bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Who Mobilizes?
Authors: Levine Adam Seth
Published: November 2017

This chapter sets the stage for the remainder of the book by examining the types of political organizations most likely to mobilize individual citizens concerned about job insecurity, healthcare costs, retirement insecurity, and college costs. Part of this discussion involves identifying the types of barriers that must be overcome when forming such organizations. Another part involves identifying examples of organizations (including interest groups, parties, and campaigns) that are most likely to overcome them. This latter part of the discussion is situated historically, showing how the types of organizations most likely to mobilize people facing material concerns have changed over time. The chapter also describes how these groups seek to engage individual citizens in the cause, including depending upon them to devote time and money.
Political Voice across Issues
Authors: Levine Adam Seth
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines patterns of political participation more broadly across time and space. It directly compares people's likelihood of becoming active based on which political issues they consider most important. The data for this analysis are drawn from the American National Election Study data from the past three decades. The chapter asks: If we look back over the past thirty years, have the people who consider insecurity issues to be most important also been less likely to spend resources on politics than those who consider other issues to be most important? Have they been less likely to donate money to political organizations? And, if they are in the labor force, have they been less likely to volunteer as well? Moreover, do these differences remain even after we take into account other differences between the types of people who prioritize economic insecurity issues versus those who consider other issues to be most important?
Rulers and Ministers
Authors: El Amine Loubna
Published: November 2017

This chapter looks at the division of labor between ruler and ministers needed to maintain the Confucian vision of an orderly society, in both its basic and exalted versions. It illustrates the importance of ministers in the Confucian vision of government, especially for Xunzi, who made ministers responsible for the day-to-day business of government. A similar distinction between virtuous kings and hegemons applies in the case of ministers: while sage ministers are favored, meritorious ministers are also accepted. This appreciation of less-than-virtuous ministers reveals Xunzi's concern with political order and his recognition that a basic level of order is all that can be achieved at times. The chapter also revisits the relationship between virtue and government in the Confucian conception of politics.
Political Involvement
Authors: El Amine Loubna
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues that involvement in politics is necessary for the full development of virtue. According to the Confucian view, a person cannot become fully virtuous in isolation from politics. The chapter argues against the contention that the Confucians adopted a purist approach, rejecting any involvement in political regimes that they deemed corrupt. Instead, they advocated involvement in politics based on a consequentialist logic: involvement is permitted, even advisable, insofar as it can bring about political order. The chapter challenges Robert Eno's reading of the early Confucian texts—particularly the Analects and Mencius—in which the Confucians reveal themselves to be in favor of political engagement, even in troubled times.
Heaven in Politics
Authors: El Amine Loubna
Published: November 2017

This chapter analyzes the role of Heaven (tian) in the Confucian political vision. The resort to Heaven provides legitimacy for Confucians' political endeavors by supporting some other pursuits, like the achievement and promotion of merit, and political engagement more generally, but also by shielding political actors from responsibility for events beyond their control. The chapter follows Robert Eno's scholarship, which argues that the early Confucians use Heaven as a legitimating device to justify political ideas that are not about Heaven per se. According to him, Heaven is not a “defining interest” for the Confucians, and that early Confucian philosophy seems directed away from metaphysics and religion.
Significant Digits and the Significand
Authors: Berger Arno , Hill Theodore P.
Published: November 2017

Benford's law is a statement about the statistical distribution of significant (decimal) digits or, equivalently, about significands, namely fraction parts in floating-point arithmetic. Thus, a natural starting point for any study of Benford's law is the formal definition of significant digits and the significand function. This chapter contains formal definitions, examples, and graphs of significant digits and the significand (mantissa) function, and the probability spaces needed to formulate Benford's law precisely, including the crucial natural domain of “events,” the so-called significand σ‎-algebra.
Scale-, Base-, and Sum-lnvariance
Authors: Berger Arno , Hill Theodore P.
Published: November 2017

This chapter establishes and illustrates three basic invariance properties of the Benford distribution that are instrumental in demonstrating whether or not certain datasets are Benford, and that also prove helpful for predicting which empirical data are likely to follow Benford's law closely. These are the scale-invariance property, base-invariance property, and sum-invariance property.
Real-valued Deterministic Processes
Authors: Berger Arno , Hill Theodore P.
Published: November 2017

