bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mating Disruption of the California Red Scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in Central California Citrus
Authors: Grafton-Cardwell E E , Leonard J T , Daugherty M P , Headrick D H
Published: September 2021

A warmer climate and the development of pesticide resistance have led to an increase in the number of generations and higher population densities of California red scale, Aonidella aurantii (Maskell) in central California. Commercial citrus orchard studies were conducted to determine how effective mating disruption using CheckMate CRS was at reducing A. aurantii. In 2016–2017, two replicated trials were conducted in 15.0–15.5 ha orchards and in 2018 and 2019, one half of each of 10 orchards 8–16.2 ha in size were treated with CheckMate CRS. Mating disruption significantly suppressed male captures for up to 8 mo. Average reductions of 90% in cumulative male flight trap catches were recorded, twig and leaf infestations were reduced by 95%, and highly scale-infested fruit were reduced by 75% in the CheckMate CRS plots for the 2018 and 2019 trials. In seven of 12 sites the percentage of highly infested fruit was reduced below 0.5%. Leaf and twig infestations in August and reductions in male captures during the 4th flight were strongly related to the percentage of highly infested fruit at the end of the season and could be used as predictors of the success of mating disruption. The results of the study indicated mating disruption using CheckMate CRS can be an effective method to reduce California red scale populations throughout the 4+ generations that occur in central California. Mating disruption has the potential to reduce or eliminate pesticide applications, especially in low scale density situations.
Research progress of the biosynthetic strains and pathways of bacterial cellulose
Authors: Li Guohui , Wang Li , Deng Yu , Wei Qufu
Published: September 2021

Bacterial cellulose is a glucose biopolymer produced by microorganisms and widely used as a natural renewable and sustainable resource in the world. However, few bacterial cellulose-producing strains and low yield of cellulose greatly limited the development of bacterial cellulose. In this review, we summarized the 30 cellulose-producing bacteria reported so far, including the physiological functions and the metabolic synthesis mechanism of bacterial cellulose, and the involved three kinds of cellulose synthases (type I, type II, and type III), which are expected to provide a reference for the exploration of new cellulose-producing microbes.
Phlebotominae Fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae) and Molecular Detection of Leishmania (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in Urban Caves of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: Serra e Meira Paula Cavalcante Lamy , Abreu Bruna Lacerda , de Almeida Zenóbio Ana Paula Lusardo , de Castilho Sanguinette Cristiani , Rêgo Felipe Dutra , de Lima Carvalho Gustavo Mayr , Saraiva Lara , Andrade Filho José Dilermando
Published: September 2021

Sand flies are often collected in urban areas, which has several implications for the risk of transmission of Leishmania Ross, 1903, to humans and other mammals. Given this scenario, we describe the sand fly fauna of caves and their surroundings in Mangabeiras Municipal Park (MMP) and Paredão Serra do Curral Park (PSCP), both located in the urban area of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, an endemic focus of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis. Collections were conducted monthly from November 2011 to October 2012, using CDC light traps exposed for two consecutive nights in four caves and their surroundings. Nonsystematized collections using Shannon traps and active searches were also performed around the caves. The presence of Leishmania DNA in collected female sand flies was evaluated by ITS1-PCR. A total of 857 sand flies representing fourteen species were collected in MMP, of which Evandromyia edwardsi (Mangabeira, 1941) was the most abundant. Leishmania amazonensis was detected in Brumptomyia nitzulescui (Costa Lima, 1932) and Ev. edwardsi, with the latter also having Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania infantum, and Leishmania sp. A total of 228 sand flies representing four species were collected in PSCP, of which Sciopemyia microps (Mangabeira, 1942) was the most abundant. No females from PSCP were positive for Leishmania-DNA. Studies aimed at describing sand fly faunas of cave environments and detecting Leishmania are essential to understanding the relationship between these insects and this ecotope and assessing and monitoring areas that may pose risks to the health of visitors and employees.
Serum Amyloid A Is Present in Human Saccular Intracranial Aneurysm Walls and Associates With Aneurysm Rupture
Authors: Huuska Nora , Netti Eliisa , Tulamo Riikka , Lehti Satu , Jahromi Behnam Rezai , Kovanen Petri T , Niemelä Mika
Published: September 2021

Saccular intracranial aneurysm (sIA) rupture leads to a disabling subarachnoid hemorrhage. Chronic inflammation and lipid accumulation in the sIA wall contribute to wall degenerative remodeling that precedes its rupture. A better understanding of the pathobiological process is essential for improved future treatment of patients carrying sIAs. Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute-phase protein produced in response to acute and chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Here, we studied the presence and the potential role of SAA in 36 intraoperatively resected sIAs (16 unruptured and 20 ruptured), that had previously been studied by histology and immunohistochemistry. SAA was present in all sIAs, but the extent of immunopositivity varied greatly. SAA immunopositivity correlated with wall degeneration (p = 0.028) and rupture (p = 0.004), with numbers of CD163-positive and CD68-positive macrophages and CD3-positive T lymphocytes (all p < 0.001), and with the expression of myeloperoxidase, matrix metalloproteinase-9, prostaglandin E-2 receptor, and cyclo-oxygenase 2 in the sIA wall. Moreover, SAA positivity correlated with the accumulation of apolipoproteins A-1 and B-100. In conclusion, SAA occurs in the sIA wall and, as an inflammation-related factor, may contribute to the development of a rupture-prone sIA.
Effects of biodiversity, stand factors and functional identity on biomass and productivity during the restoration of subtropical forests in Central China
Authors: Miao Wenhao , Ma Shupeng , Guo Zhiwen , Sun Haozhe , Wang Xuemei , Lyu Yueming , Wang Xiangping
Published: September 2021

