bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of ELISA Using Phage-Displayed Stx2 Mini-Body for Detection of STEC Antigen in Field Farming Pig Samples
Authors: Hur Jin , Jung Ho-Kyoung , Park Jung-Ho , Maharjan Anoth , Park Seung-Won
Published: February 2025

Porcine edema disease (ED), which causes enormous economic losses in pig farms, is caused by Shiga toxin type 2e (Stx2e) Escherichia coli (STEC), which frequently occurs in young piglets. In this study, we aimed to express a fused Stx2e peptide on a phage surface to generate an innovative sandwich ELISA for the detection of STEC antigen in field pig farming samples. The amino acid sequences at positions 241–319 were selected for capture antibody (T1D2) production. T1D2 was selected after the third round of biopanning, and it showed a high yield with no major impurities. T1D2-ELISA can detect recombinant modified Stx2e antigen, and the detection limit of the antigen was approximately below 20 pg/mL. The sensitivity of T1D2-ELISA was determined using five different stool samples, with a total of 25 stool samples. Positive Stx2e antigen samples were detected only in one of the 25 samples using T1D2-ELISA. The ELISA values of positive stool samples were >300 pg and <600 pg. In conclusion, we developed an innovative ELISA for the detection of STEC antigens in field pig farming samples. It can also be used to easily detect STEC antigens in porcine stool samples. We anticipate that our novel T1D2-ELISA method will enable the effective monitoring of STEC antigen content during industrial vaccine production. By leveraging this approach, we aimed to enhance production efficiency and ensure high-quality vaccines.
Role of msbB Gene in Physiology and Pathogenicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Authors: Che Jinyuan , Liu Binghong , Fang Qitong , Hu Shaojie , Wang Lei , Bao Baolong
Published: February 2025

The msbB gene, encoding a lipid A phosphatease, is crucial for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis in Gram-negative bacteria and plays a critical role in their virulence. This study investigated the role of msbB in Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a significant marine pathogen causing gastroenteritis in humans and infections in aquatic animals. We constructed an msbB deletion mutant (ΔmsbB) and a complementary strain (CΔmsbB) using homologous recombination. The growth, outer membrane permeability, stress and antibiotic sensitivity, biofilm formation, swarming motility, and virulence of the wild-type (WT), ΔmsbB, and CΔmsbB strains were assessed. Additionally, the pathogenicity of ΔmsbB was evaluated using L. vannamei shrimp models. The results showed that the msbB gene was successfully deleted and complemented, and its deletion did not impair bacterial growth. However, the ΔmsbB strain exhibited an increased outer membrane permeability, reduced resistance to stresses and antibiotics, defective biofilm formation, and a reduced swarming motility. In a Tetrahymena co-culture, the ΔmsbB strain showed attenuated virulence. In shrimp infected with the ΔmsbB strain, the cumulative mortality rate was 22%, significantly lower than the 62% observed in the WT strain. Moreover, the expression levels of immune-related genes in the shrimp hepatopancreas were significantly lower in the ΔmsbB group, indicating a significant reduction in infection capability and pathogenicity. These findings indicate that the msbB gene is critical for the virulence of V. parahaemolyticus and suggest that msbB is a potential target for therapeutic interventions and vaccine development against V. parahaemolyticus infections.
Wild Birds’ Genetic Resources Bank: Feather Follicle Cell Culture as a Possible Source of Stem Cells
Authors: Reis Yasmin Godoi dos , Guerra Maria Eduarda Pralon , Coutinho Meline de Paula , Santos Sarah Ingrid Pinto , Mota Bruna Dias , Munhoz Lauriene Luiza de Souza , Rossetti Diogo Pascoal , Martins Daniele dos Santos
Published: February 2025

Follicular cells represent a valuable resource for genetic research, biotechnology and cryopreservation in biobanks, particularly for the conservation of endangered species. They offer a more practical alternative to gametes, embryos and fibroblasts. Collection of these cells can be achieved through feather plucking. Feather samples were opened with a scalpel and the feather pulp was washed with PBS, cut into cubes and digested in collagenase type IV. Cultivation was carried out in DMEM culture medium with 15% fetal bovine serum, 1% penicillin/streptomycin and 0.5% amphotericin, under incubation conditions of 39.5 °C and 5% CO2. Passages were carried out with 5% EDTA for 5 min. The culture was successful, with great cell proliferation, adherence to plastic and aggregation into cell colonies. This method was effective in obtaining feather follicle cells from wild birds, especially when collected up to 6 h after their death, and can serve as a base protocol for research with feather follicle cells aiming to create biobanks.
Magnetic–Plasmonic Core–Shell Nanoparticles: Properties, Synthesis and Applications for Cancer Detection and Treatment
Authors: Rodriguez-Nieves Alberto Luis , Shah Suprava , Taylor Mitchell L. , Alle Madhusudhan , Huang Xiaohua
Published: February 2025

