bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parking lot lighting based upon predictions of scene brightness and personal safety
Authors: Rea MS , Bullough JD , Brons JA
Published: September 2015

Providing subjective impressions of security is central to outdoor lighting design. Current parking lot lighting recommendations are based upon photopic illuminances, regardless of spectrum. Scene brightness perception is directly related to impressions of security, and depends upon both light level and spectrum. A provisional model was used to predict scene brightness for three parking lots, each illuminated to different levels by different light sources. Observers judged scene brightness, security and other factors for each lot. The provisional model accurately predicted both scene brightness and security judgements. The lighting associated with the best subjective ratings also had the lowest power density. A design method using ‘brightness illuminance’ is presented, which can lower system costs while maintaining a sense of security by users.
Diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide – A potential marker of impaired gas exchange or of systemic deconditioning in chronic obstructive lung disease?
Authors: Weinreich Ulla Møller , Thomsen Lars Pilegaard , Brock Christina , Karbing Dan Stieper , Rees Stephen Edward
Published: September 2015

Gas exchange impairment is primarily caused by ventilation–perfusion mismatch in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), where diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) remains the clinical measure. This study investigates whether DLCO: (1) can predict respiratory impairment in COPD, that is, changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide (CO2); (2) is associated with combined risk assessment score for COPD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) score); and (3) is associated with blood glucose and body mass index (BMI). Fifty patients were included retrospectively. DLCO; arterial blood gas at inspired oxygen (FiO2) = 0.21; oxygen saturation (SpO2) at FiO2 = 0.21 (SpO221) and FiO2 = 0.15 (SpO215) were registered. Difference between arterial and end-tidal CO2 (ΔCO2) was calculated. COPD severity was stratified according to GOLD score. The association between DLCO, SpO2, ΔCO2, GOLD score, blood glucose, and BMI was investigated. Multiple regression showed association between DLCO and GOLD score, BMI, and glucose level ( R2 = 0.6, p < 0.0001). Linear and multiple regression showed an association between DLCO and SpO221 ( R2 = 0.3, p = 0.001 and p = 0.03, respectively) without contribution from SpO215 or ΔCO2. A stronger association between DLCO and GOLD score than between DLCO and SpO2 could indicate that DLCO is more descriptive of systemic deconditioning than gas exchange in COPD patients. However, further larger studies are needed. A weaker association is seen between DLCO and SpO221 without contribution from SpO215 and ΔCO2. This could indicate that DLCO is more descriptive of systemic deconditioning than gas exchange in COPD patients. However, further larger studies are needed.
Short-Term Interventions for Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Arroyo Karla , Lundahl Brad , Butters Rob , Vanderloo Mindy , Wood David S.
Published: September 2015

Intimate partner violence (IPV) impacts millions of adults and children every year and can result in homicide, legal proceedings, the involvement of child welfare, and the need for emergency shelter for survivors and their families. Survivors of IPV may develop psychological and somatic symptoms to the trauma, including anxiety, depression, and other mental health related disorders in addition to facing numerous safety, financial, and social challenges. To reestablish stability, effective short-term interventions are needed in order to address these issues survivors face. This systematic review and meta-analysis summarizes the extant literature on short-term interventions for survivors of IPV. Twenty-one studies are included in the analysis and overall effect sizes calculations and moderator analysis were conducted. On average, effects sizes were large (g = 1.02) suggesting that most sort-term interventions are effective, however CBT-based interventions that were tailored to IPV survivors achieved the largest effect sizes. Results of this study are presented in a question and answer format with the intent to guide practitioners, researchers and policy makers. IPV survivors access services in a variety of shelter and outpatient settings and present diverse needs. Although this study contributes a systematic review of the existing literature on IPV, there are relatively few rigorous outcome studies and even fewer that reflect the diversity in this population and the complexity of responding to IPV in real-world settings.
The Effects of Prison Visits From Family Members on Prisoners’ Well-Being, Prison Rule Breaking, and Recidivism
Authors: De Claire Karen , Dixon Louise
Published: September 2015

The effect of family visits on prisoner well-being and future behavior is an important consideration in the development of prison policy. This review systematically examines current research findings that explore the impact of prison visits from family members on three specific offender outcomes: prisoners’ well-being, rule breaking within the prison, and recidivism. The review focuses on visits by family and does not duplicate earlier reviews but rather extends them into current literature, through identification of empirical studies conducted post 1989, published since 1991. Ten studies met the stipulated inclusion criteria. All are case–control and cohort studies. The review of studies used a standardized quality assessment tool. Results show considerable variation in study quality, methods, and findings. However, studies consistently reported positive effects of prisoners receiving visits. Prison visits reduced depressive symptoms in women and adolescent prisoners. There was some evidence of reduction in rule-breaking behavior. One high-quality study suggested that visits reduced recidivism and increased survival in the community. Although there were positive outcomes associated with prison visits, it was not possible to draw strong conclusions for the outcomes of interest due to a lack of research, methodological discrepancies, and variability in outcome measures and results. The discussion considers the implications of the findings for policy, practice, and research.
Reflexivity, Conformity, and Israeli Big Brother
Authors: Shoshana Avihu
Published: September 2015

