bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Investigation on the Transformation of Information Economy
Authors: Fırat Emine , Karaçor Zeynep , Özkan İnci Mine
Published: December 2019

The economy, which is one of the basic building institutions of society, has been the most affected institution in this situation. Since the Industrial Revolution, new disciplines have emerged in the changing and developing world economic and social order. One of the most popular branches of knowledge economy in recent years has been the effects of Information technology on the economy. Since the Industrial Revolution, new disciplines have emerged in the changing and developing world economic and social order. Changing production and consumption preferences, the development of technology has set the stage for the formation of a knowledge-based economy. The information economy, which examines how information affects economic and economic decisions, has been one of the favorites of the economy in recent years. The change and development process that started with the Industrial Revolution changed the production and consumption preferences gradually and radically. These radical changes brought about certain transformations in every institution of society. The social and economic field has also begun a wholesale rise process. The development of technology has brought divisions in the bottom of the economy in particular, accelerating the transformation process of the world economy by revealing concepts like knowledge economy and innovation economy. In this study, the stages of transformation from the industrial society to the information economy and the structure of the emerging information society have been evaluated. The historical process of the information economy as a result of the work is evidence of how the information economy evolved.
Socio-Economic Transformation and Historicality
Authors: Tekeoğlu Muammer
Published: December 2019

Socio-economic transformations can be understood more clearly in the history of the broad period. Accordingly, we can speak of the rise and fall of civilizations. Numerous civilizations have formed in the world and many have disappeared. In this respect, the 21st century also undergoes important civilization transformations. In this century of technological change, the computer algorithm has reached a position that exceeds human intelligence for the first time. It is a serious danger for mankind that the control of political, social sovereignty are subject to a limited elite control, as well as significant differences in development between countries that have it and those who do not. It is envisaged that many areas of human endeavor will not be needed due to artificial intelligence tools and this will create a serious unemployment problem. This means that the freedoms of the individual and the individual will become insignificant. Therefore, there is a need for global co-operation that protects freedoms and regulates ethical norms in the 21st century. In particular, the proliferation of interdisciplinary studies is important, as social science studies tend to focus more on this field. So, in the future, either liberal freedoms will live or the dominance of computer algorithms called "dataism" will lead to a new "slavery" system. Within this context, it is hoped that Turkish Islamic civilization can create an alternative. This is because; in the past of this civilization there is an ideology that glorifies mankind. Especially with the leadership of Turkey it is possible to release this civilization from "twilight". The presentation includes titles for the breakthroughs to be made in this area.
Where is Mobil E-Commerce Going in Turkey and in the World?
Authors: Aydın Nevin
Published: December 2019

The number of mobile e-commerce users in our country and in the world is increasing day by day. This shows that sales made through mobile e-commerce increase customer satisfaction. Increased payment security in mobile e-commerce and well-designed sites are among the factors that increase sales. Approximately 17 percent of e-commerce in Turkey and about 30 percent of e-commerce in the world is carried out over the mobile. The increase in the number of mobile users in the world is also driving mobile sales. Many brands in the world have started to increase the value of their brand by driving their strategies towards mobile commerce after seeing the advantages of mobile commerce. Every day, E-commerce is transformed into a market place for e-mobile users, where they enjoy shopping.
Problems of Turkish and Foreign Construction Companies on the Fidic Arbitration Rules
Authors: Ağaoğlu Cahit
Published: December 2019

FIDIC rules are generally accepted as standard contract for construction projects in international commercial practice. Disputes arising from standard agreements are often referred to as international arbitration rules. However, at the beginning of the difficulties encountered in the arbitration proceedings under the FIDIC Rules at the international arbitration institutions, the question is whether the engineer is impartial. On the other hand, the fact that the Dispute Adjudication Board (DAB) has been used effectively is also an important issue. It has been revealed through the case-law that the adoption of the FIDIC Rules by the domestic laws of the parties has not yet reached the desired stage. Aside from the fact that arbitral awards are confronted with public authority during the enforcement phase, there are also difficulties of parallel proceedings that national courts have resorted to legal proceedings although there is an agreement involving arbitration clauses. The protection of the investor, the equitable treatment of the investor and the protection against expropriation are all on the agenda and a direct link can be established between FIDIC and Bilateral Investment Treaties.
Supporting the Sustainable Development, R&D and Innovation Cooperation Among the Universities of Eurasian Countries
Authors: Bircan İsmail
Published: December 2019

