bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Links between plant species’ spatial and temporal responses to a warming climate
Authors: Amano Tatsuya , Freckleton Robert P. , Queenborough Simon A. , Doxford Simon W. , Smithers Richard J. , Sparks Tim H. , Sutherland William J.
Published: January 2014

To generate realistic projections of species’ responses to climate change, we need to understand the factors that limit their ability to respond. Although climatic niche conservatism, the maintenance of a species’s climatic niche over time, is a critical assumption in niche-based species distribution models, little is known about how universal it is and how it operates. In particular, few studies have tested the role of climatic niche conservatism via phenological changes in explaining the reported wide variance in the extent of range shifts among species. Using historical records of the phenology and spatial distribution of British plants under a warming climate, we revealed that: (i) perennial species, as well as those with weaker or lagged phenological responses to temperature, experienced a greater increase in temperature during flowering (i.e. failed to maintain climatic niche via phenological changes); (ii) species that failed to maintain climatic niche via phenological changes showed greater northward range shifts; and (iii) there was a complementary relationship between the levels of climatic niche conservatism via phenological changes and range shifts. These results indicate that even species with high climatic niche conservatism might not show range shifts as instead they track warming temperatures during flowering by advancing their phenology.
Evaluation of a commercial real-time PCR for the detection of extended spectrum β-lactamase genes
Authors: Willemsen Ina , Hille Linda , Vrolijk Angela , Bergmans Anneke , Kluytmans Jan
Published: January 2014

We investigated the performance of a real-time PCR for the detection of extended spectrum β-lactamase genes in Enterobacteriaceae (Check-MDR ESBL PCR). Results from micro-arrays were considered as the gold standard. An analysis on 489 isolates resulted in a sensitivity of 98.9 % and a specificity of 100 % for the PCR.
Analysis of stress gradients in physical vapour deposition multilayers by X-ray diffraction at fixed depth intervals
Authors: Fischer G. , Selvadurai U. , Nellesen J. , Sprute T. , Tillmann W.
Published: January 2014

The objective of this article is to develop and apply a model for the design and evaluation of X-ray diffraction experiments to measure phase-specific residual stress profiles in multilayer systems. Using synchrotron radiation and angle-dispersive diffraction, the stress measurements are performed on the basis of the sin2ψ method. Instead of the traditional Ω or χ mode, the experiments are carried out by a simultaneous variation of the goniometer angles χ, Ω and φGto ensure that the penetration and information depth and the measuring direction φ remain unchanged when the polar angle ψ is varied. The applicability of this measuring and evaluation strategy is demonstrated by the example of a multilayer system consisting of Ti and TiAlN layers, alternately deposited on a steel substrate by means of physical vapour deposition.
Development of a simultaneous measurement system for SAXS–WAXD and the thickness of coating films during film formation by solvent evaporation
Authors: Shimokita Keisuke , Miyazaki Tsukasa , Ogawa Hiroki , Yamamoto Katsuhiro
Published: January 2014

A system for the simultaneous measurement of small-angle X-ray scattering and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (SAXS–WAXD) and the thickness of a coating film, obtained with an automatic coater, during film formation has been developed. The system was installed on beamline BL03XU at SPring-8. As model specimens, poly(methyl methacrylate)-b-poly(n-butyl acrylate)-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA-b-PnBA-b-PMMA) triblock copolymers with different compositions were used to investigate the film formation process during solvent evaporation. First of all, the data correction methods were examined for the coating films during solvent evaporation. Since the scattering invariant was affected by the scattering volume and the absorption of X-rays by the solvent and the copolymer during drying, the scattering invariant should be corrected for the film width and the X-ray absorption of the sample. The polymer concentration was estimated from the thickness of the coating film during solvent evaporation, while the X-ray absorption was evaluated by using the X-ray linear absorption coefficients of the solvent and the copolymer. The results showed that the correction of the scattering invariant is crucial for an exact description of the film formation process during solvent evaporation.
A diffraction effect in X-ray area detectors
Authors: Gollwitzer Christian , Krumrey Michael
Published: January 2014

When an X-ray area detector based on a single-crystalline material, for instance a state-of-the-art hybrid pixel detector, is illuminated from a point source by monochromatic radiation, a pattern of lines appears which overlays the detected image. These lines are easily seen in scattering experiments with smooth patterns, such as small-angle X-ray scattering. The origin of this effect is Bragg reflection within the sensor layer of the detector. Experimental images are presented over a photon energy range from 3.4 to 10 keV, together with a theoretical analysis. The intensity of the detected signal is decreased by up to 20% on this pattern, which can affect the evaluation of scattering and diffraction experiments. The patterns can be exploited to check the alignment of the detector surface with the direct beam, and the alignment of individual detector modules with each other in the case of modular detectors, as well as for energy calibration of the radiation.
Larmor neutron diffraction with one precession arm
Authors: Rekveldt M. T. , Plomp J. , van Well A. A.
Published: January 2014

