bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Mycorrhizal Addition and Organic Fertilization on the Growth and Yield of Potato in Autumn Season
Authors: Abdulkadhum Mariam Hassan , Manea Ali Ibadi , Mahmoud Saad Shakir
Published: December 2023

A farmer’s fields in the Al-Azzawiya area / Al-Musayyib district 2021-2022, 40 km north of Hilla / Babylon province’s centre, were used for the experiment. Two elements were put in the split plot scheme of the Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD). One replicate had eight experimental treatments, three replications, and the parameters were: - The first component was adding mycorrhiza to the comparative treatment (B0: no fertilisation, control, B1: 7.0 g. plant-1). The second factor: In addition to the control treatment, it added three kinds of organic fertiliser: C1: chicken waste (10 tons.ha-1), C2: humic fertiliser (3 tons.ha-1), and C3: vermicompost (4 tons.ha-1). The least significant difference (L.S.D.) comparing coefficient averages. The findings may be summarised as follows at 0.05. Mycorrhiza (7.0 gm. plant-1) increased plant height and chlorophyll, which showed substantial variations in the potato plant’s vegetative, quantitative, and qualitative traits. The number of marketable tubers was 6.84 tubers.plant-1, the output of one plant was 759.8 g. plant-1, the overall yield was 44.27 tons.ha-1, and the percentages of dry matter, starch, and N and K were in the tubers. The results of adding organic fertiliser showed that poultry waste significantly improved plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll, number of marketable tubers (7.75 tubers. plant-1), yield of one plant (808.3 g. plant-1), total yield (47.99 tonnes.ha-1), dry matter, starch, and N, K in tubers. The bi-interaction therapy (mycorrhiza + organic manure and chicken waste) improved vegetative, quantity, and quality features, plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll percentage of dry matter, and The number of marketable tubers was (9.11 tubers.plant-1), the yield of one plant was (880.5 gm.plant-1), the overall yield was (51.81 tons.ha-1), and the proportion of dry matter, starch, and (, KN) in tubers.
Foliar Application of Seaweed Extract, Zinc, and Iron Nanoparticles on Ziziphus Mauritiana Seedling Growth
Authors: Saeed Diekan A. , Al-Ecehagy Jassim M. khalaf
Published: December 2023

This study examined the effects of foliar spraying with seaweed extract at three levels (0,1,2 ml L-1) sequentially, zinc nanoparticles at three levels (0, 10, 20 mg L-1), and nano-iron at three levels (0,20,40 mg L-1). The randomised complete block design (RCBD) factorial experiment included three levels of seaweed extract, three levels of nano-zinc, three levels of nano-iron, and three repetitions of four seedlings per experimental unit, resulting in 180 observations and 60 treatments per sector. 180 seedlings were randomly assigned treatments. Spraying marine extract at 2 ml L-1 significantly improved seedling height, stem diameter, dry weight, chlorophyll, and leaf area. It outperformed the control in seedling height, stem diameter, dry weight, chlorophyll, and leaf area. The combination of 40 mg L-1 zing and iron nanoparticles improved seedling height, stem diameter, dry weight, chlorophyll, and leaf area compared to the comparator treatment.
The Impact of Dates and IBA Treatment on the Root Ability of Semi-Hard Wood Cuttings of Three Olive (Olea europaea L.) Cultivars
Authors: Ameen Alimam Nabil M. , Abdulrahman Zuhair A.
Published: December 2023

The University of Mosul in Iraq conducted the experiment in a plastic greenhouse run by the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design at the College of Agriculture and Forestry. For 1/2/2022 – 1/6/2022. To find out what happens to semi-hardwood cuttings of three olive varieties Hojiblanca, Picual, and Arbequina—when they are taken five times a month from February to June and then soaked for 5 seconds in three concentrations of IBA solution (0, 3000, and 5000 mg l-1) to see how well they root and grow. The cuts that were taken on March 1 had the most leaves, the most leaf area, and the longest roots per cutting. Cuttings that were soaked in 3000 mg l-1 and 5000 mg l-1 took root faster and had longer roots. Soaking in 5000 mg L-1 increased the leaf area of rooted cutting. Picual and Arbequina cuttings rooted less often and had shorter roots than Hojiblanca cuttings. In terms of longevity and leaf count, Hojiblanca cuttings did better than Arbequina cuttings. Cuttings of Hojiblanca and Picual had more leaves, cuttings that had grown roots, and roots than cuttings of Arbequina. However, Hojiblanca cultivar collected on March 1st treated with 5000 mg.l-1 gave 60.00%, 27.80 leaf cutting-1, 1.32 cm2, 36.51 cm2 cutting-1, 14.27cm. Hojiblanca cultivar cuttings treated with 3000 mg.l-1 had 11.61 root cutting-1. The Picual olive control treatment had the highest survival rate (63.33%) on March 1.
The Impact of Spraying Pomegranate Seedlings Salimi Cultivar with Various Plant Extracts on Their Development
Authors: Mussawi Zahraa Kadhum Al , Ali Tahani Jawad Mohammed , Hasan Ahmed Mohammad
Published: December 2023