Biodiversity is found to have a significant promotion effect on ecosystem functions in manipulation experiments on grassland communities. However, its relative role compared with stand factors or functional identity is still controversial in natural forests. Here, we examined their relative effects on biomass and productivity during forest restoration. We investigated stand biomass and productivity for 24 plots (600 m2) across restoration stages in the subtropical forests of Mt. Shennongjia, Central China. We measured five key functional traits and calculated functional diversity (functional richness, evenness and dispersion) and community-weighted mean of traits. We used general linear models, variation partitioning methods to test the relative importance of stand factors (density, stand age, maximum height, etc.), functional identity, species and functional diversity on biomass and productivity. Our results illustrated that stand biomass and productivity increased significantly as forest restoration, and that community species richness increased, while functional dispersion decreased significantly. Variation partitioning analyses showed that diversity had no significant pure effects on biomass and productivity. However, diversity may affect biomass and productivity through the joint effect with stand factors and functional identity. Overall, we found that stand factors had the strongest effect on biomass and productivity, while functional identity significantly affects productivity but not biomass, suggesting that modulating stand structure and species identity are effective ways to enhance forest carbon storage and sequestrations potential in forest management.
Situation analysis of the pharmacovigilance system in Nepal using the indicator-based pharmacovigilance assessment tool (IPAT)
Authors: Jha Nisha , Palaian Subish , Shankar Pathiyil Ravi , K. C. Santosh , Kshetry Pan Bahadur
Published: September 2021

Objectives

The aim of this study was to assess the national and regional pharmacovigilance centres in Nepal in terms of their policy frameworks, structure and functioning.

Methods

A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted during January 2021 among regional pharmacovigilance centres, and the national pharmacovigilance centre and the Ministry of Health and Population. The indicator-based pharmacovigilance assessment tool (IPAT) consisting of 43 indicators (26 core and 17 supplementary) assessing different aspects of pharmacovigilance was used.

Key findings

Of a total of 14 candidates representing regional pharmacovigilance centres, 12 agreed to participate. The national pharmacovigilance centre located at the Department of Drug Administration had an acceptable level of infrastructure and manpower but poor functioning and weak collaboration with regional centres. There are no policies and procedures specifically related to pharmacovigilance and no requirement for pharmaceutical companies to report adverse drug reactions (ADRs). The national centre received only 42 ADR reports during the evaluation period. The regional centres are mostly located (10 out of 14) in the Kathmandu Valley and had qualified manpower and basic resources. There were poor process indicators suggesting problems with functioning in terms of ADR reporting, signal generation and drug safety communication.

Conclusions

Underreporting of ADRs, weak processes and poor coordination among centres limit functioning of the system. Creating more awareness, involving consumers and pharmaceutical companies in the reporting process, and conducting more training programmes are needed for the proper functioning of pharmacovigilance services in Nepal.
Air travel-related outbreak of multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants
Authors: Dhanasekaran Vijaykrishna , Edwards Kimberly M , Xie Ruopeng , Gu Haogao , Adam Dillon C , Chang Lydia D J , Cheuk Sammi S Y , Gurung Shreya , Krishnan Pavithra , Ng Daisy Y M , Liu Gigi Y Z , Wan Carrie K C , Cheng Samuel S M , Tsang Dominic N C , Cowling Benjamin J , Peiris Malik , Poon Leo L M
Published: September 2021

Background

A large cluster of 59 cases were linked to a single flight with 146 passengers from New Delhi to Hong Kong in April 2021. This outbreak coincided with early reports of exponential pandemic growth in New Delhi, which reached a peak of > 400 000 newly confirmed cases on 7 May 2021.

Methods

Epidemiological information including date of symptom onset, date of positive-sample detection and travel and contact history for individual cases from this flight were collected. Whole genome sequencing was performed, and sequences were classified based on the dynamic Pango nomenclature system. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis compared sequences from this flight alongside other cases imported from India to Hong Kong on 26 flights between June 2020 and April 2021, as well as sequences from India or associated with India-related travel from February to April 2021 and 1217 reference sequences.

Results

Sequence analysis identified six lineages of SARS-CoV-2 belonging to two variants of concern (Alpha and Delta) and one variant of public health interest (Kappa) involved in this outbreak. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed at least three independent sub-lineages of Alpha with limited onward transmission, a superspreading event comprising 37 cases of Kappa and transmission of Delta to only one passenger. Additional analysis of another 26 flights from India to Hong Kong confirmed widespread circulation of all three variants in India since early March 2021.

