bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Energy Consumption, Carbon Emission and Financial Risk Assessment of Iron and Steel Enterprises in China
Authors: He Wei Da , Zhang Chuan
Published: December 2014

This paper combines energy consumption, carbon emission and financial risk assessment of iron and steel enterprises in China for studying. The financial risk of iron and steel enterprises is classified into five main risks: 1) profit risk, 2) insolvency risk, 3) operational risk, 4) development risk and 5) the risk of carbon emission. The 32 iron and steel listed companies of China are examined to test the applicability of the risk assessment system. The results show that the system can better reveal the situation of financial risk and guard against the financial risk of iron and steel enterprises.
Study on Evaluation System of the Agent’s Capability Structure of International Energy Cooperation
Authors: Yang Hong Li , Li Ping , Guo Xiao Li
Published: December 2014

With the deepening of economic globalization, cooperation has become a mainstream trend, revealing the discipline of cooperation has become a key scientific issue. As a content of cooperation, international energy cooperation is a system of relations constituted by different energy cooperation agents, it reflects the composition of agents. Ability divergence and their capability system have an effect on the long-term stability and development of cooperation. Based on the theories, this paper put forward the main connotation of cooperation capacity structure, building capability evaluation system, clearing affect the stability of the key indicators of cooperation, exploring the relationship between cooperation agents’ capability structure and cooperative stability in order to study the whole process of international energy cooperation fluctuations trajectory.
Effects of Nonylphenol on the Enzyme Activity of SOD in Shrimp (Neocaridina heteropoda)
Authors: Wang Hong Wei , Xing Qing Chao , Zhang Jie , Yin Rui , Cai Duan Bo , Cui Xiao Na , Wang Ya Nan , Yuan Gao Fei
Published: December 2014

The effects of different concentrations of nonylphenol on Neocaridina heteropoda were studied through testing the Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity in the muscle of N. heteropoda under the nonylphenol stress, then explored the relationship of the time that was N. heteropoda exposed nonylphenol and the in vivo physiological indicators. Results showed the following conclusion: in a certain range, higher concentrations of nonylphenol had heavier influence on SOD activity of shrimps; shrimps were infected significantly when they were exposed to the same concentration of nonylphenol in 2 days; the influence was reduced to the shrimp with the prolonging of time.
A Composite Indicator for Evaluating the Low-Carbon Performance of Cities in Jiangsu Province
Authors: Fan Li Wei , Zhang Lu Ping
Published: December 2014

This paper developed a composite indicator for evaluating the performance of low-carbon economy for the cities in Jiangsu province, China. The empirical results show that the performance of low carbon economy of cities in Jiangsu province may be divided into three levels. The first level include Yangzhou, Zhenjiang, and Nanjing, that the performance is below the province average level; the second level including Huaian, Suqian, Lianyungang, and Nantong which, that the performance is similar with the province average level; the rest of the cities in Jiangsu are set as third level. At same time, this paper analyze some cities’ performance of low carbon economy.
The Research on Path of the New Type Resource-Based Urban Construction in China - Based on the Perspective of Low Carbon
Authors: Liu Ting  Xiu , Niu Jian Ying , Zhou Jin Sheng
Published: December 2014

Resource is the foundation of the people to survive and develop. It promotes the development of national economy. Because of rich resources of the energy-based cities, the effects on the environment in the process of exploration are extremely obvious, and promoting the resource-based urban development in the direction of low carbon has become the strategic choice. Based on the concept of low carbon, starting from definition of the resource-based city, through the comprehensive analysis of the present situation of the resource-based city in our country, forming the new path of the construction of new type resource-based city with Chinese characteristics, this text will dig out the low carbon potential of the resource-based city to the uttermost.
The Role of Value Foundations of Sustainable Development in the Solution of the Civilization’s Crisis
Authors: Gunzenova Karina Vasilievna
Published: December 2014

A crisis is an essential attribute of a functioning system. Growth of consumption and production underlying it has its logical continuation in a recession that provokes socio-economic, ethical and political problems. The further development of a system within the frameworks of the present value paradigm gives birth to a threat of a global ecological disaster. The sustainable development concept, offered as an alternative, is capable of solving emergent problems of civilization. However, the development of green technologies and introduction of environmentally sustainable economy are insufficient when there is no public consciousness relevant to sustainable development.
The Competitive Strategies of a Green Energy Company
Authors: Chen Li Jia , Tsai Sang Bing , Wang Cheng Kuang
Published: December 2014

Renewable energy is an ideal source of power, with advantages such as low pollution, low energy consumption, sustainability, and an inexhaustible supply of energy. The method of importance-performance analysis (IPA) is frequently applied to measure satisfaction and to improve competitive strategies. In this study, we perform a complete analysis of the operational performance of Taiwanese renewable energy industries. A wind power company was recruited as a case study, and IPA was employed to survey and evaluate the company’s competitive performance. Subsequently, the results were used as a guide to improve the performance of the company.
Game Analysis of Environmental Regulation Performance of FDI Competition under Green Economy Perspective
Authors: Sun Wu Bin , Wang Zhou Yu
Published: December 2014

