bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Manual Therapy: Mobilization of the Motion-Restricted Shoulder
Authors: Quillen William S. , Halle John S. , Rouillier Leon H.
Published: August 2016

The sports therapist or athletic trainer will frequently encounter individuals who have difficulty regaining normal shoulder joint motion following injury. This tends to occur in spite of the recent advances in arthroscopic surgical techniques, use of constant passive motion (CPM) devices, and sophisticated functional postoperative rehabilitative regimens. A typical approach to the restricted shoulder involves manual therapy techniques. This paper will review the basic physiological and therapeutic principles of mobilization, a primary manual therapy technique. Mobilization procedures are illustrated for the most commonly encountered shoulder restrictions.
Lower-Extremity Muscle Activation during the Star Excursion Balance Tests
Authors: Earl Jennifer Erin , Hertel Jay
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To identify integrated EMG (I-EMG) activity of 6 lower-extremity muscles during the 8 Star Excursion Balance Tests (SEBTs).

Design and Setting:

Repeated measures, laboratory setting.

Subjects:

10 healthy young adults.

Interventions:

The SEBTs require the subject to balance on the stance leg and maximally reach with the contralateral foot along each of 8 lines extending from a common axis at 45° intervals.

Measures:

I-EMG activity of the vastus medialis obliquus (VMO), vastus lateralis (VL), medial hamstring (MH), biceps femoris (BF), anterior tibialis (AT), and gas-trocnemius.

Results:

Significant differences were found in all muscles (P< .05) except the gastrocnemius (P= .08). VMO and VL activity tended to be greatest with anteriorly directed excursions, whereas the MH and BF activity were greatest with posteriorly directed excursions. AT activity was lowest with the lateral excursion.

Conclusions:

Performance of the different SEBTs results in different lower-extremity muscle-activation patterns.
The Effect of General Anesthesia on Passive-Knee-Extension Range of Motion
Authors: Dompier Thomas P. , Denegar Craig R. , Buckley W.E. , Miller S. John , Hertel Jay , Sebastianelli Wayne J.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Flexibility is promoted as essential to physical fitness, but the mechanisms limiting it are not fully understood.

Objective:

To investigate the effects of general anesthesia on hamstring extensibility.

Design:

Repeated measures.

Setting:

Hospital operating room.

Subjects:

Eight volunteers undergoing orthopedic surgeries unrelated to the tested limb.

Measurement:

Three measurements of passive knee extension (PKE) taken before and after administration of general anesthesia. The force applied during the measurements was consistent between trials.

Results:

Mean PKE range of motion (ROM) was significantly greater before anesthesia (75.0° ± 11.8°) than after (53.3° ± 17°; t = 5.6, P < .001). Pearson product correlation revealed a significant correlation between the mean difference in PKE ROM between treatment conditions and subjects’ body weight (r = .91, P < .05).

Conclusions:

The findings might be attributable to diminished neural drive to the antagonist muscle groups and suggest a more complex neural control of flexibility than simply neural drive to an agonist muscle.
Posterior Foot Pain in a Collegiate Field-Hockey Player
Authors: Mancuso Jennifer J. , Guskiewicz Kevin M. , Petschauer Meredith A.
Published: August 2016

Stress fractures, particularly those in the lower extremity, are disabling and time-consuming injuries commonly seen in athletes. A stress fracture of the posterior talus is rare and presents with signs and symptoms similar to those of soft-tissue injuries in the rear foot. This case study involves a Division-I collegiate female field-hockey athlete who developed a stress reaction in her posterior talus approximately 6 weeks after sustaining a mild eversion ankle sprain. Her chief complaint was pain with forceful plantar flexion during running and cutting. Clinicians must be cautious when an athlete presents with posterior foot pain, being sure to properly assess and rule out differential diagnoses such as tendinitis, os trigonal fracture, and muscle strains. This athlete was able to remain weight bearing during healing, so her rehabilitation protocol allowed for a variety of exercise options.
Changes in Isokinetic Muscle Strength of the Lower Extremity in Recreational Athletes with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Urabe Yukio , Ochi Mitsuo , Onari Kiyoshi
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To investigate changes in muscle strength in the lower extremity after ACL reconstruction.

Design:

Prospective case series.

Dependent Variables:

Isokinetic muscle strength measured in 6 movements (hip extension/flexion, hip adduction/abduction, knee extension/flexion) and circumference of the thigh/calf.

Setting:

Clinic and home.

Patients:

44 (24 men, 20 women) between the ages of 16 and 47 years with an ACL rupture. All underwent reconstruction via a semitendinosus autograft.

Main Outcome Measures:

The peak torque for each joint movement was recorded. Repeated-measures ANOVA and power analysis were conducted to detect significant interaction effects.

Results:

The decline of muscle strength after ACL reconstruction remained not only in the knee extensors and flexors but also in the hip adductors.

Conclusion:

Rehabilitation programs that address the behavioral patterns and physiological characteristics of an ACL injury will benefit the athlete’s whole body and lead to a full recovery.
Postrehabilitation Outcomes of Muscle Power (Torque-Acceleration Energy) in Patients with Selected Shoulder Dysfunctions
Authors: Manske Robert C. , Davies George J.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Most patients on an index concentric isokinetic test of the shoulder internal and external rotators have significant torque-acceleration-energy (TAE) deficits.

Objective:

To assess the effectiveness of rehabilitation on muscle power in patients with shoulder dysfunctions.

Design:

Prospective, pretest–posttest.

Setting:

Physical therapy clinic.

