Population-based cohort study of variation in the use of emergency cholecystectomy for benign gallbladder diseases
Authors:   CholeS Study Group, West Midlands Research Collaborative, Vohra R S , Pasquali S , Kirkham A J , Marriott P , Johnstone M , Spreadborough P , Alderson D , Griffiths E A , Fenwick S , Elmasry M , Nunes Q , Kennedy D , Basit Khan R , Khan M A S , Magee C J , Jones S M , Mason D , Parappally C P , Mathur P , Saunders M , Jamel S , Ul Haque S , Zafar S , Shiwani M H , Samuel N , Dar F , Jackson A , Lovett B , Dindyal S , Winter H , Fletcher T , Rahman S , Wheatley K , Nieto T , Ayaani S , Youssef H , Nijjar R S , Watkin H , Naumann D , Emeshi S , Sarmah P B , Lee K , Joji N , Heath J , Teasdale R L , Weerasinghe C , Needham P J , Welbourn H , Forster L , Finch D , Blazeby J M , Robb W , McNair A G K , Hrycaiczuk A , Charalabopoulos A , Kadirkamanathan S , Tang C-B , Jayanthi N V G , Noor N , Dobbins B , Cockbain A J , Nilsen-Nunn A , Siqueira J , Pellen M , Cowley J B , Ho W-M , Miu V , White T J , Hodgkins K A , Kinghorn A , Tutton M G , Al-Abed Y A , Menzies D , Ahmad A , Reed J , Khan S , Monk D , Vitone L J , Murtaza G , Joel A , Brennan S , Shier D , Zhang C , Yoganathan T , Robinson S J , McCallum I J D , Jones M J , Elsayed M , Tuck L , Wayman J , Carney K , Aroori S , Hosie K B , Kimble A , Bunting D M , Fawole A S , Basheer M , Dave R V , Sarveswaran J , Jones E , Kendal C , Tilston M P , Gough M , Wallace T , Singh S , Downing J , Mockford K A , Issa E , Shah N , Chauhan N , Wilson T R , Forouzanfar A , Wild J R L , Nofal E , Bunnell C , Madbak K , Rao S T V , Devoto L , Siddiqi N , Khawaja Z , Hewes J C , Gould L , Chambers A , Urriza Rodriguez D , Sen G , Robinson S , Carney K , Bartlett F , Rae D M , Stevenson T E J , Sarvananthan K , Dwerryhouse S J , Higgs S M , Old O J , Hardy T J , Shah R , Hornby S T , Keogh K , Frank L , Al-Akash M , Upchurch E A , Frame R J , Hughes M , Jelley C , Weaver S , Roy S , Sillo T O , Galanopoulos G , Cuming T , Cunha P , Tayeh S , Kaptanis S , Heshaishi M , Eisawi A , Abayomi M , Ngu W S , Fleming K , Singh Bajwa D , Chitre V , Aryal K , Ferris P , Silva M , Lammy S , Mohamed S , Khawaja A , Hussain A , Ghazanfar M A , Bellini M I , Ebdewi H , Elshaer M , Gravante G , Drake B , Ogedegbe A , Mukherjee D , Arhi C , Giwa Nusrat Iqbal L , Watson N F , Kumar Aggarwal S , Orchard P , Villatoro E , Willson P D , Wa K , Mok J , Woodman T , Deguara J , Garcea G , Babu B I , Dennison A R , Malde D , Lloyd D , Satheesan S , Al-Taan O , Boddy A , Slavin J P , Jones R P , Ballance L , Gerakopoulos S , Jambulingam P , Mansour S , Sakai N , Acharya V , Sadat M M , Karim L , Larkin D , Amin K , Khan A , Law J , Jamdar S , Smith S R , Sampat K , M O'shea K , Manu M , Asprou F M , Malik N S , Chang J , Johnstone M , Lewis M , Roberts G P , Karavadra B , Photi E , Hewes J , Gould L , Chambers A , Rodriguez D , O'Reilly D A , Rate A J , Sekhar H , Henderson L T , Starmer B Z , Coe P O , Tolofari S , Barrie J , Bashir G , Sloane J , Madanipour S , Halkias C , Trevatt A E J , Borowski D W , Hornsby J , Courtney M J , Virupaksha S , Seymour K , Robinson S , Hawkins H , Bawa S , Gallagher P V , Reid A , Wood P , Finch J G , Parmar J , Stirland E , Gardner-Thorpe J , Al-Muhktar A , Peterson M , Majeed A , Bajwa F M , Martin J , Choy A , Tsang A , Pore N , Andrew D R , Al-Khyatt W , Taylor C , Bhandari S , Chambers A , Subramanium D , Toh S K C , Carter N C , Mercer S J , Knight B , Tate S , Pearce B , Wainwright D , Vijay V , Alagaratnam S , Sinha S , Khan S , El-Hasani S S , Hussain A A , Bhattacharya V , Kansal N , Fasih T , Jackson C , Siddiqui M N , Chishti I A , Fordham I J , Siddiqui Z , Bausbacher H , Geogloma I , Gurung K , Tsavellas G , Basynat P , Kiran Shrestha A , Basu S , Chhabra Mohan Harilingam A , Rabie M , Akhtar M , Kumar P , Jafferbhoy S F , Hussain N , Raza S , Haque M , Alam I , Aseem R , Patel S , Asad M , Booth M I , Ball W R , Wood C P J , Pinho-Gomes A C , Kausar A , Rami Obeidallah M , Varghase J , Lodhia J , Bradley D , Rengifo C , Lindsay D , Gopalswamy S , Finlay I , Wardle S , Bullen N , Iftikhar S Y , Awan A , Ahmed J , Leeder P , Fusai G , Bond-Smith G , Psica A , Puri Y , Hou D , Noble F , Szentpali K , Broadhurst J , Date R , Hossack M R , Li Goh Y , Turner P , Shetty V , Riera M , Macano C A W , Sukha A , Preston S R , Hoban J R , Puntis D J , Williams S V , Krysztopik R , Kynaston J , Batt J , Doe M , Goscimski A , Jones G H , Smith S R , Hall C , Carty N , Ahmed J , Panteleimonitis S , Gunasekera R T , Sheel A R G , Lennon H , Hindley C , Reddy M , Kenny R , Elkheir N , McGlone E R , Rajaganeshan R , Hancorn K , Hargreaves A , Prasad R , Longbotham D A , Vijayanand D , Wijetunga I , Ziprin P , Nicolay C R , Yeldham G , Read E , Gossage J A , Rolph R C , Ebied H , Phull M , Khan M A , Popplewell M , Kyriakidis D , Hussain A , Henley N , Packer J R , Derbyshire L , Porter J , Appleton S , Farouk M , Basra M , Jennings N A , Ali S , Kanakala V , Ali H , Lane R , Dickson-Lowe R , Zarsadias P , Mirza D , Puig S , Al Amari K , Vijayan D , Sutcliffe R , Marudanayagam R , Hamady Z , Prasad A R , Patel A , Durkin D , Kaur P , Bowen L , Byrne J P , Pearson K L , Delisle T G , Davies J , Tomlinson M A , Johnpulle M A , Slawinski C , Macdonald A , Nicholson J , Newton K , Mbuvi J , Farooq A , Sidhartha Mothe B , Zafrani Z , Brett D , Francombe J , Spreadborough P , Barnes J , Cheung M , Al-Bahrani A Z , Preziosi G , Urbonas T , Alberts J , Mallik M , Patel K , Segaran A , Doulias T , Sufi P A , Yao C , Pollock S , Manzelli A , Wajed S , Kourkulos M , Pezzuto R , Wadley M , Hamilton E , Jaunoo S , Padwick R , Sayegh M , Newton R C , Hebbar M , Farag S F , Spearman J , Hamdan M F , D'Costa C , Blane C , Giles M , Peter M B , Hirst N A , Hossain T , Pannu A , El-Dhuwaib Y , Morrison T E M , Taylor G W , Thompson R L E , McCune K , Loughlin P , Lawther R , Byrnes C K , Simpson D J , Mawhinney A , Warren C , McKay D , McIlmunn C , Martin S , MacArtney M , Diamond T , Davey P , Jones C , Clements J M , Digney R , Chan W M , McCain S , Gull S , Janeczko A , Dorrian E , Harris A , Dawson S , Johnston D , McAree B , Ghareeb E , Thomas G , Connelly M , McKenzie S , Cieplucha K , Spence G , Campbell W , Hooks G , Bradley N , Hill A D K , Cassidy J T , Boland M , Burke P , Nally D M , Hill A D K , Khogali E , Shabo W , Iskandar E , McEntee G P , O'Neill M A , Peirce C , Lyons E M , O'Sullivan A W , Thakkar R , Carroll P , Ivanovski I , Balfe P , Lee M , Winter D C , Kelly M E , Hoti E , Maguire D , Karunakaran P , Geoghegan J G , Martin S T , McDermott F , Cross K S , Cooke F , Zeeshan S , Murphy J O , Mealy K , Mohan H M , Nedujchelyn Y , Fahad Ullah M , Ahmed I , Giovinazzo F , Milburn J , Prince S , Brooke E , Buchan J , Khalil A M , Vaughan E M , Ramage M I , Aldridge R C , Gibson S , Nicholson G A , Vass D G , Grant A J , Holroyd D J , Jones M A , Sutton C M L R , O'Dwyer P , Nilsson F , Weber B , Williamson T K , Lalla K , Bryant A , Carter C R , Forrest C R , Hunter D I , Nassar A H , Orizu M N , Knight K , Qandeel H , Suttie S , Belding R , McClarey A , Boyd A T , Guthrie G J K , Lim P J , Luhmann A , Watson A J M , Richards C H , Nicol L , Madurska M , Harrison E , Boyce K M , Roebuck A , Ferguson G , Pati P , Wilson M S J , Dalgaty F , Fothergill L , Driscoll P J , Mozolowski K L , Banwell V , Bennett S P , Rogers P N , Skelly B L , Rutherford C L , Mirza A K , Lazim T , Lim H C C , Duke D , Ahmed T , Beasley W D , Wilkinson M D , Maharaj G , Malcolm C , Brown T H , Shingler G M , Mowbray N , Radwan R , Morcous P , Wood S , Kadhim A , Stewart D J , Baker A L , Tanner N , Shenoy H , Hafiz S , Marchi J A , Singh-Ranger D , Hisham E , Ainley P , O'Neill S , Terrace J , Napetti S , Hopwood B , Rhys T , Downing J , Kanavati S , Coats M , Aleksandrov D , Kallaway C , Yahya S , Weber B , Templeton A , Trotter M , Lo C , Dhillon A , Heywood N , Aawsaj Y , Hamdan A , Reece-Bolton O , McGuigan A , Shahin Y , Ali A , Luther A , Nicholson J A , Rajendran I , Boal M , Ritchie J 
Published: October 2016