Nanoparticles have been widely used in cancer diagnostics and treatment research due to their unique properties. Magnetic nanoparticles are popular in imaging techniques due to their ability to alter the magnetization field around them. Plasmonic nanoparticles are mainly applied in cancer treatments like photothermal therapy due to their ability to convert light into heat. While these nanoparticles are popular among their respective fields, magnetic–plasmonic core–shell nanoparticles (MPNPs) have gained popularity in recent years due to the combined magnetic and optical properties from the core and shell. MPNPs have stood out in cancer theranostics as a multimodal platform capable of serving as a contrast agent for imaging, a guidable drug carrier, and causing cellular ablation through photothermal energy conversion. In this review, we summarize the different properties of MPNPs and the most common synthesis approaches. We particularly discuss applications of MPNPs in cancer diagnosis and treatment based on different mechanisms using the magnetic and optical properties of the particles. Lastly, we look into current challenges they face for clinical applications and future perspectives using MPNPs for cancer detection and therapy.
A Physicochemical Stability Study of Pembrolizumab Vial Leftovers: Let Us Stop Pouring Good Money Down the Drain
Authors: Porlier Alexandra , Gagnon Pierre-Yves , Chénard Valérie , Veillette Marc , Bertrand Nicolas , Duchaine Caroline , Simard Chantale , Drolet Benoît
Published: February 2025

Background: Pembrolizumab is a monoclonal antibody (mAb) approved for treating Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC), melanoma and lymphomas. Commercialized in single-size (100 mg/4 mL) vials, the pembrolizumab solution contains no preservative. As such, the manufacturer recommends using pembrolizumab vials only once, and thus, to rapidly dispose of any unused portion. Thus, appreciable amounts of this costly product are wasted. Objective: To evaluate the physical, chemical and microbiological stability of pembrolizumab vial leftovers stored at room temperature or at 4 °C, 7 and 14 days after first vial puncturing. Methods: Following pH assessments, submicronic aggregation and turbidity of pembrolizumab were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and spectrophotometry, respectively. In addition, SE-HPLC (size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography), IEX-HPLC (ion exchange HPLC) and peptide mapping HPLC served to respectively evaluate aggregation and fragmentation, distribution of charge and primary structure of pembrolizumab. Incubation at 37 °C for 48 h of pembrolizumab vial leftovers on blood agar plates was used to determine their microbiological stability. Results: Physical, chemical and microbiological stability of pembrolizumab leftovers was demonstrated for at least two full weeks. Conclusions: These results argue forcefully in favor of allowing prolongation of pembrolizumab vial leftovers usage well beyond a single day.
Efficient Hydrogen Production via Photodehydrogenation of Ammonia Borane Using Embedded CdO/ZnO Nanoparticles in Polyurethane Nanofibers
Authors: Qudsieh Isam Y. , Maafa Ibrahim M. , Yousef Ayman , Abutaleb Ahmed , Matar Saleh M. , El-Halwany M. M.
Published: February 2025

The urgent global demand for sustainable green energy solutions has recognized hydrogen (H2) as a viable green energy carrier. This study explores the efficient production of H2 as a potential source of sustainable, environmentally friendly, high-energy-density fuel characterized by eco-friendly burning by-products. The research focuses on the photohydrolysis reaction of ammonia borane (AB), utilizing CdO-doped ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in polyurethane (PU) nanofibers (CdO/ZnO NPs@PU NFs) as a novel photocatalyst. Three different amounts of CdO/ZnO NPs were loaded onto PU NFs. The synthesized CdO/ZnO NPs@PU NFs exhibited good photocatalytic performance under visible light, producing approximately 67 mL of H2 from 1 mmol of AB in 15 min with the sample containing the highest loading of CdO/ZnO NPs@PU NFs. This impressive photocatalytic performance is attributed to the synergistic effects of CdO and ZnO, which enhance charge carrier separation and broaden bandgap absorption in the visible spectrum. Kinetic studies demonstrated that the reaction exhibited first-order kinetics regarding catalyst dosing and zero-order kinetics concerning AB concentration, with an activation energy (Ea) of 32.28 kJ/mol. The results position CdO/ZnO NPs@PU NFs as effective photocatalysts for H2 photogeneration under visible light irradiation.
Effect of Electron Beam Irradiation on the Percentage Loss of Tensile Modulus of Epoxy Polymer
Authors: Cong Lingzhi , Guo Zhibin , Zhang Xin , Li Huyang , Jiang Hao , Jing Yuhang , Yan Jihong , Li Weiqi , Yang Jianqun , Li Xingji
Published: February 2025

Epoxy resins are critical materials in aerospace applications, yet their mechanical properties, specifically the tensile modulus, can be significantly compromised when exposed to electron irradiation in space environments. To thoroughly examine this degradation, we developed an integrated research approach combining vacuum electron irradiation experiments with multi-scale simulations. Coarse-grained (CG) and Monte Carlo (MC) methods were employed to generate the necessary models and primary knock-on atom (PKA) data, while molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were conducted to model the irradiation and tensile processes. Our findings reveal that the tensile modulus percentage loss of epoxy resin stabilizes as the irradiation dose approaches 1.0×101⁵ eV/cm2. The strong agreement between experimental and simulation results validates the accuracy of this methodology. In the epoxy resin systems studied with different degrees of cross-linking, irradiation leads to an increase in the tensile modulus of the low cross-linked structures with a maximum increase of 21.46%, and it leads to a decrease in the tensile modulus of the high cross-linked structures with a maximum decrease of 8.03%. This multi-scale approach has been successfully applied to investigate the trends and causes of tensile modulus changes in epoxy resins after electron irradiation. It can be used to explore the changes in the properties of a wider range of polymers after irradiation.
Modeling of Stress Relaxation Behavior in HDPE and PP Using Fractional Derivatives
Authors: Segura-Méndez Karla L. , Puente-Córdova Jesús G. , Rentería-Baltiérrez Flor Y. , Luna-Martínez Juan F. , Mohamed-Noriega Nasser
Published: February 2025

