bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anterior Temporal Lobe Tracks the Formation of Prejudice
Authors: Spiers Hugo J. , Love Bradley C. , Le Pelley Mike E. , Gibb Charlotte E. , Murphy Robin A.
Published: October 2016

Despite advances in understanding the brain structures involved in the expression of stereotypes and prejudice, little is known about the brain structures involved in their acquisition. Here, we combined fMRI, a task involving learning the valence of different social groups, and modeling of the learning process involved in the development of biases in thinking about social groups that support prejudice. Participants read descriptions of valenced behaviors performed by members of novel social groups, with majority groups being more frequently encountered during learning than minority groups. A model-based fMRI analysis revealed that the anterior temporal lobe tracked the trial-by-trial changes in the valence associated with each group encountered in the task. Descriptions of behavior by group members that deviated from the group average (i.e., prediction errors) were associated with activity in the left lateral PFC, dorsomedial PFC, and lateral anterior temporal cortex. Minority social groups were associated with slower acquisition rates and more activity in the ventral striatum and ACC/dorsomedial PFC compared with majority groups. These findings provide new insights into the brain regions that (a) support the acquisition of prejudice and (b) detect situations in which an individual's behavior deviates from the prejudicial attitude held toward their group.
The Effects of Probe Similarity on Retrieval and Comparison Processes in Associative Recognition
Authors: Zhang Qiong , Walsh Matthew M. , Anderson John R.
Published: October 2016

In this study, we investigated the information processing stages underlying associative recognition. We recorded EEG data while participants performed a task that involved deciding whether a probe word triple matched any previously studied triple. We varied the similarity between probes and studied triples. According to a model of associative recognition developed in the Adaptive Control of Thought-Rational cognitive architecture, probe similarity affects the duration of the retrieval stage: Retrieval is fastest when the probe is similar to a studied triple. This effect may be obscured, however, by the duration of the comparison stage, which is fastest when the probe is not similar to the retrieved triple. Owing to the opposing effects of probe similarity on retrieval and comparison, overall RTs provide little information about each stage's duration. As such, we evaluated the model using a novel approach that decomposes the EEG signal into a sequence of latent states and provides information about the durations of the underlying information processing stages. The approach uses a hidden semi-Markov model to identify brief sinusoidal peaks (called bumps) that mark the onsets of distinct cognitive stages. The analysis confirmed that probe type has opposite effects on retrieval and comparison stages.
Adaptive Adolescent Flexibility: Neurodevelopment of Decision-making and Learning in a Risky Context
Authors: McCormick Ethan M. , Telzer Eva H.
Published: October 2016

Research on adolescence has largely focused on the particular biological and neural changes that place teens at risk for negative outcomes linked to increases in sensation-seeking and risky behavior. However, there is a growing interest in the adaptive function of adolescence, with work highlighting the dual nature of adolescence as a period of potential risk and opportunity. We examined how behavioral and neural sensitivity to risk and reward varies as a function of age using the Balloon Analog Risk Task. Seventy-seven children and adolescents (ages 8–17 years) completed the Balloon Analog Risk Task during an fMRI session. Results indicate that adolescents show greater learning throughout the task. Furthermore, older participants showed increased neural responses to reward in the OFC and ventral striatum, increased activation to risk in the mid-cingulate cortex, as well as increased functional OFC–medial PFC coupling in both risk and reward contexts. Age-related changes in regional activity and interregional connectivity explain the link between age and increases in flexible learning. These results support the idea that adolescents' sensitivity to risk and reward supports adaptive learning and behavioral approaches for reward acquisition.
Differential Effects of Encoding Instructions on Brain Activity Patterns of Item and Associative Memory
Authors: Becker Nina , Kalpouzos Grégoria , Persson Jonas , Laukka Erika J. , Brehmer Yvonne
Published: October 2016

Evidence from neuroimaging studies suggests a critical role of hippocampus and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) in associative relative to item encoding. Here, we investigated similarities and differences in functional brain correlates for associative and item memory as a function of encoding instruction. Participants received either incidental (animacy judgments) or intentional encoding instructions while fMRI was employed during the encoding of associations and items. In a subsequent recognition task, memory performance of participants receiving intentional encoding instructions was higher compared with those receiving incidental encoding instructions. Furthermore, participants remembered more items than associations, regardless of encoding instruction. Greater brain activation in the left anterior hippocampus was observed for intentionally compared with incidentally encoded associations, although activity in this region was not modulated by the type of instruction for encoded items. Furthermore, greater activity in the left anterior hippocampus and left IFG was observed during intentional associative compared with item encoding. The same regions were related to subsequent memory of intentionally encoded associations and were thus task relevant. Similarly, connectivity of the anterior hippocampus to the right superior temporal lobe and IFG was uniquely linked to subsequent memory of intentionally encoded associations. Our study demonstrates the differential involvement of anterior hippocampus in intentional relative to incidental associative encoding. This finding likely reflects that the intent to remember triggers a specific binding process accomplished by this region.
Nine new lichen species and 64 new records from Sri Lanka
Authors: WEERAKOON GOTHAMIE , APTROOT ANDRÉ
Published: October 2016

