bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Retaining Judicial Professionalism: The New Guiding Cases Mechanism of the Supreme People's Court
Authors: Ahl Björn
Published: January 2014

In 2011 and 2012, the Supreme People's Court (SPC) published its first “guiding cases.” Guiding cases serve as decision-making models that must be taken into account by lower courts when deciding similar cases. This study argues that the establishment of a national formal legal mechanism to improve consistency in adjudication across jurisdictions and geographical boundaries will strengthen judicial professionalism. The guiding cases system provides the SPC with an instrument to steer adjudication in lower courts discreetly, thereby allowing it to exercise significant influence over legal developments. Given the complexity of cases, compared to law set out in statute, non-lawyers may have tremendous difficulty in understanding and assessing the effects of guiding cases; this in turn acts as a protective mechanism against extra-legal interference. The reform is an example of the SPC's delicate manoeuvring in order to retain judicial professionalism in a hostile yet politically conservative environment. It reflects an attempt by the SPC to strengthen its position vis-à-vis other actors of the party-state and to consolidate the judiciary's function as an adjudicative institution that works on the basis of formal legal mechanisms.
The Non-Appropriation Principle: The Grundnorm of International Space Law
Authors: PALIOURAS ZACHOS A.
Published: January 2014

This article discusses the normative essence of the principle of non-appropriation in outer space as envisaged in Article II of the Outer Space Treaty, as well as its standing under customary international law. The analysis is structured with reference to the general public international law framework that governs the acquisition of territory by states, following the territorially based paradigm still prevalent in international law theory in stressing that the non-appropriation principle is indeed a norm of most increased significance within the corpus juris spatialis, i.e. the Grundnorm of international space law.
Unity or Uniformity? Domestic Courts and Treaty Interpretation
Authors: AUST HELMUT PHILIPP , RODILES ALEJANDRO , STAUBACH PETER
Published: January 2014

The role of domestic courts in the application of international law is one of the most vividly debated issues in contemporary international legal doctrine. However, the methodology of interpretation of international norms used by these courts remains underexplored. In particular, the application of the Vienna rules of treaty interpretation by domestic courts has not been sufficiently assessed so far. Three case studies (from the US Supreme Court, the Mexican Supreme Court, and the European Court of Justice) show the diversity of approaches in this respect. In the light of these case studies, the article explores the inevitable tensions between two opposite, yet equally legitimate, normative expectations: the desirability of a common, predictable methodology versus the need for flexibility in adapting international norms to a plurality of domestic environments.
Revolution or Reform: Has Humanitarianism Established a New Legal Order? Should It?
Authors: IVERSON JENS
Published: January 2014

Professor Ruti Teitel, author of Humanity's Law, is perhaps best known for her foundational work on the concept of transitional justice. She is a proven norm entrepreneur. Her development of the concept of transitional justice demonstrates her ability to detect progress for those victimized by atrocities. It also demonstrates her skill in developing responses to those atrocities. Transitional justice, as Teitel envisioned it, has an ambitious agenda as a ‘conception of justice associated with periods of political change, characterized by legal responses to confront the wrongdoings of repressive predecessor regimes’. That said, transitional justice in its original conception has a specific focus, limited by time and circumstance. Those limits are in part responsible for its success as a concept and practice.
Latent class comparison of test accuracy when evaluating antimicrobial susceptibility using disk diffusion and broth microdilution to testEscherichia coliandMannheimia haemolyticaisolates recovered from beef feedlot cattle
Authors: BENEDICT K. M. , GOW S. P. , REID-SMITH R. J. , BOOKER C. W. , McALLISTER T. A. , MORLEY P. S.
Published: January 2014

The study objective was to use Bayesian latent class analysis to evaluate the accuracy of susceptibility test results obtained from disk diffusion and broth microdilution using bacteria recovered from beef feedlot cattle. Isolates ofEscherichia coliandMannheimia haemolyticawere tested for susceptibility to ampicillin, ceftiofur, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Results showed that neither testing method was always or even generally superior to the other. Specificity (ability to correctly classify non-resistant isolates) was extremely high for both testing methods, but sensitivity (ability to correctly classify resistant isolates) was lower, variable in the drugs evaluated, and variable between the two bacterial species. Predictive values estimated using Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo models showed that the ability to predict true susceptibility status was equivalent for test results obtained with the two testing methods for some drugs, but for others there were marked differences between results obtained from disk diffusion and broth microdilution tests.
AVICENNA'S DENIAL OF LIFE IN PLANTS
Authors: Tawara Akihiro
Published: January 2014

Avicenna came to an unexpected conclusion in the treatiseOn Plantsinal-Šifāʾ: that plants are not alive. This judgment is surprising in view of Aristotle's opinion that that which has a soul is alive. This paper shows that there is a development in Avicenna's thought on plants' life. He begins with the Aristotelian view that plants are alive inasmuch as they possess a soul, as we see in his earlyA Compendium on the Soul.Later, however, through his investigation of the faculties of the soul, discussed mainly in the first part of theCanon of Medicine,he is led to conclude that plants could not be said to be alive. This paper indicates the importance of considering the influence of Avicenna's medical findings on his philosophical arguments when examining the development of his thought.
Sozio-emotionale Entwicklung von Ganztagsschulkindern auf der Primarschulstufe
Authors: Schüpbach Marianne , Ignaczewska Julia , Herzog Walter
Published: January 2014

Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Entwicklung von Schülerinnen und Schülern aus Ganztagsschulen, welche die Angebote intensiv nutzen im Vergleich zu Schülerinnen und Schülern, die nur den Unterricht besuchen (Kontrollgruppe) bezüglich (a) des prosozialen Verhaltens und (b) der sozio-emotionalen Verhaltensstärken bzw. Verhaltensauffälligkeiten untersucht. Die Teilstichprobe umfasst N = 295 Schüler aus 43 Primarschulklassen und 35 Schulen in der Deutschschweiz, die im Rahmen einer quasi-experimentellen Längsschnittstudie in den ersten drei Primarschuljahren untersucht wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass es der Ganztagsschule insgesamt nicht gelingt, die Entwicklung des prosozialen Verhaltens oder der sozio-emotionalen Verhaltensstärken der Schülerinnen und Schüler positiv zu beeinflussen. Im Weiteren bestätigen die Befunde einen Zusammenhang zwischen der pädagogischen Qualität der Ganztagsschulangebote und der sozio-emotionalen Entwicklung von Primarschulkindern.
Two modes of exocytosis in an artificial cell
Authors: Mellander Lisa J. , Kurczy Michael E. , Najafinobar Neda , Dunevall Johan , Ewing Andrew G. , Cans Ann-Sofie
Published: January 2014

The details of exocytosis, the vital cell process of neuronal communication, are still under debate with two generally accepted scenarios. The first mode of release involves secretory vesicles distending into the cell membrane to release the complete vesicle contents. The second involves partial release of the vesicle content through an intermittent fusion pore, or an opened or partially distended fusion pore. Here we show that both full and partial release can be mimicked with a single large-scale cell model for exocytosis composed of material from blebbing cell plasma membrane. The apparent switching mechanism for determining the mode of release is demonstrated to be related to membrane tension that can be differentially induced during artificial exocytosis. These results suggest that the partial distension mode might correspond to an extended kiss-and-run mechanism of release from secretory cells, which has been proposed as a major pathway of exocytosis in neurons and neuroendocrine cells.
Non-invasive mouthguard biosensor for continuous salivary monitoring of metabolites
Authors: Kim Jayoung , Valdés-Ramírez Gabriela , Bandodkar Amay J. , Jia Wenzhao , Martinez Alexandra G. , Ramírez Julian , Mercier Patrick , Wang Joseph
Published: January 2014

A wearable mouthguard electrochemical biosensor for salivary metabolites is described. Such non-invasive mouthguard metabolite biosensors provide real-time information regarding a wearer's health, performance and stress level, and thus hold considerable promise for diverse biomedical and fitness applications.
Rapid microchip-based FAIMS determination of trimethylamine, an indicator of pork deterioration
Authors: Wang Qi , Xie Yun-Fei , Zhao Wei-Jun , Li Peng , Qian He , Wang Xiao-Zhi
Published: January 2014

A fast and quantitative method for the detection of biogenic amines based on the microchip-based high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) technique was established for evaluating the degree of spoilage of pork stored at room temperature.
Separation and identification of curcuminoids in turmeric powder by HPLC using phenyl column
Authors: Ali Imran , Haque Ashanul , Saleem Kishwar
Published: January 2014

A rapid, selective, efficient and reproducible HPLC method for the separation and identification of curcuminoids is described..
Time-gated pre-resonant femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy of diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide
Authors: Kim Hyung Min , Kim Hyunmin , Yang Ilseung , Jin Seung Min , Suh Yung Doug
Published: January 2014

We present time-gated femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (fSRS) under the pre-resonance Raman conditions of diethylthiatricarbocyanine (DTTC) iodide.
Neutral copper(i) dipyrrin complexes and their use as sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Hewat Tracy E. , Yellowlees Lesley J. , Robertson Neil
Published: January 2014

[Cu(i)(dipyrrin)(bipy)] complexes have been prepared and show intense visible absorption leading to function as sensitizing dyes in solar cells.
Characterization of particle emissions and fate of nanomaterials during incineration
Authors: Vejerano Eric P. , Leon Elena C. , Holder Amara L. , Marr Linsey C.
Published: January 2014

Incineration as end-of-life treatment for nanowaste has perhaps the greatest potential for transforming nanomaterials in the environment.
A diet formula of Puerariae radix, Lycium barbarum, Crataegus pinnatifida, and Polygonati rhizoma alleviates insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in CD-1 mice and HepG2 cells
Authors: Liu Jia , Zhang HongJuan , Ji BaoPing , Cai ShengBao , Wang RuoJun , Zhou Feng , Yang JunSi , Liu HuiJun
Published: January 2014

According to the principles of traditional Chinese medicine, medicinal and edible herbs exhibit holistic effects through their actions on multiple target organs.
Validation of classical quantitative fundamental parameters method using multivariate calibration procedures for trace element analysis in ED-XRF
Authors: Akbulut S.
Published: January 2014

The use of these techniques can improve the development of ED-XRF results evaluation procedures to reach a new phase.
N-heterocyclic carbene supported Au(i) and Au(iii) complexes: a comparison of cytotoxicities
Authors: Dinda Joydev , Samanta Tapastaru , Nandy Abhishek , Saha Krishna Das , Seth Saikat Kumar , Chattopadhyay Shymal Kumar , Bielawski Christopher W.
Published: January 2014

