bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Development of Stadiums as Centers of Large Entertainment Areas. The Amsterdam ArenA Case
Authors: Markerink Henk J. , Santini Andrea
Published: July 2012

On August 14th 1996, the opening ceremony of the Amsterdam ArenA took place; the first stadium intended to be a multifunctional structure, a place where to host a wide variety of events, with a highway passing underneath the pitch and with a sliding roof. The Amsterdam ArenA case represents a successful example of private-public partnership. A win-win solution has brought benefits to both parties. In today’s competitive global markets, the event itself is no longer sufficient to motivate consumers to pay expensive tickets and parking fees. To be worthwhile, spectators expect to be immersed in an experience. AFC Ajax remains the stadium’s anchor tenant, Nevertheless the Amsterdam ArenA case also demonstrates the role that a stadium can play as a catalyst for urban renewal.
The Metalanguages between Sport and Tourism
Authors: Ciampicacigli Roberto , Maresca Simona
Published: July 2012

Sport tourism extends sport to leisure-holiday activities and reflects the need felt in tourist markets to develop complementary services and products. It offers a valid alternative to the traditional ‘sea, sun and beach’ holiday. Sport tourism links the experience of sport travel with associated cultural aspects by combining them, in a novel way, to the travel and stay concept. The growing interest in this new way of considering the sport-tourism link is manifested by sector specialists (tour operators, hoteliers, promotion authorities, sport clubs and associations, etc.) continually on the lookout for new products to satisfy the changing needs of ‘holiday sport people’.
Managerial Economics and Global Competition
Authors: Brondoni Silvio M.
Published: July 2012

Global managerial economics tends to emerge in conditions of strong, continuous competitive tension, in contexts that are open and subject to political, social and technological instability. Globalisation and new competition boundaries oblige companies to adopt a new ‘market-oriented competitive management philosophy’ (market-driven management), in which customer value management predominates. Global managerial economics thus interfaces with numerous competition spaces, all with different levels of competitive intensity, and market-driven corporate management thus refers to specific competitive conditions, which may typically be summed up as: conditions of scarcity of supply (D>S), with business economics focused on price competition; conditions of controlled competition (D~S), where management economics embodies widespread internationalisation and non-price competition policies; conditions of over-supply (D<S), where management economics underlines the central role of corporate and product intangible assets.
Dragon-Mart: Chinese Contamination
Authors: Sparvoli Andrea
Published: July 2012

Globalisation means huge quantities of goods and money moving all over the world without borders. Global markets exists because trade does, because multinationals, trading companies, national and international retailers exist. Faced by the quantity of goods flowing and the mass of money moved from one side of the globe to the other every day, countries are not able to modify the state of things in any way. Wal-Mart: 300 billion dollars in sales signifies 10% of US Chinese imports. China is behind it all. Right now, the Chinese have no brands or commercial framework, but what about tomorrow?
Market, Demand Segments and Demand Bubbles
Authors: Corniani Margherita
Published: July 2012

In scarcity markets, corporations use to consider the overall market demand as a group of homogeneous buyers. In controlled competition markets, companies stimulate non homogenous demand reactions to competitive supplies, by segmenting market demand. In over-supply markets, where instability is a key aspect in the supply-demand relationship, corporations activate demand bubbles, i.e. temporary client aggregation that is caused by the innovative supply configuration issued by a company. To create demand bubbles companies must have strong relationships with their stakeholders, and must invest in an advanced intangible assets system. Demand bubbles are the advanced reply to segmentation limits and are generated to grant temporary monopolistic competition conditions to corporations who create them.
Price Policies, Over-Supply and Demand Bubbles
Authors: Cappiello Giuseppe
Published: July 2012

In the current conditions of over-supply, firms are paying high attention to pricing decisions in order to defend their competitive positioning. Modern pricing strategies are able to take into account changed market conditions or, in other words, demand characterised by strong volatility and non loyal behaviour flanking known loyalty mechanisms. Moreover, suppliers are also looking for innovative formulas to determine the exchange relationship with the customer and price is increasingly seen as a ‘catalyser’ of continuously changing offers in relation to market conditions (demand bubble).
Managerial Corporate Governance Communication
Authors: Brondoni Silvio M.
Published: July 2012

Corporate governance communication has steadily become more important as markets have globalised. On open markets, the specific report on economicfinancial disclosures supplements the communication system of companies, whose policies are founded strongly on integration, in order to tackle an economic context that is characterised by strong competitive dynamics and growing managerial complexity. Globalisation tends to underline the importance of corporate governance communication designed to assert a corporate culture of competitive confrontation, therefore emphasising communication and information flows, decision-making autonomy and operating accountability.
Corporate Governance and Global Communication
Authors: Gandini Giuseppina
Published: July 2012

Communication plays a decisive role to evaluate how corporate responsibilities are taken and to recognise the potential to meet the expectations of the various social interlocutors. Information about the system of corporate governance, in terms of structural and operating characteristics, allows the user to assess its suitability, particularly in the light of the growing corporate complexity and the increasingly risky challenges of globalisation. Legislative intervention and self-regulation, at a national and international level, is oriented primarily to encouraging transparency, in the face of behaviour that is not always sufficiently correct.
CSR within Large Retailers International Supply Chains
Authors: Musso Fabio , Risso Mario
Published: July 2012

