bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Uncommon Presentation of an Extra-Cranial High Flow Arterio-Venous Malformation (AVM) Involving the Left Auricle
Authors: Kaldari S. M.
Published: February 2016

A 34-year-old male presented with a pulsatile lesion of the left external ear. Previous attempts at excision had resulted in uncontrollable bleeding. This time, under general anesthesia and a hypotensive technique, the lesion was approached distally and anteriorly through the conchal cartilage, the feeder vessels were ligated and the lesion was removed successfully with no resultant deformity to the external ear
Diabetic Acido-Ketosis Revealing Thiamine Responsive Megaloblastic Anemia
Authors: Bouyahia O. , Ouderni M. , Mansour F. B. , Matoussi N. , Khaldi F.
Published: February 2016

Thiamine-responsive megaloblastic anemia (TRMA) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder including megaloblastic anemia, thrombocytopaenia, diabetes mellitus and progressive sensorineural deafness. We report cases of two infants, aged respectively four and five months, hospitalized for diabetic-acido-ketosis requiring insulin therapy. Laboratory tests revealed megaloblasic anemia, thrombocytopenia and normal thiamine-levels. Neurosensorial investigations showed bilateral deafness and ophthalmic involvements. Treatment with oral thiamine normalized hematological parameters and ameliorated diabetes.
Pseudomesotheliomatous Lung Carcinoma of Poorly Differentiated Large Cell Type: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Sadiq N. , Mohsen M. K. , Al Bozom I. A.
Published: February 2016

A 46-year-old female presented with a 20-day history of right pleuritic chest pain and progressive shortness of breath. She was found to have a right pleural based malignancy initially thought to be a malignant mesothelioma but staining with the mesothelioma tumor markers calretinin, HBME-1 and CK5/6, was negative. Some epithelial markers were positive and microscopically it was consistent with a poorly differentiated large-cell carcinoma. The case was diagnosed as a pseudomesotheliomatous lung carcinoma of poorly differentiated large-cell type.
Bilateral Urinothorax Following Spontanious Extravasation from the Kidney-Speculation of an Anatomical Pathway for the Transport of the Extravasated Urine to the Pleural Cavities: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Muzhrachi A. , Prasad K.V.
Published: February 2016

The pathway of extravasated urine from the retroperitoenum to the ipsilateral and contralateral pleural cavity in cases of urinothorax has been of debate in the literature. We present a proposed route for the extravasated urine pathway from the retroperitoenum to both pleural cavities based on radiological evidence.
Selected Abstracts From Other Journals
Authors: Gehani A.A. , Hammoudeh M.
Published: February 2016

Background: Ecological and observational studies suggest that low Vitamin D status could be associated with higher mortality from life-threatening conditions including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus that account for 60% to 70% of total mortality in high-income countries. We examined the risk of dying from any cause in subjects who participated in randomized trials testing the impact of Vitamin D supplementation (ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2) or cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) on any health condition.
Current Status of TB Vaccine Trials: Report of the eight new TB vaccine in clinical trials
Authors: Al Marri M. A. , Al Hail A. , Soub H. , Hamaza M. A. , Al Marri N.
Published: February 2016

We read with interest reports in Al Jazeera News(1) and Reuters News(2) of a new tuberculosis vaccine trial in South Africa and are pleased to learn that the Phase IIMVA85 A trial will begin shortly in the Western Cape, South Africa. The vaccine was developed by researchers at Oxford University and it works in tandem with BCG and acts as a booster to the older vaccine. Previous tests have already shown it produces a very high immune response but the key is to show it actually prevents disease. This vaccine passed Phase I clinical trials
(Table 1)
in Britain(3), and Africa (Gambia)(4), and is now starting Phase II clinical trials in Cape Town, South Africa(5). Although it is the first subunit TB vaccine that has entered clinical practice, it is NOT the first TB vaccine in clinical trials nor is it the first vaccine in Africa. This is the
Second Vaccine
in clinical trials and
Second TB Vaccine
in clinical trials in Africa(6). The MVA85A vaccine has just entered the Phase II clinical trials while an inactivated whole cell mycobacterial vaccine completed two Phase II clinical trials, one in Europe(7) (Finland) and the other in Africa(8) (Zambia) and also completed Phase III clinical trial in HIV+ve patients BCG primed in Africa(9).
Does Morbid Obesity Increase Morbidity in Abdominoplasty?
Authors: Murshid M. S. , Al Hammdany K. N. , Al Khafaji A. S. , Bener A.
Published: February 2016

To determine whether morbid obesity increased morbidity in abdominoplasty 200 mostly female patients (100 patients morbidly obese and 100 overweight and obese) were studied but showed no statistically significant difference in the complication rate between the two categories nor between them and the international rate of complication of dermolipectomy in non-obese patients although co-morbid diseases did increase the risk of complications. It is concluded that morbid obesity should not preclude abdominoplasty, that patients do benefit, especially obese patients who are unable to lose weight following dieting or even gastric banding. surgery.
Antenatal Corticosteroids and Outcome in a Very Low Birth Weight in Qatar
Authors: Kurdi B.A. , Hoover K.J.
Published: February 2016

