bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CONHECIMENTO ECOLÓGICO TRADICIONAL DOS PESCADORES DA FLORESTA NACIONAL DO AMAPÁ
Authors: Brandão Fernanda Colares , Silva Luis Mauricio Abdon da
Published: July 2018

Traditional ecological knowledge can be defined as an interpretation of the information that the human population accumulates through the relation between the use and dependency established with the natural resources. The National Forest of Amapá (FLONA/AP), State of Amapá, Brazil is a federal conservation unit localized at the central region of the state and holds high land and varzea ecosystems which are well preserved and have great biological importance. Being a sustainable use area, there is a small local population that utilizes its natural resources for survival through traditional activities such as artisanal fishering. This study had the objective of interpret the traditional ecological knowledge of the FLONA/AP fisherman and to conduct the characterization of the fishering activity gathering the information given by the people that develop the activity. The methodological procedures included interviews, questionnaire application and direct observation; also photos were taken of the catch and the artifacts used. Citations of the fisherman were annotated, analyzed and compared to the existing scientific references. This allowed to demonstrate the level of understanding of those people of the environment as well as the resources that they use. It was identified 29 species and 6 etnofamilies grouped by the fisherman and that agree with the taxonomic classification. There was also the description of the atisanal fishering adopted in the area, showing the main characteristics and fish captured. One may conclude that the phrases used by the fisherman to describe the fish behavior are congruent to the ecology studies; besides they arerelevant to the elaboration of the fishery agreements and management plan of the conservation unit.
Gonodal development of the peacock bass  Cichla monoculus (Perciformes: Cichlidae) in the Middle Solimões
Authors: Souza Rosângela Lira de , Silva Daíza Lima da , Valladares Ana Carolina Prado , Rocha Rossineide Martins da , Ferreira Maria Auxiliadora Pantoja , Queiroz Helder Lima de
Published: July 2018

The common peacock bass, Cichla monoculus Spix; Agassiz, 1831, is a Neotropical cichlid native to the Amazon basin. Although it is highly valued for the quality of its flesh and intensely exploited by commercial fishing, representing the fourth most sold fish along the middle Solimões River in terms of landing statistics, little is known of the reproductive characteristics of this species in its natural habitat. The objective of this work was to reveal some morphological and histological aspects of gonadal development for this species. We also wanted to verify the gonadosomatic relation and allometric condition factor, and assess their use as reproductive indicators. Finally, we intended to reveal the fecundity and spawning type for some individuals of this species living in natural environments. In this study 73 females and 72 males of C. monoculus were utilized, from whom data were collected on total weight and total individual length. The gonads were later removed, weighed and macroscopically analyzed. To confirm this analysis tissue slices were taken from tissue cuts from 41 of the gonads. Based on the results of macroscopic and histological analyses five stages of development for females and four for males were identified. The ovaries were classified as immature, maturing, mature, spawned and at rest. The testicles were classified as immature, maturing, mature and spermiated. The females were found to be larger than the males, but the males were heavier. The gonadosomatic relation and the allometric condition factor were not considered good indicators of the reproductive status for this species. The spawning observed was of the total type, presenting an absolute average fecundity of 8,624 mature oocytes. Diameters of the vitellogenic oocytes varied from 1,210 μm to 3,000 μm. The total spawn, which is accompanied by oocytes with large diameters that have a large reserve of vitellus, is a factor that may favor the reproductive success of C. monoculus on the middle Solimões.
Analysis of Undergraduate Pharmacology Written (SAQ) Question of Different Universities in Bangladesh
Authors: Nahar Nurun , Kutubi Afroza , Khan Md Tafazzal Hossain , Banu Layla Afroza , Jahan Israt , Badhon Nazia Mahmud
Published: July 2018

Background: Undergraduate medical education aims at sculpting the future physicians. Knowledge gained from here will help them to act effectively when they will face different medical problem in future. It is necessary to ensure that students learn what is important and thus it is very important to assess them with right question in the examination.Methods: This is a retrospective analytical study involving evaluation of 2nd professional MBBS pharmacology written (SAQ) questions held in four universities (Dhaka, Chittagong, Sylhet shahjalal and Rajshahi) of Bangladesh. Written (SAQ) question from July 2008 to July 2016 were analyzed for content coverage, type of question, educational objectives as per 2002 curriculum.Results: Total 56 written questions were analyzed. Each question contains 24 items SAQ arranged in four groups. On the basis of content coverage chemotherapeutic (19%), CNS (16%), GP (15%) and ANS(10%) are the maximum weightage of content area. Some aspect which are clinically important but less practiced in written examination are GIT, respiratory, renal, hemopoietics, lipid lowering agents and miscellaneous. Though the entire question should be SAQ type but some (4%) portion of question became essay type and short notes (5-10%) also common. Most of the questions were recall (90%) type, problem solving questions only 2%.Conclusion: It can be concluded that assessment instrument should be based on structured guidelines to improve the quality of question. To maintain consistency among different university periodic analysis of written questions, test blue printing and table of specification may be used.J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll, June 2017, Vol.9(1); 13-17
Aetiogical Pattern of Adult Gastric Outlet Obstruction
Authors: Ansary Abdullah Md Abu Ayub , Hossain Muhammad Mofazzal , Foez Syed Abul , Talukdar Md Monoarul Islam , Rahman Mohammad Moshiur , Hassan Mehedi , Mohit Muhammad Tanvir
Published: July 2018

a
Appendicular Endometriosis: A Rare Entity
Authors: Rahman Sumana , Sayeed Shovon , Ahmed Nadim
Published: July 2018