Participants:

67, mean age 28.7 ± 12.89 years.

Main Outcome Measures:

Concentric shoulder internal and external rotators measured with arm at 90° of abduction, 90° of elbow flexion. Isokinetic velocities tested: 60°, 180°, and 300°/s.

Results:

A paired t test (P < .05) compared the differences from index to discharge test for involved and uninvolved internal and external shoulder rotators. Percentages of TAE deficits involved vs uninvolved on discharge and change in TAE from index to discharge were also analyzed. Significant improvement of the involved shoulder for all velocities for both internal and external rotators was seen. The uninvolved extremity saw statistically significant improvements at all velocities for external rotators yet only at 300°/s for internal rotators. Involved-extremity TAE deficits returned to within 10% on discharge.

Conclusions:

The study demonstrated improved muscle power as measured by TAE in shoulder internal and external rotators in a sample of patients treated in an outpatient clinic.
Intertester Reproducibility of the Isokinetic LIDO-Back System
Authors: Saur Petra , Koch Dagmar , Steinmetz Ulrich , Czech Michaela , Pfingsten Michael , Hildebrandt Jan
Published: August 2016

Context:

Trunk flexion and extension in normal participants using the Biodex and a LIDO-Back isokinetic trunk dynamometer.

Objective:

Assessment of interreproducibility of the isokinetic LIDO-Back system.

Design and Setting:

Intertester reproducibility study in a tertiary-care center (outpatient rehabilitation).

Participants:

10 healthy individuals (4 women and 6 men) with a mean age of 29 years.

Main Outcome Measures:

Intertester reproducibility correlations of the isokinetic LIDO-Back. Measurements of 2 therapists were calculated using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC1,1).

Results:

For the flexion parameters the ICCs were between .86 and .98, and for extension, between .63 and .78.

Conclusions:

A high intertester reproducibility relating to measurements of the LIDO-Back isokinetic trunk dynamometer was demonstrated. Intertester-reproducibility studies should become a routine method in the rehabilitation process.
The Effects of Ice Massage on Maximum Isokinetic-Torque Production
Authors: Borgmeyer Jeffrey A. , Scott Bradley A. , Mayhew Jerry L.
Published: August 2016

Context:

The effect of ice massage on muscle-strength performance is equivocal.

Objective:

To determine the effects of ice massage on maximum isokinetic torque produced during a 20-minute interval.

Design:

Participants performed a maximal isokinetic contraction of the right arm at 30°/s every 2 minutes for 20 minutes, once after a 10-minute ice massage over the right biceps brachii muscle belly and once without ice treatment. Sessions were randomized.

Participants:

11 college men.

Measurements:

Torque was measured with a Cybex® II dynamometer. Biceps skinfold was measured with a Harpenden caliper.

Results:

A repeated-measures ANCOVA revealed no significant interaction between time and treatment condition when the effect of skinfold thickness was held constant. A main effect for time indicated that torque production was significantly higher at 4 and 8 minutes and declined thereafter.

Conclusions:

A 10-minute ice massage neither enhanced nor retarded muscle-force output and thus may be used for its pain-reducing effect to allow resistance exercise during the rehabilitation process
The Effect of Select Shoulder Exercises on Strength, Active Angle Reproduction, Single-Arm Balance, and Functional Performance
Authors: Padua Darin A. , Guskiewicz Kevin M. , Prentice William E. , Schneider Robert E. , Shields Edgar W.
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To determine whether select shoulder exercises influence shoulder-rotation strength, active angle reproduction (AAR), single-arm dynamic stability, and functional throwing performance in healthy individuals.

Design:

Pretest–posttest.

Setting:

Laboratory.

Participants:

54, randomly placed in 4 training groups.

Intervention:

Four 5-week training protocols.

Main Outcome Measures:

Average shoulder-rotation torque, AAR, single-arm dynamic stability, and functional throwing performance.

Results:

Repeated-measures ANOVAs revealed a significant group-by-test interaction for average torque (P > .05). Post hoc analyses revealed significantly increased average torque in the open kinetic chain and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) groups after training. AAR and sway velocity were not affected in any of the groups (P > .05), but functional performance revealed a significant group-by-test interaction (P < .05). Post hoc analysis demonstrated that the PNF group significantly improved after training (P < .05).

Conclusions:

Shoulder strength can be improved in healthy individuals, but improvements depend on the exercise performed. Shoulder proprioception and neuromuscular control were unchanged in all groups, but functional performance improved in the PNF group
Contrast-Bath Therapy and Sensation Over the Anterior Talofibular Ligament
Authors: Cotts Billy E. , Knight Kenneth L. , Myrer J. William , Schulthies Shane S.
Published: August 2016

Context:

It has been suggested that contrast-bath therapy alters sensation and enables patients to return to exercise more quickly.

Objective:

To determine whether contrast-bath therapy alters sensation of pressure in the ankle.

Design:

A 2 × 4 × 4 factorial design with repeated measures on 2 factors. Independent variables included gender, time (preapplication and 1, 6, and 11 min postapplication), and treatment (control, cold bath, hot bath, and contrast bath).

Setting:

Laboratory.

Participants:

12 men and 12 women, college track athletes actively engaged in preseason workouts 5-6 days/wk.

Interventions:

Sensation of pressure was tested preapplication and 1, 6, and 11 min postapplication. Each treatment lasted 20 min.

Main Outcome Measure:

Sensation of pressure at baseline and 1, 6, and 11 min postapplication over the anterior talofibular ligament of the right ankle.

