bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Hope for Relative Overlap Measures of Coherence
Authors: Koscholke Jakob , Schippers Michael , Stegmann Alexander
Published: July 2018

Relative overlap measures of coherence have recently been shown to have two devastating properties: (i) according to the plain relative overlap measure, the degree of coherence of any set of propositions cannot be increased by adding further propositions, and (ii) according to the refined relative overlap measure, no set can be more coherent than its most coherent two-element subset. This result has been taken to rule out relative overlap as a foundation for a probabilistic explication of coherence. The present paper shows that this view is premature: we propose a relative overlap measure that does not fall victim to the two properties. The guiding idea is to employ a well-established recipe for the construction of coherence measures and to adapt it to the idea of relative overlap. We show that this new measure keeps up with, or even outperforms, former overlap measures in a set of desiderata for coherence measures and a collection of popular test cases. This result re-establishes relative overlap as a candidate for a proper formalization of coherence.
Correlations of the feedback energy and BCG radio luminosity in galaxy clusters
Authors: Iqbal Asif , Kale Ruta , Nath Biman B , Majumdar Subhabrata
Published: July 2018

We study the excess entropy and the corresponding non-gravitational feedback energy (Efeedback) in the intra-cluster medium (ICM) by considering a sample of 38 galaxy clusters using Chandra X-ray and NRAO VLA Sky Survey/Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope radio observations. We find moderate correlation of the feedback energy and brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) radio luminosity (LR) with the various cluster thermal properties. We show conclusively that the active galactic nucleus is more effective in transferring feedback energy to the ICM in less massive clusters. We find that within 0.3r500, the feedback energy correlates with cluster temperature as $E_{\rm feedback}\propto T_{\mathrm{ obs}}^{0.98\pm 0.37}$. Moreover, for radio-detected BCG sample, we find that BCG radio luminosity at 1.4 GHz scales with gas mass as $L_\mathrm{ R}\propto m_{\mathrm{ g},\mathrm{ obs}}^{ 1.76\pm 0.71}$ and with an X-ray luminosity as $L_\mathrm{ R}\propto L_{\mathrm{ X},\mathrm{ obs}}^{0.94\pm 0.35}$. Finally, we discuss the implications of our results with regard to feedback in clusters.
Functional impairment attenuates the association between high serum phosphate and mortality in dialysis patients: a nationwide cohort study
Authors: Wakasugi Minako , Kazama Junichiro James , Wada Atsushi , Hamano Takayuki , Masakane Ikuto , Narita Ichiei
Published: July 2018

Background

Both functional impairment and abnormalities in mineral and bone disorder (MBD) parameters are well-known predictors of mortality in dialysis patients. However, previous studies have not evaluated whether functional impairment modifies the association between MBD parameters and mortality.

Methods

A nationwide prospective cohort study was conducted using data from the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy Renal Data Registry collected at the end of 2009 and 2010. The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (PS) was used to assess functional status. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the associations of baseline functional status, serum phosphate, albumin-corrected calcium and intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) with 1-year all-cause mortality

Results

By 31 December 2010, 18 447 of 220 054 prevalent dialysis patients (8.4%) had died. Mortality significantly increased with worsening PS grade. PS grade modified the association of serum phosphate levels with mortality (Pinteraction = 0.001). Worsening PS grade attenuated the association of hyperphosphatemia (≥7.4 mg/dL) with mortality, and hyperphosphatemia was no longer significant on mortality among patients with the worst PS grade (hazard ratio = 1.1, 95% confidence interval 0.88–1.39), compared with the level between 3.5 and 4.7 mg/dL. In contrast, hypophosphatemia (<3.5 mg/dL) had a greater adjusted risk of mortality irrespective of PS grade. Serum-corrected calcium (Pinteraction = 0.26) and intact PTH (Pinteraction = 0.17) showed consistent associations with mortality irrespective of PS grade. Findings were robust in several sensitivity analyses.

Conclusions

Functional impairment was significantly associated with 1-year mortality and attenuated the effect of hyperphosphatemia on mortality among prevalent dialysis patients.
Patients Who Benefit from Intracranial Pressure Monitoring without Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Lele Abhijit , Kannan Nithya , Vavilala Monica S , Sharma Deepak , Mossa-Basha Mahmud , Agyem Kwesi , Mock Charles , Pandey R M , Dash H H , Mahapatra Ashok , Gupta Deepak ,   on behalf of the CHIRAG (Collaborative Head Injury and Guidelines) Study
Published: July 2018

BACKGROUND

India has a high traumatic brain injury (TBI) burden and intracranial pressure monitoring (ICP) remains controversial but some patients may benefit.

OBJECTIVE

To examine the association between ICP monitor placement and outcomes, and identify Indian patients with severe TBI who benefit from ICP monitoring

METHODS

We conducted a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study at a level 1 Indian trauma center. Patients over 18 yr with severe TBI (admission Glasgow coma scale score < 8) who received tracheal intubation for at-least 48 h were examined. Propensity-based analysis using inverse probability weighting approach was used to examine ICP monitor placement within 72 h of admission and outcomes. Outcomes were in-hospital mortality and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score at discharge, 3, 6, and 12 mo. Death, vegetative, or major impairment defined unfavorable outcome.