Pomegranate seedlings of the Salimi cultivar were brought from the nursery at the Indian gardening station in Karbala province and planted in the field at the College of Agriculture at Al-Qasim Green University in the middle of November 2021. Since 30 uniformly growing seedlings were chosen, and all service activities, including watering and weeding, were carried out in an even fashion. Only one seedling was used as the experimental unit in this randomized, double-blind, completely-block-design factorial experiment (3 * 5). The effects of natural aqueous extracts of three types of cumin, black cumin, and coriander seeds at three concentrations (00, 5, and 10 g.L-1) on plant growth were studied. The statistical analysis revealed that the black cumin treatment at a concentration of 5gml-1 with coriander extract at a concentration of 10 g.L-1 (B5Z10) resulted in the highest plant height (79.5), the highest number of branches (5.50%), and theWhen compared to the control treatment, the black cumin treatment with a concentration of 5 gm L-1 with cumin extract at a concentration of 10 gm L-1 (B5K10) obtained the highest length of branches reaching 8.88 cm, and the individual treatments of spraying with black seed extract (B) or spraying with cumin extract (C) achieved the highest relative content of chlorophyll in the leaves, which amounted to 51.22 SPA units.
Effect of Media Type and Cytokinines on Micropropagation of Two Cultivars of Pomegranate Punica granatum L
Authors: Abdulkareem Ali Adil
Published: December 2023

Present study was done to describe micropropagation protocol of Pomegranate (granatum Punica L) for two cultivar (Yamani and Wonderful), by testing their tolerance to sterilization duration with sodium hypochlorite solution at 1%, and investigation of suitability of of two media murashige and skoog (MS) and woody plant medium (WPM) during establishment stage in addition study the role of four type of Cytokinines BA (benzyl adenine), 2iP (isopentyl adenine), Kinetin(6-furfury lamino Purine) and TDZ (Thidiazuron) at different concentrations for two cultivars in multiplication stage and investigation of two type of Auxin NAA and IBA for rooting stage. the results appeared that sterilization at 10 min with sodium hypochlorite at 1% reduce contamination percentage to 6.2% and increased survival to 93.8%, the result proved WPM media was better than MS in increase shoot number, shoot length and leaf number was 1.17 shoot per explant, 5.02cm and 6.60 leaf per explant respectively. in the other way Yamani cultivar gave maximum value in comparison with wonderful for same characteristics. concerning the multiplication stage at 0.5 mg.l-1 BA achieved highest value of shoot number and leaf number (2.89 and 5) per explant respectively. while Kin gave best value of shoot length 4.12cm. moreover BA and 2iP at 1mg.l-1, Kin at 5mg.l-1 and TDZ at1mg.l-1 achieved maximum values of same characteristics mentioned above. Auxins NAA (Naphthaleneacetic acid) and IBA (Indole-3-butyric acid) at 1mg.l-1 achieved highest root number was (4 and 3.17) per explant respectively.
Role of Plant Growth Regulators on Multiplication of Stevia rebaudiana Inside Manufactured Temporary Immersion Bioreactor and Induction of Callus from Explant
Authors: Al-Nuaimi Mustafa Raeef , Obaid Ayad Assi
Published: December 2023

The experiment was conducted at Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory - Department of Horticulture and landscape gardening, from October 2021 to January 2023. micropropagation experiments were conducted using five levels of Kinetin 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 mg L. Callogenesis experiments were performed using four levels of Naphthalenacetic Acid 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mg L. A temporary immersion bioreactor was used with a 10-minute immersion period every 4 hours, and two levels of Kinetin and two levels of benzyl adenine were added to the Murashige and Skoog medium as a comparative treatment. The results showed that the concentration of 1.0 mg L had a significant effect on the number of shoot and leaves, and the comparative treatment showed a significant effect on shoots height. The results of multiplication in the manufactured bioreactor showed a significant effect on shoots height, reaching 4.8 cm, and the concentration of 1.0 mg L benzyl adenine showed a significant effect on the number of shoots, with 3.2 shoot per plant, and the number of leaves for the same treatment was 17.1 leaves per shoot.
Effect of Anti-Transpiration Inhibitors Copper and Chitosan, Pomegranate Peel and Thyme Leaves Extracts and Storage Period on the Chemical Traits of Local Orange Fruits
Authors: Jawad Atheer Adnan , Nasser Hussein Al-Shammari Ghaleb
Published: December 2023

This experiment was conducted in a special refrigerated store in the city of Baquba, Diyala Province, for the season 2021-2022. The study showed the effect of treatments (plant extracts and anti-transpiration agents) and the duration of storage on the storage characteristics of the local orange fruits, Citrus sinensis L. The experiment was conducted from 1/12/2021 to 1/3/2022. Where the fruits were harvested by the manual method using manual scissors and cutting the fruits from the fruit bearer at the level of the surface of the fruit from a private orchard in the city of Jdeidet Al-Shat, Diyala Province, where a group of fruits was immersed in pomegranate peel powder extract in two concentrations (3 and 9 g.L-1) for 15 minutes. Another group dipped in thyme leaf extract at two concentrations (6 and 9 g.L-1) for 15 minutes, another group dipped in chitosan at a concentration of 2 g.L-1 for two minutes, and a group dipped in Disper Cu max at a concentration of 3 g.L-1 for two minutes. The control treatment was immersed in distilled water, and the fruits were packed in polyethylene bags of one-kilo size, perforated with 16 holes, and stored in the refrigerator at a temperature of (4∓0.5) C and relative humidity of 80-85% for three months. The results were analyzed in the laboratory of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering of the College of Agriculture - University of Diyala, and the experiment was carried out using a completely randomized design (CRD). The results showed that the treatment with chitosan had the highest percentage of the total soluble solids (TSS) of the fruit and the percentage of total sugars. The treatment with pomegranate peel powder extract at a concentration of 3 g.L-1 and the treatment with chitosan excelled in the lowest percentage of resilient acidity.
The Effect of Adding Phosphorus and Zinc Spraying on the Nutrient Content and Root Growth of Cabbage
Authors: Al-Garbawi Rawaq Sattar Jebari , Aljuboori Ayad W. A.
Published: December 2023

