bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analisis Kepuasan Siswa Terhadap Penggunaan Google Classroom Di Jurusan DKV SMKN 1 Kamal
Authors: Nilasari Alfina Kusuma , Dellia Prita , Mutmainnah Mutmainnah , Wulandari Tria , Jantopal Jantopal
Published: July 2024

One innovation in the field of education is the development of learning media.  Google Classroom offers various conveniences for teaching and learning both online and offline. Google Classroom provides various features in the application, users can assign assignments, carry out assessments, publish information, and save learning archives. With a total of 54 respondents, the aim of this research was to find out how satisfied students were with using Google Classroom in the DKV department at SMKN 1 Kamal. The research methodology used is the PIECES framework which includes Performance, Information and Data, Economics, Control and Security, Efficiency and Service. The results of this research achieved an average score for each domain, namely the performance domain obtained a result of 4.027 (satisfied), the Information and Data field achieved a result of 3.976 (satisfied), the Economics domain obtained a result of 3.796 (satisfied) the Control and Security domain obtained a result of 3.824 (satisfied), the Efficiency domain obtained a score of 3.879 (satisfied), and the Service domain obtained a score of 3.888 (satisfied). The result of the total average level of satisfaction with using the classroom for all domains is 3.898 (satisfied).
Kurikulum Merdeka: Memperkuat Keterampilan Abad 21 untuk Generasi Emas
Authors: Mongkau Juan Gabriel , Pangkey Richard Daniel Herdi
Published: July 2024

The formulation of the problem in this study is how the implementation of Independent curriculum and the impression of 21st century skills for the golden generation. In the education system, the curriculum is considered a central and fundamental element in learning, thus becoming a crucial aspect in education. The Merdeka curriculum in Indonesia aims to create a golden generation of global competitiveness. The Merdeka curriculum can be an effective strategy to strengthen 21st century skills for Indonesia's Golden Generation, focusing on developing students ' potentials and skills, character education, and collaboration among all parties. The method in this research literature or literature review. A) determine the research topic of teaching 21st century skills in Primary School; b) search and collect various articles from Scopus website, Google Scholar and other journals; c) classify articles related to different types of research topics, d) synthesize relevant articles, noting the key points in each article; and e) write articles on synthetic results. Qualitative methods are used in data analysis methods. The Independent curriculum provides support for the development of each individual's potential and skills to strengthen character and prepare students to acquire the skills needed in global competition.
Kurikulum Merdeka: Meningkatkan Kualitas Pembelajaran dengan Kebebasan dan Fleksibilitas
Authors: Tunas Koni Olive , Pangkey Richard Daniel Herdi
Published: July 2024

How the implementation of Independent curriculum in improving the quality of learning with freedom and flexibility. The implementation of The Independent curriculum has brought significant changes in improving the quality of learning in Indonesia. This curriculum gives teachers, students and the community the freedom and comfort to create more innovative and creative content and learning methods. The curriculum must follow the essence and character of the Times and pay attention to the diversity and inclusiveness of the teaching and learning process. The Independent curriculum gives students the opportunity to get more meaningful and personalized learning. The purpose of this study to determine the concept of independent curriculum as an aspect of learning with freedom and flexibility. In this study using the type of qualitative research, using the method of literature study. The technique of collecting data in this study is by searching in electronic books (e book) and the latest scientific articles: looking for information in catalogs and library databases. With the aim of solving the problem by tracing the sources of writing that have been made before that are in line with the title of this study.
Transisi Kurikulum dan Dampaknya terhadap Pembelajaran di Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Sumilat Juliana Margareta , Harun Mutia
Published: July 2024

The objecive of this study is to find out the impact of curriculum transitions on learning. The research method used is the library study, which is the method of gathering data by understanding and studying theories from various literature related to research. The results of the study show that the curriculum transition that is taking place in Indonesia is to improve the quality of education. The independent curriculum aims to cover the shortcomings of the previous curricula and also or encourage students to acquire academic skills that will help them their goals and this curricule is in line with the needs of today's society. The implementation of this curriculum is expected to inspire future generations to continue to strive to improve the quality and competitiveness of their education, as well as to be a tool for achieving better results and competing in the world of national and international education.
Pengembangan E-Modul Berbasis Flipbook Pada Mata Pelajaran Produk Kreatif Dan Kewirausahaan
Authors: Salsabila Bella , Wahyudi Sri , Amelia Chandra Detri
Published: July 2024

Research on flipbook-based electronic modules (e-modules) in the learning of creative entrepreneurial products in class Implementation, 5) Evaluation. Research on the development of flipbook-based e-modules was carried out at the Ujungbatu vocational high school, Rokan Hulu Regency, Riau Province. The data collected was validation data tested by media experts and material experts.  The results from both experts show the category is very feasible.  The validation test carried out by media experts got a percentage of 85%, while the validation test score obtained by material experts got a percentage of 83%. Research on the development of digital flipbook-based e-modules involved 15 students in field tests by students getting a result of 84%, it can be concluded that the development of a flipbook-based e-module on the subject of creative entrepreneurial products is in the very suitable category for use
Penguatan Gender Dalam Pendidikan Islam
Authors: Asmuni Asmuni , Eka Saputra Darwin , Robiyanto Robiyanto , Bastomi Bastomi , Harto Kasinyo , Handayani Tutut
Published: July 2024

Issues related to gender issues have been discussed since humans existed in this world. Discriminatory acts against women occur because the patriarchal culture that has existed for thousands of years has become the doctrine that women are considered as people who do not need to be involved in economic, political, religious, and even educational matters. Social inequality which considers that women do not need to have a high formal education causes a lot of crime and violence against women. Even in the Islamic religion itself, women are greatly elevated in rank even though in some aspects there are boundaries that have been determined by religion. This paper uses the method research library by collecting various literature related to the discussion of gender strengthening in Islamic education.
Pengaruh Komunikasi Kerja Dan Komitmen Organisasi Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai Tetap Non Pegawai Negeri Sipil Di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusatprof. Dr. I.G.N.G. Ngoerah
Authors: Ketu Merta I , I Wayan Agus Sudika , Made Yusnimi Ni
Published: July 2024