Conclusions

The broad spectrum of disease severity and long incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 pose a challenge for surveillance and control. As illustrated by this particular outbreak, opportunistic infections of SARS-CoV-2 can occur irrespective of variant lineage, and requiring a nucleic acid test within 72 hours of departure may be insufficient to prevent importation or in-flight transmission.
Maintaining osmotic balance in legume nodules
Authors: Poole Philip S , Ledermann Raphael
Published: September 2021

This article comments on:

Tian L, Liu L, Xu S, Deng R, Wu P, Jiang H, Wu G, Chen Y. 2022. A d-pinitol transporter, LjPLT11, regulates plant growth and nodule development in Lotus japonicus. Journal of Experimental Botany 73, 351–365.
AGN and star formation at cosmic noon: comparison of data to theoretical models
Authors: Florez Jonathan , Jogee Shardha , Guo Yuchen , Cora Sofía A , Weinberger Rainer , Davé Romeel , Hernquist Lars , Vogelsberger Mark , Ciardullo Robin , Finkelstein Steven L , Gronwall Caryl , Kawinwanichakij Lalitwadee , Leung Gene C K , LaMassa Stephanie , Papovich Casey , Stevans Matthew L , Wold Isak
Published: September 2021

In theoretical models of galaxy evolution, active galactic nucleus (AGN) and star formation (SF) activity are closely linked and AGN feedback is routinely invoked to regulate galaxy growth. In order to constrain such models, we compare the hydrodynamical simulations IllustrisTNG and SIMBA, and the semi-analytical model SAG to the empirical results on AGN and SF at cosmic noon (0.75 < z < 2.25) reported in Florez et al. (2020). The empirical results are based on a large mass-complete sample drawn from 93 307 galaxies with and without high X-ray luminosity AGN (LX ≳ 1044 erg s−1), selected from a 11.8 deg2 area (∼0.18 Gpc3 comoving volume at z = 0.75–2.25). The main results of our comparisons are: (i) SAG and IllustrisTNG both qualitatively reproduce the empirical result that galaxies with high X-ray luminosity AGN have higher mean SFR, at a given stellar mass, than galaxies without such AGN. SAG, however, strongly overproduces the number density of high X-ray luminosity AGN by a factor of 10–100, while IllustrisTNG shows a lack of high X-ray luminosity AGN at high stellar mass ($M* \gt 10^{11} \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$) at z ∼ 2. (ii) In SIMBA, the mean SFR of galaxies with high X-ray luminosity AGN is lower than the SFR of galaxies without such AGN. Contrary to the data, many high X-ray luminosity AGN in SIMBA have quenched SF, suggesting that AGN feedback, or other feedback modes in galaxies with such AGN, might be too efficient in SIMBA.
Density estimation with Gaussian processes for gravitational wave posteriors
Authors: D’Emilio V , Green R , Raymond V
Published: September 2021

The properties of black hole and neutron-star binaries are extracted from gravitational waves (GW) signals using Bayesian inference. This involves evaluating a multidimensional posterior probability function with stochastic sampling. The marginal probability distributions of the samples are sometimes interpolated with methods such as kernel density estimators. Since most post-processing analysis within the field is based on these parameter estimation products, interpolation accuracy of the marginals is essential. In this work, we propose a new method combining histograms and Gaussian processes (GPs) as an alternative technique to fit arbitrary combinations of samples from the source parameters. This method comes with several advantages such as flexible interpolation of non-Gaussian correlations, Bayesian estimate of uncertainty, and efficient resampling with Hamiltonian Monte Carlo.
On the terminal spins of accreting stars and planets: boundary layers
Authors: Dittmann Alexander J
Published: September 2021

The origin of the spins of giant planets is an open question in astrophysics. As planets and stars accrete from discs, if the specific angular momentum accreted corresponds to that of a Keplerian orbit at the surface of the object, it is possible for planets and stars to be spun-up to near-break-up speeds. However, accretion cannot proceed on to planets and stars in the same way that accretion proceeds through the disc. For example, the magneto-rotational instability cannot operate in the region between the nearly Keplerian disc and more slowly rotating surface because of the sign of the angular velocity gradient. Through this boundary layer where the angular velocity sharply changes, mass and angular momentum transport is thought to be driven by acoustic waves generated by global supersonic shear instabilities and vortices. We present the first study of this mechanism for angular momentum transport around rotating stars and planets using 2D vertically integrated moving-mesh simulations of ideal hydrodynamics. We find that above rotation rates of ∼0.4−0.6 times the Keplerian rate at the surface the rate at which angular momentum is transported inwards through the boundary layer by waves decreases by ∼1−3 orders of magnitude depending on the gas sound speed. We also find that the accretion rate through the boundary layer decreases commensurately and becomes less variable for faster rotating objects. Our results provide a purely hydrodynamic mechanism for limiting the spins of accreting planets and stars to factors of a few less than the break-up speed.
The impact of the FMR and starburst galaxies on the (low metallicity) cosmic star formation history
Authors: Chruślińska Martyna , Nelemans Gijs , Boco Lumen , Lapi Andrea
Published: September 2021

