bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of some knitting and finishing parameters on the snag resistance of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) knit fabric
Authors: Yibar Mehmet Fahri , Ogut Hamdi , Cingu Neslihan , Cetin Suna , Yatikci Tugce Koroglu , Yildirim Kenan
Published: September 2021

To assess the effects of fabric take-up, yarn tension, feeder position, and yarn feeder material on the occurrence of snagging, fabrics produced with two different finishing processes, were subjected to longitudinal or transversal 100, 300, and 600 revolutions, and the degree of snagging was measured and compared afterwards with gray fabric. Our results showed that, during the knitting process, the use of ceramic yarn feeders resulted in significantly fewer snags compared with metal yarn feeders. The gray fabric, having no finishing, was fragile and easily snagged, whereas the fabric treated by a finishing process – either drying in relaxed condition (Treatment A) or under stress conditions (Treatment B) – was more resistant to snagging. Moreover, the snagging property of the gray fabric tended to increase with increasing longitudinal or transversal 100, 300, or 600 revolutions. Slight increases in snagging were also present in fabrics having Treatment A or Treatment B at the same revolutions, but the differences were not statistically important ( P > 0.05). Frequency of snags was higher when revolutions were transversal rather than on longitudinal direction. Yarn tension and feeder position had no effect on snagging degree, while fabric take-up had limited effect. For acquiring a fabric resistant to snagging, the gray fabric produced with ceramic yarn guiders during the knitting process should be subjected to drying under relaxed condition. We also suggest that quality control tests be carried out taking the results of our study into consideration.
The ABC’s of Christians’ Anti-Muslim Attitudes: An Application of Eagly and Chaiken’s Attitude Theory
Authors: Sabates Angela M.
Published: September 2021

To date, research on Christians’ attitudes toward Muslims has generally focused on the cognitive components of these attitudes. Based on Eagly and Chaiken’s conceptualization of the ABC Model of Attitudes, this study extended that research by considering multiple evaluative aspects of attitudes. Relevant questionnaires from a larger study of 209 self-identified Christians were used to predict attitudes toward American Muslims. It was hypothesized that adding a behavioral component beyond the cognitive would significantly increase prediction of attitudes toward Muslims in the United States. Drawing on research on related prejudices, it was also predicted that the often-neglected affect of disgust would significantly increase the prediction of attitudes toward Muslims beyond only combining behavioral and cognitive factors. In this study, behavioral factors included engagement with people of different faiths, while cognitive factors included dogmatism and endorsement of Christian nationalism. A hierarchical regression analysis indicated that combining behavioral with cognitive components significantly increased the prediction of American Christians’ attitudes toward American Muslims. Yet, further adding the affective component of physical disgust beyond the cognitive and behavioral components did not significantly increase predictive power. Implications of these findings for the Christian church and American society at large are addressed in the light of the important social implications of understanding attitudes toward Muslims. The need for future research to emphasize the multifaceted nature of anti-Muslim attitudes is also discussed.
State Legislation Restricting and Enabling Local Governments in an Era of Preemption
Authors: Boeckelman Keith , Day Jonathan
Published: September 2021

This paper assesses state efforts to both restrict and enable local government discretion by using data from Project Vote Smart's “Key Votes” database. The results show that state legislation, both successful and unsuccessful, is more likely to limit local autonomy than to enhance it, although both tendencies occur. Republican legislators are more likely to support efforts to restrict discretion than Democrats are. Further, preemption attempts are particularly evident on “hot button” issues, such as guns, sexuality and gender roles, and immigration, although such initiatives are not necessarily more likely to successfully become law, especially under conditions of divided government.
How do gender, Internet activity and learning beliefs predict sixth-grade students’ self-efficacy beliefs in and attitudes towards online inquiry?
Authors: Sormunen Eero , Erdmann Norbert , Otieno Suzanne CSA , Mikkilä-Erdmann Mirjamaija , Laakkonen Eero , Mikkonen Teemu , Hossain Md Arman , González-Ibáñez Roberto , Quintanilla-Gatica Mario , Leppänen Paavo HT , Vauras Marja
Published: September 2021

Today’s students search, evaluate and actively use Web information in their school assignments, that is, they conduct an online inquiry. This current survey study addresses sixth-grade students’ self-efficacy beliefs in and attitudes towards online inquiry, and to what extent free-time and school-related Internet activity, gender and learning beliefs explain these. The questionnaire was administered in 10 schools to 340 sixth-graders in Finland. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed three elements of self-efficacy beliefs: self-efficacy in Web searching, the evaluation of sources and synthesising information. Furthermore, attitudes towards online inquiry loaded into two factors: a positive and a negative attitude towards online inquiry. A structural equation model was used to analyse the effects of the explanatory variables on the factors. The results of this work suggest that gender and free-time Internet use predict most sixth-graders’ self-efficacy beliefs in and attitudes towards online inquiry.
How Social Influence Processes Generate Cohesion in Task Groups
Authors: Savage Scott V. , Melamed David
Published: September 2021

