bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Patients Suffering from Primary Headache Disorders
Authors: Gaul C , Eismann R , Schmidt T , May A , Leinisch E , Wieser T , Evers S , Henkel K , Franz G , Zierz S
Published: April 2009

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is increasingly common in the treatment of primary headache disorders despite lack of evidence for efficacy in most modalities. A systematic questionnaire-based survey of CAM therapy was conducted in 432 patients who attended seven tertiary headache out-patient clinics in Germany and Austria. Use of CAM was reported by the majority (81.7%) of patients. Most frequently used CAM treatments were acupuncture (58.3%), massage (46.1%) and relaxation techniques (42.4%). Use was motivated by ‘to leave nothing undone’ (63.7%) and ‘to be active against the disease’ (55.6%). Compared with non-users, CAM users were of higher age, showed a longer duration of disease, a higher percentage of chronification, less intensity of headache, were more satisfied with conventional prophylaxis and showed greater willingness to gather information about headaches. There were no differences with respect to gender, headache diagnoses, headache-specific disability, education, income, religious attitudes or satisfaction with conventional attack therapy. A higher number of headache days, longer duration of headache treatment, higher personal costs, and use of CAM for other diseases predicted a higher number of used CAM treatments. This study confirms that CAM is widely used among primary headache patients, mostly in combination with standard care.
THE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM, 1971
Authors: Ll.Brown R. , Hollwey J. R. , Weele A. J. Van Der , Thompson E. H.
Published: April 2009

Four papers were read during the first symposium to be held by the Photogrammetric Society, at the University of Birmingham on 3rd and 4th April. Major General R. LI. Brown examined the staff structure of the organisations engaged upon the photogrammetric production of maps in the United Kingdom. Mr. J. R. Hollwey outlined the syllabus for a new Higher National Certificate in photogrammetry during a session which was devoted to education and qualifications. Subsequently, Professor A. J. van der Weele explained the evolution of the courses at ITC. By way of contrast, Professor E. H. Thompson attempted a forecast of developments in photogrammetry during the next decade. The papers succeeded in initiating prolonged discussion among the 80 members who attended.
A SPECIFICATION AND CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT FOR TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYS
Authors: Austin W. T. F. , Parkes W. A.
Published: April 2009

A second joint meeting between members of the Society, the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors and the Institution of Highway Engineers was held on 20th May, 1971. Since the first meeting (Record, 6(36): 521 ‐536) in December 1969, the Directorate of Highways, Department of the Environment (formerly the Ministry of Transport) has published a Specification and Conditions of Contract for Topographic Surveys. The purpose of this second meeting was to hear the comments of an engineer and a photogrammetrist on the new document and to discuss and criticise the document from the engineering and surveying points of view.
A COMPARISON OF FILM TYPE AND THE IMPORTANCE OF SEASON FOR INTERPETATION OF COASTAL MARSHLAND VEGETATION
Authors: Grimes B. H. , Hubbard J. C. E.
Published: April 2009

A study of coastal marshland using panchromatic vertical aerial photography suggested that October was the best season of the year for the interpretation of vegetation while February was most suitable for examining topographical or pedological features. False colour film was used to isolate certain plants from bare mudflats where it was impossible to identify these by differences in texture or height.
Clostridium Difficile Infection in the “Oldest” Old: Clinical Outcomes in Patients Aged 80 and Older
Authors: Cober Eric D. , Malani Preeti N.
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVES: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) represents a cause of substantial morbidity, particularly for older adults. Although older age is a risk factor for CDI, few studies have specifically focused on clinical outcomes in older adults, particularly the “oldest” old.

DESIGN: Retrospective review.

SETTING: University of Michigan Health System.

PARTICIPANTS: All patients aged 80 and older with a positive cytotoxin assay for C. difficile and a clinical course consistent with CDI during 2006.

MEASUREMENTS: Clinical data were recorded, including comorbid conditions and treatment regimens, as well as outcomes, including treatment failure, infection relapse, and 90‐day mortality.

RESULTS: Seventy patients aged 80 and older (mean 84.0±4.1) with CDI were identified. Metronidazole was given as initial therapy in 65 (92.8%); 18 of these 65 (27.7%) experienced treatment failure, requiring subsequent use of oral vancomycin. Serious adverse events included three episodes of toxic megacolon, two requiring colectomy. One death was directly attributable to CDI. All‐cause mortality was 8.6% at 30 days and 17.1% at 90 days. Higher white blood cell (WBC) counts were independently associated with treatment failure (P=.02) and coronary artery disease with 90‐day mortality (P=.02).

CONCLUSION: In older adults with CDI, treatment failure on metronidazole occurred frequently and was associated with higher WBC count. Larger prospective studies are needed to determine risk factors for treatment failure and relapse in order to develop better paradigms for CDI treatment in older adults. Initial therapy with vancomycin may be appropriate for elderly patients, especially those with elevated WBC counts.
The Effect of Major and Minor Depression on Medicare Home Healthcare Services Use
Authors: Friedman Bruce , Delavan Rachel L. , Sheeran Thomas H. , Bruce Martha L.
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVES:To examine the associations between major and minor depression and categories of Medicare home healthcare use.

DESIGN:Observational prospective study (1997–1999).

