bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Compaction and Tableting Behavior of a Novel Co-Processed Excipient in the Formulation of Metoprolol Succinate Tablets
Authors: Okunlola A. , Gbadamosi T. A.
Published: January 2021

Background: Pregelatinized starches exhibit good swelling and flow properties, imparting fast disintegration time but low mechanical strength in tablets. On the other hand, acacia gum acts as a binder in tablets by imparting high mechanical strength but prolonged disintegration time. Development of a co-processed excipient involving combination of the two excipients at sub-particle level will improve the functionality of the final product.Objective: To develop a direct compressible co-processed excipient with pregelatinized cocoyam starch and acacia gum and to evaluate its compaction behavior and tableting properties in metoprolol succinate tablets.Material and Methods: Batches of the co-processed excipient were prepared by co-fusion using different ratios (97.5:2.5; 95:5; 92.5:7.5; 90:10; 85:15; 80:20) of pregelatinized cocoyam starch and acacia gum. Flow and compaction properties and Fourier transform Infrared (FT-IR) analysis were carried out on native and pregelatinized starches and on the co-processed excipients. Metoprolol succinate tablets were formulated by direct compression using selected batches of co-processed excipients, pregelatinized cocoyam starch and acacia gum and then evaluated for mechanical strength and drug release.Results: Pregelatinization produced starch with larger granules (138.75±59.21μm), improved swelling (2.03±0.00) and flow (flow rate 0.52±0.03g/s). The FTIR analysis of the co-processed excipients confirmed absence of chemical interaction. Flow properties, compressibility (Kawakita value, a = 0.190 – 0.223) and rate of packing (Consolidation rate, K = 0.1221 – 0.2551) of the co-processed excipients were enhanced. Metoprolol succinate tablets containing the co-processed excipients had higher mechanical strength (Crushing strength 106.03±15.80 MNm-2) than those containing starch alone but faster drug release (disintegration time 1.80 ±0.20 -5.75±0.25; dissolution time; t80 30-50 min) than those containing acacia gum. Cocoyam starch: acacia gum ratio 97.5:2.5 gave the optimum formulation with high crushing strength (106.03 ± 15.8MNm-2) and fast release (t80 = 30 min).Conclusion: Co-processed excipients of pregelatinized cocoyam starch and acacia gum could serve as suitable alternatives to other directly-compressible excipients for the formulation of tablets.

Keywords: Acacia gum, Cocoyam starch, Compaction properties, Co-processing, Metoprolol
Effects of Bacillus subtilis on performance, immune system and gut in Salmonella-challenged broilers
Authors: Sikandar A. , Zaneb H. , Nasir A. , Adil M. , Ali H.M. , Muhammad N. , Rehman T. , Rehman A. , Rehman H.F
Published: January 2021

The goal of this study was to compare the effects of Bacillus subtilis and the antibiotic enrofloxacin on growth performance, immune response, intestinal histomorphometry and cecal Salmonella numbers in broilers challenged with S. gallinarum. Salmonella-free chicks (n = 240) were allocated to four groups, comprising six replicates (n = 10) each. Group NN was not infected and received no treatment. Group SN was infected with Salmonella and received no treatment. Group SE was infected with Salmonella and treated with the antibiotic enrofloxacin. Group SP was infected with Salmonella and treated orally with the probiotic B. subtilis. Initially the groups that were infected with Salmonella had reduced growth performance compared with NN. By the fourth week, SE and SP had recovered and weighed as much as or more than NN. The SP group had greater cellular immunity and relative weights of the bursa and thymus than the other groups. SN had the lowest villus height in all the segments of the small intestine and a larger Salmonella population in the ceca. Probiotic supplementation reduced the pathological outcomes more than enrofloxacin. Prophylactic use of B. subtilis-type probiotics had similar effects to the use of antibiotics, alleviated the stress related to infection of S. gallinarum, and improved the growth performance, immune function, and gut mucosal development in broilers.

Keywords: growth promoters, immunity, probiotics, poultry villi length
Mathematical models describing disappearance of Lucerne hay in the rumen using the nylon bag technique
Authors: Palangi V. , Macit M. , Bayat A.R.
Published: January 2021

It is essential to study the dynamics of rumen degradation of feeds before their potential use in formulating diets for ruminants. Various mathematical models have been developed to describe this degradation. The non-lagged exponential model (Model I), the lagged exponential model (Model II), the Gompertz model (Model III), and the generalized Mitscherlich model (Model IV) were examined using two alternative software (SAS and MATLAB) to determine their efficacy in accounting for variation in ruminal disappearance of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) of lucerne hay from three cuttings. All models described DM degradability well (R2 >0.98). Only Models I and II converged when fitted to CP degradability data (R2 >0.98). It was concluded that any of these models could be used to describe the degradation of DM, whereas only Models I and II could be used to describe the degradation of CP from three cuttings of Lucerne hay. All the models that were fitted to the DM degradation data performed reasonably well, with only minor differences in goodness of fit. However, these models differed in values of the parameter estimates. Additionally, SAS failed to converge in the analyses of CP with Models III and IV, and MATLAB converged to nonsensical values with Model III. Model I might be recommended because it fitted the data well and required estimates of the fewest parameters

