bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMPARISON OF METHODS TO ESTIMATE DEEP PERCOLATION RATES1
Authors: Sammis Theodore W. , Evans Daniel D. , Warrick A. W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Deep percolation rates are normally estimated from a water balance. Results are presented of a study undertaken to evaluate three alternative methods of estimating percolation below the root zone when knowledge about the history of applied water and evapotranspiration are not available. The alternative methods are: 1) use of Darcy's equation to calculate deep percolation rate; 2) measurement of the soil temperature prof and calculation of the deep percolation rate from the shape of the temperature depth curve; and 3) measurement of the tritium concentration in the soil water and its relationship to the history of the tritium concentration in rainfall.

At the principal study site, the Darcy velocity of flow ranged from 9 cm per year determined by the temperature method, to 40 cm per year determined by the tritium method. Darcy's equation to calculate seepage rates resulted in an estimation of deep seepage of 18 cm per year. An average deep percolation rate at the principal study site of 22 cm per year was determined using the average of all three methods. Results for other sites based on the temperature method indicated a lower seepage rate.
SAMPLING CHARACTERISTICS OF MACROPHYTE BIOMASS1
Authors: Nichols Stanley A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the virtues of a stratified random system for sampling aquatic plant biomass. It also discusses factors which might be wed to stratify samples and it presents a case study of Lilly Lake, wisconsin, where a stratified random system reduced sampling efforts by about 37 percent.
CHANGES IN PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL VARIABLES IN A NEW RESERVOIR DUE TO PUMPED STORAGE OPERATIONS1
Authors: Potter Deborah Ulinski , Stevens Michael P. , Meyer Judy L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Information on biologically important physical and chemical variables is presented for Lake Oconee, a newly impounded pumped storage reservoir in Georgia. During its first summer, when no pumping occurred, temperature, oxygen, pH, inorganic nitrogen, and phosphorus were vertically stratified with severe hypolimnetic oxygen depletion. During the second summer, when pumped storage was in operation, more homogenous vertical profiles, generally higher oxygen, and lower dissolved nutrient concentrations were observed. These pumped storage effects were observed at all stations, rather than being confined to the immediate vicinity of the dam.
THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF GROUND WATER RECHARGE FOR IRRIGATION USE1
Authors: Supalla Raymond J. , Comer Dorothy A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Artificial recharge as a means of augmenting water sup plies for irrigation is a management alternative which policy makers in ground water decline areas are beginning to consider seriously. A conceptual model is developed to evaluate the economic benefits from ground water recharge under conditions where the major water use is irrigation. The methodology presented separates recharge benefits into two components: pumping cost savings and aquifer extension benefits. This model is then applied to a Nebraska case to approximate the value of recharge benefits as a function of aquifer response. discount rate, and commodity prices. It was found that recharge benefits vary from less than $2 to over $6 an acre foot recharged.
FOG DRIP IN THE BULL RUN MUNICIPAL WATERSHED, OREGON1
Authors: Ham R. Dennis
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Net precipitation under old growth Douglas fir forest in the Bull Run Municipal Watershed (Portland, Oregon) totaled 1739 mm during a 4Cbweek period, 387 mm more than in adjacent clearcut areas. Expressing data on a full water year basis and adjusting gross precipitation for losses due to rainfall interception suggest fog drip could have added 882 mm (35 in) of water to total precipitation during a year when precipitation measured 2160 mm in a rain gage in a nearby clearing. Standard rain gages installed in open areas where fog is common may be collecting up to 30 percent less precipitation than would be collected in the forest. Long term forest management (Le., timber harvest) in the watershed could reduce annual water yield and, more importantly, summer stream flow by reducing fog drip.
SOIL MOISTURE VARIATION PATTERNS OBSERVED IN HAND COUNTY, SOUTH DAKOTA1
Authors: Owe Manfred , Jones E. Bruce , Schmugge Thomas J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Sail moisture data were taken during nine sampling events (1976‐1978) at a test site in South Dakota as part of the ground truth used in NASA's aircraft experiments studying the microwave sensing of soil moisture. This portion of the study dealt only with the spatial variability observed with regard to the ground data. Samples were taken over three surface depths at each point, and the data reported as the mean field moisture content within each of three surface horizons. The results shed additional light on the relationship between ground sampling and remote sensing of soil moisture. First, it was found that it is best to partition data of well drained sites from poorly drained areas when attempting to characterize the surface moisture content throughout an area of varying soil and cover conditions. It was also found that the moisture coefficient of variation within a field decreased as the mean field soil moisture increased, and that the standard deviation was at a maximum in the mid‐range of observed moisture conditions (15‐25 percent). Within field sample variation also decreases as the sample is integrated over a greater surface depth. It was determined that a sampling intensity of 10 samples per kilometer was adequate to characterize the mean field soil moisture at all three depths along a transect in the areas of moderate to good drainage‐.
RUNOFF AND WATER QUALITY FROM THREE SOIL LANDFORM UNITS ON MANCOS SHALE1
Authors: Jackson William L. , Julander Randall P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Relative yields of water, sediment, and salt (as indexed by electrical conductivity) were determined using simulated rainfall plots on three soil landform units on Mancos shale in the Price River Basin, Utah. Final infiltration rates on residual shale derived soils were between 0.13 and 0.50 cm/hr. No runoff was generated on cracked soils derived from aeolian deposits. Suspended sediment concentrations and elehcal conductivities were 180 and 68 times greater, respectively, for a steep dissected Mancos shale upland than for a low relief shale pediment and recent alluvial surface. Riling accounted for approximately 80 percent of the sediment produced on the steep, dissected shale surface. Channel scow and soil creep also produced measurable mounts of sediment. A survey of sediment basins in steep, dissected shale up lands indicated that an average of 1.25 Mg/ha/year of sediment is produced by that landform unit Carefully designed and located basin plugs can be used effectively to trap sediment, water, and salt from dissected shale uplands.
Using Differences Among Carlson's Trophic State Index Values in Regional Water Quality Assessment1
Authors: Osgood Richard A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Variation among Carlson's three TSI values is unsettling to both the public and the scientific communities. Currently, there is no systematic way to account for differences in the three TSI values. Either (or both) of two mechanisms are proposed to account for differing TSI values on a regional basis. The first mechanism simply transforms the Secchi disk and phosphorus information to conform to their respective regional relationship with chlorophyll. The second mechanism uses the three TSI values to identify modifying processes in a lake and may indicate which TSI value (or combination of values) best reflects a lake's trophic condition. The format that is being proposed using information collected from 60 lakes in the Twin Cities (Minnesota) Metropolitan Area can be applied to other regional situations.