SETTING:Visiting nurse agency in suburban New York State.

PARTCIPANTS:Five hundred thirty‐nine new Medicare admissions aged 65 and older (mean age 78.4), 65.1% female, and 15.0% nonwhite. Approximately 13.5% were diagnosed with major depression and another 10.8% with minor depression.

MEASUREMENTS:Consensus “best estimate”Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition(DSM‐IV) diagnoses for major and minor depression assessed using Structured Clinical Interviews for DSM‐IV (SCID) plus medical charts.

RESULTS:Major and minor depression appear to have little association with probability and amount of use of the types of Medicare home health care (skilled nurse, home health aide, therapist (physical, occupational, and speech), and medical social services). Overall, patients with minor depression appear to have utilization similar to that of patients with major depression.

CONCLUSION:It seems likely that any potential incremental depression effect on utilization is being offset by the transitional medical state of the patients that entered Medicare home healthcare directly from a hospital, nursing home, or rehabilitation facility, and the overall severity of disability and chronic illness present in long‐term home healthcare patients. Further research is required to determine whether similar findings occur in other home healthcare agencies and whether these are present under the current Medicare Prospective Payment System reimbursement mechanism.
Live/Real Time Three‐Dimensional Transthoracic Echocardiographic Assessment of Bicuspid Aortic Valve Morphology
Authors: Singh Preeti , Dutta Rajarshi , Nanda Navin C.
Published: April 2009

We describe the usefulness of three‐dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (3D TTE) in the assessment of bicuspid aortic valve morphology in an adult patient with no stenosis but severe aortic regurgitation.
Importance of Kissing Balloon Inflation in Bifurcation Stenting
Authors: CHOO GIM‐HOOI
Published: April 2009

Percutaneous bifurcation intervention is usually sufficient with a single‐stent strategy. When the double‐stent strategy is employed, higher restenosis and target lesion revascularization (TLR) rates are observed, especially at the side‐branch ostium. The results may be improved, however, with refinement in techniques, for example, final kissing balloon inflation and double kissing balloon inflation.
Pulmonary Artery Stent Implantation in Children with Single Ventricle Malformation Before and After Completion of Partial and Total Cavopulmonary Connections
Authors: KRETSCHMAR OLIVER , SGLIMBEA ANCA , PRÊTRE RENÉ , KNIRSCH WALTER
Published: April 2009

Objectives: Relief of pulmonary artery stenosis before and after cavopulmonary connections (CPC) in patients with single ventricle malformation is essential to optimize pulmonary hemodynamics. We evaluated the risk factors for pulmonary artery stenosis and assessed the outcome after stent implantation.

Interventions: Seventeen stents in twelve patients were implanted for pulmonary artery stenosis before and after CPC at a mean age of 4.5 (0.1–17.6) years.

Results: Fourteen stents were placed in the left pulmonary artery (82%) and three stents in the right pulmonary artery (18%). One stent was implanted intraoperatively. Mean time between surgery and stent implantation was 28 (1–132) months. The mean (SD) size of the pulmonary artery stenosis was 3.1 ± 2.1 mm before and 8.1 ± 3.3 mm (P < 0.001) after stent implantation. Six out of seventeen stents (35.2%) had to be redilated after a mean time interval of 19 (5–48) months. Two patients’ stents were removed during the next surgical procedure; both needed an early restenting of the affected vessel. There were no procedure‐related complications for stent implantation or redilatation. Anatomical risk factors for pulmonary artery stenosis were right aortic arch and hypoplastic pulmonary arteries, whereas dilatation of the ascending aorta for LPA stenosis and Blalock–Taussig shunt for RPA stenosis were surgical risk factors.

Conclusions: Stent implantation to treat pulmonary artery stenosis in pediatric patients with CPC is effective and can be realized safely. Close follow‐up is recommended in patients with risk for pulmonary artery stenosis. During total cavopulmonary connection, previously implanted stents at that site should be left in place or be changed in a hybrid procedure to a larger diameter, because the etiology of stenosis may persist after surgery and the surgical removal could result in vessel injury that promotes restenosis.
Mechanisms of Late Stent Malapposition After Primary Stenting in ST‐Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Subanalysis of the Selection Trial
Authors: CHECHI TANIA , VECCHIO SABINE , LILLI ALESSIO , GIULIANI GABRIELE , SPAZIANI GAIA , BALDERESCHI GIORGIO , MONTEREGGI ALESSIO , RUBBOLI ANDREA , MARGHERI MASSIMO
Published: April 2009

Background: One of the major predictors of late stent malapposition (LSM) is primary stenting in acute myocardial infarction. However, mechanisms of LSM are still under debate.

Methods: Patients with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and enrolled in the SELECTION trial (38 patients in the paclitaxel‐eluting stent, PES, and 35 in the bare metal stent, BMS, cohort) were retrospectively analyzed to evaluate LSM, by means of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) data recorded at the index and 7‐month follow‐up procedures.

