bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of mistuned forced response in an axial high-pressure compressor rig with focus on Tyler–Sofrin modes
Authors: Figaschewsky F. , Kühhorn A. , Beirow B. , Giersch T. , Schrape S.
Published: April 2019

This paper aims at contributing to a better understanding of the effect of Tyler–Sofrin Modes (TSMs) on forced vibration responses by analysing a 4.5-stage research axial compressor rig. The first part starts with a brief review of the involved physical mechanisms and necessary prerequisites for the generation of TSMs in multistage engines. This review is supported by unsteady CFD simulations of a quasi 2D section of the studied engine. It is shown that the amplitude increasing effect due to mistuning can be further amplified by the presence of TSMs. Furthermore, the sensitivity with respect to the structural coupling of the blades and the damping as well as the shape of the expected envelope is analysed.

The second part deals with the Rotor 2 blisk of the research compressor rig. The resonance of a higher blade mode with the engine order of the upstream stator is studied in two different flow conditions realised by different variable stator vane (VSV) schedules which allows to separate the influence of TSMs from the impact of mistuning. A subset of nominal system modes representation of the rotor is used to describe its mistuned vibration behaviour, and unsteady CFD simulations are used to characterise the present strength of the TSMs in the particular operating conditions. Measured maximum amplitude vs blade pattern and frequency response functions are compared against the predictions of the aeromechanical models in order to assess the strength of the TSMs as well as its influence on vibration levels.
Improved aerofoil parameterisation based on class/shape function transformation
Authors: He W. , Liu X.
Published: April 2019

A new aerofoil parameterisation method is put forward to represent an aerofoil by combining the leading edge modification class/shape function transformation (LEM CST) method and improved Hicks–Henne bump function’s method. The new class/shape function transformation (NEW CST) method has two additional basis functions comparing the original CST method. In order to confirm these two basis functions, the radial basis functions neural network (RBF) model is trained by some samples which are generated by the Latin hypercube design (LHD) method and Genetic Algorithm (GA) is proposed to achieve the basis functions of the NEW CST method. The NEW CST method has been evaluated in fitting precision of 1,545 aerofoils by comparison with the LEM CST method and the original CST method. And the improved ability of the NEW CST at the leading edge and trailing edge is verified by a series of complex aerofoil case studies within 1,545 aerofoils. The results indicate that the NEW CST method can represent the whole aerofoils and possesses the intuitive property as well as the original CST. Moreover, the number of control parameters (NCP) to parameterise aerofoils is the fewest among these three methods. Furthermore, when the NCP of the NEW CST and LEM CST is the same, the NEW CST method has the higher accuracy and smaller root mean square errors (RMSE) especially at the leading edge and trailing edge.
On-ground lateral direction control for an unswept flying-wing UAV
Authors: Ma Z. Y. , Zhu X. P. , Zhou Z.
Published: April 2019

To solve the on-ground lateral direction control problem of the unswept flying-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) without rudder, steering system or breaking system, a control approach which uses differential propeller thrust to control the lateral direction is proposed. First, a mathematical model of the unswept flying-wing UAV on-ground moving is established. Second, based on the active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) theory, a yaw angle controller is designed by using the differential propeller thrust as the control output. Finally, a straight line trajectory tracking control law is designed by improving the vector field path following method. Experiment results show that the proposed control laws have a shorter response time, better robustness and better control precision compared with proportional integral derivative (PID) controller. The proposed controller has small computational complexity, simple parameter setting process, and uses practical measurable physical quantities, providing a reference solution for further engineering applications.
Examining Canada's return visits to the emergency department after a concussion
Authors: Morrison Laura , Taylor Rachel , Mercuri Mathew , Thompson Jennifer
Published: April 2019

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to identify 1) the proportion of patients discharged from the emergency department (ED) with a diagnosis of concussion and return within 14 days, and 2) the characteristics that prompt a return.

Methods

A health records review was conducted on adult patients with a discharge diagnosis of a concussion who accessed care through Hamilton Health Sciences EDs and Urgent Care Centre in 2016. Subsequent data were collected from those who returned to the ED within 14 days. Clinical characteristics of returners were compared to those of non-returners.

Results

Of the 389 patients included in the study, 38 (10%) returned within 14 days. Patients who sustained a concussion in a sport-related context or were referred to a specialized clinic were less likely to return (p = 0.03). Those who suffered an assault-related concussion were more likely to return (p = 0.01). Of those who did return, 42% received a CT scan with normal results, and 42% were given new discharge instructions.