Results:

There was no difference between genders. Sensation of pressure was greater for the heat condition than the other 3 conditions at 1 and 6 min postapplication. During the heating condition, sensation of pressure was greater at 1 and 6 min postapplication than during preapplication. During the contrast condition, sensation of pressure was less at 6 min postapplication than during preapplication.

Conclusion:

Contrast- and cold-bath therapy (at 13 °C) do not affect numbness.
Assessing Functional Ankle Instability with Joint Position Sense, Time to Stabilization, and Electromyography
Authors: Brown Cathleen , Ross Scott , Mynark Rick , Guskiewicz Kevin
Published: August 2016

Context:

Functional ankle instability (FAI) is difficult to identify and quantify.

Objective:

To compare joint position sense (JPS), time to stabilization (TTS), and electromy-ography (EMG) of ankle musculature in recreational athletes with and without FAI.

Design:

Case-control compared with t tests and ANOVAs.

Setting:

Sports medicine research laboratory.

Participants:

20 recreational athletes.

Main Outcome Measures:

Passive angle reproduction, TTS, and mean EMG amplitude of the tibialis anterior, peroneals, lateral gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles during single-leg-jump landing.

Results:

No differences in JPS or medial-lateral TTS measures between groups. Significantly longer anterior-posterior TTS (P < .05) in the unstable ankle group. The stable ankle group had significantly higher mean EMG soleus amplitude after landing (P < .05). No other significant differences were found for mean EMG amplitudes before or after landing.

Conclusions:

Subjects with FAI demonstrated deficits in landing stability and soleus muscle activity during landing that may represent chronic adaptive changes following injury.
A Comparison of Intramuscular Temperatures during 10-Minute 1.0-MHz Ultrasound Treatments at Different Intensities
Authors: Leonard Jamie , Merrick Mark , Ingersoll Chris , Cordova Mitchell
Published: August 2016

Context:

Research on therapeutic ultrasound has not focused on the duration needed to cause thermal change with various ultrasound intensities.

Objective:

To analyze triceps surae intramuscular temperature using 4 intensity levels after a 10-min 1-MHz continuous ultrasound treatment at a depth of 4 cm.

Design:

1 × 4 repeated measures. Independent variable: intensity of 4 levels—0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 W/cm2. Dependent variable: peak intramuscular temperature.

Setting:

Research laboratory.

Participants:

19 volunteers with no lower leg pathologies.

Intervention:

Treatment order was balanced via Latin square and performed 24 hr apart.

Main Outcome Measures:

Peak intramuscular temperatures.

Results:

The only significant difference detected was that the mean temperature after the 1.0-W/cm2 treatment (37.3 °C) was greater than that at 2.0-W/cm2 intensity (36.1 °C). No treatment reached the desired 4° increase needed for therapeutic efficacy.

Conclusions:

Treatments at 1.0 W/cm2 increased tissue temperatures more than those at 2.0 W/cm2.
Intratester Reliability for Determining an 8-Repetition Maximum for 3 Shoulder Exercises Using Elastic Bands
Authors: Newsam Craig J. , Leese Cindy , Fernandez-Silva Jennifer
Published: August 2016

Context:

Standardization of training load using the 1-repetition maximum (1RM) test cannot be directly applied when using elastic bands as resistance.

Objective:

To determine the intratester reliability for establishing an 8-repetition maximum (8RM) using elastic bands.

Design:

Test–retest.

Participants:

5 men, 10 women, 23–29 years.

Intervention:

An 8RM test was established for 3 shoulder exercises using the Dura-Band® exercise system.

Main Outcome Measures:

The length of the elastic band was recorded. An analysis of variance was performed, and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated for each exercise.

Results:

Intratester reliability for determining the elastic-band length required to establish an 8RM was very high for internal rotation (ICC = .91) and high for external rotation (ICC = .77). The diagonal pull-down 8RM test had moderate reliability (ICC = .65).

Conclusion:

Training load can be reliably standardized in healthy young adults using moderate-to high-resistance elastic bands with a goal-based multiple-RM test.
Exercise Prescription and Patellofemoral Pain: Evidence for Rehabilitation
Authors: Bolgla Lori , Malone Terry
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To provide evidence regarding the therapeutic effects of exercise on subjects with patellofemoral-pain syndrome (PFPS).

Data Sources:

Evidence was compiled with data located using the Medline, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus databases from 1985 to 2004 using the key words patellofemoral pain syndrome, exercise, rehabilitation, and strength.

Study Selection:

The literature review examined intervention studies evaluating the effectiveness of exercise in subjects specif-cally diagnosed with PFPS. Articles were selected based on clinical relevance to PFPS rehabilitation that required an intervention of a minimum of 4 weeks.

Data Synthesis:

The review supports using exercise as the primary treatment for PFPS.

Conclusions:

Evidence exists regarding the use of isometric, isotonic, isokinetic, and closed kinetic chain exercise. Although clinicians have advocated the use of biofeedback and patella taping, there is limited evidence regarding the efficacy of these interventions on subjects diagnosed with PFPS.
The Effect of 4 Different Durations of Static Hamstring Stretching on Passive Knee-Extension Range of Motion
Authors: Ford Gregory S. , Mazzone Margaret A. , Taylor Keith
Published: August 2016

Design:

Pretest–posttest.

Objective:

To determine the effect of 4 durations of static hamstring stretching on knee-extension passive range of motion (KE-PROM).

Context:

Effects of longer (90 and 120 seconds) static hamstring stretching on PROM have not been established relative to more typically recommended 30- or 60-second durations.

