bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Whole‐genome sequencing of synchronous thyroid carcinomas identifies aberrant DNA repair in thyroid cancer dedifferentiation
Authors: Paulsson Johan O , Backman Samuel , Wang Na , Stenman Adam , Crona Joakim , Thutkawkorapin Jessada , Ghaderi Mehran , Tham Emma , Stålberg Peter , Zedenius Jan , Juhlin C Christofer
Published: October 2019

The genetics underlying thyroid cancer dedifferentiation is only partly understood and has not yet been characterised using comprehensive pan‐genomic analyses. We investigated a unique case with synchronous follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC), and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), as well as regional lymph node metastases from the PDTC and ATC from a single patient using whole‐genome sequencing (WGS). The FTC displayed mutations in CALR, RB1, and MSH2, and the PDTC exhibited mutations in TP53, DROSHA, APC, TERT, and additional DNA repair genes – associated with an immense increase in sub‐clonal somatic mutations. All components displayed an overrepresentation of C>T transitions with associated microsatellite instability (MSI) in the PDTC and ATC, with borderline MSI in the FTC. Clonality analyses pinpointed a shared ancestral clone enriched for mutations in TP53‐associated regulation of DNA repair and identified important sub‐clones for each tumour component already present in the corresponding preceding lesion. This genomic characterisation of the natural progression of thyroid cancer reveals several novel genes of interest for future studies. Moreover, the findings support the theory of a stepwise dedifferentiation process and suggest that defects in DNA repair could play an important role in the clonal evolution of thyroid cancer. © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening and optimization through response surface methodology for synthesis of pH, temperature and salt‐sensitive Aloe vera–acrylic acid‐based biodegradable hydrogel: Its evaluation as dye adsorbent
Authors: Kumar Vaneet , Rehani Vishal , Saruchi  , Kaith B. S.
Published: October 2019

A pH‐, temperature‐, and salt‐sensitive hydrogel was synthesized using acrylic acid (AA) as monomer, natural polysaccharide Aloe vera as backbone, ammonium persulfate–N,N‐methylene‐bis‐acrylamide as an initiator–crosslinker system via free‐radical grafting method. Different parameters such as treatment time, temperature, amount of solvent, pH, concentration of initiator, crosslinker and monomer were screened using Plackett–Burman design (PBD). The PBD showed that pH, monomer, and crosslinker were taken as the most important variables, which highly impact the swelling behavior of the synthesized hydrogel as compared to the rest of the variables. The half normality plot was used to find the significant parameters regarding the swelling capacity of the hydrogel. The center composite design was used for further optimizing the important variables like pH, monomer, and crosslinker. The pH and monomer interaction on percentage swelling (Ps) was studied through the analysis of variance model. Synthesized hydrogel Av‐cl‐poly(AA) was characterized by different techniques such as Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of different chloride salt solutions like KCl, NaCl, BaCl2, FeCl3, and CoCl3·6H2O on Ps of synthesized Av‐cl‐poly(AA)‐based hydrogel was also studied. Biodegradation studies of the synthesized polymer were also carried out using soil burial and vermicompositing methods. Biodegradation of semi interpenetrating polymer network (SIPN) was confirmed by SEM and FTIR techniques. Synthesized SIPN was also used as a device for the removal of dye and was found very effective as an adsorbent. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:2323–2334, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
Measuring Frailty in Inpatient Rehabilitation
Authors: Roberts Pamela S. , Aronow Harriet U. , Parker Jordan , Riggs Richard V.
Published: October 2019

Background

In response to the global aging population, there has been increasing research on frailty. How frailty is conceptualized is shifting with the development of frailty models, especially in the acute care arena.

Objective

To explore frailty/vulnerability risk factors available at admission that were associated with salient patient outcomes within the context of inpatient rehabilitation.

Design

Methodologies in acute care are not easily adapted for a typical admission evaluation or a rehabilitation patient. In this study, the concept of frailty among patients admitted to rehabilitation was developed from risk factors available at admission that were associated with two patient outcomes, adverse hospital outcomes and 30‐day hospital readmissions.

Setting: Inpatient rehabilitation.

Patients

Data were included on all patients (n = 768) discharged from an inpatient rehabilitation unit of an academic medical center from 1 January 2012 through 31 December 2012.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measure

Adverse events within the inpatient rehabilitation stay and 30‐day hospital readmissions.

Results

Significant independent factors associated with adverse events in the rehabilitation unit included African American (1.77 OR; 95% CI 1.06‐2.96), Hispanic (3.17 OR; 95% CI 1.13‐8.94), having >9 total comorbid conditions (1.44 OR; 95% CI 1.244‐1.66), and sphincter control domain (including bladder and bowel management) ≤ 9 FIM (0.92 OR; 95% CI 0.86‐0.98). For 30‐day readmission three variables were found to be significant: onset ≥7 days (2.31 OR; 95% CI 1.28‐4.22), requiring a tube for feeding (3.45 OR; 95% CI 1.433‐11.12), and being obese (4.72 OR; 95% CI 1.433‐15.58).

