bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beliefs about factors affecting the Reliability of eyewitness testimony: A Comparison of judges, jurors and the general public
Authors: Magnussen Svein , Melinder Annika , Stridbeck Ulf , Raja Abid Q.
Published: January 2009

We surveyed 164 members of the juror pool of the Court of Appeal and a representative sample of 1000 adult Norwegians without juror experience, about their knowledge and beliefs about eyewitness testimony, and compared their answers to a prior survey of Norwegian judges. Although the judges were somewhat more knowledgeable than jurors and the general public, all groups had limited knowledge of eyewitness testimony. Juror experience, in terms of number of times serving as juror, did not correlate with eyewitness knowledge. Consistent with this finding, the knowledge scores of the jurors were similar to the scores of the general public, tested with an abridged seven‐item version of the questionnaire. Comparisons with the results of surveys conducted in the US, indicate similar levels of knowledge among law professionals and jurors in the two countries. Increasing the knowledge of eyewitness testimony among the principal participants in the judiciary system may be an important component of the solution to eyewitness error. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Functionalized Dienes from Propargylic Esters: Formal Cross‐Coupling of Two Carbenes
Authors: Vovard‐Le Bray Chloé , Dérien Sylvie , Dixneuf Pierre H.
Published: January 2009

Carben mit Carben: Die Kupplung eines Propargylesters mit einem Diazoalkan in Gegenwart eines [RuCl(cod)Cp*]‐Katalysators führt zur Bildung funktionalisierter konjugierter Diene mit hoher Stereoselektivität. Die Reaktion verläuft über die Kreuzkupplung eines Vinylcarbenfragments, das aus einer rutheniumkatalysierten Propargylester‐Umlagerung resultiert, mit einem Diazoalkancarben.

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Black carbon aerosol mass concentration variation in urban and rural environments of India—a case study
Authors: Badarinath K. V. S. , Kharol Shailesh Kumar , Reddy R. R. , Rama Gopal K. , Narasimhulu K. , Siva Sankara Reddy L. , Raghavendra Kumar K.
Published: January 2009

The present study provides an account of the black carbon (BC) aerosol mass concentration variation in contrasting environments of India corresponding to the urban and rural areas of Hyderabad and Anantapur during August 2006. The study period corresponds to the monsoon season over the Indian region. The diurnal variation of BC showed two peaks, during morning and late evening, which are mostly, related to the diurnal changes in the local boundary layer and traffic density patterns. BC mass concentrations over Hyderabad are estimated to be 92% higher compared to those at the Anantapur site suggesting considerable contrast in its spatial variations. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Comparison of 850‐hPa relative humidity between ERA‐40 and NCEP/NCAR re‐analyses: detection of suspicious data in ERA‐40
Authors: Ben Daoud Aurélien , Sauquet Eric , Lang Michel , Obled Charles , Bontron Guillaume
Published: January 2009

An exploratory study is performed on the 850‐hPa relative humidity data (RH850) extracted from the Re‐Analysis Project (ERA‐40) and National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) re‐analyses covering a domain centred on western Europe (60°W–60°E, 15°N–75°N). The largest deviations between the two data archives are observed over the North Atlantic Ocean. In addition, unrealistic values of RH850 are detected in the ERA‐40 re‐analysis at resolutions of both 2.5° and 1.125°. There is no strong correlation between RH850 provided by ERA‐40 and observations from radio sounding stations, thus ruling out a straightforward correction of the detected anomalous values. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Etanercept: a new option in paediatric plaque psoriasis
Authors: Chaplin Steve , Atherton David
Published: January 2009

Psoriasis in children and adolescents can be disfiguring and adversely affect quality of life. A range of treatments are available that can control the condition, but not all patients respond or are able to tolerate the treatments. The anti‐TNF alpha inhibitors are used effectively in adult psoriasis but are not currently licensed for use in children. The anti‐TNF etanercept (Enbrel) has been studied in childhood psoriasis and is likely to gain a licence in the near future. In this article, the authors discuss current treatment approaches in childhood psoriasis and describe the efficacy, tolerability and potential place of etanercept in practice. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Management of type 2 diabetes: the GLP‐1 pathway
Authors: Tahrani Abd A , Piya Milan K , Barnett Anthony H
Published: January 2009

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major challenge to healthcare systems around the world, with an estimated prevalence of 6% (246 million) in 2007 rising to 7.3% (380 million) in 2025 worldwide.1–5 In this article, the authors consider the significance of the GLP‐1 path‐way in the management of T2DM, and some of the advantages of incretin‐based therapy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shingles vaccine: prevention made possible
Authors: Lyon Sue
Published: January 2009

Pain specialists discuss the key issues around vaccination against shingles and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) at the Sanofi Pasteur MSD‐sponsored Satellite Symposium at the British Pain Society Meeting, Liverpool. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical modelling of the potential effects of a dam on a coastal aquifer in S. Spain
Authors: Calvache M. L. , Ibáñez S. , Duque C. , Martín‐Rosales W. , López‐Chicano M. , Rubio J. C. , González A. , Viseras C.
Published: January 2009

