bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photodamage therapy using an electro‐optic q‐switched Nd:YAG laser
Authors: Yaghmai Dina , Garden Jerome M. , Bakus Abnoeal D. , Gold Michael H. , Saal Bruce M. , Goldberg David J. , Massa Mary C.
Published: September 2010

Background and Objective

Q‐Switched Nd:YAG lasers produce photoacoustic effects in addition to photothermal effects which may allow for greater tissue collagen production. The objective of the study is to determine the effectiveness and tolerability of an Electro‐Optic (EO) Q‐switched Nd:YAG laser with Single Pulse and novel Double Pulse (DP) options in the treatment of photodamaged skin.

Materials and Methods

Sixteen subjects with photoaging were enrolled in this prospective, randomized, split‐faced study. Subjects received 6 bi‐weekly laser treatments. One half of the face was treated with a Single Pulse while the other half was treated with energies divided into a DP. Blinded investigators and subjects assessed improvement after the sixth treatment for wrinkles, coarseness, pigmentation, redness, laxity, comedones, pore size, and overall skin condition. Subjects also rated the tolerability of the treatments.

Results

For the Single Pulse side of the face, the investigators rated 33% of the patients as having a good to excellent (51% or greater) improvement in the overall condition of the skin while 47% of the subjects reported these levels. On the DP side, the overall improvement was good to excellent at a 27% rate by the investigators and 54% by the subjects. Distributions of improved ratings among investigators and subjects were similar for both sides of the treatment area. The majority of stinging/burning sensations during treatment were reported as mild on the DP side (62.8%) and moderate (63.8%) on the Single Pulse side. The chance of reporting none or only mild stinging/burning sensation during treatment was four times greater on the side of the face treated with the DP (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Results have shown that treatment with the EO QS Nd:YAG laser provides a safe and effective method of skin rejuvenation with the additional benefit of significantly lower patient discomfort during use of the DP mode. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:699–705, 2010 © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Split‐face comparison of intense pulsed light with short‐ and long‐pulsed dye lasers for the treatment of port‐wine stains
Authors: Babilas Philipp , Schreml Stephan , Eames Tatiana , Hohenleutner Ulrich , Szeimies Rolf‐Markus , Landthaler Michael
Published: September 2010

Background

So far, pulsed dye lasers have been regarded as the gold standard in the treatment of port‐wine stains (PWS). Recently, intense pulsed light (IPL) has been reported to achieve more pronounced fading in some patients.

Objectives

To evaluate the efficacy and the side effects of IPL treatment of PWS in a direct comparison to the short‐pulsed dye laser (SPDL) and the long‐pulsed dye laser (LPDL).

Methods

Test spots (n = 158) were applied with IPL (λem = 555–950 nm, pulse duration: 8–14 milliseconds (single pulse), fluence: 11–17.3 J/cm2), the SPDL (λem = 585 nm, pulse duration: 0.45 milliseconds, fluence: 6 J/cm2), and the LPDL (λem = 585/590/595/600 nm, pulse duration: 1.5 milliseconds, fluence: 12/14/16/18 J/cm2) in a side‐by‐side modus in untreated (n = 11) and previously treated (n = 14) patients with PWS. Lesion clearance was evaluated by three blinded investigators based on follow‐up photographs 6 weeks after treatment. Incidence of side effects was assessed.

Results

In previously untreated PWS as well as in pretreated PWS, IPL treatments were rated significantly (P<0.05) better than treatments with the SPDL. In both groups, IPL and LPDL treatments did not differ significantly. Side effects were few in all settings.

Conclusions

In PWS resistant to dye laser therapy, IPL showed additional lesion clearance. The use of IPL increases the therapeutic possibilities in PWS. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:720–727, 2010 © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laser vaporization of the prostate in vivo: Experience with the 150‐W 980‐nm diode laser in living canines
Authors: Rieken Malte , Kang Hyun Wook , Koullick Ed , Ruth George R. , Bachmann Alexander
Published: September 2010

Background and Objective

Anatomic, tissue ablation and coagulation, and histopathologic outcomes of the 150‐W 980‐nm diode laser selective light vaporization (SLV™) of the prostate in the first survival study of living canines were analyzed.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Ten dogs underwent anterograde SLV™ with the 150‐W 980‐nm laser delivered by its side‐firing fiber (Fusion™). Postoperatively, two dogs were euthanized at 3 hours as planned, six at 2–7 days due to complications, and two, without complications, at 8 weeks as planned. Laser energy and time were recorded. Prostates were sectioned, measured, and histologically analyzed after hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC), or Gomori trichrome (GT) staining.

Results

SLV™ acutely and hemostatically created a 0.6 ± 0.3 cm3 cavity in the 3‐hour group accompanied by H&E‐ and TTC‐identified coagulation necrosis of up to 9.5 mm (6.1 ± 1.2 mm) that led to prostatic slough‐induced obstruction and perforation in six of eight (75%) surviving animals, necessitating unplanned euthanasia within 2–7 days. H&E‐ and GT‐stained prostates at 8 weeks postoperatively showed large (9.6 ± 1.4 cm3) re‐epithelialized prostatic cavities with persistent diffuse interstitial Prostatitis and collagenous fibrosis.

