bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Current State of Donor Human Milk Use and Practice
Authors: Bai Yeon , Kuscin Jennifer
Published: July 2021

Human milk contains nutrients and immune factors that promote health and growth of an infant. Donor human milk is recommended as the best alternative for infants whose mothers’ breast milk is unavailable. This article describes the current status of donor human milk practice and suggests the areas of educational and research needs. Articles published in the last 10 years were reviewed, and findings were summarized under 4 themes: (1) women's knowledge and concerns about donor human milk use, (2) hospital practices, (3) cost‐effectiveness, and (4) access and affordability of donor human milk. Women were concerned about donor human milk contamination, disease transmission, cost, and access to bank donor human milk, due to lack of knowledge and awareness of donor human milk benefits and its processing procedures. The absence of health care providers’ support for donor human milk adds to the confusion. There is a rising trend of donor human milk use in hospitals for both healthy and vulnerable newborns and infants with varying policies on screening for donor human milk use, cost coverage, or consent procedure. However, a shortage of safe and affordable donor human milk is a barrier to its adoption. A standardized guideline is needed for hospitals regarding donor human milk implementation and cost coverage. Education programs for health care providers are needed to improve knowledge and understanding of donor human milk benefits and safety to provide guidance to parents. It is crucial to develop legislation expanding insurance coverage to achieve donor human milk equity and optimizing long‐term human milk diet outcomes.
Another step toward understanding brain functional connectivity alterations in autism
Authors: Giona Federica , Pagano Jessica , Verpelli Chiara , Sala Carlo
Published: July 2021

Various neuroimaging approaches have reported alterations in brain connectivity in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Nevertheless, specific cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these alterations remain to be elucidated. In the present Editorial, we highlight an article in the current issue of the Journal of Neurochemistry that provides first evidence for the structural and cellular basis of an atypical corpus callosum long‐distance connectivity impairments observed in ASD patients. The authors used a juvenile valproic acid (VPA) rat model of ASD that presents with reduced myelin level, specifically in the corpus callosum, and with an altered myelin sheet structure that is closely associated with the behavioral alteration found in these rats. This hypomyelination occurs primarily during infancy prior to oligodendroglial alterations, implicating that axonal‐oligodendroglial connections are compromised in this model. Concomitant with the hypomyelination, the ASD rat model showed an atypical brain metabolic pattern, with hypometabolic activity across the whole brain, and hypermetabolism in brain areas related to autistic‐like behavior. These findings contribute to unravel the neurobiological basis underlying white matter alteration and altered long‐distance brain connectivity as described in ASD, paving the way to the development of new early diagnostic markers and toward developing future specific therapies for ASD.

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Relationship between instrumental and sensory texture profile of beef semitendinosus muscles with different textures
Authors: Pematilleke Nelum , Kaur Mandeep , Adhikari Benu , Torley Peter J.
Published: July 2021

Texture of meat is a critical factor in oral processing and bolus formation, especially for people suffering from dysphagia. The present study evaluated and compared the texture changes of beef semitendinosus muscles upon cooking, using sensory panelists and instrumental texture profile analysis. Cooking losses were also estimated. The correlation between instrumental and sensory parameters were established. Training with sensory texture profile enabled panelists to clearly identify and describe meat textural attributes except cohesiveness and springiness. Increased cooking temperature (65–85°C) and time (30–60 min) significantly (p < .05) increased hardness, chewiness, and cook loss of beef whereas adhesiveness and juiciness decreased significantly. The correlation data showed significant positive correlations between instrumental and sensory hardness, chewiness, and adhesiveness and poor correlations between cohesiveness and springiness. Results show that the texture profile analyzer has a possibility to replace sensory analysis for hardness, chewiness, and adhesiveness; however, future work is needed to address cohesiveness and springiness of meat.
Efficacy of entecavir versus tenofovir in preventing hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B with maintained virologic response
Authors: Na Ji Eun , Sinn Dong Hyun , Lee Jeong‐Hoon , Jang Hee Joon , Baek Seon Yeong , Kim Kyung A , Kang Won Seok , Gwak Geum‐Youn , Paik Young‐Han , Kim Yoon Jun , Choi Moon Seok , Yoon Jung‐Hwan , Lee Joon Hyeok , Koh Kwang Cheol , Paik Seung Woon
Published: July 2021

Background & Aims

Several studies suggested that efficacy of tenofovir in reducing the risk of the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) might be better than that of entecavir. It remains unknown whether a change in therapy can further reduce the risk of HCC in patients receiving entecavir therapy and achieved goal of antiviral therapy, a maintained undetectable hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA level in the serum.

Methods

A total of 1336 treatment‐naïve chronic HBV mono‐infected adult patients, who started entecavir or tenofovir treatment and achieved a maintained virologic response during follow‐up were analysed.

