bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beneficial Effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy on Periodontitis Are Vitamin D Associated
Authors: Jönsson Daniel , Aggarwal Prerna , Nilsson Bengt‐Olof , Demmer Ryan T.
Published: October 2012

Background: Possible synergism between female sex hormones and vitamin D on periodontitis pathology has not been assessed. Here, the authors investigate effects of estrogen, progesterone, and vitamin D on periodontitis in a population‐based sample and use cell studies to explore mechanistic explanations of the population‐based findings.

Methods: The epidemiologic analysis uses cross‐sectional data from the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001 to 2004. The cross sections include 1,230 women aged 40 to 85 years who received a periodontal examination, responded to questions regarding hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and provided a blood sample for serum vitamin D assessments. For mechanistic cell culture studies, human monocytes were cultured with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS), estradiol, progesterone, and/or 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3; and transcriptional activity of interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐1β, B lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC), and regulated on activation normal T‐cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) was assessed.

Results: HRT use (versus none) was associated with higher attachment levels and more teeth only among participants who were vitamin D sufficient (>20 ng/mL). The odds ratio for having moderate/severe periodontitis among users of HRT versus participants who did not use HRT was 0.69 among participants who were vitamin D sufficient and 1.19 in participants who were vitamin D deficient. LPS‐induced IL‐6, IL‐1β, and BLC expression was attenuated in human monocytes treated with estrogen and progesterone. Downregulation of IL‐6 expression by estrogen and progesterone was potentiated when vitamin D was included. LPS‐induced IL‐6 and RANTES expression was decreased, and BLC expression was totally reversed, by vitamin D treatment.

Conclusions: The association between HRT and clinical periodontal measures was strongest among women with high vitamin D levels. This association is plausibly mediated via an anti‐inflammatory transcriptional mechanism.
The Audit of Fair Values and Other Estimates: The Effects of Underlying Environmental, Task, and Auditor-Specific Factors
Authors: Bratten Brian , Gaynor Lisa Milici , McDaniel Linda , Montague Norma R. , Sierra Gregory E.
Published: September 2012

The rising prominence of fair values and other estimates (FVOEs) to financial reporting increases their significance to the audit. Based on inspections that report numerous deficiencies, the PCAOB is concerned that auditors are not sufficiently prepared for the challenges faced in evaluating fair value measurements. In this paper, we first analyze the possible sources for observed practice deficiencies by evaluating extant archival and experimental research. To organize our discussion, we rely on an established theoretical research framework that examines auditor judgment through an analysis of three critical and interactive factors of the judgment process—the environment, the task, and the person (Bonner 2008). We believe that the framework is particularly useful in understanding judgments related to the audits of FVOEs, given that these areas have unique environmental and task factors such that addressing auditor characteristics alone to improve audit quality is likely to be insufficient. Second, considering the PCAOB-identified practice areas with direct implications for the audits of FVOEs, we develop and present future research lines of inquiry that take into account the important interactions among the three framework factors. We believe empirical evidence within these lines will help identify potential sources of, and remedies for, observed audit deficiencies.
Institutional Shareholders' Investment Horizons and Tax Avoidance
Authors: Khurana Inder K. , Moser William J.
Published: September 2012

We investigate whether the level of ownership by institutional shareholders with a long-term horizon is associated with firms' tax avoidance activities. In theory, tax avoidance increases firm value through tax savings; however, institutions with long-term investment horizons are likely to discourage tax avoidance activities if such activities encourage managerial opportunism and reduce transparency. Using a sample of firms with institutional ownership data from 1995–2008, we find less tax avoidance in firms held by long-term institutional shareholders. Probing further, we find these results are generally driven by poorly governed firms. Overall, our results highlight the role of certain types of institutional shareholders in affecting a firm's tax avoidance behavior.
Professional curiosity engaged in policy sociology
Authors: Ptáčková Kateřina
Published: September 2012

The article focuses on the methodological specifics of qualitative sociological studies commissioned by public administration authorities (“the client”) which aim to provide solutions to specific problems defined by the client. In conducting this kind of study, the researcher is expected not only to describe and understand the existing state of affairs but also to provide a set of recommendations for amending it. The research terrain is not defined by the sociologist herself but basically by the client. This situation reveals a series of methodological and epistemological issues. The article discusses some of them and proposes that the research strategy of heuristic investigation may be an answer to the associated dilemmas. The author argues that the correct use of reflexive methodology can help the researcher to overcome the limits imposed on the research by the client’s presence and even make the apparent disadvantages work for her.
School culture at risk of political and methodological expropriation
Authors: Kaščák Ondrej , Pupala Branislav , Lukšík Ivan , Lemešová Miroslava
Published: September 2012