Based on the perspective of green economy and FDI competition, this article establishes revenue matrix game, resolves game revenue function between stakeholders, by defining the performance of environmental regulation stakeholders variable. The results show that in the light of heavy economic performance as the target function, the local government has to relax the environment regulation as the means to fight the mobility factor motivation . In addition, the local government’s environmental regulation will actively promote enterprise technological innovation to improve the performance of environmental regulation.
Study on the Investment and Financing Issue of Environmental Protection Industry in Yangtze River Delta
Authors: Yang Gang , Cai Xuan Chao , Chao Li Juan , Lu Shi Yu
Published: December 2014

Yangtze River Delta is one of the most developed regions in China. In recent years, environmental protection industry has developed rapidly, and the total investment has also kept increasing, and the investment structure has been improving, and the mode of financing increases. But there are still some problems in the current investment and financing of environmental protection industry in the Yangtze River Delta. Based on in-depth analysis of the causes of the problems, this paper put forward some countermeasures and suggestions to solve the problems in investment and financing of environmental protection industry in Yangtze River delta.
With Low-Carbon Resources’ Constraint the Satisfactory Conditions for R&D Endogenous Growth Model
Authors: Cai De Fa , Dai Ru Yun , Cai Jing
Published: December 2014

Low-Carbon Resources include low-consumption energy like renewable resources, new energy, clean power, etc. From the perspective of fiscal policy, to study and develop R&D will affect the progress of technology directly, and to develop Low-Carbon Economy needs the innovation of Low-Carbon technology. Thus, the government’s R&D investment is crucial to developing Low-Carbon technology and Low-Carbon Economy. This thesis combines the endogenous growth theory with the sustainability of Low-Carbon Resources, and uses the R&D endogenous growth model to give one under the constraint of Low-Carbon resources. It comes to a relevant conclusion, that is, assuming that the society requires a sustainable consumption in consuming the rest of exhaustible resource, the labor investment of R&D sectors should meet the basic conditions.
Semi-Parametric Estimation for Urbanization and CO2 Emissions in China
Authors: Yu Tian Gui , Zhuang Xiao Wen
Published: December 2014

This paper examined the effect of the urbanization on CO2 emissions in China, using the semi-parametric panel data model. The results show that an inverted U-shaped relationship exists between urbanization and CO2 emissions in China and further development of urbanization is beneficial in reducing CO2 emissions.
Toxicity of Nano-ZnO and Nano-TiO2 to M. aeruginosa
Authors: Xue Zhe Hua , Tang Yu Lin , Sun Yu Hui
Published: December 2014

Anabaena sp.andM. aeruginosawere used to examine the toxic mechanism of nano-ZnO to them, as well as the toxicity. Typical chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, including effective quantum yield, photosynthetic efficiency and maximum electron transport rate, were measured by a pulse amplitude modulated fluorometer. Results showed that nano-ZnO could inhibitAnabaena sp.andM. aeruginosagrowth with the EC50(concentration for 50% of maximal effect) of 0.74±0.01 and 1.68±0.01 mg/L respectively. The toxicity of nano-ZnO toAnabaena sp.is higher than that toM. aeruginosa, which can be proved by the malondialdehyde content inAnabaena sp.andM. aeruginosacells.
The Construction and Analysis about the Evaluation System of Low-Carbon Economy in Jiangsu Province
Authors: Li Fei
Published: December 2014

This paper selects 10 indexes which can evaluate the low-carbon economic development, using AHP to determine the impact of various factors coefficient, and then form the evaluation system of low-carbon economy in Jiangsu Province. An Empirical Analysis of the economic situation of Jiangsu in 2012 is also given on the system. The result shows that the level of carbon economic development in Jiangsu Province is still in a low stage. Finally the related policy advice was put forward. That is changing consumption concept, promoting low-carbon life; changing energy consumption structure, using low-carbon energy; adjusting industry structure, developing low-carbon industry; constructing public transport system, encouraging low-carbon travel; strengthening international exchanges, researching low-carbon technologies.
Model of High-Tech Enterprises' Contribution to Low-Carbon Economy
Authors: Chen Na , Shi Lei
Published: December 2014

Promoting coefficient of low-carbon economy provide a solution to compare the contribution among different high-tech enterprises. Low energy consuming, low carbon emission and high-tech intensive were discovered as the core index of evaluation index system. The effect index includes four secondary indexes, economic evaluation, energy evaluation, environment evaluation and technology evaluation. The model takes into account high-tech industry’s contribution degree to low-carbon economy (CDL) and the low-carbon related management level index (LMI) in high-tech industry. The multiplication of CDL and LMI is the coefficient of the high-tech enterprise for low-carbon economy (CHEL), which means if all the high-tech enterprises’ CHEL in a certain industry could reach the level of the company we discussed, the contribution degree of that industry for low-carbon economy would be in a fixed percentage.
Analysis on Economic Efficiency and Industrial Structure Adjustment of Some Counties Based on DEA Method
Authors: Cao Li , Ma Zhan Xin , Qi Xu Hong
Published: December 2014

