bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation and Structure of syn- and anti-Bis(μ-thioacetato-κ2S)bis[bis(dithioacetato-κS:κS′)iridium(III)]
Authors: Ebihara Masahiro , Kanematsu Naohiro , Yoshida Masako , Kawamura Takashi
Published: December 2005

Iridium(III) dinuclear complexes with thioacetato bridges and dithioacetato chelates were prepared by the reaction of H2IrCl6·6H2O with a mixture of Li2CO3, MeCOSH, MeCO2H, and (MeCO)2O under O2. X-ray structures of two geometrical isomers for [{Ir(S2CMe)2}2(μ-SOCMe)2] were determined.
Enantiomeric Resolution and Absolute Stereochemistry of Stable Rotamers of Dimethyl 6,6′-Dimethyl-9,9′-bitriptycyl-2,2′-dicarboxylate as a Stereochemical Analog of (R*,R*)- and (R,S)-Tartaric Acids
Authors: Toyota Shinji , Takau Akinori , Hitaka Yo , Oki Michinori , Wakamatsu Kan
Published: December 2005

The title 9,9′-bitriptycyl compound, regarded as a stereochemical analogue of tartaric acid, possesses a total of five diastereomers, among which two rotamers belonging to the (R*,R*) form were isolated by chromatographic separation. Their relative stereochemistries were determined by X-ray analysis to be ap-(R*,R*) and sc*-(R*,R*). The enantiomers of these isomers were resolved by chiral HPLC and found to be optically and CD active. To predict the absolute stereochemistry, the CD spectra were calculated by the TDDFT method for the two rotamers as well as the chiral (R,S) form. The spectral pattern depends on the absolute arrangement of the two COOMe substituted benzeno groups, leading to the assignment of ap-(S,S), Psc-(R,R), and Msc-(R,S) for the (−)-forms. Since the achiral ap-(R,S) form was already known, we established the stereochemical relationship of all of the possible isomers of the tartaric acid-type molecule except for a pair of enantiomers of one missing isomer, the sc*-(S*,S*) form.
Conference Reports
Authors: Paczyńska Agnieszka , Paczyński Wojciecz , Szalavetz Andrea
Published: December 2005

Conference Reports: (1)Europe after the Enlargement. International conference organized by The Center for Social and Economic Research (CASE) held on 8-9 April 2005 in Warsaw, Poland (Review by Agnieszka Paczymska and W. Paczymski). (2) Conference held in December 2004 onParadigm Shift - Information, Knowledge and Innovation in the New Economy(Review by Andrea Szalavetz).
The Schools and the Firms
Authors: Magyari-Beck István , Szűcs Olga
Published: December 2005

The main problem of this paper to be solved is to outline one of the main cultural institutions - namely schools - in terms of firms. In order to achieve this goal, the basic characteristics of firms had to be established, also analysing the most important problems related to them. The paper claims that, in fact, all firms overlap and thus depend on each other, which inevitably limits their competition to a certain degree. This is especially true for cultural institutions in the process of producing human capital. The authors propose to use rather strategic coordination instead of internalisation in the process of treating externalities.
Institutionalisation of Sustainable Development
Authors: Orbán Annamária
Published: December 2005

The study aims first at clarifying the concept of sustainable development from (economic) theoretical and ethical points of view, and second at answering the question: can we talk about the practical implementation of the theory or idea, about institutionalisation in the author's interpretation based on international and national experience? The author interprets the concept of institutionalisation broadly, closer to the term of operationalisation, since this part of the research tried to cover such practical phenomena like international agreements, regulatory mechanisms, various programmes and institutions which attempted to put theory into practice.
Hypericin‐mediated Photocytotoxic Effect on HT‐29 Adenocarcinoma Cells Is Reduced by Light Fractionation with Longer Dark Pause Between Two Unequal Light Doses
Authors: Sačková Veronika , Kuliková Lucia , Mikeš Jaromír , Kleban Ján , Fedoročko Peter
Published: December 2005

The present study demonstrates thein vitroeffect of hypericin‐mediated PDT with fractionated light delivery. Cells were photosensitized with unequal light fractions separated by dark intervals (1 or 6 h). We compared the changes in viability, cell number, survival, apoptosis and cell cycle on HT‐29 cells irradiated with a single light dose (12 J/cm2) to the fractionated light delivery (1 + 11 J/cm2) 24 and 48 h after photodynamic treatment. We found that a fractionated light regime with a longer dark period resulted in a decrease of hypericin cytotoxicity. Both cell number and survival were higher after light sensitization with a 6‐h dark interval. DNA fragmentation occurred after a single light‐dose application, but in contrast no apoptotic DNA formation was detected with a 6‐h dark pause. After fractionation the percentage of cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle was increased, while the proportion of cells in the G2 phase decreased as compared to a single light‐dose application,i.e.both percentage of cells in the G1 and G2 phase of the cell cycle were near control levels. We presume that the longer dark interval after the irradiation of cells by first light dose makes them resistant to the effect of the second illumination. These findings confirm that the light application scheme together with other photodynamic protocol components is crucial for the photocytotoxicity of hypericin.
Phototaxis in the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803: Role of Different Photoreceptors
Authors: Fiedler Brita , Börner Thomas , Wilde Annegret
Published: December 2005