This study presents the results of a three‐dimensional variable‐density numerical modelling of the Motril‐Salobreña coastal aquifer and the possible effects of the entry into service in May 2005 of the Rules Dam, located just 17 km from the coast. Present parameters of the Motril‐Salobreña aquifer show that the system's conditions are very similar to a natural regime. The dam will substantially alter aquifer recharge, as the entry flow through the alluvial sediments of the Guadalfeo River will be entirely cut off or drastically reduced. Different scenarios reproducing the possible evolution of the aquifer under operation of the Rules Dam have been modelled. In most cases, results indicate that the conditions of the aquifer would worsen, with a general advance of the freshwater–saltwater interface. The area with most risk of saltwater intrusion is the old mouth of the Guadalfeo River, where the mixing zone could advance 1200 m inland. It is proposed that maintaining a 5–6 Mm3 year−1 ‘ecological flow’ in the Guadalfeo River could prevent this saline advance. This application demonstrates that variable‐density models are potentially useful tools for estimating the effects of dams on the hydrodynamic and hydrochemical conditions of a coastal aquifer. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of task and maternal verbosity on compliance in toddlers
Authors: Hakman Melissa , Sullivan Maureen
Published: January 2009

The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between compliance in toddlers and maternal verbosity as well as the type of task. Mothers and their toddlers completed a warm‐up task, a proactive toy clean‐up task, and a prohibitive forbidden objects task. Mothers were assigned to one of two verbosity conditions (high versus low) and to one of two nurturance conditions (high versus low) where the rates of verbosity and nurturance were experimentally manipulated. It was hypothesized that toddlers would demonstrate higher noncompliance when given high levels of verbosity than toddlers given low levels of verbosity. It was expected that toddlers would demonstrate higher noncompliance when given low levels of nurturance than toddlers given high levels of nurturance. It was also expected that toddlers would demonstrate more noncompliance in the prohibitive task than they would in the proactive task. Results indicated that the rates of child compliance were related to the level of maternal verbosity with greater noncompliance being exhibited by children who received high levels of verbosity than those who received low levels of verbosity. Child compliance rates were also related to the type of task, with greater noncompliance exhibited in the proactive task versus the prohibitive task. Excessive detail about what children should or should not do appears to be related to child behavior and supports Patterson's premise of ‘nattering’. Child behavior also was related to the type of task in which the child was engaged. These findings have direct implications for individuals working with or raising very young children. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
To retire or expand? A fuzzy GIS‐based spatial multi‐criteria evaluation framework for irrigated agriculture
Authors: Chen Yun , Khan Shahbaz , Paydar Zahra
Published: January 2009

This paper presents a GIS framework for multi‐criteria evaluation of land suitability for the expansion or retirement of irrigated cropland at a catchment scale in Australia. This framework is based on the fuzzy linguistic ordered weighted averaging (FLOWA) approach which integrates the analytical hierarchy procedure (AHP) and quantifier‐guided OWA operators in an ArcGIS 9.2 environment. The FLOWA module proved to be highly flexible and efficient in generating and visualising a wide range of different multi‐criteria decision strategies. Several scenarios were derived to show how the uncertainties involved in the suitability decision‐making process can influence the outcomes. This framework has helped us understand the need for retirement as well as the potential for expanding irrigation in suitable areas of the catchment if water is available. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Permethrin induces lymphocyte DNA lesions at both Endo III and Fpg sites and changes in monocyte respiratory burst in rats
Authors: Gabbianelli Rosita , Falcioni Maria Letizia , Cantalamessa Franco , Nasuti Cinzia
Published: January 2009

Pyrethroids are widely used insecticides of low acute toxicity in mammals but the consequences of long‐term exposure are of concern. Their insecticidal action is related to neurotoxicity and, in addition, there are indications of mammalian immuno‐toxicity. In this work the effect of 60 days permethrin (150 mg kg−1body weight/day) exposure on two types of leukocytes (monocytes and lymphocytes) in adolescent rats was investigated. In particular, the monocyte respiratory burst response was first investigated, followed by studies on the degree and type of lymphocyte DNA damage induced by permethrin at this stage of life. Permethrin treatment reduces the monocyte respiratory burst response to phorbol myristate acetate, thereby decreasing superoxide anion (65%) and hydrogen peroxide (37%) production. Moreover an increase [correction made here after initial online publication] in monocyte plasma membrane fluidity in the hydrophilic–hydrophobic interface of the lipid bilayer was measured. Data obtained from the comet assay show that permethrin induces lymphocyte DNA lesions at both formamido pyrimidine glycosylase (Fpg) and endonuclease III (Endo III) sites in adolescent rats. Our results indicate the key role of permethrin in oxidative stress whose consequences lead to biochemical and functional changes. The reduced phagocyte respiratory burst induced by permethrin treatment and the type of DNA damage measured could represent new relevant aspects of pyrethroid toxicity which should be considered for human health. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective blockade of mGlu5 metabotropic glutamate receptors is hepatoprotective against fulminant hepatic failure induced by lipopolysaccharide andd‐galactosamine in mice
Authors: Jesse Cristiano R. , Wilhelm Ethel A. , Bortolatto Cristiani F. , Savegnago Lucielli , Nogueira Cristina W.
Published: January 2009

