bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sugar Profile Method by High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection in Food, Dietary Supplements, Pet Food, and Animal Feeds: First Action 2018.16
Authors: Vennard Thomas R , Ruosch Andrew J , Wejrowski Scott M , Ellingson David J
Published: August 2019

Background: Numerous methods are routinely applied for sugar profile analysis. There is a need for a method that can analyze for the common mono- and disaccharides in human food, pet food, and animal feed. There was no compendia method that had such a large scope of coverage. This requires a method that can overcome the common issues seen with the methods available today, which can have interferences or issues with precision and accuracy when applying them to other matrices. Objective: To develop and validate a method that can meet the Standard Method Performance Requirements (SMPR®) outlined by the AOAC INTERNATIONAL Stakeholder Panel on Strategic Food Analytical Methods (SMPR 2018.001). Methods: The current work describes an optimized high-performance anion exchange with pulsed amperometric detection method that builds on the previously published work from this laboratory for the analysis of nutritionally relevant sugar compounds including galactose, glucose, fructose, sucrose, isomaltulose, lactose, and maltose. This method was optimized to provide coverage across a variety of different matrices, including human food, dietary supplements, pet food, and animal feed. A global multilaboratory validation was conducted to validate the method and compare against the SMPR requirements. Results: A summary of the validation data is presented. The requirements set forth by AOAC SMPR 2018.001 were all met with this method. Conclusions: The method and data from the global multilaboratory validation were reviewed by the AOAC Expert Review Panel, and determined the method met the SMPR requirements. Highlights: The method was granted AOAC First Action Official MethodsSM status.
Zastánce jako klíčový hráč v eliminaci šikany
Authors: Kresa Jiří
Published: August 2019

Příspěvek se věnuje sociální roli zastánce jako „klíčového hráče“ v elimi-naci šikany. Cílem příspěvku je na základě kvalitativního výzkumu co nejdetailněji zachytit charakterové vlastnosti a přepokládané vlivy prostředí zastánců v šikaně. Jde především o vlastnosti související s prosocialitou a situační vlivy, které spoluur-čují míru „odvahy zastat se“. Výběrovým souborem kvalitativního výzkumu byly tři skupiny respondentů. První skupinou byli žáci a žákyně v rané adolescenci ve věku 11–13 let (5 respondentů). Nominace zastánců vycházela ze dvou hlavních kritérií definice šikany. Zastánce byl definován jako osoba, jež se zastává těch, kterým ně-kdo ubližuje a nemohou/neumí se bránit. Kvalitativní studie sledovala, jak percipují zastánci své projevy spojené se zastáváním se viktimizovaných spolužáků a se zasta-vováním šikany. Další skupinou respondentů byli rodiče zastánců (11 respondentů) a třetí skupinou potom třídní učitelé zastánců (12 respondentů). Výzkumným zámě-rem bylo zjistit, jak vnímají rodiče své děti v roli zastánce z hlediska jejich prosoci-ality a sociálních vztahů (uvnitř rodiny, s vrstevníky). Důležitým zjištěním také bylo, jak konkrétní projevy pomoci a zastávání se druhých vnímají třídní učitelé zastánců. Po prostudování dat se ukázala jako vhodná aplikace analytické metody tematické analýzy. Výsledky naznačují, že zastánci v šikaně se snaží aktivně spoluvytvářet po-zitivní klima třídy. Většinou jsou k tomu vybaveni i řadou nezbytných osobnostních charakteristik a dovedností. Těmto žákům se také dostává všemožné podpory z širo-ké sociální sítě, ve které se pohybují (např. od rodičů a učitelů).
Uvádění začínajících učitelů v mateřských, základních a středních školách pohledem jeho hlavních aktérů
Authors: Záleská Klára , Juhaňák Libor , Trnková Kateřina , Šmahelová Martina
Published: August 2019

Adaptace začínajících učitelů na školách není izolovaným procesem. Vý-znamně do ní vstupují kolegové (především uvádějící učitelé) a vedení školy. O jejich působení při uvádění začínajících učitelů však zatím nevíme mnoho. Cílem předklá-dané studie je proto popsat současnou podobu uvádění začínajících učitelů do praxe českých škol a zmapovat potřeby jednotlivých aktérů vstupujících do tohoto procesu. K tomu bylo použito kvantitativně orientované šetření, v němž byly dotazníkem oslo-veny tři skupiny respondentů: začínající učitelé, uvádějící učitelé a osoby odpovědné za uvádění začínajících učitelů, a to v mateřských, základních a středních školách. Vy-brané výsledky prezentují typické znaky současného stavu uvádění začínajících uči-telů, základní potřeby sledovaných skupin respondentů v tomto procesu a vnímanou profesní perspektivu respondentů.
Produtos florestais não madeireiros e valoração ambiental da Floresta Nacional de Pacotuba, ES
Authors:   Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Silva Eth Rocha , Mendonça Adriano Ribeiro ,   Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Fernandes Milton Marques ,   Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Dias Henrique Machado ,   Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Silva Mayra Luiza Marques da ,   Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei
Published: August 2019