In the 21st century, the universities are evolving to have new functions including entrepreneurship, innovation, value creation, to contribute to the Industrial Revolution 4.0 with the new patents. R&D is a sine qua non for the universities. R&D and design supports the production processes through information technology and the knowledge production based on technology contributes to a faster sustainable development. This explains the mutual benefit for both sides to establish regional cooperation among the universities. The Bologna Process supports such cooperation. R&D and innovation cooperation among the universities can further the development of Eurasian economies. This type of cooperation will universalize entrepreneurship and creativity based on an increased number of scientific research and innovation in agriculture, industry and service sectors. Developing R&D and innovation cooperation, utilizing the application opportunities, initiating common projects would also contribute to the internationalization and recognition of the universities. The Eurasian economies can increase their GDP and the level of welfare using their existing natural resources and the increasingly qualified human resources. The R&D and innovation activities of the universities will give them the leading role for producing qualified human resource and visionary leaders. This study discusses the opportunities for R&D and innovation cooperation among the potential universities in Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan and the possible effects of such cooperation on the sustainable development. This research is a review of the possible sectors and the disciplines for R&D and innovation cooperation in the universities of these countries. The study develops common objectives, policies and strategy suggestions for possible cooperation and the projects.
Relationship Between Mortgage Loans and Macroeconomic Values and Financial Returns
Authors: Sönmezer Sıtkı , Pala Yusuf
Published: December 2019

This study has examined mortgage loan usage in terms of macroeconomic figures that may affect consumer behavior and financial instruments' returns. Multi regression analysis has been accompanied by preliminary tests such as ADF, VIF, Jarque Bera, Durbin Watson and White Tests. Results indicate that there is negative significant relationship among Mortgage loan volume and gold returns, unemployment rate, real mortgage rates and CPI. Whereas, significant positive relation has been determined with price index of new houses, USD return and consumer confidence index. The most significant relationship is determined with unemployment rate and the weakest relation is with the consumer confidence index.
The Education-Job Mismatch Determinants Among Youth of Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Karymshakov Kamalbek , Sulaimanova Burulcha
Published: December 2019

This paper aims to examine determinants of education-job mismatch among youth in Kyrgyzstan. Analysis are based on the data School-to-Work Transition Survey (STWT) for 2013. Education-job mismatch is measured by the subjective and objective approach. Subjective approach is based on subjective self-reporting of youth whether their education match to their current employment requirements. Objective approach uses field of work according to the ISCO classification and then the required level of education for a certain position is compared to highest level of education. Determinants of education-job mismatch are identified according to objective measures. Bivariate discrete estimation technique is applied.
The Impact of Government Spending On Economic Growth in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Atmaca Serhat , Bayrak Metin
Published: December 2019

The realization of economic growth in order to grow and develop an economy and increase social welfare is one of the basic aims of every society. For this reason, states are making great efforts to realize economic growth and make it sustainable. In this context, the impact of public expenditure on the economic growth of countries is a matter of research. Government spending can be classified economically as expenditure on capital and current expenditures, functionally as general public services, defense services, education services, public order and security services, economic affairs and services, environmental protection services, health services and other services. There are also investment expenditures made by the government for economic development. In particular, public investment expenditures complementary to private investments have positive effects on growth. The Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan economies, which are in the category of developing countries, are looking for ways to achieve development and growth and are implementing various practices and economic policies in this process. In this context, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan have the main purpose of studying and analyzing the effects of the public expenditures that they think will be effective on economic growth. The various variables of public spending in the study were examined with the Karma Average Group (PMG) model, which shows how Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan's growth affected their growth in the short and long term. As a result, public spending has been influenced by economic growth and it has been determined which components are active on a country basis.
The Economic Dimension of Possible Transformation in the Automotive Industry: The Case of Turkey
Authors: Simav Osman , Ustabaş Ayfer
Published: December 2019

The economic contribution of the automotive industry, one of the leading industries in the global economy, has been studied in many studies. However, country-based studies on the possible impact of the increase in market share of environmentally-friendly vehicles, which is expected to be the third turning point of the automotive industry, are limited. The aim of this study is to explore the obstacles encountered in increasing the market share of electric vehicles included in environmentally friendly vehicles and to contribute to these researches by revealing the possible effects of this market share increases in automotive main and subsidiary industries in Turkey. In this context, reported here are in-depth interviews conducted through open-ended inquiries with a sampling comprising of three participants, a General Manager of one of the Turkey’s leading automotive firms providing sales and after-sales services of electric vehicles in Turkey, a journalist who makes television programs about electric vehicles and the automotive industry and who continuously participates in many automotive fairs all over the world and finally an editor of a magazine publishing about electrical and hybrid cars in Turkey. According to findings, establishment of public consciousness and trust, provision of financial and physical incentives to consumers, allocation of production and export incentives and tax supports for producers come to the fore. Participants' common view is that the increase in the market share of these environmentally friendly as well as highly technological vehicles might have a positive effect on the economic growth of our country through production and employment.
Sources of Economic Growth in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Turdalieva Ainura
Published: December 2019