Subjects:

35 healthy college-age subjects with >20° loss of KE-PROM.

Outcome Measure:

KE-PROM.

Intervention:

5-week program of single daily stretch for 30, 60, 90, or 120 seconds.

Results:

Static stretching was effective in increasing KE-PROM regardless of stretch duration (P < .0001). A significant improvement was identified in mean PROM for each stretching group, but no difference existed among the 4 stretch-duration groups. The control group’s mean PROM decreased (mean = -3.2°, SD = 1.9), whereas each stretching group increased PROM (means 1.9° to 3.6°).

Conclusions:

Five weeks of daily static hamstring stretching for 30, 60, 90, or 120 seconds increase KE-PROM. Similar benefits were achieved regardless of stretch duration, suggesting that clinicians need not perform static hamstring stretches of more than 30 seconds.
Adherence to Rehabilitation after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructive Surgery: Implications for Outcome
Authors: Pizzari Tania , Taylor Nicholas F. , McBurney Helen , Feller Julian A.
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To investigate the relationship between adherence to rehabilitation and outcome after reconstructive surgery of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL).

Design:

A prospective cohort study with adherence to rehabilitation evaluated over 8 weeks correlated with outcomes at 9 and 12 months postsurgery.

Participants:

68 patients who had undergone ACL-reconstructive surgery.

Main Outcome Measures:

Adherence was measured to and during appointments and by a self-report diary of home exercise. Outcomes were measured by 6 knee-function scales and 2 hop tests.

Results:

There was a significant relationship between home-exercise adherence and many outcomes for participants under 30 years of age (rs = .33-.44). For participants age 30 and over there was a negative relationship between home-exercise adherence and outcome. There were no significant relationships between adherence to and during physical therapy appointments and outcome after ACL-reconstructive surgery.

Conclusion:

Participants under 30 years of age who adhered to their home-exercise regimen had better functional outcome, whereas adherent participants age 30 and over experienced worse outcome with better home-exercise adherence.
Single-Leg Landing Strategy after Knee-Joint Cryotherapy
Authors: Hart Joseph M. , Leonard Jamie L. , Ingersoll Christopher D.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Despite recent findings regarding lower extremity function after cryotherapy, little is known of the neuromuscular, kinetic, and kinematic changes that might occur during functional tasks.

Objective:

To evaluate changes in ground-reaction forces, muscle activity, and knee-joint flexion during single-leg landings after 20-minute knee-joint cryotherapy.

Design:

1 × 4 repeated-measures, time-series design.

Setting:

Research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

20 healthy male and female subjects.

Intervention:

Subjects performed 5 single-leg landings before, immediately after, and 15 and 30 minutes after knee-joint cryo-therapy.

Main Outcome Measures:

Ground-reaction force, knee-joint flexion, and muscle activity of the gastrocnemius, hamstrings, quadriceps, and gluteus medius.

Results:

Cryotherapy did not significantly (P > .05) change maximum knee-joint flexion, vertical ground-reaction force, or average muscle activity during a single-leg landing.

Conclusion:

Knee-joint cryotherapy might not place the lower extremity at risk for injury during landing.
Knee-Joint Position Sense: The Relationship between Open and Closed Kinetic Chain Tests
Authors: Herrington Lee
Published: August 2016

Context:

Authors have investigated knee joint-position sense (JPS) in non-weight-bearing open kinetic chain (OKC) manner, but few have investigated JPS during closed kinetic chain (CKC) weight-bearing activities or the relationship between these two.

Objective:

To investigate the relationship between knee JPS during OKC and CKC maneuvers.

Design:

2-group (men and women) repeated-measures.

Setting:

Biomechanics laboratory.

Participants:

80 asymptomatic subjects.

Interventions:

None.

Main Outcome Measure:

Absolute error score of knee JPS during 2 conditions, a CKC squat or OKC knee-flexion maneuver.

Results:

Statistical analysis by 2-way ANOVA showed sex not to have a significant effect on error score (P = .475), but statistically significant differences between error scores occurred during the 2 tests (P = .0001), the CKC test producing lower error scores (group mean absolute error score OKC [5.6° ± 4.3°] and CKC [2.8° ± 2.4°]), with the absence of a correlation between scores of each test (r = .1).

Conclusion:

Testing JPS in a CKC scenario would seem appropriate—the ability is greatest (least errors), and conversely any deficits might be most obvious.
Correlations between Hip Strength and Static Foot and Knee Posture
Authors: Hollman John H. , Kolbeck Kimberly E. , Hitchcock Jamie L. , Koverman Jonathan W. , Krause David A.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Hip-muscle weakness might be associated with impaired biomechanics and postures that contribute to lower extremity injuries.

Objective:

To examine relationships between hip-muscle strength, Q angle, and foot pronation.

Design:

Correlational study.

Setting:

Academic laboratory.

Participants:

33 healthy adults.

Main Outcome Measures:

Maximal isometric hip abduction (Abd), adduction (Add), external-rotation (ER) and internal-rotation (IR) strength; Q angle of the knee; and longitudinal arch angle of the foot. We analyzed Pearson product– moment (r) correlation coefficients between the Abd/Add and ER/IR force ratios, Q angle, and longitudinal arch angle.

Results:

The hip Abd/Add force ratio was correlated with longitudinal arch angle (r= .35,P= .025).

