bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pengaruh Motivasi Belajar terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas X pada Mata Pelajaran Seni Budaya SMK Negeri 1 Alas
Authors: Elmi Aenur Rahmi , Yamin Ahmad , Dewi Geatriana
Published: February 2023

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah 1) Untuk menganalisis tingkat motivasi belajar siswa kelas X pada mata pelajaran seni Budaya di SMKN 1 Alas; 2) Untuk menganalisis hasil belajar siswa kelas X pada mata pelajaran Seni Budaya di SMKN 1 Alas; 3) Untuk menganalisis pengaruh motivasi belajar terhadap hasil belajar siswa kelas X pada mata pelajaran seni Budaya di SMKN 1 Alas. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian expost facto dengan metode kuantitatif, dan obyek penelitian adalah siswa kelas X NKPI A dan NKPI B yang terdiri dari 55 siswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa motivasi belajar masih dalam kategori sedang, kadang-kadang termotivasi yang dapat dilihat dari hasil hitung indikator motivasi, (1) Cita-cita/Aspirasi siswa dengan rerata sebesar 2,13 (2) Kemampuan Siswa sebesar 2,35 (3) Kondisi Jasmani dan rohani Siswa. Sebesar 2,13 (4) Kondisi Lingkungkan Kelas. Sebesar 2,29 (5) Unsur-unsur Dinamis Belajar sebesar 2,07 (6) Upaya Guru Membelajarkan Siswa sebesar.2,14. Sedangkan Dari hasil dokumentasi raport siswa, 5 siswa mendapatkan nilai 75-76 dengan presentase 10,9%, 9 siswa mendapatkan nilai 77-78 dengan presentase 16,4%, 14 siswa mendapatkan nilai 79-80 dengan presentase 25,5, 11 siswa mendapatkan nilai 81-82 dengan presentase 20% , 9 siswa mendapatkan nilai 83-84 dengan presentase 16,4%, 4 siswa mendapatkan nilai 85-86 dengan presentase 7,3% dan 2 siswa mendapatkan nilai 87-88 dengan presentase 3,6% dari hasil belajar ini siswa kelas X SMK Negeri Alas pada mata pelajaran Seni Budaya sesuai dengan nilai melebihi Kriteria Ketuntasan Minimal (KKM) diatas nilai 75. Dengan rata-rata nilai rapot 80.
Pengembangan Aplikasi Virtual Reality untuk Pembelajaran Bangun Ruang Kelas V Sekolah Dasar menggunakan Model ADDIE
Authors: Bata Julius , Anggipranoto Eusebius Vercelli Brian
Published: February 2023

Geometri merupakan salah satu topik yang sulit dalam Matematika. Salah satu alasan kesulitan ketika belajar geometri adalah metode pembelajaran ‘tradisional’ yang masih berpusat pada guru yang menggunakan gambar pada buku serta kurangnya kemampuan visual siswa. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, makalah ini mengusulkan aplikasi berbasis virtual reality sebagai media pembelajaran bangun ruang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode ADDIE dalam mengembangkan aplikasi virtual reality. Proses evaluasi dilakukan pada tahap pengembangan dengan cara validasi ahli materi, ahli media, dan guru. Pada tahap implementasi, tiga orang siswa menggunakan aplikasi. Proses evaluasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan pretest dan posttest. Berdasarkan hasil pretest dan posttest, terjadi peningkatan sebesar 24, 73 %. Aplikasi sudah layak digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran bangun ruang.
Pengaruh Jejaring Tata Kelola Pemerintahan dalam Meningkatkan Efektifitas Penyusunan Laporan Penyelenggaraan Pemerintahan Daerah di Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat
Authors: Irfandi Irfandi , Heriwibowo Dedy , Rizqi Reza Muhammad
Published: February 2023

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat pengaruh jaringan tata kelola dalam meningkatkan efektifitas penyusunan LPPD di Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan menggunakan alat analisis Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) yang mengolah data berdasarkan sampel dari suatu populasi yang kemudian akan dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode statistik tertentu. Populasi dan sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah para kasubbag pengembangan program atau perangkat yang menangani LPPD, perencana, tim penyusun LPPD kabupaten sebanyak 60 responden. Uji validitas dan reliabilitas yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis data yang dikenal dengan Partial Least Square (PLS). PLS merupakan persamaan yang termasuk dalam bidang Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan variabel manajemen permainan indikator yang mempengaruhi efektivitas penyusunan LPPD adalah komitmen pimpinan terkait keterlibatan ketua OPD dalam pemenuhan data (KP4), indikator koordinasi dan indikator team building. Sedangkan variabel indikator penataan jaringan dalam jaringan pemerintahan yang meliputi penjangkauan, sekretariat bersama dan dukungan anggaran berpengaruh terhadap efektifitas penyusunan LPPD di Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat.
Pengelola Kurikulum dan Sarana Prasarana sebagai Penunjang Keberhasilan Pembelajaran Siswa Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Chaerunisa Fitha , Pebriyana Lisa , Agustin Salma Pratiwi , Yantoro Yantoro
Published: February 2023

