bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pengaruh Partikel Nano Abu Vulkanik dan Batuan Fosfat terhadap Muatan Variable dan Kemasaman Andisol
Authors: Yuliana Anne , Arifin Mahfud , Nurlaeny Nenny
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTThe effect of particle nano volcanic ash and rock phosphate on variable charge or zero point of charge (pH0) and soil acidity of AndisolsThis experiment aimed to find out the effect of particle nano volcanic ash and rock phosphate on variable charge or zero point of charge (pH0) and soil acidity of Andisols from Ciater Subang-West Java. This experiment was conducted from October 2016 to March 2017 at Soil fertility and Plant Nutrition Laboratory and Physic Soil Laboratory of Soil Science and Land Resources Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor. The experiment was arranged in Completely Randomized Design consisted of two factors. The first factor was particle of nano volcanic ash consisted of 4 levels. The second factor was particle of nano rock phosphate consisted of 4 levels and 3 replications. The results showed that there was no interaction between nano particle of volcanic ash and rock on zero point of charge (pH0), but there was interaction effect on pH-H2O. Combination of 2.5% nano particle of volcanic ash and 0% nano particle of rock phosphate could reduce the value of zero point of charge (pH0) as much 28.57%. Combination of 5% volcanic ash nano particle and 7.5% rock phosphate nano particle dosage was the best treatment and could increase the value of soil acidity or pH-H2O until 20.36%.Keywords: Andisol, pHο, Rock phosphate, Volcanic ashABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh partikel nano abu vulkanik dan batuan fosfat terhadap muatan variable atau titik muatan nol (pH0) dan kemasaman tanah Andisols Ciater Subang-Jawa Barat. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Oktober 2016 sampai dengan Maret 2017 di Laboratorium Kesuburan Tanah dan Nutrisi Tanaman serta Laboratorium Fisika Tanah Departemen Ilmu Tanah dan Sumber Daya Lahan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap pola faktorial dengan dua faktor. Faktor pertama adalah partikel nano abu vulkanik yang terdiri dari 4 taraf. Faktor kedua adalah partikel nano batuan fosfat yang terdiri dari 4 taraf, diulang sebanyak 3 kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak terjadi interaksi antara partikel nano abu vulkanik dan batuan fosfat terhadap titik muatan nol (pH0) namun terjadi interaksi antara kedua perlakuan tersebut terhadap kemasaman tanah (pH-H2O). Komposisi dosis yang paling baik dalam menurunkan pH0 adalah 2,5% partikel nano abu vulkanik dan 0% partikel nano batuan fosfat yaitu sebesar 28,57%, sedangkan komposisi dosis yang paling baik dalam meningkatkan pH-H2O adalah 5% partikel nano abu vulkanik dan 7,5% partikel nano batuan fosfat yaitu sebesar 20,36%.Kata Kunci: Abu vulkanik, Andisol, Batuan fosfat, pH0
Uji Pendahuluan Efek Fungisida Bunga Kembang Telang (Clitoria ternatea L.) terhadap Jamur Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae Penyebab Penyakit Moler pada Bawang Merah
Authors: Suganda Tarkus , Adhi Satryo Restu
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT Preliminary study on the fungicidal effect of butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae, the causal agent of moler diseases on shallot Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) has been known worldwide to possess numerous anti microbe substances, both against bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and insects. Researches were mostly conducted against human microbial pathogens, whereas only a few against plant pathogens, especially in Indonesia. A preliminary study has been carried out to reveal the fungicidal effects of flower extract in inhibiting the in-vitro growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae (FOC), the causal agent of moler diseases, one of the most destructive diseases on shallot. Results showed that the boiling extract of flower of butterfly pea at 5% concentration inhibited 46% the growth of FOC over control. Key words: Fungicidal effect, Cliteria ternatea, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae, In-vitro ABSTRAK Kembang telang (Clitoria ternatea) sudah lama dikenal di seluruh dunia mengandung berbagai senyawa antimikroba, baik terhadap bakteri, jamur, nematoda. bahkan insekta. Target utama patogen yang banyak diteliti adalah terhadap patogen penyakit pada manusia. Penelitian terhadap patogen tanaman, terutama di Indonesia masih sangat kurang. Uji pendahuluan sudah dilakukan untuk mengetahui efek fungisidal bunga kembang telang dalam menghambat pertumbuhan in-vitro jamur Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae (FOC), penyebab penyakit moler yang sangat merugikan pada tanaman bawan merah. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa air rebusan bunga kembang telang memiliki kemampuan dalam menghambat pertumbuhan biakan FOC. Pada konsentrasi 5%, efek penghambatannya mencapai 46% terhadap kontrol. Kata kunci: Efek fungisida, Cliteria ternatea, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae, In-vitro
Efek Tiga Jenis Pohon Penaung terhadap Keragaman Serangga pada Pertanaman Kopi di Perkebunan Rakyat Manglayang, Kecamatan Cilengkrang, Kabupaten Bandung
Authors: Rasiska Siska , Khairullah Abdirrassyiddin
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTThe Effects of Three Types of Shade Trees on the Diversity of Insects in Coffee PlantationArabican coffee (Coffea arabica) is one of the plantation commodities that has economic, social, and ecological value in Indonesia. Commonly, coffee is grown in a shaded condition that will affect the diversity of insects. This research was aimed to study the effects of three types of shade trees on the diversity of insects in coffee plants. This research was conducted at Manglayang Peasant Coffee Plantation, Cipulus Village, Cilengkrang Subdistrict, Bandung Regency and the Entomology Laboratory, Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran. The method used was descriptive survey through observation with systematic diagonal method in selected locations based on three types of shade trees, namely suren (Toona sureni Merr), white teak (Gmelina arborea Roxb), and pine (Pinus merkusii Jungh). The results showed that diversity index of the insects of coffee plants in suren shade trees was low to medium, and the highest percentage of abundance was Empoasca sp. Coffee plant diversity index of the insects with white teak shade trees were medium with highest percentage abundance in the Agromyzidae family and Emposca sp. Coffee plant diversity index of the insect with pine shading trees was low to moderate with the highest abundance of Empoasca sp. and Agromyzidae family.Keywords: Shade tree, Diversity, Insect, Coffee plantABSTRAKKopi arabika (Coffea arabica) merupakan salah satu komoditas perkebunan yang memiliki nilai ekonomi, sosial, dan ekologis bagi masyarakat Indonesia. Pada umumnya, kopi ditanam pada kondisi ternaungi sehingga akan berpengaruh terhadap keragaman serangga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji efek dari tiga jenis pohon penaung terhadap keragaman serangga pada pertanaman kopi. Penelitian dilakukan di Perkebunan Kopi Rakyat Manglayang, Desa Cipulus, Kecamatan Cilengkrang, Kabupaten Bandung dan Laboratorium Entomologi, Departemen Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Padjadjaran. Metode yang digunakan adalah survei deskriptif dengan cara observasi dengan metode diagonal sistematis pada beberapa lokasi yang dipilih berdasarkan tiga jenis pohon penaung, yaitu suren (Toona sureni Merr), jati putih (Gmelina arborea Roxb), dan pinus (Pinus merkusii Jungh). