bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Propensity score‐incorporated adaptive design approaches when incorporating real‐world data
Authors: Lu Nelson , Chen Wei‐Chen , Li Heng , Song Changhong , Tiwari Ram , Wang Chenguang , Xu Yunling , Yue Lilly Q.
Published: November 2023

The propensity score‐integrated composite likelihood (PSCL) method is one method that can be utilized to design and analyze an application when real‐world data (RWD) are leveraged to augment a prospectively designed clinical study. In the PSCL, strata are formed based on propensity scores (PS) such that similar subjects in terms of the baseline covariates from both the current study and RWD sources are placed in the same stratum, and then composite likelihood method is applied to down‐weight the information from the RWD. While PSCL was originally proposed for a fixed design, it can be extended to be applied under an adaptive design framework with the purpose to either potentially claim an early success or to re‐estimate the sample size. In this paper, a general strategy is proposed due to the feature of PSCL. For the possibility of claiming early success, Fisher's combination test is utilized. When the purpose is to re‐estimate the sample size, the proposed procedure is based on the test proposed by Cui, Hung, and Wang. The implementation of these two procedures is demonstrated via an example.
Wireless power transfer system for capsule robot designed by radial square transmitting coil pair with novel ferrite structure
Authors: Wen Renqing , Yan Guozheng , Wang Zhiwu , Zhuang Haoyu , Kuang Shuai
Published: November 2023

Background

Wireless power transmission for capsule robots has always posed challenges due to the unpredictable postures.

Methods

A radial transmitting coil with a novel ferrite structure is proposed, which consists of two parts with the function of converging magnetic induction lines and reducing magnetic leakage. To improve the flux density, uniformity, and shielding effectiveness, the design parameters are discussed and optimized on the basis of analytical calculations and simulation analysis.

Results

The proposed ferrite structure improves the power transfer efficiency from 2.78% to 5.21%. Additionally, the power transfer stability showed a slight improvement from 76.4% to 77.6%, while magnetic leakage was reduced by 84%. Finally, the human tissue safety is also discussed and verified.

Conclusions

The wireless power transfer system is shown to be feasible and safe.
Does gendered wording in job advertisements deter women from joining start‐ups? A replication and extension of Gaucher, Friesen, and Kay (2011)
Authors: Seong Mihwa , Parker Simon C.
Published: November 2023

Research Summary

Gaucher, Friesen, and Kay (2011: “GFK” hereafter) found that women perceive jobs to be less appealing when job adverts use masculine wording—a result they attributed to women's lower evaluations of “belongingness.” As masculine wording is used more often in male‐dominated jobs, GFK concluded that gendered wording in job adverts may deter women from entering such jobs. In light of growing general interest in joining new ventures (“start‐ups”), we replicate and extend GFK's study to compare start‐ups and established firms. Interestingly, we find that GFK's original findings are replicated in the context of start‐ups, but not in established firms. We propose and adduce evidence that the unique context of start‐ups may prime women to respond especially sensitively to gendered wording, via positive expectancy violation.

Managerial Summary

This article builds on a previous study that found masculine wording in job adverts deters women from entering male‐dominated jobs. Our purpose is to try to replicate these findings using a more recent sample of data and distinguishing new ventures (“start‐ups”) from established firms. Interestingly, we show that the prior finding is only replicated in the context of start‐ups and not established firms. Hence, women's responsiveness to gendered wording in job adverts appears to depend on the context. Implications are that incorporating feminine wording in job adverts is likely to be more effective in contexts where women anticipate greater challenges in becoming integrated into the workplace culture. Entrepreneurs' recruitment strategies designed to assemble a diverse workforce should therefore differ from those of established firms.
Kinetically Controlled Synthesis of Quasi‐Square CsPbI3 Nanoplatelets with Excellent Stability
Authors: Chen Mengyun , Zhang Tiankai , Elsukova Anna , Hu Zhangjun , Zhang Rui , Wang Yonghong , Liu Xianjie , Liu Xiaoke , Gao Feng
Published: November 2023

Nanoplatelets (NPLs) share excellent luminescent properties with their symmetric quantum dots counterparts and entail special characters benefiting from the shape, like the thickness‐dependent bandgap and anisotropic luminescence. However, perovskite NPLs, especially those based on iodide, suffer from poor spectral and phase stability. Here, stable CsPbI3 NPLs obtained by accelerating the crystallization process in ambient‐condition synthesis are reported. By this kinetic control, the rectangular NPLs into quasi‐square NPLs are tuned, where enlarged width endows the NPLs with a lower surface‐area‐to‐volume ratio (S/V ratio), leading to lower surficial energy and thus improved endurance against NPL fusion (cause for spectral shift or phase transformation). The accelerated crystallization, denoting the fast nucleation and short period of growth in this report, is enabled by preparing a precursor with complete transformation of PbI2 into intermediates (PbI3−), through an additional iodide supplier (e.g., zinc iodide). The excellent color stability of the materials remains in the light‐emitting diodes under various bias stresses.
Hierarchically Porous Carbon Rods Derived from Metal‐Organic Frameworks for Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Hybrid Capacitors
Authors: Li Hongxia , Liao Quanxing , Liu Yongdong , Li Yunfeng , Niu Xiaohui , Zhang Deyi , Wang Kunjie
Published: November 2023