Upaya dalam meningkatkan keberhasilan pembelajaran siswa Sekolah Dasar (SD) dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai faktor penunjang, diantaranya adalah kurikulum dan sarana prasarana. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian studi literatur dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Instrumen penilaian dalam penelitian ini adalah peneliti sendiri. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan mencari sumber referensi terkait melalui buku, artikel ilmiah dari jurnal bereputasi baik nasional maupun internasional, koran, dan majalah. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa, jika didalam sebuah proses pembelajaran dengan pengelolaan kurikulum yang baik, maka hasilnya akan baik sesuai dengan yang diharapkan. Sama halnya dengan pengelolaan kurikulum, jika dalam suatu sekolah sarana dan prasarananya baik, maka hal tersebut dapat menunjang keberhasilan siswa dalam proses belajar mengajar. Pengelolaan kurikulum sangat penting demi tercapainya tujuan pembelajaran untuk waktu yang telah ditetapkan, supaya tersusun dengan rinci program yang akan dilakukan untuk kedepannya. Begitupun dengan pengelolaan sarana prasarana, krusial sekali demi mewadahi berjalannya suatu program pembelajaran yang telah disusun dalam pengelolaan kurikulum. Oleh karena itu, sekolah dengan pengelolaan kurikulum serta pengelolaan sarana prasarananya yang baik, maka tingkat keberhasilan pembelajarn siswanya pun meningkat dan dapat dikatakan terjamin.
Pola Penundaan Angsuran Kredit dalam Peningkatan Kapasitas Usaha di Masa Pandemi Covid-19 Bagi Nasabah Dana Bergulir Pelaku UMKM
Authors: Yuwono Amrih , Sudyantara Smita Catur , Dianasari Mila , Heriana Tutik , L Ayu Oktavia
Published: February 2023

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendiskripsikan pola penundaan angsuran kredit dana bergulir dalam peningkatan kapasitas usaha di masa pandemi covid19 bagi nasabah pelaku UMKM kabupaten Pacitan. Adapun metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan menggunakan pengambilan sampel yaitu convienence sampling. Dari hasil penelitian tersebut menunjukkan bahwa pada kenyataannya pola penundaan kredit dana bergulir memberikan pengaruh yang besar terhadap aspek psikologis dan lebih memahami kondisi kemampuan ekonomi pelaku UMKM yang merupakan nasabah dana bergulir. Namun tidak secara langsung meningkatkan kapasitas usaha karena kondisi ekonomi dan transaksi masyarakat yang menurun. Skema penundaan kredit seperti dana bergulir lebih tepat dimasa pandemi dibandingkan dengan skema bank umum karena nasabah tidak membayar angsuran selama jangka waktu yang ditetapkan yaitu empat bulan tanpa sanksi atau pinalti bunga tambahan atau menambah jumlah pokok pinjaman.
Pertanggungjawaban Hukum terhadap Kerusakan Barang dalam Proses Pengangkutan yang di Beli melalui Tiktok Shop
Authors: Azzahra Saffana , Chumaida Zahry Vandawati
Published: February 2023

E-Commerce atau Elektronik Commerce adalah aktivitas perdagangan yang berkaitan dengan penjualan, pembelian, pemasaran barang dan atau jasa dengan memanfaatkan sistem internet. Salah satu E-Commerce yang banyak digunakan oleh masyarakat pada saat ini adalah TikTok Shop. Namun dalam pelaksanaan TikTok Shop masih ditemukan beberapa masalah, salah satunya terkait dengan kerusakan barang dalam proses pengangkutan sehingga ketika barang sampai di pembeli tidak dalam kondisi yang baik. Tentunya hal tersebut merugikan pembeli dari segi waktu maupun biaya yang telah dikeluarkan, disatu sisi terkadang pihak penjual dan pihak layanan pengiriman saling melempar tanggung jawab mereka atas masalah tersebut. Hal inilah yang memunculkan permasalahan yang akan dianalisis yakni terkait bagaimana perlindungan hukum konsumen akibat terjadinya kerusakan barang dalam pengiriman yang dibeli melalui TikTok Shop. Tulisan ini akan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual untuk dapat menemukan jawaban-jawaban yang berkaitan dengan rumusan masalah. Akhirnya diharapkan tulisan ini dapat bermanfaat dalam rangka memberikan pengetahuan khususnya mengenai pertanggungjawaban hukum terhadap kerusakan barang dalam proses pengangkutan yang dibeli melalui TikTok Shop serta menambah edukasi atau solusi jika terjadi masalah tersebut.
Kecenderungan Gaya Pengasuhan Orang Tua pada Anak Usia 4-5 Tahun di Kecamatan Loura
Authors: Haingu Rahel Maga , Bili Dominggus Lero , Bili Elisabeth Daido , Lobo Stevani
Published: February 2023

Masalah penelitian ini yakni BagaImana kecenderungan gaya pengasuhan orang tua pada anak usia 4-5 di kecamatan Loura? Tujuan penelitian untuk mendeskripsikan gaya pengasuhan orang tua pada anak usia 4-5 di kecamatan Loura. Penelitian yang dilakukan dengan desain deskriptif kualitatif. Penelitian difokuskan pada dua desa di kecamatan Loura yakni Desa Karuni dan Desa Ramadana. Responden atau orang tua sebanyak 20 orang dengan latar pekerjaan orang tua sebagai petani. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan Wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Instrumen wawancara berjumlah 15 item yang memuat pertanyaan dengan jawaban Ya dan Tidak yang disertai penjelasan dengan alasannya. Data dianalis dengan mentabulasi jawaban responden yang memilih Ya dan Tidak, memberi kode untuk mendapatkan kecenderungan pola asuh orang tua. Hasil penelitian pola asuh orang tua kecenderungannya dipengaruhi dengan gaya otoritatif atau demokratis dengan jawaban orang tua “Ya” sebanyak 94%, gaya otoriter sebanyak 54% dan gaya Permisif sebanyak 38 %.
The Figure of the Postcolonial Intellectual
Authors: Saeed Ur Rehman
Published: February 2023

