bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemerin partly mediates tumor‐inhibitory effect of all‐trans retinoic acid via CMKLR1‐dependent natural killer cell recruitment
Authors: Song Yan , Yin Wei , Dan Yanjun , Sheng Jiangxin , Zeng Yixuan , He Rui
Published: May 2019

Down‐regulated chemerin expression has been reported to correlate with poor prognosis of several types of cancer including melanoma. All‐trans retinoic acid (atRA) is a potent inducer of chemerin, and we previously reported that atRA inhibited murine melanoma growth through enhancement of anti‐tumor T‐cell immunity. Here, we aimed to investigate whether loss of endogenous chemerin accelerated melanoma growth and whether chemerin was involved in the melanoma‐inhibitory effect of atRA. We demonstrated that chemerin was constitutively expressed in the skin, which was down‐regulated during murine melanoma growth. Rarres2−/− mice, which are deficient in chemerin, exhibited aggravated tumor growth and impaired tumor‐infiltrating natural killer (NK) cells that express CMKLR1, the functional receptor of chemerin. Topical treatment with atRA up‐regulated skin chemerin expression, which was primarily derived from dermal cells. Moreover, atRA treatment significantly enhanced tumor‐infiltrating NK cells, which was completely abrogated in Rarres2−/− mice and Cmklr1−/− mice, suggesting a dependency of NK cell recruitment on the chemerin–CMKLR1 axis in melanoma. Despite comparable melanoma growth detected in wild‐type mice and Cmklr1−/− mice, lack of CMKLR1 partially abrogated the melanoma‐inhibitory effect of atRA. This may be due to the inability to enhance tumor‐infiltrating NK cells in Cmklr1−/− mice following atRA treatment. Collectively, our study suggests that down‐regulation of chemerin could be a strategy used by cancers such as melanoma to impair anti‐tumor NK cell immunity and identifies a new anti‐tumor mechanism of atRA by up‐regulating chemerin to enhance CMKLR1‐dependent NK cell recruitment.
Quantification of echinoderms (Echinodermata) on Georges Bank, and the potential influence of marine protected areas on these populations
Authors: Rosellon‐Druker Judith , Stokesbury Kevin D. E.
Published: May 2019

The spatiotemporal variation of the distribution of echinoderms in the Georges Bank ecosystem was examined from 2005 to 2012. Density and abundance of representatives from echinoderm classes (brittle stars, sand dollars, sea stars, and sea urchins) were estimated using a drop camera video survey of the benthos in areas open and closed to fish trawling. The influence of closed areas on these echinoderm populations relative to a suite of key environmental and biotic factors was evaluated using Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). While marine protected areas appeared to influence the distribution of sand dollars and sea stars, the distribution of brittle stars and sea urchins seemed to be defined mainly by preferred habitat conditions. According to the CCA, depth, sediment stability, temperature, predator abundance, and management area were the most important factors explaining this echinoderm assemblage. On Georges Bank, echinoderms dominate the benthic biota and are present in a variety of habitats. They can alter marine communities and are preferred prey and main predators for several commercially targeted species. The detailed information presented here (on the scale of kilometers) on abundance and spatial distribution of these populations is thus valuable towards the implementation of ecosystem‐based fisheries management.
Release of sodium pyruvate from sacral prophylactic dressings: A computational model
Authors: Levy Ayelet , Kottner Jan , Gefen Amit
Published: May 2019

The use of sacral dressings for pressure ulcer prevention is growing rapidly. In addition to their passive biomechanical role in pressure and shear reduction, in the near future, prophylactic dressings may also provide active tissue protection by releasing preventive agents or drugs into skin and deeper tissues. We investigated delivery of sodium pyruvate (NaPy) from an active dressing to potentially protect the sacral skin and underlying tissues in addition. We used four finite element model variants describing different skin roughness levels to determine time profiles of NaPy diffusion from the dressing into the skin layers. The NaPy concentrations for the different modelled cases stabilised after 1 to 6.5 hours from the time of application of the dressings, at 1% to 3% of the NaPy concentration in the dressing reservoir, which is considered potent. We conclude that prophylactic sacral dressings have the potential to deliver NaPy into skin and subdermally, to potentially increase soft tissue tolerance to sustained bodyweight‐caused cell and tissue deformations. The time durations to achieve the steady‐state potent NaPy dermal concentrations are clinically feasible, for example, for preparation of patients for surgery or for use in intensive care units.
Sustained virologic response with 6 weeks or less of direct‐acting antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C: Experience at a veterans affairs healthcare system
Authors: Joshi Prajwol , Atherton Amanda
Published: May 2019

Background and Aim

Duration of treatment for chronic hepatitis C infection has been shortened since the introduction of highly effective direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs). Presented is our experience in successful treatment of veterans with chronic hepatitis C infection, with a shorter than currently recommended duration of therapy.

Methods

Retrospective chart review of veterans with chronic hepatitis C infection who received more than 1 week and up to 6 weeks (8–42 days) of DAA therapy with the initiation day between January 1, 2015, and October 15, 2018, at Bay Pines Veterans Affairs Healthcare System. Successful treatment was defined by a sustained virologic response at 12 weeks (SVR‐12) since the end of treatment.

