bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conceptual Framework for the Brockport Physical Fitness Test
Authors: Winnick Joseph P. , Short Francis X.
Published: August 2016

In this manuscript, the conceptual framework for the Brockport Physical Fitness Test (BPFT) is presented. The framework provides the basis for the selection of test items and standards to assess health-related physical fitness of youngsters with disabilities. The framework defines and describes the relationships among health, physical activity, and health-related physical fitness and presents the process used for personalizing health-related criterion-referenced physical fitness testing and assessment for youngsters with disabilities.
Psychosocial Aspects of Youth Disability Sport
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: August 2016

Psychosocial aspects of participation in youth disability sport were examined using social-cognitive theory and the sport commitment model. An international sample of athletes with disabilities (N = 112) reported high levels of sport commitment and sport enjoyment, perceived physical ability, and sport friendship quality. They perceived their parents to provide moderately strong levels of encouragement of their sport participation. Correlational analyses indicated moderate to strong relationships among sport commitment, sport enjoyment, and perceived physical ability. Sport commitment, parental encouragement, and sport friendship quality were only somewhat related. Regression analyses indicated that enjoyment was a significant predictor (i.e., 43% of the variance) of sport commitment. The sport experience was a positive one for these athletes and enjoyment is likely a critical motivational factor in promoting a continued desire to remain in sport.
Applying Physical Activity Motivation Theories to People with Brain Injuries
Authors: Driver Simon
Published: August 2016

The purpose of the paper is to provide specialists with theoretical frameworks that can be used to guide the creation of physical activity interventions as well as facilitating participation for people with traumatic brain injuries. Two frameworks for examining the physical activity motivation of people with brain injuries are presented. The theories include Bandura’s (1986) self-efficacy theory and Harter’s (1987) mediational model of self-worth. The constructs within both theories are explained and then applied to people with brain injuries. Suggestions for practitioners are also provided about how to manipulate the physical activity environment to promote physical activity participation.
Older Adults Demonstrate Reduced Performance in a Fitts’ Task Involving Cervical Spine Movement
Authors: Passmore Steven R. , Burke Jeanmarie , Lyons Jim
Published: August 2016

A discrete aiming head movement task was developed to replicate Fitts’ movement paradigm. Movement time (MT) differences between young (age range 24-29 years, n = 8) and old adults (age range 75-85 years, n = 8) were examined. Cervical spine (CS) range of motion (ROM) was recorded. A head mounted motion capture device was used to evaluate task performance. Three amplitudes and three target widths generated nine indexes of difficulty (IDs). Global ROM was decreased in old adults. The ID and MT relationship was maintained with age; however, old adults were slower, more variable, and more affected by ID. Variations in target size were used as the accuracy variable for both groups. As target size increased, the old population overshot their endpoint. These data support the hypothesis that, besides musculoskeletal slowing with age, there may be age-related deterioration of central processing, planning, or perception mechanisms.
Parents’ Experiences and Decisions on Inclusive Sport Participation of Their Children with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Tsai Eva Hiu-Lun , Fung Lena
Published: August 2016

This study examined the experiences of parents of persons with intellectual disabilities (ID) as they sought inclusive sport participation for their children. To understand their experiences, in-depth interviews were conducted with 49 parents. Qualitative data analysis was conducted to identify common themes from the responses. The analysis showed that most parents sought inclusive sport involvement for their children but they soon gave up their effort due to rejection by staff and other participants. Underlying these attitudinal problems were a lack of quality contact between people with and without ID and a lack of understanding of people with ID. Parents’ lack of sense of entitlement, low sport values, and lack of participation information and opportunities also contributed to their giving up of inclusive sport. Factors leading to successful inclusion included staff inclusion attitudes and abilities and the social skills of individuals with ID.
Physical Activity and Walking Onset in Infants With Down Syndrome
Authors: Lloyd Meghann , Burghardt Amy , Ulrich Dale A. , Angulo-Barroso Rosa
Published: August 2016

Infants with Down syndrome (DS) are described as being less active and they also experience significant delays in motor development. It is hypothesized that early infant physical activity may be influential for the acquisition of independent walking. Physical activity was monitored longitudinally in 30 infants with DS starting at an average age of 10 months participating in a treadmill training intervention. Actiwatches were placed on infants’ trunk and right ankle for a 24-hr period, every other month until walking onset. Data were analyzed to separate sedentary-to-light activity (low-act) and moderate-to-vigorous activity (high-act). Results showed that more leg high-act at an average age of 12 and 14 months is related to earlier onset of walking. It is recommended that early leg activity should be promoted in infants with DS.
Haptic Stabilization of Posture in Adults With Intellectual Disabilities Using a Nonrigid Tool
Authors: Mauerberg-deCastro Eliane , Lucena Carmila Souza , Cuba Bruna W. , Boni Rosana C. , Campbell Debra Frances , Moraes Renato
Published: August 2016

