bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interpersonal Psychotherapy With Sexual and Gender Minority Individuals
Authors: Kidd Jeremy D. , Kaczmarkiewicz Roma , Langer S. J. , Koljack Claire , Hughes Tonda L.
Published: June 2024

This chapter explains sexual minority (SM) (which includes lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, or any otherwise nonheterosexual) people and gender minority (GM) (which refers to transgender, nonbinary, and gender-diverse) people whose gender identity differs from the sex they were assigned at birth. It provides a brief overview of the epidemiology of mental illness among SGM (sexual and gender minority) populations. It also discusses minority stress, a major contributor to SGM health disparities that is often interpersonally mediated. The chapter proposes strategies for delivering interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) to SGM clients. It reviews studies that provide insight into how IPT might be applied more broadly with SM individuals.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy in Prisons and Jails for Major Depression
Authors: Johnson Jennifer E.
Published: June 2024

This chapter looks at major depressive disorder (MDD), which increases the risk of victimization, prison recidivism, and substance use relapse. It describes individuals with MDD who are incarcerated and often have severe, treatment-resistant depression and multiple comorbidities. It also emphasizes that resources for health and behavioral health services in correctional settings tend to be sparse as correctional systems have a primary goal of public safety rather than public health. The chapter reviews the goals in adapting, testing, and implementing interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) in prisons, which was to find an inexpensive way to provide a community standard dose of psychosocial MDD treatment. It explains that IPT problem areas are a good fit for individuals who are incarcerated because life stressors, relationship challenges, and social isolation are common and salient in this population.
Introduction
Authors: Benadon Fernando
Published: June 2024

The Introduction confronts the long-standing binary that separates rhythms into the categories of either metered or unmetered—or in-between deformations. A paradigm is introduced that contemplates all rhythms as equally intentional and well-founded regardless of whether or not they are metrically proportioned. The book’s application of the term “swing” is clarified as relating to quantifiable durational relationships rather than cultural or visceral factors. Also clarified is the meaning behind the “lines” in the book title: they are the melodies—pitched and unpitched—in the analyzed examples, the orienting coordinates in the timing graphs and geometric spaces, and the spectrographic peaks and valleys of the audio wherein rhythmic information resides.
My Neighbor the Triplet
Authors: Benadon Fernando
Published: June 2024

Extending the earlier chapters’ discussions on durational similarity between swing values and traditional tuplets, this chapter considers how triplets and other familiar note values can act as a go-between linking metered time and notationally intractable phrasing. The chapter begins with a look at various tuplets from Clara Schumann’s Romanze, comparing them to “neighbor” duple and triple speeds. The subsequent examples, drawn from improvised solos featuring polymetric groupings, demonstrate a range of phrasing speeds that may be located on a tuplet graph. The triplet’s durational similarity to values introduced in Chapter 1—especially those in three-onset SLS and two-onset dot LS—is the basis of the chapter’s closing etude.
Illustrating the World
Authors: Nadler Steven
Published: June 2024

In 1664, Claude Clerselier, Descartes’s friend and literary executor, brought out the first original-language edition of Descartes’s Traité de l’homme, part of the larger study Le Monde. He engaged La Forge and the Dutchman Gerard van Gutschoven to compose illustrations for the work. This chapter examines the role such illustrations were intended to play in the treatise on physiology, and offers a comparative study of the illustrations provided by La Forge and Van Gutschoven (along with those by Florent Schuyl, who produced a Latin edition of the work in 1662).
Mind and Motion
Authors: Nadler Steven
Published: June 2024

This chapter turns to the question of La Forge’s occasionalism when it comes to relations between the human mind and the human body, both body>mind and mind>body. The conclusion defended is that La Forge is not an occasionalist in the body>mind case, since the mind has a true causal power to generate its own sensory ideas on the occasion of bodily motions; but that he is—or at least must be—an occasionalist when it comes to the mind>body case, since his arguments for body–body occasionalism make it impossible for the human mind to move or even affect the motions of the body.
Gaining Ground
Authors: Blackwill Robert D. , Fontaine Richard
Published: June 2024

This chapter provides an overview of the Pivot during the Biden administration. During his campaign and initial months in office, Biden stressed his reversal from Trump’s inward-facing, America-first approach to foreign policy. His administration worked closely with allies and partners to manage the challenges posed by China. Despite some departures from its predecessor, however, Biden’s team continued the Trump administration’s focus on competition and labeled China as America’s top strategic priority, even amid large-scale war in Europe and renewed conflict in the Middle East. Despite not explicitly embracing the “pivot” rhetoric, the administration turned the Pivot’s previous fits and starts into a concrete, sustained effort—though one beset by significant omissions.
Negotiating Operatic Culture in Rome 1677–82
Authors: Stein Louise K.
Published: June 2024

