bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in Russian poverty during transition as assessed from microdata from the city of Taganrog*
Authors: Gustafsson Björn , Nivorozhkina Ludmila
Published: November 2004

The literature lacks solid assessments of poverty in Russia under transition compared to the poverty conditions at the onset of transition. This motivates us to analyse survey data from the city of Taganrog collected in similar manners for 1989 and 2000. Under all assumptions applied, we find that the extent of poverty has increased. The results also show that a large proportion of households with members in work‐active ages have fallen into poverty. While poverty in 1989 was heavily concentrated among the elderly, Russian poverty in 2000 is to a large extent a problem for people of work‐active ages and their children. Russian poverty has changed from being predictable and perhaps stable to the opposite.
The effect of exchange rate changes on trade balances in the short and long run
Authors: Hacker R. Scott , Hatemi‐J Abdulnasser
Published: November 2004

Using generalized impulse response functions, this study tests for the trade J‐curve for three transitional central European countries – the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland – in their bilateral trade with respect to Germany. Our findings suggest that for each country there are some characteristics associated with a J‐curve effect: after a (real or nominal) depreciation the export‐to‐import ratio briefly drops to below its initial value within a few months and then rises to a long run equilibrium value higher than the initial one.
Cardiovascular response to acute normovolaemic haemodilution in patients with severe aortic stenosis: assessment with transoesophageal echocardiography
Authors: Licker M. , Ellenberger C. , Murith N. , Tassaux D. , Sierra J. , Diaper J. , Morel D. R.
Published: November 2004

Using multiplane transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE), we investigated the haemodynamic response to acute normovolaemic haemodilution (ANH) in anaesthetised patients with critical aortic stenosis. Twenty‐eight patients were randomly assigned to ANH or control groups. In the control group, haemodynamic data remained unchanged over a 20‐min period. In the ANH group, haemoglobin levels decreased from a mean (SD) of 134 (7) to 91 (9) g.l−1 (p < 0.001) whereas stroke volume, central venous pressure and left ventricular (LV) end‐diastolic area all increased significantly (mean (SD) +15 (6) ml; +2.0 (1.1) mmHg; +2.1 (0.8) cm2, respectively). During ANH, the accelerated blood flow through the stenotic valve caused an increased loss (SD) in LV stroke work: from 24 (8)% to 30 (10)%), (p < 0.01). Hence, lowering viscosity with ANH resulted in improved venous return, higher cardiac preload and increased stroke volume. However, this adaptive haemodynamic response was limited by less efficient LV stroke work due to dissipation of fluid kinetic energy.
Cardiovascular effects of xenon and nitrous oxide in patients during fentanyl‐midazolam anaesthesia*
Authors: Goto T. , Hanne P. , Ishiguro Y. , Ichinose F. , Niimi Y. , Morita S.
Published: November 2004

Xenon anaesthesia appears to have minimal haemodynamic effects. The purpose of this randomised prospective study was to compare the cardiovascular effects of xenon and nitrous oxide in patients with known ischaemic heart disease. In 20 patients who were due to undergo coronary artery bypass graft surgery, 30 min following induction of anaesthesia with fentanyl 30 µg.kg−1 and midazolam 0.1 mg.kg−1 but prior to the start of surgery, xenon or nitrous oxide 60% was administered for 15 min. The results showed that xenon caused a minimal decrease in the mean arterial pressure (from 81 (7) to 75 (8) mmHg, mean (SD)), but did not affect the systolic function of the left ventricle, as demonstrated by unchanged left ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI) and the fractional area change of the left ventricle (FAC) derived from transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE). However, in contrast, nitrous oxide was found to decrease the mean arterial pressure (from 81 (8) to 69 (7) mmHg), the LVSWI, and the FAC. The cardiac index, central venous and pulmonary artery occlusion pressures, systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances, and the TOE‐derived E/A ratio through the mitral valve were unchanged by xenon or nitrous oxide. We conclude that xenon provides improved haemodynamic stability compared with nitrous oxide, conserving the left ventricular systolic function.
Ease of insertion of the laryngeal tube during manual‐in‐line neck stabilisation
Authors: Asai T. , Marfin A. G. , Thompson J. , Popat M. , Shingu K.
Published: November 2004

The laryngeal tube has a potential role in airway management during anaesthesia or cardiopulmonary resuscitation. In patients with unstable necks, the head and neck may need to be stabilised manually (manual in‐line stabilisation), but it is not known whether this procedure affects the ease of insertion of the laryngeal tube. We studied, in a cross‐over study, 21 adult patients to compare the success rate of ventilation through the laryngeal tube between the Magill position (a pillow under the occiput and the head extended) or the manual in‐line position of the head and neck (without a pillow under the occiput). After induction of anaesthesia and neuromuscular blockade, the laryngeal tube was inserted in turn in the two positions. The ease of insertion was scored with four categories (easy, moderately difficult, difficult and impossible), and adequacy of ventilation through the device was assessed. Ventilation was adequate in all 21 patients in the Magill position, but only in two of 21 patients during manual in‐line positionin (p < 0.01; 95%CI for difference: 68–94%). In the Magill position, insertion of the laryngeal tube was easy in 16 patients and moderately difficult in the remaining five patients; in the manual in‐line stabilisation position, insertion was moderately difficult in two patients and impossible in the remaining 19 patients. Stabilisation of the patient's head and neck by the manual in‐line method made insertion of the laryngeal tube either difficult or impossible.
Anaesthetic and intensive care management of a patient with Ehlers–Danlos Type IV syndrome after laparotomy
Authors: Solan K. , Davies P.
Published: November 2004