In this work, the viscoelastic behavior of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) was studied through stress relaxation experiments conducted at different strain levels. The main objective was to evaluate classical, fractional, and conformable derivatives to analyze molecular mobility, using statistical methods to identify the most accurate representation of the viscoelastic response. Besides the coefficient of determination (R2), the average absolute deviation (AAD) and mean squared error (MSE) were used as evaluation metrics, along with a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and the response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the correspondence between experimental data and model predictions. The findings demonstrate that the spring-pot, Fractional Maxwell (FMM), Fractional Voigt–Kelvin (FVKM), and Kohlrausch–Williams-Watts (KWW) models effectively describe stress relaxation under statistical criteria. However, a joint analysis using RSM revealed that the choice of mathematical model significantly influences the outcomes. The FVKM was identified as the most effective for HDPE, while the KWW model best characterized PP. These results highlight the importance of optimization tools in advancing the characterization of polymer viscoelasticity. The ability to select the most accurate models for HDPE and PP under varying conditions can directly improve the performance and durability of products in critical industrial sectors such as packaging, automotive, and medical devices, where long-term mechanical behavior is crucial. By offering a framework adaptable to other materials and modeling approaches, this work provides valuable insights for optimizing polymer processing, improving product design, and enhancing the reliability of polymer-based components in a range of industrial applications.
Cellulose-Derived Battery Separators: A Minireview on Advances Towards Environmental Sustainability
Authors: Turossi Tayse Circe , Júnior Heitor Luiz Ornaghi , Monticeli Francisco Maciel , Dias Otávio Titton , Zattera Ademir José
Published: February 2025

Cellulose-derived battery separators have emerged as a viable sustainable alternative to conventional synthetic materials like polypropylene and polyethylene. Sourced from renewable and biodegradable materials, cellulose derivatives—such as nanofibers, nanocrystals, cellulose acetate, bacterial cellulose, and regenerated cellulose—exhibit a reduced environmental footprint while enhancing battery safety and performance. One of the key advantages of cellulose is its ability to act as a hybrid separator, using its unique properties to improve the performance and durability of battery systems. These separators can consist of cellulose particles combined with supporting polymers, or even a pure cellulose membrane enhanced by the incorporation of additives. Nevertheless, the manufacturing of cellulose separators encounters obstacles due to the constraints of existing production techniques, including electrospinning, vacuum filtration, and phase inversion. Although these methods are effective, they pose challenges for large-scale industrial application. This review examines the characteristics of cellulose and its derivatives, alongside various processing techniques for fabricating separators and assessing their efficacy in battery applications. Additionally, it will consider the environmental implications and the primary challenges and opportunities associated with the use of cellulose separators in energy storage systems. Ultimately, the review underscores the significance of cellulose-based battery separators as a promising approach that aligns with the increasing demand for sustainable technologies in the energy storage domain.
Study on Low-Temperature Cracking Resistance of Carbon Fibre Geogrid Reinforced Asphalt Mixtures Based on Statistical Methods
Authors: Huang Yifan , Wang Zhiqiang , Yang Guangqing
Published: February 2025

In order to investigate the effects of surface combined body (SCB) type and geosynthetic type on the low-temperature cracking resistance of reinforced asphalt mixtures, low-temperature bending damage tests were conducted on both unreinforced and reinforced double-layer beam specimens, respectively. At the same time, the load–deflection curve during loading was corrected using the linear fitting difference method to determine the mid-span deflection. Then, the low-temperature cracking resistance of the reinforced asphalt mixtures was comparatively analyzed by calculating the maximum flexural tensile strain (ɛB). Finally, the extent to which the geosynthetic type and the SCB type affect the low-temperature cracking resistance of the reinforced asphalt mixtures was investigated by means of a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that the greater the tensile strength of the geosynthetics, the greater the mid-span deflection and ɛB of the reinforced double-layer beam specimens. The order is carbon fibre geogrid (CCF) > glass/carbon fibre composite qualified geogrid (GCF) > fibreglass–polyester paving mat (FPM) > unreinforced (UN). In the case of reinforcement, the ɛB of the AC-13/AC-20 combination is lower than that of the AC-20/AC-25 combination, with a significant difference, especially in the case of geogrid reinforcement. Analysis by a two-way ANOVA shows that the order of influence on ɛB ranks as geosynthetic type > SCB type. This study provides a scientific basis for the rational selection of carbon fibre geogrid–reinforced asphalt pavement structures.
Energy Characteristics of the Compressor in a Heat Pump Based on Energy Conversion Theory
Authors: Pei Yingju , Xue Zhezhong , Luo Xu , Zeng Lei , Xiao Xiaohua , Xu Huyang , Kou Li
Published: February 2025

