bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Palliative radiotherapy for pediatric patients: Parental perceptions of indication, intent, and outcomes
Authors: Lee Becky K. , Boyle Patrick J. , Zaslowe‐Dude Cierra , Wolfe Joanne , Marcus Karen J.
Published: October 2019

Objectives

Palliative radiation therapy (pRT) is often used to improve quality of life for pediatric patients. Though palliative doses are generally lower than those for cure, pRT may still introduce undesirable effects. The decision to pursue additional therapy for a child may be challenging and depends on parents’ knowledge and expectations. The goal of this study was to explore parental perceptions of pRT.

Methods

Twenty‐eight children referred for pRT were enrolled in our prospective study. Parents were counseled regarding the indication and expected outcomes. They then completed a series of questionnaires to assess their understanding of pRT, side effects that their child experienced, and how the outcomes compared to their expectations.

Results

The majority of parents listed pain relief and addressing new disease as the main indication for pRT. When asked about expectations, the majority chose improvement in quality of life and prolongation of their child's life. Interestingly, 32% of parents expected pRT to cure their child's disease. Most patients undergoing pRT did not experience any adverse symptoms. The outcomes of pRT in the majority of cases exceeded parental expectations.

Conclusion

Improved quality of life with pRT sometimes blurs the distinction between palliation and cure. We found that most parents understand the aim to improve quality of life, although a proportion of parents perceived pRT as a cure to their child's disease. Despite this, the majority of parents reported that the outcome of the pRT course exceeded their expectations. We postulate that parents derive comfort from pursuing active treatment.
Synthesis of bifunctional nanoencapsulated phase change materials with nano‐TiO2 modified polyacrylate shell for thermal energy storage and ultraviolet absorption
Authors: Zhou Jianhua , Zhao Jiaojiao , Cui Yanjiao , Cheng Wenjing
Published: October 2019

A novel kind of bifunctional nanoencapsulated phase change material with thermal energy storage and ultraviolet absorption functions was successfully prepared through surfactant‐free emulsion polymerization with reactive emulsifiers. These nanocapsules consisted of n‐octadecane and n‐butyl stearate as binary core materials and polyacrylate supplemented with titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano‐TiO2) as hybrid shell materials. The experimental results show that the monomer conversion and thermal conductivity increased and the particle size and distribution decreased with increase in nano‐TiO2 content when the nano‐TiO2 dosage was below 0.2 wt%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and XRD confirmed that the binary phase change materials were well encapsulated inside the polyacrylate‐TiO2 hybrid shell and nano‐TiO2 was also successfully crosslinked in the nanocapsules. TEM demonstrated that the synthesized nanocapsules exhibited a regular spherical profile and a well‐defined core–shell structure with diameter ranging from 70 to 100 nm. In addition, the results obtained from DSC, TGA and UV–visible spectrophotometry showed that the as‐prepared nanocapsules had good thermal storage capacity, thermal stability and ultraviolet absorption properties. It can be considered that the resultant nanoencapsulated phase change materials with polyacrylate‐TiO2 hybrid shell may have high feasibility and hold good promise in the applications of intelligent thermoregulation fabrics. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Sex Differences in Iliotibial Band Strain under Different Knee Alignments
Authors: Kim Da Yoon , Miyakawa Shumpei , Fukuda Takashi , Takemura Masahiro
Published: October 2019

Background

Increased strain of the iliotibial band (ITB) is a plausible contributing factor for the development of iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS). Although several studies have found relationships between the strain of the ITB and kinematic factors during running, the associations of the ITB strain with knee alignment and sex, which are considered intrinsic factors, are not well understood.

Objective

To clarify the sex differences in the ITB strain between genu varum and normal knee alignments in different postures.

Design

Observational cross‐sectional study.

Setting

Laboratory research within a university.

Participants

Forty‐four healthy recreational athletes (21 men and 23 women) volunteered for this study and were divided into four groups by sex and knee alignment: men with genu varum alignment, men with normal knee alignment, women with genu varum alignment, and women with normal knee alignment.

Methods

An ultrasound real‐time elastography (RTE) unit was used for distal ITB strain measurements in weight bearing and for different non‐weight‐bearing: neutral, knee flexion, hip adduction, and hip adduction with knee flexion. Gender information and the intercondylar distance data were collected to divide the participants into two groups.

Main Outcome Measurements

Main Outcome was the ITB strain (strain ratio) measured by the RTE.

Results

There were no significant differences in neutral and hip adduction postures among the four groups. However, during weight‐bearing, the women's genu varum group (6.91 ± 1.69; Mean ± SD) exhibited greater strain than both the men's normal group (3.50 ± 1.04, P = .005) and the women's normal group (4.42 ± 1.42, P = .048). In addition, there were significant positive correlations between the intercondylar distance and the ITB strain during weight‐bearing (r = 0.315, P = .037).

Conclusions

The women's genu varum group exhibited a higher ITB strain during weight‐bearing, which may be related to the high incidence of ITBS in women athletes. Furthermore, the changes in alignment and muscle activities during weight‐bearing could influence the strain of the ITB.

Level of Evidence

III
Lower Extremity Strength Profile in Ambulatory Adults with Cerebral Palsy and Spastic Diplegia: Norm Values and Reliability for Hand‐Held Dynamometry
Authors: Eken Maaike M. , Lamberts Robert P. , Koschnick Susanne , Du Toit Jacques , Veerbeek Berendina E. , Langerak Nelleke G.
Published: October 2019

Background

The handheld dynamometer (HHD) is a well‐accepted tool to assess muscle strength in children with cerebral palsy (CP), though reliability is not tested for adults with CP and no normative data are available.

