bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le rapport « Nora-Minc ». Histoire d'un best-seller
Authors: Walliser Andrée
Published: July 2010

The " Nora-Minc " report. The history of a best seller, Andrée Walliser.

Made public in 1978, the Nora-Minc report was a typical instance of the French tradition of administrative reports. Requested by V. Giscard d'Estaing in order to take stock of the computerization of society, at a time of questioning and increasing worries in France, this report met with great success both in the press and in bookstores, thanks to its brilliant writing and reassuring conclusions. In a few months it became a best seller and, because of the ambiguous reactions it caused, a kind of mirror reflecting, in a period of socio-economic change and discourses on modernization, the state of French public opinion in the late 1970s. The report was much commented, but was it really heeded ?
1968 : mort et naissance de l'université française
Authors: Prost Antoine
Published: July 2010

1968 : death and birth of the French University, Antoine Prost.

The events of 1968 undermined the magisterial legitimacy and university authority so radically that they caused decisive transformations in French universities. The organization of studies and examinations, teaching methods and professor-student relations are not the only elements of the university institution that were then greatly changed. The very structure of the university was entirely reorganized : power is now found at different levels, based on more democratie elections, which reinforces it and gives it other dimensions. Paradoxically, the 1968 events marked the birth of real universities in France.
Le mouvement de 1968 au Mexique
Authors: Lempérière-Roussin Annick
Published: July 2010

The 1968 movement in Mexico, Annick Lempérière-Roussin.

The 1968 student movement presented in Mexico forms of contestation to which the political regime — stable and authoritarian — was not accustomed the fear of an autonomous mass movement which might acquire its own legitimacy and cause a snow bail phenomenon led to massive repression. This was reinforced by the proximity of the Olympic Games. But as an end-result of the 1960s in which anti-Castrism, anti-imperialism and social utopianism flourished, the Mexican 1968 movement was also a revolt of civil society against the authoritarian regime of the Institutional Revolutionary Party. The voluntaristic students and intellectuals of 1968 can be considered the precursors of the civil struggles which have recently taken place on the occasion of each election.
Le système Ceausescu. Utopie totalitaire et nationalisme insulaire
Authors: Durandin Catherine
Published: July 2010

The Ceaucescu System. Totalitarian utopia and insular nationalism, Catherine Durandin.

The " systematization " that has been going on in Romania in recent years and Ceausescu's delirious megalomania are not outgrowths of a perverted System. They are at the very heart of the device for creating a " New Man ", set up since 1965, the year of the arrival in power of the " Conducator ". There has also always been a constant attempt by the dictatorship at a historie legitimation, from the Daci to communism, by way of the 1848 nationalists.
Tian'Anmen 1989
Authors: Bergère Marie-Claire
Published: July 2010

Tian'anmen 1989, Marie-Claire Bergère.

An analysis of the Tian'anmen movement reveals how complex it was, and how far from western patterns. The students wanted not only to improve their own conditions and transform the institutions of the Socialist Republic ; along with many intellectuals, they also wanted to moralize the party and politics. The persistence of traditional values was not the only obstacle to an institutionalization of the opposition, also paralysed by the absence of a civil and of autonomous structures in which the protesters might lean. Factional rivalties, generational fights, personal and political conflicts among leaders played a major role in Tian'anmen.
Le premier mai 1936 entre deux tours et deux époques
Authors: Rodriguez Miguel
Published: July 2010

May Day 1936, between two elections and two epochs, Miguel Rodriguez.

At first glance, between the two ballots of the parliamentary elections which were to consecrate the victory of the Popular Front, the celebration of May Day 1936 should logically have registered a strong political mobilization. Paradoxically, while the day was a real success for the recently reunified CGT, the election outcome seemed quite absent from people's worries. The celebration had less to do with the immediate political situation than with a more general process : the gradual integration of the « workers' day » in the collective habits, with militant mobilization becoming little by little a ritual gathering.
Le bonheur pour pratique dans les Pyrénées-orientales
Authors: Cadé Michel
Published: July 2010

Happiness as praxis in the Pyrénées-Orientales, Michel Cadet.

In the Pyrénées-Orientales, the Communist Party perfected at the time of the Popular new militant practices. Based on the press, cultural activities, performances and folk feasts, these practices developed a new way of being together, in which militants and sympathizers, intellectuals and manual workers learned to know each other. Rooted in a solid local tradition, they depended nonetheless very closely on the Communist Party's national strategy.
Discours historiques et identité nationale en Argentine
Authors: Quattrocchi-Woisson Diana
Published: July 2010

Historical discourse and national identity in Argentina, Diana Quattrocchi-Woisson.

Ever since the 19th century, Argentina, then a young nation in the making and searching for its difference, has looked for its identity in an uninterrupted line of « revisions » of its own history. An oligarchic vision at the time of Rosas, democratic at the time of Yrigoyen, populist in the Peron era, with attacks by Maurrassians, antagonism by the academic and university circles, history in Argentina is a continuous battle of memory and counter-memory.
1940 : le var rouge dans la vague blanche
Authors: Guillon Jean-Marie
Published: July 2010

1940 : The red Var, and the white wave, Jean-Marie Guillon.

