bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consistency between the Granting of State Aid and the Polluter-Pays Principle: Aid Aimed at Mitigating Climate Change
Authors: de Sadeleer Nicolas
Published: March 2020

Since 2009, the EU ets Directive set up a general rule for the auctioning of emission allowances. It is subject to a number of exemptions. The transitional allocation of free allowances in the electricity sector, and in general the granting of free or below-market-price allowances, are caught by the tfeu prohibition on grants of state aid. However, the EU legislature and its executive—the European Commission—are empowered to grant the EU member states exemptions in order to correct market failures. At face value, such arrangements seem to run contrary to the polluter-pays principle on account that state aid subsidizes emissions of greenhouse gases instead of internalizing their costs into the price of goods and services delivered by the recipient installations. This article explores how such arrangements amount to state aid and analyses the manner in which the exemptions are consistent with the polluter-pays principle.
The Polluter Pays Principle as an Instrument of Municipal and Global Environmental Governance in Climate Change Mitigation Law: Lessons from China, India, and the United States
Authors: Barresi Paul A.
Published: March 2020

The disparate fates of the polluter pays principle (ppp) as an instrument of municipal environmental governance in the environmental law of China, India, and the United States illustrate how institutions and culture can shape its use. In China, essential elements of the Chinese legal tradition and an institutionalized devolution of power from the central government to local governments essentially neutralized the Chinese variant of the ppp in one important context by mobilizing certain culturally defined behavioural norms at the local level. In India, the Supreme Court has behaved in accordance with the socially revolutionary role intended for it by the framers of India’s Constitution by recognizing a maximalist conception of the ppp as part of Indian law, although other features of India’s unique legal culture and institutions have reduced the impact of this development. In the United States, the institutionalized fragmentation of the law-making process within the Federal Government has undermined even the implicit implementation of the ppp, to which US environmental statutes do not refer. The implications of these developments for the ppp as an instrument of municipal but also global environmental governance in climate change mitigation law flow less from the nominal status of the ppp in the laws of China, India, and the United States than from the unique institutional and cultural conditions that prevail there. The result is a case study in how institutions and culture can transform the implementation of a principle of environmental governance that at first glance might seem to be a simple exercise in economic rationality into a different exercise that is not simple at all.
The Polluter-Pays Principle in Climate Change Law: an Economic Appraisal
Authors: Heine Dirk , Faure Michael G. , Dominioni Goran
Published: March 2020

There is a lively debate among scholars and policymakers on whether either consumers or producers should be seen as responsible for pollution caused in the production and consumption of traded goods. In this article, we argue that, in conformity with intuitive conceptions of causation, the economic incidence of a Pigouvian tax can be seen as a measure of the relative contribution to pollution of consumers and producers. Taking this perspective on the polluter-pays principle can help increase ambition in climate change action because it reduces the relevance of the question “Who is the polluter?” in climate change negotiations and enables a focus instead on the issue of “What can be done?” to reduce carbon emissions.
Systematics of the genus Tylolaimophorus de Man, 1880 (Nematoda: Diphtherophoridae), with description of T. minor (Thorne, 1939) Goodey, 1963 from Iran
Authors: GHADERI REZA , ASGHARI RAMEZAN , ESKANDARI ALI
Published: March 2020

The present work is a compilation of the systematics of the genus Tylolaimophorus (Nematoda: Diphtherophoridae). These nematodes are soil inhabitants that occur mostly in the vicinity of plant roots. An historical taxonomy, amended diagnosis and several taxonomic remarks on the genus are discussed here. A list of all 13 globally known species (and their synonyms) is given and all of them are treated here. For each species, taxonomic information including morphometric data reported worldwide, amended descriptions of females and males, diagnosis of the species and its relationships with closely related species, as well as its distribution and associated plants are discussed. Moreover, based on the most important morphological and morphometric characters, an identification key and a diagnostic compendium to the species are included. Two populations of T. minor are described and illustrated for the first time from Iran. Comparing morphological and morphometric characteristics of the Iranian populations with other populations worldwide reveals that these populations share almost all diagnostic characters except spear length, which is slightly longer in the Russian populations as compared with populations from USA, Poland and Iran.
Two new records of hippolytoid shrimps, Lysmata hochi Baeza & Anker, 2008 (Decapoda: Lysmatidae) and Lysmata amboinensis (de Man, 1888) from Lakshadweep Islands, India with taxonomic notes
Authors: JOSE SHEENA , PURUSHOTHAMAN P. , MADHAVAN MANU , AKASH S. , BHARATHI S. , DHINAKARAN A. , KUMAR T.T. AJITH , LAL K. K.
Published: March 2020

