bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does a Simple Blood Gas Analysis and the Clinical Impression Predict Trauma-Induced Coagulopathy?
Authors: Hilbert-Carius Peter , Lefering Rolf , Wrigge Hermann , Hofmann Gunther O. , Davis Jesse , Koch Renè
Published: January 2025

Objectives Trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC) is common in severely injured patients and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality.

Method The association of two parameters of blood gas analysis (hemoglobin [Hb], base excess [BE]) with standard coagulation tests (SCTs) and rotational thrombelastometry (ROTEM) using the database of the TraumaRegister DGU between 2015 and 2022 was studied. In a stepwise approach, the occurrence of a TIC, the correlations between Hb/BE levels and SCT, as well as ROTEM were calculated respectively. Then we aimed to detect relations between different Hb/BE levels and the occurrence of TIC, using standard clotting studies and/or ROTEM respectively.

Results TIC occurred in 17.2% of the 68,996 primarily admitted adult patients with Injury Severity Score ≥9. A high correlation was found between Hb/BE and SCT. With a decrease in Hb and BE, the frequency of TIC increased and at an admission Hb <8 g/dL and BE < −6 mmol/L, >60% of patients presented with TIC. Clinical conditions associated with TIC were Glasgow Coma Scale ≤8, blood pressure ≤90 mmHg on the scene or at hospital admission, prehospital volume >1,000 mL, serious injuries to the head and/or the thorax and/or the abdomen and/or the extremities.

Conclusion Almost one-sixth of patients present with a TIC at hospital admission. Blood gas analysis samples showed relevant correlations between Hb/BE levels and SCT. The combined closer inspection of Hb/BE and the clinical presentation of the patient is able to predict TIC in the majority of patients.
Alterstraumazentren: Anforderungen und
Patientenprofil
Authors: Neuerburg Carl , Fleischhacker Evi , Eschbach Daphne , Schöneberg Carsten , Liener Ulrich Christoph , Fries Thomas , Schmidmaier Ralf
Published: January 2025

Alterstraumazentren (ATZ) sind spezialisierte Einrichtungen zur Frakturversorgung
bei vulnerablen, älteren Traumapatienten, welche aufgrund oftmals vorhandener
Begleiterscheinungen wie Osteoporose, Polypharmazie, Sarkopenie etc. ein
erhöhtes Fraktur-/Komplikationsrisiko aufweisen. Die häufigsten Frakturen
betreffen das Hüftgelenk, den distalen Radius, den proximalen Humerus, die
Wirbelsäule und den Beckenring. Eine zentrale Herausforderung in der Behandlung
älterer Patienten ist die ganzheitliche Versorgung sowie die rasche
Mobilisierung, da längere Immobilisationsphasen zu einem irreversiblen
Muskelmasseverlust und Komplikationen im Behandlungsverlauf mit irreversiblen
Funktionseinbußen führen können. Das interdisziplinäre Team in der Versorgung
geriatrischer Traumapatienten setzt sich dabei im Wesentlichen aus
Orthopäden/Unfallchirurgen, Geriatern, Physio-/Ergotherapeuten, Logopäden,
Pflegekräften und Sozialdienstmitarbeitern zusammen. Die vollumfängliche
interdisziplinäre Versorgung geriatrischer Traumapatienten kann in Form der sog.
geriatrischen Komplexbehandlung umgesetzt werden und hat zum Ziel
Begleiterkrankungen wie Herzinsuffizienz, Diabetes mellitus und kognitive
Einschränkungen ganzheitlich in der Frakturversorgung mitzubehandeln. Der
GBA-Beschluss „hüftgelenknahe Femurfrakturen“ QsFFx von 2021 betont die
Notwendigkeit einer schnellen interdisziplinären Versorgung und Mobilisierung
nach hüftgelenknahen Femurfrakturen und unterstreicht die zunehmende
gesundheitsökonomische Bedeutung einer ganzheitlichen Rehabilitation. In diesem
Beitrag werden die Ansprüche an Alterstraumazentren, die Zusammensetzung eines
interdisziplinären Teams, typische Patientenprofile und Frakturentitäten sowie
die Bedeutung einer raschen schmerzadaptierten Mobilisation bei älteren
Frakturpatienten erläutert.
Fourteen weeks of β-alanine supplementation and HIIT did not improve
serum BDNF concentrations and Stroop test performance
Authors: Mendonça Paloma Tavares , Dutra Yago Medeiros , Antunes Barbara M. , Lira Fabio , Zagatto Alessandro Moura
Published: January 2025

