bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Achilles tendon strain energy in distance running: consider the muscle energy cost
Authors: Fletcher Jared R. , MacIntosh Brian R.
Published: November 2014

The return of tendon strain energy is thought to contribute to reducing the energy cost of running (Erun). However, this may not be consistent with the notion that increased Achilles tendon (AT) stiffness is associated with a lower Erun. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to quantify the potential for AT strain energy return relative to Erunfor male and female runners of different abilities. A total of 46 long distance runners [18 elite male (EM), 12 trained male (TM), and 16 trained female (TF)] participated in this study. Erunwas determined by indirect calorimetry at 75, 85, and 95% of the speed at lactate threshold (sLT), and energy cost per stride at each speed was estimated from previously reported stride length (SL)-speed relationships. AT force during running was estimated from reported vertical ground reaction force (Fz)-speed relationships, assuming an AT:ground reaction force moment arm ratio of 1.5. AT elongation was quantified during a maximal voluntary isometric contraction using ultrasound. Muscle energy cost was conservatively estimated on the basis of AT force and estimated cross-bridge mechanics and energetics. Significant group differences existed in sLT (EM > TM > TF; P < 0.001). A significant group × speed interaction was found in the energy storage/release per stride (TM > TF > EM; P < 0.001), the latter ranging from 10 to 70 J/stride. At all speeds and in all groups, estimated muscle energy cost exceeded energy return ( P < 0.001). These results show that during distance running the muscle energy cost is substantially higher than the strain energy release from the AT.
Periodic breathing in healthy humans at exercise in hypoxia*
Authors: Hermand Eric , Pichon Aurélien , Lhuissier François J. , Richalet Jean-Paul
Published: November 2014

Periodic breathing is frequent in heart failure or ventilatory disorders during sleep, and common during sleep at high altitude, but has been rarely studied in wakefulness and during exercise. A retrospective analysis of ventilation from hypoxia exercise tests was realized in 82 healthy subjects separated into two groups with either high or low ventilatory response to hypoxia at exercise (HVRe). A fast Fourier transform spectral analysis of the breath-by-breath ventilation (V̇e) signal, O2saturation, and end-tidal PCO2evidenced a periodic pattern with a period of 11.1 to 12.0 s. The peak power of the V̇e spectrum was higher in the high HVRe group ( P < 0.001). A prospective study (25 subjects) was performed to evaluate the influence of cardiorespiratory factors on the amplitude and period of oscillations in various conditions of exercise (20 to 40% maximal aerobic power) and hypoxia (0 to 4,000 m altitude). The period of V̇e was shorter at exercise (vs. rest, P < 0.001) and hypoxia (vs. normoxia, P < 0.001), and inversely related with cardiac output and V̇e ( P < 0.001). V̇e peak power was higher at exercise ( P < 0.001) and hypoxia ( P < 0.001), and was positively related with cardiac output and V̇e ( P < 0.001). V̇e peak power in hypoxia was positively related with the ventilatory response to CO2(HCVR). This novel observation suggests that healthy subjects demonstrate a spontaneous periodic breathing, not clearly observable at rest and in normoxia, but triggered by hypoxic exercise. The periodic pattern is enhanced in subjects with high HVRe and high HCVR, suggesting that oxygen and CO2play synergistic roles in the modulation of these oscillations.
PIK3CA Mutational Status in Circulating Tumor Cells Can Change During Disease Recurrence or Progression in Patients with Breast Cancer
Authors: Markou Athina , Farkona Sofia , Schiza Christina , Efstathiou Tonia , Kounelis Sophia , Malamos Nikos , Georgoulias Vassilis , Lianidou Evi
Published: November 2014

Purpose: Molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells (CTC) is crucial for the investigation of molecular-targeted therapies while PIK3CA somatic mutations play a crucial role in therapy response. We investigated the presence of PIK3CA mutations in CTC and whether this is associated with clinical outcome.

Experimental Design: We developed and validated an ultrasensitive methodology for the detection of PIK3CA mutations that is based on a combination of allele-specific, asymmetric rapid PCR and melting analysis. We analyzed PIK3CA hotspot mutations in: (i) a training group consisting of EpCAM-positive CTC fraction from 37 patients with clinically confirmed metastasis, and 26 healthy female volunteers and 15 primary breast tumor tissues and (ii) an independent group consisting of EpCAM-positive CTC fraction from 57 metastatic and 118 operable breast cancer patients and 76 corresponding primary tumors.

