bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of spiro(cyclohexa-diene-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-4-ylidene)-malononitrile derivatives
Authors: Ibrahim Yusria R.
Published: December 2009

The reaction of 4-substituted aryldiazenyl-1 H-pyrazole-3,5-diamines with 7,7′,8,8′-tetra-cyanoquinodimethane gave 2-(2′,7′-diamino-6′-cyano-3′-(aryldiazenyl)-4′ H-spiro(cyclohexa[2,5]-diene-1,5′-pyrazolo[1,5- a]pyrimidine-4-ylidene) malononitriles in 63–79% yield, while, by reaction of 2-aminobenzimidazole with 7,7′,8,8′-tetracyanoquinodimethane, 2-(3′-amino-4′-cyano-6′ H-spiro-(cyclohexa[2′,5′]diene-1,5′-benzo( d)-imidazo[1,2- a]pyrimidine)-4-ylidene)malononitrile was formed in 71% yield. Rationales for these transformations are presented.
Gliricidia leaves decomposition: The effect of particle size on microbial respiration
Authors: Walpola BC , Kumara KKIU Aruna , Senanayake AP , Wanniarachchi SD
Published: December 2009

Legume leaves used as green manure are a potential alternative to commercial fertilizers for non-legume crop production. Therefore, many researches have been conducted to understand the pattern of legume leaf decomposition and its release of nutrients. A study on Gliricidia leaves decomposition was conducted under laboratory conditions to elucidate the effect of grinding size of Gliricidia leaves (S1 = ≤ 0.5 mm, S2 = 4 mm, and S3 = 9 mm) on microbial respiration and N mineralization after incorporation in to the soil. The early stages of the incubation were found to be significantly influenced by the particle size of the Gliricidia leaves. Particle size S2 (4 mm) was reported to exhibit the highest C and NH4+-N mineralization. However, in the case of NO3+-N mineralization, no treatment was found to be significant. It could thus be hypothesized that physical protection of finely ground (< 0.5 mm) Gliricidia leaves was responsible for the relatively low rates of decomposition. Key Words: Decomposition, mineralization, Gliricidia leaves. DOI:  10.3329/bjar.v34i3.3957 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(3) : 343-350, September 2009
Study on phenology and yielding ability of Basmati fine rice genotypes as influenced by planting date in aman season
Authors: Mannan MA , Bhuiya MSU , Hossain SMA , Akhand MIM
Published: December 2009

The experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute Farm, Gazipur in Aman season to determine the optimum time of planting and to find out the genotypes having high yield potential. Fine rice genotypes Basmati PNR, Basmati 370, Basmati 375, and Basmati-D were transplanted from 22 July and continued upto 7 October at an interval of 15 days both in 1999 and 2000. Thirty-day old seedlings were transplanted at a spacing of 20 cm x 15 cm. The tallest plant was found in the early-planted crop at maturity. Crop planted from 7 August to 7 September gave more number of tillers per m2, panicles per m2 and grains per panicle which resulted in higher grain yield. Compared to the 22 August planting, grain yield decreased by 11, 10, 10, 26, and 61 percent, respectively, when the crop was planted on 22 July, 7 August, 7 September, 22 September, and 7 October. The growth duration of the genotypes decreased with the advancement of planting date. Among the genotypes, Basmati PNR gave maximum grain yield followed by Basmati-D due to more number of panicles and lower percentage of spikelet sterility. The lower grain yield was found in Basmati 370 irrespective of planting date due to lower number of panicles and high percentage of spikelet sterility. The Basmati PNR matured 5-12 days earlier than the rest of the test genotypes. Thus, fine rice Basmati PNR and Basmati-D were most suitable to obtain higher grain yield when planted within 17-21 August. Key Words: Basmati rice, time of planting, Aman season. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i3.3962 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(3) : 373-384, September 2009
Effect of different levels of NAA on in vitro growth and development of shoots of Dendrobium orchid
Authors: Parvin MS , Haque ME , Akhter F , Moniruzzaman M , Khaldun ABM
Published: December 2009

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of growth regulator NAA on in vitro shoot proliferation, rooting, and plantlet establishment. Among the different concentrations of NAA, the best increase in shoot weight (0.25 g) and shoot number (8.83) were observed from 0.1 mg/I NAA. The highest shoot length (2.60 cm), number of leaves (4.83), number of roots (5.15), and root length (2.67 cm) were obtained with 0.2 mg/I NAA at 60 DAT. Key Words: Dendrobium orchid, NAA, MS media. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i3.3966 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(3) : 411-416, September 2009
Effect of dehaulming on yield of seed potatoes
Authors: Mahmud AA , Akhter Sajeda , Hossain MJ , Bhuiyan MKR , Hoque MA
Published: December 2009