In science, one-dimensional deterministic (i.e., non-random) systems provide the simplest models for processes that evolve over time. Mathematically, these models take the form of one-dimensional difference or differential equations. This chapter presents the basic theory of Benford's law for them. Specifically, it studies conditions under which these models conform to Benford's law by generating Benford sequences and functions, respectively. The first seven sections of the chapter focus on discrete-time systems (i.e., difference equations) because they are somewhat easier to work with explicitly. Once the Benford properties of discrete-time systems are understood, it is straightforward to establish the analogous properties for continuous-time systems (i.e., differential equations), which is done in the chapter's final section.
The Pessimism Controversy
Authors: Beiser Frederick C.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the most intense philosophical controversies of the late nineteenth century: the Pessimismusstreit. According to some contemporary accounts, pessimism quickly overshadowed materialism as the most pressing and important issue of the age. Pessimism swiftly became the talk of the town, the subject of literary salons, and even the object of satire. The pessimism controversy had two main phases. The first phase arose in the 1860s with Schopenhauer's rise to fame, when many articles, pamphlets, and books were published attacking his pessimism. The second phase began in 1870 in reaction against Eduard von Hartmann's Philosophie des Unbewussten, which had reaffirmed but qualified Schopenhauer's pessimism.
Introduction
Authors: Schiller Wendy J. , Stewart Charles
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, which is to examine the dynamics of indirect elections and assess the consequences of the switch to direct elections with the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment. In the broadest terms, it aims to assess the extent to which the goals of the Seventeenth Amendment—empowering voters in the choice of U.S. senators, and reducing the corrosive effects of money and party machine power—have been met. In so doing, it provides a new opportunity to understand electoral design, legislatures, parties, and political ambition. In particular, the book examines the election of U.S. senators from 1871 to 1913 based on where those elections occurred: the state legislatures. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Myth and Reality of the Seventeenth Amendment
Authors: Schiller Wendy J. , Stewart Charles
Published: November 2017

This chapter summarizes the book's findings and reflects more broadly on the quality and context of Senate representation under two different electoral systems. In doing so, it addresses several key questions about institutional representation in the U.S. democracy. Are U.S. senators more responsive today to the needs and opinions of their constituents than under indirect elections? Did state legislators actually serve as good trustees in choosing their U.S. senators on behalf of their states' voters? Finally, if the Tea Party and other advocates for the repeal of the Seventeenth Amendment get their wish, will the U.S. Senate be a fundamentally different institution?
Sexing the World
Authors: Corbeill Anthony
Published: November 2017

From the moment a child in ancient Rome began to speak Latin, the surrounding world became populated with objects possessing grammatical gender—masculine eyes (oculi), feminine trees (arbores), neuter bodies (corpora). This book surveys the many ways in which grammatical gender enabled Latin speakers to organize aspects of their society into sexual categories, and how this identification of grammatical gender with biological sex affected Roman perceptions of Latin poetry, divine power, and human hermaphrodites. Beginning with the ancient grammarians, the book examines how these scholars used the gender of nouns to identify the sex of the object being signified, regardless of whether that object was animate or inanimate. This informed the Roman poets who, for a time, changed at whim the grammatical gender for words as seemingly lifeless as “dust” (pulvis) or “tree bark” (cortex). The book then applies the idea of fluid grammatical gender to the basic tenets of Roman religion and state politics. It looks at how the ancients tended to construct Rome's earliest divinities as related male and female pairs, a tendency that waned in later periods. An analogous change characterized the dual-sexed hermaphrodite, whose sacred and political significance declined as the republican government became an autocracy. The book shows that the fluid boundaries of sex and gender became increasingly fixed into opposing and exclusive categories.
Roman Poets on Grammatical Gender
Authors: Corbeill Anthony
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines eight different explanations that scholars have put forward since antiquity for the literary phenomenon of the non-standard gender. More specifically, it investigates why some poets were thought to have greater access to literary authority than others. The explanations range from semantic distinctions to morphology and analogy, metrical convenience, sound, and Greek intertextuality. Informing these various ancient explanations is an assumption that the desire and ability of the most highly respected poets to transform grammatical gender provides tangible evidence of the superior knowledge that these poets possess of the relationship between language and the natural world. Roman scholars attributed to poets the privileged knowledge of an early poetic language, one that had access to mythic and folkloric associations dating back to the period when the Latin language was first coming into existence.
On the Matter of Sovereignty
Authors: Smith Adam T.
Published: November 2017