The second cyanobacterial phytochrome Cph2 from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 was suggested as a part of a light‐stimulated signal transduction chain inhibiting movement toward blue light. Cph2 has the two bilin binding sites, cysteine‐129 and cysteine‐1022, that might be involved in sensing of red/far‐red and blue light, respectively. Here, we present data on wavelength dependence of the phototaxis inhibition under blue light, indicating that Cph2 itself is the photoreceptor for this blue light response; We found that inhibition of blue‐light phototaxis in wild‐type cells occurred below the transition point of about 470 nm. Substitution of cysteine‐1022 with valine led to photomovement of the cells toward blue light (cph2− mutant phenotype). Analysis of mutants lacking cysteine‐129 in the N‐terminal chromophore binding domain indicated that this domain is also important for Cph2 function or folding of the protein. Furthermore, putative blue‐light and phytochrome‐like photoreceptors encoded by the Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 genome were inactivated in wild‐type and cph2 knockout mutant background. Our results suggest that none of these potential photoreceptors interfere with Cph2 function, although in‐activation of taxD1 as well as slr1694 encoding a BLUF protein led to cells that reversed the direction of movement under blue light illumination in mutant strains of cph2.
Spring Migratory Movements by Paddlefish in Natural and Regulated River Segments of the Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers, North Dakota and Montana
Authors: Firehammer Jon A. , Scarnecchia Dennis L.
Published: December 2005

PaddlefishPolyodon spathulaof the Yellowstone–Sakakawea stock, Missouri and Yellowstone rivers, Montana and North Dakota, were radio‐tagged to assess movement patterns during spawning migrations in 1999–2002. Sixty‐three of the 69 tagged fish provided useful data on migratory movements during the study period. Paddlefish exhibited repeated directional changes in movement during the spring, traveling extensively upriver and downriver in association with increasing and decreasing levels of river discharge and suspended sediment. This behavior resulted in their widespread distribution along the lower 50 km of the Yellowstone River during late spring of all 4 years. The choice of river ascended (Missouri or Yellowstone) was also associated with increasing levels of discharge and turbidity. Paddlefish ascended the unregulated Yellowstone River rather than the regulated Missouri River more than four of every five times when moving above the confluence of the two rivers. Although paddlefish were also occasionally contacted in the Missouri River above the confluence, most forays into the Missouri River were of short duration as fish were contacted less than a week afterward in the Yellowstone River. River temperature did not play a significant role in determining directional movement or river selection. The results from this study provide insight into how annual variations in or modifications to the spring flow regime might affect movement patterns in migratory paddlefish and, consequently, spawning success.
Methods in the Analysis of Maternal Behavior in the Rodent
Authors: Capone Francesca , Bonsignore Luca Tommaso , Cirulli Francesca
Published: December 2005

The aim of this unit is to provide a set of fundamental protocols to assess maternal behavior in rats and mice. Parental behavior in rodents is characterized by a rather complex set of behavioral items, which are described in great detail. A special emphasis has been placed on listing the many intervening variables that can bias the correct assessment of maternal behavior and the modifications to that behavior resulting from exposure to drugs or toxic compounds. Because changes in maternal behavior can be very subtle, the accuracy of the protocols can enhance the likelihood of detecting minor differences in behavior resulting from the experimental procedures. In addition, some suggestions are given on the most appropriate methods of data collection and their statistical analysis.
Electron Microscopy and Image Processing: An Essential Tool for Structural Analysis of Macromolecules
Authors: Steven Alasdair , Belnap David
Published: December 2005

Macromolecular electron microscopy (EM) deals with macromolecular complexes and their placement within the cell—linking the molecular and cellular worlds as a bridge between atomic‐resolution X‐ray crystallographic or NMR studies and lower resolution light microscopy. The amount of specimen required is typically 102 to 103 times less than for X‐ray crystallography or NMR. Electron micrographs of frozen‐hydrated specimens portray native structures. Computer averaging yields enhanced images with reduced noise. Three‐dimensional reconstructions may be computed from multiple views. Under favorable circumstances, resolutions of 7 to 10 Å are achieved. Fitting atomic‐resolution coordinates of components into three‐dimensional density maps gives pseudo‐atomic models of a complex's structure and interactions. Time‐resolved experiments describe conformational changes. Electron tomography allows reconstruction of pleiomorphic complexes and sub‐cellular structures. Electron crystallography has produced near‐atomic resolution models of two‐dimensional arrays, notably of membrane proteins.
Triplication of 8p22–8p23 in a patient with features similar to Kabuki syndrome
Authors: Shieh Joseph T.C. , Hudgins Louanne , Cherry Athena M. , Shen Zhezhong , Hoyme H. Eugene
Published: December 2005