We introduce a theoretical argument linking group structure to an individual’s cohesion in collectively oriented task groups. We posit that status, the distribution of opinions, and social categories indirectly shape perceptions of cohesion by making individuals working on an uncertain task more or less susceptible to the opinions of others. Specifically, these factors influence how likely one is to succumb to the opinions of others, which in turn influences one’s likelihood of viewing one’s actions as valid or consonant with the expectations of the other members of the group. As this process repeats over time, it accumulates to affect individuals’ expressions of cohesion with group members. Results from a laboratory experiment corroborate this process.
To fail an asylum seeker: Time, space and legal events
Authors: Fisher Dan , Gill Nick , Paszkiewicz Natalia
Published: September 2021

Legal geographers have recently highlighted the importance of attending to the interaction of time and space to understand law and its enactment. We build on these efforts to examine the spatiotemporal influences over the processes by which asylum claim determination procedures in Western industrialised countries seek to reconstruct past events for the purposes of deciding refugee claims. Two ‘common-sense’ beliefs underpin this reconstruction: that the occurrences leading to a fear of persecution can be isolated and that the veracity of an asylum claim is objectively independent from the process of uncovering it. We critically interrogate these assumptions by conceptualising the fears of people seeking asylum as Deleuzian ‘events’. Basing our argument on 41 interviews with people who have previously claimed asylum in the United Kingdom and firsthand accounts of asylum appeals, we explore the folding together of asylum ‘truths’ and the spatiotemporal processes by which they are arrived at, arguing that refused asylum claims are not simply detected by the process – they are produced by it.
Knowledge and practice of drivers on the provision of service to persons with visual disability: A survey of public transport drivers in a tertiary inclusion school in West Africa
Authors: Abraham Carl Halladay , Ocansey Stephen , Boadi-Kusi Samuel Bert , Faheem Fateena , Gyan Bright Opoku , Nti Yaa Agyewuo , Berchie Mercy , Abu Emmanuel Kwasi
Published: September 2021

Public transport plays an important role in improving mobility for persons with visual impairment. Commercial drivers are major stakeholders in ensuring that there are efficient and accessible public transport systems on university campuses that have a relatively high number of persons with visual impairment. We conducted a cross-sectional survey among 90 taxi drivers who operate their services on the campus of a tertiary inclusion school. The drivers were surveyed on their knowledge and practices in providing services to persons with visual impairment. The findings show that 55 (61.1%) drivers knew how to identify a pedestrian with a visual disability by looking out for the white cane. A total of 77 (85.6%) drivers have also adopted the practice of stopping for pedestrians to cross the road. However, only 20 (22.5%) respondents agreed to reserve the front seat for the passenger with visual impairment. Participants were not knowledgeable on the sections of the disability act relating to the provision of transport services to persons with visual impairment nor the kind of punishment associated with breaching the rules. The study provides recommendations on how to bridge the gap between the demands of the disability act and the practices of commercial drivers.
Our experience of operated pediatric ureteropelvic junction obstruction patients
Authors: Muradi Teymursha , Turkyilmaz Zafer , Karabulut Ramazan , Sonmez Kaan , Kaya Cem , Polat Fazli , Basaklar Abdullah Can
Published: September 2021

Aims:

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) may originate from extrinsic or intrinsic causes in children. The aim of this study is to present preoperative and postoperative data of our patients operated for UPJO.

Methods:

A total of 64 patients who underwent open pyeloplasty were investigated retrospectively. They were evaluated in terms of demographically, clinics, hydronephrosis, differential renal functions (DRFs), half-time tracer clearance (½TC), and histopathologic results. Patients’ numerical results were stated as mean ± standard deviation (SD).

Results:

Male gender was more prevalent ( n = 47, 73.4%) and mean age at surgery was 46.87 months. UPJO was located at the left side in 56.3% ( n = 36), and at the right side in 39.1% ( n = 25) of patients. It was bilateral in 4.7% ( n = 3). Hydronephrosis was found antenatally in 68.8% ( n = 44) of patients. The mean preoperative DRF was 49.7% (21–78%) and mean postoperative DRF was 49.2% (20–56%). Mean renal scintigraphic t1/2 was >20 min for all patients. The mean AP diameter was 21.58 mm (10–62 mm). Muscular hypertrophy was the most common pathological finding, mean length of excised segment was 10.26 mm (3–40 mm). Crossing vessel (CV) was detected in 17.18% ( n = 11). The CV was statistically associated with increased age of operation, left side, and female gender. Statistically significant hydronephrosis was found in non-CV patients. Re-operation was required in seven patients (7.8%).