Conclusions

The findings highlight the need for early admission screening and identification of risk factors which can provide the time in the rehabilitation setting for the clinical team to treat and prevent the potential for poor outcomes.
Effects of Compatibilizer and Airflow Field on the Formation of Helical Microfibers via Melt Blowing
Authors: Li Hui , Huang Hui , Zeng Yongchun
Published: October 2019

We explore the approaches to improving the fabrication of melt‐blown helical microfibers, which have found the applications in sorption and filtration due to their unique morphology and excellent properties. To explore the effect of compatibilizer on the formation of helical microfiber, polypropylene (PP), polyurethane (TPU), and PP grafted with maleic anhydride (PP‐g‐MAH) are melt blown to fabricate microfibrous nonwovens. The results of rheological test and differential scanning calorimetry show that the addition of PP‐g‐MAH helps to increase the miscibility of the PP/TPU blends. Two die configurations are used to study the effect of airflow filed on the formation of helical microfibers. The computational fluid dynamics simulation results show that the modified swirl die intensifies the swirling strength of the melt blowing airflow. The addition of compatibilizer and modification of the airflow field both benefit the formation of helical microfibers from polymer blends. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2019, 57, 1423–1433
An engineered ultra‐high affinity Fab‐Protein G pair enables a modular antibody platform with multifunctional capability
Authors: Slezak Tomasz , Bailey Lucas J. , Jaskolowski Mateusz , Nahotko Dominik A. , Filippova Ekaterina V. , Davydova Elena K. , Kossiakoff Anthony A.
Published: October 2019

Engineered recombinant antibody‐based reagents are rapidly supplanting traditionally derived antibodies in many cell biological applications. A particularly powerful aspect of these engineered reagents is that other modules having myriad functions can be attached to them either chemically or through molecular fusions. However, these processes can be cumbersome and do not lend themselves to high throughput applications. Consequently, we have endeavored to develop a platform that can introduce multiple functionalities into a class of Fab‐based affinity reagents in a “plug and play” fashion. This platform exploits the ultra‐tight binding interaction between affinity matured variants of a Fab scaffold (FabS) and a domain of an immunoglobulin binding protein, protein G (GA1). GA1 is easily genetically manipulatable facilitating the ability to link these modules together like beads on a string with adjustable spacing to produce multivalent and bi‐specific entities. GA1 can also be fused to other proteins or be chemically modified to engage other types of functional components. To demonstrate the utility for the Fab‐GA1 platform, we applied it to a detection proximity assay based on the β‐lactamase (BL) split enzyme system. We also show the bi‐specific capabilities of the module by using it in context of a Bi‐specific T‐cell engager (BiTE), which is a therapeutic assemblage that induces cell killing by crosslinking T‐cells to cancer cells. We show that GA1‐Fab modules are easily engineered into potent cell‐killing BiTE‐like assemblages and have the advantage of interchanging Fabs directed against different cell surface cancer‐related targets in a plug and play fashion.
CrAs Monolayer: Low Buckled 2D Half‐Metal Ferromagnet
Authors: Rahman Gul , Jahangirli Zakir
Published: October 2019

Ab initio calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) are performed to study the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of 2D free‐standing honeycomb CrAs. It is shown that CrAs has a low buckled stable structure. Magnetic CrAs has larger buckling than nonmagnetic CrAs. 2D CrAs is a ferromagnetic semiconductor at lattice constant , and above this lattice constant CrAs is a half‐metal ferromagnet. 2D CrAs is shown to be half‐metal ferromagnetic with a magnetic moment of 3.0 μB per unit cell, at equilibrium structure. The orbital of the band is completely empty in the spin‐down state, whereas it is almost occupied in the spin‐up state, and the magnetic moment in the band is mainly dominated by the orbital of Cr. The and orbitals of the band are partially occupied in the spin‐up state and behave like a metal, whereas they are insulators in the spin‐down state. Phonon calculations confirm the thermodynamic stability of 2D CrAs. The ferromagnetic (FM) and antiferromagnetic (AFM) interactions between the Cr atoms reveal that the FM state is more stable than the AFM state of 2D CrAs.
Dipole evolution: perspectives for collectivity and γ*A collisions
Authors: Bierlich Christian , Rasmussen Christine O.
Published: October 2019

Abstract

The transverse, spatial structure of protons is an area revealing fundamental properties of matter, and provides key input for deeper understanding of emerging collective phenomena in high energy collisions of protons, as well as collisions of heavy ions. In this paper eccentricities and eccentricity fluctuations are predicted using the dipole formulation of BFKL evolution. Furthermore, first steps are taken towards generation of fully exclusive final states of γ*A collisions, by assessing the importance of colour fluctuations in the initial state. Such steps are crucial for the preparation of event generators for a future electron-ion collider. Due to the connection between an impact parameter picture of the proton structure, and cross sections of ep and pp collisions, the model parameters can be fully determined by fits to such quantities, leaving results as real predictions of the model.
Elastic proton-proton scattering at LHC energies in holographic QCD
Authors: Xie Wei , Watanabe Akira , Huang Mei
Published: October 2019