Objectives

To present strength levels of lower extremity muscle groups and test‐retest reliability of HHD measurements in ambulatory adults with CP and typically developed (TD) adults.

Design

Case‐control study.

Setting

Human motion laboratory.

Participants

Fifty‐four adults with CP (28 men; Gross Motor Function Classification System [GMFCS] level I/II/III: n = 25/20/9; mean age (SD) = 38 (7) year) and 62 TD adults (31 men; mean age (SD) = 37 (5) year).

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measure(S)

Maximum strength levels were obtained during voluntary isometric contraction of eight lower extremity muscle groups in adults with CP and spastic diplegia and TD adults using HHD. Three trials were performed per muscle group per leg. Test‐retest reliability was investigated by calculating intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), coefficient of variation (CV), and typical error of measurement (TEM).

Results

Force and torque levels were significantly lower in all eight lower extremity muscle groups. Excellent ICC levels were observed in TD, GMFCS I and II (>0.90), and moderate to excellent (0.82‐0.97) in GMFCS III. CV and TEM were higher in adults with CP compared to TD adults, especially in GMFCS III.

Limitations

No subtypes other than adults with CP and spastic diplegia were included.

Conclusions

Lower extremity strength profiles demonstrate substantial muscle weakness in ambulatory adults with CP compared to TD adults, which highlights the importance to address muscle weakness in this population group. These strength profiles may serve as norm values for clinicians and researchers. In addition, HHD showed to be reliable to assess lower extremity strength in adults with CP.
Fabrication and Characterization of an InAs(Sb)/InxGa1−xAsySb1−y Type‐II Superlattice
Authors: Du Peng , Fang Xuan , Gong Qian , Li Jiaming , Kou Xufeng , Zhao Hongbin , Wang Xiaohua
Published: October 2019

Infrared optoelectronic devices based on type‐II superlattice structures of III–V semiconductor materials have progressed significantly during the past decades. Exploring and further expanding the material space is of great significance for the development of infrared applications. Herein, a superlattice structure based on InAs(Sb)/InxGa1−xAsySb1−y grown using a fractional monolayer alloy process to control the superlattice composition and structure is presented. High‐order satellite peaks with a narrow full width at half maximum (31 arcs) in the X‐ray diffraction patterns indicate the good crystal quality of the superlattices. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis validate the fractional monolayer alloy growth method. Photoluminescence measurements and k·p model calculations reveal the superior optical properties of the superlattice (sevenfold higher intensity than that of InAs/GaSb). In addition, the flexible control over the superlattice structure afforded by the method allows miniband engineering to cover the mid‐wavelength and long‐wavelength infrared regions. This work highlights the great potential of InAs(Sb)/InxGa1−xAsySb1−y superlattices in infrared optoelectronic devices.
1.3: A Timing Model for the Design of an Active‐Matrix Display
Authors: Xia Zhihe , Lu Xuchi , Lu Lei , Li Jiapeng , Kwok Hoi Sing , Wong Man
Published: October 2019

A timing model for the design of an AM display was established integrally considering the charging process and delay propagating in the AM FPD driving. Based on the model, the bottle neck of different size FPDs was analyzed.
2.2: Invited Paper: Towards Picture‐Level Color Breakup Assessment for Sequential Color Displays
Authors: Qin Zong , Lin Fang-Cheng , Huang Yi-Pai , Shieh Han-Ping D.
Published: October 2019

Considering color breakup assessment is important to sequential color displays, we review a series of work by classifying into threshold display configurations, metrics for special patterns, and picture‐level metrics. Next, we propose a general picture‐level metric by modeling the color‐breakup‐related visual attention with a new theorem of dominant visual saliency.
3.3: Modeling Electrical and Optical Cross‐Talk between Adjacent Pixels in Organic Light‐Emitting Diode Displays
Authors: Braga Daniele , Jenatsch Sandra , Penninck Lieven , Hiestand Roman , Diethelm Matthias , Altazin Stéphane , Kirsch Christoph , Ruhstaller Beat
Published: October 2019

We achieved a quantitative understanding of both electrical and optical coupling in OLED displays, by employing the simulation software LAOSS. For an AMOLED of around 300 PPI we found that the relative luminance between the addressed pixel and the neighbors can be as high as 40%, hampering significantly the quality of the final image. Similarly, in WOLEDs/CFs the light leakage to the neighboring pixels is clearly detectable, especially for wavelengths in the blue region of the spectrum.
3.5: Optimization of LTPS‐AMOLED Array Design to Enhance the Resistance to ESD risk
Authors: Jin Yu , Hu Fei , Ma Jiali , Shen Nan , Xi Wangfeng , Lu Yunlei , Lu Haifeng , Li Rulong
Published: October 2019

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) is a significant cause of yield loss in FPD (Flat Panel Display) array manufacturing. LTPS‐TFT Arrays processing includes a series of chucking and conveyance steps, in which, some of these steps would generate triboelectric charge [1, 2]. Although low‐impedance materials for equipment contact parts with glass substrate have been adopted, and good grounding has been implemented, ESD still happens frequently. In order to understand the root‐cause of ESD and to minimize the ESD effect, it is necessary to have a systematic research on LTPS‐TFT Arrays processing. By studying and identifying the locations of ESD in different LTPS‐AMOLED products , we found three ESD causes related to the different array designs as described below:

Overlap between adjacent metal layers is easy to generate ESD, e.g. the overlap of metal 1 line of EM and metal 2 jumper line of Vdata, the overlap of metal 1 jumper line of Vdata and metal 2 jumper line of VDD, the overlap of metal 2 line of Vref and metal 1 jumper line of Vdata.

