bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in the surface energy budget after fire in boreal ecosystems of interior Alaska: An annual perspective
Authors: Liu Heping , Randerson James T. , Lindfors Jamie , Chapin F. Stuart
Published: June 2005

Understanding links between the disturbance regime and regional climate in boreal regions requires observations of the surface energy budget from ecosystems in various stages of secondary succession. While several studies have characterized fire‐induced differences in surface energy fluxes from boreal ecosystems during summer months, much less is known about these differences over the full annual cycle. Here we measured components of the surface energy budget (including both radiative and turbulent fluxes) at three sites from a fire chronosequence in interior Alaska for a 1‐year period. Our sites consisted of large burn scars resulting from fires in 1999, 1987, and ∼1920 (hereinafter referred to as the 3‐, 15‐, and 80‐year sites, respectively). Vegetation cover consisted primarily of bunch grasses at the 3‐year site, aspen and willow at the 15‐year site, and black spruce at the 80‐year site. Annual net radiation declined by 31% (17 W m−2) for both the 3‐ and the 15‐year sites as compared with the 80‐year site (which had an annual mean of 55 W m−2). Annual sensible heat fluxes were reduced by an even greater amount, by 55% at the 3‐year site and by 52% at the 15‐year site as compared with the 80‐year site (which had an annual mean of 21 W m−2). Absolute differences between the postfire ecosystems and the mature black spruce forest for both net radiation and sensible heat fluxes were greatest during spring (because of differences in snow cover and surface albedo), substantial during summer and winter, and relatively small during fall. Fire‐induced disturbance also initially reduced annual evapotranspiration (ET). Annual ET decreased by 33% (99 mm yr−1) at the 3‐year site as compared with the 80‐year site (which had an annual flux of 301 mm yr−1). Annual ET at the 15‐year site (283 mm yr−1) was approximately the same as that from the 80‐year site, even though the 15‐year site had substantially higher ET during July. Our study suggests that differences in annual ET between deciduous and conifer stands may be smaller than that inferred solely from summer observations. This study provides a direct means to validate land surface processes in global climate models attempting to capture vegetation‐climate feedbacks in northern terrestrial regions.
Vertical profiles of HDO/H2O in the troposphere
Authors: Ehhalt D. H. , Rohrer F. , Fried A.
Published: June 2005

This paper reanalyzes the measurements of the D content in tropospheric water vapor by Ehhalt (1974) correcting for the isotopic contamination by wall water in the sampling tubes. The resulting corrections decrease the original D content. They are small for the data from the flights through 1967, which extended from the surface to 9 km altitude, but are large for the flights beginning 1971, which ranged from 6 to 13 km altitude and collected smaller amounts of water vapor. No correction therefore was attempted for the latter. The corrected data of the earlier flights are presented in the form of seasonally averaged profiles over Scotts Bluff, Nebraska; Death Valley, California; and the Pacific offshore of San Luis Obispo, California. As to be expected, the vertical profiles from the earlier flights show a decrease in the D content with altitude and a seasonal variation at all altitudes. However, when plotted against the water vapor mixing ratio, the D data from all seasons collapse on a line which closely follows that given by Rayleigh condensation with a fractionation factor α = 1.1, constant with altitude. These data can be explained by a simple one‐dimensional convection model and the assumption that condensed water is lofted along with the water vapor.
A comparison of mesosphere and lower thermosphere neutral winds as determined by meteor and medium‐frequency radar at 70°N
Authors: Hall C. M. , Aso T. , Tsutsumi M. , Nozawa S. , Manson A. H. , Meek C. E.
Published: June 2005

There has been much discussion as to the veracity of neutral wind measurements made using medium‐frequency radar (MFR) employing the spaced‐antenna technique. Such systems are able to operate continuously, providing information on mesosphere and lower thermosphere dynamics with typical resolutions of 3 km in altitude and 5 min in time, and thus represent a low‐cost monitoring of the atmosphere. It is similarly important to be able to trust the results, and therefore we make a dedicated comparison between the Tromsø MFR (70°N, 19°E) and the newly installed and colocated Nippon/Norway Tromsø meteor radar. The agreement is particularly good between 75 and 85 km.
Combined winter climate regimes over the North Atlantic/European sector 1766–2000
Authors: Casty C. , Handorf D. , Sempf M.
Published: June 2005

This paper presents combined winter climate regimes for the 1766–2000 period over the North Atlantic/European sector. We expand previous studies on recurrent regimes by combining spatially high‐resolved independent reconstructions of the 500 hPa geopotential height, land surface air temperature, and precipitation fields. Nonlinear Principal Component Analysis is applied to the data in order to account for the underlying nonlinear dynamics of climate regimes. Three recurrent winter climate regimes are detected. One regime resembles in its pressure, temperature, and precipitation pattern the positive phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation, whereas the other two regimes are European blocking situations.
Methods of pH determination in calcareous soils: use of electrolytes and suspension effect
Authors: Al-Busaidi A. , Cookson P. , Yamamoto T.
Published: June 2005

