bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Iron deposition in infants undergoing ECMO: A retrospective analysis of Postmortem tissue samples
Authors: Weber Zachary J , Sam Ashley E , King Jonathan M , Henderson Cody L , Davidson Christian , Carr Nicholas R
Published: September 2024

Background

Infants undergoing ECMO may have elevated serum ferritin and iron levels, raising concerns about iron overload. Recent studies question the utility of these markers for acute vs. chronic iron overload during ECMO. This study evaluates iron content and localization in autopsy tissues from deceased infants who received or were considered for ECMO.

Methods

This retrospective single-center case-control study analyzed paraffin-embedded tissues from the basal ganglia, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidney. Tissue sections were stained to quantify iron deposition and an independent pathologist reviewed samples for iron accumulation.

Results

Eighteen deceased infants' tissues were analyzed: nine underwent ECMO, and nine were considered for it. Both groups showed multi-organ iron accumulation with no significant difference between ECMO and non-ECMO cohorts. Red blood cell transfusions were linked to increased iron content in adrenal ( p = 0.004), hepatic ( p = 0.042), and splenic ( p = 0.013) tissues.

Conclusions

ECMO exposure alone does not independently increase iron content in infants' organs. Multi-organ iron accumulation in both groups suggests iron deposition in critically ill pediatric patients irrespective of ECMO exposure. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms and implications.
Pediatric Dent disease presenting with rickets and end-stage renal disease: case report and literature review
Authors: Mao Youying , Zhang Chenxing , Zhou Zhengyu , Zhou Wei , Yin Lei
Published: September 2024

Dent disease is a rare disease with proximal renal tubular dysfunction, and is characterized by low-molecular-weight proteinuria, hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis, nephrolithiasis, and chronic kidney disease. Renal failure slowly progresses and end-stage renal disease may develop in the late decades of life. We report a case of a 15-year-old boy who was diagnosed with Dent disease 1 with a CLCN5 truncating mutation. The patient presented with arthralgia and rickets at the onset of Dent disease and he was diagnosed with end-stage renal disease at the age of 15 years. His only symptoms were arthralgia and rickets during the disease course. The findings in this case suggest that patients with arthralgia and rickets could have a rare cause such as Dent disease.
Impact of Slip Lanes on Pedestrian Safety at Roundabouts Considering Autonomous Vehicles
Authors: Novat Norran Kakama , Kwigizile Valerian , Oh Jun-Seok
Published: September 2024

The emergence of autonomous vehicles (AVs) presents significant transformative potential for modern transportation systems, particularly concerning pedestrian safety at roundabouts with heterogeneous traffic conditions and slip lanes. Slip lanes influence the dynamics of right-turning traffic by increasing vehicle speeds, reducing driver visibility of pedestrians, and altering merging behaviors, thereby elevating pedestrian conflict risks. (Note: This study applies to road systems where vehicles drive on the right-hand side.) This study investigates how different slip lane designs affect pedestrian safety, utilizing simulation modeling calibrated with field trajectory data. The findings indicate that vehicles in slip lanes typically maintain higher speeds than those in approach lanes, enhancing risk at entry and exit points. Notably, the presence of AVs significantly reduces pedestrian conflicts; with AV penetration at 75%, conflicts decrease by 34.62%, highlighting AVs’ potential to improve pedestrian safety. Moreover, the study provides targeted recommendations for slip lane configurations based on pedestrian activity levels: free-flow lanes are advised in areas with low pedestrian traffic to minimize delays while maintaining safety; yield-controlled lanes are preferred in medium-traffic areas for balancing flow and safety; and traditional roundabout designs are recommended for high pedestrian volumes because of their effectiveness in reducing pedestrian-vehicle conflicts. The study also emphasizes the importance of prioritizing safety enhancements, such as adjusting slip lane curvature and optimizing crosswalk positioning, particularly at entry sections of the slip lane where pedestrian exposure is highest.
Safety Performance Functions for Frontage Roads
Authors: Geedipally Srinivas , Das Subasish , Wu Lingtao , Pratt Michael P.
Published: September 2024

Frontage roads play a vital role in the U.S.’s highway system because they serve as critical access routes between principal arterials, freeways, and surrounding businesses. Despite their importance, there have been only limited studies conducting an in-depth analysis of frontage road safety. The limited availability of suitable data for frontage roads has been a significant barrier to conducting comprehensive safety studies on these critical road segments. This study developed a robust methodology that allows for the correct attribution of crashes to the corresponding frontage road segments. This methodology is a novel contribution to the field of transportation safety research, as it addresses a critical data challenge that has hindered the advancement of frontage road safety analysis in the past. Moreover, there is limited research into developing the safety performance functions (SPFs) and crash modification factors (CMFs) for frontage roads. In fact, the first edition of the Highway Safety Manual does not include the SPFs for frontage roads. In this study, the authors considered 4 years (2017–2020) of crash data for conducting a comprehensive analysis of four types of frontage road (rural one-way, rural two-way, urban one-way, and urban two-way) and developed the SPFs and CMFs specifically tailored for frontage roadways in Texas, U.S. Several CMFs were developed in conjunction with the SPFs. This study developed CMFs for left and right shoulder widths, access point density, presence of entrance and exit ramps, posted speed limit, and the horizontal curve density.
Behavioral, Cognitive, and Functional Risk Factors for Repeat Hospital Episodes Among Medicare–Medicaid Dually Eligible Adults Receiving Long-Term Services and Supports
Authors: Fakeye Oludolapo , Rana Prashant , Han Fei , Henderson Morgan , Stockwell Ian
Published: September 2024