The yield of seed size tubers was assessed in five standard potato cultivars (Cardinal, Multa, Ailsa, Heera, and Dheera) in relation to dates of dehaulming (65, 70, and 80 days after planting) in a Seed Potato Production Farm, Debijong, Panchagarh during 1996-97 and 1997-98. Dehaulming at 70 days gave maximum seed size tubers (19.75 t/ha ≈ 76%) but significantly identical to 75 days (19.56 t/ha ≈70%) and 80 days (18.69 t/ha ≈ 63%). Considering all the parameters studied, the performance of Heera proved to be best among the cultivars grown. Among the cultivars, the maximum seed tuber yield was recorded from Cardinal at 80 DAP followed by Heera and Cardinal at 70 DAP, Dheera and Ailsa at 75 DAP. In general, most of the cultivars gave the maximum seed tuber yield when the crop was dehaulmed at 70 and 80 DAP and the lowest from 65 DAP. Key Words: Dehaulming, potato, seed production. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i3.3970 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(3) : 443-448, September 2009
Effect of fertilizer and variety on the yield of sweet potato
Authors: Ali MR , Costa DJ , Abedin MJ , Sayed MA , Basak NC
Published: December 2009

The field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2005-06 in the farmer's field of Multi-location Testing (MLT) site, Melandah, Jamalpur to evaluate the performance of sweet potato varieties as well as to determine the optimum dose of fertilizer of sweet potato. Two varieties of sweet potato viz., i) BARI Sweet Potato-5 and ii) BARI Sweet Potato-7 and five fertilizer doses viz., i) Estimated fertilizer dose for average yield goal (EDI for average yield goal), ii) Integrated Plant Nutrient System (IPNS) basis fertilizer dose, iii) Fertilizer Recommendation Guide' 97, iv) Farmer's practice, and v) Control. The highest sweet potato yield was obtained from BARI SP-7 with (IPNS) basis fertilizer doses (33.9 t/ha). The lowest sweet potato yield was obtained from BARI SP-7 with control treatment. The highest gross return (112700 Tk./ha) and gross margin (10756 Tk./ha) was recorded from IPNS basis fertilizer treatment. The lowest gross return (40950 Tk./ha) and gross margin (40951) Tk./ha) was recorded from control treatment. But the cost and return analysis showed that the highest benefit cost ratio (24.95) and marginal rate of return (1452) was found from FRG/97 treatment due to lower additional cost. Key Words: Fertilizer, IPNS, sweet potato varieties and yield. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i3.3974 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(3) : 473-480, September 2009
Role of serum cardiac Troponin-I for risk stratification in first attack in acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Joarder Md Sahabuddin , Jafarullah Md , Moinuddin Ahmed
Published: December 2009

Introduction: Cardiac troponin-I (cTnI) is known to have the highest specificity and analytic sensitivity for detection of myocardial injury; it is used both as diagnostic and prognostic marker. This study was aimed to confirm this idea. Subjects & methods: This prospective observational study included 60 patients of 40 to 65 years age range diagnosed as acute myocardial infarction. The mean ages were 50±8 years and 53±8 years in Q -wave AMI and non Q-wave AMI respectively. Male and female patients included were 86.7% and 13.3%; BMI was 25.3±1.5. Results: Study showed troponin-I 7.53±0.086 ng/ml in Q wave and in non Q-wave AMI was 6.38±0.64 ng/ml after 24 hours of attack of AMI without any significant difference between two groups (P>0.05). The mean troponin-I within 9 hours of attack, were 1.60±0.80 ng/ml and 2.7±1.4 ng/ml in stable and unstable group respectively and the difference found statistically significant (P<0.05). The mean troponin-I between 9-24 hours of attack were 2.90±1.20 ng/ml and 4.90±3.20 ng/ml in stable and unstable group respectively and the difference found statistically significant (P<0.01). The mean troponin-I in unstable group after 24 hours was 9.20±4.30 ng/ml which was more than between 9-24 hours and the difference was significant (P>0.001). In clinicopathological outcome evaluation 37 patients had troponin-I level >1.5 ng/ml in which 29 patients developed unstability and 8 patients were stable. Conclusion: Serum cTnI is better and more characteristic biomarker for risk prediction and prognosis evaluation in AMI patients. Key words: Cardiac Troponin-I, acute myocardial infarction, risk stratification.   DOI: 10.3329/bjms.v8i3.3984 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.8(3) 2009 p57-63
Width of attached gingiva in an Indian population: A descriptive study
Authors: Shaju Jacob P , Zade RM
Published: December 2009

Objectives: Attached gingiva is important for maintaining periodontium in a healthy state. The present study tries to find the normal values of width of attached gingiva in a periodontally healthy Indian population. Material and Methods: The width of attached gingiva was measured with a periodontal probe in periodontally healthy patients attending the periodontics department. Descriptive statistical analysis was done to get the mean, which will represent the normal values of width of attached gingiva for the population. Results: Female patients had a greater width than males and the 20 to 30 year old group had the greatest width of attached gingiva. The mean values of attached gingiva varied in different areas of the mouth with greatest width in maxillary central incisors and least in mandibular molars. Conclusion: Width of attached gingiva varies with age, gender and in different areas of the mouth. Key words: Periodontium, gingiva, health DOI: 10.3329/bjms.v8i3.3985 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.8(3) 2009 p64-67
Electricity Consumption and GHG Emissions in GCC Countries
Authors: Qader Mohammed Redha
Published: December 2009