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) causes significant mortality and morbidity in babies born before 32 weeks gestation. To determine the effectiveness of antenatal steroid treatment (ANS) in reducing neonatal morbidity from respiratory distress syndrome, and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), intra-ventricular haemorrhage (IVH), and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in very low birth weight infants, a retrospective case control study examined the medical records of 125 babies born before 32 weeks gestation. Divided into two groups according to whether or not antenatal corticosteroids were given, the groups did not differ in rates of RDS, IVH, PDA, or ROP but the group that did not receive ANS had a significantly higher risk of death (p < 0.05).
Associated Autoimmune Diseases in First Degree Relatives of Type 1 Diabetic Children
Authors: Murad A.M. , Murad M.M. , Khudhairi J.M. , Murad M.M. , Tarish A.H.
Published: February 2016

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (1 DM) resulting from immunological damage to pancreatic islets (cells is the most common immune-mediated, endocrine metabolic disorder in children with evidence suggesting that type 1 DM is a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease. About 5% of people with a major polyendocrine autoimmune syndrome develop type 1 DM. Autoimmune thyroid disease is the most frequent autoimmune disease with type 1 DM. An estimated 7% of children with type 1 DM develop Celiac disease within six years of diagnosis. To determine the prevalence of Celiac disease and thyroid disorders among children with type 1 DM, together with their first degree relatives, and to estimate the prevalence of DM among the first degree relatives of diabetic children, 300 type 1 DM children with 1950 first degree relatives were matched with 600 controls together with their 3,900 first degree relatives were screened in a case control study for autoimmune diseases (Celiac disease, thyroid disorders) and the first degree relatives of cases and controls were screened for type 1 DM. Celiac disease and thyroid disorders were insignificantly higher in cases than in controls. Similar findings were seen in 1 st degree relatives of cases compared to controls, with a significant difference in Celiac disease. Type 1DM prevalence was significantly higher in 1st degree relatives of cases than controls. Conclusion: Target screening for Celiac disease and thyroid diseases in type 1 DM children is necessary, but screening 1st degree relatives of diabetic children for auto-immune diseases remains controversial.
Hypocalcemic Tetany, Growth Failure, Primary Amenorrhea and Iron Deficiency in an Adolescent Girl
Authors: Abu Huzaima K. , Khalafallah H. , Abdelrahman H. , Tahtamoni S. , Bedair E.M. , Soliman A.T.
Published: February 2016

A 15-year-old pale and wasted prepubertal Yemeni girl presented with carpo-pedal spasms of the limbs and drowsiness after severe bilateral thigh pain and weakness for a few days. She denied any trauma or taking medications but complained of recurrent abdominal pains and distension with occasional diarrhea. Her height = 119 cm and weight = 19.5 kg, BMI = 13.7. Her quadriceps were contracted bilaterally and there was exquisite pain on palpation of both thighs. Deeptendon reflexes were brisk all over and Chvostek sign was positive. Abdomen appeared distended with no organomegaly. Tests showed hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, hypomagnesemia, high PTH and low vitamin D 25-hydroxy level, hypoalbuminemia, low B12 and low RBC folate, normal ESR with normal renal and hepatic functions. Tissue transglutaminase antibody was positive but stools negative for fat. Upper gut endoscopy revealed total villus atrophy. Bone age was nine years with osteomalacia. She was diagnosed with celiac disease plus multivitamin deficiency and was treated with vitamin D3 (600, 000 U)IM, calcium carbonate, B12 100 meg IM, multivitamins, and Fe-sulfate. She was put on a gluten-free diet with increased calcium intake. Two months later, her weight had increased by 5 kg, height by 4 cm and her appetite improved markedly with disappearance of all abdominal symptoms and cramps. Adolescents with delayed puberty and short stature must be screened for celiac disease.
Experienced Airway Management in Laryngotracheal Injuries: Series of Cases, Survey and Review of Literature
Authors: Ezzat A. , EI Tayeb Y. , Mohammad T. , Essam F. , Hassanin A. , Ahmad A. , Sebastian M.
Published: February 2016

Definitive airway control of penetrating laryngotracheal injury can be an extremely difficult challenge for the emergency physician. We report three serious cases of penetrating neck trauma with laryngeal injury that were managed successfully using different techniques of airway control in the Emergency Department (ED) of Hamad General Hospital during the three years from January 2006 through December 2008. Individualized assessment, identification of type of injury and familiarity with airway control techniques and the available options assure timely, safe and proper airway control in such injuries. Choice of technique in penetrating laryngotracheal injury is multifactorial and depends upon case presentation, physician preference, skill, and clinical constraints. The incidence of neck injury during this period was lower than in other reports; being 0.07 % of total trauma cases, while the incidence of penetrating neck injuries represented 17.6% of total neck injuries with no deaths. Implications Statement: Familiarity and availability of variant airway management techniques and variant surgical interventions in penetrating laryngotracheal injuries, improve outcome and reduce mortality.
Post-operative Fat Embolism Syndrome: A case report and review of literature
Authors: Shaikh N. , Al Ariff M. , Ummunnisa F. , Abdullah M.
Published: February 2016