Conclusions:

Reduced strength of the hip abductors relative to adductors is associated with increased pronation at the foot. Clinicians should be aware of this relationship when examining patients with lower extremity impairments.
The Effect of 2 Different Custom-Molded Corrective Orthotics on Plantar Pressure
Authors: Hodgson Brad , Tis Laurie , Cobb Steven , McCarthy Shawn , Higbie Elizabeth
Published: August 2016

Context:

Because of research variability and the increasing use of orthotics to manage lower extremity problems, further research is warranted.

Objective:

To investigate the effect of rear-foot- and forefoot-posted (PAL) and mediolongitu-dinal arch-supported (SOLE) orthotics on plantar pressure (PP) during walking.

Design:

Repeated measures.

Setting:

Laboratory.

Participants:

17 subjects with forefoot varus.

Intervention:

Data were collected at 0 and 6 weeks for no-orthotic and orthotic conditions.

Measurements:

PPs were collected with the EMED Pedar measurement system.

Results:

Zero weeks: PAL increased PP in lateral forefoot (LFF), middle toes (MT), and lateral toes (LT) and decreased PP in lateral heel (LH), medial forefoot (MFF), and central forefoot (CFF). SOLE increased PP for midfoot (MF) and LT and decreased PP in medial heel (MH), LH, and CFF. 6 weeks: PAL increased PP in LFF, MT, and LT and decreased PP in LH, MFF, and CFF. SOLE increased PP in MF and decreased PP in MH, LH, and LFF.

Conclusion:

The SOLE orthotic appeared to be more effective in attaining the goals of custom-molded-orthotic intervention.
The Effects of Repetitive Throwing on Shoulder Proprioception and Internal and External Rotation Strength
Authors: Nocera Joe , Rubley Mack , Holcomb William , Guadagnoli Mark
Published: August 2016

Context:

There is limited information on the effects of throwing on shoulder proprioception and strength.

Objective:

Examine shoulder proprioception and strength following throwing.

Design:

2x3 mixed-subject design.

Setting:

Research laboratory and outdoor facility.

Participants:

23 male college students (age = 22 ± 2.9yr, ht = 178 ± 11.3cm, wt = 72 ± 7.7kg, 22 right-handed 1 left-handed).

Intervention:

Subjects were pretested for proprioception, measured by active reproduction of passive positioning (ARPP). Strength was quantified using 1RM and an average peak torque at 120º/sec for internal and external shoulder rotation. Following pretesting, subjects (excluding control) completed 75 throws at 75% maximum immediately followed by posttesting.

Main Outcome Measures:

Pre and post ARPP absolute error and strength changes.

Results:

Significant difference in the pre and posttest ARPP values for throwing groups but no difference for the control group. There was no significant difference from pre to post on the strength tests for any groups.

Conclusion:

Results indicate that repetitive throwing affects proprioception while not affecting strength.
Cryotherapy Does Not Affect Peroneal Reaction Following Sudden Inversion
Authors: Berg Christine L. , Hart Joseph M. , Palmieri-Smith Riann , Cross Kevin M. , Ingersoll Christopher D.
Published: August 2016

Context:

If ankle joint cryotherapy impairs the ability of the ankle musculature to counteract potentially injurious forces, the ankle is left vulnerable to injury.

Objective:

To compare peroneal reaction to sudden inversion following ankle joint cryotherapy.

Design:

Repeated measures design with independent variables, treatment (cryotherapy and control), and time (baseline, immediately post treatment, 15 minutes post treatment, and 30 minutes post treatment).

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Twenty-seven healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

An ice bag was secured to the lateral ankle joint for 20 minutes.

Main Outcome Measures:

The onset and average root mean square amplitude of EMG activity in the peroneal muscles was calculated following the release of a trap door mechanism causing inversion.

Results:

There was no statistically significant change from baseline for peroneal reaction time or average peroneal muscle activity at any post treatment time.

Conclusions:

Cryotherapy does not affect peroneal muscle reaction following sudden inversion perturbation.
Effect of the Simultaneous Application of NMES and HVPC on Knee Extension Torque
Authors: Holcomb William , Rubley Mack D. , Girouard Tedd J.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Electrical stimulation using simultaneous application of two current types for multiple effects is a current treatment option, but the effect of this treatment is not currently known.

Objectives:

To compare isometric knee extension torque when using neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) in combination with High Voltage Pulsed Current (HVPC) versus NMES alone during three contraction conditions of quadriceps.

Design:

Counterbalanced, within-subjects design to test independent variables, stimulation protocol, and contraction condition; ANOVA to analyze dependent variable, peak torque.

Setting:

Athletic Training Research Laboratory. Participants: 14 healthy subjects (7 male and 7 female, age = 21.9 ± 2.0 yr, height = 173.4 ± 10.1cm, weight = 76.1 ± 16.7 kg).

Intervention:

Participants performed three contraction conditions during two stimulation protocols.

Main Outcome Measure:

Peak isometric knee extension torque.

Results:

The main effect for Stimulation Protocol was not significant: F1,26 = .01, P = .94.

Conclusion:

Simultaneous application of HVPC with NMES does not facilitate the neuromuscular response but may provide an efficient treatment when managing atrophy, strength loss, pain, and edema associated with reconstructive surgery.
Vastus Medialis Activation during Knee Extension Exercises: Evidence for Exercise Prescription
Authors: Bolgla Lori A. , Shaffer Scott W. , Malone Terry R.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Knee extension exercise is an important part of knee rehabilitation. Clinicians prescribe non-weight bearing exercise initially and progress patients to weight bearing exercise once they can perform a straight leg raise (SLR).