CO2, N2O, and CH4 are the three most widespread Greenhouse Gases (GHGs). Electricity consumption and the related CO2-equivalent gas emissions resulting from oil and gas combustion for the six countries that comprise the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf [Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Qatar; also referred to as the Gulf Cooperation Council, GCC)] have been compared. The analysis of the relevant data shows that GCC countries contribute significantly to the global CO2 emissions, and that the majority of their emissions are concentrated in the energy extraction and conversion sectors, mainly from oil drilling and electricity production. Some analysis is offered as to the reasons behind the excessive increase in the electrical demand that is obviously linked to a non-rational pattern of electricity consumption.
Surface Chemistry in Nanoscale Materials
Authors: Biener Jürgen , Wittstock Arne , Baumann Theodore  F. , Weissmüller Jörg , Bäumer Marcus , Hamza Alex  V.
Published: December 2009

Although surfaces or, more precisely, the surface atomic and electronic structure, determine the way materials interact with their environment, the influence of surface chemistry on the bulk of the material is generally considered to be small. However, in the case of high surface area materials such as nanoporous solids, surface properties can start to dominate the overall material behavior. This allows one to create new materials with physical and chemical properties that are no longer determined by the bulk material, but by their nanoscale architectures. Here, we discuss several examples, ranging from nanoporous gold to surface engineered carbon aerogels that demonstrate the tuneability of nanoporous solids for sustainable energy applications.
Activity of Isatine-Sulfadimidine Derivatives against 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus in Cell Culture
Authors: Selvam Periyasamy , Chandramohan Markandavel , Hurst Brett L , Smee Donald F
Published: December 2009

Background:

The development of antiviral drugs has provided crucial new means to mitigate or relieve the debilitating effects of many viral pathogens. New classes of inhibitors are essential to combat swine influenza viral infection.

Methods:

A series of isatine-sulfadimidine derivatives were screened for antiviral activity against swine influenza A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) virus in Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell culture. Cytotoxicity of the synthesized compounds was also tested in uninfected MDCK cells.

Results:

All the compounds inhibit the influenza A (H1N1) in MDCK cells. The most active compounds, SPIII-5Br and SPIII-5H, inhibited virus-induced cytopathology by 50% at 27 and 30 μM, respectively, with 50% cytotoxicity occurring at a much higher dose (975–1,000 μM). The positive control compound ribavirin inhibits the replication of the virus at 18 μM and cytotoxic concentration was found to be >1,000 μM.

Conclusions:

SPIII-5Br and SPIII-5H exhibited potency in the same range as ribavirin and are suitable candidate molecules for further investigation.
Ciliated Foregut Cyst of the Gallbladder: Report of a Case and Review of Literature
Authors: Bulut Asiye Şafak , Karayalçın Kaan
Published: December 2009

Cystic lesions of the gallbladder are very rare and they are generally lined by single columnar or mucinous epithelium. A ciliated cyst of foregut origin is extremely rare in gallbladder. To our knowledge, only five cases have been reported so far. Here, we present the sixth case found incidentally in ultrasonographic examination in a 41-year-old woman suffering from chronic right upper quadrant pain. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed for the gallstones and a benign appearing cyst in ultrasonography. Macroscopically, a submucosal unilocular cyst was located in the neck of the gallbladder. There was no communication with the lumen. Histologically, the cyst was lined by pseudostratified ciliated epithelium containing goblet cells and had a muscular wall. The postoperative course was uneventful. Patient was discharged on the second day of the operation and was well after 2 months.
On loneliness and the value of slow reflection
Authors: Van Marle Karin
Published: December 2009

In this article, the author considers the relationship of law, morality and reconciliation. Intrigued by the political and ethical stances taken by Arendt and McCarthy, the author supports notions of detachment, slowness and social reconciliation concerning contemporary political and ethical questions.
White Electroluminescence by Supramolecular Control of Energy Transfer in Blends of Organic‐Soluble Encapsulated Polyfluorenes
Authors: Brovelli Sergio , Meinardi Francesco , Winroth Gustaf , Fenwick Oliver , Sforazzini Giuseppe , Frampton Michael J. , Zalewski Leszek , Levitt James A. , Marinello Francesco , Schiavuta Piero , Suhling Klaus , Anderson Harry L. , Cacialli Franco
Published: December 2009

Here, it is demonstrated that energy transfer in a blend of semiconducting polymers can be strongly reduced by non‐covalent encapsulation of one constituent, ensured by threading of the conjugated strands into functionalized cyclodextrins. Such macrocycles control the minimum intermolecular distance of chromophores with similar alignment, at the nanoscale, and therefore the relevant energy transfer rates, thus enabling fabrication of white‐light‐emitting diodes (CIE coordinates: x = 0.282, y = 0.336). In particular, white electroluminescence in a binary blend of a blue‐emitting, organic‐soluble rotaxane based on a polyfluorene derivative and the green‐emitting poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene‐alt‐benzothiadiazole (F8BT) is achieved. Morphological and structural analyses by atomic force microscopy, fluorescence mapping, µ‐Raman, and fluorescence lifetime microscopy are used to complement optical and electroluminescence characterization, and to enable a deeper insight into the properties of the novel blend.
Follow‐up of neck and shoulder pain among sewing machine operators: The Los Angeles garment study
Authors: Wang Pin‐Chieh , Harrison Robert J. , Yu Fei , Rempel David M. , Ritz Beate R.
Published: December 2009

Background

The aim of the present study is to explore factors affecting or modifying self‐reported neck/shoulder pain in sewing machine operators.

