bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The application of ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry to the detection and quantitation of apolipoproteins in human serum
Authors: Kay Richard G. , Gregory Barbara , Grace Philip B. , Pleasance Steve
Published: July 2007

The detection and quantitation of apolipoproteins, important markers for coronary heart disease, in serum by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) is reported. A tryptic digest of depleted human serum was analysed by nanoflow LC/MS/MS at a flow rate of 300 nL/min and several apolipoproteins (Apo), including Apo A1, A2, A4, C1, C2, C3, D, F and M, were successfully identified. The analysis of the same depleted serum digest by ultra‐performance (UP)LC/MS/MS operating at 700 µL/min resulted in comparable sensitivity and selectivity to the nanoflow method, but with a dramatic (∼20‐fold) reduction in run time. The potential of UPLC/MS/MS for the rapid quantitation of proteins in biological matrices by representative tryptic peptides was further investigated using Apo A1 and its corresponding stable isotopically labelled tryptic AQUA peptide (DYVSQFEGSALGK). A set of serum‐based Apo A1 calibrators from a clinical analyser kit were digested without depletion following the addition of the AQUA peptide and analysed using UPLC/MS/MS. A linear calibration curve was generated from peak area ratios to the labelled peptide with a coefficient of correlation of 0.9989. Standard curves were also generated for other apolipoproteins together with Apo B100, Apo E, lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase and albumin, which were also detected in the standards. The concentration of Apo A1 in five fresh undepleted human serum samples and a quality control (QC) sample were determined using both the UPLC/MS/MS method and a clinical analyser. Results were comparable and the quantitative study, involving 80 injections which took hours rather than days to complete, demonstrates the high‐throughput potential of UPLC/MS/MS to quantify multiple serum proteins without the need for antibodies, and thus provide an alternative to the use of clinical analysers for serum protein biomarkers. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Speciation of M+3‐hydroxypyrone chelation complexes by electrospray ionization ion trap and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
Authors: Stenson Alexandra C. , Cioffi Eugene A.
Published: July 2007

Kojic acid (5‐hydroxy‐2‐hydroxymethyl‐4‐pyrone) is known to have a high affinity for transition metals, and it and its derivatized cogeners are used both analytically and clinically. The interactions between kojic acid (KA) and eleven +3 metals (Al+3, As+3, Cr+3, Ga+3, Fe+3, In+3, Yb+3, Y+3, Gd+3, Nd+3, La+3) were examined by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) using an ion trap in an aqueous medium. For a subset of five ions, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR)‐MS was conducted to provide accurate mass confirmation of peak assignments for metals having clustering of abundant isotopes. KA readily formed complexes with all the metal ions tested. The most common complexes observed were ML3H+ and M2L5. Different behavior was seen for small and large ionic radius ions, with a relative cut‐off between In+3 (∼80 pm) and Yb+3 (∼87 pm); a striking trend in % collision energy vs. cluster complexity was revealed. The KA‐Cr+3complex shows a high affinity for H2O molecules in the gas phase, whilst In+3 shows a preference for dimetal complexes and Y+3 a deviant behavior when complexed to two neutrals. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular depth‐profiling of polycarbonate with low‐energy Cs+ ions
Authors: Mine Nicolas , Douhard Bastien , Brison Jeremy , Houssiau Laurent
Published: July 2007

In this work, we explored the possibility of performing molecular depth‐profiling by using very low‐energy (about 200 eV) monoatomic Cs+ ions. We show, for the first time, that this simple approach is successful on polymer layers of polycarbonate (PC). Under 200 eV Cs+ irradiation of PC, a fast decrease of all characteristic negatively charged molecular ion signals is first observed but, rather surprisingly, these signals reach a minimum before rising again. A steady state is reached at which time most specific PC fragments are detected, some with even higher signal intensity (e.g. C6H5O−) than before irradiation. It is believed that the implanted Cs plays a major role in enhancing the negative ionisation of molecular fragments, leading to their easy detection for all the profile, although some material degradation obviously occurs. In the positive ion mode, all molecular fragments of the polymer disappear very rapidly, but clusters combining two Cs atoms and one molecular fragment (e.g. Cs2C6H5O+) are detected during the profile, proving that some molecular identification remains possible. In conclusion, this work presents a simple approach to molecular depth‐profiling, complementary to cluster ion beam sputtering. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling patterns of agreement for nominal scales
Authors: Roberts Chris
Published: July 2007

The measurement of agreement of repeat rating is the usual method of assessing the reliability of categorical scales. Measurement of agreement is also important in genetic twin studies based on categorical scales. One of the most commonly used methods of analysis for both types of study is the kappa coefficient. For scales with more than two categories, one approach is to use a single summary kappa coefficient. While this may be sufficient for many studies, in some instances investigation of heterogeneity in the pattern of agreement may give additional insights as there may be greater agreement for some pairs of categories than for others. In this paper, kappa‐type coefficients are used to model heterogeneity in the pattern of agreement. Constraints are added to the heterogeneous model to obtain simplified models. Procedures for estimation, confidence intervals, and inference for these coefficients are described for the case of two ratings per subject for a single sample and for the comparison of two independent samples. Formulae for sample size and power calculation are derived using the non‐central chi‐squared distribution. Two simulation studies are carried out to check the empirical test size and power. Methods are illustrated by two examples involving nominal scales with three categories. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Black feminist thought and cultural contracts: Understanding the intersection and negotiation of racial, gendered, and professional identities in the academy
Authors: Harris Tina M.
Published: July 2007

