bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corporate Groups and Network Structure
Authors: Scott John
Published: November 2023

A starting point for many of the chapters of this volume is the ‘contract’ model of the enterprise, and the associated idea of the ‘nexus of contracts’ in corporate affairs. According to this viewpoint, relations between executive managers and the financial institutions which hold the company shares and which provide loans can be interpreted in contractual terms. Corporate entities can, on this basis, be seen as comprising complex networks of interests. Such a viewpoint does not go far enough. Several of the chapters in this section show that when a business operates through two or more companies, lawyers have considerable difficulty in recognizing a ‘group’ of companies as a legal entity. For this reason, an approach which reduces all business relations to contractual relations among individuals has a great appeal. But this is to side-step the problem, rather than to solve it. Our theories of how businesses operate must recognize the reality of corporate groups and a whole range of inter-corporate relations. It was the great French sociologist Emile Durkheim who criticized social contract and utilitarian theories for their neglect of what he called ‘the non-contractual element in contract’ (Durkheim 1893). By this he meant the framework of non-juridical norms and practices which structure legal relations. A sociological perspective on business affairs, then, must highlight the influence of such factors on corporate control and business decision-making.
Regulating Corporate Groups: An International Perspective
Authors: Hadden Tom
Published: November 2023

The corporate group, both national and multinational, is a significant institutional phenomenon in its own right. Its adoption as an almost universal form of business organization shows how flexible the corporate form has proved to be and how inventive the business community and its legal advisers have been in developing it. Group structures are ideally suited to the huge diversity of business requirements. They can ease the problems of operating in a large number of different jurisdictions. And they can, if desired, be used to shield the internal affairs of a business from unwanted governmental regulation.
Fraud and the Criminal Law
Authors: Smith J C
Published: November 2023

This paper is concerned with the adequacy of the substantive criminal law to deal with fraud. The recent spate of cases involving ‘mortgage frauds’ shows that all is not well. Convictions are quashed on grounds which have nothing to do with the merits of the case or the adequacy of the evidence but because of a defect in the substantive law or a failure to apply it. Its excessive complication leads to errors by prosecutors and courts. The vagueness and uncertainty of some parts of the law is also subject to legitimate criticism.
Some Procedural Problems in Criminal Fraud Cases
Authors: Qc Jeremy Roberts
Published: November 2023

An indictment is nothing else but a plain, brief and certain narrative of an offence committed by any person.’ So wrote Sir Matthew Hale in the seventeenth century. If only it were always that simple. It should be the aim of all practitioners of the law to say everything that needs to be said (and no more) in a manner that is ‘plain, brief and certain’. This is usually the most effective way of putting one’s case. It is not always easy to achieve. We have all had our failures: and I expect I will fail hopelessly in this paper.
Introduction
Authors: Kennedy Philip F
Published: November 2023

This monograph has emerged from a study of classical Arabic wine poetry, from the earliest material in the J āhiliyya ('Amr ibn Qam ī'a, 'Ad ī ibn Zayd, et al.) to the early 'Abbasid period.
Christian Reflections: Revelation as Historical Self-Manifestation
Authors: Ward Keith
Published: November 2023

A quite distinctive view of revelation is necessitated by the basic Christian belief that the Supreme is incarnate in the life of one particular man. This is not the belief that God tells humans what God is like or what the Divine purposes or laws are. It is not even that God shows what the Divine nature is like, as if there were one thing which somehow modelled another. It is rather that God makes the Divine reality itself present in a particular historical form. The life of Jesus, for a fully incarnational form of Christian faith, is the self-expression of the Eternal in time. Here the form of Supreme Goodness is fully realized in the particular; revelation is primarily a making-present of Supreme Being and Goodness in a person. This is not, as in Islam, the revelation of a set of propositions, as though God were dictating laws or doctrines to be carefully written down. It is not, as in Hinduism, an inner experience of a supreme Self, as though someone had a particularly vivid or intense sense of the Supremely Real. It is not, as in Buddhism, an experience of release from sorrow, desire, and attachment. It is not, as in Judaism, Divine disclosure through the control of historical events, as though God were causing water, wind, or earth to act in extraordinary or miraculous ways. It is the unlimited Divine Life taking form in a particular human life. It is the realization of the Eternal in a particular historical individual.
The Aspects In The Indicative Mood
Authors: Fanning Buist M
Published: November 2023

This chapter makes a transition from the treatment of general issues to a discussion of how verbal aspect is used in more specific ways in NT Greek. The present chapter will explore the use of the aspects in the indicative mood, while the subsequent chapters will cover aspect-usage in the other forms.
St Gregory the Theologian and St Maximus the Confessor: The Shaping of Tradition
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: November 2023

