bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IV Reviews : Structures of Dependency
Authors: Dietz-Fee Terry
Published: March 2007

We focus on the collection of papers edited by Frank Bonilla and Robert Girling, Struc tures of Dependency, Stanford, 1973, Pp. 263. This volume represents the outcome of a research seminar on dependency held during the winter quarter 1972 at Stanford Uni versity. The seminar consisted of five faculty members and fifteen students, including Brazil ians, Venezuelans, a Panamanian, a Jamaican, an Argentinian, Blacks, Chicanos, and Puerto Ricans. It provided an opportunity for politically concerned persons to explore ways of establish ing a common framework for the analysis of inequality and dependence in and among nations. Terry Dietz-Fee is a graduate student in political science at the University of California, River side, who is interested in Chile. Gilbert González is Assistant Professor in the Program in Com parative Culture of the University of California, Irvine, who has recently completed his doctoral dissertation on education and the Chicano community.
Polyurethane Elastoplastics at Caterpillar
Authors: Berg L.F.
Published: March 2007

Caterpillar uses polyurethane materials in hydraulic seals, struts, track adjusters, arm rests, and other parts. Implementation of this material type would have been speeded had uniform physical testing procedures been available. Rapid acceptance was further hampered by raw materials supplier companies which tended to oversimplify test data, tending to lead end-user companies such as Caterpillar to make wrong assumptions. Specifications for urethanes were eventually developed based on Cateipillar usage requirements. As hydraulic pressures go higher, loads increase, and weights de creased, these screening tests will be useful guides in developing new formulations.
The Role of Sealants and Adhesives in the Automotive Industries
Authors: Harries R.W.
Published: March 2007

In the automotive industry, new demands for adhesive and sealant applications are constantly being created by new structural designs, safety requirements, and materials of construction. For example, through the use of filler and elastomeric materials in adhesives, a reduction in noise level may be accomplished. Struc tural adhesives are used in bonding brake linings, disc pads, clutch facings, and automatic transmission bands.
Design and Uses of Elastoplastics for the Transportation Industries
Authors: Faber K.
Published: March 2007

There are in excess of 600 separate rubber molded parts on each automobile. Each automobile now has more than 200 pounds of elastomers in it. Due to increased use of accessory items, high performance engines, transmissions and air scoops, the number of elastoplastics parts is significantly increased on 1970 models. The newest innovation in sealing is the hydrodynamic seal. This design allows for hydrodynamic shearing forces which prevent the escape of fluid from the system and return excess fluid back into the system.
The Effect of Microcrystalline Structures upon the Physical Properties of Polyurethanes
Authors: Rausch Karl W. , Farrissey William J.
Published: March 2007

This article proves the existence of crystal structures in elasto meric polyurethanes and describes the changes in molecular struc ture observed to result from thermal aging. Experimental results show that annealed polymer exhibits properties which are different from quenched, amorphous polymers, evidence of formation of crystal structures during the annealing process.
Fluorosilicones as High Temperature Elastomers
Authors: Pierce Ogden R. , Kim Yung K.
Published: March 2007

Two types of fluorosilicone polymers are described, the poly (fluoroalkyl)siloxanes and the hybrid fluorocarbon silicones. The first type, represented by the structure (CF3CH 2CH2SiMeO)n exhibits good solvent resistance, thermal and oxidative stability and is commercially available in the form of rubber, sealants and fluids. The second type,
The Morphology of Polystyrene Latex Particles
Authors: Williams David J.
Published: March 2007

Our understanding of the factors controlling the preparation of sty rene-based latex products has recently undergone extensive revision. Brief ly, we have found that, under a wide range of conditions, the growing latex particles possess a core-shell structure in which a monomer-rich shell encapsulates a polymer-rich core. This two-phase behavior is remarkable inasmuch as styrene and polystyrene are ordinarily (in macroscopic sys tems) completely miscible in all proportions. The proposed core-shell mor phology explains the extended constant-rate behavior observed in styrene emulsion polymerization and permits extension of the Smith-Ewart The ory to conversions as high as 60%. In seed growth experiments, the added monomer actually encapsulates the original seed particles, up to their equi librium saturation content, thereby indicating that the phenomenon of interest is controlled by thermodynamic factors. We believe that encapsu lation is governed by the microscopic nature of the latex particles which has, in turn, a profound effect upon the conformational behavior of the long-chain polymer molecules as they interact with the particle-water in terface. These findings have important fundamental implications and tech nological applications in latex product design that are only beginning to be explored.
Modeling Fatigue Failure in Urethane Elastomers—A New Approach
Authors: Cartwright Richard V.
Published: March 2007

