bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantity and safety vs. quality and performance: conflicting interests during mass rearing and transport affect the efficiency of sterile insect technique programs
Authors: Rull J. , Birke A. , Ortega R. , Montoya P. , López L.
Published: December 2011

The sterile insect technique (SIT) requires production of large quantities of sterile males able to successfully compete with wild males for wild females. During eradication of a pest population, the release of fertile insects or capture of non‐marked released flies can have deleterious effects and trigger costly control measures. These perceived risks encourage program managers to apply high radiation doses and high doses of marking dye. In addition, mass rearing factories are strategically located away from release areas to prevent escape of fertile individuals within eradicated areas, raising the need for lengthy transport. Such is the case for Anastrepha obliqua Macquart (Diptera: Tephritidae) released in mango producing areas of Mexico under an SIT‐based eradication campaign. Here, we examined several standard quality‐control parameters for mass‐reared A. obliqua subjected to various time periods under hypoxia during transport, marked with different doses of fluorescent dye, and subjected to different radiation doses. Such factors were evaluated in isolation and in conjunction. Overall, long periods of hypoxia, high marking doses, and high radiation doses reduced the number of flying adults and increased the number of non‐emerged pupae. Some quality‐control parameters such as number of deformed adults, part‐emerged pupae, and non‐flying adults provided less informative guidance or redundant information of fly performance. Some tests such as mortality under stress and mating propensity in small cages were useless in detecting differences in quality among treatments for parameters evaluated during experiments. We discuss the quantity/safety‐quality/performance conflict during eradication using SIT, propose different strategies according to different stages during eradication (management, suppression, eradication, outbreaks in free areas), where males irradiated at low doses and marked with low doses of dye can be released during early suppression, and examine the pertinence of carrying out different quality‐control tests.
Characterization of neurons from adult human skin‐derived precursors in serum‐free medium : a PCR array and immunocytological analysis
Authors: Lebonvallet Nicolas , Boulais Nicholas , Le Gall Christelle , Chéret Jeremy , Pereira Ulysse , Mignen Olivier , Bardey Vincent , Jeanmaire Christine , Danoux Louis , Pauly Gilles , Misery Laurent
Published: December 2011

Abstract:  Adult stem cells could be small sources of neurons or other cellular types for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Recently, pluripotent stem cells have been extracted from skin tissue, which opened a new accessible source for research. To routinely obtain a high yield of functional neurons from adult human skin stem cells with defined serum‐free medium, stem cells from abdominal skin were cultured in serum‐free medium. To differentiate them, we used a defined medium containing growth factors. Differentiated cells were identified using the following methods: (i) Oil‐red‐O staining for adipocytes, immunocytochemistry with antibodies recognising (ii) neurofilaments and PGP9.5 for neural differentiation, (iii) glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) for glial differentiation, (iv) Ki‐67 for proliferative cells, (v) FM1‐43 staining to analyse vesicle trafficking in neuronal cells and (vi) a PCR array was used. Stem cells were floating in spheres and were maintained in culture for 4 months or more. They expressed nestin and Oct 4 and were proliferative. We induced specific differentiation into adipocytes, glial and neuronal cells. The yields of differentiated neurons were high and reproducible. They were maintained for long time (1 month) in the culture medium. Furthermore, these neurons incorporated FM1‐43 dye, which indicates a potent acquisition of synaptic features in neurons. Stem cells from adult human skin could be valuable and reproducible tools/source to obtain high numbers of functional specific cellular types, such as neurons, for tissue engineering. In this work, the possibility to obtain a high yield of differentiated neurons, with the ability of endocytosis and vesicle cell trafficking, was shown.
Sedimentary context controls the influence of ecosystem engineering by bioturbators on microbial processes in river sediments
Authors: Navel Simon , Mermillod‐Blondin Florian , Montuelle Bernard , Chauvet Eric , Marmonier Pierre
Published: December 2011

By modifying the physical environment, ecosystem engineers can have inordinately large effects on surrounding communities and ecosystem functioning. However, the significance of engineering in ecosystems greatly depends on the physical characteristics of the engineered habitats. Mechanisms underlying such context‐dependent impact of engineers remain poorly understood even though they are crucial to establish general predictions concerning the contribution of engineers to ecosystem structure and function.

The present study aimed to decrypt such mechanisms by determining how the environmental context modulates the effects of ecosystem engineers (bioturbators) on microorganisms in river sediments. To test the effects of environmental context on the role of bioturbators in sediments, we used mesocosms and recreated two sedimentary contexts in the laboratory by adding a layer of either fine or coarse sand at the top of a gravel‐sand matrix. For each sediment context, we examined how the sediment reworking activity of a bioturbating tubificid worm (Tubifex tubifex) generated changes in the physical (sediment structure and permeability) and abiotic environments (hydraulic discharge, water chemistry) of microorganisms. Microbial characteristics (abundances, activities) and leaf litter decomposition – a major microbially‐mediated ecological process – were measured to evaluate the impact of bioturbation on biotic compartment.