Determination of pH assists in understanding many reactions that occur in soil. However, measured values of soil pH can be affected by the procedure used for determination and by a range of soil properties. In this study, pH was measured in different electrolytes [distilled water (pHw), 0.01 m CaCl2 (pHca), 1 m KCl (pHk), and 0.01 m BaCl2 (pHba)] with different soil : solution ratios (i.e. 1 : 1, 1 : 2.5, 1 : 5), the main objective being to study the influence of different electrolytes on the suspension effect of pH in calcareous soils.
Soil pH measured in water showed significant differences between different dilution ratios and was highly influenced by the ‘suspension effect’. Other electrolytes (CaCl2, KCl, BaCl2) were little affected by the suspension effect, giving approximately stable values when pH was measured with and without stirring. High soil salinity appeared to suppress any suspension effect in a manner similar to electrolytes when added to non-saline soils.
Copper behaviour in a Podosol. 2. Sorption reversibility, geochemical partitioning, and column leaching
Authors: Burton Edward D. , Phillips Ian R. , Hawker Darryl W. , Lamb Dane T.
Published: June 2005

The sorption–desorption and leaching behaviour of Cu in a Podosol from south-east Queensland, Australia, was examined. Copper sorption was described by a linear distribution coefficient at low sorption levels (KDCa→0) of 481 L/kg and a sorption capacity (CS,Max) of 382 mg/kg. Selective removal of soil organic matter reduced these values by approximately 95%, indicating that Cu was sorbed predominantly to soil organic matter. The KDCa→0 and CS,Max values from Cu desorption experiments were 934 L/kg and 516 mg/kg, respectively, which indicates that sorption was not fully reversible. This irreversibility was related to aqueous Cu speciation (modelled with MINTEQA2), showing that aqueous complexes between Cu and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) comprised 28.3–72.8% and 21.3–45.4% of aqueous Cu in the sorption and desorption experiment, respectively. Sorption irreversibility was not evident when the corresponding data was presented as free Cu2+ isotherms. Both sorption and desorption experiments with free Cu2+ <0.2 mg/L were described by a KDCa→0 value of approximately 3000 L/kg. Sequential extraction of sorbed Cu indicated that at low concentrations, sorption occurred primarily via specific interactions, with non-specific sorption becoming increasing important at higher concentrations. Desorption of Cu in a column leaching experiment was attributable to exchange of sorbed Cu2+ with Na+. Leaching with a DOC solution of pH 7 and 135 mg/L greatly enhanced Cu mobility due to the formation of aqueous Cu–DOC complexes.
Temperature effects on water absorption by three different porous materials
Authors: Smiles D. E.
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Absorption of water by relatively dry soil and by chromatography paper, and desorption of water by clay, were measured at constant temperatures close to 278K, 293K, and 306K. Within experimental error, temperature affected absorption of water by soil and chromatography paper simply according to the temperature dependence of the kinematic viscosity and of the air–liquid surface tension of pure water. Desorption of water by saturated bentonite slurry, where there were no air–water interfaces, scaled simply according to the temperature effects on the kinematic viscosity of pure water.
The Statistical Analsis of the Canadian Lynx cycle. 1. Structure and Prediction.
Authors: Moran PAP
Published: June 2005

Trapping records of the Canadian lynx show a strongly marked 10-year
cycle. The logarithms of the numbers trapped are analysed as if they were a
random process of autoregressive type. Such a process appears to fit the data
reasonably well. The significance of this for the explanation and prediction
of the cycle is discussed. The results will be used in a later paper to consider
how far meteorological phenomena influence the lynx population and may be
responsible for the observed synchronization of the cycle over the whole of
Canada.
A new species of oribateid mite from Queensland.
Authors: Hammer M
Published: June 2005

A new species of oribateid mite, Zygoribatula longiporosa, is described from
pastures in Queensland.
Zygoribatula longiporosa hammer (Oribatei: Acarina), and intermediat host of Moniezia benedeni (Moniez) (Anoplocephalidae: Cestoda) in Australia.
Authors: Roberts FHS
Published: June 2005

An examination of oribateid mites from cattle pastures in south-east Queensland
showed Zygoribatula longiporosa Hammer to be the only species infested
with cysticercoids. By feeding a number of these mites from a cattle pasture to
a worm-free calf, the cysticercoids proved to be those of Moniezia benedeni
(Moniez 1879).
Cysticercoids of a similar type were also found in Z. longiporosa collected
from a sheep pasture.
The occurrence and significance of the pertirophic membrane, with special reference to adult lepidoptera and diptera.
Authors: Waterhouse DF
Published: June 2005

Adults of a number of lepidopterous families and most adult cyclorrhaphous
Diptera possess a tubular chitinous peritrophic membrane arising at the level
of the oesophageal invagination.
Membranes containing chitin, and produced by the general midgut epithelium,
are present in adults of some other families of Lepidoptera and in some
nematocerous and orthorrhaphous Diptera. In some species of these latter
groups (e.g. the blood-sucking females of mosquitoes and tabanids) membranes
appear to be mainly formed following ingestion of food and are produced by
a restricted region of the general midgut epithelium. Chitin-containing membranes
enveloping the food are present also in Thysanura, Embioptera, Mallophaga,
Coleoptera (Dermestidae and Carabidae), Mecoptera, and Hymenoptera
(some Formicidae).
It has been established that the midgut epithelium is able to secrete a
chitinous membrane. It is probable that the ancestral insect midgut epithelium
possessed the capacity to secrete chitinous membranes enveloping the food.
This capacity has been lost in some insects and in others it has been restricted
to a particular zone of the midgut. It is possible that the well-defined tubular
membranes are the result of the restriction of this capacity to the extreme
anterior end of the midgut.
Observations on the sensory Physiology and Behaviour of larvae of the cattle tick, Boophilus Microplus (Can.) (Ixodidae).
Authors: Wilkinson PR
Published: June 2005

