bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
« La vérité sort de la bouche des enfants »
Authors: Lapierre Simon , Côté Isabelle , Damant Dominique , Drolet Marie , Lavergne Chantal , Lessard Geneviève
Published: April 2017

Cet article présente les résultats issus de la première phase d’une recherche qualitative et participative qui vise à mieux comprendre l’expérience et le point de vue d’enfants et d’adolescents québécois et franco-ontariens vivant dans un contexte de violence conjugale. L’objectif de cette première phase de l’étude n'était pas de documenter l’expérience et le point de vue des participants sur la violence à laquelle ils ont été exposés, mais plutôt d’amorcer un dialogue concernant la nature et les modalités de l’étude en impliquant les jeunes dès les premières étapes du processus, permettant ainsi à l’équipe de recherche de mettre en place les conditions nécessaires à la réalisation d’une recherche « avec » et « pour » les enfants et les adolescents. Les résultats présentés dans cet article s’appuient donc sur les données recueillies lors de trois groupes de discussion, réalisés auprès de 20 participants âgés entre 6 et 15 ans. Ils démontrent, à partir de données recueillies directement auprès des jeunes participants, les principales raisons justifiant l’importance de développer des recherches qui donnent la parole aux enfants et aux adolescents qui vivent dans un contexte de violence conjugale.
Global analysis of gene expression reveals mRNA superinduction is required for the inducible immune response to a bacterial pathogen
Authors: Barry Kevin C , Ingolia Nicholas T , Vance Russell E
Published: April 2017

The inducible innate immune response to infection requires a concerted process of gene expression that is regulated at multiple levels. Most global analyses of the innate immune response have focused on transcription induced by defined immunostimulatory ligands, such as lipopolysaccharide. However, the response to pathogens involves additional complexity, as pathogens interfere with virtually every step of gene expression. How cells respond to pathogen-mediated disruption of gene expression to nevertheless initiate protective responses remains unclear. We previously discovered that a pathogen-mediated blockade of host protein synthesis provokes the production of specific pro-inflammatory cytokines. It remains unclear how these cytokines are produced despite the global pathogen-induced block of translation. We addressed this question by using parallel RNAseq and ribosome profiling to characterize the response of macrophages to infection with the intracellular bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila. Our results reveal that mRNA superinduction is required for the inducible immune response to a bacterial pathogen.
O COMPROMETIMENTO SOCIAL E POLÍTICO DO PESQUISADOR DIANTE DA REPRODUÇÃO SOCIAL
Authors: Cruz Martins Juliana Aparecida , Torriglia Patricia Laura
Published: April 2017

Este estudo tem como objetivo levantar alguns questionamentos e compreensões acerca do engajamento do intelectual diante da sociedade ao qual esta investigando. Evidencia que desvelar o fenômeno social para além de sua mera aparência só é possível por meio de um método que considera a compreensão histórica da sociedade. Primeiramente, realizamos um estudo em Lukács sobre o engajamento social e político do intelectual diante da realidade social contemporânea. E por fim, levantamos algumas considerações sobre a intervenção do intelectual e as consequências práticas da teoria mediante a efetivação da análise sobre a reprodução social.
MARXISMO, MOVIMENTOS SOCIAIS, EDUCAÇÃO, SINDICALISMO
Authors: Taffarel Celi Nelza Zulke
Published: April 2017

O texto trata do Marxismo, Movimento Social, Educação e Sindicalismo, com o objetivo de apresentar pilares para a escolarização da classe trabalhadora, na perspectiva da pedagogia socialista, que se contraponham aos pilares da pedagogia do aprender-a-aprender. São estes pilares: (a) consistente base teórica que implica no domínio do conhecimento clássico científico, da filosofia, das artes e da Educação Física, (b) consciência de classe; (c) formação política; (d) organização revolucionária. Estes pilares são evidentes nas propostas pedagógicas que buscam no marxismo os fundamentos para a Educação, no socialismo, a referência de projeto histórico e, nos movimentos sociais, político-partidários e sindicais, pontos de apoio na luta por reivindicações transitórias rumo a revolução do modo de produção da vida.
CONJUNTURA, LUTA DE CLASSES E EDUCAÇÃO
Authors: Leher Roberto
Published: April 2017

Há claramente uma tendência reacionária e conservadora em movimento no Brasil. O InformANDES N. 57 de abril de 2016 divulgou pelo menos 14 Projetos de Lei que atacam a direitos sociais dos trabalhadores. Em especial, como os Reitores das IFE avaliam o PL 867/15 que “Propõe o Programa Escola sem Partido” e foi apensado ao PL 7180/2014, que trata como princípio do ensino “o impedimento da manifestação de professores sobre política, questões de gênero e orientação sexual”. Qual a sua avaliação a avaliação dos Reitores sobre a conjuntura atual e qual a possibilidade de ação de um Reitor das IFE nesta Conjuntura.
CONJUNTURA, LUTA DE CLASSES E EDUCAÇÃO
Authors: Peixoto Elza Margarida de Mendonça
Published: April 2017

Os artigos compilados neste Volume 8, N. 1 de Germinal: Marxismo e Educação em Debate trazem reflexões sobre as determinações (e em certa medida, as refletem) e as possibilidades de movimento dos trabalhadores da educação em um quadro de crise sistêmica[i] e de caráter mundial do capitalismo, no qual, as relações nacionais e internacionais tornam-se extremamente complexas e desafiadoras para qualquer projeto de manutenção da hegemonia ou sua superação. Em que medida podemos evitar arrogar um artigo de fundo, que, para além de restringir-se à descrição burocrática do conteúdo do número, evitando isentar-se, ao menos pontue a conjuntura a que remetem (ou sobre que calam) os artigos aqui retratados? Desafia-mo-nos, sem a pretensão do esgotamento, a inventariar dados, referências, posições sobre o quadro de crise, com a angústia que marca nossas subjetividades – nestes tempos em que urge uma vanguarda que analise com atenção o quadro corrente e aponte a direção das lutas. Tempos em que há muito para prestar atenção nos movimentos de transformação em um modo de produção[ii] em crise.
 
