bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Screening of different sample types associated with sheep and cattle for the presence of nematophagous fungi in China
Authors: Cai Kui‐Zheng , Liu Jun‐Lin , Liu Wei , Wang Bo‐Bo , Xu Qiang , Sun Long‐Jie , Chen Ming‐Yue , Zhao Ming‐Wang , Wu Jia‐Yan , Li Xiao‐Shan , Yang Jing , Wei Shuan , Chen Chun‐Rong , Ma Zhong‐Ren , Xu Chun‐Lan , Wang Feng , Hu Qian‐Lin , Fang Wen‐Xiu , Zheng Tian‐Hui , Wang Yue‐Ying , Zhu Wen‐Long , Li Dan , Li Qing , Zhang Chao , Cai Bing , Wang Fan , Yang Zai‐Yun , Liu Yan‐Qiu
Published: September 2015

A total of 1502 samples, including feces of sheep (793) and cattle (348), pasture soil (118), dung compost (147) and barn soil (96), were examined between October 2012 and August 2014 to discover potential strains of nematophagous fungi for the biological control of livestock‐parasitic nematodes. These samples were collected from 87 sites located in 48 counties of 20 provinces (autonomous regions/municipalities) of China. Fungi were identified down to a species level. Four hundred and seventy‐seven isolates, which were distributed in 8 genera and 28 taxa, were identified as nematophagous fungi. Nematode‐trapping fungi included 17 species and one unidentified species of Arthrobotrys, two of Dactylella, Drechslerella dactyloides, and Duddingtonia flagrans. Five identified species and two unidentified species of endoparasitic fungi were isolated. The predominant species from all regions were Arthrobotrys oligospora, followed by Arthrobotrys musiformis, Arthrobotrys (Monacrosporium) thaumasiun, and Arthrobotrys (Monacrosporium) microscaphoides. Species with adhesive networks were the most frequently isolated. Among the endoparasitic fungi, Podocrella harposporifera (Harposporium anguillulae) was the most common species, followed by Harposporium lilliputanum and Harposporium arcuatum. Based on Shannon diversity index, the diversity levels of nematophagous fungi were relatively higher in samples associated with cattle, barn soil, and subtropical monsoon climate zone. Three species isolated from this study, namely, Duddingtonia flagrans, Arthrobotrys salina (Monacrosporium salinum), and Arthrobotrys oligospora var. sarmatica, are newly recorded in China, and 20 species (including one unidentified species) are newly recorded in sheep and cattle barn soils worldwide.
Dehydrogenase genes in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Tricholoma vaccinum: A role for Ald1 in mycorrhizal symbiosis
Authors: Henke Catarina , Jung Elke‐Martina , Voit Annekatrin , Kothe Erika , Krause Katrin
Published: September 2015

Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis is important for forest ecosystem functioning with tree‐fungal cooperation increasing performance and countering stress conditions. Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) are key enzymes for detoxification and thus may play a role in stress response of the symbiotic association. With this focus, eight dehydrogenases, Ald1 through Ald7 and TyrA, of the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Tricholoma vaccinum were characterized and phylogenetically investigated. Functional analysis was performed through differential expression analysis by feeding different, environmentally important substances. A strong effect of indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) was identified, linking mycorrhiza formation and auxin signaling between the symbiosis partners. We investigated ald1 overexpressing strains for performance in mycorrhiza with the host tree spruce (Picea abies) and observed an increased width of the apoplast, accommodating the Hartig’ net hyphae of the T. vaccinum over‐expressing transformants. The results support a role for Ald1 in ectomycorrhiza formation and underline functional differentiation within fungal aldehyde dehydrogenases in the family 1 of ALDHs.
Taste disturbance following tongue base resection for OSA
Authors: Lin Hsin‐Ching , Hwang Michelle S. , Liao Chang‐Chuan , Friedman Michael
Published: September 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

To investigate taste disturbance (TD) following endoscopic coblator open tongue base resection (Eco‐TBR) for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)–hypopnea syndrome.

Study Design

A retrospective study in a tertiary academic medical center.

Methods

Eighty patients with OSA who failed continuous positive airway pressure therapy and underwent Eco‐TBR for the tongue base obstruction were enrolled in this study. Taste changes and complications were examined before and after surgery. The standard three‐drop‐method gustatory function test was used to study taste status preoperatively and at 7 days, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively.

Results

Six female and 74 male patients with OSA (mean age, 42.6 years; mean apnea–hypopnea index, 48.9/hour) had a minimum follow‐up of 3 months and complete data available for analysis. One patient had postoperative oral bleeding. No long‐term obvious dysphagia was encountered. Twelve patients had obvious TD in the four basic tastes (sweet, sour, salty, and bitter). At 3 months postoperative time, eight patients still had changes in taste sensation; however, the TD severity decreased and did not impact the patients' regular social life. The percentage of taste changes by time after Eco‐TBR was between 13.8% and 17.5%.

