bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The importance of threshold concepts and formative assessment in lower-secondary school group composing
Authors: Booth Nikki , Kinsella Victoria
Published: April 2022

Meyer and Land’s work (among subsequent others) on threshold concepts (TCs) has been influential in numerous subjects, particularly in higher education. However, despite its growing international interest, its application into the domain of music in schools is a highly under-researched area. This article draws on the notion of TCs focusing on the context of lower-secondary school (Key Stage 3: ages 11–14) group composing. Using video-recorded and interview data from three case-study schools in the English Midlands, examples of TCs are presented and how formative assessment was, or could have been, a key process in them being crossed is discussed.
Crystallite size distribution by two-dimensional XRD
Authors: He Bob B.
Published: April 2022

The crystallite size distribution is an important parameter affecting the processing and properties of materials or products containing crystallites. The X-ray diffraction pattern collected with a two-dimensional detector may contain one or several spotty diffraction rings when an appropriate X-ray beam size is used. The spottiness of the diffraction ring is related to the size, size distribution, and orientation distribution of the crystallites. The intensity of a diffraction spot may represent its volume or size of a crystallite when a perfect Bragg condition is met. This paper introduces the algorithms and procedure to evaluate crystallite size distribution from a 2D diffraction pattern by rocking scan.
The Political Development of Schools as Cause and Solution to Delinquency
Authors: MOAK DANIEL S. , CATE SARAH D.
Published: April 2022

This article offers a comprehensive history of the development of the federal role in education and juvenile justice policy from the 1950s to the 1970s. We argue that the issues of juvenile delinquency and education became linked during this period and policies that were enacted reflected the belief that education was a solution to delinquency. In the mid-twentieth century, a broader variety of approaches to antidelinquency, such as public job creation for youth, began to fall out of favor and education became elevated as the primary policy area for addressing delinquency outside the criminal justice system. Policy makers frequently justified federal involvement in education by arguing that schools were central to antidelinquency efforts. Drawing educational institutions into the fight against delinquency made schools susceptible to the punitive turn in crime policy. Ultimately, these developments have introduced punitive policies into schools and pushed antidelinquency efforts away from broader structural reforms.
On dubious claims regarding the enigmatic Chilston
Authors: ALDEN JANE , CALLAGHAN LYNSEY
Published: April 2022

The earliest known treatise on Boethian proportions in Middle English is attributed to ‘Chilston’ in London, British Library, Lansdowne 763. Nothing is known of Chilston's biography, although his treatise also survives anonymously in two related sources (New York, Morgan Library, B.12 and Dublin, Trinity College, 516). In 1927, Irish musicologist William Henry Grattan Flood suggested an identification between the author of the proportion treatise and the scribe of British Library, Royal 5 A VI, a priest's handbook dated to 1446. English lexicographer Jeffrey Pulver was quick to dismiss Flood's identification, which apparently discouraged any further assessment of it. This article reconsiders Flood's suggestion, taking into account 1920s political and cultural biases that might explain Pulver's swift rejection. A contextual exploration of the evidence supports the connection of the proportion treatise to Royal 5 A VI and sheds light on the milieu in which Chilston may have worked. Long recognised for his significance in the vernacular history of music theory and music pedagogy, the proposed contextual framework has significant implications for understanding the multiple functions of music theory in fifteenth-century England. Most notably, it documents the use of speculative music theory among readers and audiences with limited knowledge of Latin. A variety of uses for music theory reveal themselves within the emerging vernacular pedagogical practices of late medieval England. These reflect the broader production of technical texts in Middle English and the increased vernacularisation of English society at a pivotal moment of ecclesiastic and musical history.
The Role of WTO Committees through the Lens of Specific Trade Concerns Raised in the TBT Committee
Authors: Possada Kian Cássehgari , Ganne Emmanuelle , Piermartini Roberta
Published: April 2022

The existing literature shows that transparency and monitoring reduce trade costs, improve regulatory practices and build and sustain trust. In this paper, using 555 specific trade concerns (STCs) raised by the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) committee in the period 1995–2018, we develop a novel classification of STCs. We distinguish between STCs aiming to exchange information (transparency STCs) and those aiming to monitor compliance with the TBT agreement (monitoring STCs). We show that: (i) when STCs intend to foster transparency, they are mainly used in relation to notified measures, thus suggesting that they are used to acquire not only new but also higher quality information than that provided merely by notifications; (ii) when STCs intend to challenge the compliance of WTO members with the TBT Agreement, they primarily address draft measures, thus suggesting that they are used to promote accountability and improve good regulatory practices; and (iii) STCs raised at the draft stage are less likely to escalate to a dispute than those raised on adopted measures. Guided by these findings, we suggest the potential for some reforms to improve the efficiency of the system. These include: introducing a reporting system on the outcome of STCs; using STCs raised in committees to fill the gap of missing notifications; systematically using the STC mechanism at the stage of draft measures; and building in the dispute settlement system the requirement to raise the matter and discuss it within the relevant committee before filing a formal dispute settlement case.
Denominational Conflicts and Party Breakthrough: The Negative Case of the All-German People’s Party
Authors: Dilling Matthias
Published: April 2022