One of St Maximus the Confessor’s most important works is his Liber ambiguous, as it is usually referred to in the title given it by its first, and for the most part only, translator, the ninth-century John Scotus Erigena-his Book of Difficulties (for the Greek behind Erigena’s ambiguum is aporia, perplexity or difficulty). It is, in fact, as is generally known, not a single work, but consists of two parts: Ambigua 6-71 arc a discussion of a string of difficult passages from the writings of St Gregory of Nazianzus that had been raised with Maximus by John, Archbishop of Cyzicus, to whom Maximus’ replies arc addressed. Polycarp Sherwood dates these to 628-30, during Maximus’ earlier African sojourn; Sherwood’s work on these ‘Earlier Ambigua’, as he calls them, is indispensable (it is, incidentally, only these earlier Ambigua that Eriugena translated). Ambigua 1-5 arc addressed to a certain Thomas, described as ‘the sanctified servant of God, spiritual father and teacher’: the first four discuss difficult passages in Gregory, like the earlier Ambigua, the last a difficult passage in Denys the Arcopagite’s fourth letter (the letter that contains the famous phrase about Christ’s ‘divine-human energy’; Maximus’ discussion in this difficulty includes a long analysis of this phrase). Sherwood dates these slightly later, to 634 or shortly after, just as the Monothelete controversy (at this stage I suppose ‘monenergic’ would be better) was getting under way. How and when these two parts were put together to form the Book of Difficulties is the subject of much controversy: it does not look as if there will be any definitive answer until we have a proper critical edition of all Maximus’ works.
Breach of Statutory Duty
Authors: McMeel Gerard , Virgo John
Published: November 2023

The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000,2 like its predecessor, the Financial Services Act 1986, makes frequent use of the technique of expressly conferring a statutory right of action upon designated persons where loss has been suffered as a result of a breach of duty under the Act or delegated legislation or other rules made under its aegis. As always in English law, the relationship between the back ground common law and the statutory regime causes problems of exposition and overlap.
Misrepresentation and Duties of Disclosure
Authors: McMeel Gerard , Virgo John
Published: November 2023

The aim of this chapter is to survey the relevant private law on actionable representations and duties of disclosure so far as those provisions have an impact on financial services. There is no attempt to provide a general description of causes of action and remedies for misrepresentation, as the rules can be found in the standard texts on contract,1 tort2 and restitution.3 However some authorities which are especially pertinent to the provision of financial advice are introduced in Section B of this chapter. The remainder of this chapter is concerned with duties of disclosure. The common law starting point is that there is no general principle requiring the disclosure of material facts during contractual negotiations.
Equitable Claims: Fiduciary Obligations, Undue Influence And Unconscionability
Authors: McMeel Gerard , Virgo John
Published: November 2023

The core requirement for the recognition of a fiduciary obligation is an assumption of responsibility for the property or affairs of another. To this extent it shares one of its characteristics with some examples of obligations recognized by the tort of negligence. The courts have often reached the conclusion that a person providing financial advice has assumed the mantle of a fiduciary.
Limitation of Actions
Authors: McMeel Gerard , Virgo John
Published: November 2023

Part I of the Limitation Act 1980 prescribes the ordinary time limits for bringing actions of the various classes there mentioned. Part II of the Act then provides for circumstances in which these primary time limits may be extended or excluded.2 The basic rules of limitation are relatively straightforward to state; in their application to the specific factual matrices of a claim, however, they frequently prove not to be conducive to readily predictable outcomes.
The Powers and Procedures of the Financial Services Authority and the Tribunal
Authors: McMeel Gerard , Virgo John
Published: November 2023

Following N2 and the implementation of the Financial Services and Markets Act 22.01 2000 (‘FSMA’ or ‘the Act’), the whole landscape of regulation in the United Kingdom changed. In the investment sector, authorization to carry on regulated investment business activity no longer depended upon membership of one of the self-regulatory or recognized professional bodies,1 where the fact of membership indicated assent to the requirements and expectations of the relevant self regulatory organization (‘SRO’) or recognized professional body (‘RPB’). The shift was.from self-regulation, where the power to admit, expel or discipline investment businesses was largely conferred on the particular SRO or RPB as part of the ‘contractual’ framework of membership to authorization under a statutory regime.
Expert Evidence
Authors: McMeel Gerard , Virgo John
Published: November 2023

In claims involving allegations of mis-selling of financial products, the potential need for expert evidence arises both in connection with establishing or refuting a breach of duty, and in quantifying loss. As a result of the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (‘CPR’) no party to proceedings before a court may adduce expert evidence without the court’s express permission.1 In applying for permission to employ an expert, the applicant must now identify the field in which he wishes to rely on expert evidence and where practicable the identity of the expert.2 Thus the court will need first to be satisfied that the issue to be addressed by expert testimony is one properly calling for such evidence.
Drawing the lines together
Authors: Prechal Sacha
Published: November 2023

