bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
European illegal puppy trade and organised crime
Authors: Maher Jennifer , Wyatt Tanya
Published: August 2021

Organised crime groups’ involvement in illicit markets is a common focus of law enforcement and governments. Drug, weapon, human and wildlife trafficking (and others) are all illegal activities with link to organised crime. This paper explores the overlooked illicit market of puppies. We detail the state of knowledge about the organisation of the UK puppy trade, which includes irresponsible and illegal breeding of puppies throughout Europe and their often-illegal movement into the UK. In 2017, we conducted an analysis of hundreds of online advertisements in Scotland, 12 expert interviews, a stakeholder survey of 53 participants, and 40 focus groups across Great Britain. Our data suggest an organised illicit market running in parallel to the legal trade. We speculate as to whether at some point along the supply chain organised crime groups are responsible for the suffering and death of the puppies and the economic and emotional damage to ‘consumers’. Online monitoring and physical scrutiny at the ports must be improved to reduce non-human animal abuse. People buying puppies must also be made aware that their purchase could be profiting organised crime.
Neural network-based anomalous diffusion parameter estimation approaches for Gaussian processes
Authors: Szarek Dawid
Published: August 2021

Anomalous diffusion behavior can be observed in many single-particle (contained in crowded environments) tracking experimental data. Numerous models can be used to describe such data. In this paper, we focus on two common processes: fractional Brownian motion (fBm) and scaled Brownian motion (sBm). We proposed novel methods for sBm anomalous diffusion parameter estimation based on the autocovariance function (ACVF). Such a function, for centered Gaussian processes, allows its unique identification. The first estimation method is based solely on theoretical calculations, and the other one additionally utilizes neural networks (NN) to achieve a more robust and well-performing estimator. Both fBm and sBm methods were compared between the theoretical estimators and the ones utilizing artificial NN. For the NN-based approaches, we used such architectures as multilayer perceptron (MLP) and long short-term memory (LSTM). Furthermore, the analysis of the additive noise influence on the estimators’ quality was conducted for NN models with and without the regularization method.
Circular Economy Applied to Organic Residues and Wastewater: Research Challenges
Authors: Bakan Bénédicte , Bernet Nicolas , Bouchez Théodore , Boutrou Rachel , Choubert Jean-Marc , Dabert Patrick , Duquennoi Christian , Ferraro Vincenza , García-Bernet Diana , Gillot Sylvie , Mery Jacques , Rémond Caroline , Steyer Jean-Philippe , Trably Eric , Tremier Anne
Published: August 2021

To move today’s agricultural and urban systems towards tomorrow’s circular economy and respond to climate change, it is imperative to turn organic residues and wastewater into resourceful assets. This article discusses the changes that are needed in research to drive this paradigm shift and to go from a “losses and waste” situation to a “resource and opportunities” ambition. The current lines of research aim to maximise the use and value of biomass or organic residues and wastewater and propose new organisational schemes driven by technical innovations. Exploring the pathways to a sustainable future through many domains let us identify five challenges to structure the research efforts and find circular bioeconomy solutions for organic residues and wastewater: (1) proposing innovative processes and integrated multi-process systems; (2) promoting the emergence of multi-scale and cross-sectoral organisations; (3) developing multi-performance evaluation methods, (4) rethinking research–society intersections, and (5) enhancing research–legislation interactions. We end by outlining prospects for moving forward past current limitations: beyond increasing knowledge, research will continue its own transition. Our responsibility today is not to think about what we could do for a better world but what we should do to make our ever-changing world even better and more sustainable.

Graphic Abstract
Functional performance and interlimb asymmetries of young football players during single-leg jump tests
Authors: Scinicarelli Giordano , Offerhaus Christoph , Feodoroff Boris , Froboese Ingo , Wilke Christiane
Published: August 2021

Background

Jumps are predominant components in football (soccer). Interlimb functional difference in single-leg jump performance is a risk factor for lower extremities injuries. Screening uninjured athletes is essential to design prevention strategies and implement individual training interventions. The aims of this cross-sectional study were (1) to provide age-specific mean values and limb symmetry index (LSI) in young football players, (2) to detect age effect on LSI and interlimb functional differences and (3) to investigate the association of age with single-leg functional performance and LSI.

Methods

A total of 146 male football players (age 14.2 ± 2.3) performed the countermovement jump, jump for distance, side hop and speedy jump tests. Descriptive statistics, mean values (dominant/non-dominant) and LSI were provided according to age groups (U11–U19). Two-way mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA), one-way ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation were used for the statistical analysis.

Results

Participants showed on average perfect LSI (103.8 ± 14.2%) amongst all tests and age groups. Interlimb functional differences occurred in three out of four tests (p < 0.05), without age interaction (p > 0.05). Age effect was positively associated with single-leg functional performance (p < 0.05), but not with LSI (p > 0.05), in all tests and age groups.