This research took the research object at the Prof. Ngoerah Central General Hospital with the aim of analyzing the influence of Work Communication, Organizational Commitment on the Performance of Non-Civil Servant (PNS) employees using the grand theory of Management of State Civil Apparatus Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 5 of 2014, supporting Organizational behavior management theory. This research uses quantitative methods, questionnaires with sampling samples and the Slovin formula with four hypotheses. This research found: 1. Work Communication has a positive and significant effect on the Performance of Permanent Non-Civil Servant (PNS) Employees at Prof Ngoerah Central General Hospital 2. Work Communication has a significant positive effect on the Performance of Permanent Non-Civil Servant (PNS) Employees at Home Prof Ngoerah Central General Hospital, 3. Organizational Commitment has a positive and insignificant effect on the Performance of Permanent Non Civil Servant Employees (PNS) at the Central General Hospital Prof Ngoerah, 4. Organizational Commitment does not mediate work communication on the Performance of Permanent Non Civil Servant Employees (PNS) at Prof Ngoerah Central General Hospital. The implications of this research contribute simultaneously to Prof.Central General Hospital. Ngoerah, this research also found that Organizational Commitment has an insignificant effect so it is necessary to carry out further research.
Mentoring bagi para Mediator Hubungan Industrial sebagai suatu Intervensi Pengembangan Kompetensi Sumber Daya Manusia
Authors: Mangundjaya Wustari L.
Published: July 2024

In business, a harmonious relationship among the owner, management, and employees is ideal and needed by all parties.  However, in reality, this condition cannot always be achieved.  Many variables might hinder this harmonious relationship, such as misunderstanding, different perceptions, and different needs that consequently affect the relationship, and even this relationship needs a mediator to mediate the relationship.  In this regard, mediator play an essential role and consequently require special skills to conduct their roles professionally.  Meanwhile, not every mediator has mastered the roles that need an intervention program to develop the needy skills.  In this regard, mentoring was chosen as the intervention program for the Industrial Relation Mediator who works at the Ministry of Manpower Republic Indonesia from many regions in Indonesia.  This mentoring program was done in three stages with different objectives and methods. Evaluation results showed that participants were satisfied with the program.
Analisis Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe STAD Dilihat Dari Hasil Belajar IPA
Authors: Rohmah Ni’matur , Nanda Faradita Meirza , Naila Ishmatun
Published: July 2024

This study aims to describe the application of the STAD type cooperative learning model to science learning outcomes. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The subjects of this study were fourth grade students and teachers at MI Muhammadiyah 27 Surabaya. Data collection techniques used in this study are observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of the study show that the application of the STAD Type Cooperative learning model has been carried out properly and well. The STAD Type Cooperative Learning Model has 5 steps, namely the goal of directing learning and motivating students, presenting information, organizing and guiding students in groups, giving quizzes, and giving awards. The impact of applying this learning model can be seen during the learning process, namely by looking at the teachers and students who have implemented the 5 steps of the learning model correctly, so that the learning process goes well. Interaction between students and students with teachers is also visible and students can interact in groups. There was an increase in science learning outcomes after the implementation of the STAD Type Cooperative learning model.
Analisis Kemampuan Calon Guru Matematika Dalam Menyusun Perangkat Pembelajaran
Authors: Napitupulu Bettisari , Teresa Panjaitan Agnes , Sirampun Elsi
Published: July 2024

This study aims to the lesson-planning skills of prospective mathematics teachers. This research is a qualitative descriptive research. The data are student-created lesson plans. Upon reviewing these documents, the researcher focused on how well the objectives aligned with the learning model and the students’ worksheet. According to the study's findings, only one of the seven participants in selecting the cooperative learning model type STAD advanced to the group reward stage. Furthermore, one person selected STAD less accurate, as the materials would have been better suited for a cooperative learning model like TPS.  students’ worksheet which is developed by students is in accordance with the syntax of the STAD type Cooperative learning model. Five students selected the TPS-type cooperative learning model; however, two of them made an incorrect choice because the difficulties materials had a rather high. There are 6 people who choose the Discovery Learning (DL) model, but the material to be taught is too difficult if students have to discover concepts by themselves. Only 1 student chose the PBL model but this model is not suitable for the material to be taught and learning does not begin by presenting problems.
ADQUISICIÓN DE LA PROPIEDAD EN DERECHO ROMANO CLÁSICO
Authors: González Romanillos José Antonio
Published: July 2024

En el presente trabajo se realiza un análisis de las distintas formas de adquirir la propiedad que existían en Roma en la época clásica. Además, también se hace alusión a las distintas soluciones que se han adoptado en los códigos europeos modernos sobre las cuestiones que más problemas planteaban ya desde la época romana.
LA UNIVERSITAS CORDUBENSIS TUCUMANAE Y EL COLEGIO MONSERRAT. HISTORIA Y PROYECCIÓN. EL PADRE DUARTE Y QUIRÓS
Authors: Yanzi Ferreira Ramón Pedro
Published: July 2024

El presente trabajo presenta parte de la exposición brindada por el autor en oportunidad de la inauguración del ciclo de conferencias magistrales con motivo de la conmemoración del 335 aniversario del Colegio Nacional de Monserrat de la ciudad de Córdoba-Argentina. En él se destaca el rol de las Casas de Altos Estudios para el adelantamiento moral, social y cultural de las Indias.
EL IMPULSO POR LA SUSTENTABILIDAD A NIVEL MUNDIAL: UNA VISIÓN GENERAL DE ASIA Y EUROPA
Authors: Sosa Ríos Marconi
Published: July 2024

Esta investigación centra su interés en el estudio general de las preocupaciones ambientales en Asia y Europa en el marco de “la estrategia de cooperación Europa-Asia en el ámbito del medio ambiente”, puntualizando los casos de Bélgica y Singapur como referentes importantes del diseño de políticas ambientales en áreas fundamentales del desarrollo sustentable: agua, aire y suelo.El análisis de las políticas ambientales de Bélgica y Singapur representa un esfuerzo significativo para generar una reflexión de que los asuntos ambientales son una prioridad desde hace tiempo, no una moda pasajera, sino un verdadero compromiso y una responsabilidad de todos los países para garantizar una mejor calidad de vida, bienestar para los ciudadanos y mejores condicionesmedioambientales.
LA POSESIÓN EN EL CÓDIGO CIVIL Y LAS RUPTURAS EN EL PROYECTO DE REFORMA CIVIL DE 1936
Authors: Moyano Raquel Virginia
Published: July 2024

El instituto de la posesión es regulado en el Código Civil de 1871. El proyecto de reforma integral civil se presenta en 1936. El trabajo realiza el cotejo del derecho positivo sobre tres ejes temáticos para verificar la existencia de rupturas entre el tratamiento de ambas fuentes jurídicas.
EXTENSIÓN MODAL EN LA DONACIÓN
Authors: Freytes Alejandro Enrique
Published: July 2024

