bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bone mineral density in haemophilia patients
Authors: Fabbriciani Gianluigi , Marcucci Maura , Brozzetti Matteo , Filipponi Paolo , Iorio Alfonso
Published: January 2010

Osteoporosis is caused by bone mineral density (BMD) reduction. Haemophilia patients are at increased risk of osteoporosis because of decreased physical activity and blood-borne virus infections. This systematic review of the literature aims at evaluating BMD reduction in severe haemophilia patients and its correlation with patients’ characteristics. Seven case-control studies evaluating lumbar BMD values [g/cm2] (all studies), BMI (5/7 studies), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) seropositivity (6/7 studies) in severe haemophilia patients and controls were meta-analysed. Standardised mean difference (SMD) of BMD was used to compare cases and controls. The effect of body mass index (BMI) and HCV infection was investigated by meta-regression. One hundred one adult cases (age 33 ± 8.9) with 101 controls and 111 paediatric cases (age 8 ± 3.6) with 307 controls were available for analysis. Lumbar BMD was significantly lower in severe haemophilia patients than in controls, both in adult (pooled SMD –1.379, 95% confidence interval [CI] –2.355 to –0.403, p=0.006) and children (pooled SMD –0.438, 95% CI –0.686 to –0.189, p=0.001). The reduction in BMD in patients versus controls was not significantly correlated with the reduction in BMI or with the percentage of HCV-infected patients. This meta-analysis confirms the association between severe haemophilia and low BMD. Future studies should investigate fracture rates and interventions to prevent bone loss in persons with haemophilia
Utility of Treadmill Testing in Identification and Genotype Prediction in Long-QT Syndrome
Authors: Wong Jorge A. , Gula Lorne J. , Klein George J. , Yee Raymond , Skanes Allan C. , Krahn Andrew D.
Published: January 2010

Background—

The clinical diagnosis of long-QT syndrome (LQTS) remains challenging when ECG abnormalities are borderline or intermittent. Despite issues with access, cost, and heterogeneity of LQTS mutations, genetic testing remains the diagnostic gold standard for diagnosis of LQTS. We sought to develop a provocative testing strategy to unmask the LQTS phenotype and relate this to the results of genetic testing.

Methods and Results—

From 1995 to 2008, 159 consecutive patients with suspected LQTS underwent provocative testing that consisted of a modified Bruce protocol treadmill exercise test, with ECGs recorded supine at rest, immediately on standing, and at 1-minute intervals during exercise, at peak exercise, and at 1-minute intervals during the recovery phase. Similar testing was carried out on a stationary bike in a gradual and burst exercise fashion. LQTS was confirmed with genotyping in all 95 affected LQTS patients and excluded with negative family screening in 64 control subjects. Patients were studied before and after initiation of β-blockers. Of 159 patients, 50 had an LQT1 mutation and 45 had an LQT2 mutation. In the LQTS group, 44.3% of patients had a normal-to-borderline resting QTc interval. LQTS patients exhibited a greater prolongation in QTc with postural change than unaffected patients (LQT1: 40 ms [IQR, 42]; LQT2: 35 ms [IQR, 46]; and LQTS-negative: 21 ms [IQR, 37];
P
=0.029). During exercise, LQT1 patients had marked QTc prolongation compared with LQT2 and LQTS-negative patients (LQT1: 65 ms [60], LQT2: 3 ms [46], LQTS negative: 5 ms [41];
P
<0.0001). QT hysteresis was more pronounced in patients with LQT2 mutations compared with LQT1 and LQT-negative patients (LQT2: 40 ms [10], LQT1: 15 ms [40]; LQTS-negative: 20 ms [20];
P
<0.001). β-Blockade normalized the QTc changes seen with standing and QT hysteresis.

Conclusions—

The presence and genotype of LQTS can be predicted by a combination of postural and exercise changes in the QT/RR relationship. β-Blockade normalized these changes. Routine exercise testing is useful in predicting and directing genetic testing in LQTS.
The Formation of a Communal Identity among West Syrian Christians: Results and Conclusions of the Leiden Project
Authors: van Ginkel Jan , Atto Naures , Snelders Bas , Immerzeel Mat , Romeny Bas ter Haar
Published: January 2010

Among those who opposed the Council of Chalcedon in 451, the West Syrian (or Syriac Orthodox) Christians were probably least likely to form a national or ethnic community. Yet a group emerged with its own distinctive literature and art, its own network, and historical consciousness. In an intricate process of adoption and rejection, the West Syrians selected elements from the cultures to which they were heirs, and from those with which they came into contact, thus defining a position of their own. In order to study this phenomenon, scholars from various disciplines, and affiliated to two different faculties, were brought together in a programme financed by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research NWO. This essay introduces their research project and methodology, and presents their results and conclusions.
Van Gogh’s Fantasies of Replacement: Being a Double and a Twin
Authors: Blum Harold P.
Published: January 2010