The lichen diversity of ten forest sites representing different geographical regions in Sri Lanka was investigated. In total, c. 1500 specimens of c. 400 species were recorded of the evaluated groups (all except the Graphidaceae and a few foliose groups). The following new species are described: Astrothelium conjugatum, Heterodermia fragmentata, Lecanactis minutissima, Megalotremis cylindrica, Porina microtriseptata, Porina monilisidiata, Psoroglaena spinosa, Pyrenula multicolorata, and Schistophoron muriforme. A further 64 species are reported for the first time from Sri Lanka, including 30 new records for the Indian subcontinent and eight new to Asia.
Eremitis linearifolia and E. robusta (Poaceae, Bambusoideae, Olyreae): two new species of herbaceous bamboos from Brazil first collected over 30 years ago
Authors: FERREIRA FABRÍCIO MOREIRA , HOLLOWELL VICTORIA C. , OLIVEIRA REYJANE P.
Published: October 2016

Two new species of the herbaceous bamboos genus Eremitis are described and illustrated under the names Eremitis linearifolia and E. robusta. They occur in small populations in the Atlantic Rain Forest vegetation, from the states of Espírito Santo and Bahia, Brazil, respectively. Both species are known from only two sites. Both new species were first collected in the early 1980s. We discuss the morphological characters distinguishing these new species from their close relatives, and provide an identification key to all described species of Eremitis.
The socially parasitic ant genus Strongylognathus Mayr in North Africa (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: SANETRA MATTHIAS , GÜSTEN ROBERT
Published: October 2016

Morphological examination of Strongylognathus specimens from 14 of 15 known sites in Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco revealed that only one species occurs in that part of the Palaearctic region. S. foreli Emery, 1922 falls into synonymy with S. afer Emery, 1884. Redescriptions of all morphs and allozyme data are provided. Four new records of S. afer are presented from Tunisia which extend the known range in this country to more southerly regions and allow some conclusions on ecological requirements. Observations of slave raids in the laboratory showed that S. afer is a dulotic social parasite using Tetramorium semilaeve André, 1883 as its host. Taxonomy, distribution and life history are discussed with respect to related species of the Mediterranean region.
The cladorhizid fauna (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) of the Caribbean and adjacent waters
Authors: HESTETUN JON T. , POMPONI SHIRLEY A. , RAPP HANS TORE
Published: October 2016

The carnivorous sponge family Cladorhizidae has been subject to several recent studies, yet the cladorhizid fauna of the Caribbean and adjacent areas remain comparatively poorly known. In this article we provide a description of the novel species Abyssocladia polycephalus sp. nov. from the Muir Seamount NE of Bermuda, belonging to the mainly Pacific genus Abyssocladia, and Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) caribica sp. nov. from the Beata Ridge. Additionally, we provide a re-description of the poorly known species Chondrocladia (Chondrocladia) verticillata Topsent, 1920, and compare this species with the closely related species C. (C.) concrescens Schmidt, 1880. Finally, we provide a brief overview of the carnivorous sponges known from the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea and adjacent Atlantic Ocean.
The polyps of Oceania armata identified by DNA barcoding (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa)
Authors: SCHUCHERT PETER
Published: October 2016

The polyps of the widely distributed medusa Oceania armata have never been found in nature and only the primary polyp is known from breeding experiments. The fully developed colony is so far unknown. This report shows that DNA sequence data of the medusa stage of O. armata permits to identify several hydroid colonies from different geographic origins as the most likely polyp stage of this medusa. These hydroids had previously been misidentified as Turritopsis species, a closely related genus which also produces medusae resembling Oceania armata. It is concluded that most Turritopsis hydroids are not reliably identifiable to species level using morphological traits only. However, DNA barcodes, particularly 16S sequences, are an excellent tool to identify the species, although we still lack information on a few nominal species and the identities of some sequence-delimited clades need to be corroborated by the addition of topotype samples.
Checklist of Dinotrema Foerster, 1863 species of Finland (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae)
Authors: KOPONEN MARTTI , PERIS-FELIPO FRANCISCO JAVIER
Published: October 2016

In the present study, a total of 91 species of the genus Dinotrema Foerster, 1863 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Alysiinae) from Finland are catalogued. Of them, 73 species are recorded for the first time for this country. A faunistic list with distributional data and host records is provided.
Spider diversity and endemism in a South American hotspot: 20 new species of Carapoia (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Brazil’s Atlantic Forest
Authors: HUBER BERNHARD A.
Published: October 2016