This chapter explores identity negotiation by women of color in academe at a predominantly white institution. The author discusses use of the title doctor as a form of address to manage interactions with graduate students in the college classroom, and the difficulties associated with negotiating and balancing these diverse and complex identities in an oppressive context.
Analysis of cationic and amphoteric surfactants I. Determination of their homolog distributions by gas chromatography on the basis of the Hofmann degradation
Authors: Takano S. , Takasaki C. , Kunihiro K. , Yamanaka M.
Published: July 2007

A method (DMF‐Methylate method) has been described for the homolog analysis of cationic and amphoteric surfactants having a quaternary am‐monium group. The homolog distribution of cationic and amphoteric surfactants obtained by the DMF‐Methylate method closely agrees with that of the original alkyldimethylamines used. Therefore, the DMF‐Methylate method should be applicable to the homolog analysis of these surfactants. This method also offers qualitative information for the identifica‐tion of these surfactants, since the ratio of the α‐olefin to the alkyldimethylamine varies with each sur‐factant. On the basis of the analysis of the elimina‐tion products, it was confirmed that the main degra‐dation process was the elimination of a β‐hydrogen atom. This mechanism is different from that of the pyrolysis gas chromatography, which will be dis‐cussed elsewhere (S. Takano, M. Kuzukawa, and M. Yamanaka, in preparation).
Transfer hydrogenation and transfer hydrogenolysis. X. Selective hydrogenation of methyl linoleate by indoline and isopropyl alcohol
Authors: Nishiguchi T. , Tagawa T. , Imai H. , Fukuzumi K.
Published: July 2007

The selective hydrogenation of methyl linoleate was studied using indoline and isopropyl alcohol as hydrogen sources. Many transition metal compounds and metallic palladium were examined as catalysts. High selectivity to monoenes and little formation oftrans isomers were realized under mild conditions in some reaction systems. For example, the system in which isopropyl alcohol and RuCl2(PPh3)3 were used as hydrogen donor and catalyst was excellent. Also in the hydrogen transfer from indoline to the linoleate catalyzed by PdCl2 and (NH4)2PdCl4, high selec‐tivity was realized. In the RuCl2(PPh3)3‐isopropyl alcohol, (NH4)2PdCl4‐indoline and PdCl2‐indoline system, methylcis‐ trans conjugated octadecadienoate was reduced rapidly with complete selectivity, where‐as the same hydrogen transfer systems resulted in little if any reaction with methyl oleate. High selec‐tivity in the reduction of linoleate is presumed to be realized through prior conjugation of the substrate.
Studies on methanolysis of triglycerides on thin layer chromatoplate
Authors: Saha S. , Dutta J.
Published: July 2007

Methanolysis of triglycerides on thin layer chro‐matography plate, for the preparation of correspond‐ing fatty acid methyl esters suitable for gas liquid chromatography analysis, has been studied with synthetic mixtures of pure tricaprylin, trilaurin, tri‐palmitin, and triolein. The long chain saturated glyc‐eride, tripalmitin, has been found to be least suscep‐tible to methanolysis. Plate temperature of 65 C and KOMe‐methanol reagent concentration of 1.0 N have been found to be optimal for samples containing large amount of trisaturated glyceride like tripalmitin without appreciable loss in short chain components by evaporation. For fats containing lower proportions of trisaturated glyceride like vegetable oils, a lower concentration, i.e., 0.5 N of the reagent can be used at the above temperature. Addition of lipid solvent like benzene in the reagent has little effect on the conversion. Long chain triglycerides containing one or more double bonds in the molecule respond more to this reaction than do trisaturated glycerides of the same carbon number. Fatty acid compositions of cottonseed and peanut oil triglycerides obtained by the GLC analysis of the methyl esters prepared by the present method and that of Luddy et al. [JAOCS 45:549 (1968)] have been found to agree well.
Urethane foams from animal fats: X. urethane polyols from epoxidized tallow, trimethylolpropane, and propylene oxide1
Authors: Bilyk A. , Saggese E. J. , Monroe H. A. , Zubillaga M. P.
Published: July 2007

A convenient three‐stage reaction has been devel‐oped for the preparation of polyols from epoxidized tallow (ET), trimethylolpropane (TMP), and propyl‐ene oxide (PO), without the previously required water washing step. ET is first heated with excess TMP under catalysis by BF3, causing rapid ring open‐ing of the oxirane function. In the second stage, KOH catalyzes ester interchange of TMP with the triglyc‐eride. Finally, PO is caused to react with free TMP and with other available hydroxylic components, to produce a homogeneous mixture of polyols. The polyols, all liquid at room temperature, were adjusted to equivalent weights of 100 and 120 with added triisopropanolamine and reacted with a polymeric isocyanate in the presence of a blowing agent to give low‐density rigid foams. Densities ranged from 1.6 to 1.8 lb/ft3 and compressive strengths from 21 to 30psi.
The Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC)
Authors: Baur Fred J. , Ensminger Luther G.
Published: July 2007