Conclusion

SLV™ with the 150‐W 980‐nm diode laser in living canines produced small cavities acutely, and was accompanied by deeply necrotic prostatic slough‐induced obstruction and perforation in a majority of animals. A minority survived SLV and had favorable anatomic outcomes whereas histology revealed persisting inflammation. Further in vivo studies and a cautious clinical approach are recommended to finally evaluate the potential of SLV™ with the 150‐W 980‐nm diode laser. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:736–742, 2010 © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simple organofluorine compounds giving field‐dependent 13C and 19F NMR spectra with complex patterns: higher order effects and cross‐correlated relaxation
Authors: Alemany Lawrence B. , Malloy Thomas B. , Nunes Megan M.
Published: September 2010

The CF3 signals in the 13C{1H} spectrum of 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoroisopropyl alcohol and the (CF3)2 CH signals in the corresponding triflate exhibit much greater complexity than might first be expected. The same holds for the 13C satellites in the 19F spectra. Complex patterns appear because of higher order effects resulting from the combination of a relatively large four‐bond 19F‐19F J coupling in the (13CF3)12CH(12CF3)‐containing isotopomer and a typical large one‐bond 13C/12C isotope effect on the 19F chemical shift. This complexity cannot be eliminated at very high magnetic field strengths. The triflate (CF3)2CH‐O‐SO2CF3 presents still additional complexity because of the presence of two different types of CF3 groups exhibiting 6JFF in any of the isotopomers and the chemical shift differences in hertz between the various 19F signals in the two different 13CF3‐containing isotopomers. In addition, the presence of a small 5JCF in the (13CF3)(12CF3)12CH‐O‐SO212CF3 isotopomer is revealed only through simulations. The hexafluoroisopropyl CF3 groups in the alcohol and triflate and the SO2CF3 group in the triflate apparently provide the first examples of cross‐correlated relaxation in 13CF3 groups. An analysis of the spectra in the context of previously reported work highlights the novel aspects of our findings. In particular, for each part of the complex hexafluoroisopropyl CF3 quartet, peak height and linewidth variations resulting from cross‐correlated relaxation are observed. These variations within a group of 13C signals reflect different spin–lattice and spin–spin relaxation rates for the transitions within that group arising from higher order coupling effects. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NMR spectroscopic study of the Murex trunculus dyeing process
Authors: Hoffman Rina C. , Zilber Reut C. , Hoffman Roy E.
Published: September 2010

It is widely accepted that indigo dyes derived from Murex trunculus were used to produce the biblical dyes tekhelet and argaman. We describe a method of following the debromination of natural leucoindigos and their binding to wool using NMR spectroscopy. Debromination is observed prior to reaction with the wool and prior to oxidation. Binding to the wool is shown to occur prior to oxidation. NMR allows the dyeing process to be followed. This, in principle, could be used to correct problems during dyeing that would increase the reliability of the process. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Independent component analysis‐based multifiber streamline tractography of the human brain
Authors: Singh Manbir , Wong Chi‐Wah
Published: September 2010

An independent component analysis‐based approach has been developed to estimate the orientations of two or three crossing fibers in a voxel to conduct human brain streamline tractography from diffusion data acquired along 25 gradient directions at a b‐value of 1000 sec/mm2. The approach relies on unmixing signals from fibers mixed within, and spread over, a small cluster of 11 voxels. Simulation studies of diffusion data for two or three crossing fibers at signal‐to‐noise ratios of 15 and 30 suggest the accuracy to determine interfiber angles with independent component analysis is similar to that attained by a gaussian mixture and other multicompartmental models but at two orders of magnitude faster computational speed. Compared to previous multicompartmental models, independent component analysis visually shows good recovery of fiber orientations and tracts in the crossing region of commonly available orthogonal and 60° phantom diffusion datasets. A 3T MRI human studies show that in contrast to conventional streamline tractography and a multicompartment model, independent component analysis shows better recovery of the continuity of fronto‐occipital tracts and cingulum from regions where these tracts are mixed with corpus callosum and other pathways. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Motion compensated generalized reconstruction for free‐breathing dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI
Authors: Filipovic M. , Vuissoz P.‐A. , Codreanu A. , Claudon M. , Felblinger J.
Published: September 2010

The analysis of abdominal and thoracic dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI is often impaired by artifacts and misregistration caused by physiological motion. Breath‐hold is too short to cover long acquisitions. A novel multipurpose reconstruction technique, entitled dynamic contrast‐enhanced generalized reconstruction by inversion of coupled systems, is presented. It performs respiratory motion compensation in terms of both motion artefact correction and registration. It comprises motion modeling and contrast‐change modeling. The method feeds on physiological signals and x‐f space properties of dynamic series to invert a coupled system of linear equations. The unknowns solved for represent the parameters for a linear nonrigid motion model and the parameters for a linear contrast‐change model based on B‐splines. Performance is demonstrated on myocardial perfusion imaging, on six simulated data sets and six clinical exams. The main purpose consists in removing motion‐induced errors from time–intensity curves, thus improving curve analysis and postprocessing in general. This method alleviates postprocessing difficulties in dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI and opens new possibilities for dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI analysis. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epidemiology and healthcare utilization of neurogenic bladder patients in a us claims database
Authors: Manack Aubrey , Motsko Stephen P. , Haag‐Molkenteller Cornelia , Dmochowski Roger R. , Goehring Earl L. , Nguyen‐Khoa Bao‐Anh , Jones Judith K.
Published: September 2010

Aims

To characterize the patient profile, medication utilization, and healthcare encounters of patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction related to incontinence.

Methods

Medical and pharmacy claims were retrospectively analyzed from April 1, 2002 to March 31, 2007 to characterize neurogenic bladder patients. There were 46,271 patients in the Neurogenic bladder cohort, and 9,315 and 4,168 patients in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) subcohorts, respectively. Demographic data, concomitant diseases, use of overactive bladder (OAB) oral drug, and healthcare encounters were summarized using descriptive statistics.