In the Var department, as elsewhere, the beginnings of opposition to the Vichy re- gime were neither early nor unanimous. In 1940, the Resistance was still to be invented, especially since it represented a break with a political tradition which had forgotten the clandestine action and republican insurrections of the previous centuries. Resistance was built up through stages, first in cities and then on the coast. There was no single center : it was formed from distant circles in which Gaullists, Anglophiles, democrats, antiparliamentarians and partial supporters of the Vichy regime coexisted. At the end of 1940, there was still a long way to go for the republicans who had to discover what the Resistance was and for the Resistance, which had to rediscover the Republic.
L'immigration dans le football
Authors: Beau Stephane , Noiriel Gérard
Published: July 2010

Immigration in soccer, Stéphane Beaud, Gérard Noiriel.

Why has immigration always played an important role in the French soccer job market ? The round bail has always been an extremely important integration factor for young immigrants, though in highly diverse forms. Thinking about " national style " shows how national and patriotic reflexes corne together and fade away, and how the question of " social habitus " is easier to circumscribe in social groups and individuals who are seeking to get even with the society that takes them in.
Les grands commencements de l'Europe plan Marshall (1947) et aide à l'est européen (1990)
Authors: Bossuat Gérard
Published: July 2010

The major beginnings of Europe. The Marshall Plan (1947) and aid to East Europe (1990), Gérard Bossuat.

The article compares the contexts of Marshall aid to devastated Europe to the aid now granted to the Eastern countries currently in disarray. It questions the nature of assistance, the conditions under which it was granted, the purposes of both donors and beneficiaries. It concludes that there are similarities between 1947 and 1990, but that assistance is not presently in the service of ambitions and plans clearly formulated and massively shared by both sides.
Pavane pour une histoire défunte dans l'ancienne Allemagne de l'est
Authors: Chaix Gérald
Published: July 2010

Pavane for a defunct ex-East German history, Gérald Chaix.

Germany's reunification has dramatic social conséquences. In the universities of ex-East Germany, especially among historians, particularly numerous because of the legitimizing function history played, the advocates of the previous regime are trying to save their jobs although the overall record seems negative. While the old structures, in particular the Academy of Sciences, are being dismantled, debate is raging in Germany on the achievements of East German historiography. Some aspects of it seem worthy of attention, especially in the field of social history.
De Beyrouth à Alger : la fin d'un ordre urbain
Authors: Ilbert Robert
Published: July 2010

From Beirut to Alger, the end of an urban order, Robert Ilbert.

Like Beirut, the inmost extreme example, the port-cities of the Ottoman Empire have gone little by little from the stage of dynamism and brilliance to that of dismantlement, when not chaos... Understanding such a process implies an analysis of the very specifie urban order which characterized them at the time of their apogee : they were cosmopolitan cities functioning almost like genuine city-states, organized around the power of their elites, the social and cultural weight of their communitarian System and of the relative autonomy of their municipal agencies. But the logic of the nation-states gained increasingly and broke their always precarious balance, pushing them into an apparently unending crisis.
Sortir du sud : le modèle espagnol
Authors: Chastagnaret Gérard
Published: July 2010

The way out of the South : the Spanish model, Gérard Chastagnaret.

In the 19th century, Spain's economic growth did not bring about real development, and fortunes were made without enough investment. As of the 1950s, however, Spain really ' took off '. It stopped being a periphery of Europe and became a genuine European south. Can this successful Spanish model be exported to other Mediterranean countries ? Yes, if a few conditions are net.
L'affaire Gabrielle Russier
Authors: Bouchoux Corinne
Published: July 2010

The Gabrielle Russier affair, Corinne Bouchoux.

In the summer and the fall of 1969, Gabrielle Russier, a professor of literature in a Marseille lycée, was judged and condemned for having had a love affair with one of her students. An emblematic figure and a victim for some, and a seductress and guilty woman for others, the teacher found herself confronted with three institutions that were under going a deep crisis : the family, the school, the judiciary. Beyond a conflict between individuals who wanted to apply 1968 " ideas " and those who defended traditional values, this human interest story revealed some of the contradictions French society was experiencing, at a time when the " events of May " had not yet been overcome.
La réunification et la recherche historique allemande
Authors: Kocka Jürgen
Published: July 2010

Germany's reunification and historical research, Jürgen Kocka.

In all fields, whether political, economic, social or cultural, Germany's unification is being achieved mostly through an extension of the West German System to the former East Germany. This is also true of scientific research, particularly of historical studies. Historians of the two Germanys had complex relations since the 1945 split, each of the two disciplines trying to answer by means of new analyses the arguments put forward by the other camp. In this race for intellectual challenges, whose setting was the very history of Germany, large portions of research, touching vaster subjects, were left aside. One may therefore hope that the 1989-90 rupture will enable German historians to shake free of the approach based on national history and open up to wider perspectives, those concerning the history of a civilization.
Vers une histoire sociale de la RDA
Authors: Niethammer Lutz
Published: July 2010

Towards a social history of the GDR, Niethammer.