Conclusion

This study shows Eco‐TBR may contribute to postoperative TD. The surgeons should clearly inform the OSA patient about the possibility of TDs after tongue base resection.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 126:1009–1013, 2016
Water temperature alters predation risk and the adaptive landscape of induced defenses in plankton communities
Authors: Riessen Howard P.
Published: September 2015

Water temperature influences many biological processes in zooplankton, including those that affect interactions with predators. These relationships help shape the impact of predation and the development of prey defenses. Many freshwater zooplankton develop induced morphological defenses in response to the presence of various invertebrate predators, a phenomenon that often has a seasonal pattern (cyclomorphosis) in which defenses are enhanced during summer when temperatures are highest. Here, I examine this relationship of water temperature to predation risk and the development of induced defenses by developing a life history model for the common pond‐dwelling water flea, Daphnia pulex and its response to predation by larvae of the phantom midge, Chaoborus, which involves the induction of defensive neck spines in the presence of predator kairomones. The model analyzes the influence of water temperature on Daphnia instar development time and body size, and on the encounter rate between Daphnia and Chaoborus, all of which affect the vulnerability of Daphnia to this gape‐limited ambush predator. It then assesses the costs and benefits of neck spine development, and thus its fitness consequences, in different temperature environments. Higher water temperatures increase predation risk for Daphnia, resulting in greater fitness advantages in producing induced defenses, but only at relatively high predator densities. This effect is greater at higher levels of food resources for the prey. These results demonstrate the importance of water temperature in influencing predation in plankton communities and help explain the phenomenon of cyclomorphosis in zooplankton, in which induced morphological defenses are limited to summer.
Scarcity Message Effects on Consumption Behavior: Limited Edition Product Considerations
Authors: Jang Wonseok Eric , Ko Yong Jae , Morris Jon D. , Chang Yonghwan
Published: September 2015

Recently, many luxury brands have begun to launch limited edition (LE) products. When this happens, advertisers implement two typical types of scarcity messages for LE products: limited‐time scarcity (LTS) versus limited‐quantity scarcity (LQS) messages (Cialdini, 2008). Prior research offered empirical evidence that these scarcity messages make consumers feel that LE products are more special, unique, and valuable, and thus, positively influence their evaluation of the product (Aggarwal, Jun, & Huh, 2011). The current study examined the differential effects of LTS and LQS messages on different types of LE products by focusing on consumers’ need for uniqueness.
The Effects of Rhetorical Figures and Cognitive Load in Word‐of‐Mouth Communications
Authors: Fox Gavin L. , Rinaldo Shannon B. , Amant Kirk St.
Published: September 2015

Advertising messages often are intended to ignite large‐scale word‐of‐mouth campaigns among consumers. Drawing primarily from memetic theory, cognitive fit theory, and perceptual fluency, this research examines how rhetoric and cognitive load interact to enhance or diminish desirable effects such as retention of the original intent of the message (copy‐fidelity) and engendering a desire to pass the message along (fecundity). Certain types of rhetoric are shown to aid this process by making some messages more attractive for retransmission and increasing retention of the original message, while cognitive load modifies which types are effective in accordance with cognitive fit and perceptual fluency. The results suggest that low‐deviation high‐complexity message forms (known as reversal) are the most effective for creating positive word‐of‐mouth outcomes and limiting potentially negative outcomes. Additionally, the results show that destabilization messages are more likely to yield mutated word‐of‐mouth messages that consumers still feel a strong desire to pass along to others. For practitioners, the results indicate what message forms should be used to effectively spark word‐of‐mouth campaigns.
A Light‐Controlled Release System Based on Molecular Recognition of Cyclodextrins
Authors: Lee Isaac Eng Ting , Hashidzume Akihito , Harada Akira
Published: September 2015

This Communication describes a new light‐controlled release system based on molecular recognition of cyclodextrins. Azobenzene (Azo) residue is employed as a photoresponsive guest residue because it can switch the partner from α‐cyclodextrin (αCD) to β‐cyclodextrin (βCD) by irradiation with UV light. Poly(sodium acrylate)s possessing αCD, βCD, and Azo residues (pAαCD, pAβCD, and pAAzo, respectively) are mixed in aqueous solutions to form aggregates through the formation of inclusion complexes of Azo with αCD and/or βCD. A chemical cargo, 1‐pyrenemethylammonium chloride (PyMA), is contained in the aggregates, and its release behavior is investigated by dialysis experiments under UV irradiation. These data indicate that the amount of PyMA released for the pAαCD/pAβCD/pAAzo ternary mixture is approximately three times as high as those for the pAαCD/pAAzo and pAβCD/pAAzo binary mixtures because of the light‐controlled rearrangement of inclusion complexes.

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Progressive retinal structure abnormalities in multiple system atrophy
Authors: Mendoza‐Santiesteban Carlos E. , Palma Jose‐Alberto , Martinez Jose , Norcliffe‐Kaufmann Lucy , Hedges Thomas R. , Kaufmann Horacio
Published: September 2015

Background

Objective measures of disease progression that can be used as endpoints in clinical trials of MSA are necessary. We studied retinal thickness in patients with MSA and assessed changes over time to determine its usefulness as an imaging biomarker of disease progression.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional study including 24 patients with MSA, 20 with PD, and 35 controls, followed by a longitudinal study of 13 MSA patients. Patients were evaluated with high‐definition optical coherence tomography and the Unified Multiple System Atrophy Rating Scale. Evaluations were performed at baseline and at consecutive follow‐up visits for up to 26 months.