A patient having recurrent right sided lower abdominal pain was admitted as with appendicitis. Laparoscopic appendicectomy was done. On histopatholigical examination it was found to be Endometriosis.J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll, December 2017, Vol.9(2); 83-84
The Role of Chirality and Helicity between d- and l-Valine Optical Lattices
Authors: Li Jingjing , Wang Wenqing , Gong Yan
Published: July 2018

With the aim to investigate the role of chirality and helicity between d- and l-valine crystal lattices under Debye temperature 2–20 K, magnetic field dependence of zero-field and 1, 3 and 5 Tesla on the heat capacity were measured. The heat capacities of d- and l-valine crystals were plotted as Cp vs. T, Cp vs. lnT, Cp/T3 vs. T in the measured temperature. The four Cp/T3 vs. T curves show a split between d- and l-valine from 2 K to 12 K (T << ΘD) which is due to the strength of magnetic fields. It is absent from 12 K to 20 K, which indicates the Schottky anomaly. The Bose–Einstein peak of the (e-p) condensation temperature is 11.20, 11.32, 11.44, 11.46 K for d-valine, and 11.49, 11.59, 11.73, 11.70 K for l-valine, respectively. This finding leads to a zero-field splitting of a broad maximum associated with the Schottky anomaly below the temperature of 12 K which is demonstrated by (e-p) Bose–Einstein condensation through the hydrogen of peptide bond in the alpha helix at zero momentum space onto d- and l-valine optical lattices.
Correction: Wilson, N.G., et al. Tropical Range Extension for the Temperate, Endemic South-Eastern Australian Nudibranch Goniobranchus splendidus (Angas, 1864). Diversity 2016, 8, 16
Authors: Wilson Nerida , Winters Anne , Cheney Karen
Published: July 2018

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...]
Design and Simulation of a Powertrain System for a Fuel Cell Extended Range Electric Golf Car
Authors: Grijalva Edwin R. , López Martínez José María , Flores M. Nuria , Del Pozo Víctor
Published: July 2018

This article analyses the energy behaviour of an electric golf car as the penultimate step to developing a fuel cell electric light-duty vehicle. The configuration used is that of an extended range electric vehicle with a fuel cell (FCEREV). The system includes two energy storage sources to drive the powertrain: the first consists of using energy stored in a lead-acid battery pack and the second consists of hydrogen stored in metal hydrides and its use is based on a 200 W polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) type fuel cell. The type of system also allows charging the vehicle by connecting it to the electrical grid. The aim of the proposed design is to extend the autonomy of the golf car allowing it to make several trips in one day without having to charge it by connecting it to the electrical grid, considering the large amount of time this would take. The analysis of the performance has been set based on the current regulation and is therefore within the range for these types of vehicles. This arrangement extends autonomy by 38% as opposed to the pure EV electrical mode, which allows for making at least two more trips with a hydrogen tank filled with 0.085 kg H2.
Thermal Comfort, Energy and Cost Impacts of PMV Control Considering Individual Metabolic Rate Variations in Residential Building
Authors: Hong Sung Hyup , Lee Jong Man , Moon Jin Woo , Lee Kwang Ho
Published: July 2018

To date, most of the indoor environment control is based on the dry-bulb air temperature, which is one of the simplified control methods having the limitation to truly represent the thermal comfort of individual occupants. A variety of factors affect the thermal comfort such as dry-bulb air temperature, humidity, air movement, radiation, clothing insulation, and metabolic activity level. In this circumstance, this study investigated the effects of considering hourly metabolic rate variations for predicted mean vote (PMV) control on the actual thermal load, energy usage, and life cycle cost (LCC). The case adopting PMV control taking the hourly metabolic rate into account was comparatively analyzed against the conventional dry-bulb air temperature control, using a detailed simulation technique after the validation process. As a result, when the activity state of the occupant is house cleaning in the summer, the indoor temperature decreases rapidly due to the high amount of activity. It requires a temperature that is 11.7 °C and 9.7 °C lower than the conventional dry-bulb air temperature control method, respectively, and generally forms a higher indoor air temperature than the conventional control method after 7 p.m. This means the difference in temperature to satisfy the comfort of the occupant according to the amount of activity, and during winter as opposed to summer, was found to form a lower indoor air temperature than the conventional temperature control. In case of annual boiler gas consumption, PMV control showed 7.3% less energy consumption than the dry-bulb air temperature control and showed 28.8% less energy consumption than the dry-bulb air temperature control for annual cooling electricity consumption. Considering the cooling and heating energy reduction rate and the initial installation cost of measuring equipment for real-time metabolic rate and PMV measurement, a payback period of approximately 4.15 years was required.
Integrated Sizing and Energy Management for Four-Wheel-Independently-Actuated Electric Vehicles Considering Realistic Constructed Driving Cycles
Authors: Wang Zhenpo , Qu Changhui , Zhang Lei , Zhang Jin , Yu Wen
Published: July 2018

