bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Ice Loads acting on Spray Ice Islands
Authors: Morgan Vincent , Masterson Dan , Bruce Jim , Hinnah Dennis
Published: April 2022

The magnitude of ice loads imposed onto a structure located in land fast ice, such as an ice island, is usually controlled by the failure mechanism of the ice at the interface with the structure – crushing of the ice sheet or passive edge failure of the ice island. These ice loads are resisted by a grounded ice island through sliding resistance along the seafloor and internal shear within the island. Methods of assessing ice loads imposed on ice islands are addressed, focusing on alternative mechanisms which may result in lower failure loads than using traditional analysis. A comparison is made between the requirements of various codes of practice and guidance documents available to the industry, including the recently updated CSA S471-04. Potential methods of reducing ice loads using monitoring of ice conditions and active operational management are also reviewed and discussed, as well as potential areas for future research and development.
The Development of an Arctic Standard for Floating Production Systems
Authors: Makrygiannis Costas , McKenna Richard , Wright Brian , Allyn Norm , Sildnes Tore , Jolles Wim , Morland Morten , Grant Rick
Published: April 2022

A new standard is being developed for the design of oil and gas production facilities in ice-covered and cold regions – ISO 19906, Arctic Structures. While the standard is due to be published in 2009, considerable effort has already gone into its development. In the present paper, some of the rationale that went into the development of requirements for floating structures in this standard is described. It is emphasized that this paper represents the views of the authors – the material is not sanctioned by the International Standards Organization (ISO).
Factors Influencing the Development of Routes for Regular Oil Transport from Dikson
Authors: Riska Kaj , Breivik Kåre , Eide Svein Inge , Gudmestad Ove , Hildén Tor
Published: April 2022

Year-round oil transportation by ships from the north-western Russian Arctic areas requires a transport system that can achieve a regular and reliable transport under difficult ice conditions. The tankers and the assisting icebreakers must be designed for operation under severe Arctic conditions. Factors influencing the design of the vessels are investigated with special attention to

o One icebreaker escorting tanker(s) with wider beam than that of the icebreaker

o Passage through pressurized ice fields

o Passage through ridge fields.

Apart from investigating the physics of the above factors, the paper describes the design of the whole transport system.
Review of Summer Ice Conditions Affecting Vessel Access to the Coronation Gulf Region of Nunavut
Authors: Dickins David F.
Published: April 2022

This report reviews the range of expected ice conditions and shipping seasons for ice-strengthened cargo vessels serving the Coronation Gulf region of Nunavut. An earlier feasibility study contracted by the Government of the Northwest Territories (GNWT) to look at shipping to Western Artic communities with deep-sea vessels, formed a baseline reference. The original historical ice database was supplemented by adding the results of recent Canadian Ice Service data on ice clearing trends (1998 to 2003), and selected Landsat 7 images available since 1999. In addition, new material was developed to reflect the present status of Arctic shipping regulations and possible long-term trends in ice severity related to climatic change.
A Comparative Study on the Linear Wave Response of a Very Large Floating Body Modelled by a Plate based on Kirchhoff and Mindlin Plate Theories
Authors: Wang Cynthia D. , Wang C. M.
Published: April 2022

It has been a general practice to model a very large, mat-like, floating body (such as ice floes and mega-floats) by an elastic thin plate with free edges. However, the classical thin plate (Kirchhoff) theory has a limitation when the wavelengths are less than ten times the body thickness. This is because it neglects the effects of transverse shear deformation and the rotary inertia of the plate. To overcome this drawback, we propose the use of the first-order shear deformable plate (Mindlin) theory to represent floating bodies. In this paper we present the comparison of both plate theories when used to calculate the effect of waves on a large floating body.
Ice Breaking Life Boat
Authors: Johansson Ben M.
Published: April 2022

Using the experience gained from multi purpose icebreakers operating in the Beaufort Sea as well as from the Swedish icebreaker Oden it is possible to design and construct life boats that will be capable of traversing any first year ice in the ramming mode. Outward sloping frames in the water line all around the ship will guarantee the ship’s ability to survive ice pressure conditions. This paper describes an ice breaking life boat with a displacement of just over 200 tonnes with a propulsion power of about 1 MW with room for 250 people in a high state of safety. Detailed scantlings and weights are presented based on a hull form in its entirety built of flat plates. Design concepts to deal with burning oil on top of the water and icing conditions in a sea state during freezing conditions are presented in some detail.
Sub Sea Versus Surface Developments in Arctic Waters
Authors: Gudmestad Ove Tobias , Løset Sveinung
Published: April 2022

This paper focuses on a comparison of sub sea and surface petroleum developments and discusses the application of sub sea developments in Arctic waters. The paper highlights the benefits of sub sea developments and compares these to the benefits of surface developments. Among important parameters to consider are the water depths at the sites and the ice conditions, as well as the regularity of the operations. Reference are given to developments on the Canadian Shelf offshore Newfoundland and to recent developments in the Barents Sea where the Snøhvit development represents the first full field sub sea development in the Arctic. The potential for extension of the Snøhvit technology to deepwater Arctic gas condensate fields is discussed. It is emphasized that the ice conditions have to be taken into account when selecting field development concepts for the Arctic offshore.
Lumped Mass Impacts between Ice and Floating Offshore Structures
Authors: Masterson Daniel M. , Spencer Paul A.
Published: April 2022