The English word ‘intellectual’ shares its origins with the English word ‘intelligence’ and is a noun and adjective based on the English noun ‘intellect.’ Horace G. Danner and Roger Noel, in their authoritative A Thesaurus of Word Roots of the English Language inform us that the word intellect is a combination of the prefix inter, which means ‘between’ or ‘among’ with the Latin verb legere, which covers the same semantic fields as the English verbs ‘to read’ and ‘to choose.’ For Danner and Noel, the Latin verb legere is related to Greek legein, which is associated with Greek logos. Legere, the Latin source of the root elements lect, leg, and lig, is found in English words related to the act of reading or making a choice: lecture, lectern, intellect, legible, college, and diligence. Danner and Noel believe that the word intellect has greater semantic proximity with the sense of choice found in the root element lect than with the sense of reading (380), whereas other etymologists do not distinguish between the two different semantic fields (Klein 803). A purely etymological definition of the ‘intellectual’ will, thus, be that an intellectual is someone who chooses between different options available. As far as the etymological definition is concerned, it is possible to posit that every human being is an intellectual because all human beings make choices and perceive the world. However, as Gramsci has remarked, “all men are intellectuals, but not all men perform the function of the intellectual” (9). By differentiating between generalised intellectual activity by human beings and the function of the intellectual, Gramsci underscores the importance of ideational intervention by the intellectual, especially in the public sphere.
First World Medical Practices as Tools for Dominance:
Authors: Aakifa Shireen  , Nayab Sajid
Published: February 2023

This paper examines how the introduction of novel medical practices in third-world countries is complicit with the pharmaceutical politics of the First World, as projects of medical welfare have been used by the First World to generate capital by establishing pharmaceutical companies in the Third World. This study draws on Deepika Bahri’s concept of ‘postcolonial biology’ and Frantz Fanon’s critique of the nexus of capitalism, colonialism and the ruthless medical practices carried out by the First World in the Third World. This paper presents an analysis of John le Carre’s The Constant Gardener and Sonia Shah’s The Body Hunters: Testing New Drugs on the Poorest Patients to uncover the patterns through which Western pharmaceutical companies dehumanise native Africans by testing lethal vaccines on them without their consent. Through the analysis of these texts, we propose that the First World is guilty of ‘biological neo-colonialism’ as these countries experiment lethal drugs on the people of the Third World, which cause permanent deformities in these individuals. At the same time, the bureaucrats and governments of these third-world countries do not hesitate to assist such ventures, and they lure the needy by offering them medication at low cost that have direct horrible health consequences. Such medical practices create suspicion among the natives regarding Western medicine, and when they reject using it, they are labelled as backward people.Keywords: Biological colonisation, biological neo-colonialism, exploitative capitalism, pharmaceutical politics, Third World exploitation.
THE FALL OF OTTOMANS:
Authors: Ahmad Saeed Iqbal  , Muhammad Asif  , Mazhar Hayat  , Ghulam Murtaza
Published: February 2023

The Stone Woman is a complex story of the decline of the Ottomans and the rise of Christians in Europe. By abandoning the strong Turkish asabiyyah (social solidarity) and ignoring the prominent features of Islamic umran (civilisation), the Ottoman Empire fell, and the Christians gained power due to their advanced knowledge and strong social solidarity. As the fall of the Turks and the rise of the Christians occurred cyclically, the Cyclical Theory of the rise and fall of civilisations in Ibn Khaldun’s Muqaddimah seems appropriate for the theoretical outline. It also explores how the Khaldunian concepts of asabiyyah and umran are related to Ali’s alternative history of the Christian-Muslim relations. The research concludes that Turkey has remained the center of the East-West conflict. The Middle East’s contemporary socio-political issues and ethnic strife originated in the Ottoman era.Keywords: Ibn Khaldun, Cyclic Theory, Ottoman Empire, Asabiyyah, Rise and Fall of Civilisations
SURGICAL OUTCOME OF MYRINGOPLASTY WITH AND WITHOUT CORTICAL MASTOIDECTOMY IN CHRONIC OTITIS MEDIA MUCOSAL INACTIVE TYPE
Authors: Jha Amit , Nirala Sanjeev , Sah Mukesh Kumar , Rain Kamaluddin
Published: February 2023