Based on the results of a vast oral history study undertaken in the GDR in 1987 and on additional interviews after German unification, the author sketches a social history of the GDR. He analyzes the relations between the life experience and the political socialization of the successive generations, the effects of selective migration on the structure and the composition of the leading strata and the consequences of the demographic imbalance favoring women on social and economic institutions. Supplementing these approaches with an analysis of the economic and political dimensions, he makes the case for setting GDR in the framework of a continuous German history, and for comparisons with German society under Nazism and that of the other socialist countries.
Qu'est-ce qu'être allemande ? De la polémique politique à la recherche historique
Authors: Frévert Ute
Published: July 2010

What does it mean to be a German woman ? From political polemic to historical research, Ute Frevert.

It is more important to ask questions about the identity of German women in the 20th century than about that of their male counterparts. In Germany as in the rest of the world, the history of women represents a scientific and political stake. In a country seeking its identity, tormented by a memory difficult to handle and a reunification just as delicate to achieve, questions about the place of sexe difference in recent history may provide an opportunity to deal with many problematical issues of " general " history.
Les classes moyennes devant l'histoire
Authors: Berstein Serge
Published: July 2010

The middle classes and history, Serge Berstein.

Whatever the Marxists said, the middle classes are not going counter to history. On the contrary, they have been powerful motors for France's contemporary history. They remain to be defined : neither bourgeois, nor proletarian, caught in a representation of society they take pleasure in, determined to climb, and often so fragile. They should be studied without preconceived ideas, using historical hypotheses and methods. Serge Berstein opens the discussion.
Identité sociale et politique des petits commerçants (1966-1988)
Authors: Mayer Nonna
Published: July 2010

The social and political identity of shop-keepers, Nonna Mayer.

As early as the 19th century, the shops were a particular social category in the nebula of the middle class. But the perception of its social identity and political leanings has been evolving in the 20th century. A series of studies carried out from 1966 to 1988 shows that it is still depending on neigh-borhood and region, pulled between the " little " and the " big ", between " workers " and " bourgeois ", and still as uncomfortable with this binary logic. But — and this is new — small traders identify more readily today with the " average French men ".
L'escamotage de la notion de classes moyennes sous l'occupation
Authors: Ruhlmann Jean
Published: July 2010

The concealment of the concept of middle classes during the German Occupation, Jean Ruhlmann.

The Vichy " national revolution " concealed in its official discourse the concept of middle classes. The middle classes had no place in the corporative ideology which by definition denied any class organization of society. The discourse, nevertheless, was aimed at farmers, shopkeepers and small businessmen who formed one of the foundations of support for Marshal Pétain, even if Vichy failed in its attempt to give them a specifie place in the " new France ".
Les missions universitaires françaises au Brésil dans les années 1930
Authors: Lefèvre Jean-Paul
Published: July 2010

French academic missions in Brazil in the 1930s, Jean-Paul Lefèvre.

When in the early 1930s Brazil sought to acquire modem university structures, it resolutely looked abroad in particular towards France, which had already provided an active cultural and intellectual presence thanks to the efforts of one scholar Georges Dumas. Several French academic missions were sent to Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre, especially in the social and human sciences. Young scholars such as François Perroux, Fernand Braudel and Claude Lévi-Strauss had an Brazilian adventure, a rich example of cultural exchange which benefited each of the actors.
Les croix-de-feu et l'antisémitisme
Authors: Millman Richard
Published: July 2010

The Croix-de-Feu and anti-semitism, Richard Millman.

Was the League of the Croix-de-Feu an anti-semitic movement? What about the Parti social Français (PSF) after 1936? From a careful reading of the press and many accounts, the author draws a measured conclusion, distinguishing the leaders and their troups, before and after 1933, Paris and peripheric areas such as Alsace-Lorraine and Algeria. Quite clearly the Croix-de-Feu were not structured by anti-semitism, unlike other extreme right movements of the interwar period. But in proportion that is still unknown, many of the leagued members, with skulls against a background of crosses of honor, were antisemit.
La destruction de Caen en 1944
Authors: Voldman Danièle
Published: July 2010

The destruction of Caen in 1944, Danièle Voldman

Using the example of the bombings which hit and practically destroyed Caen during the summer of 1944, the author studies the reasons for the strategie choices which could explain them. The problems of protection, evacuation and management of the civilian population gave rise to a new form of intervention, whether by Vichy, the Germans or the Allies.
La collection "signe de piste". Pour une histoire culturelle du scoutisme en france
Authors: Guérin Christian
Published: July 2010

The "Signe de piste" series. For a cultural history of the boy scout movement in France, Christian Guérin.

