bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Exposure to Physical Factors on Homeopathic Preparations as Determined by Ultraviolet Light Spectroscopy
Authors: Marschollek Barbara , Nelle Mathias , Wolf Martin , Baumgartner Stephan , Heusser Peter , Wolf Ursula
Published: August 2011

Clinical trials have reported statistically significant and clinically relevant effects of homeopathic preparations. We applied ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy to investigate the physical properties of homeopathic preparations and to contribute to an understanding of the not-yet-identified mode of action. In previous investigations, homeopathic preparations had significantly lower UV light transmissions than controls. The aim of this study was to explore the possible effects of external factors (UV light and temperature) on the homeopathic preparations. Homeopathic centesimal (c) dilutions, 1c to 30c, of copper sulfate (CuSO4), decimal dilutions of sulfur (S8), 1x to 30x, and controls (succussed potentization medium) were prepared, randomized, and blinded. UV transmission was measured at six different time points after preparation (from 4 to 256 days). In addition, one series of samples was exposed to UV light of a sterilization lamp for 12 h, one was incubated at 37°C for 24 h, and one was heated to 90°C for 15 min. UV light transmission values from 190 or 220 nm to 340 nm were measured several times and averaged. After each exposure, UV transmission of the homeopathic preparations of CuSO4was significantly reduced compared to the controls, particularly after heating to 37°C. Overall, the nonexposed CuSO4preparations did not show significantly lower UV transmission compared to controls; however, the pooled subgroup of measurements at days 26, 33, and 110 yielded significant differences. UV light transmission for S8preparations did not show any differences compared to controls. Our conclusion is that exposure to external factors, incubation at 37°C in particular, increases the difference in light transmission of homeopathic CuSO4 preparations compared to controls.
Acute Renal Failure and Severe Hypertension from a Page Kidney Post-Transplant Biopsy
Authors: Posadas Maria Aurora , Yang Vincent , Ho Bing , Omer Muhammad , Batlle Daniel
Published: August 2011

Page kidney refers to a clinical picture characterized by acute onset of hypertension due to external compression of the kidneys from hematoma, tumor, lymphocele, or urinoma. Hypertension is believed to result from renin-angiotensin-aldosterone activation triggered by renal hypoperfusion and microvascular ischemia. Renal failure, in addition to hypertension, may occur in the setting of a single functional kidney or a diseased contralateral kidney. We report a case of a patient who had a transplant kidney biopsy complicated by a subcapsular perinephric hematoma. The patient presented with an acute increase in blood pressure and a rapid rise in serum creatinine following a transplant kidney routine biopsy. He underwent emergent evacuation of the perinephric hematoma, with consequent decrease of his blood pressure and return of serum creatinine back to his baseline level. Early recognition and rapid intervention are needed in order to correct hypertension and reverse acute renal failure in Page kidney occurring in renal transplant recipients.
Selective Inhibitors of Kv11.1 Regulate IL-6 Expression by Macrophages in Response to TLR/IL-1R Ligands
Authors: Hunter Cheryl , Kadakia Tejas B. , Cooper Dianne , Perretti Mauro , Schwartz Richard C. , Brown Simon B.
Published: August 2011

The mechanism by which the platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule PECAM-1 regulates leukodiapedesis, vascular endothelial integrity, and proinflammatory cytokine expressionin vivois not known. We recently identified PECAM-1 as a negative regulator of Kv11.1, a specific voltage-gated potassium channel that functioned in human macrophages to reset a resting membrane potential following depolarization. We demonstrate here that dofetilide (DOF), a selective inhibitor of the Kv11.1 current, had a profound inhibitory effect on neutrophil recruitment in mice following TLR/IL-1R–elicited peritonitis or intrascrotal injection of IL-1β, but had no effect on responses seen with TNFα. Furthermore, inhibitors of Kv11.1 (DOF, E4031, and astemizole), but not Kv1.3 (margatoxin), suppressed the expression of IL-6 and MCP-1 cytokines by murine resident peritoneal macrophages, while again having no effect on TNFα. In contrast, IL-6 expression by peritoneal mesothelial cells was unaffected. Using murine P388 cells, which lack endogenous C/EBPβexpression and are unresponsive to LPS for the expression of both IL-6 and MCP-1, we observed that DOF inhibited LPS-induced expression of IL-6 mRNA following ectopic expression of wild-type C/EBPβ, but not a serine-64 point mutant. Finally, DOF inhibited the constitutive activation of cdk2 in murine peritoneal macrophages; cdk2 is known to phosphorylate C/EBPβ at serine-64. Taken together, our results implicate a potential role for Kv11.1 in regulating cdk2 and C/EBPβ activity, where robust transactivation of both IL-6 and MCP-1 transcription is known to be dependent on serine-64 of C/EBPβ. Our data might also explain the altered phenotypes displayed by PECAM-1 knockout mice in several disease models.
Buccal Mucosal Graft Urethroplasty
Authors: Arlen Angela M. , Powell Charles R. , Hoffman Henry T. , Kreder Karl J.
Published: August 2011