National party breakthrough has often been attributed to new or previously minor parties seizing favorable political opportunities. The role of their strategic choices in response to political opportunities, however, has been underexplored because less attention has been paid to relevant negative cases, that is instances when parties encounter favorable conditions without breaking through. This article argues for a historical perspective when selecting these cases and investigates an often overlooked case from Germany’s early postwar democracy: Gustav Heinemann’s All-German People’s Party (GVP). Relying on archival data and historical research, this article reconstructs the conflicts between Catholics and Protestants that provided Heinemann with initially favorable conditions for party breakthrough. Strategic decisions on coalition building, the timing of party formation, and organization building explain the GVP’s failure to seize the opportunity. These findings highlight the importance of case selection as a part of the “historical turn” in political science and of new parties’ agency when explaining (the lack of) party breakthrough. The implications of these findings for the literature on new parties, case selection, and party system development are discussed.
Behind the Mask
Authors: Eisenhardt Carolin , Zinburg Theresa , Geuer Annika , Nietzel Julian
Published: April 2022

Was ist zu dem Thema bekannt?

Emotionen werden sehr stark über die Mimik zum Ausdruck gebracht. Der Mund-Nasen-Schutz erschwert das Erkennen der Emotionen.

Wie wird eine neue Perspektive eingebracht?

Auf der Basis aktueller Studien werden Erkenntnisse zum Einfluss der Maske auf die Kommunikation berichtet.

Was sind die Auswirkungen auf die Praxis?

Solange ein Mund-Nasen-Schutz getragen werden muss, sollten Emotionen über andere Kanäle deutlicher kommuniziert werden.
Factors associated with disordered eating and eating disorder symptoms in adolescent elite athletes
Authors: Walter Nadja , Heinen Thomas , Elbe Anne-Marie
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Introduction: Recent studies indicate high prevalences of disordered eating or eating disorders in adult athletes and a worrying increase in adolescent athletes. Although several risk factors for developing eating disorders have been identified for adult athletes (e.g., personality factors, sport-related pressure), research on risk factors in adolescent athletes is scarce. Methods: This study investigates the prevalence of disordered eating and eating disorder symptoms and its association with personality- and sport-related risk factors in a sample of 439 elite athletes aged 13–18 years. Self-regulatory personality factors, sports and social pressure, as well as sports biographical data, were investigated in relation to different weight control methods and the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire measuring disordered eating and eating disorder symptoms. Results: Results indicate a prevalence rate of clinically significant eating pathology of 5.5% for the total sample, in which female athletes aged 15–18 years show the highest rate (9.6%). The structural equation model indicates a predominant association of sports and social pressure and personality factors with eating disorder symptoms. Conclusion: Being in the age range 15–18 years, being female, and being an athlete in a high-risk sport (e.g., aesthetics, weight class, or endurance sports) were identified as risk factors as well as athletes’ mental association with weight loss and success, and athletes’ perceived social pressure on eating and on body shape. Disordered eating and eating disorders are not only of concern for adults but also for young elite athletes and recommendations for adolescent elite athletes, coaches, and parents are given.
Effects of Media Multitasking and Video Gaming on Cognitive Functions	and Their Neural Bases in Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Alho Kimmo , Moisala Mona , Salmela-Aro Katariina
Published: April 2022

Abstract. The increasing use of digital technology among adolescents and young adults has led to concerns about possible detrimental effects on cognitive and brain functions. Indeed, as reviewed here, according to behavioral and brain-imaging studies, excessive media multitasking (i.e., using different digital media in parallel) may lead to enhanced distractibility and problems in maintaining attention. However, frequent video gaming may be beneficial for the development of working memory, task switching, and attention skills. All these cognitive skills depend on executive cognitive functions. Still scant but gradually cumulating brain-imaging results suggest that the negative effects of frequent media multitasking and the positive effects of frequent video gaming on cognitive skills in adolescents and young adults are mediated by effects on the frontal lobes, implicated in executive cognitive functions and still developing even through early adulthood.
Assessment of 21st Century Changing Sea Surface Temperature, Rainfall, and Sea Surface Height Patterns in the Tropical Pacific Islands Using CMIP6 Greenhouse Warming Projections
Authors: Dhage Laxmikant , Widlansky Matthew J.
Published: April 2022

Tropical Pacific Islands face unknown rates of future warming due to increased greenhouse gas emissions, but almost certain changing climate stresses. Continued global warming is projected to cause further changes to the mean conditions and variability of sea surface temperature (SST), rainfall, and sea surface height (SSH). Previous climate model simulations showed that the equatorial Pacific is likely to have greater increased rainfall, compared to elsewhere in the tropics. There is less certainty about future rainfall changes away from the equator, including around many of the numerous tropical Pacific Islands. Here, we assess the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project‐phase 6 (CMIP6) as it relates to future changes of SST, rainfall, and SSH in the tropical Pacific. Focus is on the island regions of Hawaii, Guam, and American Samoa, as well as the Niño 3.4 region. We consider two development narratives of the 21st century by assessing the SSP2‐4.5 and SSP5‐8.5 experiments, and describe climate changes in the tropical Pacific relative to the recent historical conditions that are likely for either 1.5°C or 3°C of global mean surface temperature (GMST) warming above preindustrial levels. Consistent with prior‐generation climate models, we find that future rainfall increases the most where SST warming is greatest, and also an overall increase of interannual variability associated with the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affecting rainfall and SSH. We describe changes in SST, rainfall, and SSH for particular warming amounts, and make comparisons with time‐based climate assessments during the 21st century, which are relevant results toward better understanding uncertainty and supporting adaptation efforts in the tropical Pacific Islands.
Improving Soil Carbon Estimates by Linking Conceptual Pools Against Measurable Carbon Fractions in the DAYCENT Model Version 4.5
Authors: Dangal Shree R. S. , Schwalm Christopher , Cavigelli Michel A. , Gollany Hero T. , Jin Virginia L. , Sanderman Jonathan
Published: April 2022