Kabuki syndrome (KS) comprises multiple congenital anomalies and distinctive facial appearance. Although a number of chromosome abnormalities have been described in patients with KS‐like phenotypes, no consensus has been reached regarding the genetic basis underlying the classic Kabuki phenotype. A recent study reported on 8p22–8p23.1 duplication in patients diagnosed with KS; however, a number of other studies have not found this duplication in patients with classic KS. We report on a girl with triplication of 8p22–8p23 who has mental retardation and some features suggestive of KS, including growth retardation, left‐sided obstructive heart lesion, long‐appearing palpebral fissures, hypertelorism, sparse lateral eyebrows, prominent ears, and persistent fetal fingertip pads. She does not have the typical facial gestalt of KS, nor does she have other more specific findings of KS. We propose that abnormal copy number of genes in the 8p22–8p23 region results in a syndrome of multiple congenital anomalies with many features that overlap with classic KS. However, data from this patient and others with similar duplications in the literature suggest that duplication or triplication of 8p22–8p23 represents a recognizable pattern of malformation distinct from classic KS. The exact genetic abnormality underlying KS currently remains unknown. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Familial complex 3q;10q rearrangement unraveled by subtelomeric FISH analysis
Authors: Battaglia A. , Novelli A. , Ceccarini C. , Carey J.C.
Published: December 2005

In recent years, subtelomeric rearrangements have been identified as a major cause of multiple congenital anomalies/mental retardation syndromes. Currently, more than 2,500 individuals with mental retardation have been tested and reported in whom subtelomeric rearrangements were detected ranging from 2% to 29%. Therefore, subtelomeric FISH analysis is indicated as a second tier test after high‐resolution G‐banding analysis in patients with otherwise unexplained developmental delay/mental retardation and/or multiple congenital anomalies. We describe a patient and her three maternal female cousins, all showing an undiagnosed MCA/MR syndrome, associated with the same complex subtelomeric rearrangement. Subtelomeric FISH testing performed between 3½ and 18 years after the initial karyotype showed, in all four patients, distal trisomy 3q and distal monosomy 10q as follows: 46,XX,ish der(10)t(3;10)(q29;q26.3)mat(D10S2488+,D10S2490−, D3S1272+,D10Z1+). Parental subtelomeric FISH analysis showed that the proposita's mother and three of four brothers and one of two sisters had a cryptic balanced 3:10 telomere translocation. The three brothers with the balanced translocation were father to one each of the three proband's cousins. All four affected girls showed a similar phenotype with pre/postnatal growth retardation, microcephaly, severe developmental delay/mental retardation, poor/absent speech, and a distinct pattern of malformation. On examination there were coarsening of facial features with low fronto‐temporal hairline; thick eyebrows; bilateral epicanthal folds; hypertelorism; prominent nose with squared nasal root and narrow alar base; low‐set posteriorly rotated large ears with a prominent anthelix; high arched palate; prominent chin; hands/feet brachydactyly; bilateral squint; hypotonia; and muscle hypotrophy. A slow overall improvement was seen in all patients over time. To our knowledge, this complex subtelomeric rearrangement in our patients has never been reported so far. Monosomy 10q has recently been described either isolated or as part of a complex rearrangement involving telomeres other than the 3q. Trisomy 3q29 has not yet been reported, but our patients resembled cases with 3q26 trisomy suggesting that the critical region of duplication for this phenotype is in 3q29. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Male competition and paternity in wild chimpanzees of the Taï forest
Authors: Boesch Christophe , Kohou Grégoire , Néné Honora , Vigilant Linda
Published: December 2005

In social animals, competition among males for mates affects individual reproductive success. The priority‐of‐access model attempts to account for the influence of demographic conditions within groups upon male reproductive success, but empirical data for testing this model are scarce. Our long‐term study of chimpanzees in the Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire, encompasses a period of steady decrease in community size and fluctuating numbers of competing males and sexually receptive females. These demographic changes, in combination with genetic assessment of paternity for 48 offspring from three communities, allowed us to quantify the effects of varying levels of competition upon male reproductive success. On average, the highest‐ranking male sired 50% of all analyzed offspring during a 14‐year period from 1987–2000. Competition among males strongly decreased the relative reproductive success of the alpha male, such that the alpha male's rate of success decreased from 67% with few competitors to only 38% with four or more competitors. The increasing number of synchronously receptive females in large groups also reduced the proportion of paternities by the alpha male. Thus, patterns of paternity in Taï chimpanzees fit well the predictions of the priority‐of‐access model. We also found that despite the inability of dominants to monopolize reproduction, they achieved a higher reproductive rate in large multimale groups, because these have more females and a higher infant survival rate. Varied levels of male competition within communities seem to explain differences in the reproductive success of alpha males observed in different chimpanzee populations, and in other primate species. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regioselective Lithium—Halogen Exchange and Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of 2,4‐Dihaloquinolines.
Authors: Comins Daniel L. , Nolan Jason M. , Bori Ibrahim D.
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Approach to Synthesis of [c]‐Condensed Decahydroisoindolo[2,1‐a]quinolines.
Authors: Zubkov F. I. , Zaytsev V. P. , Nikitina E. V. , Mikhaylova N. M. , Aleksandrov G. G. , Borisov R. S. , Varlamov A. V.
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organocatalytic Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Annulation Reations — Construction of Optically Active 1,2‐Dihydroisoquinoline and 1,2‐Dihydrophthalazine Derivatives.
Authors: Frisch Kim , Landa Aitor , Saaby Steen , Joergensen Karl Anker
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Commercial Aspects of Gold Catalysis
Authors: Corti Christopher W. , Holliday Richard J. , Thompson David T.
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Phosphorus Methods in Nucleotide Chemistry
Authors: Williams David M. , Harris Vicki H.
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Heterogeneity of the Interflavanyl Bond in Proanthocyanidins from Natural Sources Lacking C‐4 (C‐Ring) Deoxy Flavonoid Nucleophiles.
Authors: Ferreira Daneel , Marais Jannie P. J. , Slade Desmond
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Functional outcome after low‐grade astrocytoma treatment in childhood
Authors: Aarsen Femke K. , Paquier Philippe F. , Reddingius Roel E. , Streng Isabelle C. , Arts Willem‐Frans M. , Evera‐Preesman Marjon , Catsman‐Berrevoets Coriene E.
Published: December 2005

