bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ENTRE A SOMBRA E REALIDADE: os “programas educativos” da Mimosa Between the shadow and reality : the “Mimosa educational programs "
Authors: Fonseca Rui Pedro
Published: November 2018

Tendo como referência os impactos do leite bovino na saúde humana, este estudo estabelece uma análise comparativa entre os conteúdos dos “programas educativos” da marca de lacticínios Mimosa e estudos independentes de entidades reconhecidas. A grande premissa que se defende neste artigo é que a Mimosa aplica nos seus “programas educativos” um modelo de publicidade "científica" semelhante ao que Edward Bernays aplicou na década de 1920 para implementar o pequeno-almoço bacon and eggs. Os dados são demonstrativos que existe um enorme desfasamento e discordância no que concerne às informações nutritivas apresentadas pela marca de lacticínios Mimosa e as apresentadas por estudos independentes em relação aos impactos do leite de vaca na saúde humana. Os dados também são reveladores de que existem compostos no leite bovino, intrínsecos e derivados dos processos de produção industrial, que se encontram omissos nos “programas educativos” da Mimosa. 
EPISTEMOLOGIA E OS ANIMAIS NÃO HUMANOS: UMA VIRADA PARADIGMÁTICA SOB A PERSPECTIVA DA COMPLEXIDADE / Epistemology and non human animals: a turn paradigmatic under the perspective of complexity
Authors: BELCHIOR Germana Parente Neiva , OLIVEIRA Carla Mariana Aires
Published: November 2018

Apesar da inquietude em face das ameaças ao meio ambiente, este costuma ser estudado em partes, de modo reducionista, o que repercute no modelo de dominação e exploração. Dentro dessa visão, suscita-se uma grande discussão em torno da relação do ser humano com os animais não humanos, em especial, da influência do pensamento vigente, o que justifica a necessidade de um olhar epistemológico. Dentro desse contexto, esta pesquisa tem o propósito de investigar, a partir da mudança de paradigma do conhecimento científico, a relação do pensamento complexo com o direito dos animais. Para isso, procura-se averiguar a insuficiência do paradigma cartesiano mecanicista para solucionar as questões complexas da sociedade contemporânea, realizando uma digressão histórica sobre a forma de pensar da sociedade. Atenta-se para a evolução dos paradigmas e a importância do pensamento complexo e do modelo sistêmico para o presente estudo, perpassando, de forma breve, pelas vertentes éticas no direito ambiental e na proteção animal.  A partir de pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, por meio de investigação indireta e do método dialético, o trabalho conclui que o pensamento complexo é oportuno e adequado para enfrentar a questão dos direitos animais, sendo possível de ser aplicado no direito brasileiro. 
DADOS INSTITUCIONAIS
Authors: UFBA NIPEDA
Published: November 2018

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Dados Institucionais
Authors: Gordilho Heron
Published: November 2018

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Dados Institucionais
Authors: . .
Published: November 2018

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EDITORIAL
Authors: GORDILHO Heron Santana
Published: November 2018

...
OS MARCADORES MORAIS DO DEBATE SOBRE A EXPERIMENTAÇÃO ANIMAL
Authors: NACONECY Carlos
Published: November 2018

O presente ensaio analisa aspectos controversos acerca da
experimentação com animais, mantendo o foco nos marcadores éticos
que diferenciam o posicionamento daqueles favoráveis a tal prática
e dos que são contrários a ela. Sob o prisma filosófico busca abordar
a discussão existente entre a comunidade biomédica e os que atuam
em defesa dos animais, destacando os pontos em que se evidenciam
as discordâncias e antecipando que estas não estão no valor da finalidade, mas sim na utilização da vida animal como elemento para se
alcançar o fim almejado. O trabalho se lança ainda sobre os pontos
de tensão da lógica em que se apoiam os argumentos daqueles que
defendem a pesquisa com emprego da experimentação com animais e
discute a possibilidade de ruptura do paradigma dominante.
Ação Civil Pública
Authors: SANTANA Luciano Rocha
Published: November 2018

...
ANTROPOCENTRISMO X BIOCENTRISMO: Um Embate Importante
Authors: Stoppa Tatiana , Viotto Thaís Boonem
Published: November 2018

A  presente  pesquisa  de  caráter  teórico  aborda  o  embate  entre   o  biocentrismo  e  o  antropocentrismo,  estudo  este  de  grande  relevância,   questionar  o  tratamento  jurídico  da  questão  ambiental  e  dos  animais   não  humanos.  Num  primeiro  momento  será  feita  a  distinção  entre  as   duas  correntes  de  orientação  de  pensamento  jurídico  para,  em  segui- da   demonstrar   a   necessidade   de   a   sociedade   contemporânea   adotar   um   novo   paradigma   que   reconheça   o   valor   intrínseco   da   vida.   Será   feita   uma   abordagem   da   denominada   ecologia   profunda,   enquanto   concepção  norteadora  da  percepção  de  que  os  seres  humanos  são  par- te  integrante  da  natureza  e  não  estão  acima  dela.  Pretende-­se  com  essa   discussão   pensar   na   possibilidade   de   uma   sociedade   que   avance   ao   antropocentrismo  e  reconheça  os  direitos  além  da  vida  humana. 
VEGANISMO ABOLICIONISTA E PRÁTICAS CULTURAIS
Authors: Lopes Gustavo Leandro "Nassar"Gouvêa , ARRUDA Rogério Pereira
Published: November 2018

