bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A capacidade infectocontagiosa dos transportes coletivos
Authors: Ribeiro Héricles Ferreirra Gomes , Seabra Lucas Salomão Barros , Paz Francisco Adalberto do Nascimento
Published: November 2020

Existe uma grande quantidade de pessoas que passam cotidianamente pelo transporte público urbano, transformando essa classe veicular em uma favorável condutor para disseminação de bactérias, vírus, parasitas e fungos para seus utilizadores. Dante do exposto, o objetivo geral desta pesquisa é avaliar a capacidade infectocontagiosa dos transportes coletivos. Esta pesquisa trata-se de uma revisão sistemática de caráter exploratório descritivo; e para a análise inicial dos resultados obtidos todas as publicações foram submetidas a uma leitura geral e organizada de acordo com ano e natureza da publicação. Após a realização de uma apurada revisão bibliográfica abordando a temática central e os critérios de inclusão/exclusão desta pesquisa, constatou-se que os transportes públicos são um meio de disseminação de variados microrganismos incluindo fungos e bactérias, entre elas temos Staphylococcus epidermidi; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus coagulase negativa; Escherichia coli; Klebsiella spp e Enterobacter cloacae.
Digital Limit Situations: Anticipatory Media Beyond ‘The New AI Era’
Authors: Lagerkvist Amanda
Published: November 2020

In the present age AI (artificial intelligence) emerges as both a medium to and message about (or even from) the future, eclipsing all other possible prospects. Discussing how AI succeeds in presenting itself as an arrival on the human horizon at the end times, this theoretical essay scrutinizes the ‘inevitability’ of AI-driven abstract futures and probes how such imaginaries become living myths, by attending how the technology is embedded in broader appropriations of the future tense. Reclaiming anticipation existentially, by drawing and expanding on the philosophy of Karl Jaspers – and his concept of the limit situation – I offer an invitation beyond the prospects and limits of ‘the new AI Era’ of predictive modelling, exploitation and dataism. I submit that the present moment of technological transformation and of escalating multi-faceted and interrelated global crises, is a digital limit situation in which there are entrenched existential and politico-ethical stakes of anticipatory media. Attending to them as a ‘future present’ (Adam and Groves 2007, 2011), taking responsible action, constitutes our utmost capability and task. The essay concludes that precisely here lies the assignment ahead for pursuing a post-disciplinary, integrative and generative form of Humanities and Social Sciences as a method of hope, that engages AI designers in the pursuit of an inclusive and open future of existential and ecological sustainability.
Vi4-miR-185-5p-Igfbp3 Network Protects the Brain From Neonatal Hypoxic Ischemic Injury via Promoting Neuron Survival and Suppressing the Cell Apoptosis
Authors: Xiong Liu-Lin , Xue Lu-Lu , Du Ruo-Lan , Zhou Hao-Li , Tan Ya-Xin , Ma Zheng , Jin Yuan , Zhang Zi-Bin , Xu Yang , Hu Qiao , Bobrovskaya Larisa , Zhou Xin-Fu , Liu Jia , Wang Ting-Hua
Published: November 2020

Neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) due to birth asphyxia is common and causes severe neurological deficits, without any effective therapies currently available. Neuronal death is an important driving factors of neurological disorders after HIE, but the regulatory mechanisms are still uncertain. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) or ceRNA network act as a significant regulator in neuroregeneration and neuronal apoptosis, thus owning a great potential as therapeutic targets in HIE. Here, we found a new lncRNA, is the most functional in targeting the Igfbp3 gene in HIE, which enriched in the cell growth and cell apoptosis processes. In addition, luciferase reporter assay showed competitive regulatory binding sites to the target gene Igfbp3 between TCONS00044054 (Vi4) and miR-185-5p. The change in blood miR-185-5p and Igfbp3 expression is further confirmed in patients with brain ischemia. Moreover, Vi4 overexpression and miR-185-5p knock-out promote the neuron survival and neurite growth, and suppress the cell apoptosis, then further improve the motor and cognitive deficits in rats with HIE, while Igfbp3 interfering got the opposite results. Together, Vi4-miR-185-5p-Igfbp3 regulatory network plays an important role in neuron survival and cell apoptosis and further promote the neuro-functional recovery from HIE, therefore is a likely a drug target for HIE therapy.
Recent Achievements and New Research Opportunities for Optimizing Macronutrient Availability, Acquisition, and Distribution for Perennial Fruit Crops
Authors: Kalcsits Lee , Lotze Elmi , Tagliavini Massimo , Hannam Kirsten D. , Mimmo Tanja , Neilsen Denise , Neilsen Gerry , Atkinson David , Casagrande Biasuz Erica , Borruso Luigimaria , Cesco Stefano , Fallahi Esmaeil , Pii Youry , Valverdi Nadia A.
Published: November 2020

