bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of transcription pausing in the control of the pyrE attenuator in Escherichia coli
Authors: Andersen J. T. , Jensen K. F. , Poulsen P.
Published: October 2006

Expression of the Escherichia coli pyrE gene is regulated by transcription attenuation in the intercistronic orfE–pyrE region and modulated by the distance between the transcribing RNA polymerase and the leading ribosome as a function of the supply of UTP and GTP. In this communication we show that pyrE expression is hyper‐repressed in vivo following addition of uracil in strains carrying the nusAcs10 mutation. This phenotype, previously seen in rpsL 1204 strains whose ribosomes are pseudodependent on streptomycin and work at suboptimal elongation rate, indicates that RNA polymerase escapes from the ribosomes in the pyrE attenuator region in the nusA mutant. In vitro transcription studies revealed that the build‐up of the full‐length attenuated orfE transcript occurred more slowly in the presence of the NusA protein than in its absence. Moreover, the NusA protein enhanced several transcription pauses through the orfE gene. These effects were more pronounced when low concentrations of either UTP or GTP were used than at low concentrations of either CTP or ATP. The results indicate that the NusA protein is required for proper regulation of pyrE gene expression and is involved, together with the NTP pools, in maintaining the coupling between transcription and translation in the pyrE attenuator region by inhibiting RNA chain elongation.
The products of Rhizobium genes, psi and pss, which affect exopolysaccharide production, are associated with the bacterial cell surface
Authors: Latchford J. W. , Borthakur D. , Johnston A. W. B.
Published: October 2006

Translational fusions between a mutant phoA (lacking its promoter, ribosomal binding site and signal peptide sequence) and Rhizobium‘symbiotic’ genes were isolated. Since these fusions expressed alkaline phosphatase (AP), the product of phoA, the genes into which phoA was inserted apparently specify proteins located in the bacterial periplasm or cell membrane, the compartment in which AP has activity. These genes were psiA and genes upstream of psiA (psiA is required for normal nodule development and strains with multicopy psiA fall to make exopolysaccharide (EPS) and to nodulate). Fusions between phoA and pss (exo) genes, which are required for EPS production, also resulted in the expression of AP indicating that products of these pss genes were located at the cell surface. Using grus fusions to psiA and pssA, we found that the former was expressed in N2‐fixing bean root nodules but the latter was not.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa LasB mutant constructed by insertional mutagenesis reveais elastolytic activity due to alkaline proteinase and the LasA fragment
Authors: Wolz C. , Hellstern E. , Haug M. , Galloway D. R. , Vasil M. L. , Döring G.
Published: October 2006

The extracellularly secreted endopeptidase elastase (LasB) is regarded as an important virulence factor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It has also been implicated in the processing of LasA which enhances elastolytic activity of LasB. In order to Investigate the role of LasB in virulence and LasA processing, a LasB‐negative mutant, PA01E, was constructed by insertional mutagenesis of the LasB structural gene, lasB, in P. aeruginosa PAO. An Internal 636 bp lasB fragment of the plasmid pRB1803 was ligated into a derivative of the mobilization vector pSUP201–1. The resulting plasmid, pBRMOB‐LasB, was transformed into Escherichia coli and transferred by filter matings to the LasB‐positive P. aeruginosa strain, PA01. Plasmid integration in the lasB site of the chromosome was confirmed by Southern blot analysis. Radioimmunoassay and immunoblotting of PA01E supernatant fluids yielded no detectable LasB (<1 ng ml‐1 LasB). The absence of LasB in PA01E was further proven by the inability of its culture supernatant fluid to cleave transferrin or rabbit immunogiobulin G (IgG) after a 72 h incubation. The residual proteolytic activity of PA01E culture supernatant fluid was attributed to alkaline proteinase (Apr), since it was totally inhibited by specific antibodies against Apr. Residual elastolytic activity in culture supernatant fluid of PAO1E was due to the LasA fragment and to the combined action of the LasA fragment with Apr on elastin. The sizes of purified LasA from PA01 and PA01E were identical (22 kDa). These results show that, besides LasB and the LasA fragment, Apr may also act on elastin in the presence of the LasA fragment and that the proteolytic processing of LasA in P. aeruginosa is independent of LasB.
Binding of basement‐membrane laminin by Escherichia coli
Authors: Valkonen K. H. , Veijola J. , Dagberg B. , Uhlin B. E.
Published: October 2006

An invasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) isolate was found to bind basement‐membrane laminin in a saturable and time‐dependent manner. Excess of unlabelled laminin inhibited the binding of the radioactively labelled protein. Non‐invasive E. coli K‐12 exhibited only low‐level laminin binding but introduction of the virulence‐associated plasmid from the EIEC isolate led to high‐level binding. Expression of a receptor for laminin on the bacteria was therefore associated with the presence of the virulence plasmid. Scatchard plot analysis Indicated approximately 1000 receptors per bacterial cell, and a Kd of high‐affinity binding of 0.5 pM. A laminin‐binding protein which correlated with the presence of the plasmid was isolated and characterized. Its sequence of the eight amino‐terminal amino acids was identical to that of the LamB protein of E. coli, although the molecular mass of the two in sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gel (SDS‐PAGE) appeared to be slightly different. Both proteins reacted in immunoblot assays with polyclonal antisera raised against either protein, and both proteins bound laminin. Southern‐blot hybridization analysis established that both the EIEC strain and the K‐12 strains with or without the virulence plasmid contained one lamB gene only, and no laminin‐binding protein appeared when the virulence plasmid was introduced into bacteria deleted for the lamB gene. On the basis of these results we suggest that native LamB protein of E. coli or a modified variant of it serves as a major receptor for laminin binding and is present at an increased level in invasive E. coli containing the virulence plasmid.
Nucleotide sequence of the ipaBCD structural genes of Shigella dysenteriae
Authors: Yao R. , Palchaudhuri S.
Published: October 2006