This article examines how regular viewers of the reality program Big Brother interpret the program in Israel. The findings of the study reveal that viewers emphasize the formal characteristics of the program stimulate them in a way that other reality programs do not. The interviewees report the program influences them in three ways: excessive preoccupation about personal reflexivity (talking with the televisual other), an experience of inundation, and the development of a new desire: “the desire to be discovered.” These three influences connect personal reflexivity to, inter alia, actions aligned with social control and the ideal-cultural self, which are at the foundation of psychological and neoliberal discourses.
Novel Approach to a Giant External Iliac Vein Aneurysm Secondary to Posttraumatic Femoral Arteriovenous Fistula
Authors: Thompson Patrick C. , Ullery Brant W. , Fleischmann Dominik , Chandra Venita
Published: September 2015

We describe a case of a 55-year-old male with a remote history of a gunshot wound to the left thigh who presented with a 1-year history of worsening high-output congestive heart failure, left lower extremity edema, and left lower abdominal discomfort. Diagnostic evaluation included a computed tomographic angiography (CTA) that demonstrated a fistulous communication between the left superficial femoral artery (SFA) and vein (SFV) as well as a 7.2-cm external iliac vein aneurysm. Given his symptomatology, an endovascular repair of his AVF was recommended, followed by antithrombotic therapy for his aneurysm. Three-month postoperative CTA confirmed AVF exclusion as well as a significant decrease in maximal diameter of the left external iliac vein aneurysm now measuring 24 mm. This case is the first reported successful mid-term repair of a iliac venous aneurysm in the setting of a traumatic arteriovenous fistula using an endovascular approach.
Cryoplasty for Canine Iliac Artery Stenosis and its Impact on Expression of TIMP-2 and MMP-2
Authors: Wu Zhengzhong , Zang Shengbing , liu Wenwen , Jiang Na , Yang Weizhu
Published: September 2015

Objective:

This study was performed to observe the effects of cryoplasty on canine iliac artery stenosis and the expression of tissue inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2).

Methods:

We produced a reliable canine model to mimic the atherosclerotic stenosis in the iliac artery by suturing the artery followed by vessel ligation to create an injury to intimal and medial walls. Sixteen mongrel dogs with iliac artery stenosis were randomized to conventional balloon angioplasty (n = 8) or cryoplasty (n = 8).

Results:

Four weeks posttreatment, the cryoplasty group with less collagen fibers and smooth muscle demonstrated significantly larger luminal diameter of iliac artery compared to the balloon angioplasty group ( P < .001). Expression of TIMP-2 significantly increased and expression of MMP-2 significantly reduced in iliac artery of the cryoplasty group compared to conventional balloon angioplasty.

Conclusion:

Our study suggests cryoplasty might increase the expression of TIMP-2 and decrease the expression of MMP-2, thereby inhibiting vascular hyperplasia and collagen fibers synthesis of the stenotic vessels.
Beyond Entertainment
Authors: Osmanovic Sanela , Pecchioni Loretta
Published: September 2015

The percentage of older adults who are active gamers has increased tremendously in recent years. Although research shows that video games enhance physical and cognitive well-being in older adults, the role of video games in enhancing social interactions has been relatively understudied. We examined the habits, preferences, motivations, and outcomes of video gameplay among older and younger adults who play games with their family members. The findings reveal that sharing in video games does foster relationships and connections while producing positive emotions for both generations. As a consequence, game designers should take into consideration ways to enhance these social aspects of gameplay.
The Relative Nature of Perception: A Response to Cañal-Bruland and van der Kamp (2015)
Authors: Linkenauger Sally A.
Published: September 2015

Cañal-Bruland and van der Kamp present an argument about the incommensurate relationship between affordance perception and spatial perception in a criticism of Proffitt and Linkenauger’s phenotypic approach to perception. Many of their criticisms are based on a difference in the interpretation of the core ideas underlying the phenotypic approach. The most important of these differences in interpretations concern fundamental assumptions about the nature of the perceptions of size and distance themselves. Extent perception must be relative to the organism; therefore, there can be no veridical perception of space. Also, we argue in the phenotypic approach that space perception is an emergent property of affordance perception; they are not different types of perceptions as Cañal-Bruland and van der Kamp presume. Third, affordance perception need not be perfectly accurate, just good enough. Additionally, affordance perception need not be dichotomous; this presumption likely originates in the methodology typically employed to study affordance perception. Finally, I agree with Cañal-Bruland and van der Kamp that joint research efforts will clarify and improve our understanding of these issues.
Making clinical academic careers more attractive: views from questionnaire surveys of senior UK doctors
Authors: Lambert Trevor W , Smith Fay , Goldacre Michael J
Published: September 2015

Summary

Objectives

To report on doctors’ reasons, as expressed to our research group, for choosing academic careers and on factors that would make a career in clinical academic medicine more attractive to them.

Design

Postal, email and web questionnaires.

Setting

UK.

Participants

A total of 6936 UK-trained doctors who graduated in 1996, 1999 and 2000.

Main outcome measures

Open-ended comments about a career in clinical academic medicine.

Results

Of doctors who provided reasons for pursuing a long-term career in clinical academic medicine, the main reasons were enjoyment of academic work and personal satisfaction, whether expressed directly in those terms, or in terms of intellectual stimulation, enjoyment of research, teaching and the advancement of medicine, and the job being more varied than and preferable to clinical work alone. Doctors’ suggestions for making clinical academic medicine more attractive included improved pay and job security, better funding of research, greater availability of academic posts, more dedicated time for research (and less service work) and more support and mentoring. Women were more likely than men to prioritise flexible working hours and part-time posts.

