bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laundry Waste Filtration Performance at Ultra Low Pressure
Authors: Cahayani Lilis , Bilad Muhamad Roil , Khery Yusran , Nufida Baiq Asma , Efendi Ismail
Published: January 2024

Laundry waste pollution can be handled through the development of filtration with the Gravity Driven Membrane (GDM) method which is designed to follow the criteria of the unloading module design, low polarization control, cost-effective, separation process using thrust in the form of a strong pressure difference. This type of research was an experiment. This study aimed to determine the performance of laundry waste filtration at ultra low pressure using clean water permeability and detergent solution as standardization. GDM filtration performance was tested by measuring permeability at a pressure of 1-10 kPa with two repetitions and long-term filtration for 35 days at a pressure of 6 kPa, the sample was replaced every 7 days without membrane washing. The results showed that as the pressure increases and the filtration time increases, the permeability of laundry waste decreases, this phenomenon is caused by compaction and clogging of the membrane pores (fouling). Permeability decreases from 1 kPa to 10 kPa pressure, the same applies to repetition. Long-term filtration permeability decreased significantly from the first day to the eighth day of filtration respectively 707.9 , 151.7, 115.8, 104.4, 97.5, 107.1, 102.1 and 103. 0 L/m2.hour.bar. On the 9th to 35th day the decrease was stable, this was caused by fouling on the membrane which resulted in the membrane becoming more compact and saturated. GDM filtration can take place for 35 days without washing the membrane with a permeability from the first day of 707.9 and the 35th day of 5.5 L/m2.hour.bar. The best performance of this filtration process lasts until the 9th day
Development of A Potentiometric Portable Extractor for Phosphate using Water Absorbent Materials and Cobalt Wire Electrodes
Authors: Siswoyo Siswoyo , Mujiyono Agung , Piluharto Bambang
Published: January 2024

Soil phosphorus is an essential nutrient in the soil and is very necessary for plants, so measuring the content of elements or their derivatives in the soil is very necessary. This study aimed to develop a portable measuring instrument for phosphate based on the potentiometric principle using cobalt electrodes. The choice of absorbent material to support portable measuring instruments is based on water absorption and the potential response of the cobalt electrode when used with an absorbent. The phosphate electrode was made from cobalt wire and Ag/AgCl as a reference electrode. A comparison of analysis results was carried out between portable extraction potentiometric and conventional potentiometric methods. The results showed that polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was the best absorbent. Using potentiometric measurements in a portable extractor prototype with PVA as an absorbent material offers promising prospects. The comparison of measurement results between the portable extractor and conventional potentiometric had 0.8039 as the correlation coefficient. Phosphate in conventional potentiometric was measured 1.2809 times higher than portable extraction potentiometric. The potentiometric slopes were -23.69 mv/decade and -26.63 mv/decade for the portable extractor potentiometric and the traditional potentiometric methods, respectively.
Synthesis of TiO2/Fe2O3 Nanocomposites as Photocatalyst for Methyl Orange Degradation
Authors: Kartikowati Christina Wahyu , Syadana Diaz , Ramadikadipura M. Millenio , Puspitasari Diah Agustina , Poerwadi Bambang , Fauziyah Mar’atul , Arutanti Osi
Published: January 2024

Fe2O3/TiO2 composites were successfully synthesized using the sol-gel method. The photocatalytic performance of prepared nanocomposites to degrade methyl orange under UV light irradiation was systematically investigated. The Fe2O3 added and calcination temperature were varied to study their effect on psychochemical properties. Further, to study the effect of psychochemical properties of the prepared nanocomposites on photocatalytic activity, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) characterization were conducted. The visible light active Fe2O3 photocatalyst managed to decrease the bandgap energy of the prepared composites from 3.32 eV to 1.95 eV. This decrease in the band gap energy led to the composite being more active under visible light and less active under UV light irradiation. A composite with 6% Fe2O3 content exhibits the smallest degradation efficiency of 14% in 180 min, while the pure TiO2 nanoparticles are 94%. The results in this study provided important implications for further research on the preparation of composite TiO2 with Fe2O3 co-catalyst showing a promising route for improving the visible light activity of photocatalysts.
The Implementation of Integrated Instagram Learning Media with STAD (Student Teams Achievement Divisions) on Increasing Learning Outcomes on The Topic Of Reaction Rate
Authors: Retno Widarti Hayuni , Risva Firda Amalia Elvira
Published: January 2024

The purpose of this study was to determine the increase in student learning outcomes on reaction rate material through the application of the Instagram-integrated STAD learning model with a multi-representation approach. The research design used is the Quasi Experimental method using the Nonequivalent Control Group Design. The research sample was taken using a random sampling technique from Students of class XI MIPA at one of Malang Senior High School. Data analysis of learning outcomes was carried out through statistical tests including prerequisite analysis tests, and hypothesis testing. The results showed that the N-gain test, the experimental class using Instagram integrated learning media was 0.74 and the control class with Power Point learning media was 0.59. The N-gain test results show that the improvement in the learning outcomes of the experimental class is greater than the control class. The Instagram-integrated STAD learning model is quite effective in learning chemistry reaction rate material and can increase student learning outcomes.
Isobaric Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium of Methyl Salicylate + Ethyl Salicylate and Methyl Salicylate + α-Pinene Binary Systems at 20.0 and 50.0 kPa
Authors: Made Deago Nugra Visesa I. , Luthfi Trianjani Aditya , Wiguno Annas , Kuswandi Kuswandi
Published: January 2024