A new variant of Larmor neutron diffraction, applying only a single precession arm in the initial beam, is proposed. The single arm, together with the polarizer and analyser and possible rotators, are mounted in front of the sample. The great advantage with respect to the case with another precession arm in the reflected beam is that magnetic samples can now be investigated, because depolarization and the Larmor phase change of the beam polarization in the sample after the analyser is no longer of importance for diffraction analysis. The application has lower resolution than the double-arm precession geometry, but is still better than conventional diffraction instruments. The differences will be discussed.
Antiphase boundaries and rotation domains in In2O3(001) films grown on yttria-stabilized zirconia (001)
Authors: Hu Yan-Ling , Rind Eric , Speck James S.
Published: January 2014

In2O3is important because it has been widely used as a transparent contact material and an active gas sensor material. To understand and utilize its intrinsic physics as a semiconductor, it is necessary to have In2O3with a high material quality. In this article, single-crystalline (001)-oriented In2O3thin films were grown on yttria-stabilized zirconia (001) substrate, and a group theory analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) experiments were conducted to investigate the defects within the In2O3film. Owing to the reduced symmetry of the bixbyite structure (space group Ia{\overline 3}) in comparison with the fluorite template (space group Fm {\overline 3}m), the formation of antiphase domains and 90° rotation domains in the In2O3thin films is anticipated. This prediction is confirmed experimentally by TEM and high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy images. The size of the enclosed domains ranges from 50 to 300 nm, and the major domain boundaries are along the (110), (1{\overline 1}0), (010) and (100) planes. The rotation domains are related by a fourfold rotation operation along the 〈001〉 directions, which will cause the permutation of the axes of the bixbyite structure.
The evidence base for family therapy and systemic interventions for child‐focused problems
Authors: Carr Alan
Published: January 2014

This review updates similar articles published in the Journal of Family Therapy in 2001 and 2009. It presents evidence from meta‐analyses, systematic literature reviews and controlled trials for the effectiveness of systemic interventions for families of children and adolescents with various difficulties. In this context, systemic interventions include both family therapy and other family‐based approaches such as parent training. The evidence supports the effectiveness of systemic interventions either alone or as part of multi‐modal programmes for sleep, feeding and attachment problems in infancy; child abuse and neglect; conduct problems (including childhood behavioural difficulties, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, delinquency and drug misuse); emotional problems (including anxiety, depression, grief, bipolar disorder and self‐harm); eating disorders (including anorexia, bulimia and obesity); somatic problems (including enuresis, encopresis, medically unexplained symptoms and poorly controlled asthma and diabetes) and first episode psychosis.
Words of the ancestors: disembodied knowledge and secrecy in East Timor
Authors: Bovensiepen Judith
Published: January 2014

By examining processes of revealing and concealing ancestral ‘words’, this article analyses the connection between East Timorese knowledge practices and status competition. The point of departure is a tension between the assertion by eminent ritual speakers in the Idaté‐speaking village of Funar of the need to discover the most truthful ‘trunk’ knowledge, and the simultaneous and continual concealment of what this ‘trunk’ may consist of. The article explores the discursive practices that sustain the notion that knowledge exists as an immutable essence outside of history, and the difficulty of maintaining this notion given dramatic historical events in East Timor in recent decades. Whereas secrecy and concealment are key strategies of dealing with unrelenting contestations over the ownership and content of ‘trunk’ words, a ritual speaker's attempt to deny the interrelational aspect of knowledge is undermined by the need for others to recognize him as its rightful guardian.
How persons become things: economic and epistemological changes among Nayaka hunter‐gatherers
Authors: Naveh Danny , Bird‐David Nurit
Published: January 2014

The ontologies and epistemologies of hunter‐gatherers have attracted growing attention in recent years as these people are undergoing changes. We examine these changes, focusing on one particular case based on our studies of the South Indian Nayaka; they have recently added cultivation and animal husbandry to their partially ongoing hunting and gathering life‐style. Resisting analysis based on an assumed forest/domesticated dichotomy, we show that forest and domesticated animals and plants are both regarded as sentient co‐dwellers in some cases, and as objects in others, depending not on what they are in essence, or where they are, but on when, by whom, and for what purpose they are approached. We argue that pockets of utilitarian framing emerge within the continuing relational epistemology of the Nayaka along with a growing departure from immediacy in the production‐consumption nexus. In these pockets, the vivid presence of animals and plants is concealed, and they no longer appear as persons but as things.
An ethical solution to the problem of legal indeterminacy: sharīʿa scholarship atEgypt's al‐Azhar
Authors: Nakissa Aria
Published: January 2014

This article explores the importance of ethical discipline in resolving the ambiguities characteristic of legal interpretation. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork among religious scholars at Egypt's al‐Azhar, I demonstrate that traditional Muslim educational techniques are structured with the aim of imparting a particular set of dispositions (modelled on those of the Prophet) by enjoining meticulous and constant imitation of the Prophet's personal habits (sunna). By transforming themselves into living replicas of the Prophet, jurists believe that they acquire the ability to mirror his textual interpretations.
A life in books
Authors: Ingold Tim
Published: January 2014