From the late 1930s to the mid-1960s, the "Signe de piste" (path or track sign) series embodied the culture of French scouting for generations. Through the success of its authors, in particular Serge Dalens, the father of Prince Eric, through the efficacy of its illustrators, above all Joubert, through the consistency of its youthful universe and its aristocratie values, it succeeded in shaping a whole individual and group imaginary world. Its analysis relies on the notion of System of representations more than on ideology.
«Combat» et la guerre d'Algérie
Authors: Duranton-Crabol Anne-Marie
Published: July 2010

Combat and the Algerian war, Anne-Marie Duranton-Crabol.

Born during the Resistance, was the daily newspaper Combat so favorable to French Algeria that it manifested sympathy for the OAS? The reality was more complex. The paper attempted to reconcile its dream of a fraternal Algeria with non-negligible help to the nationalist and anti-gaullist team of Esprit public, while keeping its unfailing commitment to opinion pluralism. The contradictions of the paper help us measure the scope of the national crisis brought about by the Algerian tragedy.
Un état des recherches sur l'histoire du Vietnam
Authors: Tertrais Hugues
Published: July 2010

The state of research on the history of Vietnam, Hugues Tertrais.

A history that is too political, splintered, foundering on the obstacles of stereo-typed language - or language itself - and nevertheless already devoted to the study of an old state tradition : such is the record of world research on Ho Chi Minh's country. One precious encouragement: it is indeed the history of the present that appears likely to bear tomorrow the long awaited synergies.
La sidérurgie française de 1973 à nos jours. Dégénérescence et transformation
Authors: Mioche Philippe
Published: July 2010

The French steel industry since 1973. Degeneration and transformation, Philippe Mioche.

The author relates the stages of the decline of the French steel industry since 1973. The fall in production and employ- ment and the closing of many industrial sites were matched by a technological and social conversion leading to the assurance that a new steel industry has a future in France.
L'histoire du temps présent dans l'enseignement secondaire des pays de la CEE
Authors: Wytteman Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2010

Contemporary history in secondary schools in the EC countries, Jean-Pierre Wytteman.

At a time when a reform of secondary school history programs is under consideration in France, given particularly the prominent place of contemporary history and the fad of a "European history", this survey of all the EC countries may be useful. It provides a measure of French exceptionalism and of its power of persuasion.
Le vote des femmes et la fin de "l'exception française"
Authors: Rudelle Odile
Published: July 2010

The women's vote and the end of "French exceptionalism", Odile Rudelle.

The years 1946-1983 were, with respect to suffrage, a period of dynamic difference between genders. In the contexts of Liberation, decolonization, and post cold war, this difference weighed in favor of republican constitutionalism. An analysis of the four elections which registered a significant difference between men and women (1946, 1965, 1974, and 1981) shows that the female electorate may have sought the modernization of French politics rather than the narrow conservatism feared by the opponents of women's suffrage.
Les électrices françaises de 1945 à 1993
Authors: Mossuz-Lavau Janine
Published: July 2010

French women voters, 1945 to 1993, Janine Mossuz-Lavau.

In five decades French women voters learned how to handle the tool finally at their disposal. Three periods mark the
Aux sources du national-socialisme : les romans de Rudolf Herzog et la culture politique allemande
Authors: Jardin Pascal
Published: July 2010

At the sources of national socialism. The novels of Rudolf Herzog and German ideology, Pascal Jardin.

Now forgotten, Rudolph Herzog was one of the most widely read novelists in the Germany of the fîrst decades of the century. The study of his work bares a whole ideological universe mixing the call to individuals to gather behind their charismatic leader and the exaltation of work, within a view of the world deeply impre- gnated with nationalism. Popular literature thus contributed to the dissemination of a culture which prepared the way for Nazism.
Le front national crée-t-il une culture politique?
Authors: Milza Pierre
Published: July 2010

Is the National Front creating a political culture? Pierre Milza.

A mixture of neo-fascism, counter-revolutionary conservatism and national populism, the National Front ideology is too composite to create an original political culture. The strength of Lepénisme cornes from the charisma of its leader and the Front's organization as a counter-society.
Télévision et culture politique
Authors: Chambat Pierre
Published: July 2010

Television and political culture, Pierre Chambat.

The links between television and political culture in France should be evaluated taking into account the conjunctural convergence between the expansion of television and the creation of the Fifth Republic. Television was first associated to the liquidation of the representative parliamentary tradition by a "new regime" which made abundant use of the media to reinforce the executive's direct link with the people. With alternation and the end of "French exceptionalism", preoc- cupations emerged that were more focused on the theme of political communication and public opinion democracy.
1914 dans 1940
Authors: Crémieux-Brilhac Jean-Louis
Published: July 2010

1914 in 1940 Jean-Louis Crémieux-Brilhac.

In May 1940, the French did not recognize the war the Germans were waging. Why? Because they had remained too much attached to the patterns of the Great War and were inhibited by the prestige of the winners of 1918.
Les poètes-combattants de la grande guerre une nouvelle forme du sacré
Authors: Winter Jay M.
Published: July 2010

Soldier-poets of the Great War: a new form of the sacred, Jay M. Winter.

