bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ganzzell‐ISPR‐Prozessentwicklung: Chancen und Risiken
Authors: Takors R.
Published: November 2004

Der vorliegende Beitrag zielt darauf ab, die Chancen und Risiken von In Situ Product Removal (ISPR) Ansätzen, insbesondere bei zellulären, d. h. mikrobiellen, Produktionsverfahren zur Herstellung niedermolekularer Produkte, zu diskutieren. Anhand einer subjektiven Auswahl industrie‐relevanter bzw. industriell‐realisierter Prozesse sollen Motivation und Eigenarten von ISPR‐Verfahren exemplarisch deutlich gemacht und deren Gemeinsamkeiten für eine erfolgreiche Kommerzialisierung aufgezeigt werden. Prozessbeispiele aus den zumeist betrachteten Produktzielgruppen, nämlich den organischen Lösungsmitteln und Säuren sowie Produkten der Feinchemie, werden auch unter wirtschaftlichen Gesichtspunkten diskutiert. Darauf basierend wird der Versuch unternommen, die perspektivischen Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten von ISPR‐Verfahren zu benennen.
The Estonian Genome Project
Authors: Metspalu Andres
Published: November 2004

The Estonian Genome Project (EGP) is a large population‐based databank that was established with health records and biological samples from a large portion of the population for use in biomedical and genetic research to improve the future of public health care in Estonia. A nonprofit foundation, the Estonian Genome Foundation presented the EGP to the Estonian government in June 2000 leading to a new legislative act, the “Human Genes Research Act,” that provides a road map for future gene‐related activities and guidelines for the oversight of the databank via a Supervisory Board, Ethics Committee, and Scientific Advisory Board. Unlike other gene discovery efforts, participants in population‐based projects are not selected by specific disease type but rather via a random sampling process. The unbiased nature of the recruitment process provides a more accurate measure of the disease risk provided by particular genetic variants and is anticipated to collect 100,000 samples by the end of 2007. The EGP is part of the first international consortia, P3G, set up between Cart@gene from Canada and GenomEUtwin, a FP5‐funded project coordinated by the University of Helsinki, Finland. With Estonia joining the European Union in 2004, the EGP will also function to build scientific excellence in Estonia. Drug Dev. Res. 62:97–101, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maternal exposure to first‐trimester sunshine is associated with increased birth weight in human infants
Authors: Tustin Karen , Gross Julien , Hayne Harlene
Published: November 2004

Two alternative hypotheses have been generated to account for seasonal variation in the birth weight of human infants born in industrialized countries. First, it has been hypothesized that low ambient temperature during the second trimester of gestation decreases birth weight. Second, it has been hypothesized that exposure to bright sunshine during the first trimester increases birth weight. We tested these two hypotheses to determine which, if either, accounted for seasonal variation in birth weight of full‐term infants. Birth weight data, collected over a 5‐year period, were analyzed as a function of peak and trough sunshine and ambient temperature. Although there was no effect of ambient temperature during any trimester on birth weight, infants whose mothers were exposed to peak sunshine during their first trimester were born significantly heavier than infants whose mothers experienced trough levels of sunshine during the same trimester. Furthermore, infants whose mothers were exposed to trough levels of sunshine during their second and third trimesters were born significantly heavier than infants whose mothers were exposed to peak levels of sunshine during the same trimesters. We hypothesize that high levels of sunshine during early gestation may increase the level of insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐1, facilitating prenatal growth. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 45: 221–230, 2004.
Role of C‐C chemokine receptors 1 and 5 and CCL3/macrophage inflammatory protein‐1α in the cutaneous Arthus reaction: possible attenuation of their inhibitory effects by compensatory chemokine production
Authors: Yanaba Koichi , Mukaida Naofumi , Matsushima Kouji , Murphy Philip M. , Takehara Kazuhiko , Sato Shinichi
Published: November 2004

The deposition of immune complexes induces an acute inflammatory response with tissue injury. Immune complex‐induced tissue injury is mediated by inflammatory cell infiltration that is highly regulated by multiple chemokines. To assess the role of the chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR5, and a ligand for these receptors CCL3/macrophage inflammatory protein‐1α, in this pathogenic process, the reverse passive cutaneous Arthus reaction was induced in mice lacking CCR1, CCR5, or CCL3. Edema was significantly attenuated in CCR1‐deficient (CCR1–/–) and CCL3–/– mice but not CCR5–/– mice, compared with wild‐type mice. Numbers of infiltrating neutrophils and mast cells were reduced in CCL3–/– and CCR1–/– mice, respectively, compared with wild‐type mice. CCR1 and CCR5 were expressed on neutrophils and mast cells. Remarkably, the intradermal mRNA expression of CCL5/RANTES, another ligand for CCR1 and CCR5, was increased in CCR5–/– and CCL3–/– mice, compared with wild‐type mice, while the cutaneous CCL3 mRNA expression was augmented in CCR1–/– and CCR5–/– mice. These results indicate that CCR1, CCR5, and CCL3 cooperatively contribute to the cutaneous Arthus reaction, and also suggest that enhanced expression of CCL3 and CCL5 compensates for the loss of CCR1, CCR5, and CCL3 in the reaction.
Reconstitution of anti‐HIV effector functions of primary human CD8 T lymphocytes by transfer of HIV‐specific αβ TCR genes
Authors: Ueno Takamasa , Fujiwara Mamoru , Tomiyama Hiroko , Onodera Masafumi , Takiguchi Masafumi
Published: November 2004