This study was conducted at the Research Experimental Station of the College of Agricultural Engineering/University of Baghdad in the Al-Jadiriyah area during the autumn season of 2022. The study aimed to investigate the effect of phosphorus addition and zinc spraying on the nutrient content and root growth of the cabbage. The experiment included two factors: the first factor was phosphorus with four concentrations (P25%, P50%, P75%, and P100%) of the recommended complete fertilizer dose (135 kg P2O5 per hectare), and the second factor was zinc spraying with three concentrations (0, 30, and 60 mg.L-1) of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4). The results showed that the phosphorus and zinc treatments had a significant effect on most study indicators. The P75 Z2 treatment gave the highest percentage of nitrogen and potassium, as well as the longest main root length, with values of 3.61%, 2.65%, and 31 cm, respectively, compared to the control treatment. Meanwhile, the P100 Z2 treatment showed the highest root surface area, measuring 33.33 cm2, compared to the control treatment.
Influence of Growth Regulators and Tryptophan on Enhancing Production Bioactive Compounds in Callus Cultures of Pistacia weinmannifolia
Authors: Al-Jubuory Ghofran Salman , Al-Rekaby Layth Sareea
Published: December 2023

The experiment was conducted in Tissue culture laboratory at the Biology Department, College of Science ‘University of Al-Qadisiyah. With two explants (the growing apex and the lateral buds), the researchers looked at how the growth regulators (IAA and BA) and Tryptophan affected callus weight and stimulated the synthesis of active substance in Pistacia weinmannifolia plants grown in a tissue culture setting. After sterilization in 70% ethanol solution for 1 minute and 10% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution for 20 minutes, one node 0.5–1.0 cm in length is planted in test tubes containing MS medium for tissue culture, to which various concentrations of growth regulators and Tryptophan are added, and the tubes are placed in a growth chamber with a temperature of 252 °C and light conditions. Data taken after 45 days of cultivation for all experiments. Better treatment IAA (0.2 mg/L) BA (0.5m.1) and Tryptophan ( 0.1mg/L) gave the highest weight. And significant increase of pentadecanc, Methylox and Catolin. As for treatment IAA ( 0.2mg/L) BA (0.25mg/L) Tryptophan ( 0.1 mg/L) gave highes percentage of active compound Hexadecene.
Effect of Shading, Licorice Extract and Mycorrhizal on the Growth and Production of Commercial Cut Flowers of Two Cultivars of Shrubby Roses
Authors: Al-Rawi Louay Abdel Hamid Hussein , Al-Marsoumi Hammoud Gharbi Khalifa
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted using the RCBD design, namely the Factorial Experiment within the Split-Split Plot. Complementary Storyline Shading, licorice extract, and mycorrhizal were tested on two cultivars of shrubby roses in a plastic greenhouse at the Department of Horticulture and Palms in the Baghdad Governorate during the spring of 2022 for their impact on the growth and production of commercial cut flowers. The use of two varieties of shrub roses, Angelina, red in color and Maroussia, white, using three levels of shading without shading and 25% and 50%. 1 + Maiko Raisa). And (chelated iron + mycorrhizal (1 g / liter-1 + mycorrhizae) and licorice extract + chelated iron + mycorrhizae). The flowers are of anthocyanin pigment, while the V2 variety was significantly superior to the V1 variety in flower stem diameter. While the characteristics of vegetative growth represented by the average leaf area and the content of leaves of chlorophyll and the characteristics of flowering growth represented by the diameter of the flower stem, the duration of the flower remaining on the plant and the content of flowers of the anthocyanin pigment were significantly superior when using shading levels 50% (S2) and the levels of fertilization consisting of mycorrhiza and licorice extract And chelated iron (F3) in all characteristics of vegetative and flowering growth.
The Role of Biostimulants and Organic Extracts in the Qualitative Traits of Kale Plants
Authors: Al-Gubouri Mohanad Neamah , Manea Ali Ibadi , Al-Mussawi Zahraa Kadhum
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at the Abu Al-Fadl Forest Nursery Station affiliated with the Directorate of Agriculture of Al-Diwaniyah located (8 km north of the city center of Al-Diwaniyah Governorate) within longitude E 44.9 and latitude N 31.9, during the autumn season 2022-2023. In order to study the effect of biofertilization and the addition of organic extracts on the growth and yield of kale plants. Dwarf green seeds were used in cultivation. The experiment included two factors, the first: control biostimulants (adding water only), yeast extract (5 g.L-1), Folosyme (2 g. L-1) and Biohealth (2 g L-1). Factor 2: control organic extracts (water only), Urea (5 gm L-1), amino acids (5 ml L-1), humic (7 ml L-1) and seaweed (5 ml L-1). The averages of the treatments were compared using the least significant difference (L.S.D.). At a probability level of 0.05, the results can be summarized as follows:The results showed that there were significant differences when adding bio-fertilizer in the qualitative traits of kale plants, the treatment of adding yeast extract was excelled in the percentage of potassium in the leaves, the percentage of magnesium in the leaves, the content of vitamin C in the leaves, The addition of Follozyme was superior in the percentage of phosphorus in the leaves, while the treatment of the addition of Biohealth recorded excelled in the percentage of nitrogen, the content of calcium in the leaves, the content of iron in the leaves, and the content of zinc in the leaves. The results of the addition of organic extracts indicated that there were significant differences in the treatments, where the addition of urea excelled in the percentage of nitrogen in the leaves, the percentage of phosphorus in the leaves, the percentage of potassium in the leaves, While humic supplementation treatment excelled on the calcium content in the leaves, the content of magnesium in the leaves, the content of iron, the content of zinc in the leaves, and the content of vitamin C in the leaves. The interaction showed a significant effect, where the Biohealth + seaweed treatment achieved a significantly excelled in the calcium content in the leaves (3.670 mg.g), while the bi-interaction treatment, Folozyme + Humic, showed an excel in the percentage of nitrogen in the leaves (2.793%). The percentage of phosphorus in the leaves was (0.703%), and the bi-interaction of Biohealth + Humec treatment was excelled in the content of iron in the leaves (194.2 mg. kg-1 dry weight), the content of zinc in the leaves (97.22 mg. kg-1 dry weight), gave the overlap Yeast extract + amino acids has a higher potassium content (1.629%). The interaction gave yeast extract + humic excelled in the percentage of magnesium (1.870%) and the interaction gave yeast extract + urea excelled in the percentage of vitamin C (68.6 mg. 100g-1 fresh weight).
Study of Changes in the Chemical Composition of Date Palm Fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Derived from Tissue Culture Under the Influence of Different Pollen Treatments
Authors: Al-Hamoud Firas Mahdi , Ati Muntaha Abd Al-Zahra , Abd Abdul-Kareem Mohammad
Published: December 2023