Tree responses to fertilizer management are complex and are influenced by the interactions between the environment, other organisms, and the combined genetics of composite trees. Increased consumer awareness of the environmental impact of agriculture has stimulated research toward increasing nutrient-use efficiency, improving environmental sustainability, and maximizing quality. Here, we highlight recent advancements and identify knowledge gaps in nutrient dynamics across the soil–rhizosphere–tree continuum for fruit crops. Beneficial soil management practices can enhance nutrient uptake and there has been significant progress in the understanding of how roots, microorganisms, and soil interact to enhance nutrient acquisition in the rhizosphere. Characterizing root architecture, in situ, still remains one of the greatest research challenges in perennial fruit research. However, the last decade has advanced the characterization of root nutrient uptake and transport in plants but studies in tree fruit crops have been limited. Calcium, and its balance relative to other macronutrients, has been a primary focus for mineral nutrient research because of its important contributions to the development of physiological disorders. However, annual elemental redistribution makes these interactions complex. The development of new approaches for measuring nutrient movement in soil and plant systems will be critical for achieving sustainable production of high-quality fruit in the future.
Digestibility of Amino Acids in Protein-Rich Feed Ingredients Originating from Animals, Peanut Flour, and Full-Fat Soybeans Fed to Pigs
Authors: Aderibigbe Ayodeji Simeon , Park Chan Sol , Adebiyi Adekunle , Olukosi Oluyinka Abiona , Adeola Olayiwola
Published: November 2020

Standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in alternative protein sources for growing pigs was determined in this study. Diets containing egg albumen (EA), casein, blood meal (BM), and blood plasma meal (BPM) and a nitrogen-free diet (NFD) were fed to 20 barrows in a quadruplicate 5 × 2 incomplete Latin square design with two periods in experiment 1. The SID of AA was greater in casein than other ingredients (p < 0.05), except Pro. The SID of Arg, Ile, and Met was lower (p < 0.05) in EA than BM and BPM. The SID of Trp in BM was greater (p < 0.05) than EA but not different from BPM. In experiment 2, 20 pigs were fed diets containing peanut flour (PF) or full-fat soybeans (FFSB) or NFD in a randomized complete block design with body weight as a blocking factor but providing six observations for NFD. The SID of Arg, Ileu, Leu, Met, Phe, and Val was greater (p < 0.05) in PF than FFSB. The SID of Lys was greater (p < 0.05) in FFSB than PF. In summary, the test ingredients contain readily digestible AA and could serve as alternative protein sources for growing pigs.
An Evaluation of Portuguese Societal Opinion towards the Practice of Bullfighting
Authors: Diéguez Francisco Javier , Zau Yara , Viegas Inés , Fragoso Sara , Turner Patricia V. , da Graça-Pereira Gonçalo
Published: November 2020

Bullfighting is a controversial sport that continues to be legally permitted in a number of countries around the world, including Portugal. The spectacle has attracted significant attention from animal protectionist groups for many years because of concerns for animal distress, pain, and suffering during the fights. While there has been strong support for the sport in Portugal in the past, there is a need to study social profiles regarding the acceptability of this sport before a case can be made for changes in regional and national legislation. In this study, Portuguese attendance patterns at bullfights were assessed in addition to public opinions on welfare and ethical aspects of bullfighting, based on demographic variables. Study participants (n = 8248) were largely recruited through Portuguese social media channels (respondents may not be representative of the Portuguese population). Questionnaire data were evaluated by means of frequency tables, multiple correspondence analyses, and a two-step cluster analysis. Most respondents had a negative opinion about bullfighting and perceived that bullfighting had no positive impact on the country. However, while most respondents thought that the bull suffered during bullfighting, the opinion regarding banning bullfighting was far from unanimous. Based on the demographic analysis, the profile of individuals with more favorable responses towards bullfighting were men > 65 years old, of Roman Catholic faith, of low- or high-income levels, from more rural areas of Portugal. Somewhat surprisingly, there was a tendency to favor bullfighting amongst veterinary professionals. We conclude that there were still large pockets of individuals who desire to maintain the practice of traditional bullfighting within Portuguese society, despite recognition of animal suffering during the event.
Ambient Non-Methane Hydrocarbons (NMHCs) Measurements in Baoding, China: Sources and Roles in Ozone Formation
Authors: Wang Ming , Hu Kun , Chen Wentai , Shen Xueyong , Li Wenjing , Lu Xingdong
Published: November 2020

Ambient non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) are important precursors of ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Online and offline measurements of NMHCs were conducted during September 2015 in Baoding, Hebei province of China, in order to investigate their sources and roles in ozone formation. Average levels of total NMHCs online measured at the urban site were 44.5 ± 26.7 ppb. Aromatics was the largest contributor to NMHCs levels and OH reactivity, with fraction of 27.1% and 35.9%, respectively. Based on offline measurements at eight sites, we found that toluene, ethylbenzene, and m,p-xylene displayed the highest level at the site close to automobile manufacturing factories, followed by downwind receptor sites and other sites. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was then used to analyze NMHCs sources. Four factors were identified, including traffic-related emission, automobile manufacturing coating, biogenic emission, and NG/LPG usage and background. Average relative contribution of automobile manufacturing coating to NMHCs levels during the entire online measurement period was 33.4%, and this value increased to 42% during two O3 pollution days. Sensitivity of O3 formation to NMHCs and NOX during an O3 pollution episode were analyzed using a box model based on observations. Relative incremental reactivity (RIR) results suggested that O3 formation was in NOx-titration regime (i.e., highly NMHCs-limited regime). Further scenario analyses on relationship of O3 formation with reduction of NOx and anthropogenic NMHCs (AHC) indicated that AHC and NOx should be reduced by a ratio greater than two and three to achieve 5% and 10% O3 control objectives, respectively. The largest RIR value for anthropogenic NMHC species was from xylenes, which were also an important contributor to SOA formation and dominantly from sources related to automobile manufacturing coating and traffic emission. This means reducing NMHCs emission from automobile manufacturing coating and traffic emission should be given priority for synergetic control of O3 and PM2.5.
Assessment of Gridded CRU TS Data for Long-Term Climatic Water Balance Monitoring over the São Francisco Watershed, Brazil
Authors: Mutti Pedro R. , Dubreuil Vincent , Bezerra Bergson G. , Arvor Damien , de Oliveira Cristiano P. , Santos e Silva Cláudio M.
Published: November 2020