A polyether urethane elastomer was mathematically modeled on a mole cular scale, using basic bond data to predict energy stored in individual chains as a function of overall deformation Consequently chain lifetimes, and ultimately the lifetime of the network as a whole, could be computed using the Zhurkov equation. Predicted results are in qualitative agreement with experiment with regard to variation in curative ratio, extent of domain aggregation, and inherent network flexibility, but not with regard to varia tion in molecular weight of the polyether segment.
Factors Controlling the Dynamic Properties of Elastomeric Products
Authors: Sommer J.G. , Meyer D.A.
Published: March 2007

Both static and dynamic properties were determined for a number of rubbery vulcanizates. Selected compositional, processing, de sign, and testing variables have been evaluated and discussed for a group of general-purpose elastomers, with emphasis on natural rubber (NR) and styrene-butadiene (SBR) compositions. Compositional variables such as carbon black, plasticizer, and curing system have an important influence on dynamic properties and some compositional variables selectively influence either the dynamic stiffness or damping characteristics. Variations in mixing are also shown to influence dynamic properties critically, especially at low testing strains. Cure time variations cause different dynamic responses as a function of elastomer type (NR versus SBR). Design in fluences on both static and dynamic properties are described. Increasing static preload in compression tests causes an increase in both the spring rate and the damping coefficient. The loss in dynamic stiffness, caused by prestrain, is shown to be recoverable through application of a suitable heat cycle.
Determination of Ungrafted Rubber in Abs Polymers
Authors: Turner R.R. , Carlson D.W. , Altenau A.G.
Published: March 2007

A method has been developed for determining the amount of ungrafted rubber in ABS polymers. First the styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) resin is removed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The composition of the SAN resin was determined by NMR analysis. The ethyl acetate insoluble material which consists of graft polymer and ungrafted rubber is then extracted with a mixture of hexachlorobutadiene and ethyl acetate The ungrafted rubber dissolves in the extraction solvent mixture while the graft polymer remains insoluble Filtration, concentration of the filtrate by vacuum distillation and NMR analysis of the concentrated filtrate using an internal standard technique provided the amount and composition of the ungrafted rubber. The data also permitted the amount and composition of the graft polymer to be calculated.
Theoretical Study of the Flow of Highly Viscous Materials
Authors: Horve Leslie A.
Published: March 2007

Injection molding of thermosetting elastomers has become an important processing technique within recent years. The material enters the injection head at a temperature below the vulcanization point. It is fed by a screw and injected with a ram-like action into a closed mold. Vulcanization of the rubber occurs in the heated mold. The elastomer must flow from the injection chamber into the closed mold through nozzles, channels, sprues, and gates. Pressure drops occur and the material temperature increases as heat is transferred from the mold walls and internal heat is generated by viscous shear. Analytical methods of describing this flow are useful in modifying the mold configuration to increase flow.

The basic flow equations are discussed, simplifications are made and a numerical solution of the set of equations describing the flow of a highly viscous non-Newtonian fluid is outlined. Heat transfer from the wall and generation of heat due to viscous shear is considered. The mathematical model is used to generate the local temperature and velocity profiles in the fluid at typical molding conditions.
Impact Resistant Resin for Low Profile SMC
Authors: Owen Gwilym E.
Published: March 2007

A polyester resin has been developed whose moldings show high impact strength and reduced stress cracking. Toughness is combined with the handling and physical properties expected of a high quality low profile resin.
Emulsion Paint of Aromatic Petroleum Resin II. Improvement On Poor Corrosion Resistance of Emulsion Paint Film
Authors: Iwase Yoshiyuki
Published: March 2007

Poor corrosion resistance of an emulsion paint film using the emulsion produced from an industrially produced aromatic petroleum resin with a thermally denaturated linseed oil, as corrosion inhibitor for metal plates, was improved much better by use of a suitable nonionic emulsifier Emulgen A-90 rather than cationic and anionic ones as wetting agent for pigments and by addition of a solvent as BuOAc as transient plasticiser in a little amount to the emulsion paint. It was also found that gloss of emul sion paint film formed was better than that without a solvent, which indicates more uniform film formation related to the affinity improvement between oil particles and pigments by plasticization of oil particles in addition of the solvent to the emulsion paint.
Applicable Techniques of Optical Microscopy for Polyurethane Investigations
Authors: Rhodes M.B.
Published: March 2007

One valuable approach to the study of structure- property relationships of the polyurethanes utilizes optical micro scopy as an analyical tool for system characterization. Using such contrast methods as phase contrast, polarization, interferometry and fluorescence, it is possible to characterize bulk as well as molecular parameters to include anisotropy, molecular density, composition, orientation and organization of the polymer system.
Reproducibility of Polycarbonate Reference Material
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Huttlinger Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