The present study reports the new records of two species of the hippolytid shrimp genus Lysmata Risso, 1816 in the water off Lakshadweep Islands, India from the Arabian Sea, viz. Lysmata hochi Baeza & Anker, 2008 and Lysmata amboinensis (De Man, 1888) with more taxonomic information. Moreover, L. hochi is the first distributional report from the Indian Ocean. It is morphologically similar to L. kuekenthali and differences are discussed. Colour pattern and morphological trait of L. amboinensis are very close to L. grabhami which also differs in the presence of anti-penultimate segment of 3rd maxilliped more than 2.0 times as long as penultimate segment and stylocerite does not reaching the distal end of the cornea. These specimens were obtained at a depth of 0.5-2 m from the intertidal region of Agatti Island. Additionally, we estimated pairwise genetic distances for these two species and congeneric species using cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene sequences where interspecific distances ranged from 11-25.8 %.
A Review of Marcin Starnawski’s “Socjalizacja i tożsamość żydowska w Polsce powojennej: Narracje emigrantów z pokolenia Marca ’68”, Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Dolnośląskiej Szkoły Wyższej 2016
Authors: Kaźmierska Kaja
Published: March 2020

The article is a review of Marcin Starnawski’s Socjalizacja i tożsamość żydowska w Polsce powojennej: Narracje emigrantów z pokolenia Marca ’68 [Jewish Socialization and Identity in Postwar Poland: Narratives of Émigrés from the March 1968 Generation], Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Dolnośląskiej Szkoły Wyższej 2016.
Rejected Children: On Kamil Kijek’s “Dzieci modernizmu: Świadomość, kultura i socjalizacja polityczna młodzieży żydowskiej w II Rzeczypospolitej”
Authors: Sobczak Kornelia
Published: March 2020

This article discusses Kamil Kijek’s book Dzieci modernizmu: Świadomość, kultura i socjalizacja polityczna młodzieży żydowskiej w II Rzeczypospolitej [Children of Modernism: The Consciousness, Culture and Political Socialization of Jewish Youth in the Second Polish Republic]. Using young people’s diaries which were sent to three competitions held in the 1930s by the Jewish Scientific Institute (YIVO), Kijek studies the ways young Jewish people described themselves, their visions of Jewish or Polish-Jewish identity, and the influence exerted on their attitudes and ideological choices by schooling, the activities of political youth organizations and the antisemitism of interwar Polish culture. This was the first generation to grow up in newly independent Poland, in a state that simultaneously demanded loyalty from its Jewish denizens and excluded them from its symbolic universe. Kijek calls the worldview predominant among this Jewish generation “radical modernism” – a conviction that the world requires a radical transformation. The political shades of this view – Communism, Zionism, or the Jewish right – were of lesser importance, with membership in a particular organization often depending on the circumstances.
Socialist Realism in a New Perspective: A Proposal of Literary History Analysis
Authors: Chmielewska Katarzyna
Published: March 2020

This article attempts to offer a new perspective on the infamous phenomenon of socialist realism. The author describes the literature of the period, the debates that revolved around it at the time, and the Marxist literary criticism and Marxist history of literature. An examination of the existing research paradigm leads her to recognize the need for its expansion and propose an analysis of socialist realism that relies on Pierre Bourdieu’s categories of distinction, symbolic capital and habitus.
Effect of ZnO Nanoparticles on Cement Mortar for Enhancing the Physico-Chemical, Mechanical and Related Properties
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Ramasamy , Nithiyanantham Subramanian
Published: March 2020

Zincoxide nanoparticles have been incorporated into the cementitious materials for enhancing their physico-chemical and mechanical properties. The decrease in particle size will leads the increase in surface to volume ratio as compared to conventional micro-particles. In this investigation
to evaluate physical, chemical and mechanical properties of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) containing zinc oxide nanoparticles. Zinc oxide nanoparticles used with replacement of various properties such as 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% by weight with ordinary Portland cement. The ordinary Portland
cement mortar, nano zincoxide cement mortars prepared with the water-binder ratio (w/b ratio) as 0.4 and cement-sand ratio as 1:3 by weight. The prepared mortars are analyzed through compressive strength, setting time, flexural strength, porosity, water absorption, sulphate attack, electrical
resistivity and with SEM analysis. The setting time of zinc oxide nano particle significantly decreased and enhanced the compressive strength of Portland cement mortar. The flexural strength outcomes showed that the cement mortars with zinc oxide nanoparticle were higher rather than Portland
cement mortar. Microstructure of mortar contained zinc oxide nano particles illustrate that the nano zinc oxide particles filled the pores significantly and so large size of calcium hydroxide crystals reduced afterwards more hydration products formed.
Heat and Mass Transfer on Magnetohydrodynamic Convective Flow of Second Grade Fluid Through a Vertical Porous Channel with Non-Uniform Wall Temperature
Authors: Krishna M. Veera , Ahmed N. Ameer , Chamkha Ali J.
Published: March 2020