At our institution, the majority of buccal mucosal graft urethroplasties are performed using a two-team approach with an otolaryngologic surgeon. We report our two-surgeon experience with buccal mucosal grafting for reconstruction of all anterior urethral strictures. Twenty-four men underwent autologous buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty between October 2001 and September 2008 for recurrent urethral stricture disease. Twenty-two underwent a single-stage repair and two underwent a two-stage repair. Medical charts were retrospectively reviewed for demographics, comorbidities, etiology, location and length of stricture, and prior interventions in order to identify predictors of buccal urethroplasty success, defined as no evidence of stricture recurrence. All patients underwent retrograde urethrogram and cystoscopy. Operative and anesthesia times were evaluated. We determined an overall success rate of 83.3% (20 of 24 cases). Mean anesthesia time for single-stage urethroplasty was 155 min and mean operative time was 123 min. One of the two two-stage urethroplasties experienced stricture recurrence (50%). The single-stage buccal graft success rate was 86.4% (19 of 22 cases). Two of the four who developed recurrent stricture disease that required intervention had undergone a previous mesh urethroplasty. Complications developed in four of 24 patients (16.6%), including superficial wound infection (one), superficial wound dehiscence (two), and abscess/fistula formation requiring reoperation (one). The buccal mucosa is an ideal tissue for both single- and two-stage substitution urethroplasty for patients with recurrent stricture disease. Our two-surgeon technique minimizes anesthesia and operative times, and contributes to the overall high success rate and relatively low complication rate.
Metallic Full-Length Ureteral Stents: Does Urinary Tract Infection Cause Obstruction?
Authors: Brown James A. , Powell Christopher L. , Carlson Kristopher R.
Published: August 2011

Metallic ureteral stents promise to offer superior upper urinary tract drainage with extended exchange intervals and freedom from extrinsic compression in patients with advanced malignancy or other significant obstructing retroperitoneal or pelvic processes. Existing literature indicates a variable experience with these relatively new devices, with some investigators reporting excellent results and long problem-free intervals, and others reporting less enthusiastic outcomes. We report a retrospective review of a series of five sequential patients undergoing placement of Resonance® (Cook Medical, Bloomington, IN) metallic ureteral stents for extrinsic ureteral compression refractory to placement of traditional (polymer) ureteral stents. Of five patients reviewed, three (60%) required additional operative intervention for stent migration or malposition. Four patients (80%) died of their primary malignancy <12 months after metallic stent placement. Four (80%) of five patients had obstruction of their stents demonstrated with nuclear renography and/or other imaging, and three (60%) required removal and alternative means of urinary tract drainage within 4 months of placement due to obstruction, intractable pain, or migration. Four patients (80%) had urinary tract infections (UTIs) within 4 months of stent placement. No obstruction was seen due to extrinsic ureteral compression after stent placement. Metallic ureteral stents may have utility for patients with pathological processes causing extrinsic ureteral compression refractory to the use of traditional polymer ureteral stents. However, metallic ureteral stents are not immune to obstruction, migration, and associated discomfort. Stent obstruction appears to be increased in patients with postoperative UTI.
Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma in the Native Ureter of a Renal Transplant Patient: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Healy Kelly A. , Carney Kenneth J. , Osunkoya Adeboye O.
Published: August 2011

Endometriosis is characterized by endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus, primarily on the pelvic peritoneum, ovaries, and rectovaginal septum, and, in rare cases, within the urinary tract (1–3%). Although endometriosis is a benign condition, malignant transformation of endometriosis is a well-described phenomenon. Malignancies arising in endometriosis are uncommon at extragonadal pelvic sites. A case of endometrioid adenocarcinoma in the native ureter of a postmenopausal renal transplant patient presented with painless gross hematuria and hydroureteronephrosis. The patient had a history of total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophrectomy 14 years prior for menorrhagia and had since been on unopposed estrogen replacement therapy. Workup revealed a filling defect in the native left mid-ureter secondary to a large 2.5-cm ureteral tumor. Endoscopic biopsies of the native left ureteral mass showed endometrioid adenocarcinoma, grade II-III. The patient ultimately underwent an open native left nephroureterectomy and temporary diverting colostomy. Final pathology confirmed endometrioid adenocarcinoma, grade II-III, arising in a background of endometriosis with negative perirectal lymph nodes. This case of ureteral endometrioid adenocarcinoma highlights the importance of obtaining a careful history and maintaining a high index of suspicion for malignant degeneration, especially in the context of hyperestrogenism.
Multiple Roles of the Y Chromosome in the Biology ofDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Piergentili Roberto
Published: August 2011