In larval cattle ticks the main sense organs which have been recognized
are the eyes, Haller's organs, and the palpal organs; the four pairs of sensilla
sagittiformia may also have a sensory function.
Larvae were allowed to ascend supports simulating grass stalks and were
tested for response to vibration, air currents, interrupted illumination, warm and
moist objects, and odours from skin secretions of man and cattle. The strongest
questing response was to the odours. Larvae which had been exposed to low
humidities collected around and imbibed from drops of water.
The main stimulus governing ascent of the grass blades appeared to be
positive phototaxis to moderate light intensities. Larvae sheltered from direct
sunlight. Larvae in the field were found to be more exposed in the early morning,
often being at the tops of grass stalks. Measurements of light, air temperature,
and humidity indicated that light intensity might govern this movement.
This suggests that larval sampling in the pasture should take place in
the first half of the morning.
In a single series of observations, larvae which had hatched at the base
of straws were observed to ascend them in the late afternoon. In a few experiments
isolated larvae ascended artificial supports above the reach of a bovine
host but groups were always found at heights within reach.
The Australian psychodidae (Diptera), Part 2.
Authors: Tonnoir AL
Published: June 2005

The following new species are described: Pericoma uniformata, sp. nov.,
P. punctulata, sp. nov., P. illustrata, sp. nov., P. subillustrata, sp. nov., P.
tasmaniae, sp. nov., P. albipes, sp. nov., P. rotundipennis, sp, nov., P. intricatoria,
sp. nov., Telmatoscopus ( Nototelmutoscopus) gregsoni, sp. nov., T. (N.)
dimorphus, sp. nov., T. (N.) viduatus, sp. nov., T. (Eutelmatoscopus) aberrans,
sp. nov., and T. (E.) spiralifer, sp. nov.
The species Telmutoscopus townsvillensis Taylor is redescribed.
The Australian syrphid flies of the subfamily cerioidinae (Diptera: Syrphidae): Systematics and wing folding.
Authors: Riek EF
Published: June 2005

The Australian representatives of this subfamily are recorded and nine
new species described: Cerioides ablepta, C. euchroma, C. lypra, C. optata,
C. phya, C. picta, C. procapra, C. sphenotoma, and C. tolmera. An account
of the longitudinal wing folding, which occurs in a limited number of the
species, is given.
Species of the subfamily Phytoseiinae (Acarina: Laelaptidae) from Australia.
Authors: Womersley H
Published: June 2005

Twelve species of mites belonging to the subfamily Phytoseiinae (Laelaptidae)
predatory on phytophagous acarids of the families Tetranychidae,
Eriophyidae, and probably Pyemotidae are recorded for the first time from Australia.
The species are:
Typhlodromus fallacis (Garman 1948); T. cucumeris Oudemans 1930;
T. ballinus, sp, nov.; T. longispinosus Owen Evans 1952; T. nesbitti, sp, nov.;
T. victoriensis, sp. nov.; T. (Neoseiulus) reticulatus Oudemans 1930; T.
(Neoseiulus) bakeri (Garman 1948); Blattisocius tineivorus (Oudemans 1929);
Kampimodromus australicus, sp. nov.; Phytmeius mucropilis (Banks 1909) =
spoofi (Oudemans 1915); and Amblyseius obtusus Berlese 1889 (ex Koch 1839).
For the guidance of Australian workers, figures of the species recorded are
given, drawn from the specimens studied. Keys to the known genera and
species of Typhlodromus Oudemans and the species of Amblyseius Berlese
are also given.
Observations on the ecology of the Australian field cricket, Gryllulus commodus Walker, in the field.
Authors: Browning TO
Published: June 2005

Gryllulus commodus has one generation each year, the active stages being
present in summer and autumn and the eggs in winter and spring.
Crickets are found in abundance only in areas where the soil is heavy
black clay. This affords shelter from desiccation to the eggs, which lose water
very rapidly if exposed to dry conditions. Also in these areas there may be
an abundance of food for the nymphs and adults, in the form of sown permanent
pasture. Where either shelter for the eggs or food for the active stages
is lacking the numbers of crickets tend to be lower.
Certain aspects of the behaviour and physiology of G. commodus which
are important in relation to the survival and multiplication of the species are
discussed.
The relative chanses in the abundance of crickets in the south-eastern
districts of South Australia were determined by a survey method during the period
1949-52. Evidence is presented that differences In the abundance of crickets
from year to year are mainly attributable to differences in the amount and
distribution of rainfall during the winter and spring, which result in differential
survival of the eggs.
The history of cricket outbreaks in South Australia is traced and it is concluded
that, if present trends in agricultural practices continue, future outbreaks
will tend to be more severe and more widespread, although probably not more
frequent.
On the specific distinctness of the ovine and bovine 'Strains' of Haemonchus contortus (Rudolphi) Cobb (Nematoda: Trichostronglidae).
Authors: Roberts FHS , Newton-Turner H , McKevett M
Published: June 2005