Moored floating offshore drilling and production structures located in ice covered waters are subject to forces from waves, pack ice and, in rare cases, to forces from icebergs. Wave and pack ice forces are classified as frequent forces and are calculated using standard procedures. Forces from iceberg impacts on the hulls of structures have been established considering the structure to be rigid. In the case of moored structures where the loads on the moorings and anchors are required, this assumption of rigidity is too restrictive and leads to overly conservative load estimates. Procedures are described which take into account the mooring stiffness and lead to more realistic loads for the anchors in the rare event of an iceberg impact.
Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment: The Arctic Council’s Response to Changing Marine Access
Authors: Brigham Lawson W.
Published: April 2022

The Arctic Council Ministers in November 2004 requested that PAME (Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment Working Group) conduct a comprehensive Arctic marine shipping assessment (AMSA) with Canada, Finland and the United States as lead countries. The Arctic Council acted because the Arctic sea ice cover is undergoing an unprecedented transformation (sea ice thinning, extent reduction, and a reduction in the area of multi-year ice in the central Arctic Ocean). Sea ice simulations for the 21st century indicate increasing ice-free areas and suggest plausible increases in marine access throughout the Arctic Ocean. AMSA’s initial task will be to conduct an inventory/survey of the Arctic shipping or marine activity; shipping is defined broadly in AMSA to include all possible ship activities and types: tankers, container ships, bulk carriers, fishing vessels, drilling ships, research ships, offshore supply/support vessels, and others. AMSA will assess the current (2004) and future (2020 & 2050) social, economic and environmental impacts of these Arctic marine activities on Arctic communities, large marine ecosystems (LMEs), and all Arctic coastal states. The final AMSA effort will be development of a suite of strategic directions and recommendations from the findings for use by the Arctic Council member states, all Arctic stakeholders, and the global maritime community.
Marine Ice Profiling: Future Directions
Authors: Marko J. R. , Fissel D. B.
Published: April 2022

Upward-looking sonars moored on the sea floor have contributed to our qualitative and quantitative understandings of ocean ice covers by enabling quasi-continuous measurements of ice draft along curvilinear tracks to accuracies as great as 0.05 m. The capabilities of ASL’s own IPS4 instrument to acquire and store such data has been demonstrated in well over 100 deployments in polar and sub-polar ice-infested regions. Data obtained from these deployments has providing ice property and characterization information for platform and operations design, planning, navigation support and for scientific ice and climate studies. Results obtained with recent use of the IPS4 and a sister instrument specialized to shallow water applications have motivated both the development of new deployment methodologies and suggested applications additional to simple ice draft measurements. Particular potential uses such as detecting unconsolidated ice content in lower portions of ice keels as well as the prevalence of loose and/or frazil ice under ice covers and in shallow water areas are discussed. Perceived future needs in both conventional draft profiling and in these and other new applications are used to guide developing requirements for a new generation of IPS instrumentation offering new performance capabilities and additional user-specific configurability. ASL’s vision of this instrumentation and progress toward prototype construction is described.
Ice Observations and Forecasting During the Arctic Coring Project, August - September 2004
Authors: Pilkington Roger , Keinonen Arno , Sheikin Igor
Published: April 2022

The Arctic Coring Expedition or ACEX was conducted as a special project under the Integrated Ocean Drilling Project. A review of the operational and ice management aspects of this project is provided in Keinonen et al (2006). This current paper reviews the ice observations and forecasting in more detail.

Six scientists and naval architects were on board the IB Oden and Sovetskiy Soyuz to collect relevant ice data and forecast ice movement. The work involved the collection of ice data during transit and ice management, interpreting satellite imagery, ice forecasting, and providing the information to the vessels. The purpose of the project was to obtain a core from the seafloor to bed rock (420 m) on the Lomonosov Ridge, to study the paleo history of the polar cap region. This was achieved.

The optimum transit route was determined using the Fengyun and Envisat satellite data which were showed the region of most leads. Once at the drill site at 88º north, Radarsat satellite data were used to identify regions of lighter ice. Ice thickness was generally 2.5 to 3.5 m, with mainly second year and old ice. Ice forecasting, using a very simple model, allowed the identification of any heavy ice expected to pass over the site and the regions where more information on ice severity was required. During the first two weeks at the drill site, the inertial oscillations of the ice were very small and not noticeable. Later the oscillations became much larger and the ice went through several complete loops, which created a minor problem for the drilling operation. Ice drift was measured by means of GPS buoys placed onto the ice and recovered by helicopter. This method worked well as the ice moved very slowly so that the buoys were within range for 2 to 3 days.

