bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ein als „Präsidialsystem“ verkleidetes (autokratisch-)parlamentarisches Regierungssystem: Die Präsidentschafts- und Parlamentswahlen in der Türkei vom 24. Juni 2018
Authors: Tokatlı Mahir
Published: January 2020

On the 24th of June 2018, for the first time Turkish citizens voted in separate elections for both parliament and the head of government . The constitutional amendments passed a year earlier in a controversial referendum became effective at the same time and transformed the parliamentary system of government into a so-called presidential system . However, regarding the relationship between the executive and legislative branches, the constitution reveals strong similarities to an Israeli experiment (1996 to 2002), which conversely was described as a mixed type or quasi-parliamentary system . The “alla Turca” variant presents a clear asymmetry concerning the horizontal separation of powers in favor of the president and creates a concentration of powers . Parliament is rigorously constrained in its powers, while the president permanently remains capable of acting unless an arithmetic three-fifths majority is formed that could recall him prematurely for political reasons . Under the undemocratic conditions of a semi-competitive electoral system and in a state of emergency that applied at the time, the AKP won both elections . [ZParl, vol . 50 (2019), no . 4, pp . 791 - 809]
Rückkehr zum „divided government“, aber die „blaue Welle“ bleibt auf halbem Wege stecken: Die US-Kongresswahlen vom 6. November 2018
Authors: Kolkmann Michael
Published: January 2020

The 2018 Congressional elections ended with an ambivalent result for both the Democrats and Republicans . The turnout recorded the best result in almost a century . The Democrats were able to recapture a significant majority in the U .S . House of Representatives by winning particularly among white and female voters while solidifying their support among Democrats-leaning groups like African-Americans and Hispanics . The Republicans were not only able to defend their slim majority in the U .S . Senate but even increased their majority by two seats . The current 116th Congress, especially the House of Representatives, represents the most diverse make-up in history . At the same time, it is one of the politically least experienced . Under the current conditions of divided government an intensified confrontation between the Democrats in the House of Representatives and President Trump can be expected . Moreover, the forthcoming 2020 presidential election already casts its shadows . [ZParl, vol . 50 (2019), no . 4, pp . 810 - 829]
Das Scheitern des Spitzenkandidatensystems und andere populäre Irrtümer über die Demokratisierung der Europäischen Union
Authors: Decker Frank
Published: January 2020

After the 2019 European election, national political actors and party officials in both the European Parliament as well as in the Council once again clashed over the selection of the Commission’s President, a controversy that also received widespread public attention . Disagreements centered on the so-called Spitzenkandidaten - top candidate - system that - contrary to its premiere in 2014 - failed to be implemented . The manner in which this system functions is frequently misunderstood by both political actors and observers . One example is that the appointment process is interpreted through the lens of parliamentary democracy, another is that the overrepresentation of smaller member states within the European Parliament is depicted as a serious violation of democratic principles . Potential starting points for a thorough democratization of the EU, such as the direct election of the Commission President, a common electoral system with joint European parties, and a greater say by voters and the President of the Commission regarding the appointment of commissioners are also discussed . [ZParl, vol . 50 (2019), no . 4, pp . 870 - 879]
Wie) kann die Europa-Skepsis bekämpft werden? Appelle eines besorgten Europäers
Authors: Peterlini Oskar
Published: January 2020

For millennia, Europe was a battlefield whose history was marked by countless wars among European peoples, blood and tears . The two world wars that cost millions of lives were the culmination of this development and a lesson rarely learned from history . For over 70 years Europeans have been living in peace . The contribution to securing it is probably the greatest gift the founding fathers of Europe gave to future generations . But love for Europe is fading . Not only in the UK but also in continental Europe populist and anti-European parties flourish . The EU would be threatened most if it loses its democratic base and if its citizens begin to reject it . Therefore, it is important to analyze the criticisms and fears that lead to the EU’s rejection . They can be summarized in three theses for which solutions can be offered: the democratic question, the social and the existential question with its concerns about immigration, security and peace . [ZParl, vol . 50 (2019), no . 4, pp . 892 - 905]
Replik auf Joachim Behnke – Demokratisch und praktikabel: der Ritt über den Bodensee. Persönlichkeitswahl in Mehrmandatswahlkreisen
Authors: Hartmann Oskar
Published: January 2020

In order to obtain a stable size of the Bundestag and at the same time maintain the proportional distribution of seats among the parties the introduction of multi-member districts should be considered . In each district, the parties would present lists of candidates in a descending order . Each voter would have four votes that can be given either to the four top candidates of a party’s list or to other candidates on district lists of other parties . One candidate could receive a maximum of two votes from each voter (accumulated vote) . Distribution of seats on the federal level would be calculated on the basis of all votes . Each vote for a candidate would automatically also be a vote for a party . The same procedure would apply to each multi-member district . In cases in which there is a discrepancy between the distribution of seats at the federal level and the district level, the iterative method of “double Pukelsheim” would lead to its harmonization . The seats that can be claimed by a party in a district would be assigned to the candidates with most votes . The regional linkage of MPs could be guaranteed by obliging each district party to present candidates from all regions of the district (e .g . Landkreise) . [ZParl, vol . 50 (2019), no . 4, pp . 906 - 912]
Was ist heute noch ein Tagewerk? Hohe Arbeitsintensität und Arbeitsschutz
Authors: Goedicke Anne , Beerheide Emanuel , Seiler Kai
Published: January 2020

