bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Riparian vegetation, Colorado River, and climate: Five decades of spatiotemporal dynamics in the Grand Canyon with river regulation
Authors: Sankey Joel B. , Ralston Barbara E. , Grams Paul E. , Schmidt John C. , Cagney Laura E.
Published: July 2015

Documentation of the interacting effects of river regulation and climate on riparian vegetation has typically been limited to small segments of rivers or focused on individual plant species. We examine spatiotemporal variability in riparian vegetation for the Colorado River in Grand Canyon relative to river regulation and climate, over the five decades since completion of the upstream Glen Canyon Dam in 1963. Long‐term changes along this highly modified, large segment of the river provide insights for management of similar riparian ecosystems around the world. We analyze vegetation extent based on maps and imagery from eight dates between 1965 and 2009, coupled with the instantaneous hydrograph for the entire period. Analysis confirms a net increase in vegetated area since completion of the dam. Magnitude and timing of such vegetation changes are river stage‐dependent. Vegetation expansion is coincident with inundation frequency changes and is unlikely to occur for time periods when inundation frequency exceeds approximately 5%. Vegetation expansion at lower zones of the riparian area is greater during the periods with lower peak and higher base flows, while vegetation at higher zones couples with precipitation patterns and decreases during drought. Short pulses of high flow, such as the controlled floods of the Colorado River in 1996, 2004, and 2008, do not keep vegetation from expanding onto bare sand habitat. Management intended to promote resilience of riparian vegetation must contend with communities that are sensitive to the interacting effects of altered flood regimes and water availability from river and precipitation.
An overview of recent (1988 to 2014) caldera unrest: Knowledge and perspectives
Authors: Acocella V. , Di Lorenzo R. , Newhall C. , Scandone R.
Published: July 2015

Calderas are among the most active and dangerous volcanoes. Caldera unrest is defined by enhanced seismicity, gravity changes, surface deformation, and degassing. Although much caldera unrest does not lead to an eruption, every eruption is preceded by an unrest episode. Therefore, the proper description of unrest and the forecast of its possible outcome is a timely and challenging task. Here we review the best known unrest at calderas from 1988 to 2014, building on previous work and proposing an updated database. Where established, the root cause for unrest is always magmatic; none was purely hydrothermal or tectonic. An interpretive classification of unrest invokes two spectra—compositional (mafic to felsic) and the state of magma conduits feeding from the magma reservoir(s) to the surface (from fully plugged, through semiplugged, to open). Magma and gas in open conduits can rise and erupt freely; magma in semiplugged conduits erupts less frequently yet still allows some gas to escape; plugged conduits allow neither magma nor gas to escape. Unrest in mafic calderas is subtler, less pronounced, and repeated, especially with open systems, ensuring the continuous, aseismic, and moderate release of magma. Plugged felsic calderas erupt infrequently, anticipated by isolated, short and seismically active unrest. Semiplugged felsic calderas also erupt infrequently and are restless over decades or centuries, with uplift, seismicity, and degassing and, on the longer‐term, resurgence, suggesting repeated stalled intrusions. Finally, the expected advances in better understanding caldera unrest are discussed.
Phase‐Field Study of Anisotropic γ′‐Coarsening Kinetics in Ni‐Base Superalloys with Varying Re and Ru Contents
Authors: Mushongera Leslie Tafadzwa , Fleck Micheal , Kundin Julia , Querfurth Frank , Emmerich Heike
Published: July 2015

The coarsening kinetics of γ′‐precipitates in single crystalline Ni‐based superalloys is studied using phase‐field simulations. At first, we discuss interdiffusion‐limited γ′‐coarsening in technologically relevant superalloys with the explicit inclusion of up to nine chemical components. The simulations show that an additional influence from the coherency strain leads to a substantially faster coarsening‐evolution compared to the predictions from the LSW‐theory. Second, we perform a virtual experiment to determine the influence of varying rhenium (Re) and ruthenium (Ru) additions on the temporal evolution of the γ‐γ′ microstructure under thermo‐mechanical loads. We observe that a change in the Re content strongly alters the coarsening kinetics. On the contrary, it is found that Ru variations have no significant effect on the coarsening kinetics.
Low‐Temperature Processable High‐Performance Electrochemically Deposited p‐Type Cuprous Oxides Achieved by Incorporating a Small Amount of Antimony
Authors: Baek Seung Ki , Kwon Yong Hun , Shin Jae Hui , Lee Ho Seong , Cho Hyung Koun
Published: July 2015

