bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Etaples. Fouille d'un quartier d'habitat rural secondaire.
Authors: Geoffroy Jean-François
Published: March 2016

Opgraving van een wijk met secundaire rural bewoning.

Een in Etaple op de plaats "Blanc-Pavé" (ten noorden van de huidige stad) uitgevoerde opgraving vult de sedert de XIXe eeuw verworven kennis over deze site aan. Er waren twee fazen, een diagnostiek en een opgraving. Er werden mechanisch tien sleuven gegraven, waarna de centrale zone afgeschraapt werd. Zo stootte men op een zwarte zandachtige laag men een ongelijke verdeling van archeologisch materiaal. Er werden vier gebouwen in deze laag opgetrokken, waarvan alleen de funderingen in krijt overgebleven zijn. Het aardewerk wordt momenteel bestudeerd. Men kan nu al stellen dat het dateert uit de période van de IIe tot IVde eeuw. Er zijn weliswaar een paar oudere fragmenten (Einde Tène) maar te weinig om er een bewoning uit af te leiden.
RELIABILITY PERFORMANCE OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS FOR CIVIL INFRASTRUCTURE – PART II: PREDICTION AND VERIFICATION
Authors: BAE Sun-Chan , JANG Won-Suk , SKIBNIEWSKI Mirosław J.
Published: March 2016

Application studies on wireless sensor networks (WSN) are actively conducted in the construction industry. However, there are several technical limitations including signal interference caused by the characteristics of wireless sensors, reliability degradation in wireless communication and uncertainty of configuring a network topology. This may lead to a decline in reliability and performance of real-time data acquisition methods. Thus, the paper developed a model capable of predicting reliability performance of wireless signals applied to civil infrastructures. The measured and pre­dicted values of wireless signals are compared and analyzed through a field experiment carried out in an actual bridge to verify the prediction model suggested herein. As a result of the analysis, the prediction model demonstrated a variation up to 8.4% compared with actual measurements, proving the high accuracy of the prediction model. Furthermore, the reception rate at short distances within a 5 m radius is at least 90%, showing a highly reliable reception capacity. When this is applied to monitoring systems in the construction sector, it is believed that performance and reliability of such system can be secured.
IMPROVING THE STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR RC PRECAST CONCRETE BEAMS MADE OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE
Authors: LAPKO Andrzej , GRYGO Robert
Published: March 2016

The application of concrete waste for recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) used in structural members is as­sociated with an increased risk for the structure due to, e.g. pollutions in the old crushed concrete and random variable strength. A new concept of RC flexural members like beams and slabs made of RAC with strengthening inclusion was elaborated and presented in the paper based on application of precast concrete inserts made of HSC, located in the com­pression zone of the members. The paper presents the results of experimental and numerical (FEM) analysis carried out on such composite beams. The results of experimental research on the behavior of such beams and numerical simula­tions using Diana computer program reveal some positive effects, such as higher stiffness and flexural capacity of the innovative beams compared to the reference beams made fully of RAC.
BROAD BALMER ABSORPTION LINE VARIABILITY: EVIDENCE OF GAS TRANSVERSE MOTION IN THE QSO SDSS J125942.80+121312.6
Authors: Shi Xiheng , Zhou Hongyan , Shu Xinwen , Zhang Shaohua , Ji Tuo , Pan Xiang , Sun Luming , Zhao Wen , Hao Lei
Published: March 2016

We report on the discovery of broad Balmer absorption lines variability in the QSO SDSS J125942.80+121312.6, based on the optical and near-infrared spectra taken from the SDSS-I, SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS), and TripleSpec observations over a timescale of 5.8 years in the QSO's rest-frame. The blueshifted absorption profile of Hβ shows a variation of more than 5σ at a high velocity portion (

) of the trough. We perform a detailed analysis for the physical conditions of the absorber using Balmer lines as well as metastable He i and optical Fe ii absorptions (λ4233 from b4P5/2 level and λ5169 from a6S5/2) at the same velocity. These Fe ii lines are identified in the QSO spectra for the first time. According to the photoionization simulations, we estimate a gas density of

and a column density of

for the BOSS data, but the model fails to predict the variations of ionic column densities between the SDSS and BOSS observations if changes in ionizing flux are assumed. We thus propose transverse motion of the absorbing gas being the cause of the observed broad Balmer absorption line variability. In fact, we find that the changes in covering factors of the absorber can well-reproduce all of the observed variations. The absorber is estimated ∼0.94 pc away from the central engine, which is where the outflow likely experiences deceleration due to the collision with the surrounding medium. This scheme is consistent with the argument that LoBAL QSOs may represent the transition from obscured star-forming galaxies to classic QSOs.
DETECTION OF A POSSIBLE X-RAY QUASI-PERIODIC OSCILLATION IN THE ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS 1H 0707–495
Authors: Pan Hai-Wu , Yuan Weimin , Yao Su , Zhou Xin-Lin , Liu Bifang , Zhou Hongyan , Zhang Shuang-Nan
Published: March 2016

The quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) detected in the X-ray radiation of black hole X-ray binaries (BHXBs) is thought to originate from dynamical processes in close vicinity of black holes (BHs), and thus carries important physical information therein. Such a feature is extremely rare in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) with supermassive BHs. Here we report on the detection of a possible X-ray QPO signal with a period of 3800 s at a confidence level >99.99% in the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy (NLS1) 1H 0707–495 in one data set in 0.2–10 keV taken with XMM-Newton. The statistical significance is higher than that of most previously reported QPOs in AGNs. The QPO is highly coherent (quality factor

with a high rms fractional variability (∼15%). A comprehensive analysis of the optical spectra of this AGN is also performed, yielding a central BH mass of 5.2 × 106
M
⊙ from the broad emission lines based on the scaling relation. The QPO follows the known frequency-BH mass relation closely, which spans from stellar-mass to supermassive BHs. The absence of QPOs in other observations of the object suggests that it is a transient phenomenon. We suggest that the (high-frequency) QPOs tend to occur in highly accreting BH systems, from BHXBs to supermassive BHs. Future precise estimation of the BH mass may be used to infer the BH spin from the QPO frequency.
Manuel de direction en action sociale et médico-sociale
Authors: Guaquère Daniel
Published: March 2016

Le secteur social et médico-social est aux prises avec les nouveaux enjeux territoriaux (politiques et stratégies des nouveaux organisateurs de l'action publique, raréfaction des ressources, complexité du système-client, bouleversement de la gouvernance associative…). Ces changements culturels demandent une posture nouvelle et un management stratégique pour les directeurs d'ESMS qui intègrent à la fois les dimensions territoriales et internes de l'action. Ces dimensions intéressent le rapport que l'ESMS entretient avec ses environnements contingents et la stratégie qu'il veut y déployer, mais aussi le pilotage du projet d'établissement et la gestion de ses ressources et compétences. Autant d'enjeux pour des fonctions de direction enrichies nécessitant qualification de haut niveau et compétences renouvelées. Au risque cependant de la visée stratégique de l'association gestionnaire et de ses choix quant à la conception des postes de direction et du management stratégique.
Manuel de direction en action sociale et médico-sociale
Authors: Haeringer Joseph
Published: March 2016

L'association est une coopération fondée sur une double liberté, celle de s'engager pour un bien qui dépasse l'intérêt individuel et celle d'agir collectivement dans l'espace public. Sa reconnaissance par l'État est liée à l'intérêt général auquel elle participe. La fragilité associative tient à cette tension jamais résolue entre l'expression d'une liberté individuelle qui trouve son accomplissement dans l'action collective et l'exigence inhérente à celle-ci d'enrôler ces libertés autour d'un bien commun qui ne se réduit pas à la somme des intérêts individuels. Les parties prenantes de la coopération doivent en permanence justifier ce au nom de quoi elles sont réunies, c'est-à-dire formuler un jugement relatif à la réalité sociale sur laquelle elles veulent agir. Ce processus d'élaboration collective constitue une source de légitimité pour l'action. Le projet qui en est la forme la plus aboutie, aura d'autant plus de légitimité à être la référence pour l'action qu'il aura été élaboré par toutes les parties prenantes dans un processus de délibération collective. C'est dire combien la pratique démocratique est source de régulation institutionnelle. En quoi et jusqu'où ce référentiel de l'agir associatif peut-il questionner les organisations qualifiées de « gestionnaires » ? Si leur horizon est le développement de prestations de service, que signifie leur attachement à « l'association » quand d'autres formes de l'économie sociale traduiraient mieux leur réalité ? Les questionner sur « la démocratie », c'est réfléchir sur leur dynamique institutionnelle et leur capacité à délibérer sur des orientations qui ne soient pas guidées par leur seul intérêt stratégique, mais fondées sur des principes de solidarité et de justice.
Manuel de direction en action sociale et médico-sociale
Authors: Élichiry Jean-Daniel
Published: March 2016

L'action sociale connaît actuellement une agitation annonciatrice d'une métamorphose historique de certains de ses principes et de ses modes de fonctionnement. Les organisations sociales et médico-sociales (ou OSMS) en perçoivent les effets en priorité. Plusieurs éléments de caractérisation du contexte actuel seront retenus dans cette contribution pour illustrer ces évolutions : l'aspect corrosif de l'individualisme contemporain ; la prolifération des urgences ; le marché qui s'invite dans l'action sociale. La pertinence de la spécificité des associations de solidarité est interrogée : pour l'intérêt, le caractère trop critique ou encore l'absence du projet politique de transformation sociale élaboré par les « associés » ; pour la référence à la dimension institutionnelle d'organisations tendant à devoir se transformer en un « panier de services ». Pour les directeurs d'OSMS, trois éléments doivent être examinés dorénavant avec attention : la complexité des organisations ; le temps accéléré ; une autre façon de manager : par la gouvernance.
Observer à l’épreuve d’une déficience visuelle : le rôle des indices
Authors: Ink Marion
Published: March 2016

Cet article vise à analyser le champ pratico-sensible de différentes situations sociales éprouvées et perçues à travers une « déficience visuelle ». À partir de vignettes, décrivant de manière dense les détails de cette expérience perceptive, je donne à voir de nombreux indices accessibles dans toute expérience sensorielle, visuelle. Souvent diffus, ces indices sont toutefois essentiels pour saisir la situation en jeu dans toute sa complexité. Il s’avère que la situation de « déficience visuelle » m’amène à développer des compétences analytiques, ainsi que des modes d’observation, de perception, spécifiques.
Se mouiller au propre comme au figuré. De l’observation à l’ethnographie dans les bains-douches parisiens
Authors: Lévy-Vroelant Claire
Published: March 2016

