bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two ribbon synaptic units in rod photoreceptors of macaque, human, and cat
Authors: Migdale Karen , Herr Steve , Klug Karl , Ahmad Kareem , Linberg Ken , Sterling Peter , Schein Stan
Published: December 2002

The rod photoreceptor's synaptic terminal (or spherule) uses an elaborate synaptic structure to signal absorption of one or more photons to its postsynaptic targets. This structure includes one or two synaptic ribbons inside the terminal and a pouch‐like “invagination” outside the terminal, into which enter a widely variable number of incoming fibers and postsynaptic targets—central elements supplied by rod bipolar cells and lateral elements supplied by horizontal cells. Nonetheless, our three‐dimensional reconstructions of this synaptic structure in foveal retina of macaque monkey and peripheral retina of human and cat reveal several features that are highly conserved across species and with eccentricity: 1) every spherule has one invagination; 2) with rare exceptions, every spherule has two ribbon synaptic units with these features: a) on the presynaptic side, each ribbon synaptic unit has a ribbon or part of a ribbon and one trough‐shaped arciform density that demarcates its active zone; b) on the postsynaptic side, each ribbon synaptic unit has two apposed lateral elements and one or more central elements; 3) the volume of the extracellular space in the single invagination is small, ∼0.1 μm3; and 4) the largest distance from active zone to receptor regions on bipolar cells is small, less than ∼1.5 μm. With such small dimensions, release of one quantum of transmitter can pulse glutamate to a concentration comparable to the EC50 of the metabotropic glutamate receptors on the central elements associated with both synaptic units. We speculate that two ribbon synaptic units are required to sustain the high quantal release rate needed to signal a single photon. J. Comp. Neurol. 455:100–112, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor‐, neurotrophin‐3‐, and tyrosine kinase receptor‐like immunoreactivity in lingual taste bud fields of mature hamster
Authors: Ganchrow Donald , Ganchrow Judith R. , Verdin‐Alcazar Mary , Whitehead Mark C.
Published: December 2002

The neurotrophins brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3), as well as their respective tyrosine kinase (Trk) receptors, TrkB and TrkC, influence peripheral target cell innervation, survival, and proliferation. In the mature taste system the role of neurotrophins and their receptors is not known. The mature hamster is an intriguing model because anterior lingual fungiform, unlike posterior lingual foliate and circumvallate, taste buds survive denervation. In light of this difference, we examined whether the degree of neurotrophin‐ or neurotrophin receptor‐like immunoreactivity (IR) normally differs among lingual gemmal fields. In single‐ and double‐labeled immunofluorescent experiments, 3,209 taste bud sections (profiles) from 13 hamsters were examined for immunopositive gemmal cells or nerve fibers using antibodies to BDNF and NT‐3, their respective receptors TrkB and TrkC, and the neural marker ubiquitin c‐terminal hydrolase L‐1 [protein gene product (PGP) 9.5]. In each gemmal field, more than 75% of taste bud profiles showed immunopositivity to BDNF, NT‐3, and TrkB. Across bud fields, BDNF‐, TrkB‐, and BDNF/TrkB‐like IR, as well as PGP 9.5 and PGP 9.5/BDNF‐like IR in centrally located, fungiform bud cells was greater (P < 0.0001 to P < 0.002) than in circumvallate or foliate buds. Within bud fields, the number of BDNF‐like, labeled bud cells/bud profile was greater than that for NT‐3‐like IR in fungiform (P < 0.0002) and foliate (P < 0.0001) buds. TrkC was immunonegative in gemmal cells. The average density of TrkB‐ and TrkC‐like fiber IR was more pronounced in fungiform than posterior gemmal‐bearing papillae. Thus, fungiform papillae, whose taste buds are least affected by denervation, exhibit specific neurotrophin and receptor enrichment. J. Comp. Neurol. 455:11–24, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recognizing, appreciating, and capturing the tacit knowledge of R&D scientists
Authors: Sapienza Alice M. , Lombardino Joseph G.
Published: December 2002

One of the most important assets of biopharmaceutical firms is the expertise of their R&D scientists, and it is important that such intellectual assets be developed for competitive advantage. On the other hand, we have observed instances in whichtacit knowledge—that which resides in the minds of scientists but is not yet communicated—was overlooked. For the biomedical sector, tacit knowledge is an important issue from the perspectives of retirement, recruitment, and turnover. As the National Science Foundation noted, (1) retirement of PhDs will dramatically increase over the next decade, and (2) between 1998 and 2008, the biological sciences are expected to have the highest job growth rate of the life sciences (35%). In addition, turnover among small, startup biotechnology companies can be a sizable fraction of total scientific employment. If the tacit knowledge of experienced scientists is not captured, in each of the above cases it may become a lost rather than a strategic asset. Our objective is to focus readers' attention on the tacit aspect of scientists' expertise and to suggest tactics for capturing and communicating that knowledge, for the strategic advantage of teams, departments, and organizations. Drug Dev. Res. 57:51–57, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fostering venture research: A case study of the discovery that ascorbate enhances adrenergic drug activity
Authors: Root‐Bernstein Robert , Dillon Patrick F.
Published: December 2002

