bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of immediate surgical treatment of proximal femoral fractures on mortality and quality of life
Authors: Dorotka R. , Schoechtner H. , Buchinger W.
Published: January 2004

We compared the mortality and outcome of 182 patients with proximal fractures of the femur after immediate and delayed surgical treatment. Seventy-nine patients were operated upon within six hours of the fracture (group 1) and 103 patients were operated upon after this period of time (group 2).

At six months follow-up, group 1 had a significantly lower mortality rate. There was a good outcome in both groups with no differences in the outcome. Neither surgical nor anaesthetic factors appeared to have influenced mortality. The subdivision of groups revealed that patients operated on within 24 hours had a better outcome than those whose surgery was delayed.

Although there may have been a bias, as patients were not randomly assigned to immediate or delayed surgical treatment, the data suggest that early stabilisation may be associated with a lower mortality rate. Even with pre-clinical delays of more than six hours early treatment should still be attempted, as better results seem to be achieved after 24 hours compared to a later time in our patients.
Surgical treatment of lumbar disc herniation in elderly patients
Authors: Fujii K. , Henmi T. , Kanematsu Y. , Mishiro T. , Sakai T.
Published: January 2004

Between 1995 and 1999, 12 patients aged 65 years or more (mean 70.2) with lumbar disc herniation, underwent partial laminectomy and nucleotomy. The results were compared with those of 25 younger patients aged between 20 and 40 years (mean 30.1), who underwent the same surgical procedure. The Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score was used to assess the clinical outcome. The minimum follow-up was 12 months. The pre- and post-operative total JOA scores and the rate of improvement of the JOA score were not significantly different between the elderly (11.1, 24.3 points, and 74.1%), and the younger group (11.6, 26.4 points and 84.5%).

The results of this study indicate that the outcome of lumbar discectomy in elderly patients is as good as in younger patients.
Advances in Endodontics
Authors: Gulabivala Kishor
Published: January 2004

Progress in diagnosis, prevention of diseases, treatment of exposed pulp, root canal treatment, retreatment and surgery is reported. Contemporary biological research techniques could set the foundation for a more rational approach to treatment. Pulp inflammation may be prevented by inhibiting bacteria from colonising dentine surfaces. Specific factors could be synthesised to stimulate normal dentine deposition over pulp exposures. Significant improvements have been made in instruments and techniques available for root canal treatment and surgery but there is no clinical evidence that they improve periapical healing.
Dentistry 2000–A Retrospective
Authors: Renson Ted
Published: January 2004

There were fears that DENTISTRY 2000 had been over-hyped to such an extent that the reality would be a flop. With the benefit of hindsight one can put those fears to rest. It really was the best show that British dentistry has ever put on. The British Dental Trade Association, the British Dental Association and a huge number of other dental associations and organisations had come together to present a vast range of equipment, materials, services of every kind, lectures, demonstrations—name it and it was there. Once again all previous records for attendance were beaten, more than 14000 attended the trade exhibition and 3615 attended the scientific programme, and once again Birmingham's National Exhibition Centre proved to be an admirable venue. The long months of planning had really paid off.
A Materials Scientist's Glimpse into the New Millennium
Authors: Brown David
Published: February 2004

Questions about the materials which are in current use are posed and answered in this review, which speculates about the sort of dental materials we will be using, or would like to use in the next century. Consideration is given to the merits and failings of dental amalgam, composites and glass-ionomer cements prior to laying down the requirements of the ultimate direct filling material. The case for the continued use of dental alloys for large restorations is discussed, and new ways of forming these are described. The use of many cunning techniques to improve the resistance of dental ceramics to catastrophic failure is reported, and a general improvement in both the denture bases and orthodontic appliances of the future is predicted.
Sentinel Practices in Dentistry: A Preliminary Evaluation
Authors: Tickle Martin , Williams Mike , Jenner Tony , Blinkhorn Anthony
Published: February 2004

The objectives of this study were to compare the socioeconomic make-up and the dental caries and dental treatment patterns of a general dental practice (GDP) population of five-year-old children with those of the total resident population of five-year-old children in a specific locality, and, secondly, to examine the process of gathering information on oral healthcare needs in primary dental care. The study was set in Halton, North Cheshire. Data were collected retrospectively from the patient records of four GDP ‘sentinel’ practices using a common data abstraction form. The socioeconomic profiles of the GDP population and the 1995/6 NHS child dental health survey population were compared using the Super Profiles geodemographic classification by plotting frequency distributions. The dmft of each population was compared by calculating 95% confidence intervals. The GDP population showed a slight over-representation in the more affluent groupings of the Super Profiles Lifestyle categories and a more dramatic under-representation in two of the more deprived groupings. The confidence intervals for dt and dmft of the GDP data did not include the mean figures produced by the NHS survey, indicating a significant difference at the P<0.05 level. These differences may be accounted for by the differences in the socioeconomic make-up of the two populations. Local practice policies on patient selection may also have a consequential effect on population disease estimates derived from primary dental care. Data on population disease experience from primary dental care could only be produced by hand-sorting through patient records, which was time-consuming and inefficient. Standardised electronic systems will need to be developed to make GDP data-collection a viable proposition. Information from primary dental care has the potential to make a major contribution to locality oral health needs assessment and it should be seen as being complementary to information gathered from epidemiological surveys.
Macaque ventral premotor cortex exerts powerful facilitation of motor cortex outputs to upper limb motoneurons.
Authors: Shimazu H , Maier M A , Cerri G , Kirkwood P A , Lemon R N
Published: February 2004