PRICE BEHAVIOR IN THE WATER MARKET OF NORTHEASTERN COLORADO1
Authors: Gardner Richard L. , Miller Thomas A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Past prices of Colorado‐Big Thompson water shares were analyzed using an asset pricing model which incorporated the growth rate in real returns to irrigation water and the value of potential urban water uses. A real growth rate in the returns to irrigation water was estimated at 5.3 percent. Nevertheless, market values for water shares have exceeded capitalized agricultural values since 1969. Historically, urban use potential was heavily discounted, but the implicit discount rate fell rapidly in the last decade. The expectation that water shares will eventually be sold to municipal or industrial consumers now appears to be reflected fully in water prices.
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF RIME ICE DEPOSITS IN THE COLORADO ROCKIES1
Authors: Hindman Edward E. , Borys Randolph D. , DeMott Paul J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Observations and measurements were made during storm periods at mountain top sites in the Colorado Rockies during the winter of 1981‐1982. On average, liquid clouds occurred with and without snowfall for, respectively, 75 percent and 15 percent of the observations. On average, the rime ice deposition rates were measured to be seven times the precipitation rates. The rime deposits were estimated to contribute 10 percent to the water content of the snowpack. Combining this figure with the estimated rime deposits on falling snow crystals (up to 50 percent by mass), up to 60 percent of the water content of the annual snowpack in the mountains near Steamboat Springs, Colorado, could be due to rime ice deposits.
SENSITIVITY OF PHYTOPLANKTON SIMULATIONS TO VARIATIONS IN THE HALF SATURATION CONSTANTS1
Authors: French Richard H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT In many impoundment dynamic water quality models, the growth of two or more ecologic groups of phytoplankton may be simulated. These ecologic groups are differentiated by growth rates, temperature tolerances, settling rates, and the Michaelis‐Menten half saturation constants for necessary nutrients. In this investigation, the effect of variations in the Michaelis‐Menten half saturation constant for the limiting nutrient when two competing ecologic groups of algae are simulated is examined. In an idealized case, it is demonstrated that uncertainty in the half saturation constant for the limiting nutrient for one ecologic group of algae can significantly affect the simulation results and in some cases could lead to a poorly designed impoundment restoration program.
EVALUATION OF SEDIMENT AND PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN THE WHITE CLAY LAKE WATERSHED1
Authors: Persson Lynn A. , Peterson James O. , Madison Frederick W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT To evaluate the effects of management practices for protection of water quality in White Clay Lake (Wisconsin), surface and lake waters were monitored for a six‐year period before and during structural and management changes for nonpoint pollution source control. The incremental nature of implementing controls combined with the annual variations in sediment and nutrient transport confounded obvious changes in water quality. So, several models were linked together to define loadings from specific land uses and to assess the effects of management changes and animal waste control measures designed to reduce sediment and phosphorus losses. The importance of including the thaw and snowmelt factor in the determination of erosion index for the Universal Soil Loss Equation was demonstrated. Model predictions of average annual phosphorus loading showed a 54 percent reduction following the installation of manure storage facilities and barnyard runoff controls, and a 22 percent reduction through changes in cropland management. The model also predicted a 29 percent reduction in sediment loading. The value of a peripheral wetland for retention of sediment and phosphorus was quantified. Changes in lake water quality attributable to the watershed work were not observed, but maintenance of existing good water quality as a result of this project is anticipated.
THE IMPACT OF FLOODPLAIN REGULATIONS ON RESIDENTIAL LAND VALUES IN OREGON1
Authors: Muckleston Keith W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The impact of floodplain regulations on mean appreciation rates of residential land values was tested at six study areas in five counties in western Oregon. The study hypothesis that such regulations significantly depress appreciation rates of regulated lands relative to those of similar unregulated lands was in most cases rejected. When the hypothesis was accepted circumstances would render conclusions tenuous. The problems and issues facing this type of research are presented in case studies of two of the research study areas. The following factors challenge investigators seeking to resolve questions about the relationship between land use regulations and land values: varying degrees of stringency with which regulations are enforced; unequal assessment procedures between counties; influences external to floodplain regulations that may affect appreciation rates, including denial of permits for septic tanks, flood damages, and amenity values associated with waterfront locations; and the uncertain effect that the availability of flood insurance, which accompanies floodplain regulations, has on land values.
HYDROLOGY OF A SMALL IMPOUNDMENT AND WATERSHED IN CENTRAL OKLAHOMA1
Authors: Schoof Russell
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: West Bitter Creek floodwater retarding structure site 3 in South Central Oklahoma was instrumented and records obtained and analyzed to obtain information concerning an impoundment water budget that is useful to landowners and designers of these impoundments. On‐site loss of water from the impoundment was only 17 percent of the inflow during three years when the annual precipitation averaged 26 inches and the annual inflow averaged 1.4 inches. Runoff from an eroded area with no farm ponds was about 70 percent greater per unit area than from a portion of the watershed where 71 percent of the drainage area was controlled by farm ponds. A previous study indicated, however, that the ponds were reducing runoff only 13 percent. Loss of top soil increases runoff considerably. Only 24 percent of the total runoff into the impoundment was base flow. The flow rate into the impoundment was less than 0.05 cfs 70 percent of the time, and the inflow rate exceeded 10 cfs only 1 percent of the time. SCS runoff curve numbers varied between 57 and 96 for the impoundment watershed with an inverse relation between precipitation amount and curve number apprently caused by partial area runoff from impervious and semi‐impervious areas. A comparison of measured event runoff versus event runoff computed by the SCS curve numbers gave an r2 of only 0.44. However, the total computed surface runoff for eight years of record was less than 1 percent below the measured runoff which indicated the curve number method was a good tool for predicting long term runoff for the watershed.
RETROFIT OF HYDROPOWER CAPACITY AT CONEMAUGH DAM1
Authors: Chadderton Ronald A. , Niece James E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper describes a preliminary investigation of the hydropower potential at the existing Conemaugh Dam, a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers project located in the Kiskiminetas River Basin, Pennsylvania. The objective of the study was to determine the most cost effective layout of power production facilities for each of four possible installed capacities. Based on preliminary cost estimates and monthly power production computations, a layout using standard tube turbines in a powerhouse constructed on the face of the emergency spillway would produce the cheapest energy at a capacity of 8 to 10 megawatts (MW).
RECREATION AT DRINKING WATER RESERVOIRS IN MASSACHUSETTS: A SURVEY OF WATER MANAGERS1
Authors: Klar Lawrence R. , Ghirin Aldo
