bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic evaluation of M13 bacteriophage production at large‐Scale for therapeutic applications using aqueous Two‐Phase systems
Authors: Torres‐Acosta Mario , González‐Mora Alejandro , Ruiz‐Ruiz Federico , Rito‐Palomares Marco , Benavides Jorge
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND

Bacteriophages are bionanoparticles with several applications in different biotechnology‐based products. Among them, vaccines have the potential to treat antibiotic‐resistant bacteria and parasitic infections. Traditional methods for their recovery and purification rely on precipitation with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and NaCl. However, the applicability of such an approach is limited, due to large‐scale technical constrains. Recently, our research group developed a bacteriophage M13 recovery and purification strategy using Aqueous Two‐Phase Systems (ATPS), simplifying the methodology and, potentially, reducing costs. This work aims to develop an economic contrast between ATPS and the traditional PEG precipitation method at different operation scales (10 to 1000 L bioreactor volume) to determine the applicability of the ATPS methodology at large scale. For this, the effect of ATPS volume ratio (VR), sample loading, and materials discount over production cost were analyzed.

RESULTS

Results indicate that as the discount on material costs increases, ATPS becomes a more affordable unit operation, from a bioreactor scale of 10 L at 0% discount to 410 L at 90% discount (US$ 52.2 to $1.72 per gram, respectively). Material cost contribution is a parameter that needs attention when working with ATPS, as it is the core for the system construction. Methods for reducing their contribution are highly relevant and should be further investigated.

CONCLUSION

Employment of economic analyses help to discover critical parameters for a bioprocess, such as material costs for ATPS. This economic analysis work serves as a platform for new strategies for the recovery of bacteriophage and bacteriophage‐like particles using ATPS‐based technologies. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI)
Enhanced production of propionic acid through acidic hydrolysis by choice of inoculum
Authors: Ali Rowayda , Saravia Florencia , Hille‐Reichel Andrea , Härrer Daniel , Gescher Johannes , Horn Harald
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND

In this study, the enhancement of propionic acid production from a model feedstock mimicking kitchen waste was investigated. For that purpose, two operational runs of a semicontinuous anaerobic hydrolysis reactor were carried out at pH 6.0 ± 0.1 and mesophilic (30 °C) temperature. Two different types of inocula, a mixed microbial culture selected over 24 months for growth on cellulose and a culture contained in goat cheese were compared.

RESULTS

The results show that the goat cheese inoculum was significantly more efficient for propionic acid (PA) production. The highest propionic acid concentration achieved amounted to 139 mmol L−1 at a yield of 23.3 mg g−1 volatile solids (VS), which was 55% greater than what was achieved with the mixed culture. Furthermore, it was observed that propionic acid production was enhanced by a combination of high hydraulic retention time (HRT) with low organic loading rate (OLR), ensuring sufficient time for complete processing of the complex organic substrates. The fermentation could be kept in a stable process of propionic acid production at HRT of 20 days and a rather low OLR of 11.1 g L−1 day−1 VS.

CONCLUSION

Our results give a better understanding of PA production in semicontinuous mode, applying optimized process parameters and selecting the adequate microbial community for inoculation. This study provides important information for the improvement of PA production from complex substrates for future industrial application. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided hepaticogastrostomy using a partially covered metal stent in patients with malignant biliary obstruction after failed Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
Authors: Emmanuel James , Omar Haniza , See Lee T
Published: July 2020

Background and Aim

The advent of endoscopic ultrasound‐guided biliary drainage (EUS‐BD) has provided an inimitable alternative for gaining biliary access in patients who fail conventional endoscopic drainage. The antimigratory features of the partially covered metal stent (PCMS), namely, the flange head and uncovered portion of the stent, makes it a valuable option in patients undergoing EUS‐guided hepaticogastrostomy (EUS‐HGS). The aim of the study is to evaluate the clinical outcome of EUS‐BD via the hepaticogastrostomy approach using PCMS in patients with malignant biliary obstruction after failed ERCP.

Methods

This is a single‐center retrospective observational study of patients with malignant biliary obstruction undergoing EUS‐HGS after failed ERCP between January 2018 and May 2019. The end‐point of the study was to assess the technical and clinical success rate, as well as the stent‐ and procedure‐related complications.

Results

There were 20 subjects in this study. The average age was 71.8 ± 7.6 years. Most patients were male, 16 (80%). Inaccessible papillae was the most common indication for this procedure, 16 (80%). Technical success was achieved in all patients. The average procedural time was 39.9 ± 1.3 min. Mean preprocedural bilirubin levels were 348.6 ± 28.8 and subsequently decreased to 108.94 ± 37.1 μmol/L at 2 weeks postprocedure. The clinical success rate was 95% (19/20), with one patient requiring percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD). There were no stent‐ or procedure‐related complications reported in this study.

