bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi-Sensor Information Fusion for Mobile Robot Indoor-Outdoor Localization: A Zonotopic Set-Membership Estimation Approach
Authors: Zhu Yanfei , Fang Xuanyu , Li Chuanjiang
Published: February 2025

This paper investigates the localization of mobile robots in both indoor and outdoor scenarios. A zonotopic set-membership approach is proposed to fuse global navigation satellite system and odometry data outdoors, and 2D laser and odometry data indoors. Seamless switching between indoor and outdoor scene localization is achieved through a comparison of the current global navigation satellite system signal’s covariance with a predefined threshold in the proposed approach. Firstly, the robot’s position information is characterized using the odometry model, and the set containing the true state of the robot is updated to obtain the current updated zonotope. In addition, the global navigation satellite system or laser observation equations are described as a strip region and intersected with the prediction zonotope to obtain the feasible set of the states. Choosing the zonotope with the smallest volume from a family that encompasses the intersection of the two serves as the outer boundary for the intersection, enabling the determination of the precise position. The algorithm proposed in this paper can estimate the position state of the mobile robot to achieve accurate localization. To validate the proposed approach, relevant data are presented in the simulation results and discussion.
Low-Carbon Development Strategies for Power Generation Expansion in Sub-Saharan Africa: Insights from an Optimisation-Based Analysis for Kenya
Authors: Musonye Xavier S. , Davíðsdóttir Brynhildur , Kristjánsson Ragnar , Ásgeirsson Eyjólfur I. , Stefánsson Hlynur
Published: February 2025

Energy production and consumption are major contributors to global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Sub-Saharan African countries face the challenge of harnessing diverse energy sources to meet rising demand affordably while curbing emissions. This study uses the optimisation-based Kenya-TIMES model to explore low-carbon strategies for Kenya’s power generation from 2020 to 2050. A business-as-usual (BAU) scenario is compared with four low-carbon scenarios: carbon tax, renewable portfolio standard, renewable energy subsidies, and a hybrid of subsidies and carbon tax. The analysis reveals that geothermal, wind, and hydropower dominate the energy mix until 2035 across all scenarios. After 2035, coal capacity in the BAU scenario is replaced by solar, gas, and biomass in low-carbon scenarios. While all low-carbon strategies, except the renewable energy subsidy scenario, meet Kenya’s nationally determined contribution (NDC) emission reduction targets by 2050, the hybrid scenario emerges as the most effective and cost-efficient pathway. Although achieving significant emissions reductions, the carbon tax and renewable portfolio standard scenarios result in higher system costs. The results indicate that an integrated optimisation-based approach can identify optimal energy development pathways that leverage local resources to accommodate growth and enhance energy access while minimising costs and emissions.
Effects of Foliar Application of Potassium Fertilizer on Anatomical and Physiological Changes of Neosinocalamus affinis Leaves
Authors: Zhao Chongsheng , Liu Jiaxin , Zhu Fangwei , Wang Shuguang
Published: February 2025

Foliar fertilization, an effective strategy for enhancing crop yields, is relatively uncommon in bamboo cultivation. To investigate the impact of potassium fertilizer applied directly to bamboo leaves, we applied K2CO3 on the fresh leaves of 1-year-old Neosinocalamus affinis culms. The results indicated that potassium fertilization significantly promoted leaf growth and development, evidenced by thicker leaf and epidermal and mesophyll cells and increased areas of bulliform and fusoid cells. Additionally, the chlorophyll content rose, while the moisture levels declined. Notably, the soluble sugar, starch, and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) contents in the leaves also increased. Further analysis of the sugar metabolism revealed that the exogenous potassium application boosted the activities of key enzymes involved in sucrose metabolism, including soluble acid convertase (SAI), cell wall invertase (CWI), sucrose synthase (SuSy), and sucrose phosphate synthetase (SPS). The foliar application of K2CO3 also promoted starch synthesis in the leaves by elevating the activities of ADPG pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), soluble starch synthase (SSS), and granular-bound starch synthase (GBSS), while simultaneously diminishing the activities of starch phosphorylase (STP), α-amylase, and β-amylase. Moreover, the targeted application of K2CO3 significantly reduced the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and significantly enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD), thereby improving the stress resistance of bamboo leaves. This study suggested that the foliar application of potassium fertilizer promoted leaf growth, enhanced bamboo’s sugar metabolism and storage, and increased the stress resistance of bamboo leaves.
Blockchain-Based Decentralised Authentication in Closed Environments
Authors: Kanjanapruthipong Wata , Boonkrong Sirapat
Published: February 2025

Traditional authentication systems with an authentication server that handles authentication requests from many clients have a major weakness, i.e., a single point of failure. This study presents an authentication paradigm based on blockchain, which provides a decentralised and distributed mechanism for processing authentication. The security of the proposed design of the decentralised authentication protocol was evaluated using Gong–Needham–Yahalom (GNY) logic. The results indicated that the protocol was secure against various attacks. This protocol has significant potential for enhancing secure identity management in sectors where privacy and data integrity are most important.
Parameter Estimation of Fractional Uncertain Differential Equations
Authors: Ning Jing , Li Zhi , Xu Liping
Published: February 2025