We analyze the impact of suction/injection on MHD convective oscillatory flow of second grade fluid through a Porous Medium in a vertical channel with non-uniform wall temperature. The liquid is occupied with a transverse Magnetic field and the velocity slip at the left plate is taken
into consideration. The precise solutions of the dimensionless equations are obtained and the effects of the flow parameters on velocity, temperature and concentration profiles, skin friction and rates of heat and mass transfer are discussed. It is fascinating to take note of that skin friction
increases on together channel plates as permeability increases.
The Influence of Zonally Asymmetric Stratospheric Ozone Changes on the Arctic Polar Vortex Shift
Authors: Zhang Jiankai , Tian Wenshou , Xie Fei , Pyle John A. , Keeble James , Wang Tao
Published: March 2020

Recent studies have found a shift of the Arctic stratospheric polar vortex toward Siberia during late winter since 1980, intensifying the zonally asymmetric ozone (ZAO) depletion in the northern middle and high latitudes with a stronger total column ozone decline over Siberia compared with that above other regions at the same latitudes. Using observations and a climate model, this study shows that zonally asymmetric stratospheric ozone depletion gives a significant feedback on the position of the polar vortex and further favors the stratospheric polar vortex shift toward Siberia in February for the period 1980–99. The polar vortex shift is not significant in the experiment forced by zonal mean ozone fields. The February ZAO trend with a stronger ozone decline over Siberia causes a lower temperature over this region than over the other regions at the same latitudes, due to shortwave radiative cooling and dynamical cooling. The combined cooling effects induce an anomalous cyclonic flow over Siberia, corresponding to the polar vortex shift toward Siberia. In addition, the ZAO depletion also increases the meridional gradient of potential vorticity over Siberia, which is favorable for the upward propagation of planetary wave fluxes from the troposphere over this region. Increased horizontal divergence of planetary waves fluxes over the region 60°–75°N, 60°–90°E associated with ZAO changes accelerates the high-latitude zonal westerlies in the middle stratosphere, further enhancing the shift of the stratospheric polar vortex toward Siberia. After 2000, the ZAO trend in February is weaker and induces a smaller polar vortex shift than that in the period 1980–99.
UNRAVEL: A Robust Modular Velocity Dealiasing Technique for Doppler Radar
Authors: Louf Valentin , Protat Alain , Jackson Robert C. , Collis Scott M. , Helmus Jonathan
Published: March 2020

Unfold Radar Velocity (UNRAVEL) is an open-source modular Doppler velocity dealiasing algorithm for weather radars. UNRAVEL is an algorithm that does not need external reference velocity data, making it easily applicable. The proposed algorithm includes 11 core modules and 2 dealiasing strategies. UNRAVEL is an iterative algorithm. The goal is to build the dealiasing results starting with the strictest possible continuity tests in azimuth and range and, after each step, relaxing the parameters to include more results from a progressively growing number of reference points. UNRAVEL also has modules that perform 3D continuity checks. Thanks to this modular design, the number of dealiasing strategies can be expanded in order to optimize the dealiasing results. While the first driver dealiases Doppler velocity from each tilt independently from one another, the second driver also performs a three-dimensional continuity check of the velocity using successive elevations. The proposed dealiasing algorithm is tested using severe weather data from an S-band Doppler radar that have been aliased to mimic aliased radial velocity patterns that would be observed by a C-band Doppler radar. Artificially aliasing S-band data permits creation of a reference to which the performance of various dealiasing techniques can be compared. Comparisons show that UNRAVEL consistently outperforms other established dealiasing algorithms for the test period selected in this work.
Scaling the Laws of Thermal Imaging–Based Whale Detection
Authors: Zitterbart Daniel P. , Smith Heather R. , Flau Michael , Richter Sebastian , Burkhardt Elke , Beland Joe , Bennett Louise , Cammareri Alejandro , Davis Andrew , Holst Meike , Lanfredi Caterina , Michel Hanna , Noad Michael , Owen Kylie , Pacini Aude , Boebel Olaf
Published: March 2020

Marine mammals are under growing pressure as anthropogenic use of the ocean increases. Ship strikes of large whales and loud underwater sound sources including air guns for marine geophysical prospecting and naval midfrequency sonar are criticized for their possible negative effects on marine mammals. Competent authorities regularly require the implementation of mitigation measures, including vessel speed reductions or shutdown of acoustic sources if marine mammals are sighted in sensitive areas or in predefined exclusion zones around a vessel. To ensure successful mitigation, reliable at-sea detection of animals is crucial. To date, ship-based marine mammal observers are the most commonly implemented detection method; however, thermal (IR) imaging–based automatic detection systems have been used in recent years. This study evaluates thermal imaging–based automatic whale detection technology for its use across different oceans. The performance of this technology is characterized with respect to environmental conditions, and an automatic detection algorithm for whale blows is presented. The technology can detect whales in polar, temperate, and subtropical ocean regimes over distances of up to several kilometers and outperforms marine mammal observers in the number of whales detected. These results show that thermal imaging technology can be used to assist in providing protection for marine mammals against ship strike and acoustic impact across the world’s oceans.
Biases in the Mesoscale Prediction of Ceiling and Visibility in Alaska and Their Reduction Using Quantile Matching
Authors: Pinto James O. , Megenhardt Dan L. , Fowler Tressa , Colavito Jenny
Published: March 2020