The current study was conducted on growing date palm trees in Al-Siba area - Basra Governorate in order to identify the chemical composition of the fruits under the influence of different pollen treatments. The study was conducted using three main factors. pollen) and the second factor is the pollen variety (Al-ghanami red and Al-ghanami + normal Al-Khukri and Al-ghanami + Alkanari) and the third factor is the age of the male pollination (early, medium and late). The fruit content of amino acids and total soluble protein in the interstitial stage and the percentage of total soluble solids in the wet stage were studied. And the percentage of knots, falling, and chips, in the khalal stage, and the results showed that there are differences in the chemical composition of the fruits under the influence of these treatments. Sequentially, the lowest value for total soluble protein and total soluble solids and the lowest percentage of precipitation and shea was 341.4 mg. L-1, 47.08, 37.1, and 11.3%, respectively. As for the effect of the cultivar, the two cultivars Al-ghanami red + Alkanari and Al-ghanami red + Al Khukri normal were significantly superior in the fruit content of amino acids and total soluble protein, as it recorded (39.5, 33.6) mg.L-1 and (387.7, 397.5) mg.L-1 for both. the two categories sequentially. While the cultivar did not significantly affect the fruit content in the percentage of total dissolved solids and the percentage of precipitation, while Al-ghanami red cultivar recorded the highest percentage of knots and the lowest percentage of hook, which amounted to 55.4 and 4.5%, respectively. Significant differences were recorded between the ages of the male pollens in the fruit content of amino acids, total soluble protein and the percentage of total soluble solids. The medium-mature male pollen gave the highest concentration of free amino acids at an average of (38.7) mg.L-1 and the lowest concentration of total soluble protein and total soluble solids. At a rate of (347.6) mg.L-1 and (45.63)%, respectively. As for the bilateral and triple interactions, it showed a significant superiority in some of the study interventions.
Effect of Spraying Nano-Fertilizer (Loenergy Plus) and Hibiscus Extract on the Vegetative Growth Characteristics of the Seedling of Sour Orange Citrus aurantium L.
Authors: Al-Mousawi Muntadher Mohammed , Hassan Manar A.F. , Alrubaei Susan Mohammed , Kadhim Zaid Khaleel , Salman Maryam M.
Published: December 2023

The experiment was carried out from the middle of March until the end of June in the greenhouse belonging to the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, the College of Agriculture, and the University of Karbala. To investigate the impact of spraying hibiscus extract and Nano-fertilizer (Loenergy Plus) on the vegetative growth traits of the seedling of the orange starting in 2022. The experiment was set up as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factors: with Nano-fertilizer (Loenergy Plus) and hibiscus extract, each in three concentrations, and three replications, each with 18 seedlings and two seedlings each. Following the completion of the experiment, measurements were obtained, the outcomes were evaluated using the statistical design employed, and the averages were compared using the least significant difference test at the level of probability 0.05. The most significant findings were those of the Nano-fertilizer (Loenergy Plus) treatment, which at a concentration of 1.5 ml L-1 was significantly better than other concentrations in all growth characteristics studied (seedling height rate (cm), stem diameter rate (mm), average number of leaves (leaf /seedling), leaf area (cm2), average leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD unit), and shoot dry weight). Most of the growth characteristics that were examined (seedling height rate (cm), stem diameter rate (mm), average number of leaves (leaf/seedling), leaf area (cm2), rate of leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD unit), and shoot dry weight) were significantly improved by the application of hibiscus extract at an 8 g L-1 concentration. While the binary interaction between the two experimental factors (average seedling height (cm), average stem diameter (mm), average leaf chlorophyll content in leaves (SPAD unit), and shoot dry weight) had no significant effect, there was a significant effect of the bilateral interaction between the two experimental factors on the number of leaves (leaves / seedlings) and the leaf area (cm2).
Response of Potato Cultivars to Nano-Fertilization Under Water Stress at Different Growth Stages
Authors: Al-Sharifi Ali Mahmoud Kadhim , Al-Zubaidi Ali Hassan Ali
Published: December 2023