Conclusions:

Intrinsic pathologies are more seen in the etiology of UPJO patients with antenatal diagnosis and this group needs operation at an earlier age. However, CV is found more commonly in patients who are diagnosed and operated at older ages.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item (GAD-7) Scores in Medically Authorized Cannabis Patients—Ontario and Alberta, Canada
Authors: Lee Cerina , Round Jessica M. , Hanlon John G. , Hyshka Elaine , Dyck Jason R.B. , Eurich Dean T.
Published: September 2021

Objectives

Despite increasing rates of legalization of medical cannabis worldwide, the current evidence available on its effect on mental health outcomes including anxiety is of mixed results. This study assesses the effect of medical cannabis on generalized anxiety disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scores in adult patients between 2014 and 2019 in Ontario and Alberta, Canada.

Methods

An observational cohort study of adults authorized to use medical cannabis. The GAD-7 was administered at the time of the first visit to the clinic and subsequently over the follow-up time period of up to 3.2 years. Overall changes in GAD-7 scores were computed (mean change) and categorized as: no change (<1 point); improvement; or worsening—over time.

Results

A total of 37,303 patients had initial GAD-7 scores recorded and 5,075 (13.6%) patients had subsequent GAD-7 follow-up scores. The average age was 54.2 years (SD 15.7 years), 46.0% were male, and 45.6% noted anxiety symptoms at the baseline. Average GAD-7 scores were 9.11 (SD 6.6) at the baseline and after an average of 282 days of follow-up (SD 264) the average final GAD-7 score recorded was 9.04 (SD 6.6): mean change −0.23 (95% CI, −0.28 to −0.17, t[5,074]: −8.19, p-value <0.001). A total of 4,607 patients (90.8%) had no change in GAD-7 score from their initial to final follow-up, 188 (3.7%) had a clinically significant decrease, and 64 (1.3%) noted a clinically significant increase in their GAD-7 scores.

Conclusions

Overall, there was a statistically significant decrease in GAD-7 scores over time (in particular, in the 6–12-month period). However, this change did not meet the threshold to be considered clinically significant. Thus, we did not detect clinical improvements or detriment in GAD-7 scores in medically authorized cannabis patients. However, future well-controlled clinical trials are needed to fully examine risks or benefits associated with using medical cannabis to treat anxiety conditions.
Relationship Between Nutrition Intake and Outcome After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Results From the International Nutritional Survey
Authors: Badjatia Neeraj , Ryan Alice , Choi H. Alex , Parikh Gunjan Y. , Jiang Xuran , Day Andrew G. , Heyland Daren K.
Published: September 2021

Background:

A previous study suggested an association between low caloric intake(CI), negative nitrogen balance, and poor outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH). Objective of this multinational, multicenter study was to investigate whether clinical outcomes vary by protein intake(PI) or CI in SAH patients adjusting for the nutritional risk as judged by the modified NUTrition Risk in the Critically Ill (mNUTRIC) score.

Methods:

The International Nutrition Survey(INS) 2007-2014 was utilized to describe the characteristics, outcomes and nutrition use. A subgroup of patients from 2013 and 2014(when NUTRIC score was captured) examined the association between CI and PI and time to discharge alive(TTDA) from hospital using Cox regression models, adjusting for nutrition risk classified by the mNUTRIC score as low(0-4) or high(5-9).

Results:

There were 489 SAH patients(57% female with a mean ± SD age 57.5 ± 13.9 years, BMI of 25.9 ± 5.3 kg/m2 and APACHE-2 score 19.4 ± 7.0. Majority(85%) received enteral nutrition(EN) only, with a time to initiation of EN of 35.4 ± 35.2 hours. 64% had EN interrupted. Patients received a CI of 14.6 ± 7.1 calories/kg/day and PI 0.7 ± 0.3 grams/kg/day corresponding to 59% and 55% of total prescribed CI and PI respectively. In the 2013 and 2014 subgroup there were 226 SAH patients with a mNUTRIC score of 3.4 ± 1.8. Increased CI and PI were associated with faster TTDA among high mNUTRIC patients(HR per 20% of prescription received = 1.34[95% CI,1.03 -1.76] for CI and 1.44[1.07 -1.93] for PI), but not low mNUTRIC patients(CI: HR = 0.95[0.77 -1.16] PI:0.95[0.78 -1.16]).

Conclusions:

Results from this multicenter study found that SAH patients received under 60% of their prescribed CI and PI. Further, achieving greater CI and PI in hi risk SAH patients was associated with improved TTDA. mNUTRIC serves to identify SAH patients that benefit most from artificial nutrition and efforts to optimize protein and caloric delivery in this subpopulation should be maximized.
‘A troublesome girl is pushed through’: Morality, biological determinism, resistance, resilience, and the Canadian child migration schemes, 1883–1939
Authors: Sims-Schouten Wendy
Published: September 2021