Repeat hospitalizations adversely impact the well-being of adults dually eligible for Medicare and Medicaid in the United States. This study aimed to identify behavioral, cognitive, and functional characteristics associated with the risk of a repeat hospital episode (HE) among the statewide population of dually eligible adults in Maryland receiving long-term services and supports prior to an HE between July 2018 and May 2020. The odds of experiencing a repeat HE within 30 days after an initial HE were positively associated with reporting difficulty with hearing (adjusted odds ratio, AOR: 1.10 [95% confidence interval: 1.02–1.19]), being easily distractible (AOR: 1.09 [1.00–1.18]), being self-injurious (AOR: 1.33 [1.09–1.63]), and exhibiting verbal abuse (AOR: 1.15 [1.02–1.30]). Conversely, displaying inappropriate public behavior (AOR: 0.62 [0.42–0.92]) and being dependent for eating (AOR: 0.91 [0.83–0.99]) or bathing (AOR: 0.79 [0.67–0.92]) were associated with reduced odds of a repeat HE. We also observed differences in the magnitude and direction of these associations among adults 65 years of age or older relative to younger counterparts.
Individual, household and institutional level predictors of waste sorting: Evidence for Ecuador
Authors: Toledo Elisa , Camacho José A. , Rodríguez Mercedes , Alvarado Rafael
Published: September 2024

The rapid increase in waste generation in developing countries presents significant challenges, necessitating effective waste management strategies. This study examines the influence of individual, household and institutional factors on waste sorting behaviours in Ecuador, employing an ordered logistic regression model. Data were sourced from the 2019 National Multipurpose Household Survey (NMHS) and the Census of Economic Environmental Information in Decentralised Autonomous Governments (CEEIGAD). The NMHS uses a two-stage probabilistic sampling methodology, with census sectors as the primary sampling units and households as the secondary units. After excluding outliers and selecting individuals aged 15–65 years, the final sample consisted of 8601 households, including 26,175 individuals. The findings reveal that personal attributes such as gender, ethnicity, age, marital status and environmental concern significantly influence waste sorting behaviours. Household characteristics, including urban or rural location, are also critical. Institutional factors, such as municipal regulations, waste collection fees and waste separation at source, play essential roles in promoting waste separation. The study highlights the necessity for targeted governmental policies. Recommendations include improving environmental education, increasing sorting infrastructure in urban areas and ensuring waste collection systems maintain the separation of waste streams.
Peace Brand Activism: Global Brand Responses to the War in Ukraine
Authors: Tsougkou Eleni , Sykora Martin , Elayan Suzanne , Ifie Kemefasu , Oliveira João S.
Published: September 2024

Following the outbreak of the war in Ukraine in February 2022, many global brands took a stand on the crisis, which often elicited polarized consumer responses. This study explores this phenomenon—peace brand activism (PBA)—by conducting an inductive analysis of global brands’ responses to the Russia–Ukraine war as disclosed on social media channels across three different platforms: Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. The analysis highlights the range of PBA tactics that global brands employ, revealing diverse action- and statement-based forms that they can adopt, including instances of pseudo-activism. In addition, this study identifies seven key characteristics of PBA: substantiality, nature, side-taking, location specificity, responsiveness, persistence, and diversity, each manifesting across spectra of differential ends. This work elucidates the evolving role of businesses in promoting peace and offers valuable guidance for managers navigating the complex terrain of PBA, emphasizing the importance of brands being cognizant of the various PBA options and thoroughly weighing the implications of taking a stand on sensitive geopolitical issues. The findings bear important policy implications, suggesting that policy makers must consider PBA's impact on bilateral relations and collaborate with brands to develop informed, strategic PBA initiatives. Finally, the authors outline important avenues for future research.
Hammersmith Neonatal and Infant Neurological Examinations Scores in Typically Developing Infants Aged 1-6 Months
Authors: Skorup Julie C. , Pierce Samuel R. , Ruwaih Noor , DeMauro Sara B. , Johnson Michelle J. , Prosser Laura A.
Published: September 2024

The Hammersmith Neonatal (HNNE) and Infant (HINE) Neurological Examinations are increasingly used to evaluate developing neuromotor control in infants at risk for physical disability, but there is no global consensus on score interpretation across the first 6 months after birth. We report scores for typically developing, full-term infants aged 1 month for the HNNE and aged 2-6 months for the HINE. The median HNNE and HINE scores are consistent with previously published data. These normative data can be used to aid in the interpretation of HNNE and HINE scores from infants at risk for neuromotor impairment.
Co-Occurring Mental and Physical Health Conditions Among Older Adults With and Without Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: A Case Control Study
Authors: Pietrzykowski Malvina O. , Jackson Colleen E. , Gaudet Charles E.
Published: September 2024

Objectives

Rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among older adults range from 0.4%–4.5%. Research examining PTSD in adults has demonstrated numerous associations between physical and mental health conditions; however, these are less well characterized in older adults. The current study aimed to identify base rates of such conditions among older adults with and without a history of PTSD.