Results

MSA subjects had normal visual acuity and color discrimination. Compared to controls, retinal nerve fiber layer (P = 0.008 and P = 0.001) and ganglion cell complex (P = 0.013 and P = 0.001) thicknesses were reduced in MSA and PD. No significant differences between MSA and PD were found. Over time, in patients with MSA, there was a significant reduction of the retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell complex thicknesses, with estimated annual average losses of 3.7 and 1.8 μm, respectively.

Conclusions

Visually asymptomatic MSA patients exhibit progressive reductions in the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer and, to a lesser extent, in the macular ganglion cell complex, which can be quantified by high‐definition optical coherence tomography. Specific patterns of retinal nerve fiber damage could be a useful imaging biomarker of disease progression in future clinical trials. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Optimal control applied on an HIV‐1 within‐host model
Authors: Rahmoun Amel , Ainseba Bedreddine , Benmerzouk Djamila
Published: September 2015

The treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a major challenge, even if significant progress has been made in infection treatment by ‘drug cocktails’. Nowadays, research trend is to minimize the number of pills taken when treating infection. In this paper, an HIV‐1 within host model where healthy cells follow a simple logistic growth is considered. Basic reproduction number of the model is calculated using next generation matrix method, steady states are derived; their local, as well as global stability, is discussed using the Routh–Hurwitz criteria, Lyapunov functions and the Lozinskii measure approach. The optimal control policy is formulated and solved as an optimal control problem. Numerical simulations are performed to compare several cases, representing a treatment by Interleukin2 alone, classical treatment by multitherapy drugs alone, then both treatments at the same time. Objective functionals aim to (i) minimize infected cells quantity; (ii) minimize free virus particles number; and (iii) maximize healthy cells density in blood. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanomaterialien retten den Heiligen
Authors: Ziegenbalg Gerald
Published: September 2015

Calciumhydroxidsole mit Partikelgrößen zwischen 50 und 250 nm sind eine leistungsstarke Alternative zu konventionellen Materialien, um Steinbauten zu restaurieren und zu konservieren.
Light Sheet Microscopy Turned Vertically
Authors: Köster Isabelle , Haas Petra
Published: September 2015

Living cells and organisms often suffer from the high light intensities used for fluorescent imaging. Light sheet microscopy reduces phototoxic effects and bleaching by illuminating a specimen in only a single plane at a time. A new light sheet microscope combines light sheet and confocal microscopy in one system without compromising either functionality and allows the combination of the two methods, e.g. confocal photomanipulation with subsequent light sheet acquisition, for new applications.
Fast Mover
Authors: Stankiewicz Maciej , Softley Chris , Yates Chris
Published: September 2015

The realm of high‐speed imaging traditionally provides some of the most visually appealing images for the non‐specialist. From bullets passing through objects to the minute details of animal behaviour, the ability to freeze time opens the way to unique insights into the world around us, as well as providing a valuable tool for analysis and test in an industrial environment. Often associated with high costs and complex operation, new approaches to capturing critical high‐speed events are being developed which can enable scientists and engineers to use high‐speed imaging as a routine tool rather than a specialist discipline. By synchronizing high‐power illumination pulses with tightly controlled image sensor exposures, while at the same time providing on‐board image storage and in‐situ processing, a simple and flexible highspeed imaging architecture is realized, capable of wide ranging application.
Water‐dispersive PLA‐based materials: from reactive melt processing to properties
Authors: Persenaire Olivier , Vincente Robert Quintana , Bonnaud Leïla , Lemmouchi Yahia , Dubois Philippe
Published: September 2015

Melt blending of poly(l‐lactide) (PLLA) and water‐soluble polymers was carried out through reactive melt processing with the objective to prepare water‐dispersible PLLA‐based materials. For this purpose, both polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) were considered. Prior to melt blending, the preparation of plasticized PVOH and plasticized HEC was performed. The so‐obtained blends have been characterized in terms of morphology and thermomechanical properties. The morphological analysis evidenced the possibility to prepare co‐continuous PLLA/plasticized HEC blends. Nevertheless, their low melt strength did not allow producing monofilaments by melt spinning. Thus, PVOH was considered as an alternative to HEC. The results showed that using maleic anhydride‐grafted polylactide as a compatibilizer for PLLA/plasticized PVOH 40/60 (w/w) blends allowed preparing co‐continuous blends leading to tough monofilaments with high ultimate elongation. Moreover, the assessment of the water dispersiveness revealed that the monofilaments readily swelled in water and started to break up after 30 min. A full fragmentation of the monofilaments was observed within 1 hr. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biodegradable carrier/gene complexes to mediate the transfection and proliferation of human vascular endothelial cells
Authors: Yang Jing , Feng Yakai , Zhang Li
Published: September 2015

Artificial vascular scaffolds have been developed and used clinically for many years, but the lack of a living functional layer of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) remains a significant challenge, especially for small diameter artificial blood vessels. Endothelialization of artificial vascular scaffolds has been proved as one of the most potential approaches to improve their hemocompatibility and long‐term patency. A variety of non‐viral gene carriers have been investigated to mediate the transfection and proliferation of HUVECs. In this mini‐review, we will summarize the recent development of the non‐viral gene carriers for transfecting HUVECs. The gene transfection with targeting ligand immobilized carriers is a promising approach to enhance endothelialization of artificial vascular scaffolds. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The course of psychiatric co‐morbidity in patients with breast cancer – results from the prospective multi‐centre BRENDA II study
Authors: Singer Susanne , Schwentner Lukas , van Ewijk Reyn , Blettner Maria , Wöckel Achim , Kühn Thorsten , Felberbaum Ricardo , Flock Felix , Janni Wolfgang ,   for the BRENDA Study Group
Published: September 2015

Purpose

This study examined the frequency of psychiatric co‐morbidity in patients with breast cancer, its changes over time and predictors for these changes.