This study assessed the effects of haptic information on the postural control systems of individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID), through the use of a nonrigid tool that we call the “anchor system” (e.g., ropes attached to graduated weights that rest on the floor). Eleven participants with ID were asked to stand, blindfolded, on a balance beam placed at two heights (10 and 20 cm), for 30 s, while using the anchor system at two weights. The lighter anchor weight appeared to improve the individuals’ balance in contrast to a control task condition; therefore, we concluded that haptic sensitivity was more significant in helping to orient the body than was the anchor’s mechanical support alone.
The Ability of Elite Table Tennis Players With Intellectual Disabilities to Adapt Their Service/Return
Authors: Van Biesen Debbie , Verellen Joeri , Meyer Christophe , Mactavish Jennifer , Van de Vliet Peter , Vanlandewijck Yves
Published: August 2016

In this study the ability of elite table tennis players with intellectual disability (ID) to adapt their service/return to specific ball spin characteristics was investigated. This was done by examining the performance of 39 players with ID and a reference group of 8 players without ID on a standardized table tennis specific test battery. The battery included 16 sets of 15 identical serves that had to be returned to a fixed target, and two additional tests measuring reaction time and upper limb speed. A 2 × 4 ANOVA (with group and type of spin as independent variables) with repeated measurements (15 consecutive returns) supported the hypothesis that elite table tennis players with ID were significantly less proficient than their counterparts without ID, but both groups demonstrated a comparable progression in learning. Spearman correlation coefficients indicated a positive relationship between accuracy of return and upper limb speed (rho = 0.42: p < .05) and reaction time (rho = 0.41: p < .05), showing that these generic factors are useful in partially explaining skill variations in specific sports.
Multidimensional Physical Self-Concept of Athletes With Physical Disabilities
Authors: Shapiro Deborah R. , Martin Jeffrey J.
Published: August 2016

The purposes of this investigation were first to predict reported PA (physical activity) behavior and self-esteem using a multidimensional physical self-concept model and second to describe perceptions of multidimensional physical self-concept (e.g., strength, endurance, sport competence) among athletes with physical disabilities. Athletes (N = 36, M age = 16.11, SD age = 2.8) completed the Physical Self-Description Questionnaire. Participants reported mostly positive perceptions of self-esteem, global physical self-concept, endurance, body fat, sport competence, strength, flexibility, and physical activity (Ms ranging from 3.9 to 5.6 out of 6). Correlations indicated a number of significant relationships among self-esteem and reported PA and various dimensions of physical self-concept. Using physical self-concept, strength, endurance, and flexibility in the first regression equation and sport competence and endurance simultaneously in the second equation, 47 and 31% of the variance was accounted for in self-esteem and reported PA, respectively. The findings support the value of examining multidimensional physical self-concept as different aspects of the physical self appear to have different influences on reported PA engagement versus self-esteem.
Connecting Through Summer Camp: Youth With Visual Impairments Find a Sense of Community
Authors: Goodwin Donna L. , Lieberman Lauren J. , Johnston Keith , Leo Jennifer
Published: August 2016

The social meaning of a one-week residential summer sports camp to young people with visual impairments is described. The experiences of 13 youths (7 females and 6 males) with visual impairments (3 B1, 1 B2, and 9 B3) between 9 and 15 years of age were gathered using the phenomenological methods of focus groups, conversational interviews, and field notes. The thematic analysis revealed three themes: connected, reaching out, and resisting and acquiescing. Experiences of group membership and shared emotional connection to others with visual impairments surfaced in a supportive sport context although resistance to others’ assumptions of ability was evident. The theory of psychological sense of community (McMillan & Chivas, 1986) provided the conceptual framework for interpreting the findings.
Soccer-Specific Endurance and Running Economy in Soccer Players With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Kloyiam Saichon , Breen Sarah , Jakeman Philip , Conway Joe , Hutzler Yeshayahu
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to describe running economy, soccer specific endurance, and selected kinematic running criteria in soccer players with cerebral palsy (SPCP) and to compare them with values of position-matched players without CP. Fourteen international, male soccer players with cerebral palsy completed the “Yo-Yo” intermittent recovery run level 1 (IRL-1) test to assess soccer-specific endurance and a submaximal running test on a treadmill to determine running economy. The mean IRL-1 distance covered by the SPCP of the Irish CP team was found to be 43–50% below the mean distance attained by position-matched soccer players without disability, while running economy was found to be within the range of that reported for able-bodied athletes. No relationship could be found between the level of CP-ISRA classification and soccer-specific endurance or running economy in this group of elite level SPCP. Though small in number, these data support a further examination of the relationship between CP classification and sport-specific performance.
Effect of Stimulant Medication Use by Children With ADHD on Heart Rate and Perceived Exertion
Authors: Mahon Anthony D. , Woodruff Megan E. , Horn Mary P. , Marjerrison Andrea D. , Cole Andrew S.
Published: August 2016