L’article rend compte d’une enquête collective menée par des étudiants de Licence de sociologie de l’université de Paris 8 dans les bains-douches municipaux parisiens, sous la conduite de leur enseignante. L’analyse d’extraits de journaux de terrain est centrée sur la performativité des interactions, au plus près de ce que les présents produisent de commun, au sens d’un espace social et spatial partagé et que tous les acteurs – usagers, employés, observateurs participants – contribuent à produire. L’inventivité des stratégies mises en place par les étudiants tient autant à leurs caractéristiques sociales qu’à un dispositif de recherche permettant la mise en commun des expériences. Ces lieux tout à la fois publics et privés apparaissent régulés par les tensions entre trois pôles : l’anonymat, l’hospitalité, et l’hostilité. La conclusion souligne l’ambiguïté de ces espaces, à la fois profondément vulnérables et porteurs de principes de résistance et de solidarisation, que seule l’observation permet de déchiffrer.
Des liens aux lieux : l’appropriation des lieux dans les grandes mobilités de travail
Authors: Vincent-Geslin Stéphanie , Ravalet Emmanuel , Kaufmann Vincent
Published: March 2016

Le présent article questionne l’articulation entre mobilités et ancrages chez les grands mobiles pour raisons professionnelles. Plus précisément, il interroge la manière dont leurs pratiques de mobilité permettent de s’approprier les lieux qu’ils pratiquent durant leurs déplacements. Pour cela, nous nous appuyons sur des récits de vie obtenus par entretiens, réalisés en France dans le cadre du second volet d’une enquête européenne portant sur les grandes mobilités liées au travail et la vie de famille (programme JobMob). Les résultats montrent des modes d’appropriation différenciés des lieux de la mobilité, selon que ces derniers sont pratiqués de manière régulière ou éphémère, répétée ou exceptionnelle. Loin de vivre leurs mobilités professionnelles comme un nomadisme, sans attaches territoriales ni sociales, les grands mobiles montrent plutôt un fort ancrage sur leur lieu de résidence et, à la fois ici et ailleurs, vivent dans leurs mobilités l’expérience de la rupture à la manière de l’étranger au sens de Simmel.
Production culturelle et urbanisation : la scène Manguebeat à Recife
Authors: Nunes Alves Cristiano
Published: March 2016

L’une des manifestations musicales les plus importantes au Brésil au cours des dernières décennies, le Manguebeat ou Manguebit, apparue à Recife, la capitale de l’état de Pernambuco, se diffuse au début des années 1990. En utilisant la notion de scène musicale, on souligne la composition du Manguebeat, basée sur l’articulation de sujets provenant de différents endroits de Recife, agglomération urbaine historiquement marquée par l’inégalité socio-territoriale. Nous présentons la méthodologie de recherche fondée sur la collecte d’informations primaires, à partir d’entretiens semi-directifs et de visites techniques. On observe que la Scène Manguebeat a renforcé la dynamique culturelle de Recife et l’appropriation de la ville à partir de la production culturelle. Avec l’étude du Manguebeat, nous voulons contribuer au débat sur les liens entre production culturelle et urbanisation dans la période actuelle.
Retrait des dieux et modernité selon Novalis et Hölderlin
Authors: Dastur Françoise
Published: March 2016

L’exigence qui anime toute la fin du xviii e   siècle en Allemagne est celle d’un renouvellement du christianisme et d’une nouvelle conception du divin. Le fameux poème de Schiller, « Les Dieux de la Grèce », montre en effet que, par opposition au monde grec où les dieux partageaient la vie des hommes, dans la modernité, il a été mis fin, avec le christianisme, à la présence immanente de Dieu dans le monde, le Dieu-un n’étant plus accessible qu’à travers la médiation du corps mort du Christ. – Deux interprétations différentes peuvent être cependant données de ce retrait du divin, comme c’est le cas chez ces admirateurs de Schiller que sont Novalis et Hölderlin. Novalis, pour lequel l’incarnation de Dieu dans le Christ constitue l’élément central de la religiosité, situe la mort des dieux dans la Réforme, événement qui a détruit le lien de l’homme avec Dieu, car elle a préféré la lettre à l’esprit. Pour Novalis, qui appartient à cette période du premier romantisme, où poètes et philosophes s’ouvrent à l’Orient, il s’agit au contraire de promouvoir une union du panthéisme et du monothéisme, qui permettra, dans un christianisme renouvelé, de retrouver Dieu partout. C’est ce qui conduit Novalis à l’idée que, dans la nuit christique de la modernité, une transfiguration est possible, permettant à l’homme de s’unir à nouveau au divin. Hölderlin, qui partage la même nostalgie des dieux enfuis, ne songe cependant pas à une renaissance du christianisme, mais cherche plutôt à montrer qu’il est possible, dans cette nuit qu’est la modernité, de voir encore régner le sacré. Pour lui, les figures des dieux sont les libres créations poétiques des hommes dans lesquelles ceux-ci se donnent à voir l’essence même de ce qui constitue leur vie. – La modernité, où le divin est séparé de la réalité, où le caractère poétique de celle-ci n’est plus expérimenté et où se fait sentir le manque des noms sacrés, est donc de temps de la détresse où seuls les poètes peuvent garder la mémoire des dieux enfuis. Mais ce qu’il s’agit alors de retenir en mémoire, c’est le retrait des dieux lui-même, et donc, pour les Modernes, de parvenir à comprendre que l’expérience qu’ils font d’être séparés du divin est précisément l’unique rapport possible à celui-ci.
Marx lecteur d’Aristote
Authors: Jaulin Annick
Published: March 2016