O presente artigo versa sobre a compreensão do veganismo abolicionista contemporâneo enquanto prática cultural. Mais estrita- mente, interessa investigar como “veganismo” e “cultura” são equa- cionados em três artigos que buscam se opor aos pressupostos práti- cos desse veganismo – discursos estes, no mais, oriundos de locais a princípio distintos. O artigo busca esclarecer quais encontros e desen- contros, denominadores comuns e distinções, subjazem à performan- ce aparentemente contraditória desses discursos, que oras invocam o conceito “cultura” de forma negativada, como forma de proscrever as teses práticas desse veganismo, e oras ensejam-no em forma positiva- da,  tendo  em  vista  prefigurar  o  mesmo  resultado  invalidador.  Central   para  a  decodificação  da  performance  de  tais  discursos  –  e  assim  a  de- puração de formas pelas quais o abolicionismo vegano pode (ou não) ser entrevisto apropriadamente como prática cultural – é a avaliação crítica  do  significado  de  “multiculturalismo”,  em  especial  a  avaliação   depreendida a partir de leituras de autores como Zygmunt Bauman e David Harvey – entre outros autores e autoras. 
Diffusion‐weighted MRI of the lung at 3T evaluated using echo‐planar‐based and single‐shot turbo spin‐echo‐based acquisition techniques for radiotherapy applications
Authors: Tyagi Neelam , Cloutier Michelle , Zakian Kristen , Deasy Joseph O. , Hunt Margie , Rimner Andreas
Published: November 2018

Purpose

To compare single‐shot echo‐planar (SS‐EPI)‐based and turbo spin‐echo (SS‐TSE)‐based diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) in Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) patients and to characterize the distributions of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values generated by the two techniques.

Methods

Ten NSCLC patients were enrolled in a prospective IRB‐approved study to compare and optimize DWI using EPI and TSE‐based techniques for radiotherapy planning. The imaging protocol included axial T2w, EPI‐based DWI and TSE‐based DWI on a 3 T Philips scanner. Both EPI‐based and TSE‐based DWI sequences used three b values (0, 400, and 800 s/mm2). The acquisition times for EPI‐based and TSE‐based DWI were 5 and 8 min, respectively. DW‐MR images were manually coregistered with axial T2w images, and tumor volume contoured on T2w images were mapped onto the DWI scans. A pixel‐by‐pixel fit of tumor ADC was calculated based on monoexponential signal behavior. Tumor ADC mean, standard deviation, kurtosis, and skewness were calculated and compared between EPI and TSE‐based DWI. Image distortion and ADC values between the two techniques were also quantified using fieldmap analysis and a NIST traceable ice‐water diffusion phantom, respectively.

Results

The mean ADC for EPI and TSE‐based DWI were 1.282 ± 0.42 × 10−3 and 1.211 ± 0.31 × 10−3 mm2/s. The average skewness and kurtosis were 0.14 ± 0.4 and 2.43 ± 0.40 for DWI‐EPI and −0.06 ± 0.69 and 2.89 ± 0.62 for DWI‐TSE. Fieldmap analysis showed a mean distortion of 13.72 ± 8.12 mm for GTV for DWI‐EPI and 0.61 ± 0.4 mm for DWI‐TSE. ADC values obtained using the diffusion phantom for the two techniques were within 0.03 × 10−3 mm2/s with respect to each other as well as the established values.

Conclusions

Diffusion‐weighted turbo spin‐echo shows better geometrical accuracy compared to DWI‐EPI. Mean ADC values were similar with both acquisitions but the shape of the histograms was different based on the skewness and kurtosis values. The impact of differences in respiratory technique on ADC values requires further investigation.
Platelet‐Inspired Nanocells for Targeted Heart Repair After Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Su Teng , Huang Ke , Ma Hong , Liang Hongxia , Dinh Phuong‐Uyen , Chen Justin , Shen Deliang , Allen Tyler A. , Qiao Li , Li Zhenhua , Hu Shiqi , Cores Jhon , Frame Brianna N. , Young Ashlyn T. , Yin Qi , Liu Jiandong , Qian Li , Caranasos Thomas G. , Brudno Yevgeny , Ligler Frances S. , Cheng Ke
Published: November 2018

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. While reperfusion therapy is vital for patient survival post‐heart attack, it also causes further tissue injury, known as myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in clinical practice. Exploring ways to attenuate I/R injury is of clinical interest for improving post‐ischemic recovery. A platelet‐inspired nanocell (PINC) that incorporates both prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)‐modified platelet membrane and cardiac stromal cell‐secreted factors to target the heart after I/R injury is introduced. By taking advantage of the natural infarct‐homing ability of platelet membrane and the overexpression of PGE2 receptors (EPs) in the pathological cardiac microenvironment after I/R injury, the PINCs can achieve targeted delivery of therapeutic payload to the injured heart. Furthermore, a synergistic treatment efficacy can be achieved by PINC, which combines the paracrine mechanism of cell therapy with the PGE2/EP receptor signaling that is involved in the repair and regeneration of multiple tissues. In a mouse model of myocardial I/R injury, intravenous injection of PINCs results in augmented cardiac function and mitigated heart remodeling, which is accompanied by the increase in cycling cardiomyocytes, activation of endogenous stem/progenitor cells, and promotion of angiogenesis. This approach represents a promising therapeutic delivery platform for treating I/R injury.
Nanoscale Behavior and Manipulation of the Phase Transition in Single‐Crystal Cu2Se
Authors: Chen Lu , Liu Jun , Jiang Chao , Zhao Kunpeng , Chen Hongyi , Shi Xun , Chen Lidong , Sun Chenghua , Zhang Shengbai , Wang Yong , Zhang Ze
Published: November 2018

