bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nutritional Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Pediatric Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Karpouzis Fay , Bonello Rod
Published: June 2012

Increasing prevalence rates of pediatric and adolescent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), concerns over the safety and efficacy of psychostimulants, and fears about long-term use of psychostimulants have led many parents to seek alternative therapies for their children. Numerous environmental factors have been suspected of influencing ADHD. Over the last few decades, there has been an increasing awareness of the importance of nutrition and the potential role it has on influencing ADHD and ADHD symptomatology.

This article focuses on nutrition, dietary modifications, and nutraceuticals, which are the most commonly used complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies for the management of pediatric and adolescent ADHD. The aim is to present a narrative literature review for dietary modifications and nutritional supplementation for pediatric and adolescent ADHD.

Searches were made in full-text English language articles from 2000 to February 2012 in the PubMed Central, Medline, Cochrane Library, Psych INFO, Scopus, and CINAHL databases. The review revealed a full range of research strategies, but this article concentrates on randomized controlled trials, observational studies, longitudinal studies, epidemiological studies, surveys, qualitative reviews, narrative reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. The literature reveals a mixture of results in respect to dietary modifications and nutritional supplementation for children and adolescents with ADHD; however, the future of nutritional research appears promising.
Traditional Birth Attendants in Samoa: Integration With the Formal Health System
Authors: Homer Caroline S. E. , Lees Tauaitala , Stowers Pelenatete , Aiavao Fulisia , Sheehy Annabel , Barclay Lesley
Published: June 2012

A traditional birth attendant (TBA) is a person who assists the mother during childbirth and who initially acquired her skills by delivering babies herself or through apprenticeship to other TBAs. In many parts of the world, TBAs continue to provide a significant proportion of maternity care during pregnancy, birth, and the postpartum period. In Samoa, TBAs are recognized part of both the formal and informal health care system. The aim of this research was to examine the contribution that TBAs made in the provision of maternity care in Samoa. A descriptive study was undertaken, and 100 TBAs who had attended more than 400 births a year were interviewed as part of a broader Safe Motherhood Needs Assessment.

The findings highlighted that although TBAs can work in collaboration with individual health providers or facilities or be integrated into the health system, TBAs were often practicing autonomously within their communities, independent of collaborative links. This study showed that formal recognition and registration of TBAs would improve the recording of births and augment their partnership to the formal health care system. This formal registration process has since been implemented to improve monitoring and evaluation and assist future research with this important group.
The Influence of Self-Focused Attention on Blushing During Social Interaction
Authors: Kim Kiho , Cho Sungkun , Lee Jang-Han
Published: June 2012

Although it has been suggested that attentional processes play a crucial role in blushing, to date research on the relationship between blushing and self-focused attention (SFA) has yielded conflicting results. In order to examine this relationship further, we conducted an empirical
study in which we induced blushing and, using infrared thermography, measured changes in the facial temperature of 29 people with a high trait of SFA and 27 people with a low trait of SFA. The results suggest that high SFA not only increased actual physiological arousal levels (facial skin
temperature) during blushing, but also delayed recovery from blushing episodes. These findings may provide valuable information for individuals with a high level of fear of blushing, including possible treatments such as an attentional distraction program.
Socioeconomic Background, Maternal Parenting Style, and the Language Ability of Five- and Six-year-old Children
Authors: Lee Ki Sook , Kim Soon Hwan
Published: June 2012

We examined the pathways through which language ability components, such as reading and writing at the age of 5, and socioeconomic and environmental variables, such as maternal parenting style, affect the language ability of children in the first grade. The focal point of this study's
structural modeling analysis was that family socioeconomic factors of income and parental education level directly affect children's vocabulary power and, through mothers' parenting style, affect their language test scores at the age of 5. In turn, the scores of language tests done during
a child's first grade year reflect the age 5 test scores. Thus, it was found that language ability is affected by socioeconomic factors. Results also indicate that, for young children, parenting style has a great impact on childhood language ability.
Chinese Perception of Justice in Integrative Negotiation in Stranger and Acquaintance Contexts
Authors: Cheng Dejun , Teng Xiupan , Song Zhe
Published: June 2012

We used negotiation tasks to examine the Chinese perception about justice in integrative negotiation with another party in the context of both a stranger of and an acquaintance. We found that Chinese disputants do not care about the other party's income in the stranger context, but
they do care about the other party's income in the acquaintance context. Findings for the influence of relationship on Chinese people's perceptions of justice were strikingly different from that of Westerners in the stranger context in previous studies conducted by other researchers.
The Influence of Employee Emotional Intelligence on Coping with Supervisor Abuse in a Banking Context
Authors: Hu Hsiu-Hua
Published: June 2012