Our results showed that the permeability, the availability of oxygen and the activities of microorganisms were reduced in sediments covered with fine sand, in comparison with sediments covered with coarse sand. Tubifex tubifex significantly increased permeability (by about six‐fold), restored aerobic conditions and ultimately stimulated microbial communities (resulting in a 30% increase in leaf litter breakdown rate) in sediments covered with fine sand. In contrast T. tubifex had low effects in sediments topped by coarse sand, where O2 was already available for hyporheic microorganisms. Our study supports the idea that context dependency mainly modulates the effects of engineering by controlling the ability of engineers to create changes on abiotic (O2 in the present study) factors that are limiting for surrounding communities.
Effects of re‐oligotrophication and climate warming on plankton richness and community stability in a deep mesotrophic lake
Authors: Pomati Francesco , Matthews Blake , Jokela Jukka , Schildknecht Andrea , Ibelings Bas W.
Published: December 2011

We studied the effects of re‐oligotrophication and climate warming on plankton richness and community stability over a period of 30 years in the deep mesotrophic Lake Zurich (Switzerland). We assembled monthly time‐series of phytoplankton and zooplankton taxonomic richness, phytoplankton functional groups (species with similar functional traits) and physico‐chemical environmental descriptors (temperature, conductivity, pH, P‐PO43−, N‐NO3−, light absorption). We used multiple linear regression to test: 1) the effect of environmental variability over time and depth on the accrual of plankton richness; and 2) the relative effect of richness and environmental variability on the stability of plankton. Environmental change was characterised by increase in temperature, decrease in phosphorus levels, reduced temporal variability of both, and higher heterogeneity of phosphorus over depth (spatial heterogeneity). These conditions occurred concurrently with accrual in plankton taxonomic and functional richness. Increase in temperature and spatial heterogeneity were the best predictors of phytoplankton richness, while phytoplankton richness and spatial heterogeneity had the strongest effects on zooplankton richness. Temporal stability in phytoplankton biovolume was mainly affected by variability in phosphorus and temperature, while zooplankton abundance levels were more strongly linked to fluctuations in nitrogen, temperature and phytoplankton biovolumes. Our analysis highlights that climate warming and re‐oligotrophication may favour an increase in spatial (depth) heterogeneity in the water column of deep lakes, enhancing the potential for phytoplankton species co‐existence and an increase in plankton richness. Our analysis also suggests that the intensity of fluctuations in key environmental variables can be a better predictor of plankton community stability then average richness.
The interaction between propagule pressure, habitat suitability and density‐dependent reproduction in species invasion
Authors: Warren Robert J. , Bahn Volker , Bradford Mark A.
Published: December 2011

Seedling recruitment limitations create a demographic bottleneck that largely determines the viability and structure of plant populations and communities, and pose a core restriction on the colonization of novel habitat. We use a shade‐tolerant, invasive grass, Microstegium vimineum, to examine the interplay between seed and establishment limitations – phenomena that together determine recruitment success but usually are investigated individually. We add increasing amounts of seed to microhabitats containing variable levels of leaf litter thickness – with reduced leaf litter simulating disturbance – to investigate whether reduced seed limitation overcomes the establishment limitation posed by litter cover. We do this across gradients in understory light, moisture and temperature, and quantify germination, survival, and then per capita adult biomass and reproduction in order to understand the implications for invasion across the landscape. We find that the combined effects of seed and establishment limitation influence recruitment; however, propagule pressure overwhelms the inhibitory effects of leaf litter thickness. Leaf litter reduces germination by 22–57% and seedling survival by 13–15% from that observed on bare soil. However, density‐dependent reproduction compensates as 1–3 plants can produce far more seeds (approx. 525) than are required for persistence. As such, just a few plants may establish in understory forest habitat and subsequently overwhelm establishment barriers with copious propagule production. These results, for a widespread, invasive plant, are consistent with the emerging perspective for native plants that seed and establishment limitation jointly influence recruitment. The ability for an exotic plant species to compensate for low population densities with high per capita seed production, that then overrides establishment limitations, makes its invasive potential daunting. Further work is required to test if this is a common mechanism underlying plant invasions.
Statistical challenges in null model analysis
Authors: Gotelli Nicholas J. , Ulrich Werner
Published: December 2011

This review identifies several important challenges in null model testing in ecology: 1) developing randomization algorithms that generate appropriate patterns for a specified null hypothesis; these randomization algorithms stake out a middle ground between formal Pearson–Neyman tests (which require a fully‐specified null distribution) and specific process‐based models (which require parameter values that cannot be easily and independently estimated); 2) developing metrics that specify a particular pattern in a matrix, but ideally exclude other, related patterns; 3) avoiding classification schemes based on idealized matrix patterns that may prove to be inconsistent or contradictory when tested with empirical matrices that do not have the idealized pattern; 4) testing the performance of proposed null models and metrics with artificial test matrices that contain specified levels of pattern and randomness; 5) moving beyond simple presence–absence matrices to incorporate species‐level traits (such as abundance) and site‐level traits (such as habitat suitability) into null model analysis; 6) creating null models that perform well with many sites, many species pairs, and varying degrees of spatial autocorrelation in species occurrence data. In spite of these challenges, the development and application of null models has continued to provide valuable insights in ecology, evolution, and biogeography for over 80 years.
Comparison of therapeutic effect of aqueous extract of garlic and nystatin mouthwash in denture stomatitis
Authors: Bakhshi Mahin , Taheri Jamileh‐Bigom , Basir Shabestari Samira , Tanik Anett , Pahlevan Roozbeh
Published: December 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00544.x

Comparison of therapeutic effect of aqueous extract of garlic and nystatin mouthwash in denture stomatitis

Introduction:  Denture stomatitis (DS) is the most common form of chronic oral candidiasis. The standard treatment for DS is nystatin, which is accompanied with complications such as a bitter taste. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of garlic with nystatin in DS.