Results: Stent malapposition was documented in 21 lesions in 21 patients (28.8%): in 8 of these 21 patients (38.1%) it was LSM. Although statistical significance was not reached, LSM was more frequent after PES than BMS implantation (15.8% vs. 5.7%). LSM was mainly located within the body of the stent (62.5% of the cases). At the LSM segment, a significant increase of vessel area (19.2 ± 3.3 mm2 vs. 21.9 ± 5.3 mm2, P = 0.04) and a reduction of plaque area (12.6 ± 4.6 mm2 vs. 9.1 ± 3.9 mm2, P = 0.04) were observed at IVUS between the index and follow‐up procedure.

Conclusions: After primary stenting for STEMI, LSM seems to be more frequent after PES rather than BMS implantation. In the STEMI setting, possible mechanisms leading to LSM include positive remodeling and plaque mass decrease.
Intervention for Jailed Diagonal Branch Is Not Necessary While Stenting the Left Anterior Descending Artery
Authors: IKEDA NOBUTAKA , YAJIMA SUGURU , ASAHARA TOSHIYUKI , SAKAI HIDEYUKI
Published: April 2009

Objectives: To evaluate whether or not to treat diagonal branches interventionally while implanting sirolimus‐eluting stents (SES) in left anterior descending artery (LAD).

Background: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedures are complicated, especially in the case of a bifurcation lesion. The complicated strategy of PCI may increase the quantity of contrast medium, fluoroscopy time, and the number of devices.

Methods: We retrospectively included 35 patients with stable angina who were treated with SES between July 2005 and December 2006. They had 40 LAD/diagonal branch bifurcation lesions. The diagonal branches had a diameter greater than 1.5 mm. We finished the procedure without inflating diagonal branches when their flow showed thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow grade 3, even if the ostium of the branches had severe stenosis. Follow‐up angiographies were performed 6 months later. The LAD and ostium of diagonal branches were evaluated according to the quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) measurements.

Results: The percent diameter stenosis (%DS) of the ostium of diagonal branches was worse post‐PCI than at baseline (P = 0.0101). When comparing the follow‐up values with the baseline values, there were no significant differences. Additionally, follow‐up values were significantly better than the post‐PCI values (P = 0.0016). There was no hospitalization for heart failure, angina, or cardiac death. There was only one restenosis in LAD at follow‐up, and no diagonal branch became totally occluded or delayed.

Conclusions: In the diagonal branches, the minimal lumen diameter decreased and diameter stenosis progressed temporarily; however, both parameters recovered at the time of follow‐up.
Is life‐history buffering or lability adaptive in stochastic environments?
Authors: Koons David N. , Pavard Samuel , Baudisch Annette , Jessica E. Metcalf C.
Published: April 2009

It is commonly thought that temporal fluctuations in demographic parameters should be selected against because of the deleterious impacts variation can have on fitness. A critical underpinning of this prediction is the assumption that changes in environmental conditions map linearly into changes in demographic parameters over time. We detail why this assumption may often break down and why selection should not always favor buffering of demographic parameters against environmental stochasticity. To the contrary, nonlinear relationships between the environment and demographic performance can produce asymmetric temporal variation in demographic parameters that actually enhances fitness. We extend this result to structured populations using simulation and show that ‘demographic lability’ rather than ‘buffering’ may be adaptive, particularly in organisms with low juvenile or adult survival. Finally, we review previous ecological work, and indicate cases where ‘demographic lability’ may be adaptive, then conclude by identifying research that is needed to develop a theory of life‐history evolution that encompasses both demographic buffering and lability.
Regulation of oxidative‐stress responsive genes by arecoline in human keratinocytes
Authors: Thangjam G. S. , Kondaiah P.
Published: April 2009

Background and Objective:  Arecoline, an arecanut alkaloid present in the saliva of betel quid chewers, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of inflammatory oral diseases, including oral submucous fibrosis and periodontitis. To understand the molecular basis of arecoline action in epithelial changes associated with these diseases, we investigated the effects of arecoline on human keratinocytes with respect to cell growth regulation and the expression of stress‐responsive genes.

Material and Methods:  Human keratinocyte cells (of the HaCaT cell line) were treated with arecoline, following which cell viability was assessed using the Trypan Blue dye‐exclusion assay, cell growth and proliferation were analyzed using the MTT (3‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and 5‐bromo‐2‐deoxyuridine incorporation assays, cell cycle arrest and generation of reactive oxygen species were examined using flow cytometry, and gene expression changes were investigated using the reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction technique. The role of oxidative stress, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways were studied using specific inhibitors. Western blot analysis was performed to study p38 MAPK activation.

Results:  Arecoline induced the generation of reactive oxygen species and cell cycle arrest at the G1/G0 phase in HaCaT cells without affecting the expression of p21/Cip1. Arecoline‐induced epithelial cell death at higher concentrations was caused by oxidative trauma without eliciting apoptosis. Sublethal concentrations of arecoline upregulated the expression of the following stress‐responsive genes: heme oxygenase‐1; ferritin light chain; glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase; glutamate‐cysteine ligase catalytic subunit; and glutathione reductase. Additionally, there was a dose‐dependent induction of interleukin‐1alfa mRNA by arecoline via oxidative stress and p38 MAPK activation.