Research on ESD in products’ GIP (Gate Driver in Panel) area indicates that the distance of Capacity C1/C2 in GIP‐Scan circuit, D1 for short, and the area difference of C1/C2 have an obvious correlation with ESD, in which the products’ resistance to ESD risk is enhanced with the increase of D1 distance and the decrease of C1/C1 area difference.

Study of ESD in CT (Cell Test) area shows that CT ESD has a strong correlation with IC Pad, including COF Pad & IC output Pad, in which, ESD occurs easily when IC Pad is connected to CT circuit directly.

By optimizing array design, products with excellent resistance to ESD risks can be obtained.
7.2: Invited Paper: High Efficiency Internal Extraction Substrate for OLED Lighting
Authors: Lu Hong , Jou Jwo-huei , Xu Ya-Chen , Huang Gang-Yi , Gong Li-Na , Lo Cheng-chieh , Chen Jing-Hsiu
Published: October 2019

FOL’s OCEANCLEAR series high‐efficiency IES (internal extraction structure) substrates have actually been applied to Gen‐II line for mass production. White OLED panels made on basis of the IES substrates show a power efficacy of around 95lm/W at 1000cd/m2. A candlelight‐style desk lamp used IES panel shows a color temperature of around 1700k, a power efficacy of 60lm/W at 1000cd/m2. Mass production of IES substrates where achieved by two key technologies: one‐layer coating method and heat‐resisting carrier resin formation.
7.3: Research on LCD display performance improvement based on mini‐LED backlight
Authors: Li Fulin , Qiao Mingsheng , Li Hao , Mu Linjia
Published: October 2019

HDR technology brings higher demands to liquid crystal display terminals ‐ finer local‐dimming control and wider color display range.The Mini‐LED technology is applied to the field of liquid crystal module to increase the number of backlight partitions. This approach can realize not only the thinning of backlight unit, but also more refined dynamic control, improving the dynamic contrast of liquid crystal display. In addition, the quantum dot materials are used as the color conversion materials of the blue Mini‐LED. The combination of Mini‐LED technology and QD technology satisfies the requirements of HDR for liquid crystal display terminals. In this work, by optimizing the matching between luminescence spectrum of the quantum dot light conversion layer and reflection & transmission spectra of the spectral dichroic layer, the brightness of the liquid crystal module using Mini‐LED backlight is increased by more than 20%. At the same time, the chromaticity shift of different display window with local‐dimming control is controlled within 0.015(CIE 1931).
7.4: Metal Halide Perovskite Nanophosphors for Micro‐LEDs
Authors: Zhang Xiaoli , Sun Xiao Wei
Published: October 2019

This paper reported the synthesis of stable all‐inorganic perovskite nanophosphors at room temperature. The morphology and optical properties of the obtained nanophosphors were discussed, and its potential application in Micro‐LEDs is conceived in this work. The idea will provide possibility for the future development of perovskite nanophosphor based Micro‐LEDs.
7.5: Research on Quantum Dots and Phosphor Blend Backlight Module
Authors: Li Hao , Li Fulin , Qiao Mingsheng , Mu Linjia , Zhang Dengyin
Published: October 2019

In order to improve the light efficiency and color gamut of the quantum dot backlight module, a high efficiency and high color gamut backlight module is designed. The green quantum dots are prepared into a green light conversion film, and red KSF powder is added to the package of the blue LED. The red KSF powder exhibits better narrow spectral characteristics and heat resistance than the red quantum dots, and the narrow spectral characteristics can enhance the backlight gamut range and make the LCD display more colorful. And since the red KSF powder is encapsulated in the blue LED, it does not absorb the green light converted by the green quantum dot film, thereby improving the luminous efficiency and improving the display brightness. At the same time, in order to overcome the chromatic aberration between the center of the screen and the screen, the difficulty of the purple around the screen, a phosphor dot light guide plate was designed, and the light guide plate dot at the edge of the screen was replaced with a green phosphor dot to complement the purple backlight. Thereby achieving a uniform color throughout the screen.
8.2: Invited Paper: Elevated‐Metal Metal‐Oxide Thin‐Film Transistor with Self‐Aligned Source/Drain Regions
Authors: Wong Man , Xia Zhihe , Lu Lei , Li Jiapeng , Kwok Hoi Sing
Published: October 2019

Driving of a large‐area, high‐resolution and high frame‐rate active‐matrix display demands proper control of the signal delay along a scan line, thus also the parasitic overlap capacitance between the source/drain (S/D) regions and the gate electrode of an address‐transistor. While such capacitance can be minimized by employing a transistor with the edges of the regions self‐aligned to those of the electrode, actual implementation is easier with a top‐gate rather than the more popularly deployed bottom‐gate architecture. Presently reported is the demonstration of a self‐aligned bottom‐gate indium‐gallium‐zinc oxide transistor. The extent of the overlap between the S/D and the bottom gate is determined by a thermal “activation” process, similar to how it is controlled in a conventional top‐gate, self‐aligned transistor.
9.1: Invited Paper: Shape discrimination ability and disability glare in orthokeratology children
Authors: Jiang Jun , Su Binbin , Zhou Lin , Zhang Bin , Fan Lv
Published: October 2019

Purpose: A commonly reported complaint in orthokeratology treatment is the disturbing glare whose mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we measured the changes in shape discrimination ability, with and without the presence of transient disability glare, during the first month in children who underwent orthokeratology treatment.