Au(i)–NHC (3) is more potent than Au(iii)–NHC (4) and cisplatin against the four cancer cell lines.
Targeting abasic site-containing DNA with annelated quinolizinium derivatives: the influence of size, shape and substituents
Authors: Benner Katja , Ihmels Heiko , Kölsch Sarah , Pithan Phil M.
Published: January 2014

A comparative analysis showed that the type and degree of annelation as well as methyl or chloro-substitution are relevant structural features that determine the interactions of quinolizinium derivatives with abasic site-containing DNA.
Hybrid polymeric systems bearing bulky derivatives of tris(trimethylsilyl)methane
Authors: Kowalewska Anna
Published: January 2014

Versatile polymeric systems based on bulky tris(trimethylsilyl)methane derivatives exhibit interesting physiochemical properties (increased chain rigidity and thermostability) and broad applicability.
Metal–organic framework MIL-101 enhanced fluorescence anisotropy for sensitive detection of DNA
Authors: Guo Jing Fang , Li Chun Mei , Hu Xiao Li , Huang Cheng Zhi , Li Yuan Fang
Published: January 2014

MIL-101 was first utilized as a fluorescence anisotropy (FA) amplifier for highly sensitive detection of DNA.
Homoleptic tris-cyclometalated platinum(iv) complexes: a new class of long-lived, highly efficient 3LC emitters
Authors: Juliá Fabio , Bautista Delia , Fernández-Hernández Jesús M. , González-Herrero Pablo
Published: January 2014

Tris-cyclometalated Pt(IV) complexes are reported for the first time. The facial isomers exhibit long-lived 3LC emissions with quantum yields up to 0.49, the highest ever found for Pt(IV) complexes, combined with a strong oxidizing character in the excited state.
Army ants tunneling for classical simulations
Authors: Zheng Jingjing , Xu Xuefei , Meana-Pañeda Rubén , Truhlar Donald G.
Published: January 2014

We present an algorithm, called army ants tunneling, for adding tunneling to classical trajectories by means of quantal rare event sampling.
Core–shell structured Gd2O3:Ln@mSiO2 hollow nanospheres: synthesis, photoluminescence and drug release properties
Authors: Li Rumin , Li Lei , Han Yunhua , Gai Shili , He Fei , Yang Piaoping
Published: January 2014

Core–shell structured Gd2O3:Ln@mSiO2 hollow microspheres with an interesting double-shell and mesoporous structure have been fabricated. The luminescent composite shows obvious drug storage and release properties.
Versatile strained alkyne modified water-soluble AuNPs for interfacial strain promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition (I-SPAAC)
Authors: Gobbo Pierangelo , Mossman Zack , Nazemi Ali , Niaux Aurelia , Biesinger Mark C. , Gillies Elizabeth R. , Workentin Mark S.
Published: January 2014

Versatile water-soluble AuNPs that incorporate an interfacial strained alkyne were synthesized and their reactivity towards the I-SPAAC reaction was demonstrated by using azide-decorated polymersomes as bioorthogonal reaction partners.
Discrimination between bacterial phenotypes using glyco-nanoparticles and the impact of polymer coating on detection readouts
Authors: Richards Sarah-Jane , Fullam Elizabeth , Besra Gurdyal S. , Gibson Matthew I.
Published: January 2014

Gold nanoparticles are employed to discriminate between bacterial strains based on their differential expression of carbohydrate-binding proteins. The role of carbohydrate presentation on sensory output is studied.
A bright red fluorescent cyanine dye for live-cell nucleic acid imaging, with high photostability and a large Stokes shift
Authors: Zhang Si , Fan Jiangli , Li Zhiyong , Hao Naijia , Cao Jianfang , Wu Tong , Wang Jingyun , Peng Xiaojun
Published: January 2014

TO3-CN is a bright red fluorescent cyanine dye for live-cell nucleic acid imaging, with high photostability and a large Stokes shift.
Studies of extraction and transport system for highly charged ion beam of 18 GHz superconducting electron cyclotron resonance ion source at Research Center for Nuclear Physics
Authors: Yorita T. , Hatanaka K. , Fukuda M. , Ueda H. , Yasuda Y. , Morinobu S. , Tamii A. , Kamakura K.
Published: January 2014

An 18 GHz superconducting electron cyclotron resonance ion source is installed to increase beam currents and to extend the variety of ions especially for highly charged heavy ions which can be accelerated by cyclotrons of Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP), Osaka University. The beam production developments of several ions from B to Xe have been already done [T. Yorita, K. Hatanaka, M. Fukuda, M. Kibayashi, S. Morinobu, H.Okamura, and A. Tamii, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 02A311 (2008) and T. Yorita, K. Hatanaka, M. Fukuda, M. Kibayashi, S. Morinobu, H.Okamura, and A. Tamii, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 02A332 (2010)] and the further studies for those beam extraction and its transport have been done in order to increase the beam current more. The plasma electrode, extraction electrode, and einzel lens are modified. Especially extraction electrode can be applied minus voltage for the beam extraction and it works well to improve the extracted beam current. The extraction voltage dependences of transmission and emittance also have been studied for beam current improvement which is injected into azimuthally varying field cyclotron at RCNP.
Dynamic behavior of the quantum Zakharov-Kuznetsov equations in dense quantum magnetoplasmas
Authors: Zhen Hui-Ling , Tian Bo , Wang Yu-Feng , Zhong Hui , Sun Wen-Rong
Published: January 2014