Background: Chronic otitis media is usually complicated due to perforation of tympanic membrane and ultimately leading to hearing loss. The objective of this study was to compare the results of myringoplasty alone with myringoplasty with cortical mastoidectomy in COM (Chronic Otitis Media) mucosal inactive type in terms of graft uptake.
Methods: This was a descriptive, prospective, qualitative type of study. A total of thirty patients of COM mucosal inactive type were included in the study of which 15 patients were selected alternatively for myringoplasty alone while another 15 patients were selected for myringoplasty with cortical mastoidectomy. Pure tone audiometry was done within 1 week prior to surgery. Graft uptake was assessed after 6 weeks and results were compared within and between the groups using Chi-square test.
Results: Graft uptake rate of myringoplasty alone and myringoplasty with cortical mastoidectomy done using temporalis fascia graft and underlay technique was same 86.66% (n=26) and failure rate was 13.33% (n=4).The graft take was higher 88.9%(n=8) in small perforation worsened in medium (85 %) and then in subtotal perforation (79%). Graft uptake rate was highest in central perforation (86.9%) followed by posterior perforation (84.6%) and least in anterior perforation (77.7%). Mean age of presentation was 27.7 years, ranging from 15 to 60 years. Most common approach was permeatal in myringoplasty and postaural in case of myringoplasty with cortical mastoidectomy.
Conclusions: The graft uptake rate myringoplasty alone are comparable to those of myringoplasty with cortical mastoidectomy. The choice of surgery is based on surgeon’s preference.
PLACENTAL CHARACTERISTICS AND NEONATAL OUTCOME OF SINGLETON DELIVERIES IN A ZONAL HOSPITAL, JANAKPUR
Authors: Mahato Srijana , Sharma Kalpana
Published: February 2023

Background: There are number of maternal and neonatal factors that determine placental characteristics which in turn determine intrauterine life of the fetus. There are limited studies regarding the topic in Nepalese context. Therefore this study aimed to assess the placental characteristics and neonatal outcome of singleton deliveries in a Zonal hospital.
Methods: Cross-sectional study was carried out among 300 women with single term delivery using convenience sampling. A structured interview schedule, placental examination perfoma and APGAR score were used to collect data. Data were entered in SPSS version 20 for Windows and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results: Findings revealed that almost all placentas were red in color (93.3%), round in shape (99.3%), centrally located umbilical cord (96.0%) and normally inserted placental membrane. Mean placental weight and umbilical length was 492.17 (±99.160) gm and 52.89 (±11.151) cm respectively. Almost all neonates had normal birth weight i.e. 2500 gm., mean weight 2936.13 gm. (± 368.33). Seventeen percent of neonate had mild to severe asphyxia in one minute. Significant association was found between placental weight and maternal factors such as educational status (p= 0.008), annual household income (p= 0.013) and parity (p= 0.001). Significant relationship was found between weight of placenta and weight of neonate (rs = 0.335, p = <0.05) as well as weight of neonate and APGAR score (rs =0.145, p = <0.05)
Conclusions: Few deliveries have marginal cord insertion and circumvallate placenta. Some neonates have asphyxia and admitted to intensive care unit. Hence regular placental examinations provide valuable information immediate care to mother and neonates.
DIAGNOSTIC YIELD OF FIBEROPTIC BRONCHOSCOPY IN A TERTIARY CENTER
Authors: Puri Niraj , Adhikari Shital , Gurung Sailesh , Patel Sunil , Wagley Pratik , Thakur Binay , Devkota Mukti
Published: February 2023

Background: Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy is a valuable tool in current respiratory medicine. This study was aimed to evaluate the diagnostic yield of Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy using a wider diameter bronchoscope.
Methods: This was a hospital based cross-sectional study carried out in BP Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital from January 2021 to March 2021. Consecutive sampling technique was used where 150 patients were enrolled in the study. Data entry and descriptive analysis were done in IBM SPSS version 20.0. Point estimate at 95% confidence interval was calculated along with frequency and descriptive statistics.
Results: The overall yield from the wider Fiberoptic Bronchoscope was 70.07% which was slightly higher compared to literature results from conventional bronchoscopy. Lung mass on CT scan was the most common indication for bronchoscopy and upper lobe bronchus was the most common site for biopsy. Bronchial wash yield was highest for Squamous cell carcinoma with 22.78% followed by Pulmonary Tuberculosis with 21.5%. Endobronchial biopsy yield was highest for Squamous cell carcinoma with 41.21% followed by Adenocarcinoma with 31.42%. Temporary hypoxia and mild bleeding were common but life-threatening complications were rare.
Conclusions: Overall findings of our study confirm that the diagnostic yield of Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy is high, particularly when a larger diameter bronchoscope is used which can facilitate wider biopsy forceps for larger tissue sampling.
PRACTICE OF SELF-MEDICATION IN NEPALESE PATIENTS PRESENTING IN ENT OUTPATIENT OF KIST MEDICAL COLLEGE TEACHING HOSPITAL
Authors: Khadka Subash , Chalise Sangita Regmi , Thapa Jeegyasha , Ranjan Rashmi
Published: February 2023