The aim of this article is to problematize the concept of school culture both as a concept and as a subject of investigation. It deals with the historical roots of this concept and the fact that it is shrinking—a consequence of the managerial imperatives of effectiveness and accountability in education. School culture, in relation to the quality of schools and the quality of education, has become the subject of audits, arrived at through a developed network of standardisation in education, testing and evaluation. The methodology of evaluation currently lending particular substance to school culture, however, generates different methodological perspectives on investigating school culture and thus research is becoming an instrument of political power. In the research it is then necessary to either abandon the concept of school culture or to free it from spinning round the cycle of evaluation/self-evaluation—a change in school culture—improving the “quality of the school”—a new evaluation/self-evaluation. One way to do this is to employ ethnographic approaches in research into schools and to understand school culture as a system of texts.
The study of religious diversity in the Czech lands—diversity in academic studies of religions
Authors: Lužný Dušan
Published: September 2012

This article attempts to summarize some of the experiences and methodological insights gained from research on non-traditional religious groups that the author has conducted over the last twenty years, primarily in Czech society. The starting point for these studies is respect for the principle that it is not possible to approach the study of religious pluralism and diversity from a single predetermined conceptual framework-religious diversity requires diverse approaches. However, within the diversity approach there exist some common principles such as respect for the religious beliefs of respondents and the elimination of personal stereotypes and ethnocentrism.
The relationship between manganism and the workplace environment in China
Authors: Wang Yongyi , Xue Jian , Cheng Shuqun , Ding Yubin , He Junlin , Liu Xueqing , Chen Xuemei , Wang Yingxiong , Feng Xiangyu , Xia Yinyin
Published: September 2012

Manganese is a trace element and a cofactor of many enzymes, so it is essential for physiologic functioning, but it is also a neurotoxin at high doses. Manganism is most often caused by occupational exposure. It is manifested by a myriad of signs and symptoms ranging from the neurasthenia syndrome, such as headache and dizziness, to the Parkinson-like syndrome, depending on the blood manganese levels as well as the duration of exposure. We are reporting a case of manganism using both clinical and occupational hygiene investigation methods. The patient presented the neurasthenia syndrome accompanied by hypertonicity of arm muscles and was diagnosed to have mild chronic manganism. Finally, the patient was discharged from the hospital after the treatment had improved her condition. In China, there are many chronic manganese cases, partly due to a rapid industrial development with great use of Mn and the low self-protection awareness among the workers and the factories management that cannot catch up with the speed of the economical development. Therefore, factories are responsible for improving the conditions at the workplace.
Early deterioration of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in a neonatal piglet model of intraventricular hemorrhage and posthemorrhagic ventricular dilation
Authors: Aquilina Kristian , Chakkarapani Ela , Thoresen Marianne
Published: September 2012

Object

The optimal management of neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and posthemorrhagic ventricular dilation is challenging. The importance of early treatment has been demonstrated in a recent randomized study, involving early ventricular irrigation and drainage, which showed significant cognitive improvement at 2 years. The objective of this study was to define the changes in CSF absorption capacity over time in a neonatal piglet model of IVH.

Methods

Ten piglets (postnatal age 9–22 hours) underwent intraventricular injection of homologous blood. A ventricular access device was inserted 7–10 days later. Ventricular dilation was measured by ultrasonography. Serial constant flow infusion studies were performed through the access device from Week 2 to Week 8.

Results

Seven piglets survived long term, 43–60 days, and developed ventricular dilation; this reached a maximum by Week 6. There was no significant difference in baseline intracranial pressure throughout this period. The resistance to CSF outflow, Rout, increased from 63.5 mm Hg/ml/min in Week 2 to 118 mm Hg/ml/min in Week 4. Although Rout decreased after Week 5, the ventriculomegaly persisted.

Conclusions

In this neonatal piglet model, reduction in CSF absorptive capacity occurs early after IVH and accompanies progressive and irreversible ventriculomegaly. This suggests that early treatment of premature neonates with IVH is desirable.
Lichen Planus Pemphigoides: A Case Report
Authors: Bhuiyan I , Hossain MS , Khan MSA , Alam M , Haque MA
Published: October 2012

Lichen planus pemphigoides describe a rare subset of patients who usually have typical lichen planus then develop blistering on their lichen planus lesions and in normal skin. Less commonly the blistering antedates the lichen planus. They clinically appear to be a combination of lichen planus and bullous pemphigoid. Oral disease may occur and resemble either lichen planus or bullous pemphigoid. Lichen planus pemphigoides has been triggered by medication & PUVA. Pruritus may be severe and lesions may evolve to resemble pemphigoid nodularis. Histopathologically lichen planus lesions show lichen planus and bullous lesion shows the features of bullous pemphigoid. DIF is positive in a linear pattern with IgG and C3 along the basement membrane zone, at the roof of saline split skin. The antigen targeted by the autoantibody in Lichen planus pemphigoides is located in the same region as the bullous pemphigoid antigen (at the basal hemidesmosomes). Lichen planus pemphigoides tends to follow a benign and chronic course, even when compared to bullous pemphigoid. We diagnosed a case of Lichen planus pemphigoides on the basis of history, clinical examination, histopathology & DIF. The patient was treated with systemic & topical steroid, Dapsone. After 2 month of treatment steroid was withdrawn, but Dapsone continue with no relapse.To our knowledge this is the first diagnosed and treated case in this hospital. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jssmc.v4i1.12002 J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll, 2012;4(1):35-37
Genome Walking by Next Generation Sequencing Approaches
Authors: Volpicella Mariateresa , Leoni Claudia , Costanza Alessandra , Fanizza Immacolata , Placido Antonio , Ceci Luigi R.
Published: October 2012