Conclusions

Medical schools could provide more information, as part of student teaching, about the opportunities for and realities of a career in clinical academic medicine. Women, in particular, commented that they lacked the role models and information which would encourage them to consider seriously an academic career. Employers could increase academic opportunities by allowing more time for teaching, research and study and should assess whether job plans make adequate allowance for academic work.
Models of Intercultural Communication
Authors: Al-Araki Magid
Published: September 2015

The research question addressed in this article is, “To which extent does intercultural communication depend on self-understanding, accumulated during the process of socialization, as well as the feeling of safety?” This question may have received less attention from researchers. This article draws upon modern and classical theories to explain the concept of self-understanding and the feeling of safety conceived in two meta-analytical models of socialization. The models were applied in a longitudinal study. They will be explained in detail, and the findings of the study will be discussed.
Efficacy of transfusion with granulocytes from G-CSF/dexamethasone–treated donors in neutropenic patients with infection
Authors: Price Thomas H. , Boeckh Michael , Harrison Ryan W. , McCullough Jeffrey , Ness Paul M. , Strauss Ronald G. , Nichols W. Garrett , Hamza Taye H. , Cushing Melissa M. , King Karen E. , Young Jo-Anne H. , Williams Eliot , McFarland Janice , Holter Chakrabarty Jennifer , Sloan Steven R. , Friedman David , Parekh Samir , Sachais Bruce S. , Kiss Joseph E. , Assmann Susan F.
Published: September 2015

Key Points

Overall, no benefit of granulocyte transfusion therapy was observed, but the power of the study was reduced due to low accrual. Post hoc secondary analysis suggested that patients receiving higher doses tended to have better outcomes than those receiving lower ones.
Monitoring changes in malaria epidemiology and effectiveness of interventions in Ethiopia and Uganda: Beyond Garki Project baseline survey
Authors: Abeku Tarekegn A. , Helinski Michelle E. H. , Kirby Matthew J. , Kefyalew Takele , Awano Tessema , Batisso Esey , Tesfaye Gezahegn , Ssekitooleko James , Nicholas Sarala , Erdmanis Laura , Nalwoga Angela , Bass Chris , Cose Stephen , Assefa Ashenafi , Kebede Zelalem , Habte Tedila , Katamba Vincent , Nuwa Anthony , Bakeera-Ssali Stella , Akiror Sarah C. , Kyomuhagi Irene , Tekalegne Agonafer , Magumba Godfrey , Meek Sylvia R.
Published: September 2015

Background

Scale-up of malaria interventions seems to have contributed to a decline in the disease but other factors may also have had some role. Understanding changes in transmission and determinant factors will help to adapt control strategies accordingly.

Methods

Four sites in Ethiopia and Uganda were set up to monitor epidemiological changes and effectiveness of interventions over time. Here, results of a survey during the peak transmission season of 2012 are reported, which will be used as baseline for subsequent surveys and may support adaptation of control strategies. Data on malariometric and entomological variables, socio-economic status (SES) and control coverage were collected.

Results

Malaria prevalence varied from 1.4 % in Guba (Ethiopia) to 9.9 % in Butemba (Uganda). The most dominant species was Plasmodium vivax in Ethiopia and Plasmodium falciparum in Uganda. The majority of human-vector contact occurred indoors in Uganda, ranging from 83 % (Anopheles funestus sensu lato) to 93 % (Anopheles gambiae s.l.), which is an important factor for the effectiveness of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) or indoor residual spraying (IRS). High kdr-L1014S (resistance genotype) frequency was observed in A. gambiae sensu stricto in Uganda. Too few mosquitoes were collected in Ethiopia, so it was not possible to assess vector habits and insecticide resistance levels. ITN ownership did not vary by SES and 56–98 % and 68–78 % of households owned at least one ITN in Ethiopia and Uganda, respectively. In Uganda, 7 % of nets were purchased by households, but the nets were untreated. In three of the four sites, 69–76 % of people with access to ITNs used them. IRS coverage ranged from 84 to 96 % in the three sprayed sites. Half of febrile children in Uganda and three-quarters in Ethiopia for whom treatment was sought received diagnostic tests. High levels of child undernutrition were detected in both countries carrying important implications on child development. In Uganda, 7–8 % of pregnant women took the recommended minimum three doses of intermittent preventive treatment.

Conclusion

Malaria epidemiology seems to be changing compared to earlier published data, and it is essential to have more data to understand how much of the changes are attributable to interventions and other factors. Regular monitoring will help to better interpret changes, identify determinants, modify strategies and improve targeting to address transmission heterogeneity.
Outcomes associated with bacteremia in the setting of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Shorr Andrew F. , Zilberberg Marya D. , Micek Scott T. , Kollef Marin H.
Published: September 2015

Introduction

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains an important pathogen in pneumonia. Bacteremia may secondarily complicate MRSA pneumonia. The epidemiology and outcomes associated with bacteremia in the setting of MRSA pneumonia are unknown. We sought to describe the prevalence of bacteremia in MRSA pneumonia and its impact on hospital mortality and length of stay (LOS).