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial para extração de produtos florestais não madeireiros (PFNMs) e a valoração ambiental pela disposição a receber dos moradores da zona de amortecimento da Floresta Nacional (FLONA) de Pacotuba, estado do Espírito Santo. Foram aplicados formulários em uma amostra de 78 famílias, na comunidade de Monte Alegre, localizada na zona de amortecimento da FLONA de Pacotuba, para o levantamento etnobotânico de PFNMs e a disposição a receber para manter a cobertura florestal. O mapeamento do uso do solo da FLONA do Pacotuba e da zona de amortecimento foram obtidos por meio de uma imagem Landsat. Foi utilizado o método de valoração contingente por meio dos formulários, para estimar a disposição a receber para manter a cobertura florestal. Na FLONA de Pacotuba existe potencial para produzir PFNMs, com uma oferta principalmente para fins medicinais e ecológicos. O uso do solo demonstra que a FLONA do Pacotuba apresenta um alto percentual de cobertura florestal, no entanto a zona de amortecimento está com alto percentual de pastagem e uso do solo antrópico, sendo o pagamento por serviços ambientais (PSA) uma alternativa para aumentar a cobertura florestal na zona de amortecimento. A disposição a receber para manter a cobertura florestal dos proprietários na zona de amortecimento e na FLONA foi maior do que o PSA do estado do Espírito Santo, o que dificulta a adoção de um programa de pagamentos por serviços ambientais. O PSA do Espírito Santo, por meio do programa Reflorestar, associado ao manejo de PFNMs, principalmente medicinais e ecológicos, seriam alternativas para geração de renda e preservação da cobertura florestal.
Comparison between two insecticide application methods in controlling lesser mealworm beetles in commercial broiler housessser mealworm beetles in commercial broiler houses
Authors:   Ourofino Saúde Animal, Panzardi Andrea , Nunes Rogério de Faria ,   Ourofino Saúde Animal, Gaggini Thais Schwarz ,   Ourofino Saúde Animal e Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Oliveira Gustavo Bomfim Alves de ,   Ourofino Saúde Animal, Guimarães Ednaldo Carvalho ,   Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Antunes Robson Carlos ,   Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Silva Amilton ,   Ourofino Saúde Animal, Rezende Marcus Luciano Guimarães ,   Ourofino Saúde Animal
Published: August 2019

The lesser mealworm control is mostly made by insecticides, as the association of chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and citronellal. The traditional insecticide application method (TRADM) depends on many liters of water and, with the objective of reducing water consumption, the aim was to compare TRADM with atomizer-equipment method (ATOMM). Four and three houses from farm A and B were used, respectively. Houses 1, 3 and 7 were treated with TRADM (1 liter of insecticide diluted in 500 liters of water) and houses 2, 4, 5 and 6 with ATOMM (1 liter of insecticide diluted in 9 liters of water). Twenty-four hours before and 30 (for farm A) and 45 days (for farm B) after the insecticide application, the number of insects was counted in each house (using 18 mapped traps/house). Farms were not considered different (p>0.05) and comparison was made between the houses. Houses were different (p<0.001) in the pre-treatment count, but they were equal in the second count (p=0.97). The insecticide application increased the number of traps without any insect (p<0.0001). In conclusion, the application method of chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, and citronellal insecticide using atomizer equipment presented similar results than using the traditional application method. Both methods were effective in reducing the infestation of all houses, not making any difference if the dilution of the product was in 500 liters or in 9 liters of water; thus, it is possible to spend less water to run this management.
The State of Psychoemotional, Cytokine Status and Endothelial Function in Patients with Combined Surgical Pathology of the Abdominal Cavity, True Pelvis and Anterior Abdominal Wall, Depending on the Methodic of Simultaneous Surgical Intervention
Authors: Gumenyuk Lesya N. , Gerbali Oksana Yu. , Mykhaylichenko Vyacheslav Yu.
Published: August 2019

The relevance of the study is in the fact that disorders of vascular and psychoneuroendocrine genesis often accompany surgical diseases, the issue of ensuring patient safety in the perioperative period remains the basic focus of modern clinical surgery. The purpose of the study is to identify changes in the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the functional state of the endothelium, and also to establish whether the transferred simultaneous surgical interventions intensified pro-inflammatory cytokines and changes in the functional state of the endothelium. In this article, changes in the level of proinflammatory cytokines and the functional state of the endothelium are studied, as well as the relationship of these changes with comorbid psychoemotional disorders when performing simultaneous surgical interventions by laparoscopic and open methods in combined diseases of organs of the abdominal and anterior abdominal wall. The authors carried out a prospective, randomized controlled study of 586 patients aged 18 to 72 years who underwent planned simultaneous surgical intervention (SSI) with combined diseases of the abdominal cavity, pelvis and anterior abdominal wall. In the course of the comparative analysis, a general trend was established: the simultaneous surgical interventions caused intensification of proinflammatory cytokines and changes in the functional state of the endothelium
Definição de segmentos homogêneos para o trecho da BR-040 que compreende a cidade de Congonhas/MG
Authors: Martins Camila Antunes , Silva Ben-Hur de Albuquerque e , Marques Maria Esther Soares
Published: August 2019