Method

In a case control design using the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center Uniform Data Set, adults 65 years or older from the United States who endorsed either the presence or absence of PTSD were matched by age to assess between-group differences (N = 472; 236 pairs). We examined differences across self-reported sociodemographics and physical health, mental health, and substance use histories.

Results

More participants with a history of PTSD identified as Hispanic, non-white, non-married, and functionally independent. Compared to individuals without a history of PTSD, significantly more individuals with a history of PTSD had histories of depression, anxiety, substance abuse, Parkinson’s disease, seizures, insomnia, and TBI. Among participants without PTSD history, only 14.7% reported a history of TBI, compared to 41.1% of individuals with PTSD history.

Conclusions

Findings showed expected trends toward worse physical and mental health among older adults with self-reported PTSD. There was a striking difference in the frequency of TBI history between participants with and without PTSD. These findings underscore a need to assess for PTSD among older adults, particularly those reporting a history of TBI.
Investigation on the load-bearing capacity and joint formation of hybrid functional components joined by orbital forming
Authors: Hetzel A. , Wituschek S. , Römisch D. , Sippel F. , Lechner M. , Merklein M.
Published: September 2024

Increasing material costs, decreasing availability, and ever-higher demands on environmental compatibility and complexity require new strategies in the development and production of functional components. Consequently, a combined approach from the areas of design, material science, and manufacturing is mandatory, in order to meet the requirements. Reducing the number of parts, using lightweight materials and applying hybrid components with a multimaterial mix are possible solutions. Nevertheless, conventional joining operations like welding or riveting are reaching their limits in terms of material utilization, load-bearing capacity as well as versatility of the process. Thus, innovative and versatile joining by forming operations and process combinations are focus of current research. In this context, the innovative process of orbital forming had been investigated as a joining by forming operation to manufacture load-adapted hybrid functional components. By tilting of one tool component during the process, a radial material flow is generated, allowing the crimping of the two joining partners. Nevertheless, the load-bearing capacity in axial direction could be identified as limiting factor for a possible application. Therefore, the aim of this investigation is the development of a fundamental process understanding on the influence of a novel geometrical adaption of the joint on the resulting load bearing capacity. The influence of varying geometrical proportions of the joint on the quality is evaluated, considering the form filling, the geometrical properties of the components as well as the maximum transmittable axial load. As joining partners, the dual-phase steel DP600 and the aluminum alloy EN AW-5754 with a thickness of 2.0 mm are used.
Practical actuator fault detection, identification, and accommodation for a quadrotor with arbitrary faults through direct computation of thrusts
Authors: Song Yongkyu , Lee Sumin , Cho Dong-Hoon , Chung Jae-Whan , Cho In-Je
Published: September 2024

In this paper an actuator fault detection, identification, and accommodation for a quadrotor with multi- and arbitrary rotor faults is considered. In order to detect and identify the rotor faults the thrust experienced by each rotor is computed with Inertial Measurement Unit senor data and compared to the commanded thrust, thereby obtaining the fault severity of each rotor. An accommodation control backed by the identified faults is also considered to sustain the quadrotor. A sinusoidal disturbance in total thrust and some abrupt bias torque disturbances are also shown to be compensated. Simulation results for rotor faults with realistic sensor data show the applicability to the real quadrotor.
Design optimization of a morphing winglet for all flight missions of a civil aircraft
Authors: Rajabi Milad , Jahangirian Alireza
Published: September 2024

In order to reduce the drag force during various flight missions, airplanes use winglets. In the present work, the DLR-F6 standard wing model is used and the winglet geometry is parameterized to some effective geometrical variables. Correlation coefficients show that, in this standard model, length and cant angle are the most effective variables for modifying the winglet geometry. The flow simulation is carried out using a finite volume computationsl fluid dynamics method using k-ω SST turbulence model. The optimum values of two geometric variables are computed for three flight phases of takeoff, climb and cruise using Genetic Algorithm. By such variations in the winglet geometry, it is shown that up to 70% more drag reduction can be achieved in take-off and climb conditions compared with the reference winglet. While winglet gives the wing beneficial aerodynamic effects, it also has unfavorable structural effects, such as more weight and increased bending moment. Therefore, structural penalty term is added to the objective function to be able to reduce the bending moment while keeping the aerodynamic superiority of the morphing winglet compared to the fixed one. The findings indicate that using a morphing winglet during different flight phases can cut down the fuel consumption of a narrow body civil aircraft up to 820 gallons per day (246,000 gallons annually) in comparison with the initial aircraft (without winglet), which is also 120 gallons per day more than an aircraft with fixed winglet.
Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Poly(vinyl Chloride)/Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer Blends
Authors: Nakamura Yoshinobu , Ikeda Hirohisa , Kanbe Makoto , Okabe Seiji , Iida Takeo
Published: September 2024