Results

The mean age of neurogenic bladder patients was 62.5 (standard deviation 19.6) years. A high frequency of lower urinary tract infections (UTIs; 29%–36%), obstructive uropathies (6%–11%), and urinary retention (9%–14%), was observed. Overall, 33,100 (71.5%) patients were taking an OAB oral drug; 10,110 (30.5%) patients discontinued and did not restart. During the one‐year follow‐up period, 39.0% (8,034) of neurogenic bladder patients had a urology visit, 31.7% (14,679) had a neurology visit, 33.3% (15,415) were hospitalized, and 14.4% (6,646) were in a nursing home (highest rates observed in SCI subcohort). UTI diagnoses comprised over 20% of all hospitalizations one‐year post‐index. Annually, neurogenic bladder patients averaged 16 office and 0.5 emergency room visits.

Conclusions

This is the largest observational study conducted to address the epidemiology of the neurogenic bladder population, including healthcare utilization. These data suggest that patients with neurogenic bladder may have suboptimal management, indicated by high incidences of urinary tract complications and hospitalizations. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:395–401, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diffusion imaging of brain tumors
Authors: Maier Stephan E. , Sun Yanping , Mulkern Robert V.
Published: September 2010

MRI offers a tremendous armamentarium of different methods that can be employed in brain tumor characterization. MR diffusion imaging has become a widely accepted method to probe for the presence of fluid pools and molecular tissue water mobility. For most clinical applications of diffusion imaging, it is assumed that the diffusion signal vs diffusion weighting factor b decays monoexponentially. Within this framework, the measurement of a single diffusion coefficient in brain tumors permits an approximate categorization of tumor type and, for some tumors, definitive diagnosis. In most brain tumors, when compared with normal brain tissue, the diffusion coefficient is elevated. The presence of peritumoral edema, which also exhibits an elevated diffusion coefficient, often precludes the delineation of the tumor on the basis of diffusion information alone. Serially obtained diffusion data are useful to document and even predict the cellular response to drug or radiation therapy. Diffusion measurements in tissues over an extended range of b factors have clearly shown that the monoparametric description of the MR diffusion signal decay is incomplete. Very high diffusion weighting on clinical systems requires substantial compromise in spatial resolution. However, after suitable analysis, superior separation of malignant brain tumors, peritumoral edema and normal brain tissue can be achieved. These findings are also discussed in the light of tissue‐specific differences in membrane structure and the restrictions exerted by membranes on diffusion. Finally, measurement of the directional dependence of diffusion permits the assessment of white matter integrity and dislocation. Such information, particularly in conjunction with advanced post‐processing, is considered to be immensely useful for therapy planning. Diffusion imaging, which permits monoexponential analysis and provides directional diffusion information, is performed routinely in brain tumor patients. More advanced methods require improvement in acquisition speed and spatial resolution to gain clinical acceptance. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short‐term memory and auditory processing disorders: Concurrent validity and clinical diagnostic markers
Authors: Maerlender Arthur
Published: September 2010

Auditory processing disorders (APDs) are of interest to educators and clinicians, as they impact school functioning. Little work has been completed to demonstrate how children with APDs perform on clinical tests. In a series of studies, standard clinical (psychometric) tests from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition (WISC‐IV) were used to establish concurrent validity between tests of short‐term auditory memory and two frequently used tests of auditory processing (Dichotic Digits and Frequency Patterns). The diagnostic utility of the short‐term memory tests was also explored. In a matched sample, Digit Span forward predicted diagnosis of APD (sensitivity = .81, specificity = .78). Furthermore, within‐subjects analyses for the clinical group found that Digit Span forward scores were significantly lower than those for the other psychometric tests (p values <.001 for Digit Span backward, Letter Span nonrhyming and rhyming scores). Although APD is a low base‐rate condition, the utility of these tests as a potential screener or marker for APDs was demonstrated. The need for further studies was endorsed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preliminary investigation of an early mental health intervention for Head Start programs: Effects of Child Teacher Relationship Training on children's behavior problems
Authors: Morrison Mary O. , Bratton Sue C.
Published: September 2010

Head Start teachers and their aides (n = 24) were assigned to either the experimental or active control treatment in this preliminary investigation on the effects of Child Teacher Relationship Training (CTRT) on 52 disadvantaged preschool children identified with behavioral problems. CTRT is based on the principles and procedures of Child Parent Relationship Therapy (CPRT), a structured, time‐limited approach that trains young children's caregivers to be active participants in an early mental health delivery system. Analysis of pre‐ to mid‐ to posttest findings revealed that, compared to the active control, CTRT demonstrated a large treatment effect on reducing children's externalized behavior problems; furthermore, the between‐group difference over time was statistically significant. The statistical, practical, and clinical significance of findings provide preliminary support for CTRT as a developmentally responsive school‐based intervention for at‐risk preschool children exhibiting clinical levels of behavioral problems. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Focus on composition and interaction potential of single‐pass transmembrane domains
Authors: Worch Remigiusz , Bökel Christian , Höfinger Sigfried , Schwille Petra , Weidemann Thomas
Published: September 2010