Results: The assay could detect 0.05% of mutated dsDNA in the presence of 99.95% wtDNA for both exons (9 and 20) and was highly specific (0/26 healthy donors). PIK3CA mutations were identified in EpCAM-positive CTC in 20 of 57(35.1%) and in 23 of 118 (19.5%) patients with metastatic and operable breast cancer, and in 45 of 76(59.2%) corresponding FFPEs. Our data indicate that PIK3CA mutational status in CTCs can change during disease progression and is associated with worse survival (P = 0.047).

Conclusions: PIK3CA hotspot mutations are present at a relatively high frequency in CTCs and their presence is associated with worse survival in patients with breast cancer with metastasis. Evaluation of PIK3CA mutational status in CTCs is a strategy with potential clinical application. Clin Cancer Res; 20(22); 5823–34. ©2014 AACR.
Immunotherapy for Primary Brain Tumors: No Longer a Matter of Privilege
Authors: Fecci Peter E. , Heimberger Amy B. , Sampson John H.
Published: November 2014

Immunotherapy for cancer continues to gain both momentum and legitimacy as a rational mode of therapy and a vital treatment component in the emerging era of personalized medicine. Gliomas, and their most malignant form, glioblastoma, remain as a particularly devastating solid tumor for which standard treatment options proffer only modest efficacy and target specificity. Immunotherapy would seem a well-suited choice to address such deficiencies given both the modest inherent immunogenicity of gliomas and the strong desire for treatment specificity within the confines of the toxicity-averse normal brain. This review highlights the caveats and challenges to immunotherapy for primary brain tumors, as well as reviewing modalities that are currently used or are undergoing active investigation. Tumor immunosuppressive countermeasures, peculiarities of central nervous system immune access, and opportunities for rational treatment design are discussed.

See all articles in this CCR Focus section, “Discoveries, Challenges, and Progress in Primary Brain Tumors.”

Clin Cancer Res; 20(22); 5620–9. ©2014 AACR.
Anterior Chamber Paracentesis Might Prevent Sustained Intraocular Pressure Elevation after Intravitreal Injections of Ranibizumab for Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Ichiyama Yusuke , Sawada Tomoko , Kakinoki Masashi , Sawada Osamu , Nakashima Tomoko , Saishin Yoshitsugu , Kawamura Hajime , Ohji Masahito
Published: November 2014

Background/Aims: To evaluate the efficacy of anterior chamber paracentesis for preventing sustained intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation after intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) injections for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods: The medical records for all cases of exudative AMD treated with IVR injections and followed monthly for 12 months or longer were reviewed retrospectively. Anterior chamber paracentesis was performed just before IVR injections. A sustained IOP elevation was defined as 22 mm Hg or higher during 2 consecutive visits with an increase exceeding 6 mm Hg from baseline. Results: One hundred and eleven eyes met the inclusion criteria, and none of these eyes had a sustained IOP elevation. Conclusions: Anterior chamber paracentesis before IVR injections may prevent sustained IOP elevations.
Preoperative Risk Factors for Residual Tricuspid Regurgitation after Isolated Left-Sided Valve Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Zhu Tie-Yuan , Min Xin-Ping , Zhang Hai-Bo , Meng Xu
Published: November 2014

Objectives: Residual tricuspid regurgitation (TR) that has developed after isolated left-sided valve surgery is not uncommon. Indications for concomitant tricuspid repair at the initial operation have not been well established. The selection of high-risk preoperative patients is of great importance in this situation. Methods: Six databases were searched to access eligible articles reporting potential risk factors for the development of residual TR. The pooled analysis of risk factors was based on odds ratios or mean differences with their 95% confidence intervals. Results: A total of 3,138 patients with 487 residual TR in 11 studies were analyzed. Of the 14 candidate parameters in our meta-analysis, 10 factors, i.e. older age, female gender, atrial fibrillation, rheumatic etiology, mitral valve surgery, previous valve surgery, a long time from onset to surgery, 2+/3+ TR and enlarged left and right atria, were found to be significantly associated with the development of residual TR. Conclusions: Our study highlights the role of the above preoperative risk factors in the development of residual TR after isolated left-sided valve surgery and emphasizes the need of further studies to investigate other potential predictors. Moreover, predictive models or scoring systems for the identification of patients at a high risk for developing late TR are urgently needed.
Induction of Dendritic Cell–Mediated T-Cell Activation by Modified but Not Native Low-Density Lipoprotein in Humans and Inhibition by Annexin A5
Authors: Liu Anquan , Ming Julia Yue , Fiskesund Roland , Ninio Ewa , Karabina Sonia-Athina , Bergmark Claes , Frostegård Anna G. , Frostegård Johan
Published: November 2014