The investigations reported in this paper were undertaken to determine
whether Haemonchus contortus from sheep and H. contortus from cattle are
identical or different species.
The length of the spicules and the distances from the hooks to the tips
of the spicules were found to be significantly greater in males from cattle.
Differences were also seen in the shape and dimensions of the appendage
of the genital cone in males from the two hosts, but these were not constant.
A study of adult females showed at least 14 different types of vulva1
process. In the majority (88.9 per cent.) of females from sheep there was a
long, linguiform process, whereas in the majority (93.5 per cent.) of females
from cattle the process was short and rounded. In experimental infestations,
despite a change of host, these two types maintained their characteristics in
accordance with the host of origin. The progeny of single females from sheep
and cattle, respectively, gave a distribution of types similar to that of natural
infestations in these hosts.
The infective larvae from the two hosts were found to be visually distinct.
Measurements showed significant differences in total length, tail length, and
in the ratio of total length to tail length, larvae from cattle having the greater
measurements and smaller ratio. A change of host did not alter these difference
and no association was apparent between the type of larva and the type of
vulva1 process in the parent female.
In an experiment to test the ability of the two populations to interbreed,
mixed sheep and cattle larvae were given to the same host. The subsequent
generation of larvae could be classified into sheep and cattle types without
any difficulty and there was no evidence of any intermediate types. Evidence
of this reluctance to interbreed was also seen under conditions favouring cross-infestation
in the field, when both types of larvae maintain their respective
characteristics.
In accordance with the above findings and as there is also evidence of some
degree of host specificity, it is concluded that the populations in sheep and cattle
represent distinct species. The name Haemonchus contortus (Rud. 1803) is
retained for the species defined in this paper as occurring in sheep and the
name Haemonchus placei (Place 1893) is proposed for the species occurring
in cattle.
The physiological mechanism of colour change in the grasshopper Kosciuscola Tristis Sjost. (Orthoptera:Acrididae).
Authors: Key KHL , Day MF
Published: June 2005

Laboratory experiments are described in which the colour response of male
Kosciuscola tristis to temperature was analysed. When the temperature was
changed, the colour, assessed quantitatively by means of a colour chart, varied
according to time-curves approaching asymptotically a new equilibrium value.
The rate of change during the early stages of accommodation is correlated
with the difference between the initial and final temperatures, while the mean
rate of change over the first 80 per cent, of the change is related rather to the
final temperature. Other things being equal, the change from dark to blue is
more rapid than the reverse change. The equilibrium colour, attained after
about 18 hr at constant temperature, is related to temperature by a sigmoid
curve flattening out at about 10 and 27�C.
Experiments in which light intensity, background colour (black or white),
relative humidity, and degree of crowding were varied at constant temperature
showed that these factors are without influence on the colour of the insect.
Experiments in which different parts of the intact insect, isolated halves
of insects, and pieces of integument in vitro were subjected to different temperatures
showed that nervous or hormonal coordination is not involved in the
response, the epidermal cells acting as independent effectors.
The fusion of Parallel long bones and the formation of secondary cartilage.
Authors: Murray PDF
Published: June 2005

The formation of cartilage is described in the repair of the fractured fibula
of the guinea pig. Cartilage and bone developed from a common blastema
and transitions occurred between them. No convincing evidence was found
that cartilage was ever directly transformed into bone.
In some guinea pigs, whether with the fibula fractured or not, the tibia
and fibula came into contact near the distal end, and the apposed periostea
fused and chondrified. Later the cartilage was resorbed from below and replaced
by bone. Thus, the tibia and fibula were united by a bony connection
near their distal ends. In the chondrification of the periostea, the fibrous
layer was involved as well as the cambial layer. In some specimens the
periostea chondrified without fusing, making a structure resembling a
nearthrosis.
In the normal development of the rat, the tibia and fibula become fused
near their distal ends within a few days after birth. The fusion process begins
in the periostea, which unite. The cambial layers then chondrify, and the
chondrification process spreads through the fused fibrous layers so that the
two bones are united by a cartilaginous pad. This pad is later replaced by
bone from below so that a bony union is established.
In the embryo chick, metatarsals 2, 3, and 4 are at first separate cartilages.
Periosteal bone develops around each cartilage and at first there is no connection
between the three bones. Later, bony trabeculae form on the anterior
and posterior aspects, connecting pairs of adjacent bones, close beneath the
common fibrous periosteum. The fusion thus occurs without the formation of
cartilage.
In the frog, the tibia and fibula, and the radius and ulna, become fused
during metamorphosis. No cartilage is formed during the fusion, the two bones
becoming enclosed in a common sheath of periosteal bone which develops beneath
the common fibrous periosteal layer.
In a discussion of the induction of cartilage formation it is concluded:
(1) That presumptive cartilage cells of the embryo chondrify independently
of mechanical stimulation, the determining agent being presumably humoral:
(2) That cells which do not normally chondrify, but which belong to the
skeletal group, form cartilage if they are subjected to certain mechanical conditions,
and that these conditions include pressure and shear;
(3) That cells of the non-skeletal connective tissue group can form cartilage
only if they undergo an induction, presumably by a humoral agent, and
that no further mechanical stimulation seems then to be required.
Classification and distribution of Tabanidae (Diptera)
Authors: Mackerras IM
Published: June 2005

The old primary classification of the Tabanidae, based on the presence or
absence of hind tibia1 spurs, has been replaced by one based primarily on the
genitalia of both sexes, but supported by a significant, though not complete, correlation
with external characters. The early stages, so far as known, support
the new arrangement. The following subfamilies and tribes are recognized:
Pangoniinae Scepsidinae Chrysopinae Tabaninue
Pangoniini Bouvieromyiini Diachlorini
Scionini Chrysopini Haematopotini
Philolichini Rhinomyzini Tabanini