Abstract

The cross sections of the high energy proton-proton scattering are studied in a holographic QCD model, focusing on the Regge regime. In our model setup, the involved nonperturbative partonic dynamics is described by the Pomeron exchange, which is realized by applying the Reggeized spin-2 particle propagator together with the proton gravitational form factor obtained from the bottom-up AdS/QCD model. Our model includes three adjustable parameters which are to be fitted by experimental data. We show that both the resulting differential and total cross sections are consistent with data, including the ones recently measured at

$$ \sqrt{s} $$

s

= 13 TeV by the TOTEM collaboration at the LHC. Our results imply that the present framework works well in the considered TeV scale, and further applications to other high energy scattering processes, in which the involved strong interaction can be approximated by the Pomeron exchange, are possible.
Dispersion relations in non-relativistic two-dimensional materials from quasinormal modes in Hǒrava Gravity
Authors: Garbiso Markus , Kaminski Matthias
Published: October 2019

Abstract

We compute dispersion relations of non-hydrodynamic and hydrodynamic modes in a non-relativistic strongly coupled two-dimensional quantum field theory. This is achieved by numerically computing quasinormal modes (QNMs) of a particular analytically known black brane solution to 3+1-dimensional Hǒrava Gravity. Hǒrava Gravity is distinguished from Einstein Gravity by the presence of a scalar field, termed the khronon, defining a preferred time-foliation. Surprisingly, for this black brane solution, the khronon fluctuation numerically decouples from all others, having its own set of purely imaginary eigenfrequencies, for which we provide an analytic expression. All other Hǒrava Gravity QNMs are expressed analytically in terms of QNMs of Einstein Gravity, in units involving the khronon coupling constants and various horizons. Our numerical computation reproduces the analytically known momentum diffusion mode, and extends the analytic expression for the sound modes to a wide range of khronon coupling values. In the eikonal limit (large momentum limit), the analytically known dispersion of QNM frequencies with the momentum is reproduced by our numerics. We provide a parametrization of all QNM frequencies to fourth order in the momentum. We demonstrate perturbative stability in a wide range of coupling constants and momenta.
Massive on-shell supersymmetric scattering amplitudes
Authors: Herderschee Aidan , Koren Seth , Trott Timothy
Published: October 2019

Abstract

We introduce a manifestly little group covariant on-shell superspace for massive particles in four dimensions using the massive spinor helicity formalism. This enables us to construct massive on-shell superfields and fully utilize on-shell symmetry considerations to derive all possible

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 1 three-particle amplitudes for particles of spin as high as one, as well as some simple amplitudes for particles of any spin. Throughout, the conceptual and computational simplicity of this approach is exhibited.
Yangian invariants and cluster adjacency in $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 Yang-Mills
Authors: Mago Jorge , Schreiber Anders , Spradlin Marcus , Volovich Anastasia
Published: October 2019

Abstract

We conjecture that every rational Yangian invariant in

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 4 SYM theory satisfies a recently introduced notion of cluster adjacency. We provide evidence for this conjecture by using the Sklyanin Poisson bracket on Gr(4, n) to check numerous examples.
Increased yield of finger jointed structural timber by accounting for grain orientation utilizing the tracheid effect
Authors: Olsson Anders , Briggert Andreas , Oscarsson Jan
Published: October 2019

Finger joints in structural timber and glulam lamellae are often used to enable production of long members or to allow for re-connection of parts of a member after removal of weak sections. According to the European Standard EN 15497, certain margins are required between knots and a finger joint in structural timber, which means that a considerable amount of clear wood becomes waste when finger joints are applied. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the possibility of reducing the quantity of waste using different criteria for placement of finger joints. The investigation was based on (1) application of methods of colour scanning and tracheid effect scanning to detect knots and grain disturbance on board surfaces, and (2) interpretation of the requirements of EN 15497 regarding where finger joints may be placed. The standard’s requirement when producing finger joints is that the minimum distance between a knot and a finger joint is three times the knot diameter. The standard allows for the minimum distance between a knot and a finger joint to be shortened to 1.5 times the diameter when the local fibre orientation is measured. Utilizing this in simulated production resulted in reduction of waste from 7.4 to 4.0%, when using finger joints simply to produce timber of long lengths. If finger joints are also used to re-connect parts of members after removal of weak sections, even larger savings can be made. Furthermore, it is concluded that knowledge of fibre orientation obtained from scanning could be used not only to decrease the waste in production but also to increase the quality of finger joints.
TMS reveals inhibitory extrastriate cortico-cortical feedback modulation of V1 activity in humans
Authors: Maniglia M. , Trotter Y. , Aedo-Jury F.
Published: October 2019

The interaction between the primary visual cortex (V1) and extrastriate visual areas provides the first building blocks in our perception of the world. V2, in particular, seems to play a crucial role in shaping contextual modulation information through feedback projections to V1. However, whether this feedback is inhibitory or excitatory is still unclear. In order to test the nature of V2 feedback to V1, we used neuronavigation-guided offline inhibitory transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on V2 before testing participants on collinear facilitation, a contrast detection task with lateral masking. This contextual modulation task is thought to rely on horizontal connections in V1 and possibly extrastriate feedback. Results showed that when inhibitory TMS was delivered over V2, contrast thresholds decreased for targets presented in the contralateral hemifield, consistent with the retinotopic mapping of this area, while having no effect for targets presented in the ipsilateral hemifield or after control (CZ) stimulation. These results suggest that feedback from V2 to V1 during contextual modulation is mostly inhibitory, corroborating recent observations in monkey electrophysiology and extending this mechanism to human visual system. Moreover, we provide for the first time direct evidence of the involvement of extrastriate visual areas in collinear facilitation.
Comparison of long fusion terminating at L5 versus the sacrum in treating adult spinal deformity: a meta-analysis
Authors: Jia Fei , Wang Guodong , Liu Xiaoyang , Li Tao , Sun Jianmin
Published: October 2019

Purpose

Choosing an optimal distal fusion level for adult spinal deformity (ASD) is still controversial. To compare the radiographic and clinical outcomes of distal fusion to L5 versus the sacrum in ASD, we conducted a meta-analysis.