Carpio traveled to Rome as Spanish ambassador to the Holy See. During carnival 1677 he experienced his first Italian opera in Venice. In Rome he associated closely with the circle of opera’s aristocratic producers during years in which opera production was highly contingent. This chapter explains the content, politics, and music of Carpio’s Rome productions; how they navigated contrasting Roman and Spanish performance conventions; and how music designed for female actress-singers in Madrid might have been brought to Roman audiences on the temporary theater set up in Carpio’s all-male Spanish embassy. His lavish outdoor serenata in Piazza di Spagna and three Spanish plays with music in the Spanish embassy (which he opened to the public) enhanced his personal reputation. The comedias projected positive views of feminine agency and intelligence. Arguing in support of feminine ingenuity, they projected a kind of early modern feminism. Though a Spaniard familiar with an entirely different musical context, Carpio became a patron of rising stars Arcangelo Corelli and Alessandro Scarlatti as well as excellent castrato singers. This chapter identifies the music that these Italian musicians provided to serve Carpio’s pro-Spanish agenda, and it explains how his activity as patron and producer enhanced his prestige, self-projection, and positive reputation for gallantry.
Naples, Opera, and Spanish Viceroys to 1683
Authors: Stein Louise K.
Published: June 2024

This chapter explains how opera arrived and grew to importance in Naples under the Spanish viceroys prior to Carpio’s 1683 arrival. It offers a reevaluation of opera’s 1649 introduction and interrogates what can be known about opera under the viceroys to 1683, considering repertory and production history for the first thirty years of the genre’s cultivation in Naples. Only some of the Spanish viceroys involved themselves with opera. Financial investment in opera was shaky before 1683, and most of the Naples productions were Venetian operas performed by itinerant troupes. Moreover, scholars have relied on an operatic chronology for Naples based solely on printed libretti. Taking avvisi and other sources into account, this chapter offers a revised chronology with new documentation about strategies and locations of production, details of rehearsals, and the length of public runs.
An Operatic Legacy in the Americas
Authors: Stein Louise K.
Published: June 2024

Carpio’s dual legacy (Spanish opera and Italian opera) can be traced into the Americas. This final chapter considers the first opera productions in Lima and Mexico City, and opera’s supportive aristocratic networks during the viceregal era. Much of the chapter is dedicated to the first opera of the Americas (La púrpura de la rosa, 1701), its extant score, the pre-existent music it contains, documents about the production and the compiler of the score in Lima, the politics of its performance, and the opera’s significance for the rising criollo culture in Lima in 1701. Extant sources for the first operas produced in colonial New Spain (around 1710 and in 1728) are considered in light of musical and dramatic traditions, the circulation of libretti, colonial politics, and influential genres in the larger Hispanic world. The performance conventions, hybridity, and contemporaneity of operas produced in Lima and Mexico City during the early decades of the eighteenth century are brought into focus.
Monolingual Policies in Multilingual Schools
Authors: Jaspers Jürgen
Published: June 2024

This book shows that teachers at monolingual schools respond ambivalently to their linguistically diverse groups of pupils. It does so to reveal practices that often fall off the scientific radar: language-in-education research is mainly interested in describing teachers with a critical or conservative view of monolingual school policies. These teacher types are useful for advocating multilingual education policies, but they leave much ordinary, inconsistent behavior unaccounted for. The interest in critical and conservative teachers also encourages us to praise or blame teachers, while it invites incompatible explanations: critical teachers have somehow escaped a monolingual ideology that completely deceives their conservative colleagues. Based on linguistic-ethnographic research in five Dutch-medium schools in Brussels, Belgium, this book seeks to explain how teachers who severely impose monolingual policies also adhere to an egalitarian pedagogy, why teachers who criticize monolingual policies also maintain and justify them, and why teachers who recognize pupils’ primary varieties in class also prohibit these varieties on various occasions. The book suggests, moreover, that ideology can account for teachers’ habitual as well as critical activity by viewing ideologies as contradictory, so when people internalize ideologies, they adopt contrary opinions that allow them to think. The book argues that this capacity is crucial for attending to the multiple, competing, goals that classroom interaction presents, that it typically invites inconsistent, albeit rational, behavior, and that if this inconsistency is common and chronic, researchers of language-in-education need to improve their radar and develop a different kind of dialogue with teachers.
Critical dialogue, autonomy, and alternatives
Authors: Jaspers Jürgen
Published: June 2024

The goal of this chapter is to reflect on how researchers of language-in-education can enter into productive dialogue with teachers as well as with the wider public. It is argued that teachers’ thinking and inconsistency can, and often must, be criticized but that this criticism easily slips into an authoritarian imposition of scholarly views if the dialogue is exclusively knowledge based. A concern with teachers’ professional autonomy and their cultivation of independent, scientifically informed thinking will be presented as a necessary counterweight. In addition to this, the chapter suggests that scholars in public debate over language education policy may have to resist the incentive to sketch this debate as a strictly scientific one. It will be suggested that to maintain credibility and impact, scholars may have to expand rather than reduce the scope of options for policymakers, accept decisions they do not approve, and refrain from an overly interventionist stance.
Introduction
Authors: Batto Nathan F. , Beaulieu Emily
Published: June 2024