This chapter works to define an object-aware account of sovereignty, one attentive to the articulations of human bodies and assemblages (and their distinct ways of working) rather than “oriented” explicitly to the object. The goal is not to provide a review of contemporary theories of sovereignty but to examine what happened to the political in archaeology and to detail its recent resurgence within a range of studies that attend to the matter of sovereignty. The second portion of the chapter then examines the reciprocal problem—how political theory lost sight of things—and outlines the intellectual foundations for regrounding the polity in the machinery of sovereign reproduction. Thus, the chapter moves from a broad focus on the political—that borderless mass of relations defined by the operation of a power that aspires to map the contours of an ordered community—toward a more focused attention on sovereignty as a condition of political interactions, embedded in the relations of authority.
Introduction: Colors of Security
Authors: Molotch Harvey
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book examines strategies for security against nature as well as against the machinations of human beings and their organizations. The analytic strategy is threefold. First is the effort to understand this massive social, moral, and political thing called “security,” and what goes on in its name. A second goal emerges from the idea that, in the specific and sometimes hell-bent responses to threats, we can see how a particular world works. So studying security is a method, a way to learn how—through people's scramble for survival, capacity, and position—“normal” life operates. A third focus is practical: it assumes the role of consultant, the kind who is seldom if ever brought in because he looks for the benign in a situation that is more often in hunt for the demonic.
Who Is the Tea Party and What Do They Want?
Authors: Parker Christopher S. , Barreto Matt A.
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter considers how people are driven to support the Tea Party from the anxiety they feel as they perceive the America they know is slipping away, threatened by the rapidly changing face of what they believe is the “real” America: a heterosexual, Christian, middle-class (mostly) male, white country. The Tea Party's emergence is the latest in a series of national right-wing social movements that have cropped up in America since the nineteenth century. This chapter argues that support for the Tea Party is motivated by something beyond the more conventional view of conservatism in which economic freedom and small government, as well as social and fiscal responsibility, are prized. Instead, people who are attracted to the Tea Party are reactionary conservatives: people who fear change of any kind.
Profane Culture
Authors: Willis Paul E.
Published: November 2017

A classic of British cultural studies, this book takes the reader into the worlds of two important 1960s youth cultures — the motor-bike boys and the hippies. The motor-bike boys were working-class motorcyclists who listened to the early rock 'n' roll of the late 1950s. In contrast, the hippies were middle-class drug users with long hair and a love of progressive music. Both groups were involved in an unequal but heroic fight to produce meaning and their own cultural forms in the face of a larger society dominated by the capitalist media and commercialism. They were pioneers of cultural experimentation, the self-construction of identity, and the curating of the self, which, in different ways, have become so widespread today. This book develops an important and still very contemporary theory and methodology for understanding the constructions of lived and popular culture. Its new preface discusses the ties between the cultural moment explored in the book and today.
Heroic Aspirations in 1990
Authors: Sarotte Mary Elise
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses former Secretary General Mikhail Gorbachev's challenge to his own original plan: a heroic model of multinationalism. Gorbachev dropped the restoration concept entirely and instead proposed to build a vast new edifice from the Atlantic to the Urals: the fulfillment of his desire to create a common European home of many rooms. States under this model would retain their own political orders, but cooperate via international economic and military institutions. Ironically, former East German dissident movements proposed a similar model. They wanted new construction as well, though of a more limited expanse. Their goal was the construction of an improved socialism in East Germany, with a curiously prescient kind of “property pluralism” that would allow both private property and state intervention in times of economic crisis.
Ideas of Liberty in Early Modern Europe
Authors: Gatti Hilary
Published: November 2017

Europe's long sixteenth century—a period spanning the years roughly from the voyages of Columbus in the 1490s to the English Civil War in the 1640s—was an era of power struggles between avaricious and unscrupulous princes, inquisitions and torture chambers, and religious differences of ever more violent fervor. This book argues that this turbulent age also laid the conceptual foundations of our modern ideas about liberty, justice, and democracy. The book shows how these ideas emerged in response to the often-violent entrenchment of monarchical power and the fragmentation of religious authority, against the backdrop of the westward advance of Islam and the discovery of the New World. It looks at Machiavelli's defense of republican political liberty, and traces how liberty became intertwined with free will and religious pluralism in the writings of Luther, Erasmus, Jean Bodin, and Giordano Bruno. The book examines how the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre and the clash of science and religion gave rise to concepts of liberty as freedom of thought and expression. Returning to Machiavelli and moving on to Jacques Auguste de Thou, Paolo Sarpi, and Milton, the book delves into debates about the roles of parliamentary government and a free press in guaranteeing liberties. Drawing on a breadth of canonical and lesser-known writings, the book reveals how an era stricken by war and injustice gave birth to a more enlightened world.
“A Pressing Problem of Interracial Justice”
Authors: Hsu Madeline Y.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes how international war compelled repeal of the Chinese exclusion laws, which were seen as unacceptable insults to a wartime ally. As the first liberalization of immigration law since 1924, the campaign for repeal showcased long-simmering contradictions between foreign policy agendas, nativist racism, ethnic and religious groups, organized labor, and economic priorities that would channel and distort the long struggle for immigration reform and eventual passage of the Hart–Celler Act of 1965. With her Christian upbringing, American education, and proximity to power in China, Madame Chiang Kai-shek served as a potent symbol of the humanity and assimilability of Chinese as well as the possibility that long-cherished missionary dreams for the transformation of China into a Christian, democratic nation might be realized.
Symbiotic Brain Drains
Authors: Hsu Madeline Y.
Published: November 2017