Material and Methods:  This randomised clinical trial study was performed on 40 patients with DS. After obtaining written consent, patients were divided into two groups while members of each group were given either nystatin or garlic extract for 4 weeks. The length and width of erythema area was measured at the end of the first, second, third, and the fourth weeks using a calliper. Data were analysed by SPSS and statistical tests including variance analysis with anova repeated measures, chi‐square, and least square differences.

Results:  The changes in the length and width of erythema at different times according to the type of treatment were found to be significant while an accelerated recovery was demonstrated for nystatin (p < 0.001). Both regimens resulted in significant recovery (p < 0.0001). Greater satisfaction with the use of garlic rather than nystatin was mentioned (p < 0.0001).

Conclusion:  Considering the efficacy of garlic and lack of side effects for this compound and also regarding the nystatin‐associated complications, garlic extract can be introduced as a substitution for standard treatment in DS.
The short‐term effects of various oral care methods in dependent elderly: comparison between toothbrushing, tongue cleaning with sponge brush and wiping on oral mucous membrane by chlorhexidine
Authors: Tashiro Kazuhisa , Katoh Tamiko , Yoshinari Nobuo , Hirai Kaname , Andoh Nobuyuki , Makii Kakuma , Matsuo Kouichiro , Ogasawara Tadashi
Published: December 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00577.x

The short‐term effects of various oral care methods in dependent elderly: comparison between toothbrushing, tongue cleaning with sponge brush and wiping on oral mucous membrane by chlorhexidine

Objectives:  To explore the short‐term effects from toothbrushing, tongue cleaning with sponge brush and wiping on oral mucous membrane by chlorhexidine.

Background:  Numerous reports have been seen in recent years proving the effectiveness of mouth cleaning with a toothbrush for the prevention of respiratory infections among the dependent elderly. However, the short‐term effects from each oral care method have not yet been clarified. Hence, an investigation was conducted by having each subject independently perform various oral care methods for five consecutive days.

Materials and Methods:  The subjects consisted of 12 assistance‐dependent elderly who have difficulties with tooth brushing by themselves, have 10 or more residual teeth and are not yet using plate dentures. After the pre‐intervention examination, each of the following oral care methods were performed on the same subject on an approximately three week basis: 1) Tooth brushing 2)Tongue cleaning with sponge brush 3)Wiping on oral mucous with sponge brush by chlorhexidine. Each method was performed independently, once a day for 5 consecutive days and the subjects were reexamined on the sixth day for comparative verification.

Results:  Consequently, toothbrushing decreased the plaque index and gingival index significantly and an improvement of oral malodour was also acknowledged (p < 0.01). Tongue cleaning with a sponge brush decreased the tongue coat score significantly (p < 0.05) and oral malodour was also improved (p < 0.01). Wiping on oral mucous with a sponge brush soaked in chlorhexidine significantly decreased opportunistic infections in the pharynx region (p < 0.05).

Conclusions:  It was suggested that the use of not only a toothbrush but also chlorhexidine gluconate may be indicated for dependent elderly people in whom pathogens of opportunistic infection are detected.
Characterization of mucus‐associated proteins from abalone (Haliotis) – candidates for chemical signaling
Authors: Kuanpradit Chitraporn , Stewart Michael J. , York Patrick S. , Degnan Bernard M. , Sobhon Prasert , Hanna Peter J. , Chavadej Jittipan , Cummins Scott F.
Published: December 2011

Living in groups is a widespread phenomenon in the animal kingdom. For free‐spawning aquatic animals, such as the abalone (Haliotis), being in the close proximity to potential mating partners enhances reproductive success. In this study, we investigated whether chemical cues could be present in abalone mucus that enable species‐specific aggregation. A comparative MS analysis of mucus obtained from trailing or fixed stationary Haliotis asinina, and from seawater surrounding aggregations, indicated that water‐soluble biomolecules are present and that these can stimulate sensory activity in conspecifics. Purified extracts of trail mucus contain at least three small proteins [termed H. asinina mucus‐associated proteins (Has‐MAPs)‐1–3], which readily diffuse into the surrounding seawater and evoke a robust cephalic tentacle response in conspecifics. Mature Has‐MAP‐1 is approximately 9.9 kDa in size, and has a glycine‐rich N‐terminal region. Has‐MAP‐2 is approximately 6.2 kDa in size, and has similarities to schistosomin, a protein that is known to play a role in mollusc reproduction. The mature Has‐MAP‐3 is approximately 12.5 kDa in size, and could only be identified within trail mucus of animals outside of the reproductive season. All three Has‐MAP genes are expressed at high levels within secretory cells of the juvenile abalone posterior pedal gland, consistent with a role in scent marking. We infer from these results that abalone mucus‐associated proteins are candidate chemical cues that could provide informational cues to conspecifics living in close proximity and, given their apparent stability and hydrophilicity, animals further afield.
The role of the central flexible region on the aggregation and conformational properties of human ataxin‐3
Authors: Santambrogio Carlo , Frana Anna M. , Natalello Antonino , Papaleo Elena , Regonesi Maria E. , Doglia Silvia M. , Tortora Paolo , Invernizzi Gaetano , Grandori Rita
Published: December 2011