The experiment was conducted in the field of the Plant Production Techniques Department at the Technical College of Musayyib for autumn season of 2020. The experiment had three factors. First, four cultivars—Burren, Sifra, Arizona, Royal—were used (C1, C2, C3, C4). The second factor has four levels of water stress: no water stress, water stress during the germination stage from the date of planting to 30 days after planting, water stress during the vegetative growth stage from the end of the germination stage to 45 days after planting, and water stress during tuber formation from 45 to 60 days after planting. The third work sprayed three levels of nano fertilizer (khazra) (0, 1, 2) g. L-1 and its symbol (S0, S1, S2) according to the RCBD (Randomized complete block design) with three replicates and random transactions within each replicate. The probability-based Least Significant Difference (L.S.D) test assessed the results. 5%. The Burren cultivars had the highest plant height 57.70 cm and leaf number 48.00 leaves. Plant-1: leaf area 4389.90 cm2, fresh weight 312.67 g, dry weight 35.25. Stress during tuber formation (W3) and vegetative growth (W2) reduced most features in the first trial. The stress-free treatment (W0) had the highest vegetative growth, tuber, and chemical characteristics. Nano-fertilizer spraying at 2 g had a substantial effect.L-1 had the highest plant height 55.44 cm and leaf number 47.71 leaves. plant-1, leaf area 4329.72 cm2. Plant weight: 310.09 g, 35.87 g dry.
Response of Chinese Carnation Plant, Dianthus chinensis, to Spraying with Putrescine and Roselle Extract in Growth and Flowering Indicators
Authors: Al-Zurfi M. , Bhiah K. , Ahmed J.
Published: December 2023

The experiment was carried out in the nursery of University of Kufa during the agricultural season 2021-2022 to study the response of Chinese carnation plant to spraying with putrescine and roselle extract in growth and flowering indicators. Experiment was conducted based on RCBD with three replications. The concentrations of putrescine were 0, 50 and 100 mg l-1 and 0, 2.5 and 5 ml l-1 of roselle extract. The obtained results confirmed that spraying putrescine at a concentration of 100 mg l-1 with roselle extract at a concentration of 2.5 ml l-1 led to a significant increase in plant growth characteristics such as number of branches, the dry weight of the shoot system, the dry weight of the root system, and the content of the leaves in total soluble carbohydrates, and flowering characteristics such as inflorescence length, number of florets, diameter of the floret, the percentage of potassium (K) in the leaves, and the flower content of the anthocyanin pigment, compared to the control treatment.
Foliar Spray with Selenium to Mitigate the Impact of Water Stress on Chemical, Enzymatic, and Hormonal Parameters of Garlic Allium sativum L.
Authors: Al-Salami Muhammad Obaid Ghazai , Alhasnawi Nasser Jubair Radhi
Published: December 2023

The current research explored the beneficial role of selenium (Se) in alleviating the negative impacts of water stress on the chemical, enzymatic, and hormonal parameters of garlic plants via manipulating chemo-physiological mechanisms. A field experiment was executed at the research station of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kufa, Iraq in September 2022 using a randomized complete block design with three replicates based on a strip-plot system. Three water levels (100%, 80%, and 60%) were set up in the whole plots while foliar application of selenium (Se) with three concentrations (0, 10, and 20) mg.L-1 were assigned to the subplots. Our findings revealed a significant increase in the leaf content of free proline acid, sulfur, and ABA, as well as an increase in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT when reducing irrigation levels from (100% to 60%) of the water requirement. While there was a significant decline in the plant hormones GA3 and IAA content in garlic leaves @ (60%) level of irrigation. The plants treated with foliar selenium @ (20 mg.L-1) enhanced most of the studied characteristics of garlic plants grown at different water levels. Moreover’ the full water requirement in combination with foliar Se @ (20 mg.L-1) provided the highest values of GA3 and IAA which were both comparable to the interaction treatment of water level @ (80%) and foliar Se @ (20 mg.L-1).
Evaluation of the Growth, Yield, and Nutritional Composition of Five Newly Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) Varieties Under Agro-Climatic Condition at Sulaymaniyah Governorate-Iraq
Authors: Kasnazany Sidiq Aziz Sidiq , Barznjy Luqman Gharib Karim , Mohammed Ali Lanja , Mahmood Anwar Mohammed Raouf , Mirza Avin Noori , Krbchna Shex Jamal Jalal
Published: December 2023