Employee emotional intelligence (EI) was examined in relation to how it influences perceptions of abusive supervision (ASP), psychological distress (PD), and emotional labor burden (ELB). The sample consisted of 372 frontline bank employees in Taiwan. It was found that PD fully mediated
the relationship between ASP and ELB, and EI moderated the relationship between ASP and ELB, weakening the relationship between ASP and ELB for employees with higher EI. PD also partially mediated the interaction of ASP and EI in the prediction of ELB. Practical implications, limitations,
and directions for future research are identified and discussed.
Perceptions of Employment Relations and Permanence in the Organization: Mediating Effects of Affective Commitment in Relations of Psychological Contract and Intention to Quit
Authors: Alcover Carlos-María , Martínez-Íñigo David , Chambel Maria José
Published: June 2012

Working conditions in call/contact centers influence employees' perceptions of their relations with the organization and their attitudes to work. Such perceptions can be analyzed through the psychological contract. The association between the relational/transactional orientation of the psychological contract and intention to quit the organization was examined, as well as the mediating role of affective commitment in employment relations. Data were collected from 973 employees in a cross-sectional survey. Analysis confirmed that there was a statistically significant relation between the orientation of the psychological contract and intention to quit, which was positive for transactionally oriented and negative for relationally oriented contracts. A mediating role for affective commitment was also confirmed, and a full mediating effect was reported for both orientations.
New Perspective on Job Burnout: Exploring the Root Cause beyond General Antecedents Analysis
Authors: Chen Hong , Wu Peng , Wei Wei
Published: June 2012

Previous studies of job burnout are discussed and three types of job burnout are presented and compared. Various studies of job burnout were reviewed in terms of participants, burnout situation, and root cause. Next, the framework of job burnout antecedents was reformulated, including characteristics of organizations, work, and individuals. Three types of job burnout—organizational weakness-caused burnout, work weakness-caused burnout, and individual characteristic-caused burnout—were posited based on the root causes contributing to job burnout. Finally, the three subcomponents of job burnout were compared on availability, concealment, universality, severity, duration, diffusibility, and changeability. Root causes of job burnout should be attended to in job burnout research and intervention programs.
Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Authors: Turnipseed David L. , Vandewaa Elizabeth A.
Published: June 2012

This study evaluated hypothesized positive linkages between organizational citizenship behavior and the emotional intelligence dimensions of perception, using emotion, understanding emotion, and management of emotion, involving two samples. Sample 1 comprised 334 employed college students, 52% male, with a mean age of 23.4 yr., who worked an average of 29.6 hr. per week. Sample 2 comprised 72 professors, 81% female, with a mean age of 47 yr. Measures were the Emotional Intelligence Scale and the Organizational Citizenship Behavior Scale. Results of hierarchical multiple regressions indicated a positive link between organizational citizenship behavior and emotional intelligence. There were differences between the samples. In Sample 1, each of the emotional intelligence dimensions were positively linked to citizenship behavior: using and managing emotion were the greatest contributors. In Sample 2, managing emotion was the only contributor. Emotional intelligence had the strongest relationship with citizenship behavior directed at individuals.
People Newly in Love are More Responsive to Positive Feedback
Authors: Brown Cassandra L. , Beninger Richard J.
Published: June 2012

Passionate love is associated with increased activity in dopamine-rich regions of the brain. Increased dopamine in these regions is associated with a greater tendency to learn from reward in trial-and-error learning tasks. This study examined the prediction that individuals who were newly in love would be better at responding to reward (positive feedback). In test trials, people who were newly in love selected positive outcomes significantly more often than their single (not in love) counterparts but were no better at the task overall. This suggests that people who are newly in love show a bias toward responding to positive feedback, which may reflect a general bias towards reward-seeking.
Social Embeddedness and Economic Opportunism: A Game Situation
Authors: Sakalaki Maria , Fousiani Kyriaki
Published: June 2012

According to Evolutionary Game Theory, multiple exchanges with partners are necessary to foster cooperation. Multiple exchanges with partners tend to enhance the good experience of the partners and the predictability of their behaviour and should therefore increase cooperativeness. This study explored whether social embeddedness, or the preference for close and stable social relationships, a variable which tends to increase multiple exchanges, is associated with more cooperative attitudes; and whether social embeddedness increases cooperative behavior towards unknown partners in a game situation. The first study, with 169 undergraduates, indicated that social embeddedness (preference for close and durable social relations) was negatively associated with opportunistic attitudes. The second study had a sample of 60 undergraduates playing a Trust Game with unknown partners and showed that self-reported social embeddedness was positively correlated with scores for cooperative economic behavior towards the partners. These results highlight the relationships of social embeddedness with cooperative attitudes and behaviour.
Differentiating Falsely Recognized Faces from Incompletely Remembered Faces
Authors: Kunzendorf Robert G. , Garvin Nathan
Published: June 2012

This study describes an experimental method for determining whether people who recognize a face containing both some target features and some new features are falsely recognizing the face or whether they are incompletely remembering it. Twenty min. after studying a target face either one time or a third time, 136 participants were instructed to examine six test faces similar to the target and to select two test faces sharing only target features and no unstudied features. The likelihood of selecting two test faces sharing four target features and no incorrect features was significantly greater than chance only for the 67 participants who studied the target three times. Because the two faces selected as containing only target features did not share any unstudied features, they were not falsely recognized; instead, they were indicative of correct but incomplete memory for the thrice-studied target.
Self-Rated Autistic-Like Traits and Capacity of Visual Working Memory
Authors: Takahashi Junichi , Gyoba Jiro
Published: June 2012