This chapter introduces legislative brawling, a paradoxical and decidedly unserious aspect of legislative politics, and suggests that it is a strategic behavior worthy of systematic study. After defining what is meant by a brawl and how it differs from other disruptive legislative events, the chapter introduces the central research question that this book addresses: Why would an individual legislator decide to brawl? The authors’ political explanation for why individuals brawl challenges existing explanations that tend to be either psychological or cultural. This explanation draws heavily on signaling theory to argue that brawlers are committing violence strategically to send signals of their type to influential audiences that will help with their careers. The chapter concludes by describing the research strategy the authors will pursue throughout the book and their primary empirical cases and offers a brief description of the chapters to follow.
The Fundamentals
Authors: Aldrich John H. , Bae Suhyen , Sanders Bailey K.
Published: June 2024

This chapter turns to how competing interests and concerns shape the strength of a democratic system. It begins with Madison’s consideration of what we call crosscutting versus reinforcing cleavages. The increased likelihood of many crosscutting cleavages was at the root of his argument for the new Constitution for America. Those who study democracies both here and in comparative democratic contexts have argued that the absence of crosscutting cleavages threatens the stability of democratic institutions, in ways Madison would fully understand. Might the increasing alignment of the originally diverse set of fundamentals mean that such a concern is nearing for the United States? This chapter measures and tests how close America is to having a singular, deep, and strongly reinforced cleavage from the partisan-sorted fundamentals. The change over the post-1984 era, especially the last few elections, is dramatic. Crosscutting cleavages have given way to a stronger and stronger reinforcing cleavage.
Schelling's Mystical Platonism
Authors: 9780197752890  , Fisher Naomi
Published: June 2024

In this book, Naomi Fisher provides a cohesive interpretation of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling’s philosophical work from 1792 to 1802 as a mystical Platonism. According to this interpretation, Schelling is guided by two overarching commitments during this time. First, Schelling is committed to mysticism regarding the absolute. That is, the absolute is ineffable; it cannot be described in conceptual terms. For this reason, it remains inferentially external to any given philosophical system. Second, Schelling is committed to a priority monism: All things are grounded in the absolute, but finite things possess an integral unity of their own, and so have a distinct and relatively independent existence. This book shows how these two commitments cohere in a project that fulfills the distinctive aims of post-Kantian philosophy, and it traces their inspiration to Schelling’s early engagement with Plato’s dialogues and to his education, which was Neoplatonic in orientation. In presenting Schelling’s philosophy of this decade as guided by these two fundamental commitments, this book poses a challenge to those readings of Schelling’s philosophy according to which it shifts frequently in its basic commitments during this time. According to the interpretation presented in this book, Schelling’s appropriations of various strands of Platonism distinguish him from his contemporaries and give rise to his idiosyncratic approach to the projects of post-Kantian philosophy.
Schelling’s Timaeus-commentary
Authors: Fisher Naomi
Published: June 2024

This chapter presents Schelling’s 1794 Timaeus-commentary as melding aspects of Kant’s theoretical philosophy with the metaphysics of Plato’s Philebus. Schelling divides types of ideas according to a Kantian taxonomy, but he maintains that the divine mind is the source of these ideas. Schelling incorporates into his reading of Plato certain Kantian concerns about Platonism levied by Reinhold: Schelling reads Plato as giving empirical abstraction an important role in knowledge and as maintaining a logical or ideal kind of existence that applies both to ideas and to any supersensible object. This commentary foreshadows Schelling’s later work in two important ways. First, Schelling draws on the four principles of being from the Philebus—limit, the unlimited, mixture, and cause—to develop a system in which all things are generated through iterative limitations of an indeterminate unlimited. Second, Schelling presents the highest principle or cause as something which cannot be articulated conceptually.
Talking Remittances
Authors: Arnold Lynnette
Published: June 2024

Chapter 4 examines the regular communicative practices that families develop for managing remittances, tracing the gendered and generational distribution of this linguistic labor. The analysis focuses on remittance requests and responses, moments in which relatives must directly confront the sustained economic asymmetry of transnational family life. The chapter demonstrates that conversational temporalities—interactional turn-taking routines and interdiscursive genre norms—structure remittance negotiations. The communicative management of time becomes a key resource through which families navigate shifting intergenerational care needs while also grappling with the effects of gendered hierarchies and global inequities. Conversational temporalities are thus central to how transnational families sustain life together through cross-border care in the face of both political-economic and discursive forces that work to sever their ties.
Barbra
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua
Published: June 2024