Terrestrial soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics play an important but uncertain role in the global carbon (C) cycle. Current modeling efforts to quantify SOC dynamics in response to global environmental changes do not accurately represent the size, distribution and flux of C from the soil. Here, we modified the daily Century (DAYCENT) biogeochemical model by tuning decomposition rates of conceptual SOC pools to match measurable C fraction data, followed by historical and future simulations of SOC dynamics. Results showed that simulations using fraction‐constrained DAYCENT (DCfrac) led to better initialization of SOC stocks and distribution compared to default/SOC‐only‐constrained DAYCENT (DCdef) at long‐term research sites. Regional simulation using DCfrac demonstrated higher SOC stocks for both croplands (34.86 vs. 26.17 MgC ha−1) and grasslands (54.05 vs. 40.82 MgC ha−1) compared to DCdef for the contemporary period (2001–2005 average), which better matched observationally constrained data‐driven maps of current SOC distributions. Projection of SOC dynamics in response to land cover change under a high warming climate showed average absolute SOC loss of 8.44 and 10.43 MgC ha−1 for grasslands and croplands, respectively, using DCfrac whereas, SOC losses were 6.55 and 7.85 MgC ha−1 for grasslands and croplands, respectively, using DCdef. The projected SOC loss using DCfrac was 33% and 29% higher for croplands and grasslands compared to DCdef. Our modeling study demonstrates that initializing SOC pools with measurable C fraction data led to more accurate representation of SOC stocks and distribution of SOC into individual carbon pools resulting in the prediction of greater sensitivity to agricultural intensification and warming.
Impact Structure Hidden Under Arctic Ice Dates to the Paleocene
Authors: Kornei Katherine
Published: April 2022

Greenland’s Hiawatha impact structure, more than 30 kilometers in diameter, is much older than previously thought, new results suggest.
Thank You to Our 2021 Reviewers
Authors: Salous Sana , Kobayashi Kazuya
Published: April 2022

Key Points

The editors thank the 2021 reviewers
Gastric cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles elevate E2F7 expression and activate the MAPK/ERK signaling to promote peritoneal metastasis through the delivery of SNHG12
Authors: Zhang Fangbin , Guo Changqing , Cao Xinguang , Yan Yan , Zhang Jinping , Lv Shuai
Published: April 2022

Cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have extensive application in the formation of their environment, including metastasis. This study explored the ability of gastric cancer (GC) cell-derived EVs-mediated microRNA-129-5p/E2F transcription factor 7/mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular regulated protein kinase (miR-129-5p/E2F7/MAPK/ERK) axis to affect the peritoneal metastasis of GC by delivering lncRNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 12 (SNHG12). EV-derived lncRNA and SNHG12/miR-129-5p/E2F7 network were determined by bioinformatics analysis. The regulatory relationship among SNHG12, miR-129-5p, and E2F7 was verified using a combination of dual-luciferase reporter gene, RNA immunoprecipitation, and RNA pull-down assays. The SNHG12, miR-129-5p, and E2F7 expression was measured by RT-qPCR. After GC cell-derived EVs were isolated and co-cultured with human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs), the uptake of EVs by HPMCs was observed under laser scanning confocal microscopy. Cell viability and apoptosis were examined using cell counting kit-8 and flow cytometry, respectively. Western blot analysis was performed to measure the mesothelial–mesenchymal transition (MMT)-related protein expression. The pathological and morphological characteristics of metastatic tumors in nude mice were observed by hematoxylin–eosin staining. A high SNHG12 expression was correlated with the poor prognosis of patients with GC. GC-derived EVs led to increased HPMC apoptosis and MMT by transferring SNHG12, whereas the knockdown of SNHG12 annulled the aforementioned results. SNHG12 sponged miR-129-5p to boost E2F7 expression and activate the MAPK/ERK signaling, thus inducing HPMC apoptosis and MMT. In vivo experiments further verified that EVs derived from GC cells promoted peritoneal metastasis in nude mice. GC cell-derived EVs elevated the E2F7 expression and activated the MAPK/ERK signaling to promote peritoneal metastasis through the delivery of SNHG12.
Teleost swim bladder, an ancient air-filled organ that elicits mucosal immune responses
Authors: Yu Yongyao , Huang Zhenyu , Kong Weiguang , Dong Fen , Zhang Xiaoting , Zhai Xue , Cheng Gaofeng , Zhan Mengting , Cao Jiafeng , Ding Liguo , Han Guangkun , Takizawa Fumio , Ding Yang , Oriol Sunyer J. , Xu Zhen
Published: April 2022