Gandapura oil, also called wintergreen oil in international trade, is evaluated based on the purity of its methyl salicylate content. Gandapura oil has several impurities including mainly ethyl salicylate and α-pinene, which can lower its quality and price. Indonesian local farmer’s gandapura oil has a low methyl salicylate content of only 82.23%, and appears in a dark red colour instead of clear. The low grade product may have been caused by thermal degradation of compounds within gandapura oil by constant heating during atmospheric distillation at temperature above its thermal threshold. The determination of their vapor-liquid equilibrium data can provide basic data for the separation and purification of methyl salicylate towards its two main impurities in gandapura oil. The vacuum pressure condition was selected to lower the distillation temperature, aiming to reduce the chance of thermal decomposition. The vapor-liquid equilibrium under isobaric conditions in the binary systems of methyl salicylate + ethyl salicylate and methyl salicylate + α-Pinene at 20.0 and 50.0 kPa were measured experimentally using modified Glass Othmer-Still. Gas Chromatography (GC) was utilized to analyze the composition of both the liquid and vapor phases in the samples. The thermodynamic consistency of experimental data was confirmed through the L-W Wisniak method. The experimental results were successfully correlated with Wilson, NRTL, and UNIQUAC models. The average absolute deviations of temperature (AAD T) and vapor phase composition (AAD y) between experimental data and models are less than 0.8058 and 0.0196, respectively for all systems. In terms of quality, all samples collected post-experiment maintained a clear color, suggesting that vacuum pressure distillation effectively prevents the thermal decomposition of compounds in gandapura oil.
Investigating the Impact of Polyvinyl Alcohol Addition on the Thermal Behavior and Chemical Structure of Electrospun Cellulose Nanofibers
Authors: Nurhaliza Tengku Adetya , Humaidi Syahrul
Published: January 2024

The study aimed to investigate the effect of adding polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) on the chemical and thermal properties of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). The CNF was prepared using electrospinning with varying amounts of PVA, and the resulting samples were analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The FTIR results showed that adding PVA did not significantly affect the chemical structure of CNF but led to the appearance of new peaks attributed to the characteristic peaks of both CNF and PVA. Moreover, the TGA results revealed that all samples underwent weight degradation after being heated from 350°C. The addition and removal of PVA did not significantly alter the thermal behavior of the CNF. Overall, the results suggested that PVA can be used as a compatible additive to CNF without significant changes to their properties, which could have potential applications in various fields, including biodegradable packaging and drug delivery systems.
Aging in light of digitalization of healthcare
Authors: Arzroomchilar Ehsan
Published: January 2024

With the advancements in digital technologies, notions such as aging in place have gained currency. But, next to technical issues concerning the extent to which full-blown aging in place is possible, philosophical and ethical questions have been also raised. An important dimension of the digitalization of healthcare is how would aging look to both older adults and the public in the wake of such systems. In this article, I will suggest integrating postphenomenology into Age Studies to explore how aging comes to be conceptualized. An advantage of postphenomenology is that it is anchored in a first-person perspective, and in this sense, it may be a perfect fit to enhance our awareness about the impacts of the digitalization of health on older adults from their own point of view. I will also argue that postphenomenlogy can throw light on digital technologies in their actual use. This may help researchers go beyond merely exploring conditions of use and adoption implemented through notions such as usability, trust, privacy, dignity, and the like, and gain knowledge of how users’ relationship with their surroundings reconfigures after exposure to digital assistive technologies.
Metal complex as p-type dopant-based organic spiro-OMeTAD hole-transporting material for free-Li-TFSI perovskite solar cells
Authors: Elawad Mohammed , Elbashir Abdalla A. , Sajid Muhammad , John Kingsley Igenepo , Nimir Hassan , Yang Li , Ziyada Abobakr K. , Osman Abdelbagi , Rajab Fahd
Published: January 2024

Lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (Li-TFSI) is an efficient p-dopant that has been used to enhance the conductivity of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the performance of the corresponding devices is still not satisfactory due to the impact of Li-TFSI on the fill factor and the short-circuit current density of these PSCs. Herein, a new Mn complex [(Mn(Me-tpen)(ClO4)2−)]2+ was introduced as a p-type dopant into spiro-OMeTAD and was successfully applied as a hole transport material (HTM) for PSCs. Analytical studies used for device characterization included scanning electron microscopy, UV–Vis spectroscopy, current–voltage (IV) characteristics, incident photon to current efficiency, power conversion efficiency (PCE), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The UV–Vis spectra displayed oxidation in the HTM by the addition of a dopant. Moreover, the movement of electrons from the higher orbital of the spiro-OMeTAD to the dopant stimulates the generation of the hole carriers in the HTM, enhancing its conductivity with outstanding long-term stability under mild conditions in a humid (RH ∼ 30%) environment. The incorporation of the Mn complex into the composite improved the material’s properties and the stability of the fabricated devices. The Mn complex as a p-type dopant for spiro-OMeTAD exhibits a perceptible PCE of 16.39% with an enhanced conductivity of 98.13%. This finding may pave a rational way for developing efficient and stable PSCs in real environments.
Mapping electric field components of superchiral field with photo-induced force
Authors: Yamane Hidemasa , Hoshina Masayuki , Yokoshi Nobuhiko , Ishihara Hajime
Published: January 2024