Aggregation of human ataxin‐3 (AT3) into amyloid fibrils is responsible for spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. This protein consists of a folded N‐terminal domain (Josephin domain, residues 1–182), a central flexible region (residues 183–291), a poly‐glutamine sequence of variable length and a short C‐terminal flexible region. Very little is known about the influence of the central flexible region on the conformational and aggregation properties of this protein. The present study aimed to investigate the specific role of this portion of the protein (residues 183–291). Accordingly, protein fragments 1–182 (AT3/182) and 1–291 (AT3/291) were produced and compared by thioflavin‐T fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, CD, intrinsic fluorescence and ESI‐MS. It is shown that the central flexible region enhances protein aggregation and can populate conformational states with different degrees of compactness. Both monomeric and dimeric partially‐folded forms are identified for both protein fragments under denaturing conditions. Partially‐folded monomers and dimers accumulate to a larger extent in AT3/291. These species represent good candidates for early intermediates of the aggregation process under the experimental conditions employed in the present study.

Structured digital abstract

 Ataxin‐3 and Ataxin‐3 bind by fluorescence technology (View Interaction: 1, 2, 3, 4)

 Ataxin‐3 and Ataxin‐3 bind by mass spectrometry studies of complexes (View interaction)
Severe systemic hypertension in a cat with pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism
Authors: Brown A. L. , Beatty J. A. , Lindsay S. A. , Barrs V. R.
Published: December 2011

A seven‐year‐old Burmese cat was presented with sudden onset blindness. On physical examination, the cat had bilateral retinal detachment and severe systemic hypertension. Further clinical investigations revealed pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism. Antihypertensive therapy was discontinued when the hypertension resolved after bilateral adrenalectomy. Systolic blood pressure remained normal until 19 months post‐operatively when systemic hypertension recurred and was attributed to chronic kidney disease. The cat was euthanased 47 months after initial presentation. A pituitary adenoma was identified at post‐mortem examination. This case illustrates that systemic hypertension can occur secondary to hyperadrenocorticism in the cat.
Effect of the TNF‐α inhibitor adalimumab in patients with recalcitrant sarcoidosis: a prospective observational study using FDG‐PET
Authors: Milman Nils , Graudal Niels , Loft Annika , Mortensen Jann , Larsen Janni , Baslund Bo
Published: December 2011

Background:  Tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) plays a crucial role in sarcoidosis. In severe disease, treatment with TNF‐α inhibitors may be effective.

Objectives:  Changes in sarcoid disease activity were assessed by fluorine‐18‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) in patients with recalcitrant sarcoidosis treated with adalimumab.

Methods:  Prospective 24‐week observational study. Patients continued medication with steroids and antimetabolites and received adalimumab 40 mg subcutaneously every other week. Ten patients with biopsy‐proven sarcoidosis (two men) were included with a median age of 47 years (range 35–73). An FDG‐PET showing uptake indicating sarcoid activity was required at inclusion and repeated at the end of the study. FDG‐PET uptake was assessed by calculated standardised uptake value (SUV). Blood samples and lung function tests were performed regularly. Quality of life was assessed by the short‐form health survey (SF‐36) questionnaire.

Results:  Following treatment with adalimumab, FDG‐PET uptake decreased in nine patients (P = 0.011) and increased in one patient. Maximum SUV fell from median 14.1 to 7.0 (P < 0.03), and mean SUV fell from median 6.5 to 2.9 (P < 0.02). Six patients had uptake in the lungs, which decreased after treatment (P = 0.035). Six patients had uptake in the lymph nodes, which decreased after treatment in five patients (P = 0.035). Four patients had non‐lymphatic extrathoracic uptake, which decreased after treatment (P = 0.05). There was no effect of adalimumab on pulmonary function tests, serum angiotensin I converting enzyme and blood lymphocyte (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+) concentrations. Physical component summary score (SF‐36) increased during treatment, mental component summary score was unchanged.

Conclusion:  In sarcoidosis, treatment with adalimumab can reduce disease activity, as assessed by FDG‐PET.

Please cite this paper as: Milman N, Graudal N, Loft A, Mortensen J, Larsen J and Baslund B. Effect of the TNF‐α inhibitor adalimumab in patients with recalcitrant sarcoidosis: a prospective observational study using FDG‐PET. Clin Respir J 2012; DOI:10.1111/j.1752‐699X.2011.00276.x.
The Associations of Frozen Shoulder in Patients Requiring Arthroscopic Capsular Release
Authors: Smith Chris D. , White William J. , Bunker Tim D.
Published: December 2011

Background

Frozen shoulder is considered to be associated with diabetes, thyroid disease, heart disease, high cholesterol and Dupuytren's disease. However, these associations have been made without arthroscopic confirmation of frozen shoulder or comparison with a control group. The present study aimed to compare the incidence of co-morbidities in a group of arthroscopically proven frozen shoulder patients and an age-and sex-matched control group.