The air-filled organs (AOs) of vertebrates (lungs and swim bladders) have evolved unique functions (air-breathing or buoyancy control in water) to adapt to different environments. Thus far, immune responses to microbes in AOs have been described exclusively in the lungs of tetrapods. Similar to lungs, swim bladders (SBs) represent a mucosal surface, a feature that leads us to hypothesize a role for SB in immunity. In this study, we demonstrate that secretory IgT (sIgT) is the key SB immunoglobulin (Ig) responding to the viral challenge, and the only Ig involved in viral neutralization in that organ. In support of these findings, we found that the viral load of the SB from fish devoid of sIgT was much higher than that of control fish. Interestingly, similar to the lungs in mammals, the SB represents the mucosal surface in fish with the lowest content of microbiota. Moreover, sIgT is the main Ig class found coating their surface, suggesting a key role of this Ig in the homeostasis of the SB microbiota. In addition to the well-established role of SB in buoyancy control, our findings reveal a previously unrecognized function of teleost SB in adaptive mucosal immune responses upon pathogenic challenge, as well as a previously unidentified role of sIgT in antiviral defense. Overall, our findings indicate that despite the phylogenetic distance and physiological roles of teleost SB and mammalian lungs, they both have evolved analogous mucosal immune responses against microbes which likely originated independently through a process of convergent evolution.
Quantum channel correction outperforming direct transmission
Authors: Slussarenko Sergei , Weston Morgan M. , Shalm Lynden K. , Verma Varun B. , Nam Sae-Woo , Kocsis Sacha , Ralph Timothy C. , Pryde Geoff J.
Published: April 2022

Long-distance optical quantum channels are necessarily lossy, leading to errors in transmitted quantum information, entanglement degradation and, ultimately, poor protocol performance. Quantum states carrying information in the channel can be probabilistically amplified to compensate for loss, but are destroyed when amplification fails. Quantum correction of the channel itself is therefore required, but break-even performance—where arbitrary states can be better transmitted through a corrected channel than an uncorrected one—has so far remained out of reach. Here we perform distillation by heralded amplification to improve a noisy entanglement channel. We subsequently employ entanglement swapping to demonstrate that arbitrary quantum information transmission is unconditionally improved—i.e., without relying on postselection or post-processing of data—compared to the uncorrected channel. In this way, it represents realization of a genuine quantum relay. Our channel correction for single-mode quantum states will find use in quantum repeater, communication and metrology applications.
All-optical control of phase singularities using strong light-matter coupling
Authors: Thomas Philip A. , Menghrajani Kishan S. , Barnes William L.
Published: April 2022

Strong light-matter coupling occurs when the rate of energy exchange between an electromagnetic mode and a molecular ensemble exceeds competing dissipative processes. The study of strong coupling has been motivated by applications such as lasing and the modification of chemical processes. Here we show that strong coupling can be used to create phase singularities. Many nanophotonic structures have been designed to generate phase singularities for use in sensing and optoelectronics. We utilise the concept of cavity-free strong coupling, where electromagnetic modes sustained by a material are strong enough to strongly couple to the material’s own molecular resonance, to create phase singularities in a simple thin film of organic molecules. We show that the use of photochromic molecules allows for all-optical control of phase singularities. Our results suggest what we believe to be both a new application for strong light-matter coupling and a new, simplified, more versatile means of manipulating phase singularities.
Rigidly flat-foldable class of lockable origami-inspired metamaterials with topological stiff states
Authors: Jamalimehr Amin , Mirzajanzadeh Morad , Akbarzadeh Abdolhamid , Pasini Damiano
Published: April 2022

Origami crease patterns have inspired the design of reconfigurable materials that can transform their shape and properties through folding. Unfortunately, most designs cannot provide load-bearing capacity, and those that can, do so in certain directions but collapse along the direction of deployment, limiting their use as structural materials. Here, we merge notions of kirigami and origami to introduce a rigidly foldable class of cellular metamaterials that can flat-fold and lock into several states that are stiff across multiple directions, including the deployment direction. Our metamaterials rigidly fold with one degree of freedom and can reconfigure into several flat-foldable and spatially-lockable folding paths due to face contact. Locking under compression yields topology and symmetry changes that impart multidirectional stiffness. Additionally, folding paths and mixed-mode configurations can be activated in situ to modulate their properties. Their load-bearing capacity, flat-foldability, and reprogrammability can be harnessed for deployable structures, reconfigurable robots, and low-volume packaging.
Course of post COVID-19 disease symptoms over time in the ComPaRe long COVID prospective e-cohort
Authors: Tran Viet-Thi , Porcher Raphaël , Pane Isabelle , Ravaud Philippe
Published: April 2022

