bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSVII-10 Xylanase improved the nutrient and energy digestibility of diets high in insoluble corn fiber fed to swine following a 36-d dietary adaptation period
Authors: Petry Amy L , Huntley Nichole F , Bedford Mike R , Patience John F
Published: July 2019

The efficacy of xylanase in practical swine diets is inconsistent and poorly understood. The experimental objective was to investigate the efficacy of xylanase in growing pigs fed a diet high in insoluble corn fiber and afforded a longer adaptation period than typically reported in the literature. Sixty gilts (25.43 ± 0.88 kg BW; L337 X Camborough, PIC, Hendersonville, TN; n = 15 per treatment), were blocked by weight, housed individually, and randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments: a low-fiber control (LF; 8.45% NDF), a 30% corn bran high-fiber control (HF; 24.5% NDF), HF + 100 mg/kg of xylanase (HF+XY; Econase XT 25P; AB Vista, Marlborough, UK), and HF + 50 mg/kg of arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide (HF+AX; 3-7 degrees of polymerization). Diets contained 0.5% chromium (III) oxide. Gilts were fed ad libitum for 36 d, followed by a 7-d period of adaptation to limit feeding (80% of average ad libitum intake) and housing in metabolism crates, followed by 3 d of urine and fecal collection. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED (SAS; 9.4) as a randomized complete block design with pig as the experimental unit, block and replicate as random effects, and treatment as a fixed effect. Compared to the LF diet, the HF diet reduced the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM (88.7 vs. 75.6%), GE (89.0 vs. 77.4%), CP (87.2 vs. 81.8%), NDF (63.3 vs. 44.4%), ADF, and hemicellulose (P = 0.01). Xylanase supplementation, but not arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide, when compared to the HF control diet, improved the ATTD of DM by 3.3% (78.2 vs. 75.6%), GE by 2.2% (79.1 vs. 77.4%), CP by 2.9% (84.2 vs. 81.8%), NDF by 17.5% (53.9 vs. 44.4%), ADF by 16.3% (52.1 vs. 42.9%), and hemicellulose by 16.4% (P < 0.05). These data indicate insoluble fiber reduced nutrient and energy digestibility, but xylanase was effective in partially mitigating that effect.
PSVII-14 The effects of maternal dietary supplementation of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) and 25(OH)D3 on progeny muscle fiber measures
Authors: Thayer Morgan T , Nelssen Jim L , Langemeier Austin J , Morton Jodi M , Gonzalez John M , Kruger Stephanie R , Ou Zhining , Makowski Andrew J , Bergstrom Jon R
Published: July 2019

A total of 36 sows (DNA Line 200 × 400) and their progeny were used to determine if feeding a combination of vitamin D3 and 25(OH)D3 influences progeny muscle fiber morphometrics. Within 3 d of breeding, sows were allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments fortified with 1,500 IU/kg vitamin D3 (CON), 500 IU/kg vitamin D3 + 25 μg/kg 25(OH)D3 (DL), or 1,500 IU/kg vitamin D3 + 50 μg/kg 25(OH)D3 (DH). One average body weight male per litter was euthanized within 24 h of birth (n = 36) and at weaning on d 21 of lactation (n = 35). Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with maternal dietary treatment as the fixed effect. When pigs were sacrificed at birth, there were no treatment effects for fiber morphometric measures (P > 0.170), except for primary fiber number and secondary to primary muscle fiber ratio (P < 0.016). Pigs from CON fed sows had fewer primary fibers than pigs from sows fed the DH treatment (P = 0.014), with the DL treatment not differing from either (P > 0.104). Pigs from CON and DL fed sows had greater secondary to primary fiber ratios compared to pigs from DH sows (P < 0.022), but did not differ from each other (P = 0.994). When pigs were sacrificed at weaning, there were no treatment effects on all fiber morphometric measures (P > 0.129). In conclusion, combining vitamin D3 and 25(OH)D3 in the maternal diet increased primary muscle fibers at birth, but this effect was not seen at weaning.
PSVII-12 The effect of feeding a LucraFit® nursery program without lactose on piglet performance
Authors: Crowder Stacie , Weeden Terry , Hankins Clayton , Meyer Terry , DeRodas Brenda
Published: July 2019

Four hundred forty weaned pigs, initial weight of 5.86 kg and 21 days of age, were used to evaluate the effect of feeding a LucraFit® nursery program on piglet performance. Pigs were randomly assigned to one of two treatments Control or LucraFit® with 12 replicates per treatment and 20 pigs per pen. Pigs were fed a four-phase nursery feed budget of 1.13, 2.27, 5.44, and 20.64 kg/pig for phases 1–4, respectively. Control diets contained 18% lactose in phase 1 and 0% in phase 2, 3, and 4. LucraFit® diets contained 0% lactose and LucraFit® was added at 2.5, 2.5, 1.25% in phase 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Body weights were taken on day 0, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, and 43 with corresponding ADG, ADFI, G:F calculated. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS with pen as experimental unit. Period 1 (d0 to 8) ADG tended to increase (P < 0.10;0.188 vs 0.175 kg/d) and G:F increased (P < 0.05;1.38 vs 1.06) in the LucraFit® treatment. Period 1 ADFI was greater (P < 0.05) for the Control treatment (0.166 vs 0.141 kg/d). Period 2 (d8 to d 15), LucraFit® treatment tended (P < 0.10) to increase ADG (0.416 vs 0.398 kg/d) and increased (P < 0.05) G:F (0.973 vs 0.894). Period 3 (d15 to d 22), ADFI was increased (P < 0.05) with LucraFit® treatment (0.628 vs 0.577 kg/d) and therefore increased (P < 0.05) G:F for Control treatment (0.794 vs 0.752. Period 6 (d36 to d 43), LucraFit® treatment increased (P < 0.05) ADG (1.57 vs 1.40 kg/d) and G:F (0.565 vs 0.500). Overall (d0 to 43) Gain:Feed was increased (P < 0.05) with LucraFit® treatment (0.713 vs 0.691). Final nursery body weight (d 43) tended (P = 0.08) to increase with LucraFit® treatment (27.05 vs 26.32). The results of this study suggest that feeding LucraFit® in lactose free nursery diets improves feed efficiency.
PSVII-21 Revision of the model estimating real-time Lys requirements in individual growing-finishing pigs
Authors: Remus Aline , Pomar candido
Published: July 2019