Distribution of the family is world-wide, but can be divided into three
main sections. More primitive groups are predominantly southern, occurring
in some or all of South America, southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand,
with occasional northern extensions, and, in one case (Pangoniini), an extensive
Holarctic arc. More specialized groups show two patterns. Southern
regional radiations have occurred in South America and Africa, with extensions
respectively into the Nearctic and Oriental-Australasian regions. Northern
radiation of Chrysopini,Haematopotini, and Tabanini has resulted in a radial
distribution like that of the eutherian mammals.
The effect of light and temperature on the rhythm of pupal ecdysis in the Queensland Fruit-fly, Dacus (Strumeta) Tryoni (Frogg.)
Authors: Bateman MA
Published: June 2005

Adults of the Queensland fruit-fly, Dacus (Strumeta) tryoni, show a
pronounced diurnal rhythm in pupal ecdysis.
Experiments are described which show that the rhythm can be induced and
oriented by alternation of light and darkness during the larval stage or the
adult stage of the previous generation.
The alternation of light and darkness during the pupal stage had no
direct effect on the rhythm of pupal ecdysis.
When pupae were exposed to a small daily fluctuation in temperature, the
rhythm of ecdysis was more pronounced - i.e. ecdyses were spread over fewer
hours of the day. Most of the flies emerged within a few hours after the
initial increase in temperature.
The Australian rhipidiine parasites of cockroaches (Coleoptera: Rhipiphoridae)
Authors: Riek EF
Published: June 2005

Eleven species of Rhipidiini, including Nephrites nitidus Schuckard, have
been bred from Australian cockroaches. Twelve new species and four new
genera are described and keys given for the identification of the five genera
and 15 species known from Australia.
Observations on the reproduction and ecology of the Brush-tailed possum. Trichosurus Vulpecula Kerr (Marsupialia), in New Zealand.
Authors: Tyndale-Biscoe CH
Published: June 2005

In all 366 adult possums and 139 pouch young were examined. Five
samples were collected and a study of a live population was conducted. Data
are presented on the relationships of weight, tibia1 ossification, and sexual
maturity, which indicate that two age classes can be distinguished in the
fully grown animals on the basis of epiphyseal union of the tibia.
Correlations between body weight, testis length, and the presence of sperm
are presented for 53 males.
The reproductive condition of 209 females was examined and successive
observations were made on another eight. It is considered that Trichosurus is
dioestrous and monovular. Pregnancy lasts between 15 and 24 days and is
sometimes followed by a post-partum ovulation. Cyclic changes in the uterus
and the urogenital sinus are described. The urogenital sinus exhibits marked
cornification at oestrus, similar to the vagina of eutherian mammals.
Anoestrus in February is followed by increasing reproductive activity in
March. By the beginning of May, 90 per cent. of the adult females are
pregnant or post-partum and the offspring is carried in the pouch until August
or September. Some females may produce a second offspring in October.
Some observations on the movements of individuals are presented.
The Australian Xiphydriidae (Hymenoptera: Symphyta.
Authors: Riek EF
Published: June 2005

The paper deals with the systematics of the Australian representatives
of this small family of sawflies. Austrocyrta australiensis, gen. et sp. nov., of
the subfamily Derecyrtinae, known previously only from South America, is
described.
The classification and distribution of tananidae (Diptera) 2. History: Morphology: Classification: Subfamily Pangoniinae.
Authors: Mackerras IM
Published: June 2005

Classifications proposed in the past are reviewed, the male and female
genitalia described in some detail, and the relationships which they indicate
found to agree with those suggested by the known larvae and pupae. Parallel
evidence from external characters of the adults is partly obscured by
convergent evolution between the subfamilies.
Pelecorhynchus, Bequaertomyia, and Heterostomus are excluded from the
Tabanidae. The genera of Pangoniinae are defined.
The following cannot be placed from descriptions: Palaearctic - Scaptiella
End. ; spp. described as Corizoneura. Nearctic - Zophina Philip. Neotropical-
Leptofidena Krob.
The suggested arrangement of the remaining genera is as follows, those
placed tentatively from descriptions being indicated by an interrogation mark.
PANGONIINI
Palaearctic - Pangonius Latr., with possible subgenera Pangonius Latr.,
Tanyglossa Mg., and ?Ectinocerella Seg.
Nearctic-Esenbeckia Rond.; Apatolestes Will.; Brennania Philip;
Pilimas Bren.; Stonemyia Bren.; Asaphomyia Stone.
Neotropical- Esenbeckia Rond.; Proboscoides Phil.; Chaetopalpus Phil.;
Protodasyapha End.; ?Histriosilvius Krob.; ?Protosilvius End.
Australasian - Austroplex, gen. nov. (type goldfinchi, sp. nov.) ;
Ectenopsis Macq., with subgenera Ectenopsis Macq., Leptonopsis, subgen. nov.
(type vittata, sp. nov.), Parasilvius Ferg., and Paranopsis, subgen. nov. (type
lutulentus Hut.); Caenoprosopon Ric.; Therevopangonia, gen. nov. (type
insolita, sp. nov.).