This study was designed to investigate the influence of 2‐methyl‐6‐phenylethynyl pyridine hydrochloride (MPEP), an antagonist of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) andd‐galactosamine (d‐GalN)‐induced fulminant hepatic failure in mice. Mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of 50 µg kg−1LPS and 500 mg kg−1d‐GalN. MPEP (1, 5 and 25 mg kg−1) was administered intraperitoneally 1 h before LPS/d‐GalN injection. Twenty‐four hours after administration of LPS/d‐GalN, plasma was collected and used for biochemical assays. Mice were euthanized and histological analysis and toxicological parameters were carried out in the liver. MPEP, at all doses tested, protected against the increase in aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activities induced by LPS/d‐GalN exposure. Ascorbic acid levels were not altered in all experimental groups. GlutathioneS‐transferase activity was increased by administration of LPS/d‐GalN and MPEP did not modify the enzyme activity in mice. MPEP, at the doses of 5 and 25 mg kg−1, was effective in protecting against the decrease in catalase activity caused by LPS/d‐GalN administration in mice. The histological data showed that sections of liver from LPS/d‐GalN‐exposed mice presented extensive injuries. MPEP, at all doses tested, reduced the scores of liver damage and markedly ameliorated the degree of liver damage. The hepatoprotective effect of MPEP on fulminant hepatic failure induced by LPS andd‐GalN in mice was demonstrated. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soman poisoning alters p38 MAPK pathway in rat cerebellar Purkinje cells
Authors: Pejchal Jaroslav , Osterreicher Jan , Kassa Jiri , Tichy Ales , Micuda Stanislav , Sinkorova Zuzana , Zarybnicka Lenka
Published: January 2009

The aim of the study was to evaluate the expression of phosphorylated p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and MAPK‐activated transcription factors elk‐1, c‐jun and c‐myc in rat cerebellar Purkinje cells after soman poisoning to investigate the pathogenetic mechanism of non‐specific long‐term adverse effects of nerve agents. Male Wistar rats were poisoned by intramuscular administration of soman at a dose 60 µg kg−1 (80% LD50), while control animals were administered physiological saline. Samples were taken 1, 7 and 14 days after poisoning, immunohistochemically stained and p‐p38MAPK, p‐c‐jun, p‐c‐myc, and p‐elk‐1 expressions were measured using computer image analysis. An increased expression of phosphorylated p38 MAPK and c‐myc 14 days after soman poisoning was found, while both activated elk‐1 and c‐jun expression remained unchanged 1, 7 and 14 days after intoxication. Late activation of p38 MAPK and their targets might be the underlying mechanism of chronic neurophysiological adverse effects. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microbial transformation of androst‐4‐ene‐3, 17‐dione by Bordetella sp. B4 CGMCC 2229
Authors: Lin Yanliang , Song Xin , Fu Juan , Lin Jianqiang , Qu Yinbo
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND: Microbial transformation of steroids has attracted widespread attention, especially the transformation of those steroids synthesized with difficulty by chemical methods. In this study, microbial transformation of androst‐4‐ene‐3, 17‐dione (AD) by Bordetella sp. B4 was investigated, and the effect of temperature on transformation was studied.

RESULTS: Three metabolites were purified by preparative TLC and HPLC, and identified as androsta‐1,4‐diene‐3,17‐dione (ADD), 9α‐hydroxyandrost‐4‐ene‐3, 17‐dione (9α‐OH‐AD), and 3‐hydroxy‐9, 10‐secoandrost‐1, 3, 5‐triene‐9, 17‐dione (3‐OH‐SATD) by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and mass spectroscopy (MS). It was first reported that the genus of Bordetella has the capability of AD degradation. Microbial transformation of AD was performed at 30 °C, 37 °C, 40 °C and 45 °C. The 9α‐OH‐AD yield reached a maximum within 16 h when the strain was cultivated in media with AD as sole carbon at 37 °C. Surprisingly, ADD was produced by the strain cultivated at 40 °C but not at 37 °C, which was different from previous reports. It was deduced that the alcohol dehydrogenase that catalyzed the transformation of AD to ADD may be temperature sensitive.

CONCLUSION: Androst‐4‐ene‐3,17‐dione was converted into 9α‐hydroxyandrost‐4‐ene‐3, 17‐dione and other metabolites rapidly by Bordetella sp. B4. It is anticipated that the strain Bordetella sp. B4 CGMCC 2229 can be used in the steroids industry. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Decolorization of organic dyes by Irpex lacteus in a laboratory trickle‐bed biofilter using various mycelium supports
Authors: Pocedič Jaromír , Hasal Pavel , Novotný Čeněk
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND: Dyes used in textile industries and released to their wastewaters are serious ecological problems as they are hard to degrade by common means used in wastewater treatment plants. White‐rot fungi can biodegrade textile dyestuffs using their extracellular enzyme system. However, it is difficult to keep them in functional form in conventional wastewater treatment systems, because of their specific nutritional and physiological requirements. Selection of a suitable bioreactor type and mode of operation are crucial for successful implementation of white rot fungi in waste water treatment processes.

