bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Limitations for Compositional Modeling in Vaca Muerta Numerical Simulation
Authors: Feder Judy
Published: June 2019

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Judy Feder, contains highlights of paper SPE 191822, “Vaca Muerta Numerical Simulation: A Warning in Compositional Modeling,” by Sergio Bosco, Mariano Suarez, SPE, and Elisabet Savoy, SPE, YPF, prepared for the 2018 SPE Argentina Exploration and Production of Unconventional Resources Symposium, Neuquén, Argentina, 14–16 August. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

Vaca Muerta formation fluids run from medium black oils to very dry gas, according to source-rock maturity. High-shrinkage volatile oil and very rich gas condensate are found and compositional variation is areally continuous. Despite this huge difference in fluid nature, where saturation pressures are present, more than 200 kg/cm2 undersaturation is reported. Because of the complex dependence of fluid behavior with composition for near-critical gas condensate and volatile oil, the use of compositional modeling is mandatory. Cubic equations of state (CEOS) are the only types implemented until now in commercially available compositional numerical simulators. In this paper, the authors show the limitation of CEOS for modeling reservoir behavior of liquid-phase black and volatile oil in highly undersaturated reservoirs.

Introduction

The Vaca Muerta shale, located in the Neuquén Basin, Argentina, ranks among the top shale oil and gas resources in the world. It is characterized by its areal extent, high gross thickness, and high organic content. The first well was drilled and completed in 2010 and despite more than 650 wells to date, Vaca Muerta shale history is relatively recent compared with other known shale plays.

Source-rock thermal maturity seems to be the main driver for fluid distribution, running from dry gas in very mature zones, progressing through gas condensate and volatile oil, to black oils of less than 100 m3/m3 gas/oil ratio (GOR) in immature zones.

Production forecasts on new wells are based primarily on the history of geographically close wells, but forecasts for new zones involve numerical simulation of regionally distributed properties, including reservoir-fluid characteristics. The original aim of the work described in this paper was the equation of state (EOS) description of the pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) properties of fluids in known zones, to use in extrapolation to those zones where information is sparse. The models and work flows described in papers SPE 177058 and URTeC 2436107 were the starting point for this paper; in those earlier works, the authors aimed to extend the work flow into more complex fluids.

An extensive EOS fitting program was launched. Surface and subsurface samples were taken for fluid characterization and PVT tests were performed for each. All presented, at least, 200 kg/cm2 of undersaturation (Fig. 1).
Technology Focus: Unconventional Resources (July 2019)
Authors: Chipperfield Simon
Published: June 2019

Technology Focus

The charge of a JPT Technology Focus reviewer is not only to select the best SPE papers encountered over the past year but also to identify potential ways in which these papers, and the technology contained therein, can assist the growth of industry professionals. While all of JPT’s feature topics are of great importance to the industry, the technical attention and economic importance attached to unconventional plays in recent years stresses a need for appropriately unconventional thinking. For this year’s feature, the selected papers provide innovative work flows that assist in determining productivity, reduce the effect of uncertainty conditions, and spark rejuvenation.

The first of these, paper SPE 190860, emphasizes the importance of an effective lateral-landing strategy in enhancing long-term reservoir productivity and provides a work flow that uses a suite of integrated data to achieve consistent results that can aid in field management and ultimate recovery estimates.

Paper SPE 191272 uses a case study from the Vaca Muerta Shale in Argentina to demonstrate the efficacy of a work flow that uses a simulation-based approach combined with high-speed computing to improve investor confidence. The authors stress in particular the need to characterize the correct variables and to establish the range of their uncertainty.

Finally, paper SPE 191457 introduces an integrated work flow that couples geomechanical effects and reservoir-simulation modeling in the effort to rejuvenate unconventional plays, stressing interpretation of the variables that can affect the development of the simulated reservoir volume.

These three innovative papers represent, as always, the skill and vision of industry professionals like yourself as we continue to learn from, and add to, the body of technical knowledge that SPE represents. I hope that you enjoy the papers.

Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org .

SPE 191923 Alleviating the Solids Issue in Surat Basin in Coal-Seam-Gas Wells by Daniel Kalinin, Schlumberger, et al.

SPE 192010 Optimizing Horizontal Coal-Seam-Gas Wells by Combining Reservoir Simulation and Transient Well Modeling by Turaj Nuralishahi, APLNG, et al.

SPE 192694 First Global Successful Large-Diameter Pressurized Coring Application Using High-Performance Water-Based Mud: Kuwait Case History by Robin Stewart, Halliburton, et al.
Differential Determinants of Patent Ductus Arteriosus Outcomes for Prematurity of Varying Birth Body Weight
Authors: Lin I-Chun , Liu Hsi-Yun , Chen Chih-Cheng , Lai Yun-Ju , Huang Eng-Yen , Tsai Ching-Chang , Hsu Te-Yao
Published: June 2019

Background

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) remains critically encountered every day for pediatricians and neonatologists along with the medical progress in prematurity neonatal care. In this study, we aimed to stratify premature neonates by their initial postnatal 24-hour clinical characteristics and maternal and gestational histories to early predict the risk of PDA at unfavorable treatment responses.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted on preterm newborns who were consecutively admitted to a pediatric-neonatal-intensive-care-unit from 2008 to 2013 except some exclusion criteria. Data relating to birth histories, maternal histories, and clinical data from the first 24 hour of life were collected and analyzed according to three types of PDA outcomes—non-treated, medically-responded, and surgically-ligated PDA. Univariate analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. Multivariate analysis was performed using multinomial logistic regression to determine the independent risk factors for the PDA outcome.