Understanding the long-term behavior of rainfall and potential evapotranspiration (PET) over watersheds is crucial for the monitoring of hydrometeorological processes and climate change at the regional scale. The São Francisco watershed (SFW) in Brazil is an important hydrological system that transports water from humid regions throughout the Brazilian semiarid region. However, long-term, gapless meteorological data with good spatial coverage in the region are not available. Thus, gridded datasets, such as the Climate Research Unit TimeSeries (CRU TS), can be used as alternative sources of information, if carefully validated beforehand. The objective of this study was to assess CRU TS (v4.02) rainfall and PET data over the SFW, and to evaluate their long-term (1942–2016) climatological aspects. Point-based measurements retrieved from rain gauges and meteorological stations of national agencies were used for validation. Overall, rainfall and PET gridded data correlated well with point-based observations (r = 0.87 and r = 0.89), with a poorer performance in the lower (semiarid) portion of the SFW (r ranging from 0.50 to 0.70 in individual stations). Increasing PET trends throughout the entire SFW and decreasing rainfall trends in areas surrounding the semiarid SFW were detected in both gridded (smoother slopes) and observational (steeper slopes) datasets. This study provides users with prior information on the accuracy of long-term CRU TS rainfall and PET estimates over the SFW.
Advanced Bioink for 3D Bioprinting of Complex Free-Standing Structures with High Stiffness
Authors: Gu Yawei , Schwarz Benjamin , Forget Aurelien , Barbero Andrea , Martin Ivan , Shastri V. Prasad
Published: November 2020

One of the challenges in 3D-bioprinting is the realization of complex, volumetrically defined structures, that are also anatomically accurate and relevant. Towards this end, in this study we report the development and validation of a carboxylated agarose (CA)-based bioink that is amenable to 3D printing of free-standing structures with high stiffness at physiological temperature using microextrusion printing without the need for a fugitive phase or post-processing or support material (FRESH). By blending CA with negligible amounts of native agarose (NA) a bioink formulation (CANA) which is suitable for printing with nozzles of varying internal diameters under ideal pneumatic pressure was developed. The ability of the CANA ink to exhibit reproducible sol-gel transition at physiological temperature of 37 °C was established through rigorous characterization of the thermal behavior, and rheological properties. Using a customized bioprinter equipped with temperature-controlled nozzle and print bed, high-aspect ratio objects possessing anatomically-relevant curvature and architecture have been printed with high print reproducibility and dimension fidelity. Objects printed with CANA bioink were found to be structurally stable over a wide temperature range of 4 °C to 37 °C, and exhibited robust layer-to-layer bonding and integration, with evenly stratified structures, and a porous interior that is conducive to fluid transport. This exceptional layer-to-layer fusion (bonding) afforded by the CANA bioink during the print obviated the need for post-processing to stabilize printed structures. As a result, this novel CANA bioink is capable of yielding large (5–10 mm tall) free-standing objects ranging from simple tall cylinders, hemispheres, bifurcated ‘Y’-shaped and ‘S’-shaped hollow tubes, and cylinders with compartments without the need for support and/or a fugitive phase. Studies with human nasal chondrocytes showed that the CANA bioink is amenable to the incorporation of high density of cells (30 million/mL) without impact on printability. Furthermore, printed cells showed high viability and underwent mitosis which is necessary for promoting remodeling processes. The ability to print complex structures with high cell densities, combined with excellent cell and tissue biocompatibility of CA bodes well for the exploitation of CANA bioinks as a versatile 3D-bioprinting platform for the clinical translation of regenerative paradigms.
Relative Deficiency of Anti-Inflammatory N-Acylethanolamines Compared to Prostaglandins in Oral Lichen Planus
Authors: Rankin Linda , Gouveia-Figueira Sandra , Danielsson Karin P. , Fowler Christopher J.
Published: November 2020