A 31‐year‐old woman with Ehlers–Danlos Type IV syndrome developed multiple intensive care related complications following laparotomy for perforated bowel. Complications are more likely to occur with the Ehlers–Danlos syndrome.
Use of alpha‐agonists for management of anaphylaxis occurring under anaesthesia: case studies and review
Authors: Heytman M. , Rainbird A.
Published: November 2004

Anaphylaxis is an uncommon but serious complication of anaesthesia. Most current guidelines for the management of anaphylaxis list only epinephrine as a vasopressor to use in the event of cardiovascular collapse. We present two cases of anaphylaxis under anaesthesia where return of spontaneous circulation was refractory to epinephrine, but occurred following the administration of the alpha‐agonist metaraminol. Potential advantages and disadvantages of using epinephrine in this setting, the role of alpha‐agonists and some potential mechanisms accounting for their role in successful management are reviewed.
The history of spinal needles: getting to the point
Authors: Calthorpe N.
Published: November 2004

The history of the design of spinal needle tips is discussed, from the first needles used by J. Leonard Corning in 1885 to innovative, modern needle designs that continue to appear on the market. The shape of the needle tip started as a cutting bevel and developed into the atraumatic tip and the pencil‐point tip in current common use. Innovative designs such as the stylet‐tipped needle and the directional needle are described, as well as the needles used for continuous spinal anaesthesia.
Nitric oxide in inflammatory bowel disease: a universal messenger in an unsolved puzzle
Authors: Kolios George , Valatas Vassilis , Ward Stephen G.
Published: November 2004

In recent years, nitric oxide (NO), a gas previously considered to be a potentially toxic chemical, has been established as a diffusible universal messenger that mediates cell–cell communication throughout the body. Constitutive and inducible NO production regulate numerous essential functions of the gastrointestinal mucosa, such as maintenance of adequate perfusion, regulation of microvascular and epithelial permeability, and regulation of the immune response. Up‐regulation of the production of NO via expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) represents part of a prompt intestinal antibacterial response; however, NO has also been associated with the initiation and maintenance of inflammation in human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Recent studies on animal models of experimental IBD have shown that constitutive and inducible NO production seems to be beneficial during acute colitis, but sustained up‐regulation of NO is detrimental. This fact is also supported by studies on mice genetically deficient in various NOS isoforms. However, the mechanism by which NO proceeds from being an indispensable homeostatic regulator to a harmful destructor remains unknown. Furthermore, extrapolation of data from animal colitis models to human IBD is questionable. The purpose of this review is to update our knowledge about the role of this universal mediator and the enzymes that generate it in the pathogenesis of IBD.
Polygalacturonase‐inhibiting protein accumulates in Phaseolus vulgaris L. in response to wounding, elicitors and fungal infection
Authors: Bergmann Carl W. , Ito Yuki , Singer Darrell , Albersheim Peter , Darvill Alan G. , Benhamou Nicole , Nuss Laurence , Salvi Giovanni , Cervone Felice , De Lorenzo Giulia
Published: November 2004

Polygalacturonase‐inhibiting protein (PGIP) is a cell wall‐associated protein that specifically binds to and inhibits the activity of fungal endopolygalacturonases. The Phaseolus vulgaris gene encoding PGIP has been cloned and characterized. Using a fragment of the cloned pgip gene as a probe in Northern blot experiments, it is demonstrated that the pgip mRNA accumulates in suspension‐cultured bean cells following addition of elicitor‐active oligogalacturonides or fungal glucan to the medium. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies specific for PGIP were generated against a synthetic peptide designed from the N‐terminal region of PGIP; the antigenicity of the peptide was enhanced by coupling to KLH. Using the antibodies and the cloned pgip gene fragment as probes in Western and Northern blot experiments, respectively, it is shown that the levels of PGIP and its mRNA are increased in P. vulgaris hypocotyls in response to wounding or treatment with salicylic acid. Using gold‐labeled goat‐anti‐rabbit secondary antibodies in EM studies, it has also been demonstrated that, in bean hypocotyls infected with Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, the level of PGIP preferentially increases in those cells immediately surrounding the infection site. The data support the hypothesis that synthesis of PGIP constitutes an active defense mechanism of plants that is elicited by signal molecules known to induce plant defense genes.
A Gurson–Tvergaard based model to simulate the fracture of aged duplex stainless steels
Authors: ALEGRE J. M. , GUTIÉRREZ‐SOLANA F.
Published: November 2004