Results

This study involved 682 preterm infants, composed of 352 male and 330 female neonates with median gestational age of 31 (interquartile, IQR: 28–34) week and BBW of 1360 (IQR: 1085–1861) g. Inclusively, 83% of PDAs in prematurity did not need any medical or surgical treatment, 8.8% of PDA medically responded and 7.9% needed surgical ligation. All subjects were further sub-grouped according to birth body weight (BBW) owing to significant differences in clinical characteristics and the rate of surgically-ligated PDA between neonates with BBW less than 1500 g (as the very low birth weight, VLBW group) and those with BBW greater or equal to 1500 g (as the non-VLBW group). The VLBW group had a significantly higher percentage of surgically-ligated PDA. For the VLBW group, the amount of first 24-hour intravenous fluid per kilogram, surfactant use and gynecological disorder were independent factors in predicting PDA outcomes. For the non-VLBW group, placenta previa, parity, BBW and intrauterine growth retardation were independent factors.

Conclusions

Neonatal care should be meticulously personalized according to their BBW. The first 24-hour perinatal factors, maternal and gestational history plays differential importance on PDA treatment outcome based on BBW.
Maternal complication related to instrumental vaginal delivery and its associated factors among mothers who gave birth at Felege Hiwot comprehensive specialized hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Institutional based retrospective cross-sectional study
Authors: zewudie shimeles biru , sewyew Dagne Addisu , limenh Simachew kassa , bante Simachew animen
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Objective: the aim of the study was to assess the proportion of maternal complication related to instrumental vaginal delivery and its associated factors among mothers who gave birth in Felege Hiwot comprehensive specialized hospital, northwest Ethiopia.
Results: Records of 406 mothers managed with instrumental vaginal delivery were reviewed and 97% of reviewed card had complete documentation. The proportion of maternal complications due instrumental vaginal delivery was found to be 12.1%. A mother who had an episiotomy [AOR=0.14, 95%CI=0.07-0.3], Forceps assisted vaginal delivery [AOR=3.4, 95%CI=1.08-10.67] and primiparity [AOR=3.5, 95%CI=1.26-9.98] were found to be associated with maternal complications related to instrumental vaginal delivery.
Keywords: maternal complication, instrumental delivery, Felege hiwot, Bahir Dar
Challenges With Study Procedure Fidelity When Conducting Household Survey: Reports From The Field
Authors: Folayan Morenike , Alade Michael A , Ozeigbe Elizabeth O
Published: June 2019

Objectives

The aim of the study was to identify reasons for protocol deviations during conduct of large epidemiological surveys despite conducting trainings, validating clinicians and providing field supervisory support. Enquiries focused on breeches with recruitment procedures, privacy, confidentiality and obtaining informed consent. The case study was a household survey conducted in Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

Results

The study highlights that inspite of adequate training of field workers, providing supervisory support and conducting validation exercises, protocol deviation still occur. Measures to improve internal research validity during the conduct of surveys can minimise but not eliminate protocol deviations. Individual related factors increase the risk for protocol deviation when faced with environmental factors that promotes such breech. Individual factors that increases the risk for breeching research protocols include personal bias against adherence to elements of the protocols, and pressure to meet personal recruitment targets to maximise remunerations. These pressures increase the risk of breeching study participants’ recruitment process. Environmental pressures that promote protocol deviations include low research literacy that makes study participants take issues of non-consenting and privacy lightly. The use of electronic data collection methods enhances data security. Participants consistently recommended improved field supervision to reduce the risk for protocol violation.
Determinants of failed oxytocin induction among women who gave birth at referral hospitals of Amhara region, Ethiopia, 2018: A case control study
Authors: Melkie Abenezer , Ewunetu Mesafint , Asmer Simegnew , Mekie Maru , Dagnew Enyew
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Objective: This study was aimed to identify determinants of failed oxytocin induction among women who gave birth at referral hospitals of Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Unmatched case control study design was employed among 336 women who had oxytocin induction with 2:1 control to case ratio.
Results: A total of 336 women were participated in the study giving a response rate of 100% for both cases and controls. The odds of having failed induction were found to be 11.77 times higher among women who had intermediate bishop (AOR=11.77(5.19, 26.71)) compared with counterparts. Likewise, the odds of having failed induction were found to be higher (AOR=6.24, 95%, CI: (3.32, 11.73)), (AOR=2.47, 95%, CI: (1.31, 4.68)), and (AOR=2.16, 95%, CI :( 1.13, 4.16)) among women who are primiparous, those who had emergency oxytocin induction, and women with age ≤30 years respectively. Cervical status shall be seen with care prior to oxytocin induction and repining shall be considered to have better outcome.
Keywords: Induction of labor, failed induction, Bishop score, Ethiopia
Sporting programs for inactive population groups: factors influencing their long-term sustainability in the organized sports setting
Authors: Ooms Linda , Kruijsbergen Mette van , Collard Dorine , Leemrijse Chantal , Veenhof Cindy
Published: June 2019

Background

The organized sports sector has received increased interest as a setting to stimulate physical activity among inactive target groups. To reach many inactive people and to obtain population health benefits, it is important that effective sporting programs are sustained over a long period of time. This study identified the factors influencing the long-term sustainability of these kind of sporting programs located within local sports clubs.

