bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Economic Factors on the Foreign Exchange Rates between USA and Four Big Emerging Countries: China, India, Brazil and Mexico
Authors: Quang My Nguyen , Sayim Mustafa
Published: May 2016

This study examines the impact of macro-economic factors on the foreign exchange rates between USA and four big emerging countries: India, Mexico, Brazil and China for the period of 2005 to 2014. This study uses Enter and Stepwise multiple regression methods to investigate the impact of market fundamental on the exchange rates.  The empirical findings reveal that the macro-economic factors significantly predict and influence the exchange rates between USD/CNY (US dollar/Chinese yuan), USD/INR (US dollar/Indian rupee), USD/BRL (US dollar/ Brazilian real), and USD/MNX (US dollar/Mexican pesos).  It is crucial to emphasize that the macroeconomic policies have to be implemented in order to stabilize and reduce the exchange rates volatilities.
Health inequalities and the welfare state
Authors: Grøholt Else-Karin , Dahl Espen , Elstad Jon Ivar
Published: May 2016

This issue of the Norwegian Journal of Epidemiology is based on the research conference Health Inequalities and the Welfare State at the Soria Moria Conference Center in Oslo, Norway, October 10-11 2006. The main purpose of the conference was to support, stimulate, disseminate and contribute to research in Norway on social inequalities in health. Nine papers are included in this issue, in addition to this introduction. One paper is based on one of the keynote lectures, while the other eight papers demonstrate some of the themes and approaches in current Norwegian research on socioeconomic health inequalities. Most of the articles have been authored by researchers who are working on a doctoral thesis or have recently attained their doctoral degree. The papers cluster into four groups. One cluster has a common denominator in intervention and policies to reduce health inequalities. A second focuses on marginalised groups, whereas a third cluster draws attention to the possible impact of the social context on individual health. The last paper addresses health inequalities among adolescents. The main focus of the Soria Moria conference was how and why social health inequalities continue to exist in the Norwegian society with a long tradition of a social democratic welfare model. We are pleased to note that health inequalities are becoming a prioritised health policy issue in Norway, and hope this issue of the Norwegian Journal of Epidemiology will contribute to a sharper focus on monitoring of, research on, and interventions to reduce social inequalities in health.
Minneord for Knut Westlund
Authors: - -
Published: May 2016

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An example of a successful national research network in epidemiology – The Norwegian Epidemiologic Osteoporosis Studies (NOREPOS)
Authors: Søgaard Anne Johanne , Tell Grethe S.
Published: May 2016

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Politics, Discourse, Empire: Framed Knowledge in Italo Calvino's Invisible Cities
Authors: Ryan Robert
Published: May 2016

Critical engagement with Italo Calvino's Invisible Cities (1972) is widespread. However, much of the scholarship focuses on the text's unstable position between modern and postmodern forms. This article suggests that a political reading is an equally productive—indeed, necessary—intervention in the present scholarship. Treating the text as a schematic of empire and knowledge production yields a deeper understanding of the specific articulations of power constantly issued by the logic of sovereignty. By excavating the impulses of domination implicit in empire building, this article suggests that Marco Polo's dialogues with the sovereign emperor Kublai Khan provide possibilities for resistance to the structural domination that constitutes our most recent political realities.
TRATAMENTO DA HEPATITE C CRÔNICA
Authors: Tafarel Jean Rodrigo
Published: May 2016

A Hepatite C crônica é um problema mundial, a qual afeta 2% da população humana. Neste cenário, o tratamento da doença é essencial, pois limita ou impede o desxenvolvimento de suas complicações. A aprovação das novas terapias que inibem a replicação viral aumentou dramaticamente a taxa de resposta virológica, com muito menos efeitos adversos. A disponibilidade desses regimes curativos mais seguros é promissora, pois assegura uma rápida adoção na prática clínica. Assim é certo que os regimes terapêuticos livres de Interferon irão dominar o horizonte terapêutico da hepatite C crônica nos próximos anos.
QUALIDADE DO SONO EM ESTUDANTES DO REGIME REGULAR E INTERNATO MÉDICO
Authors: Montibeller da Silva Gustavo , Arruda Ramos Fernando , De Sousa Bernardes Leonardo , Ramos Alves Paulo Roberto , Fabro Matheus Antonio
Published: May 2016

Objetivo: esta pesquisa buscou conhecer o padrão de sono e a sonolência diurna dos estudantes de medicina no regime regular e no internato, bem como, comparar os resultados obtidos.Metodologia: realizou-se uma análise quantitativa transversal, com caráter descritivo, com os estudantes de medicina da Universidade do Planalto Catarinense. Foram aplicados questionários que continham os instrumentos Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) para avaliação objetiva da qualidade do sono e o Epworth sleepines scale (ESS) para avaliação da sonolência diurna. Os acadêmicos foram divididos em dois grupos sendo o primeiro do 1-4° ano com turno regular e os estudantes do 5-6° ano no regime de internato. E após foram comparados estatisticamente.Resultados: Participaram da pesquisa 134 estudantes, sendo 60 homens (44,8 %) e 74 mulheres (55,2 %), com média de idade de 24,05 anos (DP±3,66). Quanto aos resultados dos questionários foi verificada uma média do índice total do PSQI de 6,48 pontos (DP±4,71) e da ESS 9,30 pontos (DP±4,71). Os estudantes do internato apresentaram menor duração do sono, pior sensação subjetiva da qualidade do sono, enquanto os acadêmicos do turno regular apresentaram maior latência do sono p<0,05. Não houve diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos dos escores totais do PSQI e ESS, sendo que, 59 % possuem qualidade ruim de sono.Conclusão: É notável a má qualidade do sono, com importante diminuição das horas totais dormidas. As implicações da insônia crônica e sua influência no desempenho acadêmico e profissional já estão bem estabelecidas, há necessidade de intervenção nas grades curriculares, medidas indispensáveis para correção deste problema.
Paraganglioma vagal - relato de caso e revisão da literatura.
Authors: Fonseca Vinícius Ribas , Bernardi Gustavo , Padilha Verônica Dalmas , Weiss Ribas Guilherme
Published: May 2016