Methods

Relevant studies on long fusion terminating at L5 or the sacrum in ASD were retrieved from the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases. Then, studies were manually selected for inclusion based on predefined criteria. The meta-analysis was performed by RevMan 5.3.

Results

Eleven retrospective studies with 1211 patients were included in meta-analysis. No significant difference was found in overall complication rate (95% CI 0.60 to 1.30) and revision rate (95% CI 0.59 to 1.99) between fusion to L5 group (L group) and fusion to the sacrum group (S group). Significant lower rate of pseudarthrosis and implant-related complications (95% CI 0.29 to 0.64) as well as proximal adjacent segment disease (95% CI 0.35 to 0.92) was found in L group. Patients in S group obtained a better correction of lumbar lordosis (95% CI − 7.85 to − 0.38) and less loss of sagittal balance (95% CI − 1.80 to − 0.50).

Conclusion

Our meta-analysis suggested that long fusion terminating at L5 or the sacrum was similar in scoliosis correction, overall complication rate, revision rate, and improvement in pain and disability. However, fusion to L5 had advantages in lower rate of pseudarthrosis, implant-related complications, and proximal adjacent segment disease, while fusion to the sacrum had advantages in the restoration of lumbar lordosis, maintenance of sagittal balance, and absence of distal adjacent segment disease.

Graphic abstract

These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.
Implementing Prior Judicial Decisions as Precedents: The Context of Application and Justification
Authors: Leszczyński Leszek
Published: October 2019

The paper concerns the conditions and methods of using previous judicial decisions as a kind of precedents in the processes of application of law within the statutory legal order. The use of such decisions, not announced by the legislator, depends on the courts, undertaking such actions on the grounds of similarity of cases or of decisional processes. Such decisions do not become an exclusive validation argument and may create a situation of their potential conflict with legal regulations as well as an inferential supplementation of their content. Dissemination of such activity of the courts leads to the development of precedential practice (relevant to the statutory legal order), though, its actual jurisdictional role depends on proper justification of decisions, within which reference to these decisions should be adaptive (in relation to the elements of the current case), generalizing (forming elements of ratio decidendi) as well as argumentative and discursive (in respect of the way in which the decisional reasoning and arguments expressed in the prior justification are used).
Navigated robot-guided pedicle screws placed successfully in single-position lateral lumbar interbody fusion
Authors: Huntsman Kade T. , Riggleman Jessica R. , Ahrendtsen Leigh A. , Ledonio Charles G.
Published: October 2019

Minimally invasive lateral interbody fusion has distinct advantages over traditional posterior approaches. When posterior stabilization is needed, percutaneous placement of pedicle screws from the lateral decubitus position may potentially increase safety and improve operative efficiency by precluding the need for repositioning. However, safe placement of pedicle screws in the lateral position remains technically challenging. This study describes the pedicle screw placement of single-position lateral lumbar interbody fusion (SP-LLIF) cases in which navigated robotic assistance was used. A single-surgeon, single-site, retrospective Institutional Review Board-exempt review of the first 55 SP-LLIF navigated robot-assisted spine surgery cases performed by the lead author was conducted. An orthopaedic surgeon evaluated screw placement using plain film radiographs. In addition, pedicle screw malposition, reposition, and return to operating room (OR) rates were collected. In the first 55 SP-LLIF cases, 342 pedicle screws were placed. The average patient age and body mass index were 67 years and 29.5 kg/m2, respectively. Of the 342 screws placed, 4% (14/342) were placed manually without the robot, due to surgeon discretion. Of the 328 screws placed with the robot, 2% (7/328) were repositioned based on the surgeon’s discretion, resulting in a 98% navigated robot-assisted pedicle screw placement success rate. In this cohort there were no revisions due to malpositioned screws. No complications due to screw placement were reported. This study demonstrates a high level (98%) of successful surgeon-assessed pedicle screw placement in minimally invasive navigated robot-assisted SP-LLIF, with no malpositions requiring a return to the OR.
Multicenter Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease immune biomarker verification study
Authors: Brosseron Frederic , Kolbe Carl‐Christian , Santarelli Francesco , Carvalho Stephanie , Antonell Anna , Castro‐Gomez Sergio , Tacik Pawel , Namasivayam Aishwarya Alex , Mangone Graziella , Schneider Reinhard , Latz Eicke , Wüllner Ullrich , Svenningsson Per , Sánchez‐Valle Raquel , Molinuevo José Luis , Corvol Jean‐Christophe , Heneka Michael T. ,   on behalf of the AETIONOMY study group
Published: October 2019

Introduction

Multiple immunity biomarkers have been suggested as tracers of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration. This study aimed to verify findings in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) subjects from the network of the European, Innovative Medicines Initiative–funded project AETIONOMY.