The objective of this study was to review the calibration of the model estimating real-time Lys requirements individual in growing-finishing pigs. Two 28 d growth experiments were performed with 110 pigs distributed in a complete randomized design with growing (25 kg BW ± 2.1, n = 60; 10 pigs per treatment) and finishing (68 kg BW ± 1.8, n = 60; 10 pigs per treatment) barrows. Pigs were fed with 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, or 110% of the pig’s estimated individual standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys (SIDLys) requirements. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray densitometry on days 1 and 28 of the trial. Pigs were housed in the same pen but fed individually using computerized feeding stations. The Mixed and NLIN procedures of SAS were used to analyze the data and estimate optimal SIDLys requirements. In the growing and finishing trials protein in gain (17 to 19%; 13 to 16%) and N efficiency (52 to 65%; 40 to 55%) increased linearly (P < 0.01) with the increasing levels of SIDLys. Maximum ADG (0.98 kg/d) and protein deposition (PD; 170 g/d) were observed in growing pigs fed at 100% of the estimated SIDLys requirements (P < 0.001). Finishing pigs had maximal ADG (1.2 kg/d) when fed at 100% of the estimated SIDLys requirements, but PD increased linearly (P < 0.05) with SIDLys levels without reaching a plateau at the higher levels of Lys intake. The proposed model correctly estimates the level of SIDLys that maximizes PD and ADG in growing (25 to 50 kg of BW), and ADG in finishing pigs (65 to 100 kg BW); still, there is an opportunity for increasing PD in older pigs fed using precision feeding techniques.
PSVII-16 Galactosylated chitosan-oligosaccharides have anti-adhesive effect against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in piglets
Authors: Heyer Charlotte Maria Elisabeth , Wang Weilan , Yan Yalu , Gänzle Michael G , Zijlstra Ruurd T
Published: July 2019

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major cause of diarrhea in piglets. In vitro, high molecular weight β-galactosylated chitosan-oligosaccharides (Gal-COS) had strong anti-adhesive activity against ETEC-expressing K88 fimbriae (ETEC K88) binding to porcine erythrocytes. This study assessed the effects of Gal-COS differing in structure on anti-adhesive properties against ETEC in a small intestinal segment perfusion (SISP) model in 8 piglets (BW 10 kg; 5-wk old). With 10 jejunal segments in each pig, 5 segments were infected with ETEC K88, and the other 5 segments were infused with saline (non-ETEC). Every 2 paired segments (ETEC or non-ETEC) from the same pig were treated for 8 h with 64 ml of 10 g L-1 of one of the following test products: 1) α-Gal-COS; 2) β-Gal-COS; 3) exopolysaccharides produced by Lactobacillus reuteri; and 4) raffinose in a double 4 × 4 Latin square with a saline control. Infection by ETEC K88 was verified by quantitative PCR. Net fluid loss was calculated as difference of fluid loss between ETEC segment and its paired non-ETEC segment. Data were analyzed using the mixed model with segment and test product as fixed effects, and pig as random effect. Number of eubacterial rRNA genes was 10-fold greater (P < 0.001) in ETEC segments than non-ETEC segments, indicating that ETEC K88 accounted for > 90% of bacterial gene counts. Test product did not affect (P > 0.10) the number of ETEC bacteria in the outflow fluid. Furthermore, net fluid loss caused by ETEC tended (P = 0.08) to be decreased by β-Gal-COS compared to all other treatments. In conclusion, the in vivo SISP model confirmed that Gal-COS had anti-diarrheal effects, indicating that β-Gal-COS is a potential feed additive to reduce the ETEC-induced diarrhea in piglets.
PSII-14 Effects of high protein DDGS in SFC or DRC-based diets on finishing performance of steers
Authors: Ovinge Lauren , Hilscher Henry , Boyd Bradley M , Erickson Galen E
Published: July 2019