As condições de trafegabilidade do pavimento de uma rodovia estão sujeitas às mais diversas variações ao longo de sua extensão; seja devido a características físicas; seja devido alterações no tráfego, no clima ou, em obras de revitalização. Dessa forma, muitos são os parâmetros considerados no desempenho do pavimento rodoviário, o que consequentemente, resultará em suas condições de trafegabilidade e, tornar-se-á, imprescindível, a consequente divisão da rodovia em segmentos homogêneos, os quais necessitam conter características estruturais e comportamentais semelhantes. Neste ínterim, este trabalho visa a elaborar uma nova proposta para segmentação homogênea da rodovia BR-040, trecho que compreende a cidade de Congonhas/MG, contribuindo assim com o processo de análise comportamental da rodovia. Para tanto, foram utilizadas informações do banco de dados da gerência de pavimentos da concessionária responsável pelo trecho entre Brasília/DF e Juiz de Fora/MG. A delimitação dos novos segmentos homogêneos foi determinada conforme o “Método das Diferenças Acumuladas” (Analysis Unit Delineation by Cumulative Differences), recomendado pela American Association of State Highway and Tranportation Officials – AASHTO (1993) e definida com base na estrutura do pavimento, bem como parâmetros que refletem as condições estruturais e funcionais dos pavimentos. Foi possível a identificação de 45 segmentos homogêneos, evidenciando que houve alterações significativas nas condições estruturais e funcionais do pavimento analisado.
Valoração ambiental: uma ampla abordagem
Authors: Gomes Aldair dos Santos , Dantas Neto José , Gonçalves Juliana Ferreira , Silva Viviane Farias , Xavier Hosaneide Gomes
Published: August 2019

Este trabalho objetivou fazer uma ampla abordagem sobre valoração ambiental, bem como identificar o nível de conscientização da sociedade acerca das questões ambientais, e analisar a disposição a pagar (DAP) pela manutenção dos bens e serviços ambientais disponíveis. Para a realização da referida pesquisa utilizou-se a metodologia de revisão sistemática, tendo sido priorizado as bases de dados eletrônicas google acadêmico e scielo para o levantamento de dados a ser utilizado, a escolha destas bases se deu pelo amplo acesso que elas disponibilizam, dentre os inúmeros trabalhos encontrados foi utilizado somente artigos científicos que foram publicados entre 2008 e 2018. Foi identificado que as pessoas apresentam um nível de conscientização relevante sobre as questões ambientais no entanto ainda carecem de mais formação. Um número relevante de pessoas se mostraram dispostas a pagar pela conservação dos bens e serviços ambientais.
Qualidade ambiental em afluente de cabeceira do Rio Paraguai sob influência de agricultura e urbanização
Authors: Queiroz Tadeu Miranda de , Oliveira Jéssica Ramos de , Marchetto Margarida
Published: August 2019

Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, investigar a qualidade ambiental da água de um riacho, afluente da margem direita do Rio Paraguai, no perímetro urbano de Barra do Bugres (MT) na confrontação com monocultivo de cana-de-açúcar, na mesorregião sudoeste de Mato Grosso. Realizou-se uma coleta no mês de abril, no trecho lótico, antes da desembocadura no Lago Azul, a qual foi resfriada e preservada e posteriormente enviada para um laboratório certificado, onde foi determinada a concentração de Ferro (Fe), Manganês (Mn), Cádmio (Cd), Chumbo (Pb), Cromo (Cr), Níquel (Ni), Zinco (Zn), Cobre Dissolvido (Cu), Mercúrio (Hg) e Surfactantes (Surf.). Da mesma amostra, tomaram-se medidas do Potencial Hidrogeniônico (pH), Oxigênio Dissolvido (OD), Fósforo Total (PT), Nitrogênio Total (NT), Cálcio (Ca), Magnésio (Mg), Cloretos (Cl), Bicarbonato (BiC), Alcalinidade (Alc), Dureza (Du), Condutividade Elétrica (CE), Sólidos Totais (ST), Turbidez (Tu), Temperatura (T) e Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio (DBO), as quais foram determinadas no Laboratório de Qualidade de Água da UNEMAT. Os resultados, para cada variável, foram comparados aos parâmetros da Resolução nº 357/2005 do Conselho Nacional de Meio Ambiente (CONAMA). Posteriormente, calculou-se o Índice de Qualidade de Água (IQA), Índice de Estado Trófico baseado no Fósforo (IETP) e o Índice de Manutenção da Vida Aquática (IVA). Observou-se que a água varia entre Ruim e Razoável pelo IQA com IETP Eutrófico e IVA Ruim.
Análise de tendência de temperatura e precipitação e cenários de mudanças climáticas para Pelotas (RS)
Authors: Anjos Ritielle Rodrigues , Siqueira Tirzah Moreira , Silveira Viliam Cardoso da , Leandro Diuliana , Corrêa Luciara Bilhalva , Buske Daniela , Weymar Guilherme Jahnecke
Published: August 2019

A cidade de Pelotas, localizada no extremo sul do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, sofre com a grande quantidade de chuvas em certas épocas do ano. Desta forma, as variáveis meteorológicas de temperatura e precipitação são importantes para os estudos dos impactos das mudanças climáticas, pois afetam a disponibilidade dos recursos ambientais. Esse estudo teve como objetivo detectar alterações nos padrões de temperatura e precipitação como indicativo de mudanças climáticas para a região de Pelotas (RS) ao longo do século XXI (2006-2099), comparando com o clima no período atual (1961- 2005), por meio de projeções destas variáveis geradas por diferentes modelos climáticos com base nos cenários climáticos RCP 4.5 e RCP 8.5 do quinto relatório do IPCC (AR5). As projeções indicam um aumento de temperatura média anual de pelo menos 3°C até o final do século para o cenário RCP 4.5 e um aumento de até 4,5°C para o cenário RCP 8.5, bem como um aumento expressivo na precipitação anual acumulada. Em relação à agricultura, os ciclos mensais de temperatura e precipitação demonstram que os meses das culturas de verão serão menos afetados pelo aumento destas variáveis; porém, os possíveis extremos aparecerão no aumento da precipitação nos meses de outubro e novembro, início dos cultivos. Pode-se destacar que as anomalias de temperatura indicaram um aumento expressivo principalmente para o final do século. Ressaltando então que para o cenário RCP 4.5, considerado o cenário otimista neste trabalho, o modelo MIROC5 que apresentou menores valores de anomalia positiva, indica um aumento médio na temperatura de 0,5°C para F1 (2006-2037), enquanto os outros modelos indicam pelo menos 1°C de aumento.
Trajectoires addictives et vécu homosexuel
Authors: Flores-Aranda Jorge , Bertrand Karine , Roy Élise
Published: August 2019