The development of an electrochemically robust method for the low‐temperature deposition of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) thin films with reliable and conductive p‐type characteristics could yield breakthroughs in earth abundant and ecofriendly all oxide‐based photoelectronic devices. The incorporation of the group‐V element antimony (Sb) in the solution‐based electrodeposition process has been investigated. A small amount of Sb (1.2 at%) in the Cu2O resulted in rapid nucleation and coalescence at the initial stage of electrochemical reaction, and finally made the surface morphology smooth in 2D. The growth behavior changed due to Sb addition and produced a strong diffraction intensity, single‐domain‐like diffraction patterns, and low angle tilt boundaries in the Cu2O:Sb film, implying extremely improved crystallinity. As a result, these films exhibited extraordinary optical transmittance and band‐to‐band photoluminescence emission as well as higher electrical conductivity. The Cu/Cu2O:Sb Schottky diode showed good rectifying characteristics and more sensible photoresponsibility.
Controlling the Chromaticity of Small‐Molecule Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells Based on TIPS‐Pentacene
Authors: Weber Michael D. , Adam Matthias , Tykwinski Rik R. , Costa Rubén D.
Published: July 2015

This work demonstrates a novel proof‐of‐concept to implement pentacene derivatives as emitters for the third generation of light‐emitting electrochemical cells based on small‐molecules (SM‐LECs). Here, a straightforward procedure is shown to control the chromaticity of pentacene‐based lighting devices by means of a photoinduced cycloaddition process of the 6,13‐bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) (TIPS)‐pentacene that leads to the formation of anthracene‐core dimeric species featuring a high‐energy emission. Without using the procedure, SM‐LECs featuring deep‐red emission with Commission Internationale d'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of x = 0.69/y = 0.31 and irradiance of 0.4 μW cm−2 are achieved. After a careful optimization of the cycloaddition process, warm white devices with CIE coordinates of x = 0.36/y = 0.38 and luminances of 10 cd m−2 are realized. Here, the mechanism of the device is explained as a host–guest system, in which the dimeric species acts as the high‐energy band gap host and the low‐energy bandgap TIPS‐pentacene is the guest. To the best of the knowledge, this work shows the first warm white SM‐LECs. Since this work is based on the archetypal TIPS‐pentacene and the photoinduced cycloaddition process is well‐knownfor any pentacenes, this proof‐of‐concept could open a new way to use these compounds for developing white lighting sources.
3D Nanocomposites of Covalently Interconnected Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with SiC with Enhanced Thermal and Electrical Properties
Authors: Rajukumar Lakshmy Pulickal , Belmonte Manuel , Slimak John Edward , Elías Ana Laura , Cruz‐Silva Eduardo , Perea‐López Nestor , Morelos‐Gómez Aaron , Terrones Humberto , Endo Morinobu , Miranzo Pilar , Terrones Mauricio
Published: July 2015

Synthesizing 3D carbon nanotube (CNT) networks with multifunctional characteristics has stimulated the interest from the scientific community since the 1990s. Here, the fabrication of a novel composite material consisting of 3D covalently interconnected multiwalled CNT with silicon carbide (SiC) nano and microparticles is reported. The material is synthesized by a two‐step process involving the coating of CNT with silicon oxide (SiO
x
) via chemical routes, followed by spark plasma sintering (SPS). SPS enables carbothermal reduction of SiOx and subsequent densification of the material into 3D composite blocks. Covalent interconnections of CNT are facilitated by a carbon diffusion process resulting in SiC formation as SiOx coated CNT are subjected to high temperatures. The presence of SiC in the sintered composite has been confirmed by Raman spectroscopy, as well as through energy filtered transmission electron microscopy maps. Interestingly, the 3D CNT composite exhibits high thermal conductivity (16.72 W m−1 K−1); and also a semiconducting behavior with an electron hopping mechanism associated to a 3D variable range hopping model. These findings demonstrate that it is indeed possible to fabricate SiC–CNT composites with enhanced physical properties that can be used as multifunctional materials.
Marker Pen Lithography for Flexible and Curvilinear On‐Chip Energy Storage
Authors: Jiang Qiu , Kurra Narendra , Alshareef Husam N.
Published: July 2015

On‐chip energy storage using microsupercapacitors can serve the dual role of supplementing batteries for pulse power delivery, and replacement of bulky electrolytic capacitors in ac‐line filtering applications. Despite complexity and processing costs, microfabrication techniques are being employed in fabricating a great variety of microsupercapacitor devices. Here, a simple, cost‐effective, and versatile strategy is proposed to fabricate flexible and curvilinear microsupercapacitors (MSCs). The protocol involves writing sacrificial ink patterns using commercial marker pens on rigid, flexible, and curvilinear substrates. It is shown that this process can be used in both lift‐off and etching modes, and the possibility of multistack design of active materials using simple pen lithography is demonstrated. As a prototype, this method is used to produce conducting polymer MSCs involving both poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene), polyaniline, and metal oxide (MnO2) electrode materials. Typical values of energy density in the range of 5–11 mWh cm−3 at power densities of 1–6 W cm−3 are achieved, which is comparable to thin film batteries and superior to the carbon and metal oxide based microsupercapacitors reported in the literature. The simplicity and broad scope of this innovative strategy can open up new avenues for easy and scalable fabrication of a wide variety of on‐chip energy storage devices.
Wireless Microfluidic Systems for Programmed, Functional Transformation of Transient Electronic Devices
Authors: Lee Chi Hwan , Kang Seung‐Kyun , Salvatore Giovanni A. , Ma Yinji , Kim Bong Hoon , Jiang Yu , Kim Jae Soon , Yan Lingqing , Wie Dae Seung , Banks Anthony , Oh Soong Ju , Feng Xue , Huang Yonggang , Troester Gerhard , Rogers John A.
Published: July 2015

