bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Favoriser le développement du savoir-être des stagiaires en psychoéducation : la conception d’une innovation pédagogique
Authors: Hovington Stéphanie , Bédard Denis , Dufour Sarah
Published: July 2020

En psychoéducation, le savoir-être concerne tous les apprentissages liés aux domaines affectif et social. Bien que le savoir-être soit reconnu comme l’une des notions fondamentales de l’intervention psychoéducative, la formation est encore principalement assurée par une pédagogie visant l’acquisition de savoirs théoriques et pratiques. En conséquence, les étudiants ne développent pas suffisamment les compétences relationnelles essentielles à leur pratique future. Le présent article présente l’étape de conception d’une innovation pédagogique ayant pour objectif d’optimiser le dispositif pédagogique des stages à l’École de psychoéducation de l’Université de Montréal afin de favoriser, entre autres éléments, le développement du savoir-être. Basée sur le cadre théorique de l’apprentissage et de l’enseignement contextualisés et authentiques (AECA) (Bédard et al., 2000; Frenay et Bédard, 2004) qui vise à établir une passerelle entre l’apprentissage des théories et l’apprentissage des pratiques en terrain professionnel. L’innovation pédagogique est composée de pédagogies actives à mettre en oeuvre dans le double contexte de supervision à l’université et de stage. Issue de travaux de refonte du programme de psychoéducation vers l’approche par compétences, cette innovation change la façon d’enseigner le stage de deuxième année du baccalauréat en psychoéducation, en particulier en favorisant le développement du savoir-être chez les futurs psychoéducateurs. Elle intéressera toute personne qui forme des psychoéducateurs pour et par la pratique.
Élevage et écotourisme dans les Pyrénées
Authors: Beltran Oriol , Vaccaro Ismael
Published: July 2020

Dans cet article, nous étudions les utilisations locales du territoire associées aux formes alternatives de conservation des valeurs naturelles dans les Pyrénées catalanes, dans le nord-est de l’Espagne. Dans les Pyrénées, région où de nombreuses aires protégées ont été créées, la conservation de l’environnement ne se limite pas aux projets et actions sanctionnés par l’État et délimités territorialement. Dans ces pages, nous proposons d’analyser les pratiques de l’élevage traditionnel qui sont encore mises en oeuvre dans les Pyrénées et les initiatives locales d’écotourisme qui contribuent à la conservation de la nature. Notre objectif est d’interroger, et même d’élargir, la définition de la conservation pour inclure les pratiques quotidiennes qui passent souvent inaperçues dans la perspective de conservation dominante. La discussion sur les raisons pour lesquelles certaines pratiques sont considérées comme conservationnistes et d’autres non ne tourne pas seulement autour de leur bien-fondé écologique, mais elle nous oblige également à analyser les problèmes d’asymétrie de pouvoir, de légitimité et d’économie politique.
Le « bien-vivre » (sumaq kawsay) et les pommes de terre paysannes
Authors: Hall Ingrid
Published: July 2020

Le Parc de la pomme de terre de Pisac, au Pérou, est une initiative locale qui, si elle ne bénéficie d’aucune reconnaissance de la part du gouvernement péruvien, est un exemple important sur la scène internationale de la conservation. Le parc est le creuset de l’émergence d’un modèle de développement alternatif — appelésumaq kawsayen quechua, que l’on traduit par « bien-vivre » — présenté comme autochtone et comme une proposition alternative à l’ontologie naturaliste ou moderne. Cet article analyse la façon dont ce discours a été formulé, en prenant en compte les différentes arènes dans lesquelles il est mis en exergue. Après avoir présenté en détail la proposition spécifiquement élaborée au sein du Parc de la pomme de terre, l’auteure montre que ce discours est formulé en fonction de dynamiques à l’oeuvre au sein d’un groupe de travail relevant de la Convention sur la diversité biologique. Elle fait voir qu’une organisation non gouvernementale joue dans cette enceinte le rôle de diplomate ontologique et réfléchit à ce que signifie et implique l’exercice de cette diplomatie pour les autres acteurs, tant à l’échelle locale et nationale qu’internationale.
Diseño de una aplicación para la comunidad de fans del K-pop (“K-papp”)
Authors: Zhao Ruyi
Published: July 2020

La comunidad de fans del K-pop está creciendo, pero tienen dificultades para acceder a la información porque está muy distribuida a través de diferentes plataformas. Con el fin de cubrir este nicho de mercado, elaboré el TFM con una propuesta de diseño y desarrollo de un prototipo de alta fidelidad para una aplicación que permite acceder fácilmente a la información completa de un artista y/o grupo de música K-pop.
Motor expertise affects the unconscious processing of geometric forms
Authors: Geng Jiaxian , Meng Fanying , Wang Chao , Haponenko Hanna , Li Anmin
Published: July 2020

Background

The unconscious processing of information is an important skill used by competitive athletes to handle the rapidly changing movements of opponents and equipment. Previous studies have shown that unconscious information processing among athletes is better than that among non-athletes in the sports-specific domain. However, it is not yet clear whether athletes also show superior unconscious information processing in the general cognitive domain.

