bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel ortho‐linked fluorinated poly(ether‐imide)s based on 2,2′‐substituted 1,1′‐binaphthyl units
Authors: Behniafar Hossein , Hosseinpour Mahdiyeh
Published: August 2012

In this research, a new fluorinated diamine based on 2,2′‐substituted 1,1′‐binaphthyl units, 2,2′‐bis(2‐amino‐4‐trifluoromethylphenoxy)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl (AFPBN) was synthesized and then used to prepare the corresponding ortho‐linked poly(ether‐imide)s via chemical polyimidization with several aromatic carboxylic dianhydrides. The resulting poly(ether‐imide)s were fully characterized by FT‐IR, NMR, viscosity measurements, gel‐permeation chromatography, UV–vis, X‐ray diffraction, organo‐solubility, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry. Probing optical behavior of the colorless films prepared from these poly(ether‐imide)s demonstrated that they possess a high degree of optical transparency, and UV–visible absorption cut‐off wavelength values were found to be in the range of 404–471 nm. The resulting polymers exhibited excellent organo‐solubility in polar solvents such as dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, pyridine, and even tetrahydrofuran. To investigate the heat stability of the samples, their thermograms obtained from TGA were plotted, and for example, it is found that the 10% weight loss temperature of representative polymer AFPBN/3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride occurred at 532°C in nitrogen. These poly(ether‐imide)s had glass‐transition temperatures (Tg's) up to 280°C. Two previously prepared analogues of AFPBN, i.e. nonfluorinated diamine DAM1 and para‐linked fluorinated diamine DAM2 used to prepare the corresponding poly(ether‐imide)s, were also considered to compare the results obtained. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of novel poly(aminophosphonate ester)s flame retardants and their applications in EVA copolymer
Authors: Liu Yan , Zhang Yan , Cao Zhenhu , Peng Mao , Fang Zhengping
Published: August 2012

Novel oligomeric intumescent flame retardants, poly(amino phosphonate ester)s (PAPEs), containing both phosphorous and nitrogen, were synthesized by reacting diethyl phosphite with two different polyschiff bases obtained from the reaction of diamines with dialdehyde. The target PAPEs (designated as PAPE‐d and PAPE‐e, respectively) were characterized by 1H NMR, 31P NMR, Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, gel permeation chromatography and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. Thermal stability and flammability of ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)/PAPE blends with various PAPE content were investigated by TGA, limited oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL‐94) and microscale combustion colorimeter (MCC). The results indicate that PAPEs effectively improve the flame retardancy of EVA. The EVA/30%PAPE‐e blend has a LOI value of 28, and its peak heat release rate (PHRR) value in MCC measurement is reduced by 36%. At the same time, the EVA/PAPE blends also have high yield of residual char, indicating that PAPEs are effective charring agents. Scanning electron microscopy observations of the residues of the EVA/PAPE blends show the existence of compact char layer on the surface of the residues, which is responsible for the improvement of the flame retardancy of EVA. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unexpected molecular weight dependence of shish kebab in water‐assisted injection molded HDPE
Authors: Liu Xianhu , Zhang Changyan , Dai Kun , Zheng Guoqiang , Liu Chuntai , Shen Changyu
Published: August 2012

As a part of continuous efforts to systematically understand the morphological development in water‐assisted injection molding, high density polyethylene with different molecular weights was molded in this study. Unexpectedly, it was found that shish kebab with high lamellar and molecular orientations was formed in the sample with a lower molecular weight (LMW) rather than in the higher one, especially in the water channel layer. Present finding is obviously inconsistent with the general consensus, that is, higher molecular weight (HMW) polymer is much easier to form preferential orientation in flow field than LMW one. Such anomalous phenomenon is explained by the fact that even though melts experienced the same processing, lower shear rate is practically achieved in HMW sample due to its high viscosity. The result indicates that the flow history in industrial processing method is far from that in laboratory one. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Separation of Two Cytotoxic Saponins from the Roots of Adenophora triphylla var. japonica by High‐speed Counter‐current Chromatography
Authors: Kang Minseok , Ha In Jin , Chun Jaemoo , Kang Sam Sik , Kim Yeong Shik
Published: August 2012

Introduction

The roots of Adenophorae species have been reported to exhibit anti‐obese, anti‐oxidant, anti‐cancer, and anti‐bacterial activities. However, there has been no single report regarding the preparative isolation and biological activities of the chemical components from Adenophora triphylla.

Objective

To develop an efficient method for the determination of the active fraction from the methanol extract from the roots of Adenophora triphylla and for the preparative isolation and purification of target compounds having cytotoxicity on carcinoma cells from the active fraction by high‐speed counter‐current chromatography (HSCCC).

Methods

The Plant (5 kg, dry weight) was extracted with methanol. Three hundred grams of the dried methanol extract (885 g) were fractionated by open‐column chromatography with a stepwise gradient of water–methanol. Preparative isolation of bioactive components was performed by HSCCC with a two‐phase solvent system composed of ethyl acetate‐n‐butanol–0.2% trifluoroacetic acid in water (5:5:10, v/v). The cytotoxicity of column fractions and isolated compounds was evaluated by 2‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazoliumbromide assay.