This chapter gives an account of Maltby and Shire’s early encounters with the then-unknown Barbra Streisand, who became a champion of theirs and went on to record six of their songs in her series of hit recordings. Shire’s position as pianist in the orchestra pit for the original production of Funny Girl, in which Streisand starred, gave him the opportunity to show her his songs. The chapter includes analyses of several Maltby/Shire numbers that Streisand recorded, including “Autumn,” “Starting Here, Starting Now,” and “What About Today?” Streisand also recorded “The Morning After” (not to be confused with the hit song of the same title from the film The Poseidon Adventure), a highly worthy protest song that was recently covered by Broadway performer Liz Callaway. A discussion of Shire’s Sonata for Cocktail Piano, his only published concert piece not associated with a film or theater score, is included.
The First Thing They Give You Is Writing the Obits
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua
Published: June 2024

Shire works his way up at Universal Studios as a Hollywood TV and film composer, drawing the analogy that his early scoring of weekly TV series (The Virginian and McCloud) was akin to a young journalist writing file obituaries. He scores big successes with the movies The Taking of Pelham One Two Three—a groundbreaking fusion of twelve-tone music and contemporary jazz—and The Conversation, directed by his then-brother-in-law, Francis Ford Coppola (brother of Shire’s wife at the time, Talia Shire). Shire’s score for Norma Rae yields the Oscar-winning song “It Goes Like It Goes,” with lyrics by Norman Gimbel.
Remember That Fats Waller Idea?
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua
Published: June 2024

This chapter describes how Maltby conceived, created, and directed the runaway hit Ain’t Misbehavin’, a compilation of Fats Waller songs and the first revue ever to win the Tony Award for Best Musical. Maltby discusses Nell Carter’s particular genius as a performer and reveals how the lessons of Starting Here, Starting Now demonstrated that a collection of songs could be turned into a satisfying and complete show. The song “Lounging at the Waldorf,” with music by Waller and lyrics by Maltby, turns out to be one of the musical theater canon’s great quodlibets. At around the same time, Shire was hired by Francis Ford Coppola to write a score for Apocalypse Now, which Coppola discarded when he heard Shire was working on another film project, Norma Rae. The Norma Rae score yielded the song “It Goes Like It Goes,” which won the 1979 Academy Award for Best Original Song.
Baby
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua
Published: June 2024

This chapter gives brief analyses of several of the standout songs from Baby, including “The Ladies Singin’ Their Song,” whose series of vivid character portraits shows the influence of the Stephen Sondheim song “Please Hello” from Pacific Overtures. “And What If We Had Loved Like That?” shocks an audience that is expecting a testimony to a middle-aged couple’s abiding love and gets a more candid appraisal instead. “Easier to Love” is one of the few instances of a song for which Maltby actually composed the melody. The title song has a catchy oscillating musical motif that provides the melodic material for nearly the entire number. “Patterns,” one of the most popular Maltby/Shire songs, is, in fact, based on a repeated melodic pattern, as the title implies.
“The Story Goes On”
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua
Published: June 2024

This chapter offers a close analysis of the hit song from Baby, “The Story Goes On,” a frequent cabaret and audition favorite, plus an interview with the writers about the song. Maltby and Shire consider it one of their best collaborations. It’s the song that earned a Tony nomination for Liz Callaway in 1984. It is also a great example of Shire’s observation that “we write songs about things that most people don’t write about.” It also contains a phrase that is Maltby’s proudest achievement as a lyricist, partly because of the concision with which the thought is expressed. Liz Callaway as well as the authors make some observations about the song.
One of the Finest Scores of the Year
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua
Published: June 2024

In 1987, Lynne Meadow once again serves as the catalyst for a major entry in the Maltby/Shire canon: Closer Than Ever (1989), a much-beloved off-Broadway musical revue that successfully weaves together songs from the “Urban File,” numbers cut from previous musicals, and new entries written specifically for the show. The cast included Brent Barrett, Sally Mayes, Richard Muenz, and Lynne Wintersteller, with musical director Patrick Brady. If Starting Here, Starting Now was about the fresh experiences of young people in love, Closer Than Ever focuses on the perspectives of older, more seasoned folk. An analysis of “Miss Byrd,” a standout number, is included. Droves of young musical theater lovers who wore out the album when they were in college came to see Closer Than Ever when it was revived twenty years later. By then, early fans had a different perspective on life’s challenges and on the songs in the show.
“The Bear, the Tiger, the Hamster and the Mole”
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua
Published: June 2024

