bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mensuração do capital social nas redes colaborativas vitivinícolas da Serra Gaúcha
Authors: Faccin Kadígia , Macke Janaina , Genari Denise
Published: July 2013

Um dos recursos recorrentes, em estudos acadêmicos e empíricos, para explicar o desempenho de comunidades, nações e redes interorganizacionais, nas últimas duas décadas, foi o capital social, denotado como um recurso marcadamente competitivo. Este estudo tem como objetivo medir o capital social de redes colaborativas vitivinícolas da Serra Gaúcha. Quanto ao método, realizou-se uma extensa investigação teórica sobre o capital social e redes de colaboração. Foram construídas variáveis relacionadas aos contextos das redes, dando origem ao questionário do tipo survey, para medição do capital social. Foram utilizadas técnicas de análise quantitativas e estatísticas descritivas. O estudo demonstrou a presença de altos índices de capital social, no cluster vitivinícola, distribuídos uniformemente entre as três dimensões estudadas: relacional, estrutural e cognitiva. Ainda, perante os resultados, tornou-se possível afirmar que diferentes combinações de elementos vinculados ao capital social levam a resultados diferenciados, ou a realidades organizacionais idiossincráticas.
Coletividade e iniciativas empreendedoras locais no desenvolvimento de um mercado tradicional municipal
Authors: Silva Gustavo Melo , Neves Jorge Alexandre Barbosa
Published: July 2013

Neste artigo, analisamos o mercado da tecelagem tradicional do município de Resende Costa (MG), resultado da articulação entre ações coletivas e empreendedoras locais. Por meio da sociologia econômica e da economia espacial, podemos identificar inter-relações entre ações privadas e coletivas. Para análise desse mercado, foram aplicados 664 questionários domiciliares e 69 comerciais em uma amostra intencional de entrevistados que se autodenominaram diretamente envolvidos com o mercado da tecelagem tradicional. A partir destes, inicialmente, observou-se, nas últimas duas décadas, que tal mercado passou por uma série de transformações organizadas burocraticamente e controladas socialmente pelos proprietários dos estabelecimentos comerciais. Este artigo pretende contribuir com uma análise da sociologia da organização econômica entre laços fortes e iniciativa empreendedora em um território. O resultado desta análise indica que o mercado foi influenciado, inicialmente, por ações estruturantes do Estado, por uma produção dispersa nos domicílios, pela divisão do trabalho e pela organização burocrática comercial que controla seus serviços produtivos para atender, por um lado, as pressões de consumo e, por outro lado, a solidariedade entre indivíduos de um território.
Leguminosae-Papilionoideae na Serra do Cabral, MG, Brasil
Authors: Silva Edson Dias da , Martins Angela Borges
Published: July 2013

É apresentado um levantamento das Papilionoideae da Serra do Cabral. A região faz parte da Cadeia do Espinhaço, estando localizada entre as latitudes 17º18'-18º06' S e as longitudes 44º43'-44º10'W, com altitudes que variam de 515 a 1.400 m, onde predominam formações de Cerrado e Campo Rupestre. A subfamília está representada na área por 12 tribos, 34 gêneros e 62 espécies. Vinte e cinco espécies só ocorrem no Brasil, seis são endêmicas do Estado de Minas Gerais e 17 estão restritas ao Cerrado. A distribuição restrita de grande parte das espécies encontradas sugere que esses táxons desenvolvem-se apenas em fitofisionomias específicas sendo, portanto, dependentes da preservação desses ambientes para a sobrevivência. Além de uma lista de gêneros e espécies, com suas respectivas chaves de identificação, também são apresentados dados de distribuição geográfica e os domínios fitogeográficos nos quais as espécies ocorrem.
Bambus nativos (Poaceae, Bambusoideae) no Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
Authors: Shirasuna Regina Tomoko , Filgueiras Tarciso de Sousa
Published: July 2013

O presente trabalho apresenta a composição florística dos bambus nativos do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga (PEFI), São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Foram feitas 41 excursões de coleta (janeiro/2010 a setembro/2011). São apresentadas chaves de identificação, descrições padronizadas, ilustrações, distribuição e ecologia, nomes populares, fenologia e status conservacionista para cada espécie. Bambusoideae está representada no Parque por cinco gêneros e 17 espécies nativas. O gênero com maior número de espécies é Merostachys (9 spp.), seguido de Chusquea (3), Olyra (3), Aulonemia e Parodiolyra com uma espécie cada. Merostachys burmanii,M. scandens,M. skvortzovii e Olyra loretensis são consideradas ameaçadas de extinção no Estado.
A new lichen species from the Heritage Range, Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica
Authors: Øvstedal Dag Olav , Schaefer Carlos Ernesto Gonçalves Reynaud
Published: July 2013

Opegrapha edsonii, with soralia and norstictic acid is described.
Florística arbórea e arbustiva de um fragmento de Mata Ciliar do arroio Boa Vista, Teutônia, RS, Brasil
Authors: Brackmann Cátia Eloísa , Freitas Elisete Maria de
Published: July 2013