SCIONINI
Nearctic - Goniops Aldr.
Neotropical - Mycteromyia Phil.; Pityocera G.-T.; Elaphella Bezzi; Scione
Walk.; Fidena Walk.; Scaptia Walk., with subgenera Scaptia Walk., Pseudoscione
Lutz et al., and'Pseudomelpia End.
Ethiopian - Scaptia Walk., subgenus Pseudoscione only.*
Australasian -Australia : Scaptia Walk., with subgenera Scaptia, Pseudoscione,
Myioscaptia, subgen. nov. (type violacea Macq.), Plinthina Walk., and
Palimmecomyia Tayl. New Guinea : Pseudoscione only. New Zealand : Pseudoscione
only.

PHILOLICHINI
Ethiopian - Buplex Aust.; Ommatiosteres End.; Philoliche Wied. (syns.
Nuceria Walk., Metaphara End.) ; Stenophara End.; Dorcaloemus Aust.;
Phara Walk.; Subpangonia Surc.
Oriental and Northern Australasian - Philoliche Wied.
The classification and distribution of tabanidae (Diptera) 3. Subfamilies scepsidinae and chrysopinae.
Authors: Mackerras IM
Published: June 2005

The following genera are recognized in the subfamilies reviewed in the
present paper :

SCEPSIDINAE
Neotropical : Scepsis Walk.
Ethiopian: Adersia Aust.; Braunsiomyia Beq.
Lesneus Surc. is excluded from the Tabanidae.
CHRYSOPINAE
BOUVIEROMYIINI
Nearctic : Merycomyia Hine.
Neotropical: Merycomyia (northern) ; Mesomyia Macq., subgenus Veprius
Rond. (southern).
Ethiopian: Mesomyia Macq., subgenera Mesomyia, Perisilvius End., and
Bacloceras Aust.; Dasgcompsa End.; Pronopes Loew; Rhigioglossa
Wied.; Aegophagamyia Aust.; Bouvieromyia Strand; ?Triclida End.
Oriental : Eucompsa End.
Australasian: Mesomyia Macq., subgenera Vepriella, nov. (type frontalie
Ric.), Pareucompsa End., Lilaea Walk., Pseudotabanus Ric., and
Mesomyia; Phibalomyia Tayl.; Pseudopangonia Ric.
CHRYSOPINI
Palaearctic: Chrysops Mg.; Silvius Mg., subgenus Silvius.
Nearctic: Chrysops; Silvius, subgenera Silvius, Zeuximyia Philip, and
Assipala Philip.
Neotropical: Chrysops; Silvius, subgenus Assipala (northern).
Ethiopian: Chrysops.
Oriental : Chrysops; Silvius, subgenus Silvius (extreme northern).
Australasian : Chrysops (northern).
RHINOMYZINI
Ethiopian: Tabanocella Big.; Sphecodemyia Aust.; Orgixomyia Grunb.;
Thaumastocera Grunb.; Thriambeutes Grunb.; Hinea Adams.
Oriental: Gastroxides Saund.; Rhinowyxa Wied.
Surcoufia Krob. (Palaearctic) and Melissomorpha Ric. (northern Oriental)
are accepted as presumably Chrysopinae, but cannot be allotted to a tribe
from the descriptions. Evaluation of possible subgenera of Chrysops is not
attempted in the present work.
A review of Australian Scenopinidae (Diptera)
Authors: Paramonov SJ
Published: June 2005

A preliminary attempt is made to review the Australian Scenopinidae. The Australian fauna consists of five genera, having about 12 species (two new genera, Scenopinula and Riekiella, are described and the genus Pseudomphrale, with two new species is recorded here for the first time from Australia). Morphology, bionomics, and geographical distribution are also discussed.
The distribution and biology of the genus Coptotermes (Isoptera) in Western Australia.
Authors: Calaby JH , Gay FJ
Published: June 2005

Knowledge of the distribution and biology in Western Australia of species of Coptotermes has been very incomplete and in some respects erroneous, due partly to a lack of collecting and partly to the fact that the genus is notoriously difficult taxonomically.
This genus, which includes the most destructive Australian termites, is represented in the State by four species and one subspecies. The form raffrayi previously thought to be a good species occurring sympatrically with acinaciformis is shown to be a subspecies of the latter form intergrading with it through a wide zone of intermediate forms and replacing it geographically in the wetter south-western corner of the State. C. michaelseni is restricted to south-western Australia and previous records from South Australia, Victoria, and Queensland are shown or considered to be misidentifications of C. frenchi. C. frenchi is definitely recorded from Western Australia for the first time. The separation of these two species by microscopical measurements is discussed. The fourth species is the recently discovered and described C. brunneus.
The known Western Australian distributions of all species except C. brunneus are given. New biological data for all species are recorded, particularly on tree species attacked, dispersal of alates, and construction of mounds. C. acinaciformis builds symmetrical domed mounds in parts of southern Western Australia. Mound nests had not previously been recorded in 'the State and they differ considerably in construction from those recorded from the Northern Territory and north Queensland. C. frenchi is here definitely recorded as a mound builder. The mound-building habit erroneously attributed in the literature to C. michaelseni is shown to be due to the confusion of this species with frenchi.
Photographs of mounds of C. acinaciformis raffrayi, C. frenchi, and C. brunneus are published for the first time.
The paramphistomes (Trematoda) of Australian ruminants. 3. The life-history of calicophoron calicophorum (Fischoeder) Nasmark.
Authors: Durie PH
Published: June 2005