Las previsiones del Código Civil y Comercial de la Nación sobre las donaciones modales y su revocación por incumplimiento del cargo generan interesantes y aún no extinguidas cavilaciones doctrinarias y jurisprudenciales. La más acusada y preocupante es la relativa al carácter perpetuo o temporal que debe asignársele al cargo si no se ha convenido un plazo de consumación. El asunto está íntimamente relacionado a los vínculos perpetuos, a la necesidad de liberar al donatario luego de un plazo razonable, y a impedir que el donante pueda dejar sin efecto el acto si el beneficiario quebranta el modo.
LAS MEDIDAS CAUTELARES AMBIENTALES: SU INTERPOSICIÓN POR EL MINISTERIO PÚBLICO FISCAL EN LA PROVINCIA DE CÓRDOBA
Authors: López Juan Bautista
Published: July 2024

Este artículo se propone analizar las facultades procesales que posee el Ministerio Público Fiscal de la Provincia de Córdoba para procurar la tutela del ambiente, principalmente mediante la interposición de medidas cautelares ambientales. A la luz de su misión institucional y del orden público ambiental, se examinan las reglas procesales a partir de las cuales este órgano interviene en los procesos judiciales, ya sea de manera necesaria, ya sea de manera facultativa. Bajo tal relectura, se evalúan las posibilidades concretas de actuación en asuntos ambientales, y la relevancia de su intervención.
الكتابة التاريخية في العصر البويهي ميزاتها -أنواعها(334 – 447 هـ / 945 – 1055 م)
Authors: علي حلو حسن م.د
Published: July 2024

استطاع البويهيون فرض سيطرتهم على الخلافة العباسية بدخولهم بغداد سنة (334 هـ/ 945 م) وتحكمهم بمقدرات الخلافة ، وإطلاق سياسة عزل الخلفاء عن السياسة التي حكموا بها العراق ، وبالرغم من ذلك فإنهم استكملوا الحركة العلمية بجميع جوانبها ، وخاصة المجال التأريخي الذي عاد ونشط في نطاق التدوين ، وتنوعت مناهجه التي كانت حصيلة العصور السابقة ، فضلًا عن تنوع مناهج المؤرخين ، واعتماد أساليب جديدة في التدوين مع دمج الفنون التأريخية ، فنالت الحركة التأريخية بذلك حظًّا وافرًا من الاهتمام مما أدى إلى ظهور نتاج تأريخي مميز قدمه عدد من المؤرخين .
Port State Control of Offshore Supply Ships, MODU and FPSO Units
Authors: Peričin Ljiljana , Vučetić Šime , Grbić Luka , Milin Svetko
Published: July 2024

The Port State Control system aims to ensure that all ships are subject to regular inspections, with particular attention to the ships of insufficient quality. To this end, during the inspection, priority is given to ships that are considered risky. Thetis database is an information system that contributes to the implementation of the Port State Control within the EU (European Unit). It contains data on inspections performed in the EU ports and the Paris Memorandum area. The Paris Memorandum has 27 member states and covers the waters of European coastal states and the North Atlantic basin from North America to Europe. The main goal of the Paris MoU (Memorandum of Understanding) is to eliminate substandard ships through a harmonized Port State Control system. Namely, inspections should ensure that ships meet international safety standards, are safe for the environment, and provide adequate living and working conditions for workers. The primary responsibility for ensuring these standards rests with the ship owner/shipper while the responsibility for ensuring such compliance rests with the flag state. The aim of this analysis is to determine the number of inspections performed in the ports of the Republic of Croatia and the Republic of Italy, to identify the cause of ship detentions and the most common deficiencies of offshore supply vessels, MODU (Mobile Offshore Drilling Units) and FPSO (Floating Production Storage and Offloading) Units. In the observed period, the impact of the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic was significant, resulting in the decline in the numbers of inspections performed in 2020 and 2021. In 2022, the number of inspections increased, but it still has not reached its pre-pandemic level. During the period that was the subject of research, port state inspections in the Republic of Croatia and the Republic of Italy revealed 241 deficiencies. Five areas with the largest number of deficiencies are: Certificate & Documentation, Safety of Navigation, Fire Safety, ISM, and Life-saving appliances, which follow the trend of the lack in the areas of the Paris Memorandum. The greatest increase in deficiencies was recorded in the areas of Labor Conditions-Health protection, Certificate & Documents (Crew Certificate, Documents), Emergency System and Fire safety area, which led to an increase in the number of offshore supply ships retention during the first half of 2022.
The impact of Covid-19 on
the performance of seaports
Authors: Kammoun Rabeb , Abdennadher Chokri
Published: July 2024

The COVID-19 outbreak had a serious effect on the global economy, particularly the volume of port trade. This article was intended to fill an important gap noticeable in the existing studies, by specifically investigating the impacts of the economic landscape, severity of the outbreak, and governmental control measures on the import and export goods of eight seaports in Tunisia. To achieve this, we employed panel regression models, utilizing a time series dataset spanning from the first quarter of 2020 to the third quarter of 2022. Based on the attained results, the preventive measures and stringent governmental control index and the cumulative number of confirmed cases have negative impact on the imported and exported goods, though the exported goods has been rather severely affected by the spread pandemic. At the economic level, the industrial added value has been discovered to be significantly and positively correlated with the imported and exported cargos respective throughputs, while GDP turned out to be significantly and negatively correlated with imported and exported goods. Such findings, we reckon, could be of great help to the shipping companies, port operators as well as the governmental authorities to shift strategies and opt for appropriate measures likely to help in coping with any potential effects of similar crises.
Teacher Salary and Turnover in the USA and China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Zhang Qiyang , Grant Ashley , Pellegrini Marta , Neitzel Amanda Jean
Published: July 2024