Results

During a median 4.4 years of follow‐up (range, 1.0–7.4 years) after achieving virologic response, 99 patients developed HCC. The 5‐year cumulative HCC incidence rate was 7.3% and 6.3% for the entecavir and tenofovir groups, respectively, with similar risk of HCC between the two groups (adjusted HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.52–1.29; p = 0.3). The risk of HCC was similar in the propensity score‐matched cohort (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.68–1.52; p = 0.94) and inverse probability treatment weighting analysis (HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.74–1.66; p = 0.62). In the subgroup analysis, HCC risk was similar between the two drugs in both patients with and without cirrhosis.

Discussion

In patients showing maintained virologic response, no difference in the risk of HCC between entecavir and tenofovir was observed. This indicates entecavir might be as effective as tenofovir in the prevention of HCC among those patients and suggest that a change in therapy in anticipation of further reducing the risk of HCC might not be necessary for patients receiving entecavir and showing virologic response.
Using functional dissimilarity among species pools and communities to predict establishment of native and alien species
Authors: Bennett Jonathan A. , Pärtel Meelis
Published: July 2021

Aims

Predicting plant establishment and growth is a fundamental goal of community ecology, especially when studying invasion. Functional traits can infer a species’ environmental tolerances and competitive abilities and may help improve predictions, yet such models are limited by a lack of data on failed establishment. Filtering of species from regional pools to site‐specific pools to local communities provides abundant evidence of failed establishment represented by species excluded at each level of the hierarchy. We tested whether trait differences between observed and absent species among these pools can help predict species establishment.

Location

Southern Estonia.

Methods

For 31 semi‐natural grassland sites, we collected plant composition data at multiple spatial scales to estimate the regional species pool, site‐specific pool, and local community. We compared traits among these pools to model community assembly and predict which species could join the site‐specific pool and local community. We tested these models using an experiment in which we added seed and transplants of 15 species (9 native and 6 alien) to intact and disturbed plots at each site. We considered differences in plant performance between intact and disturbed sites to be indicative of competition.

Results

For all performance metrics, we found significant positive relationships with model predictions. These relationships were stronger for seed establishment than growth and were generally weak when predicting competition. Seed establishment was also best predicted in sites with high local diversity and low root biomass, potentially because of more accurate estimates of species pool and community composition. Seed establishment was better predicted for alien than native species and, although predictive power remained low, the opposite was true for competitive effects on establishment.

Conclusions

Multi‐scale models of community assembly may predict future establishment but must include other characteristics within such models. These models may perform poorly, however, when predicting biotic interactions.
A systematic review into the suitability of urban refugia for the Eurasian red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris
Authors: Fingland Kathryn , Ward Samantha J. , Bates Adam J. , Bremner‐Harrison Samantha
Published: July 2021

Urban growth and intensification are projected to increase as the global human population increases. Historically, urban areas have been disregarded as suitable wildlife habitat, but it is now known that these areas can be biodiverse and that wildlife species can adapt to the environmental conditions. One such urban‐dwelling species is the Eurasian red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris, which has suffered population declines in several countries throughout its range in recent decades.

The current published literature was systematically reviewed to determine whether or not urban habitats are suitable refugia for red squirrels, through identifying and discussing key topics regarding the urban ecology of red squirrels.

Urban environments can support higher population densities of red squirrels than rural areas, probably due to the widespread and reliable provision of anthropogenic supplemental food alongside natural food sources. The availability and quality of urban greenspaces are important determinants of the suitability of urban habitats for red squirrels, as they provide natural food sources and nesting sites. Despite the barriers present in urban landscapes (e.g. roads), red squirrels can still disperse and maintain gene flow at the population level.

Road traffic accidents appear to be a significant cause of mortality in some urban red squirrel populations, and seasonal peaks of mortality occur during the autumn months. Diseases (e.g. squirrelpox virus) can also be a significant cause of mortality, although effects differ between populations and depend on whether grey squirrels Sciurus carolinensis are present. Many of the predation events that affect red squirrels appear to be due to free‐ranging domestic and feral cats Felis catus, although there is currently little evidence to suggest that predation is a limiting factor for urban red squirrel populations.

We conclude that urban areas can be suitable refugia for red squirrels, provided that high‐quality greenspaces are maintained. Mitigation measures may also be necessary to reduce population mortality and to prevent disease outbreaks.
Phylogeographic reconstructions can be biased by ancestral shared alleles: The case of the polymorphic lichen Bryoria fuscescens in Europe and North Africa
Authors: Boluda Carlos G. , Rico Víctor J. , Naciri Yamama , Hawksworth David L. , Scheidegger Christoph
Published: July 2021