Conclusion

An LSI ≥100% in single-leg jump tests is proposed as a benchmark in young football players, but interlimb performance differences may occur without age interaction. Nevertheless, the growth process plays a crucial role in the development of functional capacities: older players may show a higher single-leg jump performance, but not a higher LSI, than younger players. In football practice, preventive intervention is advisable to counteract interlimb performance differences, for which unilateral strength, power and plyometric training is recommended.
Consistent Value of Two-Stage Pedicle Flaps in the Age of Microsurgical Maxillofacial Reconstruction
Authors: Frohwitter G. , Lutz R. , Baran C. , Weber M. , Nobis C. P. , Rau A. , Kesting M.
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Up to the second half of the twentieth century, pedicled flaps marked the gold standard in reconstructive surgery. Followed by the introduction of microsurgical techniques, these flaps were increasingly abandoned. We conducted a retrospective study to determine the value of two-stage pedicle flaps in modern maxillofacial reconstruction.

Material & Methods

A chart review from October 2017 to November 2020 was performed to identify patients who were treated by a two-stage pedicle flap in our Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.

Results

A total of 31 patients, 17 female and 14 males received 36 two-stage pedicle flaps. All patients were in noticeably impaired health condition with a majority of ASA-score 3. The defect location mainly contained extraoral resections (58.3%). A variety of flaps were harvested consisting of buccal flaps, Abbe flaps, forehead flaps, deltopectoral flaps, nasolabial flaps, and a tubed flap.

Discussion

The study outlines two indications for the use of two-stage pedicle flaps. Firstly, as a back-up strategy in heavily pre-treated wound beds and secondly in an almost contrarily indication as a first-choice reconstructive option of the facial skin in esthetic demanding cases.

Conclusion

The timesaving and straight forward surgical approach as well as their low postsurgical complications and strong long-time success rates secure the two-stage pedicle flap a justified niche role in times of microsurgical maxillofacial reconstruction.
Early prediction of writing quality using keystroke logging
Authors: Conijn Rianne , Cook Christine , van Zaanen Menno , Van Waes Luuk
Published: August 2021

Feedback is important to improve writing quality; however, to provide timely and personalized feedback is a time-intensive task. Currently, most literature focuses on providing (human or machine) support on product characteristics, especially after a draft is submitted. However, this does not assist students who struggleduringthe writing process. Therefore, in this study, we investigate the use of keystroke analysis to predict writing quality throughout the writing process. Keystroke data were analyzed from 126 English as a second language learners performing a timed academic summarization task. Writing quality was measured using participants’ final grade. Based on previous literature, 54 keystroke features were extracted. Correlational analyses were conducted to identify the relationship between keystroke features and writing quality. Next, machine learning models (regression and classification) were used to predict final grade and classify students who might need support at several points during the writing process. The results show that, in contrast to previous work, the relationship between writing quality and keystroke data was rather limited. None of the regression models outperformed the baseline, and the classification models were only slightly better than the majority class baseline (highest AUC = 0.57). In addition, the relationship between keystroke features and writing quality changed throughout the course of the writing process. To conclude, the relationship between keystroke data and writing quality might be less clear than previously posited.
A q-rung orthopair fuzzy non-cooperative game method for competitive strategy group decision-making problems based on a hybrid dynamic experts’ weight determining model
Authors: Yang Yu-Dou , Ding Xue-Feng
Published: August 2021

How to select the optimal strategy to compete with rivals is one of the hottest issues in the multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) field. However, most of MADM methods not only neglect the characteristics of competitors’ behaviors but also just obtain a simple strategy ranking result cannot reflect the feasibility of each strategy. To overcome these drawbacks, a two-person non-cooperative matrix game method based on a hybrid dynamic expert weight determination model is proposed for coping with intricate competitive strategy group decision-making problems within q-rung orthopair fuzzy environment. At the beginning, a novel dynamic expert weight calculation model, considering objective individual and subjective evaluation information simultaneously, is devised by integrating the superiorities of a credibility analysis scale and a Hausdorff distance measure for q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets (q-ROFSs). The expert weights obtained by the above model can vary with subjective evaluation information provided by experts, which are closer to the actual practices. Subsequently, a two-person non-cooperative fuzzy matrix game is formulated to determine the optimal mixed strategies for competitors, which can present the specific feasibility and divergence degree of each competitive strategy and be less impacted by the number of strategies. Finally, an illustrative example, several comparative analyses and sensitivity analyses are conducted to validate the reasonability and effectiveness of the proposed approach. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach as a CSGDM method with high efficiency, low computation complexity and little calculation burden.
Strategic rationing and freshness keeping of perishable products under transportation disruptions and demand learning
Authors: Li Shanshan , He Yong , Salling Melissza
Published: August 2021

This paper considers a retailer who sells perishable fresh products directly to customers through an online channel and encounters a transportation disruption. Products shipped during the disruption period come with an uncontrollable delivery lead time, resulting in product quality degradation. To balance the compensation price provided to customers because of quality losses, the retailer might employ freshness-keeping efforts to reduce the quality loss during transportation. Therefore, it raises several fundamental questions for the retailer in mitigating the disruption. Is it always optimal to satisfy those customers who are willing to purchase during disruption? If it is profitable to fulfill orders along with an extra delivery lead time, and with a quality loss compensation, what is the optimal freshness-keeping effort? If it is preferable to deliberately create unsatisfied demand by announcing shortages (rationing) to customers, when is the optimal time to do so? To answer these questions, we first present the dynamics of post-disruption inventory and demand, taking into account the demand learning effect facilitated from negative word-of-mouth during disruption and the demand recovery after disruption ends. Afterward, we develop a model to achieve the optimal selling strategy for maximizing post-disruption profit, identifying the joint decision of the rationing period and freshness-keeping effort. Finally, by numerical analysis, three types of selling strategies are visually provided to hedge against disruptions of different lengths.
An integrated fuzzy model for evaluation and selection of mobile banking (m-banking) applications using new fuzzy-BWM and fuzzy-TOPSIS
Authors: Roy Pranith Kumar , Shaw Krishnendu
Published: August 2021