This study was carried out to evaluate the comparative performance of five tomato cultivars in the Krbchna Village/Sangaw areas of Sulaimani province-Kurdistan region, Iraq during 2021. To study yield quantity and quality parameter in tomato fruits. The cultivars were Bistansoor, Sulaimani, Braw, Bakrajo and Amad. The experimental design was complete randomized block design (CRBD) with three replicates. The Fruit weight (g), size (cm3), length (mm), diameter (mm), shape index, firmness (g), pH, TSS%, TA%, TSS/TA, M%, D.M%, juice%, pectin%, lycopene (μg/ml FJ), sugars%, and potassium%. The Bistansoor variety obtained the maximum values of fruit weight (g), size (cm3), length (mm), diameter (mm), shape index, firmness (g) and lycopene% with (147.18g, 133.33cm3, 93.05mm, 47.16mm, 1.97, 660.50g and 79.69 μg/ml FJ) respectively. Sulaimani variety achieved a higher value of TSS/TA only with (14.26). Braw variety gave a maximum value of pH and M% with (4.23 and 94.00%) respectively. Bakrajo variety gave the maximum values of pectine and K% with (4.22% and 4.64%) respectively. While Amad variety achieved the maximum values of TSS%, TA%, D.M%, juice% and sugars% with (9.20%, 0.78%, 10.34%, 72.42%, and 4.59%) respectively.
Effect of the Interaction of Kinetin with Indole Butyric Acid on the Multiplication of Steva Plant (Spanty) In Vitro
Authors: Ibrahim Ali Talib , Jawad Hiba Ahmed
Published: December 2023

This study was conducted in the laboratory of plant tissue culture in the College of Agriculture, University of Diyala for the period 2022-2023 to find an integrated program for propagating and multiplying Stevia outside the living body using some auxins and cytokinins and their interaction in the components of the nutrient medium. Tissue propagation experiments included a sterilization experiment, as a concentration of 15 mg.L-1 of sodium hypochlorite which gave the best sterilization percentage of 100%, and the best time period of 15 minutes gave 76.66%. Regarding the interaction between Kin and IBA, the control was superior in plant height, number of leaves, fresh weight and dry weight. Whereas, the number of branches was superior to the concentration treatment of 2.0 mg.L-1, as it gave the best number of branches, reaching 3.46 branch.plant-1. As for the effect of NAA and IBA on the rooting, NAA was given at a concentration of 0.4 mg.L-1, the best root length was 1.94 cm, and the best number of roots was 6.6 root.plant-1. As for the acclimatization experiment, there was no significant differences between the media used. This may be attributed to the genetic ability of this variety to better tolerate environmental conditions. As for the medium used in all its combinations, it proved successful in the process of acclimatizing tissue culture plants. In general, the method used did not differ from the resulting method in acclimatizing most tissue culture plants.
The Impact of Organic Fertilizers and Stimulants on Vegetative Growth of Pomegranate Seedling Leaves (cv. Salimi)
Authors: Hades Suha Ahmad , Saleh Ehsan Fadhel
Published: December 2023

The experiment was conducted in 2022 at the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, to determine the impact of organic fertilizer and stimulants on the vegetative growth of pomegranate seedlings in their first year of permanent cultivation. The study treated seedlings with auxins IBA and NAA at 100 and 200 mg L-1, glucose sugar at 5000 mg L-1, and Commercial stimulation Taravert Evo at 6 and 12 ml seedling-1. The experiment used a Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) with two factorial elements. The experimental unit comprised one seedling, and Duncan’s multiple test at 5% was used to compare the averages. The treatment with organic fertilizer at 40% increased vegetative growth characteristics like leaf area, total leaf area, seedling height and diameter, and leaf chlorophyll content, while the stimuli increased them. It caused substantial changes in vegetative development (leaf area, total leaf area, and plant height). Stimuli treatment significantly altered vegetative development (leaf area, total leaf area, plant height, and chlorophyll content). The analyzed parameters’ interactions significantly affected vegetative features as leaf area, total leaf area, seedling diameter, and leaf chlorophyll content.
Effect of Soaking of Seeds in Water and Storage Period in a Regular Refrigerator to Produce Sprouts of some Vegetables for Marketing Purposes
Authors: Alwan M. B.
Published: December 2023

The study was conducted under the condition of the laboratory affiliated with the Department of Horticulture/College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences/University of Baghdad, aiming to investigate the effect of soaking seeds in water and the storage period (0, 3, and 7 days) on some traits of sprouts produced from three types of plants (brown mustard, red radish, and purslane). The completely randomized design (CRD) was used in this experiment involving three factors with three replicates. Results demonstrated that the red radish sprouts were significantly superior in the contents of carbohydrates, chlorophyll, fibers, phosphorous, and protein; purslane sprouts were superior in the contents of calcium, potassium, and vitamin C; mustard sprouts were superior in the contents of calcium, chlorophyll, and potassium. Soaking seeds gave results significantly superior to non-soaking seeds in each carbohydrate, fiber, phosphorous, protein, and vitamin C content. The sprout storage period also significantly affected the trait that the second and third periods were superior to the first period in the most studied traits. Concerning the binary introduction, the non-soaked seeds affected the most traits in the interactions A x B and B x C. In the interaction A x C (plant type with the storage period), most results refer to the significant superiority of the red radish sprouts stored for a further time. Regarding the triple interactions, non-soaked seeds and long storage periods of the red radish sprouts were significantly superior in most interaction treatments.
Chemical and Qualitative Response of Three Hybrids of Cherry Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) to NPK Foliar Spray
Authors: Hussein Yasir Mohsin , Al-Tufaili Aqeel Kareem Hasan
Published: December 2023

