bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond Smokestacks and Silos: Open‐Source, Web‐Enabled Coordination in Organizations and Networks
Authors: Roberts Nancy C.
Published: September 2011

What accounts for coordination problems? Many mechanisms of coordination exist in both organizations and networks, yet despite their widespread use, coordination challenges persist. Some believe the challenges are growing even more serious. One answer lies in understanding that coordination is not a free good; it is expensive in terms of time, effort, and attention, or what economists call transaction and administrative costs. An alternative to improving coordination is to reduce its costs, yet there is little guidance in the literature to help managers and researchers calculate coordination costs or make design decisions based on cost reductions. This article explores two cases—the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office’s Peer‐to‐Patent pilot program and the online relief effort in Haiti following the devastating earthquake there in 2010—to illustrate the advantages and constraints of using Web 2.0 technology as a mechanism of coordination and a tool for cost reduction. The lessons learned from these cases may offer practitioners and researchers a way out of our “silos” and “smokestacks.”
The Struggle to Reform Intelligence after 9/11
Authors: Harknett Richard J. , Stever James A.
Published: September 2011

Two years after the Homeland Security Act of 2002, Congress passed the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act. This act aspired to replace a sprawling agency‐oriented intelligence apparatus with an integrated, networked intelligence community. The act envisioned a director of national intelligence who would accomplish sweeping structural reforms, while at the same time maintaining and improving the efficiency and effectiveness of intelligence operations. This vision has not materialized. The director of national intelligence does not have the power to implement structural reforms. Schisms between the legislature and the executive also hamper reforms.
So Hard to Say Goodbye? Turnover Intention among U.S. Federal Employees
Authors: Pitts David , Marvel John , Fernandez Sergio
Published: September 2011

Why do U.S. federal government employees choose to leave the federal service? By focusing on turnover intentions, this article develops propositions about why employees anticipate leaving their jobs along three dimensions: (1) demographic factors, (2) workplace satisfaction factors, and (3) organizational/relational factors. Two distinct measures of turnover intention are advanced that reflect those who intend to leave their agency for another position within the federal government and those who intend to leave the federal government for an outside position. The 2006 Federal Human Capital Survey is used to test the impacts of three clusters of independent variables on these measures of turnover intention. The findings suggest that overall job satisfaction and age affect turnover consistently. Practical recommendations are outlined for public managers seeking to boost employee retention.
God at Play: Seeing God Through the Lens of the Young Krishna
Authors: Largen Kristin Johnston
Published: September 2011

Abstract:  This article begins with the absence of biblical stories about Jesus' youth. This lack means that typical boyhood characteristics, such as playfulness, are absent from a traditional Christian picture of the divine. Using the lens of stories told about Krishna's youth in the Bhagavata Purana, I suggest that Christians could learn from the Hindu idea of a “god at play,” as such a concept enhances a Christian understanding of who God has revealed Godself to be, and how Christians are called to be in relationship to God.
Less Religion, Better Society? On Religion, Secularity, and Prosperity in Scandinavia
Authors: Lejon Kjell , Agnafors Marcus
Published: September 2011

Abstract:  Phil Zuckerman argues in his book Society without God that Scandinavian secularity is strongly correlated to Scandinavian prosperity. In this article, we argue that such usage is premature. First, there are methodological issues that are not properly dealt with. Second, providing a causal narrative in addition to mere correlation is needed. Third, we argue that the causes of Scandinavian prosperity are found in close connection to Scandinavian Lutheranism.
A Dual Mechanism for IKs Current Reduction by the Pathogenic Mutation KCNQ1‐S277L
Authors: CHEN JERRI , WEBER MICHAEL , YON UM SUNG , WALSH CHRISTINE A. , TANG YINGYING , MCDONALD THOMAS V.
Published: September 2011

Background:
 The hereditary long QT syndrome is characterized by prolonged ventricular repolarization that can be caused by mutations to the KCNQ1 gene, which encodes the α subunits of the cardiac potassium channel complex that carries the IKs current (the β subunits are encoded by KCNE1). In this study, we characterized a deleterious variant, KCNQ1‐S277L, found in a patient who presented with sudden cardiac death in the presence of cocaine use.

Methods:
 The KCNQ1‐S277L mutation was analyzed via whole‐cell patch clamp, confocal imaging, surface biotinylation assays, and computer modeling.

Results:
 Homomeric mutant KCNQ1‐S277L channels were unable to carry current, either alone or with KCNE1. When co‐expressed in a 50/50 ratio with WT KCNQ1, current density was reduced in a dominant‐negative manner, with the residual current predominantly wild type. There was no change in the activation rate and minimal changes to voltage‐dependent activation for both KCNQ1 current and IKs current. Immunofluorescence confocal imaging revealed reduced surface expression of mutant KCNQ1‐S277L, which was biochemically confirmed by surface biotinylation showing a 44% decrease in mutant surface expression. Expression of KCNQ1‐S277L with human ether‐a‐go‐go‐related gene (HERG) did not significantly affect HERG protein or current density compared to KCNQ1‐WT co‐expression.

