bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EROSIONAL POTENTIAL OF STREAMS IN URBANIZING AREAS1
Authors: Whipple William , DiLouie James M. , Pytlar Theodore
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In urbanizing areas, the usual increase in flood flows also increases erosional capability of streams. In order to evaluate such tendencies quantitatively, 25 stream reaches were studied, and were classified as to whether erosion of the channel and banks was light, medium, or heavy. Analysis of characteristics indicated that (1) densely developed areas are correlated with greater erosion, (2) wide stream buffers of natural vegetation are correlated with lesser erosion, and (3) there is no definite correlation of erosion to slope or characteristics of soil.

Erosional stream instability can be avoided by retention of storm water runoff, creating additional channel roughness or reducing channel slope during floods by drop structures, such as culverts, which restrict flow. Channel straightening and general bank protection should be minimized in such streams. Design of culverts should take such effects into consideration.
A FINITE ELEMENT MODEL FOR THE MIGRATION OF LEACHATE FROM A SANITARY LANDFILL IN LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK ‐ PART II: APPLICATION1
Authors: Gureghian A. B. , Ward D. S. , Cleary R. W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A two‐dimensional mathematical model for the migration of ground water contamination was developed. The finite element method using isoparametric elements, based on the Galerkin formulation and on weighting functions of nonsymmetric form, was used to formulate the numerical description of the convective‐dispersive mass transport equation. A field application of the model to the leachate migration from the Babylon sanitary landfill in Long Island, New York, exemplify the calibration and verification of transport model paramters.
STATE VARIABLE MODEL FOR URBAN RAINFALL‐RUNOFF PROCESS1
Authors: Tung Yeou‐Koung , Mays Larry W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A nonlinear hydrologic system model has been developed for analyzing the urban rainfall‐runoff process. The model is formulated as a state variable model consisting of several parameters. A search technique is employed to find the set of parameters for which the model's response best fits observed data. The model could be used in either a simulation or forecasting mode. The model is applied to observed data for the Waller Creek Watershed in Austin, Texas, to develop the model parameters for various levels of urbanization of the watershed. The trend of each parameter with respect to levels of urbanization is examined.
AIRPORT WASTES AND WATER QUALITY1
Authors: Sierra Edward , Shahane Ashok N. , Villate Jose T.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Waste waters from various operations at the Miami International Airport are characterized. Servicing, maintenance, overhauling, and washing of aircraft seem to be the most significant waste water producing operations. Pollutional constitutents commonly found in the airport wastes include acids, alkalis, detergents, oil, grease, and oxygen demanding substances. Phenols are of concern when stripping and repainting operations occur. Although most airport wastes may be treatable, a great reduction in influent load can be achieved by proper housekeeping methods.
A SIMPLE PROCEDURE FOR DEVELOPING A DESIGN STORM HYDROGRAPH1
Authors: Ward Andy , Bridges Tom , Wilson Bruce
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The paper presents a conceptual procedure for developing a design storm hydrograph. The methods were developed by conducting a regression analysis with simulated data generated by a complex computer model. A brief description of the model is presented together with the results of a verification study with the model. The model is based on SCS procedures but also incorporates a double triangle hydrograph method for use in agricultural and forested water‐sheds. The regression procedures provide a simple hand calculator method for generating a storm hydrograph.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS IN CORPS PLANNING1
Authors: Brendecke Charles , Ortolano Leonard
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Survey data from samples of two types of Corps of Engineers planning studies have been collected. The nature of significant environmental issues affecting the studies was ascertained. Information concerning District administrative practices and communication patterns and extraorganizational coordination procedures was also obtained. Statistical analysis examined the relationships between these practices and procedures and the consideration given environmental issues in plan formulation and modification decisions. Environmental issues receive greater consideration in plan formulation decisions where District policies encourage interdisciplinary planning and direct communication between planners and environmental interests. Plan modification decisions reflect environmental considerations to a greater degree where significant controversy exists and where reviewing agencies actively pursue environmental issues.
INTERDISCIPLINARY ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS FOR TIMBER SALE PLANNING1
Authors: Jackson Franklin H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A method of project planning for systematically assessing and recording impacts of alternative timber harvest startegies for subareas of a sale planning area is presented. This method uses an interdisciplinary team composed of specialists and decisionmaker to develop and analyze treatment alternatives and uses impact prediction matrices with explicit evaluation criteria to illustrate and record ratings of impacts on resource factors. The method is a system for organizing, for discovering appropriate alternatives, for facilitating interaction, and for documenting environmental analysis. It provides for decisionmaker control over the project, for exchange of value perspectives, and for reduction in conflict between specialists. The quality of decisions which result from the method presented depends upon the information available and the effectiveness of interaction between all members of the interdisciplinary team.