The county economy is not only an important component of the national economy, but also be the basic operation unit of the national economy.It plays an irreplaceable role in the great economic and social development of our country. In this paper, we provide a non-parametric method for analyzing the economic efficiency based on DEA theory. Then we analyze the development efficiency of eight counties in Tongliao City from 2003 to 2012 , we also put forward suggestions on how to adjust the industrial structure according to the data analysis of the results of the model.
Evaluation of Development Level of Agricultural Circular Economy in China
Authors: Xin Ling
Published: December 2014

The evaluation index system of Chinese agricultural circular economy development was established based on the definition of connotation of the agricultural circular economy and the principle of index selection. It included four aspects, i.e., social and economic development, resource reduction input, resource recycling and ecological environment, as well as 16 indexes. The development level of the agricultural circular economy in China between 1991 and 2012 was evaluated and analyzed by using the comprehensive multi-index model method. The results illustrated that the development levels of the agricultural circular economy in China and its three major regions of eastern region, middle region and western region exhibited rising trends. Investment of reduced resources has become a bottleneck restricting the development of agricultural circular economy in China. There was an obvious regional difference of the development level of the agricultural circular economy in China.
Effects of Thiourea on Metals Availability and Maize Physiological Characteristics in Acid Soils from South China
Authors: Luo Si , Wang Wen , Zhou Xi Hong , Zeng Qing Ru
Published: December 2014

It has been confirmed that thiourea (TU) was effective in inhibiting urea hydrolysis and nitrite formation. However, few studies focused on the toxicological effects and environmental impacts of TU. In this study, the influences of TU on the soil pH and available metals contents were reported. The addition of thiourea to the urea-treated soils led to a slower decrease or even increase in soil pH. The application of thiourea had slight influence on the content of available Cu in soils. Mn content increased with increasing TU concentration, however, the changes of Zn and Al contents were opposite. Pot culture experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of TU on the physiological characteristics of maize seedlings, including the plant growth, chlorophyll (CHL) content, metal ions uptakes and malondialdehyde (MAD) content in the leaves. 1 mmol kg-1 soil thiourea significantly inhibited the growth of maize seedlings. The application of thiourea enhanced the Mn accumulation in leaves, and negatively affected the Fe uptake, which thereby inhibited the biosynthesis of CHL. There was not any noticeable difference in MDA content in plants treated with 1-2.5 mmol kg-1 soil thiourea. An obvious increase of MDA content was found at 5 mmol kg-1 soil thiourea.
Identification and Epidemic Analysis on NTM of Cattle and Pigs in Jilin Province
Authors: Ge Shu Min , Zhang Shu Hua , Chen Yu Juan , Qian Ai Dong
Published: December 2014

In order to further study on NTM distribution in livestock of Jilin province and provide basis on NTM prevention. Isolation of NTM and the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the suspected NTM strains were identified from 1050 PPD negative tissues of livestock. In the test, 21 strains NTM were successfully identified. The total isolation rate of NTM was 2.0 %, NTM isolation rates of cattle and pigs were 1.82 % and 2.2 % respectively. Other strains were all identified successfully except 6 samples, in which 3 strains were identified asmycobacterium gilvum, 1 strains asmycobacterium vaccae, 5 strains asmycobacterium neoaurum, 3 strains asmycobacteria fortuitumand 3 strains asmycobacteria intracellularrespectively. In order to formulate effective control measures and protect the health of people and animals, attention should be paid to the infection on NTM of livestock in Jilin Province and further study on its toxicity and influence should be carried out.
Regional Vulnerability Evaluation Index System of Environmental Emergencies in Petrochemical Industry
Authors: Tian Hong , Zhang Jian
Published: December 2014

This paper introduces regional vulnerability of environmental emergencies in petrochemical industry based on the analysis of the vulnerability and the theory of the constituent elements. And it builds the regional vulnerability evaluation index system of environmental emergencies in the petrochemical industry from analyzing the people vulnerability factors, economic vulnerability factors, environment vulnerability factors and regional respond capability.
Ecological Costs Internalization in Ultimate Pit Optimization
Authors: Gu Xiao Wei , Xu Xiao Chuan , Wang Qing , Liu Jian Ping
Published: December 2014

The tradition way of open pit mine design just takes the operating and capital costs into account while the ecological costs of mining to ecological environment is not a concern at all. For this concept, based on the mine ecological footprint and eco-cost models which have been built by author, the ecological cost allocation models which take mining, stripping and ore dressing as incentive are built. It contains allocation models of unit mining ecological costs, stripping ecological costs and ore processing ecological costs. Moving cone elimination algorithm and iteration method is used for a open pit metal mine to optimize ultimate pit. The studies show that the pit optimization which contains ecological costs has a great impact on the ultimate pit. Compared to the pit optimization with an end treatment, ecological costs are contained in the pit design is better for either economy or environment.
Assessment Air Quality Using ES-SOFM Hybrid Model in Xi’an, China
Authors: Zhang Li Ning
Published: December 2014