As matas ciliares possuem importantes funções na proteção do solo e conservação de ecossistemas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi inventariar a diversidade florística arbórea e arbustiva de um fragmento da mata ciliar do arroio Boa Vista, Teutônia, RS, Brasil. Para o levantamento das espécies, foram realizadas caminhadas em todo o fragmento, uma a cada mês, de março a outubro de 2012. Foram identificadas 50 espécies, 47 gêneros e 24 famílias. A família com maior riqueza de espécies foi Fabaceae, seguida por Myrtaceae e Euphorbiaceae, seguindo os padrões de outros levantamentos em mata ciliar no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Considerando o tamanho da área, o grau de antropização no seu entorno e o número de espécies de outros fragmentos estudados em mata ciliar no RS, a riqueza é elevada. A maioria das espécies possui ampla distribuição geográfica para o Estado do Rio Grande do Sul.
Germinação de sementes de Maclura tinctoria (Moraceae) sob diferentes regimes térmicos influenciados pela luz
Authors: Guardia Marina Crestana , Lamarca Edmir Vicente
Published: July 2013

Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a germinação de sementes de Maclura tinctoria sob diferentes regimes térmicos e alterações decorrentes da presença e ausência de luz. As sementes foram obtidas em Rio Claro, Ajapi, Itirapina e Serra Negra, SP. Os resultados demonstraram que na presença de luz as sementes germinam em ampla faixa térmica (15 a 35 ºC) e apresentam melhor desempenho entre 20 e 30 ºC, sendo 30 ºC a temperatura ideal para a germinação. Na ausência de luz a germinação decresceu à medida que a temperatura diminuiu e a faixa térmica germinativa se estreitou, alterando também a temperatura ideal para a germinação, mostrando que as sementes de Maclura tinctoria necessitam de luz para expressar a taxa máxima de germinação.
Redescoberta de Hymenachne pernambucensis (Poaceae: Paspaleae), espécie presumivelmente extinta no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Rodrigues Rodrigo Sampaio , Filgueiras Tarciso de Sousa
Published: July 2013

A recente análise de espécimes de Hymenachne pernambucensis em coleções de herbários revelou que a espécie foi erroneamente classificada como presumivelmente extinta no Estado de São Paulo. Sugere-se que o status de conservação deste táxon seja reavaliado de forma a refletir o atual conhecimento sobre a conservação da espécie.
Neoadjuvant Doxorubicin/Cyclophosphamide Followed by Ixabepilone or Paclitaxel in Early Stage Breast Cancer and Evaluation of βIII-Tubulin Expression as a Predictive Marker
Authors: Saura Cristina , Tseng Ling-Ming , Chan Stephen , Chacko Raju T. , Campone Mario , Manikhas Alexy , Nag Shona M. , Leichman Cynthia G. , Dasappa Lokanatha , Fasching Peter A. , Hurtado de Mendoza Fernando , Symmans W. Fraser , Liu David , Mukhopadhyay Pralay , Horak Christine , Xing Guan , Pusztai Lajos
Published: July 2013

Background.

This randomized phase II trial was designed to compare the rate of pathologic complete response (pCR) induced by neoadjuvant cyclophosphamide plus doxorubicin (AC) followed by ixabepilone or paclitaxel in women with early stage breast cancer (BC). Expression of βIII-tubulin as a predictive marker was also evaluated.

Patients and Methods.

Women with untreated, histologically confirmed primary invasive breast adenocarcinoma received four cycles of AC followed by 1:1 randomization to either ixabepilone 40 mg/m2 (3-hour infusion) every 3 weeks for four cycles (n = 148) or weekly paclitaxel 80 mg/m2 (1-hour infusion) for 12 weeks (n = 147). All patients underwent a core needle biopsy of the primary cancer for molecular marker analysis prior to chemotherapy. βIII-Tubulin expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry.

Results.

There was no significant difference in the rate of pCR in the ixabepilone treatment arm (24.3%; 90% confidence interval [CI], 18.6–30.8) and the paclitaxel treatment arm (25.2%; 90% CI, 19.4–31.7). βIII-Tubulin-positive patients obtained higher pCR rates compared with βIII-tubulin-negative patients in both treatment arms; however, βIII-tubulin expression was not significantly associated with a differential response to ixabepilone or paclitaxel. The safety profiles of both regimens were generally similar, although neutropenia occurred more frequently in the ixabepilone arm (grade 3/4: 41.3% vs. 8.4%). The most common nonhematologic toxicity was peripheral neuropathy.

Conclusions.

Neoadjuvant treatment of early stage BC with AC followed by ixabepilone every 3 weeks or weekly paclitaxel was well tolerated with no significant difference in efficacy. Higher response rates were observed among βIII-tubulin-positive patients.
Aftershocks and the whole-life seismic performance of granular slopes
Authors: AL-DEFAE A.H. , CAUCIS K. , KNAPPETT J.A.
Published: July 2013