The effects of mixing conditions on the morphology and the mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) blends were studied. Four kinds of EVOH having various ethylene contents in the range from 29 to 44 mol% were mixed with PVC, using a mixing roll at from 170 to 200°C and two procedures: one-step and two-step additions. The yield stress of the blend was affected not only by the EVOH contents but also by the mixing conditions. When the blends were mixed at 190°C by two-step addition, PVC first then EVOH, little decrease in the PVC yield stress was observed by the blending with the EVOH in the range from 10 to 40 parts by weight for all EVOH used. The heterogeneous structure in which the EVOH domains were dispersed in the PVC matrix was observed by means of a scanning electron microscopic observation of the polished surfaces of the blends. The domain size of the blend prepared by the above procedure was smaller than that of those mixed by the other methods. The viscoelastic properties showed that the blend was an incompatible system. In general, the yield stress of the incompatible blend was lower than that of its components. It was confirmed that the good dispersibility of incompatible domains mitigated the decrease in the mechanical properties.
Long Glass Fibre Reinforced Polypropylenes: Fabrication and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Nishitani Yosuke , Sekiguchi Isamu , Yoshimitsu Yoshikuni , Tahira Kimitaka , Saha Petr , Nagatsuka Yoshihiro , Kitano Takeshi
Published: September 2024

The work deals with the fabrication of long glass fibre reinforced polypropylenes and their mechanical properties. Composite materials based on the apparatus called a “fibre separating and flying machine”, were manufactured in three different ways: compression moulding (Process A), compression moulding with preforming (Process B) and compression moulding under vacuum (Process C). For the mats, various materials were used: two types of glass fibre and one type of aramid fibre for reinforcement. Mechanical properties of composites were evaluated by tensile, bending, Izod impact and a high rate impact test.

It was found that preforming does not lower the mechanical properties of the materials, while it noticeably improves their handling properties (process A and B). Comparing samples prepared by processes C and A resulted in the conclusion that applying a vacuum during manufacturing increases the modulus of the composites because flaws caused by voids are less frequent.

Another important finding is that for fibre contents of more than 20 vol.%, the mechanical properties of the composites did not increase with increasing fibre content. In order to overcome these tendencies, non separated glass fibre (GF) or aramid fibre (KF) roving (length is ca. 25 mm) were added to the fibre mixture mat during its fabrication in the machine. It was shown that the mechanical properties can be improved by the addition of these fibres, particular KF, which has high toughness and strength.
New Development in High Concentration Polybutene (PIB) Masterbatches for Cling Film
Authors: Mestanza Raphaël , Machesney Tim , Venneman René F.
Published: September 2024

The aim of this paper is to present the latest developments in the production of highly concentrated PIB Masterbatch in both solid and liquid form.

Our developmental approach is to attempt to answer the market demand with adapted solutions to individual market requests, supplying a customized product instead of a ready made one.

We will compare the advantages and the disadvantages of using PIB masterbatches rather than liquid PIB. This is more a problem solving approach than a straight comparison between two tackifying solutions.
Polyurethane-Urea Ionomers Based on Macrocyclic Polyethers
Authors: Savelyev Yuri V.
Published: September 2024

The phase morphology of ionomeric (cation-active) polyurethane ureas containing the diamino-dibenzo-18-crown-6 within the main chain was characterized by small-angle X-ray measurements. The increase in microphase segregation αseg between soft and stiff chain fragments due to quaternization of about 50% of the tertiary nitrogen atoms in stiff chain fragments was explained by the appearance of long-range intermolecular interactions, involving cation-active ionic groups in absence of the steric hindrances which are characteristic of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The decrease in αseg on further increasing the degree of quaternization above 50% was attributed to electrostatic interactions between positively charged cations N+ and negatively charged cavities of crown ether fragments within the chain, leading to a decreased degree of order within stiff domains.
Process of Cure During Repair of an Old Broken Thermoset Piece by Heating it With a New Uncured Resin
Authors: Abdelouahab J. Ben , El Bouardi A. , Vergnaud J.M.
Published: September 2024

Repairing old thermoset pieces could be an interesting challenge instead of replacing them by new ones. This repair procedure necessitates the following stages: adding fresh uncured resin in the place of the broken part of the thermoset piece, and curing the two parts in a heated mould. The process of cure is studied in the two parts of the thermoset piece and especially at their interface by placing emphasis on the heat transfer and state of cure. Of course a higher state of cure is obtained in the old part, leading to a heterogeneity in the system. Nevertheless, the mechanical properties in elongation ofthe two part-system are not so bad, being of the same order of magnitude as the old thermoset piece. The state of cure is evaluated in the curing system by taking into account the heat transfer by conduction through the resin and the kinetics of heat evolved during the cure reaction.
Silane-Treated Glass Bead Surfaces: Their Characterization by Atomic Force Microscopy and Their Effect on the Yield Stress of Filled Poly(vinyl Chloride)
Authors: Nakamura Yoshinobu , Okumura Hiroshi , Yoshimoto Norihisa , Iida Takeo , Nagata Kazuya , Nigo Hideyuki , Yoshitani Hiroshi , Nishino Takashi , Nakamae Katsuhiko
Published: September 2024