RESULTS

The 200 patients averaged 36 [18 to 85] yr of age and average injury severity score of 31.4 [2 to 73]. ICP monitors were placed in 126 (63%) patients. Patients with ICP monitor placement experienced lower in-hospital mortality (adjusted relative risk [aRR]; 0.50 [0.29, 0.87]) than patients without ICP monitoring. However, there was no benefit at 3, 6, and 12 mo. With ICP monitor placement, absence of cerebral edema (aRR 0.54, 95% confidence interval 0.35-0.84), and absence of intraventricular hemorrhage (aRR 0.52, 95% confidence interval 0.33-0.82) were associated with reduced unfavorable outcomes.

CONCLUSION

ICP monitor placement without cerebrospinal fluid drainage within 72 h of admission was associated with reduced in-patient mortality. Patients with severe TBI but without cerebral edema and without intraventricular hemorrhage may benefit from ICP monitoring.
Drivers of Variability in 90-Day Cost for Elective Laminectomy and Fusion for Lumbar Degenerative Disease
Authors: Sivaganesan Ahilan , Chotai Silky , Parker Scott L , McGirt Matthew J , Devin Clinton J
Published: July 2018

BACKGROUND

Considerable variability exists in the cost of surgery following spine surgery for common degenerative spine diseases. This variation in the cost of surgery can affect the payment bundling during the postoperative 90 d.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the drivers of variability in total 90-d cost for laminectomy and fusion surgery.

METHODS

A total of 752 patients who underwent elective laminectomy and fusion for degenerative lumbar conditions and were enrolled into a prospective longitudinal registry were included in the study. Total cost during the 90-d global period was derived as sum of cost of surgery, cost associated with postdischarge utilization. Multivariable regression models were built for total 90-d cost.

RESULTS

The mean 90-d direct cost was $29 295 (range, $28 612-$29 973). Based on our regression tree analysis, the following variables were found to drive the 90-d cost: age, BMI, gender, diagnosis, postop imaging, number of operated levels, ASA grade, hypertension, arthritis, preop and postop opioid use, length of hospital stay, duration of surgery, 90-d readmission, outpatient physical/occupational therapy, inpatient rehab, postop healthcare visits, postop nonopioid pain medication use nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAIDs), and muscle relaxant use. The R2 for tree model was 0.64.

CONCLUSION

Utilizing prospectively collected data, we demonstrate that considerable variation exists in total 90-d cost, nearly 70% of which can be explained by those factors included in our modeling. Risk-adjusted payment schemes can be crafted utilizing the significant drivers presented here. Focused interventions to target some of the modifiable factors have potential to reduce cost and increase the value of care.
Posterior Approach and Spinal Cord Release for 360° Repair of Dural Defects in Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension
Authors: Beck Jürgen , Raabe Andreas , Schievink Wouter I , Fung Christian , Gralla Jan , Piechowiak Eike , Seidel Kathleen , Ulrich Christian T
Published: July 2018

BACKGROUND

Spinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks are the cause of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH).

OBJECTIVE

To propose a surgical strategy, stratified according to anatomic location of the leak, for sealing all CSF leaks around the 360° circumference of the dura through a single tailored posterior approach.

METHODS

All consecutive SIH patients undergoing spinal surgery were included. The anatomic site of the leak was exactly localized. We used a tailored hemilaminotomy and intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IOM) for all cases. Neurological status was assessed before and up to 90 d after surgery.

RESULTS

Forty-seven SIH patients had an identified CSF leak between the levels C6 and L1. Leaks, anterior to the spinal cord, were approached by a transdural trajectory (n = 28). Leaks lateral to the spinal cord by a direct extradural trajectory (n = 17) and foraminal leaks by a foraminal microsurgical trajectory (n = 2). The transdural trajectory necessitated cutting the dentate ligament accompanied by elevation and rotation of the spinal cord under continuous neuromonitoring (spinal cord release maneuver, SCRM). Four patients had transient defiticts, none had permanent neurological deficits. We propose an anatomic classification of CSF leaks into I ventral (77%, anterior dural sac), II lateral (19%, including nerve root exit, lateral, and dorsal dural sac), and III foraminal (4%).

CONCLUSION

Safe sealing (with IOM) of all CSF leaks around the 360° surface of the dura is feasible through a single posterior approach. The exact surgical trajectory is selected according to the anatomic category of the leak.
Neurosurgical Coverage for Emergency and Trauma Call
Authors: Babu Maya A , Stroink Ann R , Timmons Shelly D , Orrico Katie O , Prall J Adair
Published: July 2018