Teacher turnover influences students’ performance in a negative way. Among all reasons, unsatisfying salary could be a main factor contributing to teachers leaving their profession. Yet, little is known about how contextual moderators affect this relationship and most past research focuses on the US context. This meta-analysis seeks to compare the relationship between turnover and salary in the US and China while differentiating turnover intention from real turnover rate. Applying a set of screening criteria, we identified 21 studies (five in China and 16 in the US), which produced a statistically significant relationship (OR = 0.99, p < .05). This result means that salary had a negative relationship with turnover - where more salary is related with a lower chance of teacher turnover. As for moderator analysis, we found a significant difference between urban schools as compared to rural and combined school types (p = 0.01). There was no statistically significant difference in the relationship between salary and turnover in studies conducted in the US and China, or studies in public and private schools or studies in middle and primary schools. Our findings contribute to the field of research around teacher turnover by reinforcing the significant role that salary continues to play in teachers’ decisions to stay in the classroom or leave. Additionally, this study expands the geographical scope of the research on teacher turnover and salary beyond the United States to include studies of Chinese teachers as well.
Hearing the unheard: A qualitative insight into the meaning and consequences of feeling (un)heard as a group in society
Authors: Roos Carla Anne , Jacobs Renske , Schill Tess , Tweeling Esmée
Published: July 2024

Various groups in current day societies around the world feel unheard by their government, other institutions (e.g., universities or companies) or their society at large. In news coverage about these groups, feeling unheard is often linked to (violent) protesting, populist voting, and even conspiratorial thinking. Interestingly, disregarding these important societal consequences, there is a lack of empirical research into what it means to feel unheard or heard as a collective, what are the consequences of this experience, and whether it has the same meaning and similar consequences for groups with different positions in society. We therefore aimed to gain a qualitative, participant-driven understanding of this experience through interviews (Ntotal = 61) with participants belonging to five different groups in the Netherlands that purportedly felt collectively unheard. Based on inductive thematic analyses, we define feeling collectively heard as “the experience of being able to directly or indirectly express one’s group’s identity and situation to others that respect the group and are motivated to know and understand its experiences”. The results further show that feeling collectively unheard can have important intra- and interpersonal and intra- and intergroup consequences, ranging from giving up one’s group identity to seeking out fellow group members for social support, and ranging from voicing in protest to becoming silent. We discuss the findings and their implications in light of the broader social psychological literature.
Statistical Analysis Plan for Adolescents’ Resilience and Treatment Needs for Mental health in Indian Slums (ARTEMIS) study: a cluster randomized trial
Authors: Ghosh Arpita , Billot Laurent , Yatirajula Sandhya Kanaka , Thornicroft Graham , Maulik Pallab
Published: July 2024

This statistical analysis plan describes the statistical methods to be used in the analyses of data from ARTEMIS study. This document is based on ARTEMIS PROTOCOL Version 9.0 dated 22/02/2024 (https://osf.io/crw6m). It describes the final analyses for evaluation of intervention at 12 months from randomization.The study aims to test clinical effectiveness and effectiveness of implementation strategies to identify and reduce depression, other significant emotional or medically unexplained complaints and suicide risk among adolescents living in urban slums. We hypothesise that:1.a community-based anti-stigma campaign will lead to significant improvements in community behaviours toward adolescents with depression, other significant emotional or medically unexplained complaints, and increased risk of self-harm/suicide; and 2.a mobile device-based decision support system will improve the treatment of adolescents at high risk of depression, other significant emotional or medically unexplained complaints, and increased risk of self-harm/suicide for this project and lead to higher remission rates from depression and reduced suicide risk.
Examining What Works for Whom and How in Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) for Recurrent Depression: A Moderated-Mediation Analysis in the PREVENT Trial (in press)
Authors: Montero-Marin Jesus , Hinze Verena , Maloney Shannon , van der Velden Anne Maj , Hayes Rachel , Watkins Edward R , Byford Sarah , Dalgleish Tim , Kuyken Willem
Published: July 2024

Background: Personalized management of recurrent depression, considering individual patient characteristics, is crucial. Aims: This study evaluates the potentially different mediating role of mindfulness skills in managing recurrent depression using mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) among patients with varying depression severity. Method: Data from the PREVENT trial, comparing MBCT (with antidepressant medication (ADM) tapering support, MBCT-TS) vs. maintenance-ADM, was used. The study included pre, post, 9-, 12-, 18-, and 24-month follow-ups. Adult patients with ≥3 previous major depressive episodes, in full/partial remission (below threshold for a current episode), on ADM, were assessed for eligibility in primary care practices in the UK. Patients were randomized (1:1) to MBCT-TS or maintenance-ADM. We used the Beck Depression Inventory-II to evaluate depressive symptom changes over the six time points. Pre-post treatment, we employed the Five Facets of Mindfulness Questionnaire to gauge mindfulness skills. Baseline symptom and history variables were used to identify patients with varying severity profiles. We conducted Latent Profile Moderated-Mediation Growth Mixture Models. Results: A total of 424 patients (mean (SD) age=49.44 (12.31) years; with 325 (76.7%) self-identified as female) were included. A mediating effect of mindfulness skills, between trial arm allocation and the linear rate of depressive symptoms change over 24 months, moderated by depression severity, was observed (moderated-mediation index=-0.27, 95%CI=-0.66, -0.03). Conditional indirect effects were -0.42 (95%CI=-0.78, -0.18) for higher severity (expected mean BDI-II reduction=10 points), and -0.15 (95%CI=-0.35, -0.02) for lower severity (expected mean BDI-II reduction=3.5 points). Conclusions: Mindfulness skills constitute a unique mechanism driving change in MBCT (vs. maintenance-ADM). Patients with higher depression severity may benefit most from MBCT-TS for residual symptoms. It is unclear if these effects apply to those with a current depressive episode. Future research should investigate individuals who are not on medication. This study provides preliminary evidence for personalized management of recurrent depression.
Communicating aquatic safety to national parks visitors in Queensland, Australia via social media: campaign co-design and pilot evaluation
Authors: Cornell Samuel , Piatkowski Timothy , Brander Robert W , Peden Amy
Published: July 2024