We redirected the antigen specificity of primary human CD8 T cells by retrovirus‐mediated transduction of genes encoding αβ TCR specific to HIV‐1 Pol protein. A large polyclonal population of TCR‐transduced CD8 T cells showed substantial cytotoxic and cytokine production activities toward target cells either pulsed with the peptide or infected with HIV‐1, and their functional activities were comparable to those of the parental CTL clone. Peptide fine‐specificity and promiscuous recognition of HLA class I supertypes of the parental CTL clone were also preserved in the TCR‐transduced cells. There were no signs of allogeneic responses in these cells, although hybrid TCR dimers consisting of transduced TCR and endogenous TCR were suspected to have been formed in these cells, as the effect of transgene expression on the surface expression of the desired TCR was limited. Moreover, the TCR‐transduced cells showed potent inhibitory activity against HIV‐1 replication in vitro, although the differential surface expression of the desired TCR resulted in differential functional avidity of individual TCR‐transduced cells toward the peptide‐pulsed target cells. These data suggest that the reconstitution of HIV‐specific immunoreactive T cells engineered by genetic transfer of HIV‐specific TCR is a potential alternative to immunotherapeutic applications against HIV infections.
LIGHT costimulates CD40 triggering and induces immunoglobulin secretion; a novel key partner in T cell‐dependent B cell terminal differentiation
Authors: Duhen Thomas , Pasero Christine , Mallet Françoise , Barbarat Bernadette , Olive Daniel , Costello Régis T.
Published: November 2004

The T cell‐dependent differentiation and function of B lymphocytes are tightly regulated by TNF ligands (L) and receptors interactions, such as CD40/CD40L, CD27/CD70 and CD134/CD314L. The LIGHT/HVEM system [homologous to lymphotoxin, inducible expression, competing for GpD of herpes virus, that binds to the herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM), and is expressed on activated T lymphocytes) focused our attention since HVEM has a large distribution that, in addition to T cells, DC or NK, includes tumor and normal B lymphocytes. HVEM was expressed on memory and naive B cells from peripheral blood or tonsils, but not on germinal center (GC) B cells. Costimulation by CD40L+LIGHT induced LIGHT expression at the B lymphocyte surface by a transcriptional mechanism since we detected de novo expression of LIGHT‐specific mRNA. LIGHT expression was further enhanced by triggering of surface IgM, a stimulus that mimics a normal step of B cell physiology, i.e. specific antigen encounter. Stimulation by LIGHT increased the B cell proliferation induced by CD40L, and induced IgG and IgM (but not IgA) secretion. We conclude that LIGHT costimulation, that mimics the B cell encounter with activated LIGHT‐expressing T lymphocytes, enhances both B cell proliferation and Ig production, and thus has a central importance for humoral immunity development.
Collaborative planning for training impact
Authors: Kraiger Kurt , McLinden Daniel , Casper Wendy J.
Published: November 2004

Training and development continues to be a valued component in the modern management of human resources. Emerging research shows that investments in human capital, including training, are positively related to organizational performance. However, training professionals still express frustration at not being at the table. In this article, we review recent models and research on training from industrial/organizational psychology and provide new paradigms for planning evaluation and aligning training with business goals. Based on this evidence and personal experience, we offer four guidelines to aid training professionals in planning and evaluating training that demonstrates stronger linkages between training success and organizational performance.© 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bridging the gap between I/O research and HR practice: Improving team composition, team training, and team task design
Authors: Hollenbeck John R. , DeRue D. Scott , Guzzo Rick
Published: November 2004

This article identifies a series of critical gaps between the scientific body of knowledge on team functioning and actual HR practice regarding teams. These gaps span across the areas of team composition, training, and task design. The article then discusses specific theoretical and methodological advancements from recent team research that address each knowledge gap. In other words, what does the scientific literature suggest about team composition, training, and task design, and how does the scientific knowledge compare to actual HR practice? The applied implications and implementation issues associated with each of these knowledge gaps are also discussed, using the scientific literature as a foundation for developing specific recommendations. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hydroxyapatite and gelatin composite foams processed via novel freeze‐drying and crosslinking for use as temporary hard tissue scaffolds
Authors: Kim Hae‐Won , Knowles Jonathan C. , Kim Hyoun‐Ee
Published: November 2004

