bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laboratory investigations on the extraction of oil from vegetable oil‐cakes with ethanol
Authors: Kaparthi Ramalingam , Chari K. S.
Published: January 2007

Conclusions

Undue dilution of alcohol can be prevented by employing oleaginous materials of moisture content less than 1.0% for ethanol extraction.

The residual oil content of the meal depends on the particle size of the cake for a constant period of extraction.

Better quality oil in respect to color and F.F.A. is obtained with 95.6% ethanol extraction though the temperature of extraction is higher than the temperature employed with 98.6% ethanol.

F.F.A. of the extracted oils is low and within 1.0% for most of the oils, hence a reduction of refining loss. The color of safflower and peanut oils compares with the color of the screw‐press oils.

In the case of cottonseed meats extraction, the cooking of meats results in a lighter color oil and increases the yield for the same period of extraction. Cottonseed extraction also illustrates the advantages of ethanol as the solvent for oil extraction.
Reaction of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide with long‐chain fatty acids. Mono‐ and diester formation
Authors: Wrigley A. N. , Smith F. D. , Stirton A. J.
Published: January 2007

The alkali‐catalyzed reaction of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide with fatty acids was shown to be complex. Mono‐ and diesters were formed in comparable amounts even at an early stage when only about one equivalent of the cyclic ether had been condensed.

The following compounds were isolated in a pure state: ethylene glycol monolaurate, ethylene glycol dilaurate, diethylene glycol dilaurate, ethylene glycol distearate, 1,2‐propylene glycol dilaurate, and 1,2‐propylene glycol distearate. A monoester from propylene oxide was shown to be a mixture of the 1‐and 2‐monolaurate [C11H23CO2CH2CHOHCH3 and C11H23CO2CH(CH3)CH2OH].
Biological utilization of fatty acid isomers
Authors: Melnick Daniel , Deuel Harry J.
Published: January 2007

A review of the literature has shown that in the hydrogenation of vegetable oils, positional and stereoisomers of the unsaturated fatty acids are formed in appreciable quantities and that some isomers are intermediates in the development of others as hydrogenation proceeds. Using a microbiological assay technique, it was demonstrated that the iso‐oleic acids formed during hydrogenation are not antimetabolites for natural oleic acid but are utilized as nutrients. Fatty acids with conjugated double bonds are not antimetabolites for the essential fatty acids but are readily metabolized to carbon dioxide and water. Hydrogenated fats compare favorably with a natural fat of comparable firmness in serving as a source of essential fatty acids. In hydrogenating vegetable oils, isomers of linoleic acid can be formed which resist spectrophotometric detection but exhibit essential fatty acid activity.
Selective gas chromatographic determination of cholesterol in eggs
Authors: Guardiola F. , Codony R. , Rafecas M. , Boatella J.
Published: January 2007

A selective gas‐chromatographic method is proposed for the determination of cholesterol in egg samples. The method consists of extraction of the lipid fraction and cold saponification prior to determination on a glass capillary column. The absence of cholesterol oxidation during the process was checked, and the conditions in which oxidation is avoided are discussed. The method also showed good precision (coefficient of variation=1.39%). Applying this method to different fresh and frozen egg samples, we obtained a mean content of 392 mg of cholesterol/100 g of edible portion. These values are clearly lower than the majority of results published for eggs.
Estimation of the sharma constant and thermoacoustic properties of vegetable oils
Authors: Subrahmanyam M. S. R. , Vedanayagam H. Sumathi , Venkatacharyulu P.
Published: January 2007

The density and volume of four Indian edible vegetable oils, sunflower, rice bran, groundnut and coconut, and one Indian nonedible oil, castor oil, have been experimentally determined. The values obtained were used to estimate the volume expansivity α, hence the thermoacoustic parameters, such as the Sharma constantS0, the isochoric temperature coefficient of internal pressure, the isochoric temperature coefficient of volume expansion, reduced volume, reduced compressibility and the Huggins parameter F. The results obtained show that the Sharma constantS0 has the same characteristic value of 1.11±0.01 for the five oils, thus establishing the constancy of the Sharma parameter. All the other parameters are of the expected order of magnitude; however, in all cases there is a uniform deviation at 293°K, which can be attributed to the behavior of density and volume at this temperature.
Rapid equilibrium extraction of rice bran oil at ambient temperature
Authors: Proctor A. , Jackson V. M. , Scott M. , Clark P. K.
Published: January 2007

Rapid equilibrium extraction of soybean flour has been effective in obtaining an oil with reduced phospholipid content. This technique was examined to obtain a low phospholipid and low free fatty acid rice bran oil (RBO). The amount of RBO extracted with hexane from 1 g of rice bran at 22°C was measured over a 10‐min period. The amount of oil extracted from variable amounts of bran with a fixed volume of solvent was also studied. Ninety percent of the oil was extracted in one minute, with 93% of the total RBO being extracted after ten minutes. This compares with the 98% yield obtained from soy flour, but increasing the amount of bran used did not reduce the extraction rate. This extraction method produced a good quality RBO with low phospholipid, low free fatty acid and low peroxide values.
Epoxy oleic acid inQuamoclit seed oils
Authors: Daulatabad C. D. , Desai V. A. , Hosamani K. M. , Hiremath V. B.
Published: January 2007

