were 94,70% and 133,17%, for treatment A and B, respectively. The morphological test showed the presence of pori on the granule surface for both treatments with FTIR assessment showed no significant change in chemical functional group for both treatments. The color analysis showed almost similar brightness level between two treatments. In the end, microporous starch of treatment A has prospect as oil adsorbent agent like the one from commercial amylase
Hand-Hygiene, Maintenance and Care in Dentistry, in the Age of Covid-19
Authors: Touyz Louis Z. G. , Touyz Sarah J. J.
Published: October 2020

Dentists of necessity operate manually in the mouth. Hand hygiene is essential in the practice of modern dentistry. Eye-hand coordination demands intact healthy eyes and brain for optimal function. The oral environment can be the source of infections. This paper appraises hand hygiene, maintenance and care for practicing oral health care workers, and suggests techniques for minimizing contracting manual infections from dentistry.
Developing Efficient Charging Schedule of Electrical Vehicles for Centralized Charging Station by Analyzing Impact on Distribution Network Due to EV Charging
Authors: Tasnim Silvia , Uddin Md. Jashim , Tahsin Synthia , Anam Khairul
Published: October 2020

— The penetration of Electric Vehicle (EV) on the distribution network has been increased worldwide and this has also boosted up the impacts on power system performance affecting voltage profile, voltage sensitivity factor, harmonics, overloading, increased grid loss resulting in reduced efficiency and power quality. A coordinated charging schedule can reduce this stress on the power grid and show significant improvement of network parameters. In this study, by simulating through Power Factory built-in MV/LV distribution test system, the impact of increasing EV on the distribution system has been analyzed and a simple approach of charging schedule for a centralized charging station has been proposed that will minimize the deteriorating impacts on connected distribution system due to EV charging.
Effektivnost' ispol'zovaniya opticheskoy sistemy smartfona dlya otsenki zlokachestvennosti melanotsitarnykh nevusov
Authors: Гайдина Т. А. , Дворникова Е. Г.
Published: October 2020

Rannyaya diagnostika zlokachestvennoy transformatsii melanotsitarnykh nevusov v melanomu kozhi (MK) yavlyayetsya aktual'noy problemoy sovremennoy meditsiny. Obshchepriznannaya taktika vedeniya patsiyentov s mnozhestvennymi melanotsitarnymi nevusami kozhi (MMNK) predstavlyayet soboy dinamicheskoye nablyudeniye s provedeniyem ekstsizionnoy biopsii otdel'nykh onkologicheski podozritel'nykh ili melanomoopasnykh melanotsitarnykh nevusov kozhi (MNK). Dannaya taktika trebuyet dorogostoyashchego oborudovaniya i ogromnykh vremennykh zatrat vracha i patsiyenta. Tsel'yu raboty bylo otsenit' effektivnost' ispol'zovaniya opticheskoy sistemy smartfona dlya opredeleniya zlokachestvennosti melanotsitarnykh nevusov. Sem' patsiyentov v vozraste 43–65 let s MMNK na kozhe tulovishcha i konechnostey nakhodilis' pod nablyudeniyem v techeniye chetyrekh let. Polucheniye dermatoskopicheskikh mikrosnimkov i otsenku zlokachestvennosti MNK provodili pri pomoshchi opticheskogo ustroystva Handyscope s 20-kratnym uvelicheniyem, sopryazhennogo so smartfonom pod upravleniyem mobil'nogo prilozheniya Handyscope3. Za period nablyudeniya patsiyentam bylo udaleno 74 MNK, MK ne bylo obnaruzheno ni v odnom sluchaye. Otsenka zlokachestvennosti vsekh udalennykh 74 MNK, provedennaya svertochnoy neyronnoy set'yu, sovpala s rezul'tatami gistologicheskikh issledovaniy. Opticheskiy adapter k smartfonu pokazal effektivnost' v diagnostike zlokachestvennosti MNK. Dlya skriningovoy pervichnoy diagnostiki dermatoskopicheskikh izobrazheniy MMNK vozmozhno ispol'zovat' iskusstvennyy intellekt (II), odnako neobkhodimo gistologicheskoye issledovaniye dlya verifikatsii diagnoza.
The Effect of Using Six Dimensional Strategy PDEODE in Teaching Science on the Basic Eighth Grade Students' Achievement and their Attitudes towards it
Authors: Nawafleh Waleed H. , Muheedat Razan M.
Published: October 2020