RESULTS: Both Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) and Reactive Orange 16 (RO16) were decolorized efficiently in the trickle‐bed reactor. A degree of decolorization exceeding 80% was achieved within 2 days with all mycelium carriers and both dyes. In reactors packed with plastic kitchen scourers and luffa sponge slices the decolorization degree reached 90% within 2 days. The initial rate of decolorization of RBBR dye was notably higher than the rate of RO16 decolorization. The lowest liquid hold‐up value (1–1.5%) was achieved in the reactor packed with the plastic kitchen scourers, the largest hold‐up value (3–5%) was observed in the reactor filled with luffa sponge. The longest mean retention time, 430 s, was achieved in the reactor with the luffa carrier at a liquid flow rate of 6.81 cm3 min−1; the shortest mean retention times (10–20 s) were achieved in the reactor filled with the plastic kitchen scourers. Broad liquid residence time distributions were observed in tracer experiments at all volumetric flow rates.

CONCLUSIONS: The ability of I. lacteus to secrete laccase and manganese peroxidase enzymes in a trickle‐bed bioreactor with three mycelium carriers was proved and quantified experimentally. The decolorization capability of the I. lacteus mycelium was only marginally influenced by the kind of carrier used. Basic operational characteristics of the reactor—residence times, axial dispersion and liquid hold‐up—were determined at various liquid flow rates. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Use of internally nuclease‐protected single‐strand DNA oligonucleotides and silencing of the mismatch repair protein, MSH2, enhances the replication of corrected cells following gene editing
Authors: Papaioannou Ioannis , Disterer Petra , Owen James S.
Published: January 2009

Background

Gene editing is potentially a powerful technology for introducing genetic changes by using short single‐stranded DNA oligonucleotides (ssODNs). However, their efficiency is reduced by the mismatch repair system, especially MSH2, which may suppress gene editing, although findings vary depending on readout and type of oligonucleotide used. Additionally, successfully edited cells are reported to arrest at the S‐ or G2‐phase. In the present study, we evaluate whether a novel ssODN design and down‐regulation of MSH2 expression allows the isolation of replicating gene‐edited cells.

Methods

Cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing mutated enhanced green fluorescent protein were targeted with ssODNs of varying design, all capable of restoring fluorescence, which allows the monitoring of correction events by flow cytometry. Converted cells were isolated by cell sorting and grown to determine colony formation efficiencies. MSH2 expression was suppressed with small interfering RNA and the cell cycle distribution of cells transfected with ssODN was quantified by flow cytometry, following propidium iodide or DRAQ5 staining.

Results

Although efficiency was higher using ssODN end‐protected with phosphorothioate, the potential of edited cells to form colonies was lower than those targeted with unmodified ssODN. We established that ssODN transfection itself perturbs the cell cycle and that MSH2 gene silencing increases correction efficiency. In both cases, however, the effect was dependent on the positioning of the protected nucleotides. Importantly, when internally protected ssODN was used in combination with MSH2 suppression, a higher proportion of G1‐phase corrected cells was observed 48–64 h after transfection.

Conclusions

Use of internally protected ssODN and downregulating cellular MSH2 activity may facilitate isolation of viable, actively replicating gene‐edited cells. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poverty among older people in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Gasparini Leonardo , Alejo Javier , Haimovich Francisco , Olivieri Sergio , Tornarolli Leopoldo
Published: January 2009

This paper provides evidence on the incidence of poverty among older people in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), based on household survey microdata from 20 countries. The situation of older people is characterised in terms of income, education, health and access to services vis‐à‐vis the rest of the population. The paper identifies the role played by the current pension systems in LAC, and assesses the efforts needed to achieve substantial improvements towards the reduction of old age poverty. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elucidation of the complexation mechanism between (+)‐usnic acid and cyclodextrins studied by isothermal titration calorimetry and phase‐solubility diagram experiments
Authors: Segura‐Sanchez Freimar , Bouchemal Kawthar , Lebas Geneviève , Vauthier Christine , Santos‐Magalhaes Néréide S. , Ponchel Gilles
Published: January 2009

In the present work the complexation mechanism between (+)‐usnic acid (UA) and cyclodextrins (CDs) has been investigated by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and phase‐solubility diagrams using pH as a tool for modifying the molecule ionization. ITC experiments have been employed to evaluate the stoichiometry of interaction (N), affinity constants (K), and thermodynamic parameter variation associated with complexation between (+)‐UA and α‐, β‐, HP‐β‐, SBE‐β‐, and γ‐CD. It was shown that (+)‐UA did not interact with α‐CD and tended to interact more favorably with γ‐CD (K = 1030 M−1, ΔG = −17.18 kJ · mol−1) than β‐CD (K = 153 M−1, ΔG = −12.46 kJ · mol−1) forming 1:1 complexes. It was also demonstrated using ITC and solubilization experiments that chemical modifications of the parent β‐CD resulted in stronger and more spontaneous interactions (K = 281 M−1, ΔG = −13.97 kJ · mol−1 for SBE‐β‐CD and K = 405 M−1, ΔG = −14.87 kJ · mol−1 for HP‐β‐CD). Analysis of the thermodynamic data suggested that van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds were responsible for the formation of complexes with a predominance of van der Waals forces. Finally, pH induced modifications of (+)‐UA ionization provided important informations relative to the topology of the interaction between (+)‐UA molecule and the γ‐CD cavity, which were confirmed by molecular modeling. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of nutrients and volatile constituents of Agaricus bisporus (brown) at different stages
Authors: Çaǧlarırmak Necla
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND: The physical properties, proximate composition, mineral and vitamin contents, and estimated volatile components of Portobello mushroom, Agaricus bisporus (brown), were analyzed in three flushes and at two different harvest times. The results showed different trends in the flushes and harvest terms studied.