Conclusion:  Our data highlight the role of oxidative stress in arecoline‐mediated cell death, gene regulation and inflammatory processes in human keratinocytes.
The minor salivary gland proteome in Sjögren’s syndrome
Authors: Hjelmervik TOR , Jonsson R , Bolstad AI
Published: April 2009

Objective:  To identify the global protein expression (the proteome) in the minor salivary glands from primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) patients and non‐SS controls.

Materials and methods:  Minor labial salivary glands were obtained from six pSS patients and from six age‐matched non‐SS controls, lysed in SDS buffer and pooled into two groups, respectively. The lysates were analysed by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization combined with tandem mass spectrometry. Also, the proteins were separated by two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and protein spots were subjected to mass spectrometry.

Results:  Heat shock proteins, mucins, carbonic anhydrases, enolase, vimentin and cyclophilin B were among the proteins identified. The differences in the proteomes of minor salivary glands from pSS patients and non‐SS controls were mainly related to ribosomal proteins, immunity and stress. Alpha‐defensin‐1 and calmodulin were among six proteins exclusively identified in pSS patients.

Conclusion:  We have identified several minor salivary gland proteins that may have implications for clarifying the SS pathophysiology. This experiment adds to the knowledge of proteins produced in salivary glands in health and disease, and may form the basis of further studies on biomarkers of prognostic and diagnostic value.
Oral infectious diseases: a potential risk factor for HIV virus recrudescence?
Authors: González OA , Ebersole JL , Huang CB
Published: April 2009

As the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has transitioned human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection into a ‘chronic disease’ management strategy, there is growing evidence that infection with non‐HIV pathogens in HIV+ patients may have important public health implications in undermining HAART success and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome progression. Several bacterial and host cell products during infections with non‐HIV pathogens have shown the capacity to regulate HIV replication in latently infected cells. A high prevalence of oral infections caused by bacteria, viruses and fungi has been described in HIV+ patients, including periodontal disease. The oral cavity appears to be a site of HIV pathogenesis and potential reservoir for the disease as HIV RNA and DNA forms are present in saliva as well as in gingival crevicular fluid, and oral epithelial cells are susceptible to either cell free or cell‐associated HIV infection. The clinical and biological bases of potential associations between chronic oral inflammatory disorders, such as periodontal disease, and exacerbation of HIV viraemia have received little attention. This review attempts to evaluate the current understanding of HIV reactivation as a result of co‐infection and/or inflammation induced by non‐HIV pathogens in HIV‐infected patients, and presents a hypothetic model about the potential role of periodontitis as a global oral infection that potentially contributes to HIV recrudescence.
Clinical effectiveness of an acellular dermal regenerative tissue matrix compared to standard wound management in healing diabetic foot ulcers: a prospective, randomised, multicentre study
Authors: Reyzelman Alexander , Crews Ryan T , Moore John C , Moore Lily , Mukker Jagpreet S , Offutt Stephen , Tallis Arthur , Turner William B , Vayser Dean , Winters Christopher , Armstrong David G
Published: April 2009

This 12‐week, prospective, randomised, controlled multi‐centre study compared the proportion of healed diabetic foot ulcers and mean healing time between patients receiving acellular matrix (AM) (study group) and standard of care (control group) therapies. Eighty‐six patients were randomised into study (47 patients) and control (39 patients) groups. No significant differences in demographics or pre‐treatment ulcer data were calculated. Complete healing and mean healing time were 69·6% and 5·7 weeks, respectively, for the study group and 46·2% and 6·8 weeks, respectively, for the control group. The proportion of healed ulcers between the groups was statistically significant (P = 0·0289), with odds of healing in the study group 2·7 times higher than in the control group. Kaplan–Meier survivorship analysis for time to complete healing at 12 weeks showed a significantly higher non healing rate (P = 0·015) for the control group (53·9%) compared with the study group (30·4%). After adjusting for ulcer size at presentation, which was a statistically significant covariate (P = 0·0194), a statistically significant difference in non healing rate between groups was calculated (P = 0·0233), with odds of healing 2·0 times higher in the study versus control group. This study supports the use of single‐application AM therapy as an effective treatment of diabetic, neuropathic ulcers.
SHELF LIFE AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BONITO FISH (Sarda sarda, BLOCH, 1758) STORED AT 4C AND FISHING WITH DIFFERENT FISHING TOOLS
Authors: ERDEM MEHMET EMIN , KALAYCI FERHAT , DUYAR HUNKAR AVNI , SAMSUN SERAP
Published: April 2009

This study was carried out to determine the effects of harvesting method and refrigerated storage on biochemical composition of Atlantic Bonito. Samples were fish caught with a surround trammel net and a drift net in the Middle Black Sea region by fisherman and were brought to the laboratory. Quality control analyses for soluble solid, protein, fat and ashes were performed. On the 10th day after refrigerated storage (4C), pH, total volatile base nitrogen (TVB‐N), trimethylamine (TMA‐N) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values were found in the drift net. In the fresh fish samples caught by surround trammel net and drift net, fat, proteins, soluble solids and ash contents were calculated.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The results of the proximate content of Atlantic bonito caught with a trammel net and drift net showed that fat contents were 5.76; protein contents were 20.35; dry matter contents were about 30.5% and ash contents was 1–1.2%. After 10 days of storage at 4C, pH, TVB‐N, TMA‐N and TBA values were 6.17, 34.46 mg/100 g, 7.34 mg/100 g and 7.72 mg malonaldehyde/kg, respectively, in the surround trammel net, and 5.98, 40.60 mg/100 g, 8.02 mg/100 g and 8.03 mg malonaldehyde/kg in the drift net, respectively. Based on these results, there were significant differences between surround trammel net fishing and drift net fishing in terms of meat quality.
The roles of tacit knowledge and OCB in the relationship between group‐based pay and firm performance
Authors: Kim Hyondong , Gong Yaping
Published: April 2009

