bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perfil epidemiológico da raiva na região Noroeste do Estado de São Paulo no período de 1993 a 2007
Authors: Queiroz Luzia Helena , Carvalho Cristiano de , Buso Daniel Sartori , Ferrari Clara Isabel de Lucca , Pedro Wagner André
Published: March 2009

Descreve-se a epidemiologia da raiva animal na região de Araçatuba, noroeste do estado de São Paulo, durante o período de 1993 a 2007, com base nos resultados dos diagnósticos realizados em laboratórios da região, utilizando as técnicas de imunofluorescência direta e inoculação intracerebral em camundongos. De 10.579 amostras analisadas, 4,9% foram positivas (518/10.579). Os casos em cães corresponderam a 67% (346/518) do total e ocorreram entre 1993 a 1997. Dentre as demais amostras positivas, 16% do total (84/518) foi detectado em bovinos e 9,7% (50/518) em morcegos. Dos 42 municípios da região, 23 (55%) apresentaram pelo menos um caso positivo da doença, sendo que 13 deles registraram casos em morcegos. Foram identificados três ciclos distintos da raiva na região Noroeste do Estado de São Paulo, o ciclo urbano caracterizado predominantemente pela raiva canina (1993 a 1997) e os ciclos aéreo e rural, a partir de 1998 com predominância de casos em quirópteros nas áreas urbanas e em herbívoros.
Viabilidade, confirmação taxonômica e detecção enzimática de espécies de Acremonium preservadas sob óleo mineral na Coleção de Culturas University Recife Mycology
Authors: Braz Suellen Carvalho de Moura , Motta Cristina Maria de Souza , Massa Débora Maria de Lima , Neves Rejane Pereira , Magalhães Oliane Maria Correia
Published: March 2009

Enzimas hidrolíticas secretadas por fungos têm um papel importante na patogenicidade das infecções. Objetivando avaliar a atividade enzimática foram testados 31 isolados de Acremonium mantidos na Coleção de Culturas University Recife Mycology. Fragmentos das culturas foram transferidos para caldo glicosado para reativação e posterior crescimento em meio ágar batata dextrose, para verificar viabilidade, pureza e confirmação taxonômica pela observação das características macroscópicas e microscópicas. Para detecção enzimática foram utilizados substratos de caseína do leite e gelatina para protease, amido para amilase e lecitina de soja para fosfolipase. Das 31 culturas, 26 (83,9%) mantiveram-se viáveis e 24 (92,3%) foram confirmadas taxonomicamente. Das 24 culturas, 12 (50%) apresentaram atividade proteásica, duas (16,7%) em caseína do leite, uma (8,3%) em gelatina e nove (75%) em ambos os substratos; 16 (66,7%) degradaram amido. Nenhuma cultura apresentou atividade fosfolipásica. Conclui-se que espécies de Acremonium são capazes de produzir enzimas envolvidas na patogenicidade das infecções fúngicas.
Qualidade de vida em cuidadores de idosos portadores de demência de Alzheimer
Authors: Paula Juliane dos Anjos de , Roque Francelise Pivetta , Araújo Flávio Soares de
Published: March 2009

OBJETIVO: Realizar revisão sistemática da literatura acerca da QV dos cuidadores de idosos com DA. MÉTODOS: Revisão sistemática de literatura por meio do PubMed e da MedLine entre os anos de 1997 e 2008, utilizando os termos quality of life, caregivers, Alzheimer disease. RESULTADOS: Dezesseis estudos entre 274 publicações iniciais e 39 artigos posteriormente incluídos pelas referências bibliográficas foram avaliados. A QV dos cuidadores dos idosos demenciados, na maioria dos estudos, estava comprometida negativamente. Diversos fatores interferem na QV do cuidador, desde a gravidade da doença até alterações comportamentais que esses idosos possam vir a apresentar. CONCLUSÃO: É necessária a realização de mais estudos direcionados a esse tema, a fim de buscar estratégias para melhora da QV desse cuidador.
Mineralização de compostos nitrogenados após aplicações de lodos de esgoto em quatro cultivos de milho
Authors: Boeira Rita Carla , Maximiliano Viviane Cristina Bettanin
Published: March 2009

O teor de N disponível em solos tratados com lodo de esgoto é um dos fatores restritivos à aplicação do resíduo em grandes volumes na agricultura, e deve ser utilizado nas normas que regulamentam seu uso agrícola com o fim de evitar a contaminação ambiental do solo e corpos d'água com nitrato. Quando se aplica o resíduo pela primeira vez em um solo, a disponibilização de N mineral a partir de compostos orgânicos naturais do solo não é diretamente considerada no cálculo da taxa de aplicação máxima, e este procedimento é comum também nas recomendações de adubação mineral. Porém, a aplicação continuada desses resíduos pode causar efeitos residuais acumulativos na geração de N mineral, o que implicaria recomendações específicas para reaplicações em uma mesma área. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a disponibilidade potencial de N mineral em um Latossolo previamente tratado com lodos de esgoto e com quatro cultivos sucessivos de milho. Amostras de solo da camada de 0-20 cm foram coletadas em subparcelas de um experimento realizado em campo, entre 1999 e 2002, em Jaguariúna (SP), onde foram aplicados 0, 14.716, 29.432, 58.864 e 117.728 kg ha-1 de lodo de origem urbana (Franca, SP) e 0, 22.700, 45.400, 90.800 e 181.600 kg ha-1 de lodo produzido a partir de esgotos urbanos e industriais (Barueri, SP). As doses foram parceladas em quatro aplicações anuais consecutivas. Em laboratório, essas amostras foram incubadas durante 15 semanas. As análises iniciais dos solos evidenciaram que houve efeito residual das aplicações prévias dos lodos sobre o acúmulo de N orgânico e de nitrato. No final da incubação, houve acúmulo de N inorgânico no solo e diminuição do pH em função da maior geração de nitrato com as doses crescentes dos lodos de esgoto. O potencial de mineralização estimado pelo modelo exponencial simples foi de 28 mg kg-1 de N no tratamento sem lodo, e crescente, de 28 para 100 mg kg-1 de N, nos tratamentos com lodo de Franca, e de 40 para 113 mg kg-1 de N tratamentos com lodo de Barueri. Concluiu-se que os efeitos residuais acumulados no solo devem ser considerados quando se pretender fazer novas aplicações de lodos de esgoto num mesmo local. Os potenciais de mineralização de compostos de N do solo e do lodo que será utilizado, além do acúmulo de nitrato no perfil do solo, devem ser determinados e considerados para o cálculo da dose da próxima aplicação.
Valor nutritivo da forragem e produção animal em pastagens de Brachiaria brizantha
Authors: Euclides Valéria Pacheco Batista , Macedo Manuel Cláudio Motta , Valle Cacilda Borges do , Difante Gelson dos Santos , Barbosa Rodrigo Amorim , Cacere Everton Ronaldo
Published: March 2009

