bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ambient Air Pollution and Kawasaki Disease in Korean Children: A Study of the National Health Insurance Claim Data
Authors: Kwon Dayoon , Choe Young June , Kim Sun‐Young , Chun Byung Chul , Choe Seung‐Ah
Published: April 2022

Background

Kawasaki disease (KD) is a systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology that primarily affects children under 5 years of age. Some researchers suggested a potential triggering effect of air pollution on KD, but the findings are inconsistent and limited by small sample size. We investigated the association between ambient air pollution and KD among the population of South Korea younger than 5 years using the National Health Insurance claim data between 2007 and 2019.

Methods and Results

We obtained the data regarding particulate matter ≤10 or 2.5 µm in diameter, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ozone from 235 regulatory monitoring stations. Using a time‐stratified case‐crossover design, we performed conditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (OR) of KD according to interquartile range increases in each air pollutant concentration on the day of fever onset after adjusting for temperature and relative humidity. We identified 51 486 children treated for KD during the study period. An interquartile range increase (14.67 μg/m
3
) of particulate matter ≤2.5 µm was positively associated with KD at lag 1 (OR, 1.016; 95% CI, 1.004–1.029). An interquartile range increase (2.79 ppb) of sulfur dioxide concentration was associated with KD at all lag days (OR, 1.018; 95% CI, 1.002–1.034 at lag 0; OR, 1.022; 95% CI, 1.005–1.038 at lag 1; OR, 1.017; 95% CI, 1.001–1.033 at lag 2). Results were qualitatively similar in the second scenario of different fever onset, 2‐pollutant model and sensitivity analyses.

Conclusions

In a KD‐focused national cohort of children, exposure to particulate matter ≤2.5 µm and sulfur dioxide was positively associated with the risk of KD. This finding supports the triggering role of ambient air pollution in the development of KD.
Mortality in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in the Modern Era: Early Insights From the Pulmonary Hypertension Association Registry
Authors: Chang Kevin Y. , Duval Sue , Badesch David B. , Bull Todd M. , Chakinala Murali M. , De Marco Teresa , Frantz Robert P. , Hemnes Anna , Mathai Stephen C. , Rosenzweig Erika Berman , Ryan John J. , Thenappan Thenappan , Allen Roblee , Bartolome Sonja , Benza Raymond , Cadaret Linda , Eggert Michael , Elwing Jean , Fineman Jeffrey , Foley Raymond , Ford H. James , Hirsch Russel , Grinnan James , Ivy D. Dunbar , Kawut Steven , Kennedy Jamie , Klinger James , Leary Peter , Mazimba Sula , Ramani Gautam , Raina Amresh , Runo James , Swisher John , Varghese Nidhy , White R. James , Williamson Timothy , Yung Delphine , Zamanian Roham , Zwicke Dianne
Published: April 2022

Background

Current mortality data for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in the United States are based on registries that enrolled patients prior to 2010. We sought to determine mortality in PAH in the modern era using the PHAR (Pulmonary Hypertension Association Registry).

Methods and Results

We identified all adult patients with PAH enrolled in the PHAR between September 2015 and September 2020 (N=935). We used Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards models to assess mortality at 1, 2, and 3 years. Patients were stratified based on disease severity by 3 validated risk scores. In treatment‐naïve patients, we compared survival based on initial treatment strategy. The median age was 56 years (44–68 years), and 76% were women. Of the 935 patients, 483 (52%) were ≤6 months from PAH diagnosis. There were 121 deaths (12.9%) during a median follow‐up time of 489 days (281–812 days). The 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐year mortality was 8% (95% CI, 6%–10%), 16% (95% CI, 13%–19%), and 21% (95% CI, 17%–25%), respectively. When stratified into low‐, intermediate‐, and high‐risk PAH, the mortality at 1, 2, and 3 years was 1%, 4% to 6%, and 7% to 11% for low risk; 7% to 8%, 11% to 16%, and 18% to 20% for intermediate risk; and 12% to 19%, 22% to 38%, and 28% to 55% for high risk, respectively. In treatment‐naïve patients, initial combination therapy was associated with better 1‐year survival (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.43 [95% CI, 0.19–0.95];
P
=0.037).

Conclusions

Mortality in the intermediate‐ and high‐risk patients with PAH remains unacceptably high in the PHAR, suggesting the importance for early diagnosis, aggressive use of available therapies, and the need for better therapeutics.
CELER: A 365-Participant Corpus of Eye Movements in L1 and L2 English Reading
Authors: Berzak Yevgeni , Nakamura Chie , Smith Amelia , Weng Emily , Katz Boris , Flynn Suzanne , Levy Roger
Published: April 2022