The X and Y chromosomes ofDrosophila melanogasterwere the first examples of chromosomes associated with genetic information. Thanks to the serendipitous discovery of a male with white eyes in 1910, T.H. Morgan was able to associate the X chromosome of the fruit fly with a phenotypic character (the eye color) for the first time. A few years later, his student, C.B. Bridges, demonstrated that X0 males, although phenotypically normal, are completely sterile. This means that the X chromosome, like the autosomes, harbors genes that control several phenotypic traits, while the Y chromosome is important for male fertility only. Notwithstanding its long history – almost 100 years in terms of genetic studies – most of the features of the Y chromosome are still a mystery. This is due to the intrinsic nature of this genetic element, namely, (1) its molecular composition (mainly transposable elements and satellite DNA), (2) its genetic inertia (lack of recombination due to its heterochromatic nature), (3) the absence of homology with the X (with the only exception of the nucleolar organizer), (4) the lack of visible phenotypes when it is missing (indeed, except for their sterility, X0 flies are normal males), and (5) its low density as for protein-coding sequences (to date, only 13 genes out of approximately 14,000 have been mapped on this chromosome inD. melanogaster, i.e., ~0.1% of the total). Nonetheless, a more accurate analysis reveals that this chromosome can influence several complex phenotypes: (1) it has a role in the fertility of both sexes and viability of males when over-represented; (2) it can unbalance the intracellular nucleotide pool; (3) it can interfere with the gene expression either by recruiting proteins involved in chromatin remodeling (PEV) or, to a higher extent, by influencing the expression of up to 1,000 different genes, probably by changing the availability of transcription factors; (4) it plays a major role (up to 50%) in the resistance to heat-induced male sterility; (5) it affects the behavior; and (6) it plays a role in genetic imprinting. In the present paper, all these Y-related phenotypes are described and a potential similarity with the human Y chromosome is drawn.
Correlation of Color Doppler with Multidetector CT Angiography Findings in Carotid Artery Stenosis
Authors: Savic Živorad N. , Davidovic Lazar B. , Sagic Dragan Ž. , Brajovic Milan D. , Popovic Srdjan S.
Published: August 2011

The aim of this paper was to examine the correlation between the Color Doppler ultrasound (CD-US) and multidetector CT angiography (MDCTA) diagnostic methods, and to define the degree and extent of stenosis in patients with internal carotid artery stenosis. This was a cross-sectional study with a consecutive series of patients. All US examinations were always carried out by the same physician-angiologist, while all CT examinations were always carried out by the same physician-radiologist. Both worked independently from each other. The stenosis area was measured at the narrowest point by NASCET criteria for US/CT. Peak systolic velocity (PSV) over 210 cm/sec and end diastolic velocity (EDV) over 110 cm/sec criteria were applied for stenoses with lumen narrowed over 70%, while PSV under 130 cm/sec and EDV under 100 cm/sec criteria were applied for those with lumen narrowed under 70%. A total of 124 carotid arteries were observed; namely, 89 narrowed and 68 surgically treated. All patients were reviewed by US and then by MDCTA; patients with 70–99% stenosis underwent surgery. The correlation coefficient between stenosis degree measured by US and MDCTA was 0.922;p< 0.01. The average difference between US and MDCTA diagnostic methods was 3% (Z = -1.438,p> 0.05). The US and CT matching level for stenoses from 70 to 99% was very high (κ = 0.778,p< 0.01). In conclusion, there is a highly significant statistical correlation among both diagnostic methods when measuring stenosis degree and extent. US is more dependent on the physician, while MDCTA is more objective and independent from the physician. We think it would be appropriate to undertake an MDCTA exam for those patients who are candidates for carotid endarterectomy.
An Unusual Presentation of a Mixed Epithelial and Stromal Tumor in an Elderly Male
Authors: Moses Kelvin A. , Oliva Irma V. , Osunkoya Adeboye O. , Carney K. Jeff
Published: August 2011

Mixed epithelial and stromal tumors (MESTs) of the kidney are rare renal neoplasms characterized by mixed cystic and solid components. These tumors are typically present in middle-aged women as a flank mass, or as a cause of flank pain or hematuria. We outline the case of an older male who presented with an enlarging abdominal mass causing symptoms that suggested a partial small bowel obstruction. Management of the patient and a brief review are discussed.
Factors Affecting Temporal and Spatial Variations of Microcystins in Gonghu Bay of Lake Taihu, with Potential Risk of Microcystin Contamination to Human Health
Authors: Wang Qing , Niu Yuan , Xie Ping , Chen Jun , Ma Zhimei , Tao Min , Qi Min , Wu Laiyan , Guo Longgen
Published: August 2011

A field survey of the seasonal variation of microcystin (MC) concentration was performed in Gonghu Bay (a total of 15 sampling sites) of Lake Taihu from January to December 2008.Microcystis spp.biomass and intra-/extracellular MCs were significantly correlated with water temperature, suggesting the importance of temperature in cyanobacterial blooming in the lake. Higher MC concentration was found in summer and autumn, and peaks ofMicrocystis biomassand intra-/extracellular MC concentrations were all present in October. Spatially, risk of MCs was higher in littoral zones than in the pelagic area. There were significant correlations between N or P concentrations, andMicrocystis biomassor MC content, suggesting that N and P levels affected MC production through influencingMicrocystis biomass. Intra-/extracellular MCs andMicrocystis biomasshad negative exponential relationships with TN:TP, and the maximum values all occurred when TN:TP was <25. Multivariate analyses by pcca indicated that intra- and extracellular MC concentrations had better correlations with biological factors (such asMicrocystis biomassand chl-a) than physicochemical factors. The maximum concentration reached up to 17 µg/L MC-Lreq, considerably higher drinking water safety standard (1 µg/L) recommended who. So it is necessary take measures reduce exposure risk of cyanobacterial toxins human beings.
The Melanocortin System in Control of Inflammation
Authors: Catania Anna , Lonati Caterina , Sordi Andrea , Carlin Andrea , Leonardi Patrizia , Gatti Stefano
Published: August 2011