This chapter analyzes immigration reform and the knowledge worker recruitment aspects of the Hart–Celler Act of 1965 to track the intensifying convergence of educational exchange programs, economic nationalism, and immigration reform. During the Cold War, the State Department expanded cultural diplomacy programs so that the numbers of international students burgeoned, particularly in the fields of science. Although the programs were initially conceived as a way of instilling influence over the future leaders of developing nations, international students, particularly from Taiwan, India, and South Korea, took advantage of minor changes in immigration laws and bureaucratic procedures that allowed students, skilled workers, and technical trainees to gain legal employment and eventually permanent residency and thereby remain in the United States.
Conclusion
Authors: Hsu Madeline Y.
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter considers early twenty-first-century immigration controls as furthering national economic advantage. The immigrant I.M. Pei, with his imported talent and skills, illustrates the diminishing of racial inequality through his exceptional accomplishments and success even as he reflects the hollowness of such civil rights victories. The quantified overattainment by the Asian American model minority emanates in large measure from immigration preferences that privilege those most likely to succeed educationally, economically, and now entrepreneurially. Model minority successes have served as rebukes to less well performing minority populations by implying that their failure to attain equal standing does not result from past and ongoing discrimination but is somehow attributable to a lack of the kind of cultural values that would produce upward mobility in the land of equal opportunity.
Power and Space in Precolonial Africa
Authors: Herbst Jeffrey
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the theory and practice of broadcasting power in precolonial Africa. In particular, it explores the nonterritorial nature of power and how African rulers in the time prior to the arrival of the Europeans conceived of their boundaries. It considers how the combination of large amounts of open land and rain-fed agriculture meant that, in precolonial Africa, control of territory was often not contested because it was often easier to escape from rulers than to fight them. It also discusses the effect of the demographic and political realities in precolonial Africa on the contours of the states. In particular, as control of particular pieces of land was not critical to African societies, “there was no indigenous map-making in Africa or...its presence is so insignificant as to justify that generalisation.” The chapter also describes the determinants of power in the precolonial African state.
Chiefs, States, and the Land
Authors: Herbst Jeffrey
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the extent to which Africa’s centralized states have been able to broadcast power into rural areas by focusing on ongoing disputes over land tenure. The role of local elites in the distribution of land is critical to their autonomy from the state. As a result, states have continually sought to alter property rights in order to disempower local elites. However, given the uneven ability of African states to implement controversial policies in the hinterlands, national authorities have had varying success in their efforts to supplant chiefs in controlling the process of allocation of land. The chapter analyzes the reasons why some states are more successful than others in implementing changes in property rights that supplant chiefs and, by extension, are better able to broadcast power over distance.
The Coin of the African Realm
Authors: Herbst Jeffrey
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the politics of the currency in West Africa from the beginning of the twentieth century. A public series of debates over the nature of the currency occurred in West Africa during both the colonial and independence periods. Since 1983, West African countries have been pioneers in Africa in developing new strategies to combat overvaluation of the currency and reduce the control of government over the currency supply. The chapter charts the evolution of West African currencies as boundaries and explores their relationship to state consolidation. It shows that leaders in African capitals managed to make the units they ruled increasingly distinct from the international and regional economies, but the greater salience of the currency did not end up promoting state consolidation. Rather, winning the ability to determine the value of the currency led to a series of disastrous decisions that severely weakened the states themselves.
The Past and the Future of State Power in Africa Revised for the New Paperback Edition
Authors: Herbst Jeffrey
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the patterns of state consolidation in Africa over the last several hundred years. A review of the trajectories of states is valuable because many of the fundamental features of African politics have become more understandable. Furthermore, a deep understanding of how states have progressed in Africa offers the opportunity to develop alternatives that might address some of the pathologies from which parts of Africa suffer. The chapter traces the evolution of state power in Africa and the problem of state failure. It also puts African state-building and consolidation in perspective, reflects on the future of state power in the continent, and evaluates alternatives to African states within the current international state system, such as decertifying old states and recognizing new nation-states. The chapter concludes with a discussion of alternatives to the sovereign state.
The Battle for Yellowstone
Authors: Farrell Justin
Published: November 2017