IMPORTANCE OF CO2 LOSS IN LAKE QUALITY PREDICTIONS1
Authors: Chadderton Ronald A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Water quality models of acid mine drainage effects have involved routing alkalinity and inorganic carbon loads through a hydraulic description of the system. A method is given to estimate conservatively the importance of surface mass transfer of CO2 in lake modeling. The impact of CO2 transfer upon water quality of lake effluent depends upon tributary concentrations and flow rates, initial pH of the water, and the effective mass transfer coefficient. Charts for preassigned allowable errors in acidity and pH due to neglected gas transfer are developed. Data from three reservoirs are related to the charts to estimate the relative importance of CO2 transfer. Significant reduction in modeling effort can be achieved in cases for which errors caused by neglected CO2 loss would be within acceptable limits.
CAPITAL COST OF RURAL WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS1
Authors: Whitlatch E. Earl , Asplund Peggy L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The cost of water service to rural residents is very high compared to urban areas. This is true even after subsidization by Farmers Home Administration (FmHA) loans and grants. Capital cost data on 44 projects financed by the Ohio office of the FmHA during the period August 1968 to January 1977 are used to derive cost equations for 26 components of rural water distribution systems. These components represent 92 percent of the capital cost of the pipeline distribution systems studied. The data can be used to economically design rural water supply systems from a capital cost viewpoint. More data are needed on operation and maintenance costs as well as central and cluster well costs before totally economic system designs can be undertaken.
FREQUENCY OF DRY DAY SEQUENCES1
Authors: Hershfield David M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Data from 100 stations were used to prepare a generalized characterization of the extremely long dry day sequences in the United States. Maps are presented showing the magnitude of the two‐year, dry day sequences for 1 mm threshold and the coefficient of variation of the items used in the extreme value analysis. For the United States, the average coefficient of variation for dry periods is 30 percent as compared with that for maximum 24h rainfalls which is 37 percent. An example is presented for computing the longer return periods.
CONTROL OF LAKE PHOSPHORUS WITH ALUMINUM SULFATE: DOSE DETERMINATION AND APPLICATION TECHNIQUES1
Authors: Kennedy Robert H. , Cook G. Dennis
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Nutrient diversion does not always bring about prompt and sufficient reduction in lake phosphorus concentration due to recycling from nutrient rich sediments. Certain lakes and reservoirs may continue to experience nuisance algal blooms and require additional restorative steps. The phosphorus precipitation/inactivation technique is a procedure to remove phosphorus from the water column and to control its release from sediments in order to achieve P‐limiting conditions to algal growth. Aluminum salts have been used in advanced waste water treatment to remove phosphorus and this technology was extended to lake rehabilitation. Guidelines for dose calculation and application are generally lacking, and are provided in this report. The dose determination suggested here allows maximum application of aluminum to bottom sediments and thus emphasizes long term control of phosphorus recycling. Dose can be calculated directly from the alkalinity of the water to be treated. Titration of lake water samples of Varying alkalinity allows the establishment of the relationship between residual dissolved aluminum, alkalinity, and dose which can then be employed for lake scale applications of alum to lakes and reservoirs. Application equipment and procedures are described. These depend on site characteristics and treatment objectives and include lakeside stores, a distribution pipe, and an application barge and manifold. Alum may also be used to meet other restoration objectives including the treatment of problem flows and the reduction of particulate concentrations.
LAKE RESTORATION BY SEDIMENT REMOVAL1
Authors: Peterson Spencer A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Fresh water lake sediment removal is usually undertaken to deepen a lake and increase its volume to enhance fish production, to remove nutrient rich sediment, to remove toxic or hazardous material, or to reduce the abundance of rooted aquatic plants. Review of more than 60 projects and five case histories reveals that the first three objectives are usually met through sediment removal. Dredging to control aquatic plants has not been well documented. Disadvantages of dredging include cost, temporary phosphorus release from sediment, increased phytoplankton productivity, noise, lake drawdown, temporary reduction in benthic fish food organisms, the potential for toxic material release to the overlying water and potential for environmental degradation at the dredged material disposal site. The technique is recommended for deepening and for long range reduction of phosphorus release from sediment. Sediment removal to control toxic materials is possible with minimal environmental impact when proper equipment is used, but it may more than double the cost. Lack of definitive information about rooted plant regrowth rates in dredged areas prohibits explicit recommendations on sediment removal to control plant growth.
PHYSICAL PROCESSES AND EUTROPHICATION1
Authors: Haffner G. D. , Poulton D. J. , Kohli B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Biological responses to physical‐chemical processes were examined in Toronto and Hamilton Harbours of Lake Ontario. Nutrient loadings to the harbors are large and are of similar magnitude, yet the trophic conditions of the harbors were considerably different. Lake oscillations were found to determine the flushing rates and environmental stability of the harbors. LOW residence times (<10 days) resulted in homogenous chemical conditions in Toronto Harbour, and prevented the establishment of large phytoplankton crops. The longer retention time of Hamilton Harbour permitted the establishment of huger phytoplankton crops. There probably exists a critical retention time where nutrient input events persist for a sufficient period of time for the algal community to adapt to and exploit the environmental conditions of nearshore areas.