Electronic systems that enable programmable transformation of functional behaviors by remote control or by autonomous responses to user‐defined circumstances create unusual engineering opportunities, where physical changes in the hardware induce desired changes in operation. This paper presents materials and device architectures for technologies of this type, in which localized microfluidic chemical etching of targeted constituent components in the electronics occurs in a sequential, selective manner. Custom circuits that include reconfigurable radio‐powered thermal actuators with analog amplifiers and square waveform generators illustrate the concepts.
Photoinduced Colossal Magnetoresistance under Substantially Reduced Magnetic Field
Authors: Elovaara Tomi , Majumdar Sayani , Huhtinen Hannu , Paturi Petriina
Published: July 2015

The colossal magnetoresistive insulator to metal switching of almost nine orders of magnitude under the significantly reduced magnetic field is achieved by illumination for the low bandwidth manganite thin films. Similarly, by changing the measuring bias voltage through the sample the required magnetic field for insulator–metal transition can be further fine‐tuned. By applying a magnetic field of suitable strength, the samples can also be tuned to be extra sensitive to the illumination having colossal effect on the resistivity at low temperatures. This kind of utilizing of multiple external stimulants, which together change the properties of the material, could have significant impact on the new generation of phase‐change memories working under affordable conditions.
Recent Advances in Biodegradable Metals for Medical Sutures: A Critical Review
Authors: Seitz Jan‐Marten , Durisin Martin , Goldman Jeremy , Drelich Jaroslaw W.
Published: July 2015

Sutures that biodegrade and dissolve over a period of several weeks are in great demand to stitch wounds and surgical incisions. These new materials are receiving increased acceptance across surgical procedures whenever permanent sutures and long‐term care are not needed. Unfortunately, both inflammatory responses and adverse local tissue reactions in the close‐to‐stitching environment are often reported for biodegradable polymeric sutures currently used by the medical community. While bioabsorbable metals are predominantly investigated and tested for vascular stent or osteosynthesis applications, they also appear to possess adequate bio­compatibility, mechanical properties, and corrosion stability to replace biodegradable polymeric sutures. In this Review, biodegradable alloys made of iron, magnesium, and zinc are critically evaluated as potential materials for the manufacturing of soft and hard tissue sutures. In the case of soft tissue closing and stitching, these metals have to compete against currently available degradable polymers. In the case of hard tissue closing and stitching, biodegradable sternal wires could replace the permanent sutures made of stainless steel or titanium alloys. This Review discusses the specific materials and degradation properties required by all suture materials, summarizes current suture testing protocols and provides a well‐grounded direction for the potential future development of biodegradable metal based sutures.
Characterizing the Influence of Water on Charging and Layering at Electrified Ionic‐Liquid/Solid Interfaces
Authors: Cheng Hsiu‐Wei , Stock Philipp , Moeremans Boaz , Baimpos Theodoros , Banquy Xavier , Renner Frank Uwe , Valtiner Markus
Published: July 2015

The importance of water on molecular ion structuring and charging mechanism of solid interfaces in room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) is unclear and has been largely ignored. Water may alter structures, charging characteristics, and hence performance at electrified solid/RTIL interfaces and is utilized in various fields including energy storage, conversion, or catalysis. Here, atomic force microscopy and surface forces apparatus experiments are utilized to directly measure how water alters the interfacial structuring and charging characteristics of [C2mim][Tf2N] on mica and electrified gold surfaces. On hydrophilic and ionophobic mica surfaces, water‐saturated [C2mim][Tf2N] dissolves surface‐bound cations, which leads to high surface charging and strong layering. In contrast, layering of dry RTIL at weakly charged mica surfaces is weakly structured. At electrified, hydrophobic, and ionophilic gold electrodes, significant water effects are found only at positive applied electrochemical potentials. Here, the influence of water is limited to interactions within the RTIL layers, and is not related to a direct electrosorption of water on the polarized electrode. More generally, the results suggest that effects of water on interfacial structuring of RTIL strongly depend on both (1) surface charging mechanism and (2) interfacial wetting properties. This may greatly impact utilization/design of RTILs and surfaces for interface‐dominated processes.
Bioinspired Superhydrophobic Fe3O4@Polydopamine@Ag Hybrid Nanoparticles for Liquid Marble and Oil Spill
Authors: Wang Ben , Liu Yang , Zhang Yabin , Guo Zhiguang , Zhang Hong , Xin John H. , Zhang Li
Published: July 2015

Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) with Ag NPs evenly distributed on the surface are fabricated by using polydopamine (PDA) as the intermediate layer. Silanization and thiol chemistry are used to firmly combine the Fe3O4@ PDA core and outer surface Ag NPs. The spherical and hybrid nanoparticles are termed Fe3O4@PDA@Ag NPs, which possess a core–shell and hierarchical structure. After surface modification with 1H,1H,2H,2H‐perfluorodecanethiol, the hybrid Fe3O4@PDA@Ag NPs become highly hydrophobic. Slight rolling of a water droplet on the as‐prepared NPs causes the formation of a “liquid marble”, which is capable of performing remote actuation on various solid surfaces, such as glass sheet, paper, plastic, textile, and ceramic, and at the liquid–air interface using a permanent magnet. Liquid marbles with self‐assembled NPs on the liquid surface have potential to act as a miniaturized reactor for manipulation of inner liquid droplet with high positioning precision. In addition, the Fe3O4@PDA@Ag NPs are multifunctional and can be applied for oil/water separation and antibacterial purpose.
High Efficiency Half‐Heusler Thermoelectric Materials for Energy Harvesting
Authors: Zhu Tiejun , Fu Chenguang , Xie Hanhui , Liu Yintu , Zhao Xinbing
Published: July 2015

Half‐Heusler (HH) compounds have gained ever‐increasing popularity as promising high temperature thermoelectric materials. High figure of merit zT of ≈1.0 above 1000 K has recently been realized for both n‐type and p‐type HH compounds, demonstrating the realistic prospect of these high temperature compounds for high efficiency power generation. Here, recent progress in advanced fabrication techniques and the intrinsic atomic disorders in HH compounds, which are linked to the understanding of the electrical transport, is discussed. Thermoelectric transport features of n‐type ZrNiSn‐based HH alloys are particularly emphasized, which is beneficial to further improving thermoelectric performance and comprehensively understanding the underlying mechanisms in HH thermoelectric materials. The rational design and realization of new high performance p‐type Fe(V,Nb)Sb‐based HH compounds are also demonstrated. The outlook for future research directions of HH thermoelectric materials is also discussed.
Pseudoachondroplasia and painful sequelae
Authors: Gamble Candace , Nguyen Joanne , Hashmi S. Shahrukh , Hecht Jacqueline T.
Published: July 2015

Pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH) is a well‐described autosomal dominant short limb dwarfing condition caused by mutations in the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein gene (COMP). The most debilitating complication of the disorder is joint pain starting in childhood, the extent and severity of which is poorly defined. The aim of this study was to fully assess the pain and identify additional clinical complications affecting those with PSACH. An online survey was distributed to individuals with PSACH. Of the 77 surveys analyzed, 83% reported chronic pain starting as early as the newborn period. Pain was most frequently reported in weight bearing joints including the knees, hips, and back, and significantly interfered with their overall quality of life. For pain relief, patients with PSACH used a wide variety of treatments. However, patients reported only a 60% resolution of pain with their current treatments. An increase in other comorbidities was not found, specifically osteoporosis was not increased. This study documents for the first time that pain is the most common presenting symptom in PSACH and is often overlooked until short stature becomes obvious. The recognition of chronic pain as one of the earliest manifestations of PSACH is important to allow for prompt diagnosis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nucleophilic Nitrenoids Through π‐Acid Catalysis: Providing a Common Basis for Rapid Access into Diverse Nitrogen Heterocycles
Authors: Davies Paul W. , Garzón Miguel
Published: July 2015

Nitrogen heterocycles are some of the most important and sought‐after structural motifs in synthetic chemistry. General methods that can be applied towards a structurally diverse range of different scaffolds are rare. This Focus Review discusses an emerging area with the field of π‐acid catalysis based on the activation of carbon‐carbon triple bonds in conjunction with nucleophilic nitrenoids. The resulting approach provides ready access into α‐imino metal carbene reactivity patterns that can be employed in a number of quenching processes to realize a variety of powerful new transformations. The resulting methods are characterized by high efficiency, simple and straightforward reaction set ups, mild conditions, and excellent functional group tolerance. In this Focus Review the different nucleophilic nitrenoid types are explored showing how they can be used across a range of (poly)cyclization and formal cycloaddition processes to provide an alternative and direct disconnection pathway in the generation of N‐heterocyclic motifs.
Synthesis of Oxindoles via Iron‐Mediated Hydrometallation‐Cyclization of N‐Arylacrylamides
Authors: Gui Qingwen , Hu Liang , Chen Xiang , Liu Jidan , Tan Ze
Published: July 2015

Various oxindoles were efficiently synthesized via Fe‐mediated hydrometallation‐cyclization of N‐arylacrylamides. The reactions were found to proceed in good yields in the presence of FeCl3 and NaBH4 in 1,2‐dimethoxyethane at 70 °C in a flask open to the air.
Energy management in crowned sifakas (Propithecus coronatus) and the timing of reproduction in a seasonal environment
Authors: Pichon Claire , Simmen Bruno
Published: July 2015

Objectives

Little is known about the absolute pool of energy primates use in the wild and how this pool varies seasonally. It is also not fully understood why some species facing unpredictable changes in food supply and risks of energy imbalance show high breeding seasonality. We examined these issues in a folivorous gregarious lemur (Propithecus coronatus) in a dry forest of Madagascar.