In the foregoing Chapters a detailed account has been given of the main characteristics of directives, the main problems related to their implementation, and the difficulties caused by their non-implementation or incorrect implementation. The role played by the national courts in enforcing directives and, in particular, in providing judicial protection has also been extensively discussed. Finally, the case law of the Court of Justice on consistent interpretation, direct effect of directives, and the liability of the State in cases of breach of Article 249(3) in particular, has been analysed and discussed in depth. An attempt has been made to elucidate the numerous questions which this complex subject ‘Directives’ raises and to bring together its man facets within one treatise.
Money Laundering and Acquisitive Crime: The Background and the Offences
Authors: Ulph Janet , Tugendhat Sir Michael , Glister James
Published: November 2023

Money laundering is the process of disguising the origins of property which has been acquired through criminal conduct. The dismantling of exchange controls in 1979, easy global travel, and the subsequent rapid development of electronic forms of communication, have all facilitated money laundering. Precise figures of the amount of money involved do not exist.
Money Laundering and Acquisitive Crime: The Proceeds of Crime
Authors: Ulph Janet , Tugendhat Sir Michael , Glister James
Published: November 2023

There is no common law right to strip criminals of their property. Consequently, if police sweep up assets found in the possession of a suspect to use in subsequent criminal proceedings, they have no right to retain those assets beyond the end of the trial unless there is a statutory power to do so. The police must return the assets to the owner; unfortunately, in the absence of any other evidence, they may have no choice but to return the property to the person in possession even though they have reason to suspect that the assets are stolen.
‘What we heard in the Lives of the saints we have seen with our own eyes’: the holy man as literary text in tenth-century Constantinople
Authors: Magdalino Paul
Published: November 2023

The late 1960s and early 1970s were a time of liberation movements, and Peter Brown’s seminal lectures and articles caught the mood of the moment. His perception of the late-antique holy man as the device of ‘a vigorous and sophisticated society’ helped to liberate hagiography from more than one form of oppression: from elitist disdain for what was deemed a low-life, popular genre; from positivist quarrying for nuggets of ‘hard’ information; and, last but not least, from purist concerns with authenticity which had dominated the best of hagiographical scholarship. Suddenly it did not matter so much whether a text was an Urtext or whether a ‘saint’ really deserved canonization: what mattered was the role accorded to the ‘holy man’. ‘Saint’ or ‘holy man’: Peter Brown was the first to exploit the unique choice of words available to writers of English. By introducing the Anglo-Saxon alternative with its tribal, pre-Christian, resonances he transformed the object of inquiry from a stained-glass image into a dynamic and transferable anthropological model. We learned to read saints’ Lives with new eyes, and our reading had all the excitement of fieldwork.
The New Constitutional Settlement
Authors: Hazell Robert
Published: November 2023

This chapter is in two parts. First, it draws on the conclusions of the previous chapters to identify the main features of the new constitutional settlement. We are going through a period of unprecedented constitutional change. Once those changes have settled down, what will be the main features of the new constitutional settlement, and how will it be characterized by the textbook writers in ten years’ time? Second, the chapter identifies some of the gaps which are beginning to emerge in the constitutional reform programme.
Lecture Two—Equity Follows the Law
Authors: Gummow W M C
Published: November 2023

The remedy of the common injunction gave equitable remedies that primacy which, at the doctrinal level, was represented by the prevalence given by s 25(11) of the Judicature Act 1873 (UK) to the rules of equity where there was any conflict or variance between them and the rules of the common law with respect to the same matter. The Judicature system, to a large and still insufficiently appreciated degree, also provided a modern law of procedure which was equitable in derivation. In the United States federal courts, that modern procedure was introduced in the 1938 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. This represented the triumph of the views of Pound and others that it was the formalism of the common law writ system which hindered the just application of substantive law and its adjustment to modern circumstances.
Copyright and freedom of expression in europe
Authors: hugenholtz* P Bernt
Published: November 2023