Results

Of the 1841 veterans treated, 27 met the criteria for this review. Overall, SVR‐12 was achieved in 92.6% of veterans treated for a duration of more than 1 week and up to 6 weeks. Amongst those who completed only 4 weeks of therapy, 93.3% achieved SVR‐12. All four veterans (100%) treated for a duration of more than 4 weeks and up to 6 weeks achieved SVR‐12.

Conclusions

Amongst the chronically infected hepatitis C population, a subpopulation who could achieve SVR with a shorter course of treatment than currently recommended does exist. A prospective study of a larger scale will likely provide helpful data in this regard. Our findings could be an impetus for further work.
Clinical characterization and mutation spectrum in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis in China
Authors: Li Na , Kang Qian , Yang Lang , Zhao Xiao‐Jun , Xue Li‐Jun , Wang Xin , Li Ai‐Qin , Li Chen‐Guang , Sheng Jian‐Qiu
Published: May 2019

Background and Aim

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is the most common adenomatous polyposis syndrome. Patients with FAP are screened for germline mutations of two genes, APC and MUTYH. However, limited data exist on the clinical characterization and genotypic spectrum of FAP in China. This study was aimed to determine APC and MUTYH mutational status in a small cohort of FAP probands in China and to characterize the genotype–phenotype correlation in mutated patients.

Methods

Mutation screening of 46 unrelated probands was performed using multigene panels by next‐generation sequencing. Clinical data of the index were used to assess genotype–phenotype correlations.

Results

Overall, 42 out of 46 (91.30%) unrelated probands found mutations, including 35 (76.09%) with APC mutations, 3 (6.52%) with MUTYH mutations, and 4 (8.70%) with both APC and MUTYH mutations. Ten APC genetic alterations variants were novel. The hereditary pattern of the family with both APC and MUTYH mutations was autosomal dominant inheritance. Upper gastrointestinal polyp was the most common extracolonic manifestations. The onset time for patients with both APC and MUTYH mutations was earlier than MUTYH mutation carriers and similar to APC mutation carriers. But the age of carcinogenesis for patients with both APC and MUTYH mutations was later than APC mutation carriers and similar to MUTYH mutation carriers.

Conclusion

In this study, we show the importance of using multigene panels that allow for a parallel comprehensive screening. We suggest that genetic testing of patients with suspected adenomatous polyposis syndromes should include APC and MUTYH gene mutation analyses simultaneously.
Stability and change of values during the formative years: Latent state–trait analyses of adolescents in a seven‐wave panel study
Authors: Pöge Andreas
Published: May 2019

Objective

Many researchers agree that a person's values are formed during the first two decades of one's life span. But little is known about the exact formation process and the typical development of values during youth. In this article, we investigate the question of intra‐individual stability and changes in values during the so‐called formative years.

Method

We used the dataset of a German panel study that took place in seven waves, from 2002 to 2008 (t1–t7), which contained responses obtained from 2,957 boys and girls ages 13–19. The interviews were repeated yearly and were held mainly in classrooms. An analysis of stability and change over the observed time period was done using the framework of latent state–trait theory.

Results

The results showed a stable three‐dimensional value structure, with strong growth in value stability that decreased slightly at the end of the adolescent period. The development of stability among youth seems to be dependent on the values themselves.

Conclusions

These findings are consistent with the aging‐stability hypothesis—that is, values become more and more stable parts of an individual's personality during the formative years. Moreover, our results would seem to substantiate hypotheses that assume value‐specific courses of development and recurring periods of stability and change later in the life cycle.
Biochemical insights into basal and induced resistance in cabbage to black rot
Authors: Amaral Lívio S. , Debona Daniel , Costa Lilian C. , R. Silva Ana Luiza , Oliveira José R. , Rodrigues Fabrício A.
Published: May 2019

Black rot, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), is the most devastating disease of brassica, but the mechanisms of basal or induced resistance in cabbage remain largely unknown. Here, we performed three experiments to investigate biochemical features associated with cabbage resistance to black rot. In the first experiment, biochemical changes were assessed in plants that were inoculated with a highly (UFPR 5) or a moderately (Xcc 10) aggressive Xcc isolate. In the second experiment, we examined the biochemical responses in two cultivars (Chato de Quintal [CQ] and Louco de Verão [LV], susceptible and moderately resistant to Xcc, respectively). Finally, we examined whether acibenzolar‐S‐methyl (ASM) could induce cabbage resistance to Xcc. Plants inoculated with the Xcc 10 isolate displayed higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), whereas activities of chitinase (CHI), β‐1,3‐glucanase (GLU) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) as well as the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were lower compared to plants inoculated with the UFPR 5 isolate. The resistance of the cultivar LV to Xcc was linked to increases in the activities of CHI, GLU, and PPO and decreases in the activities of SOD, POX and APX as well as in the concentrations of H2O2 and MDA relative to the cultivar CQ. In general, ASM‐sprayed plants displayed higher activities for the enzymes studied, which was associated with decreased disease symptoms and oxidative stress. Taken together, our results demonstrated that high activities of both defence and antioxidant enzymes played a major role in both basal and induced resistance of cabbage to black rot.
Effects of dietary calcium to available phosphorus ratios on bone metabolism and osteoclast activity of the OPG /RANK/RANKL signalling pathway in piglets
Authors: Zhao Lei , Li Muyang , Sun Hui
Published: May 2019