This article critically analyses correspondence and decisions regarding children/young people who were included in the Canadian child migration schemes that ran between 1883 and 1939, and those who were deemed ‘undeserving’ and outside the scope of the schemes. Drawing on critical realist ontology, a metatheory that centralises the causal non-linear dynamics and generative mechanisms in the individual, the cultural sphere, and wider society, the research starts from the premise that the principle of ‘less or more eligibility’ lies at the heart of the British welfare system, both now and historically. Through analysing case files and correspondence relating to children sent to Canada via the Waifs and Strays Society and Fegan Homes, I shed light on the complex interplay between morality, biological determinism, resistance, and resilience in decisions around which children should be included or excluded. I argue that it was the complex interplay and nuance between the moral/immoral, desirable/undesirable, degenerate, and capable/incapable child that guided practice with vulnerable children in the late 1800s. In judgements around ‘deservedness’, related stigmas around poverty and ‘bad’ behaviour were rife. Within this, the child was punished for his/her ‘immoral tendencies’ and ‘inherited traits’, with little regard for the underlying reasons (e.g. abuse and neglect) for their (abnormal) behaviour and ‘mental deficiencies’.
Adaptive parameter optimal energy management strategy based on multi-objective optimization for range extended electric vehicle
Authors: Liu Hanwu , Lei Yulong , Fu Yao , Li Xingzhong
Published: September 2021

With the aim of economy improvement, emission reduction and prolonging the battery service life, an adaptive parameter optimal energy management strategy is proposed for range extended electric vehicle and a method of multi-objective optimization (MOO) is proposed. Firstly, two strategies based on different threshold parameter types, namely velocity-switch-based multi-operation-point control strategy (MCS v–b) and power-switch-based multi-operation-point control strategy (MCS p–b) are designed. Then, the oil-electric conversion loss rate, comprehensive exhaust emission, and battery capacity loss rate are selected as the optimization objectives. The barebones multi-objective particle swarm optimization is applied in MCS v–b and MCS p–b for solving the MOO problem. The simulation results show a clear conflict that three optimization objectives cannot be optimal under the same solution. And then, the individual with optimal comprehensive objective is taken as the final optimization solution to evaluate the performance of the proposed methodology. As expected, the proposed MCS p–b has a positive effect on prolonging the battery service life while ensuring high fuel economy and low emission. Experimental test results thoroughly validate the proposed approach and this result can be used to improve comprehensive performance levels.
Determining the effectiveness of pollution control policies implemented by the Chinese government: Distribution fitting and testing of daily PM2.5 data
Authors: Peng Gang , Zhang Jie , Shi Kai
Published: September 2021

Air pollution has become an urgent issue affecting sustainable urban development. The Chinese government has implemented a series of air pollution control policies since 2012. Exploring the effectiveness of pollution control policies is important for future policy-making and improvements in air quality. Mean and variance tests were used for evaluation on the effectiveness of pollution control policies implemented in major cities and estimates of the heterogeneity among cities based on the distribution fitting and testing of daily PM2.5 data from January 2015 to January 2020. The nonparametric kernel density estimation adopted in this paper can effectively describe the data characteristics, and this is very important for air quality monitoring and control. Our findings demonstrate that air pollution prevention and control policies have significantly improved the levels and distribution of urban air quality in China.
Holistic approaches to palaeohydrology: Reconstructing and modelling the Neolithic River Çarşamba and the riverscape of Çatalhöyük, Turkey
Authors: Wainwright John , Ayala Gianna
Published: September 2021

Alluvial landscapes have long been considered optimal locations for Neolithic settlement because of the availability of water and nutrient-bearing silts. However, the dynamics of these landscapes have often been underestimated in relation to the interactions of precipitation, temperature and vegetation at catchment scale, along with flow and geomorphic processes in the channel and adjacent areas. In this paper we employ a multi-method approach to model the alluvial landscape around Çatalhöyük in central Turkey to develop a more nuanced understanding of the potential interactions between the Neolithic population and its environment. Starting from detailed sedimentological reconstructions of the area surrounding the site, we use climate and vegetation proxies to estimate past climate scenarios. Four temperature and five precipitation scenarios and two vegetation endmember scenarios were constructed for the Neolithic. These scenarios are coupled with a stochastic weather generator to simulate past flows using the HEC-HMS rainfall-runoff model. Impacts and extents of past flooding are then estimated using bankfull flow estimates from the modelled time series. The model results suggest that crops at Çatalhöyük were less vulnerable to flooding than has previously been supposed, with flooding spread more evenly through the year and with relatively unerosive flows. Spatial variability suggests a range of wet and dry conditions would have been available at different times of the year near the site. Interannual and decadal variability was important and so resilience against drought is also a significant consideration and so subsistence patterns must have been resilient to this variability to enable the settlement to continue for over a millennium. This interpretation of the riverscape of Neolithic Çatalhöyük as a mosaic of wet and dry conditions is compatible with the range of plant and animal remains excavated from the site.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic upon employment and inequality in the Mediterranean EU: An early look from a Labour Geography perspective
Authors: Herod Andrew , Gialis Stelios , Psifis Stergios , Gourzis Kostas , Mavroudeas Stavros
Published: September 2021