A recent publication indicates that tropical conditions existed at the pole about 55 million years ago. Preliminary. Results indicated that the Polar Cap region was a shallow fresh water sea until about 15 million years ago. At that time, the region between Greenland and Norway opened, allowing the water from the Atlantic Ocean to flow north, with the result that the upper 15 million years of sediments are saline.
Designing Electric Propulsion and Azipod ® Systems in Icebreaking Vessels
Authors: Hänninen Samuli , Sallinen Antti , Uuskallio Arto
Published: April 2022

An increasing part of world’s oil and gas reserves are located in Arctic areas. Year-around operations in these areas put strict requirement to the vessels that are supporting the offshore field, and the use of ice-going and ice-breaking vessels and oil tankers is rapidly increasing. Electric propulsion with Azipod® propulsion has been used in ice-going and ice-breaking vessels in over a decade and the concept has shown to be reliable and very good characteristics when operated in ice. Maneuvering, DP capability, redundancy, and reliability have proven to be very good.
Iceberg Design Load Methodology
Authors: Stuckey Paul D. , Ralph Freeman E. , Jordaan Ian J.
Published: April 2022

An iceberg design load methodology has been developed to address the risk of icebergs to offshore structures. The methodology is probabilistic, accounts for the range of iceberg shapes, sizes and strengths, and environmental conditions. The model is applicable to both fixed structures such as a gravity based structure or a jackup, as well as floating structures such as a semi-submersible or a FPSO. This paper will focus on recent improvements made to key models within the methodology. A probabilistic iceberg drift speed model has been developed, which takes into account the inherent randomness in the observed data. With an expanded set of iceberg profiles, covering a wider range of iceberg shapes and sizes, the area-penetration and iceberg eccentricity models have been enhanced. In addition a new contact depth model has been implemented.
"Yury Topchev" and "Vladislav Strizhov" Multipurpose Ice-Breaking Vessels for Platform "Prirazlomnaya" Platform Maintenance: Field and Model Tests
Authors: Belyashov Valery A. , Grozdov Alexandr V. , Sazonov Kirill E. , Tumashik Alexandr P.
Published: April 2022

Multipurpose ice-breaking vessel (MISV) design MOSS-828 MISV was developed in 2004 by MOSS Maritime, Norwegian company, for service offshore ice-resistant platform “Prirazlomnaya”. During design works fulfilling, many model tests were carried out in ice basin of Krylov Shipbuilding Research Institute (KSRI) which allowed defining the design decisions complying the design specified requirements and specification. The field full scale tests with multipurpose ice-breaking vessel «Yury Topchev» carried out in May, 2007 in the Kara Sea have proved completely the accepted decisions. Full-scale tests have demonstrated that ice characteristics of MISV conform to specified requirements completely.
A Study on Bow Hull Form Design and Propulsion Type for Ice Breaking Vessel with the Balance of Open and Ice Performance
Authors: Park Hyung-Gil , Lee Yong-Chul , Ahn Sung-Mok , Hwangbo Seung-Myun , Jung Hyun-Chae , Lee Jae-Hak
Published: April 2022

In recent years, Samsung Heavy Industries Company has been devoting its wide activities to the better performance of ice breaking vessels under the circumstance of rapid growth of Arctic markets. For economic operation, two different fore body and aft body for both ice and open performance evaluations are presented in this paper. The major objective of this study is the suggestion of the optimum ice breaking hull form according to its operation condition. The open and ice performance of the icebreaking vessel was validated at Samsung Ship Model Basin and Aker Arctic Technology Inc., respectively. From the present study, it has been found that the hull form optimized at extreme ice condition gave about 40.0% improved power performance at 1.67M level ice condition and about 10.0% inferior propulsion at open condition compared to the hull form with ice breaking bulbous bow. This paper describes the basis of hull form design and propulsion system including the performance evaluation results for ice breaking vessel.
Historical Data Added to the Grand Banks Iceberg Database
Authors: Hill Brian T. , Ruffman Alan , Ivany Kilah
Published: April 2022

The Grand Banks Icebergs Database has been augmented recently by all the available iceberg data from the International Ice Patrol (IIP) annual bulletins prior to 1960. Transcription of all the iceberg records from the Hydrographic Bulletin (HB) of the U.S. Hydrographic Service is also underway. This weekly bulletin was published from 1889 until 1954, although only data from the 1920s have been transcribed so far. Trends in iceberg reporting in relation to those of the International Ice Patrol are discussed, along with trends in iceberg numbers which show a sharp decline after many years of high numbers.
Can Thickness Froude Number be an Influencing Parameter of Ice-Induced Pressure on Vertical Structure?
Authors: Arunachalam Aaruun V.M. , Graham Michael E.D.
Published: April 2022

