bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les printemps arabes croqués par le dessinateur de presse Godfrey Mwampembwa (dit Gado)
Authors: Panov Alexander A.
Published: June 2013

Dans cet article, Alexander A. Panov livre une analyse et sa propre perception du travail de Gado, l’un des plus célèbres caricaturistes politiques en Afrique. À travers l’étude d’une série de ses dessins de presse sur les « printemps arabes », publiés entre octobre 2010 et décembre 2011, il décrypte la perception de ce processus sociopolitique nord-africain en Afrique de l’Est. En toile de fond émerge l’idée que, pour de nombreux militants, journalistes, commentateurs et lecteurs, au moment de la publication de ces dessins, les soulèvements populaires en Afrique du Nord pouvaient aussi être une réalité dans les pays d’Afrique subsaharienne.
Le « boom » des saisons dans l'espace sahélo-saharien
Authors: Niang Amy
Published: June 2013

Le Sahel connaît des crises structurelles sur lesquelles les acteurs formels n’ont guère de prise. La diffusion des printemps arabes vers le sud du continent a accéléré et intensifié son intégration dans les processus mondiaux, au point que la stabilité de la région tout entière s’en trouve menacée. L’incapacité des États sahéliens à innover sur le plan de la gouvernance et à satisfaire les attentes de leurs populations, conjuguée à la ruée sur les ressources naturelles, la radicalisation religieuse et l’« importation » de tensions extérieures, notamment, sont à l’origine de l’avènement d’une nouvelle ère mondiale où des griefs locaux trouvent une tribune internationale.
Travail et représentation des intérêts collectifs à l'épreuve de la globalisation
Authors: Dequecker Corinne , Tixier Pierre-Éric
Published: June 2013

La transformation des entreprises sous l’effet de la globalisation se traduit par un changement du rapport des salariés au travail dont les effets ont conduit au développement de courants d’analyse et de prévention autour de la souffrance au travail et des risques psychosociaux. L’article se centre sur l’analyse des transformations des mécanismes de régulation intermédiaire par le management et le dialogue social et fait l’hypothèse que leur effondrement a déstabilisé le processus de construction des intérêts collectifs des salariés. Dans le même temps la négociation collective s’est focalisée sur l’emploi délaissant le traitement des problèmes du travail. Comment dans ce contexte refonder la négociation sur le travail ?
La négociation de la prévention des risques psychosociaux : une occasion de renouveler le dialogue social
Authors: Douillet Philippe
Published: June 2013

Le sujet des « risques psychosociaux » (RPS) est devenu un objet de négociation dans les entreprises. Mais les spécificités du sujet font que les paramètres habituels de la négociation sont bouleversés. Cet article analyse les possibilités, à partir de ce contexte, d’une inflexion durable des pratiques de négociation sur les conditions de travail et, au-delà, des relations sociales pour prendre en compte le travail et en débattre.
Politique et aggiornamento de l'Église : cinquante ans après Vatican II
Authors: Heyer René
Published: June 2013

Le concile Vatican II a permis non seulement une mise à jour mais plus encore une mise au jour de l’attitude de l’Église face à la politique. La démocratie enracinée dans les droits de l’homme est considérée de manière positive. Il n’existe pas de « théologie politique de l’Église catholique. Le bien commun est une véritable fin. Mais Vatican II contient aussi quelques appels à la prudence sur ces questions. La « religion civile » d’un Rousseau est redoutée. C’est la liberté religieuse qui fait foi. La démocratie est « appréciée » (Jean-Paul II) sans être exaltée. Son anti-modèle est le totalitarisme. Le positionnement de l’Église face au politique demanderait sans doute à être actualisé quant à la question de la résistance publique face à des lois jugées scandaleuses.
Analysis of Deformation Texture in AISI 304 Steel Sheets
Authors: Kurc-Lisiecka Agnieszka , Ozgowicz Wojciech , Ratuszek Wiktoria , Kowalska Joanna
Published: June 2013

The textures of cold-rolled AISI 304 austenitic steel were the object of the investigations. The austenite steel was deformed by cold-rolling to 20, 40 and 70% reduction. A significant amount of martensite, formed due to the strain induced (γ®a’) transformation, was detected in the deformed structure by applying magnetic and X-ray diffraction methods. Texture analysis was performed on the basis of the orientation distribution functions (ODFs) calculated from the experimental pole figures. The texture measurements of both phases were conducted from the center layers of the cold-rolled strip. In the case of metastable austenite AISI 304 steel the texture development was very complex because three processes were proceded simultaneously during the cold-rolling, namely: plastic deformation of the austenitic g-phase, strain induced phase transformation γ®a’ and deformation of the formed a’-martensite. These processes resulted in the presence of two phases in the structure of the steel with a definite crystallographic relationship and orientation changes of both phases with increasing of the deformation. Thus, the resultant deformation texture of the investigated steels is described by the austenite and martensite texture components. The rolling texture of γ-phase describes mainly orientations from the fiber α =<110>║ND and the major components of the martensite deformation texture are orientations from the fibers α1=<110>║RD and γ ={111}║ND.
Gamma Prime Crystal Lattice Orientation of Turbine Blades of the Single Crystal Nickel Based CMSX-4 Superalloy
Authors: Onyszko Arkadiusz
Published: June 2013