Objective:

Compare VM activation during a SLR and weight bearing exercises.

Design:

One-way repeated measures design.

Setting:

University Laboratory.

Subjects:

Fifteen healthy subjects.

Intervention:

One SLR exercise and 6 weight-bearing knee extension exercises.

Main Outcome Measures:

Electromyographic amplitudes for the VM expressed as a percent maximum voluntary isometric contraction.

Results:

The SLR had greater activation than the single leg stance and bilateral squat exercises. The step-up and unilateral leg press exercises had the greatest activation.

Conclusions:

SLR performance can be an important indicator for exercise progression. These results provide foundational knowledge to assist clinicians with exercise prescription.
Lower Extremity Joint Moments of Collegiate Soccer Players Differ between Genders during a Forward Jump
Authors: Hart Joseph M. , Garrison J. Craig , Palmieri-Smith Riann , Kerrigan D. Casey , Ingersoll Christopher D.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Lower extremity kinetics while performing a single-leg forward jump landing may help explain gender biased risk for noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury.

Objective:

Gender comparison of lower extremity joint angles and moments.

Design:

Static groups comparison.

Setting:

Motion analysis laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

8 male and 8 female varsity, collegiate soccer athletes.

Intervention:

5 single-leg landings from a 100cm forward jump.

Main Outcome Measures:

Peak and initial contact external joint moments and joint angles of the ankle, knee, and hip.

Results:

At initial heel contact, males exhibited a adduction moment whereas females exhibited a abduction moment at the hip. Females also had significantly less peak hip extension moment and significantly less peak hip internal rotation moment than males had. Females exhibited greater knee adduction and hip internal rotation angles than men did.

Conclusions:

When decelerating from a forward jump, gender differences exist in forces acting at the hip.
The Relationship of Periscapular Strength on Scapular Upward Rotation in Professional Baseball Pitchers
Authors: Laudner Kevin G. , Stanek Justin M. , Meister Keith
Published: August 2016

Context:

Deficiencies in scapular upward rotation and periscapular strength have been associated with various shoulder pathologies and decreased athletic performance. Therefore, proper periscapular strength and concomitant scapular upward rotation are important factors among overhead athletes, such as baseball players.

Objective:

To assess the relationships between lower trapezius and serratus anterior strength and the quantity of scapular upward rotation.

Design:

Descriptive study.

Setting:

Laboratory.

Participants:

24 professional baseball pitchers.

Measures:

Scapular upward rotation was measured at 0°, 60°, 90°, and 120° of humeral elevation. The maximum isometric strength of the lower trapezius and serratus anterior were measured.

Results:

There was a moderate-good positive relationship between lower trapezius strength and scapular upward rotation at 90° (r2 = .56, P = .001) and 120° (r2 = .53, P = .001). The relationships between scapular upward rotation and serratus anterior strength were all poor.

Conclusion:

A moderate-good relationship existed between lower trapezius strength and scapular upward rotation.
Impact Attenuation and Variability during Running in Females: A Lifespan Investigation
Authors: Dufek Janet S. , Mercer John A. , Teramoto Kaori , Mangus Brent C. , Freedman Julia A.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Impact is known to cause injury during running, while variability is thought to promote healthy performance.

Objective:

Quantify contributions of the lower extremity and back and the variability of impact generation among (1) prepubescent girls (Grp 1), (2) normally menstruating women (Grp 2), and (3) postmenopausal women (Grp 3) to address possible lifespan changes during running.

Design:

A mixed model experiment.

Setting:

Biomechanics Laboratory.

Participants:

31 healthy females owing membership to Grp1, Grp 2, or Grp 3.

Intervention:

Participants ran on a treadmill at their preferred speed (45 s) and at a speed 10% faster (45 s) while instrumented with uniaxial accelerometers.

Main Outcome Measures:

Lower extremity attenuation, back attenuation and variability of peak impact acceleration values.

Results:

Lower extremity attenuation and variability were greatest for Grp 1 while impact variability was least for Grp 2.

Conclusion:

Lifespan phases appear to affect impact attenuation strategies and variability of impact during running for females.
The Effects of a Supervised Resistance-Training Program on Special Olympics Athletes
Authors: Machek Michael A. , Stopka Christine B. , Tillman Mark D. , Sneed Suzanne M. , Naugle Keith E.
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To examine the effects of a resistance-training program on athletes with intellectual disabilities (ID).

Design/Participants:

2-way (2 × 2), repeated-measures analysis of variance on 2 groups (males and females); 30 Special Olympics (SO) athletes, age 16–22 (16 males, 14 females).

Intervention/Outcome Measures:

Resistance training, twice per week, for 3 months on Med-X weight equipment. Exercises tested: chest press, abdominal crunch, seated row, overhead press, seated dip, lower back extension, and biceps curl. The weight lifted and the number of repetitions performed were used to determine predicted 1-repetition max (1RM).

Results:

All participants as a group increased significantly in predicted 1RM for each exercise performed. Males were stronger than females for 5 of the 7 exercises. A significant interaction effect between genders was demonstrated for the seated dip.

Conclusion:

Significant strength gains can be accomplished by adolescents with ID via a supervised resistance-training program.
A Comparison of the Pressure Exerted on Soft Tissue by 2 Myofascial Rollers
Authors: Curran Patrick F. , Fiore Russell D. , Crisco Joseph J.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Self-myofascial release (SMR) is a technique used to treat myofascial restrictions and restore soft-tissue extensibility.