BACKGROUND

The relatively high survival rate of patients with low‐grade astrocytoma necessitates increasing attention to physical and psychosocial outcomes. The objective of the current study was to investigate functional outcomes among children who were treated for low‐grade or pilocytic astrocytoma in different areas of the brain.

METHODS

Functional outcomes were evaluated in the following domains: impairments, disabilities, handicaps, and quality of life (QOL). In a consecutive series, 38 children were included. Follow‐up ranged from 3 years and 7 months to 11 years and 4 months after diagnosis.

RESULTS

Approximately 61% of children had impairments and 10% had a severe disability. Handicaps were found in the domains of relationships, school, and behavior. Children who were treated for supratentorial tumors required significantly more special education, and children who were treated for infratentorial tumors had significantly more behavioral and social problems. QOL was decreased significantly in all domains except emotions. Children who had a diagnosis in adolescence reported a lower QOL in social functioning compared with younger children. Data analysis revealed that some deficits suddenly became apparent years after diagnosis.

CONCLUSIONS

At long‐term follow‐up, children who had low‐grade or pilocytic astrocytomas were found to have poor functional outcomes, depending on tumor site, age, and recurrence. Children without deficits may develop severe cognitive, social, and behavioral deficits years after diagnosis, because of the phenomenon of “growing into deficit.” Therefore, the authors suggest a long‐term follow‐up of children who are treated for low‐grade or pilocytic astrocytomas at a young age to detect and subsequently offer support focused on the medical and cognitive impairments as well as on the behavioral and social consequences of their disease. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Classic Kaposi sarcoma
Authors: Guttman‐Yassky Emma , Dubnov Jonathan , Kra‐Oz Zippi , Friedman‐Birnbaum Rachel , Silbermann Michael , Barchana Micha , Bergman Reuven , Sarid Ronit
Published: December 2005

BACKGROUND

Classic Kaposi sarcoma (CKS) is a relatively rare vascular disease primarily affecting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐uninfected elderly men. The infection with Kaposi sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is necessary for the establishment of Kaposi sarcoma (KS), although it is not sufficient. Thus, only a small fraction of KSHV‐infected individuals develops KS. The cofactors that influence risk of KS among HIV‐uninfected individuals are yet to be determined. The objective of the current study was to assess potential risk factors for CKS in the KSHV‐infected Jewish population in Israel.

METHODS

A case–control study involved 35 CKS cases and 48 matched KSHV‐infected controls. Lifestyle and medical history data from case patients and controls were compared by logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS

In a multivariate analysis, the authors identified an age‐related small increased risk for CKS in subjects originating from Asia and Africa. The risk for CKS increased, although not significantly statistically, in subjects who reported alcohol consumption, diabetes mellitus, herpes simplex, and asthma. No relation was found with cigarette smoking, family size, number of lifetime sexual partners, or sexually transmitted disease.

CONCLUSIONS

A borderline increase in CKS risk among elderly subjects originating from Africa or Asia was identified. These results need to be further evaluated by larger studies. The authors believe that genetic and immunologic parameters may alter risk for CKS and, therefore, should also be investigated. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Metastatic osteosarcoma
Authors: Daw Najat C. , Billups Catherine A. , Rodriguez‐Galindo Carlos , McCarville M. Beth , Rao Bhaskar N. , Cain Alvida M. , Jenkins Jesse J. , Neel Michael D. , Meyer William H.
Published: December 2005

BACKGROUND

The outcome of patients with metastatic osteosarcoma treated in two consecutive trials from 1986 to 1997 was analyzed to evaluate the efficacy of carboplatin‐based multiagent chemotherapy and to identify prognostic factors. The initial study (OS‐86) used ifosfamide, cisplatin, doxorubicin, and high‐dose methotrexate, and the subsequent study (OS‐91) used the same agents at similar doses, but carboplatin was substituted for cisplatin.

METHODS

Twelve patients (median age, 15.1 yrs) were treated in OS‐86 for osteosarcoma metastatic to the lung only (11 patients) or bone only (1 patient), and 17 patients (median age, 15.1 yrs) were treated in OS‐91 for osteosarcoma metastatic to the lung only (12 patients), bone only (2 patients), lung and bone (2 patients), or other site (1 patient).

RESULTS

Patients with metastatic disease enrolled in OS‐86 and those with metastatic disease enrolled in OS‐91 did not differ in terms of demographic features, histologic subtype, site of primary tumor, or site of metastases. There was a difference in survival according to treatment protocol (P = 0.054). All survivors (four of whom were enrolled in OS‐86 and one of whom was enrolled in OS‐91) had lung metastases only. Five‐year survival estimates for patients with lung metastases only were 45.5 ± 13.7% (OS‐86) and 8.3 ± 5.6% (OS‐91) (P = 0.084). Unilateral lung metastases (P = 0.006), no more than three lung nodules (P = 0.014), and surgical remission (P = 0.001) were associated with improved survival probability.