Conclusion

EUS‐HGS with PCMS is a feasible, effective, and safe alternative for biliary decompression in patients with failed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).
The magic of small structure differences in a sodium‐glucose cotransporter drug discovery project—14C‐labelled drug candidates in a key‐differentiating study
Authors: Schudok Manfred , Glombik Heiner , Derdau Volker
Published: July 2020

We describe the dramatic differences in the synthesis and physiological and pharmacokinetical profiling of two sodium‐glucose cotransporter (SGLT) drug candidates AVE2268 and AVE8887 with very similar chemical structures. It is a classic example of how a radioactive study was able to spare resources in preclinical development prior to entering a costly clinical program. It also demonstrated that radioactive compounds can be used to study differences between two very similar compounds in vivo.
In vivo three‐dimensional knee kinematics in goats with unilateral anterior cruciate ligament transection
Authors: Bascuñán Ana , Soula Mariajesus , Millar Kristina K. , Biedrzycki Adam , Banks Scott A. , Lewis Daniel D. , Kim Stanley E.
Published: July 2020

Although the goat is an established animal model in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) research, in vivo kinematics associated with ACL deficiency have not been previously described in this species. Three‐dimensional knee kinematics were determined before and after unilateral ACL transection in eight goats. Fluoroscopic imaging of the knees during treadmill walking and force‐platform gait analysis during over‐ground walking were performed prior to ACL transection, and 2 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months after ACL transection. Transient lameness of the ACL‐transected limb was noted in all goats but resolved by 3 months post‐ACL transection. Increased extension of 8.7° to 17.0° was noted throughout the gait cycle in both the ACL‐transected and the contralateral unaffected knees by 3 months post‐ACL transection, in a bilaterally symmetric pattern. Peak anterior tibial translation increased by 3 to 6 mm after ACL transection and persisted over the 6‐month study period. No changes in axial rotation or abduction angle were observed after ACL transection. Unilateral ACL deficiency in goats resulted in persistent kinematic alterations, despite the resolution of lameness by 3 months post‐ACL transection.
Kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) starch: A review
Authors: Punia Sneh , Dhull Sanju Bala , Sandhu Kawaljit Singh , Kaur Maninder , Purewal Sukhvinder Singh
Published: July 2020

The mini review focuses on the morphology, pasting, rheological and in vitro digestibility of kidney bean starch. In legumes seeds, starch is the most abundant carbohydrate reserve in plants and have been ascribed medicinal and cultural as well as nutritional roles. The major carbohydrate of kidney bean seeds is starch, which accounts for 25–45% of the dry matter. Lower swelling and high solubility of kidney bean starches indicate their higher functional properties than cereal starches. High amount of resistant starch (RS) and slow digestible starch (SDS) and low amount of rapidly digestible starch (RDS) present in kidney bean starches provide their potentiality as a good source of RS. Starch is a macro‐constituent of many foods and its properties and interactions with other constituents, particularly water and lipids, are of interest to the food industry and for human nutrition as starch properties may greatly determine the product quality.
The asymptotic behavior for anisotropic parabolic p‐Laplacian equations
Authors: Qian Chenyin , Yuan Daorui
Published: July 2020

The global existence and asymptotic behavior for anisotropic parabolic equation in are considered. By using the classical Galerkin approximation and suitable conditions on the weighted function, it is obtained the global estimate and the uniformly estimates for the global weak solution. Besides, the global attractor for anisotropic parabolic p‐Laplacian equation is also investigated by proving the ω‐limit compactness for the multivalued semigroups or multivalued semiflows.
Comparison of commercial dosimetric software platforms in patients treated with 177Lu‐DOTATATE for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy
Authors: Mora‐Ramirez Erick , Santoro Lore , Cassol Emmanuelle , Ocampo‐Ramos Juan C. , Clayton Naomi , Kayal Gunjan , Chouaf Soufiane , Trauchessec Dorian , Pouget Jean‐Pierre , Kotzki Pierre‐Olivier , Deshayes Emmanuel , Bardiès Manuel
Published: July 2020

Purpose

The aim of this study was to quantitatively compare five commercial dosimetric software platforms based on the analysis of clinical datasets of patients who benefited from peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with 177Lu‐DOTATATE (LUTATHERA®).

Methods

The dosimetric analysis was performed on two patients during two cycles of PRRT with 177Lu. Single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography images were acquired at 4, 24, 72, and 192 h post injection. Reconstructed images were generated using Dosimetry Toolkit® (DTK) from Xeleris™ and HybridRecon‐Oncology version_1.3_Dicom (HROD) from HERMES. Reconstructed images using DTK were analyzed using the same software to calculate time‐integrated activity coefficients (TIAC), and mean absorbed doses were estimated using OLINDA/EXM V1.0 with mass correction. Reconstructed images from HROD were uploaded into PLANET® OncoDose from DOSIsoft, STRATOS from Phillips, Hybrid Dosimetry Module™ from HERMES, and SurePlan™ MRT from MIM. Organ masses, TIACs, and mean absorbed doses were calculated from each application using their recommendations.

Results

The majority of organ mass estimates varied by <9.5% between all platforms. The highest variability for TIAC results between platforms was seen for the kidneys (28.2%) for the two patients and the two treatment cycles. Relative standard deviations in mean absorbed doses were slightly higher compared with those observed for TIAC, but remained of the same order of magnitude between all platforms.