A note from the Reviews Editor. How are intellectual and personal lives shaped through encounters with books? In this first instalment of our new occasional special feature, Tim Ingold responds to our invitation to select the five key books that most influenced his thinking. His selections illustrate the diversity of ways in which books can become meaningful: sometimes condensing an existing train of thought; in moments of inspiration; nagging away in languages that draw us in despite, or because of, the partial ways we understand; sometimes as points of arrival, redescribing what we already feel we know; at others as moments of departure, in new possibilities realized or glimpsed; in disagreement as much as assent; in the exhilarating revelation of a fleeting moment of discovery, or in the gradual evolution of new ideas over years or even decades.
Patriotism, the Great War and the Decline of Victorian Manliness
Authors: Fletcher Anthony
Published: January 2014

This article considers patriotism and manliness in a long chronology from the Victorian period to the 1930s. It begins with a discussion of Victorian manliness, built upon Christian gentility and Social Darwinism. It argues that the Great War activated traditional notions of patriotism but then tested them to the utmost. Nothing could prepare men adequately for the Western Front, where they learnt about fear and in a good many cases shell shock. Many displayed endurance, going through a process of psychic development. For those at home the ideology of heroism sufficed. It was in the aftermath of the war that the Victorian ideology of manliness was gradually transformed, as veterans wrote their memoirs and reflected upon how their masculinity had been created. If the Great War was the apotheosis of Victorian manhood, in its aftermath, during the 1920s and 1930s, survivors began to reconstruct their identity in the light of their experience as young men going to war.
The Effect of Response Scale, Administration Mode, and Format on Responses to the CAHPS Clinician and Group Survey
Authors: Drake Keith M. , Hargraves J. Lee , Lloyd Stephanie , Gallagher Patricia M. , Cleary Paul D.
Published: January 2014

Objective

To examine how different response scales, methods of survey administration, and survey format affect responses to the CAHPS (Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems) Clinician and Group (CG‐CAHPS) survey.

Study Design

A total of 6,500 patients from a university health center were randomly assigned to receive the following: standard 12‐page mail surveys using 4‐category or 6‐category response scales (on CG‐CAHPS composite items), telephone surveys using 4‐category or 6‐category response scales, or four‐page mail surveys.

Principal Findings

A total of 3,538 patients completed surveys. Composite score means and provider‐level reliabilities did not differ between respondents receiving 4‐category or 6‐category response scale surveys or between 12‐page and four‐page mail surveys. Telephone respondents gave more positive responses than mail respondents.

Conclusions

We recommend using 4‐category response scales and the four‐page mail CG‐CAHPS survey.
Looking for the second patient: Current practice and opinion on pre‐operative pregnancy testing in Western Australia
Authors: Watts Jared C. , Wong Sabrina Z. , Faithfull Tiffany J. , Wylde Kate , McGurgan Paul M.
Published: January 2014

Introduction

To determine current hospital practices and the opinions of senior health professionals working in Western Australian (WA) hospitals performing gynaecological procedures regarding pre‐operative pregnancy testing.

Methods

Anonymous questionnaire survey sent to all WA public and private hospitals' senior clinical staff (38 units where gynaecological surgery was performed in WA).

Results

Sixty‐one senior health professionals (heads of department, medical directors, theatre nurse managers), completed the survey (estimated response rate 71%). Thirty‐eight (68%) of respondents' units had guidelines for pre‐operative pregnancy testing and 55% respondents worked in hospitals which tested all women of reproductive potential. Nineteen (33%) respondents reported cases in which patients had presented for surgery unaware they were pregnant. Forty‐one (76%) respondents believed that all women of reproductive potential should have routine pre‐operative pregnancy testing. Fifty‐four (89%) supported the introduction of national or statewide guidelines.

Discussion

There are inconsistent processes of pre‐operative assessment of pregnancy status in WA hospitals performing gynaecological surgery potentially resulting in adverse incidents. The majority of senior clinical staff surveyed supported routine pre‐operative testing and the need for national or statewide guidelines.
An Integrated Theory of Budgetary Politics and Some Empirical Tests: The U.S. National Budget, 1791–2010
Authors: Jones Bryan D. , Zalányi László , Érdi Péter
Published: January 2014

We develop a general theory of budgetary politics and examine its implications on a new data set on U.S. government expenditures from 1791 to 2010. We draw on three major approaches to budgeting: decision‐making theories, primarily incrementalism and serial processing; policy process models; and path dependency. We show that the incrementalist budget model is recursive and that its solution is exponential growth, and isolate three periods in which it operates in pure form. The equilibrium periods are separated by critical junctures, associated with wars or economic collapse. We assess policy process dynamics by examining the deviations within equilibrium periods. We offer three takeaways: (1) exponential incrementalism is fundamental to a theory of budgeting; (2) disjoint shifts in the level of exponential incrementalism are caused only by critical moments; (3) temporally localized dynamics cause bends in the exponential path, longer returns to the path within budgetary eras, and annual punctuations in budget changes.
Differing asthma prevalence by gross national index of country of birth among New York City residents
Authors: Chang M. , Kelvin E. A.
Published: January 2014

Background

The hygiene hypothesis suggests that higher exposure to infectious agents may be one reason for regional differences in asthma. This would suggest that immigrants from less developed countries, where infections are more common, to highly developed countries will have lower risk of asthma compared with natives, as has been found in a number of studies. We expand the research on immigrants to look at the level of development in country of origin as a predictor of asthma in New York City residents.