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory oromucosal disease. The N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), are a family of endogenous biologically active lipid mediators, with palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) being of particular interest here due to its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. In this study using oral mucosa biopsies from OLP patients and healthy controls, we investigated whether NAE synthesis was mobilized in response to the inflammation associated with OLP. PTGS2 levels, coding for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), were increased approximately 4-fold in OLP compared to controls and a significant increase in the ratio of PTGS2 to NAPEPLD, the latter coding for a key enzyme in NAE synthesis, was seen. This was matched by an increased ratio of COX-2-derived prostaglandins to PEA in a second patient cohort. We conclude that there is an imbalance between prostaglandins and PEA in OLP, opening up the possibility that PEA might be a useful treatment for this disorder.
Continuous Electrical Stimulation Affects Initial Growth and Proliferation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells
Authors: Kämmerer Peer W. , Engel Vivien , Plocksties Franz , Jonitz-Heincke Anika , Timmermann Dirk , Engel Nadja , Frerich Bernhard , Bader Rainer , Thiem Daniel G. E. , Skorska Anna , David Robert , Al-Nawas Bilal , Dau Michael
Published: November 2020

The aim of the study was to establish electrical stimulation parameters in order to improve cell growth and viability of human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSC) when compared to non-stimulated cells in vitro. hADSC were exposed to continuous electrical stimulation with 1.7 V AC/20 Hz. After 24, 72 h and 7 days, cell number, cellular surface coverage and cell proliferation were assessed. In addition, cell cycle analysis was carried out after 3 and 7 days. After 24 h, no significant alterations were observed for stimulated cells. At day 3, stimulated cells showed a 4.5-fold increase in cell numbers, a 2.7-fold increase in cellular surface coverage and a significantly increased proliferation. Via cell cycle analysis, a significant increase in the G2/M phase was monitored for stimulated cells. Contrastingly, after 7 days, the non-stimulated group exhibited a 11-fold increase in cell numbers and a 4-fold increase in cellular surface coverage as well as a significant increase in cell proliferation. Moreover, the stimulated cells displayed a shift to the G1 and sub-G1 phase, indicating for metabolic arrest and apoptosis initiation. In accordance, continuous electrical stimulation of hADSC led to a significantly increased cell growth and proliferation after 3 days. However, longer stimulation periods such as 7 days caused an opposite result indicating initiation of apoptosis.
Single-Molecule FRET Detection of Sub-Nanometer Distance Changes in the Range below a 3-Nanometer Scale
Authors: Son Heyjin , Mo Woori , Park Jaeil , Lee Joong-Wook , Lee Sanghwa
Published: November 2020

Single-molecule fluorescence energy transfer (FRET) detection has become a key technique to monitor intra- and intermolecular distance changes in biological processes. As the sensitive detection range of conventional FRET pairs is limited to 3–8 nm, complement probes are necessary for extending this typical working range. Here, we realized a single-molecule FRET assay for a short distance range of below 3 nm by using a Cy2–Cy7 pair having extremely small spectral overlap. Using two DNA duplexes with a small difference in the labeling position, we demonstrated that our assay can observe subtle changes at a short distance range. High sensitivity in the range of 1–3 nm and compatibility with the conventional FRET assay make this approach useful for understanding dynamics at a short distance.
Enhanced Vigilance Stability during Daytime in Insomnia Disorder
Authors: Losert Ariane , Sander Christian , Schredl Michael , Heilmann-Etzbach Ivonne , Deuschle Michael , Hegerl Ulrich , Schilling Claudia
Published: November 2020

Central nervous hyperarousal is as a key component of current pathophysiological concepts of chronic insomnia disorder. However, there are still open questions regarding its exact nature and the mechanisms linking hyperarousal to sleep disturbance. Here, we aimed at studying waking state hyperarousal in insomnia by the perspective of resting-state vigilance dynamics. The VIGALL (Vigilance Algorithm Leipzig) algorithm has been developed to investigate resting-state vigilance dynamics, and it revealed, for example, enhanced vigilance stability in depressive patients. We hypothesized that patients with insomnia also show a more stable vigilance regulation. Thirty-four unmedicated patients with chronic insomnia and 25 healthy controls participated in a twenty-minute resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) measurement following a night of polysomnography. Insomnia patients showed enhanced EEG vigilance stability as compared to controls. The pattern of vigilance hyperstability differed from that reported previously in depressive patients. Vigilance hyperstability was also present in insomnia patients showing only mildly reduced sleep efficiency. In this subgroup, vigilance hyperstability correlated with measures of disturbed sleep continuity and arousal. Our data indicate that insomnia disorder is characterized by hyperarousal at night as well as during daytime.
Brain Activations and Functional Connectivity Patterns Associated with Insight-Based and Analytical Anagram Solving
Authors: Sinitsyn Dmitry O. , Bakulin Ilya S. , Poydasheva Alexandra G. , Legostaeva Liudmila A. , Kremneva Elena I. , Lagoda Dmitry Yu. , Chernyavskiy Andrey Yu. , Medyntsev Alexey A. , Suponeva Natalia A. , Piradov Michael A.
Published: November 2020