Da hohe Arbeitsintensität mit Unfallrisiken und gesundheitlichen Beeinträchtigungen der Beschäftigten einhergeht, ist der staatliche Ar­beitsschutz gefordert, sich mit den damit verbundenen Gefährdungen zu befassen. Aufgrund seiner Funktionsweise sind damit jedoch erhebliche Herausforderungen verbunden, denn betriebliche Leistungserwartungen an Beschäftigte auf der Tätigkeitsebene sind facettenreich und ergeben sich aus vielschichtigen betrieblichen Steuerungs- und Arbeitsgestaltungsprozessen. Vor diesem Hintergrund behandelt der Beitrag drei Gründe, die dem staatlichen Arbeitsschutz den Umgang mit Gesundheitsgefährdungen durch hohe Arbeitsintensität erschweren: die Spartenlogik seines gefährdungsbezogenen Ansatzes, seine Bindung an einen definierten Stand der arbeitswissenschaftlichen Forschung sowie den Tätigkeitsbezug und die Maßgabe, allgemeinverbindlich konkrete Schutzmaßnahmen gegen identifizierte Gefährdungen zu definieren. Diese drei institutionellen Gegebenheiten bestimmen – zusammen mit seinen Kontroll- und Sanktionsrechten gegenüber Arbeitsgebern – die Einflussmöglichkeiten des staatlichen Arbeitsschutzes im Bereich hoher Arbeitsintensität.
Understanding Dutch Attitudes to European Integration in the Early 2000s Through the Referendum on the European Constitutional Treaty
Authors: DURLINGER Eva
Published: January 2020

On 1st June 2005, Dutch citizens rejected the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (ECT) in a referendum. Reasons for this rejection have been explored in previous studies on media framing. In these studies, scholars contend that the media influence citizens’ voting behaviour through the manner in which the news is depicted. This article aims at uncovering qualitatively what frames two Dutch newspapers, NRC Handelsblad and de Volkskrant, used to report on the referendum and why. In this manner, it adds to the existing understanding of the influence of the media coverage on the Dutch electorate. The results show that the responsibility frame is the most salient frame in the news coverage on the referendum on the ECT, indicating that newspapers discussed the referendum on the ECT in terms of the invisibility of debate on Europe in general and the incumbent government’s failure to provide sufficient and reliable information on the ECT. This is striking with regard to the fact that most authors attribute the rejection to a rise in Euroscepticism or discontent with the speed and direction of the integration process.
L’actualité de la pensée de Pierre Mendès France sur l’unité européenne
Authors: BOSSUAT Gérard
Published: January 2020

Pierre Mendès France, one of the great figures of the French political left from the 1940s to the 1970s, is mostly perceived as an anti-European or at least as a great sceptical in matters of European Unity à la Jean Monnet. Nonetheless, it would be unfair to taint him with this unsubtle image. All his action was turned to restore an then develop France's economy and society after World War II. Misunderstood as advocate of the monetary austerity and the fight against inflation in 1945, he meant to implement a common planning by the Europeans, with the participation of Great Britain. He didn't seek to build a European federation, but a community to promote a new society and an economy in progress, delivered from the restored plundering of carpetbagger capitalism and nationalism. His European vison was larger than that of the Six, but he didn't achieve the aim. Accused to have derailed the EDC in August 1954, he invented a way to make Germany, of which he always remained suspicious, participate in the Western rearmament. The Treaties of Rome contrived him in a political deadlock: despite their very liberal orientation, he could not do other than admit them because they proved to be quite useful for economic development. In response to Charles de Gaulle, Pierre Mendès France knew how to develop in the 1970s a project uniting the European left, capable, he thought, to correct the abuses of the merchant's Europe by means of a common modern planning in innovative sectors, in full employment, in European research and universities, in social policy an in justice for all citizens. What should be retained of all this? I would choose his ambition to regulate European development by seeking the benefit of the people.
Foreign Investments and Environmental Protection: the Case of Laos
Authors: Xayyavong Pangthong
Published: January 2020

Cette recherche porte sur la relation entre la promotion des investissements directs étrangers et la protection de l’environnement au Laos, sujet controversé dans un pays en développement considérant qu’attirer l’investissement étranger est une priorité nationale. Après avoir envisagé les caractéristiques générales du droit international des investissements étrangers et de la protection de l’environnement, cette étude présente le cadre juridique spécifique - international et national - applicable au Laos, avant d’analyser de façon critique ce dernier. Cet article montre que les traités d’investissements auxquels le Laos est partie mentionnent seulement rarement les questions environnementales et sans constance. Cela peut être lu comme une crainte de freiner les investissements étrangers et d’adopter un positionnement ferme en faveur de l’environnement, mais pourrait aussi être vu comme une attitude attentiste (« wait and see ») ne fermant pas la voie à des traités d’investissement plus protecteur. L’auteur suggère notamment que le Laos devrait réévaluer les investissements étrangers existants et sa stratégie pour les attirer en révisant à la fois sa politique internationale et interne. Les traités d’investissements devraient intégrer des dispositions relatives à la protection de l’environnement pour encourager le développement durable à côté de la promotion des investissements étrangers. Les traités internationaux d’investissements pourraient alors être un outil d’interprétation pour les tribunaux internationaux en ce qui concerne les questions environnementales. Au-delà de la dimension externe de ces derniers, ce type de dispositions pourrait renforcer le pouvoir des États hôtes de réglementer la protection de l’environnement et avoir ainsi une dimension interne. Enfin, cette contribution insiste sur la nécessité d’améliorer les mécanismes existants, particulièrement le rôle des autorités nationales de supervision dans l’application du droit existant pour prévenir les dommages écologiques.
Effizienterer Menschenrechtsschutz durch Vorabbefassung des Europäischen Gerichtshofs für Menschenrechte?
Authors: Klein Thomas , Treppschuh Katrin
Published: January 2020