Quamoclit phoenicea Choisy andQuamoclit coccinea Moench. (Syn.Ipomoea coccinea Linn), belonging to the Convolvulaceae plant family, was found to contain palmitic (22.2%, 33.3%), stearic (11.3%, 1.7%) oleic (13.5%, 14.6%), linoleic (40.1%, 30.8%), vernolic (6.4%, 10.2%), arachidic (3.5%, 6.8%) and behenic (3.8%, 2.6%) acids, respectively.
Factors governing the extent of overoxidation in permanganate oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Kartha A. R. S. , Selvaraj Y.
Published: January 2007

The extent of overoxidation of half‐esters of dicarboxylic acids is governed mainly by the nature and proportions of the oxidizing agent employed and not by reaction temperatures. In procedures which produce overoxidation, this occurs mainly at the time of the scission of the double bonds and no method is known to prevent it. The acetone permanganate procedure overoxidizes monocarboxylic acids (MCA), dicarboxylic acids (DCA) and half esters of DCA. The acetic acid‐acetone permanganate procedure overoxidizes DCA but not MCA half‐esters of DCA or azelaoglycerides. The DCA corresponding to the first double bond in unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) can be isolated quantitatively if the esters or triglycerides are oxidized by the latter procedure.
Tocotrienols from palm oil: Electron spin resonance spectra of tocotrienoxyl radicals
Authors: Goh S. H. , Hew N. F. , Ong A. S. H. , Choo Y. M. , Brumby S.
Published: January 2007

The major vitamin E components present in palm oil, viz. α‐tocopherol, α−, ψ‐and δ‐tocotrienols, have been isolated and their structures verified by the NMR spectra of their acetate and succinate derivatives. Oxidation of γ‐and δ‐tocotrienols with alkaline K3Fe(CN)6 gave isolable dimeric species, which were studied by13C NMR. Free radicals generated from the monomeric and dimeric tocotrienols were investigated using ESR spectroscopy. The distinction between antioxidant activity and antioxidant capacity of vitamin E isomers is discussed.
Sources of error in the analysis of glucosinolates by gas liquid chromatography
Authors: Hase Anneli , Johansson Maj‐Len , Viljava Tuula‐Riltta
Published: January 2007

A study was made of the accuracy and precision of glucosinolate determination by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) after transformation of the glucosinolates to desulfoglucosinolates and silylation. The condition of the GLC column and the cleanness of the injection port were found to be crucial for quantitative determination of the glucosinolate silyl ethers. The relative stabilities of glucosinolate silyl ethers in pyridine solution remained constant over a period of weeks in air at ambient temperature.
Heat treatment of vegetable oils. II. GC‐MS and GC‐FTIR spectra of some isolated cyclic fatty acid monomers
Authors: Sebedio J. L. , Le Quere J. L. , Semon E. , Morin O. , Prevost J. , Grandgirard A.
Published: January 2007

Gas liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) showed that the cyclic fatty acid monomers (CFAM) isolated from a heated linseed oil have two ethylenic bonds, while the CFAM isolated from heated sunflower oils were saturated and monoethylenic isomers. GC‐MS studies also showed the presence of cyclohexenic derivatives in the case of linseed oil.

GLC coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (GC‐FTIR) studies indicated that the CFAM isolated from linseed oil were ofcis (Z),trans (E) structures except two components which werecis,cis (Z,Z) dienoic acids. The unsaturated CFAM isolated from sunflower oils werecis (Z) andtrans (E) monoethylenic isomers. For sunflower oils, the major CFAM were isomers having acis (Z) ethylenic bond. The saturated CFAM isolated from a heated sunflower oil had molecular weights of 296 and 294. The latter could correspond to some bicyclic isomers.
Lipid peroxide catalyzed chemical carcinogenesis
Authors: O'Brien Peter J.
Published: January 2007

Peroxides, including lipid peroxides, with heme catalysts cause the binding of C14‐acetylaminofluorene to DNA if microsomes are present. This binding was 96% inhibited by paraoxon, a deacetylase inhibitor. It is concluded that peroxide‐peroxidase systems rapidly oxidize acetylated arylamines to proximate carcinogens following deacetylation by microsomal deacetylases. The DNA binding observed was greater than that observed with the liver microsomal mixed function oxidase catalyzed activation to N‐OH‐acetylaminofluorene, which binds to DNA following deacetylation by microsomal deacetylase. Lipid peroxidation or prostaglandin synthesis should therefore enhance carcinogenesis induced by arylamides.
High oil‐ and polyphenol‐producing species of the northwest
Authors: Carr M. E. , Bagby M. O. , Roth W. B.
Published: January 2007

The examination of plant species for their potential as renewable sources of industrial raw materials, conducted at the Northern Regional Research Center, has been extended to include 110 species from North Dakota (ND), Colorado (CO), and Oregon (OR), U.S.A. Plant samples were collected and analyzed for yields of “oil,” “polyphenol,” “hydrocarbon” and crude protein as well as for botanical characteristics. Data are presented only for the relatively high‐yielding species. Oil and hydrocarbon extracts of plants that yielded at least 3.0% oil (dry, ash‐free, plant sample basis) and/or at least 0.4% hydrocarbon were analyzed for classes of constituents. Oils of such species were saponified to determine yields of fatty acids and unsaponifiable matter. Hydrocarbon was examined for the presence of rubber, gutta and/or waxes. Polyisoprenes were analyzed for average molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. Even when compared to about 1000 species previously analyzed in this program, seven of the species yielded high amounts of oil (7.1–11.1%) plus substantial amounts of polyphenol (10.0–19.7%). Of these, six are evergreen trees or shrubs and one is a nonwoody perennial. Another seven species yielded substantial amounts of oil (5.4–6.6%), of which five gave 17.1–24.7% polyphenol. The most notable oil‐producing species wereJuniperus scopulorum (11.1%),Pinus albicaulis (10.1%),Pinus flexilis (9.3%),Pinus mugo (8.4%),Liatris punctata (8.0%) andJuniperus communis (7.8%). Crude protein contents for all 22 species were low (4.2%) to moderate (10.4%). Maximum hydrocarbon content for the 22 selected species reported was only 0.5%. The highest total amount of oil, polyphenol, hydrocarbon and crude protein was 38.9% forAcer ginnala. Data obtained in this study are discussed with respect to those from species previously analyzed in this program.
Surface active products from sandal seed oil
Authors: Shankaranarayana K. H. , Parthasarathi K.
Published: January 2007