Large phylogeographic studies on lichens are scarce, and none involves a single species within which different lineages show fixed alternative dispersal strategies. We investigated Bryoria fuscescens (including B. capillaris) in Europe and western North Africa by phenotypically characterizing 1400 specimens from 64 populations and genotyping them with 14 microsatellites. We studied population structure and genetic diversity at the local and continental scales, discussed the post‐glacial phylogeography, and compared dispersal capacities of phenotypes with and without soralia. Our main hypothesis is that the estimated phylogeography, migration routes, and dispersal capacities may be strongly biased by ancestral shared alleles. Scandinavia is genetically the richest area, followed by the Iberian Peninsula, the Carpathians, and the Alps. Three gene pools were detected: two partially linked to phenotypic characteristics, and the third one genetically related to the American sister species B. pseudofuscescens. The comparison of one gene pool producing soredia and one not, suggested both as panmictic, with similar levels of isolation by distance (IBD). The migration routes were estimated to span from north to south, in disagreement with the assessed glacial refugia. The presence of ancestral shared alleles in distant populations can explain the similar IBD levels found in both gene pools while producing a false signal of panmixia, and also biasing the phylogeographic reconstruction. The incomplete lineage sorting recorded for DNA sequence loci also supports this hypothesis. Consequently, the high diversity in Scandinavia may rather come from recent immigration into northern populations than from an in situ diversification. Similar patterns of ancestral shared polymorphism may bias the phylogeographical reconstruction of other lichen species.
Tracking bacterial effector protein delivery into host cells
Authors: Cover Timothy L.
Published: July 2021

Bacterial Type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) are a functionally heterogeneous group of nanomachines that can deliver substrates into a wide range of target cells. The Helicobacter pylori Cag T4SS has an important role in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. CagA, the only effector protein known to be secreted by the H. pylori Cag T4SS, enters human gastric cells and causes alterations in intracellular signaling that are linked to cancer pathogenesis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which CagA is delivered into gastric cells has been hindered by the lack of robust methods for monitoring this process. A publication in this issue of Molecular Microbiology describes a split luciferase assay for monitoring T4SS‐mediated translocation of CagA into host cells. The use of this translocation reporter allowed the quantification of CagA translocation in real‐time assays, thereby facilitating the analysis of the kinetics of CagA delivery. This system also allowed the tracking of several types of CagA fusion proteins and confirmed that protein unfolding is important for secretion by the Cag T4SS. This commentary discusses T4SS‐dependent delivery of H. pylori CagA into host cells and the use of the split luciferase system for monitoring bacterial protein secretion and delivery into target cells.
Impacts of soil temperature, phenology and plant community composition on invertebrate herbivory in a natural warming experiment
Authors: Warner Emily , Marteinsdóttir Bryndís , Helmutsdóttir Vigdís F. , Ehrlén Johan , Robinson Sinikka I. , O'Gorman Eoin J.
Published: July 2021

Species and community‐level responses to warming are well documented, with plants and invertebrates known to alter their range, phenology or composition as temperature increases. The effects of warming on biotic interactions are less clearly understood, but can have consequences that cascade through ecological networks. Here, we used a natural soil temperature gradient of 5–35°C in the Hengill geothermal valley, Iceland, to investigate the effects of temperature on plant community composition and plant–invertebrate interactions. We quantified the level of invertebrate herbivory on the plant community across the temperature gradient and the interactive effects of temperature, plant phenology (i.e. development stage) and vegetation community composition on the probability of herbivory for three ubiquitous plant species, Cardamine pratensis, Cerastium fontanum and Viola palustris. We found that the percentage cover of graminoids and forbs increased, while the amount of litter decreased, with increasing soil temperature. Invertebrate herbivory also increased with soil temperature at the plant community level, but this was underpinned by different effects of temperature on herbivory for individual plant species, mediated by the seasonal development of plants and the composition of the surrounding vegetation. This illustrates the importance of considering the development stage of organisms in climate change research given the variable effects of temperature on susceptibility to herbivory at different ontogenetic stages.
Variation in ripe fruit hardness: a mechanical constraint?
Authors: Valenta Kim , Bhramdat Henna D. , Calhoun Grace V. , Daegling David J. , Nevo Omer
Published: July 2021

Fleshy fruits have evolved to be attractive to frugivorous seed dispersers. As a result, many fruit traits like size, color, scent and nutritional content are assumed to be the result of selective pressures exerted by frugivores. At the same time, fruit traits are also subjected to a set of other selective pressures and constraints. One such trait is fruit hardness. On one hand, haptic cues have been suggested to play a role in frugivore behavior, potentially driving selection on fruit skin traits, including hardness. On the other hand, fruit skin traits also interact with antagonists, e.g. seed predators and microbes, which can also impose selective pressures, particularly with respect to fruit hardness. Yet skin hardness may also be driven not by adaptive response to biotic pressures, but rather a mechanical constraint: fruits are packed with water‐rich pulp and seeds which exert mechanical pressure on the skin. Skin hardness may simply result from the need for fruits to withhold internal pressure to maintain fruit integrity. We test the fruit mechanical constraint hypothesis on a set of 95 native Malagasy plant species. We used a theoretical structural formula to model internal pressure experienced by fruit skins to test whether variation in pulp weight predicts fruit hardness. We find that, while positively correlated, internal stress explains very little of the variance in fruit hardness. This suggests that mechanical constraints play a minor role in driving fruit hardness, and that biotic factors may therefore contribute substantially to variation in fruit hardness.
The effect of inter‐ and intraspecific competition on individual and population niche widths: a four‐decade study on two interacting salmonids
Authors: Prati Sebastian , Henriksen Eirik Haugstvedt , Smalås Aslak , Knudsen Rune , Klemetsen Anders , Sánchez-Hernández Javier , Amundsen Per-Arne
Published: July 2021