Background: Social media is a major driver of tourism to aquatic sites in national parks where increased tourist numbers and risky behaviours are leading to injuries and deaths. This study co-designed a social media safety campaign with Queensland National Parks and Wildlife Service (QPWS) to evaluate whether messages reach park visitors and impact behaviours at a known injury hotspot. Methods: Social media posts describing risks in national parks locations popular with social media users were promoted on Instagram and Facebook between January and February 2024. Quantitative analysis of in-person survey data of visitors to Curtis Falls in Tamborine National Park was conducted, as well as analysis of campaign sentiment and metrics. Results: The social media communication campaign was well received by social media users with a high number of engagements with the campaign content including four thousand link clicks, 100+ shares and 254 saves across the communication materials presented. Content analysis of comments on social media revealed that some respondents (20%) felt the tone of the organic content component of the communication campaign was patronising, while others (20%) were pleased to receive messages around safety in national parks. In-person surveys (n=50) showed that 78% of respondents use social media to find places to visit in nature, 74% often or occasionally rely on social media for information or inspiration about their national parks visit with 39% relying on national parks content on social media pages. A third (32%) recalled (prompted) at least one of the communication materials from Instagram. Almost half (48%) considered QPWS safety communications somewhat or very effective on social media. Conclusions: Results suggest that social media may be a useful way to encourage safer behaviours around aquatic hazards in National Parks among social media users. We recommend communicating with social media users more frequently with messages that have been co-designed with end-users. Influencers may also represent a useful avenue to pursue but further research is needed to find the most effective communication strategy.
FunMaps: a toolbox for parcellating functional brain networks using resting-state functional MRI data
Authors: Shao Jiayu , Gotts Stephen J , Martin Alex , Persichetti Andrew
Published: July 2024

Parcellations of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data are widely used to create topographical maps of functional networks in the human brain. While such network maps are highly useful for studying brain organization and function, they usually require large sample sizes to make them, thus creating practical limitations for researchers that would like to carry out parcellations on data collected in their labs. Furthermore, it can be difficult to quantitatively evaluate the results of a parcellation since networks are usually identified using a clustering algorithm, like principal components analysis, on the results of a single group-averaged connectivity map. To address these challenges, we developed the FunMaps toolbox: a parcellation routine that intrinsically incorporates stability and replicability of the parcellation by keeping only network distinctions that agree across halves of the data over multiple random iterations. Here, we demonstrate the efficacy and flexibility of FunMaps, while describing step-by-step instructions for running the program. The FunMaps toolbox is publicly available on GitHub (https://github.com/persichetti-lab/FunMaps). It includes source code for running the parcellation and auxiliary code for preparing data, evaluating the parcellation, and displaying the results.
VocalNotes: Investigating the Perception of Note Pitch and Boundaries through Varying Transcriptions of Vocal Performances from Five Musical Cultures
Authors: Proutskova Polina , Chiba Gakuto , Crowdus Miranda , Nikolaenko Iuliia , Ozaki Yuto , Shuster Lawrence B , Velichkina Olga , Yu Zhaoxin , Yue Wei , Zuckerberg Gabriel A , Killick Andrew , Mcbride John , Phillips Elizabeth Marie , Savage Patrick E.
Published: July 2024

The VocalNotes project investigated how expert traditional music listeners conceive of notes in vocal performances by studying similarities and differences in their transcriptions. Teams of experts from five musical traditions (Japanese folk song, Chinese bangzi opera, Russian traditional village singing, Alpine yodelling, and Romaniote Jewish chanting) each transcribed ~10 minutes of vocal recordings from their culture, where manual transcription consisted of segmentation and note pitch correction, starting from an automatically extracted pitch curve. The experts then compared their independent transcriptions and looked for factors which could have led to disagreements. Western staff notation is not suitable for investigating such variances, because it does not represent sufficiently fine gradations of pitch and timing. We therefore used tools that allowed more precise annotations, namely Tony for segmentation, and Sonic Visualiser for note pitch correction and transcription comparison. We found that overall agreement was prevalent and the concept of note was generally applicable for analysis of vocal performances. Yet in some contexts disagreements were abundant, with the note concept reaching its limits. We identified four primary contexts which led to disagreements across several musical cultures: 1) differences in cultural knowledge between the transcribers, 2) differences in interpreting syllabic boundaries, 3) intra-syllabic pitch changes, and 4) “voice splash” - abrupt pitch changes caused by vocal techniques or used as an expressive device. The VocalNotes dataset, containing the audio of the musical fragments, annotations, and song documentation, has been published for replicability and further research.
An expert guide to planning experimental tasks for evidence accumulation modelling
Authors: Boag Russell James , Innes Reilly James , Stevenson Niek , Bahg Giwon , Busemeyer Jerome R , Cox Gregory Edward , Donkin Chris , Frank Michael , Hawkins Guy , Heathcote Andrew , Hedge Craig , Lerche Veronika , Lilburn Simon , Logan Gordon D. , Matzke Dora , Miletic Steven , Osth Adam F , Palmeri Thomas , Sederberg Per B. , Singmann Henrik , Smith Philip L. , Stafford Tom , Steyvers Mark , Strickland Luke Joseph Gough , Trueblood Jennifer S , Tsetsos Konstantinos , Turner Brandon , Usher Marius , van Maanen Leendert , van Ravenzwaaij Don , Vandekerckhove Joachim , voss andreas , Weichart Emily Ruth , Weindel Gabriel , White Corey , Evans Nathan J. , Brown Scott , Forstmann Birte
Published: July 2024

Evidence accumulation models (EAMs) are powerful tools for making sense of human and animal decision-making behaviour. EAMs have generated significant theoretical advances in psychology, behavioural economics, and cognitive neuroscience, and are increasingly used as a measurement tool in clinical research and other applied settings. Obtaining valid and reliable inferences from EAMs depends on knowing how to establish a close match between model assumptions and features of the task/data to which the model is applied. However, this knowledge is rarely articulated in the EAM literature, leaving beginners to rely on the private advice of mentors and colleagues, and on inefficient trial-and-error learning. In this article, we provide practical guidance for designing tasks appropriate for EAMs, for relating experimental manipulations to EAM parameters, for planning appropriate sample sizes, and for preparing data and conducting an EAM analysis. Our advice is based on prior methodological studies and the authors’ substantial collective experience with EAMs. By encouraging good task design practices, and warning of potential pitfalls, we hope to improve the quality and trustworthiness of future EAM research and applications.
Beyond Bias: Studying ‘culture’ in LLMs and AI chatbots
Authors: Hau Mark Friis , Hendriksen Christian
Published: July 2024

This paper argues for a conceptual shift in the understanding of Large Language Models (LLMs) withinethnographic and organizational studies, proposing a framework that interprets biases in LLMs not asextrinsic flaws, but as intrinsic culture. Drawing from Bruno Latour's Actor-Network Theory (ANT), thisstudy conceptualizes LLMs as actants that participate dynamically within networks of human and nonhumanentities. By recognizing biases as reflective of the training data's cultural imprints, thisframework positions LLMs as embedded within the cultural, social, and ideological currents that shapeand are shaped by these technologies. The paper argues for a reconceptualization of AI's role in researchand practice, urging a methodological and ethical engagement that embraces the constitutive nature of‘AI culture’ in shaping organizational and societal dynamics.
प्रायोगिक भाषाविज्ञानको क्षेत्र
Authors: निरौला लिलाराम
Published: July 2024