Aqueous zinc‐ion hybrid capacitors (ZIHCs), as ideal candidates for high energy‐power supply systems, are restricted by unsatisfied energy density and poor cycling durability for further applications. The construction of a surface‐functionalized carbon cathode is an effective strategy for improving the performance of ZIHCs. Herein, a high‐performance ZIHC is achieved using oxygen‐rich hierarchically porous carbon rods (MDPC‐X) prepared by the pyrolysis of a metal‐organic framework (MOF) assisted by KOH activation. The MDPC‐X samples displayed high electric double‐layer capacitance (EDLC) and pseudocapacitance owing to their oxygen‐rich surfaces, abundant electroactive sites, and short ions/electron transfer lengths. The surface oxygen functional groups for the reversible chemical adsorption/desorption of Zn2+ are identified using ex situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Consequently, the as‐assembled ZIHC exhibited a high capacity of 323.4 F g−1 (161.7 mA h g−1) at 0.5 A g−1 and a retention of 147 F g−1 (73.5 mA h g−1) at an ultrahigh current density of 50 A g−1, corresponding to high energy and power densities of 145.5 W h kg−1 and 45 kW kg−1, respectively. Furthermore, an excellent cycling life with 96.5% of capacity retention is also maintained after 10 000 cycles at 10 A g−1, demonstrating its promising potential for applications.
Tuning the Inter‐Nanoplatelet Distance and Coupling Strength by Thermally Induced Ligand Decomposition
Authors: Chen Shuai , Al‐Hilfi Samir H. , Chen Guangbo , Zhang Heng , Zheng Wenhao , Virgilio Lucia Di , Geuchies Jaco J , Wang Junren , Feng Xinliang , Riedinger Andreas , Bonn Mischa , Wang Hai I.
Published: November 2023

CdSe nanoplatelets (NPLs) are promising 2D semiconductors for optoelectronic applications, in which efficient charge transport properties are desirable. It is reported that thermal annealing constitutes an effective strategy to control the optical absorption and electrical properties of CdSe NPLs by tuning the inter‐NPL distance. Combining optical absorption, transmission electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis, it is revealed that the thermal decomposition of ligands (e.g., cadmium myristate) governs the inter‐NPL distance and thus the inter‐NPL electronic coupling strength. Employing ultrafast terahertz spectroscopy, it is shown that this enhanced electronic coupling increases both the free carrier generation efficiency and the short‐range mobility in NPL solids. The results show a straightforward method of controlling the interfacial electronic coupling strength for developing functional optoelectronic devices through thermal treatments.
Telluride‐Based Materials: A Promising Route for High Performance Supercapacitors
Authors: Khan Abdul Jabbar , Sajjad Muhammad , Khan Shaukat , Khan Muhammad , Mateen Abdul , Shah Syed Shaheen , Arshid Numan , He Liang , Ma Zeyu , Gao Ling , Zhao Guowei
Published: November 2023

As supercapacitor (SC) technology continues to evolve, there is a growing need for electrode materials with high energy/power densities and cycling stability. However, research and development of electrode materials with such characteristics is essential for commercialization the SC. To meet this demand, the development of superior electrode materials has become an increasingly critical step. The electrochemical performance of SCs is greatly influenced by various factors such as the reaction mechanism, crystal structure, and kinetics of electron/ion transfer in the electrodes, which have been challenging to address using previously investigated electrode materials like carbon and metal oxides/sulfides. Recently, tellurium and telluride‐based materials have garnered increasing interest in energy storage technology owing to their high electronic conductivity, favorable crystal structure, and excellent volumetric capacity. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental properties and energy storage performance of tellurium‐ and Te‐based materials by introducing their physicochemical properties. First, we elaborate on the significance of tellurides. Next, the charge storage mechanism of functional telluride materials and important synthesis strategies are summarized. Then, research advancements in metal and carbon‐based telluride materials, as well as the effectiveness of tellurides for SCs, were analyzed by emphasizing their essential properties and extensive advantages. Finally, the remaining challenges and prospects for improving the telluride‐based supercapacitive performance are outlined.
Effective gravitational action for 2D massive Majorana fermions on arbitrary genus Riemann surfaces
Authors: Namuduri Manojna , Bilal Adel
Published: November 2023

Abstract

We explore the effective gravitational action for two-dimensional massive Euclidean Majorana fermions in a small mass expansion, continuing and completing the study initiated in a previous paper [1]. We perform a detailed analysis of local zeta functions, heat kernels, and Green’s functions of the Dirac operator on arbitrary Riemann surfaces. We obtain the full expansion of the effective gravitational action to all orders in m2. For genus one and larger, this requires the understanding of the role of the zero-modes of the (massless) Dirac operator which is worked out.