Protocol No. 16 to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), which came into force in August 2018, enables the member States to request the European Court of Human Rights to give advisory opinions on questions of principle relating to the interpretation and application of the rights and freedoms defined in the Convention and the Protocols thereto. The German Government does not consider it necessary to sign and ratify Protocol No. 16 at the moment referring to the well-developed constitutional protection of Human rights in Germany. This article critically assesses this view and argues that the possibility to apply to the Court for advisory opinions can contribute to making Human rights protection in Germany more effective.
Mejora de la atención en niños y niñas con TDAH tras una intervención física deportiva dirigida
Authors: Suazo Dolores Muñoz , Muñoz Jesús Navarro , Lazarraga Pablo Camacho , Rodríguez Andrés Robles , Alcayde Mario Ibáñez , Roman Amparo Diaz , García Raquel Cano
Published: January 2020

El principal objetivo de este estudio ha sido evaluar si la actividad física mejora la función cognitiva de pacientes en edad escolar (segundo ciclo de infantil, primaria y secundaria) con trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (tdah). En este trabajo, se estudia el efecto de una actividad física deportiva dirigida de 6 semanas de duración consistente en 2 sesiones de 1 hora de duración por semana realizando juegos aeróbicos a una intensidad aproximada de 60%-70% de VO2máx. Un total de 13 participantes de edades entre 5 y 15 años,  han realizado las sesiones deportivas (grupo de intervención) mientras que otros 11 (de 5 a 15 años) continuaban en clase haciendo las actividades escolares rutinarias (grupo control). Tras la aplicación de la Escala Magallanes de Atención Visual (EMAV), se encuentra una mejora significativa en la calidad de la atención en los participantes  del grupo de intervención, pero no en los del grupo control.

Los resultados por tanto sugieren un efecto positivo de la realización de ejercicio físico sobre la calidad de la atención. Se recomienda usar una intervención físico-deportiva como terapia complementaria en el tratamiento del tdah y para mejorar los síntomas del trastorno.
Estimulación transcraneal de corriente continua anódica como potencial recurso ergogénico para fuerza muscular y percepción de esfuerzo:
Authors: Machado Sergio , Maciel de Lima João Lucas , Lana Wendel , Serrano Renan , Gomes dos Santos Yves , Marques Neto Silvio R , Maranhão Neto Geraldo A , Teixeira Diogo , Monteiro Diogo , Cid Luis
Published: January 2020

En las últimas décadas, diversos estudios vienen investigando la dosis-respuesta ideal en cuanto a la frecuencia, intensidad y volumen de entrenamiento para alcanzar el aumento de fuerza muscular, sea en atletas y no atletas. La dosis-respuesta es fundamental para la prescripción de entrenamiento, ya que su manipulación equivocada puede llevar a un alto de riesgo de desarrollo de lesiones por esfuerzo repetitivo, así como para el no desarrollo de la fuerza esperada. Ya en sujetos con nivel avanzado de entrenamiento de fuerza es extremadamente importante aumentar su intensidad y volumen de entrenamiento. En este sentido, con los avances encontrados en el área de entrenamiento de fuerza y ​​la necesidad de nuevas estrategias para optimizar las ganancias de fuerza, un nuevo método viene ganando fuerza en la literatura, la estimulación transcraneal por corriente continua (ETCC). Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio es analizar de forma crítica los efectos de la ETCC como potencial recurso ergogénico al desempeño de fuerza muscular y percepción de esfuerzo. Por lo tanto, se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos Pubmed/Medline, ISI Web of Knowledge y Scielo, en el idioma inglés y con las palabras clave: fuerza muscular, resistencia muscular, estimulación transcraneal de corriente continua, ETCC. Comparamos el efecto de ETCC anódica (ETCC-a) a una condición sham/control sobre los resultados de la fuerza muscular. Ningún estudio menciona efectos secundarios negativos de la intervención. Los datos muestran diferencias entre los estudios que investigan la fuerza muscular y los estudios de evaluación de resistencia, en lo que se refiere al uso exitoso de la ETCC. Los estudios que investigan la eficiencia de la ETCC en la mejora de la fuerza muscular demuestran efectos positivos de la ETCC-a en el 66,7% de los parámetros probados. La mayoría de los datos muestran consistentemente influencia de la ETCC-a en la fuerza muscular, pero no en el rendimiento de resistencia.
Estudio de las acciones del portero en balonmano playa a través del análisis de coordenadas polares: diferencias por género
Authors: Vázquez Diz Juan Antonio , Morillo Baro Juan Pablo , Reigal Garrido Rafael Enrique , Morales Sánchez Verónica , Hernández Mendo Antonio
Published: January 2020