This paper presents an integrated optimization framework of sizing and energy management for four-wheel-independently-actuated electric vehicles. The optimization framework consists of an inner and an outer layer that are responsible for energy management, i.e., torque allocation, and powertrain parameter optimizations. The optimal torque allocation in the inner layer is achieved via the dynamic programming (DP) method while the desirable powertrain parameters in the outer layer are pursued based on the exhaustive method. In order to verify the proposed optimization framework, two driving cycles are constructed to represent the comprehensive and realistic driving conditions. One cycle is built by combining six typical driving cycles, which cover urban, high-way and rural driving styles to enhance representativeness. The other one is synthesized using the Markov chain method based on a vast quantity of real-time operating data of electric vehicles in Beijing. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed strategy decreases the power consumption by 15.1% and 13.3%, respectively, in the two driving cycles, compared to the non-optimal, even-torque-allocation strategy.
Analysis of Selected Physical Properties of Conifer Cones with Relevance to Energy Production Efficiency
Authors: Aniszewska Monika , Gendek Arkadiusz , Zychowicz Witold
Published: July 2018

The paper presents gross and net calorific values, ash content, conversion factors, and bulk density for different-sized spent cones of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L., Norway spruce Picea abies L., European larch Larix decidua Mill., and Silver fir Abies alba Mill. harvested from various sites. Gross and net calorific value and bulk density were measured in accordance with the relevant EN and ISO standards. The density conversion factors were determined based on free space measurement by means of water immersion. Gross calorific value for Scots pine, Norway spruce, European larch, and Silver fir was 19.04 ± 0.70 MJ·kg−1, 20.08 ± 0.87 MJ·kg−1, 20.37 ± 0.48 MJ·kg−1, and 20.79 ± 0.61 MJ·kg−1, respectively. The bulk density of larch cones was the highest at 223 kg·m−3, which corresponds to 9–18% of their specific density. The ANOVA test showed that the bulk density depends on the origin of the cones and is different for individual species. The conversion factors for the cones of Scots pine, Norway spruce, and Silver fir were similar and ranged from 0.18 to 0.26, while those for the European larch were much greater with a maximum of 0.55. All of the studied cones have shown a good potential as energy source, based on their physical characteristic and can be considered as a supplementary fuel. In the future, the study of chemical properties, such as the elemental composition and the ash melting temperature, will allow for a comprehensive characterization of the energy potential of the tested raw material.
How the Use by Eugenicists of Family Trees and Other Genealogical Technologies Informed and Reflected Discourses on Race and Race Crossing during the Era of Moral Condemnation: Mixed-Race in 1920s and 1930s Britain
Authors: Aspinall Peter J.
Published: July 2018

In the 1920s and 30s, significant empirical studies were undertaken on mixed-race (‘hybrid’) populations in Britain’s seaport communities. The physical anthropologists Rachel Fleming and Kenneth Little drew on the methods of anthropometry, while social scientist Muriel Fletcher’s morally condemnatory tract belongs to the genre of racial hygiene. Whether through professional relationships, the conduct of their work, or means of disseminating their findings, they all aligned themselves with the eugenics movement and all made use of pedigree charts or other genealogical tools for tracing ancestry and investigating the inheritance of traits. These variously depicted family members’ races, sometimes fractionated, biological events, and social circumstances which were not part of genealogy’s traditional family tree lexicon. These design features informed and reflected prevailing conceptualisations of race as genetic and biological difference, skin colour as a visible marker, and cultural characteristics as immutable and hereditable. It is clear, however, that Fleming and Little did not subscribe to contemporary views that population mixing produced adverse biological consequences. Indeed, Fleming actively defended such marriages, and both avoided simplistic, ill-informed judgements about human heredity. Following the devastating consequences of Nazi racial doctrines, anthropologists and biologists largely supported the 1951 UNESCO view that there was no evidence of disadvantageous effects produced by ‘race crossing’.
Effects of Ventilation Improvement on Measured and Perceived Indoor Air Quality in a School Building with a Hybrid Ventilation System
Authors: Vornanen-Winqvist Camilla , Salonen Heidi , Järvi Kati , Andersson Maria A. , Mikkola Raimo , Marik Tamás , Kredics László , Kurnitski Jarek
Published: July 2018

Ventilation system design and operation may significantly affect indoor air quality (IAQ). The aims of this case study were to investigate the functionality of a supply air fan-assisted hybrid ventilation system in a newly built school building with reported IAQ problems and to determine the effects of ventilation improvement on measured and perceived IAQ. The ventilation system function was researched simultaneously with IAQ measurements, with an analysis of total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), single volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and indoor mycobiota, and with questionnaires about perceived IAQ. At the baseline, an operational error of the ventilation system was found, which prevented the air from coming into the classrooms, except for short periods of high carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations. After the ventilation operation was improved, a significant change in indoor mycobiota was found; the dominant, opportunistic human pathogenic species Trichoderma citrinoviride found in settled dust in the classroom before the improvement was no longer detected. In addition, the concentrations of CO2, TVOC, and some single VOCs, especially toluene and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, decreased. The analysis of the questionnaire results indicated that the perceptions of unpleasant odors and stuffy air decreased, although a statistically significant improvement in perceived IAQ was not observed. The results provided evidence that the properly controlled hybrid ventilation system operating in mechanical supply mode provided adequate ventilation and was effective in decreasing the concentrations of some indoor-generated pollutants. With simple ventilation adjustments, microbiological exposure from building structures might be prevented.
Assessment of Microbiological Safety of Water in Public Swimming Pools in Guangzhou, China
Authors: Wei Xiaohong , Li Juntao , Hou Shuiping , Xu Conghui , Zhang Hao , Atwill Edward Robert , Li Xunde , Yang Zhicong , Chen Shouyi
Published: July 2018