This study aimed to investigate whether 14 weeks of β-alanine supplementation and
high-intensity intermittent training improves brain-derived neurotrophic factor
concentrations and cognitive aspects related to executive functions assessed by
the Stroop test. Thirteen healthy and active men underwent a 4-week
supplementation period (β-alanine: 6.4 g/d or a placebo) followed by 10-week
supplementation combined with high-intensity intermittent training, totaling 14
weeks of intervention. Participants underwent a graded exercise test, while the
blood samples for brain-derived neurotrophic factor analysis and the Stroop test
(cognitive task) were assessed before and after a high-intensity intermittent
exercise (10 runs of 1:1 min effort and a pause ratio at 130% of respiratory
compensation point). These measurements were performed three times across the
study being at baseline, after 4 weeks of supplementation
(POST4weeks) and at the end of the 14 weeks of study
(POST14weeks). Compared to baseline values, there were no
improvements in brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentrations or Stroop test
performance with either β-alanine or high-intensity intermittent training.
Lactate peak concentrations in a high-intensity intermittent exercise session
also did not differ between groups. However, high-intensity intermittent
training did improve some cardiorespiratory parameters (i.e., intensity
associated with V̇O2max
p=0.01 and respiratory compensation point, p=0.01). In conclusion,
β-alanine supplementation alone or associated with high-intensity intermittent
training did not improve the brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentrations
and Stroop test performance in healthy men.
Anwendung von adjuvanten Therapiemethoden in der Tabak- und Nikotinberatung – Ergebnisse einer anonymen Befragung
Authors: Ulbricht Sabina , Rustler Christa , Vitzthum Karin
Published: January 2025

Die Beratung und Behandlung von Tabak- und Nikotinkonsumierenden beinhaltet die Anwendung klassisch-verhaltenstherapeutischer sowie kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutischer Methoden. Mehr als die Hälfte derjenigen, die nach einer Maßnahme nicht mehr rauchen, sind nach 12 Monaten in alte Verhaltensmuster zurückgefallen. Gespräche mit Expert*innen haben gezeigt, dass evidenzbasierte verhaltenstherapeutische Interventionen individuell ergänzt werden mit Anwendungen ohne wissenschaftliche Evidenz oder mit bislang inkonsistenter Wirkung. In dieser Studie wird die Anwendung solch begleitender Maßnahmen wie z.B. die Arbeit mit Aromaölen untersucht.

Die Grundgesamtheit der anonymen Online-Befragung (Sosci-Survey) bildeten 351 registrierte Expertinnen und Experten in einer frei zugänglichen Adressdatenbank (https://www.anbieter-raucherberatung.de/anbieter.php). An der Befragung beteiligten sich 88 Personen.

Die Befragten waren im Mittel 53 Jahre alt, zu 71% weiblich und hatten im Mittel 14 Jahre Erfahrung in der Beratung und Behandlung von Rauchenden.

Mit einem Anteil von 66,3% (n=57) gab mehr als die Hälfte der Befragten an, jemals eine nicht evidenzbasierte begleitende Maßnahme angewendet zu haben. Am häufigsten wurde der Einsatz von Bewegungsübungen (49,1%), Hypnose (34,5%) und Akupunktur (27,3%) genannt.

Die Anwendung nicht-evidenzbasierter Anwendungen scheint in der Beratung und Behandlung von Tabak- und Nikotinkonsumierenden bedeutsam und sollte im Kontext von Austausch von Forschung sowie Weiterentwicklung von Curricula der Tabak- und Nikotinentwöhnung zukünftig stärker berücksichtigt werden.
Late Presentation of Congenital Aqueduct Stenosis in Adulthood with High-Riding Basilar Artery: Case Report
Authors: Alturiki Hassan Mohammed , Alqudihi Batool M. , Alboesa Shima , Alramadan Abdullah H.
Published: January 2025

Background A rare variant of congenital aqueductal stenosis (CAS) is known as adult-onset CAS, characterized by the emergence of symptoms during adulthood.

Case Description A 35-year-old man presented complaining of acute-onset headache and vomiting. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed an acute hydrocephalus due to an aqueductal web. The patient was treated with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt and doing well. His condition was complicated by subdural hematoma as a result of overshunting, which was treated by frontoparietal craniotomy and eventually, he underwent valve revision to a programmable valve.

Conclusion Additional research is needed to gain a deeper understanding of the hypothesis related to adult aqueductal stenosis. This will help shed light on the asymptomatic childhood phase and potentially reduce complications by identifying late CAS early.
Biomechanical Evaluation of Stress Distribution in a Natural Tooth Adjacent to a Dental Implant Using Finite Element Modeling
Authors: Thaungwilai Kunyawan , Tantilertanant Yanee , Tomeboon Punyavud , Singhatanadgit Weerachai , Singhatanadgid Pairod
Published: January 2025

Objective Emerging evidence suggests an increased incidence of mechanical complications in natural teeth, particularly maxillary premolars, adjacent to dental implants. This study aimed to investigate and compare the maximum von Mises stress induced in a natural tooth adjacent to either a natural tooth or a dental implant under different occlusal loading and interproximal space conditions.

Materials and Methods Three-dimensional finite element models of maxillary first and second premolars were generated for both control (two natural teeth) and experimental (first premolar dental implant and natural second premolar) groups to analyze stress levels and distributions. Occlusal forces were applied to the second premolar, and the resulting maximum von Mises stress was compared between groups. The influence of dental implant presence, interproximal space, and occlusal load contact position and direction on the stress level and distribution in the loaded tooth was investigated.

Results Compared with the control group, the experimental group exhibited higher stress levels in the natural second premolar under occlusal forces, although the stress distribution remained similar. The presence of interproximal spaces, either between natural teeth or between a tooth and an implant, exacerbated stress in the loaded teeth due to reduced proximal contact area and increased stress concentration. Additionally, the position and direction of occlusal force contact differentially affected the stress level, although not the stress distribution, within the experimental tooth group.