Fat embolism occurs in all patients with long bone fractures and intra-medullary reaming of long bone but is usually asymptomatic. A few patients will have pulmonary, cerebral and dermal dysfunction; this triad is called fat embolism syndrome (FES). We report a case of FES developed after intramedullary nailing of both femurs that was successfully managed in our surgical intensive care unit (SICU).
Acute Appendicitis, Peritonitis, Shock and Encephalitis; A rare combination caused by Epstein-Barr virus.
Authors: Al Gibali O.Y. , Khalafalla H.M. , Haidar N.A. , Bozom I.
Published: February 2016

A nine-year old girl presented in shock preceded by fever vomiting, lower abdominal pain and rebound tenderness with signs of peritonitis. Ultrasonography supported a diagnosis of acute appendicitis confirmed later by the presence of peritoneal fluid and by histopathology. She had also the clinical picture of meningo-encephalitis with positive meningeal signs and an abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) showed high protein, normal cell count and normal pressure. Brain CT scan and MRI were normal. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the blood was highly positive for Epstein Barr virus (EBV). She improved dramatically after urgent appendectomy with supportive management. This case is unusual in presenting with a combination of acute appendicitis, peritonitis and shock associated with acute encephalitis.
Non-invasive Positive Airway Pressure Ventilation: CPAP and BiPAP
Authors: Vijayakumar D. , Gehani A.A.
Published: February 2016

Mechanical ventilation is of two types: Invasive and Non-invasive. Invasive mechanical ventilation involves endotracheal intubation and tracheostomy. This requires sedation, involves the risk of infection, has major complications and is also extremely uncomfortable for the patient. Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) includes Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) and Bi-level Positive Airway Pressure (BiPAP). NIPPV reduces the risk of infection and complications and has the added advantage of patient comfort. However, it should be noted that, for the use of NIPPV, the patient should be breathing spontaneously.
Acute Skin Toxicity in Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Post-operative Radiotherapy
Authors: Al Hammadi N.M. , Perkins G. , Abdi F. , Wannenmacher M.
Published: February 2016

Post-operative radiotherapy to the breast is a standard treatment for the management of breast cancer. Treatment-related skin toxicity will occur in many patients and usually develops two to three weeks into treatment and may persist for up to four weeks post therapy. Management of acute toxicity remains a challenge for oncology professionals because there is very limited evidence-based research that addresses interventions for the prevention and management of radiation skin damage. Forty breast cancer patients being treated with radiotherapy at Al Amal Hospital were evaluated for the frequency and the severity of acute skin reactions. Clinical skin evaluation was performed by the same Radiation Oncologist during weekly reviews and on the last day of treatment. Normal tissue damage was scored according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group side-effect scales. The most frequent acute complications were erythema and dry desquamation, although moist desquamation was a problem in high friction anatomical sites. The reactions were classified as severe (RTOG’2) in only one case. There was remarkable consistency in the assessment and documentation of patient education among nurses following the hospital's standard practice.
Sildenafil Plasma Concentration: Time Profile After Cimetidine Co-Administration
Authors: Thanoon J.
Published: February 2016

To assess the plasma concentration-time profile of sildenafil alone and after a single dose (400 mg) of cimetidine, with other pharmacokinetic parameters, a study was conducted at the Department of Pharmaco- logy, College of Medicine and Department of Che-mistry, College of Science, University of Mosul, from May 2008-June 2008. Twelve healthy volunteers were each given a sildenafil tablet 50 mg and blood samples were drawn at 0, 0.5,1, 2, 4, 6, 8,10 and 12 hours after administration. After a one week washout period, the same volunteers were given cimetidine 400 mg followed two hours later by sildenafil 50 mg and blood samples drawn at 0, 0.5,1,2, 4, 6, 8,10 and 12 hours after the sildenafil administration. Using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for analysis, the concentration-time profile, half-life (t1 /2), area under the curve (AUC), k (elimination) were measured. Maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and time to reach maximum plasma concentration (T max) were calculated.

Co-administration of cimetidine resulted in significantly higher plasma concentrations of sildenafil, reflected by a significant rise in AUC (p < 0.0001) and a significant increase in C max (p < 0.0001). The k (elimination) of sildenafil was significantly delayed (p < 0.0001) and the elimination half-life was prolonged (p < 0.0001).

Cimetidine through its action as an inhibitor of Cytochrome P3 A4 (the metabolic pathway of sildenafil) increases the plasma level of sildenafil as reflected by the increase in AUC, C max, 11 /2 and a significant reduction in k(elimination).
Profile of Smoking Among Primary Healthcare Doctors in Doha, Qatar 2007
Authors: Mansoura F.I. , Abdulmalik M.A. , Salama R.E.
Published: February 2016

Background: Cigarette smoking is universally acknowledged to be a health hazard. Primary care physicians have several important responsibilities, being role models, information providers, and identifiers/modifiers of risk behaviors, and researchers. They are often able to influence the behavior of their own patients as well as the society as a whole in the prevention of illness and promotion of well-being. This can be accomplished by both serving as personal role models and actively promoting healthy behavior among their patients. Doctors who smoke may have a problem in achieving these two objectives, especially when trying to convince their own patients to quit smoking. The purpose of this study was to identify smoking prevalence among primary care physicians in Doha, Qatar, and to explore how the smoking behaviors of physicians, their perceived ability to influence patient smoking behavior, and their knowledge about health outcomes related to smoking can influence their interaction with patients.