Mobile technology has revolutionised various business processes. Banking is one of them. Traditional banking operations are gradually changing with the introduction of efficient mobile technologies. Mobile banking (m-banking) has recently emerged as an innovative banking channel that provides continuous real-time customer service. It is expected that the market for m-banking will expand in the near future. There are currently various types of m-banking applications in the market. However, ranking and selecting efficient applications is difficult due to the involvement of multiple factors. As of now, very few studies have reported the m-banking application selection framework, left scope for further research. The current study proposes an m-banking application selection model based on a combined fuzzy best–worst method (fuzzy-BWM) and fuzzy Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (fuzzy-TOPSIS). The research was carried out in several stages, beginning with the identification of potential factors and progressing to pair-wise comparisons and the final ranking of the applications. The fuzzy set theory was applied to handle the ambiguity of the decision maker. In the first stage, fuzzy-BWM was used to determine the weight of the factors. Further, fuzzy-TOPSIS was applied to rank the m-banking applications. The present study has adopted a new fuzzy BWM, which differs significantly from the existing fuzzy-BWM, to solve the nonlinearity problem of optimisation. The applicability of the proposed model has been demonstrated through a real-life case study. The efficacy of the model has been further examined by performing a sensitivity analysis. The study observed application functionality, convenience, and performance expectancy as significant factors in selecting an m-banking application, followed by performance quality, security, and compatibility. The proposed model can assist financial institutions and customers to overcome the challenges of choosing an appropriate m-banking application. The proposed model can be used to benchmark the m-banking applications in the market.
A federated data-driven evolutionary algorithm for expensive multi-/many-objective optimization
Authors: Xu Jinjin , Jin Yaochu , Du Wenli
Published: August 2021

Data-driven optimization has found many successful applications in the real world and received increased attention in the field of evolutionary optimization. Most existing algorithms assume that the data used for optimization are always available on a central server for construction of surrogates. This assumption, however, may fail to hold when the data must be collected in a distributed way and are subject to privacy restrictions. This paper aims to propose a federated data-driven evolutionary multi-/many-objective optimization algorithm. To this end, we leverage federated learning for surrogate construction so that multiple clients collaboratively train a radial-basis-function-network as the global surrogate. Then a new federated acquisition function is proposed for the central server to approximate the objective values using the global surrogate and estimate the uncertainty level of the approximated objective values based on the local models. The performance of the proposed algorithm is verified on a series of multi-/many-objective benchmark problems by comparing it with two state-of-the-art surrogate-assisted multi-objective evolutionary algorithms.
Designing with biodiversity data: connections among design, materials, and technology
Authors: Xia Guobin , Yu Luwen , Gong Zhe , Zhang Yize , Zhang Shaohui , Zhu Zongcheng , Li Hongfu , Tang Yue , Huang Yinghua , Tian Zhendong
Published: August 2021

Data visualisation plays an integral role in the communication of complex data between expert and non-expert audiences. However, heretofore, large uncertainties remain concerning how people understand and interact with massive amounts of data. In this paper, we describe the design and evaluation of a series of interactive data physicalising installations, aim to evaluate the potential influence of technology upon traditional comprehension of material items, its connection to meaning and value, and how technology that allows for an extension of this thinking builds an emotional connection between audiences and the intangible object, ‘data’. The design of prototypes was driven by data of the three least appearing species in Scotland. Analysis of 60 audience members’ responses reveals the positive design potential of further exploring innovative design methods to engage people with data. Likewise, the results provide empirical evidence regarding hands-on experience with integrative data visualisation in a realistic scenario and suggest that inventive forms of visualisation could potentially trigger people’s emotional and memorial reactions, which may affect their decision making at an unconscious level
The price–rent ratio inequality in Scottish Cities: fluctuations in discount rates and expected rent growth
Authors: Rambaccussing Dooruj
Published: August 2021

The price to rent ratio can be used to identify properties which are either overvalued or undervalued according to market fundamentals. Fluctuations in the price to rent ratio over time, can be traced to either changes in expectations of future house price growth (expected returns) or rental growth. In this paper, we measure the impact of these latent variables in Scotland’s main cities by implementing a state-space model based on the present value. The model estimates show that the proportion of expected rent growth and expected returns driving the price to rent ratio differs across Scotland. Glasgow seems to be driven mostly by expected returns, while rent growth drives price movements in Edinburgh. A geographic dimension is noted as cities on the East coast share similar expected returns and expected rent growth. Housing market trends in Scotland mostly follow the Edinburgh experience. Further decompositions show that house price changes are driven by an equal combination of expected rent growth and expected returns in Dundee and Aberdeen.
Association of Baseline Pelvic Floor Muscle Activities with Sexual and Urinary Functions In Female Stress Urinary Incontinence
Authors: Yang Evelyn , Yang Shwu-Huey , Huang Wen-Chen , Yeh Su-Chen , Yang Jenn-Ming
Published: August 2021

Background

The presence of reactive and strong pelvic floor muscle (PFM) activities is supposed to be associated with better urinary and sexual functions in female stress urinary incontinence (SUI).