The silane-treatment of glass beads, chosen as a model filler, was carried out under various drying and heating conditions and the characterization of the treated layer was carried out. γ-Aminopropyl methyldiethoxysilane was used as silane, and the amounts of silane treated were varied from 0.5 to 10 times those required for monolayer coverage. The silane-treatment of the beads was carried out using an aqueous solution. The fixing ratio of silane was estimated by carbon analysis, and was affected by the concentration of silane and the treatment conditions, especially by heating. The subsequent heating of the treated beads at above 100°C was useful in order to increase the fixing ratio. The topography of the silane-treated layer was observed lIsing atomic force microscopy. As a result, the observed surfaces differed, dependent upon the silane concentration, the treatment conditions and the methanol washing procedure for removing the unfixed silanes from their surfaces.

The yield stress of poly(vinyl chloride) as a typical ductile matrix filled with the treated beads was then investigated. It was improved by silane-treatment, but the unfixed silanes on the bead surfaces adversely affected the improvement.
Mechanical Behaviour of an Epoxy Resin Under Multiaxial Loading, Part II: Comparison of Viscoelastic Constitutive Model Predictions
Authors: Hu Yafei , Xia Zihui , Ellyin Fernand
Published: September 2024

The predictions of two viscoelastic constitutive models: one in an integral form and the other with a differential form, are compared with the experimental results presented in Part I and in Ref. 3. The experimental data include the stress-strain response ofthe epoxy resin under various loading paths with different strain combinations, and the stress envelopes of the same octahedral shear strain amplitude but with different strain rates and a cyclic ratcheting strain test. The results of this investigation indicate that while both n~nlinear viscoelastic constitutive models predict the general trend of the experimental behaviour, the quantitative comparison is not accurate enough, especially when a high hydrostatic stress component is present or under cyclic loading. It is found that the stress envelopes predicted by a modified von Mises (Stassi) criterion have a better correlation with the test results.
Electrical Properties of Electron Beam Modified Films of Thermoplastic Elastomeric LDPE and EVA Blends
Authors: Chattopadhyay S. , Chaki T.K. , Khastgir D. , Bhowmick Anil K.
Published: September 2024

Electrical properties of electron beam crosslinked thermoplastic elastomeric films from low density polyethylene (LDPE) and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), containing 45% vinyl acetate, have been evaluated over a range of radiation doses (20 - 500 kGy), concentration levels of ditrimethylol propane tetraacrylate (DTMPTA) and blend proportions. Compared to the unirradiated samples, the permittivity and the dielectric loss factor decrease for the samples treated to a certain dose level beyond which there is a substantial increase. Volume resistivity and dielectric strength properties support the above observations. Variation of electrical properties with DTMPTA levels at a constant radiation dose clearly indicates the plasticising effect of the monomer, apart from its function as an aid to crosslinking. Both the permittivity and the dielectric loss factor increase with an increase in the EVA content of the blends as a result of which the electrical insulating properties of the blends decrease.
Novel Polyamides Based on Ester Terminated Epoxy Resins
Authors: Patel Sanjay V. , Raval Dipak K. , Thakkar Jatin R.
Published: September 2024

Novel polyamides (PAs) were synthesized by the reaction of bisester derivatives of an epoxy resin with various diamines. A bisester was synthesized by the reaction of epoxy resin (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A) with 3- amino ethyl benzoate. All the resulting resins were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectrometry and thermogravimetry. The number average molecular weight of all samples was estimated by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC). Using differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), the kinetics of the curing reactions of PA-epoxy resin systems were established by evaluating the usual kinetic parameters. The thermal behaviour of PA-epoxy cured products was also studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The ‘in situ’ glass reinforced laminates of PA- epoxy resin were prepared and characterized by chemical resistance and mechanical property measurements.
Skin-core Structure Investigation of Polyethylene Fibres by Multiple-beam Interferometry
Authors: Fouda I. M. , Shabana H. M.
Published: September 2024

The authors studied macro-structure changes in drawn PE fibresinterferometrically at room temperature. The optical properties, for both thefibre skin and core, and stress- strain characteristics produced in thesefibres were measured by the application of multiple-beam Fizeau fringes usingthe transmission method. The optical and mechanical results were used tocalculate the orientation functions, the stress optical coefficient and theoptical configuration parameter. Structural parameters such as cohesive energydensity (CED), average work per chain W, work per unit volume W,the reductionin entropy ΔS caused by elongation, shrinkage stress and the dielectricconstant at infinity were also calculated. The fibre diameter was determinedusing a laser forward diffraction technique. The study shows that neworientations as well as changes in the skin and core structure occur as aresult of cold drawing under stress.
Optimisation of Activity, Performance and Durability of UV Absorbers
Authors: Pospisil Jan , Habicher Wolf-Dieter , Nespurek Stanislav
Published: September 2024