We present CELER (Corpus of Eye Movements in L1 and L2 English Reading), a broad coverage eye-tracking corpus for English. CELER comprises over 320,000 words, and eye-tracking data from 365 participants. Sixty-nine participants are L1 (first language) speakers, and 296 are L2 (second language) speakers from a wide range of English proficiency levels and five different native language backgrounds. As such, CELER has an order of magnitude more L2 participants than any currently available eye movements dataset with L2 readers. Each participant in CELER reads 156 newswire sentences from the Wall Street Journal (WSJ), in a new experimental design where half of the sentences are shared across participants and half are unique to each participant. We provide analyses that compare L1 and L2 participants with respect to standard reading time measures, as well as the effects of frequency, surprisal, and word length on reading times. These analyses validate the corpus and demonstrate some of its strengths. We envision CELER to enable new types of research on language processing and acquisition, and to facilitate interactions between psycholinguistics and natural language processing (NLP).
Morphology and taxonomy of Chaetoceros heterovalvatus, a rare marine diatom
Authors: AKÉ-CASTILLO JOSÉ ANTOLÍN
Published: April 2022

N/A
A checklist of Burmanniaceae in Eastern Indochina with a new record from Vietnam, Burmannia itoana
Authors: NURALIEV MAXIM S. , YUDINA SOPHIA V. , TRUONG BA VUONG , DANG VAN SON , KOPYLOV-GUSKOV YURY O. , LYSKOV DMITRY F. , KUZNETSOV ANDREY N. , KUZNETSOVA SVETLANA P. , ZHANG DIANXIANG
Published: April 2022

An updated checklist of the family Burmanniaceae in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam is provided. The checklist comprises a single genus, Burmannia, and 15 species, of which one is fully autotrophic, six species are partially mycoheterotrophic, and eight species are fully mycoheterotrophic (non-photosynthetic). Burmannia itoana earlier known only from Japan and China is reported from Vietnam for the first time, based on our collections of this species from northern and southern parts of the country. The newly recorded species, as well as a selection of several other Vietnamese species of Burmannia, are illustrated with analytical photographs of floral structure. A key for identification of Burmannia in the countries of Eastern Indochina is presented.
Revision of the genus Charippus Thorell, 1895, with descriptions of eight new species (Araneae, Salticidae, Euophryini)
Authors: YU KUN , WANG WEIHANG , MADDISON WAYNE P. , ZHANG JUNXIA
Published: April 2022

The euophryine genus Charippus Thorell, 1895 is revised and eight new species are described: Charippus asper Yu, Maddison & Zhang, sp. nov. (♂ ♀), C. bukittimah Yu, Maddison & Zhang, sp. nov. (♂ ♀), C. callainus Yu, Maddison & Zhang, sp. nov. (♂ ♀), C. denjii Yu, Maddison & Zhang, sp. nov. (♂ ♀), C. heishiding Yu, Maddison & Zhang, sp. nov. (♂ ♀), C. kubah Yu, Maddison & Zhang, sp. nov. (♂ ♀), C. minotaurus Yu, Maddison & Zhang, sp. nov. (♂ ♀) and C. wanlessi Yu, Maddison & Zhang, sp. nov. (♂ ♀). A new combination for Charippus yunnanensis (Cao & Li, 2016) comb. nov. (ex. Cytaea Keyserling, 1882) is proposed, and its female is described for the first time. Diagnostic illustrations and photographs are provided for all known species.
Mustura daral, a new species of stone loach from Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae)
Authors: RAMESHORI YUMNAM , CHINGLEMBA YENGKHOM , DARSHAN ACHOM , VISHWANATH WAIKHOM
Published: April 2022

Mustura daral, new species, is described from the Siang River (Brahmaputra drainage) in Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by: 9–10 dark-brown saddles on dorsum, each continued down on flank forming regularly set and shaped dark-brown bars; two black blotches at caudal-fin base; caudal fin forked with 9+8 branched rays; lateral line complete; median notch in lower jaw absent; axillary pelvic lobe large; and suborbital flap in male with conspicuous tubercles along posterior rim.
Linear Inverse Modeling of Large-Scale Atmospheric Flow Using Optimal Mode Decomposition
Authors: Kwasniok Frank
Published: April 2022

Linear inverse modeling or principal oscillation pattern (POP) analysis is a widely applied tool in climate science for extracting from data dominant spatial patterns together with their dynamics as approximated by a linear Markov model. The system is projected onto a principal linear subspace and the system matrix is estimated from data. The eigenmodes of the system matrix are the POPs, with the eigenvalues providing their decay time scales and oscillation frequencies. Usually, the subspace is spanned by the leading principal components (PCs) and empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs). Outside of climate science, this procedure is now more commonly referred to as dynamic mode decomposition (DMD). Here, we use optimal mode decomposition (OMD) to address the full linear inverse modeling problem of simultaneous optimization of the principal subspace and the linear operator. The method is illustrated on two pedagogical examples and then applied to a three-level quasigeostrophic atmospheric model with realistic mean state and variability. The OMD models significantly outperform the EOF/DMD models in predicting the time evolution of the large-scale flow modes. The advantage of the OMD models stems from finding more persistent modes as well as from better capturing the nonnormality of the linear operator and the associated nonmodal growth. The dynamics of the large-scale flow modes turn out to be markedly non-Markovian and the OMD modes are superior to the EOF/DMD modes also in a modeling setting with a higher-order vector autoregressive process. The OMD modes could also be used as basis functions for a nonlinear dynamical model although they are not optimized for that purpose. Potential applications of the OMD method in weather and climate science include ENSO or MJO prediction, reduced-rank data assimilation, and generation of initial perturbations for ensemble prediction.
Human Influence on Seasonal Precipitation in Europe
Authors: Christidis Nikolaos , Stott Peter A
Published: April 2022