Methods

We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study (2008–2013) including adult patients hospitalized with pneumonia caused by MRSA. We defined pneumonia based on clinical criteria and all cases were culture confirmed. MRSA bacteremia was identified based on positive blood cultures. Pneumonia was categorized as either community-onset (CO, occurring at presentation or within 2 days of admission) or hospital-onset (HO, occurring > 2 days after admission). We compared bacteremic and non-bacteremic groups with respect to their demographic and clinical characteristics and outcomes. A logistic regression and a generalized linear model (GLM) were constructed to examine the impact of bacteremia on hospital mortality and post-pneumonia onset LOS, respectively.

Results

Among the 765 patients with MRSA pneumonia (33.1 % CO), 93 (12.2 %) had concurrent bacteremia (37.6 % CO). Patients with bacteremia were similar to non-bacteremic subjects based on demographic and clinical characteristics with the exception of frequency of a hospitalization within prior 180 days (48.4 % bacteremic and 37.7 % non-bacteremic, p = 0.047), prevalence of chronic liver disease (17.2 % vs. 9.5 %, p = 0.030), and the mean APACHE II score at the onset of pneumonia (17.5 ± 6.0 vs. 16.1 ± 6.0, p = 0.045). Both unadjusted mortality (33.7 % vs. 23.8 %, p = 0.067) and median post-pneumonia LOS (18.2 vs. 12.2 days, p < 0.001) were greater in the bacteremic than the non-bacteremic group. In a logistic regression, bacteremia showed a trend toward an association with increased mortality (odds ratio 1.56, 95 % confidence interval 0.93 to 2.61). Concomitant bacteremia was independently associated with a 10.3-day increase in the post-pneumonia hospital LOS (95 % confidence interval 6.7 to 13.9 days).

Conclusions

Concurrent bacteremia occurred with moderate frequency in the setting of hospitalization with MRSA pneumonia. Although bacteremia did not appear to independently impact mortality, this was likely due to our study’s limited sample size. However, bacteremia complicating MRSA pneumonia added between 1 and 2 weeks to the hospital LOS.
Internet-delivered therapy for anxiety disorders: a solution to
unequal access to treatment?
Authors: Attenburrow Mary Jane , Smith Katharine
Published: September 2015

Anxiety disorders are common, often have a chronic course and frequently
coexist with other psychiatric disorders. Psychological therapy is
recommended as first-line treatment, but equitable access remains a
challenge. This month's Cochrane Corner review assesses the evidence for the
efficacy of therapist-supported cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) for
anxiety disorders delivered via the internet. Although internet delivery of
therapy is attractive for many reasons, and the results of this preliminary
review suggest that it is efficacious, this is a rapidly expanding field.
Further updates of this review will include more evidence to support or
refute the use of this new method of treatment delivery, either alongside or
in preference to standard face-to-face CBT.
The basics of economic evaluation in mental healthcare
Authors: Shearer James , Byford Sarah
Published: September 2015

Economic evaluation involves the comparative analysis of the costs and consequences of alternative (different) treatment options. Economic evaluations provide decision makers with information about the relative value for money, or cost-effectiveness, of various treatment programmes. The relative cost-effectiveness of new interventions is a key consideration in health technology assessments by the UK's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, and economic evaluations alongside randomised controlled trials are routinely requested by funders such as the National Institute for Health Research. This article outlines some of the key concepts and issues in the economic evaluation of mental healthcare.
Capecitabine Plus Oxaliplatin Compared With Fluorouracil/Folinic Acid As Adjuvant Therapy for Stage III Colon Cancer: Final Results of the NO16968 Randomized Controlled Phase III Trial
Authors: Schmoll Hans-Joachim , Tabernero Josep , Maroun Jean , de Braud Filippo , Price Timothy , Van Cutsem Eric , Hill Mark , Hoersch Silke , Rittweger Karen , Haller Daniel G.
Published: September 2015

Purpose

To report the final efficacy findings and biomarker analysis from the NO16968 trial comparing bolus fluorouracil/folinic acid (FU/FA) with capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (XELOX) in resected stage III colon cancer.

Patients and Methods

After curative resection, patients were randomly assigned to receive XELOX, as oxaliplatin 130 mg/m2 on day 1 and capecitabine 1,000 mg/m2 twice daily on days 1 to 14 every 3 weeks, or bolus FU/FA, as the Mayo Clinic or Roswell Park regimens, for 6 months. The primary end point was disease-free survival (DFS). Secondary end points included overall survival (OS).

Results

The intention-to-treat population comprised 1,886 patients (XELOX, n = 944; FU/FA, n = 942). Seven-year DFS rates were 63% and 56% in the XELOX and FU/FA groups, respectively (hazard ratio [HR], 0.80; 95% CI, 0.69 to 0.93; P = .004). Seven-year OS rates were 73% and 67% in the XELOX and FU/FA groups, respectively (HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.70 to 0.99; P = .04). A total of 68% and 77% of patients who experienced relapse or a new colorectal cancer in the XELOX and FU/FA groups, respectively, received drug treatment for metastatic disease. Four hundred ninety-eight patients consented to the biomarker analysis: 242 in the XELOX group and 256 in the FU/FA group. Low tumor expression of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase may be predictive for XELOX efficacy; in the XELOX group, for high versus low dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase expression levels, DFS HR was 2.45 (95% CI, 1.55 to 3.86; P < .001), and OS HR was 2.75 (95% CI, 1.65 to 4.59; P < .001). In the FU/FA group, no statistically significant associations were observed between any tumor biomarker and outcomes.