The performance and durability of UV absorbers (UVAbs) are affected by their inherent chemical efficiency and physical persistence. This paper outlines the structures of UVAbs, the physical mechanism of their activity, involving reversible excitation and deactivation processes, the irreversible processes affected by the microenvironment and reducing UVAbs durability, such as the formation of intermolecular H-tunnels with the polymeric substrate or photoassisted radical oxidation, and physical losses. Structural effects beneficial for their performance, chemical durability and increasing physical persistence are exemplified.
UV Stabilization of Poly olefin Systems
Authors: Vulic Ivan , Stretanski Joseph , Sanders Brent
Published: September 2024

Pigments are major contributors to the aesthetic appeal and marketability of plastics. The lightfastness of some pigments used in polymer systems can be substantially improved through the incorporation of an ultraviolet light stabilizer. More than most synthetic polymers, polyolefins rely heavily on polymer additives to provide enhanced performance. The effect of pigments on the weatherability of plastics and their interaction with light stabilizers are of great importance to part manufacturers. In this paper, pigment stabilizer interaction will be discussed as a function of UV durability and colour shifts.
Novel genotyping assay for a 212-kb deletion from the BBS9 gene, and frequency of the allele in pig populations in Vietnam
Authors: Tinh Nguyen H. , Hop Nguyen V. , Phuong Pham T. , Tam Trinh L. H. , Quoc Nguyen B. , Son Trinh H. , Bui Anh P. N.
Published: September 2024

Piglet lethality is one of the major concerns in pig breeding programs. Deletion of a 212-kb region within the Bardet-Biedl syndrome 9 ( BBS9) gene has been linked to a reduction in the number of piglets born alive per litter. The BBS9 mutant gene carrier-by-carrier mating scheme could result in mummification of piglets carrying 2 copies of the BBS9 mutant allele, which ultimately affects the reproductive performance of the sow. Our aim was to develop a simple, rapid, and cost-efficient method that could be applied in a BBS9 mutant gene carrier screening program in low- and middle-income countries within basic laboratory settings. Here, we report an optimized multiplex PCR assay that we have established successfully for detection of a 212-kb deletion within the BBS9 genomic sequence. We genotyped 420 animals from Yorkshire, Duroc, and Landrace purebred populations in Vietnam. We found that while the BBS9 mutant allele was not identified in Duroc pigs, the frequency of BBS9 carriers was 10% in both Yorkshire and Landrace populations. We subsequently validated our results using Sanger sequencing. Our multiplex PCR method could be utilized as a BBS9 screening test in pig breeding programs.
Multi-Founding Family Firms: Effects on Firm Governance, Innovation, and Performance
Authors: Lim So-Yeon , Jeong Seung-Hwan
Published: September 2024

Traditionally, family firm studies have assumed there is a single family behind the firm. We challenge this assumption and argue that the distinction between multi-founding family firms and single-founding family firms matters. We theorize that multi-founding family firms, based on mutual monitoring among families, have corporate governance advantages (less principal–agent and principal–principal problems) in terms of reduced founder CEO entrenchment and a lower probability of descendent leadership. Furthermore, we argue that multi-founding family firms exhibit higher levels of innovation and performance. Based on U.S. firms during 2001 to 2010, we find robust support for our arguments.
Democratizing U.S. Courts: Perceived Representation and Support for Judicial Elections
Authors: Armaly Miles T. , Bruce John M.
Published: September 2024

The American mass public abstractly supports the federal judiciary, but supports concrete alterations to the institution (e.g., term limits). We argue that some efforts to alter the institution are not exclusively punitive, but relate to broader, non-judicial orientations toward government. Using nationally representative data from the 2020 Cooperative Election Study (CES), we find that attitudes toward representation and which types of people ought to hold power underlie support for judicial elections. Specifically, perceived representation, believing men to be better suited to politics than women, and holding racist attitudes are related to support for appointments over elections, even when controlling for diffuse support, perceived judicial politicization, and other relevant measures regarding the judiciary. We argue such individuals wish to maintain the appointment system which has yielded perceived benefits. Additionally, political sophistication exacerbates these effects. Rather than just a way to alter courts for delivering displeasing policy, support for some judicial changes may relate to efforts to democratize, and thereby diversify, courts.
The Democrats Loss of the White Working Class: Another Look at the Evidence
Authors: Stonecash Jeffrey M.
Published: September 2024

For decades a narrative has dominated interpretations of American politics. Democrats formed the New Deal coalition by attracting northern white working-class voters in the 1930s. Then beginning in the 1960s the party became too liberal, lost the support of the white working class, and they began moving to the Republican Party. The purpose of this analysis is to assess and question the accuracy of this narrative. Just how much support did Democrats have from white working-class voters by the 1950s. Was there a decline in the 1960s or 1980 with Ronald Reagan? The evidence suggests there are significant problems with the narrative, and we need to reconsider what shapes white working-class political support.
Ethical Considerations for Autonomous Vehicle Behavior: Approach and Framework
Authors: Conway David , Degani Asaf , Dogan Ebru , Hofvenschiold Elizabeth , Little James , Palade Paula
Published: September 2024