Aspects of expressing ice-induced pressure on vertical structures in dimensionless form as a function of dimensionless influencing parameters are discussed. Based on these, a few previously published experimental data of other researchers on sheet-ice interaction with vertical structures are analyzed, with particular emphasis on the influence of thickness Froude number on dimensionless ice-induced pressure. The data analyzed in this paper, were obtained using fresh-water ice, saline ice, from field and laboratory tests, wherein the ice-thickness-based strain-rate (u/h) varied between 1.0×10-4 sec-1 and 9.0×100 sec-1 while the structure-widthbased strain-rate (u/B) varied from 3.0×10-4 sec-1 to 8.0×100 sec-1. Thus, a wide range of strain rates, from ductile to brittle deformation of ice, has been considered in the analysis. The aspect ratio (B/h) varied from 0.20 to 45 while the contact area varied between 5.0×10-5 m2 to 2.0 m2. The analyses showed that dimensionless ice-induced pressure varies as a decreasing function of increased thickness Froude number, when all other dimensionless independent parameters are held constant. The shape of the indentor was found to have no influence on the dimensionless ice-induced pressure expressed as a function of u/√(gh). The ice-induced pressure data used in this analysis are also presented in dimensional form as a function of pressure-area and as a function of aspect ratio to show the usefulness of expressing parameters in dimensionless form to understand the physics of complex ice-structure interaction problem.
Latest Development in Ice Model Testing
Authors: Wilkman Göran , Forsén Ann-Cristin , Mattsson Tom
Published: April 2022

The next generation ice model testing facility of Aker Arctic Inc. (AARC) was inaugurated in March 2006. The new facility is located in Helsinki at the Vuosaari Marine Business Park, next to the new Helsinki harbour. This facility is the third in the history of Aker Arctic starting in 1969 with Wärtsilä Ice Model Basin (WIMB).

Today the new facility has been in operation for two a half years. This period has been still quite a lot of learning and developing practices even the transfer of the ice making happened quite well.

The new facility has also opened new possibilities.

The paper describes the new facilities and highlights the work done so far. Also among other things the further development possibilities of the AARC FGX model ice is discussed.

Making of thick weak ice in the model basin has always been quite a problem. In this respect the enhanced use of AARC FGX ice has given new possibilities in testing. Firstly ice sheets with thickness close to 100 mm were prepared for the new Russian multipurpose icebreaker project to simulate full-scale level ice thickness of 2.85m. Recently model ice with thickness close to 240 mm with flexural strength of 10-20 kPa was manufactured.

The paper will discuss also the processes of making these thick/week ice sheets.
Icebreaking Ore Carrier Project for Baffinland Iron Mines Corporation
Authors: Wilkman Göran , Arpiainen Matti , Kiili Riku , Mattsson Tom , Cooper Rod , Stubbs John T.
Published: April 2022

Baffinland Iron Mines Corporation is planning to utilize the iron deposits on the northern Baffin Island (Canada). The iron ore was discovered in the beginning of 1960ies. The mine is 100-142km from the sea shore (Milne Inlet or Steensby Inlet). The sea area from Milne Inlet and Steensby Inlet to North Atlantic is most of the year ice covered. Open water period may be only three months, from July to October.

The operation is planned to be year-round.

The amount of iron ore to be transported in the beginning of the production in 2014 is c. 18 million tonnes/year. The ore carriers are to be operated independently without icebreaker assistance. The ore carriers are assumed to operate at full draught both in loaded and ballast condition when operating in ice. The ship size was selected to be of main dimensions as a Dunkirkmax/Capesize vessel. There are two basic ore carrier alternative designs; The first alternative is conventional icebreaking vessel, which mainly operates by breaking ice with the bow. The second alternative is the so called Double Acting Ship (DAS). In the DAS concept the vessel is designed to operate bow first most of the time, in open water and in light ice conditions, but in severe ice conditions running astern. This paper describes the design process of the vessels including the basic requirements, operational conditions, transit simulations, model tests and the vessel designs.
Methods and Approaches for the Classification of Ships Designed for Stern First Operation in Ice
Authors: Hindley Robert , Tustin Robert
Published: April 2022

Podded propulsion units, or azimuthing thrusters, have enabled the development of commercial ships with hull forms optimized for bow first operation in open water, or light ice conditions, combined with an icebreaking stern optimized for stern first operation in ice.

This paper describes the methods and approaches adopted by Lloyd’s Register for classification of two ships specified and designed for stern first operation in ice.

These methods and approaches include interpretation of classification and ice class rules, as well as the adoption of first principle methods to assess the ship structural arrangements and propulsion systems.
Performance Trials of a Totally Enclosed Motor Propelled Survival Craft
Authors: Igloliorte Gareth , Kendrick Andrew , Brown Robert , Boone Jim
Published: April 2022

In the early spring of 2006, a research team, lead by BMT Fleet Technology, undertook a set of performance trials of a TEMPSC in ice covered water. The trials were performed in the bays of New World Island, Newfoundland and Labrador. The TEMPSC was operated in ice conditions of concentrations up to 9.5/10ths and in thicknesses up to 35cm.