Hydroxyapatite (HA) and gelatin composites were fabricated in a foam type via a novel freeze‐drying and crosslinking technique. The morphological and mechanical properties of and in vitro cellular responses to the foams were investigated. The HA powder was added at up to 30 wt % into the gelatin solution, and the mixtures were freeze‐dried and further crosslinked. The pure gelatin foam had a well‐developed pore configuration with porosity and pore size of ∼90% and 400–500 μm, respectively. With HA addition, the porosity decreased and pore shape became more irregular. The HA particulates, in sizes of about 2–5 μm, were distributed within the gelatin network homogeneously and made the framework surface rougher. All the foams had high water absorption capacities, showing typical hydrogel characteristics, even though the HA addition decreased the degree of water absorption. The HA addition made the foam much stronger and stiffer (i.e., with increasing HA amount the foams sustained higher compressive stress and had higher elastic modulus in both dry and wet states). The osteoblast‐like human osteosarcoma cells spread and grew actively on all the foams. The cell proliferation rate, quantified indirectly on the cells cultured on Ti discs coated with gelatin and gelatin‐HA composites using MTT assay, exhibited an up‐regulation with gelatin coating compared with bare Ti substrate, but a slight decrease on the composite coatings. However, the alkaline phosphatase activities expressed by the cells cultured on composites foams as well as their coatings on Ti discs were significantly enhanced compared with those on pure gelatin foam and coating. These findings suggest that the gelatin‐HA composite foams have great potential for use as hard tissue regeneration scaffolds. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 72A: 136–145, 2005
Adduct‐forming tendencies of cationic triarylmethane dyes with proteins: Metabolic and toxicological implications
Authors: Tacal Özden , Özer Inci
Published: November 2004

The formation of colorless adducts by four cationic triarylmethane dyes (TAM+s), methyl green (MeG+), malachite green (MG+), pararosaniline (PR+), and crystal violet (CV+) was studied spectrophotometrically at 25°C, in 50 mM 3‐(N‐morpholino)propanesulfonic acid (MOPS) buffer (pH 8), by monitoring the loss in TAM+ color in the absence and presence of human serum proteins as potential addends. Unfractionated serum caused a rapid bleaching of MeG+ and MG+, while PR+ and CV+ were unaffected. Sephacryl S200 HR chromatographic screening of the serum revealed two composite peaks of MeG+‐bleaching activity. The major peak (Mr range, 40,000–130,000) overlapped with and extended on either side of the albumin peak. The minor peak corresponding to ca. 10% of the total MeG+‐bleaching capacity had Mr > 230,000. MG+‐bleaching activity dominated the entire chromatographic profile and implicated a multitude of minority proteins with a high capacity to form colorless MG adducts. It is concluded that highly electrophilic TAM+s such as MeG+ and MG+ must be quantitatively trapped in the form of dye–protein adducts in biological fluids and that the primary in vivo effects (e.g. toxicity) of such dyes most likely arise from ligand‐type effects on multiple protein targets. Mechanisms that call for unmodified TAM+ structure (radical‐mediated redox changes, DNA intercalation) may be more relevant to the in vivo impact of dyes such as PR+ and CV+ that have a lower tendency to form adducts. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 18:253–256, 2004 Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20034
Coherent nano‐area electron diffraction
Authors: Zuo J.M. , Gao M. , Tao J. , Li B.Q. , Twesten R. , Petrov I.
Published: November 2004

We describe the new coherent nano‐area electron diffraction (NED) and its application for structure determination of individual nanostructures. The study is motivated by the challenge and the general lack of analytical techniques for characterizing nanometer‐sized, heterogeneous phases. We show that by focusing electrons on the focal plane of the pre‐objective lens using a 3rd condenser lens and a small condense aperture, it is possible to achieve a nanometer‐sized highly parallel illumination or probe. The high angular resolution of diffraction pattern from the parallel illumination allows over‐sampling and consequently the solution of phase problem based on the recently developed ab initio phase retrieval technique. From this, a high‐contrast and high‐resolution image can be reconstructed at resolution beyond the performance limit of the image‐forming objective lens. The significance of NED for nanostructure characterization will be exemplified by single‐wall carbon nanotubes and small metallic clusters. Imaging from diffraction patterns, or diffractive imaging, will be demonstrated using double‐wall carbon nanotubes. Microsc. Res. Tech. 64:347–355, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Creating nanoscopic collagen matrices using atomic force microscopy
Authors: Jiang Fengzhi , Khairy Khaled , Poole Kate , Howard Jonathon , Müller Daniel J.
Published: November 2004

The atomic force microscope (AFM) is introduced as a biomolecular manipulation machine capable of assembling biological molecules into well‐defined molecular structures. Native collagen molecules were mechanically directed into well‐defined, two‐dimensional templates exhibiting patterns with feature sizes ranging from a few nanometers to several hundreds of micrometers. The resulting nanostructured collagen matrices were only ∼3‐nm thick, exhibited an extreme mechanical stability, and maintained their properties over the time range of several months. Our results directly demonstrate the plasticity of biological assemblies and provide insight into the physical mechanisms by which biological structures may be organized by cells in vivo. These nanoscopic templates may serve as platforms on non‐biological surfaces to direct molecular and cellular processes. Microsc. Res. Tech. 64:435–440, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellular ubiquitination and proteasomal functions positively modulate mammalian nucleotide excision repair
Authors: Wang Qi‐En , Wani Manzoor A. , Chen Jianming , Zhu Qianzheng , Wani Gulzar , El‐Mahdy Mohamed A. , Wani Altaf A.
Published: November 2004