The replacement child, often given the name of the deceased, is prone to fantasies that he or she is the embodiment of the dead child. Vincent van Gogh was born one year to the day after a stillborn brother of the identical name, including the middle name, Willem. In the parish register van Gogh was given the same number twenty-nine as his predecessor brother. Van Gogh’s fantasies of death and rebirth, of being a double and a twin, contributed to both his psychopathology and his creativity. The replacement theme in van Gogh’s life and work is evident in his voluminous correspondence containing drawings and references to his art. His parents and his brother Theo are viewed as having shared a familial fantasy system. Van Gogh’s self-portraits are regarded as relevant to his being a replacement child. No single fantasy or theme can account for the complexities of development, disorder, or creativity. Van Gogh’s art was vastly overdetermined, including extraordinary endowment and the motivation of a replacement child to justify his survival, surpass his rival double/twin through great achievement, repair parental depression, and defy death through immortality.
Conflict With Mothers-in-Law and Taiwanese Women’s Marital Satisfaction: The Moderating Role of Husband Support
Authors: Wu Tsui-Feng , Yeh Kuang-Hui , Cross Susan E. , Larson Lisa M. , Wang Yi-Chao , Tsai Yi-Lin
Published: January 2010

This study applies social support theory to the question of whether four types of husband behavior (taking the wife’s side, problem solving, ignoring conflict, and taking the mother’s side) moderate the association between conflict with the mother-in-law and a Taiwanese woman’s marital satisfaction. Data were collected from 125 married Taiwanese women. The results of hierarchical regression analyses indicate a significant negative main effect of conflict with the mother-in-law on the wife’s marital satisfaction. This main effect is moderated by two types of husband behavior. When wives reported that their husbands frequently took their side or used problem-solving strategies to the conflict, conflict is not significantly related to the wives’ marital satisfaction. The conflict and the two types of husband behavior accounted for 32% to 38% of the variance in wives’ marital satisfaction.
Bayesian Estimation of Graded Response Multilevel Models Using Gibbs Sampling: Formulation and Illustration
Authors: Natesan Prathiba , Limbers Christine , Varni James W.
Published: January 2010

The present study presents the formulation of graded response models in the multilevel framework (as nonlinear mixed models) and demonstrates their use in estimating item parameters and investigating the group-level effects for specific covariates using Bayesian estimation. The graded response multilevel model (GRMM) combines the formulation of graded response models with the discrimination parameter fixed at one for all items by Tuerlinckx and Wang and of two parameter models by Rijmen and Briggs to offer graded response models with item-specific discrimination parameters. Apart from the contribution to the body of knowledge by formulating GRMMs, the significance of the present study includes providing a meeting point between psychometrics and statistics, overcoming the Neyman—Scott problem by using Bayesian estimation, estimation of abilities of persons with extreme scores, and demonstration of general purpose software for estimating item response theory parameters. Data from the emotional functioning scale on 11,158 healthy and chronically ill children and adolescents were used from the PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales database to illustrate the model. Estimates for the item parameters from WINBUGS using Bayesian priors and Multilog were compared for the GRMM and the ordinary graded response models, respectively.
What Does Recovery From Schizophrenia Mean? Perceptions of Medical Students and Trainee Psychiatrists
Authors: Ng Roger M.K. , Pearson Veronica , Chen Eric E.Y. , Law C.W.
Published: January 2010

Background: The attitudes of medical professionals towards recovery from schizophrenia are key in defining the therapeutic encounter and may change as they move through their medical career.

Method: A qualitative methodology was used based on three focus groups of medical students and trainee psychiatrists in Hong Kong. Both held pessimistic attitudes towards recovery in schizophrenia. Four major categories and one central theme emerged, with little difference between students and doctors. The four categories were: (1) recovery is defined by the cessation of medication and the resumption of normal psychosocial functioning; (2) formal recovery requires medical confirmation plus the patient’s admission of illness; (3) recovery should be discussed, but largely in terms of the contribution of drug compliance; and (4) participants recognized that stigma was an impediment to recovery while holding attitudes that were as unaccepting towards people with schizophrenia as lay people’s.

Conclusions: Traditional medical education over-emphasizes symptomatic recovery and ignores the need for a more flexible construction of the concept. Professional knowledge must incorporate both quantitative and qualitative data and inculcate humanitarian concern through active contact with users, and acceptance of the legitimacy of their expert experience. Medical education should seek effective ways to change entrenched negative attitudes in students about schizophrenia and the possibility of recovery. Further large-scale research should be carried out to establish attitudes of medical professionals towards recovery from schizophrenia and how this changes during typical career trajectories. This information could then be used to devise effective means within medical education to combat stigma and change attitudes.
Urban Commuters’ Mode-switching Behaviour in Taipai, with an Application of the Bounded Rationality Principle
Authors: Jou Rong-Chang , Hensher David A. , Liu Yu-Hsin , Chiu Ching-Shu
Published: January 2010