The ventral premotor area (F5) is part of the cortical circuit controlling visuomotor grasp. F5 could influence hand motor function through at least two pathways: corticospinal projections and corticocortical projections to primary motor cortex (M1). We found that stimulation of macaque F5, which by itself evoked little or no detectable corticospinal output, could produce a robust modulation of motor outputs from M1. Arrays of fine microwires were implanted in F5 and M1. During terminal experiments under chloralose anesthesia, single stimuli delivered to M1 electrodes evoked direct (D) and indirect (I1,I2, and I3) corticospinal volleys. In contrast, single F5 shocks were ineffective; double shocks (3 msec separation) evoked small I waves but no D wave. However, when the test (T) M1 shock was conditioned (C) by single or double F5 shocks, there was strong facilitation of I2 and I3 waves from M1, with C-T intervals of <1 msec. Intracellular recordings from 79 arm and hand motoneurons (MNs) revealed no postsynaptic effects from single F5 shocks. In contrast, these stimuli produced a robust facilitation of I2 and I3 EPSPs evoked from M1 (60% of MNs); this was particularly marked in hand muscle MNs (92%). Muscimol injection in M1 reduced I waves from F5 and abolished the F5-induced facilitation of late I waves from M1, and of EPSPs associated with them. Thus, some motor effects evoked from F5 may be mediated by corticocortical inputs to M1 impinging on interneurons generating late corticospinal I waves. Similar mechanisms may allow F5 to modulate grasp-related outputs from M1.
China in 2002: Leadership Transition and the Political Economy of Governance
Authors: Yang Dali L.
Published: February 2004

The 16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party defined the policy agenda for 2002. Hu Jintao succeeded Jiang Zemin as Party general secretary but Jiang retained the chairmanship of the Central Military Commission. Politically, the Chinese leadership gave special emphasis to stability, and continued to combat the Falungong and crack down on dissent on the Internet. In the economic sphere, China enjoyed another year of rapid growth and largely complied with the first-year requirements of its WTO membership. Restructuring and regulatory reforms in major industries accelerated. In the face of major worker protests, populism dominated social policy, with greater assistance to the poor and a crusade against tax evasion by the new rich. Major fiscal reforms were implemented. China enjoyed stable relations with the world's major powers but its ties with North Korea came under strain.
Democracy and the Thai Middle Class: Globalization, Modernization, and Constitutional Change
Authors: Englehart Neil A.
Published: February 2004

Although democratization in Thailand is often seen as an illustration of modernization theory, the extent of middle class support for democracy is actually unclear. The greatest advance for Thai democracy in the 1990s was the passage of the 1997 Constitution, more closely linked to economic globalization than modernization.
China-Asean Free Trade Agreement: Shaping Future Economic Relations
Authors: Wong John , Chan Sarah
Published: February 2004

The China-ASEAN Free Trade Agreement has been hailed as a landmark pact in pushing for freer trade between China and the ASEAN countries. With the establishment of the free trade zone, trade and investment between the Chinese and ASEAN economies are expected to increase significantly; but while the economic benefits are inexorable, the extent of gains derived from closer integration hinges on the Sino-ASEAN economic relationship, which is both complementary and competitive in nature. At the present stage of development, China and ASEAN are more competitive than complementary, given the similarity in their trade and industrial structures. ASEAN and China are also direct competitors for foreign investment, rather than significant investors in each other's economies. Despite these challenges, the prospects for bilateral trade to flourish are bright if both China and ASEAN can interlock their economies through deeper integration in the long term.
How Federalism Influences India's Domestic Politics of WTO Engagement (And Is Itself Affected in the Process)
Authors: Jenkins Rob
Published: February 2004

India's federal system has significantly influenced the way in which domestic political forces have reacted to the "multilateralization" (via World Trade Organization agreements) of key areas of policymaking, particularly agriculture. State-level politicians tend to view World Trade Organization-related matters through regional lenses. In the process, Indian federalism itself has been subjected to certain, sometimes contradictory, changes.
TENSIONS IN RECENT SINO-JAPANESE RELATIONS
Authors: Wan Ming
Published: February 2004