In this paper, we focus on the parameter estimations and some related issues of a class of fractional uncertain differential equations. We obtain the parameter estimations of the considered equations by using rectangular and trapezoidal algorithms for numerical approximation of optimal problems. Subsequently, by taking the trapezoidal method as an example, the predicted variable–corrected variable method is used to solve fractional-order uncertain differential equations, and numerical solutions were demonstrated by using different α-paths. Finally, by using the trapezoidal algorithm, we predicted the closing prices of Tencent Holdings for the entire year of 2023 and compared them with actual historical values, showcasing the applicability and effectiveness of this method in practical applications.
Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping for Yield and Related Traits in Cowpea
Authors: Sodo Abdoul Moumouni Iro , Ongom Patrick Obia , Fatokun Christian , Olasanmi Bunmi , Dieng Ibnou , Boukar Ousmane
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Cowpea is a major source of dietary protein and plays a key role in sustainable agriculture across sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Asia, and Latin America. Research efforts have focused mainly on enhancing productivity through higher yield and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses in cowpea. Understanding the genetic basis of yield and associated agronomic traits is crucial for improving crop productivity. This study aims to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with grain yield and related traits in cowpea under regular rainfed conditions. Methods: We developed a set of 316 F6:7 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) mapping populations derived from a cross between RP270 and CB27 using a single-seed descent breeding method. The RILs and their two parental lines were evaluated in the field for two years, 2022 and 2023, at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in Ibadan, Nigeria. The cowpea mid-density genotyping panel consisting of 2602 quality DArTag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was used to genotype the RIL population. Results: Seven major QTLs, each explaining ≥10% of phenotypic variance, were detected for 100-seed weight, number of days to flower, number of pods per plant, number of branches per plant, and number of peduncles per plant. Putative genes associated with yield and related traits were identified within significant flanking markers. Further efforts to validate these loci will help to better understand their roles in yield and associated traits in cowpea.
“Grooving in My Body”: A Mixed-Methods Pilot Study of Vibroacoustic Therapy’s Effects on Emotion Regulation and Attention in Autistic Children
Authors: Moore Janelle , Farquharson Kate , Lotter Carol
Published: February 2025

Background: Autistic children often face challenges with attention and emotion regulation, which can impact their socio-communication skills and overall well-being. Vibroacoustic therapy (VAT), a sensory-based intervention using low-frequency sound vibrations, may offer a novel approach to address these challenges. The objective of this pilot study is to explore the feasibility and potential efficacy of VAT in improving attention and emotion regulation in autistic children aged 9–12 years. Methods: Eighteen children were recruited with assistance from the school psychologist, using purposive sampling to identify participants with autism spectrum disorder and attentional challenges. The study was conducted at a primary school in Pretoria, South Africa, in March 2023. Participants were divided into treatment (n = 9) and control (n = 9) groups. The treatment group underwent 10 VAT sessions over six weeks. Attention was assessed using the NEPSY-II and Joint-Attention Test (JTAT), focusing on sustained, selective, alternating, and joint attention. Qualitative data were collected through observations and creative semi-structured interviews to understand the children’s experiences of VAT. Tests were conducted at baseline, midway, post-intervention, and one week post-intervention. Statistical analysis was conducted using a Generalised Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) in R version 4.3.1, with significance assessed using a Likelihood Ratio Test (p < 0.05) to assess attention improvements. Results: Quantitative analysis revealed significant improvements in joint attention in the treatment group (X2 = 11.64, df = 3, p = 0.008). Qualitative findings highlighted positive experiences related to emotion regulation, with children reporting a sense of calm and enjoyment during VAT sessions. Teachers also noted improvements in attention and engagement. Conclusions: VAT appears to be a feasible and acceptable intervention for autistic children, with potential benefits for attention and emotion regulation. These findings support further research to validate its efficacy and explore its adaptability for diverse sensory profiles. VAT may hold promise as a holistic therapeutic tool in autism intervention programmes.
Adaptation and Validation of the Italian Version of the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (I-DSMQ) with an Additional Focus on Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Lombardo Camilla , Vittorini Pierpaolo , Fabiani Leila , Aleandri Anna Rita , Ciogli Francesco , Fiorenza Marta , Scatigna Maria , De Luca Assunta
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: The Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ) provides a multidimensional measure of diabetes self-management behaviors essential for glycemic control. However, the DSMQ has never been validated in Italy despite the increasing prevalence of diabetes. This study aims to validate the Italian version of the DSMQ (I-DSMQ), with an additional focus on patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Two samples of patients attending the diabetology clinic at the ASL of Rieti were selected. The first sample included 70 patients diagnosed with either Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), while the second sample consisted of 99 individuals diagnosed with T2DM. Both groups completed the same questionnaire, the Italian version (I-DSMQ) of the original 16-item DSMQ, two times. Results: The results show that the Italian version maintains its reliability and consistency as an instrument applied to the Italian context in the self-management evaluation of patients with T1DM and T2DM. However, the Italian adaptation shows less satisfactory results considering only a subgroup of patients with T2DM. Conclusions: The I-DSMQ is a reliable and valid tool among Italian patients with T1DM and T2DM. Further insights are needed for the health usage domain if only T2DM patients are considered.
Application of Levelized and Environmental Cost Accounting Techniques to Demonstrate the Feasibility of Green Hydrogen-Powered Buses in Brazil
Authors: Alcantara Murilo L. , Santana José C. C. , Nascimento Cláudio A. O. , Ribeiro Celma O.
Published: February 2025