This paper applies the bounded rationality rule to analyse commuters’ mode-switching behaviour from private transport (i.e. automobile and motorbike) to public transport (i.e. rail transit and bus transit) in the Taipei metropolitan area. A stated choice approach was used to collect the data and to investigate how different attributes, such as parking fees, travel time and cost, influence commuters’ mode-switching behaviour. A multinomial probit modelling framework was developed to capture the correlation effects when commuters switch from private to public modes. The estimation results indicate that the socioeconomic characteristics and trip characteristics significantly influence commuters’ mode-switching behaviour. Accounting for the structure of unobserved effects suggests that switching behaviour from private to public modes was significantly positively correlated. An elasticity analysis shows that private commuters were more likely to switch to MRT than to bus and that auto commuters are generally more likely to switch to public modes than are motorbike commuters.
Human Capital Externalities and the Urban Wage Premium: Two Literatures and their Interrelations
Authors: Heuermann Daniel , Halfdanarson Benedikt , Suedekum Jens
Published: January 2010

In this paper, a survey is presented of the recent developments in two empirical literatures at the crossroads of labour and urban economics: studies about localised human capital externalities (HCE) and about the urban wage premium (UWP). After surveying the methods and main results of each of these two literatures separately, several interrelations between them are highlighted. In particular, the discussion focuses on whether HCE can be interpreted as one fundamental cause of the UWP and whether one literature can learn conceptually from the other.
Density, Housing Types and Mixed Land Use: Smart Tools for Affordable Housing?
Authors: Aurand Andrew
Published: January 2010

Smart growth proponents suggest that the housing needs of low-income households can be better met by neighbourhoods of greater density, a greater variety of housing types and mixed land use than by neighbourhoods dominated by low-density, single-family homes. This research tests these relationships in two regions: one with and one without urban containment policies. The research provides evidence that neighbourhoods with a greater variety of housing types and residential density have a greater quantity of units affordable to very low-income renters and, at the same time, a greater quantity of units that are not affordable. An implication of the findings is that planners and growth management advocates should specify goals of housing types, in addition to density targets, when creating or updating comprehensive plans for future growth.
Do Agglomeration Forces Strengthen Tax Interactions?
Authors: Charlot Sylvie , Paty Sonia
Published: January 2010

The main purpose of this paper is to assess the existence of tax interdependencies among French local tax setting by taking into account the agglomeration forces. A model of tax setting for the local business tax is estimated using spatial econometrics techniques for 2002. First, it is shown that the mimicking behaviour between jurisdictions is not more intense in denser areas—in population or economic activity terms—suggesting that tax competition is not stronger as agglomeration increases. Secondly, a positive relationship is observed between tax rate and capital stock only for urban jurisdictions, suggesting a ‘taxable agglomeration rent’, as highlighted by new economic geography models.
Social Inclusion at Different Scales in the Urban Environment: Locating the Community to Empower
Authors: Smith Simon , Bellaby Paul , Lindsay Sally
Published: January 2010

As area-based initiatives emphasise community empowerment and social inclusion programmes focus on place, this article compares participation in two ICT programmes in UK cities which sought to empower communities at different scales. Recruitment was better in a neighbourhood-scale project, a scale that enabled access to settings of public familiarity and helping/coping networks. However, the factors that promoted social inclusion during recruitment favour defensive collective action. A city-wide project facilitated transformative social learning by relocalising community more widely as a problem-oriented operational network. The two approaches could be combined, starting at neighbourhood level and then rescaling to reveal different affordances of social networks and stimulate different dimensions of technology appropriation.
‘Community Empowerment’ in the Context of the Glasgow Housing Stock Transfer
Authors: Lawson Louise , Kearns Ade
Published: January 2010

A key objective of the Glasgow housing stock transfer in 2003 was promoting community empowerment, community control and community ownership. The first-stage transfer was from Glasgow City Council to Glasgow Housing Association and it was assumed by many that transfer to local housing organisations (LHOs)—thus promoting community ownership—would follow. This paper assesses the nature of community empowerment in LHO management committees and is part of a wider programme of research on governance, participation and empowerment. The study found that, despite its construction and aims, stock transfer policy is not able to deliver a uniform policy outcome in terms of community empowerment. No unitary relationship between community empowerment and community ownership was observed: it is suggested that the opportunity and capability to make choices about preferred management/ ownership arrangements is more empowering than ownership per se.
Lifelong Learning for the African to Become a Twenty-First Century Person in the Global System
Authors: Tefe Theophilus
Published: January 2010

The Dakar Conference on Education organized by UNESCO in 1972 led to the formation of a commission on education chaired by Edgar Faure. In 1996 the commission released what later on became known as Delores’ Report on Education as a framework or philosophy on which member countries of UNESCO could base their education systems. The framework consists of four basic principles: Learning to be, Learning to know, Learning to do and Learning to live together.

