bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photoconductive Core–Shell Liquid‐Crystals of a Perylene Bisimide J‐Aggregate Donor–Acceptor Dyad
Authors: Hecht Markus , Schlossarek Tim , Stolte Matthias , Lehmann Matthias , Würthner Frank
Published: June 2019

A novel core–shell structured columnar liquid crystal composed of a donor‐acceptor dyad of tetraphenoxy perylene bisimide (PBI), decorated with four bithiophene units on the periphery, was synthesized. This molecule self‐assembles in solution into helical J‐aggregates guided by π–π interactions and hydrogen bonds which organize into a liquid‐crystalline (LC) columnar hexagonal domain in the solid state. Donor and acceptor moieties exhibit contrasting exciton coupling behavior with the PBIs’ (J‐type) transition dipole moment parallel and the bithiophene side arms’ (H‐type) perpendicular to the columnar axis. The dyad shows efficient energy and electron transfer in solution as well as in the solid state. The synergy of photoinduced electron transfer (PET) and charge transport along the narcissistically self‐assembled core–shell structure enables the implementation of the dye in two‐contact photoconductivity devices giving rise to a 20‐fold increased photoresponse compared to a reference dye without bithiophene donor moieties.
Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Meets Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization: An Adaptable Strategy for Broadband Light‐Regulated Macromolecular Synthesis
Authors: Jiang Jingjie , Ye Gang , Lorandi Francesca , Liu Zeyu , Liu Yanqi , Hu Tongyang , Chen Jing , Lu Yuexiang , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof
Published: June 2019

The photophysical process of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) is, for the first time, exploited for broadband photon harvesting in photo‐regulated controlled/living radical polymerization. Efficient macromolecular synthesis was achieved under illumination with light wavelengths extending from the visible to the near‐infrared regions. Plasmonic Ag nanostructures were in situ generated on Ag3PO4 photocatalysts in a reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) system, thereby promoting polymerization of various monomers following a LSPR‐mediated electron transfer mechanism. Owing to the LSPR‐enhanced broadband photon harvesting, high monomer conversion (>99 %) was achieved under natural sunlight within 0.8 h. The deep penetration of NIR light enabled successful polymerization with reaction vessels screened by opaque barriers. Moreover, by trapping active oxygen species generated in the photocatalytic process, polymerization could be implemented without pre‐deoxygenation.
Highly Selective and Catalytic Oxygenations of C−H and C=C Bonds by a Mononuclear Nonheme High‐Spin Iron(III)‐Alkylperoxo Species
Authors: Ghosh Ivy , Banerjee Sridhar , Paul Satadal , Corona Teresa , Paine Tapan Kanti
Published: June 2019

The reactivity of a mononuclear high‐spin iron(III)‐alkylperoxo intermediate [FeIII(t‐BuLUrea)(OOCm)(OH2)]2+(2), generated from [FeII(t‐BuLUrea)(H2O)(OTf)](OTf) (1) [t‐BuLUrea=1,1′‐(((pyridin‐2‐ylmethyl)azanediyl)bis(ethane‐2,1‐diyl))bis(3‐(tert‐butyl)urea), OTf=trifluoromethanesulfonate] with cumyl hydroperoxide (CmOOH), toward the C−H and C=C bonds of hydrocarbons is reported.2oxygenates the strong C−H bonds of aliphatic substrates with high chemo‐ and stereoselectivity in the presence of 2,6‐lutidine. While2itself is a sluggish oxidant, 2,6‐lutidine assists the heterolytic O−O bond cleavage of the metal‐bound alkylperoxo, giving rise to a reactive metal‐based oxidant. The roles of the urea groups on the supporting ligand, and of the base, in directing the selective and catalytic oxygenation of hydrocarbon substrates by2are discussed.
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of cytotoxicity, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and cutaneous wound healing properties of gold nanoparticles produced via a green chemistry synthesis using Gundelia tournefortii L. as a capping and reducing agent
Authors: Zhaleh Mohsen , Zangeneh Akram , Goorani Samaneh , Seydi Niloofar , Zangeneh Mohammad Mahdi , Tahvilian Reza , Pirabbasi Elham
Published: June 2019

The exploitation of various plant materials for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles is considered a green technology because it does not involve any harmful chemicals. The aim of the experiment was chemical characterization and evaluation of cytotoxicity, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and cutaneous wound healing activities of gold nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Gundelia tournefortii L. leaves (AuNPs@GT). These nanoparticles were characterized by fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), and UV–visible spectroscopy. DPPH free radical scavenging test was done to assess the antioxidant properties, which indicated similar antioxidant potentials for AuNPs@GT and butylated hydroxytoluene. Agar diffusion tests were applied to determine the antibacterial and antifungal characteristics. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) were specified by macro‐broth dilution assay. AuNPs@GT indicated higher antibacterial and antifungal effects than all standard antibiotics (p ≤ 0.01). Also, AuNPs@GT inhibited the growth of all bacteria and fungi and removed them at 2‐4 mg/mL concentrations (p ≤ 0.01). In vivo experiment, after creating the cutaneous wound, the rats were randomly divided into six groups: untreated control, treatment with Eucerin basal ointment, treatment with 3% tetracycline ointment, treatment with 0.2% HAuCl4 ointment, treatment with 0.2% G. tournefortii ointment, and treatment with 0.2% AuNPs@GT ointment. These groups were treated for 10 days. For histopathological and biochemical analysis of the healing trend, a 3 × 3 cm section was prepared from all dermal thicknesses at day 10. Use of AuNPs@GT ointment in the treatment groups substantially reduced (p ≤ 0.01) the wound area, total cells, neutrophil, and lymphocyte and remarkably raised (p ≤ 0.01) the wound contracture, hydroxyl proline, hexosamine, hexuronic acid, fibrocyte, fibroblast, and fibrocytes/fibroblast rate compared to other groups. The synthesized AuNPs@GT had great cell viability dose‐dependently (Investigating the effect of the plant on HUVEC cell line) and revealed this method was nontoxic. The results showed that the leave aqueous extract of G. tournefortii is very good bioreductant in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles for treatment of bacterial, fungal, and skin diseases.
The Effect of Selected Risk Factors on Perioperative Pressure Injury Development
Authors: Celik Buket , Karayurt Özgül , Ogce Filiz
Published: June 2019