On the basis of six kinds of air pollutant data provided by the Xi’an Environment Protection Bureau, Two kinds of air assessment model were presented in this paper. Firstly, air quality index (AQI), which has been adopted as a part of national standard in China, was used to assess the air quality of Xi’an in 2013 winter. We also introduced a fuzzy self-organizing feature map (SOFM) model to classify air quality in an unsupervised and comprehensive way. As a further research, a hybrid model was put forward based on Evolutionary Strategy (ES) and SOFM. With SOFM neural networks embedded into ES, the sensitivity of SOFM neural networks to the initial weight matrix and sequence of exemplar input is overcome by the global optimization of ES. The results of our work demonstrate that the ES-SOFM Hybrid Model is quite appropriate techniques for air quality assessment. Unlike AQI method, SOFM’s result is decided by all pollutant instead of only the most serious one. No matter what kind of method, all assessment results show the very serious air pollution in Xi’an. The government and every citizen must take steps at once to prevent air quality from further depravation.
Point-Centred Quadrangle Method: A Novel Distance Method for Density Estimation
Authors: Zhu Xun Zhi , Gao Ting , Zhang Jin Tun
Published: December 2014

Quantitative data are essential in characterizing vegetation. Considerable attention has been paid to vegetation sampling techniques. A series of methods have been developed for tree density estimation which utilize spacing distances instead of fixed-area quadrats. In this paper, a new plotless sampling method was proposed which we denominated a Point-centred quadrangle method. With the new method and a conventional distance method (point-centred quarter method), we investigated Larixprincipis-rupprechtii population in larch forests at Xiaolongmen Forest Station of Donglingshan Mountain, Beijing. Compared the two methods with quadrat method, the distance estimated by the new method needs to multiply by a coefficient for accuracy, and the precision of the new method are not better than the old one. However, this novel method is still usable for tree density estimation and is easy to use in wood engineering and forest survey work.
Evaluating the Environmental Cost Internalization Based on the Fuzzy Neural Network
Authors: Meng Xiang Song , Zhu Yi Yao
Published: December 2014

Internalization of environment cost assessment measures the level of an enterprise’s environmental cost internalization. It’s also the basis of carrying out recycling economic in an enterprise. First of all, we established an environmental cost analysis model, in line with which we build the internalization of environment cost index system. Then adopting comprehensive evaluation method basing on fuzzy neural network can help us assess the effect brought by the internalization of environment cost. Finally, we conducted an experiment which comparing fuzzy neural network with the fuzzy evaluation of environment cost objectively. So we can think it’s an effective method.
The Design of Intelligent Monitoring System on Tropical Greenhouse Crop Production Environment
Authors: Wang Ling Ling , Luo Hong Xia , Cao Jian Hua , Lu Kun , Fang Ji Hua , Chen Shuai
Published: December 2014

Based on the growth characteristic of tropical greenhouse crop and field intelligent management demands for information of temperature, humidity, gas and light, the intelligent monitoring system on tropical greenhouse crop production environment is studied and designed respectively. The system includes two parts of hardware and software. In the part of hardware, mainly expounding hardware's function and communication protocol with software. It is composed of TINY210 development board and sensors. Software includes JAVA programming language, COM communication port, communication protocol, data collection and management. Finally, the system has been tested in the laboratory and the scheme's feasibility has been validated.
Variability in δ13C and δ15N Stable Isotope Signatures in Mangrove Ecosystem of Hainan, China
Authors: Wang Meng , Nuamah Linda Akosua , Zhang Yu , Huang Jing Yu
Published: December 2014

δ13C and δ15N dual stable isotope signatures were used to determine the impact of mangrove materials and other organic carbon sources to fish, crab (Scylla paramamosain) and land use communities in an ecologically significant mangrove ecosystem of Hainan Island in the southern part of China. The mean δ13C values of the leaves ranges from-36.72 to 32-89‰ suggesting that mangrove trees follow the C3 type photosynthetic pathway. The analyzed specimen on the crab was found to have δ13C and δ15N values ranging from-21.41 to-19.74‰ and 7.60 to 7.78‰ respectively, and that of fish from-12.92 to-13.02‰ and 7.01-7.53‰. Crabs showed low δ13C values as compared to the fish. The δ13C revealed that the mangrove crabs directly relied on the mangrove materials. The variation of carbon and nitrogen concentration respectively showed considerable difference in the ultimate sources of carbon and trophic level. It was observed that mangrove leaves contribute to the food sources. The land usage that contributes to pollution and the nutrient distribution reflects anthropogenic loading of nitrogen in the mangrove area. Thus, this calls for the need to conserve the mangrove ecosystem at Hainan.
Discussion on Determination of Non-Methane Hydrocarbons
Authors: Li Zhe Min
Published: December 2014

This paper summarized the measure methods which include both Chinese national standards and international standards of how to determine the concentration of Non-methane Hydrocarbons (NMHC).Some problems and suggestions were discussed in this paper to improve the level of the measure methods and prompt the establishment of relative Chinese national standard.
The Environmental and Economic Impact of Reclaimed Water Utilization in Beijng-Based on the Dynamic Optimal Simulation Method
Authors: Li Xu , Sha Jing Hua , Yan Jing Jing , Zhang Guo Feng
Published: December 2014