Results

The 70% MeOH column fraction showed inhibitory effects against three human carcinoma cells A549, AGS and HepG2. Two saponins were separated from 400 mg of the active fraction by HSCCC. After further purification with solid phase extraction column, 25 mg of peak fraction 1 and 20 mg of peak fraction 2 were obtained. Their structures were identified by 1 H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, Fourier transform infrared, fast atom bombardment–MS and electrospray ionisation–MS/MS. They exhibited strong cytotoxic effects against three cancer cells.

Conclusion

Two cytotoxic saponins were isolated for the first time from the roots of Adenophora triphylla by HSCCC. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Terminal galactose residues on transferrin are increased in midlife adults compared to young adults
Authors: Dunston Christopher R. , Choudhury Khujesta , Griffiths Helen R.
Published: August 2012

Humans undergo biological ageing at different rates. This associates with functional decline in a number of physiological systems and increasing incidence of age‐related pathologies. The discovery of robust biomarkers of ageing could be used to identify early divergence from a path of healthy ageing towards age‐related disease. In the present study, we undertook proteomic analysis of plasma from healthy young men (mean age = 21.4 ± 1.5 years) and healthy midlife men (mean age = 57.0 ± 1.6 years). We identified 12 spots including transferrin, complement C3b and transthyretin that differed in abundance between the age groups. Transferrin spots showed an acidic pI shift in older males. Sandwich ELISAs were used to investigate the changes further. C3b levels were below the level of detection by ELISA and plasma concentrations of total transferrin or transthyretin were not different between the age groups studied here. However, analysis of transferrin N‐glycan structures showed an increase in terminal galactose residues in older men, suggesting that the loss of terminal N‐acetyl neuraminic acid residues contributes to the more acid pI of transferrin spots observed with age. Terminal galactosylation of transferrin may be a biomarker of healthy ageing and is now under investigation in the MARK‐AGE study.
Homo‐ and diblock copolymers of poly(furfuryl glycidyl ether) by living anionic polymerization: Toward reversibly core‐crosslinked micelles
Authors: Barthel Markus J. , Rudolph Tobias , Crotty Sarah , Schacher Felix H. , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: August 2012

We report the synthesis and characterization of well‐defined homo‐ and diblock copolymers containing poly(furfuryl glycidyl ether) (PFGE) via living anionic ring‐opening polymerization using different initiators. The obtained materials were characterized by SEC, MALDI‐TOF MS, and 1H NMR spectroscopy and molar masses of up to 9400 g/mol were obtained for PFGE homopolymers. If the amphiphilic diblock copolymer PEG‐block‐PFGE was dissolved in water, micelles with a PFGE core and a PEG corona were formed. Hereby, the hydrophobic PFGE core domains were used for the incorporation of a suitable bismaleimide and heating to 60 °C induced the crosslinking of the micellar core via Diels‐Alder chemistry. This process was further shown to be reversible. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
In situ polymerization and morphology of polypyrrole obtained in water‐soluble polymer templates
Authors: Percec Simona , Bolas Conor , Howe Laurie , Brill Donald J. , Li Jing
Published: August 2012

Several water‐soluble polymers were used as templates for the in situ polymerization of pyrrole to determine their effect on the generation of nanosized polypyrrole (PPy) particles. The polymers used include: polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene oxide (PEO), poly(vinyl butyral), polystyrene sulfonic acid, poly(ethylene‐alt‐maleic anhydride) (PEMA), poly(octadecene‐alt‐maleic anhydride), poly(N‐vinyl pyrrolidone), poly(vinyl butyral‐co‐vinyl alcohol‐co‐vinyl acetate), poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide), poly(ethylene oxide‐block‐propylene oxide), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, and guar gum. The oxidative polymerization of pyrrole was carried out with FeCl3 as an oxidant. The morphology of PPy particles obtained after drying the resulting aqueous dispersions was examined by optical microscopy, and selected samples were further analyzed via atomic force microscopy. Among the template polymers, PVA was the most efficient in generating stable dispersions of PPy nanospheres in water, followed by PEO and PEMA. The average size of PPy nanospheres was in the range of 160 nm and found to depend on the molecular weight and concentration of PVA. Model reactions and kinetics of the polymerization reaction of pyrrole in PVA were carried out by hydrogen 1H NMR spectroscopy using ammonium persulfate as an oxidant. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
L‐lysine and EDTA polymer mimics as resins for the quantitative and reversible removal of heavy metal ion water pollutants
Authors: Ferruti Paolo , Ranucci Elisabetta , Manfredi Amedea , Mauro Nicolò , Ferrari Elena , Bruni Riccardo , Colombo Francesco , Mussini Patrizia , Rossi Manuela
Published: August 2012