Background: Self-medication is a practice of using medications without prescription. It is a common practice in developing world like Nepal. The study aimed to assess the practice of self-medication in patients attending ENT and Head and Neck outpatient department of KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2019- August 2021. Total 220 patients attending the ENT outpatients during the study period were enrolled in the study. Informed consent was taken from the patients. The semi structured pretested questionnaire was used to interview the patients by the trained medical doctor. Statistical analysis of data was performed by using Excel and SPSS.
Results: Among the 220(8.7%) respondents’ 52.7 percent were males and 47.3 percent were females. Adults with age ranging between 30 to 44 were found to practice self-medication (34.5%). Most of them were house wives (25.9%).  The common reasons for practice of self-medication were mild illness (64.1%), and the main source of self-medication was chemist (73.6%).
Conclusions: Self-medication is common practice in Nepal however our study indicates a decreasing trend of self-medication, especially in urban areas where access to health service is easy. The findings of the study indicate antibiotics are used more frequently as self-medication even in urban settings. This indicates misuse of access to medicines and can lead to rise of antibiotics resistant. So, we think national guideline should be prepared to make self-medication practice safe and rational.
Effect of Low-Level Diode Laser Bio-Stimulation on Implant Stability Before, During and After Immediate Implants in Mandibular Molars. (A Randomized Clinical Study)
Authors:   Future University in Egypt, Fahim Ahmed , Shehab Ahmed , El-Beialy Waleed , Abozekry Ahmed
Published: February 2023

Aim: Tooth loss can affect the person’s life dramatically. Tooth loss is accompanied by bone loss in all dimensions, so preservation of the bone is mandatory for placement of dental implant. Immediate implant can preserve alveolar bone. Due to difference in shape between the implants and extracted roots a gap appears between the immediately placed implant and the extraction socket resulting in jumping distance, Bone grafts are commonly used to fill this gap, recent studies suggest that jumping gaps shouldn’t always be grafted. Low level bio stimulation has stimulatory effect on bone cells so it can be used in immediate implants to increase bone formation around the implants. Materials and methods: this study was carried in the hospital of future university. A total of twelve patients with non-restorable mandibular molar participated in this study. A total of twenty implants were placed immediately in mandibular molar region without bone grafting, thew were divided equally into two groups. Surgical technique was similar for both groups. After immediate implant placement with primary stability of 35 N, both groups received custom made healing collar using flowable composite to seal the jumping distance.The study group (intervention) received a total of 60J/cm2 .10J/cm2 3 days before extraction, another 10J/cm2 at the fresh socket, another 10 J/cm2 after osteotomy, another 10J/cm2 after implant placement, another 20J/cm2 at the follow up visit with 3 days interval. After six weeks secondary implant stability was measured for both groups using Resonance Frequency Analysis device (RFA). Prosthetic phases started for implants that showed sufficient secondary stability. Results: All implants enrolled in this study showed sufficient secondary stability except for one totally avulsed implant from the control group. Study group showed more stability upon measuring using RFA device after six weeks of implant placement. The study group has shown a higher secondary stability compared to control group, the mean ISQ value of study (71.89±2.67) was significantly higher than control (62.43±8.62). Conclusion: Based on the results of our study we concluded that low level diode laser 980nm has a stimulatory effect on bone formation when applied before, during and after immediate implant placement, According to this study 60J/cm2 is recommended dose and it also gave better soft tissue healing results
Cox Kings V. SAP India: Questioning the Use of the ‘Group of Companies’ Doctrine
Authors: Singhal Ankur
Published: February 2023

The ‘group of companies’ doctrine had been initially introduced by the Supreme Court of India into the arbitration jurisprudence. Since its introduction, this doctrine has been increasingly used to rope in non-signatories to the arbitration agreement. In a recent landmark judgment of Cox Kings Limited v. SAP India Private Limited and Another, the Supreme Court has questioned the use of the ‘group of companies’ doctrine and has referred the matter to a larger bench. This case comment analyses the judgment, the merits and demerits and the position of this doctrine from an Indian and cross-jurisdictional perspective.
Space Traffic Management and Space Situational Awareness: The EU Perspective
Authors: Barbano Mario
Published: February 2023

The article aims to provide a brief analysis of the EU approach on Space Traffic Management (STM), with a focus on the European Commission and the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (EC-HR) Joint Communication of 15 February 2022. After some references to the relevant international and EU legal framework, the Joint Communication will be examined, taking into account the definition of STM as well as the main policy actions and regulatory measures (a blend of binding and non-binding ones). This approach will be compared with other possible levels of intervention, such as international governance (a possible International Civil Aviation Organization - ICAO model), national law (as envisaged by the US in Space Policy Directive No. 3 of 2018) or self-regulation. The EU regulatory approach to STM seems to replicate the modus operandi adopted in other policy areas (such as climate change and digitalization). Issues concerning the legal basis of future EU secondary legislation on STM, however, cannot be overlooked. The emphasis on EU strategic autonomy and security issues linked to STM shows an increasing awareness in EU institutions of the Union’s geopolitical role.

Space Traffic Management, Space Situational Awareness, European Union, Joint Communication of 15 Feb. 2022, regulatory approach, legal basis
Legality of Non-kinetic ASAT Weapons: A US Perspective on How Technology Outpaces Law
Authors: G. Robison Stephen
Published: February 2023

Satellite vulnerability increases with every technological development. While these advancements are extraordinary, they also threaten the global economy through Anti-Satellite (ASAT) weapons. Many articles have been presented to show that a kinetic ASAT weapon is illegal under the current international law, but the analysis used fails to capture all ASAT weapons. The ambiguity and vagueness of the current laws and regulations in the Outer Space Treaty, the Constitution of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), and Customary International Law (CIL) all fail to adequately safeguard satellites against non-kinetic ASAT weapons. These particular weapons continue to go unaccounted for as the global community concentrates on kinetic ASAT weapons. While it is important to discuss kinetic weapons, we cannot forget to develop laws regarding non-kinetic weapons. Accordingly, this article will demonstrate that under current law the deployment of a non-kinetic ASAT weapon would be legal. Moreover, this article will demonstrate how current technology outpaced international law. Overall, this article aims to uphold the principles set forth in 1967, by the Outer Space Treaty (OST), exemplifying humanity’s ultimate opportunity for international collaboration.