Researchers have suggested various mechanisms through which group‐based pay may affect firm performance, but few have provided direct empirical field tests of these mechanisms. In this paper, we argue that group‐based pay systems lead to more organisational citizenship behaviours (OCB) and facilitate the sharing and creation of tacit knowledge among core employees. OCB and tacit knowledge in turn enhance firm performance. Regression results show that group‐based pay is positively related to firm performance and that the relationship is partially mediated by core employees' OCB. We discuss implications for compensation theory and research.
The Form and Formlessness of Śiva: TheLingain Indian Art, Mythology, and Pilgrimage1
Authors: Fleming Benjamin J.
Published: April 2009

Thelingais well‐known as the dominant emblem of the Hindu god Śiva. This article seeks to provide an accessible survey of the mythology and iconography of thelinga, and the scholarly discussion about them. It considers some of the ancient objects that scholars have identified aslingas, reflecting on the methodological challenges involved in their interpretation. It also considers major narrative, theological, and pilgrimage traditions surroundinglingas, as preserved in the Pur?ṇas, and some of the prescriptions for their construction and installation, as outlined in ?gamas and reflected in current practice. The author suggests, moreover, thatlingaworship may have played an important role in the trans‐regional spread and consolidation of Śaivism as we know it.
Cost‐effectiveness of budesonide/formoterol for maintenance and reliever asthma therapy in Denmark – Cost‐effectiveness analysis based on five randomised controlled trials
Authors: Wickstrøm Jannie , Dam Nanna , Malmberg Irena , Hansen Brian Bekker , Lange Peter
Published: April 2009

Background and Aims:  Budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy (Symbicort SMART®) is an effective asthma‐management regime where patients use budesonide/formoterol both as maintenance treatment and as additional doses as needed to improve overall asthma control by reducing symptoms and exacerbations. The aim of this study was to determine the cost‐effectiveness of the Symbicort SMART® regime in Denmark vs higher dose inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) plus reliever medication, similar dose inhaled corticosteroid/long‐acting β2‐agonist (ICS/LABA) combination therapy plus reliever medication or higher dose of inhaled ICS/LABA combination therapy plus reliever medication.

Methods:  The cost‐effectiveness analyses were based on effectiveness and resource utilisation data, which were prospectively collected during the treatment period in five randomised clinical trials (duration: 24 weeks, 26 weeks or 1 year). Economic analyses were conducted from both a health care sector (direct costs) and a societal perspective [total costs, i.e direct costs + indirect costs (sick leave)]. The time horizon for the economic analyses was 1 year. The effectiveness measure used was the number of avoided severe exacerbations per patient per year.

Results:  Patients treated with budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy showed statistically significant fewer severe exacerbations per patient compared with the alternative treatment regimes in all comparisons. Budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy was a dominant treatment option when compared with higher dose ICS or higher dose ICS/LABA, i.e. it was more effective at a lower total cost. In two of the three comparisons with a similar ICS/LABA dose, Symbicort SMART® was dominant.

Conclusion:  Cost‐effectiveness analyses of budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy show that the significant reduction in the number of severe exacerbations observed in all the included clinical studies is predominately obtained at lower costs compared with alternative treatment regimes. This indicates that budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy is a cost‐effective treatment option in a Danish setting.

Please cite this paper as: Wickstrøm J, Dam N, Malmberg I, Hansen BB and Lange P. Cost‐effectiveness of budesonide/formoterol for maintenance and reliever asthma therapy in Denmark – Cost‐effectiveness analysis based on five randomised controlled trials. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2009; 3: 169–180.
Contribution of molecular cladistics to the taxonomy of Rutaceae in China*
Authors: BUT Paul Pui‐Hay , POON Alice Wing‐Sem , SHAW Pang‐Chui , SIMMONS Mark P. , GREGER Harald
Published: April 2009

The treatment of Rutaceae in the Chinese flora chose to follow Engler in recognizing Rutoideae and Toddalioideae as two separate subfamilies. Morphological and chemical comparisons, however, suggested grouping those two subfamilies in one subfamily, Rutoideae. This move has received support from molecular phylogenetic analyses, which also showed that the Chinese taxa in Euodia should be placed in Tetradium and Melicope following Hartley. Investigations into the chemistry and molecular phylogeny of Murraya also indicated that the species in the section Bergera without yuehchukene should be removed from Murraya. These findings clearly show the value of molecular cladistics to the taxonomy of Rutaceae in China and also directions for further investigations.
Low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy wave-function imaging of InAs∕GaAs cleaved quantum dots with similar height
Authors: Girard J. C. , Lemaître A. , Miard A. , David C. , Wang Z. Z.
Published: April 2009