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was to identify attitudes toward the recreational use of drinking water reservoirs in Massachusetts among municipal water supply managers in the state. Compared to the findings of recent studies assessing the attitudes of the general public, water officials were found to advocate highly restrictive views. No officials said that recreation was an insignificant source of water supply pollution; however, opinions were not found to be related to respondents' exposure to the literature on the topic. The majority were not, in fact, familiar with the literature assessing the impact of recreation on water supply reservoirs.
BIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF BLUEGILL ACTIVITY1
Authors: Fisher J. W. , Dilego R. A. , Putnam M. E. , Livingston J. M. , Geiger D. L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Bluegills were exposed for one hour to 0.2 or 2.3 mg/liter water soluble fraction (WSF) of JP‐4 in a testing chamber designed to contain individual fish. A strain gage paddle was used to monitor activity. Whole body movement of individual fish did not change appreciably during exposure to either 0.2 or 2.3 mg/liter WSF‐JP‐4. Strength of pectoral fin movement, accounting for the majority of the fish behavior, increased in six of ten individuals exposed to 2.3 mg/liter WSF‐JP‐4. Pectoral fanning may be a useful parameter to indirectly assess water quality.
GEOHYDROLOGY AND HYDROCHEMISTRY OF THE DAKOTA AQUIFER, CENTRAL UNITED STATES1
Authors: Leonard Robert B. , Signor Donald C. , Jorgensen Donald G. , Helgesen John O.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Dakota aquifer, composed of the Dakota Sandstone and stratigraphically equivalent sandstone units of Cretaceous age, is the upper‐most regional aquifer underlying the extensively developed High Plains aquifer of the midwestern United States. The concentration of dissolved solids in ground water of the Dakota aquifer ranges from less than 500 milligrams per liter in calcium bicarbonate type water in the eastern outcrop area to more than 100,000 milligrams per liter in sodium chloride type oilfield brine in the Denver Basin to the west. Preliminary maps showing the distribution of dissolved solids confirm the complex nature of the Dakota aquifer as inferred from stratigraphic and hydraulic evidence. Extensive vertical leakage through confining layers, local recharge at the truncated eastern boundary, and a barrier to recharge along the western edge of the Denver Basin are consistent with the distribution of hydraulic head and dissolved solids.
A LAND‐USE POLICY BASED ON WATER SUPPLY1
Authors: Wilson Lee
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Santa Fe Country, New Mexico, has adopted a land‐use policy in which zoning densities provide a balance between the water use on a parcel of land and the water supply available bencath that land. In two of four mapped hydrologic zones, ground water in storage will be allowed to be mined to exhaustion in 100 years (40 years in urban areas). Elsewhere, the policy is for a steady state with use balanced by recharge. Equations to determine storage or recharge can be solved using site specific data or regional estimates of hydrologic conditions. Substantial reductions in the lot size requirements are allowed if water conservation convenants are adopted. Public acceptance indicates that the policy successfully integrates technical and political concerns. It is simple to administer, yet reflects widely expressed public goals and values.
INFLUENCES OF INCREASED SAND DELIVERY ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF SAND AND GRAVEL CHANNELS1
Authors: Jackson William L. , Beschta Robert L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT A flume study was conducted to examine (1)changes in the particle‐size distribution of sediments in riffles due to the proportion of sand in transport and the total rate of bedload transport at the time the riffle is deposited and (2) the effect of high sand transport rates on the stability of gravel riffles. The median particle size of sediment deposited in the riffle was larger than that of the sediment in transport. Small but significant (a = 0.05) decreases in the median particle size of riffle sediments resulted as the sand‐to‐gravel ratio. Increased concentrations of sand in transport caused previously stable gravel riffles to undergo scour. These results, in combination with information from other studies, suggest that an alluvial channel with pool‐riffle sequences and with sand and gravel beds may respond to an increased delivery of sand by reducing form roughness. Form roughness can be reduced by degrading riffles and filling pools. Subsequent responses may be increases in width‐to‐depth ratio and slope.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMMERCIAL AND RECREATIONAL USE OF NAVIGATION LOCKS ON THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER1
Authors: Gramann James H. , McAvoy Leo , Absher James D. , Burdge Rabel J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Navigation locks on the Upper Mississippi River currently receive heavy use from both commercial barge traffic and recreational craft. Multiple regression analysis of lockage statistics suggests a critical level may exist, below which barge traffic volume has little impact on recreational lock use, but above which it physically constrains recreational lockage. The capacity of the Upper Mississippi River for lock chambers at Alton, Illinois. This may adversely impact recreational use of locks by raising commercial traffic levels above the critical level at several other locks on the river.
TECHNIQUES FOR DETECTING TRENDS IN LAKE WATER QUALITY1
Authors: Montgomery Robert H. , Reckhow Kenneth H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: With the advent of standards and criteria for water quality variables, there has been an increasing concern about the changes of these variables over time. Thus, sound statistical methods for determining the presence or absence of trends are needed. A Trend Detection Method is presented that provides: 1) Hypothesis Formulation ‐ statement of the problem to be tested, 2) Data Preparation ‐ selection of water quality variable and data, 3) Data Analysis ‐ exploratory data analysis techniques, and 4) Statistical Tests ‐ tests for detecting trends. The method is utilized in a stepwise fashion and is presented in a nonstatistical manner to allow use by those not well versed in statistical theory. While the emphasis herein is on lakes, the method may be adopted easily to other water bodies.
STATUS OF RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES1
Authors: Swift Bryan L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An attempt was made to review all available data on the extent and status of riparian ecosystems in the U.S.A. This report presents a synthesis of the findings, including some estimates of how much land was originally covered by woody riparian vegetation, and how much remains in that condition today. A synopsis of information is presented on the status of riparian ecosystems in each of 10 regions: California, Pacific Northwest, Rocky Mountain, Arid Southwest, Plains‐Grasslands, Lake States, Corn Belt, Mississippi Delta, Northeast‐Appalachian, and Southeast. Woody riparian plant communities once covered an estimated 75 to 100 million acres of land in the contiguous 48 states. Mankind has converted at least two‐thirds of that nationwide acreage to other non‐forest land uses and it is estimated that only 25 to 35 million acres of riparian plant communities remain in a near natural condition. Across the country, loss of riparian acreages is directly attributable to water resource development (especially channel modification and water impoundment), floodplain clearing for agriculture, and urbanization. In many states of the arid west, the midwest, and the lower Mississippi alluvial valley, riparian vegetation has been reduced in area by more than 80 percent. Riparian woodlands are one of this country's most heavily modified natural vegetation types.
THE STABILITY IN WATER OF A NEW CHLORAMINE DISINFECTANT AS A FUNCTION OF pH, TEMPERATURE, AND WATER QUALITY1
Authors: Worley S. D. , Burkett H. D.
Published: June 2007