Hydroxyapatite, a mineral form of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) that gives bones their rigidity, is the major and essential component of bones and teeth in the human and animal body. A suitable ratio of Ca and P is vital for bone growth. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of dietary calcium to available phosphorus ratios (Ca/AP) on bone metabolism and osteoclast activity of the osteoprotegerin (OPG)/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) signalling pathway in piglets. At days 15 and 29, the piglets were assessed for growth performance, blood indicators, cytokines and the OPG/RANK/RANKL signalling pathway. Our results showed that piglets fed a dietary Ca/AP ratio of 2:1 increases growth performance and regulates blood indicators and cytokines (parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin (CT), vitamin D3 (VD3), insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1), transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β), interleukin‐1 (IL‐1), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), carboxyterminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PICP), tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OCN) content). We also demonstrated that this ratio affects hormone secretion and further bone metabolism through the OPG/RANK/RANKL signalling pathway of osteoclasts. These results indicate that a suitable dietary Ca/AP ratio is vital for bone growth and reduce the incidence of bone diseases such as osteoporosis, providing a practical basis for the raising of piglets.
Comparison of gelling properties and flow behaviors of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) and pectin modified fish gelatin
Authors: Huang Tao , Zhao Huizhu , Fang Yaoyan , Lu Jinpei , Yang Wenge , Qiao Zhaohui , Lou Qiaoming , Xu Dalun , Zhang Jinjie
Published: May 2019

The gelling and structural properties of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) and pectin modified fish gelatin were compared to investigate their performances on altering fish gelatin properties. Our results showed that within a certain concentration, both MTGase and pectin had positive effects on the gelation point, melting point, gel strength, textural, and swelling properties of fish gelatin. Particularly, low pectin content (0.5%, w/v) could give fish gelatin gels the highest values of gel strength, melting temperature, and hardness. Meantime, flow behavior results showed that both MTGase and pectin could increase fish gelatin viscosity without changing its fluid characteristic, but the latter gave fish gelatin higher viscosity. Both MTGase and pectin could increase the lightness of fish gelatin gels but decreases its transparency. More importantly, fluorescence and UV absorbance spectra, particle size distribution, and confocal microscopy results indicated that MTGase and pectin could change the structure of fish gelatin with the formation of large aggregates. Compared with MTGae modified fish gelatin, pectin could endow fish gelatin had similar gel strength, thermal and textural properties to pig skin gelatin.
Guidance for Treatment of Pelvic Acetabular Injuries with Precise Minimally Invasive Internal Fixation Based on the Orthopaedic Surgery Robot Positioning System
Authors: Wu Xin‐bao , Wang Jun‐qiang , Sun Xu , Zhao Chun‐peng
Published: May 2019

Pelvic acetabular fracture is a common kind of fracture, mostly caused by high energy injuries. It is associated with high mortality and disability rates. The aim of surgical treatment of pelvic acetabular fractures is to restore the symmetry and stability of the pelvic ring structure and the anatomical structure of acetabular. Open reduction internal fixation is often used for the treatment of such fractures, but open surgery is in cases of serious injury, more bleeding, and high risk of infection. With the development of minimally invasive technology and the concept of the bone channel structure, the percutaneous lag screw technique for the treatment of pelvic and acetabular fractures has been applied in clinical practice and has proven to be effective. However, the anatomical structure of the pelvis and acetabulum is complex, and there are many important nerves and vessels adjacent to it. Traditional fluoroscopy screw placement is prone to screw malposition, and even minor angle changes may lead to screw perforation and damage of nerve vessels. The problem of radiation exposure is also noteworthy. Robotic‐assisted surgery can be used to carry out screw position planning through preoperative imaging, intraoperative real‐time tracking, and mechanical arm assistance to ensure that the screw placement position is consistent with the planning. In this way, robotic‐assisted surgery can be used to accurately insert lag screws, and can reduce surgical risk and radiation exposure. This guide uses the TiRobot system as an example to describe the application of robot surgery in detail, aiming at standardizing the application of robots in orthopaedic surgery.
The morphology and activity of the extrafloral nectaries in Reynoutria × bohemica (Polygonaceae)
Authors: Giuliani C. , Lastrucci L. , Cresti L. , Santini G. , Foggi B. , Lippi M. Mariotti
Published: May 2019

Reynoutria × bohemica is an invasive species causing significant damage to native ecosystems in North America and Europe.

In this work, we performed an in‐depth micromorphological characterisation of the extrafloral nectaries (EFN), during their secretory and post‐secretory phases, in combination with field monitoring of nectary activity over time and the qualitative pool of insect visitors.

EFN consist of secretory trichomes and vascularised parenchyma. Polysaccharides, lipids and proteins were histochemically detected in all trichome cells; phenolic substances were detected in parenchyma cells. Our data indicate that all nectary regions are involved in nectar production and release, constituting a functional unit. Moreover, the main compound classes of nectar and their transfer change over time: first, granulocrine secretion for sugars prevails, then eccrine secretion of the lipophilic fraction takes place. Active nectaries are mainly located in the apical portion of the stem during the growth phase (April–May), when we detected the highest number of individuals visited by ants; from mid‐August onwards, during flowering, the number of active nectaries declined then ceased production (September), with a concomitant decrease in visits by the ants. The spectrum of nectar‐foraging ants mainly included representatives of the genera Formica, Lasius and Camponotus.