The effect of high protein dried distillers grains plus solubles in steam flaked corn (SFC) or dry rolled corn (DRC)-based diets on finishing performance was evaluated. Crossbred steers (n = 360, 288 ± 0.54 kg) were blocked into 3 BW blocks and assigned randomly to one of 36 pens. The treatment design was a 2 × 3 factorial. One factor was SFC or DRC-based diets, and the other factor was a control with no DGS (CON), regularly produced DDGS (DDGS), or High Protein DDGS (HiPro) included at 30% in the diet (DM basis). Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS, with pen serving as the experimental unit. There was an interaction (P = 0.02) between distillers treatment and corn processing for G:F, as including DDGS in DRC diets increased G:F from 0.157 to 0.163, with no difference when using HiPro (P = 0.18; 0.161). In SFC-based diets, there was a tendency (P = 0.11) for DDGS and HiPro to reduce G:F from 0.175 in CON diets to 0.171 in both DDGS and HiPro. When including HiPro, G:F tended (P = 0.10) to decrease SFC-based diets, with no difference (P = 0.18) in DRC-based diets. Gain increased using either distillers source (P 0.01) compared to feeding CON, and tended (P = 0.10) to be greater for DDGS than HiPro. Dry matter intake was lower (P < 0.01) for cattle fed SFC-based diets than DRC-based diets, resulting in greater (P < 0.01) G:F. Carcass adjusted final body weights mimicked the response observed in ADG, as DDGS tended (P = 0.10) to have a greater final bodyweight than HiPro and both were heavier (P < 0.01) than CON. Including either DDGS or HiPro in DRC-based diets improved G:F, but including DDGS or HiPro in SFC-based diets had no impact on G:F.
PSII-15 Effect of ammoniation and harvest method on waste and consumption of corn residue bales fed to cows in a round bale feeder
Authors: Conway Ashley , Carlson Zac , Hilscher Henry , MacDonald James C , Klopfenstein Terry , Drewnoski Mary E
Published: July 2019

To determine the effects of harvest method and ammoniation (3.7% of DM) on the consumption and waste of baled corn residue, a 6 x 6 Latin square with a 3 x 2 factorial treatment structure was conducted. Six treatments consisted of either untreated or ammoniated residue, harvested one of three ways: conventional rake-and-bale (CONV), New Holland Cornrower with two rows of stem chopped into the windrow with tailings (2ROW), or EZ-Bale system (EZB) with a disengaged combine spreader and tailings dropped in a windrow. Open beef females (12 heifers and 30 cows) were stratified and blocked by age into 6 pens (7 hd/pen) such that each pen had similar total BW. One bale was fed to each pen over six, 7 d periods using round-bale ring feeders with closed bottom panels. Residue falling around (waste) and remaining in (orts) the feeder were weighed. There was a significant (P < 0.01) harvest method by ammoniation interaction for DMI (% BW) and a tendency (P = 0.07) for waste. Intake of non-ammoniated EZB (1.6%) was greater (P = 0.03) than CONV (1.3%) and 2ROW (1.4%) which did not differ (P = 0.80). Intake of ammoniated CONV (1.2%) and EZB (1.5%) did not differ (P = 0.45) from their non-ammoniated counterpart, but ammoniation increased intake of 2ROW (1.9%). Within the unammoniated residue, waste did not differ (P > 0.13) among harvest methods and was 17.8%, 23.4%, and 22.7% for EZB, CONV and 2ROW. Ammoniated EZB (16.3%) and CONV (21.8%) did not differ from each other or their unammoniated counterpart. However, waste (10.6%) of ammoniated 2ROW was less (P < 0.01) than non-ammoniated 2ROW. Ammoniation and, to a lesser extent, harvest method, can be used to increase intake and reduce waste of corn residue bales fed to cows.
PSII-1 Evaluation of RUP content and digestibility of feeds from organic and conventional sources
Authors: Schumacher Elizabeth , Erickson Galen E , MacDonald James C , Klopfenstein Terry , Wilson Hannah
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare 17 different feeds for in situ rumen undegradable protein content (RUPc) and digestibility (RUPd) with the main objective being a comparison of organic and conventional sources of feeds. Two steers fitted with rumen cannulas and two heifers with duodenal cannulas were utilized for this study. Feeds used were procured from both conventional and USDA certified organic sources. Conventional feeds included field peas (FP), fish meal (FM), soybean meal (SBM), and dehydrated alfalfa (DA). Organic feeds included field peas (FPO), fish meal (FMO), soybean meal (SBMO), and dehydrated alfalfa (DAO). Each sample was weighed into both 5×10 cm and 10×20 cm dacron bags. Bags were evenly distributed between steers and ruminally incubated for 16 hours, replicated over two days. The 5×10 cm bags were treated with pepsin/HCl solution, inserted into the duodenum of the heifers, and retrieved from the feces to measure RUPd. Bags were washed, oven dried overnight, and residues composited to determine RUPc and RUPd. No digestibility data were gathered from FM or FMO due to lack of residue from digestion. Statistical analysis was performed using the Glimmix procedure of SAS, with sample as the experimental unit. The RUPc of DAO was not different (P = 1.0) from DA; SBMO was 32.7% greater (P < 0.01) than SBM; FMO was 30.2% greater (P < 0.01) than FM; FPO were not different (P = 0.46) than FP. The RUPd of DAO was 26.3% greater (P < 0.01) than DA; no differences were observed between SBMO and SBM or FPO and FP (P > 0.98). These data indicate that there may be some differences in rumen undegradable protein content and digestibility between conventional and certified organic feeds when measured in situ.
PSII-6 Performance based NEm requirement adjustment for heifers fed during winter months in eastern South Dakota compared to the Texas panhandle
Authors: Smith Zachary , Blom Ethan J , Gentry Wesley W , Smith Wyatt , Preston Rodney , Pritchard Robbi H
Published: July 2019