A specific lot of bisphenol A polycarbonate has been used for almost four years as the reference material for the NASA-USF-PSC toxicity screening test method. The reproduci bility of the test results over this period of time indicate that certain plastics may be more suitable reference materials than the more traditional cellulosic materials.
Bagasse-Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Authors: Usmani Arthur M. , Salyer Ival O. , Ball George L. , Schwendeman James L.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the evaluation of five water soluble phenolic resins as binders, at 5 percent concentration, for oriented and random bagasse-reinforced composite materials. De termined was the amount of resin retained during processing when these phenolics are precipitated from a water slurry onto the bagasse fibers. The physical properties of random and orien ted cured composites (wet and dry) were determined. Random fiber composites were also prepared by a "moist" process (in which no resin is lost) and compared. A specific resin was se lected as best based on retained mechanical properties and mini mal phenolic processing losses.
Polyurea/Amide-RIM Elastomers- A New Material for Exterior Automotive Body Parts
Authors: Schlotterbeck D.G. , Matzke G. , Horn P. , Schmidt H.-U.
Published: March 2007

The development of the new RIM generation "Polyurea-RIM" is progressing world-wide. The reason for the superior thermal stability of the Polyurea- RIM-Elastomers is the polymerization without the use of a metallic catalyst. RIM without catalyst is only possible with the use of highly reactive species like primary and secondary amines. However, polyether with aliphatic amino end-groups are very fast and difficult to control for the RIM-process.
Adhesives for Bonding Elastomeric Alloy Thermoplastics to Other Substrates
Authors: Polaski E.L.
Published: March 2007

Polyolefin-based TPEs which contain an elastomeric segment that is in-situ vulcanized (dynamically vulcanized) present a special challenge and opportunity to the adhesive supplier. Their low surface energy and unavailability of sites for bonding results in poor wetting and adhesion of these polymers to other substrates. Standard urethane-based adhesives, cyano acrylate adhesives, inks, and even tapes will not adhere to this type of TPE. In addition to bonding at room temperature (assembly bonding), many molders wish to insert-mold bond. The standard rubber-to-metal adhesives do not work. As a result, a whole family of products were introduced by Lord Corporation to give the design engineers a new latitude of freedom in not only designing new applications, but in the replacement of rubber with TPEs in the molded-goods market.
Swelling of Nitrile Vulcanizates by Polar and Non-Polar Liquids-Part 1
Authors: Starmer Philip H.
Published: March 2007

Two sets of numbers can be used to describe the polarity of a liq uid. One set, which includes the Hildebrand solubility parameter and dielec tric constant, is based solely on the properties of the liquid itself. The other set depends on the interaction of the liquid with one or more reference materials. This group includes aniline point, miscibility number, molar transition energy, and polarity index. Since the aniline point is mainly concerned with paraffin hydrocarbons, no attempt was made to relate it to the other parameters. How ever, it was found that a parabolic rather than a straight line relationship ex ists between the logarithm of the volume change of the NBR vulcanizate and the aniline point of the oils. There is no correlation between the solubility pa rameter and either dielectric constant or the members of the other group. While the molar transition energy increases with increasing polarity index, there is a large amount of scatter. There is better correlation between polarity index and the miscibility number, particularly if the values for alcohols are ignored.
Deformation and Warping in Magnetic Tapes by Laser Speckle Technique
Authors: Seif M.A. , Moslehy F.A. , Rice S.L.
Published: March 2007

Laser speckles appear as a pattern of fine randomly distributed dots resulting from multiple interference when an optically "rough" surface is illuminated by a coherent laser beam. By photographing a speckle pattern, the positions of all points on a surface are "fingerprinted" and any changes in posi tion can be detected with high sensitivity. Such speckle patterns can be used as a non-contact, nondestructive, quantitative tool to measure in-plane deforma tions in magnetic tapes subjected to tension. Because such tapes not only stretch but also warp, the obtained data reflect the projection of the deforma tion vector in the longitudinal plane of the tape. By geometrical relations, all three components of the deformation vector at any point of interest can be de termined. This article presents data that were obtained for a commercial com puter data cartridge tape (40 Mb Format). It is shown that with such data, stress-strain relations can be established and the overall deformation behavior of the material can be understood.
Rice Husk Ash (RHA)-Based Silica as Filler in Polypropylene Composite: Effect of Peroxide-Containing Silane on the Rheological Behavior
Authors: Ahmad Fuad M.Y. , Zaini M.J. , Mohd Ishak Z.A. , Mohd Omar A.K.
Published: March 2007

The effect of incorporating silica filler derived from rice husk ash (RHA) on the rheological properties of polypropylene was studied using a Bra bender slit capillary die. The melt shear stress and viscosity increased with filler content. The filler was treated with a silane-based coupling agent. The silane used was Prosil 2020, a proprietary silane coupling agent containing the peroxide bis(t-butyl peroxy)di-isopropyl benzene. The peroxide induces β- scission of the polypropylene molecular chains reducing the shear stress and viscosity. Hence the filler and the coupling agent (peroxide concentration) have opposing effect on the rheology of the composite's melt. For high filler content melt, the peroxide effect is more prominent, lowering the overall stress and vis cosity. At higher shear rate, the effect of filler concentration is more dominant. Mixing torque and melt flow index studies support the rheology measurements by the slit die technique.
Adhesion of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) to Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubber Part 2: Dynamic Mechanical Studies
Authors: Manoj N.R. , De P.P.
Published: March 2007