The stabilities in water and dry storage of two solid‐state disinfectants (3‐chloro‐4, 4‐dimethyl‐2‐oxazolidinone, agent I, and calcium hypochlorite) have been compared under a variety of conditions. Variables in the study included pH, temperature, and water quality. Agent I is considerably more stable in dry storage and in water, especially at pH 4.5 and 7.0, than is calcium hypochlorite. This is true for solutions of the two compounds in sterile, distilled, deionized, demandfree water or in a synthetic water containing heavy organic load. Prior work in these laboratories concerning use of agent I as a disinfectant for lake water in a laboratory‐scale treatment plant had suggested that agent I has considerable potential for use as an alternative to cholorine gas for water disinfection. The present work suggests that agent I is of sufficient stability to be of use as a solid‐state disinfectant for swimming pools and for potable water for remote areas.
AN EVALUATION OF THE HYDROLOGIC SOIL GROUPS AS USED IN THE SCS RUNOFF METHOD ON RANGELANDS1
Authors: Wood M. Karl , Blackburn Wilbert H.
Published: June 2007

The U.S. Soil Conservation Service has developed a method for estimating runoff for small watersheds when stream flow data are not available. The technique is based on a simplified infiltration model of runoff using various kinds of soil, land use, and empirical approximation.
WATER DEMAND AT WESTERN U.S. RECREATION DEVELOPMENTS1
Authors: Hughes Trevor C.
Published: June 2007

