bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ABOUT THE WORDS «TEA», «JAMBY», «JYNZY» IN THE EPIC «MANAS»
Authors: Дабыт А.у.
Published: August 2024

Эпос «Манас» является сокровищницей кыргызского языка. В эпосе используются не только исконно кыргызские слова, но и слова, заимствованные из других языков. Иностранные слова в эпосе «Манас» послужат источником в изучении нашей истории и политических, культурных и социальных взаимосвязей нашего народа в прошлом. Исторические письменные источники подтверждают, что кыргызско-китайские отношения имеют глубокие корни. Многовековое сосуществование наших народов обусловило порождения многосторонних взаимодействий. Одним из них является языковое взаимодействие. В «Манасе» некоторые слова заимствованы из китайского языка и также широко используются в быту, тогда как некоторые слова употребляются только в эпосах, не доходя до широкого круга людей, но образуя словарный пласт, принадлежащий только эпосам. В этой статье в основном обсуждаются и анализируются три слова «чай», «жамбы» и «жынзы» среди многих китайских заимствованных слов в «Манасе» с использованием методов исторической лингвистики и сравнительного лингвистического исследования для изучения их этимологии и объяснения.

The epic Manas is a treasure trove of the Kyrgyz language. In the epic, not only the original Kyrgyz words are used, but also words from many other languages. The foreign words in the epic «Manas» are helpful to the study of our history and the political, cultural and social exchanges between us and other nations in history. Historical written data confirms that Kyrgy-Chinese relations are deeply rooted. This is bound to generate all kinds of interactions. One of them is language interaction. In Manas, some words are borrowed from Chinese and are also widely used in daily life, while some words are only used in epics, not reaching a wide range of people, but forming a vocabulary layer that belongs only to epics. This article mainly discusses and analyzes the three words «čay», «cambï» and «cïŋgzï» among the many Chinese loan words in «Manas», using historical linguistics and comparative linguistics research methods to explore their etymology and Explain.
METHODS OF TEACHING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
Authors: Эдильбаева З.Б.
Published: August 2024

В современном обществе изучение иностранных языков становится неотъемлемой частью подготовки специалистов различного профиля, и качество их языковой подготовки во многом зависит от успешного решения вопросов профессионального роста и расширения контактов с зарубежными партнерами. В данное время существует огромное количество форм и методик изучения иностранного языка. Кроме того, постоянно появляются новые, теперь каждый преподаватель может выбрать для себя наиболее подходящий метод работы. Актуальность данной статьи заключается в изменении образовательной парадигмы и актуализации новых подходов в обучении иностранному языку - необходимости понимания и принятия преподавателями новой модели обучения, контроля и оценки достижений учащихся. Оптимизация преподавания иностранных языков в современных образовательных учреждениях посредством подготовки квалифицированных специалистов позволяет реализовать новый социальный заказ общества.

In modern society, the study of foreign languages is becoming an integral part of the training of specialists in various fields, and the quality of their language training largely depends on the successful resolution of issues of professional growth and expansion of contacts with foreign partners. At present, there are a huge number of forms and methods of learning a foreign language. In addition, new ones are constantly appearing, now each teacher can choose the most suitable method of work for himself. The relevance of this article lies in changing the educational paradigm and updating new approaches to teaching a foreign language - the need for teachers to understand and accept a new model of teaching, monitoring and evaluating students' achievements. Optimization of the teaching of foreign languages in modern educational institutions through the training of qualified specialists makes it possible to implement a new social order of society.
THE MAIN PROPERTIES OF THE SUBJECT MUSEUM
Authors: Темиралиева Г.Т.
Published: August 2024

В статье описаны свойства музейного предмета. В XXI веке на постсоветском пространстве музейная работа стала самостоятельной культурной сферой. С 1970-х по 1980-е годы происходил интенсивный процесс определения советского музейного дела (музеологии) как научной дисциплины. Музейная деятельность как особая отрасль человеческой культуры восходит к эпохе европейского Возрождения XV-XVI веков. Сформировались первые представления о музее и осуществлен первый сбор будущих экспонатов. По мере роста общества росли и музей, его значение и деятельность. С момента своего создания музей был жизненно важной частью человеческого развития. С развитием глобализации проблема сохранения ценностей в социальной сфере жизни человека достигла своего апогея. Было активно исследовано влияние музейных предметов на людей и разнообразие их информации.

The article describes the properties of the museum object. In the 21st century in the post-Soviet space, museum work has become an independent cultural sphere. From the 1970s to the 1980s, there was an intensive process of defining Soviet museum work (museology) as a scientific discipline. Museum activity as a special branch of human culture dates back to the era of the European Renaissance of the XV-XVI centuries. The first ideas about the museum were formed and the first collection of future exhibits was carried out. As society grew, so did the museum, its significance and activities. Since its inception, the museum has been a vital part of human development. With the development of globalization, the problem of preserving values in the social sphere of human life has reached its climax. The impact of museum items on people and the diversity of their information has been actively explored.
BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS FOR A FOURTH-ORDER EQUATION WITH A PARABOLIC-HYPERBOLIC OPERATOR
Authors: Абдумиталип у.К.
Published: August 2024

Доказано существование и единственность решения краевой задачи для уравнения четвертого порядка в двумерной области, содержащий произведение смешанного параболо-гиперболического оператора и дифференциального оператора второго порядка по x. Методом понижения порядка задача сводится к задаче Трикоми для смешанного параболо-гиперболического уравнения второго порядка с переменными коэффициентами при младших членах с линией изменения типа. Используя метод функции Римана для гиперболического уравнения второго порядка с переменными коэффициентами и метод функции Грина для параболического уравнения второго порядка с младшим членом задача сводится к решению интегрального уравнения Фредгольма второго рода, разрешимость которого установлено методом последовательных приближений. Приведены достаточные условия разрешимости рассматриваемой задачи Трикоми.