This paper examines the unusual case of the May 2002 Shenyang Incident. Acting out of character, Tokyo confronted China, motivated by cumulative resentment of recent Chinese actions. Beijing, for its part, reacted with restraint, owing to growing confidence in its place in the world and the continuous moderation of Japanese policy since 1998.
Est locus uni cuique suus:City and Status in Horace'sSatires1.8 and 1.9
Authors: Welch Tara S.
Published: February 2004

Horace's Satires 1.8 and 1.9 have long interested commentators for the enticing glimpse they provide of the changing Roman cityscape in the 30s BCE In light of the recent problematization of the strict correspondence between the poet Horace and his elaborately constructed satiric persona, locations in the Satires should be read not so much as autobiographical accounts of the poet's movement through the city but rather as functions of other themes and motifs in the Satires. This paper examines the moral and aesthetic encoding of the urban landscape in Horace's Satires Book I.Satires 1.9 and 1.8 reveal that Rome's city center and the gardens of Maecenas constitute an arena for the satirist's indirect meditation about the complex relationship between his poetry and his patron Maecenas. By mapping moral and aesthetic behavior onto these urban areas, Horace comments on the viability of satiric poetry in various social situations and settings. The emerging picture presents the city center — filled as it is with human vice and folly — as a place appropriate for satiric poetry, and Maecenas' gardens — free from competition and ambition — as a place inimical to it. Thus the gardens of Maecenas present for the satirist a moral and aesthetic problem, and their specter haunts his downtown stroll in Satires 1.9 as much as does the aspirant who dogs his steps. The decorum of patronage requires that Horace show proper subordination to his benefactors. Yet the decorum of satire requires that the poet undermine status, stability, and authority. While professing that status is not an issue in Maecenas' circle, the poems reveal instead that status is always an issue, aected no less by one's physical than one's social position.
Mixed Pleasures, Blended Discourses: Poetry, Medicine, and the Body in Plato'sPhilebus46-47c
Authors: Peponi Anastasia-Erasmia
Published: February 2004

In Plato's Philebus the last section of the discussion on the falseness of pleasure is dedicated to those pleasures intrinsically mixed with pain. This paper focuses specifically on bodily mixed pleasures, an analysis that extends from 44d to 47c, while its focal point is 46-47c. By adopting the anti-hedonists' methodology, Socrates cunningly transforms his entire analysis of bodily mixed pleasures into a discourse on human disease, in which medical terminology prevails. Two major points are made in the reading suggested here. (a) Despite Socrates' quasi-medical language, a substratum of poetic discourse is underlying his analysis. Thus, a network of poetic associations—probably promptly recalled by Plato's audience—not only reveals the intertextual encounter between medical, philosophic and poetic discourses but also contributes to the interpretation of Socrates' analysis. Hence, the pathology of love as expressed through poetry illuminates the meaning, questionable in straightforward medical terms, of passage 46c6-d2, while it also reveals the unfolding unity underlying Socrates' analysis, otherwise thought to comprise three distinct medical cases. (b) Ancient medical lore is important for the understanding of passage 46d7-47a1 on the affliction of knêsis and psôra, not only because it confirms the analogy between the physiology of knêsis and that of sexual arousal and climax, but also because it illuminates the specific medical treatment Socrates is describing. Thus, in the crucial debate about whether Plato uses the term aporiais or pyriais in 46e2, medical evidence seems to support the latter. The reading pyriais makes this complicated paragraph more comprehensible in terms of meaning and syntax, while stressing the importance of heat in the processes of both the curing of knêsis and of human orgasm. Besides, it further confirms the intertextual encounter between the Phaedrus and the Philebus.
Going Round in Circles: Popular Speech in Ancient Rome
Authors: O'Neill Peter
Published: February 2004

This paper offers a close analysis of the usage of the term circulus to refer to groups of Romans gathered together for various reasons. I identify such groupings as primarily non-elite in character and suggest that examination of their representation in our sources offers insight into popular sociability and communication at Rome. While circuli and the related figure of the circulator are often associated with what is considered to be a debased popular culture, they can also be seen as part of a more general culture of popular sociability which is politically threatening to a Roman governing class that desired to monopolize and control speech and communication and in whose interest it was to channel popular political participation into the official political institutions of the city. This paper also looks at some of the strategies developed by Roman elites to maintain, in response to such unauthorized activity, their moral, intellectual, and political hegemony over the rest of the population.
Dangerous Gifts: Ideologies of Marriage and Exchange in Ancient Greece
Authors: Lyons Deborah
Published: February 2004