Phase transition is a fundamental physical phenomenon that has been widely studied both theoretically and experimentally. According to the Landau theory, the coexistence of high‐ and low‐temperature phases is thermodynamically impossible during a second‐order phase transition in a bulk single crystal. Here, the coexistence of two (α and β) phases in wedge‐shaped nanosized single‐crystal Cu2Se over a large temperature range are demonstrated. By considering the surface free‐energy difference between the two phases and the shape effect, a thermodynamic model is established, which explicitly explains their coexistence. Intriguingly, it is found that with a precise control of the heating temperature, the phase boundary can be manipulated at atomic level. These discoveries extend the understanding of phase transitions to the nanoscale and shed light on rational manipulation of phase transitions in nanomaterials.
Ultrafast Sodium/Potassium‐Ion Intercalation into Hierarchically Porous Thin Carbon Shells
Authors: Mahmood Asif , Li Shuai , Ali Zeeshan , Tabassum Hassina , Zhu Bingjun , Liang Zibin , Meng Wei , Aftab Waseem , Guo Wenhan , Zhang Hao , Yousaf Muhammad , Gao Song , Zou Ruqiang , Zhao Yusheng
Published: November 2018

The large‐scale application of sodium/potassium‐ion batteries is severely limited by the low and slow charge storage dynamics of electrode materials. The crystalline carbons exhibit poor insertion capability of large Na+/K+ ions, which limits the storage capability of Na/K batteries. Herein, porous S and N co‐doped thin carbon (S/N@C) with shell‐like (shell size ≈20–30 nm, shell wall ≈8–10 nm) morphology for enhanced Na+/K+ storage is presented. Thanks to the hollow structure and thin shell‐wall, S/N@C exhibits an excellent Na+/K+ storage capability with fast mass transport at higher current densities, leading to limited compromise over charge storage at high charge/discharge rates. The S/N@C delivers a high reversible capacity of 448 mAh g‐1 for Na battery, at the current density of 100 mA g‐1 and maintains a discharge capacity up to 337 mAh g‐1 at 1000 mA g‐1. Owing to shortened diffusion pathways, S/N@C delivers an unprecedented discharge capacity of 204 and 169 mAh g‐1 at extremely high current densities of 16 000 and 32 000 mA g‐1, respectively, with excellent reversible capacity for 4500 cycles. Moreover, S/N@C exhibits high K+ storage capability (320 mAh g‐1 at current density of 50 mA g‐1) and excellent cyclic life.
Parallel Process 3D Metal Microprinting
Authors: Lin Yen‐Po , Zhang Yong , Yu Min‐Feng
Published: November 2018

3D printing, as an additive manufacturing technology, enables agile and free‐form fabrication of complex 3D structures relevant to industrial application. However, the 3D structure forming mechanisms in existing 3D printing technologies hinder and even prevent the manufacturing of ultra‐precision 3D metal parts, let alone parallel process manufacturing. A generic 3D electrochemical microprinting technology that allowed the “printing” of ultrahigh density, ultrahigh aspect ratio, and electronics quality 3D copper structures with microscale and even nanoscale precision in an ambient environment is developed here. Further on, the feedback‐controlled and self‐regulated “printing” mechanism was demonstrated to be capable of realizing parallel process 3D “printing” of an array of identical copper microstructures simultaneously, promising large‐scale 3D printing–based production of precision metal structures for broad applications in 3D integration of electronics and sensor systems.
Direct Access to Dihydrobenzoimidazo[2,1‐a]isoquinolines through Ruthenium‐catalyzed Formal [4+2] Annulation
Authors: Dhole Sandip , Sun Chung‐Ming
Published: November 2018

A facile and straightforward synthesis of benzoimidazo[2,1‐a]isoquinolines through Ru(II)‐catalyzed [4+2] annulation reaction of 2‐aryl benzimidazole and styrene has been explored. Tentative mechanistic studies imply the current reaction involves sequential C−C/C−N bond formation through the ortho C−H activation of 2‐aryl benzimidazole followed by C−N reductive elimination. This newly developed strategy is widely applicable and tolerates various 2‐arylbenzimidazole and vinyl derivatives, and allows the attractive vehicle for direct construction of diverse C6‐substituated benzoimidazoisoquinoline scaffold in good yields.

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Bismuth‐Mediated Diastereoselective Allylation Reaction of Carbonyl Compounds with Cyclic Allylic Halides or Cinnamyl Halide
Authors: Liu Xuan‐Yu , Cheng Bu‐Qing , Guo Yi‐Cong , Chu Xue‐Qiang , Li Yong‐Xin , Loh Teck‐Peng , Shen Zhi‐Liang
Published: November 2018

An efficient diastereoselective allylation of various carbonyl compounds with cyclic allylic halides by using commercially available bismuth powder in the presence of LiI was developed. Among all the metals screened, bismuth was found to be the best mediator for the transformation. The reactions involving various cyclic allylic halides proceeded smoothly at room temperature to produce the desired homoallylic alcohols in good to excellent yields with high diastereoselectivities (>99:1 dr). Reversed diastereoselectivity was obtained when carbonyl substrate (e. g., 2‐pyridinecarboxaldehyde, glyoxylic acid) containing chelating substituent was used in the allylation reaction. In addition, the reactions involving acyclic (E)‐cinnamyl bromide as substrate worked equally well with high diastereocontrol.