Although the volume of potable water used at recreation developments is minor relative to total regional water use, very high quality is required and the source is often of limited capacity, such as a mountain spring or small local aquifer. Frequent confrontations between developers and regulatory agencies result from claims by developers that water demand will be very small while regulators tend to treat such developments the same as municipal residence. Almost no published data base exists for resolving such conflicts. Included here are: 1) Water use measurements of various peak period durations (seasonal, monthly, daily, and instantaneous) at several types of recreational developments in Utah and Wyoming (mountain cabins, both ski‐ and water‐based condominiums, and recreation vehicle campgrounds), 2) statistical (frequency) analysis of the data and a comparison with municipal demands in the same region, and 3) analysis of occupancy rates at the various categories of developments.
IDENTIFICATION OF AN OPTIMAL GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGY IN A CONTAMINATED AQUIFER1
Authors: Colarullo Susan J. , Heidari Manoutchehr , III Thomas Maddock
Published: June 2007

A groundwater hydraulic management model is used to identify the optimal strategy for allocating limited fresh‐water supplies and containing wastes in a hypothetical aquifer affected by brine contamination from surface disposal ponds. The present cost of pumping from a network of potential supply and interception wells is minimized over a five‐year planning period, subject to a set of hydraulic, institutional, and legal constraints. Hydraulic constraints are formulated using linear systems theory to describe drawdown and velocity variables as linear functions of supply and interception well discharge decision variables. Successful validation of the optimal management strategy suggests that the model formulation can feasibly be applied to define management options for locally contaminated aquifer systems which are used to fulfill fresh‐water demands.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TECHNIQUES FOR SPATIAL INTERPOLATION OF PRECIPITATION1
Authors: Tabios Guillermo Q. , Salas Jose D.
Published: June 2007

One of the problems which often arises in engineering hydrology is to estimate data at a given site because either the data are missing or the site is ungaged. Such estimates can be made by spatial interpolation of data available at other sites. A number of spatial interpolation techniques are available today with varying degrees of complexity. It is the intent of this paper to compare the applicability of various proposed interpolation techniques for estimating annual precipitation at selected sites.

The interpolation techniques analyzed include the commonly used Thiessen polygon, the classical polynomial interpolation by least‐squares or Lagrange approach, the inverse distance technique, the multiquadric interpolation, the optimal interpolation and the Kriging technique. Thirty years of annual precipitation data at 29 stations located in the Region II of the North Central continental United States have been used for this study. The comparison is based on the error of estimates obtained at five selected sites. Results indicate that the Kriging and optimal interpolation techniques are superior to the other techniques. However, the multiquadric technique is almost as good as those two. The inverse distance interpolation and the Thiessen polygon gave fairly satisfactory results while the polynomial interpolation did not produce good results.
FOURIER INFERENCE: SOME METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ARRAY AND NONGAUSSIAN SERIES DATA1
Authors: Brillinger David R.
Published: June 2007

Fourier inference is a collection of analytic techniques and philosophic attitudes, for the analysis of data, wherein essential use is made of empirical Fourier transforms. This paper sets down some basic results concerning the finite Fourier transforms of stationary process data and then, to illustrate the approach, uses those results to develop procedures for: 1) estimating cloud and storm motion, 2) passive sonar and 3) fitting finite parameter models to nonGaussian time series via bispectral fitting. This last procedure is illustrated by an analysis of a stretch of Mississippi River runoff data. Examples 1), 2) refer to data having the form Y(xj, yj, t) for j = 1, …, J and t = 0, …, T‐l say, and view that data as part of a realization of a spatial‐temporal process. Such data has become common in geophysics generally and in hydrology particularly. The goal of this paper is to present some new statistical procedures pertinent to problems in the water sciences, equally it is to illustrate the genesis of those procedures and how their properties may be approximated.
AN EVALUATION OF EIGHT WASTELOAD ALLOCATION METHODS1
Authors: Chadderton Ronald A. , Kropp Irene S.
Published: June 2007