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção animal e sua relação com as características dos pastos de Brachiaria brizantha cultivares Marandu, Xaraés e Piatã. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com três tratamentos e duas repetições. Os piquetes com 2 ha foram subdivididos em dois e submetidos ao pastejo alternado, com 28 dias de utilização e 28 dias de descanso. Foram utilizados três novilhos teste, por piquete, e novilhos reguladores para manter resíduos pós pastejo em torno de 3 Mg ha-1 de matéria seca. Mensalmente, os pastos foram avaliados para se estimar o valor nutritivo da forragem. Os animais foram pesados, e as taxas de lotação foram ajustadas duas vezes por semana. No pasto da cv. Xaraés, apesar do menor ganho médio diário (GMD) dos animais, a taxa de lotação foi maior, o que resultou em maior produtividade da cv. Xaraés, em comparação às cvs. Marandu e Piatã. No pasto da cv. Piatã, houve aumento do GMD, o que indica que as cvs. Xaraés e Piatã são novas alternativas para a diversificação dos pastos no Cerrado. Assim, a escolha da forragem deve se dar em razão da meta do sistema de produção, ou seja, a produção por animal ou por área.
Ácaros predadores e o fungo Neozygites floridana associados a tetraniquídeos em soja no Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Roggia Samuel , Guedes Jerson Vanderei Carús , Kuss Roggia Rejane Cristina Roppa , Vasconcelos Geraldo José Nascimento de , Navia Denise , Delalibera Junior Italo
Published: March 2009

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a ocorrência de ácaros predadores e do fungo Neozygites floridana, associados a ácaros tetraniquídeos, em soja (Glycine max L.), no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Entre 2003 e 2005, foram avaliadas amostras de folhas de soja das principais regiões produtoras do Estado. Essas amostras foram coletadas de diferentes posições da planta e aleatoriamente na lavoura. As espécies de ácaros predadores encontradas foram: Neoseiulus anonymus, N. californicus, Phytoseiulus fragariae, P. macropilis, Proprioseiopsis cannaensis e Galendromus annectens. O fungo N. floridana apresentou ampla distribuição e ocorreu em todas as espécies de tetraniquídeos encontradas: Mononychellus planki, Tetranychus desertorum, T. gigas, T. ludeni e T. urticae.
Doenças da pele em caprinos e ovinos no semi-árido brasileiro
Authors: Macêdo Juliana T.S.A. , Riet-Correa Franklin , Dantas Antônio Flávio Medeiros , Simões Sara Vilar Dantas
Published: March 2009

Foi realizado um estudo das doenças de pele diagnosticadas em ovinos e caprinos, no semi-árido dos Estados da Paraíba, Pernambuco e Rio Grande do Norte. De janeiro de 2000 a novembro de 2006 foram registrados no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, em Patos, Paraíba, 656 diagnósticos em caprinos e 324 em ovinos, além do estudo de espécimes de necropsia ou biópsia da pele de 31 em caprinos e 45 em ovinos enviados para exame histológico. Dos casos atendidos 80 (8,16%) apresentavam alterações na pele, destes 35 ocorreram em caprinos (5,33% do total de casos diagnosticados nesta espécie) e 45 em ovinos (13,88% dos casos diagnosticados nesta espécie). Das doenças de pele, a mais freqüente foi a miíase (10 casos em caprinos e 7 em ovinos) seguida do ectima contagioso (8 casos em caprinos e 2 em ovinos), carcinoma epidermoide (4 casos em caprinos e 5 em ovinos), dermatofilose (8 casos em ovinos), dermatite alérgica (1 caso em ovino e 1 em caprino). Além disso, foram diagnosticados dois casos de pitiose em ovinos, dois casos de epidermólise bolhosa em caprinos, um caso de intoxicação por Brachiaria brizantha (fotossensibilização) e outro de intoxicação por Leucaena leucocephala (alopecia) em ovinos e um caso de papilomatose, um de pênfigo foliáceo, um de prototecose e um de rabdomiossarcoma em caprinos. Em 4 casos em ovinos e 19 em caprinos não foi realizado diagnóstico etiológico da doença. A informação gerada sobre a ocorrência e epidemiologia das doenças de pele permite estabelecer medidas adequadas de controle.
Hemograma, proteinograma, ionograma e dosagens bioquímicas e enzimáticas de ovinos acometidos por conidiobolomicose no nordeste do Brasil
Authors: Batista Maria do Carmo de S. , Castro Roberto S. de , Rego Eneida W. , Carvalho Fernando Aécio de A. , Silva Silvana Maria M. S. , Carvalho Cleyton C. D. , Riet-Correa Franklin
Published: March 2009