Conclusion:
 The KCNQ1‐S277L mutation causes biophysical defects that result in dominant‐negative reduction in KCNQ1 and IKs current density, and a trafficking defect that results in reduced surface expression, both without affecting HERG/IKr. KCNQ1‐S277L mutation in the proband resulted in defective channels that compromised repolarization reserve, thereby enhancing the arrhythmic susceptibility to pharmacological blockage of IKr current. (PACE 2011; 34:1652–1664)
Impact of Scar, Viable Myocardium, and Epicardial Fat on Substrate Identification of Ventricular Tachycardia in a Case with Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: SASAKI TAKESHI , MUDD JAMES , STEENBERGEN CHARLES , ZVIMAN MENEKHEM M. , MILLER CHRISTOPHER F. , NAZARIAN SAMAN
Published: September 2011

A 56‐year‐old man with nonischemic cardiomyopathy underwent orthotopic cardiac transplantation after endocardial and epicardial radiofrequency catheter ablation for pleomorphic ventricular tachycardia. The myocardial substrate and epicardial fat were comprehensively analyzed with three‐dimensional electroanatomic maps, late gadolinium enhanced ex‐vivo cardiac magnetic resonance, and histological examination. The association of scar, viable myocardium, and epicardial fat with endocardial and epicardial electrogram voltage and duration was quantitatively defined. This case provides a unique opportunity to explore the reliability of electrical surrogates of scar in nonischemic cardiomyopathy. (PACE 2012;35:e345–e348)
A Precarious Rite of Passage in Postreform China:
Authors: Liu Shao‐hua
Published: September 2011

This article employs the rite of passage concept to analyze why and how heroin use and a subsequent HIV/AIDS epidemic have taken hold among minority Nuosu (Yi) young men in Southwest China. It juxtaposes structural inequalities and sociocultural particularities in social suffering among Nuosu youths as they attempt to create meaningful lives in China's market reform era. Since the 1980s, young Nuosu have ventured out to Han‐dominant cities in search of fun and opportunities. This movement has become a new foray into manhood and inadvertently set up their encounter with heroin and the subsequent introduction of HIV into their hometowns. The article is based on my 20‐month ethnographic fieldwork in Limu, a mountainous Nuosu community in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, between 2002 and 2009.[rite of passage, substance use, AIDS, youth, China]
Heterologous Expression of the CYP51 Gene of the Obligate Fungus Blumeria graminis in the Necrotrophic Fungus Botrytis cinerea
Authors: YAN LEI‐YAN , CHEN YAN‐FENG , YANG QIAN‐QIAN , MA ZHONG‐HUA
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT. As it is extremely difficult to make DNA transformation for the obligate fungus, Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), we developed a heterologous expression system for characterization of a Bgt gene, CYP51, which encodes 14α‐demethylase. The CYP51 gene from Bgt was transformed into the necrotrophic fungus, Botrytis cinerea. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed that the Bgt CYP51 was transcribed in B. cinerea. Green fluorescence was observed in the transformants of B. cinerea carrying the Bgt CYP51‐GFP fusion cassette, suggesting that its translation was successful. Fungicide sensitivity tests revealed that B. cinerea transformed with Bgt CYP51 showed reduced sensitivity to a sterol demethylation inhibitor triadimefon, but not to a benzimidazole fungicide carbendazim. These results indicated that this heterologous expression system can be used for functional analysis of other Bgt genes.
Thermally Stable Pyrochlore Y2Ti2O7: Eu3+ Orange–Red Emitting Phosphors
Authors: Dai Pengpeng , Zhang Xintong , Zhou Meng , Li Xinghua , Yang Jikai , Sun Panpan , Xu Changshan , Liu Yichun
Published: September 2011

Pyrochlore‐structured Y2Ti2O7 doped with Eu3+ activators via high‐temperature solid‐state reaction shows thermally stable orange‐red emission under near ultraviolet excitation. The concentration of Eu3+ activators was observed to influence both the intensity and color point of photoluminescence of Y2−xTi2O7:xEu3+ phosphors. The optimal doping concentration is around x = 0.45 determined by photoluminescence intensity; at this concentration, the luminescence branch ratio , named as the luminous intensity ratio of 5D0–7F2 (R) and 5D0–7F1 (O) transition is also at maximum, about 0.46. This orange–red emitting phosphor Y1.55Ti2O7:0.45Eu3+ shows excellent thermal stability in luminescence intensity, retaining 84% of room‐temperature luminescence at 250°C. Therefore, Y1.55Ti2O7:0.45Eu3+ phosphors may have great potential as an orange–red component for white light‐emitting diodes, especially for the high‐power devices.
High Yield Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nano‐Scale Zirconia and YTZP
Authors: Szepesi Christopher J. , Adair James H.
Published: September 2011