Transmembrane domains (TMD) connect the inner with the outer world of a living cell. Single TMD containing (bitopic) receptors are of particular interest, because their oligomerization seems to be a common activation mechanism in cell signaling. We analyzed the composition of TMDs in bitopic proteins within the proteomes of 12 model organisms. The average number of strongly polar and charged residues decreases during evolution, while the occurrence of a dimerization motif, GxxxG, remains unchanged. This may reflect the avoidance of unspecific binding within a growing receptor interaction network. In addition, we propose a new experimental approach for studying helix–helix interactions in giant plasma membrane vesicles using scanning fluorescence cross‐correlation spectroscopy. Measuring eGFP/mRFP tagged versions of cytokine receptors confirms the homotypic interactions of the erythropoietin receptor in contrast to the Interleukin‐4 receptor chains. As a proof of principle, by swapping the TMDs, the interaction potential of erythropoietin receptor was partially transferred to Interleukin‐4 receptor α and vice versa. Non‐interacting receptors can therefore serve as host molecules for TMDs whose oligomerization capability must be assessed. Computational analysis of the free energy gain resulting from TMD dimer formation strongly corroborates the experimental findings, potentially allowing in silico pre‐screening of interacting pairs.
Synthesis of liquid‐filled nanocapsules via the miniemulsion technique
Authors: van den Dungen Eric T. A. , Klumperman Bert
Published: September 2010

This study describes the synthesis of well‐defined nanocapsules via the miniemulsion technique. Pentaerythritol tetrakis(3‐mercaptopropionate) (TetraThiol) or 1,6‐hexanediol di(endo, exo‐norborn‐2‐ene‐5‐carboxylate) (DiNorbornene) is used as the oil phase. TetraThiol is encapsulated via the miniemulsion technique without polymerization, as this monomer would simultaneously act as a chain‐transfer agent, and DiNorbornene is encapsulated via miniemulsion polymerization of styrene. Various styrene‐maleic anhydride (PSMA) copolymers and poly(styrene‐maleic anhydride)‐block‐polystyrene (PSMA‐b‐PS) block copolymers were used as surfactant for the synthesis of well‐defined nanocapsules with TetraThiol as the core material. The nanocapsules had a diameter of 150–350 nm and the particle size distribution was narrow. The use of PSMA‐b‐PS block copolymers as surfactant in combination with post‐addition of formaldehyde provided improved stability to the nanocapsules. DiNorbornene was encapsulated via miniemulsion polymerization of styrene, and a stable latex with a bimodal particle size distribution was obtained. The distribution of small particles had a size of 60 nm and the distribution of large particles had a size of 150 nm. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Guide to properties and efficacy of drugs used in migraine
Authors: Fontebasso Manuela
Published: September 2010

It is essential to devise an individualised treatment plan in the management of migraine. Our Drug review considers the properties and efficacy of the various drugs used in treatment and prevention, followed by an analysis of prescription data and sources of further information. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
Principles in Quality Assurance part 3: making an impact
Authors: Jones Anthony B.
Published: September 2010

This article builds on concepts described in two earlier articles on principles in Quality Assurance (QA) 1, 2. The first of these papers described a simple approach to rationalizing QA activities based on simplicity, efficiency and effectiveness 1. The second article described how the GLP regulations could be ‘deconstructed’ and incorporated into an organization's quality systems to help a company ‘live GLP’ rather than just ‘comply with GLP’ 2. This third part puts the first two papers in a wider perspective by setting out a model for effective QA, to help in the design and implementation of a QA program as well as the organization, management and leadership of the QA Unit. QA personnel should not be viewed as just data‐checkers or ‘rubber stampers’; we must strive to make a positive impact on our company and the wider consumer community through partnership in the assurance of safe and effective products. This paper describes a simple scheme to help us make this impact. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A phase transition for the heights of a fragmentation tree
Authors: Joseph Adrien
Published: September 2010

We provide information about the asymptotic regimes for a homogeneous fragmentation of a finite set. We establish a phase transition for the asymptotic behavior of the shattering times, defined as the first instants when all the blocks of the partition process have cardinality less than a fixed integer. Our results may be applied to the study of certain random split trees. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 39, 247‐274, 2011
Nonrepetitive list colourings of paths
Authors: Grytczuk Jarosław , Przybyło Jakub , Zhu Xuding
Published: September 2010

A vertex colouring c of a graph G is called nonrepetitive if for every integer r ≥ 1 and every path P = (v1,v2,…,v2r) in G, the first half of P is coloured differently from the second half of P, that is, c(vj)≠c(vr+j) for some j = 1,2,…,r. This notion was inspired by a striking result of Thue asserting that the path Pn on n vertices has a nonrepetitive three‐colouring, no matter how large n is. A k‐list assignment of a graph G is a mapping L which assigns a set L(v) of k permissible colours to each vertex v of G. The Thue choice number of G, denoted by πch(G), is the least integer k such that for every k‐list assignment L there is a nonrepetitive colouring c of G satisfying c(v) ∈ L(v) for every vertex v of G. Using the Lefthanded Local Lemma we prove that πch(Pn) ≤ 4 for every n. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2011
Targeting of XIAP Combined with Systemic Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Mediated Delivery of sTRAIL Ligand Inhibits Metastatic Growth of Pancreatic Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Mohr Andrea , Albarenque Stella Maris , Deedigan Laura , Yu Rui , Reidy Mairead , Fulda Simone , Zwacka Ralf Michael
Published: September 2010

Disseminating tumors are one of the gravest medical problems. Here, we combine the tumor-specific apoptosis-inducing activity of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) with the ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to infiltrate both tumor and lymphatic tissues to target primary tumors as well as disseminated cancer cells in a human pancreatic cancer mouse model. Furthermore, we targeted X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) by RNA interference (RNAi) inside the cancer cells to make use of the apoptosis sensitization as well the antimetastatic effect that is afforded by XIAP silencing. We generated MSCs, termed MSC.sTRAIL, that express and secrete a trimeric form of soluble TRAIL (sTRAIL). MSC.sTRAIL triggered limited apoptosis in human pancreatic carcinoma cells that were resistant to soluble recombinant TRAIL, which is most likely due to the enhanced effect of the direct, cell-mediated delivery of trimeric TRAIL. MSC.sTRAIL-mediated cell death was markedly increased by concomitant knockdown of XIAP by RNAi in the cancer cells. These findings were confirmed in xenograft models, in which tumors from the parental pancreatic carcinoma cells showed only growth retardation on treatment with MSC.sTRAIL, whereas tumors with silenced XIAP that were treated with MSC.sTRAIL went into remission. Moreover, animals with XIAP-negative xenografts treated with MSC.sTRAIL were almost free of lung metastasis, whereas animals treated with control MSCs showed substantial metastatic growth in the lungs. In summary, this is the first demonstration that a combined approach using systemic MSC-mediated delivery of sTRAIL together with XIAP inhibition suppresses metastatic growth of pancreatic carcinoma.
Stem Cells and Cartilage Development: Complexities of a Simple Tissue
Authors: Hollander Anthony P. , Dickinson Sally C. , Kafienah Wael
Published: September 2010