Quantum Zakharov-Kuznetsov (qZK) equation is found in a dense quantum magnetoplasma. Via the spectral analysis, we investigate the Hamiltonian and periodicity of the qZK equation. Using the Hirota method, we obtain the bilinear forms and N-soliton solutions. Asymptotic analysis on the two-soliton solutions shows that the soliton interaction is elastic. Figures are plotted to reveal the propagation characteristics and interaction between the two solitons. We find that the one soliton has a single peak and its amplitude is positively related to He, while the two solitons are parallel when He < 2, otherwise, the one soliton has two peaks and the two solitons interact with each other. Hereby, He is proportional to the ratio of the strength of magnetic field to the electronic Fermi temperature. External periodic force on the qZK equation yields the chaotic motions. Through some phase projections, the process from a sequence of the quasi-period doubling to chaos can be observed. The chaotic behavior is observed since the power spectra are calculated, and the quasi-period doubling states of perturbed qZK equation are given. The final chaotic state of the perturbed qZK is obtained.
An ab initio investigation of the ground and low-lying singlet and triplet electronic states of XNO2 and XONO (X = Cl, Br, and I)
Authors: Peterson Kirk A. , Francisco Joseph S.
Published: January 2014

A systematic ab initio treatment of the nitryl halides (XNO2) and the cis- and trans- conformers of the halide nitrites (XONO), where X = Cl, Br, and I, have been carried out using highly correlated methods with sequences of correlation consistent basis sets. Equilibrium geometries and harmonic frequencies have been accurately calculated in all cases at the explicitly correlated CCSD(T)-F12b level of theory, including the effects of core-valence correlation for the former. Where experimental values are available for the equilibrium structures (ClNO2 and BrNO2), the present calculations are in excellent agreement; however, the X-O distances are slightly too long by about 0.01 Å due to missing multireference effects. Accurate predictions for the iodine species are made for the first time. The vertical electronic excitation spectra have been calculated using equation-of-motion coupled cluster methods for the low-lying singlet states and multireference configuration interaction for both singlet and triplet states. The latter also included the effects of spin-orbit coupling to provide oscillator strengths for the ground state singlet to excited triplet transitions. While for ClNO2 the transitions to excited singlet states all occur at wavelengths shorter than 310 nm, there is one longer wavelength singlet transition in BrNO2 and two in the case of INO2. The long wavelength tail in the XNO2 species is predicted to be dominated by transitions to triplet states. In addition to red-shifting from X = Cl to I, the triplet transitions also increase in oscillator strength, becoming comparable to many of the singlet transitions in the case of INO2. Hence in particular, the latter species should be very photolabile. Similar trends are observed and reported for the halogen nitrites, many of which for the first time.
Molecular dynamics study of response of liquid N,N-dimethylformamide to externally applied electric field using a polarizable force field
Authors: Gao Weimin , Niu Haitao , Lin Tong , Wang Xungai , Kong Lingxue
Published: January 2014

The behavior of Liquid N,N-dimethylformamide subjected to a wide range of externally applied electric fields (from 0.001 V/nm to 1 V/nm) has been investigated through molecular dynamics simulation. To approach the objective the AMOEBA polarizable force field was extended to include the interaction of the external electric field with atomic partial charges and the contribution to the atomic polarization. The simulation results were evaluated with quantum mechanical calculations. The results from the present force field for the liquid at normal conditions were compared with the experimental and molecular dynamics results with non-polarizable and other polarizable force fields. The uniform external electric fields of higher than 0.01 V/nm have a significant effect on the structure of the liquid, which exhibits a variation in numerous properties, including molecular polarization, local cluster structure, rotation, alignment, energetics, and bulk thermodynamic and structural properties.
Discrete dynamics versus analytic dynamics
Authors: Toxvaerd Søren
Published: January 2014

For discrete classical Molecular dynamics obtained by the “Verlet” algorithm (VA) with the time increment h there exists a shadow Hamiltonian \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\tilde{H}$\end{document}H̃ with energy \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\tilde{E}(h)$\end{document}Ẽ(h), for which the discrete particle positions lie on the analytic trajectories for \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\tilde{H}$\end{document}H̃. Here, we proof that there, independent of such an analytic analogy, exists an exact hidden energy invariance E* for VA dynamics. The fact that the discrete VA dynamics has the same invariances as Newtonian dynamics raises the question, which of the formulations that are correct, or alternatively, the most appropriate formulation of classical dynamics. In this context the relation between the discrete VA dynamics and the (general) discrete dynamics investigated by Lee [Phys. Lett. B 122, 217 (1983)] is presented and discussed.
Helium ion microscope generated nitrogen-vacancy centres in type Ib diamond
Authors: McCloskey D. , Fox D. , O'Hara N. , Usov V. , Scanlan D. , McEvoy N. , Duesberg G. S. , Cross G. L. W. , Zhang H. Z. , Donegan J. F.
Published: January 2014