Many techniques exist to synthesize zirconia and YTZP with a nano‐scale particle size, but a recently developed hydrothermal precipitation procedure has shown promise in producing high‐yield quantities of well‐dispersed 8–10 nm zirconia and YTZP. Using bicine as a complexing agent, a homogeneous solution of zirconyl nitrate and yttrium nitrate is formed; after hydrothermal treatment, 8–10 nm tetragonal zirconia or YTZP particles are precipitated. With the modified hydrothermal procedure, powder yield was increased to 100 g of powder per liter of reactant solution without significantly changing the powder characteristics. X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy were used to verify that the tetragonal phase was formed in the 1YTZP composition. Complementary particle size measurements were made using dynamic light scattering, BET nitrogen adsorption, and X‐ray diffraction; differences in measured particle size are discussed, and all three techniques verify the 8–10 nm particle diameter. Particle morphology and impurity content were measured with transmission electron spectroscopy and X‐ray fluorescence, respectively. To overcome the increased likelihood of agglomeration that accompanies the increased synthesis, wash solutions of deionized water, bicine, and oxalic acid were compared, and the particle–particle interactions of nano‐YTZP in these wash solutions and in ethanol are modeled with modified DLVO theory. The results show that yttria leaching is prevented and dispersion is promoted by laundering with a solution of oxalic acid and dispersing into deionized water, both adjusted to a pH value of 9.
Epitaxial Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 Thin Films on Flexible Substrates
Authors: Shelton Christopher T. , Gibbons Brady J.
Published: September 2011

It is well known that the piezoelectric properties of a thin film can be influenced by crystallographic texture. At the extreme case, epitaxial thin films can be deposited on single crystal substrates (with appropriate lattice matching) to effectively achieve a single crystal thin film. Here, the maximum advantage of orientation dependence is found. Typically this has required small, expensive single crystalline substrates. In the past 10 years, however, the technique of ion beam assisted deposition has been developed for applying a biaxially textured template to an arbitrary smooth surface. This has opened up a new realm of materials integration possibilities, with the prime example being high‐temperature superconducting wires. Here, the same template is utilized for deposition of epitaxial Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 thin films onto LaNiO3 and La0.7Sr0.3MnO3‐coated flexible substrates. Chemical solution deposition (CSD) is used to produce PZT thin films with very high (00l) orientation and excellent in‐plane orientation. Macroscopic ferroelectric measurements depict very square hysteresis behavior, with high remnant polarization of ~40 μC/cm2. Piezoresponse force microscopy and local hysteresis measurements were used to image the microscopic domain structure and to demonstrate the piezoelectric behavior in these materials.
Effect of Carbon Impurities on Hot‐Pressed ZrB2–SiC Ceramics
Authors: Guo Wei‐Ming , Yang Zhen‐Guo , Zhang Guo‐Jun
Published: September 2011

The influence of carbon impurities on phase composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties of hot‐pressed ZrB2–SiC ceramics was studied. Carbon was either present in the starting ZrB2 powders or introduced due to the carbon‐rich sintering environment. Carbon present in the starting ZrB2 powders removed the inherent oxygen impurities to enable ceramics that appeared phase pure by X‐ray diffraction, had smaller average grain sizes, and had higher Vickers’ hardness, but lower fracture toughness. Carbon introduced from the sintering environment led to the formation of secondary ZrC, allowed the microstructure to coarsen, and decreased the fracture toughness. This study showed that ZrB2–SiC ceramics with refined microstructure could be obtained by introducing carbon impurities in the starting ZrB2 powders, whereas the densification should be carried out at lower temperature to avoid the carbon uptake from sintering environment.
Luminescent Properties of the Multicolor Afterglow Phosphors Ca3SnSi2O9:Re3+ (Re = Pr, Tb, Sm)
Authors: Xu Xuhui , Wang Yuhua , Zeng Wei , Gong Yu , Liu Bitao
Published: September 2011

Without doping any rare‐earth ions, Ca3SnSi2O9 emits blue light and exhibits weak long‐lasting phosphorescence. By selecting appropriate rare‐earth ions doped into the host, multicolor phosphorescence can be obtained from Ca3SnSi2O9:Re3+ (Re = Pr, Tb, Sm) after excitation at 316 nm, which is due to the persistent energy transfer between the host and rare‐earth ions. The thermoluminescence results indicate that the introduction of Re3+ (Re = Pr, Tb, Sm) produces more suitable traps () depth at 360 K, which make an important contribution to the more excellent long persistent luminescence phenomena.
Fabrication of Alumina Ceramic Reinforced with Boron Nitride Nanotubes with Improved Mechanical Properties
Authors: Wang Wei‐Li , Bi Jian‐Qiang , Sun Kang‐Ning , Du Ming , Long Na‐Na , Bai Yu‐Jun
Published: September 2011

Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs)/alumina composites were fabricated by hot pressing. The effect ofBNNTs on the mechanical properties, including ambient and high‐temperature flexure strength and fracture toughness was investigated. As a result of sufficient physical and chemical bonding betweenBNNTs and alumina, the pullout and fracture ofBNNTs concurrent with the suppression ofBNNTs on abnormal growth of grains contributes to the excellent ambient and high‐temperature mechanical properties.
Space Charge and Grain Boundary Energy in Zirconia (3Y‐TZP)
Authors: Conrad Hans
Published: September 2011

An analytical procedure is developed which provides the magnitudes of the space charge potential and the corresponding grain boundary energy in ionic oxides from the effect of an applied dc electric field on grain growth. Reasonable agreement occurred between the calculated values and expectations or other measurements. The agreement indicates that the physical mechanism governing the retardation of grain growth by an electric field in 3Y‐TZP is through reduction in the grain boundary energy by the interaction of the field with the space charge.
Analysis and Discrimination of Electrical Tapes: Part II. Backings*,†
Authors: Mehltretter Andria H. , Bradley Maureen J. , Wright Diana M.
Published: September 2011