The compressor in the heat pump is crucial for efficient geothermal energy utilization, but faces challenges in optimizing energy efficiency, especially under variable working conditions. This paper investigates the complex energy characteristics of the R134a refrigerant in centrifugal compressors using CFD, combining entropy generation and relative energy rotor enthalpy to analyze energy conversion theory. Key factors such as temperature and pressure are fully considered. The results indicate that energy loss in centrifugal compressors mainly occurs in the gap between the blade top and near the tongue, with a vortex tendency at the impeller’s tail edge. As the flow rate increases from 1.2 kg/s to 1.45 kg/s, the maximum total entropy generation in the impeller decreases by 161%, and the rotor enthalpy minimum value increases by about 90%. This energy conversion analysis method can identify changes in the location and extent of energy loss, offering a new perspective for optimizing the structure and energy-saving design of centrifugal impellers.
Religion, Power, and National Identity: The Dual Role of Islam in the History and Modernization of the Maldives
Authors: Cui Jiayu , Li Tao
Published: February 2025

Islam in the history and modernization of the Maldives demonstrates an intrinsic tension, serving both as the foundational cornerstone of national identity and as the source of social conflict and political division. On the one hand, the narrative of being a “100% Muslim nation” has shaped a highly unified national identity, achieving legalization and institutionalization within the power structure and becoming a critical pillar of state legitimacy and social integration. On the other hand, the politicization and homogenization of religion have weakened social inclusivity, exacerbating religious extremism and social tensions in the face of globalization. The Maldivian experience not only reveals how religion undergoes self-transformation through power negotiation and legal reform but also reflects how the tension between traditional religion and the modern state shapes the dynamic framework of national governance. As a microcosm of global religious renaissance and geopolitical interaction, the Maldives offers a vital theoretical perspective and practical insights for understanding the complex interplay among religion, power, and national identity.
Multifaceted Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia—A Case Report
Authors: Yahya Dinnar , Benkova-Petrova Miroslava , Petrov Aleksandar , Hachmeriyan Mari
Published: February 2025

Background and Clinical Significance: Ciliopathies are a heterogeneous group of diseases caused by damage to the primary cilium. Disorders of ciliary motility can lead to a wide range of clinical manifestations, including infertility, lateralization defects, lung infections, and more. Some ciliopathies associated with kidney disease include nephronophthisis, polycystic disease, and renal cell carcinoma. Since they are clinically and genetically diverse, their diagnosis may require a longer time and one or more genetic assays. Case presentation: We present the case of a 43-year-old man with a wide anamnesis, including unexplained nephrolithiasis, bronchiectasis, recurrent otitis media since infancy, appendicular lithiasis, and infertility. After a long history of various clinical examinations and consultations with diverse specialists, he was referred to genetic counseling. Whole exome sequencing (WES) revealed a homozygous pathogenic variant in the RSPH3 gene—NM_031924.8:c.205-2A>G—which was later confirmed through Sanger sequencing. It is classified as pathogenic in widely used databases and is associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia. This condition can present nontypically, and the patients might suffer from an extensive diagnostic odyssey. Being mindful of its clinical and genetic heterogeneity can shorten the period until diagnosis. Conclusions: It is essential to have this condition included in differential diagnosis and involve specialists from the medical/clinical genetic department in a multidisciplinary team. Genetic confirmation through WES or another molecular genetic method is crucial for the therapeutic approach and to adequately perform genetic counseling for patients and their families.
A Blockchain Parallel Activity Architecture with Social Network Graphs as Carriers for Internet of Things Networks
Authors: Cong Xin , Zi Lingling
Published: February 2025

There is a need for information transactions between nodes in the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technology can guarantee the anonymity and security of such transactions. However, current blockchain systems require networks to be connected in real time, but IoT networks cannot fulfill this requirement. Therefore, we put forward a blockchain parallel activity architecture using carriers (CBPA), which is capable of deploying blockchain systems on IoT networks. Firstly, the blockchain operation architecture, and its components are demonstrated. Secondly, the generation methods of the carrier, the carrier block and the transaction block are designed, respectively. Additionally, a feature-to-transaction correspondence algorithm is proposed, with the objective of accommodating the previous work of nodes when they are in a disconnected state within the network. Thirdly, a parallel generation method for transaction blocks is designed to permit multiple nodes to collaborate in generating blocks, thereby reducing the difficulty of block generation while accelerating the generation speed. Finally, intra-block and cross-block conflict resolution algorithms, as well as a block consensus and fork processing algorithm, are designed to ensure that nodes can participate in blockchain activities without being at a disadvantage and obtain legal benefits even when operating on a network with high communication latency. Theoretical analysis indicates that CBPA has both security and liveness. The experimental results show that when the block size is 1MB, CBPA improves the average throughput by about 10% and reduces the average latency by about 14% compared to existing schemes. When the percentage of failed nodes reaches about 18%, the blocking time increases significantly, and the valid block rate decreases by 0.2%. The proposed CBPA architecture expands the applicable blockchain network and provides practical solutions for disconnected operations.
Shake Table Tests on Scaled Masonry Building: Comparison of Performance of Various Micro-Electromechanical System Accelerometers (MEMS) for Structural Health Monitoring
Authors: Occhipinti Giuseppe , Lo Iacono Francesco , Tusa Giuseppina , Costanza Antonio , Fertitta Gioacchino , Lodato Luigi , Macaluso Francesco , Martino Claudio , Mugnos Giuseppe , Oliva Maria , Storni Daniele , Alessandroni Gianni , Navarra Giacomo , Patanè Domenico
Published: February 2025