The existence and uniqueness of a solution to a boundary value problem for a fourth-order equation in a two-dimensional domain containing the product of a mixed parabolic-hyperbolic operator and a second-order differential operator in x are proved. Using the order reduction method, the problem is reduced to the Tricomi problem for a second-order mixed parabolic-hyperbolic equation with variable coefficients at lower terms with a line of change of type. Using the Riemann function method for a second-order hyperbolic equation with variable coefficients and the Green's function method for a second-order parabolic equation with a minor term, the problem is reduced to solving a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind, the solvability of which is established by the method of successive approximations. Sufficient conditions for the solvability of the Tricomi problem under consideration are given.
RESOURCE SCIENCE: ECONOMIC AND PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Ишенов Б.Ч. , Байбосунов К.С. , Тыныстанова М.М.
Published: August 2024

Экономические теории и философские направления развиваются интенсивно, путем диверсификации концепций. Символическим веянием времени является так называемый «несиловой» подход к решению экономических задач, с использованием информационно-интеллектуальных и нематериалоёмких ресурсов. Поэтому в последнее время все чаще раздаются голоса в пользу четырех направлений «несиловой» экономики – «зелёная», «креативная», «цифровая» и «инновационная». Идет тенденция к уменьшению материалоемкого производства в пользу ресурсосберегающих технологий. Исходя из аналитического материала последних десятилетий, пришло время обобщать наиболее приоритетные научные концепции и выявить существенно важные проблемы, чтобы решить их комплексно. Эти научные проблемы концентрируются вокруг основополагающей темы. На сегодня это – концептуально новое отношение к ресурсам. Эта теоретическая концепция объединяет ряд понятий вокруг одной терминологической дефиниции «Ресурсология», то есть науки о ресурсной экономике и ресурсоориентированном мировоззрении.

Economic theories and philosophical trends are developing intensively, in way of diversifying concepts. The symbolic trend of contemporary times is the so-called «non-force» approach to solving economic problems, using information-intellectual and nonmaterial resources. Therefore, recently, more and more voices are heard in favor of the four areas of the «non-power» economy - «green», «creative», «digital» and «innovative». There is a trend towards a decrease in material-intensive production in favor of resource-saving technologies. Based on the analytical material of the last decades, the time has come to summarize the most priority scientific concepts and identify essential problems in order to solve them comprehensively. These scientific problems are concentrated around a fundamental theme. Today it is a conceptually new attitude to resources. This theoretical concept combines a number of concepts around one terminological definition of resourceology, or «resource solution», that is, the science of resource economics and a resource-oriented philosophy.
CULTIVATION OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS STRAINS A AND O TYPES
Authors: Эркинова З.Э. , Джапаралиев Н.Т.
Published: August 2024

Из патологического материала в виде эпителия афт крупно рогатого скота и овец был выделен штамм вируса ящура для проведения лабораторной диагностики и идентификации, который получил название А№17 (Кыргызстан-2021) и выделен штамм идентичный штамму О1 (Тайвань). Так как, исследуемые изоляты существенно отличались от всех выделенных ранее штаммов вируса для производства средств диагностики и специфической профилактики. Было проведено освежение штаммов путем однократного пассирования на крупном рогатом скоте и после чего были адаптированы к суспензионной культуре клеток ВНК-21 и к монослойной культуре клеток ПСГК-30 а также, были изучены влияние режима инактивации, провели оптимизацию процесса культивирования вируса в промышленном масштабе для изготовление вакцин и испытали ее эффективность для восприимчивых животных.

From pathological material in the form of aphthae epithelium of cattle and sheep, a strain of foot and mouth disease virus was isolated for laboratory diagnosis and identification, which was named A№17 (Kyrgyzstan-2021) and a strain identical to strain O1 (Taiwan) was isolated. Since the studied isolates differed significantly from all previously isolated strains of the virus for the production of diagnostics and specific prophylaxis. The strains were refreshed by a single passage on cattle and then adapted to the suspension culture of BHK-21 cells and to the monolayer cell culture of PSGK30, as well as the effect of the inactivation mode was studied, the process of culturing the virus on an industrial scale was optimized for the manufacture vaccines and tested its efficacy in susceptible animals.
NECESSITY OF «TUTOR» METHOD USAGE FOR SOLIVING PROBLEM OF «WEAK» LEARNERS
Authors: Курманкулов Ш.Ж. , Таштанбекова Т.Т. , Назарбаева Н.Ш.
Published: August 2024

