bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pillar[5]arene‐Based Acid‐Triggered Supramolecular Porphyrin Photosensitizer for Combating Bacterial Infections and Biofilm Dispersion
Authors: Xia Lei , Tian Jia , Yue Tao , Cao Hongliang , Chu Ju , Cai Haibo , Zhang Weian
Published: November 2021

The treatment of pathogenic bacterial infection has long been the most serious threat to human life and attracted widespread attention. Herein, a supramolecular photosensitizer platform based on carboxylatopillar[5]arene (CP5) and tetrafluorophenyl porphyrin functionalized with a quaternary ammonium group (TFPP‐QA) for combating bacteria and dispersing biofilm via photodynamic treatment is constructed. By introducing the host macrocycle CP5 and host–guest interaction, the supramolecular photosensitizer has great biocompatibility and acid responsiveness. On the one hand, the acid‐triggered dissociation of TFPP‐QA/CP5 could induce the porphyrin photosensitizer to target bacterial cells and disrupt the charge balance of bacterial membranes, enhance the permeability of the bacterial membrane. On the other hand, the TFPP‐QA/CP5 antibacterial platform possesses superb reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation capability under light irradiation, leading to enhanced photodynamic antibacterial efficacy. The in vitro and in vivo studies show that the supramolecular photosensitizers exhibit high antibacterial efficiency and biofilm dissipation effect under 660 nm light irradiation. Therefore, it is anticipated that the rational design and integration of photosensitizers and quaternary ammonium compounds through the supramolecular strategy would provide a promising prospect for clinical photodynamic antimicrobial therapy.
Functionalizing Framework Nucleic‐Acid‐Based Nanostructures for Biomedical Application
Authors: Zhang Tao , Tian Taoran , Lin Yunfeng
Published: November 2021

Strategies for functionalizing diverse tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs) have been extensively explored since the first successful fabrication of tFNA by Turberfield. One‐pot annealing of at least four DNA single strands is the most common method to prepare tFNA, as it optimizes the cost, yield, and speed of assembly. Herein, the focus is on four key merits of tFNAs and their potential for biomedical applications. The natural ability of tFNA to scavenge reactive oxygen species, along with remarkable enhancement in cellular endocytosis and tissue permeability based on its appropriate size and geometry, promotes cell–material interactions to direct or probe cell behavior, especially to treat inflammatory and degenerative diseases. Moreover, the structural programmability of tFNA enables the development of static tFNA‐based nanomaterials via engineering of functional oligonucleotides or therapeutic molecules, and dynamic tFNAs via attachment of stimuli‐responsive DNA apparatuses, leading to potential applications in targeted therapies, tissue regeneration, antitumor strategies, and antibacterial treatment. Although there are impressive performance and significant progress, the challenges and prospects of functionalizing tFNA‐based nanostructures are still indicated in this review.
Mechanically Flexible and Optically Tunable Organic Crystal Resonator
Authors: Zhao Shuai , Yamagishi Hiroshi , Oki Osamu , Ihara Yuta , Ichiji Naoki , Kubo Atsushi , Hayashi Shotaro , Yamamoto Yohei
Published: November 2021

An organic single‐crystal optical resonator that maintains its optical performance even upon mechanical bending remains a challenging target. Here, the first flexible organic crystal (FOC) that works as a tunable optical resonator as a function of bending angle is developed. A fluorescent π‐conjugated molecule, cyano‐substituted oligo(phenylenevinylene)s, is allowed to crystallize slowly, yielding a discrete rod‐shape microcrystal (FOCCOPV). FOCCOPV not only works as an efficient optical waveguide along its longitudinal direction with the optical loss coefficient of 0.249 dB µm−1 but also works as a Fabry‐Pérot type optical resonator along its lateral direction. The resonance wavelength is finely tunable toward the shorter wavelength region by the mechanical bending of FOCCOPV plausibly due to the Poisson effect, namely, the contraction of the lateral dimension of the crystal by the longitudinal strain, along with the change in the refractive index. The mechanical bending and associated spectral shift is repeated for many cycles without deterioration in their mechanical and optical properties.
Detecting Antibody–Antigen Interactions with Chiral Plasmons: Factors Influencing Chiral Plasmonic Sensing
Authors: Koyroytsaltis-McQuire Dominic J.P. , Gilroy Cameron , Barron Laurence D. , Gadegaard Nikolaj , Karimullah Affar S. , Kadodwala Malcolm
Published: November 2021

Chiral near fields possessing enhanced asymmetry (superchirality), created by the interaction of light with (chiral) nanostructures, potentially provide a route to novel sensing and metrology technologies for biophysical applications. However, the mechanisms by which these near fields lead to the detection of chiral media is still poorly understood. Using a combination of numerical modeling and experimental measurements on an antibody–antigen exemplar system, important factors that influence the efficacy of chiral sensing are illustrated. It is demonstrated that localized and lattice chiral resonances display enantiomeric sensitivity. However, only the localized resonances show a strong dependency on the structure of the chiral media detected. This can be attributed to the ability of birefringent chiral layers to strongly modify the properties of near fields by acting as a sink/source of optical chirality, and hence alter inductive coupling between nanostructure elements. In addition, it is highlighted that surface morphology/defects may amplify sensing capabilities of localized chiral plasmonic modes by mediating inductive coupling.
Dysmyelination by Oligodendrocyte‐Specific Ablation of Ninj2 Contributes to Depressive‐Like Behaviors
Authors: Sun Yuxia , Chen Xiang , Ou Zhimin , Wang Yue , Chen Wenjing , Zhao Tongjin , Liu Changqin , Chen Ying
Published: November 2021