About 10% of people infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 experience post COVID-19 disease. We analysed data from 968 adult patients (5350 person-months) with a confirmed infection enroled in the ComPaRe long COVID cohort, a disease prevalent prospective e-cohort of such patients in France. Day-by-day prevalence of post COVID-19 symptoms was determined from patients’ responses to the Long COVID Symptom Tool, a validated self-reported questionnaire assessing 53 symptoms. Among patients symptomatic after 2 months, 85% still reported symptoms one year after their symptom onset. Evolution of symptoms showed a decreasing prevalence over time for 27/53 symptoms (e.g., loss of taste/smell); a stable prevalence over time for 18/53 symptoms (e.g., dyspnoea), and an increasing prevalence over time for 8/53 symptoms (e.g., paraesthesia). The disease impact on patients’ lives began increasing 6 months after onset. Our results are of importance to understand the natural history of post COVID-19 disease.
Dual-gRNA approach with limited off-target effect corrects C9ORF72 repeat expansion in vivo
Authors: Piao Xuejiao , Meng Dawei , Zhang Xue , Song Qiang , Lv Hailong , Jia Yichang
Published: April 2022

C9ORF72 GGGGCC repeat expansion is the most common genetic cause for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia, which generates abnormal DNA and RNA structures and produces toxic proteins. Recently, efficacy of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing has been proven in treatment of disease. However, DNA low complexity surrounding C9ORF72 expansion increases the off-target risks. Here we provide a dual-gRNA design outside of the low complexity region which enables us to remove the repeat DNA in a ‘cutting-deletion-fusion’ manner with a high fusion efficiency (50%). Our dual-gRNA design limits off-target effect and does not significantly affect C9ORF72 expression. In neurons carrying patient C9ORF72 expansion, our approach removes the repeat DNA and corrects the RNA foci in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, we conclude that our proof-of-concept design correct C9ORF72 repeat expansion, which may have potential therapeutic value for the patients.
Assessment of the epi-pericardial fibrotic substrate by collagen-targeted probes
Authors: Ezeani Martin , Noor Asif , Donnelly Paul S. , Niego Be’eri , Hagemeyer Christoph E.
Published: April 2022

The identification of the fibrotic arrhythmogenic substrate as a means of improving the diagnosis and prediction of atrial fibrillation has been a focus of research for many years. The relationship between the degree of atrial fibrosis as a major component of atrial cardiomyopathy and the recurrence of arrhythmia after AF ablation can correlate. While the focus in identification and characterisation of this substrate has been centred on the atrial wall and the evaluation of atrial scar and extracellular matrix (ECM) expansion by late gadolinium-enhancement (LGE) on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI), LGE cannot visualise diffuse fibrosis and diffuse extravasation of gadolinium. The atrial pericardium is a fine avascular fibrous membranous sac that encloses the atrial wall, which can undergo remodelling leading to atrial disease and AF. Nevertheless, little attention has been given to the detection of its fibrocalcification, impact on arrhythmogenesis and, most importantly, on the potential prothrombotic role of epi-pericardial remodelling in generation of emboli. We have recently reported that tracers against collagen I and IV can provide a direct assessment of the ECM, and thus can estimate fibrotic burden with high sensitivity. Here, we show the ability of these optical tracers to identify epi-pericardial fibrosis, as well as to demonstrate subtle interstitial fibrosis of the atrial wall in a mouse model of beta-2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) cardiac overexpression.
Screening and validation of reference genes for qRT-PCR of bovine skeletal muscle-derived satellite cells
Authors: Wang Guo-Hua , Liang Cheng-Cheng , Li Bing-Zhi , Du Xin-Ze , Zhang Wen-Zhen , Cheng Gong , Zan Lin-Sen
Published: April 2022

The accuracy of sixteen commonly used internal reference genes was assessed in skeletal muscle-derived satellite cells of Qinchuan cattle at different stages of proliferation and induction of differentiation to determine the most suitable ones. Quantitative real-time PCR and three commonly used algorithmic programs, GeNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper, were used to evaluate the stability of expression of the candidate internal reference genes (GAPDH, ACTB, PPIA, LRP10, HPRT1, YWHAZ, B2M, TBP, EIF3K , RPS9, UXT, 18S rRNA, RPLP0, MARVELD, EMD and RPS15A) in skeletal muscle-derived satellite cells at 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h of growth and after differentiation for 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 days. The expression of two satellite cell marker genes, CCNA2 and MYF5, was used for validation analysis. The results of the software analyses showed that GAPDH and RPS15A were the most stable reference gene combinations during in vitro proliferation of bovine skeletal muscle-derived satellite cells, RPS15A and RPS9 were the most stable reference gene combinations during in vitro induction of differentiation of the cells, and PPIA was the least stable reference gene during proliferation and differentiation and was not recommended. This study lays the foundation for the selection of reference genes for qRT-PCR during the proliferation and induction of differentiation of bovine skeletal muscle-derived satellite cells.
Clinical characteristics and survival in patients with heart failure experiencing in hospital cardiac arrest
Authors: Aune Emma , McMurray John , Lundgren Peter , Sattar Naveed , Israelsson Johan , Nordberg Per , Herlitz Johan , Rawshani Araz
Published: April 2022