We report on position and density control of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centres created in type Ib diamond using localised exposure from a helium ion microscope and subsequent annealing. Spatial control to <380 nm has been achieved. We show that the fluorescence lifetime of the created centres decreases with increasing ion dose. Furthermore, we show that for doses >1 × 1017 ion/cm2, significant damage of the diamond lattice occurs resulting in fluorescence quenching and amorphization. This places an upper limit on the density of NV centres that can be created using this method.
Heat assisted magnetic recording: Grain size dependency, enhanced damping, and a simulation/experiment comparison
Authors: Huang Pin-Wei , Victora R. H.
Published: January 2014

Recording simulations on heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) are implemented to study the dependences of grain size and Gilbert damping on the recording performance. Modified damping and temperature shift for renormalized media cells are needed to address the non-equilibrium nature of HAMR process. It is found that using smaller grains helps reduce transition jitter but increases track width. Larger damping is also found effective in reducing the jitter. Finally, the applicability of this simulation method is corroborated by comparing with experimental results.
Silicon-on-nitride structures for mid-infrared gap-plasmon waveguiding
Authors: Mu Jianwei , Soref Richard , Kimerling Lionel C. , Michel Jurgen
Published: January 2014

Silicon-on-nitride (SON) is a convenient, low-loss platform for mid-infrared group IV plasmonics and photonics. We have designed 5-layer SON channel-waveguides and slab-waveguides for the 2.0 to 5.4 μm wavelength range and have simulated the resulting three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) SON gap-plasmon modes. Our simulations show propagation lengths of ∼60 μm for 3D gap-strip modes having a 0.003 λ2 cross-section. Because the ∼50-nm SON (Si3N4) mode region is also a gate insulator between silver (Ag) and n-doped Silicon (Si), metal-oxide-semiconductor accumulation gating is available for electro-optical loss modulation of the gap-confined mode.
LaBonte's method revisited: An effective steepest descent method for micromagnetic energy minimization
Authors: Exl Lukas , Bance Simon , Reichel Franz , Schrefl Thomas , Peter Stimming Hans , Mauser Norbert J.
Published: January 2014

We present a steepest descent energy minimization scheme for micromagnetics. The method searches on a curve that lies on the sphere which keeps the magnitude of the magnetization vector constant. The step size is selected according to a modified Barzilai-Borwein method. Standard linear tetrahedral finite elements are used for space discretization. For the computation of quasistatic hysteresis loops, the steepest descent minimizer is faster than a Landau-Lifshitz micromagnetic solver by more than a factor of two. The speed up on a graphic processor is 4.8 as compared to the fastest single-core central processing unit (CPU) implementation.
Strain-induced direct band gap shrinkage in local Ge-on-insulator structures fabricated by lateral liquid-phase epitaxy
Authors: Matsue Masahiro , Yasutake Yuhsuke , Fukatsu Susumu , Hosoi Takuji , Shimura Takayoshi , Watanabe Heiji
Published: January 2014

Direct band gap shrinkage in Ge-on-insulator (GOI) structures fabricated by lateral liquid-phase epitaxy (LLPE) was investigated by means of micro(μ)-photoluminescence and μ-Raman spectroscopy. The LLPE method, based on the rapid thermal process, was found to be an effective and feasible way to produce highly strained local GOI structures. We observed a significant redshift of direct gap emission amounting to 45 meV from the tensile-strained GOI layer. Strain analysis and temperature dependent PL spectra indicated that a direct band gap shrinkage was mainly due to a tensile strain of about 0.4% induced by rapid crystallization from the Ge melting point during the LLPE process. The local optical properties along the LLPE-grown GOI wire were examined and discussed on the basis of μ-PL mapping images.
Angle sensing with ferromagnetic nanowire arrays
Authors: Tannous C. , Gieraltowski J.
Published: January 2014

Hysteresis loops and Ferromagnetic Resonance (FMR) linewidths of Nickel ferromagnetic nanowire arrays are measured versus angle θH between the applied magnetic field angle and the common nanowire axis. Using Preisach analysis, we extract from the hysteresis loop an interaction parameter σi that strongly depends on θH. Extending the analysis to FMR lineshapes, we deduce a strong dependence of the FMR field linewidth ΔH on θH through the interaction parameter σi. Existence of a link between static (hysteresis) and dynamic (FMR) cases through θH might be exploited in contactless absolute angle sensing devices that could compete with inductive, Hall, and magnetoresistive devices.
Antenna-coupled microcavities for terahertz emission
Authors: Madéo J. , Todorov Y. , Sirtori C.
Published: January 2014

We have investigated the capacitive coupling between dipolar antennas and metal-dielectric-metal wire microcavities with strong sub-wavelength confinement in the terahertz region. The coupling appears in reflectivity measurements performed on arrays of antenna-coupled elements, which display asymmetric Fano lineshapes. The experimental data are compared to a temporal coupled-mode theory and finite elements electromagnetic simulations. We show that the Fano interferences correspond to coupling between a subradiant mode (microcavity) and a superradiant mode (antennas). This phenomenon allows one to enhance and control the radiative coupling of the strongly confined mode with the vacuum. These concepts are very useful for terahertz optoelectronic devices based on deep-sub-wavelength active regions.
Tunnel current across linear homocatenated germanium chains
Authors: Matsuura Yukihito
Published: January 2014