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Dendrimer‐Stabilized Gold Nanoflowers Embedded with Ultrasmall Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Multimode Imaging–Guided Combination Therapy of Tumors
Authors: Lu Shiyi , Li Xin , Zhang Jiulong , Peng Chen , Shen Mingwu , Shi Xiangyang
Published: November 2018

Development of multifunctional theranostic nanoplatforms with improved diagnostic sensitivity and therapeutic efficiency of tumors still remains a great challenge. A unique multifunctional theranostic nanoplatform based on generation 5 (G5) poly(amidoamine) dendrimer–stabilized gold nanoflowers (NFs) embedded with ultrasmall iron oxide (USIO) nanoparticles (NPs) for multimode T1‐weighted magnetic resonance (MR)/computed tomography (CT)/photoacoustic (PA) imaging–guided combination photothermal therapy (PTT) and radiotherapy (RT) of tumors is reported here. G5 dendrimer–stabilized Au NPs and citric acid–stabilized USIO NPs are separately prepared, the two particles under a certain Fe/Au molar ratio are mixed to form complexes, the complexes are exposed to Au growth solution to form NFs via a seed–mediated manner, and the remaining dendrimer terminal amines are acetylated. The formed dendrimer‐stabilized Fe3O4/Au NFs (for short, Fe3O4/Au DSNFs) have a mean diameter of 99.8 nm, display good colloidal stability and cytocompatibility, and exhibit a near‐infrared absorption feature. The unique structure and composition of the Fe3O4/Au DSNFs endows them with a high r1 relaxivity (3.22 mM−1 s−1) and photothermal conversion efficiency (82.7%), affording their uses as a theranostic nanoplatform for multimode MR/CT/PA imaging and combination PTT/RT of tumors with improved therapeutic efficacy, which is important for translational nanomedicine applications.
Stabilizing Li–S Battery Through Multilayer Encapsulation of Sulfur
Authors: Ansari Younes , Zhang Sonia , Wen Bohua , Fan Frank , Chiang Yet‐Ming
Published: November 2018

Advancements in portable electronic devices and electric powered transportation has drawn more attention to high energy density batteries, especially lithium–sulfur batteries due to the low cost of sulfur and its high energy density. However, the lithium–sulfur battery is still quite far from commercialization mostly because of incompatibility between all major components of the battery—the cathode, anode, and electrolyte. Here a methodology is demonstrated that shows promise in significantly improving battery stability by multilayer encapsulation of sulfur particles, while using conventional electrolytes, which allows a long cycle life and an improved Coulombic efficiency battery at low electrolyte feeding. The multilayer encapsulated sulfur battery demonstrates a Coulombic efficiency as high as 98%, when a binder‐free electrode is used. It is also shown that the all‐out self‐discharge of the cell after 168 h can be reduced from 34% in the regular sulfur battery to less than 9% in the battery with the multilayer encapsulated sulfur electrode.
A Maverick Asymmetrical Backbone with Distinct Flanked Twist Angles Modulating the Molecular Aggregation and Crystallinity for High Performance Nonfullerene Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Xunchang , Du Zurong , Dou Keke , Jiang Huanxiang , Gao Chenglin , Han Liangliang , Yang Renqiang
Published: November 2018

In this work, a new asymmetrical backbone thienobenzodithiophene (TBD) containing four aromatic rings is designed, and then four polymers PTBD‐BZ, PTBD‐BDD, PTBD‐FBT, and PTBD‐Tz are synthesized. The planar and high degree of π‐conjugation configuration can guarantee effective charge carrier transport and the distinct flanked dihedral angles between the TBD core and conjugated side chain can subtly regulate the molecular aggregation and crystallinity. The four polymer/3,9‐bis(2‐methylene‐(3‐(1,1‐dicyanomethylene)‐indanone)‐5,5,11,11‐tetrakis(4‐hexylphenyl)‐dithieno[2,3‐d:2′,3′‐d′]‐s‐indaceno[1,2‐b:5,6‐b′]‐dithiophene (ITIC) blending films exhibit predominantly face‐on orientation. The photovoltaic devices based on wide bandgap polymers PTBD‐BZ and PTBD‐BDD achieve power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) as high as 12.02% and 11.39% without any post‐treatment. For the medium bandgap polymers PTBD‐FBT and PTBD‐Tz, the devices also show good PCEs of 10.18% and 11.02% with high VOC of 0.94 and 1.02 V, respectively, which indicates simultaneously achieving a VOC > 1 V and a high JSC is feasible to further improve the PSCs' performance by modifying this new backbone. This work reveals that the versatile asymmetric backbone is an excellent moiety to construct light‐harvesting copolymers and to modulate the microstructure for highly efficient PSCs.
Metal Halide Perovskite Materials for Solar Cells with Long‐Term Stability
Authors: Zhao Ziran , Gu Feidan , Rao Haixia , Ye Senyun , Liu Zhiwei , Bian Zuqiang , Huang Chunhui
Published: November 2018

Metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as promising candidates for photovoltaic technology with their power conversion efficiencies over 23%. For prototypical organic–inorganic metal halide perovskites, their intrinsic instability poses significant challenges to the commercialization of PSCs. Recently, the scientific community has done tremendous work in composition engineering to develop more robust light‐absorbing layers, including mixed‐ion hybrid perovskites, low‐dimensional hybrid perovskites, and all‐inorganic perovskites. This review provides an overview of the impact of these perovskites on the efficiency and long‐term stability of PSCs.
Excess mortality among Indiana firefighters, 1985‐2013
Authors: Muegge Carolyn M. , Zollinger Terrell W. , Song Yiqing , Wessel Jennifer , Monahan Patrick O. , Moffatt Steven M.
Published: November 2018

Background

Firefighters are exposed to toxic agents increasing their risk for cancer and cardiovascular disease. We examined the odds of cancer and cardiovascular mortality of firefighters relative to a matched group of non‐firefighters from the general population.