Yellowstone holds a special place in America's heart. As the world's first national park, it is globally recognized as the crown jewel of modern environmental preservation. But the park and its surrounding regions have recently become a lightning rod for environmental conflict, plagued by intense and intractable political struggles among the federal government, National Park Service, environmentalists, industry, local residents, and elected officials. This book asks why it is that, with the flood of expert scientific, economic, and legal efforts to resolve disagreements over Yellowstone, there is no improvement? Why do even seemingly minor issues erupt into impassioned disputes? What can Yellowstone teach us about the worsening environmental conflicts worldwide? The book argues that the battle for Yellowstone has deep moral, cultural, and spiritual roots that until now have been obscured by the supposedly rational and technical nature of the conflict. Tracing in detail the moral causes and consequences of large-scale social change in the American West, the book describes how a “new-west” social order has emerged that has devalued traditional American beliefs about manifest destiny and rugged individualism, and how morality and spirituality have influenced the most polarizing and techno-centric conflicts in Yellowstone's history. The book shows how the unprecedented conflict over Yellowstone is not all about science, law, or economic interests, but more surprisingly, is about cultural upheaval and the construction of new moral and spiritual boundaries in the American West.
The New (Wild) West: Social Upheaval, Moral Devaluation, and the Rise of Conflict
Authors: Farrell Justin
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines how dramatic social change in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) after 1970 ramped up competing moral commitments. It draws on a wealth of longitudinal data about demographic, economic, and cultural rearrangement to show how the area transitioned, in striking fashion, from old west to new west. It makes two arguments: First, that this large-scale social change has important moral causes and consequences, as competing groups erect and protect new moral boundaries in the fight for nature. Second, this new social and moral arrangement fostered protracted environmental conflict. The chapter presents the cast of characters involved in GYE conflicts, and then documents the rise of conflict using a host of original time-series indicators, across a variety of institutional fields (e.g., lawsuits, voting segregation, congressional attention, scientific disputes, public responses, interest group conflict, carrying capacity conflict).
Buffalo Crusaders: The Sacred Struggle for America’s Last Wild and Pure Herd
Authors: Farrell Justin
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the bitter, long-lasting, and sometimes violent dispute over the Yellowstone bison herd—America's only remaining genetically pure and free-roaming herd, which once numbered more than 30 million but was exterminated down to a mere 23 single animals. This intractable issue hinges on current scientific disagreements about the biology and ecology of the disease brucellosis (Brucella abortus). But in recent years, a more radical, grassroots, and direct action activist group called the Buffalo Field Campaign (BFC) has found success by shifting the focus of the debate away from science, toward the deeper religious dimensions of the issue. The chapter shows how the infusion of the conflict with moral and spiritual feeling has brought to the fore deeper questions that ultimately needed to be answered, thus making this a public religious conflict as much as a scientific one, sidestepping rabbit holes of intractability. It observes the ways in which BFC activists engaged in a phenomenon called moral and religious “muting.” This has theoretical implications for understanding how certain elements of culture (e.g., individualism and moral relativism) can organize and pattern others—especially in post hoc explanations of religiously motivated activism.
Types of Paternalism
Authors: Grand Julian Le , New Bill
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers some of the confusions in the literature over the different terminologies used to describe various kinds of government paternalism, including legal paternalism, soft and hard paternalism, and means- and ends-related paternalism. More specifically, it discusses paternalistic interventions whose intention is to replace the individual's judgment because the government does not approve of the individual's ends—the aims or outcomes that he/she seeks to achieve. It also examines paternalistic interventions that arise because the government perceives problems with the judgment that the individual has made concerning the means that are appropriate for achieving those ends. The chapter concludes by describing the relationship between ends-related paternalism and perfectionism, Ronald Dworkin's understanding of “volitional” and “critical” forms of paternalism as they relate to the means-ends distinction, and moral paternalism and legal moralism.
Paternalism and Well-Being
Authors: Grand Julian Le , New Bill
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines arguments over government paternalism derived from considerations of individual well-being. It begins with a discussion of the classical economic model of rationality and the emergence of an alternative model during the twentieth century. It then reviews an increasing volume of evidence from behavioral economics and psychology of the so-called “reasoning failure”: the fact that individuals, in trying to achieve the end of improving their well-being, tend to make mistakes and do so in a systematic way. Four possible sources for such failure are discussed: limited technical ability, limited imagination, limited willpower, and limited objectivity. The chapter concludes by rejecting ends-related paternalism but accepting the well-being case for means-related paternalism.
Libertarian Paternalism
Authors: Grand Julian Le , New Bill
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the so-called nudge ideas based on libertarian paternalism and asymmetric paternalism, both of which seek to provide a practical approach to the trade-off between well-being and autonomy. Nudge policies are government interventions that seek to change the context in which people make choices—the “choice architecture”—so as to nudge them to make decisions in the direction that the government wants. “Libertarian” paternalism is paternalism because the policies involve government intervention in individual decision making with the intention of promoting the individual's own good, but libertarian because the individual maintains a range of choices similar to those that he/she had without the intervention. After considering the relevant definitions, the chapter considers the case for and against libertarian paternalism and concludes by highlighting the principal defense of libertarian paternalist policies: their effectiveness in terms of their impact on well-being and autonomy when compared to alternative paternalistic policies.
The Economy
Authors: Haveman Heather A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the modernization of American society by focusing on economic issues such as industrialization and the decline of household manufacturing. It first provides an overview of economic development in America between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries before discussing the shift from an economy that was largely based on agriculture and barter to one that was based much more on the monetary exchange of services and industrially produced goods. It then analyzes money-based commerce and the role magazines played in this rapidly growing part of the economy, along with the rise of rationality and “science” in America. It also investigates how magazines fostered the development of scientific agriculture and concludes by exploring the ways in which agricultural magazines supported communities of practice that had a distinctly traditional, antimodern cast.
Introduction
Authors: Abrajano Marisa , Hajnal Zoltan L.
Published: November 2017