The paper attempts to determine the changes in the γ’ lattice orientation of aircraft engine turbine blades made of the CMSX-4 single crystal nickel superalloy. The solidification of a hollow assembly structure for 2 various blades was carried out by the Bridgman method at the Research and Development Laboratory for Aerospace Materials at Rzeszow University of Technology using an ALD Vacuum Technologies vacuum furnace. Ceramic moulds made of Al2O3 were used. The alloy temperature during casting into the mould amounted to 1550°C. The specimens for Laue method tests were cut out from the blades at withdrawal rates of 3 and 4 mm/min.
TEM Investigations of (Ti, Si)N Layer Coated on Magnesium Alloy Using PVD Technique
Authors: Tański Tomasz , Labisz Krzysztof , Szewczenko Janusz
Published: June 2013

Thin films and coatings are applied to engineering materials in order to improve the mechanical properties of the surface, such as wear resistance, corrosion resistance and hardness. This research work deals with coatings deposited by appliance of the Physical Vapour Deposition method (PVD). The presented instigations concerning the production of coatings are one of the present important directions connected with modern surface engineering, ensuring the obtainment of coatings of high usable properties like mechanical characteristics and wear resistance. The general purpose of this work is investigation and evaluation of the obtained Ti/(Ti,Si)N/(Ti,Si)N coatings on magnesium cast alloys using electron microscope as the main investigation tool. The investigations were performed using scanning and transmission electron microscopy for the microstructure determination, also EDS microanalysis and electron diffraction was possible to obtain. While investigating the coating material, there were studied the transition zone between the coating and the substrate material as well the occurrence of some structure defects which can be present after the deposition process and could have any influence of the properties of the achieved coating. Also the structure character will be investigated for the occurrence of the nanostructure coatings, which could be seen as the solution of this issue. In the present work, the goal is set on current practices and future trends for nanocomposite thin films and coatings deposited by physical vapour deposition (PVD) technique. This investigation will touch some aspects of such coatings, but the main objective is to give a general view on features revealed using electron microscopy application in PVD coating investigations.
Zirconia Modified Aluminide Coatings Deposited by VPA and CVD Methods
Authors: Filip Ryszard , Nowotnik Andrzej , Góral Marek
Published: June 2013

The article presents the experimental trial to connect aluminizing methods: VPA and CVD. Inconel 713 alloy was used as the base material. The purpose of the process was to obtain a layer modified with more Zr than the coatings deposited by CVD. The conducted tests revealed intercrystalline corrosion in the area of β-NiAl phase granules, which indicates that precise selection of processing conditions is the key factor for Zr-modified aluminizing. The resultant microstructural faults of the layer, however, didn’t impair the properties PS-PVD-deposited ceramic layer. The zirconium content in the outer zone equalled 2-3 at.%. in the second variety of the process. In future the described coating may form an alternative for Pt-modified aluminide coatings.
Structure and Martensitic Transformation in NiMnSn Alloy Ribbons with Partial Sn Substitution by Al
Authors: Maziarz Wojciech , Czaja Paweł , Faryna Marek , Czeppe Tomasz , Góral Anna , Dutkiewicz Jan
Published: June 2013

The influence of Al substitution for Sn in Ni44Mn43.5AlxSn12.5-x(x= 0, 1, 2, 3) ferromagnetic shape memory alloy ribbons on phase transformation and microstructure evolution is outlined in this paper. Ribbons produced by melt spinning technique showed fully crystalline structure, however non uniform. Energy dispersive spectroscopy microanalysis (EDS) confirmed the average composition of ribbons in accord with the initial alloys. The higher symmetry parent phase was identified with the aid of X-ray diffraction (XRD) as bcc L21Heusler type structure. The unit cell parameters were determined applying the XRD profile fitting method. It was observed that with increase of Al content unit cell parameters and in turn unit cell volume decrease. This may be attributed to the fact that Al has a smaller radius compared to Sn, which it was substituted for. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements did not allow to detect the martensitic transformation above -150°C.
The Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al-7%SiMg Alloy Treated with a Exothermic Modifier Contained Na and B
Authors: Lipiński Tomasz , Bramowicz Miroslaw , Szabracki Pawel
Published: June 2013

Results of studies on the modification of Al-7%SiMg alloy with an exothermic modifier on base Na2B4O7 are presented in the paper. The alloy was modified in a casting mold. Its structure, tensile strength and percentage elongation were determined. The results of the study indicate that in addition to modifier quantity and the type of reducing agent applied to produce an exothermic reaction, the reaction's thermal effect influences the quality of the modification process, leading to changes in the microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloy.
Optical and Scanning Electron Microscope Studies of Recycled (Secondary) Al-Si Cast Alloys
Authors: Hurtalová Lenka , Tillová Eva , Chalupová Mária , Piątkowski Jaroslaw
Published: June 2013