This study presents the results of an experimental investigation conducted on a 2:3 scale model of a two-story stone masonry building. We tested the model on the UniKORE L.E.D.A. lab shake table, simulating the Mw 6.3 earthquake ground motion that struck L’Aquila, Italy, on 6 April 2009, with progressively increasing peak acceleration levels. We installed a network of accelerometric sensors on the model to capture its structural behaviour under seismic excitation. Medium-to lower-cost MEMS accelerometers (classes A and B) were compared with traditional piezoelectric sensors commonly used in Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). The experiment assessed the structural performance and damage progression of masonry buildings subjected to realistic earthquake inputs. Additionally, the collected data provided valuable insights into the effectiveness of different sensor types and configurations in detecting key vibrational and failure patterns. All the sensors were able to accurately measure the dynamic response during seismic excitation. However, not all of them were suitable for Operational Modal Analysis (OMA) in noisy environments, where their self-noise represents a crucial factor. This suggests that the self-noise of MEMS accelerometers must be less than 1 µg/√Hz, or preferably below 0.5 µg/√Hz, to obtain good results from the OMA. Therefore, we recommend ultra-low-noise sensors for detecting differences in the structural behaviour before and after seismic events. Our findings provide valuable insights into the seismic vulnerability of masonry structures and the effectiveness of sensors in detecting damage. The management of buildings in earthquake-prone areas can benefit from these specifications.
Plate Wall Offset Measurement for U-Shaped Groove Workpieces Based on Multi-Line-Structured Light Vision Sensors
Authors: Ren Yaoqiang , Wang Lu , Wu Qinghua , Li Zhoutao , Zhang Zheming
Published: February 2025

To address the challenge of measuring the plate wall offset at the U-shaped groove positions after assembling large cylindrical shell arc segments, this paper proposes a measurement method based on multi-line-structured light vision sensors. The sensor is designed and calibrated to collect U-shaped groove workpiece images containing multiple laser stripes. The central points of the laser stripes are extracted and matched to their corresponding light plane equations to obtain local point cloud data of the measured positions. Subsequently, point cloud data from the plate wall regions on both sides of the groove are separated, and the plate wall offset is calculated using the local distance computation method between planes in space. The experimental results demonstrate that, when measuring a standard sphere with a diameter of 30 mm from multiple angles, the measurement uncertainty is ±0.015 mm within a 95% confidence interval. Within a measurement range of 155 mm × 220 mm × 80 mm, using articulated arm measurements as reference values, the plate wall offset measurement uncertainty of the multi-line-structured light vision sensor is ±0.013 mm within a 95% confidence interval, showing close agreement with reference values.
Enhancing Clustering Efficiency in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network Protocols Using the K-Nearest Neighbours Algorithm
Authors: Juwaied Abdulla , Jackowska-Strumillo Lidia , Sierszeń Artur
Published: February 2025

Wireless Sensor Networks are formed by tiny, self-contained, battery-powered computers with radio links that can sense their surroundings for events of interest and store and process the sensed data. Sensor nodes wirelessly communicate with each other to relay information to a central base station. Energy consumption is the most critical parameter in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Network lifespan is directly influenced by the energy consumption of the sensor nodes. All sensors in the network send and receive data from the base station (BS) using different routing protocols and algorithms. These routing protocols use two main types of clustering: hierarchical clustering and flat clustering. Consequently, effective clustering within Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) protocols is essential for establishing secure connections among nodes, ensuring a stable network lifetime. This paper introduces a novel approach to improve energy efficiency, reduce the length of network connections, and increase network lifetime in heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks by employing the K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN) algorithm to optimise node selection and clustering mechanisms for four protocols: Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), Stable Election Protocol (SEP), Threshold-sensitive Energy Efficient sensor Network (TEEN), and Distributed Energy-efficient Clustering (DEC). Simulation results obtained using MATLAB (R2024b) demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed K-Nearest Neighbours algorithm, revealing that the modified protocols achieve shorter distances between cluster heads and nodes, reduced energy consumption, and improved network lifetime compared to the original protocols. The proposed KNN-based approach enhances the network’s operational efficiency and security, offering a robust solution for energy management in WSNs.
A Heterogeneity-Aware Semi-Decentralized Model for a Lightweight Intrusion Detection System for IoT Networks Based on Federated Learning and BiLSTM
Authors: Alsaleh Shuroog , Menai Mohamed El Bachir , Al-Ahmadi Saad
Published: February 2025