Competition is assumed to shape niche widths, affecting species survival and coexistence. Expectedly, high interspecific competition will reduce population niche widths, whereas high intraspecific competition will do the opposite. Here we test in situ how intra‐ and interspecific competition affects trophic resource use and the individual and population niche widths of two lacustrine fish species, Arctic charr and brown trout, covering a 40 year study period with highly contrasting competitive impacts prior to and following a large‐scale fish culling experiment. Initially, an overcrowded Arctic charr population dominated the study system, with brown trout being nearly absent. The culling experiment reduced the littoral Arctic charr density by 80%, whereupon brown trout gradually increased its density in the system. Thus, over the study period, the Arctic charr population went from high to low intraspecific competition, followed by increasing interspecific competition with brown trout. As hypothesized, the relaxed intraspecific competition following the experimental culling reduced individual diet specialization and compressed population niche width of Arctic charr. During the initial increase of the brown trout population, there was a large dietary overlap between the two species. Over the subsequent intensified interspecific competition from the population build‐up of brown trout, their trophic niche overlap chiefly declined due to a dietary shift of Arctic charr towards enhanced zooplankton consumption. Contrary to theoretical expectations, the individual and population niche widths of Arctic charr increased with intensified interspecific competition. In contrast, the diet and niche width of brown trout remained stable over time, confirming its competitive superiority. The large‐scale culling experiment and associated long‐term research revealed pronounced temporal dynamics in trophic niche and resource use of the inferior competitor, substantiating that intra‐ and interspecific competition have large and contrasting impacts on individual and population niches.
Ten kHz spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of chronic peripheral polyneuropathy: 12‐Month results from prospective open‐label pilot study
Authors: Galan Vincent , Scowcroft James , Chang Paul , Li Sean , Staats Peter , Subbaroyan Jeyakumar , Caraway David
Published: July 2021

Background

The goal of this study was to demonstrate that the paresthesia‐independent 10 kHz spinal cord stimulation (SCS) can provide long‐term pain relief in patients with peripheral polyneuropathy (PPN). Clinically diagnosed subjects with PPN refractory to conventional medical management were enrolled in this prospective, multicenter study between November 2015 and August 2016, after institutional review board approval and patient informed consent were obtained.

Methods

Subjects underwent trial stimulation utilizing 2 epidural leads, and if successful, were implanted with a permanent 10 kHz SCS system and followed up for 12 months post‐implant. Outcome measures included adverse events, pain, neurological assessments, disability, function, quality of life, pain interference, sleep, satisfaction, and global impression of change. Data are presented as descriptive statistics. Permanent implant population results are reported as mean ± standard error.

Results

Twenty‐one of the 26 trialed subjects had a successful trial and 18 received a permanent implant. All subjects had the leads placed anatomically without the need for paresthesia. Subjects experienced significant and sustained pain relief (at least 65% at all timepoints) whereas physicians noted improvements in neurological function. Significant improvements in disability, function, sleep, sensory, and affective dimensions of pain were reported at all timepoints. All adverse events were resolved without sequelae.

Conclusion

Findings from this study suggest that 10 kHz SCS may provide sustained pain relief and disability improvements in patients suffering from PPN.
Studies of canker and dieback of oak tree in China, with two Cytospora species described
Authors: Pan Meng , Zhu Haiyan , Liang Lingyu , Tian Chengming , Fan Xinlei
Published: July 2021

Oak (Quercus sp.) is an excellent tree species as a windbreak, for water conservation, and for fireproofing in forests in China. However, several trees of this genus were found to be suffering from various fungal diseases. In this study, we evaluated 15 fungal pathogens that can cause dieback and canker disease in oak in China, and discovered two Cytospora species. They were identified as Cytospora quercinum sp. nov. and C. vinacea, based on detailed morphological comparisons and phylogenetic analysis of ITS, LSU, act, rpb2, tef1‐α, and tub2 loci. This study is the first record of C. quercinum and C. vinacea as causal agents of dieback in oak based on pathogenicity tests conducted on 2‐year‐old plants in a greenhouse. In addition, this study also revealed the influence of different conditions on the growth rate of mycelia. Mycelial growth of C. quercinum and C. vinacea occurred at optimum temperatures of 20.1 and 20.8 °C, and optimum pH of 5.4 and 5.3, respectively. For these two species, utilization of glucose and fructose was highly efficient, and sucrose was the least efficient. The habitat of Quercus mongolica indicated that more attention and management are needed to prevent the occurrence of Cytospora disease in the summer in north‐eastern China, and in spring and autumn in eastern and northern China. This study contributes to the understanding of the species causing canker or dieback diseases in important economic forest trees, and provides useful information for effective disease management of oak trees in China.
Watanabeagreen microalgae (Trebouxiophyceae) inhabiting lichen holobiomes:Watanabea lichenicolasp. nova
Authors: Chiva Salvador , Dumitru Cristina , Bordenave César Daniel , Barreno Eva
Published: July 2021