Melanocortin peptides, the collective term for α-, β-, and γ-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-, β-, γ-MSH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), are elements of an ancient modulatory system. Natural melanocortins derive from the common precursor pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). Five receptor subtypes for melanocortins (MC1-MC5) are widely distributed in brain regions and in peripheral cells. Melanocortin receptor activation by natural or synthetic ligands exerts marked anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. The anticytokine action and the inhibitory influences on inflammatory cell migration make melanocortins potential new drugs for treatment of inflammatory disorders. Effectiveness in treatment of acute, chronic, and systemic inflammatory disorders is well documented in preclinical studies. Further, melanocortins are promising compounds in neuroprotection. This review examines the main signaling circuits in anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions of melanocortins, and the potential therapeutic use of these molecules.
Comparison of Soil Phosphorus Tests for Assessing Plant Availability of Phosphorus in an Ultisol Amended with Water-Soluble and Phosphate Rock Sources
Authors: Gikonyo E. W. , Zaharah A. R. , Hanafi M. M. , Anuar A. R.
Published: August 2011

The effectiveness of different soil tests in assessing soil phosphorus (P) in soils amended with phosphate rocks (PRs) is uncertain. We evaluated the effects of triple superphosphate (TSP) and PRs on extractable P by conventional soil tests (Mehlich 3 [Meh3] and Bray-1 [B1]) and a nonconventional test (iron oxide–impregnated paper, strip). Extracted amounts of P were in the order: Meh3 >B1 > strip. All the tests were significantly correlated (p= 0.001). Acidic reagents extracted more P from TSP than PRs, while the strip removed equal amounts from the two sources. The P removed by the three tests was related significantly to dry matter yield (DMY), but only in the first harvest, except for B1. Established critical P levels (CPLs) differed for TSP and PRs. In PR-fertilized soils, CPLs were 27, 17, and 12 mg P kg-1soil for Meh3, B1, and strip, respectively, and 42, 31, and 12 mg P kg-1soil, respectively, in TSP-fertilized soils. Thus, the strip resulted in a common CPL for TSP and PRs (12 mg P kg-1soil). This method can be used effectively in soils where integrated nutrient sources have been used, but there is need to establish CPLs for different crops. For cost-effective fertilizer P recommendations based on conventional soil tests, there is a need to conduct separate calibrations for TSP- and PR-fertilized soils.
Synthesis, Cytotoxicity, and Antileishmanial Activity of N,N'-Disubstituted Ethylenediamine and Imidazolidine Derivatives
Authors: de Carvalho Gustavo S. G. , Machado Patrícia A. , de Paula Daniela T. S. , Coimbra Elaine S. , da Silva Adilson D.
Published: August 2011

This paper describes the preparation of N,N'-disubstituted ethylenediamine and imidazolidine derivatives and their in vitro biological activities againstLeishmaniaspecies. Of the nine synthesized compounds, five displayed a good activity in bothL. amazonensisandL. majorpromastigotes. The compounds 1,2-Bis(p-methoxybenzyl)ethylenediamine (4) and 1,3-Bis(p-methoxybenzyl)imidazolidines (5) showed the best activity on intracellular amastigotes, with IC50values of 2.0 and 9.4 μ/mL, respectively. In addition, none of compounds were cytotoxic against mammalian cells. The leishmanicidal activity can be related with inhibition of polyamine synthesis and cellular penetration within biological membranes.
Dissection of the Interplay between Class I PI3Ks and Rac Signaling in Phagocytic Functions
Authors: Costa Carlotta , Germena Giulia , Hirsch Emilio
Published: August 2011

Phagocytes, like neutrophils and macrophages, are specialized cells evolved to clear infectious pathogens. This function resides at the core of innate immunity and requires a series of concerted events that lead first to migration to the infected tissue and then to the killing of the invading pathogens. Molecular mechanisms underlying these processes are starting to emerge and point to the interplay between two families of crucial proteins: the PI3K lipid kinases and the Rac GTPases. This review focuses on how these two protein families contribute to migration, phagocytosis, and reactive oxygen species production, as well as their epistatic and feedback relations that finely tune these crucial aspects of the immune response.
Therapeutic Potential of 5-HT2CReceptor Ligands
Authors: Jensen Nanna H. , Cremers Thomas I. , Sotty Florence
Published: August 2011