Methods

Data came from the 2009 cross‐sectional Community Health Survey. We used logistic regression to assess the relationship of country of birth and the gross national income (GNI), an indicator of the level of development, of country of birth with asthma among immigrants and US‐born New York City residents.

Results

Those who were foreign born had lower odds of having asthma compared with those US born (OR = 0.43, P < 0.001). There was a dose relationship between GNI and asthma with decreasing odds of having asthma associated with lower GNI in country of birth (low GNI country: OR = 0.26, P = 0.014; middle GNI country: OR = 0.36, P < 0.001; and high GNI country = reference).

Conclusions

These findings lend support to the hygiene hypothesis in that the odds of having asthma among New York City residents was lowest among people born in the least developed countries, as indicated by GNI, where infections are likely the most common.
Guidelines for treatment of lice in sheep with long wool based on a model of the development of wool damage
Authors: Lucas PG , Horton BJ
Published: January 2014

Objective

This study used a model of the development of wool damage caused by lice in long wool to examine the conditions under which treatment of the sheep is advisable on an economic basis.

Methods

The model uses the proportion of a flock showing visible signs of rubbing and the number of days until the next shearing to compare the cost of treatment (product plus labour) with production losses because of the reduction in wool value caused by lice. From the model output, guidelines are provided to inform producers of the most cost‐effective option for lice control.

Results

Under normal conditions, if there are any signs of rubbing ≥140 days before shearing, then treatment was the best option. If signs of wool damage are not observed until there are ≤70 days before shearing, then the most cost‐effective option is to not treat at all. Between these two periods, the time period in which not treating is the most cost‐effective option decreases as the number of sheep visibly affected by lice increases. At higher wool values (A$70/head vs A$35), the option to treat is brought forward approximately 25 days, whereas at a low wool value (A$17.50/head) the period in which no treatment is the most cost‐effective is extended by approximately 25 days. Treating only the visibly affected sheep is the best option only for a very short time for all wool values and treatment costs.

Conclusion

The model provides guidelines for control of lice in long wool to minimise the net cost of infestation and limit unnecessary pesticide use.
Application of a real‐time polymerase chain reaction assay to the diagnosis of bovine ephemeral fever during an outbreak in New South Wales and northern Victoria in 2009–10
Authors: Finlaison DS , Read AJ , Zhang J , Paskin R , Kirkland PD
Published: January 2014

Objective

To report the occurrence of an epizootic of bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) in New South Wales (NSW) and northern Victoria in 2009–10 and describe the application of a real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) assay during the outbreak.

Procedures

Whole‐blood samples from animals exhibiting clinical signs of BEF were requested from district veterinarians in NSW. In addition, samples were submitted from private practitioners in NSW and Victoria. In NSW, samples from animals showing acute clinical signs of BEF were tested using a qRT‐PCR assay. Serological testing for BEF diagnosis was undertaken as required. Virus isolation was performed on selected samples in which bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) RNA was detected. Archival serum samples and mosquito homogenates were also tested for BEFV by qRT‐PCR.

Results

Accessions were received from 121 properties in NSW, with cases of BEF confirmed on 84 properties by qRT‐PCR and 20 properties by serology. In northern Victoria, BEF was confirmed on 25 properties based on serological testing. Screening of samples by qRT‐PCR enhanced the success of BEFV isolation. BEFV RNA was successfully detected in archival serum samples and a single mosquito homogenate.

Conclusions

The 2009–10 outbreak resulted in the most extensive transmission of BEFV in NSW and Victoria since 1995–96, and follows a smaller outbreak in summer‐autumn 2008. The use of qRT‐PCR for BEF diagnosis offers veterinarians and cattle owners rapid confirmation of infection (1–2 days) and provides ‘real‐time’ information about the presence of the disease in a district.
Cattle herd inspections and fly trapping for the detection of the Old World screw‐worm fly (Chrysomya bezziana)
Authors: Urech R , Muharsini S , Tozer RS , Sumartono  , Green PE , Brown GW , Spradbery JP , Mayer DG , Kan Y Tack , Kison A
Published: January 2014

Objectives

To compare the sensitivity of inspections of cattle herds and adult fly trapping for detection of the Old World screw‐worm fly (OWS).

Procedures

The incidence of myiases on animals and the number of OWS trapped with LuciTrap®/Bezzilure were measured concurrently on cattle farms on Sumba Island (Indonesia) and in peninsular Malaysia (two separate periods for the latter). The numbers of animal inspections and traps required to achieve OWS detection at the prevalent fly densities were calculated.