Problématique et objectif

Les hommes gais et bisexuels consomment davantage de drogues que leurs pairs hétérosexuels. Cependant, peu d’études ont analysé les liens entre l’ensemble des dimensions du vécu homosexuel et la consommation problématique de drogues. L’objectif de cette étude est de décrire et de comprendre les interrelations entre certaines dimensions du vécu homosexuel et les trajectoires de consommation de substances psychoactives (SPA) chez les hommes gais et bisexuels.

Méthodologie

Une étude qualitative reposant sur une perspective interactionniste symbolique a été effectuée. Des entrevues semi-dirigées ont été menées auprès de 35 hommes gais/bisexuels, ayant une consommation problématique de SPA, âgés de 18 ans et plus, nés au Canada et habitant le grand Montréal. Une analyse thématique a été effectuée.

Résultats

Les trajectoires addictives et le vécu homosexuel chez les hommes gais et bisexuels s’entrecroisent à différents moments. En effet, les difficultés relatives à l’acceptation de l’orientation sexuelle, le rejet et la stigmatisation, la rencontre des pairs, les relations affectives et sexuelles et la socialisation dans le milieu gai modulent, de façon bidirectionnelle, l’initiation à la consommation de substances ainsi que les variations de celle-ci.

Discussion

Les résultats montrent la nécessité de favoriser un environnement social favorable au développement de l’identité relative à l’orientation sexuelle. En termes de prévention de la consommation problématique de SPA et de la prise en charge des personnes vivant ces problèmes, il est nécessaire d’intégrer les différentes dimensions du vécu homosexuel.
« Chemsex » chez des hommes français ayant des relations sexuelles avec des hommes
Authors: Léobon Alain , Dussault Éliane , Otis Joanne
Published: August 2019

Le « chemsex » est un phénomène préoccupant relativement à la santé sexuelle des hommes qui ont des relations sexuelles avec d’autres hommes (HRSH). Cet article décrit le profil des consommateurs de substances habituellement liées au « chemsex » dans un échantillon formé des 11 841 répondants de la 4e édition du Net Gay Baromètre français (2013) ayant consommé au moins une substance au cours des 12 derniers mois.

Trois groupes de répondants ont été constitués : groupe 1, ceux qui ont consommé au moins une substance dans les douze derniers mois, excluant les substances liées au « chemsex » (81,3 %) ; groupe 2, les consommateurs occasionnels (1 à 9 fois) de ces substances (14,2 %) ; groupe 3, les consommateurs réguliers (10 fois ou plus) (4,5 %). Les groupes 2 et 3 ont été contrastés au groupe 1 par l’analyse de régression logistique polynomiale.

Les répondants des groupes 2 et 3 se distinguent de ceux du groupe 1 par une prise de risques sexuels plus grande avec les partenaires occasionnels et par des indices de santé plus problématiques. Le groupe 3 affiche, sur toutes ces caractéristiques, un profil de vulnérabilité plus alarmant. Les résultats soulignent l’hétérogénéité des patrons de consommation et des risques pour la santé parmi les consommateurs de substances psychoactives habituellement associées au « chemsex » et l’importance de déployer des interventions qui tiennent compte de ces besoins et vulnérabilités distinctes.
Consommation de substances en contexte sexuel chez des hommes gbHSH de Montréal : 2009-2016
Authors: Blais Martin , Otis Joanne , Lambert Gilles , Cox Joseph , Haig Thomas ,   Groupe de recherche Spot
Published: August 2019

La consommation de substances chez les hommes gais, bisexuels ou ayant des relations sexuelles avec d’autres hommes (gbHSH) constitue un des déterminants des relations sexuelles à risque d’infections transmissibles sexuellement, incluant le VIH. Cet article vise (1) à documenter la prévalence et les tendances temporelles de la consommation d’alcool et de drogues lors des rapports sexuels entre 2009 et 2016 chez des gbHSH montréalais séronégatifs pour le VIH ou de statut inconnu, et (2) à estimer l’association entre la consommation de ces substances et les relations anales à risque d’infection par le VIH (RAR-VIH). L’échantillon est composé de 2 149 gbHSH âgés de 18 à 74 ans qui ont demandé un dépistage du VIH entre 2009 et 2016. La prévalence de consommation lors d’au moins un rapport sexuel sur une période de 3 mois entre 2009 et 2016 était de 55 % pour l’alcool, environ 20 % pour le cannabis et les poppers, 6 à 8 % pour l’ecstasy/MDMA, les médicaments contre la dysfonction érectile et la cocaïne, environ 5 % pour le GHB et le speed et inférieure à 2 % pour la kétamine, le crack, le LSD et l’héroïne. La consommation de la plupart de ces substances (alcool, cannabis, poppers, cocaïne, ecstasy/MDMA, GHB, speed) a décliné entre 2009 et 2014-2015 et a ensuite augmenté légèrement. La consommation de crystal meth a diminué entre 2009 et 2012-2013 et était revenue, en 2016, à son niveau de 2010, alors que celle de la kétamine et des médicaments contre la dysfonction érectile a diminué de 2009 à 2016. Les modèles logistiques montrent que les RAR-VIH étaient significativement associées à la consommation de substances lors des relations sexuelles, avec des ratios de cote variant de 2,13 (pour l’alcool) à 10,49 (pour le crystal meth). Des recommandations visant la prise en compte des enjeux mis en lumière par ces résultats sont proposées.
Pour un système de quantification de la complexité de réalisation pianistique. L’exemple de José Vianna da Motta
Authors: Ferreira João Costa
Published: August 2019