Marx se réfère à Aristote de ses premiers travaux de jeunesse jusqu’au Capital . Son intérêt pour Aristote est l’intérêt pour l’analyste des formes. Le schème général de l’inversion du sujet et du prédicat, utilisé par Aristote dans la critique de la théorie platonicienne des Formes, fonde cet intérêt. Marx en fait l’instrument de sa critique de toute forme mystique de causalité que ce soit dans la logique hégélienne ou dans l’économie politique. Dans le cas de la logique, comme dans celui de l’économie politique, la critique de la spéculation s’opère par la reconduction du sujet mystique (prédicat transformé en sujet) au sujet concret. Il cherche par là à supprimer les formes de fétichisme dans les produits du cerveau comme dans les produits de la main de l’homme.
Est-ce le début de la fin pour le commerce de détail ?
Authors: Nantel Jacques
Published: March 2016

Depuis un an, les mauvaises nouvelles semblent s’abattre sur les détaillants, qu’ils soient d’ici ou d’ailleurs. Plusieurs ont fermé leurs portes : Mexx, Jacob, Target, Future Shop. D’autres sont en restructuration majeure : Tommy Hilfiger, Laura, American Apparel. Est-ce la fin du commerce de détail tel que nous l’avons connu ? Oui et non. Il ne s’agit pas d’une hécatombe, certes, mais nous sommes bel et bien témoins d’une mutation profonde du paysage commercial qui va en s’accélérant. La question : nos détaillants sauront-ils s’adapter ?
Richard Speer
Authors: Auger Claudine
Published: March 2016

Tourné vers l’action, le grand patron d’Attraction est un amateur de sensations fortes. En effet, il ne fallait certainement pas avoir froid aux yeux pour acheter la boîte de pub Jet Films à 28 ans, alors que plusieurs prédisaient la mort de la publicité de 30 secondes. Aujourd’hui, cet homme à la tête d’un véritable empire de l’industrie des médias et du divertissement au Québec est convaincu que la peur est une émotion qui aide à se surpasser. Et cette peur l’aura mené loin, bien au-delà d’horizons qu’il aurait lui-même pu imaginer.
Jouer en entreprise... un gage de succès ?
Authors: Balli Fabio , Aubort Jaccard Chantal
Published: March 2016

Le jeu peut-il être sérieux ? Mieux encore, est-il concevable que les entreprises encouragent leurs employés à jouer sur leur lieu de travail et qu’elles en retirent des avantages tangibles ? Il semble que oui : jouer en entreprise peut accroître la performance grâce au partage d’expériences innovantes, à l’acquisition de nouvelles compétences et à l’expression de la créativité, mais à certaines conditions.
Fusions et acquisitions
Authors: Normandin François
Published: March 2016

Parfois réussies, souvent décevantes, les fusions et acquisitions (F&A) demeurent pourtant un moyen de croissance primé par les grandes entreprises et par les multinationales à l’échelle du globe, alors que les actions et les participations s’échangent à un rythme effréné, le tout atteignant des valeurs phénoménales. État des lieux afin de prendre toute la... démesure de la chose.
Qui dit vrai ?
Authors: Saulnier Alain
Published: March 2016

Le spectaculaire obnubile. Les nouveaux médias incitent à rivaliser de créativité pour captiver le public. Certains journalistes n’hésitent pas à transgresser leur code d’éthique. Au passage, le travail des véritables journalistes se trouve écorché et sa crédibilité menacée. Dans un tel contexte, le journalisme mériterait d’être redéfini.
Comment tirer profit de la transformation numérique ?
Authors: Lefebvre Damien
Published: March 2016

Agilité, ubérisation, expérience utilisateur, mégadonnées, holacratie... Ces sujets qui gravitent autour de la transformation numérique occupent (et préoccupent) autant les PME que les grands groupes. Devant cette modification inéluctable de notre univers économique, dirigeants et gestionnaires ont aujourd’hui la responsabilité de porter ces enjeux d’innovation et de transformation au sein de leur entreprise. Comment peuvent-ils réussir dans cet environnement de grands bouleversements ?
Le commerce en ligne
Authors: d’Amours Liette
Published: March 2016

Depuis l’avènement du commerce électronique, experts et journalistes annoncent la disparition des intermédiaires. Mais qu’en est-il vraiment ? Avec les nouvelles technologies, les fabricants ont-ils encore besoin de tiers pour atteindre les consommateurs ?
Ditch The Verb List!?
Authors: Dickerson Pamela S.
Published: March 2016

For many years, one of the mainstays of continuing education has been the development and documentation of objectives to identify the behavioral expectations of learners. However, recent changes to American Nurses Credentialing Center Accreditation Program criteria shift the focus from objectives to outcomes. Implications for providers are addressed in this article.