A description of the life-history of Calicophoron calicophorum (Fischoeder 1901) Nasmark 1937 is given, and the larval stages of this parasite within the snail intermediate host Pygmanisus pelorius (Iredale 1943) are described.
The pre-patent period for this fluke in a lamb was found to be in the vicinity of 80-95 days.
The ecology of Oncopera Fasciculata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) in South Australia. 1. Field observations on the nubers of O. Fasciculata and the factors influencing birth rate and death rate.
Authors: Madge PE
Published: June 2005

During some years the underground grass caterpillar, Oncopera
fasciculata (Walker), appears in large numbers and causes severe damage
to improved pastures in the lower south-east of South Australia and the
Central and Western Districts of Victoria. The present paper, which is
the first of several, includes a description of the area of study and an
account of field observations on the components of the environment that may
influence the survivaI rate of the species.
The ecology of Oncopera Fasciculata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) in South Australia. 3. The influence of temperature and moisture on speed of development and survival rate of the Larvae.
Authors: Madge PE
Published: June 2005

In South Australia the underground grass caterpillar, Oncopera
fasciculata (Walker), is found only in the higher rainfall area in the
south-eastern portion of the State. It appears that the distribution and
numbers of this pest of improved pastures are mainly restricted by
unfavourable weather (dry and hot) during the egg and early larval stages
(late spring-early summer). These stages, as well as older larvae established
in subterranean burrows, stand a better chance to survive the dryness
and heat where the surface of the ground is covered with dense herbage.
Unfed, first-instar larvae are much more susceptible to loss of water than
are the eggs.
Larvae remain virtually dormant during the summer, but from about
April onwards they grow rapidly. The resumption of active feeding and
growth is associated with the first substantial autumn rains. During
autumn, when the rainfall may be intermittent, the larvae feed more
actively during wet periods and become relatively inactive again during dry
periods.
The relative humidity of the air at the base of a subterranean burrow
where the larvae lives was usually above 95 per cent., even when the
relative humidity of the air just above the mouth of the burrow was as low
as 65 per cent. No measurements were taken during the height of the
summer, when the burrows may have been drier than this.
The Tabanidae (Diptera) of Australia. 1. General review.
Authors: Mackerras IM
Published: June 2005

About 230 species of Tabanidae are now known to occur in Australia,
Tasmania, and the Torres Strait islands. Nearly 90 per cent. belong to
four ancient tribes, which are widely distributed and successful in the
southern hemisphere, namely: Pangoniini (18 Australian species), Scionini
(63), Bouvieromyiini (38), and Diachlorini (92). The more recent Oriental
element comprises 20 Tabanini and one Chrysops. A small, retrograde,
Papuan migration is included in the figures for Bouvieromyiini and
Diachlorini.
About 190 specific names are accepted as valid, there are more than
120 synonyms, 28 described species remain unrecognized, and about 40
species are undescribed.
Many of the species can be identified at present only by reference to
the Ferguson Collection in the School of Public Health and Tropical
Medicine, University of Sydney, and the information about them is scattered
in many papers. The primary purpose of this series, therefore, is to
arrange the species in accordance with modern classification, present keys
and adequate descriptions to facilitate their identification, and record what
is known of their biology.
In the present Part, an attempt is made to provide the basic historical
and practical information that will assist the new student of the family,
together with a key to the subfamilies and tribes, and the references for
the whole series. The tribes will be reviewed individually in subsequent
Parts of this series.
An analysis of Arthropod succession in Carrion and the effect of its decomposiion on the soil fauna.
Authors: Bornemissza GF
Published: June 2005

The present study falls into two clearly defined parts, one dealing with the succession of carrion-frequenting organisms in dead guinea pigs, the other examining the influence of carrion on the typical soil fauna of a sclerophyll woodland.
Five different stages of carcass decomposition were recognized and these were correlated with the animal communities occupying them. These communities were contrasted with the community dwelling in the leaf litter and soil.
The various stages of decomposition affected the underlying soil differently, the greatest effect being observed during the "black putrefaction" and "butyric fermentation" stages. During the black putrefaction stage, body fluids which passed into the soil formed a cemented crust with the plant litter and the upper soil layer. The liquified decomposition products during the butyric fermentation stage destroyed the underlying plants as well as the soil fauna.
The decomposition resulted in the production of two distinct zones in the upper soil layers which differed both physically and in arthropod populations from a control area. The fauna of the "carrion zone", i.e. the area beneath the carcass, differed greatly from that of the control area. The fauna of the "intermediate zone", i.e. the belt surrounding the carrion 10 cm wide, also showed substantial differences. Only carrion dwellers were present in the carrion zone, whereas both these and soil dwellers were present in the intermediate zone. The decomposition of carrion had a marked effect on the soil fauna to a depth of 14 cm, but this was less drastic than in the upper soil layers. The reinvasion of the carrion zone by soil arthropods was not completed after a year. At the end of the study period, subterranean forms were better re-established than soil-surface or litter dwellers.
The distribution of the eggs of Mammalian Lice on their hosts. 1. Description of the Oviposition behaviour.
Authors: Murray MD
Published: June 2005