Patients undergoing operative and other invasive procedures are at high risk for developing pressure injuries. This study aimed to determine the incidence of perioperative pressure injuries in patients who underwent procedures lasting two hours or more in Turkey and the risk factors that affect the development of pressure injuries. Data were collected during the perioperative period. The incidence of perioperative pressure injuries was 40.4%. The results of univariate logistic regression analysis showed that intraoperative vasopressor use, skin turgor, and diastolic blood pressure less than or equal to 60 mm Hg were significantly related to the development of pressure injuries. There was no significant difference between patients who developed pressure injuries and patients who did not when comparing their preoperative Braden Scale scores. Perioperative nurses should assess each patient for pressure injury risk and perform interventions to prevent pressure injuries during each stage of the patient's perioperative course.
Intraoperative Neuromonitoring: Principles and Considerations for Perioperative Nurses
Authors: Roth Michael , Rakers Leah
Published: June 2019

Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) is a method used to warn the surgeon of impending neurological damage while it can still be corrected, ideally preventing a permanent neurological deficit in the surgical patient. It was originally used in neurosurgery, but now also applies to other surgical specialties. Comprehensive monitoring of a patient's neurological status requires using a variety of approaches. The IONM tests most frequently used in the OR are somatosensory evoked potentials; transcranial electrical motor evoked potentials; electromyography, including cranial nerve monitoring; and electroencephalography. With its increased use during a variety of operative and other invasive procedures, most perioperative nurses will be exposed to IONM at some point in their careers. This article provides perioperative nurses with a basic understanding of IONM, including the framework, purpose, associated terminology, and nursing implications.
One‐step synthesis of hydrophilic graphene‐Fe3O4‐PVA composite film: Micromorphology and performance
Authors: Wang Pengjun , Zhang Mengyi , Liu Yang , Wang Liqiu , Lv Qiulan , Xu Daxing , Liu Xiu , Wang Guangtao , Yang Wan , Wang Pengchen , Yu Tengbo , Xing Shichao
Published: June 2019

Multifunctional polymers have wide applications in smart materials. In this study, the multifunctional polymer (hydrophilic graphene‐Fe3O4‐PVA, GFP composite films) were synthesized by mixing with hydrophilic graphene (HG), ferrous ammonium sulfate, and ferric chloride in PVA solution through one‐pot coprecipitation method. GFP composite films were characterized by XRD, FT‐IR. Their morphology and particle size of Fe3O4 in GFP composite film were observed by TEM, SEM, and AFM. The results indicated that the morphology of Fe3O4 in GFP could be modulated from sphere shape to rod structure by the loading quantity of HG. Besides, many properties of GFP composite films were investigated. Firstly, GFP composite films demonstrated the fast magnetic response and high thermal stability. Secondly, the introduction of HG not only simultaneously enhanced the stiffness and ductility of GFP composite films, but also improved their flame retarding performance. Finally, HG regulating effect for the morphology of Fe3O4 in GFP and improvement mechanism of HG for mechanical performance of GFP composite films were illustrated. Both of them might be contributed to the hydrogen bonds effect among Fe3O4, PVA, and HG. Thus, these multifunctional GFP composite films can be applicable as the basis of fabricating smart materials in different fields. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48174.
Set stabilization of boolean networks via sampled‐data control
Authors: Sun Liangjie , Lu Jianquan , Lou Jungang , Li Lulu
Published: June 2019

The paper investigates the sampled‐data state feedback control (SDSFC) for set stabilization of Boolean control networks (BCNs). Set stabilization means that a system converges to a subset of the state space under certain controllers. Assume that the given subset is
, where
and sampling period is τ. We consider two conditions q  ≤  τ;q  >  τ and for any given subset
, calculate the corresponding largest control invariant subset (LCIS). Moreover, a design procedure to calculate all possible SDSFCs for set stabilization of BCNs is obtained. Ultimately, we provide an example to demonstrate the efficiency of the results.
Enhanced electrochemiluminescence from reduced graphene oxide–CdTe quantum dots for highly selective determination of copper ion
Authors: Hu Fang Xin , Wang Juanli , Chen Shihong , Rao Qianghai
Published: June 2019

An electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor based on reduced graphene oxide–CdTe quantum dots (RGO–CdTe QDs) composites for detecting copper ion (Cu2+) was proposed. The ECL behaviours of the RGO–CdTe QD modified electrode were investigated with H2O2 as the co‐reactant. Quantitative detection of Cu2+ was realized as Cu2+ could effectively quench the ECL signal of the RGO–CdTe QDs. A wide linear range of 1.00 × 10−14 to 1.00 × 10−4 M (R = 0.9953) was obtained under optimized conditions, and a detection limit (S/N = 3) was achieved of as low as 3.33 × 10−15 M. The proposed sensor also exhibited good stability and selectivity for the detection of copper ions. Finally, the analytical application of the proposed sensor was also evaluated using river water.
UPLC–Q‐TOF/MS characterization of efficacy substances on osteoblasts differentiation and function in rat serum after administration of Wang‐Bi tablet
Authors: Wang Huijun , Guan Yunyun , Wu Ruoming , Lv Xing , Shen Xiaoyan , Ye Guan
Published: June 2019

Wang‐Bi tablet (WB) is popularly used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. However, few studies have been carried out on its active ingredients and mechanism. In this study, the effect of WB medicated serum on the changes in differentiation and function in osteoblast was investigated, the results showed that WB induced the production of ALP and mineralized nodules to promote the final maturation of osteoblasts and enhance the function of osteoblasts. The potential mechanism may that WB significantly inhibits gene expressions of RANKL and miR‐141, up‐regulates the gene expressions of RUNX2 and OPG, decreases expression of DKK‐1 and increases levels of β‐catenin protein to promote the activation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathways, which enhances osteogenesis and bone repair function. To investigate which compounds contributed to the activity and mechanisms, a total of 138 compounds were characterized from WB, and 13 parent molecules and eight metabolites in rat serum were rapidly characterized by UPLC–Q‐TOF/MS. Total glycosides of paeony, loganin, α‐linolenic acid, linoleic acid and naringin from WB may contribute to the actions on osteoblasts according to our study and literature review. Our research provides a method to explore the bioactive ingredients and action mechanisms of WB.
Business strategy for sustainable development: Impact of life cycle inventory and life cycle impact assessment steps in supply chain design and planning
Authors: Elias Mota Bruna Alexandra , Cerqueira de Sousa Gouveia Carvalho Ana Isabel , Azevedo Rodrigues Gomes Maria Isabel , Ferreira Dias Barbosa‐Povoa Ana Paula
Published: June 2019

Sustainability reporting has become a central instrument in displaying a company's strategy and engagement with a more sustainable society. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is an important tool in this context as it is aimed to analyze the entire life cycle of the product/service, instead of focusing on one focal firm. However, the lack of standardized guidelines in its application raises questions regarding the usefulness and validity of results. This study contributes to the improvement of sustainability reporting through the identification of the uncertainty sources in life cycle methodologies that have the biggest impact in the definition of business and environmental strategies, exploring a supply chain‐oriented analysis. The focus is on life cycle inventory (LCI) and life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). A multiobjective optimization‐based methodology is applied to a supply chain case study in the pulp and paper industry. Environmental and economic objectives are considered. Results show that different LCIA methods and different normalization data sets result in significantly different business and environmental strategies. However, different system models and cultural perspectives at the LCI step and variations in the characterization factors tend to lead to the same decisions. Important insights are gained regarding the impact of nonstandardized analysis of the application of LCA in supply chain design and planning decisions and consequently on business strategy definition and sustainability reporting. Furthermore, the importance of operations research methods to improve LCA‐based studies and of bridging the gap between LCA and supply chain management bodies of knowledge is highlighted in this work.
Telomere length in cervical exfoliated cells, interaction with HPV genotype, and cervical cancer occurrence among high‐risk HPV‐positive women
Authors: Chen Xiaojun , Wei Sun , Ma Hongxia , Jin Guangfu , Hu Zhibin , Suping Han , Li Dake , Hang Dong , Wu Xiaohua , Li Ni
Published: June 2019

Background

Although high‐risk human papillomavirus (HR‐HPV) infection is recognized as the main cause of cervical cancer, only a minority of HPV‐infected women develop this malignancy. Increasing evidence suggests that alterations of telomere length might be implicated in carcinogenesis. However, the association between cervical cancer and telomere length remains unknown.

Methods

This case‐control study included 591 cervical cancer patients and 373 cancer‐free controls, all of whom were infected with HR‐HPV. Relative telomere length (RTL) in cervical cancer exfoliated cells was measured by quantitative PCR. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by logistic regression analysis.

Results

HPV16, 18, 52, and 58 were common in both case and control groups. The proportion of HPV16 infection tended to increase across the quartiles of RTL (Ptrend < 0.001). There was no statistically significant association of RTL with tumor differentiation, histological type, and FIGO stage. After adjustment for age and HPV types, the lowest quartile of RTL presented a 49% lower risk (OR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.35, 0.76; P < 0.001) than those with the highest quartile of RTL. There was also a dose‐response relationship of shorter RTL on lower risk of cervical cancer (Ptrend < 0.001).