RESULTS: The mean values of texture, diameter, and protein of the harvested produce were 1.78–1.97 kg mm−2, 4.67–5.02 cm, and 4.18–3.31% wet weight basis (wb), respectively. The mean Zn, Fe, P, Mg, K, Na, and Ca contents of both harvests (mg kg−1 wb) were 8.15–7.07, 7.40–7.96, 1180.93–1038.69, 88.05–76.29, 213.29–238.82, 2652.0–2500.89, and 534.2–554.80, respectively. In terms of vitamin C, folic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin, the mean contents (mg kg−1 wb) were 6.75–3.97, 0.09–0.08, 0.085–0.09, 0.27–0.29, and 3.62–2.94, respectively. The estimated volatile components comprised 18‐ or 16‐carbon compounds such as octadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid derivatives, and other important volatiles like dl‐limonene, n‐nonane, benzendicarboxylic acid, and cis‐linoleic acid esters.

CONCLUSION: Nutritive contents and estimated volatiles of Portobello mushroom were evaluated in detail at different stages. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Exploring new potential health‐promoting vegetables: glucosinolates and sensory attributes of rocket salads and related Diplotaxis and Eruca species
Authors: D'Antuono L Filippo , Elementi Simona , Neri Roberta
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND: Rocket salads (Diplotaxis tenuifolia and Eruca vesicaria) are presently highly appreciated salad vegetables. Related species are consumed as food plants in several regions, and may contribute to differentiation in the fresh food supply chain. Glucosinolates are well‐known healthy phytochemicals and responsible for positive and negative sensory properties of edible Brassicaceae. To investigate the potential for exploitation of new crops, Diplotaxis and Eruca germplasm was subject to sensory evaluation and glucosinolate analysis.

RESULTS: Typical rocket salad flavour and pungency were perceived as positive sensory traits. Bitter, and especially herbaceous notes, characterised the groups of less accepted accessions. The groups classified as significantly unpleasant were characterised by high glucosinolate content, with either sinigrin (strong perceived pungency, flavour and several other additional sensory notes), or sinalbin/gluconapin (strong herbaceous note, low flavour perceived), as the dominant components.

CONCLUSIONS: Low glucosinolate content, and a composition rich in recognised health‐promoting components (glucoerucin, glucoraphanin) were associated with higher acceptance. In relation to food uses, moderate glucosinolate content and high acceptance may be a better option to enhance the intake of healthy phytochemicals than high glucosinolates and potential rejection. High glucosinolate types may find better perspectives in the field of food integrators. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Hyperbolic–parabolic singular perturbation for quasilinear equations of Kirchhoff type with weak dissipation
Authors: Yamazaki Taeko
Published: January 2009

We consider a hyperbolic–parabolic singular perturbation problem for a quasilinear hyperbolic equation of Kirchhoff type with dissipation weak in time. The purpose of this paper is to give time‐decay convergence estimates of the difference between the solutions of the hyperbolic equation above and those of the corresponding parabolic equation, together with the unique existence of the global solutions of the hyperbolic equation above. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tetrapterosides A and B, two new oleanane‐type saponins from Tetrapleura tetraptera
Authors: Noté Olivier Placide , Mitaine‐Offer Anne‐Claire , Miyamoto Tomofumi , Paululat Thomas , Pegnyemb Dieudonné Emmanuel , Lacaille‐Dubois Marie‐Aleth
Published: January 2009

From the stem bark of Tetrapleura tetraptera, two new oleanane‐type saponins, tetrapteroside A 3‐O‐{6‐O‐[(2E,6S)‐2,6‐dimethyl‐6‐hydroxyocta‐2,7‐dienoyl]‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 2)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 3)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 4)‐[β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 2)]‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl}‐3,27‐dihydroxyoleanolic acid (1), and tetrapteroside B 3‐O‐{ β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 2)‐6‐O‐[(E)‐feruloyl]‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 3)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 4)‐[β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 2)]‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl}‐3,27‐dihydroxyoleanolic acid (2), were isolated. Further extractions from the roots led to the isolation of four known oleanane‐type saponins. Their structures were elucidated by the combination of mass spectrometry (MS), one and two‐dimensional NMR experiments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancing nanocrystalline diamond surface conductivity by deposition temperature and chemical post‐processing
Authors: Kozak H. , Kromka A. , Ledinsky M. , Rezek B.
Published: January 2009

The surface conductivity of nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films as a function of deposition temperature and chemical post‐processing was characterized by current–voltage measurements using co‐planar Au electrodes. Raman spectroscopy was applied to investigate the bulk quality of NCD films and characterize the relative amount of sp3 diamond phase in the volume. The surface material properties and morphology were studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM) in tapping and phase detection regimes. The results indicate that the chemical post‐processing of as‐grown NCD films by boiling in acid and re‐hydrogenation leads to a significant increase in the surface conductivity by three orders of magnitude, in the order of 10–7 (Ω/□)–1. As a function of the deposition temperature (with re‐hydrogenation temperature kept constant) the surface conductivity of nanocrystalline diamond films shows optimum around 600 °C. This enhancement is attributed to the lowest amount of sp2 phase on the surface. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermionic field emission in Pt–Al0.45Ga0.55N Schottky photodiode
Authors: Cheng C. J. , Si J. J. , Ding J. X. , Zhang X. F. , Zhang L. , Zhao L. , Lu Z. X. , Sun W. G.
Published: January 2009