Circular dichroism (CD) of materials, difference in absorbance of left- and right-circularly polarized light, is a standard measure of chirality. Detection of the chirality for individual molecules is a frontier in analytical chemistry and optical science. The usage of a superchiral electromagnetic field near metallic structure is one promising way because it boosts the molecular far-field CD signal. However, it is still elusive as to how such a field actually interacts with the molecules. The cause is that the distribution of the electric field vector is unclear in the vicinity of the metal surface. In particular, it is difficult to directly measure the localized field, e.g., using aperture-type scanning near-field optical microscope. Here, we calculate the three-dimensional (3D) electric field vector, including the longitudinal field, and reveal the whole figure of the near-field CD on a two-dimensional (2D) plane just above the metal surface. Moreover, we propose a method to measure the near-field CD of the whole superchiral field by photo-induced force microscopy (PiFM), where the optical force distribution is mapped in a scanning 2D plane. We numerically demonstrate that, although the presence of the metallic probe tip affects the 3D electric field distribution, the PiFM is sufficiently capable to evaluate the superchiral field. Unveiling the whole figure of near-field is significantly beneficial in obtaining rich information of single molecules with multiple orientations and in analyzing the boosted far-field CD signals.
A study on financing mode selection of wind power enterprises based on prospect theory: A case study in China
Authors: Liu Huixin , Wang Simeng , Zhang Yuqian
Published: January 2024

As a kind of renewable energy enterprise, wind power enterprise plays an important role in the energy transformation. However, its financing problems are also widespread. The purpose of this paper is to study the financing mode selection in order to improve sustainable development and future benefits of wind power enterprises. First, an evaluation index system is constructed through literature research and expert interviews, and the weight of each index is determined comprehensively by G1 and information entropy methods. On this basis, a financing mode selection model of wind power enterprises is constructed by using the prospect theory and hesitant fuzzy set. Next, this framework is used for case study. Financing patterns are ranked according to the comprehensive prospect value. The results show that financial leasing is the most suitable financing mode. Finally, the applicability and optimization of the model are proved by sensitivity analysis and comparative analysis.
Experimental and model analysis of the effect of pore and mineral characteristics on fluid transport in porous soil media
Authors: Fang Yingguang , Xu Yafei , Guo Lingfeng , Gu Renguo
Published: January 2024

The fluid transport in porous media is a critical property for oil and gas exploitation, construction engineering, and environmental protection. It is profoundly influenced by pore geometry and mineral properties. Currently, the Kozeny–Carman equation serves as the permeability prediction equation for porous media, established on the circular pores model. However, it fails to fully account for the impact of pore shape and mineral properties of the soil, leading to significant deviations between predicted and measured soil permeability results. In this paper, based on scanning electron microscope image and mercury intrusion porosimetry, the pores were divided into circular pores and narrow slit pores according to the ratios of pore area and circumference. Then, the quantitative expression of the two types of pores and their connectivity and tortuosity were given, and the circular and narrow slit composite pore model was used to describe the soil pore. Subsequently, the electrostatic potential of pore water was calculated by the Poisson–Boltzmann equation to consider the adsorption effect of minerals on pore water. Combined with the Navier–Stokes equation, the permeability prediction equation considering pore geometry, pore connectivity, and tortuosity and mineral properties was established. Finally, the experimental results illustrated that the theoretical prediction results were in good agreement with the experimental results. The proposed permeability prediction equation proves valuable for assessing and predicting the fluid transport in porous media.
Observation of the local electromechanical response in 2–2 ceramic–ceramic lead-free ferroelectric composites via digital image correlation
Authors: Martin Alexander , Maier Juliana G. , Kakimoto Ken-ichi , Kamlah Marc , Webber Kyle G.
Published: January 2024

This study investigates bilayers of 0.94(Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3–0.06BaTiO3 (NBT–6BT) and 0.90(Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3–0.06BaTiO3–0.04(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 (NBT–6BT–4KNN) using digital image correlation, enabling the separate analysis of strain response in each layer. The bilayers were electrically connected without mechanical connection (polarization coupled) as well as mechanically and electrically connected (polarization and strain coupled) to determine the role of interlayer mechanical interactions. The large signal longitudinal and transverse piezoelectric coefficients, d33∗ and d31∗, were characterized for both cases. In the polarization coupled composite, d33∗ decreased linearly from 410 to 260 pm/V with increasing vol. % NBT–6BT. In contrast, in the polarization and strain coupled case, d33∗ and d31∗ were maximum at 50 vol. % NBT–6BT with values of 440 and −130 pm/V, respectively, highlighting the critical role of strain interactions in ceramic–ceramic composites. The stress-induced phase transformation through strain coupling significantly impacted the electromechanical response, with improved strain values observed in the NBT–6BT–4KNN layer. Furthermore, this study highlights the variability in the significance of strain coupling within bilayer systems as a function of the altering volume fraction of their constituent components.
Fluid flow and mixing in a channel with dual bluff bodies
Authors: Xiao Jian , Jing Dalei
Published: January 2024