Conclusion

Shortened telomere length in cervical exfoliated cells was related to the lower risk of cervical cancer among HR‐HPV‐positive women, which might help to improve cervical cancer screening and surveillance. Further prospective studies with large sample should be designed to validate our preliminary findings, and evaluate the potential efficacy of telomere length for cervical cancer screening.
Identity, representations, religion, and apologizing for past wrongdoings: Muslim discourse about Indonesia's 1965–66 massacres of communists
Authors: Putra Idhamsyah Eka , Wagner Wolfgang , Rufaedah Any , Holtz Peter
Published: June 2019

Since 1965, in Indonesia, people labelled as communists and their descendants have been mistreated. Recently, there has been an issue to apologize to them, but up until now, no official apology has been offered by the Indonesian government. The present study aims to understand how communism is perceived in Indonesia and why communism attributes labelled to a person can lead to negative effects, such as social exclusions. We interviewed 23 Muslims living in Jakarta (i.e., majority group) and used a thematic analysis to organize and describe the data. We found that Muslims who see communists as non‐believers view communist members as dangerous and a threat for the unity of the Republic of Indonesia. Among participants with such beliefs, the past maltreatments to accused communists are justified and legitimate; any apology toward the victims is considered not needed. The findings are discussed in the context of collective blaming and group essentialization, and ways to solve the problems are suggested.
Multilayer feature descriptors fusion CNN models for fine‐grained visual recognition
Authors: Hou Yong , Luo Hangzai , Zhao Wanqing , Zhang Xiang , Wang Jun , Peng Jinye
Published: June 2019

Fine‐grained image classification is a challenging topic in the field of computer vision. General models based on first‐order local features cannot achieve acceptable performance because the features are not so efficient in capturing fine‐grained difference. A bilinear convolutional neural network (CNN) model exhibits that a second‐order statistical feature is more efficient in capturing fine‐grained difference than a first‐order local feature. However, this framework only considers the extraction of a second‐order feature descriptor, using a single convolutional layer. The potential effective classification features of other convolutional layers are ignored, resulting in loss of recognition accuracy. In this paper, a multilayer feature descriptors fusion CNN model is proposed. It fully considers the second‐order feature descriptors and the first‐order local feature descriptor generated by different layers. Experimental verification was carried out on fine‐grained classification benchmark data sets, CUB‐200‐2011, Stanford Cars, and FGVC‐aircraft. Compared with the bilinear CNN model, the proposed method has improved accuracy by 0.8%, 1.1%, and 5.5%. Compared with the compact bilinear pooling model, there is an accuracy increase of 0.64%, 1.63%, and 1.45%, respectively. In addition, the proposed model effectively uses multiple 1×1 convolution kernels to reduce dimension. The experimental results show that the multilayer low‐dimensional second‐order feature descriptors fusion model has comparable recognition accuracy of the original model.
Image‐based authoring of herd animations
Authors: Ecormier‐Nocca Pierre , Pettré Julien , Memari Pooran , Cani Marie‐Paule
Published: June 2019

Animating herds of animals while achieving both convincing global shapes and plausible distributions within the herd is difficult, using simulation methods. In this work, we allow users to rely on photos of real herds, which are widely available, for keyframing their animation. More precisely, we learn global and local distribution features in each photo of the input set (which may depict different numbers of animals) and transfer them to the group of animals to be animated, thanks to a new statistical learning method enabling to analyze distributions of ellipses, as well as their density and orientation fields. The animated herd reconstructs the desired distribution at each keyframe while avoiding obstacles. As our results show, our method offers both high‐level user control and help toward realism, enabling to easily author herd animations.
A computational approach for spider web‐inspired fabrication of string art
Authors: Je Seungwoo , Abileva Yekaterina , Bianchi Andrea , Bazin Jean‐Charles
Published: June 2019

Creating objects with threads is commonly referred to as string art. It is typically a manual, tedious work reserved for skilled artists. In this paper, we investigate how to automatically fabricate string art pieces from one single continuous thread in such a way that it looks like an input image. The proposed system consists of a thread connection optimization algorithm and a custom‐made fabrication machine. It allows casual users to create their own personalized string art pieces in a fully automatic manner. Quantitative and qualitative evaluations demonstrated our system can create visually appealing results.
Human Fatty Acid Synthase: A Computational Study of the Transfer of the Acyl Moieties from MAT to the ACP Domain
Authors: Paiva Pedro , Sousa Sérgio F. , Fernandes Pedro A. , João Ramos Maria
Published: June 2019

Human Fatty Acid Synthase (hFAS) is a multidomain enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of saturated fatty acids, which are crucial for numerous biological processes. During the biosynthetic reaction, hFAS incorporates acetyl and malonyl moieties through the action of its malonyl‐acetyl transferase (MAT) domain. These precursor molecules are transferred from CoA to the acyl‐carrier protein (ACP) domain by a two‐stage ping‐pong catalytic mechanism. The first stage, during which the acyl moieties are relocated from CoA to the MAT domain, has been elucidated in a previous work of ours. In this study, we employ QM/MM calculations at the DLPNO‐CCSD(T)/CBS:AMBER level of theory to understand the catalytic machinery behind the transfer of the acyl moieties from MAT to the ACP domain. The results show that the acyl transfer to the ACP's phosphopantetheine (PNS) occurs in two sequential events: Step 3) asynchronous concerted reaction that combines the deprotonation of the PNS's thiol group and the nucleophilic attack on the acyl‐Ser581 ester carbon; Step 4) tetrahedral intermediate breakdown and regeneration of the catalytic Ser581/His683 dyad. The energy barriers of these two steps are inferior to those reported for the first catalytic stage, suggesting that the rate‐limiting step of the MAT mechanism lies on Stage 1, particularly on the concerted nucleophilic attack that starts the reaction. The oxyanion hole, formed by the backbone amines of Met499 and Leu582, was reported to transiently stabilize the tetrahedral intermediate and to play a favorable catalytic effect on the overall MAT reaction, particularly through the reduction of the energetic span. The knowledge gathered in this work complements previous experimental and theoretical studies and instigates further investigations that explore the therapeutic potential of hFAS.
Electroorganic Synthesis and the Construction of Addressable Molecular Surfaces
Authors: Yeh Nai‐Hua , Zhu Yu , Moeller Kevin D.
Published: June 2019