LUTA POR RECONHECIMENTO ENTRE OS CAMPONESES SEM TERRA NO ALTO-SERTÃO DAS ALAGOAS – O CONFLITO SOCIOAMBIENTAL COMO POSSE POLÍTICA DA TERRA
Authors: Da Silva Wellington Amâncio , Mira Feliciano
Published: April 2017

Este artigo analisa os conflitos socioambientais como categoria política de reivindicação de terra a partir das experiências de assentamentos do MST no alto-sertão das Alagoas, em Delmiro Gouveia. Buscou-se relacionar este modo de interação ambiental com a literatura sobre conflitos socioambientais (BURSZTYN, 2001, 2008; LITTLE, 2001, ZHOURI, 2006, 2008), na perspectiva de posse da terra, dos conflitos de visões e práxis sobre a terra como meio ambiente de subsistência, de produção material, de cultura e de sentidos outros. Entrevistaram-se alguns protagonistas entre os trabalhadores rurais e fez-se um levantamento através de questionários com uma parcela da sociedade não envolvida com o MST no intuito de traçar um panorama sobre o que é a terra como meio ambiental e a luta pela terra como política ecológica (LITTLE, 2006) em seus aspectos de política socioambiental.

 

 
REFLEXÕES SOBRE MARXISMO E PERSPECTIVA TEÓRICO-METODOLÓGICA PARA A PESQUISA EM POLÍTICAS EDUCACIONAIS.
Authors: Subtil Maria Jose Dozza
Published: April 2017

 

                              Resumo

O artigo tem como objetivo apresentar a perspectiva teórico-metodológica para a pesquisa em políticas educacionais embasada nas formulações marxianas e marxistas.  Parte dos escritos de Marx   com referências específicas sobre o seu método de investigação (MARX, 1983, 2003, 2013) e de outros autores que interpretam e atualizam a sua produção (CHASIN, KOSIK, LUKÁCS).  Postula que nessa perspectiva as interpretações das políticas devem ser remetidas aos determinantes mais amplos da sociedade, em especial à estrutura econômica e à luta de classes. Conceitua a totalidade, a mediação e a contradição como   categorias metodológicas indispensáveis para a análise dos fatos. Afirma a prática social – o contexto práxico econômico, político, educacional, num dado tempo e espaço históricos -, como ponto de partida e de chegada de toda investigação e   critério de verdade na interpretação das possibilidades e limites das políticas educacionais.

Palavras-chave:
O AGRONEGÓCIO E A EDUCAÇÃO PARA AS COMUNIDADES RURAIS NA REGIÃO EXTREMO SUL DA BAHIA: DESAFIOS A LUTA SOCIAL
Authors: Rodrigues de Araujo Bogo Maria Nalva
Published: April 2017

Resumo Objetivou-se neste trabalho refletir  os projetos  educativos das empresas de celulose (SUZANO), (FIBRIA) na particularidade da região extremo sul da Bahia, buscando saber em que medida suas ações  contradizem os fundamentos da educação do campo defendida pelos movimentos sociais e sindicais do campo, caracterizando assim uma disputa de projetos de desenvolvimento  e formação do povo do campo. Constata se que as ações das empresas contrariam aos pressupostos da educação do campo construída pelos movimentos sociais para outro modo de produção da vida, por outro lado tais ações preenchem um vazio deixado pelo Estado brasileiro que ao não prover os serviços públicos de  qualidade deixam os trabalhadores a mercê  dos grupos dominantes.  

Palavras chave: Educação do campo; lutas sociais; agronegócio.
Replication stress, DNA damage signalling, and cytomegalovirus infection in human medulloblastomas
Authors: Bartek Jiri , Fornara Olesja , Merchut‐Maya Joanna Maria , Maya‐Mendoza Apolinar , Rahbar Afshar , Stragliotto Giuseppe , Broholm Helle , Svensson Mikael , Sehested Astrid , Söderberg Naucler Cecilia , Bartek Jiri , Bartkova Jirina
Published: April 2017