A 9kb EcoRI and two PstI fragments from the virulence plasmid of Shigella dysenteriae CG097 were shown to contain all ipa genes by probing with Shigella flexneri ipaB, ‐C, ‐D and ‐A gene probes. The DNA sequences of S. dysenteriae ipaBC genes were very similar to those of S. flexneri M90T and S. flexneri YSH6000, but ipaD differed by 22 codons from that of S. flexneri. The differences in ipaD may account for the different in vitro host specificities shown by S. dysenteriae and S. flexneri. The nucleotide composition of ipa genes revealed an unusually large number of codons that are rarely used in Escherichia coli chromosomal genes, indicating a different origin.
Cloning of a sequence of Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum that complements the aroD gene of Escherichia coli
Authors: Berson A. E. , Hudson D. V. , Waleh N. S.
Published: October 2006

A 2 kb DNA fragment isolated from a cosmid library of Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum strain MS‐1 complements the aromatic‐metabolite requirements and iron‐uptake deficiencies of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium strains that lack a functional aroD (biosynthetic dehydrodquinase) sequence. All recombinant cosmids selected for their aroD complementation property carry this sequence. No DNA sequence homology has, however, been detected by Southern hybridization between the cloned fragment and the aroD gene of E. coli or the qa2 (catabolic dehydroquinase) gene of Neurospora crassa.
Isolation and characterization of sporulation‐specific promoters in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Coe J. G. S. , Murray L. E. , Kennedy C. J. , Dawes L W.
Published: October 2006

A library of random yeast genomic DNA:lacZ fusions has been constructed using an episomal yeast‐Escherichia coli shuttle vector (pCS1). Plasmid pCS1 requires insertion of a promoter and an inframe ATG codon upstream of its resident truncated lacZ gene to regulate expression in yeast. Yeast genomic DNA fragments of 4–6 kb were generated by partial digestion with Sau3A and ligated into the unique BamHI site of plasmid pCS1 to generate a library of 5 × 104 individual E. coli transformants. This library was screened to identify promoter‐lacZ fusions that were expressed uniquely during sporulation. Of 342 yeast transformants that exhibited β‐galactosidase activity, two were found to express the lacZ gene in a sporulation‐specific manner.

This paper presents the characterization of two genomic yeast DNA fragments containing promoters that control lacZ expression during the sporulation process. Expression from the promoter present in plasmid pJC18 occurred from 11–21 hours into the sporulation process, while the promoter in plasmid pJC217 was active from 4–14 hours. Staining of nuclear DNA to correlate nuclear morphology with timing of gene expression showed when each of these promoters was active in terms of the morphological stages of sporulation.
A metal‐binding motif implicated in RNA recognition by an aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetase and by a retroviral gene product
Authors: Miller W. Todd , Schimmel Paul
Published: October 2006

A randomly generated mutation in Escherichia coli alanine tRNA synthetase compensates for a mutation in its cognate tRNA. The enzyme's mutation occurs next to a Cys‐X2‐Cys‐X6‐His‐X2‐His metal‐binding motif that is distinct from the zinc finger motif found in some DNA‐binding proteins. Instead, the synthe‐tase's metal binding domain resembles the Cys‐X2‐Cys‐X4‐His‐X4‐Cys metal‐binding domain of the gag gene product of retroviruses. For Ala‐tRNA synthetase, the metal bound at the Cys His motif is important specifically for the tRNA‐dependent step of catalysis, and the enzyme‐tRNA interaction is dependent on the geometry of metal co‐ordiNatlon to the enzyme. These data, and the demonstrated sensitivity of RNA packaging to mutations in the metal‐binding domain of the gag gene product of retroviruses, suggest that an aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetase and retroviruses have adopted a related metal‐binding motif for RNA recognition.
Variations in the expression of pili: the effect on adherence of Neisseria meningitidis to human epithelial and endothelial cells
Authors: Virji Mumtaz , Alexandrescu Carol , Ferguson David J. P. , Saunders Jon R. , Moxon E. Richard
Published: October 2006

The effect of variations in Neisseria meningitidis pili on bacterial interactions with three epithelial cell lines as well as human umbilical vein endothelial cells was studied using a panel of seven strains expressing Class I or Class II pili. Comparison of adherence of piliated and pilus‐deficient variants of each strain to epithelial cells suggested that Class I pili may mediate bacterial adherence with all three epithelial cell lines. In contrast, Class II pili of the strains used did not increase bacterial adherence to Hep‐2 larynx carcinoma cells, although an increase in adherence to Chang conjunctival and A549 lung carcinoma epithelial cells was observed in the Class II pili‐expressing strains. In addition to these inter‐class functional variations, differences in adherence to epithelial cells were also observed among Class I and Class II strains. Functionally different pilin variants of one Class I strain, MC58, were obtained by single colony isolation. One piliated variant was identified which had concurrently lost the ability to adhere to both Chang and Hep‐2 cells (‘non‐adherent’ phenotype; adherence of < 2 bacteria per cell). In addition, several adherent pilin variants were isolated from non‐adherent Pil‐ and Pil‐ bacteria by selection on Chang cells (adherence of 10–25 bacteria per cell). In contrast to epithelial cells, al) variant pili, whether of Class I or Class II, adhered to endothelial cells in substantially larger numbers (<50 bacteria per cell) and therefore implied the existence of distinct mechanisms in pilus‐facilitated interactions of N. meningitidis with endothelial and epithelial cells.
Identification, genetic analysis and DNA sequence of a 7.8‐kb virulence region of the Salmonella typhimurium virulence plasmid
Authors: Gulig Paul A. , Caldwell Allison L. , Chiodo Vince A.
Published: October 2006