Method: Forty‐nine eyes from 49 children (age: 11.49±2.02 years) with mean spherical equivalent refractive error ‐3.23±1.09D were included into this prospective study. Radial frequency (RF) patterns were used as the visual stimuli. Shape discrimination thresholds (SDT), with and without glare, were measured using a 2‐down‐1‐up staircase procedure. SDTglare was defined as the difference between the SDTs with and without the presence of glare. Measurements were done at baseline with frame spectacles, and days 7 and 30 of after treatment with naked eyes.

Result: No statistically significant differences were observed between the SDTs without glare obtained at baseline and 1 week and 1 month after orthokeratology lens wear (P > 0.05). With transient glare, SDTs in all subjects were significantly higher than SDTs without glare (P < 0.05). SDTs with glare on day 7 and day 30 were significantly lower than baseline (P < 0.05). Compared with baseline, SDTglare significantly decreased at 1 week and 1 month after orthokeratology lens wear (P < 0.05).

Conclusion: While SDT without glare was stable following orthokeratology treatment, SDT with glare decreased during the first month of treatment. This short‐term reduction in SDT may be the combined effect of spectacle removal, subtle changes in cornea optical quality, and the neural adaptation.
9.2: Invited Paper: Eye movement study on the effects of long term continuous use of circularly and linearly polarized liquid crystal displays on response inhibition
Authors: Zhang Yunhong , Din Jinhong
Published: October 2019

Evaluate the effects of long term continuous use of circularly and linearly polarized liquid crystal display (LCD) on the inhibition of human response by eye tracking technique. 47 subjects were randomly divided into two groups, one group was circularly polarized (experimental group) and the other group was linearly polarized (control group). The experiment used 2 (test times) *2 (display devices) design. The interval between the two tests was 1 month. The dependent variables were the saccade accuracy, saccade amplitude and saccade latency in completing the saccade task. The research results showed that the antisaccadic accuracy of circularly polarized group was significantly higher than that of the linearly polarized group (F (1,72) =4.94, p<0.05); The antisaccade distance of the circularly polarized group was significantly greater than that of linearly polarized group (F(1,72) =3.98, p<0.05). Antisaccade accuracy and antisaccade amplitude indexes can well reflect the effects of experimental conditions. The extent of reponse inhibition decrease of circularly polarized group (experimental group) was lower than that of linearly polarized group (control group). Therefore, the results showed that the effect of reponse inhibition of the long‐term use of circularly polarized light displays was ligther than that of the long‐term use of linearly polarized displays.
10.1: Invited Paper: Hyperfluorescence™; a Game Changing Technology of OLED Display
Authors: Adachi Junji , Kakizoe Hayato , Tsang Ping Kuen Daniel , Endo Ayataka
Published: October 2019

Hyperfluorescence™ is the OLED emitting technology which combines thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and fluorescence, enables highly efficient and high color purity emission without using iridium. It provides ultimate solution for OLED displays.
10.2: Invited Paper: Quantum Dots as a new generation of emitting materials in OLEDs
Authors: Wedel Armin , Kim Yohan , Heyne Benjamin , Geßner André
Published: October 2019

Colloidal quantum dots (QDs)‐based light‐emitting diodes (QD‐LEDs) has been actively researched due to the potential impacts to the display and lighting industry base on the unique properties of QDs itself such as size‐dependent bandgap tuneability, narrow emission spectrum, and low‐cost solution‐based processing. However, the most of promising results in the past used cadmium (Cd) contained II‐VI semiconductor nanocrystals. Therefore, a considerable future task is to substitute Cd‐containing QDs with less toxic materials. InP‐based QDs is a promising material among the III‐V semiconductor nanocrystals and it has been already applied in conventional and inverted QD‐LED structure.
13.1: Invited Paper: Multigrid Backprojection Super‐Resolution and Deep Filter Visualization
Authors: Chen Guannan , Zhu Dan , Zhang Lijie , Wu Yanhong , Micheliui Pablo
Published: October 2019

We introduce a novel deep‐learning architecture for image upscaling by large factors (e.g. 4x, 8x) based on examples of pristine high‐resolution images. Our target is to reconstruct high‐resolution images from their downscale versions. The proposed system performs a multi‐level progressive upscaling, starting from small factors (2x) and updating for higher factors (4x and 8x). The system is recursive as it repeats the same procedure at each level. It is also residual since we use the network to update the outputs of a classic upscaler. The network residuals are improved by Iterative Back‐Projections (IBP) computed in the features of a convolutional network. To work in multiple levels we extend the standard back‐projection algorithm using a recursion analogous to Multi‐Grid algorithms commonly used as solvers of large systems of linear equations. We finally show how the network can be interpreted as a standard upsampling‐and‐filter upscaler with a space‐variant filter that adapts to the geometry. This approach allows us to visualize how the network learns to upscale. Finally, our system reaches state of the art quality for models with relatively few number of parameters.
13.3: A new pixel structure for OLEDoS micro‐display
Authors: Guo Aiying , Ran Feng , Zhang Jianhua
Published: October 2019