Objective—

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease, where activated immunocompetent cells, including dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells are abundant in plaques. Low-density lipoprotein modified either by oxidation (oxLDL) or by human group X-secreted phospholipase A2 (LDLx) and heat shock proteins (HSP), especially HSP60 and 90, have been implicated in atherosclerosis. We previously reported that Annexin A5 inhibits inflammatory effects of phospholipids, decreases vascular inflammation and improves vascular function in apolipoprotein E
−/−
mice. Here, we focus on the LDLx effects on human DCs and T cells.

Approach and Results—

Human DCs were differentiated from peripheral blood monocytes, stimulated by oxLDL or LDLx. Naive autologous T cells were cocultured with pretreated DCs. oxLDL and LDLx, in contrast to LDL, induced DC-activation and T-cell proliferation. T cells exposed to LDLx-treated DCs produced interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-17 but not IL-4 and IL-10. Annexin A5 abrogated LDLx effects on DCs and T cells and increased production of transforming growth factor-β and IL-10. Furthermore, IL-10 producing T cells suppressed primary T-cell activation via soluble IL-10, transforming growth factor-β, and cell–cell contact. Lentiviral-mediated shRNA knock-down HSP60 and 90 in DCs attenuated the effect of LDLx on DCs and subsequent T-cell proliferation. Experiments on DC and T cells derived from carotid atherosclerotic plaques gave similar results.

Conclusions—

Our data show that modified forms of LDL such as LDLx but not native LDL activate human T cells through DCs. HSP60 and 90 contribute to such T-cell activation. Annexin A5 promotes induction of regulatory T cells and is potentially interesting as a therapeutic agent.
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Impairs Diabetic Wound Healing Through Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 Dephosphorylation
Authors: Zhang Jing , Li Limin , Li Jing , Liu Yuan , Zhang Chen-Yu , Zhang Yujing , Zen Ke
Published: November 2014

Objective—

Impaired wound healing is a major complication of diabetes mellitus. The mechanisms that govern wound healing, however, are complex and incompletely understood. In the present study, we determined the inhibitory role of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) in the process of diabetic wound healing.

Approach and Results—

First, by comparing the wound healing process in PTP1B knockout (PTP1B
−/−
) mice,
ob/ob
mice and their wild-type littermates in the presence or absence of streptozotocin treatment, we showed that the inhibition of mouse wound healing in streptozotocin-induced diabetic conditions is because of the upregulation and activation of PTP1B. Second, the impaired wound healing in
ob/ob
mice and streptozotocin-treated wild-type mice was rescued by a PTP1B inhibitor. Third, PTP1B, which is upregulated under hyperglycemic condition, inhibited the tube formation, proliferation, and migration of human microvascular endothelial cells induced by vascular endothelial growth factor, whereas this inhibition was largely abolished by the PTP1B inhibitor. Finally, mechanism study further indicated that PTP1B likely suppressed the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of vascular endothelial cells through dephosphorylation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2.

Conclusions—

Our study demonstrated that PTP1B negatively modulated the diabetic wound healing process by dephosphorylating the endothelial cell vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 and that the specific inhibitor of PTP1B might serve as a potential novel therapeutic tool for diabetic wound healing.
Clinical, Radiological, and Flow-Related Risk Factors for Growth of Untreated, Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms
Authors: Bor A. Stijntje E. , Tiel Groenestege Andreas T. , terBrugge Karel G. , Agid Ronit , Velthuis Birgitta K. , Rinkel Gabriel J.E. , Wermer Marieke J.H.
Published: November 2014

Background and Purpose—

Unruptured intracranial aneurysms are frequently followed to monitor aneurysm growth. We studied the yield of follow-up imaging and analyzed risk factors for aneurysm growth.