This article discusses how to learn to become a person from the home, to the school and throughout life (lifelong Learning) in Africa. The focus is on Africa because it is one continent where education does not seem to be making a significant impact, as it is doing in other parts of the world – preparing the people to meet the challenges of the twenty-first century
Rural Income and Employment Diversity in India During 1994 and 2005
Authors: Shariff Abusaleh
Published: January 2010

This article assesses the structure of rural income and employment according to source in India. It probes the size and role of ‘rural nonfarm employment’ in poverty alleviation. Data from two nationally representative rural sample surveys (33230 and 27010 households respectively) with reference years 1993–1994 and 2004–2005 are subjected to multinomial logit and Censored Least Absolute Deviation Model (CLAD) regressions to explore importance of diversity of income sources across states and regions. These are rare data on direct household income estimates in the multi-model survey context having advantage of many household and village level determinants suitable for advanced analysis. Evidence suggests considerable income diversification over the reference decade, but distribution of shares suggests that top most quintile draw almost all of the benefits of recent economic growth in India. The economic linkage between the Rural Nonfarm Employment (RNFE) and rural wage rates has reduced and has been almost non existent during the later reference year in analysis.
Pragmatism, Mead and the Practice Turn
Authors: Simpson Barbara
Published: January 2010

‘Practice’ is a familiar term in everyday language but it also has a long history of scholarship. What then does it mean to ‘turn’ towards practice, and how would we know when a practice turn has occurred? To answer these questions, this article develops a theoretical view of practice as a transactional social process involving experience and action as mutually informing aspects of human conduct. This perspective is elaborated in detail by drawing on the ideas of the pragmatist philosophers, especially George Herbert Mead. In particular, it is asserted that ‘transactionality’ and ‘temporality’ , when taken together, offer a theoretical perspective on practice that is dynamic, emergent and socially agentic. The utility of this pragmatist approach is illustrated using a published study of a strategizing episode. The article concludes that a practice turn is indeed underway in organization studies, but there is still some distance to travel before the full potential of this turn is realized.
Returning to Practice Anew: A Life-World Perspective
Authors: Sandberg Jörgen , Dall'Alba Gloria
Published: January 2010

Our understanding of organizations is being advanced by a diverse range of practice-based approaches. Many of these approaches are inspired by what can be called a life-world perspective, although they do not necessarily adopt this perspective throughout the research. In this article, we propose that adopting a life-world perspective can bring us closer to how practice is constituted. We argue that the performance of organizational practices can be more closely examined by bringing to the fore the manner in which practice is constituted through our entwinement with others and things in our world. In order to discuss how a life-world perspective can be used as a basis for such empirical and theoretical investigations, we compare it with one of the more advanced frameworks for practice within strategy research.
Practice as a Members’ Phenomenon
Authors: Llewellyn Nick , Spence Laura
Published: January 2010

Drawing on ethnomethodology and conversation analysis, this article explores the relation between practice and activity; between recruitment practice and the ordinary activities of the job interview. Job interviews are recognizably and accountably different from other interview-formats, such as broadcast news or academic research interviews. Such differences are instantly hearable because ordinary activities are built systematically so as to reveal an orientation to ‘practice’, distinctive purposes, entitlements, presuppositions, identities and definitions of acceptable conduct. The article illustrates analytic procedures for recovering such orientations and thus for understanding how people embed and reveal practice, with and for one another, in interaction. It is argued that the practice-turn should not overlook the fact that practice is, in the first instance, a members’ phenomenon, something that members draw upon, monitor and orient to in real time interaction.
Applying the Multiple Dimensions of Reading Fluency to Assessment and Instruction
Authors: Berninger Virginia W. , Abbott Robert D. , Trivedi Pamala , Olson Erin , Gould Laura , Hiramatsu Sandra , Holsinger Marta , McShane Margaret , Murphy Heather , Norton Jennifer , Scuilli Boyd Annie , York Westhaggen Susanna
Published: January 2010

In Study 1 we evaluated whether each of three kinds of reading fluency (oral, silent—sentences, silent—passages) contributed uniquely to reading comprehension when children were in second grade (when oral reading is emphasized) and again when they were in fourth grade (when silent reading is emphasized). In Study 2 we evaluated the relationship of comprehension and other reading (automatic real word and pseudoword reading) and oral language (vocabulary) skills to each of the three kinds of fluency (oral passage, silent passage rate, and silent timed sentence comprehension) at the same grade levels. Results of both studies showed that contributions vary with the three kinds of fluency, as predictors or outcomes, and grade level, consistent with the view that fluency is a multidimensional construct that has bidirectional relationships with other language skills. Implications of multidimensional fluency for assessment and instruction are discussed.
Masking and Temporal Niche Switches in Spiny Mice
Authors: Cohen Rotem , Smale Laura , Kronfeld-Schor Noga
Published: January 2010