The response of precipitation to global warming is manifest in the strengthening of the hydrological cycle but can be complex on regional scales. Fingerprinting analyses have so far detected the effect of human influence on regional changes of precipitation extremes. Here we examine changes in seasonal precipitation in Europe since the beginning of the twentieth century and use an ensemble of new climate models to assess the role of different climatic forcings, both natural and anthropogenic. We find that human influence gives rise to a characteristic pattern of contrasting trends, with drier seasons in the Mediterranean basin and wetter over the rest of the continent. The trends are stronger in winter and weaker in summer, when drying is more spatially widespread. The anthropogenic signal is dominated by the response to greenhouse gas emissions, but is also weakened, to some extent, by the opposite effect of anthropogenic aerosols. Using a formal fingerprinting attribution methodology, we show here for the first time that the effects of the total anthropogenic forcing, and also of its greenhouse gas component, can be detected in observed changes of winter precipitation. Greenhouse gas emissions are also found to drive an increase in precipitation variability in all seasons. Moreover, the models suggest that human influence alters characteristics of seasonal extremes, with the frequency of high precipitation extremes increasing everywhere except the Mediterranean basin, where low precipitation extremes become more common. Regional attribution information contributes to the scientific basis that can help European citizens build their climate resilience.
The Quantification of Child Labour by Ghana’s Mass Media: A Missed Opportunity?
Authors: Okali Kalaria , Boamah Emmanuel Frimpong , Sumberg James
Published: April 2022

This article describes how the mass media in Ghana use quantitative information to communicate the prevalence of child labour. During the period 2000–2020, stories about child labour frequently appeared in Ghana’s mass media. Within nearly 30 per cent of the stories, at least one numerical quantification is used. Quantifications appear to be constructed primarily to dazzle readers. The large numbers and the weight of the technical jargon used would appear to significantly reduce the potential to inform. We ask why successive governments have not used the mass media tools at their disposal to more effectively address the complex policy problem of child labour.
US Hypocrisy and the End of American Exceptionalism? Narratives of the January 6th Attack on the US Capitol From Illiberal National Media
Authors: Hinck Robert S.
Published: April 2022

Despite the United States being the only country in the world that places its former and incoming leader on a stage for millions to see, with the “Peaceful Transition of Power” being the very symbol of American democracy watched around the world, the events on January 6th, 2021, show how such performances of democratic culture are not permanent fixtures. Indeed, whereas US and foreign audiences have become accustomed to watching anti-government protests in illiberal states or underdeveloped democracies, the scenes of thousands of protestors storming the US Capitol has opened the United States itself for critique from the very nations it has admonished in the past. Thus, although the protest paradigm has become the dominant framework for understanding mediated portrayals of anti-government protests, this study argues it provides only partial insight into the January 6th insurrection, eschewing the larger strategic dimensions of non-democratic countries’ media coverage of the event. Rather than focusing on how media framed the event, this study examined 525 news articles from 26 Chinese, Russian, Iranian, and Saudi media outlets’ reporting on the event from January 5th to January 19th through the lens of strategic media narratives. Results show that while elements of the protest paradigm are present in all four countries’ reporting—providing clear condemnation of the event and its participants, with blame placed on President Trump for instigating the attack—two additional overarching plotlines emerge: one shifting the scene away from President Trump to America’s broader polarized politics and failed governance and a second concluding the end of US exceptionalism and characterizations of US hypocrisy. Taken together, these two overarching narratives highlight the significance of storytelling as a potent form of geopolitical contestation in today’s global media environment.
Indian SMEs in Global Value Chains: Status, Issues and Way Forward
Authors: Mukherjee Sonia , Mukherjee Arpita
Published: April 2022

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) account for bulk of the enterprises in most countries and play a crucial role in global value chains (GVCs). In India, micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) constitute around 30% of the gross domestic product (GDP), accounts for 50% of exports and a major share in employment. Under the Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan, the Central government intends to enhance the share of MSMEs in exports to 60% in the next 5 years. The government also plans to increase the contribution of the MSMEs to 40% of the GDP. In this context, this article examines how effective the government policies have been in the past 10 years to help Indian MSMEs integrate in the GVCs. It first presents an overview of the MSMEs in India, focusing on their exports and global market integration. It then examines the schemes and policies of the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, and provides an empirical estimation (2000–2001 to 2020–2021) of the impact of government schemes/programmes on MSMEs integration in the GVCs. Based on key informant interviews, it identified the core issues faced by the MSMEs and makes recommendation on how to address them, so that, the targets set by the government for enhancing the contribution of the sector to GDP and exports can be achieved.