A familiar theme in Greek myth is that of the deadly gift that passes between a man and a woman. Analysis of exchanges between men and women reveals the gendered nature of exchange in ancient Greek mythic thinking. Using the anthropological categories of male and female wealth (with examples drawn from many cultures), it is possible to arrive at an understanding of the protocols of exchange as they relate to men and especially to women. These protocols, which are based in part on the distinction between metals and other durable goods as "male" and textiles as "female," are closely related to the gendered division of labor. Anxiety about women as exchangers derives in part from their status as objects exchanged in marriage (as exemplified by Helen in the Iliad), and partly from a misogynist and pessimistic strand of Greek thought (embodied by Hesiod's Pandora) that discounts any female economic contribution to the oikos. Indeed, the majority of destructive exchanges take place within the context of marital crisis. While some texts, beginning with the Odyssey, show the positive side of women's economic role, tragedy tends to follow the Hesiodic distrust of women as exchange partners. Passages from the Agamemnon and the Trachiniai are analyzed to show how in situations of perverted reciprocity brought about by marital discord, even women's traditional gifts of textiles may become deadly.
Making Sense of the Senseless: Understanding Genocide
Authors: Chirot Daniel , Edwards Jennifer
Published: February 2004

All genocides are horrific, but not all genocides are the same. They can arise from cold-blooded calculations, realistic fears, instincts for revenge or ideologies of purification. Understanding—and perhaps forestalling—genocide requires clear distinctions.
A Brave New World? How Genetic Technology Could Change us
Authors: Evans John H.
Published: February 2004

Forthcoming genetic technologies will allow people to design their children. Although these tools are unlikely to produce a society of castes like the Alphas and Epsilons in Aldous Huxley's novel Brave New World, they may already be changing our understanding of what it means to be human.
Arnold Schwarzenegger, Ally McBeal and Arranged Marriages: Globalization on the Ground in India
Authors: Dernéa Steve
Published: February 2004

After a decade of frenzied globalization, the rich of India welcome consumer goods and experiment with new arrangements between men and women. But because the economic opportunities of middle-class Indian men have not expanded, most of them merely welcome Western media images that reinforce their power and masculine self-image.
Charlie's Pussycats
Authors: Mogilevich Mariana
Published: February 2004

The recent films Charlie's Angels and Josie and the Pussycats, filmic remakes of 1970s television series, and furthermore of each other, may be indicative of a new direction for film, which is precisely the direction of television. These new films serve as indexes of each other and of the popular culture from which they have been compiled. As remakes become more common and films rely ever more on our familiarity with other forms of mass media, the vast cultural-industrial complex Theodor Adorno denounced a half-century ago seems to be at its most effective.
Women Who Eat Dirt
Authors: Allport Susan
Published: February 2004

Puts the practice of dirt eating by women into a larger context: that of dirt eating, or geophagy, in the animal kingdom and dirt eating by entire human populations, men, women and children. Presents the idea that we are all dirt eaters in that we all add salt to our diet and that dirt eating is neither an uncommon, nor an abnormal behavior, but a reflection that being a human omnivore is a tricky business in many parts of the world. Humans need forty or fifty nutrients to stay healthy, and sometimes we have to go outside the bounds of what is considered food to find them. Or, we have to add things to our diet, like clay, in order to turn toxic foods into nutritious ones.
The Best "Chink" Food: Dog Eating and the Dilemma of Diversity
Authors: Wu Frank H.
Published: February 2004

Frank H. Wu (Howard University Law School) considers the controversial topic of dog-eating as a case study in the dilemmas of diversity. By analyzing the question "do Asians eat dogs?" and the possible answers available to Asian Americans, he concludes that only the response "why do you ask?" adequately addresses the ambiguities and ambivalence of the exchange. In providing numerous examples of the claims that Asians eat dogs, along with a typology of the answers given by Asian Americans, throughout history and in contemporary culture, the author concludes by suggesting that preliminary rules establishing the equality of all participants in the discussion are necessary to sustain civic society.
Musicology in the "Third Reich": A Preliminary Report
Authors: Gerhard Anselm
Published: February 2004

Recent studies of musicology under the Nazi regime make it plausible to reach some conclusions, drawing particularly on four case studies: Heinrich Besseler, Friedrich Blume, Hans Joachim Moser, and (as a counterexample) Alfred Einstein. First, musicology is a small discipline and in 1933 was even smaller, making it particularly open to intrigue. Personal loyalties were more important than political and ideological ones; patriarchal teacher-student relations had more weight than factions born of clashes between rival groups within the National Socialist regime.

Second, musicology is a decidedly German discipline: Into the 1930s, it existed as a university subject largely in the three German-speaking countries. A tradition of musicological scholarship that was firmly convinced of the preeminence of its own national heritage did not need to accommodate itself in the first place to the German jingoism of the National Socialists. On the contrary, scholars had perhaps more freedom because their national orientation could never seriously be doubted.

Third, music as a conceptless art was not easily subsumed under "racial" and "völkisch" constructs. Many during the "third Reich" tried to explain European music history by drawing on the spirit of contemporary studies of race, but they often had to admit the difficulty if not the utter failure of the enterprise. In comparison with other disciplines it is noticeable that only those outside the university formulated overwhelmingly racist accounts of music history, and they could not pass muster with their nationalist or National Socialist colleagues.