In this paper, we propose a new pixel structure for the organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) 0.65 inch SVGA resolution micro‐display with 8 bit gray level. The proposed pixel structure is composed of 4 MOSFETS and one capacitor to integrate the pixel structure in the restricted pixel area (9um×9um) using 0.18um technology. The simulation result shows that the maximum error of emission current occurs at high gray level.
14.1: Invited Paper: Glasses‐free large‐size three‐dimensional light‐field displays
Authors: Sang Xinzhu
Published: October 2019

According to Human visual characteristics, glasses‐free 3D light‐field display are analyzed. The optimally designed holographic optical element is used to re‐modulate the light distribution with the 3D spatial information, and the clear 3D light field image is perceived. The real‐time interactive 3D light‐field display with the frame rate above 25 fps is realized. The functions of the holographic functional screen and the complex optical device are integrated, and 65inch 3D light field display with the view angel above 100° and acceptable resolution is demonstrated. 162 inch LED based 3D light‐field displays with the continuous viewing angle above 40° and the acceptable resolution are realized. Touchable aerial imaging based floating 3D light‐field displays with the distance of 90 cm from the screen are also demonstrated. Some applications are also discussed.
14.3: See‐through 2D/3D Compatible Display Based on Integral Imaging
Authors: Zhang Han-Le , Ren Hui , He Min-Yang , Deng Huan , Li Da-Hai , Wang Qiong-Hua
Published: October 2019

A see‐through 2D/3D compatible display based on integral imaging is proposed. It consists of a lens‐array holographic optical element (LAHOE) film, a polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) film and two projectors. The see‐through projection screen is composed of the LAHOE film and the PDLC film. The PDLC film is tightly behind the LAHOE film. With applied voltage, the projection screen works in the transparent display mode. 3D image for Bragg matched image can be presented, and 2D image can also be presented.
14.4: Driving to the Future‐‐Flexible Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diode for Automotive Application
Authors: Dong Hang , Mou Xin , Chen Guo Wei , Feng You Xiong
Published: October 2019

A 12.3 inch FHD flexible AMOLED display with high brightness, fast response time, wide color gamut and small bending radius for automotive application was demonstrated. In order to improve the display quality, de‐mura, IR‐drop and burn‐in compensation algorithms were implemented and got very positive compensation effects. We investigated the shape of the cover glass, the flexible 3D assembly equipment, the configuration of driving circuit board and materials. Combining these technologies, we fabricated an “S” type curved automotive display with the bending radius of 100 mm.
14:5: An intelligent, autonomous, multifunctional system for visual screening and rehabilitation
Authors: Li Xiaoke , Li Kunyang , Zhang Hantao , Chen Xuehao , Deng Dongyan , Liang Haowen , Zhou Jianying
Published: October 2019

with the development of virtual reality technology, a new system related to vision would have been proposed, which not only enable myope people to screen their vision independently but also makes it possible to improve people’s vision. In addition, it will reduce labor and medical consumables in the visual acuity screening.
15.1: Invited Paper: Effect of Cu Barrier Source/Drain Electrode on the Back‐Channel‐Etched High Mobility Oxide Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Park Sang-Hee Ko , Kim Daeho , Jeong Wooseok , Lee Seung-Hee , Winkler Jörg , Schmidt Hennrik
Published: October 2019

We investigated effect of Cu barrier materials on the back channel etched (BCE) oxide thin film transistor (TFT). When using Cu etchant, MoAl and Mo‐Al‐Ti show better etch selectivity for Al:ITZO layer than Mo‐Ti. The BCE TFTs with Cu barrier source/drain layers show good S.S. and Von characteristics with mobility higher than 35 cm2/V.s.
15.3: Asymmetric Conductance of Oxide Thin‐Film Transistors Induced by Top‐Gate Effect of Drain Overlap Capacitance
Authors: Huang Hongtao , Zhang Qin , Dai Chao , Wang Zhijun
Published: October 2019

IGZO TFT has been widely used in flat‐panel displays and its good electrical characteristics are the key to make high‐performance products. This paper investigated the influence of Top‐Gate effect caused by drain overlap capacitance on the transfer characteristic and output characteristic of IGZO TFT (W/L=15.6um/8um) by experimental measurements and TCAD simulations.
18.1: Invited Paper: Color Electronic Paper and Applications
Authors: Wang Xidu , Hu Dianlu , Chen Yu , Zeng Xi , Yang Paul
Published: October 2019

Electronic Paper (EPD) is well known in reading area, such as amazon’s kindle. But it is still monochrome after more than 10 years’ development. The main changes are adding touch and front light, and making it more high resolution. Color EPD is required by consumers for a long time, especially in the education area. The reasons why it is so difficult for color EPD to come to market will be discussed. And some methods for realizing color EPD will be also shown. Color EPD is not far away from us, new applications are on the way. Some of these cases will also be introduced in this paper.
18.3: Invited Paper: Research on 7.56‐inch Foldable AMOLED and Relevant Foldable Technologies
Authors: Shi Shiming , Li Zhao , Dong Liming , Du Shuang , Tsai Pao Ming , Wang Wenbo , Cui Yue , Chu Shang Chieh , Wang Dawei
Published: October 2019