Methods

We assessed energy input and activity budget in males and females from three groups during dry and wet months. Diet composition and daily food intake were determined using focal animal sampling and continuous recording of mouthfuls. Locomotion types and daily distances traveled were recorded. Time budget was determined using scan sampling, supplemented with a preliminary analysis of the energy budget using the factorial method.

Results

The macronutrient composition of the diet did not change markedly between seasons but a large increase in energy input arose during the early wet season. Activity was highest at this period but entailed only moderate increase in energy expenditure. Females did not ingest more energy than males despite female dominance. Both sexes exhibited a thrifty energy strategy and, possibly, fat storage.

Conclusions

Seasonal increase of daily energy input was likely related to male‐male mating competition and females’ need to reach physical condition prior to the dry season sufficient for reproducing. Sifakas may time their reproductive cycle according to the seasonal variation in day‐length because recurrent patterns of low (dry season) versus high (wet season) food production occur despite years of food shortage. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:269–278, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of correlations between measures of skeletal development and dental mineralization in Pan troglodytes
Authors: Brimacombe C.S. , Kuykendall K.L. , Nystrom P.
Published: July 2015

Objectives:

This study seeks to assess the relationship between dental mineralization and skeletal development in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and to evaluate the effect that differing numbers of ordinal and continuous variables have on correlation statistics, particularly in comparison with prior human studies.

Materials and Methods:

This study evaluated epiphyseal fusion, dental mineralization, and growth in length of long bones using 145 juvenile chimpanzee skeletons housed in osteological collections at the Powell‐Cotton Museum, the Museum of Central Africa, and the Adolph Schultz Collection.

Results:

Correlations between multiple epiphyseal fusion sites and dental maturity scores for crown and root mineralization were produced using Pearson's r, Spearman's ρ, and Kendall's τ. Correlation statistics were produced using different subgroups of epiphyseal fusion sites and long bone lengths, and both summary and individual tooth development scores.

Discussion:

Methodological considerations were discussed as differences in sample, measurement scale, and statistical technique had an effect on the outcome of correlations obtained. These results suggest that sampling and methodological differences between studies may affect the interpretation and comparison of correlation results, and that correlation strength differences between extant species must be considered before applying such results to questions in human biology and palaeoanthropology. Even after consideration of such factors, the correlation coefficient values for chimpanzees obtained in this study were generally stronger than those previously published in human studies, and may reflect differences in skeletal and dental developmental patterns between species. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:279–287, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterizing cryptic species: A morphometric analysis of craniodental characters in the dwarf galago genusGalagoides
Authors: Masters Judith C. , Couette Sébastien
Published: July 2015

Objectives

The true dwarf galagos of the genusGalagoides,G. demidoffandG. thomasi, are difficult to distinguish morphologically at a specific or subspecific level, and most taxonomic designations are based primarily on geographic localities. We used morphometrics to investigate the morphological diversity of the genus.

Materials and Methods

We conducted statistical analyses of 12 linear measurements on 290Galagoidesskulls housed in museums worldwide, and assembled body weights for 71 wild caught specimens. We examined sexual dimorphism and specific and subspecific distinctiveness using MANOVA, ANOVA, principle components analysis and canonical variate analysis.

Results

We distinguished skulls identified asGalagoides demidoffandG. thomasiwith ∼70% reliability, and demonstrated consistently different patterns of static allometry in craniodental variables. Variables supporting specific distinction included M1width, palate width at P2, palate (snout) length, length of premaxillary tube, width across mastoids, and total skull length. The type specimens ofG. orinusandG. rondoensiswere significantly different fromG. demidoffandG. thomasi, but grouped with them in a CVA includingG. zanzibaricusandG. granti, although molecular studies indicate that their true affiliation is with the latter species. Subspecies withinG. demidoffcould not be distinguished using craniodental morphometrics.

Discussion

Galagoides demidoffandG. thomasican be distinguished relatively reliably, and are broadly sympatric across western and central Africa. Neither species showed evidence of sexual dimorphism in craniodental size or shape. Size variation has a greater influence on skull morphology inG. demidoffthan it has onG. thomasi. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:288–299, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Radiological tooth/pulp ratio in canines and individual age estimation in a sample of adult neolithic skeletons from Italy
Authors: Fabbri Pier Francesco , Viva Serena , Ferrante Luigi , Lonoce Norma , Tiberi Ida , Cameriere Roberto
Published: July 2015

Objectives:

The estimation of an individual's age at the time of death is one of the most important components in anthropological studies and is the basis for demographic studies on ancients. However, the different methods commonly used in anthropology for adult age estimation at death provide results with a high level of uncertainty. The consequence is the inability to develop demographic studies with a good degree of reliability. A non‐destructive method currently available is the analysis of the apposition of secondary dentine on which Cameriere's method is based.

Materials and Methods:

The purpose of this work was age estimation using Cameriere's method on a sample of 18 adult Neolithic skeletons from four sites in Southern Italy (Apulia): Carpignano, Masseria della Marina, Samari and Serra Cicora. The estimates derived from the study of mandibular and maxillary canines were compared with the age ranges obtained with commonly used anthropological indicators: fusion of cranial sutures, degree of tooth wear, remodelling of the pubic symphysis and the auricular surface of the ilium. The latter two provide intervals which encompass the ages estimated with Cameriere's method.

