bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Food Cold Chain Management
Authors: Mahajan Rajneesh , Garg Suresh , Sharma P. B.
Published: January 2016

Food cold chain management (FCCM) is a specialized kind of supply chain supported by the two different technologies first, refrigeration and second information technology. The refrigeration equipments like cold storages and cold storing devices. They can keep the food quality cum safety intact and enhance food items shelf life. The information technology enables the tracking and tracing through data loggers etc. Despite the huge fresh produce availability in India, food inflation and food security issues are major concerns for policy makers. The food wastage in India is close to US$ 8309 million annually (US$ 60.17) due to lack of processing and cold storage facilities. The aim of this paper is to discuss status of food cold storage in India. The chapter is based on extensive review of existing literature, studying novel cold storage status and presenting benefits of cold storage. The outcome of research will be that FCCM can play vital role in supplying quality, safe food products and instrumental in reduction of food wastages.
Understanding the Port-Centric Logistics Clusters
Authors: Singh Amanpreet , Chhetri Prem , Padhaye Rajiv
Published: January 2016

Port-centric logistics clusters are considered as intermodal gateways and/or hubs of international trade, which connect national economies with global production networks. These clusters are spatial agglomeration of logistics related interconnected and interdependent companies. Singapore, Dubai and Rotterdam are world class exemplary of port-centric logistics clusters. The formation of these clusters is a derivative of conducive business environment generated within a geographically defined area. Despite the recognition of port-centric approach to economic development there is insufficient evidence to empirically assess the functional and spatial characteristics of port centric logistics clusters. There is also disagreement on three key questions: how port-centric logistics clusters are defined and identified, what industry types do they constitute and what methods are appropriate to delineate the boundary of port centric logistics cluster. In this paper, a spatial approach is adopted to geographically delineate the spatial congregation of port-centric logistics employment using three major container ports in Australia. Using the Census data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS 2006), analysis has been conducted on employment data containing information about where people work and what industry they work within the close vicinity of case study seaports. The results show that the spatial extent Australian port centric logistics clusters, which tend to vary both in size and shape. Overall size of employment in port-related industries in Australia has grown substantially. Road freight is dominating industry in the port-centric logistics cluster with a contribution of 23.02% and 37.54% in 2001 and 2006 respectively. The range of port-centric logistics cluster in Melbourne is towards western suburbs and in Botany Bay the port-centric logistics cluster is discerned mainly around eastern suburbs and in Brisbane the spread of port-centred logistics cluster is towards southeast inner Brisbane and Northwest Inner Brisbane suburbs. This shows the impact of land use consolidation by the State Government in their effort to boost transport and warehousing employment closer to Australian container ports. The establishment of port-centric logistics clusters, we argue, could mean the opportunities for organisations to achieve agglomeration economies, increase rivalry among organizations to promote competition, access to greater pool of customers, availability of skilled labour force, closer proximity between customers and supplier, sharing of public infrastructure and resources, increased inter-firm interactions, and knowledge spill-over.
Synchronous Physiological Electrical Fields
Authors: Pagel J.F.
Published: January 2016

Humans utilize sensory and motor systems developed genetically, physically and socially for interfacing with our external environment. We use these same systems to interface in our interactions with artificial intelligence. There are other functioning central nervous system (CNS) systems, however, involved in cognitive processing for which the function and environmental interface is less clear. The synchronous physiologic electrical field system utilizes broadcast extracellular electrical fields for a wide variety of CNS functions. The operations of this system are usually non-conscious and most apparent during sleep (especially the conscious states of sleep that include dreaming), and un-focused waking. The electrical fields of this system are altered and affected by both internal and external stimuli. These fields can be monitored and analyzed by artificial intelligence (AI) systems, and independently of human input, AI systems can utilize similar frequency based electrical potentials to convey data, communicate, supply power, and to store memory. From both human and AI perspectives, these systems have the potential to function more fully in human/machine interaction. This chapter reviews our current knowledge as to function, current interactive approaches, and interface potential for these physiological electrical fields.
The Influence of Additional Insulation of Facades to their Aesthetic Devaluation by Vegetation of Algae, Fungi and Cyanobacteria
Authors: Kučeriková Veronika , Donová Denisa , Kubečková Darja
Published: January 2016

The purpose of the facade insulation is to reduce transmission heat loss from the heated interior to exterior. After some time, it can be said that the insulation of the building envelope served its purpose and significantly reduce heat use for heating of insulated buildings. Time, however, showed the risks of external thermal insulation composite system (ETICS). One side effect of reducing transmission heat loss of buildings by using of ETICS can be considerable aesthetic devaluation of facades. Sometimes façade with ETICS become a suitable substrate for the growth of microorganisms. These are algae, fungi and cyanobacteria, which creates unsightly green and black growths on facades. The article deals with the connection between thermal insulation of external walls and the presence of vegetation microorganisms.
Quantitative Microbiological Aspects of the Indoor Environment
Authors: Frič Lukáš , Sýkorová Iva , Velísková Eva , Rubinová Olga
Published: January 2016