This study assessed microbiological safety of water from public swimming pools in Guangzhou, China. Water samples from 39 outdoor municipal swimming pools were collected from late June to early September, 2013 and subjected to detection of protozoa (Giardia and Cryptosporidium) and bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginos, total coliforms, E. coli, E. coli O157, Shigella, and Salmonella). Cryptosporidium and Giardia were both detected in 5 (12.8%) swimming pools. Total coliforms were detected in 4 (10.3%) samples with concentrations ranging from 1.3 to 154.0 MPN/100 mL while E. coli was detected in 4 (10.3%) samples with concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 5.3 MPN/100 mL. P. aeruginosa was detected in 27 (69.2%) samples but E. coli O157, Shigella and Salmonella were not detected. Among these swimming pools, 9 (23%) met the Chinese National Standard of residual chlorine levels and 24 (62%) were tested free of residual chlorine at least once. The multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) analysis showed that all P. aeruginosa isolates belonged to new sequence types (STs) with dominant ST-1764 and ST-D distributed in different locations within the area. Some P. aeruginosa strains were resistant to medically important antibiotics. Results indicate potential public health risks due to the presence of microbiological pathogens in public swimming pools in this area.
A Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Official Development Assistance Project on Maternal and Child Health in Kwango, DR Congo
Authors: Shon Changwoo , Lee Tae Ho , Ndombi Grace Ossak , Nam Eun Woo
Published: July 2018

A project on maternal and child health (MCH) was conducted by the Korea International Cooperation Agency to reduce maternal and child mortality rates in Kwango, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The objective of this study was to evaluate the costs and benefits of the MCH project, which was under Official Development Assistance for a period of 3 years from 2014 to 2016. The study conducted a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) using a benefit-cost ratio (BCR). The costs were the total costs incurred in implementing the MCH project. The benefits of the MCH project were estimated as the monetary values of the reduction in maternal mortality rates and the mortality rates of infants and children aged under 5 years. The adjusted costs that converted the time value for 2016 were estimated as USD 1,969,532 as part of the CBA. The benefits of reduced maternal mortality and the mortality of infants and children aged under 5 years were estimated as USD 681,416, USD 4,332,376, and USD 1,710,184, respectively, in monetary terms. The total benefits were estimated as USD 6,723,976 and the BCR was calculated at 3.41. In addition, the benefits were estimated by the different economic assumptions through a sensitivity analysis. The MCH project was economically satisfied under the most conservative assumptions.
Reliability of Orthodontic Miniscrews: Bending and Maximum Load of Different Ti-6Al-4V Titanium and Stainless Steel Temporary Anchorage Devices (TADs)
Authors: Scribante Andrea , Montasser Mona A. , Radwan Eman Saad , Bernardinelli Luisa , Alcozer Roberto , Gandini Paola , Sfondrini Maria Francesca
Published: July 2018

Temporary anchorage devices (TADs) have been introduced into orthodontic clinical practice in order to allow tooth movements while avoiding strain on adjacent teeth. Miniscrews are available in the market with different diameters and materials. Accordingly, the purpose of the present report was to measure and compare the forces to bend and fracture different mini implants. Ti-6Al-4V titanium and stainless steel TADs of different manufacturers (Spider ScrewHDC; Mini Implants–Leone; Benefit–Orteam; Storm–Kristal) were evaluated. Two different diameters (1.5 mm and 2.0 mm) were tested. The sample included 10 unused specimens for each group, blocked in an Instron Universal Testing Machine, and a shear load was applied at the neck of the miniscrew. The force to bend the miniscrew was measured at 0.1 mm and 0.2 mm deflections. Also, the maximum force before screw fracture was recorded. Data were submitted for statistical analysis. Results showed significantly higher forces for 2.0 mm than 1.5 mm screws, both at 0.1 mm and 0.2 mm deflections and at maximum load. Moreover, no significant differences were reported between titanium and stainless steel miniscrews of equal diameters.
Effect of PDLA and Amide Compounds as Mixed Nucleating Agents on Crystallization Behaviors of Poly (l-lactic Acid)
Authors: Khwanpipat Thanawat , Seadan Manus , Suttiruengwong Supakij
Published: July 2018