Cartilage is considered to be a simple tissue that should be easy to engineer because it is avascular and contains just one cell type, the chondrocyte. Despite this apparent simplicity, regenerating cartilage in a form that can function effectively after implantation in the joint has proven difficult. This may be because we have not fully appreciated the importance of different structural regions of articular cartilage or of understanding the origins of chondrocytes and how this cell population is maintained in the normal tissue. This review considers what is known about different regions of cartilage and the types of stem cells in articulating joints and emphasizes the potential importance of regeneration of the lamina splendens at the joint surface and calcified cartilage at the junction with bone for long-term survival of regenerated tissue in vivo.
The effects of ammonium perchlorate on thyroid homeostasis and thyroid‐specific gene expression in rat
Authors: Wu Fenghong , Zhou Xuan , Zhang Rao , Pan Meizhu , Peng Kai‐Liang
Published: September 2010

Perchlorate, a kind of inorganic chemical, is mainly used in defense industry and widely used in other civilian areas. It was well known that perchlorate exerts its thyrotoxicant effect on thyroid homeostasis via competitive inhibition of iodide uptake. However, some details of mechanism by which perchlorate disturb thyroid homeostasis are unknown and remain to be elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate if iodide insufficiency in the thyroid is the main mechanism by which perchlorate exerts its effect on the thyroid gland. We highlighted and measured the gene expression of NIS, Tg, and TPO which involved in thyroid hormone biosynthesis. Thyroid effects of perchlorate were identified by assessing different responses of these genes at the treatments of perchlorate and iodine deficiency. The results indicated that high dose perchlorate (520 mg kg−1 b.wt.) can induce a significant decrease in body weight and cause hypertrophy of thyroid gland, with a decreased level of FT3, FT4 and a remarkable increased level of TSH. In addition, the significant decreased gene expression of Thyroglobulin (Tg) and thyroperoxidase (TPO) were both observed at the treatment of high dose perchlorate. These results suggested that perchlorate can suppress gene expression of Tg and TPO which directly involved in biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, and may therefore aggravate the perturbation of thyroid homeostasis in addition to competitive inhibition of iodide uptake. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2012.
The effect of sodium metabisulphite on active avoidance performance in hypercholesterolemic rats
Authors: Ozsoy Ozlem , Hacioglu Gulay , Savcioglu Feyza , Kucukatay Vural , Yargicoglu Piraye , Agar Aysel
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of hypercholesterolemia and sulphite on active avoidance learning. Male Wistar rats were divided into eight groups as follows: Control (C), Sulphite (S), Vitamin E (E), Sulphite + Vitamin E (SE), Hypercholesterolemia (H), Hypercholesterolemia + Sulphite (HS), Hypercholesterolemia + Vitamin E (HE), and Hypercholesterolemia + Sulphite + Vitamin E (HSE). At the end of the experimental period, the serum cholesterol level (mean ± SD) was significantly higher in H group (111.5 ± 11.11 mg dL−1) as compared to C group (63.5 ± 4.9 mg dL−1). Levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were increased in HS group as compared to C, H, and S groups. Vitamin E reduced TBARS levels in HSE group compared with HS group. Active avoidance results indicated that hypercholesterolemia was associated with learning impairment. Our data clearly revealed that the combination of hypercholesterolemia and sulphite results in exaggerated impairment of active avoidance. Vitamin E improved active avoidance in HSE group compared with HS group. Therefore, the synergistic effect of hypercholesterolemia and sulphite may be associated with a considerable health risk. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2012.
Beschichtung von dreidimensionalen Substraten mit einem magnetfeldunterstützten Mikrowellen‐Plasma bei Raumtemperatur
Authors: Weichart Jürgen , Meyer Bernd , Müller Jörg
Published: September 2010

Mikrowellenplasmen weisen im Vergleich zu Entladungen bei Gleichspannung oder Hochfrequenz (13,56 MHz) hohe Elektronendichten und energien auf. Durch Magnetfeldunterstützung wird Elektronzyklotron‐Resonanz erreicht, die ein stabiles Plasma bei niedrigem Druck (∼ 1 Pa) und niedriger Leistung ermöglicht. Die Magnetfelder werden zusammen mit der Gasführung zur Lenkung des Plasmas eingesetzt. Zur Ankopplung der Mikrowellen‐Leistung dient eine Helix‐Wanderfeld‐Antenne. Es wird gezeigt, daß eine effektive Innenbeschichtung von Polyethylen‐Flaschen möglich ist. Als Sperrschicht gegenüber Hexan zeigen a‐Si:H‐Schichten aus der Abscheidung von vierprozentigem Silan in Argon eine Sperrwirkung von 93%.
Photoelektronenspektroskopie — eine Methode zur Lösung anwendungsorientierter Probleme der Katalyse, der Elektronik/Elektrotechnik sowie der Werkstoffentwicklung
Authors: Than Eberhard , Leikam Werner , Leonhardt Gunter
Published: September 2010