In order to use duplex stainless steels for components designed to withstand temperatures up to 475 °C, the knowledge of the effect of ageing on the fracture mechanisms is required. For the unaged steel, the ductile fracture takes place due to the nucleation of microvoids initiated on precipitates and inclusions present in the austenitic phase. However, the ageing of the material leads to a global loss of ductility. The ferrite phase embrittlement causes it to break by cleavage at lower levels of plastic strain. These changes, both in mechanical properties and in fracture micromechanisms, can be simulated by means of variation in the parameters that govern the constitutive equation of the material. The local approach model developed by Gurson–Tvergaard has been used to simulate, by FE analysis, the elasto‐plastic behaviour and the fracture of these materials at various stages of ageing at 400 °C. An extensive experimental program has been undertaken in order to obtain the Gurson–Tvergaard model parameters needed for numerical simulations, which considers the effect of ageing conditions (time and temperature), the ferrite content of the steel that causes the global embrittlement and the geometry of the component from the stress triaxiality by using axisymmetric notched specimens. The numerical model developed allows predictions to be made for the damage constitutive parameters for duplex steels subjected to any ageing conditions and, as a consequence, can be directly used for designing components.
Comparison of Routine Glove Use and Contact‐Isolation Precautions to Prevent Transmission of Multidrug‐Resistant Bacteria in a Long‐Term Care Facility
Authors: Trick William E. , Weinstein Robert A. , DeMarais Patricia L. , Tomaska Wanda , Nathan Catherine , McAllister Sigrid K. , Hageman Jeffrey C. , Rice Thomas W. , Westbrook Glennis , Jarvis William R.
Published: November 2004

Objectives: To compare routine glove use by healthcare workers for all residents, without use of contact‐isolation precautions, with contact‐isolation precautions for the care of residents who had vancomycin‐resistant enterococci or methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from a clinical culture

Design: Random allocation of two similar sections of the skilled‐care unit to one of the infection‐control strategies during an 18‐month study period.

Setting: Skilled‐care unit of a 667‐bed acute‐ and long‐term care facility.

Participants: All residents present or admitted to the skilled‐care unit from June 1, 1998, through December 7, 1999.

Measurements: Resident acquisition of four antimicrobial‐resistant organisms (methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin‐resistant enterococci, or extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase‐producing Klebsiella pneumoniae or Escherichia coli). All isolates were strain typed. The facility level costs associated with each strategy were estimated.

Results: Resident acquisition of antimicrobial‐resistant organisms was no different in the glove‐use and isolation‐precautions sections (31 episodes (1.5 per 1,000 resident‐days) vs 38 episodes (1.6 per 1,000 resident‐days)). Acquisition of either of two prevalent K. pneumoniae strains was more likely (P=.06) in residents in the isolation‐precautions section. The estimated costs of contact‐isolation precautions were 40% greater than those of routine glove use.

Conclusion: There was a similar frequency of transmission of antimicrobial‐resistant bacteria in the two study sections; there was evidence for resident‐to‐resident K. pneumoniae transmission in the isolation‐precautions section. Routine glove use for healthcare workers, which decreases resident social isolation and healthcare facility costs, may be preferable in many long‐term care facilities.
Indicators of Recurrent Hospitalization for Pneumonia in the Elderly
Authors: El Solh Ali A. , Brewer Thomas , Okada Mifue , Bashir Omar , Gough Michael
Published: November 2004

Objectives: To identify modifiable risk factors of late unplanned readmissions for elderly with community‐acquired pneumonia.

Design: A case‐control study.

Setting: Three university‐affiliated tertiary‐care hospitals.

Participants: Two hundred four case‐control pairs. Case patients referred to all patients readmitted with pneumonia 30 days to 1 year after discharge. Control subjects were matched for age, admission date, and residence before admission.

Measurements: Baseline sociodemographic information, clinical data, activity of daily living (ADLs) information, and Charlson Comorbidity Index score were obtained. The Pneumonia Severity Index was calculated with swallowing dysfunction and pattern and extent of radiographic abnormalities, antimicrobial coverage, and total duration recorded.

Results: Median time to readmission was 123 days (interquartile range=65–238 days). Readmission was not associated with increased severity or length of hospital stay. In a Cox proportional hazards regression model, swallowing dysfunction (hazard ratio (HR)=2.15, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.46–2.97), current smoking (HR=2.04, 95% CI=1.48–2.82), use of tranquilizers (HR=1.5, 95% CI=1.02–2.22), and lower ADL scores (HR=1.06, 95% CI=1.02–1.10) were independently associated with readmission for pneumonia. The receipt of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (HR=0.46, 95% CI=0.27–0.78) and prior pneumococcal vaccination (HR=0.59, 95% CI=0.42–0.82) had a protective effect.

Conclusion: Although there are limited effective measures to improve functional status, preventive strategies that include smoking cessation and pneumococcal vaccination should be actively pursued. Routine evaluation of swallowing dysfunction and use of pharmacological agents to improve the cough reflex deserve further evaluation in multicenter controlled trials.
Disruptive Behaviors in Veterans Affairs Nursing Home Residents: How Different Are Residents with Serious Mental Illness?
Authors: McCarthy John F. , Blow Frederic C. , Kales Helen C.
Published: November 2004

Objectives: To determine the prevalence and correlates of behavior problems of residents of Veterans Affairs (VA) nursing homes and to compare residents with serious mental illness (SMI) with other resident groups.

Design: This study combined cross‐sectional resident assessments with administrative data for all residents in VA nursing homes. Multivariate ordinal logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between resident characteristics and problem behaviors.

Setting: Nursing home care units in the VA healthcare system.

Participants: A total of 9,618 nursing home residents assessed as part of the VA's April 2001 national resident census.

Measurements: The Patient Assessment Instrument assessed each resident's verbally disruptive, physically aggressive, and socially inappropriate behaviors in the prior 4 weeks. Functional limitations in eating, mobility, toileting, and transfer were assessed. Diagnoses were evaluated for the stay and up to 6 months before assessment.