The trials provided results indicating a TEMPSC can have a reasonable level of performance in ice covered water.
Arctic Patrol Hovercraft: An Initial Feasibility Study
Authors: Dickins David F. , Cox Malcolm , Thorleifson Jon
Published: April 2022

This study evaluates the feasibility of using air cushion vehicles (ACV’s) as year-round patrol craft in the Canadian Arctic, focusing on key areas along the Northwest Passage from the Beaufort Sea to Lancaster Sound. The study concludes that there is no fundamental technical limitation or operating constraint preventing hovercraft from serving year-round in a Canadian Arctic environment, as long as the design and specification re drawn up with specific attention to the expected marine and ice operating environments.
Protection Barrier for Shallow Arctic Waters
Authors: Gudmestad Ove T. , Gürtner Arne , Llamazares Ada Rpetto
Published: April 2022

Hydrocarbon discoveries in the shallow waters of the Northern Caspian Sea have caused intensive drilling activities to be carried out to explore the potentials. Experience with mobile drilling units in the seasonally ice infested waters hitherto originates from the drilling campaigns of the Sunkar drilling barge at Kashagan and Kalamkas.

However, with increased drilling activities upcoming, innovative drilling concepts are desirable due to the objective of maintaining drilling operations (of production wells) also during the ice period with the use of conventional non-ice-resistant drilling platforms. The employment of external Shoulder Ice Barriers (SIBs) to protect a conventional jack-up drilling rig from the hazards of drifting ice in shallow water is discussed. Model tests on the SIB were performed in the large ice tank of the Hamburg Ship Model Basin (HSVA) during July 2007. These tests were performed to investigate the conceptual design under ice impact. The characteristic shoulder sections' inclination was varied to investigate the shoulder’s contribution towards stabilizing broken ice and to prevent ice from over-riding. Ice up-riding onto the barrier contributes towards increased vertical forces. The global vertical forces showed to be higher than the global horizontal forces, and in particular when ice grounding was observed. Even under extreme rubble heights of up to 9.4 m (full scale), ice overtopping the structure was effectively prevented. The SIB showed the potential to be utilized as ice protection structure for future shallow water developments.

Finally, the stability on the sea bottom was investigated. The conclusion being that the concept will perform well on average to strong soils but needs to have a larger foot print area in very soft soils condition.

This paper thus documents, on a feasibility level, the concept of ice protection in shallow water by means of the SIB. This paper presents a summary study of the design and verification work performed with regard to the feasibility of an innovative design.
Prediction of Oil Spill Occurrence Probabilities in the Alaskan Beaufort and Chukchi Seas OCS
Authors: Bercha Frank , Prentki Richard , Smith Caryn
Published: April 2022

Probabilistic estimates of oil spill occurrences are used in the development of environment impact assessments for possible future developments in the US Chukchi and Beaufort Seas. Due to the embryonic state of offshore oil development in this region, it was not possible to base these oil spill probability estimates on empirical data. Rather, statistically significant non-Arctic empirical data from the US Gulf of Mexico and world-wide sources, together with their variance, were used as a starting point. Next, both the historical non-Arctic frequency distributions and spill causal distributions were modified to reflect specific effects of the Arctic setting, and the resultant fault tree model was evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation to adequately characterize uncertainties treated as probability distribution inputs to the fault tree. This paper summarizes the methodology and gives results of its application to the estimation of oil spill probabilities and their characteristics for the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas region for typical future offshore development scenarios.
Transport Canada EER Research and Development Program
Authors: Bercha Frank , Radloff Ernst , Leafloor Fred
Published: April 2022

The paper describes a multiyear offshore installation Escape, Evacuation, and Rescue (EER) research and development program carried out from 2000 to 2007. The general objective of the work was to develop performance-based design standards and guidelines for optimal EER systems for installations in Canadian waters. Phase 1 involved developing a risk and performance evaluation tool, reviewing existing regulations, implementing recent Ocean Ranger recommendations, and conducting various applied research programs including those on human performance in EER. Phase 2 work focused on developing preliminary performance-based standards that can be used by offshore regulators for the selection of evacuation systems. Phase 3 involved further refinement of the standards based on model and full-scale testing and computer simulation. While standards ultimately developed as a result of this research are intended to be applied nationally in Canada, they may also be proposed as international standards.
Reliability of Arctic Offshore Structures
Authors: Bercha Frank G. , Gudmestad Ove T.
Published: April 2022

Reliability of a system is the probability that it will function as intended for the required period of time. The opposite of reliability is failure probability per unit time or over time, such as a life cycle. Following a review of existing reliability codes and approaches, comprehensive approaches to assess the reliability of offshore structures are described, including probabilistic failure analysis fault tree and Monte Carlo simulation.
First Year Hull-Ice Interaction Loads Measured on the Louis S. St-Laurent During the 1995 Gulf of St. Lawrence Trials
Authors: Ritch Ron
Published: April 2022

During March of 1995, hull-ice interaction loads were measured on the hull of the Louis S. St-Laurent (LSSL) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The programme made use of strain gages placed on the bow and shoulder areas of the hull for the LSSL 1994 North Pole voyage. An additional measurement area in the stern was added. The winter of 1995 was a mild winter. Ice thickness during the trials was in the range of 0.4m to 0.5m and air temperatures were generally above zero during the day and -5°C at night. There was marked deterioration of the ice strength over the duration of the trials.