The electronic transport properties of germanium oligomers catenating into linear chains (linear Ge chains) have been theoretically studied using first principle methods. The conduction mechanism of a Ge chain sandwiched between gold electrodes was analyzed based on the density of states and the eigenstates of the molecule in a two-probe environment. Like that of silicon chains (Si chains), the highest occupied molecular orbital of Ge chains contains the extended σ-conjugation of Ge 4p orbitals at energy levels close to the Fermi level; this is in contrast to the electronic properties of linear carbon chains. Furthermore, the conductance of a Ge chain is expected to decrease exponentially with molecular length L. The decay constant β, which is defined as e−βL, of a Ge chain is similar to that of a Si chain, whereas the conductance of the Ge chains is higher than that of Si chains even though the Ge–Ge bond length is longer than the Si–Si bond length.
Mitochondria and vesicles differ between adult and prepubertal sheep oocytes during IVM
Authors: Reader Karen L. , Cox Neil R. , Stanton Jo-Ann L. , Juengel Jennifer L.
Published: January 2014

Oocytes from prepubertal animals have a reduced ability to undergo normal embryo development and produce viable offspring. The correct quantity, activity and cytoplasmic distribution of oocyte organelles are essential for oocyte maturation, fertilisation and subsequent embryo development. The aim of this study was to quantify the ultrastructural differences between oocytes from prepubertal lamb and adult ewes using electron microscopy and stereology. We also determined whether quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) methods give comparable estimates of mitochondrial number to stereology. Mean storage vesicle volume was greater in adult compared with lamb oocytes before IVM and decreased during maturation in both adult and lamb oocytes. Mitochondrial volume and number increased in adult oocytes during maturation; however, no increase was observed in lamb oocytes. Mitochondrial DNA copy number measured by qPCR showed no differences between adult and lamb oocytes. A different distribution of mitochondria was observed in lamb oocytes before maturation, while the percentage of hooded mitochondria increased during maturation in adult oocytes and decreased in the lamb. In conclusion, the present study has identified differences in the vesicles and mitochondria between adult and lamb oocytes from ewes that may contribute to reduced developmental competence in prepubertal oocytes.
Hydrodynamics and collective behavior of the tethered bacteriumThiovulum majus
Authors: Petroff Alexander , Libchaber Albert
Published: January 2014

Significance

In this paper we examine the dynamics underlying a form of collective behavior exhibited by bacteria. In a nutrient gradient,Thiovulum majuscells aggregate into a community in which cells attach to one another using mucus tethers. As tethered cells beat their flagella, they pull nutrient-laden water through the community. The flow of water created by many cells gives rise to variations in the nutrient concentration. As cells reorganize in response to these nutrient gradients, they change the flow of water. We show that the coupling between the motion of water, nutrients, and cells generates large-scale flows that dramatically increase the rate at which nutrients are pulled to the cells.
Religiosity and spirituality in entrepreneurship: a review and research agenda
Authors: Balog Angela M. , Baker LaKami T. , Walker Alan G.
Published: January 2014

The purpose of this article is to review the influences of spirituality and religiosity within the field of entrepreneurship. We review nearly 30 articles, exploring the dominant empirical contributions that exist within this emergent research area. Several main focus areas from the
prevailing research are organized into a comprehensive framework that provides the foundation for further discussion and synthesis. Shortcomings and limitations to the field and an agenda for future research that contributes to our understanding of religion and spirituality within the realm
of entrepreneurship are presented.
Cas-OFFinder: a fast and versatile algorithm that searches for potential off-target sites of Cas9 RNA-guided endonucleases
Authors: Bae Sangsu , Park Jeongbin , Kim Jin-Soo
Published: January 2014

Summary: The Type II clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas system is an adaptive immune response in prokaryotes, protecting host cells against invading phages or plasmids by cleaving these foreign DNA species in a targeted manner. CRISPR/Cas-derived RNA-guided engineered nucleases (RGENs) enable genome editing in cultured cells, animals and plants, but are limited by off-target mutations. Here, we present a novel algorithm termed Cas-OFFinder that searches for potential off-target sites in a given genome or user-defined sequences. Unlike other algorithms currently available for identification of RGEN off-target sites, Cas-OFFinder is not limited by the number of mismatches and allows variations in protospacer-adjacent motif sequences recognized by Cas9, the essential protein component in RGENs. Cas-OFFinder is available as a command-line program or accessible via our website.

Availability and implementation: Cas-OFFinder free access at http://www.rgenome.net/cas-offinder.

Contact:  baesau@snu.ac.kr or jskim01@snu.ac.kr
Strategic Votes and Sincere Counterfactuals
Authors: Artabe Alaitz , Gardeazabal Javier
Published: January 2014

The random utility model (RUM) of voting behavior can account for strategic voting by making use of proxy indicators that measure voter incentives to vote strategically. The contribution of this article is to propose a new method to estimate the RUM in the presence of strategic voters, without having to construct proxy measures of strategic voting incentives. Our method can be used to infer the counterfactual sincere vote of those who vote strategically and provides an estimate of the size of strategic voting. We illustrate the procedure using post-electoral survey data from Spain. Our calculations indicate that strategic voting in Spain is about 2.19%.
Hydrolyzed Formulas for Allergy Prevention
Authors: Vandenplas Yvan , Bhatia Jatinder , Shamir Raanan , Agostoni Carlo , Turck Dominique , Staiano Annamaria , Szajewska Hania
Published: January 2014

Objectives:

The aim of the present review was to provide recommendations on the use of hydrolysates in infants when formula feeding is initiated.