The effect of stimulant medication use by children with attention deficit/hyper-activity disorder (ADHD) on the rating of perceived exertion (RPE)—heart rate (HR) relationship was examined. Children with ADHD (n = 20; 11.3 ± 1.8 yrs) and children without ADHD (n = 25; 11.2 ± 2.1 yrs) were studied. Children with ADHD were examined while on their usual dose of medication on the day of study. HR and RPE, using the OMNI RPE scale, were assessed during a graded exercise to peak voluntary effort. The RPE-HR relationship was determined individually and the intercept and slope responses were compared between groups. The intercept was 132.4 ± 19.5 bpm for children with ADHD and 120.6 ± 15.7 bpm for children without ADHD. The slope was 7.3 ± 1.9 bpm/RPE for the children with ADHD and 8.1 ± 1.6 bpm/RPE for the children without ADHD. For the group with ADHD the intercept and slope values fell outside of the 95% CI observed in the control group. The altered relationship between RPE and HR with stimulant medication use in children with ADHD has practical implications with respect to the use of HR and RPE to monitor exercise intensity.
Thinking Ethically About Professional Practice in Adapted Physical Activity
Authors: Goodwin Donna L. , Rossow-Kimball Brenda
Published: August 2016

There has been little critical exploration of the ethical issues that arise in professional practice common to adapted physical activity. We cannot avoid moral issues as we inevitably will act in ways that will negatively affect the well-being of others. We will make choices, which in our efforts to support others, may hurt by violating dignity or infringing on rights. The aim of this paper is to open a dialogue on what constitutes ethical practice in adapted physical activity. Ethical theories including principlism, virtue ethics, ethics of care, and relational ethics provide a platform for addressing questions of right and good and wrong and bad in the field of adapted physical activity. Unpacking of stories of professional practice (including sacred, secret, and cover stories) against the lived experiences of persons experiencing disability will create a knowledge landscape in adapted physical activity that is sensitive to ethical reflection.
Wheelchair Basketball Skills Proficiencies versus Disability Classification
Authors: Brasile Frank M.
Published: August 2016

An investigation was undertaken to assess the relationship between the disability classification levels of wheelchair basketball players, as used by the National Wheelchair Basketball Association (NWBA), and the skill proficiency levels of the athlete. The assessment tool consisted of seven components deemed necessary for proficiency in basketball; these items were the 20-m sprint, free-throw shooting, obstacle dribble, baskets per minute, rebounding, speed pass, and pass for accuracy. The data used for statistical analysis were based upon the results acquired from 91 subjects who were tested in 1983. These subjects represented 18 NWBA teams from 14 states and Canada. The results of the investigation indicate support for placing less of an emphasis on the disability levels of wheelchair basketball participants, and for the development of functional assessment tools to be used in judging performances of “handicapped” athletes.
History of Adapted Physical Education: Priorities in Professional Preparation
Authors: Winnick Joseph P.
Published: August 2016

This presentation traces and reviews past and contemporary concerns, issues, or priorities relating to professional preparation with special emphasis on the identification of people who have had a significant impact upon professional preparation, and the graduates of our programs, who will provide leadership in the future.
AAHPERD: Addressing the Needs of the Handicapped
Authors: Goodwin Lane A.
Published: August 2016

The efforts of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance toward meeting the needs of the handicapped were reviewed. The available literature indicates that since the establishment of this professional organization in 1885, its primary effort has been to serve as a catalyst for the exchange of information within its membership. As changes in the organizational structure occurred over the years, efforts to address the needs of the handicapped were splintered among the substructures of the Alliance. Current initiatives are under way to unify these efforts into a single unit within the Alliance and more appropriately address the needs of the handicapped.
Relationship between Exercise Attitudes and Participation among the Rural Elderly
Authors: Mobily Kenneth E. , Lemke Jon H. , Drube Greg A. , Wallace Robert B. , Leslie David K. , Weissinger Ellen
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between attitude toward physical activity and exercise practices among a large, well-defined population of rural mid western elderly. The frequency of participation in exercise was a composite across three questions regarding physical activity. Intensity of exercise was also considered. The data were analyzed according to a weighted least-squares approach to categorical data. The resulting chisquare goodness-of-fit model was significant and replicated the exercise behavior of the subjects. A significant main effect for gender and a significant age × attitude interaction was observed. The main effect for gender revealed that, for any age × attitude combination, males were more apt to participate at a given exercise level. However, age mediated the influence of attitude on exercise. Older age had a more detrimental effect on exercise behavior if attitude toward exercise was positive.
Movement Difficulty and Learning Disabled Children
Authors: Kerr Robert , Hughes Kathy
Published: August 2016