APPLICATION OF SCS INFILTRATION MODEL1
Authors: Kumar Sree , Jain Subhash C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The SCS infiltration model was applied to the Ralston Creek watershed in eastern Iowa. The criteria to determine the various model parameters were revised to obtain a better agreement between the observed and computed total runoffs. A procedure to calibrate the infiltration model is presented. The infiltration model was used in conjunction with an overland flow model to develop flood hydrographs. The results indicate that SCS infiltration model adequately describe the distribution of losses.
SIMPLE TROPHIC STATE CLASSIFICATION OF THE CANADIAN NEARSHORE WATERS OF THE GREAT LAKES1
Authors: Gregor D. J. , Rust W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Trophic classification of the Canadian nearshore waters of the Great Lakes is attempted using summer, surface water quality data for the early 1970's. A generalized Composite Trophic Index is developed using paired linear relationships for total phosphorus, chlorophyll a, and Secchi depth data for 66 defined nearshore regions. The chlorophyll a and total phosphorus relationship indicates that the nearshore waters contain a low chlorophyll a concentration for a given total phosphorus concentration than observed for the open waters of the Great Lakes or for smaller Canadian lakes. The most eutrophic nearshore regions occur in areas of relatively restricted circulation and/or high nutrient loadings. These include the Bay of Quinte, Toronto and Hamilton harbours, and portions of Lake We's Western Basin. Lakes Huron and Superior are generally oligotrophic, except for some embayments. Although nearshore water quality is highly variable, this apprach represents a reasonable compromise with respect to analytical complexity. The Composite Trophic Index removes biases introduced through the use of a single trophic state indicator and uniquely describes the nearshore water quality in terms generally comparable to other water bodies.
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY IN SUSPENDED SEDIMENT YIELDS OF NORTH ISLAND BASINS, NEW ZEALAND1
Authors: Griffiths George A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Specific annual suspended sediment yields and their standard deviations are presented for 47 basins of North Island, New Zealand. Most of the variance in yields is explained by catchment mean rainfall. Rivers with similar flow range have similar suspended sediment concentration ratings, independent of differing watershed lithology and regolith, except for six basins having an abundance of soft fine sediments. Prediction equations for yield and its standard deviation are derived for four essentially arbitrary regions. AU feature rainfall as the independent variable. Differences between regions may owe to variations in intensity, frequency, and duration patterns of storms and, in one area, to bed material size as well. The temporal distribution of annual yields from a basin m be modeled by a two‐parameter lognormal function: the prediction equations above may be used to evaluate this function at a site for which suspended sediment data are unavailable.
EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON BASE FLOW OF SELECTED SOUTH‐SHORE STREAMS, LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK1
Authors: Simmons Dale L. , Reynolds Richard J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Hydrograph analysis of six streams on the south shore of Long Island indicates that eastward urbanization during the last three decades has significantly reduced base flow to streams. Before urbanization, roughly 95 percent of total annual stream flow on Long Island was base flow. In urbanized southwestern Nassau County, storm water sewerage, increased impervious surface area, and sanitary sewerage have reduced base flow to 20 percent of total stream flow. In an adjacent urbanized but unsewered area in southeastern Nassau County, base flow has decreased to 84 percent of total annual stream flow. In contrast, base flow in two streams in rural areas has remained virtually constant, averaging roughly 95 percent of total annual flow throughout the 1955‐70 study period. Double‐mass curve analysis of base flow as a percentage of total annual stream flow indicates that (1) changes in stream flow characteristics began in the early 1960's in the sewered area and in the late 1960's in the later urbanized, unsewered area, and (2) a new equilibrium has been established between the streams in the sewered area and the new hydrologic characteristics of their urbanized drainage basins.
ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF SPATIAL PATTERN OF PRECIPITATION IN MODELING STREAM FLOW HYDROGRAPHS1
Authors: Beven Keith J. , Hornberger George M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In most approaches to modeling the rainfall/runoff process, a spatially lumped description of precipitation has been assumed adequate for modeling the important characteristics of catchment response. However, theories of catchment hydrology as well as some re cent modeling studies suggest that spatial variability in precipitation may be important in determining the characteristics of stream flow hydrographs. Data from two intensive rainfall recording experiments in Illinois have been used to examine the effects of rainfall pattern on stream hydrographs for summer convective storms. A threshold analysis was introduced to distinguish storms of markedly different pattern. A mixed deterministic/stochastic modeling procedure was used to generate hydrographs resulting from storms of different patterns. It was found that differences in peak timing resulting from different patterns were highly significant, differences in the distributions of peak flow were significant and differences in the distributions of storm flow volumes were insignificant even given a long period of synthetic record. Rainfall pattern per se seems to have only a second order effect on hydrograph characteristics. Assessing the correct volume of input in a highly spatial variable pattern is far more important in predicting stream hydrographs.