Abstract:  The backings of 90 black electrical tapes were analyzed to evaluate the chemical components of these films, the ability of individual techniques to discriminate samples, and the ability of the techniques combined to distinguish samples. The techniques utilized and their respective discrimination results were stereomicroscopy and physical measurements, to include observation of surface features of the backing, width, and thickness measurements (c. 64%); Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) using a microscope accessory (c. 83%); pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py‐GC/MS; c. 81%); and scanning electron microscopy/energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS; c. 87%). Ninety‐four percent of the backings were discriminated through this combination of analytical methods. Finally, evaluating these results in conjunction with previously published data on the analysis of the adhesives from the same set of electrical tapes provided an overall discrimination of nearly 96%.
Has East Germany Overtaken West Germany? Recent Trends in Order‐Specific Fertility
Authors: Goldstein Joshua R. , Kreyenfeld Michaela
Published: September 2011

Some 20 years after reunification, the contrast between East and West Germany offers a natural experiment for studying the degree of persistence of Communist‐era family patterns, the effects of economic change, and fertility postponement. After reunification, period fertility rates plummeted in the former East Germany to record low levels. Since the mid‐1990s, however, period fertility rates have been rising in East Germany, in contrast to the nearly constant rates seen in the West. By 2008, the TFR of East Germany had overtaken that of the West. We explore why fertility in East Germany is higher than in West Germany, despite unfavorable economic circumstances in the East. We address this and related questions by (a) presenting an account of the persisting East/West differences in attitudes toward and constraints on childbearing, (b) conducting an order‐specific fertility analysis of recent fertility trends, and (c) projecting completed fertility for the recent East and west German cohorts. In addition to using the Human Fertility Database, perinatal statistics allow us to calculate a tempo‐corrected TFR for East and West Germany.
Changes in World Inequality in Length of Life: 1970–2000
Authors: Edwards Ryan D.
Published: September 2011

Previous research has revealed much global convergence over the past several decades in life expectancy at birth and in infant mortality, which are closely linked. But trends in the variance of length of life, and in the variance of length of adult life in particular, are less well understood. I examine life‐span inequality in a comprehensive panel of 180 countries observed in 1970 and 2000. Convergence in infant mortality has unambiguously reduced world inequality in total length of life starting from birth, but world inequality in length of adult life has remained largely unchanged. underlying both of these observations is a growing share of total inequality attributable to between‐country variation. Especially among developed countries, the absolute level of between‐country inequality has risen over time. The sources of widening inequality in length of life between countries remain unclear, but signs point away from changes in income, leaving patterns of knowledge diffusion as a likely candidate.
Same‐Sex Marriage: A New Social Phenomenon
Authors: Chamie Joseph , Mirkin Barry
Published: September 2011

Same‐sex marriage (SSM) is a new social phenomenon. In modern times SSM did not exist until the 21st century when an increasing number of countries began permitting same‐sex couples to marry legally. This study presents statistical and related evidence concerning SSM worldwide, with special attention to the united States, where SSM has evolved into a major political and legal issue. In addition to examining data on levels and trends, differentials between men and women are investigated. The study also considers common arguments for and against SSM and likely changes in laws and policies that may occur. Although same‐sex marriage now exists in a small number of countries and US states, its consequences and implications are being felt far beyond the borders of those countries and areas. In coming years same‐sex marriage will remain a controversial and salient part of the legal, political, and cultural landscape, locally, nationally, and internationally.
Early Christian Worship and the Historical Argument for Jesus’ Resurrection
Authors: Siniscalchi Glenn
Published: September 2011

Apologists such as N.T. Wright, Gerald O’Collins, Richard Swinburne, William Lane Craig, and Gary Habermas have appealed to the post-mortem appearances, the empty tomb, and the origin of the disciples’ belief in the resurrection to lend credibility to Jesus’ resurrection. The earliest and most pertinent evidence concerning the earliest church's worship and devotional life has not been utilized to defend the resurrection (or to defend the historicity of the evidence itself).

On the other hand, scholars of early worship such as Richard Bauckham, Larry Hurtado, and James Dunn have not seen their work as having apologetic import. This essay seeks to bridge the gap between these research paradigms and show that they can only complement each other for the better, especially for the sake of apologetic purposes.
The Kingdom has been Digitized: Electronic Editions of Renaissance Drama and the Long Shadows of Shakespeare and Print
Authors: Hirsch Brett D.
Published: September 2011

This article considers the challenges and opportunities associated with the production and reception of electronic editions of Renaissance drama. Chief amongst these challenges are the long shadows cast by the cultural, scholarly, and economic investments in Shakespeare, and the institutions, conventions, and scholarly status of print publishing. This article argues that electronic editions force us to rethink existing publishing models and notions of scholarship, to recognize that digitizing primary materials alone is no substitute for critical editions, and to acknowledge that, despite the challenges associated with them, electronic editions will play a far greater role in expanding the canon of Renaissance drama as taught, studied, and performed than their print counterparts.
Detection of visible light from the darkest world
Authors: Kipping David M. , Spiegel David S.
Published: September 2011