El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar las conductas del portero en balonmano playa. Para ello, y diferenciando por género, por un lado, se realizó un análisis de coordenadas polares utilizando como conductas focales las relacionadas con la finalización del ataque, el gol de valor doble y la parada del portero; y por otro las que se refieren a la finalización de los dos puestos específicos más relevantes en el ataque posicional, el especialista y el pivote. Se realizaron un total de 12 sesiones de observación con el software informático HOISAN, utilizándose una herramienta diseñada ad hocde 11 criterios y 85 categorías. El diseño observacional utilizado fue puntual, multidimensional y nomotético. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron relaciones significativas y diferenciadas para las categorías masculina y femenina. En ambos casos ha coincidido que la actuación del portero es determinante para acabar ganando un partido. Sin embargo, en categoría masculina se ha observado una mayor participación en la construcción del contraataque posterior, así como una vinculación entre la ayuda de los defensas y la eficacia de sus acciones. Además, se han evidenciado formas diferentes de actuar en ambas categorías ante los distintos lanzadores del equipo contrario.
Patrones técnico-tácticos del lanzador y el portero en los penales de la liga española de fútbol durante la temporada 2016-17 mediante t-patterns y coordenadas polares
Authors: Prieto-Lage Iván , Artigues-Ribas Lluís , Gutiérrez-Santiago Alfonso
Published: January 2020

El objetivo de esta investigación es descubrir y analizar los patrones técnico-tácticos del lanzador y del portero en los penaltis (n=121) de la liga española de fútbol durante la temporada 2016-17. Para la realización de este estudio se han usado diferentes técnicas de análisis de común uso en la metodología observacional: análisis estadísticos con el SPSS, detección de T-Patterns con el Theme, y análisis de coordenadas polares con el HOISAN. Los resultados muestran una tendencia de los lanzadores a no realizar ningún movimiento previo al golpeo, mientras que los porteros tienden a realizar diferentes movimientos. Casi todos los penaltis se lanzan a la zona inferior y a los lados del portero. La mayoría de los lanzadores optan por una carrera larga. La mitad de las veces que el portero para el penalti lo hace de forma ilegal, porque se adelanta antes de que el lanzador golpee el balón.

The goal of this research is to discover and analyze the technical-tactical patterns of the attacker and the goalkeeper in the penalty shootouts (n=121) within the Spanish football league during the 2016-17 season. Different techniques of common analysis used in observational methodology were used to carry out this study: statistical analysis with the SPSS, T-Patterns detections with the Theme and the analysis of polar coordinates with the HOISAN software. The results show a tendency of the shooters where they don’t perform any movements before taking the shot, while the goalkeepers tend to perform different movements, although their behavior is different for the right-handed and left-handed players. Most of the shooters choose a long run. Half of the time, the goalkeeper stops the shot; he does it illegally because it anticipates the shoot from the shooter.

O objetivo desta investigação é descobrir e analisar os padrões técnico-táticos do arremessador e goleiro nos pênaltis (n = 121) da liga espanhola de futebol durante a temporada 2016-17. Diferentes técnicas de análise comumente usadas na metodologia observacional foram utilizadas para a realização deste estudo: análise estatística com o SPSS, detecção de padrões T com o tema e análise de coordenadas polares com o HOISAN. Os resultados mostram uma tendência dos arremessadores a não fazer nenhum movimento antes de bater, enquanto os goleiros tendem a fazer movimentos diferentes. Quase todas as penalidades são lançadas na zona inferior e nas laterais do goleiro. A maioria dos arremessadores opta por um longo prazo. Metade das vezes que o goleiro da penalidade é cometido ilegalmente, porque ele segue em frente antes do arremessador acertar a bola.
In Situ Thermography of the Metal Bridge Structures Fabricated for the
2018 Additive Manufacturing Benchmark Test Series (AM-Bench 2018)
Authors: Heigel Jarred C. , Lane Brandon , Levine Lyle , Phan Thien , Whiting Justin
Published: January 2020

This document provides details on the files available for download in the data set “In situ thermography of the metal bridge structures fabricated for the 2018 Additive Manufacturing Benchmark Test Series (AM-Bench 2018).” The experiments were performed to support the 2018 AM-Bench1 Class 01 experiments consisting of metal three-dimensional (3D) builds. The modeling community was invited to predict the following: (1) part deflection, (2) residual elastic strains, (3) microstructure, (4) phase fractions, and (5) phase evolution. Details for these proposed challenges and the postprocess measurement results can be found at their respective links on the AM-Bench website.
La promenade littéraire, un dispositif pour des lecteurs en mouvement
Authors: Bouvet Rachel
Published: January 2020

Cet article propose de concevoir la promenade littéraire comme un dispositif pour mettre les lecteurs en mouvement. Se situant dans la continuité des traditions philosophique et mondaine, elle se distingue d’une simple promenade par un ensemble de caractéristiques, étudiées ici à partir d’une approche sémiotique. Afin de prendre en considération le large empan des pratiques existantes, un corpus diversifié est examiné, composé de six balades littéraires développées au Québec en milieu urbain, rural ou naturel. Ceci permet d’observer les différentes facettes du dispositif : son inscription dans le territoire, son support, ses composantes plastique, textuelle et sonore, son concepteur, le but poursuivi, etc. Si certaines promenades ont un but touristique ou artistique, d’autres adoptent une démarche géocritique, dans la mesure où elles rassemblent les textes écrits sur un lieu, ou encore une démarche géopoétique, cherchant à développer le lien sensible et intellectuel à la terre, à intensifier le rapport au monde.
Régimes linguistiques et symboliques : les structures juridiques de la littérature acadienne
Authors: Wade Mathieu
Published: January 2020