Formation of surface active products with good foaming capacity and foam stability from sandalseed oil by reaction with (i) diethanolamine, (ii) gelatin hydrolysate and (iii) sodium‐ammonia is described.
Production of hydrocarbons by pyrolysis of methyl esters from rapeseed oil
Authors: Billaud F. , Dominguez V. , Broutin P. , Busson C.
Published: January 2007

The pyrolysis of a mixture of methyl esters from rapeseed oil has been studied in a tubular reactor between 550 and 850°C and in dilution with nitrogen. A specific device for the condensation of cracking effluents was used for the fractionated recovery of liquid and gaseous effluents, which were analyzed on‐line by an infrared analyzer and by gas chromatography. The cracking products in the liquid effluent were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry coupling. The effects of temperature on the cracking reaction were studied for a constant residence time of 320 ms and a constant dilution rate of 13 moles of nitrogen/mole of feedstock. The principal products observed were linear 1‐olefins,n‐paraffins, and unsaturated methyl esters. The gas fraction also contained CO, CO2, and H2. The middle‐chain olefins (C10–C14 cut) and short‐chain unsaturated esters, produced with a high added value, had an optimum yield at a cracking temperature of 700°C.
Nondestructive single‐kernel oil determination of maize by near‐infrared transmission spectroscopy
Authors: Orman Bruce A. , Schumann Robert A.
Published: January 2007

The utility of near‐infrared transmission spectroscopy (NITS) for the nondestructive prediction of oil content in single maize kernels was explored. Calibration models were developed from spectral information gathered between 850 and 1050 nm. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was employed as a reference method to determine the actual oil content of samples used for calibration development and testing. Various positionings of the kernels in the light path and calibration math treatments were explored. The best NITS calibration yielded a 1.2% standard error of cross validation, which was over four times the standard error of NMR reproducibility. Although not as accurate as NMR, NITS does have utility in selecting kernels with the highest oil content from a segregating population.
Sulfonation of hexadecene‐1 and octadecene‐1
Authors: Weil J. K. , Stirton A. J. , Smith F. D.
Published: January 2007

The reaction of dioxane‐sulfur trioxide with hexadecene‐1 and octadecene‐1 carried out below 10C gave difficultly soluble sodium 2‐hydroxy‐1‐alkanesulfonates containing smaller amounts of other vicinal position isomers.

Sulfonation of the olefins at 50C gave a mixture of isomeric vicinal sodium alkenesulfonates containing also small amounts of hydroxyalkanesulfonates, sulfo‐sulfates and sultones. This higher temperature reaction product was readily soluble with good foaming and detergent properties.
Chemical reactions involved in the deep fat frying of foods. I. A laboratory apparatus for frying under simulated restaurant conditions
Authors: Krishnamurthy R. G. , Kawada Tsukasa , Chang S. S.
Published: January 2007

A laboratory apparatus has been designed which can be used to quantitatively collect the volatile decomposition products produced during deep fat frying under simulated restaurant conditions. In order to study the chemical reactions of frying fat without any inter‐reaction with the food fried, moist cotton balls were fried in corn oil.

The oil used for frying was shown to differ considerably from oil which was continuously heated. The latter had a darker color and higher viscosity. It foamed significantly while the oil used for frying did not. Furthermore, the continuously heated oil had a much lower free fatty acid content than did the oil used for frying under simulated restaurant conditions.

The volatile decomposition products collected during frying of cotton balls in corn oil were separated into acidic and nonacidic compounds. Each group exhibited a definite gas chromatographic pattern after only a short period of frying. Part of the degradation products, particularly those of higher boiling points, were found to remain in the frying oil.
Dimensional analysis applied to detergency
Authors: Mankowich A. M.
Published: January 2007

Six fundamental soil and surfactant variables of the detergency process have been combined by dimensional analysis into a complete and valid set of three dimensionless products which represent the mechanism by a diagram comprising a family of curves of two of the products at fixed values of the third. Five soils and six surfactants have been combined into eighteen soil‐surfactant systems to validate the dimensional analysis. The dependent parameter of soil removal, normally viewed as dimensionless, was assigned the dimensions of mass times length following more subtle considerations of the mechanism. This means of representing the detergency process is a considerable improvement over the previously established transcendental relationships of selected groups of soil‐surfactant systems (2).
Hydroxymethylation of jojoba oil by lewis acid‐catalyzed ene reaction with formaldehyde
Authors: McLellan Jill F. , Mortier Roy M. , Orszulik Stefan T. , Paton R. Michael
Published: January 2007