Besides the Liouville action, at order m0, which only involves the background metric and the conformal factor σ, the various contributions to the effective gravitational action at higher orders in m2 can be expressed in terms of integrals of the renormalized Green’s function at coinciding points of the squared (massless) Dirac operator, as well as of higher Green’s functions. In particular, at order m2, these contributions can be re-written as a term ∫ e2σσ characteristic of the Mabuchi action, much as for 2D massive scalars, as well as several other terms that are multi-local in the conformal factor σ and involve the Green’s functions of the massless Dirac operator and the renormalized Green’s function, but for the background metric only, and certain area-like parameters related to the zero-modes.
No logarithmic corrections to entropy in shift-symmetric Gauss-Bonnet gravity
Authors: Liška Marek , Hennigar Robie A. , Kubizňák David
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Employing the covariant phase space formalism, we discuss black hole thermodynamics in four-dimensional scalar-tensor Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity. We argue that logarithmic corrections to Wald entropy previously reported in this theory do not appear, due to the symmetry of the theory under constant shifts of the scalar field. Instead, we obtain the standard Bekenstein entropy of general relativity. Then, to satisfy the first law of black hole mechanics, the Hawking temperature must be modified. It has been proposed that such temperature modifications occur generically in scalar-tensor theories, due to different propagation speeds of gravitons and photons. We show that the temperature modifications also emerge in the Euclidean canonical ensemble approach to black hole thermodynamics. Notably, the boundary terms of the type we consider here can be considered in any scalar-tensor gravitational theories. Hence, we illustrate that adding a suitable boundary term to action may drastically affect black hole thermodynamics, changing both the entropy and the temperature.
Earlier fall precipitation increases the competitive advantage of non-native plant communities in a desert ecosystem
Authors: Bishop Tara B. B. , Barnes Abigail , Nusink Baylie C. , St. Clair Samuel B.
Published: November 2023

Climate change is likely to influence competitive interactions between native and non-native plant species by altering soil resource availability. The objective of this study was to characterize how shifts in fall precipitation timing due to climate change affect plant community assembly of native and non-native plant communities. We selected common non-native annuals and native perennial species from the Great Basin Desert in western North America and grew them in native, non-native, and native + non-native mixed communities. We tested the responses of these three community types to simulated earlier fall precipitation in a full factorial design. Early fall precipitation dramatically increased the height, density, biomass, seed production per unit biomass, and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C:N) of both native and non-native plant communities in comparison with the late precipitation treatment. However, competition with non-native species reduced the positive benefit of early precipitation for the native plant community. When grown in a native-only community, native plant species increased in height (twofold), density (threefold), biomass (13-fold), seed production per unit biomass (18-fold), and C:N (1.3-fold)but not tissue percent nitrogen as compared to a mixed community. In contrast, non-native plant species grown in mixed communities with natives showed little to no reduction in growth and reproduction. While all species benefitted from earlier fall precipitation our data suggest that increased earlier fall precipitation will likely magnify the exclusion of native vegetation by non-native annuals, particularly Bromus tectorum L., which is largely responsible for human-grass-fire cycles in this ecoregion.
Can the Normic de minimis Expected Utility Theory save the de minimis Principle?
Authors: Lundgren Björn , Stefánsson H. Orri
Published: November 2023

Recently, Martin Smith defended a view he called the “normic de minimis expected utility theory”. The basic idea is to integrate a ‘normic’ version of the de minimis principle into an expected utility-based decision theoretical framework. According to the de minimis principle some risks are so small (falling below a threshold) that they can be ignored. While this threshold standardly is defined in terms of some probability, the normic conception of de minimis defines this threshold in terms of abnormality. In this article, we present three independent arguments against the normic de minimis expected utility theory, focusing on its reliance on the de minimis principle.
Seasonal Effects on the Fecal Microbial Composition of Wild Greater Thick-Tailed Galagos (Otolemur crassicaudatus)
Authors: Long Channen , Scheun Juan , Sauther Michelle Linda , Cuozzo Frank P. , Millette James , Tordiffe Adrian Stephen Wolferstan
Published: November 2023

Bacterial communities present in the host digestive tract are important for the breakdown and absorption of nutrients required by the host. Changes in diet and the environment are major factors affecting the composition and diversity of the fecal microbiome. In addition to changes in ambient temperature and rainfall, primates living in seasonal temperate environments also need to adapt to seasonal changes in food resource quantity and quality. However, there is a lack of information about the fecal microbiome in African strepsirrhines relative to other primate taxa. We examined the effects of seasonal dietary and environmental changes on fecal microbial alpha diversity and composition in wild greater thick-tailed galagos (Otolemur crassicaudatus) at Lajuma Research Centre, South Africa. We collected fecal samples and assessed food availability and weather in summer and winter across 1 year and used 16S rRNA next-generation sequencing to characterise the fecal microbiome of 49 animals. We found significant increases in rainfall, ambient temperature, and food availability in summer compared with winter. However, we found no significant changes in body mass or in the overall diversity of bacterial species present in fecal samples between the two seasons. We found significant decreases in the abundance of certain bacterial families in winter, suggesting a change in diet. Our findings suggest that greater thick-tailed galagos can find food resources to maintain their body mass throughout the year. Our insights into the seasonal fecal microbiome of greater thick-tailed galagos add to the growing knowledge and understanding of fecal microbiomes in primates and how they help primates cope with changes to their environments.
Conceptualizing Care: US and Finnish Caregivers’ Reflections on Caregiving within the Family
Authors: Midgette Allegra J. , Ferreira Juliene Madureira
Published: November 2023