Insight is one of the most mysterious problem-solving phenomena involving the sudden emergence of a solution, often preceded by long unproductive attempts to find it. This seemingly unexplainable generation of the answer, together with the role attributed to insight in the advancement of science, technology and culture, stimulate active research interest in discovering its neuronal underpinnings. The present study employs functional Magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to probe and compare the brain activations occurring in the course of solving anagrams by insight or analytically, as judged by the subjects. A number of regions were activated in both strategies, including the left premotor cortex, left claustrum, and bilateral clusters in the precuneus and middle temporal gyrus. The activated areas span the majority of the clusters reported in a recent meta-analysis of insight-related fMRI studies. At the same time, the activation patterns were very similar between the insight and analytical solutions, with the only difference in the right sensorimotor region probably explainable by subject motion related to the study design. Additionally, we applied resting-state fMRI to study functional connectivity patterns correlated with the individual frequency of insight anagram solutions. Significant correlations were found for the seed-based connectivity of areas in the left premotor cortex, left claustrum, and left frontal eye field. The results stress the need for optimizing insight paradigms with respect to the accuracy and reliability of the subjective insight/analytical solution classification. Furthermore, the short-lived nature of the insight phenomenon makes it difficult to capture the associated neural events with the current experimental techniques and motivates complementing such studies by the investigation of the structural and functional brain features related to the individual differences in the frequency of insight-based decisions.
Liver Cirrhosis in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients Is Associated with Genetic Variations in DNA Repair Pathway Genes
Authors: Rybicka Magda , Woziwodzka Anna , Sznarkowska Alicja , Romanowski Tomasz , Stalke Piotr , Dręczewski Marcin , Verrier Eloi R. , Baumert Thomas F. , Bielawski Krzysztof Piotr
Published: November 2020

Liver cirrhosis (LC), contributing to more than 1 million of deaths annually, is a major healthcare concern worldwide. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major LC etiological factor, and 15% of patients with chronic HBV infection (CHB) develop LC within 5 years. Recently, novel host genetic determinants were shown to influence HBV lifecycle and CHB course. DNA repair enzymes can affect dynamics of liver damage and are involved in HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) formation, an essential step for viral replication. This study aimed to evaluate the possible role of genes representing key DNA-repair pathways in HBV-induced liver damage. MALDI-TOF MS genotyping platform was applied to evaluate variations within XRCC1, XRCC4, ERCC2, ERCC5, RAD52, Mre11, and NBN genes. Apart from older age (p < 0.001), female sex (p = 0.021), portal hypertension (p < 0.001), thrombocytopenia (p < 0.001), high HBV DNA (p = 0.001), and high aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (p < 0.001), we found that G allele at rs238406 (ERCC2, p = 0.025), T allele at rs25487 (XRCC1, p = 0.012), rs13181 GG genotype (ERCC2, p = 0.034), and C allele at rs2735383 (NBN, p = 0.042) were also LC risk factors. The multivariate logistic regression model showed that rs25487 CC (p = 0.005) and rs238406 TT (p = 0.027) were independently associated with lower risk of LC. This study provides evidence for the impact of functional and potentially functional variations in key DNA-repair genes XRCC1 and ERCC2 in HBV-induced liver damage in a Caucasian population.
The Rosmarinus Bioactive Compound Carnosic Acid Is a Novel PPAR Antagonist That Inhibits the Browning of White Adipocytes
Authors: Colson Cécilia , Batrow Pierre-Louis , Gautier Nadine , Rochet Nathalie , Ailhaud Gérard , Peiretti Franck , Amri Ez-Zoubir
Published: November 2020

Thermogenic brown and brite adipocytes convert chemical energy from nutrients into heat. Therapeutics that regulate brown adipocyte recruitment and activity represent interesting strategies to control fat mass such as in obesity or cachexia. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family plays key roles in the maintenance of adipose tissue and in the regulation of thermogenic activity. Activation of these receptors induce browning of white adipocyte. The purpose of this work was to characterize the role of carnosic acid (CA), a compound used in traditional medicine, in the control of brown/brite adipocyte formation and function. We used human multipotent adipose-derived stem (hMADS) cells differentiated into white or brite adipocytes. The expression of key marker genes was determined using RT-qPCR and western blotting. We show here that CA inhibits the browning of white adipocytes and favors decreased gene expression of thermogenic markers. CA treatment does not affect β-adrenergic response. Importantly, the effects of CA are fully reversible. We used transactivation assays to show that CA has a PPARα/γ antagonistic action. Our data pinpoint CA as a drug able to control PPAR activity through an antagonistic effect. These observations shed some light on the development of natural PPAR antagonists and their potential effects on thermogenic response.
Transcriptional Regulation of Sphingosine Kinase 1
Authors: Bonica Joseph , Mao Cungui , Obeid Lina M. , Hannun Yusuf A.
Published: November 2020

Once thought to be primarily structural in nature, sphingolipids have become increasingly appreciated as second messengers in a wide array of signaling pathways. Sphingosine kinase 1, or SK1, is one of two sphingosine kinases that phosphorylate sphingosine into sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). S1P is generally pro-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic, immunomodulatory, and pro-survival; therefore, high SK1 expression and activity have been associated with certain inflammatory diseases and cancer. It is thus important to develop an understanding of the regulation of SK1 expression and activity. In this review, we explore the current literature on SK1 transcriptional regulation, illustrating a complex system of transcription factors, cytokines, and even micro-RNAs (miRNAs) on the post transcriptional level.
Association between Dietary Habits and Parental Health with Obesity among Children with Precocious Puberty
Authors: Hong Yong Hee , Woo Yeon Ju , Lee Jong Hyun , Shin Young-Lim , Lim Hee-Sook
Published: November 2020