Concern over the steady proliferation of intellectual property rights, or, con versely, the declining public domain is no longer limited to the United States. In recent years, an increasing number of prominent European scholars and judges have expressed their anxiety over the seemingly unstoppable growth of copyrights, neighboring rights, sui generis rights, trademarks, and other rights of intellectual or industrial property.1 Can the rising tide of copyright and related rights be stopped? Recent court decisions from Europe seem to suggest that freedom of expression and information, as guaranteed inter alia in the European Convention on Human Rights (‘ECHR’),2 may under specific cir cumstances limit overbroad protection.
Intellectual Property, Access To Information, And Antitrust: Harmony, Disharmony, And International Harmonization
Authors: ullrich* Hanns
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to examine the question whether the ‘expand ing bounds of intellectual property’ also require expanding control of the exercise of intellectual property rights by antitrust laws. Such an expanded control may be a matter not only of substantive law, but also of the inter national reach of antitrust law and, as a consequence, of harmonizing its rules on the international level. However, the need for expanded control can only be determined by reference to the existing level of control. In this respect, con ventional wisdom is based on the assumption that there is a conflict between the exclusivity that intellectual property affords to the owner of protected subject matter and the kind of unrestricted competition that the antitrust laws are intended to safeguard. In particular, the conflict potential is thought to result from the risk that the exploitation of intellectual property by contract is used as an opportunity to restrain competition beyond the restrictive effects that are inherent in the exclusivity. In this perspective, the role of antitrust law is simply to contain the exercise of intellectual property rights within their bounds and limits. A whole body of intellectual property-related rules of antitrust law has been developed to deal with this conflict, and it has been developed along different lines in different countries.
A Banker’s Perspective
Authors: Town Lindsay J
Published: November 2023

At the time of writing, I have been involved in the asset finance business for twenty-five years and, of all the issues faced, the cross-border finance arena has often thrown up the most complex of challenges-and the most complex responses. It is for the foregoing reasons that I was delighted to be invited to present a short overview of the concerns that the secured lender faced when dealing on a cross-border basis. Although my own background is primarily in the leasing market, my views may well be considered to be equally appropriate for any form of cross-border transaction where the value of the asset being financed is a material part of the risk and reward calculation.
German Conflict Rules on Security Interests in Movable Assets
Authors: Drobnig Professor Ulrich
Published: November 2023

Apart from international conventions on the conflict of laws, the main source of German private international law in general is Articles 3-46 of the Introductory Law to the German Civil Code. Among these provisions, Articles 27-37 deal with the law applicable to contracts, transposing the corresponding rules of the Rome Convention of 1980 on the same topic. Articles 38-41 contain some conflict rules on extra-contractual obligations and Articles 43-46 conflict rules on tangible property. These latter two sets of conflict rules were only recently adopted by a Law of 19991 and are of fairly short and general nature.
An ethnographic approach to social representations
Authors: Duveen Gerard , Lloyd Barbara
Published: November 2023

A characteristic of much contemporary social and developmental psychology is the desire to analyse psychological activities in relation to the contexts in which they occur. From this point of view, a purely formal account of psychological, or cognitive, processes is inadequate, and new procedures need to be developed which are capable of expressing the relations between psychological processes and their contexts, as well as clarifying the notion of context itself. Whatever else the context may include, it certainly incorporates collective systems of meaning, and the growing interest in social representations centres on the possibilities that this concept offers for a description of the psychological structure and influence of collective systems of meaning. However, social psychologists are still not clear about the ways in which the notion of social representations may be conceptualized, articulated, and incorporated into empirical research. There is a general idea of the role which the concept ought to play, but we are still struggling to make the transition from programmatic statements to substantive accounts.
Dopamine Systems in the Cingulate Gyrus: Organization, Development, and Neurotoxic Vulnerability
Authors: Miller Michael W , Powrozek Teresa A , Vogt Brent A
Published: November 2023

A principal feature differentiating one cortical area from another is the connectivity of the area, particularly, its afferents. Areas in the anterior and midcingulate regions, for example, have rich dopaminergic (DAergic) afferents and those to the anterior cingulate gyrus are the strongest such innervations of all cortical regions (Gaspar et al., 1989; Crino et al., 1993). These projections to cingulate and prefrontal cortices have been implicated in a variety of functions including cognition, reward-seeking behaviors, motor activity (Ashby et al., 1999; Dehaene and Changeux, 2000; Tzschentke and Schmidt, 2000; Mathon et al., 2003; McCoy and Platt, 2005), and a pivotal contribution of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) to reward is considered by Rolls in Chapter 8.Among the specific hypotheses of the function of DAergic projections to the cerebral cortex is that of incentive motivation. This refers to the drive-like effects of an encounter with an otherwise neutral stimulus that acquires motivational importance through prior association with a primary reward (Wise, 2004). The early role of ACC in reward and motivated behavior was identified with electrical self-stimulation and drug self administration (Routtenberg and Sloan, 1972; Routtenberg, 1979). Glucose metabolism during electrical self-stimulation in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) was also very high in frontal cortex including ACC (Porrino, 1993-Table 15.1) and the ACC is one of the few cortical regions that support cocaine self administration in the rat (Goeders et al., 1986).
The Demography Of Papua New Guinea: Migration, Fertility, And Mortality Patterns
Authors: Riley Ian D , Lehmann Deborah
Published: November 2023