विचार विनिमयको माध्यम भाषा हो । मानिसले आफ्ना मनका इच्छा चाहना भावना आदिलाई बोलीको माध्यमबाट अरुसमक्ष प्रस्तुत गर्दछ र अरुका विचारहरुलाई पनि ग्रहण गर्दछ । यसरी मानवीय उच्चारण अवयवबाट उच्चरित सार्थक ध्वनिहरुको समूहलाई नै हामी भाषा भनेर चिन्दछाँै । हुुन त पशुुपंक्षी, जनवार आदि जीव जन्तुले पनि आफ्ना विचारहरु आपसमा साट्ने र बुुझ्नेसम्म पनि गर्दछन् तर त्यसलाई हामी भाषा भन्दैनाँै । मानिसले पनि विभिन्न माध्यमबाट आफ्ना विचारहरु एक अर्कामा साटासाट गरिहेका हुुन्छन् । जस्तै आँखा झिम्क्याएर, हातले इसारा गरेर, ताली बजाएर आदि यस्ता खालका आवजलाई पनि भाषावैज्ञानिक सन्दर्भमा भाषा मानिँदैन । खासगरी स्वर र व्यञ्जन वर्णका ध्वनिहरु छुुट्याउन सकिनेगरी मानिसका उच्चारण अवयवबाट उच्चरित सार्थक आवाजलाई मात्र भाषा भनिन्छ (भुषाल , केशव , (२०७५) भाषाविज्ञान) । भाषाको विकास मानव सभ्यताको सुरुवातदेखि नै भएको हो भन्नेकुरा सहज अनुमान लगाउन सकिन्छ । जीवनयापन गर्ने क्रममा आफूलाई आइपरेका विभिन्न अनुभवहरु साटासाट गर्न मानिसले प्रयोग गर्ने माध्यम नै भाषा हो । विचार विनिमयका लागि प्रयोग गरिने भाषाको वैज्ञानिक र व्यवस्थि ढङ्गले अध्ययन गर्ने शास्त्रलाई नै भाषाविज्ञान भनिन्छ । सामान्य भाषाविज्ञान र प्रायोगिका भाषाविज्ञान गरी भाषाविज्ञानलाई दुई प्रकारमा विभाजन गरिन्छ । सामान्य भाषाविज्ञानले भाषाका सार्वभौम मान्यता , विशेषता , सिद्धान्त , नियम ... प्रतिपादन गर्ने गर्दछ भने त्यस्ता प्रतिपादित तथ्यहरुलाई विधिसम्मत प्रयोग गर्ने कार्य प्रायोगिक भाषाविज्ञाज अन्तर्गत गरिन्छ । तसर्थ सामान्य भाषाविज्ञान सैद्धान्तिक हुन्छ भने प्रायोगिक भाषाविज्ञान व्यावहारिक हुन्छ । प्रस्तुत अध्ययनमा प्रयोगिक भाषाविज्ञानका के कस्ता क्षेत्र छन् भनी खोज गर्नु र विश्लेषण गर्नु अध्ययनको उद्देश्य रहेको छ । यो अध्ययन गुणात्मक अनुसन्धान ढाँचामा प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ भने अनुसन्धानमा विभिन्न प्रकाशनहरुबाट प्रकाशित पुस्तक , लेख आदिलाई सूचना सङ्कलनका स्रोत मानिएको छ । सूचनाहरु धेरैजसो द्वितीय स्रोतबाट नै लिई व्याख्यात्मक र विश्लेषणात्मक ढङ्गबाट प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । प्रायोगिक भाषाविज्ञानका सीमित र व्यापक गरी दुईओटा क्षेत्र रहेका र ती क्षेत्रभित्र पनि विभिन्न विधा(क्षेत्र) रहेका छन् भन्ने निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ ।
विजय मल्लका नाटकमा अहम् रक्षायुक्ति
Authors: Gharti Durga Bahadur
Published: July 2024

प्रस्तुत लेख विजय मल्लका नाटकमा प्रयुक्त अहम् रक्षायुक्तिको अध्ययनमा केन्द्रित छ । विजय मल्लका पूर्णाङ्की नाटकमा विभिन्न प्रकारका अहम् रक्षायुक्तिको प्रयोग गरिएको पाइन्छ । उनका नाटकमा पात्रहरूले वास्तविक रूपमा पूरा हुन नसकेका अचेतनका इच्छा वा आवेगहरूको अप्रत्यक्ष रूपमा सन्तुष्टि वा निष्प्रभावीकरणका लागि विभिन्न उपाय गरेको देखिन्छ । त्यो अहम् रक्षायुक्ति हो र त्यसले अहम्को क्षति हुनबाट रोक्दछ । त्यसलाई मनोरचना पनि भनिन्छ । त्यो फ्रायडीय मनोविश्लेषणसँग सम्बन्धित छ । सिग्मन्ड फ्रायडले विभिन्न प्रकारका रक्षायुक्तिको व्याख्या गरेका छन् । फ्रायडले प्रस्तुत गरेका अहम् रक्षायुक्तिको सिद्धान्तलाई यस अध्ययनमा मुख्य सैद्धान्तिक आधारका रूपमा लिइएको छ । विजय मल्लका पूर्णाङ्की नाटकमा अहम् रक्षायुक्तिको प्रयोग केकस्तो छ भन्ने जिज्ञासाको समाधान खोज्नु नै यस अध्ययनको मुख्य उद्देश्य हो । गुणात्मक पद्धतिमा आधारित यस अध्ययनका लागि सामग्री सङ्कलन पुस्तकालयकार्यद्वारा गरिएको छ र सामग्रीको विश्लेषण विषयवस्तु विश्लेषण विधिमा गरिएको छ । सामग्रीको विमर्शबाट विजय मल्लका पूर्णाङ्की नाटकमा पात्रहरूले अहम्को रक्षाका लागि विभिन्न प्रकारका रक्षायुक्तिको उपयोग गरेका छन् भन्ने नतिजामा पुगिन्छ । अहम् रक्षायुक्तिका प्रयोगले मल्लका नाटक प्रभावकारी बनेका छन् भन्ने यस अध्ययनको निष्कर्ष रहेको छ ।
कमिलाको प्वाँख सङ्ग्रहका कवितामा छन्दप्रयोग
Authors: Paudyal Eknarayan
Published: July 2024