Keywords: alfalfa hay, in situ digestion, model selection, nonlinear regression
Re-evaluation of Contacts between Cyprus and Crete from the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age
Authors: Zeman-Wiśniewska Katarzyna
Published: January 2021

This article argues that it is possible to distinguish certain stages of development of the contact between Cyprus and Crete, from Early Bronze Age up to the LBA/EIA transition period. To thoroughly do that, areas in which the connections are most clearly expressed: written sources, pottery, copper trade and cult practice influences are discussed. Possible sea routes between two islands, direct and as a part of a major route between Aegean, Levant and Egypt are described. Discussed written sources include possible place-names connected with Cyprus/Alasia in linear scripts and usage of the so-called ‘Cypro-Minoan’writing. Examples of pots and sherds both Cypriot found in Crete and Cretan found in Cyprus are examined and possible copper trade (including lead isotope analysis) is considered. Further, alleged Minoan cult practice influences are thoroughly discussed. Finally all the above are chronologically reviewed and a course of development of contacts between Crete and Cyprus is proposed.
The Cypriot Kingdoms between Athens and Persia: Cyprus in the Conflicts of the 5th Century BC (497–411 BC)
Authors: Körner Christian
Published: January 2021

Until the middle of the 5th century BC, Athens and Persia were struggling for supremacy in the Eastern Mediterranean. Due to its strategic importance, the island of Cyprus was affected by this conflict. Several Athenian interventions in Cyprus can be reconstructed from the written sources. Parallel to this larger conflict, wars between Cypriot kingdoms seem to have been an essential feature of the island’s fragmented political landscape. Apparently, both forms of conflict—inner-Cypriot wars and interventions from the outside—affected each other. In the following paper, I will analyse the interventions and conflicts in Cyprus in the 5th century BC and assess the role played by the Cypriot kings. In terms of method, I will approach these questions by analysing the written sources that provide information concerning political conflicts on the island during the 5th century BC. I will take a Cypriot perspective in order to show how inner-Cypriot rivalries intersected with the relationship to the major powers in the region. The overall impression is that between the unsuccessful Cypriot Revolt in 498 BC and the accession to the throne of the most powerful ruler of the island, Evagoras I of Salamis (before 411 BC), the local kingdoms were rather the objects of Athenian and Persian interests than active players in the larger conflicts.
The Activity of Ptolemy II’s Fleet in the Aegean Sea
Authors: Grabowski Tomasz
Published: January 2021

Ptolemy I, the founder of the Lagid dynasty, heavily invested in the navy and thus established the Ptolemies as a formidable sea power, his work continued by his successor Ptolemy II Philadelphus, who employed his fleet to pressure lesser powers of the Mediterranean. The following article examines the activity of Ptolemy II’s fleet in the Aegean Sea. At the end of the 270s, Ptolemy II sent a naval expedition to the Black Sea; the operation helped him establish a political relationship with Byzantion and demonstrated that maintaining a naval presence on foreign waters could influence other rulers to favor the Ptolemies. The Ptolemaic fleet under Ptolemy II Philadelphus operated in the Aegean during two major international conflicts, the Chremonidean War and the Second Syrian War. In this article I argue that the surviving evidence on the Chremonidean War indicates that Ptolemy II’s aim was not to subdue Greece or even Macedonia but to maintain the Ptolemaic hold over the Aegean with Egypt’s relatively small naval force under Patroclus. In turn, the outcome of the Second Syrian War led to a considerable weakening of the Lagids’ position in the Aegean. Ptolemy II adroitly cultivated international relations through diplomacy, propaganda, international euergetism and spreading his dynastic cult; sending the Ptolemaic fleet to patrol foreign seas constituted one crucial instrument Philadelphus could employ to shift the Mediterranean balance of power in his favor.
Kadın Sanatçıların Gözünden Resimde Annelik Teması
Authors: MENTESOGLU CHATZOUDAS Cigdem
Published: January 2021

Bu çalışmanın amacı, annelik temasını eserlerinde işleyen kadın sanatçıların yapıtlarını incelemektir. Bu yapıtların ilk örnekleri 18. yüzyılda ortaya çıkmış ve sonrasında örnekler artmaya başlamıştır. Bu nedenle hazırlanan çalışmada 18. yüzyılın sonlarından 20. yüzyıla kadar uzanan süreçte annelik temasını ele alan kadın sanatçılar; Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun, Marie-Nicole Dumont, Berthe Morisot, Cecile Walton, Käthe Kollwitz, Marry Cassat, Semiha Berksoy, Paula Becker- Modersohn, Leonora Carrington, Dorotthe Tanning, Alice Neel, Neş’e Erdok ve March Avery’in eserlerine yer verilmiştir. Bu kadın ressamlar, ataerkil yaklaşımla biçimlenen annelik olgusunu, geleneksel bakış açısını yeniden yorumlamış ve kendilerine ait temsiliyet alanı yaratmaya çabalamışlardır. Kadın ressamların bu çabalarını görünür kılmak araştırmanın önemini açığa çıkarır. Araştırma süresince annelik kavramı çevresinde sosyoloji alanındaki tez ve makalele gibi çalışmalardan da yararlanılmış, konu hakkında araştırma, inceleme ve veri toplama işlemi yapılmış, sanatçı web siteleri incelenmiş, sanat yazarlarının düşüncelerinden faydalanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda sanatçıların, toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine eleştirel bir bakış getirdikleri ve yaşadıkları dönemleri şekillendirdiği görülmüştür. Bu bağlamda kadın sanatçıların resim sanatında annelik yansımalarının değişmesine vesile olduğu ve toplumsal dönüşüme katkı sağladığı sonucuna varılmıştır.
Las defensorías del pueblo y la implementación de los derechos sociales: déficits y retos de un enfoque integral del derecho
Authors: Salcedo  Beltrán Carmen
Published: January 2021