The question how much star formation is occurring at low metallicity throughout the cosmic history appears crucial for the discussion of the origin of various energetic transients, and possibly double black hole mergers. We revisit the observation-based distribution of birth metallicities of stars (fSFR(Z,z)), focusing on several factors that strongly affect its low metallicity part: (i) the method used to describe the metallicity distribution of galaxies (redshift-dependent mass metallicity relation – MZR, or redshift-invariant fundamental metallicity relation – FMR), (ii) the contribution of starburst galaxies and (iii) the slope of the MZR. We empirically construct the FMR based on the low-redshift scaling relations, which allows us to capture the systematic differences in the relation caused by the choice of metallicity and star formation rate (SFR) determination techniques and discuss the related fSFR(Z,z) uncertainty. We indicate factors that dominate the fSFR(Z,z) uncertainty in different metallicity and redshift regimes. The low metallicity part of the distribution is poorly constrained even at low redshifts (even a factor of ∼200 difference between the model variations) The non-evolving FMR implies a much shallower metallicity evolution than the extrapolated MZR, however, its effect on the low metallicity part of the fSFR(Z,z) is counterbalanced by the contribution of starbursts (assuming that they follow the FMR). A non-negligible fraction of starbursts in our model may be necessary to satisfy the recent high-redshift SFR density constraints.
The BIG X-ray tail
Authors: Ge Chong , Sun Ming , Yagi Masafumi , Fossati Matteo , Forman William , Jáchym Pavel , Churazov Eugene , Zhuravleva Irina , Boselli Alessandro , Jones Christine , Ji Li , Luo Rongxin
Published: September 2021

Galaxy clusters grow primarily through the continuous accretion of group-scale haloes. Group galaxies experience preprocessing during their journey into clusters. A star-bursting compact group, the Blue Infalling Group (BIG), is plunging into the nearby cluster A1367. Previous optical observations reveal rich tidal features in the BIG members, and a long H α trail behind. Here, we report the discovery of a projected ∼250 kpc X-ray tail behind the BIG using Chandra and XMM–Newton observations. The total hot gas mass in the tail is ∼7 × 1010 M⊙ with an X-ray bolometric luminosity of ∼3.8 × 1041 erg s−1. The temperature along the tail is ∼1 keV, but the apparent metallicity is very low, an indication of the multi-T nature of the gas. The X-ray and H α surface brightnesses in the front part of the BIG tail follow the tight correlation established from a sample of stripped tails in nearby clusters, which suggests the multiphase gas originates from the mixing of the stripped interstellar medium (ISM) with the hot intracluster medium (ICM). Because thermal conduction and hydrodynamic instabilities are significantly suppressed, the stripped ISM can be long lived and produce ICM clumps. The BIG provides us a rare laboratory to study galaxy transformation and preprocessing.
Avian Neo-Sex Chromosomes Reveal Dynamics of Recombination Suppression and W Degeneration
Authors: Sigeman Hanna , Strandh Maria , Proux-Wéra Estelle , Kutschera Verena E , Ponnikas Suvi , Zhang Hongkai , Lundberg Max , Soler Lucile , Bunikis Ignas , Tarka Maja , Hasselquist Dennis , Nystedt Björn , Westerdahl Helena , Hansson Bengt
Published: September 2021

How the avian sex chromosomes first evolved from autosomes remains elusive as 100 million years (My) of divergence and degeneration obscure their evolutionary history. The Sylvioidea group of songbirds is interesting for understanding avian sex chromosome evolution because a chromosome fusion event ∼24 Ma formed “neo-sex chromosomes” consisting of an added (new) and an ancestral (old) part. Here, we report the complete female genome (ZW) of one Sylvioidea species, the great reed warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus). Our long-read assembly shows that the added region has been translocated to both Z and W, and whereas the added-Z has retained its gene order the added-W part has been heavily rearranged. Phylogenetic analyses show that recombination between the homologous added-Z and -W regions continued after the fusion event, and that recombination suppression across this region took several million years to be completed. Moreover, recombination suppression was initiated across multiple positions over the added-Z, which is not consistent with a simple linear progression starting from the fusion point. As expected following recombination suppression, the added-W show signs of degeneration including repeat accumulation and gene loss. Finally, we present evidence for nonrandom maintenance of slowly evolving and dosage-sensitive genes on both ancestral- and added-W, a process causing correlated evolution among orthologous genes across broad taxonomic groups, regardless of sex linkage.
TISMO: syngeneic mouse tumor database to model tumor immunity and immunotherapy response
Authors: Zeng Zexian , Wong Cheryl J , Yang Lin , Ouardaoui Nofal , Li Dian , Zhang Wubing , Gu Shengqing , Zhang Yi , Liu Yang , Wang Xiaoqing , Fu Jingxin , Zhou Liye , Zhang Boning , Kim Sarah , Yates Kathleen B , Brown Myles , Freeman Gordon J , Uppaluri Ravindra , Manguso Robert , Liu X Shirley
Published: September 2021