The adhesion of poly(vinyl chloride) to hydrogenated nitrile rub ber was studied by dynamic mechanical analysis of the adhered composites. The compatibility of the two polymers permits interdiffusion of the chains across the interface, resulting in a diffused interface. Variation of contact time and temperature leads to changes in the storage-modulus values and shifts in tan δ peak positions.
Micromethods as a Basis for Macrosociology
Authors: COLLINS RANDALL
Published: March 2007

Microsociological research provides a crucial basis for any thorough macro-sociology. Total microreduction is not possible, but partial reduction is; all macrostructures can be translated into particular space, time, and number combinations of microprocesses. The basic microunit is the interactional situation, not the individual; social processes may be represented as chains of interaction rituals. Methodological innovations needed include a method of systematic microsampling of situations, both for description of the basis of macrostructures and for testing theories. Standardized measures of micro-situations may include recorded speech codes as a measure of cultural capital, emotional tones of spoken names as a measure of reputation, and voice tone, facial expression, or bodily posture as measures of emotional energies. One advantage of such techniques is that they may be unobtrusive measures.
Collective Matters as Individual Concerns
Authors: KLEINMAN SHERRYL
Published: March 2007

When will recruits in socializing settings develop group culture rooted in their situationally relevant identity? Studies show that certain structural situations, such as competition, impede the development of peer culture, while more collectively oriented situations make the development of group culture more likely. Similarly, socializers' ideology of collective or individual work affects the existence and content of peer culture. A study of a few graduate programs in sociology reveals that the ideologies of individual work and individuation (“original scholarship”) override the collective ideology of a “community of scholars,” resulting in a student culture that is neither student nor professionally oriented.
Meanwhile Backstage
Authors: CAHILL SPENCER E. , DISTLER WILLIAM , LACHOWETZ CYNTHIA , MEANEY ANDREA , TARALLO ROBYN , WILLARD TEENA
Published: March 2007

This article, based on observational research, provides a microsociological analysis of the behavior that routinely occurs in public bathrooms. Our findings indicate that occupants of public bathrooms routinely perform a number of interpersonal rituals and engage in a variety of backstage behaviors. Analysis of these routine bathroom behaviors reveals the degree to which members of this society are oriented to certain shared values and behavioral standards. These shared values and behavioral standards are identified, and some suggestions regarding their broader sociological significance are advanced.
The Griesbach Hypothesis in the 19Th Century
Authors: Tuckett C.M.
Published: March 2007

Recent study of the history of the Synoptic Problem has suggested that, in the 19th century, the theory of Marcan priority was adopted, and the Griesbach hypothesis rejected, as part of an attempt to counter the historical scepticism of D.F.Strauss and others in the 'Tübingen school', and to restore the historical reliability of the gospel account. This article examines this question, and suggests that, in fact, the Griesbach hypothesis was considered, and rejected, quite independently of any associations with the Tübingen school. A brief survey of some of the arguments which were brought against the Griesbach hypothesis suggests that what is lacking is a set of convincing reasons for Mark's having proceeded in the way which the Griesbach hypothesis alleges he did.
The Name of Jesus in the Acts of the Apostles
Authors: Ziesler J.A.
Published: March 2007

Luke in Acts does not use a 'concept of the name of Jesus' to convey the presence of an otherwise absent Lord, nor to substitute for that presence. The uses of 'name' are diverse but none of them appears to serve that purpose. Moreover, their diversity makes it inappropriate to speak of a 'concept' at all. If there is any common tendency, it is to converge on the (Lukan) gospel as what the name conveys.
Reading Mark 4 as Midrash
Authors: Sabin Marie
Published: March 2007

Midrash is a way of juxtaposing one scriptural perspective with another so as to draw contemporary meaning out of the ancient biblical text. It is a hermeneutic which imitates and continues the dialogical patterns of the Hebrew Scripture; within Jewish tradition this mode of interpretation becomes itself a form of revelation. This sacred tradition is relevant to the composition of Mark 4. The focus of Mark 4 is on ways of hearing and understanding, that is, interpreting, the Word of God. Its verbal arrange ments are reflective of midrashic strategies for reopening the scriptural text. Reading Mark 4 as midrash reveals both a literary and a theological design that other methods have not disclosed. Jesus is portrayed as a midrashic teacher speaking in parables, the prototypical form of midrashic narrative. Reworking the biblical trope of sower and seed, he reinterprets End-time traditions by placing them in the context of Genesis.
Whose Exorcists are They? The Referents of οί υίοί ύμΏν at Matthew 12.27/Luke 11.19
Authors: Shirock Robert
Published: March 2007