Entre las funciones a realizar por los defensores del pueblo se encuentra la implementación de todos los derechos humanos, entre los que se incluyen los derechos sociales. En coherencia con ese cometido, existe un tratado internacional, la Carta Social Europea, complementada con la significativa jurisprudencia emitida por el Comité Europeo de Derechos Sociales, que debería ser el vector de cualquier actuación que efectúe en torno a ellos. El presente estudio, en primer lugar, demuestra esa afirmación a través de dos derechos reconocidos expresamente, de carácter transversal, el derecho a la protección contra la pobreza y la exclusión social y el derecho a la vivienda-. En segundo lugar, pone en evidencia, con ánimo constructivo, su escasa consideración por las instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos, para finalizar, en tercer lugar, proporcionando líneas de actuación con el objetivo de corregir los déficits detectados y fortalecer estos organismos en un período en el que su existencia es cuestionada en determinados niveles.
La figura del Ombudsman español y la garantía institucional de la igualdad efectiva de mujeres y hombres
Authors: Macías Jara María
Published: January 2021

El trasfondo del concepto de género viene ya de algunos siglos atrás, cuando François Poullain de la Barre advirtiera, en el año 1673, que “la subordinación de las mujeres no tenía su origen en la naturaleza, sino en la sociedad y que la diferencia no es fundamento de la desigualdad” (Poullain de la Barre, 1673). Y, Mary Wollstonecraft cuando declaró, en 1792, que “la sujeción de las mujeres no era el resultado de una naturaleza inferior a la masculina, sino de perjuicios y tradiciones que se remontaban a la noche de los tiempos” (Wollstonecraft, 1977).A pesar del tiempo transcurrido, sendas declaraciones tienen una viva actualidad, pues aun en la configuración de los Estados democráticos contemporáneos, es latente la desigualdad de hombres y mujeres. Hoy, la discriminación continúa teniendo su escusa -que no causa- en el sexo pero la razón de que se dé reside en el género o en la diferencia social entre el género femenino y el género masculino. La inclusión de ambos géneros es necesaria en la lucha por la igualdad ya que la igualdad de género no es un concepto asociado a las mujeres, sino una cuestión que ha de afectar y beneficiar a hombres y a mujeres en aras de la eliminación de la discriminación y la voluntad de un nuevo pacto.

En la erradicación de esta discriminación ha sido imprescindible comprender el significado del género como categoría de análisis jurídico. Su observancia por los poderes públicos en todas sus acciones, disposiciones normativas y políticas, hará posible la efectividad de la igualdad. De este modo, las Instituciones garantes de los derechos, como las Defensorías del pueblo, han de supervisar la acción pública a fin de velar por la efectividad de los derechos que garantiza e incorporar en sus acciones la perspectiva de género o principio feminista. Es por ello, que en la configuración actual de los Estados, se hace preciso dar prioridad a la aplicación transversal del principio feminista o de igualdad efectiva de mujeres y hombres para elaborar un renovado proyecto social, de convivencia y de construcción efectiva de la libertad en igualdad que revierta en la calidad de las democracias y de los Estados sociales de Derecho, como el español.
Vigilancia de la salud, poder de dirección empresarial y derecho a la intimidad del trabajador, un triángulo conflictivo
Authors: Poquet Catalá Raquel
Published: January 2021

En este artículo se estudia la vigilancia de la salud, tanto desde el punto de vista preventivo como obligación empresarial ex art. 22 LPRL, así como desde el punto de vista del poder de dirección empresarial ex art. 20.4 ET, especialmente en relación con su colisión con los derechos fundamentales de los trabajadores de protección de su intimidad y de los datos de carácter personal. Para ello, se realiza un estudio de la doctrina judicial y científica a la luz de los últimos pronunciamientos, en relación con la nueva regulación de la protección de datos de carácter personal.
Nosotras nos hacemos a nosotras mismas: análisis psicosocial del proceso de construcción de la identidad lésbica y su relación con el espacio público y la vida en sociedad
Authors: Chávez Turello Albanella Luena
Published: January 2021