Conclusions

Approximately 10% of patients diagnosed with a concussion in a Canadian hospital setting returned to the ED within 14 days of their index visit. Our study suggests the opportunity to reduce this burden to both the healthcare system and the patient through careful discharge instructions outlining anticipated symptoms following a concussion (specifically, headache) or referral to a concussion clinic.
Linking leader power use and performance: The mediating role of follower satisfaction and commitment
Authors: Reiley Peter J. , Jacobs Rick R.
Published: April 2019

This study examined the intermediate role job satisfaction and organizational commitment play between leaders' perceived use of power and followers' performance. Based on a sample of 365 cadets at the U.S. Air Force Academy, this study found followers' job satisfaction and commitment mediated the positive relationships between their leaders' use of expert, referent, and reward power and the followers' organizational citizenship behavior. Further, while the use of legitimate or coercive power were both related negatively to followers' in-role job performance, these relationships were not mediated by the followers' job satisfaction or organizational commitment. This study then discusses the practical implications of these findings, highlights its theoretical contributions toward understanding power's direct and indirect relationships with performance in the leadership dynamic, and recommends future research avenues to leverage and build upon these findings.
Smoking cessation and the general practice pharmacist
Authors: Deeks Louise S , Kosari Sam , Develin Anne , Peterson Gregory M. , Naunton Mark
Published: April 2019

Introduction

Roles for pharmacists in general practice are developing in Australia. It is known that pharmacists can provide effective smoking cessation services in other settings but evidence in general practice is lacking.

Aim

To determine whether a pharmacist can provide effective smoking cessation services within general practice.

Method

Data from smoking cessation consultations were obtained for 66 consecutive patients seen by one practice pharmacist. The pharmacist tailored interventions to the individual. Medication was offered in collaboration with community pharmacists and general practitioners. Quit coaching, based on motivational interviewing, was conducted. Smoking status was ascertained at least 6 months after the intended quit date and verified by a carbon monoxide breath test where possible.

Results

The patients’ median age was 43 years (range 19–74 years); 42 were females (64%). At baseline, the median (i) number of pack years smoked was 20 (range: 1–75); (ii) Fagerstrom Test of dependence score was 6 (1–10); and (iii) number of previous quit attempts was 3 (0–10). Follow-up after at least 6 months determined a self-reported point prevalence abstinence rate of 30% (20/66). Of all patients who reported to be abstinent, 65% (13/20) were tested for carbon monoxide breath levels and were all below 7 ppm. The biochemically verified smoking abstinence rate was therefore 20% overall (13/66). Successful quit attempts were associated with varenicline recommendation (69% v 25%), increased median number of practice pharmacist consultations (4 v 2 per patient) and mental health diagnosis (85% v 51%).

Conclusion

Our observed abstinence rate was comparable or better than those obtained by practice nurses, community pharmacists and outpatient pharmacists, indicating the general practice pharmacist provided an effective smoking cessation intervention. A larger randomised trial is warranted.
From Remonstrance to Impeachment: A Curious Case of “Confucian Constitutionalism” in South Korea
Authors: Kim Sungmoon
Published: April 2019

In his path-breaking essay that investigates the rise of judicial review in democratic Taiwan and South Korea, Tom Ginsburg presents the distinctive style of judicial review practiced by both countries in terms of “Confucian constitutionalism,” at the core of which is the practice of constitutional review as remonstrance. This Article examines whether the model of Confucian constitutionalism is still relevant in Korea, especially in light of the Constitutional Court’s recent decision to uphold the motion to impeach the president rather than merely offering remonstrance or warning. By associating the Court’s jurisprudence characterized by highly moralistic language and style of reasoning with Confucian constitutionalism, this Article presents Confucian constitutionalism asindirect constitutionalism, a mode of constitutionalism that aims to shape the polity’s constitutional identity in a way that achieves a meaningful congruence between liberal constitutional principles and the underlying public culture that defines the polity as a distinctive moral community.
New excavations at the late Pleistocene site of Chinchihuapi I, Chile
Authors: Dillehay Tom D. , Ocampo Carlos , Saavedra Jose , Pino Mario , Scott-Cummings Linda , Kovácik Peter , Silva Claudia , Alvar Rodrigo
Published: April 2019

This paper presents new excavation data on the Chinchihuapi I (CH-I) locality within the Monte Verde site complex, located along Chinchihuapi Creek in the cool, temperate Valdivian rain forest of south-central Chile. The 2017 and 2018 archaeological excavations carried out in this open-air locality reveal further that CH-I is an intermittently occupied site dating from the Early Holocene (~10,000 cal yr BP) to the late Pleistocene (at least ~14,500 cal yr BP) and probably earlier. A new series of radiocarbon dates refines the chronology of human use of the site during this period. In this paper, we describe the archaeological and stratigraphic contexts of the recent excavations and analyze the recovered artifact assemblages. A fragmented Monte Verde II point type on an exotic quartz newly recovered from excavations at CH-I indicates that this biface design existed in at least two areas of the wider site complex ~14,500 cal yr BP. In addition, associated with the early Holocene component at CH-I are later Paijan-like points recovered with lithic tools and debris and other materials. We discuss the geographic distribution of diagnostic artifacts from the site and their probable relationship to other early sites in South America.
Theology and Experience
Authors: Thomas Owen C.
Published: April 2019

In the light of these warnings from two philosophers who are attended to very carefully by contemporary theologians it might be expected that theologians would use the term “experience” with considerable caution. Exactly the opposite, however, seems to be the case. Contemporary theologians are talking a great deal about experience and, as we shall see, without much clarity or precision. This is probably the result of the swing of the theological pendulum to the left in the latter half of this century. It is also probably determined by the “hunger for experience” (Gadamer, Biersdorf) which has emerged in Western culture since the sixties. This in turn I take to be an aspect of a contemporary romantic movement which, like its predecessor in the last century, is marked by a reaction against the effects of modern science and technology and their accompanying secularism and rationalization of society, and by a longing for a deeper experience of the self, the world, and the divine.
Prevalence of dysphagia in patients with muscle tension dysphonia
Authors: Hamdan A-L , Khalifee E , Jaffal H , Ghanem A , El Hage A
Published: April 2019

Background

It is hypothesised that patients with muscle tension dysphonia have a high prevalence of dysphagia in comparison to normative values reported in the literature.