A foldable 7.56‐inch display is introduced. According to the test results of the device, several key elements such as folding performance, pencil hardness, impact resistance and deformation, which might affect the foldable display into the market are discussed.
20.1: Invited Paper: Monolithic Full‐color Quantum Dot Nanoring Micro LEDs with Improved Efficiency
Authors: Wu Tingzhu , Sher Chin-Wei , Chen Sung-Wen Huang , Lin Yue , lu Yijun , Chen Zhong , Kuo Hao-Chung
Published: October 2019

Full‐color displays based on micro light‐emitting diodes (µLEDs) have gained expanding research interest. In the study, nano‐ring (NR) structures are fabricated in certain regions on a green LED epitaxial wafer, and the color of NR‐µLEDs can be tuned from green to blue duo to the strain relaxation. In order to improve the luminous efficiency of NR‐µLEDs, atomic layer deposition technique is utilized to deposit an Al2O3 layer on the sidewall of NR‐µLEDs. As a result, the photoluminescence intensity is significantly improved by 143.7 %. Moreover, red quantum dots (QDs) are sprayed on some blue NR‐µLEDs to achieve the RGB full‐color display. Because QDs are directly contacted with quantum wells of NR‐µLEDs, the color conversion efficiency of QDs can be improved by the non‐radiative energy transfer phenomenon. To further improve the color purity of the red light, a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) is developed to recycle the excitation light. This study can achieve the full‐color display on a monolithic epitaxial wafer, providing a novel and feasible method for realizing micro‐displays.
20.3: Multifunctional device with an integration of light emitting, photo detective, and energy harvesting
Authors: Zhou Dingjian , Jiang Le , Xu Hao , Yeung Fion , Kwok Hoi-Sing , Li Guijun
Published: October 2019

In this work, we demonstrate a multifunctional device based on a heterojunction between halide perovskite and CdSe chalcogenide quantum dots. The device is an integration of proof‐of‐concept functions, including a voltage controllable multicolor light‐emitting diode, an efficient energy harvesting device, and a photosensitive detector. The heterojunction concept provides a feasible route to design efficient multifunctional devices in the future.
20.4: High‐transmission Transparent LCD Display with Multiple Optimization Algorithms
Authors: Bao Yugang , Wu Yu , Chen Yinhung , Zhao Bin
Published: October 2019

The traditional LCD display is not suitable for the application of transparent displays because of its low transmittance which results in poor transparency. In this paper, we proposed a 28‐inch transparent LCD display with novel pixel arrangement and multiple optimization algorithms. We achieved high transparency characteristics without the sacrifice of color gamut by adopting multiple white sub‐pixels. And at the same time design of specific algorithms improved and enhanced the visual effects of transparent display. The simulation and experimental results verify that the new processing method greatly balanced the transparency and clarity of the display.
21.1: Invited Paper: Optical Radiation Safety Analysis for Laser Used as Illumination Products
Authors: Feixia Wang , Xiaohua Li , Yan Tu
Published: October 2019

Illumination products using laser source have plenty of advantages, such as high conversion efficiency, more brightness, wide color gamut, long life and so on. However, due to the high energy density of laser, the optical radiation safety of laser used as illumination products should be studied and analyzed.

First of all, the characteristics, advantages of laser used as illumination products are introduced. Then the international and national organizations, such as IEC/TC 76, IEC/TC 108, SAC/TC 284, are surveyed. In addition, standards and the corresponding relations related to laser used as illumination products are reviewed, especially for safety of laser products (IEC 60825) series standards, photobiological safety of lamps and lamp systems (IEC 62741) series standards, Audio/video, information and communication technology equipment ‐ Part 1: Safety requirements (IEC 62368‐1:2018), as well as ICNIRP guidelines. Finally, optical radiation safety of some specific illumination products using lasers are discussed.
21.2: Invited Paper: A Hyperspectral Imaging Radiance Colorimeter for Fast Measurement of Display
Authors: Song Li , Tang Xian , Wu Di , Pan Jiangen
Published: October 2019

Nowadys, there are two technical schemes suitable for the measurement of display ‐ spatial scanning and spectral scanning in hyperspectral imaging field. This paper analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of both two schemes, and proposed an improved design of hyperspectral imaging radiance colorimeter for fast measurement of display. In addition, we introduced a calibration method of hyperspectral imaging radiance colorimeter for more accurate measurements.
22.2: The influence of Oxygen Partial Pressure on the Performance of back‐channel‐etched a‐ZTO Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Zuo Hongyang , Zhang Xiaodong , Yang Yukun , Yang Huan , Zhang Shengdong
Published: October 2019

In this work, we demonstrate that back‐channel‐etched a‐ZTO thin‐film transistors (TFTs) are close to realize industrial mass production. The effects of sputtering oxygen partial pressure on the electrical characteristics were mainly explored. Results indicated that both of sub‐threshold swing (SS) and field‐effect mobility (µsat) decreases as oxygen partial pressure increases, while threshold voltage (Vth) increases. The optimal TFTs exhibited the excellent performances: a modest µsat of 7.30 cm2/Vs, a suitable Vth of 5.29V and the SS of 0.41V/decade. Not only the variation of Vth shift (ΔVth) is +1.14 under PBS, but also ΔVth is ‐0.56 under NBS. Compared with IGZO channel layer, the promising ZTO material is abundant and non‐toxic. Therefore relevant TFTs prospectively contribute to reduce industrial production costs and environmental protection.
23.1: Invited Paper: Heading to Ultimate Display with MicroLED
Authors: Liu Ying-Tsang (Falcon) , Lai Yu-Hung , Li Yun-Li
Published: October 2019