CSR has become important in terms of consumers’ perceptions, so it has become important for all consumer-oriented firms. Companies have increased their levels of ethical and social responsibility by implementing methodologies linked to CSR initiatives. Particularly in the retail sector, large international retailers are investing heavily to cope with the ethical demands of consumers and increase their own awareness of CSR issues. However, retailers are often channel leaders and control various activities in the supply chain and they tend to be more able to adopt active roles in leading international supply chains to follow a CSR approach.
Corporate Communication and Global Markets
Authors: Brondoni Silvio M.
Published: July 2012

The critical role played by intangible assets in corporate competitive development in global markets, has modified the nature of communication costs, and above all the costs of marketing communication. Globalisation has produced deep changes in the function and role of the system of corporate information flows, which is expressed in the adoption of an integrated communication strategy. The gradual integration of global markets tends to eliminate static contexts and to replace them with dynamic and unstable environments, which generate huge changes even in the field of corporate communication, specifically with regard to the goals pursuable, the forms and instruments usable and obviously the audiences that can be reached. Basically, integrated corporate communication: pursues the development of a culture of integrated communication; sustains the adoption by the organisation of behaviour and the practice of integrated communication; preserves the strong autonomy of the different operating units; and finally, it refers the concrete realisation of corporate network programmes to individual operating units.
Global Corporations, Corporate Governance and Social Responsibility
Authors: Morrocchi Lorenzo
Published: July 2012

Several intentional long-term research projects that reflect the gradual lost of trust in the ethical behaviour of businesses and institutions; the results show moments of particular disenchantment that coincide with specific events, such as Vietnam war, oil crisis, the Enron affair, the Cirio and Alitalia scandals. The great variety of the stakeholders with which a modern company interacts is such as to require an organic, structured vision of the many sensitive issues that must be addressed, resolved and then communicated, first and foremost within the company itself.
CRM and Corporate Communication
Authors: Caricato Luigi
Published: July 2012

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) has triggered a number of chain reactions that are changing the business communication and the core competencies of managers of businesses, agencies and consultancy companies to direct their processes. From the viewpoint of classic marketing – which developed on the basis of American experience in the field of fast moving consumer goods – it is no surprise that Direct Marketing was considered a sort of minor discipline, tactical and not strategic, CRM is not a technology, but a new market-oriented strategy at the service of marketing, sales and communication.
Management Consulting Boutiques and Global Markets
Authors: Negri Clementi Antonella
Published: July 2012

Boutique consultancy firms operate in global markets in selected areas in which they hold the strongest competencies - able to provide tailor-made rather than off-the-shelf services in any situation. Clients aiming to impose far-reaching change, are typical boutique clients. Irrespective of whether these clients are owners or managers, they possess the entrepreneur's attitude and  tools. The concept of customisation is not new per se or distinctive. A consultancy boutique's distinctiveness lies in the manner in which closeness to the client is expressed, starting with a special multidisciplinary approach which is the result of cross-fertilisation between different skills and experiences.
Evolution of Management Consulting in Italy
Authors: Nava Roberto
Published: July 2012

The role of management consulting in Italy has progressively changed during the last two decades, as did the requirements from the clients. Until the eighties Italian firms did not have in-house capabilities to define a full fledged corporate strategy. Entrepreneurs needed to be supported and guided by experts. Those experts were mainly consultants. Nowadays, with markets changing at breathtaking pace and with easier access to knowledge and information, Italian firms have on average become more sophisticated. Hence, what is often asked to management consultants is to support the implementation of a strategy already internally defined.
Enhancing Change Capacity. Client-Consultant Collaboration and Emergent Change
Authors: Kerber Kenneth W. , Buono Anthony F.
Published: July 2012

Companies, in every industry are increasingly challenged to build a capacity for change, both in response to and in anticipation of continuously changing competitive market and technological pressures. Client-consultant collaboration can be prompted to broaden change management repertoire, creating a culture in which organizational members understand and support different approaches to change, ask and respond to questions that stimulate change and, in general, develop a culture of change. Consultants, working and collaborating with the client, can prompt a broader appreciation of the range of appropriate change approaches and when turning a system ‘loose’ may be the most effective way to proceed. The goal is to work with clients to create organizations that are ‘built to change’.
Global Entrepreneurship and Market-Driven Management
Authors: Majocchi Antonio , Zucchella Antonella
Published: July 2012

Global entrepreneurship defines the orientation of the firms in the direction of growing interdependence and integration. On the contrary international entrepreneurship is just a combination of innovative, proactive, and risk seeking behaviour that crosses national borders and is intended to create value in organizations. In global markets, the strategic leverage of the firms moves from goods to knowledge. Information systems and inter-firm collaboration become fundamental ways to access to knowledge and to exploit its potential. Market-driven organizations possess superior capabilities in anticipating and exploiting trends and market changes as well as competitors’ moves. Firms, in order to be successful, must combine market-driven management with an entrepreneurial attitude.
LOCAL FARM BUREAU LEADERSHIP NEEDS ASSESSMENT: A QUALITATIVE STUDY
Authors: Kaufman Eric K. , Rudd Rick D.
Published: July 2012