Depression is a mental disorder affecting more than 300 million people in the world. Abnormalities in white matter are associated with the development of depression. Here, the authors show that mice with oligodendrocyte‐specific deletion of Nerve injury‐induced protein 2 （Ninj2) exhibit depressive‐like behaviors. Loss of Ninj2 in oligodendrocytes inhibits oligodendrocyte development and myelination, and impairs neuronal structure and activities. Ninj2 competitively inhibits TNFα/TNFR1 signaling pathway by directly binding to TNFR1 in oligodendrocytes. Loss of Ninj2 activates TNFα‐induced necroptosis, and increases C‐C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 (Ccl2) production, which might mediate the signal transduction from oligodendrocyte to neurons. Inhibition of necroptosis by Nec‐1s administration synchronously restores oligodendrocyte development, improves neuronal excitability, and alleviates depressive‐like behaviors. This study thus illustrates the role of Ninj2 in the development of depression and myelination, reveals the relationship between oligodendrocytes and neurons, and provides a potential therapeutic target for depression.
Solution Processable Pentafluorophenyl End‐Capped Dithienothiophene Organic Semiconductors for Hole‐Transporting Organic Field Effect Transistors
Authors: Velusamy Arulmozhi , Yang Yung‐Chi , Lin Chia‐Chi , Afraj Shakil N. , Jiang Kexing , Chen Peng‐Sheng , Yau Shueh‐Lin , Osaka Itaru , Tung Shih‐Huang , Chen Ming‐Chou , Liu Cheng‐Liang
Published: November 2021

Two solution‐processable organic semiconductors, DFPT‐DTTR (1) and DFPbT‐DTTR (2), composed of pentafluorophenyl (FP) end‐capped 3,5‐dialkyl dithienothiophene (DTTR) core with thiophene (T) or bithiophene (bT) as π‐bridged spacers are developed and investigated for their optical, electrochemical, microstructural, and electrical properties. With more conjugated bithiophene units, compound 2 exhibits a red‐shifted UV–vis absorption band and upshifted HOMO/downshifted LUMO energy levels. According to the density functional theory, compound 2 features a more twisted molecular structure due to the intrinsic non‐coplanar blocks in the π‐backbones. Compound 1‐based organic field effect transistors exhibit efficient hole transport with mobility up to 0.48 cm2 V−1 s−1. This is one of the high mobility organic semiconductors exhibiting p‐channel characteristics based on solution‐processable small molecular FP end‐capped fused/oligothiophenes. With large and interconnected crystalline morphologies, decreased π–π stacking distance, and less steric hindrance, compound 1 exhibits two orders of magnitude higher mobility than the more distorted 2, which exhibits lower hole mobility of 1.82 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1.
Pith width, leaf size, and twig thickness
Authors: Larios Mendieta Kalindhi A. , Burleigh J. Gordon , Putz Francis E.
Published: November 2021

Premise

To support large leaves, many woody plant species evolved a cost‐effective way to thicken twigs. As an extension of E. J. H. Corner's rule that twig diameter increases with leaf size, we hypothesized that pith width also increases with leaf size. The benefit to the plant from the proposed relationship is that pith is a low‐cost tissue that reduces the metabolic cost of large diameter twig production.

Methods

Leaf sizes and cross‐sectional areas of bark, xylem, and pith of 81 species of trees and shrubs growing in Gainesville, Florida were measured and compared with standardized major axis regressions of pairwise species trait values and phylogenetically independent contrasts.

Results

Pith area increases with leaf size with or without accounting for phylogenetic relationships. In agreement with Corner's rule, overall twig diameter as well as bark and wood thickness also increase with leaf size. Thicker twigs showed more variation in relative pith, wood, and bark cross‐sectional areas compared to thinner twigs.

Conclusions

Investments in pith, a tissue of low density found in the centers of twigs, provides a low‐cost way to increase twig circumference and thereby space for attachment of large leaves while increasing the overall second moment of area of twigs, which increases their ability to biomechanically support large leaves.
A metabolite panel that differentiates Alzheimer's disease from other dementia types
Authors: Jia Longfei , Yang Jianwei , Zhu Min , Pang Yana , Wang Qi , Wei Qin , Li Ying , Li TingTing , Li Fangyu , Wang Qigeng , Li Yan , Wei Yiping
Published: November 2021

Introduction

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with altered metabolites. This study aimed to determine the validity of using circulating metabolites to differentiate AD from other dementias.

Methods

Blood metabolites were measured in three data sets. Data set 1 (controls, 27; AD, 28) was used for analyzing differential metabolites. Data set 2 (controls, 93; AD, 92) was used to establish a diagnostic AD model with use of a metabolite panel. The model was applied to Data set 3 (controls, 76; AD, 76; other dementias, 205) to verify its capacity for differentiating AD from other dementias.

Results

Data set 1 revealed 7 upregulated and 77 downregulated metabolites. In Data set 2, a panel of 11 metabolites was included in a model that could distinguish AD from controls. In Data set 3, this panel was used to successfully differentiate AD from other dementias.