From Apollinaire to Wilfred Owen, through Siegfried Sassoon and Ivor Gurney, many soldier-poets tried to transcribe their war experience into the words and forms of poetry. But a study of a few cen- tral themes, such as the memory of the dead or Old Testament sacrifices, shows that at the beginning of the 20th century it was not always easy to express the fee-ling of the sacred in the language of modernity.
Cinéma et histoire : bilan historiographique
Authors: Pithon Rémy
Published: July 2010

Cinema and history: the historiographic record, Rémy Pithon.

Historian's interest in film is not new. But not until the early 1970s did the topic "cinema and history" begin to be approached. Despite the difficulties of a research field that was new methodologically as well as instrumentally, a great deal of work has been done over the past 20 years. It fits into three basic categories : content studies focusing on openly propaganda or ideological works or semiological studies deliberately ignoring context in favor of the "film as object"; studies that attempt to unveil underlying but significant representation of the problems of a given period. After 25 years of research, the record is far from negative. In spite of failures and dead-ends, each school has produced high quality research that has stimulated debate and deepened hypotheses.
Temps de l'histoire, temps du cinéma
Authors: Delage Christian
Published: July 2010

Historical time and time of the cinema, Christian Delage.

The filmmaker reconstructs the past rather than reconstituting it, and thus meets the historian. The analysis of two major works by John Ford and Michael Cimino shows how the cinema historicizes a past event through the indirect agency of the narrative. In the fiction presented to the audience, the filmmaker, like the historian, faces representations inscribed in general history, while simultaneously modifying its meaning. American cinema carries on an almost ontological relation with duration and time; the question of its truthfulness presents the same methodological challenge as that driving contemporary historical research.
La place du spectateur
Authors: Bosséno Christian-Marc
Published: July 2010

The spectator's place, Christian-Marc Bosséno

The analysis of the diffïculties encountered by studies of movie audiences in the US and in Europe shows that the myths and preconceived ideas concerning the cinema's "general public" are to be replaced by research capable of differentiating between socio-cultural categories and historicizing the concept of the spectator.
Juifs français et Allemands dans la grande guerre
Authors: Landau Philippe-Efraïm
Published: July 2010

French and German Jews in the First World War, Philippe-Efraïm Landau.

During the First World War, most Jews in both France and Germany took up the cause of their nation. For each community, the entry intro war carried a patriotic hope. By defending their fatherland, each camp's spokesmen believed they were reinforcing their national integration, beyond the specific and religious Jewish affiliation. In both countries, the war was perceived as a just cause, in France streng-thening democracy, the emancipation of Jews and human rights, and in Germany developing Germanity, a component of Judaism. Like all citizens, on both sides of the Rhine the Jews were nationalistic and bellicose.
Face à l'immigration : mixophobie, xénophobie ou sélection. Un débat français dans l'entre-deux-guerres
Authors: Taguieff Pierre-André
Published: July 2010

Facing immigration: mixophobia, xenophobia or selection. A French interwar debate, Pierre-André Taguieff

An analysis of the interwar debate on French immigration policy shows the differences between the tradition of xenophobic nationalism, based on the distinction between the nation and the "stranger", and the pattern of biological and eugenic racialism. The latter model, in the tradition of Vacher de Lapouge and Dr Martial, defined a policy of strongly structured racial selection, even while calling for the welcoming and protection of immigrants.
« Le pouvoir est dans la rue ». 30 Mai 1968 la « manifestation gaulliste » des Champs-Elysées
Authors: Georgi Frank
Published: July 2010

"Power is in the streets". 30 May 1968: the "Gaullist demonstration" on the Champs-Elysées, Frank Georgi.

On May 30, 1968, the Champs-Elysées demonstration was a such a success that the crowd gathered was compared to a "sea". It was not as unanimous in its Gaullist fervor as was then said, but it did weigh decisively in the battle for legitimacy which saved Gaullist power.
La construction de la mémoire du maquis du Vercors commémoration et l'historiographie
Authors: Vergnon Gilles
Published: July 2010

Constructing the memory of the Vercors resistance. Commemoration and historiography, Gilles Vergnon.

At the time of Liberation, the Vercors memorial consensus exalted the unity of the combatants, their heroism and their sacrifices for national liberation. The Cold War soon broke this irenic sentiment, and the drama of the Vercors plateau was instrumentalized by the French Communist Party in its fight against its Gaullist rival. After 1958, ecumenism got the upper hand again, despite some episodes, and the Vercors became a high place of Resistance memory.
À propos de la trilogie de Keith Middlemas état et société en Grande-Bretagne depuis 1940
Authors: Leruez Jacques
Published: July 2010

A propos Keith Middlemas' trilogy: State and society in Great Britain since 1940, Jacques Leruez.