Methods

In a prospective study with measurements before surgery (t1, baseline), 1 month (t2) and 8 months thereafter (t3) using the Patient Health Questionnaire, we examined the course of psychiatric co‐morbidity in breast cancer patients. The co‐morbidity courses were grouped into healthy (no co‐morbidity during the study), acute (co‐morbidity at t1 and/or t2, but not at t3), emerging (no co‐morbidity at t1, but at t3) and chronic (co‐morbidity at t1 and t3).

Results

Of the 598 participants, 19% had acute, 10% emerging and 9% chronic psychiatric co‐morbidity. Acute co‐morbidity was more common in patients with poor quality of life (odds ratio (OR) 9.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.4–20.8) and somatic co‐morbidity (OR 3.8, CI 1.1–12.4). Patients who perceived support from their doctors had acute co‐morbidity less frequently (OR 0.7, CI 0.5–1.0). Emerging co‐morbidity occurred more often in younger patients (OR 2.4, CI 1.2–4.7) and in patients with another cancer in their own (OR 2.0, CI 1.1–3.9) or family (OR 2.1, CI 1.1–4.3) histories, less often in patients with support from doctors (OR 0.6, CI 0.4–1.0). Chronic co‐morbidity was related to poor quality of life (OR 12.1, CI 3.6–39.9).

Conclusion

We found acute and emerging psychiatric co‐morbidities less often in patients who reported having a supportive doctor–patient relationship. Patients that require psycho‐oncological support often have poor quality of life and have experienced cancer before. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomic and lipidomic analyses of paraoxonase defined high density lipoprotein particles: Association of paraoxonase with the anti‐coagulant, protein S
Authors: Moren Xenia , Lhomme Marie , Bulla Alexandre , Sanchez Jean‐Charles , Kontush Anatol , James Richard W.
Published: September 2015

Purpose

Characterizing high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles and their relevance to HDL function is a major research objective. One aim is to identify functionally distinct particles. To try to limit both functional and compositional heterogeneity the present study focused on paraoxonase‐1 (PON1) as a target for isolation of a minor HDL subfraction.

Experimental design

Immunoaffinity techniques were applied to isolate PON1‐containing HDL (P‐HDL) and total HDL (T‐HDL), which were subsequently characterized and compared.

Results

Analyses of the lipidomes showed significant differences between the fractions in the relative concentrations of individual lipid subspecies, notably reduced levels of unsaturated lysophosphatidylcholine (p < 0.05) in P‐HDL (reflected in a significantly reduced total lysophosphatidylcholine polyunsaturated fatty acid content, p < 0.004). Significant differences were also observed for the proteomes. P‐HDL was highly enriched in the anti‐coagulant, vitamin K activated protein S (prot S) (p < 0.0001), and alpha2 macroglobulin (p < 0.01), compared to T‐HDL. Conversely, procoagulant proteins kininogen 1 and histidine‐rich glycoprotein were largely excluded from P‐HDL. Immunoabsorption of PON1 from plasma significantly reduced prot S anti‐coagulant activity.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

The P‐HDL lipidome and proteome showed significant differences from T‐HDL. Enrichment in anti‐coagulation proteins indicates complementary functionalities within P‐HDL particles and underlines their anti‐atherosclerotic potential.
On the algebraic curves for circular and folded strings in AdS5×S5
Authors: Arnaudov Dimo , Rashkov Radoslav C. , Vetsov Tsvetan
Published: September 2015

There have been recent advances in the construction of algebraic curves for certain classes of string solutions in the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence. In this paper we obtain the Lax operators and associated spectral curves for circular and folded string solutions in AdS. In addition, we provide an original approach for the reconstruction of string solutions in S3 from their corresponding curves.
Influence of sesamin on CYP2C‐mediated diclofenac metabolism: in vitro and in vivo analysis
Authors: Yasuda Kaori , Ueno Sera , Ueda Erika , Nishikawa Miyu , Takeda Kie , Kamakura Masaki , Ikushiro Shinichi , Sakaki Toshiyuki
Published: September 2015