Purpose:

To determine whether the pressure and contact area on the lateral thigh differ between a Multilevel rigid roller (MRR) and a Bio-Foam roller (BFR) for participants performing SMR.

Participants:

Ten healthy young men and women.

Methods:

Participants performed an SMR technique on the lateral thigh using both myofascial rollers. Thin-film pressure sensels recorded pressure and contact area during each SMR trial.

Results:

Mean sensel pressure exerted on the soft tissue of the lateral thigh by the MRR (51.8 ± 10.7 kPa) was significantly (P < .001) greater than that of the conventional BFR (33.4 ± 6.4 kPa). Mean contact area of the MRR (47.0 ± 16.1 cm2) was significantly (P < .005) less than that of the BFR (68.4 ± 25.3 cm2).

Conclusion:

The significantly higher pressure and isolated contact area with the MRR suggest a potential benefit in SMR.
The Effect of Scapular-Retractor Fatigue on External and Internal Rotation in Patients with Internal Impingement
Authors: Tyler Timothy F. , Cuoco Anthony , Schachter Aaron K. , Thomas Gregory C. , McHugh Malachy P.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Scapular strengthening is thought to be an important component of the rehabilitation of patients with internal impingement.

Objective:

To determine the effect of scapular-retractor-muscle fatigue on internal- and external-rotation-torque production in patients with internal impingement.

Design:

Case control study.

Setting:

Outpatient clinic.

Participants:

15 patients and 18 healthy subjects.

Intervention:

A scapular-retractor-fatigue protocol.

Main Outcome Measure:

Shoulder-rotation- torque production.

Results:

After the scapular-retractor-fatigue protocol external- rotation strength was reduced in patients (involved 25%, noninvolved 19%; P < .001).

Conclusion:

Fatigue in the scapular retractors resulted in lower shoulder-rotation-torque production. These findings emphasize the importance of the scapular retractors for proper function of the shoulder rotators with the arm in an abducted position in patients with internal impingement.
Balance Improvements in Female High School Basketball Players after a 6-Week Neuromuscular-Training Program
Authors: McLeod Tamara C. Valovich , Armstrong Travis , Miller Mathew , Sauers Jamie L.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Poor balance has been associated with increased injury risk among athletes. Neuromuscular-training programs have been advocated as a means of injury prevention, but little is known about the benefits of these programs on balance in high school athletes.

Objective:

To determine whether there are balance gains after participation in a neuromuscular-training program in high school athletes.

Design:

Nonrandomized controlled trial.

Setting:

All data were collected at each participating high school before and after a 6-wk intervention or control period.

Participants:

62 female high school basketball players recruited from the local high school community and assigned to a training (n = 37) or control (n = 25) group.

Intervention:

Training-group subjects participated in a 6-wk neuromuscular-training program that included plyo- metric, functional-strengthening, balance, and stability-ball exercises.

Main Outcome Measures:

Data were collected for the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) and Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) before and after the 6-wk intervention or control period.

Results:

The authors found a significant decrease in total BESS errors in the trained group at the posttest compared with their pretest and the control group (P = .003). Trained subjects also scored significantly fewer BESS errors on the single-foam and tandem-foam conditions at the posttest than the control group and demonstrated improvements on the single-foam compared with their pretest (P = .033). The authors found improvements in reach in the lateral, anteromedial, medial, and posterior directions in the trained group at the posttest compared with the control group (P < .05) using the SEBT.

Conclusion:

The study demonstrates that a neuromuscular-training program can increase the balance and proprioceptive capabilities of female high school basketball players and that clinical balance measures are sensitive to detect these differences.
The Influence of Ankle Taping on Changes in Postural Stability during Soccer-Specific Activity
Authors: Lohkamp Monika , Craven Simon , Walker-Johnson Colin , Greig Matt
Published: August 2016

Context:

Postural stability diminishes with longer activity, which may increase the risk of injury. Tape can increase stability, but this effect diminishes after exercise.

Objective:

To investigate the influence of ankle taping on postural stability during soccer-specific activity.

Participants:

10 male, injury-free, semiprofessional soccer players.

Intervention:

A 45-min treadmill protocol replicating the activity profile of soccer match play—with and without ankle tape. Postural stability was assessed every 7.5 min, requiring response to sudden ankle plantar flexion and inversion during single-leg stance.

Main Outcome Measure:

Reaction time to perturbation and center- of-gravity (CoG) displacement.

Results:

Reaction time was significantly longer (P < .05) with longer exercise for both movements and conditions. No significant effect was evident in CoG displacement. For both outcome measures a nonsignificant benefit of taping was observed during the first 22.5 min of activity.

Conclusion:

Prolonged exposure to soccer-specific activity negates any beneficial effect of taping in improving postural stability.
Effects of Menthol-Based Counterirritant on Quadriceps Motoneuron-Pool Excitability
Authors: Huffman Daniel H. , Pietrosimone Brian G. , Grindstaff Terry L. , Hart Joseph M. , Saliba Susan A. , Ingersoll Christopher D.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Motoneuron-pool facilitation after cryotherapy may be mediated by stimulation of thermoreceptors surrounding a joint. It is unknown whether menthol counterirritants, which also stimulate thermoreceptors, have the same effect on motoneuron-pool excitability (MNPE).

Objective:

To compare quadriceps MNPE after a menthol-counterirritant application to the anterior knee, a sham counterirritant application, and a control treatment in healthy subjects.

Design:

A blinded, randomized controlled laboratory study.

Setting:

Laboratory.