The analytical methods adopted by the AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) are used by government agencies concerned with the analysis of fertilizers, foods, feeds, pesticides, drugs, cos‐metics, hazardous substances, and other materials related to agriculture, health and welfare, and the environment. AOAC methods are also used by indus‐try to check compliance of their products. The AOCS and AOAC have cooperated in the past in achieving common methodology for fatty acids, hydrocarbons and mineral oils, and monoglycerides. Present cooper‐ative effort centers primarily in the mycotoxins area. The various methods adopted by the AOAC appear in the book, Official Methods of Analysis, which is published every five years with annual supplements. The 12th edition was published in January 1975. Industrial scientists cannot be full or active members but they can serve as associate members of the AOAC. Active membership is limited to government scientists. Industry can and should, however, partici‐pate in the activities of the AOAC‐particularly in the key task of developing, testing, and validating methods of analysis. Uniform methodology should be the goal of all societies. The purpose of this paper is twofold: (a) to explain the structure, functions, and goals of the AOAC; and (b) to inform potential industrial representatives how they may participate in the Association’s activities.
Making use of “outside” research and analysis
Authors: Coon Francis B.
Published: July 2007

The services offered by commercial research and analysis laboratories are discussed with emphasis on what a user may expect. Suggestions are given on what to look for in an “outside” laboratory, and what should be done in cases of dissatisfaction or uncertainty. Problems a service laboratory may have with users and ways to resolve such problems are given. Typical examples illustrate the usefulness of “outside” research and analysis.
Requirements of a good analytical chemistry research paper
Authors: Petruzzi Josephine M.
Published: July 2007

A good analytical chemistry research paper may be defined as one that passes the critical review of one’s peers for publication in a recognized reviewed jour‐nal. Factors to consider in publishing an analytical paper include careful selection of the right journal, clear concise presentation that emphasizes the re‐search contribution and its significance to the field, and careful revision if called for to account for the reviewers’ and editors’ criticisms. Rather special requirements apply to methods papers as opposed to other types of analytical papers. Data should be included to establish the accuracy and precision of the method by the use of standard reference mate‐rials, standard addition studies, interference studies, and comparisons with established methods. Day‐to‐day and run precision studies of the proposed method in a real setting help validate the method. Common problems with analytical papers are discussed. Specific suggestions are given for improving the likeli‐hood of publication. Data are given on the ultimate disposition of manuscripts submitted toAnalytical Chemistry. Reasons for rejection of papers submitted to the journal are summarized.
Isolation of isomeric hydroperoxides from the peanut lipoxygenase‐ linoleic acid reaction
Authors: Pattee Harold E. , Singleton John A.
Published: July 2007

Hydroperoxides were isolated from the peanut lipoxygenase‐linoleic acid reaction mixture and were separated as their methyl esters by high performance liquid chromatography. Mass spectrometry and infra‐red analysis indicated the isolated hydroperoxides to be 13‐hydroperoxy‐cis‐9,trans‐ 11‐octadecadienoic acid; 13‐hydroperoxy‐trans‐ 9,trans‐ 11‐octadeca‐dienoic acid; and 9‐hydroperoxy‐trans‐l0,trans‐ 12‐ octadecadienoic acid. The percentages of the hydro‐peroxides in the reaction mixture were 72.8%, 3.6%, and 23.6% under the conditions used. 1 Paper No. 4973 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh, NC 27607.
Detergent raw material trends in western europe
Authors: Carlotti R.
Published: July 2007

Household detergent sales during 1975 in Western Europe totaled more than $4 billion and are expected to continue to grow at approximately 3 to 4 percent annual increments during next decade. There is a trend toward more uniform formulations, but factors affecting future market growth include washing practices and conditions that vary from nation to nation. Demand for surfactants is dominated by LAS, accounting for 80 percent of total synthetic actives used in laundry detergent, with increasing use of linear alcohol ethoxylates. Environmental considera‐tions, cost, and energy savings are factors in a trend toward less use of phosphate, compensated by greater use of LAS or ethoxylate or both to maintain clean‐ing performance. New investment in detergent raw materials is more likely for detergent alcohols and alpha olefin derivatives, and not in LAB.
Industrial hydrogenation of rapeseed oil with nickel catalyst
Authors: Ahmad Iqbal , Ali Amjad
Published: July 2007

Refined and deodorized rapeseed oil was hydrogenated using Girdler nickel catalyst at a starting temperature of 140 C and at 25 and 30 psig hydrogen gas pressures. The studies revealed that the hydrogenation was more effective, as determined by rate of decrease in iodine value (Wi js) and increase in the melting point, at 25 psig than at 30 psig. The rate of effectiveness was, however, not significant. The rate of hydrogenation was compared to cottonseed oil subjected to hydrogenation under identical conditions. Cottonseed oil showed a better, though insignificant, rate of increase in melting point per unit increase in time.
Partial argentation resin chromatography (PARC): III. the effects of sodium ion incorporation and solvent on the separation of mixtures of fatty acids, of fatty esters, and of triglycerides
Authors: Adlof R. O. , Emken E. A.
Published: July 2007