Отмечается, что наша система образования не приспосабливается к условиям обучения по способностям учащихся, а требует уровня овладения учебным материалом абстрактно-образцовым учеником, как считают авторы учебной программы и учебников. Однако при подготовке к уроку учителями считаются учащиеся от среднего до высшего образования, и то, что у реальных учащихся существует «слабый уровень» обучения, остается неясным, и почему такой уровень возможен. Он основан на том, что родители, обеспокоенные будущим своего ребенка, пытаются решить эту проблему, и одним из основных способов решения этой проблемы является репетиторство. Четко указано, что тьюторство имеет множество преимуществ, особенностей и функций, проанализированы возможности их реализации, определено, что может быть несколько способов удовлетворения требований по борьбе со слабым уровнем обучающихся.

It is noted that our education system does not adapt to the conditions of learning according to the abilities of students, but requires a level of mastery of educational material by an abstract exemplary student, as the authors of the curriculum and textbooks believe. However, when preparing for a lesson, teachers are considered to be students from secondary to higher education, and that there is a “weak level” of learning among real students remains unclear, and why such a level is possible. It is based on the fact that parents who are concerned about the future of their child are trying to solve this problem, and one of the main ways to solve this problem is through tutoring. It is clearly indicated that tutoring has many advantages, features and functions, the possibilities of their implementation are analyzed, it is determined that there can be several ways to meet the requirements to combat the weak level of students.
THE CONCEPT «HUMAN» IN KYRGYZ AND TURKISH FOLKLORE
Authors: Элебесова Б.Б.
Published: August 2024

В научной статье под названием «Концепция человека в кыргызском и турецком фольклоре» исследована концепция че-ловека в кыргызском и турецком фольклоре. Например, в кыргызском фольклоре кыргызы создают уникальные произведения в соответствии со своими традициями, обычаями и культурой, а тюрки создают свои произведения. Исследуемые произведения основаны на материалах литературоведов. Понятие «человек» в кыргызском и турецком фольклоре трактуется по-разному в зависимости от времени. В жанре поэзии в кыргызском и турецком фольклоре давно сказано, что проблема антропологии возникает из-за того, что общество меняется в зависимости от человека или общество меняется в зависимости от народа. Доказательства этого можно увидеть на следующих примерах. Таким образом, в процессе изучалось происхождение литературы и культуры каждого народа.

In a scientific article entitled "The concept of a human in the Kyrgyz and Turkish folklore" the concept of a human in the Kyrgyz and Turkish folklore is investigated. For example, in the Kyrgyz folklore, the Kyrgyz create unique works in accordance with their traditions, customs and culture, while the Turks create their own works. The studied works are based on the materials of literary critics. The concept of "human" in the Kyrgyz and Turkish folklore is interpreted differently depending on the time. In the genre of poetry in Kyrgyz and Turkish folklore, it has long been said that the problem of anthropology arises from the fact that society changes depending on the person or society changes depending on the people. Evidence of this can be seen in the following examples. Thus, in the process, the origin of the literature and culture of each people was studied.
METHODS OF TRAINING BY SPECIALTY IN JOURNALISM: GAMIFICATION
Authors: Акматбекова Ж.А. , Кабатай к.А.
Published: August 2024

В условиях непрерывного развития научно-технического прогресса возникает необходимость внедрения и обучения студентов новым технологиям и новой информации. В статье рассмотрено несколько способов закрепления теоретических знаний при преподавании дисциплины «Теория и практика массовой коммуникации», установленных Государственным образовательным стандартом высшего образования по специальности «Журналистика». В качестве одного из современных методов обучения дисциплины предлагается интерактивный подход. Данный подход требует от учащихся активного взаимодействия не только с преподавателем, но и друг с другом. Особенность этого метода в том, что он предоставляет студентам возможность применить теоретические знания в специально стимулируемой практической ситуации. В ходе занятий каждый студент должен проявить активность, коммуникабельность, умение работать в команде.

In the conditions of uninterrupted development of scientific and technical progress, the need for the introduction and training of students in new technologies and new information. The article considers several ways to strengthen the theoretical knowledge in the teaching of the discipline "Theory and practice of mass communication", established by the State educational standard "Higher Education in the specialty". As one of the modern methods of teaching discipline, an interactive approach is offered. This approach requires active interaction not only with the teacher, but also with the other. The peculiarity of this method is that it provides students with the opportunity to apply theoretical knowledge in a specially stimulated practical situation. During the lessons, each student must show activity, sociability, ability to work in team.
THE ROLE OF MORAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN LIFE OF SOCIETY
Authors: Акматалиев А.Т.
Published: August 2024

В данной статье рассматривается роль нравственного сознания в жизни общества, также в ней говорится о том, что нравственное сознание как совокупность рационального и иррационального в человеке и обществе во взаимодействии с общественным бытием, с одной стороны, выделило человека из мира природы, и с его помощью был создан рукотворный и относительно безопасный и комфортный мир, а с другой стороны, определенным образом способствовало тому, что в современных условиях общество зашло в экологический и духовно-демографический тупик. И, таким образом, современное нравственное сознание нуждается в существенном преобразовании, чтобы выйти из этого тупика. для преодоления тенденций, породивших кризисное сознание социума, общество в Кыргызстане может воспользоваться институтом гражданского общества. Институт гражданского общества как социальная реальность в многообразии социально-экономических и социально-политических признаков, служит, с одной стороны, мерой социальной устойчивости в соответствии со структурой общественной жизни, которая слагается из социальноэкономической, социально-политической, социально-идеологической, социально-психологической устойчивости.