Background: This study applied levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) and environmental cost accounting techniques to evaluate the feasibility of producing green hydrogen (GH2) via alkaline electrolysis for use in a bus fleet in Fortaleza, Brazil. Methods: A GH2 plant with a 3 MW wind tower was considered in this financial project. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the economic viability of the project, considering the influence of production volume, the number of electrolysis kits, financing time, and other kay economic indices. Revenue was derived from the sale of by-products, including green hospital oxygen (GHO2) and excess wind energy. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed to quantify material and emission flows throughout the H2 production chain. A zero-net hydrogen price scenario was tested to evaluate the feasibility of its use in urban transportation. Results: The production of GH2 in Brazil using alkaline electrolysis powered by wind energy proved to be economically viable for fueling a hydrogen-powered bus fleet. For production volumes ranging from 8.89 to 88.9 kg H2/h, the sensitivity analysis revealed high economic performance, achieving a net present value (NPV) between USD 19.4 million and USD 21.8 million, a payback period of 1–4 years, an internal rate of return (IRR) of 24–90%, and a return on investment (ROI) of 300–1400%. The LCOH decreased with increased production, ranging from 56 to 25 USD/MWh. Over the project timeline, GH2 production and use in the bus fleet reduced CO2 emissions by 53,000–287,000 t CO2 eq. The fuel cell bus fleet project demonstrated viability through fuel cost savings and revenue from carbon credit sales, highlighting the economic, social, and environmental sustainability of GH2 use in urban transportation in Brazil.
Radioresistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Biological Bases and Therapeutic Implications
Authors: Wu Jianhui , Zhao Xiaofang , Ren Bowen , Duan Xuezhang , Sun Jing
Published: February 2025

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor with high morbidity and mortality. Radiotherapy technology is a common treatment modality that can be used in all stages of HCC. However, in some cases, radiotherapy fails in clinical practice mainly because of the patient’s resistance to radiotherapy, creating a bottleneck for future breakthroughs. HCC radiosensitivity is primarily related to DNA double-strand break repair, cellular autophagy, cell cycle, cellular metabolism, and hypoxic environmental regulators. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of its molecular mechanisms will be of immense importance in reversing HCC radioresistance. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanism of action of radiotherapy on HCC, the cellular and molecular basis of radiation resistance in HCC, related treatment modalities, and future prospects.
A Closer Look into Autoimmune Liver Diseases
Authors: Filipovic Branka , Marjanovic-Haljilji Marija , Blagojevic Dragana , Dragovic Milica , Krsmanovic Emilija , Matovic Ana , Panic Natasa , Kiurski Stanimir , Zagorac Zagor , Milanovic Miljan , Markovic Olivera , Djokovic Aleksandra , Glisic Tijana , Dragasevic Sanja , Popovic Dusan
Published: February 2025

Autoimmune liver diseases involve a heterogeneous group of chronic inflammatory disorders, including autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Sometimes presented consistently as an overlapping syndrome, their pathogenesis is rather complex and has yet to be fully elucidated, despite extensive research efforts. This review article corroborates the molecular mechanisms of autoimmune liver diseases, as well as existing and potential therapeutic modalities.
The Current Epidemiology of Urinary Incontinence and Urinary Tract Infections After Spinal Cord Injury—A Model Systems Spinal Cord Injury Examination (2016–2021)
Authors: Elliott Christopher , Kreydin Evgeniy , Crew James , Shem Kazuko
Published: February 2025

Introduction: Neurogenic bladder disorders after spinal cord injury (SCI) are often problematic with urinary incontinence (UI) and recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) contributing to patient morbidity. Our study objective was to provide a current snapshot of the frequency of UI and UTIs in the SCI population while also quantifying their association with hospitalization. Methods: The National Spinal Cord Injury Database (2016–2021) was accessed for persons within five years of injury. The self-reported frequency of UI in the last month (none, daily, weekly, monthly), the number of UTIs requiring antibiotic treatment, and the number of hospitalizations (including reason) in the prior year were evaluated. Results: Our cohort comprised 5106 individuals within 5 years of SCI. Approximately 40% reported UI in the past month and over 50% had a UTI requiring antibiotics in the past year. Incontinence was significantly more frequent in those performing clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) (52% overall, 17% daily) compared to indwelling catheters (29% overall) or volitional void (22% overall) (p < 0.001 for each). Conversely, UTIs were most common in those using indwelling catheters (79% with at least one UTI) or CIC (70%) compared to diapers/condom catheters (46%) or volitional void (19%) (p < 0.001 for each). Increasing UI and UTI occurrences were both associated with an increased frequency of hospitalization in the prior year. Conclusions: UI and UTIs are common problems after SCI. While differing frequencies of UI and UTI are present based on bladder management, the overall frequency suggests that a continued emphasis on prevention is needed to potentially increase quality of life and decrease hospitalization.
Trajectory Compression Algorithm via Geospatial Background Knowledge
Authors: Fang Yanqi , Sun Xinxin , Zhang Yuanqiang , Zhou Jumei , Feng Hongxiang
Published: February 2025