Shallow embankment slopes are commonly used to support elements of transport infrastructure in seismic regions. In this paper, the seismic performance of such slopes in non-liquefiable granular soils is considered, focusing on permanent movement and dynamic motion at the crest, which would form key inputs into the aseismic design of supported infrastructure. In contrast to previous studies, the evolution of this behaviour under multiple sequential strong ground motions is studied through dynamic centrifuge, numerical (finite-element, FE) and analytical (sliding-block) modelling, the centrifuge tests being used to validate the two non-physical approaches. The FE models focus on the specification of model parameters for existing non-linear constitutive models using routine site investigation data, allowing them to be used routinely in design and analysis. Soil-specific constitutive parameters are derived from shearbox and oedometer test data, and are found to significantly outperform existing empirical correlations based on relative density, highlighting the importance of specifying a suitably detailed site investigation. An improved sliding-block (‘Newmark') approach is also developed for estimating permanent deformations during preliminary design, in which the formulation of the yield acceleration is fully strain-dependent, incorporating both material hardening/softening and geometric hardening (re-grading). The site-specific (improved) FE models and the new sliding-block approach are shown to outperform considerably existing FE parameters and sliding-block models in capturing the permanent deformations of the slope under virgin conditions, and further, only the improved FE and sliding-block models are found to capture correctly the behaviour of the ‘damaged' slope under subsequent earthquakes (e.g. strong aftershocks). The FE models can additionally accurately replicate the settlement profile at the crest and quantify the dynamic motions that would be input to supported structures, although these were generally overpredicted. The FE procedures and sliding-block models are therefore complementary, the latter being useful for preliminary design and the former for later detailed design and analysis.
Micro-level investigation of the in situ shear vane failure geometry in sensitive clay
Authors: GYLLAND A.S. , JOSTAD H.P. , NORDAL S. , EMDAL A.
Published: July 2013

The circumferential failure surface of a shear vane in strain softening soft sensitive clay is studied. A set of shear vane experiments are performed in situ, where the sheared region is retrieved from the ground using an over-coring technique. By producing thin sections, the circumferential failure zone is revealed when viewed under a polarised light microscope. The failure zone is found to first evolve after reaching the peak global resistance. Its shape is not a full cylinder, but rather a rounded square. The structure of the shear zone is non-smooth and characterised by complex shear patterns of micrometre size.
Mechanics of structural degradation in composite nanoparticles
Authors: Gutkin Mikhail Yu.
Published: July 2013

This article features different mechanisms of structural degradation, which can accompany the fabrication of composite nanoparticles, and some attempts of their theoretical description. Special attention is paid to various channels of misfit strain release in spherically symmetric core–shell nanoparticle. It is demonstrated that accurate use of continuum mechanics allows to calculate the critical conditions that are necessary for generation of various misfit defects among which the misfit dislocations are the most energetically preferable. In particular, the critical conditions for the formation of a prismatic loop of misfit dislocation around the core are discussed in detail. Some preliminary results of theoretical modeling of rectangular prismatic misfit dislocation loops in the shell of a core–shell nanoparticle are also briefly reported. The general conclusion is made that there are still many other types of composite nanoparticles and possible channels of their structural relaxation/degradation, which are worth of studying.
Aminoguanidine Inhibits the AGE–RAGE Axis to Modulate the Induction of Periodontitis but Has Limited Effects on the Progression and Recovery of Experimental Periodontitis: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Chang Po‐Chun , Chong Li Yen , Tsai Sheng‐Chueh , Lim Lum Peng
Published: July 2013

Background: Advanced glycation end products (AGE) have been found in inflamed gingival tissue and have been shown to interfere with the integrity of extracellular matrix and cell–matrix interactions. This study aims to investigate the modulatory effect of aminoguanidine (AG), an AGE inhibitor, in various stages of experimental periodontitis.

Methods: Thirty‐six Sprague‐Dawley rats were used. AG or normal saline (NS) was systemically administered in the induction, progression, and recovery phases of ligature‐induced periodontitis. Dynamic changes of the periodontium were evaluated by microcomputed tomography, histology, and immunohistochemistry of the receptor for AGE (RAGE). Molecular mechanisms were evaluated by myeloperoxidase activity, gene expression of RAGE, and markers associated with tissue repair and homeostasis, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), type I collagen, fibronectin, and periostin.

Results: AG appeared to inhibit the degradation of the collagen matrix in the induction phase but promoted collagen reorganization in the progression and recovery phases of experimental periodontitis. In the induction sites, periodontal bone loss was significantly reduced (P <0.05), with significantly reduced RAGE (P <0.05) and significantly elevated fibronectin and periostin levels (P <0.01). No significant alterations in the levels of myeloperoxidase, VEGF, and collagen were noted. In the progression and recovery sites, similar trends were observed, with insignificant differences relative to NS‐treated animals.

Conclusions: AG reduced periodontal bone loss during the induction of experimental periodontitis, and the effects appeared to be insignificant in the progression and recovery phases. This modulation was related to the inhibition of the AGE–RAGE axis to resume cell–matrix interactions and maintain tissue integrity.
Retention of Tannin‐C is Associated with Decreased Soluble Nitrogen and Increased Cation Exchange Capacity in a Broad Range of Soils
Authors: Halvorson Jonathan J. , Gonzalez Javier M. , Hagerman Ann E.
Published: July 2013

Phenolic compounds, called tannins, can be retained by soil and affect soluble N but have been studied in only a few soil types. Surface samples (0–10 cm), collected from the United States and Canada, were treated with water (Control) or solutions containing procyanidin, catechin, ß‐1,2,3,4,6‐pentagalloyl‐O‐D‐glucose (PGG), tannic acid, gallic acid, or methyl gallate. Soluble C and N in treatment supernatants and after incubation (16 h, 80°C) were measured to determine retention of treatment C and effects on soluble N and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Retention varied significantly with treatment (T) and soil order (S) and was greatest for PGG > tannic acid > procyanidin > catechin > methyl gallate > gallic acid and in Alfisols, Aridisols and Mollisols compared Ultisols. However, differences among soil orders were observed only for strongly retained compounds (T × S, P < 0.001). Extraction of soluble N was decreased by gallic acid and tannins, especially PGG, but unaffected by methyl gallate or catechin. All treatments decreased soluble N from Aridisols while Entisols were less affected by tannins (T × S, P < 0.01). Soil CEC was significantly increased by tannins but unaffected by other compounds. However, CEC increased more in Aridisols than in Mollisols or Ultisols and treatment effects were small and unvarying in Ultisols (T × S, P < 0.001). Changes to both soluble N and CEC were linearly related with retention of treatment C. Tannins produced effects associated with improved soil quality on a broad range of soils and may have a role in land management.
The place and role of the environment in the foreign policy of the Republic of Serbia
Authors: Todic Dragoljub
Published: July 2013