Results:

The results show that the population was composed of individuals of advanced age, even beyond the age of 50, hardly distinguishable by other methods.

Discussion:

This finding may support the hypothesis that individuals aged 50+ are rare in prehistoric skeletal samples due to the unreliability of classical anthropological methods, not only because they were actually rare in prehistoric populations, or absent for taphonomical reasons. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:423–430, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Postmortem diagnosis of massive gastrointestinal bleeding in a patient with aberrant right subclavian artery–esophageal fistula
Authors: Watanabe Maiko , Suzuki Kei , Fujinaga Kazuhisa , Yamamoto Akitaka , Fujioka Masaki , Katayama Naoyuki , Imai Hiroshi
Published: July 2015

Case

Aberrant right subclavian artery–esophageal fistula is a rare, but fatal, complication. A 55‐year‐old febrile man with a nasogastric feeding tube developed sudden massive hematemesis and shock.

Outcome

Upper endoscopy revealed an intragastric hematoma with no active bleeding observed except for oozing from an esophageal tear. Enhanced computed tomography scan detected aberrant right subclavian artery but was unable to determine the bleeding source. Repeat endoscopy carried out on day 2 confirmed hemostasis and the disappearance of the intragastric hematoma. However, the patient suddenly developed recurrent massive hematemesis with refractory shock on day 4 and died. Postmortem computed tomography revealed endoscopic clips in contiguity with aberrant right subclavian artery; a final diagnosis of aberrant right subclavian artery–esophageal fistula was made.

Conclusion

Our case demonstrates aberrant right subclavian artery–esophageal fistula may present with transient spontaneous hematemesis in a state of shock, possibly related to fever of unknown origin, and is challenging to diagnose by repeated endoscopy once hematemesis develops.
Analysis of seasonal differences in emergency department attendance in Shiga Prefecture, Japan between 2007 and 2010
Authors: Otsuki Hideki , Murakami Yoshitaka , Fujino Kazunori , Matsumura Kazuhiro , Eguchi Yutaka
Published: July 2015

Aim

Emergency department overcrowding is problematic. Some emergency departments have established a triage system to prevent overcrowding; however, effective management of a triage system requires knowledge of factors that influence emergency department attendance. Therefore, we investigated the effect of ambient temperature on emergency department attendance, as well as the types of patients that may have been affected.

Methods

Data on emergency department attendance at Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital (Otsu, Japan) were retrospectively collected from 1 April, 2007 to 31 March, 2010. Attendance was classified into eight categories based on a combination of symptoms (trauma or non‐trauma), transport (by ambulance or walk‐in), and severity (serious or non‐serious).

Results

A total of 7,755 patients (4,120 [53.1%] men and 3,635 [46.9%] women) attended the emergency department during the study period. Statistically significant seasonal differences were observed in emergency department attendance in walk‐in and non‐serious groups of both trauma and non‐trauma patients (P < 0.01), with the smallest differences occurring during winter. In a linear regression model, the mean ambient temperature had a positive correlation with emergency department attendance only in the walk‐in and non‐serious group of non‐trauma patients during the summer (y = 0.092 × [mean ambient temperature] − 0.565).

Conclusion

In the walk‐in and non‐serious group of non‐trauma patients, emergency department attendance significantly increased with the increase in mean ambient temperature during summer. In emergency department triage systems, it may be more effective to evaluate non‐trauma and walk‐in patients during summer, especially on hot days.
Mechanical and thermal properties of biphenyldiol formaldehyde resin/gallic acid epoxy composites enhanced by graphene oxide
Authors: Chen Shihui , Lv Shufang , Hou Guixiang , Huo Li , Gao Jungang
Published: July 2015

In this study, the gallic acid‐based epoxy resin (GA‐ER) and alkali‐catalysed biphenyl‐4,4′‐diol formaldehyde resin (BPFR) are synthesized. Glass fibre‐reinforced GA‐ER/BPFR composites are prepared. Graphene oxide (GO) is used to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of GA‐ER/BPFR composites. Dynamic mechanical properties and thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of the composites with different GO content are characterized. The results demonstrate that GO can enhance the mechanical and thermal properties of the composites. The glass transition temperature,Tg, of the BPFR/GA‐ER/GO composites is 20.7°C higher than the pure resin system, and the 5% weight loss temperature,Td5, is enhanced approximately 56.6°C. When the BPFR: GA‐ER mass ratio is at 4 : 6 and GO content is 1.0–1.2 wt %, the tensile and impact strengths of composites are 60.97 MPa and 32.08 kJ/m2higher than the pure resin composites, respectively. BPFR/GA‐ER composites have better mechanical properties, and can replace common BPA epoxy resins in the fabrication of composites. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 42637.
Intelligent micellar polymeric nanocarriers for therapeutics and diagnosis
Authors: Topete Antonio , Barbosa Silvia , Taboada Pablo
Published: July 2015