Methods

A total of 227 samples from the studies/centres AETIONOMY, ICEBERG, and IDIBAPS were used to analyse 21 selected immunity biomarkers in CSF. Results were compared to data of an independent cohort of 399 subjects previously published.

Results

Immunity markers were predominantly and reproducibly associated with pathological levels of tau isoforms, but also with amyloid levels, aging, sex, APOE genotype, and center‐specific factors.

Discussion

Immunity biomarker levels in CSF reflect molecular and cellular pathology rather than diagnosis in neurodegenerative disorders. Assay standardization and stratification for age and other covariates could improve the power of such markers in clinical applications or intervention studies targeting immune responses in neurodegeneration.
Trait responses of Peninsular Malaysian dung beetles (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) to the loss of megafauna dung
Authors: Goh Thary Gazi , Hashim Rosli
Published: October 2019

The extinction of megafauna may lead to the trophic collapse of ecosystems that depend on the dung that they produce. Some dung beetle species may undergo phenotypic changes in response to altered resource availability. The pronotal width of dung beetles is a trait that can be used as a proxy measure for the amount of dung provisioned during the larval stage. In this study conducted in Peninsular Malaysia, we compare the intraspecific difference in pronotal widths of dung beetles in forests with and without megafauna. Beetles were collected using burrowing interception traps baited with elephant dung. Six species with a minimum sample size of 55 beetles per species were used. Pronotum widths were compared using Bayesian estimation (BEST). There was no credible difference between intraspecific pronotal widths of four species, but credible differences between the mean parameters of two species, Liatongus femoratus and Oniticellus tessellatus. Both these species belong to genera that have a close association with megafauna, while the other are believed to be generalists. This may indicate that species that depend on megafauna dung as a breeding resource undergo a phenotypic change following the loss of their preferred dung type. Phenotypic changes appear to be a pathway which allows species to survive the initial trophic collapse of an ecosystem.
Interventions to improve children's access to mental health care: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Werlen L. , Gjukaj D. , Mohler-Kuo M. , Puhan M.A.
Published: October 2019

Aims

Mental disorders in children are a significant and growing cause of morbidity worldwide. Although interventions to help overcome barriers along the pathway to accessing health care for children with mental disorders exist, there is no overview of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on these interventions as yet. This study aimed to systematically identify RCTs of interventions to improve access to mental health care for children and synthesise them using a conceptual framework of access to health care.

Methods

This systematic review was performed following a predefined protocol registered with PROSPERO (ID: CRD42018081714). We searched the databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and CENTRAL for RCTs up to 15 May 2019 using terms related to the concepts ‘young people,’ ‘mental disorders’ and ‘help-seeking interventions’ and scanned reference lists from relevant studies. Two reviewers independently screened all identified articles in a two-stage process, extracted results on outcomes of interest (knowledge, attitudes, intentions, help-seeking, accessing care, mental health outcomes and satisfaction), assessed the risk of bias and conducted meta-analyses where deemed appropriate.

Results

After screening 5641 identified articles, 34 RCTs were eligible for inclusion. Eighty per cent of universal school-based interventions measuring knowledge (n= 5) and 67% measuring attitudes (n= 6) reported significantly better results compared with controls on those outcomes, whereas 20% measuring access to care (n= 5) and none measuring mental health outcomes (n= 7) did. In contrast, 71% of interventions targeting at-risk individuals (n= 21) reported better access to care compared with controls, while just 33% (n= 6) did for mental health outcomes. For satisfaction with care, this proportion was 80% (n= 5). Meta-analyses of interventions measuring initial appointment attendance yielded combined odds ratios of 3.11 (2.07–4.67) for appointment reminder interventions and 3.51 (2.02–6.11) for treatment engagement interventions. The outcomes for universal school-based interventions were heterogeneous and could not be summarised quantitatively through meta-analysis.

Conclusions

To have a population-level effect on improving children's access to mental health care, two-stage interventions that identify those in need and then engage them in the health-care system may be necessary. We need more evidence on interventions to target contextual factors such as affordability and infrastructural barriers.
THE RECOVERY OF FREEDOM OF SPEECH IN THE CULTURE OF HUMANISTS AND THE COMMUNICATIVE ORIGINS OF THE REFORMATION
Authors: LEDO JORGE
Published: October 2019