Discussion

This study revealed an AD‐specific panel of 11 metabolites that may be used for AD diagnosis.
ARMADA: Assessing reliable measurement in Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive aging project methods
Authors: Weintraub Sandra , Karpouzian‐Rogers Tatiana , Peipert John Devin , Nowinski Cindy , Slotkin Jerry , Wortman Katy , Ho Emily , Rogalski Emily , Carlsson Cynthia , Giordani Bruno , Goldstein Felicia , Lucas John , Manly Jennifer J. , Rentz Dorene , Salmon David , Snitz Beth , Dodge Hiroko H. , Riley Michaela , Eldes Fatima , Ustsinovich Vitali , Gershon Richard
Published: November 2021

Introduction

Early detection of cognitive decline in older adults is a public health priority. Advancing Reliable Measurement in Alzheimer's Disease and Cognitive Aging (ARMADA), a multisite study, is validating cognition, emotion, motor, and sensory modules of the National Institutes of Health Toolbox for Assessment of Neurological and Behavioral Function (NIHTB) in the aging spectrum from cognitively normal to dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT).

Methods

Participants 65 to 85 years old, in demographic groups racially proportional to the general US population, are recruited in one of three groups to validate the NIHTB: cognitively normal, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), or mild DAT. Additional special emphasis cohorts include (1) Blacks in the three clinical groups; (2) Spanish‐speakers in the three clinical groups; (3) cognitively normal, population‐proportional, over age 85.

Discussion

Longitudinal study will determine whether NIHTB can predict cognitive decline and is associated with Alzheimer's disease biomarkers. Here, we detail the methods for the ARMADA study.
Diazaborines Are a Versatile Platform to Develop ROS‐Responsive Antibody Drug Conjugates**
Authors: António João P. M. , Carvalho Joana Inês , André Ana S. , Dias Joana N. R. , Aguiar Sandra I. , Faustino Hélio , Lopes Ricardo M. R. M. , Veiros Luis F. , Bernardes Gonçalo J. L. , da Silva Frederico A. , Gois Pedro M. P.
Published: November 2021

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are a new class of therapeutics that combine the lethality of potent cytotoxic drugs with the targeting ability of antibodies to selectively deliver drugs to cancer cells. In this study we show for the first time the synthesis of a reactive‐oxygen‐species (ROS)‐responsive ADC (VL‐DAB31‐SN‐38) that is highly selective and cytotoxic to B‐cell lymphoma (CLBL‐1 cell line, IC50 value of 54.1 nM). The synthesis of this ADC was possible due to the discovery that diazaborines (DABs) are a very effective ROS‐responsive unit that are also very stable in buffer and in plasma. DFT calculations performed on this system revealed a favorable energetic profile (ΔGR=−74.3 kcal mol−1) similar to the oxidation mechanism of aromatic boronic acids. DABs’ very fast formation rate and modularity enabled the construction of different ROS‐responsive linkers featuring self‐immolative modules, bioorthogonal functions, and bioconjugation handles. These structures were used in the site‐selective functionalization of a VL antibody domain and in the construction of the homogeneous ADC.
Hydrophobization of hydrophilic alginate/chitosan PEC surfaces
Authors: Conzatti Guillaume , Ayadi Farouk , Cavalie Sandrine , Castel‐Molière Marion , Tourrette Audrey
Published: November 2021

Alginate and chitosan are biocompatible polysaccharides that are often combined as polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) for the development of biomaterials. These PECs are interesting as wound dressings, among other uses. The properties of such devices depend on their surface characteristics, however. Herein we propose a method to hydrophobize highly hydrophilic alginate/chitosan PECs by initial chemical grafting of polycaprolactone (PCL) or polylactic acid, using hexane diamine or ethylenediamine as linkers, followed by a drop casting covering step. This resulted in increased adhesion between the hydrophobic layer and the PEC, when compared to direct casting. The materials obtained were evaluated as potential biomaterials by analyzing the hydrophilic properties of their surface, swelling, enzymatic degradation, and impermeability. The results revealed that hydrophobization was effective but decreased the swelling abilities of PECs, which still remained interesting (~1000%) for wound dressing applications. However, the PCL layer was not resistant to the enzymatic environment, while PLA showed impermeabilization of the PECs.
Elevated salinity and temperature associated with climate change threaten the survival and conservation of desert spring amphipods
Authors: Burns McKenna P.A. , O'Connell Michael J. , Schaeffer Paul J. , Berg David J.
Published: November 2021

Freshwater ecosystems are disproportionately rich in biodiversity and are threatened by anthropogenic change. In particular, desert springs often contain high levels of aquatic biodiversity and endemism. The Chihuahuan Desert is recognized as a priority ecoregion for global conservation for its high levels of taxonomic richness and because human activities have caused declines in the freshwater fauna of this region. Agricultural, industrial and domestic use of water, increased prevalence and severity of fire, and general environmental warming resulting from climate change threaten to increase the temperature and salinity of these arid‐land waters.

Two species of amphipods, Gammarus colei and Hyalella sp., were used as models for understanding the effects of increased salinity and temperature on desert spring species. Both species are endemic to the same spring in the Chihuahuan Desert. A full‐factorial survivorship experiment was conducted that exposed individuals of both species to a range of temperatures (ambient and 25 and 30°C) and salinities (ambient and 10, 15 and 19 parts per thousand) that can be associated with disturbance events. Resting metabolic rates (V˙O2) were measured at elevated salinities.