Methods

One hundred and one patients with clinical and arthroscopically proven primary frozen shoulder and no other intra-articular pathology were identified. One hundred and one patients were recruited from a fracture clinic as an age- and sex-matched control group. Each patient was sent a questionnaire to document co-morbidities and frozen shoulder in siblings.

Results

Only diabetes ( p = 0.002) and a sibling with frozen shoulder ( p < 0.02) were found to be risk factors for frozen shoulder.

Discussion

This is the first large study to use a precise diagnosis and a well-matched control group to quantify the associations of frozen shoulder. It confirms the link of frozen shoulder with diabetes and adds to the argument for a genetic link in patients requiring an arthroscopic capsular release. It questions the association of heart disease, high cholesterol and thyroid disease with frozen shoulder.
Haemoabdomen and colitis following a colon displacement in a 9‐year‐old Thoroughbred mare
Authors: Compostella F. , Roberts V. L. H. , Tremaine W. H.
Published: December 2011

This report describes acute haemoabdomen following phenylephrine administration in a case treated for left dorsal displacement of the large colon. The horse also subsequently developed a severe colitis which was treated with aggressive medical therapy.
Finiteness theorems for algebraic groups over function fields
Authors: Conrad Brian
Published: December 2011

We prove the finiteness of class numbers and Tate–Shafarevich sets for all affine group schemes of finite type over global function fields, as well as the finiteness of Tamagawa numbers and Godement’s compactness criterion (and a local analogue) for all such groups that are smooth and connected. This builds on the known cases of solvable and semi-simple groups via systematic use of the recently developed structure theory and classification of pseudo-reductive groups.
Postanneal Mechanical Properties of Prestrained AA5182-O Sheets
Authors: Li Jingjing , Hu S. Jack , Carsley John E. , Lee Theresa M. , Hector Louis G. , Mishra Sushil
Published: December 2011

The effects of different prestrain levels, paths, and subsequent annealing on the postannealing mechanical properties of AA5182-O were investigated. Aluminum sheet specimens were prestrained in uniaxial, plane strain, and equibiaxial tension to several equivalent strain levels, annealed at 350 °C for short (10 s) and long (20 min) durations and then tested for postannealing mechanical properties, including tensile properties, anisotropy, and forming limits. The tensile properties, R-values at 0, 45, and 90 deg relative to the sheet rolling direction, and forming limit diagrams (FLDs) exhibited dependencies on prestrain and annealing history. The importance of the process variables and their effects were identified via designed experiments and analysis of variance. Three-dimensional digital image correlation, which captured the onset of local necking, was employed in the FLD development. Texture in the as-received and deformed sheets was investigated with electron backscatter diffraction and provided a means for linking prestrain and static recovery or recrystallization with microstructure. This guided the understanding of the mechanical property changes observed after preforming and annealing. Ultimately, the expanded forming limit curve demonstrated the advantage of annealing in extending the formability of strained AA5182-O.
Experimental and Numerical Characterization of Flow-Induced Vibration of Multispan U-tubes
Authors: Mohany Atef , Janzen Victor P. , Feenstra Paul , King Shari
Published: December 2011

This paper describes a test program that was developed to measure the dynamic response of a bundle of steam generator U-tubes with anti-vibration bar (AVB) supports, subjected to Freon two-phase cross-flow. The tube bundle geometry is similar to the geometry used in preliminary designs for future CANDU steam generators. This test program is one of the initiatives that Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) is undertaking to demonstrate that the tube support design for future CANDU steam generators meets the stringent requirements associated with a 60-year lifetime. In particular, the tests will address issues related to in- and out-of-plane fluidelastic instability and random turbulent excitation of a U-tube bundle with AVB supports. Therefore, the measurements include tube vibration amplitudes and frequencies, work-rate due to impacting and sliding motion of the tubes against their supports, bulk process conditions and local two-phase flow properties. Details of the test rig setup and the measurement techniques are described in the paper. Moreover, a numerical prediction of the U-tube vibration response to flow was performed with AECL’s pipo-fe code. A summary of the numerical results is presented.
An Experimental and Numerical Assessment of Sheet-Bulk Formability of Mild Steel DC04
Authors: Soyarslan Celal , Fassmann Dennis P. F. , Plugge Björn , Isik Kerim , Kwiatkowski Lukas , Schaper Mirko , Brosius Alexander , Tekkaya A. Erman
Published: December 2011

This paper presents investigations on development of a new way of teeth-forming, which is related to sheet-bulk metal forming, with application of incremental bulk forming process to sheets. For this purpose, a combined experimental-numerical study on damage assessment in sheet-bulk forming of DC04 is presented. Using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (GDOS), a combined quantitative/qualitative metallurgical survey is carried out on undeformed specimens to illuminate microstructural aspects in the context of nonmetallic inclusion content, distribution and size which act as prime failure factors. These surveys are extended to monitor ductile damage accumulation with cavitation at different stages of the incremental sheet indentation process over certain sections. An anticipated failure mode is captured where formability is limited by severe macro-cracking preceded by localization with void sheeting. To this end, using a developed VUMAT subroutine for the micromechanically based Gurson damage model which is recently enhanced for shear fracture, the processes are simulated in ABAQUS/Explicit and comparisons with experiments are provided. The results support the requirement of integrating powerful coupled accumulative damage models in the virtual process design procedure for sheet-bulk metal forming. This requirement also arises from distinct features of these class of processes from conventional sheet metal forming processes which preclude use of forming limit curves.
Paradoxical reflection in quantum mechanics
Authors: Garrido Pedro L. , Goldstein Sheldon , Lukkarinen Jani , Tumulka Roderich
Published: December 2011