Fabrication and current transport mechanisms dominant of Pt–Al0.45Ga0.55N Schottky photodiode grown on sapphire by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition are reported. Transport has been modeled using thermionic field emission theory. The ideality factor decreases from 2.18 to 1.50, while the barrier height increases from 0.82 eV to 1.14 eV with increasing temperature at 198–323 K. There is a linear relationship between the barrier heights and the ideality factors of the Schottky contact. The ln (I) versus V curve at small forward current are almost parallel in this temperature range, which can be well explained by thermionic field emission theory with the characteristic energy E00 of 36.0 meV. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural characteristics of a multilayer of silicon rich oxide (SRO) with high Si content prepared by LPCVD
Authors: Quiroga E. , Bensch W. , Yu Z. , Aceves M. , De Souza R. A. , Martin M. , Zaporojtchenko V. , Faupel F.
Published: January 2009

Single layer films and a multilayer structure of SRO (Silicon Rich Oxide) have been prepared by LPCVD (Low Pressure Chemical Vapour Deposition) and characterized by FTIR, SIMS, XPS, TEM and AFM measurements. The stacked structure is composed of alternating layers of SRO with high Si content and SRO with low Si content. The layered structure is confirmed by SIMS and TEM measurements. The composition of the materials is discussed. Besides Si nanocrystals, the existence of agglomerates of silicon oxide with structure close to fused silica and the existence of oxynitrides is evidenced in the films with high Si content. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Perovskite phase formation and electrical properties of Pb(Fe1/2Nb1/2)O3 ferroelectric ceramicse
Authors: Sun Renbing , Tan Wei , Fang Bijun
Published: January 2009

Pb(Fe1/2Nb1/2)O3 (PFN) ferroelectric ceramics with pure perovskite structure were synthesized successfully by conventional solid‐state reaction method via the direct calcining route and the wolframite precursor route. The feasible formation of pure perovskite phase PFN can be attributed to its appropriate tolerance factor and electronegativity difference. PFN ceramics prepared by the above both methods exhibit broad dielectric response peaks (ϵm) accompanied by large dielectric loss and apparent dielectric frequency dispersion, with temperatures of dielectric maximum (Tm) locating at around 90 °C. 0.25 wt% MnO2 and 0.25 wt% Li2CO3 doping can greatly decrease dielectric loss and sharpen dielectric response peaks of the PFN ceramics synthesized by the above both methods. The dielectric frequency dispersion is also suppressed accordingly. However, Tm of the MnO2‐ and Li2CO3‐doped PFN ceramics maintains almost invariable. The remanent polarization (Pr) of the MnO2‐ and Li2CO3‐doped PFN ceramics prepared by the wolframite precursor method is slightly larger than Pr of those prepared by the direct calcining method. Piezoelectric constant d33 of the 0.25 wt% MnO2‐doped PFN ceramics prepared by the direct calcining method is the largest among all the samples synthesized, reaching 134 pC/N. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Domain‐wall dynamics in bistable magnetic microwires
Authors: Varga Rastislav , Kostyk Yuriy , Richter Kornel , Zhukov Arcady , Vazquez Manuel
Published: January 2009

In the present work we give an overview on the domain‐wall dynamics in amorphous glass‐coated microwires with positive magnetostriction. They are characterized by a peculiar domain structure that allows us to study the magnetization process of a single domain wall. The domain‐wall dynamics is characterized by at least 4 regimes. At low field, the interaction of the domain wall with the defects is observed that is characteristic for the adiabatic regime. At medium field, the domain wall moves in a viscous regime, where the domain‐wall velocity is proportional to the applied magnetic‐field amplitude. At higher fields, the domain‐wall mobility steeply increases as a result of the change of the domain‐wall structure. Finally, the domain wall reaches very high velocities, four times higher than the sound velocity measured in microwires. In some cases, the Walker limit is observed in this range. Moreover, the interaction of the domain wall with phonons was observed when the domain wall approaches the sound velocity. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Domain wall dynamics in Fe‐rich glass covered amorphous microwires
Authors: Santos Jesús Daniel , Ruiz Álvaro , Cobos Raúl F. , Ribot Iván , Vega Víctor , Álvarez Pablo , Sánchez María Luisa , Sánchez Ll. José Luis , de la Prida Víctor M. , Hernando Blanca
Published: January 2009

The influence of glass covering on domain wall propagation in Fe65B15Si15C5 amorphous microwires is studied, before and after glass removal. High values of domain wall velocity and mobility have been obtained. The domain wall velocity depends linearly on the driving magnetic field. However, the mobility of the domain wall is very different in both situations studied. The results are explained due to the modification of internal stress distribution after glass removing, that change the domain structure of the sample. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Frequency dependence of switching field in the soft nucleus of FeSiB–CoNi microwires
Authors: Infante Germán , Torrejón Jacob , Merazzo Karla J. , Badini‐Confalonieri G. A. , Vázquez Manuel
Published: January 2009