This book examines the ways in which immigration is transforming American politics by focusing on the attitudes and actions of the white population. It offers an explanation of how immigration could lead to a broad white backlash that transforms the basic political leaning of much of white America. It considers how the partisan patterns, electoral decisions, and policy preferences of native white Americans are changing in response to immigration's imprint. It also explores the overall patterns in aggregate white partisanship over the last fifty years and presents historical evidence to show that immigration can fundamentally alter partisan politics as well as racial politics. Finally, the book discusses two mechanisms through which immigration leads to political effects: demographics and news media.
The Policy Backlash
Authors: Abrajano Marisa , Hajnal Zoltan L.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the implications of white backlash for the policy decisions of state legislatures, focusing on five policy areas: health care, criminal justice, education, taxation, and spending decisions. Using data from the National Association of State Budget Officers as well as a range of other sources, it shows that Latino population size has an impact on policies tied to immigrants and Latinos. In states with larger Latino populations, public goods provision drop significantly, and funds for welfare, health, and education all decline. Once the Latino population passes a threshold, however, policy outcomes become more pro-Latino. These results provide evidence that while blacks continue to represent a threat to some white Americans and their presence affects state welfare spending, Latinos are becoming much more central in the policy-making process.
The Dark Matter of Tribal Belonging
Authors: Samin Nadav
Published: November 2017

This chapter investigates Najdi historiography from a genealogical perspective in order to elucidate how and why central Arabian genealogies were documented from the eighteenth through the twentieth century. It considers how Saudi bedouin and settled populations conceived of their kinship relations through their own eyes and through the eyes of Western travelers. It also discusses the caste-like status hierarchies that existed in central Arabia before the modern period, hierarchies rooted in Arabian political culture, and how the emergence of these hierarchies in modern Saudi history represents an important transition in the kingdom's social and cultural life. Finally, it examines the beginnings of modern genealogical culture in Saudi Arabia and suggests that the documenting of lineages and their mass circulation in print helped transform Saudi genealogies from reflexive components of social and political life into coveted objects of modern Saudi identity.
The First Book
Authors: Zuba Jesse
Published: November 2017