Reynoutria × bohemica produces an attractive secretion able to recruit local ants that may potentially act as ‘bodyguards’ for protecting young shoots, reducing secretions during the blooming stage. This defence mechanism against herbivores is the same as that displayed by the parental species in its native areas.
Psychometric evaluation of the German version of a social support scale of FAFHES (Family Functioning, Family Health and Social Support)
Authors: Ris Irène , Schnepp Wilfried , Mahrer Imhof Romy
Published: May 2019

Background

Family members often need to be supported in informal care of the elderly and desire to be involved into care planning and decision‐making. Valid and reliable instruments are needed to measure how family members perceive the care and support they receive from nurses for older family members living at home.

Aim

The purpose of this study was to translate the 20‐item social support scale of the Family Functioning, Family Health and Social Support (FAFHES) questionnaire from English to German and test the validity and reliability of the scale among Swiss‐German‐speaking family caregivers of home‐dwelling elderly people who receive home healthcare services.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted to test the empirical and psychometric properties of the translated and culturally adapted version of the social support questionnaire. A factor analysis with the principal component analysis PCA was used to test construct validity. The internal consistency of items was measured with the Cronbach`s alpha coefficient.

Results

After a rigorous translation process the original 20‐item questionnaire was adapted into a 19‐item version and tested with family caregivers (n = 207) of home‐dwelling elderly. Psychometric testing of the German version of the social support questionnaire revealed that the three factors – affirmation, affect and concrete aid – were congruent with the original questionnaire. The accounted variance was 79.5% and the internal consistency determined by the Cronbach's alpha was 0.973.

Conclusion

The German version of the social support scale of the FAFHES questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument to assess family perceived support on three dimensions – affirmation, affect and concrete aid – received from nursing professionals. The questionnaire should be tested further in other German‐speaking populations.
Dryland continental mudstones: Deciphering environmental changes in problematic mudstones from the Upper Triassic (Carnian to Norian) Mercia Mudstone Group, south‐west Britain
Authors: Milroy Paul , Wright V. Paul , Simms Michael J.
Published: May 2019

The sedimentology, petrography and mineralogy of the seemingly monotonous Late Triassic Mercia Mudstone Group across the Severn Basin and Bristol Channel region reveals a bipartite division of mudrock facies above and below the Arden Sandstone Formation. Frequently cryptic sedimentary and pedogenic features reveal diverse alluvial, aeolian, playa‐lacustrine and pedogenic processes operating at different times, locations and scales probably in response to climate change. The current study found no evidence of significant marine influence in either of the two mudrock facies associations that are described here. Blocky claystones dominate the lower Mercia Mudstone Group (Sidmouth Mudstone Formation), with pedogenic features such as slickensides, mottling, tubules and carbonate/sulphate nodules common and widespread. The claystones are of alluvial/lacustrine origin with subordinate sheet sandstones, themselves overprinted by pedogenic features, reflecting occasional high intensity rainfall events. These facies reflect a seasonal (wet/dry) semi‐arid climate favouring development of transformed/neoformed (smectite‐rich) clay minerals of intrabasinal origin. Massive to weakly stratified silty mudstones dominate the upper Mercia Mudstone Group (Branscombe Mudstone Formation). Commonly conchoidally weathered, locally gypsiferous, but with distinct sedimentary structures scarce, they alternate with subordinate blue‐grey laminated silty mudstones. Together they reflect fluctuating hydrological conditions within extensive saline mudflats and ephemeral playa lakes, with laminated facies deposited under subaqueous conditions during more humid phases whereas massive mudstones reflect modification through interstitial growth/dissolution of sulphates and deflation of surface sediments during drier episodes. These facies reflect increased aridity during deposition of the upper Mercia Mudstone Group compared with the lower Mercia Mudstone Group, favouring development of detrital/transformed (illite–chlorite) clay minerals of extrabasinal origin. The described facies associations and the sedimentary fabrics and structures that characterize them, occur widely in the Mercia Mudstone Group across the United Kingdom and comparable facies associations may be anticipated in other fine‐grained red bed successions. Recognition of these facies may aid palaeoenvironmental interpretation of such sequences on Earth and, potentially, on Mars also.
Comparison of cardiovascular screening guidelines for middle‐aged/older adults
Authors: Ermolao Andrea , Gasperetti Andrea , Rigon Alberto , Patti Alessandro , Battista Francesca , Frigo Anna Chiara , Duregon Federica , Zaccaria Marco , Bergamin Marco , Neunhaeuserer Daniel
Published: May 2019

Purpose

Although both European (EACPR) and American (ACSM) Scientific Societies have devised cardiovascular protocols for the assessment of “middle‐aged/older” individuals who are about to participate in sports or physical exercise, there are no data regarding the guidelines' sensitivity of these measures. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of different international screening protocols.

Methods

This observational cross‐sectional study evaluated 525 subjects (80% males; median age 50 [35‐85] years) seeking medical certification before participating in sports or regular exercise. The screening protocol consisted in completing a personal history profile, a physical examination, a resting ECG, a maximal exercise test, and, when required, additional instrumental evaluations. The effectiveness of the current EACPR as well as the former and new ACSM guidelines was thereby analyzed.