Methods

Fourteen sporting programs in the Netherlands aimed at increasing physical activity levels of inactive population groups and funded within the National Action Plan for Sport and Exercise (NAPSE) were the focus of this study. The programs were developed by ten National Sports Federations (NSFs) and implemented by different sports clubs in the Netherlands within a three-year funded implementation period (2008-2011). This research consisted of face-to-face interviews with the program coordinators of the NSFs (n=14) and telephone interviews with representatives of sports clubs that provided the programs (n=17 continued the program, n=11 discontinued the program) six and a half years after the funding period ended (November 2017-March 2018). A sustainability framework with five pre-specified main themes (i.e. program design, implementation, trainer/coach, organizational setting, broader community environment) guided data collection and (deductive) thematic analysis.

Results

Ten of the fourteen NAPSE funded sporting programs were sustained at the level of the NSFs. Most factors facilitating (+) and impeding (-) the long-term sustainability of the programs were mentioned by both NSFs and sports clubs, like program adaptation (+) and a lack of program financing (-). Program evaluation (+) and high program costs (-) were examples of factors that were more important to NSFs, while factors related to human resources (e.g. lack of volunteers (-)) or the sports club nature (e.g. social aspect in program design (+)) were more important to sports clubs. The factors were summarized in the form of a checklist.

Conclusions

This study adds to the knowledge base concerning the long-term sustainability of sporting programs aimed at inactive people in the organized sport setting. The results can be used to develop strategies to promote long-term sustainability of these kind of programs and inform funding guidelines.
The roles of metabolic pathways in maintaining primary dormancy of Pinus koraiensis seeds
Authors: Song Yuan , Zhu Jiaojun
Published: June 2019

Background

Korean pine seeds have primary dormancy following dispersal, leading to poor seed germination and seedling establishment. Metabolic homeostasis determines whether the seeds are dormant or non-dormant. However, the specific metabolic pathways that maintain the primary dormancy of pine seeds are poorly understood.

Results

Metabolic analysis was employed on the embryos of PDRS (primary dormancy released seeds) and PDS (primary dormant seeds) on days 0, 5 and 11 after incubation under a germination-inductive temperature. A larger metabolic switch occurred in PDRS embryos from days 0 to 11. Sixty-six metabolites were significantly changed from days 0 to 5, 83% of which (including most sugars, organic acids and amino acids) increased, which appear to reflect biosynthetic metabolism processes are initiated. Seventy-six metabolites showed distinct variations from days 5 to 11, 74% of which (including most organic acids and almost all amino acids) reduced substantially. Most pronounced one was a major 409-, 75-, 58- and 41-fold reduce in the respective levels of fructose 6-phosphate, inositol-3-phosphate, 3-phosphoglyceric and D-glucose-6-phosphate, which appear to reflect the glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle are strongly slowed down. The majority of the metabolites in PDS embryos displayed a relatively larger alteration only during from days 0 to 5. Although 69% of metabolites increased from days 0 to 5, their levels were still lower compared with PDRS embryos. Furthermore, most metabolites were not further accumulated from days 5 to 11. Unlike PDRS embryos, almost all amino acids in PDS embryos did not exhibit a substantial decrease from days 5 to 11. Also, there was not a major decrease in the levels of metabolites involved mainly in glycolysis and TCA cycle, while some intermediates even increased.

Conclusions

The attenuated biosynthetic metabolism processes, the lower utilization rate of amino acids and the higher operation rate of glycolysis and TCA in embryos maintain primary dormancy.
Comparative metabolomic analysis reveals the variations in taxoids and flavonoids among three Taxus species
Authors: Zhou Ting , Luo Xiujun , Zhang Chengchao , Xu Xinyun , Yu Chunna , Jiang Zhifang , Zhang Lei , Yuan Huwei , Zheng Bingsong , Shen Chenjia
Published: June 2019

Background

Trees of the genus Taxus are highly valuable medicinal plants with multiple pharmacological effects on various cancer treatments. Paclitaxel from Taxus trees is an efficient and widely used anticancer drug, however, the accumulation of taxoids and other active ingredients can vary greatly among Taxus species. In our study, the metabolomes of three Taxus species have been investigated.