The Second World War sealed a social consensus which lasted until 1961. Based on modernization, this compromise (illustrated by the Bevin-Churchill duet) gave birth to many reforms often inspired by Keynesian dogma. After 1961, however, the will to transform the country, based on an informal triple partnership (the state, trade unions, employers) failed and concertation proved its limits. The social peace wanted by Callaghan failed in the face of trade union intransigence, enabling Margaret Thatcher to gain power (1979). Getting rid of compromise, preferring confrontation to concertation, Mrs Thatcher, although lacking a definite program, destroyed the postwar consensus. The traditional forces then declined, trade unions in particular, and new logics won (competition, profit, etc.), ruining the traditional foundations of the state (the civic mind, the celebration of public service). Power in Great Britain cannot limit itself to state decisions. Spheres of influence (employers and the City) now play a decisive part.
Phénomène national et état-nation, d'hier à aujourd'hui
Authors: Bédarida François
Published: July 2010

The national phenomenon and nation-state : from yesterday to today.

The come-back of nations over the last ten years invites the historian to reconsider the classic definitions of nation, nationality and State. These definitions can no longer be normative and definitive. They have to be put into a context in which new approaches and new terms (ethnic group, identity) have appeared and compete, if one wants to try to characterize the national phenomenon.
Les avatars du statut de résistant en France (1945-1992)
Authors: Wieviorka Olivier
Published: July 2010

The transformations of the status of resistant in France (1945-1992).

If ever there were a juridical status that should be unequivocal and non-revisable, this is it. Alas, from 1945 to 1992, the surviving resistants were remobilized and somewhat instrumentalized several times by political forces. Their rights followed the fluctuating curve of people's thinking and "felt" the assaults on memory. Between the military and the civilian, the national virtual French dough-boy and the ecumenical militant of universal values, their civic image greatly changed. This change is analyzed here for the first time, with all its expectations, taken from the best sources.
Pour une histoire de l'Europe sans adjectif
Authors: Rioux Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2010

For an adjectiveless history of Europe.

The difficulties of a European history, full of geographical, conceptual, and methodological ambiguities, preclude any teleological history whose ambition would be to justify a historic march towards European Union. The strength of national histories and the role of binational confrontations in recent historical research support a history of Europe set between the national and the world, which would recall the tensions and the ruptures and would acknowledge that Europe is a contradictory form.
Les lumières de la crise. Les entreprises françaises dans la dépression des années 1930
Authors: Lefeuvre Daniel
Published: July 2010

The stars of the crisis. French companies in the 1930s' depression, Daniel Lefeuvre.

The study of companies' financial results in the 1930s mitigates the overly black image of the French economy during the depression: The assets of most big firms grew ; for 92 % of these firms, profitability was also up. This period was also rich in promising changes: on the horizon were the consumption habits of the "Trente Glorieuses" and the growth of a gribusiness. At the same time, the modernization of distribution and new thinking on management ans sales methods were occurring, and technological choices were being made for the future.
Les banques françaises dans les grandes crises du 20e siècle
Authors: Plessis Alain
Published: July 2010

French banks in the major crises of the 20th century, Alain Plessis.

In the 1930s as in the 1980s, French banks were seriously hit by the effects of the economic crisis. But the development of the monetary System during this half-century, in particular the increase of credit circulation, brought about changes in banking. Accused in the two periods of contri-buting to the beginning or the deepening of the crisis, they didn't suffer from the same effects. In the 1980s, there were no massive withdrawal demands whereas the increase of bad risks led to a reduction of banking establishments' resources. Necessitating considerable provisions, this increase reduced their profitability considerably. The adaptation of French banks to a competitive, hight risk market is even more delicate in that they are not totally free from State influence.
Les économistes face aux «crises» de 1929 et 1974
Authors: Wolff Jacques
Published: July 2010

Economists and the "crises" of the 1929 and 1974, Jacques Wolff.

In spite of different methodological presuppositions, the analysis of the "1929 crisis" by the British orthodox economist Lionel Robbins (The Great Depression, 1929-1934, 1934) often agrees with the synthetic approach of the French economist Bertrand Nogaro (La crise économique en France et dans le monde, 1936) : both reject the idea of a single cause interpretation of the recession and condemn any policy that questions market laws and claims to break with the market economy. Faced with the 1974 recession, Otto Eckstein (The Great Recession, 1978) proposes an analysis of the American crisis based on an econometric model using many simulations, which opposes, point by point, the Marxist Ernst Mandel's point of view (La crise, 1974-1978, 1978). Far from being a weakness, the difference between the approaches illustrates the richness of economic analysis. In this field, improvement of the representations can come only from the confrontation of models and ideas.
Le Saint-Siège, l'état d'Israël et la paix au moyen-orient
Authors: Yerly Frédéric
Published: July 2010

The Holy See, the state of Israël and peace in the Middle East, Frédéric Yerly.