AN IN SITU COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FOUR ALGICIDES1
Authors: Hoffman Roderick W. , Bills Gerald , Rae John
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Four algicides (copper citrate, copper ethanolamine, simazine, and diuron) were tested for effectiveness using in situ bio‐assays. Bioassays were conducted in clear polyethylene bags and algicide effectiveness measured by chlorophyll a, productivity, and algal counts. The body of water where this testing took place had a high pH (9.2), and high levels of total dissolved solids (610 mg/l) and nutrients. The order of effectiveness found in this study was simazine > diuron > copper ethanolamine > copper citrate.
FEE FISHING AREAS IN ILLINOIS1
Authors: Kouba Leonard J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Fishing is a popular form of recreation in the state of Illinois. Despite seemingly endless varieties of fishing opportunities, limited public access, distant location of lakes with respect to population centers, chemical contaminants in some waters, and the desire for species not naturally found in Illinois have engendered an alternate form of recreational land use, the daily fee fishing area. A fee area is any privately controlled body of water or waters where a fee is charged for fishing. Such operations must Low licensed by the state of Illinois. Fee areas are almost entirely comprised of existing man‐made impoundments, particularly farm ponds. They are usually stocked on a put and take basis. The most common species utilized in Illinois are carp and channel catfish. Fee areas are concentrated in the southwestern part of the state and near major metropolitan centers. Even though the number of fee areas has declined during the past decade, the role of such operations remains important to the overall picture of fishing in Illinois.
THE IMPACT OF ENERGY DEVELOPMENT JN THE TONGUE RIVER BASIN, SOUTHEASTERN MONTANA1
Authors: Hickcox David H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Southeastern Montana's Tongue River basin is experiencing rapid development of its extensive coal deposits. This development has a significant impact on the basin's hydrologic systems. Ground water flow is disrupted by mining and its quality degraded. Mine mouth conversion of the coal involves consumption of large amounts of water at the expense of downstream UBCTS, creating several water conflicts. Allocation of Tongue River water has favored agricultural users, and re‐allocation is difficult.
MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT LEVELS FOR TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN WATER: A STATISTICAL APPROACH1
Authors: Page G. William , Greenberg Michrael
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A method to establish maximum contaminant levels or nondegradation standards for toxic substances in water is described. The method described is based on statistical outlier procedures which distinguish ubiquitous background levels of toxic substances from those concentrations significantly greater than background. Because this approach utilizes environmental data, it can calculate an interim maximum contaminant level which can help protect the public until sufficient health effects data are available to establish human health based maximum contaminant levels.
COMPARING METHODS OF HYDROLOGIC REGIONALIZATION1
Authors: Tasker Gary D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Data splitting is used to compare methods of determining “homogeneous” hydrologic regions. The methods compared use cluster analysis based on similarity of hydrologic characteristics or similarity of characteristics of a stream's drainage basin. Data for 221 stations in Arizona are used to show that the methods, which are a modification of DeCoursey's scheme for defining regions, improve the fit of estimation data to the model, but that is is necessary to have an independent measure of predictive accuracy, such as that provided by data splitting, to demonstrate improved predictive accuracy. The methods used the complete linkage algorithm for cluster analysis and computed weighted average estimates of hydrologic characteristics at ungaged sites.
THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF WATER REALLOCATIONS ON AGRICULTURE IN IDAHO1
Authors: Long Roger B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Economics is concerned with the allocation of resources between alternative uses. Traditionally, in the western United States, water resources have been committed to agriculture and irrigation. Other competitive uses such as power, industry, and recreation are challenging this allocation. What are the impacts of shifting water out of agriculture into other uses, is a question that needs to be given consideration. Ilia paper attempts to evaluate the tradeoff between using farm land for either irrigated or dryland production and the resulting impacts on gross farm income and the average price of land. Baaed on historical data, reducing irrigated acreage and increasing dryland acreage could greatly reduce both farm income and the equity in farming. The model presented in this paper should be useful for evaluating the tradeoffs between dryland and irrigated land use, especially when there are gat differences in productivity such as those that exist in the inter‐mountain region of the Western United States.
A MODELING APPROACH FOR STORM WATER QUANTITY AND QUALITY CONTROL VIA DETENTION BASINS1
Authors: Ferrara Raymond A. , Hildick‐Smith Andrew
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Storm water detention basins have historically been employed for quantity (i.e., flooding) control only. However, recently it has been suggested that these basins may also provide a practical means of storm water quality control. This paper presents the formulation of a mathematical modeling approach which may be used by professionals to simultaneously design detention basins for the dual purpose of storm water quantity and quality control. Model simulations demonstrate that for a given basin, pollutant removal increases as storm frequency increases. The importance of particle size distribution and settling velocity for net pollutant removal is illustrated, The design procedure is demonstrated, and pollutant loading diagrams for estimating pollutant removal as a function of storm size are developed.