Medulloblastomas are the most common, and often fatal, paediatric brain tumours that feature high genomic instability, frequent infection by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and resistance to radiation and chemotherapy. The causes of the pronounced chromosomal instability and its potential links with HCMV infection and/or resistance to genotoxic therapies remain largely unknown. To address these issues, here we have combined immunohistochemical analysis of a series of 25 paediatric medulloblastomas, complemented by medulloblastoma cell culture models including experimental HCMV infection. Using eight established immunohistochemical markers to assess the status of the DDR machinery, we found pronounced endogenous DNA damage signalling (γH2AX marker) and robust constitutive activation of both the ATM‐Chk2 and ATR‐Chk1 DNA damage checkpoint kinase cascades, yet unexpectedly modest p53 tumour suppressor activation, across our medulloblastoma cohort. Most tumours showed high proliferation (Ki67 marker), variable oxidative DNA damage (8‐oxoguanine lesions) and formation of 53BP1 nuclear ‘bodies’, the latter indicating (along with ATR‐Chk1 signalling) endogenous replication stress. The bulk of the clinical specimens also showed expression of HCMV immediate early and late proteins, in comparative analyses using three immunohistochemical protocols. Cell culture experiments validated the chronic endogenous replication stress in medulloblastoma cell lines and showed sharply differential, intriguing responses of normal cells and medulloblastoma cells to HCMV infection, including differential subcellular mislocalization and enhancement of replication stress‐related 53BP1 body formation, the latter in cell‐non‐autonomous manner. Overall, our results strongly indicate that in human medulloblastomas, the DDR checkpoint barrier is widely activated, at least in part due to replication stress. Furthermore, we propose that unorthodox p53 defects other than mutations may allow high proliferation despite the ongoing checkpoint signalling and that the highly prevalent HCMV may impact the medulloblastoma host cell replication stress and DNA repair. Collectively, the scenario we report here likely fuels genomic instability and evolution of medulloblastoma resistance to standard‐of‐care genotoxic treatments.
Polar cap potential saturation during the Bastille Day storm event using global MHD simulation
Authors: Kubota Y. , Nagatsuma T. , Den M. , Tanaka T. , Fujita S.
Published: April 2017

We investigated the temporal variations and saturation of the cross polar cap potential (CPCP) in the Bastille Day storm event (15 July 2000) by global magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulation. The CPCP is considered to depend on the electric field and dynamic pressure of the solar wind as well as on the ionospheric conductivity. Previous studies considered only the ionospheric conductivity due to solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) variations. In this paper, we dealt with the changes in the CPCP attributable to auroral conductivity variations caused by pressure enhancement in the inner magnetosphere owing to energy injection from the magnetosphere because the energy injection is considerably enhanced in a severe magnetic storm event. Our simulation reveals that the auroral conductivity enhancement is significant for the CPCP variation in a severe magnetic storm event. The numerical results concerning the Bastille Day event show that the ionospheric conductivity averaged over the auroral oval is enhanced up to 18 mho in the case of Bz of less than −59 nT. On the other hand, the average conductivity without the auroral effect is almost 6 mho throughout the entire period. Resultantly, the saturated CPCP is about 240 kV in the former and 704 kV in the latter when Bz is −59 nT. This result indicates that the CPCP variations could be correctly reproduced when the time variation of auroral conductivity caused by pressure enhancement due to the energy injection from the magnetosphere is correctly considered in a severe magnetic storm event.
Spring snow conditions on Arctic sea ice north of Svalbard, during the Norwegian Young Sea ICE (N‐ICE2015) expedition
Authors: Gallet Jean‐Charles , Merkouriadi Ioanna , Liston Glen E. , Polashenski Chris , Hudson Stephen , Rösel Anja , Gerland Sebastian
Published: April 2017

Snow is crucial over sea ice due to its conflicting role in reflecting the incoming solar energy and reducing the heat transfer so that its temporal and spatial variability are important to estimate. During the Norwegian Young Sea ICE (N‐ICE2015) campaign, snow physical properties and variability were examined, and results from April until mid‐June 2015 are presented here. Overall, the snow thickness was about 20 cm higher than the climatology for second‐year ice, with an average of 55 ± 27 cm and 32 ± 20 cm on first‐year ice. The average density was 350–400 kg m−3 in spring, with higher values in June due to melting. Due to flooding in March, larger variability in snow water equivalent was observed. However, the snow structure was quite homogeneous in spring due to warmer weather and lower amount of storms passing over the field camp. The snow was mostly consisted of wind slab, faceted, and depth hoar type crystals with occasional fresh snow. These observations highlight the more dynamic character of evolution of snow properties over sea ice compared to previous observations, due to more variable sea ice and weather conditions in this area. The snowpack was isothermal as early as 10 June with the first onset of melt clearly identified in early June. Based on our observations, we estimate than snow could be accurately represented by a three to four layers modeling approach, in order to better consider the high variability of snow thickness and density together with the rapid metamorphose of the snow in springtime.
CCN activity of secondary aerosols from terpene ozonolysis under atmospheric relevant conditions
Authors: Yuan Cheng , Ma Yan , Diao Yiwei , Yao Lei , Zhou Yaoyao , Wang Xing , Zheng Jun
Published: April 2017

Gas‐phase ozonolysis of terpenes is an important source of atmospheric secondary organic aerosol. The contribution of terpene‐derived aerosols to the atmospheric cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) burden under atmospheric conditions, however, remains highly uncertain. The results obtained in previous studies under simple laboratory conditions may not be applicable to atmospheric relevant conditions. Here we present that CCN activities of aerosols from terpene ozonolysis can be significantly affected by atmospheric relevant species that can act as stabilized Criegee intermediate (SCI) or OH scavengers. Ozonolysis reactions of α‐pinene, limonene, α‐cedrene, and α‐humulene were conducted in a 4.5 m3collapsible fluoropolymer chamber at near‐atmospheric concentrations in the presence of different OH scavengers (cyclohexane, 2‐butanol, or CO) and SCI scavengers (CH3COOH, H2O, or SO2). The number size distribution and CCN activity of aerosol particles formed during ozonolysis were simultaneously determined. Additionally, particulate products were chemically analyzed by using a Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols High‐Resolution Time‐of‐Flight Chemical‐Ionization Mass Spectrometer. Results showed that aerosol CCN activity following monoterpene ozonolysis was more sensitive to the choice of OH scavengers, while that from sesquiterpene ozonolysis was significantly affected by SCI scavengers. Combined with chemical analysis results, it was concluded that the unimolecular decomposition of CIs giving hygroscopic organic products can be largely suppressed by bimolecular reactions during sesquiterpene ozonolysis but was not significantly impacted in monoterpene ozonolysis. Our study underscores the key role of CIs in the CCN activity of terpene ozonolysis‐derived aerosols. The effects of atmospheric relevant species (e.g., SO2, H2O, and CO) need to be considered when assessing the contribution of biogenic terpenes to the atmospheric CCN burden under ambient conditions.
Using large eddy simulations to reveal the size, strength, and phase of updraft and downdraft cores of an Arctic mixed‐phase stratocumulus cloud
Authors: Roesler Erika L. , Posselt Derek J. , Rood Richard B.
Published: April 2017