Polymeric micelles can be designed and synthesized to bear polymeric blocks with different hydrophilicities; this triggers their self‐assembly into micellar aggregates similar to those generated with traditional surfactants. The basic structure consists of a hydrophobic core, capable of containing guest substances, and a hydrophilic shell, which stabilizes the payload and protects it from external degradation or prevents its quick elimination from the body. The accumulation of block copolymer micelles (BCMs) in a target cell or tissue can be accomplished by two main mechanisms, passive and active targeting; this allows the payload release at the site of action when desired. Hence, in this general overview, we pay special attention to newly developed single‐stimulus‐ and multi‐stimuli‐responsive delivery systems capable of disassembling and reassembling (in some cases) as a response to changes in their physicochemical properties. Also, special interest is also devoted to multifunctional BCMs incorporating multiple therapeutic agents and/or multiple imaging contrast agents, which can be considered the new generation (third generation) of drug‐delivery systems, that is, nanotheranostic platforms. Finally, a summary of BCM‐based drug‐delivery systems currently under clinical trials is given. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42650.
Supervised Multi‐Rejector of Periodic Disturbances for Nonlinear Systems Using Decoupled State Multimodel
Authors: Allaoui Mouhib , Messaoud Anis , Dehri Khadija , Abdennour Ridha Ben
Published: July 2015

In this paper, a multi‐rejector of periodic disturbances is proposed for discrete‐time nonlinear systems represented by a decoupled state multimodel. We report a decoupled state multimodel repetitive‐predictive control based on a supervised algorithm to ensure reference trajectory tracking and periodic disturbances rejection. Partial predictors associated to the local controllers make the best choice of the most valid partial controller that meets the desired closed loop performances. The effectiveness of the supervised multi‐rejector is shown via a simulation example. The obtained results are satisfactory and show a good rejection of periodic disturbances and reference trajectory tracking.
Validation of CMIP5 models for the contiguous United States
Authors: Privalsky Victor , Yushkov Vladislav
Published: July 2015

Major statistical characteristics – trend rates, mean values, standard deviations, probability densities, autoregressive model orders, persistence criteria, and spectra – of annual surface temperature over the contiguous United States from 1889 through 2005 are compared with respective characteristics of 47 time series generated within the CMIP5 historical experiment. The observed and most simulated time series are Gaussian. Most autoregressive orders, persistence criteria, and spectra of simulated time series are close to what is found in nature. Although the multi‐model mean value is not biased, individual models can err by almost 3.5 °C. In addition, the models exaggerate linear trend rates and temperature variance is overestimated.
Planet formation in post‐common‐envelope binaries
Authors: Schleicher D. R. G. , Dreizler S. , Völschow M. , Banerjee R. , Hessman F. V.
Published: July 2015

To understand the evolution of planetary systems, it is important to investigate planets in highly evolved stellar systems, and to explore the implications of their observed properties with respect to potential formation scenarios. Observations suggest the presence of giant planets in post‐common‐envelope binaries (PCEBs). A particularly well‐studied system with planetary masses of 1.7 MJ and 7.0 MJ is NN Ser. We show here that a pure first‐generation scenario where the planets form before the common envelope (CE) phase and the orbits evolve due to the changes in the gravitational potential is inconsistent with the current data. We propose a second‐generation scenario where the planets are formed from the material that is ejected during the CE, which may naturally explain the observed planetary masses. In addition, hybrid scenarios where the planets form before the CE and evolve due to the accretion of the ejected gas appear as a realistic possibility
Rubrik
Authors: Britzen S. , Eckart A. , Lämmerzahl C. , Roland J. , Brockamp M. , Hackmann E. , Kunz J. , Macias A. , Malchow R. , Sabha N. , Shahzamanian B.
Published: July 2015

Detailed and long‐term VLBI (Very Long Baseline Interferometry) studies of the variable jets of supermassive black holes helps us to understand the emission processes of these fascinating phenomena. When observed and traced precisely, jet component kinematics reveals details about the potential motion of the jet base. Following this motion over decades with VLBI monitoring reveals – in some cases – the signatures of precession. While several processes can cause precession, the most likely cause seems to be a supermassive binary black hole in the central region of the AGN. We present examples of the analysis of high‐resolution VLBI observations which provides us with insight into the physics of these objects and reveals evidence for the presence of double black hole cores. EHT (Event Horizon Telescope) observations will probably soon tell us more about the jet origin and launching mechanism at the very centers of nearby active galactic nuclei. An important question to be addressed by the EHT and related observations will be whether Sgr A*, the supermassive black hole in the Galactic Center, has a jet as well. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Recollimation shocks in the relativistic outflows of active galactic nuclei: Doctoral Thesis Award Lecture 2014
Authors: Fromm C. M.
Published: July 2015