The improvement of the rate of crystallization and crystallinity of poly (l-lactic acid) (PLLA) is one of the key performance elements for PLLA to perform better at the higher temperature than its heat deflection temperature (around 60 °C). The organic nucleating agent compounds are one of the interesting choice as they can offer the clarity of products. On the other hand, the nucleated PLLA can be prepared using a low molecular weight poly (d-lactic acid) (PDLA). The aim of this work was to explore the effect of an unsaturated amide compound and PDLA as single and mixed nucleating agents used for PLLA. The crystallization rate and kinetics were investigated and compared for the synthetic unsaturated amide compound (N,N′-ethylenebis (10-undecenamide) (EBU)) and commercial hydrazide compound (tetramethylenedicarboxylic dibenzoylhydrazide (TMC-306)). PLLA samples was prepared by melt-mixing with TMC or EBU incorporated with peroxide. The influence of different nucleating agents loading on thermal properties, crystallization behaviors, and rheological properties of PLLA were explored by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The results showed that the addition of EBU or TMC 0.5 phr could pronouncedly increase the crystallinity of PLLA from 3.80% to 24.84% and 8.61%, respectively. The crystallization peak appeared at 112.3 °C in the cooling scan at the rate 7 °C/min when addition EBU and peroxide into PLLA. This indicated that EBU acted as an efficient nucleating agent for PLLA. In isothermal crystallization run at 110 °C, it was found that the overall crystallization rate of nucleated PLLA with TMC or EBU was much faster than neat PLLA. The crystallization half-time indicated that the existence of TMC or EBU could slightly decrease to 2.90 and 1.96 min, respectively compared to neat PLLA (4.60 min). Finally, a low molecular weight PDLA with different contents between 3 and 7 wt % was added in PLLA with EBU and peroxide to investigate the effect of mixed nucleating agents. The crystallization rate of the incorporation of PDLA/EBU/peroxide into PLLA was discussed with the proposed crystallization mechanism. The results revealed the stereocomplex temperature peak at 207 °C as well as normal melting temperature of PLLA. The kinetics of growth crystallization, the crystallization half-time of PLLA at 110 °C was reduced from 4.60 min to 1.96 min (when adding EBU alone) and to 2.62 min (when using mixed PDLA and EBU).
Late radiographic findings after the anterior cervical fusion for the cervical subaxial compressive flexion and vertical compression injuries in young patients
Authors: Špakauskas Bronius , Ambrozaitis Kazys , Tamašauskas Arimantas , Kontautas Egidijus
Published: July 2018

Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of patients’ age on the development of radiologic signs of degeneration of adjacent levels after the anterior fusion for the cervical spine injuries. Material and methods. A total of 45 patients who had compressive flexion and vertical compression injuries of the cervical spine (by Ferguson–Allen mechanistic classification) were included in the study. There were 40 male and 5 female patients with a mean age of 31.5 years (range 15–64). These patients were treated with anterior decompression, iliac bone grafting, and anterior plating. Twenty-two patients aged less than 30 years were in the first group; 23 individuals more than 30 years of age were in the second group. A long-term radiologic followup involved assessment of the fusion and examination of the changes at levels immediately above and below the fused vertebrae. Results. Hypermobility of the disc space above the fused vertebra was found in 9 (40.9%) patients from the first group vs. 3 (13%) from the second one (P<0.05). Narrowing and osteophytes of the disc space below the fused vertebra was found in 2 (9.1%) patients from the first group vs. 10 (43.5%) from the second one (P<0.05). Conclusions. Hypermobility of the motion segment above the fused vertebra was found more frequently in patients aged less than 30 years. Narrowing and osteophytes of the disc space below the fused vertebra were found more frequently in older patients.
Analysis of anthocyanin content in bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) fruit crude drugs by high-performance liquid chromatography method
Authors: Burdulis Deividas , Ivanauskas Liudas , Jakštas Valdas , Janulis Valdimaras
Published: July 2018

Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) is rich in flavonoids (major part anthocyanins), tannins, phenolic and organic acids, and other biologically active compounds. Anthocianins possess a broad spectrum of therapeutic properties. Variation in anthocyanin content of bilberry fruit crude drugs is significant in optimizing collection conditions. Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) crude drug samples were collected in July–September of 2006 in natural environment in the territory of Lithuania. Ultrasonic extraction was applied using methanol as solvent. Acidic hydrolysis was performed. Qualitative and quantitative composition of five major anthocyanidins (delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin, and malvidin) was estimated by high-performance liquid chromatography in frozen fruits. Cyanidin predominated in all crude drug samples. Dynamics of variation in qualitative and quantitative composition of anthocyanidins was estimated in bilberry fruits collected during vegetation period. The greatest total amount of all analyzed anthocyanidins was determined at the end of investigated period. Variation in qualitative and quantitative content of anthocyanidins in bilberry fruits collected in different regions of Lithuania was estimated as well. The greatest total amounts of anthocyanidins were found in samples collected in Krikštoniai forest (1.78%) and Prienai pinewood (2.13%) and the lowest amounts – in samples collected in Balkasodis forest (1.14%) and Ryliškės forest (0.99%). Significant variation in anthocyanidin content reaching 28.40% (delphinidin) was determined in bilberry fruits. It is important for the standardization of bilberry fruit crude drugs.
Progression of mitral regurgitation following ischemic mitral valve repair
Authors: Radauskaitė Greta , Vaškelytė Jolanta , Jurkevičius Renaldas
Published: July 2018