SEOs, Anti-Satellite Weapons, Space Law, International Relations, Global Economy, Cybersecurity
Unusual but Perhaps Not Unexpected: The Lonely Furrow Ploughed by the CJEU in Respect of an Article 17 ‘Accident’
Authors: Lawson Robert
Published: February 2023

This article considers the interpretation given to the meaning of ‘accident’ in Article 17(1) of the Montreal Convention by Advocate Generals and the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). It explains that whilst the former have given opinions consistent with the established jurisprudence of other signatory states (in particular the US Supreme Court’s decision in Air France v. Saks), the latter has not followed suit, but rather has alighted on its own erroneous interpretation of ‘accident’ in this context; which is one inimical to the advancement of international uniformity.

Passenger Liability, Article 17, Accident, interpretation, uniformity, Saks, CJEU
Article: An Environmental and Legal Component of Criminal Offenses in Conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian International Military Conflict
Authors: Anisimova Hanna , Haltsova Viktoriia , Donets Olha , Samoshchenko Igor , Shynkarov Oleg
Published: February 2023

The article examines the ecological and legal component of criminal offenses under martial law, since the risk of man-caused accidents and ecological disasters, which threaten security, including environmental and human ones, as well as international legal order, is increasing owing to aggressor-country army’s deliberate actions. It has been argued that the consequences of the military conflict for the environment, human life and health are already considered catastrophic. It has been proven that the ecological crisis should be recognized as an existential threat to the national security of Ukraine. Pressing issues of forming interdisciplinary (synergistic) connections between environmental and criminal law science and other areas of scientific knowledge have been covered.

Considering the outlined problem is becoming of a significant relevance due to the fact that certain criminal offenses cause damage to the environment, thus, leading to its destruction. It is a matter of such criminal offence compositions as laws of the war violation (Article 438 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (CCU) and ecocide (Article 441 of the CCU)). The expediency of improving the current criminal legislation and legal liability mechanism, which would satisfy the proportionality requirement, namely commensurate punishment of severity and consequences of the committed acts, has been substantiated. The expediency of further criminal law prohibition of ecocide in the new CCU Draft has been motivated, taking into account the degree of social danger as well as the severity of large-scale and long-term consequences for the environment and the entire humanity.

It has been proven that the state’s environmental function to ensure environmental security, fundamental constitutional environmental rights of citizens, as well as to maintain ecological balance and sustainable development on Ukraine’s territory should become today’s narrative, with the environmental security component to be further included into the sectoral state restoration programs in order to form a new environmental law under martial law both for Ukraine and European countries.

Based on our own conclusions and generalizations, proposals and recommendations for improving the current national legislation and greening the sectoral national policy components have been provided. It has been argued that legal mechanisms for fixing and determining the amount of environmental damage caused to natural resources and complexes as a result of armed aggression and hostilities under martial law should be established at the legislative level.

environmental safety, environmental damage, environmental damage, environmental right protection, country’s natural resource potential restoration, severity of consequences, state’s environmental function, environmental and legal conflictology
Big Data Analytics, Insurtech and Consumer Contracts: A European Appraisal
Authors: Infantino Marta
Published: February 2023

The article investigates, from the European perspective, to what extent the enhanced availability of granular data to insurance companies and the growing sophistication of insurers’ processing capabilities through big data analytics (BDA) are fostering the increasing personalization of insurance products and services for consumers. To this purpose, the article first explores the very notion of ‘automated personalization’ in insurance, and then delves into the institutional, epistemic, economic and legal factors that, in Europe, work as a constraint, at least in the short-term, to paradigmatic shifts in insurance consumers contracts. The analysis will hopefully demonstrate that automated personalization in consumer insurance contracts, in Europe, is for the time being more a myth than a reality. What does exist, by contrast, is a no less problematic trend towards mass customization and robotization of consumer insurance contracts, which fully deserves lawyers’ attention.
The No Drawback Rule in EU Preferential Agreements
Authors: Galella Patricio
Published: February 2023

Drawback is a tool available to countries to promote their exports but also a measure that harms trade liberalization. This article argues that the no drawback rule in European Union preferential agreements does not apply when the exemption or reduction of duties derives from an EUR.1 or an origin declaration in application of that agreement. On the other hand, this reasoning cannot always be extended when the exemption of duties derives from the application of an inward processing regime. Therefore, an operator in the European Union will find more convenient and smoother to establish trade relations with operators located in countries with which the European Union has concluded preferential trade agreements.

no drawback, origin, inward processing regime, preferential treatment, Approved Exporter, EUR.1
The Growing Thicket of Multi-layered Procurement Liberalization Between WTO GPA Parties, as Evidenced in Post-Brexit UK
Authors: Sanchez-Graells Albert
Published: February 2023