Short-range (2 h) predictions of ceiling and visibility obtained from version 4 of the Rapid Refresh (RAPv4) model are evaluated over Alaska using surface meteorological station data. These forecasts tended to overpredict the frequency of aviation-impacting ceilings in coastal areas by as much as 50%. In winter, this overforecasting bias extends into the interior of Alaska as well. Biases in visibility predictions were more complex. In winter, visibility hazards were predicted too often throughout the interior of Alaska (+5%) and not often enough in northern and western coastal areas (−20%). This wintertime underprediction of visibility restrictions in coastal areas has been linked to the fact that the visibility diagnostic does not include a treatment for the effect of blowing snow. This, in part, results in winter IFR visibilities being detected only 37% of the time. An efficient algorithm that uses quantile matching has been implemented to remove mean biases in 2-h predictions of ceiling and visibility. Performance of the algorithm is demonstrated using two 30-day periods (January and June 2019). The calibrated forecasts obtained for the two month-long periods are found to have significantly reduced biases and enhanced skill in capturing flight rules categories for both ceiling and visibility throughout much of Alaska. This technique can be easily extended to other forecast lead times or mesoscale models.
Reinnervation of the Canine Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle with Sympathetic Preganglionic Neurons
Authors: Jacobs Ian N. , Wu Bei-Lian , Sanders Ira , Biller Hugh F.
Published: March 2020

This experiment investigated the reinnervation of the canine posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle with preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system. Six dogs had their right recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) sectioned. Four of these dogs had the sympathetic cervical trunk (SCT) implanted into the right PCA muscle, and the two remaining dogs served as denervated controls. Four months later all dogs underwent videolaryngoscopy, electromyography, and electrical stimulation of the SCT. The PCA muscles were excised, sectioned, and stained for glycogen and ATPase. All four experimental PCA muscles demonstrated electrically evoked abduction and tonic electromyographic activity. In two of the specimens, staining (ATPase and PAS) revealed areas of reinnervation with fiber type grouping and glycogen depletion. These results are consistent with the successful reinnervation of the PCA muscle. Further refinement of this technique could be of benefit to patients with bilateral vocal cord paralysis.
Approach for Oxygenation of the Newborn with Airway Obstruction Due to a Cervical Mass
Authors: Kelly Mark F. , Greco Richard , Berenholz Leonard , Wolfson Philip , Rizzo Karen A. , Zwillenberg David A.
Published: March 2020

Large congenital cervical neck masses present major difficulties in management of the neonatal airway at delivery and in the perinatal period. With ultrasound, these lesions can be predicted prenatally. An airway treatment plan can then be formulated and modified in relation to the airway presentation at birth. We describe a case of a massive cervical-mediastinal teratoma and our management plan. Preparation involved a multidisciplinary approach including endoscopy to secure the airway while the neonate remained on fetal circulation and an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation system was available. Once the infant's condition was stable, a cervical approach with resection of the massive teratoma with mediastinal dissection without sternotomy was successful. A differential diagnosis of cervical neck masses and review of cervical teratomas is presented.
Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy: Changing Trends
Authors: Rosenfeld Richard M. , Green Robert P.
Published: March 2020

A review of 1,722 tonsil and adenoid procedures performed between 1978 and 1986 is presented. Each year there has been a progressive decrease in the number of procedures performed; the incidence of adenoidectomy has declined particularly. Although infection remains the predominant indication for surgery, there has been a dramatic rise in obstructive sleep apnea as a significant indication, from 0% in 1978 to 19% in 1986. At present, this trend promises to continue as physicians become increasingly aware of the prevalence and seriousness of adenotonsillar hypertrophy as a cause of sleep apnea, particularly in the general pediatric population.
Undifferentiated Carcinoma with Lymphoid Stroma of the Major Salivary Glands
Authors: Cleary Karen R. , Batsakis John G.
Published: March 2020

Undifferentiated carcinoma with lymphoid stroma or lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the major salivary glands is a demographically and histopathologically unique malignancy. Although whites may have the disease, it is preponderantly a carcinoma of North American Eskimos and native Greenlanders. The carcinoma shares many features with undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinomas, from which it must be distinguished: histologic appearance, putative relationship with Epstein-Barr virus, predilection for mongoloid races, and response to therapy. In some cases, the carcinoma appears to have evolved from a lymphoepithelial lesion.
Public Interest in Mergers: South Africa
Authors: Angumuthoo Maryanne , Lotter Derek , Wood Shakti
Published: March 2020

In the pursuit of national policy objectives aimed at social and economic welfare for all South Africans, South African competition authorities have to use competition policy to achieve industrial policy goals through the implementation of public interest provisions in the Competition Act No. 89 of 1998. The recent amendments to the legislation further bolster these broader policy objectives. This issue of the Antitrust Bulletin examines the history, development, and impact of public interest considerations in merger proceedings through an analysis of seminal cases and key legislative reforms. Public interest considerations constitute a significant component to the merger review process and may involve interests represented by the competition authorities, government and employees, trade unions, and other affected third parties.
Do stress and coping influence resilience in social work students? A longitudinal and comparative study from India
Authors: Stanley Selwyn , Mettilda Buvaneswari G
Published: March 2020