Methods: A cross-sectional, self-administered, anonymous survey was conducted in November through December 2007, among 12 primary healthcare centers in Doha. Analyses were based on responses from 151 physicians, representing an 83.8% response rate.

Results: The prevalence of smoking was 23.1% among primary care physicians, 1 5.8% of them were current smokers and 7.3% were ex-smokers. Smoking prevalence was significantly higher in men than women (12.9% vs.1.5 % regular smokers). Almost two thirds of smokers started smoking before reaching 20 years of age. Among smokers, 28.6% had previously smoked in the presence of patients and 40% of them felt ready to quit smoking within the next six months. Finally, physicians who smoke are less likely to ask their patients about their smoking behavior or believe their example is likely to influence their patients.

Conclusion: Smoking prevalence is considerably high among physicians in the 1 2 primary healthcare centers in Doha, and a large percentage of physician smoke in the presence of their patients. Physicians' smoking behavior and attitude to smoking influences whether they counsel patients regarding smoking. These results indicate a need to educate physicians in Qatar about their potential for influencing patients to not start or quit smoking. There is a need for health education campaign not only for the general population but also for healthcare workers.
Calcium Hydroxide Apexification of a Large Apical Lesion
Authors: Al Mannai A.A.
Published: February 2016

Apexification is the standard procedure for the management of immature non-vital teeth. This report presents a case of a traumatic injury to a maxillary central incisor that lead to total pulp necrosis and a large periapical lesion. Calcium hydroxide apexification was used successfully in the treatment of this case.
Epitheiial-Myoepithelial Carcinoma (EMC): Uncommon tumor with rare presentation, importance of immunohistochemistry for the diagnosis
Authors: Radi M.M. , Makki H.A. , Al Bozom I.
Published: February 2016

Epithelial myoepithelial carcinomas (EMC) are rare carcinomas of the salivary glands. We report here the 6th case of this tumor which arises at the nasal cavity. In case of any histopathological report shows up a pleomorphic adenoma in an unusual site, we highly recommended the use of immunohistochemistry assay as an important tool for the diagnosis of this tumor.
Two Cases of Recurrent Episodes of Angio Edema Without Urticaria or Pruritus
Authors: Al Marri M. , Al Nisf M. , Al Marri N.D.
Published: February 2016

A 45 years old man reports recurrent episodes of marked lip and hand swelling; without urticaria or puritus occurring during surgical procedure for lymph nodes biopsy. He was diagnosed with lymphoma six months ago. He has had three episodes of severe, campy abdominal pain and bloating lasting up to 24–36 hours on the past year. No family history of Angioedema. Work up showed: CBC, chemistry and IgE were normal. C4 was 35 mg/dL (normal 50–100 mg/dl) C1 esterase inhibitor (C1 -INH) level: 18 mg/dL (normal 18–50 mg/dl), low C1 -INH function (less than 50% of normal) and low C1 q (less than 30% of normal)
Abstracts From Other Journals
Authors: A.A. Gehani , M. Hammoudeh
Published: February 2016

Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate adherence to national guidelines on the non-pharmacologic (ablative) treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF).

Methods and Results: This prospective, observational, transversal study enrolled 1256 consecutive inpatients and outpatients referred to 43 Cardiology Departments between 1 and 31 October 2008 for the management of AF as a primary diagnosis. A rhythm-control strategy (cardioversion, antiarrhythmic medication, pace-maker implantation, substrate ablation, alone or in combination) was prescribed in 865 (69%) of the patients and a rate-control strategy [drugs, atrioventricular junction ablation and pace-maker implantation (Ablate and Pace) in 285 (23%). Specifically, substrate catheter ablation was indicated by the attending cardiologist in 187 (14.9%) patients and Ablate and Pace in 29 (2.3%). According to guideline indications, substrate catheter ablation would have been indicated in 183 (14.6%) patients, but only 105 (57%) of these were correctly identified by the attending cardiologist (K statistics for agreement for indications 0.49). Atrioventricular junction ablation and pace-maker implantation would have been indicated in 108 (8.6%) patients, but only 29 (27%) of these were correctly identified by the attending cardiologist (K statistics for agreement for indications 0.06).