Both species were more likely to die at higher salinities, and G. colei had significantly lower survivorship at higher temperatures. Gammarus were as much as 200 times more likely to die at the highest experimental temperature and salinity conditions compared with ambient conditions. Metabolic rates varied with salinity: G. colei demonstrated a threshold response to increased salinity while Hyalella sp. did not.

Whereas both species are sensitive to changes in salinity, G. colei is also sensitive to increased temperatures.

Because climate warming will result in higher rates of evaporation, these and other endemic aquatic organisms are likely to be exposed to the combined effects of increased temperature and salinity. Climate change, combined with habitat alteration caused by other human activities, threatens the survival of the unique communities in desert aquatic systems.
Preface: Spectral line shapes in astrophysics
Authors: Popović Luka Č. , Simić Saša , Kovačević Andjelka
Published: November 2021

The collection of papers in this special issue represents the selected papers presented at the 13th Serbian Conference on Spectral Line Shapes in Astrophysics held in Belgrade in a blended format (online and in‐person) from August 23 to August 27, 2021. Here we shortly describe the conference and some ideas given during the conference and published in this special issue of Astronomische Nachrichten.
Designing Lithium Argyrodite Solid‐State Electrolytes for High‐Performance All‐Solid‐State Lithium Batteries
Authors: Li Chongxing , Zhang Shuxian , Miao Xianguang , Wang Cong , Wang Chengxiang , Zhang Zhiwei , Wang Rutao , Yin Longwei
Published: November 2021

All‐solid‐state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) with desirable advantages, such as high safety and energy density, simple packaging, and wide temperature tolerance, are considered promising energy storage devices to replace traditional lithium‐ion batteries with organic liquid electrolytes. Solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) are the critical component in ASSLBs. Argyrodites, as a typical class of sulfide‐based lithium‐ion superconductors, represent the most promising SSEs with respect to their high ionic conductivity at room temperature, low cost, good compatibility towards Li metal, and extraordinary performance reported in ASSLBs. However, lithium argyrodites are inert gas‐protective, moisture‐sensitive, interface‐unstable, and working potential window‐limited, presenting the main challenges for their commercial use. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the basic physical and chemical properties, material synthesized strategies, chemical or electrochemical stabilities, and interface engineering of lithium argyrodite SSEs. Furthermore, the recent achievements and critical challenges for lithium argyrodite from the material level to battery applications are overviewed, and the future development opportunities of integrating the lithium argyrodite SSEs into ASSLBs have been prospected.
Current treatment and surveillance modalities are not sufficient for advanced stage III colon cancer: Result from a multicenter cohort analysis
Authors: Li Juan , Xie Yumo , Huang Ziying , Shen Dingcheng , Zhuang Zhuokai , Zhu Mingxuan , Huang Yaoyi , He Rongzhao , Wang Xiaolin , Huang Meijin , Luo Yanxin , Yu Huichuan
Published: November 2021

Objective

We conducted this multicenter cohort study to evaluate the current tumor‐node‐metastasis staging system and treatment modality by analyzing the survival outcomes of patient groups with stage III and IV colon cancer.

Patients and Methods

Stage III and IV colon cancer patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (SEER cohort) and prospectively maintained Sun Yat‐sen University (SYSU) cohort were included in this study. Kaplan‐Meier method was used to estimate the cumulative rate of overall survival (OS) between patient groups, and the inverse probability weighting method was used to calculated age and sex‐adjusted survival curves. The Cox regression model was used to identify the risk factors for OS.

Results

A total of 17,911 and 1135 stage III–IV cases were included in the SEER and SYSU cohorts, respectively. Among them, 1448 and 124 resectable stage IV cases underwent curative‐intent treatment in the SEER and SYSU cohorts, respectively. The T4N2b group showed a significantly worse survival outcome compared with the M1a subset receiving curative‐intent treatment (HR, 1.46; p < 0.001). This finding was validated in the SYSU cohort, in which the T4N2 group had a worse outcome than that of the M1 group receiving curative‐intent treatment (HR, 2.44; p < 0.001). These findings were confirmed in the adjusted survival analysis. In the multivariate analysis, the right‐side tumor, poor‐undifferentiated tumor, and age over 60 years were identified as independent risk factors for T4N2b patients. Based on this multivariate model, the high‐risk T4N2b subgroup had a worse survival outcome compared with resectable M1b patients (HR, 1.24; p = 0.03).

Conclusion

By comparing stage III with stage IV colon cancer patients, we identified a subgroup of stage III patients at a higher risk of death than more advanced stages, implying that current cancer care modalities are not sufficient for these high‐risk substages.
Novel self‐expanding ALLEGRA transcatheter aortic valve for native aortic stenosis and degenerated bioprosthesis
Authors: Neuser Jonas , Kempf Tibor , Bauersachs Johann , Widder Julian D.
Published: November 2021

Objectives

To investigate the safety and efficacy of the ALLEGRA valve in routine use.

Background

The ALLEGRA aortic valve is a self‐expanding transcatheter heart valve (THV) with bovine pericardial tissue and was CE approved in March 2017. Its unique design was developed to provide low prosthesis gradients.