Traditionally, neurosurgeons have responded to calls to treat new patients or address emergent, acute neurosurgical pathology in the hospitals they staff as part of their duty to the medical profession and community. Due to increasing financial pressures placed upon neurosurgical practice from hospitals and regulatory mandates, remuneration for neurosurgeon availability to serve on trauma call has become more frequent and is increasingly seen as essential. In this study, we present the first peer-review published survey of neurosurgical emergency and trauma call coverage patterns, scope, schedules, compensation, liability exposure, and call cessation. We surveyed all practicing neurosurgeon members of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and Congress of Neurological Surgeons with a 24% response rate. The vast majority of respondents (86%), through their practice, provide 24/7/365 trauma coverage at their primary hospital site. About a third (29%) of respondents have been sued by a patient seen in the emergency department. Twenty percent of respondents anticipate retiring within the next 2 yr. Understanding trauma call coverage, remuneration, and the barriers to taking call provide needed transparency to neurosurgeons who are providing emergency, life-saving services for patients across the country. An understanding of supply and demand forces governing call coverage also assists the field in necessary workforce planning and innovation in providing access to needed, timely acute neurosurgical care.
Postsurgical Salvage Radiosurgery for Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas Touching/Compressing the Optic Chiasm: Median 13-Year Postirradiation Imaging Follow-up Results
Authors: Yamamoto Masaaki , Aiyama Hitoshi , Koiso Takao , Watanabe Shinya , Kawabe Takuya , Sato Yasunori , Higuchi Yoshinori , Barfod Bierta E , Kasuya Hidetoshi
Published: July 2018

BACKGROUND

There is little information on long-term outcomes after salvage treatment by either surgery or stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for patients with recurrent/residual nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs).

OBJECTIVE

To reappraise the efficacy and safety of SRS for patients with NFPAs touching/compressing the optic apparatus (OA).

METHODS

We studied 27 patients (14 females, 13 males; mean age: 61 [range, 19-85] yr) who underwent SRS between 1998 and 2008 for NFPAs with such condition. The median tumor volume was 4.9 (range, 1.8-50.8) cc. To avoid excess irradiation to the OA, the lower part of the tumor was covered with a 50% or a 60% isodose gradient, ie 49% to 98% (mean, 84%; median, 88%) of the entire tumor received the selected doses. Median doses at the tumor periphery/OA were 7.6/11.0 (interquartile range [IQR], 5.8-9.1/10.1-11.8) Gy.

RESULTS

Seven patients (26%) were confirmed to be deceased due to unrelated diseases at a median post-SRS period of 149 (IQR, 83-158) mo. Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed tumor growth in 2 patients (7%) at the 11th and 134th post-SRS month; the former underwent surgery and the other SRS. Excluding these 2 patients, the latest follow-up MRI examinations, performed 13 to 238 (median: 168, IQR: 120-180) mo after SRS, showed no size changes in 5 (19%) and shrinkage in 20 (74%) patients. Cumulative incidences of tumor growth control were 96.3% and 91.8% at the 120th and 180th post-SRS month. None of our patients developed subjective symptoms suggesting SRS-induced optic neuropathy or endocrinological impairment.

CONCLUSION

In patients with NFPAs touching/compressing the OA, SRS achieves good long-term results.
Postoperative Rigid Cervical Collar Leads to Less Axial Neck Pain in the Early Stage After Open-Door Laminoplasty—A Single-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Cheung Jason Pui Yin , Cheung Prudence Wing Hang , Law Karlen , Borse Vishal , Lau Yuk Ming , Mak Ling Fung , Cheng Aldous , Samartzis Dino , Cheung Kenneth Man Chee
Published: July 2018

BACKGROUND

Cervical collars are used after laminoplasty to protect the hinge opening, reduce risks of hinge fractures, and avoid spring-back phenomena. However, their use may lead to reduced range of motion and worse neck pain.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the clinical, radiological, and functional outcomes of patients undergoing single-door laminoplasty with or without collar immobilization.

METHODS

This was a prospective, parallel, single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Patients underwent standardized single-door laminoplasty with mini-plates for cervical myelopathy and were randomly allocated into 2 groups based on the use of collar postoperatively. Clinical assessments included cervical range of motion, axial neck pain (VAS [visual analogue scale]), and objective scores (short-form 36-item, neck disability index, and modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association). All assessments were performed preoperatively and at postoperative 1, 2, 3, and 6 wk, and 3, 6, and 12 mo. Comparative analysis was performed via analysis of variance adjusted by baseline scores, sex, and age as covariates.

RESULTS

A total of 35 patients were recruited and randomized to collar use (n = 16) and without (n = 19). There were no dropouts or complications. There were no differences between groups at baseline. Subjects had comparable objective scores and range of motion at postoperative time-points. Patients without collar use had higher VAS at postoperative 1 wk (5.4 vs 3.5; P = .038) and 2 wk (3.5 vs 1.5; P = .028) but subsequently follow-up revealed no differences between the 2 groups.

CONCLUSION

The use of a rigid collar after laminoplasty leads to less axial neck pain in the first 2 wk after surgery. However, there is no additional benefit with regards to range of motion, quality of life, and complication risk.
The Effect of Flow-Related Aneurysms on Hemorrhagic Risk of Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations
Authors: Hung Alice L , Yang Wuyang , Jiang Bowen , Garzon-Muvdi Tomas , Caplan Justin M , Colby Geoffrey P , Coon Alexander L , Tamargo Rafael J , Huang Judy
Published: July 2018

BACKGROUND

Previous reports indicated an association between hemorrhagic presentation and flow-related aneurysms in arteriovenous malformation (AVM) patients. However, it remains unclear whether these flow-related aneurysms result in the hemorrhage of AVM.