Placing bluff bodies in a mixing channel is an important technique to enhance mixing. This paper numerically investigates the effects of transversal spacing and axial spacing of two bluff bodies on the outlet mixing efficiency (Mout), the pressure loss (ΔP), and the combined performance parameter η (the ratio of Mout to dimensionless ΔP) of fluid flow within mixing channels with dual bluff bodies having three cross-sectional shapes of circle, square, and sector with Reynolds numbers based on bluff body dimension Red = 20, 60, and 100. The study reveals that, at Red = 20, altering the spacing between the two bluff bodies in the mixing channel does not improve mixing but instead increases ΔP, leading to a decrease in η. At Red = 60 and 100, changing the transversal spacing and axial spacing in a certain range can effectively enhance mixing and improve the combined performance. There exists an optimal transversal spacing to maximize Mout and η. Furthermore, the mixing channel with sector-shaped dual bluff bodies exhibits the highest Mout and η among the three kinds of cross-sectional shapes. When Red = 60 and 100, η of the mixing channel with sector-shaped dual bluff bodies increases by 212% and 270% by the transversal offsetting compared to the case with zero transversal spacing and increases by 489% and 331% by the axial offsetting compared to the case with an axial spacing of 2 times the bluff body dimension. The present findings hold significant implications for the design optimization and performance improvement of mixers.
Pressure-induced photo-responsiveness enhancement and positive–negative switch in Bi2S3
Authors: Feng Haocheng , Zhang Guozhao , Feng Zhenbao , Li Qian , Wang Guangyu , Li Yinwei , Fang Yuanyuan , Liu Cailong
Published: January 2024

Bi2S3 has attracted significant interest due to its unique optical, electrical, and photosensitive properties. The utilization of pressure has been substantiated as a proficient technique in modulating the optoelectronic characteristics of functional materials and has garnered increasing attention. In this work, the photoresponse of Bi2S3 upon compression was systematically investigated in combination with in situ photocurrent measurements, Raman spectroscopy, absorption spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations. Under pressure, Bi2S3 exhibits two distinct photoresponses. Bi2S3 exhibits an obvious positive photoresponse in the pressure range from 0.5 to 9.7 GPa. The photocurrent shows a rapid increase with increasing pressure and reaches the maximum value at 4.0 GPa, which is 5.6 times of the initial value. Interestingly, above 30.3 GPa, Bi2S3 shows a negative photocurrent response, which can be attributed to the photothermal effect caused by pressure-induced metallization phase transition. Our findings provide insight into the modulation of the optoelectronic properties of Bi2S3 and offer more possibilities in the further optimizing design optoelectronic devices based on Bi2S3.
Study of non-constant local cavitation suppression in micro-wedge structure
Authors: Qiu Qianfeng , Gu Yunqing , Ma Longbiao , Hu Chaoxiang , Ding Hongxin , Wu Denghao , Mou Jiegang , Wu ZhenXing
Published: January 2024

To alleviate the negative impacts of cavitation phenomenon on hydrodynamic machinery, such as mechanical vibration and noise, a hydrofoil model is established based on the micro-wedge structure, and numerical simulation of the hydrofoil is carried out by using the modified turbulence model k–omega shear stress transport (SST k–ω) to analyze the lift coefficient of drag, pressure pulsation, cavitation volume fraction, cavitation volume morphology, and turbulent kinetic energy distribution, and to reveal the inhibition of cavitation mechanism of the chord direction of the placement and the height of the micro-wedge structure coupling. The results show that the height of the micro-wedge structure determined by the thickness of the boundary layer is an important parameter affecting the cavitation performance, and the micro-wedge structure with a smaller height will produce better cavitation suppression, and the height of 0.05 mm has the best suppression effect, and the suppression of the main frequency of pulsation and the amplitude of pulsation shows a positive effect. The micro-wedge structure arranged on the hydrofoil can delay the change cycle of the cavitation volume to different degrees, in which the chordwise position of 3.5 mm has the best cavitation suppression effect, and the cavitation suppression rate is about 16.7%.
Design principles of heterointerfacial redox chemistry for highly reversible lithium metal anode
Authors: Lin Liang , Li Jiantao , Zhang Yinggan , Zheng Hongfei , Huang Youzhang , Zhang Chengkun , Sa Baisheng , Wang Laisen , Lin Jie , Peng Dong-Liang , Lu Jun , Amine Khalil , Xie Qingshui
Published: January 2024