Evidence suggests that there is no superior wasteload allocation method. Eight allocation strategies have been evaluated based on: total cost of implementation, equity in distributing costs and loads among dischargers, effectiveness in use of available waste assimilative capacity, and sensitivity to changes in water‐quality‐related variables. One method, which allocated equal percentages of the maximum allowable dissolved oxygen deficit, was eliminated as a feasible strategy because it led to excessive costs and overly conservative load estimates. The other seven methods remained viable alternatives. Two methods proved to be insensitive to changes in the water‐quality‐related variables tested, which may be advantageous in certain applications. This report presents seven workable alternatives that may be used in wasteload allocation and demonstrates a procedure to determine the practicability of other methods.
PATTERNS OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN A COASTAL ALASKA STREAM1
Authors: Sidle Roy C. , Campbell Alan J.
Published: June 2007

Suspended sediment data from a 154 ha watershed on northeast Chichagof Island, Alaska, were collected over three fall storm seasons from 1980 to 1982. Sediment rating curves for nine pooled storms explained less than 34 percent of the variation in total suspended solids (TSS). Significantly higher concentrations of suspended sediment occurred during the rising limb of storm hydrographs than for similar flows on the falling limb, accounting for hysteresis loops in TSS versus streamflow plots for individual storms. These hysteresis loops were wider during early season storms, indicating that easily transportable fine sediment may have been flushed from the upper portion of channel banks and from behind large organic debris during early season peak flows. Regression relationships (TSS versus Q) developed for the highest stormflows (> 1 m3/s) had steeper slopes than the lower stormflows (< 1 m3/s). Turbidity correlated well (r=0.94) with TSS for all storm‐flow data combined. Organic matter constituted an average of 35 percent (by weight) of TSS for all water quality samples.
USING LANDSAT DATA TO CLASSIFY LAND USE FOR ASSESSING THE BASINWIDE RUNOFF INDEX1
Authors: Still D. A. , Shih S. F.
Published: June 2007

Remote sensing data in the form of Landsat computer compatible tapes (CCT) was used to determine land use and land cover as an aid in hydrologic studies that were used to estimated a basinwide runoff index. With the use of the General Electric Image 100 multispectral image processing system in conjunction with the Earth Resources Laboratory Application Software (ELAS), CCT's on February 9, 1976, were analyzed by spectral differences to determine unique land use conditions within the Econlockhatchee (Econ) River Basin, Florida. The result showed that the Landsat data can be successfully used to monitor the USGS land use Level 1. An advantage of using the Landsat data for land use classification is that new data are periodically available for updating the land use information. The Soil Conservation Service curve number was used to establish a basinwide runoff index which includes a prime variable of land use changes with the time. The basinwide runoff index in 1972 (with USGS 1972 Land Use maps) was similar to the one in 1976 (with Landsat data dated February 9, 1976). This implies that the runoff from the entire Econ Basin was not noticeably changed during the period of 1972 and 1976.
BEDROCK CONTROLS ON STREAM CHANNEL ENLARGEMENT WITH URBANIZATION, NORTH CENTRAL TEXAS1
Authors: Allen Peter M. , Narramore Rebecca
Published: June 2007

Loss due to channel erosion in the Dallas, Texas, area is estimated to approach one‐half million dollars in the last several years. Hydrogeomorphic analysis of natural and urban chalk and shale watersheds was performed in the central Texas area on watersheds ranging in size from 0.5 to 10 square miles in an effort to more adequately predict channel enlargement due to urbanization.

Chalk watersheds were found to have greater drainage density, greater channel slope, lower sinuosity, and greater discharge per unit area than similar sized shale watersheds under natural conditions. With subsequent urbanization of the watersheds, chalk channel enlargement was from 12 to 67 percent greater than shale channel enlargement for similar sized watersheds. Greater enlargement in chalk channels is attributed to greater channel velocities and unit tractive force. Vegetation seems to play a significant role in influencing channel adjustments to the new flow regimes brought on by urbanization.