Results

The full screening protocol uncovered 100 previously undetected cardiovascular conditions (main pathologies detected: 21 coronary artery disease (CAD), 14 arterial hypertension, 38 complex arrhythmias). When the European guideline was used, 49% of these conditions went undetected, including 10 CAD. When the former American guideline was used, 29% (6 CAD) went undetected; when the recently updated edition was used, 50% including 11 CAD went undetected.

Conclusion

The former ACSM guideline demonstrated a higher diagnostic sensitivity than the newer version and the EACPR guideline. Current screening protocols might be adapted for subjects performing high‐intensity exercise due to their higher risk for cardiovascular and exercise‐associated adverse events. The use of an incremental ECG‐monitored maximal exercise test seems to improve these screening outcomes.
A call for weed research in industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L)
Authors: Sandler L N , Gibson K A
Published: May 2019

Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is grown in more than 30 countries for fibre, seed and flowers, and acreage of cultivation is increasing globally. Hemp has long been promoted as a crop that competes well with weeds and requires little intervention to prevent yield losses. We conducted a literature review and found little peer‐reviewed research to support this claim. We identified only three articles that specifically addressed weed management under field conditions and none provided information on hemp yield losses from weeds. These findings highlight a clear need for research‐based information on interactions between weeds and hemp to address potential yield losses under various production conditions and provide a research‐based framework for weed management in industrial hemp.
Cerapan Istiwa' Matahari Dalam Penentuan Arah Kiblat di Malaysia
Authors: Ahmad Zaki Nurulhuda , Anwar Nawawi Mohd Saiful , Abdul Wahab Raihana , Abdul Niri Mohammaddin
Published: May 2019

Qibla is the direction in which Muslims have to follow when performing their prayers.  As claimed by the Islamic Shari’a, when performing prayers, the qibla direction must be accurate towards the Kaaba.  This claim is not an issue for Muslims living near Mecca but for Muslims living in distant countries from the Mecca, the qibla direction accuracy is a problem that requires immediate settlement decision. Geographically, Malaysia is located 5000 km away from the Mecca, and if the qibla direction deflected for only one degree, it will stray up to 180 km from the Kaaba. The objective of this study is to examine and compare the accuracy of smartphones, theodolites and the istiwa’ sticks during the istiwa’ a’dzam phenomenon because it is the best method of revision to obtain the accurate qibla direction.  In this study, istiwa’ a’dzam observations have been conducted at Kuala Lumpur Islamic Center Complex on July 16th 2016 at 5:28 pm. The observation results showed that the direction shown by the theodolite is accurate while the use of smart phones showed a difference up to 2° from the actual direction of the Kaaba (Baitullah).
Peranan Jantina terhadap Amalan Penggunaan Air Secara Lestari: Kajian Kes dalam Kalangan Pelajar Tingkatan Empat di Daerah Kinta Utara Perak, Malaysia
Authors: Mariapan Uma , Mahat Hanifah , Nayan Nasir
Published: May 2019

This study aims to analyse the water usage practices difference based on gender among Form Four students in Northern Kinta district, Perak. This study used quantitative (survey) method and involved a sample of 420 students who are selected using a stratified random sampling method from thirteen schools. The data were collected through a questionnaire which focuses on the five aspects of the variables namely knowledge, values, skills, attitudes and practices of sustainable usage of water. Inferential analysis (t-test) is used to answer the objective of the study. The findings of the t-te`st analysis show that there is no significant difference in terms of knowledge, values, skills and practices of sustainable usage of water based on students’ gender. Furthermore, the t-test analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the attitude of water consumption between male and female students. This shows that there is no difference in the practice of water usage among students based on gender. Nevertheless, aspects of attitudes need to be addressed so that male and female students are always positive towards water saving practices in order to achieve sustainable water management.
Double Wall Cooling of an Effusion Plate With Simultaneous Cross Flow and Impingement Jet Array Internal Cooling
Authors: Ritchie David , Click Austin , Ligrani Phillip M. , Liberatore Federico , Patel Rajeshriben , Ho Yin-Hsiang
Published: May 2019

Considered is double wall cooling, with full-coverage effusion-cooling on the hot side of the effusion plate, and a combination of impingement cooling and cross flow cooling, employed together on the cold side of the effusion plate. Data are given for a main stream flow passage with a contraction ratio (CR) of 4 for main stream Reynolds numbers Rems and Rems,avg of 157,000–161,000 and 233,000–244,000, respectively. Hot-side measurements (on the main stream flow or hot side of the effusion plate) are presented, which are measured using infrared thermography. Using a transient thermal measurement approach, measured are spatially resolved distributions of surface adiabatic film cooling effectiveness, and surface heat transfer coefficient. For the same Reynolds number, initial blowing ratio (BR), and streamwise location, increased thermal protection is often provided when the effusion coolant is provided by the cross flow/impingement combination configuration, compared to the cross flow only supply arrangement. In general, higher adiabatic effectiveness values are provided by the impingement only arrangement, relative to the impingement/cross flow combination configuration, when compared at the same Reynolds number, initial BR, and x/de location. Data for one streamwise location of x/de = 60 show that the highest net heat flux reduction line-averaged net heat flux reduction (NHFR) values are produced either by the impingement/cross flow combination configuration or by the impingement only arrangement, depending upon the particular magnitude of BR, which is considered.
Study on Pore Structures of Tight Sandstone Reservoirs Based on Nitrogen Adsorption, High-Pressure Mercury Intrusion, and Rate-Controlled Mercury Intrusion
Authors: Zhao Xinli , Yang Zhengming , Lin Wei , Xiong Shengchun , Luo Yutian , Wang Zhiyuan , Chen Ting , Xia Debin , Wu Zhenkai
Published: May 2019