Traditional precipitation methods for inorganic micropollutant removal from waters are increasingly being replaced by sorption methods based on both natural and synthetic materials. In this context, two novel effective heavy metal ions absorbers are presented. These resins, LYMA and LMT85, were crosslinked poly(amidoamine)s carrying amine and carboxyl groups in their repeating units. In particular, the LYMA‐repeating unit contains one carboxyl and two amine groups and is a mimic of L‐lysine, whereas LMT85 contains two amine and five carboxyl groups and is a mimic of EDTA. Both resins were prepared at moderate cost by simple eco‐friendly procedures. The heavy metal ion set adopted as benchmark was Cu2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, and Co2+. LYMA proved selective for Cu2+ and Ni2+, the other ions tested being negligibly absorbed, whereas LMT85 proved capable of rapidly and quantitatively absorbing all the ions tested either singly or in mixed solution. The absorption process was reversible, and the resins were easily regenerated by acidification. The absorption of several metal ions imparted intense coloring to the resins, a feature possibly exploitable for analytical purposes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Tetrahedral germanium in amorphous phase change materials: Exploring the isochemical scenario
Authors: Micoulaut Matthieu , Kachmar Ali , Charpentier Thibault
Published: August 2012

The structural, vibrational, and electronic properties of low‐temperature supercooled GeTe4 are studied using density functional theory (DFT). Two models have been considered: an ordinary melt‐quenched system containing a majority of defect‐octahedral germanium atoms, and a relaxed one obtained from a quenched SiTe4 rescaled structure which contains mostly tetrahedral germanium, while leaving the Te environment preserved. The tetrahedral system exhibits an increased agreement with the experimental structure factor S(k), the pair distribution function g(r), and the infrared absorption spectrum. It is suggested that the fraction of tetrahedral Ge must be higher as usually believed. In addition, we provide the calculation of the 125Te wideline NMR spectra. While the latter do not agree with recent experimental findings, both systems exhibit important significant differences in the widths of the computed spectra. These exploratory calculations clearly show that NMR will be an interesting probe that deserves further investigations for the experimental determination of the local geometry.
Electronic structure, phonon spectra, and anisotropy of electron–phonon interaction in scandium
Authors: Sichkar S. M. , Antonov V. N.
Published: August 2012

The anisotropy of transport function, electronic structure, Fermi surface, phonon spectra, electron–phonon spectral function, orbital dependence of the cyclotron masses, and extremal cross sections of the Fermi surface of Sc were investigated from first principles using the full potential linear muffin‐tin orbital method. The calculations of the dynamic matrix were carried out within the framework of the linear response theory. A good agreement with experimental data of phonon spectra, electrical resistivity, cyclotron masses, and extremal cross sections of the Fermi surface in high symmetry directions was achieved.
Dual‐Responsive Breakdown of Nanostructures with High Doxorubicin Payload for Apoptotic Anticancer Therapy
Authors: Yoon Sujin , Kim Woo Jin , Yoo Hyuk Sang
Published: August 2012

Self‐assembled nanoaggregates co‐encapsulating doxorubicin (DOX) and oligonucleotide are prepared for dual‐responsive breakdown of the nanostructure with complete disappearance characteristics. Four‐arm poly(ethylene glycol) is co‐conjugated with DOX and anti‐bcl‐2 oligonucleotide with reducible linkers and acid‐cleavable linkers, respectively. The conjugate is hydrophobically self‐assembled into nanoaggregates in aqueous solution. Elemental scanning of the nanoaggregates reveals their core–shell structure with DOX and oligonucleotide located at the core and the shell, respectively. The tracking of size modulation suggests the complete disappearance of the particles under reducing conditions and the liberation of oligonucleotide at low pH, which is confirmed by dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy. The release of DOX and oligonucleotide is controlled by the pH and the reducing potential of the medium, and most of the drug and DNA are released in 24 h. The released fractions are analyzed by reversed‐phase chromatography, which indicates facile cleavage of DOX and oligonucleotide from the carriers. The nanoaggregates with both DOX and oligonucleotide show the lowest IC50 value when a cytotoxicity assay is performed against A549 cells. Apoptosis assay also confirms that cells treated with the nanoaggregates having both DOX and oligonucleotide show higher fluorescence intensity of antiapoptotic antibody than native DOX.
Achieving Ultrahigh Concentrations of Fluorescent Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes Using Small‐Molecule Viscosity Modifiers
Authors: Leeds Jarrett D. , Fourkas John T. , Wang YuHuang
Published: August 2012

Surfactant dispersion is a well‐established method for stabilizing individual single‐walled carbon nanotubes in aqueous solutions. However, achieving high concentrations of individually dispersed nanotubes with this technique has proven challenging. Here it is demonstrated that the introduction of viscosity‐enhancing compounds such as sucrose can increase the maximum concentration of surfactant‐dispersed single‐walled carbon nanotubes by more than a factor of 100 while still retaining the optical properties of individual nanotubes. When these solutions are used as inks for methods such as inkjet printing, they retain their fluorescent properties even after the ink has dried.
How Can We Better Understand Current and Future Workforce Values in the Global Business Environment?
Authors: Richards Malika , Egri Carolyn P. , Ralston David A. , Naoumova Irina , Casado Tania , Wangenheim Florian v. , Hung Vu Thanh , Pekerti Andre A. , Schroll‐Machl Sylvia
Published: August 2012