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATERSHED PROJECTS ‐ AN OVERVIEW METHODOLOGY AND APPLICATION1
Authors: Brooks K. N. , Gregersen H. M. , Berglund E. R. , Tayaa M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Deforestation and intensive land use on a global scale has resulted in watershed deterioration and threatened municipal and irrigation reservoirs. Watershed rehabilitation programs must allocate funds to priority projects. A tool for decisionmakers is presented which provides a four‐step overview economic analysis by the integration of physical and biological considerations. The overview tool is applied to a current proposed watershed project in Morocco.
AN OVERVIEW OF POROUS PAVEMENT RESEARCH1
Authors: Field Richard , Masters Hugh , Singer Melvin
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the economics, advantages, potential applications, and status and future research needs of porous pavements. Porous pavements are an available storm water management technique which can be used on parking lots and low volume roadways in order to reduce both storm water runoff volume and pollution. In addition, ground water recharge is enhanced. Also, cost reductions result due to elimination of curbs, drains, and small sized storm sewers. Porous asphalt pavements consist of a relatively thin course of open graded asphalt mix over a deep base of large size crushed stones. Water can be stored in the crushed stone base until it can percolate into the subbase or drain laterally. Other porous pavement types include concrete lattice blocks and a porous concrete mix.
DETERMINATION OF AQUIFER PARAMETERS USING REGRESSION ANALYSIS1
Authors: Khan Irfan A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Transmissivity and storativity of an aquifer are usually determined by analysis of steady or nonsteady pumping test data. The classical methods of nonsteady pumping test analysis are mostly graphical in nature and are, therefore, subject to errors of judgment in curve fitting, interpolating, and reading graphs and charts. A method is described here which does not require construction of graphs or use of charts and tables. The transmissivity and the storativity are calculated using regression analysis of the nonsteady time drawdown field data. The calculations can readily be performed on a hand held calculator. The procedure is described using four examples, and the results are compared with those obtained from graphical techniques. It is shown that the method is a viable alternative to the type curve solution of Theis or Straight line solution of Jacob for nonleaky artesian aquifers. However, the regression method poses problem in the cases of leaky artesian and water table aquifers.
Relationship of Water Quality and Pollutant Loads to Land Uses in adjoining watersheds1
Authors: Ostry Robert C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Grand and Saugeen Rivers in southern Ontario were chosen for study as pilot watersheds under the Pollution From Land Use Activities Reference Group (PLUARG) study. The pilot watersheds have adjacent headwater areas and are physically similar in geology, physiography, and climate. Significant differences in water quality between the watersheds at their outlets are attributed to land use and population differences. The major pollutant sources in the two pilot watersheds were identified as trace elements from urban runoff and point source discharges; phosphorus from agricultural and urban runoff and private waste disposal; chloride from transportation corridors; and sediment and nitrogen from agricultural runoff. Yields at the watershed outlets were similar for suspended sediment and two to three times as high in the Grand River for phosphours, nitrogen, chloride, and lead. The higher phosphorus and nitrogen levels were attributed to larger point source inputs and the higher proportion of agricultural activity, comprising 75 percent of the Grand River basin compared to 64 percent in the Saugeen River basin. Similarly, the higher chloride and lead levels were attributed to an order of magnitude larger population and three times as much urban land in the Grand River basin compared to the Saugeen River basin.
Impact of Coal Ash from Electric Power Production on Changes in Water Quality1
Authors: Guthrie R. K. , Davis E. M. , Cherry D. S. , Walton J. R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Since 1972 the use of coal in the U.S. has increased much more rapidly than predicted, with much of this increased use by electric power generating plants. Residue after combustion consists primarily of inorganic materials, with the majority of chemical elements concentrated in fly ash as is sulfate. The concentration of sulfate in this ash fraction most affects the chemical and physical state of other elements when fly ash comes in contact with water by lowering the pH. In a properly constructed and operated ash settling basin, however, major water quality parameters of effluent may be improved as compared to source water. It is necessary, however, to consider the solubility or deposition in sediment of potentially toxic chemical elements from fly ash as these may affect reuse of this water, or as they may impact other parts of the aquatic environment.