Microalgae of the genusWatanabeaare widely distributed as free living in soil/subaerial and aquatic habitats. In this study, twoWatanabeaspp. were isolated from lichen thalli ofBuellia zoharyicollected on biocrusts in the Iberian Peninsula and the Canary Islands. To ascertain their taxonomic position and phylogenetic relationships within the genusWatanabea, morphological observations were performed using light and confocal microscopy, combined with molecular analyses based on the phylogeny of small subunit ribosomal region (SSU) and internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) genes and the ITS2 secondary structure. One isolate matchesWatanabea acidophila, and the other, which has not been previously reported, is described here asWatanabea lichenicolasp. nov. Both molecular phylogenetic analyses (SSUandITS) suggest the division of theWatanabeaspp. into two well‐supported clades:Watanabeagroup I andWatanabeagroup II, to whichW. lichenicolaandW. acidophilabelong, respectively. Furthermore, an exclusive side loop in helix 3 of the ITS2 secondary structure ofWatanabeagroup II reinforces the use of this analysis as a molecular hallmark for this genus. The integrative approaches carried out in this study suggest lichen thalli as a new ecological niche for this genus, either as associated (not primary symbiont), epiphyte and/or endophyte microalgae inBuellia zoharyiholobionts.
Periodontal disease and the risk of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Hu Xin , Zhang Jing , Qiu Yulan , Liu Zhaonan
Published: July 2021

Background

Results of studies on the association between periodontal disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are inconsistent, and a previous meta‐analysis published in 2017 included inadequate studies and is thus outmoded. This study aims to systematically evaluate the correlation between PD and the risk of AD or MCI.

Methods

The following electronic databases were screened by two investigators independently, without restriction of language: CENTRAL (Cochrane library), PubMed (MEDLINE), EMBASE, China National Knowledge Interne, China Science and Technology Journal Database, Wanfang Data, www.ClinicalTrials.gov, and WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. Meta‐analysis was conducted using random‐effects model or fixed‐effects model according to the heterogeneity of included studies.

Results

Thirteen eligible studies, of which eight reported AD (291 114 participants) and eight reported MCI (4805 participants), were included in this meta‐analysis. The pooled results showed that compared with the non‐PD population, the risk of AD and MCI in PD patients was significantly higher (for AD: odds ratio (OR) = 1.78, 95% CI 1.15–2.76; for MCI: OR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.24–2.06), and especially in those with severe PD (for AD: OR = 4.89, 95% CI 1.60–14.97; for MCI, OR = 2.32, 95% CI 1.24–4.36).

Conclusions

This meta‐analysis indicated that PD was related to an elevated risk of AD and cognitive impairment, and that it should receive early intervention.
Assessing the value of restoration plantings for wildlife in a temperate agricultural landscape
Authors: Kittipalawattanapol Kawinwit , Jones Menna E. , Barmuta Leon A. , Bain Glen
Published: July 2021

Habitat loss is a primary cause of population decline for 85% of species recognized as threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Ecological restoration can mitigate and reverse the effects of habitat loss on wildlife, but many restoration programs lack a systematic approach to monitoring outcomes, if indeed restoration sites are monitored at all. Here, we evaluate the response of wildlife to restoration plantings in an agricultural landscape in Tasmania, Australia, five years after their establishment. We surveyed three faunal groups—ground‐dwelling invertebrates, birds and terrestrial mammals—and compared community composition in plantings with those of nearby livestock pasture and remnant woodlands. Habitat type had some influence on invertebrate communities with more pollinators, but fewer nectivores (predominantly Lepidoptera) and engulf predators in riparian plantings than in paddocks. In comparison, nonriparian plantings had more nectivores and pollinators and a greater proportion of small‐bodied invertebrates than in paddocks. Invertebrate biomass was positively associated with the presence of large ground‐foraging birds. Habitat type had a significant effect on the composition of bird communities in nonriparian areas, with small native species more abundant in plantings than in paddocks. Endangered mammal species were recorded using planting sites, including eastern bettongs and spotted‐tailed quolls. We describe possible trajectories to inform adaptive management of local restoration efforts. Our study provides a rare example that considers the response of multiple faunal groups to restoration concurrently and highlights differences in wildlife communities between restoring and reference habitats that are likely to impact ecosystem services.
Using Linked Consumer Registers to Estimate Residential moves in the United Kingdom
Authors: van Dijk Justin T. , Lansley Guy , Longley Paul A.
Published: July 2021