The input - output analysis is an analytical technique of economic analysis and used to examine the production-consumption relationship between the economic production sectors. At the same time, this technique is the useful tool for macroeconomic analysis, which identifies inter-sectoral economic relations in the industry by production and consumption dimensions.
For this study, two input-output tables for the years 2005 and 2014 were used. Tables consist of the same content and number of sectors and the sources of economic growth for the given period calculated by Syrquin Decomposition model. Syrquin Model is a demand-side approach, which decomposes economic growth into four main sources: domestic demand expansion, export expansion, import substitution and technological change.
In addition, the study investigates the source of production increase that occurred in producing sectors. Within this framework, the results obtained for aggregated main eight sectors and the whole economy will give insight for the efficiency of macroeconomic policies, which implemented in Kyrgyzstan. This aspect of the research results is expected to contribute for the more rational economic policy.
Investigation on the Validity of Natural Resource Curse Hypothesis in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries
Authors: Destek Mehmet Akif , Manga Müge , Algan Neşe
Published: December 2019

This study aims to investigate the validity of natural resource curse hypothesis in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries for the period from 1980 to 2014. In doing so, the relationship between real GDP, natural resource abundance, financial development and gross fixed capital is examined using with second generation panel data methodology which allows to cross-sectional dependence among countries. In case of mean group estimation, it is concluded that natural resource rents, financial development and capital positively affects the real GDP in GCC countries. However, in case of individual country estimations, we found that natural resource curse hypothesis is valid only in United Arab Emirates.
Management of Regional Development of the Kyrgyz Republic in Conditions of Integration
Authors: Dzhailova Asel
Published: December 2019

This article is devoted to topical problems of managing regional development in the context of integration, as well as the impact of the strategic management process on social and economic development of regions. The article substantiates the necessity of managing the regional development of the Kyrgyz Republic. The theoretical bases of strategic management of regional development in conditions of integration are deepened; A rating assessment and ranking of regions according to the level of socio-economic development; Directions for improving the strategic management of regional development; Developed recommendations for the competitive development of regional economies; The economic-mathematical model of increasing the competitiveness of the regional economy is developed.
Regional Integration in Central Asia: Efforts and Results
Authors: Sakmurzaeva Nargiza
Published: December 2019

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Central Asian countries have created and joined many regional economic organizations. The aim of this paper is to identify the efforts and obstacles of regional integration and cooperation in Central Asia against the international experience with regional integration in Europe. At present, the governments of Central Asian countries have still not realized the network's function and advantage of regional integration. Since 2000’s integration process in Central Asia conducted by Russia’s initiatives. So regional integration which could include only five Central Asian countries became unreal. This paper examines why today there is no Central Asian Union?
In order to analyze the topic were used books written by Dadabayev, Karasar and Kushkumbaev, Dikkaya, papers by Zeyrek, Linn, Erol and Shahin. As the methods of analysis were used comparative method of analysis and historical analysis.
An Empirical Examination on the Validity of Export-Led Growth: Evidence from Turkey
Authors: Bal Harun , Akça Emrah
Published: December 2019

The failure of attaining the desired outcome following the import substitution industrialization in the period of 1963-1980 led Turkey to adopt export-oriented growth (EOG) model after the 1980s. In this context, the impacts of export performance on economic growth are important for assessing how successful these practices are. With this motivation, the study aims to provide new empirical evidence on the validity of the export-led growth hypothesis in Turkey. The study employees time series data of the period 1990M1-2016M12 to examine the causality relation between export and economic growth. The Bootstrap approach developed by Hacker and Hatemi (2006) was followed in order to determine this relationship in the study. A two-way causality relationship between export and output growth is evident in test results based on the bootstrap simulation technique. Findings indicate that export-oriented growth hypothesis is not valid in narrow sense, whereas the hypothesis is valid in broad sense for Turkey. The overall results obtained from the study indicate that exports policies can be used as a tool to speed up economic growth with existing practices. However, the two-way causality relationship indicates that the increase in output growth has boosted exports by increasing imports of inputs used in export products. In this respect, in order to accelerate economic growth through the export-oriented strategies, Turkey needs to increase its domestic input production and the share of global value chains of local companies; in other words, it is necessary to focus on export of higher value added products.
Determinants of Maternal Mortality Rate in The Kyrgyz Republic Regions
Authors: Madmarov Nurbek , Bayrak Metin
Published: December 2019