Conclusion Dental implants increase stress on adjacent natural teeth, particularly when interproximal space exists. Occlusal force direction and position influence stress in loaded natural teeth, whether adjacent to other natural teeth or implants. The results underscore the critical importance of comprehensive patient evaluation, meticulous treatment planning, and consistent maintenance in dental implant restorations to mitigate potential complications affecting adjacent natural teeth.
Trends in Neurosurgical Treatment for Chronic Subdural Hematoma in Germany: A National Survey
Authors: Mertens Robert , Kersting Katharina , Shaked Zoe , Truckenmüller Peter , Früh Anton , Vajkoczy Peter , Wessels Lars
Published: January 2025

Background Chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) is a common neurosurgical condition of growing importance due to the aging population and increasing use of antithrombotic agents. Due to the lack of guidelines, great variability is observed in the treatment of cSDH. We conducted a multicenter, nationwide survey to assess the differences in treatment across Germany in the context of surgical practices discussed in the literature.

Methods A web-based survey was designed using the REDCap electronic data capture tool hosted at the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin. The survey was divided into four parts: preoperative management and indication for surgery, perioperative management of medication, surgical technique, and postoperative management. The survey was distributed to German neurosurgical departments through the newsletter of the German Society of Neurosurgery and direct e-mail contact and could be answered by one member of each department between March 1 and May 31, 2023.

Results Overall, representatives of 46 German neurosurgical departments completed the survey. Participants needed a mean time of 16:25 minutes (standard deviation [SD] ± 27:47 minutes) to complete the survey. The mean caseload of the participating departments was 1,831.5 (range: 300–6,000; SD ± 1,130.7) operations per year, including 87.8 procedures for cSDH (range: 15–300; SD ± 73.6). Evidence found in the literature regarding the performance of a burr hole craniotomy, use of a drain, passive drainage, removal of the drain 48 hours after surgery, and early mobilization after surgery was consistently implemented in the management of the surveyed departments. On the contrary, recommendations regarding the performance of surgery under local anesthesia, use of subgaleal drains, postoperative Valsalva maneuvers, and avoidance of postoperative computed tomography (CT) if possible were not universally implemented.

Conclusion This survey indicates that there is no consensus on the treatment of cSDH in Germany and that the steadily increasing evidence from clinical trials must be implemented in national and international guidelines. The development of tailored treatment strategies for older patients with multiple risk factors and comorbidities is of particular importance.
Tone at the top: leadership makeover and ESG focus in Indian private banks
Authors: Ghosh Saibal
Published: January 2025

Using a sample of listed private banks in India, the paper quantitatively investigates the issue of leadership makeover in Indian private banks and identifies its impact on ESG scores, including the individual pillars within the corporate governance framework. Using secondary data for 2011–2023, the findings indicate a positive and statistically significant impact of leadership makeover on ESG scores. The response differs across new and old private banks, as also concerning the pillars of ESG. In particular, freshly appointed CEOs in new private banks emphasise the environmental and social pillars of ESG, whereas CEOs of old private banks focus on the governance pillar. There is also a honeymoon versus consolidation phase, wherein CEOs in new private banks are typically proactive in the former phase, while those in old private banks have a more long-term approach. These findings suggest that the differential performance of private banks on the ESG score can be traced to CEO individualism, which is consistent with the Upper Echelons theory.
Smaller Gulf states and competing geopolitical scripts in the Indo-Pacific
Authors: Szalai Máté
Published: January 2025

Given the growing importance of the Indo-Pacific region, great powers constructed various geopolitical scripts to shape regional dynamics. The perspective of smaller stakeholders, like the smaller Persian Gulf monarchies (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates), is often neglected or simplified, despite the particular perspectives they have concerning the region. Bridging this gap, the article aims to interpret how smaller Gulf states view the growing competition in the Indo-Pacific region between the two major geopolitical scripts put forward by great powers, namely the Belt and Road Initiative and the Free and Open Indo-Pacific concept. Analysing the two scripts from the perspective of smaller Gulf states, the article argues that their primary interests include the maximization of their pivotal power which necessitates the prioritization of maritime security and development at the same time and parallel engagement with different bilateral, minilateral, and multilateral cooperation formats.
Filling data analysis gaps in time-resolved crystallography by machine learning
Authors: Trujillo Justin , Fung Russell , Shankar Madan Kumar , Schwander Peter , Hosseinizadeh Ahmad
Published: January 2025

There is a growing understanding of the structural dynamics of biological molecules fueled by x-ray crystallography experiments. Time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography (TR-SFX) with x-ray Free Electron Lasers allows the measurement of ultrafast structural changes in proteins. Nevertheless, this technique comes with some limitations. One major challenge is the quality of data from TR-SFX measurements, which often faces issues like data sparsity, partial recording of Bragg reflections, timing errors, and pixel noise. To overcome these difficulties, conventionally, large volumes of data are collected and grouped into a few temporal bins. The data in each bin are then averaged and paired with the mean of their corresponding jittered timestamps. This procedure provides one structure per bin, resulting in a limited number of averaged structures for the entire time interval spanned by the experiment. Therefore, the information on ultrafast structural dynamics at high temporal resolution is lost. This has initiated research for advanced methods of analyzing experimental TR-SFX data beyond the standard binning and averaging method. To address this problem, we use a machine learning algorithm called Nonlinear Laplacian Spectral Analysis (NLSA), which has emerged as a promising technique for studying the dynamics of complex systems. In this work, we demonstrate the power of this algorithm using synthetic x-ray diffraction snapshots from a protein with significant data incompleteness, timing uncertainties, and noise. Our study confirms that NLSA is a suitable approach that effectively mitigates the effects of these artifacts in TR-SFX data and recovers accurate structural dynamics information hidden in such data.
Point defect diffusion in III-nitrides: A key mechanism for thermal degradation and non-radiative recombination in GaInN/GaN quantum well structures
Authors: de Vasconcellos Lourenço R. , Bremers H. , Rossow U. , Hangleiter A.
Published: January 2025