Stress among social work students is an issue of concern and has adverse outcomes. This study used a longitudinal design to assess stress, resilience and coping in undergraduate social work students in India and a comparative cohort of non-social work undergraduates. Standardised instruments were administered at three time points: the first on course entry, then in the second year of study and finally on the verge of course completion at the end of three years. Moderate levels of stress and resilience were seen in the social work cohort, but no incremental progression in their manifestation was observed as students progressed through their degree. Stress, problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies emerged as significant predictors of resilience. The findings indicate a need to develop resilience in social work students to enable them deal more effectively with various stressors.
Gendered practices of family social workers: The case of the Czech Republic
Authors: Gřundělová Barbora , Gojová Alice
Published: March 2020

The aim of this article is, through a study of the construction of gender in social work, to identify gendered practices of family social workers in their interactions with clients and to consider the implications of these practices for gendered power relations. Using social constructionism and a critical and interpretive framework, we carried out repeated individual and group interviews, while observing interactions between social workers and parents. A qualitative research strategy was used. Analysis of Constructivist Grounded Theory identified the six gendered practices in interactions with clients.
Ownership of Economic Property: Mcclelland's 1961 Cross-Cultural Data
Authors: Rudmin Floyd W.
Published: March 2020

McClelland's 1961 cross-cultural data on the ownership of economic property in 45 tribes were found unreliable and should not be used in archival studies of the institutional and societal correlates of private property.
Sexual Abuse Prevention Programs for Preschool Children: What do Parents Prefer?
Authors: Wilson Christine G. , Golub Sharon
Published: March 2020

Using structured interviews, 21 parents of preschool children at a suburban day-care center were introduced to the problem of child sexual abuse and to three different techniques currently used in preventing it. Parental support for teaching preschool children personal safety skills was unanimous and the school-based videotaped role-play program, which explicitly demonstrates personal safety skills, was the first choice of 57% of the parents.
Predicting Success in Volunteer Community Service1
Authors: Spitz Reuben T. , MacKinnon John R.
Published: March 2020

A group of 60 volunteers in a Big Brothers-Big Sisters agency were divided into two smaller groups of those who had successfully completed the preestablished program ( n = 25) and those who did not meet their commitment to that program ( n = 35). Significant differences were found on five personality factors of the 16 PF Questionnaire, with successful volunteers showing higher scores on intelligence and on trust, lower on social inhibition, while higher on imagination and on self-assurance than unsuccessful volunteers. Demographic data also yielded significant differences for age and education, with successful volunteers tending to be older and more highly educated.
Wais—r Scatter with Psychiatric Inpatients: II. Intersubtest Scatter,
Authors: Boone Daniel E.
Published: March 2020

Intersubtest scatter values for the Full, Verbal, and Performance Scales of the WAIS—R were estimated for a sample of 163 psychiatric inpatients and compared with those reported for the WAIS—R standardization group using the normal deviate (z) test. Intersubtest scatter was assessed using the range and the Profile Variability Index. Results were surprising and conflicted with what was expected based on the clinical literature. First, in comparison to the standardization group, the psychiatric inpatients showed significantly more intersubtest scatter on the Verbal Scale only, while Performance Scale values were comparable. Second, the psychiatric inpatient sample, as a group, showed identical amounts of scatter on the Verbal and Performance Scales. Results suggest that the interpretation of intersubtest scatter as a sign of psychopathology should be avoided.
Effectiveness of Career-Development Courses for Nontraditional Premedical Students: Improving Professional Identity
Authors: Henry Paul
Published: March 2020

The purposes of this study were to examine the effects of three career-development courses on the professional identities of participating students as measured by My Vocational Situation and to investigate the effect of gender on students’ responses to the scale. A total of 64 students enrolled in a special premedical program took the scale as a pretest and again as a posttest after the completion of three career-development courses. Analysis yielded significant differences between pre- and posttest scores for the three subscales of Vocational Identity, Occupational Information, and Barriers. No significant gender differences were observed at pre- or posttest. Implications for further research designed to evaluate the effectiveness of intervention strategies in career development are discussed.
Meta-Attitudinal Similarity and Relationship Closeness1
Authors: Duyssen Kim , Teske John A.
Published: March 2020

This study investigated a possible mediation between attitudinal similarity and closeness of relationship by similarities in the meta-attitudinal prioritization of attitudinal issues. Members of 22 romantic couples rated their positions on 22 issues and then rank-ordered their priority. Rank-order correlations were higher for couples than noncouple pairs and, when analyses were restricted to couples’ high-priority attitudes, attitude dissimilarity correlated with closeness of relationship. Results suggest that emotional closeness may require some attitudinal friction in otherwise interdependent couples.
The Body Type/Temperament Mismatch and Self-Actualization1
Authors: Eisenman Russell
Published: March 2020