The behaviour patterns of Damalinia ovis (L.), Linognathus stenopsis (Burm.), and Haematopinus eurysternus (Nitz.) were found to be similar and readily divisible into three stages. In the first stage the louse sought the warm end of a temperature gradient. There it entered upon the second stage in which it remained stationary for a variable period with its head pointed towards the warm end. In D. ovis there was marked abdominal movement. The third stage lasted only 3 or 4 min and culminated in the deposition of the egg. In this stage the louse suddenly turned about and attached the egg to the fibre, sometimes backing into the warmer end first. This resulted in eggs being aligned similarly with the end of attachment nearest to the warm end of the temperature gradient.
It is suggested that the behaviour patterns of these lice are adapted to common physical characteristics of the environments in which they live, notably the presence of a temperature gradient.
Studies in Australian Amphibia. 1. The genus Crinia Tschudi in South-western Australia and some species from south-eastern Australia.
Authors: Main AR
Published: June 2005

The Western Australian representatives of the genus Crinia Tschudi are reviewed. On the basis of field observations and data from in vitro crosses it is concluded that the following species occur in south-western Australia: Crinia rosea Harrison, C. leai Fletcher, C. georgiana Tschudi, C. glauerti Loveridge, C. insignifera Moore, and a new species. From in vitro crosses, Moore's (1954) conclusion that C. signifera Girard does not occur in the south-west of Australia is confirmed. C. glauerti is regarded as a western representative of the C. signifera super-species.
Collections in eastern Australia revealed the presence of an undescribed species which is a representative of the C. insignifera super-species.
Life history data are presented.
An investigation of the low frequency of mating of the Queensland fruit fly Strumeta tryoni (Frogg)
Authors: Barton-Browne L
Published: June 2005

Unmated females of Strumeta tryoni (Frogg.) are attracted by the mating call
of the male and accept attempts at copulation. Females which have recently mated
are attracted by the calling but repel attempts at copulation. Females which have
mated 7 days previously are not attracted by the calling and repel any attempts.
One mating is sufficient to fertilize the eggs laid at least during the first 7 weeks of
adult life.
Observations on the life history of the cat Lungworm. Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (Railliet, 1898) (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae)
Authors: Mackerras MJ
Published: June 2005

First-stage larvae of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (Railliet) developed readily
in the garden slug, Agriolimax laevis (Muller), two moults occurring in this host.
When infected slugs were eaten by a cat, the third-stage larvae migrated at
once to the lungs, where they underwent the third and fourth moults. The prepatent
period in the cat was about 39 days.
When infected slugs were fed to laboratory-bred mice, the third-stage larvae
were not digested, but congregated in great numbers in the gastro-splenic ligament,
forming minute yellowish cysts. They were also recovered in small numbers from
other parts of the body. Third-stage larvae survived unchanged in mice for 12
weeks, and probably would survive for longer periods. Mice were regarded as
important auxillary hosts.
The minute adult worms were found in the bronchioles of the cat. They were
always very difficult to locate. The eggs were laid in the alveoli, forming a characteristic
pattern of small, solid nodules scattered throughout the lung tissue.
Hybridization between Drosophila setifemur and D. spinofemora.
Authors: Clark AM
Published: June 2005

Drosophila setifemur Malloch and D. spinofemora Sturtevant can be hybridized
in the laboratory without difficulty. From the cross spinofemora x setifemur, hybrids
of both sexes are fertile, but in the reciprocal cross the male hybrids are sterile. In the
salivary-gland chromosomes of the hybrids there is no indication of any gross
structural differences. Maternal inheritance is suggested as a possible explanation
for some physiological differences observed between parent species and the hybrids.
A revised systematic description of D. setifemur is presented.
Cytogenetics of the grasshopper Moraba scurra. 4. Heterozygosity for 'Elastic Constrictions'.
Authors: White MJD
Published: June 2005

In some populations of Moraba scurra Rehn, individuals occur which are
heterozygous for chromosomal regions ("elastic constrictions") that become greatly
stretched on the spindle of the first meiotic division. Such individuals are always
rare (maximum frequency about 1 per cent.) and no individuals homozygous for
constrictions have been seen. There are at least three different constrictions-one
in the AB chromosome, one in the EF element, and a third in one of the four short
chromosomes. The persistence of these structures, which may be short heterochromatic
segments of a special type, argues that they are adaptive; but their
rarity suggests that homozygotes have a very low viability or fecundity. Similar
constrictions have been found in two other species of Morabinae.
Blood-sucking flies (Diptera) and Myxomatosis Transmission in a mountain environment in NSW
Authors: Lee DJ , Dyce AL , O'Gower AK
Published: June 2005

The possible vectors of myxomatosis amongst rabbits in a typical mountain
environment in eastern New South Wales have been investigated. The disease was
established in an isolated population of rabbits and the course of its fluctuations
followed through a period of two and a half years, involving two large-scale reductions
in rabbit density.
Of over 60 species of blood-sucking flies encountered, 9 species of Culicidae,
2 of Simuliidae, 3 of Ceratopogonidae, and 1 of Tabanidae have been shown to feed
on rabbits. Two recoveries of myxomatosis virus have been made from mixed
collections of Aedes queenslandis and A. alboannulatus.
The relative importance of the species known to attack rabbits is discussed
in relation to the transmission and maintenance of the disease. Information on host
preferences and the feeding, resting, and movement of adults is given. Possible
factors influencing the autumn incidence of the disease on the eastern coast and
tablelands area of New South Wales are discussed, and further means of exploiting
myxomatosis towards the control of rabbits in specific environments are suggested.