Objective. Durability of mitral valve repair for ischemic mitral regurgitation remains questionable. The aim of our study was to reveal predictors of recurrent mitral regurgitation following ischemic mitral valve repair. Material and methods. The study population consisted of 136 patients with ischemic heart disease and ischemic mitral regurgitation. Mitral valve repair was performed at the Kaunas University of Medicine Hospital in 2000–2004. Preoperative echocardiographic examinations were performed two days before surgery, early postoperative examinations 5–10 days after mitral valve repair, late postoperative examinations at 1.89±0.15 years after operation. Results. Mitral regurgitation increased from 0.78±0.77 at early period to 1.46±0.81 at late postoperative period (P<0.001). At late follow-up mitral regurgitation increased in 13 (9.5%) patients in comparison with preoperative mitral regurgitation and in 69 (50.7%) patients in comparison with early postoperative mitral regurgitation. Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter decreased significantly from 56.44±6.29 mm at early period to 54.44±5.98 mm at late period (P<0.004). Left ventricular ejection fraction increased from 35±10% at early period to 38±10% at late period (P<0.047). Left atrial diameter decreased from 46.12±6.35 mm at early period to 43.95±6.94 mm at late period (P<0.034). Multivariate analysis revealed predictors of late postoperative mitral regurgitation: preoperative left ventricular end-systolic diameter index (P=0.037), left ventricular wall motion score index (P=0.042), mitral regurgitation (P=0.013), and systolic pulmonary artery pressure (P=0.04). Conclusions. It is possible to predict the progression of mitral regurgitation following ischemic mitral valve repair. Late postoperative mitral regurgitation depends on these preoperative echocardiographic variables: left ventricular end-systolic diameter index, left ventricular wall motion score index, mitral regurgitation, and systolic pulmonary artery pressure.
Precancerous gastric conditions in high Helicobacter pylori prevalence areas: comparison between Eastern European (Lithuanian, Latvian) and Asian (Taiwanese) patients
Authors: Jonaitis Laimas , Ivanauskas Audrius , Jančiauskas Dainius , Funka Konrads , Sudraba Agnese , Tolmanis Ivars , Krams Alvils , Stirna Dans , Vanags Aigars , Kupčinskas Limas , Leja Marcis , Lin Jaw-Town
Published: July 2018

The aim of the study was to compare the prevalence and severity of precancerous condition – gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia (IM) between Eastern European (Lithuania and Latvia) and Asian (Taiwan) countries in population older than 55 years. Methods. Patients aged 55 years and older, referred for upper endoscopy due to dyspeptic symptoms, were included in the study. Gastric biopsies were histological investigated according modified Sydney classification. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) was detected if any two of three methods (urease test, histology, and serology) were positive. Results. Overall 322 patients included: 52 from Taiwan (TW), 171 from Latvia (LV) and 99 from Lithuania (LT). There were 227 (70%) females and 95 (30%) males. The mean age of TW patients was significantly lower (61.0±5.8 years), than of LV (68.1±7.3 years) and LT (66.5±7.5 years) patients. H. pylori was established in 224 (69.6%) patients. H. pylori positivity was established in 43 (82.7%) TW patients, in 112 (65.5%) LV patients, and in 69 (69.7%) LT patients (P>0.05). In H. pylori-infected patients, any atrophy either in the corpus or in the antrum of the stomach was detected in 26 (60.5%) TW patients, in 40 (35.7%) LV patients, and in 36 (52.2%) LT patients (between TW and LV patients P<0.005). Severe atrophy (grade 2 or 3) detected in 8 (18.6%) TW patients, in 17 (15.2%) LV patients, and in 18 (26.1%) LT patients (P>0.05). Intestinal metaplasia was detected in 22 (51.2%) TW patients, in 37 (33.0%) LV patients and in 31 (44.9%) LT patients among countries (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in proportions of different degrees of both atrophy and intestinal metaplasia among countries. Intestinal metaplasia was found in 79 (77.5%) of 102 patients with any degree of atrophy and in 11 (9.0%) of 122 patients without atrophy (P<0.0001). We found strong statistically significant correlations between atrophy and intestinal metaplasia in antrum (r=0.89), P<0.01, and corpus (r= 0.73), P<0.01. Conclusions. The prevalence of H. pylori in the elderly population is still high in LT, LV, and TW. There are no significant differences in prevalence of gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia among TW, LT, and LV. There is a strong correlation between gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia.
Preventing chronic disease risk factors: Rationale and feasibility
Authors: Jordan Courtney , Slater Megan , Kottke Thomas
Published: July 2018

Objective. The majority of the mortality, morbidity, and disability in the United States and other developed countries is due to chronic diseases. These diseases could be prevented to a great extent with the elimination of four root causes: physical inactivity, poor nutrition, smoking, and hazardous drinking. The objective of this analysis was to determine whether efficacious risk factor prevention interventions exist and to examine the evidence that populationwide program implementation is justified. Materials and methods. We conducted a literature search for meta-analyses and systematic reviews of trials that tested interventions to increase physical activity, improve nutrition, reduce smoking and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, and reduce hazardous drinking. Results. We found that appropriately designed interventions can produce behavioral change for the four behaviors. Effective interventions included tailored fact-to-face counseling, phone counseling, and computerized tailored feedback. Computer-based health behavior assessment with feedback and education was documented to be an effective method of determining behavior, assessing participant interest in behavior change and delivering interventions. Some programs have documented reduced health care costs associated with intervention. Conclusions. Positive results to date suggest that further investments to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of chronic disease risk factor prevention programs are warranted. Widespread implementation of these programs could have a significant impact on chronic disease incidence rates and costs of health care.
Characteristics of gender-related circadian arterial blood pressure in healthy adolescents
Authors: Drižienė Žaneta , Jakutienė Eitautė , Stakišaitis Donatas , Pundzienė Birutė , Sveikata Audrius
Published: July 2018