Results of recent research have implicated information processing deficits in explaining the poor academic performance of learning disabled children. However, the motor difficulties of these children have not been extensively studied from a processing framework, yet cognitive skills are inherent to the successful performance of motor skills. Sixteen learning disabled and sixteen control subjects ranging in age from 6 to 8 years were tested on a Fitts’ reciprocal tapping task using 16 different target combinations with the ID ranging from 1.50 to 6.64 bits. Analysis of the slope and intercept coefficients showed a significant difference for intercept but not for slope. These data suggest that the problem may not be a major processing deficit, as the learning disabled children were able to handle the increased task difficulty in the same manner as the controls. Instead the problem may exist at the very early input stage of the processing mechanism: getting the information into the system.
Diagnosis and Remediation of Handwriting Problems
Authors: Stott Denis H. , Henderson Sheila E. , Moyes Fred A.
Published: August 2016

The lack of a system for the analysis and diagnosis of handwriting incompetence has led to the neglect of this area of learning failure. This article describes a new instrument, the Diagnosis and Remediation of Handwriting Problems (DRHP) (Stott, Moyes, & Henderson, 1984b), that has been designed to fill this hiatus. Handwriting problems are divided into (a) faults of concept and style, which reflect failures of learning or teaching, and (b) faults of motor control, which suggest fine-motor or perceptual dysfunction and may have a neurological origin. Specimens of children’s handwriting illustrate this categorization. The methodology of the remedial programs proposed by the DRHP is based on empirical findings about the nature of handwriting movements. These programs are briefly described. There is a need for handwriting specialists to advise teachers and help in the diagnosis of problems. It is suggested that physical education teachers be trained to develop these skills.
Physiological Responses to Different Cranking Rates during Submaximal Arm Ergometry in Paraplegic Males
Authors: Hardison George T. , Israel Richard G. , Somes Grant W.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to identify the most desirable cranking rate to be used by paraplegic individuals during submaximal arm training programs. Eleven healthy paraplegic males (M age = 28.8 years) with lesion levels ranging from T4 to T12 served as subjects. Arm exercise loads for the four submaximal cranking rates studied (50, 60, 70, and 80 rpm) were set to elicit 60% of peak V̇O2. Duration of the submaximal tests was 15 min. V̇E, V̇O2, RER, HR, and differentiated RPE were recorded each minute throughout the 15-min test. A randomized block ANOVA and Duncan’s post hoc analysis indicated that 80 rpm produced significantly higher (p <.05) values for HR, absolute V̇O2, V̇E, V̇CO2, and V̇E/V̇O2 than any other rates. Cranking at 70 rpm resulted in significantly higher (p <.05) values for O2 pulse, while relative V̇O2 was significantly higher (p <05) at 70 rpm than at all other rates except 80 rpm. RPE was significantly higher (p <.05) at 50 rpm than at 60 or 70 rpm, with no difference between 50 and 80 or 60, 70, and 80. The authors concluded that 70 rpm was the most appropriate cranking rate for paraplegic males to use during arm training programs.
Kinematic Analysis of Skill Acquisition in Physically Awkward Boys
Authors: Marchiori Gordon E. , Wall Albert E. , Bedingfield E. Wendy
Published: August 2016

This study investigated the learning of the stationary hockey slap shot by two physically awkward boys; for comparison purposes, two age-matched boys performed the same skill. In an initial data collection session, the physically awkward and the control boys performed three successful slap shots. Following this, the physically awkward subjects practiced 400 trials at home every 2 weeks over a 6-week training period, under the supervision of their parents. Performance data were collected every 2 weeks, after 400, 800, and 1,200 practice trials. Cinematographic analysis of each subject’s three successful responses led to an examination of the kinematics, phasing, and timing of the slap shot. In the initial baseline session, the control subjects exhibited consistency of performance; however, even after 1,200 trials of supervised practice the performance of the two physically awkward children was extremely variable.
Integrating Physical Education to Teach Appropriate Play Skills to Learners with Autism: A Pilot Study
Authors: Schleien Stuart J. , Heyne Linda A. , Berken Susan Breihan
Published: August 2016

This pilot study attempted to determine the effects of a collaborative socio-motor, adapted physical education / therapeutic recreation curriculum on the social play and motor development of learners with autism and their nonhandicapped peers in an integrated physical education classroom setting. Six students with autism, ages 4-12, participated with 50 nonhandicapped peers in a 9-week, twice weekly, physical education class at a public elementary school. All participants received training as “Special Friends” as well as instruction in the curriculum which included a variety of lifelong recreation and physical education activities designed to teach social skills and fundamental motor skills. Results of t tests indicated significant reductions in inappropriate play behavior for the younger group at the parallel and cooperative/competitive-dyad social levels of play. Although no other significant changes in participants’ behaviors occurred, the following observations indicated increased involvement in the activities by the participants: (a) reduced inappropriate play behavior, (b) reduced target inappropriate behaviors, and (c) development of motor proficiency in catching and striking skills.
Perceptions of Road Races by Participants in the Challenged Division
Authors: Dattilo John , Guadagnolo Frank B.
Published: August 2016