The maritime traffic status is monitored through the Automatic Identification System (AIS) installed on vessels. AIS data record the trajectory of each ship. However, due to the short sampling interval of AIS data, there is a significant amount of redundant data, which increases storage space and reduces data processing efficiency. To reduce the redundancy within AIS data, a compression algorithm is necessary to eliminate superfluous points. This paper presents an offline trajectory compression algorithm that leverages geospatial background knowledge. The algorithm employs an adaptive function to preserve points characterized by the highest positional errors and rates of water depth change. It segments trajectories according to their distance from the shoreline, applies varying water depth change rate thresholds depending on geographical location, and determines an optimal distance threshold using the average compression ratio score. To verify the effectiveness of the algorithm, this paper compares it with other algorithms. At the same compression ratio, the proposed algorithm reduces the average water depth error by approximately 99.1% compared to the Douglas–Peucker (DP) algorithm, while also addressing the common problem of compressed trajectories potentially intersecting with obstacles in traditional trajectory compression methods.
Histopathologic Concerns and Diagnostic Challenges in Hirschsprung’s Disease: An Eastern European Single-Center Observational Study
Authors: Horváth Emőke , Derzsi Zoltán , Löckli Eliza , Molnár Gyopár-Beáta , Bara Zsolt , Kovács Evelyn , Gozar Horea
Published: February 2025

Background: We proposed a comprehensive clinicopathological study involving the characterization of the study cohort and a comparative analysis of biopsies and surgical specimens from patients with Hirschsprung’s disease. The study was complemented by the diagnostic value of calretinin, CD56, and S-100 immunohistochemistry. Methods: Descriptive statistical analysis of diagnostic variables in the group of biopsy specimens (n = 32) and bowel resection specimens (n = 16) was performed. The pattern of calretinin and CD56 expression in Meissner’s plexus elements was analyzed and the maximum thicknesses of the nerve fibers were measured using morphometry with S100-immunostained sections. Conclusions: Coupled calretinin–CD56 immunohistochemistry is useful in diagnosing ganglion cell paucity biopsies or specimens with incomplete submucosa. In cases where there are no ganglion cells but there are calretinin-positive nerve fibrils in the lamina propria without nerve trunk (NT) hypertrophy, re-biopsy is the best solution. The significant differences in NT size between biopsies and surgical specimens highlight the importance of assessing NT diameter in all tissue samples examined.
Description and Comparative Genomics of Algirhabdus cladophorae gen. nov., sp. nov., a Novel Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototrophic Bacterial Epibiont Associated with the Green Alga Cladophora stimpsonii
Authors: Nedashkovskaya Olga , Baldaev Sergey , Ivaschenko Alexander , Bystritskaya Evgenia , Zhukova Natalia , Eremeev Viacheslav , Kukhlevskiy Andrey , Kurilenko Valeria , Isaeva Marina
Published: February 2025

A novel, strictly aerobic, non-motile, and pink-pigmented bacterium, designated 7Alg 153T, was isolated from the Pacific green alga Cladophora stimpsonii. Strain 7Alg 153T was able to grow at 4–32 °C in the presence of 1.5–4% NaCl and hydrolyze L-tyrosine, gelatin, aesculin, Tweens 20, 40, and 80 and urea, as well as produce catalase, oxidase, and nitrate reductase. The novel strain 7Alg 153T showed the highest similarity of 96.75% with Pseudaestuariivita rosea H15T, followed by Thalassobius litorarius MME-075T (96.60%), Thalassobius mangrovi GS-10T (96.53%), Tritonibacter litoralis SM1979T (96.45%), and Marivita cryptomonadis CL-SK44T (96.38%), indicating that it belongs to the family Roseobacteraceae, the order Rhodobacteales, the class Alphaproteobacteria, and the phylum Pseudomonadota. The respiratory ubiquinone was Q-10. The main polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, two unidentified aminolipids, and one unidentified lipid. The predominant cellular fatty acids (>5%) were C18:1 ω7c, C16:0, C18:0, and 11-methyl C18:1 ω7c. The 7Alg 153T genome is composed of a single circular chromosome of 3,786,800 bp and two circular plasmids of 53,157 bp and 37,459 bp, respectively. Pan-genome analysis showed that the 7Alg 153T genome contains 33 genus-specific clusters spanning 92 genes. The COG20-annotated singletons were more often related to signal transduction mechanisms, cell membrane biogenesis, transcription, and transport, and the metabolism of amino acids. The complete photosynthetic gene cluster (PGC) for aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis (AAP) was found on a 53 kb plasmid. Based on the phylogenetic evidence and phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, the novel isolate represents a novel genus and species within the family Roseobacteraceae, for which the name Algirhabdus cladophorae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 7Alg 153T (=KCTC 72606T = KMM 6494T).
Study on the Reasonability of Single-Objective Optimization in Miniscrew Design
Authors: Li Yu-Ching , Hwang Jiun-Ren , Fung Chin-Ping
Published: February 2025