This paper argues that frequently updated data on the nature of residential moves and the circumstances of movers in the United Kingdom are insufficient for many research purposes. Accordingly, we develop previous research reported in this Journal to re-purpose consumer and administrative data in order to develop annual estimates of residential mobility between all UK neighbourhoods. We use a unique digital corpus of linked individual and household-level consumer registers compiled by the UK Consumer Data Research Centre, comprising over 143 million unique address records pertaining to the entire UK adult population over the period 1997–2016. We describe how records pertaining to individuals vacating a property can be assigned to their most probable residential destination, based on novel methods of matching names, assessing household composition, and using information on the date and probable distance of residential moves. We believe that the results of this analysis contribute highly granular, frequently updated estimates of residential moves that can be used to chart population-wide outcomes of residential mobility and migration behaviour, as well as the socio-spatial characteristics of the sedentary population.
Lump chains in the KP‐I equation
Authors: Lester Charles , Gelash Andrey , Zakharov Dmitry , Zakharov Vladimir
Published: July 2021

We construct a broad class of solutions of the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (KP)‐I equation by using a reduced version of the Grammian form of the ‐function. The basic solution is a linear periodic chain of lumps propagating with distinct group and wave velocities. More generally, our solutions are evolving linear arrangements of lump chains, and can be viewed as the KP‐I analogues of the family of line‐soliton solutions of KP‐II. However, the linear arrangements that we construct for KP‐I are more general, and allow degenerate configurations such as parallel or superimposed lump chains. We also construct solutions describing interactions between lump chains and individual lumps, and discuss the relationship between the solutions obtained using the reduced and regular Grammian forms.
Chloroplasts alter their morphology and accumulate at the pathogen interface during infection by Phytophthora infestans
Authors: Savage Zachary , Duggan Cian , Toufexi Alexia , Pandey Pooja , Liang Yuxi , Segretin María Eugenia , Yuen Lok Him , Gaboriau David C. A. , Leary Alexandre Y. , Tumtas Yasin , Khandare Virendrasinh , Ward Andrew D. , Botchway Stanley W. , Bateman Benji C. , Pan Indranil , Schattat Martin , Sparkes Imogen , Bozkurt Tolga O.
Published: July 2021

Upon immune activation, chloroplasts switch off photosynthesis, produce antimicrobial compounds and associate with the nucleus through tubular extensions called stromules. Although it is well established that chloroplasts alter their position in response to light, little is known about the dynamics of chloroplast movement in response to pathogen attack. Here, we report that during infection with the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans, chloroplasts accumulate at the pathogen interface, associating with the specialized membrane that engulfs the pathogen haustorium. The chemical inhibition of actin polymerization reduces the accumulation of chloroplasts at pathogen haustoria, suggesting that this process is partially dependent on the actin cytoskeleton. However, chloroplast accumulation at haustoria does not necessarily rely on movement of the nucleus to this interface and is not affected by light conditions. Stromules are typically induced during infection, embracing haustoria and facilitating chloroplast interactions, to form dynamic organelle clusters. We found that infection‐triggered stromule formation relies on BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1‐ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1)‐mediated surface immune signaling, whereas chloroplast repositioning towards haustoria does not. Consistent with the defense‐related induction of stromules, effector‐mediated suppression of BAK1‐mediated immune signaling reduced stromule formation during infection. On the other hand, immune recognition of the same effector stimulated stromules, presumably via a different pathway. These findings implicate chloroplasts in a polarized response upon pathogen attack and point to more complex functions of these organelles in plant–pathogen interactions.
Impact of universal irradiation on chronic transfusion for sickle cell disease
Authors: Salinas Cisneros Gabriel , Webb Jennifer , Luban Naomi L. C. , Nickel Robert Sheppard
Published: July 2021

Background

Irradiation of blood products prevents transfusion‐associated graft‐versus‐host disease, but most patients do not require this modification which could have an adverse impact on transfusion outcomes. We hypothesized that irradiation may increase transfusion requirements for patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) receiving chronic transfusion.

Study Design and Methods

Our pediatric hospital implemented a new policy of universal blood product irradiation in May 2018. We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients with SCD receiving chronic red blood cell (RBC) transfusion throughout the year before and after institution of this policy. The primary outcome was the change in RBC transfusion volume per patient weight transfused during the pre‐ vs. post‐ universal irradiation period. Secondary outcomes were the change in median pretransfusion laboratory values.

Results

Among 17 patients, 8 (47%) received more RBCs the year before irradiation and 9 (53%) received more the year after irradiation. Implementation of universal irradiation did not significantly increase transfusion volumes needed to clinically manage this population (median change +1.7 ml/kg/year, p = .54). Additionally, there were no significant changes in absolute reticulocyte count, hemoglobin, hemoglobin S%, white blood cell count, lactate dehydrogenase, total bilirubin, serum potassium, and ferritin during the two time periods.