The present study investigated how 45 US (N = 25) and Finnish (N = 20) familial caregivers of children conceptualized care within the family. Thematic analysis across the 12 focus groups revealed three main themes, including one that explored the culturally shared ideas of care as “Care as meeting a list of present and future needs,” and two themes that were specifically grounded on the participants’ experiences within their own sociohistorical and cultural context: the US theme of “It’s not easy at all” and the Finnish theme of “The evolution of care.” This study’s findings highlight the culturally situated nature of conceptualizing care and provide evidence of the importance of society in supporting caregivers in their conceptualization and practice of care within the family. Future research should investigate how care is not only conceptualized, but also taught and learned across the lifespan, unraveling the processes that influence how care is understood and practiced.
Oxidative stress in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy treated with allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Cristóbal José Ignacio , Duque Francisco Javier , Usón-Casaús Jesús , Martínez María Salomé , Míguez María Prado , Pérez-Merino Eva María
Published: November 2023

The search for new biomarkers in patients with chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) is ongoing in the human and veterinary medicine fields. Oxidative stress biomarkers (malondialdehyde [MDA], reduced glutathione [GSH], and albumin) have been studied in humans with chronic enteropathies, but among them, only albumin has been studied in dogs with CIE. Moreover, the effect of mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) treatment with or without prednisone on these parameters has never been studied in dogs with CIE. These parameters were compared between healthy dogs (n = 12) and dogs with CIE, and before and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after the treatment with MSCs alone (n = 9) or together with prednisone (n = 11). The relationship between the Canine Inflammatory Bowel Disease Activity Index (CIBDAI) and oxidative stress was evaluated. Albumin was the only parameter that significantly differed between dogs with CIE and healthy dogs (p = 0,037). Differences were observed only in albumin values after combined treatment with MSCs and prednisone. No differences were observed in MDA and GSH after treatment with MSCs with or without prednisone. Albumin could help stage canine CIE, as well as its prognosis, as has already been demonstrated, although it is essential to evaluate this parameter for its antioxidant capacity, and therefore it could be a good biomarker of oxidative stress in this pathology. However, the treatment with MSCs seems unable to modify any of the analyzed oxidative stress parameters.
SMEs on the way to a circular economy: insights from a multi-perspective review
Authors: Ahmadov Tarlan , Durst Susanne , Gerstlberger Wolfgang , Kraut Elisabeth
Published: November 2023

The transition to a circular economy (CE) has garnered widespread attention as a solution to address economic, environmental, and social challenges. While large enterprises and policymakers have made steps in adopting CE practices, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) face unique challenges due to limited resources and expertise. Understanding the multi-level perspective (MLP) is essential for SMEs to successfully transition to a CE, as it considers factors at the micro, meso, and macro levels. However, current research often focuses on single levels, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon through systematic research. To address this need, this study conducts a systematic literature review (SLR) using the MLP framework to analyse existing research on SMEs' transition to a CE. The study aims to identify macro-, meso-, and micro-level factors, actors, and mechanisms influencing the transition process. The SLR contributes to academic understanding by developing a conceptual model that elucidates the dynamics of the circular transition process within SMEs. Additionally, it provides practical recommendations to support SMEs in navigating the transition successfully. The adoption of the MLP framework empowers SMEs, policymakers, industry associations, and consumers to play their roles effectively in driving the CE transition. While the study acknowledges certain limitations, it opens avenues for future research and enhancement of CE practices in SMEs.
Practice patterns, experiences, and challenges of German oncology health care staff with smoking cessation in patients with cancer: a cross-sectional survey study
Authors: Bokemeyer Frederike , Lebherz Lisa , Bokemeyer Carsten , Derksen Jeroen W. G. , Schulz Holger , Bleich Christiane
Published: November 2023

Purpose

Often, cancer patients do not receive education about the negative consequences of smoking on the treatment outcome. To support cancer patients in the process of smoking cessation, it is essential to involve oncology staff. This study aims to learn about the experiences and attitudes from the point of view of oncology staff and, thus, how a smoking intervention should be designed. The study aims to engage all oncology staff due to the unclear responsibility for providing smoking cessation education, support, and motivating cancer patients to quit smoking.

Methods

N = 354 German oncology staff (oncologists, nurses, psycho-oncologists, others) filled out a 5-point Likert scale–based questionnaire regarding practices, potential barriers, and attitudes towards smoking cessation between October 2021 and June 2022. The questionnaire was developed by Derksen et al. (2020), translated and slightly modified for the use of this study. It was distributed to all leading oncology staff in our Cancer Center Network with a request to share with all oncology staff. Flyers were also handed out in all oncology wards and outpatient clinics in the same Cancer Center Network.