El objetivo de este artículo es el análisis de las relaciones que se establecen entre el proceso de construcción de la identidad de las mujeres lesbianas con el espacio público como sitio de resignificación de su identidad personal y social, intentando integrar el intercambio que realizan de sus propios significados con los del medio, durante las etapas de crecimiento, autonombramiento y confrontación de normas sociales. La metodología empleada es el enfoque biográfico, con la técnica de los relatos de vida realizados a siete mujeres. Los resultados de la investigación apuntan a entender la relación entre la identidad, el reconocimiento social y su relación con el espacio público, como bases para la identificación como lesbianas de las mujeres participantes.
Espacios, relaciones y significados del sexo anónimo entre varones en México. Figuraciones entre lo alternativo a lo normativizado
Authors: Sánchez Domínguez Luis Arturo
Published: January 2021

En este texto se presentan y analizan algunos espacios, relaciones y significados del sexo anónimo entre varones en México, particularmente de su ciudad capital. El objetivo no solo es descriptivo, sino analítico, tratando de entender cómo pueden coexistir dos significados en apariencia contradictorios: por un lado, la alternativa transgresora de las normas morales y sexuales; y por el otro, el cómo se reafirma con ellas un orden heteronormativo, en donde placer y poder se hacen presentes en formas de dominación, abuso, discriminación o transgresión. Se trata de una interpretación de esta práctica desde las consideraciones sociales, la historia local y la subjetividad individual, que no pretende mostrar un significado detrás del sexo anónimo de los hombres homosexuales en México, sino reflexionar sobre precisamente, el complejo universo de significados que lo determinan.

Se pretende contribuir con la discusión del tema, aportando datos y experiencias de investigación, en donde es necesario replantear el llamado “modelo dominante de la comprensión del homoerotismo entre varones” (Véase Núñez Noriega, 2001), pues no se trata de un fenómeno único o idéntico, sino de uno con gran variedad de posibles lugares de encuentro, muy diversas prácticas entre sujetos también diversos, que interactúan bajo referentes o imaginarios igualmente variados, pero que en conjunto, crean o recrean interpretaciones compartidas. Bajo esta perspectiva dinámica de la significación, retomaré el concepto de “figuraciones” propuesto por Norbert Elías (1999), para destacar los procesos que están detrás de esta práctica.
Safety in Numbers? A Qualitative Analysis of the 1999 National Firearms Survey
Authors: Carlisle Zachary , Estes Michelle
Published: January 2021

Firearms and their place in American society have been under heavy scrutiny for the past several decades. Previous academic research typically focused on the firearm as a weapon that needs to be regulated, controlled, and the relative fight between various parties concerning second amendment and constitutional rights. However, inadequate scholarly research focuses on the firearm as an abstract, symbolic entity in American culture, and what the firearm represents to Americans in a more complex, abstruse way. This research utilizes the National Firearms Survey (NFS), conducted in 1999, as a mechanism of secondary qualitative analysis to examine the ways in which Americans view their firearms conceptually. After employing qualitative content analysis using data provided by the NFS, we found that Americans seemed to be more concerned about safety and training regarding firearms, as opposed to traditional notions of the firearm as an American symbol of liberty and freedom.
An Autoethnographic Self-Study Navigating the Transition to Becoming a STEM Teacher Educator
Authors: Hamilton Miriam
Published: January 2021

This paper reports on a self-study where I take an autoethnographic stance in narrating my cultural origins, trajectory and identities as a teacher turned teacher educator working in the field of education in Ireland. Using self-study, I explore how my habitus has influenced my experiences of being a biology teacher at second level to teaching STEM education on initial teacher education programmes. Autoethnographic self-study is the hybrid approach used to describe and systematically analyse my experiences and learning as I struggle with a transitioning identity. The integrated use of both self-study and autoethnographic approaches enabled a deepened understanding of my professional practice and my embedded professional identity. Emergent findings from inductive analysis of multiple data sources from students, colleagues and my own reflections on my practice provide opportunities for rich description on three key domains. I present how reflection on the cultural self can lead to personal/professional growth and how seeing and hearing beyond my “self” facilitates significant and holistic professional learning. Finally, I discuss how my professional growth or stagnation as a STEM practitioner is predicated and mediated by meaningful collaboration with others.
Hubungan Antara Perubahan Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT) dengan Respon Kemoterapi Neoadjuvan Kombinasi Doksorubisin pada Penderita Kanker Payudara Lanjut Lokal di RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung
Authors: Budiani Kiki , Abdurahman Maman , Rizki Kiki A
Published: January 2021

Latar Belakang : Kanker payudara merupakan kanker dengan insidensi tertinggi pada wanita di Indonesia. Kemoterapi saat ini merupakan salah satu modalitas terapi yang digunakan dalam penatalaksanaan kanker payudara. Salah satu regimen yang paling banyak digunakan adalah Doksorubisin. Perubahan berat badan selama kemoterapi dapat berhubungan dengan prognosis yang buruk pada pasien kanker baik itu kenaikan berat badan ataupun penurunan berat badan.

Tujuan :  Mengetahui hubungan antara perubahan indeks massa tubuh (IMT) dengan respon  kemoterapi  pada penderita kanker payudara lanjut lokal yang telah menjalani kemoterapi neoadjuvan kombinasi Doksorubisin  6 siklus.