Production of primary Al- alloys belong to heavy source fouling of life environs. Care of environment in industry of aluminium connects with the decreasing consumptions resource as energy, materials, water and soil, with increase recycling and extension life of products. Recycled (secondary) aluminium alloys are made out of Al-scrap and workable Al-garbage by recycling. Applications of these alloys in recent years increase especially in automotive industry (dynamic exposed cast, engine parts, cylinder heads, pistons and so on). Controlling the microstructure of secondary aluminium cast alloy is very important, because these alloy containing more of additions elements, that forming various intermetallic phases in the structure. Improved mechanical properties of secondary alloys are strongly dependent upon the morphologies, type and distribution of the second phases, which are in turn a function of alloy composition and cooling rate. The presence of additional elements as Mg, Mn, Fe or Cu allows many complex intermetallic phases to form, which make characterization non-trivial. A combination of different analytical techniques (light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) upon deep etching and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX)) were therefore been used for the various phases identification.
Influence of Overheating Temperature on the Shape of Primary Silicon Crystals in Hypereutectic Al-Si Cast Alloys
Authors: Piątkowski Jaroslaw
Published: June 2013

The paper presents the results of microscopic examinations of the growth of primary silicon crystals in hypereutectic A390.0 (AlSi17Cu5Mg) silumin. A diagram of the growth of primary silicon crystals in the melt without overheating and superheated to a temperature of 920°C has been presented. From the experimental results obtained on crystal morphologies of primary silicon, different sequences of crystal growth of the primary silicon can be expected. In the silumin without overheating, five-pointed star-shaped particles form, after superheating, the crystals of primary silicon take more compact shapes. This structure provides better mechanical properties and thus increases the area of application of alloys with hypereutectic silicon content.
Nonexistence of Certain Levi Flat Hypersurfaces in Kähler Manifolds from the Viewpoint of Positive Normal Bundles
Authors: Ohsawa Takeo
Published: June 2013

Combining the

L^2

method of solving the

\bar{\partial}

-equation with a method of Brunella in the study of Levi at hypersurfaces as stable sets of holomorphic foliations, two nonexistence theorems are proved for Levi flat hypersurfaces extending a result of Brunella.
Matrix-valued Orthogonal Polynomials Related to (SU(2)$ \times$ SU(2), diag), II
Authors: Koelink Erik , van Pruijssen Maarten , Román Pablo
Published: June 2013

In a previous paper we have introduced matrix-valued analogues of the Chebyshev polynomials by studying matrix-valued spherical functions on SU(2)

\times

SU(2). In particular the matrix-size of the polynomials is arbitrarily large. The matrix-valued orthogonal polynomials and the corresponding weight function are studied. In particular, we calculate the LDU-decomposition of the weight where the matrix entries of

L

are given in terms of Gegenbauer polynomials. The monic matrix-valued orthogonal polynomials

P_n

are expressed in terms of Tirao's matrix-valued hypergeometric function using the matrix-valued differential operator of first and second order to which the

P_n

's are eigenfunctions. From this result we obtain an explicit formula for coefficients in the three-term recurrence relation satisfied by the polynomials

P_n

. These differential operators are also crucial in expressing the matrix entries of

P_nL

as a product of a Racah and a Gegenbauer polynomial. We also present a group theoretic derivation of the matrix-valued differential operators by considering the Casimir operators corresponding to SU(2)

\times

SU(2).
Synovial Cell Sarcoma of the Hypopharynx
Authors: Hussain Raza , Loya Asif , Jamshed Arif , Tirmazi Adeel Haider
Published: June 2013

Synovial sarcomas of head and neck are very rare and account for only 3% of all sarcomas. Approximately 5% of synovial sarcomas arise in the head and neck region and hypopharynx and larynx are the most and least often affected anatomic sites respectively. We describe a rare case of primary hypopharyngeal synovial sarcoma in a young adult.

How to cite this article

Jamshed A, Loya A, Tirmazi AH, Hussain R. Synovial Cell Sarcoma of the Hypopharynx. Int J Head Neck Surg 2013;4(2):86-88.
Extraluminal Migration of Foreign Body: A Report of Two Cases
Authors: Ramachandran K , Divya GM , Hameed A Shahul , Vinayak KV
Published: June 2013

Ingested foreign body is one of the most frequently encountered emergencies in otolaryngology practice. Many of these foreign bodies get lodged in the upper digestive tract and can be removed endoscopically. Few of these foreign bodies can perforate the upper digestive tract and an even smaller number of these can migrate extraluminally. Although, a migrating foreign body can remain quiescent, they can cause life-threatening suppurative or vascular complications; hence, location and removal is essential. Here we report two cases of extraluminal migration of foreign body which was removed by neck exploration.

How to cite this article

Divya GM, Hameed AS, Ramachandran K, Vinayak KV. Extraluminal Migration of Foreign Body: A Report of Two Cases. Int J Head Neck Surg 2013;4(2):98-101.
Stridor in Epiglottic Cyst: A Rare Presentation
Authors: Bhardwaj Nikhil S , Mohammadi Kouser , Menon Lakshmi
Published: June 2013

Objective

To emphasize that epiglottic cyst should be considered in the differential diagnosis of all adults presenting with stridor.

Case report

A 55-year-old male patient presented with stridor of 2 days duration. He also had complaints of gradually progressive difficulty in swallowing for solids and had muffled voice for the past 3 months. Oropharyngeal examination revealed a large cystic mass behind the base of tongue. An indirect laryngoscopy and 70° telescopic laryngoscopy showed a large cystic mass filling both vallecular regions obscuring rest of the larynx. He underwent tracheostomy for airway distress followed by excision of the cyst.

Conclusion

This case highlights the possibility of a rare presentation of epiglottic cyst in an adult presenting with stridor requiring an early definitive management.