Population is an important factor in development of a country. As a constraint, not only the size of the population is important but also its quality in the development process. Women’s health is considered all over the world and the data about this aspect is published by the World Health Organization annually. Among others maternal mortality rate is one of the major problems affecting women’s health and population. Everyday 830 women die due to the problems related to pregnancy and childbirth in the world. While this number is relatively lower in the developed countries, it is higher in the underdeveloped and developing countries. In addition, the maternal mortality rate in the Caucasus and Central Asia ranks in the worst third in the world. In the Kyrgyz Republic, this rate is 82.083333 per 10000 live births which is the worst in the region. Therefore, it is among one of the countries where the maternal mortality should be reduced in the framework of the Millennium Development Goals. In this study, the determinants of maternal mortality rate are analyzed in the Kyrgyz Republic regions during 2000-2015 by using static panel data methods fixed effects and random effects. The findings show that there are significant decreasing effects of GDP, number of assistant physicians, births by skilled staff, improved sanitation facilities, and gender wage equality, there are significant increasing effects of health expenditures, medical facilities, and poverty among women on the maternal mortality.
Natural Resources Revenue, Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth: Panel Data Analysis for Sub-Saharan Africa Countries
Authors: Çevik Savaş , Ay Ahmet , Baoua Mahamane Moutari Abdou
Published: December 2019

The main purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between natural resources revenue, fiscal policy and economic growth for 35 selected Sub-Saharan African countries. The panel data covering the periods of 1986-2014 was analyzed by using the fixed/random effect model estimation and the panel causality test. We also performed the panel unit root test in order to insure that our variables are stationary. The empirical results indicate that there is insignificant negative effect of natural resources revenue and bad fiscal policy on the economic growth. However, there is significant positive effect of capital formation on economic growth. We also found a bidirectional causality relationship between Natural resources rents and economic growth. There is also unidirectional causality link from government final consumption expenditure to Natural resources revenue and from Natural resources revenue to capital formation. These empirical results mean that Sub-Saharan African countries apply bad fiscal policy to improve the natural resource sector which does not efficiently contribute to the economic growth. This study suggests that countries of Sub-Saharan Africa must apply improved fiscal policy in order to add tax revenue to their total revenue; and they must also use the natural resources revenue in order to invest in other sectors such as education, manufacturing and agriculture.
The Effects of the Interest Rate and Foreign Exchange Rates on Kyrgyzstan Export
Authors: Sekmen Fuat , Ravanoglu Galip Afsin
Published: December 2019

In the Keynesian models, such as Mundell-Fleming model, it is accepted that there is a significant relationship between interest rates and the value of national currency. When interest rate increases, demand for assets in terms of national currency rises and the value of national currency ascends, but in this case because of diminishing exports, the balance of trade deteriorates. In this study, it is stressed that the value of national currency is determined by productivity and output increasing. This study analysis export, interest rate, exchange rate and inflation relationship for Kyrgyzstan economy for the period of 2002:1-2017:4 The VAR granger causality method is used to get the relationship among the variables used in this study. The result of VAR granger causality test shows that there is causality from exchange rate to inflation. Also, it has been found that there has been causality running from inflation to interest rate.
Students’ Perception Toward Business Ethics in Hotel Businesses
Authors: Kaya Muharrem , Maksüdünov Azamat
Published: December 2019

Nowadays, business ethics and social responsibility are main factors effecting long term success of businesses. Previous studies indicate that the issue of business ethics is evaluated according to the opinions of employees, potential employees and managing staff. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate business ethics climate of hotel enterprises through the eyes of tourism students. The primary data was obtained from face-to-face interviews with students (n=107) of Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University Vocational School, who have an internship in Antalya province of Turkey. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-test. As a result of the research, it has been determined that the perceptions of the students on the business ethics are generally positive. In addition, it has been determined that the students' perceptions toward business ethics differ according to gender, ethics courses and departments, where students spent their internships.
The Impact of Remittances on Economic Growth of Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Sulaimanova Burulcha , Jasoolov Daniyar
Published: December 2019

The aim of this paper is to study the impact of remittances on the gross domestic product of Kyrgyz Republic, by using several empirical estimation methods, these are: the method of simultaneous equations, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag and Vector Autoregressive models. While there is a long run relationship between remittances and economic growth of Kyrgyzstan, according to the estimation results of the simultaneous models, there is statistically significant positive correlation of households’ final consumption and imports with remittances, and simultaneously significant positive effect of consumption on GDP, and significant, but negative impact of imports to GDP. Moreover, the small but significant impact of remittances on demand for domestic products were found.
Accounting Losses in the Calculation Process of Production Costs
Authors: Kurmanbekov Obolbek
Published: December 2019

The drawback of the traditional approach to accounting for losses from defects is the common accounting. Part of the losses is due to the peculiarity of the production technology, and they must be included in the production costs. To account for excess losses in the calculation of the cost of production unit, it is necessary to add two indicators: the normative and over-standard losses. Suggestions of loss accounting in the process calculating allow one to increase the reliability of determining the cost of production, on the one hand, and, on the other, to generate information necessary for managing production costs.
The Effects of External Debts on Economic Growth of Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Zhumakunova Tolkun , Kydyralieva Zhainagul
Published: December 2019