Syngeneic mouse models are tumors derived from murine cancer cells engrafted on genetically identical mouse strains. They are widely used tools for studying tumor immunity and immunotherapy response in the context of a fully functional murine immune system. Large volumes of syngeneic mouse tumor expression profiles under different immunotherapy treatments have been generated, although a lack of systematic collection and analysis makes data reuse challenging. We present Tumor Immune Syngeneic MOuse (TISMO), a database with an extensive collection of syngeneic mouse model profiles with interactive visualization features. TISMO contains 605 in vitro RNA-seq samples from 49 syngeneic cancer cell lines across 23 cancer types, of which 195 underwent cytokine treatment. TISMO also includes 1518 in vivo RNA-seq samples from 68 syngeneic mouse tumor models across 19 cancer types, of which 832 were from immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) studies. We manually annotated the sample metadata, such as cell line, mouse strain, transplantation site, treatment, and response status, and uniformly processed and quality-controlled the RNA-seq data. Besides data download, TISMO provides interactive web interfaces to investigate whether specific gene expression, pathway enrichment, or immune infiltration level is associated with differential immunotherapy response. TISMO is available at http://tismo.cistrome.org.
Oxidation alters the architecture of the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase editing domain to confer hyperaccuracy
Authors: Srinivas Pooja , Steiner Rebecca E , Pavelich Ian J , Guerrero-Ferreira Ricardo , Juneja Puneet , Ibba Michael , Dunham Christine M
Published: September 2021

High fidelity during protein synthesis is accomplished by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs). These enzymes ligate an amino acid to a cognate tRNA and have proofreading and editing capabilities that ensure high fidelity. Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (PheRS) preferentially ligates a phenylalanine to a tRNAPhe over the chemically similar tyrosine, which differs from phenylalanine by a single hydroxyl group. In bacteria that undergo exposure to oxidative stress such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, tyrosine isomer levels increase due to phenylalanine oxidation. Several residues are oxidized in PheRS and contribute to hyperactive editing, including against mischarged Tyr-tRNAPhe, despite these oxidized residues not being directly implicated in PheRS activity. Here, we solve a 3.6 Å cryo-electron microscopy structure of oxidized S. Typhimurium PheRS. We find that oxidation results in widespread structural rearrangements in the β-subunit editing domain and enlargement of its editing domain. Oxidization also enlarges the phenylalanyl-adenylate binding pocket but to a lesser extent. Together, these changes likely explain why oxidation leads to hyperaccurate editing and decreased misincorporation of tyrosine. Taken together, these results help increase our understanding of the survival of S. Typhimurium during human infection.
Low-Level Viremia Is Associated With Cumulative Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy in Persons With HIV
Authors: Castillo-Mancilla Jose R , Morrow Mary , Coyle Ryan P , Coleman Stacey S , Zheng Jia-Hua , Ellison Lucas , Bushman Lane R , Kiser Jennifer J , Anderson Peter L , MaWhinney Samantha
Published: September 2021

The drivers of low-level viremia (LLV) between 20 and 200 copies/mL remain unclear. In 1042 person-visits from 497 persons with HIV on tenofovir disoproxil fumarate–containing antiretroviral therapy (ART), the association between LLV and cumulative antiretroviral adherence (quantified using tenofovir diphosphate [TFV-DP] in dried blood spots) was assessed. Lower TFV-DP levels were associated with higher odds of LLV. As TFV-DP (fmol/punch) categories decreased from >1650 to 800–1650; 800–1650 to <800; and >1650 to <800, the adjusted odds ratios for LLV vs HIV VL <20 copies/mL were 2.0 (95% CI, 1.2–3.1), 2.4 (95% CI, 1.1–5.0), and 4.6 (95% CI, 2.2–9.9), respectively. This suggests that adherence could impact LLV.
Large-scale supplemental feeding alters lay date and nest survival in Eastern Bluebirds but not in two species of chickadees
Authors: Bailey Robyn L , Bonter David N
Published: September 2021

Wild bird feeding is a popular and growing activity, with approximately half of households participating in nations including the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Australia. Supplemental feeding can increase survival and reproductive success of birds (which is often a goal of supplemental feeding efforts), but it raises concerns about phenological mismatch and possible increased risk of nest predation. Our objectives were to test whether access to supplemental food during the breeding season was correlated with (1) advanced egg-laying phenology, (2) increased clutch size, or (3) improved nest survival of 3 cavity-nesting species (Carolina Chickadee [Poecile carolinensis], Black-capped Chickadee [P. atricapillus], and Eastern Bluebird [Sialia sialis]) at a large spatial scale (the United States and Canada; spanning 22° latitude and 55° longitude). We examined data from 24,528 nest attempts submitted to NestWatch from 2014 to 2019. For Eastern Bluebirds, birds with access to supplemental insects initiated clutches 5.83 ± 0.89 (mean ± SE) days earlier than birds without access to food subsidies, whereas predicted nest survival was 5% greater for birds with access to supplemental insects (probability of nest success = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.77–0.81) than for birds without (0.74, 95% CI: 0.72–0.75). Clutch size of Eastern Bluebirds did not differ between birds with and without access to supplemental insects. For chickadees, supplemental feeding (of seeds, suet, insects, or fruit) was not correlated with phenology, clutch size, or nest survival. Our results suggest that supplemental feeding of insects can be an effective tool for increasing nest survival in Eastern Bluebirds and potentially other food-limited insectivores. However, the efficacy of supplemental feeding for improving reproductive success varies across taxa, likely related to diet. Despite widespread feeding of Black-capped and Carolina Chickadees, supplemental food had no discernable effect on timing of egg-laying, clutch size, or nest survival.
L’évaluation, le diagnostic et la prise en charge du trouble développemental de la coordination
Authors: Ip Angie , Mickelson Elizabeth C R , Zwicker Jill G
Published: September 2021