Results

A total of 2,246 metabolites assigning to various primary and secondary metabolic pathways were identified using a untargeted approach. Analysis of differential accumulated metabolites identified 358 T. media-, 220 T. cuspidata-, and 169 T. mairei-specific accumulated metabolites, respectively. By searching the metabolite pool, 7 MEP pathway precursors, 11 intermediates, side chain products and derivatives of paclitaxel, and paclitaxel itself were detected. Most precursors, initiated intermediates were highly accumulated in T. mairei, and most intermediate products approaching the end point of taxol biosynthesis pathway were primarily accumulated in T. cuspidata and T. media. Our data suggested that there were higher-efficiency pathways to paclitaxel in T. cuspidata and T. media compared with in T. mairei. As an important class of active ingredients in Taxus trees, a majority of flavonoids were predominantly accumulated in T. mairei rather than T. media and T. cuspidata. The variations in several selected taxoids and flavonoids were confirmed using a targeted approach.

Conclusions

Systematic correlativity analysis identifies a number of metabolites associated with paclitaxel biosynthesis, suggesting a potential negative correlation between flavonoid metabolism and taxoid accumulation. Investigation of the variations in taxoids and other active ingredients will provide us a deeper understanding of the interspecific differential accumulation of taxoids and an opportunity to accelerate the highest-yielding species breeding and resource utilization.
Cloning and Functional Analysis of the FAD2 Gene Family from Desert Shrub Artemisia sphaerocephala
Authors: Miao Xiumei , zhang lijing , Hu Xiaowei , Nan Shuzhen , Chen Xiaolong , Fu Hua
Published: June 2019

Background: Linoleic acid is an important polyunsaturated fatty acid, required for all eukaryotes. Microsomal delta-12 (Δ12) oleate desaturase (FAD2) is a key enzyme for linoleic acid biosynthesis. Desert shrub Artemisia sphaerocephala is rich in linoleic acid, it has a large FAD2 gene family with twenty-six members. The objective of this work is to study the difference and potentially functionality of AsFAD2 family members.
Results: Full-length cDNAs of twenty-one AsFAD2 genes were obtained from A. sphaerocephala. The putative polypeptides encoded by AsFAD2 family genes showed a high level of sequence similarity and were relatively conserved during evolution. The motif composition was relatively conservative. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that the AsFAD2-1 gene was strongly expressed in developing seeds, which may be closely associated with the high accumulating ability of linoleic acid in A. sphaerocephala seeds. Although different AsFAD2 family members showed diverse response to salt stress, the overall mRNA levels of the AsFAD2 family genes was stable, suggesting that the AsFAD2 family may play an important role in the adaptation of A. sphaerocephala to the harsh desert environment. Transient expression of AsFAD2 genes in the Nicotiana benthamiana leaves revealed that the encoded proteins were all located in the endoplasmic reticulum. Heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae suggested that only three AsFAD2 enzymes, AsFAD2-1, -10, and -23, were Δ12 oleate desaturases, which could convert oleic acid to linoleic acid, whereas AsFAD2-1 and AsFAD2-10 could also produce palmitolinoleic acid.
Conclusions: This research reported the cloning, expression studies, subcellular localization and functional identification of the large AsFAD2 gene family. These results should be helpful in understanding of fatty acid biosynthesis in A. sphaerocephala, and can be applied in the study of plant fatty acids traits.
Patient motives for contacting out-of-hours care in Denmark: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Huibers Linda , Carlsen Anders H , Moth Grete , Christensen Helle C , Riddervold Ingunn S , Christensen Morten B
Published: June 2019

Background

Patients in need of acute healthcare do not always contact the most suitable healthcare service provider. Contacting out-of-hours primary care for an urgent problem may delay care, whereas contacting emergency medical services for a non-urgent problem could ultimately affect patient safety. More insight into patient motives for contacting a specific healthcare provider may help optimise patient flows. This study aims to explore patient motives for contacting out-of-hours primary care and the emergency medical services in Denmark.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional observational study by sending a questionnaires to patients contacting out-of-hours primary care and emergency medical services, both of which can be directly contacted by patients, in two of five Danish regions in 2015. As we aimed to focus on the first access point, the emergency department was not included. The questionnaire included items on patient characteristics, health problem and 26 pre-defined motives. Descriptive analyses of patient characteristics and motives were conducted, stratified by the two healthcare service providers. Factors associated with contacting each of the two service providers were explored in a modified Poisson regression analysis, and adjusted risk ratios were calculated.

Results

Three key motives for contacting the two service providers were identified: ‘unpleasant symptoms’, ‘perceived need for prompt action’ and ‘perceived most suitable healthcare provider’. Other important motives were ‘need arose outside office hours’ and ‘wanted to talk to a physician’ (out-of-hours primary care) and ‘expected need for ambulance’ and ‘worried’ (emergency medical services). Higher probability of contacting the emergency medical services versus out-of-hours primary care was seen for most motives relating to own assessment and expectations, previous experience and knowledge, and own needs and wishes. Lower probability was seen for most motives relating to perceived barriers and benefits.

Conclusions

Patient motives for contacting the two healthcare service providers were partly overlapping. The study contributes with new knowledge on the complex decision-making process of patients in need of acute healthcare. This knowledge could help optimise existing healthcare services, such as patient safety and the service level, without increasing healthcare costs.
Can stunting be corrected?: Lessons from Indonesia
Authors: Aryastami Ni Ketut , Achadi Endang
Published: June 2019

Background

Impaired growth in children can starts during pregnancy and continue to a few years after birth. Age of 0-2 year is considered as the critical window of growth after birth. This study aimed to investigate the influence of early growth towards growth in the pre-pubertal period.