COVID-19 is a global pandemic but has a particular geography to it, differentially affecting people and places. Here we explore its impact upon labour markets in the Mediterranean European Union (EU) countries. Our analysis is part of a collective work-in-progress monitoring the pandemic’s effects upon workers since early March 2020. First we note that there is a geographical political economy to pandemics. We then scrutinise the current pandemic’s spatiality and impact upon Mediterranean EU workers. Following this, we discuss how workers are responding to the pandemic and how this is remaking the geography of employment. As such, our paper represents a contribution to the ongoing development of the Labour Geography literature. Overall, we stress that workers face a variety of choices in responding to the pandemic, choices which are, of course, shaped by the geographical contexts within which workers find themselves. In deciding whether and how to act, they are playing proactive roles in shaping COVID-19’s impact upon the geography of employment and emerging labour landscapes.
Explaining India’s Approach to Responsibility to Protect
Authors: Chandra Vikash
Published: September 2021

India has been alleged for adopting a reluctant approach to the doctrine of responsibility to protect (R2P). In light of this allegation, this article explains India’s approach to R2P and attempts to answer why India has adopted a cautious and reluctant approach. To give a comprehensive picture and provide a compelling account of India’s cautiousness and reluctance, this article uses an eclectic approach. The systemic and domestic variables, along with normative and materialistic factors, have been taken simultaneously into account. It points out that India’s approach to R2P is shaped by a set of six variables—historical legacies, especially India’s colonial experience and its applications for its attitude towards the principles of non-intervention and state sovereignty; domestic compulsions such as failure of India to deliver inclusive and equitable development and ensuring human rights and citizen’s dignity in remote areas; the intentions of the great powers; security concerns like insurgency in various parts, including Kashmir; its approach to the doctrine per se; and unintended consequences of conflict escalation and its implication for India—have been a linchpin in shaping India’s approach. It demonstrates how these factors have cumulatively shaped India to neither vote in favor of intervention nor stand up with the governments that fail to protect their citizens, and thus fall in fulfilling their obligations under the first principle of the doctrine of R2P.
Back to the Basics—Is Comfort Care the Same as Do Not Resuscitate? How Misinterpreting Code Status May Lead to Potential Patient Harm
Authors: Brecher David B. , Morris Shane M.
Published: September 2021

Several research studies have shown that code status documentation is misinterpreted or incorrectly defined by a significant number of medical professionals. This misinterpretation among the medical team (i.e. equating Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) with comfort care measures only) may lead to false reporting, poor symptom management, and potentially adverse clinical outcomes. Most Hospice and Palliative Care providers are aware of these distinctions, however a shortage (and continued foreseen shortage) of Hospice and Palliative Care providers may mean these conversations and distinctions will fall to non-subspecialists, or providers of other medical specialties or degrees. The literature has demonstrated that these shortfalls and misinterpretations are present and constitute potential harm to our patients.
Caring for Patients With Dementia at End of Life
Authors: Whitehead Phyllis B. , Gamaluddin Shareen , DeWitt Sarah , Stewart Christi , Kim Kye Y.
Published: September 2021

Care of the dementia patient continues to be challenging. It is a terminal condition that many times goes undiagnosed leading to improper evidence-based interventions. Healthcare professionals (HCPs) should initiate goals of care conversations early with patients and their families in order to align treatment preferences. Early integration of palliative medicine is an important intervention that can lead to better manage symptoms and lessen the strain on loved ones. Additionally, early enrollment into hospice should be encouraged with loved ones to promote quality of life as defined by the patient.
Abjection overruled! Time to dismantle sexist cyberbullying in academia
Authors: Mandalaki Emmanouela , Pérezts Mar
Published: September 2021

In this essay, we draw on a personal experience of sexist cyberbullying unleashed, on social media, against one of our academic papers, to act up against increasing instances of cybersexism, in the academy. Reading our experience in the context of feminist insights on impurity and abjection, we assert the need to dismantle cybersexism targeting non-conforming academic knowledge, namely feminist. We also discuss the potentials of the cyberspace to provide opportunities for communal solidarity, as a source of empowerment for targets of academic cybersexism. Writing this text is an activist expression of voice and resistance, whereby we call our community to collective action and increased institutional support against sexism in academia, particularly in online spaces.
Entrusted norms: security, trust, and betrayal in the Gulf Cooperation Council crisis
Authors: Keating Vincent Charles , Abbott Lucy M
Published: September 2021

Combining scholarship on norms and trust in International Relations, this article puts forward the concept of entrusted norms as a novel means to understand certain dynamics of cooperation and conflict in international politics. Entrusted norms differ from non-entrusted norms both in the manner that they are policed and in the reaction to their infringement. In the first case, there are few formal hedging mechanisms taken against potential defection. In the second case, when broken, they result in a betrayal reaction where a return to the behavioral status quo is insufficient to return to the political status quo. We illustrate the analytical usefulness of entrusted norms through an examination of the established norms of diplomacy within the Gulf Cooperation Council, paying particular attention to interactions between Saudi Arabia and Qatar in the post-Arab Spring period. We argue that the perception of Qatar’s defection from an entrusted norm, the preservation of individual and collective dignity, contributed to the 2014 diplomatic rupture between these two states and set in motion a betrayal/attempted reconciliation cycle, where even Qatar’s attempts to move back to the behavioral status quo prior to the fallout have been insufficient to fully repair the relationship. In addition to providing a novel interpretation to this case, this paper highlights the need for further theoretical consideration of the severity and duration of punishment after norm transgression within social constructivism, reinforces the theoretical connection between social structures and emotions, and advocates for an expansion in the domains of trust that we study.
Crafting displacement: Reconfigurations of heritage among Syrian artisans in Amman
Authors: Shahab Sofya
Published: September 2021