Crossbred beef heifers [n = 96; initial shrunk BW=238 kg (SD 21.5)] were used in a completely randomized design to evaluate climatic effects on feedlot heifer growth and efficiency. The study was conducted from November 8, 1991 to May 11, 1992. Heifers were assembled into groups at the Ruminant Nutrition Center (RNC) in Brookings, SD. One group (TX; n = 48) was shipped to New Deal, Texas and fed on slatted-concrete floors, and the second group (SD; n = 48), was shipped half-way to Texas, returned to the RNC, and fed on solid-concrete floors. Transit distance was 1,530 km. Pen was the experimental unit (6 to 8 head·pen-1); diets, health management, and implant programs were normalized across locations. The finishing diet was fed from d 33 to 185 at both locations and the energetics assessment was for the period from d 60 to 185. There were 18 d below -7.8°C and 102 d below 5°C in SD. Transit shrink, estimated empty body fat % (EBF), BW adjusted to 28% EBF (AFBW), and DMI did not differ (P ≥ 0.10). Heifer ADG was 18% greater (P < 0.05) in TX (1.40 vs. 1.16 ± 0.037 kg). Observed vs. predicted dietary energy differed (P ≤ 0.05), for NEm (0.97 vs. 0.87 ± 0.013) and NEg (0.97 vs. 0.84 ± 0.016) for TX and SD, respectively. Using calculated diet energy values based upon TX heifer performance as a reference, relative adjustments to metabolic rate were calculated. The estimated metabolic rate was elevated (P < 0.05) for SD heifers (0.077 vs. 0.101 ± 0.0031 Mcal/MBS). These results indicate that heifers fed in South Dakota had a 31% increase in metabolic rate when compared to heifers fed in the Texas panhandle. More of these types of assessments are needed to improve projection and tracking models used in precision cattle feeding.
PSII-11 Comparison of multiple heat sources in the farrowing house: Effect on production and energy efficiency
Authors: Lane Karli J , Stalder Kenneth J , Harmon Jay D , Karriker Locke A , Johnson Anna K
Published: July 2019

Pre-weaning mortality, currently 20% in the United States, continues to rise and has been estimated to cost $400 to $600 million annually. Creep heat accounts for 36% (125 watt heat lamps) of the estimated 685,000 kWh electrical subtotal used in a 3000 sow farm. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of heat source type on production and electrical usage in the farrowing house at the Iowa State University Allen E. Christian Swine Teaching Farm. Seven multiparous crossbred sows housed in farrowing stalls were randomly assigned to a heat source treatment; Baby Pig Heat Mat – Single 48 (Kane Manufacturing, Pleasant Hill, IA; MAT n = 4) or Hog Slat® Poly Heat Lamp Fixture (Hogslat, Newton Grove, NC; LAMP n = 3). LAMP was controlled via a thermostat and varied by height and MAT was controlled via Thermostat Programmable 1 Zone (Kane Manufacturing, Pleasant Hill, IA). Both heat sources were set at 32.2⁰C and this was confirmed using an infrared temperature gun. Kill-A-Watt EZ Meter P4460 were connected to the individual heat source for group lactation duration to measure kilowatt hours (kWh) and were read twice weekly. Piglets were weighed on D1 (farrowing = D0) and at weaning. Production data including pre-weaning mortality and piglet weight at weaning were analyzed using a mixed model with parity, room and covariate of litter birth weight being fixed effects and sow being random. There was no difference in production values, pre-weaning mortality (P > 0.63,MAT=11.11%, LAMP = 11.76%) and piglet weaning weight (P > 0.13, MAT = 5.30 ± 0.18 kg, LAMP = 5.99 ± 0.21 kg), due to heat source type. The MAT (LS Mean 11.59 ± 1.31 kWh) used 4.2 times less electricity than LAMP (LS Mean 57.30 ± 1.56 kWh) (P < 0.05). In conclusion, with no difference in production values heat mats controlled with a programmable thermostat can decrease the high energy needs in the farrowing house.
PSII-10 Effect of gilt feeding level and length of increased feeding level in late gestation on piglet birth weight
Authors: Quick James K , Knauer Mark
Published: July 2019

The objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of increasing gilt feeding level in late gestation, for different durations, on piglet quality. Gilts (n = 472) were allocated to one of five dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial + control design at a commercial farm in eastern North Carolina. Hence gilts were fed 1.82 kg of feeding until farrowing (Control) or feeding level was increased by either 0.68 or 1.36 kg at either day 93 (d93) or 100 (d100) of gestation. Treatments were randomly assigned by pen (5 to 6 gilts per pen). The gestation diet contained 2,979 Kcal/kg ME and 0.58% SID lysine. Gilt body condition score was captured at day 93 of gestation using a sow body condition caliper (thin = < 12, ideal = 12 to 15, fat = > 15). Piglet birth weights were captured within 24 h of farrowing and piglets were ear notched by treatment prior to cross-fostering. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM with fixed effects of dietary treatment, contemporary group and covariates of litter size and sow functional teat number when applicable. Average gilt caliper score at d 93 of gestation was 17.0. Gilt caliper score did not differ (P > 0.05) across dietary treatments. Mean piglet birth weight did not differ (P > 0.05) between the five dietary treatments or the main effects of feeding level or length of feeding level. A one piglet increase in litter size reduced (P < 0.01) mean piglet birth weight by 30 g. An increase of one functional sow teat increased (P < 0.05) litter size at weaning of the biological sow by 0.28 piglets. Results suggest increasing gilt feeding level in late gestation does not impact mean piglet birth weight when gilts are over conditioned.
PSII-7 Type I error rates of two strategies to analyze a randomized complete block design within multiple sites
Authors: Cartagena Hilda Calderon , Vahl Christopher I , Dritz Steve S
Published: July 2019