The Atlantic Forest along the eastern South American coast is widely recognized as a hotspot with extreme levels of diversity, endemism, and threat. A megatransect study (2003–2015) focusing on pholcid spiders and covering 48 localities across a large part of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest resulted in 132 morphospecies, of which 81% were new to science. The present paper deals with the species of Carapoia González-Sponga, 1998 collected during this campaign. The endemism level is 100%, i.e. all 26 species of Carapoia in the Atlantic Forest are not known from (and not likely to occur) anywhere else. While few species (all of them with non-overlapping ranges) occur in the most southern and northern regions, the central region (between Rio Doce and Rio Paraguaçu; largely equivalent to what has been called the ‘Bahia refuge’) is characterized by high diversity and up to five species per locality. The following species are newly described (from South to North): C. voltavelha (Santa Catarina); C. macacu, C. divisa (Rio de Janeiro); C. nairae, C. capixaba, C. mirim, C. patafina (Espírito Santo); C. pau, C. gracilis, C. zumbii, C. dandarae, C. marceloi, C. viridis, C. jiboia, C. carvalhoi, C. carybei (Bahia); C. alagoas (Alagoas); C. saltinho, C. abdita (Pernambuco); C. septentrionalis (Pernambuco to Rio Grande do Norte). New records and amendments are given for most previously described Atlantic Forest species.
Surgical Site Infections in Major Head and Neck Surgeries Involving Pedicled Flap Reconstruction
Authors: Goyal Neerav , Yarlagadda Bharat B. , Deschler Daniel G. , Emerick Kevin S. , Lin Derrick T. , Rich Debbie L. , Rocco James W. , Durand Marlene L.
Published: October 2016

Objective:

To evaluate surgical site infections (SSI) after pedicled reconstruction in head and neck surgery.

Methods:

Records of patients with pedicled flap reconstructions between 2009 and 2014 at Massachusetts Eye and Ear were reviewed. Onset of SSI or fistula ≤30 days postoperatively was noted. A free flap cohort was reviewed for comparison.

Results:

Two hundred and eight pedicled reconstructions were performed for cancer (83%), osteoradionecrosis (7%), and other reasons (10%). Most (72%) cases were clean-contaminated and American Society of Anesthesiologists classification 3 or higher (73%); 63% of patients had prior radiation. The SSIs occurred in 9.1% and were associated with a longer length of stay ( P = .004) but no particular risk factors. Seventeen patients developed a fistula (11 without SSI). The SSI rates were not significantly different between pedicled and free flaps, but pedicled flap patients were older, more likely to have had prior surgery and/or radiation, and be methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus positive. In the combined population, multivariate analysis demonstrated clean-contaminated wound classification ( P = .03), longer operating time ( P = .03), and clindamycin prophylaxis ( P = .009) as SSI risk factors.

Conclusions:

The SSI rate following pedicled flap surgeries was low and similar to free flap surgeries despite a significantly different population. No specific risk factors were associated with developing a pedicled flap SSI.
Structural Characterization of a Capillary Microfluidic Chip Using Microreflectance
Authors: Lastras-Martínez Luis F. , Balderas-Navarro Raul E. , Castro-García Ricardo , Hernández-Vidales Karen , Almendarez-Rodríguez Juan , Herrera-Jasso Rafael , Prinz Adrian , Bergmair Iris
Published: October 2016

The structural characterization of capillary microfluidic chips is important for reliable applications. In particular, nondestructive diagnostic tools to assess geometrical dimensions and their correlations with control processes are of much importance, preferably if they are implemented in situ. Several techniques to accomplish this task have been reported; namely, optical coherence tomography (OCT) jointly with confocal fluorescence microscopy (CFM) to investigate internal features of lab-on-a-chip technologies. In this paper, we report on the use of a simple optical technique, based on near-normal incidence microreflectance, which allows mapping internal features of a microfluidic chip in a straightforward way. Our setup is based on a charge-coupled device camera that allows a lateral resolution of ∼2.5 µm and allows us to measure in the wavelength range of 640–750 nm. The technique takes advantage of the Fabry–Perot interferences features in the reflectance spectra, which are further analyzed by a discrete Fourier transform. In this way, the amplitude of the Fourier coefficients is modulated by the presence of a microfluidic channel.
Strong ties, weak ties: Exploring the role of networks in domestic worker migration from Ethiopia to the Middle East
Authors: Kuschminder Katie
Published: October 2016

This article explores how migrating via a strong or weak tie results in different outcomes for Ethiopian domestic workers in their migration to the Middle East. Few studies have examined this question. Ethiopian domestic workers are a good case for this analysis as networks are critical for providing information and support for live-in domestic workers in the Middle East. Migrating via a strong tie was expected to result in better migration outcomes. The results, however, suggested that migrating via a strong tie can provide support in some cases, but is not enough to guarantee protection to Ethiopian migrant workers in the Middle East.
Novel Analytic Methods Needed for Real-Time Continuous Core Body Temperature Data
Authors: Hertzberg Vicki , Mac Valerie , Elon Lisa , Mutic Nathan , Mutic Abby , Peterman Katherine , Tovar-Aguilar J. Antonio , Economos Eugenia , Flocks Joan , McCauley Linda
Published: October 2016