Our study tested the predictive power of socioeconomic development theory and age differences theory to explain work values across cultures and across age groups. We compared the values orientations of future managers, business students under the age of 25, with those of current managers and professionals, who we split into three decade groups (30 to 39, 40 to 49, and 50 to 59). Our respondents (n = 1,518) come from six diverse societies: Brazil, Germany, Indonesia, Russia, the United States, and Vietnam. Our findings indicate that both theories contribute to our understanding of work values and behaviors. One implication is that while socioeconomic development theory makes an important contribution, it is clearly not sufficient by itself to explain work values/behavior differences in the global context. The study findings and the discussion of them will hopefully provide multinational managers with a clearer assessment of current and future workforce values/behavior. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Performance Implications of MNEs' Diversification Strategies and Institutional Distance
Authors: Chao Mike Chen‐Ho , Kim Seung H. , Zhao Hongxin , Hsu Chin‐Chun
Published: August 2012

By proposing a conceptual outline for a general model that explains the link between multinational enterprises' (MNEs') diversification and their performance, this study tests the moderating effects of institutional distance empirically. Integrating literature from a strategic perspective within international business research, the proposed integrated, multidimensional framework can analyze MNEs' product diversification, international diversification, and institutional distance, as well as the impacts of these elements on firm performance. A sample of Fortune Global 500 companies confirms this moderation and extends prior research by establishing the importance of relationships among MNEs' product and international diversification, institutional distance, and performance. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reflections on the Evolving Terrorist Threat to Luxury Hotels: A Case Study on Marriott International
Authors: Wernick David A. , Von Glinow Mary Ann
Published: August 2012

The advent of global terrorist networks represents a challenge to international business (IB) theory. Traditionally conceptualized as a type of political risk experienced by multinational enterprises (MNEs) operating in conflictive areas, terrorism has evolved in recent years. The global terrorist networks that dominate the international scene today have different motivations, strategies, tactics, and organizational structures than their secular and ethnic‐separatist predecessors and these differences matter for IB theory and practice. Moreover, these groups have shown themselves adaptive, resilient, and capable of striking targets of strategic and symbolic importance in global business and financial centers. This paper examines the changing nature of the terrorist threat to MNEs and the implications for a sector that has been a target of recent attacks: the luxury hotel industry. Structured as a case study of Marriott International, a leading global hospitality provider, the paper analyzes ways the firm is adapting to the evolving threat and the measures it has introduced to safeguard guests, staff, property, and brand. Implications for IB theory and practice are drawn. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In situ labeling and imaging of endogenous neural stem cell proliferation and migration
Authors: Vande Velde Greetje , Couillard‐Després Sébastien , Aigner Ludwig , Himmelreich Uwe , van der Linden Annemie
Published: August 2012

Endogenous neural stem cells (eNSCs) reside in defined regions of the adult brain and have the potential to generate new brain cells, including neurons. Stimulation of adult neurogenesis presents an enormous potential for regenerative therapies in the central nervous system. However, the methods used to monitor the proliferation, migration, differentiation, and functional integration of eNSCs and their progeny are often invasive and limited in studying dynamic processes. To overcome this limitation, novel techniques and contrast mechanisms for in vivo imaging of neurogenesis have recently been developed and successfully applied. In vivo labeling of endogenous neuronal progenitor cells in situ with contrast agents or tracers enables longitudinal visualization of their proliferation and/or migration. Labeling of these cells with magnetic nanoparticles has proven to be very useful for tracking neuroblast migration with MRI. Alternatively, genetic labeling using reporter gene technology has been demonstrated for optical and MR imaging, leading to the development of powerful tools for in vivo optical imaging of neurogenesis. More recently, the iron storage protein ferritin has been used as an endogenously produced MRI contrast agent to monitor neuroblast migration. The use of specific promoters for neuronal progenitor cell imaging increases the specificity for visualizing neurogenesis. Further improvements of detection sensitivity and neurogenesis‐specific contrast are nevertheless required for each of these imaging techniques to further improve the already high utility of this toolbox for preclinical neurogenesis research. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2012, 4:663–679. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1192

This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease
Syntheses, Structures, Magnetic Properties, and NIR Emission Properties of a Series of Novel 1, 2, 4, 5‐Cyclohexanetetracarboxylate‐bridged Lanthanide Complexes with 3D Framework Structures
Authors: Wang Li , Gu Wen , Liao Sheng‐Yun , Zhang Ming , Yang Lin‐Yan , Wei Xiao‐Hua , Liu Xin
Published: August 2012

Solvothermal combination of trivalent lanthanide metal precursors with 1, 2, 4, 5‐cyclohexanetetracarboxylic acid (L) ligand has afforded the preparation of a family of eight new coordination polymers [Ln4(L)3(H2O)10]·7H2O (Ln = Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb) (1–8). Structural analyses reveal that the 1, 2, 4, 5‐cyclohexanetetracarboxylic acid ligand with e,a,a,e (LI) conformation displays a μ4‐(κ3O, O, O5)(κ2O2,O2)(κ2O4,O4)‐bridging mode to generate 3D frameworks of complexes 1–8 and the α‐Po topology with the short Schläfli symbol {412.63} could be observed in complexes 1–8. The near‐infrared luminescence properties were studied, and the results have shown that the HoIII, ErIII, and YbIII complexes emit typical near‐infrared luminescence in the solid‐state. Variable‐temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements of complexes 2–7 have shown that complex 2 (Gd) shows the ferromagnetic coupling between magnetic centers, whereas the complexes 3–7 show the antiferromagnetic coupling between magnetic centers. Additionally, the thermogravimetric analyses were discussed.
Formation of Thiosemicarbazone‐Functionalized Complexes with (GeS2)2 and (SnS2)2 Units
Authors: Eußner Jens P. , Dehnen Stefanie
Published: August 2012