In developing countries, insufficient internal sources cause the increase of need on external sources. These countries in order to maintain their economic growth apply for external debt to cover the gap of foreign currency and savings. After the collapse of Soviet Union, Kyrgyzstan began to use external funds. It is very important to use these sources in accurate areas and efficiently. Most empirical studies indicate a negative correlation between foreign debt and economic growth, especially in those countries whose foreign debts are relatively high. This work examines the correlation between foreign debt and economic growth in Kyrgyz economy. Toward this objective, it uses the economic indicators of Kyrgyzstan between 1993 and 2015. The stationarity of time series data used in this study was tested by the ADF test. Than a least-squares regression analysis is performed. According to the findings of study, foreign debt in Kyrgyzstan have a negative impact on economic growth. According to results foreign debt should be reduced in order to increase the level of economic growth in Kyrgyzstan.
The Relationship Between Remittances and Growth Fluctuations in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Çetintaş Hakan , Baigonushova Damira
Published: December 2019

As it can be seen from the statistics, the workers' remittances are one of the most prevalent income sources for the developing countries and they can affect many macro variables such as economic growth, foreign exchange rates, consumption, investment and price stability. Therefore, the relevance of labor migration and remittances issues is increasing day by day. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the fluctuations of remittances coming to Kyrgyzstan from Russia and the fluctuations in Kyrgyzstan and Russian economies. The results of empiric analysis show that both the remittances and GDP of Kyrgyzstan are affected by the business cycles in Russian economy.
Problems of Development of the Agricultural Sector in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Baigonushova Damira , Otorova Saikal , Ganiev Junus , Pirimbaev Jusup
Published: December 2019

The main aim of this study is to identify the main development problems and the affecting factors of the agricultural sector of Kyrgyzstan. In order to achieve the goal, the relationship between the agricultural sector’s export, import, the employment rate and the amount of loans granted to the agricultural sector was analyzed by the ARDL cointegration method. Annual data for the period 1992-2014 was used in the analysis. According to the empirical results, a 1% increase in exports was found to increase agricultural production by 0.23% in the short term, while a 1% increase in the price index of agricultural products would increase production by 0.41%. In the long run it has been revealed that the production of agricultural products is affected by the increase in prices of agricultural products, the employment rate and the exports of agricultural products. The effect of the bank loans is weak. As a result, the state must implement an appropriate pricing policy in order to develop the agricultural sector.
The Impacts of the Eurasian Economic Union on the Relations Between Kyrgyzstan and Turkey
Authors: Karaman Ömer Faruk
Published: December 2019

With the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russian Federation, trying to develop economic and political relations with various countries, in order to maintain its influence in the newly independent states, is in charge of creating an organization called the Eurasian Economic Union. In this context, the Eurasian Economic Union, which started its activity in January 2015, is an attempt to economic integration among Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia and Kyrgyzstan. The Turkish foreign policy has changed in multi-vector direction. Thus, the last events in Eurasia began to attract the attention of Turkey. In this paper, focusing on the perceptions of Eurasia by Russia and Turkey, examines the influence of the Eurasian Economic Union on relations between Turkey and Kyrgyzstan. In this context, Kyrgyzstan's membership in the Eurasian Economic Union, in a political sense, may negatively affect relations between two countries and reduce the presence of Turkey in Kyrgyzstan. Also, because of the expected increasing in customs duties and hence rise in prices for goods imported from Turkey, the decline in demand for Turkish goods is expected. Nevertheless, the possibility of signing free trade agreements between member states, including Kyrgyzstan and Turkey in the long term, will change the political, commercial and cultural relations between two countries in a positive way.
The Role and Significance of Diagnostics and Assessment of the State of Roads for Their Reproduction
Authors: Ysyrailova Jannat , Sherbekova Anara
Published: December 2019

To date, the road network provides up to 95 percent of passenger and freight traffic in the Kyrgyz Republic. The country's road network is currently in crisis, which is a serious obstacle to the path of social and economic development of our republic.
In the present article, the role and values of methods for diagnosing and evaluating the state of motor roads for their reproduction are examined. The values of geoinformation technologies were determined when assessing the reproduction of highways.
A feature of geoinformation technologies is that in geoinformation technologies all information is presented in the form of electronic maps, allowing the road specialist to create a database on roads. Geoinformation technology should provide a single information space for the use, disposal, ownership and maintenance of a dynamically developing road network.
The Relationships between Economic and Political Liberalization and the Kuznets Curve
Authors: Nişancı Murat , Aydemir Ahmet Fatih , Tosun Bengü , Emsen Ömer Selçuk
Published: December 2019