Affordable measurement of core body temperature (Tc) in a continuous, real-time fashion is now possible. With this advance comes a new data analysis paradigm for occupational epidemiology. We characterize issues arising after obtaining Tc data over 188 workdays for 83 participating farmworkers, a population vulnerable to effects of rising temperatures due to climate change. We describe a novel approach to these data using smoothing and functional data analysis. This approach highlights different data aspects compared with describing Tc at a single time point or summaries of the time course into an indicator function (e.g., did Tc ever exceed 38 °C, the threshold limit value for occupational heat exposure). Participants working in ferneries had significantly higher Tc at some point during the workday compared with those working in nurseries, despite a shorter workday for fernery participants. Our results typify the challenges and opportunities in analyzing Big Data streams from real-time physiologic monitoring.
Fluid landscapes, sovereign nature: Conservation and counterinsurgency in Indian-controlled Kashmir
Authors: Bhan Mona , Trisal Nishita
Published: October 2016

This article analyzes how environmentalism reinscribed violent forms of state sovereignty in the disputed region of Kashmir in the aftermath of a decade-long uprising against Indian rule. After the return of an elected government, six years after its suspension in 1990, environmental restoration legitimized new forms of state and nature making in Kashmir. Nature rather than territory emerged as an arena of citizen activism, which further strengthened the state's ability to regulate the use and management of Kashmir's water resources. State and civic bodies deployed discourses of history and restoration to create new and imagined ecologies based on visions of nostalgia, commerce, and esthetics. By undermining place-based understandings of nature and ecology, discourses of environmental stewardship and conservation ended up fostering violent mechanisms of social and political control.
Injection moulding unit process for LCA: Energy intensity of manufacturing different materials at different scales
Authors: Hesser Franziska , Mihalic Matthias , Paichl Barbara J , Wagner Martina
Published: October 2016

It is not common to accompany material development by a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) during the research and development phase. It is the aim of the study at hand to present environmental aspects of the manufacturing of different polypropylene composites by injection moulding in comparison to the neat polypropylene. The process analysis following two injection-moulding experiments revealed that the total specific energy consumption of injection moulding of seven different materials and on different scales ranges from 1.6 MJ/kg to 3.5 MJ/kg. On the level of an ex-ante LCA from cradle-to-factory gate, injection moulding can be rated from being a negligible to an important contributor.
Construction and Validation of the Career and Educational Decision Self-Efficacy Inventory for Secondary Students (CEDSIS)
Authors: Ho Esther Sui Chu , Sum Kwok Wing
Published: October 2016

This study aims to construct and validate the Career and Educational Decision Self-Efficacy Inventory for Secondary Students (CEDSIS) by using a sample of 2,631 students in Hong Kong. Principal component analysis yielded a three-factor structure, which demonstrated good model fit in confirmatory factor analysis. High reliability was found for the whole scale and each subscale, and construct validity was exhibited by the positive correlations with general self-esteem. Overall, evidence indicates that CEDSIS is a valid and reliable tool for effectively and efficiently assessing the educational and career decision-making self-efficacy of secondary students. Finally, implications and limitations of this study are discussed.
Teen Depression Groups on Facebook: A Content Analysis
Authors: Lerman Bethany I. , Lewis Stephen P. , Lumley Margaret , Grogan Greg J. , Hudson Chloe C. , Johnson Erin
Published: October 2016

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most frequently diagnosed disorders in early adolescence and can lead to a multitude of negative life outcomes, highlighting the need for early and effective intervention to mitigate depressive symptoms. Recognizing the preference of youth to seek informal sources of help for mental health issues, which may include the Internet, the social networking site Facebook was investigated as a potential source of support and help for youth suffering depressive symptoms or disorder. This study examined the content of online Facebook support groups targeting adolescents with depression. A total of 508 posts from six Facebook groups were analyzed. The majority of post content on these Facebook groups consisted of self-disclosure (32.48%), feedback between posters (24.80%), and offers and recommendations of help (24.61%). Posters seem to utilize adolescent Facebook depression groups mainly to connect with those who might share a similar experience and to share information about mental health resources. Future studies should investigate the potential to use the information exchange that occurs in these groups to promote traffic to online and offline evidence-based mental health resources.
Migrant Nurses and Federal Caregiver Programs in Canada
Authors: Salami Bukola
Published: October 2016

Despite the links between health human resources policy, immigration policy, and education policy, silos persist in the policy-making process that complicate the professional integration of internationally educated nurses in Canada. Drawing on the literature on nurse migration to Canada through the Live-in Caregiver Program, this paper sheds light on the contradictions between immigration and health human resources policy and their effect on the integration of internationally educated nurses in Canada. The analysis reveals a series of paradoxes within and across immigration and health human resources policy that affect the process of professional integration of this group of health professionals into the nursing workforce in Canada. I will further link the discussion to the recently implemented Caregiver Program, which provides a unique pathway for healthcare workers, including nurses, to migrate to Canada. Given recent introduction of the Canadian Caregiver Program, major policy implications include the need to bridge the gap between health human resources policy and immigration policy to ensure the maximum integration of migrant nurses in Canada.
ENFit Enteral Nutrition Connectors
Authors: Guenter Peggi , Lyman Beth
Published: October 2016