High electrochemical reversibility is required for the application of high-energy-density lithium (Li) metal batteries; however, inactive Li formation and SEI (solid electrolyte interface)-instability-induced electrolyte consumption cause low Coulombic efficiency (CE). The prior interfacial chemical designs in terms of alloying kinetics have been used to enhance the CE of Li metal anode; however, the role of its redox chemistry at heterointerfaces remains a mystery. Herein, the relationship between heterointerfacial redox chemistry and electrochemical transformation reversibility is investigated. It is demonstrated that the lower redox potential at heterointerface contributes to higher CE, and this enhancement in CE is primarily due to the regulation of redox chemistry to Li deposition behavior rather than the formation of SEI films. Low oxidation potential facilitates the formation of the surface with the highly electrochemical binding feature after Li stripping, and low reduction potential can maintain binding ability well during subsequent Li plating, both of which homogenize Li deposition and thus optimize CE. In particular, Mg hetero-metal with ultra-low redox potential enables Li metal anode with significantly improved CE (99.6%) and stable cycle life for 700 cycles at 3.0 mA cm
−2
. This work provides insight into the heterointerfacial design principle of next-generation negative electrodes for highly reversible metal batteries.
The radiant massive magnetic dipole
Authors: Diaz Polanco José , Ayala Hoffmann José , Ujevic Maximiliano
Published: January 2024

We present an exact, time-dependent solution for the Einstein field equations that models the coupling between an anisotropic fluid and a magnetic field in an axially symmetric space-time. By carefully selecting the metric components, we achieve a convenient separation of variables that enables us to solve Einstein’s field equations and obtain a solution that evolves into the Gutsunaev–Manko massive magnetic dipole. The analysis of the thermodynamic quantities suggests that this solution may represent a pulse of radiation emitted by a massive object with magnetic properties, as for example pulsars or neutron stars.
Wearable microfluidic sweat collection platform with a calorimetric flow rate sensor for realtime and long-term sweat rate measurements
Authors: Silverio Angelito A , Ho Eric Tatt Wei , Ang Jerard , Esguerra Kiara
Published: January 2024

This work presents the design and fabrication of a wearable microfluidic patch-based system for sweat collection with a calorimetric flow rate sensor based on heat convection for measuring sweat rate (SR). The effects were predicted using a 3D multi-physics simulator and were verified on a fabricated patch made of polyimide layers. The sensor can detect surface temperature gradients of 302–312 K caused by fluid flowing thru the microfluidic channels at a rate of 0.5–23 µg s−1 that fall within the physiological range of SR. Meanwhile, the relation between flow rate and temperature gradient is highly linear (Pearson r2
= 0.999) and repeatable. This work also demonstrates a low-cost method for patterning microfluidic channels on flexible substrates which can be used for mass production of wearable patches.
Stable skyrmions in Co/Ni-based nanopillars with perpendicular magnetization anisotropy
Authors: Lv Gang , Zhang Hong , Gao Feng , Li Guihua , Liu Tianliang , Liu Yaowen
Published: January 2024

Micromagnetic simulations have been conducted to explore the formation rules of stable skyrmions in Co/Ni-based perpendicular magnetization anisotropy nanopillars with Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya Interaction (DMI). The results show that an appropriate perpendicular magnetic field can generate a robust Néel-type skyrmion magnetic configuration in the free layer with a 5° tilted easy axis. The creation and stability of skyrmion states also depends on the strength of the DMI and the size of nano-disk. Furthermore, we observed intriguing behavior in the case of the free layer with a perfectly perpendicular easy axis. Skyrmion states appeared in two distinct regions of perpendicular magnetic field when both perpendicular and in-plane magnetic fields were applied. This discontinuity arises from the nucleation of initial Bloch-type skyrmions. These results contribute to comprehending the formation mechanism of stable skyrmions in perpendicular magnetic anisotropy multilayers and may promote the development of skyrmion-based nanodevices.
River video flow measurement algorithm with space-time image fusion of object tracking and statistical characteristics
Authors: Yuan Youwei , Che Guolin , Wang Chao , Yang Xuan , Wang Jianping
Published: January 2024

River flow monitoring serves as a crucial data source in hydrological stations, employing the widely adopted space-time image velocimetry (STIV) method both domestically and internationally. However, current methods yield space-time (ST) image trajectories with limited usable information, particularly due to the interference of complex flow characteristics and harsh outdoor environments in natural rivers. This interference leads to errors in detecting the main orientation of texture, consequently reducing measurement accuracy. To overcome these challenges, this paper proposes an river video flow measurement algorithm with ST image fusion of object tracking and statistical characteristics. The Lucas–Kanade tracking algorithm is employed to track velocity points and generate tracking trajectories. These trajectories’ coordinates are then fitted into straight lines to automatically arrange velocity-measuring lines in natural rivers. The algorithm leverages multi-scale detail boosting and Gaussian directional stretch filtering to enhance the quality and texture trajectories of ST images. Furthermore, background noise filtering and stripe noise filtering are applied to denoise the ST images, effectively mitigating the impact of noise caused by the natural river environment and camera equipment. The proposed algorithm incorporates projection statistical characteristics algorithms to accurately detect the dominant texture direction, enabling precise calculation of mean velocity and cross-sectional discharge of the river. Experimental validation was conducted in both natural and regular river channels, demonstrating the superior performance of the proposed solution compared to widely used large-scale particle image velocimetry, STIV, MobileNet-STIV and FD-DIS-G algorithms. The algorithm exhibited higher accuracy, stability, and applicability, with errors at each velocity-measuring point below 10%, and relative errors of the calculated mean velocity and cross-sectional discharge below 3%. This affirms the algorithm’s superior accuracy, stability, and applicability.
Study of the demagnetization behavior of no-insulation persistent-current mode HTS coils under external AC fields by 3D FEM simulation
Authors: Zhong Zhuoyan , Wu Wei , Ma Guangtong , Jin Zhijian
Published: January 2024