Pore–throat size is a key parameter for the assessment of reservoirs. Tight sandstone has the strong heterogeneity in the distribution of pores and throats; consequently, it is very difficult to characterize their distributions. In this study, the existing pore–throat characterization techniques were used jointly with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), low-temperature nitrogen adsorption (LTNA), high-pressure mercury intrusion (HPMI), and rate-controlled mercury intrusion (RCMI) technologies to highlight features of throat sizes and distribution of pores in tight sandstone reservoirs of the Y Basin in China. In addition, full-scale maps (FSMs) were generated. The study results show that key pore types in reservoirs of the Y Basin include residual intergranular pores, dissolved pores, clay mineral pores, and microfractures. LTNA can effectively characterize the distribution of pore–throats with a radius of 2–25 nm. HPMI test results show that tight sandstones contain throats with a radius less than 1000 nm, which are mainly distributed in 25–400 nm and have a unimodal distribution. RCMI tests show that there is no significant difference in pore radius distribution of the tight sandstones, peaking at approximately 100,000–200,000 nm; the throat radius of tight sandstones varies greatly and is less than 1000 nm, in agreement with that of HPMI. Generally, the pore–throat radius distribution of tight sandstones is relatively concentrated. By using the aforementioned techniques, FSM distribution features of pore–throat radius in tight sandstone can be characterized effectively. G6 tight sandstone samples develop pores and throats with a radius of 2–350,000 nm, and the pore–throat types of tight sandstone reservoirs in Y basin are mainly mesopores and macropores.
An Anthropomorphic Wind Turbine Blade
Authors: El-Sheikh Mogeeb A.
Published: May 2019

This study presents a new wind turbine blade design for overcoming the restrictions of large-scale wind turbines deployment. The road design, terrain nature, and logistic capabilities represent the main barriers to maneuver blades during a journey to a windy site. The natural finger and the Fibonacci sequence inspired the author to design a new blade that distinguishes with the ability to fold. This study focuses on the aerodynamic design of a 1.5-MW conventional blade and modifies its skin and spar to carry out the aim. The ability to fold enables the blade to maneuver and avoid terrain-road restrictions. The augmented maneuverability of this concept simplifies a route scenario and reduces transportation cost. This study simulates the added attribute and investigates the design modifications effect by using the finite element method.
Effect of Port Premixed Liquefied Petroleum Gas on the Engine Characteristics
Authors: Edwin Geo V. , Sonthalia Ankit , Nagarajan G. , Nagalingam B. , Aloui Fethi
Published: May 2019

In the present work, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is premixed with air for combustion in a compression ignition engine, along with neat rubber seed oil as the direct injected fuel. The LPG is injected directly into the intake manifold using an electronic gas injector. The variation in the LPG flow rate is from zero to the maximum tolerable value. The engine load was varied from no load to full load at regular intervals of 25% of full load. Experimental results indicate a reduction in thermal efficiency at low loads, followed by a small improvement in the thermal efficiency at 75% and 100% loads. Premixing of LPG prolongs the delay in the ignition with a simultaneous decrease in the duration of combustion. With an increase in the LPG flow rate, the maximum in-cylinder pressure increased at high outputs, whereas it decreased at low outputs. The heat release rate shows that the combustion rate increases with LPG induction. Carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) levels reduced at high outputs, whereas at all loads, the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) levels increased. The NOx level at full load increased from 6.9 g/kWh at no LPG induction to 10.36 g/kWh at 47.63% LPG induction. At all loads, the smoke level decreased drastically. The smoke level at full load decreased from 6.1BSU at no LPG induction to 3.9BSU at 47.63% LPG induction.
Brucella and non-Brucella epididymo-orchitis: comparison of ultrasound findings
Authors: Baykan Ali Haydar , Sayiner Hakan Sezgin , Inan Ibrahim
Published: May 2019

Aim: In brucellosis the male genitourinary system can be affected in a small number of patients. In this study we aimed to identify, discuss and compare the radiologic findings of 24 cases with Brucella epididymo-orchitis (BEO) and 285 cases with non-Brucella epididymis orchitis (NBEO).Material and methods: The study had a retrospective design. The area of involvement, side of involvement (left, right or bilateral), presence of abscess, hydrocele and testicular involvement pattern were analyzed and compared between the BEO and NBEO cases.Results: The median age of the included cases was 33 years, with a minimum of 0 and maximum of 89. Epididymo-orchitis and isolated orchitis were more frequent in BEO cases while isolated epididymis involvement was more common in patients with non-BEO (p=0.0117). Bilateral involvement was present in 20.8% and 4.6% cases in the BEO and non-BEO groups, respectively (p=0.008). The frequency of abscess was significantly higher in BEO cases (p=0.003).Conclusion: Although the radiological indications of BEO are similar to those of other types of epididymo-orchitis, abscess formation, bilateral involvement and testicular involvement contribute significantly to diagnosis
Discovery of Novel Crustacean and Cephalopod Flaviviruses: Insights into the Evolution and Circulation of Flaviviruses between Marine Invertebrate and Vertebrate Hosts
Authors: Parry Rhys , Asgari Sassan
Published: May 2019