The agreement reached on December 30, 1993 between the Holy See and the state of Israël and followed by the exchange of ambassadors crowns a normalization process of diplomatic relations begun during Abba Eban's visit to Rome in 1969. Prior to the proclamation of the state of Israël in 1948, the Roman hostility to the settling of the Jews in Palestine stemmed from the conviction that Catholic interests in the holy places and the protection of the Christians in the Middle East should take precedence over the recognition of the Jewish people. The so-called Roman neutrality over the beginning of the state of Israël turned to hostility when confronted with the Palestinian cause. The 1993 turning point was partially due to the failure of the Roman policy in the Middle-East, a failure confirmed by the Gulf War. Rome had to rethink its positions very hastily, considering the development of the regional situation. But the December agreement included some ethical clauses that are also part of the ongoing theological dialogue between Jews and Christians.
L'implantation industrielle française en Allemagne fédérale, de 1945 au début des années 1960 une ambition renouvelée ?
Authors: Eck Jean-François
Published: July 2010

French industrial implantation in West Germany, from 1945 to the early 1960s: a renewed ambition?, Jean-François Eck.

The growth of French investments in West Germany from 1945 to I960 was spectacular. This strong increase was often due to the return of enterprises whose business had been ruined by Nazism. The really new establishments were rare and limited. But the development of investments had an influence on the management of business that, thanks to internationalization, modernized their ways of running their business. Business leaders payed more attention to manufacturing costs and less to national demand to which delocalization was supposed to answer. A capital change.
De Gaulle et l'histoire de France
Authors: Agulhon Maurice
Published: July 2010

De Gaulle and French History, Maurice Agulhon.

Maurice Agulhon explains "a certain idea of France" that Charles de Gaulle drew from the history of his country. France as a person, the weight of origins, and the dialectic of the national and providential : general de Gaulle's constant reflection on these three questions made him a French Sisyphus, inimitable and dated.
La « culture pop » des années 1960 en Angleterre
Authors: Lemonnier Bertrand
Published: July 2010

1960s Pop Culture in England, Bertrand Lemonnier.

The 1960s pop culture, of which the Beatles were the emblematic figure, remains a little-explored historical field. The historicity of pop is generally underestimated and "young people's culture" is willfully denigrated. Added to this are the methodological problems posed by the overabundance and diversity of available sources as well as the epistemological problems raised by the writing of a cultural history of the present time.
Aux origines de la génération 1968 : les étudiants français et la guerre du Vietnam
Authors: Jalabert Laurent
Published: July 2010

Origins of the 1968 generation: French Students and the Vietnam War (1965-1968), Laurent Jalabert.

The mobilization of French students against the war in Vietnam from 1965 to 1968 often seemed like a rehearsal of May 1968: rival revolutionary ideological de- mands, creation of competitive student committees, and street demonstrations are the main characteristics of this very active anti-American campaign. The contestation created lasting bonds between the students and some universities whose research involved them in third-world issues. This commitment of French intellectual youth contributed to the political training of the 1968 generation.
Les mythes policiers du cinéma français des années 1930 aux années 1990
Authors: Dehée Yannick
Published: July 2010

Police Myths in French Cinema, from the 1930s to the 1980s, Yannick Dehée.

Through the example of the police in French cinema, "popular" films called will be analyzed as a political myth. The police hero as seen on the screen, from Maigret of the 1930s to Belmondo of the 1970s and the Ripoux of the 1980s, underscore the change in people's mentalities and reveal a growing malaise as to the state of society.
Populisme et nationalisme
Authors: Hermet Guy
Published: July 2010

Populism and nationalism, Guy Hermet.

As of late 18th century, nation and people have been used synonymously by the founders of today's representative regimes. Populism and nationalism are the outgrowths of these two terms, and their marriage, that the French revolutionaries saw to during the founding period of political modernity, has remained valid throughout the 20th c. There were three different types of populism in Europe in the 1930s in which the expressions of ethnically-based national-populism cannot be reduced to the phenomenon of Nazism alone: the first was an additive of political discourse to foment the people's wrath ; the second, carried by in- tellectuals, proposed the political promotion of the humiliated masses by means they laid claim to; and the third one focussed on the real or imagined ethnic solidarity of an old-stock population. Added to these were the North and South-American populisms, whose study shows to what point the desire to control the political intervention of the masses was the unifying element of a generic national-populism.
Le populisme ?
Authors: Agulhon Maurice , Badie Bertrand , Bergounioux Alain , Besançon Alain , Rudelle Odile , Stengers Jean , Stora Benjamin , Thibaud Paul , Touraine Alain
Published: July 2010

Populism? Maurice Agulhon, Bertrand Badie, Alain Bergougnioux, Alain Besançon, Odile Rudelle, Jean Stengers, Benjamin Stora, Paul Thibaud et Alain Touraine.

«What do you think and what should one think, according to you, of the concept of populism and its scientific and civic uses, to understand a contemporary society, from yesterday to today?» This was the question that Vingtième siècle posed (well before the French elections of June 1, 1997) to historians, political scientists, sociologists, researchers and intellectuals. Here is a selection of their answers, all very free, and that point out the convergences around which this issue was constructed.
La cause du peuple
Authors: Perrot Michelle
Published: July 2010

The People's Cause, Michelle Perrot.