Objective. To define 24-h characteristics of arterial blood pressure in healthy adolescent girls and boys; to determine gender-related differences of blood pressure, its circadian pattern. Material and methods. The 24-h blood pressure was monitored hourly in healthy girls (n=22, without no account for the menstrual cycle phase) and boys (n=22). Additionally, blood pressure of adolescent girls (n=15) was examined during different phases of their menstrual cycle (follicular, ovulation, and luteal). Blood pressure was monitored with an auto-cuff automatic outpatient blood pressure monitor. Results. Investigation showed gender-related differences in 24-h blood pressure. Study results revealed the circadian blood pressure rhythm characterized by a period of low values during nighttime and an early morning increase in both adolescent groups. Nocturnal systolic blood pressure was higher (P<0.05) in boys than in girls in all phases of their menstrual cycle. Diurnal systolic blood pressure in boys was higher than in girls in their follicular phase (P<0.05). The day and night blood pressure differed between boys and girls (P<0.05). A dipping blood pressure pattern as a decrease in mean nighttime blood pressure as compared with mean daytime blood pressure was defined: 10.02±6.7% in girls (n=22) and 13±6.3% in boys (n=22), without genderrelated differences (P>0.05). There were no differences in blood pressure dipping among girls’ groups in different menstrual cycle phases (P>0.05). Adolescent boys showed a significant positive correlation between their mean diurnal blood pressure and height (P<0.05). Conclusion. The study proved gender-related arterial blood pressure differences in healthy adolescents. The results demonstrate the gender-specific circadian blood pressure rhythm pattern in both gender groups.
Bi-modal recovery of quadriceps femoris muscle function after sustained maximum voluntary contraction at different muscle length
Authors: Skurvydas Albertas , Masiulis Nerijus , Stanislovaitis Aleksas , Kamandulis Sigitas
Published: July 2018

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that contractility of quadriceps femoris muscle during a 15-min period after a sustained maximum voluntary contraction for 1 min is determined by the interaction of posttetanic potentiation, metabolic fatigue, and nonmetabolic fatigue. Eleven healthy untrained men (age, 22.9±1.8 years; body weight, 77.5±5.2 kg) performed isometric 1-min maximum voluntary contraction at long (90° in knee joint) and short (135° in knee joint) muscle length at two different occasions. Contractility of quadriceps femoris muscle was monitored via the evoked contractions at 1, 10, 20, and 50 Hz and maximum voluntary contraction at short and long muscle length on both occasions. Force generating capacity was reduced immediately after 1-min maximum voluntary contraction at short and long muscle length, and then a bi-modal time-course of recovery was observed which consisted of (1) rapid recovery of all measured indexes at 3 min and (2) divergence in the changes of forces at low and high stimulation frequencies, as well as maximal voluntary contraction force at 7 and 15 min after exercising. The decline in force immediately after 1-min isometric load was caused by metabolic and nonmetabolic fatigue; however, factors related to the metabolic fatigue were prevalent. As the effect of metabolic fatigue was diminishing and posttetanic potentiation was still present, force generation capacity recovered at 3 minutes after exercising. Further dynamics of contractility can be explained by the fading influence of posttetanic potentiation and dominant effect of nonmetabolic fatigue.
Acute infectious encephalitis and pathogens coming from animals
Authors: Stahl Jean Paul , Mailles Alexandra , Vaillant Véronique , Floret Daniel ,   Encephalitis Protocol Group
Published: July 2018

Despite better knowledge of pathophysiology and a wider use of new molecular technologies for the diagnosis, the etiological diagnosis of acute encephalitis is not established in most cases. Incidence, prognosis, rate of this disease and severity of sequelae remain unknown. In France, according to the published data, the incidence of encephalitis is estimated to be 1.9 cases per 100 000 inhabitants in average among non-HIV patients. The etiological diagnosis is established in less than 30% of cases. The more frequent diagnosis is herpetic encephalitis in adults and encephalitis caused by Varicella zoster virus in children younger than 16 years. Despite a difficult diagnosis and the lack of specific treatment for most of these infections, the etiological diagnosis should always be deeply explored to precise the individual prognosis, to allow better management of antibiotic therapy, and to improve epidemiological knowledge. We present the recommendations established by the French Society for Infectious Diseases. First designed to suit the French epidemiology, they take in count the possible exposure of patients to different epidemiological patterns. Three levels of etiological tests are proposed, from the most common infections and those, which required an immediate treatment, to the rarest ones.
Selected environmental risk factors and congenital heart defects
Authors: Kučienė Renata , Dulskienė Virginija
Published: July 2018