Partial argentation resin chromatography (PARC) was used to separate mixtures of fatty acids, of fatty esters and of triglycerides. Various eluting solvents (methanol, acetone, ether, benzene) were investigated and acetone was the preferred solvent. To prevent acid‐catalyzed condensation of the acetone, the sulfonic acid protons of the XN1010 resin were replaced with sodium ions before silver ion incorporation. Atomic absorbtion spectrophotometry was used to determine the number of silver ions incorporated per volume of resin. A mixture containing stearic, elaidic and oleic acids was separated on a saturated silver resin column. A commercially available sample of linoleic acid was purified on a 53% PARC column (meaning 53% of the available sulfonic acid protons in the resin were replaced by silver ions). A 39% PARC column was used to separate a mixture of linseed acids. Methyl linoleate, linolenate and arachi‐donate also were isolated on a 39% PARC column. A mixture containing triolein, trilinolein and trilinolenin was separated on a 32% PARC column.
Computation of nickel catalyst activity in the hydrogenation of triacylglycerol oils
Authors: Koman V. , Sahajova′‐Hojerova′ J. , Csicsayova′ M.
Published: July 2007

The development of a new method for a faster and more accurate computation of the nickel catalyst activity was studied. This catalyst is used in partial catalytic hydrogenation of vegetable oils for production of edible fats. In order to index the activity, a computer program, CATACT, was developed using FORTRAN language. This program uses 3 easily determined experimental values as input data (refractive index at 60 C, catalyst concentration and hydrogenation time). Output data are catalyst activity indexes either in word or numerical form. The hydrogenation data were gathered from a laboratory reactor under laboratory conditions. Using these data, we computed the activity of Ni catalysts which have been reused in oil hydrogenation under industrial conditions. The classical method of determining such activity by evaluating the melting point is, in view of the very low activity of such catalysts, inadequate to provide sufficient information for easy interpretation.
A review of the detergent industry in China
Authors: Tang Hong‐Xin
Published: July 2007

This paper is a general review of the development of the detergent industry in China. Examples include alkylation with aluminum ingot, dehydrogenation catalysts, double‐film SO3 sulfonator and enzymatic detergent.
Minor additives in heavy‐duty laundry detergents
Authors: Neiditch O. W.
Published: July 2007

A number of heavy‐duty detergent additives, collectively referred to as “minor additives,” are ingredients which are individually present in minor amounts but which can contribute significantly to the performance and marketability of detergent products. In this paper, additives which will be discussed include fluorescent whitening agents (FWA), soil antiredeposition agents and perfumes.
Quantitative analysis of fatty acids and sterols in Malagasy rice bran oils
Authors: Gaydou E. M. , Raonizafinimanana R. , Bianchini J. P.
Published: July 2007

The fatty acid and sterol compositions of six Malagasy rice bran oils were evaluated. Investigation by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) using Carbowax 20 M revealed 10 fatty acids, mainly palmitic (16–20%) oleic (41–44%) and linolenic (31–37%) acids. An OV 17 column was used to separate eight sterols, mainly Β‐sitosterol (53–59%), campesterol (16–26%) and stigmasterol (10–13%). No significant variation for the fatty acid and sterol contents was observed among the rice varieties studied.
Synetics
Authors: Kessler Alan
Published: July 2007

Group problem solving techniques can be useful even if they are rarely used with a group. The principles involved can help identify problems earlier and lessen any tendency to put off solving them; and one becomes willing to tackle more difficult, complex problems. In the corporate environment, these techniques are often used as communication aids among groups in place of more traditional meetings. They can be much more effective for problem interface situations where groups are in conflict, or else just talk a different language. Such techniques are described in this paper.
A consumer product: How to move from lab to shelf to home
Authors: Sung S.
Published: July 2007

A general discussion and case illustration are provided to illustrate considerations required to answer questions about a new product, such as how to name it, package it, test it in the real world, present it to the trade, advertise it, promote it and how to counter competitor's actions.
Selection of optimized packaging materials
Authors: McHugh N.
Published: July 2007

Critical parameters in selecting the most appropriate packaging for soap and detergent products are reviewed. Included among these parameters are package strategy, features required for consumer utilization, competitive products, cost limitations, availability of materials having adequate chemical resistance to product, overall dimensions and construction details, machinability of selected design, pallet pattern or shipping configuration, physical strength of individual package and outer case, ability to withstand storage and handling rigors. Guidelines and criticality tests are reviwed briefly as tools for evaluating and projecting the effect of a given parameter on acceptability of the finished package.
Two soybean genotypes lacking lipoxygenase‐1
Authors: Hildebrand D. F. , Hymowitz T.
Published: July 2007