Background

The aims of this prospective population-based cohort study were to identify the patient and hospital characteristics associated with emergency cholecystectomy, and the influences of these in determining variations between hospitals.

Methods

Data were collected for consecutive patients undergoing cholecystectomy in acute UK and Irish hospitals between 1 March and 1 May 2014. Potential explanatory variables influencing the performance of emergency cholecystectomy were analysed by means of multilevel, multivariable logistic regression modelling using a two-level hierarchical structure with patients (level 1) nested within hospitals (level 2).

Results

Data were collected on 4744 cholecystectomies from 165 hospitals. Increasing age, lower ASA fitness grade, biliary colic, the need for further imaging (magnetic retrograde cholangiopancreatography), endoscopic interventions (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) and admission to a non-biliary centre significantly reduced the likelihood of an emergency cholecystectomy being performed. The multilevel model was used to calculate the probability of receiving an emergency cholecystectomy for a woman aged 40 years or over with an ASA grade of I or II and a BMI of at least 25·0 kg/m2, who presented with acute cholecystitis with an ultrasound scan showing a thick-walled gallbladder and a normal common bile duct. The mean predicted probability of receiving an emergency cholecystectomy was 0·52 (95 per cent c.i. 0·45 to 0·57). The predicted probabilities ranged from 0·02 to 0·95 across the 165 hospitals, demonstrating significant variation between hospitals.

Conclusion

Patients with similar characteristics presenting to different hospitals with acute gallbladder pathology do not receive comparable care.