Results: Almost one‐fifth (17.9%) of residents received a diagnosis of SMI. Residents with SMI or dementia had greater behavior problems than residents with neither condition. Residents with SMI (and without dementia) exhibited more verbal disruption than residents with dementia (and without SMI), but the two subgroups did not differ in physically aggressive or socially inappropriate behavior.

Conclusion: Many VA nursing home residents have SMI. Their level of behavior problems is comparable with that of residents with dementia. Clinical practice and nursing home staff training must encompass geriatric mental health and behavior management to meet the needs of residents with SMI.
Footlift Asymmetry During Obstacle Avoidance in High‐Risk Elderly
Authors: Di Fabio Richard P. , Kurszewski Wesley M. , Jorgenson Erin E. , Kunz Rachel C.
Published: November 2004

Objectives: To test the hypothesis that vertical footlift asymmetries and low obstacle clearing distance during obstacle avoidance are characteristics of elderly people classified as high risk for falls.

Design: Controlled cross‐sectional design with two conditions to cue selection of the foot‐for‐step initiation: sound cue and visual cue.

Setting: Senior independent living facilities.

Participants: Eighteen community‐dwelling elderly with a history of falling or prolonged Timed Up and Go score greater than 13.5 seconds, 16 elderly with no fall history and Timed Up & Go score of 13.5 seconds or less, and 15 younger subjects.

Measurements: Video kinematic analysis of bilateral footlift displacement and velocity using reflective markers as subjects stepped over foam obstacles scaled to a maximum tolerated height.

Results: High‐risk elders contacted the obstacle more frequently and had significantly greater vertical footlift asymmetries adjusted for obstacle/subject height (mean±standard error asymmetry index for sound cue 3.25±0.42 cm, for visual cue 2.51±0.45 cm) than low‐risk and younger subjects (P<.001). In low‐risk elderly and younger subjects, the asymmetry index approached 0, which indicated symmetrical lower limb movements when stepping over the obstacles.

Conclusion: High‐risk elderly show a marked asymmetry in foot clearance while stepping over an obstacle, with the lag foot clearing the obstacle at a much lower distance than the lead foot. Possible mechanisms responsible for these findings (limited hip extension and deficits in executive cognitive function) are discussed.
IMAGING DIAGNOSIS: MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF A CERVICAL WOODEN FOREIGN BODY IN A DOG
Authors: Young Benjamin , Klopp Lisa , Albrecht Mark , Kraft Susan
Published: November 2004

This article describes the discovery of a chronic cervical wooden foreign body ventral to the left transverse processes of the cranial cervical spine using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a dog that presented with chronic neck pain and lameness. The dog did not exhibit dysphagia or chronic draining tracts, the most common signs of the presumed cause, that of a penetrating oropharyngeal foreign body. The foreign body itself was represented on MR images as an oval straight‐edged core within an inflammatory tissue reaction. The wood was slightly hyperintense on T2‐ and isointense on T1‐weighted images relative to muscle. Surrounding this was a more conspicuous contrast‐enhancing reactive tissue rim that was hyperintense on all pulse sequences. Adjacent musculature also exhibited diffuse edema and contrast enhancement that extended around the left cervical vertebral transverse processes and local intervertebral nerve roots. The foreign body was found to be a wooden stick upon surgical removal. MRI is an excellent method for visualizing the inflammatory tissue reactions associated with soft‐tissue foreign bodies because of its contrast resolution and depiction of anatomy in multiple imaging planes.
SONOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF HISTIOCYTIC NEOPLASMS IN THE CANINE ABDOMEN
Authors: Cruz‐Arámbulo Robert , Wrigley Robert , Powers Barbara
Published: November 2004

The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe the ultrasonographic features of malignant histiocytosis (MH), malignant fibrous histiocytoma, and histiocytic sarcoma in abdominal organs of dogs. The medical records of 18 dogs that had undergone abdominal sonography and had a histopathologic diagnosis of abdominal MH, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, and histiocytic sarcoma were reviewed. The organ most commonly affected was the spleen. MH was the most common followed by histiocytic sarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma. In the spleen there were often multiple hypoechoic nodules with well‐defined borders. In one dog, without focal lesions, the spleen was enlarged and hypoechoic. The liver was the second most commonly affected organ. MH was most common followed by histiocytic sarcomas and malignant fibrous histiocytoma. The most common sonographic feature in the liver was the presence of multiple hypoechoic nodules with well‐defined borders. One dog without hepatic nodules had a liver that was ultrasonographically enlarged and hypoechoic. MH in the abdominal lymph nodes resulted in hypoechoic lymphadenopathy. Malignant fibrous histiocytoma was the only neoplastic type in the kidneys appearing as a single heteroechoic renal mass with well‐defined borders. MH was observed in the stomach of one dog. Sonographically there was a single well circumscribed hypoechoic mass with well‐defined borders and abnormal stomach layers. In this study it was not possible to differentiate between MH, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, and histiocytic sarcoma using sonography.
PALLIATIVE IRRADIATION OF SCOTTISH FOLD OSTEOCHONDRODYSPLASIA
Authors: Hubler Madeleine , Volkert Mathias , Kaser‐Hotz Barbara , Arnold Susi
Published: November 2004