The U.S. Department of Agriculture soybean germplasm collection (6,499 accessions) was screened for genotypes with greatly reduced or missing lipoxygenase‐1 (L‐1) [linoleate: O2 oxidoreductase, EC 1.13.11.12] and lipoxygenase‐2 and L‐3 (L‐2 and L‐3) activity. The L‐1 assay used linoleic acid dispersed in Tween‐20 at pH 9.0 as the substrate (acid assay) and the L‐2 and L‐3 assay used linoleic acid methyl ester dispersed in ethanol at pH 7.0 as the substrate (ester assay). The spectrophotometric assay based on conjugated diene formation at 234 mm was used in the qualitative screening procedure. Two plant introductions (PI), 133226 from Indonesia and PI 408251 from Korea lacked L‐1 activity. Oxygen uptake, electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing confirm the lack of detectable L‐1 activity in the seed of these two genotypes. Radial diffusion against soybean seed lipoxygenase antiserum showed that the two genotypes are missing a precipitin band that normal soybean genotypes and purified lipoxygenase from soybean seed exhibit. Neither the L‐1 variants nor any other accessions tested had greatly reduced activity with the ester assay.
Analysis of lipid classes and lipofuscin substances by high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Phillips F. C. , Privett O. S.
Published: July 2007

The fractionation and analysis of the lipid classes and fluorescent substances of animal tissues by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a combination of fluorescence and flame ionization detectors is described. The lipid classes and fluorescent substances are extracted from rat kidney and liver tissue by a new method that involves preextraction of nonlipid and aqueous‐soluble fluorescent substances with hot dilute (0.05 N) acetic acid. The lipid classes and organic‐soluble fluroscent substances are extracted from the residual tissue in three extractions: the first with chloroform/methanol, 1:1, v/v; the second with chloroform/methanol, 1:2, v/v; and the third with methanol. The fractionation of these compounds by HPLC is carried out with a column 0.2×45 cm, packed with a special adsorbent prepared by reacting silicic acid with ammonium hydroxide. The eluent is passed through a fluorescence detector, which provides a profile of the fluorescent compounds, and then to a flame ionization detector for analysis of the lipid classes. The method is demonstrated on rat blood serum, liver and kidney tissue.
Comparison of methylene chloride and chloroform for the extraction of fats from food products
Authors: Chen I. S. , Shen C. S. J. , Sheppard A. J.
Published: July 2007

Ten food products with a wide range of total fat, fatty acid and sterol content were obtained from a supermarket in the Washington, DC area. These food products were extraced by a new method, using methylene chloride/methanol as the extraction solvent. The results were compared to the Folch et al. procedure, in which chloroform/methanol is the extraction solvent. Total fat was determined, and fatty acid methyl esters and sterol butyrates were prepared and measured by gas liquid chromatography. An analysis of variance indicated that methylene chloride is as effective as chloroform, a suspected carcinogen, in the Folch et al. extraction of total fat, fatty acids and sterols from foods.
Thermal interaction of linoleic acid and its esters with valine
Authors: Henderson S. K. , Nawar W. W.
Published: July 2007

When linoleic acid or its esters were heated in the presence of valine a number of interaction products were formed. The major product was 2‐pentylpyridine which is thought to be produced by the reaction of 2,4‐decadienal with ammonia. Also formed were two secondary amides, isobutyloctanamide and isobutyllinoleylamide. Additional interaction products found include alkylpyridines and alkylpyrroles. The formation of these compounds is similar to the formation of 2‐pentylpyridine. They can result by reaction of an aldehyde with an amine or ammonia to form a Schiff base intermediate, followed by cyclization and rearrangement to form either the pyridine ring or the pyrrole ring. In addition, a branched nitrile compound was produced. This compound is considered to be formed by cleavage of the pyridine ring in 2‐pentylpyridine.
High performance liquid chromatography of triglycerides: Controlling selectivity with reverse phase columns
Authors: Plattner R. D.
Published: July 2007

Rapid separations of triglycerides by chain length and degree of unsaturation have been made by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using reverse phase columns. Several different bonded columns were evaluated for use in reverse phase HPLC of triglycerides, and differences in selectivity are discussed. Selectivity was also modified by adding silver ion to the solvent, which produces marked changes in selectivity of solute triglycerides.
Enzymes for low temperature washing
Authors: Nielsen M. H. , Jepsen S. J. , Outtrup H.
Published: July 2007

The increasing use of synthetic fibers which cannot tolerate temperatures above 50–60 C has changed the washing habits during the past 5–10 years toward the use of lower washing temperatures. Furthermore, the energy crisis has focused interest on washing at ambient temperatures for the purpose of saving energy. In order to compensate for the lower washing efficiency at decreased temperatures, enzyme producers have devoted much R&D capacity to screen for new proteolytic enzymes which are more suitable for washing at lower temperatures. The result of a screening program carried out for several years, a new detergent protease with interesting characteristics, is discussed.
Sampling and Measurement in Soybean Processing Plants
Authors: Barger William M.
Published: July 2007