Es wird an Hand von Beispielen versucht, die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der Photoelektronenspektroskopie für die Optimierung und Entwicklung neuer Werkstoffe und technologischer Prozesse darzustellen. In diesem Zusammenhang wird auch auf die Vor‐ und Nachteile dieser Methode verwiesen und Möglichkeiten einer methodischen Weiterentwicklung aufgezeigt. Die angeführten Beispele machen auch deutlich, daß vielfach die Anwendung einer Methode der Oberflächenanalytik zur Lösung bestimmter Fragestellungen nicht ausreicht. Dies unterstreicht die Zweckmäßigkeit des Einsatzes von Kombinationsgeräten insbesondere dann, wenn die Geräte für applikative Anwendungen vorgesehen sind. Für die Untersuchung von Gas/Festkörper‐Wechselwirkungen bieten sich neben der Kombination von XPS, AES und SIMS vor allem die Thermode‐sorption und Möglichkeiten zur Bestimmung der geometrischen Anordnung der Oberflächenatome an (z.B. LEED). Zur Untersuchung von Festkörper/Festkörper‐Wechselwirkung wird vielfach die Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie (TEM) mit herangezogen. Der Einsatz von Kombinationsgeräten ermöglicht außerdem Aussagen von der gleichen Probenstelle, ohne befürchten zu müssen, daß die erhaltenen Ergebnisse durch Kontaminationen verfälscht sind. Neben der Verfälschung der analytischen Ergebnisse durch atmosphärische Kontamination muß stets einer sorgfältigen Präparation Rechnung getragen werden, da sonst durch Artefakte völlig falsche Aussagen erhalten werden können.
Vergleichende Betrachtungen von Vakuumpumpenölen in Turbomolekularpumpen
Authors: Reichardt H.‐U. , Grosch D. , Siebers R.
Published: September 2010

Die Zusammenhänge zwischen Funktionskriterien und Schmierstoffanforderungen für Turbomolekularpumpen werden diskutiert.

Ein qualitativer Vergleich unterschiedlicher Basisflüssigkeiten wird gegeben und anhand bestimmter wichtiger vakuumtechnischer Eigenschaften auch deren Einsatzspektrum erläutert.
Vakuumtrocknung in der Industrie
Authors: Keichel Wolfgang
Published: September 2010

Die Trocknung unter einem gegenüber dem Atmosphärendruck verminderten Systemdruck eignet sich in erster Linie für die Behandlung temperaturempfindlicher oder leicht zersetzbarer Güter, weil hierbei die Siedetemperatur der aufzutrocknenden Flüssigkeit entsprechend dem Verlauf der Dampfdruckkurve herabgesetzt werden kann. Die Vakuumtrocknung kann nach individuellen Temperatur‐ und Druckprofilen gefahren werden, so daß eine Verdampfungstrocknung mit kurzen Trocknungszeiten bei relativ niedrigen Temperaturen möglich ist.

Anlaß für technische Neu‐ und Weiterentwicklungen von Vakuumtrocknern sind die Bemühungen der Apparatebauindustrie, die vielseitigen Anforderungen der Anwender von vakuumtechnischen Trocknungsverfahren mit betriebssicheren und wirtschaftlichen Konstruktionen zu erfüllen. Hierzu gehören im wesentlichen die Führung des Trocknungsprozesses den unterschiedlichen Gutseigenschaften anzupassen, Gutsschädigungen zu vermeiden, die Trocknungszeiten zu verkürzen und die Prozeßstufe auf zweckmäßige Weise in den Produktionsablauf einzufügen.
Kurzwegdestillation
Authors: Stahl Bernhard
Published: September 2010

Unter mehreren Verfahren der Vakuum‐Destillation hat sich für Bedürfnisse des Labors, des Versuchsbetriebes und der Produktion die sogenannte Kurzweg‐Destillation als das wirkungsvollste Verfahren erwiesen. Besonders dort, wo z.B. in Pharmazie, im Kosmetikbereich oder bei den Kunstharzen temperaturlabile Stoffgemische thermisch getrennt werden müssen, hat sich die Vakuum‐Destillation — in ihrer Variante der Kurzweg‐Destillation — als Verfahren unentbehrlich gemacht.
Einführung in die industrielle Dichtheitsprüftechnik
Authors: Fuhrmann Wolfgang
Published: September 2010

Die industrielle Dichtheitsprüftechnik beruht heute im wesentlichen auf dem Verfahren der Testgas‐Massenspektrometer‐Prüfmethoden und in anderen Spezifikationsbereichen auf der Methode der Druckmeßverfahren — Luftmeßtechniken (δp‐Druckanstieg, — Druckabfall, —Druckdifferenz usw.).

Die Maschinen der industriellen Dichtheitsprüftechnik werden ausschließlich nach Kunden‐ und Produktspezifikationen gebaut und dienen zum Prüfen von Bauteilen und Baugruppen, die im Bereich der Investitionsgüterindustrie in hohen Stückzahlen (pro Tag z.T. mehrere 1000 Einheiten) hergestellt werden.

Die Maschinen müssen nach strengen Industrienormen und z.T. umfangreichen Vorschriften der Betreiber gebaut werden, sodaß sich im Laufe der Jahre ein sehr spezieller Bereich der Prüf‐ und Meßtechnik in Zusammenarbeit mit dem einschlägigen Maschinenbau entwickelt hat.

Als typische Beispiele werden zwei vollautomatische industrielle Dichtheitsprüfmaschinen vorgestellt

— Vollautomatische Dichtheitsprüfanlage zum Prüfen von Hermetik‐Kältekompressoren im 12 s‐Produktionstakt.