Methods

This prospective study included 44 subjects diagnosed with muscle tension dysphonia, based on symptoms and laryngoscopic findings, and 25 control subjects with no history of dysphonia and normal laryngeal examination findings. Demographic data included age, gender and smoking history. The aetiology of muscle tension dysphonia was classified as primary or secondary. Evaluation involved the Eating Assessment Tool (‘EAT-10’) questionnaire.

Results

Patients’ mean age was 45.93 ± 14.95 years, with a female to male ratio of 1.2:1. Fourteen patients had primary muscle tension dysphonia, while 30 had secondary muscle tension dysphonia. Among patients with secondary muscle tension dysphonia, Reinke's oedema was the most common aetiology. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of dysphagia between the study group and the control group (40.9 per cent vs 8 per cent respectively, p < 0.05).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates a higher prevalence of dysphagia in patients with the presenting symptom of dysphonia and diagnosed with muscle tension dysphonia in comparison to subjects with no dysphonia.
Assessing views of life: a subjective affair?
Authors: MARKUS ARJAN
Published: April 2019

Is the assessment of a view of life only a matter of personal preference? I argue that there is more than personal preference. I defend the position that a view of life must be useful for the ascription of meaning and therefore needs to fulfil the requirements of the process of ascribing meaning. In this article I analyse this process and its requirements and deduce from them a set of criteria by which views of life can be assessed.
Modes of Experience–On Eric Voegelin's Theory of Governance
Authors: Sigwart Hans-Jörg
Published: April 2019

Whereas Eric Voegelin's main works from the 1950s to the 1980s are well known and have been widely discussed, his early work has gained academic attention only recently. Voegelin scholars have now entered into a wide-ranging discussion of the specific nature of those early writings. The following reflections seek to contribute to this general discussion by focusing on one of the most interesting—and, at the same time, the most puzzling—of Voegelin's early unpublished texts. Concentrating on the fragment entitled the Theory of Governance, this article will also present certain sources that have not yet appeared in English. Its aim will be to clarify some of the crucial questions and principles of Voegelin's early conception of political science in general. After presenting that conception, the article will indicate that Voegelin's later critique of the modern ideologies of political collectivism has not yet come into focus in this early text.
Reckoning with the past
Authors: Siavelis Peter M.
Published: April 2019

Augusto Pinochet's unexpected 1998 London arrest provided a rare opportunity for a trial of a former head of state outside his own country for crimes committed while in office. The drama and visibility of the arrest and subsequent trial also prompted a wave of scholarly research on the case and its consequences. Among a crowded field, Naomi Roht-Arriaza's book stands out for doing much more than simply recounting the Pinochet story or discussing its significance for international law. Her meticulously researched book goes beyond a simple focus on the Pinochet case per se, to artfully weave together the series of interactions that helped the case possibly transform transnational global justice. In the process, she provides insights for students of law, democratization, human rights, and international relations.
In her context
Authors: Ross Jason C.
Published: April 2019

Anne Hutchinson is one of those iconic figures whose place in living memory is bought at the price of dislocation from her own space in time. Hutchinson's spirited witness against Puritan power and orthodoxy, displayed in her famous trials before the Massachusetts General Court and the Boston Church, has encouraged modern scholars to portray her as, among other things, a prophet of civil, religious, and women's liberty; the specifics of these interpretations matter less than the interpreters' shared sense that Hutchinson was a woman who stood apart from her culture. By contrast, Michael Winship wants to tell the story of “[t]he historical Anne Hutchinson [who] fit fairly comfortably into that seemingly alien and claustrophobic world” of Puritanism (4).
Real political history
Authors: Pitney John J.
Published: April 2019

For too many political scientists, “political history” means little more than poll results, aggregate vote totals, and DW-NOMINATE scores. Useful as these data may be for narrow purposes, they miss the complexity of political life. Real political history concerns the interplay of ideas, interests, institutions, and individuals.
Gonzo biography
Authors: Barilleaux Ryan J.
Published: April 2019

The single organizing fact of the Cold War was “the bomb.” In our present age of unipolarity, globalization, and the clash of civilizations, it is useful to remember that our current complexities exist only because the previous age of stark simplicity has passed into history. The decades from the end of World War II until the fall of Communism were years shaped by a nuclear standoff. The threat of nuclear conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union framed the politics and culture of the age. This framing was especially apparent in the 1950s and 1960s, before arms-control agreements lent an air of manageability to nuclear politics.
Exploring the ‘active mechanisms’ for engaging rural-dwelling older men with dementia in a community technological initiative
Authors: Hicks Ben , Innes Anthea , Nyman Samuel R.
Published: April 2019