Various forms of thermal degradation of light emitters based on III-nitrides have been observed, with no clear conclusion about the mechanism. We investigate the non-radiative carrier lifetime in GaInN/GaN single quantum wells (SQWs) with various emission wavelengths and its relation to the growth conditions. We observe that the non-radiative lifetime in SQWs increases exponentially with decreasing buffer and cladding layer growth temperature. As a first conclusion, diffusion of point defects leading to non-radiative recombination is a universal mechanism present during III-nitride growth. Second, this is likely a predominant mechanism for thermal degradation observed while growing layers on top of the quantum well, e.g., a p-layer, and after post-growth annealing. Performance and reliability of devices can be improved by properly controlling point defect diffusion.
Linear criterion for an upper bound on the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer critical temperature
Authors: Roos Barbara
Published: January 2025

Since Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory of superconductivity is non-linear, it is difficult to study superconducting properties analytically. There is a more tractable linear criterion which determines a temperature Tl below which the system is superconducting. Here, we observe that there is a similar linear criterion which gives a temperature Tu above which no superconductivity occurs. We provide examples of translation invariant systems where Tu > Tl as well as systems where Tu = Tl. Furthermore, we estimate Tu for half-spaces and show that it is exponentially small in the weak coupling limit, exhibiting the same asymptotics as the critical temperature for full space.
Advanced optical reinforcement materials based on three-dimensional four-way weaving structure and metasurface technology
Authors: Li Wenxin , Cheng Shubo , Yi Zao , Zhang Huafeng , Song Qianju , Hao Zhiqiang , Sun Tangyou , Wu Pinghui , Zeng Qingdong , Raza Rizwan
Published: January 2025

By integrating the design principles of broadband metamaterial absorbers with woven structures, this study introduces a woven composite metamaterial (WCM) made of resin and AlCuFe quasicrystals, enabling optical materials to operate efficiently across a wide spectral range while withstanding mechanical deformation. This lightweight metamaterial features a unique 3D four-way braided structure combined with Dirac semimetals. Static analysis reveals that AlCuFe quasicrystals significantly enhance mechanical properties, with a Young's modulus reaching 38 GPa in the z direction and 18 GPa in the x and y directions at 40% fiber content and a 30° weaving angle. Frequency domain simulations show a high average absorption rate of 83.4% in the 3–12 μm range, primarily due to internal electromagnetic coupling. The study further reveals that the electromagnetic properties of the WCM are closely related to fiber content and weaving angle. As a lightweight optical material, the WCM shows strong application potential in fields such as aerospace and electromagnetic countermeasures.
Characterization of a simple gas expansion ion source for intense pulses of subthermal molecular ions
Authors: Berger Lukas , Grussie Florian , Nuesslein Felix , Novotný Oldřich , Znotins Aigars , Fréreux Joffrey , Urbain Xavier , Kreckel Holger
Published: January 2025

We describe a simple gas expansion ion source based on static discharge voltages and a commercially available pulsed valve. The discharge is initiated by the gas pulse itself between two high voltage electrodes, without the need for fast voltage switches or complex timing schemes. The ion source very reliably produces intense bursts of molecular ions (with currents exceeding 100 μA during the pulse-on phase) with only minor pulse-to-pulse variations in intensity and pulse shape. We have characterized the internal energy of H3+ and N2O+ ions produced by the ion source, using dissociative charge exchange and laser photodissociation, respectively. We find that collisions in the expanding gas reduce the internal energy of the molecular ions to well below room temperature.
A multi-band high-sensitivity microwave sensor for simultaneous detection of two dielectric materials
Authors: Wang Chen , Liu Xiaoming , Zhang Dan , Yang Xiaofan
Published: January 2025

A multi-band high-sensitivity microwave sensor is reported. The two resonance units are based on complementary square spiral resonators (CSSRs) and produce four measurement bands through parasitic resonances. The four frequency bands are 2.001, 2.988, 5.438, and 7.755 GHz, respectively. Through an analysis of the coupling effects between the two CSSR resonance units, it is shown that the sensor is capable of simultaneously characterizing two samples with distinct dielectric properties. By adding a metal patch to the microstrip line, the overall quality factor of the sensor is enhanced, leading to higher sensitivity and accuracy in both real and imaginary part measurements. The measurement results demonstrate that this sensor provides an accurate and efficient solution for solid permittivity measurements.
Compact 852 nm Faraday optical frequency standard
Authors: Wang Zhiyang , Liu Zijie , Jyoti  , Shi Hangbo , Qin Xiaomin , Guan Xiaolei , Zhang Jia , Gao Zhihong , Shi Tiantian , Chen Jingbiao
Published: January 2025