In this Minireview, an electroorganic synthesis approach to the construction of addressable, complex molecular surfaces is described along with the parameters that guided the development of that synthetic approach. The result of the work is a synthetic toolbox that will allow microelectrode arrays to be used for the “real‐time” monitoring of small molecule interactions with biological targets.
Tensor sequence component analysis for fault detection in dynamic process
Authors: Huang Pengfei , Tao Yang , Song Bing , Shi Hongbo , Tan Shuai
Published: June 2019

For dynamic processes, using sequence information to augment the data can improve fault detection performance. Traditional approaches transform raw data into augmented vectors, which leads to losses in structural information in the variables and increases the data dimension. This paper proposes a novel data dimension reduction algorithm called tensor sequence component analysis (TSCA) and applies it to dynamic process fault detection. The algorithm extends each sample into a matrix comprising current and past process data, and simultaneously reduces the dimensions of time delay and the variables for feature extraction, solving the problem of the curse of dimensionality. For the dimension reduction of time delay, in order to extract similar information from the samples, each sample is reconstructed with time neighbourhoods. For the dimension reduction of the variables, considering the information of different variables variance information of the latent variables is maximized for feature extraction. Finally, a numerical example and the Tennessee Eastman process are used to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method.
Beta‐carotene production within Dunaliella salina cells under salt stress condition in an indoor hybrid helical‐tubular photobioreactor
Authors: Hashemi Ali , Moslemi Monire , Pajoum Shariati Farshid , Delavari Amrei Hossein
Published: June 2019

For the cultivation of Dunaliella salina (a green unicellular eukaryote photosynthetic microalga), a 20 L indoor helical‐tubular photobioreactor was designed. The inner diameter and the thickness of the PU (polyurethane) tube were 12 and 2 mm, respectively, and its length was 75 m. An open pond was located on the top of the PBR structure and a pump circulated the culture medium from the pond to the tubes. Another part of the tube was connected to an airlift column (which was connected to the bottom of the pond), and the culture medium completed its circulation by moving from the airlift column that connected the closed system (tubular) to the open system (open pond). Eight LED lamps with 10 000 lx were set around the tube and a 2000 lx LED was adjusted on the top of the pond. The culture salinity within the PBR was 1 mol L−1 and four intermittent steps of 0.5 mol L−1 salt stresses were injected into the culture medium. The highest beta‐carotene production within this hybrid helical‐tubular PBR was 4.85 µg of beta‐carotene per mg of dry weight of microalgae at 2.5 mol L−1 salinity.
Programmed death–ligand 1 expression on direct Pap‐stained cytology smears from non–small cell lung cancer: Comparison with cell blocks and surgical resection specimens
Authors: Lozano Maria D. , Abengozar‐Muela Marta , Echeveste José I. , Subtil José Carlos , Bertó Juan , Gúrpide Alfonso , Calvo Alfonso , de Andrea Carlos E.
Published: June 2019

Background

Programmed death–ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression, as assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC), is used to select patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) for anti‐programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1)/PD‐L1 therapy. The current study evaluated the feasibility and efficacy of PD‐L1 immunostaining and quantitation on direct Papanicolaou‐stained cytological smears compared with formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded samples (cytological cell blocks and surgical resection specimens) in NSCLC cases using 2 commercially available assays: the PD‐L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx assay (Agilent Technologies/Dako, Carpinteria, CA, USA) and the Ventana SP263 Assay (Ventana Medical Systems Inc, Tucson, Arizona).

Methods

PD‐L1 immunostaining using either both or one of the assays was tested in 117 sets of paired samples obtained from 62 NSCLC cases. The tumor proportion score was reported in every case following the recommendations of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC).

Results

In 57 sets of samples, both PD‐L1 assays were used. Due to the availability of samples, only 1 assay was performed in 3 sets of samples and in 2 cases, only cytology smears were used and tested for both assays. A total of 113 sets of paired samples finally were evaluated; 4 cases could not be studied due to intense nonspecific background staining. A significant concordance between the 2 assays on cytological smears was found. Concordance between paired cytological smears and formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded samples was observed in 97.3% of the cases.

Conclusions

The quantification of PD‐L1 expression on direct Papanicolaou‐stained cytology smears is feasible and reliable for both PD‐L1 assays.
HPV testing through p16 immunocytochemistry in neck‐mass FNA and its correlation with tissue samples
Authors: Yang Zhongbo , Gomez‐Fernandez Carmen , Lora Gonzalez Manuel , Esebua Magda , Kerr Darcy A.
Published: June 2019

Background

Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) of a neck mass is frequently the initial diagnostic procedure for patients with human papillomavirus–positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. By performing a p16 immunocytochemistry (ICC) stain on FNA material, the pathologist can help to direct the treating physician's search for the primary site and to select the proper management for the patient. There is currently no established threshold for the evaluation of p16 ICC in cytology samples. This study was aimed at establishing an optimal threshold for p16 ICC interpretation in cytology samples.