Miniscrews are used in orthodontic treatment and can be applied immediately after implantation, making their initial stability crucial. However, clinical reports show that the success rate is not 100%, and many researchers have tried to identify the factors influencing success and optimize designs. A review of the literature reveals that studies on the same geometric parameter of miniscrews using different indicators and different brand samples have led to conflicting results. This study will use consistent miniscrew conditions to verify whether the design differences in the literature are reasonable. This study employs the Taguchi method and ANOVA for optimization analysis. The four control factors comprise thread pitch, thread depth, tip taper angle, and self-tapping notch. Using an L9(34) orthogonal array, the experimental models are reduced to nine. The primary stability indicators for the miniscrew include bending strength, pull-out strength, insertion torque, and self-tapping performance. The results of the single-objective experiments in this study align with the findings from the other literature. However, when analyzed collectively, they do not yield the same optimal solution. Under equal weighting, the combined multi-objective optimal solution is A2B2C1D1. This study exhibits minimal experimental error, ensuring high analytical reliability. The findings confirm that the optimal design does not converge across four single-objective analyses, as different stability indicators yield contradictory trends in design parameters. Given that these four indicators already demonstrate notable discrepancies, the influence of additional stability factors would be even more pronounced. Therefore, a multi-objective optimization approach is essential for the rational design of miniscrews.
Impact Loading on a Patient-Specific Head Model: The Significance of Brain Constitutive Models and Loading Location
Authors: Gandomirouzbahani Amirhossein , Taghizadeh Hadi , Oskui Iman Z. , Fernandes Fábio A. O.
Published: February 2025

Head impacts are common incidents that may cause traumatic brain injury (TBI), which imposes significant economic and social burdens. This study developed a patient-specific head model to address the significance of the brain’s constitutive model and loading location on head impact. Two hyperelastic (Model I and Model II) constitutive models and one hyper-viscoelastic (Model III) constitutive model for the brain tissue were developed. In Models II and III, white and gray matter heterogeneities were included. Respective volumetric and deviatoric responses were compared for a frontal head impact. Then, the load was applied to the head’s frontal, lateral, and posterior regions to report location-wise outcomes. The findings indicated that Model I, which was based on almost quasi-static experiments, underestimated the deviatoric responses. Although the pressure contours were similar for Models II and III, the latter included viscous effects and provided more accurate deviatoric responses. Lateral loading indicated a significantly higher risk of TBI. Interestingly, the deviatoric responses and strain energy density of the brain did not decay with relaxation of the impact load. Hence, the incidence of TBI should be explored after load relaxation.
Changes in the Separation Properties of Aged PVDF Ultrafiltration Membranes During Long-Term Treatment of Car Wash Wastewater
Authors: Tomczak Wirginia , Gryta Marek , Woźniak Piotr , Daniluk Monika
Published: February 2025

Car wash wastewater (CWW) is complex waste that may be effectively treated by the ultrafiltration (UF) process. However, one of the most important challenges in implementing this process on an industrial scale is the fouling phenomenon membrane aging. Indeed, these may lead to a reduction in UF performance possibly associated with a loss in integrity of the fouled/aged membrane. Therefore, the main aim of the current study was to provide a comprehensive investigation on the changes in the separation properties of aged FP100 ultrafiltration membranes made of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with respect to their application for long-term treatment of CWW. For this purpose, studies were conducted for new membranes and membranes previously used for over 5 years in a pilot plant. As a feed, solutions of dextran, solutions of model organism Escherichia coli and synthetic CWW were used. It has been found that PVDF membranes demonstrated poor stability when in frequent contact with chemicals periodically applied for membrane cleaning. Indeed, the aged membranes were characterised by the increased porosity. However, it is important to note that membranes aging had no significant impact on the permeate quality during the UF process of synthetic CWW. Indeed, the obtained permeate was characterised by the turbidity lower than 0.25 NTU. Likewise, with regard to the separation of E. coli, the aged PVDF membranes ensured the high process efficiency and over 99.99% bacterial retention. In the interest of the growing potential of PVDF membrane in CWW treatment, the results obtained in the current work complement the findings made in this field.
A 3D-Printed Bent–Twisted Waveguide Filter Using Mixed TE101 and TE102 Mode Resonators
Authors: Wang Lei , Bai Mengke , Xu Jun
Published: February 2025

This paper presents a waveguide bandpass filter that integrates bending and twisting functions, utilizing mixed TE101 and TE102 mode resonators. Benefiting from the mixed utilization of TE101 and TE102 resonators, the desired stopband suppression and low insertion loss are achieved. To verify the feasibility of this approach, a sixth-order Chebyshev bandpass filter centered at 20.4 GHz is designed, with a bandwidth of 1.6 GHz (FBW = 7.84%) and a return loss of more than 20 dB. The filter also achieves 120° bending in the propagation direction and 90° rotation in polarization. This prototype is fabricated following the stereolithography (SLA) process using photosensitive resin, followed by metallization through electroplating to achieve a lightweight design. The measurements exhibit great consistency with the simulations.
Pathotypes and Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR)-Based Genetic Diversity of Phytophthora sojae Isolates in the Republic of Korea
Authors: Luong Ngoc Ha , Kang In-Jeong , You Hee Jin , Lee Sungwoo
Published: February 2025