Formaldehyde undergoes ethylaluminum dichloride‐catalyzed ene reaction with jojoba oil to afford a mixture of 1∶1 and 1∶2 adducts. The hydroxymethyl products were identified by comparison with model adducts prepared from methyl oleate and oleyl acetate.
Trends in industrial usage for vegetable oils — symposium overview
Authors: Pryde E. H. , Carlson K. D.
Published: January 2007

Vegetable oils are firmly established components of many industrial products and contribute a small but important share to the oleochemical and chemical industries‐about 2% of total organic chemicals produced. The oleochemical industry is a mature one with low profit margins and in need of novel products and product applications, the development of which will require both basic and applied research. Several symposium participants identify areas that could add significantly to existing markets for unmodified vegetable oils, such as a diluent or enhancing agent in the application of pesticides and as an energy or heat source. Others show that considerable potential exists for new chemicals and modified vegetable oils and unique chemicals derived therefrom in value‐added products such as coatings, polymers, lubricant additives or food additives, sometimes involving unique oils other than the traditional commodity mix. Without doubt, this is a time for the oleochemicals industry to invest in the future with nontraditional approaches to research and development. The oleochemical industry can and should expand its horizons, but with the realization that vegetable oils will have a lesser role compared to that of other renewable resources, such as wood and agricultural residues.
Gamma‐irradiation of 7‐ketocholesterol in aqueous dispersions and liposomes
Authors: Moriarity Nancy J. , Maerker Gerhard
Published: January 2007

7‐Ketocholesterol in aqueous sodium stearate dispersions or incorporated into liposomes was exposed to gamma radiation at 0–4°C to a dose of 50 kGy. Substrate degradation was noted in all systems, but occurred to a much greater extent in dispersions (≈90%) than in liposomes (0–25%). The difference in degree of degradation is attributed to dissimilarities in the micro‐environment of 7‐ketocholesterol in the two systems. The principal decomposition product was identified as 7‐ketocholestanol, a compound that can arise from hydrogenation of the double bond of the starting material. Also detected, but in lower concentration, were the epimeric 7‐hydroxycholesterols resulting from the reduction of the original carbonyl function. Both 7‐ketocholestanol and the epimeric 7‐hydroxycholesterols are believed to be secondary species generated by the interaction of the starting material with the primary radiolysis products of water. In addition, many minor degradation products were noted but not identified.
Food for peace program
Authors: Ellis Frank
Published: January 2007

The Food for Peace Program of the U.S. Agency for International Development started in 1954 and will be continued even in time of short food supplies. The Food for Peace Program, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and cooperating food processors developed technology for large scale production of soy grain blended foods.
Semiarid legume crops as protein resources
Authors: Becker R. , Sayre R. N. , Saunders R. M.
Published: January 2007

Worldwide population pressures and accompanying increased demands on water supplies and tillable land has forced a reevaluation of traditional agricultural techniques and crops. Under‐used semiarid lands are becoming candidates for crop production that uses stress‐tolerant plants. Desert legume trees and shrubs, e.g., species ofProsopis, Leucaena, Acacia, Geoffroea andOlneya, fix nitrogen and could be sources of seed protein forage or biomass. Seeds from desert legume perennials have a high potential as protein producers.
Derivatization of keto fatty acids. III. synthesis of terminal thiazole and oxazole derivatives from α‐bromoketones
Authors: Rafat Husain S. , Ahmad F. , Ahmad M. , Osman S. M.
Published: January 2007

The synthesis of alkyl chain substituted thiazole and oxazole derivatives is described. The reaction of 11‐bromo‐10‐oxoundecanoic acid with thiourea and acetamide yielded terminally located thiazole and oxazole derivatives, respectively. A similar treatment with urea produced the unexpected urea‐substituted product, together with an unidentified product.
Characteristic properties of cutting fluid additives derived from the derivatives of ricinoleic acid polymers
Authors: Watanabe S. , Nakagawa H. , Ohmori Y. , Fujita T. , Sakamoto M.
Published: January 2007

A number of esters were prepared from the reaction of acid chlorides with ricinoleic acid polymers and screened for anti‐rust properties and antimicrobial activity in spent coolants of water‐based cutting fluids. Aqueous solutions of triethanolamine salts with decanoic acid, undecanoic acid and oleic acid esters of ricinoleic acid dimer, trimer, tetramer and hexamer showed good anti‐rust properties for water‐based cutting fluids. Dehydrates of ricinoleic acid polymers also showed good anti‐rust properties for water‐based cutting fluids.
A convenient synthesis of long‐chain 1‐O‐Alkyl glyceryl ethers
Authors: Urata K. , Yano S. , Kawamata A. , Takaishi N. , Inamoto Y.
Published: January 2007

A convenient and economical procedure for synthesis of long‐chain 1‐O‐alkyl glyceryl ethers (V) is described. Alkyl glycidyl ethers (II) which were derived from the reaction of alcohols (I) with epichlorohydrin using a phase transfer catalyst were first converted into the corresponding dioxolanes (III) or 1‐O‐alkyl‐2,3‐di‐O‐acetylglycerols (IV). Subsequent hydrolysis of the resultant products provided 1‐O‐alkyl glyceryl ethers (V) in high yields.
Effects of limited proteolysis on functional properties of ovalbumin
Authors: Doi Etsushiro , Koseki Taihei , Kitabatake Naofumi
Published: January 2007