This article discusses the role of moral consciousness in the life of society, it also says that moral consciousness as a combination of rational and irrational in man and society in interaction with social being, on the one hand, singled out a person from the natural world, and with its help a man-made and relatively safe and comfortable world was created, and on the other hand, in a certain way, contributed to the fact that in modern conditions society has reached an ecological and spiritual-demographic impasse. And thus, the modern moral consciousness needs a significant transformation in order to get out of this impasse. to overcome the tendencies that gave rise to the crisis consciousness of society, society in Kyrgyzstan can use the institution of civil society. The institution of civil society as a social reality in a variety of socio-economic and socio-political features serves, on the one hand, as a measure of social stability in accordance with the structure of public life, which is composed of socio-economic, socio-political, socio-ideological, socio- psychological stability.
PHYSIOLOGICAL HOMEOSTASIS IN HEMATOLOGY AND BLOOD BIOCHEMISTRY IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF FARM ANIMALS OF KYRGYZSTAN
Authors: Быковченко Ю.Г. , Бердибаева А.Б.
Published: August 2024

В статье поднят вопрос о необходимости биоаттестации генетических ресурсов сельскохозяйственных животных с целью выяснения их физиологического состояния и дальнейшего сохранения. Приведены результаты сравнительных исследований по гематологии и биохимии крови у крупного рогатого скота, овцам, лошадям и козам, разводимых в Кыргызской Республике. Установлены оптимальные показатели у разных видов сельскохозяйственных животных Кыргызстана по количеству эритроцитов, лейкоцитов, гемоглобина крови, общего белка, альбумина, ферментов, микроэлементов, иммуноглобулинов, глюкозы, холестерина и другим биохимическим компонентом крови. Обсуждается возможность фенотипического сходства и различий по этим компонентам крови у животных с генетических позиций и химического их строения. Приведены расчеты влияния генетического фактора на изменчивость гематологических и биохимических показателей у сельскохозяйственного животного Кыргызстана. Установлено, что генетический фактор существенно влияет на ход биохимических процессов и на продуктивные и воспроизводительные функции организма.

The article raises the issue of the need for bio-certification of genetic resources of farm animals in order to determine their physiological state and further conservation. The results of comparative studies on hematology and blood biochemistry in cattle, sheep, horses and goats bred in the Kyrgyz Republic are presented. Optimal indicators have been specified for different types of farm animals in Kyrgyzstan in terms of the number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, blood hemoglobin, total protein, albumin, enzymes, microelements, immunoglobulins, glucose, cholesterol and other biochemical blood components. The possibility of phenotypic similarities and differences in these blood components in animals from the genetic point of view and their chemical structure is discussed. Calculations of the genetic factor effect on the variability of hematological and biochemical parameters in farm animals of Kyrgyzstan are given. It has been established that the genetic factor significantly affects the biochemical processes and the productive and reproductive functions of the body.
THE USE OF PHRASEOLOGY IN THE NOVEL BY CHYNGYZ AITMATOV «AND THE DAY LASTS LONGER THAN A CENTURY»
Authors: Султаналиева А.С. , Искакова Э.С. , Эргешбаева Н.А.
Published: August 2024

Фразеологизмы обеспечивают эмоциональную ценность, образность, образность в произведениях страха и производят живое впечатление на читателя. Сферы применения идиом разнообразны, некоторые из них используются в авторской речи с целью выражения поведения, личности, настроения, внутренних эмоций персонажей произведения. А идиомы в языке не появляются для обозначения нового. В ходе встречи были обсуждены вопросы двустороннего сотрудничества. Он смог обеспечить образность, художественность, выразительность и краткость произведения с помощью идиоматических слов. В данной статье дается краткое изложение идиом на кыргызском языке и их использование в художественном тексте. Место и роль идиом в произведении искусства. В частности, будут проанализированы идиомы романа Чынгыза Айтматова «Кылым карытар один день».

Phraseological units provide emotional value, imagery, imagery in works of fear and make a vivid impression on the reader. The fields of application of idioms are diverse, some of them are used in the author's speech in order to express the behavior, personality, mood, internal emotions of the characters of the work. And idioms in the language do not appear to denote the new. During the meeting, issues of bilateral cooperation were discussed. He was able to provide imagery, artistry, expressiveness and brevity of the work with the help of idiomatic words. This article provides a summary of idioms in the Kyrgyz language and their use in a literary text. The place and role of idioms in a work of art. In particular, the idioms of Chyngyz Aitmatov's novel "Kylym Karytar one day" will be analyzed.
CLOTHING ITEMS RECOVERED FROM THE SUNKEN SHIP "ARCHANGEL RAPHAEL" AS A HISTORICAL SOURCE ON NAUTICAL FASHION IN THE PETER THE GREAT E
Authors: Назаренко К.Б.
Published: August 2024