Methods

We analyzed patients receiving an ALLEGRA THV between May 2017 and March 2021 at our center for treatment of aortic valve stenosis or degenerated valve prosthesis. Hemodynamic results and clinical outcome according to the Valve Academic Research Consortium‐2 consensus criteria were evaluated at discharge and three months post transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) procedure. 93 patients with a mean age of 82.5 ± 4.8 years and a median EuroScore II of 4.7 ± 3.4 were treated, 15 of them were valve‐in‐valve procedures.

Results

Implantation was successful in 97.8% (91/93) and VARC‐2 defined device success was achieved in 94.6% (88/93). In‐hospital all‐cause mortality was 2.2% (2/93). Life‐threatening bleeding, major vascular complications and strokes were 3.2% (3/93), 2.2% (2/93) and 3.2% (3/93), respectively. Paravalvular leakage was none to trace in 60.4%, mild in 38.5% and moderate in 1.1%. Permanent pacemaker implantation in pacemaker naive patients was necessary in 9.5% (8/84). Mean gradient at discharge was 8.2 ± 4.3 mmHg for all patients; 7.1 ± 2.6 mmHg in patients treated for stenosis of the native aortic valve and 13.8 ± 6.3 mmHg in patients treated valve‐in‐valve.

Conclusions

The ALLEGRA THV provides excellent hemodynamic results and a good safety profile with a low complication rate.
Outcomes of contemporary versus conventional reverse controlled and antegrade and retrograde subintimal tracking in chronic total occlusion revascularization
Authors: Xu Rende , Shi Yuekai , Chang Shufu , Qin Qing , Li Chenguang , Fu Mingqiang , Ge Lei , Qian Juying , Ma Jianying , Ge Junbo
Published: November 2021

Background

Chronic total occlusion (CTO) lesions remain technically challenging for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The introduction of a retrograde approach has allowed marked improvement in the success rate of CTO recanalization. Reverse controlled anterograde and retrograde sub‐intimal tracking (reverse CART) is the predominant retrograde wire crossing technique and can be broadly classified into three categories: (1) conventional (2) contemporary and (3) extended. The present study aimed to compare the safety and efficacy of conventional and contemporary reverse CART techniques.

Methods

From March 2015 to May 2020, 303 patients achieving successful retrograde guidewire crossing with conventional or contemporary reverse CART during CTO PCI were included in the study. The patient characteristics, procedural outcomes and in‐hospital and 1‐year clinical events were compared between the conventional and contemporary groups.

Results

The distributions of the baseline and angiographic characteristics were similar in both study arms, except the CTO lesions of the conventional group were more complex, as reflected by borderline significantly higher mean J‐CTO scores (3.4 ± 0.7 vs. 3.3 ± 0.8; p = 0.059). Recanalization using contemporary reverse CART was associated with a short procedure time (189.8 ± 44.4 vs. 181.7 ± 37.3 min; p = 0.044) and decreased procedural complications, particularly target vessel perforation (3.6% vs. 0.6%; p = 0.063) and major side‐branch occlusion (36.7% vs. 28.0%; p = 0.051). Technical and procedural success and the in‐hospital and 1‐year outcomes were not significantly different between the groups.

Conclusions

Contemporary reverse CART is associated with favorably high efficiency and low‐complication rates and carries a comparable success rate and 1‐year clinical outcomes as conventional reverse CART.
Synthesis of 2‐Deoxy‐C‐Glycosides via Iridium‐Catalyzed sp2 and sp3 C—H Glycosylation with Unfunctionalized Glycals†
Authors: Zhu Wanjun , Sun Qikai , Chang Hai , Zhang Hui‐Xing , Wang Quanquan , Chen Gong , He Gang
Published: November 2021

Comprehensive Summary

A new protocol for the synthesis of 2‐deoxy‐C‐aryl‐glycosides and 2‐deoxy‐C‐alkyl‐glycosides via iridium‐catalyzed directed C—H glycosylation with glycals is reported. The method is amenable for both the C2 C—H glycosylation of indoles and the methyl C—H glycosylation of secondary methyl amines under the control of an N‐linked benzoxazole directing group. The benzoxazole group can be cleanly removed by the treatment of KOH or LiAlH4.
Determining ADCC Activity of Antibody‐Based Therapeutic Molecules using Two Bioluminescent Reporter‐Based Bioassays
Authors: Garvin Denise , Stecha Pete , Gilden Julia , Wang Jun , Grailer Jamison , Hartnett Jim , Fan Frank , Cong Mei , Cheng Zhijie Jey
Published: November 2021

Antibody Fc effector function is one of the main mechanisms of action (MoA) for therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Measurement of antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is critical for understanding the Fc effector function during monoclonal antibody development. This article covers two cell‐based ADCC bioassays which can quantitatively measure the antibody potency in ADCC. Basic Protocol 1 describes the ADCC reporter bioassay using engineered ADCC effector cells which measures the FcγRIIIa‐mediated luciferase reporter activation upon the binding of antibody‐coated target cells. Basic Protocol 2 describes the PBMC ADCC bioassay using primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) as effector cells and engineered HiBiT target cells in an assay that measures the release of HiBiT from target cells upon antibody‐mediated target lysis. Optimization of several key assay parameters including cell handling, effector:target (E:T) ratios, assay plate, and plate reader requirement, and how these parameters impact assay performance are discussed. © 2021 Promega Corporation. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: ADCC reporter bioassay using engineered ADCC bioassay effector cells