Internet of Things (IoT) networks’ wide range and heterogeneity make them prone to cyberattacks. Most IoT devices have limited resource capabilities (e.g., memory capacity, processing power, and energy consumption) to function as conventional intrusion detection systems (IDSs). Researchers have applied many approaches to lightweight IDSs, including energy-based IDSs, machine learning/deep learning (ML/DL)-based IDSs, and federated learning (FL)-based IDSs. FL has become a promising solution for IDSs in IoT networks because it reduces the overhead in the learning process by engaging IoT devices during the training process. Three FL architectures are used to tackle the IDSs in IoT networks, including centralized (client–server), decentralized (device-to-device), and semi-decentralized. However, none of them has solved the heterogeneity of IoT devices while considering lightweight-ness and performance at the same time. Therefore, we propose a semi-decentralized FL-based model for a lightweight IDS to fit the IoT device capabilities. The proposed model is based on clustering the IoT devices—FL clients—and assigning a cluster head to each cluster that acts on behalf of FL clients. Consequently, the number of IoT devices that communicate with the server is reduced, helping to reduce the communication overhead. Moreover, clustering helps in improving the aggregation process as each cluster sends the average model’s weights to the server for aggregation in one FL round. The distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack is the main concern in our IDS model, since it easily occurs in IoT devices with limited resource capabilities. The proposed model is configured with three deep learning techniques—LSTM, BiLSTM, and WGAN—using the CICIoT2023 dataset. The experimental results show that the BiLSTM achieves better performance and is suitable for resource-constrained IoT devices based on model size. We test the pre-trained semi-decentralized FL-based model on three datasets—BoT-IoT, WUSTL-IIoT-2021, and Edge-IIoTset—and the results show that our model has the highest performance in most classes, particularly for DDoS attacks.
A Comprehensive Review of Advanced Lactate Biosensor Materials, Methods, and Applications in Modern Healthcare
Authors: Ding Yifeng , Yang Liuhong , Wen Jing , Ma Yuhang , Dai Ge , Mo Fengfeng , Wang Jiafeng
Published: February 2025

Lactate is a key metabolite in cellular respiration, and elevated levels usually indicate tissue hypoxia or metabolic dysregulation. The real-time detection of lactate levels is particularly important in situations such as exercise, shock, severe trauma, and tissue injury. Conventional lactate assays are insufficient to address today’s complex and variable testing environments, and thus, there is an urgent need for highly sensitive biosensors. This review article provides an overview of the concept and composition of electrochemical lactate biosensors, as well as their recent advances. Comparisons of popular studies on enzymatic and non-enzymatic lactate sensors, the surface-related materials used for modifications to electrochemical lactate biosensors, and the detection methods commonly used for sensors are discussed separately. In addition, advances in implantable and non-implantable miniaturized lactate sensors are discussed, emphasizing their application for continuous real-time monitoring. Despite their potential, challenges such as non-specific binding, biomaterial interference, and biorecognition element stability issues remain during practical applications. Future research should aim to improve sensor design, biocompatibility, and integration with advanced signal processing techniques. With continued innovation, lactate sensors are expected to revolutionize personalized medicine, helping clinicians to increase treatment efficiency and improve the experience of their use.
Investigations into Effects of Inclined Channels on the Forced Foam Drainage
Authors: Deng Yumeng , Jin Miao , Dong Lisha , Tan Jiakun , Ni Chao
Published: February 2025

Gangue particle entrainment during flotation remains a significant challenge in mineral processing. Previous studies have shown that incorporating inclined plates into the froth zone can reduce the recovery of fine gangue particles. However, the effects of inclined channels on froth drainage have not been fully investigated. This study employed a custom-designed forced drainage system to systematically examine the impact of inclined channels on foam drainage and the underlying mechanisms. Results revealed that, at an SDS solution injection flow rate of 36 mL/min and an inclined channel angle of 30°, the foam drainage velocity in the inclined channel was significantly higher than that in the vertical channel for both two-phase and three-phase foams. This advantage became more pronounced as the SDS injection flow rate increased. A new drainage pathway formed between the inclined wall and the foam, facilitating faster liquid flow than within the foam structure. This mechanism was identified as the primary factor enhancing foam drainage velocity in inclined channels. These findings demonstrate that inclined channels can effectively improve foam drainage efficiency compared to vertical channels, providing valuable insights for optimizing froth zone structure.
Integrating Citizen Perspectives into Climate Risk Management and Adaptation Strategies
Authors: Golemi Alesia Margarita , Kapetanakis Pavlos Alexandros , Dimitropoulou Panagiota , Karakitsou Effrosyni , Karozis Stelios , Vlachogiannis Diamando , Mencarini Eleonora , Sfetsos Athanasios
Published: February 2025