Introdução: Os paragangliomas (PG) são tumores raros, extremamente vascularizados, que se originam em células derivadas da crista neural associadas ao sistema nervoso autônomo. Os PG vagais são neoplasias que representam menos de 2,5% de todos os PG da cabeça e pescoço. Objetivos: Relatar um caso de paraganglioma vagal com embolização pré-operatória, seguida de exérese cirúrgica. Tendo como complicação a disfonia, devido a paralisia de prega vocal esquerda, e subsequente medicalização através de tireoplastia tipo 1 de Isshiki. Relato de caso:  A.Z., 54 anos, masculino, procurou serviço de Oncologia devido a tumor cervical esquerdo na face medial do músculo esternocleidomastoídeo, sem outras queixas. Ao exame físico, tumoração de consistência macia e elástica, indolor, medindo cerca de 05 cm. A ultrassonografia cervical mostrou hipervascularização do tumor, de tamanho aproximado de 05 cm, sendo puncionado e tendo como resultado citológico inconclusivo. A tomografia computadorizada (TC) com contraste evidenciou provável tumor do glomus vagal ou paraganglioma. A angiotomografia (angioTC) demonstrou lesão expansiva no espaço carotídeo esquerdo, com descolamento anterior das artérias carótidas interna e externa e intenso realce na fase arterial, associado a pequenas áreas hipodensas que podiam representar focos de degeneração e/ou necrose sem sinais de invasão de estruturas vasculares. A primeira hipótese foi de paraganglioma vagal. Embolização pré-operatória, foi realizada em ramos da artéria faríngea ascendente esquerda, artéria lingual esquerda e seus ramos. O controle angiográfico evidenciou a exclusão de quase a totalidade da lesão. Realizado exérese do tumor e linfonodo cervical esquerdo. O  anatomopatológico confirmou o diagnóstico de paraganglioma vagal. Ao retornar 20 dias após a cirurgia, apresenta como queixas disfonia, engasgos, voz rouca/soprosa grau moderado a severo. Submetido a videolaringoscopia com diagnóstico de paralisia de prega vocal esquerda. Após fonoterapia a prega vocal direita atingiu o limite em termos de coaptação, optado por realizar tireoplastia tipo 1 de Isshiki e colocação de fitas confeccionadas com o patch de politetrafluoroetilena expandido (ePTFE), Gore-Tex®. Após um mês o paciente apresenta voz clara e satisfatória, mantendo acompanhamento fonoaudiológico. Conclusão: Diante do diagnóstico de paraganglioma, o tratamento é cirúrgico podendo ou não ser precedido de embolização. Entre as complicações cirúrgicas, as lesões nervosas estão entre as mais comuns, ocorrendo em torno de 40% dos casos. Havendo como complicação a paralisia unilateral de prega vocal, a tireoplastia tipo I se tornou o procedimento de escolha para o retorno da qualidade vocal.
O IMPACTO DO DIABETES MELLITUS TIPO 2 NA QUALIDADE DE VIDA
Authors: Diaz Naiana , Basso Patrícia , Haluch Rafael Follador , Ravazzani Ana Cristina , Kusma Solena Ziemer
Published: May 2016

Fundamento: O Diabetes Mellitus é uma doença crônica de grande importância, tanto pelo impacto que provoca sobre o estado de saúde do portador, bem como pelos transtornos e complicações que podem interferir na qualidade de vida. Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto do Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) na qualidade de vida dos pacientes atendidos nas unidade de saúde pública da cidade de Curitiba –PR. Métodos: Estudo observacional transversal. Amostra de 983 pacientes maiores de 18 anos, ambos os sexos, portadores de DM2 há mais de um ano, cadastrados nas Unidades de Saúde de Curitiba – PR, entre 2010 e 2012. Aplicou-se um questionário com 14 questões objetivas sobre o paciente, sua doença e conhecimentos acerca desta e o instrumento DQOL-Brasil (Diabetes Quality of Life Measures), contendo 46 questões divididas em quatro domínios (satisfação, impacto, preocupação com a doença e preocupação vocacional/social). O domínio impacto foi o foco da presente pesquisa, sendo esse subdividido em físico, emocional e social. Resultados: O maior impacto foi o físico (71,6%), seguido pelo emocional (77,2%) e, por fim, o social (81,2%). Pacientes em uso de insulina apresentaram uma média de impacto geral de 71,5%. Os que fazem somente uso de medicamentos apresentaram média de 80,06% (p<0,01). Pacientes com DM2 há mais de 10 anos tiveram uma média de 74,6% enquanto que os com menos de 10 anos de 77,9% (p<0,01).  Conclusão: O DM2 causa um impacto negativo na qualidade de vida dos pacientes, sendo maior nos que usam insulina e têm mais de 10 anos de diagnóstico.
Category Membership and Semantic Coding in the Cerebral Hemispheres
Authors: Turner Casey E. , Kellogg Ronald T.
Published: May 2016