Participants:

Thirty healthy subjects (16 m, 14 f; 24.1 ± 3.9 y, 170.6 ± 11.4 cm, 72.1 ± 15.6 kg) with no history of lower extremity surgery volunteered for this study.

Intervention:

Two milliliters of menthol or sham counterirritant was applied to the anterior knee; control subjects received no intervention.

Main Outcome Measures:

The average vastus medialis normalized Hoffmann reflex (Hmax:Mmax ratio) was used to measure MNPE. Measurements were recorded at 5, 15, 25, and 35 minutes postintervention and compared with baseline measures.

Results:

Hmax:Mmax ratios for all groups significantly decreased over time (F4,108 = 10.52, P < .001; menthol: baseline = .32 ± .20, 5 min = .29 ± .18, 15 min = .27 ± .18, 25 min = .28 ± .19, 35 min = .27 ± .18; sham: baseline = .46 ± .26, 5 min = .36 ± .20, 15 min = .35 ± .19, 25 min = .35 ± .20, 35 min = .34 ± .18; control: baseline = .48 ± .32, 5 min = .37 ± .27, 15 min = .37 ± .27, 25 min = .37 ± .29, 35 min = .35 ± .28). No significant Group × Time interaction or group differences in Hmax:Mmax were found.

Conclusions:

Menthol did not affect quadriceps MNPE in healthy subjects.
Comparison of Lower Extremity Emg Between the 2-Leg Squat and Modified Single-Leg Squat in Female Athletes
Authors: McCurdy Kevin , O’Kelley Erin , Kutz Matt , Langford George , Ernest James , Torres Marcos
Published: August 2016

Purpose:

To compare EMG activity of selected hip and knee muscle groups in female athletes performing a modified single-leg squat and the 2-leg squat using the same relative intensity.

Methods:

Eleven Division I female athletes from a variety of sports (soccer, softball, and track) completed the study. EMG measurements were taken as the subjects completed 3 parallel repetitions at 85% of their 3-repetition maximum on each exercise. Mean and mean peak EMG data from the gluteus medius, hamstrings, and quadriceps and the quadriceps:hamstrings EMG ratio were compared between the 2 exercises.

Results:

Statistically higher mean (P < .01) and mean peak (P < .05) gluteus medius and mean and mean peak (P < .01) hamstring EMG activity occurred during the modified single-leg squat. The 2-leg squat produced higher mean and mean peak (P < .05) quadriceps activity and a higher quadriceps:hamstrings EMG ratio (P < .01).

Conclusion:

Muscle-recruitment patterns appear to differ between the 2 types of squat exercises when performed at the same relative intensity by female athletes.
The Potential of Multiple Synovial-Fluid Protein-Concentration Analyses in the Assessment of Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Driban Jeffrey B. , Balasubramanian Easwaran , Amin Mamta , Sitler Michael R. , Ziskin Marvin C. , Barbe Mary F.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Joint trauma is a risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA), which is becoming an increasingly important orthopedic concern for athletes and nonathletes alike. For advances in OA prevention, diagnosis, and treatment to occur, a greater understanding of the biochemical environment of the affected joint is needed.

Objective:

To demonstrate the potential of a biochemical technique to enhance our understanding of and diagnostic capabilities for osteoarthritis.

Design:

Cross-sectional.

Setting:

Outpatient orthopedic practice.

Participants:

8 subjects: 4 OA-knee participants (65 ± 6 y of age) and 4 normal-knee participants (54 ± 10 y) with no history of knee OA based on bilateral standing radiographs.

Intervention:

The independent variable was group (OA knee, normal knee).

Main Outcome Measures:

16 knee synovial-protein concentrations categorized as follows: 4 as pro-inflammatory, or catabolic, cytokines; 5 as anti-inflammatory, or protective, cytokines; 3 as catabolic enzymes; 2 as tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases [TIMPs]; and 2 as adipokines.

Results:

Two anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-13 and osteoprotegerin) and a pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β) were significantly lower in the OA knees. Two catabolic enzymes (matrix metalloproteinase [MMP]-2 and MMP-3) were significantly elevated in OA knees. TIMP-2, an inhibitor of MMPs, was significantly elevated in OA knees.

Conclusions:

Six of the 16 synovial-fluid proteins were significantly different between OA knees and normal knees in this study. Future research using a similar multiplex ELISA approach or other proteomic techniques may enable researchers and clinicians to develop more accurate biochemical profiles of synovial fluid to help diagnose OA, identify subsets of OA or individual characteristics, guide clinical decisions, and identify patients at risk for OA after knee injury.
A Comparison of Prescribed Rigid Orthotic Devices and Athletic Taping Support Used to Modify Pronation in Runners
Authors: Moss Crayton L. , Gorton Beatrice , Deters Suzanne
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of four different treatments on the control of the amount and rate of foot pronation while running. The four treatments were the reverse 8-stirrup taping technique, the low-dye taping technique, prescribed rigid orthotic devices, and no support in the running shoe. Six intercollegiate cross-country runners were filmed from the rear while running on a treadmill, and the film data were analyzed. A two-way MANOVA indicated no significant overall treatment effect for the dependent variables. A one-way ANOVA indicated that the reverse 8-stirrup taping technique significantly reduced the amount of maximum pronation when compared to shoes-no support and low-dye taping techniques. The reverse 8-stirrup also had significantly fewer degrees of total rear foot movement when compared to the low-dye taping technique. No other significant comparisons were realized. It was concluded that the reverse 8-stirrup would be as effective a treatment for excessive pronation in runners as the prescribed rigid orthotic device.