J Contin Educ Nurs.
2016;47(3):101–102.
The Role of Preceptorship and Group Cohesion on Newly Licensed Registered Nurses' Satisfaction and Intent to Stay
Authors: Bontrager Sarah , Hart Patricia L. , Mareno Nicole
Published: March 2016

Background:

Thirteen percent of newly licensed registered nurses (NLRNs) vacate their first job after 1 year, and 37% report that they feel ready to change jobs. Turnover can lead to consistent and detrimental nursing shortages in nursing units, as well as increased costs for health care systems.

Method:

A descriptive, prospective, cross-sectional design was used to understand how preceptor role effectiveness and group cohesion affect NLRNs' satisfaction and intent to stay.

Results:

NLRNs reported high levels of perceived preceptor role effectiveness, group cohesion, and job satisfaction, with only moderate levels of intent to stay. Statistically significant relationships were found among preceptor role effectiveness, job satisfaction, and intent to stay, as well as among group cohesion, job satisfaction, and intent to stay. Preceptor role effectiveness and group cohesion are predictors of NLRNs' level of job satisfaction. Job satisfaction is a predictor of NLRNs' intent to stay.

Conclusion:

Effective preceptors and positive group cohesion are factors that are important to NLRNs' job satisfaction and intent to stay.

J Contin Educ Nurs
. 2016;47(3):132–139.
Some spores and pollen from the Christopher Formation (Albian) of Ellef and Amund Ringnes Island, and northwestern Melville Island
Authors: Hopkins W S
Published: March 2016

Results are presented of a brief palynological examination of samples of the Christopher Formation (Albian) from four localities within the Sverdrup Basin. Approximately seventy spore and pollen entities (marine phytoplankton are not treated) are illustrated and
their environmental implications are discussed briefly. Generally, the microflora is comparatively large and similar to that of more southerly regions; a warm temperature climate is suggested by the assemblage. The upper part of the formation contains the first occurrence of tricolpate (definite
angiosperm) pollen.
Capturing the Integration of Practice-Based Learning with Beliefs, Values, and Attitudes using Modified Concept Mapping
Authors: Mcnaughton Susan , Barrow Mark , Bagg Warwick , Frielick Stanley
Published: March 2016

Practice-based learning integrates the cognitive, psychomotor, and affective domains and is influenced by students’ beliefs, values, and attitudes. Concept mapping has been shown to effectively demonstrate students’ changing concepts and knowledge structures. This article discusses how concept mapping was modified to capture students’ perceptions of the connections between the domains of thinking and knowing, emotions, behavior, attitudes, values, and beliefs and the specific experiences related to these, over a period of eight months of practice-based clinical learning. The findings demonstrate that while some limitations exist, modified concept mapping is a manageable way to gather rich data about students’ perceptions of their clinical practice experiences. These findings also highlight the strong integrating influence of beliefs and values on other areas of practice, suggesting that these need to be attended to as part of a student's educational program.
The Metric Dimension of the Total Graph of a Finite Commutative Ring
Authors: Dolžan David
Published: March 2016

We study the total graph of a finite commutative ring. We calculate its metric dimension in the case when the Jacobson radical of the ring is nontrivial, and we examine the metric dimension of the total graph of a product of at most two fields, obtaining either exact values in some cases or bounds in other, depending on the number of elements in the respective fields.
Absolutely exotic compact 4-manifolds
Authors: Akbulut Selman , Ruberman Daniel
Published: March 2016

We show how to construct absolutely exotic smooth structures on compact 4-manifolds with boundary, including contractible manifolds. In particular, we prove that any compact smooth 4-manifold W with boundary that admits a relatively exotic structure contains a pair of codimension-zero submanifolds homotopy equivalent to W that are absolutely exotic copies of each other. In this context,
absolute
means that the exotic structure is not relative to a particular parameterization of the boundary. Our examples are constructed by modifying a relatively exotic manifold by adding an invertible homology cobordism along its boundary. Applying this technique to corks (contractible manifolds with a diffeomorphism of the boundary that does not extend to a diffeomorphism of the interior) gives examples of absolutely exotic smooth structures on contractible 4-manifolds.
Light absorption and morphological properties of soot-containing aerosols observed at an East Asian outflow site, Noto Peninsula, Japan
Authors: Ueda Sayako , Nakayama Tomoki , Taketani Fumikazu , Adachi Kouji , Matsuki Atsushi , Iwamoto Yoko , Sadanaga Yasuhiro , Matsumi Yutaka
Published: March 2016