In patients with heart failure (HF) who suffered in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA), little is known about the characteristics, survival and neurological outcome. We used the Swedish Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation to study this, including patients aged ≥ 18 years suffering IHCA (2008–2019), categorised as HF alone, HF with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), AMI alone, or other. Odds ratios (OR) for 30-day survival, trends in 30-day survival, and the implication of HF phenotype was studied. 6378 patients had HF alone, 2111 had HF with AMI, 4210 had AMI alone. Crude 5-year survival was 9.6% for HF alone, 12.9% for HF with AMI and 34.6% for AMI alone. The 5-year survival was 7.9% for patients with HF and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥ 50%, 15.4% for LVEF < 40% and 12.3% for LVEF 40–49%. Compared with AMI alone, adjusted OR (95% CI) for 30-day survival was 0.66 (0.60–0.74) for HF alone, and 0.49 (0.43–0.57) for HF with AMI. OR for 30-day survival in 2017–2019 compared with 2008–2010 were 1.55 (1.24–1.93) for AMI alone, 1.37 (1.00–1.87) for HF with AMI and 1.30 (1.07–1.58) for HF alone. Survivors with HF had good neurological outcome in 92% of cases.
Metasurface magnetless specular isolator
Authors: Lavigne Guillaume , Kodera Toshiro , Caloz Christophe
Published: April 2022

We present a (nongyrotropic) metasurface magnetless specular isolator. This device reflects as a mirror a wave incident under a specified angle in one direction and absorbs it in the opposite direction. The metasurface is synthesized in terms of bianisotropic susceptibility tensors, whose nonreciprocity resides in normal components and exhibits a hybrid electric, magneto-electric nature. The metaparticle is implemented in the form of a U-shaped conducting structure loaded by a transistor. The operation principle of the specular isolator is demonstrated by both full-wave simulation and experiment, with isolation levels reaching 41 and 38 dB respectively. This system represents the first realization of a metasurface involving nonreciprocal normal susceptibilities and features a previously unreported type of nonreciprocity.
Anxiety symptoms, rule learning, and cognitive flexibility in non-clinical psychosis
Authors: Park Jadyn S. , Damme Katherine S. F. , Kuhney Franchesca S. , Mittal Vijay A.
Published: April 2022

Individuals with psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) represent a critical group for improving the understanding of vulnerability factors across the psychosis continuum. A growing body of literature has identified functional deficits associated with PLEs. However, it is unclear if such deficits purely reveal the underlying psychosis vulnerability or if they are also linked with comorbid anxiety symptoms. Although anxiety disorders are often associated with impairments in psychosis-risk, symptoms of anxiety may facilitate executive functioning in certain psychosis groups. The Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences was completed to assess psychosis-like symptoms in a total of 57 individuals, and its median score was used to categorize PLE groups (high-PLE = 24, low-PLE = 33). Anxiety symptoms were measured via the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and cognitive flexibility was measured by the Penn Conditional Exclusion Test. The high-PLE group endorsed more anxiety symptoms, demonstrated poorer accuracy and efficiency on the cognitive task, and made more perseverative errors compared to the low-PLE group. Within the high-PLE group, higher levels of anxiety symptoms were associated with better performance and less perseverative errors compared to individuals with lower levels of anxiety symptoms. Conversely, greater anxiety symptoms were associated with poorer performance in the low-PLE group. Taken together, these findings provide a preliminary support for a potential psychosis vulnerability × anxiety symptom interaction. Given the interest in the psychosis continuum and potential treatment implications, the present findings warrant replication efforts.
Winter torpor expression varies in four bat species with differential susceptibility to white-nose syndrome
Authors: Jackson Reilly T. , Willcox Emma V. , Bernard Riley F.
Published: April 2022

Studies examining the overwintering behaviors of North American hibernating bats are limited to a handful of species. We deployed temperature-sensitive transmitters on four species of bat that exhibit differences in their susceptibility to white nose syndrome (WNS;Myotis grisescens,M. leibii,M. sodalis,andPerimyotis subflavus) to determine if these differences are correlated with behavior exhibited during hibernation (i.e., torpor expression and arousal frequency). Mean torpor skin temperature (Tsk) and torpor bout duration varied significantly among species (P ≤ 0.024), but arousal Tskand duration did not (P ≥ 0.057). One of the species with low susceptibility to WNS,M. leibii, had significantly shorter torpor bout durations (37.67 ± 26.89 h) thanM. sodalis(260.67 ± 41.33 h), the species with medium susceptibility to WNS.Myotis leibiialso had significantly higher torpor Tsk(18.57 °C ± 0.20) thanM. grisescens(13.33 °C ± 0.60), a second species with low WNS susceptibility. The high susceptibility species,Perimyotis subflavus,exhibited low torpor Tsk(14.42 °C ± 0.36) but short torpor bouts (72.36 ± 32.16 h). We demonstrate that the four cavernicolous species examined exhibit a wide range in torpid skin temperature and torpor bout duration. Information from this study may improve WNS management in multispecies hibernacula or individual species management by providing insight into how some species may differ in their techniques for overwinter survival.
Impact of intradialytic fiber clotting on dialyzer extraction and solute removal: a randomized cross-over study
Authors: Vanommeslaeghe Floris , Josipovic Iván , Boone Matthieu , Van Biesen Wim , Eloot Sunny
Published: April 2022