The deployment of autonomous vehicles will demand consistent and agreed-upon behavior in the form of standard driving rules for maneuvers (e.g., lane changes) as well as defined responses to specific road situations such as giving way to emergency vehicles and when crashes are unavoidable. This paper provides an approach to the implementation of ethical considerations for highly automated vehicles and autonomous vehicles by suggesting standard driving rules and a framework for the generation and evaluation of these rules. This framework is generic and can instantiate any set of ethical concepts (e.g., Western or Eastern schools of ethics) and cultural norms (e.g., European, Latin American, Asian) and be applied to other technological domains such as robot ethics and AI ethics.
Effect of wheel profile evolution on dynamic vehicle-track interactions assessed by integrating experimental and numerical approaches
Authors: Gao Ya , Wei Zilong , Zhang Hang , Yang Fei , You Mingxi , Lu Tao
Published: September 2024

Changes in wheel profiles considerably impact vehicle dynamics and ride safety, especially running stability. Due to inevitable wheel wear, a common maintenance practice is to periodically re-profile wheels according to their original profiles. The influence of the difference in the vehicle wheel shape on the wheel–rail contact behavior cannot be neglected. In this study, the influence of wheel profile changes on vehicle dynamics is investigated by integrating periodic wheel profile measurements with vehicle-track dynamic simulations. Moreover, on the basis of measured dynamic data of trains, time-frequency analysis is performed to study the distribution characteristics of vehicle dynamics. The results indicate that there are obvious energy peaks in the dynamic response of the abnormal vibration section along the operating direction. The differences in the profiles of each wheel on a vehicle can cause significant changes in the wheel–rail contact behavior. Furthermore, the evolution of the profile of the re-profiled wheel affects the dynamic response of the vehicle. Therefore, the evolution of each wheel profile should be considered for a detailed dynamic assessment of a vehicle in service.
Hypoadrenocorticism in cats: a 40-year update
Authors: Glebocka Magdalena J , Boag Alisdair
Published: September 2024

Practical relevance

Addison’s disease is a very rare condition in cats, with only approximately 40 cases documented in the past 40 years since it was first described in 1983.

Clinical challenges

While canine hypoadrenocorticism is a well-recognised disorder with clear diagnostic and treatment guidelines, feline hypoadrenocorticism remains a challenge because of its rarity and waxing and waning clinical signs. Furthermore, empirical treatment with corticosteroids, resulting in clinical improvement, contributes to delays in achieving the diagnosis and initiating treatment. Feline hypoadrenocorticism is diagnosed with an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test; a low resting cortisol concentration with an inadequate or absent response to synthetic ACTH is diagnostic. Various ACTH stimulation-testing protocols are reported in published cases, with the majority using three time-limited blood samples. This can be limiting clinically, depending on cats’ clinical presentation and behaviour at the veterinary practice and tolerance for procedures. Long-term treatment, similar to canine hypoadrenocorticism, consists of oral corticosteroids, with several formulations licensed in the UK, and mineralocorticoids (desoxycorticosterone pivalate), of which the only available formulation (Zycortal; Dechra) is licensed for dogs and its safety has not been assessed in cats.

Global importance

Feline hypoadrenocorticism occurs worldwide. Although no breed, sex or age association has been reported, cats aged <6 years are overrepresented.
Low-velocity impact of clamped Y-shaped sandwich beams with metal foam core
Authors: Liu Henghui , Xiao Xinke , Miao Fuxing , Yuan Long , Zhang Jianxun
Published: September 2024

This study aims to analytically and numerically investigate the dynamic behavior of clamped foam-filled Y-shaped sandwich beams subjected to low-velocity impact. Using the yield criterion for the foam-filled Y-shaped sandwich structure, a theoretical model is proposed. The bound and the analytical solution of low-velocity impact (LVI) of the foam-filled Y-shaped sandwich beam (FYSB) are obtained. Numerical computations are conducted to study the dynamic behavior of FYSB subjected to LVI. Analytical predications are in agreement with numerical. Subsequently, an in-depth analysis is undertaken employing a theoretical model to discuss the influences of parameters such as the Y-shaped plate angle, impact location, foam strength on the dynamic behavior of the FYSB. It is shown that for the given deflection, the impact force diminishes as the impact location progressively approaches the mid-span, and increases with increasing foam strength, Y-shaped plate angle, face-sheet thickness and striker mass. The analytical model can be used to predict the dynamic response of the FYSB subjected to LVI.
Retinal ghost in a patient with Behçet's disease and positive cytomegalovirus PCR in the vitreous sample
Authors: Maleki Arash , Foster Frances , Foster C Stephen
Published: September 2024

Purpose

To document a case involving a patient previously diagnosed with Behçet's disease which proved unresponsive to multiple immunomodulatory therapies, and was subsequently diagnosed with secondary cytomegalovirus retinitis and appropriately treated.

Methods

This is a case report focused on the images.