Methods

Twenty-five competitive table tennis players (athletes) and 26 aged-matched non-athletic college students (non-athlete controls) were recruited for this study. Participants first performed a masked priming task that used geometric shapes as primes and targets to examine unconscious information processing in the general cognitive domain. As a control, participants then completed a prime identification task to determine whether they could consciously detect the priming geometric forms. Reaction times and error rates were analyzed to examine whether motor expertise influenced unconscious information processing in the general domain. Nineteen athletes and 17 non-athletes from our present study, which used general stimuli, also participated in our previous study, which used sport-specific stimuli. The strength of the unconscious response priming effect was analyzed to examine whether the effect of motor expertise on unconscious processing could be transferred from a sports-specific domain to a general domain.

Results

Signal detection analyses indicated that neither athletes nor non-athletes could consciously perceive the priming stimuli. Two-way repeated-measures analyses of variance followed by simple main effects analyses of the masked priming performance, indicating that athletes responded faster and committed fewer errors when the priming stimulus was congruent with the target stimulus. These results suggested that athletes exhibited a significant unconscious response priming effect of geometric forms. By contrast, non-athletes did not respond faster or commit fewer errors for congruent vs. incongruent conditions. No significant difference was detected between athletes and non-athletes in error rates for congruent trials, but athletes committed significantly more errors than non-athletes on incongruent trials. The strength of the unconscious response priming effect that athletes exhibited was greater than that for non-athletes, both in the present study with general stimuli and in our previous study with sport-specific stimuli.

Conclusion

The results indicated that motor expertise facilitated the unconscious processing of geometric forms, suggesting that the influence of motor expertise on unconscious information processing occurs not only for the sports-specific domain but also transfers to the general cognitive domain.
Регенерация печени млекопитающих: межклеточные взаимодействия
Authors: Ельчанинов Андрей Владимирович , Фатхудинов Тимур Хайсамудинович
Published: July 2020

В монографии приводятся современные представления о регенерации печени млекопитающих, о роли различных популяций печени в регуляции репаративного процесса: резидентных макрофагов, эндотелиоцитов, звездчатых клеток, лимфоцитов. Обсуждается роль факультативных путей регенерации печени, то есть участия стволовых клеток, роль трансдифференцировки в регенерации печени. Отдельные главы посвящены краткому описанию строения печени млекопитающих, пренатальному развитию, регенеративной медицине заболеваний печени. Для широкого круга биологов и врачей, в том числе для клеточных биологов, специалистов в области биологии развития, регенеративной медицины.
Appraising the Neurobehavioural Toxicity Potential of Aqueous Methanol Leaf Extract of Tapinanthus globiferus Growing on Azadirachta indica
Authors: Umarudeen A. M. , Magaji M. G.
Published: July 2020

The high prevalence and disease burden of anxiety disorders against the paucity and liabilities of existing anxiolytics indicates a need for the discovery of additional/new anti-anxiety agents. However, it is necessary to further screen these new/putative anxiolytic compounds/extracts to rule out the unwanted neurobehavioural toxicities inherent in the existing anti-anxiety drugs. Aqueous methanol leaf extract of Tapinanthus globiferus growing on Azadirachta indica host tree has previously demonstrated significant (p<0.05) anxiolytic effects in mice. This study, therefore, set out to counter-screen this extract for locomotion-suppressant, acute amnesic, sedative (myorelaxant) and hypnotic effects using standard mouse behavioural and biochemical paradigms. The leaf extract (150, 500 and 1500 mg/kg) did not cause significant (p>0.05) alterations in spontaneous locomotor activity, motor coordination/balance, sleep onset or duration, but dose-dependent and significant (p<0.05) increases (63.28±5.63, 65.63±4.12 and 69.18±3.69) in novel object recognition indices of extract-treated compared to 51.54±4.03 and 61.06±2.91 scores in diazepam- and aqua-treated mice, respectively. These findings indicate the aqueous methanol leaf extract is mostly devoid of the evaluated neurobehavioural toxicities and may possess short-term memory enhancement property in mice. These findings may justify the traditional use of Tapinanthus globiferus extracts for memory enhancement.
Seroprevalence of IgM Antibody in Atypical Pneumonia Causing Pathogens by Pneumoslide, IFA
Authors: Singh Puneeta , Malik Shalabh , Lal Vandana
Published: July 2020

Background: Atypical bacterial and viral pathogens play an important role in atypical pneumonia are responsible for one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing countries.

Objective: The purpose of this study to determine the prevalence of bacterial and viral pathogens causing acute atypical pneumonia in different age groups and seasonality patterns of prevalence in India.

Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on 680 samples tested during December 2018 to August 2019, performed at Microbiology department of Dr. Lal Path Labs. Serum samples were used for Pneumoslide IgM test diagnose 9 Atypical bacterial & viral pathogens: Legionella pneumophila (LP), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP), Coxiella burnetti (COX), Chlamydophila pneumonia (CP) Adenovirus (ADV), Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Influenza A (INFA), Influenza B (INFB), Parainfluenza serotypes 1,2 &3(PIVs).

Results: Of a total 477(70.1%) samples were positive for atypical pneumonia pathogens. Atypical pneumonia was seen in extremes of age ie: <=5 years and >60 elderly adults without much of a gender bias. Co infections was seen in 62.1%. Legionella pneumophila (42.5%) was the dominant pathogen followed by Influenza B (41.7%) Mycoplasma pneumoniae (33.4%), Parainfluenza serotypes 1,2 &3 (29.4%) respectively. Atypical pneumonia has a spring predominance that is peaking in March.

Conclusion: Among six predominant atypical pathogens, Legionella pneumophila and Influenza B was most predominant pathogens, as a causative agent of atypical pneumonia followed by Mycoplasma pneumoniae seen mostly in young (0-5 years) comparison to all age groups. Hence, Pneumoslide IgM as a multi panel test needed to ensure initiation of targeted therapy. Pneumoslide IgM, by IFA is a rapid, cost effective easy to identify & classify atypical pneumonia causing pathogens.
Geothermal Energy
Authors: Mink Leland (Roy)
Published: July 2020

Heat emanating from within the earth is one source of geothermal energy. This vast repository of energy is generated from the decay of natural radioisotopes and heat from the molten core of the earth.

Natural sources of geothermal fluids for heating and bathing have been utilized since prehistoric times. The useful applications of hydrothermal resources depend on the temperature of the extracted fluid. Relatively low‐temperature fluids can be effectively applied for purposes such as greenhouse heating, fish farming, and especially space heating. Waters at higher temperatures can be used for a variety of industrial processes and the generation of electricity. Transportation of hot fluid over more than a few kilometers is often economically impractical. It is then possible to apply the power generated by hydrothermal energy in a variety of ways and at distant locations. The efficiency of electrical generation is directly related to the thermal quality of the resource. To successfully compete with the multitude of energy sources available, geothermal energy must be available and retrievable in both a convenient and an economical manner. Conditions have only been met using hydrothermal geothermal resources in the form of hot water and steam, but these particular hydrothermal resources are limited. Most of the world's accessible geothermal energy is found in rock that is hot but contains limited fluid.
Audiences, Gender, and Horror
Authors: Chronaki Despina
Published: July 2020

This entry provides an overview of the available literature on audiences of horror. Research in the field so far has been dominated by textual approaches to horror, examining the factor of gender within the text or addressing the viewer indirectly via an approach to audiences' possible interpretations. Reception studies have contributed significantly to the field, yet research from this perspective is still scarce, while there is a wider body of knowledge deriving from effects studies and looking to identify potential effects of horror on viewers.
Digital Labor
Authors: Jarrett Kylie
Published: July 2020

Digital labor is a complex term, spanning a range of phenomena from digital transformations of paid work, to creative labor in digital media industries, to the exploitation of user data, to mineral extraction, manufacturing, and electronic waste disposal. A shared feature of these forms of labor is the extension of unpaid working hours, precarious labor conditions, and the blurring of labor and leisure. These conditions are described as the “feminization” of labor and also correspond with features associated with unpaid domestic work, particularly as theorized by Marxist feminists. Digital labor can be usefully interrogated using feminist concepts, even though the gendered qualities of this work remains under‐researched.
Gamergate
Authors: Massanari Adrienne L.
Published: July 2020

Gamergate (or #Gamergate) is hashtag activist movement that started in August 2014. Gamergate activists claim that their main goal is to raise awareness and critique a purported lack of ethical integrity in gaming journalism. However, the actual events of Gamergate involved a systematic harassment campaign across multiple platforms that mostly targeted women and people of color—game developers, journalists, gaming industry critics, games scholars, and their allies. In particular those who were perceived as “sympathetic” to issues of social justice and representation in games and gaming culture have been subject to harassment. The roots of Gamergate can be traced to fundamental issues within gaming fandom communities (both in the United States and globally) around the inclusion of women and marginalized individuals as primary gaming audiences. Gamergate has been seen as providing a kind of “playbook” for the “alt‐right.”
Games and Players
Authors: Carbone Marco Benoît , Ivănescu Andra
Published: July 2020