The dynamic (AC) switching field in the soft FeSiB bistable nucleus of the Fe77.5Si7.5B15–Co90Ni10 bi‐phase microwires family has been measured over the frequency range 20 Hz to 2 kHz. Microwires with a CoNi thickness ranging between 0.5 μm and 8 μm were studied. Results are well fitted by a power law dependence of the switching field H * on magnetic field frequency f. As the thickness of the harder CoNi outer shell is increased, the parameters which characterise the best fit experience noticeable changes. The origin of such behaviour is interpreted in terms of modifications in the soft FeSiB nucleus domain structure, accordingly to previous established models. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stability of the crystal structure of L‐valine under high pressure
Authors: da Silva J. Hermínio , Lemos V. , Freire P. T. C. , Melo F. E. A. , Filho J. Mendes , Lima J. A. , Pizani P. S.
Published: January 2009

Raman scattering measurements were carried out on a single crystal of L‐valine with the pressure increasing from the ambient value to 6.9 GPa. Sudden changes in intensity of the bands were observed in the higher energy spectral range at ∼3 GPa and ∼5.3 GPa. Discontinuities observed in the wave number vs. pressure plots occurred in the complete spectrum at those same pressures, suggesting changes in the crystal structure. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High pressure and high magnetic field behaviour of free and donor‐bound‐exciton photoluminescence in InSe
Authors: Millot M. , Gilliland S. , Broto J. M. , Gonzalez J. , Leotin J. , Chevy A. , Segura A.
Published: January 2009

We report here first magneto‐photoluminescence investigations under high pressure up to 6 GPa on III–VI layered semiconductor InSe. Both diamagnetism and magnetic field induced gap opening driven by Landau quantization became observable by using a 60 T pulsed magnet. The pressure‐induced enhancement of the diamagnetic coefficient is consistent with the increase of the dielectric constant under pressure while the evolution of the linear coefficient is consistent with a slight increase of the electron effective mass up to 4 GPa and a direct‐to‐indirect conduction‐band crossover around that pressure. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect ofCitrus paradisiextract and juice on arterial pressure bothin vitroandin vivo
Authors: Díaz‐Juárez J. A. , Tenorio‐López F. A. , Zarco‐Olvera G. , Valle‐Mondragón L. del , Torres‐Narváez J. C. , Pastelín‐Hernández G.
Published: January 2009

Citrus paradisi(grapefruit) consumption is considered as beneficial and it is popularly used for the treatment of a vast array of diseases, including hypertension. In the present study, the coronary vasodilator and hypotensive effects ofCitrus paradisipeel extract were assessed in the Langendorff isolated and perfused heart model and in the heart and lung dog preparation. In both models,Citrus paradisipeel extract decreased coronary vascular resistance and mean arterial pressure when compared with control values (60 ± 15 × 107dyn s cm−5vs 100 ± 10 × 107dyn s cm−5and 90 mmHg vs 130 ± 15 mmHg, respectively). These decreases in coronary vascular resistance and mean arterial pressure were blocked when isolated and perfused hearts and mongrel dogs were pre‐treated with L‐NAME. In humans,Citrus paradisijuice decreased diastolic arterial pressure and systolic arterial pressure both in normotensive and hypertensive subjects.Citrus paradisijuice produced a greater decrease in mean arterial pressure when compared withCitrus sinensisjuice, cow milk and a vitamin C‐supplemented beverage. However, more detailed studies are required to isolate, purify and evaluate the chemical compounds responsible for this pharmacological effect and to clarify its possible role for treating hypertension. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vaginal robot‐assisted radical hysterectomy (VRARH) after laparoscopic staging: feasibility and operative results
Authors: Oleszczuk Agnieszka , Köhler Christhardt , Paulick Jeanette , Schneider Achim , Lanowska Malgorzata
Published: January 2009

Background

To describe a technique of vaginal robot‐assisted radical hysterectomy (VRARH) that utilizes the advantages of a robotic system and eliminates the manipulation of cancer tissue.

Methods

A prospective study was performed for VRARH using the da Vinci® robotic surgical system in 12 patients. The procedure was indicated in patients with cervical cancer stage FIGO IB1 after laparoscopic lymphadenectomy. A tumour‐adapted vaginal cuff was created transvaginally.

Results

All operations were completed with minimal blood loss (mean 123 ml). The mean operative time including para‐aortic lympadenectomy was 356 min, the vaginal cuff creation took 43 min and the radical robotic resection 68 min. No uterine manipulator was used. There were no bladder or bowel complications and no conversion to standard laparoscopy or laparotomy.

Conclusions

The VRARH technique combines the advantages of the vaginal route and robotic laparoscopic surgery: tumour contamination is avoided and complications are minimized. This procedure could be superior to techniques described previously. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Feeding habits, forage selection, and diet overlap in Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra L.) and domestic sheep
Authors: La Morgia Valentina , Bassano Bruno
Published: January 2009