The increasing participation in competitive athletics by persons with disabilities calls for research examining differences and similarities between athletes with and without disabilities. This study examined these similarities and differences within the context of a 10K road race. Employing the Importance-Performance Scale, all entrants (n=53) in the Challenged Division of the Pittsburgh Citiparks’ Great Race were asked to rate the importance of some 31 attributes associated with a 10K race and respond to a series of open-ended questions. Of the 31 questionnaires returned, 29 were deemed usable. A random sample of runners (n=1,000) without disabilities was administered an identical questionnaire, and 661 of the 678 questionnaires returned were usable. The results of a MANOVA yielded significant differences between the overall responses of the challenged runners and the general running population, F(31, 570) = 2.26, p <.0001. Multiple t test analysis of attribute ratings identified four features as being significantly different (.01) between the two populations. These differences were grouped and analyzed under three categories (recognition, safety, and convenience). The t test coupled with a content analysis of open-ended responses underscored the similarities among the two groups. Although race organizers need to be responsive to the differences of individual participants, these findings would suggest that the integration of all participants is an attainable goal.
Heart Rate Response of Moderately Mentally Handicapped Children and Youth on the Canada Fitness Award Adapted Endurance Run
Authors: Watkinson E. Jane , Koh Sock Miang
Published: August 2016

Moderately mentally handicapped children ages 10 to 12 and youths 13 years and older ran the endurance run of the Canada Fitness Awards Adapted Format under two testing conditions. The current test protocol is one in which subjects select a pace for the entire race and are prompted only by verbal encouragement. A second testing protocol was used in which subjects were paced by a runner at a pace just a bit faster than that displayed during their runs under the current protocol. In the pacing protocol, instructors ran in front of the subjects and verbally and visually prompted them to keep up. The objective of the pacing protocol was to reduce the degree to which the subjects had to plan their runs, and to increase motivation to continue. Completion rates improved with the pacing protocol for both groups. Completion times improved for the younger group. Heart rate responses under both testing conditions were very high and small differences were observed between the two conditions in this dependent variable. Heart rates of subjects in both conditions were at vigorous to severe intensity levels throughout the runs, indicating that subjects were lacking in fitness and were performing at or near maximal capacities.
A Comparison of Data Based and Creative Dance Pedagogies in Teaching Mentally Retarded Youth
Authors: Roswal Peggy M. , Sherrill Claudine , Roswal Glenn M.
Published: August 2016

This study compared the effectiveness of data based and creative dance pedagogies in relation to motor skill performance and self-concept of mentally retarded students. Subjects (N=35) were moderately mentally retarded males and females, ages 11 to 16 years, in special education classes. Their mean age was 12.88 years in the data based group and 13.47 years in the creative dance group. Excluding testing, the study lasted 8 weeks. Each group received 40 lessons of 30 minutes each. Data based pedagogy was based on the work of Dunn, Morehouse, and Dalke (1979), and creative dance pedagogy was based primarily on the work of Riordan (Fitt & Riordan, 1980). Pretest and posttest data were collected through administration of the Data Based Dance Skills Placement Test, selected subtests of the Cratty Six-Category Gross Motor Test, and the Martinek-Zaichkowsky Self-Concept Scale. Multivariate analysis of covariance revealed no difference between pedagogies. The group means indicated improvement in dance skill performance but not in self-concept or body perception, balance, and gross and locomotor agility.
Field Testing: Assessing the Physical Fitness of Mildly Mentally Retarded Individuals
Authors: Pitetti Kenneth H. , Fernandez Jeffrey E. , Pizarro David C. , Stubbs Nancy B.
Published: August 2016

This study set out to develop a simple field testing protocol for evaluating the aerobic capacity, forearm isometric strength, and percent body fat of mentally retarded individuals (MRI). A total of 33 (MR) (M IQ=68) subjects (26 males, 7 females) ranging in age from 12 to 49 years participated in this study. A submaximal exercise test using the Schwinn Air-Dyne ergometer was used to estimate aerobic capacity (V̇O2max). Forearm strength was determined by using a hand grip isometric dynamometer. Percent body fat (%BF) was determined by the skinfold method and bioelectrical impedance. All 33 MR subjects who were tested successfully completed the fitness assessment protocol. Correlation coefficients for directly measured versus estimated V̇O2 max and test-retest for forearm strength for 10 of the subjects was .91 and .95, respectively. Slight variations were seen in the methods used to determine %BF. Based on these statistics, it is recommended that the protocol used in this study be considered by those involved in the physical education or training of MRI.
Energy Cost of Locomotion in Blind Adolescents
Authors: Kobberling Gisela , Jankowski Louis W. , Leger Luc
Published: August 2016