Finally, university musicologists, no less than their colleagues active in the Amt Rosenberg or in the Propagandaministerium, shared responsibility for a discourse of exclusion and völkisch terror both inside and outside the country. Culpability must be investigated individually, but a look at the field as a whole makes it possible to understand how after 1945, musicologists in the two Germanys and Austria could without difficulty resume work broken off before the final collapse of the National Socialist regime.
The Art of Interpolation in theRoman de Fauvel
Authors: Dillon Emma
Published: February 2004

The music of Paris, BN fonds fr. 146 has long held a special place in medieval musicology as one of the most abundant records of musical taste and style in the early decades of the 14th century, particularly so in its famous version of the Old French satire of the Roman de Fauvel, interpolated with no less than 169 musical items. In the last decade, however, perspective on the manuscript has radically altered in a new climate of interdisciplinary research. If there was once a tendency for scholars to extrapolate information from the manuscript, to allow its abundant visual, musical, literary and political texts to speak of cultures exterior to the book's bindings, recent collaborative approaches have focused attention on how those different media work together within the boundaries of the parchment. One consequence of such an approach is to raise new questions about music's role in the book, most particularly about its relationship to the narrative into which it is cast. This study explores perhaps the most startling and perplexing aspect of music's position in Fauvel: the numerous occasions where music is uncued and unprepared in the narrative. I focus on the most famous moment of narrative disjunction brought about by the presence of song: the interpolated bifolio, 28 bis and ter, containing the lai Pour recouvrer alegiance. Long viewed by musicologists as an ill-conceived afterthought, it is suggested that the song's intrusion (narrative and bibliographic) may be interpreted poetically, as a moment of lyric suspension engineered by its singer, Fauvel, in der to defer his lady's final, deadly refusal of his marriage suit. That deferral occurs not just in an abstract moment of lyrical time, but in the real, unfurling space of the parchment: As time passes (the reader turning the folios), Fortuna's impatience finally becomes palpable as she dramatically enters the landscape of the song in its closing moments. Song may thus be understood to occupy not only time but also space; the manuscript, it is argued, is witness to a new form of music-making in France at the turn of the 14th century, music-making that is material as well as sonic.
New Performance Sources and Old Modernist Productions: Die Jakobsleiter in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
Authors: Shaw Jennifer
Published: February 2004

Although Schoenberg certainly regarded his most important wartime composition, the half-finished oratorio Die Jakobsleiter, as an autonomous and performable work, his conception of the piece changed dramatically over the three decades that it remained a "work in progress." Yet recent productions confirm a remarkable consistency of interpretation, based less on the Schoenberg/Winfried Zillig-orchestratedUrtext than on a 1980 performance conducted by Boulez. This "definitive" commercial release has not only dictated the parameters of productions that have followed but has erased from the record several earlier performances of the work, including the only version that Schoenberg heard and authorized. Two performance sources, both held in collections in Vienna but not yet discussed in published studies, may prove to be extremely significant for future performances of the oratorio. The first, Schoenberg's libretto manuscript for his oratorio, contains an extended concept sketch for the musical and dramatic climax. The second, a copy of the published libretto, includes extensive annotations in Alban Berg's hand which record aspects of Schoenberg's rehearsals for the premiere performance of the oratorio in 1921. Both sources highlight Schoenberg's and Berg's sensitivity to the innovative musical language of the oratorio, its fragmentary form, and its problematic literary style, yet both also suggest novel approaches to its realization in 21st-century productions.
Tone and Voice: A Derivation of the Rules of Voice-Leading from Perceptual Principles
Authors: Huron David
Published: February 2004

The traditional rules of voice-leading in Western music are explicated using experimentally established perceptual principles. Six core principles are shown to account for the majority of voice-leading rules given in historical and contemporary music theory tracts. These principles are treated in a manner akin to axioms in a formal system from which the traditional rules of voice-leading are derived. Nontraditional rules arising from the derivation are shown to predict formerly unnoticed aspects of voice-leading practice. In addition to the core perceptual principles, several auxiliary principles are described. These auxiliary principles are occasionally linked to voice-leading practice and may be regarded as compositional "options" that shape the music-making in perceptually unique ways. It is suggested that these auxiliary principles distinguish different types of part writing, such as polyphony, homophony, and close harmony. A theory is proposed to account for the aesthetic origin of voice-leading practices.
Online Detection of Tonal Pop-Out in Modulating Contexts
Authors: Janata Petr , Birk Jeffrey L. , Tillmann Barbara , Bharucha Jamshed J.
Published: February 2004