Serotonin 2C receptors are G protein-coupled receptors expressed by GABAergic, glutamatergic, and dopaminergic neurons. Anatomically, they are present in various brain regions, including cortical areas, hippocampus, ventral midbrain, striatum, nucleus accumbens, hypothalamus, and amygdala. A large body of evidence supports a critical role of serotonin 2C receptors in mediating the interaction between serotonergic and dopaminergic systems, which is at the basis of their proposed involvement in the regulation of mood, affective behavior, and memory. In addition, their expression in specific neuronal populations in the hypothalamus would be critical for their role in the regulation of feeding behavior. Modulation of these receptors has therefore been proposed to be of interest in the search for novel pharmacological strategies for the treatment of various pathological conditions, including schizophrenia and mood disorders, as well as obesity. More precisely, blockade of serotonin 2C receptors has been suggested to provide antidepressant and anxiolytic benefit, while stimulation of these receptors may offer therapeutic benefit for the treatment of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia and obesity. In addition, modulation of serotonin 2C receptors may offer cognitive-enhancing potential, albeit still a matter of debate. In the present review, the most compelling evidence from the literature is presented and tentative hypotheses with respect to existing controversies are outlined.
Diagnostic and Prognostic Role of Procalcitonin in Infections
Authors: Hatzistilianou Maria
Published: August 2011

Despite several consensus conferences, the criteria for the definition of sepsis are still considered too sensitive and insufficiently specific. The traditional clinical signs of infection and routine laboratory tests used to diagnose bacterial infection and sepsis lack diagnostic accuracy and can be misleading, particularly in patients with immunodeficiencies. The problems with sepsis definitions and diagnoses are indications of the need to focus on biochemical mediators capable not only of distinguishing the inflammatory response to infection from other types of inflammation, but also of indicating the severity and prognosis of the disease. Thus, physicians need an early and rapid marker for detecting bacterial infection and distinguishing it from viral infection. Several studies revealed that elevated procalcitonin (PCT) levels in human blood could be detected in cases of sepsis and bacterial infection. PCT is a protein that can act as a hormone and a cytokine. It can be produced by several cell types and many organs in response to proinflammatory stimuli, particularly bacterial infection. It provides a rapid diagnostic test, available at the patient's bedside, and its half-life is suitable for daily monitoring of the disease progress.
PSA and Beyond: The Past, Present, and Future of Investigative Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer
Authors: Tosoian Jeffrey , Loeb Stacy
Published: August 2011

The discovery of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as a biomarker represented a major discovery in the early diagnosis and monitoring of prostate cancer. However, the use of PSA is limited by the lack of specificity and an inability to differentiate indolent from life-threatening disease reliably at the time of diagnosis. A multitude of studies have aimed to improve the performance of PSA as well as identify additional biomarkers. The purpose of this study is to review available data on prostate cancer biomarkers for prostate cancer screening and prognostication, including prostatic acid phosphatase, PSA, PSA derivatives (PSA density, free PSA, pro PSA, and PSA kinetics), PCA3, GSTP1, AMACR, and other newly emerging molecular and genetic markers.
Rare Cause for Sudden Right Heart Failure
Authors: Nia Amir M. , Gassanov Natig , Schmidt Matthias , Kuhn-Régnier Ferdinand , Erdmann Erland , Er Fikret
Published: August 2011

Right heart failure occurs daily in clinical settings, but an underlying cardiac malignant tumor is very uncommon. We report a case of a 48-year-old man presenting only with palpitations and decompensated heart failure. Echocardiographic imaging revealed a large tumor of the right ventricle. Shortly after a putatively successful surgical approach, the patient was admitted again with heart failure symptoms. On reassessment, a complete relapse with multiple metastases could be seen. Generally, cardiac malignant tumors are diagnosed at a time-point when therapeutic options are very limited or even postmortem. Broad echocardiographic screening in patients with unspecific symptoms might be helpful to detect cardiac malignant tumors at early stages.
Contribution of Glycosaminoglycans to the Microstructural Integrity of Fibrillar and Fiber Crimps in Tendons and Ligaments
Authors: Franchi Marco , De Pasquale Viviana , Martini Désirée , Quaranta Marilisa , Macciocca Maria , Dionisi Alessio , Ottani Vittoria
Published: August 2011

The biomechanical roles of both tendons and ligaments are fulfilled by the extracellular matrix of these tissues. In particular, tension is mainly transmitted and resisted by protein (collagen, elastin) fibers, whereas compression is opposed by water-soluble glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). GAGs spanning the interfibrillar spaces and interacting with fibrils through the interfibrillar proteoglycans also seem to play a part in transmitting and resisting tensile stresses. Both tendons and ligaments showing similar composition, but different functional roles and collagen array, exhibit periodic undulations of collagen fibers or crimps. Each crimp is composed of many knots of each single fibril or fibrillar crimps. Fibrillar and fiber crimps play a mechanical role in absorbing the initial loading during elongation of both tendons and ligaments, and in recoiling fibrils and fibers when tissues have to return to their original length. This study investigated whether GAGs covalently attached to proteoglycan core proteins directly affect the 3D microstructural integrity of fibrillar crimp regions and fiber crimps in both tendons and ligaments. Achilles tendons and medial collateral ligaments of the knee from eight female Sprague-Dawley rats (90 days old) incubated in a chondroitinase ABC solution to remove GAGs were observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). In addition, isolated fibrils of these tissues obtained by mechanical disruption were analyzed by a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Both Achilles tendons and medial collateral ligaments of the rats after chemical or mechanical removal of GAGs still showed crimps and fibrillar crimps comparable to tissues with a normal GAG content. All fibrils in the fibrillar crimp region always twisted leftwards, thus changing their running plane, and then sharply bent, changing their course on a new plane. These data suggest that GAGs do not affect structural integrity or fibrillar crimp functions that seem mainly related to the local fibril leftward twisting and the alternating handedness of collagen from a molecular to a supramolecular level.
Levels of Platinum Group Metals in Selected Species (Sarotherodon melanotheron,Chonophorus lateristriga,Macrobrachium vollenhoveniiandCrassostrea tulipa) in Some Estuaries and Lagoons Along the Coast of Ghana
Authors: Essumang D. K. , Adokoh C. K. , Boamponsem L.
Published: August 2011