The authors report on cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy/scanning tunneling spectroscopy and subsequent electronic wave-function imaging at a low temperature (T=77K) on cleaved In(Ga)As∕GaAs quantum dots (QDs). The dI∕dV spectra exhibit a set of discrete and well-defined peaks in the QD conduction band. Differential conductance dI∕dV maps, obtained on a series of individual dots, display clearly the real space spatial variation at the nanometer scale of the envelope (amplitude) of the electron wave functions for the successive ground state and excited states. Wave-function symmetry of the first two excited states are identified in the STS measurements.
Field emission pattern of carbon nanotubes and phase distribution of wave function in the end cap structure
Authors: Peng J , Edgcombe C. J.
Published: April 2009

The characteristic pattern of rings seen in field electron emission from capped carbon nanotubes is discussed. The states expected for the p-electrons on a pentagonal ring of carbon atoms are related to their angular periodicity, hence emission from states with a phase change around the ring is less attenuated than that from states with zero phase change. Solution of Schrödinger’s equation for an emitting ring in a system with planar cathode and anode electrodes shows that the wave function at the anode is zero on the axis for any nonzero variation of the phase of emission with azimuthal angle. These considerations suggest that the observed dark centers of rings are due to emission principally from states in the nanotube cap that have nonzero periodicity around the pentagons.
Studies of W(100) modified by praseodymium oxide by using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, and photoelectron emission microscopy
Authors: Kawakubo Takashi , Nakano Yusuke , Nakane Hideaki
Published: April 2009

The tungsten (100) surface modified by praseodymium oxide is observed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED). Pr metal is deposited on single-crystalline W(100). Then, when the Pr on the sample is oxidized, it changes into Pr2O3. The sample is flash heated in an ultrahigh-vacuum chamber between 1100 and 2000K at 100K intervals and is observed by XPS and LEED simultaneously. No peak shift or periodic pattern is observed. Next, under the same conditions, the work function of the sample is measured by photoelectron emission microscopy yielding a value of 3.1eV. The results suggest that although the W(100) modified by Pr oxide has no Pr–O composite and no particular atomic arrangement like ZrO∕W(100), the work function is reduced.
Single ferroelectric domain nucleation and growth monitored by high speed piezoforce microscopy
Authors: Polomoff Nicholas A. , Nath Ramesh , Bosse James L. , Huey Bryan D.
Published: April 2009

High speed piezoforce microscopy (HSPFM) is a versatile technique for directly monitoring ferroelectric domain switching with nanoscale resolution. For a single region in a PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3 thin film, HSPFM movies are presented at two distinct poling potentials, collectively acquired in less than the time necessary for just a single conventional PFM image. The number of nucleation sites resolved per area is greater for the stronger switching field, while the switching pattern is visibly similar. Focusing on a single domain site, nucleation clearly occurs much more rapidly for the stronger field. Domain growth rates are also quantified for this individual feature and found to increase by a factor of 2 when the dc poling potential is adjusted from negative 1.7 to negative 1.9V.
Use-Dependent Plasticity in Clock Neurons Regulates Sleep Need in
Drosophila
Authors: Donlea Jeffrey M. , Ramanan Narendrakumar , Shaw Paul J.
Published: April 2009

Sleep is important for memory consolidation and is responsive to waking experience. Clock circuitry is uniquely positioned to coordinate interactions between processes underlying memory and sleep need. Flies increase sleep both after exposure to an enriched social environment and after protocols that induce long-term memory. We found that flies mutant for
rutabaga, period
, and
blistered
were deficient for experience-dependent increases in sleep. Rescue of each of these genes within the ventral lateral neurons (LN
V
s) restores increased sleep after social enrichment. Social experiences that induce increased sleep were associated with an increase in the number of synaptic terminals in the LN
V
projections into the medulla. The number of synaptic terminals was reduced during sleep and this decline was prevented by sleep deprivation.
Ex Vivo Model of Meningococcal Bacteremia Using Human Blood for Measuring Vaccine-Induced Serum Passive Protective Activity
Authors: Plested Joyce S. , Welsch Jo Anne , Granoff Dan M.
Published: April 2009

The binding of complement factor H (fH) to meningococci was recently found to be specific for human fH. Therefore, passive protective antibody activity measured in animal models of meningococcal bacteremia may overestimate protection in humans, since in the absence of bound fH, complement activation is not downregulated. We developed an ex vivo model of meningococcal bacteremia using nonimmune human blood to measure the passive protective activity of stored sera from 36 adults who had been immunized with an investigational meningococcal multicomponent recombinant protein vaccine. Before immunization, human complement-mediated serum bactericidal activity (SBA) titers of ≥1:4 against group B strains H44/76, NZ98/254, and S3032 were present in 19, 11, and 8% of subjects, respectively; these proportions increased to 97, 22, and 36%, respectively, 1 month after dose 3 (P< 0.01 for H44/76 and S3032). Against the two SBA-resistant strains, NZ98/254 and S3032, passive protective titers of ≥1:4 were present in 11 and 42% of sera before immunization, respectively, and these proportions increased to 61 and 94% after immunization (P< 0.001 for each strain). Most of the sera with SBA titers of <1:4 and passive protective activity showed a level of killing in the whole-blood assay (>1 to 2 log10decreases in CFU/ml during a 90-min incubation) similar to that of sera with SBA titers of ≥1:4. In conclusion, passive protective activity was 2.6- to 2.8-fold more frequent than SBA after immunization. The ability of SBA-negative sera to killNeisseria meningitidisin human blood where fH is bound to the bacteria provides further evidence that SBA titers of ≥1:4 measured with human complement may underestimate meningococcal immunity.
Splicing of the Large Intron Present in the Nonstructural Gene of Minute Virus of Mice Is Governed by TIA-1/TIAR Binding Downstream of the Nonconsensus Donor
Authors: Choi Eun-Young , Pintel David
Published: April 2009