The paper analyzes the microbial constituents residing in buildings with more people, such as basic school or office spaces. The aim is to determine whether these areas with similar equipment and similar cleaning regime have similar parameters of microbial environment. Within the quantitative analysis we have carried out the collection of microbial particles dispersed in the air and deposited on floors, furniture and walls inequalities. It was found that the internal environment of buildings with natural ventilation is significantly on the condition of ambient air. In the environment of greater occupancy there are more bacteria than fungi. Rooms in the same building, but not directly neighbouring, have an independent environment.
Reduction of Environmental Stress through Spatial Arrangements and Different Choices of Body Positions in Indoor Environment
Authors: Kotradyová Veronika , Vavrinský Erik
Published: January 2016

The paper is aimed at analyzes of environmental stressors in indoor environment such as incorrect spatial arrangement or improper setting of limits and less control of own territory /personal space and diminished choice of body positions. There is emphasized the topic of body positions/postures in standard office working environment whereas more choices of body position is a instrument for reduction of stress and increasing of well–being and chance to get new perspectives, approaches and outputs from human resources as well . Nowadays there is a strong need to incorporate a non-formal working style which is also related to non-formal spatial design that can be then occupied by different body positions and using of space in more dynamic way which we can call dynamisation of space. There are also analyzed its main strategies In the paper there are shown theoretical assumptions of relation between work efficiency, creativity and body working position.There is analyzed process of setting methodology for measuring environmental stress through physiological parameters. It shows results of first experimental tests of biometric responses by different working postures by simulation of standard non-industrial working environment. There we chosen 5 working locations – standard set, dynamic seat, stand, perching and reclining. The paper presents results of the pilot test and shows further perspectives of this research.
The Use of a Mathematical Model for the Management and Distribution of Heat
Authors: Komínek Petr , Hirš Jiří
Published: January 2016

The following article describes the designed and implemented mathematical model of the distribution model of heat consumption in an urban agglomeration. The model is intended for the prediction of heat supply, which can be applied in the regulation system. Depending on the structure of a given real-life system it is usually required for the heating water temperature to be predicted.For the purposes of describing the heat consumption characteristics a function characterizing the heat consumption fluctuation has been established. The fluctuation is defined by number of variables such as outdoor temperatures, solar radiation etc.
Analysis of Energy Consumption in Building with NZEB Concept
Authors: Ingeli Rastislav , Čekon Miroslav
Published: January 2016

The trend in the components of residential buildings is low energy demand buildings in relation to the minimum costs spent by users for their operation. The main aim of their construction is to improve the energy economy of buildings, to reduce the environmental load in energy consumption, to improve the quality of the interior, to ensure the minimum cost level in the operation of buildings and their maintenance in the life cycle. The consequence of increased energy prices and the possible implementation of tax policies in the countries of Europe is more frequently designing and implementing energy self-contained buildings. This means that energy necessary for the general use of a building can be produced in it to certain extent. The concept of such buildings is not only in high quality heat insulating properties, but also in suitable installed devices utilizing alternative sources. The objective indicator of saving and proof of the required level of a building is an analysis of its real energy consumption. The paper analyzes the energy consumption in a specific house which, in the design phase, met the criteria for designing a nearly zero energy building. The analyzed building has a high thermal protection and uses photovoltaic energy as an alternative source. The main aim is to evaluate the concept of the designed nearly zero energy building and to assess it in relation to the really consumed energy.
Heat Thermal Transmittance of Log Wall
Authors: Řihák Pavel , Školník Petr
Published: January 2016

This paper deals with the problem of heat thermal transmittance of log walls. Log and cabin are now very popular among investors, so this paper deals precisely with this issue. This paper deals precisely with this issue use physical quantities according EN ISO 7345, which are decisive parameters for this type of wall. It is detailed decribed test log walls, including all specifics for this wall.
Overhead Reduction or Energy Efficiency Measures
Authors: Severnyák Krisztina
Published: January 2016

The energy efficiency minimum requirements determined at the Decree 2006/7 by the Minister without Portfolio, has been amended in 2015, only prescribes cost optimisation levels corresponding in strictness to those by the European Union as set out in the Directive 2010/631 EU for state or EU founded renovations. With the artificial decrease in energy prices in Hungary in 2012, requirements originally considered as optimal has changed and tightening is not needed any more. By maintaining the old requirements, the energy consumption and CO2 emission of renovated and newly constructed buildings will stay below optimum levels. Ignoring actual energy prices results in an apparently low return on constructing energy efficient buildings while energy awareness is also decreasing as a result of these measures. One may wonder about the energy efficiency measures that could have been financed from the savings coming from the enforced utility cost reduction, ones that would have resulted in real energy savings, thus benefitting both the users of buildings and the implementation of Hungarian commitments with the deadline of 2020.
Dependence of the Shape of the Temperature Field around Basement Structures on the Properties of Surrounding Soils
Authors: Kacálek Petr , Plachý Jan , Smolka Radim , Petříček Tomáš
Published: January 2016