CONCLUSIONS

The poor outcome of patients with metastatic osteosarcoma treated in OS‐91 justifies the use of cisplatin with its associated toxicity in patients with high‐risk disease. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Clinical manifestations of noncoronary atherosclerotic vascular disease after moderate dose irradiation
Authors: Patel Deep A. , Kochanski Joel , Suen Andrew W. , Fajardo Luis F. , Hancock Steven L. , Knox Susan J.
Published: December 2005

BACKGROUND

Accelerated atherosclerosis and carotid stenosis are well‐established risks occurring after high radiation doses that are used to treat cancers of the head and neck. Noncoronary vascular disease has been observed and may relate to more moderate dose irradiation.

METHODS

A search of patients treated for Hodgkin disease, non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, or seminoma was performed to identify cases with noncoronary vascular complications after irradiation. These three groups were chosen because of the use of intermediate dose radiation and prevalence of long‐term survivors. Individual patient records were reviewed to document the type and presentation of the stenosis and the clinical factors that may have contributed to this risk.

RESULTS

Twenty‐one patients were identified who developed disease in noncoronary arteries after treatment. The median time from irradiation to diagnosis of vascular stenosis was 15 years. Antecedent risk factors for vascular disease were prevalent. Five patients had disease identified by auscultation of bruits before an adverse clinical event occurred. Five patients died from complications related to their vascular disease, which included three deaths after stroke and two after small bowel infarction.

CONCLUSION

Twelve cases arose at an atypically young age for atherosclerotic vascular disease and featured unusual clinical presentations. Nine cases identified occurred at an advanced aged and at a shorter median interval, making a causal relation to irradiation uncertain. Incorporating careful auscultation for bruits in followup evaluation of irradiated patients may identify individuals who are at risk for adverse vascular events. The potential for early vasculopathy in individuals exposed to intermediate dose irradiation suggests a need to manage dyslipidemia and reduce vascular risk factors throughout the posttreatment period. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Heat conduction and radiative heat exchange in cellular structures using flat shell elements
Authors: Colliat J. B. , Ibrahimbegović A. , Davenne L.
Published: December 2005

We developed in this paper a variational formulation of heat diffusion equation applicable to the flat shell context and cellular structures. For this purpose, we introduce the average mid‐surface temperature field, through‐the‐thickness gradient and their dual generalized fluxes. Moreover, we introduced radiative heat exchange in the same way, which leads to a non‐linear and unsymmetrical thermal discrete problem. The model performance is illustrated by several numerical examples concerning cellular structures like hollow clay bricks submitted to thermal loading. Thermo‐mechanical coupling for such structure which is well adapted to the shell‐like modelling approach, is presented in the elastic regime with the numerical results concerning temperature field and forces. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal control of a turbulent fibre suspension flowing in a planar contraction
Authors: Mäkinen Raino A. E. , Hämäläinen Jari
Published: December 2005

Fibre orientation distribution of a turbulent fibre suspension flowing in a planar contraction is considered. The fibre orientation is modelled using a diffusion–convection‐type equation while the average flow velocity of the suspension is modelled using a simple one‐dimensional model. Our aim is to control the fibre orientation distribution at the end of the contraction by changing its shape. The shape is discretized with Bezier function and the diffusion–convection equation with streamline upwind Petrov–Galerkin (SUPG) finite element method. Algebraic sensitivity analysis for the discretized optimization problem is done with the aid of automatic differentiation techniques. Numerical examples are given. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mesh projection between parametric surfaces
Authors: Roca X. , Sarrate J. , Huerta A.
Published: December 2005

This paper presents a new algorithm to map a given mesh over a source surface onto a target surface. This projection is determined by means of a least‐squares approximation of a transformation defined between the loops of boundary nodes of the cap surfaces in the parametric spaces. Once the new mesh is obtained on the parametric space of the target surface, it is mapped to the target surface according to its parameterization. Therefore, in contrast with the usual techniques, the developed algorithm does not require solving any root finding problem to ensure that the projected nodes are on the target surface. Finally, this projection algorithm is extended to three‐dimensional cases and included in a sweep meshing tool in order to generate the inner layers of elements in the physical space. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Programming scientific and distributed workflow with Triana services
Authors: Churches David , Gombas Gabor , Harrison Andrew , Maassen Jason , Robinson Craig , Shields Matthew , Taylor Ian , Wang Ian
Published: December 2005

In this paper, we discuss a real‐world application scenario that uses three distinct types of workflow within the Triana problem‐solving environment: serial scientific workflow for the data processing of gravitational wave signals; job submission workflows that execute Triana services on a testbed; and monitoring workflows that examine and modify the behaviour of the executing application. We briefly describe the Triana distribution mechanisms and the underlying architectures that we can support. Our middleware independent abstraction layer, called the Grid Application Prototype (GAP), enables us to advertise, discover and communicate with Web and peer‐to‐peer (P2P) services. We show how gravitational wave search algorithms have been implemented to distribute both the search computation and data across the European GridLab testbed, using a combination of Web services, Globus interaction and P2P infrastructures. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Choreography for the Grid: towards fitting BPEL to the resource framework
Authors: Leymann Frank
Published: December 2005