Research has suggested ecopsychosocial initiatives can promote a sense of wellbeing and inclusion in people with dementia. However, few studies have elucidated the ‘active mechanisms’ whereby such initiatives can achieve these outcomes, so hindering their generalisability. This is particularly pertinent when seeking to support community-dwelling older men with dementia who are reluctant to engage with traditional health and social care initiatives. This paper reports on a study that drew from the principles of Participatory Action Research to explore the ‘active mechanisms’ of a technological initiative for older men (65+ years) with dementia in rural England. An individually tailored, male-only initiative, using off-the-shelf computer game technology (e.g. iPad, Nintendo Wii and Microsoft Kinect) was delivered over a nine-week period. Multiple qualitative methods were employed, including: focus groups, open interviews and extensive reflective field notes, to gather data from the perspective of 22 men, 15 care partners and five community volunteers. The data were analysed thematically and interpreted using a masculinity lens. Three mechanisms contributed to the initiative's success: the use of the technology, the male-only environment and the empowering approach adopted. The paper argues that initiatives aimed at community-dwelling older men with dementia would be advised to consider these gendered experiences and ensure participants can maximise their masculine capital when participating in them, by providing enabling activities, non-threatening environments and empowering approaches of delivery.
JUSTICE: A CONSERVATIVE VIEW
Authors: Kekes John
Published: April 2019

According to the conservative view defended in this paper, justice
holds when people have what they deserve and do not have what they do not
deserve. Some of the questions considered are: how to tell what people
deserve, why people should get what they deserve, how mistakes in the
distribution of good and bad things can be corrected, why all egalitarian
theories of justice are fundamentally mistaken, what makes the
conservative view of justice practical, and what implications the
conservative view has for taxation and prosperity. Familiar objections to
the conservative view of justice are also considered and shown to be
readily answerable.
TAXATION, THE PRIVATE LAW, AND DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE
Authors: Kordana Kevin A. , Tabachnick David H.
Published: April 2019

We argue that for theorists with a post-institutional conception of
property, e.g., Rawlsians, there is no principled reason to limit the
domain of distributive justice to tax and transfer-both tax policy and the
rules of the private law are constructed in service to distributive aims.
Such theorists cannot maintain a commitment to a normative conception of
private law independent of their overarching distributive principles. In
contrast, theorists with a pre-institutional conception of property can
derive the private law from sectors of morality independent of
distributive justice. Nevertheless, we argue, this does not entail that
the private law, for pre-institutional theorists, must be sanitized of
equity-oriented values. Non-libertarian pre-institutional theorists
holding principled commitments to equity-oriented values are free to
invoke either tax and transfer or the rules of the private law to attain
them.
Performance Evaluation of the CNAV Broadcast Ephemeris
Authors: Wang Ahao , Chen Junping , Zhang Yize , Wang Jiexian , Wang Bin
Published: April 2019

The new Global Positioning System (GPS) Civil Navigation Message (CNAV) has been transmitted by Block IIR-M and Block IIF satellites since April 2014, both on the L2C and L5 signals. Compared to the Legacy Navigation Message (LNAV), the CNAV message provides six additional parameters (two orbit parameters and four Inter-Signal Correction (ISC) parameters) for prospective civil users. Using the precise products of the International Global Navigation Satellite System Service (IGS), we evaluate the precision of satellite orbit, clock and ISCs of the CNAV. Additionally, the contribution of the six new parameters to GPS Single Point Positioning (SPP) is analysed using data from 22 selected Multi-Global Navigation Satellite System Experiment (MGEX) stations from a 30-day period. The results indicate that the CNAV/LNAV Signal-In-Space Range Error (SISRE) and orbit-only SISRE from January 2016 to March 2018 is of 0·5 m and 0·3 m respectively, which is improved in comparison with the results from an earlier period. The ISC precision of L1 Coarse/Acquisition (C/A) is better than 0·1 ns, and those of L2C and L5Q5 are about 0·4 ns. Remarkably, ISC correction has little effect on the single-frequency SPP for GPS users using civil signals (for example, L1C, L2C), whereas dual-frequency SPP with the consideration of ISCs results have an accuracy improvement of 18·6%, which is comparable with positioning accuracy based on an ionosphere-free combination of the L1P (Y) and L2P (Y) signals.
The potential role of wild rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus in the epidemiology of paratuberculosis in domestic ruminants
Authors: DANIELS M. J. , HENDERSON D. , GREIG A. , STEVENSON K. , SHARP J. M. , HUTCHINGS M. R.
Published: April 2019

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, the organism responsible for paratuberculosis in cattle and sheep has been found in wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in the east of Scotland. Few studies have investigated either the level of faecal contamination by rabbits on farms, or the potential infectivity of rabbit excreta. The rate of rabbit faecal contamination deposited and the numbers encountered were estimated for 21 fields on 4 farms with a paratuberculosis problem. 7357±2571 S.E.M. rabbit faecal pellets were deposited per hectare per day and up to 81000 pellets/ha (‘standing crop’) were encountered in October/November 1998. Where access to rabbits was restricted, the standing crop of faeces encountered fell to 22000 pellets/ha.