Several soybean processing plants were involved in a plant survey to determine (a) material sampled, (b) method of sampling, (c) sample locations, (d) frequency of sampling, (e) variables checked, (f) method of sample evaluation, and (g) instruments used in sample evaluation. Errors in sampling occur more frequently than in sample analysis. It is difficult to obtain a material stream grab sample that is representative of the stream. The only accurate sampling and analytical method would be to sample the entire throughput tonnage of the plant. Since this procedure is not feasible, regular and consistent sampling of product streams must be maintained.
Trends in soaps and detergents in the Arab World
Authors: Gelil M. A. Abdel
Published: July 2007

Trends in the soap and detergent industry in the Arab world are discussed. Many new plants are being planned and installed for many of the products which are now being imported. Opportunities for joint ventures are suggested.
Petrochemicals — viable raw materials for tomorrow’s soap and detergent industry?
Authors: Haupt D. E. , Schwin P. B.
Published: July 2007

This paper attempts to address the complex question of petrochemical raw materials’ future role in supplying the soap and detergent industry. The following points are emphasized: (a) The basic resource oil and natural gas, although not in unlimited quantities as in the past, will be available in the future, (b) The petrochemical industry will continue to receive its required share of the available petroleum resources, and the detergent industry will continue to receive the feedstocks they require, (c) The cost pressures which will be impacting the surfactant manufacturers will be similar to the overall inflation rates affecting the entire economy.
Soap and detergent fragrances — natural vs. synthetic
Authors: Morris E. A.
Published: July 2007

A brief resume of synthetic aromatics development and their role in soaps and detergents will be presented along with comparison and evaluation of natural and synthetic routes to fragrances. The discussion also will include economic factors and future trends, with some conclusions as to growth and pattern of demand.
Total hardness ions in laundry washing solutions
Authors: Yamaji Y. , Collier E. J.
Published: July 2007

A study was made of 1,600 actual washing solutions, and an estimate was made of the contribution of soils and fabrics to the total hardness. The amount of total hardness in the washing solution was appreciably higher than that present in the tap water. It was shown that the major source of the added hardness was that absorbed on fabrics during the previous wash/rinse operation. A significant amount was also contributed by the soil present on the fabrics being washed. Knowledge of the amount of hardness present in washing solutions is an obviously important factor in formulating detergents for optimal cleaning performance. The total amount of hardness present in Japanese washing solutions is, on average, more than double that present in tap water, largely because of the widespread practice of multi‐load washing. By combining actual wash solution hardness data and product usage levels, it is possible to calculate the percentage of washloads that will be adequately sequestered, as a function of builder level. At the current average P2O5 level present in Japanese laundry granules (10% P2O5), only about 15% of the total number of washloads is adequately sequestered at recommended product usage. By contrast, at 20% P2O5 in product (the pre‐1974 maximum builder level, now no longer allowed because of environmental concerns), about 85% of all loads were believed to be adequately sequestered. This comparison highlights the necessity of providing adequate replacement builders for phosphate and/or of appropriately reformulating the surfactant system to maintain the detergent performance characteristics at a satisfactorily high level.
Organic builders: A review of worldwide efforts to find organic replacements for detergent phosphates
Authors: Crutchfield M. M.
Published: July 2007

Continuing pressures to reduce phosphates in wastewaters have sustained an intensive worldwide search to develop acceptable substitutes. Organic polycarboxylate salts have been most extensively investigated because there are a large number of structural possibilities, and the possibility for biodegradation to innocuous CO2 and H2O offers an optimal answer to most environmental questions. In addition to testing known compounds, many novel structures have been synthesized in efforts to tailor materials with optimum properties. Stringent requirements for functional effectiveness, human safety, environmental acceptability, practical processability, and acceptable costs have limited the number of viable alternatives. Compounds that have been proposed are reviewed with particular attention to recent developments.
The workhorse surfactants: LAS, alcohol sulfates, and ether sulfates
Authors: Matson T. P.
Published: July 2007

Relative market volumes are discussed illustrating why LAS, alcohol sulfates, alcohol ether sulfates, and branched chain alkylene benzene sulfonates are called “workhorse” surfactants. Typical heavy duty powder, heavy duty liquid, and light duty liquid formulations from around the world are given for each material. Low mole ether sulfates for heavy duty powders are discussed as to chemical constituency and performance. Comparisions of LAS to paraffin sulfonates and olefin sulfonates are given for light duty liquid formulations. Shampoo performance advantages of alcohol sulfates over olefin sulfates are illustrated.
Recent findings and experiences with alpha olefin sulfonates
Authors: Yamane I.
Published: July 2007

In the sulfonation and sulfation of alpha olefin (AO), linear alkylbenzene (LAB), and alcohol ethoxylate (AE), improved reaction yields and products’ color were obtained by using the TO‐Reactor recently developed in Lion Fat & Oil Co., Ltd., compared with those obtained in a conventional falling‐film type reactor. These improvements especially were remarkable in the case of AO, so that light‐colored alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS), having improved performance properties, was obtained without bleaching. For the performance tests, AOS was evaluated in several systems, together with some other surfactants, alcohol sulfate (AS), alcohol ethoxy sulfate (AES), linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), and alpha‐sulfo fatty acid methyl ester (a‐SEMe). AOS was one of the most useful surfactants for heavy duty powder detergents of low phosphate formulation because of its good detergency and foaming power, rinsing property, and free flowing property. Thus, bright white heavy duty powder detergents, containing 8% of P2O5, were developed with AOS (nonbleached), AES, LAS, sodium pyrophosphate (TSPP), and some other ingredients, which have been marketed in the household cleaning products field in Japan since 1976.
Agglomeration — the practical alternative
Authors: Kuti S. A.
Published: July 2007