Genome Walking (GW) comprises a number of PCR-based methods for the identification of nucleotide sequences flanking known regions. The different methods have been used for several purposes: from de novo sequencing, useful for the identification of unknown regions, to the characterization of insertion sites for viruses and transposons. In the latter cases Genome Walking methods have been recently boosted by coupling to Next Generation Sequencing technologies. This review will focus on the development of several protocols for the application of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies to GW, which have been developed in the course of analysis of insertional libraries. These analyses find broad application in protocols for functional genomics and gene therapy. Thanks to the application of NGS technologies, the original vision of GW as a procedure for walking along an unknown genome is now changing into the possibility of observing the parallel marching of hundreds of thousands of primers across the borders of inserted DNA molecules in host genomes.
High Mobility Group Box Protein-1 in Wound Repair
Authors: Ranzato Elia , Martinotti Simona , Pedrazzi Marco , Patrone Mauro
Published: October 2012

High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), a member of highly conserved non-histone DNA binding protein family, has been studied as transcription factor and growth factor. Secreted extracellularly by activated monocytes and macrophages or passively released by necrotic or damaged cells, extracellular HMGB1 is a potent mediator of inflammation. Extracellular HMGB1 has apparently contrasting biological actions: it sustains inflammation (with the possible establishment of autoimmunity or of self-maintaining tissue damage), but it also activates and recruits stem cells, boosting tissue repair. Here, we focus on the role of HMGB1 in physiological and pathological responses, the mechanisms by which it contributes to tissue repair and therapeutic strategies base on targeting HMGB1.
On Extracting Probability Distribution Information from Time Series
Authors: Kowalski Andres M. , Martin Maria Teresa , Plastino Angelo , Judge George
Published: October 2012

Time-series (TS) are employed in a variety of academic disciplines. In this paper we focus on extracting probability density functions (PDFs) from TS to gain an insight into the underlying dynamic processes. On discussing this “extraction” problem, we consider two popular approaches that we identify as histograms and Bandt–Pompe. We use an information-theoretic method to objectively compare the information content of the concomitant PDFs.
Ocean Acidification and the End-Permian Mass Extinction: To What Extent does Evidence Support Hypothesis?
Authors: Kershaw Stephen , Crasquin Sylvie , Li Yue , Collin Pierre-Yves , Forel Marie-Béatrice
Published: October 2012

Ocean acidification in modern oceans is linked to rapid increase in atmospheric CO2, raising concern about marine diversity, food security and ecosystem services. Proxy evidence for acidification during past crises may help predict future change, but three issues limit confidence of comparisons between modern and ancient ocean acidification, illustrated from the end-Permian extinction, 252 million years ago: (1) problems with evidence for ocean acidification preserved in sedimentary rocks, where proposed marine dissolution surfaces may be subaerial. Sedimentary evidence that the extinction was partly due to ocean acidification is therefore inconclusive; (2) Fossils of marine animals potentially affected by ocean acidification are imperfect records of past conditions; selective extinction of hypercalcifying organisms is uncertain evidence for acidification; (3) The current high rates of acidification may not reflect past rates, which cannot be measured directly, and whose temporal resolution decreases in older rocks. Thus large increases in CO2 in the past may have occurred over a long enough time to have allowed assimilation into the oceans, and acidification may not have stressed ocean biota to the present extent. Although we acknowledge the very likely occurrence of past ocean acidification, obtaining support presents a continuing challenge for the Earth science community.
Cases of Adverse Reaction to Psychotropic Drugs and Possible Association with Pharmacogenetics
Authors: Piatkov Irina , Jones Trudi , McLean Mark
Published: October 2012

Thousands of samples for pharmacogenetic tests have been analysed in our laboratory since its establishment. In this article we describe some of the most interesting cases of CYP poor metabolisers associated with adverse reactions to psychotropic drugs. Prevention of disease/illness, including Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR), is an aim of modern medicine. Scientific data supports the fact that evaluation of drug toxicology includes several factors, one of which is genetic variations in pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of drug pathways. These variations are only a part of toxicity evaluation, however, even if it would help to prevent only a small percentage of patients from suffering adverse drug reactions, especially life threatening ADRs, pharmacogenetic testing should play a significant role in any modern psychopharmacologic practice. Medical practitioners should also consider the use of other medications or alternative dosing strategies for drugs in patients identified as altered metabolisers. This will promise not only better and safer treatments for patients, but also potentially lowering overall healthcare costs.
Polyamine-Promoted Growth of One-Dimensional Nanostructure-Based Silica and Its Feature in Catalyst Design
Authors: Liu Xin-Ling , Zhu Pei-Xin , Gao Yan-Feng , Jin Ren-Hua
Published: October 2012