Conclusions

When applying a similar processing approach, results obtained were of the same order of magnitude regardless of the platforms used. However, the comparison of the performances of currently available platforms is still difficult as they do not all address the same parts of the dosimetric analysis workflow. In addition, the way in which data are handled in each part of the chain from data acquisition to absorbed doses may be different, which complicates the comparison exercise. Therefore, the dissemination of commercial solutions for absorbed dose calculation calls for the development of tools and standards allowing for the comparison of the performances between dosimetric software platforms.
Rubber toughened recycled polyethylene terephthalate for material extrusion additive manufacturing
Authors: Zander Nicole E , Boelter Zachary R
Published: July 2020

Plastic packaging materials represent a new class of low‐cost and sustainable additive manufacturing feedstocks. Recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has been shown to be a robust material for material extrusion additive manufacturing, with mechanical properties comparable with acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene. However, due to PET's high crystallinity, it is generally a brittle material and can be subject to premature fracture. It is well known that the addition of rubbers can serve to toughen PET. In this work, micronized rubber powder, as well as non‐reactive and functionalized styrene‐ethylene‐butadiene‐styrene (SEBS) elastomers were compounded with recycled PET. Tensile strength was not significantly affected, but toughness increased 85% with the addition of 5 wt% rubber, 350% with SEBS and over 550% with maleic anhydride functionalized SEBS compared to neat recycled PET. Fracture surface analysis revealed evidence of ductile fracture and cavitation in the rubber toughened samples. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA
Towards an M5‐Brane Model II: Metric String Structures
Authors: Sämann Christian , Schmidt Lennart
Published: July 2020

In this paper, we develop the mathematical formulation of metric string structures. These play a crucial role in the formulation of certain six‐dimensional superconformal field theories and we believe that they also underlie potential future formulations of the (2,0)‐theory. We show that the connections on non‐abelian gerbes usually introduced in the literature are problematic in that they are locally gauge equivalent to connections on abelian gerbes. Connections on string structures form an exception and we introduce the general concept of an adjusted Weil algebra leading to potentially interacting connections on higher principal bundles. Considering a special case, we derive the metric extension of string structures and the corresponding adjusted Weil algebra. The latter lead to connections that were previously constructed by hand in the context of gauged supergravities. We also explain how the Leibniz algebras induced by an embedding tensor in gauged supergravities fit into our picture.
Human estrogen sulfotransferase and its related fluorescently labeled decapeptides specifically interact with oxidized low‐density lipoprotein
Authors: Sato Akira , Yamazaki Miyuki , Watanabe Hinako , Sakurai Eiko , Ebina Keiichi
Published: July 2020

Estrogen sulfotransferase (SULT1E) mainly catalyzes the sulfation of estrogens, which are known to prevent the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Recently, we found that peptides with a YKDG sequence specifically bind to oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (Ox‐LDL), which plays a major role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Here, we investigated the interaction between human SULT1E1 (hSULT1E1), which has a YKEG sequence (residues 61–64) unlike other human SULTs, and Ox‐LDL. Results from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blotting demonstrated that hSULT1E1 specifically binds to Ox‐LDL and its major lipid component (lysophosphatidylcholine; LPC), and platelet‐activating factor (PAF), which bears a marked resemblance to LPC in terms of structure and activity. Moreover, an N‐terminally fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐labeled decapeptide (MIYKEGDVEK; FITC‐hSULT1E1‐P10) corresponding to residues 59–68 of hSULT1E1 specifically binds to Ox‐LDL, LPC, and PAF. Unveiling the specific interaction between hSULT1E1 and Ox‐LDL, LPC, and PAF provides important information regarding the mechanisms underlying various diseases caused by Ox‐LDL, LPC, and PAF, such as atherosclerosis. In addition, FITC‐hSULT1E1‐P10 could be used as an efficient fluorescent probe for the detection of Ox‐LDL, LPC, and PAF, which could facilitate the mechanistic study, identification, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of atherosclerosis.
“Unattended” retirement: Lifestyle migration and precarity of the Houniao
Authors: Chen Jingfu , Wang Bingyu
Published: July 2020

This paper unpacks the precarity of lifestyle migrants through the study of the Houniao (“snowbirds”), mostly retirees leading seasonal travel between north and south China. Focusing on the Houniao in Sanya, it explores the production and negotiation of their precarity at multiple scales. Firstly, it investigates how they encounter “precarious privilege” in Sanya's changing urban space and respond to government control and rising living expenses. Secondly, it examines their vulnerability intensified by health decline and constraints of place‐based care networks and their agency to rebuild local supporting systems. Thirdly, it explores their contested relationships with Sanya and the sense of marginality and how they develop Houniao‐based social networks. This paper highlights the significance of space/place and human agency in understanding the dynamic process in which precarity is generated and negotiated. Additionally, it provides a wider perspective on the complexity of precarity in lifestyle migration by focusing on the China context.
Application of Physiologically‐Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Predict Gastric pH‐Dependent Drug–Drug Interactions for Weak Base Drugs
Authors: Dong Zhongqi , Li Jia , Wu Fang , Zhao Ping , Lee Sue‐Chih , Zhang Lillian , Seo Paul , Zhang Lei
Published: July 2020