Phytophthora sojae is the causal agent of the Phytophthora root and stem rot in soybean, which has resulted in a significant increase in the incidence of the disease and substantial yield losses on a global scale. The proliferation of Phytophthora sojae can be mitigated through the development of Phytophthora-resistant soybean cultivars. A fundamental understanding of the genetic diversity and dynamic changes within the P. sojae population is essential for disease management and the development of new P. sojae-resistant varieties. Although a large number of pathogen samples can lead to more comprehensive interpretations and better conclusions, only six indigenous P. sojae isolates were available in the Republic of Korea at the time of the experiments. Due to the limited availability, this study preliminarily aimed to assess the pathotypes and genetic variation of the six P. sojae isolates collected in the Republic of Korea. The virulence patterns of all the six P. sojae isolates differed based on the 15 soybean differentials known for P. sojae resistance. The six isolates displayed high levels of pathotype complexities, ranging from 8 to 15, which is notably higher than those observed in other countries. Furthermore, 18 of the 21 simple sequence repeat markers used exhibited polymorphisms. The mean allele number (3.8) shows higher genetic variability compared to that (2.5) of isolates from the USA. The gene diversity (0.624) and the mean polymorphic information content (0.579) also displayed high levels of variation among the six isolates. A low mean heterozygosity (0.019) indicated a rare but possible outcrossing between the isolates, which was detected by the SSR marker PS07. Genetic dissimilarity assessments were employed to categorize the six P. sojae isolates into three groups using a neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree and principal component analysis. Although on a small scale, the phenotypic and genotypic assay results obtained indicated a significant variability in the pathotypes and genetic variation within the P. sojae isolates in the Republic of Korea. Though limited in scope, these results will be a cornerstone for elucidating the virulence pathotype and genetic diversity of the P. sojae population in future analyses. These findings also have the potential to improve the soybean breeding strategies aimed at enhancing resistance to P. sojae in the Republic of Korea.
Leaching Process of Weathered Crust Elution-Deposited Rare Earth Ore by Alkaline Earth Metal Carboxylate
Authors: Long Fei , Chi Ruan , Li Dan , Zhang Zhenyue
Published: February 2025

This study explores the use of alkaline earth metal carboxylates as sustainable alternatives to conventional ammonium-based lixiviants for the eco-friendly extraction of weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ores. We investigated the impact of lixiviant concentration, pH, and leaching temperature on the extraction efficiency of rare earths and aluminum, utilizing magnesium acetate and calcium acetate alongside traditional ammonium salts. The results showed that a leaching rate exceeding 91% for rare earths was achieved, while aluminum leaching remained under 30% at 298 K, pH 6.5–7.0, and 0.20 mol/L concentration of carboxylates. Notably, magnesium acetate was particularly effective in extracting medium and heavy rare earths at lower concentrations. A double electric layer model was used to clarify the leaching mechanism, indicating that zeta potential and double electric layer thickness were significantly affected by the concentration and pH of the leaching agents. Overall, this method presents an efficient approach for low-impurity extraction, offering valuable insights for sustainable mineral resource development.
27-Hydroxymangiferolic Acid Extends Lifespan and Improves Neurodegeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans by Activating Nuclear Receptors
Authors: Gao Xiaoyan , Yu Jing , Li Yin , Shi Hang , Zhang Lijun , Fang Minglv , Liu Ying , Huang Cheng , Fan Shengjie
Published: February 2025

27-Hydroxymangiferolic acid (27-HMA) is a naturally occurring compound in mango fruits that exhibits diverse biological functions. Here, we show that 27-HMA activates the transcriptional activity of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor transcription factor, extending the lifespan and healthspan in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Meanwhile, the longevity-promoting effect of 27-HMA was attenuated in the mutants of nhr-8 and daf-12, the FXR homologs, indicating that the longevity effects of 27-HMA in C. elegans may depend on nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs). Further analysis revealed potential associations between the longevity effects of 27-HMA and the insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling (IIS)/TORC1 pathway. Moreover, 27-HMA increased the toxin resistance of nematodes and activated the expression of detoxification genes, which rely on NHRs. Finally, 27-HMA improved the age-related neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) C. elegans models. Taken together, our findings suggest that 27-HMA is a novel FXR agonist and may prolong lifespan and healthspan via activating NHRs.
Sparstolonin B Suppresses Proliferation and Modulates Toll-like Receptor Signaling and Inflammatory Pathways in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells
Authors: Çırçırlı Bürke , Yılmaz Çağatay , Çeker Tuğçe , Barut Zerrin , Kırımlıoğlu Esma , Aslan Mutay
Published: February 2025