Crystalline linear polyethyleneimine (LPEI) is a fascinating polymer that can be used as a catalyst, template and scaffold in order to direct the formation of silica with controllable compositions and spatial structures under mild conditions. Considering the crystallization and assembly of LPEI is temperature-dependent, we adopted different accelerated cooling processes of a hot aqueous solution of LPEI in order to modulate the LPEI crystalline aggregates. We then used them in the hydrolytic condensation of alkoxysilane. A series of silica with nanofibrils, nanotubes and nanowire-based structures were achieved simply by the LPEI aggregates which were pre-formed in defined cooling processes. These specific one-dimensional nanoscale structures assembled into microscale fibers-, sheet- and platelet-like coalescences. Furthermore, the deposition kinetics was also researched by the combination of other characterizations (e.g., pH measurement, 29Si MAS NMR). As a preliminary application, the hybrids of LPEI@SiO2 were used not only as an agent for reducing PtCl42− into Pt but also as host for loading Pt nanoparticles. The Pt-loaded silica showed good catalytic properties in the reduction of Rhodamine B by dimethylaminoborane (DMAB).
High Frequency (HF) Radar Detection of the Weak 2012 Indonesian Tsunamis
Authors: Lipa Belinda , Barrick Donald , Diposaptono Subandono , Isaacson James , Jena Basanta Kumar , Nyden Bruce , Rajesh Kuppili , Kumar T. Srinivasa
Published: October 2012

We report here on the observation and offline detection of the weak tsunamis generated by earthquakes near Indonesia on 11 April 2012 using radar systems and tide gauges on the coasts of Sumatra and the Andaman Islands. This work extends the previous observations of the much stronger 2011 Japan tsunami. The distance offshore at which the tsunami can be detected, and hence the warning time provided, depends primarily on the bathymetry: the wider the shallow continental shelf, the greater this time. The weak Indonesia tsunamis were detected successfully in spite of the narrow shallow-water shelf offshore from the radar systems. Larger tsunamis could obviously be detected further from the coast. This paper provides further confirmation that radar is an important tool to aid in tsunami observation and warning.
The CO2 Emission Factor of Water in Japan
Authors: Shimizu Yasutoshi , Dejima Satoshi , Toyosada Kanako
Published: October 2012

From the viewpoint of combating global warming in Japan, measures to reduce emissions from the activities involved in daily life have been accelerated in concurrence with the efforts made in the industrial sector to save energy. As one such measure, the reduction of energy consumption in waterworks and sewer systems by reducing the volume of water used in the housing sector is gaining attention; measures for the conversion of water saving into CO2 reduction credit in the domestic credit system are also being examined. To address the credit development for CO2 reduction by water saving, it was necessary to determine the CO2 emission factor for water. Hence, we calculated the CO2 emission factor of water use in Japan and determined the value to be 0.376 kg CO2/m3 which applied the generating end electricity value. In addition, since electricity contributes to 90% of the energy consumption of the waterworks and sewer systems of Japan and since the emission factor for electricity changes with the power source composition ratio, the CO2 emission factor for water also needs to be updated to match the emission factor for electricity. We therefore developed a calculation equation for updating this emission factor.
Isolation and characterization of 13 novel polymorphic microsatellite markers for Pinus koraiensis (Pinaceae)
Authors: Yu Jing‐Hua , Chen Chang‐Mei , Tang Zhong‐Hua , Yuan Shu‐Sheng , Wang Chun‐Jing , Zu Yuan‐Gang
Published: October 2012

• Premise of the study: Thirteen polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of Pinus koraiensis.

• Methods and Results: Using the Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequences COntaining repeats (FIASCO) method with three specific PCR primers for screening the positive clones, 13 loci were found to be polymorphic in 78 individuals of P. koraiensis. Across all of the P. koraiensis samples, the number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 11.

• Conclusions: These polymorphic markers will be useful for conservation genetics studies of this species and to inform the development of effective P. koraiensis conservation programs.
RESEARCH OF NATURAL WOOD COMBUSTION AND CHARRING PROCESSES
Authors: Mačiulaitis Romualdas , Jefimovas Andrejus , Zdanevičius Povilas
Published: September 2012

Wood is a material widely used for construction purposes and – in some cases – it is the main element of building structures. In comparison with other materials, wood has a number of advantages, such as lightness, strength, resistance to impacts and vibration, simplicity in terms of processing and etc. However, one of the largest drawbacks of wood is flammability. Charring of wooden structures is the most apparent feature of combustion in case of fire in wooden buildings or buildings made of wooden structures. This property is important in identifying causes of fire; therefore it is necessary to relate charring of wooden structures with certain significant effects of fire, such as its duration or temperature. The article addresses the wood characteristics that impact on combustion and charring. It describes test methods and properties of wood samples under research. Research of charring rate of natural softwood and hardwood as a function of heating time, and regressive analysis of data were carried out. Empiric equations were derived. The calorific value of carbon residue resulting in different temperatures was determined in accordance with LST EN ISO 1716. Thermographic research of oak and pine wood was carried out in different gaseous environments. The research results were summarised in the form of conclusions.
SOIL ARCHING AND LOAD TRANSFER MECHANISM FOR SLOPE STABILIZED WITH PILES
Authors: Kahyaoglu Mehmet Rifat , Onal Okan , Imançlı Gökhan , Ozden Gürkan , Kayalar Arif S.
Published: September 2012