JEL Codes: F10, G28, O10, O20, O57
Cervical Spine Motion Requirements From Night Vision Goggles May Play a Greater Role in Chronic Neck Pain than Helmet Mass Properties
Authors: Barrett Jeff M. , Healey Laura A. , Fischer Steven L. , Callaghan Jack P.
Published: April 2022

Background

Chronic Neck Pain (CNP) among rotary-wing aircrew is thought to stem from night vision goggles (NVG) and counterweight (CW) systems which displace the centre of mass of the head. This investigation aimed to quantify the loads acting on the neck as a function of movement magnitude (MM), helmet conditions, and movement axes in rapid movements.

Methods

Cervical spine kinematics during rapid head repositioning tasks for flexion-extension (FE) and axial rotation (AR) movements were measured from 15 males and 15 females. Participants moved in either a 35° (Near MM) or 70° arc (Far MM), while donning a helmet, helmet with NVG, helmet with NVG and a typical CW, and a CW Liner (CWL). Measured EMG from three muscles bilaterally and used to drive a biomechanical model to quantify the compression and shear acting at the C5-C6 joint.

Results

In AR, the NVGs were associated with the largest compression magnitudes, 252 (24) N. CW conditions decreased the maximum compression to 249 (53) N. For FE, the compression was 340 N for the Far MM trials and 246 N for Near MMs. Changing the helmet configuration only modestly influenced these magnitudes in FE.

Conclusion

Every 30° of MM increased compression by 57 to 105 N. The reduction of the moment of inertia by 16% in the CWL did not reduce reaction forces. Joint loads scaled proportionately with head-supported weight by a factor of 2.05. The magnitudes of loads suggest a cumulative loading pathway for CNP development.
Mechanisms of ballistic performance enhancement in silica nanoparticle-treated kevlar fabric
Authors: Bablu Muhammad Ali , Manimala James M
Published: April 2022

Treating Kevlar fabric with silica nanoparticles is known to augment its mechanical properties, especially under shear deformation. Silica nanoparticle-treated Kevlar (SNK) fabric could therefore display improved ballistic performance. In this study, the ballistic performance of SNK with various percentages by weight of nanoparticle addition and number of layers is evaluated using compressed air gun experiments. A colloid-based treatment procedure is used to impregnate dry silica nanoparticles into the fabric. Addition of nanoparticles provided about 17.3% mass advantage (due to three fewer layers) for the 40 wt.% SNK vis-à-vis neat Kevlar for the non-penetrative case. SEM imaging reveals that at higher treatment levels the nanoparticles tend to agglomerate in the interstitial spaces of yarn crossover points, which helps better engage secondary yarns away from the impact location of the projectile. A semi-empirical model is developed to capture the influence of treatment level and number of layers on the kinetic energy absorbed by SNK. The flexibility of SNK is tested using a fixed cantilever test that avoids the sliding of the sample between flat plates used in standardized tests, which tends to dislodge the nanoparticles. The measured tip deflection angle decreases from 33o for the neat fabric to 19o for the 40 wt.% SNK. The flexural rigidities educed using digital image analysis range from 48.9 μNm2 for the neat fabric to 113.7 μNm2 for the 40 wt.% case. SNK could potentially enable multifunctional structural solutions in applications related to personal protective gear, military vehicle hulls and impact shielding of space structures.
Knowledge of evidence-based practices for PTSD among mental health court judges
Authors: Brown Lily A. , AlRabiah Reem , Terasse Melanie , Aksianiuk Valeryia , Sisti Dominic
Published: April 2022

Mental health courts offer access to community-based care for defendants with psychiatric disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, limited information is available on how judges make treatment decisions about evidence-based practices. In this qualitative study, we interviewed mental health court judges to evaluate: (1) perspectives toward the role of PTSD in criminal behavior; (2) knowledge about evidence-based practice for PTSD; (3) treatment decisions for defendants with PTSD; and (4) treatment decisions for defendants at risk for suicide, a common comorbidity with PTSD. We hypothesized that mental health court judges would report low familiarity with evidence-based practices for PTSD despite wide recognition of the impact of trauma on criminal behavior. Methods: Mental health court judges ( N = 11, 60% women, 60% between 50–59 years) were recruited from 7 states in the US and completed a demographics questionnaire and semi-structured qualitative interview that was transcribed and double-coded. Results: Judges in mental health court unanimously agreed that PTSD is highly prevalent among their defendants, but that they had not having received formal education about evidence-based practices for PTSD. They reported relying on their team members to provide recommendations for treatment planning and viewed their role as the enforcer of the treatment teams’ suggestions. Finally, judges also reported that suicide prevention is an important consideration and that there is a need for universal suicide risk assessments. Conclusions: These findings have implications for continuing education among judges in mental health court, and we recommend mandated training to increase awareness of evidence-based practices for PTSD and suicide prevention.
The Effect of Simulating Climbing Movements on Rock Memory and Exploratory Movement in Rock Climbing
Authors: Sugi Takahiro , Nițu Anda-Maria , Ishihara Masami
Published: April 2022