Heritage has been established as a core factor in shaping identity and community. Alongside the human suffering and mass displacement arising from the conflicts in Iraq and Syria, there has been increased attention on heritage as a victim of war. While scholarship has predominantly focussed on the impacts of conflict on built heritage, through semi-structured interviews and oral histories produced in collaboration with three Syrian artisans displaced to Amman, I unravel the relationship between artisanal crafts, the intangible practices that manifest in them, and the spatial environments through which they are conceived. As such, I highlight processes of change occurring through migration in relation to this heritage, to illustrate how reconfigurations of space have led to reconfigurations of craft. By suggesting an approach that emphasises the reconfiguration of heritage rather than its destruction, I accentuate the resilience of people and processes of un- and re-making.
The influence of race on parental beliefs and concerns during an autism diagnosis: A mixed-method analysis
Authors: Azad Gazi , Holingue Calliope , Pfeiffer Danika , Dillon Emily , Reetzke Rachel , Kalb Luke , Menon Deepa , Hong Ji Su , Landa Rebecca
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this mixed-method study was to examine racial differences in parental beliefs and concern about autism spectrum disorder (ASD) versus clinical judgment. The sample included 489 children with ASD undergoing their first ASD evaluation. Parent belief that their child had ASD was highest among parents of White children. White children whose parents believed the child had ASD had lower ASD severity. Parents of Black/African American and Hispanic children were more likely to report communication concerns than parents of White children. Parental concern about social communication was related to higher ASD severity for Hispanic children. Implications for diagnostic processes are discussed.

Lay abstract

The goal of this study was to examine if there were differences between races in parental concern and belief about autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the perspectives of clinicians. We studied 489 children with ASD who were having their first evaluation at an ASD clinic. Parents of White children most often believed that their child had ASD. However, White children whose parents believed the child had ASD were less severe in their symptoms. Parents of Black/African American or Hispanic children were more likely to have concerns about communication than parents of White children. In Hispanic families, parental concern about social communication was related to more severe symptoms in children. We discuss the implications of our findings for diagnosis.
Caregiver burden of families of children with corrosive esophageal injuries
Authors: Özer Özlü Nazife G , Vural Fatma
Published: September 2021

This cross-sectional and descriptive study aimed to determine care burden of families of children with corrosive esophageal injuries. The study involved 112 parents who had children with corrosive esophageal injury. Caregiver’s Stress Scale and Reactions to Helping Family Members Scale were used to assess care burden of families. Caregiver’s Stress Scale median score was 7.0 [interquartile range 5.0], and Reactions to Helping Family Members Scale median score was 45.0 [interquartile range 14.0]. The burden of family caregivers was thus found to be high. Factors affecting the care burden were found to be child’s age, parents’ age, child’s weight, substance type and pH, surgery status, and number of surgeries. Nurses should consider these factors when advising and educating these families. Additionally, initiatives including support groups should be planned with regard to the needs of these families with a high care burden.
State failure, genocide and politicide reconsidered
Authors: Uzonyi Gary
Published: September 2021

State failure is highly threatening to incumbent elites, providing them motive to engage in genocide or politicide. The destruction of formal institutions may also remove political barriers to employing such atrocities. Thus, previous scholars expect state failure to increase the likelihood of genocide and politicide. However, such logic overlooks that these atrocities are government policy, which require planning and implementation. Since government institutions collapse during state failure, regime elites will possess little physical ability to commit widespread and systematic killing of their enemies. Therefore, I expect state failure to be associated with a lower likelihood of genocide and politicide. Using bivariate probit regression to handle the endogeneity between state failure and these atrocities, I find strong support for my argument in all country-years since 1946.
Combined effects of sulfate attack under drying–wetting cycles and loading on the fatigue behavior of concrete
Authors: Zhang Ping , Ren Song , Zhao Yunfeng , Wang Le , Long Nengzeng , Chen Fan , Liu Chun
Published: September 2021