Although a gradient of category membership seems to form the internal structure of semantic categories, it is unclear whether the 2 hemispheres of the brain differ in terms of this gradient. The 2 experiments reported here examined this empirical question and explored alternative theoretical interpretations. Participants viewed category names centrally and determined whether a closely related or distantly related word presented to either the left visual field/right hemisphere (LVF/RH) or the right visual field/left hemisphere (RVF/LH) was a member of the category. Distantly related words were categorized more slowly in the LVF/RH relative to the RVF/LH, with no difference for words close to the prototype. The finding resolved past mixed results showing an unambiguous typicality effect for both visual field presentations. Furthermore, we examined items near the fuzzy border that were sometimes rejected as nonmembers of the category and found both hemispheres use the same category boundary. In Experiment 2, we presented 2 target words to be categorized, with the expectation of augmenting the speed advantage for the RVF/LH if the 2 hemispheres differ structurally. Instead the results showed a weakening of the hemispheric difference, arguing against a structural in favor of a processing explanation.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Higher Education Studies, Vol. 6, No. 2
Authors: Lin Sherry
Published: May 2016

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Higher Education Studies, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2016
Simultaneous Determination of Metformin, Glipizide, Repaglinide, and Glimepiride or Metformin and Pioglitazone by a Validated LC Method: Application in the Presence of Metformin Impurity (1-Cyanoguanidine)
Authors: El-Zaher Asmaa A , Elkady Ehab F , Elwy Hanan M , Saleh Mahmoud A
Published: May 2016

A rapid, simple, and precise RPLC method was developed for the simultaneous determination of the widely used oral antidiabetic, metformin hydrochloride (MTF), with some commonly coadministered oral antidiabetics from different pharmacological classes—glipizide (GPZ), pioglitazone hydrochloride (PGZ), glimepiride (GLM), and repaglinide (RPG)—in bulk, laboratory-prepared mixtures and pharmaceutical formulations in the presence of metformin-reported impurity [1-cyanoguanidine (CNG)]. Chromatographic separation was achieved using isocratic elution mode with a mobile phase of acetonitrile: 0.02 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate (pH 3.17; 50–50, v/v) flowing through a CN Phenomenex column (Phenosphere Next, 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) at a rate of 1.5 mL/min at ambient temperature. UV detection was carried out at 220 nm. The method was validated according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Linearity, accuracy, and precision were satisfactory for concentration ranges: 0.175–350 μg/mL for MTF, 0.0525–105 μg/mL for GPZ, 0.125–250 μg/mL for PGZ, and 0.05–100 μg/mL for GLM and RPG. Correlation coefficients were >0.99 for all analytes. LOQs were 0.009 μg/mL for MTF, 0.009 μg/mL for GPZ, 0.04 μg/mL for GLM, 0.124 μg/mL for PGZ, and 0.044 μg/mL for RPG. The developed method is specific, accurate, and suitable for the QC and routine analysis of the cited drugs in their pharmaceutical products.
Current Status of Mycotoxin Analysis: A Critical Review
Authors: Shephard Gordon S
Published: May 2016

It is over 50 years since the discovery of aflatoxins focused the attention of food safety specialists on fungal toxins in the feed and food supply. Since then, analysis of this important group of natural contaminants has advanced in parallel with general developments in analytical science, and current MS methods are capable of simultaneously analyzing hundreds of compounds, including mycotoxins, pesticides, and drugs. This profusion of data may advance our understanding of human exposure, yet constitutes an interpretive challenge to toxicologists and food safety regulators. Despite these advances in analytical science, the basic problem of the extreme heterogeneity of mycotoxin contamination, although now well understood, cannot be circumvented. The real health challenges posed by mycotoxin exposure occur in the developing world, especially among small-scale and subsistence farmers. Addressing these problems requires innovative approaches in which analytical science must also play a role in providing suitable out-of-laboratory analytical techniques.
CATEGORIAS ESPACIAIS: REFERENTES AO ENSINO DE GEOGRAFIA
Authors: Dentz Eduardo Von , Andreis Adriana Maria , Rambo Anelise Graciele
Published: May 2016

Há diferentes modos de abordar o espaço geográfico e as categorias compõe esse processo, contribuindo para um ensino, pautado em supostos da educação geográfica. Nesse sentido, apresentamos argumentos acerca da relação com as categorias geográficas, que servem como instrumento à análise espacial no Ensino de Geografia. Para o desenvolvimento da proposta, inicialmente esclarecemos o contexto discutindo a noção de espaço geográfico. Ao encontro dessa dimensão, debatemos a importância das categorias espaciais como corpus analítico que serve ao ensino da Geografia. Assumimos então uma discussão, argumentando acerca das categorias lugar, como a dimensão da existência que se manifesta no cotidiano, a paisagem como implicada naquilo que vemos e que os nossos sentidos alcançam, a região e o sentido de regionalização e das diferenças regionais, e o território e seu uso. Para essa discussão, utilizamos fotografias e mapas para discutir possibilidades ao ensino de Geografia, o que nos permite inferir que o uso desses recursos auxilia no processo de significação dos conhecimentos. Palavras-chave: lugar, paisagem, região, território, ensino-aprendizagem DOI: 10.5902/2236499417087
Predicate appositive in Ivo Andrić's narratives
Authors: Rušpić Marija
Published: May 2016