Cet article porte sur le régime linguistique canadien et les représentations du territoire, de l’identité et de l’Autre qu’il semble structurer dans la littérature et les sciences sociales acadiennes. Dans une perspective interdisciplinaire, il s’agit de montrer comment le régime linguistique canadien balise à la fois les représentations littéraires et le champ des sciences sociales acadiennes. Cette comparaison des modes de représentation de soi, de l’Autre et du territoire en sciences et en littérature permet de cerner certains aspects centraux du nationalisme acadien contemporain. L’article plaide pour un rapprochement des études littéraires et des sciences sociales et pour un élargissement des représentations du monde et du champ de production des savoirs.
Notochord vacuoles absorb compressive bone growth during zebrafish spine formation
Authors: Bagwell Jennifer , Norman James , Ellis Kathryn , Peskin Brianna , Hwang James , Ge Xiaoyan , Nguyen Stacy V , McMenamin Sarah K , Stainier Didier YR , Bagnat Michel
Published: January 2020

The vertebral column or spine assembles around the notochord rod which contains a core made of large vacuolated cells. Each vacuolated cell possesses a single ﬂuid-ﬁlled vacuole, and loss or fragmentation of these vacuoles in zebrafish leads to spine kinking. Here, we identified a mutation in the kinase gene dstyk that causes fragmentation of notochord vacuoles and a severe congenital scoliosis-like phenotype in zebrafish. Live imaging revealed that Dstyk regulates fusion of membranes with the vacuole. We find that localized disruption of notochord vacuoles causes vertebral malformation and curving of the spine axis at those sites. Accordingly, in dstyk mutants the spine curves increasingly over time as vertebral bone formation compresses the notochord asymmetrically, causing vertebral malformations and kinking of the axis. Together, our data show that notochord vacuoles function as a hydrostatic scaffold that guides symmetrical growth of vertebrae and spine formation.
The p75 neurotrophin receptor in AgRP neurons is necessary for homeostatic feeding and food anticipation
Authors: Podyma Brandon , Johnson Dove-Anna , Sipe Laura , Remcho Thomas Parks , Battin Katherine , Liu Yuxi , Yoon Sung Ok , Deppmann Christopher D , Güler Ali Deniz
Published: January 2020

Networks of neurons control feeding and activity patterns by integrating internal metabolic signals of energy balance with external environmental cues such as time-of-day. Proper circadian alignment of feeding behavior is necessary to prevent metabolic disease, and thus it is imperative that molecular players that maintain neuronal coordination of energy homeostasis are identified. Here, we demonstrate that mice lacking the p75 neurotrophin receptor, p75NTR, decrease their feeding and food anticipatory behavior (FAA) in response to daytime, but not nighttime, restricted feeding. These effects lead to increased weight loss, but do not require p75NTR during development. Instead, p75NTR is required for fasting-induced activation of neurons within the arcuate hypothalamus. Indeed, p75NTR specifically in AgRP neurons is required for FAA in response to daytime restricted feeding. These findings establish p75NTR as a novel regulator gating behavioral response to food scarcity and time-of-day dependence of circadian food anticipation.
Alternative splicing in tea plants was extensively triggered by drought, heat and their combined stresses
Authors: Ding Yiqian , Wang Yu , Qiu Chen , Qian Wenjun , Xie Hui , Ding Zhaotang
Published: January 2020

Drought and heat stresses can influence the expressions of genes, and thereby affect the growth and development of plants. Alternative splicing (AS) of genes plays crucial roles through increasing transcriptome diversity in plant stress responses. Tea plants, widely cultivated in the tropics and subtropics, are often simultaneously exposed to drought and heat stresses. In the present study, we performed a global transcriptome of tea leaves treated with drought, heat or their combination. In total, 19,019, 20,025 and 20,253 genes underwent AS in response to drought (DT), heat (HT) and their combined stress (HD), respectively, of which 12,178, 11,912 and 14,413 genes differentially spliced in response to DT, HT and HD, respectively. Also, 2,447 specific differentially spliced genes (DSGs) were found only in response to HD. All DSGs accounted for  48% of the annotated genes in tea tree genome. Comparison of DSGs and differentially expressive genes (DEGs) showed that the proportions of HT and HD-induced DSGs were 13.4% and 9.2%, while the proportion of DT increased to 28.1%. Moreover, the DEG-DSG overlapped genes tended to be enriched in a wide large of pathways in response to DT. The results indicated that the AS of genes in tea leaves was extensively triggered by drought, heat and their combined stresses. In addition, the AS enhanced the transcriptome adaption in response to drought and heat stresses, and the AS also provoked specific molecular functions in response to drought and heat synergy stress. The study might have practical significance for molecular genetic breeding of tea plants with stress resistance.
Rotenone‐induced reactive oxygen species signal the recruitment of STAT3 to mitochondria
Authors: Mohammed Fareed , Gorla Madhavi , Bisoyi Vandana , Tammineni Prasad , Sepuri Naresh Babu V.
Published: January 2020