OBJECTIVE

To characterize this hemorrhage risk using our institutional experience over 25 yr.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed records of patients at our institution diagnosed with AVM from 1990 to 2015. Patients without associated aneurysms (AVM only) and those with flow-related aneurysms (AVM-FA) were compared. Those with intranidal or unrelated aneurysms were excluded. Annual risk of AVM-related hemorrhage was calculated using the birth-to-treatment approach and compared using Poisson rate ratio test.

RESULTS

Among 526 patients, there were 457 AVM only patients and 69 with flow-related aneurysms. AVM-FA patients were older (P = .005). AVMs with flow-related aneurysms were more likely located in the cerebellar vermis and hemispheres (P = .023 and .001, respectively). Presence of flow-related aneurysms increased the risk of presentation with subarachnoid hemorrhage (P < .001). Interestingly, no significant differences in presenting hemorrhage due to AVM rupture were found (P > .356). The majority of aneurysms were untreated (69.5%), and only 8 (9.8%) had ruptured presentation. At follow-up (mean = 5.3 yr), patients with flow-related aneurysms were less likely to develop seizures (P = .004). The annual risk of AVM hemorrhage was 1.33% and 1.05% for AVM only patients and AVM-FA patients, respectively (P = .248).

CONCLUSION

Despite increased risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage at presentation, there was no increased likelihood of rupture in AVMs with flow-related aneurysms. More studies are warranted, as clarifying the competing risks of AVM vs aneurysm rupture may be critical in determining optimal treatment strategy.
Is Visible Aminolevulinic Acid-Induced Fluorescence an Independent Biomarker for Prognosis in Histologically Confirmed (World Health Organization 2016) Low-Grade Gliomas?
Authors: Jaber Mohammed , Ewelt Christian , Wölfer Johannes , Brokinkel Benjamin , Thomas Christian , Hasselblatt Martin , Grauer Oliver , Stummer Walter
Published: July 2018

BACKGROUND

Approximately 20% of low-grade gliomas (LGG) display visible protoporphyrin fluorescence during surgery after 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) administration.

OBJECTIVE

To determine if fluorescence represents a prognostic marker in LGG.

METHODS

Seventy-four consecutive patients with LGG (World Health Organization 2016) were operated on with 5-ALA. Fluorescent tissue was specifically biopsied. Tumor size, age, Karnofsky index, contrast-enhancement, fluorescence, and molecular factors (IDH1/IDH2-mutations, Ki67/MIB1 Index, 1p19q codeletions, ATRX, EGFR, p53 expression, and O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase promotor methylation), were related to progression-free survival (PFS), malignant transformation-free survival (MTFS) and overall survival (OS).

RESULTS

Sixteen of seventy-four LGGs (21.6%) fluoresced. Fluorescence was partially related to weak enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging and increased (positron emission tomography)PET-FET uptake, but not to Karnofsky Performance Score, tumor size, or age. Regarding molecular markers, only EGFR expression differed marginally (fluorescing vs nonfluorescing: 19% vs 5%; P = .057). Median follow-up was 46.4 mo (95% confidence interval [CI]: 41.8-51.1). PFS, MTFS, and OS were shorter in fluorescing tumors (PFS: median 9.8 mo, 95% CI: 1.00-27.7 vs 45.8, 31.9-59.7, MTFS: 43.0 [27.5-58.5] vs 64.6 [57.7-71.5], median not reached, P = .015; OS: 51.6, [34.8-68.3] vs [68.2, 62.7-73.8], P = .002). IDH mutations significantly predicted PFS, MTFS, and OS. In multivariate analysis IDH status and fluorescence both independently predicted MTFS and OS. PFS was not independently predicted by fluorescence.

CONCLUSION

This is the first report investigating the role of ALA-induced fluorescence in histologically confirmed LGG. Fluorescence appeared to be a marker for inherent malignant transformation and OS, independently of known prognostic markers. Fluorescence in LGG might be taken into account when deciding on adjuvant therapies.
Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guidelines on the Evaluation and Treatment of Patients With Thoracolumbar Spine Trauma: Prophylaxis and Treatment of Thromboembolic Events
Authors: Raksin P B , Harrop James S , Anderson Paul A , Arnold Paul M , Chi John H , Dailey Andrew T , Dhall Sanjay S , Eichholz Kurt M , Hoh Daniel J , Qureshi Sheeraz , Rabb Craig H , Kaiser Michael G , O’Toole John E
Published: July 2018

QUESTION 1

Does routine screening for deep venous thrombosis prevent pulmonary embolism (or venous thromboembolism (VTE)-associated morbidity and mortality) in patients with thoracic and lumbar fractures?

RECOMMENDATION 1

There is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against routine screening for deep venous thrombosis in preventing pulmonary embolism (or VTE-associated morbidity and mortality) in patients with thoracic and lumbar fractures.

Strength of Recommendation: Grade Insufficient

QUESTION 2

For patients with thoracic and lumbar fractures, is one regimen of VTE prophylaxis superior to others with respect to prevention of pulmonary embolism (or VTE-associated morbidity and mortality)?

RECOMMENDATION 2

There is insufficient evidence to recommend a specific regimen of VTE prophylaxis to prevent pulmonary embolism (or VTE-associated morbidity and mortality) in patients with thoracic and lumbar fractures.