Foram realizados eritrogramas, leucogramas, dosagens séricas de proteínas totais, albumina, globulinas, cálcio, fósforo, magnésio, cloretos, uréia, creatinina, bilirrubina total, direta e indireta e atividade sérica de aspartato aminotransferase (AST), fosfatase alcalina (FA) e gama-glutamiltransferase (GGT) de 56 ovinos afetados por conidiobolomicose e de 371 ovinos sadios provenientes dos mesmos rebanhos dos casos da doença. Os resultados revelaram que os ovinos com conidiobolomicose apresentam anemia arregenerativa normocítica normocrômica, leucocitose com neutrofilia e discreto desvio à esquerda regenerativo, com elevação da relação neutrófilo:linfócito, monocitose moderada, trombocitose, hipoproteinemia (hipoglobulinemia), hipomagnesemia, hipocalcemia e elevação dos teores de fósforo. As atividades séricas de AST e GGT estavam aumentadas e as de FA diminuídas. Não houve alteração nos níveis de uréia e creatinina, mas ocorreu hipoglicemia e hiperbilirrubinemia. Estes resultados podem ser utilizados para estudos experimentais da doença, em ensaios com tratamentos e para identificar casos precoces da enfermidade que não apresentem sinais clínicos. Além disso, os valores encontrados em 371 ovinos deslanados hígidos podem ser utilizados como valores referenciais para este tipo de ovinos na região semi-árida do Brasil.
O que há de real e de irreal com o realismo: Searle versus Rorty
Authors: Ghiraldelli Júnior Paulo
Published: March 2009

O texto fala a respeito do debate entre Searle e Rorty sobre "irracionalismo" de Rorty. Ele tenta mostrar que a posição de Rorty está fora do campo "realismo versus anti-realismo" e o "irracionalismo" não é um bom adjetivo. Searle estaria sobre uma linha incorreta em sua abordagem do tema da verdade em Rorty.
Oscilações do desejo sexual no período gestacional
Authors: Lech Marilise Brockstedt , Martins Paulo César Ribeiro
Published: March 2009

O trabalho visa estudar a existência ou não de alterações do desejo sexual no período gestacional. Os sujeitos da pesquisa são quatro mulheres gestantes, todas psicólogas, participantes de um curso de atualização em sexualidade, e seus respectivos maridos. Para a coleta dos dados optou-se por um depoimento escrito, com duas perguntas orientadoras que questionaram sobre a ocorrência de oscilações do desejo. A análise dos dados foi feita através de metodologia fenomenológica e evidenciou dois aspectos comuns nos relatos: 1. O desejo sexual não se alterou na maioria dos sujeitos. 2. Os sujeitos dissociam alteração do desejo de outras alterações do comportamento sexual. As variantes nas descrições são apresentadas em seis temas: 1. Motivo da não-alteração do desejo. 2. Motivo da alteração do desejo. 3. Alterações na vida sexual descritas pelas mulheres. 4. Alterações na vida sexual descritas pelos homens. 5. O que não se alterou na vida sexual. 6. Vivências durante a gestação.
Práticas educativas familiares: a família como foco de atenção psidoeducacional
Authors: Szymanski Heloisa
Published: March 2009

Este artigo tem por objetivo refletir sobre a necessidade de se considerar a família como objeto de atenção psicoeducacional a partir da desconstrução da visão naturalizada da mesma. Segue apresentando-a como um contexto de desenvolvimento humano e um locus educacional, que responde à tarefa de socialização, desenvolvendo práticas que exigem saberes específicos, nem sempre disponíveis, em especial para as camadas sociais empobrecidas. Pela complexidade do fenômeno em questão, conclui pela necessidade de desenvolvimento de pesquisas multidisciplinares que construam conhecimento científico e subsidiem práticas na área de atenção psicoeducacional às famílias.
Recria de bezerras de corte em alternativas de uso da pastagem de azevém
Authors: Roso Dalton , Rocha Marta Gomes da , Pötter Luciana , Glienke Carine Lisete , Costa Vagner Guasso da , Ilha Gustavo Freitas
Published: March 2009

Avaliou-se o desempenho de bezerras de corte dos 8 aos 12 meses de idade em pastagem exclusiva de azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) ou em pastagem de azevém em consórcio com trevo-vermelho (Trifolium pratense) LE 116 ou azevém com suplemento (1% do peso vivo (PV) por dia). O método de pastejo foi o de lotação contínua com número variável de animais. O suplemento utilizado foi ração comercial, com 17% de proteína bruta, 23,6% de fibra em detergente neutro e 59,6% de nutrientes digestíveis totais. Os valores médios de massa e oferta de forragem e oferta de lâminas foliares foram de 1.327,2 kg/ha de MS, 10,5 e 3,7 kg de MS/100 kg de PV, respectivamente. O ganho de peso médio diário foi semelhante entre as bezerras em pastagem de azevém com suplemento e aquelas em pastagem de azevém mais trevo-vermelho, com valor médio de 1.039 gramas. A carga animal e o ganho de peso vivo por área foram maiores quando animais receberam suplemento. A suplementação proporcionou efeito aditivo no consumo total de matéria seca e substitutivo no consumo de matéria seca do pasto.
Efetividade de um modelo fotogramétrico para a análise da mecânica respiratória toracoabdominal na avaliação de manobras de isovolume em crianças
Authors: Ricieri Denise da Vinha , Rosário Filho Nelson Augusto
Published: March 2009