The paper points to some methodological and terminological dilemmas in
defining the framework of the research as well as the linkage of
environmental issues with other relevant issues. Based on the provisions
contained in the strategic documents and relevant sources of law there have
been analyzed factors that determine the place and the role of the
environment in the foreign policy and they are as follows: the state of the
environment, the policy objectives of the Republic Serbia (RS) in the
environmental field, powers for dealing with environmental issues, powers and
way of organizing foreign affairs, perspective of the RS membership in the
European Union (EU), global and regional challenges in the environmental
field, the place of international co-operation in environmental regulations,
membership in international organizations in the environmental field, the
status of the RS in international treaties in the environmental field, etc.
The second part of the paper emphasizes the possibilities of strengthening
the environmental role as a subject of co-operation in achieving certain
objectives in the foreign policy of the RS. The author argues the thesis that
the place and role of the environment in the foreign policy of the RS are not
defined in a clear and precise manner. However, it can be said that the
general framework is determined in large part by perspective of the RS
membership in the EU and specific regional and global issues in the
environmental field.
Transient B-Cell Depletion Combined With Apoptotic Donor Splenocytes Induces Xeno-Specific T- and B-Cell Tolerance to Islet Xenografts
Authors: Wang Shusen , Tasch James , Kheradmand Taba , Ulaszek Jodie , Ely Sora , Zhang Xiaomin , Hering Bernhard J. , Miller Stephen D. , Luo Xunrong
Published: July 2013

Peritransplant infusion of apoptotic donor splenocytes cross-linked with ethylene carbodiimide (ECDI-SPs) has been demonstrated to effectively induce allogeneic donor-specific tolerance. The objective of the current study is to determine the effectiveness and additional requirements for tolerance induction for xenogeneic islet transplantation using donor ECDI-SPs. In a rat-to-mouse xenogeneic islet transplant model, we show that rat ECDI-SPs alone significantly prolonged islet xenograft survival but failed to induce tolerance. In contrast to allogeneic donor ECDI-SPs, xenogeneic donor ECDI-SPs induced production of xenodonor-specific antibodies partially responsible for the eventual islet xenograft rejection. Consequently, depletion of B cells prior to infusions of rat ECDI-SPs effectively prevented such antibody production and led to the indefinite survival of rat islet xenografts. In addition to controlling antibody responses, transient B-cell depletion combined with ECDI-SPs synergistically suppressed xenodonor-specific T-cell priming as well as memory T-cell generation. Reciprocally, after initial depletion, the recovered B cells in long-term tolerized mice exhibited xenodonor-specific hyporesponsiveness. We conclude that transient B-cell depletion combined with donor ECDI-SPs is a robust strategy for induction of xenodonor-specific T- and B-cell tolerance. This combinatorial therapy may be a promising strategy for tolerance induction for clinical xenogeneic islet transplantation.
Evde sağlık birimine başvuran yaşlı hastaların beslenme durumları
Authors: Akan Hülya , Ayraler Arzu , Hayran Osman
Published: July 2013

Amaç: Beslenme yetersizliği yaşlı kişilerde sıktır. Evde bakım hizmeti alan yaşlılarda ise genel yaşlı popülasyondan daha sık beslenme yetersizliği gözlenmektedir. Bu çalışmada evde sağlık hizmeti alan yaşlı hastaların beslenme durumlarının değerlendirilmesi ve sosyodemografik değişkenler ve laboratuar parametreleri ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.Yöntem: Bu kesitsel çalışma Ağustos 2011 ve Eylül 2012 tarihleri arasında Taksim Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Evde Bakım Birimine başvuran ve 65 yaş üstünde terminal hastalığı olmayan hastalar arasında yürütülmüştür. Sosyodemografik özellikler ve laboratuar sonuçları standardize edilmiş olan evde sağlık birimi hasta dosyalarından alınmıştır. Beslenme açısından değerlendirme için Mini Nütrisyonel Değerlendirme testi hemşire veya doktor tarafından uygulanmıştır. Test skorları 23.5-30 arası normal, 17-23 arası malnütrisyon riski ve 17’nin altı malnütrisyon olarak değerlendirilmiştir.Bulgular: Çalışmaya toplam 89 kişi dahil edilmiştir. Oniki kişinin (%13.5) beslenme durumu normaldir ve 34 kişide (%38.2) malnütrisyon riski ve 43 kişide (%48.3) malnütrisyon bulunmaktadır. Yatağa bağımlı, bası ülseri olan, hipertansiyonu veya koroner kalp yetmezliği olanlarda malnütrisyon ve malnütrisyon riskinin diğerlerinden daha fazla (p
Trimerization of aldehydes with one α-hydrogen catalyzed by sodium hydroxide
Authors: Li Yu-Gang , Luo Chen-Xi , Qian Chao , Chen Xin-Zhi
Published: July 2013