This paper exams the dependence of soil temperature fields of basement structures of buildings on the type of the surrounding soil. The 3D simulation model is based on data from real measurements of soil temperatures during the winter over a period of two years. The measured data were incorporated into the model on the basis of statistical evaluation. The basic aim of this paper is to approach, as closely as possible, the individual effects of basement structure construction on the soil temperature field on the basis of real measured values.
Energy Consumption for Heating Considering Interior and Exterior Conditions in Production Buildings
Authors: Katunský Dušan , Katunská Jana , Zozulák Marek
Published: January 2016

This article describes some microclimate parameters in chosen production building and their influence on the whole energy consumption for heating in winter period. The article presents the monitoring of physical aspects of chosen hall object, which is in poor technical condition. The content of this contribution is the comparison of energy saving according to indoor conditions in selected industrial object in the present state. The article deals with hygrothermal parameter analysis in industrial production building, considering the effects on energy consumption for heating.
Operative Temperature Predicting of a Room in Summer: An Approach for Validating of Empirical Calculation Models
Authors: Slávik Richard , Čekon Miroslav , Oravec Pavel , Kolář Radim
Published: January 2016

Temperature stability of a room is of a high relevance to achieve an optimal level of built environment. Standardized calculation models of temperature stability are determined by international standard ISO 13792 based on recently developed empirical models whose approximations can finally be applied. It basically describes two models, however both demonstrate approaches that may not have the best conformity when confronted with the reality. Thus the research objective is to point out an applicability of given calculating models. The paper presents a validation proposal with aim to find an applicable correlation related to current methodology. Finally as result of this study, proposed approximations could demonstrate better consequence to the reality.
Summer Thermal Stability of a Passive House in Moravany - The Czech Republic and Thermal Storage Mass
Authors: Němeček Martin , Kalousek Miloš
Published: January 2016

The article describes the summer thermal stability of a semidetached passive house in Moravany - Czech Republic. Long-term measurement was carried out on the uninhabited house. The house is divided into two symmetrically identical residential units. Indoor air temperature differences of these symmetrically identical rooms are compared. Comparative numerical simulation was also carried out.
Vaporization Box for Monitoring of Moisture Generation Depending on the Temperature and Relative Humidity
Authors: Kolář Radim , Brzoň Roman
Published: January 2016

Determination of the surface temperature in order to evaluate the risk of mould growth is currently already a common task. Good knowledge of boundary conditions is necessary for precise evaluation of this risk. Standardized requirements are suitable for a preliminary design and a general comparison of various assembly details, as they help us understand how these details will work (in defined boundary conditions). But the real user behaviour varies greatly and is not always in agreement with the standardized requirements. Air humidity is one of the parameters which significantly influence the mould growth. It varies depending on the use of the building and especially on the number of moisture (humidity) sources. To determine the production of moisture by different sources we built an vaporization climatic chamber, where we monitor the production of moisture in dependence on relative air humidity and air temperature.
Optimization of Air Distribution of Social Hall
Authors: Vojkůvková Petra , Sikula Ondrej , Kral Tomas
Published: January 2016

The article deals with optimization of thermal and moisture conditions in the indoor climate of ventilated buildings. Case study is aimed at examination of thermal and velocity fields and thus optimization of air distribution in the social hall. The issue was solved by computational fluid dynamics simulation. The mathematical-physical model was created for characteristic part of the social hall. The obtained results implicate that usage of jet nozzles is more suitable than usage of air registers for large hall due to air registers’ short-range of the air flow.
Designing and Testing of the Recycled Vegetative-Retention Layer of the Vegetative Upper Skin of the Pitched Roof
Authors: Necadova Klara , Selnik Petr , Mohapl Martin , Bedliva Hana
Published: January 2016

This article is focused on the development and efficient application of the vegetative-retention layer for pitched turf roofs with average inclination of 25°. Developed material is composed of the recycled polyester fiber mat with clusters of the same milled recyclable waste without added chemical binders. Important part of the considering evaluation is the consecutive optimization for prospective development of the pursued layer especially focused on the selected density, thickness and roughness of the fiber mat surface.
The Effect of Colored Surfaces and Tinted Window Glazing on Daylight Spectral Characteristics and Illuminance Levels in Deep Space Rooms and its Evaluation for Human Visual and Biological Response
Authors: Hartman Peter , Maňková Lucia , Hanuliak Peter
Published: January 2016