OBJETIVO: Testar a aplicabilidade de um modelo geométrico, adaptado à postura deitada, para a análise da mecânica respiratória em relação à variação das áreas toracoabdominais laterais em crianças asmáticas. MÉTODOS: Dezenove crianças (média de idade: 11,26 ± 1,28 anos) realizaram manobras de isovolume (MIV) após inspiração máxima, seguida de fechamento da glote e alternância do ar entre os compartimentos abdominal e torácico. As manobras foram filmadas por uma câmera digital perpendicular ao plano de movimento, e as imagens de interesse foram selecionadas. O modelo geométrico foi traçado sobre cada imagem, orientado por marcadores de superfície em referências anatômicas. As áreas traçadas foram calculadas através de um programa, e os resultados foram convertidos para unidades métricas (cm²) utilizando um marcador de superfície de área conhecida. Foram calculadas as contribuições relativas (CRs) dos subcompartimentos em relação ao seu compartimento de origem e à parede torácica (PT). RESULTADOS: O modelo foi medido a partir de 55 imagens de MIV torácicas e de 55 de MIV abdominais, e as áreas e subáreas entre as manobras foram comparadas, havendo diferenças significativas para todos os subcompartimentos (p < 0,001). Todas as CRs, em relação à PT, foram também significativamente diferentes (p < 0,001), mas não aquelas em relação às razões entre os subcompartimentos e os compartimentos de origem. CONCLUSÕES: Este modelo geométrico, aplicado em crianças e adaptado à postura deitada, foi efetivo na diferenciação das variações do contorno toracoabdominal durante as MIV, e os níveis de divisão propostos foram úteis na identificação das regiões mais e menos contributivas à composição da PT.
Exogenous Glucose–Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Worsens Post prandial Hyperglycemia in T ype 2 Diabetes
Authors: Chia Chee W. , Carlson Olga D. , Kim Wook , Shin Yu-Kyong , Charles Cornelia P. , Kim Hee Seung , Melvin Denise L. , Egan Josephine M.
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), unlike glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, lacks glucose-lowering properties in patients with type 2 diabetes. We designed this study to elucidate the underlying pathophysiology.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Twenty-two insulin-naïve subjects with type 2 diabetes were given either synthetic human GIP (20 ng · kg−1 · min−1) or placebo (normal saline) over 180 min, starting with the first bite of a mixed meal (plus 1 g of acetaminophen) on two separate occasions. Frequent blood samples were obtained over 6 h to determine plasma GIP, GLP-1, glucose, insulin, glucagon, resistin, and acetaminophen levels.

RESULTS

Compared with placebo, GIP induced an early postprandial increase in insulin levels. Intriguingly, GIP also induced an early postprandial augmentation in glucagon, a significant elevation in late postprandial glucose, and a decrease in late postprandial GLP-1 levels. Resistin and acetaminophen levels were comparable in both interventions. By immunocytochemistry, GIP receptors were present on human and mouse α-cells. In αTC1 cell line, GIP induced an increase in intracellular cAMP and glucagon secretion.

CONCLUSIONS

GIP, given to achieve supraphysiological plasma levels, still had an early, short-lived insulinotropic effect in type 2 diabetes. However, with a concomitant increase in glucagon, the glucose-lowering effect was lost. GIP infusion further worsened hyperglycemia postprandially, most likely through its suppressive effect on GLP-1. These findings make it unlikely that GIP or GIP receptor agonists will be useful in treating the hyperglycemia of patients with type 2 diabetes.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Among Obese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Foster Gary D. , Sanders Mark H. , Millman Richard , Zammit Gary , Borradaile Kelley E. , Newman Anne B. , Wadden Thomas A. , Kelley David , Wing Rena R. , Pi Sunyer F. Xavier , Darcey Valerie , Kuna Samuel T. ,   for the Sleep AHEAD Research Group
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE

To assess the risk factors for the presence and severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) among obese patients with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Unattended polysomnography was performed in 306 participants.

RESULTS

Over 86% of participants had OSA with an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ≥5 events/h. The mean AHI was 20.5 ± 16.8 events/h. A total of 30.5% of the participants had moderate OSA (15 ≤ AHI <30), and 22.6% had severe OSA (AHI ≥30). Waist circumference (odds ratio 1.1; 95% CI 1.0–1.1; P = 0.03) was significantly related to the presence of OSA. Severe OSA was most likely in individuals with a higher BMI (odds ratio 1.1; 95% CI 1.0–1.2; P = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS

Physicians should be particularly cognizant of the likelihood of OSA in obese patients with type 2 diabetes, especially among individuals with higher waist circumference and BMI.
The emplacement mode of Upper Cretaceous plutons from the southwestern part of the Sredna Gora Zone (Bulgaria): structural and AMS study
Authors: Georgiev Neven , Henry Bernard , Jordanova Neli , Froitzheim Nikolaus , Jordanova Diana , Ivanov Zivko , Dimov Dimo
Published: March 2009

The emplacement mode of Upper Cretaceous plutons from the southwestern part of the Sredna Gora Zone (Bulgaria): structural and AMS study