We present the detection of visible light from the planet TrES-2b, the darkest exoplanet currently known. By analysis of the orbital photometry from publicly available Kepler data (0.4–0.9 µm), we determine a day—night contrast amplitude of 6.5 ± 1.9 ppm (parts per million), constituting the lowest amplitude orbital phase variation discovered. The signal is detected to 3.7σ confidence and persists in six different methods of modelling the data and thus appears robust. In contrast, we are unable to detect ellipsoidal variations or beaming effects, but we do provide confidence intervals for these terms. If the day—night contrast is interpreted as being due to scattering, it corresponds to a geometric albedo of Ag= 0.0253 ± 0.0072. However, our models indicate that there is a significant emission component to dayside brightness, and the true albedo is even lower (<1 per cent). By combining our measurement with Spitzer and ground-based data, we show that a model with moderate redistribution (Pn≃ 0.3) and moderate extra optical opacity (κ′≃ 0.3–0.4) provide a compatible explanation to the data.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some Novel 1,4‐Dihydropyridines as Potential AntiTubercular Agents
Authors: Trivedi Amit , Dodiya Dipti , Dholariya Bipin , Kataria Vipul , Bhuva Vimal , Shah Viresh
Published: September 2011

Recent studies showed that 1,4‐dihydropyridine‐3,5‐dicarbamoyl derivatives with lipophilic groups have significant antitubercular activity. In this study, we have synthesized new derivatives of 1,4‐dihydropyridines bearing carbmethoxy and carbethoxy group at C‐3 and C‐5 of the 1,4‐dihydropyridine ring. In addition, 1H‐pyrazole ring is substituted at C‐4 position. These analogues were synthesized by multi‐component Hantzsch reaction. The in vitro antitubercular activity of compounds against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv was evaluated. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration value, 0.02 μg/mL and SI > 500, was found for dimethyl 1,4‐dihydro‐4‐(3‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)‐2,6‐dimethylpyridine‐3,5‐dicarboxylate 3f, diethyl 1,4‐dihydro‐4‐(3‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)‐2,6‐dimethylpyridine‐3,5‐dicarbo‐xylate 4c and diethyl 1,4‐dihydro‐4‐(3‐(4‐bromophenyl)‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)‐2,6‐dimethyl pyridine‐3,5‐dicarboxylate 4e, making them more potent than first‐line antitubercular drug isoniazid. In addition, these compounds exhibited relatively low cytotoxicity.
QSAR Models for Phosphoramidate Prodrugs of 2′‐Methylcytidine as Inhibitors of Hepatitis C Virus Based on PSO Boosting
Authors: Cheng Zhengjun , Zhang Yuntao , Zhou Changhong
Published: September 2011

In the current study, boosting regression has been proposed to model the activities of a series of phosphoramidate prodrugs of 2′‐methylcytidine as inhibitors of hepatitis C virus. The stepwise multiple linear regression and particle swarm optimization strategies are used to select descriptors which are responsible for the inhibitory activity of these compounds. As comparisons to the boosting regression method, the multiple linear regression, back‐propagation neural networks, and support vector machine have also been investigated. Experimental results have shown that the boosting can drastically enhance the generalization performance of individual multiple linear regression model and the particle swarm optimization‐boosting method is a well‐performing technique in quantitative structure–activity relationship studies superior to support vector machine. The squared correlation coefficient and standard deviation of the best model are 0.744 and 0.438 for the training set and 0.710 and 0.748 for the test set.
Keswick and the East African Revival: An Historiographical Reappraisal
Authors: Bruner Jason
Published: September 2011

The history of the East African Revival has been understood predominantly from the perspective of British missionaries who were associated with the movement in the 1930s and 1940s. The most enduring of these narratives defined the revival by its relation to the English Keswick‐influenced evangelicalism of the Western missionaries associated with the revival. This bias can be observed not only in the basic narrative of the revival, but also in the missionaries’ definition of ‘revival’, which served to exclude from considerations related groups that did not meet the missionaries’ standards. Subsequent historians and anthropologists have largely followed the lead of these initial missionary reporters of the revival. This has resulted in a historiography that conceives the movement primarily in its relationship to European missionaries in general and conservative British evangelicalism in particular. Consequently, significant dimensions of the revival’s impact upon late colonial East Africa have been neglected, such as the movement’s relationship to pre‐Christian African religions, late colonial politics, African‐language literature and literacy, and other contemporary movements of spiritual renewal. Investigation into such topics is only beginning to emerge with regard to the revival movement. What these varied studies indicate is that the history of the revival is best understood not in its relation to English evangelicalism, but rather as a Christian movement that was shaped by African hands, infused with African life, and carried with an African beat. It is, after all, an African story.
Salvation and the ‘Other’ in Islamic Thought: The Contemporary Pluralism Debate (in English)
Authors: Hassan Khalil Mohammad
Published: September 2011

In recent decades, certain prominent Muslim academics have produced works written in English that portray Islam as a pluralistic faith, specifically one that affirms the salvific efficacy of other religious traditions. These advocates of Islamic pluralism hold that even a non‐Muslim who has a deep understanding of Islamic revelation yet chooses to remain as an ‘Other’ may attain salvation and dwell in Paradise. Although these scholars tend to reference similar passages of the Quran in making their case for religious ecumenism and against exclusivism, their approaches and assumptions tend to vary significantly. Whatever one makes of their diverse arguments, they are unlikely to attract a significant following among traditionally trained Muslim theologians in the near future. Nevertheless, the debate that the contemporary pluralist discourse has generated involves important discussions, pertinent not just to scholars of Islamic thought, but also to participants in interfaith and interreligious dialog.
Minority Influence
Authors: Gardikiotis Antonis
Published: September 2011