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa serangga tanaman kopi pada tanaman penaung suren indeks keragamannya rendah sampai sedang, dan persentase kelimpahan tertingginya adalah Empoasca sp. Serangga tanaman kopi dengan pohon penaung jati putih indeks keragamannya sedang dengan persentase kelimpahan tertinggi pada family Agromyzidae dan Emposca sp. Serangga tanaman kopi dengan pohon penaung pinus indeks keragamannya rendah hingga sedang dengan kelimpahan tertinggi Empoasca sp. dan famili Agromyzidae.Kata Kunci: Pohon penaung, Keragaman, Serangga, Tanaman kopi
Potensi Beauveria bassiana sebagai Agens Hayati Spodoptera litura Fabr. pada Tanaman Kedelai
Authors: Rosmiati Ayu , Hidayat Cecep , Firmansyah Efrin , Setiati Yati
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTThe Potency of Beauveria bassiana as a biological control agent of Spodoptera lituraThe attack of Spodoptera litura can result in the decrease of soybean yield, so that the soybean production cannot fulfill the demand of soybean. The objective of the study was to examine the potency of Beauveria bassiana as a biological control agent of Spodoptera litura. The research was conducted at the Pest Laboratory, Departement of Agrotechnology, UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung from January to March 2017. The research was carried out using Completely Randomized Design (RBD) with six treatments of B. bassiana spore density and four replications. The treatments were spore densities of 100 (control), 102, 104, 106, 108, and 1010/ml aquades that applied to the instar II of S. litura larvae. The advanced test used was Duncan's advanced test of 5%. The results showed that the B. bassiana density spore of 1010/ml aquades caused the highest S. litura larvae mortality of 82.50% and the lowest weight of food eaten by S. litura larvae of 0.79 g.Keywords: Biocontrol Agent, Beauveria bassiana, Spodoptera litura, SoybeanABSTRAKSerangan Spodoptera litura dapat menurunkan hasil tanaman kedelai, sehingga produksi tanaman kedelai belum bisa memenuhi permintaan kedelai di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menguji patogenitas Beauveria bassiana sebagai agens hayati pengendali Spodoptera litura. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Hama Jurusan Agroteknologi, UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung dari Januari sampai Maret 2017, menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan enam perlakuan kerapatan spora B. bassiana dan empat ulangan. Perlakuan tersebut adalah kerapatan spora 100 (kontrol), 102, 104, 106, 108, dan 1010/ml aquades yang diaplikasikan pada larva S. litura instar II. Uji lanjut yang digunakan adalah Uji lanjut Duncan taraf 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kerapatan spora B. bassiana 1010 /ml aquades menyebabkan mortalitas larva S. litura sebesar 82,50% dan bobot pakan yang dimakan oleh larva S. litura paling rendah sebesar 0,79 g.Kata Kunci: Agens hayati, Beauveria bassiana, Spodoptera litura, Kedelai
Potensi antagonisme senyawa metabolit sekunder asal bakteri endofit dengan pelarut metanol terhadap jamur G. boninense Pat.
Authors: Widiantini Fitri , Yulia Endah , Nasahi Ceppy
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTAntagonism potency of secondary metabolites produced by endophytic bacteria in methanol against pathogenic fungi Ganoderma boninense Pat.The research aimed to determine the antifungal effect of secondary metabolites produced by endophytic bacteria of healthy root oil palm tree against the growth of Ganoderma boninense, the causal agent of basal stem rot disease on oil palm tree. Endophytic bacteria isolates (BEK5, BEK6, BEK7, BEK8, BEK9, BEK10 dan BEK11) were grown on ISP2 agar media for 14 days and extracted using methanol. Following extraction, the methanol was evaporated using rotary evaporator and the filtrat was sterilized using membrane filter 0.2 μm. The effect of the secondary metabolites against G. boninense was tested using agar well diffusion method. The observation on the colony growth and morphologicy of G. boninense mycelia were done at 7 days after treatment. The result demonstrated that all of the endophytic bacteria were able to produce seconday metablites that has antifungal effect on the growth of G. boninense. The highest growth inhibition was shown by secondary metabolites produced by BEK6 with inhibition of 22.89%. Furthermore, the secondary metabolites produced by all of the endophytic bacteria were caused morphological changes on the mycelia of G. boninense.Keywords; Antifungal, Inhibition, MalformationABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan antijamur metabolit sekunder yang dihasilkan oleh bakteri endofit asal akar tanaman kelapa sawit untuk menghambat pertumbuhan jamur patogen Ganoderma boninense, penyebab penyakit busuk pangkal batang pada tanaman kelapa sawit. Isolat-isolat bakteri endofit (BEK5, BEK6, BEK7, BEK8, BEK9, BEK10 dan BEK11) ditumbuhkan pada media ISP2 agar selama 14 hari dan kemudain diekstraksi dengan pelarut metanol. Metanol diuapkan menggunakan rotary evaporator dan filtrat yang dihasilkan disterilkan menggunakan membran filter berukuran 0,2 μm. Pengujian pengaruh senyawa metabolit sekunder terhadap pertumbuhan jamur G. boninense dilakukan dengan metode agar well diffusion. Pengamatan terhadap pertumbuhan koloni jamur G. boninense dan morfologi miselia G. boninense dilakukan pada 7 hari setelah perlakuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan semua isolat bakteri endofit mengeluarkan senyawa metabolit sekunder yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan jamur G. boninense. Penghambatan pertumbuhan koloni jamur G. boninense tertinggi sebesar 22,89% ditemukan pada perlakuan metabolit sekunder asal bakteri BEK6. Pengamatan terhadap morfologi jamur G. boninense menunjukkan bahwa senyawa metabolit sekunder yang dihasilkan oleh isolat-isolat bakteri endofit tersebut dapat menyebabkan perubahan morfologi miselia G. boninense.Kata kunci: Antifungal, Penghambatan, Malformasi
Analisis Residu Klorpirifos pada Tanah dan Validasinya
Authors: Kurnia Asep