Methods—

We included patients with untreated, unruptured intracranial aneurysms and ≥6 months of follow-up imaging from 2 large prospectively collected databases. We assessed the proportion of patients with aneurysm growth and performed univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses to calculate hazard ratios with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) for clinical and radiological risk factors for aneurysm growth. We repeated these analyses for the subset of small (<7 mm) aneurysms.

Results—

Fifty-seven (12%) of 468 aneurysms in 363 patients grew during a median follow-up of 2.1 years (total follow-up, 1372 patient-years). In multivariable analysis, hazard ratios for aneurysm growth were as follows: 1.1 (95% CI, 1.0–1.2) per each additional mm of initial aneurysm size; 2.7 (95% CI, 1.2–6.4) for dome > neck ratio; 2.1 (95% CI, 0.9–4.9) for location in the posterior circulation; and 2.0 (95% CI, 0.8–4.8) for multilobarity. In the subset of aneurysms <7 mm, 37 of 403 (9%) enlarged. In multivariable analysis, hazard ratios for aneurysm growth were 1.1 (95% CI, 0.8–1.5) per each additional mm of initial aneurysm size, 2.2 (95% CI, 1.0–4.8) for smoking, 2.9 (95% CI, 1.0–8.5) for multilobarity, 2.4 (95% CI, 1.0–5.8) for dome/neck ratio, and 2.0 (95% CI, 0.6–7.0) for location in the posterior circulation.

Conclusions—

Initial aneurysm size, dome/neck ratio, and multilobarity are risk factors for aneurysm growth. Cessation of smoking is pivotal because smoking is a modifiable risk factor for growth of small aneurysms.
Functional Outcome After Common Poststroke Complications Occurring in the First 90 Days
Authors: Rohweder Gitta , Ellekjær Hanne , Salvesen Øyvind , Naalsund Eirik , Indredavik Bent
Published: November 2014

Background and Purpose—

The aim of this study was to explore the associations of common medical complications with functional outcome at 90 days post stroke.

Methods—

Patients with unselected acute stroke were included and observed for 16 predefined complications during the first week. Fifty percent (244 patients) were allocated to follow-up of 13 complications until 90 days and then assessed with the modified Rankin Scale 90. Common complications were defined as complications with frequencies of ≥5%. Ordinal logistic regression (worsened outcome), as well as binary logistic regression for severe dependency and death (modified Rankin Scale score>3) was performed.

Results—

Seven of the 13 complications occurred at a frequency ≥5%. Recurrent stroke and chest infection were found to have an odds ratio for worsened outcome of 7.45 (95% confidence interval, 2.83–20.96;
P
<0.0001) and 3.28 (95% confidence interval, 1.16–9.29;
P
=0.025), respectively. Infections other than chest infections and urinary tract infections had an odds ratio for worsened outcome of 1.59 (95% confidence interval, 1.12–2.24;
P
=0.009) and falls an odds ratio of 1.43 (95% confidence interval, 1.06 to 1.93;
P
=0.021). Myocardial infarction, urinary tract infections, and pain were not associated with a worsened outcome in terms of modified Rankin Scale 90.

Conclusions—

Recurrent stroke and chest infections were strongly associated with a worsened outcome. Other infections and falls were associated with less worsening. For myocardial infarction, urinary tract infections, and pain no association with functional outcome was found. Active strategies for prevention and early treatment of the first 2 complications seem advisable; patient monitoring as part of comprehensive stroke unit care should ensure timely identification and treatment of all complications.
Feasibility Platform for Stroke Studies
Authors: Minnerup Jens , Trinczek Benjamin , Storck Michael , Hohenberger Maria , Wilpsbäumer Simon , Abdul-Rahim Azmil H. , Liesirova Kai Timo , Broeg-Morvay Anne , Meisterernst Julia , Lees Kennedy R. , Mattle Heinrich P. , Wersching Heike , Dziewas Rainer , Schäbitz Wolf-Rüdiger , Schilling Matthias
Published: November 2014

Background and Purpose—

Eligibility criteria are a key factor for the feasibility and validity of clinical trials. We aimed to develop an online tool to assess the potential effect of inclusion and exclusion criteria on the proportion of patients eligible for an acute stroke trial.