The gender identities of players, the representations of video game characters, the state of diversity in the gaming industry, and the specific characteristics of the medium represent key issues for gender studies approaches to digital games. Looking at the history of representation of characters in digital games, the entry discusses the prevalence of heteronormative representations and dominance of cisgender, White, and male characters at the detriment of diversity, as well as tracing elements of change and inclusivity emerging in the game industries. Reporting about the Gamergate debacle as a backlash against emerging feminist critiques of gaming industries and cultures, the entry provides an account of players from a demographic perspective, tracing the prevalence of White, patriarchal heteronormativity to systemic issues of professional underrepresentation, and relating progressive views on gender identities in gaming to broader movements like #MeToo and #BlackLivesMatter. Outlining approaches to the study of games and gender from an interdisciplinary perspective, the entry underlines the specific affordances of the interactive medium for the trying and affirmation of gender identities, including character customization, embodiment, the simulacrum aspects of representation, and inclusiveness as an emergent property of design. The rise of gender analysis in games is highlighted as a timely and political issue that concerns matters of research as well as industry representation and advocacy, requiring both interdisciplinary and games‐specific approaches.
Feminism, Media, and the Public Sphere
Authors: McLaughlin Lisa
Published: July 2020

Feminist scholars have offered incisive analyses of Habermas's early work on the concept of the public sphere as both an idealization of a specific historical period in Western European society and an exclusionary historical account that fails to place importance on activity in spheres associated with women and other marginalized discursive communities. At the same time, most feminists, regardless of their respective scholarly fields, have been slow to attend to the significance of media within the Habermasian notion of the public sphere. Over time, feminists have increasingly devoted more attention to the role of the media within public sphere theory and practice, whether in mainstream or alternative forms of mediated communication, and, more recently, in consideration of the relevance of the public sphere concept to feminism and new media. Still, more research is needed in order to address the public sphere within feminist scholarship on media policy and governance, as well as to recognize the ways in which globalization processes have obviated the need to develop a concept of a feminist transnational counterpublic sphere that accounts for media while avoiding media‐centrism.
Mobile Cultures and the Asia‐Pacific
Authors: Lanson Klare , Hjorth Larissa
Published: July 2020

Over the past three decades, mobile cultures have been investigated from a range of different perspectives—both across disciplines and intercultural and transnational scholarship. During this time, it has grown from a technology to an array of convergent media practices. With cell phone usage ubiquitous globally, every aspect of our everyday—from play to work, life to death—is shaped by and through mobile media. Throughout this transformation, culture and related gender issues have been central to mobile media practices.

This entry on mobile cultures reflects on key concepts such as intimacy and labor in which the device has been a site for many paradoxes around changing notions of public and private spaces. For some scholars mobile media erode spatial and temporal boundaries, while for others mobile media exposes that those boundaries were always porous. Drawing on prominent literature from the Asia‐Pacific region, we focus on three topics of discussion into its role and relationship to gender; through (a) a brief historical survey on the relational aspects of cell phones and gender, (b) the rise of camera phones and its impact on gender, and (c) the role of mobile visualities and performativity in the creation of social, cultural, and political agency.
Queer Digital Cultures in India
Authors: Dasgupta Rohit K.
Published: July 2020

This entry looks at queer digital culture in India. Based on reviews of available literature alongside empirical research, the entry reports how digital culture has become an integral part of queer lives in contemporary India. Queer digital cultures exist through social media, dating sites, hook up applications, blogs, and activist‐led initiatives. The emergence of queer digital spaces for Indians began in the diaspora in the early 1990s, but over time, with the growth of India's mobile and telecommunications industry, became a primary site through which communities are forged, questioned, and critiqued.
Trans Cultures Online
Authors: Dame‐Griff Avery P.
Published: July 2020

This entry introduces the contemporary transgender experience online. Compared to earlier communication formats, digital communications radically changed transgender social support systems and political organizing. These changes can be understood as falling under at least one of four primary categories of user practices: information seeking, self‐representation, social support, and political activism. Online, transgender individuals consistently use the internet to find information on a variety of topics, from dress and presentation tips and local support groups, to affirming medical professionals. Using social media platforms like Facebook, Tumblr, YouTube, and Instagram, individuals can present themselves in ways that reflect their chosen gender identity. Their posting practices vary, from self‐photography and video blogging to expert advice aimed at those just coming out. Through their posts, comments, and other sharing practices, users build social connection and support networks. Transgender individuals use these same practices for a variety of political activism, including awareness raising, letter campaigns, and documenting transgender history. However, platform affordances and policies, such as Facebook's requirement to use one's “real name,” can also limit transgender users' representational possibilities.
Affect
Authors: Paasonen Susanna
Published: July 2020

The so‐called affective turn has been diagnosed in cultural inquiry for about two decades. In studies of gender, media, and communication, it has allowed for investigations of public sentiment, the force and appeal of media images, texts, and sounds, as well as the entanglement of human and nonhuman bodies in everyday practices of communication. In its diverse manifestations, the turn to affect has shifted analytical attention away from issues of representation and psychology toward questions of materiality and sensation. It has also challenged rational models of communication, as suggested in the influential notion of the public sphere. Considerations of affective online publics formed through public accounts of sentiment, the melodramatic templates of reality television, or the affective appeal of fake news all suggest the importance of expanding lines of inquiry into the interconnections of sense and sensibility, the semiotic, and the somatic. At the same time, studies of affect remain divided in their theoretical approaches, from new materialist interest in abstract, pre‐personal qualities of affect to more psychological accounts of embodied affective capacities and states. The turn to affect has been critiqued for short‐circuiting considerations of social power just as it has been seen as affording novel points of entrance into understanding the affective ecologies of ubiquitous network connectivity. In their focus on bodies encountering and affecting one another, considerations of affect foreground materiality and, in doing so, push against inquiries into gender, media, and communication that address human actors alone.
Commodification
Authors: Ragragio Jefferson Lyndon D.
Published: July 2020