Conclusion

XELOX improved OS compared with bolus FU/FA in patients with resected stage III colon cancer after a median follow-up of almost 7 years. XELOX should be considered a standard adjuvant treatment option in patients with stage III disease. Tumoral dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase expression is a promising predictive, and potentially, highly clinically relevant, biomarker for XELOX efficacy requiring further prospective evaluation.
Endoderm convergence controls subduction of the myocardial precursors during heart-tube formation
Authors: Ye Ding , Xie Huaping , Hu Bo , Lin Fang
Published: September 2015

Coordination between the endoderm and adjacent cardiac mesoderm is crucial for heart development. We previously showed that myocardial migration is promoted by convergent movement of the endoderm, which itself is controlled by the S1pr2/Gα13 signaling pathway, but it remains unclear how the movements of the two tissues is coordinated. Here, we image live and fixed embryos to follow these movements, revealing previously unappreciated details of strikingly complex and dynamic associations between the endoderm and myocardial precursors. We found that during segmentation the endoderm underwent three distinct phases of movement relative to the midline: rapid convergence, little convergence and slight expansion. During these periods, the myocardial cells exhibited different stage-dependent migratory modes: co-migration with the endoderm, movement from the dorsal to the ventral side of the endoderm (subduction) and migration independent of endoderm convergence. We also found that defects in S1pr2/Gα13-mediated endodermal convergence affected all three modes of myocardial cell migration, probably due to the disruption of fibronectin assembly around the myocardial cells and consequent disorganization of the myocardial epithelium. Moreover, we found that additional cell types within the anterior lateral plate mesoderm (ALPM) also underwent subduction, and that this movement likewise depended on endoderm convergence. Our study delineates for the first time the details of the intricate interplay between the endoderm and ALPM during embryogenesis, highlighting why endoderm movement is essential for heart development, and thus potential underpinnings of congenital heart disease.
Epithelial inactivation of Yy1 abrogates lung branching morphogenesis
Authors: Boucherat Olivier , Landry-Truchon Kim , Bérubé-Simard Félix-Antoine , Houde Nicolas , Beuret Laurent , Lezmi Guillaume , Foulkes William D. , Delacourt Christophe , Charron Jean , Jeannotte Lucie
Published: September 2015

Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is a multifunctional zinc-finger-containing transcription factor that plays crucial roles in numerous biological processes by selectively activating or repressing transcription, depending upon promoter contextual differences and specific protein interactions. In mice, Yy1 null mutants die early in gestation whereas Yy1 hypomorphs die at birth from lung defects. We studied how the epithelial-specific inactivation of Yy1 impacts on lung development. The Yy1 mutation in lung epithelium resulted in neonatal death due to respiratory failure. It impaired tracheal cartilage formation, altered cell differentiation, abrogated lung branching and caused airway dilation similar to that seen in human congenital cystic lung diseases. The cystic lung phenotype in Yy1 mutants can be partly explained by the reduced expression of Shh, a transcriptional target of YY1, in lung endoderm, and the subsequent derepression of mesenchymal Fgf10 expression. Accordingly, SHH supplementation partially rescued the lung phenotype in vitro. Analysis of human lung tissues revealed decreased YY1 expression in children with pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB), a rare pediatric lung tumor arising during fetal development and associated with DICER1 mutations. No evidence for a potential genetic interplay between murine Dicer and Yy1 genes during lung morphogenesis was observed. However, the cystic lung phenotype resulting from the epithelial inactivation of Dicer function mimics the Yy1 lung malformations with similar changes in Shh and Fgf10 expression. Together, our data demonstrate the crucial requirement for YY1 in lung morphogenesis and identify Yy1 mutant mice as a potential model for studying the genetic basis of PPB.
The Allosteric Regulation of Axial/Rhombic Population in a “Type 1” Copper Site: Multi-Edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopic and Density Functional Studies of Pseudoazurin
Authors: Yamaguchi Takahide , Yano Junko , Yachandra Vittal K , Nihei Yuko , Togashi Hiromi , Szilagyi Robert K , Kohzuma Takamitsu
Published: September 2015

The co-existence of “axial” and “rhombic” coordination environments has been demonstrated in a “Type 1” copper site of Pseudoazurin. This observation opens up previously not considered interpretations for the relationship between geometry and electronic structure of the four coordinate copper site. The Met16 variants of pseudoazurin were considered as model systems for investigating the effect of weak interactions from the second coordination sphere. The correlation between geometric and electronic structures of “Type 1” copper site was evaluated by the multi-edge (Cu K-edge and S K-edge) X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) of Met16 variants of pseudoazurin. The co-existing axial and rhombic sites in pseudoazurin were characterized by Cu–ligand distances, effective nuclear charge, and Cu–S(Cys) covalency from XAS. The XAS results were correlated with DFT calculations for investigating the effect of protein environment from the inner-sphere and beyond around the Cu site. The combined experimental and theoretical results support the presence of a close correlation between outer sphere environment and inner sphere coordination environment. This is achieved in pseudoazurin by a previously undisclosed allosteric effect that involves a rearrangement of the protein tertiary structure.
First steps in headship
Authors: Frostick Helen
Published: September 2015