Methods

The pathology databases were searched for all neck‐mass FNAs diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma from January 2010 to March 2019. p16 ICC was performed on cytology smears, and the percentage and intensity of p16‐positive cells were assessed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to determine the best cutoff threshold for p16 positivity on cytology smears.

Results

p16 ICC was performed on 50 cytology smears. An analysis of 8 different thresholds (combinations of the percentage and intensity of the p16 stain) using ROC curves demonstrated the best threshold to be 50% p16 staining with a sensitivity of 74% and a specificity of 100%. Applying the threshold used for surgical specimens (70%) to cytology samples resulted in a low sensitivity (45%).

Conclusions

p16 ICC on cytology smears shows diminished staining in comparison with surgical samples. Using 50% staining as the cutoff to consider positivity for p16 in cytology smears is proposed to decrease false‐negative results while maintaining specificity.
Enhance packet transmission using improved channel assignment in wireless mess network
Authors: Sathyasri B. , Ganesh E.N. , Senthilkumar P.
Published: June 2019

An efficient technique called channel Assignment (CA) is used to exploit the multiple non‐overlapping channels that improves capacity and decreases intervention in the wireless mesh network. Although it can reduce total network interference, there may be certain design issues by which network performance can be unfair. For maximizing the usage of wireless LAN network spectrum in these environments, many studies have discovered how to use the complete spectrum while transferring the data via mesh network. The proposed paper elaborates about the Enhanced Traffic‐Aware Channel Assignment Protocol. This protocol helps the mesh nodes present in the large‐scale mesh networks to assign the channels.
Development of in‐house materials for the verification of specific gravity measurements: Homogeneity, stability, and proficiency studies
Authors: Velasco‐Bejarano Benjamín , Mercado Karina , Camacho Evangelina , Rodríguez Leonardo , Gómez‐Pliego Raquel , Méndez Eradio A.
Published: June 2019

We developed and evaluated the properties of in‐house urine reference materials for the verification of laboratory refractometers, which are frequently used in clinical chemistry and doping testing laboratories. Urine was gathered from 26 healthy volunteers (16 male 30 ± 5 years old and 10 female 29 ± 4 years old), from which two urine batches were obtained: one with a low specific gravity (1.012± 0.003) and the other with a high specific gravity (1.027 ± 0.003). Homogeneity studies were conducted over 20 consecutive days. For short‐term stability studies, aliquots of both urine batches were stored at −20 ± 2°C; 3 ± 2°C; 20 ± 2°C; 45 ± 2°C for 0, 2, 7, 14 and 35 days, under both light and dark conditions. Similarly, another study was conducted to measure the long‐term stability of urine at −20 ± 2°C, over a 24‐month evaluation period. Our data showed that the urine was homogeneous and stable at −20 ± 2°C, 3 ± 2°C, 20 ± 2°C, and 45 ± 2°C under both light and dark conditions. In all cases, the urine was evaluated by specific gravity and no statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were recorded. Additionally, a proficiency test was conducted in collaboration with 15 ISO/IEC 17025 accredited laboratories, and z‐scores and performance factors were evaluated. These data indicate that this material could be used for the verification of refractometers.
Site‐Specific Synthesis of β‐Fluorinated γ‐Butyrolactams via Decarboxylative Fluorination of β‐Carboxyl‐γ‐Butyrolactams
Authors: Phae‐nok Supasorn , Pohmakotr Manat , Kuhakarn Chutima , Reutrakul Vichai , Soorukram Darunee
Published: June 2019

Monofluorinated cyclic nitrogen‐containing compounds are synthetically useful scaffolds in organic synthesis and medicinal applications. In this report, AgNO3 mediated decarboxylative fluorination of β‐carboxyl‐γ‐butyrolactams using Selectfluor® as a fluorine source was described to achieve a site‐specific synthesis of β‐fluorinated γ‐butyrolactams.
Antimicrobial activity of three essential oils (cinnamon, manuka, and winter savory), and their synergic interaction, against Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Fratini Filippo , Mancini Simone , Turchi Barbara , Sparagni Daniele , Al‐Gwad Alaa Abd , Najar Basma , Pistelli Luisa , Cerri Domenico , Pedonese Francesca
Published: June 2019

Essential oils (EOs) are categorized as having antimicrobial, insecticidal, and antioxidant activities. For their antibacterial activity, EOs are widely studied as alternatives to antibiotics in human and veterinary medicines. The inhibitory and bactericidal activities of three EOs (Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Leptospermum scoparium, and Satureja montana) were determined against Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644. The chemical compositions of the EOs were determined through gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Essential oils were tested alone or in binary and ternary combinations for both their inhibitory and their bactericidal activities. Binary and ternary mixtures were tested through a chequerboard assay, and thus fractional inhibitory and fractional bactericidal concentration indices were obtained in relation to the activity of each EO alone. The chemical composition of each EO had different percentages of the main classes of compounds. EOs showed high levels of monoterpenes (hydrocarbons and oxygenated), sesquiterpenes (hydrocarbons and oxygenated), and phenylpropanoids for winter savory, manuka, and cinnamon, respectively. Several synergistic activities against Listeria monocytogenes were demonstrated in binary and ternary mixtures of the EOs. Mixtures of the EOs tested showed potential for use as antibacterial products; moreover, because of the synergistic activities the mixtures could be used in lower quantities than individual EOs on their own.
Participatory mapping and food‐centred justice in informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Ahmed Sohel , Haklay Mordechai (Muki) , Tacoli Cecilia , Githiri Grace , Dávila Julio D. , Allen Adriana , Fèvre Eric M.
Published: June 2019