The effect on the capacity of visual working memory of spatial complexity (as defined by Garner's principle) in rotation and reflection transformation was examined in persons differing along the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ), using a change-detection task. On each trial, nine line segments were arrayed in simple, medium, and complex configurations, which were presented in memory and test displays. 27 participants (8 men, 19 women; M age = 22.3 yr., SD = 2.7) were asked whether the orientations of stimuli between two displays were the same or different. On the basis of their AQ scores out of 50 ( M AQ scores = 20.9, SD = 6.3), the participants were divided into groups with high ( n = 13; M AQ scores = 26.2, SD = 4.1) and low ( n = 12; M AQ scores = 15.3, SD = 2.7) self-reported autistic-like traits (High and Low AQ groups, 2 excluded for scores at the median). The results showed that spatial complexity affects the capacity of visual working memory for the Low AQ group but not for the High AQ group, suggesting the functional dissociation of spatial configuration and visual working memory in the High AQ group.
Constrained thermal denaturation of DNA under fixed linking number
Authors: Bar Amir , Kabakçıoğlu Alkan , Mukamel David
Published: June 2012

A DNA molecule with freely fluctuating ends undergoes a sharp thermal denaturation transition upon heating. However, in circular DNA chains and some experimental setups that manipulate single DNA molecules, the total number of turns (linking number) is constant at all times. The consequences of this additional topological invariant on the melting behaviour are nontrivial. Below, we investigate the melting characteristics of a homogeneous DNA where the linking number along the melting curve is preserved by supercoil formation in duplex portions. We obtain the mass fraction and the number of loops and supercoils below and above the melting temperature. We also argue that a macroscopic loop appears at T
c and calculate its size as a function of temperature.
Surfactant-assisted synthesis of polyaniline nanofibres without shaking and stirring: effect of conditions on morphology and conductivity
Authors: Olad Ali , Ilghami Fahimeh , Nosrati Rahimeh
Published: June 2012

Polyaniline (PANI) nanofibres were synthesised by the chemical oxidative polymerisation method using ammonium peroxydisulphate (APS) as an oxidant/initiator. In this work, a surfactant-assisted method without shaking and stirring was used for the synthesis of PANI nanofibres. The effect was investigated of various parameters such as monomer/oxidant ratio, polymerisation temperature, and the presence of surfactant (Triton X-100 as a non-ionic surfactant) on the morphology and electrical conductivity of nanofibres. The morphology of PANI nanofibres was characterised by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results demonstrate that the morphology of PANI nanofibres was significantly influenced by the aniline/APS mole ratio, polymerisation temperature and presence of the surfactant during synthesis. The results showed that more regular and consistent nanofibres were obtained using a monomer/oxidant ratio of 4 at ambient temperature of polymerisation. PANI nanofibres with diameters in the range of 10–100 nm and length up to several μm were obtained. PANI nanofibres were also characterised using FTIR and UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy. The electrochemical behaviour of PANI nanofibres was studied by cyclic voltammetry. It was found that the electrical conductivity of PANI nanofibres increased with the increasing monomer/oxidant ratio and decreasing polymerisation temperature, respectively.
Methyltrioxorhenium-catalysed oxidation of secondary amines to nitrones in ionic liquids
Authors: Mečiarová Mária , Mojzesová Melinda , Šebesta Radovan
Published: June 2012

Nitrones serve as starting materials for the synthesis of many heterocycles. Oxidation of secondary amines using hydrogen peroxide and the catalytic amount of methyltrioxorhenium in ionic liquids is a useful method for the preparation of nitrones. Ultrasonic irradiation and ionic liquids have a positive influence on the reaction. The nitrones required were isolated in good yields. Corresponding hydroxylamines, which can be easily oxidised to nitrones, often accompanied the main products. Methyltrioxorhenium in ionic liquids was re-used in several reaction cycles without any deteriorating effect on the course of the reaction.
Recent advancement in metal containing multicomponent chalcogenide glasses
Authors: Singh A.
Published: June 2012

Amorphous semiconductors or chalcogenide glasses are the key materials in modern optoelectronics to make comfortable life of our society. Understanding of physical properties (like microstructure, thermal, optical, electrical) of these materials is important for their different uses. Predominant study of physical properties of the metal containing multicomponent chalcogenide glasses have attracted much attention, due to their interesting variable features and wide range of structural network modifications. Structural modifications in these materials are usually described with respect to the values of structural units (or average coordination number). In significance to this, the present work demonstrates the chronological development in the field of chalcogenide glasses along with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) morphologies. Optical, electrical and thermal correlative properties of recent developed Se93−xZn2Te5Inx (0 ≤ x ≤ 10) metallic multicomponent chalcogenide glasses are discussed. Variation in SEM morphology, refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (K), optical energy band gap (Eg), electrical conductivity (σav), crystallization activation energy (Ec) and glass forming ability (GFA) with structural units of Se-Zn-Te-In glasses have been demonstrated in this study. Subjected materials thermal, optical and electrical parameters have been achieved higher and lower in a respective manner at the threshold structural unit value 〈r〉.
Flow conditions in the grooves of a Low-Consistency refiner
Authors: Wittberg Lisa Prahl , Björkman Magnus , Khokhar Gohar , Mohlin Ulla-Britt , Dahlkild Anders
Published: June 2012