Metode : Rancangan  penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian observasional analitik cross-sectional prospektif yaitu untuk mengetahui pengaruh perubahan indeks massa tubuh (IMT) terhadap respon kemoterapi neoadjuvan kombinasi Doksorubisin pada penderita kanker payudara lanjut lokal. Penelitian dilakukan di Poliklinik Bedah Onkologi dan ruang rawat inap Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung periode April 2019 sampai dengan Agustus 2019. Pasien kanker payudara yang akan menjalani kemoterapi dengan regimen Doksorubisin dilakukan pemeriksaan berat badan, tinggi badan, dan ukuran tumor di awal siklus, setelah follow up 6 siklus kemoterapi diukur kembali berat badan, tinggi badan, dan ukuran tumor kemudian dinilai respon kemoterapi.

Hasil : Didapatkan hasil untuk kelompok dengan respon kemoterapi sebanyak 49 atau sebesar 81,7% dan kelompok tidak respon sebanyak 11 atau sebesar 18,3%. Rata-rata usia pasien adalah 47,9 ± 8,79 dengan stadium IIIA sebanyak 27 atau sebesar 45,0% dan IIIB sebanyak 33 atau sebesar 55,0%. Untuk IMT awal memiliki rata-rata sebesar 25,9±4,00, dengan kategori berat badan kurang sebanyak 3 atau sebesar 5,0%, kisaran normal sebanyak 13 atau sebesar 21,7%, berisiko sebanyak 14 atau sebesar 23,3%, obesitas tingkat I sebanyak 27 atau sebesar 45,0% dan obesitas tingkat II sebanyak 3 atau sebesar 5,0%. Untuk perubahan IMT memiliki rata-rata sebesar -1,04±1,719 kg/m2. Terdapat perubahan berat badan pada kedua kelompok yaitu pada kelompok respon, BB berkurang sebanyak 35 atau sebesar 71,.4%, BB tetap sebanyak 5 atau sebesar 10,2% dan BB bertambah sebanyak 9 atau sebesar 18,4%.Pada kelompok tidak respon, kategori BB berkurang sebanyak 5 atau sebesar 45,5%, BB tetap sebanyak 3 atau sebesar 27,3% dan BB bertambah sebanyak 3 atau sebesar 27,3%.

Kesimpulan : Perubahan Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT) tidak menunjukkan kemaknaan terhadap respon kemoterapi maka dapat disimpulkan perubahan IMT tidak berpengaruh terhadap respon kemoterapi pada penderita kanker payudara lanjut lokal yang menjalani kemoterapi neoadjuvan kombinasi Doksorubisin
Pemanfaatan Akses Aplikasi Belajar pada Proses Pembelajaran di Indonesia di Masa Pandemi Covid-19
Authors: Fauziah Nur
Published: January 2021

The Covid-19 pandemic that hit Indonesia has a very significant impact on education. The spread of that virus is not only in Indonesia but throughout the world, so many learning processes run down. Educational institutions have been closed due to concerns about the Covid-19 expansion. The spread of the virus is very fast, but learning must be carried out through an online process without a face-to-face meeting. However, the digital world made the safest way to break the chain of spreading the coronavirus outbreak because getting an education is students' right without neglecting their health and mental safety. Digital technology which greatly helps the teacher using the learning media throughout applications can facilitate the relationship between teachers and students in the learning process, even though many obstacles and adjustments were made than the previous face to face learning.
Pendidikan Jasmani Solusi Atasi Kecanduan Gadget
Authors: Rozi Fatkhur
Published: January 2021

Gadgets are the technological developments created through sophisticated previous devices with more practical goals and functions. The development of gadgets provides convenience and effectiveness of the work that a person does. On the other hand, it also has a negative impact if use is not under control. The existence of gadgets is not only used by adults but also by adolescents and children. Uncontrolled and excessive use of gadgets can lead to addiction at the age of children and impact children's development, such as emotional and behavioral disorders, lack of movement that triggers health problems and triggers individualistic attitudes. This study aimed to solve gadget addiction through the implementation of good physical education in schools. This study was a qualitative study with a scientific review approach. The results provided an overview of the formation of good character, growth of social values that exist during physical education to prevent the younger generation being addicted to gadgets.
Technology of Creation of New Generation Electronic Textbooks to Improve the Quality of the Educational Process in the Higher Education System
Authors:   Department of Economics, Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology, Namangan, Uzbekistan., Alojonovich Rashidov Rahmatullo
Published: January 2021

Among the various traditional textbooks in the education system, the textbook occupies a special place due to its importance. Because it is the most effective and most common didactic resource, it serves as a learning tool for learners. One of the important issues in the system of higher education is the creation of a new generation of textbooks based on information technology that meet modern pedagogical requirements. Quality textbooks increase the interest of students and play a special role in the quality and effective organization of the teaching process, especially in the quality organization of distance education, good reading, learning and effective mastery of the new generation of e-textbooks. Today's society is a society in which science is rapidly developing, information flows are increasing rapidly, modern information and communication media are widespread, in which the rapid updating of knowledge in various fields of science, as well as their rapid acquisition by students puts the task of learning. In particular, raising the rating of higher education institutions, the formation of sectoral educational resources through the introduction of mechanisms for the integration of education, innovation and production activities based on the effective use of domestic innovative potential, improving the competitiveness of the education system, attracting investments, innovations and IT technologies issues such as.
“Indeed, the King has a Cunt! What a Wonder!”: Sex, Eroticism and Language in One Thousand and One Nights
Authors:   University of Asia Paciﬁc, Bangladesh, Abdullah Md Abu Shahid
Published: January 2021