In the Beelzebul controversy Jesus said, 'But if I by Beelzebul cast out demons, by whom do your sons cast them out?' (Mt. 12.27/Lk. 11.19). The consensus among modem interpreters is that the phrase 'your sons' refers to unknown Jewish exorcists associated with the Pharisees. Significant textual and logical problems are associated with the modem view. The consensus among ancient interpreters was that Jesus was referring to his own disciples. By speaking in this way he was challenging his accusers to repent and pointing to their culpability if they refused to do so. The ancient view is defended by appeal to (1) the narrative context, (2) the meaning of 'sons', (3) the rhetorical force of the pronoun 'your', (4) the promise of judgment and (5) the resultant logic and coherence of the passage.
A Genre for Q and a Socio-Cultural Context for Q: Comparing Sets of Similarities with Sets of Differences
Authors: Downing F. Gerald
Published: March 2007

Rather than impose a quick conclusion as to the literary genre of Q, we should examine first in detail the contents and arguments, as for instance does R. Burridge, in his What are the Gospels? (1992). Following his analysis of bios in late classical antiquity, and especially the analysis of verb subjects, it seems likely that Q would have appeared at the time more like a Life of a Philosopher than anything else; though genres were probably more flexible still than Burridge allows. Objections to genre categorizations are often made in terms of lists of 'differences'; but when rival genre claims are being made, we can only work with comparisons of sets of similarities. The most significant similarities seem to be with Cynic material, as Christian thinkers in the early centuries bear witness (and as displayed in the present author's Cynics and Christian Origins).
Trials, Plots and the Narrative of the Fourth Gospel
Authors: Lincoln Andrew T.
Published: March 2007

A survey of the narrative of the Fourth Gospel demonstrates the pervasiveness and significant positioning of the extended metaphor of a trial on a cosmic scale. This motif proves illuminating for a closer analysis of the plot in terms of both commission, complication and resolution, and of an actantial model. The cosmic lawsuit also colours the narrative's two-storey phenomenon, and the intertexual echoes of the motif from Isaiah 40-55 suggest a third foundational scriptural storey which shapes the narrative. Particularly important in support of Yahweh's claims in the trial scenes of Isaiah is the evidence stressing the correspondence between his predictive word and what happens in history. A similar correspondence can be seen to inform the function of the trial motif and its accompanying theme of truth when they appear in both the opening and the closure of the Fourth Gospel's narrative.
Promise and Fulfilment: Reader-Response To Mark 1.1-15
Authors: Sankey P.J.
Published: March 2007

This study considers how the dynamic of promise and fulfilment affects the reader's response to Mk 1.1-15. The opening of Mark's Gospel makes a number of statements bearing on the future which stimulate contrasting expectations of judgment and salvation. These expectations influence the reader's understanding of the text but are at the same time constantly under review. First, expectations are constantly subject to change, being reinforced, modified or undermined. Secondly, fulfilment is never quite as expected. In particular, Jesus' coming is anti-climatic and enigmatic. The result is a tendency to reinterpret past expectations. Thirdly, fulfilment is ultimately deferred to the future, casting the reader's mind ever forward. The effect is a highly creative tension which engages readers, forcing them to assume an active role in interpreting and participating in the mysterious presence of God's reign.
The Historicity of Paul's Shipwreck
Authors: Gilchrist J.M.
Published: March 2007

The author's use of 'we'—unforced, sure-footed, without guile, and with all the characteristics of reminiscence—indicates that the shipwreck narrative is an eye witness record. However, the account was written much later than the events, when the passing years had added reflection, glamour and sedation to the writer's traumatic memories. The narrative may be used to identify the place of landfall. Previous attempts are invalid because of over-reliance on insufficiently secure data, such as numbers; and because of incorrect translations of διθάλασσος (Acts 27.41), which is a description of adverse sea conditions, rather than a geographical indication. Nevertheless, the author gives sufficient unexceptionable data to allow identification of the place where the ship grounded: just north of the strait between St Paul's Islands and the mainland of Malta.
The Pauline Background of the Living God as Interpretive Context for 1 Timothy 4.10
Authors: Goodwin Mark J.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the meaning of 1 Tim. 4.10, with special attention paid to its use of the living God epithet which occurs in the latter part of the verse: 'for to this end we toil and strive because we have set our hope on the living God, who is the Savior of all people'. What is the particular significance of the living God in this context? In response to this question, most commentators rely on the insights of Martin Dibelius; however, little has been done to advance beyond Dibelius's insights and this is the purpose of this article. The discussion begins with an examination of the living God in its immediate literary context and is followed by a survey of the Pauline back ground of the living God, yielding the conclusion that the epithet in 1 Tim. 4.10 reflects a specific Pauline significance. Further, another issue is addreased: did the author of 1 Timothy borrow the living God from Paul's letters? Precisely what kind of Pauline background informs 1 Tim. 4.10? In response it will be argued that 1 Tim. 4.10 reflects a post-Pauline oral tradition of the living God, the kind of which is attested in the Acts of Paul.
John the Baptist and Jesus
Authors: Pryor John W.
Published: March 2007