It is not unusual to come across randomized complete block designs (RCBD) replicated over a small number of sites in swine nutrition trials. For example, pens could be blocked by location or by initial body weight within three rooms or barns. One possibility is to analyze this design with the assumption of no treatment by site interaction which implies treatment differences are similar across all sites. This assumption might not always seem reasonable and site by treatment interaction could be included in the analysis to account for these differences should they exist. However, the site by treatment mean square becomes the error term for evaluating treatment. The objective of this study was to provide a recommendation of a practical strategy based on Type I error rates estimated from a simulation study. Scenarios with and without site by treatment interaction were considered with three sites and equal means across four treatments. The variance component for the error was set to 1 and the rest were either selected to be equal (σ2s = σ2b = σ2s*t =1) or one of them was set to 10. For the scenarios with no site by treatment interaction, σ2s*t = 0, for a total of 7 scenarios. Each scenario was simulated 10,000 times. For each simulation, both strategies were applied. The Kenward-Rodger approximation (KR) to the denominator degrees of freedom was also considered. Type I errors were estimated as the proportion of simulations with a significant treatment effect with α = 0.05. Overall, there was no evidence Type I error rates were inflated when the site by treatment interaction was omitted, even when σ2s*t = 10. The KR had no effect. In contrast, including the interaction term leads to a highly conservative Type I error rate far below the 5% level which results in a reduction of power; however, using KR mitigated the conservativeness.
PSVI-6 Undergraduate research experiences improve critical thinking ability of animal science students
Authors: Jones Cassandra K
Published: July 2019

Critical thinking is a key student learning outcome of undergraduate education in animal science. Undergraduate research is frequently encouraged as a way of growing critical thinking skills, but evidence of its influence is mostly anecdotal. Furthermore, diminishing resources may limit the number and quality of available experiences. The objective of this research was to evaluate how undergraduate research experiences impact critical thinking in animal science students. A total of 556 undergraduate students in the Department of Animal Sciences & Industry at Kansas State University took the online Critical Thinking Basic Concepts & Understanding Test (Foundation for Critical Thinking, Tomales, CA) in Fall 2017 (baseline) and again in Fall 2018 (end line). This online assessment is a 100-question test (1 point/question). Of these, 507 students consented to their scores being used for research purposes, and were classified into one of three categories: 1) never conducted undergraduate research (n = 435); 2) conducted a course-based undergraduate research experience during the time period (n = 60); or 3) conducted a traditional participant-based undergraduate research experience during the time period (n = 12). Baseline, end line, and growth in critical thinking (difference between baseline and end line) scores were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (v.9.4, Cary, NC) as a nested design. There were no detected differences in baseline critical thinking scores among students (P = 0.195). Students conducting undergraduate research tended to have higher end line (P = 0.088) and had greater growth (P = 0.047) in critical thinking score than those not conducting undergraduate research. The type of undergraduate research experience did not influence any measured criteria (P > 0.200). In summary, this research confirms that undergraduate research experiences increase animal science student critical thinking ability. Course-based undergraduate research experiences can be efficient ways to increase the quantity of students exposed to research without compromising critical thinking growth compared to conventional participant-based models.
PSVI-13 Responses of undergraduate students pre- and post-education on poultry industry and welfare issues
Authors: Meyer Meaghan M , Bobeck Elizabeth A
Published: July 2019

Students enrolled in a poultry science course were surveyed at the start and end of the semester in the first part of a multi-year study to quantify the effect of science-based education on opinion of the poultry industry. Students marked a vertical line on a 130mm horizontal line to indicate their level of agreement with 16 poultry issue statements. Surveys were collected anonymously using self-assigned code names in order to compare responses before and after taking the course. Post-survey, the 130mm line was separated into 5 sections; 0–20% agreeability was categorized as strongly disagree, 21–40% disagree, 41–60% neutral, 61–80% agree, and 81–100% strongly agree. Additionally, students were asked to answer three demographic questions regarding 1) Level of farm-animal experience (grew up on livestock farm, from an urban/city environment with no livestock experience, or other significant livestock experience), 2) Sex, and 3) Career goals (poultry industry, other livestock industry, or non-animal industry). Anonymous demographic data obtained from the office of the registrar showed that of the 29 students surveyed at the beginning of the semester: 8 were male, 21 were female, 23 were residents of Iowa, 6 were non-Iowa residents, 7 were agricultural studies majors, 21 were animal science majors, and one student was classified as a general undergraduate pre-vet major. Student responses were compared using the means procedure of SAS 9.4 based on answers to demographic questions (categorized as: farm, urban, other animal experience; female or male; poultry career, livestock career, or non-animal career). Results before science-based poultry education showed that responses on poultry issue statements (poultry welfare, industry ethics, commercial laying hen housing, and poultry product purchasing decisions) were significantly affected by experience, sex, and career plans (P < 0.05). Responses from the end of semester are forthcoming.
PSVI-5 Undergraduate success in animal science courses based on demographics, motivation, and online courses
Authors: Lavoie Haylee , Conner Nathan , Karr Lisa , Anderson Kathy
Published: July 2019