Taking up your first headship can be a daunting experience. Headteacher and National Leader of Education Helen Frostick looks at some of the short-term goals you should focus on to help you hit the ground running
The risks for school staff of social networking
Authors: O'Connell Suzanne
Published: September 2015

Social media has brought a completely new way of communicating into our schools. It has also brought a risk of us sharing too much. Suzanne O'Connell seeks some expert advice for school leaders
Unit 1. Good practice in the use of spirometry
Authors: Booker Rachel
Published: September 2015

Spirometry is an important diagnostic test for respiratory disease which must be conducted by appropriately trained practitioners
Unit 3. Concordance in inhaled therapy
Authors: Hickey Steven
Published: September 2015

Practice nurses can use a range of strategies to help patients achieve concordance with prescribed regimens for COPD
There are just 1,186 fully qualified school nurses caring for 8.4 million pupils
Authors: Henshaw Pete
Published: September 2015

As pupil numbers increase, the Royal College of Nursing is among those worried about our overworked and underfunded school nurses
Revision total hip arthroplasty after removal of a fractured well-fixed extensively porous-coated femoral component using a trephine
Authors: Amanatullah D. F. , Siman H. , Pallante G. D. , Haber D. B. , Sierra R. J. , Trousdale R. T.
Published: September 2015

When fracture of an extensively porous-coated femoral component occurs, its removal at revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) may require a femoral osteotomy and the use of a trephine. The remaining cortical bone after using the trephine may develop thermally induced necrosis. A retrospective review identified 11 fractured, well-fixed, uncemented, extensively porous-coated femoral components requiring removal using a trephine with a minimum of two years of follow-up.

The mean time to failure was 4.6 years (1.7 to 9.1, standard deviation (sd) 2.3). These were revised using a larger extensively porous coated component, fluted tapered modular component, a proximally coated modular component, or a proximal femoral replacement. The mean clinical follow-up after revision THA was 4.9 years (2 to 22, sd 3.1). The mean diameter of the femoral component increased from 12.7 mm (sd 1.9) to 16.2 mm (sd 3.4; p >  0.001). Two revision components had radiographic evidence of subsidence that remained radiographically stable at final follow-up. The most common post-operative complication was instability affecting six patients (54.5%) on at least one occasion.

A total of four patients (36.4%) required further revision: three for instability and one for fracture of the revision component. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean Harris hip score before implant fracture (82.4; sd 18.3) and after trephine removal and revision THA (81.2; sd 14.8, p = 0.918).

These findings suggest that removal of a fractured, well-fixed, uncemented, extensively porous-coated femoral component using a trephine does not compromise subsequent fixation at revision THA and the patient’s pre-operative level of function can be restored. However, the loss of proximal bone stock before revision may be associated with a high rate of dislocation post-operatively.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1192–6.
The management of periprosthetic infections in the future
Authors: George D. A. , Gant V. , Haddad F. S.
Published: September 2015

The number of arthroplasties being undertaken is expected to grow year on year, and periprosthetic joint infections will be an increasing socioeconomic burden. The challenge to prevent and eradicate these infections has resulted in the emergence of several new strategies, which are discussed in this review.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1162–9.
Evaluación del grado de acuerdo entre dos kits para determinación de lactacidemia en pacientes de una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos
Authors: Abrego M. F. , Barbosa L. A. , Bergara M. B. , Farías R. , Labriola M. del H. , Monzón J. , Salcedo C. , Walz M. F.
Published: September 2015

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Análise Não Linear Estática de Treliça Plana Utilizando a Mecânica do Dano
Authors: Souza Luiz Antonio Farani de
Published: September 2015

As treliças possuem um vasto campo de aplicação na Engenharia de Estruturas, sendo muito utilizadas na construção de pontes - rodoviárias e ferroviárias, em estruturas de cobertura de edificações, em torres de transmissão de energia, entre diversos outros usos. Em geral são relativamente leves e especialmente indicadas para superar grandes vãos ou suportar carregamentos elevados. Nesse contexto, as treliças tornam‐se uma solução econômica e prática. Este artigo tem como objetivo avaliar o comportamento estrutural de treliças planas via Método dos Elementos Finitos considerando a não linearidade física. A relação constitutiva do material é descrita por um modelo baseado na teoria da Mecânica do Dano Contínuo. As análises não lineares são efetuadas por meio do método de Comprimento de Arco com o processo iterativo tipo Newton - Raphson. A partir dos resultados numéricos, a modelagem proposta apresenta potencialidade na análise de treliças planas devido a sua reduzida complexidade e baixo custo computacional.
Modelagem computacional aplicada ao estudo de um trocador de calor solo-ar com diferentes configurações geométricas
Authors: Nunes Bruna Rodrigues , Ferraz Juliane Gabina , Kipper Ricardo , Rodrigues Michel Kepes , Brum Ruth Da Silva , Souza Jeferson Avila , Rocha Luiz Alberto Oliveira , Dos Santos Elizaldo Domingues , Isoldi Liércio André
Published: September 2015