The trials were conducted on a non-interference basis. Only very limited dedicated trials were conducted. The data was collected using transient recorders with user-defined threshold triggers. Two video systems were installed, one to document the view looking forward of the vessel and a second looking vertically downwards along the side to record the ice thickness of ice piece broken by the bow and turned on edge.

This paper documents the measurement program conducted, including a description of the measurement systems and data processing methods. The final results of measured forces/pressures and their distributions are presented and comparisons made to the 1994 LSSL voyage and several other ships.
Ice Management Experience in the Sakhalin Offshore with Azimuth Icebreakers
Authors: Keinonen Arno , Martin Evan
Published: April 2022

The Sakhalin2, phase 1 project by Sakhalin Energy Investment Company Ltd. (SEIC) has operated 9 years with the support of Beaufort Sea icebreakers and traditional Far East Shipping Company (FESCO) escort icebreakers. This resulted in a comprehensive risk control system as well as successful oil production in the presence of ice [1, 8-11]. In 2006, three new supply icebreakers, equipped with azimuth thrusters, which were capable of managing ice with the wake of their propulsion, were introduced to the support of the oil production in this project [3-7]. They enabled safe production of a Floating Storage and Offloading (FSO) via a Single Arm Leg Mooring (SALM) Buoy and allowed exportation of oil from the FSO with a tanker. Furthermore, SEIC also acquired new terminal tugs equipped with azimuth thrusters that were available for 2007. Two such terminal tugs were also made available for the ice management support of oil production and export operation in the spring and late season of 2007. This paper summarizes the significantly enhanced ice operational capability and the positive results directly linked to the applications of these new azimuth thruster equipped vessels.
Design Challenges for Large Arctic Crude Oil Tanker
Authors: Iyerusalimskiy Aleksandr V. , Noble Peter G.
Published: April 2022

The largest icebreaking tanker built so far, Vasily Dinkov was delivered by Samsung Heavy Industries shipyard to Russian ship-owner SOVCOMFLOT. The vessel was designed and built for the transport of crude oil from the Varandey offshore terminal in east-southern part of the Barents Sea to a transshipment location near Murmansk. The vessel is under long-term charter for NARYANMARNEFTEGAS (NMNG), a joint venture of LUKOIL and ConocoPhillips. The new ship was constructed strictly to the requirements, specification, and concept design provided by the charterer as a basis for final design, building contract, and time-charter agreement. That approach was driven by time constrain, challenges of the project, and uncertainty about experienced icebreaker builder shipyard availability. The ConocoPhillips-LUKOIL marine technical group led the efforts for the feasibility design study at the early vessel design stage and contributed arctic design expertise and oversight of the final design and construction.
Ice Management Effectiveness Predictions
Authors: Martin Evan H. , Keinonen Amo , Brown Heather
Published: April 2022

Keeping floating structures stationary in moving ice fields is among the major concerns for oil companies considering exploration and production in artic regions. Semi-empirical models have been developed to predict the effectiveness of ice management. By considering an example of an FPSO, it is shown that effective use of ice management can drastically reduce the ice induced mooring loads.
Ice Scouring in a Large Flume: Test Set-Up and Preliminary Observations
Authors: Barrette Paul D. , Timco Garry W.
Published: April 2022

This paper describes an experimental set-up and the procedures used to investigate seafloor scouring by ice ridges in a 6 m long flume. Unlike in previous investigations, conducted in conventional test flumes or in a centrifuge, this set-up uses real ice. Its footprint is 1 m2. It also incorporates instrumentation to monitor stress distribution in the sediments during scouring, while acquiring deformation profiles of the sediment column. Other instruments include a displacement transducer to measure the vertical motion of the ice, a pore pressure transducer and a few cameras to study keel dynamics. The procedures and results of one fully instrumented test are presented.
Marine Radar for Improved Ice Detection
Authors: O’Connell Barbara J.
Published: April 2022

A high-speed marine radar combined with advanced digital processing can produce high resolution images that allow the user to identify hazardous ice features and small icebergs which are nearly impossible to see with a conventional radar. The Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) is working in partnership with Transport Canada’s Transportation Development Centre (TDC) to develop an “Ice Hazard Radar”. The system was evaluated in three dedicated trials on board the icebreaker CCGS Henry Larsen to fully demonstrate the capability of the radar in a variety of operating environments and ice conditions. This paper presents the results of the trials.
Examination of Shipping Regulations in the Canadian Arctic - Time for Revisions
Authors: Kubat Ivana , Timco Garry W. , Collins Anne
Published: April 2022