This chapter is concerned with the migration, fertility, and mortality patterns of Papua New Guinean populations and their relationship to the epidemiology of health and disease. For a more comprehensive coverage of the demography of Papua New Guinea (PNG), the reader is referred to monographs by van de Kaa (1971), Skeldon (1979), United Nations and South Pacific Commission (1982), May (1977), Bakker (1986), and Walsh (1985, 1987).
Coherence: correlation functions
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Any light that isn’t perfectly monochromatic (and that’s every kind of light) necessarily has some degree of randomness. In Chapter 9 we described this randomness, how it originates and how (within limits) it may be controlled. However, there were obvious inadequacies: having no quantity to represent a ‘degree of coherence’, we could not give a precise condition for coherence to disappear or for fringes to be so indistinct that they should be considered absent. Moreover, we found ourselves using awkward wordings: ‘obtaining knowledge’; ‘permits us to predict’; ‘so clumsy that interference fails to manifest itself’; ‘a wavetrain is the whole wave defined for all t’. The author of this book used words with more than usual care in Chapter 9, in an attempt at giving a correct impression and excluding common misconceptions; but the need for that care was itself an indication that something better was called for.
Optical practicalities: étendue, interferometry, fringe localization
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we discuss several related topics. First we consider the flux of energy, mostly in the context of light from non-laser sources. An important geometrical factor is the étendue. It is the étendue that we must maximize when trying to get as much optical energy as possible into apparatus such as a spectrometer or an optical fibre. Optical instruments differ in their ability to collect light, and their relative merits in this regard are assessed by comparing their étendues.
The measurement of time
Authors: Whitrow G J
Published: November 2023

We have seen that the function of biological clocks is to enable living organisms to produce the required responses at the appropriate times. Similarly, the calendars used by previous civilizations and the Gregorian calendar that we still employ were originally devised so that religious ceremonies could be performed on the correct dates. To function effectively, bio- logical clocks (with external correlates) and man-made calendars use cues provided by the motions of the Earth, Sun and Moon. These motions therefore function as time standards. Although, as far as man is concerned, it has long been realized that the correlation of any time-system with a given standard is facilitated by means of measurement, it was only with the rise of modern science that the crucial signiﬁcance of this became clear.
Family and marriage: a socio-legal perspective
Authors: Kirshner Julius
Published: November 2023

Standing out among the works on family history in the Italian Renaissance is Nino Tamassia’s The Italian Family in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries, published in 1910. According to Tarnassia, agnatic lineages ( unilineal descent groups tracing their origins from a commonly regarded male ancestor on the father’s side) of the late Middle Ages began to dissolve in the Renaissance into intimate modern families anchored by a married couple and their unmarried children. His thesis was shared by other scholars of the late nineteenth century, who, like Tamassia, were inspired by Jacob Burckhardt’s identification of Renaissance Italy with the beginnings of modernity. Their association of the cult of the individual with the emergence of strong regional states hostile to powerful, violence-prone lineages and their client networks served as an intuitively plausible explanation for the demise of lineage-centred families.
Prisons
Authors: Zedner Lucia
Published: November 2023

If community sentences have been the subject of critical and correspondingly pessimistic analysis, that attracted by the prison is much bleaker. It is commonly assumed that, unless crime can be brought under better control by other means, there is no escaping the remorseless growth of the prison population; the continuing expansion of the prison estate; and greater reliance on private contractors to provide a prison system spiralling beyond the means of the public purse. The prison dominates our criminal justice system as the cardinal penalty, against which all other penalties must be assessed. Despite repeated efforts by penal policymakers, politicians, and lobbyists to displace the prison from its central position, it continues to have a powerful hold over our collective imagination.
From Criminal Justice to the Security Society?
Authors: Zedner Lucia
Published: November 2023

Much of this book has been concerned with the ways in which the criminal justice system responds to crime; what Philip Dick, in the excerpt above, calls postcrime. This chapter will be concerned with sweeping changes some of which, at least, are captured by his notion of precrime. The changes we will explore do not involve precog mutants wired up to prophesy crimes before they occur but they are only a little less radical.

Any general shift in the common understanding of crime directly affects society’s policies toward it. We have examined several different ways of thinking about crime, all of which shared a conception of crime as a departure from the norm.
The Internalization of Conflicts Within the UK
Authors: Hood Kirsty J
Published: November 2023

As was seen in the previous chapter, there has been, in the UK, very little constitutionalization of conflicts: by which is meant a largely judicially driven reliance upon constitutional rules to replace, or modify, intranational conflict rules. However, there has been much greater evidence in the UK of a largely legislative phenomenon, which might be described as the internalization of conflicts.
Introduction
Authors: Retallack James
Published: November 2023