This report describes palliative irradiation as treatment for Scottish Fold osteochondrodysplasia. A 3‐year‐old female spayed Scottish Fold cat suffering from osteochondrodysplasia was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Zurich. Based on the breed, history, clinical signs, radiographic findings, and the histologic diagnosis of a biopsy specimen, Scottish Fold osteochondrodysplasia was confirmed. To control the exostoses leading to inflammatory processes and pain, radiotherapy was initiated as palliative treatment. This was successful in relieving the clinical signs within a few weeks. The short‐ and long‐term results after radiotherapy are presented and discussed with a comparable human disease, the plantar heel spur, which also responds well to radiotherapy.
Design and Verification of the Risø-B1 Airfoil Family for Wind Turbines
Authors: Fuglsang Peter , Bak Christian , Gaunaa Mac , Antoniou Ioannis
Published: November 2004

This paper presents the design and experimental verification of the Risø-B1 airfoil family for MW-size wind turbines with variable speed and pitch control. Seven airfoils were designed with thickness-to-chord ratios between 15% and 53% to cover the entire span of a wind turbine blade. The airfoils were designed to have high maximum lift and high design lift to allow a slender flexible blade while maintaining high aerodynamic efficiency. The design was carried out with a Risø in-house multi disciplinary optimization tool. Wind tunnel testing was done for Risø-B1-18 and Risø-B1-24 in the VELUX wind tunnel, Denmark, at a Reynolds number of 1.6×106. For both airfoils the predicted target characteristics were met. Results for Risø-B1-18 showed a maximum lift coefficient of 1.64. A standard case of zigzag tape leading edge roughness caused a drop in maximum lift of only 3.7%. Cases of more severe roughness caused reductions in maximum lift between 12% and 27%. Results for the Risø-B1-24 airfoil showed a maximum lift coefficient of 1.62. The standard case leading edge roughness caused a drop in maximum lift of 7.4%. Vortex generators and Gurney flaps in combination could increase maximum lift up to 2.2 (32%).
Wind Tunnel Aeroacoustic Tests of Six Airfoils for Use on Small Wind Turbines*
Authors: Migliore Paul , Oerlemans Stefan
Published: November 2004

Aeroacoustic tests of seven airfoils were performed in an open jet anechoic wind tunnel. Six of the airfoils are candidates for use on small wind turbines operating at low Reynolds numbers. One airfoil was tested for comparison to benchmark data. Tests were conducted with and without boundary layer tripping. In some cases, a turbulence grid was placed upstream in the test section to investigate inflow turbulence noise. An array of 48 microphones was used to locate noise sources and separate airfoil noise from extraneous tunnel noise. Trailing-edge noise was dominant for all airfoils in clean tunnel flow. With the boundary layer untripped, several airfoils exhibited pure tones that disappeared after proper tripping was applied. In the presence of inflow turbulence, leading-edge noise was dominant for all airfoils.
Wind Tunnel Aerodynamic Tests of Six Airfoils for Use on Small Wind Turbines
Authors: Selig Michael S. , McGranahan Bryan D.
Published: November 2004

This paper presents detailed wind tunnel tests data taken on six airfoils having application to small wind turbines. In particular, lift, drag and moment measurements were taken at Reynolds numbers of 100,000, 200,000, 350,000 and 500,000 for both clean and rough conditions. In some cases, data were also taken at a Reynolds number of 150,000. The airfoils included the E387, FX 63-137, S822, S834, SD2030, and SH3055. Prior to carrying out the tests, wind tunnel flow quality measurements were taken to document the low Reynolds number test environment. Oil flow visualization data and performance data taken on the E387 compare favorably with measurements taken at NASA Langley in the Low Turbulence Pressure Tunnel. Highlights of the performance characteristics of the other five airfoils are presented.
Wind Turbine Blade Tip Flow and Noise Prediction by Large-eddy Simulation
Authors: Fleig Oliver , Iida Makoto , Arakawa Chuichi
Published: November 2004

The purpose of this research is to investigate the physical mechanisms associated with broadband tip vortex noise caused by rotating wind turbines. The flow and acoustic field around a wind turbine blade is simulated using compressible large-eddy simulation and direct noise simulation, with emphasis on the blade tip region. The far field aerodynamic noise is modeled using acoustic analogy. Aerodynamic performance and acoustic emissions are predicted for the actual tip shape and an ogee type tip shape. For the ogee type tip shape the sound pressure level decreases by 5 dB for frequencies above 4 kHz.
Drag Prediction for Blades at High Angle of Attack Using CFD
Authors: Sørensen N. N. , Michelsen J. A.
Published: November 2004

In the present paper it is first demonstrated that state of the art 3D CFD codes are capable of predicting the correct dependency of the integrated drag of a flat plate placed perpendicular to the flow. This is in strong contrast to previous 2D investigations of infinite plates, where computations are known to severely overpredict drag. We then demonstrate that the computed drag distribution along the plate span deviate from the general expectation of 2D behavior at the central part of the plate, an important finding in connection with the theoretical estimation of drag behavior on wind turbine blades. The computations additionally indicate that a “tip effect” is present that produces increased drag near the end of the plate, which is opposite of the assumptions generally used in drag estimation for blades. Following this several wind turbine blades are analyzed, ranging from older blades of approximately 10 meter length (LM 8.2) over more recent blades (LM 19.1) around 20 meters to two modern blades suited for megawatt size turbines. Due to the geometrical difference between the four blades, the simple dependency on aspect ratio observed for the plates are not recovered in this analysis. The turbine blades behave qualitatively very similar to the flat plates and the spanwise drag distributions show similar “tip effects.” For the turbine blades this effect is even more pronounced, because the tapering of the blades makes the tip effect spread to a larger part of the blades. The findings are supported by visualizations of the wake patterns behind the blades.
Fat Mobilization in Adipose Tissue Is Promoted by Adipose Triglyceride Lipase
Authors: Zimmermann Robert , Strauss Juliane G. , Haemmerle Guenter , Schoiswohl Gabriele , Birner-Gruenberger Ruth , Riederer Monika , Lass Achim , Neuberger Georg , Eisenhaber Frank , Hermetter Albin , Zechner Rudolf
Published: November 2004