Simulating climbing movements on a given route is important for fluent rock climbing. We investigated the effect of simulated action during rock climbing route finding on memory and exploratory movement. Participants were 12 climbers and 12 non-climbers who completed three experimental tasks: (a) a questionnaire, the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire-2 (VMIQ-2) for measuring vividness of motor imagery, (b) a memory task requiring recognition of rock climbing holds on the route, and (c) a traversing task requiring participants to climb a given route and count the number of exploratory movements made during climbing. During route finding in the memory/traversing task, we experimentally manipulated the simulative body action with motor imagery. Results showed that the simulative action affected exploratory movement during climbing, but it did not affect memorization of the holds. In the traversing task, climbers showed more exploratory movement when the simulative action was present during route finding, while the non-climbers showed an opposite trend. Moreover, for non-climbers, the effect of the simulative action was modulated by the vividness of kinesthetic imagery. We concluded that simulative body action during route finding facilitated motor imagery and spatial information processing for subsequent climbing involving exploratory movement.
Convergent Validity and Test-Retest Reliability of the Unsupported Upper Limb Exercise Test in Patients with Chronic Neck Pain
Authors: Karazeybek Zeynep Busra , Naz İlknur
Published: April 2022

Chronic neck pain (CNP) causes decreased functionality of the upper extremity. A standardized measurement tool is needed for evaluating upper limb capacity in patients with CNP. The unsupported upper-limb exercise test (UULEX) is a simple, inexpensive field test developed to measure peak arm exercise capacity, but there has been no report of its validity and reliability for use with patients with CNP. Our aim in this study was to determine the validity and test-retest reliability of the UULEX for this purpose. In this cross-sectional observational study, 44 patients (33 women, 11 men; M age = 37.7, SD = 13.2 years), performed the UULEX twice, within a 1-week interval for test-retest reliability as measured by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). We correlated the UULEX with the Six Minute Pegboard Ring Test (6PBRT), the 30-second Push-Up Test, and the Disability of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Questionnaire (DASH) to assess its convergent validity. The UULEX demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability with ICC = 0.97 and 0.95 for test duration and the final weight on board, respectively. We found moderate to strong correlations between the UULEX and the 6PBRT ( r = 0.844), the 30-second Push Up Test ( r = 0.741) and the DASH ( r = −0.639), and all were significant, ( p < 0.05). MDC values were determined to be 57.7 seconds for test duration and 0.22 kg for final weight on board. Thus, the UULEX test was valid and reliable for assessing upper extremity functional capacity in patients with CNP.
Th1 immune maturation effects of Nocardia rubra cell-wall skeleton via PI3K/Akt/PAX8 regulatory axis
Authors: Zhou Meixiang , Zhou Shuping , Han Kun , Zhang Jie , Chen Qingyu , Tian Cong , Zhu Hongling , Jiang Mengyi , Min Daliu
Published: April 2022

Nocardia rubra cell-wall skeleton (Nr-CWS) is reported as an external immunotherapeutic enhancer with the advantage of antitumor effect on human cancers. However, the immune regulatory role of Nr-CWS is not fully illustrated. We studied mouse CD4+ T lymphocytes isolated from mice spleen were induced by Nr-CWS and observed that the differentiation of Th1 CD4+ T cells and the cytokines of IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ were all enhanced by Nr-CWS. Furthermore, RNA sequencing was conducted to investigate the different mRNA profiling induced by Nr-CWS. We observed that paired box 8 (PAX8) was significantly up-regulated in Nr-CWS-treated Th1 cells compared to control. As a transcription factor, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing was carried out to study the genome-wide distribution of PAX8. Interestingly, we found that the binding domain of PAX8 was elevated by Nr-CWS, and the target genes associated with these binding sites showed a positive correlation between their transcription and PAX8 binding strength. Finally, we determined that Nr-CWS could enhance the activity of the PI3 K/Akt signaling pathway. Akt agonist could mimic the effect of Nr-CWS for PAX8 up-regulation, while Akt inhibitor compromised the expression of PAX8. Taken together, we determined a novel role of Nr-CWS in boosting the activity of Th1 maturation via the PI3 K/Akt/PAX8 axis.
Effect of doping ratio and amount of polyaniline, cobalt ferrite, and carbon fiber powder on the electromagnetic properties of coated polyester-cotton fabrics
Authors: Wang Yi , Liu Yuanjun , Cao Zhenheng , Zhao Xiaoming
Published: April 2022

In this project, polyaniline powder was firstly prepared by in situ polymerization using aniline as the monomer, ammonium persulfate as the oxidant, and camphor sulfonic acid as the dopant. Next, polyester-cotton fabrics were used as the base fabrics, polyaniline, cobalt ferrite, and carbon fiber powder as the functional particles, and PU-2540 type polyurethane as the base, and single-layer coated polyester-cotton fabrics were prepared by the textile coating process. Finally, the effects of the polyaniline, cobalt ferrite, and carbon fiber powder doping ratio and functional particle content on the shielding effectiveness, reflection loss, real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant, and loss angle tangent of single-layer coated polyester-cotton fabrics were focused on using the controlled variable method. The results show that in the frequency range of 0.01–3 GHz, when the doping ratio of polyaniline, cobalt ferrite, and carbon fiber powder is 1:0:3, and when the content of functional particles is 40%, the minimum reflection loss of single-layer coated polyester-cotton fabrics is –22.1 dB at 1.6 GHz, and the effective absorption bandwidth is 1.14 GHz.
Simplified, Low-Cost Method on Glucose Tolerance Testing in High-Risk Group of Diabetes, Explored by Simulation of Diagnosis
Authors: Shao Kan , Chen Gong , Chen Cheng , Huang Shan
Published: April 2022