Strength of Recommendation: Grade Insufficient

QUESTION 3

Is there a specific treatment regimen for documented VTE that provides fewer complications than other treatments in patients with thoracic and lumbar fractures?

RECOMMENDATION 3

There is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against a specific treatment regimen for documented VTE that would provide fewer complications than other treatments in patients with thoracic and lumbar fractures.

Strength of Recommendation: Grade Insufficient

RECOMMENDATION 4

Based on published data from pooled (cervical and thoracolumbar) spinal cord injury populations, the use of thromboprophylaxis is recommended to reduce the risk of VTE events in patients with thoracic and lumbar fractures.

Consensus Statement by the Workgroup

The full version of the guideline can be reviewed at: https://www.cns.org/guideline-chapters/congress-neurological-surgeons-systematic-review-evidence-based-guidelines/chapter_7.
Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guidelines on the Evaluation and Treatment of Patients With Thoracolumbar Spine Trauma: Hemodynamic Management
Authors: Dhall Sanjay S , Dailey Andrew T , Anderson Paul A , Arnold Paul M , Chi John H , Eichholz Kurt M , Harrop James S , Hoh Daniel J , Qureshi Sheeraz , Rabb Craig H , Raksin P B , Kaiser Michael G , O’Toole John E
Published: July 2018

QUESTION

Does the active maintenance of arterial blood pressure after injury affect clinical outcomes in patients with thoracic and lumbar fractures?

RECOMMENDATIONS

There is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against the use of active maintenance of arterial blood pressure after thoracolumbar spinal cord injury.

Grade of Recommendation: Grade Insufficient

However, in light of published data from pooled (cervical and thoracolumbar) spinal cord injury patient populations, clinicians may choose to maintain mean arterial blood pressures >85 mm Hg in an attempt to improve neurological outcomes.

Consensus Statement by the Workgroup

The full version of the guideline can be reviewed at: https://www.cns.org/guideline-chapters/congress-neurological-surgeons-systematic-review-evidence-based-guidelines/chapter_6.
Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guidelines on the Evaluation and Treatment of Patients With Thoracolumbar Spine Trauma: Nonoperative Care
Authors: Hoh Daniel J , Qureshi Sheeraz , Anderson Paul A , Arnold Paul M , John H Chi , Dailey Andrew T , Dhall Sanjay S , Eichholz Kurt M , Harrop James S , Rabb Craig H , Raksin P B , Kaiser Michael G , O’Toole John E
Published: July 2018

BACKGROUND

Thoracic and lumbar burst fractures in neurologically intact patients are considered to be inherently stable, and responsive to nonsurgical management. There is a lack of consensus regarding the optimal conservative treatment modality. The question remains whether external bracing is necessary vs mobilization without a brace after these injuries.

OBJECTIVE

To determine if the use of external bracing improves outcomes compared to no brace for neurologically intact patients with thoracic or lumbar burst fractures.

METHODS

A systematic review of the literature was performed using the National Library of Medicine PubMed database and the Cochrane Library for studies relevant to thoracolumbar trauma. Clinical studies specifically comparing external bracing to no brace for neurologically intact patients with thoracic or lumbar burst fractures were selected for review.

RESULTS

Three studies out of 1137 met inclusion criteria for review. One randomized controlled trial (level I) and an additional randomized controlled pilot study (level II) provided evidence that both external bracing and no brace equally improve pain and disability in neurologically intact patients with burst fractures. There was no difference in final clinical and radiographic outcomes between patients treated with an external brace vs no brace. One additional level IV retrospective study demonstrated equivalent clinical outcomes for external bracing vs no brace.

CONCLUSION

This evidence-based guideline provides a grade B recommendation that management either with or without an external brace is an option given equivalent improvement in outcomes for neurologically intact patients with thoracic and lumbar burst fractures. The decision to use an external brace is at the discretion of the treating physician, as bracing is not associated with increased adverse events compared to no brace.

RECOMMENDATIONS

QUESTION

Does the use of external bracing improve outcomes in the nonoperative treatment of neurologically intact patients with thoracic and lumbar burst fractures?

RECOMMENDATION

The decision to use an external brace is at the discretion of the treating physician, as the nonoperative management of neurologically intact patients with thoracic and lumbar burst fractures either with or without an external brace produces equivalent improvement in outcomes. Bracing is not associated with increased adverse events compared to not bracing.