Precocious puberty, resulting in various physical, mental, and social changes, may have negative consequences for children and their families. In this study, we investigated whether there were differences between parental obesity, children’s and parent’s awareness of body shape, and dietary habits according to obesity levels in children with precocious puberty. A total of 193 children (93.3% girls) diagnosed with precocious puberty were classified into three groups according to their obesity levels. Negative body shape awareness and dissatisfaction were significantly higher in the obese group than in the normal-weight group, and parents were more likely to perceive their children as fat than the children themselves. In addition, the obesity rate of parents in the obese group was higher, and the body mass indexes of children and parents were significantly correlated. The nutrition quotients (NQs) were revealed to be significantly lower in the obese group with significantly lower scores. The significant factors related to obesity were the awareness of a fatty body image and dissatisfaction, obesity of the parents, and the NQ. The results show that obese children with precocious puberty were more vulnerable to negative lifestyle, family environment, and self-esteem effects than their normal-weight peers. Therefore, various interventions, such as environmental management, psychological support, and nutrition education, are needed that focus on the obesity and health conditions of children with precocious puberty.
Special Issue “Magnetron Sputtering Deposited Thin Films and Its Applications”
Authors: Sanchette Frédéric , Billard Alain
Published: November 2020

The physical vapour deposition processes, and in particular different variants of sputtering, have reached a maturity making possible industrial applications in numerous fields such as mechanics [...]
Catalyzed HTPB/HDI-Trimer Curing Reactions and Influence on Pot Life
Authors: Ma Hui , Liu Yucun , Guo Jiahu , Chai Tao , Yu Yanwu , Yuan Junming , Jing Suming , Feng Fawei , Zhong Lunchao , Zhou Yanming , Zhang Qin , Wang Guodong
Published: November 2020

In this research, rheokinetics is used to study the curing reaction of hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) and trimer of hexamethylene-1,6-diisocyanate (HDI-trimer) with 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) as catalyst under different catalyst mass fraction. The results show that the pot life of the system depends on the catalyst mass fraction in the binder system. Furthermore, with increased catalyst mass fraction, the fitting diagram obtained by plotting ln (viscosity) versus curing time shows a better linear relationship. Therefore, the amount of catalyst required to achieve a certain pot life can be calculated through the formula. It is worth mentioning that the applicable pot life equations are proposed in the paper. From the equations, we find that under isothermal curing conditions at 35 °C, when the mass fraction of DABCO was 0.216 wt.%, the pot life of the HTPB/HDI-trimer binder system reaches 4 h.
On the Electrical and Optical Properties Stability of P3HT Thin Films Sensitized with Nitromethane Ferric Chloride Solutions
Authors: Hrostea Laura , Leontie Liviu , Dobromir Marius , Doroftei Corneliu , Girtan Mihaela
Published: November 2020

The electrical and optical properties stability of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) thin films sensitized with nitromethane ferric chloride (FeCl3) solution was investigated. The optical properties modifications were studied by spectrophotometry and ellipsometry. For electrical characterizations, electrical resistivity measurements were performed. In agreement with the observations of other authors, an important decrease in the electrical resistivity by six orders of magnitude was noticed. In addition, the repeatability and stability of this phenomenon were investigated over a few weeks after sensitization and during different cycles of heating and cooling, both in the dark and under illumination.
Lignin-Based Sunscreens—State-of-the-Art, Prospects and Challenges
Authors: Widsten Petri
Published: November 2020

This review covers the latest developments and challenges in the field of broad-spectrum sunscreens and how sunscreens based on lignin address their requirements in terms of sunlight protection, antioxidants, and preservatives.
Impaired Ratio of Unsaturated to Saturated Non-Esterified Fatty Acids in Saliva from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Gelzo Monica , Iacotucci Paola , Carnovale Vincenzo , Castaldo Alice , Comegna Marika , Cernera Gustavo , Corso Gaetano , Castaldo Giuseppe
Published: November 2020

Impaired salivary non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) levels have been previously observed in cystic fibrosis (CF). This study aimed to characterize the salivary NEFA profile in CF and to examine whether the alterations are related to the pancreatic status and/or lung disease severity. We analyzed salivary NEFA, cholesterol and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in CF patients (n = 66) and healthy subjects (n = 48). CF patients showed higher salivary levels of cholesterol, total NEFA (that was negatively correlated with serum triglycerides), unsaturated NEFA/saturated NEFA (U/S NEFA) ratio and IL-6 than controls. The U/S NEFA ratio was positively correlated with IL-6 in both patients and controls, suggesting an association between this parameter and local inflammation independently from the disease. No correlation between salivary lipids and pancreatic status was observed, while the U/S NEFA ratio was higher in patients with severe lung disease than mild/moderate severity and may represent a prognostic marker of lung disease in CF.
Deterministic Secure Quantum Communication on the BB84 System
Authors: Jeong Youn-Chang , Ji Se-Wan , Hong Changho , Park Hee Su , Jang Jingak
Published: November 2020