Mobilization of fatty acids from triglyceride stores in adipose tissue requires lipolytic enzymes. Dysfunctional lipolysis affects energy homeostasis and may contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity and insulin resistance. Until now, hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) was the only enzyme known to hydrolyze triglycerides in mammalian adipose tissue. Here, we report that a second enzyme, adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), catalyzes the initial step in triglyceride hydrolysis. It is interesting that ATGL contains a “patatin domain” common to plant acyl-hydrolases. ATGL is highly expressed in adipose tissue of mice and humans. It exhibits high substrate specificity for triacylglycerol and is associated with lipid droplets. Inhibition of ATGL markedly decreases total adipose acyl-hydrolase activity. Thus, ATGL and HSL coordinately catabolize stored triglycerides in adipose tissue of mammals.
The Route to Atomic and Quantum Standards
Authors: Flowers Jeff
Published: November 2004

Over the past half-century, there has been a shift away from standards based on particular artifacts toward those based on physical effects, the most stable being based on quantum properties of systems. This change was proposed at the end of the 19th century but is still not complete at the start of the 21st. We discuss how this vision has been implemented through recent advances in science and metrology and how these may soon lead to an SI system finally free from artifact standards, with a consistency based on fundamental constants.
Metrology and the State: Science, Revenue, and Commerce
Authors: Ashworth William J.
Published: November 2004

“Natural measures of quantity, such as fathoms, cubits, inches, taken from the proportion of the human body, were once in use with every nation,” taught Adam Smith in his lecture “Money as the measure of value and medium of exchange,” delivered in 1763. “But by a little observation,” he continued, “they found that one man's arm was longer or shorter than another's, and that one was not to be compared with the other; and therefore wise men who attended to these things would endeavour to fix upon some more accurate measure, that equal quantities might be of equal values. Their method became absolutely necessary when people came to deal in many commodities, and in great quantities of them (

1

).” Smith's comments and the rationale underpinning them became increasingly urgent toward the end of the eighteenth century.
The Human Polyomavirus, JCV, Uses Serotonin Receptors to Infect Cells
Authors: Elphick Gwendolyn F. , Querbes William , Jordan Joslynn A. , Gee Gretchen V. , Eash Sylvia , Manley Kate , Dugan Aisling , Stanifer Megan , Bhatnagar Anushree , Kroeze Wesley K. , Roth Bryan L. , Atwood Walter J.
Published: November 2004

The human polyomavirus, JCV, causes the fatal demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in immunocompromised patients. We found that the serotonergic receptor 5HT
2A
R could act as the cellular receptor for JCV on human glial cells. The 5HT
2A
receptor antagonists inhibited JCV infection, and monoclonal antibodies directed at 5HT
2A
receptors blocked infection of glial cells by JCV, but not by SV40. Transfection of 5HT
2A
receptor–negative HeLa cells with a 5HT
2A
receptor rescued virus infection, and this infection was blocked by antibody to the 5HT
2A
receptor. A tagged 5HT
2A
receptor colocalized with labeled JCV in an endosomal compartment following internalization. Serotonin receptor antagonists may thus be useful in the treatment of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
Multifunctional Carbon Nanotube Yarns by Downsizing an Ancient Technology
Authors: Zhang Mei , Atkinson Ken R. , Baughman Ray H.
Published: November 2004

By introducing twist during spinning of multiwalled carbon nanotubes from nanotube forests to make multi-ply, torque-stabilized yarns, we achieve yarn strengths greater than 460 megapascals. These yarns deform hysteretically over large strain ranges, reversibly providing up to 48% energy damping, and are nearly as tough as fibers used for bulletproof vests. Unlike ordinary fibers and yarns, these nanotube yarns are not degraded in strength by overhand knotting. They also retain their strength and flexibility after heating in air at 450°C for an hour or when immersed in liquid nitrogen. High creep resistance and high electrical conductivity are observed and are retained after polymer infiltration, which substantially increases yarn strength.
More Than Metaphorical Power?
Authors: Erwin Douglas H.
Published: November 2004

Nature
An Economic History. by Geerat J. Vermeij. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2004. 461 pp. $35, £22.95. ISBN 0-691-11527-3.

The author discusses fundamental economic principles that, he argues, have determined the historical patterns of biological systems as well as those of human economics.
Internal consistency and validity of a new physical workload questionnaire
Authors: Bot S D M , Terwee C B , van der Windt D A W M , Feleus A , Bierma-Zeinstra S M , Knol D L , Bouter L M , Dekker J
Published: November 2004

Aims:To examine the dimensionality, internal consistency, and construct validity of a new physical workload questionnaire in employees with musculoskeletal complaints.