STAT3, a transcription factor involved in various physiological and pathological processes, is also present in mitochondria. Mitochondrial STAT3 regulates complex I activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, yet the mechanisms governing its translocation to mitochondria remain poorly understood. In this study, we show that rotenone‐induced ROS triggers the Ser727 phosphorylation of STAT3 and its increased mitochondrial localisation. Furthermore, we show that STAT3‐depleted cells display increased ROS levels during rotenone treatment. Targeted expression in mitochondria of wild‐type STAT3 ‒ but not S727A mutant ‒ lowers ROS levels, indicating the importance of Ser727 phosphorylation, both in rotenone‐induced mitochondrial targeting and quenching of ROS levels. Together, our results demonstrate a novel STAT3‐mediated feedback mechanism to maintain redox homeostasis during stress.
TRIM66 promotes malignant progression of prostate carcinoma through the JAK/STAT pathway
Authors: Cao Hongwen , Gao Renjie , Chen Lei , Feng Yigeng
Published: January 2020

Prostate cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer‐related deaths in males globally. Tripartite Motif Containing 66 (TRIM66) functions as transcriptional repressor and exerts its effect at least partially through promotion of deacetylase. TRIM66 has been previously reported to play an oncogenic role in a number of human cancers. Here, we investigated the potential oncogenic properties of TRIM66 in prostate cancer. We report that shRNA‐mediated knockdown of TRIM66 significantly suppressed viability and proliferation of both PC‐3 and DU145 prostate cancer cell lines. Furthermore, TRIM66 deficiency inhibited migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells. Mechanistically, TRIM66 positively regulated signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (STAT2) and interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) expression. The predominance of STAT2–IL‐2 in mediating the oncogenic properties of TRIM66 was determined using a rescue assay, wherein overexpression of either STAT2 or IL‐2 almost completely abolished the inhibitory effects on cell proliferation, migration and invasion elicited by TRIM66 deficiency in prostate cancer cells. Our study highlights the importance of the TRIM66–STAT2–IL‐2 signaling axis in the tumor biology of prostate cancer.
Continuous Flow Bioamination of Ketones in Organic Solvents at Controlled Water Activity using Immobilized ω‐Transaminases
Authors: Böhmer Wesley , Volkov Alexey , Engelmark Cassimjee Karim , Mutti Francesco G.
Published: January 2020

Compared with biocatalysis in aqueous media, the use of enzymes in neat organic solvents enables increased solubility of hydrophobic substrates and can lead to more favorable thermodynamic equilibria, avoidance of possible hydrolytic side reactions and easier product recovery. ω‐Transaminases from Arthrobacter sp. (AsR−ωTA) and Chromobacterium violaceum (Cv−ωTA) were immobilized on controlled porosity glass metal‐ion affinity beads (EziG) and applied in neat organic solvents for the amination of 1‐phenoxypropan‐2‐one with 2‐propylamine. The reaction system was investigated in terms of type of carrier material, organic solvents and reaction temperature. Optimal conditions were found with more hydrophobic carrier materials and toluene as reaction solvent. The system's water activity (aw) was controlled via salt hydrate pairs during both the biocatalyst immobilization step and the progress of the reaction in different non‐polar solvents. Notably, the two immobilized ωTAs displayed different optimal values of aw, namely 0.7 for EziG3−AsR−ωTA and 0.2 for EziG3−Cv−ωTA. In general, high catalytic activity was observed in various organic solvents even when a high substrate concentration (450–550 mM) and only one equivalent of 2‐propylamine were applied. Under batch conditions, a chemical turnover (TTN) above 13000 was obtained over four subsequent reaction cycles with the same batch of EziG‐immobilized ωTA. Finally, the applicability of the immobilized biocatalyst in neat organic solvents was further demonstrated in a continuous flow packed‐bed reactor. The flow reactor showed excellent performance without observable loss of enzymatic catalytic activity over several days of operation. In general, ca. 70% conversion was obtained in 72 hours using a 1.82 mL flow reactor and toluene as flow solvent, thus affording a space‐time yield of 1.99 g L−1 h−1. Conversion reached above 90% when the reaction was run up to 120 hours.

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Tandem Palladium Catalysis for Rapid Construction of 3,4‐Fused Tricyclic Indoles
Authors: Wang Weiyi , Yang Min , Han Dandan , He Qiuqin , Fan Renhua
Published: January 2020

Tandem catalysis, the use of a single catalyst to promote two or more mechanistically distinct cycles in one pot to assemble complex organic molecules, is an attractive target. In this paper, we report a reductant‐triggered tandem palladium catalysis process that rapidly assembles 3,4‐fused tricyclic indoles from three readily available starting materials. This tandem process involves a Pd0‐catalyzed in situ coupling/cyclization/Michael addition reaction to install simultaneously two functional groups at the C4 and the C3 positions of indoles. This is followed by a Pd0‐catalyzed intramolecular cyclization which builds a seven‐membered C4, C3‐bridge. Sodium formate is used to trigger the necessary switching between the palladium catalysed reactions.

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Organocatalytic Enantioselective Regiodivergent C−H Bond Functionalization of 1‐Naphthols with 1‐Azadienes
Authors: Zhang Chen , Cheng Yuyu , Li Fushuai , Luan Yepeng , Li Pengfei , Li Wenjun
Published: January 2020

An organocatalyst‐controlled site‐selectivity switchable enantioselective Friedel‐Crafts reaction of unprotected 1‐naphthols has been established for the first time via the conjugate addition of 1‐azadienes. By two chiral complementary squaramide and phosphoric acid, both ortho‐ and para‐selective Friedel‐Crafts alkylations of 1‐naphthols were independently achieved with high efficiency and enantioselectivity. With this strategy, a wide range of optically active triarylmethanes have been achieved in high yields with good to excellent enantioselectivities.