Some flaviviruses are known to cause disease in vertebrates and are typically transmitted by blood-feeding arthropods such as ticks and mosquitoes. While an ever-increasing number of insect-specific flaviviruses have been described, we have a narrow understanding of flavivirus incidence and evolution. To expand this understanding, we discovered a number of novel flaviviruses that infect a range of crustaceans and cephalopod hosts. Phylogenetic analyses of these novel marine flaviviruses suggest that crustacean flaviviruses share a close ancestor to all terrestrial vector-borne flaviviruses, and squid flaviviruses are the most divergent of all known flaviviruses to date. Additionally, our results indicate horizontal transmission of a marine flavivirus between crabs and sharks. Taken together, these data suggest that flaviviruses move horizontally between invertebrates and vertebrates in ocean ecosystems. This study demonstrates that flavivirus invertebrate-vertebrate host associations have arisen in flaviviruses at least twice and may potentially provide insights into the emergence or origin of terrestrial vector-borne flaviviruses.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Alters Its Transcriptome Related to Carbon Metabolism and Virulence as a Possible Survival Strategy in Blood from Trauma Patients
Authors: Elmassry Moamen M. , Mudaliar Nithya S. , Kottapalli Kameswara Rao , Dissanaike Sharmila , Griswold John A. , San Francisco Michael J. , Colmer-Hamood Jane A. , Hamood Abdul N.
Published: May 2019

While a considerable body of knowledge regarding sepsis in trauma patients is available, the potential influence of trauma-induced changes in the blood of these patients on the pathogenesis of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
is basically an unexplored area. Rather than using standard laboratory media, we grew
P. aeruginosa
in whole blood from either healthy volunteers or trauma patients. The specific changes in the
P. aeruginosa
transcriptome in response to growth in blood from trauma patients reflect the adaptation of this organism to the bloodstream environment. This knowledge is vital for understanding the strategies this pathogen uses to adapt and survive within the host during systemic infection. Such information will help researchers and clinicians to develop new approaches for treatment of sepsis caused by
P. aeruginosa
in trauma patients, especially in terms of recognizing the effects of specific therapies (e.g., iron, zinc, or mannitol) on the organism. Further, this information can most likely be extrapolated to all patients with
P. aeruginosa
septicemia.
Модель динамики численности паукообразных в спектре их межвидовых конкурентных отношений
Authors: Юсифов Э Ф , Yusifov E F , Мамедов А А , Mamedov A A , Новрузов Н Э , Novruzov N E , Халилова В С , Khalilova V S
Published: May 2019

В статье рассмотрены вопросы построения и исследования математической модели для изучения динамики численности паукообразных герпетобионтов в спектре их трофических конкурентных отношений. Обсуждаются вопросы определения необходимых переменных и расчетных коэффициентов для построения и исследования модели применительно к различным трофическим ситуациям. Базисом для создания модели послужили нелинейные дифференциальные уравнения Лотки-Вольтерра. Исследования, проведенные с помощью построенной модели, показали, что реакция системы на любое возмущение носит колебательный характер. Характер решения зависит от начального возмущения. Решения отличаются величиной амплитуды и периода колебаний. Установившиеся решения математической модели являются многопериодичными колебаниями, которые характерны для биологических систем. Приведены численные и графически представленные результаты исследования предложенной модели.
Epistaxis and gross haematuria with severe thrombocytopaenia associated with influenza vaccination
Authors: Almohammadi Abdullah , Lundin Michael S , Abro Calvin , Hrinczenko Borys
Published: May 2019

Epistaxis may be attributed to many causes during the winter including dry mucous membranes from low indoor humidity from heating. However, epistaxis may also be due to thrombocytopaenia. Immune thrombocytopaenia purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder causing thrombocytopaenia. Viral infections sometimes lead to ITP. Vaccines, predominantly the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, have been associated with the development of ITP. There are several published case reports regarding influenza vaccine induced ITP. However, an association between ITP and influenza vaccination has not been firmly proven yet. We report the case of an adult with three episodes of epistaxis, each within 1 week of receiving a yearly influenza trivalent inactivated vaccine, the last episode being more severe and also featuring gross haematuria.
On a Class of Constacyclic Codes of Length 4ps over Fpm[u]〈 ua 〉
Authors: Dinh Hai Q. , Nguyen Bac T. , Sriboonchitta Songsak
Published: May 2019