Methods

The study was utilizing the Indonesian Family Life Survey panel data of 1993, 1997, and 2000, covered 13 out of 27 provinces. The sample was children aged 0-2 years (year 1993), 4-6 years (1997) and 7-9 years old (2000).The data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 13.0.

Results

About 77% of children who were stunting at 0-2 years and continued at age 4-6 years, remained stunting at ages 7-9 years; 59.5% who were stunting at 4-6 years, remained stunting at age 7-9 years; 10% who were normal at ages 0-2 and 4-6 years become stunting at age 7-9 years, and 16% among those who were stunting at age 0-2 year become normal at age 4-6 years. Multivariate analysis showed that children who were stunting at age 0-2 years and continued until age 4-6 years have 27 times risk of becoming stunting at age 7-9 and those who were stunting at age 4-6 years have 14 times risk. On the other hand, those who were stunting at age 0-2 years but became normal at age 4-6 years, were not related to the risk of becoming stunting at later age.

Conclusion

Stunted at age 7-9 years is appointed by shortness at the previous period especially when it began at age of 0-2 years and extended into age of 4-6 years. Particular concern has to be carefully interpreted for the evidence of regaining height of stunted children at 0-2 years into normal height at 4-6 years.
Medication prescribing quality in Australian primary care patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Bezabhe Woldesellassie , Kitsos Alex , Saunder Timothy , Peterson Gregory M. , Bereznicki Luke R. , Jose Matthew , Wimmer Barbara , Radford Jan
Published: June 2019

Background

Drugs are commonly used in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) to treat an underlying cause, or its numerous complications and comorbidities. The objective of this study was to examine the quality of prescribing in patients with CKD in Australian general practice, using validated indicators.

Methods

We evaluated Australian general practice data obtained from the NPS MedicineWise MedicineInsight dataset for patients with CKD and aged 18 years or older. We used 16 internationally validated prescribing quality indicators focused on medication need, choice and safety in patients with CKD, and we compared results for patients with and without concomitant diabetes.

Results

Among 44,259 patients aged 18 years or older with evidence of CKD stages 3-5, 13,263 (30%) had documentation of a diagnosis of diabetes. Less than half of all patients (40.8%) with CKD stages 3-5 and aged 50 to 65 years were prescribed a statin. The use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) was higher in patients with concomitant diabetes (64.1%) compared with those without diabetes (51.5%; P<0.001), yet only 69.9% of the patients with diabetes and microalbuminuria were receiving an ACEI or ARB. There were 7,426 patients (16.8%) with CKD stages 3-5 potentially receiving non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including 14.3% of those patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) below 30 mL/min/1.73 m2. Potentially inappropriate medication use was more common in CKD patients living in relatively disadvantaged socioeconomic areas, as well as in regional and remote areas.

Conclusions

We identified areas for possible improvement in the prescribing of preventive medications, as well as deprescribing of potentially nephrotoxic medication, in patients with CKD stages 3-5. Targets for intervention studies in Australian general practice could include the appropriate prescribing of recommended preventive medications of patients with CKD, such as an ACEI/ARB and statin, and deprescribing of NSAIDs in patients with concurrent ACEI/ARB therapy.
The redox-dependent regulation of satellite cells following aseptic muscle trauma (SpEED): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Papanikolaou Konstantinos , Draganidis Dimitrios , Chatzinikolaou Athanasios , Laschou Vassiliki C. , Georgakouli Kalliopi , Tsimeas Panagiotis , Batrakoulis Alexios , Deli Charikleia K. , Jamurtas Athanasios Z. , FATOUROS IOANNIS
Published: June 2019

Background

Muscle satellite cells (SCs) are crucial for muscle regeneration following muscle trauma. Acute skeletal muscle damage results in inflammation and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which may be implicated in SCs activation. Protection of these cells from oxidative damage is essential to ensure sufficient muscle regeneration. The aim of this study is to determine whether SCs activity under conditions of aseptic skeletal muscle trauma induced by exercise is redox-dependent.

Methods/design

Based on their SCs content in their vastus lateralis skeletal muscle, participants will be classified as either high or low respondents. In a randomized, double-blind, crossover, repeated measures design, participants will then receive either Placebo or N-acetylcysteine (alters redox potential in muscle) during a preliminary 7-day loading phase, and for 8 consecutive days following a single bout of intense muscle-damaging exercise. In both trials, blood samples and muscle biopsies will be collected, and muscle performance and soreness will be measured at baseline, pre-exercise, 2- and 8-days post-exercise. Biological samples will be analyzed for redox status and SCs activity. Between trials, a 4-week washout period will be implemented.