In this paper, we propose a deterministic secure quantum communication (DSQC) protocol based on the BB84 system. We developed this protocol to include quantum entity authentication in the DSQC procedure. By first performing quantum entity authentication, it was possible to prevent third-party intervention. We demonstrate the security of the proposed protocol against the intercept-and-re-send attack and the entanglement-and-measure attack. Implementation of this protocol was demonstrated for quantum channels of various lengths. Especially, we propose the use of the multiple generation and shuffling method to prevent a loss of message in the experiment.
Economic Energy Efficiency of Food Production Systems
Authors: Bajan Bartłomiej , Mrówczyńska-Kamińska Aldona , Poczta Walenty
Published: November 2020

The current global population growth forecast carries with it a global increase in demand for food. In order to meet this demand, it is necessary to increase production, which requires an increase in energy consumption. However, forecasted energy production growth is insufficient and traditional sources of energy are limited; hence, it is necessary to strive for greater energy efficiency in food production systems. The study aimed to compare the economic energy efficiency of food production systems in selected countries and identify the sources of diversification in this field. As a measure of energy efficiency, the indicators of the energy intensity of food production were used in this study. To calculate these indicators, a method based on input-output life-cycle assessment assumptions was used, which enables researchers to obtain fully comparable results between countries. The study showed that despite an increase in energy consumption in the food production systems of the analyzed countries by an average of 27%, from 19.3 EJ to 24.5 EJ, from 2000 to 2014, their energy intensity decreased, on average, by more than 18%, from 8.5 MJ/USD to 6.9 MJ/USD. This means that energy efficiency improvements are possible even under conditions of increased energy consumption, which in turn, means that food production can increase significantly. In the case of developed countries, the main inefficiencies are found in agricultural production, while in developing countries, they are observed in the food industry. Decision-makers should also pay attention to the high level of energy intensity that results from the supply of inputs to agriculture and the food industry because there is great potential for the improvement of energy efficiency in this field, especially because energy consumption associated with supply constitutes a major part of total consumption in the food production systems of developed countries.
Numerical Investigation of Performance and Flow Characteristics of a Tunnel Ventilation Axial Fan with Thickness Profile Treatments of NACA Airfoil
Authors: Kim Yong-In , Lee Sang-Yeol , Lee Kyoung-Yong , Yang Sang-Ho , Choi Young-Seok
Published: November 2020

An axial flow fan, which is applied for ventilation in underground spaces such as tunnels, features a medium–large size, and most of the blades go through the casting process in consideration of mass production and cost. In the casting process, post-work related to roughness treatment is essential, and this is a final operation to determine the thickness profile of an airfoil which is designed from the empirical equation. In this study, the effect of the thickness profile of an airfoil on the performance and aerodynamic characteristics of the axial fan was examined through numerical analysis with the commercial code, ANSYS CFX. In order to conduct the sensitivity analysis on the effect of the maximum thickness position for each span on the performance at the design flow rate, the design of experiments (DOE) method was applied with a full factorial design as an additional attempt. The energy loss near the shroud span was confirmed with a quantified value for the tip leakage flow (TLF) rate through the tip clearance, and the trajectory of the TLF was observed on the two-dimensional (2D) coordinates system. The trajectory of the TLF matched well with the tendency of the calculated angle and correlated with the intensity of the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) distribution. However, a correlation between the TLF rate and TKE could not be established. Meanwhile, the Q-criterion method was applied to specifically initiate the distribution of flow separation and inlet recirculation. The location accompanying the energy loss was mutually confirmed with the axial coordinates. Additionally, the nonuniform blade loading distribution, which was more severe as the maximum thickness position moved toward the leading edge (LE), could be improved significantly as the thickness near the trailing edge (TE) became thinner. The validation for the numerical analysis results was performed through a model-sized experimental test.
Life Cycle Performance of Various Energy Sources Used in the Czech Republic
Authors: Šerešová Markéta , Štefanica Jiří , Vitvarová Monika , Zakuciová Kristina , Wolf Petr , Kočí Vladimír
Published: November 2020

As both the human population and living standards grow, so does the worldwide electricity demand. However, the power sector is also one of the biggest environmental polluters. Therefore, options are currently being sought aimed at reducing environmental impacts, one of the potential tools for which concerns the use of life cycle assessment. This study, therefore, focuses on the most commonly used nonrenewable (black coal, lignite, natural gas and nuclear) and renewable sources (wind, hydro and photovoltaic) in the Czech Republic in terms of their construction, operation, and decommissioning periods. Environmental impacts are assessed via the use of selected impact categories by way of product environmental footprint methodology. The results highlight the potential environmental impacts associated with electricity generation for each of the primary energy sources. Black coal and lignite power plants were found to contribute most to the global warming, resource use, energy carriers and respiratory inorganics categories. On the other hand, the impact on water depletion and resource use, mineral and metals categories were found to be most significantly affected by the production of electricity from photovoltaic power plants. Finally, it is proposed that the results be employed to design scenarios for the future energy mix.
Climate Change Mitigation Policies in the Transportation Sector in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Silva Tatiana Bruce da , Baptista Patrícia , Silva Carlos A. Santos , Santos Luan
Published: November 2020