“We have many poets of the First Book,” the poet and critic Louis Simpson remarked in 1957, describing a sense that the debut poetry collection not only launched the contemporary poetic career but also had come to define it. Surveying American poetry over the past hundred years, this book explores the emergence of the poetic debut as a unique literary production with its own tradition, conventions, and dynamic role in the literary market. Through new readings of ranging from Wallace Stevens and Marianne Moore to John Ashbery and Louise Glück, the book illuminates the importance of the first book in twentieth-century American literary culture, which involved complex struggles for legitimacy on the part of poets, critics, and publishers alike. The book investigates poets' diverse responses to the question of how to launch a career in an increasingly professionalized literary scene that threatened the authenticity of the poetic calling. It shows how modernist debuts evoke markedly idiosyncratic paths, while postwar first books evoke trajectories that balance professional imperatives with traditional literary ideals. Debut titles ranging from Simpson's The Arrivistes to Ken Chen's Juvenilia stress the strikingly pervasive theme of beginning, accommodating a new demand for career development even as it distances the poets from that demand. Combining literary analysis with cultural history, this book will interest scholars and students of twentieth-century literature as well as readers and writers of poetry.
Tonelli Lagrangians and Hamiltonians on Compact Manifolds
Authors: Sorrentino Alfonso
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces the basic setting: Tonelli Lagrangians and Hamiltonians on a compact manifold. It discusses their main properties and some examples, and provides the opportunity to recall some basic facts on Lagrangian and Hamiltonian dynamics (and on their mutual relation), which will be of fundamental importance in the discussion thereafter.
From KAM Theory to Aubry-Mather Theory
Authors: Sorrentino Alfonso
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses an illustrative example, namely the properties of invariant probability measures and orbits on KAM tori (or more generally, on invariant Lagrangian graphs). This will prepare the ground for understanding the main ideas and techniques that will be developed in the following chapters, without several technicalities that might be confusing to a neophyte.
Seashell Sound
Authors: Helmreich Stefan , Roosth Sophia , Friedner Michele
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines what sounds are generated from seashells. In his 1915 Book of Wonders, popular science writer Rudolph Bodmer explains that “the sounds we hear when we hold a sea shell to the ear are not really the sound of the sea waves. We have come to imagine that they are because they sound like the waves of the sea, and knowledge that the shell originally came from the sea helps us to this conclusion very easily.” Both sea and seashell sounds were generated by waves. This chapter suggests that the changing ratios of ocean, air, and blood in seashell-sound accountings track a European–Atlantic–American ethno-conchology, one that unrolls from Romantic enthrallment toward a double-edged modernity that uses the language of science to disenchant at one moment and then reenchant at another.
Caliphate
Authors: Kadi Wadad , Shahin Aram A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the political, historical, and institutional aspects of the caliphate. The term “caliphate” is most commonly restricted to five periods or dynasties: the Rightly Guided Caliphate (632–61), the Umayyad caliphate (661–750), the Abbasid caliphate (750–1258 and 1261–1517), the Fatimid caliphate (909–1171), and the Umayyad caliphate of Córdoba (928–1031). Throughout the centuries, however, various other rulers have made claims to the caliphate or adopted the caliphal titulature—that is, one or more titles usually associated with caliphs. The first four successors of the Prophet Muhammad are usually called the Rightly Guided Caliphs. But those Muslims who do not accept the legitimacy of some of these rulers refrain from applying this expression to them.
‘Ulama’
Authors: Zaman Muhammad Qasim
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the origin and development of the term ‘ulama.’ The Arabic term ‘ulamā’ refers to Muslim scholars specializing in the Islamic religious sciences. A number of other terms are often used to characterize the particular focus of a scholar's work, among them muṭaddith (concerned with the study of the hadith reports attributed to the Prophet Muhammad), mufassir (an exegete of the Qur'an), and faqīh and mufti (a scholar of Islamic law and a jurisconsult, respectively). The term “‘ulama’” is often understood to encompass these somewhat narrower categories. The boundaries between “religious” and “secular” learning were less clearly delineated in premodern Islam than they have been in the modern world. Those recognized as ‘ulama’ sometimes made significant contributions to fields of knowledge lying well beyond the aforementioned areas.
Introduction
Authors: Jordan William Chester
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter discusses the different types of people living in England who to travelled to France in the period 1180 to the mid-fourteenth century. Many English visitors to France were, by and large, welcome guests. However, there were four principal categories of less desirable English sojourners in France. These include political exiles, demobilized troops, pariah groups, and the focus of the present study: those sent into exile because of their alleged association with serious criminal activities in England. Exile impoverished not only those who departed the realm, but also their spouses, children, and other kin. It forever divided families from their criminal kinfolk, at least in the English case. The system demanded and justified horrendous punishments for those who submitted to it if they later illegally tried to thwart it.
Life among Strangers
Authors: Jordan William Chester
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the village of Wissant in France, which was, until the mid-fourteenth century, a critical link in maintaining regular contact between England and the continent. It was an emporium, with ties to cloth towns such as Ypres. It was also a staging point for troops needing naval transport. The village, because of its importance, was home to an English agent and his staff who represented and tried to protect their countrymen's interests there. English abjurers who arrived in Wissant were in an already-weakened state of health from the character of their travel to Dover, bareheaded, barefooted, and unsheltered along the way. For those who were delayed by weather or local political conditions in boarding ship and thus had to bear the additional burden, of incarceration in Dover and the ritual of entering the sea before embarking, the situation was even worse.
Epilogue: Atrophy and Displacement
Authors: Jordan William Chester
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses how the recourse to exile entered a crisis during the mid-fourteenth century. It suggests that forces conspired to bring the system of extra-regnal abjuration between England and France almost to an end by the close of the Hundred Years' War. In the first place, such deportations were tantamount to acts of belligerency during the war. The exiles and potential exiles, felons all, were also volunteering for and being recruited to England's armies for the sake of pardons and then demobilized in France during the truces. Fear of Englishmen among the French population rose to an intensity not matched or exceeded until the aggressive and lethal rivalries of the Napoleonic era.
What's Divine about Divine Law?
Authors: Hayes Christine
Published: November 2017