The 90‐kilobase (kb) virulence plasmid of Salmonella typhimurium is responsible for invasion from the intestines to mesenteric lymph nodes and spleens of orally inoculated mice. We used Tn5 and aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (aph) gene insertion mutagenesis and deletion mutagenesis of a previously identified 14‐kb virulence region to reduce this virulence region to 7.8kb. The 7.8‐kb virulence region subcloned into a low copy‐number vector conferred a wild‐type level of splenic infection to virulence plasmid‐cured S. typhimurium and conferred essentially a wild‐type oral LD50. Insertion mutagenesis identified five loci essential for virulence, and DNA sequence analysis of the virulence region identified six open reading frames. Expected protein products were identified from four of the six genes, with three of the proteins identified as doublet bands in Escherichia coli minicells. Three of the five mutated genes were able to be complemented by clones containing only the corresponding wild‐type gene. Only one of the five deduced amino acid sequences, that of the positive regulatory element, SpvR, possessed significant homology to other proteins. The codon usage for the virulence genes showed no codon bias, which is consistent with the low levels of expression observed for the corresponding proteins. Consensus promoters for several different sigma factors were identified upstream of several of the genes, whereas only consensus Rho‐dependent termination sequences were observed between certain of the genes. The operon structure of this virulence region therefore appears to be complex. The construction of the cloned 7.8‐kb virulence region and the determination of the DNA sequence will aid in the further genetic analysis of the five plasmid‐encoded virulence genes of S. typhimurium.
Carbon catabolite repression can account for the temporal pattern of expression of a penicillin biosynthetic gene in Aspergillus nidulans
Authors: Espeso Eduardo A. , Peñalva Miguel A.
Published: October 2006

Aspergillus nidulans synthesizes penicillins as secondary metabolites when grown under certain culture conditions. Broths containing carbon (C) sources that give rise to carbon catabolite repression (CCR) support a much lower antibiotic yield than broths with non‐repressing C sources. Steady‐state levels of the isopenicillin N synthetase (IPNS) gene transcript are considerably reduced in mycelia grown with repressing C sources and are derepressed in mycelia grown with sugars which do not cause CCR, indicating that penicillin biosynthesis is regulated by CCR through transcriptional control of structural genes. CCR is sufficient to explain the temporal window of expression of the IPNS gene during the growth cycle since (i) the transcript becomes derepressed as soon as the concentration of a repressing C source drops to non‐repressing levels and (ii) derepressing C sources sustain derepressed IPMS transcription at all tested moments of the growth cycle. Several tested hypofunctional mutations in creA (the negatively acting regulatory gene which mediates CCR in A. nidulans) do not cause full derepression of IPNS transcript in the presence of a repressing C source. The slight degree of IPNS derepression caused by some creAd (derepressed) alleles parallels the strength of the mutation (as determined by the morphological effect they elicit).
Starvation‐inducible loci of Salmonella typhimurium: regulation and roles in starvation‐survival
Authors: Spector Michael P. , Cubitt Christopher L.
Published: October 2006

Four starvation‐inducible loci (stiA, stiB, stiC, and stiE) of Salmonella typhimurium have been extensively characterized as to their genetic and physiologic regulation, and their roles in survival during prolonged simultaneous phosphate (P)‐, carbon (C)‐and nitrogen (N)‐starvation (PCN‐starvation). Strains of S. typhimurium LT‐2, isogenic with the exception of lacking either the stiA, stiB or stiC locus, died off more quickly and survived at much reduced levels compared with their wild‐type parent. When certain sti mutations were combined in the same strain, we found that viability of these cultures declined even more rapidly, and starvation‐survival was affected to leveis over‐and‐above the additive effects of each individual mutation, indicating an epistatic relationship between these loci. All four sti loci were, directly or indirectly, under negative control by the crp gene product (cAMP receptor protein, CRP). With the exception of stiB, all were similarly regulated by the cya gene product (i.e., cAMP). This suggests that CRP acts alone, or with a signal molecule other than cAMP, to cause repression of the stiB locus. In addition, all four loci are under positive regulation by the relA gene product (i.e., ppGpp) during C‐ or N‐starvation, but not P‐starvation. Since not all relA‐depen‐dent sti loci are induced during both C‐ and N‐starvation, we propose that two separate ppGpp‐dependent pathways function during C‐starvation and N‐starvation, respectively. Possible models for separate P‐, C‐and N‐starvation‐induction pathways are discussed.
Insertional mutagenesis in the extreme thermophilic eubacteria Thermus thermophilus HB8
Authors: Lasa I. , Castón J. R. , Fernández‐Herrero L. A. , de Pedro M. A. , Berenguer J.
Published: October 2006

The transcription and translation signals of the S‐layer gene (slpA) from Thermus thermophilus HB8 have been used to express a thermostable kanamycin adenyl transferase gene in this organism. The chimaeric resistance gene was inserted in vitro into sIpA to produce different inactive forms of the gene, which were used to transform T. thermophilus HB8. After 48 hours of incubation at 70°C, only two constructions that contained the kat gene flanked by Thermus sequences from both sides of sIpA were able to produce protein layer (P100)‐defective mutants. The mutants obtained with both constructions showed identical protein patterns, in which a major 50 kDa protein and two other minor proteins were tentatively identified as P100 fragments, expressed from the extreme 5’end of slpA. They also exhibited important phenotypic defects, such as slow growth in liquid broth, a tendency to aggregate as rotund bodies, a twisted filamentous shape, and an extreme sensitivity to lysozyme, suggesting protective and shaping roles for the S‐layer in T. thermophilus HB8. These results also demonstrate for the first time the feasibility of using selective antibiotic‐resistance markers in extreme thermophiles.
Molecular analysis of the lac operon encoding the binding‐protein‐dependent lactose transport system and β‐galactosidase in Agrobacterium radiobacter
Authors: Williams S. G. , Greenwood J. A. , Jones C. W.
Published: October 2006