— Vollautomatische industrielle Dichtheitsprüfanlage zum Prüfen von Fässern im 5 s‐Produktionstakt.
„Moderne Bildröhrenfertigung mit Turbo‐Molekularpumpen”︁
Authors: Urban Dietrich
Published: September 2010

In diesem Artikel wird über den Einsatz von Turbo‐Molekularpumpen bei der Endevakuierung von Bildröhren berichtet. Dabei wird auf das Anforderungsprofil eingegangen. Des weiteren werden die Vorteile im Vergleich zum herkömmlichen Diffusions‐Pumpensystem aufgezeigt.

Turbo‐Molekularpumpen haben bei der Fertigung von Bildröhren entscheidende Vorteile hinsichtlich der Produktqualität und der Wirtschaftlichkeit, die sich in der Praxis eindrucksvoll bestätigen.

Damit hat sich für die Turbo‐Molekularpumpen eine weitere Industrieanwendung unter erschwerten Bedingungen eröffnet.
Auger‐Elektronenspektroskopie an Festkörperoberflächen Teil 2: Anwendungen
Authors: Viefhaus H.
Published: September 2010

Die im ersten Teil des Artikels über Auger‐elektronenspektroskopie (AES) behandelten theoretischen Grundlagen und experimentellen Voraussetzungen werden im zweiten Teil durch typische Anwendungsbeispiele für die AES‐Methode aus dem Bereich der Eisen‐ und Stahlforschung ergänzt. Aus dem Bereich der Grundlagenforschung werden AES‐Untersuchungen zur Oberflächensegregation, d.h. zur Elementanreicherung auf Metallproben durch Diffusion zur Oberfläche bei Temperaturerhöhung, diskutiert, sowie Beispiele zu den mehr praxisorientierten Korngrenzenanreicherungsphänomenen bei metallischen Legierungen. Neben Anwendungen der AES‐Methode zur Charakterisierung anfänglicher Oxidationszustände und der Haftung von Oxiden auf metallischen Legierungen werden abschließend oberflächenanalytische Untersuchungen an extrem dünnen organischen Beschichtungen auf Metallsubstraten behandelt.
Modeling vegetation and land use in models of the Earth System
Authors: Levis Samuel
Published: September 2010

Land surface modeling was invented to represent the atmosphere's lower boundary over continental areas in climate models. Mass, momentum, and energy cross this boundary via biogeochemical and biogeophysical processes often involving plants. Scientific research with models and in the field strives to refine how the changing face of the land interacts with climate change. Discussed here are methods by which we simulate the vegetation and land use in global models and ways by which vegetation and land use affect climate. Model simulations suggest that global land cover changes due to land use play a greater role in affecting 20th‐ and 21st‐century climate than changes in unmanaged vegetation. Among the biogeochemical and biogeophysical effects of land use, biogeochemical ones seem to dominate and enhance 20th‐ and 21st‐ century warming. Among the effects of natural vegetation, the positive biogeophysical snow‐vegetation‐albedo feedback of the high latitudes is expected to increasingly influence global climate in response to increasing vegetation density. Still, human or natural disturbances and other not well‐understood processes may alter expected outcomes. Interactive nitrogen is one of the newer additions to our models. Nitrogen is found to buffer the terrestrial biosphere's response to forcings, such as changing CO2 or climate. We still have much to learn about nitrogen's role in the Earth System. Yet, if land use dominates the effects of land cover change on climate, then human behavior will be our greatest uncertainty, which includes management choices that are not easy to predict, such as urbanization, deforestation and afforestation, crop expansion or abandonment, as well as crop rotation, irrigation, and fertilization. WIREs Clim Change 2010 1 840–856 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.83

This article is categorized under:

Climate Models and Modeling > Earth System Models

Climate Models and Modeling > Model Components

Integrated Assessment of Climate Change > Integrated Assessment Modeling
Preparation, Crystal Structures, and Thermal Studies of Alkaline Earth Nitrocarboxylates
Authors: Srinivasan Bikshandarkoil R. , Shetgaonkar Santosh Y. , Näther Christian
Published: September 2010

The preparation, crystal structures, and thermal properties of [Ca(pyr)2(4‐nba)2]n (1) (pyr = pyrazole; 4‐nba = 4‐nitrobenzoate) {[Ca(H2O)2(3‐npth)]·H2O}n (2) (3‐npth = 3‐nitrophthalate), [Mg(H2O)5(3‐npth)]·2H2O (3), and [Mg(H2O)4(2‐nba)2] (4) (2‐nba = 2‐nitrobenzoate) are reported. The anhydrous CaII compound 1 and the diaqua CaII‐3‐nitrophthalate monohydrate 2 are one‐dimensional coordination polymers containing a hexacoordinate CaII ion located on a center of inversion in 1 and a heptacoordinated CaII ion in 2. In 1, the 4‐nitrobenzoate moiety acts as a μ2‐bridging bidentate ligand, whereas the 3‐nitrophthalate anion exhibits a μ3‐bridging pentadentate coordination mode in 2. The hexacoordinate MgII‐containing compounds 3 and 4 do not contain a [Mg(H2O)6]2+ unit and the central MgII ion is coordinated to at least one monodentate carboxylate unit namely the monodentate 3‐npth molecule in 3 and two trans monodentate 2‐nba molecules in 4. Hydrogen bonding between the lattice water molecules results in the formation of a water dimer in 3. A comparative study of 17 alkaline earth nitrocarboxylates is described.
Synthesis, Photophysical, and Electrochemical Properties of RuII Polypyridyl Complexes Bridged with two Tetrapodal Symmetric and one Asymmetric Ligands
Authors: Cheng Feixiang , Chen Jishu , Sun Chengke , Tang Ning , Chen Longhai
Published: September 2010