Trimerization of 2-methylpropanal (isobutyraldehyde) is a simple and effective method to synthesize 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate and 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol-3-monoisobutyrate which are often used as film forming auxiliaries in paints. The use of solid sodium hydroxide as a catalyst provides an excellent yield of above 85 % after the optimization of the reaction time and the catalyst dosage. Furthermore, trimerization of four other aldehydes with one α-hydrogen catalyzed by solid sodium hydroxide can also take place and the yield of 1,3-diol monoesters reaches 50–70 %. Trimerization of aldehydes with one α-hydrogen can be explained by a three-step reaction mechanism: (i) aldol condensation of aldehyde; (ii) crossed Cannizzaro reaction; and (iii) esterification of carboxylic acid and alcohol.
A retrospective review of cytogenetic studies on methyl isocyanate with special reference to the Bhopal gas tragedy: Is the next generation also at risk?
Authors: Samarth Ravindra , Gandhi Puneet , Maudar Kewal
Published: July 2013

The world’s worst industrial disaster, at Union Carbide, Bhopal, India, took place on 2–3 December 1984, leading to the leakage of poisonous methyl-isocyanate into the environment, causing thousands of deaths, pregnancy loss and for some, incapacitation for life. More than a quarter of a century later, the Indian Council of Medical Research undertook to redefine the abysmal consequences of the toxic gas exposure on the exposed population. This invigorated the interest of scientific community in the evaluation of the long-term effects, with reference to cytogenetic parameters. The thrust area was identified in terms of genetic disorders, low birth weight, developmental/growth disorders and congenital malformations. Also the impact on epigenetic factors, which may have contributed to variations in the functional expression of genes, was not negated, stimulating intense scientific research on in utero exposure and the progeny of the exposed population. To accomplish this mammoth task, molecular cytogenetic investigations must be undertaken in conjunction with conventional cytogenetics, using techniques such as FISH, Immuno-FISH, SKY and SNP analysis, to build up a cytogenetic database of the surviving population.
THE LAW AND POLITICS OF UNJUST ENRICHMENT
Authors: Priel Dan
Published: July 2013

One of the marked differences between American private law and the private law of the rest of the common law world is the relative lack of interest in restitution in the former compared with the enthusiasm for the subject in the latter. It has recently been suggested that this difference has to do with the impact of legal realism on American law. It is realism’s disdain for doctrinal analysis, it is said, which explains why American scholars did not find the largely doctrinally driven work on restitution very interesting. In this article, I reject this argument, as it fails to explain why American scholars did not turn to non-doctrinal restitution scholarship in the same way they have in areas like contract or tort. I offer a different explanation instead, one that derives from the different understanding of the relationship between law and politics among (mainstream) American and Commonwealth lawyers. I argue that it is this difference that explains both why Commonwealth lawyers felt the need to develop restitution as a solution to outstanding problems in other areas of private law and why American lawyers, in their different political tradition, had little need for restitution to perform this role. I further argue that legal realism does not explain the difference between the United States and the Commonwealth on this matter. On the contrary, I argue that the very different fates of legal realism in the United States and in other parts of the common law world are explained by the very same underlying differences between law and politics the article identifies.
JUSTIFYING FIDUCIARY REMEDIES
Authors: Miller Paul B
Published: July 2013

Fiduciary remedies are notoriously potent. Fiduciaries who profit from their disloyalty are liable to be ordered to disgorge all of their gains, even where they act for the primary purpose of benefitting their beneficiaries. It is commonly assumed that any plausible justification for disgorgement awards will be inconsistent with formal corrective justice. Formal corrective justice asserts that remedies rectify wrongs and share in the justification for primary rights. Disgorgement seems inconsistent with formal corrective justice because it appears responsive to public-interest considerations having nothing to do with the primary right to loyalty. This article challenges conventional wisdom and offers an argument that explains how disgorgement for disloyalty effectuates formal corrective justice. It does so by restoring gains to beneficiaries to which they are entitled as a matter of primary right by virtue of their exclusive claim over fiduciary power.
Impairment‐driven cancer rehabilitation: An essential component of quality care and survivorship
Authors: Silver Julie K. , Baima Jennifer , Mayer R. Samuel
Published: July 2013

Answer questions and earn CME/CNE

Adult cancer survivors suffer an extremely diverse and complex set of impairments, affecting virtually every organ system. Both physical and psychological impairments may contribute to a decreased health‐related quality of life and should be identified throughout the care continuum. Recent evidence suggests that more cancer survivors have a reduced health‐related quality of life as a result of physical impairments than due to psychological ones. Research has also demonstrated that the majority of cancer survivors will have significant impairments and that these often go undetected and/or untreated, and consequently may result in disability. Furthermore, physical disability is a leading cause of distress in this population. The scientific literature has shown that rehabilitation improves pain, function, and quality of life in cancer survivors. In fact, rehabilitation efforts can ameliorate physical (including cognitive) impairments at every stage along the course of treatment. This includes prehabilitation before cancer treatment commences and multimodal interdisciplinary rehabilitation during and after acute cancer treatment. Rehabilitation appears to be cost‐effective and may reduce both direct and indirect health care costs, thereby reducing the enormous financial burden of cancer. Therefore, it is critical that survivors are screened for both psychological and physical impairments and then referred appropriately to trained rehabilitation health care professionals. This review suggests an impairment‐driven cancer rehabilitation model that includes screening and treating impairments all along the care continuum in order to minimize disability and maximize quality of life. CA Cancer J Clin 2013;63:295‐317. ©2013 American Cancer Society.
Self-Healing of Microcracks in Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) Under a Natural Environment
Authors: Herbert Emily , Li Victor
Published: July 2013