The experiment was conducted at the research station of the College of Agriculture/University of Kufa for the 2022 growing season under unheated protected environment conditions to demonstrate the effect of spraying with N.P.K fertilizer at four levels (0, 1, 2 and 4) gl-1 on the chemical and qualitative content of three cherry tomato crosses (yellow, orange and red). The experiment was Split Plots Design in CRD, where tomato hybrids were distributed in Main plots, and spraying NPK levels were in Sub-plots. The results showed that the red tomato was significantly higher in the leaves content of nitrogen and phosphorous than the other two hybrids. The yellow tomato was significantly higher than the orange, but not the red one, in the content of carbohydrate leaves, while the orange tomato was superior to the red one only in the fruit content of vitamin C. Tomato hybrids did not differ in the fruit content of anthocyanins and total soluble solids. In general, with regard to the NPK fertilizer, the concentration of 4 g L-1 was significantly better than the rest of the concentrations in most of the indicators under study, but the fertilizer concentrations did not differ in the nitrogen and phosphorus content of the leaves.
Impact of Spraying with the Jasmonic Growth Regulator and Adding Nutrient Solution on the Chemical Properties of Pummelo Seedlings (Shaddock)
Authors: Al-Hamdani Kh. A. S. , Muraif Gh. Z. , Dawood M. S. , Hussin A. M.
Published: December 2023

The College of Agriculture/Samarra University timber canopy was used for the 1/6/2022–1/6/2023 experiment. JA spraying and Ennne nutrition solution were applied to 54 Pummelo seedlings grafted on orange root to determine their chemical composition. Spraying seedlings with three concentrations of Jasmonates (JA) (0, 5, 10 mg.L-1) and three levels of nitrogen-rich (Ennne) nutrient solution (0, 4, 8 ml.L-1) The first appointment was 6/1/2022, the second 21 days later, and so on for the third date. This study used Randomized Complete Block Desigen (R.C.B.D) design as a factorial experiment with two components (JA and Ennne’s nutritional solution, three replications, two seedlings per experimental unit). Factors and their interactions were examined using SAS and the least significant difference (LSD) at 0.05. The study’s findings: After being sprayed with Jasmonates (JA) growth regulator, especially at a concentration of 10 mg.L-1, the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, carbohydrates, and Jasmonic acid content of the leaves increased to 0.49, 1.67, 3.40, and 107.2 mg kg-1, respectively, from the lowest rates seen in the comparison treatment. When compared to the control treatment, which had the lowest rates for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, carbohydrates, and Jasmonic acid, the sprayed leaves of plants given Ennne nutrient solution had significantly higher levels of these elements. The treatment G2E2 excelled and gave the highest rate of the leaves’ content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, carbohydrates, and Jasmonic acid due to the dual interaction between jasmonic acid and Ennne nutrient solution, while the treatment G0E0 gave the lowest rate of the aforementioned traits.
Bentonite Impact on Soil Properties and Biological Activity in the Face of Drought : A Review
Authors: Al-Taey Duraid K.A. , Hussain Ahmed J. , Kadhum Haider J.
Published: December 2023

The clay mineral bentonite has received a lot of attention for its potential to reduce the harmful effects of drought on soil health and biological activity. Reduced enzymatic activity and microbial diversity are two negative outcomes of the drought’s impact on soil quality. Bentonite, however, has been shown to aid in the restoration of biological functions in drought-affected soils. Bentonite’s function as a soil moisture retainer is an important consideration. Bentonite acts as a reservoir, trapping water within its layers due to its high water-holding capacity and ability to form a gel-like structure. This capacity for water retention can reduce the negative impact of drought on soil organisms, making conditions better for enzyme activity and microbial life. Bentonite has also been shown to increase soil enzyme production and activity. Soil fertility and healthy ecosystems rely on the work of enzymes in nutrient cycling and organic matter decomposition. Reduced enzymatic activity is a common consequence of drought stress, which in turn reduces nutrient availability and worsens soil health. The application of bentonite, however, has been shown to increase enzyme production and activity even in drought conditions. This has the potential to improve soil health and productivity by preserving vital soil processes and encouraging nutrient cycling. In addition, bentonite can increase soil microorganism activity in dry areas. Soil microorganisms play a crucial role in the cycling of nutrients, the control of disease, and the health of the soil ecosystem as a whole. Reduced microbial diversity and activity have been linked to drought stress. However, research shows that applying bentonite to drought-affected soils increases both microbial growth and diversity. Increased nutrient availability, enhanced soil structure, and enhanced water infiltration and retention are all possible results of microbial stimulation. In conclusion, areas that have experienced drought can benefit from bentonite’s ability to improve soil enzymes and biological activity. Bentonite helps restore and maintain soil health even when water supplies are low. It does this by increasing water retention, encouraging enzyme production, and boosting microbial activity. To fully realize bentonite’s potential for fostering sustainable agriculture and sustaining healthy ecosystems, more study is required to determine the optimum application rates and methods.
Effect of Benzyl Adenine, Calcium Chloride and Chitosan on Growth and Flower Production of Gerbera Jamesonii Bolus ex. Hook. Cv. Esmara
Authors: Ahmed Ebtisam Esmaael , Al-Atrakchii A. O.
Published: December 2023