Objective: Explore the distribution of basic characteristics of high-risk groups of diabetes; verify the practical significance and diagnostic value of the “three-point method”; layered analysis of glycated hemoglobin and glycated serum albumin, and study its value and significance in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, Type II and pre-diabetes mellitus, Type II.Methods: 1304 high-risk individuals with T2D in Shanghai, 529 males and 841 females with an average of (50.5 ± 15.2) years old, were examined by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), HbA1c and GA were determined. Process the data by Python and GraphPad; judge the diagnostic value of HbA1C, GA by ROC.Results: (1) The numbers of DM, NGT, HOG, IFG, Mild–IGT and Mid–IGT in the objects were 647, 141, 70, 4, 208 and 234 respectively. In the 43-49 age group with a higher incidence, the proportion of selected high-risk groups is low. (2) The sensitivity and specificity about “three-point method” used to determine NGT is 100% and 90.11%; to determine IGR is 75.11% and 97.32%; to determine HOG is 97.14% and 100%; to determine DM is 94.67% and 100%. (3) According to ROC judgment, it is found that these 2 did not have the function of separate diagnoses, the optimal critical point of HbA1C related to DM status is 5.95%, (P<.01); HbA1C related to IGR status is 5.75% (P<.01); of GA related to DM status is 15.25% (P<.01); GA related to IGR status is 14.95% (P<.01).
Managing One's Age in Age-Dissimilar Mentoring Relationships
Authors: Barth Sara E. , Wessel Jennifer L. , King Eden B. , Agrawal Dewesh
Published: April 2022

The aging of the workforce creates opportunities for experienced employees to share expertise with newer employees, via mentoring relationships. Age-dissimilar interactions, however, like those between mentor and protégé, can engender challenging interpersonal dynamics such as concern about how others view and respond to them. The current study examines the unique challenges and opportunities of age-dissimilar mentoring relationships, using a sample of doctor and lawyer protégés. Findings suggest that age dissimilarity does not play as large of a role in mentoring relationship outcomes as age-related behaviors. How one manages their age seems to be more important, such that managing one's age in a positive way by redefining age-related stereotypes rather than switching attention away from stereotypes is better for mentoring relationship outcomes no matter the age difference between mentor and protégé. Implications, inferences, and limitations are discussed.
Half-Connecting Theory: Developing African Psychology Theory in a “Radical Beginnings” Direction
Authors: Watson Marcus D.
Published: April 2022

In existential philosophy, “radical beginnings” refer to the task of uncovering the earliest, constitutive moments of a phenomenon’s existence. In this article, the author extends African psychology toward a radical beginnings direction by using the theory of half-connecting (HCT) to trace the origins of the African and European worldviews to the earliest stages of human development, particularly to the unconscious and physical bodies of people. The differences and tensions between the worldviews are considered traceable to their original and intimate relationship. Also African and European worldviews do not operate only in obvious instances involving race and racism but in everything humans create, including in the technologies and infrastructures in the background of everyday life. Finally, the author discusses how HCT can help therapists expand their understanding of the sources of mental and behavioral distress, which may incite new, creative thinking about how disorders are treated.
Representation, Belongingness, and Rumination in Underrepresented Psychology Students
Authors: Snidman Hannah R. , Rice Lindsay , Sparger Kade
Published: April 2022

Background

Research examining STEM fields has identified barriers for traditionally marginalized groups pursuing these fields including a lack of representation and adequate role models.

Objective

Grounded with Minority Stress Theory (MST), the current study examines if a lack of inclusivity in typical course materials could create minority stress for two distinct marginalized student groups: racial and ethnic minority students (REM), and gender and sexual minority students (GSM).

Method

Students were presented several questionnaires to understand their perceived representation of similar others in typical course materials, along with measures examining typical stress responses including feelings of belonging and rumination.

Results

Results indicate that traditionally marginalized groups perceive less representation in course materials, feel less belonging and comfort in academic spaces, and suffer from more rumination.

Conclusion

As demonstrated in this study, underrepresented minority (URM) students experience a disadvantage in education in terms of feelings of belonging and representation, which can lead to increased rumination.