New enteral connectors are now available based on the development of standards using the International Organization of Standardization process to prevent misconnections between systems that should not connect. Enteral devices with the new patient access connectors, called ENFit, are being now introduced for the purpose of improving patient safety. Transitioning to these new connectors poses benefits and challenges for facilities or agencies implementing these new devices. Information from appropriate resources should be sought by clinicians who need to partner with their suppliers and clinical organizations to see how best to meet these challenges.
Individual- and County-Level Religious Participation, Corporal Punishment, and Physical Abuse of Children: An Exploratory study
Authors: Wolf Jennifer Price , Kepple Nancy Jo
Published: October 2016

Parental religiosity has been associated with corporal punishment. However, most of this research has focused exclusively on Christians and has not examined physical abuse. In addition, little is known about how the larger religious environment might be associated with discipline behaviors. In this exploratory study, we examine how individual- and county-level religious attendance are related to corporal punishment and physical abuse. We sampled and surveyed 3,023 parents of children aged 12 and younger from 50 mid-sized California cities. We used weighted Poisson models to calculate the frequency of corporal punishment and physical abuse in the past year. Parents who attend religious groups used corporal punishment more frequently than parents who did not attend religious groups. However, those who lived in counties with greater rates of religious participation used corporal punishment less frequently than those living in counties with lower rates of religious participation. There were no effects for religious participation on physical abuse at the individual or county level. This exploratory study suggests that parents who attend religious groups may be more likely to use some types of physical discipline with children. Religious groups could be imparting parenting norms supporting corporal punishment at the individual level. More research examining specific doctrines and faiths is needed to validate the study findings.
Do Jews and Arabs Differ in Their Fear of Terrorism and Crime?
Authors: Shechory Bitton Mally , Silawi Yousef
Published: October 2016

The current study was carried out with the aim of supplementing the existing literature and broadening the understanding of the determinants of two powerful types of fear, fear of terrorism and fear of crime, by comparing their presence among Jews and Arabs in Israel. Based on an overview of factors influencing fear of victimization, the study focused on individual variables (ethnicity, sex, age, objective, and subjective exposure) as well as on neighborhood disorder and social integration. The sample consisted of 375 Israeli students (191 Jews and 184 Arabs). Predictions of fear of terrorism and crime were conducted with two multiple regressions. Fear of terrorism was significantly predicted by gender (women more than men), higher self exposure to terror, and higher neighborhood disorder. The only interaction found with regard to exposure to incidents showed that previous victimization predicts only fear of terrorism and only among Arabs who were themselves affected or exposed to the victimization of others. Fear of crime was predicted by sector (Jews more than Arabs), gender (women more than men), higher neighborhood disorder, and lower social integration. As far as known, this is the first attempt to examine differences between Jews and Arabs with regard to these two types of fear and to predict their causes. The findings help gain a better understanding as to how people perceive the threat of crime and terrorism, in general and in the Arab–Jewish context in particular. The findings also enable an understanding of the complexity of living under ongoing terrorism threats. The results are discussed in accordance with the literature, concluding with the need for further research that will take into account the wider cultural and social context.
Stewardship Climate Scale
Authors: Neubaum Donald O. , Thomas Christopher H. , Dibrell Clay , Craig Justin B.
Published: October 2016

While stewardship theory is often used to explain family business outcomes, no prior empirical study has used a validated measure of stewardship. We, therefore, surveyed 846 managers and subordinates from 221 family and nonfamily firms in the United States and Australia to develop a reliable and valid Stewardship Climate Scale. We found family firms have a stronger stewardship climate and the relationship between stewardship climate and performance is mediated by innovativeness, and the effects of stewardship are stronger in family firms, confirming the value of stewardship theory, and our scale, when explaining family business outcomes.
Study on ultrasonic-assisted electrochemical honing of bevel gears
Authors: Singh Harpreet , Jain Pramod K
Published: October 2016

Electrochemical honing of gears is a productive, high-accuracy, micro-finishing and long tool life gear finishing process in which material is removed by combined action of electrolytic dissolution and mechanical scrubbing action. The use of ultrasonic-assisted electrochemical honing of gears is first proposed, and it may help to enhance the process performances of the classical electrochemical honing process by scrubbing the complete surface of the gear tooth. In this technique, the honing gear is attached on the ultrasonic vibrator to provide the ultrasonic vibrations on the workpiece surface. The focus is on an optimization of the process parameters of ultrasonic-assisted electrochemical honing of bevel gear made of AISI 1040 carbon steel. The result of experiments reveals that the applied high ultrasonic frequency (kHz) on the workpiece has the maximum influence on the process performance. The maximum percentage improvement in average and maximum surface roughness using ultrasonic-assisted electrochemical honing of bevel gear is 91.04 and 71.98, respectively. The results confirm that the ultrasonic-assisted electrochemical honing can produce a better tooth surface roughness than the electrochemical honing. This will improve bevel gear efficiency and reliability in operation.
Development and control of shaped metal deposition process using tungsten inert gas arc heat source in additive layered manufacturing
Authors: Ugla Adnan A , Yilmaz Oguzhan , Almusawi Ahmed RJ
Published: October 2016