How to cite this article

Chandrakala S, Bhardwaj NS, Mohammadi K, Menon L. Stridor in Epiglottic Cyst: A Rare Presentation. Int J Head Neck Surg 2013;4(2):110-111.
A Case Control Study Comparing Risk Factors for Ectopic Gestation in Unusual and Tubal Gestations
Authors: Marakani Lakshmi Rathna , Gundabattula Sirisha Rao , Dasari Shashikala , Pochiraju Manjula , Surampudi Kameswari
Published: June 2013

Aim

To compare risk factors for extratubal gestations with tubal gestations.

Materials and methods

Case control design with retrospective examination of an electronic database to identify ectopic gestations. Ectopic gestations were confirmed through ultrasound examination or serum beta hCG levels. We defined an ectopic gestation as implantation of pregnancy outside uterine cavity; tubal ectopic including implantation in the tube, isthmic, ampullary, or fimbrial and extratubal ectopic including implantation in the ovaries, cervix, abdomen, interstitia or cesarean scar.

Results

Ninety-one (1.1%, 95% CI: 0.9-1.3, 1 in 90 pregnancies) of 8,203 pregnancies during the study period were ectopic gestations including 69 (0.8%, 95% CI: 0.7-1.1, 1 in 120 pregnancies) tubal gestations and 22 (0.3%, 95% CI: 0.2-0.4, 1 in 372 pregnancies) gestations in extratubal locations. Extratubal ectopic gestations were more common in women with advanced maternal age (odds ratio: 7.4, 95% CI: 1.3, 43.9, p = 0.03) compared to women with tubal ectopic gestations.

Conclusion

Risk factors for extratubal gestation did not differ from risk factors for tubal gestations except for advanced maternal age. Pregnant women with advanced maternal age have to be additionally counseled on the increased risk for extratubal gestations.

How to cite this article

Pochiraju M, Surampudi K, Marakani LR, Dasari S, Gundabattula SR. A Case Control Study Comparing Risk Factors for Ectopic Gestation in Unusual and Tubal Gestations. Int J Infertility Fetal Med 2013;4(1):14-17.
Pitting Corrosion Resistance of CrMn Austenitic Stainless Steel in Simulated Drilling Conditions—Role of pH, Temperature, and Chloride Concentration
Authors: Klapper Helmuth Sarmiento , Stevens John , Wiese Gabriela
Published: June 2013