By reaction of organo‐functionalized germanium or tin sesquisulfides [(R1T)4S6] (T = Ge, Sn; R1 = CMe2CH2COMe) with thiosemicarbazide or its methyl or phenyl derivative, a series of four compounds were obtained and structurally characterized that are based on an inorganic (TS2)2 unit with an extended organic chelate ligand CMe2CH2CMeNNCSNHR′ (R′ = H, Me, Ph). The products combine a small, reactive metal chalcogenide moiety with a ligand system that allows for a variety of directed extensions at the terminal NHR′ group. Thus, this work represents the starting point to a multifaceted consecutive chemistry involving both the extension of the binary inorganic unit and further derivatization and/or coordination of the organic ligands.
Structural Effects on the Electronic Properties of TlCu7–δS4 Investigated by Diffraction‐Resistance Measurements
Authors: Engin T. Erinc , Hull Steve , Powell Anthony V.
Published: August 2012

The design and construction of a specialised sample cell for the simultaneous investigation of electron‐transport and structural properties by powder neutron diffraction in the temperature range1.5 ≤ T /K ≤ 300 is described. This cell has been used to investigate the structural origin of anomalies in the transport properties of the pseudo‐one‐dimensional ternary sulfide TlCu7–δS4 (δ = 0.15). The data reveal an anomaly in ρ(T) observed at 255 K, which is associated with a phase change involving a change in symmetry from I4/m to P4/n on cooling. This corresponds to a doubling of the crystallographic c axis and is evidenced by the splitting of a strong reflection at d = 2.28 Å and the appearance of additional peaks in the low‐temperature diffraction data. A lower temperature ρ(T) anomaly at 205 K is related to subtle structural distortions involving chains of edge‐shared Cu4 tetrahedra.
New Heptazine Based Materials with a Divalent Cation – Sr[H2C6N7O3]2·4H2O and Sr[HC6N7(NCN)3]·7H2O
Authors: Braml Nicole E. , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: August 2012

The new heptazine based compounds Sr[H2C6N7O3]2·4H2O and Sr[HC6N7(NCN)3]·7H2O have been synthesized by metathesis reactions in aqueous solution. Crystal structures were studied by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement. Strontium cyamelurate tetrahydrate exhibits distorted zigzag strands embedding Sr2+ ions surrounded by crystal water molecules (Fdd2, a = 1194.0(17), b = 6358.14(97), c = 602.73(89) pm, Z = 8, GOF = 1.034, Rp = 0.033, wRp = 0.042, RB = 0.84). Strontium melonate heptahydrate crystallizes in a layer‐like structure characteristic for heptazine‐based compounds (P$\bar{1}$, a = 660.76(13), b = 1080.7(2), c = 1353.8(3) pm, α = 101.67(3), β = 101.40(3), γ = 94.60(3)°, Z = 2, R1 = 0.032, wR2 = 0.072). Additionally, the thermal behavior has been studied by DTA/TG measurements and FTIR spectroscopy data are presented.
Lepton flavour violation: physics potential of a Linear Collider
Authors: Abada A. , Figueiredo A. J. R. , Romão J. C. , Teixeira A. M.
Published: August 2012

Abstract

We revisit the potential of a Linear Collider concerning the study of lepton flavour violation, in view of new LHC bounds and of the (very) recent developments in lepton physics. Working in the framework of a type I supersymmetric seesaw, we evaluate the prospects of observing seesaw-induced lepton flavour violating final states of the type eμ plus missing energy, arising from e
+
e
− and e
−
e
− collisions. In both cases we address the potential background from standard model and supersymmetric charged currents. We also explore the possibility of electron and positron beam polarisation. The statistical significance of the signal, even in the absence of kinematical and/or detector cuts, renders the observation of such flavour violating events feasible over large regions of the parameter space. We further consider the μ
−
μ
− +
$ E_{{^{\text{miss}}}}^T $
final state in the e
−
e
− beam option finding that, due to a very suppressed background, this process turns out to be a truly clear probe of a supersymmetric seesaw, assuming the latter to be the unique source of lepton flavour violation.
Rheological and Microscopic Properties of Fat Blends with Similar Solid Fat Content but Different Trans Composition
Authors: Mert Behic , Erinc Hakan , Sahin Kubra , Tekin Aziz
Published: August 2012

In this study, two different groups of fat samples were prepared in a way that samples of each group had different trans fatty acid (TFA) composition but similar solid fat content (SFC). Samples of the first group (named group A) had TFA between 0.0 and 56.23 %, while the samples of the second group (group B) contained trans isomers ranging from 0.0 to 44.4 %. A polarized microscope was used to monitor the differences between the samples in terms of crystal size and crystal number during isothermal crystallization. In general, increasing TFA resulted in formation of larger crystals in a shorter time. Similar findings were also observed when small deformation time and frequency sweep experiments were conducted. A higher TFA content led to higher complex modulus values during isothermal crystallization. On the other hand, when the samples were stored at 4 °C for 48 h, the samples with the lower trans isomer had higher hardness values.
Modification of N‐glycosylation modulates the secretion and lipolytic function of apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage (AIM)
Authors: Mori Mayumi , Kimura Hiroki , Iwamura Yoshihiro , Arai Satoko , Miyazaki Toru
Published: August 2012