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) enhances the smooth muscle and cardiac activity of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and other adrenergic drugs, increasing the dose response up to threefold and the duration of activity up to fivefold. The effect is not due to the antioxidant effects of ascorbate. The mechanism by which this enhancement occurs is as yet unknown. This discovery has broad implications for utilizing all existing adrenergic drugs as well as for formulating new mixtures for the delivery of such drugs. Despite the clear‐cut pharmaceutical potential of this discovery, it was not begun as a drug development project, and at no stage prior to its patenting was the research funded. As such, the discovery raises some basic questions about how research projects are evaluated; why this discovery was not made before; whether it could have been made by means of a mechanism‐driven research program; and how unexpected discoveries are to be fostered within the broad arena of biotech and pharmaceutical research. Does the current system of concensus‐ and market‐driven research actually yield the kinds of results needed to drive industry innovation and keep the drug pipeline full? Drug Dev. Res. 57:58–74, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genomic and enabling/platform technology: Companies in transition
Authors: Fersko Raymond S. , Garner Ebun S.
Published: December 2002

This overview discusses the shifting focus of genomics and platform technology companies from concentrating solely on licensing tool technologies toward becoming true drug and product developers. This issue is examined in the context of public policy, the licensing of research tools, and shifting paradigms in drug development as a result of genomics. Drug Dev. Res. 57:83–96, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Control of large space structures using GPS—modal parameter identification and attitude and deformation estimation
Authors: Harigae Masatoshi , Yamaguchi Isao , Kasai Tokio , Igawa Hirotaka , Suzuki Tomohiro
Published: December 2002

This paper proposes a method for identifying the modal parameters of large space structures and estimating their attitude and deformation using kinematic GPS. The Eigensystem Realization Algorithm method is used for the modal parameter identification, and for attitude and deformation estimation, we adopt the Kalman filter based on the identified system dynamics. The proposed method was evaluated through computer simulations and in ground‐based experiments, and the results confirmed its feasibility. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(4): 63–71, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10045
A study on a CDMA using orthogonal spreading code without synchronization
Authors: Kawanami Yasuhiko , Sasaoka Hideichi
Published: December 2002

In CDMA cellular system, it is important to reduce interchannel interference in order to enlarge the channel capacity. For this purpose, CDMA using the orthogonal code is applied to the downlink. It is difficult, however, to apply the method to the uplink multiple access, since interchannel interference appears when the synchronization is lost. Regarding this point, this paper considers CDMA system using the orthogonal code without synchronization, where the interchannel interference does not appear even if the synchronization is lost, and evaluates its effectiveness by computer simulation. The following results are verified. In the uplink multiple access without the transmitter power control for the fading, the BER characteristic is degraded by interchannel interference in CDMA system using M sequence code, as well as in CDMA system using orthogonal Walsh code with synchronization. The BER characteristic in CDMA system using the orthogonal code without synchronization is the same as in the single‐station case (i.e., without interchannel interference). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(4): 19–34, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10077
A two‐wire spiral antenna backed by a plane reflector with an unbalanced feed system
Authors: Hirose Kazuhide , Miyamoto Masamitsu , Nakano Hisamatsu
Published: December 2002

A novel unbalanced feed system, which achieves quasi‐antiphase excitation without a balun circuit, is proposed for a two‐wire spiral antenna backed by a conducting plane reflector. An inner spiral‐wire end is fed from a coaxial line and the other inner spiral‐wire end is short‐circuited to the reflector. The antenna is analyzed using the method of moments. The radiation characteristics are found to be comparable to those of a conventional spiral antenna with antiphase excitation. The frequency bandwidth for a 3‐dB axial‐ratio criterion is 18% (20% for antiphase excitation), with a gain of approximately 8 dBi (8 dBi for antiphase excitation). The input impedance is almost constant at 170–j30 ohms. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(4): 1–9, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10079
Feminist, yes, but is it evaluation?
Authors: Patton Michael Quinn
Published: December 2002

Feminist evaluation represents an important option in evaluation, but its legitimacy and credibility depend on the criteria used to define high‐quality evaluation practice. This commentary examines how feminist evaluation principles and practices look from the perspectives of five different frameworks, each offering different criteria for judging evaluations.
SUNY colleges in the north country: A successful partnership with the military
Authors: Corsica Joanne Y. , Johnson Donald R. , Rushing Lancaster Wanda
Published: December 2002

Collaborative efforts among institutions serving the same clientele have become an economic necessity in educational programming; however, successful partnering requires careful planning.
A collaborative approach to international programs
Authors: Godbey Galen C. , Turlington Barbara
Published: December 2002

International programs are important to developing sustainable and cost‐effective programs that provide an excellent national model of collaboration among institutions.
Adverse reaction to surgical sutures in thyroid surgery
Authors: Hocwald Eitan , Sichel Jean‐Yves , Dano Ithak , Meir Karen , Eliashar Ron
Published: December 2002

Background.

A mild reaction to surgical sutures after thyroid surgery is common and is characterized by local edema and inflammation around the surgical scar. Severe reaction with microabscesses and granulomatous masses is quite rare.

Methods and Results.

Two cases of severe reaction to silk sutures after thyroid surgery are presented. Meticulous surgical removal of all surgical sutures along with granulomatous masses, granulation tissue, and microabscesses cured both patients. Pathologic examination revealed giant cells and lymphocytes. Intradermal skin tests were positive to silk sutures. The etiology and the treatment options are discussed.