Why has a fascination with Germany under Otto von Bismarck and Kaiser Wilhelm II persisted to this day, even though a more recent and darker period of German history— the Third Reich — competes for attention? The following chapters provide their own answers to this question and suggest starting points for further study. They consider the German Empire (das Deutsche Reich) of 1871 – 1918, which emerged from the diverse collection of kingdoms, grand duchies, principalities, and free cities in central Europe. This new empire was a semi-parliamentary constitutional monarchy of about 41 million inhabitants (growing to over 65 mil- lion in 1914). It was founded in January 1871 not only on the basis of Bismarck’s ‘blood and iron’ policy in the 1860s but also with the support of liberal nationalists. Under Bismarck and Wilhelm II, Germany became the dynamo of Europe. Its economic and military power were pre-eminent; German science and technology, education, and municipal administration were the envy of the world; and its avant-garde artists reflected the ferment in European culture. But Germany also played a decisive role in tipping Europe’s fragile balance of power over the brink and into the cataclysm of the First World War, eventually leading to the empire’s collapse in military defeat and revolution in November 1918.
Religion and confessional conflict
Authors: Clark Christopher
Published: November 2023

In November 1883, the Protestant pastor in Affaltrach, a small confessionally mixed community in Württemberg, decided to celebrate the four hundredth anniversary of Martin Luther’s birth by planting a linden tree in the village. The idea was in itself uncontroversial — in that year ‘Luther-lindens’ were planted all over Germany. The question of location was less straightforward. The pastor and members of his congregation opted to plant the tree on the courtyard beside the little church shared by the village’s Catholic and Protestant congregations. The courtyard lay directly in front of the village’s Catholic rectory. The Catholic priest, Father Geiger, made a formal protest to the district authorities, but the planting went ahead all the same. To add insult to injury his Protestant colleague, excited no doubt by the Lutheran celebrations unfolding across Germany, used the occasion to deliver an intemperate speech full of polemical denunciations of the Catholic Church.
Looking forward
Authors: Retallack James
Published: November 2023

Less than 48 hours separated the collapse of the German Empire from the last shot fired in the First World War. Kaiser Wilhelm II’s decision to flee to exile in Holland and the proclamation of the German Republic from the balcony of the Reichstag occurred not long after midday on 9 November 1918. The armistice that ended the conflict was invoked at 11 a.m. on 11 November.

Germans who experienced the cataclysm of the ‘the war to end all wars’ — together with those who looked back fondly to the years before 1914, before the empire had begun to sink under the weight of its own conflicts and contradictions — agreed that a historical threshold of immense significance had been crossed.
Calendars and Cycles: Meton Historicized
Authors: Grafton Anthony
Published: November 2023

Fortunately, Scaliger did not limit his investigation of Greek chronology to the simple practices used in civil life. He devoted at least as much attention to the various luni-solar cycles which, as Censorinus reported, Greek astronomers had devised from the fifth century bc onwards. Scaliger’s preparation in this area was rich and solid.
Vicissitudes of the annus vagus: The Persian Calendar
Authors: Grafton Anthony
Published: November 2023

Scaliger’s treatment of the early Egyptian year was a disaster. He conjured from the vasty deep an imaginary creature composed of misreadings and miscalculations. But his detective instincts proved more fruitful as he followed the 365-day year into its later and more exotic homes. The Persian year, in particular, interested him deeply. Here too, the astronomers had already blazed a trail, following their Islamic predecessors. They understood that the Persian calendar, like the Egyptian, used a 365-day annus vagus. Schreckenfuchs, for example, gave characteristically simple rules for converting 365-day Persian years into Julian ones, assuming that they had continued without intercalation from the era of Yazdgard, 15 June ad 632. This epoch date could—as usual in this sort of astronomical computistics—be converted directly into a day-count by one who wished to convert Persian to Julian dates or vice versa.
The Roman Calendar: A Reconstruction of a Reconstruction
Authors: Grafton Anthony
Published: November 2023

Not only was that intercalation faulty, but the error increased because of deliberate excesses in intercalation. The entire matter rested in the hands of the pontifices, and they intercalated too early and too late in their hatred for the magistrates. Matters came to such a point that in 45 bc the beginning of the original year fell in the Julian October.
Towards a History of Calendars
Authors: Grafton Anthony
Published: November 2023

We have not yet finished with De emendatione  i-iv. Book iv, in particular, treats Scaliger’s doctrine on what he called the annus caelestis—a year based directly on the sun’s passage through the heavens—along with its classical prototype and other sources. But we shall consider this material below, together with Scaliger’s proposals for calendar reform, for which it provided the underpinning. What we can do now, as Scaliger could when he had finished the body of his historical work and wrote his Prolegomena, is to stand back and examine the larger argument of books i-iv.
Scaliger and his Models: From Ephorus to Varro
Authors: Grafton Anthony
Published: November 2023

Scaliger outlined both a research programme for chronology and a disciplinary history which underpinned it. The programme needs no justification now, given the results it led to and its continued existence, suitably modified, in the Julian day-numbers still used by astronomers. But the history requires close study, both for what it reveals of Scaliger’s knowledge and prejudices and for what it may suggest about the ancient scholarship on which—as he rightly saw—modern dating of ancient events still rests.
The Chronologer and the Bible
Authors: Grafton Anthony
Published: November 2023