One Thousand and One Nights, which can be traced back to as early as the 9th century, is probably the greatest introduction to Arabic culture through literature. This colossal and diverse book has drawn the attention of scholars, researchers and students to classic Arabic literature as well as influenced many prominent authors and filmmakers. It is not just a book of careless and unconnected stories but rather a piece of esteemed literature which has been read and analysed in many countries all over the world. However, it is also true that this book has been criticised for its sexual promiscuity and degraded portrayal of women. The aim of the presentation is to prove that underneath the clumsy and seemingly funny structures of One Thousand and One Nights, there is a description of overflowing sexuality. Through the sexualised or erotic description of female bodies, the book gives agency to women but at the same time depicts them derogatively, and thus fulfils the naked desire of the then patriarchal society. The presentation will highlight how sexual promiscuity or fathomless female sexual craving is portrayed through figurative and grammatical language, which objectifies the female characters but at the same time enables them to be playful with the male characters, and thus motivates them to become more powerful than the males. Finally. the presentation will focus on language or narrative as an act of survival from the perspectives of the female characters, which is most evident in the case of Scheherazade who saved not only her life but also lives of countless maidens by her mesmerizing storytelling talent.
Eastern Girls and Boys: Mapping Lesbian and Gay Languages in Kuala Lumpur
Authors: Hadzantonis Michael
Published: January 2021

Lesbian and gay communities in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, evidence unique and highly localized language practices, influenced by the specific organization and appropriation of a variety of social and cultural factors and networks. A hybridity and restylizing of Islamic, Confucianist, neoliberal, and transnational discourses significantly shape these communities, thus providing a lens through which to effect description of these speech communities. This paper discusses language styles in lesbian and gay communities in Kuala Lumpur, and evidences that their language practices, language ideologies, and identities, are fostered and legitimized in culturally complex ways. These complexities become predicated on a specific reapropriation of transnational factors, sociocultural histories, and patriarchal standpoints, mediated by society at large. As such, the study explores and finds a significant bias across these two communities, in that the language practices specific to gay communities far exceed those of lesbian communities. These language practices are mediated by gendered practices and gendered differentials pervasive of larger Malaysian society.
Decoding Female Characters in Grimm’s Tales and Nguyen Dong Chi’s Tales from the Socio-historical Viewpoint and Comparative Study
Authors:   Thai Nguyen University of Education, Vietnam, On Thi My Linh
Published: January 2021

This article examines how the Brothers Grimm and Nguyen Dong Chi reflect cultural issues through female characters in their folktales and how researchers decode their tales from the socio-historical viewpoint. By showing some aspects such as harsh conditions and gender roles, feminine virtues, the lessons of being a good woman and the concept of feminine beauty, the article argues that by picturing female persons, the Brothers Grimm's tales and Nguyen Dong Chi’s tales encode common and different hard facts and social values of German and Vietnamese people. The article is based on ten tales of the Brothers Grimm and ten Vietnamese tales collected by Nguyen Dong Chi.
Southeast Asia: Linguistic Perspectives
Authors:   Royal Academy of Cambodia, Cambodia, Vong Meng
Published: January 2021

Southeast Asia (SEA) is not only rich in multicultural areas but also rich in multilingual nations with the population of more than 624 million and more than 1,253 languages (Ethnologue 2015). With the cultural uniqueness of each country, this region also accords each national languages with language planning and political management. This strategy brings a challenges to SEA and can lead to conflicts among other ethnic groups, largely owing to leadership. The ethnic conflicts of SEA bring controversy between governments and minorities, such as the ethnic conflict in Aceh, Indonesia, the Muslim population of the south Thailand, and the Bangsa Moro of Mindanao, of the Philippines. The objective of this paper is to investigate the characteristics of the linguistic perspectives of SEA. This research examines two main problems. First, this paper investigates the linguistic area which refers to a geographical area in which genetically unrelated languages have come to share many linguistic features as a result of long mutual influence. The SEA has been called a linguistic area because languages share many features in common such as lexical tone, classifiers, serial verbs, verb-final items, prepositions, and noun-adjective order. SEA consists of five language families such as Austronesian, Mon-Khmer, Sino-Tibetan, Tai-Kadai, and Hmong-Mien. Second, this paper also examines why each nation of SEA takes one language to become the national language of the nation. The National language plays an important role in the educational system because some nations take the same languages as a national language—the Malay language in the case of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. The research method of this paper is to apply comparative method to find out the linguistic features of the languages of SEA in terms of phonology, morphology, and grammar.
Changes of Musical Instruments’ Names Along the Long Journey: Adopting, Adapting, Transforming and Changing
Authors:   Mahasarakham University, Thailand, Chonpairot Jaremchai
Published: January 2021