The present paper reviews social psychological research on minority influence. Minorities by proposing alternative and original ideas are often an agent of innovation and social change for societies. They create social conflict by proposing alternative propositions to the established societal perceptions. Minorities are, usually, numerically small groups that question social norms. Minorities influence people’s thinking, attitudes, and behavior by being consistent and flexible in their negotiation with majority members. Their influence is more often latent (i.e., evident on delayed, indirect, and private measures) than manifest. They affect the amount, and the quality, of cognitive processing of their messages (triggered by the different elaboration demands of the influence situation). Minority influence interacts with various situational factors such as social identity (in‐group or out‐group) and the task employed (e.g., objective or opinion) leading to different kinds of influence outcomes.
Systemic Perspectives on Intimate Partner Violence Treatment
Authors: Stith Sandra M. , McCollum Eric E. , Amanor‐Boadu Yvonne , Smith Douglas
Published: September 2011

This article reviews changes in the research literature on intimate partner violence (IPV) since our earlier review (Stith, Rosen, & McCollum, 2003). A rationale for systemic treatment of IPV has emerged from research that has continued to document the limited effectiveness of single‐gender treatment approaches for offenders and that has identified subtypes of abusive relationships, including situational couple violence, which often includes the reciprocal use of violence. Consistent findings from the available outcome research have demonstrated that for carefully screened couples who choose to stay together, systemic interventions decrease incidences of IPV and decrease the risk factors for IPV with no increase in risk. Implications for research and treatment are offered.
Nonspecific PCR amplification by high‐fidelity polymerases: implications for next‐generation sequencing of AFLP markers
Authors: BRELSFORD ALAN , COLLIN HÉLÈNE , PERRIN NICOLAS , FUMAGALLI LUCA
Published: September 2011

High‐fidelity ‘proofreading’ polymerases are often used in library construction for next‐generation sequencing projects, in an effort to minimize errors in the resulting sequence data. The increased template fidelity of these polymerases can come at the cost of reduced template specificity, and library preparation methods based on the AFLP technique may be particularly susceptible. Here, we compare AFLP profiles generated with standard Taq and two versions of a high‐fidelity polymerase. We find that Taq produces fewer and brighter peaks than high‐fidelity polymerase, suggesting that Taq performs better at selectively amplifying templates that exactly match the primer sequences. Because the higher accuracy of proofreading polymerases remains important for sequencing applications, we suggest that it may be more effective to use alternative library preparation methods.
Salvia siirtica sp. nov. (Lamiaceae) from Turkey
Authors: Kahraman Ahmet , Doğan Musa , Celep Ferhat
Published: September 2011

Salvia siirtica Kahraman, Celep & Doğan sp. nov.(Lamiaceae) is described and illustrated as a new species from the northern part of Siirt province in southeast Anatolia, Turkey, where it was found growing in open forests of Quercus. It is morphologically similar to S. indica L., but differs by having densely glandular pilose to villous stems and petioles, close verticillasters, smaller flowers, clearly concave calyx apices, entirely white corollas and smaller nutlets. Salvia siirtica and S. indica are also distinguished by their nutlet and pollen micromorphologies, illustrated by SEM images. The nutlet surface of S. siirtica is very finely wrinkled and its pollen has 3–4 primary lumina per 25 μm2, compared to 5–8 in S. indica. Conservation status assessment, distribution map, and notes on biogeography and ecology of the new species are provided.
Hematologic and serum biochemical reference values for the wild Spectacled Caiman, Caiman crocodilus crocodilus, from the Venezuelan plains
Authors: Rossini Mario , García Gisela , Rojas Jesús , Zerpa Hector
Published: September 2011

Background: Commercial farming of Caiman crocodilus crocodilus has had an impact on the use of this species for meat consumption and the leather industry. Spectacled Caimans comprise part of the South American plains biodiversity. Misinterpretation of laboratory data is a risk owing to the limited hematologic and serum biochemical values available for this species.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine hematologic and serum biochemical values for wild Spectacled Caimans from the Venezuelan plains.

Methods: Blood samples were collected form the caudal tail vein of 100 Spectacled Caimans (40 males and 60 females) from the plains located in the State of Apure. Values for RBC count, PCV, hemoglobin concentration, WBC absolute and differential counts, and thrombocyte counts were obtained using manual methods, and RBC indices were calculated. Serum biochemical analysis included measurement of alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and creatine kinase activities and concentrations of total protein and albumin. Comparisons between sexes were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney test.

Results: Reference values for wild Spectacled Caimans were determined. Minor differences in hematologic values, particularly for RBC counts, were found compared with previously published values for this species. Serum biochemical values were similar to those available for other crocodilians. There were no significant differences between males and females.