In this paper we examined usage of predicate appositive in Ivo Andrić's book 'Children and other narratives' from syntactic and semantic aspect. In the introductory part we pointed to problem of designation this sentence constituent and it's significant characteristics. After that we ascertained criterions for separating predicate appositive and related constituents. Considering it's ability to be expressed by different types of units, concrete task of research was stating and describing various units in function of predicate appositive. Those are 1) adjectives and adjective pronouns, 2) nouns and personal pronouns, and 3) construction with comparative particle kao.
The Mountain Wreath as the subtext of Mojkovac battle by Ćamil Sijarić
Authors: Ahmetagić Jasmina
Published: May 2016

Ćamil Sijarić's novel is ending with Mojkovac battle, as the decisive battle of the Sandzak army in the First World War, since everything, previously narrated is leading towards it. Facts about the results of the battle, after soldiers' going to the battlefield and a picture of their return are displayed to a reader, instead of strategy, tactics and microanalysis of the battle. Thus, the author is focused on the meaning of Mojkovac battle and its contextualization, not only within the First World War, but also in the context of the prior Serbian history. On the one hand, novel's lyrical moments permanently strive to shape a legend, and, on the other, description of Lim, the watch-tower, a hero's cap and the flag are getting historical perspective. Enlightening the tragedy of such a choice (battle instead of capitulation) and motivation of the choice, as well as prehistory of his heroes, Sijaric made an exquisite picture of Sandzak's collective in which we recognize an ethical dimension of Kosovo's archetype and The Mountain Wreath. Njegos depicted the killing of converts to Islam in the context of Kosovo's oath, as Sijaric presented Mojkovac battle considering Kosovo, killing of converts to Islam, Ottoman's time and migration of Serbs. Scholars did not elaborate the thesis that Njegos's epic and Kosovo's archetype are the subtext of Mojkovac battle, although the meaning of battle which Sijaric's novel enquired should be read just in that key, which is, at the same time, testimony about Sijaric's humanistic reading of The Mountain Wreath and about spontaneously realized influences in the system of values existing within the same culture. Implicit dialogue between Mojkovac battle and The Mountain Wreath is seen in the concrete motives, in the manner of presentation of the historical event and, above everything, through the values which novel affirms. These facts, as we shall present, contribute to perceiving the battle in the First World War in the tradition of permanent fights for the freedom which were led on the Serbian territory until that moment.
Correlations of sense of family coherence in adolescents
Authors: Minić Jelena
Published: May 2016

Theoretical basis of the paper is a salutogenetic model of Aron Antonovski's model and belief that apart from the sense of coherence and sense of family coherence , as central sources of health, generalized and specific health sources are also important. The mentioned health sources Antonovski determines as different characteristics of an individual, group or environment which help mastering tension, which is caused by different stressors or serve for avoiding or suppress different stressors. The paper examines correlation of the sense of family coherence in adolescents with some variables which are included in the research as health sources (resistance sources). The aim of research was to examine the sense of family coherence in adolescents with: satisfaction with family (generally and globally), self-respect, family financial situation, educational level of their parents, success in education so far, number of family members and birth order. The sample consisted of adolescents of both sexes, aged 15 to 24 (N=360). Questionnaire of basic data, Scale for estimation of family coherence, Scale of family adaptation and Scale of self-respect are used for the research purposes. The data was processed by correlative analysis. Results obtained showed that there is a positive correlation of sense of family coherence in adolescents (both as a whole and as components) with general and global satisfaction with family and self-respect, as well as correlation of components with family financial situation and school/academic success. Results obtained point to the conclusion that stronger feeling of family coherence is found in adolescents who are more satisfied with their families (generally and globally), those who posess higher self-respect, have better family financial situation and adolescents who have been more successful in their education. Total attitude of the adolescents towards their families is not in connection with the level of their parents education, order of birth or with the number of family members. Results obtained are in accordance with the majority of hypothesis, theoretical basis of the paper and the results of previous researches.
The identity process in times of rupture: Narratives from the Egyptian revolution
Authors: Awad Sarah Hassan
Published: May 2016

This is a longitudinal study of the identity process through times of dramatic social change. Using a narrative psychological approach this research follows the life stories of five Egyptian bloggers as they write their stories on online blogs over the course of the three years following the 2011 revolution, at which time Egypt has witnessed major social and political changes. The aim is to understand the identity process of individuals as they develop and adapt through changing social contexts and how they create alternative social relations as they engage in prefigurative politics. The findings shed light on how ruptures trigger a process of reflexivity, adaptive learning, and sense-making that facilitates coping and the reconstruction of a positive identity after ruptures. It also suggests that the narration of the experience of rupture through storytelling creates a heightened sense of agency in individuals’ ability to create new meanings of their world in spite of the socio-cultural and political constraints. This study presents narratives as an informing methodological resource that connects identity process with social representations and emphasizes the value of storytelling as an integral part of the adaptation process.
Why consensus? Prefiguration in three activist eras
Authors: Polletta Francesca , Hoban Katt
Published: May 2016