Conclusions.

In rare cases, severe reaction to silk sutures may develop after thyroid surgery. Surgical removal of the stitches is the treatment of choice. Intradermal skin test is a good predictor of allergy to sutures. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 000–000, 2002
Sparganosis presenting as a lateral neck mass
Authors: Chae Sung Won , Choi Jin Ho , Lee Dong Jin , Lee Heung Man
Published: December 2002

Background.

Cervical sparganosis is rare, and its rarity makes it difficult to be distinguished from tumors. A case of cervical sparganosis is reported.

Methods and Results.

An 80‐year‐old man was initially seen with a painless lateral neck mass for 3 months, which was initially diagnosed as cervical lymphadenopathy. Laboratory studies revealed eosinophilia, and the patient recalled that he had frequently taken mountain water. Serologic study of human sparganosis by a monoclonal antibody–based competition enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was positive. Surgical excision was performed, and the sparganosis was confirmed by histologic examination.

Conclusions.

Sparganosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of soft tissue tumors, especially among patients who have frequently ingested mountain water and consumed raw snakes or frogs. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Primary oromandibular reconstruction using free flaps and thorp plates in cancer patients: A 5‐year experience
Authors: Poli Tito , Ferrari Silvano , Bianchi Bernardo , Sesenna Enrico
Published: December 2002

Background.

Low‐profile second‐generation THORP titanium plates combined with soft tissues free flaps (forearm or TRAM) can be used for oromandibular reconstruction in patients with SCC in advanced stage (stage III–IV).

Methods.

To evaluate long‐term stability and possible complications of this reconstructive technique, we recorded, retrospectively, data of 25 patients with posterolateral oromandibular defects after tumor resection collected during a 5‐year period.

Results.

All free flaps were successfully transferred, although eight patients were initially seen with delayed hardware‐related reconstructive complications: plate exposure in four patients and plate fracture in four patients.

Conclusions.

Nowadays, the state‐of‐the‐art treatment for mandibular defects is primary bone reconstruction with bone free flaps, but in selected cases (elderly patients, poor performance status, posterolateral oromandibular defects, soft tissue defects much more important than bone defects) the association with THORP plate‐soft tissue free flaps represents a good reconstructive choice. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 000–000, 2002
Polymorphisms of the glutathione S‐transferase P1 gene and head and neck cancer susceptibility
Authors: Oude Ophuis Michael B. , Roelofs Hennie M. J. , van den Brandt Piet A. , Peters Wilbert H. M. , Manni Johannes J.
Published: December 2002

Background.

Factors determining the individual susceptibility to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are still largely unknown. An imbalance between enzymes involved in the toxification and detoxification of (pre)‐carcinogens closely related to HNSCC, which may appear during smoking and alcohol consumption, may play a role. Genetic polymorphisms in glutathione S‐transferases (GSTs) often result in altered detoxification, which may contribute to individual susceptibility to HNSCC.

Methods.

We studied the frequencies of polymorphic variants in the GSTP1 gene in 235 patients with HNSCC and 285 healthy controls. In addition, data on exposure to alcohol and tobacco consumption were recorded. DNA was extracted from whole blood, and polymerase chain reaction–based methods were used to detect genetic polymorphisms.

Results.

In patients with HNSCC and control groups, the homozygous GSTP1 BB genotype was observed in 12.3% and 13.6%, respectively. No statistical differences were found for the GSTP1 AA and GSTP1 AB/GSTP1BB genotypes.

Conclusions.

Our study showed that genetic polymorphisms of GSTP1 are not associated with altered susceptibility to HNSCC. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 00–00, 2002
Use of fine‐needle aspiration cytology and frozen section in the management of nodular goiters
Authors: Abboud Bassam , Allam Soha , Chacra Lara Abou , Ingea Henri , Tohme Cyril , Farah Pierre
Published: December 2002

Background.

This study evaluates the role of frozen section (FS) in surgical decisions for nodular thyroid disease when a preoperative fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is available.

Material and Method.

The charts of 113 patients who underwent thyroidectomy for nodular goiter were reviewed. Each patient underwent FNAC, FS, or both. Results were compared with the final pathologic examination to evaluate their effectiveness in predicting malignancy.

Results.

The sensitivity and specificity of FNAC alone (49 patients) were 73% and 93.5%, respectively, and of FS (111 patients) 68% and 99%, respectively. The result of fine‐needle aspiration cytology was: benign (n = 8), malignant (n = 13), indeterminate (n = 25), and nondiagnostic (n = 3). All cases diagnosed as benign on FNAC were benign on final pathology, but of the six FS performed in these cases, four were benign and two were suspect. Of the 13 FNAC that were interpreted as malignant, 11 and 10 proved to be malignant on final pathology and FS, respectively. The 25 indeterminate cases on FNAC were on final pathology benign (n = 21) and malignant (n = 4) and on frozen section were benign (n = 12), malignant (n = 2), and suspect (n = 11).

Conclusion.