An economic-environment model is used to analyze economic and environmental impact of reclaimed water utilization in Beijing. The simulation results predict the potential of 130 thousand tons T-N can be reduced for the utilization of reclaimed water by keeping GRP growth rate at 8%. 5 billion tons reclaimed water can be produced by construction of new sewage plants. The utilization of reclaimed water can alleviate water shortage and pollution in Beijing.
Soil Organic Carbon Change of Different Land Use Classes in TBNA from 1995 to 2012
Authors: Li Xue Mei , Hao Guang Ju
Published: December 2014

Soil carbon pool is an important component of the ecosystem carbon pools. It plays a key role in mitigating the global warming and control the concentration of greenhouse gas. The areas of urban land have changed dramatically both in quality and quantity due to the land-based urbanization and industrialization. This paper analyzed the change of the soil organic carbon reserves under the land use change in Tianjin Binhai New Area (TBNA) from 1995 to 2012. The results showed that the land use change was one of the important reasons of the soil organic carbon change, and the soil organic carbon reserves of land use change in TBNA was reduced from3.339mt (million ton) to 5.842mt in this stage.
Numerical Simulation of Migration and Transformation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Soils
Authors: Ma Wen Cui , You Xue Yi , Wang Xin Xin , Chen Yu
Published: December 2014

Considering the diffusion, adsorption or desorption, and microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) in the soil–water system, the numerical model describing the migration and transportation of PHs is estabilished and it is simulated by HYDRUS-1D model. The degradation effect of time and depth variation of PHs is gained by numerical simulation. The results show that the degradation ability of indigenous microbial of PHs is poor. The HYDRUS-1D software is feasible in simulating and predicting the migration and transformation of PHs in soils.
Acclimatization, Isolation and Identification of Two Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) Degradation Bacteria Isolated from an Anaerobic Sludge
Authors: Wen Jun Ping , Li Na , Xu Liu , Sun Xiu Yun
Published: December 2014

Two different tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) degradation bacteria were isolated from an anaerobic sludge after 100 days of acclimatization, named as NJUST20 and NJUST21. Both of them are able to degrade TBBPA at 30 °C and pH 7.0. The degradation rates of NJUST20 and NJUST21 are 62.85% and 42.28%, respectively, with the initial TBBPA concentration of 10.00 mg/L. According to analysis of the 16S rDNA sequences, NJUST20 should be classified as a species of genus Enterobacter and NJUST21 as a species of genus Serratia, for which the name Enterobacter sp. NJUST20 and Serratia sp.NJUST2 are proposed.
Responses of Sagittaria sagittifolia to Nitrogen Stress in Terms of Photosynthetic Pigments
Authors: Qin Jiao Jiao , Liu Zhou Li , Chen Wei , Wang Yan , He Qing Qing , Meng Chuang , Zhang Qing , He Xing Yuan
Published: December 2014

Sagittaria sagittifolia was grown in nitrogen (N) stress monoculture to test the relative content of three pigments by the manipulative indoor experiment. The treatment consisted of one level of N (14 mg L-1 N) of nutrient solution. The content changes of three pigments were studied in continuous 21days. Results showed that the content of pigments was significantly increased at the first 7 days. With N stress increasing in the medium, the content of pigments decreased slowly. After 21 d N-exposure, the content of pigments were still higher compared to the contol.
Research on the Simultaneous Desulfurization and Denitrification of Fumes by Combining Ozone Oxidation and the Double Alkali Method
Authors: Li Ming , Peng Bang Fa , Wei Lin Sheng , Hu Zhao Ji , Xu Min
Published: December 2014

This paper introduced the fundamental principle of the simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification by combining ozone oxidation and the NaOH double alkali method. And the total chemical reaction equations were achieved by analyzing the process of the absorption of the productions of ozone oxidation by NaOH double alkali method. Then, based on thermodynamic principle, the partial pressure of SOx, NOx and CO2 when reactions reached equilibrium were calculated respectively. This paper also studied the reaction mechanism of the absorption of SOx and NOx and analyzed the absorption characteristic of SOx and NOx in absorption solution. The results showed that the simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification by combining ozone oxidation and NaOH double alkali method was feasible. Not only the elimination ratio of SOx and NOx were almost up to 100%, but also CO2 was removed on a considerable scale. The partial pressure of SOx and NOx was very important to the pH value of the absorption solution which affected the elimination ratio of SOx and NOx greatly.
Study on the Characteristics of Biological Phosphorus Removal Sludge in Different Operation Mode of Reactor
Authors: Xiao Jing Ni , Zhang Lei , Zheng Li Na , Wang Luo , Wei Hai Feng , Zhang Min
Published: December 2014

The characteristics of the P removal sludge were studied in 3 different operation modes (AO, AOA and A2O mode) of the sequencing batch membrane reactor (SBMBRs). The results showed that the sludge P content was positively correlated with the P removal ability. The relative P content of the saturated P uptake sludge was 30.6%, 36.7% and 42.9%, respectively in the 3 modes. PHB was synthesized in anaerobic activated sludge and the polyp-P granules were decreased. The opposite trend appeared in aerobic condition. The amount of PHB change in anaerobic stage was proportional to the P release capacity. The FISH detection showed that the more proportion of PAOs to the whole cell the more P removal ability in the system.
A Dual Cathode Electro Fe2+/S2O82- System Used for Pickle Sauerkraut Wastewater Degradation
Authors: Shi Shu Yun , Teng Hong Hui
Published: December 2014