We investigated the spontaneous detection of "wrong notes" in a melody that modulated continuously through all 24 major and minor keys. Three variations of the melody were composed, each of which had distributed within it 96 test tones of the same pitch, for example, A2. Thus, the test tones would blend into some keys and pop out in others. Participants were not asked to detect or judge specific test tones; rather, they were asked to make a response whenever they heard a note that they thought sounded wrong or out of place. This task enabled us to obtain subjective measures of key membership in a listening situation that approximated a natural musical context. The frequency of observed "wrong-note" responses across keys matched previous tonal hierarchy results obtained using judgments about discrete probes following short contexts. When the test tones were nondiatonic notes in the present context they elicited a response, whereas when the test tones occupied a prominent position in the tonal hierarchy they were not detected. Our findings could also be explained by the relative salience of the test pitch chroma in short-term memory, such that when the test tone belonged to a locally improbable pitch chroma it was more likely to elicit a response. Regardless of whether the local musical context is shaped primarily by "bottom-up" or "topdown" influences, our findings establish a method for estimating the relative salience of individual test events in a continuous melody.
Political Attitudes, Social Capital, and Political Participation: The United States and Mexico Compared
Authors: Klesner Joseph L.
Published: February 2004

Political values have impact when they shape political participation. A comparison of political participation rates of Mexicans, Mexican-Americans, and the general U.S. population reveals that participation is highest among the general U.S. population, lowest among Mexicans, and at intermediate rates among Mexican-Americans. The article explores the attitudinal bases of political participation, finding that political engagement is a strong predictor of participation, while general perspectives on the political regime do not shape participation rates. The strongest predictors of political participation are variables generally grouped under the category social capital: involvement in non-political organizations, social trust, and an avoidance of television. Because Mexicans and Mexican-Americans have lower levels of social capital, political participation is lower among those groups than the general U.S. population. Yet, there remain unexplained differences in participation among the three groups that can be attributed to institutional and historical constraints on political involvement in Mexico and among Mexican-Americans.

Los valores políticos tienen impacto cuando contribuyen a formar la participación política. Una comparación de las tasas de participación política de mexicanos, mexicano-americanos y la población general estadounidense revela que la participación más alta se da en la población general estadounidense, la más baja en los mexicanos, y el nivel intermedio en los mexicano-americanos. El artículo explora las bases de las actitudes en la participación política, encontrando que el involucramiento político es un fuerte indicador de la participación, mientras que las perspectivas generales sobre el régimen político no forman tasas de participación. Los pronósticos más fiables de participación política son las variables generalmente agrupadas bajo la categoría de capital social: participación en organizaciones no políticas, confianza social, y la anulación de la televisión. Dado que los mexicanos y los mexicano-americanos tienen niveles más bajos de capital social, la participación política es inferior entre estos grupos que en la población general estadounidense. No obstante, hay aún diferencias no explicadas de la participación en los tres grupos que pueden ser atribuidas a restricciones institucionales e históricas sobre la participación política en México y entre los mexicano-americanos.
No cuenten conmigo: La pólitica de repatriación del gobierno mexicano y sus nacionales en Estados Unidos, 1910–1928
Authors: Enciso Fernando Saúl Alanis
Published: February 2004

This article examines the responses of Mexican governments to the repatriation of Mexican nationals from the United States during the period of 1910 to 1928. The author discusses the nationalist commitment to repatriation and concludes that government policy was less paternalistic and commited than other studies have suggested.

Este artículo examina las respuestas que los gobiernos de México dieron a la repatriación de sus nacionales procedentes de Estados Unidos en la etapa de 1910 a 1928. Presenta una interpretación diferente a la reproducida hasta ahora por la historiografía sobre el tema; replantea la idea del compromiso nacionalista de los gobiernos mexicanos en la repatriación, mostrando que la política que estos aplicaron fue menos paternalista y comprometida de lo que hasta ahora han planteado la mayoría de los estudios.
Arthur Hugh Clough, Amours de Voyage, and the Victorian Crisis of Action
Authors: Markovits Stefanie
Published: February 2004

Arthur Hugh Clough's Amours de Voyage (1858) provides a revealing lens through which to explore the implications for genre of the changing status of action in the nineteenth century. For historical reasons, conceptions of action shifted in the Victorian period, leading most notably to a decrease in the legibility of deeds. The shift opened up a critical dispute concerning the relative importance of the Aristotelian categories of character and action in literature. This dispute resulted in an emphasis on a literature of inaction - both frustrated external action and heightened internal action - which in turn had consequences for the development of the novel as a genre concerned with character and states of consciousness. Clough's own Hamlet-like inability to act is the stuff of legend, and his hero Claude suffers from the same affliction, as is made manifest by the failed courtship plot of the poem. Amours de Voyage, as an epistolary novel in verse, in mock-epic hexameters interspersed with lyrical elegiacs, stands at the place where genres - and the different attitudes toward action that they represent - collide. Both its subject matter and its method reflect the Victorian crisis of action.
Is Germany Different? A Comment on Hexham and Poewe's Interpretation of German Anticult Policy
Authors: Seiwert Hubert
Published: February 2004