Methods:

We performed an overview of reviews followed by a systematic review of subsequently published trials.

Results:

We found 8 systematic reviews; only 1 study of limited quality was published afterwards. Certain extensively hydrolyzed casein and certain partially hydrolyzed whey formulas are appropriate for reducing the risk of allergy in infants at high risk when formula feeding is initiated.

Conclusions:

In high‐risk infants, when breast‐feeding is not possible, hydrolysates of documented safety and efficacy have an indication in infant feeding up to the age 4 to 6 months.
Genome-wide patterns of copy number variation in the diversified chicken genomes using next-generation sequencing
Authors: Yi Guoqiang , Qu Lujiang , Liu Jianfeng , Yan Yiyuan , Xu Guiyun , Yang Ning
Published: January 2014

Copy number variation (CNV) is important and widespread in the genome, and is a major cause of disease and phenotypic diversity. Herein, we perform genome-wide CNV analysis in 12 diversified chicken genomes based on whole genome sequencing. A total of 9,025 CNV regions (CNVRs) covering 100.1 Mb and representing 9.6% of the chicken genome are identified, ranging in size from 1.1 to 268.8 kb with an average of 11.1 kb. Sequencing-based predictions are confirmed at high validation rate by two independent approaches, including array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and quantitative PCR (qPCR). The Pearson’s correlation values between sequencing and aCGH results range from 0.395 to 0.740, and qPCR experiments reveal a positive validation rate of 91.71% and a false negative rate of 22.43%. In total, 2,188 predicted CNVRs (24.2%) span 2,182 RefSeq genes (36.8%) associated with specific biological functions. Besides two previously accepted copy number variable genesEDN3andPRLR, we also find some promising genes with potential in phenotypic variants.FZD6andLIMS1, two genes related to diseases susceptibility and resistance are covered by CNVRs. Highly duplicatedSOCS2may lead to higher bone mineral density. Entire or partial duplication of some genes likePOPDC3andLBFABPmay have great economic importance in poultry breeding. Our results based on extensive genetic diversity provide the first individualized chicken CNV map and genome-wide gene copy number estimates and warrant future CNV association studies for important traits of chickens.
Enrofloxacinium oxalate
Authors: Yamuna Thammarse S. , Kaur Manpreet , Anderson Brian J. , Jasinski Jerry P. , Yathirajan H. S.
Published: January 2014

The title salt, 2C19H23FN3O3+·C2O42−{systematic name: bis-[4-(3-carboxy-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinolin-7-yl)-1-ethylpiperazin-1-ium] oxalate}, crystallizes with two independent monocations (AandB) and an oxalate dianion (C) in the asymmetric unit. The piperazinium ring in both the cations adopts a slightly disordered chair conformation. The dihedral angles between the mean planes of the cyclopropyl ring and the 10-membered quinoline ring are 50.6 (5)° (A) and 62.2 (5)° (B). In each of the cations, a single O—H...O intramolecular hydrogen bond is observed. In the crystal, the oxalate anions interact with the cations through N—H...O hydrogen bonds and weak C—H...O interactions, formingR22(8) graph-set ring motifs. Weak C—H...F interactions along with further C—H...O interactions are observed between the cations, forming zigzag chains along [001]. In addition, π–π stacking interactions are observed with centroid–centroid distances of 3.5089 (13), 3.5583 (13), 3.7900 (13) and 3.7991 (13) Å.
1,1,4,7,7-Pentamethyldiethylenetriammonium trinitrate
Authors: Gatfaoui Sofian , Rzaigui Mohamed , Marouani Houda
Published: January 2014

In the title compound, C9H26N33+·3NO3−, the triprotonated 1,1,4,7,7-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine molecules are linked to the nitrate anions by multiple bifurcated N—H...(O,O) and weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds. The organic cation is characterized by N—C—C—N torsion angles of −176.2 (2) and 176.6 (2)°.
2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2,3-dihydroquinolin-4(1H)-one
Authors: Chelghoum Meryem , Bouraiou Abdelmalek , Bouacida Sofiane , Bahnous Mebarek , Belfaitah Ali
Published: January 2014

The title molecule, C15H12ClNO, features a dihydroquinolin-4(1H)-one moiety attached to a chlorobenzene ring. The heterocyclic ring has a half-chair conformation with the methine C atom lying 0.574 (3) Å above the plane of the five remaining atoms (r.m.s. deviation = 0.0240 Å). The dihedral angles between the terminal benzene rings is 77.53 (9)°, indicating a significant twist in the molecule. In the crystal, supramolecular zigzag chains along thec-axis direction are sustained by N—H...O hydrogen bonds. These are connected into double chains by C—H...π interactions.
catena-Poly[[diaquabis(4-formylbenzoato-κO1)nickel(II)]-μ-pyrazine-κ2N:N′]
Authors: Çelik Fatih , Dilek Nefise , Çaylak Delibaş Nagihan , Necefoğlu Hacali , Hökelek Tuncer
Published: January 2014