In this study, the effects of pile spacing and pile head fixity on the moment and lateral soil pressure distribution along slope stabilizing piles are investigated. A slice from an infinitely long row of piles with fixed pile tip in an inclined sand bed was simulated with an experimental test setup. Surficial soil displacements were monitored and relative displacements between soil particles were determined by recording time-lapse images during the test in order to observe the soil arching mechanism on the soil surface. The load transfer process from moving soil to piles and behavior of soil around piles were observed and evaluated by the different test setups. It was observed that decrease in pile spacing causes an increase of load carried per pile. This behavior, which was significantly influenced by the pile head boundary conditions, can only be explained by soil arching that existed between the piles along their lengths.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN OPTIMUM PRE-FOUNDED COLUMN SYSTEM FOR TOP-DOWN CONSTRUCTION
Authors: Rhim Hong-Chul , Kim Kyung-Min , Kim Seung-Weon
Published: September 2012

In this work, circular concrete-filled steel tubular (CCFT) columns, rather than the more popular H-shaped columns, were suggested as pre-founded columns for top-down construction. In addition, a novel shear connection system with headed stud shear connectors between the CCFT columns and the flat slabs was developed. It was noted that a CCFT column with a design compressive strength similar to that of an H-shaped column without consideration of length effects can be easily installed, even into a smaller borehole. Furthermore, compared to the H-shaped column, less steel is required for the CCFT column. It was shown that the amount of steel needed can be reduced by decreasing the wall thicknesses or diameters of the CCFT column depending on the exposed length of the column during excavation. The fillet-welded joint of the developed shear connector system was also tested before its in-situ application. The test results revealed that the joint possessed sufficient shear and deformation capacities. The CCFT column with the developed shear connection system was ultimately applied to an actual top-down construction process. The good constructability of the CCFT column system and reductions in construction costs and time were confirmed.
SUPERIORITY OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS OVER STATISTICAL METHODS IN PREDICTION OF THE OPTIMAL LENGTH OF ROCK BOLTS
Authors: Hasanzadehshooiili Hadi , Lakirouhani Ali , Medzvieckas Jurgis
Published: September 2012

Rock bolting is one of the most important support systems used for rock structures. Rock bolts are widely used in underground excavations as they are suitable for a wide range of geological conditions and allow using progressive design methods; besides, they help economising in the use of materials and manpower. Thus, to provide the most effective support at minimum cost by means of rock bolting, it is essential to optimise the elements contributing to bolt design, including their length, as well as bolt density and tension during installation. This paper considers the length of bolts for optimisation of the design phase, which is one of the most important parameters impacting the entire design procedure. Presenting and comparing results of some statistical models, neural network modeling is introduced as powerful means in prediction of the optimal length of rock bolts. Subsequent to training and testing of a large number of 1-layer and 2-layer backpropagation neural networks, it was reported that the optimal model was the network with the architecture of 6-18-3-1 as it demonstrated the minimum RMSE and MAE as well as the maximum R2. In comparison to statistical models (0.7182 for the value of R2 in the multiple linear regression model, 0.68 in the polynomial model and 0.7 in the dimensionless model), the results obtained by the neural network modeling – i.e. the coefficient of determination R2 of 0.9259, the value of mean absolute error MAE of 0.068, and the root mean squared error RMSE of 0.078 – not only proved their superiority but also introduced the neural network modelling as a highly capable prediction tool in forecasting the optimal length of rock bolts. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis was used to obtain parameters that have the greatest and the least impact on the optimal bolt length: the effect of the overburden thickness, tensile strength, cohesion and Poisson's ratio on the optimal bolt length was almost the same while the friction angle had the least influence.
Antiretroviral Monocyte Efficacy Score Linked to Cognitive Impairment in Hiv
Authors: Shikuma Cecilia M , Nakamoto Beau , Shiramizu Bruce , Liang Chin-Yuan , DeGruttola Victor , Bennett Kara , Paul Robert , Kallianpur Kalpana , Chow Dominic , Gavegnano Christina , Hurwitz Selwyn J , Schinazi Raymond F , Valcour Victor G
Published: September 2012

Background

Monocytes transmigrating to the brain play a central role in HIV neuropathology. We hypothesized that the continued existence of neurocognitive impairment (NCI) despite potent antiretroviral (ARV) therapy is mediated by the inability of such therapy to control this monocyte/macrophage reservoir.

Methods

Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses were conducted within a prospectively enrolled cohort. We devised a monocyte efficacy (ME) score based on the anticipated effectiveness of ARV medications against monocytes/macrophages using published macrophage in vitro drug efficacy data. We examined, within an HIV neurocognitive database, its association with composite neuropsychological test scores (NPZ8) and clinical cognitive diagnoses among subjects on stable ARV medications unchanged for >6 months prior to assessment.