Two symmetric tetrapodal ligands L1–2 and one asymmetric tetrapodal ligand L3 based on 4,5‐diazafluoren have been synthesized and characterized. Ligands L1–2 formed by the condensation of pentaerythrityl tetratosylate with 4,5‐diazafluoren‐9‐oxime and 9‐(4‐hydroxy)phenylimino‐4,5‐diazafluorene, respectively. L3 was prepared by two steps, 9‐(4‐hydroxy)phenylimino‐4,5‐diazafluorene reacted with pentaerythrityl tetratosylate affording 1,1′,1"‐tris[(4,5‐diazafluoren‐9‐ylimino)phenoxymethyl]‐1"′‐(p‐tosyloxymethyl)‐methane, which reacted with 4,5‐diazafluoren‐9‐oxime affording the asymmetric ligand L3. Three tetranuclear RuII complexes [(bpy)8L1–3Ru4](PF6)8 (bpy = bipyridine) were obtained by the reaction of Ru(bpy)2Cl2·2H2O with ligands L1–3. Spectroscopic studies of these complexes exhibit metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer absorptions at 440–445 nm and emissions at 575–579 nm. The electrochemical behaviors of these complexes are consistent with one RuII‐based oxidation couple and three ligand‐centered reduction couples.
The High‐Pressure Phase of MgB2C2
Authors: Wörle Michael , Fischbach Urs , Widmer Daniel , Krumeich Frank , Nesper Reinhard , Evers Jürgen , Stalder Roland , Ulmer Peter
Published: September 2010

A high‐pressure modification of MgB2C2 was synthesized and structurally characterized. The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnnm, with the lattice parameters a = 7.19633(3) Å, b = 4.61791(13) Å and c = 2.77714(8) Å. The compound contains heterographene B–C nets, isoelectronic to graphite, just like the ambient pressure modification. The layers are intercalated by magnesium atoms, which are arranged in a chain‐like manner. According to Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, the high‐pressure form of MgB2C2 is a semiconductor with a band gap of 1.02 eV. The compound does not undergo a superconducting transition down to 2 K.
CRIM‐negative infantile Pompe disease: 42‐month treatment outcome
Authors: Rohrbach Marianne , Klein Andrea , Köhli‐Wiesner Alice , Veraguth Dorothe , Scheer Ianina , Balmer Christian , Lauener Roger , Baumgartner Matthias R.
Published: September 2010

Pompe disease is a rare lysosomal glycogen storage disorder characterized by deficiency of acid α‐glucosidase enzyme (GAA) and caused by mutations in the GAA gene. Infantile‐type Pompe disease is a multiorgan disorder presenting with cardiomyopathy, hypotonia, and muscular weakness, which is usually fatal. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with recombinant human GAA (rhGAA) has recently been shown to be effective and subsequently yielded promising results in cross‐reactive immunologic material (CRIM)‐positive patients. CRIM‐negative patients showed a limited response to ERT and died or were ventilator dependant. Over a period of 44 months, we monitored cognitive and motor development, behavior, auditory function, and brain imaging of a CRIM‐negative infantile Pompe disease patient on rhGAA and monoclonal anti‐immunoglobulin E (anti‐IgE) antibody (omalizumab) treatment due to severe allergic reaction. Cardiorespiratory and skeletal muscle response was significant, with almost normal motor development. Cognitive development—in particular, speech and language—deviated increasingly from normal age‐appropriate development and was markedly delayed at 44 months, unexplained by moderate sensorineural hearing impairment. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 18, 30, and 44 months of age revealed symmetrical signal alteration of the deep white matter. Titer values of IgG antibodies to rhGAA always remained <1:800. The potential role of omalizumab in immune modulation remains to be elucidated; however, this is the first report presenting a ventilator‐free survival of a CRIM‐negative patient beyond the age of 36 months. The central nervous system (CNS) findings are hypothesized to be part of a yet not fully described CNS phenotype in treated patients with longer survival.
Voice disorders in children with classic galactosemia
Authors: Potter Nancy L.
Published: September 2010

Children with classic galactosemia are at risk for motor speech disorders resulting from disruptions in motor planning and programming (childhood apraxia of speech or CAS) or motor execution (dysarthria). In the present study of 33 children with classic galactosemia, 21% were diagnosed with CAS, 3% with ataxic dysarthria, and 3% with mixed CAS‐dysarthria. Voice disorders due to laryngeal insufficiency were common in children with dysarthria and co‐occurred with CAS. Most (58%) of the children with classic galactosemia had decreased respiratory‐phonatory support for speech, and 33% had disturbed vocal quality that was indicative of cerebellar dysfunction. Three children, two diagnosed with CAS and one not diagnosed with a motor speech disorder, had vocal tremors. Treatment of voice dysfunction in neurogenic speech disorders is discussed.
Highly Efficient Method for Preparing Homogeneous and Stable Colloids Containing Graphene Oxide
Authors: Yu Wei , Xie Huaqing , Wang Xinwei , Wang Xiaoping
Published: September 2010

Phase transfer method has been developed for preparing homogeneous and stable graphene oxide colloids. Graphene oxide nanosheets (GONs) were successfully transferred from water to n-octane after modification by oleylamine. Corrugation and scrolling exist dominantly in the modified GONs. GONs were single layered with the maximum solubility in n-octane up to 3.82 mg mL-1. Oleylamine molecules chemically attach onto the GONs. Compared with traditional strategies, the phase transfer method has the features of simplicity and high efficiency.