Examination, design and control of internal light conditions in permanently occupied spaces belong to important actual architectural issues. Especially in offices, workplaces can be often situated far from window. As the new medical facts were emerging during last decade, the significance of the non-visual human response on light, also known as circadian efficiency of light has been rising [1]. Biological stimulation of light depends on quantitative and qualitative properties of light, which penetrates directly into the human eye in contrast to visual stimulation depending more on the amount of the light reflected from the observed surfaces. Inappropriate selection of spectral filter in windows or internal coloured surfaces may significantly decrease potential light biological stimulation and may reflects in higher rate of Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) occurrence, which is connected to Seasonal Affective Disorders (SAD). The paper describes two experiments done in real conditions, focused on the effect of internal coloured surfaces and the influence of tinted glazing on daylight spectral characteristics in three deep space model rooms exposed only to natural daylight. Deeper positions with sensor`s orientation toward window and side wall were selected. The position of sensor representing the eye of sitting person and especially its orientation regarding to window proved noticeable different rate of biological stimulation`s efficiency in comparison with same level of horizontal illuminance on working area.
Cool Roofs vs Solar Systems
Authors: Kassai-Szoó Dominika , Zöld András
Published: January 2016

Well known problem of urban heat island is partly due to the albedo of traditional roofs. Mostexperts of urban climate are convinced that the intensity of urban heat island will be less if theroofs reflect as big part of the solar radiation as possible. Researchers have found or developedappropriate materials of low absorptance in the wavelength spectrum of solar radiation together with high emissivity in the long infrared interval. As a result, roof covering may have such extraparameters as metal roof painted with colored cool coating has 0.8 reflectance and 0.8 emittanceindex or single ply-membrane white (PVC) has 0.7 reflectance and 0.8 emittance index.No doubt taking into account the settlement as a whole cool roofs may decrease the intensity ofurban heat island however some local negative effect should not be forgotten. Approaching the citycenter it is typical that low rise and tall buildings are nearby. In some cases the same buildinghas high and low rise wings, from the point of view of geometry similar is the situation between thefacade and a canopy or a balcony. In this case the radiation reflect by the horizontal surfaceconsiderably increases the load on the facade, in this paper the relevant cases are analysed and thecalculated extra load and its consequences are evaluated.
Effect of Vegetation on Wind-Comfort
Authors: Szkordilisz Flóra , Zöld András
Published: January 2016

Air flow pattern in urban environment are radically influenced by the sophisticated topography of buildings. Although in general the wind velocity is less than that in rural areas there are many critical points where the air movement accelerates. Such phenomenon can be observed in narrow streets, around the corners and below arcades.Vegetation can not only decrease the wind velocity but accelerate it. Trees can redirect air flow downward, whilst shrubs do upward. Around the corners of buildings high wind velocity and turbulence can develop which itself may lead to discomfort, in case of gust even the chance of accidents cannot be excluded. Together with low air temperature the wind-chill index may result in thermal discomfort.From the point of view of pedestrians the air flow up to the 2 meter height is to be investigated. The question is how the whirling air flow around the building corners can be tempered by vegetation in this band. The height of shrubs may be estimated as 1 meter while the canopy of trees hinders the air flow from about 3 meter height. Different combinations of shrubs and trees may contribute to wind discomfort as well as prevent it. In this paper the suitable arrangement of vegetation is analysed in function of street layout and wind direction.
Impact of Hydrophobic Additives on Properties of Clay Plaster
Authors: Lišková Barbora , Jelínek Petr , Ostrý Milan
Published: January 2016

Use of clay plasters in the exterior forces owners to conduct frequent maintenance of the plaster’s surface, which may be damaged by the weather. This paper describes partial results of the research, which strives to develop cost-efficient hydrophobic additives to increase service life of exterior clay plasters. We have chosen 7 hydrophobic materials and added them to the reference prefabricated plaster mixture. Samples of the enhanced plaster were tested to evaluate the additives’ impact on the overall mechanical, thermal and moisture characteristics of the plaster. Long-term testing of the best hydrophobic additives will follow to verify their properties in real buildings. Clay plasters play a significant role for the healthy indoor climate due to the influence on the stability of the indoor temperature and humidity.
Теорема Поста-Глускина-Хоссу для конечных $n$-квазигрупп и самоинвариантные семейства подстановок
Authors: Malyshev Fedor Mikhailovich
Published: January 2016

Исследуются конечные $n$-квазигруппы $(n\geqslant3)$ со следующим свойством дополнительной обратимости. Если на каких-то двух наборах из $n$ аргументов с одинаковыми первыми компонентами
квазигрупповая операция дает одинаковые результаты, то наборы из остальных $n-1$ компонент осуществляют одинаковые левые сдвиги. Для таких $n$-квазигрупп доказывается аналог теоремы Поста-Глускина-Хоссу, которая ранее доказывалась только в ассоциативном случае. Теорема сводит операцию $n$-квазигруппы к групповой. Основным средством для доказательства выступает вводимое и исследуемое в работе двупараметрическое самоинвариантное семейство подстановок на произвольном конечном множестве.
Библиография: 13 названий.
Наименьший тип целой функции c корнями заданных усредненных плотностей, расположенными на лучах или в угле
Authors: Braichev Georgii Genrikhovich
Published: January 2016