The inherent heterogeneity of the Grid demands the ability to specify choreographies in a portable manner. This ensures that a choreography once specified can be deployed and executed in every workflow system within a Grid environment. It is likely that the Business Process Execution Language (BPEL) will have the corresponding broad support in the industry. In order to become first class citizens in the Grid, choreographies have to comply with the resource framework. We therefore suggest steps to make BPEL compliant with the resource framework. As a result, features of BPEL such as extended transactions will be available in a Grid environment. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Refactoring service‐based systems: how to avoid trusting a workflow service
Authors: Chivers Howard , McDermid John
Published: December 2005

Grid systems span multiple organizations, so their workflow processes have security requirements, such as restricting access to data or ensuring that process constraints are observed. These requirements are often managed by the workflow component, because of the close association between this sub‐system and the processes it enacts. However, high‐quality security mechanisms and complex functionality are difficult to combine, so designers and users of workflow systems are faced with a tradeoff between security and functionality, which is unlikely to provide confidence in the security implementation. This paper resolves that tension by showing that process security can be enforced outside the workflow component. Separating security and process functionality in this way improves the quality of security protection, because it is implemented by standard system mechanisms; it also allows the workflow component to be deployed as a standard service, rather than a privileged system component. To make this change of design philosophy accessible outside the security community it is documented as a collection of refactorings, which include problem templates that identify suspect design practice, and target patterns that provide solutions. Worked examples show that these patterns can be used in practice to implement practical applications, with both traditional workflow security concerns, and Grid requirements. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Use of1H NMR Microscopy to Study Proton‐Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Feindel Kirk W. , Bergens Steven H. , Wasylishen Roderick E.
Published: December 2005

To understand proton‐exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) better, researchers have used several techniques to visualize their internal operation. This Concept outlines the advantages of using1H NMR microscopy, that is, magnetic resonance imaging, to monitor the distribution of water in a working PEMFC. We describe what a PEMFC is, how it operates, and why monitoring water distribution in a fuel cell is important. We will focus on our experience in constructing PEMFCs, and demonstrate how1H NMR microscopy is used to observe the water distribution throughout an operating hydrogen PEMFC. Research in this area is briefly reviewed, followed by some comments regarding challenges and anticipated future developments.
Flow cytometric comparison of RNA content in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of down syndrome patients and control individuals
Authors: Hamurcu Zuhal , Demirtas Halil , Kumandas Sefer
Published: December 2005

Objective

Trisomy 21 or Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of mental retardation associated with the immunologic and other known defects. Extra chromosome 21 of DS patients contains an average of 40 extra copies of rRNA genes and the in vivo regulation of these genes' activity is not known. Because over 80% of total cellular RNA is rRNA, the measurement of total cellular RNA provides information on rRNA content. The aim of this work was to determine whether or not the additional chromosome 21 causes any increase in total cellular RNA content in mononuclear cells from peripheral blood (PBMNCs) of these patients and whether or not this content is modified with age.

Method

PBMNCs of 48 patients with DS and 48 healthy controls were studied. RNA content of isolated PBMNCs was evaluated by flow cytometric measurements.

Results

Average RNA content of younger DS patients' cells was significantly higher than that of healthy controls (P = 0.003). Furthermore, the RNA content decreased significantly with increasing age of DS patients (r = −0.377, P = 0.008) in the range of 0–26 year old, whereas no significant relationship was found between age and PBMNCs' RNA content of healthy controls in the same range of ages.

Conclusion

RNA content of PBMNCs from DS patients decreases rapidly with age. This is the first work on the age‐dependent decrease of the RNA content in PBMNCs of DS patients. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electrochemical Detection of High Oxidation States of Chromium(IV and V) in Chromium‐Doped Cassiterite and Tin‐Sphene Ceramic Pigmenting Systems
Authors: Doménech Antonio , Torres Francisco Jose , Ruiz de Sola Esther , Alarcón Javier
Published: December 2005

Solid‐state electrochemistry is applied to detect the presence of chromium centres with high oxidation states in chromium‐doped cassiterite and tin‐sphene ceramic pigmenting systems. Voltammetric data indicate that CrV and CrIV centres with different coordinative arrangements exist in the studied materials, and yield proton‐assisted reduction processes at +0.95, +0.42 AgCl/Ag in contact with 0.50 M H2SO4. Electrochemical measurements are correlated with spectroscopic data. The CrIV and CrV metal ions display a significant light‐driven electrocatalytic effect on the oxidation of 1,4‐dihydrobenzoquinone and Fe(CN)64– ions that involves the formation of surface‐confined adducts. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Effect of the Leaving Group on the Rate and Mechanism of the Palladium‐Catalyzed Isomerization of Cyclic Allylic Benzoates in Allylic Substitutions
Authors: Amatore Christian , Jutand Anny , Mensah Laure , Meyer Gilbert , Fiaud Jean‐Claude , Legros Jean‐Yves
Published: December 2005