The purpose of this qualitative study was to determine the leadership expectations, needs, and interests of local Farm Bureau board members. Nine county boards were included in the study, with the chairperson and one other member being interviewed from each board. The focus of the interviews was identification of common leadership-related challenges and perceived development needs of the local Farm Bureau board. Four significant theme areas emerged: organizational appreciation, grassroots involvement, board member training, and board member succession. Within these areas, twelve consistent sub-themes surfaced and are discussed in this paper. Based on these results, the researchers recommended that Florida Farm Bureau: (1) maintain quality field staff as liaisons between the local and state levels; (2) encourage and support district-level leadership programs; (3) develop and facilitate “short courses” on Farm Bureau board governance; (4) design and coordinate new board member orientation programs; (5) expand recognition programs for local board involvement; and (6) continue research efforts that guide local leadership development. Other groups that desire improved local board leadership should consider research efforts similar to this study and the related research with Florida Farm Bureau.
The lofting of Western Pacific regional aerosol by island thermodynamics as observed around Borneo
Authors: Robinson N. H. , Allan J. D. , Trembath J. A. , Rosenberg P. D. , Allen G. , Coe H.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. Vertical profiles of aerosol chemical composition, number concentration and size were measured throughout the lower troposphere of Borneo, a large tropical island in the western Pacific Ocean. Aerosol composition, size and number concentration measurements (using an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, Passive Cavity Aerosol Spectrometer Probe and Condensation Particle Counter, respectively) were made both upwind and downwind of Borneo, as well as over the island itself, on board the UK BAe-146 research aircraft as part of the OP3 project. Two meteorological regimes were identified – one dominated by isolated terrestrial convection (ITC) which peaked in the afternoon, and the other characterised by more regionally active mesoscale convective systems (MCS). Upwind profiles show aerosol to be confined to a shallow marine boundary layer below 930 ± 10 hPa (~760 m above sea level, a.s.l.). As this air mass advects over the island with the mean free troposphere synoptic flow during the ITC-dominated regime, it is convectively lofted above the terrestrial surface mixed layer to heights of between 945 ± 22 (~630 m a.s.l.) and 740 ± 44 hPa (~2740 m a.s.l.), consistent with a coupling between the synoptic steering level flow and island sea breeze circulations. Terrestrial aerosol was observed to be lofted into this higher layer through both moist convective uplift and transport through turbulent diurnal sea-breeze cells. At the peak of convective activity in the mid-afternoons, organic aerosol loadings in the lofted layer were observed to be substantially higher than in the morning (by a mean factor of three). This organic matter is dominated by secondary aerosol from processing of biogenic gas phase precursors. Aerosol number concentration profiles suggest formation of new particles aloft in the atmosphere. By the time the air mass reaches the west coast of the island, terrestrial aerosol is enhanced in the lofted layer. Such uplift of aerosol in Borneo is expected to increase aerosol lifetimes in the lower free troposphere downwind, as they are above the boundary layer and therefore less likely to be lost by wet or dry deposition. It is also likely to change the role they play in the semi-direct and direct aerosol effects. The long chain of islands extending from Malaysia to Australia may all similarly be expected to present an orographic barrier to low level mean flow. This would lead to significant transport of aerosol into the tropical free troposphere across the Western Pacific region.
Fallspeed measurement and high-resolution multi-angle photography of hydrometeors in freefall
Authors: Garrett T. J. , Fallgatter C. , Shkurko K. , Howlett D.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. We describe here a new instrument for imaging hydrometeors in freefall. The Multi-Angle Snowflake Camera (MASC) captures high resolution photographs of hydrometeors from three angles while simultaneously measuring their fallspeed. Based on the stereoscopic photographs captured over the two months of continuous measurements obtained at a high altitude location within the Wasatch Front in Utah, we derive statistics for fallspeed, hydrometeor size, shape, orientation and aspect ratio. From a selection of the photographed hydrometeors, an illustration is provided for how the instrument might be used for making improved microwave scattering calculations. Complex, aggregated snowflake shapes appear to be more strongly forward scattering, at the expense of reduced back-scatter, than graupel particles of similar size.
An airborne amplitude-modulated 1.57 μm differential laser absorption spectrometry: simultaneous measurement of partial column-averaged dry air mixing ratio of CO2 and target range
Authors: Sakaizawa D. , Kawakami S. , Nakajima M. , Tanaka T. , Morino I. , Uchino O.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. Simultaneous measurements of the partial column-averaged dry air mixing ratio of CO2 (q) and target range were demonstrated using airborne amplitude-modulated 1.57 μm differential laser absorption spectrometry (LAS). The LAS system is useful for discriminating between ground and cloud return signals and has a demonstrated ability to suppress the impact of integrated aerosol signals on differential absorption optical depth (Δτ) measurements. A high correlation coefficient (R) of 0.99 between Δτ observed by LAS and Δτ calculated from in-situ measurements of CO2 was obtained. The averaged difference in q obtained from LAS (qLAS) and validation data (qval) was within 1.5 ppm for all spiral measurements. A significant profile was observed for both qLAS and qval, in which lower altitude CO2 decreases compared to higher altitude CO2 attributed to the photosynthesis over grassland in the summer. In the case of an urban area where CO2 and aerosol are highly distributed in the lower atmosphere in the winter, the difference of qLAS to qval is −1.5 ppm, and evaluated qLAS is in agreement with qval within the measurement precision of 2.4 ppm (1σ).
Technical Note: The single particle soot photometer fails to detect PALAS soot nanoparticles