Food vendors are pivotal in the local food system of most low‐income informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya, despite being seen as an obstruction and as agents of disease and filth by city authorities. This paper explores the geography of these foodscapes – defined as public sites of food production and consumption – in selected low‐income settlements in Nairobi, focusing on the interaction of food vendors with their surrounding environment and infrastructure services. The research uses participatory geographic information system tools, including food mapping with mobile apps and high‐resolution community aerial views with balloon mapping, to capture and contextualise local knowledge. The community mappers collected data on 660 vendors from 18 villages in Kibera, Mathare, and Mukuru, and situated them on multi‐layered synoptic geographic overviews for each settlement. The resulting data on hazardous areas in relation to food spaces and infrastructure provision allowed local communities to prioritise areas for regular clean‐up activities and assisted advocacy to improve these places in cooperation with local authorities. These multiple visual representations of foodscapes make local food vendors, and the risks they face, visible for the first time. Reframing their “right to safe food and environment” from a social and environmental justice perspective allows local communities to put their experiences, knowledge, and challenges faced at the forefront of urban development planning, policy, and practice.
Intercomparison of soil pore water extraction methods for stable isotope analysis and interpretation of hillslope runoff sources
Authors: Orlowski Natalie , Pratt Dyan L. , McDonnell Jeffrey J.
Published: June 2019

Intercomparison of soil pore water extraction methods for stable isotope analysis has been a focus of recent studies in relation to plant source waters, which found a wide isotopic variance depending on the extraction method. Few studies have yet explored extraction effects for mobile pore waters that relate to hillslope runoff. This is because it is extremely difficult in natural systems to control the boundary conditions in order to assess and compare impacts of pore water extraction on resulting hillslope flow. With our new semicontrolled experiments on outdoor mini‐hillslopes, we studied mixing and runoff processes by means of stable isotopes of water and quantified relations between pore water extraction methods. We tested the null hypothesis that nondestructive and destructive pore water sampling methods sample the same soil water pool. Three hillslopes were mounted on load cells, filled with loamy sand textured soils from the Landscape Evolution Observatoryat Biosphere 2, equipped with soil moisture and temperature sensors, a bottom outflow, and a surface runoff gauge for isotope sampling. We followed the precipitation isotopic composition over and through the soil profile. One hillslope was instrumented with suction cups, on the second we installed sampling ports for in‐situ soil water vapour measurements, and the third hillslope was sampled destructively for applying the centrifugation and vapour equilibrium methods. All hillslopes were sampled at four depths (0–10, 10–20, 20–30, and 30–40 cm) at three different downslope positions.2H and18O analyses were performed via laser spectroscopy. We found no isotopic differences between rainfall, surface runoff, and bottom outflow. The in situ vapour ports' soil isotope data showed the widest spread over all hillslope positions and depths. Centrifugation's and suction cups' isotope results plotted closest to the local meteoric water line and within the range of hillslope runoff and bottom outflow data. Hillslope position did not influence the soil isotope results. These results suggest caution be used in the field when selecting an extraction technique for matching soil waters to runoff waters. Soil suction lysimeters and centrifugation appeared to be the most appropriate tools in this regard.
STYLE ROTATION IN THE ASTERACEAE
Authors: Robinson Harold
Published: June 2019

The style of the Asteraceae varies in the direction of its branching. In examples studied in the subfamily Asteroideae the disk flowers or flowers of homogamous heads have style branches diverging radially to the center of the head. In that subfamily, the style branches in the ray flowers are usually tangentially directed in the Heliantheae, Inuleae and Senecioneae, and are radially directed in the Astereae and Anthemideae. In examples studied in the subfamily Cichorioideae, the Lactuceae and Vernonieae have tangential style branches in all flowers, Carduus of the Cardueae has styles all radial, they vary in the Liabeae, and they have a Helianthean pattern in Haplocarpha of the Arctoteae. It seems significant that tribes with basically different style orientations in the ray and disk flowers of the same head are usually tribes where many members have sterile gynoecia in either the rays or the disk.
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR ESTABLISHING TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS FROM MEASUREMENT DATA
Authors: Almeida M. T. , Bisby F. A.
Published: June 2019

A simple method is described for defining multi‐state taxonomic characters from measurement data. Bar diagrams are used to observe the pattern of variation of the measurements both within and between the units to be classified. The method gives definitions which are superior to arbitrary subdivisions of the range both in revealing taxonomic correlations and in reducing the effects of sampling error.
EXCLUSIONS FROM SAMYDA JACQ. (FLACOURTIACEAE)
Authors: Kiger Robert W.
Published: June 2019