Basic Protocol 2: PBMC ADCC bioassay using primary PBMC and engineered HiBiT target cells
Unstable behavior analysis and stabilization of double‐loop proportional‐integral control H‐bridge inverter with inductive impedance load
Authors: Ji Huayv , Xie Fan , Shen Li , Yang Ru , Zhang Bo
Published: November 2021

With the rapid development of renewable energy, inverters have been widely used in the distributed power system. For the safety of the distributed power system, the stable operation of the inverter is vital. Hence, this paper detects slow‐scale instability fast‐scale instability and in the double‐loop proportional‐integral (PI) control single‐phase full H‐bridge inverter with inductive impedance load by the discrete‐mapping model firstly. Next, the mechanism of the mechanism slow‐scale and fast‐scale behaviors are explained by state‐space average model and Filippov method, respectively. Then, passive damping method and sine wave compensation techniques are extended to the system to suppress the nonlinear behaviors. Finally, the PLECS simulation and experiments are utilized to verify the correctness of the investigations.
Stomatal regulation prevents plants from critical water potentials during drought: Result of a model linking soil–plant hydraulics to abscisic acid dynamics
Authors: Wankmüller Fabian J. P. , Carminati Andrea
Published: November 2021

Understanding stomatal regulation during drought is essential to correctly predict vegetation‐atmosphere fluxes. Stomatal optimization models posit that stomata maximize the carbon gain relative to a penalty caused by water loss, such as xylem cavitation. However, a mechanism that allows the stomata to behave optimally is unknown. Here, we introduce a model of stomatal regulation that results in similar stomatal behaviour without presupposing an optimality principle. By contrast, the proposed model explains stomatal closure based on a well‐known component of stomatal regulation: abscisic acid (ABA). The ABA level depends on its production rate, which is assumed to increase with declining leaf water potential, and on its degradation rate, which is assumed to increase with assimilation rate. Our model predicts that stomata open until the ratio of leaf water potential to assimilation rate, proportional to ABA level, is at a minimum. As a prerequisite, the model simulates soil–plant hydraulics and leaf photosynthesis under varying environmental conditions. The model predicts that in wet soils and at low vapour pressure deficit (VPD), when there is no water limitation, stomatal closure is controlled by the relationship between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. In dry soils or at high VPD, when the soil hydraulic conductivity limits the water supply, stomatal closure is triggered by the sharp decline in leaf water potential as transpiration rate increases. Being adaptive to changing soil and atmospheric conditions, the proposed model can explain how plants are enabled to avoid critical water potentials during drought for varying soil properties and atmospheric conditions.
A review of technologies for carbon capture, sequestration, and utilization: Cost, capacity, and technology readiness
Authors: Kazemifar Farzan
Published: November 2021

The continued rise in anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration has led to calls from experts, including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that has estimated that global warming needs to be limited to 1.5 °C above preindustrial levels to avoid the worst effects of climate change, and that carbon neutrality would need to be achieved globally by 2050 to meet this target. Achieving carbon neutrality by mid‐century will rely on successful implementation and widespread adoption of technologies for reducing emissions from large point sources of CO2, direct CO2 capture from the air, as well as storage and utilization technologies that would convert CO2 to a form that would ensure safety and permanency of storage. In this paper, engineering solutions for CO2 capture, utilization, and storage are reviewed with a focus on technology readiness level, and cost. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lower Gondwana megaflora, palynoflora, and biomarkers from Jagannath Colliery, Talcher Basin, Odisha, India, and its biostratigraphic significance
Authors: Patel Roshni , Goswami Shreerup , Aggarwal Neha , Mathews Runcie Paul
Published: November 2021

The study of megafossils, palynomorphs, and biomarkers has been carried out from a fossiliferous section of Jagannath Colliery, Talcher Basin, Odisha, India. The megafloral assemblage recovered from the carbonaceous shale bed of the investigated section comprises 15Glossopterisspecies (leaf form),Vertebraria indica(root form), and stem cast of the order Glossopteridales. The megafloral assemblage and lithology (grey shale, carbonaceous shale, sandy shale, and coal seams) of the litho‐column suggest that the sediments belong to the Barakar Formation (Artinskian‐Kungurian age). Palynoflora recovered from the section is dominated byStriatopodocarpitesspp. (35–44%) and subdominated byFaunipollenitesspp. (29–35%) along with a good percentage ofDensipollenitesspp. Stratigraphically significant taxa of this palynoassemblage show its affinity toward the late Permian (Wuchiapingian‐Changhsingian) palynoflora which is geologically mapped as Barakar Formation of early Permian (Artinskian‐Kungurian) age. As a result, to clearly delimit the distribution of different lower Gondwana strata in this area, more precise palynological sampling and extensive geological mapping should be undertaken. The dominant occurrence of short‐chainn‐alkanes in the samples suggests the abundance of algal and microbial sources that are deposited in moderate water level conditions in the basin. Pristane/phytane ratio suggests oxic settings while the hopane distribution in the studied samples suggests significant bacterial degradation of the peat biomass in the depositional milieu.
Utility maximization versus regret minimization in health choice behavior: Evidence from four datasets
Authors: Buckell John , Vasavada Vrinda , Wordsworth Sarah , Regier Dean A. , Quaife Matthew
Published: November 2021