Authors: Gysel M. , Laborde M. , Corbin J. C. , Mensah A. A. , Keller A. , Kim J. , Petzold A. , Sierau B.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. The single particle soot photometer (SP2) uses laser-induced incandescence (LII) for the measurement of atmospheric black carbon (BC) particles. The BC mass concentration is obtained by combining quantitative detection of BC mass in single particles with a counting efficiency of 100% above its lower detection limit (LDL). It is commonly accepted that a particle must contain at least several tenths of femtograms BC in order to be detected by the SP2. Here we show the unexpected result that BC particles from a PALAS spark discharge soot generator remain undetected by the SP2, even if their BC mass, as independently determined with an aerosol particle mass analyser (APM), is clearly above the typical LDL of the SP2. Comparison of counting efficiency and effective density data of PALAS soot with flame generated soot (combustion aerosol standard burner, CAST), fullerene soot and carbon black particles (Cabot Regal 400R) reveals that particle morphology can affect the SP2's LDL. PALAS soot particles are fractal-like agglomerates of very small primary particles with a low fractal dimension, resulting in a very low effective density. Such loosely-packed particles behave like "the sum of individual primary particles" in the SP2's laser. Accordingly, the PALAS soot particles remain undetected as the SP2's laser intensity is insufficient to heat the primary particles to vaporisation because of their small size (primary particle diameter ~5–10 nm). It is not surprising that particle morphology can have an effect on the SP2's LDL, however, such a dramatic effect as reported here for PALAS soot was not expected. In conclusion, the SP2's LDL at a certain laser power depends on total BC mass per particle for compact particles with sufficiently high effective density. However, for fractal-like agglomerates of very small primary particles and low fractal dimension, the BC mass per primary particle determines the limit of detection, independent of the total particle mass. Consequently, care has to be taken when using the SP2 in applications dealing with loosely-packed particles that have very small primary particles as building blocks.
Spectroscopic detection of a ubiquitous dissolved pigment degradation product in subsurface waters of the global ocean
Authors: Röttgers R. , Koch B. P.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. Measurements of light absorption by chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) from subsurface waters of the tropical Atlantic and Pacific Oceans showed a distinct absorption shoulder at 410–415 nm. This indicates an underlying absorption of a pigment whose occurrence is partly correlated with the apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) but also found in the deep chlorophyll maximum. A similar absorption maximum at ~415 nm was also found in the particulate fraction of samples taken below the surface mixing layer and is usually attributed to absorption by respiratory pigments of heterotrophic unicellular organisms. In our study, fluorescence measurements of pre-concentrated dissolved organic matter (DOM) samples from 200–6000 m confirmed a previous study suggesting that the absorption at ~415 nm was related to fluorescence at 650 nm in the oxygen minimum zone. The absorption characteristics of this fluorophore was examined by fluorescence emission/excitation analysis and showed a clear excitation maximum at 415 nm that could be linked to the absorption shoulder in the CDOM spectra. The spectral characteristics of the substance found in the dissolved and particulate fraction did not match with those of chlorophyll a degradation products (as found in a sample from the sea surface) but can be explained by the occurrence of porphyrin pigments from either heterotrophs or autotrophs. Combining the observations of the fluorescence and the 415-nm absorption shoulder suggests that there are high concentrations of a pigment degradation product in subsurface DOM of all major oceans. Most pronouncedly we found this signal in the deep chlorophyll maximum and the oxygen minimum zone of tropical regions. The origin, chemical nature, turnover rate, and fate of this molecule is so far unknown.
Soil property changes over a 120-yr chronosequence from forest to agriculture in western Kenya
Authors: Nyberg G. , Bargués Tobella A. , Kinyangi J. , Ilstedt U.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. Much of the native forest in the highlands of western Kenya has been converted to agricultural land in order to feed the growing population, and more land is being cleared. In tropical Africa, this land use change results in progressive soil degradation, as the period of cultivation increases. Both rates and variation in infiltration, soil carbon concentration and other soil parameters are influenced by management within agricultural systems, but they have rarely been well documented in East Africa. We constructed a chronosequence for an area of western Kenya, using two native forest sites and six fields that had been converted to agriculture for up to 119 yr. We assessed changes in infiltrability (the steady-state infiltration rate), bulk density, proportion of macro- and microaggregates in soil, soil C and N concentrations, as well as the isotopic signature of soil C (δ13C), along the 119-yr chronosequence of conversion from natural forest to agriculture. Infiltration, soil C and N decreased within 40 yr after conversion, while bulk density increased. Median infiltration rates fell to about 15% of the initial values in the forest, and C and N concentrations dropped to around 60%, whilst the bulk density increased by 50%. Despite high spatial variability, these parameters have correlated well with time since conversion and with each other.
Local inundation distances and regional tsunami recurrence in the Indian Ocean inferred from luminescence dating of sandy deposits in Thailand
Authors: Brill D. , Klasen N. , Jankaew K. , Brückner H. , Kelletat D. , Scheffers A. , Scheffers S.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. The Holocene beach-ridge plain of Phra Thong Island (Ko Phra Thong, SW Thailand) provides sedimentary evidence of several palaeotsunamis, in addition to the deposit of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Due to poor preservation conditions, these palaeoevent layers are restricted to swales. Correlation across beach ridges, which is important e.g. to reconstruct inundation distances, remains a major challenge. A primary tool for establishing a precisely confined correlation of the sand sheets is the use of chronological data. Since the application of radiocarbon dating is limited by the scarcity of appropriate material, this study utilised optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of tsunamigenic quartz grains. Generally, the sediments showed favourable luminescence properties regarding signal intensity, dose recovery and thermal stability. Disturbances of the OSL signal due to partial bleaching were corrected using the minimum age model. At least three palaeoevents – being 490–550, 925–1035 and 1740–2000 yr old – were distinguished by dating the discontinuous sand sheets at four different sites. Besides this chronological framework, the OSL data provide the opportunity to correlate the discontinuous sand sheets between spatially separated sites within the same swale as well as across ridges. This allows for first estimates of inundation distances for the palaeotsunamis documented on Phra Thong Island. Furthermore, the two younger events overlap in age with contemporaneous tsunami and earthquake evidence from other coasts bordering the Indian Ocean.
The Impact of Organizational Commitment on Job Satisfaction: A Study of Employees at Nigerian Universities
Authors: Adekola Bola
Published: July 2012