The text of Jn 3.25 is problematic in its reference to μετά 'Ioυδαίoυ. While it is likely that that variant, rather than μετά 'Ioυδαίων, is to be preferred, the contextual sense is difficult. Suggestions of textual corruption are not to be commended. It is proposed, however, that it is the evangelist who has adapted a pre-Gospel tradition that referred to a dispute between disciples of John the Baptist and Jesus. By slightly changing the tradition, the evangelist has seen its potential for again presenting John as a witness to the superiority of Jesus. The pre-Gospel tradition may help to shed light on Jesus' early ministry.
The role of a child's productive vocabulary in the language choice of a bilingual family
Authors: Nicoladis Elena , Secco Giovanni
Published: March 2007

While bilingual children's code-mixing was once taken as a sign that they had confused their languages, many studies have now shown that bilingual children can differentiate their languages from very early in development. Why, then, do they code-mix? This study examined several factors that might contribute to a Brazilian Portuguese-English bilingual boy's code-mixing within the context of the family's language use. He was filmed every week in two observation sessions from age 1;0 to 1;6: one with his Portuguese-speaking father and one with his English-speaking mother. The results showed that about 90% of the child's code- mixing could be accounted for by lexical gaps in one language. Furthermore, the parents' code-mixing could often be accounted for by switching to use words that are in the child's productive vocabulary. These results are discussed in terms of the family's creative use of the child's limited linguistic resources.
Language use in mother-child and young sibling interactions in Senegal
Authors: Rabain-Jamin Jacqueline
Published: March 2007

A large number of studies conducted in a European or North American setting have shown that siblings and preschool-age children offer the young child a less responsive language model than the mother does. By looking at the participation of young Wolof children from Senegal in dialogical interaction with an adult or an older child, the present study was aimed at drawing up a table of the situations that give rise to the first conversational activities of Wolof children, and at analysing the support provided to the child by adults and older siblings. Ten children between the ages of 21 and 27 months were observed in interaction with an adult and/or an older sibling (ranging in age between 3 years 6 months and 10 years) in their usual life environment. An essential characteristic of this environment is the existence of polyadic communication. In this polyadic setting, the adult appears to impel the child into joint action and multi-party dialogue. While older children address toddlers mainly with requests for action, in certain socially codified interactions they prompt the young one to enter into the dialogue. In play situations, however, it is the younger one who manages to introduce or reintroduce topics and whose verbal initiatives are largely taken up by older children. The present observations of interactions between older and younger children suggest that child-to-child speech plays an important role here in the development of communication in the young language learner.
The development of linguistic awareness in language-disordered children
Authors: Magnusson Eva , Nauclér Kerstin
Published: March 2007

This paper concerns the development of linguistic awareness in language-disordered children, and the role of linguistic and cognitive factors in this development. A longitudinal study was conducted with 39 language-disordered and a matched group of 39 normally-speaking children. Phonological awareness and other abilities were tested from preschool to Grade 4. Various comparisons were made of the abilities of the two groups. The findings indicate the importance of language comprehension and of syntactic production, but not of phonology, for the development of phonological awareness.
Referential communication as teaching: adults tutoring their own and other children
Authors: Lloyd Peter
Published: March 2007

A communication task requiring the negotiation of route directions by telephone was given to related and unrelated adult- child (8 years) pairs. Both parties performed in the roles of sender and receiver of information. It was predicted that related pairs would achieve greater success owing to their previous history of shared experience. There was no difference in success at route- following as a function of relatedness. But kinship did affect the extent to which the variety of strategies used (Components, Numbering, Directional, Minimal) was distributed. The strategies of related pairs correlated much more highly than those of unrelated pairs. An analysis of discourse showed that the use of clarification requests varied with age and that total number of requests made was a sensitive measure of tutorial control. Significantly more requests were made by adults in the opening trials with children assuming equal participation by the end of the task. An interpretation in Vygotskian terms is offered. The limitations of restricting the analysis of referential communication to outcome measures (message adequacy and target selection) was revealed by the amount of negotiation that continued beyond the appearance of such indices.
Ukrainian single-word use: a case study
Authors: Chumak-Horbatsch Roma
Published: March 2007

This study documents first steps of one child's acquisition of Ukrainian as a first language. It is intended as a response to appeals for research of languages not yet investigated (Slama- Cazacu 1972, Slobin 1985). It includes an historical review of Ukrainian child language research, a brief outline of Ukrainian grammatical structure, a characterization of single-word speech, a description of three separate kinds of single-word activities, single-word verbal humour and a description of morphological behaviour. The study presents single-word behaviour as an important time in the acquisition of first language. Special focus is on early morphological activity or first steps in the mastery of the Ukrainian morphological system.
Maternal scaffolding in mother-infant games and its relationship to language development: a longitudinal study
Authors: Rome-Flanders Tibie , Cronk Carolyn , Gourde Christine
Published: March 2007