Channel response to urbanization is documented and specific nonstructural guidelines are proposed which could reduce structural loss along urban stream channels.
FLOOD‐RUNOFF FORECASTING WITH HEC1F1
Authors: Peters John C. , Ely Paul B.
Published: June 2007

HEC1F is a computer program for making short‐ to medium‐term forecasts of uncontrolled flood runoff. The program employs unit hydrographs and hydrologic routing to simulate runoff from a subdivided basin. Estimates of future rainfall can be accommodated. Runoff parameters for gaged headwater subbasins can be estimated (optimized) in real time. Blending of calculated with observed hydrographs can be performed. HEC1F is a component of an on‐line software system that includes capability for data acquisition and processing, precipitation analysis, streamflow forecasting, reservoir system analysis, and graphical display of data and simulation results. The conceptual framework for HEC1F is described, and application of the program is illustrated.
IRRIGATION AND GROUNDWATER DEPLETION IN CADDO COUNTY, OKLAHOMA1
Authors: Harlin John M. , Wijeyawickrema C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Similar groundwater problems associated with the Ogallala in western Oklahoma are beginning to affect aquifers much farther east. A rapid decline in the water table has been detected in Caddo County, Oklahoma. Ninety‐six percent of the groundwater resources used in Caddo County are used for irrigation. Severe consequences for farmers, especially peanut growers, are possible in the near future.
A STUDY OF RESIDENTIAL STORMWATER IMPOUNDMENTS: PERCEPTIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS1
Authors: Baxter E. H. , Mulamoottil G. , Gregor Dennis
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The traditional solution to stormwater runoff from housing developments has been stormwater sewer systems. A newer and increasingly popular solution is some sort of impoundment or “lake” within the development, which is thought to be cheaper, to provide recreation, to improve the aesthetics of the environment, and to increase property values. Little is known of the acceptability of these to public officials, developers, or potential residents, or of their policy implications. Two such developments in Mississauga, Ontario, were studied, in terms of the perceptions and opinions of a random sample of residents and of officials who had been involved in their planning and management. The areas have attracted a relatively young group, just beginning their child‐bearing years, with relatively high income and education. The lakes appear to be popular, and relatively successful, especially the one which provides more recreational opportunities, and which has had fewer maintenance problems. The major problems are visual and safety. The City, and to some extent the developers, are seen as the appropriate groups to manage and maintain the lakes. Some suggestions, based on residents' and officials' responses, are presented for future designs and policy formulation.
THE PALMER DROUGHT SEVERITY INDEX AS A MEASURE OF HYDROLOGIC DROUGHT1
Authors: Alley William M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) is perhaps the most widely used regional drought index. However, there is considerable ambiguity about its value as a measure of hydrologic drought. In this paper the PDSI for climatic divisions in New Jersey is compared to the occurrence within each climatic division of streamflows in their lower quartile for the month (streamflow index), and ground‐water levels in their lower quartile for the month (ground‐water index). These indices are found to have distinct properties. It is not uncommon for PDSI values to indicate “severe” or “extreme” drought at times when the streamflow or groundwater index is above its lower quartile at many stations within the climatic division. The PDSI values and groundwater index indicate more persistent subnormal conditions than the streamflow index for truncation levels yielding the same total duration of drought over a period. The ground‐water index tends to indicate a later beginning to droughts and of the three indices is the most conservative indicator of a drought's end. Drought timing and duration properties for the ground‐water index are found to be highly influenced by the average depth to water in the well. Overall, the three indices of drought can provide three very different characterizations of drought. In particular, the results indicate that considerable caution should be exercised in drawing conclusions about hydrologic drought from the PDSI.
FLOODPLAIN STORAGE AND LAND USE ANALYSIS AT THE WOODLANDS, TEXAS1
Authors: Bedient Philip , Flores Alejandro , Johnson Steven , Pappas Plato
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Woodlands, a totally planned community north of Houston, Texas, was studied in detail in an effort to develop a master drainage plan which minimizes adverse impact on the 100‐year floodplain. A total of 40 HEC‐1 and HEC‐2 computer runs were made to evaluate various development, channelization, and reservoir storage options.
SOME GEOMORPHIC RELATIONSHIPS AND HYDROGRAPH ANALYSIS1
Authors: Rogers W. F. , Singh V. P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: First order drainage channels originate when the tractive force exerted by flowing water is sufficient to move surface sediment. The amount of runoff available to move sediment is a function of geologic and climatic characteristics. An experimental analysis showed that soils derived from fine grained rocks had lower infiltration rates and higher runoff volume than soils derived from coarser grained rocks in a semi‐arid climate. Root density and penetration increased in a more humid climate and increased infiltration rates. The number of first order channels was inversely proportional to the infiltration capacity of the soil.