Three‐dimensional large eddy simulations (LES) are used to analyze a springtime Arctic mixed‐phase stratocumulus observed on 26 April 2008 during the Indirect and Semi‐Direct Aerosol Campaign. Two subgrid‐scale turbulence parameterizations are compared. The first scheme is a 1.5‐order turbulent kinetic energy (1.5‐TKE) parameterization that has been previously applied to boundary layer cloud simulations. The second scheme, Cloud Layers Unified By Binormals (CLUBB), provides higher‐order turbulent closure with scale awareness. The simulations, in comparisons with observations, show that both schemes produce the liquid profiles within measurement variability but underpredict ice water mass and overpredict ice number concentration. The simulation using CLUBB underpredicted liquid water path more than the simulation using the 1.5‐TKE scheme, so the turbulent length scale and horizontal grid box size were increased to increase liquid water path and reduce dissipative energy. The LES simulations show this stratocumulus cloud to maintain a closed cellular structure, similar to observations. The updraft and downdraft cores self‐organize into a larger meso‐γ‐scale convective pattern with the 1.5‐TKE scheme, but the cores remain more isotropic with the CLUBB scheme. Additionally, the cores are often composed of liquid and ice instead of exclusively containing one or the other. These results provide insight into traditionally unresolved and unmeasurable aspects of an Arctic mixed‐phase cloud. From analysis, this cloud's updraft and downdraft cores appear smaller than other closed‐cell stratocumulus such as midlatitude stratocumulus and Arctic autumnal mixed‐phase stratocumulus due to the weaker downdrafts and lower precipitation rates.
Lightning Potential Index performances in multimicrophysical cloud‐resolving simulations of a back‐building mesoscale convective system: The Genoa 2014 event
Authors: Lagasio M. , Parodi A. , Procopio R. , Rachidi F. , Fiori E.
Published: April 2017

Severe weather events are responsible for hundreds of fatalities and millions of euros of damage every year on the Mediterranean basin. Lightning activity is a characteristic phenomenon of severe weather and often accompanies torrential rainfall, which, under certain conditions like terrain type, slope, drainage, and soil saturation, may turn into flash flood. Building on the existing relationship between significant lightning activity and deep convection and precipitation, the performance of the Lightning Potential Index, as a measure of the potential for charge generation and separation that leads to lightning occurrence in clouds, is here evaluated for the V‐shape back‐building Mesoscale Convective System which hit Genoa city (Italy) in 2014. An ensemble of Weather Research and Forecasting simulations at cloud‐permitting grid spacing (1 km) with different microphysical parameterizations is performed and compared to the available observational radar and lightning data. The results allow gaining a deeper understanding of the role of lightning phenomena in the predictability of V‐shape back‐building Mesoscale Convective Systems often producing flash flood over western Mediterranean complex topography areas. Moreover, they support the relevance of accurate lightning forecasting for the predictive ability of these severe events.
Field‐scale observations of a transient geobattery resulting from natural attenuation of a crude oil spill
Authors: Heenan J. W. , Ntarlagiannis D. , Slater L. D. , Beaver C. L. , Rossbach S. , Revil A. , Atekwana E. A. , Bekins B.
Published: April 2017

We present evidence of a geobattery associated with microbial degradation of a mature crude oil spill. Self‐potential measurements were collected using a vertical array of nonpolarizing electrodes, starting at the land surface and passing through the smear zone where seasonal water table fluctuations have resulted in the coating of hydrocarbons on the aquifer solids. These passive electrical potential measurements exhibit a dipolar pattern associated with a current source. The anodic and cathodic reactions of this natural battery occur below and above the smear zone, respectively. The smear zone is characterized by high magnetic susceptibility values associated with the precipitation of semiconductive magnetic iron phase minerals as a by‐product of biodegradation, facilitating electron transfer between the anode and the cathode. This geobattery response appears to have a transient nature, changing on a monthly scale, probably resulting from chemical and physical changes in subsurface conditions such as water table fluctuations.
Uncertainty analysis and risk‐based design of detention basin without damage function
Authors: Tung Yeou‐Koung
Published: April 2017