Methods:Factor analysis was applied to the responses in three study populations with musculoskeletal disorders (n = 406, 300, and 557) on 26 items related to physical workload. The internal consistency of the resulting subscales was examined. It was hypothesised that physical workload would vary among different occupational groups. The occupations of all subjects were classified into four groups on the basis of expected workload (heavy physical load; long lasting postures and repetitive movements; both; no physical load). Construct validity of the subscales created was tested by comparing the subscale scores among these occupational groups.

Results:The pattern of the factor loadings of items was almost identical for the three study populations. Two interpretable factors were found: items related to heavy physical workload loaded highly on the first factor, and items related to static postures or repetitive work loaded highly on the second factor. The first constructed subscale “heavy physical work” had a Cronbach’s α of 0.92 to 0.93 and the second subscale “long lasting postures and repetitive movements”, of 0.86 to 0.87. Six of eight hypotheses regarding the construct validity of the subscales were confirmed.

Conclusions:The results support the internal structure, internal consistency, and validity of the new physical workload questionnaire. Testing this questionnaire in non-symptomatic employees and comparing its performance with objective assessments of physical workload are important next steps in the validation process.
Leisure time physical activity and strenuousness of work as predictors of physical functioning: a 28 year follow up of a cohort of industrial employees
Authors: Leino-Arjas P , Solovieva S , Riihimäki H , Kirjonen J , Telama R
Published: November 2004

Aims:To examine associations of leisure time physical activity and physical strenuousness of work with physical functioning 28 years later.

Methods:A cohort (n = 902) of metal industry employees was studied for exercise and housework activity in 1973 and 1978, and for BMI, current smoking, strenuousness of work, grip strength, and chronic diseases in 1973. Of the 670 survivors in 2000, 529 (79%) responded to all studied items in a follow up questionnaire including the SF-36 Physical Functioning (PF) scale. Belonging to the lower quartile of the PF scale denoted poor functioning.

Results:Vigorous exercise and housework activity were inversely associated with poor PF 28 years later in both white-collar and blue-collar workers. Engaging in activities of any intensity was similarly associated among the blue-collar workers. In a multiple logistic regression model including as independent variables age, sex, occupational class, the number of chronic diseases, vigorous leisure time physical activity, BMI, physical work strenuousness, and smoking (all measured at baseline), the risk of poor PF at follow up was decreased by vigorous leisure time physical activity and increased by high physical strenuousness of work, high BMI, and smoking. The effect of work strenuousness was mainly due to that among the blue-collar group. Allowing for baseline grip strength did not materially alter the results.

Conclusion:Vigorous leisure time physical activity decreased the risk of poor physical functioning as perceived considerably later in life, while high work strenuousness, smoking, and overweight increased it. Among blue-collar workers a beneficial association was observed with all leisure time activity, including that of lower intensity.
Dose-response relations between occupational exposures to physical and psychosocial factors and the risk of low back pain
Authors: Jansen J P , Morgenstern H , Burdorf A
Published: November 2004

Aims:To assess dose-response relations between occupational exposures to physical and psychosocial factors and the risk of low back pain.

Methods:A cohort of 523 subjects, working in nursing homes and homes for the elderly, was followed prospectively for one year. Physical load for different occupations was assessed by quantitative observations at the workplace. Information on low back pain and other factors was gathered with questionnaires administered at baseline and at one year. Two outcome measures of low back pain incidence were used: any new episode of pain lasting for at least a few hours during follow up (LBP); and any new episode of disabling pain that interfered with daily activities during follow up (LBP/D). Hierarchical regression analysis with a spline function was used to estimate dose-response relations.

Results:The risk of LBP was not associated with physical factors, controlling for confounders; but this outcome was inversely associated with age and weakly, though imprecisely, associated with two psychosocial factors—low decision authority and high work demands. In contrast, the risk of LBP/D was positively associated with age and not associated with the psychosocial factors. Trunk flexion over 45 degrees was monotonically associated with the risk of LBP/D; the estimated relative risk was 3.18 (95% CI 1.13 to 9.00) for 1 hour and 45 minutes of bending per week (90th centile), relative to 30 minutes per week. The hierarchical estimates of effect were more stable than were the maximum likelihood estimates.

Conclusion:Occupational exposure to trunk flexion over 45 degrees appears to be a risk factor for low back pain with disability among persons employed in nursing homes and homes for the elderly in the Netherlands.
Phanerozoic vertical motions of Hudson Bay
Authors: Hanne Detlef , White Nicky , Butler Andrew , Jones Stephen
Published: November 2004