In chloroform, the reaction of cis‐5‐phenylcyclohex‐2‐enyl 4‐Z‐benzoate (cis‐1Z, Z = NO2, Cl, H, Me, MeO) with Pd0 complexes ligated to PPh3 is reversible and proceeds with isomerization at the allylic position. The rate of isomerization of cis‐1Z to trans‐1Z depends on the catalytic precursor: Pd0(PPh3)4 > {Pd0(dba)2 + 2PPh3} in agreement with an SN2 mechanism in the rate‐determining isomerization of the cationic (η3‐allyl)palladium complexes formed in the oxidative addition. For a given precursor, the rate of isomerization of cis‐1Z to trans‐1Z also depends on the substituent Z, i.e., on the leaving group. The isomerization rate follows the same order as the leaving group properties: 4‐NO2–C6H4‐CO2–> 4‐Cl–C6H4‐CO2– > C6H5‐CO2– > 4‐Me–C6H4‐CO2– > 4‐MeO–C6H4‐CO2–. The same tendency is found for the equilibrium constant between the neutral cis‐1Z and the cationic (η3‐allyl)palladium complex in DMF. The higher the concentration of the cationic (η3‐allyl)palladium complex, the faster the isomerization of cis‐1Z to trans‐1Z is. The isomerization of cis‐1Z to trans‐1Z and that of the cationic (η3‐allyl)palladium complexes are at the origin of the lack of stereospecificity observed in catalytic nucleophilic allylic substitutions. These isomerizations are affected by both the leaving groups and the Pd0 precursors, which therefore are not “innocent” but may play an important role in palladium‐catalyzed nucleophilic substitutions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Ring‐Closure Metathesis in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide as Sole Solvent with Use of Covalently Immobilized Ruthenium Catalysts
Authors: Michalek Florian , Mädge Daniel , Rühe Jürgen , Bannwarth Willi
Published: December 2005

We describe RCM reactions in the presence of a Hoveyda‐type catalyst covalently immobilized on different support materials. The performance of the catalyst was highly dependent on the nature of the support, and in some cases high levels of conversion were obtained, allowing for repetitive cycles. In addition, remarkably low levels of leaching of ruthenium into the product (20 ppm) were observed. This environmentally benign process has potential for continuous applications.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Influence of the N3‐Protection Group on N1‐ vs. O2‐Alkylation in the Mitsunobu Reaction
Authors: Ludek Olaf R. , Meier Chris
Published: December 2005

The influence of the N3‐protection group of thymine on the regioselectivity of the N1‐ vs. O2‐alkylation under Mitsunobu conditions is described. A series of N3‐protected thymine derivatives 8a–f was prepared and coupled to cyclopentanol as model compound for carbocyclic nucleoside precursors. Finally, the N3‐BOM group was selected to improve our previously reported synthetic strategy to carbocyclic thymidine (carba‐dT). Moreover, the 2,6‐dimethyl‐Bz group led exclusively to the O2‐analogue of carba‐dT. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
GADD45α is highly expressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells and required for tumor cell viability
Authors: Schneider Günter , Weber Andreas , Zechner Ulrich , Oswald Franz , Friess Helmut M. , Schmid Roland M. , Liptay Susanne
Published: December 2005

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is one of the most common causes of cancer death in the western civilization. Recently, NF‐κB has been shown to be activated in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma through constitutive activation of IκB kinase (IKK). Inhibition of NF‐κB by a super‐inhibitor of NF‐κB—delta‐N‐IκBα—resulted in impaired proliferation and induction of apoptosis, suggesting an important role of NF‐κB in pancreatic tumorigenesis. Downstream target genes of IκBα have not been elucidated in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in detail. Using expression profiling by cDNA array analysis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell lines stably transfected with super‐IκBα, we identified GADD45α as a significant regulated gene. GADD45α is overexpressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma at the mRNA and protein level. Using RNAi we show that downregulation of GADD45α reduces proliferation and induces apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. These findings provide evidence that GADD45α contributes to pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and viability. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genome‐wide gene expression profiling of cervical cancer in Hong Kong women by oligonucleotide microarray
Authors: Wong Yick‐Fu , Cheung Tak‐Hong , Tsao George S.W. , Lo Keith W.K. , Yim So‐Fan , Wang Vivian W. , Heung Macy M.S. , Chan Samuel C.S. , Chan Loucia K.Y. , Ho Tina W.F. , Wong Katherine W.Y. , Li Chen , Guo Yu , Chung Tony K.H. , Smith David I.
Published: December 2005