When results of FNAC are interpreted as benign or malignant, FS is of little value, because it does not change the extension of thyroidectomy. FS proved useful in determining the extent of thyroidectomy only when results of the FNAC were suspect or atypical. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 000–000, 2002
Afferent and efferent lymph‐collecting vessels of the submandibular nodes with special reference to the lymphatic route passing through the mylohyoid muscle
Authors: Abe Masato , Murakami Gen , Noguchi Makoto , Yajima Toshihiko , Kohama Gen‐iku
Published: December 2002

Background.

Although metastasis of cancer in the oral region to the submandibular node is well described, there has been no anatomic representation of lymph vessels penetrating the oral floor and draining into the node.

Materials and Methods.

Ninety specimens were obtained from formalin‐fixed, donated cadavers. Histologic observations using serial sections followed the macroscopic observations.

Results.

In 19 of 90 specimens, we found afferent collecting lymph vessels exiting from the mylohyoid surface and draining into the preglandular submandibular node. In 3 of the19 specimens, collecting vessels passing through the narrow muscle gap with or without arteries, veins, and nerves were identified histologically. The postglandular submandibular node was not evident in the drainage route.

Conclusions.

Although it carries a low incidence, because of the direct lymphatic route or pathway between the oral region and preglandular submandibular node, the pathologically positive supraomohyoid node sometimes seems to be found even in elective neck dissection. However, we speculate that sentinel node investigation would reveal the much more critical role of the jugulodigastric node not only as the actual sentinel node but also as the common terminal node along the various drainage routes from the oral region. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 000–000, 2002
Sentinel node biopsy in oral cavity cancer: Correlation with PET scan and immunohistochemistry
Authors: Civantos Francisco J. , Gomez Carmen , Duque Carlos , Pedroso Felipe , Goodwin William Jarrard , Weed Donald T. , Arnold David , Moffat Fred
Published: December 2002

Background.

Lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel node biopsy (LS/SNB) is a minimally invasive technique that samples first‐echelon lymph nodes to predict the need for more extensive neck dissection.

Methods.

We evaluated this technique in 18 oral cavity cancers, stages T1–T3, N0. Patients underwent CT and positron emission tomography (PET) of the neck, followed by LS/SNB, frozen section, immediate selective neck dissection, definitive histology, and immunoperoxidase staining for cytokeratin. Histopathology of the sentinel node was correlated with that of the neck specimen.

Results.

There were 10 true positives: 6 identified on frozen section; 2 on permanent histology; and 2 only on immunoperoxidase staining. In six, the sentinel node was the only positive node. There were seven true negatives and one false negative.

Conclusions.

Gross tumor replacement of lymph node architecture may obstruct and redirect lymphatic flow. Overall LS/SNB holds promise for oral cancer. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 25: 000–000, 2003
Influence of thermal and flow boundary perturbations on convection heat transfer characteristics: Numerical analysis based on adjoint formulation
Authors: Momose Kazunari , Ueda Makoto , Kimoto Hideo
Published: December 2002

A numerical approach based on adjoint formulation of convection heat transfer is proposed to predict the change of heat transfer characteristics for arbitrary thermal and flow boundary perturbations. In order to obtain the adjoint system of the convection heat transfer problem, we formally linearize the governing equations by the perturbation method and then derive the adjoint system for the perturbation system. As a result, it is shown that the numerical solutions of the base and the adjoint problems enable us to predict the changes of heat transfer characteristics, such as the change of total heat transfer rate or the change of temperature at a specific location, when the thermal and flow boundary conditions are perturbed. An application example is presented to demonstrate the proposed method. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 32(1): 1–12, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10065
Study of nucleate boiling heat transfer to slush hydrogen and slush nitrogen
Authors: Ohira Katsuhide
Published: December 2002

Slush hydrogen is a mixture of liquid hydrogen and solid hydrogen particles, and is being considered as a spaceplane fuel or as a means of transport for hydrogen used as a source of clean energy. This paper describes nucleate boiling heat transfer characteristics of slush hydrogen and slush nitrogen. For the visual observation of heat transfer states, a heat transfer unit was placed in a glass Dewar designed to minimize the heat loss from an atmospheric environment. The heat transfer unit used was a circular flat plate 0.025 m in diameter made of electrolytic tough pitch copper. During testing, three different orientations of the heat transfer surface were used: horizontal facing up, vertical, and horizontal facing down. Heat transfer data for the normal boiling point (NBP) of liquid hydrogen, the triple point (TP) of liquid hydrogen, the NBP of liquid nitrogen, and the TP of liquid nitrogen were obtained up to the critical heat flux (burnout). These data for slush hydrogen and nitrogen, including the results of observation of the heat transfer surface were compared. This clarified the nucleate boiling heat transfer characteristics of slush hydrogen and slush nitrogen, which have rarely been investigated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 32(1): 13–28, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10068
Analytical approach with Laplace transform to the inverse problem of one‐dimensional heat conduction transfer: Application to second and third boundary conditions
Authors: Monde Masanori , Arima Hirofumi , Mitsutake Yuhichi
Published: December 2002