The genes coding for the binding‐protein‐dependent lactose transport system and β‐galactosidase in Agrobacterium radiobacter strain AR50 were cloned and partially sequenced. A novel lac operon was identified which contains genes coding for a lactose‐binding protein (lacE), two integral membrane proteins (lacF and lacG), an ATP‐binding protein (lacK) and β‐galactosidase (lacZ). The operon is transcribed in the order lacEFGZK, The operon is controlled by an upstream regulatory region containing putative ‐35 and ‐10 promoter sites, an operator site, a CRP‐binding site probably mediating catabolite repression by glucose and galactose, and a regulatory gene (lacl) encoding a repressor protein which mediates induction by lactose and other galactosides in wild‐type A. radiobacter (but not in strain AR50, thus allowing constitutive expression of the lac operon). The derived amino acid sequences of the gene products indicate marked similarities with other binding‐protein‐dependent transport systems in bacteria.
Clarification of the structural and functional features of the osmoregulated kdp operon of Escherichia coli
Authors: Sugiura A. , Nakashima K. , Tanaka K. , Mizuno T.
Published: October 2006

Expression of the Escherichia coli kdpABC operon, which is responsible for a high‐affinity potassium‐uptake system, is regulated in response to a change in the medium osmolarity. In this study, we clarified the structure and function of the kdpABC promoter including its regulatory sequence at the molecular level. The canonical ‐35 and ‐10 regions determined for the promoter were not fully functional, i.e. in addition to them, a cis‐acting sequence located upstream of the ‐35 region was essential for full activation of the promoter. This upstream sequence was demonstrated to be the target site for the trans‐acting activator, KdpE.
Phosphotransfer signal transduction between two regulatory factors involved in the osmoregulated kdp operon in Escherichia coli
Authors: Nakashima K. , Sugiura A. , Momoi H. , Mizuno T.
Published: October 2006

The proteins KdpD and KdpE are regulatory factors critically involved in the osmotic regulation of the kdpABC operon that is responsible for a high‐affinity transport system in Escherichia coli. In this study, we obtained biochemical evidence supporting the view that the KdpD protein is a sensory protein kinase that exhibits autophosphorylation and KdpE‐phosphotransfer characteristics. During the course of such studies we established a procedure for purifying the KdpE protein in large quantities. We also developed a procedure for preparing cytoplasmic membrane enriched with the KdpD protein that exhibits in vitro ability with regard to phosphorylation of KdpE protein.
Interaction of the regulatory protein NicR1 with the promoter region of the pAO1‐encoded 6‐hydroxy‐D‐nicotine oxidase gene of Arthrobacter oxidans
Authors: Bernauer H. , Mauch L. , Brandsch R.
Published: October 2006

The d,l‐nicotine catabolism of the Gram‐positive soil bacterium Arthrobacter oxidans is linked to the presence within the cells of the 160 kb catabolic plasmid pAO1. pAO1‐cured cells lost the catabolic enzymes and reintroduction of pAO1 by electroporation into cured cells reestablished the nic+ phenotype. DNA band shift assays with extracts from cured and pAO1+ cells suggested that pAO1 encodes the regulatory protein NicR1. Footprint analysis revealed that two homologous palindromes (IR1 and IR2), present in the 5′‐regulatory region of the 6‐HDNO gene, were protected from DNase I digestion. Binding of NicR1 to the palindromes is symmetrical, co‐operative, and stronger to IR1 containing the 6‐HDNO gene promoter than to IR2. Site‐directed mutagenesis revealed that steric constraints and sequence requirements for NicR1 ‐binding are located exclusively in the palindromic sequences. Deletions and insertions in the interpalindromic region and in the 6‐HDNO promoter ‐10 sequence had no effect on the binding characteristics of NicR1 to the 6‐HDNO regulatory region. Acting as a repressor, NicR1 prevents binding of the E. coli RNA‐polymerase to the consensus σ70 promoter in vitro. However, the Interaction of NicR1 with the 6‐HDNO promoter region in extracts of nicotine‐induced cells from various growth stages did not differ from that observed with extracts of nicotine‐uninduced cells.
The POT1 gene for yeast peroxisomal thiolase is subject to three different mechanisms of regulation
Authors: Igual J. Carlos , González‐Bosch Carmen , Franco Luis , Pérez‐Ortin José E.
Published: October 2006

Summary The Saccharomyces cerevisiae POT1 gene is, as are other yeast peroxisomal protein genes, inducible by fatty acids and repressible by glucose. We have now found that it is also induced during the stationary phase of the culture. To investigate these three regulatory circuits, we have studied the mRNA levels of regulatory mutants as well as the changes in chromatin structure upon gene activation. We conclude that the regulation of transcriptional activity in glucose repression, oleate induction, and stationary phase induction follow different molecular mechanisms. We suggest that this multiplicity of regulatory mechanisms may represent a general rule for the yeast peroxisomal protein genes.
PuIO, a component of the pullulanase secretion pathway of Klebsiella oxytoca, correctly and efficiently processes gonococcal type IV prepilin in Escherichia coli
Authors: Dupuy Bruno , Taha Muhamed‐Kheir , Possot Odile , Marchal Christian , Pugsley Anthony P.
Published: October 2006