Optical clocks with high precision are practical and necessary in atomic physics, geodesy, gravitational wave measurement, etc. Transportability and environmental adaptability are two key indicators to measure the performance of frequency standards. Here, we utilized a highly robust atomic-filter-based Faraday laser as the local oscillator, and achieved two compact Faraday optical frequency standards based on 133Cs6S1/2|F=3⟩→6P3/2|F′=2⟩ and 6S1/2|F=4⟩→6P3/2|F′=5⟩ transitions at 852 nm, leveraging modulation transfer spectroscopy for laser frequency stabilization. The Faraday laser automatically aligns atomic transition spectral lines, due to the use of atomic filters as frequency selective elements. Therefore, the laser wavelength has strong robustness against environmental changes. This setup not only simplifies the operational complexity but also ensures frequency stability. By heterodyne beating between two such compact optical frequency standards, the beatnote achieved a short-term frequency stability of 1.68 × 10−13 at 3 s, remained at the 10−13 level for up to 400 s, and stayed below 2.7 × 10−12 for up to 1600 s, predominantly exhibiting white frequency noise. This underscores the potential of atomic-filter-based Faraday laser in realizing compact and stable frequency standards, mitigating coherent communication error rates, and enhancing the precision of quantum interferometric measurements. Moreover, this approach eliminates the continuous need for external monitoring and adjustments, thereby, offering a practical and robust solution for out of laboratory applications demanding high frequency stability.
First observations on wall plasma expansion and x-ray flux in foam hohlraum at 100 kJ laser facility
Authors: Zhang Lu , Lin Zhiwei , Jing Longfei , Zheng Jianhua , Wang Qiangqiang , Li Sanwei , Cao Zhurong , Dong Yunsong , Deng Bo , Li Liling , Li Hang , Li Yulong , Du Huabing , Zhan Xiayu , Xu Xibin , Niu Gao , Zhou Wei , Kuang Longyu , Yang Dong , Yang Jiamin , Zhao Zongqing , Ding Yongkun , Zhang Weiyan
Published: January 2025

The first experiments on laser-driven cylindrical gold foam hohlraums have been performed at the 100 kJ SG-III laser facility. Measurements of the expanding plasma emission show that there is less expanding plasma fill in foam hohlraums with a wall density of 0.8 g/cm3 than in solid gold hohlraums. The radiation temperatures at different angles confirm these results. Simulation results show that the expanding plasma density in the foam hohlraums is lower than in the solid hohlraums, resulting in less expanding plasma emission and higher radiation temperature. Thus, foam gold hohlraums have advantages in reducing wall plasma filling and improving X-ray transmission, which has potential applications in achieving a higher fusion yield.
Enhanced electronic property of wafer-scale monolayer MoS2 through S/Mo ratio optimization
Authors: Ding Rongxiang , Zhang Ziyang , Huang Ye , Wu Hao , Yan Xueheng , Zeng Daobing , Hong Yunyu , Yin Hao , Li Taotao , Liu Lei , Zhu Shitong , Liu Guanyu , Xue Zhongying , Zhang Miao , Tian Ziao , Di Zengfeng
Published: January 2025

Monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), an emergent two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor, represents the ultimate thickness for scaling down channel materials beyond silicon to overcome the limit of semiconductor technology nodes in the sub-1 nm range. However, despite extensive efforts in the growth of monolayer single-crystal MoS2, growth optimization for higher electronic property and reproducible fabrication for satisfying industrial stability still need to be reported. Here, we report an approach to synthesize wafer-scale monolayer single-crystal MoS2 with high carrier mobility and on/off ratio on sapphire by controlled release of S/Mo precursors ratio during the chemical vapor deposition process. We infer that the main cause of the mismatch in the stoichiometric S/Mo ratio is the oxygen doping. It is found that the MoSx film (x = 1.94) has rather high optimization, as confirmed by the relatively high electronic performances of related devices. Specifically, a fabricated field-effect transistor (FET) array based on the single-crystal monolayer MoS1.94 channels demonstrates significant enhancement in room-temperature mobility (up to 122 cm2 V−1 s−1) and an exceptional on/off ratio (over 1010). This work provides an efficient and reliable approach to produce single-crystal monolayer MoS2 for high-performance microelectronics in the future.
Comparison of conductivity functions for effective skin depth in electrodynamic structures with roughness
Authors: Sedov A. S. , Kotova D. A.
Published: January 2025

A model for taking into account the rough surfaces of electrodynamic systems of microwave devices, based on averaging the profile along the metal–vacuum surface is discussed in this article. In this case, the skin effect layer is analytically determined for various characteristic profile types. Therefore, this can be used to calculate the parameters of vacuum electronic devices, in particular the Ohmic losses and quality factor of resonators.
Inverse stochastic resonance in a two-dimensional airfoil system with nonlinear pitching stiffness driven by Lévy noise
Authors: Zhu Jinjie , Liu Xianbin
Published: January 2025