We examined the limited proteolysis of ovalbumin by pepsin and its effect on the functional properties of the ovalbumin. Pepsin hydrolyzed only the single peptide bond of ovalbumin between His‐22 and Ala‐23. This provided a large intermediate (MW 42,500), P‐ovalbumin. A P‐ovalbumin solution gave a transparent gel when heated. Under the same conditions, an ovalbumin solution gave a turbid gel. We studied the physicochemical properties of P‐ovalbumin and the formation of the transparent gel.
Determination of seventeen elements in edible oils and margarine by instrumental neutron activation analysis
Authors: Iskander Felib Y.
Published: January 2007

Instrumental neutron activation analysis was used to determine the concentration of As, Ba, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, Hg, K, Na, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sr and Zn in almond, sunflower, peanut, sesame, linseed, soy, corn and olive oils, as well as in three margarine brands. The concentration of As, Ba, Ce, Cs, Eu, Hg, Rb, Se and Sr were below the system detection limit under the experiment conditions. Chromium was detected only in one of the margarine samples (171 μg/g); Sb only in corn oil (18 ng/g) and Sc only in linseed oil (19 ng/g). Cobalt, Fe, K, Na and Zn were detected in all oil and margarine samples investigated. The concentration ranges for Co, Fe, K, Na and Zn in oils were: 0.016–0.053; 4.45–19.1; 5.93–47.2; 2.44–12.9 and 0.48–1.54 μg/g, respectively. For margarine, the concentration ranges for Co, Fe, K, Na and Zn were 0.09–0.012; 4.53–10.6; 58.3–1140; 13.2–9870 and 0.38–0.47 μg/g, respectively. The elemental contents of the analyzed samples are within the ranges reported in the literature for edible oils and fats.
Enzymatic synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of 1,3‐divernoloyl glycerol fromVernonia galamensis seed oil
Authors: Ayorinde Folahan O. , Nwaonicha Chukwuma P. , Parchment Voneil N. , Bryant Kent A. , Hassan Mahmoud , Clayton Marcella T.
Published: January 2007

cis‐12,13‐Epoxy‐cis‐octadecenoic (vernolic) acid occurs in triglycerides of the seed oil ofVernonia galamensis. The seeds also contain a lipase capable of hydrolyzing the triglycerides. Previous investigators incubated the seed ofVernonia anthelmintica and isolated 5.6% yield of 1,3‐divernoloyl glycerol. We used crude lipase extract fromV. galamensis seed to synthesize 1,3‐divernoloyl glycerol from vernonia oil in pentane at 40% yield. A 94% conversion of the 1,3‐divernoloyl glycerol to pure vernolic acid (5.34% oxirane = 98.9% purity) was achieved by a low‐energy saponification process. The carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of the 1,3‐divernoloyl glyceride indicates a potential for using carbon‐13 NMR spectroscopy in the identification of isomeric diglycerides. Thus the paper describes the synthesis, spectroscopic and chemical characterization of 1,3‐divernoloyl glycerol, in addition to providing quantitative carbon‐13 NMR studies ofV. galamensis oil.
Processing of oilseeds using fluidbed technology
Authors: Florin G. , Bartesch H. R.
Published: January 2007

The introduction of fluidbed technology in processing soybeans is discussed. Particular emphasis is given to energy and investment savings which are most significant with the newly developed EW‐dehulling‐conditioning process.
Fish oil tetracosenoic acid isomers and GLC analyses of polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Shantha N. C. , Ackman R. G.
Published: January 2007

The total tetracosenoic acid (24∶1) levels in nine marine oils examined ranged from 0.4 to 1.1% of the total fatty acids. Gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) analysis of whole fish oil fatty acid methyl esters usually shows a single 24∶1 peak, as the dominant (60–90%) isomer is 24∶1ω9, and the minor peaks are not seen. Isolation and oxidative fission demonstrate that the lesser isomers present in these oils (in the first peak to elute) include 24∶1ω15, 24∶1ω13 and 24∶1ω11, which are not resolvable from each other on open‐tubular GLC; 24∶1ω9 is followed by a peak for 24∶1ω7. The complex first 24∶1 isomer peak of fish oil fatty acids tends to coincide with or just follows the 22∶6ω3 peak in GLC analyses carried out on Carbowax‐20M type open‐tubular (capillary) columns.
Separation and quantification of heart and liver phospholipid classes by high‐performance liquid chromatography using a new light‐scattering detector
Authors: Juanéda P. , Rocquelin G. , Astorg P. O.
Published: January 2007

This work describes a one‐step separation of rat tissue phospholipid classes by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a silica column and a new light‐scattering detector (LSD). Complete separation of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, sphingomyelin, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, and lysophosphatidylcholine was obtained. Direct quantification was achieved after detector calibration for each phospholipid class. The detector response was shown to be linear within the ranges used. The LSD results agreed well with those obtained by phospholipid phosphorus assay. The present method was applied to rat heart and rat liver phospholipid analysis.
Urethane coatings based on aldehyde oils
Authors: Rheineck A. E. , Lakshmanan P. R.
Published: January 2007

A series of polyol acetals of aldehyde oils was prepared by an acetal interchange reaction between dimethyl and tetramethyl acetals of aldehyde oils derived by the reductive ozonolysis of linseed and soybean oils. The acetals interchanged with pentaerythritol, trimethylol propane and glycerol contained the equivalent of .93 and 1.88 aldehyde groups per oil molecule. The polyol acetals were reacted with toluene diisocyanate in an NCO/OH of 2. These products were tested as film formers. Curing was by two reactions, namely oxidation polymerization of the residual unsaturation in the oil and moisture curing of the unreacted isocyanate group. Good quality films were formed.
Non‐volatilea‐branched chain fatty acid derivatives: IV. Addition of aryl esters to long chain olefins
Authors: Bilyk A. , Eisner A. , Maerker G.
Published: January 2007