The experiment was conducted in the field of the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping Desigen, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, during the period from March 2021 to April 2022, on the Gerbera plant Gerbera jamesonii (Esmara), with the aim of studying its response to treatment with benzyl adenine at a concentrations: 0 and 250 mg l-1 and calcium chloride at a concentrations: 0, 125 and 250 mgl-1 and chitosan at a concentrations: 0, 150 and 300 mgl-1, sprayed on the vegetative growth monthly, for a full year, starting from March 2021 until April 2022. It was used in the implementation of the experiment A Factorial Experiment of two Split Plots with a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications and 15 treatment plants. The results showed that the treatment of plants with benzyl adenine with spraying with calcium chloride at a concentration of 250 mgl-1 for both interact with spraying with chitosan at a concentration of 300 mgl-1 recorded the highest significant values for the characteristics of: total yield of inflorescences produced, number of leaves, leaves area, number of branches and leaf content of total chlorophyll in against the lowest values of the control treatment. The results of the characteristics of the inflorescences produced during the study seasons, including the inflorescence diameter, the scape length, and the inflorescences yield, showed that they were at their maximum during the spring season, while the largest significant values were recorded for the inflorescence diameter and the vase life during the winter season.
Morphological Study of Olive Cultivars Olea europaea L. Cultivated in Central and Southern of Iraq
Authors: Maiuf Marwa Hassan , Al-Mayahi Falah Hassan
Published: December 2023

The phenotypic characteristics of 14 olive cultivars cultivated in some central and southern provinces of Iraq were studied, they were two local varieties (Baashiqi and Dahkan), eight varieties introduced (Arbequina, Picual, Nepali Mohsen and Manzanilo, Qaisi, Surani, Khudairi and Santa Caterina), four cultivars from Thi Qar Governorate (Akeka K, L, M and N). The cultivars were described phenotypically by studying some parts of the tree, depending on the specifications of the International Olive Council IOC, it was noted that the characteristic of medium length of the interphalanges is dominant. The leaf area of the Dahkan cultivar was 7.21 cm2, superior to the rest of the cultivars, which ranged from medium to large in size. The cultivars varied in terms of leaf thickness, ranging from low to medium thickness, the variety Dahkan was characterized by a high thickness, which amounted to 0.052. The leaf length of the studied cultivars ranged from medium to short, and the width of the leaf was from medium to broad in the cultivar Dahkan and Qaisi, as for the shape of the leaf, the cultivar distinguishes Sorani with a tapering tip, while the cultivars differed between ovoid to ovoid with a tapering tip. The results of the genetic dimension analysis of the phenotypic characterization showed that there were clear differences between the studied cultivars, the data obtained have been used, to create a kinship chart, which showed the most phenotypically distant cultivars between the Sourani and Dahkan cultivars, with a difference rate of 5.806. As for the least phenotypic differences between the Santa Caterina cultivars and the Akika L cultivar, with a distance of 0.591.
Synergistic Effects of Low Tunnel Polyethylene Covering and Silicon Spraying on Growth and Yield of Two Radish Varieties under Cold Stress
Authors: Alhasnawi Nasser Jubair Radhi , Al-Bayati Ammar Sami
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted on one of the private sector farms in Albuhidari area located in Al-Najaf governorate, Iraq, during the autumn season of 2021. The current research aimed to investigate the influence of polyethylene covering integrated with potassium silicate (K2SiO3) spray on the growth and yield of radishes. A split split-plot system was implemented based on RCBD with three replicates. The field plots were divided into two groups (non-covered plots and covered with low tunnel polyethylene sheets) designated as the main plots. While the two varieties of local radish (white and red) were assigned as subplots, and three concentrations of (K2SiO3) (0, 400, 600 mg.L-1) were assigned as sub-subplots. ANOVA results demonstrated that the main effect of each factor improved radish studied indicators for plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf dry matter%, root dry matter%, and the root yield per plant. The polyethylene covering provided a physical barrier against cold stress, while the silicon treatments at high concentrations enhanced the plants’ tolerance to low temperatures and improved overall plant growth. Bi-interaction effects were almost significant for some indicators. Moreover, the triple interaction (polyethylene covering + red variety + spray with (K2SiO3) @ 600 mg.L-1) was superior in all indicators except for root dry matter%. The results indicate that polyethylene covering combined with silicon treatments have a significant protective effect on white and red radish plants.
Iris Flowering Traits Response to Bacterial Biofertilizers and Foliar Nano-Phosphates
Authors: Ali Muhammed N. A. , Mashkoor Sulaiman A.
Published: December 2023

The study was conducted during the 2022 growing season to evaluate the effect of bacteria biofertilizers and Nano-phosphate foliar spray on flowering and flower quality of Iris flowers. Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, or Azotobacter chroococcum were injected into the culture medium before planting the bulbs, while foliar spray using superphosphate Nano-fertilizer was applied at levels 0, 1, or 2 mg/L. The bulbs were planted on 10/24/2022 in a factorial R.C.B.D. experiment with three replications. It was found that the values of the studied indicators increased with increasing the concentration of phosphate Nano-fertilizer. It was also found that the biofertilizer bacteria of all the species used led to a similar effect in increasing the flowering indicators under study, even in the absence of Nano-fertilizer. The results showed that the highest mean for all indicators was in the treatment of bacteria A. chroococcum in the presence of Nano-phosphate (P2) fertilization at 2 mg/L, which recorded the highest values of days to flowering (day), spathe length (cm), flower diameter (cm), flower longevity (day), vase life (day), and flower dry matter (%), with a significant differences from the control and most individual and interacted treatments.