The aircraft can experience complex environments during the flight. For the random actions, the traditional Gaussian white noise assumption may not be sufficient to depict the realistic stochastic loads on the wing structures. Considering fluctuations with extreme conditions, Lévy noise is a better candidate describing the stochastic dynamical behaviors on the airfoil models. In this paper, we investigated a classical two-dimensional airfoil model with the nonlinear pitching stiffness subjected to the Lévy noise. For the deterministic case, the nonlinear stiffness coefficients reshape the bistable region, which influences the size of the large limit cycle oscillations before the flutter speed. The introduction of the additive Lévy noise can induce significant inverse stochastic resonance phenomena when the basin of attraction of the stable limit cycle is much smaller than that of the stable fixed point. The distribution parameters of the Lévy noise exhibit distinct impacts on the inverse stochastic resonance curves. Our results may shed some light on the design and control process of the airfoil models.
Optimizing supersonic side-jet in crossflow predictions by afterburning modeling and detached-eddy simulation
Authors: He Houxin , Dong Fangmian , Wu Shuo
Published: January 2025

This study concentrates on the supersonic side-jets in crossflow (SJIC), which appears in aerospace flights equipped with reaction control systems (RCS). Despite advancements in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) through the use of Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and eddy-viscosity turbulence models (EVMs), discrepancies remain between CFD predictions and experimental data. These discrepancies underscore the need for further refinement of CFD predictions. Our research focuses on optimizing the accuracy of supersonic SJIC predictions through modeling afterburning and turbulence, drawing upon the cone-cylinder-flare (CCF) and bi-cone-cylinder-flare (BCCF) experiments, respectively. For afterburning, we model the interactions between jet exhaust and crossflow using a simplified chemical-kinetic model, focusing on reactions including syngas and nitrogen oxides. Through comparative analysis of reacting and chemically inert flows against wind tunnel experiments, we evaluate the impact of afterburning on the accuracy of SJIC predictions. In addressing turbulence, we employ delayed detached-eddy simulation (DDES), enhanced by mesh refinement, and compare it with RANS and experiments to assess improvements in SJIC predictions, with a detailed examination of flow structures. Our findings reveal that the integration of chemical reactions and turbulence modeling significantly enhances the accuracy of SJIC pressure predictions. Predictions made using reacting flow RANS and DDES align more closely with experimental data than those from chemically inert RANS simulations. This method effectively captures the characteristics of afterburning and the flow vortex structures within the SJIC flow field. The innovation of this research stems from applying reacting flow and hybrid RANS-LES modeling to SJIC flows, thereby assessing their impact on pressure distribution predictions.
Investigation of the 4f146s2 1S0−4f135d6s2 (J = 2) clock transition at 431 nm of 171Yb atoms trapped in an optical lattice
Authors: Wang Congyu , Yao Yuan , Shi Haosen , Yu Hongfu , Ma Longsheng , Jiang Yanyi
Published: January 2025

With the aid of an optical frequency divider based on an optical frequency comb, the frequency of a laser at 431 nm is divided from a cavity-stabilized laser at 578 nm. Using the frequency-stabilized 431 nm laser, we observe a 2.5 kHz linewidth 4f146s2 1S0−4f135d6s2 (J = 2) transition of 171Yb atoms trapped in an optical lattice. By measuring the lattice-induced frequency shift, we determine the magic wavelength of the optical lattice for the 431 nm transition to be 797.97(20) nm. The frequency of the 431 nm transition is measured to be 695 171 054 856.9(1.1) kHz by referencing to the 1S0−3P0 transition at 578 nm of Yb atoms.
Ultrasensitive probing of nematic order parameter via weak measurement
Authors: Wang Changyou , Wang Yunhan , Liu Yurong , Li Tong , Luo Lan , Zhang Sijie , Zhang Zhiyou
Published: January 2025

Nematic order parameter S is one of the most crucial material parameters of the nematic phase, which governs all of the material's anisotropic properties. The enhancement of its measurement precision has always been a great concern. In this Letter, a weak measurement scheme with a modified shift pointer is presented to achieve an ultrasensitive probe of S or the director's orientational angle θ. Using this scheme, we have demonstrated a real-time monitoring of the orientational process of cellulose nano-crystal molecules in solutions and measured the orientational direction of polymer nanowires. A typical precision on the order of 10−3 is achieved in the measurement of S and θ. Compared with the current existing techniques, the present scheme not only offers higher measurement precision but also maintains extreme cost-efficiency, thereby holding significance for the research of orientational materials and devices.
Yamilée Toussaint sparks girls’ interest in STEM through dance
Authors: Means Hannah H.
Published: January 2025

The engineer and dancer aims to increase the number of women of color in the sciences.
Postdoc publications and citations link to academic retention and faculty success
Authors: Duan Yueran , Memon Shahan Ali , AlShebli Bedoor , Guan Qing , Holme Petter , Rahwan Talal
Published: January 2025

Postdoctoral training is a career stage often described as a demanding and anxiety-laden time when many promising PhDs see their academic dreams slip away due to circumstances beyond their control. We use a unique dataset of academic publishing and careers to chart the more or less successful postdoctoral paths. We build a measure of academic success on the citation patterns two to five years into a faculty career. Then, we monitor how students’ postdoc positions—in terms of relocation, change of topic, and early well-cited papers—relate to their early-career success. One key finding is that the postdoc period seems more important than the doctoral training to achieve this form of success. This is especially interesting in light of the many studies of academic faculty hiring that link Ph.D. granting institutions and hires, omitting the postdoc stage. Another group of findings can be summarized as a Goldilocks principle: It seems beneficial to change one’s direction, but not too much.
Gesture counteracts gender stereotypes conveyed through subtle linguistic cues
Authors: Qian Yihan , Goldin-Meadow Susan , Bian Lin
Published: January 2025