The use of some biota as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution has been demonstrated as particularly adequate due to their capacity of bioconcentration. This study evaluated the levels of platinum group metals (PGMs) in some selected species along the coastal belt of Ghana, using the neutron activation analysis (NAA) method. The result was processed to evaluate pollution indices in order to map the distribution of the metals in those species in the lagoons and estuaries along the costal belt of Ghana. The analysis showed significant levels of all PGMs in blackchin tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheronCichlidae), brown goby (Chonophorus lateristrigaGobiidae), shrimp (Macrobrachium vollenhoveniiPalaemonidae), and mangrove oysters (Crassostrea tulipaOstreidae) in the lagoons and river Pra estuary. However, the oysters showed an elevated mean concentration of 0.13 μ/g (dry weight) Pd. From the pollution indices, most of the sampling sites registered mean contamination factor (CF) values between 1.20 and 3.00 for Pt, Pd, and Rh. The pollution load index (PLI) conducted also gave an average pollution index between 0.79 and 2.37, indicating progressive contamination levels. The results revealed that anthropogenic sources, industrial and hospital effluent, etc., together with vehicular emissions, could be the contributing factors to the deposition of PGMs along the Ghanaian coast.
miR-126 and miR-126*: New Players in Cancer
Authors: Meister Jeannette , Schmidt Mirko H. H.
Published: August 2011

Cancer progression is characterized by autarky in growth signals, insensitivity to growth-restrictive signals, evasion of apoptosis, a limitless potential to replicate, sustained angiogenesis, and tissue invasion, including metastasis. The regulation of these cellular processes relies on a fine-tuned control of molecular signal cascades. In recent years, short noncoding RNAs termed microRNAs (miRNAs) have been described as a novel class of molecular regulators. These affect various signaling cascades during the progression of neoplastic diseases by the regulation of gene expression on the post-transcriptional level. The novel endothelial cell–derived secreted protein epidermal growth factor–like domain 7 (EGFL7) has been suggested to control vascular tubulogenesis. Further, the two biologically active miRNAs miR-126 and its complement miR-126*, which are encoded by intron 7 of the egfl7 gene, have been described to mediate vascular functions. Knock-out studies in zebrafish and mice suggested a major role of miR-126 in angiogenesis and vascular integrity, which was mediated by the repression of inhibitors of VEGF-induced proliferation in endothelial cells. Recent studies revealed the distribution and function of miR-126 and miR-126* in various types of cancer, and assigned a role to both miRNAs as suppressors of tumor formation. Indeed, miR-126 and miR-126* have been reported to impair cancer progression through signaling pathways that control tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and survival. Conversely, miR-126 and miR-126* may have a supportive role in the progression of cancer as well, which might be mediated by the promotion of blood vessel growth and inflammation. In this work, we will summarize the current knowledge on functions of miR-126/miR-126* that are relevant for cancer formation, and we will discuss their potential clinical use as predictive markers of survival and application as novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of neoplastic diseases.
Effects of Homeopathic Arsenicum Album, Nosode, and Gibberellic Acid Preparations on the Growth Rate of Arsenic-Impaired Duckweed (Lemna gibbaL.)
Authors: Jäger Tim , Scherr Claudia , Simon Meinhard , Heusser Peter , Baumgartner Stephan
Published: August 2011

This study evaluated the effects of homeopathically potentized Arsenicum album, nosode, and gibberellic acid in a bioassay with arsenic-stressed duckweed (Lemna gibbaL.). The test substances were applied in nine potency levels (17x, 18x, 21x–24x, 28x, 30x, 33x) and compared with controls (unsuccussed and succussed water) regarding their influence on the plant’s growth rate. Duckweed was stressed with arsenic(V) for 48 h. Afterwards, plants grew in either potentized substances or water controls for 6 days. Growth rates of frond (leaf) area and frond number were determined with a computerized image analysis system for different time intervals (days 0–2, 2–6, 0–6). Five independent experiments were evaluated for each test substance. Additionally, five water control experiments were analyzed to investigate the stability of the experimental setup (systematic negative control experiments). All experiments were randomized and blinded. The test system exhibited a low coefficient of variation (≈1%). Unsuccussed and succussed water did not result in any significant differences in duckweed growth rate. Data from the control and treatment groups were pooled to increase statistical power. Growth rates for days 0–2 were not influenced by any homeopathic preparation. Growth rates for days 2–6 increased after application of potentized Arsenicum album regarding both frond area (p< 0.001) and frond number (p< 0.001), and by application of potentized nosode (frond area growth rate only,p< 0.01). Potencies of gibberellic acid did not influence duckweed growth rate. The systematic negative control experiments did not yield any significant effects. Thus, false-positive results can be excluded with high certainty. To conclude, the test system withL. gibbaimpaired by arsenic(V) was stable and reliable. It yielded evidence for specific effects of homeopathic Arsenicum album preparations and it will provide a valuable tool for future experiments that aim at revealing the mode of action of homeopathic preparations. It may also be useful to investigate the influence of external factors (e.g., heat, electromagnetic radiation) on the effects of homeopathic preparations.
Delineating Neural Structures of Developmental Human Brains with Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Authors: Huang Hao
Published: August 2011