This chapter features a close analysis of “The Bear, the Tiger, the Hamster and the Mole,” a quintessential Maltby/Shire number, plus an interview with the writers about the song. It was written for but cut from the musical Baby, then resurrected for the revue Closer Than Ever. Sung by an animal scientist with a frustrating love life, this number explores in highly enjoyable detail the enduring conflict between the head and the heart that numerous Maltby/Shire protagonists grapple with. Maltby discusses the challenge involved in building a comic number so that each punchline tops the previous one. He also notes that as a lyric gets closer to a specific truth, available vocabulary expands, and potential new rhymes reveal themselves.
Bob Fosse’s Wife, His Mistress, and His Daughter
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua
Published: June 2024

Maltby is hired to direct Fosse, a Broadway revue celebrating the work of the legendary director/choreographer. In the process, he finds himself working with Gwen Verdon (Bob Fosse’s widow), Ann Reinking (Fosse’s longtime girlfriend and frequent muse), and Fosse’s daughter, Nicole. The show was the brainstorm of Chet Walker, the dancer/choreographer and longtime “keeper of the Fosse flame.” Walker reconstructed the Fosse choreography for all the early workshops but was later fired by Verdon and replaced by Reinking. Fosse goes on to win the 1999 Tony for Best Musical, the second show directed by Maltby—after Ain’t Misbehavin’—to achieve that honor. The producer, Garth Drabinsky, was arrested for fraud and forgery the day after the pre-Broadway tryout of Fosse opened in Toronto.
Brazil
Authors: Schneider Ben Ross
Published: June 2024

In Brazil, major reforms often came from states. Ceará developed an effective program for promoting literacy in primary school. Pernambuco gradually expanded special full-time secondary schools that raised student learning. In both states, teacher unions cooperated with reforms. Political continuity, often with candidates for continuity gaining votes, was essential for consolidating reforms. Civil society from São Paulo also supported reforms in these two states. In addition, the federal government enacted major reforms to redistribute educational finance and a common national curriculum. Civil society from São Paulo was crucial in pushing the curriculum through.
Introduction
Authors: Borck Tobias
Published: June 2024

During the 2010s, stability in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) was the declared objective of pretty much every government in the region, and every country outside the region. And yet, this seemingly shared objective did not yield cooperation; instead, the decade saw fierce competition over influence, including between Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Qatar—the three main subjects of this book. This chapter provides the background for the book’s analysis of the three Gulf Arab monarchies’ foreign policies during the 2010s by offering brief overviews of their respective rise to regional power status.
Qatar’s Conception of Stability
Authors: Borck Tobias
Published: June 2024

This chapter analyzes Qatar’s conception of stability in the MENA during the 2010s. The chapter argues that Qatar saw stability as resulting from governments that constructively engaged with their populations, and prevented the radicalization of political demands through a degree of inclusion in political processes and by facilitating economic opportunity. Regionally, Qatar sought a system of order that protected the independence of small states by curbing the influence of individual regional powers and arresting the region’s polarization into competing blocs. Finally, Qatar saw the consistent engagement of external powers—most importantly the USA—as essential for regional stability. Yet, it wanted them to coordinate their regional policies with partners in the MENA, ideally Qatar itself, and primarily focus on guaranteeing the regional order, rather than imposing their own interests.
Smugglers and Spies
Authors: McQuade Joseph
Published: June 2024

This chapter traces British attempts to secure Rash Behari Bose’s deportation from Japan and shows how Japanese nationalists, chaffing at their country’s perceived subservience to British interests, spirited Bose into hiding in a popular bakery in Tokyo. British officials did not take Bose’s disappearance lightly, and the continued threat posed by him and by other Indian revolutionaries from San Francisco to Singapore stimulated an unprecedented expansion of imperial intelligence services across what was then known as the “Far East.”
Fatima Elizabeth Cates
Authors: Mahmood Hamid
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines the life and struggles of Fatima Elizabeth Cates (1865-1900), one of the first known female converts to Islam in Britain. Being a key early member of Abdullah Quilliam’s (1856-1932) Liverpool Muslim community, Cates is often cited in discussions about the Liverpool Muslim Institute (LMI), yet little has been written about her life. She was born Frances Elizabeth Murray in Birkenhead on the Wirral, near Liverpool in 1865. Her father John Murray, an Irishman, was a porter at Birkenhead Market, which was walking distance from their home, and her mother was Agnes Murray, née Mitchell. From the outset, Frances’ life was characterized by adversity and sorrow. John Murray died when Frances was just five years old, leaving her mother Agnes as the head of the family. From then on, Frances looked up to her brothers, David and William. Three years after the death of John, Frances’ mother married Peter Cottam, a stone mason. This union was blessed with a daughter Clara who, later as a teenager, was inspired by Frances to accept Islam.
Sultan Jahan and the Woking Muslim Mission
Authors: Robinson-Dunn Diane
Published: June 2024