Le point de départ de notre réflexion est l’« intellectualité » du jeu du pianiste et compositeur portugais José Vianna da Motta, régulièrement soulignée par les critiques et les biographes. Pour mesurer ladite « intellectualité », nous avons conçu un système de quantification des processus nécessaires à la réalisation pianistique. En s’appuyant sur ce système, cet article propose une réflexion et une analyse de la complexité relative des solutions pianistiques pour des passages musicaux tirés d’oeuvres et d’éditions de Vianna da Motta.
Parameters of Stretto Use inside the Contrapunctus 5 of the Art of Fugue by Johann Sebastian Bach (BWV 1080, 5)1
Authors: Alevizos Konstantinos G.
Published: August 2019

In this article, my objective is to attempt to connect all the simultaneous compositional processes that J. S. Bach combined in order to create the stretto forms inside the Contrapunctus 5 of the Art of Fugue. The analysis offers a perspective by relating four technical elements present in every stretto of the subject; the distance of entry in each voice, the raw material used, the technique of inversion and the position of dux and comes.
Toucher les souffles marginaux : réflexions sur quelques reflets de la banlieue parisienne au Japon
Authors: Udo Satoshi
Published: August 2019

Cet article vise à montrer comment les Japonais ont observé la banlieue de France au cours des trente dernières années. Il vise également à examiner comment ils ont « traduit » la banlieue, c’est-à-dire comment ils l’ont rendue compréhensible au-delà de sa surface médiatisée, en recourant à la littérature. La littérature japonaise a découvert de nouvelles valeurs dans la banlieue de Tokyo à travers la traduction des littératures occidentales : la banlieue représente un lieu de promenade inspiré par Tourgueniev et basé sur une nouvelle sensibilité envers la nature, ou encore le lieu où les enfants de la classe moyenne sont entourés de soins familiaux, comme le raconte la littérature anglaise pour enfants. Les traductrices japonaises de la littérature de banlieue française tentent de présenter les souffles des personnes qui y vivent, que les recherches scientifiques ou les médias ne sauraient saisir, mais elles ne peuvent s’empêcher, par ailleurs, d’insérer des notes dans leurs traductions pour aider les lecteurs à comprendre le contexte sociologique des oeuvres. À titre d’exemple, Vers la banlieue (1995) d’Horie Toshiyuki est conçu, selon l’auteur, pour représenter la « position » de la banlieue parisienne, tandis que la traduction du roman Le petit Malik de Mabrouck Rachedi (2008) est réalisée pour transmettre les voix de la banlieue. Rachedi aborde pleinement les conditions socioculturelles de la banlieue dans son ouvrage et cette tendance est accentuée par l’apparat de notes dans la traduction. Horie, en revanche, laisse de côté la situation sociologique en traduisant la banlieue de Paris dans les impressions de paysages procurées par les détours livresques. La banlieue reste ainsi un lieu en devenir, où les promeneurs s’égarent en rêveries, et la traduction est un lieu de partage où le sens est suspendu et remis en question.
Aquém da biopolítica: a parte (sem parte) de Jacques Rancière
Authors: Pellejero Eduardo
Published: August 2019

Aquem da biopolitica têm pelo menos dois sentidos quando nos aproximamos da obra de Jacques Rancière. Refere, por um lado, o enclausuramento da política no domínio do que ele denomina de policia, por parte de certas formas da filosofia contemporânea, a conta de uma relação de uma copertença entre o poder e a vida que daria conta do funcionamento das sociedades modernas — nesse sentido, aquem significa uma insuficiência na colocação da questão, o fato de reduzir o problema da política à questão das relações de poder1. Mas aquem da politica refere, por outro lado, a postulação contra-intuitiva da política enquanto processo específico, aquém de toda a partilha policial do sensível, isto é, da política entendida enquanto administração efetiva do comum, seja sob suas figuras históricas hegemónicas, seja sob as suas formas menores emergentes — nesse sentido, aquem diz respeito a um espaço transcendental no qual é possível continuar a colocar a questão da emancipação universal além de qualquer superstição historicista, mas também além de qualquer tentativa de redução da política à ética. Explorar o alcance e os limites desses dois sentidos da reserva crítica de Rancière em relação à questão da biopolítica é o modesto objeto deste artigo.
The complete mitochondrial genome ofPyxicephalus adspersus: high gene rearrangement and phylogenetics of one of the world’s largest frogs
Authors: Cai Yin-Yin , Shen Shi-Qi , Lu Li-Xu , Storey Kenneth B. , Yu Dan-Na , Zhang Jia-Yong
Published: August 2019