The human brain anatomy is characterized by dramatic structural changes during fetal development. It is extraordinarily complex and yet its origin is a simple tubular structure. Revealing detailed anatomy at different stages of brain development not only aids in understanding this highly ordered process, but also provides clues to detect abnormalities caused by genetic or environmental factors. However, anatomical studies of human brain development during the fetal period are surprisingly scarce and histology-based atlases have become available only recently. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures water diffusion to delineate the underlying neural structures. The high contrasts derived from DTI can be used to establish the brain atlas. With DTI tractography, coherent neural structures, such as white matter tracts, can be three-dimensionally reconstructed. The primary eigenvector of the diffusion tensor can be further explored to characterize microstructures in the cerebral wall of the developmental brains. In this mini-review, the application of DTI in order to reveal the structures of developmental fetal brains has been reviewed in the above-mentioned aspects. The fetal brain DTI provides a unique insight for delineating the neural structures in both macroscopic and microscopic levels. The resultant DTI database will provide structural guidance for the developmental study of human fetal brains in basic neuroscience, and reference standards for diagnostic radiology of premature newborns.
Two Faces of Protein Kinase Cδ: The Contrasting Roles of PKCδ in Cell Survival and Cell Death
Authors: Basu Alakananda , Pal Deepanwita
Published: August 2011

Protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) is a member of the PKC family that plays a critical role in the regulation of various cellular processes, including cell proliferation, cell death, and tumor promotion. Since the identification that PKCδ is a substrate for caspase-3, there has been overwhelming literature that linked PKCδ with proapoptotic signaling. While PKCδ generally functions as a proapoptotic protein during DNA damage-induced apoptosis, it can act as an antiapoptotic protein during receptor-initiated cell death. PKCδ has also been implicated in tumor suppression as well as survival of several cancers. The function of PKCδ depends on various factors, including its localization, tyrosine phosphorylation, and the presence of other pro- and antiapoptoic signaling molecules. This review discusses the current literature on the contrasting roles of PKCδ in cell survival and cell death.
Treatment with Nasal Neuro-EPO Improves the Neurological, Cognitive, and Histological State in a Gerbil Model of Focal Ischemia
Authors: Rodríguez Cruz Yamila , Yuneidys Mengana Támos , Muñoz Cernuda Adriana , Subirós Martines Nelvis , González-Quevedo Alina , Sosa Testé Iliana , García Rodríguez Julio César
Published: August 2011

Vascular illness of the brain constitutes the third cause of death and the first cause of disability in Cuba and many other countries. Presently, no medication has been registered as a neuroprotector. Neuroprotection with intranasal Neuro-EPO (EPO, erythropoietin) has emerged as a multifunctional therapy that plays a significant role in neural survival and functional recovery in an animal model of stroke. On the other hand, there is limited access to the brain through the blood brain barrier (BBB) for intravenously applied EPO, and the high EPO dosages needed to obtain a protective effect increase the danger of elevated hematocrit levels and practically exclude chronic or subchronic treatment with EPO. A promising approach has been recently developed with a nonerythropoietic variant of EPO, Neuro-EPO, with low sialic acid content, a very short plasma half-life, and without erythropoietic activity, probably similar to endogenous brain EPO. The objective of this work was to determine the neuroprotective effect of intranasal Neuro-EPO in comparison with the human recombinant EPO injected intraperitoneally in the acute phase of cerebral ischemia, employing the common carotid artery occlusion model in gerbils. Neuro-EPO has demonstrated a better neuroprotective effect, evidenced through increased viability, improvements of the neurological state and cognitive functions, as well as protection of the CA3 region of the hippocampus, temporal cortex, and the thalamus. In conclusion, the intranasal application of Neuro-EPO has a better neuroprotective effect than intraperitoneal EPO, evidenced by the significant improvement of neurological, cognitive, and histological status in the animal model of stroke employed.
Role of C5 Activation Products in Sepsis
Authors: Ward Peter A.
Published: August 2011

Complement activation products are known to be generated in the setting of both experimental and human sepsis. C5 activation products (C5a anaphylatoxin and the membrane attack complex [MAC] C5b-9) are generated during sepsis following infusion of endotoxin, or after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), which produces polymicrobial sepsis. C5a reacts with its receptors C5aR and C5L2 in a manner that creates the “cytokine storm”, and is associated with development of multiorgan failure (MOF). A number of other complications arising from the interaction of C5a with its receptors include apoptosis of lymphoid cells, loss of innate immune functions of neutrophils (PMNs, polymorphonuclear leukocytes), cardiomyopathy, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and complications associated with MOF. Neutralization of C5ain vivoor absence/blockade of C5a receptors greatly reduces the adverse events in the setting of sepsis, markedly attenuates MOF, and greatly improves survival. Regarding the possible role of C5b-9 in sepsis, the literature is conflicting. Some studies suggest that C5b-9 is protective, while other studies suggest the contrary. Clearly, in human sepsis, C5a and its receptors may be logical targets for interception.
Robotic Radical Cystectomy: Where are We Today, Where will We be Tomorrow?
Authors: Richards Kyle A. , Kader A. Karim , Hemal Ashok K.
Published: August 2011