Fecal microhistological analyses have been used to assess the summer diet of chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra L., 1758) and domestic sheep and to evaluate diet overlap. The aim of our work was to investigate interspecific interactions and to assess the effects of sheep grazing on the summer feeding habits of chamois. A high dietary overlap (Pianka's index = 0.93–0.99) was found, despite differences in the use of some plant groups. Sheep presence strongly affected chamois feeding habits: a reduction of highly digestible forbs was observed in the chamois diet during August, when both species grazed in the same range. As a consequence of sheep grazing, chamois may have been forced to reduce niche breadth and to change their food habits, increasing percentages of monocotyledons in the diet and feeding mainly on Cyperaceae. The diet overlap between sheep and chamois suggests that resource‐mediated interactions as well as direct competition must be taken into account when evaluating chamois and sheep compatibility on Alpine meadows.
Linker histone‐like proteins in Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata L) erythrocyte chromatin
Authors: Kowalski Andrzej , Pałyga Jan , Górnicka‐Michalska Ewa
Published: January 2009

Linker Histone‐Like proteins (LHL1 and LHL2) were identified within a linker histone complement of Muscovy duck erythrocyte chromatin. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns of N‐bromosuccinimide‐cleaved LHL products as well as liquid chromatography‐electrospray‐ion trap mass spectrometry analyses of trypsin‐digested LHL peptides revealed structural similarity of LHL1 to histone H5 and between LHL2 and histone H1 subtypes.

Since the LHL proteins were stable in the presence of 2‐mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol that reduce disulfide bonds, it appeared unlikely that this doublet was a thiol‐derived product of linker histones. A loss of LHL1, with a concomitant maintenance of LHL2 after treatment with dilute alkali, seems to suggest that they might represent disparate protein conjugates resulting from linker histone modifications through ester linkages.
Feline Myocardial Disease: 1: Classification, Pathophysiology and Clinical Presentation
Authors: Ferasin Luca
Published: January 2009

Practical relevance Myocardial disease (cardiomyopathy, CM) is the most common cardiac disorder observed in cats. The disease usually leads to the development of congestive heart failure, which is the major cause of cardiac mortality. Arterial thromboembolism is another severe outcome often associated with feline CM.

Patient group The median age of cats when diagnosed with a form of CM is 5.5 years (range 4 months to 16 years). The disease appears to be equally distributed between males and females and among different breeds, although a genetic predisposition of some pedigrees should be taken into consideration (ie, Maine Coons, Ragdolls, Norwegian Forest cats).

Audience General practitioners, as well as specialists in small animal medicine, cardiology and pathology, have to deal with CM on a regular basis.

Clinical challenges The diagnosis and clinical management of myocardial disease in cats represents one of the greatest challenges in veterinary cardiology. Although several attempts have been made to standardise the classification of CM, both in humans and cats, some disagreement still exists among cardiologists. Classification criteria are continuously evolving as the aetiology of myocardial disease becomes better understood. It is now widely appreciated that, for a given aetiology, there may be a spectrum of phenotypes ranging from restrictive to dilated.

Diagnostics The diagnosis and classification of CM is primarily based on echocardiographic criteria. However, phenotypic variability is substantial, even within a single form of CM, and this often causes subjective interpretations of echocardiographic diagnosis, especially by inexperienced echocardiographers. Post-mortem examination is an alternative approach to diagnosis.

Evidence base The clinical management of feline myocardial disease is even more controversial, especially in the light of recent clinical studies. This two-part article reviews the literature to date, discusses various manifestations of the disease in cats and offers a critical, and often controversial, approach to diagnosis and management.
Treatment Choices for Oral Cancer in Cats: What is Possible? What is Reasonable?
Authors: Moore Antony S , Moore Antony S
Published: January 2009

Practical relevance Oral cancers are not the most common tumour in our domestic cats, but the death rate associated with cancer in this location is particularly high. This is largely because the cancer is discovered late in its development and also because of the severe debility it causes when the patient is unable or unwilling to eat and drink.

Audience This review of malignant oral tumours (squamous cell carcinoma, oral sarcoma, oral melanoma and salivary adenocarcinoma) and benign oral tumours that may mimic malignant lesions is directed at all veterinarians that see older cats - both for ‘health and wellness’ as well as for more advanced treatment of already diagnosed neoplasia.

Patient group As it is almost always older cats that are affected, patients will have a strong bond with their owners. These cats also often have unrelated intercurrent disease that may affect treatment choices, the way treatment is administered, and whether the owner chooses aggressive or palliative therapy.

Evidence base While the literature on treatment of oral cancer in dogs is well established, until recently it was less so in cats. As researchers focus on treating cats with curative intent, as well as palliatively and supportively, the material available to guide veterinarians has also increased. This article evaluates the current literature from the author's perspective as an oncologist and a cat owner.
Idiopathic Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Cats: Rational Treatment Selection
Authors: Trepanier Lauren
Published: January 2009

Practical relevance Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a common diagnosis in cats with chronic gastrointestinal signs. Its management presents clinical challenges, not least because rational therapy relies on a definitive diagnosis, and current understanding of the underlying pathogenesis has, to date, limited the development of specific therapies. The mainstays of treatment remain dietary manipulation and immunosuppressive therapy, but treatment failures are not uncommon. A logical clinical approach is important and there are a number of alternative or adjunctive treatments that can prove useful in refractory cases.

Evidence base This article draws on data from clinical trials in humans, in vitro studies, prospective and retrospective studies in cats with naturally occurring IBD, and clinical experience to discuss the work-up and treatment selection for cats with idiopathic IBD.

Patient group IBD affects young adult to geriatric cats of both sexes.

Audience Companion animal and feline practitioners are at the front line when it comes to managing these often challenging cases.