The di‐tertiary butyl peroxide initiated free radical addition of methyl phenylacetate, methylp‐tolylacetate and methylp‐methoxyphenylacetate to 1‐decene gives two types of products. In addition to the expecteda‐branched esters, dehydrodimer (bothmeso anddl) esters were also obtained. The highest yield ofa‐branched ester was obtained from methyl phenylacetate. Higher yields of the dehydrodimer esters were obtained from the substituted phenyl esters. Attempts to add methylp‐nitrophenylacetate to 1‐decene were not successful and no evidence for the formation of a dehydrodimer product was observed.
The mechanism of the aqueous perchloric acid isomerization of oleic acid to γ‐stearolactone
Authors: Shepherd Ian S. , Showell John S.
Published: January 2007

The migration of the double bond in the reaction of oleic acid with aqueous 67% deuteroperchloric acid occurs by the reversible intermolecular esterification of carboxylic acid by olefin; when a double bond reaches the Δ4,5 position and intramolecular carboxylic acid‐olefin, esterification occurs to yield γ‐stearolactone.
Lipase made active in hydrophobic media
Authors: Takahashl Katsunobu , Saito Yuji , Inada Yuji
Published: January 2007

Enzymes are distinguished from other catalysts by their high substrate specificity. This is a great asset when one wants to apply them for syntheses of various compounds. Their usage, however, generally is limited to hydrophilic reaction media, because they usually are not soluble and active in hydrophobic media. Recently, we have been able to make various enzymes soluble and active in highly hydrophobic organic solvents. The key to this success is the chemical modification of enzymes with an amphipathic synthetic polymer, polyethylene glycol. The activated polymers can be attached to enzymes in aqueous buffer solutions, and once enzymes are modified they become soluble and active in various organic solvents such as benzene, toluene and cholorinated hydrocarbons and exhibit high enzymic activities in these organic solvents. Modified hydrolytic enzymes catalyzed the reverse reaction of hydrolysis in organic solvents. The modified lipase catalyzed various ester synthesis reactions. Because the reactions were conducted in the pure solvent system, it also was possible to study the kinetics and the substrate specificity for ester synthesis reaction. It also catalyzed the polymerization of a hydroxy group containing carboxylic acid due to the bifunctional nature. The modified lipase catalyzed ester exchange between an ester and an alcohol, between an ester and a carboxylic acid and between two esters in organic solvents. When the two substrates for ester exchange were liquid, the reaction could take place without organic solvents. The modified lipase catalyzed an ester exchange reaction between trilaurin and triolein when dissolved in these substrates. Dilauroyl‐monooleoylglycerol and monolauroyl‐dioleoyl‐glycerol were formed from these two substrates in the presence of the modified lipase. The modified enzyme was extremely thermostable in its substrates. In the ester synthesis and ester exchange reactions, a trace amount of water was necessary for expression of the enzymic activity. It is suggested that the amphipathic polymer molecules retained water in close proximity to the enzyme.
Fat oxidation at low oxygen pressure: III. Kinetic studies on linoleic acid oxidation in emulsions in the presence of added metal salts
Authors: Marcuse R Einhard , Fredriksson Per‐Olof
Published: January 2007

Earlier studies on lipid oxidation at low oxygen pressure were continued to cover the effect of low oxygen pressure in the presence of added metal salts. Addition of Cu2+ and Fe3+ salts was shown to exert a catalytic effect, which, on increasing metal concentration, may reach a maximum and then decrease. This so called conversion is favored at low oxygen pressure (e.g., corresponding to 1% O2 at atmospheric pressure). Under certain conditions it may result in an antioxidative effect. The phenomenon is more pronounced at pH 5 than at pH 7, and it is dependent on the anions present and the ratio between the concentration of the catalyst and that of the substrate. A tentative explanation of these effects of Cu2+ and Fe3+ salts at low oxygen pressure, which are not given by Fe2+ and Co2+ salts, is offered.
New method for hydroxylating long‐chain unsaturated fatty acids, esters, alcohols, and hydrocarbons
Authors: Knight H. B. , Koos R. E. , Swern Daniel
Published: January 2007

A new method for hydroxylating long‐chain unsaturated compounds is described which involves addition of formic acid at its boiling point to the double bond followed by hydrolysis of the intermediate formate esters. The addition reaction proceeds slowly in the absence of catalysts, but strongly acidic substances, such as perchloric acid, sulfuric acid, and boron fluoride‐acetic acid complex, speed up the addition tremendously.

Monohydroxystearic acids can be prepared in good yield by addition of 90–100% formic acid to the double bond of oleic or elaidic acids, methyl oleate, or the unreacted olefinic material separated from the hydrolyzed reaction product of oleic acid with formic acid, followed by hydrolysis. Similarly prepared are dihydroxyoctadecanes from oleyl alcohol, monohydroxyoctadecenoic and dihydroxystearic acids from linoleic acid, monohydroxyhendecanoic acids (isolated as methyl esters) from 10‐hendecenoic (undecylenic) acid, and secondary hexanols from 1‐hexene. Triglycerides are readily formylated if a small amount of mutual cosolvent is employed.