AIM physically interacts with FAS by anti tag coimmunoprecipitation (View interaction)
Promiscuous activity of arginine:glycine amidinotransferase is responsible for the synthesis of the novel cardiovascular risk factor homoarginine
Authors: Davids Mariska , Ndika Joseph D.T. , Salomons Gajja S. , Blom Henk J. , Teerlink Tom
Published: August 2012

Low plasma homoarginine has emerged as a risk marker for cardiovascular disease. We exploited cells of a patient with a rare inborn error of metabolism to explore potential pathways of homoarginine synthesis, using stable isotopes and mass spectrometry. Control lymphoblasts, as opposed to lymphoblasts from an arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT)‐deficient patient, were able to synthesize homoarginine from arginine and lysine. In contrast, in a patient with a deficiency of the urea cycle enzyme argininosuccinate synthase, plasma homoarginine was not decreased. We conclude that promiscuous activity of AGAT, a key enzyme in creatine synthesis, plays a pivotal role in homoarginine synthesis.
Stability of rotating non-smooth complex fluids
Authors: Sharma Ishan
Published: August 2012

We extend the classical energy criterion for stability, the Lagrange–Dirichlet theorem, to rotating non-smooth complex fluids. The stability test so developed is very general and may be applied to most rotating non-smooth systems where the spectral method is inapplicable. In the process, we rigourously define an appropriate coordinate system in which to investigate stability – this happens to be the well-known Tisserand mean axis of the body – as well as systematically distinguish perturbations that introduce angular momentum and/or jumps in the stress state from those that do not. With a view to future application to planetary objects, we specialize the stability test to freely rotating self-gravitating ellipsoids. This is then employed to investigate the stability to homogeneous perturbations of rotating inviscid fluid ellipsoids. We recover results consistent with earlier predictions, and, in the process, also reconcile some contradictory conclusions about the stability of Maclaurin spheroids. Finally, we consider the equilibrium and stability of freely rotating self-gravitating Bingham fluid ellipsoids. We find that the equilibrium shapes of most such ellipsoids are secularly stable to homogeneous perturbations that preserve angular momentum, but not otherwise. We also touch upon the effect of shear thinning on stability.
Boundary layer structure in confined turbulent thermal convection
Authors: Verzicco R.
Published: August 2012

The structure of viscous and thermal boundary layers at the heated and cooled plates in turbulent thermally driven flows are of fundamental importance for heat transfer and its dependence on the thermal forcing (the Rayleigh number $\mathit{Ra}$ in non-dimensional form). The paper by Shi, Emran & Schumacher (J. Fluid Mech., this issue, vol. 706, 2012, pp. 5–33) stresses the deviations of the boundary layer vertical profiles from the Prandtl–Blasius–Pohlhausen theory. Recent papers showing very similar results, in contrast, focus more on the similarities.
Impulsively actuated jets from thin liquid films for high-resolution printing applications
Authors: Brown Matthew S. , Brasz C. Frederik , Ventikos Yiannis , Arnold Craig B.
Published: August 2012

Blister-actuated laser-induced forward transfer (BA-LIFT) is a versatile printing technique in which fine jets of ink are ejected from a thin donor film onto an acceptor substrate, enabling high-resolution patterns to be formed. Fluid ejections are initiated by the rapid expansion of micrometre-sized blisters that form on a polymer film underneath the ink layer. Recent work has demonstrated that these ejections exhibit novel flow phenomena due to the unique dimensions and geometry of the BA-LIFT configuration. In this work, we study the dynamics of BA-LIFT printing using a computational model in which fluid is forced by a boundary that deforms according to experimental time-resolved measurements of an expanding blister profile. This allows the model’s predictions to be unambiguously correlated with experimental blister-actuated ejections without any fitting parameters. First, we validate the model’s predictive capabilities against experimental results, including the ability to accurately reproduce the size, shape and temporal evolution of the jet as well as the total volume of ink released. The validated model is then used to interrogate the flow dynamics in order to better understand the mechanisms for fluid ejection. Finally, parametric studies are conducted to investigate the influence of ink density, surface tension, viscosity and film thickness as well as the size of the blister used. These results provide key insights into avenues for optimization and better control of the BA-LIFT process for improved resolution and repeatability of the printed features.
The catalytic role of the beta effect in barotropization processes
Authors: Venaille A. , Vallis G. K. , Griffies S. M.
Published: August 2012