Like most of his predecessors, Scaliger began with the creation of the world (18 April 3949 bc) and established epochs for the great events of biblical as well as classical history. The Flood, the Exodus, the epoch of the Sabbatical Years, and the destruction of Solomon’s Temple all claimed his attention. But if his choice of topics seems conventional, his approach to them looks distinctive. In the introduction to the De emendatione as a whole Scaliger admitted the uniqueness and infallibility of the Bible, but he also insisted that biblical history was useless until it was set into a wider, world-historical context.
The Second Manilius, 1597-1599: Reprises and Reprisals
Authors: Grafton Anthony
Published: November 2023

Scaliger planned a new edition of Manilius as early as 1587. In 1590, moreover, Junius reprinted his first edition with some notes of his own and some good conjectures by Matthaeus Lannoius. Though Junius expressed the hope that Scaliger would approve of what he had done, Scaliger in fact became wild with rage. He lined through Junius’ notes with slashing strokes of the pen, page by page, pausing only to scrawl ‘cacat’ in the margins.
Scaliger’s Barbarian: Alexandrian Chronography in Merovingian Latin
Authors: Grafton Anthony
Published: November 2023

This Chronicle [of Eusebius and Jerome) has been continued by many men, whom I cannot omit without being charged with negligence. Therefore in order both to complete the work and to meet the desires of readers, against whom I shall sin gravely if I omit the writers who worked to continue this chronology, I decided to set out in order those who took in what their predecessors omitted, and in addition any others who treated a similar topic. As Jerome continued Eusebius, Prosper of Aquitaine continued Jerome, Victor, bishop of Tunis in Africa, continued Prosper, and finally John, abbot of Biclarum, continued him, so I have added them to one another as the order of events and the method of the authors’ works required. For since Marcellinus Comes begins where Jerome leaves off, he has received a special place, and one separate from the rest. And these are the ones who, together with Eusebius, have composed a continuous history.
Beneath the Christian Surface: Pagan Chronography in Christian Chronicles
Authors: Grafton Anthony
Published: November 2023

In one respect at least, Scaliger shared more with his modem successors than the last chapter may have suggested. He believed as strongly as any twentieth-century scholar that the chief value of Christian chronography lay in what it could reveal about pagan chronography. In the 1590s, as we have seen, he had already begun to quarry the fragments of lost Greek historical texts from their niches in Josephus and Eusebius. He assembled many of them in the appendix to the De emendatione and tried to reconstruct both their original shapes and the transformations they had undergone. The Chronicle offered rich new information about both the late Greek scholars whom the Christians read and the still earlier writers who had provided the compilers with their basic stock of information.
Scaliger as Commentator: History, Literature, and Language in the Animadversiones
Authors: Grafton Anthony
Published: November 2023

In the course of the Chronicle, Eusebius and Jerome touched on a range of issues so vast as to make their book a chronologically organized encyclopaedia. Scaliger took every cue they offered and many that they probably did not and responded exuberantly. In pursuit of texts and facts he plunged across chronological and disciplinary boundaries with his usual joyous impatience, bowling over border patrols as he went. No brief account can possibly give the reader of this book a vivid sense of the barrage of facts and texts, problems and arguments, places and inventions that overwhelms anyone who makes his way through any ten pages of the Animadversiones.
The structure factor and the electron density
Authors: Shmueli Uri
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the reader to the model underlying the interpretation of X-ray diffraction intensities, which is the basis of the methods for crystal structure determination to be described in later chapters. The next section deals in some detail with a simple description of the physics of the scattering of X-rays. That section makes use of results provided by classical electrodynamics, and presents a derivation of the Thomson scattering cross section, which is most usually quoted without proof in textbooks of crystallography. We shall then turn to the construction of the structure factor as the Fourier transform of the electron density function within the unit cell, first as a Fourier integral and later as a sum of atomic contributions, and proceed to the electron density function which is re-expressed as a Fourier synthesis, the coeﬃcients of which are the structure factors. The last section of this chapter introduces relationships between the space-group symmetry in the direct space and the symmetry of the weighted reciprocal lattice, and their application to the determination of lattice type, point-group symmetry, and non-symmorphic space-group symmetry elements of the crystal investigated.
Refinement of structural parameters
Authors: Shmueli Uri
Published: November 2023

Whether a crystal structure is determined by Patterson techniques or by direct methods, the outcome is of necessity approximate and the approximation is usually poorer than that which would have been obtained if all the experimental data had been correctly taken into account. Indeed, Patterson methods are largely dependent on the strongest reflections, which are mainly confined to low-angle regions, and the whole body of data from high-angle reflections is ignored to a large extent.
‘Born and educated in this country’
Authors: Cannon John
Published: November 2023