The Catell and Metzner (1993) finding of higher self-actualization among people with body type/temperament mismatch is important and could be viewed as support for a link of creativity with deviance. Also, there is an error in one of their statements, which is corrected here.
Obesity as a Characterological Stigma: The Issue of Responsibility and Judgments of Task Performance1
Authors: DeJong William
Published: March 2020

A study was conducted to investigate whether beliefs about the cause of a person's obesity would influence attributions made about that person's task performance. 168 high school girls were shown a videotape of an obese or normal-weight confederate playing a game and performing either above or below average. Half of the subjects seeing the obese girl were led to believe that her obesity was due to a glandular disorder beyond her control. Subjects rated the obese target as more self-indulgent and less self-disciplined than the normal-weight target, except when her obesity was said to have resulted from a glandular disorder. However, subjects did not differentially attribute the confederate's task performance as a function of her weight or her perceived responsibility for it. Corroborating the results of earlier studies, no evidence was found that these high school girls subscribe to the stereotype of the “jolly” fat person.
The Nature of Stress in Child-Abusing Families: A Factor Analytic Study
Authors: Barton Keith , Baglio Chris
Published: March 2020

An instrument for measuring stress (the Family Inventory of Life Events and Changes: FILE) was administered to 151 parents of abused children. A factor analytic treatment of the results indicated that ten different aspects of stress (factors) best explained the data. Several of these factors seemed to be unique to the abusing environment while the rest were similar to those found in less atypical samples. The results suggest that (a) “local factor analyses” should be employed with atypical samples and (b) both measures of types of stress as well as general stress may be useful. The ten stress factors identified were (1) Trouble with Teenagers, (2) Violence and Separation, (3) Legal Violations, (4) Work, (5) Family Loss, (6) Financial Strains, (7) Illness and Family Care Strains, (8) Public Assistance, (9) Major Changes in Family Situation, and (10) Young Child Management Focus. The “unique” factors that only appeared in our child-abusing sample were (1) Trouble with Teenagers, (2) Violence and Separation, and (8) Public Assistance.
Simple Regression-Based Procedures for Taxometric Investigations,2
Authors: Grove William M. , Meehl Paul E.
Published: March 2020

Certain theories of psychopathology postulate the existence of distinct latent populations of individuals. By analogy with biology, we call such latent populations “taxa” and we call the statistical testing of such theories “taxometrics.” Taxometric procedures are robust; they do not make restrictive distributional assumptions. However, they have two disadvantages for nonstatistician users: (1) they are developed via algebra hard for many nonstatistician users intuitively to accept; and (2) computational software is not widely available. We address these problems by presenting a simple taxometric procedure, MAXSLOPE, based on regression plots for pairs of variables. This procedure is easily implemented using commonly available software and is intuitively rather easy to understand. We apply it to two artificial datasets. One data-set, used to explain the graphs, shows clear-cut evidence of taxa. The other example shows less clear grouping structure and is used to show that the proposed graphical procedure works even in nonideal cases. Comparisons are made with currently used procedures of cluster analysis and multivariate normal mixture analysis.
Emotional bonds: Bridging the gap between evolutionary and humanistic accounts of religious belief
Authors: Turner Léon
Published: March 2020

Recent years have seen a growing willingness in the evolutionary cognitive science of religion (ECSR) to embrace an inclusive, theoretically pluralistic approach and the emergence of a broad consensus around some key themes that collectively constitute a central theoretical core of the field. Nevertheless, ECSR still raises serious problems for some in the humanities. In exploring the reasons for the perception of conflict between humanistic and cognitive evolutionary approaches to religion, I suggest that both ECSR’s default account of the origins of religion and religion’s role in social bonding rely upon notions of culturally unmediated universal cognitive mechanisms that preclude alternative humanistic explanations. I subsequently suggest that the gap between humanistic approaches and the evolutionary study of religion more broadly conceived may be narrowed by further expanding ECSR to include recent research into the brain opioid theory of social attachment (BOTSA), which emphasises the emotional rather than cognitive basis of religion’s social bonding functions. Finally, I outline a possible evolutionary account of the earliest forms of religious ideas and practices, which decouples the origins of religion from the evolution of specialised cognitive machinery and which humanists are likely to find more amenable than mainstream ECSR.
Opium in British Burma, 1826–1881
Authors: Wright Ashley
Published: March 2020

This article examines in detail the British opium industry in colonial Burma from the time of the annexation of Arakan and Tenasserim in 1826 to the publication of Chief Commissioner Charles Aitchison's 1881 memorandum on opium in Burma. It argues that while the profitability of the opium trade in Burma was an important factor in the decisions the colonial administration made regarding opium, it was not the only factor. From the earliest days of British administration in Tenasserim, different ethnic groups within Burma were treated differently with regards to opium use. There is evidence that the colonial administration's view of opium use among a particular group was influenced by the degree to which use of the drug was perceived to facilitate social stability and productivity, or unemployment and social breakdown.
The Parsis of India and the opium trade in China
Authors: Palsetia Jesse S.
Published: March 2020