Results

Most oncology staff ask cancer patients about their current smoking status (curative, M = 2.27; SD = 1.59; palliative, M = 2.90; SD = 1.83), but they rarely treat or refer patients for a smoking cessation intervention (curative, M = 4.78; SD = 1.20; palliative, M = 4.99; SD = 1.06). Smoking behavior of curative cancer patients is addressed more than that of palliative cancer patients (d =  − 37). Regression analyses of key dependent variables showed that profession, setting, and the belief that continued smoking affects treatment outcome explained the variance of asking patients if they smoke, advising to stop smoking and lack of time (without profession).

Conclusion

Involving oncology staff in motivating cancer patients who smoke to quit and referring them to smoking cessation services should take the different attitudes and knowledge of the staff into account to improve treatment that supports tobacco cessation.

Implications for Cancer Survivors

Cancer patients have special needs when it comes to a cessation program. In the long term, survivors will benefit from tailored smoking cessation education and services provided by oncology staff to help them quit smoking after a cancer diagnosis.
Distinct Microbial Taxa Are Associated with LDL-Cholesterol Reduction after 12 Weeks of Lactobacillus plantarum Intake in Mild Hypercholesterolemia: Results of a Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Kerlikowsky Felix , Müller Mattea , Greupner Theresa , Amend Lena , Strowig Till , Hahn Andreas
Published: November 2023

Probiotic microbes such as Lactobacillus may reduce serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of Lactobacillus plantarum strains CECT7527, CECT7528, and CECT7529 (LP) on the serum lipids, cardiovascular parameters, and fecal gut microbiota composition in patients with mild hypercholesterolemia. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial with 86 healthy adult participants with untreated elevated LDL cholesterol ≥ 160 mg/dl was conducted. Participants were randomly allocated to either placebo or LP (1.2 × 109 CFU/d) for 12 weeks. LDL, HDL, TC, and triglycerides (TG), cardiovascular parameters (blood pressure, arterial stiffness), and fecal gut microbiota composition (16S rRNA gene sequencing) were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks. Both groups were comparable regarding age, sex, and LDL-C at baseline. LDL-C decreased (mean decrease − 6.6 mg/dl ±  − 14.0 mg/dl, Ptime*group = 0.006) in the LP group but not in the placebo group. No effects were observed on HDL, TG, or cardiovascular parameters or overall gut microbiota composition. Responders to LP intervention (> 5% LDL-C reduction) were characterized by higher BMI, pronounced TC reduction, higher abundance of fecal Roseburia, and lower abundance of Oscillibacter. In conclusion, 12 weeks of L. plantarum intake moderately reduced LDL-C and TC as compared to placebo. LDL-C-lowering efficacy of L. plantarum strains may potentially be dependent on individual difference in the gut microbiota. Trial registration: DRKS00020384, dated 07/01/2020.
Parameterizations of Snow Cover, Snow Albedo and Snow Density in Land Surface Models: A Comparative Review
Authors: Lee Won Young , Gim Hyeon-Ju , Park Seon Ki
Published: November 2023

Snow plays a vital role in the interaction between land and atmosphere in the state-of-the-art land surface models (LSMs) and the real world. While snow plays a crucial role as a boundary condition in meteorological applications and serves as a vital water resource in certain regions, the acquisition of its observational data poses significant challenges. An effective alternative lies in utilizing simulation data generated by Land Surface Models (LSMs), which accurately calculate the snow-related physical processes. The LSMs show significant differences in the complexities of the snow parameterizations in terms of variables and processes considered. In this regard, the synthetic intercomparisons of the snow physics in the LSMs can give insight for further improvement of each LSM. This study revealed and discussed the differences in the parameterizations among LSMs related to snow cover fraction, albedo, and snow density. We selected the most popular and well-documented LSMs embedded in the earth system models or operational forecasting systems. We examined single-layer schemes, including the Unified Noah Land Surface Model (Noah LSM), the Hydrology Tiled ECMWF Scheme of Surface Exchanges over Land (HTESSEL), the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS), the Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS), the University of Torino land surface Process Interaction model in Atmosphere (UTOPIA), and multilayer schemes of intermediate complexity including the Community Noah Land Surface Model with Multi-Parameterization Options (Noah-MP), the Community Land Model version 5 (CLM5), the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES), and the Interaction Soil-Biosphere-Atmosphere (ISBA). Through the comparison analysis, we emphasized that inclusion of geomorphic and vegetation-related variables such as elevation, slope, time-varying roughness length, and vegetation indexes as well as optimized parameters for specific regions, in the snow-related physical processes, are crucial for further improvement of the LSMs.
Advocacy and Open Science in the UK: Case Studies in the Autism Wars
Authors: Keenan Mickey , Dillenburger Karola
Published: November 2023