Aim

This study was to explore the association of baseline PFM activities, both volitional and reflex, with urinary and sexual functions in women with SUI but who had no experience of PFM training programs before.

Methods

Secondary analysis of a prospectively maintained database identified 125 sexually active women with SUI who had met the eligibility criteria. All patients had undergone intravaginal digital examination and pelvic ultrasound to detect volitional and reflex PFM activities, respectively, and responded to questionnaire surveys, including short forms of the urogenital distress inventory, incontinence impact questionnaire-7, and Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire. On pelvic ultrasound, an inward clitoral motion and an anorectal lift preceding or during coughing were regarded as the presence of reflex activities of the PFM.

Outcomes

The relationship of volitional and reflex PFM activities with pelvic floor dysfunction relating questionnaires and urethral function on urodynamic studies was analyzed.

Result

Of the 125 women studied, 30 (24.0%) had volitional PFM contraction strength less than grade 2, 74 (59.2%) grade 2 to 3, and 21 (16.8%) greater than grade 3 based on the modified Oxford grading scale. During or preceding coughing, an inward clitoral motion was not observed on ultrasound in 9 (7.2%) women and an anorectal lift was not observed in 8 (6.4%) women. The strength of volitional PFM contraction and the presence or absence of anorectal lift reflex was not associated with urethral and sexual function. In contrast, the absence of reflex inward clitoral motion was significantly associated with lower maximum urethral closure pressure (P = .042) and higher scores of urogenital distress inventory-6 (P = .006) and incontinence impact questionnaire-7 (P = .029).

Clinical implications

Higher volitional PFM contraction strength was not associated with better sexual and urinary functions; however, loss of one reflex PFM activity was associated with poorer urinary function.

Strengths & Limitation

To our knowledge, this is the first study that evaluates the association of baseline PFM activities with sexual and urinary functions in female SUI. Nevertheless, the cross-sectional design of this study cannot well support the cause-effect relationship

CONCLUSION

Besides PFM physiotherapy for enhancing sexual and urinary functions in female SUI, additional treatment strategies such as neuromodulation should take into consideration for those who had absent reflex PFM activities.
Transnational Representation in Global Labour Governance and the Politics of Input Legitimacy
Authors: Reinecke Juliane , Donaghey Jimmy
Published: August 2021

Private governance raises important questions about democratic representation. Rule making is rarely based on electoral authorisation by those in whose name rules are made—typically a requirement for democratic legitimacy. This requires revisiting the role of representation in input legitimacy in transnational governance, which remains underdeveloped. Focussing on private labour governance, we contrast two approaches to the transnational representation of worker interests in global supply chains: non-governmental organisations providing representative claims versus trade unions providing representative structures. Studying the Bangladesh Accord for Fire and Building Safety, we examine their interaction along three dimensions of democratic representation: 1) creating presence, 2) authorisation, and 3) accountability to affected constituents. We develop a framework that explains when representative claims and structures become complementary but also how the politics of input legitimacy shapewhoseinterests get represented. We conclude by deriving theoretical and normative implications for transnational representation and input legitimacy in global governance.
Normative Principles are Synthetic A Priori
Authors: Boghossian Paul
Published: August 2021

I argue for the claim that there are instances of a priori justified belief – in particular, justified belief in moral principles – that are not analytic, i.e., that cannot be explained solely by the understanding we have of their propositions. §1–2 provides the background necessary for understanding this claim: in particular, it distinguishes between two ways a proposition can be analytic, Basis and Constitutive, and provides the general form of a moral principle. §§3–5 consider whether Hume's Law, properly interpreted, can be established by Moore's Open Question Argument, and concludes that it cannot: while Moore's argument – appropriately modified – is effective against the idea that moral judgments are either (i) reductively analyzable or (ii) Constitutive-analytic, a different argument is needed to show that they are not (iii) Basis-analytic. Such an argument is supplied in §6. §§7–8 conclude by considering how these considerations bear on recent discussions of “alternative normative concepts”, on the epistemology of intuitions, and on the differences between disagreement in moral domains and in other a priori domains such as logic and mathematics.
Boundary-layer evolution over long wind farms
Authors: Segalini Antonio , Chericoni Marco
Published: August 2021