The ubiquitin‐proteasome pathway is fundamental to synchronized continuation of many cellular processes, for example, cell‐cycle progression, stress response, and cell differentiation. Recent studies have shown that the ubiquitin‐proteasome pathway functions in the regulation of nucleotide excision repair (NER) in yeast. In order to investigate the role of the ubiquitin‐proteasome pathway in the NER of mammalian cells, global genomic repair (GGR), and transcription‐coupled repair (TCR) were examined in a mouse ts20 cell line that harbors a temperature‐sensitive ubiquitin‐activating enzyme (E1). We found that E1 inactivation‐induced ubiquitination deficiency decreased both GGR and TCR, indicating that the ubiquitination system is involved in the optimization of entire NER machinery in mammalian cells. We specifically inhibited the function of 19S proteasome subunit by overexpressing 19S regulatory complex hSug1 or its mutant protein hSug1mk in repair competent human fibroblast, OSU‐2, cells and compared their capacity for NER. The results showed that 19S regulatory complex positively modulates NER in cells. In addition, we treated OSU‐2 cells with the inhibitors of 20S subunit function, MG132 and lactacystin, and demonstrated that the catalytic activity of 20S subunit is also required for efficient NER. Moreover, the UV‐induced recruitment of repair factor xeroderma pigmentosum protein C (XPC) to damage sites was negatively affected by treatment of repair competent cells with MG132. Taken together, we conclude that the ubiquitin‐proteasome pathway has a positive regulatory role for optimal NER capacity in mammalian cells and appears to act through facilitating the recruitment of repair factors to DNA damage sites. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Essential spectrum in vibrations of thin shells in membrane approximation: propagation of singularities
Authors: Campbell Alain
Published: November 2004

The spectral problem of thin elastic shells in membrane approximation does not satisfy the classical properties of compactness and so there exists an essential spectrum. In the first part, we propose to determine this spectrum and the weakness directions in the shell. We particularly study the case of homogeneous and isotropic shells with some examples. In the second part, we consider an elementary model problem to study the propagation of singularities and their reflections at the boundary of the domain. In the last, we study the problem of propagation for an isotropic cylindrical shell and we show that the equation of propagation does not depend on the Poisson coefficient. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intracranial germinoma: On whole‐ventricular irradiation
Authors: Roberge David , Kun Larry E. , Freeman Carolyn R.
Published: November 2004

Background

A current focus in the treatment of intracranial germinoma is on decreasing the volume of radiotherapy. We studied the theoretical impact of selecting different target volumes and treatment techniques.

Procedure

Retrospectively, five cases of localized germinoma were identified. Treatment plans were produced for three target volumes: involved field plans (i.e., targeting only gross disease), whole brain plans, and plans of increasing complexity targeting the ventricles (lateral‐opposed, four‐field and intensity‐modulated (IMRT)). A second series of patients was processed similarly except that no involved field plans were produced.

Results

When target volumes were compared, normal structures were substantially spared by ventricular irradiation but maximally spared by involved field radiation. When treatment techniques were assessed for ventricular irradiation, the greatest gain in tissue sparing occurred when switching from two to four fields. This gain was at the higher doses levels at the expense of an increased volume of tissue irradiated to lower doses. IMRT plans always spared a small additional amount of normal brain. Whole ventricular plans were compared to similar plans excluding the fourth ventricle. Whole brain dose was only improved by 4–6% by excluding the fourth ventricle.

Conclusions

The substitution of whole‐ventricular irradiation for whole‐brain irradiation can spare a significant amount of normal tissue, thus providing a theoretical advantage with respect to the risk of late effects. Ventricular irradiation is best achieved with at least a four‐field 3D configuration, and optimally through an IMRT plan. Exclusion of the fourth ventricle in the target volume had only a minimal impact on normal tissue doses. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interfacial properties in commingled yarn thermoplastic composites. Part II: Influence on crack initiation and propagation
Authors: Lariviere D. , Krawczak P. , Tiberi C. , Lucas P.
Published: November 2004

The second paper in this series aims to identify the relationship between fiber/matrix interface and cracking phenomena occurring in commingled yarn glass fiber/polypropylene (GF/PP) composites. For this purpose, different interfacial qualities were obtained by a modification of the fiber reinforcement sizing and the matrix coupling. In addition to transverse tensile stress‐strain relationships (Part 1 (17)), mode I interlaminar resistance relationships have been recorded while monitoring acoustic emissions. A mode I mechanical analysis points out the influences of the sizing on the mechanisms contributing to energy absorption, which are protection of fibers against break, creation of an interphase and control of adhesion at the glass fiber surface. Sizing appears as a key parameter governing crack initiation and propagation for these commingled thermoplastic composites. Owing to the relationship between global fiber/matrix adhesion and cracking mechanisms, mode I fracture mechanics is a powerful characterization technique of the interfacial quality of GF/PP composites. Polym. Compos. 25:589–600, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Elastomeric conductive composites based on conducting polymer–modified carbon black
Authors: Zucolotto V. , Avlyanov J. , Mattoso L. H. C.
Published: November 2004