The prevalence of infection with M. a. paratuberculosis was assessed for 83 rabbits from the four farms. M. a. paratuberculosis was isolated from rabbits on all farms with an overall prevalence of 17%. Out of 17 rabbits from which urine was available, M. a. paratuberculosis was isolated from two – the first reported isolation from urine in wild rabbits. The mean number of colony-forming units per gram of infected rabbit faeces was 7·6×105±5·2×105.

A relative estimate of the input of M. a. paratuberculosis onto pasture, at the stocking levels found on the four farms, showed that sheep and cattle potentially contributed 4 and 125 times more organisms/ha per day respectively than rabbits. However, rabbits could still contribute millions of M. a. paratuberculosis organisms per ha per day. Existing rabbit control measures on farms may be inadequate in reducing the risk of transmission to livestock.
The risk of disease transmission to livestock posed by contamination of farm stored feed by wildlife excreta
Authors: DANIELS M. J. , HUTCHINGS M. R. , GREIG A.
Published: April 2019

Livestock feed is susceptible to contamination from wildlife excreta during on farm storage. Pathogens associated with diseases such as paratuberculosis, salmonella and cryptosporidiosis are present in wild rodent and bird excreta. Feed stores on four farms in the east of Scotland were monitored monthly over the winter of 1998/9 to quantify the levels of wildlife faecal contamination. A mean of 79·9 rodent (95% confidence interval: 37·5–165·9) and 24·9 (14·3–41·7) bird faeces were deposited per m2 of stored feed per month. It was estimated that individual cattle and sheep could encounter 1626 and 814 wildlife faeces over the winter.

A model based on the numbers of infected faeces consumed per annum was used to estimate ‘infectious probabilities’ (Pinf) required to account for the reported prevalence of paratuberculosis, salmonella and cryptosporidiosis in sheep and cattle in the east of Scotland in 1998. Based on empirical data for input variables [the number of faeces encountered (Fe), the number ingested (Fi) and the prevalence of infection in wildlife species (Ip)], Pinf estimates ranged from 1·6×10−8 for cryptosporidiosis in sheep to 8·2×10−6 for paratuberculosis in cattle. The model suggested that ingestion of feed contaminated by wildlife faeces could account for the prevalence of all three diseases. Wildlife faecal contamination of stored feed should be given serious consideration as a potential source of infection to livestock.
A mathematical model for evaluating the impact of vaccination schedules: application to Neisseria meningitidis
Authors: TUCKWELL H. C. , HANSLIK T. , VALLERON A.-J. , FLAHAULT A.
Published: April 2019

A mathematical model is described which determines the impact of a schedule of vaccination on the time course of a certain class of diseases. The data are the demographic variables and parameters and age-dependent non-fatal and fatal case rates. Given the age- and time-dependent rates of vaccination including coverage and corresponding efficacies, various schedules may be distinguished by either the absolute numbers of cases and deaths avoided or the numbers of cases and deaths avoided per dose of vaccine. The model was applied to meningo-coccal serogroup C disease in France. The outcomes of six different vaccination schedules were examined. In absolute terms, a schedule in which all individuals aged between 2 and 20 years were vaccinated performed best, but this schedule and that in which only 1-year olds were vaccinated performed equally and best in terms of cases prevented, but not lives saved, per dose.
Risk factors for community-associated Clostridioides difficile infection in young children
Authors: Weng M. K. , Adkins S. H. , Bamberg W. , Farley M. M. , Espinosa C. C. , Wilson L. , Perlmutter R. , Holzbauer S. , Whitten T. , Phipps E. C. , Hancock E. B. , Dumyati G. , Nelson D. S. , Beldavs Z. G. , Ocampo V. , Davis C. M. , Rue B. , Korhonen L. , McDonald L. C. , Guh A. Y.
Published: April 2019

The majority of paediatric Clostridioides difficile infections (CDI) are community-associated (CA), but few data exist regarding associated risk factors. We conducted a case–control study to evaluate CA-CDI risk factors in young children. Participants were enrolled from eight US sites during October 2014–February 2016. Case-patients were defined as children aged 1–5 years with a positive C. difficile specimen collected as an outpatient or ⩽3 days of hospital admission, who had no healthcare facility admission in the prior 12 weeks and no history of CDI. Each case-patient was matched to one control. Caregivers were interviewed regarding relevant exposures. Multivariable conditional logistic regression was performed. Of 68 pairs, 44.1% were female. More case-patients than controls had a comorbidity (33.3% vs. 12.1%; P = 0.01); recent higher-risk outpatient exposures (34.9% vs. 17.7%; P = 0.03); recent antibiotic use (54.4% vs. 19.4%; P < 0.0001); or recent exposure to a household member with diarrhoea (41.3% vs. 21.5%; P = 0.04). In multivariable analysis, antibiotic exposure in the preceding 12 weeks was significantly associated with CA-CDI (adjusted matched odds ratio, 6.25; 95% CI 2.18–17.96). Improved antibiotic prescribing might reduce CA-CDI in this population. Further evaluation of the potential role of outpatient healthcare and household exposures in C. difficile transmission is needed.
Injection drug network characteristics as a predictor of injection behaviour
Authors: Spelman Tim , Sacks-Davis Rachel , Dietze Paul , Higgs Peter , Hellard Margaret
Published: April 2019