Methods

We investigated self‐report neck/shoulder pain in 247 workers who participated in a 4‐month prospective intervention study for musculoskeletal disorders. All participants were immigrants. We examine the influence of individual and work‐related factors on changes in neck/shoulder pain during follow‐up employing linear mixed models with time‐spline functions.

Results

We observed a dramatic decline (72%) in self‐reported pain intensity in the first month of follow‐up, followed by a small increase from the first to fourth month (4% per month). Workers who perceived and reported their physical workload as high or worked overtime experienced less overall pain reduction. Higher baseline pain intensity, being of Hispanic ethnicity (vs. Asian), and taking cumulative daily rest time during work of 35 min or more allowing for muscles to rest were associated with a larger pain reduction in the first month, but not thereafter.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that some work‐related factors may be of clinical relevance for reducing neck/shoulder pain. Having lower physical workloads and less overtime work should be considered when treating patients or planning workplace interventions for managing work‐related musculoskeletal disorders in this underserved immigrant population. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:352–360, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modeling of Particle Layer Detachment under Consideration of Transient Kinetic Effects
Authors: Zhang Q. , Schmidt E.
Published: December 2009

Particle layers tend to build up on walls in many filtration and separation processes, calling for periodic removal in order to keep the device running. Important factors are the adhesion of the layer on the substrate and the cohesion of the particles in the layer. Models describing such layer detachment generally assume constant and homogeneous conditions for the forces acting on the layer. But in reality detachment is extremely nonstationary concerning place and time, primarily due to changing conditions for the forces on the one hand and changes in the particle layer morphology on the other. This paper describes a model and a simulation considering such transient kinetic effects on filter cake detachment. Diverse computing results are presented and discussed.
Integrierte Produktion und Separation von Biotensiden im Mehrphasenreaktor
Authors: Heyd M. , Franzreb M. , Berensmeier S.
Published: December 2009

Gegenstand der Arbeit ist die kostengünstige Produktion von Rhamnolipiden (Biotensid) durch magnetische Ganzellimmobilisate von Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSM 2874 und deren Separation mittels Schaumfraktionierung in einem integrierten Reaktorsystem. Als Kohlenstoffquelle/Substrat wird Glycerin verwendet, das als nachwachsender Rohstoff beispielsweise in größeren Mengen während der Biodieselherstellung anfällt.
Structural Water Drives Self‐assembly of Organic Rosette Nanotubes and Holds Host Atoms in the Channel
Authors: Yamazaki Takeshi , Fenniri Hicham , Kovalenko Andriy
Published: December 2009

We reveal how water solvent determines the self‐assembly pathway and stability of organic rosette nanotubes (RNTs) and show their possible functions, using three‐dimensional molecular theory of solvation (a.k.a. 3D‐RISM). Structural water molecules penetrate the pockets on the RNT outer surface, form a wetting monolayer in the RNT channel and bridge RNT rosettes. We predict that the inner water shell might stabilize rare gas atoms inside the RNT channel, and envision molecular devices with RNT channels transporting water or holding guest molecules for targeted delivery.
Late‐postnatal cannabinoid exposure persistently increases FoxP2 expression within zebra finch striatum
Authors: Soderstrom Ken , Luo Bin
Published: December 2009

Prior work has shown that cannabinoid exposure of zebra finches during sensorimotor stages of vocal development alters song patterns produced in adulthood. We are currently working to identify physiological substrates for this altered song learning. FoxP2 is a transcription factor associated with altered vocal development in both zebra finches and humans. This protein shows a distinct pattern of expression within Area X of striatum that coincides with peak expression of CB1cannabinoid receptors during sensorimotor learning. Coincident expression in a brain region essential for song learning led us to test for a potential signaling interaction. We have found that cannabinoid agonists acutely increase expression of FoxP2 throughout striatum. When administered during sensorimotor song learning, cannabinoids increase basal levels of striatal FoxP2 expression in adulthood. Thus, song‐altering cannabinoid treatments are associated with persistent increases in basal expression of FoxP2 in zebra finch striatum. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 2010
SARCOSYL‐PAGE: a new method for the detection of MIRCERA‐ and EPO‐doping in blood
Authors: Reichel Christian , Abzieher Friedrich , Geisendorfer Thomas
Published: December 2009