Conclusion: About a quarter of patients referred to cardiology departments for AF management have potential indications for non-pharmacological treatment according to the guidelines. Substrate catheter ablation was offered by the attending cardiologist in a percentage similar to that expected, but concordance with guideline indications was moderate. Atrioventricular junction ablation and pace-maker implantation was largely underused.
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Food Safety Among Food Service Staff at Hamad General Hospital in 2006
Authors: Al Kaabi S.K. , lbrahim A.A.E. , Salama R.E.
Published: February 2016

Using a modified standard questionnaire a crosssectional study was conducted between October and December 2006 to assess knowledge, attitude and practices towards food safety measures among 43 randomly selected food service staff at Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Qatar. Knowledge, attitude and practice of food service staff towards food safety was 91.9 %, 86% and 89.7 % respectively. Many (95.3%) recognized the importance of salmonella contamination but fewer (20.9%) were aware of the significance of Hepatitis A. In general the attitudes (86%) and practices (89.7%) of the staff towards clean and safe food preparation were adequate but the basic knowledge and understanding of the reasons for the necessary practices were inadequate (91.9%). Continuous training in health education, food safety and hygiene is required for all staff involved in hospital food services.
Some of the Meningococcal Meningitis in Qatar: Epidemiology, clinical and laboratory features
Authors: Al Maslamani E. , Al Soub H. , Al Maslamani M. , Abu Khatab M.
Published: February 2016

To define the demographic, clinical and laboratory features, methods of diagnosis and outcome, in patients with meningococcal meningitis in Qatar, records were reviewed retrospectively to 25 patients (21 male, 4 female; mean age 24 years) treated for meningococcal meningitis at the Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC) between 1992 and 2008). Most (88%) were expatriates. The most common presenting symptoms were fever, vomiting, headache and altered consciousness. Neck stiffness and impaired level of consciousness were the most common signs. Elevated WBC, elevated protein and low glucose in CSF were present in 95.6%, 84% and 80% of cases respectively. Positive CSF Grainstain showing gram negative diplococci and culture growing N. meningitidis in CSF and blood were seen in 64%, 44% and 72.7% of cases respectively. The most common serotypes were Groups A and W 13 5 accounting for 50% and 25% respectively. 15.8% of isolates were intermediately resistant to penicillin, while all were sensitive to ceftriaxone. One patient (4%) died and 24 (96%) survived. Six of those who survived developed neurologic sequelae. Meningococcal meningitis remains uncommon in Qatar but the incidence has increased markedly recently especially among expatriates. Because the clinical features of the disease are non-specific, a high index of suspicion is essential for early diagnosis. Empirical treatment with ceftriaxone in a patient with suspected meningococcal meningitis seems prudent to avoid an unfavorable outcome.
Mitochondrial Disease with Myopathy
Authors: Al Khalaf J.
Published: February 2016

Mitochondrial disease with myopathy is a rare progressive disease which affects more than one system of the body. It can be diagnosed only by muscle biopsy showing ragged red fiber cells (RRFs) that requires special (trichrome) staining, often not available in routine histopathology laboratories. There is no specific treatment or cure for the condition. A case, confirmed by biopsy, is reported in a 42-year-old Qatari female suffering from previously undiagnosed chronic progressive weakness and possibly related hyperthyroidism. Muscle weakness, deafness, muscle biopsy Hyperthyroidism
The Effect of Didelphys Uterus on the Outcome of Pregnancy
Authors: Khaiyon N. , Al Saqqa M
Published: February 2016

Congenital anomalies of the uterus are often asymptomatic and unrecognized but they may affect a woman's obstetric and gynecological health. A woman with uterus didelphys and a past history of two abortions, two abnormal fetal lie and two previous cesarean sections was admitted in labor to our Obstetrics department. Delivery was smooth and successful without complications. We review briefly the literature on diagnostic methods and complications of uterine anomalies.
Seizure as a Presenting Manifestation of Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism
Authors: Abdulhadi A.S. , Parambath A.N. , AI Badri S.
Published: February 2016

A 31-year-old male presented with generalized new-onset tonic-clonic seizure related to severe hypocalcaemia (serum calcium 1.2 mmol/l) caused by idiopathic hypoparathyroidism (parathyroid hormone concentration 6pg;normal 15-65pg). Computerized tomographic scan showed bilateral, symmetrical, intracranial calcifications involving the basal ganglia and the cerebellum.There are few reports in clinical literature describing new-onset seizure caused by primary hypoparathyroidism in adulthood and hypoparathyroidism needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis of adult-onset seizure.
Abstracts from Other Journals 1
Authors: Gehani A. A. , Hammoudeh M.
Published: February 2016

Background: Cellular and animal studies suggest that hypercholesterolemia contributes to Alzheimer disease (AD).
However, the relationship between cholesterol and dementia at the population level is less clear and may vary over the lifespan.

Methods: The Prospective Population Study of Women, consisting of 1,462 women without dementia aged 38–60 years, was initiated in 1968–1969 in Gothenburg, Sweden. Follow-ups were conducted in 1974–1975, 1980–1981, 1992–1993, and 2000–2001. All-cause dementia was diagnosed according to DSM-III-R criteria and AD according to National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, Alzheimer's Disease, and Related Disorders Association criteria. Cox proportional hazards regression examined baseline, time-dependent, and change in cholesterol levels in relation to incident dementia and AD among all participants. Analyses were repeated among participants who survived to the age of 70 years or older and participated in the 2000–2001 examination.
Attitudes arid Self-care Behavior of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes attending the Emergency Department at Hamad General Hospital
Authors: Al Nuaimi S.A. , Yousif E. , Al Chetachi W.F.
Published: February 2016