An analytical method using Laplace transformation has been developed for one‐dimensional heat conduction. This method succeeded in explicitly deriving the analytical solution by which the surface temperature for the first kind of boundary condition can be well predicted. The analytical solutions for the surface temperature and heat flux are applied to the second and third of the boundary conditions. These solutions are also found to estimate the corresponding surface conditions with a high degree of accuracy when the surface conditions smoothly change. On the other hand, when these conditions erratically change such as the first derivative of temperature with time, the accuracy of the estimation becomes slightly less than that for a smooth condition. This trend in the estimation is similar irrespective of any kind of boundary condition. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 32(1): 29–41, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10069
Heat transfer characteristics between inner and outer rings of an angular ball bearing
Authors: Mizuta Keiji , Inoue Takayoshi , Takahashi Yasuro , Huang Shuwei , Ueda Kouji , Omokawa Hidefumi
Published: December 2002

Heat transfer between the inner and the outer rings of an angular ball bearing is investigated experimentally and heat transport by balls is analyzed theoretically. The bearing used is lubricated by oil and rotated in the range from 600 to 4000 rpm. Considering heat generation by friction, the net heat flow between the rings is evaluated. The results show that balls are the dominant heat carrier and their conductance depends on rotational speed and thrust force. The other heat transfer route is supposed mainly to be between the rings based on the fact that its heat flow rate depends on the rotational speed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 32(1): 42–57, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10070
Film boiling heat transfer from a horizontal circular plate facing downward
Authors: Walujastono Djati , Kamiuto Kouichi
Published: December 2002

The two‐dimensional, steady, pool film boiling heat transfer from a horizontal circular plate facing downward to a stagnant saturated liquid is studied theoretically. It is assumed that the vapor‐liquid interface is smooth and that radiation can be disregarded. The relevant governing equations for the vapor film are solved for saturated water at atmospheric pressure using an improved two‐equation boundary‐layer integral method. It is shown that the dimensionless temperature profile is affected by the wall superheat ΔTsat and that the ratio of Nu to X0.2 is an increasing function of ΔTsat. Here, Nu represents the mean Nusselt number and X the film‐boiling Rayleigh number. In addition, it is revealed that the one‐equation boundary‐layer integral method developed by Nishio and colleagues is fairly accurate in predicting the film thickness, the representative radial velocity, and the mean Nusselt number. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 32(1): 72–84, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10071
Influence of Lewis number on double‐diffusive convection in a square cavity filled with binary gas
Authors: Nishimura Tatsuo , Morega Alexandru M.
Published: December 2002

This paper presents double‐diffusive convection in a square cavity filled with binary gas, due to horizontal opposing temperature and concentration gradients. The effect of Lewis number was considered under the conditions of Prandtl number Pr = 1, buoyancy ratio N = 1, and thermal Rayleigh number RaT = 104 and 105. Numerical solutions are obtained by a Chebyshev collocation technique with high resolution. Depending on the Lewis number, three kinds of flow structures are identified: symmetric steady flow, asymmetric oscillatory flow, and symmetric oscillatory flow. Oscillatory flow occurs in the regime of thermal dominant flow and it leads to a periodic change between stable and unstable states in species stratification due to the thermo‐solutal interaction. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 32(1): 85–97, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10073
Laminar heat transfer of gas in a parallel‐plate microchannel with one wall temperature constant and the other adiabatic
Authors: An Gang , Li Jun‐Ming , Wang Bu‐Xuan
Published: December 2002

Based on “wall‐adjacent layer” effect, the convective heat transfer for developed laminar flow of gas through parallel‐plate microchannel with one wall temperature constant and the other adiabatic was analyzed theoretically. Considering the change in thermal conductivity and viscosity of gas in the region adjacent to the solid wall, mathematical models were built and the dimensionless temperature distribution and the corresponding heat transfer characteristics were simulated numerically. The results indicate that the laminar heat transfer coefficient is less than that of the larger passages, while the dimensionless temperature is greater than that of the larger passages. Compared with the monotonous boundary conditions, the varied heat transfer coefficient amplitude of mixed boundary condition is lower. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 32(1): 58–64, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10075
Size effect on two‐phase regime for condensation in micro/mini tubes
Authors: Li Jun‐Ming , Wang Bu‐Xuan
Published: December 2002

Analysis was conducted to predict the influence of tube size on two‐phase flow regimes for flow condensing in mini/micro tubes. According to the importance of the interfacial tension compared to the interfacial stress, the regimes were classified into three kinds: axial symmetrical, semisymmetrical, and asymmetrical. The results indicated that the surface tension of the fluid media obviously affects the flow regimes; for tubes with an inner diameter less than 100 to 600 mm, the flow regimes would be axially symmetrical depending on the media. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 32(1): 65–71, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10076
Retinoic acid receptor‐alpha as a prognostic indicator in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Chakravarti Nitin , Mathur Meera , Bahadur Sudhir , Shukla Nootan Kumar , Ralhan Ranju
Published: December 2002