Researchers have hypothesized that there is a significant difference in the degree of Organizational commitment in Public and Private Universities. This was tested in the Public and Private University system to ascertain the veracity of this hypothesis. Data were collected from 150 employees consisting of academic and Administrative and technical staff from both the public Universities and the Private Universities. The results revealed that employees in Public Universities have greater degree of organizational commitment in comparison to Private Universities. Also, job satisfaction increases or decreases based on increase or decrease in organizational commitment. Obtained results were in the line of the hypotheses. In terms of organizational commitment; a significant difference was noticed between Public and Private Universities. Against expectation, employees of Public Universities exhibited higher degree of organizational commitment as compared to those of Private Universities. Most importantly, organizational commitment is being proven as the catalyst for enhancing job satisfaction level of employees.   Keywords: Organization’s Goals, Performance, Effectiveness, Leadership Styles, Trust within the Organization, Employment Status, Training, Turnover Intentions.
The Role of the Punjab Education Foundation Pakistan in Teachers’ Training in Private Sector Schools under Public-Private Partnership
Authors: Javed Muhammad , PhD Lin Siew Eng, , PhD Abdul Rashid Mohamed, , Mushtaq Irem , Hashim: PHD Noor Hashimah
Published: July 2012

An enormous number of problems including scarce financial support, dearth of proficient teachers, outdated curriculum, non-professional approach of stakeholders, lack of facilities, inadequate sources and unorganized programs for Teachers’ Training are impediments in the quality of school education in Pakistan. The teachers in private schools require an organized and well managed system of Teachers’ Training to impart the innovative pedagogical, andragogical, and professional skills and strategies for the improvement of teaching methodologies. The Punjab Education Foundation (PEF) Pakistan has taken initiative for Teachers’ Training for private sector schools under public private partnership scheme. PEF is playing its pivotal role in imparting education and Teachers’ Training Programs through Cluster Based Training (CBT), School Leadership Development Program (SLDP) and Teaching in Clusters by Subject Specialists (TICSS). Drawing upon the basic concepts, procedures and philosophy of Teachers’ Training, this paper describes the role and achievements of Punjab Education Foundation regarding Teachers’ Training in the province Punjab, Pakistan. Through documentary analysis, the parameters and mechanism adopted by PEF regarding Teachers’ Training has been examined.  Some measures for promoting the quality of teaching through Teachers’ Training at the private sector schools of the country have also been proposed. Key Words: Teachers’ Training Philosophy, Pedagogical, Professional Skills, Punjab Education Foundation, Role, Achievements, Mechanism, Measures.
Culture of Veil among University Students in Pakistan
Authors: Arshad Muhammad , Basar Dr Sham-ul- , Zafar Dr Abdur Rauf , Ahmad Nisar
Published: July 2012