Supplementing a forthcoming revision of Samyda Jacq., this article accounts for 56 names that are excluded from the genus as now circumscribed. Entries include typifications and taxonomic dispositions, where possible, as well as pertinent synonymy and discussion. Other generic names involved are: (in Flacourtiaceae) Anavinga, Athanaea, Bigelowia, Casearia, Casinga, Clasta, Guidonia, Iroucana, Laetia, Melistaurum, Pitumba, Valentinia and Zuelania; (in Meliaceae) Guarea, Melia and Trichilia; (in Nyctaginaceae) Calpidia and Pisonia.
THE CORRECT NAME FOR THE SHADDOCK, CITRUS MAXIMA, NOT C. GRANDIS (RUTACEAE)
Authors: Scora Rainer W. , Nicolson Dan H.
Published: June 2019

Citrus maxima and C. grandis are both currently used for the shaddock or pummelo. Although C. grandis (L.) Osbeck is more frequently used, C. maxima (J. Burman) Merrill is correct under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.
TYPIFICATION OF SOME ORTHOTRICHACEOUS NAMES PUBLISHED BY G. VENTURI (ORTHOTRICHACEAE: BRYOPSIDA)
Authors: Vitt Dale H. , Nimis Pier‐Luigi
Published: June 2019

Gustavo Venturi (1830‐1898) wrote 20 articles on the taxonomy of the moss genus Orthotrichum. In these papers, as well as in contributions of new taxa to papers by prominent bryologists of his era, he described 19 species, 3 subspecies, and 48 varieties. Included in these new taxa, were plants from Australasia, North America, the Himalayas, the Caucasus, and Europe. His herbarium at Trento (TR) has not been available for study since his death. This paper presents typification of the names of the most important of Venturi's taxa, including 18 species, one subspecies and seven varieties.
LECTOTYPIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF CLEMATIS ORIENTALIS L. (RANUNCULACEAE)
Authors: Brandenburg W. A. , van der Neut A. , Jarvis C. E.
Published: June 2019

A lectotype for Clematis orientalis L. has been designated: “Flammula scandens, apii folio glauco”. Dill. Elth. 144, t. 119, f. 145 (1732). The typotype has been based on specimen 2868 of the Dillenian Herbarium of the Hortus Elthamensis (OXF).

We consider the sources of the Euphrates and the surroundings of Erzurum (Turkey) as the type locality of this species. A description, based on specimens collected from natural sites, is presented.
TYPIFICATION OF SEVEN LINNAEAN NAMES IN THE GENUS LACTUCA L. (COMPOSITAE: LACTUCEAE)
Authors: de Vries I. M. , Jarvis C. E.
Published: June 2019

The status and typification of five species names and two varieties described by Linnaeus in Lactuca, are discussed. Six new lectotypes are designated; one by material at LINN, one by a van Royen specimen in L, three in the Burser Herbarium (UPS), and one plate of Bauhin (L. scariola). An existing typification for Lactuca serriola is discussed.
Disposal of Phytelephas macrocarpa and P. microcarpa (Arecaceae)
Authors: Barfod Anders S.
Published: June 2019

Barfod, A. S.: Disposal of Phytelephas macrocarpa and P. microcarpa (Arecaceae). ‐ Taxon 40: 103–11. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Phytelephas macrocarpa and P. microcarpa (Arecaceae), described by Ruiz & Pavón from Peru, are lectotypified and their identities discussed. Ruiz's and Pavón's itineraries in the foothills of the Peruvian Andes and adjacent lowlands are reconstructed on modern maps. Some localities mentioned in Ruiz & Pavón's “Systema” are discussed.
Index hepaticarum supplementum: 1984–1985
Authors: Engel John J.
Published: June 2019

Engel, J. J.: Index hepaticarum supplementum: 1984–1985. ‐ Taxon 41: 253–306. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

In this Supplement, there are 313 new taxa, 423 new combinations (including changes in rank), and 23 new names.
E. J. H. Corner's mycological material transferred to E
Authors: Watling Roy
Published: June 2019

Watling, R.: E. J. H. Corner's mycological material transferred to E. – Taxon 46: 366. 1997. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Prof E. J. H. Corner's mycological material has been transferred to the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland, U.K.
Herbarium of M. P. Graells (1809‐1898) discovered in the Real Colegio Alfonso XII of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Madrid, Spain
Authors: Carrasco María Andrea , García Alfonso , Perea Domingo , Martín‐Blanco Carlos José
Published: June 2019

Carrasco, M. A., García, A., Perea, D. & Martín‐Blanco, C. J.: Herbarium of M. P. Graells (1809‐1898) discovered in the Real Colegio Alfonso XII of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Madrid, Spain. – Taxon 46: 367‐370. 1997. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The discovery of the herbarium of Mariano de la Paz Graells in San Lorenzo de El Escorial is reported. This herbarium, of C. 17,000 specimens, was donated to the Gabinete of natural sciences of the Real Colegio Alfonso XII by Graells at the end of the 19th century. Its principal contents, by collectors [or donors] of the plants, are summarized.
The 18th Century herbaria of Gaetano Monti's students in Bologna and Cracow
Authors: Mossetti Umberto , Zemanek Alicja
Published: June 2019

Mossetti, U. & Zemanek, A.: The 18th Century herbaria of Gaetano Monti's students in Bologna and Cracow. – Taxon 46: 815‐816. 1997. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Information is presented on the 18th Century teaching herbaria that were gathered about 1770 by students under the guidance of Gaetano Monti, professor at Bologna University, and are preserved in Bologna (BOLO) and Cracow (KRA).