Using novel dual cathode/electro/Fe2+/S2O82-system to treat pickle sauerkraut wastewater, the paper investigates the influencing factors (S2O82-dosage, Fe2 +dosage, current density, Wastewater pH, electrode plate distance) of the organic matters removal and the treatment effect. Test results show that the degree of various factors influence on COD removal of sauerkraut wastewater is different. The COD removal is little effected by pH, while largely effected by current density, dosage of Fe2 +and S2O82-dosage. Under the optimum experiment conditions, current density for 30mA/cm-2, dosage of Fe2 +for 8mmol/L, S2O82-dosage for 12 mmol/L, electrode plate distance for 2 cm and pH=6, sixty minutes electrolysis, wastewater removal rate reach up to 92.6%. These results suggest that this electrochemical oxidation process by dual cathode/electro-Fe2+-S2O82-system might provide an alternative for the degradation of pickle sauerkraut wastewater.
Soil Mechanized Compaction Influenced on Soil Environment
Authors: Zhou Yan Li
Published: December 2014

In recent years, the mechanized soil compaction is becoming increasingly prominent problem with the rapid increase of agricultural mechanization level. The paper expounded that soil compaction influenced on soil environment including bulk density, hardness, porosity of soil, which resulted in soil structural characteristics change and soil quality degradation, it went against crops production. The improvement measures were proposed including agronomic measures, field craft measures, tractors driving and walking device technological improvement measures and loose soil measures for soil compaction.
Graphene/SnO2/Citric Acid Nanocomposites as the Excellent Sorbent for Removal of Crystal Violet and Methylene Blue
Authors: Song Jin Ping , Ma Qi , Shuang Shao Min , Guo Yong , Dong Chuan
Published: December 2014

A simple, fast one-step method was used to prepare graphene/SnO2/citric acid (GN/SnO2/CA) nanocomposites. Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy, UV-vis adsorption spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-Ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were employed to characterize as-prepared GN/SnO2/CA nanocomposites. Furthermore, in the adsorption performance research, GN/SnO2/CA nanocomposites indeed displayed excellent adsorption ability towards cationic dyes.
Performance of Concrete Made with Recycled Aggregates from Portuguese CDW Recycling Plants
Authors: Bravo Miguel , de Brito Jorge , Pontes Jorge , Evangelista Luís
Published: December 2014

The objective of this research is the production of concrete with recycled aggregates (RA) from various CDW plants around Portugal. The influence of the RA collection location and consequently of their composition on the characteristics of the concrete produced was analysed. In the mixes produced in this research RA from five plants (Valnor, Vimajas, Ambilei, Europontal and Retria) were used: in three of them coarse and fine RA were analysed and in the remaining ones only coarse RA were used. The experimental campaign comprised two tests in fresh concrete (cone of Abrams slump and density) and eight in hardened concrete (compressive strength in cubes and cylinders, splitting tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, water absorption by immersion and capillarity, carbonation and chloride penetration resistance). It was found that the use of RA causes a quality decrease in concrete. However, there was a wide results scatter according to the plant where the RAs were collected, because of the variation in composition of the RA. It was also found that the use of fine RA causes a more significant performance loss of the concrete properties analysed than the use of coarse RA.
Monitoring and Evaluation of Industrial Production of Fired-Clay Masonry Bricks with 2.5% of Phosphatization Sludge
Authors: Kulakowski Marlova Piva , Brehm Feliciane Andrade , Moraes Carlos Alberto Mendes , Pampanelli Andréa , Reckziegel Viviana
Published: December 2014

The present study reports the industrial production of fired-clay masonry bricks containing 2.5% phosphatization sludge, the result of a research project carried out in three stages: laboratory, pilot production, and industrial production. After validation of the results of the first and second stages, the local environment authorities issued a permit to produce these bricks on industrial scale and to commercialize them. One of the requirements was the monitoring of the dimensional, mechanical and environmental performance of these bricks at 6-month intervals. This study presents the results of the monitoring of these characteristics in a 5-year period. After each sampling, bricks containing phosphate sludge were measured and submitted to compressive strength, as well to environmental analyses following the official Brazilian standards. The analyses of results of measurements and compressive strength show that the bricks manufactured with 2.5% phosphate sludge were approved for use in the construction industry. Additionally, the fired-clay bricks were classified as a non-inert material. This is not be considered an obstacle to commercializing these bricks, since conventional fired-clay bricks belong to the same class, and present higher levels of solubilized iron and aluminum, above the value defined in the national standard. The results obtained in the environmental, dimensional and mechanical analyses of fired-clay masonry bricks with phosphatization sludge demonstrate that they meet the requirements for production and commercialization.
Influence of Cellulose Pulp Waste in Plastering Mortar
Authors: Gomes Leandro Martins , Aroche Angélica , Schafer Maurício , Erhart Rodrigo , Moraes Carlos Alberto Mendes , de Campos Rocha Tatiana Louise Avila , Brehm Feliciane Andrade
Published: December 2014