Conclusions: Minor differences between the values obtained for wild Spectacled Caimans and those previously published for this species may be related to differences in methodology and environmental conditions. Availability of hematologic and serum biochemical reference values will be useful for accurate diagnosis and management of disease in this species.
Petrogenesis of basaltic shergottite Northwest Africa 5298: Closed‐system crystallization of an oxidized mafic melt
Authors: HUI Hejiu , PESLIER Anne H. , LAPEN Thomas J. , SHAFER John T. , BRANDON Alan D. , IRVING Anthony J.
Published: September 2011

Abstract– Northwest Africa (NWA) 5298 is an evolved basaltic shergottite that has bulk characteristics and mineral compositions consistent with derivation from an oxidized reservoir in Mars. Chemically zoned clinopyroxene (64.5%, augite and pigeonite), with interstitial lath‐shaped plagioclase (29.4%, An40 to An55), constitutes the bulk of this meteorite. The plagioclase has been converted by shock to both isotropic maskelynite and spherulitic, birefringent feldspar representing a quenched vesicular melt. The remainder of the rock consists of minor amounts of Fe‐Ti oxides (ilmenite and titanomagnetite), phosphates (merrillite and apatite), silica polymorph, fayalite, pyrrhotite, baddeleyite, and minor hot desert weathering products (calcite and barite). Oxygen fugacity derived from Fe‐Ti oxide thermobarometry is close to the quartz‐fayalite‐magnetite (QFM) buffer indicating that the late stage evolution of this magma occurred under more oxidizing condition than those recorded in most other shergottites. Merrillite contains the largest abundances of rare earth elements (REE) of all phases, thereby controlling the REE budget in NWA 5298. The calculated bulk rock REE pattern normalized to CI chondrite is relatively flat. The evolution of the normalized REE patterns of the bulk rock, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and phosphate in NWA 5298 is consistent with closed‐system chemical behavior with no evidence of crustal contamination or postcrystallization disturbance of the REE contents of these phases.
Fluids on differentiated asteroids: Evidence from phosphates in differentiated meteorites GRA 06128 and GRA 06129
Authors: SHEARER Charles K. , BURGER Paul V. , PAPIKE James J. , SHARP Zachary D. , McKEEGAN Kevin D.
Published: September 2011

Abstract– Paired meteorites Graves Nunatak 06128 and 06129 (GRA) represent an ancient cumulate lithology (4565.9 Ma ± 0.3) containing high abundances of sodic plagioclase. Textures and stable isotope compositions of GRA indicate that superimposed on the igneous lithology is a complex history of subsolidus reequilibration and low‐temperature alteration that may have extended over a period of 150 Myr. In GRA, apatite is halogen‐rich with Cl between 4.5 and 5.5 wt% and F between 0.3 and 0.9 wt%. The Cl/(Cl+F+OH) ratio of the apatite is between 0.65 and 0.82. The Cl and F are negatively correlated and are heterogeneously distributed in the apatite. Merrillite is low in halogens with substantial Na in the 6‐fold coordinated Na‐site (≈2.5%) and Mg in the smaller octahedral site. The merrillite has a negative Eu anomaly, whereas the apatite has a positive Eu anomaly. The chlorine isotope composition of the bulk GRA leachate is +1.2‰ relative to standard mean ocean chloride (SMOC). Ion microprobe chlorine isotope analyses of the apatite range between −0.5 and +1.2‰. Textural relationships between the merrillite and apatite, and the high‐Cl content of the apatite, suggest that the merrillite is magmatic in origin, whereas the apatite is a product of the interaction between merrillite and a Cl‐rich fluid. If the replacement of merrillite by apatite occurred at approximately 800 °C, the fluid composition is f(HCl)/f(H2O) = 0.0383 and a HCl molality of 2.13 and f(HCl)/f(HF) = 50–100. It is anticipated that the calculated f(HCl)/f(H2O) and a HCl molality are minimum values due to assumptions made on the OH component in apatite and basing the calculations on the apatite with the lowest XCl. The bulk δ37Cl of GRA is a >2σ outlier from chondritic meteorites and suggests that parent body processes resulted in fractionation of the Cl isotopes.
EMPATHY, JUSTICE, AND JURISPRUDENCE
Authors: DEIGH JOHN
Published: September 2011

abstract

This paper uses a study of the opinions in a case recently decided by the U.S. Supreme Court, Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., to explain the role of empathy in legal interpretation. I argue for two theses: (1) that empathy is essential to an interpretation of law if that interpretation is to serve the interests of justice and (2) that no interpretation of a law is sound if it ignores whether so interpreting the law serves the interests of justice.
SELF‐DECEPTION ABOUT EMOTION
Authors: DAMM LISA
Published: September 2011

abstract

In this paper, I address an ignored topic in the literature on self‐deception—instances in which one is self‐deceived about their emotions. Most discussions of emotion and self‐deception address either the contributory role of emotion to instances of self‐deception involving beliefs or assume what I argue is an outdated view of emotion according to which emotions just are beliefs or some other type of propositional attitude. In order to construct an account of self‐deception about emotion, I draw a distinction between two variants of self‐deception about emotion: cognitively motivated self‐deception and phenomenologically motivated self‐deception. After providing an account of each variant, I discuss the importance of the role that perception plays in cases of self‐deception about emotion. I conclude with a comment on the relevance of this discussion for contemporary debates in moral theory.
How social is the social psychology of emotion?
Authors: Parkinson Brian
Published: September 2011