This paper builds on previous self-healing engineered cementitious composites (ECC) research by allowing ECC to heal outdoors, in the natural environment, under random and sometimes extreme environmental conditions. Development of an ECC material that can heal itself in the natural environment could lower infrastructure maintenance costs and allow for more sustainable development in the future by increasing service life and decreasing the amount of resources and energy needed for repairs. Determining to what extent current ECC materials self-heal in the natural environment is the first step in the development of an ECC that can completely heal itself when exposed to everyday environmental conditions. This study monitored outdoor ECC specimens for one year using resonant frequency (RF) and mechanical reloading to determine the rate and extent of self-healing in the natural environment. It was found that the level of RF, stiffness, and first cracking strength recovery increased as the duration of natural environment exposure increased. For specimens that underwent multiple damage cycles, it was found that the level of recovery was highly dependent on the average temperature and amount of precipitation between each damage event. However, RF, stiffness, and first cracking strength recovery data for specimens that underwent multiple loading cycles suggest that self-healing functionality can be maintained under multiple damage events.
Assessment of Physical-Chemical Drinking Water Quality in the Logone Valley (Chad-Cameroon)
Authors: Sorlini Sabrina , Palazzini Daniela , Sieliechi Joseph , Ngassoum Martin
Published: July 2013

Unsafe drinking water is one of the main concerns in developing countries. In order to deal with this problem, a cooperation project was set up by the ACRA Foundation in the Logone valley (Chad-Cameroon). Water supplies were sampled throughout the villages of this area mostly from boreholes, open wells, rivers and lakes as well as some piped waters. The samples were analysed for their physical-chemical and microbiological quality in order to identify the contamination problems and suggest appropriate solutions. Results of the assessment confirmed that in the studied area there are several parameters of health and aesthetic concern. Elevated lead levels were detected both in aquifers and in surface waters, confirming that further investigations of the occurrence of lead contamination in the Logone valley are warranted. In addition, many groundwater sources are negatively impacted by parameters of aesthetic concern, such as turbidity, iron and manganese. Even though they do not affect human health, elevated levels of these parameters cause consumers to abandon improved water supplies, often in favour of surface water sources that are microbiologically contaminated. The use of alternative sources, improvement of water supply structures and water treatment are possible solutions to improve the quality of drinking water in the Logone valley.
Amnion-Derived Multipotent Progenitor Cells Inhibit Blood Monocyte Differentiation into Mature Dendritic Cells
Authors: Banas Richard , Miller Carrie , Guzik Lynda , Zeevi Adriana
Published: July 2013

Cells derived from the placenta have become the focus of extensive research concerning their ability to be used for regenerative medicine or cellular therapies. In a previous study, we characterized amnion-derived multipotent progenitor cells, or AMP cells, by in vitro methods and showed they were able to inhibit antigen-specific T-cell proliferation in a cell-to-cell contact-dependent fashion. Here we examine specific mechanisms involved in immunomodulation by AMP cells. We found that AMP cells significantly inhibited monocyte-derived myeloid dendritic cell (DC) maturation when placed in coculture. Cocultured monocytes retained the nondifferentiated macrophage marker CD14 while exhibiting significant reduction in DC maturation markers CD83 and CD1a, indicating an immature DC maturation state that is pivotal in determining its immune stimulatory or regulatory status. This effect was again dependent on cell-to-cell contact interaction. We also found a significant shift in cytokines present in the microenvironment of cocultures, which indicated a regulatory DC function rather than a stimulatory cell type. Here supernatants taken from AMP cell/monocyte cocultures yielded significant levels of regulatory cytokines, such as PGE2, IL-6, IL-10, and MIC-1. The soluble form of HLA-G was also found at higher levels in cocultures. In contrast, supernatants contained significantly less amounts of the T-cell-stimulating factor IL-12, which is normally produced by activated DCs. Interestingly, cocultured monocytes acquired significant expression of HLA-G on their cell surface over time. HLA-G has multifaceted immunological implications and may be a key molecule in influencing these cells to behave as regulatory DCs. Together, the influence of AMP cells on maturing DCs may favor a regulatory pathway that can be useful for therapeutic applications for immune-mediated disorders or transplantation therapies.
Chronic hepatitis B prognostic markers other than pre-treatment viral load predicted composite treatment outcome
Authors: Aung Myo Nyein , Leowattana Wattana , Win Khine Nwe , Tangpukdee Noppadon , Muangnoicharoen Sant
Published: July 2013