We analyze the sedimentary record of the Hudson Bay basin, an intracratonic basin which is widely believed to have been formed by convective downwelling within the mantle. This belief largely stems from the coincidence of a long-wavelength negative gravity anomaly and an approximately circular basin which is filled with about 2 km of predominantly Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. Our starting point is a set of wells and seismic reflection profiles which demonstrate that the basin subsided rapidly from Ordovician to Devonian times. One- and two-dimensional subsidence modeling show that water-loaded subsidence occurred in two stages and is too rapid to be accounted for by thermal contraction alone. Instead, we suggest that basin subsidence is consistent with minor phases of lithospheric thinning which occurred during OrdovicianSilurian and EarlyMiddle Devonian times. Stretching factors for these minor extensional episodes vary from 1.05 to 1.2 with vertical strain rates of 210 Ga1. Our interpretation of the subsidence record is corroborated by limited evidence for syn-rift normal faulting and crustal thinning inferred from legacy seismic reflection and refraction data sets. Subsidence modelling also suggests that about 1 km of expected thermal subsidence is missing. This discrepancy suggests that the basin was uplifted and denuded at least once, but possibly several times, between Late Devonian and Middle Cretaceous times (i.e., 360100 Ma) and between Cretaceous and Quaternary times. We conclude that the Hudson Bay basin was not generated by convective downwelling that initiated in Paleozoic times and that remained coupled to the lithospheric plate.
Lusitanisuchus, a new generic name for Lisboasaurus mitracostatus (Crocodylomorpha: Mesoeucrocodylia), with a description of new remains from the Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) and Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian) of Portugal
Authors: Schwarz Daniela , Fechner Regina
Published: November 2004

Lusitanisuchus mitracostatus is a small mesoeucrocodilian crocodylomorph from the Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) of GuimarotaLeiria in Portugal, which was originally described as an anguimorph lizard (Lisboasaurus mitracostatus Seiffert, 1970) based on jaw fragments and isolated teeth. A recent reexamination of the crocodylomorph material of Guimarota yielded new skull and dentary remains assignable to Lusitanisuchus mitracostatus. The new skull material not only enables for the first time a skull reconstruction of this taxon, but also leads to renaming and reclassifying Lisboasaurus mitracostatus. Teeth of Lusitanisuchus are also reported from the locality Porto DinheiroLourinhã, Early Cretaceous (Berriasian) of Portugal. The presence of this crocodylomorph taxon in two Portuguese localities suggests its occurence in the Lusitanian Basin during the Kimmeridgian to the Berriasian.
Synthesis of phosphonium salts under microwave activation  Leaving group and phosphine substituents effects
Authors: Cvengros Ján , Toma Stefan , Marque Sylvain , Loupy André
Published: November 2004

The specific nonpurely thermal effects of microwaves were evidenced according to neutral or charged leaving groups during nucleophilic substitution of benzylic electrophiles with triphenylphosphine and tributylphosphine. Microwave (MW) irradiation considerably enhanced the reactions with charged alkylating agents, especially under solvent-free conditions. Results are interpreted considering the magnitude of MW effects according to the position of the transition state along the reaction coordinates.Key words: microwave irradiation, specific effects, phosphonium salts, leaving group effects.
Three validated stripping voltammetric procedures for determination of the anti-prostate cancer drug flutamide in tablets and human serum at a mercury electrode
Authors: Hammam E , El-Desoky H S , El-Baradie K Y , Beltagi A M
Published: November 2004

Flutamide is a nonsteriodal anti-androgen drug, which is commonly used in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Based on the reduction of the nitro organic moiety of the drug molecule in acetate buffer of pH 5 at the hanging mercury drop electrode, three adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetric procedures were optimized for determination of flutamide in bulk, tablets, and human serum applying linear-sweep, differential-pulse, and square-wave waveforms. The achieved limits of detection of the bulk drug were 1.9 × 107, 8.7 × 108, and 9.7 × 109 mol L1 by using the optimized differential-pulse, linear-sweep, and square-wave adsorptive stripping voltammetric procedures, respectively. Repeatability of the results was studied for 1 × 106 mol L1 of the drug and the recoveries obtained were 98.51 ± 1.56% (LSV), 98.89 ± 0.87% (DPV), and 99.21 ± 1.03% (SWV). The proposed procedures were successfully applied to the determination of the drug in pharmaceutical formulation (Eulexin® tablets) and human serum. The detection limits of the drug in bulk, pharmaceutical formulation, and human serum achieved by means of the proposed procedures showed that the square-wave mode was more reliable for determination of the drug especially in its low concentration levels.Key words: flutamide, linear-sweep, differential-pulse, square-wave, cathodic adsorptive stripping voltammetry, determination, Eulexin® tablets, human serum.
Multi-armed, TEMPO-functionalized unimolecular initiators for starburst dendrimer synthesis via stable free radical polymerisation. 2. Tris (1,3,5)benzyloxy unimers
Authors: Ghani Mohmad Asri Abd , Abdallah Dalia , Kazmaier Peter M , Keoshkerian Barkev , Buncel Erwin
Published: November 2004

The synthesis of the trifunctionalized TEMPO-modified unimolecular initiators, unimers I, II, and III is described. Unimer I was prepared via an SN2 type Williamson ether coupling of 1,3,5-tris(iodomethyl)benzene with a TEMPO-containing ethylbenzene hydroxy derivative. The synthesis of unimer II, however, was accomplished through SN1 reaction of 1,3,5-tris(bromomethyl)benzene with the hydroxy-ethylbenzene TEMPO derivative in the presence of silver triflate. Synthesis of unimer III started from phloroglucinol and an SNAr reaction with 1-fluoro-4-nitrobenzene, followed by reduction to the amino compound and Schiff base formation with the TEMPO-derivatized aromatic aldehyde. Stable free radical polymerisation (SFRP) of styrene and acetoxystyrene with unimer I are also described with molecular weights and polydispersities reported. It is concluded that the SFRP of styrene with a triradical initiator meets the requirements of a living system.Key words: stable free radical polymerisation, starburst dendrimer, multi-armed unimolecular initiators.