Risk‐based analysis provides an economically defensible framework for determining the optimal design of hydrosystems with the minimum total cost including project cost (installation plus operation/maintenance/repair) and failure‐induced expected damage cost. However, failure‐related damage function with good quality may not be widely available in practical applications for assessing annual expected damage cost. In addition to aleatory uncertainty representing natural randomness of hydrologic events, there exists a variety of epistemic uncertainties due to knowledge deficiency from the use of inadequate models, inaccurate model parameters, etc. The presence of epistemic uncertainties could affect the loads and capacity of hydrosystem facilities which, in turn, would affect the value of failure‐induced physical performance indicators. Using detention basin design as an example, this paper presents a systematic framework to integrate aleatory and epistemic uncertainties for the risk‐based design under the condition of no monetary damage function. For illustration, aleatory uncertainty due to randomness of rainfall intensity and epistemic uncertainties caused by runoff coefficient and curve number are considered in risk‐based design of an example detention basin.
Development of a novel low‐radiation‐absorbent lok‐bar to reduce X‐ray scattering and absorption in RapidArc® treatment planning and dose delivery
Authors: Monzen Hajime , Kubo Kazuki , Tamura Mikoto , Hayakawa Masaru , Nishimura Yasumasa
Published: April 2017

We developed a novel low‐radiation‐absorbent lok‐bar (HM‐bar) that is used to secure the immobilizers to the couch. The aim of this study was to investigate the X‐ray scattering and absorption properties of the HM‐bar in computed tomography (CT) simulation and radiotherapy dose delivery using the Varian Exact™ lok‐bar (VL‐bar) as a benchmark. CT images were obtained with or without lok‐bar, and then each image was visually evaluated for artifacts. The attenuation rates for each lok‐bar were measured using a farmer‐type ionization chamber (PTW30013) and the I'mRT phantom (IBA Dosimetry GmbH). Measurement points were between gantry angles of 110 and 180°. The treatment apparatus was a NovalisTx (Brainlab AG); X‐ray energies were set at 6 MV and 10 MV. In the presence of each lok‐bar, the radiation dose was measured in accordance with 10 volumetric modulated arc therapy–stereotactic body radiation therapy (VMAT‐SBRT) plans for lung cancer. Artifacts were seldom observed in the CT scans of the HM‐bar. The attenuation rate of each lok‐bar was higher when the X‐ray energy was set at 6 MV than at 10 MV. The highest attenuation rate in the VL‐bar was observed at a gantry angle of 112°; the rates were 22.4% at 6 MV and 19.3% at 10 MV. Similarly, the highest attenuation rate for the HM‐bar was also observed at a gantry angle of 112°; the rates were 12.2% and 10.1% at 6 MV and 10 MV, respectively. When the VL‐bar was evaluated, the isocenter dose of the VMAT‐SBRT plans was attenuated by 2.6% as a maximum case. In the case of the HM‐bar, the maximum attenuation was 1.4%. In the measurements of each VMAT‐SBRT plan, the difference of the dose attenuation rate between the VL‐bar and HM‐bar was approximately 1%. The HM‐bar could be used to minimize the occurrence of artifacts and provide good images in CT scans regarding radiotherapy planning and dose calculation. It can be used for patient therapy at hospitals to provide accurate dose delivery because of its low X‐ray scattering and absorption characteristics.
Fusion‐Based Additive Manufacturing for Processing Aluminum Alloys: State‐of‐the‐Art and Challenges
Authors: Mertens Anne I. , Delahaye Jocelyn , Lecomte‐Beckers Jacqueline
Published: April 2017

The fusion‐based additive manufacturing of Al alloys has been developing at an ever faster pace since early 2015, after a comparatively slow start with respect to other metallic materials. This paper reviews the recent developments with the aim of identifying challenges and opportunities for future work. Additive Al components possess strongly out‐of‐equilibrium microstructures resulting in potentially enhanced mechanical properties. A deeper understanding of the thermal history during fabrication, the design of new high strength alloys and the development of better adapted post‐processing procedures are still needed to take full advantages of the specificities of additive manufacturing.
Exploring the Leidenfrost Effect for the Deposition of High‐Quality In2O3 Layers via Spray Pyrolysis at Low Temperatures and Their Application in High Electron Mobility Transistors
Authors: Isakov Ivan , Faber Hendrik , Grell Max , Wyatt‐Moon Gwenhivir , Pliatsikas Nikos , Kehagias Thomas , Dimitrakopulos George P. , Patsalas Panos P. , Li Ruipeng , Anthopoulos Thomas D.
Published: April 2017

The growth mechanism of indium oxide (In2O3) layers processed via spray pyrolysis of an aqueous precursor solution in the temperature range of 100–300 °C and the impact on their electron transporting properties are studied. Analysis of the droplet impingement sites on the substrate's surface as a function of its temperature reveals that Leidenfrost effect dominated boiling plays a crucial role in the growth of smooth, continuous, and highly crystalline In2O3 layers via a vapor phase‐like process. By careful optimization of the precursor formulation, deposition conditions, and choice of substrate, this effect is exploited and ultrathin and exceptionally smooth layers of In2O3 are grown over large area substrates at temperatures as low as 252 °C. Thin‐film transistors (TFTs) fabricated using these optimized In2O3 layers exhibit superior electron transport characteristics with the electron mobility reaching up to 40 cm2 V−1 s−1, a value amongst the highest reported to date for solution‐processed In2O3 TFTs. The present work contributes enormously to the basic understanding of spray pyrolysis and highlights its tremendous potential for large‐volume manufacturing of high‐performance metal oxide thin‐film transistor electronics.
Performance Enhancement of Tri‐Cation and Dual‐Anion Mixed Perovskite Solar Cells by Au@SiO2 Nanoparticles
Authors: Ye Tao , Ma Shaoyang , Jiang Xi , Wei Lei , Vijila Chellappan , Ramakrishna Seeram
Published: April 2017