In the title polymeric compound, [Ni(C8H5O3)2(C4H4N2)(H2O)2]n, the NiIIatom is located on a twofold rotation axis and has a slightly distorted octahedral coordination sphere. In the equatorial plane, it is coordinated by two carboxylate O atoms of two symmetry-related monodentate formylbenzoate anions and by two N atoms of the bridging pyrazine ligand, which is bisected by the twofold rotation axis. The axial positions are occupied by two O atoms of the coordinating water molecules. In the formylbenzoate anion, the carboxylate group is twisted away from the attached benzene ring by 7.0 (6)°, while the benzene and pyrazine rings are oriented at a dihedral angle of 66.2 (3)°. The pyrazine ligands bridge the NiIIcations, forming polymeric chains running along theb-axis direction. Intramolecular O—H...O hydrogen bonds link the water ligands to the carboxylate O atoms. In the crystal, water–water O—H...O hydrogen bonds link adjacent chains into layers parallel to thebcplane. Pyrazine–formyl C—H...O hydrogen bonds link the layers, forming a three-dimensional network. There are also weak C—H...π interactions present. The title compound is isotypic with the copper(II) complex [Çeliket al.(2014a).Acta Cryst. E70, m4–m5].
Religious fasting: an alternative approach to improve hyperlipidaemia
Authors: Muzaffar Ali Khan Khattak Muhammad , Abu Bakar Ibrahim , Yeim Layana
Published: January 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of fasting on blood lipid profile in fasting obese and non‐obese subjects.

Design/methodology/approach

Male and female subjects from the International Islamic University, Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan Campus were assessed for body compositional changes during Ramadan fasting. In total, 25 males and females volunteered to participate in this study in the holy month of Ramadan. The mean age of the volunteers was 26.5±5.86 years and the age range was 21‐45 years. The age, weight and height of the volunteers were recorded on day 1 of Ramadan and weight was also recorded on day 21. The volunteers were asked for donation of blood samples on days 1, 7, 14 and 21 of the Ramadan. The blood serum was separated and stored at −20°C immediately after each collection. The serum samples stored at −20°C were analyzed for serum glucose and lipid profile. The analysis of serum lipid profile was performed with the help of clinical kits from Bayer Health Care using Bayer Express Plus Clinical analyzer. The serum was used for the estimation of total cholesterol (TC), HDL‐cholesterol (HDL‐c) and triglycerides (TG) concentrations using kit reagents from M/s Bayer Diagnostics, whereas low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐c) was determined by calculation. The statistics were performed using MINITAB statistical software (release 8.2).

Findings

The serum triglyceride concentration was significantly reduced and the reduction was 17.48 percent from day 1‐21. The serum TC concentration also reduced from day 1‐21 and the reduction was 15.93 percent. The serum LDL‐c concentration also significantly reduced from day 1‐21 and the reduction was 21.67 percent. The serum HDL‐c concentration decreased in the first weak and second week but an improving trend was observed on day 21 of the Ramadan.

Research limitations/implications

This study was not a controlled one and was conducted on free‐living individuals and therefore there is need to have controlled or adjusted physical activities studies in fasting individuals. It is always difficult to conduct experiment on human beings in the metabolic area. Furthermore, in this study it was not possible since it was a religious fasting. Another limitation is that the size of the sample was smaller than is advisable for this kind of study. However, the results were confirmed in the following month of Ramadan, as described in the paper.

Originality/value

The paper takes into consideration the effect of Ramadan fasting on blood lipid profile, which has ever been studied in obese individuals.
Characterization and fatty acids profile of the oils from Amazon nuts and walnuts
Authors: Costa Tainara , Jorge Neuza
Published: January 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to characterize oils extracted from Bertholletia excelsa, Lecythis pisonis, Dipteryx lacunifera, Carya illinoensis and Juglans regia, regarding their characterization and fatty acid profile.

Design/methodology/approach

The oils were extracted from oilseeds by cold pressing and physico‐chemical characterization was performed by using standard methods for oils and fats. The oxidative stability and fatty acid profile also were determined.

Findings

According to the results, the physico‐chemical properties of oils from nuts and walnuts were comparable to those of good quality conventional oils. The oil seeds are a good source of unsaturated fatty acids, especially oleic and linoleic acids.

Research limitations/implications

Implies the identification of fatty acid profile and physico‐chemical properties of oils extracted from nuts and walnuts, and to prevent certain types of diseases.

Originality/value

The paper identifies a new source of essential fatty acids extracted from oilseeds.
The effects of managerial transition training on organizational performance
Authors: Miller Richard L. , Buxton William A.
Published: January 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of a self‐managed transition process on the performance of mid‐level managers, specifically company commanders serving in the US Army.

Design/methodology/approach

The transition process provided the new commanders with a flexible outline of topics used for interviewing key personnel within the larger organization (battalion) prior to and immediately following assumption of command. The authors measured the performance of commanders using a standardized Battalion Command Evaluation Form completed by the battalion commander. In addition, the effects of leader experience and locus of control were examined.

Findings

It was found that use of the transition process enhanced the performance of company commanders who had an external locus of control and/or did not come directly from a job proximal to command.

Research limitations/implications

The paper provides a model that can be used with mid‐level managers in order to minimize the performance deficit often associated with turnover.

Originality/value

Most research on managerial transition has focused on upper‐level management. The paper examines mid‐level managerial turnover and provides new information about how means and opportunities can affect leader effectiveness.