The detection of doping with MIRCERA (the brand name for Continuous Erythropoietin Receptor Activator, or CERA) is hampered by the limited excretion of the rather large molecule (approximately 60 kDa) in urine. Blood (serum, plasma) in combination with sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) appears to be the ideal matrix for detecting all forms of doping with erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents (ESAs) because the apparent molecular masses of ESAs are different from the mass of human serum erythropoietin (shEPO). While SDS‐PAGE has proven the most sensitive method for the detection of doping with Dynepo, the sensitivity of SDS‐PAGE for MIRCERA is drastically decreased. By exchanging the SDS for SARCOSYL (SAR) in the sample and running buffers the sensitivity problem was solved. SARCOSYL, a methyl glycine‐based anionic surfactant, is only binding to the protein‐part of MIRCERA but not to its polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐chain, while SDS binds to both parts. In consequence, the monoclonal anti‐EPO antibody (clone AE7A5) no longer interacts with the fully SDS‐solubilized MIRCERA molecules. Only those molecules that contain SDS bound to the protein‐chain are detected. Due to the inability of SARCOSYL to solubilize PEG‐molecules, MIRCERA can be detected on SARCOSYL‐PAGE with the same sensitivity as non‐PEGylated epoetins. In a typical SAR‐PAGE experiment, 200 µL of serum are used, which allows the direct detection of MIRCERA, recombinant epoetins (such as NeoRecormon, Dynepo, NESP), and shEPO in a single experiment and with high (i.e. femtogram) sensitivity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real‐time observation of Wnt β‐catenin signaling in the chick embryo
Authors: Rios Anne C. , Denans Nicolas , Marcelle Christophe
Published: December 2009

A critical mediator of cell–cell signaling events during embryogenesis is the highly conserved Wnt family of secreted proteins. Reporter constructs containing multimerized TCF DNA binding sites have been used to detect Wnt β‐catenin dependent activity during animal development. In this report, we have constructed and compared several TCF green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter constructs. They contained 3, 8, or 12 TCF binding sites upstream of a minimal promoter driving native or destabilized enhanced GFP (EGFP). We have used the electroporation of somites in the chick embryo as a paradigm to test them in vivo. We have verified that they all respond to Wnt signaling in vivo. We have then assessed their efficiency at reflecting the activity of the Wnt pathway. Using destabilized EGFP reporter constructs, we show that somite cells dynamically regulate Wnt/β‐catenin–dependent signaling, a finding that was confirmed by performing time‐lapse video confocal observation of electroporated embryos. Developmental Dynamics 239:346–353, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The trimeric G protein Go inflicts a double impact on axin in the Wnt/frizzled signaling pathway
Authors: Egger‐Adam Diane , Katanaev Vladimir L.
Published: December 2009

COVER PHOTOGRAPH: Signaling by the Wingless morphogen (a member of the Wnt family of secreted glycoproteins) is required for the proper development of appendages in Drosophila. Overexpression of Axin, a negative regulator of Wnt signaling, leads to severe defects in Drosophila wing growth and patterning (the affected wing is shown in a green pseudocolor, compared to a wild‐type wing in pink). The inhibitory activity of Axin can be suppressed by co‐expression of the GTP‐binding protein Gαo, leading to a partial rescue in wing development (yellow). Gαo physically binds the RGS domain of Axin and recruits Axin it to the plasma membrane, antagonizing the Axin‐based destruction complex. From Egger‐Adam and Katanaev, Developmental Dynamics 239:168–183, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
αPS1βPS integrin receptors regulate the differential distribution of Sog fragments in polarized epithelia
Authors: Negreiros Érika , Fontenele Marcio , Câmara Amanda R. , Araujo Helena
Published: December 2009

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have important functions during epithelial development. In Drosophila, extracellular Short gastrulation (Sog) limits the action of the BMP family member Decapentaplegic (Dpp). We have shown that Integrin receptors regulate Sog activity and distribution during pupal wing development to direct placement of wing veins. Here, we show that Integrins perform a similar function in the follicular epithelium, impacting Dpp function during oogenesis and embryonic development. As reported for the wing, this effect is specific to mew, which codes for αPS1 integrin. Sog is subject to cleavage by metalloproteases, generating fragments with different properties. We also show that Integrins regulate the distribution of C‐ and N‐terminal Sog fragments in both epithelia, suggesting they may regulate the quality of BMP outputs. Our data indicate that αPS1βPS integrin receptors regulate the amount and type of Sog fragments available for diffusion in the extracellular space during oogenesis and pupal wing development. genesis 48:31–43, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Summary of ‘Impact of tuberculosis preventive therapy on tuberculosis and mortality in HIV‐infected children’, including tables of key findings and quality of included trials
Authors: Gray D. M. , Young T. , Zar H. J. , Cotton M. , van Dalen E.C. , Kremer L.C.M.
Published: December 2009

This is a summary, including tables of key findings and quality of included trials, of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Gray DM, Young T, Cotton M. Zar H, Impact of tuberculosis preventive therapy on tuberculosis and mortality in HIV‐infected children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD006418. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD006418.pub2.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Commentary. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Tips and tricks for understanding and using SR results—no 15: clinical practice guidelines
Authors: Kremer Leontien C. , Sieswerda Elske , van Dalen Elvira C.
Published: December 2009

This 15th article for ‘Tips and tricks for understanding and using SR results’ in Evidence‐Based Child Health is, like the previous ones, aimed at helping readers to understand the results of systematic reviews and to use the results in clinical practice. This time, we focus on the development and pitfalls of Clinical Practice Guidelines and the relevance of systematic reviews to them. Information in this article is based on earlier papers on the topic and the collective experience of the authors in the development of Clinical Practice Guidelines. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Commentary on ‘Newborn screening for cystic fibrosis’, with a response from the review authors
Authors: Pollitt Rodney , Southern K. W. , Mérelle M. E. , Dankert‐Roelse J. E. , Nagelkerke A.
Published: December 2009