Introduction: Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a globally common infectious disease. Its clinical course is complicated. In Southeast Asia, nucleos(t)ide analogues (NA) are commonly used drugs for CHB treatment. Composite treatment outcome has often been used in CHB clinical practice, but rarely predicted epidemiologically. This study aimed to compare the composite treatment outcome between CHB patients with low and high treatment-naïve viral load, and to identify its predictors Methodology: This retrospective cohort study followed up 95 CHB patients on NA treatment for a year. Composite treatment outcome was defined as undetectable HBV DNA level, ALT normalization and, HBeAg clearance in the case of HBeAg-positive patients. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was applied to analyze the significant treatment response predictors. Results: Complete composite treatment outcome was achieved by 52% of CHB patients with an initial viral load < 6.5 log 10 copies /ml, but 31% of those had an initial viral load ≥ log 6.5 log 10 copies /ml. Outcome was predicted by HBeAg negativity (adjusted relative risk ratio, aRRR = 11.1, 95 % confidence interval, CI 3-41.3) and ALT normalization within the sixth month of therapy (aRRR = 6.7, CI 1.8-24.9). An elevation of ALT to more than 1.5 times the normal value (40 IU/ml) can lead to an incomplete response on NA therapy (aRRR = 6.2, CI 1.5-26.6.) Conclusion: Routine clinical markers other than pre-treatment viral load predicted composite CHB outcome on NA Therapy.
Un lobbyiste de l'hygiène publique au XIX e siècle
Authors: Jorland Gérard
Published: July 2013

Polytechnicien de la promotion de l’an X (1801), Victor de Moléon consacra ses ressources à l’édition des travaux des différents conseils et sociétés qui gravitaient autour de la puissance publique. Ayant édité les rapports du Conseil d’hygiène de Paris, il joua de la camaraderie d’école auprès de son autorité de tutelle, le ministre du commerce, pour généraliser cette institution à tous les départements qui pourraient alors s’abonner à sa publication. Ce lobbying intéressé joua un rôle dans le décret de 1848 instituant dans tous les arrondissements des conseils d’hygiène qui perdureront jusqu’à leur remplacement, en 2006, par les conseils départementaux de l’environnement et des risques sanitaires et technologiques.
Conflits d'intérêts et sphère sanitaire
Authors: Benaiche Lionel , Lassalle Maxime
Published: July 2013

La sphère sanitaire publique et industrielle est particulièrement concernée par la difficulté de distinguer l’exercice légal d’une activité de lobbying et l’abus d’une influence illégitime. Dans le langage commun, c’est la notion de «?conflits d’intérêts?» qui recouvre l’ensemble des dérives constatées dans l’exercice du lobbying. Mais cette notion ne figure pas dans le code pénal. D’où le problème?: les infractions prévues par le droit pénal ne sont pas capables d’appréhender correctement les méthodes managériales et les stratégies d’influence. Dès lors, face à un risque pénal toujours présent, les entreprises doivent être incitées à réguler ces pratiques elles-mêmes.
L'Organisation mondiale de la santé et les lobbies
Authors: Benkimoun Paul
Published: July 2013

Seule institution internationale dont la mission est entièrement dévolue à la santé publique, l’OMS combine des prérogatives normatives, par l’édiction de recommandations, et un rôle de coordination et d’impulsion à l’échelle mondiale de politiques de santé. Ces politiques peuvent entrer en contradiction avec des intérêts privés, s’agissant d’industriels (agroalimentaire, industrie pharmaceutique...) ou d’États (en particulier lorsque des questions de protection de la propriété intellectuelle sont en jeu). L’OMS est engagée dans de nombreuses collaborations avec les industriels de la pharmacie (dons de médicaments, partenariats...). De ce fait, elle est peu encline à entamer des confrontations avec eux. Face à une situation financière difficile, elle fait une part croissante aux financements privés. Certains s’inquiètent d’une « privatisation rampante »...
Union européenne : opération transparence et crédibilité
Authors: Degain Jacques
Published: July 2013

Quinze, vingt mille lobbyistes, peut-être plus, sont à Bruxelles, parfois à Strasbourg, ou y vont régulièrement pour rencontrer députés européens et membres de la Commission. Depuis juin 2011, afin de réglementer et organiser ces pratiques, souvent contestées, les sociétés et organisations désirant s’adresser aux parlementaires sont invitées à s’inscrire sur un registre de la transparence. Une réforme qui a rencontré un évident succès, puisque 5 671 organisations ou groupes d’intérêts figurent sur ce document. Mais l’inscription reste facultative et certaines grandes entreprises n’ont pas souhaité y figurer. Le lobbying, souvent critiqué, joue pourtant sa crédibilité sur la transparence, notamment en matière de santé. L’obligation d’inscription sur ce registre n’est plus qu’une question de temps, estiment députés et observateurs. Reste qu’il convient désormais de faire vite.
Le lobbying du tabac en France
Authors: Dautzenberg Bertrand
Published: July 2013

Le lobbying des cigarettiers en faveur des produits du tabac est un des vecteurs essentiels du développement et de la persistance de la dépendance tabagique. L’efficacité de ce vecteur à répandre la maladie dépend de la réponse que les politiques opposent à ces lobbies. La France a vécu en deux quinquennats la démonstration de l’influence du président de la République sur l’acceptation ou le refus des lobbies du tabac sur la vie quotidienne des Français en faisant alterner le meilleur et le pire dans les décisions concernant le contrôle du tabac et dans les conséquences sanitaires et financières de ces décisions.
Des bacs à sable aux déserts médicaux : construction sociale d'un problème public
Authors: Véran Olivier
Published: July 2013