The idea of direct intervention, which goes back to Early Modem times and thrived during the Enlightenment, is at the root of political commitment. It remained, however, restricted in scope and more attentive to he rights of Man than to social concerns. In the course of the nineteenth-century, by contrast, the social question came to the fore as writers tended to eulogize the People. But the autonomy of the workers movement, readily anti-intellectual, confined nineteenth-century writers to the secondary role of "road companions", which in turn freed them for the task of upholding justice, as in the Dreyfus Affair. All these mutations, of causes, actors, projects and behaviors, outlined complex configurations reflecting changes in attitudes to time, to space and to ways of envisioning the future. Nineteenth-century experiences help us to better understand the various forms, both fleeting and vigorous, of contemporary commitents.
Les quatre saisons des clercs
Authors: Sirinelli Jean-François
Published: July 2010

The Four Seasons of Intellectuals, Jean-François Sirinelli.

The commitment of intellectuals since the Dreyfus affair constitutes a national tradition, this key moment forming the "birth" of a type of involvement sowed during thanks to Voltaire and the 18th century. During the period between the two wars, intellectuals played a major role because of the seriousness of the stakes as well as because of the very nature of a clash that, opposing Nazism and Communism, directly called to the intellectuals. After the Liberation and the Algerian war, however, these engagements diminished as media coverage tended to abolish the power of intellectuals.
Réflexions sur l'engagement personnel
Authors: Landsberg Paul-Louis
Published: July 2010

Thoughts on Personal Engagement, Paul-Louis Landsberg.

This text is the first part of an article published by the journal Esprit in November 1937. A reflection on historicity, Paul-Louis Landsberg's analysis, haunted by spain, is rather close to what Malraux said at the same time in Esprit. His richer argumentation, however, was extended by an "introduction to a critique of the myth", also published in Esprit, in January, 1938.
Les décades de Pontigny (1910-1939)
Authors: Chaubet François
Published: July 2010

The Decades of Pontigny (1910-1939), François Chaubet.

In 1910, during a time in which international scientific meetings were in great fashion, the Decades of Pontigny reflected on the role of intellectuals in a mass democratic society. These periodic residential meetings of intellectuals held in a remote place were inspired by several models of sociability and brought together a relatively big number of people, considering the subjects taken up. After the first World War, they played a non-negligible role in the European intellectual community, or at least in a Franco-German rapprochement. In the 1930s, they led to a critical reflection on totalitarian regimes.
Clemenceau et la Grèce
Authors: Jeanneney Jean-Noël
Published: July 2010

Clemenceau and Greece, Jean-Noël Jeanneney.

"You have to go to Greece to get anywhere else," said Clemenceau, who admired above all the power-hammer eloquence of a Demosthenes. At the time when lawyers and professors were marked by Ciceron, the philhellenic Tiger united word and conviction, discussion and combat, reason and liberty. It was a strongly Athenian definition of the French Republic that is worth recalling today, 80 years after the 1918 victory.
Le réflexe antifasciste. Les comités de lutte contre le fascisme et la guerre dans le Loiret (1934-1936)
Authors: Marlin François
Published: July 2010

The Anti-fascist Reflex. The Anti-fascist and Anti-war Committees in the Loiret (1934 - 1936), François Marlin.

In the Loiret, a French département (administrative division) with a radical leaning, an incredibly vital anti-fascist Committee was set up following February 6, 1934. Directed by communists, it nevertheless included many socialists and radicals. It managed to inaugurate a "Popular Front" in the rank and file in 1935 before falling victim to the divisions that occurred within the Rassemblement populaire after the 1936 electoral victory.
Complots et purges dans l'armée de libération algérienne (1958-1961)
Authors: Ageron Charles-Robert
Published: July 2010

Plots and Purges in the Algerian Liberation Army (1958-1961), Charles-Robert Ageron.

Spy mania, fear of betrayal, and sectarianism were responsible for " revolutionary" purges within the National Liberation Army during the Algerian war of independence. This on-going purge often decimated the officers and demoralized the men. This is the first article to look scrupulously at the violent revenge taken, wilaya by wilaya. It was useful today, it seemed to us, to recall the existence of these victims, sacrificed on the "altar of human stupidity".
La libération et la politique de l'information
Authors: Boissieu Michel de
Published: July 2010

Information Freedom and Policy, Michel de Boissieu.

As a young resistant who became head of the cabinet of the Ministry of Information with Pierre-Henri Teitgen, Michel de Boissieu was witness to the reorganization of the public service after the Liberation and helped to set up again a milieu that Vichy and the Resistance has separated for a few years. In a sector — Information — where everything was to be done, the difficulty came from the ambiguity of the mission given to the minister, the disorganization of the administration, the many pressures brought to bear by the press professionals, the politicians and the other ministries. The founding of Le Monde — Hubert Beuve-Méry immediately asserted his independence vis-à-vis the power in place - preceded the relaunching in the spring of 1945 of La Dépêche de Toulouse, suspended at the Liberation. These two episodes show the minister's will to assure the existence of a free and independent press in order to break with the practices of the between war period without yielding to the temptation of an official press.