Social network characteristics of people who inject drugs (PWID) have previously been flagged as potential risk factors for HCV transmission such as increased injection frequency. To understand the role of the injecting network on injection frequency, we investigated how changes in an injecting network over time can modulate injecting risk behaviour. PWID were sourced from the Networks 2 Study, a longitudinal cohort study of PWID recruited from illicit drug street markets across Melbourne, Australia. Network-related correlates of injection frequency and the change in frequency over time were analysed using adjusted Cox Proportional Hazards and Generalised Estimating Equations modelling. Two-hundred and eighteen PWID followed up for a mean (s.d.) of 2.8 (1.7) years were included in the analysis. A greater number of injecting partners, network closeness centrality and eigenvector centrality over time were associated with an increased rate of infection frequency. Every additional injection drug partner was associated with an increase in monthly injection frequency. Similarly, increased network connectivity and centrality over time was also associated with an increase in injection frequency. This study observed that baseline network measures of connectivity and centrality may be associated with changes in injection frequency and, by extension, may predict subsequent HCV transmission risk. Longitudinal changes in network position were observed to correlate with changes in injection frequency, with PWID who migrate from the densely-connected network centre out to the less-connected periphery were associated with a decreased rate of injection frequency.
Levels of Narrativity in Scandinavian Bronze Age Petroglyphs
Authors: Ranta Michael , Skoglund Peter , Rédei Anna Cabak , Persson Tomas
Published: April 2019

In Europe, Scandinavia holds the largest concentration of rock art (i.e. petroglyphs), createdc.5000–first centurybc, many of them showing figurative and seemingly narrative representations. In this paper, we will discuss possible narratological approaches applied to these images. We might reasonably distinguish between three levels of pictorial narrativity: representations of (i) single events, understood as the transition from one state of affairs to another, usually involving (groups of) agents interacting; (ii) stories, e.g. particular sequences of related events that are situated in the past and retold for e.g. ideological or religious purposes; and (iii) by implication, master-narratives deeply embedded in a culture, which provide and consolidate cosmological explanations and social structures. Some concrete examples of petroglyphs will be presented and analysed from narratological and iconographical perspectives. We will as a point of departure focus on (i), i.e. single events, though we shall also further consider the possibility of narrative interpretations according to (ii) and (iii).
Integrating LSA-based hierarchical conceptual space and machine learning methods for leveling the readability of domain-specific texts
Authors: Tseng Hou-Chiang , Chen Berlin , Chang Tao-Hsing , Sung Yao-Ting
Published: April 2019

Text readability assessment is a challenging interdisciplinary endeavor with rich practical implications. It has long drawn the attention of researchers internationally, and the readability models since developed have been widely applied to various fields. Previous readability models have only made use of linguistic features employed for general text analysis and have not been sufficiently accurate when used to gauge domain-specific texts. In view of this, this study proposes a latent-semantic-analysis (LSA)-constructed hierarchical conceptual space that can be used to train a readability model to accurately assess domain-specific texts. Compared with a baseline reference using a traditional model, the new model improves by 13.88% to achieve 68.98% of accuracy when leveling social science texts, and by 24.61% to achieve 73.96% of accuracy when assessing natural science texts. We then combine the readability features developed for the current study with general linguistic features, and the accuracy of leveling social science texts improves by an even higher degree of 31.58% to achieve 86.68%, and that of natural science texts by 26.56% to achieve 75.91%. These results indicate that the readability features developed in this study can be used both to train a readability model for leveling domain-specific texts and also in combination with the more common linguistic features to enhance the efficacy of the model. Future research can expand the generalizability of the model by assessing texts from different fields and grade levels using the proposed method, thus enhancing the practical applications of this new method.
Measuring Resilience Across Australia and Norway
Authors: Anyan Frederick , Hjemdal Odin , Bizumic Boris , Friborg Oddgeir
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Resilience has become increasingly important in clinical and health psychology, but only few scales have received good psychometric ratings for assessing various outcomes of resilience. The Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) is one of the best psychometrically rated scales and has been validated among Norwegian samples. The purpose of this study was to explore the construct validity of the RSA in an English-speaking Australian sample and test measurement invariance between the Australian sample and a Norwegian sample. An Australian sample ( N = 781) completed the RSA, Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC-13), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GAD-7). A second sample of Norwegians ( N = 320) was included in the analyses of invariance of the RSA across cultures. There were expected negative correlations between RSA and PHQ-9, and between RSA and GAD-7, but positive correlations between RSA and SOC-13. The results indicated that the six-factor measurement model of the RSA is the same in the Australian and Norwegian samples, and respondents from the two cultures understood and interpreted the items in a comparable fashion. Support was found for the cross-cultural validity of the RSA in an English-speaking Australian sample and as a valid and reliable self-report measure of protective factors.
Value Beliefs About Math
Authors: Fadda Daniela , Scalas L. Francesca , Morin Alexandre J.S. , Marsh Herbert W. , Gaspard Hanna
Published: April 2019