This entry considers the ways in which gender is commodified in the media and demonstrates the explicit and subtle processes surrounding gender commodification. Looking at examples as diverse as prostitution, mail‐order brides, and fortune‐telling, the varying scenarios and contexts that represent the gendered subject as a commodity that can be bought, sold, and exchanged in the market are discussed.
A History of Feminist Film Theory
Authors: Miraka Fjoralba
Published: July 2020

Feminist film theory grew side by side with second‐wave feminism and it critically interrogated the representation of women on film. Whereas early examinations of film offered a first sociological approach to film as a cultural product, later theorists implemented structuralism, semiotics, and psychoanalysis in their theorizations of film as language and as a purveyor of patriarchal ideology. Feminist film theory as a field of inquiry was also revolutionized by theories of spectatorship, of stardom, and of genres, and became more attentive to the intersectionality of class, race, and sexuality after the influence of cultural studies, lesbian theory, as well as Black and postcolonial feminist theory. Furthermore, women auteurs attracted extensive examination in the 1970s/1980s with anthologies of women and film spreading rapidly. The 21st‐century feminist film criticism remains relevant and dynamic in responding to visual culture while also focusing on women filmmakers, offering models of feminist intervention, recovering women's contribution to the industry, and recognizing their diverse roles in film.
Feminist Moving Image Practices
Authors: Brebenel Mihaela
Published: July 2020

This entry covers a brief herstory of feminist moving image practices, as individual artists or collectives have performed them. It aims to consider those less known histories, outside of the main United States and United Kingdom‐centered narratives. Often these refer to feminist work with moving images only as a part of a moment when video, as a more accessible technology, entered the gallery or museum space and afforded this space political potential. The role of this contribution is thus to offer an account that covers as much as possible a wider geographical range, as well as the documented feminist work with moving images performed by women of color and LGBTQ filmmakers and artists.
Feminist Media Activism
Authors: Mendes Kaitlynn , Dikwal‐Bot Diretnan
Published: July 2020

Throughout history, feminists around the world have long rich histories of harnessing the power and potential of media to engage in activism, spread feminist ideology, mobilize campaigns, and combat patriarchal, racist, colonial, or other oppressive ideologies. This entry will take a historical approach by highlighting some of these creative, subversive, and, at times mainstream while at other times “hidden,” practices in the Global North and Global South. As a result of the recent explosion of feminist activism that harnesses the power of digital technologies, the bulk of this entry will provide an overview of this scholarship. It will highlight the specific ways that digital technology is used for feminist consciousness raising, mobilization, giving publicity to offline protests, making visible the material consequences of gender marginalization, and promoting campaigns around sexism, misogyny, and rape culture. However, while digital technologies are often celebrated for revitalizing feminist activism, we consider the ways preexisting power dynamics create imbalances in the visibility and circulation of feminist voices and ideas. Finally, we highlight the tendency for digital media to produce new forms of exclusion defined by the speed, frequency, scope, and access to digital communication.
Global Alliance on Media and Gender (
GAMAG
)
Authors: Montiel Aimee Vega
Published: July 2020

The purpose of this entry is to show the potential of the Global Alliance on Media and Gender for the promotion of gender equality in and through the media and ICT.
Global Media Monitoring Project (
GMMP
)
Authors: Macharia Sarah
Published: July 2020

The Global Media Monitoring Project (GMMP) seeks to bring news media accountability into the struggle for gender equality and women's human rights. In five‐year spurts since 1995, it has generated global, regional, and national comparative time series data and analyses on gender equality in news media content. It is a feminist applied media research project born out of concern about the lack of respect for the integrity and dignity of women in the mass media. Referred to as “one of the most far‐reaching collective enterprises of the global women's movement” (Gallagher, 2014), the GMMP has attracted a vast network of volunteer media monitors in more than 100 countries who are concerned about women's freedom of expression and communication rights. The GMMP's statistical findings since 1995 have been remarkably stable: Women's severe underrepresentation has persisted as has their relative invisibility in the news in contrast to men. The outcome of underrepresentation is an imbalanced picture of the world, one in which women are largely absent. The monitoring research has equally shown a dearth of women's voices in contrast to men's perspectives in news journalism, resulting in content that presents a male‐centered view of the world. GMMP findings from 1995 to 2015 attest to a snail's pace rate of change toward news media content that reflects the reality of women's presence and participation in society. Some transformations have resulted from the critical awareness and evidence emerging from the GMMP.
Globalization, Gender, and Media
Authors: Parikka Tuija
Published: July 2020