The aim of the article is to review the published scientific literature and epidemiological studies about the effect of selected environmental risk factors on congenital heart defects in infants. According to recent reports, the prevalence of congenital heart defects is around 1% of live births. Congenital heart malformations are the leading cause of infant mortality. Unfortunately, the majority of the causes of heart defects remain unknown. These malformations are caused by interaction of genetic and environmental factors. The article reviews selected environmental risk factors: maternal illnesses and conditions associated with metabolic disorder (maternal diabetes, obesity, phenylketonuria), maternal lifestyle factors (alcohol use, smoking), which may increase the risk of congenital heart defects.
The evaluation of the rehabilitation effects on cognitive dysfunction and changes in psychomotor reactions in stroke patients
Authors: Samėnienė Jūratė , Kriščiūnas Aleksandras , Endzelytė Erika
Published: July 2018

Stroke patients often experience cognitive dysfunctions. One of the parameters assessing cognitive function is the reaction time as it reflects the speed of information processing. The aim of the study was to assess cognitive and psychomotor dysfunctions and the effectiveness of rehabilitation in stroke patients. The subjects of the study were 30 stroke patients who underwent rehabilitation at the Department of Neurorehabilitation. The mean age of patients was 65.33±13.2 years. During the study, the patients’ cognitive functions, the handgrip strength, reaction time, and frequency of movements were assessed. There was a substantial improvement in patients’ cognitive function after rehabilitation. Assessing the results obtained by Mini Mental State Examination, the change was 6.4±2.3 points, and assessing by Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination (Cognistat), the change was 13.3±10 points (P<0.05). Before the early stage of rehabilitation, Cognistat results showed that the majority of the patients experienced memory loss, diminished constructive abilities, and disorientation. After occupational therapy, there was a statistically significant improvement in all cognitive function domains. At the end of the inpatient rehabilitation period, there was a significant change in patients’ reaction time and movement frequency. At the end of early rehabilitation stage, the estimated reaction time in patients with stroke was compared with reaction time in healthy elderly people of the same age. There was no significant difference between these groups; consequently, we concluded that after rehabilitation, improvement of function was achieved. The results of this study showed that at the beginning of early rehabilitation period and after rehabilitation applied, there was a significant moderate correlation between mental state and reaction time in stroke patients.
Pulmonary edema and hemorrhage as complications of acute airway obstruction following anesthesia
Authors: Marchertienė Irena , Macas Andrius , Karbonskienė Aurika
Published: July 2018

Airway obstruction is a quite common complication while its conditioned pulmonary edema – rare. Causes associated with anesthesia are various. Forced inspiratory efforts against an obstructed upper airway generate peak negative intrathoracic pressure. This may cause pulmonary edema and in some cases pulmonary hemorrhage. Last-mentioned is extremely rare. Pulmonary edema may arise soon after airway obstruction as well as later, after some hours. Damage of bronchi is found seldom during bronchoscopy in case of pulmonary hemorrhage, while more often alveolar damage is observed due to alveolar membrane damage. Hemorrhage is conditioned by hydrostatic pressure level, level of hypoxia, damage to bronchi or alveoli (disruption of alveolar membrane). Early diagnosis of negative-pressure pulmonary edema or pulmonary hemorrhage is very important, because this affects postoperative morbidity and mortality of the patients. Two cases of pulmonary edema and hemorrhage after upper airway obstruction as well as literature overview are presented in this article. Pulmonary hemorrhage developed during anesthesia with ketamine, conditioned by increment of hydrostatic pressure, hypoxia, and effects of ketamine on hemodynamics.
The comparison of patients’ and nurses’ attitudes to health education and nurses’ participation in this process
Authors: Zagurskienė Daiva , Misevičienė Irena
Published: July 2018

The aim of the study is to evaluate and to compare patients’ and nurses’ opinion about information given to patients by nurses.Materials and methods. The study was performed during April–May 2007 in two regions of Lithuania. Eight hospitals were randomly selected for the study. The study included all patients and nurses who were in therapeutic and surgery departments on the day the survey was carried out. A total of 1030 questionnaires were distributed among patients (the response rate was 85.0%), and 436 questionnaires – among nurses (the response rate was 89.0%). Results. In most cases, patients about their disease are informed by a doctor; this was pointed out by 90.6% of nurses and 90.4% of patients. More than half of patients (65.9%) noted that they knew sufficiently enough about their disease, and 26.4% of nurses agreed. Nurses’ and patients’ opinion on the adequacy of information provided to patients by nurses differed: more patients than nurses indicated that they got enough information on their disease, health status, duration of intended operation and treatment, but nurses noted that they gave more information on nursing procedures, preparation for forthcoming tests, use of administered drugs, preparation for operation, and healthy lifestyle than it was recognized by patients. The patients who were treated in the surgery departments received less information about preparation for forthcoming tests and healthy lifestyle. Patients up to 45 years, city residents, those with higher education, and females were more interested in the above-mentioned information. Nurses who had higher education were more self-critical and more often recognized that they did not provide enough information for patients. Conclusions. More than half of patients reported that they knew enough about their disease; their awareness depended on their age, sex, place of residence, and education. Physicians were indicated to be the main source of health information in most cases. Nurses more often than patients noted that information provided by them was adequate. The patients who were treated in the surgical departments received less information about healthy lifestyle.