Abstract. This study proposed an improved representation of the factor structure of the Gaspard et al. (2015) value beliefs about math scale relying on bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling (B-ESEM). Using a convenience sample of 537 Italian students (327 males; Mage = 18.2), our results supported the superiority of a B-ESEM solution including nine specific factors (intrinsic, importance of achievement, personal importance, utility for school/job, utility for life, social utility, effort required, opportunity cost, and emotional cost) and one global value factor. The results further revealed that the specific factors (with the exception of personal importance) retained meaning over and above participants’ global levels of value. Finally, our results confirmed that global value beliefs predicted career aspirations, whereas expectancies of success remained the strongest predictor of math achievement.
Statistical Study of Selective Oxygen Increase in High‐Energy Ring Current Ions During Magnetic Storms
Authors: Mitani K. , Seki K. , Keika K. , Gkioulidou M. , Lanzerotti L. J. , Mitchell D. G. , Kletzing C. A. , Yoshikawa A. , Obana Y.
Published: April 2019

Ion transport from the plasma sheet to the ring current is the main cause of the development of the ring current. Energetic (>150 keV) ring current ions are known to be transported diffusively in several days. A recent study suggested that energetic oxygen ions are transported closer to the Earth than protons due to the diffusive transport caused by a combination of the drift and drift‐bounce resonances with Pc 3–5 ultralow frequency waves during the 24 April 2013 magnetic storm. To understand the occurrence conditions of such selective oxygen increase (SOI), we investigate the phase space densities (PSDs) between protons and oxygen ions with the first adiabatic invariants (μ) of 0.1–2.0 keV/nT measured by the Radiation Belt Storm Probes Ion Composition Experiment instrument on the Van Allen Probes at L ~ 3–6 during 90 magnetic storms in 2013–2017. We identified the SOI events in which oxygen PSDs increase while proton PSDs do not increase during a period of ~9 hr (one orbital period). Among the 90 magnetic storms, 33% were accompanied by the SOI events. Global enhancements of Pc 4 and Pc 5 waves observed by ground magnetometers during the SOI events suggest that radial transport due to combination of the drift‐bounce resonance with Pc 4 oscillations and the drift resonance with Pc 5 oscillations can be the cause of SOIs. The contribution of the SOI events to the magnetic storm intensity is roughly estimated to be ~9% on average.
Interacting Intraplate Fault Systems in Australia: The 2012 Thorpdale, Victoria, Seismic Sequences
Authors: Attanayake Januka , Sandiford Dan , Schleicher Lisa S. , Jones Abraham , Gibson Gary , Sandiford Mike
Published: April 2019

Using a new seismic waveform data set, we locate 234 earthquakes and estimate source parameters (focal mechanisms, magnitude, and stress drop) of the two largest earthquakes (E1 and E2) in the 2012 seismic sequence in Thorpdale, Victoria. The focal mechanisms suggest thrust faulting, consistent with previous observations in southeast Australia. The estimated magnitudes are Mw 4.9 ± 0.14 (E1) and 4.3 ± 0.1 (E2). The estimates of stress drop 57 ± 7.4 MPa (E1) and 28 ± 2.4 MPa (E2) reflect strength of faults in an intraplate environment. By analyzing spatiotemporal distribution of aftershocks, we show that E1 and E2 reflect two separate seismic sequences about a month apart. E1 and E2 ruptured two adjacent faults with orientations 218°/78°/78° (Fault 1) and 134°/27°/171° (Fault 2), respectively, where angles indicate strike/dip/slip rake. To test causal mechanism of fault interaction, we performed Coulomb stress modeling, which shows very weak unloading of E2 by E1. Thus, we infer that fault interaction might instead reflect remotely triggered fluid diffusion. Also, a local rotation of the stress field proceeding E1 might have favorably reoriented Fault 2 for failure. Finally, we identify an apparent correlation between high heat flow and seismicity in southeastern Australia, suggesting a combination of mechanisms including transient stress perturbations and lithospheric thermal weakening associated with high heat flow as the principal factors localizing intraplate seismicity.
Sulfur Dioxide Modifies Aerosol Particle Formation and Growth by Ozonolysis of Monoterpenes and Isoprene
Authors: Stangl Christopher M. , Krasnomowitz Justin M. , Apsokardu Michael J. , Tiszenkel Lee , Ouyang Qi , Lee Shanhu , Johnston Murray V.
Published: April 2019