Per capita income and income distribution are defined as classical Kuznets curve. From this view, the relationship between per capita income and income distribution is controlled variables and studies that take environmental pollution, financial depth, or trade volume into account are widely seen in the literature according to the study objectives. Respectively, these applications can be named first as environmental Kuznets and secondly as financial Kuznets. As parallel to this view, the studies that emphasize the relationship between export and income distribution are common in the literature, representing economic liberalization. It is also worth noting that political liberalization whether political rights or civil liberties, supports the trend that emerges like the Kuznets’ curve, according to the level of development of the countries. In this study, when the level of national development is taken into consideration, the relationships between per capita income and economic and political liberalization practices have been tested with econometric tests, whether they follow a classical, environmental, commercial or financial Kuznets-like situation. In addition to the classical, environmental, commercial and financial Kuznets, the existence of the “political liberalization practices” will be discussed in the literature in order to overlap the theoretical expectations and the results of this study. In the analysis of the 2012 horizontal cross-section of the country group with the highest Gini coefficient, Kuznets' “inverse U” view is reflected in both commercial and political liberalization dimensions.
The Effect of Shale Gas on the Decrease of Oil Prices, Turkey’s Shale Gas Potential and Future
Authors: Uslu Kamil
Published: December 2019

In recent years, oil prices have followed a calm course, with a barrel of $ 50 or less watching. This growth in the developed countries has affected the positive direction. Another important development is the significant improvement in the production techniques of "Rock Gas" (Shale Gas) in USA and rock gas production increased, thus creating a positive cost advantage in energy production. This positive development in the US economy appears to be an important influence on the increase of oil prices. According to estimates made in various countries in the world; It is like 7.299 Trillion Cubic Feet. Most of this reserve is in China. In the coming years, China energy will be able to show itself among the advantaged countries. The US invests in shale gas production technology in partnership with various countries. Turkey Shale has an important potential as a gas reservoir. Especially Southeastern Anatolia Region and Trakya region stand out. Turkey will be able to meet its energy needs and contribute to its economic and social development.
Evaluation of an alternative method for the prediction of the technological beet quality
Authors: Emerstorfer Florian , Hein Walter , Bauer Hans
Published: December 2019

Stagnation of the technological beet quality in Austria has peaked in discussions about methods of calculation used for predicting the same. Consequently, a project was started in 2010 in order to compare various predictive formulas for the technological beet quality on the basis of beet material from a practice variety trial as well as from weekly blended samples collected in the last campaign at Leopoldsdorf and Tulln. The beet material was analyzed for the common quality parameters such as sodium, potassium, -amino nitrogen and sugar content as well as for dry substance for a so-called “refractometer formula”. Finally, results for thick juice purity were calculated with different “classical formulas” and the “refractometer formula”. Comparing these results, the latter delivered the highest values. However, aside from a formula which also takes into account invert sugar, only the “refractometer formula” considerably reacted to decreasing beet quality over the progression of the last campaign. Consequently, it is planned to recalculate the factors of this formula because it is based on a simpler and less time-consuming analytical procedure compared to formulas which take into account invert sugar.
Influence of a BactoFil microbiological preparation on the intensity of infection by Rhizoctonia solani and the effects on sugar beet yield and quality
Authors: Kristek Suzana , Kristek Andrija , Kocevski Dragana , Jankovi Antonija K. , Juriši Dražen
Published: December 2019

The experiment was set up on two types of the soil: Mollic Gleysols (FAO, 1998) and Eutric Cambisols where the presence of pathogenic fungi – sugar beet root decay agent – Rhizoctonia solani has been detected since 2005. In a two year study (2008, 2009), the experiment was set up by completely randomized block design in 4 repetitions and 16 different variants. Two beet varieties, Belinda, sensitive to pathogenic fungi R. solani, and Laetitia, tolerant to pathogenic fungi R. solani), were grown. The microbiological preparation BactoFil was applied in different amounts in autumn and spring. In addition, the nitrogen fertilizer application, based on the results of soil analysis, was varied.

The following parameters were tested: amount of infected and decayed plants, root yield, sugar content, sugar in molasses and sugar yield. The best results were obtained by applying the microbiological preparation BactoFil, and by 30% reduced nitrogen fertilizer application. Preparation dosage and time of application depended on soil properties.
Resistenzprüfung von Zuckerrübensorten gegenüber Rhizoctonia solani
Authors: Behn Anneke , Ladewig Erwin , Manthey Richard , Varrelmann Mark
Published: December 2019