Tri‐cation and dual‐anion mixed perovskites have been widely utilized in perovskite solar cell (PSC) applications due to their novel properties such as high absorption, high stability, and low cost. To commercialize the PSCs, further improving the device performance without detrimentally changing the device configuration is important at present. Herein, Au@SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) are introduced to modify the interface between mesoporous TiO2 (mp‐TiO2) and mixed perovskite with increased main photovoltaic parameters of the device, resulting in a ≈29% enhancement of power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 15.8% to 20.3%. The origins of the enhancement have been studied by exploring the optical absorption, optical power distribution, and charge carrier behaviors within the system. The small perturbation transient photovoltage measurement exhibits prolonged charge carrier lifetimes after the Au@SiO2 NPs incorporation, and time of flight photoconductivity measurement shows that charge carrier mobilities of this system are also enhanced. These characteristics make metallic nanostructures a promising functional material in facile tuning of the charge carriers transport and further boosting the PCE of the PSCs.
Self‐Assembled Carbon Dot Nanosphere: A Robust, Near‐Infrared Light‐Responsive, and Vein Injectable Photosensitizer
Authors: Jia Qingyan , Ge Jiechao , Liu Weimin , Guo Liang , Zheng Xiuli , Chen Shiqing , Chen Mingxing , Liu Sha , Zhang Liping , Wang Mengqi , Zhang Hongyan , Wang Pengfei
Published: April 2017

Self‐assembly “activated” carbon dot photosensitizer: a robust, NIR‐light responsive, and vein injectable carbon dot nanosphere (CDNS) photosensitizer with 1O2 quantum yield of 0.45 under 671 nm laser irradiation has been developed through self‐assembly using individual CD as building units. This study develops the biomedical applications of CD, highlights the self‐assembly for designing well‐defined CD‐based photosensitizers, and promotes future explorations of this CDNS photosensitizer in nanomedical and clinical applications.
Design and Realization of a Novel Optically Disordered Material: A Demonstration of a Mie Glass
Authors: Miranda‐Muñoz José M. , Lozano Gabriel , Míguez Hernán
Published: April 2017

Herein, a diffusive material presenting optical disorder is introduced, which represents an example of a Mie glass. Comprising spherical crystalline TiO2 nanoparticles randomly dispersed in a mesoporous TiO2 matrix, it is proved that the scattering of light in this inhomogeneous solid can be predicted in an unprecedented manner from single‐particle considerations employing Mie theory. To that aim, a study of the dependence of the key parameters employed is performed to describe light propagation in random media, i.e., the scattering mean free path and the transport mean free path, as a function of the size and concentration of the spherical inclusions based on a comparison between experimental results and analytical calculations. It is also demonstrated that Mie glasses enable enhanced fluorescence intensity due to a combined absorptance enhancement of the excitation light combined with an improved outcoupling of the emitted light. The method offers the possibility to perform a deterministic design for the realization of a light diffuser with tailor‐made scattering properties.
Kinetically Controlled Fabrication of Single‐Crystalline TiO2 Nanobrush Architectures with High Energy {001} Facets
Authors: Fan Lisha , Gao Xiang , Lee Dongkyu , Guo Er‐Jia , Lee Shinbuhm , Snijders Paul C. , Ward Thomas Z. , Eres Gyula , Chisholm Matthew F. , Lee Ho Nyung
Published: April 2017

This study demonstrates that precise control of nonequilibrium growth conditions during pulsed laser deposition (PLD) can be exploited to produce single‐crystalline anatase TiO2 nanobrush architectures with large surface areas terminated with high energy {001} facets. The data indicate that the key to nanobrush formation is controlling the atomic surface transport processes to balance defect aggregation and surface‐smoothing processes. High‐resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy data reveal that defect‐mediated aggregation is the key to TiO2 nanobrush formation. The large concentration of defects present at the intersection of domain boundaries promotes aggregation of PLD growth species, resulting in the growth of the single‐crystalline nanobrush architecture. This study proposes a model for the relationship between defect creation and growth mode in nonequilibrium environments, which enables application of this growth method to novel nanostructure design in a broad range of materials.
Eumelanin–PEDOT:PSS Complementing En Route to Mammalian‐Pigment‐Based Electrodes: Design and Fabrication of an ITO‐Free Organic Light‐Emitting Device
Authors: Migliaccio Ludovico , Aprano Salvatore , Iannuzzi Luca , Maglione Maria Grazia , Tassini Paolo , Minarini Carla , Manini Paola , Pezzella Alessandro
Published: April 2017

The growing interest toward biocompatible and bioinspired materials is boosting the investigation and the engineering of natural products as active components in electronic devices. The human pigment melanin, and particularly its subgroup composed by the eumelanins, the black‐brown pigments derived from the oxidative polymerization of L‐3,4‐dihydroxyiphenylalanine (l‐DOPA) via 5,6‐dihydroxy‐indole intermediates are increasingly emerging as valuable candidates for organic (bio)electronics applications. Capitalizing on a recently developed protocol to prepare high quality eumelanin coatings, this paper reports herein the design and the integration of standard commercial poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) with the poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) with eumelanin pigment. The new blend has made it possible to obtain a water stable quite transparent thin film, able to operate as an electrode for organic devices, complementing the PEDOT:PSS conductivity with the peculiar eumelanin properties, including adhesion, water stability, and ionic–electronic conductivity. As proof of concept, an unprecedented indium tin oxide‐free organic light emitting diode implementing an eumelanin–PEDOT layer as the anode is fabricated and characterized.
Do peer effects mediate the association between family socio‐economic status and educational achievement?
Authors: Chesters Jenny , Daly Anne
Published: April 2017