Results

Among 139 subjects on ARV therapy, higher ME score correlated with better NPZ8 performance ( r=0.23, P<0.01), whereas a score devised to quantify expected penetration effectiveness of ARVs into the brain (CPE score) did not ( r=0.12, P=0.15). In an adjusted model (adjusted r2=0.12), ME score (β=0.003, P=0.02), CD4+ T-cell nadir (β=0.001, P<0.01) and gender (β=-0.456, P=0.02) were associated with NPZ8, whereas CPE score was not (β=0.003, P=0.94). A higher ME score was associated with better clinical cognitive status ( P<0.01). With a range of 12.5–433.0 units, a 100-unit increase in ME score resulted in a 10.6-fold decrease in the odds of a dementia diagnosis compared with normal cognition ( P=0.01).

Conclusions

ARV efficacy against monocytes/macrophages correlates with cognitive function in HIV-infected individuals on ARV therapy within this cohort. If validated, efficacy against monocytes/macrophages may provide a new target to improve HIV NCI.
Article Commentary: Targeting Chronic Central Nervous System HIV Infection
Authors: Price Richard W , Swanstrom Ronald
Published: September 2012

Central nervous system (CNS) HIV infection is a nearly universal facet of systemic infection. Although anti-retroviral therapy is generally effective in suppressing this infection and reducing its severe complications, reports of continued neurological abnormalities have questioned whether treatment developed for systemic efficacy is optimized for CNS infection. Shikuma et al. report that a ‘monocyte efficacy’ score based on cell culture studies and applied to antiretroviral drugs correlated with neuropsychological performance in a previously reported cohort. Although there are important questions regarding the theoretical underpinnings of both this score and its application, the findings present a novel slant on therapy.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Anterior Atlantoaxial Subluxation in Ankylosing Spondylitis
Authors: LEE JI-SEON , LEE SEUNGHUN , BANG SO-YOUNG , CHOI KYUNG SOO , JOO KYUNG BIN , KIM YONG-BUM , SUNG IL-HOON , KIM TAE-HWAN
Published: October 2012

Objective.

In ankylosing spondylitis (AS), the cervical spine, like other sections of the spine and sacroiliac joints, is vulnerable during the disease process. Atlantoaxial subluxation (AAS) has been studied in connection with AS, but its risk factors and progression have not been clarified. Therefore, this study assessed the prevalence and risk factors of AAS in patients with AS.

Methods.

A total of 819 patients with AS who fulfilled the modified New York criteria and were examined with a full-flexion lateral view of the cervical spine by radiograph were enrolled from an outpatient clinic. The medical records of the patients were retrospectively reviewed and the anterior atlantodental interval (AADI) in the lateral flexion view of the cervical spine radiograph was investigated by 2 experienced musculoskeletal radiologists. We defined the AAS as an AADI of > 3 mm, and progression of AADI as a progression rate > 0.5 mm/year.

Results.

AAS was found in 14.1% (116/819) of patients. Progression of AADI occurred in 32.1% (26/81) patients with AAS and 5.0% (16/320) patients without AAS (p < 0.001). The development of AAS was significantly associated with elevated C-reactive protein [CRP; OR 2.19 (1.36–3.53)], peripheral arthritis [OR 2.05 (1.36–3.07)], use of anti-tumor necrosis factor antagonists because of failure of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs/disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs [NSAID/DMARD; OR 2.28 (1.52–3.42)], and uveitis [OR 1.71 (1.13–2.59)]. These factors were adjusted for age, sex, and disease duration by logistic regression analysis. No clear association was found for HLA-B27, seropositivity, or smoking status with AAS.

Conclusion.

AAS is a frequent complication, and the progression of AADI was more rapid in cases with AAS. The presence of peripheral arthritis, or high disease activity with elevated CRP level or refractory to conventional NSAID/DMARD, independently increased the risk of AAS, suggesting that clinicians should focus on the detection and monitoring of AAS, especially in cases with associated risk factors.
Multiple Courses of Rituximab Produce Sustained Clinical and Radiographic Efficacy and Safety in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and an Inadequate Response to 1 or More Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors: 5-Year Data from the REFLEX Study
Authors: KEYSTONE EDWARD C. , COHEN STANLEY B. , EMERY PAUL , KREMER JOEL M. , DOUGADOS MAXIME , LOVELESS JAMES E. , CHUNG CAROL , WONG PAMELA , LEHANE PATRICIA B. , TYRRELL HELEN
Published: October 2012

Objective.

This 5-year observational posthoc analysis of the REFLEX study and its open-label extension assessed clinical efficacy, radiographic response, and safety of rituximab (RTX) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who had an inadequate response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors.

Methods.

Patients in REFLEX were originally randomized to placebo (PBO) + methotrexate (MTX; PBO-randomized) or RTX + MTX (RTX-randomized). PBO-randomized patients were rescued with RTX as appropriate. Patients responding to initial RTX treatment could receive further RTX courses. For clinical efficacy and safety analyses, PBO-randomized patients were re-baselined prior to first RTX treatment and the data were pooled with RTX-randomized patient data. Efficacy outcomes 24 weeks after each course were calculated relative to first RTX pretreatment baseline. Radiographic outcomes were assessed relative to randomization baseline for both PBO-randomized and RTX-randomized groups.

Results.