Activity patterns are the product of interactions between an internal circadian clock and direct responses to photic and nonphotic features of the environment that are said to “mask” the influence of that clock. Evolutionary transitions between nocturnality and diurnality involve changes in mechanisms underlying both of these processes. Here, the authors examined how masking influences activity patterns of golden spiny mice ( Acomys russatus), which can be either nocturnal or diurnal, and common spiny mice ( Acomys cahirinus), which are strictly nocturnal. Animals kept on a 12:12 LD cycle were exposed to 3-h dark pulses starting at ZT 2, light pulses of varying intensities (50, 100, 700, or 1500 lux) at ZT 14, and a 3.5:3.5-h LD cycle. In common spiny mice, activity increased by 379% during the dark pulse and decreased during light pulses to 23% of baseline levels. Golden spiny mice also increased their activity in response to the dark pulse (by 345%), but there was extreme inter-and intraindividual variability and no significant response to light pulses at night. In the 3.5:3.5 LD cycle, common spiny mice showed a preference for the dark phase with 86% ± 0.01% of activity occurring then, whereas golden spiny mice showed a pronounced circadian rhythm but no evidence of masking. Masking responses to light and dark were thus unsurprising in common spiny mice but were highly unusual in golden spiny mice. Patterns seen in the latter species may reflect mechanisms enabling these animals to occupy either a diurnal or a nocturnal niche in their natural habitat.
Nightmares Associated with the Eveningness Chronotype
Authors: Nielsen Tore
Published: January 2010

Relations between common nightmares and chronobiological factors remain poorly understood. The possibility that nightmare frequency and distress are associated with chronotype (“morningness-eveningness”) was investigated in a sample of respondents to an Internet questionnaire. Over a 4½-year period, a total of 3978 subjects (mean age = 26.5 ± 11.6 yrs; age range = 10-69; 2933 female, 1045 male) submitted responses to single items about chronotype and nightmares as well as to other demographic variables. Analyses of chronotype and nightmares items by age and gender replicated most previous findings for these measures—validating their further assessment—and uncovered abrupt increases in nightmare distress between ages 10-19 and 20-29 for females and ages 30-39 and 40-49 for males. Most important, there was a strong association between nightmares and eveningness for female subjects. The latter was expressed as a linear association between nightmare frequency and increasing eveningness and a cubic association between nightmare distress and increasing eveningness; the definite evening types displayed the most severe nightmares. The effect for nightmare frequency was independent of age and sleep duration but was eliminated when nightmare distress was covaried. For females, the nightmare/eveningness association appeared at ages 20 to 29 for the definite evening type and only later, at ages 30 to 39, for the moderate evening type. Findings are consistent with the possibility that nightmares are the expression of a more general pathological factor that is characteristic of eveningness and that is responsible for affective symptoms such as neuroticism and depression. This pathological factor appears to be expressed in late adolescence/ early adulthood, and relative morningness may be a protective factor delaying its onset. The well-established circadian modulations of cognitive, social, and affective tasks that are influenced by chronotype may extend to the memory and affective processes of sleep—including dreaming. This chronotypic influence, together with a likely gender difference in the neurophysiological substrate of emotional processing, may result in the differential occurrence of nightmares for female evening types.
Reorganization of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Networks under 24-h LDLD Conditions
Authors: Yan Lily , Silver Rae , Gorman Michael
Published: January 2010

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), locus of the master circadian clock in the brain, is comprised of multioscillator neural networks that are highly plastic in responding to environmental lighting conditions. Under a 24-h light:dark:light:dark (LDLD) cycle, hamsters bifurcate their circadian locomotor activity such that wheel running occurs in each of the 2 daily dark periods with complete inactivity in between. In the present study, we explored the neural underpinning of this behavioral bifurcation. Using calbindin (CalB)— containing cells of the SCN as a regional marker, we characterized PER1 and c-FOS expression in the core and shell SCN subregions. In LD-housed animals, it is known that PER1 and c-FOS in the core and shell region are in phase with each other. In contrast, in behaviorally bifurcated animals housed in LDLD, the core and shell SCN exhibit antiphase rhythms of PER1. Furthermore, cells in the core show high FOS expression in each photophase of the LDLD cycle. The activation of FOS in the core is light driven and disappears rapidly when the photophase is replaced by darkness. The results suggest that bifurcated activity bouts in daytime and nighttime are associated with oscillating groups of cells in the core and shell subregions, respectively, and support the notion that reorganization of SCN networks underlies changes in behavioral responses under different environmental lighting conditions.
Effects of Medial Hypothalamic Lesions on Feeding-Induced Entrainment of Locomotor Activity and Liver Per2 Expression in Per2::luc Mice
Authors: Tahara Yu , Hirao Akiko , Moriya Takahiro , Kudo Takashi , Shibata Shigenobu
Published: January 2010

Restricted feeding induces anticipatory activity rhythm and also entrains the peripheral circadian clocks, although the underlying brain mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. The dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) has been implicated in the regulation of restricted feeding—induced anticipatory activity rhythms (FAA), but the role of the DMH in restricted feeding— induced entrainment of peripheral circadian clocks is still unknown. In the present study, the role of the DMH in entrainment of the peripheral circadian clock was examined using Per2::luciferase knock-in mice. The results indicate that lesions that destroy the large mediobasal hypothalamic (MBH) lesions destroying the DMH, ventrolateral hypothalamus (VMH), and arcuate nucleus (ARC) significantly reduce daily locomotor activity rhythms and FAA formation. In addition, these lesions phase advanced the peak of liver Per2 expression by 2 h when compared to sham-operated mice. Following the administration of MBH lesions, the animals run less and start later in the restricted feeding— induced FAA rhythm but do not have any alterations in the restricted feeding— induced phase shift of the liver Per2 rhythm. These results demonstrate that the hypothalamus, including the MBH, is an important brain area for maintaining the locomotor rhythm and FAA formation. However, it is not necessary for restricted feeding—induced entrainment of the liver clock.
Reflections on Reflexivity and Critical Reflection as Critical Research Practices
Authors: Daley Andrea
Published: January 2010