Concrete structures often undergo both fatigue loading and environmental impacts during their useful lifetime. This study aims to explore the fatigue properties of concrete subjected to sulfate attacks under drying–wetting cycles and loading. The coupled influences of major cycle number and sodium sulfate solution on the residual deformation, elastic modulus, and damage variable were investigated by uniaxial cyclic loading tests. Moreover, the phase composition of concrete samples was examined by X-ray diffraction. Results indicate that the concrete residual deformation and damage variable could be classified into initial and stable stages, while the elastic modulus fluctuated within a certain range. The fatigue strength of concrete was found to increase with an increase in the major cycle number and sodium sulfate concentration in the early stages, whereas the fatigue performance of concrete decreased as the major cycle number and sodium sulfate concentration increased in the later stage. The degree of influence of major cycle number and sodium sulfate concentration on the fatigue properties of concrete differed in each stage. These findings can contribute to understand the variation pattern of concrete properties in complicated environments and provide an important reference for associated construction projects.
Bullying as a Developmental Precursor to Sexual and Dating Violence Across Adolescence: Decade in Review
Authors: Espelage Dorothy L. , Ingram Katherine M. , Hong Jun Sung , Merrin Gabriel J.
Published: September 2021

Adolescent bullying continues to be a major focus of scholarship across the globe. This article reviews research from 2010 to 2021 with a particular focus on longitudinal studies of the bully–sexual violence pathway ( BSVP), where bullying serves as a precursor for sexual violence (SV) (e.g., sexual harassment, sexual coercion, and sexual assault) and teen dating violence via individual and socio-contextual mediators. Articles reviewed consisted of a total of 505, which included 17 meta-analyses and systematic reviews. Databases used for the search were Academic Search Complete, Education Full Text (H. W. Wilson), ERIC, National Criminal Justice Reference Service Abstracts, PsycINFO, PubMed (Medline), and Social Sciences Abstracts (H. W. Wilson). In total, 107 peer-reviewed articles were included in this review. Potential mechanisms underlying the BSVP include social dominance orientation, exposure to sexual education, and alcohol use. Several school-based intervention approaches have evidenced marginal success in reducing rates of bullying and SV by targeting factors undergirding both behaviors. The efficacy of international prevention approaches is summarized. Gaps in the literature are identified and future research is proposed.
Growing Tea With Subnational Roots: Tea Party Affiliation, Factionalism, and GOP Politics in State Legislatures
Authors: Rouse Stella M. , Hunt Charles , Essel Kristen
Published: September 2021

Most research has examined the influence of the Tea Party as a social movement or loose organization, but less is known about its influence within legislative party politics, especially at the state level. In this paper, we argue that in this context the Tea Party is primarily an intraparty faction that has caused significant divisions inside the Republican Party. Using an original dataset of legislators across 13 states for the years 2010 to 2013, we examine legislator and district-level characteristics that predict state legislators’ affiliation with the Tea Party. Our results reveal that in some respects legislators affiliated with the Tea Party are a far-right wing of the Republican Party. However, by other measures that capture anti-establishment political sentiment, Tea Party affiliated legislators comprise a factional group attempting to transform the Party in ways that go beyond ideology. These findings have important implications for the future prospects of the GOP.
Effectiveness of ADC Difference Value on Pre-neoadjuvant Chemotherapy MRI for Response Evaluation of Breast Cancer
Authors: Choi Bo Bae
Published: September 2021

Background: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is known to be a suitable treatment and first-line defense for locally advanced breast cancer. However, the NAC response may include unexpected outcomes, and it is not easy to predict the NAC response precisely. Especially, early detection of those patients who do not benefit from NAC is needed to reduce unnecessary therapy and side effects. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the pretreatment apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value is effective for predicting the response of breast cancer to NAC. Method: Forty-nine breast cancer cases with pre- and post-NAC breast MRI were enrolled. MRI was performed using a 1.5-T scanner with the basic protocol including diffusion-weighted imaging. ADC difference value (ADC-diff) was calculated in all cases. Results: ADC-diff was high in complete response and partial response cases ( p < .05). ADC-diff correlated with the DWI rim sign, with a positive DWI rim sign being associated with a higher ADC-diff ( p < .05). Conclusion: High-ADC difference value on the pretreatment MRI can provide information for a better response of NAC on breast cancer.
EV PD-L1 Contributes to Immunosuppressive CD8+ T Cells in Peripheral Blood of Pediatric Wilms Tumor
Authors: Zhang Xiaoxue , Liu Zongran , Hou Yiran , Jiao Hong , Ren Junli , Wang Guoliang
Published: September 2021

Wilms tumor (WT) is the most common renal cancer and the most prevalent abdominal cancer in children. Children with recurrent or progressive forms of WT could benefit from novel immune-targeted approaches. While the immune status of these patients, especially the immunosuppression of peripheral T cells, was rarely reported. The present study enrolled a consecutive series of 14 Chinese WT children and 14 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. We demonstrated that plasma extracellular vesicular (EV) PD-L1 levels significantly increased in WT patients than in healthy controls. EV PD-L1 significantly inhibited the activation of human CD8+ T cells by down-regulating the cell surface CD69 expression and the intracellular IFNγ and TNFα production in vitro. In peripheral CD8+ T cells of WT patients, the intracellular IFNγ and TNFα production significantly decreased than healthy controls. The level of plasma EV PD-L1 significantly correlated with the intracellular TNFα production in peripheral CD8+ T cells of WT patients. In conclusion, the significantly increased plasma EV PD-L1 in WT patients contributed to the immunosuppression of peripheral CD8+ T cells. Monitoring the level of plasma EV PD-L1 will be helpful for the selection of immune-targeted therapies for WT patients.
Clinical Utility of Circulating Tumor Cells in the Early Detection of Lung Cancer in Patients with a Solitary Pulmonary Nodule
Authors: Zhong Manhua , Zhang Yi , Pan Zuguang , Wang Wei , Zhang Yuxin , Weng Yuqing , Huang Haile , He Yanju , Liu Ouqi
Published: September 2021