The essential proteins NS1 and NS2 of minute virus of mice are encoded by mRNAs R1 and R2, respectively. R2 is derived from R1 by excision of a large intron and thus splicing governs the relative ratios of NS1 and NS2. Excision of the large intron utilizes a nonconsensus 5′ donor site. We identified a U-rich and A-rich intronic sequence immediately downstream of the nonconsensus 5′ donor site that functions as an intronic splicing enhancer (ISE) required for efficient large-intron excision. The ISE binds the cellular RNA-processing proteins TIA-1 and TIAR, which enhance usage of the nonconsensus donor.
Screening for carcinoma of the prostate by digital rectal examination in a randomly selected population.
Authors: Pedersen K V , Carlsson P , Varenhorst E , Löfman O , Berglund K
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE--To study the acceptability, costs, psychosocial consequences, and organisation of screening for carcinoma of the prostate. DESIGN--A randomly selected population was personally invited for digital rectal examination by a urologist and a general practitioner. Further examinations were performed if induration was felt. Each man completed a questionnaire on his response to the examination. SETTING--General practices in the area of Norrköping. PATIENTS--1494 Men aged 50-69 randomly selected from a population of 9026. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE--Prostates having a firm nodular consistency. RESULTS--Carcinoma of the prostate was suspected in 45 of 1163 patients examined; in 10 by the general practitioners, in 10 by the urologists, and in 25 by both. Forty four men had a fine needle aspiration biopsy, and carcinomas were found in 13 cases. Of these, one had been suspected by the general practitioner, four by urologists, and eight by both. The cost for each man was 11.60 pounds, and the cost for each case of carcinoma detected and treated by potentially curative methods was 2477 pounds. Of the 13 men with carcinoma, 10 underwent radical prostatectomy and one radiotherapy. One man had advanced disease and was given endocrine treatment, another was not treated. Only 193 men felt distress during the initial examination. Of the 44 men who had an aspiration biopsy, 25 experienced anxiety. CONCLUSIONS--Screening for carcinoma of the prostate by a urologist or a general practitioner using digital rectal examination is a cost effective method of early diagnosis. Whether such screening leads to prolonged survival, however, remains doubtful.
The Sociology of Emotional Labor
Authors: Wharton Amy S.
Published: April 2009

Emotional labor refers to the process by which workers are expected to manage their feelings in accordance with organizationally defined rules and guidelines. Hochschild's (1983) The Managed Heart introduced this concept and inspired an outpouring of research on this topic. This article reviews theory and research on emotional labor with a particular focus on its contributions to sociological understandings of workers and jobs. The sociological literature on emotional labor can be roughly divided into two major streams of research. These include studies of interactive work and research directly focused on emotions and their management by workers. The first uses emotional labor as a vehicle to understand the organization, structure, and social relations of service jobs, while the second focuses on individuals’ efforts to express and regulate emotion and the consequences of those efforts. The concept of emotional labor has motivated a tremendous amount of research, but it has been much less helpful in providing theoretical guidance for or integration of the results generated by these bodies of work.
Arachidonic acid potentiates hypoxia-induced VEGF expression in mouse embryonic stem cells: involvement of Notch, Wnt, and HIF-1α
Authors: Lee Sang Hun , Kim Min Hee , Han Ho Jae
Published: April 2009

Recent investigations suggest that hypoxia increases the release of fatty acids, which participate in the regulation of cytokine synthesis and cell growth. Therefore, in this study, we examined the effect of arachidonic acid (AA) on hypoxia-induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and its related signaling pathways in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Hypoxia increased the level of [3H]AA release and VEGF expression. AA treatment concurrent with hypoxia further increased the PGE2 production and VEGF expression level, which was inhibited by the suppression of cPLA2 and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) pathways. Hypoxia increased the level of Notch-1 and Wnt-1/β-catenin expression, which was blocked by the inhibition of COX-2, and inhibition of Notch-1 by γ-secretase inhibitor blocked Wnt-1 activation. Moreover, the hypoxia-induced increase of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) expression induced Notch-1 activation and was regulated by Wnt-1 activation. The expression of each signaling molecule induced an increase in VEGF expression that was greater in hypoxia with AA than in hypoxia alone. The inhibition of VEGF expression using VEGF-targeted small interfering RNA decreased the hypoxia-induced increase in cell cycle regulatory protein expression, DNA synthesis, and cell number, suggesting that hypoxia-induced VEGF expression stimulates proliferation of mouse ES cells. In conclusion, AA potentiates hypoxia-induced VEGF expression in mouse ES cells through the Notch-1, Wnt-1, and HIF-1α pathways.
Cross-inhibition between nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and P2X receptors in myenteric neurons and HEK-293 cells
Authors: Decker Dima A. , Galligan James J.
Published: April 2009