Thermally stable elastomeric composites were prepared via melt processing from poly(styrene‐b‐ethylene‐co‐butylene‐b‐styrene) (SEBS) and conducting polymer‐modified carbon black (CPMCB) additives. CPMCB additives represent a novel thermally stable conductive compound made via “in‐situ” deposition of polyaniline or polypyrrole on carbon black particles. Incorporating CPMCB is advantageous to the melt processing of composites, as it reduces the melt viscosity in comparison to the use of pure carbon black. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) showed that the composites are thermally stable with no appreciable degradation at temperatures as high as 300°C. In addition, the electrical conductivity of the composites was found to be very stable at high temperatures. Polym. Compos. 25:617–621, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Determination and variation of three active diterpenoids inAndrographis paniculata(Burm.f.) Nees
Authors: Pholphana Nanthanit , Rangkadilok Nuchanart , Thongnest Sanit , Ruchirawat Somsak , Ruchirawat Mathuros , Satayavivad Jutamaad
Published: November 2004

Simple and rapid methods have been developed for the extraction and simultaneous determination of the three active diterpenoids, andrographolide (AP1), 14‐deoxy‐11,12‐didehydroandrographolide (AP3) and neoandro‐grapholide (AP4), from various samples ofAndrographis paniculata(Burm.f.) Nees. Methanol extracts from the dried leaves, stems and crude products were analysed by isocratic HPLC using a methanol and water mobile phase with monitoring at 220 nm. There was a large variation of the three active diterpenoids in differentA. paniculataproducts obtained from Thai markets. The results indicated that the amounts of these active compounds consumed, based on the recommended daily doses, from materials obtained from the different suppliers will be different. In addition, the stability of these three active compounds was also examined in dry herbs stored at room temperature. The results showed that andrographolide was more stable than the others. In contrast, the content of 14‐deoxy‐11,12‐didehydroandrographolide increased and the neoandrographolide content ﬂuctuated during storage time. The combination of different levels of these compounds in the source materials and the changes during storage could have a signiﬁcant effect on the efﬁcacy of this traditional herbal medicine in clinical treatment. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Density functional study of hydrogen‐bonded acetonitrile–water complex
Authors: Chaudhari Ajay , Lee Shyi‐Long
Published: November 2004

We report the interaction of acetonitrile with one, two, and three water molecules using the Density Functional Theory method and the 6‐31+G* basis set. Different conformers were studied and the most stable conformer of acetonitrile–(water)n complex has total energies –209.1922504, –285.6224478, and –362.068728 hartrees with one, two, and three water molecules, respectively. The corresponding binding energy for these three structures is 4.52, 8.34, and 22.48 kcal/mol. The hydrogen‐bonding results in blue, blue, and redshift in CN stretching mode in acetonitrile with one, two, and three water molecules, respectively, whereas there was a redshift in OH symmetric stretching mode of water. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Hyperpolarizability density analysis of the enhancement of second hyperpolarizability of π‐conjugated oligomers by intermolecular interaction
Authors: Nakano Masayoshi , Kishi Ryohei , Nitta Tomoshige , Champagne Benoît , Botek Edith , Yamaguchi Kizashi
Published: November 2004

In a previous paper we found that the cofacial intermolecular π–π orbital interaction in stacking dimers significantly changes the longitudinal second hyperpolarizability (γ) of the isolated monomer. On the basis of this result, we investigate the longitudinal γ values of π‐conjugated main chains (CnHn+2, 6 ≤ n ≤ 16) interacting in both‐end regions with two small‐size cationic perturbing π‐conjugated molecules, that is, allyl cations (C3H). These interacting model systems exhibit remarkable enhancement of γ values as compared with those of isolated main chains in the whole chain‐length region. The γ density analysis reveals that this enhancement is described by the virtual charge transfer between both‐end perturbing molecules via the main chain. The analysis of orbital correlation diagram between the perturbing molecules and main chain molecule also clarifies that such feature of γ density distribution originates in the “weak intermolecular antibondinglike coupling” between the (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital [LUMO], LUMO+1) of cationic perturbing molecules and (highest unoccupied molecular orbital [HOMO], HOMO−1) of main chain molecule. The current result suggests the possibility of novel nano‐size control of nonlinear optical (NLO) properties by adjusting the intermolecular orbital interactions between the main molecule and perturbing molecules. A possible control scheme of longitudinal γ for novel intermolecular interacting NLO systems using modified DNA wires is also proposed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Aerofoil characteristics from 3D CFD rotor computations
Authors: Johansen Jeppe , Sørensen Niels N.
Published: November 2004