Results

On Sumba Island, with low‐density OWS populations, the sensitivity of herd inspections and of trapping for OWS detection was 0.30 and 0.85, respectively. For 95% confidence of detecting OWS, either 45 inspections of 74 animals or trapping with 5 sets of 4 LuciTraps for 14 days are required. In Malaysia, at higher OWS density, herd inspections of 600 animals (twice weekly, period 1) or 1600 animals (weekly, period 2) always detected myiases (sensitivity = 1), while trapping had sensitivities of 0.89 and 0.64 during periods 1 and 2, respectively. For OWS detection with 95% confidence, fewer than 600 and 1600 animals or 2 and 6 LuciTraps are required in periods 1 and 2, respectively.

Conclusions

Inspections of cattle herds and trapping with LuciTrap and Bezzilure can detect OWS populations. As a preliminary guide for OWS detection in Australia, the numbers of animals and traps derived from the Sumba Island trial should be used because the prevailing conditions better match those of northern Australia.
Community ontogeny at the roadside: Critical life‐cycle events throughout a sequential process of primary colonization
Authors: Magro Sandra , Jiménez María Dolores , Casado Miguel Angel , Mola Ignacio , Arenas Juan Maria , Martín‐Duque Jose Francisco , Vazquez Ana , Balaguer Luis
Published: January 2014

Questions

How does the response to environmental filters change across the life cycle of pioneer plants through the early process of community assembly? Is there a threshold at any of the life‐history stages during roadcut primary colonization?

Location

A very steep, sun‐exposed, low‐fertility and low water retention roadcut in a Mediterranean continental site inMadrid, centralSpain.

Methods

We tracked density of individuals, plant cover, species richness and community composition throughout the sequential process of primary colonization of a newly‐exposed roadcut surface. We monitored from seed arrival to seedling emergence, seedling survival and plant growth across species over two growing seasons. We manipulated the intensity of environmental filters in 12 experimental plots (10 × 8 m) following a full‐factorial design of two treatments (topsoil spreading and shallow tillage).

Results

The response to environmental filter manipulation varied throughout the individual life cycle. Under an equal seed rain, the higher carrying capacity caused by topsoil spreading gave rise to the emergence of a larger number of species, which either persisted or occasionally appeared in some of the stages of the early community assembly. Further, topsoil spreading enhanced seedling survival across species, as well as subsequent plant growth. We therefore detected two life‐history stages acting as thresholds in plant community assembly due to an ontogenetic niche shift across species. The first, at seedling emergence, in response to environmental cues with lasting consequences in community composition and species richness; and the second, at the transition to the adult stage in response to local resource availability, with consequences in subsequent plant growth and community cover.

Conclusions

During primary colonization, ontogenetic development of pioneers was paralleled by the action of environmental filters throughout the community assembly process. On roadcuts, the confluence of both processes gives rise to a community ontogeny marked by two thresholds determining community richness and cover under Mediterranean conditions. Our findings shed light on the underlying mechanisms involved in technical solutions, such as topsoil spreading, and provide a more efficient approach to roadside restoration.
H2B ubiquitylation modulates spliceosome assembly and function in budding yeast
Authors: Hérissant Lucas , Moehle Erica A. , Bertaccini Diego , Van Dorsselaer Alain , Schaeffer‐Reiss Christine , Guthrie Christine , Dargemont Catherine
Published: January 2014

Background information

Commitment to splicing occurs co‐transcriptionally, but a major unanswered question is the extent to which various modifications of chromatin, the template for transcription in vivo, contribute to the regulation of splicing.

Results

Here, we perform genome‐wide analyses showing that inhibition of specific marks – H2B ubiquitylation, H3K4 methylation and H3K36 methylation – perturbs splicing in budding yeast, with each modification exerting gene‐specific effects. Furthermore, semi‐quantitative mass spectrometry on purified nuclear mRNPs and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis on intron‐containing genes indicated that H2B ubiquitylation, but not Set1‐, Set2‐ or Dot1‐dependent H3 methylation, stimulates recruitment of the early splicing factors, namely U1 and U2 snRNPs, onto nascent RNAs.

Conclusions

These results suggest that histone modifications impact splicing of distinct subsets of genes using distinct pathways.
An integrated subsurface analysis of clastic remobilization and injection; a case study from the Oligocene succession of the eastern North Sea
Authors: Andresen K. J. , Clausen O. R.
Published: January 2014