The objective of the present study was to assess the properties of plastering mortar that uses cellulose pulp waste as absorbent material. Waste was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD, and absorption of aqueous solutions with pH variations. The incorporation of 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% of waste in a plastering mortar prepared with Portland cement, lime and sand (1:1:6) was proved viable. Mortars were analyzed and compared with a control mortar. The properties of fresh mortars analyzed were: consistency index, squeeze-flow, incorporated air, water retention and density. The properties of hardened mortars analyzed were (after 28 days): tensile resistance on flexural stress, compression strength, density, absorption by capillarity and capillarity coefficient, total water absorption, void index, specific weight and linear retraction. The addition of waste resulted in improved mechanical properties, compared to the control mortar. An increase of 4% was observed in tensile resistance on flexural stress, and of 7% in compression strength for the mortar prepared with 1.5% cellulose pulp.
Buckling of Masts of Bamboos Bundles
Authors: Silva Fernando José , Rodrigues Francisco Carlos , Moreira Luís Eustáquio
Published: December 2014

Bamboos generally have elasticity module in compression of about 9 GPa, which is a relatively low value compared to timber and concrete, 20 GPa, and steel, 200 GPa. However, the compressive strength is high - 40 to 80 MPa – that, combined with axissimetria of the cross section, makes the bamboos structural elements with high strength and flexibility. Considering the low apparent specific weight of the material 8 kN/m3, photosynthetic production and workability, bamboos have no competitor in the market so that loads can be absorbed independently by any of the above materials. But the industrial structural elements may be produced with dimensions and geometries provided in accordance with the load to be transported. This is not the case of bamboo. Thus, the capacity of the bamboo in compression becomes limited by its natural flexural rigidity, EI. Thus, different structural systems with pipe threads to make large columns or masts were investigated, [1,2], all with bamboo Phyllostachys pubescens species. In this paper, a kind of mast composed of a central bamboo 6 m in length and six smaller segments axi-symmetrically distributed around this central bamboo will be presented. This proposed design is organizationally a set of bars shackled by steel bands along the length of the beam. Flexion-compression tests with bamboo species Phyllostachys pubescens, combined with numerical modeling through the MEF were made. The loading capacity was tripled and the lateral deviations are negligible when compared with the axial bamboo tested alone. This mast, while consuming a relatively high number of bamboo units, has the advantages of ease and constructive possibility of structural use of smaller diameter bamboo. All the design and results of experimental and numerical analyzes will be discussed in this paper.
Durability of Natural Fibers for Geotechnical Engineering
Authors: Carvalho Raquel , Fangueiro Raul , Neves Jorge
Published: December 2014

Fibrous structures based on natural fibers have gained a key space when it is required to perform functions like separation, drainage, filtration, protection and soil reinforcement. The use of natural fibers turns engineering work more sustainable, since they are renewable, biodegradable, energy efficient and non-toxic raw materials. In this work, the influence of degradation caused by UV rays, heat and moisture on the mechanical behavior of vegetal natural fibers used in geotextiles, including sisal, coir and banana fibers, was studied. Natural fibers have been subjected to accelerate aging agents using QUV equipment and to real conditions, in contact with soil over a 3 months period. Samples were removed every 15 days and their mechanical behaviour evaluated under tensile. Moreover, the morphological modifications in the fibers structure have been also analyzed using SEM. The results show a significant degradation over the first 15 days for all types of fibers used. Sisal and banana fibers subjected to degradation in soil, present higher tensile strength loss over time than fibers subjected to accelerate aging tests in QUV. For geotextiles design, important remarks from the results can be obtained including: banana fibers are quite degraded by aging and soil conditions making them difficult to be applied in geotechnical engineering; sisal and coir fibers present high potential to perform various functions in contact with soil.
Acoustical Behavior of Hybrid Composite Sandwich Panels
Authors: Patinha Sérgio , Cunha Fernando , Fangueiro Raul , Rana Sohel , Prego Fernando
Published: December 2014

This paper deals with the characterization of acoustic insulation behaviour of hybridsandwich composite panels for application in modular house construction. These sandwich panelsare a sustainable, light-weight and durable solution, since are based on natural fibers structureimpregnated with a thermosetting polymer. In this way, three different types of hybrid compositepanels containing polyurethane core and laminated composite skins were produced and analyzed,varying the composition of laminates. The composite laminates of the prototypes were producedusing a vacuum infusion technique and were composed of glass and jute fibers, impregnated with apolyester resin. The solutions developed were compared with a standard, composed of plasterboardshaving different thicknesses and used for thermal and acoustic insulation. Acoustic insulationcharacterization was performed on specimens with 220x220 mm size in a sound proof acousticchamber. The tested sandwich panels showed promising results; however, their overall performancewas lower as compared to the performance of standard solutions used for comparison. Nevertheless,the specific acoustic insulation performance, i.e. sound reduction per unit mass of material for thedeveloped sandwich panels was significantly higher as compared to the standard materials,indicating better suitability of this innovative solution for light-weight construction and modularhousing.
Mechanical and Physical Properties of Early Carbonated High Initial Strength Portland Cement Pastes
Authors: Neves Junior Alex , Filho Romildo Dias Toledo , Dweck Jo , de Moraes Rego Fairbairn Eduardo
Published: December 2014