Various methods of agglomeration are offered as viable alternatives to spray drying. Equipment used includes horizontal mixers, orbital screw mixers, batch drum mixers, continuous two‐stage rotary drum mixers, V‐shaped twin shell batch mixers, and continuous zig‐zag mixers.
Scanning electron microscopy in the detergent industry
Authors: Puderbach H.
Published: July 2007

In 1965, scanning electron microscopes became available commercially. The use of these instruments and other new equipment (such as X‐ray microanalysis and cathodoluminescence) created new possibilities for evaluation of detergent qualities permitting further insights into the morphology and inorganic chemical composition of powder particles, including the surfaces and the inside regions. The new instruments also can be used in testing procedures during product development. Use of scanning electron microscopy in evaluation of detergents was discussed using selected examples related to investigations concerning (a) stability of bleaching activator prills, (b) coating of enzyme marums, (c) distribution of optical brighteners, (d) distribution of the inorganic constituents of powder particles, (e) thermal stability of sodium triphosphate hexahydrate, and (f) development of sodium aluminum silicates (SASIL) as phosphate substitutes. The examples were chosen to show the possibilities of scanning electron microscopy. Together with its additional features and in combination with other methods of physical and chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy can provide important information concerning solid surfaces, which are relevant in the field of detergent chemistry.
Evaluation of detergents for washing fabrics
Authors: Krüssmann H.
Published: July 2007

Various methods are used today to check the washing effect of detergents. They differ mainly in whether the cleaning assessment is determined by the use of artificially soiled test fabrics, anonymous naturally soiled laundry in a single wash test, or new family bundles in multiple use and wash test series. Correlation of the information based on the actual field behavior of the different methods is discussed. Applicability of the different systems will depend on the special conditions which call for abbreviated procedures. Multiple use and wash tests are very close to practical use, give information about cumulative effects and thereby allow the detection of small differences. Their disadvantages are high costs and length of time for the test. For a realistic evaluation from a consumer viewpoint, they are of little significance without a ranking scale correlating to consumers’ appraisal. Classification of tested products depends on the kinds of textiles in the family bundles which are used in the detergency evaluation. This factor is important in the detection of correlations between the two methods. For product evaluation and especially for overall quality ratings, the use of test fabrics is satisfactory if a carefully selected combination of these is chosen. Taking into consideration empirical data obtained with standard formulations, one can obtain satisfactory results corresponding to consumers’ appraisals. Stain removal and soil redeposition have to be given the same weight as soil removal. An overall investigation of possible correlations is lacking so that some uncertainties still remain.
Consumers are the final product judges
Authors: Lyng A. L.
Published: July 2007

Consumers repurchase detergent products based upon satisfactory performance in their homes. While laboratory tests are essential tools to help develop detergents to meet consumer needs, they cannot totally reflect the real world of in‐home experiences with its multitude of variables. The need to update laboratory test methods continually to account for changing lifestyles, consumer practices, and trends in related industries will be discussed, as will the pitfalls of relying solely on laboratory tests to try to predict whether product performance answers consumer’s needs.
Update on detergent legislative/regulatory activities: A review of government interests from an information point of view
Authors: Idman M.
Published: July 2007

National laws regulating use of chemicals are becoming more numerous. These laws affect firms outside the adopting nation as well as within. The new U.S. Toxic Substances Control Act will have major international impact. Firms in the chemical industry, including soap and detergent manufacturers, are encouraged to coordinate their activities in response to such laws, helping to provide governmental agencies with the technical information needed to carry out and evaluate tests on the effects of chemicals.
Benefit/risk assessment today
Authors: Hall R. E.
Published: July 2007

A systematic approach to benefit/risk assessment is presented which recognizes (a) the potentially broad exposure of humans and the environment to soap and detergent materials, (b) current regulatory requirements, and (c) the desirability for making these assessments at various stages of product development to minimize both unnecessary testing expense and the likelihood of an unacceptable risk in a product ready for market.
Development and trends in launderable apparel
Authors: Wilson R.
Published: July 2007

Development of home laundry products is partially dependent on forecasts of textile and fiber trends. Growth of synthetic fiber usage in apparel, domestics, and home furnishings will continue worldwide. The changing makeup of laundry loads resulting from new fiber blends, textile and apparel technology creates both opportunities and problems for the laundry products industry.
General trends in the coloring and finishing of textiles
Authors: Hildebrand D.
Published: July 2007