Abstract. The coating of black carbon (BC) with inorganic salts and organic compounds can enhance the magnitude of light absorption by BC. To elucidate the enhancement of light absorption of aged BC particles and its relation to the mixing state and morphology of individual particles, we conducted observations of particles at an Asian outflow site in Noto Peninsula, Japan, in the spring of 2013. Absorption and scattering coefficients at 405, 532, and 781 nm and mass concentrations/mixing states of refractory BC in PM2.5 were measured using a three-wavelength photoacoustic soot spectrometer and a single-particle soot photometer (SP2), respectively, after passage through a thermodenuder (TD) maintained at 300 or 400 °C or a bypass line maintained at room temperature (25 °C). The average enhancement factor of BC light absorption due to coating was estimated by comparing absorption coefficients at 781 nm for particles that with and without passing through the TD at 300 °C and was found to be 1.22. The largest enhancements (> 1.30) were observed under high absorption coefficient periods when the air mass was long-range transported from urban areas in China. Aerosol samples were also analyzed using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer. The morphological features and mixing states of soot-containing particles of four samples collected during the high absorption events were analyzed by comparing microphotographs before and after the evaporation of beam-sensitive materials by irradiation with a high-density electron beam. The majority of the soot in all samples was found as mixed particles with sulfate-containing spherules or as clusters of such spherules. For samples showing high enhancement (> 1.30) of BC light absorption, the TEM showed that the internally mixed soot-containing particles tended to have a more spherical shape and to be thickly coated. The SP2 measurements also suggested that the proportion of thickly coated soot was greater. Thus, the observed enhancement of BC light absorption was found to differ according to the mixing states and morphology of soot-containing particles. The enhancement of BC light absorption in our in situ measurements and its relation with individual features of soot-containing particles will be useful to evaluate direct radiative forcing in the downwind areas of large emission sources of BC.
On the effectiveness of nitrogen oxide reductions as a control over ammonium nitrate aerosol
Authors: Pusede S. E. , Duffey K. C. , Shusterman A. A. , Saleh A. , Laughner J. L. , Wooldridge P. J. , Zhang Q. , Parworth C. L. , Kim H. , Capps S. L. , Valin L. C. , Cappa C. D. , Fried A. , Walega J. , Nowak J. B. , Weinheimer A. J. , Hoff R. M. , Berkoff T. A. , Beyersdorf A. J. , Olson J. , Crawford J. H. , Cohen R. C.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) have fallen steadily across the US over the last 15 years. At the same time, NOx concentrations decrease on weekends relative to weekdays, largely without co-occurring changes in other gas-phase emissions, due to patterns of diesel truck activities. These trends taken together provide two independent constraints on the role of NOx in the nonlinear chemistry of atmospheric oxidation. In this context, we interpret interannual trends in wintertime ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) in the San Joaquin Valley of California, a location with the worst aerosol pollution in the US and where a large portion of aerosol mass is NH4NO3. Here, we show that NOx reductions have simultaneously decreased nighttime and increased daytime NH4NO3 production over the last decade. We find a substantial decrease in NH4NO3 since 2000 and conclude that this decrease is due to reduced nitrate radical-initiated production at night in residual layers that are decoupled from fresh emissions at the surface. Further reductions in NOx are imminent in California, and nationwide, and we make a quantitative prediction of the response of NH4NO3. We show that the combination of rapid chemical production and efficient NH4NO3 loss via deposition of gas-phase nitric acid implies that high aerosol days in cities in the San Joaquin Valley air basin are responsive to local changes in NOx within those individual cities. Our calculations indicate that large decreases in NOx in the future will not only lower wintertime NH4NO3 concentrations but also cause a transition in the dominant NH4NO3 source from nighttime to daytime chemistry.
Applications and limitations of constrained high-resolution peak fitting on low resolving power mass spectra from the ToF-ACSM
Authors: Timonen Hilkka , Cubison Mike , Aurela Minna , Brus David , Lihavainen Heikki , Hillamo Risto , Canagaratna Manjula , Nekat Bettina , Weller Rolf , Worsnop Douglas , Saarikoski Sanna
Published: March 2016

Abstract. The applicability, methods and limitations of constrained peak-fitting on mass spectra of low mass resolving power (m/dm50 ~ 500) recorded with a time-of-flight aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ToF-ACSM) are explored. Calibration measurements as well as ambient data are used to exemplify the methods that should be applied to maximise data quality and assess confidence in peak-fitting results. Sensitivity analyses and basic peak fit metrics such as normalised ion separation are employed to demonstrate which peak-fitting analyses commonly performed in high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry are appropriate to perform on spectra of this resolving power. Information on aerosol sulphate, nitrate, sodium chloride, methanesulphonic acid as well as semi-volatile metal species retrieved from these methods is evaluated. The constants in a commonly used formula for the estimation of the mass concentration of hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol may be refined based on peak-fitting results. Finally, application of a recently-published parameterisation for the estimation of carbon oxidation state to ToF-ACSM spectra is validated for a range of organic standards and its use demonstrated for ambient urban data.
Hydrological model assessment for flood early warning in a tropical high mountain basin
Authors: Rogelis María Carolina , Werner Micha , Obregón Nelson , Wright Nigel
Published: March 2016

Abstract. A distributed model (TETIS), a semi-distributed model (TOPMODEL) and a lumped model (HEC HMS soil moisture accounting) were used to simulate the discharge response of a tropical high mountain basin characterized by soils with high water storage capacity and high conductivity. The models were calibrated with the Shuffle Complex Evolution algorithm, using the Kling and Gupta efficiency as objective function. Performance analysis and diagnostics were carried out using the signatures of the flow duration curve and through analysis of the model fluxes in order to identify the most appropriate model for the study area for flood early warning. The impact of varying grid sizes was assessed in the TETIS model and the TOPMODEL in order to chose a model with balanced model performance and computational efficiency. The sensitivity of the models to variation in the precipitation input was analysed by forcing the models with a rainfall ensemble obtained from Gaussian simulation. The resulting discharge ensembles of each model were compared in order to identify differences among models structures. The results show that TOPMODEL is the most realistic model of the three tested, albeit showing the largest discharge ensemble spread. The main differences among models occur between HEC HMS soil moisture accounting and TETIS, and HEC HMS soil moisture accounting and TOPMODEL, with HEC HMS soil moisture accounting producing ensembles in a range lower than the other two models. The ensembles of TETIS and TOPMODEL are more similar.
Incorporation of globally available datasets into the cosmic-ray neutron probe method for estimating field scale soil water content
Authors: Avery William Alexander , Finkenbiner Catherine , Franz Trenton E. , Wang Tiejun , Nguy-Robertson Anthony L. , Suyker Andrew , Arkebauer Timothy , Munoz-Arriola Francisco
Published: March 2016