MicroLED display is an emerging technology with high brightness, wide color gamut, and high aperture ratio. Based on our proprietary PixeLED Display and SMAR·Tech repair technology, we could build defect‐free MicroLED displays which meet the product requirements.
24.2: Invited Paper: High‐resolution OLED Display Fabricated by Electrohydrodynamic Printing Method
Authors: Mu Lan , Peng Junbiao
Published: October 2019

A high resolution OLED display was fabricated by using electrohydrodynamic printing method. The printed inks were poly(dibenzothiophene‐S, S‐dioxide‐co‐9,9‐dioctyl‐2,7‐fluorene) (PPF‐SO). Both of the printer operation voltage and the solvent properties dominated the ink’s printability and printing stability. Line widths of the printed polymers could be controlled. A mono‐color display with resolution over 2000 PPI was realized. The electrohydrodynamic printing method for fabrication of OLED displays will be discussed in the presentation.
24.3: Invited Paper: Printed Electrodes for All‐Solution‐Processed Inverted‐Structure OLEDs
Authors: Hong Yongtaek , Park Jongjang , Kim Geonhee , Yoon Hyungsoo , Jeong Sujin , Lee Seunghwan
Published: October 2019

A key enabling technology for all‐printed organic light‐emitting diodes is printing electrodes that can be used for anodes or cathodes for conventional or inverted device structures. In both device structures, the first bottom electrodes, which are either transparent or opaque depending on the device structure, are typically printed while the last top electrodes have been deposited by using a vacuum‐based evaporation process because when the last top electrodes are fabricated by using a solution‐based process, under organic layers are easily damaged during the fabrication process. Although so‐called transfer printing process has been often reported for organic devices such as organic solar cells, it has been rarely applied for OLEDs. In addition, no fine patterning has been adopted in such printing processes. As part of our efforts towards all‐printed OLEDs, inkjet‐printed and/or transfer‐printed, finely‐patterned PEDOT:PSS electrodes have been investigated in our lab and most recent achievement will be reported in detail. In order to implement all‐solution‐processed OLEDs, we also studied the inverted‐structure OLEDs, which showed comparable results to the conventional structure OLEDs with the vacuum‐based deposited electrodes.
25.1: Invited Paper: Prototyping of e‐Tile for an Enlargement of e‐Paper Applications to Architecture
Authors: Omodani Makoto , Adachi Yuma , Shibata Hirohito
Published: October 2019

We have introduced a novel concept for large area displays, “e‐Tile”. A typical e‐Tile configuration, in which 100 pixels are mounted on a 100 mm square board, is designed and prototyped. One promising application is an unobtrusive information board, which is far less annoying than the conventional vivid LED/LCD in public spaces.
25.2: Invited Paper: Organic Conducting Polymer‐Inorganic Oxide Nanocomposite Particles as Display Elements for Electronic Paper
Authors: MAEDA Shuichi , TSUGITA Yukihiro , SUSA Hiroki
Published: October 2019

We have prepared organic conducting nanocomposite particles which utilize polypyrrole/polyaniline as conducting parts and small silica particles as dispersants. The nanocomposite particles of polypyrrole/polyaniline and silica represent potentially useful processable forms of polypyrrole/polyaniline, normally intractable conducting polymers. Transmission electron microscopy studies suggest that the polypyrrole/polyaniline‐silica nanocomposite particles are made up of microaggregates of the original small silica particles. We demonstrated that the polypyrrole/polyaniline‐ silica nanocomposite particles can be utilized as display elements for electrophoretic display due to their high colloid stabilities.
25.4: Invited Paper: Introduction of E‐paper into Mainstream Display Applications
Authors: Henzen Alex , Zhou Guofu
Published: October 2019

Since 2005, e‐paper displays have found a limited application space in our daily life. Applications are mostly limited to dedicated reading devices and shelf labels. It seems hard to introduce e‐paper into more mainstream markets, mostly because of the limited performance on color and speed. Solving those limitations will greatly improve the market potential for e‐paper displays.
26.1: Invited Paper: Command splay‐bend switching in an optically‐compensated bend cell with polymerized liquid crystal photoalignment layers
Authors: Chang Kai-Han , Zhang Cary , Song Shanshan , Chien Liang -Chy
Published: October 2019

We demonstrate a fast‐switching optically‐compensated bend (OCB) configuration with polymerized liquid crystal photoalignment (PAL). The experimental results show the dependency of the electro‐optical properties of OCB cells on the morphology‐mediated surface anchoring of polymerized liquid crystal PAL. Furthermore, the polymerized liquid crystal PAL exhibits superior stability against UV exposure and thermal stress tests, which make PAL applicable in display and spatial light modulator applications.
26.2: Invited Paper: Diffused Light Control by Layer‐Structured PDLC for Future Viewing Angle Controllable Display Applications
Authors: Ishinabe Takahiro , Horii Yuya , Shibata Yosei , Fujikake Hideo
Published: October 2019