Реконструкция костюма моряков Петровской эпохи наталкивается на серьезные проблемы, связанные со скудостью источниковой базы. Поэтому комплекс предметов костюма, поднятых с затонувшего в 1724 году торгового судна «Архангел Рафаил», представляет исключительный интерес в связи с сохранностью предметов и комплексным характером находки. Среди этих предметов: 4 бострога, штаны, комплект из суконного кафтана и штанов, 2 фетровые шляпы, вязаная шапочка, суконная шапка, подбитая мехом, 2 башмака, уледь, 2 пары шерстяных чулок, 4 кожаные рукавицы, 5 шерстяных варег, 3 перчатки из тонкой кожи, шерстяное одеяло, материалы для ремонта одежды. Предметы гардероба, обнаруженные на этом судне, в сопоставлении с письменными и изобразительными источниками позволяют значительно уточнить наши представления об одежде простых матросов и капитанов торговых судов Северной Европы рубежа XVII–XVIII вв., и эти находки могут быть сопоставлены с обмундированием матроса русского военно-морского флота той эпохи.

The reconstruction of sailor uniforms from the Peter the Great era faces serious challenges due to the scarcity of the source base. Therefore, the collection of clothing recovered from the sunken merchant ship "Archangel Raphael" in 1724 is of exceptional interest due to the preservation of the items and the comprehensive nature of the discovery. Among these items are: 4 bostrog jackets, trousers, a set of woolen coats and trousers, 2 felt hats, a knit cap, a woolen hat lined with fur, 2 shoes, an uled shoe, 2 pairs of woolen stockings, 4 leather mittens, 5 woolen mittens, 3 thin leather gloves, a woolen blanket, and clothing repair supplies. In comparison to written and pictorial sources, the clothing items discovered on this ship greatly increase our understanding of the attire of common sailors and captains of merchant vessels in Northern Europe at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. These findings can be compared to a Russian naval sailor's uniform of that era.
Operation of several code divided pairs of subscribers in the same water area
Authors: Дикарев А.В. , Дмитриев С.М. , Кубкин В.А.
Published: August 2024

В статье приводятся результаты экспериментальной проверки работы нескольких пар гидроакустических модемов uWave в одном водоеме. Дана оценка взаимному влиянию нескольких пар абонентов, работающих на разных кодовых каналах. Эксперименты проводились как в естественном водоеме, так и в бассейне. Согласно результатам экспериментов в условиях бассейна, увеличение числа параллельно работающих пар абонентов с кодовым разделением ухудшает качество связи. Однако в условиях малого естественного водоема такая тенденция не прослеживается при работе до трех пар абонентов с кодовым разделением.

The article presents the results of an experimental test of the operation of several pairs of uWave hydroacoustic modems in one reservoir. An assessment is made of the mutual influence of several pairs of subscribers operating in different code channels. Experiments were carried out both in a natural reservoir and in a pool. According to the results of experiments in a pool, an increase in the number of parallel working code-divided pairs of subscribers worsens the quality of communication, however, in the conditions of a small natural water body, such a trend is not visible, at least when up to three pairs of code-divided subscribers operate.
Cubane Pyrolysis: Scaling Bond Polarity with Universal Polynomials
Authors: Ayarde Henríquez Leandro , Guerra Cristian , Chamorro Eduardo
Published: August 2024

This study meticulously examines the criteria for assigning electron rearrangements along the intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) leading to bond formation and breaking processes during the pyrolytic isomerization of cubane (CUB) to 1,3,5,7 cyclooctatetraene (COT) from both thermochemical and bonding perspectives. The computed gas phase activation enthalpies obtained using state-of-the-art DFT functionals strongly align with experimental values. Notably, no cusp-type function was detected in the initial thermal conversion step of CUB to bicyclo[4.2.0]octa 2,4,7 triene ( as evidenced by examining the modulus of the Hessian determinant at all potentially degenerate critical points (CPs) and their relative distances. Contrary to previous reports, all relevant fluxes of the pairing density must be described in terms of fold unfolding. The transannular ring opening in the second step highlights characteristics indicative of a cusp-type catastrophe, facilitating a direct comparison with fold features. This fact underscores the critical role of density symmetry persistence near topographical events in determining the type of bifurcation. A fold cusp unified model for scaling the polarity of chemical bonds is proposed, integrating ubiquitous reaction classes such as isomerization, bimolecular nucleophilic substitution, and cycloaddition. The analysis reveals that bond polarity index (BPI) values within the [0, 10-5] au interval correlate with cusp unfolding, whereas fold spans over a broader [10-3, ∞) au spectrum. These insights emphasize that the cusp polynomial is suitable for describing chemical processes involving symmetric electron density distributions, particularly those involving homolytic bond cleavages; in contrast, fold characterizes most chemical events The elucidated unified model accurately captures the CUB to COT stepwise reaction mechanism, as illustrated by the sequence of catastrophes describing ELF topology changes along the IRC. The rigorous application of BET and identifying unfoldings that describe crucial electron rearrangements are highlighted as essential for understanding and predicting chemical reactivity.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of lipid A derived from commensal Bacteroides
Authors: Verpalen Enrico , Ehlers Anna , van Wingaarden Aldo , Brouwer Arwin , Boons Geert-Jan
Published: August 2024