Strength of Recommendation: Grade B

The full version of the guideline can be reviewed at: https://www.cns.org/guideline-chapters/congress-neurological-surgeons-systematic-review-evidence-based-guidelines/chapter_8.
Are redshift-space distortions actually a probe of growth of structure?
Authors: Kimura Rampei , Suyama Teruaki , Yamaguchi Masahide , Yamauchi Daisuke , Yokoyama Shuichiro
Published: July 2018

Although multiple cosmological observations indicate the existence of dark matter and dark energy, cosmological tests of interactions between them have not yet been established. We point out that, in the presence of a coupling between dark matter and dark energy, a peculiar velocity of total matter field is determined not only by a logarithmic time-derivative of its density perturbation but also by density perturbations for both dark matter and baryonic matter, leading to a large modification of the physical interpretation of observed data obtained by measurements of redshift-space distortions. We reformulate a galaxy two-point correlation function in the redshift space based on the modified continuity and Euler equations. We conclude from the resultant formula that redshift space distortions provide us information on the coupling between dark matter and the scalar field by combining weak lensing measurements.
Tradecraft to Standards—Moving Criminal Intelligence Practice to a Profession through the Development of a Criminal Intelligence Training and Development Continuum
Authors: Harrison Mark , Walsh Patrick F , Lysons-Smith Shane , Truong David , Horan Catherine , Jabbour Ramzi
Published: July 2018

Australian governments, academia, and law enforcement agencies have recognized the need to improve intelligence capabilities in order to adapt to the increasingly complex criminal and security environments. In response, the Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission (ACIC), the Australian Federal Police (AFP) and other Australian policing agencies have adopted several reform measures to improve intelligence capability support. While some have focused on developing specific criminal intelligence doctrine, others have sought to improve more challenging aspects of intelligence capability such as analytical and field collection workforce planning. The complexity of the current and emerging criminal environment and a growing professionalization of policing practice more broadly has resulted in a uniquely new strategic approach to developing the analytical and field collection workforce. This article surveys the development of an Australian Criminal Intel Training and Development Continuum (CITDC). The continuum is an end-to-end continuing professional development framework for criminal intelligence analysts and field intelligence officers that monitor proficiency, competence, and knowledge achievement through pre-entry aptitude testing, rigorous class room, and workplace mentoring. The continuum is designed at the post-graduate level and articulates with Charles Sturt University’s MA (Intelligence Analysis). The article argues that both the philosophy of rigorous standards and the learning underpinning the continuum are having demonstrable and positive outcomes for intelligence practitioners and the investigative workforce they support.
Balancing Police Independence and Political Responsibility for the Police: Some Recent Developments in Australia, Canada, and the UK
Authors: Roach Kent
Published: July 2018

There is a need for balance between respecting the independence of the police to make law enforcement decisions in individual cases while allowing and indeed encouraging many other forms of legitimate political direction of the police. This article will argue that legislative reform should codify a minimal definition of police independence that would produce narrower definitions of police independence than found in recent policing legislation enacted in Australia and Canada and clearer standards than found either in the common law or the Policing Protocol Order, 2011 used in England. In addition, it suggests that Police Acts should encourage transparent political direction of the police by requiring such direction to be in writing and to be made public. It will be suggested that Victoria’s Police Service Act, 2013 and Ontario’s new Police Act, 2018 achieve some, but not all, of these objectives.
The prevention of female genital mutilation in England: what can be done?
Authors: Plugge E , Adam S , El Hindi L , Gitau J , Shodunke N , Mohamed-Ahmed O
Published: July 2018

Background

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a global public health issue. Women in the UK are at risk of FGM and its adverse health consequences but little is known about its practice. Since 1985 it has been a criminal offence to perform FGM in the UK and further legislation has tightened the law but FGM continues.

Methods

Four community researchers from the Kenyan, Nigerian, Somalian and Sudanese communities in Oxford conducted focus groups and interviews with 53 people to understand the communities’ beliefs about how best to prevent FGM.

Results

Participants believed that the current UK legislation alone was not sufficient to tackle FGM and might in fact be counterproductive by alienating communities through its perceived imposition. They felt that there had been insufficient consultation with affected communities, awareness raising and education about the legislation. Community-led solutions were the most effective way to tackle FGM.

Conclusions

FGM adversely affects communities globally. In the UK, researchers from affected communities gathered data demonstrating the feasibility and importance of involving communities in FGM prevention work. Further research is needed to understand how best to prevent FGM in affected communities and, very importantly, to examine the impact of the UK legislation relating to FGM.
Neuroimmune regulation of lung infection and inflammation
Authors: Huang Y , Zhao C , Su X
Published: July 2018

The distal airway of the lung is innervated by vagus nerve. Upon stimulation, vagus nerve endings release acetylcholine or neuropeptides via C-fiber afferents to regulate lung infection and immunity. Vagal sensory nerve endings, brain integration center, acetylcholine and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) expressing cells are key components of pulmonary parasympathetic inflammatory reflex. Meanwhile, this local machinery synergizes with spleen (as a functional hub of cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway) to finely tune recruitment of the splenic α7 nAChR+CD11b+ cells into the inflamed lungs during lung infection. Recent studies have showed that lung group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) express both α7 nAChR and neuropeptide receptors. Acetylcholine and neuropeptides can regulate ILC2 and reshape pulmonary infection and immunity. Among the airway epithelial cells, pulmonary neuroendocrine cells are rare cell population; however, these cells are innervated by sensory nerve endings and they could secrete neuropeptides that influence lung infection and immunity.
Monetary Policy, Bank Bailouts and the Sovereign-Bank Risk Nexus in the Euro Area*
Authors: Fratzscher Marcel , Rieth Malte
Published: July 2018