The PulO protein required for extracellular secretion of pullulanase by Klebsiella oxytoca is known to be highly homologous to two type IV prepilin peptidases, namely XcpA(PilD) (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and TcpJ (Vibrio cholerae). The predicted prepilin peptidase activity of PulO was confirmed by showing that it could correctly process the product of the cloned pilE.1 type IV pilin structural gene from Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Escherichia coli. The P. aeruginosa prepilin peptidase and another putative prepilin peptidase, ComC from Bacillus subtilis, also processed prePilE. Subcellular fractionation showed that the pilE gene product that had been processed by PulO remained associated with the cytoplasmic membrane, as did the unprocessed precursor. PulO was also shown to process three of the four prePilE–PhoA hybrids tested. Southern hybridization experiments suggest that a PulO homologue is present in the N. gonorrhoeae chromosome.
Pneumocystis carinii shows DNA homology with the ustomycetous red yeast fungi
Authors: Wakefield Ann E. , Peters Sarah E. , Banerji Suneale , Bridge Paul D. , Hall Geoffrey S. , Hawksworth David L. , Guiver Lynden A. , Allen Andrew G. , Hopkin Julian M.
Published: October 2006

Pneumocystis carinii causes life‐threatening pneumonia in T‐lymphocyte‐immunodeficient subjects in transplant and oncology units or with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Recent DNA homology studies show P. carinii to be a fungus. To investigate the biology and epidemiology of this parasite further, we elected to determine for it a more precise taxonomic assignment within the fungal kingdom. We screened a wide range of organisms representing the major orders of fungi using DNA amplification and subsequently sequenced a portion of the mitochondrial gene encoding the large subunit ribosomal RNA. Our data show that the opportunistic pulmonary pathogen P. carinii is closely related to the ustomycetous red yeast fungi, a group which includes organisms that are extensively distributed throughout the environment and which release many widely dispersed airborne spores.
Negative transcriptional control of iron transport in Erwinia chrysanthemi involves an iron‐responsive two‐factor system
Authors: Expert Dominique , Sauvage Chrystèle , Neilands J. B.
Published: October 2006

Systemic virulence of the phytopathogen Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937 requires a functional iron assimilation system which, in this enterobacterium, is mediated by the siderophore chrysobactin and the outer membrane transport protein Fct. We investigated the regulation of this system by iron. No direct similarity with the Escherichia coli fur gene was found. Insertional mutagenesis allowed isolation of a regulatory mutant which expressed chrysobactin and two other high‐affinity iron transport systems previously characterized in strain 3937, regardless of the iron level. RNA/DNA hybridization analysis established that regulation of chrysobactin by iron occurs at the transcriptional level. From a wild‐type gene library, a recombinant cosmid able to restore normal regulation in the mutant strain was isolated. By generating a series of subclones and mini‐Mulac insertions, we identified a regulatory locus (cbr) extending beyond c. 2.5 kb which encodes two polypeptides, Cbr A and CbrB, with molecular weights of 34000 and 55000 respectively. Functional analysis of the locus suggests that the cognate genes cbrA and cbrB are clustered within an operon. Their expression was studied through chromosomal lac gene fusions, in the presence of plasmid‐borne wild‐type constructions, under high‐ and low‐iron conditions. In summary, the data show that in the presence of iron, cbr negatively regulates the chrysobactin biosynthetic and transport genes, while under conditions of depletion, cbr is subject to negative autogeneous regulation.
Localization of an immunodominant 64kDa lipoprotein (LP 64) in the membrane of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and its role in cytadherence
Authors: Forsyth Mark H. , Tourtellotte Mark E. , Geary Steven J.
Published: October 2006

A64kDa lipoprotein (LP 64) haemagglutinin (pI 4.9–5.0) was isolated from the membrane of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Triton X‐114 phase partitioning has demonstrated that the hydrophobic nature of this haemagglutinin is due to a lipid portion of the molecule. Autoradiography of [3H]‐palmitate‐labelled M. gallisepticum revealed the presence of several additional lipoproteins. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated the localization of LP 64 to the base of the terminal structure. Densitometric scans of stained polyacrylamide gels of M. gallisepticum showed that LP 64 constitutes 1.7% of the total protein. Scans of immunoblots of M. gallisepticum indicate that LP 64 is highly immunogenic in chickens, accounting for 7.4% of the total serum IgG response at four weeks post‐infection. A quantitative value for the IgG response to LP 64, relative to the percentage of total protein (the Relative Immunogenicity Index) was 4.4. LP 64 is conserved among several strains of M. gallisepticum, but its presence could not be detected in Mycoplasma synoviae. Antiserum raised to electroeluted LP 64 reacted specifically with this lipoprotein when assessed on either one‐or two‐dimensional immunoblots of M. gallisepticum. This antiserum, as well as Fab fragments, inhibited haemagglutination of chicken erythrocytes and inhibited the attachment of 14Clabelled M. gallisepticum to chicken tracheal epithelium in vitro by 62%.
Variation in length and sequence of porin (ompP2) alleles of non‐capsulate Haemophilus influenzae
Authors: Forbes Kenneth J. , Bruce Kenneth D. , Ball Alison , Pennington T. Hugh
Published: October 2006

Length variations of Haemophilus influenzae outer membrane porin protein P2 were found at the DNA and protein levels, notably in non‐capsulate strains. Protein length, measured by SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was found to correlate with the length of the gene, measured by polymerase chain reaction amplification, and ranged from 35–42 kDa and 970–1090 nucleotides, respectively. This represents a length variation of some 15%. The genetic location of these variations was studied by restriction enzyme mapping 10 of the non‐capsulate strains revealing further polymorphisms at the DNA level. All 10 strains were distinct and differed from a type b strain. The conservation and assortment of the different restriction sites in the alleles is discussed in relation to the very great diversity previously described for this protein and of the whole genome itself in non‐capsulate strains. The roles of selection, horizontal gene transfer, and transformation in generating this diversity are discussed.
Cloning and characterization of fxp, the flexible pilin gene of Aeromonas hydrophila
Authors: Ho Alice S. Y. , Sohel Indira , Schoolnik Gary K.
Published: October 2006