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTAnalysis of chlorpyrifos residues on soil and its method validationChlorpyrifos is an insecticide active ingredient that is still widely used by farmers to control pests in various commodities. However, its presence in agricultural land can cause pollution to soil and water. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously develop effective methods in analysing the residual content in the soil. The aims of this study was to find out the presence of chlorpyrifos residues in soil samples and to validate the analytical methods used. The result showed that soil samples did not contain pesticide residues of chlorpyrifos active ingredient. Correlation coefficient value showed the performance of the method used for the measured concentration range was very good. Precision value was not accepted so that the method cannot be used as a fixed method in the laboratory as well as the accuracy value was not accurate. Based on the LOD calculation, the measurement of analytes in the sample in the table still gave a significant response. Based on the calculation of LOQ, the measurement results in the table did not meet the criteria of accurate and precise.Keywords: Residue, Chlorpyrifos, SoilABSTRAKKlorpirifos merupakan bahan aktif insektisida yang masih banyak digunakan oleh petani untuk mengendalikan hama pada berbagai komoditas. Akan tetapi keberadaannya di lahan pertanian dapat menimbulkan pencemaran terhadap tanah maupun air. Oleh karena itu perlu untuk terus mengembangkan metode yang efektif dalam menganalisis kandungan residunya dalam tanah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui adanya residu klorpirifos pada contoh tanah yang diambil dan validasi terhadap metode analisis yang digunakannya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sampel tanah tidak mengandung residu pestisida berbahan aktif klorpirifos. Nilai koefisien korelasi menunjukkan kinerja metode yang digunakan untuk rentang konsentrasi yang diukur sangat baik. Nilai presisi tidak diterima sehingga metode tersebut tidak bisa digunakan sebagai metode tetap pada laboratorium dan nilai akurasi tidak diterima sehingga metode yang digunakan tidak akurat. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan LOD pengukuran analit dalam sampel pada tabel masih memberikan respon signifikan. Berdasarkan perhitungan LOQ hasil pengukuran pada tabel tidak memenuhi kriteria cermat dan seksama.Kata Kunci: Residu, Klorpirifos, Tanah
Respon Air Tersedia dan Bobot Isi Tanah pada Tanaman Jagung Manis dan Brokoli terhadap Kombinasi Terak Baja dan Bokashi Sekam Padi pada Andisol, Lembang
Authors: Yulina Henly , Harryanto Rachmat , Devnita Rina
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTResponse of water available and soil bulk density on sweet corn and broccoli of steel slag and husk bokashi combination on Andisol LembangThe objective of this research was to find out responses of water available and soil bulk density on sweet corn and broccoli of steel slag and husk bokashi combination on Andisol Lembang. This study used a randomized block design factorial with two factors. The first factor was steel slag and the second factor was husk bokashi. Each factor onsisted of 4 levels of 0%, 2.5%, 5.0% and 7.5% with two replications. The result showed there was not interaction between steel slag and husk bokashi on water available and soil bulk density on sweet corn and broccoli. Bokashi of husk has an independent effect to water available on sweet corn while bokashi of husk has an independent effect to soil bulk density on sweet corn and broccoli.Keywords: Steel slag, Bokashi of husk, Soil physical characteristic, Sweet corn, BroccoliABSTRAKAndisol mempunyai sifat fisika tanah yang baik, namun bermasalah dengan retensi P. Pemberian amelioran untuk mengurangi retensi P, diharapkan dapat mempertahankan bahkan meningkatkan parameter fisika tanah tersebut. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui respon air tersedia dan bobot isi tanah pada tanaman jagnung manis dan brokoli terhadap kombinasi terak baja dengan bokashi sekam padi pada Andisol Lembang. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok Pola Faktorial dengan dua faktor. Faktor pertama terak baja dan faktor kedua bokashi sekam padi masing- masing 4 taraf yaitu 0%, 2,5%, 5,0%, dan 7,5%, diulang dua kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak terjadi interaksi antara terak baja dengan bokashi sekam padi terhadap air tersedia dan bobot isi pada tanaman jagung manis dan brokoli. Bokashi sekam padi berpengaruh mandiri terhadap air tersedia pada jagung manis, sedangkan bokashi sekam padi berpengaruh mandiri terhadap bobot isi tanah pada jagung manis dan brokoli.Kata Kunci: Terak baja, Bokashi sekam padi, Ketersediaan air, Bobot isi, Jagung manis, Brokoli
Uji Ketahanan Klon Kentang Hasil Pesilangan Atlantic x Repita terhadap Penyakit Hawar Daun Phytophthora infestans
Authors: Kurniawan Helmi , Sulastrini Ineu , Suganda Tarkus
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTResistance Test of Potato Clones Derived from Crossing of Atlantic x Repita to Late Blight (Phytophthora infestans)Late blight, incited by Phytophthora infestans is the most destructive disease of potato. The management that is effective and environmentally-friendly is the use of resistant variety. The objective of this study was to test the resistance of the six potato clones (AR 04, AR 05, AR 06, AR 07, AR 08 and AR 09) derived from crossing var. Atlantic x var. Repita to late blight caused by P. infestans. Var. Atlantic, Repita and Granola were used as susceptible, resistant and susceptible but the most-grown variety, respectively. Field test was located in Ciwidey, one of the potato growing center where late blight is endemic since potatoes are continuously grown. The treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with 3 replicates. The result showed that clones AR 07 and AR 08 were more resistant than the other potato clones, but it still below the resistance level var. Repita. However, based on statistical test on the diseases development (AUDPC), clone AR 08 could be categorized as resistant, equal with of the resistance level of var. Repita.Keywords: Potato clones, Rsistance, P. infestansABSTRAKPenyakit hawar daun yang disebabkan Phytopthora infestans merupakan penyakit utama pada tanaman kentang. Pengendalian yang efektif dan ramah lingkungan adalah dengan penanaman varietas tahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji ketahanan 6 klon kentang (AR 4, AR5, AR6, AR7, AR 8, dan AR9) yang merupakan hasil persilangan antara var. Atlantic (produksi tinggi tetapi rentan) dengan var. Repita, sebagai tetua tahan terhadap penyakit hawar daun yang disebabkan oleh P. infestans. Varietas Atlantic, Repita dan Granola digunakan sebagai pembanding. Pengujian ketahanan dilakukan di Ciwidey, yang merupakan salah satu sentra produksi kentang di Jawa Barat dan endemik penyakit hawar daun. Perlakuan ditata menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan 3 ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa klon AR 07 dan Klon AR 08 memiliki ketahanan yang lebih baik dibanding klon-klon kentang lainnya, namun tingkat ketahanannya masih di bawah cv Repita. Namun, berdasarkan uji statistik terhadap nilai perkembangan penyakit (AUDPC) klon AR 08 dapat dikategorikan tahan, sama dengan derajat tahan var. Repita.Kata Kunci: Klon kentang, Ketahanan, P. infestans