Through a long distance migration of some musical instruments, their relationships are sometimes given by their names. In this paper, the author will investigate the traces of their origins and the present locations of selected instruments. A number of musical instruments’ names will be analyzed through linguistic aspects -- adopting, adapting, transforming and changing. These names include vina plucked instruments, sa diev monochord, taro fiddle, ku drum, pey or oboe, sralai oboe, and ken bamboo mouth organ.
At the Origin of the Khmer Melodic Percussion Ensembles or “From Spoken to Gestured Language”
Authors:   Cambodian Living Arts, Cambodia, Kersalé Patrick
Published: January 2021

Frescoes representing melodic percussion orchestras have recently appeared in the central sanctuary of the Angkor Wat temple. They prefigure two orchestras existing today in Cambodia: the pin peat and the kantoam ming. These two ensembles are respectively related to Theravada Buddhism ceremonies and funerary rituals in the Siem Reap area. They represent a revolution in the field of music because of their acoustic richness and their sound power, supplanting the old Angkorian string orchestras. This project analyzes in detail the composition of the fresco sets and establishes a link with the structure of Khmer melodic percussion orchestras. The analysis of some graphic details, related to other frescoes and bas-reliefs of Angkor Wat, also makes it  possible to propose a dating. The study embodies one of an anthropological ethnomusicology, while also incorporating a discourse analysis, so to frame the uncovering of new historiographers of music and instrumentation, so to re describe musical discourses, more so to shed new light on melodic percussion of Angkorian music.
The Three Stage Digital Evolution of Linguistic Humans
Authors: Tokumaru Kumon
Published: January 2021

Digital Linguistics (DL) is an interdisciplinary study that identifies human language as a digital evolution of mammal analog vocal sign communications, founded on the vertebrate spinal sign reflex mechanism [Tokumaru 2017 a/b, 2018 a/b/c/d]. Analog signs are unique with their physical sound waveforms but limited in number, whilst human digital word signs are infinite by permutation of their logical property, phonemes. The first digital evolution took place 66,000 years ago with South African Neolithic industries, Howiesons Poort, when linguistic humans acquired a hypertrophied mandibular bone to house a descended larynx for vowel accented syllables containing logical properties of phonemes and morae. Morae made each syllable distinctive in the time axis and enabled grammatical modulation by alternately transmitting conceptual and grammatical syllables. The sign reflex mechanism is an unconscious self-protection and life-support mechanism, operated by immune cell networks inside the ventricle system. DL identified cellular and molecular structures for the sign (=concept) device as a B lymphocyte (or, in other words, Mobile Ad-Hoc Networking Neuron), connects to sensory, conceptual and networking memories, which consist of its meanings [Table 1]. Its antibodies can network with antigens of CSF-Contacting Neurons at the brainstem reticular formation and of Microglia cells at the neocortex [Figure 1]. It is plausible that the 3D structure of the antigen molecule takes the shape of word sound waveform multiplexing intensity and pitch, and that specifically pairing the antibody molecule consists of three CDRs (Complementality Defining Regions) in the Antibody Variable Region network with the logic of dichotomy and dualism. As sign reflex deals with survival issues such as food, safety and reproduction, it is stubborn, passive and inflexible: It does not spontaneously look for something new, and it is not designed to revise itself. These characteristics are not desirable for the development of human intelligence, and thus are to be overcome. All the word, sensory and network memories in the brain must be acquired postnatally through individual learning and thought. The reason and intelligence of humans depend on how correctly and efficiently humans learn new words and acquire appropriate meanings for them.
Enumeration and Classifiers in Pulau Simeulue/Pulau Banyak Languages, Aceh
Authors:   The University of Adelaide, Australia, Amery Rob , Aziz Zulfadli A. ,   Universitas Syiah Kuala, Indonesia
Published: January 2021

The counting system(s) and the use of classifiers in the languages of Pulau Simeulue and Pulau Banyak are complex. Indeed, there is more than one means of enumeration depending on the nature of the entity being counted in those languages. This study reveals strong similarities between the counting systems and classifiers used across this set of languages that differ markedly from Bahasa Indonesia and other languages of Indonesia more closely related to Malay. It provides additional evidence of the connection between the languages spoken in Simeulue and those spoken in Pulau Banyak and with Nias to the south.
Urbanization and Language Change in Vietnam: Evidence from a Rural Community in Hanoi
Authors:   University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Vietnam, Trinh Cam Lan
Published: January 2021