ON THE EVALUATION OF OPERATIONAL CLOUD SEEDING PROJECTS1
Authors: Hsu C.‐F. , Changnon S. A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Operational cloud seeding projects, those designed to produce a desired change in the weather and that are nonexperimental in nature, continue to be pursued widely in the United States. A recurring question by scientists, project sponsors, and cloud seeders has been, “was the weather altered and if so, by how much?” Evaluation of such projects is now recognized as having scientific benefits, and a four‐year study has addressed various techniques and statistical methods to perform evaluations and to learn more about how to modify the weather. Most such evaluations hinge on some type of space‐time comparisons, but valid comparisons can be obtained only avoiding biases in the project design and operation. Through simulated changes in weather conditions, it was determined that the principal component regression techniques were used to evaluate selected rain and hail modification projects, revealing modification in certain projects and none in others. Various relevant issues have been examined such as use of other weather variables (covariates) to increase detection power, the validity of using historical data as controls for discrete operational periods, possible randomization options during cloud seeding operations, and analyses of individual rain events versus that based on monthly or seasonal units.
ACUTE TOXICITY OF PICRIC ACID AND PICRAMIC ACID TO RAINBOW TROUT, SALMO GAIRDNERI, AND AMERICAN OYSTER, CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA1
Authors: Goodfellow William L. , Burton Dennis T. , Graves William C. , Hall Lenwood W. , Cooper Keith R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Picric acid (2,4,6‐trinitrophenol) and picramic acid (2‐amino‐4,6‐dinitrophenol) are potential water pollutents due to a variety of industrial and munition uses. The possible impacts of picric and picramic acid to two recreationally and commercially important species, rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, and American oysters, Crassostrea virginica, were evaluated. Picramic acid was more toxic than picric acid to both species tested. The 96‐h LC50s for picric and picramic acids for rainbow trout were 109.6 and 46.2 mg/1, respectively. The 144‐h LC50s for picric and picramic acid for American oysters were 254.9 and 69.8 mg/1, respectively. Sublethal no growth EC50s and shell deposition EC50s for oysters showed that both compounds caused adverse effects at much lower concentrations than indicated by the LC50s. For example, the 144‐h shell deposition EC50s were 27.9 mg/1 for picric acid and 5.6 mg/1 for picramic acid. Sediment adsorbtion studies in estuarine water indicated that both compounds are not readily adsorbed which suggests that sediment would not play a major role as a sink in contaminated systems. Oysters, which filter large quantities of particulate matter, would more likely be affected by picric and picramic acids in the water column than by exposure to contaminated sediment.
DESIRED AND ACHIEVED OUTCOMES IN FEDERAL WATER RESOURCES PLANNING1
Authors: Bolton Patricia A. , Lord William B. , Chase James A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Local or project level planning occurs within most federal water resources programs. Such planning involves both federal and local participants, and commonly involves a range of interest groups. It is necessary to know what goals these participants believe the planning process ought to achieve in order to design planning procedures which will meet their expectations. Social judgment analysis was used to elicit those goals for respondents who had participated in one of five different federal water resources programs, in one of five different roles. Respondents also evaluated the extent to which the planning activities in a recent project in which they had participated had actually attained the posited goals. The respondents believed that responsiveness to local problems was significantly more important than resolving conflicts or increasing public understanding. A fourth goal, achieving national objectives, was believed to be less important than the other three. No significant differences in these goal evaluations were associated with the type of program in which the respondents had participated. However, there were significant differences associated with the respondent's role in the planning process. Respondents' ratings of the effectiveness of actual planning projects varied by both program and respondent role.
QUALITY OF RUNOFF FROM MINNESOTA PEATLANDS: II. A METHOD FOR ASSESSING MINING IMPACTS1
Authors: Clausen John C. , Brooks Kenneth N.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The impacts of milled peat mining on runoff quality in northern Minnesota were determined using a multiple watershed approach. The frequency distributions of water quality constituents were used to detect whether runoff from a mined bog differed from that of 15 unmined (control) bogs. Peat mining increased water temperature, suspended sediment, specific conductance and concentrations of acidity, iron, sodium, and nitrogen species, although drinking water standards were not exceeded (α= 0.05). The method presented may be applicable for other nonpoint pollution investigations.
EFFECTS OF HYDRILLA AND GRASS CARP ON WATER QUALITY IN A FLORIDA LAKE1
Authors: Canfield Daniel E. , Maceina Michael J. , Shireman Jerome V.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Changes in water chemistry, water clarity, and planktonic chlorophyll a were measured as hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) abundance increased and then decreased in Lake Baldwin, Florida. Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) were used to eliminate submersed macrophytes. No major trends in lake pH, conductivity, or total nitrogen concentrations occurred in association with changes in hydrilla levels. Increased Secchi disc transparency and reductions in total alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, potassium, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll a concentrations occurred as hydrilla abundance increased. Large increases in the chemical parameters and a reduction in Secchi disc transparency occurred as hydrilla decreased and was eliminated from the lake by grass carp. The effects of hydrilla on lake water chemistry are related to the percentage of the lake's volume infested with hydrilla and macrophyte standing crop.