Pengaruh Kelas Kemiringan dan Posisi Lereng terhadap Ketebalan Lapisan Olah, Kandungan Bahan Organik, Al dan Fe pada Alfisol di Desa Gunungsari Kabupaten Tasikmalaya
Authors: Rahmayanti Fetty Dwi , Arifin Mahfud , Hudaya Rida , Sandrawati Apong
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTEffect of slope gradient and its position to plow depth layer, organic matter, Al and Fe contents in alfisol soil located at Gunungsari Village, Tasikmalaya RegencyThis research was done to know the influence of slope gradient and its position to plow depth layer, organic matter, Al and Fe contents. This research was carried out January-March 2011. Theresearch used survey method with descriptive comparative analysis with free physiographic approach based on land cover. Sampling technique was used a purposive stratified sampling. Soil sampel took from three slope gradients: 8-15%, 16-25% and 26-40% with three position of crest, middle and lower positions. The result showed that the gradient of slope and its position have influenced plow layer depth and content of iron but organic material and Al were not influenced. The highest of plow layer depth and content of iron were occured at 8-15%, while the highest of content of Al and iron were occured at 16-25 %. Based on slope position, the thick of plow layer, the content of organic matter, Fe were occured highest in the lower position and Al was occured in the middle position.Keywords: Slope, plow depth layer, organic matter, Al, FeABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui adanya pengaruh dari kelas kemiringan dan posisi lereng terhadap ketebalan lapisan olah, bahan organik, Al dan Fe. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Januari-Maret 2011 dengan menggunakan metode survai dan analisis deskriptif komparatif melalui pendekatan fisiografis secara bebas berdasarkan penampakan fisiografis lahan. Teknik sampling berdasarkan metode sampel pertimbangan dalam stratifikasi. Contoh tanah diambil dari tiga kelas kemiringan lereng : 8-15%, 16-25% dan 26-40% dengan tiga posisi lereng yaitu posisi atas, posisi tengah dan posisi bawah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kemiringan dan posisi lereng berpengaruh terhadap ketebalan lapisan olah dan kandungan Fe sedangkan terhadap bahan organik dan kandungan Al tidak berpengaruh. Ketebalan lapisan olah dan bahan organik tertinggi dijumpai pada kemiringan lereng 8-15% sedangkan kandungan Al dan Fe tertinggi yaitu pada kemiringan lereng 16-25%. Berdasarkan posisi lerengnya, ketebalan lapisan olah, bahan organik, kandungan Fe tertinggi dijumpai pada posisi lereng bawah sedangkan kandungan Al pada posisi lereng tengah.Kata Kunci: Lereng, Ketebalan lapisan olah, Bahan organik, Al, Fe
Analisis Kelayakan Ekonomi Mesin Pencacah Rumput Gajah Tipe Reel
Authors: Sugandi Wahyu K , Yusuf Asep
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTEconomic analysis reel type cutting machine for elephant grassThe need grass for fodder in the region Lembang has been increasing, but it does not followed byits quality. Therefore, cutting machine which is able to cut the fodder no more than 5 cm size is needed. The Laboratory of Agricultural Machinery and Machinery Department of Agricultural Engineering and Biosystem FTIP Unpad had been developed an elephant grass enchant machine inaccordance with the requirements of making the silage, but no economic feasibility analysis has been done for the machine. Therefore it was necessary to study the economic feasibility analysis of elephant grass cutting machine. The method used in this study was the economic analysis methodwhich includes the cost of production and the breakeven point, and business feasibility including net present value (NPV), benefit cost ratio analysis (BCR), internal rate of return (IRR) and payback period analysis (PBP). The results showed that the cost of production of elephant grass enemies was Rp 2,178 / kg with production breakeven 18.769 kg, BC ratio of 1.15, NPV1 of Rp 70,770, - NPV2 of Rp 61.333, - IRR of 27% and payback period during 2 months. So it can be concluded that the use of elephant-type elephant chopper machine was feasible to use.Keywords: Elephant grass, economic analysis, cutting machineABSTRAKKebutuhan rumput gajah untuk pakan ternak (silase) di daerah Lembang terus meningkat. Syarat pembuatan silase tersebut bahwa panjang potongan rumput gajah sebaiknya < 5 cm. Untuk itudiperlukan sebuah mesin pencacah rumput gajah sesuai syarat pembuatan silase. LaboratoriumAlat dan Mesin Pertanian Departemen Teknik Pertanian dan Biosistem FTIP Unpad telah mengembangkan sebuah mesin pencacah rumput gajah sesuai syarat pembuatan silase tersebut, tetapi belum dilakukan analisis kelayakan ekonomi untuk mesin tersebut. Oleh karena itdiperlukan suatu penelitian berkenaan dengan analisis kelayakan ekonomi mesin pencacah rumput gajah. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode analisis ekonomi yang meliputi biaya pokok produksi dan titik impas, serta kelayakan usaha yang meliputi net present value(NPV), benefit cost ratio analysis (BCR), internal rate of return (IRR) dan payback period analysis(PBP). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa biaya pokok produksi mesin pencacah rumput gajah adalah Rp 2.178/kg dengan titik impas produksi 18.769 kg, BC rasio sebesar 1,15, NPV1 sebesar Rp 70.770,- NPV2 = Rp 61.333,- IRR sebesar 27% dan payback period selama 2 bulan. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengunaan mesin pencacah rumput gajah tipe reel layak digunakan. Kata Kunci : Rumput Gajah, Analisis Ekonomi, Mesin Pencacah
Hubungan Bobot Isi dan Kemantapan Agregat Tanah dengan Biomassa Tanaman Jagung Manis dan Cabai Merah setelah diberikan Kombinasi Terak Baja dan Bokashi Sekam Padi pada Andisol, Lembang
Authors: Yulina Henly , Devnita Rina , Harryanto Rachmat
Published: July 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara bobot isi dan kemantapan agregat tanah terhadap biomassa tanaman jagung manis dan cabai merah setelah diberikan kombinasi terak baja dengan bokashi sekam padi pada Andisol Lembang. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok Pola Faktorial dengan dua faktor. Faktor pertama terak baja dan faktor kedua bokashi sekam padi masing-masing 4 taraf yaitu 0%, 2,5%, 5,0%, dan 7,5%, diulang dua kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara bobot isi dan kemantapan agreagat tanah dengan biomassa tanaman jagung manis dan cabai merah, namun hanya biomassa tanaman cabai merah yang dipengaruhi oleh bobot isi dan kemantapan agregat tanah.
Tekhnopaignion que aparece en los escolios de Ilíada Z. 87-89. Una interpretación
Authors: Lepore Rosana
Published: July 2019