प्रस्तुत अनुसन्धानात्मक लेखमा नेपाली साहित्यमा छन्दकविका रूपमा परिचित प्रकाश चापागाईँ (२०१७) को कमिलाको प्वाँख (२०८०) मा सङ्गृहीत कविताहरूको शास्त्रीय छन्दप्रयोगका आधारमा विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । यसअघि छन्दप्रयोगका दृष्टिले प्रस्तुत सङ्ग्रहका कविताहरूको अध्ययन नभएका कारण यो विषयशीर्षक चयन गरिएको हो । यस सङ्ग्रहमा एघारवटा छन्दमा लेखिएका एकासीवटा कविता रहेका छन् । यी कविताहरूमा प्रयुक्त छन्द अध्ययनका लागि प्राथमिक तथा द्वितीयक सामग्री प्रयोग गरिएको छ । छन्दप्र्रयोगका दृष्टिले कविता केकस्ता छन् भन्ने प्रश्न र यसको समाधानमा केन्द्र्रित यस अनुसन्धानमा प्रयुक्त छन्दको लक्षणसँग सम्बन्धित शास्त्रीय नियमलाई आधार बनाइएको छ । गुणात्मक प्रकृतिको यस अध्ययनमा व्याख्यात्मक र विश्लेषणात्मक विधिद्वारा कविताहरूको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । अध्ययनका क्रममा सबै कविताहरू वार्णिक छन्दमा रचिएका र ती पाउ, श्लोक, गण, गति, यति, शब्दचयन, अनुप्रास आदि छन्दका आवश्यक तत्त्वका दृष्टिले हेर्दा उपयुक्त रहेका पाइएको छ । एघारवटा छन्द प्रयोग भए पनि कवितामा प्रयुक्त छन्दको सङ्ख्या, कविताको भाव र भावअनुसारको शब्दचयन आदि आधारमा हेर्दा शार्दूलविक्रीडित छन्दमा कविको सिद्धहस्तता रहेको ठहर गरिएको छ, साथै प्रस्तुत सङ्ग्रहका कविताहरू समकालीन नेपाली छन्दोबद्ध कविताका क्षेत्रमा अग्रपङ्क्तिमा रहनाका साथै उच्चस्तरीय छन् भन्ने निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ ।
मातृत्व कथामा प्रयुक्त मनोभाव र भाषा
Authors: Chaulagain Prem Prasad
Published: July 2024

प्रस्तुत लेख मनोभाषाविज्ञानले निर्देश गरेको उत्तेजना प्रतिक्रिया पद्धतिका आधारमा ‘मातृत्व’ कथामा अभिव्यक्त मनोभाव र भाषाको विश्लेषणमा केन्द्रित छ । मनोभाषाविज्ञानका अनुसार मनोभावको प्रतिक्रियाका रूपमा भाषाको प्रयोग हुन्छ । मनोभावहरू उत्तेजना हुन् भने भाषिक प्रयोग चाहिँ प्रतिक्रिया हुन् । यसर्थ मनोभावअनुसार भाषाको प्रयोग हुन्छ र उक्त भाषिक प्रयोगले मनोभावको उत्पत्तिमा पनि प्रेरक भूमिका निर्वहन गर्दछ । यस लेखमा यही उत्तेजना प्रतिक्रिया पद्धतिका आधारमा मातृत्व कथामा प्रयुक्त भाव र भाषाको विश्लेषण गरी प्राप्त भएको निष्कर्ष प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । मातृत्व कथामा भाषाप्रयोग गर्ने पात्रहरू ममता, सुबोध, छोराछोरी र एक जना भाइ छन् । यी सबै पात्रहरूको मनस्थिति फरक फरक छ । मनस्थितिअनुसार यी पात्रहरूमा मनमा जिज्ञासा, सन्तुष्टि, शङ्का, अरुचि, नैराश्य, उपेक्षा, पश्चात्ताप, ग्लानि, घृणा, क्रूरता, पीडा, सहयोग र प्रेमभाव उत्पन्न भएका छन् । यी भावको अभिव्यक्तिका लागि कथामा विस्मयादिबोधक शब्द, निपात, विशिष्ट पद÷फ्दावलीका साथै निश्चयार्थक, प्रश्नार्थक, आज्ञार्थक र इच्छार्थक भावका वाक्यहरूको प्रयोग भएको छ । कथामा पूर्ववर्ती भाषिक संरचनाले पारेको मानसिक प्रभावका अभिव्यक्तिका रूपमा उत्तरवर्ती भाषिक संरचनाको प्रयोग भएकाले मानसिक भाव, भावअनुरूपको भाषा र भाषाले पारेको मानसिक प्रभावको शृङ्खलामा कथा विन्यस्त छ भन्ने स्पष्ट हुन्छ । यसैले मनोभाषाविज्ञानको उत्तेजना प्रतिक्रिया पद्धतिले निर्देश गरेअनुसार मातृत्व कथामा भाषाप्रयोक्ताको मनोभावअनुसार भाषिक संरचनाको प्रयोग भएको छ र त्यसले श्रोताको मनलाई पनि प्रभावित बनाएको छ भन्ने निचोड प्रस्तुत अध्ययनबाट प्राप्त भएको छ ।
नेपाली उखानमा लैङ्गिकता
Authors: Silwal Ananda Raj
Published: July 2024