The vertical structure of freely evolving, continuously stratified, quasi-geostrophic flow is investigated. We predict the final state organization, and in particular its vertical structure, using statistical mechanics and these predictions are tested against numerical simulations. The key role played by conservation laws in each layer, including the fine-grained enstrophy, is discussed. In general, the conservation laws, and in particular that enstrophy is conserved layer-wise, prevent complete barotropization, i.e. the tendency to reach the gravest vertical mode. The peculiar role of the$\ensuremath{\beta} $effect, i.e. of the existence of planetary vorticity gradients, is discussed. In particular, it is shown that increasing$\ensuremath{\beta} $increases the tendency toward barotropization through turbulent stirring. The effectiveness of barotropization may be partially parameterized using the Rhines scale$2\lrm{\pi} { E}_{0}^{1/ 4} / {\ensuremath{\beta} }^{1/ 2} $. As this parameter decreases ($\ensuremath{\beta} $increases) then barotropization can progress further, because the$\ensuremath{\beta} $term provides enstrophy to each layer. However, if the$\ensuremath{\beta} $effect is too large then the statistical mechanical predictions fail and wave dynamics prevent complete barotropization.
Influence of active control on STG-based generation of streamwise vortices in near-wall turbulence
Authors: Deng B.-Q. , Xu C.-X.
Published: August 2012

Near-wall streamwise vortices are closely related to the generation of high skin friction in wall-bounded turbulent flows. A common feature of controlled, friction-reduced turbulent flows is weakened near-wall streamwise vortices. In the present study, the streak transient growth (STG) mechanism for generating near-wall streamwise vortices by Schoppa & Hussain (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 453, 2002, pp. 57–108) is employed, and the opposition control proposed by Choi, Moin & Kim (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 262, 1994, pp. 75–110) is imposed during the transient growth process of perturbations to determine how active control affects the generation of quasi-streamwise vortices. In the transient growth stage, when the detection plane is located near the wall (${ y}_{d}^{+ } = 15$), the control can suppress the production of streamwise vorticity by weakening the near-wall vertical velocity; when the detection plane moves away from the wall (${ y}_{d}^{+ } = 28$), the control has the opposite effect. In the vortex generation stage, the control cannot change the dominance of the stretching effect. Controls imposed at different stages reveal the importance of the STG stage in vortex generation. Strengthened out-of-phase control and lessened in-phase control are proposed as an extension of the original opposition-control scheme. Application in a fully developed turbulent channel flow shows that strengthened ${ y}_{d}^{+ } = 10$ control can yield an even higher drag reduction rate than the original ${ y}_{d}^{+ } = 15$ control. Moreover, lessened ${ y}_{d}^{+ } = 28$ control can also achieve drag reduction and turbulence suppression.
On Hadley flow in a porous layer with vertical heterogeneity
Authors: Barletta A. , Nield D. A.
Published: August 2012

The onset of thermoconvective instability in a horizontal porous layer with a basic Hadley flow is studied, under the assumption of weak vertical heterogeneity. Hadley flow is a single-cell convective circulation induced by horizontal linear changes of the layer boundary temperatures. When combined with heating from below, these thermal boundary conditions yield a temperature gradient inclined to the vertical, in the basic state. The linear stability of the basic state is studied by considering small-amplitude disturbances of the velocity field and the temperature field. The linearized governing equations for the disturbances are then solved both by Galerkin’s method of weighted residuals and by a combined use of the Runge–Kutta method and the shooting method. The effect of weak heterogeneity of the permeability and the effective thermal conductivity of the porous medium is studied with respect to neutral stability conditions. It is shown that, among the normal mode disturbances, the most unstable are longitudinal rolls, that is, plane waves with a wave vector perpendicular to the imposed horizontal temperature gradient. The effect of heterogeneity becomes important only for high values of the horizontal Rayleigh number, associated with the horizontal temperature gradient, approximately greater than 60. In this regime, the effect of heterogeneity is destabilizing. It is shown that heterogeneity with respect to thermal conductivity is of major importance in the onset of instability.
Geometry and interaction of structures in homogeneous isotropic turbulence
Authors: Leung T. , Swaminathan N. , Davidson P. A.
Published: August 2012

A strategy to extract turbulence structures from direct numerical simulation (DNS) data is described along with a systematic analysis of geometry and spatial distribution of the educed structures. A DNS dataset of decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence at Reynolds number ${\mathit{Re}}_{\lambda } = 141$ is considered. A bandpass filtering procedure is shown to be effective in extracting enstrophy and dissipation structures with their smallest scales matching the filter width, $L$. The geometry of these educed structures is characterized and classified through the use of two non-dimensional quantities, ‘planarity’ and ‘filamentarity’, obtained using the Minkowski functionals. The planarity increases gradually by a small amount as $L$ is decreased, and its narrow variation suggests a nearly circular cross-section for the educed structures. The filamentarity increases significantly as $L$ decreases demonstrating that the educed structures become progressively more tubular. An analysis of the preferential alignment between the filtered strain and vorticity fields reveals that vortical structures of a given scale $L$ are most likely to align with the largest extensional strain at a scale 3–5 times larger than $L$. This is consistent with the classical energy cascade picture, in which vortices of a given scale are stretched by and absorb energy from structures of a somewhat larger scale. The spatial distribution of the educed structures shows that the enstrophy structures at the $5\eta $ scale (where $\eta $ is the Kolmogorov scale) are more concentrated near the ones that are 3–5 times larger, which gives further support to the classical picture. Finally, it is shown by analysing the volume fraction of the educed enstrophy structures that there is a tendency for them to cluster around a larger structure or clusters of larger structures.
Early roman-period Nazareth and the sisters of Nazareth convent
Authors: Dark Ken
Published: August 2012