A comparação entre os versos 86-89 / 269-270 da Ilíada Z, um fragmento dos Comentarii ad Homeri Iliadem de Eustácio e o texto do technopaegnium estudado permitem-nos fazer uma interpretação oposta à dos filólogos que consideram que o escólio é construído como poema icônico. Por outro lado, o exame do technopaegnium ressalta sua função e a articulação da forma e do conteúdo no interior do poema. A conclusão do trabalho deriva da análise do nível sintático e semântico no technopaegnium e dos hexâmetros em questão.
Górgias: o ser e a linguagem
Authors: Paes Carmen Lúcia Magalhães
Published: July 2019

Aborda-se a questão do estatuto ontológico do discurso no pensamento de Parmémides, Melisso, Platão, Aristóteles e Górgias. São consideradas as modulações respectivas, em tomo das noções-chave de noeîn, diánoia, autó, ti, idéa, eîdos, alétheia, eînai, mè eînai, para ressaltar a radicalidade dos interditos ontológicos emergentes no Tratado do Não Ser do sofista Górgias. Discute-se a língua do Tratado, para clarificar sua impostação estrategicamente ontológica, e para chamar atenção sobre seu tom de paródia. Ressalta-se ainda a atualidade da questão, face à comunicação de massa, ao marketing e à propaganda.
El simil de Teocrito XIII, 61-65
Authors: Saconi Patricia Mabel
Published: July 2019