The study aimed to investigate the effect of using PDEODE strategy on the eighth grade students’ achievement  in science and their attitudes towards the strategy. To achieve the objectives of the study, a sample of eighth grade students was selected, consisting of 61 students distributed in two groups: an experimental of 31 female students who studied science using PDEODE strategy, and a control group of 30 female students who studied via the regular method. Two instruments were built; The first was an achievement test, which was applied on both groups before and after treatment, and the second was an attitude scale, which was applied on the experimental group after treatment. The results revealed that there is a statistically significant difference in the achievement of female students attributed to the teaching strategy on the test level as a whole, and at the level of knowledge fields (remembering, understanding, analyzing), for the benefit of the experimental group. There were, however,  no differences  between the two groups at the applying  level. The results also indicated that the attitudes of students in the experimental group towards learning with PDEODE strategy were high and positive.
The Effectiveness of Educational Infographics in the Academic Achievement and Geological Sense Development among Tenth Grade Students in the Sultanate of Oman
Authors: Al-Dayri Huda M. , Al-Rabaani Ahmed H. , Ibrahim Mahmoud M.
Published: October 2020

This study aimed to  investigate the effectiveness of educational infographics in the academic achievement and the development of geological sense among tenth grade students in the Sultanate of Oman. To achieve the goals of the study, a sample of 452 female students from grade ten were chosen. They were divided into two groups. The effectiveness of infographics was measured by building an achievement test consisting of 25 single-type multiple choice items, and short essay questions. Likewise, a measure of geological sense was prepared, which consisted of 36 items distributed in 6 main categories: (the aesthetic sense, the scientific sense, the educational sense, the psychological sense, the national sense, and the economic sense). The validity of the two tools was verified by presenting them to 20 arbitrators. Their consistency was calculated using the internal consistency by the Cronbach alpha method, where the value of the stability coefficient in the test was 0.785, and the stability of the geological sense scale was 0.869. The results of the study indicated that there is a statistically significant difference between the female students’ scores in both the achievement and the geological sense scale for the benefit of the experimental group. In light of the results, the study recommended activating the use of infographics in the teaching of  geographical issues and spreading a culture of its use.
Ensayo biogeográfico de la pteridoflora valenciana
Authors: Herrero-Borgoñon Juan J. , Ibars Ana Mª , Iranzo Julio , Vilar Mercedes , Pina Alfonso , Garcia-Verdugo Juan C. , Salvo A. Enrique
Published: October 2020

En el presente trabajo se realiza un análisis comparativo de las pteridofloras de los diiferentes sectores fitogeográficos (sensu Costa, 1986) que integran la Comunidad Valenciana.
Contribución a la palinología de Rosaceae
Authors: Gonzalez-Romano María Leticia , Candau Pilar
Published: October 2020

Se ha llevado a cabo un estudio palinológico de 28 especies correspondientes a 14 géneros pertenecientes a la familia Rosaceae. Se distinguen seis tipos polínicos y se establece una clave para su identificación. Se ofrece una descripción detallada de cada tipo, sirviéndonos del uso combinado de microscopía de luz y del sistema de microscopía electrónica de barrido.
Series de vegetación edafófilas de las Sierras Tejeda y Almijara. (Málaga, Granada, España)
Authors: Nieto-Caldera José Mª , Cabezudo Baltasar , Trigo Mª Mar
Published: October 2020

Se ha realizado el estudio fitocenológico de las comunidades edafófilo-dolomitícolas de las sierras Tejeda y Almijara, reconociéndose dos series de vegetación: Rhamno myrtifolii Junipereto phoeniceae S. y Cneoro triccocii-Buxeto balearici S. Finalmente se decriben los siguientes sintáxones: Thymo gracile-Stipetum tenacissimae stipetosum giganteae subas. nov; Jasiono Linarietum saturejoidis linarietosum flavae subas. nov.; Cisto clusii Ulicetum (parvtflorii) rivasgodayanii as. nov., anthyllidetosum plumosae subas. nov. y odontitosum purpureae subas. nov.
Contribución al conocimiento algológico del litoral levantino, II
Authors: Boisset Fernando
Published: October 2020