Discussion

This study is designed to investigate the impact of redox status on SCs mobilization and thus skeletal muscle potential for regeneration under conditions of aseptic inflammation induced by exercise. Findings of this trial will provide insight into i) molecular pathways involved in SCs recruitment and muscle healing under conditions of aseptic skeletal muscle trauma present in numerous catabolic conditions and ii) if skeletal muscle’s potential for regeneration depends on its basal SCs content.
Recurrent post-partum rhombencephalitis associated with anti-centromere antibody: A case report
Authors: Author) Andy Jin(Former Corresponding , Mamelona Jean , Harper Byrne , Author) Alier Marrero(New Corresponding
Published: June 2019

Background

Rhombencephalitis (RE) is a serious condition of the brain with multiple etiologies. We report a unique case of recurrent, postpartum RE that is associated with positive anti-centromere antibody (ACA). A discussion of the case, current literature on autoimmune RE and related autoantibodies are reviewed.

Case Presentation

A healthy 33-year-old Caucasian patient (gravida 2, para 2) had two episodes of progressive focal neurological deficits during postpartum periods. Signs and symptoms included right-sided dysmetria, adiadochokinesia, weakness, ataxia, and photophobia. MRI revealed rhombencephalitis involving the mesencephalon. Extensive and comprehensive investigations using blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were consistently positive only for ACA. The first episode was successfully treated with empiric antimicrobial agents and steroid. Given the negative infectious work up with the prior episode and the nearly identical clinical presentations, the second episode was treated with corticosteroid only. This led to complete resolution of her symptoms and reversal of the brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesions.

Conclusion

To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of a primary autoimmune RE during postpartum period that is associated with ACA. Immunologic causes should be considered early with any encephalitis. Given the risk of recurrence, relapse, and neurologic deterioration, regular monitoring is recommended, especially for female patients of child-bearing age. Consistent with the current literature on autoimmune RE, steroid seems to be an effective treatment for ACA-associated RE.
Human metapneumovirus prevalence and patterns of genotype persistence identified through surveillance of pediatric pneumonia hospital admissions in coastal Kenya, 2007-2016
Authors: Oketch John W , Kamau Everlyn , Otieno Grieven P , Otieno James R , Agoti Charles N , Nokes James D
Published: June 2019

Background

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is an important respiratory pathogen that causes seasonal epidemics of acute respiratory illness and contributes significantly to childhood pneumonia. Current knowledge and understanding on its patterns of spread, prevalence and persistence in communities is limited.

Methods

We present findings of a molecular-epidemiological analysis of nasal samples from children < 5 years of age admitted with syndromic pneumonia between 2007 and 2016 to Kilifi County Hospital, coastal Kenya. HMPV infection was detected using real-time RT-PCR and positives sequenced in the fusion (F) and attachment (G) genes followed by phylogenetic analysis. The association between disease severity and HMPV genotype was assessed using Chi-square test for independence.

Results

Over 10 years, 274/6756 (4.10%) samples screened were HMPV positive. Annual prevalence fluctuated between years ranging 1.2% to 8.7% and lowest in the recent years (2014-2016). HMPV detections were most frequent between October of one year to April of the following year. Genotyping was successful for 205/274 (74.8%) positives revealing A2b (41.0%), A2c (10.7%), B1 (23.4%) and B2 (24.9%). The dominance patterns were: genotype A2b between 2007-11, B1 between 2012-14, and A2c in more recent epidemics. Genotype B2 viruses were present in all the years. These patterns mirrored the global picture. Temporal phylogenetic clustering within the genotypes for both local and global sequence data was seen. Genotypes occurring in each epidemic season were comprised of multiple variants. Pneumonia severity did not vary by genotype (p=0.264). In both the F and G gene, the sequenced regions were found to be predominantly under purifying selection.

Conclusion

Genotype and strain patterns from this rural African setting temporally map with global strain distribution, suggesting a well-mixed global virus transmission pool of HMPV. Persistence in the local community is characterized by repeated introductions of HMPV variants from the global pool. The factors underlying the declining prevalence of HMPV in this population should be investigated.
Metabolome and transcriptome analyses reveal quality change in the orange-rooted Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) from cultivated field
Authors: Zhan Zhilai , Fang Wentao , Ma Xiaohui , Chen Tong , Cui Guanghong , Ma Ying , Kang Liping , Nan Tiegui , Lin Huixin , Tang Jinfu , Zhang Yan , Lai Changjiangsheng , Ren Zhenli , Wang Yanan , Zhao Yujun , Shen Ye , Wang Ling , Zeng Wen , Guo Juan , Huang Luqi
Published: June 2019

Background The dry root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, or Danshen, is a well-known, traditional Chinese medicine. Tanshinones are active compounds that accumulate in the periderm, resulting in red-colored roots. However, lines with orange roots have been observed in cultivated fields. Here, we performed metabolome and transcriptome analyses to investigate the changes of orange-rooted Danshen. Results In total, 40 lipophilic components were detected by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-Tof-MS). Seven compounds were significantly decreased in the orange Danshen, including the most abundant active compounds, tanshinone IIA and tanshinone I in normal Danshen. Systematic analysis of transcriptome profiles revealed that the down-regulated genes related to catalytic dehydrogenation was not detected. However, two genes related to stress resistance, and four genes related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation of proteins were up-regulated in orange Danshen. Conclusion Decreases in the content of dehydrogenated furan ring tanshinones such as tanshinone IIA resulted in phenotypic changes and quality degradation of Danshen. Transcriptome analysis indicated that incorrect folding and ER-associated degradation of corresponding enzymes, which could catalyze C15-C16 dehydrogenase, contributed to the decrease in dehydrogenated furan ring tanshinones, rather than lower expression of the relative genes.
Corn Response to Sulfur Fertilizer in the Red River Valley
Authors: Kaur Jashandeep , Chatterjee Amitava , Franzen David , Cihacek Larry
Published: June 2019