The inflammation-inducing properties of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria reside in its lipid A moiety. Bacillus fragilis, which is a commensal gram-negative bacterium, biosynthesizes lipid A that is structurally distinct from that of E. coli and other enteric bacteria. It is composed of a beta1,6-linked glucosamine (GlcN) disaccharide that is only phosphorylated at the anomeric center. The major species of B. fragilis has five fatty acids and the amine of the distal GlcN carries the unusual (R)-3-(13-methyltetradecanoyloxy)-1.5-methylhexadecanoic acid. A recent study indicates that LPS of B. fragilis has anti-viral activity by selective induction of Interferon (IFN)- and was protective in mouse models of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and influenza A. Heterogeneity in the structure of LPS and lipid A and possible contamination with other inflammatory components makes it difficult to unambiguously define immune-modulatory properties of LPS or lipid A. Therefore, we developed a synthetic approach for preparation of the unusual lipid A derived from B. fragilis, which includes a synthetic approach for (R)-3-(13-methyltetradecanoyloxy)-1.5-methylhexadecanoic acid by Wittig olefination to install the terminal isopropyl moiety. The proinflammatory and antiviral responses of synthetic B. fragilis lipid A was investigated in several cell lines and primary human monocytes by examining the production of the interleukin (IL)-6 and IFN-beta. It was found that B. fragilis does not induce the production of IL-6 and IFN-beta but can partially antagonize the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by E. coli LPS and lipid A.
Infrared spectrum analysis of organic molecules with neural networks using standard reference data sets in combination with real world data
Authors: Punjabi Dev , Huang Yu-Chieh , Holzhauer Laura , Tremouilhac Pierre , Friederich Pascal , Jung Nicole , Bräse Stefan
Published: August 2024

In this study, we propose a neural network based approach to analyze IR spectra and detect the presence of functional groups. Our neural network architecture is based on the concept of learning split representations. We demonstrate that our method achieves favorable validation performance using the NIST dataset. Furthermore, by incorporating additional data from the open-access research data repository Chemotion, we show that our model improves the classification performance for nitriles and amides. We could reach an improved performance of our model referring to previous models with F1 scores for identifying 17 functional groups above 0.7.
A photochemical strategy towards Michael addition reactions of cyclopropenes
Authors: Hussain Yaseen , R Prasanna , Empel Claire , Sharma Deepak , Kloene Lennard , Zhu W. Felix , Kaiser Astrid , Weizel Lilia , Proschak Ewgenij , Koenigs Rene , Chauhan Pankaj
Published: August 2024

The development of Michael addition reactions to conjugated cyclopropenes is a challenge in synthesis due to the fleeting and reactive nature of such strained Michael acceptor systems. Herein, the development of a photochemical approach towards such conjugated cyclopropenes is reported that serves as a strategic entry point to densely functionalized cyclopropanes in a diastereoselective fashion. The process involves the light-mediated generation of transient cyclopropenyl α,β-unsaturated esters from vinyl diazo esters, followed by an organic base catalyzed nucleophilic addition of N-heterocycles to directly access β-N-heterocyclic cyclopropanoic esters. With this synergistic approach, various trisubstituted cyclopropanes bearing N-heteroaryl and N-heterocyclic rings such as indole, pyrrole, benzimidazole, isatin, pyridinone and quinolinone were accessed efficiently in good yield and decent to good diastereoselectivities. Further, β-indolyl cyclopropanoic acids have been synthesized and were successfully evaluated as FABP-4 inhibitors. Theoretical calculations have been performed to elucidate the mechanism which was further supported by experimental findings.
A Geometric Interpretation of Kinetic Zone Diagrams in Electrochemistry
Authors: Plumeré Nicolas , Johnson Ben A
Published: August 2024

Electrochemical systems with increasing complexity are gaining importance in catalytic energy conversion applications. Due to the interplay between transport phenomena and chemical kinetics, predicting optimization is a challenge, with numerous parameters controlling the overall performance. Zone diagrams provide a way to identify specific kinetic regimes and track how variations in the governing parameters translate the system between either adverse or optimal kinetic states. However, current procedures for constructing zone diagrams are restricted to simplified systems with a minimal number of governing parameters. We present a computational-based method that maps the entire parameter space of multidimensional electrochemical systems and automatically identifies kinetic regimes. Once the current output over a discrete set of parameters is interpreted as a geometric surface, its geometry encodes all the information needed to construct a zone diagram. Zone boundaries and limiting zones are defined by curved and flat regions, respectively. This geometric framework enables a systematic exploration of the parameter space, which is not readily accessible with analytical or direct numerical methods. This will become increasingly valuable for the rational design of electrochemical systems with intrinsically high complexity.
Application of an Electronic Eye to Address the Limitations of Beer-Lambert Law
Authors: Pradhan Sachin , Bhattarai Jaya Sharma , Murugavel Muthuchamy , Sharma Om Prakash
Published: August 2024