Results

A 39-year-old female, previously diagnosed with Behçet's disease unresponsive to multiple immunomodulatory therapies, sought a second opinion at our clinic due to more floaters and a scotoma in her left eye for a few months. Her right eye had become blind as a result of multiple glaucoma and vitreoretinal surgeries. Her best corrected visual acuity was 20/60 in the left eye. A Slit lam examination of the left eye showed 1+ cells and flare in the anterior chamber along with 1+ cells in the anterior vitreous with no vitreous haze. Dilated fundoscopy of the left eye reveled an atrophic lesion in the inferior macula. Fluorescein angiography demonstrated a mixed hypo- and hyperfluorescent lesion in the left eye. Optical coherence tomography macula demonstrated an atrophic lesion in the inferior macula of the left eye. All laboratory findings were predominantly negative or within the normal range, except for the presence of antibodies to VZV and CMV in the blood. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of the vitreous sample uncovered the presence of CMV, leading to appropriate curative and prophylactic treatment for the patient.

Conclusions and importance

In patients with resistant noninfectious uveitis, particularly those experiencing underlying disease reactivation, the possibility of infections, especially opportunistic ones, should be taken into consideration.
Resolution of choroidal effusion and serous retinal detachment after PASCAL photocoagulation in a patient with diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Erduran Bilgehan , Esenkaya Mertcan , Koçak Nurullah
Published: September 2024

Purpose

To present a rare case of PASCAL photocoagulation-induced choroidal effusion and serous retinal detachment in a patient with diabetic retinopathy.

Methods

A case report

Case description

A 68-year-old man with type 2 diabetes mellitus presented with decreased vision in both eyes. His best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.39 logMAR units in both eyes. The patient underwent panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) in two quadrants of both eyes on the same day according to his fundus fluorescein angiography. Three days after the first session of PRP, the BCVA in his left eye deteriorated by 2.0 logMAR units. Fundoscopic examination detected a significant choroidal effusion in inferonasal quadrant of the left eye. A macular Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) scan showed a large macular serous retinal detachment in the left eye. Topical steroid, topical cycloplegic, and 64 mg oral methylprednisolone were initiated. Two weeks later, his BCVA returned to the level of the first visit with a completely resolved choroidal effusion and no subretinal fluid.

Conclusion

Considering the inflammatory and destructive mechanism of PRP, the laser operator should use the minimum power necessary to avoid possible chorioretinal complications.
Estimation of Sediment Yield and Evaluation of Management Options in the Watershed Using SWAT Model
Authors: Tenaw Wasihun Gashu , Tadesse Kassahun Birhanu , Kerebih Mulu Sewinet
Published: September 2024

Land degradation and sedimentation are global issues stemming from inappropriate land management practices within watersheds, primarily due to soil erosion. The primary aim of this investigation was to estimate sediment yield, pinpoint erosion-prone areas, and determine effective strategies for reducing erosion and sediment yield within the Mormora watershed utilizing the SWAT model. The performance of the SWAT model was assessed through calibration and validation procedures employing the Sequential Uncertainty Fitting 2 (SUFI-2) algorithm within the SWAT Calibration and Uncertainty Procedures (SWAT-CUP). Calibration was conducted for the period 1993 to 2006, while validation was carried out for 2007 to 2013, focusing on streamflow and sediment yields at gauging station. Various metrics including R2, NSE, RSR, and PBIAS were used to assess model performance. All model performance metrics indicated high accuracy. The average annual sediment yield at the outlet of the watershed was 1.19 million t/year with a spatial average of 8.54 t/ha/year. About 47.33% of the watershed was critical areas demanding implementation of soil conservation strategy. The effectiveness of five watershed management scenarios was compared to existing baseline conditions for their effectiveness in sediment yield reduction. The results indicate soil erosion decreased by 28.3% to 55.9% by applying filter strips, 61.7% to 68.4% by grassed waterways, 71.38% by terracing, 62.64% by contouring, and 46.3% by applying stone/soil bunds. Ultimately, terracing emerged as the most effective strategy for mitigating soil erosion within the study area. Consequently, the research outcomes and the developed methodology serve as a valuable resource for decision-makers, experts, and researchers involved in sustainable watershed management.
Ceramic Filters Coated with Green Ag-Nanoparticles for Drinking Water Treatment in Rural Households of Nigeria
Authors: Aromolaran Olukemi , Ogunbode Timothy O
Published: September 2024

A ceramic water filter (CWF) coated with plant-based nanoparticles was used as household water purifier in a rural community. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were produced from the stem bark of Bridelia ferruginea plant, and their efficacy to enhance the physical, chemical, and microbial quality of raw stream water sample was determined using analytical probes and pour-plate techniques, respectively. The pH of the filtered water sample ranged 7.6 to 8.1, which is within the WHO permissible limit for drinking water, and the electrical conductivity values were also reduced from 110 to 70 µS/cm. The CWF coated with AgNPs (CWF-AgNPs) removed Klebsiella pnuemoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Entamoeba histolytica from the stream water sample. The highest percentage of coliform reduction in the CWF and CWF-AgNPs were 93.18% and 99.64%, respectively. The raw data showed that the CWF-NPs enhanced the quality of the stream water. The surface and internal structure of the CWF-AgNPs can be modified by varying the concentration of the composite materials, so as to determine the most effective combination. The improved CWF-AgNPs will enhance achieving United Nations Sustainable Development Goal #6, which focuses on clean water and sanitation.