Two classic studies published 50 years ago showed how other people provide information that shapes the activation and interpretation of emotions. The present paper traces development of the social psychology of emotions from this starting point. Subsequent research into group‐based and social appraisal has advanced understanding of the impact of social information on emotions and suggested new ways of investigating associated phenomena. Although potential integrations of interpersonal and group‐oriented approaches offer promise for the future, the continuing focus on emotions as cognitively mediated effects of social factors should broaden to encompass dynamic relational processes.
The winds of change: Some challenges in reconfiguring social psychology for the future
Authors: Wetherell Margaret
Published: September 2011

In this short article, I celebrate the plurality and eclecticism of the British Journal of Social Psychology. I argue that this approach offers the best hope for an uncertain future. The powerful narrative on which social psychology was once based is fragmenting in part due to Research Assessment Exercise (RAE/REF) pressures. Social psychological topics and research are migrating outside institutional Psychology, and the BJSP needs to follow. Examples of recent social research on affect and emotion are used to illustrate the new spreading and reach of social psychological topics and issues.
A Formalization of Functions as Operations on Flows
Authors: Borgo Stefano , Carrara Massimiliano , Garbacz Pawel , Vermaas Pieter E.
Published: September 2011

This paper presents a formalization of the notion of function as operation on flows as advanced in the Functional Basis approach of Stone and Wood. We first analyze the modeling of functions in this approach and identify the notions that are ontological significant for their formalization within the foundational ontology DOLCE. Then, we build the logical system in which this engineering notion of function is formally translated and connected to the ontology. Furthermore, we posit a number of constraints for a correct interpretation of the formal system and also provide a web ontology language version. We conclude with an assessment of our results and a discussion of our larger project aimed at analysing functional descriptions of technical artifacts, and at translating functional descriptions using different engineering notions of function.
The Importance of Training for Interactive Trade Space Exploration: A Study of Novice and Expert Users
Authors: Wolf David , Hyland Jennifer , Simpson Timothy W. , Zhang Xiaolong (Luke)
Published: September 2011

Thanks to recent advances in computing power and speed, engineers can now generate a wealth of data on demand to support design decision-making. These advances have enabled new approaches to search multidimensional trade spaces through interactive data visualization and exploration. In this paper, we investigate the effectiveness and efficiency of interactive trade space exploration strategies by conducting human subject experiments with novice and expert users. A single objective, constrained design optimization problem involving the sizing of an engine combustion chamber is used for this study. Effectiveness is measured by comparing the best feasible design obtained by each user, and efficiency is assessed based on the percentage of feasible designs generated by each user. Results indicate that novices who watch a 5-min training video before the experiment obtain results that are not significantly different from those obtained by expert users, and both groups are statistically better than the novices without the training video in terms of effectiveness and efficiency. Frequency and ordering of the visualization and exploration tools are also compared to understand the differences in each group’s search strategy. The implications of the results are discussed along with future work.
Scalability of plasma enhanced atomic layer deposited ruthenium films for interconnect applications
Authors: Swerts J. , Armini S. , Carbonell L. , Delabie A. , Franquet A. , Mertens S. , Popovici M. , Schaekers M. , Witters T. , Tökei Z. , Beyer G. , Van Elshocht S. , Gravey V. , Cockburn A. , Shah K. , Aubuchon J.
Published: September 2011

Ru thin films were deposited by plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition using MethylCyclopentadienylPyrrolylRuthenium (MeCpPy)Ru and N2/NH3 plasma. The growth characteristics have been studied on titanium nitride or tantalum nitride substrates of various thicknesses. On SiO2, a large incubation period has been observed, which can be resolved by the use of a metal nitride layer of ∼ 0.8 nm. The growth characteristics of Ru layers deposited on ultra-thin metal nitride layers are similar to those on thick metal nitride substrates despite the fact that the metal nitride layers are not fully closed. Scaled Ru/metal nitride stacks were deposited in narrow lines down to 25 nm width. Thinning of the metal nitride does not impact the conformality of the Ru layer in the narrow lines. For the thinnest lines the Ru deposited on the side wall showed a more granular structure when compared to the bottom of the trench, which is attributed to the plasma directionality during the deposition process.
Vocal cues indicate level of arousal in infant African elephant roars
Authors: Stoeger Angela S. , Charlton Benjamin D. , Kratochvil Helmut , Fitch W. Tecumseh
Published: September 2011

Arousal-based physiological changes influence acoustic features of vocalizations in mammals. In particular, nonlinear phenomena are thought to convey information about the caller’s arousal state. This hypothesis was tested in the infant African elephant (Loxodonta africana) roar, a call type produced in situations of arousal and distress. Ninety-two percent of roars exhibited nonlinear phenomena, with chaos being the most common type. Acoustic irregularities were strongly associated with elevated fundamental frequency values. Roars produced in situations of highest urgency, based on the occurrence of behavioral indicators of arousal, were characterized by the lowest harmonics-to-noise ratio; this indicates low tonality. In addition, roars produced in these situations lasted longer than those produced in contexts of lower presumed urgency. Testing the infant roars for individual distinctiveness revealed only a moderate classification result. Combined, these findings indicate that infant African elephant roars primarily function to signal the caller’s arousal state. The effective communication of this type of information may allow mothers to respond differentially based on their infant’s degree of need and may be crucial for the survival of infant African elephants in their natural environment.