Ideas and opinions about communication and intellectual exchange underwent significant changes during the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. The rediscovery ofparrhesiaby the humanists of the Quattrocento is one of the least studied of these changes, and at the same time, paradoxically, one of the most fascinating. My main argument in these pages is that the recovery of Hellenistic “freedom of speech” was a process that took place from the thirteenth century through the first decade of the sixteenth century; thus it began well before the term παρρησία was common currency among humanists. This is the most important and counterituitive aspect of the present analysis of early modernparrhesia, because it means that the concept did not develop at the expense of classical and biblical tradition so much as at the expense of late-medieval scholastic speculation about the sins of the tongue and the legitimation of anger as an intellectual emotion. To illustrate this longue durée process, I have focused on three stages: (i) the creation, transformation, and assimilation by fourteenth-century humanism of the systems of sins of the tongue, and especially the sin ofcontentio; (ii) the synthesis carried out by Lorenzo Valla between the scholastic tradition, the communicative presumptions of early humanism, and the classical and New Testament ideas ofparrhesia; and (iii) the systematization and transformation of this synthesis in Raffaele Maffei'sCommentariorum rerum urbanorum libri XXXVIII. In closing, I propose a hypothesis. The theoretical framework behind Maffei's encyclopaedic approach is not only that he was attempting to synthesize the Quattrocento's heritage through the prism of classical sources; it was also that he was crystallizing the communicative “rules of the game” that all ofChristianitasimplicitly accepted at the beginning of the sixteenth century. Taking the three ways of manifesting the truth considered by Maffei and fleshing them out in the figures of Erasmus of Rotterdam, Celio Calcagnini, and Martin Luther just before the emergence of the Protestant Reformation could help to explain from a communicative perspective the success and pan-European impact of the Reformation.
Characterization of the CO2 System in a Coral Reef, a Seagrass Meadow, and a Mangrove Forest in the Central Red Sea
Authors: Saderne Vincent , Baldry Kimberlee , Anton Andrea , Agustí Susana , Duarte Carlos M.
Published: October 2019

The Red Sea is characterized by its high seawater temperature and salinity, and the resilience of its coastal ecosystems to global warming is of growing interest. This high salinity and temperature might also render the Red Sea a favorable ecosystem for calcification and therefore resistant to ocean acidification. However, there is a lack of survey data on the CO2 system of Red Sea coastal ecosystems. A 1‐year survey of the CO2 system was performed in a seagrass lagoon, a mangrove forest, and a coral reef in the central Red Sea, including fortnight seawater sampling and high‐frequency pHT monitoring. In the coral reef, the CO2 system mean and variability over the measurement period are within the range of other world's reefs with pHT, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TA), pCO2, and Ωarag of 8.016±0.077, 2061±58 μmol/kg, 2415±34 μmol/kg, 461±39 μatm, and 3.9±0.4, respectively. Here, comparisons with an offshore site highlight dominance of calcification and photosynthesis in summer‐autumn, and dissolution and heterotrophy in winter‐spring. In the seagrass meadow, the pHT, DIC, TA, pCO2, and Ωarag were 8.00±0.09, 1986±68 μmol/kg, 2352±49 μmol/kg, 411±66 μatm, and 4.0±0.3, respectively. The seagrass meadow TA and DIC were consistently lower than offshore water. The mangrove forest showed the highest amplitudes of variation, with pHT, DIC, TA, pCO2, and Ωarag, were 7.95±0.26, 2069±132 μmol/kg, 2438±91 μmol/kg, 493±178 μatm, and 4.1±0.6, respectively. We highlight the need for more research on sources and sinks of DIC and TA in coastal ecosystems.
Serial horizontal transfer of vitamin-biosynthetic genes enables the establishment of new nutritional symbionts in aphids’ di-symbiotic systems
Authors: Manzano-Marı́n Alejandro , Coeur d’acier Armelle , Clamens Anne-Laure , Orvain Céline , Cruaud Corinne , Barbe Valérie , Jousselin Emmanuelle
Published: October 2019

Many insects depend on obligate mutualistic bacteria to provide essential nutrients lacking from their diet. Most aphids, whose diet consists of phloem, rely on the bacterial endosymbiont Buchnera aphidicola to supply essential amino acids and B vitamins. However, in some aphid species, provision of these nutrients is partitioned between Buchnera and a younger bacterial partner, whose identity varies across aphid lineages. Little is known about the origin and the evolutionary stability of these di-symbiotic systems. It is also unclear whether the novel symbionts merely compensate for losses in Buchnera or carry new nutritional functions. Using whole-genome endosymbiont sequences of nine Cinara aphids that harbour an Erwinia-related symbiont to complement Buchnera, we show that the Erwinia association arose from a single event of symbiont lifestyle shift, from a free-living to an obligate intracellular one. This event resulted in drastic genome reduction, long-term genome stasis, and co-divergence with aphids. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation reveals that Erwinia inhabits its own bacteriocytes near Buchnera’s. Altogether these results depict a scenario for the establishment of Erwinia as an obligate symbiont that mirrors Buchnera’s. Additionally, we found that the Erwinia vitamin-biosynthetic genes not only compensate for Buchnera’s deficiencies, but also provide a new nutritional function; whose genes have been horizontally acquired from a Sodalis-related bacterium. A subset of these genes have been subsequently transferred to a new Hamiltonella co-obligate symbiont in one specific Cinara lineage. These results show that the establishment and dynamics of multi-partner endosymbioses can be mediated by lateral gene transfers between co-ocurring symbionts.
Land-use change has host-specific influences on avian gut microbiomes
Authors: San Juan Priscilla A , Hendershot J Nicholas , Daily Gretchen C , Fukami Tadashi
Published: October 2019