Methods

Firefighter death records were matched to four non‐firefighter death records on age at time of death, sex, race, ethnicity, and year of death. Exact odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and P‐values were calculated using conditional logistic regression to compare groups.

Results

The odds of death due to malignant cancers was significantly higher for firefighters than non‐firefighters (OR: 1.19; 95%CI 1.08, 1.30). There was no difference in the odds of death for cardiovascular diseases, including ischemic heart disease, between the two groups.

Conclusions

The study suggests the importance of early and effective cancer prevention strategies among firefighters including worksite health promotion programs and incumbent physical activity evaluation.
Gene‐targeted deletion in mice of the Ets−1 transcription factor, a candidate gene in the Jacobsen syndrome kidney “critical region,” causes abnormal kidney development
Authors: Ye Maoqing , Xu Lian , Fu Mengxia , Chen Dongrui , Mattina Teresa , Zufardi Orsetta , Rossi Elena , Bush Kevin T. , Nigam Sanjay K. , Grossfeld Paul
Published: November 2018

Ets‐1 is a member of the Ets family of transcription factors and has critical roles in multiple biological functions. Structural kidney defects occur at an increased frequency in Jacobsen syndrome (OMIM #147791), a rare chromosomal disorder caused by deletions in distal 11q, implicating at least one causal gene in distal 11q. In this study, we define an 8.1 Mb “critical region” for kidney defects in Jacobsen syndrome, which spans ~50 genes. We demonstrate that gene‐targeted deletion of Ets‐1 in mice results in some of the most common congenital kidney defects occurring in Jacobsen syndrome, including: duplicated kidney, hypoplastic kidney, and dilated renal pelvis and calyces. Taken together, our results implicate Ets‐1 in normal mammalian kidney development and, potentially, in the pathogenesis of some of the most common types of human structural kidney defects.
Hierarchical Microboxes Constructed by SnS Nanoplates Coated with Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon for Efficient Sodium Storage
Authors: Wang Sibo , Fang Yongjin , Wang Xiao , Lou Xiong Wen (David)
Published: November 2018

The design and synthesis of hierarchical microboxes, assembled from SnS nanoplates coated with nitrogen‐doped carbon (NC) as an anode material for sodium‐ion batteries, is demonstrated. The template‐engaged multistep synthesis of the SnS@NC microboxes involves sequential phase transformation, polydopamine coating, and thermal annealing in N2. The SnS@NC composite with two‐dimensional nano‐sized subunits rationally integrates several advantages including shortening the diffusion path of electrons/Na+ ions, improving electric conductivity, and alleviating volume variation of the electrode material. As a result, the SnS@NC microboxes show efficient sodium storage performance with high capacity, good cycling stability, and excellent rate capability.
Conductance Photoswitching of Metal–Organic Frameworks with Embedded Spiropyran
Authors: Garg Shubham , Schwartz Heidi , Kozlowska Mariana , Kanj Anemar Bruno , Müller Kai , Wenzel Wolfgang , Ruschewitz Uwe , Heinke Lars
Published: November 2018

Conductive metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as well as smart, stimuli‐responsive MOF materials have attracted considerable attention with respect to advanced applications in energy harvesting and storage as well as in signal processing. Here, the conductance of MOF films of type UiO‐67 with embedded photoswitchable nitro‐substituted spiropyrans was investigated. Under UV irradiation, the spiropyran (SP) reversibly isomerizes to the open merocyanine (MC) form, a zwitterionic molecule with an extended conjugated π‐system. The light‐induced SP–MC isomerization allows for remote control over the conductance of the SP@UiO‐67 MOF film, and the conductance can be increased by one order of magnitude. This research has the potential to contribute to the development of a new generation of photoelectronic devices based on smart hybrid materials.
Red‐ and green‐emitting nano‐clay materials doped with Eu3+ and/or Tb3+
Authors: Santos Hellen S. , Laihinen Tero , Rodrigues Lucas C.V. , Sinkkonen Jari , Mäkilä Ermei , Damlin Pia , Nakamura Liana K.O. , Brito Hermi F. , Hölsä Jorma , Lastusaari Mika
Published: November 2018

Trivalent europium (Eu3+) and terbium (Tb3+) ions are important activator centers used in different host lattices to produce red and green emitting materials. The current work shows the design of new clay minerals to act as host lattices for rare earth (RE) ions. Based on the hectorite structure, nano‐chlorohectorites and nano‐fluorohectorites were developed by replacing the OH− present in the hectorite structure with Cl− or F−, thus avoiding the luminescence quenching expected due to the OH− groups. The produced matrices were characterized through X‐ray powder diffraction (XPD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), FT‐IR, 29Si MAS (magic angle spinning) NMR, nitrogen sorption, thermogravimetry‐differential scanning calorimetry (TGA‐DSC) and luminescence measurements, indicating all good features expected from a host lattice for RE ions. The nano‐clay materials were successfully doped with Eu3+ and/or Tb3+ to yield materials preserving the hectorite crystal structure and showing the related luminescence emissions. Thus, the present work shows that efficient RE3+ luminescence can be obtained from clays without the use of organic ‘antenna’ molecules.
Parenting programmes for parents of children and young people with behavioural difficulties
Authors: Lindsay Geoff
Published: November 2018