While scholarship on the Woking Muslim Mission has tended to focus on male experiences, women played an important role in its establishment and growth. Together Shahjahan Begum and her daughter Sultan Jahan Begum, the successive rulers of the Indian princely state of Bhopal, made possible the erection of the Shah Jahan Mosque and the creation of the WMM. The latter, through her travels, writings, and other feminist activities, fostered the development of new female networks in England and India linking them to each other. In addition, defining the proper role of women became an issue of considerable importance for the WMM, and the chapter examines how Sultan Jahan’s writings and other WMM discourses reveal Muslim femininity as a fluid concept during the First World War period. Topics addressed include women’s suffrage, female contributions to the war effort, polygamy, purdah, veiling and the “modernist” and “traditionalist” camps within Indian Muslim feminism.
‘We Were Not Anything Like What They Imagined!’
Authors: Lambert-Hurley Siobhan , Majchrowicz Daniel
Published: June 2024

This chapter focuses on travel accounts written by South Asian Muslim women from the early 1890s to the late 1930s, primarily in Urdu. These writings offer a rare source from which to extrapolate their experiences of and reflection on travel to Britain in the age of empire. The authors came from different parts of India and inhabited distinct social spaces, but most viewed travel to Britain as a learning opportunity. Their writings are thus saturated with quotidian observations about the people and places with which they came in contact. Against an unfamiliar backdrop, female authors constructed an image of themselves that, whether intentionally or otherwise, gives insight into their ideas of self, community, religion, culture, service, foreignness, and familiarity.
Afterword
Authors: Cheruvallil-Contractor Sariya , Gilham Jamie
Published: June 2024

The Afterword reflects on the significance of the book in uncovering Muslim women’s agency and historical contributions, and the relevance of these for British history, the study of British history, and the lived experiences of contemporary British Muslim communities.
Muhammad’s Expeditions to Byzantine Frontiers
Authors: Ibrahim Ayman S.
Published: June 2024

Chapter 7 examines the traditions of Muhammad’s expeditions to the Christian Byzantine frontiers. It highlights several Muslim attempts to raid Christian tribes in northern Hijaz and even to attain the Byzantine Empire’s superpower, and focuses on three important encounters: the raid to Mu’ta, the raid to Tabūk, and Usāma’s incursion to Greater Syria. In the analyses of these stories, the sectarian inclinations and political leanings of Muslim historians are clear. A pro-Shīᶜite historian insists on portraying ᶜAlī and Banū Hāshim as the most crucial warriors for Muhammad, while ᶜAbbāsid historians do not hesitate to magnify the image of al-ᶜAbbās as the major aid of Muhammad. This strengthens one of the overall arguments of this study: Muslim traditionists never relinquish their sectarian commitment or political sympathies when they design their narratives. Still, these accounts emphasize Muhammad as the military commander of the Muslims until his last breath.
Introduction
Authors: Morier-Genoud Eric
Published: June 2024

The text unpacks the subject, highlighting five themes in particular, ranging from state religious policy to Islamic reform and competition between and within faiths. It discusses the title of the volume, its meaning, and the question it raises. Next, it situates historically the period under consideration, from the arrival of Islam in South-East Africa to the independence of Mozambique. Finally, the text explores methodological questions on how to approach the history of Islam scientifically, and it outlines the primary sources used in the research for this book.
Problematising Radicalisation
Authors: Ford Kieran , Jackson Richard
Published: June 2024

This chapter subjects the radicalization discourse to a critical assessment, drawing attention to the problematic and ideological consequences of the current discourse of radicalization. Specifically, the chapter explores ten key problems with the theory and practice of radicalization and counter-radicalization, divided into two groups: the first group focuses on some of the main conceptual, ontological and analytical problems with the term as it is currently understood and articulated; the second group examines five practical or strategic problems that have emerged from the attempt to put counter-radicalization strategies into practice, revealing the human and political costs of deploying such a contentious term. A central problem which ties many of these challenges together is that it is a profoundly state-centric concept that functions primarily to obscure and legitimise everyday forms of state violence while simultaneously giving enhanced powers to the authorities. The scale and seriousness of these conceptual, ontological, epistemological and practical challenges, as well as the obvious harms caused by the discourse to individuals and communities should give real pause to scholars working within this discourse. Finally, this chapter also briefly reflects on alternatives to the radicalization discourse as a response to the problem of political violence.
Introduction
Authors: Pearson Elizabeth
Published: June 2024

This chapter introduces the book’s key themes and arguments, outlining the concept of extremism in a UK context, and why gender is a useful tool to understand it. In particular, it outlines three reasons why the study of masculinities is appropriate to extremism: first, contemporary British extreme groups are homosocial; second, strict gender roles are a fundamental organizing principle of contemporary violent groups; third, the role of misogyny and masculinities in extremism are poorly understood; and finally, international norms require the consideration of gender. It also provides a summary of the objectives and history of the two extreme movements that are the book’s focus: the anti-Islam radical right, and an Islamist network linked to the banned group al-Muhajiroun. The chapter also introduces the key finding: that radicalization is in essence a masculinity project, in which women can also participate enthusiastically; that there is no one masculinity associated with extreme groups; that both movements exhibit misogyny towards in-group and out-group women, but that gender and misogyny do not work in the same way in the radical right and Islamist movements presented. A chapter outline is also included.
Theory
Authors: Pearson Elizabeth
Published: June 2024