Sortenversuche zur Resistenztestung von Zuckerrüben gegenüber Rhizoctonia solani erlauben aufgrund des inhomogenen Schaderregerauftretens unter natürlichen Bedingungen keine zuverlässige Beurteilung der zu prüfenden Eigenschaften. Untersuchungen unter kontrollierten Umweltbedingungen im Gewächshaus zeigten, dass Zuckerrüben durch künstliche Inokulation mit R. solani-besiedelter Gerste (AG 2-2 IIIB) artifiziell mit Rhizoctonia infiziert werden können. In den Versuchen konnte zwar eine sichere Differenzierung zwischen anfälligen und resistenten Standardsorten erreicht werden, die Erstellung einer belastbaren Rangfolge in Bezug auf das Resistenzniveau der geprüften Sorten war jedoch nicht möglich, da die Variation des Befalls zwischen einzelnen Versuchsdurchgängen zu hoch war. Feldversuche mit R. solani-Inokulation in insgesamt 16 Umwelten zeigten, dass auch unter natürlichen Bedingungen eine sichere artifizielle Infektion des Bestandes erreichbar war. Trotz Variation des Befalls in Abhängigkeit von Standort, Umweltbedingungen und applizierter Inokulummenge konnte eine sichere Differenzierung von anfälligen und resistenten Zuckerrübensorten erreicht werden. Die Erstellung einer sicheren Rangfolge von Sorten bezüglich der Eigenschaft Rhizoctonia-Resistenz war jedoch bisher auch im Feld nicht möglich. Erste Untersuchungen zur Optimierung des Feldtests mit künstlicher Inokulation zeigten, dass sich durch die Anhebung von Bodenfeuchtigkeit und -temperatur mittels Bewässerung und Vliesabdeckung der Rhizoctonia-Befall an nicht natürlich infizierten Versuchsstandorten steigern ließ.
Analyse der Kosten der Ökoeffizienz von Zuckerrüben anbauenden Betrieben in Deutschland
Authors: Gallasch Markus , Stockfisch Nicol , Märländer Bernward
Published: December 2019

Die monetären Konsequenzen ökoeffizienter Produktion werden häufig kontrovers diskutiert. In diesem Beitrag wird der Frage nachgegangen, welche ökonomischen Konsequenzen ein Zuckerrüben anbauender landwirtschaftlicher Betrieb auf dem Weg zu höherer Ökoeffizienz zu erwarten haben könnte. Dazu wurden Daten aus einer deutschlandweiten Befragung von 109 landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben mit insgesamt 285 Zuckerrübenschlägen im Jahr 2004 genutzt. Auf Schlagebene wurden Ökoeffizienzkriterien zu Bodenbearbeitung, Düngung, Pflanzenschutz und Ernte berechnet und auf Basis der ermittelten Aufwandmengen und der Preise im Jahr 2010 Direktkosten geschätzt. Die Werte fanden Eingang in Regressionen, die einen potenziell hinter den Beobachtungen liegenden funktionalen Zusammenhang schätzten. Ergebnis der Untersuchungen war, dass hohe Ökoeffizienz zusätzlich zu ökonomischen Vorteilen im Zuckerrübenanbau eines landwirtschaftlichen Betriebs führen kann. Bei Steigerung des Gesamtökoeffizienzindex um eine Einheit ergab sich eine mittlere Reduktion der Direktkosten um circa 0,08 Euro t–1BZE.
Applications for drying and cooling sugar in respect of specific needs and ambient conditions
Authors: Hafemann Hartmut , Griebel Henning
Published: December 2019

BMA develops and builds equipment for drying and cooling sugar since quite a number of decades. The following products came out of this long period like the drum dryer/cooler and horizontal fluidised bed cooler. The latest application is BMA’s vertical fluidised bed cooler, type VFC, which has been installed and successfully been taken into operation e.g. at Imperial Sugar, Savannah USA.

This paper focuses on the importance of taking into account the individual requirements and specific ambient conditions to adequately choose the drying and cooling equipment.
Soft sensor design for dry substance content estimation in the sugar industry
Authors: Garcia-Alvarez Diego , Merino Alejandro , Martí Ruben , Fuente Maria Jesus
Published: December 2019

Four techniques are studied to design a soft sensor for dry substance content estimation (% DS) in the sugar industry. Dry substance content sensors are in general expensive and inaccurate, so it is interesting to study and develop soft sensors for this variable. Concretely, the dry substance content of the juice leaving the evaporation station has been estimated. For that purpose, four methods have been proposed. The first one is based on indirect measurements, using physicochemical properties. The second one uses neural networks where the inputs to the net are selected manually, based on a correlation study of the variables of the evaporation station. The third one uses neural networks whose inputs are the scores calculated by means of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The last method uses an estimation based on Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression. This paper explains, compares and analyses the results obtained using real data collected from the plant.
The fascinating sweet world of sugar technology, never a dull moment
Authors: de Bruijn Jan Maarten
Published: December 2019