Weak‐base drugs are susceptible to drug–drug interactions (DDIs) when coadministered with gastric acid–reducing agents (ARAs). We developed PBPK models to evaluate the potential of such pH‐dependent DDIs for four weak‐base drugs, i.e., tapentadol, darunavir, erlotinib, and saxagliptin. The physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models of these drugs were first optimized using pharmacokinetic (PK) data following oral administration without ARAs, which were then verified with data from additional PK studies in the presence and absence of food. The models were subsequently used to predict the extent of DDIs with ARA coadministration. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to explore the impact of gastric pH on quantitative prediction of drug exposure in the presence of ARA. The results suggested that the PBPK models developed could adequately describe the lack of the effect of ARA on the PK of tapentadol, darunavir, and saxagliptin and could qualitatively predict the effect of ARA in reducing the absorption of erlotinib. Further studies involving more drugs with positive pH‐dependent DDIs are needed to confirm the findings and broaden our knowledge base to further improve the utilization of PBPK modeling to evaluate pH‐dependent DDI potential.
Application of online liquid chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for structural characterization of linagliptin degradation products and related impurities
Authors: Yadav Amrej Singh , Dornala Divya , Swain Debasish , Prabha Aishwarya , Samanthula Gananadhamu
Published: July 2020

Rationale

Linagliptin is a drug used for the management of type 2 diabetes, which is a leading cause of global ill health and mortality. Impurities can affect the quality and safety of drug products and eventually may affect human health. A robust, sensitive and reliable analytical method is required to detect, characterize, quantify and control the presence of impurities in finished pharmaceutical products such as linagliptin.

Methods

Linagliptin was stressed under harsh conditions as in the ICH Q1A (R2) guidelines to generate degradation products. The degradation products and process‐related impurities were separated using an InertSustain C8 column (4.6 mm × 150 mm, 5 μm) and characterized by tandem quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry in positive mode electrospray ionization. The developed method was validated according to the ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines.

Results

Upon forced degradation, 12 degradation products were obtained (6 in oxidative stress and 3 in each of acid and alkaline hydrolysis). The special finding here was the presence of a pair of isomeric degradation products in acid hydrolysis and the formation of degradation products in base hydrolysis and oxidative degradation caused by the use of acetonitrile as a diluent. The 12 degradation products and 6 process‐related substances were successfully identified using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

Conclusions

A reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the separation of the 12 degradation products and 6 process‐related impurities. Structural characterization of all impurities was carried out using fragmentation pathways obtained from tandem mass spectrometry. The method was sufficiently sensitive and reproducible for quality control of linagliptin and for further research studies.
Novel β‐Lactam Compounds as Activators for Polyphenoloxidase
Authors: Bytyqi‐Damoni Arlinda , Genç Hayriye , Zengin Mustafa , Demir Dudu , Gençer Nahit , Arslan Oktay
Published: July 2020

A copper‐containing enzyme polyphenol oxidase (other name is tyrosinase) plays crucial role in melanin biosynthesis, as a compound responsible for human pigmentation. Non controlled loss of melanin can cause hypopigmentation disease. The hypopigmentatory disorder can be treated with melanogenesis stimulators. Here, twenty‐four new β‐lactam compounds were synthesized, characterized and in vitro effects of them on banana tyrosinase investigated. The enzyme has been purified from banana by an affinity gel comprised of Sepharose4B−L‐tyrosine‐p‐aminobenzoic acid. The results showed that the compounds have an effect on increasing the activity of tyrosinase enzyme. Molecules having a notable tyrosinase activator effects are compound 3 h (79.86) and compound 4 n (61.30). The maximal activation, 131% was determined at 130 μM concentration. These results suggested that compounds 3 h and 4 n might represent a novel approach for an effective therapy for diseases associate with tyrosinase dysfunction, such as vitiligo and hair graying.
In Situ Growth of Ultrafine PtPd Nanoparticles on Bifunctional NH2‐N‐rGO with Remarkable Catalytic Activity for Ammonia Borane Dehydrogenation
Authors: Liu Yuan , Gao Manyi , Yang Weiwei , Yu Yongsheng
Published: July 2020

The design of robust and highly efficient heterogeneous catalyst for ammonia borane (AB) hydrolysis is of great importance to realize its application in energy storage. Herein, bimetallic ultrafine PtPd nanoparticles (NPs), supported on NH2‐functionalized and N‐doped reduced grapheme oxide (NH2‐N‐rGO), were prepared by a simple and effective method under mild condition. The introduction of the −NH2−N group on rGO is the critical issue for the formation of the ultrafine and well‐dispersed bimetallic PtPd NPs (1.9 nm) with relatively large surface area and enough active sites. These catalysts have excellent catalytic activities in the hydrolytic dehydrogenation of AB and their activity was composition dependent. Among these catalysts, the Pt0.5Pd0.5/NH2‐N‐rGO composite catalysts exhibit the highest catalytic activity with an initial turnover frequency of 699.6 mol(hydrogen)•mol(catalyst)−1•min−1 for the hydrolytic dehydrogenation of AB. This work offers a new way for the design and preparation of the bimetallic ultrafine nanocatalysts with excellent catalytic activities for AB hydrolysis.
Smartdust 3D‐Printed Graphene‐Based Al/Ga Robots for Photocatalytic Degradation of Explosives
Authors: Khezri Bahareh , Villa Katherine , Novotný Filip , Sofer Zdeněk , Pumera Martin
Published: July 2020