Individuals on the autism spectrum experience a wide range of support needs and it comes as no surprise that opinions differ as to the best way to provide necessary supports. Some articulate self-advocates argue that societal acceptance of neurodiversity is the key issue. These views have clashed with those of parents and professionals who advocate for access to evidence-based interventions for profoundly autistic children and adults. The consequences of these kinds of differing opinions are so far-reaching that the term “autism wars” was coined. In this article, we argue that although acceptance of diversity is obviously important, this should include an openness to diverse scientific traditions, especially if lack of such openness limits public policy and adversely affects individuals and families. “Open Science” holds much promise in many fields, but its influence cannot be taken for granted when it comes to evidence-based support practices that are grounded in the science of behavior analysis. Benefiting from open science in autism research requires well-developed advocacy skills. To illustrate, we use case studies from the UK, where advocates of open science have met with intractable obstacles.
Cost-Effective and Environmentally Friendly Mass Manufacturing of Optical Metasurfaces Towards Practical Applications and Commercialization
Authors: Seong Junhwa , Jeon Youngsun , Yang Younghwan , Badloe Trevon , Rho Junsuk
Published: November 2023

Optical metasurfaces consisting of two-dimensional nanostructures have rapidly developed over the past two decades thanks to their potential for use as optical components, such as metalenses or metaholograms, with ultra-compact form factors. Despite these rapid developments, major challenges for the commercialization of metasurfaces still remain: namely their mass production and use in real-life devices. A lot of effort has been made to overcome the limitations of electron beam lithography which is commonly used to fabricate metasurfaces. However, a breakthrough in mass production is still required to bring the cost of metasurfaces down into the price range of conventional optics. This review covers deep-ultraviolet lithography, nanoimprint lithography, and self-assembly-based fabrication processes that have the potential for the mass production of both cost-effective and environmentally friendly metasurfaces. We then discuss metalenses and future displays/sensors that are expected to take advantage of these mass-produced metasurfaces. The potential applications of mass-produced optical metasurfaces will open a new realm for their practical applications and commercialization.
Study and application of a continuous inversion model of coal seam gas pressure in front area of heading face
Authors: Shu Longyong , Ma Yankun , Liu Zhengshuai , Li Hongyan
Published: November 2023

The gas pressure in front area of heading face is essential to dynamically evaluate coal and gas outburst during coal mining. In this work, a novel inversion model of gas pressure in front area of the heading face was established on premise of the hypothesis that a time-dependent zone of steady flow exists within newly exposed face. The key parameters in the inversion model were obtained based on the gas emission models and field data of gas emission rate in different times, which were used to calculate the volumes of gas emission from different sources. The results show that the percentage of gas emission from the heading face, coal wall and collapsed coal ranges from 7% to 47%, 47% to 82% and 2% to 11%, respectively. Based on the calculated volumes of gas emission and gas pressure inversion model, the gas pressure was obtained and transformed to the gas content. The absolute errors between the gas content tested and transformed in every hour is 0.4%–33%, which proved the rationality of gas pressure inversion model. Furthermore, the daily drifting footage, the radius of gas pressure boundary and the gas permeability coefficient of coal seam were confirmed to have a great effect on the result of gas pressure inversion. The inversion results verify that the speedy excavation can increase the risk of coal and gas outburst. This work produces a useful method for gas disaster prevention and control that converts the gas emission rate to an index of gas pressure within coal seam.
Nanoparticle Exsolution on Perovskite Oxides: Insights into Mechanism, Characteristics and Novel Strategies
Authors: Kim Yo Han , Jeong Hyeongwon , Won Bo-Ram , Jeon Hyejin , Park Chan-ho , Park Dayoung , Kim Yeeun , Lee Somi , Myung Jae-ha
Published: November 2023

Supported nanoparticles have attracted considerable attention as a promising catalyst for achieving unique properties in numerous applications, including fuel cells, chemical conversion, and batteries. Nanocatalysts demonstrate high activity by expanding the number of active sites, but they also intensify deactivation issues, such as agglomeration and poisoning, simultaneously. Exsolution for bottom-up synthesis of supported nanoparticles has emerged as a breakthrough technique to overcome limitations associated with conventional nanomaterials. Nanoparticles are uniformly exsolved from perovskite oxide supports and socketed into the oxide support by a one-step reduction process. Their uniformity and stability, resulting from the socketed structure, play a crucial role in the development of novel nanocatalysts. Recently, tremendous research efforts have been dedicated to further controlling exsolution particles. To effectively address exsolution at a more precise level, understanding the underlying mechanism is essential. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the exsolution mechanism, with a focus on its driving force, processes, properties, and synergetic strategies, as well as new pathways for optimizing nanocatalysts in diverse applications.
Effectiveness and conduct of macroprudential policy in Indonesia in 2003–2020: Evidence from the structural VAR models
Authors: Dąbrowski Marek A. , Widiantoro Dimas Mukhlas
Published: November 2023