Tungsten inert gas arc welding–based shaped metal deposition is a novel additive manufacturing technology which can be used for fabricating solid dense parts by melting a cold wire on a substrate in a layer-by-layer manner via continuous DC arc heat. The shaped metal deposition method would be an alternative way to traditional manufacturing methods, especially for complex featured and large-scale solid parts manufacturing, and it is particularly used for aerospace structural components, manufacturing, and repairing of die/molds and middle-sized dense parts. This article presents the designing, constructing, and controlling of an additive manufacturing system using tungsten inert gas plus wire–based shaped metal deposition method. The aim of this work is to design and develop tungsten inert gas plus wire–based shaped metal deposition system to be used for fabricating different components directly from computer-aided design data with minimum time consumed in programming and less boring task compared to conventional robotic systems. So, this article covers the important design steps from computer-aided design data to the final deposited part. The developed additive system is capable of producing near-net-shaped components of sizes not exceeding 400 mm in three-dimensional directly from computer-aided design drawing. The results showed that the developed system succeeded to produce near-net-shaped parts for various features of SS308LSi components. Additionally, workshop tests have been conducted in order to verify the capability and reliability of the developed additive manufacturing system. The developed system is also capable of reducing the buy-to-fly ratio from 5 to 2 by reducing waste material from 1717 to 268 g for the sample components.
An in-vitro study of cutting force and torque during rotary ultrasonic bone drilling
Authors: Gupta Vishal , Pandey Pulak Mohan
Published: October 2016

Bone drilling is one of the steps in a typical surgical operation that is performed around the world for reconstruction and repair of the fractured bone. During the last decade, various techniques, such as two-step drilling, ultrasonic-assisted bone drilling and laser drilling, have been introduced to control the level of forces and torque during bone drilling. In this research, rotary ultrasonic bone drilling has been successfully attempted to minimize the forces and torque during bone drilling. The drilling experiments were planned and carried out on pig bones using the design of experiments (response surface methodology). Analysis of variance was carried out to find the effect of process factors such as rotational speed, feed rate, drill diameter and ultrasonic vibrational amplitude on the force and torque. Statistical models were developed for the force and torque with 95% confidential interval, and confirmation experiments have been carried out to validate the models. Microcracks developed during drilling process were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed that rotary ultrasonic bone drilling process offered a lower force and torque making it a potential process for bone drilling in orthopedic surgery.
Multi-process parameter optimization in face milling of Ti6Al4V alloy using response surface methodology
Authors: Saini Abhineet , Chauhan Parveen , Pabla BS , Dhami SS
Published: October 2016

Titanium alloy, Ti6Al4V, is an exceptional material with several desirable properties, namely, high specific strength, high corrosion and heat resistance, which make it a promising contender in number of demanding applications. However, it has poor machinability, resulting from low thermal conductivity, high chemical reactivity with tool and spring effect during cutting. These properties lead to reduced tool life during machining, due to which its usage is limited despite excellent mechanical properties. Therefore, optimization of process parameters using response surface methodology in face milling of Ti6Al4V alloy with uncoated carbide tools has been investigated experimentally in this work. This article is focused on developing mathematical relation between input factors and response parameters, namely, surface roughness (Ra), tool wear (Tw) and tool vibration (Tv). The machining parameters are optimized for minimum Ra, Tw and Tv values. The optimal parameters are validated experimentally which showed a good agreement with the predicted results. The feed rate was found to be the most influential parameter affecting Ra and Tv, whereas cutting speed is the most effective in influencing Tw.
Effect of finite width cavity in axisymmetric supersonic flow field
Authors: Jeyakumar S , Jayaraman K
Published: October 2016

In this research, the effect of finite width cavities in supersonic flow field is experimentally investigated. The test facility consists of a supersonic nozzle, which provides flow Mach number of 1.9. A circular cross-sectional test section is fastened at the exit of the nozzle. Cavities are incorporated in the test section at a distance of 20 mm from the inlet. Cavities of constant length and width, and varying depth are used for the study. Entrainment of flow in the main stream is observed immediate downstream of the cavity aft edge due to three dimensional effect. As the depth of the cavity is increased, residence time of the fluid as well as the mixing characteristics are enhanced and stagnation pressure loss also increased. Twin cavities are also arranged symmetrically, which further leads to an improvement in mixing with marginal rise in stagnation pressure loss.
The preservation of disk-based content at the British Library
Authors: Day Michael , Pennock Maureen , May Peter , Davies Kevin , Whibley Simon , Kimura Akiko , Halvarsson Edith
Published: October 2016