A significant body of literature focuses on gender and media on the one hand and gender and globalization on the other, but less on the relationship between globalization, gender, and media. Yet globalization as a material and discursive phenomenon closely intersects with gender and media analysis in contemporary contexts. This literature review aims at identifying the role of globalization in gender and media literature, and traces shifts in interest in economic, cultural, political, and technological aspects of globalization in that context.
Nonconsensual Images, Celebrity, and US Law
Authors: Sebastian Melinda
Published: July 2020

Nonconsensually shared images are typically sexually explicit and distributed without the consent of the subject. This is often labeled as revenge porn in the media, and colloquially, but that label has proved to be problematic in the United States legal system. Legal scholars and practitioners, as well as mainstream media outlets that refer to this as revenge porn, may describe it as a type of intimate abuse, when it involves a former or current romantic partner who is attempting to get revenge or cause shame and embarrassment. When used colloquially it tends to refer to any sexually explicit nonconsensually shared images. Since scholars first began addressing online forms of abuse there has been a great deal of variation in terminology including nonconsensual imagery, nonconsensual image capture, sextortion, intimate or sexual privacy violation, nonconsensual pornography, voyeurism, peeping toms, and/or harassment. This lack of consensus can complicate the issue for attorneys, the media, and the general public, and the issue has the potential to become more complicated still when it happens to a celebrity or public figure.
Waves of Feminism
Authors: Malinowska Ania
Published: July 2020

This entry outlines the waves of feminism to explain the modern history of the women's liberation movement and how it has been shaped by women's interactions with the media (and vice versa). The media context allows for a more situated analysis of “female troubles” as it unveils the role of media forms for shaping women's cultural circumstances. The entry explains the development of the feminist movement, focusing on the chronological evolution of the movement's assumptions. It describes the main events and activists of the women's liberation front, distinguishing between the targets and tools of individual waves. The relationship between the media and feminism has been of crucial importance for the progression of contemporary communication and its structures. The reinvention of one through another by means of mutual criticism and stimulation has helped reframe the social functions of the sexes as well as open the media for uses beyond their original design.
Women's Alternative News Sites
Authors: Cerqueira Carla
Published: July 2020

This entry on women's alternative news sites expounds on the relationship between technologies, news, and women, in order to portray the field of analysis in question, its potentialities, limitations, and challenges. The exponential increase in research conducted in recent years, as well as in digital platforms used, shows that this is an area characterized by ruptures, persistence, and metamorphoses in terms of production and dissemination of information.
Disability and Masculinity
Authors: Goggin Gerard
Published: July 2020

Disability and masculinity is an important and relatively new area of media and communication research. Yet it is crucial for understanding the gender dynamics of the field—and to the social functions of media and communication across global societies. The starting point are the stereotypes, underpinned by the assumption that masculinity is antithetical to disability and impairment—and the pervasive fear that these aspects of human experience undermine and imperil forms of masculinities. Such conservative and power ideas of masculinity that disavow disability have been under challenge for some time, being displaced by a rich set of new identities and conceptions. Across a range of media and communication there have been innovative enactments of disability and masculinity, and significant research has emerged. It is hoped that the suggestive work to date is but the prelude to an expanded, comprehensive, and systematic charting of the complexities of disability and masculinity, and how this helps us reframe and refine accounts of gender, media, and communication.
Female Friendships on Film: Understanding Homosocial Interaction in Gender‐Swapped Films
Authors: Lam Celia
Published: July 2020

Female friendship films have been the subject of scholarship and popular press interest in recent years. The popularity of films such as
Bridesmaids
and
The Heat
have witnessed a new form of comedy film in which female characters occupy the character dynamics and immature humor previously associated with male‐centered bromance films. This entry outlines some of the thematic concerns of female friendship films and extrapolates how themes from gender‐swapped media texts can contribute to discussions of female friendship on film.
Gender in Iranian Cinema
Authors: Ghaffari Soudeh
Published: July 2020

Cinema has always been influenced by sociopolitical occurrences throughout its nearly 100 year history in Iran. As such, the 1979 Islamic Revolution also affects the cinema by its foundation of Islamic rules and values. Adoption of cinema as an ideological tool helped the Islamic revolutionary propaganda to expand retrogressive gender policy and practices in which women were represented as second‐class citizens who were to be kept at home as a housewife or a mother with the emphasis on modesty and chastity as the ideal features of a Muslim woman. However, throughout the following three decades after the revolution, and alongside wider sociocultural changes in Iran, the representation of women has been transformed toward reflecting on what women do in real social life and how they contribute to society. Asghar Farhadi, as Iran's most internationally acclaimed filmmaker today, represents examples of this transformation by setting new standards in reinforcing a real portrayal of women's life/role in current Iranian society; women who are crossing boundaries of gender segregation and inequality. This entry looks at the representation of Iranian women within the past 40 years, specifically in Farhadi's two movies,
A Separation
(2011) and
The Salesman
(2016), which were both celebrated by receiving Academy Awards for the best foreign language film in 2012 and 2017.
Gender on Bulgarian Television
Authors: Ibroscheva Elza , Stover Maria
Published: July 2020