The article analyses the empirical relationship between bank credit risk and sovereign credit risk in the euro area, using a system of simultaneous equations identified through heteroskedasticity. We first confirm a two-way causality between both risks, which amplifies initial credit risk shocks. We also document significant credit risk spillovers between sovereigns and banks in the periphery and the core countries. The article then focuses on the impact of ECB non-standard monetary policy and bank bailout policies. We show that bailouts have reduced both risks. Monetary policy lowered in most but not all cases bank and sovereign risk.
Internal migration and public opinion about the European Union: a time series cross-sectional study
Authors: Jeannet Anne-Marie
Published: July 2018

Although the European Union (EU) allows citizens from member countries to migrate freely within its confines to facilitate integration, it may be alienating public support for Europe. This article investigates this by extending group threat theory to explain how internal migration is related to public opinion about the EU using annual Eurobarometer data from 1998 to 2014 across 15 Western European countries. Employing a pooled time cross-sectional design, I find that the presence of EU citizens from Central and Eastern European member states is positively related to public beliefs that EU membership is not beneficial for their country. The results also show that this relationship is even stronger during an economic downturn. There is weak evidence that it may be related to distrust in European institutions as well. These findings shed light on why public support for the EU can erode over time and how it responds to contextual changes in Europe’s internal migration patterns. The study concludes by discussing how group threat theory is relevant for understanding public opinion about the EU.
Within-Neighborhood Dynamics: Disadvantage, Collective Efficacy, and Homicide Rates in Chicago
Authors: Becker Jacob H
Published: July 2018

Research on neighborhood structural conditions like concentrated disadvantage and crime largely focuses on between-neighborhood differences; for example, places with more disadvantage are expected to experience higher homicide rates. However, empirical research often does not consider within-neighborhood dynamics of structural stability and change. Furthermore, several recent studies have found cross-sectional associations between structural variables and crime outcomes can vary significantly across units, violating a key assumption of global modeling strategies. The current work explores if and how historical changes in disadvantage influence neighborhood collective efficacy and homicide rates, net of the level of disadvantage at a given time point. Collective efficacy theoretically mediates the relationship between conditions and crime, and is hypothesized to be the mechanism through which structural change influences homicide rates. It is also hypothesized that spatial variation in cross-sectional associations between disadvantage and social outcomes can be explained by accounting for within-neighborhood changes in disadvantage. Using a sample of Chicago neighborhoods and ordinary least squares and geographically weighted regression models, I find that within-neighborhood changes in disadvantage significantly predict neighborhood collective efficacy, though the effects of this change on homicide rates are not completely mediated by collective efficacy. Within-neighborhood change completely accounts for spatial variation in cross-sectional associations, offering one explanation of prior research findings. Within-neighborhood structural changes appear to disrupt collective efficacy and contribute to higher homicide rates than predicted by the level of disadvantage alone.
Deterring Kickbacks and Encouraging Entry in Public Procurement Markets: Evidence from Firm Surveys in 90 Developing Countries
Authors: Knack Stephen , Biletska Nataliya , Kacker Kanishka
Published: July 2018

There is little systematic evidence on the links between procurement systems and outcomes such as competition and corruption levels. This paper adds to the evidence, using data on 34,000 firms from the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys, in 90 countries with procurement systems data from Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) assessments. We find that in countries with better public access to complete, reliable, and timely procurement information, firms are more likely to participate in public procurement markets. Firms report paying less in kickbacks to officials in countries where exceptions to open competition in tendering must be explicitly justified, and where there are effective and independent complaints mechanisms. These findings—particularly on kickbacks—are robust to the inclusion of numerous controls and to a range of sensitivity tests. However, due to data limitations we are unable to rule out the possibility that these estimates may reflect in part endogeneity bias.
The Effect of Compulsory Schooling Expansion on Mothers’ Attitudes Toward Domestic Violence in Turkey
Authors: Gulesci Selim , Meyersson Erik , Trommlerová Sofia K
Published: July 2018

An extensive literature examines the intergenerational spillover effects of education, but evidence on the causal effects of children's education on their parents’ outcomes is scarce. This paper estimates the spillover effects of children's schooling on their mothers’ attitudes toward domestic violence in Turkey. To identify the causal effect of children's schooling, we take advantage of a reform that took place in Turkey in 1997 and expanded compulsory schooling from five to eight years. Using a regression discontinuity design based on monthly birth cohorts and data from the 2008 and 2013 waves of the Turkey Demographic and Health Surveys, this paper shows that mothers whose eldest daughters were exposed to higher compulsory schooling are by 12 percentage points less likely to find domestic violence justifiable, which represents a decrease by 43 percent. We find no similar effect for boys’ schooling. Our findings demonstrate that children's schooling can have impacts on their parents’ attitudes, and such effects are likely to vary by the gender of the child.
Do Poor Countries Really Need More IT?
Authors: Eden Maya , Gaggl Paul
Published: July 2018

Productivity differences across countries are often attributed to differences in technological capabilities. This paper asks whether there are systematic cross-country differences in the adoption of information technologies (IT). We document a positive correlation between IT use and income, which weakens over time. However, given that IT use is an endogenous outcome of both technological capabilities and the abundance of complementary factors of production, it tends to over-state the degree of cross-country differences in technology. We propose two novel calibration approaches to address this problem. After accounting for endogenous differences in industrial composition, we find that there is no systematic relationship between income and IT capabilities.
Cognitive Function Is Associated With Mobility in Community Dwelling Older Adults With a History of Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Blackwood Jennifer
Published: July 2018

Purpose:

Impaired cognitive function has been associated with changes in gait and balance deficits in older adults, thus contributing to an increased falls risk. However, associations between physical mobility and cognitive function have not been reported in older adults with cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study examined relationships between cognitive performance (executive function, visual spatial ability) and physical mobility (Timed Up and Go [TUG], gait speed, timed chair rise) in community-dwelling older adults with and without CVD.