Activists have long justified their egalitarian organizational forms in prefigurative terms. Making decisions by consensus, decentralizing organization, and rotating leadership serves to model the radically democratic society that activists hope to bring into being. Our comparison of consensus-based decision-making in three historical periods, however, shows that activists have understood the purposes of prefiguration in very different ways. Whereas radical pacifists in the 1940s saw their cooperative organizations as sustaining movement stalwarts in a period of political repression, new left activists in the 1960s imagined that their radically democratic practices would be adopted by ever-widening circles. Along with the political conditions in which they have operated, activists’ distinctive understandings of equality have also shaped the way they have made decisions. Our interviews with 30 leftist activists today reveal a view of decision-making as a place to work through inequalities that are informal, unacknowledged, and pervasive.
Learning from critical collective spaces: Reflections on the community-diversity dialectic in safe spaces
Authors: Wallin-Ruschman Jennifer , Patka Mazna
Published: May 2016

Safe spaces have the potential to become prefigurative groups that aim to create social change. The idea of a safe space as a place separate and sheltered from dominant culture to mobilize for social change has gained traction in a number of academic and practical areas. However, safe spaces have the ability to be both progressive and regressive. To guide our discussion we utilize the concept of community-diversity dialectic to address the tension between these forces within two settings. First we discuss research in an upper level college course rooted in feminist praxis. Then we discuss a faith community’s use of adaptive liturgy with parishioners with intellectual disabilities. Following this discussion, we offer a new term, “critical collective spaces”, to better capture the work done in these spaces. We offer this alternative label to move popular and academic discourse away from debating about how “safe” these spaces are (or are not) and toward a more nuanced discussion of the community-diversity dialectic and other tensions within these spaces. Our overall intention is to generate dialogue on the regressive and progressive aspects of these locations and to inform the activism and community building process within prefigurative politics more broadly.
Seventy years of social psychology: A cultural and personal critique
Authors: Jahoda Gustav
Published: May 2016

This paper traces some salient aspects of my research career, focusing largely on work in West Africa. From this lessons are drawn about the shortcomings of social psychology, especially in its laboratory version. It tends to tacitly ignore the effects of cultural influences, assuming that its findings are universally valid. Studies are mainly conducted with adults, generally college students, who are unrepresentative even of the general population of the United States where the bulk of social psychological studies are concentrated. This is justified in terms an alleged ‘psychic unity’. Social psychology pays little attention to the processes whereby children become socialized into particular cultures, which then governs their social behaviour. Methods are usually formal, and observational ones are eschewed, so that research takes place in artificial setting. This brings me to the almost complete absence of links with cognate disciplines, notably anthropology, which could greatly enrich social psychology. Suggestions are made for more wide-ranging approaches which would overcome the aridity of a great deal of current experimental social psychological research.
MUZIČKE SPOSOBNOSTI I NAČIN NJIHOVOG ISPOLJAVANJA U RANOJ ŠKOLSKOJ DOBI
Authors: Kusovac Suzana
Published: May 2016

Muzika ima višestruki značaj u formiranju i razvoju svake ličnosti,kako u psihofizičkom, tako i u duhovnom, estetskom smislu. Muzičke sposobnostipredstavljaju dio opštih sposobnosti ličnosti, te ih ne možemo drugačije shvatiti, negokao vid te jedinstvene cjeline.Osnovni cilj vaspitno-obrazovnog procesa jeste usmjeravanje mlade osobe dase formira u cjelovitu i svestrano obrazovanu ličnost, sa odgovarajućim znanjem,navikama, umijećem i sposobnostima. U tom odgovornom zadatku ne smijemo izgubitiiz vida i razvijanje njenih muzičkih sposobnosti – rad na razvoju muzikalnosti.S obzirom da su visina i trajanje tona najvažniji nosioci muzičkog sadržaja, umuzičke sposobnosti ubraja se, prije svega, sposobnost slušnog percipiranja i vokalnogili instrumentalnog repodukovanja melodijskog i ritmičkog sadržaja na osnovumuzičkog sluha, što se manifestuje kroz izraženi emotivni odnos prema muzici.
The postsynaptic t-SNARE Syntaxin 4 controls traffic of Neuroligin 1 and Synaptotagmin 4 to regulate retrograde signaling
Authors: Harris Kathryn P , Zhang Yao V , Piccioli Zachary D , Perrimon Norbert , Littleton J Troy
Published: May 2016

Postsynaptic cells can induce synaptic plasticity through the release of activity-dependent retrograde signals. We previously described a Ca2+-dependent retrograde signaling pathway mediated by postsynaptic Synaptotagmin 4 (Syt4). To identify proteins involved in postsynaptic exocytosis, we conducted a screen for candidates that disrupted trafficking of a pHluorin-tagged Syt4 at Drosophila neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). Here we characterize one candidate, the postsynaptic t-SNARE Syntaxin 4 (Syx4). Analysis of Syx4 mutants reveals that Syx4 mediates retrograde signaling, modulating the membrane levels of Syt4 and the transsynaptic adhesion protein Neuroligin 1 (Nlg1). Syx4-dependent trafficking regulates synaptic development, including controlling synaptic bouton number and the ability to bud new varicosities in response to acute neuronal stimulation. Genetic interaction experiments demonstrate Syx4, Syt4, and Nlg1 regulate synaptic growth and plasticity through both shared and parallel signaling pathways. Our findings suggest a conserved postsynaptic SNARE machinery controls multiple aspects of retrograde signaling and cargo trafficking within the postsynaptic compartment.
Regulation of two motor patterns enables the gradual adjustment of locomotion strategy in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Hums Ingrid , Riedl Julia , Mende Fanny , Kato Saul , Kaplan Harris S , Latham Richard , Sonntag Michael , Traunmüller Lisa , Zimmer Manuel
Published: May 2016