The structure of the internal boundary layer above long wind farms is investigated experimentally. The transfer of kinetic energy from the region above the farm is dominated by the turbulent flux of momentum together with the displacement of kinetic energy operated by the mean vertical velocity: these two have comparable magnitude along the farm opposite to the infinite-farm case. The integration of the energy equation in the vertical highlighted the key role of the energy flux, and how that is balanced by the growth of the internal boundary layer in terms of energy thickness with a small role of the dissipation. The mean velocity profiles seem to follow a universal structure in terms of velocity deficit, while the Reynolds stress does not follow the same scaling structure. Finally, a spectral analysis along the farm identified the leading dynamics determining the turbulent activity: while behind the first row the signature of the tip vortices is dominant, already after the second row their coherency is lost and a single broadband peak, associated with wake meandering, is present until the end of the farm. The streamwise velocity peak is associated with a nearly constant Strouhal number weakly dependent on the farm layout and free stream turbulence condition. A reasonable agreement of the velocity spectra is observed when the latter are normalised by the velocity variance and integral time scale: nevertheless the spectra show clear anisotropy at the large scales and even the small scales remain anisotropic in the inertial subrange.
Venture Capitalists and COVID-19
Authors: Gompers Paul , Gornall Will , Kaplan Steven N. , Strebulaev Ilya A.
Published: August 2021

We survey over 1,000 venture capitalists (VCs) on how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected their decisions and investments. Despite the historical importance of in-person meetings, VCs do not report difficulty finding quality entrepreneurs or major changes in time allocation. They do report difficulty in evaluating deals, more investor-friendly terms, and a decreased investment rate, with about one-sixth of VCs reporting pressure from limited partners to conserve capital. Although aggregate returns are largely unchanged, there is high dispersion both within and across funds. A follow-up survey shows faster-than-expected recovery in deal volume, terms, and returns.
Childhood anxious/withdrawn behaviour and later anxiety disorder: a network outcome analysis of a population cohort
Authors: Monk Nathan J. , McLeod Geraldine F. H. , Mulder Roger T. , Spittlehouse Janet K. , Boden Joseph M.
Published: August 2021

Background

Several previous studies have identified a continuity between childhood anxiety/withdrawal and anxiety disorder (AD) in later life. However, not all children with anxiety/withdrawal problems will experience an AD in later life. Previous studies have shown that the severity of childhood anxiety/withdrawal accounts for some of the variability in AD outcomes. However, no studies to date have investigated how variation in features of anxiety/withdrawal may relate to continuity prognoses. The present research addresses this gap.

Methods

Data were gathered as part of the Christchurch Health and Development Study, a 40-year population birth cohort of 1265 children born in Christchurch, New Zealand. Fifteen childhood anxiety/withdrawal items were measured at 7–9 years and AD outcomes were measured at various interviews from 15 to 40 years. Six network models were estimated. Two models estimated the network structure of childhood anxiety/withdrawal items independently for males and females. Four models estimated childhood anxiety/withdrawal items predicting adolescent AD (14–21 years) and adult AD (21–40 years) in both males and females.

Results

Approximately 40% of participants met the diagnostic criteria for an AD during both the adolescent (14–21 years) and adult (21–40 years) outcome periods. Outcome networks showed that items measuring social and emotional anxious/withdrawn behaviours most frequently predicted AD outcomes. Items measuring situation-based fears and authority figure-specific anxious/withdrawn behaviour did not consistently predict AD outcomes. This applied across both the male and female subsamples.

Conclusions

Social and emotional anxious/withdrawn behaviours in middle childhood appear to carry increased risk for AD outcomes in both adolescence and adulthood.
Can emotional expressivity and writing content predict beneficial effects of expressive writing among breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy? A secondary analysis of randomized controlled trial data from China
Authors: Wu Yanni , Yang Dongliang , Jian Biao , Li Chaixiu , Liu Liping , Li Wenji , Li Xiaojin , Zhou Chunlan
Published: August 2021

Background

To explore whether emotional expressivity and the patterns of language use could predict benefits from expressive writing (EW) of breast cancer (BC) patients in a culture that strongly discourages emotional disclosure.

Methods

Data were obtained from a recent trial in which we compared the health outcomes between a prolonged EW group (12 sessions) and a standard EW group (four sessions) (n = 56 per group) of BC patients receiving chemotherapy. The Chinese texts were tokenized using the THU Lexical Analyser for Chinese. Then, LIWC2015 was used to quantify positive and negative affect word use.

Results

Our first hypothesis that BC patients with higher levels of emotional expressivity tended to use higher levels of positive and negative affect words in texts was not supported (r = 0.067, p = 0.549 and r = 0.065, p = 0.559, respectively). The level of emotional expressivity has a significant effect on the quality of life (QOL), and those who used more positive or fewer negative affective words in texts had a better QOL (all p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was identified in physical and psychological well-being (all p > 0.05). Furthermore, the patterns of affective word use during EW did not mediate the effects of emotional expressivity on health outcomes (all p > 0.05).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that the level of emotional expressivity and the pattern of affective word use could be factors that may moderate the effects of EW on QOL, which may help clinicians identify the individuals most likely to benefit from such writing exercises in China.
How Gendered Is the Peer-Review Process? A Mixed-Design Analysis of Reviewer Feedback
Authors: König Thomas , Ropers Guido
Published: August 2021