The flow pattern in the grooves plays a major role for the homogeneity of refining as well as for the transfer and loading of fiber flocs in refining position on the bar edges. However, it is an area where very little information is available. In the present study, flow conditions in the grooves in a Low-Consistency (LC) - disc refiner were studied both experimentally and numerically. The experimental study involved high-speed imaging through a 3 cm peephole into a commercial refiner. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation focused on the flow condition in a radial groove, considering both Newtonian and non-Newtonian flows. Flow conditions for stator and rotor grooves were modeled along the groove at different angular speeds and pressure differences over the refiner. Both the experimental and the modeling results show a dual flow pattern in the grooves; a rotational/spiral movement at the top of the groove and a flow in the direction of the groove at the bottom, which to the authors knowledge has not been reported in literature. The strong vortical motion at the top of the grooves observed both for the rotor and the stator are believed to be important for placing the fibers onto the bar edges and to induce shear forces in such a way that the fibers get treated. Moreover, a large sensitivity to suspension properties in terms of the development of flow pattern was detected.
Multiphase simulation of fiber suspension flows using immersed boundary methods
Authors: Svenning Erik , Mark Andreas , Edelvik Fredrik , Glatt Erik , Rief Stefan , Wiegmann Andreas , Martinsson Lars , Lai Ron , Fredlund Mats , Nyman Ulf
Published: June 2012

Fiber suspension simulations are challenging since they involve transient fluid flow with immersed solid objects subject to large displacements and rotations. In the present work, a beam model in corotational formulation is coupled with a fluid solver using immersed boundary methods. The model is used to simulate a fiber in a shear flow and excellent agreement is found with Jeffery's equations. The shapes of fibers deforming in a shear flow are found to be in qualitative agreement with shapes observed in experiments. The flow of a fiber suspension is studied by simulating early paper forming with one-way and semi-two-way coupling. It is found that the flow through the fiber web needs to be resolved in order to predict the retention of fibers in the fiber web.
Exceptional pore size distribution in foam-formed fibre networks
Authors: Al-Qararah Ahmad M. , Hjelt Tuomo , Kinnunen Karita , Beletski Nikolai , Ketoja Jukka
Published: June 2012

Foam forming leads to sheet structures with exceptional volume of large pores. The link between fibre network structure and foam properties is investigated by comparing pore structure with measured bubble-size distribution. In foams produced by mechanical mixing, higher rotor speed leads to smaller average bubble size, whereas the effects coming from air content and surfactant are smaller and non-systematic. A significant drop in the average bubble size is seen when mixing fibres to foam. In sheets made with foam forming, there are more large pores compared to the water formed sheets. The size of these pores is affected by the sizes of the bubbles in the foam. Overall, pore size distribution is more strongly affected by the fibre type than by small changes in bubble size distribution.
Evaluation of the Scott bond test method
Authors: Fellers Christer , Östlund Sören , Mäkelä Petri
Published: June 2012

The Scott bond test is the most commonly used test method for quantifying the delamination resistance of paper and board. The objective of this investigation was to validate the hypothesis that the Scott bond value would be dominated by the total energy under the force elongation curve in a z-directional tensile test. The investigation comprised three types of hand sheets with comparatively low strength values. Three test methods were used to obtain the energy for delamination: 1) Z-test, a z-directional tensile test, 2) Scott bond test, and 3) Simulated Scott bond test, a Scott bond type of test performed in a hydraulic tensile tester. The test data were expressed as a correlation between the failure energy obtained from the Z-test and the other two tests. The results showed that the Scott bond test gave slightly higher values than the Z-test for the weakest paper, but that the value tended to be much higher for the stronger papers. On the other hand the Simulated Scott bond test tended to give lower values than the Z-test. High speed photography was used to reveal several energy consuming mechanisms in the Scott bond test that can explain why this test gave higher values than the Ztest. The lower values from the Simulated Scott bond values are more difficult to explain. At this stage we can suggest that the failure mechanism is different if the paper is delaminated by pure tension or by a gradual delamination as in the Scott bond test.
Towards 3D analysis of pulp fibre networks at the fibre and bond levels
Authors: Marulier C. , Dumont P. J. J. , Orgéas L. , Caillerie D. , du Roscoat S. Rolland
Published: June 2012