Differences in levels of academic achievement according to socio‐economic status (SES), and parental education in particular, have been a persistent feature of Australian education systems. Young people with highly educated parents are more likely than their peers with low‐educated parents to attain high levels of achievement at school. Students with low levels of achievement are less likely than their high achieving peers to complete Year 12 and are more likely to experience negative post‐school outcomes. The SES of the neighbourhood, and in particular, the school attended, has also been found to have an effect on levels of both academic achievement and attainment. For this paper, we conduct analyses of National Assessment Program – Literacy and Numeracy test scores for four cohorts of secondary school students attending government schools in the Australian Capital Territory to examine the associations between parental education, school attended and levels of educational achievement. Our findings show that students with university‐educated parents achieve at much higher levels than their peers with low‐educated parents and that attending a school with a higher proportion of students from educationally disadvantaged families has a negative effect on educational achievement.
Intergenerational care as a viable intervention strategy for children at risk of delinquency
Authors: Whitten Tyson , Vecchio Nerina , Radford Katrina , Fitzgerald Janna A.
Published: April 2017

Literature has consistently cited early childhood interventions as an effective method for mitigating or preventing future delinquency in at‐risk children. In this manuscript, we propose an adapted model of Intergenerational Care presenting as a possible intervention strategy for children at risk of delinquency. This model of care draws from programmes that provide formal care and support for older people and young children, with a primary focus on intergenerational interactions that focus on respite day care, community engagement, educational pedagogy across generations and evaluation. Using a specific model of Intergenerational Care, we incorporated three components of existing childhood intervention strategies: preparing for school readiness, promoting social skills with elders and peers, and managing behaviour. While no intervention strategy targeting children at risk of delinquency has made use of intergenerational interactions, the adapted Intergenerational Care model that we propose, with these three components supported by the existing literature, offers a unique and promising approach for preventing future delinquent behaviour in children. Recommendations for longitudinal research are also proposed.
Temperature‐Sensitive Artificial Channels through Pillar[5]arene‐based Host–Guest Interactions
Authors: Wang Rui , Sun Yue , Zhang Fan , Song Miaomiao , Tian Demei , Li Haibing
Published: April 2017

In living systems, temperature‐sensitive ion channels play a vital role in numerous cellular processes and can be controlled by biological ion channels in response to specific temperature stimuli. Facile pillar[5]arene‐based host–guest interactions are introduced into a nanochannel pattern for constructing a temperature‐sensitive artificial channel. Ion transport was switched from cations to anions by controlling the extent of the host bound to the guest with temperature stimuli. This efect is mainly due to the changing of the inner surface charge and wettability of the nanochannel during the process. This study paves a new way for better understanding the mechanism of temperature‐sensitive properties and shows great promise for biomedical research.
Visualization of PVDF nanofibers coated on filter paper using fluorescein silica nanoparticles
Authors: Miyoshi Hirokazu , Yumoto Akira , Shono Masayuki , Ueki Tomoyuki , Itsuki Yoshinori
Published: April 2017

Fluorescein silica nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared using a silane compound bound between fluorescein‐N‐hydroxysuccinimide (NHS‐Fluorescein) and 3‐aminopropylorthosilicate by a sol–gel method. The fluorescein‐silica NPs were mixed with a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) solution, and the solution loaded with the NPs was electrospun on a filter paper. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images confirmed the encapsulation of the fluorescein silica NPs in the PVDF nanofibers. Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) images showed fluorescein silica NPs as dots, and photoluminescence (PL) images obtained using a fluoroanalyzer indicated the emission of uniform PL from filter papers coated with fluorescein‐silica‐NP‐encapsulated PVDF nanofibers. It was demonstrated that the fluorescein silica NPs enabled PVDF nanofibers coated on a filter paper to be easily visualized. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45125.
Structural Elucidation of Trace Amounts of Volatile Compounds Using the Crystalline Sponge Method
Authors: Zigon Nicolas , Kikuchi Takashi , Ariyoshi Junko , Inokuma Yasuhide , Fujita Makoto
Published: April 2017

Volatile organic compounds are widely present as scents and odors in our daily lives and are readily found in a variety of natural extracts. Because these compounds are highly volatile and usually available only in minute quantities, little attention has been paid to X‐ray diffraction as a technique for their structure determination. Here, we show that the structures of volatile organic compounds are easily elucidated using minute quantities of the compounds and the crystalline sponge method. The compound vapors can be directly absorbed into the sponge crystals, or alternatively, preparative gas chromatography can be used to separate the desired compound from a natural mixture.
Proton electrochemical gradient: Driving and regulating neurotransmitter uptake
Authors: Farsi Zohreh , Jahn Reinhard , Woehler Andrew
Published: April 2017

Accumulation of neurotransmitters in the lumen of synaptic vesicles (SVs) relies on the activity of the vacuolar‐type H+‐ATPase. This pump drives protons into the lumen, generating a proton electrochemical gradient (ΔμH+) across the membrane. Recent work has demonstrated that the balance between the chemical (ΔpH) and electrical (ΔΨ) components of ΔμH+ is regulated differently by some distinct vesicle types. As different neurotransmitter transporters use ΔpH and ΔΨ with different relative efficiencies, regulation of this gradient balance has the potential to influence neurotransmitter uptake. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms responsible for this regulation remain poorly understood. In this review, we provide an overview of current neurotransmitter uptake models, with a particular emphasis on the distinct roles of the electrical and chemical gradients and current hypotheses for regulatory mechanisms.
Complex regional pain syndrome: The matter of white matter?
Authors: Hotta Jaakko , Zhou Guangyu , Harno Hanna , Forss Nina , Hari Riitta
Published: April 2017

Introduction

Many central pathophysiological aspects of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) are still unknown. Although brain‐imaging studies are increasingly supporting the contribution of the central nervous system to the generation and maintenance of the CRPS pain, the brain's white‐matter alterations are seldom investigated.