A fair peer-review process is essential for the integrity of a discipline’s scholarly standards. However, underrepresentation of scholarly groups casts doubt on fairness, which currently is raising concerns about a gender bias in the peer-review process of premier scholarly journals such as the American Political Science Review (APSR). This study examines gender differences in APSR reviewing during the period 2007–2020. Our explorative analysis suggests that male reviewers privilege male authors and female reviewers privilege female authors, whereas manuscripts reviewed by both male and female reviewers indicate less gender bias. Using within-manuscript variation to address confounding effects, we then show that manuscripts reviewed by both male and female reviewers receive a more positive evaluation by female reviewers in terms of recommendation and sentiment, but they experience a marginally longer duration. Because these effects are not specific for type of authorship, we recommend that invitations to review should reflect mixed compositions of peers, which also may avoid overburdening an underrepresented group with review workload.
The Pand-Nāmah of Subuktigīn
Authors: Nazim M.
Published: August 2021

The Pand-Nāmah or the “Counsel” of Subuktigīn to his son Maḥmūd is the earliest work of its kind in the Persian language. It not only formulates some important principles of administration, but also furnishes valuable information about an obscure period of history, viz. the early life of Subuktigīn and the origin of his family.
A Rare Coin of the Zanj
Authors: Walker J.
Published: August 2021

In the British Museum there is a gold coin issued by the Zanj rebels, hitherto inedited, and consequently of sufficient historical importance to warrant special publication. There is, so far as the present writer is aware, only one other coin (also in gold) surviving as a witness of that disastrous Slave Revolt which is estimated to have cost over 1,000,000 lives. This latter coin was published by Casanova in the Revue Numisrnatique (1893, pp. 510-516) and is now in the Paris Cabinet. By kind permission of the Conservateur I have been enabled to have it photographed. The mint, in both instances is the same, but the specimen in the British Museum is three years earlier in date, and preserves for us a more complete portion of the peculiar reverse marginal legend, that enables us to emend to a great extent the conjectural rendering suggested by Casanova in his article above mentioned.
Relative consumption, relative wealth, and long-run growth: when and why is the standard analysis prone to incorrect conclusions?
Authors: Hof Franz X. , Prettner Klaus
Published: August 2021

We employ a novel approach for analyzing the effects of relative consumption and relative wealth preferences on economic growth. In the pertinent literature, these effects are usually assessed by examining the dependence of the growth rate on the two parameters of the utility function that seem to measure the strength of the relative consumption and the relative wealth motives. Applying our fundamental factor approach, we identify specifications in which the traditional approach yields incorrect qualitative conclusions. The problematic specifications have the common unpleasant property that the parameter that seems to determine the strength of the relative consumption motive actually also affects the elasticity of intertemporal substitution of absolute consumption (and the strength of the relative wealth motive). Since the standard approach is unaware of the additional effect(s), it attributes the total change in the growth rate incorrectly to the change in the strength of the relative consumption motive.
Custom as a Source Under Article 21 of the Rome Statute
Authors: KUMAR Amit
Published: August 2021