Climate crisis is well evidenced with important consequences at the local scale. Often, climate risk assessment and adaptation measures at the national or regional level do not account for local climate impacts and cross-sectoral challenges. This paper presents the findings of a year-long study involving the local community of the Municipality of Sitia in Crete (Greece) in climate change risk assessment and adaptation policymaking. Three coherent workshops produced a citizen-based risk assessment and revealed stakeholders’ perceptions about existing policies from the Regional Climate Change Adaptation Plan of Crete (RCCAPC), addressing climate change impacts on vulnerable economic sectors (agriculture, water, biodiversity, tourism), their effectiveness or lack thereof. It also looks at their ability to suggest solutions regarding the effects of climate change. The study emphasizes how climate hazards affect Sitia’s social elements and, in order to find any differences, reported perceptions were compared with the RCCAPC. By doing so, the research breaks new ground in the participatory formulation of environmental policies that are well-informed, place-based, and climate-sensitive, reflecting a dynamic synthesis of public engagement, scientific research, and practical policy implementation.
An Integrated Approach to Pb Bioremediation: Role of Bacteria in Enhancing Phytoremediation
Authors: Bender Luísa Andina , Demarco Carolina Faccio , Pieniz Simone , Carlos Filipe Selau , Quadro Maurízio Silveira , Andreazza Robson
Published: February 2025

Lead (Pb) contamination poses significant ecological and health risks due to its persistence and toxicity. Bacterial-assisted phytoremediation has emerged as a promising, eco-friendly strategy for Pb removal. This review focuses on the integration of bacteria in phytoremediation, exploring the mechanisms and factors that influence the effectiveness of this process. Case studies demonstrate that bacterial inoculation can increase Pb accumulation in plant tissues, enhance biomass growth, and reduce Pb contamination. Finally, challenges related to field applications, microorganism tolerance, and environmental variability are discussed. This review provides valuable insights into improving phytoremediation efficiency, thus contributing to the remediation of Pb-contaminated environments.
Improvements to Municipal Solid Waste Collection Systems Using Real-Time Monitoring
Authors: Prata João , Simões Carla L. , Simoes Ricardo
Published: February 2025

Efficient municipal solid waste management is a critical global challenge. This study investigated the implementation of real-time monitoring systems by LIPOR, a waste management association in northern Portugal, to enhance waste collection operations. Utilizing advanced technologies such as RFID and GIS, along with tailored citizen engagement strategies, the approach demonstrated substantial improvements in operational efficiency, cost reduction, and citizen participation. Key innovations included optimized scheduling based on container filling levels and the strategic relocation of underperforming equipment. These initiatives not only improved the service quality, but also supported the rollout of PAYT schemes, aligning with evolving legislative requirements. The findings offer valuable insights for municipalities worldwide, showcasing the potential of digitalization to drive sustainability and operational excellence in waste management systems.
Review on QCD Studies with the CMS Experiment
Authors: Kodolova Olga
Published: February 2025

The CMS experiment provides measurements of the soft and hard QCD processes using samples of proton–proton and AA collisions collected at different energies. Measurements include particle multiplicity, particle momentum spectra and correlations, jet properties and production rates, and are compared with predictions of theoretical models at leading, next-to-leading and next-next-to-leading QCD fixed order accuracy. The data in combination with measurements obtained by other experiments are used to measure the strong coupling constant and for PDF constraints.
The Neutrosophization of δ-Separation Axioms
Authors: Açikgöz Ahu , Esenbel Ferhat , Maman Abdulhamit , Zorlu Seher
Published: February 2025

Fuzzy topology has long been celebrated for its ability to address real-world challenges in areas such as information systems and decision making. However, with ongoing technological advancements and the increasing complexity of practical requirements, the focus has gradually shifted toward neutrosophic topology, a broader and more inclusive framework than fuzzy topology. While neutrosophic topology is primarily rooted in neutrosophic open sets, other related families, including neutrosophic pre-open sets, neutrosophic semi-open sets, and neutrosophic beta-open sets, have also proven instrumental in driving progress in this field. This study introduces neutrosophic δ-open sets as a significant enhancement to the current theoretical framework. In addition, we propose a novel category of separation axioms, termed neutrosophic δ-separation axioms, which are derived from the concept of neutrosophic δ-open sets. Moreover, we explore the interplay between these separation properties and their characteristics within subspaces. Our findings confirm that neutrosophic δ-separation axioms are reliably upheld in neutrosophic regular open subspaces.
Modelling and Analysis of Emergency Scenario Evolution System Based on Generalized Stochastic Petri Net
Authors: Song Yinghua , Xu Hongqian , Fang Danhui , Sang Xiaoyan
Published: February 2025

Emergency scenario characterization and analysis is an essential approach to describing and understanding the future development of emergencies and assisting in response decision-making. This paper aims to develop a method for emergency evolution analysis in a scenario-based way to improve “scenario response” decision-making. A systematic conceptual framework for emergency scenario evolution (ESE) analysis has been developed based on the domain knowledge of emergency management and the disaster system, combined with the representational ability of the knowledge element model. In addition, a modelling approach for ESE based on the generalized stochastic Petri net (ESEGSPN) is proposed to depict the evolutionary uncertainty through basic control flow and to optimize the parameter uncertainty using fuzzy theory. Finally, the COVID-19 pandemic is used as a case study to show how ESEGSPN works. The results indicate that ESEGSPN can simulate the emergency evolution process, identify critical states and trigger actions, present the evolution trend of typical scenario elements, and assist decision-makers in deploying more targeted emergency responses in dynamically changing situations.
Factors Affecting Phage–Bacteria Coevolution Dynamics
Authors: Jdeed Ghadeer , Kravchuk Bogdana , Tikunova Nina V.
Published: February 2025