The North Sea giant sand injectite province (NSGSIP) is the global type area for large‐scale sandstone intrusion complexes. Despite decades of research on the NSGSIP, this paper presents the first detailed case study in which all aspects of the intrusion process have been constrained, including fluid and sediment sources, injection timing and driving mechanisms. The study describes and analyses high‐amplitude discordant amplitude anomalies within the Oligocene succession in the eastern North Sea, which are interpreted as large‐scale brine‐saturated sand injectites. Potential feeder conduits extending from the top of the Paleocene Lista Formation to the base of the injectites indicate that the source sand was located within the Lista Formation; possibly deposited in a distinct valley cut into the top of the Chalk Group. The geometry of the observed injectites ranges from a basal sill with wings to V‐shaped and conical; their dimensions range from 300 to 3700 m in width and up to 150 m in height. In all cases, a significant deformation of the overburden is observed. The study area is located in the Ringkøbing‐Fyn High area above the basement high separating two smaller Paleozoic half‐grabens. During the Oligocene, rapid and significant differential loading occurred. We interpret that the injectites formed due to remobilization of the source sand facilitated by overpressure caused by differential loading combined with a possible influx of fluids from the deeper succession. The case study has with its assessment of the full injection system, implications for the understanding of subsurface remobilization processes and furthermore for oil and gas exploration in the eastern North Sea.
Planning in Middle Childhood: Early Predictors and Later Outcomes
Authors: Friedman Sarah L. , Scholnick Ellin K. , Bender Randall H. , Vandergrift Nathan , Spieker Susan , Hirsh Pasek Kathy , Keating Daniel P. , Park Yoonjung ,   The NICHD Early Child Care Research Network
Published: January 2014

Data from 1,364 children and families who participated in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development's Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development were analyzed to track the early correlates and later academic outcomes of planning during middle childhood. Maternal education, through its effect on parenting quality when children were 54 months old, predicts their concurrent performance on sustained attention, inhibition, and short‐term verbal memory tests. This performance predicts planning in first grade, which predicts third‐grade reading and mathematics attainment, but not the rate of growth in academic skills from first to fifth grades. This path was also found when the same parenting, cognitive, and academic constructs were measured at later time points.
Associations of number of teeth with risks for all‐cause mortality and cause‐specific mortality in middle‐aged and elderly men in the northern part of Japan: the Iwate‐KENCO study
Authors: Ando Ayumi , Tanno Kozo , Ohsawa Masaki , Onoda Toshiyuki , Sakata Kiyomi , Tanaka Fumitaka , Makita Shinji , Nakamura Motoyuki , Omama Shinichi , Ogasawara Kuniaki , Ishibashi Yasuhiro , Kuribayashi Toru , Koyama Tomiko , Itai Kazuyoshi , Ogawa Akira , Okayama Akira
Published: January 2014

Objectives

The objective of this study was to determine the associations of number of teeth with all‐cause mortality and cause‐specific mortality among middle‐aged and elderly Japanese men.

Methods

A total of 7779 men aged 40–79 years who were free from cardiovascular disease (CVD) were followed up prospectively for 5.6 years. Participants were categorized into four groups (no teeth, 1–9 teeth, 10–19 teeth, and ≥20 teeth) by a self‐administered questionnaire. Using Cox's proportional hazard model, multivariate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for mortality from all causes, CVD, cancer, and noncancer, non‐CVD according to number of teeth were estimated with adjustments for age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, total‐ and HDL‐cholesterol, HbA1c, current smoking, current alcohol drinking, and low level of education.

Results

The numbers (proportions) of participants with no teeth, 1–9 teeth, 10–19 teeth, and ≥20 teeth were 1613 (20.7%), 1650 (21.2%), 1721 (22.1%), and 2795 (35.9%), respectively. During follow‐up, a total of 455 deaths (including 175 deaths from cancer, 98 deaths from CVD, and 130 deaths from noncancer, non‐CVD) were recorded. In total participants, an inverse relationship between number of teeth and all‐cause mortality was found (P for trend = 0.049). Among men aged 40–64 years, inverse relationships were also found in risks for mortality from all causes, CVD, and cancer: multivariate‐adjusted HRs (95% CI) for all‐cause mortality in men with no teeth, 1–9 teeth, and 10–19 teeth relative to men with ≥20 teeth were 2.75 (1.37–5.49), 1.89 (0.99–3.63), and 1.94 (1.09–3.43), respectively. However, there were no associations of number of teeth with all‐cause mortality and cause‐specific mortality among men aged 65–79 years.

Conclusions

The number of teeth is an important predictive factor for mortality among middle‐aged Japanese men.
A Weighted Delaunay Triangulation Framework for Merging Triangulations in a Connectivity Oblivious Fashion
Authors: Silva Luis F. , Scheidegger Luiz F. , Etiene Tiago , Comba João L. D. , Nonato Luis G. , Silva Cláudio T.
Published: January 2014

Simplicial meshes are useful as discrete approximations of continuous spaces in numerical simulations. In some applications, however, meshes need to be modified over time. Mesh update operations are often expensive and brittle, making the simulations unstable. In this paper we propose a framework for updating simplicial meshes that undergo geometric and topological changes. Instead of explicitly maintaining connectivity information, we keep a collection of weights associated with mesh vertices, using a Weighted Delaunay Triangulation (WDT). These weights implicitly define mesh connectivity and allow direct merging of triangulations. We propose two formulations for computing the weights, and two techniques for merging triangulations, and finally illustrate our results with examples in two and three dimensions.
Human Migration, Protected Areas, and Conservation Outreach in Tanzania
Authors: SALERNO JONATHAN D. , MULDER MONIQUE BORGERHOFF , KEFAUVER SHAWN C.
Published: January 2014