Diabetes is a public health problem and optimal glycemic control requires diligent daily self-management to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with diabetes and its complications. By means of a carefully designed questionnaire, 215 patients with Type 2 diabetes who were admitted to the Emergency Department at Hamad General Hospital during the period from 1 May 2008 to 31 August 2008 were selected randomly and interviewed to determine their attitudes and behaviors influencing effective glycemic control and the extent to which they were helped by education and advice from care providers. The mean ± SD of both the total diabetes attitudes with subscales, and the self-care behaviors were measured in addition to the mean ± SD of both hemoglobin A1 c, and the number of admissions to the emergency department over the preceding six months. Participants reported the highest performance following a specific diet which had the highest significant negative correlation (r = -0.181, p = 0.009) with hemoglobin A1c as compared with the other self-care behaviors. The study emphasized the importance of improving the attitude of Type∼2 diabetics and their self-care behaviors because of the association with Emergency Department Admission and Glycemic Control. An appropriate educational approach and follow-up taking into account individual patient characteristics, needs to be implemented.
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Falls Among the Elderly in Primary Healthcare Centers (PHC) in Qatar
Authors: Almawlawi E , Al Ansari A , Ahmed A
Published: February 2016

Falling is the primary cause of accidental death in those aged 65 years and above. To determine the prevalence and risk factors for falls among the elderly in Qatar a cross-sectional study was made to 355 elderly persons attending 12 of the Primary Health Centers in Qatar. A questionnaire elicited socio-demographic data, and histories of falls in the previous 1 2 months, chronic disease, medication, and functional disabilities affecting daily life. One hundred and nineteen (34%) had fallen in the previous 12 months, half of it happened more than once, mostly inside the house, although most (87.6%) were still independent with little effect upon daily activities; women fell more than men; Qataris more than non-Qataris; there were significantly more falls in married and illiterate persons. Living alone was not a significant factor but those using walking aids and/ or not exercising were at significant risk. Some chronic diseases were significant, others not, and some medications showed a significant relationship. Environmental risk factors did not appear to be significant. This study makes some recommendations to reduce the frequency of falls in elderly persons. An extensive bibliography is appended. Key words: Elderly, Falls, PHC
Causes of Hyperferritinemia in Qatar
Authors: Hammoudeh M. , Mahdi S.
Published: February 2016

To assess the causes of high serum ferritin (over 1000 nanogram/ml) the records were reviewed of 145 samples of blood with ferritin levels over 1000 ng/ml taken in 2004 at Hamad Medical Corporation. The most common causes of hyperferritinemia in Qatar were found to be: end-stage renal failure, thalassemia major and sickle cell disease.
Prevalence of Vitamin D Insufficiency in Post-menopausal Qatari Women Attending Primary Health Care Centers in Doha, 2008
Authors: Ismail M.F.S. , Al Bashwar Z.M.
Published: February 2016

There is a growing awareness that Vitamin D sufficiency is required for optimal health during all stages of life. Inadequate Vitamin D status is increasingly recognized as common problem. To assess the serum level of 25 Hydroxyvitamin D 250 HD among healthy post-menopausal Qatari women living in Doha a crosssection randomized study of 205 post-menopausal Qatari women was conducted between 1 September 2008 and 31 April 2009 at four Primary Health Care Centers. Using interviews, a questionnaire, and a 5 ml blood sample, personal data was collected plus likely risk factors for Vitamin D insufficiency. More than onethird of the women (38.0%) had severe Vitamin D deficiency, almost half (47.3%) had mild Vitamin D deficiency, only 14.6% had a normal Vitamin D level. Risk factors were inadequate exposure to the sun, the use of sun screen, complete covering of the body with clothing, low dietary Vitamin D intake and the use of Vitamin D supplements. The study indicated clearly that hypovitaminosis D is common in post-menopausal Qatari women and that efforts are required to encourage adequate exposure to sunlight and an increased intake of fortified Vitamin D to maintain normal levels.
Solitary Extramedullary Plasmacytoma of the Larynx Presenting with Stridor as a Primary Manifestation
Authors: Al Saey H. , Larem A. , Al Sulaiti M. , Ganesan S. , Mujeeb I.B. , Bhat V.
Published: February 2016

More than 90% of malignant tumors of the larynx are squamous cell carcinomas. Extramedullary plasmacytoma is a plasma cell tumour representing less than 1 % of all head and neck malignancies and involvement of the larynx is very rare. In the larynx the supraglottis is the primary site of involvement compared to the glottic and subglottic regions. We report a case of 54-yearold Indonesian female who presented at our clinic with stridor as primary manifestation secondary to solitary extramedullar plasmacytoma involving the glottis and subglottis of the larynx. The patient underwent microlaryngoscopy, biopsy and CO2 laser excision of the tumour with significant improvement of the airway and was referred for locoregional radiotherapy. We review the literature and discuss the management of this rare condition.
Large Secondary Chordoma of Maxilla: Metastasis or Surgical Pathway Recurrence?
Authors: Al Khalil M. , Assad R.
Published: February 2016