Teaching Implications

In STEM fields, course materials need to include more representation for URM students to reduce the stress that can result from this lack of exemplars.
How Can It Be Made Right Again? A Review of Trust Repair Research
Authors: Sharma Kinshuk , Schoorman F. David , Ballinger Gary A.
Published: April 2022

We review research on the topic of trust repair, which has proceeded over the past four decades using three different philosophical mechanisms that provide the bases through which trust is restored by multiple repair tactics. We base our definition of trust repair on the view that trust is “a psychological state comprising the intention to accept vulnerability based on the positive expectations of the intentions or behaviors of another.” We define trust repair as any increase in trust above the post-transgression level and complete repair as an increase in trust to the pre-transgression level. We provide an overview of the research designs incorporated in the trust-repair literature and make recommendations and cautions in measuring trust repair. We then summarize the emergence of the different mechanisms behind trust repair, namely, attributional, social equilibrium, and structural mechanisms, and review literature on the related verbal and behavioral repair tactics that can be employed after a transgression. We also provide a review on the process of trust repair, that is, the different stages that unfold to repair trust. We conclude by suggesting that future research should explore trust repair not only from an isolated tactics perspective but also from a broader pathway perspective. Finally, as trust repair occurs over time, future research should also explore the role of differing perceptions of time in the trust-repair process.
Consumers and Total Defense
Authors: Clark Harold F.
Published: April 2022

During the summer of 1940 the faculty of Teachers College developed the Creed of Democracy under the leadership of Professor Thomas H. Briggs. This and the associated documents have had a far-flung influence. Every department of Teachers College probably has members on Defense Committees and Emergency Committees and in similar activities in their particular fields—members who will gladly be of service to teachers and school administrators anywhere by furnishing information on specific questions. To facilitate the process of getting together persons interested in the same fields, Dean William F. Russell asked Professor Paul R. Mort to serve as a correlating agent. As a result, several committees were appointed. During the year additional faculty members were drawn into various defense activities outside the College. Conferences of the committee chairmen during the Summer School of 1941 led to the plan of holding a meeting at which persons concerned with various aspects of the defense problem would present brief statements of their activities. The purpose was to help teachers build a picture of what might be done by the schools on their own initiative. Professor Benjamin R. Andrews was instrumental in preparing the present document to supplement these verbal statements with brief accounts of what some of the Teachers College Staff are doing in defense work and with suggestions of services that teachers everywhere can render to promote community stability and welfare at present and also the protection and improvement of the position of America on into the post-emergency period. Teachers should be ready to initiate local leadership in their own communities by consulting with municipal officials and bringing together informal groups to canvass the local situation, getting in touch with their governors and such national agencies as may be necessary, in order to provide local committees to undertake such community services.
Risk and resilience in couple’s adjustment to the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Xiang Ellen , Zhang Xiaotao , Raza Syed A. , Oluyomi Abiodun , Amos Christopher I. , Badr Hoda
Published: April 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic’s global scope and resulting social distancing measures have caused unprecedented economic, lifestyle, and social impacts to personal and relationship well-being. While lockdowns have prompted individuals to increase reliance on intimate partners for support, stressful external contexts can also interfere with partners’ capacity to request and provide support, resulting in relationship dissatisfaction and even dissolution. Guided by a risk and resilience framework, this study examined the impact of perceived stress, social contextual factors, and dyadic coping on self-reported relationship satisfaction changes during the initial United States COVID-19 lockdown period. Participants were adults in romantic relationships who completed an online survey between April 13 and June 8, 2020. Overall, survey respondents ( N = 1106) reported higher perceived stress levels than established population norms, and small but significant decrements in relationship satisfaction. Multivariable models revealed that higher perceived stress levels were associated with lower relationship satisfaction levels. Additionally, dyadic coping was found to moderate the impact of perceived stress on relationship satisfaction (B = .05, 95% CI = .02– .07), suggesting that engaging in dyadic coping buffered individuals from adverse effects of perceived stress on their relationships. Findings emphasize heightened stress experienced by individuals during the pandemic, potential detrimental effects of stress on couple relationships, and suggest dyadic coping may help buffer couples from adverse effects of the pandemic on their relationships. As such, dyadic coping may be an important target for future interventions designed to assist couples during the ongoing pandemic and future pandemics/natural disasters.
Managing corporate language diversity
Authors: White Martin
Published: April 2022

Organisations that have offices in more than one country face the challenges of managing access to information created and circulated in more than one language. Research into the challenges and potential solutions dates back only the mid-1980s but since then has accelerated rapidly and the topic is now regarded as an important aspect of international business management. This paper highlights some of the issues that need to be considered in developing and implementing corporate language policies. In the final analysis managing corporate language diversity is a classic ‘wicked problem’ and there are very few ‘good practices’ that have universal acceptance.
Measures of self-regulation used in adult rehabilitation populations: A systematic review and content screening
Authors: Mol T.I. , van Bennekom C.A.M. , Scholten E.W.M. , Post M.W.M.
Published: April 2022

Objective

We aimed to identify generic measures of self-regulation and to examine the degree to which these measures fit a recently developed conceptual model of self-regulation in a rehabilitation context.

Data sources

Pubmed, Embase, PsycInfo, and CINAHL were searched.

Review methods

Articles were included if they were published between January 2015 and August 2020 and reported on empirical studies (trials and observational studies) using a measure of self-regulation or a related concept, in an adult rehabilitation population. Main content was analysed by linking all items of the selected measures to one or more of the six sub-themes of self-regulation: (1) insight into physical and cognitive impairments, (2) insight into the consequences of the impairments, (3) insight into abilities, (4) to be able to communicate limitations, (5) trust in body and functioning, and (6) make use of abilities.