A total of 480 patients received ≥ 1 RTX course. At 24 weeks, American College of Rheumatology 20/50/70 responses were 62.0%, 30.8%, and 13.0%, respectively at course 1 (n = 400) and 70.3%, 41.8%, and 22.0% at course 5 (n = 91). European League Against Rheumatism good/moderate responses were 77.2% and 84.4% at courses 1 (n = 390) and 5 (n = 90). Rates of adverse events (AE), serious AE, and infections generally remained stable. Rate of progressive joint damage (PJD; change in mean Total Sharp Score) decreased over time in both PBO-randomized (n = 79) and RTX-randomized (n = 105) groups. Mean change from baseline in PJD over 5 years was greater in PBO-randomized versus RTX-randomized patients (5.51 vs 3.21).

Conclusion.

RTX re-treatment over 5 years is associated with maintained or improved efficacy, continued inhibition of PJD, and a safety profile consistent with that previously reported. A delay in initiating RTX treatment may result in increased PJD.
Activisme urbain et politiques architecturales à Bruxelles : le tournant générationnel
Authors: Comhaire Gaël
Published: September 2012

Résumé Dans les années 1960 et 1970, la « bruxellisation », processus de destruction de quartiers populaires et du patrimoine architectural par les autorités publiques, a engendré les premières luttes urbaines à Bruxelles. Une première génération d’activistes urbains a émergé à cette occasion et a suscité la création de nombreux comités d’habitants. Ces associations ont obtenu que les paradigmes de la rénovation urbaine et de la protection du patrimoine guident les politiques publiques. Au début des années 2000 surgit une nouvelle génération d’activistes, plus directement liée au milieu de l’architecture. Ils dénoncent le manque d’ambition architecturale À travers différents terrains d’expérimentations, ils vont défendre de nouvelles pratiques architecturales et urbanistiques. Coexistent désormais, au sein des politiques publiques, des dispositifs issus de référents différents et se pose la question de leur articulation.
Défenses militantes. Avocats et violence politique dans l'Italie des années 1970 et 1980
Authors: Malatesta Maria
Published: September 2012

Résumé Au cours des années 1970, l’Italie fut confrontée tour à tour à la violence de la droite néo-fasciste et à la réaction menée par des groupements armés d’extrême gauche, avant tout les Brigades rouges. Un petit nombre d’avocats de gauche se chargea de défendre les membres de cette organisation. Cet article reconstruit les dynamiques complexes à l’œuvre autour de la défense de ces inculpés : d’un côté, à partir du procès de Turin en 1976, les Brigades rouges opposent au système judiciaire un refus de la défense ; de l’autre, certains avocats sont accusés de connivence avec leurs clients, voire de participation à un groupement terroriste, une tendance qui s’intensifie avec les dénonciations des « repentis » et qui pose la question des conditions de la défense et de ses dangers.
Défendre les nationalistes algériens en lutte pour l'indépendance. La « défense de rupture » en question
Authors: Thénault Sylvie
Published: September 2012

Résumé Jacques Vergès est la figure centrale de la défense des nationalistes algériens et la « défense de rupture » qu’il incarne est considérée comme l’héritage de la guerre d’indépendance algérienne (1954-1962). À partir de l’histoire de la répression judiciaire et d’entretiens avec des avocats engagés pendant cette période, cet article démontre cependant qu’une telle présentation doit être doublement nuancée. En premier lieu, en raison du caractère massif de la répression judiciaire en Algérie devant les tribunaux militaires, l’intervention des avocats engagés ne pouvait suffire à prendre en charge la défense des nationalistes. En second lieu, dans une logique révolutionnaire de solidarité avec le FLN, le collectif dit « Vergès », avait autant pour mission d’organiser une défense puisant dans les ressources du droit que d’utiliser les facilités de communication des avocats avec les prisonniers. Il fallait abattre les murs des prisons pour que les militants emprisonnés continuent de participer à la lutte pour l’indépendance. L’usage de la plaidoirie politique et de la « défense de rupture » doit ainsi être relativisé et la recherche historique devrait s’intéresser aux conditions concrètes de la défense, en Algérie, à travers l’histoire des barreaux locaux.
Coupled hydrogeophysical inversion of electrical resistances and inflow measurements for topsoil hydraulic properties under constant head infiltration
Authors: Mboh C.M. , Huisman J.A. , Van Gaelen N. , Rings J. , Vereecken H.
Published: October 2012