This is a commentary on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Southern KW, Mérelle ME, Dankert‐Roelse JE, Nagelkerke A. Newborn screening for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD001402. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001402.pub2.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Summary article. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
The Cochrane library and the treatment of major depression in children and youth: an overview of reviews
Authors: Zinck Suzanne , Bagnell Alexa , Bond Kenneth , Newton Amanda S.
Published: December 2009

Background

Major depression (MDD) in children and adolescents is a mood disorder that has up to 25% lifetime prevalence by the end of adolescence. Pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments are recommended to reduce symptoms, increase psychosocial functioning, and prevent relapse. Traditionally, decisions for these treatments were made based on reported effects for adults, but a body of pediatric‐based evidence is now emerging to inform treatment decisions.

Objectives

To synthesize the evidence currently in the Cochrane Library Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) related to the question: ‘In children and youth with diagnosed major depression, do pharmacologic or nonpharmacologic treatments improve symptom response, response rates, functional capacity, adherence and persistence, and decrease cost and adverse events?’.

Methods

CDSR was searched using the term ‘depression’ in the title for all systematic reviews examining pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions for the treatment of depression in children ⩽18 years. Data were extracted and entered into tables; data were synthesized using qualitative and quantitative methods.

Main Results

Of the studies included in the CDSR, there was no significant improvement in treatment outcomes in depressed children and adolescents treated with pharmacological (tricyclic antidepressant [TCA] or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor [SSRI]) or nonpharmacological (exercise) interventions.

Author's Conclusions

Although this overview indicates no clear evidence for pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions for treatment of depression in this age group, the CDSR does not include several recent research publications in this area that demonstrate beneficial effects of treatment. In context of existing research there may be a moderate effect of SSRI in moderate to severe depression in children and youth. Best practice recommendations are consideration of treatment with SSRI (fluoxetine first line) in moderate to severe depression with close monitoring and weighing risk/benefit profile based on individual assessment. Psychotherapeutic interventions not in this overview, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Interpersonal Therapy (IPT), have some evidence of effectiveness in mild to moderate depression. Although exercise remains an important part of healthy living, there is no evidence to support its use in treatment of depression in children and adolescents. This overview in the context of recent research indicates the need for ongoing study in this important area of child and youth mental health. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
The role of age‐structured education data for economic growth forecasts
Authors: Cuaresma Jesús Crespo , Mishra Tapas
Published: December 2009

This paper utilizes for the first time age‐structured human capital data for economic growth forecasting. We concentrate on pooled cross‐country data of 65 countries over six 5‐year periods (1970–2000) and consider specifications chosen by model selection criteria, Bayesian model averaging methodologies based on in‐sample and out‐of‐sample goodness of fit and on adaptive regression by mixing. The results indicate that forecast averaging and exploiting the demographic dimension of education data improve economic growth forecasts systematically. In particular, the results are very promising for improving economic growth predictions in developing countries. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High Oxygen‐Reduction‐Activity and Methanol‐Tolerance Cathode Catalyst Cu/PtFe/CNTs for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
Authors: Wang H. , Liang J. , Zhu L. , Peng F. , Yu H. , Yang J.
Published: December 2009

A novel nanocomposite Cu/PtFe/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was designed, prepared and examined as a cathode catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). The effects of Fe and Cu on oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and methanol tolerance were investigated by varying their amounts or their configurations in the nanocomposite. The experimental results show that PtFe alloy on CNTs could not enhance methanol tolerance, but could improve the ORR activity. Cu was deposited on PtFe/CNTs to obtain better methanol tolerance. The optimum molar ratio of Cu/Pt/Fe in Cu/PtFe/CNTs is 2.1:1:0.7. After 500 cycles in 1 M HClO4 solution, the Cu/PtFe/CNTs catalyst is fairly stable with 92% of its original ORR activity and 89.6% of its original electrochemical active surface areas (EAS) maintained.
Aggression is related to frontal serotonin‐1A receptor distribution as revealed by PET in healthy subjects
Authors: Veronica Witte A. , Flöel Agnes , Stein Patrycja , Savli Markus , Mien Leonhard‐Key , Wadsak Wolfgang , Spindelegger Christoph , Moser Ulrike , Fink Martin , Hahn Andreas , Mitterhauser Markus , Kletter Kurt , Kasper Siegfried , Lanzenberger Rupert
Published: December 2009

The article to which this erratum refers was published in Hum Brain Mapp 2008, DOI:
. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Liver tumor ablation: Percutaneous and open approaches
Authors: Padma Srikanth , Martinie John B. , Iannitti David A.
Published: December 2009

The global incidence of liver cancer is greater than a million cases a year. Surgical resection where applicable is still the standard of care for these patients. Various liver‐directed regional therapies have been developed in an effort to treat the vast majority of unresectable liver tumors. This article reviews the principles behind various ablation therapies currently available for malignant liver tumors and their outcomes. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:619–634. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Wood/plastic composites co‐extruded with multi‐walled carbon nanotube‐filled rigid poly(vinyl chloride) cap layer
Authors: Jin Shan , Matuana Laurent M
Published: December 2009