In the thousand years before the rise of Islam, two radically diverse conceptions of what it means to say that a law is divine confronted one another with a force that reverberates to the present. This book untangles the classical and biblical roots of the Western idea of divine law and shows how early adherents to biblical tradition—Hellenistic Jewish writers such as Philo, the community at Qumran, Paul, and the talmudic rabbis—struggled to make sense of this conflicting legacy. This book shows that for the ancient Greeks, divine law was divine by virtue of its inherent qualities of intrinsic rationality, truth, universality, and immutability, while for the biblical authors, divine law was divine because it was grounded in revelation with no presumption of rationality, conformity to truth, universality, or immutability. The book describes the collision of these opposing conceptions in the Hellenistic period, and details competing attempts to resolve the resulting cognitive dissonance. It shows how Second Temple and Hellenistic Jewish writers, from the author of 1 Enoch to Philo of Alexandria, were engaged in a common project of bridging the gulf between classical and biblical notions of divine law, while Paul, in his letters to the early Christian church, sought to widen it. The book then delves into the literature of classical rabbinic Judaism to reveal how the talmudic rabbis took a third and scandalous path, insisting on a construction of divine law intentionally at odds with the Greco-Roman and Pauline conceptions that would come to dominate the Christianized West. This book sheds critical light on an ancient debate that would shape foundational Western thought, and that continues to inform contemporary views about the nature and purpose of law and the nature and authority of Scripture.
Introduction
Authors: Hayes Christine
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, which is to explore the concept of divine law. More precisely, it labors to make sense of the explosive confrontation of radically diverse conceptions of divine law in the Mediterranean and Near Eastern world in the thousand-year period prior to the rise of Islam. Divine law can be minimally defined as the idea that the norms that guide human actions are somehow rooted in the divine realm—a concept common to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. A robust notion of divine law—in which divinity applies in some manner to the law itself—first appears in ancient Greece and in the Hebrew Bible (or Old Testament). The Greek and the biblical conceptions of the divine are radically different. To the extent that the two cultures conceived of the divine in radically different ways, their notions of divine law would also diverge dramatically, a fact with serious consequences for those who feel compelled to negotiate the claims of both traditions. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Greco-Roman Discourses of Law
Authors: Hayes Christine
Published: November 2017

This chapter lays out ten different discourses and practices of law in ancient Greek and Roman sources (referred to as G-R 1, 2, etc. throughout the book). A critical feature of all of these discourses and practices is their presumption of a dichotomy between the unwritten natural or divine law on the one hand and positive human law on the other. Thus, all Greco-Roman constructions of divine law begin with a common premise: divine law and human law possess different and usually diametrically opposed traits. The divine or natural law—in addition to being unwritten—is generally portrayed as rational and universal, corresponding to truth, conducive to virtue, and static or unchanging. By contrast, human positive law takes the form of concrete rules and prohibitions that can be set in writing. It does not of necessity possess any of the characteristics that are inherent in the very concept of divine law: it will contain arbitrary elements that do not correspond with truth, and it must be enforced coercively; it is particular and subject to variation, and its ability to produce virtue is a matter of considerable debate.