While open radical cystectomy remains the gold-standard treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer and high-risk non–muscle invasive disease, robotic assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) has been gaining popularity over the past decade. The robotic approach has the potential advantages of less intraoperative blood loss, shorter hospital stay, less post-operative narcotic requirement, quicker return of bowel function, and earlier convalescence with an acceptable surgical learning curve for surgeons adept at robotic radical prostatectomy. While short to intermediate term oncologic results from several small RARC series are promising, bladder cancer remains a potentially lethal malignancy necessitating long-term follow-up. This article aims to review the currently published literature, important technical aspects of the operation, oncologic and functional outcomes, and the future direction of RARC.
Heavy Metal Accumulation in Soil Amended with Roadside Pond Sediment and Uptake by Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivumL. cv. PBW 343)
Authors: Karak Tanmoy , Bhattacharyya Pradip
Published: August 2011

The risks of heavy metal accumulation and the dynamics related to roadside pond sediment application in comparison to control of winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) were investigated in field experiments. Selective sequential extraction procedures revealed that application of pond sediment in soil increases the labile pools of the studied heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn). Risk assessment codes concluded that Cu and Pb were in the high-risk zone in both pond sediment and soil amended with pond sediment, whereas Zn and Cu were found in the medium-risk zone for control soil. Heavy metal accumulation by wheat straw and grain (39.38, 1.18, 23.73, 0.36, 0.18, and 16.8 mg kg-1for Zn, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, and Pb, respectively, for wheat grain) was significantly increased through application of pond sediment. However, metal accumulation did not thwart the enhancement of wheat yield when pond sediment was applied. Health risk indexes of analyzed heavy metals were found to be within the Indian permissible limit for foodstuffs. Pond sediments help to fortify wheat grain by increasing the concentration of Zn and Cu as a source of micronutrients in the diet. However, a significant increase of Pb in wheat grain through pond sediment could be a health concern for its long-term application. Therefore, pond sediment would be a valuable resource for agriculture as an alternative organic supplement, but long-term use may require the cessation of the excavated sediment as agricultural landfill in order to restrict heavy metal contamination through it.
The Role of the TGF-β Coreceptor Endoglin in Cancer
Authors: Pérez-Gómez Eduardo , del Castillo Gaelle , Santibáñez Juan Francisco , Lêpez-Novoa Jose Miguel , Bernabéu Carmelo , Quintanilla Miguel
Published: August 2011

Endoglin (CD105) is an auxiliary membrane receptor of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) that interacts with type I and type II TGF-β receptors and modulates TGF-β signaling. Endoglin is overexpressed in the tumor-associated vascular endothelium, where it modulates angiogenesis. This feature makes endoglin a promising target for antiangiogenic cancer therapy. In addition, recent studies on human and experimental models of carcinogenesis point to an important tumor cell–autonomous role of endoglin by regulating proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis. These studies suggest that endoglin behaves as a suppressor of malignancy in experimental and human epithelial carcinogenesis, although it can also promote metastasis in other types of cancer. In this review, we evaluate the implication of endoglin in tumor development underlying studies developed in our laboratories in recent years.
Lymphocytic Hypophysitis: Differential Diagnosis and Effects of High-Dose Pulse Steroids, Followed by Azathioprine, on the Pituitary Mass and Endocrine Abnormalities — Report of a Case and Literature Review
Authors: Curtò Lorenzo , Torre Maria L. , Cotta Oana R. , Losa Marco , Terreni Maria R. , Santarpia Libero , Trimarchi Francesco , Cannavò Salvatore
Published: August 2011

We report on a man with a progressively increasing pituitary mass, as demonstrated by MRI. It produced neurological and ophthalmological symptoms, and, ultimately, hypopituitarism. MRI also showed enlargement of the pituitary stalk and a dural tail phenomenon. An increased titer of antipituitary antibodies (1:16) was detected in the serum. Pituitary biopsy showed autoimmune hypophysitis (AH). Neither methylprednisolone pulse therapy nor a subsequent treatment with azathioprine were successful in recovering pituitary function, or in inducing a significant reduction of the pituitary mass after an initial, transient clinical and neuroradiological improvement. Anterior pituitary function evaluation revealed persistent hypopituitarism. AH is a relatively rare condition, particularly in males, but it represents an emerging entity in the diagnostic management of pituitary masses. This case shows that response to appropriate therapy for hypophysitis may not be very favorable and confirms that diagnostic management of nonsecreting pituitary masses can be a challenge. Clinical, imaging, and laboratory findings are useful for suggesting the diagnosis, but pituitary biopsy may be necessary to confirm it.