Retinoids reverse potentially malignant lesions and inhibit the development of second primary tumors in oral cancer patients by binding to nuclear retinoid receptors. Alterations in the expression of retinoid receptor‐alpha are implicated in tumor progression. Herein, we hypothesized that increased expression of RARα protein in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is associated with a poor clinical outcome and thus may serve as a prognostic factor. Retrospective immunohistochemical analysis of RARα protein expression was carried out in paraffin‐embedded tissue sections from 115 patients with completely resected oral SCCs for whom clinical follow‐up data were available. Increased expression of RARα protein was observed in 67/115 (58%) oral SCCs (weakly positive in 38 patients and strongly positive in 29 patients). Kaplan‐Meier analysis showed that patients with RARα positivity had significantly shorter disease‐free survival time (median time 40 months vs. 86 months, p = 0.0229). Furthermore, disease‐free survival time of the 29 patients with strongly positive RARα was significantly worse than for the 86 patients with weak or undetectable levels of RARα (p = 0.0328). Strong RARα expression in oral SCCs was associated with a significantly worse disease‐free survival, suggesting that RARα may serve as a prognostic indicator of poor clinical outcome. Further studies are warranted to determine its utility in identifying the subset of patients who would benefit from use of retinoids as adjuvant in chemotherapy or chemopreventive approaches. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Viral load as a predictor of the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
Authors: Schlecht Nicolas F. , Trevisan Andrea , Duarte‐Franco Eliane , Rohan Thomas E. , Ferenczy Alex , Villa Luisa L. , Franco Eduardo L.
Published: December 2002

HPV infections are believed to be a necessary cause of cervical cancer. Viral burden, as a surrogate indicator for persistence, may help predict risk of subsequent SIL. We used results of HPV test and cytology data repeated every 4–6 months in 2,081 women participating in a longitudinal study of the natural history of HPV infection and cervical neoplasia in São Paulo, Brazil. Using the MY09/11 PCR protocol, 473 women were positive for HPV DNA during the first 2 visits. We retested all positive specimens by a quantitative, low‐stringency PCR method to measure viral burden in cervical cells. Mean viral loads and 95% CIs were calculated using log‐transformed data. RRs and 95% CIs of incident SIL were calculated by proportional hazards models, adjusting for age and HPV oncogenicity. The risk of incident lesions increased with viral load at enrollment. The mean number of viral copies/cell at enrollment was 2.6 for women with no incident lesions and increased (trend p = 0.003) to 15.1 for women developing 3 or more SIL events over 6 years of follow‐up. Compared to those with <1 copy per cell in specimens tested during the first 2 visits, RRs for incident SIL increased from 1.9 (95% CI 0.8–4.2) for those with 1–10 copies/cell to 4.5 (95% CI 1.9–10.7) for those with >1,000 copies/cell. The equivalent RR of HSIL for >1,000 copies/cell was 2.6 (95% CI 0.5–13.2). Viral burden appears to have an independent effect on SIL incidence. Measurement of viral load, as a surrogate for HPV persistence, may identify women at risk of developing cervical cancer precursors. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Angiopoietin‐2 expression in breast cancer correlates with lymph node invasion and short survival
Authors: Sfiligoi Christian , de Luca Annarita , Cascone Ilaria , Sorbello Valentina , Fuso Luca , Ponzone Riccardo , Biglia Nicoletta , Audero Enrica , Arisio Riccardo , Bussolino Federico , Sismondi Piero , De Bortoli Michele
Published: December 2002

Angiogenic factors produced by tumor cells are essential for tumor growth and metastasis. In our study, the expression of Angiopoietin‐1 (ANG1) and Angiopoietin‐2 (ANG2) mRNA in archival human breast cancer tumor samples and in 6 breast cancer cell lines was investigated. Total RNA from biopsies of 38 breast cancer patients was extracted and ANG1 and ANG2 mRNA expression was measured by means of quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR (Taqman®). Matching data with available clinicopathologic and biochemical data revealed a significant association between ANG2 expression and axillary lymph node invasion. Univariate and multivariate survival analysis, by means of Kaplan‐Meier method and Cox's proportional hazards model, showed significant and independent association between ANG2 mRNA level and both disease‐free (p < 0.0001) and overall survival (p < 0.0003). An important fact is that, notwithstanding the small number of cases examined, this association was confirmed also in the group of lymph node‐negative patients (DFS, p < 0.003; OS, p < 0.020). Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that Ang2 is expressed by both tumor cells and endothelial elements. Expression in tumor cells was confirmed by studying a panel of human breast carcinoma cell lines in culture by RT‐PCR. In ZR75.1 and T47D cells, expression of ANG2 mRNA was increased up to 10‐fold by treatment with estrogen within 24 hr. Although preliminary, these data suggest a possible role of ANG2 as a prognostic factor for primary breast cancer. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of bone marrow‐disseminated breast cancer cells using an RT‐PCR assay of MUC5B mRNA
Authors: Berois Nora , Varangot Mario , Sóñora Cecilia , Zarantonelli Leticia , Pressa Carlos , Laviña Raúl , Rodríguez José Luis , Delgado Fernando , Porchet Nicole , Aubert Jean‐Pierre , Osinaga Eduardo
Published: December 2002