Our previous studies revealed that sesamin caused a mechanism‐based inhibition (MBI) of CYP2C9 in human liver microsomes. Additionally, we observed a similar MBI of CYP2C by sesamin in the rat liver microsomes. Sesamin‐induced difference spectra of rat or human liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH showed a peak at 459 nm, suggesting the formation of a metabolic–intermediate (MI) complex of cytochrome P450 and the methylenedioxyphenyl group of sesamin. However, the peak disappeared in both liver microsomes within 30 min after the termination of the metabolism. These results suggest that the MI complex of cytochrome P450 and sesamin is unstable, and the effects of sesamin on human CYP2C9‐ or rat CYP2C‐mediated drug metabolism may be small. To confirm this, in vivo studies using rats were performed. The pharmacokinetics of diclofenac, which is mainly metabolized by CYP2C11 in male rats, were investigated after a 3‐days administration of sesamin (0, 10, and 100 mg/kg bw). No significant differences were observed among the three groups in the pharmacokinetic parameters, Cmax, Tmax, and AUC. Furthermore, administration of sesamin to rats for 7 days had no significant effects on diclofenac hydroxylation activity in rat liver microsomes. These results demonstrate that no significant interaction occurs between diclofenac and sesamin in rats. Moreover, the results of these in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that no significant interaction may occur between sesamin and diclofenac when sesamin is administered to humans as a supplement, since the standard sesamin dose in humans is much lower than that administered to rats in this study.
In vitro pharmacological profiling of R406 identifies molecular targets underlying the clinical effects of fostamatinib
Authors: Rolf Michael G. , Curwen Jon O. , Veldman‐Jones Margaret , Eberlein Cath , Wang Jianyan , Harmer Alex , Hellawell Caroline J. , Braddock Martin
Published: September 2015

Off‐target pharmacology may contribute to both adverse and beneficial effects of a new drug. In vitro pharmacological profiling is often applied early in drug discovery; there are fewer reports addressing the relevance of broad profiles to clinical adverse effects. Here, we have characterized the pharmacological profile of the active metabolite of fostamatinib, R406, linking an understanding of drug selectivity to the increase in blood pressure observed in clinical studies. R406 was profiled in a broad range of in vitro assays to generate a comprehensive pharmacological profile and key targets were further investigated using functional and cellular assay systems. A combination of traditional literature searches and text‐mining approaches established potential mechanistic links between the profile of R406 and clinical side effects. R406 was selective outside the kinase domain, with only antagonist activity at the adenosine A3 receptor in the range relevant to clinical effects. R406 was less selective in the kinase domain, having activity at many protein kinases at therapeutically relevant concentrations when tested in multiple in vitro systems. Systematic literature analyses identified KDR as the probable target underlying the blood pressure increase observed in patients. While the in vitro pharmacological profile of R406 suggests a lack of selectivity among kinases, a combination of classical searching and text‐mining approaches rationalized the complex profile establishing linkage between off‐target pharmacology and clinically observed effects. These results demonstrate the utility of in vitro pharmacological profiling for a compound in late‐stage clinical development.
On constructing practical multi‐recipient key‐encapsulation with short ciphertext and public key
Authors: Yang Zheng
Published: September 2015

In this paper, we introduce a novel multiple‐recipient key‐encapsulation mechanism (mKEM) scheme which takes as input multiple public keys and outputs a single key shared by corresponding recipients. We focus on seeking practical construction for mKEM with short ciphertext and public key. Our scheme is IND‐CCA2 secure without random oracles. The security is reduced to a new variant of square bilinear Diffie–Hellman assumption. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation between localized plastic deformation and localized corrosion in AA2099 aluminum‐lithium alloy
Authors: Huang Weijiu , Ma Yanlong , Zhou Xiaorong , Meng Xiaomin , Liao Yi , Chai Linjiang , Yi Yanan , Zhang Xinxin
Published: September 2015

Localized corrosion in an AA2099‐T83 aluminum–lithium alloy has been correlated with localized plastic deformation (LPD) introduced by cold working. The high population density of dislocations in the slip bands associated with LPD promoted preferential precipitation of needle‐shaped T1 (Al2CuLi) phase during artificial aging. Consequently, preferential attack of the electrochemically active T1 phase in corrosive environment resulted in selective corrosion of the bands, leading to the development of the characteristic morphology of narrow, parallel volume of corrosion. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Momentum transfer effects in near surface electron energy loss
Authors: Calliari L. , Fanchenko S.
Published: September 2015

We examine two formulations for the differential surface excitation parameter (DSEP): one provided by Tung et al. and the other given by the Chen–Kwei position‐dependent differential inverse inelastic mean free path integrated over the electron trajectory. We demonstrate that the latter converges to the former provided that the dielectric function of the solid does not depend on the momentum transfer or it depends on just the momentum transfer component parallel to the surface. Tung's DSEP represents therefore an approximation to the Chen–Kwei DSEP calculated for a dielectric function with no restrictions on the momentum dependence. The approximation is shown to work in the limit of small momentum transfer and to imply an error of 4%–5% for electrons traveling through the solid with energy E = 1 keV. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Component‐Specific Analysis of Plasma Protein Corona Formation on Gold Nanoparticles Using Multiplexed Surface Plasmon Resonance
Authors: Patra Abhijeet , Ding Tao , Engudar Gokce , Wang Yi , Dykas Michal Marcin , Liedberg Bo , Kah James Chen Yong , Venkatesan Thirumalai , Drum Chester Lee
Published: September 2015