This article describes a method for extracting aerofoil characteristics from 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) rotor computations. Based on the knowledge of the detailed flow in the rotor plane, the average sectional axial induction is determined for each wind speed. Based on this, the local angle of attack is determined when knowing the rotational speed and the local blade twist angle. The local aerofoil characteristics, i.e. Cl and Cd, are then computed from the forces acting on the blade. The extracted Cl and Cd are used in a standard blade element momentum (BEM) code, where no corrections are made for the rotational augmentation of forces or for the tip effect, since these are directly included in the aerofoil characteristics. Three stall‐regulated wind turbine rotors are used as test cases. The computed mechanical power is overpredicted at high wind speeds using steady Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes computations, but using advanced turbulence models, e.g. detached eddy simulation, or a transition prediction model improves the computations. The agreement between the mechanical power (or low‐speed shaft torque) predicted by CFD and BEM is good, even though a small but consistent difference in induction prediction is present. With the proposed method and a sufficiently accurate CFD computation it is possible to obtain aerofoil characteristics from a given wind turbine design without using empirical stall corrections models. Alternatively, new correction models can be derived using the extracted aerofoil characteristics. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
3D Navier–Stokes computations of a stall‐regulated wind turbine
Authors: Pape A. Le , Lecanu J.
Published: November 2004

Several 2D and 3D Navier–Stokes computations performed with the compressible elsA solver, developed at ONERA, on the wind turbine tested by NREL in the NASA Ames large wind tunnel are presented. After a brief description of the tools and methods used, the predictions of the S809 aerofoil performance are first discussed. Full 3D computations are then presented, analysed and compared with the experimental results. The successes and failures of the computations are highlighted and explained. The analysis focuses in particular on the 3D and unsteady effects. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Postmortem Findings and Clinicopathological Correlation in Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Authors: van Dooren Marieke F. , Goemaere Natascha N.T. , de Klein Annelies , Tibboel Dick , de Krijger Ronald R.
Published: November 2004

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a severe life-threatening disease, with an incidence of 3 per 10,000 births, that can occur as an isolated defect or in combination with other congenital anomalies. We reviewed the clinical and autopsy reports of 39 subjects with CDH that were autopsied between 1988 and 2001 to determine whether autopsy had an additional value in the detection of malformations in patients with CDH. We compared the clinical data (including echographic results in some patients) concerning congenital anomalies with the autopsy results. Before autopsy, 6 structural cardiac defects, 3 anomalies of the urogenital system, and 3 anomalies of the digestive tract were observed in 10 patients (clinical and echographic results). However, with postmortem examination, only 4 structural cardiac defects were confirmed, 2 cases showed another cardiac anomaly, and 7 new cardiac defects were found. In the urogenital system, 1 anomaly was confirmed, 1 was not confirmed, and 1 showed another malformation. In addition, in 7 patients new urogenital malformations were found after autopsy. In the digestive tract, all 3 malformations were confirmed, but we found 3 new malformations after postmortem examination. All clinically established dysmorphic features and anomalies of the skeletal system and central nervous system were confirmed by autopsy, and no additional malformations were found. We concluded that postmortem examination has an important additional role in the detection of structural cardiac defects and malformations of the urogenital system and digestive tract in children with CDH.
The compatibility of DDT with nicotine and alkaline diluents in agricultural dusts
Authors: Powning RF
Published: November 2004

An alkaline diluent such as calcium hydroxide is generally used in nicotine aphicidal formulations; however, when DDT is mixed with these dusts for added larvicidal effect, it is decomposed rapidly. Experiments show that this decomposition is directly due to the alkaline nature of the diluent and only to a small extent to the effect of the nicotine. A combined dust consisting of DDT and nicotine in pyrophyllite, calcium carbonate, or magnesium carbonate is sufficiently stable for use against cabbage insects and may be stored safely for at least two months.
Studies of heat regulation in the sheep, with special reference to the Merino
Authors: Lee DHK
Published: November 2004

This paper is a tentative application to a particular animal, the sheep, of concepts concerning heat regulation in "warm-blooded" animals, built up over ten years of laboratory, field, and library inquiry. The heat exchange between the animal and its environment is first analysed in a quantitative, physical fashion, and the deficiencies in present knowledge are pointed out. The ways in which the animal body attempts to maintain a heat balance are next considered, and the secondary consequences of these processes to the animal economy indicated. The paper concludes with a brief consideration of the comparative aspects. It is essentially a formulation of the way in which the thermal physiology of any animal should be considered, using the sheep as a convenient example. Many of the data are drawn from work carried out under the author's direction.
The effect of orally administered synthetic oestrogen (Hexoestrol) on the male fowl
Authors: Skaller F , Grigg GW
Published: November 2004

In three experiments, involving a total of 141 male fowls, the effect of orally administered hexoestrol on cockerels of different ages and breeds was observed, and the results were compared with those from untreated birds and capons. The results obtained support the hypothesis of a twofold action of oestrogen, viz. its action as a stimulator during an initial period and as a depressor of the anterior pituitary gland after a certain threshold level has been reached. The sensitivity to oestrogen increased with age, varied according to different breeds, e.g. White Leghorns gave a smaller response than Australorps, and varied according to tissue, e.g. it was higher for the testes than for the comb and epidermis. It was observed that the size of the testes in three-month-old cockerels varied greatly and that the amount of abdominal fat was not closely and reliably correlated with the total body fat. Oestrogen treatment improved the appearance of the carcass. Deposition of abdominal fat was increased only for Australorps and mature birds. Capons were superior in body-fat production to the oestrogen-treated birds. Fat from birds treated with hexoestrol (up to 25 mg. daily for three weeks) did not produce oestrogenic effects when injected into mice. The observations did not support the hypothesis of Wheeler and Hoffman (1948) that oestrogen treatment increases the occurrence of prolapse and "pickout".
Studies on the carbohydrate metabolism of sheep. IV. Hypoglycaemic signs and their relationship to blood glucose
Authors: Reid RL
Published: November 2004