The flexible pilus of Aeromonas hydrophila is a morphologically and biochemically unique organelle which binds eukaryotic cell surfaces and whose expression is induced by specific physiochemical conditions, fxp, the structural gene coding for the flexible pilus subunit, was localized on a 7.6 kb plasmid of A. hydrophila strain AH26. A putative Shine‐Dalgarno sequence and ‐10 and ‐35 regions were identified, a signal peptide sequence delineated, and the coding sequence compared with other bacterial sequences and found to be unique. Plasmid and chromosomal DNA was prepared from 66 other Aeromonas strains and 12 strains from other bacterial genera and examined by Southern blot hybridization using a labelled fxp oligonucleotide and the 7.6 kb plasmid as probes. No hybridizing sequences were identified except in the original strain, AH26. It is proposed that fxp codes for a highly evolved organelle, possibly widely distributed in nature, but that it is carried on a genetic element that is rapidly lost from most strains upon in vitro cultivation and storage.
Transcriptional control, translation and function of the products of the five open reading frames of the Escherichia coli nir operon
Authors: Harborne Nerina R. , Griffiths Lesley , Busby Stephen J. W. , Cole Jeffrey A.
Published: October 2006

Five open reading frames designated nirB, nirD, nirE, nirC and cysG have been identified from the DNA sequence of the Escherichia coli nir operon. Complementation experiments established that the NirB, NirD and CysG polypeptides are essential and sufficient for NADH‐dependent nitrite reductase activity (EC 1.6.6.4). A series of plasmids has been constructed in which each of the open reading frames has been fused in‐phase with the p‐galactosidase gene, lacZ. Rates of β‐galactosidase synthesis during growth in different media revealed that nirB, ‐D, ‐E and ‐C are transcribed from the FNR‐dependent promoter, p‐nirB, located just upstream of the nirB gene: expression is co‐ordinately repressed by oxygen and induced during anaerobic growth. Although the nirB, ‐D and ‐C open reading frames are translated into protein, no translation of nirE mRNA was detected. The cysG gene product is expressed from both p‐nirB and a second, FNR‐independent promoter, p‐cysG, located within the nirC gene.

No NADH‐dependent nitrite reductase activity was detected in extracts from bacteria lacking either NirB or NirD, but a mixture of the two was as active as an extract from wild‐type bacteria. Reconstitution of enzyme activity in vitro required stoichiometric quantities of NirB and NirD and was rapid and independent of the temperature during mixing. NirD remained associated with NirB during the initial stages of purification of the active enzyme, suggesting that NirD is a second structural subunit of the enzyme.
An SOS‐inducible defective retronphage (φR86) in Escherichia coli strain B
Authors: Kirchner Jakob , Lim Dongbin , Witkin Evelyn M. , Garvey Nancy , Roegner‐Maniscalco Vivien
Published: October 2006

In Escherichia coli, RecA protein regulates the DNA damage‐inducible survival‐enhancing SOS response. Mutant aliele recA730, which causes constitutive SOS expression, is lethal at high temperatures in B/r, a derivative of wild‐type B, but not in K‐12 or in certain B/r‐K‐12 hybrids. We present evidence that killing is due to SOS induction of a defective retronphage, φR86, which is integrated into the B/r chromosome at 19 min, but is absent in K‐12. φR86 contains retron EC‐86 which encodes reverse transcriptase and a small multicopy DNA‐RNA complex, msDNA‐RNA. Induction of φR86 in recA730 B/r strains results in inhibition of host DNA replication before cell death. A retronphage ‘killer’ gene, ORF336, when overexpressed from a plasmid, causes similar effects without SOS induction. φR86 is not detectably u.v.‐inducible in recA* strains.
The TraM protein of the conjugative plasmid F binds to the origin of transfer of the F and ColE1 plasmids
Authors: di Laurenzio Laura , Frost Laura S. , Paranchych William
Published: October 2006

The gene encoding the TraM protein of the conjugative plasmid F was cloned, overexpressed and the gene product was purified. The TraM protein was found in the cytoplasm of cells carrying the F plasmid with a smaller amount in the inner membrane. DNase I footprinting experiments showed that the purified protein protects three regions in the F ori T locus with different affinity for the upper and lower strands of DNA. A 15‐nucleotide motif was identified within the protected regions that represented the DNA‐binding site. The TraM protein was also found to bind to a sequence in the oriT region of the non‐conjugative plasmid ColE1 that resembles the three binding sites in the F oriT region.
Evidence that the hrpB gene encodes a positive regulator of pathogenicity genes from Pseudomonas solanacearum
Authors: Genin Stéphane , Gough Clare L. , Zischek Claudine , Boucher Christian A.
Published: October 2006

The hrp gene cluster of Pseudomonas solanacearum GMI1000 strain encodes functions that are essential for pathogenicity on tomato and for the elicitation of the hypersensitive response on tobacco. In this study, we present the nucleotide sequence of one of the hrp genes (hrpB) located at the left‐hand end of the cluster and we show that hrpB encodes a positive regulator controlling the expression of hrp genes. hrpB has a coding capacity for a 477‐amino‐acid polypeptide, which shows significant similarity to several prokaryotic transcriptional activators including the AraC protein of Escherichia coli, the XylS protein of Pseudomonas putida and the VirF protein of Yersinia enterocolitica. The predicted hrpB gene product belongs to a family of bacterial regulators different from the previously described HrpS protein of the hrp gene cluster of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. Genetic evidence demonstrates that the hrpB gene product acts as a positive regulator of the expression in minimal medium of all but one of the putative transcription units of the hrp gene cluster and also controls the expression of genes located outside this cluster. We also show in this paper that the transcription of hrpB is induced in minimal medium and is partly autoregulated.
Significance of anthraquinone formation resulting from the cloning of actinorhodin genes in heterologous streptomycetes
Authors: Strohl W. R. , Connors N. C.
Published: October 2006