Austenitic stainless steels have been used for many years in components for drilling equipment. These stainless steels are predestinated to meet the demanding requirements in terms of mechanical, magnetic, and chemical properties necessary for the latest drilling technologies. Drilling conditions might become severe in terms of corrosion because of the combination of temperature and high salinity of drilling fluids. In this research work the pitting corrosion susceptibility of 19%Cr-21%Mn-Mo-N austenitic stainless steel has been investigated using electrochemical methods. Service conditions commonly observed during drilling operations have been simulated. Tests were performed in buffer solutions of pH 8, 10, and 12 containing chloride concentrations of 0.5 M, 2.25 M, and 4 M, at room temperature, 88°C, and 150°C. A detrimental effect of increasing temperature and chloride concentration on the pitting corrosion resistance of the material has been determined. On the other hand, an increase of the pH above 8 reduced the susceptibility of the CrMn stainless steel to pitting corrosion, especially at 150°C.
Climatology of pure Tropospheric profiles and column contents of ozone and carbon monoxide using MOZAIC in the mid-northern latitudes (24° N to 50° N) from 1994 to 2009
Authors: Zbinden R. M. , Thouret V. , Ricaud P. , Carminati F. , Cammas J.-P. , Nédélec P.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. The objective of this paper is to deliver the most accurate ozone (O3) and carbon monoxide (CO) climatology for the pure troposphere only, i.e. exclusively from the ground to the dynamical tropopause on an individual profile basis. The results (profiles and columns) are derived solely from the Measurements of OZone and water vapour by in-service AIrbus airCraft programme (MOZAIC) over fifteen years (1994–2009). The study, focused on the northern mid-latitudes [24° N–50° N] and [120° W–140° E], includes more than 40 000 profiles over 11 sites to give a quasi-global zonal picture. Considering all the sites, the pure tropospheric column peak-to-peak seasonal cycle ranges are 23.7–43.2 DU for O3 and 1.7–6.9 × 1018 mol cm−2 for CO. The maxima of the seasonal cycles are not in phase, occurring in February–April for CO and May–July for O3. The phase shift is related to the photochemistry and OH removal efficiencies. The purely tropospheric seasonal profiles are characterized by a typical autumn-winter/spring-summer O3 dichotomy, (except in Los Angeles, Eastmed – a cluster of Cairo and Tel Aviv – and the regions impacted by the summer monsoon) and a summer-autumn/winter-spring CO dichotomy. We revisit the boundary-layer, mid-tropospheric (MT) and upper-tropospheric (UT) partial columns, using a new monthly-varying MT ceiling. Interestingly, the seasonal cycle maximum of the UT partial columns is shifted from summer to spring for O3 and to very early spring for CO. Conversely, the MT maximum is shifted from spring to summer and is associated with a summer (winter) MT thickening (thinning). Lastly, the pure tropospheric seasonal cycles derived from our analysis are consistent with the cycles derived from spaceborne measurements, the correlation coefficients being r = 0.6–0.9 for O3, and r > 0.9 for CO. The cycles observed from space are nevertheless greater than MOZAIC for O3 (by 9–18 DU) and smaller for CO (up to 1 × 1018 mol cm−2). The larger winter O3 difference between the two data sets suggests probable stratospheric contamination in satellite data due to the tropopause position. The study underlines the importance of rigorously discriminating between the stratospheric and tropospheric reservoirs and avoiding use of a monthly-averaged tropopause position without this strict discrimination, in order to assess the pure O3 and CO tropospheric trends.
Atmospheric waves as scaling, turbulent phenomena
Authors: Pinel J. , Lovejoy S.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. It is paradoxical that while atmospheric dynamics are highly nonlinear and turbulent that atmospheric waves are commonly modelled by linear or weakly nonlinear theories. We postulate that the laws governing atmospheric waves are on the contrary high Reynold's number (Re), emergent laws so that – in common with the emergent high Re turbulent laws – they are also constrained by scaling symmetries. We propose an effective turbulence – wave propagator which corresponds to a fractional and anisotropic extension of the classical wave equation propagator with dispersion relations similar to those of inertial gravity waves (and Kelvin waves) yet with an anomalous (fractional) order Hwav/2. Using geostationary IR radiances, we estimate the parameters finding that Hwav/2 ≈ 0.17 ± 0.04 (the classical value = 2).
A meta-analysis on the impacts of partial cutting on forest structure and carbon storage
Authors: Zhou D. , Zhao S. Q. , Liu S. , Oeding J.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. Partial cutting, which removes some individual trees from a forest, is one of the major and widespread forest management practices that can significantly alter both forest structure and carbon (C) storage. Using 748 observations from 81 studies published between 1973 and 2011, we synthesized the impacts of partial cutting on three variables associated with forest structure (mean annual growth of diameter at breast height (DBH), stand basal area, and volume) and four variables related to various C stock components (aboveground biomass C (AGBC), understory C, forest floor C, and mineral soil C). Results show that the growth of DBH increased by 111.9% after partial cutting, compared to the uncut control, with a 95% bootstrapped confidence interval ranging from 92.2 to 135.9%, while stand basal area and volume decreased immediately by 34.2% ([−37.4%, −31.2%]) and 28.4% ([−32.0%, −25.1%]), respectively. On average, partial cutting reduced AGBC by 43.4% ([−47.7%, −39.3%]), increased understory C storage by 391.5% ([220.0%, 603.8%]), but did not show significant effects on C stocks on forest floor and in mineral soil. All the effects, if significant (i.e., on DBH growth, stand basal area, volume, and AGBC), intensified linearly with cutting intensity and decreased linearly over time. Overall, cutting intensity had more strong impacts than the length of recovery time on the responses of those variables to partial cutting. Besides the significant influence of cutting intensity and recovery time, other factors such as climate zone and forest type also affected forest responses to partial cutting. For example, a large fraction of the changes in DBH growth remains unexplained, suggesting the factors not included in the analysis may play a major role. The data assembled in this synthesis were not sufficient to determine how long it would take for a complete recovery after cutting because long-term experiments were scarce. Future efforts should be tailored to increase the duration of the experiments and balance geographic locations of field studies.
Spectrally resolved efficiencies of carbon monoxide (CO) photoproduction in the western Canadian Arctic: particles versus solutes
Authors: Song G. , Xie H. , Bélanger S. , Leymarie E. , Babin M.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. Spectrally resolved efficiency (i.e. apparent quantum yield, AQY) of carbon monoxide (CO) photoproduction is a useful indicator of substrate photoreactivity and a crucial parameter for modeling CO photoproduction rates in the water column. Recent evidence has suggested that CO photoproduction from particles in marine waters is significant compared to the well-known CO production from chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) photodegradation. Although CDOM-based CO AQY spectra have been extensively determined, little is known of this information on the particulate phase. Using water samples collected from the Mackenzie estuary, shelf, and Canada Basin in the southeastern Beaufort Sea, the present study for the first time quantified the AQY spectra of particle-based CO photoproduction and compared them with the concomitantly determined CDOM-based CO AQY spectra. CO AQYs of both particles and CDOM decreased with wavelength but the spectral shape of the particulate AQY was flatter in the visible regime. This feature resulted in a disproportionally higher visible light-driven CO production by particles, thereby increasing the ratio of particle- to CDOM-based CO photoproduction with depth in the euphotic zone. In terms of depth-integrated production in the euphotic zone, CO formation from CDOM was dominated by the ultraviolet (UV, 290–400 nm) radiation whereas UV and visible light played roughly equal roles in CO production from particles. Spatially, CO AQY of bulk particulate matter (i.e. the sum of organics and inorganics) augmented from the estuary and shelf to the basin while CO AQY of CDOM trended inversely. Water from the deep chlorophyll maximum layer revealed higher CO AQYs than did surface water for both particles and CDOM. CO AQY of bulk particulate matter exceeded that of CDOM on the shelf and in the basin, but the sequence reversed in the estuary. Without consideration of the potential role of metal oxides (e.g. iron oxides) in particle photochemistry, mineral absorption-corrected CO AQY of particulate organic matter (POM) could, however, surpass its CDOM counterpart in all three sub-regions and displayed magnitudes in the estuary that overtook those in shelf and offshore waters. In terms of CO photoproduction, POM was thus more photoreactive than CDOM, irrespective of the organic matter's origins (i.e. terrigenous or marine). Riverine CDOM exhibited higher photoreactivity than marine CDOM and land-derived POM appeared more photoreactive than marine POM. AQY-based modeling indicates that CO photoproduction in the study area is underestimated by 12–32% if the particulate term is ignored.