Gender ideologies were essential elements of the socialist project and provided important mechanisms to support the ideal of women's emancipation and equality between the sexes. Television content was seen as a critical tool to promote the new social order and was strategically used for its educational and cultural potential to mobilize and propagate an image of the woman as a producer of goods and reproducer of the labor force. In the West, TV has also been shown to support gender stereotypes aligned with the social expectations of men and women in a given period. A historical overview of the gender stereotypes on Bulgarian television during socialism and in the postsocialist transition illustrates that while portrayals of women in the early days of socialism focused on the “tough girl” female heroine who successfully manages the double burden of motherhood and work, as socialism began to falter, the image of the TV woman began to change, although never directly challenging the ideology of gender equality. Analysis of current Bulgarian female TV characters demonstrates that in the postsocialist period, a new heroine has emerged, stripped of socialist consciousness and fully immersed in the realities of the market, using her sexuality as a currency and actively retrenching from public life and political participation.
Gay Representations inUSReality Television
Authors: Brennan Niall
Published: July 2020

This entry addresses representations of gay participants in US reality television programming. From reality TV's prehistory inAn American Family(1973) andThe Real World(1992–), to the more recentBig Brother(2000–),Survivor(2000–), Queer Eye for the Straight Guy(2003–2007),Project Runway(2004–) andRuPaul's Drag Race(2009–), gay individuals have appeared across the genre's programs, however equivocally, thus in ways that warrant examination of the construction of gay identities within known and accepted narrative strategies. The entry also critically considers the less‐present, less‐examined place of gay hosts of reality TV, namely the gay male hosts ofProject Runway,Queer Eye for the Straight Guy, andRuPaul's Drag Race, with particular focus on the way they have mobilized “cultural expertise” in alignment with the neoliberal project of decreased community involvement, heightened self‐improvement, and intensified relationships with the consumer environment. This entry ultimately interrogates the genre's claim that it presents “reality” in ways that are most important to us as social beings by simultaneously amplifying and essentializing LGBTQI identities.
Non‐Normative Characters: Disability
Authors: Ellis Katie
Published: July 2020

Critical disability studies recognizes disability is culturally constructed as existing outside the bounds of normality. Rosemarie Garland‐Thomson identifies the way disabled bodies are constructed in culture as extraordinary or non‐normative. While disabled characters in film and television continue to be isolated, pathologized, and represented as being unable to be socialized and fully integrated into society socialized, new opportunities for representation are emerging via social media. Drawing on Garland‐Thomson's framework of the stare and Stella Young's critique of the media's preference for inspirational narratives (so called inspiration porn) this entry highlights a number of examples of non‐normative characters evident in US, UK, and Australian media as they offer critiques of disabling society, contemporary beautyism, and the unattainable strive for the cultural ideal.
Programming Television for Women in theUSAandCanada
Authors: Matheson Sarah A.
Published: July 2020

This entry examines how television has imagined and targeted women as viewers and focuses on the ways in which networks have scheduled and delivered programs to these audiences. It traces how the targeting of programming toward women has shifted over time in response to forces of social and political change (such as the rise and impact of feminism) and in relation to changes in technology and in the industry.
Queer Horror Cinema
Authors: Brown Shane
Published: July 2020

More than any other genre, the horror film has provided an outlet for queer images and characters. While not widely recognized as a genre until the early 1930s, even the earliest films in that decade's horror cycle featured queer imagery. For example, Gregory W. Mank talks of Boris Karloff's appearance as the title character in
The Mask of Fu Manchu
(dir. Charles Brabin, 1932) having an “Ann‐Margret smile, false eye‐lashes, Adrian‐designed gowns, dragon‐lady fingernails, and [a] lisping, come‐hither delivery.” Such imagery would continue in the horror film through the coming decades, from the lesbian connotations in
Dracula's Daughter
(dir. Lambert Hillyer, 1936) and
The Haunting
(dir. Robert Wise, 1963) through to more explicit depictions of male homosexuality in more recent films such as
Bride of Chucky
(dir. Ronny Yu, 1998),
Cursed
(dir. Wes Craven, 2005) and the films of cult low‐budget filmmaker David deCoteau—and everything in‐between. This entry gives an overview of the various types of queerness depicted in the horror film through the decades and discusses why the horror film in particular has been an outlet for these images. This entry draws on the work of Mank (1994), Dyer (1988), Benshoff (1997), Lang (2002), and Brown (2016).
Sexual Violence in Popular Media
Authors: Harrison Mia , Webster Scott
Published: July 2020