The family Pyxicephalidae including two subfamilies (Cacosterninae and Pyxicephalinae) is an ecologically important group of frogs distributed in sub-Saharan Africa. However, its phylogenetic position among the Anura has remained uncertain. The present study determined the complete mitochondrial genome sequence ofPyxicephalus adspersus, the first representative mitochondrial genome from the Pyxicephalinae, and reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships within Ranoidae using 10 mitochondrial protein-coding genes of 59 frog species. TheP. adspersusmitochondrial genome showed major gene rearrangement and an exceptionally long length that is not shared with other Ranoidae species. The genome is 24,317 bp in length, and contains 15 protein-coding genes (including extraCOX3andCyt bgenes), four rRNA genes (including extra12S rRNAand16S rRNAgenes), 29 tRNA genes (including extratRNALeu(UAG),tRNALeu(UUR),tRNAThr,tRNAPro,tRNAPhe,tRNAVal,tRNAGlngenes) and two control regions (CRs). The Dimer-Mitogenome and Tandem duplication and random loss models were used to explain these gene arrangements. Finally, both Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analyses supported the conclusion that Pyxicephalidae was monophyletic and that Pyxicephalidae was the sister clade of (Petropedetidae + Ptychadenidae).
Identification of a nativeBacillus thuringiensisstrain from Sri Lanka active against Dipel-resistantPlutella xylostella
Authors: Baragamaarachchi Rashini Yasara , Samarasekera Jayanetti Koralage Ramani Radhika , Weerasena Ovitigala Vithanage Don Sisira Jagathpriya , Lamour Kurt , Jurat-Fuentes Juan Luis
Published: August 2019

Background

Biopesticides based on strains of the bacteriumBacillus thuringiensis(Bt) are used globally for effective and environmentally friendly pest control. The most serious threat to the sustainable use of these microbial pesticides is the development of resistance on targeted pests. Populations ofPlutella xylostella(diamondback moth) have evolved field resistance to Bt pesticides at diverse locations worldwide. Discovery of novel Bt strains with varied toxin profiles that overcome resistance is one of the strategies to increase sustainability of Bt pesticides againstP. xylostella. In this study, we report isolation and characterization of a Bt strain named AB1 from Sri Lanka displaying toxicity towards larvae ofP. xylostellaresistant to the commercial Bt pesticide Dipel.

Methods

Strains of Bt from diverse environments in Sri Lanka were evaluated for protein crystal production through Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) microscopic examination, and for insecticidal activity againstP. xylostellain bioassays. The genome of the AB1 strain was sequenced by Hiseq Illumina sequencing to identify the insecticidal genes present in the genome and nano liquid chromatography followed by tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC/MS/MS) of purified crystal proteins of AB1 was performed to identify the expressed insecticidal proteins. Multilocus sequence typing andGyrase Bgene sequence analyses were performed to identify the phylogenetic origin of the AB1 strain.

Results

The AB1 strain was identified as producing high levels of bipyramidal crystals and displaying insecticidal activity against susceptible and Dipel-resistant strains ofP. xylostella. Multilocus sequence typing and phylogenetic analysis of theGyrase Bgene identified that AB1 belongs to theB. thuringiensissubsp.aizawaiserotype.Comparative analysis of genomic and proteomic data showed that among the insecticidal protein coding genes annotated from the AB1 genome (cry1Aa,cry1Ca,cry1Da,cry1Ia,cry2Ab andcry9), Cry1Ca and Cry1Da toxins represented most of the toxin fraction in parasporal crystals from AB1. Overall findings warrant further development ofB. thuringiensissubsp.aizawaiAB1 strain as a pesticide to controlP. xylostella.
Heterotopic Ossification of the Elbow: A Literature Review
Authors: Qazi Sohail , Reynolds John , Abdelfattah Hesham , Thoder Joseph
Published: August 2019

Background: Aberrant ectopic bone formation of the elbow is a common clinical presentation after neurologic, burn, and traumatic injuries to the joint. This represents a significant source of patient burden, delayed recovery times and increased medical costs. Although there is an abundance of literature on heterotopic ossification (HO) of the hip, there is little literature on HO of the elbow in comparison.

Aims: This literature review seeks to summarize consensus regarding the appropriate system of classification, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, risk factors, and prophylactic treatment options associated with HO formation of the elbow. Clinicians may utilize this information to identify high risk patient populations for potential prophylactic therapy to prevent the occurrence/complications of HO at the elbow.

Methods: A PubMed literature review was conducted using combinations of the key words “heterotopic ossification,” “elbow,” and “fracture/dislocation.” All study types were considered and relevant articles were utilized for this review.

Results: Higher levels of injury, severe neurologic and burn injuries, delay to surgery, delay in fixation/stabilization of the elbow, multiple surgical treatments, and genetics were correlated with ectopic bone formation. Single dose pre/postoperative radiotherapy with 700cGy or preoperative NSAID regiments were found to be the main prophylactic treatments.