Several plutons located in the southwestern part of the Sredna Gora Zone — Bulgaria are examples of the Apuseni-Banat-Timok-Sredna Gora type of granites emplaced during Late Cretaceous (86-75 Ma) times. The studied intrusive bodies are spatially related to and deformed by the dextral Iskar-Yavoritsa shear zone. The deformation along the shear zone ceased at the time of emplacement of the undeformed Upper Cretaceous Gutsal pluton, which has intruded the Iskar-Yavoritsa mylonites. A clear transition from magmatic foliation to high-, moderate- and low-temperature superimposed foliation and lineation in the vicinity of the Iskar-Yavoritsa and related shear zones gives evidence for simultaneous tectonics and plutonism. Away from the shear zones, the granitoids appear macroscopically isotropic and were investigated using measurements of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility at 113 stations. The studied samples show magnetic lineation and foliation, in agreement with the magmatic structures observed at a few sites. Typical features of the internal structure of the plutons are several sheet-like mafic bodies accompanied by swarms of mafic microgranular enclaves. Field observations indicate spatial relationships between mafic bodies and shear zones as well as mingling processes in the magma chamber which suggest simultaneous shearing and magma emplacement. Structural investigations as well as anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) data attest to the controlling role of the NWSE trending Iskar-Yavoritsa shear zone and to the syntectonic emplacement of the plutons with deformation in both igneous rocks and their hosts. The tectonic situation may be explained by partitioning of oblique plate convergence into plate-boundary-normal thrusting in the Rhodopes and plate-boundary-parallel transcurrent shearing in the hinterland (Sredna Gora).
Late Variscan (Carboniferous to Permian) environments in the Circum Pannonian Region
Authors: Vozárová Anna , Ebner Fritz , Kovács Sándor , Kräutner Hans-Georg , Szederkenyi Tibor , Krstić Branislav , Sremac Jasenka , Aljinovič Dunja , Novak Matevž , Skaberne Dragomir
Published: March 2009

Late Variscan (Carboniferous to Permian) environments in the Circum Pannonian Region

The Pennsylvanian-Cisuralian late-orogenic and post-orogenic paleoenvironments of the Circum Pannonian Region (CPR) include tectono-stratigraphic sequences developed from the Upper Bashkirian-Moscovian marine early molasse stage up to the Guadalupian-Lopingian post-orogenic stage, with gradual connection to the beginning of the Alpine (Neotethyan) sedimentary cycle. Shallow marine siliciclastic or carbonate siliciclastic overstep sequences started in the internal part of the Variscan orogenic belt during the latest Serpukhovian and Bashkirian-Moscovian. They overlapped unconformably the variably metamorphosed Variscan basement, or weakly deformed and metamorphosed foreland and syn-orogenic flysch sediments of Mississippian to Early Pennsylvanian age. The post-Variscan rifting largely affected the Variscan orogenic belt by reactivation of the Variscan lithosphere. The late- to post-orogenic terrestrial sequences started within the internal part of the Variscan orogenic belt during the Middle/Late Pennsylvanian. It continued gradually to terrestrial-shallow water carbonate-siliciclastic sequences in its external part through the Permian. According to the present configuration, the Alpine (Neotethyan) northward shifting transgression started during the Guadalupian/Lopingian in the South and during the Early Triassic in the North.
Importance of Translational Entropy of Water in Biological Self-Assembly Processes like Protein Folding
Authors: Kinoshita Masahiro
Published: March 2009

We briefly review our studies on the folding/unfolding mechanisms of proteins. In biological self-assembly processes such as protein folding, the number of accessible translational configurations of water in the system increases greatly, leading to a large gain in the water entropy. The usual view looking at only the water in the close vicinity of the protein surface is capable of elucidating neither the large entropic gain upon apoplastocyanin folding, which has recently been found in a novel experimental study, nor the pressure and cold denaturation. With the emphasis on the translational entropy of water, we are presently constructing a reliable method for predicting the native structure of a protein from its amino-acid sequence.
Advancing Evidence-Based Practice: A Program Series
Authors: Soukup Sister Maurita , McCleish Joan
Published: March 2009

The call to evidence-based practice (EBP) is evolving and empowers nurses to form innovative learning partnerships with colleagues to nourish wisdom, strengthen critical thinking, integrate research knowledge, and celebrate contributions in leading best practice. Based on clinician interest, Advancing Evidence-Based Practice: A Program Series was designed for nurses to showcase initiatives using Mercy Nursing's EBP Model. Mentoring guides their efforts. This opportunity creates learning partnerships that encourage participants to reflect about their practice and network with colleagues about what is important for clinical excellence. It also nurtures professional growth in research development and formal presentations.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2008;39(9):402–406.
The Relationship of Educational Preparation, Autonomy, and Critical Thinking to Nursing Job Satisfaction
Authors: Zurmehly Joyce
Published: March 2009

Background:

This descriptive correlational study explored factors influencing job satisfaction in nursing. Relationships between educational preparation, autonomy, and critical thinking and job satisfaction were examined.

Method:

A convenience sample of 140 registered nurses was drawn from medical-surgical, management, and home health nursing specialties. The nurses were asked to complete the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal and Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. Relationships between variables were analyzed to determine which explained the most variance in job satisfaction.

Results:

Results indicated significant positive correlations between total job satisfaction and perceived autonomy, critical thinking, educational preparation, and job satisfiers. Significant negative correlations between job dissatisfiers and total job satisfaction were also found.

Conclusions:

Understanding nursing job satisfaction through critical thinking, educational level, and autonomy is the key to staff retention. Further research focusing on increasing these satisfiers is needed.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2008;39(10):453–460.
Continuing Education in the Health Sciences in Spain
Authors: Camaño-Puig Ramon , Piqué-Angordans Jordi
Published: March 2009

Background:

Employers have long been concerned about the professional qualifications of their employees. Decision makers in the health sciences are no exception, particularly now that they are seriously considering the improvement and full accreditation of continuing education as part of the planned European convergence.