The World Trade Organisation (WTO) Government Procurement Agreement (GPA) has created the most comprehensive plurilateral system for procurement-related trade liberalization. However, there has been a proliferation of free trade agreements (FTAs) regulating public procurement liberalization, including between GPA parties. Such FTAs seek to bypass or go beyond the GPA on a bilateral basis, or with a more limited plurilateral remit. Such FTAs tend to follow a ‘GPA+’ approach to provide incremental trade liberalization based on the substantive provisions of the GPA. However, there is a trend of substantive divergence between the GPA regulatory baseline and the FTA regulation of crucial issues, such as the national treatment obligation or access to remedies. This is also true of FTAs involving the European Union (EU) or, recently, its former Member State, the UK. This creates a situation of potential conflict of treaty norms that has so far received limited attention. This article focuses on the resolution of conflicts between GPA and FTA substantive provisions under the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT), using the UK’s post-Brexit FTAs as a case study. It argues for a rationalization of the system by extending the use of incorporation by reference of the GPA in FTAs involving GPA parties.

World Trade Organisation, Government Procurement Agreement, Free Trade Agreements, public procurement, national treatment, access to remedies, conflict of treaty norms, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, interpretation, variable geometry
The Implementation of the Marrakesh Treaty in the European Union: An Important Piece in the Accessibility Jigsaw?
Authors: Ferri Delia , Donnellan Katie
Published: February 2023

The Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works for Persons Who Are Blind, Visually Impaired, or Otherwise Print Disabled (Marrakesh Treaty) aims to enable the creation and cross-border exchange of copyrighted works in formats that are accessible to individuals with disabilities. To that end, it requires Contracting Parties to introduce a set of limitations and exceptions to existing copyright rules. Following Opinion 3/15 of the Court of Justice, the Marrakesh Treaty was concluded by the European Union (EU) on behalf of its Member States. It was implemented by means of a Directive governing the substantive rights of reproduction, distribution and making available of published works in accessible formats, and a Regulation governing the cross-border exchange of accessible format works with Third Countries, both based on Article 114 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). This article examines the role of the Marrakesh Directive and Regulation in enhancing access to printed material to persons with disabilities. In that connection, it discusses common trends and perceptions of such a Marrakesh framework on the basis of empirical research consisting of a set of semi-structured interviews conducted with key stakeholders across twelve Member States. It locates the Directive and Regulation within the growing body of EU legislation that aims to ensure accessibility of an array of materials, products and services for persons with disabilities, while driving forward economic integration. In doing so, it conceives of the Marrakesh Directive and Regulation as part of the broader remit of EU disability law, which is an emerging cross-cutting area of EU action. On the whole, this article argues that the Marrakesh Treaty and its implementing legislation contribute to the protection of the rights of persons with disabilities within the internal market, but form just one piece – albeit an important one – of the accessibility ‘jigsaw’.

Marrakesh Treaty, Directive 2017/1564/EU (Marrakesh Directive), Disability, Copyright exceptions, Accessibility, European Accessibility Act, European Union Law, Implementation, Empirical Research
Interações entre Tribunal de Contas, arbitragem e as autoridades administrativas nela envolvidas
Authors: Rocha Schmidt Gustavo da
Published: February 2023

It is in some way natural that, with the increasing use of arbitration by the Public Administration in Brazil, there will be instances where Court of Accounts and actors involved in arbitration proceedings will need to interact. Such actors include those in charge of inserting arbitration clauses in administrative agreements and those responsible for the appointment of arbitrators, as well as the parties, lawyers and arbitrators acting in the proceedings. The objective of this essay is to offer, from a theoretical and dogmatic perspective, a better understanding of the possible interferences that the Court of Accounts can promote in the arbitration sphere.

Public law; Public Administration; account courts; arbitration; administrative agreements.
Two reasons why Section 1782 is pro-arbitration
Authors: Favero Vaughn Gustavo , Luiz Yarshell Flávio
Published: February 2023

This article deals with policy concerns regarding the availability of 28 U.S.C. § 1782 discovery in aid of private international arbitration. It focuses on two main policy concerns, and, to that effect, it aims to answer two questions. First, Does Section 1782 Undermine Arbitrators’ Control Over the Taking of Evidence? Second, Does Section 1782 Undermine International Arbitration’s Efficiency? This article answers negatively to both questions, therefore concluding that Section 1782 is pro-arbitration.

International arbitration; evidence gathering; evidence; discovery; arbitrators’ authority; comparative law; U.S. law; section 1782.
Critical Review Of The ATAD Implementation: The Implementation of the ATAD in Greece
Authors: Perrou Katerina
Published: February 2023

This article examines the implementation of the anti-tax avoidance directive (ATAD) in Greece. It reviews the additions to and the amendments that had to be made in Greek law resulting from the implementation of the ATAD. It does so in an analytical and critical manner by exploring all of the ATAD provisions, examining the way that they were implemented into Greek law, and how they differentiate from the previous rules (if they existed at all). It examines the compatibility of the said provisions, as they have been transposed in Greece, with EU law and their compatibility with the Greek Constitution, especially in relation to the interest limitation rule, the exit tax, and the general anti-abuse rule (GAAR)

ATAD, anti-avoidance, CFC, exit taxation, GAAR, hybrid mismatches, implementation, interest limitation rule.
Article: European Union Law and Global Investment Regime: Unshell Proposal as a Next (Mis)step of the EU Against Investment Treaty Arbitration?
Authors: Kuźniacki Błażej
Published: February 2023