 Conclusion: Clinicians must consider the HO risk profile of their patients as well as the risk factors of treatment before deciding on prophylactic options. Surgical resection is reserved for the most severe cases.
Emerging roles of HECT‐type E3 ubiquitin ligases in autophagy regulation
Authors: Melino Gerry , Cecconi Francesco , Pelicci Pier Giuseppe , Mak Tak Wah , Bernassola Francesca
Published: August 2019

Autophagy is a conserved self‐eating process that delivers cytoplasmic material to the lysosome to allow degradation of intracellular components, including soluble, unfolded and aggregated proteins, damaged organelles, and invading microorganisms. Autophagy provides a homeostatic control mechanism and is essential for balancing sources of energy in response to nutrient stress. Autophagic dysfunction or dysregulation has been implicated in several human pathologies, including cancer and neurodegeneration, and its modulation has substantial potential as a therapeutic strategy. Given the relevant clinical and therapeutic implications of autophagy, there is emerging intense interest in the identification of the key factors regulating the components of the autophagic machinery. Various post‐translational modifications, including ubiquitylation, have been implicated in autophagy control. The list of the E3 ubiquitin protein ligases involved in the regulation of several steps of the autophagic process is continuously growing. In this review, we will focus on recent advances in the understanding of the role of the homologous to the E6AP carboxyl terminus‐type E3 ubiquitin ligases in autophagy control.
Acquaintance Rape
Authors: Lopez Elise C. , Koss Mary P. , Kennon Katelyn
Published: August 2019

Acquaintance rape is defined as rape that is perpetrated by an assailant who is known to any degree by the victim. In early studies, acquaintance rape was sometimes termed “hidden” or “unacknowledged” rape due to lack of reporting and documentation of incidents. Studies have repeatedly shown that acquaintance rape is the most common type of rape as it is estimated to make up 60–80% of all rapes. Like stranger rape, acquaintance rape can cause physical injuries and have psychological consequences for victims. There are both criminal and civil remedies for acquaintance rape cases, and restorative justice approaches have also been tested with some evidence of effectiveness. Current research trends in programming to prevent acquaintance rape include bystander intervention, psychoeducational programs targeting boys and men, and resistance skills training for women.
Affirmative Action and Female
CJS
Workers
Authors: Contreras‐Rios Nancy L.
Published: August 2019

Affirmative action is a strategic legislative political initiative encouraging diversity, increasing access to historically marginalized people, and preventing discrimination in the workplace or other institutions. The criminal justice system is a historically male‐dominated field and provides females with employment opportunities in policing, courts, and corrections. Women fulfill the duties of traditionally heterosexual masculine male occupations and improve sex and gender diversity in the workforce. Female criminal justice employees, however, experience varying adverse conditions in the workplace that males do not have to cope with to the same extent. Self‐identifying female workers can benefit from the criminal justice system's affirmative action implementation programs if structural and organizational subculture changes take place to ensure compliance with the legislation.
A
frican
A
merican Female Victimization
Authors: Jones‐Brown Delores , Samuels Sheila
Published: August 2019

Research and national statistics document that African American females are disproportionately included among victims of violence, including the risk of death during unarmed interactions with the police. They are also overrepresented as victims of interpersonal violence, including nonfatal physical assault, sexual assault, and homicide. Most often this victimization takes place at the hands of a spouse, male partner, or intimate acquaintance. The true extent of this victimization is difficult to assess because African American female victims are reluctant to report their victimization to the police and are reluctant to utilize domestic violence services. There is contradictory evidence regarding how their victimization compares to the victimization of women in other racial and ethnic groups. But there is some consistency among research findings that show their rate of victimization exceeds the rates for all women except females who are American Indian. Victims' income and education level and male joblessness appear to be substantial contributors to risk of victimization. Recent statistics confirm low rates of reported victimization, in general, and higher rates of victimization by strangers. These and other factors contribute to an undercounting of African American female victimization.
Age and Female Victimization
Authors: Levesque Amie
Published: August 2019

Age categories reveal patterns of victimization of women and girls. From the detection of female fetuses, through childhood, and well into adulthood, age patterns of violence against females emerge nationally and globally, and understanding the significance of these categories shapes policies to address violence targeted toward girls and women.
A
rias,
J
odi
Authors: Adams Joshua L.
Published: August 2019

The story of the Jodi Arias investigation reads like a science fiction novel rather than modern day fact. Jodi was suspected and convicted of the first‐degree murder of her boyfriend, Travis Alexander. She provided contradictory accounts of how he died which proved to be her ultimate demise. Her criminal investigation and trial serve as excellent examples of how forensic evidence and police interrogations are crucial in murder investigations.
Best Practices for Women on Parole
Authors: Seabrook Renita L.
Published: August 2019

Effective “best practices” such as gender‐responsive, cognitive‐behavioral therapy, or other evidence‐based approaches have been considered beneficial for female parolees. The implementation of these types of programmatic efforts have contributed to the reduction of recidivism and improved outcomes of positive change.
Best Practices for Women on Probation
Authors: Parker Jaclyn B.
Published: August 2019

Today, women make up nearly 25% of offenders on probation. With this increase in female presence, feminist scholars have dedicated their efforts to determine “what works” for justice‐involved offenders in order to successfully rehabilitate them. It is suggested in the literature that curricula and programs must be gender‐responsive in order to successfully target female offenders. As research demonstrates, women have vastly different pathways to crime than men and, thus, vastly different strategies may be required.
Biosocial Theories of Female Offending
Authors: Wells Jessica
Published: August 2019

The disparity in the gender ratio of female to male offending holds across time and space and is generally present regardless of the method of measurement used. This consistency suggests that the factors underpinning offending may not be purely environmental but may also be influenced by biological underpinnings. Biosocial criminology seeks to explain sex differences in offending through understanding of evolutionary history, genetic and hormonal differences in development, and how these influences interact with environmental and cultural realities. The complex interplay between both environmental and biological factors helps shape offending behavior and may shed light not only on why males tend to offend at greater rates but also why some females offend.
Campus Dating Violence
Authors: Cordner AnnMarie
Published: August 2019