Despite increased attempts to express equality in speech, biases often leak out through subtle linguistic cues. For example, the subject–complement statement (SCS, “Girls are as good as boys at math”) is used to advocate for equality but often reinforces gender stereotypes (boys are the standard against which girls are judged). We ask whether stereotypes conveyed by SCS can be counteracted by gesture. Two preregistered studies with 8- to 11-y-old children (
N
= 320 total) investigate whether an
equal
gesture—two palms placed at the same height—mitigates the gender stereotype induced by SCS. Children who saw the
equal
gesture along with SCS were more likely to express egalitarian beliefs than children who saw no gesture or an
unequal
gesture. Children can extract meaning from gesture when making stereotypical inferences, suggesting that the
equal
gesture may prove to be an innovative, and simple, intervention to counteract stereotypes introduced by subtle language.
Falling racial inequality and rising educational inequality in US prison admissions for drug, violent, and property crimes
Authors: Muller Christopher , Roehrkasse Alexander F.
Published: January 2025

Using administrative and survey data, we show that there has been a sea change in the contours of American imprisonment. At the end of the twentieth century, inequality in the prison admission rates of Black and White Americans was comparable to inequality in the prison admission rates of people with and without a college education. However, educational inequality is now much greater than racial inequality in prison admissions for all major crime types. Violent offenses have replaced drug offenses as the primary driver of Black prison admissions and Black–White inequality in the prison admission rate. The prison admission rate of Black Americans has fallen, but the prison admission rate of White Americans with no college education has dramatically increased for all offense categories. These findings, which are robust to adjustments for changing selection into college attendance, contribute to a growing body of evidence documenting narrowing racial inequality and widening educational inequality in Americans’ life chances.
Adenosine diphosphate stimulates VEGF-independent choroidal endothelial cell proliferation: A potential escape from anti-VEGF therapy
Authors: Biswas Nilima , Mori Tommaso , Ragava Chetty Nagaraj Naresh Kumar , Xin Hong , Diemer Tanja , Li Pin , Su Yongxuan , Piermarocchi Carlo , Ferrara Napoleone
Published: January 2025

We hypothesized that a strategy employing tissue-specific endothelial cells (EC) might facilitate the identification of tissue- or organ-specific vascular functions of ubiquitous metabolites. An unbiased approach was employed to identify water-soluble small molecules with mitogenic activity on choroidal EC. We identified adenosine diphosphate (ADP) as a candidate, following biochemical purification from mouse EL4 lymphoma extracts. ADP stimulated the growth of bovine choroidal EC (BCEC) and other bovine or human eye-derived EC. ADP induced rapid phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in a dose- and time-dependent manner. ADP-induced BCEC proliferation could be blocked by pretreatment with specific antagonists of the purinergic receptor P2Y1 but not with a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor, indicating that the EC mitogenic effects of ADP are not mediated by stimulation of the VEGF pathway. Intravitreal administration of ADP expanded the neovascular area in a mouse model of choroidal neovascularization. Single-cell transcriptomics from human choroidal datasets show the expression of P2RY1, but not other ADP receptors, in EC with a pattern similar to VEGFR2. Although ADP has been reported to be a growth inhibitor for vascular EC, here we describe its growth-stimulating effects for BCEC and other eye-derived EC.
Valuing the benefits of reducing firearm violence in the United States
Authors: Cook Philip J. , Jeuland Marc , Ludwig Jens
Published: January 2025

Justifying a proposed government regulation intended to reduce firearm violence requires a conceptually sound estimate of the monetized value of that impact and how that value is distributed across the population. Some previous estimates do not serve as a valid basis for policy evaluation or are out of date. A nationally representative survey was conducted by the AP-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research in August 2022 (n = 660). The authors designed and added a series of contingent-valuation items to the questionnaire. Double-bounded estimates of willingness-to-pay (WTP) were derived from a regression analysis of responses regarding voting on a hypothetical referendum on a state-wide package of measures designed to reduce gun violence at specified cost to taxpayers. Average WTP for a reduction of 20% in the state rate of gun violence was $744 per household (IQR:$668–$928), implying a national total of $97.6 billion. Household WTP was positively associated with household income, the respondent’s assessment of the seriousness of gun violence in their community and the subjective likelihood that they would become a victim of gun violence. A variety of tests support the claim that this application of the contingent-valuation method provided valid results. WTP is the recognized basis for assessing the value of proposed federal regulations. The estimated WTP for reducing gun violence is about twice as high as a recent cost-of-injury estimate and provides a much different picture of the incidence of costs by income and demographic characteristics.
Dispersal of influenza virus populations within the respiratory tract shapes their evolutionary potential
Authors: Ferreri Lucas M. , Seibert Brittany , Caceres C. Joaquin , Patatanian Kayle , Holmes Katie E. , Gay L. Claire , Cargnin Faccin Flavio , Cardenas Matias , Carnaccini Silvia , Shetty Nishit , Rajao Daniela , Koelle Katia , Marr Linsey C. , Perez Daniel R. , Lowen Anice C.
Published: January 2025