This article introduces the British Library’s Flashback project, which is exploring the practical challenges of preserving digital content currently stored on physical media (magnetic and optical disks). It reports on a Flashback proof of concept that conducted experiments on a sample of content from hybrid collection items dating from between 1980 and 2000. It describes some of the activities undertaken by the proof-of-concept stage of the project from July 2015 to February 2016, including the initial collection profiling and sampling of content, the extraction of content from the disks, and the project team’s experiments with identifying and applying preservation approaches to the content, which included both emulation and migration. It concludes with some general observations on the approaches taken by the proof of concept and shares some recent findings from the second phase of the project, which is concerned with the practical challenges of developing an implementation strategy for the Library’s capture and preservation of digital content currently stored on physical media.
‘They go to get a gun’: Hidden histories of violence and the politics of rumour in Israel
Authors: McGahern Una
Published: October 2016

This article examines rumour as a distinct type of speech act and makes a case for engaging with the spaces within which rumours are deployed and circulated in practice. Critiquing the rigid linguistic focus on speech acts within prevailing securitization theories, it follows insights from the fields of political geography and anthropology in order to incorporate voices from the margins more fully into its analysis of threat construction. Examining the local deployment and circulation of rumours in religiously mixed Arab localities in Israel, it argues that the perlocutionary force of rumour not only is rooted in local security and policing arrangements but reveals a spatialization of violence that is particular to the margins. In so doing, the article seeks to contribute to a broadening of the research agenda on the social construction of threat that would not only bring ‘security have-nots’ to the centre of its analysis but draw attention to the margins as a particular type of security space.
Neighborhood-Level Factors Related to Asthma in Children Living in Urban Areas
Authors: DePriest Kelli , Butz Arlene
Published: October 2016

Asthma disproportionately affects children who are non-White and of low socioeconomic status. One innovative approach to address these health disparities is to investigate the child’s neighborhood environment and factors influencing asthma symptoms. The purpose of this integrative review is to critique research investigating the relationships between neighborhood-level factors and asthma morbidity in urban children. Three literature databases were searched using the terms “asthma,” “child,” “neighborhood,” and “urban.” The articles included were organized into six themes within the larger domains of prevalence, physical, and social factors. Literature tables provide in-depth analysis of each article and demonstrate a need for strengthening analysis methods. The current research points to the necessity for a multilevel study to analyze neighborhood-level factors that are associated with increased asthma morbidity in urban children. School nurse clinicians, working within children’s neighborhoods, are uniquely positioned to assess modifiable neighborhood-level determinants of health in caring for children with asthma.
Correction of Hammertoe Deformity With Novel Intramedullary PIP Fusion Device Versus K-Wire Fixation
Authors: Richman Seth H. , Siqueira Marcelo Bogliolo Piancastelli , McCullough Kirk A. , Berkowitz Mark J.
Published: October 2016

Background:

K-wire fixation has been the most common method of fixation for hammertoe deformity. However intramedullary devices are gaining ground in both number of available choices and in procedures performed. This study aimed to compare the outcomes of hammertoe correction performed with K-wire fixation versus a novel intramedullary fusion device (CannuLink).

Methods:

A retrospective review of hammertoe correction by a single surgeon was performed from June 2011 to December 2013. Sixty patients (95 toes) underwent K-wire fixation and 39 patients (54 toes) underwent fusion with the CannuLink implant. Average age was 61.7 years and 61.4 years, respectively. Average length of follow-up was 12.9 and 12.3 months, respectively. Patients were evaluated for medical comorbidities, smoking status, inflammatory arthritis, peripheral vascular disease, peripheral neuropathy, pre- and postoperative visual analog pain scale, bony union percentage, revision rate, complications (hardware and surgery-related), and persistent symptoms at last follow-up. There was no significant difference in demographics or comorbidities between the 2 groups ( P > .05).

Results:

In the K-wire group, 16 patients (18 toes) remained symptomatic at last follow-up (27%). Nine toes (9.5%) had recurrent deformity, 3 toes (3%) developed a late infection because of the recurrent deformity, and 1 toe (1%) developed partial numbness. One patient suffered a calf deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and peroneal nerve neuritis, 1 patient developed foot drop, and 3 patients continued to complain of pain. Five toes required revision surgery (5.3%). In the intramedullary group, 3 (7.7%) patients remained symptomatic and all were associated with a complication. One patient developed chronic regional pain syndrome in the foot, a calf DVT, and a nonfatal pulmonary embolus. A second patient developed a painless recurrent deformity. A third patient had wound dehiscence. Nobody had hardware failure or required a second operation.