Dating violence incorporates emotional, physical, or sexual abuse in a dating relationship. Both actual violence and the threat of violence are included. Dating violence is a significant problem on college campuses, which is reflected in the programs designed to deal with the issue provided by institutions of higher education. Prevalence, risk factors, and programs for victims are reviewed.
Child Savers Movement
Authors: Wilson Janet K.
Published: August 2019

Borrowing from English justice system reforms originating as early as the sixteenth century, American child savers of the Progressive Era (1890s–1920s) sought to create a juvenile justice system separate from that for adults. Historical accounts of the motivations of these middle‐ and upper‐class female reformers is mixed. One view argues that these women were humanitarians who naturally extended their domestic caregiving activities into the public sphere. The other view argues that these women used their position to inflict their middle class values on lower class and immigrant families, while also enabling the state to enforce order and control on an ever widening number of youthful behaviors. Additionally, the reforms may have been applied only to White juveniles and immigrants, while Black youth continued to experience a separate Jim Crow juvenile justice.
Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: Waid‐Lindberg Courtney A. , Mohr Nicole L.
Published: August 2019

A range of behaviors and situations comprise child sexual abuse. Many incidents of child sexual abuse go unreported. The consequences for child victims vary, but the resiliency of victims and appropriate treatment for all individuals involved and impacted by these events and behaviors can reduce the short‐ and long‐term impact of child sexual abuse. Several steps are involved in the treatment of child victims, perpetrators, and family members affected by child sexual abuse; however, treatment is only effective if programs are adequately staffed and afforded appropriate resources.
Child Soldiers
Authors: Veale Angela
Published: August 2019

While the total number of children recruited and used in active combat has decreased worldwide, social media images of children engaged in terrorist activities has sparked international condemnation of armed forces and groups that use children as soldiers. Girls account for a third of children associated with armed forces and groups globally. Some girls enter armed forces or groups as volunteers but many are abducted for the purposes of sexual slavery. The Paris Principles (UNICEF 2007) instigate that a gender analysis should inform all interventions with child soldiers. Many females return to their communities with children and face unique challenges. New research is exploring the intergenerational impact of child soldiering on formerly associated young women and men, their children, and their communities of return. Policy is moving from a silo approach to supporting child soldiers to one that seeks to strengthen systems that support all war‐affected children.
C
hinchilla,
L
aura
Authors: Gibson Camille
Published: August 2019

Laura Chinchilla is a politician and former Costa Rican president. She has a substantial record of working for the well‐being and advancement of the circumstances of women and children in Latin America and parts of Africa. As a politician and a policy consultant she has advanced judicial and security practices in Latin America.
Chivalry in the Courtroom
Authors: Chernoff William A.
Published: August 2019

The concept of chivalry encompasses a number of thoughts and social practices that regard women and girls as inherently in need of help and protection. As applied to the courts, chivalry is often used to explain disparities in processing decisions, where women and girls are treated with more lenience than men and boys. While unequal treatment by gender is expected under this concept, recent research suggests not all women receive chivalry equally, especially across other social statuses such as race and class. This entry defines chivalry, presents a chivalry hypothesis to explain court processing, reviews corollaries on the application of chivalry, considers an alternative conception of chivalry, and identifies prospects for future research.
Civil Rights Act of 1957: Women's Service on Federal Juries
Authors: Marder Nancy S.
Published: August 2019

In the United States, the Civil Rights Act of 1957 provided that women could serve on juries in federal courts even in states that did not permit women to serve on juries in state courts. For the first time, federal courts had uniform qualifications for jurors. Also for the first time, women could serve as federal jurors regardless of state practice. This change in the law was initiated by the Judicial Conference, the policy‐making body for the federal judiciary, because federal judges saw the need for uniform qualifications for federal jurors and a large pool from which to draw competent federal jurors.
Contrasting Sex and Gender
Authors: Brownfield Kristi
Published: August 2019

This entry explores contrasting definitions between the terms “sex” and “gender,” how the terminology came about, and critiques of the use of two different definitions for “sex” and “gender.”
Crime, Shame and Female Offending
Authors: Fitch Chivon H.
Published: August 2019

The fact that women are more likely to experience feelings of guilt or shame may be linked to lower offending. With regard to gender, there is a growing body of literature that demonstrates that shame can be useful for explaining gender differences in offending because women are more influenced by shame than men.
Cultural Criminology and Female Offending
Authors: Naegler Laura , Salman Sara
Published: August 2019

Since its inception in the mid‐1990s, cultural criminology has focused on the cultural meanings of practices defined as “crime” and the cultural dynamics of criminalization and control in late modernity. Here, culture is understood as the symbolic space in and through which individuals and groups make sense of their being, their actions, and the social and material world. This entry examines the ways in which cultural criminology explains women's acts of crime and deviance, such as their engagement in edgework or terrorism, by offering an analysis which takes seriously agentive forces such as emotions and desires, as well as structures of power and existing patterns of inequality.
Cyberharassment of Women
Authors: Branch Kathryn A.
Published: August 2019

Today, the issue of cyberharassment is especially relevant as online social networks have become an essential part of daily life. Research has suggested that cyberharassment has a negative and distressing impact on victims, often causing the victim involved to change their own behavior (e.g., leave that environment or cease to use the Internet in general) in order to avoid further harmful experiences. Studies reveal gender differences in the experience and impact of cyberharassment that could result in unequal participation online and in a situation where women are unable to occupy a space online without fear of threat or harassment. Research suggests that cyberharassment, and specifically technology‐facilitated sexual violence and sexual harassment, is experienced more frequently by females than males and that these practices seem most commonly experienced by women in their late teens and early twenties.