A recent discussion debates the extent of human in‐migration around protected areas (PAs) in the tropics. One proposed argument is that rural migrants move to bordering areas to access conservation outreach benefits. A counter proposal maintains that PAs have largely negative effects on local populations and that outreach initiatives even if successful present insufficient benefits to drive in‐migration. Using data from Tanzania, we examined merits of statistical tests and spatial methods used previously to evaluate migration near PAs and applied hierarchical modeling with appropriate controls for demographic and geographic factors to advance the debate. Areas bordering national parks in Tanzania did not have elevated rates of in‐migration. Low baseline population density and high vegetation productivity with low interannual variation rather than conservation outreach explained observed migration patterns. More generally we argue that to produce results of conservation policy significance, analyses must be conducted at appropriate scales, and we caution against use of demographic data without appropriate controls when drawing conclusions about migration dynamics.

La Migración Humana, Áreas Protegidas y el Alcance de la Conservación en Tanzania
Minimizing the Cost of Keeping Options Open for Conservation in a Changing Climate
Authors: MILLS MORENA , NICOL SAM , WELLS JESSIE A. , LAHOZ‐MONFORT JOSÉ J. , WINTLE BRENDAN , BODE MICHAEL , WARDROP MARTIN , WALSHE TERRY , PROBERT WILLIAM J. M. , RUNGE MICHAEL C. , POSSINGHAM HUGH P. , MADDEN EVE MCDONALD
Published: January 2014

Policy documents advocate that managers should keep their options open while planning to protect coastal ecosystems from climate‐change impacts. However, the actual costs and benefits of maintaining flexibility remain largely unexplored, and alternative approaches for decision making under uncertainty may lead to better joint outcomes for conservation and other societal goals. For example, keeping options open for coastal ecosystems incurs opportunity costs for developers. We devised a decision framework that integrates these costs and benefits with probabilistic forecasts for the extent of sea‐level rise to find a balance between coastal ecosystem protection and moderate coastal development. Here, we suggest that instead of keeping their options open managers should incorporate uncertain sea‐level rise predictions into a decision‐making framework that evaluates the benefits and costs of conservation and development. In our example, based on plausible scenarios for sea‐level rise and assuming a risk‐neutral decision maker, we found that substantial development could be accommodated with negligible loss of environmental assets. Characterization of the Pareto efficiency of conservation and development outcomes provides valuable insight into the intensity of trade‐offs between development and conservation. However, additional work is required to improve understanding of the consequences of alternative spatial plans and the value judgments and risk preferences of decision makers and stakeholders.

Minimizando el Costo de Mantener Opciones Abiertas para la Conservación en un Clima Cambiante
SOX‐10 and MiTF expression in cellular and ‘mixed’ neurothekeoma
Authors: Fried Isabella , Sitthinamsuwan Panitta , Muangsomboon Sorranart , Kaddu Steven , Cerroni Lorenzo , McCalmont Timothy H.
Published: January 2014

Background

Neurothekeoma and nerve sheath myxoma have long been interpreted as related tumors that share nerve sheath linage. Lack of S100 expression in neurothekeoma and similarities of gene expression profiles between neurothekeoma and fibrohistiocytic tumors have created reasonable doubt about this concept. SOX‐10 represents a marker for schwannian and melanocytic differentiation, and is expressed in other tumors of nerve sheath linage. Microphthalmia transcription factor (MiTF) expression has been repeatedly reported in cellular neurothekeoma in the recent literature and was proposed as a helpful marker in this entity.

Methods

We investigated 25 cases of cellular neurothekeoma, 8 cases of mixed neurothekeoma and 1 case of nerve sheath myxoma for the expression of SOX‐10, MiTF, S100, NKI/C3, Melan‐A and smooth muscle actin (SMA) using immunohistochemistry.

Results

A lack of SOX‐10 expression was demonstrated in 100% of cellular and mixed neurothekeomas, but was present in the case of nerve sheath myxoma. More than two thirds of neurothekeomas showed very focal or no reactivity with MiTF.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that neurothekeoma and nerve sheath myxoma are unrelated, and that cellular and mixed neurothekeoma may not be of nerve sheath lineage. In addition, MiTF should not be regarded as a useful marker in neurothekeoma.
Designing weed containment strategies: An approach based on feasibilities of eradication and containment
Authors: Panetta F. Dane , Cacho Oscar J.
Published: January 2014

Aim

To refine strategies for the containment of weed invasions.

Location

World‐wide, but primarily Australia and Galapagos Islands.

Methods

By employing theoretical and semi‐quantitative models, we estimated conditions under which barrier zones should be established and maintained around core infestations and when eradication of outliers should be attempted. Reference was made to published information on generic dispersal distances and the biological characteristics of a wide variety of weeds, including the targets of well‐documented successful and failed eradication programmes.