This entry surveys the literature on representations of rape and sexual violence in film and television. It covers the critical analysis of threats and/or practices of sexual violence as a plot device as well as its heavily gendered dimensions—that is, as acts typically involving a male perpetrator and a female victim. Acts that deviate from this understanding tend to be comparatively underrepresented in academic and popular media domains. Particular attention is paid to how sexual violence and consent are framed within popular media and how these are complicated by science fiction and fantasy plots that portray supernatural violations of consent as well as characters who represent intersectional identities.
Male Stereotypes: The Sexy Dad and Caring Father
Authors: Smith Angela
Published: July 2020

This entry will explore how fatherhood can be articulated as both an opportunity for men to demonstrate their caring, nurturing side, while also being a site for sexual desirability, popularly referred to as the “DILF.” The “new man” masculinity that emerged in the 1990s will be drawn on in respect of how this came to be linked with the popularizing of female‐directed pornography around the same time, finally merging in the 21st century as the “sexy dad.” By drawing on various media texts relating to fatherhood, this entry will show how there is a self‐presentation of fatherhood that is largely in line with the caring, emotional “new man,” but at times wittily espousing a playful form of macho masculinity linked with gym culture. This is contrasted with the media interpretation of such fatherhood that seeks to sexualize the male body in the popular press. The discussion finds that the act of carrying or holding a child becomes a site for these two discourses to meet, both in the visual images used to illustrate stories and in the associated text.
The LatinAmerican Telenovela: Perspectives on the Feminine and the Masculine
Authors: Cassano Giuliana
Published: July 2020

This entry provides a theoretical reflection on the telenovela as a Latin American melodramatic product, its social and cultural significance, the way gender is represented in the characters it depicts, the themes it addresses, the characters, and situations it portrays.

The stories of the telenovela build and consolidate the imaginaries of a society, particularly those of gender. We know that gender as a cultural construction condenses the meanings—that of sexual difference—each society elaborates. These meanings structure perception and establish a set of social mandates and expectations, configuring gender systems that establish different kinds of relations within each cultural group. The stories of the telenovela are not alien to these meanings; the representations that are produced and reproduced in them, respond to this set of expectations and mandates, but also represent breaks and fractures, changes and transformations around their meanings, since the telenovela is a symbolic production that has been transformed over time.
Women in
A
frican Cinema
Authors: Ekwughe Victoria
Published: July 2020

From the earliest years of African cinema, most films have emphasized women's traditional domestic roles or treated them as sex objects. However, a new generation of women filmmakers are beginning to challenge those stereotypes so that a genre of feminist filmmaking in Africa focuses on topics around women and empowerment, calling attention to economic, social, and cultural development from the perspective of women.
Women in the Films of IngmarBergman
Authors: Sánchez‐García Inmaculada N.
Published: July 2020

This entry provides an overview of the key critical responses to the representation of women in the films of Ingmar Bergman. As a central part of the European filmic canon, Bergman is a revered White male artist whose work stands out not only because of his focus on existential concerns, but also because of the attention paid to female roles. While the Swedish filmmaker is known for casting female characters as protagonists, feminist film criticism of his work has been mixed and has varied across time. The varied critical discourses around Bergman's depiction of women have moved from assessing its revolutionary potential for female liberation, to analysing its deeply problematic dimensions, to a middle‐ground position that acknowledges its flaws but also accounts for its radical treatment of gender and identity.
Gender, Politics, and News in Nigeria
Authors: Ogwezzy‐Ndisika Abigail Odozi , Amakoh Kelechi Okechukwu , Faustino Babatunde Adeshina , Onwubere Chidinma Henrietta , Oloruntoba Faith Aanu
Published: July 2020

Against the backdrop that the media is a critical variable in the calculus of gender, politics, and power, this entry examines how the media has presented women politicians. Research suggests that the media play an important role in reinforcing gender stereotypes in politics in Nigeria as much as anywhere else. Several studies of news reportage of Nigerian general elections are discussed, showing similar patterns and themes in relation to women's marginalization, gender‐specific and negative representation, and the silencing of women's voices in media.
Gender, Race, and the News: Enduring Bias
Authors: Meyers Marian , Leide Josephine
Published: July 2020

News studies that have looked at gender or race within the context of representation, news work, and audiences indicate that little has changed since earlier research found that the news perpetuates stereotypes of women and people of color, and that women news workers and journalists of color face discrimination and bias in their newsrooms. The race and gender of audiences also impacts their perceptions and selection of news, with crime news, in particular, related to increased bias among White viewers against African Americans because of their prevalence in crime news. In addition, the findings of mainstream research that focuses on race in the news, but does not address gender are generally inaccurate when applied to women. While mainstream research involving the representation of African Americans has largely concluded that they are overrepresented as criminals and their portrayal reflects modern racism, intersectional research has found that that this is not the case for African American women. Intersectional studies that include gender as well as race and other aspects of social location and identity appear to be more accurate and inclusive in their findings.