This chapter presents an overview of theoretical approaches to radicalization within terrorism studies, the historical absence of gender and the gaps in understanding that this absence has produced: for instance, the inability of the field to predict or understand the migration of young women to Islamic State. However, it cautions against simplistic gendered explanations for extremism such as “toxic masculinity” or misogyny, both of which undermine the notion of agency in extreme groups. It also notes that while gender studies focused on women have added much to our knowledge of terrorist and extreme groups, a holistic approach to gender as relevant to both women and men is the best framework to understand the power dynamics of extremism. The chapter provides an introduction to masculinities studies and argues for the usefulness of engaging this theory, and gender to better understand radicalization, whatever the ideology, and whether in academia or in policy.
The Internal Logic of an Elite Network
Authors: Vuković Vuk
Published: June 2024

Chapter 5 exposes the logic of elite network formation. It delivers a network theory and an economic theory explanation behind elite network formation with an emphasis on its high levels of betweenness centrality and homophily. Elite networks are shown to be highly topocratic, meaning that they condense wealth-seeking opportunities and privileged information within narrow powerful groups. It then adds a cost-benefit analysis to understand under which conditions individuals enter such groups, and finally, it dives deeper in the three historical principles of how people mitigate risk in order to survive. Given that societies were entrapped for centuries under the violence power principle it is difficult to simply break up elite networks arising from it.
The Role of the Firm
Authors: Vuković Vuk
Published: June 2024

Chapter 7 looks at the firm and how its rent-seeking activities, in the form of exclusive government procurement contracts or favorable legislation and regulation, get realized through an elite network. It delivers the key distinction between two main types of firms: rent-seekers and customer-seekers. As long as elite networks render effects that favor rent-seekers, adverse socioeconomic outcomes are inevitable. The chapter concludes by examining the empirical evidence showing how politically connected banks in the United States benefited the most from the 2008–2009 bailout allocation.
The Three Levers
Authors: Vuković Vuk
Published: June 2024

The context delivered in the previous two chapters opens up room for reform proposals in Chapter 10 on how to achieve lower political power, reduce incentives for elite network formation, and consequentially lower inequality. These are presented in the form of three powerful levers whose goal is to exploit the democratic trial-and-error mechanism in order to rebuild interpersonal trust and trust in public institutions, and through second- and third-order effects increase civic engagement, improve selection into politics, depersonalize governing institutions, turn politicians into true servants of their people, and empower both citizens and their communities. The First Lever is a set of reforms aimed at lowering centralized political power. The Second Lever is a set of reforms aimed at empowering citizens. The Third Lever is a set of reforms aimed at empowering the community.
On African Globalities and Frontier Zones
Authors: Thakur Vineet
Published: June 2024

This chapter starts the concluding section of Africa’s Global Infrastructures by illuminating key contributions of the book to the understanding of South–South relations and how they affect broader changes in international relations. It critically assesses the potential of thinking through globalities and from economic frontiers. Drawing from the author’s extensive work on India and non-Western International Relations, the chapter also reflects on how the book speaks to debates around agency, non-Western international relations and the decolonising of knowledge production, and racism in Africa’s multiple global politics.
Introduction
Authors: Mujanovic Jasmin
Published: June 2024

This section outlines the primary argument of the book--the idea of the Bosniaks as a nation rather than as a religious group--and reflects on the gaps in the existing literature on identity formation processes among the Bosniaks community, in particular since the conclusion of the Bosnian War and the Bosnian Genocide.
Centers of Power in the Arab Gulf States
Authors: Ulrichsen Kristian Coates
Published: June 2024

How are authority and influence accumulated and wielded across the six Gulf states? Mixing theoretical and empirical insights, and utilising both historical and contemporary examples, this book offers a comparative analysis of military, political, economic and religious power in Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), as well as of the power of narrative. While many volumes examine each of these states individually, Centers of Power in the Arab Gulf States assesses the Arabian Peninsula as a whole, filling a significant gap in the literature. It surveys the myriad factors which have influenced the emergence of these states, societies and political economies, which have become increasingly assertive actors in today’s global order. Exploring domestic, regional and transnational pressures, Kristian Coates Ulrichsen sheds light on the varying concepts of power and authority, the different forms they take, the ways they are projected, and the practical constraints on their exercise. From whom does power derive? Is it something different from influence and ambition? Is decision-making top-down or bottom-up, or a mixture of both? From bureaucrats to scholars, and from royals to opposition figures, Coates Ulrichsen uncovers the power relations shaping the Gulf today.
The Laminated Environment
Authors: Edwards Terra
Published: June 2024