Wood/plastic composites (WPCs) can absorb moisture in a humid environment due to the hydrophilic nature of the wood in the composites, making products susceptible to microbial growth and loss of mechanical properties. Co‐extruding a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)‐rich cap layer on a WPC significantly reduces the moisture uptake rate, increases the flexural strength but, most importantly, decreases the flexural modulus compared to uncapped WPCs. A two‐level factorial design was used to develop regression models evaluating the statistical effects of material compositions and a processing condition on the flexural properties of co‐extruded rigid PVC/wood flour composites with the ultimate goal of producing co‐extruded composites with better flexural properties than uncapped WPCs. Material composition variables included wood flour content in the core layer and carbon nanotube (CNT) content in the cap layer of the co‐extruded composites, with the processing temperature profile for the core layer as the only processing condition variable. Fusion tests were carried out to understand the effects of the material compositions and processing condition on the flexural properties. Regression models indicated all main effects and two powerful interaction effects (processing temperature/wood flour content and wood flour content/CNT content interactions) as statistically significant. Factors leading to a fast fusion of the PVC/wood flour composites in the core layer, i.e. low wood flour content and high processing temperature, were effective material composition and processing condition parameters for improving the flexural properties of co‐extruded composites. Reinforcing the cap layer with CNTs also produced a significant improvement in the flexural properties of the co‐extruded composites, insensitive to the core layer composition and the processing temperature condition. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
The developmental expression profile of PAX2 in the murine prostate
Authors: Chen Qian , DeGraff David J. , Sikes Robert A.
Published: December 2009

BACKGROUND

Nine transcription factors comprise the PAX gene family that regulate organogenesis. The urogenital system of PAX2 null male mice fails to develop properly. PAX2 is overexpressed in PC3 cells. Therefore, PAX2 is implicated in both prostate organogenesis and cancer. However, the expression pattern/profile of PAX2 in the prostate is unknown.

METHODS

PAX2/5/8 expression was surveyed in E16.5 male urogenital sinus (UGS) by RT‐PCR. Prostate samples from 10 developmental stages in C3H male mice were used in quantitative reverse‐transcript PCR (Q‐PCR) and Western blotting (WB). RT‐PCR and WB measured PAX2 expression in prostatic lobes or UGS layers, to identify local‐regional expression patterns. Cytoplasmic versus nuclear expression was examined by WB. A castration series in adult C3H male mice and R1881 treatment in serum‐free LNCaP cells examined androgen control of PAX2.

RESULTS

PAX2 mRNA levels are higher in early developmental stages as compared to postpubertal prostates. RT‐PCR and/or WB indicated a dorsal epithelial–nuclear localization of PAX2. PAX2 mRNA and protein increase postcastration. R1881 decreases expression of PAX2 mRNA in LNCaP cells as compared to controls.

CONCLUSIONS

The expression profile of PAX2 indicates that it may regulate early, androgen‐independent stages of murine prostate development, particularly for dorsally derived prostate glands. PAX2 expression appears to be associated with a dorsally localized epithelial cell population that is castration insensitive and retains proliferative and differentiative potential. Such a population of cells may represent a subset of stem‐like cells having some characteristics in common with castrate‐resistant prostate cancer cells. Prostate 70: 654–665, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Doing the project and learning the content: Designing project‐based science curricula for meaningful understanding
Authors: Kanter David E.
Published: December 2009

Project‐based science curricula can improve students' usable or meaningful understanding of the science content underlying a project. However, such curricula designed around “performances” wherein students design or make something do not always do this. We researched ways to design performance project‐based science curricula (pPBSc) to better support the meaningful understanding of science content. Using existing curriculum design frameworks, we identified the learner's need to “create the demand” for the science content, anticipating how to use it in the performance, and to “apply” the science content, both being necessary to ensure meaningful understanding. Designing the pPBSc I, Bio we discovered how these guiding principles manifested as curriculum design challenges. We generalized from the design of I, Bio and related literature design approaches for addressing each challenge. Finally, we measured the extent to which a pPBSc incorporating these design approaches developed meaningful understanding. 652 middle grades students using I, Bio completed pre‐ and posttests on the science content behind the I, Bio performance. Our findings provide preliminary evidence that a pPBSc that incorporates these design approaches is consistent with gains in meaningful understanding. We discuss how the results of this work can be used to improve systematic experiments on instructional supports. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 94:525–551, 2010
Symbolic decision procedure for termination of linear programs
Authors: Xia Bican , Yang Lu , Zhan Naijun , Zhang Zhihai
Published: December 2009