We discuss a phenomenon of elementary quantum mechanics that is counterintuitive, non-classical, and apparently not widely known: the reflection of a particle at a downward potential step. In contrast, classically, particles are reflected only at upward steps. The conditions for this effect are that the wavelength is much greater than the width of the potential step and the kinetic energy of the particle is much smaller than the depth of the potential step. The phenomenon is suggested by non-normalizable solutions to the time-independent Schrödinger equation. We present numerical and mathematical evidence that it is also predicted by the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. The paradoxical reflection effect suggests and we confirm mathematically that a particle can be trapped for a long time (though not indefinitely) in a region surrounded by downward potential steps, that is, on a plateau.
A low cost remote sensing system using PC and stereo equipment
Authors: Campbell Joel F. , Flood Michael A. , Prasad Narasimha S. , Hodson Wade D.
Published: December 2011

A system using a personal computer, speaker, and a microphone is used to detect objects, and make crude measurements using a carrier modulated by a pseudorandom noise (PN) code. This system can be constructed using a personal computer and audio equipment commonly found in the laboratory or at home, or more sophisticated equipment that can be purchased at a reasonable cost. We demonstrate its value as an instructional tool for teaching concepts of remote sensing and digital signal processing.
A Targeted siRNA Screen Identifies Regulators of Cdc42 Activity at the Natural Killer Cell Immunological Synapse
Authors: Carlin Leo M. , Evans Rachel , Milewicz Hanna , Fernandes Luis , Matthews Daniel R. , Perani Michela , Levitt James , Keppler Melanie D. , Monypenny James , Coolen Ton , Barber Paul R. , Vojnovic Borivoj , Suhling Klaus , Fraternali Franca , Ameer-Beg Simon , Parker Peter J. , Thomas N. Shaun B. , Ng Tony
Published: December 2011

The oscillating activity of a cytoskeletal regulator enables natural killer cells to effectively perform their surveillance functions and polarize cytotoxic vesicles.
A Brand New START: Abscisic Acid Perception and Transduction in the Guard Cell
Authors: Joshi-Saha Archana , Valon Christiane , Leung Jeffrey
Published: December 2011

Understanding how plants respond to the hormone abscisic acid provides targets for designing crops resilient to drought.
SH3 Domain–Based Phototrapping in Living Cells Reveals Rho Family GAP Signaling Complexes
Authors: Okada Hirokazu , Uezu Akiyoshi , Mason Frank M. , Soderblom Erik J. , Moseley M. Arthur , Soderling Scott H.
Published: December 2011

Domain-based proteomics analysis identifies binding partners and potential functions for a family of GTPase-activating proteins that regulate the cytoskeleton.
Dual-Personality Inhibitor
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: December 2011

Brassinosteroid signaling can be enhanced by BKI1, which is classically known as an inhibitor.
The Listeria monocytogenes σBRegulon and Its Virulence-Associated Functions Are Inhibited by a Small Molecule
Authors: Palmer M. Elizabeth , Chaturongakul Soraya , Wiedmann Martin , Boor Kathryn J.
Published: December 2011

The stress-responsive alternative sigma factor σBis conserved across diverse Gram-positive bacterial genera. InListeria monocytogenes, σBregulates transcription of >150 genes, including genes contributing to virulence and to bacterial survival under host-associated stress conditions, such as those encountered in the human gastrointestinal lumen. An inhibitor ofL. monocytogenesσBactivity was identified by screening ~57,000 natural and synthesized small molecules using a high-throughput cell-based assay. The compound fluoro-phenyl-styrene-sulfonamide (FPSS) (IC50= 3.5 µM) downregulated the majority of genes previously identified as members of the σBregulon inL. monocytogenes10403S, thus generating a transcriptional profile comparable to that of a 10403S ΔsigBstrain. Specifically, of the 208 genes downregulated by FPSS, 75% had been identified previously as positively regulated by σB. Downregulated genes included key virulence and stress response genes, such asinlA,inlB,bsh,hfq,opuC, andbilE. From a functional perspective, FPSS also inhibitedL. monocytogenesinvasion of human intestinal epithelial cells and bile salt hydrolase activity. The ability of FPSS to inhibit σBactivity in bothL. monocytogenesandBacillus subtilisindicates its utility as a specific inhibitor of σBacross multiple Gram-positive genera.