.
Contribución al catálogo florístico del Parque Natural de las Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas (Jaén)
Authors: Pajarón Sotomayor Santiago
Published: October 2020

.
Aspectos ultraestructurales de algunas coralináceas (Rhodophyta) del Mediterráneo andaluz (S. de España)
Authors: Conde Francisco , Vera Juan José , Flores-Moya Antonio
Published: October 2020

En el presente artículo se estudian e interpretan al microscopio electrónico de barrido (M.E.B.) algunos caracteres cualitativos de siete especies de algas coralináceas del litoral andaluz, pertenecientes a los géneros Corallina,Jania y Amphiroa.
Identificación polínica de Ericaceae en mieles gallegas
Authors: Aira Rodríguez Mª Jesús , Ramil Rego Pablo , Saa Otero Mª  Pilar
Published: October 2020

Se ha identificado el polen de Ericaceae contenido en 14 mieles procedentes de distintas poblaciones de las provincias de Orense y Lugo. En cinco de ellas, el taxon dominante es Ericaceae (principalmente los tipos polínicos Erica cinerea y Erina australis), en las demás domina Castanea sativa Miller, excepto en dos ellas que son milflorales.
Origen floral de las cargas de polen recogidas por Apis mellifera L. en Abra (Malaga, España)
Authors: Hidalgo Mª Isabel , Bootello M. Lourdes , Pacheco Juan
Published: October 2020

El análisis microscópico de las cargas de polen recogidas por Apis mellifera en el período tradicional de cosecha de polen en la zona, nos revela 22 tipos polínicos, pertenecientes fundamentalmente a especies de las familias Cistaceae, Fabaceae y Rutaceae. Se relacionan los datos fenológicos, la frecuencia y el tipo de recurso ofrecido de las especies melitófilas, con los resultados obtenidos en los análisis polínicos.
Pasado, presente y futuro de los bosques de la Península Ibérica
Authors: Fernández-Galiano Emilio
Published: October 2020

.
Los robledales galaico-septentrionales
Authors: Izco Jesús , Amigo Javier , Guitian Javier
Published: October 2020

Se estudian los robledales galaico-septentrionales que se incluyen en la asociación Blechno spicantis-Quercetum roboris Tx.& Oberd. 1958, describiéndose la nueva subasociación pulmonarietosum longifoliae. Se aportan datos sobre su serie de vegetación y sus relaciones con otros robledales afines.
Los sabinares albares valencianos
Authors: Costa Manuel , Perez-Badia Rosa , Soriano Pilar
Published: October 2020

Se estudian los sabinares albares meso y supramediterráneos valencianos, su distribución, etapas seriales y estado de conservación.
Los líquenes del herbario M. Amo y Mora (1809-1894)
Authors: Rico Víctor J. , Gonzalez-Bueno Antonio
Published: October 2020

.
The life cycles of cryptogams
Authors: Bell Peter R.
Published: October 2020

Meiosis and karyogamy are recognized as control points in the life cycle of cryptogams. The control of meiosis is evidently complex and in yeast, and by analogy in all cryptogams, involves progressive gene activation. The causes of the delay in meiosis in diplohaplontic and diplontic organisms, and the manner in which the block is removed remain to be discovered. There is accumulating evidence that cytoplasmic RNA plays an important role in meiotic division. Many features of gametogenesis are still obscure. The tendency to oogamy has provided the opportunity for the laying down of long-lived messenger RNA in the abundant cytoplasm of the female gamete. The sporophytic nature of the developing zygote can in this way be partially pre-determined. There is evidence that this is the situation in the ferns. Specific molecules (probably arabino-galacto-proteins) on the surface of the plasma membrane are likely to account both for gametic selection, and the readiness with which appropriate gametes fuse. The dikaryotic condition indicates that nuclear fusion is not inevitable following plasmogamy. The ultimate fusion of the nuclei may result from quite simple changes in the nuclear surface. Exposure of lipid, for example, would lead to fusion as a result of hydrophobic forces. Aberrations of cryptogamic life cycles are numerous. The nuclear relationships of many aberrant cycles are unknown. In general it appears that the maintenance of sporophytic growth depends upon the presence of at least two sets of chromosomes. Conversely the maintenance of gametophytic growth in cultures obtained aposporously appears to be impossible in the presence of four sets of chromosomes, or more. These results raise important problems of the effect of gene dosage on development.