An overview of the scientific career of the author in the sugar industry is given. His PhD study on the alkaline degradation of monosaccharides formed the basis of additional research efforts to better understand the behavior of sucrose and invert sugar under process conditions. NIRS analysis of process samples and the use of HPLC/HPIC techniques are examples for development of up-to-date, accurate, faster and/or more distinguishing methods. The technical quality of sugar beet has received attention since the recent reform of EU sugar regime. As one of the first the author has used dextranase to solve filtration problems in juice purification. Anaerobic digestion of beet pulp and raw juice concentration are briefly presented. Knowledge management (KM) is seen as the key tool to capture and transfer the knowledge as it is generated by R&D efforts.
Near infrared spectroscopy for the analysis of macro and micro nutrients in sugarcane leaves
Authors: Yarce Cristhian J. , Rojas Giovanni
Published: December 2019

About ten years ago, NIR technology was implemented at the Colombian Sugarcane Research Center Cenicaña for the analysis of sugarcane quality, followed by the development of methodologies for the quantification of some elements in soils and sugarcane leaves. Methodologies were based on the presence of high content materials, such nitrogen, potassium, calcium, and magnesium; however, determination of micronutrients which are found in soils and leaves in the range of parts per million has been challenging.

Development of a NIR methodology for quantification of macro (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and micronutrients (Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe) in a single experiment is here reported. Calibration curves were constructed using approximately 500 samples that were previously analyzed by methods of reference such atomic absorption. Statistical analysis of the data showed that there are not significant differences between the methods of reference and NIR, suggesting that NIR is a very fast, economical and convenient methodology for the daily analysis of sugarcane leaves.
Historical survey: Contributions of Czech scientists and engineers for the development of sugar technology and analysis
Authors: Gebler Jaroslav , Bubnik Zdenek , Kadlec Pavel
Published: December 2019

This historical survey summarizes important events and historical figures in the development and implementation of sugar technology and processes in Czech lands, from their early introduction, up until the present day. Data from the last campaign (2011/12) results are giving, by way of illustrating the leap in development.

Research in sugar chemistry-related technology and sugar analytical chemistry was at first performed at the technical universities in Prague and Brno. Research work and publishing by Czech scientists and sugar technologists are linked through a professional journal, Listy cukrovarnicke. Established in 1882, the journal continues to be published without significant interruption. The progress of sugar technology has been closely related to the development of the engineering, provided by direct cooperation between sugar technologists and Czech machine works. The historical survey of the Czech sugar industry is available in The Museum of Sugar Industry, Sugar Beet and Ethanol Industry in Dobrovice, Czech Republic.
Possibilities of joint treatment of spent sugar beet pulp and waste water from a sugar factory
Authors: Hutnan Miroslav , Tóth Štefan , Bodík Igor , Kolesárová Nina , Lazor Michal , Lehotská Sona , Drtil Miloslav
Published: December 2019

The possibility of joint treatment of spent sugar beet pulp and wastewater from a sugar factory was studied in this work. Works focused on processing of spent sugar beet pulp separately or together with other substrates can be found in the literature. In the case of some sugar factories, which have spare capacity in the anaerobic reactor on an anaerobic-aerobic wastewater treatment plant, joint processing of spent sugar beet pulp and wastewater from the sugar factory might be an interesting option.

The results of the operation of a pilot plant of an anaerobic reactor with a capacity of 3.5 m3 are discussed. Operation of the pilot plant confirmed the possibility of cofermentation of these materials. The organic loading rate achieved in the anaerobic reactor was higher than 6 kg/(m3·d) (COD), while more than half of the load was provided by spent sugar beet pulp. The addition of sugar beet pulp decreased the concentration of ammonia nitrogen in the anaerobic reactor and it was even necessary to add nitrogen. However, the nitrogen content in sludge water depends on the C:N ratio in the processed sugar beet pulp, therefore this knowledge cannot be generalized. About 1.5 to 2-fold biogas production can be expected from the cofermentation of wastewater with sugar beet pulp in an anaerobic reactor, compared with the biogas production from just wastewater treatment.
Beet molasses – desugarization, composition, properties and application possibilities
Authors: Šárka Evzen , Bubnik Zdenek , Hinkova Andrea , Gebler Jaroslav , Kadlec Pavel
Published: December 2019

Despite the fall in sugar production in Europe, molasses still remains a valuable raw material in many areas. Installation of modern techniques into sugar technology (e.g. bioethanol fermentation or chromatographic separation) has meant that sugar technologists require different final properties and quality of this by-product compared to traditional sugar technology. This paper describes basic mathematical equations and results from a proof mathematical model of C sugar cooling crystallization. Great attention is paid to the detailed composition and physicochemical properties of molasses, knowledge of which is necessary both for novel and existing molasses applications.