Background: Sparstolonin B (SsnB), a natural compound with anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties, was investigated for its effects on cell viability, apoptosis, and inflammatory pathways in human colorectal cancer cells (HCT-116) and healthy human fibroblasts (BJ). Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a tumor promoter and inflammatory activator, was used to stimulate proliferation and inflammatory pathways. Methods: HCT-116 and BJ cells were treated with SsnB (3.125–50 μM) or PMA (1–10 nM) for 12–18 h. Cell viability was assessed using MTT analysis, while apoptosis was evaluated through cleaved caspase-3 staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), and flow cytometry. Proliferation was analyzed through proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) staining. Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, cytokine expression, and sphingolipid levels were measured using immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and mass spectrometry, respectively. Results: SsnB reduced HCT-116 cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner with minimal effects on BJ cells. SsnB (25 μM, 12 h) decreased HCT-116 viability 0.6-fold, while PMA (10 nM, 12 h) increased it 2-fold (p < 0.01). No significant change was observed in BJ cells. PCNA fluorescence staining increased 2-fold with PMA and decreased 0.4-fold with SsnB (p < 0.001). PMA upregulated TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA and protein levels, with MyD88, p-ERK, and pNF-κB fluorescence increasing 2.1-, 1.5-, and 1.7-fold, respectively (p < 0.001). PMA elevated TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels (p < 0.01). SsnB suppressed PMA-induced effects and promoted apoptosis, increasing cleaved caspase-3 levels by 1.5-fold and TUNEL staining by 1.9-fold (p < 0.01). Flow cytometry confirmed a significant increase in early and late apoptotic cells in the SsnB group. SsnB also increased ceramide (C18, C20, C22, and C24) levels (1.3- to 2.5-fold, p < 0.01) while reducing PMA-induced S1P and C1P increases (p < 0.01). Conclusions: SsnB selectively inhibits proliferation, induces apoptosis, and modulates inflammatory and sphingolipid pathways in colorectal cancer cells, with minimal toxicity to healthy fibroblasts, supporting its potential as a targeted therapeutic agent.
Nephroprotective Plant Species Used in Brazilian Traditional Medicine for Renal Diseases: Ethnomedical, Pharmacological, and Chemical Insights
Authors: Moraes Carlesso Rodrigo , Cappellari Yasmin Louise Ramos , Boeff Daiana Daniele , da Costa Pereira Alícia , Schmitt Rusch Elisa , de Souza Claudino Thiago , Ritter Mara Rejane , Konrath Eduardo Luis
Published: February 2025

The prevalence of kidney-related diseases has been increasing and has emerged globally as a leading cause of mortality, especially in developing countries where they are considered a neglected public health problem. Renal diseases are commonly progressive and may cause irreversible loss of organ function, eventually necessitating renal replacement therapy. Although different pharmaceuticals are considered for the treatment of these pathologies, the uncertain effectiveness and presence of adverse effects have generated a growing need for the development of novel nephroprotective compounds. Because many medicinal herbs are typically used in Brazilian folk medicine to prevent and cure kidney ailments, ethnomedicine may play a promising and strategic role in identifying and adding new potential molecules to the pharmacological arsenal. This review focuses on the use of plants and secondary metabolites belonging to different classes to treat renal diseases, associating the screened plant extracts with the bioactive components present in each species. Flavonoids and triterpenes are notable metabolites that have therapeutic potential. The putative pharmacological mechanisms related to nephroprotective properties are also discussed in in vitro and in vivo models, when available.
Hyperparameter Optimization for Tomato Leaf Disease Recognition Based on YOLOv11m
Authors: Lee Yong-Suk , Prakash Patil Maheshkumar , Kim Jeong Gyu , Seo Yong Bae , Ahn Dong-Hyun , Kim Gun-Do
Published: February 2025

The automated recognition of disease in tomato leaves can greatly enhance yield and allow farmers to manage challenges more efficiently. This study investigates the performance of YOLOv11 for tomato leaf disease recognition. All accessible versions of YOLOv11 were first fine-tuned on an improved tomato leaf disease dataset consisting of a healthy class and 10 disease classes. YOLOv11m was selected for further hyperparameter optimization based on its evaluation metrics. It achieved a fitness score of 0.98885, with a precision of 0.99104, a recall of 0.98597, and a mAP@.5 of 0.99197. This model underwent rigorous hyperparameter optimization using the one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) algorithm, with a focus on essential parameters such as batch size, learning rate, optimizer, weight decay, momentum, dropout, and epochs. Subsequently, random search (RS) with 100 configurations was performed based on the results of OFAT. Among them, the C47 model demonstrated a fitness score of 0.99268 (a 0.39% improvement), with a precision of 0.99190 (0.09%), a recall of 0.99348 (0.76%), and a mAP@.5 of 0.99262 (0.07%). The results suggest that the final model works efficiently and is capable of accurately detecting and identifying tomato leaf diseases, making it suitable for practical farming applications.
Understanding the Reproductive Biology of Angelonia integerrima Spreng. (Plantaginaceae), a Native Southern Brazilian Plant with Horticulturally Desirable Traits
Authors: Brandalise Júlia de Moraes , Calderon-Quispe Fernando H. , Becker Rafael , Pittella Renan , Moura Jessica Pinto , Farias-Singer Rosana , Singer Rodrigo Bustos
Published: February 2025