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Secular trend in age at menarche in women in Portugal born between 1920 and 1992: Results from three population‐based studies
Authors: Queiroga Ana C. , Silva Rita S. , Santos Ana C. , Maia Isabel , Barros Henrique
Published: January 2020

Objectives

Worldwide data on age at menarche suggest a gradually earlier maturation, which is stabilizing in some societies. The interplay between socioeconomic, behavioral, and environmental factors generates uncertainty about the current status and future trend of age at menarche in most societies. Therefore, we aimed to describe trends in age at menarche during the 20th century in Portugal.

Methods

A sample of 11 274 women born between 1920 and 1992 in northern Portugal, recruited to participate in three population‐based cohorts (EPIPorto, EPITeen, and Generation XXI) was evaluated. Age at menarche across birth year categories was compared using ANOVA and the rate of change over time using linear regression.

Results

Age at menarche decreased with birth year (−31.1 days per 5 years; β = −.017, P < .001), women born before 1930 having a significantly higher age at menarche than those who were born after 1990 (mean (SD) = 13.1 (1.83) vs 12.0 (1.25), P < .001).

Conclusions

The decrease in age at menarche in northern Portugal suggests that a plateau is yet to be reached. Attention to time trends in age at menarche is relevant for health promotion since there is a possible relationship between pubertal timing and the later development of the metabolic syndrome.
Genotypes and estimated prevalence of phosphomannomutase 2 deficiency in Turkey differ significantly from those in Europe
Authors: Yıldız Yılmaz , Arslan Mutluay , Çelik Gökalp , Kasapkara Çiğdem Seher , Ceylaner Serdar , Dursun Ali , Sivri Hatice Serap , Coşkun Turgay , Tokatlı Ayşegül
Published: January 2020

Phosphomannomutase 2 deficiency (PMM2‐CDG) is an autosomal recessive congenital disorder of glycosylation, characterized by multisystem phenotypes, mostly including neurological involvement. In Turkey, due to high rates of consanguinity, many patients with autosomal recessive disorders have homozygous variants and these diseases are more common, compared to Europe. However, published reports of PMM2‐CDG from Turkey are scarce. Here, we describe clinical and molecular characteristics of PMM2‐CDG patients diagnosed in three centers in Turkey, using data obtained retrospectively from hospital records. We also analyzed an in‐house exome database of 1,313 individuals for PMM2 variants and estimated allele, carrier and disease frequencies, using the Hardy–Weinberg law. Eleven patients were identified from 10 families, displaying similar characteristics to previous publications, with the exception of the first report of epilepsia partialis continua and increased prevalence of sensorineural hearing loss. p.Val231Met was the most common variant, and was homozygous in four patients. This novel genotype results in a neurological phenotype with subclinical visceral involvement. Exome database analysis showed an estimated prevalence of 1:286,726 for PMM2‐CDG, which is much lower than expected (1:20,000 in Europe) because of the lack of predominance of the common European p.Asp141His allele, associated with a severe phenotype (allele frequency of 1:2,622 compared to 1:252 in gnomAD). These data suggest that prevalence, phenotypes and genotypes of PMM2‐CDG in Turkey differ significantly from those in Europe: Milder phenotypes may be more common, but the disease itself rarer, requiring a higher clinical suspicion for diagnosis. The association of sensorineural hearing loss with PMM2‐CDG warrants further study.
Stable Pyrrole‐Linked Bioconjugates through Tetrazine‐Triggered Azanorbornadiene Fragmentation
Authors: Gil de Montes Enrique , Istrate Alena , Navo Claudio D. , Jiménez‐Moreno Ester , Hoyt Emily A. , Corzana Francisco , Robina Inmaculada , Jiménez‐Osés Gonzalo , Moreno‐Vargas Antonio J. , Bernardes Gonçalo J. L.
Published: January 2020

An azanorbornadiene bromovinyl sulfone reagent for cysteine‐selective bioconjugation has been developed. Subsequent reaction with dipyridyl tetrazine leads to bond cleavage and formation of a pyrrole‐linked conjugate. The latter involves ligation of the tetrazine to the azanorbornadiene‐tagged protein through inverse electron demand Diels–Alder cycloaddition with subsequent double retro‐Diels–Alder reactions to form a stable pyrrole linkage. The sequence of site‐selective bioconjugation followed by bioorthogonal bond cleavage was efficiently employed for the labelling of three different proteins. This method benefits from easy preparation of these reagents, selectivity for cysteine, and stability after reaction with a commercial tetrazine, which has potential for the routine preparation of protein conjugates for chemical biology studies.
Catalytic Regioselective Isomerization of 2,2‐Disubstituted Oxetanes to Homoallylic Alcohols
Authors: Cabré Albert , Rafael Sergi , Sciortino Giuseppe , Ujaque Gregori , Verdaguer Xavier , Lledós Agustí , Riera Antoni
Published: January 2020

The selective isomerization of strained heterocyclic compounds is an important tool in organic synthesis. An unprecedented regioselective isomerization of 2,2‐disubstituted oxetanes into homoallylic alcohols is described. The use of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (B(C6F5)3), a commercially available Lewis acid was key to obtaining good yields and selectivities since other Lewis acids afforded mixtures of isomers and substantial polymerization. The reaction took place under exceptionally mild reaction conditions and very low catalyst loading (0.5 mol %). DFT calculations disclose the mechanistic features of the isomerization and account for the high selectivity displayed by the B(C6F5)3 catalyst. The synthetic applicability of the new reaction is demonstrated by the preparation of γ‐chiral alcohols using iridium‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation.
Environment‐Recognizing DNA‐Computation Circuits for the Intracellular Transport of Molecular Payloads for mRNA Imaging
Authors: Wang Huihui , Peng Pai , Wang Qiwei , Du Yi , Tian Zhijin , Li Tao
Published: January 2020