Milli/micro/nanorobots are considered smart devices able to convert energy taken from different sources into mechanical movement and accomplish the appointed tasks. Future advances and realization of these tiny devices are mostly limited by the narrow window of material choices, the fuel requirement, multistep surface functionalization, rational structural design, and propulsion ability in complex environments. All these aspects call for intensive improvements that may speed up the real application of such miniaturized robots. 3D‐printed graphene‐based smartdust robots provided with a magnetic response and filled with aluminum/gallium molten alloy (Al/Ga) for autonomous motion are presented. These robots can swim by reacting with the surrounding environment without adding any fuel. Because their outer surface is coated with a hydrogel/photocatalyst (chitosan/carbon nitride, C3N4) layer, these robots are used for the photocatalytic degradation of the picric acid as an explosive model molecule under visible light. The results show a fast and efficient degradation of picric acid that is attributed to a synergistic effect between the adsorption capability of the chitosan and the photocatalytic activity of C3N4 particles. This work provides added insight into the large‐scale fabrication, easy functionalization, and propulsion of tiny robots for environmental applications.
Effect of Resistant Starch Type Two Fortification on Structural Characteristics of Macaroni
Authors: Khoozani Amir Amini , Rad Aziz Homayouni , Keshtiban Ata , Pirouzian Haniyeh Rasouli , Javadi Mina , Shahbazi Nayyer , Pourjafar Hadi
Published: July 2020

Due to the high consumption of pasta products, enrichment of the final product with non‐digestible oligosaccharides has gained interest. Resistant starch type two (RS2) can tolerate high moisture and temperature involved in the macaroni production process. The aim of this study is to compare the textural properties of cooked and uncooked RS2‐enriched macaroni with the control sample. The substitution of RS2 results in a significant reduction in moisture content (p < 0.05). The color of fortified macaroni is brighter than the control (48.88 ± 0.18). The presence of RS2 leads to a substantial improvement in textural properties. Hardness and cohesiveness of macaroni at 10% RS2 level are significantly higher than the control sample while adhesiveness and chewiness are lower (p < 0.05). The sample with 7.5% RS2 shows the best cooking properties. Cooking loss and water absorption get reduced significantly as the amount of RS2 increases. Sensory evaluation results show a significant reduction in adhesiveness. Resistant starch type two could function as a dietary fiber that improves texture without having a negative impact on consumer acceptance.
Shared and different L1 background, L1 use, and peer familiarity as factors in ESL pair interaction
Authors: Pastushenkov Dmitrii , Camp Cameron , Zhuchenko Iryna , Pavlenko Olesia
Published: July 2020

In this study, the researchers investigated the effects of shared and different first language (L1) background, L1 use amounts, and peer familiarity on the frequency of language‐related episodes (LREs) and task scores in interactive pair work. By exploring these variables in distinct interactions, the authors attempted to obtain a more fine‐grained picture of peer interaction patterns and develop strategies to facilitate short interactive tasks. The study’s recordings of the same‐L1 dyads were translated to explore whether the participants stayed on task and why they used their L1. Forty‐two intermediate students of English as a second language (ESL) from various L1 backgrounds recruited from a U.S. university participated in the study. They were placed into four dyad types: same‐L1/familiar, same‐L1/unfamiliar, different‐L1/familiar, and different‐L1/unfamiliar. Each dyad completed a short interactive spot‐the‐difference task. Peer familiarity positively affected the production of LREs and task scores, but no clear differences were found between the same‐L1 and different‐L1 dyads. The researchers also found evidence that peer familiarity affected the same‐L1 and different‐L1 dyads differently. The dyads stayed on task the entire time, using L1 for task management or vocabulary deliberations. Finally, strong negative correlations were found between L1 use amounts and both LREs and task scores.
Comparison of methods for determining shear modulus of wood
Authors: Krüger Robert , Wagenführ André
Published: July 2020

In this study, the relatively new picture frame method applied to wood is compared with three established shear test methods, namely the experimental modal analysis, the square plate twist method and the torsion test. For the investigations, the wood species European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) were used and the shear tests were conducted in LR and RL direction. The results show comparable shear moduli for beech and spruce in the range of 931–1289 Nmm−2 and 495–842 Nmm−2, respectively. In contrast to the theory of linear elastic orthotropic materials, significant differences in the results of the picture frame method between LR and RL direction were observed for spruce.
Dissimilar underwater wet welding of HSLA steels
Authors: Tomków Jacek , Fydrych Dariusz , Rogalski Grzegorz
Published: July 2020