A deeper understanding of student demographics, motivation, and outlook of online vs. face to face courses in Animal Science is needed to allow educators to facilitate greater student success. The purpose of this study was to investigate student factors which effected their final course grades. The following courses were surveyed at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Animal Science Department: Animal Products (ASCI 210), Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals (ASCI 240), Introduction to Companion Animals (ASCI 251), Companion Animal Behavior (ASCI 271), Companion Animal Nutrition (ASCI 321), Equine. Nutrition (ASCI 322), Equine Reproduction (ASCI 342), Animal Welfare (ASCI 370), Processed Meats (ASCI 410), (n = 139). The survey utilized a 5 part likert-type scale; (1) strongly disagree, (2) disagree, (3) don’t know, (4) agree, (5) strongly agree with questions measuring student motivation in scales of intrinsic motivation, self-determination, self-efficacy, career motivation, and grade motivation. Additional questions relating student demographics (gender, ethnicity, experience, area of study, e.g.) were included. Survey analyses and student final course grades were analyzed by Spearman Correlation Coefficients to observe correlations and p-values of student demographics, motivation, and online vs. face to face student success. Students with increased motivation in self-efficiency, self-determination, and grade motivation showed a tendency of higher final course grades. No significant correlations were found in student demographics with final course grades. The method delivery, face to face (n = 101) or online (n = 38) had no difference in final course letter grades. These data indicate student final grades appeared to be influenced greater by certain motivations, rather than demographics or methods of delivery. The results of this study will allow educators to identify motivators, to increased success in student learning in Animal Science.
PSI-24 Relationship between passage rate and in vitro methane production from rumen and fecal contents
Authors: Nunez Corina , Tondini Sara M , Jennings Thomas G , Rickard Justin W , Green-Miller Angela R , Shike Daniel W , Henry Darren D , McCann Joshua C
Published: July 2019

The objective was to evaluate treatments designed to increase passage rate on the in vitro methanogenic potential of rumen and fecal contents. Eight ruminal-cannulated steers were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square design with data collected from the latter three 24 d periods. All steers were fed an ad libitum diet of grass hay (10.4% CP) with the following treatments designed to increase passage rate: negative control (CON), pelleted (PEL), 7% Ca(OH)2 treated (CAOH), and four 6 kg weights added to the rumen (WTS). Molasses (3% of diet DM) was added to all treatments to improve diet palatability. On d 22 of each period, fecal and rumen samples for in vitro procedure were collected 0 and 2 hr after feeding, respectively. Rumen (10 g) and fecal (20 g) samples were added to 100 ml Wheaton vials with buffer solution at 1:5 and 1:2 ratio, respectively. Vials were incubated at 39°C, and samples were collected at 6 and 24 hr to determine gas production. Methane was analyzed using gas chromatography. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. In vitro methane production rate from rumen samples tended (P = 0.09) to be affected by treatment with the greatest rate observed for CON (11.7 mM per g DM per h) and the least for PEL (6.3 mM per g DM per h). Rate of fecal methane production in vitro was not affected (P = 0.48) by treatment with means ranging from 0.79 to 2.3 mM per g DM per h. Predicted daily methane production from fecal dry matter excretion was also not affected (P = 0.98) by treatment. Treatments designed to increase passage rate may affect the methanogenic potential of archaea in ruminal contents but not in feces.
PSI-25 development of local Kansas E. coli UTI antibiograms to improve antimicrobial stewardship in companion animal medicine
Authors: Salgado Brianna , KuKanich Katherine , Lubbers Brian
Published: July 2019

Urinary tract infections are common in dogs, but rare in cats. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of urine isolates is required to determine optimal antimicrobial therapy, but empirical antimicrobial guidelines are needed while culture is pending or if testing is declined. Antibiograms are summaries of local susceptibility trends that assist clinicians in selecting empirical antimicrobial therapy. Antibiograms were developed from E. coli feline (N = 138) and canine (N = 640) urinary isolates submitted by the KSU Veterinary Health Center and private veterinary practices from 2013–2017. Results showed a high prevalence of resistance among feline isolates to amoxicillin-clavulanate (99.3%, S ≤ 0.25) and ampicillin (99.3%, S ≤ 0.25), but lower prevalence among canine isolates (amoxicillin/clavulanate 7.7% S ≤ 8), ampicillin 46.7%, S ≤ 8). Resistance to other antimicrobials was uncommon, with no antimicrobial agents demonstrating resistance above 6% in feline isolates, or above 14% in canine isolates. Canine isolates from private veterinary practices had increased resistance as compared with KSU isolates to orbifloxacin (9.5% vs 0.1%) and pradofloxaxin (9.4% vs 0.1%). Application of different breakpoints and differences in antibiotic exposures may explain the disparity of Beta-Lactam resistance between cats and dogs. Different use patterns between hospitals may explain the disparity between fluoroquinolone resistance. These findings emphasize the need for definitive urine culture and susceptibility testing in pets with UTIs, so that appropriate and effective antimicrobial therapy can be prescribed. Veterinary clinicians in Kansas can use these antibiogram results in addition to following stewardship guidelines to maximize successful UTI therapy for veterinary patients and minimize development of antimicrobial resistance for the One Health community.
PSI-19 Bovine chromosome 19 VDR and GPRC5C genotypes are associated with udder conformation traits in crossbred beef cattle
Authors: May Claudia L , Ward Alison K , Dahlen Carl R , Swanson Kendall C , Ringwall Kris A , Hulsman Hanna Lauren L
Published: July 2019