Programming intelligent DNA nanocarriers for the targeted transport of molecular payloads in living cells has attracted extensive attention. In vivo activation of these nanocarriers usually relies on external light irradiation. An interest is emerging in the automatic recognition of intracellular surroundings by nanocarriers and their in situ activation under the control of programmed DNA‐computation circuits. Herein, we report the integration of DNA circuits with framework nucleic acid (FNA) nanocarriers that consist of a truncated square pyramid (TSP) cage and a built‐in duplex cargo containing an antisense strand of the target mRNA. An i‐motif and ATP aptamer embedded in the TSP are employed as logic‐controlling units to respond to H+ and ATP inside cellular compartments, triggering the release of the sensing element for fluorescent mRNA imaging. Logic‐controlled FNA devices could be used to target drug delivery, enabling precise disease treatment.
High Ethylene Selectivity in Methanol‐to‐Olefin (MTO) Reaction over MOR‐Zeolite Nanosheets
Authors: Lu Kun , Huang Ju , Ren Li , Li Chao , Guan Yejun , Hu Bingwen , Xu Hao , Jiang Jingang , Ma Yanhang , Wu Peng
Published: January 2020

Precisely controlled crystal growth endows zeolites with special textural and catalytic properties. A nanosheet mordenite zeolite with a thickness of ca. 11 nm, named as MOR‐NS, has been prepared using a well‐designed gemini‐type amphiphilic surfactant as bifunctional structure‐directing agent (SDA). Its benzyl diquarternary ammonium cations structurally directed the formation of MOR topology, whereas the long and hydrophobic hexadecyl tailing group prevented the extensive crystal growth along b axis. This kind of orientated crystallization took place through the inorganic–organic interaction between silica species and SDA molecules present in the whole process. The thin MOR nanosheets, with highly exposed (010) planes and 8‐membered ring (MR) windows, exhibited a much improved ethylene selectivity (42.1 %) for methanol‐to‐olefin (MTO) reactions when compared with conventional bulk MOR crystals (3.3 %).
Divergent Synthesis of Vinyl‐, Benzyl‐, and Borylsilanes: Aryl to Alkyl 1,5‐Palladium Migration/Coupling Sequences
Authors: Han Jie‐Lian , Qin Ying , Ju Cheng‐Wei , Zhao Dongbing
Published: January 2020

Organosilicon compounds have been extensively utilized both in industry and academia. Studies on the syntheses of diverse organosilanes is highly appealing. Through‐space metal/hydrogen shifts allow functionalization of C−H bonds at a remote site, which are otherwise difficult to achieve. However, until now, an aryl to alkyl 1,5‐palladium migration process seems to have not been presented. Reported herein is the remote olefination, arylation, and borylation of a methyl group on silicon to access diverse vinyl‐, benzyl‐, and borylsilanes, constituting a unique C(sp3)−H transformation based on a 1,5‐palladium migration process.
Calixarene‐Based Supramolecular AIE Dots with Highly Inhibited Nonradiative Decay and Intersystem Crossing for Ultrasensitive Fluorescence Image‐Guided Cancer Surgery
Authors: Chen Chao , Ni Xiang , Tian Han‐Wen , Liu Qian , Guo Dong‐Sheng , Ding Dan
Published: January 2020

Host–guest complexation between calix[5]arene and aggregation‐induced emission luminogen (AIEgen) can significantly turn off both the energy dissipation pathways of intersystem crossing and thermal deactivation, enabling the absorbed excitation energy to mostly focus on fluorescence emission. The co‐assembly of calix[5]arene amphiphiles and AIEgens affords highly emissive supramolecular AIE nanodots thanks to their interaction severely restricting the intramolecular motion of AIEgens, which also show negligible generation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species. In vivo studies with a peritoneal carcinomatosis‐bearing mouse model indicate that such supramolecular AIE dots have rather low in vivo side toxicity and can serve as a superior fluorescent bioprobe for ultrasensitive fluorescence image‐guided cancer surgery.
EPR Distance Measurements on Long Non‐coding RNAs Empowered by Genetic Alphabet Expansion Transcription
Authors: Domnick Christof , Eggert Frank , Wuebben Christine , Bornewasser Lisa , Hagelueken Gregor , Schiemann Olav , Kath‐Schorr Stephanie
Published: January 2020

We present herein a novel nitroxide spin label‐containing RNA triphosphate TPT3NO and its application for site‐specific spin‐labeling of RNA through in vitro transcription using an expanded genetic alphabet. Our strategy allows the facile preparation of spin‐labeled RNAs with sizes ranging from short RNA oligonucleotides to large, complex RNA molecules with over 370 nucleotides by standard in vitro transcription. As a proof of concept, inter‐spin distance distributions are measured by pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy in short self‐complementary RNA sequences and in a well‐studied 185 nucleotide non‐coding RNA, the B. subtilis glmS ribozyme. The approach is then applied to probe for the first time the folding of the 377 nucleotide A‐region of the long non‐coding RNA Xist, by PELDOR.