Culture is a set of norms that a society or a group of people set to live peaceful life and every member of that group has to follow these norms. These norms changes with the passage of the time. The socio-cultural factors that exert their influence within a family structure are belief, values, attitudes, acculturation levels, socialization goals and practices for modeling behaviours, communication styles, language use at home, interpersonal relations and experiences, and problem-solving about learning. So, the culture of the society has a great impact on the life of a person in the development of attributes. With respect to culture, Pakistan is a country of various cultures but every custom is attached to religion because it came into being on Islamic ideology. So, Islamic culture can be found dominating in every aspect of our life in spite of modernization or to imitate Europe is a common practice in Pakistan. Among other norms veil among females is also taken as Islamic culture or can be said religious obligation. In Pakistan there is separate system of education up to graduate level but at higher education and in professional education institution there is co-education system. So, it affects a lot on the female students who belongs from the society where there is compulsion to hide their face (use veil) from male members other than their family members. Consequently it affects their education especially in the campuses where there culture of veil is not present.   Key words: Culture, Religious Obligation, Veil, Hijaab, Burqa
A Managerial Guide to Products Liability: A Primer on the Law in the United States—PART II A Focus on Theories of Recovery
Authors: Hunter Jr Richard J. , Amoroso Henry J. , Shannon John H.
Published: July 2012

Abstract In Part II, the authors build on Part I of this study and here focus on the theories implicit in a product liability claim: negligence, fraud and misrepresentation, and warranty—with a focus on their inherent weaknesses—leading to the creation of the now preferred theory of strict liability in tort.  The context of Part II is on the common cases that provided the theoretical basis for the underlying theories, as well as to the development of strict liability. Key words: Theories of liability, negligence, warranty, fraud, strict liability
A Study on Students’ Learning Motivation of EFL in Taiwanese Vocational College
Authors: Feng Hsiang-Yung , Fan Jin-Jun
Published: July 2012

Due to globalization, the importance of English cannot be overemphasized. Most teachers would assume that the motivation for students to learn English would be stronger than before. The purpose of this study is to explore the English learning motivation among vocational college students of different systems. The aim of the thesis was to understand students’ learning motivation of EFL, and compare the motivation in different students’ background or different systems of vocational college. The results showed that there were no differences on different systems in vocational college, gender and background of high school for students’ learning motivations. The results also found that there were stronger statistically significant between learning motivations and learning achievements.
Role of Islamic Banking in Agriculture Development in Bahawalpur, Pakistan
Authors: Hassan Muhammad Taimoor , Sattar M. Atif , Tousif M. Adnan , Nasir Nukhba , Sadiq Mehwish , Yasmeen Malka
Published: July 2012

Purpose - The basic purpose of this research paper conducted is to report the findings of this experimental study conducted in Bahawalpur region, about the role of Islamic banking in agriculture sector from the users and non-users (users of conventional banking) of Islamic banking. Design/methodology/approach - This descriptive and qualitative research is conducted and focuses on two main groups of banking customer’s users and non users of Islamic banking and also informal interview with managers of some banks. A survey questionnaire was developed that subsequently get response from 120 respondents. Hypothesis analysis is the main tool of analysis in which mean, standard deviation; variance and chi-square tests are applied using SPSS 16.0. Findings - After the through study of body of knowledge we find that there is significant relationship between Islamic banking and agriculture sector. Islamic banking is providing easy terms of financing like Ijarah, Diminishing musharaka, Murabaha, salam and bai salam and similarly providing different types of working capital like Murabaha, Musawamah, Salam, Muzara’a. These terms of financing increase the asset ownership, yield and income of farmers. Islamic banking is not providing any financing for irrigation system and farmers are facing problem of credit standing and problem of collateral. Practical Limitations/Implication – Most of the concerned articles are taken from the Pakistan, Malaysia, etc. there was limited time for conducting research and receiving response from respondents. The sample size is of small size subsequently of 120 respondents and applicable to Bahawalpur region.  As this result is implemented to Bahawalpur region only so therefore pilot study to whole Pakistan is suggested. Originality/Value -The aim of this paper is to provide and make attention toward of role of Islamic banking the Bahawalpur region of southern Punjab, Pakistan as the previous studies were country wide. This paper will help to conduct same type of researches in other regions of Pakistan. Keywords - Role of Islamic banking, Agriculture sectors.
Arising Sales force Motivation Due to Organizational Justice
Authors: Manzoor Sheikh Raheel , Naveed Ahmer , Shah Syed Habib
Published: July 2012

This research study analyzes the effect of organizational justice (PJ, DJ) on Independent Sale Personnel’s (ISP’s) motivation. This study was cross sectional and self administered questionnaires were distributed among the sale personnel of International Brands Private Limited (IBL), Company Pakistan. Total five branches of IBL, Pakistan were taken for data collection i.e. Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Peshawar and Kohat. In order to investigate the relationship between Organizational justice (i.e. procedural justice and distributive justice) and ISP’s motivation regression and correlation techniques were used. The result of the study suggests that there is a significant positive impact of predictors on the response variable. Keywords: Organizational justice (procedural justice, distributive justice), ISP’s motivation.
Women Role and Status in Pukhtoon Society (A Case Study of Village Sufaid Dheri, Peshawar)
Authors: Alam Anwar
Published: July 2012