The article comments on Irving Hexham and Karla Poewe's analysis of German anticult policy. It argues that the concept of verfassungsfeindlich (hostile to the constitution), which according to Hexham and Poewe is central in German anticult rhetoric, is used only against Scientology, and it does not play any significant role in other cases. The anticult climate in German public and government reactions to minority religions does not appear to be more intense than in many other European countries. It is not convincing, therefore, to explain them with specific German historical experiences. However, religion does hold a lower position on the scale of constitutional rights than in the United States. Freedom of religion may not impinge upon other constitutional rights. Government involvement in anticult activities does not seem to be due to shortcomings of the political or legal system. Rather it reflects deficiencies in actual policy-making and in particular lack of reliable information about new religious movements.
The Politics of Sects and Typologies
Authors: Kenney Jeff
Published: February 2004

Sects and sectarian typologies reflect the political culture of their host environment. Thus analyzing one culture's sectarian formations with the methodological tools of another creates inherent, and often insurmountable, interpretive challenges. Western sectarian types and typologies have come to reflect the separation between religion and state that developed in society as a whole. Sects and sectarian typologies in the Islamic world, by contrast, have largely maintained their traditional character. But while the form of Muslim discourse about sects remains traditional, its function is quite modern. It is also highly politicized because the language and symbols of Islam have become the cultural medium through which modern Muslims accommodate change. Understanding sects in the Islamic world, then, requires sensitivity to the role that religion has played, and is playing, in Muslim societies as they negotiate their path to modernity.
Sects and Politics
Authors: Sedgwick Mark
Published: February 2004

Responding to the articles of Jeff Kenney, Amira Sonbol, and William Shepard, Mark Sedgwick first modifies his original typology to include William Shepard's proposed category of "establishment." While applauding many of Jeff Kenney's points, Sedgwick defends the use of typologies of Western origin, such as his own, when discussing Islamic sects. Although he accepts Amira Sonbol's call for deeper analysis than is provided by the sociological classification of sects, Sedgwick argues for keeping the study of the origins and nature of a sect separate from the investigation of the reasons for the presence or absence of wide support for a sect. He finally examines al-Qa'ida, showing that in terms of his own typology it is an "outward-oriented" sect. He suggests that al-Qa'ida is closer to an "interest group" than to other category generally accepted in political science.
France's Anti-Sect Wars
Authors: Palmer Susan J.
Published: February 2004

This research note presents the results of a study of the current ongoing persecution of religious minorities in France and examines the impact of the anti-sect social control measures on fourteen out of the 172 groups listed as "sectes" in the 1996 Guyard Report.
A History for Falun Gong: Popular Religion and the Chinese State Since the Ming Dynasty
Authors: Ownby David
Published: February 2004

This article seeks to place Falun Gong - and the larger qigong movement from which it emerged - into the long-term context of the history of Chinese popular religion from the midMing (1368-1644) to the present. The argument developed is that Falun Gong and qigong are twentieth-century elaborations of a set of historical popular religious traditions generally labeled by scholars as "White Lotus Sectarianism." This article attempts both to look forward at the Falun Gong from a perspective informed by an understanding of its historical antecedents, and to look backward at the historical traditions on the basis of what we know about Falun Gong and qigong. The ultimate objective is to arrive at a recharacterization of a popular religious phenomenon which has been incompletely understood.
Falun Gong and the Internet: Evangelism, Community, and Struggle for Survival
Authors: Bell Mark R. , Boas Taylor C.
Published: February 2004

In this paper we argue that studying Falun Gong's use of the Internet is essential to understanding the movement as a whole. Falun Gong has made skillful use of the Internet for three of its most important functions. In the area of information distribution, the Internet has become an important vehicle for disseminating Li Hongzhi's teachings. To strengthen the integrity of a globally-dispersed community, it has proven useful for organizing face-to-face gatherings and for online experience sharing. In Falun Gong's struggle for survival as a movement, the Internet has helped practitioners bring pressure against the People's Republic of China (PRC) government, especially at the international level. But Falun Gong's Internet use has not guaranteed success in these tasks. Reliance on the Internet has paved the way for the emergence of a splinter sect and challenges to Li's authority, and the PRC government has effectively countered much of Falun Gong's Internet use within the country.
A Response to Thomas Robbins' Comment
Authors: Moore Rebecca
Published: February 2004

This Response to Thomas Robbins' Comment, first, points out Dr. Robbins' excellent qualifications to comment on Peoples Temple; second, highlights the fact that the original article makes it abundantly clear Dr.Robbins' work was considered fully in the context of comparative studies; and third, notes that the author takes exception to certain claims made by Dr. Robbins. This Response directs readers to the appropriate works, to judge for themselves the validity of the original analysis. Finally, the author indicates her agreement with Dr.Robbins on the need for further dialogue about the role endogenous and exogenous factors play in religious violence.
A Decade After Waco: Reassessing Crisis Negotiations at Mount Carmel in Light of New Government Disclosures
Authors: Wright Stuart A.
Published: February 2004