Acetic acid in the presence of acidic catalysts also adds to the double bond at its normal boiling point, but yields are lower than with formic acid.
Future considerations in margarine fortification
Authors: Bunnell R. H. , Borenstein B. , Schutt G. W.
Published: January 2007

The present and future nutritional rationale for margarine fortification is discussed. The trend to increase the polyunsaturated fat content of margarine coupled with the newer knowledge of vitamin E requirements suggest that vitamin E fortification of margarine be considered; a practice common in Europe. The composition of current margarine is reviewed with respect to PUFA and vitamin E. The vitamin A content, low cost, wide availability and high caloric value of margarine suggest a possible role in feeding the underprivileged. In this connection, the use of margarine as a carrier of lysine to improve the protein quality of cereal foods with which it is used is suggested.
Effects of humidification on activity of catalysts and antioxidants in model systems
Authors: Tjhio K. H. , Labuza T. P. , Karel M.
Published: January 2007

Studies on freeze‐dried model systems containing methyl linoleate and various additives have shown that water content plays an important role in controlling the activity of antioxidants and catalysts; water can counteract the catalytic activity of certain metals, and can enhance the antioxidant effect of some chelating agents. Different additives, however, respond differently to the effects of humidification, especially at high water activities. Data are presented which show that complexes of managanese and histidine show enhanced prooxidant activity at high water contents, while those of cobalt and histidine become more antioxidant. The effectiveness of EDTA as a chelating agent is also enhanced as the moisture content is increased. However, the effects of humidification are dependent on other components of the system, including the nature of the hydrophilic support.
Determination of the Δ15 double bond in fatty acids of hydrogenated soybean oil
Authors: Black L. T. , Beal R. E.
Published: January 2007

A method was developed to determine the extent of hydrogenation of the Δ15 double bond which occurs during partial catalytic hydrogenation of soybean oil. A linear relationship was found to exist between the linolenate content of commonly occurring C18 unhydrogenated oils (containing no tetraene) and the propanal resulting from their ozonization reduction. The amount of propanal so produced is directly related to the amount of Δ15 double bond in these oils, as well as in hydrogenated soybean oils. Soybean oil was treated with ozone in carbon tetrachloride at —20 C and then reduced with triphenylphosphine. The ozonized‐reduced sample was injected into a gas chromatograph, operated at 170C and equipped with a 12 ft × 1/4 in. column of 100/ 120 mesh porous polymer beads. The propanal peak was identified and its area used as a measure of the fatty acids containing Δ15 double bonds in unhydrogenated soybean and other oils of known linolenate content. A nearly stoichiometric amount of propanal results from ozonizing, reducing and chromatographing soybean oil as shown by comparison with a standard mixture of propanal and carbon tetrachloride. The relative standard deviation for the method is ±4.4%. We have also found this method applicable to other oils containing the omega‐3 double bond.
Countercurrent and counter double current distribution of 2‐methoxyethyl and 2‐chloroethyl fatty esters
Authors: Butterfield R. O.
Published: January 2007

2‐Methyoxyethyl esters of linseed and safflower oils were made by a base‐catalyzed transesterification and 2‐chloroethyl esters by acid‐catalyzed esterification of the free acids. Both esters were distilled in vacuum. Countercurrent distribution (CCD) of the two linseed esters with a hexane‐acetonitrile solvent system indicated that partition coefficients for the individual esters are one half those of the corresponding methyl esters. These lower partition coefficients permit solvent ratios nearer to one to be used in both CCD and counter double current distribution (CDCD) and they also reduce loading and transferring errors. Selectivity of the system toward number of double bonds and carbon chain length is the same as when methyl esters are used. Conditions were determined for the CDCD preparations of 2‐methoxyethyl and 2‐chloroethyl linolenate and linoleate from linseed and safflower oils, respectively.
Chemical reactions involved in the catalytic hydrogenation of oils. II. Identification of some volatile by‐products
Authors: Silveira A. , Masuda Y. , Chang S. S.
Published: January 2007

Gas chromatography of the volatile by‐products produced during the catalytic hydrogenation of an autoxidized soybean oil with a peroxide number of 11.2 meq/kg yielded approx 41 peaks. Twenty‐one of the gas chromatographic fractions were collected and rechromatographed, and their chemical identity studied with micro‐iR and mass spectrophotometry. These volatile by‐products, according to peak area of gas chromatogram, showed a predominance of hydrocarbons and alcohols.

The fractions which have been identified aren‐octane,n‐nonane,n‐decane,n‐heptadecane,n‐hexanol,n‐heptanol,n‐decanol,n‐hexanal,n‐decanal and 3‐nonanone. Among the gas chromatographic fractions collected,n‐decanol has an odor most reminiscent of that of catalytic hydrogenation.
Tall oil acids in some new coatings systems
Authors: Kraft W. M. , Janusz E. G. , Sughrue Daniel , Forschirm Alex
Published: January 2007

Tall oil fatty acids have been used in this study in the preparation of a number of new coatings resins. Formaldehyde modified pentaerythritoltall oil acid alkyds and urethane‐alkyds are described for use where fast drying, hard films are required.