Objective: Lung cancer is the most common cancer and can appear as a solitary pulmonary nodule. Early detection of lung cancer in this patient population would be beneficial for the disease management. In this study, the potential application of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) on early detection of lung cancer in this population was investigated. Methods: The number of CTCs in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum levels of tumor-related markers, cancer antigen 125 (CA125), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) were measured in patients with a solitary pulmonary nodule. The association between CTCs and lung cancer was examined. The diagnosis performances of CTCs and selected tumor-related markers were compared. Results: The CTC positivity was significantly associated with lung cancer ( P = .009). The sensitivity of CTCs and CA125, CEA, NSE, and CA125/CEA/NSE was 75%, 5.6%, 0%, 25%, and 33%, respectively. The sensitivity of CTCs was improved from 75% to 83% by the combination with CA125 or NSE. Conclusion: CTCs may be helpful for the early detection of lung cancer in patients with a solitary pulmonary nodule.
Deservingness and Punishment in Juvenile Justice: Do Black Youth Grow Up “Faster” in the Eyes of the Court?
Authors: Zane Steven N. , Cochran Joshua C. , Mears Daniel P.
Published: September 2021

The present study investigated whether race moderates the effect of age on juvenile court dispositions in ways that illuminate a subtler form of racial disparities than has been previously identified. Drawing on prior theory and research, we hypothesize that at young ages, virtually all youth are perceived as children and met with treatment-oriented responses. As youth grow older, however, we anticipate that Black defendants will be perceived as more culpable and more deserving of punishment than similarly-aged White defendants and that disposition patterns will reflect that differential perception. Using data from the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice ( N = 124,075), the present study examines a five-category disposition using a multinomial regression model with interactions between age and race variables. We found mixed support for the hypotheses. On the one hand, compared to similarly-aged White defendants, Black defendants became significantly less likely to be diverted—the most treatment-oriented disposition—and significantly more likely to be transferred—the most punitive disposition—as age increased. On the other hand, race did not moderate age effects for dismissal, probation, or commitment. There is thus some evidence that age may be racialized for some dispositions, but not others. Implications for research and policy are discussed.
Autonomous land vehicle path planning algorithm based on improved heuristic function of A-Star
Authors: Zhang Jing , Wu Jun , Shen Xiao , Li Yunsong
Published: September 2021

The path planning of autonomous land vehicle has become a research hotspot in recent years. In this article, we present a novel path planning algorithm for an autonomous land vehicle. According to the characteristics of autonomous movement towards the autonomous land vehicle, an improved A-Star path planning algorithm is designed. The disadvantages of using the A-Star algorithm for path planning are that the path planned by the A-Star algorithm contains many unnecessary turning points and is not smooth enough. Autonomous land vehicle needs to adjust its posture at each turning point, which will greatly waste time and also will not be conducive to the motion control of autonomous land vehicle. In view of these shortcomings, this article proposes a new heuristic function combined with the artificial potential field method, which contains both distance information and obstacle information. Our proposed algorithm shows excellent performance in improving the execution efficiency and reducing the number of turning points. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm, compared with the traditional A-Star algorithm, makes the path smoother and makes the autonomous land vehicle easier to control.
Functioning of children and adolescents with Down syndrome and the association with environmental barriers and facilitators during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Brugnaro Beatriz Helena , de Camargo Olaf Kraus , Corsi Carolina , de Campos Ana Carolina , Fernandes Gesica , Pavão Silvia Letícia , Rocha Nelci Adriana Cicuto Ferreira
Published: September 2021

Purpose:

To compare functioning and environmental aspects before and during physical distancing (DPD) and to determine which social, physical, behavioral and functioning aspects of DPD are correlated.

Methods:

Sixteen parents of children/adolescents with Down syndrome (11.38 ± 3.00 years) were surveyed before and DPD. Paired t-tests were used to compare functioning and environmental aspects before and DPD and chi-square tests were used to test associations.

Results:

There were increases in the frequency (p < 0.001) and involvement (p = 0.01) in home participation and on the impact, noticed by the parents, of the possibility of child to participate in daily activities (p = 0.036), as well as a reduction in social supports perceived by caregivers (p = 0.049). An association was found between the child’s socio-emotional difficulties symptoms and practice of physical activity (p = 0.043) and with parents’ satisfaction with the level of child’s home participation (p = 0.042).

Conclusion:

Functioning can be affected in either positive or negative ways.