This review explores the underlying biochemical and genetic principles leading to the formation of hybrid anthraquinones by recombinant anthracycline‐producing streptomycetes transformed with genes encoding the early steps in actinorhodin biosynthesis. Experiments indicate that simple aromatic polyketides are probably synthesized using very similar mechanisms, allowing for the interspecies cloning of polyketide synthase genes for the potential production of novel aromatic polyketide structures.
A role for falcilysin in transit peptide degradation in the Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast
Authors: Ponpuak Marisa , Klemba Michael , Park Mehea , Gluzman Ilya Y. , Lamppa Gayle K. , Goldberg Daniel E.
Published: October 2006

Falcilysin (FLN) is a zinc metalloprotease thought to degrade globin peptides in the acidic vacuole of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The enzyme has been found to have acidic or neutral pH optima on different peptides and to have additional distribution outside the food vacuole. These data suggested that FLN has an additional function in the parasite. To further probe the functions of FLN, we created a transgenic parasite clone expressing a chromosomally encoded FLN‐GFP fusion. Unexpectedly, FLN was found in the apicoplast, an essential chloroplast‐like organelle. Nuclear encoded apicoplast proteins are targeted to the organelle by a bipartite N‐terminal sequence comprised of a signal sequence followed by a positively charged transit peptide domain. Free transit peptides are thought to be toxic to the plastid and need to be rapidly degraded after proteolytic release from proproteins. We hypothesized that FLN may participate in transit peptide degradation in the apicoplast based on its preference for basic residues at neutral pH and on phylogenetic comparison with other M16 family metalloproteases. In vitro cleavage by FLN of the transit peptide from the apicoplast‐resident acyl carrier protein supports this idea. The importance of FLN for parasite development is suggested by our inability to truncate the chromosomal FLN open reading frame. Our work indicates that FLN is an attractive target for antimalarial development.
On the Eightieth Birthday of C. G. Jung
Authors: MACE C. A.
Published: October 2006

On the 8th of July, 1955, the Society of Analytical Psychology held a reception in honour of Professor Jung's eightieth birthday. Professor C. A. Mace and Professor Arnold Toynbee paid a gracious compliment to the Society in delivering addresses which the Editor has much pleasure in including in the present issue of the Journal.
Book Reviews
Authors: Williams Mary
Published: October 2006

Sidney Levin and Ralph J. Kahana (Eds). Psychodynamic studies on ageing

Hans Dieckmann: Probleme der Lebensmitte—Krise, Umkehr, Neubeginn
Loneliness
Authors: HOBSON ROBERT F.
Published: October 2006

‘When love, with one another so  Interinanimates two soules,  That abler soule, which thence doth flow,  Defects of lonelinesse controules.’ 

—John Donne (13)
Reviews
Authors: Lambert Kenneth
Published: October 2006

C. G. Jung, Experimental researches, (translated by L. Stein and D. Riviere from the German papers) Collected works, Vol. 2

Kirsch, James. The reluctant prophet

Meltzer, D. Sexual states of mind

Browning, Don: Generative man

Conway, Ronald: The great Australian stupor

The function and nature of imagery. ed. Peter W. Sheehan

Aronson, Alex: Psyche and symbol in Shakespeare

Spector, Jack J.: The aesthetics of Freud. A study in psychoanalysis and art

The child: structure and dynamics of the nascent personality

Support, innovation and autonomy. Tavistock Clinic Golden Jubilee Papers. Edited by Robert Gosling

Michael Fordham, Rosemary Gordon, Judith Hubback and Kenneth Lambert (co‐Eds.) Technique in Jungian analysis The Library of Analytical Psychology. Volume 2

Michael Fordham, Rosemary Gordon, Judith Hubback and Kenneth Lambert (Eds.), Technique in Jungian analysis. The Library of Analytical Psychology Vol. 2
Book Reviews
Authors: Lambert Kenneth
Published: October 2006

Adler Gerhard (Ed.). Success and failure in analysis. The Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress for Analytical Psychology

Confrontation in psychotherapy. Adler, Gerald and Myerson, Paul G. (Eds.)

Khan, M. Masud R. The privacy of the self

Milgram, Stanley: Obedience to authority

Stein, Robert. Incest and human love

Szasz, Thomas S. The ethics of psychoanalysis

Ideology and insanity

The second sin
Journal Reviews
Authors: Ledermann Rushi
Published: October 2006

Asher, Charles (New York): ‘Dream responses to the Jungian training process.’

Blomeyer, R. (Berlin): ‘Identität, Identifizierung, Individuation’

Blomeyer, R. (Berlin): ‘Aspekte der Persona’

Fierz, H. K. (Zürich): ‘Crucial points at the start of a psychotherapeutic treatment’.

Finley, Patricia (New York): ‘Dialogue drawing: an image‐evoking communication between analyst and analysand’.

Kluger H. Y. (Haifa): ‘Archetypal dreams and “everyday” dreams: A statistical investigation into Jung's theory of the collective unconscious’.

Kraemer, William P. (London): ‘The enemy within‐without; psychotherapy and morals; psychotherapy—what it is’.

Läpple, J. & Prell, G. (Stuttgart): ‘Krankendemonstration in der ausbildung analytischer Psychotherapeuten’

Pontius, A. A. (New York): ‘The face in sacred art of the Upper Sepik river of New Guinea: analogies to neuro‐developmental aspects and to prosopagnosia’.