The evaluation of disseminated epithelial tumor cells in breast cancer patients has generated considerable interest due to its potential association with disease recurrence. Our work was performed to analyze the usefulness of 5 mucin genes expression (MUC2, MUC3, MUC5B, MUC6 and MUC7), using RT‐PCR assays, to detect disseminated cancer cells in patients with operable breast cancer. The highest frequencies of positive RT‐PCR tests in breast tumor extracts were observed for MUC5B (7/15) and MUC7 (5/12). The best specificity, negative results on all peripheral blood mononuclear (PBMN) cell samples from healthy donors, were shown for MUC2, MUC5B and MUC6 RT‐PCR assays. Thus, we selected MUC5B as a target gene for further evaluation. Using a nested RT‐PCR, MUC5B mRNA transcripts were detected in 16/31 primary breast tumors (but not in 36 samples of normal PBMN cells) and in the human MCF‐7 breast cancer cell line but not in BT20, MDA, T47D and ZR‐75 breast cancer cell lines, indicating that MUC5B mRNA is expressed in a population of breast cancer cells. Using this method, 9/46 patients (19.5%) who underwent curative surgery showed positive MUC5B mRNA in bone marrow aspirates obtained prior to surgery, including 5/24 patients (20.8%) with stage I or II breast cancer, without histopathologic lymph node involvement. These results indicate that MUC5B mRNA could be a specific marker applicable to the molecular diagnosis of breast cancer cell dissemination. A comparative evaluation between MUC5B mRNA, cytokeratin 19 (CK19) mRNA and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) mRNA in all bone marrow aspirates suggests a putative complementation for molecular detection of disseminated carcinoma cells. Considering that breast cancer is characterized by a great phenotypic heterogeneity, the use of multimarker approach could contribute to tumor cell detection in bone marrow and blood. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Roles of JNK‐1 and p38 in selective induction of apoptosis by capsaicin in ras‐transformed human breast epithelial cells
Authors: Kang Hye‐Jung , Soh Yunjo , Kim Mi‐Sung , Lee Eun‐Jung , Surh Young‐Joon , Kim Hyeong‐Reh Choi , Kim Seung Hee , Moon Aree
Published: December 2002

Efforts have been made to develop a chemoprevention strategy that selectively triggers apoptosis in malignant cancer cells. Previous studies showed that capsaicin, the major pungent ingredient of red pepper, had differential effect between normal and transformed cells. As an approach to unveil the molecular mechanism by which capsaicin selectively induces apoptosis in transformed cells, we investigated the effect of capsaicin in nontransformed and ras‐transformed cells of a common origin: parental (MCF10A) and H‐ras‐transformed (H‐ras MCF10A) human breast epithelial cells. Here, we show that capsaicin selectively induces apoptosis in H‐ras‐transformed cells but not in their normal cell counterparts. The capsaicin‐induced apoptosis, which is dependent on ras transformation, involves the activity of DEVDase (caspase‐3 like). In H‐ras MCF10A cells, capsaicin treatment markedly activated c‐Jun N‐terminal protein kinase (JNK)‐1 and p38 matigen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) while it deactivated extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinases (ERKs). The use of kinase inhibitors and overexpression of dominant‐negative forms of MAPKs demonstrated a role of JNK‐1 and p38, but not that of ERKs, in apoptosis induced by capsaicin in H‐ras‐transformed MCF10A cells. Based on the present study, we propose that capsaicin selectively induces apoptosis through modulation of ras‐downstream signaling molecules in ras‐activated MCF10A cells. Taken in conjunction with the fact that uncontrolled ras activation is probably the most common genetic defect in human cancer cells, our finding may be critical to the chemopreventive potential of capsaicin and for developing a strategy to induce tumor cell‐specific apoptosis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatocellular carcinoma among atomic bomb survivors: Significant interaction of radiation with hepatitis C virus infections
Authors: Sharp Gerald B. , Mizuno Terumi , Cologne John B. , Fukuhara Toshiyuki , Fujiwara Saeko , Tokuoka Shoji , Mabuchi Kiyohiko
Published: December 2002

We conducted a nested case‐control study within the cohort of Japanese survivors of the 1945 atomic bombings to study the joint effects of HBV and HCV with radiation on the risk of HCC. Among subjects who received autopsies during 1954–1988, we analyzed archival tissue samples for 238 pathologically confirmed HCC cases and 894 controls who died from diseases other than liver cancer. Using logistic regression and adjusting for potential confounders and other factors, we found a statistically significant, supermultiplicative interaction between A bomb radiation and HCV in the etiology of HCC. Compared to subjects who were negative for HCV and radiation, ORs of HCC for HCV‐positive subjects showed a statistically significant, greater than multiplicative increase for liver irradiation exposures in the second (>0.018–0.186 Sv, p = 0.04) and third (>0.186 Sv, p = 0.05) tertiles of non‐zero radiation exposure but not for first tertile exposure (>0–0.018 Sv, p = 0.86). Limiting analysis to subjects without cirrhosis, HCV‐infected subjects were at 58.0‐fold (95% CI 1.99–∞) increased risk of HCC per Sv of radiation exposure (p = 0.017), a supermultiplicative interaction between radiation and HCV that was not found among subjects with cirrhosis (p = 0.67). We found no evidence of interaction between HBV infection and radiation exposure in the etiology of HCC, regardless of cirrhosis status (p = 0.58). We conclude that among survivors of the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, subjects who were both HCV‐positive and radiation‐exposed were at a significantly, supermultiplicatively increased risk of HCC without concurrent cirrhosis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Familial and second primary pancreatic cancers: A nationwide epidemiologic study from Sweden
Authors: Hemminki Kari , Li Xinjun
Published: December 2002