The neurological signs observed in sheep during hypoglycaemia, induced by doses of insulin ranging from 1 to 10 units per kg., are described in detail. The signs varied in intensity from mild lassitude through muscular spasms to collapse and convulsive activity. The severity of these disturbances was closely correlated with the level of blood glucose and the period during which it remained at a particular level. Levels of less than 5 mg. per cent. were invariably associated with signs which progressed beyond the stage of mild lethargy. Convulsive activity was seen only after the blood glucose had been reduced to negligible levels, less than 1 mg. per cent., and had remained there for upwards of one hour. Hypoglycaemic convulsions in rats were also found to occur at virtually negligible blood-glucose levels.Attention is drawn to the considerable volume of literature which, particularly when the errors of analytical methods are taken into consideration, supports the contention that the blood glucose is negligible at the onset of convulsions in non-ruminant species, just as it is in the sheep.
Seedling blight. IV. Effect of source of isolates of Pythiaceae on percentage stands of poppies and peas on four steamed soils
Authors: Angell HR
Published: November 2004

The pathogenicity of two species of Pythiaceae, as assessed by percentage stands of poppies and peas on reinfested steamed soils, is influenced by five of the six factors investigated. The factors include strains that differ in pathogenicity, the species of host yielding the isolate, and the soil on which the host was grown. The other factors operate during the actual testing of pathogenicity of the isolate. They are the species of host being tested and the steamed soil on which the host is grown. The pathogenicity of an isolate to each species of host is generally consistent over the various soils.
The influence of the amount of starch on the utilization of urea by sheep
Authors: Peirce AW
Published: November 2004

A study was made of the effect on the wool production of Merino sheep following the addition of urea to a ration which was low in protein but contained varying amounts of dehydrated potatoes as a source of starch. The low-protein ration contained 7 to 9 g. nitrogen, the urea supplement was given at the rate of 15 g. daily, equivalent to approximately 7 g. N, and the potatoes were supplied at levels of 50, 100, 150, and 200 g. daily.
With 100 g. or more of potatoes an increase occurred in the amount of wool produced which was proportional to the amount of potatoes in the ration. The increases were 7, 19, and 23 per cent. with 100, 150, and 200 g. potatoes respectively. In a second series in which a mixture of red palm oil and peanut oil was added to the diet in order to increase the calorific value of the lower rations, the increases in wool production were 9, 15, and 15 per cent. with 100, 150, and 200 g. potatoes respectively. No increase occurred in wool production when 50 g. potatoes were used, either with or without oil. The increases in total wool production were accompanied by increases in fibre diameter. The maximum increase in the latter was 6 per cent.; this was attained when 200 g. potatoes were fed.
The assay of oestrogenic activity of Trifolium subterraneum L. by increase in uterine weight in the spayed guinea pig. II. Assays
Authors: Alexander G , Watson RH
Published: November 2004

When fed to spayed guinea pigs under the conditions outlined in Part I (Alexander and Watson 1951), whole clover from 83 per cent. of all samples and lamina from all of the few samples of this fraction yielded values of the mean log uterine weight in decigrams (mean log u.dg.) above 0.75, and provided data from which relative oestrogenic activities could be calculated by application of the previously derived statistics. The activity of fresh samples of four varieties of whole clover rose to a maximum in the mid-winter months, then decreased as the season progressed. However, both the absolute level and the magnitude and time relations of the changes varied with the different materials. Samples of lamina possessed high activity, while samples of petiole and stem exhibited little or no activity. Both the lamina and whole clover fractions of samples from grazed areas exhibited higher activity than corresponding material from adjacent ungrazed areas. Dehydration of clover reduced its activity. Little further change in activity occurred during storage of dried material over a period of 17 months. No demonstrable activity was present in the few species of plants other than subterranean clover which were tested.
Bioassay of available trace metals from Australian soils
Authors: Donald C , Passey BI , Swaby RJ
Published: November 2004