By using X-ray synchrotron microtomography imaging, this work aims at proposing a method to get 3D information on paper fibrous microstructures. Such technique is useful to better understand the links between the manufacturing conditions, the resulting microstructural and mechanical properties of the paper fibrous networks, together with the morphology of fibres and fibre-fibre bonds. Its usefulness is illustrated for the 3D analysis of model papers being produced by changing the wet pressing conditions. It is demonstrated that the image analysis allows the changes of parameters describing, for example, the fibre cross section shape and inclination, the bond area surfaces, the distance between bonds to be followed with respect to the processing conditions for a large set of fibres and bonds. The distributions of properties that can be drawn from this experimental analysis will allow mechanical or physical discrete modelling approaches for papers to be enriched.
Automated 3D measurement of fiber cross section morphology in handsheets
Authors: Lorbach Christian , Hirn Ulrich , Kritzinger Johannes , Bauer Wolfgang
Published: June 2012

We present a method for 3D measurement of fiber cross sectional morphology from handsheets. An automated procedure is used to acquire 3D datasets of fiber cross sectional images using an automated microtome and light microscopy. The fiber cross section geometry is extracted using digital image analysis. Simple sample preparation and highly automated image acquisition and image analysis are providing an efficient tool to analyze large samples. It is demonstrated that if fibers are tilted towards the image plane the images of fiber cross sections are always larger than the true fiber cross section geometry. In our analysis the tilting angles of the fibers to the image plane are measured. The resulting fiber cross sectional images are distorted to compensate the error due to fiber tilt, restoring the true fiber cross sectional shape. We use an approximated correction, the paper provides error estimates of the approximation. Measurement results for fiber wall thickness, fiber coarseness and fiber collapse are presented for one hardwood and one softwood pulp.
Investigation of sample-size effects on in-plane tensile testing of paperboard
Authors: Hagman Anton , Nygårds Mikael
Published: June 2012

The impact of sample size on in-plane strain behavior in paperboard was investigated, with the aim to explore the differences between local and global properties in paperboard, and try to pinpoint the mechanisms behind such differences. The local properties are of interest in converting as well as for future 3D forming of paperboard. It is important to identify differences in behavior between local and global properties since most paperboards are evaluated against the latter. The methods used for evaluation were tensile tests in controlled environment and speckle photography. The results show that there is a difference in strain behavior that is dependent of the length to width ratio of the sample, that this behavior cannot be predicted by standard tensile tests and that it depends on the board composition. The speckle analysis revealed that the behavior is a result of the activation of strain zones in the sample. These zones are relatively constant in size and therefore contribute differently to total strain in samples of different size.
Stress-strain curve of paper revisited
Authors: Borodulina Svetlana , Kulachenko Artem , Nygårds Mikael , Galland Sylvain
Published: June 2012

We have investigated a relation between micromechanical processes and the stress-strain curve of a dry fiber network during tensile loading. By using a detailed particle-level simulation tool we investigate, among other things, the impact of “non-traditional” bonding parameters, such as compliance of bonding regions, work of separation and the actual number of effective bonds. This is probably the first three-dimensional model which is capable of simulating the fracture process of paper accounting for nonlinearities at the fiber level and bond failures. The failure behavior of the network considered in the study could be changed significantly by relatively small changes in bond strength, as compared to the scatter in bonding data found in the literature. We have identified that compliance of the bonding regions has a significant impact on network strength. By comparing networks with weak and strong bonds, we concluded that large local strains are the precursors of bond failures and not the other way around.
Application and interpretation of zero and short-span testing on nanofibre sheet materials
Authors: Varanasi Swambabu , Chiam Hui Hui , Batchelor Warren
Published: June 2012

This paper investigates the use of zerospan testing to measure the tensile strength of cellulose nanofibre sheets. The mechanical strength of cellulose nanofibre paper is a key property but tensile strength measurement requires a substantial amount test material, whereas a zero/short span test needs much less material. Sheets made from cellulose nanofibres, microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) and northern bleached softwood fibres were tested at spans ranging from 0 to 0.6 mm and tensile strength spans of 50 and 100 mm. For the cellulose nanofibres or the MFC sheets, strength was constant with span from 0 to 0.6 mm when tested dry and negligible when tested wet, except at zero span. The sheets made from the softwood fibres showed significant strength when tested wet at all spans from 0 to 0.6 mm. The results showed that for nanofibre materials, the zero or short span strength is measuring sheet tensile strength at a smaller sample length. The strength of the nanofibre sheets at 50 or 100 mm was smaller than at zero/short span due to sample size effects and Poisson contraction. The effects of starch and grammage on strength were also studied.
The effects of process variables for GCC pre-flocculation on floc and handsheet properties
Authors: Seo Dongil , Im Wan Hee , Youn Hye Jung , Lae Lee Hak
Published: June 2012

Pre-flocculation is a technique that aggregates filler particles by means of polyelectrolytes. The size of the filler flocs is a critical factor affecting the properties of the paper. Process variables including the concentration of the flocculants, the stirring speed, and the dilution of the suspension change the size of the flocculated fillers. Ground calcium carbonate and cationic polyacrylamide were used to investigate the influence of these variables on flocculation. The median particle size and size distribution were examined and the tensile and optical properties influenced by the floc size and ash levels were evaluated. The addition of high concentration C-PAM increased the median particle size. Stirring speeds in the range of 1000 ~ 3000 rpm were used to simulate various turbulent environments, and it was shown that high stirring speeds drastically decreased the floc size. Diluting and low speed stirring the flocculated GCC suspension was effective in keeping the particle size intact without disruption before sheet forming. Larger GCC flocs in the handsheets resulted in better mechanical properties.
The effect of MFC on the pressability and paper properties of TMP and GCC based sheets
Authors: Hii Collin , Gregersen Øyvind W. , Chinga-Carrasco Gary , Eriksen Øyvind
Published: June 2012