The oxygen consumption (VO2) of 30 (10 females, 20 males) legally blind adolescents and their sighted controls were compared for treadmill walking (3 mph, 4.8 km/h) and running (6 mph, 9.6 km/h). The VO2 of the visually impaired subjects averaged 24.4% and 10.8% higher than those of their same-sex age-matched controls, and 42.8% and 11.2% higher than the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) norms for walking (p<.01) and running (p<.05), respectively. The normal association between aerobic capacity and locomotor energy costs was evident among the sighted controls (r= .44, p<.05) but insignificant (r=.35, p>.05) for the visually impaired subjects. The energy costs of both walking and running were highest among the totally blind subjects, and decreased toward normal as a function of residual vision among the legally blind subjects. The energy costs of walking and running for blind adolescents are higher than both those of sighted controls and the ACSM norm values.
Toward an Interdisciplinary Model for Movement Rehabilitation of Physically Disabled Children
Authors: Vermeer Adri
Published: August 2016

This article gives an overview of the author’s research into the integration of movement oriented aspects of rehabilitation activities used with physically disabled children: physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, physical education, swimming instruction, movement activities in daily life, and recreational sport. The investigation was carried out in an observation and rehabilitation center in The Netherlands. The research comprised three parts: (a) a situational analysis, (b) the development of a model for starting points and aims of movement rehabilitation, and (c) the development of an intervention model for movement rehabilitation. The design, methods, and results of the research are reported.
Sporting Behavior of Special Groups in Finland
Authors: Lahtinen Ulla M.
Published: August 2016

The present aspirations for equality, normalization, and integration have given rise to increased demand for further development of sport for special groups. This is dependent upon an understanding of the existing sporting behavior. This article describes several Finnish studies of the sporting behavior of persons on disability pension, war veterans, those chronically ill or disabled, the mentally handicapped, and the visually impaired. Sporting behavior depends on one’s free time, interests, earlier practices, age, gender, and state of health. Poor health or a disability limits sporting activity, but it may also lead to more rehabilitative sport and exercise. The findings of the studies reveal features that need to be developed in sport for special groups.
Organizing Input for Mentally Retarded Subjects to Enhance Memory and Transfer
Authors: Del Rey Patricia , Stewart Deborah
Published: August 2016

An investigation was conducted with mildly mentally retarded subjects to investigate memory and transfer performance on a coincident timing task using 6- to 17-year-olds. Battig’s (1979) methodological and theoretical views on contextual interference were employed. Blocked and random practice schedules were administered during acquisition trials. In addition, a third acquisition group was created, identified as “sequenced,” which was characterized as a type of experimenter imposed strategy. This manipulation represented a practice schedule between blocked and random. The effects of these three practice schedules were investigated regarding their influence on retention and transfer. Support was found in retention for random acquisition and sequencing practice schedules. The use of strategic processes was viewed to have a positive impact on the retention of mentally retarded children and adolescents but the information was not transferable.
Cinematographical Methods to Assess Associated Movements in Children
Authors: Hsu Emmie , Bardfield Steve , Cratty Bryant J. , Garfinkel Alan
Published: August 2016

This pilot study was conducted to test the usefulness of angle-angle diagrams and phase plane plots obtained through high-speed cinematographical methods for making graded assessments of associated movements in children. Kinematic data at the shoulder, elbow, and ankle joints of normal and motorically awkward children (5-7 years old) were obtained from digitized films of normal and heel walking trials on a motor driven treadmill. A computer program was developed to smooth, calculate, differentiate, and plot data. Angle-angle diagrams depicting simultaneous joint angular displacements of (a) shoulder versus ankle and (b) elbow versus ankle revealed graded differences in decoupling of joint motion, limb excursions, and joint range-of-motion changes between the 5-year-old, 7-year-old awkward, and 7-year-old normal subject. Phase planes of the shoulder, elbow, and ankle joint were obtained by plotting joint angular displacement against joint angular velocity. Differences in size, shape, and looping behavior showed the quantity of change and whether the changes were gradual or sudden. This noninvasive methodology and eventual standardization of angle-angle diagrams and phase planes could prove to be useful in providing more precise diagnoses of associated movements and other subtle movement disorders.
Application of Imagery Techniques to Special Populations
Authors: Surburg Paul R.
Published: August 2016

This article provides insights into the use of imagery procedures with special populations. After an overview of various imagery techniques that have been used to enhance motor performance with normal persons, studies dealing with the elderly, brain and spinal cord injuries, neoplasms, and persons with mental handicaps are discussed. Issues are addressed concerning the use of imagery techniques by the researcher and practitioner. The final section of this paper deals with possible applications of imagery techniques with special populations.
Comparison of Task Variation and Constant Task Methods for Severely Disabled in Physical Education
Authors: Weber Robert C. , Thorpe JoAnne
Published: August 2016

The purpose of the study was to determine whether the technique of task variation with maintenance tasks interspersed is more effective than a constant task condition in a physical education setting in learning gross motor skills for severely disabled individuals. The subjects for the study included 28 males, 12 autistic and 16 severely mentally retarded students, ages 10 to 14 years. The design for this study was a pretest-posttest configuration with the I Can Assessment of Gross Motor Skills utilized to assess the basic skills of overhand throw, kick, vertical jump, slide, continuous bounce, and underhand roll. Results indicated that following a 6-week treatment period the task variation with maintenance tasks interspersed condition was significantly more effective at the .01 level in learning gross motor skills than a constant task condition. However, when autistic and severely mentally retarded individuals were compared, there were no significant differences.
Attitude Toward Physical Activity and Self-Concept of Emotionally Disturbed and Normal Children
Authors: Politino Virginia , Smith Sarah L.
Published: August 2016