THE LIMNOLOGY OF LAKE WABUKAYNE, A STORM‐WATER IMPOUNDMENT1
Authors: Free Brian M. , Mulamoottil George G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The limnology of a 1.9‐ha storm‐water detention pond is described. The eutrophic nature of this impoundment is attributed to the nutrients in runoff from the surrounding residential area. During the summer, photosynthetic activity of the phytoplankton caused surface waters to become super‐saturated with oxygen, while decomposing organic material greatly reduced dissolved oxygen concentrations in the deeper water. Sediment derived from construction activity within the drainage basin caused the impoundment to be turbid. The use of road deicing salts within the drainage basin produced high chloride concentrations and a temporary meromixis during the winter and early spring. The benthic fauna consisted primarily of oligochaetes, chironomids, and chaoborids. High densities of oligochaetes were present in the settling basin. Chaoborid larvae were abundant in the deep basin where low oxygen concentrations reduced the numbers of other benthic macroinvertebrates.
MODELING UPLAND EROSION1
Authors: Khanbilvardi Reza M. , Rogowski Andrew S. , Miller Arthur C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: We have developed a computer model of soil loss on an upland watershed from the continuity considerations for sediment transport and from equations describing rill and interrill erosion. The model is based on dividing the upland area into a grid containing rill and interill zones, on the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), and on equations describing detachment and transport capacity of rill flow. The USLE estimates the sediment load from the contributing areas. The location and amount of total erosion and deposition are determined by comparing the transport and detachment capacity of rill flow for specific storms. The model considers the mechanics of erosion process and can serve as basis for reservoir and channel design and land use planning.
WATER CONSTRAINTS ON ENERGY DEVELOPMENT: A FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSIS1
Authors: Harte John
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The pressure on water resources from energy resource development and transformation is likely to be greater in the future than it has been in the past. A rational resolution of the political problems that this situation will generate requires that: 1) planning based on predictions of future energy supply and demand be replaced by scenario, or “what if?” analysis; 2) full attention be paid to the uncertainties in per‐unit‐energy water requirements; 3) suitable stochastic measures of water availability be used to compare water supply with water demand; 4) realistic ecological criteria, and other alternative use criteria, be developed for estimating impacts of water withdrawn or consurned for energy development; 5) human consequences of ecological impaccts are described in a manner that will allow the political process to intervene in an optimum manner to allocate water resources.
SAMPLING ACCURACY OF PIT VS. STANDARD RAIN GAGES ON THE FERNOW EXPERIMENTAL FOREST1
Authors: Helvey J. D. , Patric J. H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Catch in standard (unshielded) rain gages exposed 3 feet above the land surface was compared with catch in pit (buried) gages exposed 1 inch above the land surface. These tests confirmed that catch in standard gages under estimates point rainfall in forest openings, as well as in conventional weather stations. Pit gages caught significantly (P=0.05) more rain than did standard gages at each of four locations tested. Catch increases ranged from 2.3 to 3.4 percent.
GUIDELINES FOR INTERACTIVE COMPUTER SOFTWARE IN WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING1
Authors: II T. V. Hromadka , Clements J. M. , Guymon G. L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A case study in the development of interactive computer software for water resources related engineering problems in presented. Guidelines for the preparation of a uniform set of interactive program requirements are discussed. Use of the developed guidelines will reduce computer usage expenditures by minimizing program learning time and data entry errors.
ENHANCING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN DEFINING WATER RESOURCE POLICY1
Authors: Schierow Linda‐Jo , Chesters Gordon
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Federal regulations require agencies administering water resource projects to inform and educate citizens so that they will understand and participate effectively in local programs. Government officials and public involvement specialists have proposed positive outcomes which should derive from agency educational efforts. Eleven interdependent educational goals are identified in this study such that achievement of each goal improves the likelihood of achieving others. Evaluations indicate that educational programs are inadequate and goals are not attained fully. The incorporation of mechanisms employed by professional educators is a potential remedy. Educational and social psychology contain an abundance of effective educational devices and methodologies appropriate for use in informal adult educational programs. An individualized educational program is recommended to meet the needs of a heterogeneous adult audience.
THE POTENTIAL FOR WATER YIELD AUGMENTATION FROM FOREST MANAGEMENT IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION1
Authors: Troendle C. A.
Published: June 2007

With the exception of the Sierra‐Cascade mountain ranges, the Rocky Mountain chain is the only portion of the western United States that consistently yields more than 3 cm of flow annually. Ten to 15 percent of the land mass in the region produces the majority of the total flow.

This paper addresses the opportunities for increasing flow through forest manipulation, and summarizes the research base that has yielded the current “state of the art” understanding of how snow pack and vegetation management can influence water yield. The optimal harvest design appears to consist of small openings, irregularly shaped, and about 3 to 8 tree heights in width parallel to the wind.
WATER YIELD AUGMENTATION THROUGH FOREST AND RANGE MANAGEMENT ‐ ISSUES FOR THE FUTURE1
Authors: Ponce Stanley L. , Meiman James R.