From the present situation in the textile finishing industry, it is evident that revolutionary innovations are not in sight and that attempts to work with new processes must first prove successful in special sectors. The dyestuff and auxiliaries market will depend on the price to the same extent as technical progress approaches an end point. The trend toward a splitting up of the market into fashion and nonfashion goods will intensify the regional shift in the production of standard qualities. Whereas in Western Europe and Japan the proportion of highly fashionable qualities is increasing and some are even exported, in the U.S. the parallel development of both types of goods will continue, as befits the size and multifariousness of this market.
The evaluation of washing machines
Authors: Milster H. , Sommer U. , Meckel L.
Published: July 2007

The evolution of washing machines on the German market during the past decade will be discussed, with emphasis on differences between machines. Technical data and different washing programs and techniques will be stressed. Of particular importance in the future will be comparative product testing for the consumer, energy conservation, and product information. Specific examples will be discussed.
Trends in dishwashing appliances: The development of the dishwash market
Authors: Weenen J. H. M.
Published: July 2007

A comparison is made between types of dishwashing machines in the U.S. and in Europe. The trends to designs that will use reduced amounts of energy are also discussed.
Use of oil in baked products—Part I: Background and bread
Authors: Hartnett D. I. , Thalheimer W. G.
Published: July 2007

The benefits of fat systems in yeast‐raised and chemically leavened baked goods are reviewed. The effects of rising ingredient costs and competition on ingredient technology are described, leading to a discussion concerning the trend in the United States to switch from the standard shortenings—lard and partially hydrogenated vegetable shortening—to oil in baked products. Problems associated with the incorporation of oil in bread formulations follow. Test work has shown that surfactants are effective additives in overcoming these negative and in promoting the production of quality products. A comparison of oil versus lard as the shortening medium in bread is described. Evaluation of emulsifiers with oil in bread are discussed.
Analysis of extractables from one euphorbia
Authors: Nemethy Esther K. , Otvos John W. , Calvin Melvin
Published: July 2007

Chemical analyses have been made of the heptane extractable material ofEuphorbia lathyris, a plant which has been proposed as an “energy farm” candidate. The heptane extract is 4–5% of the dry plant weight and has a heat value of ≈18×103 BTU/Ib. This reduced photosynthetic material consists almost entirely of polycyclic triterpenoids.
Analysis of oil content of sunflower seed by wide‐line NMR
Authors: Robertson J. A. , Morrison W. H.
Published: July 2007

The wide‐line nuclear magentic resonance (NMR) analyzer is routinely used to determine the oil content of sunflower seed by plant breeders. This technique is now under consideration as the official method for the domestic trading of sunflower seed. A study of the effect of depth (volume) of sunflower seed in the NMR 130 ml sample tube showed that between a depth of 30–75 mm (23.5–62.5 g seed) the NMR response was uniform, but beyond 75 mm, the response rapidly decreased. Oil analysis of 10 sunflower seed samples showed that coefficient of variation (C.V.) was lower with a 130 ml sample tube (C.V. 0.4%) than with a 34 ml tube (C.V. 0.8%). As the temperature of the sample was increased 1C, the instrument response decreased by 0.4%. Analysis of sunflower seed with 31–71% linoleic acid contents analyzed 0.1% higher for each 1% decrease in linoleic acid. Data show that linoleic acid content of NMR sunflower seed standard is important in NMR total oil analysis. Results of this study showed that the sample of sunflower seed for total oil analysis by NMR should be contained at least within the bottom 70 mm of the 130 ml sample tube, and NMR response of the standard calibration seed and sample being analyzed should be read at the same temperature, and their fatty acid compositions should be similar.
Effect of soybean breakage on the quality of soybean oil: Preliminary study
Authors: Velasco J. , Abdul‐Baki A. A.
Published: July 2007

Soybean samples were separated into 4 fractions (whole beans, halves, pieces, and fines) according to physical damage, and all fractions but the fines were analyzed for oil quality. Free fatty acids were found to increase from 0.65% for whole beans to 1.79% for halves, 3.04% for pieces, and 9.46% for fines (by differences). Neutral oil loss of hexane‐extracted oil from these fractions was 4.5% for whole beans, 4.62% for halves, and 6.08% for pieces. The results give a measure of the decrease in quality of soybean oil with increasing soybean breakage.
Refining of tall oil pitch
Authors: Erä V. , Noronen K. , Holmbom B.
Published: July 2007

Six grades of tall oil pitch (TOP) were subjected to extraction by n‐hexane and subsequent adsorption by SiO2‐activated carbon blend. Treated pitch samples contained 32.9–48.4% free acids, 24.2–35.0% esterified acids, and 25.0–36% unsaponifiable neutral compounds. Each of the above fractions was analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography. The portion insoluble in n‐hexane contained 83.9% free acids, 10.6% esterified acids, and 5.5% unsaponifiable neutral compounds, indicating enrichment of the acidic compounds in this fraction. The decolorizing effect was observed in all treated TOP grades.
Soy oil consumption trends in the EEC
Authors: Leysen Roger
Published: July 2007

Trends in soy oil consumption within the EEC show rising usage, but wide variances in per capita consumption in different nations. Soy oil consumption may increase as Europeans become more familiar with soy processing, soy oil use, and the increased consumption of convenience foods and meals outside the home.