Entre os versos 61 e 65 do Idílio XIII de Teócrito, encontra-se um símile onde o poeta faz uma comparação entre Héracles e um leão. O que aparentemente se quer mostrar é a correspondência entre o leão audaz e valente e o herói. Mas, por outro lado, uma detalhada análise textual dos segmentos constitutivos do símile e sua relação com o contexto permitem observar que a construção do símile encobre uma aparente falta de lógica que somente pode ser clarificada da perspetiva da distância irônica.
Algunos papiros literarios anotados
Authors: Buzón Rodolfo P. , Pendás Ana María
Published: July 2019

Um pequeno número de papiros tem conservado fragmentos de autores latinos com anotações marginais e interlineares, glosas algumas vezes, outras escólios. Consideraremos quatro deles, com textos de Salústio e Virgílio. Comparamos o texto conservado nos papiros com o que os manuscritos transmitem e estudamos as glosas e os escólios. Finalmente, referimos o caráter dos textos e o contexto cultural em que surgiram.
O golpe do Latim
Authors: Lima Alceu Dias
Published: July 2019

A linguística saussuriana possui a resposta para um certo número de questões que, pelo menos na Europa, se vêm fazendo ao ensino das línguas antigas tal como o concebeu a escola humanista. O trabalho visa a encaminhar algumas dessas questões pelo que toca ao ensino do latim no Brasil.
Effects of Carbon and Nitrogen Sources on Activity of Cell Envelope Proteinase Produced by Lactobacillus plantarum LP69
Authors: Cheng Fangfang , Chen He , Lei Ni , Zhang Meng , Wan Hongchang
Published: July 2019

In present study, the effects of carbon sources (glucose, lactose, sucrose, galactose, maltose and soluble starch) and nitrogen sources (casein peptone, whey protein, soy peptone, yeast, tryptone, beef extract and peptone) on activity of cell envelope proteinases (CEP), specific activity, protein content, OD600 value and pH in MRS broth fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum LP69 were investigated by individual factor experiment. The results indicated that carbon and nitrogen sources have significant influence on the activity of CEP and specific activitys of L. plantarum LP69, glucose, maltose, casein peptone and peptone are superior to other selected carbon and nitrogen sources. The optimum concentrations of glucose, maltose, casein peptone and peptone for L. plantarum LP69 are 2%, 2%, 1% and 1%; the activity of CEP are 19.52U/mL, 21.13U/mL, 13.49U/mL and 20.61U/mL, respectively.
Optimization of Fermentation Conditions for the Production of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitory Peptides from Cow Milk by Lactobacillus bulgaricus LB6
Authors: Chen He , Ma Lin , Qi Jinna , Cao Jili , Tan Yuan
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this research was to screen out the optimal -producing peptide conditions for cow milk fermented by Lactobacillus bulgaricus LB6. The effects of temperature, inoculation size, time and skim milk concentration on the ACE inhibition rate of fermented milk were investigated by single factor experiment, and the optimal fermentation conditions were determined by orthogonal experiment. The conditions of the single factor experiment were: Temperatures were 37° C, 39° C, 42° C, 44° C and 46° C. The inoculation amount was 1%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 9%, the time was 8h and 10h. At 12h, 14h and 16h, the concentration of skim milk was 8%, 10%, 12%, 14% and 16%, respectively. The results showed that the optimal fermentation conditions for ACE inhibitory peptide produced by Lactobacillus bulgaricus LB6 were 4% inoculation, 13h in time, 42°C in temperature and 13% in skim milk. Under this condition, the ACE inhibition rate reached 76.50% and the OD value was 0.330. The titration acidity was 116.4°T, the pH was 4.62, and the sensory evaluation was 75 scores.
Assessment of Environmental Impact of the Gayo Arabica Coffee Production by Wet Process using Life Cycle Assessment
Authors: Diyarma Ikhsan , Bantacut Tajuddin , Suprihatin
Published: July 2019

Increasement of demand for gayo arabica coffee has influenced the coffee industry, either in increasing the coffee production and also in increasing the usage of coffee machinery and equipment significantly. However, combustion of oil fuels result the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) which increase the effect of greenhouse gases from the coffee production process. This study aimed to analyze the direct impact of gayo coffee production towards environment using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method, including several stages such as (1) the goal and scope definition, (2) the inventory analysis, (3) the impact assessment, and (4) the interpretation. Results of this study showed that the energy needed to process 1000 kg of coffee was 7.67 MJ, while the produced liquid waste was 5 953.2 kg. The value of the global warming impact on the coffee life cycle was 56 807 165.63 CO2eq.
Effect of Different Drying Techniques on the Resistant Starch, Bioactive Components, Physicochemical and Pasting Properties of Cardaba Banana Flour
Authors: Falodun Adedolapo Ibironke , Ayo-Omogie Helen Nwakego , Awolu Olugbenga Olufemi
Published: July 2019