The ICON-1.2 hydrostatic atmospheric dynamical core on triangular grids – Part 1: Formulation and performance of the baseline version
Authors: Wan H. , Giorgetta M. A. , Zängl G. , Restelli M. , Majewski D. , Bonaventura L. , Fröhlich K. , Reinert D. , Rípodas P. , Kornblueh L. , Förstner J.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. As part of a broader effort to develop next-generation models for numerical weather prediction and climate applications, a hydrostatic atmospheric dynamical core is developed as an intermediate step to evaluate a finite-difference discretization of the primitive equations on spherical icosahedral grids. Based on the need for mass-conserving discretizations for multi-resolution modelling as well as scalability and efficiency on massively parallel computing architectures, the dynamical core is built on triangular C-grids using relatively small discretization stencils. This paper presents the formulation and performance of the baseline version of the new dynamical core, focusing on properties of the numerical solutions in the setting of globally uniform resolution. Theoretical analysis reveals that the discrete divergence operator defined on a single triangular cell using the Gauss theorem is only first-order accurate, and introduces grid-scale noise to the discrete model. The noise can be suppressed by fourth-order hyper-diffusion of the horizontal wind field using a time-step and grid-size-dependent diffusion coefficient, at the expense of stronger damping than in the reference spectral model. A series of idealized tests of different complexity are performed. In the deterministic baroclinic wave test, solutions from the new dynamical core show the expected sensitivity to horizontal resolution, and converge to the reference solution at R2B6 (35 km grid spacing). In a dry climate test, the dynamical core correctly reproduces key features of the meridional heat and momentum transport by baroclinic eddies. In the aqua-planet simulations at 140 km resolution, the new model is able to reproduce the same equatorial wave propagation characteristics as in the reference spectral model, including the sensitivity of such characteristics to the meridional sea surface temperature profile. These results suggest that the triangular-C discretization provides a reasonable basis for further development. The main issues that need to be addressed are the grid-scale noise from the divergence operator which requires strong damping, and a phase error of the baroclinic wave at medium and low resolutions.
Sensitivity of remote aerosol distributions to representation of cloud–aerosol interactions in a global climate model
Authors: Wang H. , Easter R. C. , Rasch P. J. , Wang M. , Liu X. , Ghan S. J. , Qian Y. , Yoon J.-H. , Ma P.-L. , Vinoj V.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. Many global aerosol and climate models, including the widely used Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5), have large biases in predicting aerosols in remote regions such as the upper troposphere and high latitudes. In this study, we conduct CAM5 sensitivity simulations to understand the role of key processes associated with aerosol transformation and wet removal affecting the vertical and horizontal long-range transport of aerosols to the remote regions. Improvements are made to processes that are currently not well represented in CAM5, which are guided by surface and aircraft measurements together with results from a multi-scale aerosol–climate model that explicitly represents convection and aerosol–cloud interactions at cloud-resolving scales. We pay particular attention to black carbon (BC) due to its importance in the Earth system and the availability of measurements. We introduce into CAM5 a new unified scheme for convective transport and aerosol wet removal with explicit aerosol activation above convective cloud base. This new implementation reduces the excessive BC aloft to better simulate observed BC profiles that show decreasing mixing ratios in the mid- to upper-troposphere. After implementing this new unified convective scheme, we examine wet removal of submicron aerosols that occurs primarily through cloud processes. The wet removal depends strongly on the subgrid-scale liquid cloud fraction and the rate of conversion of liquid water to precipitation. These processes lead to very strong wet removal of BC and other aerosols over mid- to high latitudes during winter months. With our improvements, the Arctic BC burden has a 10-fold (5-fold) increase in the winter (summer) months, resulting in a much-better simulation of the BC seasonal cycle as well. Arctic sulphate and other aerosol species also increase but to a lesser extent. An explicit treatment of BC aging with slower aging assumptions produces an additional 30-fold (5-fold) increase in the Arctic winter (summer) BC burden. This BC aging treatment, however, has minimal effect on other underpredicted species. Interestingly, our modifications to CAM5 that aim at improving prediction of high-latitude and upper-tropospheric aerosols also produce much-better aerosol optical depth (AOD) over various other regions globally when compared to multi-year AERONET retrievals. The improved aerosol distributions have impacts on other aspects of CAM5, improving the simulation of global mean liquid water path and cloud forcing.
Quantifying mesoscale soil moisture with the cosmic-ray rover
Authors: Chrisman B. , Zreda M.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. Soil moisture governs the surface fluxes of mass and energy and is a major influence on floods and drought. Existing techniques measure soil moisture either at a point or over a large area many kilometers across. To bridge these two scales we used the cosmic-ray rover, an instrument similar to the recently developed COSMOS probe, but bigger and mobile. This paper explores the challenges and opportunities for mapping soil moisture over large areas using the cosmic-ray rover. In 2012, soil moisture was mapped 22 times in a 25 km × 40 km survey area of the Tucson Basin at 1 km2 resolution, i.e., a survey area extent comparable to that of a pixel for the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite mission. The soil moisture distribution is dominated by climatic variations, notably by the North American monsoon, that results in a systematic increase in the standard deviation, observed up to 0.022 m3 m−3, as a function of the mean, between 0.06 and 0.14 m3 m−3. Two techniques are explored to use the cosmic-ray rover data for hydrologic applications: (1) interpolation of the 22 surveys into a daily soil moisture product by defining an approach to utilize and quantify the observed temporal stability producing an average correlation coefficient of 0.82 for the soil moisture distributions that were surveyed and (2) estimation of soil moisture profiles by combining surface moisture from satellite microwave sensors with deeper measurements from the cosmic-ray rover. The interpolated soil moisture and soil moisture profile estimates allow for basin-wide mass balance calculation of evapotranspiration, totaling 241 mm for the year 2012. Generating soil moisture maps with cosmic-ray rover at this intermediate scale may help in the calibration and validation of satellite campaigns and may also aid in various large scale hydrologic studies.
An upper-bound estimate for the accuracy of volume-area scaling
Authors: Farinotti D. , Huss M.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. Volume-area scaling is the most popular method for estimating the ice volume of large glacier samples. Here, a series of resampling experiments based on different sets of synthetic data are presented in order to derive an upper-bound estimate (i.e. a level achieved only with ideal conditions) for the accuracy of its application. We also quantify the maximum accuracy expected when scaling is used for determining the glacier volume change, and area change of a given glacier population. A comprehensive set of measured glacier areas, volumes, area and volume changes is evaluated to investigate the impact of real-world data quality on the so assessed accuracies. For populations larger than a few thousand glaciers, the total ice volume can be recovered within 30% if all measurements available worldwide are used for estimating the scaling coefficients. Assuming no systematic biases in ice volume measurements, their uncertainty is of secondary importance. Knowing the individual areas of a glacier sample for two points in time allows recovering the corresponding ice volume change within 40% for populations larger than a few hundred glaciers, both for steady-state and transient geometries. If ice volume changes can be estimated without bias, glacier area changes derived from volume-area scaling show similar uncertainties as for the volume changes. This paper does not aim at making a final judgement about the suitability of volume-area scaling, but provides the means for assessing the accuracy expected from its application.
The hammer of Hawking: The impact of celebrity scientists, the intent of extraterrestrials and the public perception of astrobiology
Authors: Gazan Rich
Published: June 2013