Abstract. The need for accurate, real-time, reliable, and multi-scale soil water content (SWC) monitoring is critical for a multitude of scientific disciplines trying to understand and predict the earth's terrestrial energy, water, and nutrient cycles. One promising technique to help meet this demand is fixed and roving cosmic-ray neutron probes (CRNP). However, the relationship between observed low-energy neutrons and SWC is affected by local soil and vegetation calibration parameters. This effect may be accounted for by a calibration equation based on local soil type and the amount of standing biomass. However, determining the calibration parameters for this equation is labor and time intensive, thus limiting the full potential of the roving CRNP in large surveys and long transects, or its use in novel environments. In this work, our objective is to develop and test the accuracy of using globally available datasets (clay weight percent, soil bulk density, and soil organic carbon) to support the operability of the CRNP. Here, we develop a 1 km product of soil lattice water over the CONtinental United States (CONUS) using a database of in-situ calibration samples and globally available soil taxonomy and soil texture data. We then test the accuracy of the global dataset in the CONUS using comparisons from 61 in-situ samples of clay percent (RMSE = 5.45 wt. %, R2 = 0.68), soil bulk density (RMSE = 0.173 g/cm3, R2 = 0.203), and soil organic carbon (RMSE = 1.47 wt. %, R2 = 0.175). Next, we conduct an uncertainty analysis of the global soil calibration parameters using a Monte Carlo error propagation analysis (maximum RSME ~0.035 cm3/cm3 at a SWC = 0.40 cm3/cm3). In terms of vegetation, fast growing crops (i.e. maize and soybeans) contribute to the CRNP signal primarily through the water within their biomass and this signal must be minimized for accurate estimation of SWC. We estimated the biomass water signal by using a vegetation index derived from MODIS imagery as a proxy for standing wet biomass (RMSE < 1 kg/m2). Lastly, we make recommendations on the design and validation of future roving CRNP experiments.
Combination of clustering algorithms to maximize the lifespan of distributed wireless sensors
Authors: Mebratu Derssie D. , Kim Charles
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Increasing the lifespan of a group of distributed wireless sensors is one of the major challenges in research. This is especially important for distributed wireless sensor nodes used in harsh environments since it is not feasible to replace or recharge their batteries. Thus, the popular low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) algorithm uses the “computation and communication energy model” to increase the lifespan of distributed wireless sensor nodes. As an improved method, we present here that a combination of three clustering algorithms performs better than the LEACH algorithm. The clustering algorithms included in the combination are the k-means+ + , k-means, and gap statistics algorithms. These three algorithms are used selectively in the following manner: the k-means+ +  algorithm initializes the center for the k-means algorithm, the k-means algorithm computes the optimal center of the clusters, and the gap statistics algorithm selects the optimal number of clusters in a distributed wireless sensor network. Our simulation shows that the approach of using a combination of clustering algorithms increases the lifespan of the wireless sensor nodes by 15 % compared with the LEACH algorithm. This paper reports the details of the clustering algorithms selected for use in the combination approach and, based on the simulation results, compares the performance of the combination approach with that of the LEACH algorithm.
Using ordered weight averaging (OWA) for multicriteria soil fertility evaluation by GIS (case study: southeastern Iran)
Authors: Mokarram Marzieh , Hojati Majid
Published: March 2016