Conclusion:

The CannuLink intramedullary device for hammertoe correction resulted in fewer complications, only 1 recurrent deformity, and no reoperations compared with K-wire fixation.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, retrospective comparative study.
Should We Replace the Terms Intrinsic and Extrinsic Coagulation Pathways With Tissue Factor Pathway?
Authors: Vojacek Jan F.
Published: October 2016

Present review highlights some new aspects of the role of individual components of blood coagulation process and proposes a modified concept of hemocoagulation cascade. The role of FXII in the initiation of the so-called intrinsic coagulation system is currently questioned. Its role has been recently demonstrated mainly in the thrombus propagation and final stabilization together with factors XI and XIII. The edited concept underlines the common part of the tissue factor (TF) in the initiation of both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of the coagulation system and therefore may make it not improperly be called the TF coagulation pathway. The search for new antithrombotic agents shows that the level of the coagulation system blockade depends on which step in the coagulation cascade is targeted and results in different degrees of the antithrombotic efficiency and the risk of bleeding complications.
Shared Tax Sources in a Leviathan Model of Federalism
Authors: Flowers Marilyn R.
Published: October 2016

Separation of the tax sources is often advanced as a norm for the fiscal organization of a federal system of government. This article examines the analytical properties of the separation norm within the context of the Leviathan model of revenue-maximizing government. If two revenue-maximizing units of government at different levels in a federal system share a common tax base, combined tax rates applied to that base will lie on the backward-bending portion of the Laffer curve. A challenge of sorts is presented to the Brennan-Buchanan hypothesis that a federal as opposed to a unitary system of government can act as a constraint on Leviathan. They base their proposition on the existence of competing governments at a single level. However, the essence of federalism is multiple levels of government. This layering needs to be more carefully considered with respect to the implications for restraining Leviathan.
Further Evidence on the Shifting of Corporate Income Tax in Privately Owned Electric Utilities, 1948–1984
Authors: Kolluri Bharat R.
Published: October 2016

The purpose of this article is to empirically estimate the effects of the federal corporate income tax, dividend yield, and inflation on the rate of return in investor-owned electric utilities in the United States. Using data from the period before the seventies, some authors were able to show some evidence toward a partial shifting of the tax burden in regulated utilities. An attempt is made here to reexamine these findings and extend them into the eighties. The results point to a conclusion of a short-run partial shifting of about 60% in contrast to a mere 40% reported earlier. The results do not reject the hypothesis of a significant positive relationship between the dividend yield and the profit rate, contradicting the theory that dividend policy is irrelevant. Finally, there is some indication of a depressing effect of inflation on the rate of return during the most recent inflationary time period, 1974–1984.
‘It doesn’t happen … and I’ve never thought it was necessary for it to happen’
Authors: Fairclough Samantha
Published: October 2016

Witnesses and defendants are able to give evidence by live link provided that they meet the vulnerability criteria set out in the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act (1999). The vulnerability criteria include, in brief, the defendant or witness being young and/or suffering from a physical, mental or learning disability. Findings from interviews undertaken with 18 criminal practitioners indicate that, even when a defendant is sufficiently vulnerable to qualify for the use of live link, the provision is rarely invoked. Drawing on this data, this article identifies a series of barriers which contribute heavily to the inaccessibility of the live link provision to vulnerable defendants giving evidence in their trials.
Bildung towards wisdom, through philosophical dialogue in teacher education
Authors: Helskog Guro Hansen
Published: October 2016

In this article the author discusses the terms Bildung, wisdom, dialogue and philosophical dialogue. The author understands Bildung as the spiritual education of the soul, involving the existential growth and maturation of the individual in her relation to herself, to other people, to the world and to a possible transcendent Other. The outcome of processes involving Bildung is argued to be increased wisdom. Dialogue, especially in the form of philosophical dialogue, is presented as a powerful way of enhancing students’ Bildung towards wisdom. The theoretical discussion is linked to a practical example from the author’s experience of teaching a course on philosophical dialogue in international teacher education in Norway.
Analyzing steam transfer though various flame-retardant fabric assemblies in radiant heat exposure
Authors: Su Yun , Li Jun
Published: October 2016

Protection from steam burns is beneficial to reduce the nonfatal injuries of firefighters in firefighting and rescue operations. A new multifunctional testing apparatus was employed to study heat and steam transfer in protective clothing under low-pressure steam and low-level thermal radiation. Single-, double-, and triple-layered fabric assemblies were selected in this experiment. It is indicated that the existence of hot steam weakens the positive influence of the fabric’s thickness, but increases the importance of the air permeability on the thermal protection. The fabric assemblies entrapping moisture barrier can better resist the penetration of steam through the fabric system, and significantly improve the thermal protection in low steam and thermal radiation exposure due to the low air permeability. Additionally, the total transmitted energy ( Qe) and dry thermal energy ( Qd) under low steam and thermal radiation are dramatically larger than that under thermal radiation ( p < 0.05), while hot steam insignificantly reduces the thermal energy during the cooling ( p = 0.143 > 0.05). The understanding of steam heat transfer helps to provide proper guidance to improve the thermal protection of the firefighter’s clothing and reduce steam burns.