Viral infections are characterized by dispersal from an initial site to secondary locations within the host. How the resultant spatial heterogeneity shapes within-host genetic diversity and viral evolutionary pathways is poorly understood. Here, we show that virus dispersal within and between the nasal cavity and trachea maintains diversity and is therefore conducive to adaptive evolution, whereas dispersal to the lungs gives rise to population heterogeneity. We infected ferrets either intranasally or by aerosol with a barcoded influenza A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) virus. At 1, 2, or 4 days postinfection, dispersal was assessed by collecting 52 samples from throughout the respiratory tract of each animal. Irrespective of inoculation route, barcode compositions across the nasal turbinates and trachea were similar and highly diverse, revealing little constraint on the establishment of infection in the nasal cavity and descent through the trachea. Conversely, infection of the lungs produced genetically distinct viral populations. Lung populations were pauci-clonal, suggesting that each seeded location received relatively few viral genotypes. While aerosol inoculation gave distinct populations at every lung site sampled, within-host dispersal after intranasal inoculation produced larger patches, indicative of local expansion following seeding of the lungs. Throughout the respiratory tract, barcode diversity declined over time, but new diversity was generated through mutation. De novo variants were often unique to a given location, indicating that localized replication following dispersal resulted in population divergence. In summary, dispersal within the respiratory tract operates differently between regions and contributes to the potential for viral evolution to proceed independently in multiple within-host subpopulations.
Nanoscopic acoustic vibrational dynamics of a single virus captured by ultrafast spectroscopy
Authors: Zhang Yaqing , Wu Rihan , Shahjahan Md , Yang Canchai , Pyeon Dohun , Harel Elad
Published: January 2025

The natural vibrational frequencies of biological particles such as viruses and bacteria encode critical information about their mechanical and biological states as they interact with their local environment and undergo structural evolution. However, detecting and tracking these vibrations within a biological context at the single particle level has remained elusive. In this study, we track the vibrational motions of single, unlabeled virus particles under ambient conditions using ultrafast spectroscopy. The ultrasonic spectrum of an 80 to 100 nm lentiviral pseudovirus reveals vibrational modes in the 19 to 21 GHz range sensitive to virus morphology and 2 to 10 GHz modes with nanosecond dephasing times reflecting viral envelope protein interactions. By tracking virus trajectories over minutes, we observe acoustic mode coupling mediated by the local environment. Single particle tracking allows the capture of viral disassembly through correlated mode softening and dephasing. The sensitivity, high resolution, and speed of this approach promise deeper insights into biological dynamics and early-stage diagnostics at the single microorganism level.
High thickness material lift-off using multi-layer photoresist
Authors: Elshenety Ahmad , Mintas Kucuk Merve , Yilmaz Mehmet
Published: January 2025

Lift-off process is an alternative to deposition, lithography, and etching of materials. Lift-off is a simple and economical process because it does not require subsequent wet or dry etching. Lifting-off nanometer thick films is a well-developed and repeatable process. However, lifting-off a few micrometer thick films may be challenging. Previously, different techniques were proposed to lift-off micrometer thick films. Herein, a novel method for lifting-off high thickness materials is proposed using a multi-layer AZ 5214E photoresist. The novel method was successful in lifting-off 4 µm thick copper while the copper could even be deposited up to 6 µm with tri-layer AZ 5214E. With four layers of AZ 5214E, the photoresist thickness can be even thicker than 9 µm. As detailed in the study, the photoresist layer thickness can be adjusted by varying the number of layers. This enables the selection of the appropriate number of layers to achieve the desired material thickness. To show the merits of the proposed method, the method is compared to the bi-layer method with AZ 4562 photoresist which is used for lifting-off high thickness materials. In addition to lifting-off thick materials, the proposed method is faster compared to lifting-off using bi-layer AZ 4562. Despite the ability to lift-off thick films, both methods could suffer from lift-off flags if the deposition process is not anisotropic. Solutions to remove the lift-off flags, and reduce the undercut width are demonstrated.
Strong field-induced three-body fragmentation dynamics of CH3Cl2+
Authors: Das Rituparna , Bhojani Amit K , P Madhusudhan , Nimma Vinitha , Bhardwaj Pranav , Singh Dheeraj K , Kumar Kushawaha Rajesh
Published: January 2025

We investigate the three-body fragmentation of CH3Cl dications induced by intense femtosecond laser pulses in a home-built recoil ion momentum spectrometer setup. This study focuses on two pathways: (1) H + CH

2
+

+ Cl+, and (2) H+ + CH

2
+

+ Cl. To understand the complex excited-state dynamics of the dication and the momentum sharing between the fragments, Dalitz plots, Newton diagrams, and the native frame method were used, which helped to distinguish between the concerted and sequential fragmentation mechanisms. We further discuss the dissociation pathways theoretically using density functional theory calculations. Although the signatures of both concerted and sequential mechanisms were present and overlapping, the concerted mechanism was dominant for both pathways. On positively chirping the pulses, the concerted mechanism remained unaffected, while the sequential mechanism, in some cases, was suppressed. This observation demonstrates that the pulse chirp influences the complex fragmentation dynamics of the CH3Cl dication.