Le trouble développemental de la coordination est une affection neurodéveloppementale qui touche de 5 % à 6 % des enfants d’âge scolaire. Il peut avoir des effets considérables sur le début du développement et le fonctionnement tout au long de la vie. Les données probantes appuient des interventions prometteuses, mais ce trouble continue d’être sous-estimé et sous-diagnostiqué. Les pédiatres jouent un rôle important dans son diagnostic et sa prise en charge. Le présent point de pratique et les tableaux qui l’accompagnent visent à aider les pédiatres à diagnostiquer et prendre en charge les cas de trouble développemental de la coordination non compliqué.
Phytoplankton photosynthesis: an unexplored source of biogenic methane emission from oxic environments
Authors: Bizic Mina
Published: September 2021

Recent studies show that all evaluated Cyanobacteria, diatoms and haptophytes, major constituents of freshwater and marine phytoplankton, emit methane during photosynthesis. This is independent of external methylated precursors, whose demethylation by prokaryotic phytoplankton (and other microorganisms) has been already shown to be a potent methane source. Methane is the second most significant anthropogenically influenced greenhouse gas with a global warming potential 85 times higher than carbon-dioxide, over a period of 20 years. Atmospheric methane has been steadily increasing, yet its natural sources are not well constrained, with the largest uncertainties occurring in aquatic ecosystems. Already for several decades, increasing evidence has been pointing out that methane produced under oxic conditions through non-traditional pathways (i.e. not archaeal methanogenesis) significantly contributes to the methane flux from marine and freshwater environments. This paper highlights the potential significance of phytoplankton as methane producers, particularly through the ubiquitous process of photosynthesis. Currently, available data serve as a proof of principle for the process and its potential rates, yet further extensive research is required to successfully provide emission estimates at a global scale. Therefore, studies investigating the taxonomic breadth of the process and the correlation of the methane emission rate with environmental factors should be conducted.
Diverse phosphate and auxin transport loci distinguish phosphate tolerant from sensitive Arabidopsis accessions
Authors: Yi Changyu , Wang Xinchao , Chen Qian , Callahan Damien L , Fournier-Level Alexandre , Whelan James , Jost Ricarda
Published: September 2021

Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for plant growth often limiting agroecosystems. To identify genetic determinants of performance under variable phosphate (Pi) supply, we conducted genome-wide association studies on five highly predictive Pi starvation response traits in 200 Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) accessions. Pi concentration in Pi-limited organs had the strongest, and primary root length had the weakest genetic component. Of 70 trait-associated candidate genes, 17 responded to Pi withdrawal. The PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER1 gene cluster on chromosome 5 comprises PHT1;1, PHT1;2, and PHT1;3 with known impact on P status. A second locus featured uncharacterized endomembrane-associated auxin efflux carrier encoding PIN-LIKES7 (PILS7) which was more strongly suppressed in Pi-limited roots of Pi-starvation sensitive accessions. In the Col-0 background, Pi uptake and organ growth were impaired in both Pi-limited pht1;1 and two pils7 T-DNA insertion mutants, while Pi -limited pht1;2 had higher biomass and pht1;3 was indistinguishable from wild-type. Copy number variation at the PHT1 locus with loss of the PHT1;3 gene and smaller scale deletions in PHT1;1 and PHT1;2 predicted to alter both protein structure and function suggest diversification of PHT1 is a key driver for adaptation to P limitation. Haplogroup analysis revealed a phosphorylation site in the protein encoded by the PILS7 allele from stress-sensitive accessions as well as additional auxin-responsive elements in the promoter of the “stress tolerant” allele. The former allele’s inability to complement the pils7-1 mutant in the Col-0 background implies the presence of a kinase signaling loop controlling PILS7 activity in accessions from P-rich environments, while survival in P-poor environments requires fine-tuning of stress-responsive root auxin signaling.
Liquidity Constraints in the U.S. Housing Market
Authors: Boar Corina , Gorea Denis , Midrigan Virgiliu
Published: September 2021

We study the severity of liquidity constraints in the U.S. housing market using a life-cycle model with uninsurable idiosyncratic risks in which houses are illiquid, but agents can extract home equity by refinancing their mortgages. The model implies that four-fifths of homeowners are liquidity constrained and willing to pay an average of 13 cents to extract an additional dollar of liquidity from their home. Most homeowners value liquidity for precautionary reasons, anticipating the possibility of income declines and the need to make mortgage payments. The model reproduces well the observed response of consumption to tax rebates and mortgage relief programs and predicts large welfare gains from policies aimed at providing temporary liquidity relief to homeowners.
The Equilibrium Consequences of Indexing
Authors: Bond Philip , García Diego
Published: September 2021

We develop a benchmark model to study the equilibrium consequences of indexing in a standard rational expectations setting. Individuals incur costs to participate in financial markets, and these costs are lower for individuals who restrict themselves to indexing. A decline in indexing costs directly increases the prevalence of indexing, thereby reducing the price efficiency of the index and augmenting relative price efficiency. In equilibrium, these changes in price efficiency in turn further increase indexing, and raise the welfare of uninformed traders. For well-informed traders, the share of trading gains stemming from market timing increases relative to stock selection trades.
When does a beneficiary benefit?
Authors: Alexander Stephen
Published: September 2021