IMPORTANCEThe σBtranscription factor regulates expression of genes responsible for bacterial survival under changing environmental conditions and for virulence; therefore, this alternative sigma factor is important for transmission ofL. monocytogenesand other Gram-positive bacteria. Regulation of σBactivity is complex and tightly controlled, reflecting the key role of this factor in bacterial metabolism. We present multiple lines of evidence indicating that fluoro-phenyl-styrene-sulfonamide (FPSS) specifically inhibits activity of σBacross Gram-positive bacterial genera, i.e., in bothListeria monocytogenesandBacillus subtilis. Therefore, FPSS is an important new tool that will enable novel approaches for exploring complex regulatory networks inL. monocytogenesand other Gram-positive pathogens and for investigating small-molecule applications for controlling pathogen transmission.
Genomics of Bacterial and Archaeal Viruses: Dynamics within the Prokaryotic Virosphere
Authors: Krupovic Mart , Prangishvili David , Hendrix Roger W. , Bamford Dennis H.
Published: December 2011

Prokaryotes, bacteria and archaea, are the most abundant cellular organisms among those sharing the planet Earth with human beings (among others). However, numerous ecological studies have revealed that it is actually prokaryotic viruses that predominate on our planet and outnumber their hosts by at least an order of magnitude. An understanding of how this viral domain is organized and what are the mechanisms governing its evolution is therefore of great interest and importance. The vast majority of characterized prokaryotic viruses belong to the order Caudovirales, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) bacteriophages with tails. Consequently, these viruses have been studied (and reviewed) extensively from both genomic and functional perspectives. However, albeit numerous, tailed phages represent only a minor fraction of the prokaryotic virus diversity. Therefore, the knowledge which has been generated for this viral system does not offer a comprehensive view of the prokaryotic virosphere. In this review, we discuss all families of bacterial and archaeal viruses that contain more than one characterized member and for which evolutionary conclusions can be attempted by use of comparative genomic analysis. We focus on the molecular mechanisms of their genome evolution as well as on the relationships between different viral groups and plasmids. It becomes clear that evolutionary mechanisms shaping the genomes of prokaryotic viruses vary between different families and depend on the type of the nucleic acid, characteristics of the virion structure, as well as the mode of the life cycle. We also point out that horizontal gene transfer is not equally prevalent in different virus families and is not uniformly unrestricted for diverse viral functions.
7-Halogenated 7-deazapurine 2′-C-methylribonucleosides
Authors: Seela Frank , Budow Simone , Xu Kuiying , Peng Xioahua , Eickmeier Henning
Published: December 2011

7-Halogenated 7-deazapurine 2′-C-methylribonucleosides related to adenosine, inosine and guanosine were synthesized employing a “one-pot” glycosylation protocol (Vorbrüggen glycosylation). The immunosine 2′-C-methylribonucleoside 4 was prepared by the same glycosylation strategy. By this route, the synthesis of the anti-HCV active compound 7-fluoro-7-deaza-2′-C-methyladenosine (1b) was notably simplified, while other nucleosides were synthesized for the first time. A single-crystal X-ray analysis of 7-fluoro-7-deaza-2′-C-methylinosine (2b) was performed showing that the glycosylic bond adopts an anti orientation (χ = –139.9(2)°), while the sugar moiety has an N conformation (C3′-endo; P = 4.3(1)°, τm = 42.4(1)°).
EGFRgene copy number increase in vulvar carcinomas is linked with poor clinical outcome
Authors: Woelber L , Hess S , Bohlken H , Tennstedt P , Eulenburg C , Simon R , Gieseking F , Jaenicke F , Mahner S , Choschzick M
Published: December 2011

EGFRcopy number increases have been frequently reported in cancer including vulvar carcinomas. Co-amplification of cancer genes plays an important role in the development of many tumour types. To better understand the effect ofEGFRaberrations on vulvar cancer phenotype and patient prognosis, the authors analysedEGFRcopy number changes using fluorescence in situ hybridisation and EGFR expression by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray containing 183 squamous cell carcinomas of vulva. Furthermore, the authors analysed the co-amplification frequency ofEGFRwithHER2,CCND1,MYCandPIK3CA, respectively.EGFRcopy number increase was found in 39.3% of the tumours. Seventeen per cent of vulvar carcinomas showedEGFRhigh polysomy including 9% with amplification of theEGFRgene. Copy number gain of theEGFRlocus was associated with non-basaloid phenotype (p=0.03), high-tumour stage (p<0.001), human papillomaviruse negativity of tumours (p=0.04) and the number of lymph node metastases (p=0.02). EGFR protein expression was statistically correlated toEGFRcopy number increase (p<0.05). The observed co-amplification rate ofEGFRwith all four additionally examined oncogenes was much higher than statistically expected. There was a highly significant association betweenEGFRcopy number increase andCCND1amplifications (p<0.001) as well as the total number of gene amplifications (p=0.04).EGFRcopy number gains were significantly related to unfavourable patient outcome in univariate analysis and multivariate Cox regression analysis. In conclusion,EGFRcopy number increases are detectable in a substantial proportion of vulvar carcinomas with relationships to advanced tumour stages and the development of lymph node metastases.EGFRcopy number aberrations are connected to other gene amplifications and probably define an human papillomaviruses-independent pathway in the development of vulvar carcinomas. These data support the potential utility ofEGFRinhibitors as a therapeutic alternative in a subset of vulvar carcinomas.
Approaches for quantifying energy intake and %calorie restriction during calorie restriction interventions in humans: the multicenter CALERIE study
Authors: Racette Susan B. , Das Sai Krupa , Bhapkar Manjushri , Hadley Evan C. , Roberts Susan B. , Ravussin Eric , Pieper Carl , DeLany James P. , Kraus William E. , Rochon James , Redman Leanne M. ,   The CALERIE Study Group
Published: December 2011