An analysis of gene expression profiles obtained from cervical cancers was performed to find those genes most aberrantly expressed. Total RNA was prepared from 29 samples of cervical squamous cell carcinoma and 18 control samples, and hybridized to Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarrays with probe sets complementary to over 20,000 transcripts. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of the expression data readily distinguished normal cervix from cancer. Supervised analysis of gene expression data identified 98 and 139 genes that exhibited >2‐fold upregulation and >2‐fold downregulation, respectively, in cervical cancer compared to normal cervix. Several of the genes that were differentially regulated included SPP1 (Osteopontin), CDKN2A (p16), RPL39L, Clorf1, MAL, p11, ARS and NICE‐1. These were validated by quantitative RT‐PCR on an independent set of cancer and control specimens. Gene Ontology analysis showed that the list of differentially expressed genes included ones that were involved in multiple biological processes, including cell proliferation, cell cycle and protein catabolism. Immunohistochemical staining of cancer specimens further confirmed differential expression of SPP1 in cervical cancer cells vs. nontumor cells. In addition, 2 genes, CTGF and RGS1 were found to be upregulated in late stage cancer compared to early stage cancer, suggesting that they might be involved in cancer progression. The pathway analysis of expression data showed that the SPP1, VEGF, CDC2 and CKS2 genes were coordinately differentially regulated between cancer and normal. The present study is promising and provides potential new insights into the extent of expression differences underlying the development and progression of cervical squamous cell cancer. This study has also revealed several genes that may be highly attractive candidate molecular markers/targets for cervical cancer diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of multiple epigenetically regulated cancer/germline genes in nonsmall cell lung cancer
Authors: Grunwald Carolin , Koslowski Michael , Arsiray Tülin , Dhaene Karl , Praet Marleen , Victor Anja , Morresi‐Hauf Alicia , Lindner Michael , Passlick Bernward , Lehr Hans‐Anton , Schäfer Stephan C. , Seitz Gerhard , Huber Christoph , Sahin Ugur , Türeci Özlem
Published: December 2005

Cancer/germline (CG) antigens represent promising targets for widely applicable mono‐ and multiantigen cancer vaccines for nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Since little is known about their composite expression in this tumor type, we analyzed 7 CG genes (MAGE‐A3, NY‐ESO‐1, LAGE‐1, BRDT, HOM‐TES‐85, TPX‐1 and LDHC) in 102 human NSCLC specimens. About 81% of NSCLC express at least 1 and half of the specimen at least 2 CG genes. Activation of most of these genes occurs more frequently in squamous cell cancer than in adenocarcinomas. Even though we found all genes but one to be regulated by genomic methylation, not all of them are co‐expressed. In particular, combining CG genes not localized on the X‐chromosome may provide effective treatment for an extended number of patients. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prophylactic effect of pemirolast, an antiallergic agent, against hypersensitivity reactions to paclitaxel in patients with ovarian cancer
Authors: Yahata Hideaki , Saito Mami , Sendo Toshiaki , Itoh Yoshinori , Uchida Mayako , Hirakawa Toshio , Nakano Hitoo , Oishi Ryozo
Published: December 2005

We have previously shown that sensory nerve peptides contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) to paclitaxel in rats. Moreover, pemirolast, an antiallergic agent, reverses the HSRs to paclitaxel, although the mechanism is considered to result from the blockade of paclitaxel‐induced release of sensory peptides, rather than the inhibition of histamine release. In the present study, we investigated the preventive effect of pemirolast against acute HSRs in a total of 84 patients who undertook postoperative paclitaxel plus carboplatin chemotherapy every 4 weeks for ovarian cancer. Patients were assigned to receive oral lactose (placebo) or pemirolast (10 mg), 2 hr before paclitaxel infusion. All patients received conventional premedication, including oral diphenhydramine, intravenous ranitidine and intravenous dexamethasone, 30 min before paclitaxel infusion. The HSRs that led to the discontinuance of paclitaxel infusion (grade ≥≥2) occurred in 5 of 42 patients in placebo group, whereas none of pemirolast‐treated 42 patients showed any signs of HSRs. Plasma histamine concentrations were not changed after paclitaxel infusion in either group. Our present findings suggest that pemirolast is potentially useful for prophylaxis of paclitaxel‐induced HSRs. In this respect, the use of pemirolast as premedication is expected to be beneficial to the safety management in patients who undergo chemotherapy containing paclitaxel. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phenoxodiol, an experimental anticancer drug, shows potent antiangiogenic properties in addition to its antitumour effects
Authors: Gamble Jennifer R. , Xia Pu , Hahn Christopher N. , Drew Jenny J. , Drogemuller Christopher J. , Brown David , Vadas Mathew A.
Published: December 2005

Phenoxodiol (2H‐1‐benzopyran‐7‐0,1, 3‐[4‐hydroxyphenyl], PXD) is a synthetic analogue of the naturally‐occurring plant isoflavone and anticancer agent, genistein. PXD directly induces mitotic arrest and apoptosis in most cancer cells and is currently undergoing clinical trials, as a chemotherapeutic in ovarian and prostate cancers. We show here that PXD also exhibits potent antiangiogenic properties. Thus, it inhibited endothelial cell proliferation, migration and capillary tube formation and inhibited expression of the matrix metalloproteinase MMP‐2, a major matrix degrading enzyme. Importantly, we demonstrate that PXD is functional in vivo since it inhibited the extent of capillary tube invasion in an in vivo model of angiogenesis. We show that phenoxodiol inhibits hallmarks of endothelial cell activation, namely TNF or IL‐1 induced E‐selectin and VCAM‐1 expression and IL‐8 secretion. However, PXD had no effect on unstimulated endothelial cells. We also describe that PXD inhibits the lipid kinase sphingosine kinase, which recently has been implicated in endothelial cell activation and angiogenesis as well as oncogenesis. Thus, our results suggest that PXD may be an effective anticancer drug targeting the two drivers of tumour growth – the proliferation of the tumour cells themselves and the angiogenic and inflammatory stimulation of the vasculature. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.