This study investigated the relationship between attitude toward physical activity and self-concept of emotionally disturbed and normal children. The subjects were 470 boys and girls, ranging from 8 to 13 years of age (M = 10.95, SD = 1.91). The sample included 80 emotionally disturbed children from two psychiatric hospitals in Ohio and 390 normal children from a parochial school in Ohio. Data were collected through the Children’s Attitude Toward Physical Activity Inventory (CATPA) and the Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale. A significant difference on CATPA occurred between emotionally disturbed and normal children and between boys and girls. A two-way ANOVA revealed a significant difference in self-concept between emotionally disturbed and normal children. The Pearson product-moment correlation revealed low but significant relationships between self-concept and the following subscales of the CATPA: social experience, thrill, and release of tension. The results indicated that normal children had a more positive attitude toward physical activity and self-concept than emotionally disturbed children.
An Exploratory Study of Racing Wheelchair Propulsion Dynamics
Authors: Cooper Rory A.
Published: August 2016

This paper analyzes several factors that affect racing wheelchair propulsion. The basis of this paper results from experiments performed using five individuals who had traumatic spinal cord injuries. These individuals were asked to simulate sprinting and distance running while on a roller system equipped with an analog tachometer. The results of this study show the time spent in propulsion and recovery as has not been shown previously; the use of analog tachometer yields new information about racing wheelchair propulsion. The points of contact for each athlete’s strokes were recorded using a video camera. The point of contact with the push-ring and the application of force appear to coincide. In addition, some subjects displayed periods of constant velocity during the propulsion cycle. The mean percent propulsion times for this study were 66, 34, and 30% for the first stroke, the sprint test, and the distance test, respectively. The mean percent recovery times were 34, 66, and 70% for the first stroke, the sprint test, and the distance test, respectively.
Psychological Skills Training for the Blind Athlete: A Pilot Program
Authors: Hanrahan Stephanie J. , Grove J. Robert , Lockwood Richard J.
Published: August 2016

This paper presents the development and implementation of a psychological skills training program for blind athletes. The structure of the program was based on the personal accounts of successful athletes and the results of studies using sighted athletes. Skills designed to give insight to the body/mind relationship, raise or lower arousal levels, maintain motivation, prepare for competition, and improve problem-solving abilities were introduced to the athletes. Participants completed a self-assessment of psychological skills to determine the skill areas they had strengths in and therefore should take advantage of as well as those mental skill areas in which they could improve. A qualitative evaluation of the program is presented and recommendations for future programs are discussed. Overall, few changes were needed to accommodate for the athletes’ visual impairments.
Problem Based Learning and Personnel Preparation in Adapted Physical Education
Authors: Hogan Patricia I.
Published: August 2016

A prominent theme of educational reform involves focusing on developing students’ thinking abilities. This theme is germane to improving the quality of teacher preparation programs in all subject areas including adapted physical education (APE). Perhaps schools of education in general and APE teacher preparation programs in particular can learn from some progressive and prominent medical schools regarding the development of curricula, programs, and experiences to improve quality of personnel. These medical schools have introduced a conceptually significant innovation—the problem-based learning (PBL) curriculum. It is the purpose of this article to introduce the concept of PBL as a potential model for graduate level personnel preparation in APE.
Intermittent Velocity and Wheelchair Performance Characteristics
Authors: Gehlsen Gale M. , Davis Ronald W. , Bahamonde Rafael
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to describe the intermittent velocity variation of wheelchair propulsion and to determine the relationship between selected wheelchair propulsive characteristics and peak velocity. The subjects were 11 (10 males and 1 female) members of the U.S. 1988 Paralympic Track and Field Team. Each subject’s personal racing chair was mounted on a Pro Roller. Intermittent velocity was ascertained by a tach-generator. A stationary 16-mm Locam camera was used to photograph the subject’s sagittal plane propulsive movements. A sonic digitizer was used to digitize three complete propulsive cycles for each subject. Paraplegic and quadriplegic subjects’ stroke frequency mean values were 2.27 and 1.80 Hz, respectively. Significant correlations between the Pro Roller’s computer-generated peak velocity values and hand-handrim positions were indicated. Handrim contact angles and trunk angles were approximately 30 to 40° forward of the same angles reported in the literature. Results indicate that a forward lean of the trunk may allow the athlete to increase the range of hand-handrim contact.
Reliability of the Health Related Fitness Test for Mainstreamed Educable and Trainable Mentally Handicapped Adolescents
Authors: Pizarro David C.
Published: August 2016