Previous studies revealed the importance of biocompatibility, anticoagulation strategy, and dialysis mode and duration on fiber blocking at the end of a hemodialysis session. The present study was set up in ten hemodialysis patients to relate fiber patency to dialyzer extraction and removal of small and middle molecules. With only 1/4th of the regular anticoagulation dose, and using a Solacea 19H and FX800 CorDiax dialyzer, fiber patency was quantified using 3D micro-CT scanning for different dialysis durations (i.e. 60, 120 and 240 min). While Solacea showed enhanced fiber patency in all test sessions, fiber blocking in the FX800 CorDiax did not follow a linear process during dialysis, but was rather accelerated near the end of dialysis. Dialyzer extraction ratios were correlated with the percentages of open fibers. While the fiber blocking process affected extraction ratios (i.e. for phosphorus and myoglobin in the FX800 CorDiax), it had only minor impact on the removal of toxins up to at least 12 kDa.
Effect of a single intra-articular administration of stanozolol in a naturally occurring canine osteoarthritis model: a randomised trial
Authors: Alves J. C. , Santos A. , Jorge P. , Lavrador C. , Carreira L. Miguel
Published: April 2022

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease with a high negative impact on patient’s quality of life and a high financial burden. It is a source of chronic pain and affects all mammals, including humans and dogs. As the dog is a common model for translation research of human OA, and exploring spontaneous dog OA can improve the health and well-being of both humans and dogs. To describe the effect of the intra-articular administration of stanozolol in a naturally occurring canine OA model, forty canine (N = 40) hip joints were randomly assigned to receive stanozolol or saline (control). On treatment day and at 8, 15, 30, 90, and 180 days post-treatment, several evaluations were conducted: weight distribution, joint range of motion, thigh girth, digital thermography, and radiographic signs. Also, synovial fluid C-reactive protein and interleukin-1 levels were evaluated. Results from four Clinical Metrology Instruments was also gathered. Results were compared with Repeated Measures ANOVA, with a Huynh–Feldt correction, paired-samples t-test, or Wilcoxon signed-rank test, with p < 0.05. OA was graded as mild (90%), moderate (5%), and severe (5%), including both sexes. They had a mean age of 6.5 ± 2.4 years and a bodyweight of 26.7 ± 5.2 kg. No differences were found between groups at treatment day in all considered evaluations. Weight distribution showed significant improvements with stanozolol from 15 days (p < 0.05) up to 180 days (p < 0.01). Lower values during thermographic evaluation in both views taken and improved joint extension at 90 (p = 0.02) and 180 days (p < 0.01) were observed. Pain and function scores improved up to 180 days. In the control group, radiographic signs progressed, in contrast with stanozolol. The use of stanozolol was safe and produced significant improvements in weight-bearing, pain score, and clinical evaluations in a naturally occurring canine OA model.
The medial occipital longitudinal tract supports early stage encoding of visuospatial information
Authors: Beyh Ahmad , Dell’Acqua Flavio , Cancemi Daniele , De Santiago Requejo Francisco , ffytche Dominic , Catani Marco
Published: April 2022

Visuospatial learning depends on the parahippocampal place area (PPA), a functionally heterogenous area which current visuospatial processing models place downstream from parietal cortex and only from area V4 of early visual cortex (EVC). However, evidence for anatomical connections between the PPA and other EVC areas is inconsistent, and these connections are not discussed in current models. Through a data-driven analysis based on diffusion MRI tractography, we present evidence that the PPA sits at the confluence of two white matter systems. The first conveys information from the retrosplenial complex to the anterior PPA and runs within the cingulum bundle. The second system connects all peripheral EVC areas to the posterior PPA and corresponds to the medial occipital longitudinal tract (MOLT), a white matter pathway that is distinct from the cingulum and that we describe here in detail. Based on further functional connectivity analysis and meta-analytic data, we propose that the MOLT supports early stage encoding of visuospatial information by allowing direct reciprocal exchange between the PPA and EVC. Our findings may improve symptom interpretation in stroke and tumour patients with damage to the medial occipito-temporal region and call for revisiting current visuospatial processing models.
Direct measurement of the genuine efficiency of thermogalvanic heat-to-electricity conversion in thermocells
Authors: Trosheva Maria A. , Buckingham Mark A. , Aldous Leigh
Published: April 2022

We report the first genuine quantification of thermogalvanic heat-to-electricity conversion efficiency, for both the electrolyte and for the entire device.
Interfacial band bending induced charge-transfer regulation over Ag@ZIF-8@g-C3N4 to boost photocatalytic CO2 reduction into syngas
Authors: Li Jia-Jia , Zhang Qing , Zhang Lin-Yan , Zhang Jian-Yong , Liu Yufeng , Zhang Na , Fang Yong-Zheng
Published: April 2022

The use of the AZC-10 heterostructure enables excellent syngas production rates of 4076.4 μmol gcatalyst−1 h−1 and 3326.55 μmol gcatalyst−1 h−1 for CO and H2, respectively, much higher than other reported photocatalysts.
Diverse catalytic behavior of a dye-based polymer metal-free catalyst for hydrogen peroxide photoproduction
Authors: Hong Qiang , Wu Qingyao , Wu Zhenyu , Liu Yan , Li Yi , Huang Hui , Liu Yang , Kang Zhenhui
Published: April 2022