Results

Two reviewers independently screened 7808 abstracts, resulting in the inclusion of 236 articles. In these articles, 80 different measures were used to assess self-regulation or related concept. Nineteen of these measures met the inclusion criteria and were included for the content analyses. Nine of these were self-efficacy measures. No measures covered four or more of the six sub-themes of self-regulation. The three sub-themes on gaining insights were covered less compared to the sub-domains ‘trust’ and ‘make use of abilities’.

Conclusions

Many measures on self-regulation exist None of these measures cover all six sub-themes of self-regulation considered important to measure self-regulation as a rehabilitation outcome.
The cortical silent period in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis focusing on disease stage and antipsychotic medication
Authors: Miyazawa Atsuhiro , Kanahara Nobuhisa , Shiko Yuki , Ozawa Yoshihito , Kawasaki Yohei , Komatsu Hiroshi , Masumo Yuto , Nakata Yusuke , Iyo Masaomi
Published: April 2022

Background:

Although numerous studies reported some changes of cortical silent period (CSP), an indicator of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) function in central nervous system, in schizophrenia patients, it has been unknown how the disease stage and antipsychotic medication affect CSP values.

Methods:

The present study conducted a systematic review of previous literature comparing CSP between schizophrenia patients and healthy subjects, and then performed meta-analysis on the effects of (1) the disease stage and (2) antipsychotics on CSP.

Results:

(1) In the comparison of the disease stage comprising a total of 17 reports, there was no significant difference in CSP between patients under drug-naïve first-episode psychoses and healthy controls, or between patients with antipsychotic medication and healthy controls. (2) In the comparison of the antipsychotic class, patients treated with clozapine were longer in CSP compared to healthy controls. Patients treated with olanzapine/quetiapine or with other type of antipsychotics were not different from healthy controls. Regarding other type of antipsychotics, the iteration analysis after leaving out one literature showed that patients were shorter in CSP than healthy controls.

Conclusion:

The results showed that clozapine seems to surely prolong CSP, indicating the enhancement of GABA transmission via GABAB receptors, suggesting the possible relationship between the CSP prolongation by clozapine and its high efficacy in psychopathology. The finding of shorter CSP in patients with other type of antipsychotics was distinct from clozapine/olanzapine/quetiapine, but was difficult to interpret since this group included a variety of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) methodologies and patients’ background.
Hyodeoxycholic acid inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced microglia inflammatory responses through regulating TGR5/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway
Authors: Zhu Han , Bai Yuyan , Wang Gaorui , Su Yousong , Tao Yanlin , Wang Lupeng , Yang Liu , Wu Hui , Huang Fei , Shi Hailian , Wu Xiaojun
Published: April 2022

Background:

Hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA) is a natural secondary bile acid with enormous pharmacological effects, such as modulating inflammation in neuron. However, whether HDCA could suppress microglial inflammation has not been elucidated yet.

Aims:

To determine the anti-microglial inflammatory effect of HDCA in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) models and its mechanisms.

Methods:

The effect of HDCA was evaluated in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells in vitro and the cortex of LPS-treated mice in vivo. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to visualize the localization of nuclear factor kappa light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and ionized calcium-binding adaptor protein-1 (Iba-1), respectively. The mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines was measured by RT-qPCR. The protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), takeda G-coupled protein receptor 5 (TGR5), and the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT), NF-κB, and inhibitor of NF-κB protein α (IκBα) was examined by Western blot.

Results:

HDCA inhibited the inflammatory responses in LPS-treated BV2 cells and in the cortex of LPS-treated mice, evidenced by decreased production of inflammatory mediators such as iNOS, COX-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β. Further study demonstrated that HDCA repressed the phosphorylation, nuclear translocation, and transcriptional activity of NF-κB and inhibited the activation of AKT in BV-2 cells induced by LPS. Meanwhile, addition of TGR5 inhibitor, triamterene, abolished the effects of HDCA on TGR5, AKT, and NF-κB.

Conclusion:

The present study demonstrated that HDCA prevents LPS-induced microglial inflammation in vitro and in vivo, the action of which is via regulating TGR5/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway.
Face masks have a limited influence on first impressions: evidence from three experiments
Authors: C. Twele Anita , M. Thierry Sophia , J. Mondloch Catherine
Published: April 2022

Considering the widespread use of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic, the goal of the current study was to examine how occlusion of the lower half of the face may impact first impression formation. We conducted three experiments, each building on previous research, investigating the effect of face masks on first impressions of faces across the lifespan (children, young and older adults). Experiment 1 examined whether the mandatory influence of happy facial expressions on perceived trustworthiness in young adult faces is influenced by face masks. Experiment 2 examined behavioural consequences of adults’ first impressions of child faces to determine whether masks reduce the effect of facial niceness on interpretations of ambiguous behaviour. Experiment 3 investigated consensus for first impressions of trustworthiness and competence in older adult faces with and without masks, as well as consensus on underlying facial cues. The results of all three experiments present converging evidence that masks do not have a significant impact on first impressions and their behavioural consequences.