Methods—

We identified relevant inclusion and exclusion criteria of acute stroke trials. Based on these criteria and using a cohort of 1537 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke from 3 stroke centers, we developed a web portal feasibility platform for stroke studies (FePASS) to estimate proportions of eligible patients for acute stroke trials. We applied the FePASS resource to calculate the proportion of patients eligible for 4 recent stroke studies.

Results—

Sixty-one eligibility criteria were derived from 30 trials on acute ischemic stroke. FePASS, publicly available at
http://fepass.uni-muenster.de
, displays the proportion of patients in percent to assess the effect of varying values of relevant eligibility criteria, for example, age, symptom onset time, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, and prestroke modified Rankin Scale, on this proportion. The proportion of eligible patients for 4 recent stroke studies ranged from 2.1% to 11.3%. Slight variations of the inclusion criteria could substantially increase the proportion of eligible patients.

Conclusions—

FePASS is an open access online resource to assess the effect of inclusion and exclusion criteria on the proportion of eligible patients for a stroke trial. FePASS can help to design stroke studies, optimize eligibility criteria, and to estimate the potential recruitment rate.
Development, Discouragement, or Diversion? New Evidence on the Effects of College Remediation Policy
Authors: Scott-Clayton Judith , Rodriguez Olga
Published: November 2014

Half of all college students will enroll in remedial coursework but evidence of its effectiveness is mixed. Using a regression-discontinuity design with data from a large urban community college system, we make three contributions. First, we articulate three alternative hypotheses regarding the potential impacts of remediation. Second, in addition to credits and degree completion we examine several underexplored outcomes, including initial enrollment, grades in subsequent courses, and post-treatment proficiency test scores. Finally, we exploit rich high school background data to examine impact heterogeneity by predicted dropout risk. We find that remedial assignment does little to develop students’ skills. But we also find little evidence that it discourages initial enrollment or persistence, except for a subgroup we identify as potentially misassigned to remediation. Instead, the primary effect of remediation appears to be diversionary: students simply take remedial courses instead of college-level courses. These diversionary effects are largest for the lowest-risk students.
Die Methode der Atthidographen. Die Kleidemos-Fragmente in der Theseus-Vita des Plutarch
Authors: Schubert Charlotte
Published: November 2014

In the Life of Theseus Plutarch cites long passages from the Atthis of Cleidemus. These passages can exemplify the relationship between myth, fiction and historiography in the Atthides. The initial hypothesis of the present study was that the works of the Atthidographers may demonstrate a historical method, which gains its coherence from the description of cause and effect, the causal sequence of events and the chronological arrangement. This runs counter to the current opinion, which classifies the method of the Atthidographers as pseudohistorical or paradoxographical. This opinion is based on the fact that many, and to the last detail embellished, myths characterise the representations of Athenian history especially in the Atthis of Cleidemus. But if one compares the fragments of Cleidemus in Plutach’s Theseus-Vita with other fragments of Cleidemus (FGrH No. 323 F8 on the naucraries and FGrH No. 323 F21 on Themistocles), one can see that at least Cleidemus practiced in his Atthis an integration of myth and political history, that shows a consciously reflected methodological claim to historiography.
A taxonomic revision of Bromus (Poaceae: Pooideae: Bromeae) in México and Central America
Authors: Saarela Jeffery M. , PETERSON PAUL M. , VALDÉS-REYNA JESUS
Published: November 2014

A taxonomic treatment of Bromus in México and Central America is presented. Twenty-two species and one variety are recognized in the region. Twelve of these species are native, and ten are adventive and introduced. Bromus section Mexibromus is newly described, representing a distinct lineage in molecular studies of the genus. It includes two species endemic to México (B. attenuatus, B. densus) and one endemic to México and Guatemala (B. dolichocarpus), distinguished from species in other Bromus sections by their 3(–5)-nerved lemmas. Bromus pinetorum is a poorly understood species of Bromus sect. Bromopsis endemic to Coahuila. Taxa that have been variously treated in the past are discussed in detail. Bromus mucroglumis and B. thysanoglottis are treated as synonyms of B. richardsonii, and B. meyeri is treated as a synonym of B. anomalus. Two varieties are recognized in B. carinatus, B. carinatus var. carinatus and B. carinatus var. marginatus. Lectotypes are designated for the names B. carinatus var. californicus, B. hookeri var. schlechtendalii, B. trinii, B. trinii var. pallidiflorus and B. trinii var. stricta. A second-step neotype is designated for B. rigidus. Keys for determining the species in English and Spanish, descriptions, synonymies, illustrations, distribution maps, comments and lists of all specimens examined are provided for each species.
An advanced, new long-legged bird from the Early Cretaceous of the Jehol Group (northeastern China): insights into the temporal divergence of modern birds
Authors: LIU DI , CHIAPPE LUIS M. , ZHANG YUGUANG , BELL ALYSSA , MENG QINGJIN , JI QIANG , WANG XURI
Published: November 2014