A single-dye polymer catalyst for efficient H2O2 photoproduction.
Quantifying nanoscale forces using machine learning in dynamic atomic force microscopy
Authors: Chandrashekar Abhilash , Belardinelli Pierpaolo , Bessa Miguel A. , Staufer Urs , Alijani Farbod
Published: April 2022

In this article we make use of data-science and machine learning to distil physically interpretable models from AFM measurements and predict nanoscale interaction forces with sub-microsecond resolution directly from experimental data.
Applications of catalysis in hydroboration of imines, nitriles, and carbodiimides
Authors: Rezaei Bazkiaei Adineh , Findlater Michael , Gorden Anne E. V.
Published: April 2022

Catalytic hydroboration of imines, nitriles, and carbodiimides are reviewed as powerful tools for preparation of amines.
Photopatterning of two stage reactive polymer networks with CO2-philic thiol–acrylate chemistry: enhanced mechanical toughness and CO2/N2 selectivity
Authors: Blevins Adrienne K. , Wang Mengyuan , Lehmann Michelle L. , Hu Leiqing , Fan Shouhong , Stafford Christopher M. , Killgore Jason P. , Lin Haiqing , Saito Tomonori , Ding Yifu
Published: April 2022

Two stage reactive polymer (TSRP) networks can be programmed with spatially varying heterogeneity, presenting a new way of designing material structure and controlling or enhancing properties.
Fusing rigid planar units to engineer twisting molecules as dual-state emitters
Authors: Yin Yuanye , Ding Aixiang , Yang Longmei , Kong Lin , Yang Jiaxiang
Published: April 2022

The fusion of multiple rigid, planar units into a highly twisting molecule is proposed as a molecular engineering strategy for synthesizing bright dual-state emitters. Applications such as mechanosensor and fluorescent probe have been demonstrated.
A facile chemical synthesis of nanoflake NiS2layers and their photocatalytic activity
Authors: Gomaa Mohammed M. , Sayed Mohamed H. , Abdel-Wahed Mahmoud S. , Boshta Mostafa
Published: April 2022

A single phase nanoflake NiS2layer synthesized by a facile chemical bath deposition showed good solar light photocatalytic degradation of phenol with good stability and reusability.
Metal complexes for the visualisation of amyloid peptides
Authors: Morfin Jean-François , Lacerda Sara , Geraldes Carlos F. G. C. , Tóth Éva
Published: April 2022

Amyloid forms of different proteins are relevant biomarkers of pathologies like Alzheimer's disease or type 2 diabetes. Metal-based agents designed for the detection of such amyloid fibrils represent a rapidly growing field in molecular imaging.
Globule and fiber formation with elastin-like polypeptides: a balance of coacervation and crosslinking
Authors: Lau Kirklann , Reichheld Sean , Sharpe Simon , Cerruti Marta
Published: April 2022

The timing of crosslinking relative to coacervation controls elastin droplet morphology and propensity for forming interconnected droplet networks. We explore this relationship with an elastin-like peptide (ELP) and genipin crosslinker model.
Receptor-mediated nonhost resistance in plants
Authors: Oh Soohyun , Choi Doil
Published: April 2022

Nonhost resistance (NHR) is a plant immune response that prevents many microorganisms in the plant’s environment from pathogenicity against the plant. Since successful pathogens have adapted to overcome the immune systems of their host, the durable nature of NHR has potential in the management of plant disease. At present, there is genetic and molecular evidence that the underlying molecular mechanisms of NHR are similar to the plant immune responses that occur in host plants following infection by adapted pathogens. We consider that the molecular basis of NHR is multilayered, conferred by physicochemical barriers and defense responses that are induced following molecular recognition events. Moreover, the relative contribution of each component may depend on evolutionary distances between host and nonhost plants of given pathogen species. This mini-review has focused on the current knowledge of plant NHR, especially the recognition of non-adapted pathogens by nonhost plants at the cellular level. Recent gains in understanding the roles of plasma membrane-localized pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and the cytoplasmic nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) associated with these processes, as well as the genes involved, are summarized. Finally, we provide a theoretical perspective on the durability of receptor-mediated NHR and its practical potential as an innovative strategy for crop protection against pathogens.
Targeting the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Dwomoh Louis , Tejeda Gonzalo S. , Tobin Andrew B.
Published: April 2022

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and despite extensive research, only a few drugs are available for management of the disease. One strategy has been to up-regulate cholinergic neurotransmission to improve cognitive function, but this approach has dose-limiting adverse effects. To avoid these adverse effects, new drugs that target specific receptor subtypes of the cholinergic system are needed, and the M1 subtype of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M1-mAChR) has been shown to be a good target for this approach. By using several strategies, M1-mAChR ligands have been developed and trialled in preclinical animal models and in human studies, with varying degrees of success. This article reviews the different approaches to targeting the M1-mAChR in AD and discusses the advantages and limitations of these strategies. The factors to consider in targeting the M1-mAChR in AD are also discussed.