Results

When weeds generate fat‐tailed dispersal distance distributions having relatively high median values, search efficiency will be compromised if barrier zones are employed. The theoretical model developed supports the non‐use of barrier zones in management strategies targeting tree weeds that are predominantly wind dispersed, or any species that are dispersed by birds or larger wild mammals. Many weeds that have major impacts on natural ecosystems fall within these categories. Eradication of outliers generally should not be considered where weeds have short juvenile phases and long‐lived seeds. Four containment substrategies are distinguished on the basis of whether barrier zones around core infestations are established and whether the eradication of outliers is attempted. The suitability of individual substrategies is indicated for weeds of a variety of growth forms, occurring in a range of land uses, and a decision tree is presented for categorical assignment.

Main conclusions

A structured approach to the development of weed containment strategies will help to promote the efficient use of limited resources. Targeted species vary according to both the relative ease with which core populations can be contained and outlier populations eradicated – containment strategies should be designed accordingly. This study shows that semi‐quantitative models can be powerful adjuncts to their theoretical counterparts in support of decision‐making for the management of weed invasions.
The Importance of Social Embeddedness: Churn Models at Mobile Providers
Authors: Benedek Gábor , Lublóy Ágnes , Vastag Gyula
Published: January 2014

This article argues the importance of social embeddedness at mobile providers by examining the effects of customers’ network topological properties on churn probability—the probability of a customer switching from one telecommunication provider to another. This article uses data from regional snowball sampling—the only practically feasible network sampling method—to identify groups with significantly different churn ratios for customers with different network topological properties. Clear evidence indicates that individual network characteristics (node‐level metrics) have considerable impact on churn probabilities. The inclusion of network‐related measures in the churn model allows a longer‐term projection of churners and improves the predictive power of the model. With no possibility to carry out repeated sampling, sample stability was checked through simulation results. On the one hand, this article highlights the importance and effectiveness of the provider's tailored marketing campaigns by showing that customers targeted by direct marketing campaigns are less threatened by churn than nontargeted customers. On the other, this article shows that social embeddedness blocks the impact of the very same marketing efforts. This article forwards the idea that social embeddedness, also prevalent in vendor switching, can be extended to understanding the development of professional societies threatened by membership churn.
Customizing Quality Management Practices: A Conceptual and Measurement Framework
Authors: Zhang Dongli , Linderman Kevin , Schroeder Roger G.
Published: January 2014

Quality management (QM) has often been promoted as a universal remedy, where organizations adopt these practices to enhance performance. However, implementation of QM has led to mixed results with some high‐profile failures. Some suggest that customizing QM practices to fit the organization's situational context can help avoid implementation failure and improve performance. However, research has not fully investigated how organizations should go about customizing quality practices. This article addresses this question by conceptualizing two fundamental yet different aspects of QM practices that have different learning objectives: quality exploitation (QEI) and quality exploration (QER). Drawing on experts and empirical data, we develop a reliable and valid set of measures for QEI and QER. Furthermore, the analysis shows the performance differences in the two sets of QM practices across different contextual settings. Specifically, the empirical results show that the benefits of different QM orientations depend on the level of competition and rate of product change. This research challenges prior conceptualizations of QM, and suggests a practical framework to guide decision makers in customizing QM practices.
Emergency Department Staff Planning to Improve Patient Care and Reduce Costs
Authors: Ganguly Subhamoy , Lawrence Stephen , Prather Mark
Published: January 2014

In the face of high staffing costs, uncertain patient arrivals, and patients unsatisfied with long wait times, staffing of medical emergency departments (EDs) is a vexing problem. Using empirical data collected from three active EDs, we develop an analytic model to provide an effective staffing plan for EDs. Patient demand is aggregated into discrete time buckets and used to model the stochastic distribution of patient demand within these buckets, which considerably improves model tractability. This model is capable of scheduling providers with different skill profiles who work either individually or in teams, and with patients of varying acuity levels. We show how our model helps to balance staffing costs and patient service levels, and how it facilitates examination of important ED staffing policies.
Exploiting Technological Indicators for Effective Technology Merger and Acquisition (M&A) Predictions
Authors: Yang Chin‐Sheng , Wei Chih‐Ping , Chiang Yu‐Hsun
Published: January 2014

Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) play increasingly important roles for contemporary business, especially in high‐tech industries that conduct M&As to pursue complementarity from other companies and thereby preserve or extend their competitive advantages. The appropriate selection (prediction) of M&A targets for a given bidder company constitutes a critical first step for an effective technology M&A activity. Yet existing studies only employ financial and managerial indicators when constructing M&A prediction models, and select candidate target companies without considering the profile of the bidder company or its technological compatibility with candidate target companies. Such limitations greatly restrict the applicability of existing studies to supporting technology M&A predictions. To address these limitations, we propose a technology M&A prediction technique that encompasses technological indicators as independent variables and accounts for the technological profiles of both bidder and candidate target companies. Forty‐three technological indicators are derived from patent documents and an ensemble learning method is developed for our proposed technology M&A prediction technique. Our evaluation results, on the basis of the M&A cases between January 1997 and May 2008 that involve companies in Japan and Taiwan, confirm the viability and applicability of the proposed technology M&A prediction technique. In addition, our evaluation also suggests that the incorporation of the technological profiles and compatibility of both bidder and candidate target companies as predictors significantly improves the effectiveness of relevant predictions.