Choice models in health are almost exclusively based on the neoclassical economic paradigm of utility maximization. Recently developed choice models have captured and shown empirical support for regret minimization as an alternative decision rule. In health economics, recent applications of RRM models indicate that individuals making health‐based choices may exhibit regret minimization‐type behavior. In this paper, we build on this research using a more flexible model that allows for heterogeneous decision rules, separately from preference heterogeneity, and comparing it to models that assume single decision rules. We use four datasets from diverse settings in which individuals make health choices: tobacco markets, genomic testing, and HIV prevention. We found that, if a one‐size‐fits‐all rule is applied, then utility maximization was preferable to regret minimization for these datasets. However, we also find that individuals apply varying decision rules in similar proportions in these health settings, suggesting that models for heterogeneous decision rules were needed to capture these behaviors in these settings.
Implantable magnetic nanofibers with ON–OFF switchable release of curcumin for possible local hyperthermic chemotherapy of melanoma
Authors: Wei Wenju , Zarghami Nosratollah , Abasi Mozhgan , Ertas Yavuz Nuri , Pilehvar Younes
Published: November 2021

Implantable thermo‐responsive drug‐loaded magnetic nanofibers (NFs) have attracted great interest for localized thermo‐chemotherapy of cancer tissue/cells. From this perspective, smart polymeric electrospun NFs co‐loaded with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and a natural polyphenol anticancer agent, curcumin (CUR), were developed to enhance the local hyperthermic chemotherapy against melanoma, the most serious type of skin cancer. CUR/MNPs‐loaded thermo‐sensitive electrospun NFs exhibited alternating magnetic field (AMF)‐responsive heat generation and “ON–OFF” switchable heating capability. Besides, corresponding to the reversible alterations in the swelling ratio, the “ON–OFF” switchable discharge of CUR from the magnetic NFs was detected in response to the “ON–OFF” switching of AMF application. Due to the combinatorial effect of hyperthermia and release of CUR after applying an AMF (“ON” state) for 600 s on the second and third days of incubation time, the viability of the B16F10 melanoma cancer cells exposed to the CUR/MNPs‐NFs was reduced by 40% and 17%, respectively. Taken together, the macroscopic and nanoscale features of the smart NFs led to the creation of a reversibly adjustable structure that enabled hyperthermia and facile switchable release of CUR for eradication of melanoma cancer cells.
Design of thin‐structured‐light projection system for small‐height measurement
Authors: Wang Yuezong , Chen Jiqiang , Peng Youfan , Du Yimeng
Published: November 2021

A thin‐structured light projection system with simple setup is proposed and applied to small‐height measurement. In this system, the design of structured light pattern is carried out on the computer. The structure, color, geometric dimension, motion mode, projection brightness, contrast, and other attributes of the pattern can be edited easily. The optical system with zoom function is designed, which can output thin‐structured‐light fringe with a minimum width of 10 μm. The camera and microscope are used to construct a vision system, which is used to capture the pattern of structured light. The three‐dimensional (3D) shape reconstruction is realized by analyzing the pattern of structured light. The results show that this system can project a small width of thin‐structured light pattern, which is very suitable for 3D shape reconstruction of microscopic objects with the small‐height of tens of microns to hundreds of microns.
MA(ℵ0) restricted to complete Boolean algebras and choice
Authors: Tachtsis Eleftherios
Published: November 2021

It is a long standing open problem whether or not the Axiom of Countable Choice implies the fragment of Martin's Axiom either in or in . In this direction, we provide a partial answer by establishing that the Boolean Prime Ideal Theorem in conjunction with the Countable Union Theorem does not imply restricted to complete Boolean algebras in . Furthermore, we prove that the latter (formally) weaker form of and the Δ‐system Lemma are independent of each other in .

We also answer open questions from Tachtsis [16] which concern the status of restricted to complete Boolean algebras in certain Fraenkel–Mostowski permutation models of and we strengthen some results from the above paper.
Influence of Process Parameters on the Gas Phase Polymerization of Ethylene: RSM or ANN Statistical Methods?
Authors: Ishola Niyi B. , McKenna Timothy F. L.
Published: November 2021

The direct and interactive effects of process variables, including the use of iso‐pentane as an inert condensing agent, on the rate of polymerization and main physical properties of linear low‐density polyethylene are studied using two different statistical methods. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a three level five factor Box–Behnken design is used to generate the number of experimental runs. The generated dataset is used to develop the RSM and artificial neural network (ANN) models. The effect of the input on the dependent variables is studied using the 3D response surface of the developed RSM model. The developed models are statistically analyzed and compared to determine their performance capability. The ANN model marginally outperforms the RSM model based on the computed statistical parameters but provides less information on the variable interactions.
The impact of nonlinear perturbation to the dynamics of HIV model
Authors: Shi Zhenfeng , Jiang Daqing , Shi Ningzhong , Hayat Tasawar , Alsaedi Ahmed
Published: November 2021

In this paper, we developed and studied a stochastic HIV model with nonlinear perturbation. Through a rigorous analysis, we firstly showed that the solution of the stochastic model is positive and global. Then, by employing suitable stochastic Lyapunov functions, we prove that the stochastic model admit a unique ergodic stationary distribution. In addition, sufficient conditions for the extinction of HIV infection are derived. Finally, numerical simulations are employed to confirm our theoretical results.
A deep learning method for eliminating head motion artifacts in computed tomography
Authors: Su Bin , Wen Yuting , Liu Yanyan , Liao Shu , Fu Jianwei , Quan Guotao , Li Zhenlin
Published: November 2021

Purpose

Involuntary patient movement results in data discontinuities during computed tomography (CT) scans which lead to a serious degradation in the image quality. In this paper, we specifically address artifacts induced by patient motion during a head scan.