First discovered by accident in 1884 – and thereafter informally investigated by workmen, nuns and clergy, for several decades – the archaeological site at the Sisters of Nazareth convent in central Nazareth has remained unpublished and largely unknown to scholarship. However, work by the Nazareth Archaeological Project in 2006–10 showed that this site offers a full and important stratified sequence from ancient Nazareth, including well-preserved Early Roman-period and later features. These include a partially rock-cut structure, here re-evaluated and interpreted on the basis of both earlier and newly recorded data as a first-centuryaddomestic building – perhaps a ‘courtyard house’ – the first surface-built domestic structure of this date from Nazareth to be published, and the best preserved. The site was subsequently used in the Roman period for burial, suggesting settlement contraction or settlement shift.
The League of Nations and the Moral Recruitment of Women
Authors: Rodríguez García Magaly
Published: August 2012

This article analyses the debate on trafficking and policies to combat the recruitment of persons for commercial sex within the Advisory Committee on the Traffic in Women and Children of the League of Nations. Its main argument is that the Committee's governmental and non-governmental representatives engaged in what might be called a “moral recruitment of women”. This form of recruitment had a double purpose: to protect females from prostitution through the provision of “good employment”, and to repress intermediaries of prostitution by means of criminalization. Three elements of the Committee's internal debates and concrete actions will receive special attention. Firstly, the ideological framework (feminism, social purity, humanitarianism, abolitionism, regulationism, and/or class); secondly, the gender dynamics (differences of opinion between the Committee's male and female representatives); and thirdly the degree of gendering (construction or reinforcement of gender roles and relations).
Extending Death Benefits to Cohabitants under Section 37C of the South African Pension Funds Act: Hlathi v University of Fort Hare Retirement Fund
Authors: Dyani Ntombizozuko
Published: August 2012

Cohabitation is left largely unregulated in South Africa, which means that many cohabitants are left destitute or financially worse off when their cohabiting partners die. The Pension Funds Act 24 of 1956, in particular section 37C, is one of the few pieces of legislation that afford legal protection to cohabitants who are left financially worse off due to the death of their partners. However, three previous pension funds adjudicators gave different views as to how to interpret this provision. This note seeks to compare three decisions by three different adjudicators and concludes that the latest decision in Hlathi is the most preferred, because it interprets section 37C progressively, taking into account the spirit, purport and objects of the Bill of Rights.
Creating an Independent Traditional Court: A Study of Jopadhola Clan Courts in Uganda
Authors: Owor Maureen
Published: August 2012

This article examines the contribution of clans (kinship institutions) to the administration of justice within the context of standards set out in the African regional human rights instruments. Field work on the Jopadhola of Eastern Uganda is drawn upon, to explore how clans reproduce their notion of an independent court using an abridged legal doctrine of separation of powers, and partially mimicking lower level government and judicial features. The field work also shows how clans accommodate interests of women and youth. Even so, clans retain a largely customary approach to the appointment, qualifications and tenure of court officials. The main findings lead to the conclusion that, by applying an “African” notion of human rights, clans have created traditional constructs of an independent court: one that is culturally appropriate for their indigenous communities.
Posterior pharyngeal wall squamous cell carcinoma arising in a patient with dyskeratosis congenita
Authors: Qureishi A , Lamyman A , Silva P , Cox G
Published: August 2012

Objectives:

Dyskeratosis congenita is a rare, inherited bone marrow failure syndrome characterised by telomerase dysfunction. This study aimed to demonstrate the importance of recognising that this condition predisposes individuals to head and neck malignancy, and also to discuss the challenges of treatment in such individuals.

Case report:

We present the case of a 30-year-old man with dyskeratosis congenita, who presented with a squamous cell carcinoma of the posterior pharyngeal wall. The patient was treated successfully with surgical resection.

Conclusion:

Dyskeratosis congenita is a rare condition; however, it is vital to recognise the increased risk of upper aerodigestive tract cancers in these patients. Management of such cancers can be particularly difficult in view of the need to avoid DNA-damaging therapies such as radiotherapy.
Cochlear implantation in a patient with severe cochlear hypoplasia
Authors: Feng Y M , Wu Y Q , Wang J , Yin S K
Published: August 2012

Objective:

We report the case of a successful cochlear implantation in a patient with severe cochlear hypoplasia.

Case report:

The outcome of cochlear implantation is generally less favourable for patients with cochlear hypoplasia than for those with a normal cochlear structure. In the reported patient, part of the electrode array was inserted into the internal auditory canal. Nevertheless, the benefits following cochlear implantation seemed to outweigh the risks for this patient.

Conclusion:

Cochlear hypoplasia is not necessarily a contraindication for cochlear implantation.
Hairy polyp of the oropharynx in association with a first branchial arch sinus
Authors: Vaughan C , Prowse S J , Knight L C
Published: August 2012

Objectives:

Hairy polyps are rare, congenital malformations of the oropharynx and nasopharynx. To date, approximately 145 cases have been reported. However, the histogenesis of these lesions remains unclear.

Case report:

We report the case of a 2-day-old neonate presenting with a hairy polyp attached to the left palate, who re-presented aged 16 months with a discharging first branchial arch sinus.

Conclusion:

We propose this case as supporting evidence for the theory that hairy polyps are a malformation of the first branchial arch system.