At the nano–bio interface, human plasma differentially interacts with engineered nanomaterials through the creation of protein coronas, which in turn become primary determinants of both the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of circulating nanoparticles. Here, for the first time, the specific binding kinetics of the four major corona forming proteins (human serum albumin, fibrinogen, ApoA1, and polyclonal IgG) are determined for gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Using a multiplexed surface plasmonic assay, highly reproducible measurements of on rate (kon), off rate (koff), and disassociation constant (KD), in addition to relative amounts of protein binding, are obtained. Dramatic differences in kon for individual components are shown as primary determinants of protein affinities, with kon ranging over nearly two orders of magnitude for the proteins studied, while koff remains within a factor of two for the set. The effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) modification on plasma component binding is also studied and the effect of PEG length on human serum interaction is characterized through systematic screening of PEG molecular weight (2–30k). The effect of nanoparticle modification on particle targeting is also characterized through study of a hybrid AuNP system.
Knowing Differently in Systemic Intervention
Authors: Rajagopalan Raghav , Midgley Gerald
Published: September 2015

This paper makes the case for extended ways of knowing in systemic intervention. It argues that the deployment of formal (even reflective) thinking and dialogue methods are inadequate, on their own, to the critical tasks of comprehending larger wholes and appreciating others' viewpoints. Theory and techniques need to go further and access other forms of knowing, held in experiential, practical or symbolic ways. This could offer a better basis to incorporate marginalized people and other phenomena that are affected by interventions but do not have a voice, such as ecosystems and future generations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Very High Cycle Fatigue of Two Ductile Iron Grades
Authors: Bergström Jens , Burman Christer , Svensson Jonas , Jansson Andreas , Ivansson Charlotta , Zhou Jing , Valizadeh Sima
Published: September 2015

Two ductile iron grades, EN‐GJS‐600‐3 a ferritic–pearlitic grade, and EN‐GJS‐600‐10 a silicon strengthened ferritic nodular iron grade, are studied in the very high cycle fatigue range using a 20 kHz ultrasonic test equipment. Fatigue strengths and SN‐curves are achieved, and fracture surfaces and microstructures are investigated. The ferritic grade with higher ductility displays a lower fatigue strength at 108 load cycles than the ferritic–pearlitic grade, 142 and 167 MPa, respectively. Examination of fracture surfaces shows that fatigue failures are controlled by micropores in both of the ductile iron grades, while the graphite nodule distributions do not seem to influence the difference in fatigue strengths. Prediction of the fatigue strengths, using a model for ductile iron proposed by Endo and Yanase, indicates a large potential for improvement in particular for the ferritic grade.
Morphological, rheological and in vitro digestibility characteristics of gelatinized starch dispersion under repeated freeze‐thaw cycles
Authors: Vernon‐Carter Eduardo Jaime , Bello‐Pérez Luis Arturo , Lobato‐Calleros Consuelo , Hernández‐Jaimes Carmen , Meraz Monica , Alvarez‐Ramirez Jose
Published: September 2015

In this work, the effects of the repeated application of freeze (−20 °C)‐thaw (+90 °C) cycles on the morphology, physicochemical properties and in vitro digestibility of corn starch gels (5% w/w) were studied. The results showed that as the number of freeze‐thaw cycles increased, the compactness of the starch gel also increased. This effect was attributed to a rearrangement of retrograded starch molecules and the disruption of ghosts (i.e., insoluble material), which in turn caused increased syneresis values. Frequency sweeping rheological showed an important increase of the shear stress response (as reflected by increased storage and loss moduli) under small deformations, which was linked to a firmer appearance of the modified starch gel. Compared with the fresh starch gel, the transition temperatures of the modified starch gels in thermal tests markedly increased, while the corresponding endothermic enthalpy decreased. The variation of the infrared absorbance ratio of 1047 cm−1/1022 cm−1 indicated a decrease of the short‐range order, reflecting increased retrogradation with the application of the freeze‐thaw cycles. Acid hydrolysis and in vitro digestibility indicated that the repeated application of FT cycles increased the resistant starch content as consequence of retrogradation and diffusion effects.
miR-124, -128, and -137 Orchestrate Neural Differentiation by Acting on Overlapping Gene Sets Containing a Highly Connected Transcription Factor Network
Authors: Santos Márcia C. T. , Tegge Allison N. , Correa Bruna R. , Mahesula Swetha , Kohnke Luana Q. , Qiao Mei , Ferreira Marco A. R. , Kokovay Erzsebet , Penalva Luiz O. F.
Published: September 2015

The ventricular-subventricular zone harbors neural stem cells (NSCs) that can differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. This process requires loss of stem cell properties and gain of characteristics associated with differentiated cells. miRNAs function as important drivers of this transition; miR-124, -128, and -137 are among the most relevant ones and have been shown to share commonalities and act as proneurogenic regulators. We conducted biological and genomic analyses to dissect their target repertoire during neurogenesis and tested the hypothesis that they act cooperatively to promote differentiation. To map their target genes, we transfected NSCs with antagomiRs and analyzed differences in their mRNA profile throughout differentiation with respect to controls. This strategy led to the identification of 910 targets for miR-124, 216 for miR-128, and 652 for miR-137. The target sets show extensive overlap. Inspection by gene ontology and network analysis indicated that transcription factors are a major component of these miRNAs target sets. Moreover, several of these transcription factors form a highly interconnected network. Sp1 was determined to be the main node of this network and was further investigated. Our data suggest that miR-124, -128, and -137 act synergistically to regulate Sp1 expression. Sp1 levels are dramatically reduced as cells differentiate and silencing of its expression reduced neuronal production and affected NSC viability and proliferation. In summary, our results show that miRNAs can act cooperatively and synergistically to regulate complex biological processes like neurogenesis and that transcription factors are heavily targeted to branch out their regulatory effect.
Multicomponent Reactions, Union of MCRs and Beyond
Authors: Zarganes‐Tzitzikas Tryfon , Chandgude Ajay L. , Dömling Alexander
Published: September 2015