Different qualities of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) were blended with thermomechanical pulp (TMP) and ground calcium carbonate (GCC) filler. The addition of MFC reduced the drainage of the pulp suspension but improved strength properties. Wet pressing experiments showed that optimal use of MFC and filler could enhance the strength and optical properties without reducing the solids content after wet pressing. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed that MFC adsorbed onto and contributed to the bonding of the filler particles and fibres. The MFC binds the filler-MFC-fines aggregates to the fibre network and partially filled the pore network. As a result, MFC addition increased the air resistance and internal bonding of the sheet.
Dependence between paper properties and spectral optical response of uncoated paper
Authors: Hägglund Håkan , Norberg Ole , Neuman Magnus , Edström Per
Published: June 2012

This paper presents a method to describe, with good accuracy, the relation between variations in paper properties and variations of the spectral optical response of an uncoated paper. The dependence between density, filler content, grammage, and the spectral optical response is characterized by a multivariate model. The model is based on large-scale measurements data on a set of paper samples that have been produced with different values of grammage, density and filler content, representing the variations within a normal 80 g/m² uncoated paper. From the optical measurements the light scattering (s) and light absorption (k) coefficients have been estimated according to the Kubelka-Munk theory. The results from this study will give valuable input to optical modeling activities, where the optical variations are predicted from measured small-scale variations in underlying paper properties. The variations in the paper properties can be used to model the light scattering coefficient, s, but there were too small variations in the light absorption coefficient, k, to find any significant dependence to the paper properties for the samples studied in this work. Furthermore, linear models give sufficient accuracy in the intervals studied. Additional findings from this study are the different effects of wet-pressing and calendering on the light scattering coefficient.
Contacting paper-based supercapacitors to printed electronics on paper substrates
Authors: Andersson Henrik , Manuilskiy Anatoliy , Andres Britta , Forsberg Sven , Hummelgård Magnus , Bäckström Joakim , Zhang Renyun , Olin Håkan
Published: June 2012

Hybrid printed electronics, in which printed structures and silicon-based components co-exist will likely be among the first commercial solutions. In this case the paper substrate acts much in the same way as circuit boards, containing conductive tracks and acting as a carrier for the electrical components. It is important to consider the contacting of the components to be able to produce low resistance electrical contacts to the conductive tracks. Supercapacitors are able to deliver a large amount of current in a short time and are a good option for short term energy storage and if the printed product is to be used only one, or a few times, it can be the only power source needed. When manufacturing printed electronics, the overall resistance of the printed tracks as well as the contact resistance of the mounted components will add up to the total resistance of the system. A high resistance will cause a voltage drop from the power source to the component. This will waste power that goes to Joule heating and also the voltage and current available to components may be too low to drive them. If the intention is to use a power supply such as batteries or solar cells this becomes a limitation. In this article have been tested several conductive adhesives used to contact paper based supercapacitors to ink jet printed silver tracks on paper. The best adhesive gives about 0.3 Ω per contact, a factor 17 better compared to the worst which gave 5 Ω. The peak power that is possible to take out from a printed system with a flexible battery and super capacitors is about 10 times higher than compared with the same system with only the battery.
Anisotropic light propagation in paper
Authors: Linder Tomas , Löfqvist Torbjörn
Published: June 2012

We investigate anisotropic light propagation in paper using both a theoretical model and experiments. The theoretical model utilizes the Monte Carlo method to solve the photon transport equation numerically. It is assumed that wood fibres are represented by infinitely long, homogeneous and straight cylinders. The layer-like microstructure and anisotropic orientation of the fibres is considered in the model. The conical scattering by cylindrical objects, the wood fibres, is argued as the main source of anisotropic scattering. Simulations revealed that laterally resolved transmittance exhibits directional dependence. Experiments on light transmitted through a standard kraft liner product confirmed that light in fact do propagate more in the machine direction than in the cross direction. Reasonably good agreement was obtained between experimentally and numerically obtained iso-intensity patterns.
A Preliminary Assessment of the First Four Decades of LGBTQ Studies in France (1970–2010)
Authors: Revenin Régis
Published: June 2012

This article endeavours to present an overview rather than a complete inventory of LGBTQ studies undertaken in France, in French, mainly in the social and human sciences, in particular in history, but also in law, psychology and psychiatry. A number of explanatory hypotheses will also be advanced to account for why France has lagged behind in this particular area, as well as more broadly in feminist, gender and sexuality studies.
Inorganic Amino-Nitro-Guanidinium Derivatives
Authors: Fischer Niko , Klapötke Thomas M. , Lux Karin , Martin Franz A. , Stierstorfer Jörg
Published: June 2012