The high-strength low-alloy S460ML and S460N steels were chosen for underwater wet welding of dissimilar T-joints using covered electrodes. For improving the quality of joints, the temper bead welding (TBW) method was used. The application of TBW in pad welding conditions has been investigated earlier but the possibility of usage of this technique in welded joints was not analyzed. The main aim of the study was to check the influence of TBW on the hardness and structures of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of dissimilar T-joints made in the underwater conditions. The experiments conducted showed that the technique used can reduce the susceptibility to cold cracking by decreasing the hardness in HAZ, which is a result of changes in its structure. The TBW technique reduced the hardness in the HAZ of the S460N steel by 40–50 HV10 and in S460ML by 80–100 HV10. It was also found that the changes in S460ML and S460N were much different, and therefore, the investigated technique can provide better results in the steel characterized by lower carbon equivalent CeIIW.
Flexibler Entscheidungsalgorithmus zum innerklinischen stationären Patient*innen-Management unter wechselnden Anforderungen der SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie
Authors: Waydhas C. , Hosbach I. , Bockelmann-Jung S. , Hamsen U. , Kaufmann P. , Knop-Hammad V. , Köditz R. , Kronsbein J. , Zahn P. , Auhuber T. ,   Pandemiegruppe des BG-Universitätsklinikums Bergmannsheil Bochum, Auhuber Thomas , Bockelmann-Jung Sarah , Buchwald Dirk , Eichhorn Carsten , Godau Peter , Gottschlich Michael , Hamsen Uwe , Heyer Martin , Hosbach Ingolf , Kaufmann Peter , Knop-Hammad Veronika , Köditz Roland , Kronsbein Juliane , Lobreier Mareike , Renelt Alina , Sichelschmidt Michael , Vonderstein Anke , Waydhas Christian , Wengeler Jens-Oliver , Zahn Peter
Published: July 2020

Die nunmehr zunehmend verhalten verlaufende SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie stellt hohe Anforderungen an alle involvierten Kliniken hinsichtlich der Rückkehr zur Elektivversorgung wie auch in Hinsicht auf die Planungen für ein Worst-case-Szenario einer zweiten Welle, z. B. nach wieder vermehrter Reisetätigkeit im Sommer oder im Rahmen wieder zunehmender Erkältungskrankheiten im Herbst. Sowohl für die Erstsichtung und die Notaufnahme als auch innerklinisch ist nach Aufnahme des Patienten flexibel zu reagieren. Deshalb war es unser Ziel, eine Handlungsanweisung in Form eines Algorithmus zu entwickeln und zu implementieren, die den ärztlichen und Pflegemitarbeitern einen verlässlichen Entscheidungsrahmen an die Hand gibt und gleichzeitig Ressourcen schont, Patientenfehlallokationen minimiert und Patient*innen und Personal gleichermaßen Sicherheit und Rückhalt gibt. In dem Algorithmus sind wichtige Entscheidungsknoten wie klinische Symptomatik, Erstkontakt, Übergang in die stationäre Behandlung, Vorgehen nach Abstrich- und Computertomographie (CT)-Ergebnis sowie Allokations- und Isolationsmaßnahmen zusammengefasst. Der Algorithmus soll nicht das initiale rein medizinische Management in der Notaufnahme abbilden, sondern entspricht einem allgemeinen, organisatorischen Prozedere für die stationäre Aufnahme und den Gesamtklinikaufenthalt.
Frameless stereotaxy in subthalamic deep brain stimulation: 3-year clinical outcome
Authors: Piano Carla , Bove Francesco , Mulas Delia , Bentivoglio Anna Rita , Cioni Beatrice , Tufo Tommaso
Published: July 2020

Background

In most centers, the surgery of deep brain stimulation (DBS) is performed using a stereotactic frame. Compared with frame-based technique, frameless stereotaxy reduces the duration of surgical procedure and patient’s discomfort, with lead placing accuracy equivalent after the learning curve. Although several studies have investigated the targeting accuracy of this technique, only a few studies reported clinical outcomes, with data of short-term follow-up.

Objective

To assess clinical efficacy and safety of frameless bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients at 1- and 3-year follow-up.

Methods

Consecutive PD patients who underwent bilateral STN-DBS with a manual adjustable frameless system were included in the study. The data were collected retrospectively.

Results

Eighteen PD patients underwent bilateral STN-DBS implant and were included in the study. All patients completed 1-year observation and ten of them completed 3-year observation. At 1-year follow-up, motor efficacy of STN stimulation in off-med condition was of 30.1% (P = 0.003) and at 3-year follow-up was of 36.3%, compared with off-stim condition at 3-year follow-up (P = 0.005). Dopaminergic drugs were significantly reduced by 31.2% 1 year after the intervention (P = 0.003) and 31.7% 3 years after the intervention (P = 0.04). No serious adverse events occurred during surgery.

Conclusions

Frameless stereotaxy is an effective and safe technique for DBS surgery at 1- and 3-year follow-up, with great advantages for patients’ discomfort during surgery.
Microscopic analysis of the microbiota of three commercial Phytoseiidae species (Acari: Mesostigmata)
Authors: Sumner-Kalkun Jason C. , Baxter Ian , Perotti M. Alejandra
Published: July 2020