Children and young people exhibiting behavioural difficulties present a major challenge not only to parents but also to education and health professionals and to society as a whole. In this paper, I shall address some key issues regarding these parenting programmes, based particularly on a programme of research over 13 years in the Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research at the University of Warwick. This has comprised large‐scale studies across all areas of England, both programmes targeted at parents whose children are presenting or at risk of developing behavioural difficulties: the Parenting Early Intervention Pathfinder and Parenting Early Intervention Programme; and universal programmes aimed at all parents, as a positive contribution to behavioural development across the population: the CANparent trial. All were funded by the Department for Education plus the continuation of the CANparent trial was funded by the Department of Health. In addition, I consider studies that have built on this research to examine the use of parenting programmes with parents of children and young people with special educational needs; and also the effectiveness of programmes during sustained implementation, beyond formal trials and similar research initiatives, that is, as day‐to‐day practice. I show that well‐constructed parenting programmes that are acceptable to parents are effective, that these positive effects on parents can remain over time, and also that the positive effects found in well‐organised trials can be maintained when programmes are delivered by community services as part of their normal practice.
Review guidance for inclusion of transgender student‐athletes
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: November 2018

ATLANTA — When transgender student‐athletes take hormones, their participation in college sports is clearly regulated by the National Collegiate Athletic Association. A transgender male undergoing testosterone treatment may no longer compete on a women's team, but may try out for a men's team. A transgender female receiving testosterone‐suppression treatment and/or undergoing surgery can continue to compete on a men's team but can't compete on a women's team unless it's changed to a mixed team. After completing one year of hormone suppression, a transgender female may try out for a women's team.
Photocatalytic Hydrodehalogenation for the Removal of Halogenated Aromatic Contaminants
Authors: Wang Yuanyuan , Wei Yan , Song Wenjing , Chen Chuncheng , Zhao Jincai
Published: November 2018

The environmental distribution and bioaccumulation of anthropogenic halogenated aromatic pollutants cause severe health problems. Hydrodehalogenation is an effective route to remove these types of compounds, generating hydrogenated products and halide anions. Photocatalytic systems can provide highly reactive species to break carbon‐halogen bonds, leading to hydrodehalogenation under mild conditions with simple alcohols or amines instead of hazardous stoichiometric reagents. Here, we review significant advances in light‐driven hydrodehalogenation based on different types of photocatalysts for the transformation of halogenated aromatics. We detail the reaction pathways and product distributions. Challenges, key principles and strategies to improve dehalogenation efficiency are also discussed.
Molecule‐Driven Shape Control of Metal Co‐Catalysts for Selective CO2 Conversion Photocatalysis
Authors: Cho Hyunjin , Dong Kim Whi , Yu Jiwon , Lee Sangheon , Lee Doh C.
Published: November 2018

In photocatalysis of CO2 conversion, metal co‐catalysts draw photo‐generated electrons from semiconductor components and act as reaction sites by adsorbing CO2 and its intermediates. Optimization of the metal co‐catalyst structure is indispensable to improving the efficiency of the photocatalyst, which is currently not meeting performance requirements. By performing a series of experiments and simulations, we demonstrate the effect of selective particle shape control of metal co‐catalysts (Au, Ag, Cu and Pt) by the CO2 induced gas ligands (CO2 and CO) on photocatalytic CO2 conversion activity and selectivity. Indeed, facet formation for adsorption of CO2 and CO proves to be an effective way to improve the CO2 conversion activity. In particular, proper interaction between the gas ligand and the metal co‐catalyst surface, realized by strengthening the metal‐CO2 adsorption and weakening the metal‐CO adsorption, is identified as essential factor for increasing the CO2 conversion activity. Pt and Cu, which exhibit relatively strong interaction with gas molecules, have the improved photocatalytic CO2 conversion activity when grown under CO2. In contrast, Au and Ag, which exhibit relatively weak interaction with gas molecules, have the enhanced photocatalytic CO2 conversion activity when grown under CO. This systematic understanding can be a guideline for controlling the metal co‐catalyst surface structure and will maximize the photocatalytic selectivity of the CO2 conversion.
Mechanisms and Beyond: Elucidation of Fluxional Dynamics by Exchange NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Nikitin Kirill , O'Gara Ryan
Published: November 2018

Detailed mechanistic information is crucial to our understanding of reaction pathways and selectivity. Dynamic exchange NMR techniques, in particular 2D exchange spectroscopy (EXSY) and its modifications, provide indispensable intricate information on the mechanisms of organic and inorganic reactions and other phenomena, for example, the dynamics of interfacial processes. In this Review, key results from exchange NMR studies of small molecules over the last few decades are systemised and discussed. After a brief introduction to the theory, the key types of dynamic processes are identified and fundamental examples given of intra‐ and intermolecular reactions, which, in turn, could involve, or not, bond‐making and bond‐breaking events. Following that logic, internal molecular rotation, intramolecular stereomutation and molecular recognition will first be considered because they do not typically involve bond breaking. Then, rearrangements, substitution‐type reactions, cyclisations, additions and other processes affecting chemical bonds will be discussed. Finally, interfacial molecular dynamics and unexpected combinations of different types of fluxional processes will also be highlighted. How exchange NMR spectroscopy helps to identify conformational changes, coordination and molecular recognition processes as well as quantify reaction energy barriers and extract detailed mechanistic information by using reaction rate theory in conjunction with computational techniques will be shown.
Gold‐Catalyzed Facile Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Benzene‐/Naphthalene‐Based Bispentalenes as Organic Semiconductors
Authors: Sekine Kohei , Schulmeister Jürgen , Paulus Fabian , Goetz Katelyn P. , Rominger Frank , Rudolph Matthias , Zaumseil Jana , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: November 2018