Chordomas are rare malignant tumors arising from embryonic remnants of notochord. The usual location is the axial skeleton, with the commonest sites being, clivus and sacrococcygeal region. Naso maxillary region is a very rare site for chordomas. We present a case of chordoma in Cranio Maxillofacial Surgery of the clivus treated with surgery and radiotherapy ten years previously, who reported with an extensive secondary lesion in the maxilla and nasal cavity. Surgical management of this case is demonstrated. The question of whether the maxillary lesion represents a metastasis or a surgical pathway recurrence is discussed. The factors such as the amount of normal tissue between the original tumor and the secondary lesion, presence or absence of recognizable lymphatic or perineural pathway of spread, presence or absence of other metastatic lesions are important in distinguishing marginal recurrences from surgical pathway recurrences. Modifications of surgical, chemotherapy(2) and radiotherapy regimens are considered in the light of the aforementioned factors.
Hemoptysis in TB Endemic Area. Think Again!
Authors: Omokehinde T.R. , El Esnawi M.A. , Jagboto S. , Arogundade R.
Published: February 2016

This case report illustrates an acute presentation of hemoptysis in a 21-year-old man from a TB endemic region. Further clinical evaluation resulted in extensive hypercoagulability complications of nephritic syndrome due to idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN.) This emphasizes that proteinuria seen at a subnephrotic level, or on urine dipstick in a setting where glomerular disease might not be initially apparent, may warrant a keener look.
Malignant Hyperpyrexia in Cervical Spine Injury
Authors: Arumugam S.K. , Balakrishnan S. , Parchani A. , Sheikh N.
Published: February 2016

Pyrexia is an elevation of body temperature above the normal range due to an increase in the hypothalamic thermoregulatory set point. Hyperpyrexia is an extreme elevation of body temperature equal to or greater than 41.5°C (106.7°F). (1) Malignant hyperpyrexia is a rare and idiopathic extreme elevation of core body temperature above 42°C characterized by the acute onset of hyperthermia, coagulopathy and shock. (2) It is potentially life-threatening and can rapidly progress to severe liver and renal impairment, acidosis and encephalopathy. Reported here is a case of malignant hyperpyrexia in a patient with injury of the cervical spine.
Malignant Potential of Endometrial Polyps: A retrospective study
Authors: Mohammed A.B. , Bayo Al. , Rizwan A.
Published: February 2016

To estimate the potential risk of malignancy in endometrial polyps and to investigate the possible clinical risk factors. Clinical, sonographic, hysteroscopic and pathological data were reviewed of 337 women with pathologically confirmed endometrial polyps diagnosed in Qatar between 2000 and 2010. The polyps were benign in 95.6% of cases, pre-malignant in 2.3%, and malignant in 2.1 % of cases. Advanced age, menopausal status and vaginal bleeding were strongly associated with atypical hyperplasia and cancer. There appeared to be no association between the risk of malignancy and other clinical risk factors.

Conclusions: There is a small risk of malignancy in endometrial polyps, mainly in post-menopausal patients of advanced age with symptomatic vaginal bleeding. In these circumstances, endometrial polyps should be managed aggressively as potential cancer and removalfor histology is mandatory.
Tuberculous Tenosynovitis of the Hand: A Case Series
Authors: Al Khafaji A.S.
Published: February 2016

Tuberculous Tenosynovitis of the hand usually presents late because of its non-specific nature that starts insidiously and becomes indolent. Although most of the tuberculous tenosynovitis reported has been the primary focus of the disease, tuberculous tenosynovitis of the hand can be the presenting feature of multiple foci skeletal tuberculosis. In this case series we report three cases of tuberculous tenosynovitis with three different presentations; the definitive diagnosis being made by biopsy and tissue culture. Combined early surgical intervention and chemotherapy was the definitive treatment although the courses of treatment and outcomes differed.
Abstracts “From Qatar to the World”
Authors: Hammoudeh M. , Gehani A. A.
Published: February 2016

Background: Ocular trauma is a significant problem in pediatric patients. Also, leads to visual loss throughout the world there are no data of pediatric ocular trauma in Arabian Gulf Countries in the current literature.

Aim: To study the epidemiology, mechanism, causes and outcome of serious ocular trauma requiring hospital admission, in children below 16 years of age.

Study design: A retrospective cohort study. Subjects: All pediatric patients (up to 16 years of age) presenting with ocular injuries to a tertiary care pediatric ophthalmology and Pediatric Accident Emergency Department January 1, 2005 to December 30,2009.
Oral Health Status of 15-year-old Qatari Students
Authors: Abu Shawish GK , Abbas DK
Published: February 2016

To determine the oral health status of 15-yearold. Qatari students, 527 (216 males, 311 females) were selected randomly from five regions of Qatar to be examined according to World Health Organization standards using the standardized simplified version of Community Periodontal Index (CPI) to evaluate the severity and prevalence of periodontal diseases. The oral health status was recorded by the simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S) and teeth status was recorded using index decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT). One-third of the students (36.33%) with a mean sextant of (2.18) presented with completely healthy periodontal tissues; the highest prevalence of periodontal status was related to bleeding (39.73%) with a mean sextant of (2.38); the prevalence of calculus was 20.26% (1.21). Dental caries was high, more than 60% of teeth examined were found to be decayed. Male students showed more decay than females (74.15%, 64.8% respectively). More males (33.33%) failed to brush their teeth than females (11.89%). While 41 % of girls brushed their teeth more than once daily only 22.22% of the boys claimed to brush more than once a day. Most students needed motivation and instruction in oral hygiene; one-third required removal of calculus. Deep scaling and complex periodontal treatment was needed for 60% of the teeth examined were decayed only 0.21 sextants per subject. To achieve the WHO goals greater effort must be directed towards the implementation of effective preventive programs in Qatar.
Agricultural Sub-Sectors Performance: An Analysis of Sector-Wise Share in Agriculture GDP of Pakistan
Authors: Chandio Abbas Ali , Yuansheng Jiang , Magsi Habibullah
Published: February 2016