Рассматривается задача о наименьшем возможном типе целых функций с корнями фиксированных верхней и нижней усредненных плотностей, лежащими на заданном множестве. В частности, дано решение этой задачи в нескольких важных случаях: все корни лежат в угле; между двумя прямыми; на лучах, разделяющих комплексную плоскость на равные углы.
Библиография: 15 названий.
La rencontre avec "un médecin philosophe": une lecture du chapitre XIII du Hussard sur le toit de Jean Giono
Authors: Ćurko Daniela
Published: January 2016

L'article étudie l'intertextualité de F. Nietzsche dans le chapitre XIII du roman Le hussard sur le toit de Jean Giono. Nous démontrons que le vieux médecin rencontré par Angelo à la fin de sa traversée d'une Provence ravagée par le choléra, est non seulement un maître à penser, mais qu'il est ce " philosophe médecin de la culture " dont rêve Nietzsche. Par son diagnostic sur le mal qui est le choléra, le vieux praticien est effectivement redevable à la critique que Nietzsche fait de la civilisation occidentale et notamment du christianisme. Plusieurs preuves viennent étayer cette hypothèse, tout d'abord la représentation de notre civilisation comme décadente, accablée par la tristesse, et qui n'a rien à " offrir en échange " à la pulsion de mort ; la référence à la vie urbaine et à la grande ville comme lieu emblématique de la décadence ; enfin, la représentation du choléra comme " une vengeance de la chair qui raisonne " et qui se révolte contre le statut dévalorisant octroyé au corps, aux pulsions et à la pensée inconsciente dans notre civilisation.
Zur Rolle der Emotionen in Brechts Dramentheorie
Authors: Virant Špela
Published: January 2016

Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts begann ein Prozess der 'Abkühlung' in den Künsten. Die dargestellten Gefühle und die gefühlvolle Darstellungsweise wurden aus der Literatur verdrängt oder sehr nüchtern betrachtet. Es kommt zu einer Rationalisierung, Ökonomisierung und Ideologisierung der gesellschaftlichen Emotionsdiskurse, was auch die Dramentheorie beeinflusst, für die die Erregung und Reinigung der Gefühle seit der Poetik von Aristoteles von zentraler Bedeutung ist. Brecht bekämpfte das aristotelische Theater aus ideologischen und politischen Gründen. Je mehr er gegen Aristoteles argumentierte, desto stärker näherte er sich einer modernen Lesart der Poetik an. Interessant ist aber, dass sich auch das sogenannte postdramatische Theater, das sich von Aristoteles und Brecht ausdrücklich distanziert, immer noch als kalt bezeichnet.
The Independence of South African Judges: A Constitutional and Legislative Perspective
Authors: Siyo L , Mubangizi JC
Published: January 2016

Judicial independence is fundamental to democracy. It is in that context that this paper considers whether the existing constitutional and legislative mechanisms provide sufficient judicial independence to South African judges. In so doing, the paper focuses on impartiality, judicial appointments and security of tenure. It also discusses the sensitive matter of complaints and disciplinary proceedings against judges and their removal from office. The issue of the remuneration of judges is also explored. In discussing the challenges facing judicial independence some incidents that have appeared to compromise such independence are highlighted. These include the controversial appointments of Advocate Mpshe as an acting judge in the North West Province in 2010 and Judge Heath as the Head of the Special Investigative Unit (SIU) in 2011. The never-ending controversy surrounding the Cape Judge President John Hlophe and his alleged attempts to improperly influence two Constitutional Court judges in a case involving President Jacob Zuma is also highlighted. Another issue that has brought judicial independence into sharp focus is the June 2015 visit to South Africa of Sudan's President Omar al-Bashir, who was on a warrant of arrest from the International Criminal Court (ICC) for genocide and war crimes in the Darfur region of Sudan. A decision by the North Gauteng High Court on his presence in South Africa and the attacks on the judiciary made by various government officials as a result are discussed. Several conclusions are drawn but in the main, it is generally concluded that the constitutional and legislative framework adopted by South Africa sufficiently insulates judges from improper influence. However, there have been several notable challenges that particularly relate to judicial appointments and how the JSC has handled certain matters. Irresponsible and uninformed political statements by politicians and unwarranted political attacks on the judiciary by government are also a source of great concern. These challenges could and should be construed as threats to judicial independence, and need to be comprehensively and properly addressed.
A Contextual Analysis of the Hate Speech Provisions of the Equality Act
Authors: Marais ME , Pretorius JL
Published: January 2016