This paper assesses the impact of theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking’s warning about the possibly malicious intent of extraterrestrial visitors on the public opinion of the search for life in the universe, which is the domain of the interdisciplinary science of astrobiology. Using Web content analysis and sentiment analysis methods, 13 distinct categories of opinion are proposed, suggesting the role of Web comments as both public forums and naturalistic data sources. The results suggest that a significant percentage of those studied agreed with Hawking purely on the merits of his reputation, but those who disagreed tended to claim that Hawking’s argument failed logically or scientifically. Cross-domain authority and the influence of celebrity scientists on the public perception of astrobiology are discussed.
European and Italian regulation on orphan medicinal products
Authors: Joppi Roberta
Published: June 2013

The paper presents an overview of the European and Italian Regulation on Orphan Medicinal Products (OMPs), along with some data on the OMPs licensed in the EU from 2000 to 2012. The EU legislation encourages pharmaceutical companies to develop drugs for rare diseases, so-called “orphan drugs”. The European Medicine Agency recognizes orphan drug status mainly on the basis of the prevalence of the disease (≤ 5/10,000), and potential benefit. Orphan status implies incentives for pharmaceutical companies. From 2000 up to 2012 890 candidate orphan drug designations received a positive opinion and the marketing authorization was granted to 72 OMPs corresponding to 80 different indications. Currently, 59 OMPs are available to Italian patients either because licensed to the market by the AIFA or included in the list of the L. 648/96. Despite of an encouraging regulation nearly all the currently estimated rare diseases still await treatments.
Gender bias in the measurement of peer victimization: An application of item response theory
Authors: Bevans Katherine B. , Bradshaw Catherine P. , Waasdorp Tracy E.
Published: June 2013

There continues to be great debate regarding the conceptualization and measurement of peer victimization, particularly with respect to gender differences in children's victimization experiences. We employed traditional and modern psychometric methods (e.g., item response theory) to evaluate a 10‐item youth‐report measure of peer victimization (e.g., threatening, spreading rumors/lies, and cyberbullying) among 17,198 students in Grades 6–12. A two‐factor model that differentiated between direct and indirect victimization subtypes best characterized students' experiences and substantially reduced the potential for gender‐based measurement bias. Implications for the gender‐sensitive assessment of peer victimization are discussed. Aggr. Behav. 39:370–380, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Subjects to Citizens: Adult Learning and the Challenges of Democracy in the Twenty‐First Century
Authors: Welton Michael
Published: June 2013

This chapter addresses Theme 1 of the Hamburg Declaration: Adult learning and democracy: The challenges of the twenty‐first century.
Adult Education of Women for Social Transformation: Reviving the Promise, Continuing the Struggle
Authors: Stromquist Nelly P.
Published: June 2013