1-Amino-3-nitroguanidine (ANQ, 1) was synthesized by hydrazinolysis of nitroguanidine (NQ) with hydrazine hydrate. Four different amino-nitroguanidinium salts (chloride (2), bromide (3), iodide (4) and sulfate (5)) were synthesized and structurally characterized by low-temperature X-ray diffraction. The halides 2–4 could only be obtained crystalline as monohydrates. In addition, they were characterized by NMR and vibrational spectroscopy, elemental analysis and the sensitivities towards impact, friction and electrostatic discharge were determined. The compounds can be used in silver (AgX, X = Cl, Br, I) and barium (BaSO4) based metathesis reactions in order to form more complex salts of 1-amino-nitroguanidine.
Silica-Metal Composite for Hydrogen Storage Applications
Authors: Pentimalli Marzia , Imperi Enrico , Bellusci Mariangela , Alvani Carlo , Santini Andrea , Padella Franco
Published: June 2012

In spite of their favourable chemical characteristics, using AB5 alloys as fixed bed for hydrogen storage devices requires proper management of a number of technological aspects. Among these, the mechanical stability of metal particle grains under hydrogen cycling and the overall thermal conductivity of the material bed constitute crucial features. We developed by High Energy Ball Milling HEBM a mechanically stable silica-based AB5 composite with enhanced thermal conductivity. Here, focusing on the material’s physical-chemical properties, we report on the silica-AB5 composite development and characterization. Particularly, we studied the material consolidation process, the resulting composite morphology and the system behaviour under hydrogen loading/unloading cycling.
Vibrational Stark Effect of the Electric-Field Reporter 4-Mercaptobenzonitrile as a Tool for Investigating Electrostatics at Electrode/SAM/Solution Interfaces
Authors: Schkolnik Gal , Salewski Johannes , Millo Diego , Zebger Ingo , Franzen Stefan , Hildebrandt Peter
Published: June 2012

4-mercaptobenzonitrile (MBN) in self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on Au and Ag electrodes was studied by surface enhanced infrared absorption and Raman spectroscopy, to correlate the nitrile stretching frequency with the local electric field exploiting the vibrational Stark effect (VSE). Using MBN SAMs in different metal/SAM interfaces, we sorted out the main factors controlling the nitrile stretching frequency, which comprise, in addition to external electric fields, the metal-MBN bond, the surface potential, and hydrogen bond interactions. On the basis of the linear relationships between the nitrile stretching and the electrode potential, an electrostatic description of the interfacial potential distribution is presented that allows for determining the electric field strengths on the SAM surface, as well as the effective potential of zero-charge of the SAM-coated metal. Comparing this latter quantity with calculated values derived from literature data, we note a very good agreement for Au/MBN but distinct deviations for Ag/MBN which may reflect either the approximations and simplifications of the model or the uncertainty in reported structural parameters for Ag/MBN. The present electrostatic model consistently explains the electric field strengths for MBN SAMs on Ag and Au as well as for thiophenol and mercaptohexanoic acid SAMs with MBN incorporated as a VSE reporter.
Optimization of Glutamine Peptide Production from Soybean Meal and Analysis of Molecular Weight Distribution of Hydrolysates
Authors: Xie Yanli , Liang Xinhong , Wei Min , Zhao Wenhong , He Baoshan , Lu Qiyu , Huo Quangong , Ma Chengye
Published: June 2012

The process parameters of enzymatic hydrolysis and molecular weight distribution of glutamine (Gln) peptides from soybean meal were investigated. The Protamex® hydrolysis pH of 6.10, temperature of 56.78 °C, enzyme to substrate ratio (E/S) of 1.90 and hydrolysis time of 10.72 h were found to be the optimal conditions by response surface methodology (RSM) for a maximal degree of hydrolysis (DH) value of 16.63% and Gln peptides content at 5.95 mmol/L. The soybean meal was hydrolyzed by a combination of Protamex® and trypsinase so that DH and Gln peptides would reach 22.02% and 6.05 mmol/mL, respectively. The results of size exclusion chromatography indicated that the relative proportion of the molecular weight < 1000 Da fraction increased with DH values from 6.76%, 11.13%, 17.89% to 22.02%, most notably the 132–500 Da fractions of hydrolysates were 42.14%, 46.57%, 58.44% and 69.65%. High DH values did not lead to high Gln peptides content of the hydrolysate but to the low molecular weight Gln peptides.
The World Within Wikipedia: An Ecology of Mind
Authors: Olney Andrew M. , Dale Rick , D’Mello Sidney K.
Published: June 2012