The article presents a detailed contextual analysis of the categorical prohibition of hate speech in terms of section 10(1) of the Equality Act. It is argued that this provision is not primarily intended to describe and effectively regulate the extreme expression that falls within the narrow ambit of "hate speech" as defined in section 16(2)(c) of the Constitution. Rather, it is concerned with the promotion of equality in the broad societal context. It acknowledges the hurt and harm that discriminatory expression may entail and it condemns the reinforcement of systemic discrimination by means of expression. Therefore, the principal interpretive frame of reference for the analysis of section 10(1) of the Equality Act is the explicit constitutional obligation in terms of sections 9(3) and (4) of the Constitution to enact legislation to prevent and prohibit unfair discrimination, and not section 16(2)(c) of the Constitution. The fact that section 10(1) categorically prohibits hate speech, instead of premising its prohibition on the unfairness analysis generally applicable to discrimination in other contexts, however, implies that only expression with no reasonable prospect of meeting the constitutional fairness standard ought to be covered by section 10. Put differently, the prohibited expression may in no way promote rather than jeopardise the achievement of equality. The interpretation takes into account that section 10(1) applies only to engagement in expression that, in terms of an objective reasonableness assessment, is clearly primarily aimed at hurting or harming others, or at inciting others to hurt or harm, or at promoting hatred based on group identity. Furthermore, bona fide expression in accordance with the essential characteristics of the freedoms of expression mentioned in section 16(1) of the Constitution is explicitly excluded from its ambit. An analysis of the expression covered by section 10(1) leads to a conclusion that it prohibits only low-value discriminatory expression that obstructs the constitutional quest for the healing of our injured society. It manages to achieve this without jeopardising the constitutional guarantee of freedom of expression, construed in the light of the foundational values of the Constitution.
The Incorporation of Double Taxation Agreements into South African Domestic Law
Authors: Du Plessis I
Published: January 2016

There are different opinions as to the process whereby double taxation agreements (DTAs) are incorporated into South African law. This contribution aims to discuss some of the existing opinions and to offer a further perspective on the matter. At the heart of the debate lies the interpretation of two provisions, namely section 231 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and section 108 of the Income Tax Act and the interaction between the two. This contribution argues that South Africa's DTAs are not self-executing (a term referred to in section 231(4) of the Constitution) and should therefore be enacted into law by national legislation. It is furthermore argued that section 108(2) of the Income Tax Act enables a DTA to be incorporated into South African domestic law, by means of publication in the Government Gazette. An analysis of the case law supports this argument. Whether or not DTAs are regarded as self-executing, the status of a DTA in relation to the Income Tax Act still has to be determined. In other words, once the DTA forms part of South African domestic law, does it rank higher, lower or on a par with the Income Tax Act? It is submitted that the status of DTAs in South Africa is determined by the Constitution. It is furthermore submitted that South Africa's DTAs do not attain a status on the same level as the Constitution and that the Constitution allows for the possibility that South Africa's DTAs may be overridden by subsequent legislation (for example, by amendments to the Income Tax Act). Whether or not an override will take place in a specific case should, it is submitted, be determined by the application of the principles of statutory interpretation which apply in the case of conflict. Although this latter submission finds support in the minority judgement in Glenister, both the AM Moolla and Tradehold decisions express contrary views. The hope is expressed that the South African courts will provide clarity on this matter in due course.
Excerpt from the Doctrine of Reason
Authors: Meier Georg Friedrich
Published: January 2016

First published in 1752, Excerpt from the Doctrine of Reason [Auszug aus der Vernunftlehre] was written as a textbook and widely adopted by many 18th-century German instructors, but most notably by Immanuel Kant. For forty years Kant used the Excerpts as the basis of his lectures on logic making extensive notes on his copy of the text.

More than a text on formal logic, Excerpt from the Doctrine of Reason covers epistemology and the elements of thought and language Meier believed made human understanding possible. Working across the two dominant intellectual forces in modern philosophy, the rationalist and the empiricist traditions, Meier‘s work was also instrumental to the introduction of English philosophy into Germany; he was among the first German philosophers to study John Locke’s philosophy in depth.

This complete English translation of Meier’s influential textbook is introduced by Riccardo Pozzo and enhanced by a glossary and a concordance correlating Meier’s arguments to Kant’s logic lectures, the related Reflexionen and the Jäsche Logic of 1800 - the text considered of fundamental importance to Kant‘s philosophy. For scholars of Kant, Locke and the German Enlightenment, this valuable translation and its accompanying material presents the richest source of information available on Meier and his 18th-century work.
Accessible golf for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Cox, MS, CRC, LRT/CTRS Leah M. , Johnson PhD, LRT/CTRS Dan , Ashton, PhD, LRT/CTRS Candace
Published: January 2016

Golf is a popular sport played by many people of varying ages. Recently, individuals with disabilities are becoming more interested in this sport with the help of community programs such as Project Golf: Accessible and Inclusive Networks (GAIN). The purpose of this paper is to provide recreation therapy professionals with background information on the game of golf, information about the benefits and barriers common to golf, as well as information on the effectiveness of using golf as a therapeutic treatment intervention. Examples of adaptations for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder are provided as well as recommendations for recreation therapists.
An Automated Baseline Correction Protocol for Infrared Spectra of Atmospheric Aerosols Collected on Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) Filters
Authors: Kuzmiakova A. , Dillner A. M. , Takahama S.
Published: January 2016