George III (1738–1820), king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and king of Hanover, was the second child and eldest son of Frederick Lewis, prince of Wales (1707–1751), and his wife, Augusta (1719–1772) of Saxe-Gotha. He was the first prince of Wales to be born in England since Charles II in 1630, which he turned to advantage in his accession speech of 1760: ‘Born and educated in this country, I glory in the name of Britain’ (Brooke, King George the Third, 390). Both his parents had been educated in Germany and spoke German as their native tongue.
In exile
Authors: Stewart Bruce
Published: November 2023

On reporting to the Berlitz School, Joyce found no job awaiting him and was sent onwards to Trieste, in Habsburg Austria. After finding no post there either, he was redirected to the new establishment at Pola, under the deputy director Alessandro Francini. Acclimatization was not easy. Joyce began by being locked up when he tried to help three drunken British sailors, and difficulties with money were such that they often moved before settling at via Giulia 2, near the school.
Landmarks for a History of the University of Paris at the Time of Jean Standonck
Authors: Verger Jacques
Published: November 2023

The aim of this paper is to present at least a broad account of the general university context in which Jean Standonck as principal reformed and renewed the Collège de Montaigu. I shall adopt as my timeframe the period suggested by the history of the University of Paris itself, as well as by recent scholarship, rather than by Standonck’s own presence in Paris or the contemporary reigns of Louis XI (1461–1483), Charles VIII (1483–1498), and Louis XII (1498–1515).
The Statutes of the Collége de Montaigu: Prelude to a Future Edition
Authors: Bakker Paul J J M
Published: November 2023

The statutes of a university or a college constitute an important source for the history of teaching and education. Unlike many other types of documents, these texts are generally well preserved, either in their original form or in the form of subsequent copies. In some cases, they are the only surviving sources. For this reason, historians have quite understandably given a great deal of attention to these texts and, as a result, many works on the history of educational institutions are to a large extent based on a study of statutes and comparable texts, such as founding charters and privileges.
The Common Customs Tariff
Authors: Gormley Laurence W
Published: November 2023

The major characteristic of the customs union, as far as imports from third countries are concerned, is the Common Customs Tariff (CCT) which is now to be found in the integrated Community Tariff, the Taric (which uses the new Combined Nomenclature (CN) for customs and statistical purposes with additional Community sub-headings) in accordance with Council Regulation 2658/87,and is designed to permit the tariff developments negotiated in the World Customs Organization to be brought into the Community system.
The Effect of Special Provisions in the Framework of Energy Taxes on Environmental Effectiveness—The Case of Germany
Authors: Kohlhaas Michael , Bach Stefan
Published: November 2023

Many countries apply energy taxation to give an incentive to reduce energy use and energy-related emissions. Most of them grant special provisions to energy intensive production in order to meet concerns about negative economic effects and to mitigate carbon leakage. In Germany’s ‘ecological tax reform’ (ETR) special provisions were introduced in the form of reduced tax rates and tax rebates in 1999. In 2003, the tax law was revised in order to increase the incentive for energy and emission reduction for companies that profi t from those tax privileges.
Tackling the Growth in International Road Haulage using Economic Instruments: A Case of the Czech Republic
Authors: Máca, Vojtˇech , Foltýnovà Hana , Bru°ha Jan
Published: November 2023

The Czech Republic has faced a rapid growth in road freight transport following the European Union (EU) accession in May 2004. Because of its location ‘in the heart of Europe’, it has traditionally been a transit country. Before joining the EU, there used to be an administrative bottleneck at the national borders, which limited the number of heavy goods vehicles entering the country. But being a Member State, the Czech Republic is now obliged to respect common market requirements, ie, free movement of goods. With respect to these requirements, there are limited opportunities for handling the problem of increased road freight transport and its negative effects on the environment and human health.
Government Spending on Canada’s Oil and Gas Industry: Undermining Canada’s Kyoto Commitments
Authors: Taylor Amy , Bramley Matthew , Winfield Mark
Published: November 2023

Governments in Canada subsidize a number of socially beneficial services, including health care, education, and energy services. Subsidies to the energy sector that are for oil and gas production, however, are not all socially benefi cial. In part, they contribute to negative environmental impacts and hinder the development of environmentally friendly alternative energy options. Indeed, Canada’s implementation of the Kyoto Protocol is seriously threatened by continued government support for oil and gas production, a sector with large and rapidly growing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This chapter examines the extent and type of government support provided to the oil and gas sector in Canada between 1996 and 2002 within the context of GHG emission trends and Kyoto commitments. We begin with a discussion of what constitutes a subsidy, at what point subsidies are ‘perverse’, and the need for an evaluation of subsidies in Canada, especially in the energy sector.