The effect of sulfur dioxide on particle formation and growth by ozonolysis of three monoterpenes (α‐pinene, β‐pinene, and limonene) and isoprene was investigated in the presence of monodisperse ammonium sulfate seed particles and an OH scavenger in a flow tube under dry conditions. Without sulfur dioxide, new particle formation was not observed, and seed particle growth was consistent with condensation of low‐volatility oxidation products produced from each organic precursor. With sulfur dioxide, new particle formation was observed from every precursor studied, consistent with sulfuric acid formation by reaction of sulfur dioxide with stabilized Criegee Intermediates. The presence of sulfur dioxide did not significantly affect seed particle growth rates from α‐pinene and limonene ozonolysis, although chemical composition measurements revealed the presence of organosulfates in the particles following SO2 exposure. Contrarily, the growth of seeds by β‐pinene and isoprene ozonolysis was considerably enhanced by sulfur dioxide, and chemical composition measurements revealed that the enhanced growth was not due to additional organic material, suggesting that inorganic sulfate was likely responsible. The results suggest that a previously unconsidered particle‐phase pathway to growth activated by sulfur dioxide may alter production of cloud condensation nuclei over regions with significant SO2‐alkene interactions.
Distinct Responses of Intraplate Sedimentation to Different Subsidence Mechanisms: Insights From Forward Landscape Evolution Simulations
Authors: Chang Ching , Liu Lijun
Published: April 2019

Both the surface processes associated with large intracontinental basins and their underlying geodynamic mechanisms remain unclear. Proposed models include flexural deformation due to orogenic loading, isostatic subsidence in response to lithosphere extension, and dynamic subsidence arising from sublithospheric mantle downwelling. Here we use forward landscape evolution modeling to quantitatively investigate the surface process response to various types of tectonic subsidence during intraplate sedimentation. We find that isostatic subsidence causes continuous accumulation of sediment through time with a largely stable pattern of fluvial drainage. In contrast, dynamic subsidence results in fast intraplate sedimentation followed by regional unconformities and continental‐scale reorganization of fluvial networks. Our quantitative simulations reveal that the traditional 1‐D isostatic backstripping approach may lead to erroneous estimates of the past tectonic subsidence from the preserved sedimentary records: for lithospheric elastic thickness (Te) < 50 km, the flexural effect leads to larger (smaller) apparent subsidence at the center (rim) of the basin, compared to the true subsidence; for Te > 50 km, broadscale flexural support leads to underestimated subsidence throughout the basin. Subparallel tilted strata are a unique stratigraphic feature associated with spatially migratory dynamic subsidence followed by dynamic rebound. Their characteristic slope provides a quantitative constraint on the spatiotemporal pattern of dynamic subsidence. The Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway provides an example of this type of basin fill. We demonstrate that quantitative, forward landscape evolution modeling can help decipher the relationship between intraplate sedimentation and the underlying tectonic drivers.
Ian McDougall (1935–2018)
Authors: Zeitler Peter , Harrison Mark , Baldwin Suzanne , Duncan Robert , Spell Terry , Wijbrans Jan
Published: April 2019

McDougall distinguished himself as a leader in developing potassium-argon geochronology and its application to many Earth science issues, including the geomagnetic polarity timescale.
Bridging the Gap with the Science for Climate Action Network
Authors: Moss Richard , Ayyub Bilal , Glackin Mary , Hill Alice , Jacobs Katharine , Melillo Jerry , Richmond T. , Scarlett Lynn , Zarrilli Dan
Published: April 2019

A new report identifies missing support that is slowing progress in limiting and adapting to climate change. The Science for Climate Action Network aims to provide it.
Transient Variability of the Miocene Antarctic Ice Sheet Smaller Than Equilibrium Differences
Authors: Stap L. B. , Sutter J. , Knorr G. , Stärz M. , Lohmann G.
Published: April 2019

During the early to mid‐Miocene, benthic δ18O records indicate large ice volume fluctuations of the Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) on multiple timescales. Hitherto, research has mainly focused on how CO2 and insolation changes control an equilibrated AIS. However, transient AIS dynamics remain largely unexplored. Here, we study Miocene AIS variability, using an ice sheet‐shelf model forced by climate model output with various CO2 levels and orbital conditions. Besides equilibrium simulations, we conduct transient experiments, gradually changing the forcing climate state over time. We show that transient AIS variability is substantially smaller than equilibrium differences. This reduces the contribution of the AIS to δ18O fluctuations by more than two thirds on a 40‐kyr timescale, hence requiring a larger contribution by deep‐sea‐temperature variability. The growth rates are much slower than the decay rates, which ensures variability around a preferred small state. Finally, if the bedrock topography enlarges the West Antarctic land surface, AIS self‐sustenance increases.
Origin of a Preferential Avulsion Node on Lowland River Deltas
Authors: Chadwick A. J. , Lamb M. P. , Moodie A. J. , Parker G. , Nittrouer J. A.
Published: April 2019

River deltas are built by cycles of lobe growth and abrupt channel shifts, or avulsions, that occur within the backwater zone of coastal rivers. Previous numerical models differ on the origin of backwater‐scaled avulsion nodes and their consistency with experimental data. To unify previous work, we developed a numerical model of delta growth that includes backwater hydrodynamics, river mouth progradation, relative sea level rise, variable flow regimes, and cycles of lobe growth, abandonment, and reoccupation. For parameter space applicable to lowland deltas, we found that flow variability is the primary mechanism to cause persistent avulsion nodes by focusing aggradation within the backwater zone. Backwater‐scaled avulsion nodes also occur under less likely scenarios of initially uniform bed slopes or during rapid relative sea level rise and marine transgression. Our findings suggest that flow variability is a fundamental control on long‐term delta morphodynamics.