This study investigated the effect of different drying techniques on Cardaba banana flour. Cardaba banana was processed using sun, cabinet and freeze drying methods. The proximate, pasting, functional, starch profile and antioxidant properties of Cardaba banana flour were evaluated. The drying methods significantly (p ≤0.05) affected the chemical, functional, pasting and antioxidant properties of the Cardaba banana flour. Freeze dried (FD) flour sample had highest (6.69%) protein value, while sun dried (SD) flour sample had the lowest (6.13%). The crude fat of FD sample (2.38%) was not significantly different (p >0.05) from cabinet dried (CD) flour (2.38%) sample. However, sun dried sample crude fibre content was the highest (0.84%). In addition, drying methods significantly (p ≤0.05) affected the pasting characteristics of Cardaba banana flours. Results of functional properties showed that the drying methods had no effect on the least gelation properties of the flour. The resistant and total starch was highest in CD, and least in SD. Freeze drying produced flour high in indigestible carbohydrate compared to the other methods. Cardaba banana flour samples from all the drying methods showed substantive total phenolic, flavonoid, ABTS and DPPH contents. The drying methods employed significantly (p ≤0.05) affected the functional, chemical, pasting and antioxidants properties of Cardaba banana flours. However, the study indicated that freeze drying and cabinet drying produce flours with better properties.
Shelf-Life Prediction Model of Chitosan Coated Eggs at Different Storage Temperatures
Authors: Hu Yunfeng , Zhang Liping , Wei Jinjin , Wei Zengyu
Published: July 2019

In order to study the quality changes and shelf life of chitosan coated eggs during storage, the quality, gas chamber diameter, yolk coefficient and the quality change of Hough unit during storage were measured at temperature of 5, 20 and 35 ℃. The Pearson correlation between the quality indexes and the egg Hough’s unit value was analyzed, and the yolk coefficient was analyzed dynamically and the shelf life prediction model was based on the basis of the Arrhenius equation. The results showed that the quality of eggs, egg yolk coefficient, and Huff units all decreased with the extension of storage time, and the diameter of the air chambers of eggs showed an increasing trend with the extension of storage time. Moreover, the storage environment at high temperature (20 and 35 ℃) had a significant effect on the quality deterioration than the low temperature (5℃) storage environment; The correlation coefficient between egg yolk coefficient and Hough unit is the highest at all temperatures, which can be used as an important indicator for shelf life prediction; According to the changing rule of egg quality, the yolk coefficient can establish a first order kinetic model. According to the model established by the egg yolk coefficient, the coefficient R2 of the fitting curve of the predicted value and the measured value is 0.9825, and the average relative error P is 9.32% and less than 10%. The kinetic relationship between yolk coefficient and temperature is well described. At the same time, based on the dynamic model, the shelf life prediction model of chitosan-coated eggs based on yolk coefficient was determined by the dynamic model. The average relative error was 7.6%, less than 10%, which indicated that the egg shelf life prediction model based on the change of egg yolk coefficient was feasible.
Analysis of the Correlation Between the Freshness Indices of Pork and its Pork Exudate
Authors: Hu Yunfeng , Wang Yadi , Tang Yuxuan
Published: July 2019

In recent years, as the Chinese consumption level increased, the consumption quantity of fresh pork had been increasing year by year. Freshness was an important index to judge the quality of pork. This study aimed to analyze freshness indices change of pork and pork exudate during storage. Thus the conclusion of this study was to characterize freshness change of pork by change law of freshness indices of pork exudate. So as to provide a reference for more convenient determination of the pork freshness. The results showed that the freshness indices of pork and their exudates change accordingly with the increase of storage time. On day 3, the pork seeped out more obvious juice. The turbidity of pork and its exudates increased gradually with the decrease of freshness, and sensory scores decreased gradually. The color changed from bright red to reddish brown and finally grey brown. The indicators of pork and their exudates (the total volatile basic nitrogen, the pH, a* and turbidity levels) were significantly correlated at the 0.01 level, the correlation coefficients were 0.9727, 0.9823, 0.9205, and 0.8765, respectively. Therefore, freshness indices of pork exudates can reflect the freshness of pork.
Effect of Sodium Tripolyphosphate, Glycerol, Vitamin B2, Mannitol and Solid Malt Extract on Survival of Bifidobacterium bifidum During Freeze-Drying
Authors: Shu Guowei , Yin Chun , Qin Haipeng , Kou Haiyan , He Shuai , Huang Dan
Published: July 2019

The effect of sodium tripolyphosphate, glycerol, vitamin B2, mannitol and solid malt extract on the freeze-dried powder survival rate and the viable cells of the B. bifidum BB01 were studied by single-factor test in this study. The optimal concentration of protectant for B. bifidum during freeze-drying were 1.5% (W/V) sodium tripolyphosphate, 12% (W/V) glycerol, 6% (W/V) vitamin B2, 6% (W/V) mannitol and 6% (W/V) solid malt extract, and the survival rate of bacteria was 18.63%, 22.98%, 24.13%, 24.19% and 39.77%, respectively.
Legibility of Urban Spaces in Kaunas New Town: Research, Strategy, Suggestions
Authors: Vaitkevičiūtė Vaiva
Published: July 2019

Legibility is urban quality, defining ability to find a way in urban or architectural structure, as well as understanding the identity or function of a certain space. Legible environment could help to comprehend not only the space in which person is in a given situation, but also the whole city. It helps to identify oneself as part of a group or certain community. The article is oriented to better understanding of people’s needs in environment, by analyzing the case study of Kaunas New Town. The project is based on observation, analysis of literature and results of research by space syntax methodology. The results show coherence between design rules, based on people’s needs, and visibility graph model, which shows the potential of public and private spaces.
Verification of the Computed Tomography Results of Aluminum Alloy Welded Joint
Authors: Malicki Maciej , Sobczak Kamil
Published: July 2019

Computed tomography (CT) of aluminum welded joint specimen has been performed. On the tomographic cross sections some defects have been found. To verify them the metallography cross sections of welded has been done. It was found that selected defects are micro cracks.
The Fatigue Life of Cables in Aircraft Flight Control Systems
Authors: Kubryn Mariusz , Gruszecki Henryk , Pieróg Leszek , Chodur Jerzy , Pietruszka Janusz , Brzęczek Józef
Published: July 2019

The cable flight control systems are commonly used for the control of small airplanes. In these systems, the cables are the only elements transmitting loads from the pilot to the control surfaces. During a flight the cables are moving through pulleys and are subjected to variable loads. A simple analysis of stress in the cable shows that the stress generated by the cyclical bending on the pulleys causes the fatigue of the wires.