On the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the disastrous federal siege of the Branch Davidians, the tragedy is revisited in light of new government disclosures regarding negotiations during the 51-day standoff. Some of the newly available records - post-incident interviews with negotiators conducted by Justice Department investigators and memoranda written by negotiators or members of the FBI command structure—were concealed by the government for six years because they contained incriminating information. The new evidence reveals the degree to which negotiators at Mount Carmel recognized and roundly condemned the actions taken by the Hostage Rescue Team during the standoff that ultimately led to the insertion of deadly CS gas. Some negotiators even predicted the violent and fatal outcome of the siege weeks before it ended. Indeed, two veteran negotiators challenged the decisions of FBI commanders and were banished from Waco for their remonstrance.
Confronting the Failed Failure: Y2K and Evangelical Eschatology in Light of the Passed Millennium
Authors: Cowan Douglas E.
Published: February 2004

If the Y2K "bug" entered the collective consciousness of evangelical Christians, two principal patterns of response emerged: either evangelicals acknowledged Y2K as a problem that required the readiness and reply of Christians, but rejected it as a component of prophetic fulfillment; or they interpreted it in some measure as a fulfillment of prophecy and a part of God'splan to facilitate the endtime. For those who believed Y2K to be a part of the eschatological schema, its status as a non-event required a variety of dissonance management techniques. This article explores the methods deployed by dispensationalist Christians to manage the cognitive dissonance generated by Y2K's "failed failure." Following a brief summary of evangelical predictions regarding Y2K, I offer a typology of responses ranging from denial that Y2K had ever been a problem to declaration that the Y2K problem occurred exactly as predicted. In each response, the central organizing principles of evangelical dispensationalism hold firm, and the cognitive dissonance created by the "failed failure" is successfully managed.
The Evil of Abortion and the Greater Good of the Faith: Negotiating Catholic Survival in the Twentieth-Century American Health Care System
Authors: Joyce Kathleen M.
Published: February 2004

In 1949, the critic and controversialist Paul Blanshard launched a broadside attack on the Catholic hierarchy in the United States with the publication ofAmerican Freedom and Catholic Power,his harshly critical exploration of the Catholic church's involvement in American public life. An instant best-seller,American Freedom and Catholic Powerwent through eleven printings in its first year and continued to draw new readers throughout the 1950s. Blanshard's mission was to alert Americans to the movements of a Catholic hierarchy that was becoming, he charged, “more and more aggressive in extending the frontiers of Catholic authority into the fields of medicine, education, and foreign policy.” He reserved some of his most stinging commentary for the church's intrusion into the world of medicine.
Islamizing the Black Body: Ritual and Power in Elijah Muhammad’s Nation of Islam
Authors: Curtis Edward E.
Published: February 2004

Ever since C. Eric Lincoln publishedThe Black Muslims in America,in 1961, many observers of the Nation of Islam (NOI) have seemed convinced by his claim that the movement was neither very “religious” nor “Islamic” in nature. In that classic study, currently in its third edition, Lincoln conceded that “the Black Muslim movement constitutes a legitimate religion within the definition of the sociology of religion” but also maintained that “religious values have a secondary importance.” For Lincoln, the success of the movement stemmed not from the particular nature of its religious activities but from its ability to provide a sense of “group solidarity” to the dispossessed black working class. According to Lincoln, this sense of community was produced through the group's embrace of black nationalism, which he understood to be “first a defensive response to external forces—hostile forces that threaten their creative existence.”
The Case for Comus
Authors: Orgel Stephen
Published: February 2004

MOST DISCUSSIONS OF Comus focus on its political or religious implications, and its status as a precursor to John Milton's ethical and revolutionary thinking in his prose pamphlets and major poems. I am concerned here, on the contrary, with its implications specifically as a private work, a family affair; these are what seem to me most significantly Miltonic. I focus on three questions: Why is Milton's ethical masque about three lost children trying to get home? What is wrong with Comus—why is he a villain? How happy is the ending?
Representations of Fatness and Personhood: Pro-Fat Advocacy and the Limits and Uses of Law
Authors: Kirkland Anna
Published: February 2004

The pro-fat rights or ''size acceptance'' movement has existed for decades in the United States, but it has not been successful in establishing a political identity for fat people as a group. Fat advocates have nonetheless continued to rely upon many of the self-understandings and legal strategies of more successful identity groups. Through discussion of the salient analytic categories of fat personhood in the law - as functioning bodies, as transcendental selves, as actuarial calculations of risk, or as reasonable persons - this study examines one unpopular group's hopes of using law for social change and also explores the complex legal representations of persons that is already there to greet them.