This study was undertaken on the topic, “Women role and status in Pukjtoon Society; A case study of village Sufaid Deri, Peshawar). For this study the researcher selected 70 respondents on purposive sampling basis from the fixed age group of 25-45 years of age.Interview schedule was used as the tool of data collection due to illiterate respondents. The study indicates that the women role and status is determined in puktoon society by the male. Her general role is only home management; Cleaning, Washing, Cooking, Budget Making, Agriculture Activities (Livestock & Poultry etc), Sewing and Embroidery making, Socialization of Children, Participation in Ceremonial activities and female oriented Job/ Service. Her contribution in decision making includes; Socialization & Education, Home Management, Health Care, Family Planning, Budget Making, Time table of Work and Game / Play, Salary / Income Keeping and Spending, Participation in Ceremonial Activities, Sharing / Suggestion in Every matter. Her economic role includes; Job / Service, Selling daily used commodities, Live Stock / Milk Products, Poultry Products and Netting, Sewing and Embroidery making and selling. Her social role consists upon; Participation in Marriage ceremonies, Participation in Death Ceremonies, Participation in traditional and all types of ceremonies. Problems faced by women in their productive role-play; Women are less advantaged, lack of mobility, Limited education, no access to resources, invisible partners of development, low health, low levels of nutrition, high rates of mortality, male dominancy and patriarchy. To improve the role and status of puktoon women it was recommended that women education should be improved and they should be given equal participation in developmental activities of the society. Key Words: Home management; Cleaning, Washing, Cooking, Budget Making, Agriculture Activities (Livestock & Poultry etc), Sewing and Embroidery making, Socialization of Children, Participation in Ceremonial activities and female oriented Job/ Service.
Business Ethics of Pakistanis in Islamabad and Lahore: Do Age, Gender and Data Collection Processes Make a Difference?
Authors: Mujtaba Bahaudin G. , Sikander Arif , Akhtar Naveed , Afza Talat
Published: July 2012

Pakistan is an emerging economy and a modernizing workplace. This research surveyed 318 citizens, managers, and employees in Lahore and Islamabad to measure their Personal Business Ethics Scores (PBES) based on age and gender, as well as to see if face-to-face and online data collection processes make a difference in their level of ethical maturity. Furthermore, this study contributes to the theory of moral development. The results suggest that age is a significant factor in moral development as it leads to higher scores in moral maturity. Gender is not a factor in the ethical maturity scores of these respondents. Kohlberg’s moral development theory regarding ethical maturity is supported since those who were older do have higher business ethics scores. Furthermore, significant differences were found based on the data collection process. These results can be helpful for human resources managers and expatriates who work in these cities with local professionals. Suggestions and implications are discussed.
Macrofauna Acuática de la Quebrada Santa Inés, Subcuenca del Río Yeguare, Honduras
Authors: López Lucía Isabel , Gutiérrez Pablo , Mora José M.
Published: July 2012

La quebrada Santa Inés forma parte de la subcuenca del río Yeguare ubicada en los departamentos de Francisco Morazán y El Paraíso, Honduras. La quebrada abastece de agua a varias comunidades. Se estudió la composición de la comunidad de macroinvertebrados acuáticos de la quebrada Santa Inés, para lo cual se muestrearon tres estaciones. Se recolectaron 3,525 individuos en la quebrada pertenecientes a 55 familias. El grupo dominante en la quebrada fue Ephemeroptera, orden generalmente abundante en ríos de montaña. En cuanto a la estructura trófica, los depredadores fueron constantes a lo largo de la corriente, mientras que los filtradores fue el segundo grupo dominante en la quebrada con 25% de los individuos. La quebrada Santa Inés contiene una alta complejidad estructural, donde se encuentran representados todos los grupos tróficos de macroinvertebrados acuáticos posibles en un sistema ribereño. La geografía de la microcuenca de la quebrada Santa Inés, el uso actual del suelo y la comunidad de macroinvertebrados acuáticos que se encuentra en la quebrada la hacen un sujeto ideal de estudio bajo el concepto del continuo ribereño.
Position sociale, point de vue et connaissance sociologique : rapports sociaux de sexe et connaissance de ces rapports
Authors: Gaussot Ludovic
Published: July 2012

Cet article porte sur la genèse des problématiques de sexe dans les sciences sociales et propose une contribution à l’élucidation des rapports entre connaissance, point de vue et position de l’observateur. Le problème est envisagé dans sa généralité, mais il s’agit aussi de le poser dans le champ d’études des rapports de sexe : comment la position au sein du système hiérarchique du sexe/genre peut-elle avoir une incidence sur l’interprétation de ce système ? Le problème est envisagé sous différents angles : historique, épistémologique, théorique. Un exemple est sollicité : la controverse autour de l’explication de la reproduction de la domination et du « consentement à la domination », opposant la théorie de Godelier à la critique de Mathieu. La conclusion milite pour une plus grande prise au sérieux de la question de la position de l’observateur, dans un contexte de querelle rationalisme/relativisme apaisée.
Les apories de la « transition » et les contradictions de Marx
Authors: BALIBAR Étienne
Published: July 2012