In epoxy esters, compositions based on terpeneepoxy tall oil acid ester derivatives are evaluated in comparison with bisphenol based dehydrated castor esters. Such resins find use in maintenance and marine finishes where chemical resistances are required.
Quantitative determination of double bond positions in unsaturated fatty acids after oxidative cleavage
Authors: Jones E. P. , Davison V. L.
Published: January 2007

The position and amt of unsaturation in fatty acids have been determined, especially in pure fractions of partially hydrogenated fats. In developing a quantitative method for determination of ethylenic bonds in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids several procedures were combined. Key features include oxidative cleavage; recovery of cleaved acids as salts; and their conversion to methyl, ethyl or butyl esters for programmed gas‐liquid chromatographic analysis. Monobasic analyses closely agree with the corresponding dibasic analyses, except neither malonic nor propionic acid has been quantitatively estimated. Analyses are shown for cleavage of high purity oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids; forcis andtrans monoenates; and for conjugated and nonconjugated dienoates. Demonstrated are the accuracy, precision and applicability of the procedure to a wide range of pure fractions isolated after both heterogeneous and homogeneous partial catalytic hydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of unsaturated fats: Cobalt carbonyl
Authors: Frankel E. N. , Jones E. P. , Davison V. L. , Emken E. , Dutton H. J.
Published: January 2007

Homogeneous hydrogenation of unsaturated fats by cobalt carbonyl has been compared with the previously reported catalysis by iron carbonyl. Soybean methyl esters, methyl linoleate and linolenate have been hydrogenated at 75舑180C, 250舑3,000 psi H2 and 0.02 molar concn of catalyst. The cobalt carbonyl catalyst is more active at lower temp than iron carbonyl. The partially reduced products are similar to those observed with iron carbonyl, but the reaction differs in showing much less accumulation of conjugated dienes, no selectivity toward linolenate, almost complete absence of monoene hydrogenation to saturates, less double bond migration and moretrans isomerization. No evidence was found for a stable complex between cobalt carbonyl and unsaturated fats as previously observed with iron carbonyl. The rates of hydrogenation/double bond were the same for linoleate and linolenate on one hand, and for alkali‐conjugated linoleate and nonconjugated linoleate on the other.
Soap‐based detergent formulations I. Comparison of soap‐lime soap dispersing agent formulations with phosphate built detergents
Authors: Bistline R. G. , Noble W. R. , Weil J. K. , Linfield W. M.
Published: January 2007

Blends of soap with small amounts of lime soap dispersing agents are efficient detergents in hard water and require little or no tripolyphosphate builder. Lime soap dispersing agents examined include sulfated ethoxylated fatty alcohols, sulfated N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl) fatty amides, methyl esters of α‐sulfo fatty acids, 2‐sulfoethyl fatty acid esters and N‐methyl‐N‐(2‐sulfoethyl) fatty amides as well as nonionics derived from tallow alcohols. Detergency evaluations were carried out with three commercial soiled cotton cloths as well as by a laboratory multi‐wash technique. Formulations containing 80% soap, 10% lime soap dispersing agent and 10% builder gave optimum detergency values. Builder effectiveness was rated tripolyphosphate>silicate (1:1.6)> metasilicate = citrate = oxydiacetate = nitrilotriacetate>carbonate≫sulfate. The detergency of soap‐lime soap dispersed combinations compared favorably with a standard brand household heavy duty granular detergent in 50, 150 and 300 ppm hardness water on three soiled cloths.
Determination of sodium carboxymethylcellulose in detergent products
Authors: Mallory J. H. , Porter M. L.
Published: January 2007

Sodium carboxymethylcellulose in detergent products reacts with phenol in a sulfuric acid media to give a colored reaction product, the absorbance of which is measured at 490 mµ. No interference was experienced from the normal constituents of detergent products. The reproducibility was found to be±0.05% absolute.
Unsaponifiable matter, total sterol and tocopherol contents of avocado oil varieties
Authors: Lozano Y. F. , Mayer C. Dhuique , Bannon C. , Gaydou E. M.
Published: January 2007

Four varieties (Zutano, Bacon, Fuerte, Lula) of avocado (Persea americana) have been investigated for their unsaponifiable matter (UM) in mature and immature fruits. The UM content in crude oil was always higher in immature fruits (15–40%vs. 4–9%). The UM was fractionated by high‐performance liquid chromatography for the determination of total sterols and tocopherol. The sterol content in the oil was always higher in immature (1.1–6.2%) than in mature (0.8–2.0%) fruits. The tocopherol content differed with the varieties (10.2–25.0 mg/100 g UM), and the levels in the oil were higher in immature (20.1–45.6 mg/100 g oil) than in mature (5.7–10.3 mg/100 g oil) fruits.
The influence of dietary fat on the glyceride structure of animal fat
Authors: Reiser Raymond , Dieckert Julius W.
Published: January 2007

Summary and Conclusions

In order to determine the glyceride structure of a representative mammal and bird, rats and chicks were raised on an essentially fat‐free ration, and the percentage of saturated triglycerides in their neutral fat was determined by an isotope dilution procedure.

In order to determine the influence of ingested fat, second groups were fed the fat extracted from the animals in the first group, at the 20% level. Third groups were fed cottonseed oil, which has “even” distribution of its fatty acid. It was found that:

The glyceride structure of endogenous rat fat conforms to the “random” type distribution.

Ingested fat appears to be digested and resynthesized by the rat according to “even” type distribution, or, at least, in a manner which tends to distribute the fatty acids.

Chicks tend to produce simple or “mono‐acid” glycerides (8) in which the percentage of trisaturated glycerides is higher than expected for random distribution.

It is suggested that the findings can be explained by a selective affinity of the esterifying enzyme system for saturated acids and for the 1‐position on the glyceride molecule. In the case of the bird its higher body temperature may increase the speed of the reaction on the 2‐ and 3‐positions of the glycerol sufficiently to account for an increase in tri‐saturated glycerides above that required by random distribution.