This study analyzes climate change mitigation policies focused on light-duty electric vehicles (LDEVs) in the transportation sector in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, in the 2016–2050 period. We use the Open Source Energy Modeling System (OSeMOSYS) to analyze scenarios that consider greater uptake of LDEVs in different time frames, implementation of a CO2 emission restriction policy, exclusion of fossil fuels from the power mix, and a combination of these policies. We find that carbon pricing, along with higher rates of LDEVs adoption, causes the highest emission reductions (up to 47%), albeit at higher costs. LDEVs become the preferred vehicle technology as soon as they reach cost parity with internal combustion engine vehicles in different scenarios. Greater LDEVs uptake, however, leads to increased electricity consumption (up to 3%), which is provided by fossil fuels when there is no emission restriction policy. If restrictions are placed on the expansion of fossil fuel power plants, fewer LDEVs are adopted (up to less than 26%) because there is not enough electricity to supply the demand. Given the state’s power mix in 2016 (58% provided by fossil fuels), investment in zero-carbon energy is necessary for mitigation policies in the transportation sector to be effective.
Analysis of the Effect of Climate Warming on Paludification Processes: Will Soil Conditions Limit the Adaptation of Northern Boreal Forests to Climate Change? A Synthesis
Authors: Laamrani Ahmed , Valeria Osvaldo , Chehbouni Abdelghani , Bergeron Yves
Published: November 2020

Northern boreal forests are characterized by accumulation of accumulation of peat (e.g., known as paludification). The functioning of northern boreal forest species and their capacity to adapt to environmental changes appear to depend on soil conditions. Climate warming is expected to have particularly pronounced effects on paludified boreal ecosystems and can alter current forest species composition and adaptation by changing soil conditions such as moisture, temperature regimes, and soil respiration. In this paper, we review and synthesize results from various reported studies (i.e., 88 research articles cited hereafter) to assess the effects of climatic warming on soil conditions of paludified forests in North America. Predictions that global warming may increase the decomposition rate must be considered in combination with its impact on soil moisture, which appears to be a limiting factor. Local adaptation or acclimation to current climatic conditions is occurring in boreal forests, which is likely to be important for continued ecosystem stability in the context of climate change. The most commonly cited response of boreal forest species to global warming is a northward migration that tracks the climate and soil conditions (e.g., temperature and moisture) to which they are adapted. Yet, some constraints may influence this kind of adaptation, such as water availability, changes in fire regimes, decomposer adaptations, and the dynamic of peat accumulation. In this paper, as a study case, we examined an example of potential effects of climatic warming on future paludification changes in the eastern lowland region of Canada through three different combined hypothetical scenarios based on temperature and precipitation (e.g., unchanged, increase, or decrease). An increase scenario in precipitation will likely favor peat accumulation in boreal forest stands prone to paludification and facilitate forested peatland expansion into upland forest, while decreased or unchanged precipitation combined with an increase in temperature will probably favor succession of forested peatlands to upland boreal forests. Each of the three scenarios were discussed in this study, and consequent silvicultural treatment options were suggested for each scenario to cope with anticipated soil and species changes in the boreal forests. We concluded that, despite the fact boreal soils will not constrain adaptation of boreal forests, some consequences of climatic warming may reduce the ability of certain species to respond to natural disturbances such as pest and disease outbreaks, and extreme weather events.
Phytotoxic Effect of Macerates and Mulches from Cupressus leylandii Leaves on Clover and Cress: Role of Chemical Composition
Authors: Khaled Amina , Sleiman Mohamad , Goupil Pascale , Richard Claire
Published: November 2020

The use of plant secondary metabolites is an attractive strategy to control weeds. In this work, cypress (Cupressus leylandii) leaves were collected and tested as aqueous macerates or mulches for their ability to control seed germination and seedling growth of Trifolium repens and Lepidium sativum. Leaves were collected on trees facing the north (S) or facing the sun (L). The rate of seed germination measured on sand was drastically slowed down by the cypress leaves after 8 d of maceration, reaching inhibition of >85% compared to the control at 7 d post-imbibition (dpi). Analysis of macerates by UHPLC-MS revealed the presence of organic acids, phenols, and sugars in amounts increasing with maceration time and the phytotoxic effect. A 5 cm layer of cypress leaf mulch also significantly reduced (p < 0.001) the rate of seedling appearance of Lepidium sativum measured on potting soil compared to the control. Mulches prepared using L leaves were more efficient than those prepared with S leaves (p = 0.0029). Analysis of ethanolic extracts of leaves by mass spectrometry (MS) coupled to liquid (UHPLC) or gas chromatography (GC) showed the presence of a variety of monoterpenes, monoterpenoids, and diterpenoids with a labdane backbone. They were all more concentrated in mulches prepared with L leaves than those prepared with S leaves, in particular diterpenoids, which were about 10-fold more concentrated. However, the identification of phytotoxic components needs further research. It is concluded that due to their phytotoxic properties, Cupressus leylandii leaves could be used as mulch or macerate for target treatment of weedy areas.