This article explores reflexivity and critical reflection as they were applied during an exploratory study of the psychiatric and mental health service experiences of lesbian and queer women. Reflexivity and critical reflection are centered as critical research practices toward recognizing and responding to micropractices of power and power relations in the interviewing relationship, structural forms of power and its impact on the recruitment of participants and therefore the inclusion and exclusion of particular participants in the research process, and the limitations of the social process of knowledge production vis-a-vis research methods and interviews.
Everyday Conflict and Daily Stressors: Coping Responses of Black Women
Authors: Everett Joyce E. , Camille Hall J. , Hamilton-Mason Johnnie
Published: January 2010

The purpose of this study was to explore how Black women cope with the impact of daily stressors in their lives. To understand stress and coping among Black women, it was necessary to explore the interlocking effects of race, gender, and social class on these stressors and their effects on the women’s ability to cope with the consequences for their health and emotional and psychological well-being. An exploratory design with grounded theory methods was used to develop a midrange theory about stress and coping among Black women on the basis of the women’s experience with sociocultural factors, namely, race, gender, and social class. The implications for practice of the findings underscore the continuing significance of racism and sexism in the everyday lives of Black women.
Women With Disabilities in Lebanon: From Marginalization to Resistance
Authors: Wehbi Samantha , Lakkis Sylvana
Published: January 2010

This article explores the intersections of gender and disability in Lebanon, with a particular focus on education and employment. On the basis of a recent study on education and employment in Bekaa, a rural region of Lebanon, as well as practice experience, the authors highlight the main findings and discuss the role of social work in addressing the marginalization of women with disabilities. Throughout the discussion, the authors adopt a feminist critical-disability theoretical perspective that steers clear of conceptions of women with disabilities as passive victims of oppressive social conditions. The article ends with two examples of grassroots activist efforts to address the marginalization of women with disabilities.
Attitudes Toward Gays and Lesbians Among Undergraduate Social Work Students
Authors: Swank Eric , Raiz Lisa
Published: January 2010

This article identifies the factors behind students’ attitudes toward lesbian and gay individuals on the basis of the responses of 575 heterosexual undergraduates from 12 social work programs in the United States. Consistent with attribution theory, the findings suggest that the belief that sexual orientation is a choice is the strongest predictor of responses to gays and lesbians. The precepts of social learning theory and the intergroup contact hypothesis were also substantiated because sexual prejudice was lower among students with ‘‘gay-friendly’’ parents and numerous interactions with homosexual peers. Finally, negative interpretations of gay men and lesbians were higher for students who embraced authoritarian orientations and traditional gender-role beliefs and attended religious services more frequently. Implications for educators in the university environment and the classroom are presented.
Measuring the Distribution of Economic Development Tax Incentive Intensity
Authors: Greenbaum Robert T. , Russell Blair D. , Petras Tricia L.
Published: January 2010

The targeting of economic development incentives at distressed locations or particular industries is typically justified based on equity and efficiency grounds. However, existing empirical studies fail to fully explain the distribution of incentives in a region or state because they do not account for variations in the distribution of population or industries. This article contributes to the literature on the targeting of incentives in several important ways, using the example of Ohio. The distribution of economic incentives is examined using the intensity of incentives, which allows for examination of whether incentives are targeted to distressed locations or industries. Intensity of incentives is measured as the value or number of incentives weighted by the number of employees and firms in each location or industry. We find that policies are missing the mark if they are indeed intended to target areas of distress or particular industries.
Body-Specific Representations of Action Verbs
Authors: Willems Roel M. , Hagoort Peter , Casasanto Daniel
Published: January 2010

According to theories of embodied cognition, understanding a verb like throw involves unconsciously simulating the action of throwing, using areas of the brain that support motor planning. If understanding action words involves mentally simulating one’s own actions, then the neurocognitive representation of word meanings should differ for people with different kinds of bodies, who perform actions in systematically different ways. In a test of the body-specificity hypothesis, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to compare premotor activity correlated with action verb understanding in right- and left-handers. Right-handers preferentially activated the left premotor cortex during lexical decisions on manual-action verbs (compared with nonmanual-action verbs), whereas left-handers preferentially activated right premotor areas. This finding helps refine theories of embodied semantics, suggesting that implicit mental simulation during language processing is body specific: Right- and left-handers, who perform actions differently, use correspondingly different areas of the brain for representing action verb meanings.
Maternal Working Memory and Reactive Negativity in Parenting
Authors: Deater-Deckard Kirby , Sewell Michael D. , Petrill Stephen A. , Thompson Lee A.
Published: January 2010