Abstract. The Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are used to provide accurate information on Pedogenic processes and facilitate the work of decision makers. So, MCDA and GIS, can provide a wide range of decision strategies or scenarios in some procedures. One of the popular algorithm of multicriteria analysis is Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA). The OWA procedure depends on some parameters, which can be specified by means of fuzzy. The aim of this study is to take the advantage of the incorporation of fuzzy into GIS-based soil fertility analysis by OWA in west Shiraz, Fars province, Iran. For the determination of soil fertility maps, OWA parameters such as potassium (K), phosphor (P), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), organic carbon (OC) and zinc (Zn) were used. After generated interpolation maps with Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW), fuzzy maps for each parameter were generated by the membership functions. Finally, with OWA six maps for fertility with different risk level were made. The results show that with decreasing risk (no trade-off), almost all of the parts of the study area were not suitable for soil fertility. While increasing risk, more area was suitable in terms of soil fertility in the study area. So using OWA can generate many maps with different risk levels that lead to different management due to the different financial conditions of farmers.
Derivation of land surface temperature from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor data and analyzing relation between land use changes and surface temperature
Authors: Zareie S. , Khosravi H. , Nasiri A.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Land surface temperature (LST) is one of the key parameters in the physics of land surface processes from local to global scales, and it is one of the indicators of environmental quality. Evaluation of the surface temperature distribution and its relation with existing land use types are very important to investigate the urban microclimate. Land use planning in the cities must be in accordance with sustainable development goals to make the urban environment without soil, water and air pollution. In the arid and semi-arid regions, understanding the role of land use changes in the formation of urban heat islands is necessary to provide urban planning to control or reduce surface temperature. Internal factors and environmental conditions of the Yazd city have important role in the formation of special thermal conditions in the Iran. In this paper, we used the Temperature Emissivity Separation (TES) algorithm for LST retrieving from TIRS data of the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM). The Root Mean-Square Error (RMSE) and Coefficient of Determination (R2) were used for validation of retrieved LST values. Land use types of the Yazd city were identified and relations between land use types, land surface temperature and NDVI index were analyzed. The Kappa coefficient and overall accuracy were calculated for accuracy assessment of the land use classification. The results of this study showed that optical and thermal remote sensing methodologies can be used to research urban environmental parameters. Finally, it was found that special thermal conditions in Yazd city were formed by land use changes. Increasing the area of asphalt roads, residential, commercial and industrial types and decreasing the area of the parks, green spaces and fallow lands types of land uses in the Yazd city caused a rise in surface temperature during the 11-year period.
Scaling-up Permafrost Thermal Measurements in Western Alaska using an Ecotype Approach
Authors: Cable William L. , Romanovsky Vladimir E. , Jorgenson M. Torre
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Permafrost temperatures are increasing in Alaska due to climate change and in some cases permafrost is thawing and degrading. In areas where degradation has already occurred the effects can be dramatic, resulting in changing ecosystems, carbon release, and damage to infrastructure. Yet in many areas we lack baseline data, such as subsurface temperatures, needed to assess future changes and potential risk areas. Besides climate, the physical properties of the vegetation cover and subsurface material have a major influence on the thermal state of permafrost. These properties are often directly related to the type of ecosystem overlaying permafrost. In this paper we demonstrate that classifying the landscape into general ecotypes is an effective way to scale up permafrost thermal data collected from field monitoring sites. Additionally, we find that within some ecotypes the absence of a moss layer is indicative of the absence of near surface permafrost. As a proof of concept, we used the ground temperature data collected from the field sites to recode an ecotype landcover map into a map of mean annual ground temperature ranges at 1 m depth based on analysis and clustering of observed thermal regimes. The map should be useful for decision making with respect to land use and understanding how the landscape might change under future climate scenarios.
Experiential Education Through the Vis Moot
Authors: Bergsten Eric E
Published: March 2016

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The Knowledge Test Under the CISG - A Global Threefold Distinction of Negligence, Gross Negligence and De Facto Knowledge
Authors: Fogt Morten M.
Published: March 2016

N/A
Real Language
Authors: Martinez del Castillo Jesus
Published: March 2016

Human beings make themselves with language in history. Language defines human beings making them subjects of their being and mode of being. In this sense language is essential and exclusive of humans. The problem with language consists in explaining the reality of language, something internal to speakers but manifesting itself as external to them.
Domestic Judicial Design by International Human Rights Courts
Authors: Kosař David , Lixinski Lucas
Published: March 2016

Regional human rights courts in Europe and the Americas came into being in the wake of World War II. The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) and Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) were established in order to adjudicate on alleged violations of the rights of individuals. Yet, since their inception these courts have also influenced other areas of international law. A part from their impact on general international law, their case law has had significant spill over effects on international criminal law, international refugee law, international environmental law, the law of armed conflicts, and the law of the sea.
The Rule of Law Without the Rule of Lawyers? Why Investment Arbitrators Are from Mars, Trade Adjudicators from Venus
Authors: Pauwelyn Joost
Published: March 2016

At the twentieth anniversary of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the WTO’s dispute settlement system is celebrated as one of the organization’s biggest achievements. Although powerful members such as China, the European Union (EU), and the United States are regularly on the losing side of WTO trade disputes, overall support for the system remains high. If anything, it has increased over time, with early criticism by civil society waning. Compare this situation to investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS), centered around the World Bank’s International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). ISDS, which started in earnest around the same time that the WTO was created, is under fire not only in capital-importing countries ranging from Ecuador, Indonesia, and South Africa but also in capital-exporting nations such as Australia, Germany, and the United States. Indeed, in the ongoing EU-U.S. negotiations over a Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), ISDS emerged as one of the biggest bones of contention.
Request for an Advisory Opinion Submitted by the Sub-regional Fisheries Commission (SRFC)
Authors: Becker Michael A.
Published: March 2016

On April 2, 2015, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS or Tribunal) rendered an advisory opinion on the rights and obligations of flag states and coastal states regarding illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing within the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). ITLOS confirmed that the full Tribunal—not just its Seabed Disputes Chamber—has jurisdiction to render advisory opinions, a matter of controversy that had previously been untested. The Tribunal also held that under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS or Convention), flag states have a “due diligence” obligation to ensure that vessels flying their flag do not engage in IUU fishing activities, and that the flag state may be held liable if that obligation of due diligence is breached. In addition, the Tribunal clarified that where fisheries competence has been transferred from a state to an international organization, it is the organization, not the flag state, that may face liability for a failure to have taken adequate measures to prevent IUU fishing. Finally, the Tribunal confirmed that coastal states have a duty to consult and cooperate with each other in the sustainable management of shared stocks and highly migratory species.