The recent incidence and severity of sulfur (S) deficiency due to a decrease in atmospheric S deposition and greater S removal by crops requires reevaluating current S recommendation for corn (Zea mays L.). Ten on‐farm field trials were conducted to evaluate corn response to S additions at sites in the Red River Valley of North Dakota and Minnesota between 2016 and 2017. Sulfur rates of 0, 11, 22, 33, 44 kg S ha–1 as granular (NH4)2SO4 were broadcasted and incorporated prior to corn planting using randomized complete block design with four replications. Plant tissue S concentration and N/S ratios were determined at two corn growth stages (V6 and V12 in 2016, V12 and R1 in 2017) and grain yield was measured at harvest. Plant tissue S did not increase with S fertilizer at V6 and V12 stages in 2016 whereas in 2017, tissue S increased with 11 kg S ha–1 at two sites in the V6 growth stage. Yield was not related to both soil S and plant parameters. Corn yield increased with 11 kg S ha–1 fertilizer rate at two of ten locations. Lack of response at the remaining sites suggests that S from organic matter and mineralization was enough for crop growth and hence applied fertilizer S had no effect on yield.

Core Ideas

Corn grain yield increased with S fertilizer at two of ten sites.

No response to S fertilizer occurred due to dry early growing season.

Plant tissue tests were not reliable indicators in predicting response.
Preparation and Characterization of Attapulgite‐Fly Ash–Based Binuclear Slow‐Release Fertilizer Encapsulated by Eudragit
Authors: Fu Jiajia , Wang Chenyi , Chen Xianxian , Huang Zhaowei , Miu Junjie , Shi Liwei , Wang Shaoqi
Published: June 2019

To enhance the effectiveness of urea, a novel, binuclear, slow‐release urea fertilizer was developed with the application of drum‐coating technology, which used large granular urea as the core carrier, attapulgite (APT)–fly ash (FA) as the inner coating, and Eudragit as the outer coating. The nutrient‐release characteristics of the binuclear slow‐release fertilizer with 10% coating synthesized under optimized conditions were studied in soil and water, and the relationships between pH, electrical conductivity, and nitrogen release rate were determined through fitting function. The structure and properties of the samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results indicated that the optimum preparation conditions were as follows: the inner coating shall be 4% binder concentration, 10 g APT and FA in total, APT/FA = 7:3; coating film material of Eudragit E100, 75% ethanol concentration, with coating accounting for >9% and plasticizer accounting for 1%. The product showed excellent release performance, with 65.74% of the nutrients leaching in the soil column within 28 d. Therefore, this work has demonstrated the potential of this new double‐coated fertilizer system in agriculture for improving the effectiveness of fertilizers.

Core Ideas

A novel binuclear slow‐release urea fertilizer was developed with the application of drum‐coating technology under optimized conditions.

Binuclear fertilizer exhibited an excellent release behavior of 65.74% nutrient leaching in the soil column within 28 days.

The relationship between the nutrient release rate of binuclear fertilizer in water and soil column was exponential fitting.

The method of predicting the rate of nutrient release using pH and EC was feasible and accurate.
Larger Seed Size Shows Less Germination and Seedling Growth Decline Caused by Seed Ageing under Na2CO3 Stress in Leymus chinensis
Authors: Ao Yunna , Wang Junfeng , Liu Mengxing , Wang Jiao , Knops Johannes M. H. , Mu Chunsheng
Published: June 2019

Understanding of seed germination in sodic soils is needed to accelerate the restoration process in degraded saline‐sodic grassland. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of seed age (2 vs. 6 yr) and seed size (small vs. large) on seed germination and seedling growth in sodic grasslands. Older seeds (6 vs. 2 yr) reduced seed germination by 29%, germination potential by 36%, and the seedling vigor index by 52%. Seed size (small vs. large) reduced seed germination by 18%, germination potential by 20%, and seedling vigor by 19%. Sodic salt stress (>10 mM Na2CO3) decreased germination by 64%, germination potential by 68%, and seedling vigor index by 33%. Sodic salt stress decreases in seed germination and seedling vigor increased with seed age. These findings suggest that younger and large seeds are preferable for restoration efforts in sodic soils. Thus, in regions where the soil has a high level of sodicity, we suggest that large seeds be selected and stored only for a short period of time for seeding.

Core Ideas

Germination of a 6‐yr‐old seed lot was reduced by seed ageing compared with a 2‐yr‐old seed lot.

Light sodic salt stress increased seed germination, whereas heavy stress markedly inhibited germination and the seedling vigor index.