This phenomenon was noticed on a military aircraft of the M28 family during periodic maintenance inspection in 2007. The endurance tests of KSAN cables of the diameter equal to 3.5 mm and 1.8 mm were performed at the PZL MIELEC. The tests showed the limited fatigue life of the cables due to a progressive increase in the number of broken wires.
Experimental Validation of Riveting Process Fe Simulation
Authors: Wronicz Wojciech
Published: July 2019

Rivets are critical areas in metal airframes from the fatigue point of view. Fatigue behaviour of riveted joints depends strongly on the residual stress system around the rivet holes. The both most convenient and most common method of determining these stresses is the Finite Element (FE) analyses. The validation of models used is necessary to ensure the reliability of results.

This paper presents the validation process of the riveting FE simulations for the universal and the countersunk rivets. At first, the material model of the rivets was validated with the use of the force–displacement curves of the press stamp obtained experimentally. Because of the displacement measurement method, it was necessary to take into account the flexibility of the stand. After that, good correlation between the numerical simulations and the experiment was obtained for both rivet types.

At the second stage, strains around driven heads measured with the use of strip gauge patterns were compared with the results of the FE simulations. Quite good correlation was obtained for the countersunk rivet. In the case of the universal rivet, the numerical results are significantly higher values than the measured ones. Differences in correlation of the experiments and FE simulations for the analysed rivet types probably result from material differences of the rivets.
A Brief Review on NDT&E Methods For Structural Aircraft Components
Authors: Wronkowicz-Katunin Angelika
Published: July 2019

The paper presents a summary of non-destructive testing and evaluation (NDT&E) methods applied in inspections of structural aircraft components. This brief review covers the most commonly applied methods such as visual and penetrant inspections, tap-testing, eddy current inspections, shearography, thermography, acoustic emission testing, radiographic and tomographic inspections, and ultrasonic inspections. The general operating principles of these methods as well as their main advantages, limitations and application areas are described below.
Fatigue Degradation of the Structure of Parachute Systems
Authors: Szafran Krzysztof , Kramarski Ireneusz
Published: July 2019

Parachute systems are in widespread use in aviation. Up to now, parachutes are the most uncertain air vehicles because of their complex and unsteady opening characteristics, changes in geometry up to 30% and vulnerability from unsteady atmospheric turbulence. Fatigue is a problem that the designers of long living parachute systems need to cope with. Authors demonstrate complexity of parachute exploitation and means to lower opening forces and extend service life without influencing safety.
The tribe Scrophularieae (Scrophulariaceae): A Review of Phylogenetic Studies
Authors: Riahi Mehrshid , Ghahremaninejad Farrokh
Published: July 2019

Molecular data have been increasingly used to study the phylogenetic relationships among many taxa, including scrophs. Sometimes they have provided phylogenetic reconstructions that are in conflict with morphological data leading to a re-evaluation of long-standing evolutionary hypotheses. In this paper, we review reports of the recent knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships within Scrophularieae (2011–2017). The results of these analyses led to the following conclusions. (1) Species of Scrophularia have undergone one or more Miocene migration events occurred from eastern Asia to the North America with subsequent long dispersal and diversification in three main directions. (2) Allopolyploid and aneuploid hybrid speciation between Scrophularia species can occur, so hybridization and polyploidy have an important role for history of diversification. (3) The ancestral staminode type for the genus Scrophularia seems to be a large staminode. (4) Monophyly of the genus Verbascum with respect to the genus Scrophularia is strongly supported. (5) Oreosolen, is not monophyletic, because all accessions of Oreosolen were nested within Scrophularia. We discuss methods of data collection and analysis, and we describe the areas of conflict and agreement between molecular phylogenies.
A global systematic review of publications concerning the invasion biology of four tree species
Authors: Khapugin Anatoliy
Published: July 2019

Paper presents a systematic global review of Acer negundo, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Ailanthus altissima, Robinia pseudoacacia invasions focusing on the Scopus and Web of Science databases. We examined the data on papers, study areas, habitat studied, topic discussed. We hypothesized that these species were studied evenly throughout their invaded ranges and, as such, indexed by international databases. We asked whether four selected species are presented evenly in publications related to their invaded ranges, and whether both selected databases cover well a content of these papers. We found 48 papers for A. negundo, 14 – for F. pennsylvanica, 83 – for A. altissima, 96 – for R. pseudoacacia. A high percentage of the studies were conducted in Central Europe and USA (for A. altissima), while Eastern Europe, Russia, Western United States were poorly represented. Most studies were conducted in forests, and focused on impacts or distribution of aliens in invaded range, and their control and management. We encountered habitat types invaded by trees, factors influencing tree invasions, consequences of invaders’ impact on ecosystems, counteracting measures. We concluded that the use only Web of Science and Scopus is not sufficient to obtain the complete data about the invasion biology.