Abstract. A growing body of research on statistical applications for characterization of atmospheric aerosol Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) samples collected on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) ﬁlters (e.g., Russell et al., 2011; Ruthenburg et al., 2014) and a rising interest in analyzing FT-IR samples collected by air quality monitoring networks call for an automated PTFE baseline correction solution. The existing polynomial technique (Takahama et al., 2013) is not scalable to a project with large amount of aerosol samples because it contains many parameters and requires expert intervention. Therefore, the question of how to develop an automated method for baseline correcting hundreds to thousands of ambient aerosol spectra given the variability in both environmental mixture composition and PTFE baselines remains. This study approaches the question by detailing the statistical protocol, which allows for the precise deﬁnition of analyte and background sub-regions, applies non-parametric smoothing splines to reproduce sample-speciﬁc PTFE variations, and integrates performance metrics from atmospheric aerosol and blank samples alike in the smoothing parameter selection. Referencing 794 atmospheric aerosol samples from seven Interagency Monitoring of PROtected Visual Environment (IMPROVE) sites collected during 2011, we start by identifying key FT-IR signal characteristics, such as non-negative absorbance or analyte segment transformation, to capture sample-speciﬁc transitions between background and analyte. While referring to qualitative properties of PTFE background, the goal of smoothing splines interpolation is to learn the baseline structure in the background region to predict the baseline structure in the analyte region. We then validate the model by comparing smoothing splines baseline corrected spectra with uncorrected and polynomial baseline (PB) corrected equivalents via three statistical applications: 1) clustering analysis, 2) functional group quantiﬁcation, and 3) thermal optical reﬂectance (TOR) organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) predictions. The discrepancy rate for a four-cluster solution is 10%. For all functional groups but carboxylic COH the discrepancy is ≤ 10%. Performance metrics obtained from TOR OC and EC predictions (R2 ≥ 0.94%, bias ≤ 0.01 µg m−3, and error ≤ 0.04 µg m−3) are on a par with those obtained from uncorrected and PB corrected spectra. The proposed protocol leads to visually and analytically similar estimates as those generated by the polynomial method. More importantly, the automated solution allows us and future users to evaluate its analytical reproducibility while minimizing reducible user bias. We anticipate the protocol will enable FT-IR researchers and data analysts to quickly and reliably analyze a large amount of data and connect them to a variety of available statistical learning methods to be applied to analyte absorbances isolated in atmospheric aerosol samples.
Long-term macrobioerosion in the Mediterranean Sea assessed by micro-computed tomography
Authors: Färber C. , Titschack J. , Schönberg C. H. L. , Ehrig K. , Boos K. , Baum D. , Illerhaus B. , Asgaard U. , Bromley R. G. , Freiwald A. , Wisshak M.
Published: January 2016

Abstract. Biological erosion is a key process for the recycling of carbonate and the formation of calcareous sediments in the oceans. Experimental studies showed that bioerosion is subject to distinct temporal variability, but previous long-term studies were restricted to tropical waters. Here, we present results from a 14 year bioerosion experiment that was carried out a long the rocky limestone coast of the island of Rhodes, Greece, in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, in order to monitor the pace at which bioerosion affects carbonate substrate and the sequence of colonisation by bioeroding organisms. Internal macrobioerosion was visualised and quantified by micro-computed tomography and computer-algorithm based segmentation procedures. Analysis of internal macrobioerosion traces revealed a dominance of bioeroding sponges producing eight types of characteristic Entobia cavity networks, which were matched to five different clionaid sponges by spicule identification in extracted tissue. The morphology of the entobians strongly varied depending on the species of the producing sponge, its on togenetic stage, available space, and competition by other bioeroders. An early community developed during the first 5 years of exposure with initially very low macrobioerosion rates and was followed by an intermediate stage when sponges formed large and more diverse entobians and bioerosion rates increased. After 14 years, 30 % of the block volumes were occupied by boring sponges, yielding maximum bioerosion rates of 900 g m−2 yr−1. A high spatial variability in macrobioerosion prohibited clear conclusions about the onset of macrobioerosion equilibrium conditions. This highlights the necessity of even longer experimental exposures and higher replication at various factor levels in order to better understand and quantify temporal patterns of macrobioerosion in marine carbonate environments.
A synthetic data set of high-spectral resolution infrared spectra for the Arctic atmosphere
Authors: Cox C. J. , Rowe P. M. , Neshyba S. P. , Walden V. P.
Published: January 2016