The enteric nervous system (ENS) controls gut function. P2X receptors and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are ligand-gated cation channels that mediate fast synaptic excitation in the ENS. Close molecular coupling in enteric neuronal membranes contributes to a mutually inhibitory interaction between these receptors; this effect is called cross-inhibition. We studied the molecular mechanisms responsible for cross-inhibition. Whole cell patch-clamp techniques were used to measure P2X- and nAChR-mediated currents in cultured enteric neurons and HEK-293 cells. In cultured myenteric neurons, ACh (3 mM) and ATP (1 mM) coapplication evoked an inward current that was only 57 ± 6% ( P < 0.05) of the predicted current that would have occurred if the two populations of channels were activated independently. In HEK-293 cells coexpressing α3β4 nAChR/P2X2 receptors, coapplication of ATP and ACh caused a current that was 58 ± 7% of the predicted current ( P < 0.05). To test the importance of P2X subunit COOH-terminal tail length on cross-inhibition, P2X3 and P2X4 subunits, which have shorter COOH-terminal tails, were studied. Cross-inhibition with α3β4 nAChRs and P2X3 or P2X4 subunits was similar to that occurring with P2X2 subunits. P2X receptor or α3β4 nAChR desensitization did not prevent receptor cross-inhibition. These data indicate that the α3β4-P2X receptor interaction is not restricted to P2X2 subunits. In addition, active and desensitized conformations of the P2X receptor inhibit nAChR function. These molecular interactions may modulate the function of synapses that use ATP and ACh as fast synaptic transmitters in the ENS.
Antihypertensive effects of central ablations in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Moreira Thiago S. , Takakura Ana C. , Colombari Eduardo , Menani José V.
Published: April 2009

Commissural nucleus of the solitary tract (commNTS) lesions transitorily (first 5 days) reduce mean arterial pressure (MAP) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), and lesions of the tissue surrounding the anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V region) chronically reduce MAP in other models of hypertension. In the present study, we investigated the effects of combined AV3V+commNTS electrolytic lesions on MAP and heart rate (HR) in conscious SHR. Baseline MAP and HR were recorded in male SHR before and for the next 40 days after sham or AV3V lesions combined with sham or commNTS lesions. The AV3V lesions produced no change in MAP in SHR, while commNTS lesions reduced MAP acutely (121 ± 2 to 127 ± 3 mmHg in the 1st and 5th days, respectively, vs. prelesion: 192 ± 4 mmHg) but not chronically (from 10 to 40 days). However, combined AV3V+commNTS lesions reduced MAP of SHR chronically (119 ± 2 to 161 ± 4 mmHg, in the 1st and 40th day, respectively, vs. prelesion levels: 186 ± 4 mmHg) or sham-lesioned SHR (187 ± 4 to 191 ± 6 mmHg). Sympathetic and angiotensinergic blockade produced less reduction in MAP in SHR with AV3V+commNTS-lesions, and there was no relationship between changes on water and food intake, body weight, or urinary excretion produced by AV3V+commNTS lesions with the changes in MAP. The present findings suggest that in the absence of the commNTS, the AV3V region contributes to the hypertension observed in SHR by mechanisms that appear to involve enhanced angiotensinergic and sympathetic activity.
Complete intracellular pH protection during extracellular pH depression is associated with hypercarbia tolerance in white sturgeon,Acipenser transmontanus
Authors: Baker D. W. , Matey V. , Huynh K. T. , Wilson J. M. , Morgan J. D. , Brauner C. J.
Published: April 2009

Sturgeons are among the most CO2tolerant of fishes investigated to date. However, the basis of this exceptional CO2tolerance is unknown. Here, white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus, were exposed to elevated CO2to investigate the mechanisms associated with short-term hypercarbia tolerance. During exposure to 1.5 kPa Pco2, transient blood pH [extracellular pH (pHe)] depression was compensated within 24 h and associated with net plasma HCO3−accumulation and equimolar Cl−loss, and changes in gill morphology, such as a decrease in apical surface area of mitochondrial-rich cells. These findings indicate that pHe recovery at this level of hypercarbia is accomplished in a manner similar to most freshwater teleost species studied to date, although branchial mechanisms involved may differ. White sturgeon exposed to more severe hypercarbia (3 and 6 kPa Pco2) for 48 h exhibited incomplete pH compensation in blood and red blood cells. Despite pHe depression, intracellular pH (pHi) of white muscle, heart, brain, and liver did not decrease during a transient (6 h of 1.5 kPa Pco2) or prolonged (48 h at 3 and 6 kPa Pco2) blood acidosis. This pHi protection was not due to high intrinsic buffering in tissues. Such tight active cellular regulation of pHi in the absence of pHe compensation represents a unique pattern for non-air-breathing fishes, and we hypothesize that it is the basis for the exceptional CO2tolerance of white sturgeon and, likely, other CO2tolerant fishes. Further research to elucidate the specific mechanisms responsible for this tremendous pH regulatory capacity in tissues of white sturgeon is warranted.