Method:

Medical and nursing professionals were questioned about their views on continuing education, suitable content of possible programs, and implementation, in comparison to what four major Spanish nursing and medical journals propose as adequate continuing education activities.

Results:

Responses from both types of professionals indicated that they desire training more related to practice and to social communication issues.

Conclusions:

Health professionals feel that they need to stay current in their fields and that continuing education programs should be systematized in consonance with official accreditation guidelines and objectives.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2008;39(11):517–524.
Transitioning Internationally Recruited Nurses Into Clinical Settings
Authors: Sherman Rose O. , Eggenberger Terry
Published: March 2009

With a growing shortage of nurses, more health care organizations are turning to international nurse recruitment as part of their work force strategy. Although organizations that recruit internationally invest significant resources, there has been little research about the challenges of transitioning international nurses into practice environments outside their countries of origin. The purpose of the qualitative research presented in this article was to investigate the educational and support needs of international nurses from both their perspective and that of managers with experience in supervising internationally recruited nurses. The authors present educational recommendations and the implications for staff development.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2008;39(12):535–544.
Nurses' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Confidence Regarding Preventing and Treating Deconditioning in Older Adults
Authors: Gillis Angela , MacDonald Brenda , MacIsaac Allene
Published: March 2009

Background:

This article examines nurses' knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and confidence regarding providing care to prevent and treat deconditioning in hospitalized older adults.

Methods:

Data were collected from 157 registered nurses enrolled in a post-registered nurse, bachelor of science in nursing program using a descriptive cross-sectional survey.

Results:

Nurses' responses reflected substantial gaps in their knowledge and theoretical understanding of deconditioning, and a strong belief in the need for more education on the prevention of it. Levels of confidence in preventing deconditioning in older adults were modest, but participants expressed positive attitudes toward nurses' role in deconditioning care. Barriers to deconditioning care included lack of education, low staffing levels, and a lack of valuing prevention efforts.

Conclusion:

This study suggests that it is important to establish gerontology continuing education programs with a core component on deconditioning treatment and prevention to enhance nurses' knowledge and confidence levels in providing care to older adults.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2008;39(12):547–554.
The LORS-Enabled Dialogue: Improving Insight in Psychotic Illnesses
Authors: Sousa Sharon
Published: March 2009

Patients often underestimate the degree of their psychiatric illness and consequently have difficulty effectively participating in interventions to optimize recovery. This problem of insight may be connected with neurological difficulties resulting in poor explicit memory; however, most interventions nurses use to help patients improve their understanding of illness rely on explicit memory. The discrepancy between clinician and patient scores on the Levels of Recovery from Psychotic Disorders Scale (LORS) has been correlated with measures of insight and psychopathology. This difference can be used in a therapeutic dialogue, the LORS-Enabled Dialogue (LED). This intervention engages patients' implicit memory, asking a series of open-ended questions and using motivational interviewing to help promote patients' attainment of life goals. Large-scale studies of this intervention are currently underway and should help better define questions about the effectiveness of the LED.
Metaphors of a Shifting Sense of Self in: Men Recovering from Substance Abuse and Suicidal Behavior
Authors: Biong Stian , Karlsson Bengt , Svensson Tommy
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this descriptive study was to explore and interpret men's experience of sense of self within the context of recovery from substance abuse and suicidal behavior. A secondary analysis of data from a previous study of four young Norwegian men revealed how a shifting sense of self was constructed through the use of metaphors. The analysis identified three themes related to the participants' sense of self: The Meaning of Being Isolated, The Meaning of Being Close to the Point of No Return, and The Meaning of Still Being on the Edge. By acknowledging metaphorical expressions as a source of important knowledge, this study reflects on how mental health professionals can use metaphors in the recovery process. As part of the treatment alliance and therapeutic communication, we suggest that metaphors may aid the assessment of suicidal ideation, promote a sense of a more active self, and signal acceptance and recognition of subjectivity.
Neurosurgical Approaches to Therapeutic Brain Stimulation: For Treatment-Resistant Depression
Authors: Howland Robert H.
Published: March 2009

During the 1940s and 1950s, psychosurgery was used for the treatment of severe mental disorders but was associated with significant complications. These problems and the advent of psychotropic drugs led to a decline in the use of psychosurgery. Neuroanatomical and brain imaging studies have revealed distinct brain regions and the pathways that connect them, which may underlie depression and other mental disorders. On the basis of this knowledge, modern stereotactic neurosurgical methods have been used to implant electrodes in the brain to provide therapeutic stimulation. Electrical stimulation by these electrodes with pacemaker-like devices can be used to modulate brain function by stimulating or inhibiting the activity of specific brain regions, without causing permanent or destructive lesions that cannot be reversed. Deep brain stimulation and cortical brain stimulation are two such neurosurgical approaches to therapeutic brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression.
Update on Early Intervention in Schizophrenia
Authors: Dyer Janyce G. , McGuinness Teena M.
Published: March 2009

Early intervention is a popular idea for helping people with schizophrenia. There are two major approaches: intervening when the first symptoms of psychosis are expressed during adolescence and treating individuals at high risk during adolescence before psychotic symptoms become apparent. The risks and benefits of each approach are discussed.
Helping Partnerships that Facilitate Recovery from Severe Mental Illness
Authors: Anthony Kathleen Hope
Published: March 2009