In animal locomotion a tradeoff exists between stereotypy and flexibility: fast long-distance travelling (LDT) requires coherent regular motions, while local sampling and area-restricted search (ARS) rely on flexible movements. We report here on a posture control system in C. elegans that coordinates these needs. Using quantitative posture analysis we explain worm locomotion as a composite of two modes: regular undulations versus flexible turning. Graded reciprocal regulation of both modes allows animals to flexibly adapt their locomotion strategy under sensory stimulation along a spectrum ranging from LDT to ARS. Using genetics and functional imaging of neural activity we characterize the counteracting interneurons AVK and DVA that utilize FLP-1 and NLP-12 neuropeptides to control both motor modes. Gradual regulation of behaviors via this system is required for spatial navigation during chemotaxis. This work shows how a nervous system controls simple elementary features of posture to generate complex movements for goal-directed locomotion strategies.
Structure of a Holliday junction complex reveals mechanisms governing a highly regulated DNA transaction
Authors: Laxmikanthan Gurunathan , Xu Chen , Brilot Axel F , Warren David , Steele Lindsay , Seah Nicole , Tong Wenjun , Grigorieff Nikolaus , Landy Arthur , Van Duyne Gregory D
Published: May 2016

The molecular machinery responsible for DNA expression, recombination, and compaction has been difficult to visualize as functionally complete entities due to their combinatorial and structural complexity. We report here the structure of the intact functional assembly responsible for regulating and executing a site-specific DNA recombination reaction. The assembly is a 240-bp Holliday junction (HJ) bound specifically by 11 protein subunits. This higher-order complex is a key intermediate in the tightly regulated pathway for the excision of bacteriophage λ viral DNA out of the E. coli host chromosome, an extensively studied paradigmatic model system for the regulated rearrangement of DNA. Our results provide a structural basis for pre-existing data describing the excisive and integrative recombination pathways, and they help explain their regulation.
Long-range population dynamics of anatomically defined neocortical networks
Authors: Chen Jerry L , Voigt Fabian F , Javadzadeh Mitra , Krueppel Roland , Helmchen Fritjof
Published: May 2016

The coordination of activity across neocortical areas is essential for mammalian brain function. Understanding this process requires simultaneous functional measurements across the cortex. In order to dissociate direct cortico-cortical interactions from other sources of neuronal correlations, it is furthermore desirable to target cross-areal recordings to neuronal subpopulations that anatomically project between areas. Here, we combined anatomical tracers with a novel multi-area two-photon microscope to perform simultaneous calcium imaging across mouse primary (S1) and secondary (S2) somatosensory whisker cortex during texture discrimination behavior, specifically identifying feedforward and feedback neurons. We find that coordination of S1-S2 activity increases during motor behaviors such as goal-directed whisking and licking. This effect was not specific to identified feedforward and feedback neurons. However, these mutually projecting neurons especially participated in inter-areal coordination when motor behavior was paired with whisker-texture touches, suggesting that direct S1-S2 interactions are sensory-dependent. Our results demonstrate specific functional coordination of anatomically-identified projection neurons across sensory cortices.
Cytoplasmic NOTCH and membrane-derived β-catenin link cell fate choice to epithelial-mesenchymal transition during myogenesis
Authors: Sieiro Daniel , Rios Anne C , Hirst Claire E , Marcelle Christophe
Published: May 2016

How cells in the embryo coordinate epithelial plasticity with cell fate decision in a fast changing cellular environment is largely unknown. In chick embryos, skeletal muscle formation is initiated by migrating Delta1-expressing neural crest cells that trigger NOTCH signaling and myogenesis in selected epithelial somite progenitor cells, which rapidly translocate into the nascent muscle to differentiate. Here, we uncovered at the heart of this response a signaling module encompassing NOTCH, GSK-3β, SNAI1 and β-catenin. Independent of its transcriptional function, NOTCH profoundly inhibits GSK-3β activity. As a result SNAI1 is stabilized, triggering an epithelial to mesenchymal transition. This allows the recruitment of β-catenin from the membrane, which acts as a transcriptional co-factor to activate myogenesis, independently of WNT ligand. Our results intimately associate the initiation of myogenesis to a change in cell adhesion and may reveal a general principle for coupling cell fate changes to EMT in many developmental and pathological processes.
Conditions during adulthood affect cohort-specific reproductive success in an Arctic-nesting goose population
Authors: Weegman Mitch D. , Bearhop Stuart , Hilton Geoff M. , Walsh Alyn , Fox Anthony David
Published: May 2016