The adoption of the Rome Statute is a significant moment for international criminal law. Before its formulation, the criminal law was governed by the sources mentioned in their statute or Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice [ICJ Statute]. Custom is one of the important sources within the ICJ Statute. The ad hoc tribunals applied custom and even formulated certain customs. The formulation of custom is considered as against the principle of legality. To avoid such criticism, the State Parties inserted Article 21 in the Rome Statute. The provision clarifies the law which the court can apply. The parties chose not to include custom explicitly. However, the wordings of the provision indicate that the custom is still a source for the court. Apart from the wording of Article 21, other provisions of the Statute give ample scope for the application of custom.
Smarter Medicine in Diagnose und Behandlung von Kopfschmerzen
Authors: Pohl Heiko , Andrée Colette , Biethahn Silke , Emmenegger Mark , Flügel Dominique , Jung Hans H. , Kleinschmidt Andreas , Palla Antonella , Sandor Peter , Schankin Christoph , Schmidt Holger , Sturzenegger Mathias , Gantenbein Andreas R.
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung. Bei der Betreuung von Kopfschmerzpatienten gelingt es nicht immer, eine zweifelsfreie Diagnose zu stellen. Das Fehlen beweisender Testverfahren für primäre Kopfschmerzen führt bei Ärztinnen und Ärzten nicht selten zu Unsicherheiten. Um diese zu mildern werden zusätzliche und oftmals überflüssige Untersuchungen veranlasst. Auch bei der Wahl der Therapie ergeben sich immer wieder Zweifel, die zu nicht-optimalen Behandlungsstrategien führen. In dieser Delphi-Studie haben Mitglieder der Therapiekommission der Schweizerischen Kopfwehgesellschaft solche unnötigen oder nicht-optimalen Massnahmen zusammengetragen und bewertet. Daraus ergaben sich fünf Empfehlungen: (A) keine Wiederholung der zerebralen Bildgebung bei unverändertem Kopfschmerz-Phänotyp; (B) keine Computertomographie des Schädels zur Diagnostik nicht-akuter Kopfschmerzen; (C) keine Zahnextraktion zur Behandlung eines anhaltenden idiopathischen Gesichtsschmerzes; (D) keine Migränechirurgie und (E) keine Entfernung von Amalgamfüllungen zur Kopfschmerzbehandlung.
Smarter Medicine in der ambulanten Allgemeinen Inneren Medizin
Authors: Neuner-Jehle Stefan
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung. Über- und Fehlversorgung, mit der entsprechenden Gefährdung von Patienten und Verschwendung von Ressourcen im Gesundheitswesen, führte vor knapp zehn Jahren zur internationalen «Choosing Wisely» Kampagne (CWC). In der Schweiz startete diese Bewegung 2014 / 15 unter dem Namen «Smarter Medicine» mit einer ersten Top-5-Liste für die ambulante Allgemeine Innere Medizin (AIM), auf welche Interventionen besser zu verzichten sei. Die Wirksamkeit der internationalen CWC wurde schon früh in Frage gestellt und ob die «Smarter Medicine» Top-5-Liste für die ambulante AIM Über- und Fehlversorgung wirksam reduziert, wissen wir nicht – es gibt kaum Daten dazu. Voraussetzungen dafür, dass Über- und Fehlversorgung durch CWC wirksam verbessert werden kann, sind die wissenschaftliche Evidenz zu den Verzichtempfehlungen, eine glaubwürdige Herausgeberschaft, verlässliche Daten zur Evaluation und vor allem das Engagement von Öffentlichkeit, Patienten, Fachgesellschaften und Gesundheitspolitikern. Ein weiterer Schlüsselfaktor für die spätere erfolgreiche Umsetzung ist der frühe Einbezug der Anwender bei der Entwicklung von Empfehlungen. Mit diesem Fokus haben wir kürzlich zusammen mit 538 praktizierenden Hausärztinnen und Hausärzten neue Vorschläge von Interventionen entwickelt, auf die besser zu verzichten sei. Diese Vorschläge bilden die Basis für die nächste Top 5 Liste für die ambulante AIM.
Smarter Medicine in der ORL
Authors: Welge-Lüssen Antje , Baumann Ariane , Tasman Abel-Jan , Guinand Nils
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung. Viele, mit hoher Prävalenz vorkommende Erkrankungen oder Symptome in der Bevölkerung wie Schwindel, Tinnitus oder Sinusitiden, aber auch Nasenbeinfrakturen und die Otitis externa führen nur schon aufgrund ihrer Häufigkeit zu einer hohen Anzahl an Arztbesuchen. Oft werden dann zur weiteren Abklärung (Sinusitis, Nasenbeinfraktur) konventionelle Röntgenbilder oder – bei Schwindel und Tinnitus – Magnetresonanztomographien veranlasst, deren Nutzen gemäss aktuellem Wissenstand nicht generell gegeben ist, so dass nach kritischer Auseinandersetzung mit diesen Krankheitsbildern die Indikation zur Bildgebung deutlich restriktiver gestellt werden kann, ohne dabei die Behandlungsqualität zu verringern. Gleiches gilt auch für den Einsatz von systemischen Antibiotika bei der unkomplizierten Otitis externa, der problemlos reduziert werden kann. Diese Problematik wurde intensiv innerhalb der Fachgesellschaft der Otorhinolarnygologie (SGORL) diskutiert und bildete die Grundlage zur Erstellung der bereits publizierten Top-5-Liste mit ihren Empfehlungen, die nachfolgend detailliert dargestellt werden.
Earth’s Continents Share an Ancient Crustal Ancestor
Authors: Hollis Julie , Kirkland Chris , Hartnady Michael , Barham Milo , Steenfelt Agnete
Published: August 2021

How did today’s continents come to be? Geological sleuths found clues in grains of sand.
Low Contribution of the Fast‐Sinking Particle Fraction to Total Plankton Metabolism in a Temperate Shelf Sea
Authors: García‐Martín E. E. , Davidson K. , Davis C. E. , Mahaffey C. , McNeill S. , Purdie D. A. , Robinson C.
Published: August 2021

Temperate shelf seas are productive areas with the potential to export high quantities of particulate organic carbon (POC), as sinking particles, to the sediments or off‐shelf to the open ocean. The amount of carbon which can be exported depends partly on the amount of POC produced and on the remineralization processes occurring on the sinking material. Here, we assessed the relative seasonal importance of microbial respiration and bacterial production associated with suspended, slow‐ and fast‐sinking particle fractions. The three fractions were collected in the Celtic Sea above and below the seasonal thermocline in November 2014, April and July 2015 using Marine Snow Catchers. The slow‐sinking fraction had higher microbial respiration and bacterial production rates than the fast‐sinking fractions, and these two fractions sustained rates of microbial respiration and bacterial production between 1 and 3 orders of magnitude lower than the suspended fraction. This low contribution of the slow‐ and fast‐sinking fractions was consistent with their low contribution to the POC concentration at the two depths sampled. The POC‐specific respiration rates associated with the slow‐ and fast‐sinking fractions were low (median 0.17 and 0.08 d−1, respectively), indicating low‐sinking particle degradation. Our results indicate that ∼5% of the POC in surface waters can be exported below the thermocline.
Pseudo-magnetic field-induced slow carrier dynamics in periodically strained graphene
Authors: Kang Dong-Ho , Sun Hao , Luo Manlin , Lu Kunze , Chen Melvina , Kim Youngmin , Jung Yongduck , Gao Xuejiao , Parluhutan Samuel Jior , Ge Junyu , Koh See Wee , Giovanni David , Sum Tze Chien , Wang Qi Jie , Li Hong , Nam Donguk
Published: August 2021