We have established a control technique of light distribution pattern by controlling an internal polymer structure of PDLCs. We achieved layer‐structured PDLC by using micro convex structures and irradiating them with unidirectional diffused UV light. The backlight system using layer‐structured PDLC and collimated backlight enables to control the viewing angle range of LCDs with high light utilization efficiency.
26.5: Invited Paper: Development of the Hybrid Viewing Angle Technology
Authors: Su Zifang , Chung Techen , Qiao Yanbing , Yu Chiamin
Published: October 2019

Privacy protecting is a new customer request in display industry. We developed a new Intelligent Viewing Angle Control Device (IVACD) with a single TFT‐LCD cell, which was called Hybrid Viewing Angle (HVA). In this paper, we introduced its mechanism and some challenges in the developing march.
26.6: Spectroscopic Response of Polymer Network Liquid Crystal Cell
Authors: Tang Shu Tuen , Meng Cuiling , Tseng Man Chun , Kwok Hoi Sing
Published: October 2019

The Polymer Network Liquid Crystal (PNLC) cell we fabricated is operating in a reverse mode of voltage‐off transparent state. It is found that when we apply voltage to the PNLC cells, the transmitted light color changed gradually and finally became a bit blue. This effect is not found in Polymer Dispersed LC (PDLC) window. The wavelength dependent transmittance voltage curves are reported and we will try to explain this effect by applying the anomalous diffraction theory.
28.1: Invited Paper: What’s the Focus of Debate in IEC Standardization for the Measurement of Laser Projection Displays?
Authors: Mou Tongsheng , Bo Qiao
Published: October 2019

The projection displays which use lasers or laser hybrids as light sources have been widely applied in offices, homes, and theaters. The optical performance has been more enhanced recently with the development of the technologies, especially in light enhancement, color reproduction, luminance contrast, and dynamic range. The characterization and measurement for these projection displays become very important.

The full‐frame projection technologies such as digital micromirror devices (DMDs), liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS), and liquid crystal display (LCD) projectors are typically concerned in the international standardization. The image quality of the projection system in graphics and video reproduction has been discussed in IEC WG10 “Working group of Laser Displays.“ In recent years, the IS (international standard)‐ IEC62906‐5‐1 Laser display and devices Part 5‐1 Measurement of Optical Performance for Laser Front Projection has been developed and reached the CDV stage. However, at this stage, there are some discussions among the expert’s group on the issues of the optical measurement method. The main issues are the two topics related to the CLO (Color Light Output) and CGV (Color Gamut Volume). There are two opposing views within the working group which is a very challenging topic. According to IEC/ISO rule, the consensus is difficult to be achieved for more 2/3 favor support and less 1/4 against.

In the traditional projectors, due to the graphic display is mainly used for black and white usage in the office application, the luminous flux output of the full white field was used as the primary indicator in the specification of the standard product. The light output is directly dependent on the power of the projection source. Therefore, a white light enhancement method is employed in some projection display technologies, and in such cases, the brightness of a color display is often lacking. However, this is no longer the general case. Manufacturer use different ways to boost the white lumen value for the full white screen, but the saturated colors do not get the same boost in brightness. The lumen ratio between the full white and the colors is no longer maintained. In the new standard we recommend using a regional grid pattern to test the projector's light output, including white light output and color light output.

Set of four colour tile test patterns used for projector characterization

figure

Moreover, the argue for color volume method is the derivative from the CLO/WLO issue. The main point is the argument between the applicability of CGV method (CIELAB usage) in HDR/SDR conditions. In this paper, we reviewed some of the most important aspects to provide a basic understanding the current development of laser projection display measurement in IEC standardization.

Example of range in colors produced by a given display as represented by the CIELAB color space

figure
29.4: A laser current control algorithm to avoid color distortion in laser projection displays
Authors: Guo Da bo , Wang Zhen , Li Long min , Wu Jun ling , Yuan Guang
Published: October 2019

Laser display technology has gradually become an important solution for large screen display. As a mature lighting technology in recent decades, phosphor has been widely used in the field of lighting and display. As a solid‐state light source, it has the advantages of low power consumption, environmental protection, rich color and dynamic modulation. The luminescent efficiency of phosphors varies with temperature, which results in the non‐linearity of phosphor emission when the light source is dynamically modulated and the color temperature drift of the display image. In this paper, a control model of color temperature of laser TV display changing with laser current and temperature is established. The color temperature of laser TV is corrected by using current compensation control algorithm. The problem of color temperature drift caused by the change of phosphor conversion efficiency with temperature is solved. The color temperature deviation is 1118 K in the brightness range of the light source before compensation. By compensating and controlling the laser current, the ratio of blue light and phosphor is constant when the brightness changes, thus ensuring the color temperature constant when the brightness of the laser light source changes. The color temperature deviation is 50K in the brightness range. By analyzing the different brightness of the display image, the stability of the color temperature is improved.
29.6: Research on Gamut Expansion Mapping Method Based on Laser Display Device
Authors: Guo Ruhai , Liu Weidong , Qiao Mingsheng
Published: October 2019

Because the trichromatic coordinates of the laser display devices used in the wide gamut and are greatly different from the exiting television (TV) signals. Therefore when the TV signals is input to drive the laser display device, color distortion and color deviation may occur to influence the subjective experience. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to input signals under a certain rule to expand the small color gamut to the large color gamut for the laser display devices. The gamut expansion mapping method is studied to show better color performance for human perception based on laser display device.