For any odd prime p such that pm ≡ 3 (mod 4), consider all units Λ of the finite commutative chain ring [Formula: see text] that have the form Λ = Λ0 + uΛ1 + ⋯ + ua−1 Λa−1, where Λ0, Λ1, …, Λa−1 ∊ 𝔽pm, Λ0 ≠ 0, Λ1 ≠ 0. The class of Λ-constacyclic codes of length 4ps over ℛa is investigated. If the unit Λ is a square, each Λ-constacyclic code of length 4ps is expressed as a direct sum of a −λ-constacyclic code and a λ-constacyclic code of length 2ps. In the main case that the unit Λ is not a square, we prove that the polynomial x4 − λ0 can be decomposed as a product of two quadratic irreducible and monic coprime factors, where [Formula: see text]. From this, the ambient ring [Formula: see text] is proven to be a principal ideal ring, whose maximal ideals are ⟨x2 + 2ηx + 2η2⟩ and ⟨x2 − 2ηx + 2η2⟩, where λ0 = −4η4. We also give the unique self-dual Type 1 Λ-constacyclic codes of length 4ps over ℛa. Furthermore, conditions for a Type 1 Λ-constacyclic code to be self-orthogonal and dual-containing are provided.
On Splitting of the Normalizer of a Maximal Torus in E6(q)
Authors: Galt Alexey , Staroletov Alexey
Published: May 2019

Let G be a finite group of Lie type E6 over 𝔽q (adjoint or simply connected) and W be the Weyl group of G. We describe maximal tori T such that T has a complement in its algebraic normalizer N(G, T). It is well known that for each maximal torus T of G there exists an element w ∊ W such that N(G, T )/T ≃ CW(w). When T does not have a complement isomorphic to CW(w), we show that w has a lift in N(G, T) of the same order.
Relative Canonical Modules and Some Duality Results
Authors: Zargar Majid Rahro
Published: May 2019

Let (R, m) be a relative Cohen–Macaulay local ring with respect to an ideal a of R and set c to be ht a. We investigate some properties of the Matlis dual of the R-module [Formula: see text], and we show that such modules behave like canonical modules over Cohen–Macaulay local rings. Moreover, we provide some duality and equivalence results with respect to the module [Formula: see text], and these results lead us to achieve generalizations of some known results, such as the local duality theorem, which have been provided over a Cohen–Macaulay local ring admiting a canonical R-module.
Closed-Loop Global Motion Planning for Reactive, Collision-Free Execution of Learned Tasks
Authors: Bowen Chris , Alterovitz Ron
Published: May 2019

We present a robot motion planning approach for performing a learned task while reacting to the movement of obstacles and task-relevant objects. We employ a closed-loop, sampling-based motion planner operating multiple times a second that senses obstacles and task-relevant objects and generates collision-free motion plans based on a learned-task model. The task model is learned from expert demonstrations prior to task execution and is represented as a hidden Markov model. During task execution, our motion planner quickly searches in the Cartesian product of the task model and a probabilistic roadmap for a collision-free plan with features most similar to the demonstrations given the current locations of the task-relevant objects. We accelerate replanning using a fast bidirectional search and by biasing the sampling distribution using information from the learned-task model. We show the efficacy of our approach with the Baxter robot performing two tasks.
Learning and Personalizing Socially Assistive Robot Behaviors to Aid with Activities of Daily Living
Authors: Moro Christina , Nejat Goldie , Mihailidis Alex
Published: May 2019

Socially assistive robots can autonomously provide activity assistance to vulnerable populations, including those living with cognitive impairments. To provide effective assistance, these robots should be capable of displaying appropriate behaviors and personalizing them to a user's cognitive abilities. Our research focuses on the development of a novel robot learning architecture that uniquely combines learning from demonstration (
LfD
) and reinforcement learning (
RL
) algorithms to effectively teach socially assistive robots personalized behaviors. Caregivers can demonstrate a series of assistive behaviors for an activity to the robot, which it uses to learn general behaviors via
LfD
. This information is used to obtain initial assistive state-behavior pairings using a decision tree. Then, the robot uses an
RL
algorithm to obtain a policy for selecting the appropriate behavior personalized to the user's cognition level. Experiments were conducted with the socially assistive robot Casper to investigate the effectiveness of our proposed learning architecture. Results showed that Casper was able to learn personalized behaviors for the new assistive activity of tea-making, and that combining
LfD
and
RL
algorithms significantly reduces the time required for a robot to learn a new activity.
Interaction Algorithm Effect on Human Experience with Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Krening Samantha , Feigh Karen M.
Published: May 2019

A goal of interactive machine learning (IML) is to enable people with no specialized training to intuitively teach intelligent agents how to perform tasks. Toward achieving that goal, we are studying how the design of the interaction method for a Bayesian Q-Learning algorithm impacts aspects of the human’s experience of teaching the agent using human-centric metrics such as frustration in addition to traditional ML performance metrics. This study investigated two methods of natural language instruction: critique and action advice. We conducted a human-in-the-loop experiment in which people trained two agents with different teaching methods but, unknown to each participant, the same underlying reinforcement learning algorithm. The results show an agent that learns from action advice creates a better user experience compared to an agent that learns from binary critique in terms of frustration, perceived performance, transparency, immediacy, and perceived intelligence. We identified nine main characteristics of an IML algorithm’s design that impact the human’s experience with the agent, including using human instructions about the future, compliance with input, empowerment, transparency, immediacy, a deterministic interaction, the complexity of the instructions, accuracy of the speech recognition software, and the robust and flexible nature of the interaction algorithm.