The article examines the role of the Parsis of India in the opium trade between China and India during the 18th and 19th centuries. It examines the significant role of a non-European group in the history of drugs. The Parsi involvement in the opium trade constituted an important component in the rise of Western capital in Asia, the development of the Indian and imperial economies, and the growth of Bombay and other colonial centers. Furthermore, the article examines the ability of drugs to serve the interests of non-Europeans under imperialism, as opium provided for the economic, social, and political development of the Parsi community. The article notes an episode in the history of both a community and a drug. The Parsis constitute one of the first and arguably most significant examples of the ability of drugs to positively transform the state of one of the world's smallest communities.
Changes in Antibiotic Resistance in Recurrent Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Infections of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media
Authors: Song Jae-Jun , Lee Byung Don , Lee Koen Hyeong , Lee Jong Dae , Park Young Joo , Park Moo Kyun
Published: March 2020

This study investigated the changes in antibiotic resistance in recurrent Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM). Its aim was to provide a treatment strategy for P aeruginosa infections in CSOM for the prevention of multidrug resistance. A case-control study was conducted in tertiary teaching hospitals in Korea. The experimental group included patients with recurrent P aeruginosa infection who had relapsed within 2 months after the successful control of a previous P aeruginosa infection. The control group consisted of patients with a P aeruginosa infection who had no history of such an infection. An antibiotic sensitivity test was performed for each culture. The proportion of recurrent P aeruginosa infection was 22.69% (98 of 432 cases). Drug resistance to amikacin, tobramycin, netilmicin, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin was significantly changed after recurrent infection. The fluoroquinolone strains seen in recurrent P aeruginosa showed high cross-resistance to other drugs. Antibiotic resistance of P aeruginosa in CSOM changed with recurrent infection.
Rhinofacial Conidiobolomycosis: A Case Series and Review of the Literature
Authors: Sigera L. S. M. , Janappriya G. H. D. C. , Lakshan M. T. D. , Pitigalage N. J. , Jayasekera P. I. , Dayasena R. P. , Patabendige C. G. U. A. , Gunasekera C. N.
Published: March 2020

Conidiobolomycosis is an uncommon, chronic, localized subcutaneous mycosis primarily affecting rhinofacial region. It is reported mainly from tropical and subtropical countries. The condition is underreported due to the lack of clinical suspicion and usually mismanaged. This rare mycosis is due to the genus Conidiobolus within the order Entomophthorales of class Zygomycetes. Here we present 3 cases of rhinofacial conidiobolomycosis in otherwise healthy adults from different parts of Sri Lanka over 1-year period. All patients had disfiguring subcutaneous lesions in the rhinofacial area. The diagnoses were based on isolation of Conidiobolus coronatus in clinical specimens.
Oncological and Surgical Outcomes of Patients Treated by Transoral CO2 Laser Cordectomy for Early-Stage Glottic Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Retrospective Chart Review
Authors: Hans Stéphane , Crevier-Buchman Lise , Circiu Marta , Idrissi Younes Chekkoury , Distinguin Léa , de Mones Erwan , Brasnu Daniel , Lechien Jérôme R.
Published: March 2020

Objective:

To investigate the feasibility and the outcomes of transoral laser CO2 microsurgery (TLM) for resection of early-stage squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the vocal folds through several additional surgical procedures and tips improving the glottic exposure.

Methods:

Retrospective chart review of patients treated by TLM cordectomy in a single European University Hospital for early-stage vocal fold SCCs (Tis, T1a, T1b, and T2). The following TLM outcomes were studied regarding the tumor size (Tis and T1a vs T1b and T2) and the margin status (negative vs positive/suspicious): patient position; type of laryngoscope; requirement to external counter pressure; resection of supraglottic structures (eg, ventricular band, epiglottic petiole, and suprahyoid epiglottis); pre- and postoperative complications; overall survival; disease-specific survival (DSS); and disease-free survival (DFS).

Results:

A total of 148 patients were included. The TLM was realized in 95.3% of cases. External counter pressure, partial, or total vestibulectomy were necessary in 65.9%, 57.4%, and 4.2% of cases, respectively. A resection of the epiglottic petiole was required in 24.8% of cases. The realization of both epiglottis petiole resection and vestibulectomies were significantly higher in patients with T2 and T1b SCCs compared to those with T1a and Tis SCCs ( P = .01). Different procedure tips were described for improving the laryngeal exposition. The 5-year laryngeal preservation rate, DSS, and DFS were significantly better in patients without SCC involvement of the anterior commissure, and did not vary according to the margin status. The laryngeal exposure difficulties did not impact the margin status.