Method

Instead of trying to solve an inverse problem, we developed a motion simulation algorithm to synthesize images with motion‐induced artifacts. The artifacts induced by rotation, translation, oscillation and any possible combination are considered. Taking advantage of the powerful learning ability of neural networks, we designed a novel 3D network structure with both a large reception field and a high image resolution to map the artifact‐free images from artifact‐contaminated images. Quantitative results of the proposed method were evaluated against the results of U‐Net and proposed networks without dilation structure. Thirty sets of motion contaminated images from two hospitals were selected to do a clinical evaluation.

Result

Facilitating the training dataset with artifacts induced by variable motion patterns and the neural network, the artifact can be removed with good performance. Validation dataset with simulated random motion pattern showed outperformed image correction, and quantitative results showed the proposed network had the lowest normalized root‐mean‐square error, highest peak signal‐to‐noise ratio and structure similarity, indicating our network gave the best approximation of gold standard. Clinical image processing results further confirmed the effectiveness of our method.

Conclusion

We proposed a novel deep learning‐based algorithm to eliminate motion artifacts. The convolutional neural networks trained with synthesized image pairs achieved promising results in artifacts reduction. The corrected images increased the diagnostic confidence compared with artifacts contaminated images. We believe that the correction method can restore the ability to successfully diagnose and avoid repeated CT scans in certain clinical circumstances.
Simplified modeling of electromagnets for dynamic simulation of transient effects for a synchronous electric motor
Authors: Bechler Florian , Kesten Julius , Wittemann Florian , Henning Frank , Doppelbauer Martin , Eberhard Peter
Published: November 2021

This study aims to show an approach for the dynamic simulation of a synchronous machine. The magnetic forces in the air gap are calculated efficiently using simplified approaches without neglecting important effects. For the modeling of the magnetic forces, an equivalent magnetic circuit is constructed in which the magnetic saturation and the leakage flux are taken into account and coupled with the electrical circuit at the end. The calculated magnetic forces are then passed to a mechanical model of the motor. Together with a predefinable load torque, the resulting motor rotation and the forces in the bearings are identified. The presented model is then investigated in a small example. This novel approach is intended to provide a method of calculating dynamically the forces transmitted from the shaft to the motor housing and to create the basis for evaluating electric motors for vibrations, noise, and harshness under varying loads and input voltages.
Historical Records Reveal Changes to the Migration Timing and Abundance of Winter Steelhead in Olympic Peninsula Rivers, Washington State, USA
Authors: McMillan John R. , Sloat Matthew R. , Liermann Martin , Pess George
Published: November 2021

We analyzed multiple historical data sources (circa 1948–1960) to estimate migration timing and abundance of Olympic Peninsula winter steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss in the Quillayute, Hoh, Queets, and Quinault rivers, Washington, to provide context for contemporary (circa 1980–2017) population trends. Contemporary wild winter steelhead migrations peak 1–2 months later than historical migrations, and migration timing breadth has contracted by up to 26 d (a 37% reduction of the interquartile range of the migration timing distribution). Migration timing changes coincide with an era of peak industrial forestry and introductions of early migrating hatchery winter steelhead stocks. We estimate that contemporary mean wild winter steelhead abundance has declined by 55% across populations compared to circa 1948–1960 historical means, with 1920s records suggesting declines of up to 77% in the Queets River. Migration timing shifts and the magnitude of population declines are not evident in modern fisheries monitoring records, which began around 1980. Our results demonstrate how modest extensions of the period of record (e.g., 30 years) increase the power to identify population changes that are not readily apparent from contemporary fisheries monitoring programs. Historical fisheries data can help managers to avoid the shifting baseline syndrome and provide important reference points for rebuilding population diversity and abundance.
Dolomite dust filled glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite: Influence of fabrication techniques on physicomechanical and erosion wear properties
Authors: Verma Shashi Kant , Gangil Brijesh , Gupta Ashutosh , Rajput Nitesh Singh , Singh Tej
Published: November 2021

This article investigates the effect of fabrication techniques on the physical, mechanical, and erosion wear properties of glass fiber reinforced dolomite dust‐filled epoxy composites. The composites were fabricated by hand layup and vacuum‐assisted resin transfer molding (VRTM) techniques with fixed glass fiber (20 wt%) and varying dolomite dust (0 to 15 wt%) with epoxy resin. In physical properties, the experimental density consistently increased with the increase in the dolomite hand layup and the VRTM process; in opposite the voids content increased in the hand layup process and decreased in the VRTM process. In mechanical properties, the hardness, impact energy, and interlaminar shear strength increases while tensile and flexural strength consistently decreases with dolomite dust content. Using Taguchi's optimization technique, the erosion wear of the fabricated composites was also evaluated at different impingement angles, impact velocities, and erodent sizes. Erosion test results indicate that the VRTM process fabricated composite has minimum erosion wear compared to the hand layup process. The eroded surfaces were studied using a scanning electron microscope to understand the erosion behavior of particulate‐filled fiber reinforced polymer composites.