The paper examines the effectiveness of macroprudential policy in Indonesia and policy reactions to economic developments. Using the structural vector autoregression and data on the regulatory LTV ratio, we investigate the policy effectiveness in controlling credit growth and real property prices along with the effects on economic activity. We find that the LTV-based policy in Indonesia is effective in taming credit growth in the medium run. It, however, is not the case with real property prices whose response to policy changes is counterintuitive and resembles the price puzzle found in the studies on monetary policy. Moreover, our results lend moderate support to the effect of LTV policy on economic activity, especially in the non-COVID-19 sample. We also show that the LTV policy in Indonesia is conducted in an active and circumspective way. In a series of robustness checks, we demonstrate that the results hold when the ordering of variables is changed, alternative proxies for macroprudential policy, output gap, and financial conditions are employed, or the sample is limited to the non-COVID-19 period.
Technological capabilities and sustainability aspects of metal additive manufacturing
Authors: Ferreira Bruna Torres , de Campos António Alves , Casati Ricardo , Gonçalves Afonso , Leite Marco , Ribeiro Inês
Published: November 2023

Additive manufacturing technologies can produce complex components in a more efficient and environmentally sustainable way when compared with conventional manufacturing technologies. These advantages are expected to keep cementing Additive manufacturing role in several industries. Additive manufacturing technologies are fast-improving technologies with an estimated doubling of performance on average every five years. These fast developments make it difficult to keep track of current technological capabilities and environmental impacts. Among the most relevant additive manufacturing technologies there are the metal additive technologies of Powder Bed Fusion, Directed Energy Deposition and Binder Jetting. This paper assesses the current technological capabilities and environmental impact of these technologies. For that, resorting to data from literature, technical reports and company data sheets, the technological steps are defined, the relevant process parameters are established, and qualitative and quantitative data is gathered. A set of visualizations of process capabilities and their environmental impact is performed with the intent of helping designers and engineers with decision-making. It is also interesting for the research community to visualize and understand the current capabilities and to establish roadmaps for research. Limitations of this study include data currently available for each parameter, and the shortage of data for the environmental calculations.
Effect of replacing B2O3 with Dy2O3 on the structural, physical, and radiation shielding properties of sodium boroaluminate glass
Authors: Bendary A. A. , Gomaa Hosam M. , Moneep A. M. , Atta M. R. , Abdel-Moety A. S. , Ibrahim Ali. M. , Sayyed M. I.
Published: November 2023

In this work, some transparent aluminum sodium borate-based glasses containing Dy2O3 have been prepared using the melt quenching method. The incorporation of Dy3+ ions in the glass network leads to increase and decrease the density and molar volume, respectively. The structural properties are investigated by XRD and FTIR spectroscopy. It is revealed that addition of Dy2O3 causes a conversion of boron coordination from BO4 to BO3, which indicates the increase in the number of non-bridging oxygen. Therefore, the optical band gap is found to decrease as the Dy3+ ions content increases. The temperature dependences of dielectric constant and AC conductivity are studied at different frequencies. The electric conductivity and dielectric parameters decrease with increasing Dy3+ content due to the decrease in Na+ ions mobility due to the blocking effect of Dy3+ cations in the glass network. The shielding factors have been evaluated for the prepared glasses with the help of Phy-X program. The maximum linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) is found at 0.284 MeV and varied between 0.125 and 0.140 cm−1. The results revealed that the incorporation of Dy2O3 into the glasses has a substantial effect on the Zeff.. The value of the Zeff for the D1 sample, which does not include any Dy2O3, stays relatively the same, ranging around 7.51. We found that the rate of reduction in Zeff was significantly high when the energy of the photons is smaller than 0.826 MeV. From the Zeff data, we found that the addition of Dy2O3 to the glasses improves both their capacity to absorb and their capability to scatter ionizing radiation.
Enhanced shear strength of a medical adhesive due to an antimicrobial additive
Authors: Farnsworth Alexander J. , Holland Kayla M. , Zaugg Aaron L. , Pauga Fetutasi , Drake Shane M. , Savage Paul B. , Patterson James E.
Published: November 2023

Adhesives play a crucial role in many industries, including medicine, construction, and electronics. In the medical field, additives may be incorporated into adhesives to enhance drug delivery or prevent infection. This study explored the effects of two antimicrobial ceragenin (CSA) additives, CSA-44 and CSA-131, on the shear strength of a polyacrylate pressure sensitive adhesive. Strength of the adhesive bond was determined by lap shear tests. The adhesive formulation with CSA-131 exhibited significantly higher shear strength, 84.5 N, compared to the formulation with CSA-44 or the neat adhesive, 22.5 and 19.5 N, respectively. Preliminary analysis suggests that the longer hydrocarbon chains in CSA-131 enhance van der Waals forces, leading to improved adhesion to the nonpolar substrate. These findings shed light on possible molecular design principles for optimizing the properties of adhesive formulations.

Article highlights

Two antimicrobial additives were shown to have no negative impact on the performance of a medical adhesive.

One additive, CSA-131, improved the shear strength of the adhesive formulation relative to the neat adhesive.