Methods

In this study, we used diffusion tensor imaging to explore white‐matter changes in twelve CRPS‐type‐1 female patients suffering from chronic right upper‐limb pain compared with twelve healthy control subjects.

Results

Tract‐based spatial‐statistics analysis revealed significantly higher mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity in the CRPS patients, suggesting that the structural connectivity is altered in CRPS. All these measures were altered in the genu, body, and splenium of corpus callosum, as well as in the left anterior and posterior and the right superior parts of the corona radiata. Axial diffusivity was significantly correlated with clinical motor symptoms at whole‐brain level, supporting the physiological significance of the observed white‐matter abnormalities.

Conclusions

Altogether, our findings further corroborate the involvement of the central nervous system in CRPS.
Reading LINEs within the cocaine addicted brain
Authors: Doyle Glenn A. , Doucet‐O'Hare Tara T. , Hammond Matthew J. , Crist Richard C. , Ewing Adam D. , Ferraro Thomas N. , Mash Deborah C. , Kazazian Haig H. , Berrettini Wade H.
Published: April 2017

Introduction

Long interspersed element (LINE)‐1 (L1) is a type of retrotransposon capable of mobilizing into new genomic locations. Often studied in Mendelian diseases or cancer, L1s may also cause somatic mutation in the developing central nervous system. Recent reports showed L1 transcription was activated in brains of cocaine‐treated mice, and L1 retrotransposition was increased in cocaine‐treated neuronal cell cultures. We hypothesized that the predisposition to cocaine addiction may result from inherited L1s or somatic L1 mobilization in the brain.

Methods

Postmortem medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) tissue from 30 CA and 30 control individuals was studied. An Alexafluor488‐labeled NeuN antibody and fluorescence activated nuclei sorting were used to separate neuronal from non‐neuronal cell nuclei. L1s and their 3' flanking sequences were amplified from neuronal and non‐neuronal genomic DNA (gDNA) using L1‐seq. L1 DNA libraries from the neuronal gDNA were sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq2000. Sequences aligned to the hg19 human genome build were analyzed for L1 insertions using custom “L1‐seq” bioinformatics programs.

Results

Previously uncataloged L1 insertions, some validated by PCR, were detected in neurons from both CA and control brain samples. Steady‐state L1 mRNA levels in CA and control mPFC were also assessed. Gene ontology and pathway analyses were used to assess relationships between genes putatively disrupted by novel L1s in CA and control individuals. L1 insertions in CA samples were enriched in gene ontologies and pathways previously associated with CA.

Conclusions

We conclude that neurons in the mPFC harbor L1 insertions that have the potential to influence predisposition to CA.
Researching a marginalised group: Reflections on being an outsider
Authors: Grove Jan
Published: April 2017

Aim

Reflective practice is common across a range of disciplines requiring self‐examination and exploration of the impact of the researcher on the research and vice versa. This article reflects on the personal issues involved in representing other groups, drawing on experiences of research into same‐sex couple counselling by a straight identified researcher.

Design/methodology

A reflective exploration on the experience of conducting in‐depth interviews with participants who had been in same‐sex couple counselling. Data from interviews and an Internet survey, utilising thematic and discourse analysis, are used to illustrate the reflections.

Results

Researchers into Lesbian, Gay or Bisexual (LGB) topics are often assumed to be LGB themselves raising questions of whether or not to ‘come out’ as heterosexual. Therefore, aspects of researching a community as an outsider have an impact on how the researcher presents themselves. Reflections are linked to the researcher's own heterosexual identity development, and on the participants’ responses.

Conclusions & implications

Researching as an outsider requires a reflection on power and the impact of self‐disclosure. This will be an individual process for each researcher at that stage of their own development. Researchers working as an outsider can use heterosexual identity development models to inform their thinking about engaging with potential participants.
The Effects of Secondary Oxides on Copper‐Based Catalysts for Green Methanol Synthesis
Authors: Hayward James S. , Smith Paul J. , Kondrat Simon A. , Bowker Michael , Hutchings Graham J.
Published: April 2017

Catalysts for methanol synthesis from CO2 and H2 have been produced by two main methods: co‐precipitation and supercritical anti‐solvent (SAS) precipitation. These two methods are compared, along with the behaviour of copper supported on Zn, Mg, Mn, and Ce oxides. Although the SAS method produces initially active material with high Cu specific surface area, they appear to be unstable during reaction losing significant amounts of surface area and hence activity. The CuZn catalysts prepared by co‐precipitation, however, showed much greater thermal and reactive stability than the other materials. There appeared to be the usual near‐linear dependence of activity upon Cu specific area, though the initial performance relationship was different from that post‐reaction, after some loss of surface area. The formation of the malachite precursor, as reported before, is important for good activity and stability, whereas if copper oxides are formed during the synthesis and ageing process, then a detrimental effect on these properties is seen.