A study was made of various factors influencing the microbiological assay of available iron, zinc, copper, manganese, and molybdenum. Aspergillus niger (M.) was chosen as the best test organism from a group of 9 fungi, 1 alga, 1 yeast, and 6 bacteria. The composition of the basal medium could be altered markedly without affecting the availability figures. A new method of purifying the medium with A1203, gave good deficiency symptoms for Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn, but Nicholas's method was superior for removing Mo. It was found necessary to sterilize the soil, preferably by autoclaving. The availability of 15 micronutrients was determined by bioassay from 278 surface and 164 subsoil samples from eastern Australia. Seven soil groups, viz. 3 pedalfers, "red loam", acid humic, and podzol, and 4 pedocals, rendzina and terra rossa, chernozem, red-brown earth, and desert soil, showed more deficiencies than all other soil groups bioassayed. Even within these seven groups non-deficient soils also occurred. The commonest deficiency detected was that of Zn, followed by Cu, then by Mo, hut deficiencies of Fe and Mn were rarely found. Usually surface soils with a well-developed root zone were less deficient than subsoils. Fewer deficient samples were obtained from meadow soil, alkaline humic, volcanic tuff, and brown earth than from all other soil groups. There was a fair correlation between the availability of Zn, Cu, and Mo to A. niger (M.) and availability to plants, but none for Fe and Mn. The fungus was able to obtain adequate amounts of micronutrients from a variety of insoluble salts or oxides of Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Mo, some of which were known to be unavailable to plants. A number of soils, e.g. red loam, laterite, and desert soil, inhibited the growth of the mould in complete medium. This effect was due to active fixation of added micronutrients, especially in soils rich in calcium carbonate and in red loams. No evidence was obtained that microbial fixation of trace elements occurred in deficient soils; but most major and minor elements were fixed by microorganisms in very deficient, acid-washed, quartz crystals, with the exception of Ca, which was not significantly affected, and of Fe and Zn, which were released by microbial activity from the minute amounts of contaminants present.
Microscopic changes in soil aggregates during permeablity tests.
Authors: Greacen EL , Huon AN
Published: November 2004

A method is described for examining soil material with the microscope during permeability tests and for recording the changes in the soil structure by macrophotographs. The permeability changes of a pack of calcium-saturated aggregates subjected to a sequence of permeating solutions is explained almost solely on the basis of soil swelling. An explanation of the cause of the three phases of permeability commonly observed in permeability tests on soils is given. No significant degree of microerosion was observed during permeation of the soil pack, in spite of the fact that a high percentage of the aggregates used was unstable in water. When solutions containing only sodium chloride were used, the aggregates swelled and finally merged with each other in a complete collapse of structure.
Corrigendum - Transformations of clay minerals in black earth and red loams of basaltic origin.
Authors: Ferguson JA
Published: November 2004

The development in the Toowoomba area, Queensland, of red, black, and transitional soil types from basalt is typical of similar processes in many parts of eastern Australia. Systematic samples from this area have been investigated mineralogically by differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, and other methods. Montmorillonite appears to be the clay mineral first formed under present weathering conditions. The further transition to red soils in certain situations is due to partial decomposition of montmorillonite to minerals of the kaolin group by loss of alkalis and iron, the latter being stabilized in the upper horizons as hydrated oxides. Further decomposition of kaolin minerals produces gibbsite. Changes in the nature and amount of clay minerals are thought to correspond with stages in the evolution of basalt soil types.
A method for determination of apparent density of soil aggregates.
Authors: McIntyre DS , Stirk GB
Published: November 2004

A convenient method is described for determining the apparent density of soil aggregates down to 2 mm in diameter. The aggregates are evacuated, wetted with a non-polar liquid (kerosene), drained at a standard tension, and their volume determined by displacement in this liquid. Results obtained have shown that apparent density is measurable to within 0.03 g/c.c. or about 2 per cent. Features of this method and their significance are discussed.
The determination of exchangeable calcium and magnesium in carbonate soils.
Authors: Tucker BM
Published: November 2004

The solubilities of calcium and magnesium from calcium carbonate, dolomite, and magnesite, in a normal solution of ammonium chloride in 60 per cent. ethanol, adjusted to pH 8.5 with ammonia, are the same as or a little less than those in air-free water. Such a solution is suitable for the extraction of exchangeable metal cations from soil samples containing these carbonates. A single extraction yields a solution in which calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium may all be determined. Ammonium chloride is better than the acetate because there appears to be a specific solution effect associated with the acetate anion. The amounts of calcium and magnesium extracted by this solution from soil samples presumed to be in equilibrium with, but not containing, carbonates, are not altered by the addition of excess calcium carbonate or dolomite. An examination of 18 carbonate soils gave mean values of 16.5 m-equiv. of calcium and 11.7 of magnesium per 100 g of sample compared with 16.4 and 11.7 m-equiv. respectively by a double leaching method with normal sodium chloride solution.
The effect of length of wool in the manual tautening of skin areas on the live sheep.
Authors: Dunlop AA , Turner HN
Published: November 2004

Comparisons of estimates of fibre population density made by the taut skin method have sometimes to be made among groups of sheep which carry different lengths of fleece at the time of sampling. An experiment was undertaken to determine whether the ability of observers to extend and flatten sampled skin areas in using the above method was affected by differences among lengths of wool equivalent to 12, 9, 6, and 3 months' growth. Observations were made by two observers on three strains of Merino sheep. Biases of up to 3-1/2 per cent. were found in group density comparisons in lengths of , fleece corresponding to growth periods of 6-12 months. If groups with fleece length equivalent to 3 months' growth were also included, biases of up to 7-1/2 per cent. were obtained. Interactions between observers and the various lengths were negligible.