Differences in shear strength of the adhesive formulation are likely linked to the molecular structure of the additives.
Incidence of back pain from initial presentation to 3 years of follow-up in subjects with untreated adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
Authors: Lau Kenney Ki Lee , Kwan Kenny Yat Hong , Cheung Jason Pui Yin , Wong Janus Siu Him , Shea Graham Ka Hon , Law Karlen Ka Pui , Cheung Kenneth Man Chee
Published: November 2023

Background

Although back pain may be present in subjects with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), its natural history is unknown. Therefore, this study evaluated the incidence of back pain in scoliotic adolescents longitudinally.

Methods

This retrospective analysis examined prospectively collected pain subscale data of the Scoliosis Research Society questionnaire between the initial presentation and up to 3 years of follow-up. Consecutive subjects with AIS aged 10–18 at baseline managed by observation within the study period were included. Study subjects with at least one time point of follow-up data were considered. Alternatively, a group with physiotherapy-treated was also included for comparison.

Results

We enrolled 428 subjects under observation. The incidence of back pain among study subjects was 14.7%, 18.8%, and 19.0% for the first year, second year, and third year of follow-up, respectively. Most experienced mild pain (1 out of 5 points) throughout the study. Neither incidence nor intensity of pain significantly differed between subjects under observation and received physiotherapy. Additionally, study subjects with a new onset of back pain had poorer function, self-image, and mental health scores than those without pain.

Conclusion

We investigated the incidence of back pain longitudinally in subjects suffering from AIS. Further validation of the current results is warranted.
Situation awareness in Sweden’s emergency medical services: a goal-directed task analysis
Authors: Andersson Ulf , Maurin Söderholm Hanna , Andersson Hagiwara Magnus , Andersson Henrik
Published: November 2023

Situation awareness is knowing what is going on in the situation. Clinicians working in the emergency medical services (EMS) encounter numerous situations in various conditions, and to be able to provide efficient and patient safe care they need to understand what is going on and possible projections of the current situation. The design of this study encompassed a Goal-Directed Task analysis where situation awareness information requirements were mapped in relation to goals related to various aspects of the EMS mission. A group of 30 EMS subject matter experts were recruited and answered a web-based survey in three rounds related to what they though themselves or a colleague might need to achieve situation awareness related to the specific goals of various situations. The answers were analysed using content analysis and descriptive statistics. Answers reached consensus at a predetermined level of 75%. Those who reached consensus were entered into the final goal-directed task analysis protocol. The findings presented that EMS clinicians must rely on their own, or their colleagues prior experience or knowledge to achieve situation awareness. This suggests that individual expertise plays a crucial role in developing situation awareness. There also seems to be limited support for situation awareness from organizational guidelines. Furthermore, achieving situation awareness also involves collaborative efforts from the individuals involved in the situation. These findings could add to the foundation for further investigation in this area which could contribute to the development of strategies and tools to enhance situation awareness among EMS clinicians, ultimately improving patient care and safety.
The MAGPI survey: Drivers of kinematic asymmetries in the ionised gas ofz∼ 0.3 star-forming galaxies
Authors: Bagge R.S. , Foster C. , Battisti A. , Bellstedt S. , Mun M. , Harborne K. , Barsanti S. , Mendel T. , Brough S. , Croom S.M. , Lagos C.D.P. , Mukherjee T. , Peng Y. , Remus R.-S. , Santucci G. , Sharda P. , Thater S. , van de Sande J. , Valenzuela L.M. , Wisnioski E. , Zafar T. , Ziegler B.
Published: November 2023

Galaxy gas kinematics are sensitive to the physical processes that contribute to a galaxy’s evolution. It is expected that external processes will cause more significant kinematic disturbances in the outer regions, while internal processes will cause more disturbances for the inner regions. Using a subsample of 47 galaxies ($0.27<z<0.36$) from the Middle Ages Galaxy Properties with Integral Field Spectroscopy (MAGPI) survey, we conduct a study into the source of kinematic disturbances by measuring the asymmetry present in the ionised gas line-of-sight velocity maps at the$0.5R_e$(inner regions) and$1.5R_e$(outer regions) elliptical annuli. By comparing the inner and outer kinematic asymmetries, we aim to better understand what physical processes are driving the asymmetries in galaxies. We find the local environment plays a role in kinematic disturbance, in agreement with other integral field spectroscopy studies of the local universe, with most asymmetric systems being in close proximity to a more massive neighbour. We do not find evidence suggesting that hosting an Active Galactic Nucleus contributes to asymmetry within the inner regions, with some caveats due to emission line modelling. In contrast to previous studies, we do not find evidence that processes leading to asymmetry also enhance star formation in MAGPI galaxies. Finally, we find a weak anti-correlation between stellar mass and asymmetry (i.e., high stellar mass galaxies are less asymmetric). We conclude by discussing possible sources driving the asymmetry in the ionised gas, such as disturbances being present in the colder gas phase (either molecular or atomic) prior to the gas being ionised, and non-axisymmetric features (e.g., a bar) being present in the galactic disk. Our results highlight the complex interplay between ionised gas kinematic disturbances and physical processes involved in galaxy evolution.