We analysed the single‐dish radio light curves of the blazar CTA 102 during its major flare around April 2006. The modelling of these data revealed a possible travelling shock–recollimation shock interaction during the flare. To verify this hypothesis, we used multi‐epoch and multi‐frequency very‐long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations and performed a detailed kinematic and spectral analysis. The results confirmed the hypothesis of a shock‐shock interaction causing the 2006 radio flare and provided indications for additional recollimation shocks farther downstream. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hot subdwarfs: Small stars marking important events in stellar evolution: Ludwig Biermann Award Lecture 2014
Authors: Geier S.
Published: July 2015

Hot subdwarfs are considered to be the compact helium cores of red giants which lost almost their entire hydrogen envelope. What causes this enormous mass loss is still unclear. Binary interactions are invoked, and a significant fraction of the hot subdwarf population is indeed found in close binaries. In a large project we search for close binary sdBs with the most and the least massive companions. Significantly enhancing the known sample of close binary sdBs we performed the first comprehensive study of this population. Triggered by the discovery of two sdB binaries with close brown dwarf companions in the course of this project, we were able to show that the interaction of stars with substellar companions is an important channel to form sdB stars. Finally, we discovered a unique and very compact binary system consisting of an sdB and a massive white dwarf which qualifies as a progenitor candidate for a supernova of type Ia. In addition to that, we could connect those explosions to the class of hypervelocity hot subdwarf stars which we consider as the surviving companions of such events. Being the stripped cores of red giants, hot subdwarfs turned out to be important markers of peculiar events in stellar evolution ranging all the way from star‐planet interactions to the progenitors of stellar explosions used to measure the expansion of our Universe. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Human‐centered designs, characteristics of urban streets, and pedestrian perceptions
Authors: Choi Jaisung , Kim Sangyoup , Min Dongchan , Lee Dongmin , Kim Sungkyu
Published: July 2015

This paper presents the results of a study conducted to examine the characteristics of human‐centered design and pedestrians' perceptions of street design features. The main emphasis was to determine the existence of empirical evidence that human‐centered design increases pedestrian satisfaction levels and enhances community walkability. The following approach was applied in the study: (i) the existing research concerning walkable community and pedestrian facility designs was reviewed; (ii) survey data from pedestrian interviews regarding urban streets as well as the detailed geometric features of the interview sites were gathered; (iii) statistical analysis to determine whether pedestrians actually feel more satisfied when they walk in areas with human‐centered design was conducted based on actual pedestrian interview scores for various street design features; and (iv) major design features to increase pedestrian satisfaction levels were identified. The study results show that pedestrians perceived planting strips as the most important design element that would increase the satisfaction scores whereas they perceived the presence of driveways and the number of vehicle lanes as design elements that that would diminish the scores. Overall, the valuable findings of this research provide evidence of the various effects of the application of human‐centered design and improve our understanding of walkable communities. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Closer Look at the Yardstick: A New Discount Rate Measure with Precision and Range
Authors: Yoon Haewon , Chapman Gretchen B.
Published: July 2015

In intertemporal choice research, choice tasks (i.e., choosing between $80 today and $100 in a year) are often used to elicit a discount rate. The discount rate derived from a choice task, however, is largely restricted by the granularities and ranges of the questions asked. We examined this restriction in three popular discount rate measurements using simulations and experiments, and we propose an alternative procedure (Three‐option Adaptive Discount rate measure (ToAD)), which is capable of measuring a wide range of discount rates (from approximately .035% to 350 000% annual percentage rate) with high precision using 10 questions, in under a minute. ToAD can be easily implemented in online surveys (i.e., Qualtrics). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preventable spina bifida and anencephaly in Europe
Authors: Obeid Rima , Pietrzik Klaus , Oakley Godfrey P. , Kancherla Vijaya , Holzgreve Wolfgang , Wieser Simon
Published: July 2015

BACKGROUND

Promotion of voluntary folic acid supplement use among women of reproductive age has been proven to be ineffective in lowering the risk of neural tube defects in Europe.

METHODS

Using surveillance data from all births covered by the full member countries of the European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies (EUROCAT), we estimated the total prevalence of spina bifida and anencephaly per 10,000 births between 2000 and 2010. We also estimated additional lifetime direct medical costs among individuals with spina bifida, compared with those without, in Germany for the year 2009.

RESULTS

During the study period, there were 7478 documented cases of spina bifida and anencephaly among the 9,161,189 births, with an estimated average combined prevalence of 8.16 per 10,000 births (95% confidence interval, 7.98 – 8.35). For the 241 spina bifida‐affected live births in 2009 in Germany, the estimated additional lifetime direct medical costs compared with non‐spina bifida affected births were €65.5 million. Assuming a 50% reduction in the prevalence if folic acid has been provided to all women before pregnancy, 293 spina bifida cases could have been prevented in Germany in 2009. The estimated lifetime direct medical cost saving for the live births in 2009 was €32.9 million assuming a 50% reduction, or €26.1 million assuming a 40% risk reduction.

CONCLUSION

Europe has an epidemic of spina bifida and anencephaly compared with countries with mandatory folic acid fortification policy. Primary prevention through mandatory folic acid fortification would considerably reduce the number of affected pregnancies, and associated additional costs. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 103:763–771, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.