Published: June 2007

The demand for more water is increasing throughout the country. Research on upland watersheds clearly demonstrates that water yield can be increased using forest and range management practices. Based on the experience of the past several decades and a review of six papers in a recent AWRA series on water yield augmentation through vegetation management, the following issues and concerns are discussed: predicting increased yields from large basins; economic evaluation of additional flows; court acceptance and need for system models; the legal question of ownership and transferability of increased yields; and management emphasis on private and federal lands. The immediate potential for water yield augmentation is on carefully selected watersheds that have the bio‐physical potential to produce high value water under environmentally acceptable multiple use management. We predict water yield management on a broader scale will result from increased pressures to solve the legal and economic issues involved.
THE ENHANCED ROLE OF WATER CONSERVATION IN THE COST‐BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF WATER PROJECTS1
Authors: Griffin Ronald C. , Stoll John R.
Published: June 2007

The concept of water conservation has increased in importance because of revisions in the rules and procedures for performing cost‐benefit analyses of federal water projects. These revisions include a requirement that nonstructural and water conservation measures be incorporated into economic assessments of projects. Project analyses will now proceed as if water supplies were allocated “most effectively,” that is, to their highest valued uses. A related requirement provides that the net benefits of any project should now be valued using willingness to pay measures. A specific cost‐benefit methodology accommodating the revisions is constructed and discussed. Informational requirements for applying this methodology are identified. In addition to being consistent with federal mandates, this technique offers important advantages over the traditional “requirements” approach to water supply planning.
A TECHNIQUE TO RECONSTRUCT RIVER DISCHARGE HISTORY FROM TREE‐RINGS1
Authors: Wendland Wayne M. , Watson‐Stegner Donna
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Cores were obtained from several tree species located both on a river floodplain and a nearby terrace. A ratio of annual tree growth on floodplains to terrace growth was developed and shown to be related to the annual river discharge. Growth ratios from the time prior to written records can therefore be used to reconstruct river discharge and infer past unrecorded flood frequency. Oak and basswood ratios yielded the best models for discharge reconstruction, whereas those of elm and birch were less useful. This method permits reconstruction of river discharge from an assemblage of growth cores obtained within a relatively small area.
DISSIPATION OF 2,4‐D DMA AND BEE FROM WATER, MUD, AND FISH AT LAKE SEMINOLE, GEORGIA1
Authors: Hoeppel Ronald E. , Westerdahl Howard E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Four 10‐ha plots in dense watermilfoil beds of Lake Seminole, Georgia, were each treated with either 2,4‐D DMA or 2,4‐D BEE at rates of 22.5 and 45 kg a.e./ha. Both formulations were shown to be rapidly converted to the 2,4‐D acid form, with no detection of 2,4‐D DMA or 2,4‐D BEE in the water within less than 24 hours after treatment. The maximum detected 2,4‐D concentrations in the high rate 2,4‐D DMA and 2,4‐D BEE plots were 3.6 and 0.68 mg/, respectively. However, all but seven samples at a 2,4‐D BEE plot showed nondetectable herbicide levels by day 7, with all water samples showing nondetectable levels by day 13. Dimethylnitrosamine and 2,4‐dichlorophenol, potentially toxic transformation products of the herbicide formulations, were at nondetectable levels in all water samples. Sediment samples showed no significant net accumulation of 2,4‐D, 2,4‐D BEE, or 2,4‐dichlorophenol during the summer monitoring; dimethylnitrosamine remained at nondetectable levels. There was no accumulation of 2,4‐D in fish collected from the two plots treated with 2,4‐D DMA. Four of 24 game fish from the 2,4‐D BEE treatment plots contained low levels of 2,4‐D in muscle tissue, with a maximum value of 0.29 μg/g. In contrast, 18 of 20 gizzard shad collected from these plots through day 13 contained detectable 2,4‐D in the muscle, with a maximum concentration of 6.9 μg/g. All fish collected after day 13 contained nondetectable levels of 2,4‐D. Small decreases in dissolved oxygen and pH, associated with the complete watermilfoil control in all plots, had returned to normal summer values by day 28.
ECONOMIC RESOURCE MULTIPLIERS FOR REGIONAL IMPACT ANALYSIS1
Authors: Harris Thomas R. , Ching Chauncey T. K.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Tradeoffs between regional economic development and resource use is a question often confronting local decisionmakers. A resource‐interindustry model can be used to depict the interrelationships between regional economic sectors as to household income and/or employment and resource use. A resource‐interindustry model was developed for Humboldt and Lander Counties in Nevada which shows the tradeoffs between regional household income (wages, salaries, profits, and rents) and/or employment and water usage. Water income and water employment multipliers can be ranked, enabling decisionmakers to realize sectors which require greatest regional water usage to regional household income and/or employment.