This chapter considers Theme 4 of the Hamburg Declaration: Adult learning, gender equality and equity, and the empowerment of women.
Adult Learning, Education, and the Environment
Authors: Clover Darlene E. , Hill Robert
Published: June 2013

This chapter considers Theme 6 of the Hamburg Declaration: Adult learning in relation to environment, health and population.
Adult Learning and the Promise of New Technologies
Authors: Dinevski Dejan , Radovan Marko
Published: June 2013

This chapter examines Theme 7 of theHamburg Declaration: Adult learning, culture, media and new information technologies.
Self‐Organization of Inkjet‐Printed Organic Semiconductor Films Prepared in Inkjet‐Etched Microwells
Authors: Kwak Donghoon , Lim Jung Ah , Kang Boseok , Lee Wi Hyoung , Cho Kilwon
Published: June 2013

The high‐precision deposition of highly crystalline organic semiconductors by inkjet printing is important for the production of printed organic transistors. Herein, a facile nonconventional lithographic patterning technique is developed for fabricating banks with microwell structures by inkjet printing solvent droplets onto a polymer layer, thereby locally dissolving the polymer to form microwells. The semiconductor ink is then inkjet‐printed into the microwells. In addition to confining the inkjet‐printed organic semiconductor droplets, the microwells provide a platform onto which organic semiconductor molecules crystallize during solvent evaporation. When printed onto the hydrophilic microwells, the inkjet‐printed 6,13‐bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene (TIPS_PEN) molecules undergo self‐organization to form highly ordered crystalline structures as a result of contact line pinning at the top corner of the bank and the outward hydrodynamic flow within the drying droplet. By contrast, small crystallites form with relatively poor molecular ordering in the hydrophobic microwells as a result of depinning of the contact line along the walls of the microwells. Because pinning in the hydrophilic microwells occurred at the top corner of the bank, treating the surfaces of the dielectric layer with a hydrophobic organic layer does not disturb the formation of the highly ordered TIPS_PEN crystals. Transistors fabricated on the hydrophilic microwells and the hydrophobic dielectric layer exhibit the best electrical properties, which is explained by the solvent evaporation and crystallization characteristics of the organic semiconductor droplets in the microwell. These results indicate that this technique is suitable for patterning organic semiconductor deposits on large‐area flexible substrates for the direct‐write fabrication of high‐performance organic transistors.
A Highly Active and General Catalyst for the Stille Coupling Reaction of Unreactive Aryl, Heteroaryl, and Vinyl Chlorides under Mild Conditions
Authors: Lee Dong‐Hwan , Qian Yingjie , Park Ji‐Hoon , Lee Jong‐Suk , Shim Sang‐Eun , Jin Myung‐Jong
Published: June 2013

A β‐diketiminatophosphane‐palladium complex was found to act as an efficient and general catalyst in the Stille coupling reaction of various aryl and heteroaryl chlorides with organostannanes. The results show that this catalytic system allows for the use of less reactive substrates such as deactivated or sterically hindered aryl chlorides. A catalyst loading of 0.5 mol% was sufficient to achieve excellent performance under relatively mild reaction conditions. Furthermore, the scope of catalyst was extended to the coupling of vinyl chlorides.
Solubility of 2,4‐dichlorotoluene in water determined in fused silica capillary reactor by in situ Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Pan Zhiyan , Ma Yanpei , Chou I-Ming
Published: June 2013

Significance

The solubilities of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in hot compressed water (HCW) were measured using an optically transparent fused silica capillary reactor (FSCR). The total dissolution temperatures of HOCs in HCW were determined visually; the solution homogeneity in the FSCR during HOCs dissolution was checked using Raman spectroscopy. The solubility of 2,4‐dichlorotoluene increased linearly with increasing temperature in the range of 266.3–302.4°C. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 2721–2725, 2013
Rapid decline in lung function in coal miners: Evidence of disease in small airways
Authors: Stansbury Robert C. , Beeckman‐Wagner Lu‐Ann F. , Wang Mei‐Lin , Hogg Jeffery P. , Petsonk Edward L.
Published: June 2013

Background

Coal mine dust exposure can cause both pneumoconiosis and chronic airflow limitation. The contributions of various pathophysiologic mechanisms to dust‐related lung function decrements remain unclear.

Methods

Clinical and physiological findings were assessed for 15 underground coal miners who had demonstrated accelerated FEV1 losses (decliners) over 6–18 years. Decliners' findings were evaluated in comparison to a group of 11 miners who had shown relatively stable lung function (referents) during the same period.

Results

At follow‐up examination, the decliners showed significantly greater mean airway resistance (10.47 vs. 6.78 cmH2O/L/s; P = 0.05) and more air trapping (RV/TLC = 37.5 vs. 29.1%; P < 0.01) compared to the referents. Decliners also demonstrated more evidence of small airways dysfunction and tended to have more bronchospasm than the referent group. Total lung capacity, lung compliance, diffusing capacity, and chest radiography did not differ significantly between the two groups. After cessation of mine dust exposures, the decliners' mean rate of FEV1 loss normalized.

Conclusion

In a series of working coal miners, accelerated lung function declines were associated with air trapping and evidence of small airways dysfunction. A preventive benefit from controlling dust exposures was suggested. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:1107–1112, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.