Udder characteristics are related to infection susceptibility and a calf’s ability to suckle its dam. Teat shape, teat size, udder suspension, and udder balance are main factors producers examine when evaluating cows, as per the Beef Improvement Federation guidelines. Based on previous studies that have identified genomic regions of interest for udder conformation, our objective was to determine if CAPN3, VDR, LETM1, GPRC5C, REN, and ABHD2 genes were associated with udder conformation. Crossbred heifers born in 2014 (n = 90) and 2015 (n = 73) at the Dickinson Research Extension Center were udder scored (1 to 9 scale, where higher score is more desirable) as heifers, placed in the breeding herd, then scored at each successive calving and weaning event until calving of 2018. Heifers were genotyped on the GeneSeek Genomic Profiler 150K, where SNP were selected for this study if located within these genes based on UMD3.1 coordinates (n = 24 SNP). Average scores per animal for each udder trait were modeled using general linear model procedures of SAS with fixed effects of primary breed (n = 9), year born (n = 2), frame score group (n = 4) and individual SNP. Least square means were adjusted using the Tukey-Kramer method. Significant associations between SNP and udder characteristic were: BovineHD0500009456 (VDR; P = 0.034; teat size), ARS-BFGL-NGS-27636 (GPRC5C; P = 0.042; teat shape), and BovineHD1900016305 (GPRC5C; P = 0.011; udder balance). Previous studies in other species have found VDR and GPRC5C (both on BTA 19) to be important for udder conformation. Particularly, ontology searches suggest VDR is involved with mammary tissue involution and branching and GPRC5C is involved with cell membrane integrity and regulation of retinoic acid. If these relationships hold true in cattle, then these markers may provide a viable option for selecting improved udder conformation.
PSI-22 The effects of cyanidin supplementation during oocyte maturation on the in vitro production of pig embryos
Authors: Hicks Emma , Mentler Miranda , Whitaker Brian D
Published: July 2019

Oxidative stress has a negative effect on embryonic development during the in vitro production of pig embryos. The imbalance of reactive oxygen species and antioxidants impact oocyte maturation. Berries from the elder plant (Sambucus sp.) have been identified as containing high levels of a broad spectrum of antioxidants. One of the predominant antioxidant classes of compounds found in elderberry extract is anthocyanin, which includes the antioxidant cyanidin. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of cyanidin supplementation to the media during oocyte maturation. Oocytes (n = 815, r=3) were supplemented with 100 or 200 μM cyanidin during 40–44 h of maturation and then evaluated at the end of maturation for the formation of reactive oxygen species, fertilization characteristics, and rates of embryonic cleavage and blastocyst development at 48 h and 144 h after IVF, respectively. There were no significant differences between no cyanidin supplementation and 200 μM cyanidin supplementation when comparing reactive oxygen species generation at the end of oocyte maturation. Supplementation of 100 μM cyanidin significantly decreased (P < 0.05) reactive oxygen species generation in oocytes compared to the other groups. There were no significant differences between no cyanidin supplementation and 200 μM cyanidin supplementation when comparing penetration and polyspermic penetration rates and male pronuclear formation. Supplementation of 100 μM cyanidin significantly decreased (P < 0.05) polyspermic penetration rates and significantly increased (P < 0.05) male pronuclear formation rates compared to the other groups. There were no significant differences between the treatment groups when comparing the percentage of cleaved embryos by 48 h after IVF. Supplementation of 100 μM cyanidin significantly increased (P < 0.05) the blastocyst formation rates by 144 h after IVF compared to all other treatment groups. These results indicate that supplementing 100 μM cyanidin to the media during oocyte maturation reduces reactive oxygen species formation and improves in vitro fertilization and early embryonic development in pigs.
PSI-6 Performance, carcass characteristics, and biological parameters by sheep offered diets with and without Actifor® Power
Authors: Jacquin Rebecca , Shanks Bruce C , Caldwell James D , Adams Kevin
Published: July 2019

Consumers have become increasingly concerned over the use of antibiotics in the animal industry. However, using all-natural phytogenics could be a solution. Our objective was to determine if using Actifor® Power (POWER) could improve lamb performance, carcass characteristics, and blood parameters. On July 23rd, 2018, a total of 20 (24 ± 4.45 kg BW) Katahdin ram lambs were stratified by BW and allocated randomly to 1 of 2 groups representing 2 treatments: 1) C (no POWER added; n = 10) and 2) POWER (at 0.05% added to the diet; n = 10). During the 91-d study, each lamb was housed individually within 1.5 m2 pens and offered a 16% CP diet. All lambs had ad libitum access to feed and water. Lambs were weighed at the start, d 28, d 61, and at the end of the study. Blood was collected at the start and end of the study for CBCs. Following the last weight and blood collection, all lambs were transported to a commercial abattoir for harvest. Data were analyzed using either Proc Mixed or Chi Square of SAS. Start, d 28, d 61, final BW, d 28 ADG, d 61 ADG, d 28 gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, HCW, dressing percentage, backfat thickness, and yield grade did not differ (P ≥ 0.20) between treatments. However, final ADG, final gain, loin eye area, and quality grade tended (P ≤ 0.16) to be greater from POWER compared with C. End red blood cell, end hemoglobin, red blood cell change from start to end, and hemoglobin change from start to end were greater (P < 0.05) from POWER compared with C. Therefore, feeding Actifor® Power may improve body weight gain, some carcass attributes, and positively impact some blood parameters.
PSI-8 Impact of protein or chloride source on Boer goat carcass characteristics
Authors: Neufeld Madeline , Sorensen Rachel , Lattimer James , Crane Alison , Jones Cassandra K
Published: July 2019