प्रस्तुत आलेख नेपाली उखानमा लैङ्गिकता शीर्षकमा आधारित रहेको छ । लोकजीवनको सूत्रात्मक कथनलाई उखान मानिन्छ । लोकजीवनमा प्रचलनमा रहेका अर्थपूर्ण स–साना वाक्य उखान हुन् । यस्ता साना वाक्यहरूलाई मानव अनुभवको अमूल्य रत्नका रुपमा लिइन्छ । उखान मानव अनुभवको दीर्घकालीन ज्ञानबाट सिर्जित हुन्छन् । यिनले लोकजीवनको अनुभवद्वारा जनमानसलाई प्रभावित तथा उत्कर्षता प्रदान गर्दछन् । उखान सङ्क्षिप्त, सारगर्भित र प्रभावशाली हुन्छन् । समाजमा लिङ्गका आधारमा नारी र पुरुषलाई हेर्ने मान्यता नै लैङ्गिकता हो । प्रचलित केही नेपाली उखानमा नारीलाई सम्मान गरेको पाइन्छ भने केहीमा अपमान गरेको पाइन्छ । त्यसैगरी केही नेपाली उखानमा पुरुषलाई सम्मान गरेको पाइन्छ भने केहीमा पुरुषलाई अपमान गरेको पाइन्छ । यसरी नेपाली समाजमा आदिकालदेखि नारी र पुरुषका बिचमा भएका सम्मान र अपमानका व्यवहारगत यथार्थ सूत्रका रुपमा उखानमा आएका हुन्छन् । यसकारण प्रस्तुत शीर्षक अध्ययनीय रहेको छ । यसका बारेमा विविध कोणबाट अध्ययन भए पनि अहिलेसम्म लैङ्गिकताका आधारमा अध्ययन नभएको सन्दर्भमा प्रस्तुत अध्ययन आफैमा महत्त्वपूर्ण रहेको छ । नेपाली उखानलाई लैङ्गिकतासँग जोडेर अध्ययन नभएको सन्दर्भमा यसैअनुरूप विश्लेषण गर्नु प्रस्तुत आलेखको मुख्य काम हो । प्रस्तुत मूल समस्याको समाधानार्थ नेपाली उखानमा लैङ्गिकता केकस्तोे छ ? भन्ने प्राज्ञिक जिज्ञासाको उत्तरका लागि लैङ्गिकतामा आधारित रहेका केही नेपाली उखानको विश्लेषण गरी समस्यागत रिक्तताको परिपूर्ति गर्ने काम यसमा गरिएको छ । प्रस्तुत आलेखमा विविध कोणबाट उखानका बारेमा आजसम्म भएका पूर्वकार्यको समीक्षा गरी अध्ययनको समस्यागत रिक्तताको खोजी गर्ने काम गरिएको छ । प्रस्तुत आलेखमा नेपाली उखानको लैङ्गिकताका आधारमा विश्लेषण गर्नका लागि पुस्तकालयीय अध्ययन कार्यबाट सङ्कलित प्राथमिक तथा द्वितीयक स्रोतका सामग्रीको समष्टिगत गुणात्मक पद्धतिअनुरुप विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । नेपाली लोकजीवनमा प्रचलनमा रहेका समभाव सिर्जना गर्ने खालका उखानहरूको संरक्षण गर्दै सामाजिक सद्भाव भङ्ग गर्ने खालका उखानहरूलाई प्रयोगबाट हटाउनु आवश्यक छ । नेपाली समाजमा प्रचलित एकाध उखानबाहेक विपरित लिङ्गले विपरित लिङ्गलाई सम्मानभाव र समान लिङ्गले समान लिङ्गलाई अपमानभाव दर्साएको स्पष्ट हुन्छ । यस्तो निष्कर्षमा आधारित प्रस्तुत अध्ययनले सम्बद्ध क्षेत्रका अध्येतालाई प्राज्ञिक मार्गदर्शन गर्नेछ ।
लाहुरी भैँसी कथाका द्वन्द्वात्मक पक्षहरू
Authors: Sharma Ganesh Prasad
Published: July 2024

यो लेख रमेश विकलको ‘लाहुरी भैँसी’ कथाका द्वन्द्वात्मक पक्षहरूको अध्ययनमा केन्द्रित रहेको छ । विकल सामाजिक यथार्थवादी कथाकार भनेर चिनिएका भए पनि उनका कथामा मनोवैज्ञानिकताको उपयोग पनि गरिएको छ । यसले गर्दा उनका कथामा पाइने द्वन्द्व मनोवैज्ञानिक र सामाजिक दुवै किसिमको देखिन्छ । उल्लेखित कथामा केन्द्रित भएर द्वन्द्वात्मक पक्षहरूको अध्ययन गर्ने क्रममा अल्फ्रेड एडलर, कार्ल माक्र्स र म्याक्स वेबरका द्वन्द्वसम्बन्धी मान्यता सम्बन्धित देखिन्छन् । ‘लाहुरी भैँसी’ कथामा हीनत्वबोध र श्रेष्ठत्वप्राप्तिका बिच द्वन्द्व, वर्गका बिचमा सिर्जित द्वन्द्व र प्रतिष्ठाका लागि सिर्जित द्वन्द्व केकसरी प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ भन्ने समस्यामा केन्द्रित यस लेखमा उक्त समस्याको विश्लेषणात्मक समाधान पैल्याउने उद्देश्य राखिएको छ । समस्यामा सूचित प्रकृतिका द्वन्द्वको मात्र अध्ययन गर्नु यस लेखका लागि सीमा निर्धारण गरिएको छ । यसमा निर्दिष्ट समस्या, उद्देश्य र सीमामा रहेर पुस्तकालयीय कार्यबाट प्राथमिक र द्वितीयक सामग्री सङ्कलन गरिएको छ । यसमा हीनत्वबोध र श्रेष्ठत्वप्राप्तिका बिचको द्वन्द्वको अध्ययन गर्न अल्फ्रेड एडलरको मनोद्वन्द्वसम्बन्धी मान्यतालाई र वर्गका बिचमा सिर्जित द्वन्द्वको अध्ययन गर्नको लागि कार्ल माक्र्सको वर्गद्वन्द्वसम्बन्धी मान्यतालाई आधार बनाइएको छ । त्यसैगरी प्रतिष्ठाका लागि सिर्जित द्वन्द्वको अध्ययन गर्नको लागि म्याक्स वेबरको द्वन्द्वसम्बन्धी मान्यतालाई आधार बनाइएको छ । ‘लाहुरी भैँसी’ कथामा केन्द्रित भएर आलोचनात्मक यथार्थवाद, समाख्यान विश्लेषण, कथानक र पात्रमा वर्गसङ्घर्षलगायत विभिन्न आधारमा अध्ययन भएको देखिए पनि मनोवैज्ञानिक र सामाजिक द्वन्द्वमा मात्र केन्द्रित भएर गहन किसिमले अध्ययन गरिएको देखिँदैन । यही नै यस लेखका लागि प्राप्त रिक्तता हो । यही रिक्ततालाई परिपूर्ति गर्नका लागि विषयवस्तु विश्लेषण विधिमा आधारित भई यो लेख तयार गरिएको छ । विकलको उल्लिखित कथा मनोसामाजिक द्वन्द्वका दृष्टिले सफल कथा हो भन्ने कुरा देखाउनु नै यस लेखको निष्कर्ष रहेको छ ।