Variation in fitness between individuals in populations may be attributed to differing environmental conditions experienced among birth (or hatch) years (i.e., between cohorts). In this study, we tested whether cohort fitness could also be explained by environmental conditions experienced in years post-hatch, using 736 lifelong resighting histories of Greenland white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons flavirostris) marked in their first winter. Specifically, we tested whether variation in age at first successful reproduction, the size of the first successful brood and the proportion of successful breeders by cohort was explained by environmental conditions experienced on breeding areas in west Greenland during hatch year, those in adulthood prior to successful reproduction and those in the year of successful reproduction, using North Atlantic Oscillation indices as proxies for environmental conditions during these periods. Fifty-nine (8%) of all marked birds reproduced successfully (i.e., were observed on wintering areas with young) only once in their lifetime and 15 (2%) reproduced successfully twice or thrice. Variation in age at first successful reproduction was explained by the environmental conditions experienced during adulthood in the years prior to successful reproduction. Birds bred earliest (mean age 4) when environmental conditions were ‘good’ prior to the year of successful reproduction. Conversely, birds successfully reproduced at older ages (mean age 7) if they experienced adverse conditions prior to the year of successful reproduction. Hatch year conditions and an interaction between those experienced prior to and during the year of successful reproduction explained less (marginally significant) variation in age at first successful reproduction. Environmental conditions did not explain variation in the size of the first successful brood or the proportion of successful breeders. These findings show that conditions during adulthood prior to the year of successful reproduction are most important in determining the age at first successful reproduction in Greenland white-fronted geese. Very few birds bred successfully at all (most only once), which suggests that May environmental conditions on breeding areas have cohort effects that influence lifetime (and not just annual) reproductive success.
Response of marine copepods to a changing tropical environment: winners, losers and implications
Authors: Chew Li Lee , Chong Ving Ching
Published: May 2016

Background.Climate change concurrent with anthropogenic disturbances can initiate serial changes that reverberate up the food chain with repercussions for fisheries. To date, there is no information available concerning the combined effects of global warming and human impacts on tropical marine food webs. While temperate copepods respond differently to warming and environmental stressors, the extent to which tropical copepods can adapt to rising temperature of already warm waters remains unknown. We hypothesize that sea warming and other anthropogenic disturbances over the long term will have the greatest impact on the copepod community in nearshore waters where their effects are accentuated, and therefore vulnerable and resilient species could be identified.

Methods.Zooplankton samples were collected during two time periods (1985–86 and 2014–15) interposed by marked anthropogenic disturbances, and at the same five stations located progressively from inshore to offshore in Klang Strait, Malaysia, following the asymmetrical before-after-control-impact (BACI) design. Copepods were identified to species, and results were interpreted by univariate (ANOVA) and multivariate (PERMANOVA, PCO) analyses of the computed species abundance and diversity measures.

Results.Copepod total abundance was not significantly different among stations but higher after disturbance than before disturbance. However, changes in the abundance of particular species and the community structure between time periods were dramatic. Coastal large-bodied calanoid species (e.g.,Acartia spinicauda,Calanopia thompsoni,Pseudodiaptomus bowmaniandTortanus forcipatus) were the most vulnerable group to disturbance. This however favored the opportunistic species (e.g.,Oithona simplex,O. attenuata,Hemicyclopssp.,Pseudomacrochironsp. andMicrosetella norvegica). Small-bodied copepods (e.g.,Paracalanussp.,Parvocalanus crassirostrisandEuterpina acutifrons) were unaffected.Centropages tenuiremiswas likely an introduced species. There was no significant loss in species richness of copepods despite the dramatic changes in community structure.

Discussion.Sea warming and other human-induced effects such as eutrophication, acidification and coastal habitat degradation are likely the main factors that have altered copepod community structure. The large-bodied estuarine and coastal calanoid copepods are surmised to be vulnerable to eutrophication and hypoxia, while both resilient and opportunistic species are largely unaffected by, or adaptable to, degraded coastal environments and observed sea surface temperature (SST) rise. It is forecasted that SST rise with unmitigated anthropogenic impacts will further reduce large-bodied copepod species the favoured food for fish larvae with dire consequences for coastal fish production.
Evolution of parasitism and mutualism between filamentous phage M13 andEscherichia coli
Authors: Shapiro Jason W. , Williams Elizabeth S.C.P. , Turner Paul E.
Published: May 2016

Background.How host-symbiont interactions coevolve between mutualism and parasitism depends on the ecology of the system and on the genetic and physiological constraints of the organisms involved. Theory often predicts that greater reliance on horizontal transmission favors increased costs of infection and may result in more virulent parasites or less beneficial mutualists. We set out to understand transitions between parasitism and mutualism by evolving the filamentous bacteriophage M13 and its hostEscherichia coli.

Results.The effect of phage M13 on bacterial fitness depends on the growth environment, and initial assays revealed that infected bacteria reproduce faster and to higher density than uninfected bacteria in 96-well microplates. These data suggested that M13 is, in fact, a facultative mutualist ofE. coli. We then allowedE. coliand M13 to evolve in replicated environments, which varied in the relative opportunity for horizontal and vertical transmission of phage in order to assess the evolutionary stability of this mutualism. After 20 experimental passages, infected bacteria from treatments with both vertical and horizontal transmission of phage had evolved the fastest growth rates. At the same time, phage from these treatments no longer benefited the ancestral bacteria.