The intent of this study was to learn how consumers experience helping partnerships that assist them in recovery to inform families, professionals, and peers about meaningful actions and strategies that promote the healing process. In-depth interviews were conducted with a purposeful sample of 10 individuals who had a self-reported diagnosis of severe mental illness. Using the phenomenological research process, helping partnerships and how they develop were described. Six key themes emerged from the data and included Networks of Helping Partnerships, Teaching-Learning, Spirituality, Creative Drive, Time, and Medication Adherence. Characteristics and behaviors of helping partners were identified, as well as structures that promoted their development. Educating the public, consumers, and mental health professionals about how to promote recovery, the role of spirituality and creativity, the benefits of medication and therapy, and the impact of learning on progressing through recovery can go a long way toward eliminating the mystery and fear associated with mental illness.
Lisdexamfetamine: A Prodrug Stimulant for ADHD
Authors: Howland Robert H.
Published: March 2009

This article reviews the unique prodrug stimulant lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX, Vyvanse
®
), an approved treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. LDX is an inactive prodrug in which l-lysine is chemically bonded to d-amphetamine. Although its efficacy is not significantly different from that of other stimulants, LDX may be different with respect to potential toxicity and abuse liability. In this article, I will review the short-term controlled studies that were the basis for LDX's approval for both children and adults; the lack of and need for more long-term studies; two double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover studies that examined LDX's abuse liability; and clinical uses for the drug. The clinical implications stemming from LDX's unique characteristics are also discussed.
Imaging and Evaluation of Nano-Scale Crack by Using Ultrasonic Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Tsuji Takashi , Irihama H. , Mihara T. , Yamanaka Kazushi
Published: March 2009

Evaluation method of nano-scale internal cracks by ultrasonic atomic force microscopy (UAFM) is proposed based on two approaches. The first one is a linear vibration analysis of the contact stiffness calculated from a finite element method analysis of a model including a subsurface gap. The second one is a nonlinear vibration analysis of a stiffening or softening spring representing the opening-and-closing behavior of the gap. These methods were verified by obtaining the resonance frequency mapping, the load dependence of the resonance frequency and the resonance spectra in UAFM on a subsurface gap in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. As a result, it was proved that the proposed method is useful for evaluating the opening-and-closing behavior of the gap. Although the present study is focused on a nano-scale gap, this method is applicable to larger scale cracks using a larger tip and more stiff support than those used in AFM.
Normal and Abnormal Fracture Behaviors in Low-Cycle Fatigue of a Unidirectionally Reinforced SCS-6/SP-700 Composite
Authors: Yamazaki Yasuhiro , Ikada A. , Okazaki M.
Published: March 2009

Titanium alloy matrix composites (TMCs) have received considerable interest as structural materials for aeronautical applications, because of their higher specific strength and stiffness. When applying TMCs at elevated temperatures, high temperature isothermal low-cycle fatigue (LCF)failure is one of critical issues to be concerned. A unidirectionally reinforced SCS-6/ SP-700 composite is a tentative target in this work, where the matrix alloy, SP-700 is a new generation high strength Titanium alloy developed by NKK Inc., and the SCS-6 is a beta-SiC fiber developed by Textron Specially Materials, respectively. A merit to employ the SP-700 is that this alloy enables to reduce a fabrication temperature, because of its capability for superplasticity at relatively lower temperatures. The 7-plies composite specimen was produced by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) at 800°C for 0.5 hrs. in vacuum, alternating layers of thin-foils of the SP-700 and the green tapes of the SCS-6 fibers, so that the fibers were uniformly distributed as a hexagonal array in the matrix.
The volume fraction of the fibers in the composite is about 28 %. In this work, the following articles in a unidirectionally reinforced SCS-6/SP-700 composite have been studied and evaluated: (i)mechanical properties of the SCS-6/SP-700 composite and the matrix alloy at temperatures ranged between room temperature and 450°C; (ii) LCF lives and the failure modes of the composite and the matrix alloy at room temperature and 450°C; (iii) fiber push-out tests at elevated temperatures ranged between room temperature and 600°C, to represent the fiber/matrix interfacial strength; and (iv) observation and the characterization of the interfacial reaction zone by means of a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). Based on these experimental results, the effects of temperature and the loading frequency on LCF failure of the SCS-6/SP-700 composite were discussed.
Fatigue Characteristics of Composite Antenna Structure
Authors: Kim Dong Hal , Hwang Woon Bong , Park Hyun Chul , Park W.S.
Published: March 2009

The objective of this work was to design Surface Antenna Structure (SAS) and investigate fatigue behavior of SAS that was asymmetric sandwich structure. This term, SAS, indicates that structural surface becomes antenna. Constituent materials were selected considering electrical properties, dielectric constant and tangent loss as well as mechanical properties. For the antenna performance, SSFIP elements inserted into structural layers were designed for satellite communication at a
resonant frequency of 12.5 GHz and final demonstration article was 16 x 8 array antenna. In cyclic loading, flexure behavior was investigated by 4-point bending and 4-point bending fatigue test. Fatigue life curve of SAS was obtained. Experimental results were compared with single load level fatigue life prediction equations (SFLPEs) and in good agreement with SFLPEs. SAS concept is the first serious attempt at integration for both antenna and composite engineers.
Dynamic Strain Aging during Low Cycle Fatigue Deformation in Prior Cold Worked 316L Stainless Steel
Authors: Hong Seong Gu , Lee Soon Bok
Published: March 2009