We examined the role of working memory in observed reactive parenting in a sample of 216 mothers and their same-sex twin children. The mothers and their children were observed completing two frustrating cooperation tasks during a visit to the home. The mothers worked one-on-one with each child separately. Mothers completed the Vocabulary (verbal), Block Design (spatial), and Digit Span (working memory) subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Third Edition. We used a within-family quasi-experimental design to estimate the magnitude of the association between sibling differences in observed challenging behaviors (i.e., opposition and distractibility) and the difference in the mother’s negativity toward each child. As hypothesized, reactive negativity was evident only among mothers with poorer working memory. Verbal and spatial ability did not show this moderating effect. The effect was replicated in a post hoc secondary data analysis of a sample of adoptive mothers and sibling children. Results implicate working memory in the etiology of harsh reactive parenting.
Consolidation of Episodic Memories During Sleep
Authors: Racsmány Mihály , Conway Martin A. , Demeter Gyula
Published: January 2010

Two experiments investigated the long-term effects of retrieval practice. In the retrieval-practice procedure, selected items from a previously studied list are repeatedly recalled. The typical retrieval-practice effects are considerably enhanced memory for practiced items accompanied by low levels of recall, relative to baseline, for previously studied items that are associated with the practiced items but were not themselves practiced. The two experiments demonstrated that the former effect persisted over 12 hr; the latter effect also persisted over 12 hr, but only if a period of nocturnal sleep occurred during the retention interval. We propose that consolidation processes occurring during sleep, and possibly featuring some form of off-line rehearsal, mediate these long-term effects of retrieval practice.
Uncoupling of Reading and IQ Over Time
Authors: Ferrer Emilio , Shaywitz Bennett A. , Holahan John M. , Marchione Karen , Shaywitz Sally E.
Published: January 2010

Developmental dyslexia is defined as an unexpected difficulty in reading in individuals who otherwise possess the intelligence and motivation considered necessary for fluent reading, and who also have had reasonable reading instruction. Identifying factors associated with normative and impaired reading development has implications for diagnosis, intervention, and prevention. We show that in typical readers, reading and IQ development are dynamically linked over time. Such mutual interrelationships are not perceptible in dyslexic readers, which suggests that reading and cognition develop more independently in these individuals. To our knowledge, these findings provide the first empirical demonstration of a coupling between cognition and reading in typical readers and a developmental uncoupling between cognition and reading in dyslexic readers. This uncoupling was the core concept of the initial description of dyslexia and remains the focus of the current definitional model of this learning disability.
You’re Having Fun When Time Flies
Authors: Sackett Aaron M. , Meyvis Tom , Nelson Leif D. , Converse Benjamin A. , Sackett Anna L.
Published: January 2010

Seven studies tested the hypothesis that people use subjective time progression in hedonic evaluation. When people believe that time has passed unexpectedly quickly, they rate tasks as more engaging, noises as less irritating, and songs as more enjoyable. We propose that felt time distortion operates as a metacognitive cue that people implicitly attribute to their enjoyment of an experience (i.e., time flew, so the experience must have been fun). Consistent with this attribution account, the effects of felt time distortion on enjoyment ratings were moderated by the need for attribution, the strength of the “time flies” naive theory, and the presence of an alternative attribution. These findings suggest a previously unexplored process through which subjective time progression can influence the hedonic evaluation of experiences.
A Dissociation Between Linguistic and Communicative Abilities in the Human Brain
Authors: Willems Roel M. , de Boer Miriam , de Ruiter Jan Peter , Noordzij Matthijs L. , Hagoort Peter , Toni Ivan
Published: January 2010

Although language is an effective vehicle for communication, it is unclear how linguistic and communicative abilities relate to each other. Some researchers have argued that communicative message generation involves perspective taking ( mentalizing), and—crucially—that mentalizing depends on language. We employed a verbal communication paradigm to directly test whether the generation of a communicative action relies on mentalizing and whether the cerebral bases of communicative message generation are distinct from parts of cortex sensitive to linguistic variables. We found that dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, a brain area consistently associated with mentalizing, was sensitive to the communicative intent of utterances, irrespective of linguistic difficulty. In contrast, left inferior frontal cortex, an area known to be involved in language, was sensitive to the linguistic demands of utterances, but not to communicative intent. These findings show that communicative and linguistic abilities rely on cerebrally (and computationally) distinct mechanisms.
Lusting While Loathing
Authors: Litt Ab , Khan Uzma , Shiv Baba
Published: January 2010

We show how being “jilted”—that is, being thwarted from obtaining a desired outcome—can concurrently increase desire to obtain the outcome, but reduce its actual attractiveness. Thus, people can come to both want something more and like it less. Two experiments illustrate such disjunctions following jilting experiences. In Experiment 1, participants who failed to win a prize were willing to pay more for it than those who won it, but were also more likely to trade it away when they ultimately obtained it. In Experiment 2, failure to obtain an expected reward led to increased choice, but also negatively biased evaluation, of an item that was merely similar to that reward. Such disjunctions were exhibited particularly by individuals low in intensity of felt affect, a finding supporting an emotional basis for relative harmonization of wanting and liking. These results demonstrate how dissociable psychological subsystems for wanting and liking can be driven in opposing directions.
Pisosterol induces interphase arrest in HL60 cells with C-MYC amplification
Authors: Silva TCR , Lima PDL , Bahia MO , Khayat AS , Bezerra FS , Andrade-Neto M. , Seabra AD , Pontes TB , Moraes MO , Montenegro RC , Costa-Lotufo LV , Pessoa C. , Pinto GR , Burbano RR
Published: January 2010