The no-insulation (NI) winding technique is promising for applications in the persistent-current mode (PCM) operation of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) coils. To produce an NI PCM coil, it is essential to understand its demagnetization behavior (i.e. decay of persistent DC current) under an external AC field, which occurs in maglev trains, electric machines and other dynamic magnet systems. For this purpose, a 3D finite-element method (FEM) model, capturing the full electromagnetic properties of NI HTS coils is established. This work studied three kinds of AC fields, observing the impact of turn-to-turn contact resistivity on demagnetization rates, which is attributed to current distribution modulations. Under a transverse AC field, the lower contact resistivity attracts more transport current to flow in the radial pathway to bypass the ‘dynamic resistance’ generated in the superconductor, leading to slower demagnetization. Under an axial AC field, the demagnetization rate exhibits a non-monotonic relation with the contact resistivity: (1) the initial decrease in contact resistivity leads to a concentration of induced AC current on the outer turns, which accelerates the demagnetization; (2) the further decrease in contact resistivity makes the current smartly redistribute to avoid flowing through the loss-concentrated outer turns, thus slowing down the demagnetization. Under a rotating DC field, a hybrid of transverse and axial fields, the impact of contact resistivity on the demagnetization rate exhibits combined characteristics of the transverse and axial components. Additionally, quantitative prediction of the demagnetization rate of NI PCM coil under external AC field is instructive for practical designs and operations, which is tested by this 3D FEM model, and a comparison with experimental results is conducted.
Impact of micro-indentation load/time and Zinc concentration on the thermo- mechanical characteristics of amorphous Se78Te20Sn2 alloy
Authors: Saraswat Vishnu , Dahshan A , Elsaeedy H I , Mehta Neeraj
Published: January 2024

We have performed hardness measurement experiments under different loads and loading times by performing micro-indentation marks in the present work. Chalcogenide glasses (ChGs) comprising Se78Te20Sn2 and Se78-xTe20Sn2Znx (where x = 0, 2, 4, & 6) alloys are the subject of micro-indentation tests in this work. We have utilized both micro-indentation and optical microscopic methods to determine Vickers hardness. Thermal glass transition phenomena have been identified through DSC techniques. The modulus of elasticity (E), an essential mechanical property, has been evaluated using established empirical equations. Further, we have studied other mechanical parameters [e.g., minimal micro-void formation energy (E

h
), glass’s fragility index (m), micro-void volume (V

h
), etc] and the covalent character of the glassy system. Additionally, various physical parameters, including density, molar volume, and compactness, have also been determined. The results emphasize that the different thermo-mechanical parameters investigated in this study achieve their most extreme values at the highest concentration of Zn. However, the energy of micro-void formation within the glassy network of quaternary glasses remains relatively unchanged after the introduction of Zn into the parent STS alloy;
High-quality random bit generation based on a cascade-coupled nano-laser system
Authors: Liu G P , Mu P H , Guo G , Liu X T , Hu G S
Published: January 2024

In this paper, a novel method is proposed to generate high-quality chaotic signals using three cascade-coupled nano-lasers (NLs), and generate high-speed, high-quality random number sequences. The master NL (MNL) is subjected to optical feedback, and its output is injected into the intermediate NL (INL), which is further injected into the slave NL (SNL). In the simulation, we first adjust proper parameters so that the SNL generates a chaotic signal with a large bandwidth and time-delay signature concealment. After performing self-delayed differential processing on the chaotic signal, and utilizing an 8-bit analog-to-digital converter for sampling and quantization, followed by extraction of the m-bits least significant bit, the final random bit sequence is obtained. Finally, we use NIST SP 800-22 to test the generated random numbers. The results demonstrate that the obtained random number sequence successfully passed all tests specified by NIST SP 800-22.
Quantum circuit-based proxy blind signatures: A novel approach and experimental evaluation on the IBM quantum cloud platform
Authors: Lou 娄 Xiaoping 小平 , Zan 昝 Huiru 慧茹 , Xu 徐 Xuejiao 雪娇
Published: January 2024

This paper presents a novel approach to proxy blind signatures in the realm of quantum circuits, aiming to enhance security while safeguarding sensitive information. The main objective of this research is to introduce a quantum proxy blind signature (QPBS) protocol that utilizes quantum logical gates and quantum measurement techniques. The QPBS protocol is constructed by the initial phase, proximal blinding message phase, remote authorization and signature phase, remote validation, and de-blinding phase. This innovative design ensures a secure mechanism for signing documents without revealing the content to the proxy signer, providing practical security authentication in a quantum environment under the assumption that the CNOT gates are securely implemented. Unlike existing approaches, our proposed QPBS protocol eliminates the need for quantum entanglement preparation, thus simplifying the implementation process. To assess the effectiveness and robustness of the QPBS protocol, we conduct comprehensive simulation studies in both ideal and noisy quantum environments on the IBM quantum cloud platform. The results demonstrate the superior performance of the QPBS algorithm, highlighting its resilience against repudiation and forgeability, which are key security concerns in the realm of proxy blind signatures. Furthermore, we have established authentic security thresholds (82.102%) in the presence of real noise, thereby emphasizing the practicality of our proposed solution.
Automated experimental design of safe rampdowns via probabilistic machine learning
Authors: Mehta Viraj , Barr Jayson , Abbate Joseph , Boyer Mark D , Char Ian , Neiswanger Willie , Kolemen Egemen , Schneider Jeff
Published: January 2024