Low cycle fatigue (LCF) tests were carried out in a wide temperature range
(20°C-650°C)at strain rates of 1×10-4/s-1×10-2/s for 17% cold worked (CW) 316L stainless steel to investigate the conditions for the occurrence of dynamic strain aging (DSA) and its effects on material properties
during LCF deformation. DSA introduced anomalous changes of LCF properties, and the DSA regime under LCF loading condition coincided with that in tensile loading condition. During LCF deformation, dynamic stain aging can be manifested in the forms of the occurrence of the plateau or the peak in the variation of cyclic peak stress with temperature, the negative temperature dependence of plastic strain amplitude or softening ratio, the negative strain rate sensitivity, and the negative strain rate dependence of plastic strain amplitude or softening ratio.
The Application of Fracture for Middle Carbon Steel in Extra-Low Cycle Rotating Bending Fatigue Loading
Authors: Li You Tang , Ma Ping , Yan Chang Feng , Lang Fu Yuan
Published: March 2009

Safety designs and fracture designs are the two important fields of crack theory. The fracture problems of middle carbon steel under extra-low cycle rotating bending fatigue loading are studied in this paper. The experiments have been made in special rotating bending fatigue fracture machine designed by us. Several problems, the relations of the cycle times of fracture and the strain amplitude near notch tip to the deflection, the effects of depth and tip radius of notch to the cycle times of fracture, are discussed through the experiments. The mathematical expression of fracture
toughness to the cycle times of fracture is obtained. The suitable parameters of rotating bending fatigue fracture model for middle-carbon steel in extra-low cycle times has been proposed.
Microstructure and Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Heat Affected Zone in P92 Steel Weldment
Authors: Kim Bum Joon , Lim Byeong Soo
Published: March 2009

Fatigue strength and life of weldment at high temperature is very important for high temperature materials used in power plants. In this study, fatigue crack growth tests were performed at high temperature to examine the effect of microstructure on the crack growth resistance in P92 steel weldment. Microhardness of the weldment was also investigated for better analysis. CT specimens were made from a welded plate with notches at different distances from the fusion line. High fatigue crack growth rates were found along the fusion line and fusion line+2mm line into the heat affected zone.
Effect of Pre-Strain on Fatigue Properties of NHH Rail
Authors: Sun Wen Xian , Nishida S. , Hattori Nobusuke , Yue X.L.
Published: March 2009

In the present study, fatigue tests have been performed to study the effect of pre-strain on fatigue properties of NHH (New Head-Hardened) rail. The objectives of this study were: (1) to observe the microscopic behavior of specimens during pre-strain process, (2) to research the influence of pre-strain on fatigue strength of NHH rail and (3) to investigate initiation and propagation behavior of the fatigue crack. The results showed that plastic pre-strain decreased the fatigue strength of
NHH rail; fatigue limits had no obvious variation among the different pre-strain ratios. Fatigue cracks initiated in the microscopic cracking or slip lines that were originated in the pre-strain process and propagated from these sites in the later fatigue test.
Interaction of a Screw Dislocation with an Interfacial Crack in Two Dissimilar Piezoelectric Layers
Authors: Liu Jin Xi , Liu Ai Ping , Jiang Z.Q. , Soh Ai Kah
Published: March 2009

A screw dislocation interacting with a semi-infinite interfacial crack in two dissimilar
piezoelectric layers is studied. The complex variable method and the conformal mapping technique are employed to obtain the solution of the problem. The stress and electric displacement intensity factors are given explicitly. We find that the stress and electric displacement intensity factors depend on the effective electro-elastic material constants. Numerical example shows that the influence of piezoelectric effect on the crack tip shielding is significant.
Processing and Properties of Aluminum Matrix Composites Reinforced with Stainless Steel Fiber
Authors: Yue X.L. , Nishida S. , Hattori Nobusuke , Nakano K. , Sun Wen Xian
Published: March 2009

The current investigation involves fabrication and characterization of Al MMCs reinforced with stainless steel fiber (SSF). Hot isotatic pressing (HIP), an effective metallurgical technology for producing well-consolidated products with strong interface bonding and reduced fabrication defects, was employed to fabricate the composites. A variety of processing conditions were investigated to determine their effect on microstructure and properties of the composites. To arrange the fiber
orientation, a secondary treatment of rotary swaging was carried out on the specimens and the effect of rotary swaging was discussed. The experimental results reveal that processing conditions closely related to properties of the obtained composites. Severe interface reaction takes place at high processing temperature and thick interface reaction layer forms around reinforcing fibers, which reducing interface bonding strength, hence tensile properties of the composites.
Theoretical Assessment of Stress Analysis in Short Fiber Composites
Authors: Kim Hong Gun , Yang Sung Mo , Noh Hong Gil , Lee Dong Joo
Published: March 2009

An investigation of composite mechanics to investigate stress transfer mechanism
accurately, a modification of the conventional shear lag model was attempted by taking fiber end effects into account in discontinuous composite materials. It was found that the major shortcoming of conventional shear lag theory is not being able to provide sufficiently accurate strengthening predictions in elastic regime when the fiber aspect ratio is very small. The reason is due to its neglect of stress transfer across the fiber ends and the stress concentrations that exist in the matrix regions near the fiber ends. To overcome this shortcoming, a more simplified shear lag model introducing the stress concentration factor which is a function of several variables, such as the modulus ratio, the fiber volume fraction, the fiber aspect ratio, is proposed. It is found that the modulus ratio is the most essential parameter among them. Thus, the stress concentration factor is expressed as a function of modulus ratio in the derivation. It is also found that the proposed model gives a good agreement with finite element results and has the capability to correctly predict the variations of the internal quanitities.