Bacteriophages (phages) have coevolved with their bacterial hosts for billions of years. With the rise of antibiotic resistance, the significance of using phages in therapy is increasing. Investigating the dynamics of phage evolution can provide valuable insights for pre-adapting phages to more challenging clones of their hosts that may arise during treatment. Two primary models describe interactions in phage–bacteria systems: arms race dynamics and fluctuating selection dynamics. Numerous factors influence which dynamics dominate the interactions between a phage and its host. These dynamics, in turn, affect the coexistence of phages and bacteria, ultimately determining which organism will adapt more effectively to the other, and whether a stable state will be reached. In this review, we summarize key findings from research on phage–bacteria coevolution, focusing on the different concepts that can describe these interactions, the factors that may contribute to the prevalence of one model over others, and the effects of various dynamics on both phages and bacteria.
Neurological, Radiological, Visual, and Auditory Findings in Children with Intrauterine Exposure to the Zika Virus
Authors: Martins Marlos Melo , Guastavino Andréa Bittencourt , de Magalhães-Barbosa Maria Clara , de Magalhães-Barbosa Maria Helena , Garcia Cristiane Fregonesi Dutra , Amaral Bárbara Karine Gonet , Barbosa Annamaria Ciminelli , Ferreira Halina Cidrini , Robaina Jaqueline Rodrigues , de Oliveira Mariana Barros Genuino , Tovar-Moll Fernanda Freire , de Andrade Medronho Roberto , da Cunha Antonio José Ledo Alves , Amim Joffre , Prata-Barbosa Arnaldo
Published: February 2025

This study aims to describe neurological, visual, and auditory findings in children whose mothers had confirmed Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy, with most of these children not presenting congenital microcephaly; Methods: an observational, longitudinal, and prospective study was conducted in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from March 2015 to January 2017, involving children with in utero exposure to Zika virus, following from birth up to 30 months of age. Results: Of the 2882 pregnant women admitted, 116 had a suspected ZIKV infection, of whom 33 had laboratory confirmation. Only one child presented with congenital microcephaly. Despite this, neurodevelopment delay was observed in 36.4% of children evaluated, radiological abnormalities in 29.1%, auditory abnormalities in 8.3%, and ophthalmological abnormalities in 10%. Conclusions: Newborns of mothers with confirmed ZIKV infection during pregnancy may present with varying degrees of visual, auditory, and neurological impairment, despite the presence of congenital microcephaly.
STEAP3 Inhibits Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Replication by Regulating Fatty Acid and Lipid Droplet Synthesis
Authors: Yuan Chenyang , Guan Kaifeng , Zhang Gaiping
Published: February 2025

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is a contagious disease that impacts swine health worldwide. Lipid metabolism plays a vital role in energy production and is regulated by various genes involved in lipogenesis and lipolysis. In this study, we found that PRRSV infection significantly reduced the protein expression of STEAP3. The overexpression of STEAP3 can notably inhibit PRRSV replication. Additionally, we utilized transcriptomics and metabolomics to examine the effects of STEAP3 on PRRSV replication, identifying important pathways associated with energy metabolism and lipogenesis. We subsequently found that STEAP3 can suppress PRRSV replication by regulating fatty acid synthesis and enhancing lipid droplet formation. Overall, these findings indicate that STEAP3 could be a potential target for developing strategies to manage PRRSV infection by modulating lipid metabolism.
Understanding the Relationship Between Water Quality and Soil Nutrient Dynamics in Qinghai Lake Through Statistical and Regression Models
Authors: Li Guangying , Zhou Jinhan , Deng Deling , Du Minjie , Meng Yingyi , Dai Lijun , Peng Qin , Wang Lingqing
Published: February 2025

Lakes are essential ecosystems that play a significant role in water quality and biodiversity, particularly in nutrient cycling. Nitrogen compounds, including ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3−), and nitrite (NO2−), are critical elements in lake ecosystems, influencing productivity and water quality. This study aimed to investigate nitrogen compounds in Qinghai Lake, assess water and soil quality indicators, and evaluate the relationship between nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) levels in water and soil. Water samples from 17 locations around the lake and soil samples from nine sites at two depths were analyzed for various parameters. Statistical and regression analyses were performed to explore the correlations between N forms in water and other parameters in water and total P, total N, and pH in soil, as well as their interactions with environmental variables. The mean concentrations of NO3−-N, NH4+-N, and NO2−-N were 0.0189 mg/L, 0.112 mg/L, and 0.595 mg/L in Qinghai Lake, respectively. The regression models revealed that the total P in water and soil, along with other environmental factors, play crucial roles in regulating N levels. These findings contribute to our understanding of N cycling in high-altitude lakes and provide insight into managing eutrophication risks in Qinghai Lake.