The leukaemia cell line HL60 is widely used in studies of the cell cycle, apoptosis and adhesion mechanisms in cancer cells. One marked characteristic of HL60 cells is the C-MYC proto-oncogene amplification, resulting in the formation of homogeneously staining regions (HSRs) at 8p24. We conducted a fluorescence in situ hybridization study in an HL60 cell line, using a locus-specific probe for C-MYC, before and after treatment with pisosterol (at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.8 μg/mL), a triterpene isolated from the fungus Pisolithus tinctorius. Before treatment, 87.5% of the cells showed HSRs. After treatment, no effects were detected at lower concentrations of pisosterol (0.5 and 1.0 μg/mL). However, at 1.8 μg/mL only 15% of the cells presented HSRs, and 39.5% presented few fluorescent signals (3 or 4 alleles), suggesting that pisosterol probably blocks the cells with HSRs at interphase. This result is particularly interesting because cells that do not show a high degree of C-MYC gene amplification have a less aggressive and invasive behaviour and are easy targets for chemotherapy. Therefore, further studies are needed to examine the use of pisosterol in combination with conventional anti-cancer therapy.
Incidence of adverse drug reactions induced by N-acetylcysteine in patients with acetaminophen overdose
Authors: Zyoud Sa'ed H , Awang Rahmat , Syed Sulaiman Syed Azhar , Sweileh Waleed M , Al-jabi Samah W
Published: January 2010

Background: Intravenous N-acetylcysteine (IV-NAC) is widely recognized as the antidote of choice for acetaminophen overdose. However, its use is not without adverse drug reactions (ADR) that might affect therapeutic outcome or lead to treatment delay. Objective: the aim of this study was to investigate the type and incidence of ADR induced by IV-NAC in patients treated for acetaminophen overdose. Methods: This is a retrospective study of patients admitted to the hospital for acute acetaminophen overdose over a period of 4 years (1 January 2005 to 31 December 2008). The primary outcome of interest in this study was the occurrence of ADR during NAC administration. Pearson chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test, student’s t test, and Mann-Whitney U test were used in univariate analysis. SPSS 15 was used for data analysis. Results: Two hundred and fifty five patients were studied. Different types of ADR were observed in 119 (46.7%) cases. Of those patients, 83 (69.7%) had been treated with IV-NAC versus 36 (30.3%) who had not (p < .001). The following ADR were significantly associated with IV-NAC administration: vomiting (p = .001), flushing (p < .001), rash (p < .001), pruritus (p < .001), chest pain (p = .001), bronchospasm (p = .03), coughing (p = .01), headache (p = .001), dizziness (p < .001), convulsion (p = .03), and hypotension (p = .001). ADR were mild in 54 (43.2%), moderate in 17 (13.6%), and severe in 12 (9.6%) patients. There were no ADR in 42 (33.6%) patients. Comparative results of the characteristics of patients who reacted to IV-NAC and nonreactors showed that patients with ADR had no significant difference in age, gender, ethnicity, amount ingested, latency time, and acetaminophen level than nonreactors. Conclusion: ADR to IV-NAC were common among patients with acetaminophen overdose, but mostly minor and all reported adverse reactions were easily managed.
Lupus-prone New Zealand Black/New Zealand White F1 mice display endothelial dysfunction and abnormal phenotype and function of endothelial progenitor cells
Authors: Thacker SG , Duquaine D. , Park J. , Kaplan MJ
Published: January 2010

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have an impairment in phenotype and function of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) which is mediated by interferon α (IFN-α). We assessed whether murine lupus models also exhibit vasculogenesis abnormalities and their potential association with endothelial dysfunction. Phenotype and function of EPCs and type I IFN gene signatures in EPC compartments were assessed in female New Zealand Black/New Zealand White F1 (NZB/W), B6.MRL-Faslpr/J (B6/lpr) and control mice. Thoracic aorta endothelial and smooth muscle function were measured in response to acetylcholine or sodium nitropruside, respectively. NZB/W mice displayed reduced numbers, increased apoptosis and impaired function of EPCs. These abnormalities correlated with significant decreases in endothelium-dependent vasomotor responses and with increased type I IFN signatures in EPC compartments. In contrast, B6/lpr mice showed improvement in endothelium-dependent and endothelial-independent responses, no abnormalities in EPC phenotype or function and downregulation of type I IFN signatures in EPC compartments. These results indicate that NZB/W mice represent a good model to study the mechanisms leading to endothelial dysfunction and abnormal vasculogenesis in lupus. These results further support the hypothesis that type I IFNs may play an important role in premature vascular damage and, potentially, atherosclerosis development in SLE. Lupus (2010) 19, 288—299.