Multicomponent reactions (MCRs), which are located between one‐ and two‐component and polymerization reactions, provide a number of valuable conceptual and synthetic advantages over stepwise sequential approaches towards complex and valuable molecules. To address current limitations in the number of MCRs and the resulting scaffolds, the concept of union of MCRs was introduced two decades ago by Dömling and Ugi and is rapidly advancing, as is apparent by several recently published works. MCR technology is now widely recognized for its impact on drug discovery projects and is strongly endorsed by industry in addition to academia. Clearly, novel scaffolds accessible in few steps including MCRs will further enhance the field of applications. Additionally, broad expansion of MCR applications in fields such as imaging, materials science, medical devices, agriculture, or futuristic applications in stem cell therapy and theragnostics or solar energy and superconductivity are predicted.
Potential flow solutions for energy extracting actuator disc flows
Authors: van Kuik G. A. M. , Lignarolo L. E. M.
Published: September 2015

The actuator disc is the oldest representation of a rotor, screw or propeller. Performance prediction is possible by applying momentum theory, giving integrated values for power and velocity. Computational fluid dynamics has provided much more flow details, but a full potential flow solution zooming in on these flow details was still absent. With the wake boundary discretized by vortex rings, flow states for energy extracting discs have been obtained for thrust coefficients up to 0.998. Boundary conditions are met with an accuracy of a few ‰. Results from momentum theory are confirmed.

Most rotor design codes use momentum theory in annulus or differential form, assuming that the axial velocity vx at the disc is uniform. However, the absolute velocity |v| is found to be uniform, and arguments for this are presented. The non‐uniformity of vx is an inherent part of the flow solution caused by, in terms of momentum theory, the pressure acting at the annuli. This makes the annuli not independent from each other as assumed in current design codes. Although this was already known, it is now confirmed up to the highest thrust coefficients.

Optimizing a rotor design should be carried out for the non‐uniform distribution of vx. To enable this, an equation for the non‐uniformity as function of thrust and radial position is presented, being a surface‐fit to the calculated data. Qualitatively, the non‐uniform distribution does the same as the Prandtl–Glauert–Shen tip correction applied to a uniform distribution. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of continuous and discontinuous Galerkin approaches for variable‐viscosity Stokes flow
Authors: Lehmann Ragnar S. , Lukáčová‐Medvid'ová Mária , Kaus Boris J. P. , Popov Anton A.
Published: September 2015

We describe a Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) scheme for variable‐viscosity Stokes flow which is a crucial aspect of many geophysical modelling applications and conduct numerical experiments with different elements comparing the DG approach to the standard Finite Element Method (FEM). We compare the divergence‐conforming lowest‐order Raviart‐Thomas (RT0P0) and Brezzi‐Douglas‐Marini (BDM1P0) element in the DG scheme with the bilinear Q1P0and biquadratic Q2P1elements for velocity and their matching piecewise constant/linear elements for pressure in the standard continuous Galerkin (CG) scheme with respect to accuracy and memory usage in 2D benchmark setups. We find that for the chosen geodynamic benchmark setups the DG scheme with the BDM1P0element gives the expected convergence rates and accuracy but has (for fixed mesh) higher memory requirements than the CG scheme with the Q1P0element without yielding significantly higher accuracy. The DG scheme with the RT0P0element is cheaper than the other first‐order elements and yields almost the same accuracy in simple cases but does not converge for setups with non‐zero shear stress. The known instability modes of the Q1P0element did not play a role in the tested setups leading to the BDM1P0and Q1P0elements being equally reliable. Not only for a fixed mesh resolution, but also for fixed memory limitations, using a second‐order element like Q2P1gives higher accuracy than the considered first‐order elements.
Bayesian data analysis in population ecology: motivations, methods, and benefits
Authors: Dorazio Robert M.
Published: September 2015

During the 20th century ecologists largely relied on the frequentist system of inference for the analysis of their data. However, in the past few decades ecologists have become increasingly interested in the use of Bayesian methods of data analysis. In this article I provide guidance to ecologists who would like to decide whether Bayesian methods can be used to improve their conclusions and predictions. I begin by providing a concise summary of Bayesian methods of analysis, including a comparison of differences between Bayesian and frequentist approaches to inference when using hierarchical models. Next I provide a list of problems where Bayesian methods of analysis may arguably be preferred over frequentist methods. These problems are usually encountered in analyses based on hierarchical models of data. I describe the essentials required for applying modern methods of Bayesian computation, and I use real‐world examples to illustrate these methods. I conclude by summarizing what I perceive to be the main strengths and weaknesses of using Bayesian methods to solve ecological inference problems.
Priority control of berth allocation problem in container terminals
Authors: Ursavas Evrim
Published: September 2015