Typically the rampdown phase of a shot consists of a decrease in current and injected power and optionally a change in shape, but there is considerable flexibility in the rate, sequencing, and duration of these changes. On the next generation of tokamaks it is essential that this is done safely as the device could be damaged by the stored thermal and electromagnetic energy present in the plasma. This works presents a procedure for automatically choosing experimental rampdown designs to rapidly converge to an effective rampdown trajectory. This procedure uses probabilistic machine learning methods paired with acquisition functions taken from Bayesian optimization. In a set of 2022 experiments at DIII-D, the rampdown designs produced by our method maintained plasma control down to substantially lower current and energy levels than are typically observed. The actions predicted by the model significantly improved as the model was able to explore over the course of the experimental campaign.
Impact of Dipole Quadrupolar Errors in Fcc-ee
Authors: García-Jaimes C , Pieloni T , van Riesen-Haupt L , Seidel M , Tomás R
Published: January 2024

FCC-ee performance is challenged by magnetic errors and imperfections. Magnetic design simulations predict a systematic quadrupolar component in the arc dipoles significantly impacting the machine optics. This paper studies the impact of this component in the beta-beating and explores potential mitigations.
Modeling SuperKEKB Backgrounds with the Belle II Electromagnetic Calorimeter
Authors: Liptak Zachary J , Atsuta Masahiro
Published: January 2024

The largest current obstacle to SuperKEKB’s luminosity goals is currently beam-related backgrounds occurring during accelerator operation. Thus, understanding the level of these backgrounds is of crucial importance for the future of the facility. In this work, we take advantage of the Belle II Electromagnetic Calorimeter’s near-total coverage of the interaction region to create a spatial model of beam-induced backgrounds with the aim of providing fast feedback to improve accelerator conditions.
GaAs cathode activation with Cs-K-Sb thin film
Authors: Kuriki M , Liptak Z J , Guo L , Jin X , Yamamoto N
Published: January 2024

GaAs cathodes are unique devices which generate a spin-polarized electron beam by the photoelectric effect when illuminated with a circularly polarized laser. Thin-film Negative Electron Affinity (NEA) surfaces have an essential role in spin polarized beam production, but they have limited lifetimes. In this study, we activate GaAs as an NEA cathode by evaporating Cs, K, and Sb metal on its cleaned surface. The experimental results of quantum efficiency measurements taken after evaporative deposition of the multi-alkali surface are presented here.
A feasibility study into the quasi-frozen spin regime of operation of the NICA storage ring
Authors: Aksentev A E , Melnikov A A , Senichev Y V , Kolokolchikov S D , Ladygin V P , Syresin E M , Butenko A V
Published: January 2024

This study is motivated by the search for the electric dipole moment (EDM) of elementary particles. The most promising idea in that regard is the “Frozen Spin” concept first proposed by the BNL. This concept, however, requires the building of a brand-new facility devoted to the EDM-search. NICA is not such a facility, hence the need for a modification compatible with the existing optics; one that wouldn’t disrupt the ring’s capability for parallel experiments. Such a modification is the “Quasi-Frozen Spin” idea, realized by adding transport channels, bypassing the ring’s straight sections. Wien-filters are placed in these channels in order to compensate spin-rotations caused by the ring’s arc dipoles, thus making its net spin-transfer matrix unitary. Even though, during its movement along the beam line, the beam’s polarization vector deviates from alignment with the momentum vector, this motion is regular and fits within one beam revolution, allowing for the buildup of the EDM-signal. The present study shows that the “Quasi-Frozen Spin”-specific optics is consistent with the existing NICA lattice and that the modified structure is capable of maintaining a requisite spin-coherence time.
Conceptual design of the magnetised iron block system for the SHADOWS experiment
Authors: Stummer F , Banerjee D , Baratto Roldan A , Bernhard J , Boogert S T , Brugger M , Charitonidis N , D’Alessandro G L , Deniaud M , Dyks L A , Gatignon L , Gerbershagen A , Gibson S , Lanfranchi G , Metzger F , Murphy R , Mussolini C A , Nevay L J , Parozzi E , Rae B , Schuh-Erhard S , Simon P , Shields W , Stergiou V , Van Dijk M , Zickler T
Published: January 2024