This study investigated the reliability and suitability of the Health Related Physical Fitness Test for mainstreamed educable mentally handicapped (EMH) and trainable mentally handicapped (TMH) adolescents. A total of 126 12- to 15-year-old male and female nonhandicapped (NH), EMH, and TMH adolescents were administered the following tests: modified sit-ups, sit and reach, 880-yard run, and skinfold fat measure (triceps only). Reliability coefficients were obtained using an interclass correlation formula. Deviations in test performance were recorded on a checklist. Modified sit-ups, sit and reach, and skinfold fat measurement were determined to be reliable and suitable for use with mainstreamed EMH/TMH adolescents. Reliability scores for the 880-yard run were fair for NH, good for EMH, and excellent for TMH subjects. Procedural deviations in the 880-yard run by TMH adolescents raised questions about the suitability of this test for these subjects. Proper orientation, an allowance for practice, and the development of an appropriate test environment appeared to be important aspects of test preparation for adolescents functioning at a below normal intellectual level.
Relationship of Presage, Context, and Process Variables to ALT–PE of Elementary Level Mainstreamed Students
Authors: Vogler E. William , van der Mars Hans , Darst Paul , Cusimano Barbara
Published: August 2016

Classroom processes were analyzed to study the effectiveness of main-streaming in physical education. Thirty teachers and 30 mainstreamed handicapped students were videotaped in elementary school P.E. classes. Data on their classroom behavior were coded using standard systematic ALT–PE “effective teaching” observation practices. There were many favorable classroom processes to indicate that mainstreaming was a good context for both handicapped and nonhandicapped students (e.g., comparable ALT–PE percentages and a more positive than negative interaction between teacher and student). Variables most predictive of ALT–PE were interruptions in class and whether a teacher was itinerant or not.
Perceived Physical Competence in Children with Mental Retardation: Modification of a Pictorial Scale
Authors: Ulrich Dale A. , Collier Douglas H.
Published: August 2016

Self-perceptions of competence are thought to mediate a person’s motivation to participate and persist in tasks under optimally challenging conditions. Little systematic research has been conducted related to the self-perceptions of physical competence in children with mental retardation and the influence on achievement motivation in this domain. Various models of self-concept are reviewed, followed by a discussion of self-concept and special populations. Preliminary data are presented on a modified pictorial scale of perceived physical competence for use with 7- to 12-year-old students with mild mental retardation. Future research directions are proposed related to achievement motivation, perceived competence, and mental retardation.
Attitude Theories of Relevance to Adapted Physical Education
Authors: Tripp April , Sherrill Claudine
Published: August 2016

This paper emphasizes that attitude research in adapted physical education must become increasingly theory oriented. Likewise, teacher training must broaden to include scholarly study in relation to social psychology and attitude theory. To facilitate progress in this direction, nine attitude theories have been abstracted from the literature and reviewed under four general headings: learning-behavior theories, cognitive integration theories, consistency theories, and reasoned action theory. Individual theories presented are (a) contact, (b) mediated generalization, (c) assimilation-contrast or persuasive communication, (d) stigma, (e) interpersonal relations, (f) group dynamics, (g) cognitive dissonance, and (h) reasoned action. Illustrations of how each theory applies to selected studies in adapted physical education research and practice are offered, and a lengthy reference list provides both primary and secondary sources for the further study of attitudes.
Manual Skills in Down Syndrome Children Ages 6 to 16 Years
Authors: Thombs Barry , Sugden David
Published: August 2016

Forty Down syndrome children in five groups between the ages of 6 and 16 years were examined on a number of manual tasks. These involved a variety of hand actions during peg displacement, transportation, manipulation, and relocation. A number of age related changes were noted. With increasing age there was an almost linear increase in the use of precision as opposed to power grips, offering the older children a greater range of responses. In general the older children were more consistent in their approach than younger children, although this was not a linear increase and was also dependent on the type of task. On a number of speed measures, the older children were faster at performing the task, although small subject numbers and within-group variability prevented some differences from being significant.
Relationship of Rated Perceived Exertion to Heart Rate and Workload in Mentally Retarded Young Adults
Authors: Arnhold Robert , Ng Nelson , Pechar Gary
Published: August 2016

This study was conducted to determine the predictive ability of rated perceived exertion (RPE) of mentally retarded (MR) young adults with respect to heart rate (HR) and workload (WL). Subjects were a group of 10 mentally retarded adults (M age = 21.20 yrs, M IQ = 50.5) and a control group of 10 nonretarded adults (M age = 21.18 yrs). The procedure involved the performance of a continuous multistage treadmill test using a modified Balke protocol. Rated perceived exertion and heart rate were recorded after each minute. Correlation coefficients for both RPE/HR and RPE/WL were significant for both groups. Tests for differences in RPE/HR and RPE/WL correlation coefficients between the two groups indicated significance for RPE/HR but none for RPE/WL. Regression analysis revealed that variation in RPE could be explained by variations in HR and WL. The association between rated perceived exertion and heart rate and rated perceived exertion and workload suggests the use of the Borg scale with mentally retarded individuals.