Microbes associated with the external and internal anatomy of three commercially available predatory mite species—Phytoseiulus persimilis, Typhlodromips (= Amblyseius) swirskii, and Neoseiulus (= Amblyseius) cucumeris—were examined using light microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy and fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH). Four microbe morphotypes were observed on external body regions. These included three microfungi-like organisms (named T1, T2 and T3) and rod-shaped bacteria (T4). Morphotypes showed unique distributions on the external body regions and certain microbes were found only on one host species. Microfungi-like T1 were present in all three species whereas T2 and T3 were present in only P. persimilis and T. swirskii, respectively. T1 and T2 microbes were most abundant on the ventral structures of the idiosoma and legs, most frequently associated with coxae, coxal folds, ventrianal shields and epigynal shields. T3 microbes were most abundant on legs and dorsal idiosoma. T4 microbes were less abundant and were attached to epigynal shields of N. cucumeris and T. swirskii. Significant differences in distribution between batches suggest temporal fluctuations in the microbiota of phytoseiids in mass-reared systems. FISH showed bacteria within the alimentary tract, in Malpighian tubules and anal atria. These may aid absorption of excretory products or maintaining gut physiology. We suggest a mechanism by which microbes may be transmitted to offspring and throughout populations. This study aims to improve our knowledge of this poorly understood area and highlights the necessity of understanding the microbiota of Acari.
Chemistry is pluralistic
Authors: Ruthenberg Klaus , Mets Ave
Published: July 2020

Recently, philosophers have come forth with approaches to chemistry based on its actual practice, imparting to it a proper aim and character of its own. These approaches add to the currently growing movement of pluralist philosophies of science. We draw on recent pluralist accounts from (the philosophy of) chemistry and analyse three notions from modern chemical practice and theory (acidity, electronegativity and the concept of element) in terms of these accounts, in order to complement the so far more general pluralist approaches with specific evidence. Our survey reveals that the concept of element indicates conceptual pluralisms in chemistry. that electronegativity illustrates methodological pluralism in determining one and the same concept, and that acidity is an instance of plurality hidden behind ‘one notion’.
Small Mass Nanopteron Traveling Waves in Mass-in-Mass Lattices with Cubic FPUT Potential
Authors: Faver Timothy E.
Published: July 2020

The mass-in-mass (MiM) lattice consists of an infinite chain of identical beads that are both nonlinearly coupled to their nearest neighbors and linearly coupled to a distinct resonator particle; it serves as a prototypical model of wave propagation in granular crystals and metamaterials. We study traveling waves in an MiM lattice whose bead interaction is governed by the cubic Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou potential and whose resonator mass is small compared to the bead mass. Excluding a countable number of “antiresonance” resonator masses accumulating at 0, we prove the existence of nanopteron traveling waves in this small mass limit. The profiles of these waves consist of the superposition of an exponentially localized core and a small amplitude periodic oscillation that itself is a traveling wave profile for the lattice. Our arguments use functional analytic techniques originally developed by Beale for a capillary–gravity water wave problem and recently employed in a number of related nanopteron constructions in diatomic Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou lattices.
Physical Violence and Property Damage towards Parents, Committed by Adult Children with Drug Problems
Authors: Johnson Björn , Richert Torkel , Svensson Bengt
Published: July 2020

Drug use has previously been identified as a risk factor for child-to-parent abuse. We examine how common it is for parents to be exposed to physical violence and property damage by adult children with drug problems, and whether such victimization varies based on factors related to the parents and the adult children, respectively. A self-report questionnaire on victimization was completed by 687 parents of adult children with drug problems. The data were collected via a postal questionnaire to members of the Parents Against Drugs association and a web-based questionnaire to persons recruited via social media, treatment centers and other associations for families of drug users. The proportion of parents who reported having been exposed to physical violence was 19% ever, 6% during the past year. The proportion who had been exposed to property damage was 40% ever, 10% during the past year. Exposure during the past year was higher among parents whose children were currently experiencing drug problems. Mental health problems in the children were associated with higher levels of parental victimization, particularly in the form of physical violence. Parental victimization was also associated with the children being younger and still living at home. Exposure to property damage was higher among parents of male children. Adult children’s drug problems are of significance for parental victimization; they do not however appear to constitute a major risk factor but rather one risk factor among several others. Exposure to physical violence is clearly related to the presence of mental health problems in the children.
Estimation of parameters of various damping models in planar motion of a pendulum
Authors: Salamon Robert , Kamiński Henryk , Fritzkowski Paweł
Published: July 2020

In this work, planar free vibrations of a single physical pendulum are investigated both experimentally and numerically. The laboratory experiments are performed with pendula of different lengths, for a wide range of initial configurations, beyond the small angle regime. In order to approximate the air resistance, three models of damping are considered—involving the three components of the resistive force: linear (proportional to velocity), quadratic (velocity-squared) and acceleration-dependent (proportional to acceleration). A series of numerical experiments is discussed, in which the damping coefficients are estimated by means of several computational methods. Based on the observed efficiency, a gradient method for optimization is treated as the main tool for determination of a single set of damping parameters, independent of the system’s initial position. In the model of resistive force, the term proportional to acceleration, associated with the empirical Morison equation, seems to be indispensable for the successful approximation of the real pendulum motion.
Space robot motion planning in the presence of nonconserved linear and angular momenta
Authors: Basmadji Fatina Liliana , Seweryn Karol , Sasiadek Jurek Z.
Published: July 2020