The gold‐catalyzed facile synthesis of U‐shaped and S‐shaped bispentalenes is described from easily available tetra(arylethynyl)‐benzenes and ‐naphthalenes. The optoelectronic and transistor properties were also investigated. The selectivity between the U‐shaped and S‐shaped bispentalene isomers can be tuned by the bulkiness of the ligand and the substrates. The S‐shaped naphthalene‐based bispentalene shows a one‐dimensional face‐to‐face packing pattern in solid state and a good hole mobility, indicating that the S‐shaped bispentalene core is highly suitable for transistor applications. The gold‐catalyzed annulation of tetraynes provides a useful protocol in the synthesis of bispentalenes for organic semiconductors.
Cover Picture: Synthesis of Macrocyclic Oligoparaphenylenes Derived from Anthracene Photodimer (Chin. J. Chem. 12/2018)
Authors: Guo Lifeng , Yang Xiaodi , Cong Huan
Published: November 2018

The cover picture shows a highly warped oligoparaphenylene‐derived “nanoring” prepared employing the anthracene [4+4] photodimer as the core synthon. The macrocyclic compound can further undergo cycloreversion under thermal conditions to afford a carbon nanohoop containing an anthracene moiety. This work demonstrates the synthetic utility of the anthracene photodimerization‐cycloreversion strategy in the context of synthesizing strained conjugated macrocycles. More details are discussed in the article by Cong et al. on page 1135–1138.

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Alcohol septal ablation vs myectomy for symptomatic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Osman Mohammed , Kheiri Babikir , Osman Khansa , Barbarawi Mahmoud , Alhamoud Hani , Alqahtani Fahad , Alkhouli Mohamad
Published: November 2018

Background

Surgical myectomy (SM) and Alcohol septal ablation (ASA) are effective therapies for patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who remain symptomatic despite medical therapy. A plethora of data has recently emerged on the long‐term outcomes of these procedures. We hence sought to perform an updated meta‐analysis comparing both procedures.

Methods

Studies reporting long‐term (>3‐years) outcomes of SM and/or ASA were included. The primary endpoint was all‐cause mortality. Secondary endpoints included cardiovascular mortality, sudden cardiac death (SCD), reintervention, and complications including death, pacemaker implantation, and stroke.

Results

Twenty‐two ASA cohorts (n = 4213; follow‐up = 6.6‐years) and 23 SM cohorts (n = 4240; follow‐up = 6.8‐years) were included. Septal myectomy was associated with higher periprocedural mortality and stroke (2% vs 1.2%, P = 0.009 and 1.5% vs 0.8% P = 0.013, respectively), but ASA was associated with more need of pacemaker (10% vs 5%, P < 0.001). During long‐term follow‐up, all‐cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and sudden cardiac death rates were 1.5%, 0.4%, and 0.3% per person‐year in the ASA group and 1.1%, 0.5%, and 0.3% per person‐year in the SM group (P = 0.21, P = 0.53, P = 0.43), respectively. Repeat septal reduction intervention(s) were more common after ASA (11% vs 1.5%, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Compared with SM, ASA is associated with lower periprocedural mortality and stroke but higher rates of pacemaker implantations and reintervention. However, there was no difference between ASA and SM with regards to long‐term all‐cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, or SCD.
Ten‐year change in neighborhood socioeconomic status and colorectal cancer
Authors: Zhang Dong , Matthews Charles E. , Powell‐Wiley Tiffany M. , Xiao Qian
Published: November 2018

Background

A growing body of research has demonstrated that individuals who live in neighborhoods with more severe socioeconomic deprivation may have higher risks for colorectal cancer (CRC). However, previous studies have examined neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) at only 1 point in time, and it is unclear whether changes in neighborhood SES also can influence the risks of CRC.

Methods

Cox regression analysis was used to examine different trajectories of change in neighborhood SES over 10 years in relation to the incidence of CRC among 266,804 participants (ages 51‐70 years) in the National Institutes of Health‐AARP Diet and Health Study. Eligible participants reported living in the same neighborhood at baseline (1995‐1996) and from 2004 to 2006 according to a follow‐up questionnaire. Changes in neighborhood SES were measured between 1990 and 2000 by SES indices derived from Census data. Neighborhoods were grouped into 4 categories based on median SES indices in 1990 and 2000 (low‐low, low‐high, high‐low, and high‐high).

Results

Compared with residents whose neighborhoods were in the higher SES group at both time points (reference category), those whose neighborhoods were consistently in the low SES group had a 7% higher risk of developing CRC (hazard ratio, 1.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.00‐1.14). Moreover, the risk of CRC was 15% higher (hazard ratio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.02‐1.28) for those living in neighborhoods with decreasing SES (high‐low) over time.