This study focused on the agricultural sub-sectors performance: an analysis of sector-wise share in agriculture GDP in Pakistan by using secondary data from 1998 to 2015. Ordinary Least Square (OLS); an econometric method was applied to estimate the model parameters. For this purpose the study considered dependent variable of agriculture GDP and several independent variables were contain major, minor crops, livestock and forestry. The empirical results indicate that agricultural sub-sectors contribute positively and significantly in the agriculture GDP. However, forestry sub-sector had expected sign but the variable was not significant. In agriculture, forestry sub-sector share was considered very poor compared with other sub-sectors could be due to less attention paid from the government. The results suggest that the Government of Pakistan should make some intervention in the agricultural sub-sectors by introducing innovative agriculture technologies that could improve the sub-sectors share in the overall agriculture GDP.
The Influence of Economic Growth on the Degree of Autonomy of the Regions and the Absorption of Labor and Social Welfare: Regencies and Cities of Maluku Province
Authors: Daud Nahu
Published: February 2016

This research aims (1) to analyze and test the influence of economic growth on the degree of autonomy the area in County Government and city of Maluku Province, (2) Analyze and test the influence of economic growth on the absorption of labor on County Government and city of Maluku province (3) Analyze and test the influence of economic growth on the welfare of society at the County Government and the city of Maluku province (4) Analyze and test the influence of degree of autonomous region of absorption of labor on County Government and city of Maluku province, (5) Analyze and test the influence of the degree of autonomy the area of social welfare in the Government District and the city of Maluku province (6) Analyze and test the influence of absorption of labor against the welfare of the community on County Government and City Maluku province. The approach used is the analysis of Path Analysis, intended to answer a relationship direct or indirect causal model has been developed on the basis of theoretical consideration of researchers and certain knowledge. In addition to the causal relationship is based on the data, also based on knowledge, the formulation of hypotheses and logical analysis, so that it can be called path analysis can be used to test a set of causal hypotheses as well as to interpret these relationships.

The results showed (1) economic growth positively and significantly influence the degree of autonomy of the region. These results lend support to the hypothesis of one stating that economic growth was a significant influence on the degree of autonomy of the region. (2) The influential economic growth positively and significantly to labor absorption. These results lend support to the hypothesis of two stating that the influential economic growth dramatically to labor absorption. (3) Economic growth positively and significantly influences the well-being of the community. These results provide support for the three hypotheses which state that the economic growth affects significantly to the well-being of society. (4) The degree of autonomy the positive and significant effect of absorption of labor. (5) The degree of autonomy to the region in a positive and significant effect on the welfare of society. (6) The positive impact of labor absorption and significantly to the well-being of society. (7) The results of the discussion to confirm that economic growth affectsconsiderably to the well-being of the community through the degree of autonomy of the regions and the absorption of labor. Significant influence occurs because the existence of a direct relationship with the role of the community.
Adverbs in Saudi Northern Region Dialect of Arabic (SNRDA)
Authors: AlShammiry Khalaf M. J.
Published: February 2016

With my belief that there is not a comprehensive theory of adverb position, Iatridou (1990), Bobaljik & Jonas (1996), in this paper, I investigate the morph-syntax and distribution of adverbs in one of the Saudi dialects, Saudi Northern Region Dialect of Arabic (SNRDA); a dialect that is spoken in the Northern Region of Saudi Arabia. I will show that adverbs at least in SNRDA are not descriptively as simple as it is assumed for other dialects of Arabic studied by Nuha (2005) and in the Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) investigated by Fassi (1997, 1998). What is interesting in this dialect is that intonation plays role in where the adverbs appear and how they are interpreted; in addition, with the change of the adverb position, there is a change in the meaning. The contribution of this paper is that it discusses adverbs in a dialect which many of its syntactic facts remain largely un-described and adds to our understanding of the syntactic behavior of the adverbs.
Sociolinguistic Influences on the Quality of Interpreting for Foreign African Immigrants in South African Courtrooms
Authors: Usadolo Sam Erevbenagie
Published: February 2016

The study presents some sociolinguistic influences on the quality of interpreting for foreign African immigrants in South African courtrooms. Data was collected using observation of courtroom proceedings and unstructured interviews. The sociolinguistic influences identified can be linked to factors such as the notion of equivalence, misunderstandings about the role of the interpreter by principal actors, code-switching, and interpreting in the first person and third person by interpreters. These factors are discussed in terms of their negative influences on the quality of interpreting and how they can be mitigated. Finally, based on the identified limitation of the study, suggestions for further study are given.