With a growing goat population in the United States comes a greater emphasis on understanding the role of inexpensive or alternative ingredients in goat diets. However limited data is available on how these ingredients impact goat carcass composition. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the impact of protein or chloride source on Boer goat carcass characteristics. Growing goats were fed 1 of 5 isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets for 42 d prior to slaughter in a completely randomized design. Diets included the following as their protein and primary chloride source: 1) soybean meal (SBM) with ammonium chloride (AmCl); 2) dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) with AmCl; 3) SoyPlus (Dairy Nutrition Plus, Ames, IA) with AmCl; 4) SBM with SoyChlor (Dairy Nutrition Plus, Ames, IA); and 5) SoyPlus with SoyChlor. Fifty goats (10 per treatment) were slaughtered in a USDA-inspected facility (Paradise Locker Meats, Trimble, MO), with carcass data collected initially (HCW) or after a 24-h chill. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure on SAS, with goat as the experimental unit. Differences in final body weight were not detected among dietary treatments (P = 0.284), nor were there differences in hot carcass weight or carcass yield (P > 0.05). Goats fed diets with SBM, regardless of chloride source, had greater (P < 0.05) loin eye area than those fed diets with SoyPlus and SoyChlor. There was no detected impact (P > 0.05) of dietary treatment on goat backfat depth or body wall thickness. In summary, the ingredients tested had limited impact on yield or fat proportion in goats when calorie and crude protein levels were held constant. However, goats fed SBM-based diets had greater loin eye area than those fed SoyPlus and SoyChlor.
PSI-9 Validation of environmental swabbing to detect Senecavirus A in feed
Authors: Sardella Clayton A , Petrovan Vlad , Davis Shania K , Stewart Savannah C , Niederwerder Megan C , Woodworth Jason C , Dritz Steve , Rowland Robert , Jones Cassandra K
Published: July 2019

Senecavirus A (SVA) is an emerging virus impacting the U.S. swine herd. Environmental swabbing can help better detect the probability of feed contamination than product testing, but the detection of SVA by swabs has not yet been validated. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to validate standardized swabbing techniques for detection of SVA. A secondary objective was to determine if a freeze/thaw cycle impacted detectable RNA. This experiment was a 3×4×2 factorial, with 3 forms (inoculum, feed, or swab), 4 doses (0, 10^3, 10^5, or 10^7 TCID50/mL SVA), and 2 storage methods (analyzed initially vs. after a freeze/thaw cycle). One mL SVA was added to 16 g of swine feed. One g reserved, and remaining 15 g spread over a 10 cm×10 cm stainless steel coupon and incubated for 15 minutes. Feed was removed, but residual feed dust remained. Next, surfaces were swabbed, swabs vortexed, and supernatants collected. Samples were split, with one set analyzed initially, and another frozen at -20°C for 7 days, then thawed and analyzed. Results are expressed as threshold cycle (Ct) from qRT-PCR analysis. There were 4 replicates per treatment. There was a sample type×SVA dose interaction (P < 0.0001; Table 1). Feed samples were approximately 8 Ct higher than the inoculum, and swab samples were approximately 4 Ct higher than feed. As expected, SVA level impacted (P < 0.0001) detectable SVA RNA. Finally, a freeze/thaw cycle did not impact (P = 0.846) detectable SVA RNA compared to samples that were analyzed immediately. In summary, this research validated that an environmental swab can be used to detect SVA in feed, however with approximately 4 Ct lower than analyzing feed samples directly. Furthermore, the limit of detection of SVA in environmental swabs appears to be near 10^3 TCID50/mL. Finally, samples can be frozen prior to analysis without impacting detectable SVA RNA.
PSI-10 Impact of protein or chloride source on Boer goat growth performance
Authors: Royce Ashley L , Sorensen Rachel , Lattimer James , Crane Alison , Jones Cassandra K
Published: July 2019

Limited research for least cost goat diets is available for meat goat producers. The objective of this project was to evaluate the impact of protein source or chloride source on Boer goat growth performance. Because diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric, it was hypothesized that the replacement of soybean meal (SBM) and ammonium choloride (AmCl) with alternative protein and Cl sources would reduce diet costs without impacting growth performance. To test this hypothesis, 75 Boer-influenced goats (23.5 ± 2.9 kg BW; approximately 75 d of age) were allocated to 5 treatments in a completely random design in a climate-controlled facility of the Kansas State University Sheep and Meat Goat Center. Goats were stratified by BW into 25 pens (5 pens/treatment; 3 goats/pen) for a 42 d finishing study. Diets included: 1) SBM with AmCl; 2) dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) with AmCl; 3) SoyPlus with AmCl; 4) SBM with SoyChlor; and 5) SoyPlus with SoyChlor. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit. There were no detectable differences of dietary treatment on ADG, ADFI, or G:F (P > 0.05). Using a pre-planned contrast statement, it was revealed goats fed diets with AmCl had lower ADG than goats fed diets with SoyChlor (P = 0.013; 125 vs. 165 g/d, respectively). While growth performance was relatively similar, the ingredient costs varied, leading to differences in feed cost per goat (P < 0.0001; $19.60, $16.07, $18.03, $25.82, $23.14 for diets containing SBM with AmCl, DDGS with AmCl, SoyPlus with AmCl, SBM with SoyChlor, SoyPlus with SoyChlor, respectively). These results confirm the hypothesis that goats can have similar growth responses with lower feed costs, leaving producers with options for optimizing growth performance on a least cost basis.