Pontius, A. A. (New York): ‘Developmental phases in visual recognition of the human face pattern, exemplified by the “smiling response”’.

Pontius, A. A. (New york): ‘New frontiers of ecological ethics—or balance between over‐and‐under‐control of outer and inner factors’.

Pontius, A. A. (New York): Zerstückelungsmord als unbewusstes Ritual’

Mendelsohn, J. (Jerusalem): Psychotherapie eines Knaben mit schweren Verhaltungs‐störungen im Rahmen eines Kinderheimes des Ichud‐Hakibbuzim’

Psychological Perspectives

Rivista di Psicologia Analitica

Wilke, H‐J. (Berlin): ‘Neurosentheoretische Überlegungen zur Struktur und Dynamik depressiver Erkrankungen’
Book Reviews
Authors: Lambert Kenneth
Published: October 2006

Fordham Michael, The self and autism.

Moreno, Mario. Vend argomenti per un seminario di psicoterapia.

Kraemer, William (ed.); Gordon, Rosemary; Williams, Mary; Lambert, Kenneth, The forbidden love.

Mahler, Margaret S.; Pine, F. and Bergman, The psychological birth of the infant.

Holbrook, David, Gustav Mahler and the courage to be

Roazen, Paul, Freud and his followers

Layard, John. A Celtic quest

Von Der Heydt, Vera, Prospects for the soul

Shapiro, Kenneth Joel, and Irving, E. Alexander, The experience of introversion

Van der Post, L. Jung and the story of our time

Kahn, J. H., Job's illness. Loss, grief and integration.

Fromm, E., Suzuki, D. T. and de Martino, R. Zen Buddhism and psychoanalysis
Book Reviews
Authors: Lambert Kenneth
Published: October 2006

Campbell, Joseph. The mythic image.

Storr, Anthony. The dynamics of creation.

Laing, R. D. The facts of life.

Wolff, H. Jesus der Mann—Die Gestalt Jesu in tiefen psychologischer Sicht.

Aurigemma, Luigi. Le signe zodiacal du scorpion dans les traditions occidentales de l'antiquité gréco‐latine à la renaissance.
A Discursive Review
Authors: Lambert Kenneth
Published: October 2006

Langs, Robert. The therapeutic interaction.

C. G. Jung. The symbolic life.

Corsini, Raymond J., Current personality theories.

Maclagan, D. Creation myths. Man's introduction to the world.
Book Reviews
Authors: Lambert Kenneth
Published: October 2006

Hannah, Barbara. Jung, his life and work.

Kohut, Heinz. The restoration of the self.

Fromm, ErichThe anatomy of human destructiveness

Haley, Alex. Roots.

Swainson, Mary. The spirit of counsel.
Reviews
Authors: Lambert Kenneth
Published: October 2006

Jung, C. G. The visions seminars.

McGuire, William and Hull, R. F. C. (Eds.). C. G. Jung speaking: Interviews and encounters.

Carotenuto, Aldo. (Ed.). The annual of Italian analytical psychologists.

Guggenbühl‐Craig, Adolf. Marriage—dead or alive.

Winnicott, D. W. The Piggle (Ed. I. Ramzy).

Blum, Harold P., M.D. (Ed.). Female psychology: contemporary psychoanalytic views.

Robert, Marthe. From Oedipus to Moses

Biller, Henry B. Father, child and sex rôle.

Eliade, Mircea. No souvenirs, Journal 1957–1969.
Symbolic Equations in Creative Process:
Authors: MADURO RENALDO
Published: October 2006

Every creative individual owes all that is greatest in his life to fantasy—the dynamic principle of fantasy is play.

C. G. Jung (22)
Reviews
Authors: Peterson Corinna
Published: October 2006

Storr, A. The art of psychotherapy.

Von Franz, Marie‐Louise. On divination and synchronicity: the psychology of meaningful chance.

Chapman, A. H. and Chapman, M. Harry Stack Sullivan's concept of personality development and psychiatric illness.
Reviews
Authors: Peterson Corinna
Published: October 2006

Baker, I. F. (Ed.). Methods of Treatment in Analytical Psychology

Campbell, Joseph (Ed.). Man and Transformation: Papers from the Eranos Yearbooks

Hook, R. (Ed.). Fantasy and Symbol; Studies in Anthropological Interpretation

Neumann, Erich. Kunst und Schöpferisches Unbewusstes

Rothstein, A. The Narcissistic Pursuit of Perfection
Journal Reviews
Authors: Ledermann Rushi
Published: October 2006

[Authors are invited to submit for review articles published in learned journals on subjects relevant to this section. They may also send chapters which would be of interest to our readers, but which were written for books that neither the publisher nor the editor of the book is submitting to our Book Review section.]

Aigrisse, G. (France). ‘Sensation et créativité’

Beyme, F. (Basel). ‘Die Psychosomatik der Kranken mit Migräne und Kopfschmerz’ (The Psychosomatic condition of patients with migraine and headaches)

Cantaerts M. (Brussels). ‘Le transfert, Jung, l'hysterique’

Dreifuss, G. (Haifa). ‘Psychotherapy of Nazi victims’. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics

Gordon‐Montagnon, R. (London). ‘Le codit’, in Cahiers de Psychologie Jungienne

Meier, C. A. (Zürich). ‘Science et conscience’

Nagy, Marilyn (Palo Alto). ‘Menstruation and Shamanism’. Psychological Perspectives

Plaut, A. (London). ‘General Gordons Paradies’. Analytische Psychologie

Rauhala, L. (Helsinki). ‘The problem of meaning in psychology and psychiatry’, in Studies in the Theory of Values

Samuels, Andrew (London). ‘Fragmentary vision: a central training aim’

Rivista di Psicologia Analitica