Angelonia Bonpl. (Plantaginaceae) is a neotropical genus of ornamental interest, with some Mexican species already commercialized in the horticultural trade. Angelonia integerrima Spreng. is the only species of the genus native to Southern Brazil, and, despite its high ornamental potential, its reproductive requirements are unknown. Flower features and natural pollination were studied in the field in three localities within Southern Brazil. Pollination was recorded through pictures and videos. The breeding system was studied through controlled pollinations applied to plants excluded from pollinators. Germination was studied under controlled temperatures (20°, 25°, and 30 °C). According to our results, flowers are protandrous and keep their fresh appearance for up to nine days. The flowers produce oils in a pair of trichromes located inside the corolla. The plants are pollinator-dependent and self-compatible. The sole pollinators are oil-gathering solitary bees, Centris trigonoides Lepeletier, 1841 and Centris sp. (Apidae), that pollinate the flowers while collecting the floral oils. Germination proceeds better at 25 °C, reaching success of 50%. The domestication of this plant for horticultural purposes in Southern Brazil would be desirable not only for its ornamental characters but also for ecosystemic reasons since the species is already adapted to environmental conditions and its flowers offer resources for native, solitary bees.
Influence of Molecular Weight and Temperature on the Pyrolysis Behavior of Polyethylene
Authors: Chae Eunji , Choi Sung-Seen
Published: February 2025

The pyrolysis technique is a useful recycling method for waste polyethylene (PE). Various PEs with different molecular weights have been produced and are widely used. The major pyrolysis products of PE include alkadienes (CnH2n−2), alkenes (CnH2n), and alkanes (CnH2n+2). In this study, the differences in pyrolysis behavior of PE based on its molecular weight and the pyrolysis temperature (423–764 °C) were investigated using four types of PEs, with Mw = 2.0 × 103, 16.0 × 103, 28.3 × 103, and 56.8 × 103 g/mol. More specifically, the pyrolysis products were compared in terms of their type (alkanes, alkenes, and alkadienes) and size (the number of carbon atoms). The order of production was alkenes > alkanes > alkadienes. The alkadiene/alkene ratios tended to increase with the PE molecular weight and size of the pyrolysis products. The alkadiene/alkene ratio increased until the pyrolysis temperature reached 670 °C. The alkane/alkene ratios tended to decrease as the PE molecular weight increased; however, they increased with the increasing size of the pyrolysis products. The alkane/alkene ratio decreased as the pyrolysis temperature increased, until it reached 670 °C. The formation of alkenes was more favorable than that of alkadienes and alkanes.
Robust Control Design and Optimization for Under-Actuated Mechanical Systems Considering Fuzzy Uncertainties
Authors: Chen Xiaofei , Fang Jie , Li Jiandong
Published: February 2025

This paper addresses the robust control problem for under-actuated mechanical systems subject to uncertainties. The key challenge lies in achieving precise control with insufficient degrees of freedom while maintaining robustness against system uncertainties. We propose a novel control framework that characterizes bounded, time-varying uncertainties through fuzzy set theory, leading to a fuzzy dynamical system formulation. The main contributions are threefold: (1) the development of a deterministic robust controller that eschews traditional IF-THEN rules while guaranteeing system stability through a Lyapunov–Minimax analysis; (2) the formulation of a performance optimization scheme that minimizes both fuzzy system average performance and control costs, with proven existence and uniqueness of the analytical solution; and (3) the establishment of stability conditions using the Lyapunov theory for time-varying systems with bounded uncertainties. The theoretical framework is validated through both numerical simulations and experimental implementation on a linear motor-driven inverted pendulum system. The experimental results demonstrate significant performance improvements over conventional approaches: the optimal robust controller achieves 34.89% and 29.20% reductions in cart position and pendulum angle errors, respectively, from the initial conditions. A comparative analysis with traditional PD control shows a reduction in steady-state errors from 0.00318 m to 0.00057 m for the cart position and from 0.01117 rad to 0.00055 rad for the pendulum angle, validating the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
Experimental and CFD-Integrated Investigation into the Intricate Oil–Water Two-Phase Flow Dynamics Within Blind Tees: Uncovering Flow Behaviors for Advanced Process Engineering Applications
Authors: Cheng Chen , Gan Qingming , Su Yubin , Cheng Yang , Zhang You
Published: February 2025

Blind tees are widely used in offshore oil systems. To enhance their rectification performance, an indoor experimental platform was established to study the flow field behavior within blind tees and bend pipes. Fluent2021 analyzed the significant effects of various structural parameters and operating conditions on the oil–water rectification performance of blind tees. The study evaluates the device’s effectiveness by establishing a rectification coefficient S, investigating the impacts of blind end length, vertical pipe diameter, inlet flow velocity, and inlet oil content. Results indicate that internal vortices within the blind tee primarily cause disturbances leading to uniform distribution of oil–water phases. The size and intensity of the vortices determine the oil–water rectification efficiency of the blind tee. Blind tees of different lengths correspond to a specific velocity at which the blind end becomes filled with vortices, causing fluid stagnation. This velocity is defined as the blind end closure velocity. Avoiding this closure velocity, shorter blind ends, smaller vertical pipe diameters, and higher inlet velocities significantly enhance the oil–water flow straightening effectiveness. The rectification efficiency of the blind tee was improved by up to76.68% compared to the bend.