This study explored the support, both verbal and non-verbal, mothers offer to their infants as they play games together and sought to determine how this support might play a role in the development of both the linguistic and game-playing abilities of the infants. Twenty-five mothers were videotaped as they played peek-a-boo and ball with their infants when they were 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 24 months old. A language test was administered at the end of each session. Nine maternal scaffolding behaviours were identified and analysed in order to determine how they vary in the two games and with increasing age of the infants. Mothers were found to use different scaffolding behaviours as a function of the game at hand. The amount and type of scaffolding used varied with the children's age as well. With the exception of the 6-month session, there was a consistently high use of scaffolding through out the time span of the study. Contrary to what Bruner (1983) suggests, no strong relationship between maternal scaffolding behaviours and infant language level was found. Some interpretations are offered for the lack of direct correlation between language development and such well-adapted support of social game-playing.
Two routes to language: stylistic variation in one child
Authors: Elsen Hilke
Published: March 2007

This paper reports the early language development of a German- speaking girl who produced referential as well as expressive utterances. Expressive speech style is illustrated by the use of babbling strings with target intonation, universal words, filler syllables, pivot constructions and a smooth transition to syntax. Referential style is characterized by the gradual development of phonology, the gradual elaboration of words, distinct articulation, telegraphic speech and a distinct increase of vocabulary at one point in time. The child produced expressive style, e.g., holistic utterances, in situations of communicative urgency and when dealing with complex linguistic material. It is assumed that the child tried to compensate for poorly developed production capacities when there was too much information to be processed at the same time. Expressive speech served as a conversation- maintenance strategy. It provided the girl with provisional substitutes to maintain conversation and thus had a distinct function for this child.
A comparison of verb use in children with SLI and their younger siblings
Authors: Jones Melanie , Conti-Ramsden Gina
Published: March 2007

The present longitudinal study examined the use of verbs at the early stages of expressive language development by children with specific language impairment (SLI). Three children with SLI and their younger normal language learning siblings were videotaped during mother-child interactions in the home over a 2-year period. At the beginning of the study both the child with SLI and the younger sibling appeared to be in the same stage of expressive language development as measured by mean length of utterance (MLU). Thus, the younger sibling acted as a control for the child with SLI. Results indicate on the one hand no consistent significant difference in the proportion of verb types used by children with SLI and their younger siblings across the developmental period studied. On the other hand, the younger siblings all used significantly greater proportions of verb tokens than their impaired SLI brothers after a particular point in development. Comparison of particular verbs used suggest that children with SLI have difficulties applying the verbs in their lexicon across contexts. The normal younger siblings used a wider variety of verb forms in their constructions containing verbs and they also used similar forms for different verbs which the children with SLI did not do or did so to a lesser extent. The findings are discussed and, in particular, two hypotheses are proposed: an `SLI critical mass' hypothesis following the work of Marchman & Bates (1994) and an 'Extended Verb-island' hypothesis following the work of Tomasello (1992).
Stability and change of maternal speech to Italian infants from 7 to 21 months of age: a longitudinal study of its influence on early stages of language acquisition
Authors: D'Odorico Laura , Salerni Nicoletta , Cassibba Rosalinda , Jacob Valentina
Published: March 2007

Fourteen Italian infants were observed during play-interaction with their mothers in six laboratory sessions taking place about every two months from 7 to 21 months of age. They were video- recorded and transcribed to obtain data on the frequency of mothers' verbal behaviour and its pragmatic and semantic charac teristics. Infants' productions were also classified as babbling, words or multi-word utterances. Analyses were performed to assess: (a) variations in characteristics of maternal speech with infants' increasing age; (b) stability of individual characteristics of mothers' verbal behaviour; (c) the contribution of children's individual characteristics and mothers' interactive style to language acquisition at 12 and 21 months. Results revealed that both infants' and mothers' individual characteristics make a relevant contribution to the first steps of language acquisition. However, after the first year of age, infants' individual differences are more responsible for the outcomes of the second year.
A New Look at Adolescent Learning Problems
Authors: Thompson Ardithearl
Published: March 2007

The dynamics and treatment of adolescent learning problems are different from those of childhood problems resulting from developmental delays or developmental imbalances.

Even though the school curriculum is based on a logical continuum of learning tasks, some adolescents (although intelligent) are unable to successfully master the orderly sequence of skills and as a result become discouraged, rebellious, disruptive, or all three, and eventually drop out of school before graduation.