This paper presents a decision support system for the core problem of berth allocation decision in a container terminal. The allocation of berths to the calling vessels is complex with the fact that different service level requirements are required for different vessels. Terminal managers demand for effective decision support systems that would aid them with the allocation problem considering service priorities. Consequently, this study provides a DSS, built by a dynamic discrete-event simulation model embedded with an optimization tool that determines the priority controls for the berth allocation to the calling vessels. To show the practical application of the DSS, a comprehensive case study from a Turkish container terminal considering the current state and future expansion plans that also provides an indication of the usability aspect of the program on other ports around the world has been conducted. Further experiments are conducted based on data from the Port of Rotterdam. The DSS presented in this study may help port authorities in determining more efficient allocation decisions within a container terminal.
Phase I and pharmacological trial of lapatinib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced breast cancer
Authors: van der Noll R. , Smit W. M. , Wymenga A. N. M. , Boss D. S. , Grob M. , Huitema A. D. R. , Rosing H. , Tibben M. M. , Keessen M. , Rehorst H. , Beijnen J. H. , Schellens J. H. M.
Published: September 2015

Background Lapatinib has proven efficacy as monotherapy and in combination with capecitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) overexpressing HER2 and/or EGFR. Gemcitabine also has anti-tumor activity in MBC and a favourable toxicity profile. In this phase I study lapatinib and gemcitabine were combined. Methods Female patients with advanced BC were given lapatinib once daily (QD) in 28-day cycles with gemcitabine administered on day 1, 8 and 15. Physical examinations, vital signs and blood sampling for hematology, clinical chemistry and pharmacokinetics (PK) and radiological assessments of disease were performed at regular intervals. Results In total, 33 patients were included. Six dose-limiting toxicities were observed, mostly grade 3 increases in liver function tests. Most common toxicities were fatigue (73 %), nausea (70 %), diarrhea (58 %), increases in ALAT and ASAT (55 and 52 %, respectively) and rash (46 %). The maximum tolerated dose was lapatinib 1250 mg QD with gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2. Lapatinib and gemcitabine PK did not appear to be influenced by each other. Anti-tumor activity was observed with one patient (4 %) showing complete response and six (23 %) partial response. Conclusion Despite a slightly increased toxicity profile compared to their respective monotherapies, lapatinib and gemcitabine can be safely combined while showing signs of anti-tumor activity.
Does body satisfaction influence self‐esteem in adolescents' daily lives? An experience sampling study
Authors: Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz Matthew , McCabe Marita , Skouteris Helen , Richardson Ben , Nihill Kristy , Watson Brittany , Solomon Daniel
Published: September 2015

This study examined, within the context of the Contingencies of Self‐Worth model, state‐based associations between self‐esteem and body satisfaction using the experience sampling method. One hundred and forty‐four adolescent girls (mean age = 14.28 years) completed up to 6 assessments per day for one week using Palm Digital Assistants, in addition to baseline measures of trait body satisfaction and self‐esteem. Results showed considerable variation in both state‐based constructs within days, and evidence of effects of body satisfaction on self‐esteem, but not vice versa. Although these state‐based associations were small in size and weakened as the time lag between assessments increased for the sample as a whole, individual differences in the magnitude of these effects were observed and predicted by trait self‐esteem and body satisfaction. Collectively, these findings offer support for key tenets of the Contingencies of Self‐Worth model.
COX assembly factor ccdc56 regulates mitochondrial morphology by affecting mitochondrial recruitment of Drp1
Authors: Ban-Ishihara Reiko , Tomohiro-Takamiya Shiho , Tani Motohiro , Baudier Jacques , Ishihara Naotada , Kuge Osamu
Published: September 2015

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that alter their morphology in response to cellular signaling and differentiation through balanced fusion and fission. In this study, we found that the mitochondrial inner membrane ATPase ATAD3A interacted with ccdc56/MITRAC12/COA3, a subunit of the cytochrome oxidase (COX)‐assembly complex. Overproduction of ccdc56 in HeLa cells resulted in fragmented mitochondrial morphology, while mitochondria were highly elongated in ccdc56‐repressed cells by the defective recruitment of the fission factor Drp1. We also found that mild and chronic inhibition of COX led to mitochondrial elongation, as seen in ccdc56‐repressed cells. These results indicate that ccdc56 positively regulates mitochondrial fission via regulation of COX activity and the mitochondrial recruitment of Drp1, and thus, suggest a novel relationship between COX assembly and mitochondrial morphology.
REPLIES TO CHRISTOPH JÄGER AND ELIZABETH FRICKER
Authors: Zagzebski Linda
Published: September 2015

In this paper I summarize my book, Epistemic Authority: A Theory of Trust, Authority, and Autonomy in Belief (Oxford University Press, 2012) and then comment and reply to the papers by Christoph Jäger and Elizabeth Fricker.
WORRISOME SKEPTICISM ABOUT PHILOSOPHY
Authors: Frances Bryan
Published: September 2015

A new kind of skepticism about philosophy is articulated and argued for. The key premise is the claim that many of us are well aware that in the past we failed to have good responses to substantive objections to our philosophical beliefs. The conclusion is disjunctive: either we are irrational in sticking with our philosophical beliefs, or we commit some other epistemic sin in having those beliefs.