Larger seed size partially offset reductions in germination and the seedling vigor index, especially in high sodic salt stress conditions.
Does Fertilizing Corn with Poultry Litter Enrich the Grain with Mineral Nutrients?
Authors: Tewolde Haile , Sistani Karamat R. , Feng Gary , Menkir Abebe
Published: June 2019

Whether poultry litter (PL) increases concentration of selected mineral elements in corn (Zea maysL.) grain has not been well investigated. The objective of this study was to determine whether fertilizing corn with PL enriches the grain and other plant parts with selected mineral elements. Corn was grown in the field in northern Mississippi with no fertilization (UTC) or fertilization with 9 or 18 Mg ha–1PL, or 202 kg ha–1NH4NO3–N applied in the fall vs. spring. Poultry litter, regardless of application timing, increased soil total N and extractable P, K, Mg, Cu, Mn, and Zn by up to twofold relative to NH4NO3–N. Litter also increased concentration of N, P, Cu, and Zn in leaves and stems but did not particularly enrich the grain with any of the measured elements. Grain N, P, K, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Zn concentrations were highest in corn fertilized with 202 kg ha–1NH4NO3–N applied in the spring. Poultry litter increased grain concentrations of these elements to equal those of the NH4NO3–N fertilized corn only if it also increased the N level in the plant and the grain. High positive correlation of grain N with grain P, K, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Mn suggests that conditions that increase grain protein level would also increase the levels of P, K, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Mn in the grain and that the level of mineral elements in corn grain is dependent on the level of N nutrition of the corn plant.

Core Ideas

Nitrogen accumulates in corn grain in proportion to its availability in the soil.

Phosphorus, K, and other elements do not accumulate in the grain in proportion to their soil levels.

Mineral element level in grain depends on grain N level.

Poultry litter elevates grain nutrient levels only when it also elevates N level.

Optimal N fertilization may be the best approach to produce optimal yield and nutritious grain.
Consistent Risk Assessment Outcomes from Agronomic Characterization of GE Maize in Diverse Regions and as Single‐Event and Stacked Products
Authors: Clawson Ernest L. , Perrett Jamis J. , Cheng Lulu , Ahmad Aqeel , Stojšin Duška , McGowan Yan , Díaz Oscar Heredia , Asim Muhammad , Vertuan Hallison , Quddusi Murtaza , Soares Daniel J.
Published: June 2019

In commercializing a genetically engineered (GE) crop, agronomic characterization studies that contribute to environmental risk assessment (ERA) may be repeated in different global regions. Likewise, these studies may be done both for single‐event GE products and for traditional breeding crosses that combine GE events (breeding stacks). The objectives of this research were to assess the need for de novo agronomic characterization if previously done in another region or for each event in a breeding stack. Data were obtained for the GE maize (Zea mays L.) products MON 89034 (insect protected), NK603 (herbicide tolerant), and the breeding stack MON 89034 × NK603. The field trials were done from 2004 to 2014 in Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Pakistan, and/or the United States. Sources of environmental diversity among the regions (i.e., countries) included differences in the prevalent climate classes of their sites. Although values for the agronomic characteristics varied among regions, event × region interactions caused <1% of the total variability for each GE product. Within each region, comparisons of GE products and near‐isogenic conventional controls were largely nonsignificant. When considering agronomic characteristics, a consistent risk assessment outcome—no evidence of increased potential to become a plant pest—was found in each region and for the single‐event products and the breeding stack. The results support ERA policies that provide for (i) acceptance of agronomic characterization data from other regions (data transportability) and (ii) exemption of breeding stacks from agronomic characterization, based on case‐by‐case assessments of plausible risks.
Comparison of Soil‐Freezing and Soil‐Water Characteristic Curves of Two Canadian Soils
Authors: Ren Junping , Vanapalli Sai K.
Published: June 2019

Core Ideas

The similarity between SFCC and SWCC, and hysteresis of SFCC are reviewed.

The SFCC and SWCC of two fine‐grained soils are measured and analyzed.

No quantitative similarity is found between the measured SFCC and SWCC.

Several concerns regarding the similarity between SFCC and SWCC are discussed.

The drying–wetting and freezing–thawing cycles significantly influence the soil pore water in the vadose zone in permafrost and seasonally frozen regions. The soil‐freezing characteristic curve (SFCC) describes the relationship between unfrozen water content and subzero temperature in a soil at frozen condition. Several studies suggest that the SFCC of a frozen saturated soil is similar to soil‐water characteristic curve (SWCC), which describes the relationship between water content and suction for a soil under unfrozen unsaturated condition. In the present study, the similarity between SFCC and SWCC, and possible reasons for the hysteresis of SFCC are succinctly reviewed. The SFCC and SWCC of two Canadian soils were measured and critically interpreted to understand the fundamental behavior of SFCC in comparison with the SWCC. The observed hysteresis of SFCC for the two soils was mainly associated with the supercooling of pore water. The measured SFCC and SWCC of the two soils show quantitative dissimilarity rather than similarity. This may be attributed to the experimental limitations and possible fundamental differences between drying–wetting and freezing–thawing processes. In addition, several concerns regarding the similarity between SFCC and SWCC are discussed. The present study highlights that rigorous investigations are required for better understanding the SFCC to facilitate its use for cold‐region engineering practice applications.