SHADOWS [1, 2] is an intended future beam dump experiment in the CERN North Area, aiming to search for feebly interacting particles (FIPs) [3] created in 400 GeV/c proton interactions. Due to its proposed off-axis location alongside the K12 beamline [4], the SHADOWS detector can be placed potentially very close to the beam dump, enabling it to search for FIPs in unexplored parts of the parameter space. In order to guarantee good quality of a potential signal, it is crucial to reduce any backgrounds of Standard Model particles as much as possible. The dominant background downstream the beam dump is caused by muons [1]. This introduces the need of a dedicated muon sweeping system consisting of magnetised iron blocks (MIBs) to actively mitigate this background component. We present the conceptional design studies in the framework of the Conventional Beams Working Group of the Physics Beyond Colliders Initiative at CERN [5, 6].
Earthquake Measurements and Those Analysis on IR Components and Belle II Detector in KEK
Authors: Yamaoka H , Masuzawa M , Kanayama T , Maki M
Published: January 2024

Earthquakes frequently occur in Japan. Even though countermeasures are thoroughly considered and well executed, earthquakes still impact facilities and experimental devices. The large relative displacements induced by an earthquake can damage beam pipe bellows and interfere with sub-detectors by causing the tolerance between them to disappear. Even magnet quenches have been triggered by induced voltages caused by the relative displacements between the superconducting solenoids (i.e., the detector solenoid and the compensating solenoids surrounding the final focus quadrupole magnets, or QCSs). In response, we installed acceleration sensors on the Belle II detector and mounted gap sensors on the QCSs to measure the relative displacements. These measurements enabled the characteristics of the earthquakes that have affected the Belle II detector to be analysed. Response spectrum analyses (RSAs) of the Belle II detector were conducted to evaluate the impact of earthquakes according to the ground motion measurements. We then compared the measurements to the RSA results, which led to an idea for a countermeasure.
Polarization Based Out-Coupling for Cavity Based X-ray FELs
Authors: Rauer Patrick
Published: January 2024

Cavity Based X-ray Free-Electron Lasers (CBXFELs) promise fully 3D coherent, very brilliant and shot-to-shot stable X-ray pulses. For CBXFELs the X-ray radiation is trapped in an X-ray optical cavity, which is formed using Bragg-reflecting crystal mirrors. As is the case for laser systems in the optical regime, a major question for the CBXFELs is how to couple out the radiation from the cavity. Possibilities range from employing semi-transparent thin crystals, over manipulation of the electron phase space density to cavity dumping schemes. In this work, making use of the strong polarization of Bragg reflection shall be studied for out-coupling. As the radiation does not change its polarization during Bragg reflection, reflection in the direction of the polarization vector is suppressed. By adjusting the 3D orientation of the crystals with respect to the polarization axis of a linearly polarized undulator, or vice versa, the transmission through the crystals can be tailored to some degree independently of the crystal thickness.
Helical Undulators of Magnetized Helices and Ring Sectors
Authors: Magory Eyal , Balal Nezah , Bratman Vladimir L.
Published: January 2024

The periodic system of a spiral array of magnetized ring sectors (quasi-helix) creates a helical field, which is close in structure and magnitude to the field in the system of helical magnets. Such a system of a relatively small number of readily accessible magnets can be easier to manufacture and assemble than a system containing mag-netized helices made from single pieces. In this paper, we study the dependence of the helical field on the number of sectors per undulator period. Short prototypes consisting of longitudinally and radially magnetized sectors were experimentally studied. The maximum value of the helical field on the axis of a quasi-helix of longitudinally and radially magnetized ring NdFeB sectors with a period of 2 cm and a relatively large inner diameter of 8 mm is 0.28 T and 0.34 T, respectively. This corresponds to a field of 0.74 T in the case of four alternately longitudinally and radially magnetized Halbach-like quasi-helices of pre-magnetized sectors and a hybrid system assembled from longitudinally pre-magnetized sectors and preliminarily non-magnetized steel sectors. Such undulators can provide a high oscillatory electron velocity and seem promising for increasing the efficiency of FELs and inverse FELs in various frequency ranges.
Evaluation of a compact electron preinjector using a low beta (β) acceptance X-band accelerating structure
Authors: Williams SD , Dowd RT , Rassool RP , Sheehy SL , Taylor GN , Volpi M
Published: January 2024

At the University of Melbourne X-LAB we are investigating the use of a low β acceptance X-band accelerating structure as part of the design of an all X-band RF electron preinjector optimised for the production of low emittance electron bunches for medical physics applications and compact light source development.

In this work we will elaborate on the estimated performance, design issues, and optimisation methodology of the preinjector beamline.
Energy Saving Measures in the High-Power RF System of the European XFEL
Authors: Bousonville M , Choroba S , Göller S , Kröger V , Vogel V , Weinhausen T
Published: January 2024

The high-voltage modulators of the 26 klystrons in the XFEL represent the largest power consumer of the accelerator facility. The beam energy is usually 14 GeV, but a few weeks a year, lower and higher beam energies are also produced. For example, 11.5 and 16.3 GeV. Until mid-2022, the modulator voltages were set so that enough RF power for 16.3 GeV beam energy could be provided at all times. In order to save energy, the modulator voltages will now be lowered to a sufficient level for beam energies of ≤ 14 GeV. In this way, the previous power consumption of the modulators of 5 MW can be reduced up to 1 MW depending on the operation mode. Over the course of a year, this will save several GWh of energy. In the following, the relationship between the output voltage and the power consumption of the modulators is described. Afterwards, it is reported how the power consumption was reduced in various operating conditions in 2022.