After submitted to early age carbonation curing, mechanical and physical properties of high initial strength sulfate resistant Portland cement (HS SR PC) pastes were investigated, which were compared to those of non-carbonated reference pastes. Carbonation was performed for 1 and 24 hours, at the best conditions of CO2capturing, previously determined by the authors. Despite the compressive strength and elastic modulus of the 1h carbonated pastes were slightly higher than those of the reference pastes, their absorbed water content and porosity was slightly higher than that of the reference. In the case of 24h carbonation, its compressive strength decreases significantly because of its much higher porosity, although the new solid carbonated calcium silicate phase presents a much higher specific mass than those of the solid phases of the 1 hour and non-carbonated pastes.
Characterization of Parameters to Predict the Structural Behaviour of Geopolymeric Mortar Plates Strengthened with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer
Authors: Pappalardo Alfonso , Jalali Said , Silva Felipe José
Published: December 2014

This study includes the identification of parameters for the characterization of the structural behavior of thin plates composed of geopolymer mortars structured with bi-directional carbon fiber mesh. Initially, facade projects, designed by offices in São Paulo using the concepts of sustainable architecture, promoting the use of geopolymeric materials are presented. Then shows the composition of the geopolymer mortar used in this study and the characterization of their mechanical properties. As part of the experimental program, this study evaluates the plate bending behavior and the effect of pull-out test and push-off test of the metallic inserts. It has used the advanced features of ATENA computational mechanics program, which correspond to the state of the art in Finite Element Modeling of reinforced concrete structures, which allow the calibration of the mathematical model based on information from the experimental program. The numerical results showed satisfactory adhesion with the experimental results. It also has emphasized the importance of validation of these results on the determination of loads collapse of structural elements, as is reflected positively in the field of Structural Engineering in the face of increasing advancement of surface modeling programs and technological innovations in according to sustainability criteria for constructions materials.
Results Comparison of Alkali-Reactivity Tests for Same Aggregates, Using a Kinetic Model
Authors: Gonzalez Luis Mayor , Santos Silva António , Jalali Said
Published: December 2014

A kinetic based comparison between expansion tests for alkali-aggregate reactivity was carried out deriving critical rates from test criteria, in an earlier paper. The present paper checks the assumptions and models of that earlier comparison against results with real aggregates varying in alkali reactivity. Using the same approach, for each aggregate, expansion rates for three expansion tests were estimated, corrected for alkalinity and depicted as an Arrhenius plot. The relationship used data from NF P18-590, ASTM C 1260 and ASTM C 227 expansion test-methods and shows linear Arrhenius plots for several aggregates, aligned almost parallel to the line obtained for test criteria. Aspects related to the different experimental conditions on test-methods and their effects are discussed. The proposed conclusion is that both standards and aggregate results, in the given conditions, are not inconsistent from the kinetic point of view. Some suggestions are made for improving the accuracy of the relationship obtained.
Kinetics Comparison of Alkali-Reactivity Tests for Aggregates
Authors: Gonzalez Luis Mayor , Santos Silva António , Jalali Said
Published: December 2014

Among the test-methods for evaluation of aggregates reactivity towards alkali-silica reaction (ASR), linear dilatation of mortar bars or concrete prisms is often used in several tests under various conditions, criteria and procedures of measuring and accelerating the reaction. As reactivity is an essentially kinetic property, the expansion limits in such tests, or even tests results for the same aggregate, should be kinetically inter-related.
Evaluation of High Reflective Products in Flat Roofs Rehabilitation – Experimental Study
Authors: Costa Alexandra , Pina dos Santos Carlos
Published: December 2014

Flat roofs are particularly unfavourable to the thermal performance of single family houses and apartments of the the upper floor of multifamily buildings. Often these housing typologies are too hot during summer, when incident solar radiation affects the roof more than any other element of the building envelope.Recent developments have given rise to many high reflectance products. However, thermal performance of these products has not yet been thoroughly quantified, when applied to flat roofs under real weather conditions. Performance assessment of innovative solutions must consist in the evaluation under real exposure conditions and analytical modelling.Two full-scale experimental cells under weathering conditions, located in Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC) campus, were used in this study. The experimental cells have identical dimensions, constructive characteristics and thermal behaviour.Initially, the two cells (C5 and C6) presented the same APP modified bitumen waterproofing solution, finished on the top layer with natural slate granules (XN). Subsequently, simulating a rehabilitation intervention, it was introduced in C5 an improved reflectance APP modified bitumen membrane surfaced with thermally coloured white slate granules (XB).After a coexistence period of solutions XB (C5) and XN (C6), it was applied over C6 XN a high reflectance white paint (XN/PB).The characterization of the thermal performance under real weather of each tested solution was based on the analysis of the values of the following parameters recorded under free-floating operation and controlled regime: temperature of the flat roof’s upper and lower surfaces, indoor temperature and electric consumption under controlled regime.