Calorie restriction (CR) is a component of most weight loss interventions and a potential strategy to slow aging. Accurate determination of energy intake and %CR is critical when interpreting the results of CR interventions; this is most accurately achieved using the doubly labeled water method to quantify total energy expenditure (TEE). However, the costs and analytical requirements of this method preclude its repeated use in many clinical trials. Our aims were to determine 1) the optimal TEE assessment time points for quantifying average energy intake and %CR during long-term CR interventions and 2) the optimal approach for quantifying short-term changes in body energy stores to determine energy intake and %CR during 2-wk DLW periods. Adults randomized to a CR intervention in the multicenter CALERIE study underwent measurements of TEE by doubly labeled water and body composition at baseline and months 1, 3, and 6. Average %CR achieved during the intervention was 24.9 ± 8.7%, which was computed using an approach that included four TEE assessment time points (i.e., TEEbaseline, months 1, 3, and 6) plus the 6-mo change in body composition. Approaches that included fewer TEE assessments yielded %CR values of 23.4 ± 9.0 (TEEbaseline, months 3 and 6), 25.0 ± 8.7 (TEEbaseline, months 1 and 6), and 20.9 ± 7.1% (TEEbaseline, month 6); the latter approach differed significantly from approach 1 ( P < 0.001). TEE declined 9.6 ± 9.9% within 2–4 wk of CR beginning and then stabilized. Regression of daily home weights provided the most reliable estimate of short-term change in energy stores. In summary, optimal quantification of energy intake and %CR during weight loss necessitates a TEE measurement within the first month of CR to capture the rapid reduction in TEE.
Cardiac O-GlcNAc signaling is increased in hypertrophy and heart failure
Authors: Lunde Ida G. , Aronsen Jan Magnus , Kvaløy Heidi , Qvigstad Eirik , Sjaastad Ivar , Tønnessen Theis , Christensen Geir , Grønning-Wang Line M. , Carlson Cathrine R.
Published: December 2011

Reversible protein O-GlcNAc modification has emerged as an essential intracellular signaling system in several tissues, including cardiovascular pathophysiology related to diabetes and acute ischemic stress. We tested the hypothesis that cardiac O-GlcNAc signaling is altered in chronic cardiac hypertrophy and failure of different etiologies. Global protein O-GlcNAcylation and the main enzymes regulating O-GlcNAc, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), O-GlcNAcase (OGA), and glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) were measured by immunoblot and/or real-time RT-PCR analyses of left ventricular tissue from aortic stenosis (AS) patients and rat models of hypertension, myocardial infarction (MI), and aortic banding (AB), with and without failure. We show here that global O-GlcNAcylation was increased by 65% in AS patients, by 47% in hypertensive rats, by 81 and 58% post-AB, and 37 and 60% post-MI in hypertrophic and failing hearts, respectively ( P < 0.05). Noticeably, protein O-GlcNAcylation patterns varied in hypertrophic vs. failing hearts, and the most extensive O-GlcNAcylation was observed on proteins of 20–100 kDa in size. OGT, OGA, and GFAT2 protein and/or mRNA levels were increased by pressure overload, while neither was regulated by myocardial infarction. Pharmacological inhibition of OGA decreased cardiac contractility in post-MI failing hearts, demonstrating a possible role of O-GlcNAcylation in development of chronic cardiac dysfunction. Our data support the novel concept that O-GlcNAc signaling is altered in various etiologies of cardiac hypertrophy and failure, including human aortic stenosis. This not only provides an exciting basis for discovery of new mechanisms underlying pathological cardiac remodeling but also implies protein O-GlcNAcylation as a possible new therapeutic target in heart failure.
Sequential Electrodeposition of Platinum‐Ruthenium at Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrodes for Methanol Oxidation
Authors: González-González Ileana , Lorenzo-Medrano Camille , Cabrera Carlos R.
Published: December 2011

Sequential electrodeposition of Pt and Ru on boron‐doped diamond (BDD) films, in 0.5 M H2SO4 by cyclic voltammetry, has been prepared. The potential cycling, in the aqueous solutions of the respective metals, was between 0.00 and 1.00 V versus Ag/AgCl. The catalyst composites, Pt and PtRu, deposited on BDD film substrates, were tested for methanol oxidation. The modified diamond surfaces were also characterized by scanning electron microscopy‐X‐ray fluorescence‐energy dispersive spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Auger electron spectroscopy. The scanning Auger electron spectroscopy mapping showed the ruthenium signal only in areas where platinum was electrodeposited. Ruthenium does not deposit on the oxidized diamond surface of the boron‐doped diamond. Particles with 5–10% of ruthenium with respect to platinum exhibited better performance for methanol oxidation in terms of methanol oxidation peak current and chronoamperometric current stability. The electrogenerated •OH radicals on BDD may interact with Pt surface, participating in the methanol oxidation as shown in oxidation current and the shift in the peak position. The conductive diamond surface is a good candidate as the support for the platinum electrocatalyst, because it ensures catalytic activity, which compares with the used carbon, and higher stability under severe anodic and cathodic conditions.