Methods:

Forty-six participants met inclusion/exclusion criteria. Group assignment was completed based on CVD history (CVD group: n = 27; non-CVD group: n = 19). Groupwise comparisons between demographic, cognitive, and mobility variables were performed. Associations between cognitive function and physical mobility were examined within each group.

Results:

Groups did not differ in performance on mobility or cognitive measures; however, in older adults with CVD, executive function (Trail Making Test Part B) was independently associated with gait speed (rs = −0.469; P = .01) and TUG (rs = 0.430; P = .02). Other cognitive measures were not associated with physical mobility in those without CVD.

Conclusions:

Due to associations found between executive processes and mobility, clinicians should consider screening executive function in older adults with CVD because it may influence physical mobility and falls risk; however, due to the small sample size, further study is indicated.
Pentacam Accuracy in Discriminating Keratoconus From Normal Corneas: A Diagnostic Evaluation Study
Authors: Hashemi Hassan , Khabazkhoob Mehdi , Pakzad Reza , Bakhshi Salomeh , Ostadimoghaddam Hadi , Asaharlous Amir , Yekta Reihaneh , Aghamirsalim Mohamadreza , Yekta Abbasali
Published: July 2018

Objectives:

This study aims to determine the diagnostic ability of Pentacam indices for keratoconus and identifying the best index for differentiating diseased from normal cases.

Method:

In this study, 150 keratoconus patients and 150 refractive surgery candidates with a definitive diagnosis of normal healthy corneas were enrolled. Initially, the placido disk topography imaging was performed. The keratoconus and normal corneas were defined based on placido disk topographic data from Rabinowitz–McDonnell. After complete eye examinations for all participants, they underwent Pentacam imaging, and corneal surface topographic indices were extracted. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine the best indices for differentiating diseased from healthy corneas, and the receiver operating curve was calculated to determine the diagnostic capability of each index.

Results:

Among the studied indices, the keratoconus index (KI), index of vertical asymmetry (IVA), thinnest point (TP), and maximum keratometry (Kmax) were found capable of detecting keratoconus. Among these, IVA was the best index, with an area under curve (AUC) of 95.24%. The best cutoff point for IVA was 0.20 μm, and its sensitivity and specificity were 87.50% and 96.30%, respectively. Comparison of the AUC of different indices showed that only TP and IVA significantly differed (P=0.002). The combination of KI, IVA, Kmax, and TP indices leads to correct detection in 78% of cases.

Conclusion:

Measuring corneal topographic indices using Pentacam can be helpful in the diagnosis of keratoconus. According to the results of this study, IVA is the best diagnostic index for keratoconus. However, it is recommended to use a combination of Pentacam indices for more accurate differentiation of keratoconus from normal cases.
Anterior Corneal Curvature and Aberration Changes After Scleral Lens Wear in Keratoconus Patients With and Without Ring Segments
Authors: Serramito-Blanco Maria , Carpena-Torres Carlos , Carballo Jesús , Piñero David , Lipson Michael , Carracedo Gonzalo
Published: July 2018

Objective:

To evaluate changes in the anterior corneal curvature and aberrometry after scleral contact lens wear in keratoconus (KC) subjects with and without intracorneal ring segments (ICRS).

Methods:

Twenty-six subjects diagnosed with keratoconus were selected to participate in the study. Subjects were divided into 2 groups, those with ICRS (KC-ICRS group) and those without ICRS (KC group). Subjects were instructed to wear 16.5-mm scleral lenses for 8 hours. Topographic and aberrometric parameters were evaluated before lens wear and immediately after lens removal. Anterior corneal curvature was evaluated at corneal diameters of 2, 4, 6, and 8 mm, and corneal aberrations were measured at 4-, 6-, and 8-mm pupil diameters.

Results:

The mean age of subjects was 36.95±8.95 years. In KC group, there was a statistically significant flattening of the central corneal curvature, from 6.98 to 7.09 mm (P<0.05). No changes were found in the central corneal curvature in the KC-ICRS group. The KC group showed anterior corneal curvature flattening, mainly in the nasal quadrant. The KC-ICRS group showed flattening primarily in the inferior hemisphere. In the KC group, spherical aberration for 6-mm pupil increased significantly. In the KC-ICRS group, changes in aberrations were significant for high-order root mean square at 4- and 6-mm pupil diameters (P<0.05), for oblique astigmatism for 4 mm and 6 mm, and for vertical coma for 4-mm pupil (P<0.05).

Conclusion:

Short-term scleral lens wear showed flattening of the anterior corneal surface in all subjects. In the KC group, the flattening was more pronounced in the nasal quadrant while changes were more pronounced inferiorly in KC-ICRS group.