Many scientific and industrial applications depend on the precise measurement of chemical concentrations. The current study demonstrates how an inventive method of combining photographic images with a machine learning (ML) model successfully estimates the concentration of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) in solution. A predictive model is created by taking photographs of K2Cr2O7 solutions and evaluating the color intensities of those photographs using a ridge regression model. The pre-diction accuracy of the model was evaluated using MAE, MSE, and RMSE, and a high correlation between the actual and predicted concentrations of K2Cr2O7 was obtained with MAE, MSE, and RMSE values of 0.4%, 0.003%, and 0.5%, respectively. The ridge regression model is also extended to predict the concentration of KMnO4 and highlights the potential of integrating machine learning techniques with image analysis to accurately quantify the concentration of any chemical species in the solution state. As this model solely depends on the color intensity of the sample without any molecular interactions, it surpasses the limitations of the Beer-Lambert law. The created machine learning model also minimizes the requirement of substantial expertise and training, hence bridging the gap between the experienced and novice analysts.
Towards a Circular Nitrogen Bioeconomy: Integrating Nitrogen Bioconcentration, Separations, and High-Value Products for Nitrogen Recovery
Authors: Apraku Edward , Farmer McKenna , Lavallais Chayse , Soriano Danna , Notestein Justin , Tyo Keith , Dunn Jennifer , Tarpeh William , Wells George
Published: August 2024

Recovering nitrogen (N) from wastewater is a potential avenue to reduce reliance on energy-intensive synthetic nitrogen fixation via Haber-Bosch and subsequent treatment of N-laden wastewaters through nitrification-denitrification. However, many technical and economic factors hinder widespread application of N recovery, particularly low N concentrations in municipal wastewater, paucity of high-efficiency separations technologies compatible with biological treatment, and suitable products and markets for recovered N. In this perspective, we contextualize the challenges of N recovery today, propose integrated biological and physicochemical technologies to improve selective and tunable N recovery, and propose an expanded product portfolio for recovered N products beyond fertilizers. We highlight cyanophycin, an N-rich biopolymer produced by a diverse range of bacteria, as a potential target for N bioconcentration and downstream recovery from municipal wastewater. This perspective emphasizes the equal importance of integrated biological systems, physicochemical separations, and market assessment in advancing nitrogen recovery from wastewater.
Navigating Solvent Chemistry and Microstructures: Towards Mechanically-enhanced Ceramic-rich Composite Electrolytes
Authors: Sang Lingzi , Ponga Mauricio , Fleischauer Michael , Wu Runqi
Published: August 2024

Ultra-thin ceramic-rich solid composite electrolytes provide a safer and potentially higher energy-density alternative to liquid electrolytes used in today’s lithium-ion batteries. Producing ultra-thin composites with ceramic-like ionic conductivity requires the incorporation of a polymeric binder for enhanced ductility. In this perspective, we discuss two key aspects that must be considered when designing composite electrolytes: (1) the mechanical properties of the composite and its correlation with the ceramic and polymer microstructure, and (2) the chemistry between the ceramic electrolytes, polymers, and solvents used to process the composites. We highlight the importance of understanding (1) the ceramic structure, crystallinity, and particle size upon solvent processing and (2) the ceramic/polymer interface chemistry and its correlation with the microstructure of the composites. We present opportunities in fabricating ultra-thin support structures for composites, optimizing ceramic particle packing parameters, and routes toward mechanically enhanced, compact, composite-based solid-electrolytes.
Non-Uniform Chiralization of Metal-Organic Frameworks Using Imine Chemistry
Authors: Novotny Balázs Álmos , Majumdar Sauradeep , Ortega-Guerrero Andres , Jablonka Kevin Maik , Moubarak Elias , Gasilova Natalia , Ebrahim Fatmah Mish , Smit Berend
Published: August 2024

Homochiral metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are exceptional media for heterogenous enantiodifferentation processes. Modifying available achiral structure-bearing MOF scaffolds is a preferred method to extend this class of materials. However, reported post-synthetic covalent chiralizations generally lead to uniform, site-specific modifications. The use of chemically versatile modifying agents, like aldehydes, may instead result in the statistical formation of non-uniform anchored products. Such molecular non-uniformity and grain structure formation greatly increase the system’s complexity. The use of such modifying agents, therefore, necessitates a broader, holistic characterization. The present work explores the adaptation of imine chemistry for post-synthetic chiralization. A chiral aldehyde and a chiral ketone have been probed on two amine-functionalized MOF substrates - MIL-125 NH2, and UiO-66 NH2. The UiO-66 NH2 modified with the natural product-derived (R)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-carboxaldehyde ((R)-1 aldehyde) was found to have the best performance and a comprehensive toolbox of characterization methods was demonstrated to robustly assess the obtained material’s complexity. This includes high-resolution accurate mass electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRAM-ESI-MS) to reveal the competing reactions that yield a statistical set of oligomer-rich structures. In silico modeling correctly predicted the localization of the modification. The modification was covalent and chiral and mainly proceeded through imine formation, resulting in a surface enantioselector display formation. Restricted diffusion lengths in the solid phase infer good retention of resolving power in ascending van Deemter régimes in chromatography. This makes the yielding material a promising stationary phase candidate for performant chromatographic enantioseparations.
Harnessing competitive interactions to regulate supramolecular “micelle-droplet-fiber” transition and reversibility in water
Authors: Duijs Heleen , Dhiman Shikha , Su Lu
Published: August 2024