On-orbit servicing, active debris removal or assembling large structures on orbit are only some of the tasks that could be accomplished by space robots. In all these cases, a contact between a space robot and the satellite being serviced, deorbited, or assembled will occur. This contact results in a contact force exerted on the space robot, and therefore momenta of the space robot system are no longer conserved. Most of the papers that are concerned with motion planning problems of a space robot manipulator either consider that no external forces or moments are acting on the space robot system or use additional controllers when the space robot is subjected to external forces and moments. Such a controller minimizes end-effector position and orientation errors caused by the changes in system momenta due to external forces and moments acting on this system. The novelty of this work is that it proposes a new method for planning the motion of dual-arm space robot manipulators when linear and angular momenta of the space robot system are not conserved due to external forces and moments acting on the space robot base or/and manipulators’ end-effectors. In the proposed method the changes in system momenta are considered, but no additional controllers are needed. In this paper, we derive the motion planning equations for dual-arm space robot manipulators, where external forces and moments are acting on both satellite and manipulator end-effectors. The proposed method has been verified by numerical simulations, and the results are presented and discussed.
Bidentate and Monodentate Binding of Chromium (VI) on the Acid Scavenger Exchange Resin, MP-Carbonate, as a Function of pH
Authors: Stinchfield Georgia , Capitani Joseph F. , Regan John
Published: July 2020

Hexavalent chromium or Cr (VI) is a serious health risk that has been identified in drinking water and generally originates as industrial by-products and hazardous waste sites, although natural sources have been reported. Common methods to remove Cr (VI) employ adsorption, filtration, ion exchange technologies, and redox reactions. We report on a macro porous polystyrene anion exchange resin, a solid-supported equivalent of tetra-alkyl ammonium carbonate (Biotage® MP-Carbonate), to effectively remove Cr (VI) from synthetic wastewater with bidentate or monodentate binding modes of chromate, depending on the pH environment. Sorption capacity is pH dependent with 332, 161, and 163 mg CrO42− per gram of MP-Carbonate adsorbed at pH 2, 6.8, and 10, respectively. Experimental data indicate an exergonic and endothermic adsorption process. Static vs. dynamic reaction conditions are discussed. Density functional theory calculations parallel the Gibbs free energy results of the bidentate binding of the large chromate ion compared to carbonate with the ammonium ions. These studies identify the potential uses of MP-Carbonate in the remediation of Cr (VI) wastewater unrelated to the pH of the water source.
Genetic diversity and population structure of endangered plant species Anagallis foemina Mill. [Lysimachia foemina (Mill.) U. Manns & Anderb.]
Authors: Kwiecińska-Poppe Ewa , Haliniarz Małgorzata , Sowa Sylwia , Paczos-Grzęda Edyta
Published: July 2020

Anagallis foemina L. [syn. Lysimachia foemina (Mill.) U. Manns & Anderb.] is an annual, segetal weed from the family Primulaceae, recognized as a very rare and endangered species in many European countries. The rare occurrence of this species is associated with the specificity of the habitats in which it occurs. Knowledge of genetic diversity within and between rare species populations is a crucial step for investigating the causes of extinction as well as developing effective conservation strategies. The current study undertakes the assessment of the genetic variation and population structure of Anagallis foemina L. specimens collected in south-eastern Poland, Volhynian Polesie and West Volhynian Upland based on inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) polymorphism. Twenty ISSR primers amplified 374 DNA fragments, of which 79% were polymorphic. The polymorphic information content values ranged from 0.230 to 0.430 with an average of 0.344. An average genetic similarity calculated based on Dice algorithm between all analysed samples was 0.635 (0.28–1.00). The AMOVA study found a significant difference (Φpt = 0.88, P = 0.001) between Anagallis L. genotypes gathered in Volhynian Polesie (VP) and West Volhynian Upland (VU). Analysis indicated, that 89% of the variation existed among groups and 11% within groups. UPGMA analyses grouped A. foemina samples into 2 clearly separated clusters. The plants of the same geographic origin were grouped together. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) as well as STRUCTURE also grouped samples in consistence with the collection site, indicating close genetic affinity of plants from the same location. The observed results are typical for fragmented and isolated populations of rare species. Isolation of a small population leads to a decrease in internal genetic variation and to an increase of variation among them. In that case, the conservation of populations from each regional cluster is important to preserve biodiversity.
Does Opportunity Skip Generations? Reassessing Evidence From Sibling and Cousin Correlations
Authors: Lundberg Ian
Published: July 2020

Sibling (cousin) correlations are empirically straightforward: they capture the degree to which siblings’ (cousins’) socioeconomic outcomes are similar. At face value, these quantities seem to summarize something about how families constrain opportunity. Their meaning, however, is complicated. One empirical set of sibling and cousin correlations can be generated from a multitude of distinct theoretical processes. I illustrate this problem in the context of multigenerational mobility: the relationship between the incomes of an ancestor and a descendant separated by several generations in a family. When cousins’ outcomes are similar (an empirical fact), prior authors have favored the particular theoretical interpretation that extended kin affect life chances through pathways not involving the parents of the focal individual. I show that this evidence is consistent with alternative theories of latent transmission (measurement error) or dynamic transmission (a parent-to-child transmission process that changes over generations). Theoretical assumptions are required to lend meaning to a point estimate. Further, I show that point estimates alone may be misleading because they can be highly uncertain. To facilitate uncertainty estimation for the key test statistic, I develop a Bayesian procedure to estimate sibling and cousin correlations. I conclude by outlining how future research might use sibling and cousin correlations as effective descriptive quantities while remaining cognizant that these quantities could arise from a variety of distinct theoretical processes.