Conclusion

In a cohort of patients with SCD receiving simple chronic transfusion, irradiation did not impact transfusion requirements or pertinent pretransfusion laboratory values. Irradiation does not appear to have clinically significant consequences for SCD chronic transfusion management.
Low rates of transfusion‐transmitted infection screening in chronically transfused adults with sickle cell disease
Authors: Chidambaram Vignesh , Jones Jennifer M. , Lokhandwala Parvez M. , Bloch Evan M. , Lanzkron Sophie , Stewart Rosalyn , Pecker Lydia H.
Published: July 2021

Background

Adults with sickle cell disease (SCD) on chronic transfusion therapy are exposed to a large volume of blood products, thus increasing their risk of transfusion‐associated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C (HCV), and hepatitis B (HBV).

Methods

We performed a systematic chart review of chronically transfused SCD subjects at the Johns Hopkins Sickle Cell Center for Adults between October 2014 and September 2019 to determine our Center's adherence to the 2014 National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) SCD guidelines for annual screening for Transfusion Transmitted infections (TTI) and assessed HBV immunity and HBV vaccination rates.

Results

The study included 85 subjects with a median age of 34 years (23–63); 52% were female. No subject received annual screening; 68 subjects (80%) were screened for HIV, 60 subjects (71%) for HCV and 53 subjects (62%) for HBV infections at least once in the study period. Of those screened, one patient was newly diagnosed with HCV infection, and none with HIV or HBV infection. Among 31 subjects tested for anti‐Hepatitis B surface antibody, 16 subjects (52%) tested negative. Nineteen (20%) subjects had HBV vaccination documented.

Conclusions

Low adherence to the NHLBI TTI screening guidelines, especially for HBV, highlights the resource intensiveness of this patient population. The low rates of anti‐Hepatitis B surface antibody positivity highlight the need to confirm vaccination, provide boosters as indicated, and investigate the adults with SCD's immune response to HBV vaccination.
Hemodynamically Unloading the Distal Pulmonary Circulation in Pulmonary Hypertension: A Modeling Study
Authors: Walter Rachelle , Hunter Kendall , Stenmark Kurt , Kheyfets Vitaly O.
Published: July 2021

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive disease that is characterized by a gradual increase in both resistive and reactive pulmonary arterial (PA) impedance. Previous studies in a rodent model of PH have shown that reducing the hemodynamic load in the left lung (by banding the left PA) reverses this remodeling phenomenon. However, banding a single side of the pulmonary circulation is not a viable clinical option, so-using in silico modeling–we evaluated if the banding effect can be recreated by replacing the proximal vasculature with a compliant synthetic PA. We developed a computational model of the pulmonary circulation by combining a one-dimensional model of the proximal vasculature with a zero-dimensional line transmission model to the 12th generation. Using this model, we performed four simulations: (1) Control; (2) PH; (3) PH with a stenosis in the left PA; and (4) PH with proximal vessel compliance returned to Control levels. Simulations revealed that vascular changes associated with PH result in an increase in pulse pressure (PP), maximum pressure (Pmax), maximum wall shear stress (WSS), and maximum circumferential stress (σθθ) relative to controls, in the distal circulation. Banding the left PA reduced these measurements of hemodynamic stress in the left lung, but increases them in the right lung. Furthermore, left PA banding increased reactive PA impedance. However, returning the proximal PA compliance to Control levels simultaneously decreased all measures of hemodynamic stress in both lungs, and returned reactive PA impedance to normal levels. In conclusion, if future in vivo studies support the idea of hemodynamic unloading as an effective therapy for PH, this can be surgically achieved by replacing the proximal PA with a compliant prosthesis, and it will have the added benefit of reducing reactive right ventricular afterload.
Tribological Performance of Circular-Concave-and-Spherical-Convex Compound Texture Under Hydrodynamic Lubrication
Authors: Zeng Fankeng , Cheng Yu , Wan Zhenping , Long Zhineng , Zhang Zhihui , Tang Yong
Published: July 2021

A novel circular-concave-and-spherical-convex (CCSC) compound texture in which a spherical convex is created in a circular concave was proposed to further improve the tribological performance of the circular concave texture under hydrodynamic lubrication. A numerical model based on the Reynolds equation was established to explore the effect of the spherical convex on tribological performance. The numerical results indicate that the spherical convex can enhance the lubricant suction and generate second hydrodynamic lubrication in the inlet region and bring about divergent wedge in the outlet region, and the two competing mechanisms determine the load-bearing capacity of the compound texture. There exists an optimal spherical convex height that makes the load-bearing capacity maximum at a specified minimum lubricating film height, and the optimal value decreases with the minimum lubricating film height increasing. For the compound texture with the optimal spherical convex height, the load-bearing capacity rises with the spherical convex bottom diameter increasing. Tribological experiments were conducted to examine the numerical results using a pin-on-disc test machine, and the experimental results agree well with the numerical results. The maximum friction reduction for the compound texture is 44% in comparison with smooth surface, whereas it is 21% compared with the optimal circular concave texture under the same conditions.
Study on Roughness Parameters Screening and Characterizing Surface Contact Performance Based on Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Duo Yang , Jinyuan Tang , Wei Zhou , Yuqin Wen
Published: July 2021