Each first order channel acts as a source area for surface runoff. The distribution of first order channel distances from the gage determines the timing of the delivery of water to the gage. A comparison of the frequency histogram of first order channel distances for drainage basins in Pennsylvania and their hydxographs of runoff from general storms showed marked similarity. This close correspondence indicated the shape of the surface runoff hydrograph and was largely controlled by the distribution of first order channel distances.
A COMPARISON OF TRANSFORMATION METHODS FOR FLOOD FREQUENCY ANALYSIS1
Authors: Jam D. , Singh V. P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:The SMEMAX transformation, its modified versions and power transformation were applied to 55 long‐term records of annual maximum flood flows tested previously for independence, homogeneity and completeness. Even though SMEMAX transformation reduced the coefficient of skewness to near zero for flood data, their distribution was not a true normal distribution. In almost all cases, the coefficient of kurtosis was quite different from 3.0 of the normal distribution. Empirical criteria showed that SMEMAX transformation performed well only for 40 (70 percent) of the 55 stations tested. Its performance level dropped, especially for stations which had both the coefficient of skewness and kurtosis greater than 3.0 and 10.0, respectively. Power transformation was generally better in transforming the flood data to a normal distribution. It performed well for 50 (90 percent) of the 55 stations tested. The coefficient of skewness in case of the data transformed by power transformation was much closer to the zero value than in the case of SMEMAX transformed series. The SMEMAX transformation and its two modified versions yielded identical results when flood frequency analysis was performed. Computationally, all three methods were equally simple and easy to apply for flood frequency analysis. In some cases, the coefficient of kurtosis for the transformed distributions obtained both by SMEMAX and power transformations deviated farther from that for the normal distribution than for the parent distribution.
EFFECTS OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS ON THE ACUTE TOXICITY OF ZINC TO DAPHNIA MAGNA AND PIMEPHALES PROMELAS1
Authors: Hall W. Scott , Dickson Kenneth L. , Saleh Farida Y. , Rodgers John H. , Wilcox Douglas , Entazami Azam
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Current procedures for setting site‐specific water quality criteria consider abiotic and biotic factors. Suspended solids were shown to be important in reducing zinc toxicity to water column organisms. At zinc concentrations of ∼ 1 mg/L in solutions with < 100 mg/L of all suspended solids tested, zinc toxicity to D. magna was reduced. Sorption of zinc to suspended solids and/or changes in water chemistry due to the addition of suspended solids appear to have been the factors causing reductions in zinc toxicity to D. magna. Only suspended solids levels of 483–734 mg/L of a type that increased total alkalinity, total hardness, and total dissolved carbon clearly reduced the toxicity of ∼ 20 mg/L zinc to P. promelas. The toxic form of zinc to these organisms appears to reside in the aqueous phase. Characteristics of suspended solids did not influence the partition coefficient of zinc in sorption experiments of 96 h. The slopes of dose‐response curves proved to be useful for assessing the potential of an organism to respond to changes in aqueous phase zinc concentrations, and may be a useful biological parameter when considering site‐specific water quality criteria for chemicals.
SPACE‐TIME MODELING OF VECTOR HYDROLOGIC SEQUENCES1
Authors: Deutsch Stuart Jay , Ramos Jose A.
Published: June 2007

Stochastic modeling of vector hydrologic sequences is examined with a general class of space‐time autoregressive integrated moving average (STARIMA) models. The models describe spatial and temporal autocorrelatjon, through dependent variables lagged both in space and time. The model structures incorporate a hierarchical ordering scheme to map the vector of observations into a network configuration. The neighboring structure used introduces a physical/geographical hierarchy to enable the model identification procedures to assist in determining appropriate correlative relationships. The three‐stage iterative space‐time model building procedure is illustrated using average monthly streamfiow data for a four‐station network of the Southeastern Hydropower System.
MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF SMALL STREAMS: SIGNIFICANCE AND FUNCTION1
Authors: Beschta Robert L. , Platts William S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Throughout the United States, land managers are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of small streams for a wide range of resource benefits. Where channel morphology is modified or structural features are added, stream dynamics and energy dissipation need to be considered. Unit stream power, defined here as the time‐rate loss of potential energy per unit mass of water, can be reduced by adding stream obstructions, increasing channel sinuosity, or increasing flow resistance with large roughness elements such as woody root systems, logs, boulders, or bedrock. Notable morphological features of small streams are pools, riffles, bed material, and channel banks. Pools, which vary in size, shape, and causative factors, are important rearing habitat for fish. Riffles represent storage locations for bed material and are generally utilized for spawning. The particle sizes and distributions of bed material influence channel characteristics, bedload transport, food supplies for fish, spawning conditions, cover, and rearing habitat. Riparian vegetation helps stabilize channel banks and contributes in various ways to fish productivity. Understanding each stream feature individually and in relation to all others is essential for proper stream management. Although engineered structures for modifying habitat may alter stream characteristics, channel morphology must ultimately be matched to the hydraulic, geologic, and (especially) vegetative constraints of a particular location.
DISTRIBUTION OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES IN A STREAM EXPOSED TO URBAN RUNOFF1
Authors: Garie Henry L. , McIntosh Alan
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A study of benthic macroinvertebrate community composition was conducted at eight sites along Shabakunk Creek, a small stream in Mercer County, New Jersey, which receives urban runoff. The relationship between changes in substrate composition and the nature of the benthic macroinvertebrate community has been examined. Organisms were collected seasonally from natural substrates in riffles. Attempts to employ artificial substrates for invertebrate collection proved unsuccessful, as the population on the samplers was not representative of that in the stream bed.

Number of total benthic macroinvertebrate taxa collected declined from 13 in relatively undeveloped upstream areas to four below heavily developed areas, while population density decreased simultaneously in the same areas. Periphyton samples collected from natural substrates were analyzed for selected heavy metals. Significantly higher heavy metal concentrations are reported from substrates sampled below heavily developed areas, and changes in these values are discussed with regard to changes in benthic macroinvertebrate distribution.