Conclusions.These data suggest a positive correlation between the positive effects of M13 onE. colihosts from the same culture and the negative effects of the same phage toward the ancestral bacterial genotype. The results also expose flaws in applying concepts from the virulence-transmission tradeoff hypothesis to mutualism evolution. We discuss the data in the context of more recent theory on how horizontal transmission affects mutualisms and explore how these effects influence phages encoding virulence factors in pathogenic bacteria.
Examining features of enhanced phytoplankton biomass in the Bay of Bengal using a coupled physical‐biological model
Authors: Gomes Helga do Rosário , deRada Sergio , Goes Joaquim I. , Chai Fei
Published: May 2016

A coupled bio‐physical ocean model is used to describe areas of enhanced phytoplankton biomass, seen in remotely sensed observations, in the otherwise oligotrophic environment of the Bay of Bengal. The model is based on the Naval Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM), which is one‐way coupled to the 13‐component Carbon, Silicate, and Nitrogen Ecosystem (CoSiNE) model and configured for the Indian Ocean. Model results are compared and evaluated against a set of in situ shipboard observations as well as ocean color data acquired from several remote sensing platforms. The model is shown to successfully simulate the seasonal cycle of phytoplankton, the markedly contrasting scenarios of phytoplankton distribution in the north versus the south Bay of Bengal, and the biological impact from the 1997/1998 Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) event. The model simulation provides us with vertical cross sections of phytoplankton biomass from summer and winter blooms in the southwest of the bay, information not found in remotely sensed data. It also successfully reproduces the timing of the onset of the blooms and their spatial extent, thereby providing a measure of its potential for augmenting in situ and remotely sensed observations to improve understanding of the dynamics of primary producers and carbon cycling in one of the most poorly sampled regions of the world's oceans.
Crustal anisotropy from tectonic tremor in Guerrero, Mexico
Authors: Huesca‐Pérez Eduardo , Valenzuela Raúl W. , Ortega Roberto
Published: May 2016

We present new shear wave anisotropy measurements in the continental crust in northern Guerrero obtained from tectonic tremor. Measurements of crustal anisotropy had not been performed in this area due to the lack of seismicity. However, tectonic tremor activity is abundant and offers an opportunity to determine anisotropy parameters. Polarization and splitting analyses were performed using broadband three‐component seismograms. Results show that splitting times range between 0.07 and 0.36 s. These values are similar to the splitting magnitudes typically observed in the continental crust. The state of stress in the continental crust was investigated by inverting focal mechanisms determined in this study, and also from previous structural geology studies. Unfortunately, no stress measurements were possible in the area where tectonic tremor occurs. It was determined that, to the south of the study area, near the Pacific coast, and to the north, in the volcanic arc, the maximum compressive stress shows a general E‐W trend. The fast polarization directions are oriented NE‐SW and are oblique to the observed maximum compressive stress surrounding the study area. Thus, the relationship between the maximum compressive stress and the observed anisotropic pattern cannot be conclusively established. Several factors such as nonlinear strain in the continental crust as a result of Slow Slip Events, variations of pore fluid pressure, deep crustal mineralogy, and/or upper crust foliations and schistosity could be inducing the observed anisotropy pattern. In general, the fast axes tend to parallel the regional Laramide and Tertiary folds‐and‐thrusts which strike NNE‐SSW. This system of folds‐and‐thrusts is highly foliated in low‐grade schist and seems likely to control the anisotropic structure observed within the tectonic tremor region in Guerrero.
The reactivity of plant‐derived organic matter and the potential importance of priming effects along the lower Amazon River
Authors: Ward Nicholas D. , Bianchi Thomas S. , Sawakuchi Henrique O. , Gagne‐Maynard William , Cunha Alan C. , Brito Daimio C. , Neu Vania , de Matos Valerio Aline , da Silva Rodrigo , Krusche Alex V. , Richey Jeffrey E. , Keil Richard G.
Published: May 2016

Here we present direct measurements of the biological breakdown of 13C‐labeled substrates to CO2 at seven locations along the lower Amazon River, from Óbidos to the mouth. Dark incubation experiments were performed at high and low water periods using vanillin, a lignin phenol derived from vascular plants, and at the high water period using four different 13C‐labeled plant litter leachates. Leachates derived from oak wood were degraded most slowly with vanillin monomers, macrophyte leaves, macrophyte stems, and whole grass leachates being converted to CO2 1.2, 1.3, 1.7, and 2.3 times faster, respectively, at the upstream boundary, Óbidos. Relative to Óbidos, the sum degradation rate of all four leachates was 3.3 and 2.6 times faster in the algae‐rich Tapajós and Xingu Rivers, respectively. Likewise, the leachates were broken down 3.2 times more quickly at Óbidos when algal biomass from the Tapajós River was simultaneously added. Leachate reactivity similarly increased from Óbidos to the mouth with leachates breaking down 1.7 times more quickly at Almeirim (midway to the mouth) and 2.8 times more quickly across the river mouth. There was no discernible correlation between in situ nutrient levels and remineralization rates, suggesting that priming effects were an important factor controlling reactivity along the continuum. Further, continuous measurements of CO2, O2, and conductivity along the confluence of the Tapajós and Amazon Rivers and the Xingu and Jarauçu Rivers revealed in situ evidence for enhanced O2 drawdown and CO2 production along the mixing zone of these confluences.