Language change and contact in Vietnam has recently intensified among some demographic groups. As such, certain sociolinguistic patterns help to describe these changes in language and society. This study is aimed at observing and measuring dialect change in Vietnam influenced by urbanization, with evidence from a rural community in Hanoi, a speech community in Xuan Canh commune, Dong Anh district. The study investigates the ways in which dialect change in this region has developed according to specific social and cultural factors. The Xuan Canh speech community evidences a narrowing usage of local variants. For its method, the study employs fieldwork, and subsequent quantitative methods to aid in the analysis. The data set includes 34 informants, randomly selected, which were categorized into certain social variables. The study also released 34 questionnaires, 11 recorded files of natural speech, from which emerged two sets of 34 recorded files of word lists and a text. The results indicate a gradual reduction in the frequency of use of local variants, a decrease in the number of lexical forms with rural characteristics, and an increase in certain types of urban variants. This trend can be seen by observing changing social variables sensitive to urbanization, such as youths, officials, students, and hence people who have out-community communication scope. Here, the quantitative correlations prove statistically significant. The state of dialect change in this community thus signifies a phenomenon common to Vietnamese rural communities under the effect of the urbanization; that is, a tendency following language urbanization in Vietnam.
A Salvage Linguistic Anthropological Study of the Endangered Māṅgtā Language of West Bengal, India
Authors:   Vidyasagar University, India, Bandyopadhyay Sumahan , Chatterjee Doyel ,   DumDum Motijheel Rabindra Mahavidyalaya, WBSU, India
Published: January 2021

The present paper is a salvage Linguistic Anthropology, in which attempt has been made to document a nearly-extinct language known as māṅgtā bhāsā, and to suggest appropriate measures for saving it from complete extinction. The word māṅgtā is said to have been derived from māṅā, which means ‘to ask for’ or ‘to beg’. The language is spoken by a few groups of the Bedia, which is a Scheduled Tribe (ST) in India with a population of 88,772 as per Census of India, 2011(Risley [1891]1981; Bandyopadhyay 2012, 2016, 2017). Bedia is a generic name for a number of vagrant gypsy like groups which Risley has divided into seven types. They live by a number of professions such as snake-charming, selling of medicinal herbs, showing chameleon art or multi-forming. Almost all of them have become speakers of more than one language for interacting with speakers of different languages in the neighbourhood for the sake of their survival. Even the present generation has almost forgotten their native speech, and their unawareness of the language becoming extinct is of concern to us. Elders still remember it and use it sometimes in conversations with the fellow members of their community. The ability to speak this language is construed with regard to the origin of this particular group of Bedia. In fact, the language had given them the identity of a separate tribal community while they demanded the status of ST in the recent past. Thus, socio-historically, the māṅgtā language has a special significance. In spite of being a distinct speech, there has been almost no study conducted on this language. This is one of the major motives for taking up the present endeavour. This project conducts morphological, phonological, syntactical and semantic studies on the māṅgtā language. Sociolinguistic aspects of this language have also been considered. The language has its roots in the Indo-European language family with affinity to the Austro-Asiatic family. The paper interrogates whether māṅgtā can be called language or speech. The study required ethnographic field work, audio-visual archiving, and revitalization, along with sustainable livelihood protection of speakers of the language.
Cham Language Literacy in Cambodia: From the Margins Towards the Mainstream
Authors:   National University of Singapore, Singapore, Pérez-Pereiro Alberto , López Cortina Jorge ,   Seton Hall University, U.S.A.
Published: January 2021

The Cham language has been written since at least the 4th Century. As such it is the oldest attested language of all of the Austronesian languages. This literary heritage was transmitted using locally modified forms of Indian scripts which were also used to write Sanskrit. With the loss of Cham territories to the Vietnamese, many Cham became displaced and the literary culture was disrupted. In addition, the adoption of Islam by the majority of Cham led many of those who continued to write to do so in variations of the Arabic script. However, the literary potential of the language in Cambodia has not been fully realized in either script – with village scholars using it almost exclusively for religious tracts and for very limited local audiences. In 2011, the United States Embassy initiated a program to encourage the protection of Cham culture and heritage. This Cham Heritage Expansion Program ran from 2011 to 2017 and resulted in the operation of 13 schools in which over 2,500 students of different ages were taught the traditional Cham script. This effort was accompanied by the development of a now significant number of local Cham intellectuals throughout the country who are dedicating themselves to the expansion of the use of Cham as a written language in all aspects of daily life. This presentation documents the way in which interest in this long-neglected writing system was rekindled, and the new avenues for personal and communitarian expression that are being opened by the propagation of Cham literacy. It also presents current developments in the formalization of Cham language education in the country, including the possibilities of bringing the language into the school system.
Translation Errors in Malaysian Children’s Movie Subtitles
Authors:   Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, Abdul Halim Hazlina
Published: January 2021

Subtitling Malay movies into English in Malaysia presents particular constrictions and defies subtitlers, as the two languages have little in common and have a number of untranslatability elements. Upin and Ipin is a Malaysian television series produced by Les’ Copaque Production, which features the life of the twin brothers in a fictional Malaysian village. The series was first introduced in 2007 and can be considered as one of the most successful animated television series in Malaysia. However, the series represents significantly unique language, leading to a significant concern in subtitling. Hence, this article aims to investigate the errors utilized in the movie Upin and Ipin Pengembaraan Bermula. The research used Koponen’s (2010) error categories to classify the translation errors, by comparing the subtitles in the source and target texts. The study supports the findings of Rull et al. (2016) on omission and mistranslation as the common errors. It is hoped that this study could serve as a reference for other translation research on subtitling to and from other languages in Malaysia.