Conclusion:

The exposure of glottis is possible in 95% of cases of early-stage vocal cord SCC but requires the use of several additional surgical procedures, especially for anterior commissure SCCs. The SCC involvement of the vocal fold anterior commissure is associated with lower DSS, DFS, and laryngeal preservation rate.
Beliefs About Human Intelligence in a Sample of Teachers and Nonteachers
Authors: Warne Russell T. , Burton Jared Z.
Published: March 2020

Research in educational psychology consistently finds a relationship between intelligence and academic performance. However, in recent decades, educational fields, including gifted education, have resisted intelligence research, and there are some experts who argue that intelligence tests should not be used in identifying giftedness. Hoping to better understand this resistance to intelligence research, we created a survey of beliefs about intelligence and administered it online to a sample of the general public and a sample of teachers. We found that there are conflicts between currently accepted intelligence theory and beliefs from the American public and teachers, which has important consequences on gifted education, educational policy, and the effectiveness of interventions.
Association of Opioid Quantity and Caregiver Education with Pain Control after Pediatric Tonsillectomy
Authors: Harbaugh Calista M. , Vargas Gracia , Sloss Kenneth R. , Bohm Lauren A. , Cooper Karen A. , Thatcher Aaron L. , Zopf David A. , Chua Kao‐Ping , Waljee Jennifer F. , Gadepalli Samir K.
Published: March 2020

Objective

To examine whether a service guideline reducing postoperative opioid prescription quantities and caregiver‐reported education to use nonopioid analgesics first are associated with caregiver‐reported pain control after pediatric tonsillectomy.

Study Design

Prospective cohort study (July 2018–April 2019).

Setting

Pediatric otolaryngology service at a tertiary academic children’s hospital.

Subjects and Methods

Caregivers of patients aged 1 to 11 years undergoing tonsillectomy (N = 764) were surveyed 7 to 21 days after surgery regarding pain control, education to use nonopioid analgesics first, and opioid use. Respondents who were not prescribed opioids or had missing data were excluded. Logistic regression modeled caregiver‐reported pain control as a function of service guideline implementation (December 2018) recommending 20 rather than 30 doses for postoperative opioid prescriptions and caregiver‐reported analgesic education, adjusting for patient demographics.

Results

Among 430 respondents (56% response), 387 patients were included. The sample was 43% female with a mean age of 5.0 years (SD, 2.5). Pain control was reported as good (226 respondents, 58%) or adequate/poor (161 respondents, 42%). Mean opioid prescription quantity was 27 doses (SD, 7.9) before and 21 doses (SD, 6.1) after guideline implementation (P <. 001). Education to use nonopioids first was reported by 308 respondents (80%). In regression, prescribing guideline implementation was not associated with pain control (adjusted odds ratio, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.9‐2.0; P =. 22), but caregiver‐reported education to use nonopioids first was associated with a higher odds of good pain control (adjusted odds ratio, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1‐3.2; P =. 02).

Conclusion

Caregiver education to use nonopioid analgesics first may be a modifiable health care practice to improve pain control as postoperative opioid prescription quantities are reduced.
Endonasal Endoscopic Surgery for Pediatric Sellar and Suprasellar Lesions: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis
Authors: Lee Joshua A. , Cooper Rebecca L. , Nguyen Shaun A. , Schlosser Rodney J. , Gudis David A.
Published: March 2020

Objectives

The advent of endonasal endoscopic skull base surgery (ESBS) has redefined the management of pediatric sellar and suprasellar lesions. To date, the outcomes of these procedures have not been systematically reviewed. This study performed a systematic review with meta‐analysis of surgical outcomes for pediatric patients undergoing ESBS for sellar and suprasellar lesions.

Data Sources

PubMed (National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health), Scopus (Elsevier), and Cochrane Library (Wiley).

Review Methods

Articles reporting on pediatric patients undergoing ESBS for craniopharyngiomas, pituitary adenomas, and Rathke’s cleft cysts were reviewed. The primary outcome was postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak. Secondary outcomes included endocrine, visual, and other complications.

Results

Twenty‐five articles reporting on 554 patients were included. Overall postoperative CSF leak rate was 8.6%, with tumor‐specific rates of 10.6% in craniopharyngiomas, 6.5% in pituitary adenomas, and 7.2% in Rathke’s cleft cysts (P >. 05). Older studies demonstrate higher postoperative CSF leak rates as compared with more recent studies (12.5% vs 6.1%, P =. 0082). Younger children (8.9‐12.6 years old) experienced a higher rate of postoperative CSF leaks as compared with older children (13.0‐16.6 years old; 12.9% vs 4.9%, P =. 0016). Additional postoperative complications included diabetes insipidus (26.7%), hypopituitarism (46.6%), visual deficits (2.6%), meningitis (3.4%), and weight gain (3.4%).

Conclusion

ESBS for pediatric sellar and suprasellar lesions is overall an effective management approach with an increasingly favorable risk‐benefit profile. Younger children may be more susceptible to postoperative CSF leak as compared with older pediatric patients. Tumor type does not appear to be an independent risk factor for postoperative CSF leak in this population.