Shipping in the Canadian Arctic is regulated by the Zone-Date System and outside its permissible dates by the Arctic Ice Regime Shipping System, which is used with certain conditions. This paper presents a methodology developed to examine the existing regulatory systems, describes results of the evaluation of the two existing systems, discusses their limitations, and outlines approaches, which were recommended as a more suitable means of pollution prevention in Canada’s Arctic waters. These approaches were presented and discussed at a meeting with the key stakeholders of the Arctic Shipping Pollution Prevention Regulations (ASPPR) including representatives of the ship owners and operators, and oil industry. It was concluded that an approach, which would make use of both Systems will be developed including the integration of the Polar Class vessels into the System.
Three-dimensional Mapping of the Sea Ice Underside from AUVS and Applications to the Offshore Industry
Authors: Wadhams Peter , Wilkinson J. P. , Doble M. J.
Published: April 2022

In August 2004 the Autosub-II autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), operating off NE Greenland, carried out the first multibeam digital terrain mapping of the sea ice underside, using a Kongsberg EM2000 sonar. We show some of the high-quality imagery from the experiment, and discuss its implications for ice thickness mapping and other applications. In April 2007 the second such mapping experiment took place, but this time using a small ice-launched Gavia AUV, equipped with a GeoSwath 500 kHz interferometric sonar system. Gavia could be launched and recovered manually through 3 x 1 m holes while Autosub required a ship and a crane. The greater range of Autosub is contrasted with the greater flexibility of Gavia in multisensor programs. We discuss how AUV techniques can be applied to problems such as mapping rubble fields around drilling platforms, oil containment by sea ice, and other topics of interest to the offshore industry.
First-year Ice Keels in Northumberland Strait
Authors: Obert Keely M. , Brown Thomas G.
Published: April 2022

Understanding the geometry of ice ridge keels is essential to accurately predict ice loading on offshore structures. This study examines the 2-D morphologies of 52 first-year keels observed Feb. 23rd through 26th of 2007 in the Northumberland Strait. Although previous studies of first-year ice ridge keels around the world found strong correlations between keel width and keel depth, this study found no significant relationship between the properties of independent, first-year ice ridge keels in the Northumberland Strait. The first-year keels observed in the Northumberland Strait were generally wider than first-year keels of the same depth in other locations.
Assessment of Flexural Failure Models with Extreme Events
Authors: Tibbo J. Susan , Brown Thomas G.
Published: April 2022

This paper details an assessment of three flexural failure ice models for offshore conical structures. Models assessed include the modified Croasdale model, the Ralston model and the recently developed Mayne model. Each model was used to predict global ice loads for selected events observed at the Confederation Bridge. The theoretical loads from each model were compared to the actual measured load for each event. Measured loads were determined through processing data recorded by the bridge instrumentation. The investigation included 22 ice-structure interactions which were considered extreme.
Performance of Podded Propulsors
Authors: Akinturk Ayhan , Lau Michael
Published: April 2022

This study investigates the performance of podded propulsors in various operating conditions: open water and different ice conditions. The model used in this study is an icebreaker driven by twin podded propulsors. Preliminary results from ice tank tests are presented. These include steering moment generated by the propulsors, thrust and torque of the propellers and the forces exerted on the hull at the location of the connection of the propulsors for different level ice and pack ice conditions as well as in open water.
Digital Camera Application for Sea Surface Mapping and Measurements
Authors: Sheykin Igor B. , Truskov Pavel A.
Published: April 2022

The paper presents a demonstration of digital camera application for generation of sea surface map, as well as for measurement and registration of sea surface condition and evolution. The offered method is based on the computer transformation of a digital image – that can be obtained with the help of any digital camera onboard a platform, vessel, aircraft or helicopter – to the standard map projection with a local or global spatial scale. The map projection of the original image allows one to do the standard measurements of horizontal size for objects that are distributed on the sea surface (linear and area sizes, distance, object concentration, etc.), as well as the estimation of elevation for the 3D objects. A comparative analysis of the map image series allows estimation of a temporary variability of sea surface condition, as well as the movement speed of the sea surface objects. The presented algorithm transforms any digital camera to the equipment for marine observations and measurements in such areas as the survey of ice condition and ice management, oil pollution monitoring, shelf hydrology , etc.
STOP (Stern Tube Oil Pollution)
Authors: Carter Craig Donald
Published: April 2022

Ships using Arctic trading routes have led to some concern of environmental threats to the Arctic ecosystems including ship source pollution. Zero tolerance for any kind of ship source pollution is now becoming the norm and international regulations are becoming more and more stringent. This paper presents an overview of the mechanism relating to stern tube oil pollution from ships and its impact on the seas. The paper also looks at a proven, available technology that eliminates stern tube oil pollution by focusing on the performance of seawater lubricated stern tube bearings based on ship owner experience and life cycle costs.
The Future of Arctic Marine Navigation in Mid-Century - Scenario Narratives
Authors: Brigham Lawson , Smith Erik
Published: April 2022