Human modification of the environment, particularly through land-use change, often reduces animal species diversity. However, the effect of land-use change on the gut microbiome of wildlife in human-dominated landscapes is not well understood despite its potential consequences for host health. We sought to quantify the effect of land-use change on wild bird gut microbiomes in a countryside landscape in Costa Rica, comprising a range of habitat types, ranging from primary and secondary forests to diversified and monoculture farms. We collected 280 fresh fecal samples from individuals belonging to six common species of saltator, thrushes, and warblers at 24 sites across this land-use gradient. Through 16S rRNA community profiling, we found that bacterial species composition responded to host species identity more strongly than to habitat type. In addition, we found evidence that habitat type affected microbial composition only for two of the six bird species. Our findings indicate that some host species and their microbiota may be more vulnerable to human disturbances than others.
Correction: Intratumoural-infiltrating CD4 + and FOXP3 + T cells as strong positive predictive markers for the prognosis of resectable colorectal cancer
Authors: Kuwahara Taichi , Hazama Shoichi , Suzuki Nobuaki , Yoshida Shin , Tomochika Shinobu , Nakagami Yuki , Matsui Hiroto , Shindo Yoshitaro , Kanekiyo Shinsuke , Tokumitsu Yukio , Iida Michihisa , Tsunedomi Ryouichi , Takeda Shigeru , Yoshino Shigefumi , Okayama Naoko , Suehiro Yutaka , Yamasaki Takahiro , Fujita Tomonobu , Kawakami Yutaka , Ueno Tomio , Nagano Hiroaki
Published: October 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Flavonoid-mediated immunomodulation of human macrophages involves key metabolites and metabolic pathways
Authors: Mendes Luís F. , Gaspar Vítor M. , Conde Tiago A. , Mano João F. , Duarte Iola F.
Published: October 2019

The ability of flavonoids to attenuate macrophage pro-inflammatory activity and to promote macrophage-mediated resolution of inflammation is still poorly understood at the biochemical level. In this study, we have employed NMR metabolomics to assess how therapeutically promising flavonoids (quercetin, naringenin and naringin) affect the metabolism of human macrophages, with a view to better understand their biological targets and activity. In vitro-cultured human macrophages were polarized to the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype, through incubation with LPS + IFN-γ, and subsequently treated with each flavonoid. The metabolic signatures of pro-inflammatory polarization and of flavonoid incubations were then characterized and compared. The results showed that all flavonoids modulated the cells endometabolome with the strongest impact being observed for quercetin. Many of the flavonoid-induced metabolic variations were in the opposite sense to those elicited by pro-inflammatory stimulation. In particular, the metabolic processes proposed to reflect flavonoid-mediated immunomodulation of macrophages included the downregulation of glycolytic activity, observed for all flavonoids, anti-inflammatory reprogramming of the TCA cycle (mainly quercetin), increased antioxidant protection (quercetin), osmoregulation (naringin), and membrane modification (naringenin). This work revealed key metabolites and metabolic pathways involved in macrophage responses to quercetin, naringenin and naringin, providing novel insights into their immunomodulatory activity.
Homogeneous nucleation of corundum nanocrystallites by rapid heating of aluminum formate hydroxide-based precursor powder
Authors: Yoshida Michiyuki , Kato Yuta , Oumi Yasunori , Sakurada Osamu , Tanaka Makoto , Wada Masashi , Kitaoka Satoshi
Published: October 2019

The high density nucleation of α-Al2O3 nanocrystallites was observed by rapid heating of the aluminum formate hydroxide-based precursor powder at 1200 °C for 50 s. The nucleation of α-Al2O3 nanocrystallites with less 10 nm in size from high purity aluminum oxide matrix has not been observed to our knowledge. Based on the results of XRD and TEM, α-Al2O3 nanocrystallites nucleated from the amorphous phase which formed after thermal decomposition of the precursor powder. Subsequently, α-Al2O3 with hollow rod-like morphology formed through coalescence and growth of nanocrystallites after heating at 1200 °C for 1 min. The results obtained in this paper indicates a possible beneficial effect of the rapid heating and cooling of the aluminum formate hydroxide-based precursor powder on the precipitation of α-Al2O3 nanocrystallites.
Numerical Simulation of Mandible Bone Remodeling under Tooth Loading: A Parametric Study
Authors: Su Kangning , Yuan Li , Yang Jie , Du Jing
Published: October 2019

Bone adapts to the change of mechanical stimulus by bone remodeling activities. A number of numerical algorithms have been developed to model the adaptive bone remodeling under mechanical loads for orthopedic and dental applications. This paper examines the effects of several model parameters on the computed apparent bone density in mandible under normal chewing and biting forces. The density change rate was based on the strain energy density per unit mass. The algorithms used in this study containing an equilibrium zone (lazy zone) and saturated values of density change rate provides certain stability to result in convergence without discontinuous checkerboard patterns. The parametric study shows that when different boundary conditions were applied, the bone density distributions at convergence were very different, except in the vicinity of the applied loads. Compared with the effects of boundary conditions, the models are less sensitive to the choice of initial density values. Several models starting from different initial density values resulted in similar but not exactly the same bone density distribution at convergence. The results also show that higher reference value of mechanical stimulus resulted in lower average bone density at convergence. Moreover, the width of equilibrium zone did not substantially affect the average density at convergence. However, with increasing width, the areas with the highest and the lowest bone density areas were all reduced. The limitations of the models and challenges for future work were discussed for the better agreement between the computed results and the in vivo data.
Biopsy strategies for endoscopic screening of pre-malignant gastric lesions
Authors: Zhang Meng , Liu Shan , Hu Yue , Bao Hai-biao , Meng Li-na , Wang Xiao-teng , Xu Yi , Zhao Jing , Lu Bin
Published: October 2019