Tiwari proved that the termination of a class of linear programs is decidable in Tiwari (Proceedings of CAV’04. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 3114, pp 70–82, 2004). The decision procedure proposed therein depends on the computation of
Jordan forms
. Thus, people may draw a wrong conclusion from this procedure, if they simply apply floating-point computation to compute Jordan forms. In this paper, we first use an example to explain this problem, and then present a symbolic implementation of the decision procedure. Thus, the rounding error problem is therefore avoided. Moreover, we also show that the symbolic decision procedure is as efficient as the numerical one given in Tiwari (Proceedings of CAV’04. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 3114, pp 70–82, 2004). The complexity of former is max{
O
(
n
6
),
O
(
n

m
+3

)}, while that of the latter is
O
(
n

m
+3

), where
n
is the number of variables of the program and
m
is the number of its Boolean conditions. In addition, for the case when the characteristic polynomial of the assignment matrix is irreducible, we design a more efficient symbolic algorithm whose complexity is max(
O
(
n
6
),
O
(
mn
3
)).
Anisotropies in a charged particle beam
Authors: SIMEONI WILSON
Published: December 2009

This paper examines the anisotropies of a charged particle beam moving into a linear focusing channel. Considering a high-intensity ion beam in space-charge-dominated regime and large mismatched root mean square (RMS) initial beam size, a fast increase in spatial beam anisotropy is observed. Calculations presented here are strong evidence that this anisotropy is responsible for the beam's equipartition. It is shown that particle–particle resonances and wave-particle resonances lead to anisotropization of the beam, i.e. both the envelope and emittance ratios different from unity. It indicates that this anisotropy is responsible for the beam's equipartitioning and suggest that the beam remains equipartitioned even when exhibiting a macroscopic anisotropy, which is characterized by the following properties: the development of an elliptical shape with increasing size along one axis, the presence of a coupling between transversal emittances and halo formation along a preferential direction.
Marketization, Centralization and Globalization of Cadre Training in Contemporary China
Authors: Pieke Frank N.
Published: December 2009

Strengthening the ideological and professional training of cadres is a cornerstone of the socialist modernization of the Chinese party-state. On the basis of long-term field research in Party schools, this article shows that this effort entails much more than the upgrading of existing institutions. The CCP has embarked on a simultaneous marketization, centralization and globalization that has integrated cadre training into the larger market for higher education and training. This new approach privileges China's richer areas. Poorer places such as Yunnan province struggle to meet the ever higher demands of the centre from their local budgets. The article concludes that the gap between rich and poor areas in China is about more than wealth alone. Poorer areas cannot take part in China's new, glossy socialism, and will be not only economically but also politically and administratively left behind.
The Political Economy of Earmarked Transfers in a State-Designated Poor County in Western China: Central Policies and Local Responses
Authors: Liu Mingxing , Wang Juan , Tao Ran , Murphy Rachel
Published: December 2009

In order to improve the effectiveness of redistributive policies, in 2002 the Chinese government increased fiscal transfers and imposed more stringent regulations on the use of earmarked funds. This article evaluates the impact this had on K county in a north-western province. The case study finds that the misappropriation of earmarked transfers did decrease but this did not necessarily indicate an improvement in the local government's compliance in the usage of transfers. Instead, the county governments found ways to sabotage central policies by exporting fiscal burdens to the subordinate bureaus that received the earmarked subsidies. In some bureaus this was done by reducing the amount of funds allocated for operating expenses. In others it involved increasing staff numbers. These findings provide a basis for evaluating the effectiveness of using earmarked funds and internal supervisory mechanisms to achieve policy objectives in an authoritarian regime.
On “Liberation”
Authors: MacFarquhar Roderick
Published: December 2009

When the editor asked me along with other ex-editors to offer some thoughts on the occasion of The China Quarterly's 50th anniversary, I was at a loss. At the celebration which David Shambaugh held for the 35th anniversary in 1995, I wrote fairly extensively about the founding and early development of the journal (No.143, pp. 692–96) and did not have much to add. So I made the suggestion that I should reprise a special feature of the first China Quarterly. For that founding issue, I solicited a number of senior Sinologues to give their appraisal of the PRC on the occasion of its tenth anniversary. Could I, now senior, be given a similar opportunity to look back at the founding of the PRC on the occasion of its 60th anniversary? This article is the consequence of the editor's kind agreement.
The Second Decade
Authors: Wilson David C.
Published: December 2009

When I took over as the second editor, resigning from the British Diplomatic Service to do so and as an opportunity to work in my spare time on a PhD relating to modern China, The China Quarterly had already established itself as the leading English-language journal on contemporary China under its founder-editor, Rod MacFarquhar. Rod had done a superb job as the first editor and was moving on to play a role in British political life as a Member of Parliament and from thence to Harvard and academic distinction. The China Quarterly too was moving, from its earlier position as one of a group of journals funded by the International Association for Cultural Freedom, to coming under the wing of the newly established Contemporary China Institute at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) in London. There, that great scholar on the life and political thought of Mao Zedong, Stuart Schram, had just been appointed Director.
The China Quarterly and China
Authors: Wilson Dick
Published: December 2009

My first impression of The China Quarterly was its extraordinary efficiency. As I was about to enter the editor's office on my first day, I noticed that they had anticipated making my name plate and had already mounted it on the door. It was only later that I realized that the real cause for congratulation was the School's parsimony in making do with an old name plate to serve a new editor. So I shared a name plate with my predecessor, another D. Wilson. In more imaginative mood I could even toy with the idea that my candidacy had been approved over other applicants precisely because they would save money on a new name plate.