Human beings inherit an informational culture transmitted through spoken and written language. A growing body of empirical work supports the mutual influence between language and categorization, suggesting that our cognitive-linguistic environment both reflects and shapes our understanding. By implication, artifacts that manifest this cognitive-linguistic environment, such asWikipedia, should represent language structure and conceptual categorization in a way consistent with human behavior. We use this intuition to guide the construction of a computational cognitive model, situated in Wikipedia, that generates semantic association judgments. Our unsupervised model combines information at the language structure and conceptual categorization levels to achieve state of the art correlation with human ratings on semantic association tasks including WordSimilarity-353, semantic feature production norms, word association, and false memory.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Furozan-Based Nitric Oxide-Releasing Derivatives of Oridonin as Potential Anti-Tumor Agents
Authors: Li Dahong , Wang Lei , Cai Hao , Zhang Yihua , Xu Jinyi
Published: June 2012

To search for novel nitric oxide (NO) releasing anti-tumor agents, a series of novel furoxan/oridonin hybrids were designed and synthesized. Firstly, the nitrate/nitrite levels in the cell lysates were tested by a Griess assay and the results showed that these furoxan-based NO-releasing derivatives could produce high levels of NO in vitro. Then the anti-proliferative activity of these hybrids against four human cancer cell lines was also determined, among which, 9h exhibited the most potential anti-tumor activity with IC50 values of 1.82 µM against K562, 1.81 µM against MGC-803 and 0.86 µM against Bel-7402, respectively. Preliminary structure-activity relationship was concluded based on the experimental data obtained. These results suggested that NO-donor/natural product hybrids may provide a promising approach for the discovery of novel anti-tumor agents.
Physical Factors Affecting Plasmid DNA Compaction in Stearylamine-Containing Nanoemulsions Intended for Gene Delivery
Authors: Silva André Leandro , Alexandrino Francisco , Verissimo Lourena Mafra , Agnez-Lima Lucymara Fassarella , Egito Lucila Carmem Monte , De Oliveira Anselmo Gomes , Do Egito Eryvaldo Socrates Tabosa
Published: June 2012

Cationic lipids have been used in the development of non-viral gene delivery systems as lipoplexes. Stearylamine, a cationic lipid that presents a primary amine group when in solution, is able to compact genetic material by electrostatic interactions. In dispersed systems such as nanoemulsions this lipid anchors on the oil/water interface confering a positive charge to them. The aim of this work was to evaluate factors that influence DNA compaction in cationic nanoemulsions containing stearylamine. The influence of the stearylamine incorporation phase (water or oil), time of complexation, and different incubation temperatures were studied. The complexation rate was assessed by electrophoresis migration on agarose gel 0.7%, and nanoemulsion and lipoplex characterization was done by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). The results demonstrate that the best DNA compaction process occurs after 120 min of complexation, at low temperature (4 ± 1 °C), and after incorporation of the cationic lipid into the aqueous phase. Although the zeta potential of lipoplexes was lower than the results found for basic nanoemulsions, the granulometry did not change. Moreover, it was demonstrated that lipoplexes are suitable vehicles for gene delivery.
Species-Level Differences in Hyperspectral Metrics among Tropical Rainforest Trees as Determined by a Tree-Based Classifier
Authors: Clark Matthew L. , Roberts Dar A.
Published: June 2012

This study explores a method to classify seven tropical rainforest tree species from full-range (400–2,500 nm) hyperspectral data acquired at tissue (leaf and bark), pixel and crown scales using laboratory and airborne sensors. Metrics that respond to vegetation chemistry and structure were derived using narrowband indices, derivative- and absorption-based techniques, and spectral mixture analysis. We then used the Random Forests tree-based classifier to discriminate species with minimally-correlated, importance-ranked metrics. At all scales, best overall accuracies were achieved with metrics derived from all four techniques and that targeted chemical and structural properties across the visible to shortwave infrared spectrum (400–2500 nm). For tissue spectra, overall accuracies were 86.8% for leaves, 74.2% for bark, and 84.9% for leaves plus bark. Variation in tissue metrics was best explained by an axis of red absorption related to photosynthetic leaves and an axis distinguishing bark water and other chemical absorption features. Overall accuracies for individual tree crowns were 71.5% for pixel spectra, 70.6% crown-mean spectra, and 87.4% for a pixel-majority technique. At pixel and crown scales, tree structure and phenology at the time of image acquisition were important factors that determined species spectral separability.
Building photoswitchable 3,4'-AMPB peptides: Probing chemical ligation methods with reducible azobenzene thioesters
Authors: Zeyat Gehad , Rück-Braun Karola
Published: June 2012

Photoswitchable peptides were synthesized by using cysteine- and auxiliary-based native chemical ligation reactions. For this purpose, the two regioisomeric azobenzene building blocks 3,4'-AMPB thioester 1b and 4,4'-AMPB thioester 2b were employed in the ligation reactions. While 4,4'-AMPB requires the 4,5,6-trimethoxy-2-mercaptobenzyl auxiliary to minimize reduction of the diazene unit, 3,4'-AMPB can be used in combination with the 4,5,6-trimethoxy-2-mercaptobenzyl auxiliary as well as the Nα-2-mercaptoethyl auxiliary. Thus, 3,4'-AMPB derivatives/peptides proved to be significantly less prone to reduction by aliphatic and aromatic thiols than were the 4,4'-AMPB compounds.