As microtopography can influence the contact behavior of materials, it is of great significance to study the correlation between morphology characterization parameters and contact performance. In the light of complex relevance of parameters, a method for screening roughness parameters (RP) to characterize contact performance is constructed to get the maximum influence parameters on the contact stress (CS) and avoid the error of experiential selection. First, Pearson's coefficient and back propagation (BP) neural network are utilized to elaborate on correlation level between RP and CS and to build the regression model. Then global sensitivity analysis (Sobol) and local sensitivity analysis (MIV and Garson) are introduced to demonstrate RP quantitative influences on CS and select main RP for characterizing contact performance. The research shows (1) in the correlation analysis, RP with high correlation and noncollinearity on σmax are Sa, Sdq, S5p, Spk, and Svk; With regard to Mpmax and τmax, Sa, S5p, Sdq, and Vmp are on display, (2) RP importance sequence based on the results of correlation analysis is Sa, Spk, Sdq, Svk, S5p for σmax, and Sa, Vmp, Sdq, S5p for Mpmax and τmax, and (3) For the comprehensive main parameters model, RP for characterizing contact performance under the three contact stresses are Sa, Spk, and Vmp, belonging to height parameter, function parameter, and volume parameter, respectively. According to definition, all of them can significantly affect the stress concentration and distribution on contact surface of materials, which validates the rationality of the method.
Economic Control for a Residential Photovoltaic-Battery System by Combining Stochastic Model Predictive Control and Improved Correction Strategy
Authors: Deng Xinchen , Deng Zhongwei , Song Ziyou , Lin Xianke , Hu Xiaosong
Published: July 2021

Photovoltaic (PV) power generation can help reduce households’ electricity from the power grid and thus reduce electricity bills. However, due to the intermittence and time-varying nature of PV power generation, part of the clean energy will be wasted. Especially in some places where PV power is allowed to be sold to the power grid, the PV power that exceeds the feed-in limit will be curtailed to reduce the pressure on the infrastructure of the power grid. Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) as energy buffers have attracted increasing attention to help improve the penetration of PV power to households. This paper presents an adaptive energy management method to minimize the energy cost of residential PV-battery systems. First, the uncertainty of the predictive electricity demand and PV power supply is modeled. Then a stochastic model predictive control (SMPC) strategy is used to determine the optimal power flow of the system. Due to the deviation between the predictive input values and the actual ones, the power flow from SMPC is adjusted based on the improved correction strategy (ICS) proposed in this paper. By comparing with the other two methods (one considers the uncertainty and the other does not), the proposed method can increase the economic benefits of the system by 18% and 63%, respectively. The wasted PV power that exceeds the feed-in limit can also be reduced by 24% and 31%. This verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method to improve the system's economic benefits and self-consumption of clean energy.
Reflections on “Parametric acoustic array,” source of virtual-array sonars
Authors: Foote Kenneth G.
Published: July 2021

The Reflections series takes a look back on historical articles from The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America that have had a significant impact on the science and practice of acoustics.
Quantitative assessment of parallel acoustofluidic device
Authors: Dezfuli Mehrshad Rezadoost , Shahidian Azadeh , Ghassemi Majid
Published: July 2021

The advantage of ultrasonic fields in harmless and label-free applications intrigued researchers to develop this technology. The capability of acoustofluidic technology for medical applications has not been thoroughly analyzed and visualized. Toward efficient design, in this research, flowing fluid in a microchannel excited by acoustic waves is fully investigated. To study the behavior of acoustic streaming, the main interfering parameters such as inlet velocity, working frequency, displacement amplitude, fluid buffer material, and hybrid effect in a rectangular water-filled microchannel actuated by standing surface acoustic waves are studied. Governing equations for acoustic field and laminar flow are derived employing perturbation theory. For each set of equations, appropriate boundary conditions are applied. Results demonstrate a parallel device is capable of increasing the inlet flow for rapid operations. Frequency increment raises the acoustic streaming velocity magnitude. Displacement amplitude amplification increases the acoustic streaming velocity and helps the streaming flow dominate over the incoming flow. The qualitative analysis of the hybrid effect shows using hard walls can significantly increase the streaming power without depleting excessive energy. A combination of several effective parameters provides an energy-efficient and fully controllable device for biomedical applications such as fluid mixing and cell lysis.
Contribution of PER-Type and NDM-Type β-Lactamases to Cefiderocol Resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii
Authors: Poirel Laurent , Sadek Mustafa , Nordmann Patrice
Published: July 2021

Cefiderocol (FDC) is a recently developed siderophore cephalosporin showing excellent antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria, including
Acinetobacter baumannii
. By investigating a series of
A. baumannii
clinical isolates with elevated MICs of FDC, we showed that PER-like β-lactamases and, to a lesser extent, NDM-like β-lactamases, significantly contributed to reduced susceptibility to that antibiotic.