This article explains how a theory of adolescent learning problems is used to successfully provide treatment for this type of student within the main stream.
The Teacher's Sense of Humour and the Atmosphere in the Classroom
Authors: Ziv Avner
Published: March 2007

All education authorities require personality to be taken into account in the appointment of teachers in their schools. Yet supposing they also paid specific attention to the sense of humour of each applicant, and indeed, required that their teachers possess a good sense of humour conducive to a happy classroom atmosphere in order to contribute to improved academic achievement? One can imagine all sorts of arguments being raised against such a prerequisite, not the least of which would claim that it would discrimi nate against many very intelligent and able teachers who by their very nature do not possess a sense of humour. Although such a prerequisite is unlikely to be adopted, a sense of humour can be a major advantage to a teacher in the classroom, as the following article demonstrates.
Adolescent Friendship Cliques and Academic Achievement
Authors: Bradley Judy
Published: March 2007

The adolescent period is commonly regarded as a time of non-conformity to adult society and of an overriding concern with social relations at the peer group level. From the point of view of those interested in education the emergence of friendship cliques within the formal structure of the school is of particular interest. Research has shown that young people will not apply themselves to learning unless this is consistent with the norms operating in their informal friendship groups. Children with high intelligence test scores have left school at the earliest opportunity in accordance with their group norm, while college aspirations have been found to be influenced more by peer group allegiance than by any other single factor. 1
Treatment of Dyslexic Children in Austria
Authors: Schenk-Danzinger Lotte
Published: March 2007

In Austria excellent provision is made for pupils with reading difficulties. This article, which was first given as a paper at the Annual Conference of the National Association for Remedial Education in Bath, England, in September, 1978, describes these provisions and includes an interesting description of the different nature of dyslexic phenomena between English and German- speaking children.
On Becoming More Clear: A Research Review With Clues to Instructors
Authors: Cruickshank Donald R. , Armaline William D.
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews research that shows significant links between specific teacher clarity behaviors and student achievement and satisfaction. Behaviors found to be most significantly related to student outcomes of interest are presented, possible instruments for assessing clarity are suggested, and appropriate applications of the research are discussed. While diabetes educators should attend to the results, they should compare and contrast their own situations with those described. The authors believe that knowledge of what has been learned about teacher clarity can be most useful in improving instruction in health care.
Betakid—Lessons Learned While Developing a Microcomputer Pediatric Case Simulation
Authors: Wheeler Lawrence A. , Golden Michael P. , Wheeler Madelyn L. , Swider Cynthia , Price Martha , Marrero David G. , Gray Deborah , Buckley George F. , Golden Debra J.
Published: March 2007

An arcade-style game, Betakid, was developed to provide diabetic children an opportunity to practice and evaluate skills in food and insulin dose selection. The user participates in the events through displays of text and graphics, occasionally accompanied by music. Choices are made concerning insulin dose, diet, and exercise. A displayed score indicates the appropriateness of the user's actions. Remediation is available after each decision. During the design and initial evaluation of Betakid, a number of lessons were learned about the application of computer-based simluations to diabetes education and care. The approach that was followed in developing Betakid, a summary of the characteristics of the simulation, and a list of suggestions for efficiently developing this type of project are presented.
Hypoglycemia: The Limiting Factor in the Management of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Havlin Carolyn E. , Cryer Philip E.
Published: March 2007

For persons with IDDM, hypogly cemia is an ever-present possi bility. Untreated, it can be life threatening. Based on the assumption that metabolic normalization will prevent long- term complications, many health professionals advocate tight glycemic control of IDDM. However, with today's technology, true metabolic normalization is an illusion. Practitioners need to develop ways to deliver insulin in a more physiologic fashion or learn to prevent, correct, or compensate for defective glucose counterregulation. They also need simpler methods for identifying patients at high risk for hypogly cemia. Patients need to learn how to recognize developing hypogly cemia from symptoms specific to them, how to treat it when it occurs, and how to prevent future episodes. Diabetes educators need to know how to effectively transfer the known body of knowledge about hypoglycemia to the patient with IDDM, since that is the individual charged with primary responsibility for the management of the disease.
The Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Ai Everett , Ferris Frederick L.
Published: March 2007

Advances in the understanding of diabetic retinopathy have allowed the development ofnew treatments directed at the preservation of sight. Recent data compiled by the Early Treatment Diabetic Reti nopathy Study (ETDRS) show that focal photocoagulation therapy can reduce the risk of further vision loss in diabetic patients with clinically significant macular edema. Therefore, treatment should be considered for all eyes that meet the criteria of clinically significant macular edema.
Counseling Patients Who Have Diabetes and Psychological Problems
Authors: Kopp Judy
Published: March 2007

Patients with diabetes have been found to have a higher incidence of psychiatric symptoms than the general population. Schizo phrenia, major depression, and situational depression are described and relevant counseling skills are introduced to enable the diabetes educator to work more effectively and more comfortably with patients who also have psychological problems. Through the use of nondirective inter viewing and counseling skills, diabetes educators can help patients communicate their feelings and cope more effectively with the compounded problems of diabetes and mental illness.