L'auteur fait un retour critique sur la lecture structurale de l'œuvre de Marx proposée par L. Althusser et lui-même du point de vue du problème de la transition du capitalisme à la société dite "sans classes" et. plus particulièrement, des apories entre transition et révolution. L'article fait aussi la chronique des débats et événements qui ont déterminé cette lecture de Marx et ses défauts dont il est ici proposé diverses voies de résolution.
La transition au Japon : le jeu des circonstances dans le passage au capitalisme
Authors: BERNIER Bernard
Published: July 2012

À partir d'un bref examen des événements et des luttes qui ont entouré la transition au capitalisme au Japon à partir du milieu du XIXe siècle, l'auteur présente une interprétation non déterministe de cette transition. Il conteste certaines explications antérieures qui font du passage au capitalisme au Japon la suite quasi automatique des tendances présentes dans la période Edo (1600-1868) et il insiste sur la construction graduelle de ce passage, suivant les événements et les luttes. Il fonde cette interprétation sur les écrits d'auteurs (Bourdieu, Castoriadis, etc.) qui ont insisté sur la complexité de la causalité dans le social, sur le caractère partiel et transitoire des organisations sociales et sur la construction graduelle des évolutions historiques.
L’état des rapports de classe au Québec de 1945 à 1967
Authors: DAVID Hélène
Published: July 2012

Ce texte vise à expliciter l'état des rapports de classe au Québec pendant la période qui va de 1945 à 1967. Centrée sur les rapports entre le pouvoir politique et le mouvement ouvrier, l'analyse ne retient pas la coupure traditionnelle introduite entre le duplessisme et la révolution tranquille. Les variations dans le degré de répression exercé par le pouvoir politique sur le mouvement ouvrier et la force du mouvement ouvrier lui-même permettent de distinguer plutôt cinq moments conjoncturels au cours de cette période.
Pour participer à un dialogue
Authors: DUMONT Fernand
Published: July 2012

Vaste entreprise de critique des sciences de l'homme, l'ouvrage de Femand Dumont, l'Anthropologie en l'absence de l'homme, substitue à une épistomologie traditionnelle, celle de la recherche des fondements de l'activité scientifique et de la définition des critères de vérité, une épistémologie de la pertinence, qui resitue la science dans la culture : produit d'une culture, la science qui tente d'expliquer ou d'interpréter la culture est aussi une production de culture. D'où une double relation problématique : la relation de l'observateur à son objet et aussi la relation de l'observateur avec sa société ou sa culture, et donc avec les diverses pratiques sociales et les diverses croyances et représentations culturelles. Mais une telle épistémologie qui introduit une perspective sociologique, doit-elle seulement s'envelopper d'une interrogation sur l'existence? Ou doit-elle plutôt s'articuler à une sociologie des intellectuels et, plus largement, à une sociologie du pouvoir (symbolique)? D'abord préoccupés de bien comprendre la pensée de l'auteur, d'expliciter les caractéristiques de sa démarche et de dégager ses principales contributions, les commentaires de Nicole Gagnon, de Claude Savary et de Roberto Miguelez soulèvent diverses questions qui permettent de poursuivre et d'enrichir le débat ouvert par Dumont.
Interrogation ou paranoïa : enjeu de l’intervention psychosociologique
Authors: ENRIQUEZ Eugène
Published: July 2012

L'auteur situe d'abord l'évolution des théories et des méthodes de l'intervention psychosociologique dans le contexte de la société occidentale et de la société de crise. Il compare ensuite les nouveaux groupes de formation (analyse transactionnelle, bio-énergie, etc.) à sa propre conception de l'intervention. Cette comparaison s'établit à partir de la conception du changement qui caractérise chacune de ces deux approches : celle des " nouveaux groupes " et celle de la " psychosociologie du change-menl comme élaboration". À partir des principales hypothèses freudiennes, il définit ensuite ce qui est. a ses yeux, l'intervention sur les individus, les groupes ou les institutions.
Savoirs scolaires, contraintes didactiques et enjeux sociaux
Authors: FORQUIN Jean-Claude
Published: July 2012

En s'appuyant sur un certain nombre d'apports scientifiques et théoriques récents de la sociologie du curriculum, l'auteur analyse certaines caractéristiques structurelles et culturelles des savoirs scolaires dans les sociétés contemporaines. La réflexion porte successivement sur les mécanismes de la sélection opérée au sein de la culture en vue de la constitution des programmes scolaires, sur les effets de la contrainte didactique et sur les traits originaux de la culture scolaire, sur la structuration des savoirs scolaires sous forme de territoires disciplinaires compartimentés, sur les phénomènes de stratification et de légitimation sociale de ces savoirs. Enfin, la question est posée de savoir si une telle approche analytique et critique du curriculum implique nécessairement une conception relativiste de la connaissance et de la culture ou peut rester compatible avec l'exigence proprement pédagogique d'une justification intellectuelle et culturelle "normative" des contenus d'enseignement.