Operative Link on Gastritis Assessment (OLGA) and Operative Link on Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia Assessment (OLGIM) were adopted to evaluate gastric risk stratification in five biopsy samples. This study aimed to evaluate the degree of gastric atrophy (GA) and intestinal metaplasia (IM) in five locations to detect a more representative biopsy sample in gastric cancer (GC) screening. Our study enrolled 368 patients and 5 biopsy pieces were acquired from them. Gastric risk stratification was calculated by OLGA and OLGIM staging system. The results revealed that the IM score in the incisura angularis was higher than that in the larger and lesser curvature of corpus mucosa (p = 0.037 andp = 0.030, respectively) and the IM score in the lesser curvature of antrum mucosa was higher than that in the incisura angularis mucosa (p = 0.018). IM is more frequently observed in the angulus region than in the lesser curvature of corpus in the mild degree (p = 0.004) and mild IM lesions in the lesser curvature of antrum were more frequently observed than in the incisura angularis mucosa (p = 0.004), Four biopsy pieces protocol (larger curvature and lesser curvature of the antrum, lesser curvature of the corpus and angulus) demonstrated accurate consistency (97.83% and 98.37%, respectively) with a Kendall’s tau-b of higher than 0.990, along with low misdiagnosis rates of OLGA and OLGIM (III + IV) (9.76% and 5.00%, respectively). Three biopsy pieces protocol (lesser curvature of the antrum and corpus, angulus biopsy) in OLGA and OLGIM staging system was close to the standard protocol (five biopsy specimens) with a consistency of 94.84% and 94.29% and has a Kendall’s tau-b higher than 0.950 and diagnostic omission rates of 9.76% and 5.00%, respectively, which was exactly the same with the four biopsy pieces protocol. Furthermore, it had the second-highest Youden index (0.902 and 0.950, respectively) and area under the ROC curve (0.992 and 0.996, respectively) for the screening of high-risk GC by OLGA and OLGIM stages. Thus, we recommended the angulus and the lesser curvature of antrum as a conventional biopsy and three biopsy pieces for further GC risk screening.
Food Structure Development in Oil and Fat Systems
Authors: Nicholson R. A. , Marangoni A. G.
Published: October 2019

Recent advances in the field of lipid science have led to the development of methods through which the nanoscale of lipids can be visualized and characterized. Additionally, the aggregation of these nanoscale crystals and the structures they form can now be examined. These developments, in combination with traditional microscopy techniques, provide researchers with a comprehensive understanding of fat crystal networks and how they are formed. This chapter aims to outline the techniques that are available to characterize the structure of fat crystal networks. Furthermore, the use of these methods has allowed for the study of how various factors, both internal and external, affect the crystallization process and the structure of the crystal network formed. This in turn has improved the understanding of how both the nano- and microstructure of a fat crystal network affects the functional properties of a fat system. A more comprehensive understanding of the conditions affecting the crystal structure means that key functional characteristics such as oil binding capacity and rheological properties can be tailored for a variety of applications.
Food Structure Development in Chocolate
Authors: McLeod Emma J. , Fryer Peter J.
Published: October 2019

Although chocolate can be essentially considered as a suspension of solids in a fat phase, formation of the chocolate structure is far from straightforward and is typically associated with a number of significant formulation and processing challenges. This chapter presents an overview of chocolate manufacturing steps, from creating a smooth liquid chocolate to solidifying the fats in a stable crystal form. It details some of the science involved in considering new formulations and in controlling the quality attributes through the manufacturing process.
Food Structure Development for Rheological/Tribological Performance
Authors: Shewan H. M. , Stokes J. R.
Published: October 2019

This chapter discusses structural levers for control of viscosity, yield stress, and fat lubrication as well as providing relevant theory to measure and interpret rheology and tribology. Rheology and tribology are complementary tools, which, when used in conjunction with sensory evaluation and structure characterization techniques, such as particle size distribution and confocal microscopy, are critical in developing structure-property-oral process relationships for foods. We discuss recent work regarding the relationships among product structure, tribology, rheology, and sensory perception and potential mechanisms underpinning this relationship. There is significant room for development in this field toward understanding the mechanisms for the observed instrumental and sensory characteristics and the relationship between the two. Further work is required to develop fundamental or reference studies using simple model systems to elucidate the influence of structural components and interfacial interactions between food components and oral surfaces especially in the presence of saliva.
Rh-Catalyzed domino synthesis of 4-hydroxy-3-methylcoumarins via branch-selective hydroacylation
Authors: Rao Maddali L. N. , Ramakrishna Boddu S. , Nand Sachchida
Published: October 2019

A Rh-catalyzed domino synthesis of 4-hydroxy-3-methylcoumarins via branch-selective hydroacylation of acrylates and acrylamides using salicylaldehydes is described.
Solvent- and catalyst-free transamidations of unprotected glycosyl carboxamides
Authors: Bensalah Fouzia Ouadah , Bil Abed , Wittine Karlo , Bellahouel Salima , Lesur David , Markovic Dean , Laclef Sylvain
Published: October 2019

New green and atom efficient transamidation reactions of various glycosyl carboxamides with primary and secondary amines are described.