Accurate estimation of topsoil hydraulic properties is important for understanding water flow and solute transport in the vadose zone. Coupled hydrogeophysical inversion schemes that enable the use of multiple geophysical and hydrological data for the estimation of soil hydraulic properties have recently been proposed. In these coupled inversion schemes, a hydrological model describing the process under investigation is coupled to a forward geophysical model and hydraulic parameters are directly estimated from geophysical measurements. While these schemes provide a suitable platform for the integration of multiple geophysical and hydrological data, efficient methods to combine these data types for improved parameter estimation still warrant investigation. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of estimating three topsoil Mualem‐van Genuchten parameters from the fusion of inflow and electrical resistance measurements obtained under constant head infiltration. In addition to using only inflow or electrical resistances, we investigated three methods of combining these data for improved estimation of topsoil hydraulic parameters. Our results show that using inflow alone does not provide a unique solution to the inverse problem. Better results are obtained with the additional use of electrical resistance data. We show that successful data fusion within the coupled hydrogeophysical inversion framework depends on the choice of an appropriate objective function. We obtained the best data fusion results with an objective function defined as the sum of the root mean square error of both data types normalized by the standard deviation of the respective measurements. In this case, the inverted hydraulic parameters were very comparable to reference values obtained from a multi‐step outflow experiment carried out with undisturbed soil cores from the experimental site. It is concluded that the coupled hydrogeophysical inversion frame‐work is a promising tool for non‐invasive near‐surface hydrological investigations.
Near‐surface properties of an active fault derived by joint interpretation of different geophysical methods ‐ the Arava/Araba Fault in the Middle East
Authors: Weber M. , Helwig S.L. , Bauer K. , Haberland Ch. , Koch O. , Ryberg T. , Maercklin N. , Ritter O. , Schulze A.
Published: October 2012

The motion of tectonic plates is accommodated at fault zones. One of the unanswered questions about fault zones relates to the role they play in controlling shallow and local hydrology. This study focuses on the Arava/Araba Fault (AF) zone, the southern portion of the Dead Sea Transform (DST) in the Middle East. We combine seismic and electromagnetic methods (EM) to image the geometry and map the petro‐physical properties and water occurrence in the top 100 m of this active fault. For three profiles, P‐velocity and resistivity images were derived independently. Using a neural network cluster analysis three classes with similar P‐velocity and resistivities could then be determined from these images. These classes correspond to spatial domains of specific material and wetness. The first class occurs primarily east of the fault consisting of ‐wet‐ sand (dunes) and brecciated sediments, whereas the second class composed of similar material located west of the fault is ‐dry‐. The third class lies at depth below ca. 50 m and is composed of highly deformed and weathered Precambrian rocks that constitute the multi‐branch fault zone of the AF at this location. The combination of two independent measurements like seismics and EM linked by a stringent mathematical approach has thus shown the potential to delineate the interplay of lithology and water near active faults.
Research & Development of E-Map Service System Based on Baidu Map API for Regional Seismic Network
Authors: Liu Li , Dong Yi Bing , Liu Xin
Published: September 2012

In this paper, new B/S management information software developed for the regional seismic network is introduced. The main function of the software is to provide e-map service for two types of clients: administrators and guests. The application of the software will change the traditional ways and improve the working efficiency of the maintenance engineers. It was developed with Eclipse and MySQL database, following MVC framework specification. It should be deployed in the center of the regional seismic network, providing e-map services over Internet for clients. It can also provide certain dedicated functions for users according to their privileges. It has been proved that the software has both useful functions and reliable performance. The e-map service is not only helpful for the maintenance of regional seismic network, but also beneficial to the emergency relief after strong earthquake.
Seamless Rendering of Large Scale Terrain
Authors: Deng Bao Song , Deng Tie Qing , Yu Rong Huan , Yu Jia Wei
Published: September 2012

Terrain rendering has long been an active research topic in computer graphic and virtual reality. If large and detailed, digital terrains can be represented by a huge amount of data and therefore of graphical primitives to render in real-time. A dynamic, realistic and seamless rendering scheme for large scale terrain was proposed in this paper, based on successive LOD tiles and GPU acceleration. Multi-resolution girds and images were used for view-dependent data control and grid simplification, and multi-thread mechanism was employed for visibility clipping and data exchange between memory and disk, at the same time, a seamless combination algorithm between tiles of terrain and texture was proposed. Experimental results of real scenes with open data and comparisons with traditional method demonstrate the efficiency and practicality of our method.
An Application for Learning Malay Language as a Second Language: A Proposed Design
Authors: Saipunidzam Mahamad , Mohamaddiah Haslinda , Ibrahim Mohammad Noor , Fadzil Faizal Ahmad , Kasbon Rozana
Published: September 2012

With the proliferation of wireless and mobile technologies, this paper presents a framework for learning Malay language as a second language for vernacular primary school students through a mobile application. One of the problems faced by this group of students is when they have to further their studies to national secondary school where the medium of communication is no longer in their native language, but Malay.. This application encourages the learners to improve their Malay language skills at their own pace anytime anywhere. It is designed in such a way that the learners can use and explore the modules in the application by themselves. The concept of play and learn is integrated in this application that gives excitement in learning the language.
Stock Market Prediction Using Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Bing Yang , Hao Jian Kun , Zhang Si Chang
Published: September 2012

In this study we apply back propagation Neural Network models to predict the daily Shanghai Stock Exchange Composite Index. The learning algorithm and gradient search technique are constructed in the models. We evaluate the prediction models and conclude that the Shanghai Stock Exchange Composite Index is predictable in the short term. Empirical study shows that the Neural Network models is successfully applied to predict the daily highest, lowest, and closing value of the Shanghai Stock Exchange Composite Index, but it can not predict the return rate of the Shanghai Stock Exchange Composite Index in short terms.