This article addresses a largely unchartered interdisciplinary research area of the global investment regime and European Union (EU) law with an emphasis on the prevention of international tax avoidance in the EU. It focuses on the intersections between newly proposed anti-tax avoidance legislation by the European Commission that is known as the Unshell Directive (UD) and international investment agreements (IIAs). In this article, the author sets a stage for the intersections by discussing the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) case law and the commission’s actions aimed against the most powerful enforcement tool in the global investment regime, i.e., the investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) mechanism, by attempting to render it illegal and ineffective within the EU. The corresponding reactions from the arbitral tribunals are also addressed. The discussion evolves to identify and analyse the interplay between the proposal of the UD (also the Unshell Proposal or UP) and the IIAs to reveal that the impact of the former on the latter is ambiguous by design in order to minimalize legal certainty vis-à-vis protection of foreign investment in the EU via shell entities. This constitutes a foundation for potential, seismic tensions between the UD and the global investment regime that are not beneficial for marketing and development of the EU internal (single) market and may thus weaken the EU’s global competitiveness in the area of foreign investments.

international investment law, EU law, good faith, ISDS, tax avoidance, shell entities
Article: GloBE Rules and Tax Competition
Authors: Englisch Joachim
Published: February 2023

This article studies foreseeable effects that a relatively comprehensive implementation of the Pillar 2 GloBE international effective minimum tax would have on international tax competition for investment. The discussion focuses on the perspective of countries that seek to attract foreign direct investment through their tax system. The paper shows that there was disagreement within the G20/OECD Inclusive Framework (IF) about the objective to curb international tax competition through a minimum tax. The reservations of some member countries have manifested themselves in the compromise design of the internationally agreed GloBE regime: With the carve-out for substance-based routine profits (the so-called SBIE), the IF abandoned the idea of setting a general floor for business tax competition at the agreed minimum rate. Instead, the SBIE establishes an effective 15 % floor only for the taxation of excess profits. Due to the additional possibility for source countries to collect any eventual minimum tax themselves through a qualified domestic minimum top-up tax (QDMTT), tax competition could theoretically continue unabated above this floor, implying the successive substitution of traditional business taxation with a domestic minimum tax mimicking the international GloBE top-up tax. Taking into account fiscal, legal, and political constraints, however, such an extreme scenario is unlikely to materialize. A broad GloBE implementation should therefore reduce incentives to use effective tax rate below 15 % (on overall profit) in order to attract high-margin investment. This notwithstanding, certain features of the GloBE Model Rules imply that some forms of business tax competition will continue as before or even gain in relative attractiveness. Due to its – albeit moderate – mitigating effects on business tax competition, GloBE might moreover lead to intensified competition for investment through other channels.

GloBE, minimum tax, Pillar 2, competition.
Policy Note: Blockchain Technology: Potential for Digital Tax Administration
Authors: Owens Jeffrey , Hodžić Sabina
Published: February 2023

Currently, blockchain is one of the most innovative emerging digital technologies. As such, it can undermine traditional business models and revolutionize tax administration. This objective of this article is to present the potential of blockchain technology in the administration of specific tax categories such as payroll taxes, value added tax, international taxes, and customs. It also analyses blockchain technology’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) with a focus on tax administration. As a generator of a substantial amount of information, tax administration requires reliable and efficient technology for processing and storing the information that is generated. The results of the analysis showed strengths such as a lower cost of fulfilling tax liabilities, a direct connection with taxpayers without the need of third parties. a higher degree of efficiency, and threats such as insufficient funds for modernization, knowledge and skills of employees, and willingness to adapt and high investment costs related to implementation. Moreover, it will modernize accounting and tax payments.

Blockchain technology, digitalization, tax administration, SWOT analysis, digital economy, digital services, tax policy
Abuse of Dominance in the Hong Kong Television Sector
Authors: Kwok Kelvin Hiu Fai
Published: February 2023

This article critically evaluates legal developments in relation to the regulation of abuse of dominance in the Hong Kong television sector, focusing on the milestone case of Television Broadcasts Ltd (TVB). The TVB case was decided under the previous sectoral competition regime under the Broadcasting Ordinance (BO) and has since 2015 been replaced by the crosssector Competition Ordinance (CO). Nevertheless, the decisions of the Communications Authority (CA) and the Court of First Instance (CFI) in 2013 and 2016 respectively provided important insights on the application of the small but significant and non-transitory decrease in quality (SSNDQ) test in two-sided markets and the ‘purpose/object’ and ‘effect’ tests to exclusivity practices, and more generally, the analysis of abuse of buyer power in a labour market setting. Hong Kong competition authorities are likely to be confronted with similar issues as they gradually expand their enforcement activities into digital markets and abuse of market power scenarios beyond the broadcasting sector. The purpose of this article is to subject the TVB decisions, in respect of their analysis of market definition, market power, the abusive conduct, and the remedial aspect, to in-depth critique. It situates the issues in the broader context of the crosssector CO under which future cases of abuse of dominance in Hong Kong will be scrutinized.

abuse of dominance, Hong Kong, television, TVB, SSNDQ, two-sided markets, exclusivity, abuse of buyer power, labour, remedy