It is a well-recognised principle that trustees, acting as fiduciaries, must exercise their discretionary powers for the benefit of the beneficiaries of the trust. A wrongful exercise of those powers will be a breach and may be set aside by a court. In most cases, the question of whether the exercise of the discretion is of “benefit” to the beneficiary is obvious. However, there are occasions where it is not so, particularly where the “benefit” to the beneficiary is not direct or is not fiscal in nature. In these cases, trustees must tread carefully. The Royal Court's recent decision in In the matter of the May Trust [2021] JRC137 provides important clarification on what constitutes a “benefit” and is essential guidance for trustees in this often misunderstood area.
Online misinformation and vaccine hesitancy
Authors: Garett Renee , Young Sean D
Published: September 2021

Lay Summary

Vaccine hesitancy, the rejection or delay to get vaccinated even if there is an effective vaccine available, may be instrumental in the resurgence of vaccine-preventable disease. Studies have shown that the rise in nonmedical exemptions for vaccination increases rates of childhood vaccine-preventable disease. One factor that influences vaccine hesitancy is online misinformation. False or misleading information online regarding vaccines can be found in independent news outlets, websites, and social media. The spread of vaccine misinformation is especially important during the COVID-19 pandemic as false information can decrease pro-vaccine opinions. The recent announcement of an effective COVID-19 vaccine became a hot topic online, with many adults hesitant to take the vaccine. Public health experts, medical professionals, and pro-vaccine individuals can help curb the spread of misinformation by correcting false statements online. Social media companies can also aid in stopping misinformation by implementing and enforcing policy that limits misinformation on their platforms.
Exploring the Role of Fungal Endophytes in the Sudden Death Syndrome of the Invasive Shrub Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata in Australia
Authors: Morin Louise , Bissett Andrew B. , van Klinken Rieks D.
Published: September 2021

Pathogens that attack invasive plants can positively affect the integrity and functioning of ecosystems. Stem-tip dieback and extensive wilting followed by sudden death have been observed in Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata (bitou bush), one of Australia’s worst invasive shrubs. Metabarcoding and culturing methods were used to investigate whether fungi are implicated in this syndrome. Metabarcoding results revealed significantly different endophytic fungal communities within healthy and diseased bitou bush, and colocated native plants. There was no difference in fungal communities between soil sampled in the root zone of healthy and diseased bitou bush at the same site. Two Diaporthe sp. operational taxonomic units (OTUs), dominant at sites with extensive wilting explained 30% of the similarity between diseased bitou bush across all sites. Two other OTUs, Austropleospora osteospermi and Coprinellus sp., explained 20 and 40% of the similarity between diseased plants, respectively, and were only dominant at sites with dead or stunted, partially defoliated but not wilted bitou bush. A Penicillium sp. OTU explained 90% of the similarity between healthy bitou bush plants. Various Diaporthe spp. dominated isolations from diseased bitou bush. Manipulative experiments confirmed Diaporthe spp. pathogenicity on bitou bush excised and in situ stems. In another experiment, Diaporthe masirevicii infected flowers and, from there, colonized stems endophytically; however, wilting and sudden death of bitou bush did not occur within the experimental timeframe. Our study provides circumstantial evidence that bitou bush sudden death syndrome is the result of a shift in the composition of its endophytic fungal community from mutualist to pathogenic species.

[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Carbon Footprint of General, Regional, and Combined Anesthesia for Total Knee Replacements
Authors: McGain Forbes , Sheridan Nicole , Wickramarachchi Kasun , Yates Simon , Chan Brandon , McAlister Scott
Published: September 2021

Background

Health care itself contributes to climate change. Anesthesia is a “carbon hotspot,” yet few data exist to compare anesthetic choices. The authors examined the carbon dioxide equivalent emissions associated with general anesthesia, spinal anesthesia, and combined (general and spinal anesthesia) during a total knee replacement.

Methods

A prospective life cycle assessment of 10 patients in each of three groups undergoing knee replacements was conducted in Melbourne, Australia. The authors collected input data for anesthetic items, gases, and drugs, and electricity for patient warming and anesthetic machine. Sevoflurane or propofol was used for general anesthesia. Life cycle assessment software was used to convert inputs to their carbon footprint (in kilogram carbon dioxide equivalent emissions), with modeled international comparisons.

Results

Twenty-nine patients were studied. The carbon dioxide equivalent emissions for general anesthesia were an average 14.9 (95% CI, 9.7 to 22.5) kg carbon dioxide equivalent emissions; spinal anesthesia, 16.9 (95% CI, 13.2 to 20.5) kg carbon dioxide equivalent; and for combined anesthesia, 18.5 (95% CI, 12.5 to 27.3) kg carbon dioxide equivalent. Major sources of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions across all approaches were as follows: electricity for the patient air warmer (average at least 2.5 kg carbon dioxide equivalent [20% total]), single-use items, 3.6 (general anesthesia), 3.4 (spinal), and 4.3 (combined) kg carbon dioxide equivalent emissions, respectively (approximately 25% total). For the general anesthesia and combined groups, sevoflurane contributed an average 4.7 kg carbon dioxide equivalent (35% total) and 3.1 kg carbon dioxide equivalent (19%), respectively. For spinal and combined, washing and sterilizing reusable items contributed 4.5 kg carbon dioxide equivalent (29% total) and 4.1 kg carbon dioxide equivalent (24%) emissions, respectively. Oxygen use was important to the spinal anesthetic carbon footprint (2.8 kg carbon dioxide equivalent, 18%). Modeling showed that intercountry carbon dioxide equivalent emission variability was less than intragroup variability (minimum/maximum).