Supramolecular assembly of proteins into irreversible fibrils is often associated with diseases where aberrant phase transitions occur. Due to the complexity of biological systems and their surrounding environments, the mechanism underlying phase separation-mediated supramolecular assembly is poorly understood, making the reversal of so-called irreversible fibrillization a significant challenge. Therefore, it is crucial to develop simple model systems that provide insights into the mechanistic process of monomers to phase-separated droplets to ordered supramolecular assemblies. Such models can help in investigating strategies to either reverse or modulate these states. Herein, we present a simple synthetic model system composed of three components, including a benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide-based supramolecular monomer, a surfactant, and water, to mimic the condensate pathway observed in biological systems. This highly dynamic system can undergo “micelle-droplet-fiber” transition over time and space with a gradient field, regulated by competitive interactions. Importantly, manipulating these competitive interactions through guest molecules, temperature changes, and co-solvent can reverse the ordered fibers back into a disordered liquid or micellar state. Our model system provides new insights into the critical balance between various interactions among the three components that determine the pathway and reversibility of the process. Extending this ‘competitive-interactions’ approach from a simple model system to complex macromolecules, e.g., proteins, could open new avenues for biomedical applications, such as condensate-modifying therapeutics.
Initiation of Nursing Education Services (NES) at Khalifa Gul Nawaz Teaching Hospital MTI Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Authors: Shafiq UR Rahman
Published: August 2024

The initiation of Nursing Education Services (NES) at Khalifa Gul Nawaz Teaching Hospital, MTI Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, is a project aimed at establishing a comprehensive nursing education program within the hospital. The primary objective is to enhance the quality of nursing education and training in the region, ultimately leading to improved patient care and outcomes. This project involves creating a dedicated Nursing Education Services department responsible for designing and implementing a robust nursing education curriculum and providing continuous professional development opportunities for nursing staff. The curriculum will cover clinical skills, patient- centered care, and professional development, aligning with the latest evidence-based practices and national nursing education standards.
Research on Strategies for the Aging Population in the Intelligent Digital Library of Wenzhou City under the All-Age Friendly Concept
Authors: Chen Peipei , Yan Lin
Published: August 2024

The article explores aging-friendly strategies tailored for the Wenzhou Smart Library by amalgamating network and literature reviews. Employing the 5W1H analysis method, the study meticulously examines the why, when, who, what, where, and how of advancing the evolution of an aging-friendly smart public library within an all-age-friendly context. The primary goal is to introduce novel approaches and recommendations to enhance aging-friendly initiatives within the scope of the Wenzhou Smart Library.
К ВОПРОСУ ОБ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ РЕФОРМЫ ОБРАЩЕНИЯ С ТКО В РОССИИ
Authors: МОЛОКОВ МИХАИЛ АЛЕКСЕЕВИЧ
Published: August 2024

В статье анализируются различия между научно-экономическим и административно-правовым пониманием эффективности. Предметом исследования стала эффективность системы обращения с ТКО с позиций российского законодательства. В качестве основной цели в работе раскрывается понятие эффективности системы обращения с ТКО на основе целевых показателей НП «Экология» и ФП «Комплексная система обращения с твёрдыми коммунальными отходами». В качестве задач исследования рассмотрены понятия «эффективное обращение», «система обращения», «комплексная система» и «устойчивая система» обращения с ТКО, а также определено их соотношение. Высшей ступенью эффективности показана устойчивая система обращения с отходами, связанная с созданием экономики замкнутого цикла, ориентированной на рециклинг, рекуперацию и утилизацию отходов при практически нулевом захоронении.
THE ROLE OF IMPORTS AS THE FACTOR OF ENSURING ECONOMIC GROWTH IN ARMENIA։ CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS
Authors: TADEVOSYAN ZOYA AGHVAN , MAKARYAN ANNA ROOSEVELT , MKRTCHYAN HAMLET GRIGOR
Published: August 2024

Trade is an essential factor in ensuring the economic growth of every country. Therefore, we identified the role of real imports in explaining statistically significant changes in the real GDP, and the role of changes in the real household final consumption expenditures and real exports of goods and services in explaining statistically significant changes in the real imports in the short-run, based on the least square estimation technique and using quarterly data covering from the first quarter of 2012 to the second quarter of 2023 to indicate the respective priorities to face external shocks and challenges, based on the scenarios designed by us. The respective estimates allowed us to conclude that the real imports have started to have a statistically significant impact in explaining the changes in the real GDP of Armenia due to the increased role of imports in ensuring export growth in Armenia. The increased role of imports is substantiated by the increased role of exports of services and goods and household final consumption expenditure due to the small size of the domestic market of Armenia and the appreciated Armenian dram against the US dollar and the Russian ruble. We stress the role of export diversification of those goods that Armenia has a comparative advantage in producing thereof by export markets and increase in the share of value-added created in Armenia with respect to the exported goods.