Familial risk of pancreatic cancer has been mainly assessed through case‐control studies based on reported but not medically verified cancers in family members. We used the nationwide Swedish Family‐Cancer Database on 10.2 million individuals and 21,000 pancreatic cancers to calculate standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for pancreatic cancer in 0‐ to 66‐year‐old offspring of parents with pancreatic or other specified tumors. Additionally, SIRs for second primary pancreatic cancers were analyzed after any first neoplasm. SIRs for pancreatic cancer (1.68, 95% CI 1.16–2.35) and pancreatic adenocarcinoma (1.73, 95% CI 1.13–2.54) were increased when a parent presented with pancreatic cancer. The risk was not dependent on diagnostic age of offspring or parents. Pancreatic cancer was associated with parental lung, rectal or endometrial cancer and with melanoma. SIRs for pancreatic cancer were 10.01 and 7.96 among offspring who were diagnosed before age 50 years when parents were diagnosed with squamous cell and adenocarcinoma of the lung, respectively, before age 60 years. The population‐attributable proportion of familial pancreatic cancer was 1.1%. Risks for second pancreatic cancers were increased in men and women after small intestinal, colon and bladder cancer. The degree of familial clustering for pancreatic cancer and its population‐attributable proportion were lower than the data cited in the literature. Clustering of pancreatic cancer with sites presenting in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer was noted. The strong association of pancreatic and lung cancers is puzzling, and it remains unclear to what extent this represents familial sharing of smoking habits. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Viral load of HPV in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Si Hua Xin , Tsao Sai Wah , Poon Cycles Suet Ping , Wang Li Dong , Wong Yong Chuan , Cheung Annie L.M.
Published: December 2002

We previously reported the presence of HPV DNA in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cases from Hong Kong and Sichuan. The role of HPV in the carcinogenesis of ESCC remains unclear, partly due to the large variations in infection rates reported by different studies. While some of these variations may truly reflect different HPV infection rates in ESCC among different geographic regions, differences in sensitivity and specificity of the detection methods used also contribute. In the present study, we used quantitative real‐time PCR to determine the copy numbers of HPV‐16 and HPV‐18 in ESCC from 5 different regions of China with different incidence rates of ESCC. Conforming to our previous reports, HPV infection was detected in 2–22.2% of samples. Infection with HPV‐16 was again shown to be more common than that with HPV‐18 among Chinese ESCC patients. The copy number of HPV‐16 in these ESCC cases ranged from ≤1 to 157 copies/genome equivalent, with 65% of samples harboring fewer than 10 copies/genome equivalent. The median copy number of HPV‐18 was 4.9/genome equivalent. Assays were validated using cervical carcinoma cell lines with known copy numbers of HPV‐16 or HPV‐18. The relatively low HPV copy number and infection rate in ESCC suggest that HPV is unlikely to play as essential a role in the carcinogenesis of ESCC as in cervical cancer. However, with the consistent detection of oncogenic HPVs in ESCC from some regions of China, the possibility of HPV infection being one of the multiple risk factors of ESCC in some geographic areas cannot be excluded. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sonographic diagnosis and successful nonoperative management of sealed perforated duodenal ulcer
Authors: Fujii Yasutomo , Asato Mitsunobu , Taniguchi Nobuyuki , Shigeta Kouichiro , Omoto Kiyoka , Itoh Kouichi , Suzukawa Masayuki
Published: December 2002

We encountered a case of sealed perforated duodenal ulcer in a 75‐year‐old woman with rheumatoid arthritis and chronic renal failure. Abdominal sonography showed a bright linear echo within the thickened anterior wall of the duodenal bulb and the presence of free air at the anterior surface of the liver. We found no signs of direct communication between the duodenal lumen and the peritoneal cavity or any free fluid. On follow‐up sonography performed every 2 days during the first week of the patient's hospitalization, no free fluid was found in the abdomen. The use of sonography to diagnose this patient's sealed perforated duodenal ulcer and to monitor the ulcer for the appearance of free fluid allowed us to provide successful nonsurgical management to this patient. We believe that the use of abdominal sonography in all patients suspected of having a perforated duodenal ulcer may help increase the diagnostic accuracy of this modality and may reduce the need for surgery in such patients. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 31:55–58, 2003
Isotopic labeling of 2‐desoxoparaherquamide A (PNU‐141962) with deuterium
Authors: Lee Byung H.
Published: December 2002

Modifications of marcfortine A and paraherquamide A led to the discovery of 2‐desoxoparaherquamide A (PNU‐141962, 3) which is as active as paraherquamide A and has an improved safety profile. In order to do preclinical studies, we wished to synthesize isotope‐labeled PNU‐141962. This account will describe the synthesis of [CD3]‐2‐desoxoparaherquamide A (4). The deuterium product was prepared in anticipation of using a similar synthesis for the preparation of the corresponding 14C‐ and 3H‐labeled products. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An improved synthesis of [phenyl‐14C(U)] Lawsone
Authors: Wright Christopher , Ullas Giliyar V.
Published: December 2002

Synthesis of 14C‐labelled Lawsone or 2‐hydroxy‐1,4‐naphthoquinone was achieved by auto‐oxidation of [phenyl‐14C(U)]α‐tetralone; the latter was prepared from [14C(U)] benzene in a reaction sequence more convenient than reported earlier. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.