La problématique de l’accessibilité aux soins de premier recours, qui n’est pas nouvelle dans les faits, a émergé sur l’agenda public à la faveur de la réduction annoncée de l’offre de soins, au début des année 2000. Missions, commissions, projets de loi, articles de presse, reportages : les déserts médicaux font depuis l’objet d’une forte publicisation. Pointée du doigt, l’inégale répartition des médecins généralistes sur le territoire mobilise fortement les experts. Sans nier l’existence d’authentiques zones sous-dotées, et sans en relativiser l’impact pour les populations concernées, les études, bien que régulièrement affinées, peinent pourtant à décrire une réalité qui colle au vécu des usagers, élus et professionnels du soin, dans les territoires concernés. Cet article vise à mettre en exergue ce décalage et à en comprendre les enjeux sociologiques, étape de clarification qui paraît indispensable avant toute nouvelle réforme.
Surcharge et engorgement des urgences : la réponse durable du modèle des Pass
Authors: Georges-Tarragano Claire , Pierru Frédéric , de Celeyran Florence Tapié , Mechali Denis , Rochefort Jeanine
Published: July 2013

Malgré l’affectation de moyens supplémentaires après chaque séquence de mobilisation de personnels ou de crise de santé publique comme la canicule de 2003, les services d’urgence semblent enlisés dans une crise durable. Les images de salles d’attente bondées, de patients allongés sur des brancards de fortune, de médecins et d’infirmières épuisés et excédés symbolisent, pour les médias mais aussi pour les décideurs politiques, la « crise » de l’hôpital public. Une des solutions à cette crise résiderait dans une organisation plus industrielle et productiviste, par le biais notamment de la mise en place d’indicateurs du type « temps d’attente ». Pourtant, ce type de réponse accentuerait plutôt les difficultés en incitant les personnels soignants à ignorer l’intrication des problématiques médicales, sociales et psychologiques de la plupart des usagers des services d’urgence. Or, il existe un modèle d’organisation qui relève le défi de la prise en compte, dans la durée, de la globalité et de la complexité des cas, et qui mériterait d’être soutenu et étendu : les permanences d’accès aux soins de santé.
La charité seule ne permet pas de bâtir un monde
Authors: Abderhaïm Hélène
Published: July 2013

Frédéric Edelmann, journaliste au quotidien Le Monde , spécialisé dans l’architecture et l’urbanisme, a cofondé l’association Aides en 1985 avec Daniel Defert et Jean-Florian Mettetal. En 1987, il rejoint Arcat Sida, alors présidée par Pierre Bergé. Il en est secrétaire général puis président (1996-1997). En 1989, il fonde le Journal du sida . Vingt-cinq ans plus tard, il revient sur ses années de militantisme et pose un regard qu’il qualifie lui-même de «?caustique?» sur l’évolution du milieu associatif.
Urbanización Sol de Mallorca España
Authors: De la Hoz Rafael , Olivares Gerardo , Chastang José
Published: July 2013

El esquema rector de este grupo de viviendas, distintas en tamaño y programa, pero con directriz básica similar, obedece a unas premisas cuidadosamente estudiadas: orientación a mediodía de las fachadas principales; respeto e integración con la naturaleza circundante; empleo uniforme de materiales; intimidad de cada vivienda, que se abre alrededor de un patio de forma diferente en cada caso.
Todas ellas son blancas —de cal— y tienen una planta fundamental, más un pequeño estudio alto, al que se accede por escalera exterior.
Método OMO para a organización de la mano de obra
Authors: Pezzi Peñalver Fernando
Published: July 2013

El presente método ha sido empleado por el Instituto Nacional de Industria en varias de sus obras.
Es aplicable, prácticamente, a toda clase de obras, con tal de que no sean demasiado pequeñas.
Su objeto es organizar el trabajo del personal obrero de las obras.
Consiste en dividir previamente toda la obra en trozos o «fracciones», y estos trozos, a su vez, en los trabajos que los distintos gremios habrán de realizar en ellos.
Para su funcionamiento es necesario un pequeño equipo técnico, que realiza el «troceado» previo, y después revisa los trabajos realizados.
Se consigue mejorar la calidad de la ejecución, reducir el coste de la obra, facilitar el cumplimiento del plazo y mejorar los ingresos del personal obrero.
Este método no incluye la elaboración del plan de obra, ni la aportación de las necesidades de mano de obra, maquinaría y materiales, ni el control de calidad de estos últimos, ni ningún otro aspecto de la obra que no se relacione con el objetivo indicado al principio. Todo ello se supone establecido y regulado por otros procedimientos.
A continuación, explicamos cada uno de los aspectos apuntados en este resumen.
Plaza Central Peachtree. Atlanta-(EE.UU.)
Authors: John Portman y Asociados Arquitectos e ingenieros
Published: July 2013

Este edificio de setenta plantas se construyó para responder a las necesidades hoteleras de la ciudad de Atlanta, que precisaba de una instalación con suficiente capacidad de habitaciones y preparación para albergar Convenciones.
Sobre una estructura de hormigón armado, que sirve de base y en la que se sitúan las zonas comunes, se eleva una gran torre cilíndrica, recubierta de vidrio coloreado reflectante, destinada a distribuir las 1.100 habitaciones con las que cuenta el edificio. La construcción se corona, a 230 m de la cimentación, con una sala para cócteles y un restaurante giratorio desde el que se domina una espléndida vista del contorno.
El edificio dispone de importantes servicios comunes, entre los que cabe destacar el hall de entrada —a modo de atrio y con una altura equivalente a siete plantas—, que está dotado de un gran estanque y variados elementos de gran efecto decorativo. Otros servicios notables por su diseño y dimensiones son la gran sala de baile, y las cafeterías, comedores y restaurantes de lujo, uno de los cuales, organizado en varios niveles, domina una cascada de agua de 30 m de altura.