Conclusions

The current findings suggest that exposure to consistently low SES neighborhoods and/or a decrease in neighborhood SES over a period of time may be associated with higher risks of CRC.
Self‐Assembly Synthesis of Mulberry‐Like Fe/N/S‐Doped Highly Porous Carbon Materials: Efficient and Stable Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Liu Wenqi , Xu Dongyan , Li Xiaojin
Published: November 2018

In this work, unique structures of mulberry‐like Fe/N/S‐doped nanoporous carbon materials (NCMs) are synthesized via a simple self‐assembly assisted process. The Fe2+‐mediated polymerization of dopamine (DA) and further interaction with triblock copolymer F127 micelles induce the formation of mulberry‐like Fe/PDA/F127 structures. After carbonization, the Fe/N/S‐doped NCMs are obtained with a highly porous structure and large Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) surface area of 913.2 m2 g−1. Moreover, DA and iron salt introduce active sites, such as Sp2 C, graphitic N, pyridinic N, Fe−Nx, C−S−C, etc. Benefiting from these unique structural features and chemical compositions, the optimized Fe/N/S‐doped NCMs exhibit enhanced electrocatalytic activity and excellent durability for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) compared with commercial Pt/C catalyst. These studies provide not only a new synthesis method for heteroatom‐doped NCMs, but also a platform for various applications.
Chromatic harmony in architecture and the Munsell color system
Authors: Cesar João Carlos de Oliveira
Published: November 2018

Praia Grande and Mongaguá present an architecture with a chromatic approach outside the standards usually found in Brazilian coastal cities, and were the basis of this study on harmony and the use of the System developed by A. H. Munsell, in chromatic specification in architectural project. The text also makes a brief comparison of how the color was used in order to value the architectural elements in their three‐dimensional relation with light.
Measurement of Very Fast Exchange Rates of Individual Amide Protons in Proteins by NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Dass Rupashree , Corlianò Enrico , Mulder Frans A. A.
Published: November 2018

NMR spectroscopy is a pivotal technique to measure hydrogen exchange rates in proteins. However, currently available NMR methods to measure backbone exchange are limited to rates of up to a few per second. To raise this limit, we have developed an approach that is capable of measuring proton exchange rates up to approximately 104 s−1. Our method relies on the detection of signal loss due to the decorrelation of antiphase operators 2NxHz by exchange events that occur during a series of pi pulses on the 15N channel. In practice, signal attenuation was monitored in a series of 2D H(CACO)N spectra, recorded with varying pi‐pulse spacing, and the exchange rate was obtained by numerical fitting to the evolution of the density matrix. The method was applied to the small calcium‐binding protein Calbindin D9k, where exchange rates up to 600 s−1 were measured for amides, where no signal was detectable in 15N−1H HSQC spectra. A temperature variation study allowed us to determine apparent activation energies in the range 47–69 kJ mol−1 for these fast exchanging amide protons, consistent with hydroxide‐catalyzed exchange.
How to achieve sustainability?—Employee's point of view on company's culture and CSR practice
Authors: Kucharska Wioleta , Kowalczyk Rafał
Published: November 2018

The people are the company. This study aims to examine the structure of relationships between company culture, performance, corporate social responsibility (CSR), and reputation, as seen from the employee's perspective, to determine which company culture factors most influence CSR practice and, as a result, sustain a company's development and improve its performance. To accomplish this goal, we conducted a survey among employees of Polish construction companies regarding CSR practices in their organizations. We applied a structural equation model based on 539 individual cases. For a better understanding of the employee's perception of CSR practice, the model included control variables such as company size and position in the company. Our findings suggest that company reputation is a strong mediator of the CSR practice and company performance relationship, and the cultural dimension of long‐term orientation has the greatest influence on CSR practice. The study advances the knowledge on the subject using a microlevel approach to stakeholders' engagement in CSR by exploring the personalized employee‐centric view of organizational culture, CSR practice, and company reputation to sustain a company's development and improve its performance.
Sustainable development and corporate governance in the financial system: Are environmentally friendly banks less risky?
Authors: Gangi Francesco , Meles Antonio , D'Angelo Eugenio , Daniele Lucia Michela
Published: November 2018

This paper responds to the need for a deeper empirical investigation of the impact of corporate social responsibility pillars on the financial performance of banks. To address this question, this study first analyzes the factors that encourage banks to be more environmentally friendly and then investigates the relationship between a bank's environmental engagement and its risk. Using a sample of 142 banks from 35 countries covering the period from 2011 to 2015, we document the positive impact of effective corporate governance mechanisms on banks' environmental engagement. Moreover, by using the Heckman's two‐stage model for the treatment of sample selection bias, we find that banks that are more sensitive to environmental issues also exhibit less risk. Stakeholder theory and the conflict resolution hypothesis are useful frameworks to overcome the trade‐off between economy and ecology in the banking industry.
Effect of nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma on plasma coagulation in healthy persons and patients under treatment with Warfarin
Authors: Musavi E.S. , Khorashadizadeh S.M. , Fallah R. , Rahmanian Sharifabad A.
Published: November 2018

Recently, nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma has been used in medical devices for sterilization, blood coagulation, induction of apoptosis in cancer cells, etc. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of cold atmospheric plasma on coagulation time in patients under treatment with warfarin as an anticoagulant agent (group A) and to compare this impact in healthy persons (group B). To measure the coagulation time, Clotting Time (CT) is used. After obtaining informed consent from each subject, two venous blood samples are taken to check CT. One sample is processed with plasma (case sample) and the other sample is not processed with plasma. CT in both samples is measured by a physician and recorded in a form in addition to demographic characteristics and drug history. The data are analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The Mann–Whitney test is used for comparison between groups and the Wilcoxon signed‐ranks test is used to compare the difference between CT before and after plasma processing. The results show the significant effect of plasma on the reduction of plasma coagulation time, and this reduction is higher in the warfarin‐treated group.