Abstract. Retrievals of cloud microphysical and macrophysical properties from ground-based and satellite-based infrared remote sensing instruments are critical for understanding clouds. However, retrieval uncertainties are difficult to quantify without a standard for comparison. This is particularly true over the polar regions where surface-based data for a cloud climatology are sparse, yet clouds represent a major source of uncertainty in weather and climate models. We describe a synthetic high-spectral resolution infrared data set that is designed to facilitate validation and development of cloud retrieval algorithms for surface- and satellite-based remote sensing instruments. Since the data set is calculated using pre-defined cloudy atmospheres, the properties of the cloud and atmospheric state are known a priori. The atmospheric state used for the simulations is drawn from radiosonde measurements made at the North Slope of Alaska (NSA) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) site at Barrow, Alaska (71.325° N, 156.615° W), a location that is generally representative of the western Arctic. The cloud properties for each simulation are selected from statistical distributions derived from past field measurements. Upwelling (at 60 km) and downwelling (at the surface) infrared spectra are simulated for 222 cloudy cases from 50–3000 cm−1 (3.3 to 200 μm) at monochromatic (line-by-line) resolution at a spacing of ~ 0.01 cm−1 using the Line-by-line Radiative Transfer Model (LBLRTM) and the discrete-ordinate-method radiative transfer code (DISORT). These spectra are freely available for interested researchers from the ACADIS data repository (doi:10.5065/D61J97TT).
Money Demand in Korea: A Cointegration Analysis, 1973-2014
Authors: Cho Hyungsun Chloe , Ramirez Miguel D.
Published: January 2016

This paper estimates the demand for real money in Korea over the 1973Q3 to 2014Q4 period via unit root and cointegration methods. Utilizing the Johansen cointegration methodology and the Pantula principle, it establishes that a long-term relationship exists among the included variables. The paper also estimates an error correction model (ECM) as well as a vector error correction model (VECM), extending previous analyses by performing forecasts and testing for Granger causality among the variables. It finds that the broader definition of money, M2, serves as a relatively better measure of the money aggregate than M1 when evaluating the stability of the real demand for money. The long-term interest (LR) rate also seems to provide better results than the short-term rate (SR), which is consistent with economic theory given that it refers to a long-run equilibrium relationship. Both the ECM and VECM estimates showed the expected (and significant) signs on the coefficients; LM2 (LM1) and LGDP were positively related and LM2 (LM1) and LR (SR) were negatively related. Granger block causality tests and impulse response functions together seem to suggest that the traditional money demand function which places M as its ‘dependent’ variable, while including income and interest rates as its regressors, was a robust and stable model in the case of Korea.
Rye Bread Fortified With Cellulose and Its Acceptance by Elderlies in Nursing Homes and Young Adults
Authors: Fuckerer Katharina , Hensel Oliver , Schmitt Joachim J.
Published: January 2016

Several clinical studies suggest that a sufficient daily intake of fibres has positive effects on prevention of different diseases. Other studies show that most elderlies ingest too less fibres daily. As bread is one of the daily consumed food by elderly a brown rye bread fortified with three different cellulose fibres length (18 µm, 300 µm, 700 µm) was developed. To find out whether elderly would consume such cellulose fortified rye breads, preference tests and a questionnaire about fibres and liking of fibres enriched rye breads were conducted with people older than 75 years and living in a nursing home. Comparable test were conducted with young adults. Preference test and questionnaire showed that young adults favoured rye bread with 18 µm cellulose, because they associated soft crumb texture with freshly baked bread. Instead elderlies preferred standard rye bread and bread with 300 µm cellulose, because those two kinds of rye breads have similar crumb texture which is popular with elderlies. These results showed that there are differences in preferring of fortified rye bread between elderlies and young adults. Parallel questionnaires showed that elderlies and young are well informed about fibres and have a positive attitude towards rye bread fortified with fibres. Therefore given information about fibres did not increase liking of the fibre rye breads. Finally, it can be concluded that elderlies would eat bread fortified with fibers and there were differences in liking of bread between elderlies and young.  
Estudio de los factores determinantes de la deserción en el sistema universitario chileno
Authors: Larroucau Tomás
Published: January 2016

Este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar y cuantificar los factores determinantes de la probabilidad de deserción del sistema universitario chileno. La metodología utilizada considera un modelo econométrico estático de tres ecuaciones que pretende corregir, simultáneamente, la posible endogeneidad presente en la selección de muestra y en la obtención de las ayudas estudiantiles, diferenciando la deserción temporal de la definitiva y analizando posibles efectos heterogéneos entre áreas de carrera y tipos de universidad. Los resultados muestran que la deserción universitaria es un fenómeno multicausal, influida por factores de habilidad individual del estudiante, socioeconómicos y demográficos, pero también factores relacionados con la calidad del establecimiento de enseñanza media, de la carrera y de la universidad a la que accede. Las características previas al ingreso del estudiante a la universidad son más relevantes que la habilidad medida por medio de la PSU. Además, se constata que la deserción universitaria es también un problema de financiamiento; estudiantes de mayores ingresos y aquellos que perciben una ayuda estudiantil presentan una probabilidad estadísticamente significativa menor de desertar del sistema.