This document serves as the final Scenario Narratives Report for the Future of Arctic Marine Navigation in Mid-Century, a project of the Arctic Council’s Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment (PAME) working group and Global Business Network (GBN), a member of the Monitor Group. The purpose of this project, and these scenarios, is to systematically consider the long-term social, technological, economic, environmental, and political impacts on Arctic Marine Navigation of Key Finding #6 of the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) published by the Arctic Council and the International Arctic Science Committee in November 2004. These scenarios are meant to summarize and communicate a set of plausible and different stories of the future in which critical uncertainties play out in ways that challenge planning decisions being made in the present. For this scenarios project on the Future of Arctic Marine Navigation, we convened two workshops to gather the perspectives and ideas of a highly diverse group of stakeholders. The first workshop was held at the GBN office in San Francisco in April 2007, and the second at the offices of Aker Arctic Technology in Helsinki in July 2007. Because this project rests on Key Finding #6, all of the scenarios assume continued global climate change that results in significantly less Arctic ice cover, at least in the summer, throughout the 2030s and 2040s. It is our intention that these scenarios will provide material for deeper discussions about the future and earlier decisions by the countries, peoples, and industries active in the Arctic region.
Ice Load Prediction Formulas for Icebreaking Cargo Vessels
Authors: Choi Kyungsik , Jeong Seong-Yeob , Nam Jong-Ho
Published: April 2022

The ice load prediction for the icebreaking cargo vessels is discussed. Ice load includes the global ice loads and local ice pressures on the hull of the icebreaking vessels. The extreme ice loads are expected from large ice features and these loads are most likely to be concentrated at the bow area of a ship. The available ice load data from model tests and also from full-scale sea trials are collected and analyzed in the same format according to various ship-ice interaction processes. The ice load prediction formulas are compared with the measured data. Based on collected test data, semi-empirical ice load prediction formulas are recommended for large sized icebreaking cargo vessels.
Assessment of Periodical Ice Loads Acting on Screw Propeller During its Interaction with Ice
Authors: Karulina M. M , Karulin E. B. , Belyashov V. A. , Belov I. M.
Published: April 2022

Periodical ice loads on blades of the screw propeller of icebreakers and ice-going ships are one of the reasons for occurrence of fatigue damages of the propulsion system structures as well as for generation of the ship hull vibration. The paper describes an approach of the Krylov Shipbuilding Research Institute, St. Petersburg, to the problem of determination the oscillation of propeller thrust and torque during interaction with ice, and spectra of these loads. A comprehensive approach to this problem includes three lines of investigations, namely, an application of a theoretical model and two types of model tests that are to be performed in the Ice Basin: tests of ice milling by screw propeller model with use of a free-water unit and towing testing of a ship model with working propulsion devices. Each of the investigations lines has its limited capacity and, at the same time, supplements general picture of the complicated process under consideration. The estimated values of periodical ice loads on the propeller may be applied to fatigue strength analysis of structures of the propulsion system or to numerical estimation of vibration characteristics of ice going ship. An example of such calculation of vibration characteristics is shown in the paper. It has indicated that the general ship hull vibration in specified ice conditions can be 3-4 times greater, if ice induced periodical loads on the propellers are taken into account. Periodical ice loads on blades of the screw propeller of icebreakers and ice-going ships are one of the reasons for occurrence of fatigue damages of the propulsion system structures as well as for generation of the ship hull vibration. The paper describes an approach of the Krylov Shipbuilding Research Institute, St. Petersburg, to the problem of determination the oscillation of propeller thrust and torque during interaction with ice, and spectra of these loads. A comprehensive approach to this problem includes three lines of investigations, namely, an application of a theoretical model and two types of model tests that are to be performed in the Ice Basin: tests of ice milling by screw propeller model with use of a free-water unit and towing testing of a ship model with working propulsion devices. Each of the investigations lines has its limited capacity and, at the same time, supplements general picture of the complicated process under consideration. The estimated values of periodical ice loads on the propeller may be applied to fatigue strength analysis of structures of the propulsion system or to numerical estimation of vibration characteristics of icegoing ship. An example of such calculation of vibration characteristics is shown in the paper. It has indicated that the general ship hull vibration in specified ice conditions can be 3-4 times greater, if ice induced periodical loads on the propellers are taken into account.
Ice and Tundra Road Design for Module Transport
Authors: Spencer Paul A. , Strandberg Allan G. , Maddock William A.
Published: April 2022

Tundra roads and ice roads supported on water or unfrozen soil are a viable means of transporting module loads across remote northern areas. Module loads to 2,000 tonnes have been transported in recent years on Tundra and ice roads in northern areas and loads to 10,000 tonnes and more have been transported on constructed unfrozen roads in temperate areas.

Design parameters for Tundra and ice roads supported on unfrozen soil or water are presented in this paper for loads up to 10,000 tonnes. Typically the modules would be transported to the northern project area on ocean barges, off-loaded to the shoreline with a temporary or permanent wharf and then transported inland to a facility by the shortest, most direct route available. The crossing of rivers and areas of unfrozen soil presents challenges to the transportation effort and the road design must ensure that sufficient bearing support and traction are available for the module transportation equipment.

Development of Self Propelled Module Transporters (SPMT), especially in the last 10 years, has produced reliable hydraulic lifting and transporting equipment that can readily move module loads to 10,000 tonnes and more. The safe and reliable operation of heavy load SPMT equipment in the north is primarily limited by the ability to construct suitable roads and off-loading structures.