Com o intuito de diminuir o consumo de energia elétrica utilizam-se fontes de energias renováveis, desta forma, é possível aproveitar a radiação solar que atinge a superfície do solo como energia térmica através do uso de trocadores de calor solo-ar (TCSA) em ambientes construídos. Os TCSA são dispositivos onde o ar ambiente externo é resfriado ou aquecido ao circular dentro de dutos horizontalmente enterrados nas camadas superficiais do solo. Esta troca acontece pela inércia térmica do solo, de modo que no verão o ar que circula pelo TCSA sai com temperatura mais baixa que o ar externo; enquanto no inverno o ar externo ganha calor ao circular pelo TCSA, saindo com temperatura mais elevada. Sendo assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo simular numericamente o comportamento térmico e fluidodinâmico de um TCSA, mantendo constante sua área de troca térmica, permitindo a avaliação da influência da configuração geométrica da instalação no potencial térmico do TCSA. Através de um modelo computacional tridimensional, verificado e validado, desenvolvido no software FLUENT (baseado no Método dos Volumes Finitos), obteve-se os resultados numéricos que indicaram uma pequena diminuição no potencial térmico do TCSA em relação à considerável redução da porção de solo necessária para sua instalação, evidenciando a importância e a aplicabilidade da modelagem computacional neste tipo de problema de engenharia.
Propriedades de controladores fuzzy: um estudo de caso
Authors: Mattos Viviane Leite Dias de , Coelho Leonardo Da Costa
Published: September 2015

Este estudo foi desenvolvido para avaliar a influência da utilização de diferentes funções de pertinência e diferentes métodos de “defuzzificação” na mensuração de um construto por meio de controladores fuzzy, os quais são especialmente indicados para mensurar variáveis complexas ou mal definidas. Foi utilizado um experimento planejado, como um projeto fatorial completo do tipo 2x3, que considerou as funções de pertinência triangular e gaussiana para “fuzzificação”, além dos métodos do centróide, dos máximos e da média dos máximos para “defuzzificação”. O estudo considerou 14 questionários, extraídos aleatoriamente na amostra de validação do modelo, que foram analisados nas seis condições experimentais. Não foram encontradas evidências da influência dos fatores sobre os resultados. Uma análise complementar com o coeficiente de Cronbach identifica o método da média dos máximos e a função de pertinência triangular como geradores de resultados mais fidedignos.
Formulação nodal aplicada à problemas de transporte bidimensional em geometria cartesiana
Authors: Souza Ferreira Carlos Eduardo , Emmendorfer Leonardo Ramos , Prolo Filho João Francisco
Published: September 2015

Neste trabalho, uma formulação nodal é proposta para o tratamento de uma classe de problemas de transporte de nêutrons, em geometria cartesiana bidimensional. Através do processo de integração, equações unidimensionais são obtidas, reescrevendo o modelo em termos de quantidades médias. A resolução das equações integradas é feita através de uma versão do método de Ordenadas Discretas Analítico (ADO), onde também são obtidas soluções explicitas, analíticas em termos das variáveis espaciais, através de um código de fácil implementação. Pode-se destacar também como vantagens desta formulação a versatilidade na escolha da quadratura e o baixo custo computacional, uma vez que esquemas iterativos não são necessários tampouco a subdivisão do domínio em células. Para lidar como os termos do contorno que surgem no processo, propõe-se aqui uma representação por constantes, de forma que as equações nas variáveis x e y são tratadas através de um sistema acoplado. Resultados obtidos por esta formulação são apresentados, bem como alguns perfis de fluxos escalares. 

Nodal formulation applied to two-dimensional transport problems in Cartesian geometry.

 In this paper, a nodal formulation is proposed for the treatment of a class of neutron transport problems in two-dimensional Cartesian geometry. By the integration process, one-dimensional equations are obtained, rewriting the model in terms of average quantities. The resolution of the integrated equations is made using a version of the Analytical Discrete Ordinate method (ADO), where also be obtained explicit solutions, analytical in terms of spatial variables, through an easy implementation code. It can also highlight as advantages of this formulation the versatility of the quadrature choice and the low computational cost, since iterative schemes are not needed either subdividing the domain in cells. To deal with the contour terms that arise in the process, is proposed here a representation by constants, so that the equations in the variables x and y are treated through a coupled system. Results obtained by this formulation are presented, as well as some profiles of scalar fluxes. 
Análise paramétrica de um painel com enrijecedor sob flambagem elástica
Authors: Rackow Patrícia Borges , Real Mauro De Vasconcellos , Isoldi Liércio , Thormann Daniela , Da Silva Rafaella Colares
Published: September 2015

As estruturas navais e offshore são constituídas, basicamente, de painéis enrijecidos. Quando submetidos a carregamentos compressivos, surge a preocupação em relação ao comportamento desses em relação à flambagem. O fenômeno da flambagem ocorre em peças esbeltas que, quando submetidas à compressão axial, após atingida a carga crítica, sofrem uma deflexão transversal. Peças sob flambagem podem perder sua estabilidade sem que o material tenha atingido sua tensão de escoamento. O objetivo do presente trabalho é realizar, através de modelagem computacional, a análise linear de um painel quando submetido à flambagem elástica. Esse painel é constituído por uma chapa plana e um reforço no formato de barra. Através de um modelo computacional desenvolvido no software ANSYS®, o qual se baseia no Método dos Elementos Finitos, foi feita a variação dos parâmetros geométricos desse painel, sendo possível avaliar a influência do aumento da espessura da placa, espessura do enrijecedor e altura do enrijecedor no valor da tensão crítica de flambagem do painel. Os resultados mostram a grande influência da presença dos enrijecedores na determinação da carga crítica.
Superoxide Dismutase 2 Polymorphisms and Osteoporosis in Asian Indians: A Genetic Association Analysis
Authors: Botre Chaitali , Shahu Arjun , Adkar Neeraj , Shouche Yogesh , Ghaskadbi Saroj , Ashma Richa
Published: September 2015

Oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of osteoporosis. The present cross-sectional study focuses on mapping single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) gene in Asian Indians. The bone mineral density (BMD) of study subjects was assessed by dual x-ray absorptiometry. Individuals were classified as normal (n = 82) or osteoporotic (n = 98). Biochemical parameters such as vitamin D, total oxidant status (TOS) and SOD2 enzyme activity were estimated from plasma samples. Semi-quantitative PCR was carried out using GAPDH as an endogenous control. Genomic DNA was isolated from whole blood and SNPs were evaluated by PCR sequencing. Thirteen SNPs are reported in the examined region of the SOD2 gene, out of which in our samples SNPs rs5746094 and rs4880 were found to be polymorphic. Allele G of rs5746094 (intronic) and allele C of rs4880 (exonic) are significantly higher in the osteoporotic individuals. Presence of allele C of rs4880 and increased level of TOS among osteoporotic individuals were found to be associated with disease risk.
Riesz transform related to a Schrödinger type operator on the Heisenberg group
Authors: Liu Yu , Xie Wenjiang
Published: September 2015

In this paper, we consider the Schrödinger type operator

H
2

=

(
-

Δ

ℍ
n

)

2

+

V
2

${H_2=(-\Delta _{\mathbb {H}^n})^2+V^2}$

on the Heisenberg group ℍ
n
, where

Δ

ℍ
n

$\Delta _{\mathbb {H}^n}$

is
the sub-Laplacian and the non-negative potential V belongs to
the reverse Hölder class B

q
1
for

q
1

>

Q
2

${q_1>\frac{Q}{2}}$

and Q > 5,
where

Q
=
2
n
+
2

${Q=2n+2}$

is the homogeneous dimension of ℍ
n
. The Lp
and
weak type (1,1) estimates of the Riesz transform

∇

ℍ
n

2

H
2

-
1
/
2

$\nabla _{\mathbb {H}^n}^2 H^{-1/2}_2$

related to
the Schrödinger type operator H
2 are obtained, where

∇

ℍ
n

${\nabla _{\mathbb {H}^n}}$

is the gradient operator on ℍ
n
. Moreover, we show
that

∇

ℍ
n

2

H
2

-
1
/
2

$\nabla _{\mathbb {H}^n}^2 H^{-1/2}_2$

is a Calderón–Zygmund operator if

V
∈

B

Q
/
2

${V\in B_{Q/2}}$

and there exists a positive constant C such that

V

(
g
)

≤
C
m

(
g
,
V
)

2

${V(g)\le Cm(g,V)^2}$

.
An embedding theorem for the category of crossed P-modules
Authors: Arslan Ummahan Ege , Onarlı Gülümsen
Published: September 2015

In this paper, we show that
the category

𝖷𝖬𝗈𝖽
/
P

${\mathsf {XMod}/P}$

of crossed modules over a fixed group P is an exact category.
We give a complete proof of the embedding theorem of

𝖷𝖬𝗈𝖽
/
P

${\mathsf {XMod}/P}$

into a
set-valued functor category. As a consequence of this theorem, we show that the subcategory of finitely generated free crossed P-modules is dense in the category of crossed P-modules and each crossed P-module is represented as a coend.
Modified Dincer and Dost Method for Predicting the Mass Transfer Coefficients in Solids
Authors: Ilicali Coskan , Icier Filiz
Published: September 2015

The analytical model developed by Dincer and Dost [3] for the estimation of diffusivities and mass transfer coefficients has been reviewed, and the equations used for the evaluation of the mass transfer coefficients have been corrected. The corrected equations have been used for the calculation of mass transfer coefficients from literature data. It was observed that the corrected diffusivities showed significant differences from the previously calculated values. The use of the modified equations in future drying calculations will lead to more realistic mass transfer coefficient values.
Pregnancy outcome and long-term follow-up of fetuses with isolated increased NT: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Iuculano Ambra , Pagani Giorgio , Stagnati Valentina , Floris Marcella , Ibba Rosa Maria , Monni Giovanni
Published: September 2015

To assess the prevalence of associated findings, diagnosed either prior to or after birth, among fetuses with increased nuchal translucency (NT) and normal karyotype and to investigate the prevalence of children under therapy at school age, among cases confirmed to be isolated both prior to and after birth.

Retrospective cohort study of all singleton pregnancies were referred for the 1

There were 19 106 women screened for Down syndrome. Among them, 846 (4.4%) had a NT >95

Parents should be informed that fetuses with increased NT and normal karyotype need detailed ultrasound scans during pregnancy and detailed pediatric evaluation at birth; if these are normal, the risk from adverse outcome at school age is the same as for general population.