Chapter 6 follows the protactile movement to Gallaudet University, which is a Deaf university in Washington, D.C. I shifted my research to this new field site nearly a decade after the inception of the movement in order to find out how protactile principles were being interpreted and applied by DeafBlind people, given very different social and historical conditions. I found that the problems described in earlier chapters were also encountered at Gallaudet. However, in addressing those problems the focus was not primarily language and communication as conventions from Seattle were acquired. Instead, DeafBlind thinkers were interested in the capacity of architecture and urban planning to reinforce, amplify, and protect those practices by creating physical structures that could simultaneously support the “cool visual expansiveness” of Deaf communication and the “compact warmth” of protactile communication. Building on theories of participation in linguistic anthropology, I understand this as a “laminated environment”.
The Development of the Principle of Non-Intervention from the End of the Religious Wars in Europe to the Outbreak of the Second World War
Authors: Roscini Marco
Published: June 2024

During the 18th century in Europe, non-intervention became a corollary of state sovereignty as vested in the person of the monarch: as such, it shielded states from external interferences and consolidated internal sovereignty. By the 1830s, the principle of non-intervention was a well-established rule of the jus publicum europæum. In the 19th century’s later half, a distinction emerged between different situations of internal unrest. Intervention without establishing a state of war required states to have either a treaty-based right to do so or a justification excusing the violation. In the period between the two World Wars, states often adopted a position of negative equality with respect to situations of internal unrest in other countries regardless of whether or not belligerency was recognized. While undoubtedly a trend detectable in the state practice of the time, negative equality with respect to civil wars was however not yet an obligation under customary international law.
The Content of the Principle of Non-Intervention
Authors: Roscini Marco
Published: June 2024

In the UN Charter era, treaties, resolutions, and state practice have determined the coexistence of two sets of legal standards: a general principle that prohibits the exercise of coercion in the domestic affairs of other states and a number of rules of application prohibiting specific coercive means, some of which have customary status while others are still controversial. The general principle prohibits coercion in both its forms: dictatorial coercion and forcible coercion. The specific rules of application that flow from the general principle of non-intervention prohibit armed, economic, and political coercion as well as support for subversive, terrorist, and armed activities and interference in civil strife in another state.
The Application of the Principle of Non-Intervention to Civil Strife and the Role of Consent
Authors: Roscini Marco
Published: June 2024

The principle of non-intervention protects the domestic affairs of states. When the insurgents succeed in establishing a new state or are recognized as belligerents, the application of the principle of non-intervention is displaced: the use of force in support of any party must at this point be consistent with the jus contra bellum codified in the UN Charter. The principle of non-intervention prohibits interventions against a state but leaves unaffected those consented by it. In case of rival governmental administrations, the one that was in effective control of the state’s territory, population, and apparatus at the beginning of the situation of the civil strife continues to be entitled to consent to foreign intervention until it is defeated, or its resistance becomes purely nominal. Consent to intervention constitutes an agreement between the intervening state and that where the intervention takes place and can be granted in writing or orally, publicly or secretly, expressly or implicitly, but cannot be presumed. State practice shows that treaty-based open-ended consent needs to be confirmed before each intervention can validly take place. A state can consent to interventions only on its territory (as consent exclusively operates in the relations between the consenter and the consentee) and only to acts that it could itself lawfully undertake. Last but not least, consent must be valid and the limits attached to it must be respected for it to produce its effects.
1QSb. The Scroll of Blessings
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James
Published: June 2024

1QSb is very fragmentary. This chapter reviews the debate about its structure and argues for a five-fold division: 1:1–20: Blessing of those who fear God; 1:21–3:2:1 Blessing of the priests; 3:22–4:15 (end point uncertain): Blessing of the Sons of Zadok; 4:16–5:19 (beginning point uncertain): Blessing of the High Priest; 5:20–29: Blessing of the Prince of the Congregation. These blessings draw frequently on the priestly blessing of Numbers 6. “Prince of the Congregation” is a messianic title. The Blessings may be regarded as a celebration of, or prayer for, the ideal fulfillment of Israel and its institutions in the messianic age.
Related Texts
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James
Published: June 2024

Chapters 9–22 offer transcriptions, translations, notes, and commentary on all manuscripts of the Rule of the Association apart from 1QS-1QSa-1QSb. While recognizing the considerable textual overlaps across the manuscripts, each manuscript in Chapters 9–22 is presented separately in order to facilitate an analysis of their unique characteristics. Differences from 1QS in particular are highlighted in the analysis of each text, and the implications of these differences—and, in many cases, clusters of differences—are explored. While containing many of the same rules for life in the yaḥad (see 1QS 5–7), these different texts, it is suggested, often present those rules differently. The various presentations here point likewise to a variety of ways in which these rules were understood, even among members of the same Association.