Conclusions

All anesthetic approaches had similar carbon footprints (desflurane and nitrous oxide were not used for general anesthesia). Rather than spinal being a default low carbon approach, several choices determine the final carbon footprint: using low-flow anesthesia/total intravenous anesthesia, reducing single-use plastics, reducing oxygen flows, and collaborating with engineers to augment energy efficiency/renewable electricity.

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What This Article Tells Us That Is New
Use of a Motorized Intramedullary Bone Transport Nail for Trauma: Tips, Tricks, Corticotomy Techniques, and Rate and Rhythm
Authors: Quinnan Stephen Matthew
Published: September 2021

The introduction of internal magnetic nails (IMNs) for bone lengthening and bone transport has given us exciting new tools with which to treat segmental bone loss. Distraction osteogenesis has a long record of success in recreating even large segments of bone, but the availability of IMNs now offers the possibility of performing distraction osteogenesis without the drawbacks of external fixation. However, there are aspects of treatment with IMNs that are critical to understand to achieve success and minimize complications. These include assessment of feasibility in relation to available bone stock and segment configuration, the condition of the soft tissue envelope, and the presence of contamination or infection. They also include execution aspects such as bone end preparation, nail placement, need for and positioning of adjuvant fixation, corticotomy techniques, rate and rhythm of distraction, staged screw exchange, docking site preparation, and nail extraction. We discuss these issues in detail and introduce some novel techniques not previously described including the comminuted wedge osteotomy, testing of the nail with initial compression, and retention plug application for nail extraction to assist in optimizing success in certain clinical situations.
Segmental Bone Defects and the History of Bone Transport
Authors: Dahl Mark Thomas , Morrison Stewart
Published: September 2021

This article describes the etiology of segmental bone defects and reviews the options of care, past and present. A brief description of distraction osteogenesis and how the Ilizarov method was used to treat bone defects with circular external fixation leading to the latest method of transport with motorized internal lengthening nails is presented.
Osteoporotic Fractures: What Orthopaedic Surgeons Can Do to Prevent the Next Fall and the Next Fracture?
Authors: Nguyen Mai P. , Gannon Nicholas P. , Miller Anna N.
Published: September 2021

Falls are the leading cause of injuries for geriatric patients, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Orthopaedic surgeons should take an active role in decreasing patient falls, improving patient bone health, and initiate care to prevent subsequent fracture. In this manuscript, we outline 5 areas for orthopaedic surgeons to intervene and prevent the next fall: (1) patient education; (2) modifying environment/home safety measures; (3) medical fall risk assessment; (4) bone health evaluation and optimization; and (5) physical/occupational therapy.
Current emerging MRI tools for radionecrosis and pseudoprogression diagnosis
Authors: Nichelli Lucia , Casagranda Stefano
Published: September 2021

Purpose of review

This review aims to cover current MRI techniques for assessing treatment response in brain tumors, with a focus on radio-induced lesions.

Recent findings

Pseudoprogression and radionecrosis are common radiological entities after brain tumor irradiation and are difficult to distinguish from real progression, with major consequences on daily patient care. To date, shortcomings of conventional MRI have been largely recognized but morphological sequences are still used in official response assessment criteria. Several complementary advanced techniques have been proposed but none of them have been validated, hampering their clinical use. Among advanced MRI, brain perfusion measures increase diagnostic accuracy, especially when added with spectroscopy and susceptibility-weighted imaging. However, lack of reproducibility, because of several hard-to-control variables, is still a major limitation for their standardization in routine protocols. Amide Proton Transfer is an emerging molecular imaging technique that promises to offer new metrics by indirectly quantifying intracellular mobile proteins and peptide concentration. Preliminary studies suggest that this noncontrast sequence may add key biomarkers in tumor evaluation, especially in posttherapeutic settings.

Benefits and pitfalls of conventional and advanced imaging on posttreatment assessment are discussed and the potential added value of APT in this clinicoradiological evolving scenario is introduced.
Using Medial Fasciocutaneous Flap to Reconstruct Tissue Defect at Achilles Tendon Area
Authors: Nguyen Tuan Anh , Duong Manh Hung , Vu Thinh Huu , Nguyen Duong Thai Thuy
Published: September 2021

A 49-year-old man presented with skin necrosis and soft tissue defects at the right Achilles tendon area after tendon rupture repair. The posterior tibial artery was also damaged. We performed a reconstruction using a medial fasciocutaneous flap (and distally based pedicle). After 2 weeks, the wound healed, and the tissue defect was overcome. We found that the medial fasciocutaneous flap at the posterior leg can be raised easily and can be a simple choice to resolve tissue defects in the Achilles tendon area. This type of flap can help reconstruct tissue defects in acute wounds early.