The creation of pseudo-magnetic fields in strained graphene has emerged as a promising route to investigate intriguing physical phenomena that would be unattainable with laboratory superconducting magnets. The giant pseudo-magnetic fields observed in highly deformed graphene can substantially alter the optical properties of graphene beyond a level that can be feasible with an external magnetic field, but the experimental signatures of the influence of such pseudo-magnetic fields have yet to be unveiled. Here, using time-resolved infrared pump-probe spectroscopy, we provide unambiguous evidence for slow carrier dynamics enabled by the pseudo-magnetic fields in periodically strained graphene. Strong pseudo-magnetic fields of ~100 T created by non-uniform strain in  graphene on nanopillars are found to significantly decelerate the relaxation processes of hot carriers by more than an order of magnitude. Our findings offer alternative opportunities to harness the properties of graphene enabled by pseudo-magnetic fields for optoelectronics and condensed matter physics.
Battery-free, wireless soft sensors for continuous multi-site measurements of pressure and temperature from patients at risk for pressure injuries
Authors: Oh Yong Suk , Kim Jae-Hwan , Xie Zhaoqian , Cho Seokjoo , Han Hyeonseok , Jeon Sung Woo , Park Minsu , Namkoong Myeong , Avila Raudel , Song Zhen , Lee Sung-Uk , Ko Kabseok , Lee Jungyup , Lee Je-Sang , Min Weon Gi , Lee Byeong-Ju , Choi Myungwoo , Chung Ha Uk , Kim Jongwon , Han Mengdi , Koo Jahyun , Choi Yeon Sik , Kwak Sung Soo , Kim Sung Bong , Kim Jeonghyun , Choi Jungil , Kang Chang-Mo , Kim Jong Uk , Kwon Kyeongha , Won Sang Min , Baek Janice Mihyun , Lee Yujin , Kim So Young , Lu Wei , Vazquez-Guardado Abraham , Jeong Hyoyoung , Ryu Hanjun , Lee Geumbee , Kim Kyuyoung , Kim Seunghwan , Kim Min Seong , Choi Jungrak , Choi Dong Yun , Yang Quansan , Zhao Hangbo , Bai Wubin , Jang Hokyung , Yu Yongjoon , Lim Jaeman , Guo Xu , Kim Bong Hoon , Jeon Seokwoo , Davies Charles , Banks Anthony , Sung Hyung Jin , Huang Yonggang , Park Inkyu , Rogers John A.
Published: August 2021

Capabilities for continuous monitoring of pressures and temperatures at critical skin interfaces can help to guide care strategies that minimize the potential for pressure injuries in hospitalized patients or in individuals confined to the bed. This paper introduces a soft, skin-mountable class of sensor system for this purpose. The design includes a pressure-responsive element based on membrane deflection and a battery-free, wireless mode of operation capable of multi-site measurements at strategic locations across the body. Such devices yield continuous, simultaneous readings of pressure and temperature in a sequential readout scheme from a pair of primary antennas mounted under the bedding and connected to a wireless reader and a multiplexer located at the bedside. Experimental evaluation of the sensor and the complete system includes benchtop measurements and numerical simulations of the key features. Clinical trials involving two hemiplegic patients and a tetraplegic patient demonstrate the feasibility, functionality and long-term stability of this technology in operating hospital settings.
Relative effectiveness of influenza vaccines in elderly persons in the United States, 2012/2013-2017/2018 seasons
Authors: Machado Marina Amaral de Avila , Moura Cristiano S. , Abrahamowicz Michal , Ward Brian J. , Pilote Louise , Bernatsky Sasha
Published: August 2021

Influenza immunization protects seniors against influenza and its potentially serious complications. It is uncertain whether standard-dose (SD) quadrivalent vaccine offers better protection over other formulations in the elderly. In this study, we compared the effectiveness of SD-trivalent, high-dose (HD) trivalent, SD-quadrivalent, and adjuvanted trivalent vaccines in seniors (≥65 years) in a real-world setting. We selected over 200,000 individuals in each of 6 influenza seasons from 2012 to 2018 using MarketScan® databases. The two outcomes were hospitalization or emergency room (ER) visit due to (1) influenza or (2) pneumonia. Here, SD-quadrivalent was associated with higher risk of influenza-related hospitalization/ER visit (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.14 and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.05–1.24) and of pneumonia-related hospitalization/ER visit (aHR 1.04 and 95% CI 1.01–1.07) vs. HD-trivalent. SD-trivalent followed similar trends compared to HD-trivalent (aHR 1.16 and 95% CI 1.06–1.27 for hospitalized/ER visit influenza; aHR 1.07 and 95% CI 1.05–1.10 for hospitalized/ER visit pneumonia). We could not demonstrate risk differences between SD vaccine formulations and between adjuvanted trivalent and one of the other three vaccines. Risk estimates slightly varied across seasons. These findings suggest that SD vaccine formulations vs. HD-trivalent were associated with higher risk of hospitalization/ER visit for influenza and pneumonia in seniors.