We describe a new ornithuromorph bird species, Gansus zheni from the Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits of the Jiufotang Formation (Jehol Group), Liaoning Province, China. A cladistic analysis resolves Gansus zheni as the sister taxon of the roughly contemporaneous Gansus yumenensis (Xiagou Formation, Gansu Province), and together as the most immediate outgroup to Ornithurae. Gansus zheni is the most advanced bird known today for the Jehol Biota. Its discovery provides the best-documented case of inter-basinal correlations (Jehol and Changma basins of Liaoning and Gansu provinces, respectively) using low-taxonomic clades of fossil birds. The existence of close relatives of Ornithurae in deposits formed at about 120 million years ago helps to mitigate the long-standing controversy between molecular and paleontological evidence for the temporal divergence of modern birds (Neornithes).
Evaluation of Hypoallergenicity of a New, Amino Acid–Based Formula
Authors: Nowak-Węgrzyn Anna , Czerkies Laura A. , Collins Barbara , Saavedra José M.
Published: November 2014

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) defined a formula as hypoallergenic if it ensures with 95% confidence that 90% of infants with confirmed cow’s milk allergy (CMA) will not react with defined symptoms under double-blind, placebo-controlled conditions. This study’s objective was to determine whether a new amino acid–based formula (AAF) meets the AAP hypoallergenicity criteria. Methods. Children with CMA were randomized to double-blind placebo-controlled food challenges (DBPCFC) with a new AAF and a commercial AAF in crossover fashion followed by an at-home open challenge with the new AAF. Allergic reactions were assessed using a scoring system. Results. Thirty-three subjects completed DBPCFCs with both formulas without acute allergic reactions. The lower bound 95% confidence interval for hypoallergenicity was 91.3%. No unusual stool patterns, allergic symptoms, or signs of intolerance were reported during the open challenge. Conclusion. The new AAF meets AAP hypoallergenicity criteria and can be recommended for the management of CMA.
Predicting Two Types of Recidivism Among Newly Released Prisoners
Authors: Clark Valerie A.
Published: November 2014

Separate studies have shown that a variety of postrelease housing placements for returning prisoners can significantly influence recidivism. Research has also found that contextual factors such as economic disadvantage can also significantly predict recidivism. This study combines those lines of research by examining the effects of five categories of postrelease housing placements as well as contextual measures of economic disadvantage on recidivism for newly released Minnesota state prisoners. Using multilevel analysis techniques, this research found that with one exception, certain postrelease housing situations, along with several other individual-level control variables, were more robust predictors of recidivism than contextual measures of disadvantage and poverty. This study highlights the significant impact that postrelease housing placements can have on the reentry process.
Patient Perspectives on Peer Mentoring
Authors: Lu Yang , Pyatak Elizabeth A. , Peters Anne L. , Wood Jamie R. , Kipke Michele , Cohen Marisa , Sequeira Paola A.
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The purpose of the study was to identify attitudes and topics relevant to peer mentoring as an adherence-promoting intervention for adolescents and young adults (YAs) with type 1 diabetes (T1D).

Methods

Self-administered survey data were collected in 2 diabetes clinics from a convenience sample of adolescents as prospective mentees (ages 13-18) and YAs as prospective mentors (ages 19-25) with T1D. Survey topics included demographics, disease history, glycemic control, adherence, depression, barriers to disease management, social support, and interest in peer mentoring. Descriptive statistical analyses, thematic coding, and stepwise multivariate logistic regression were performed.

Results

A majority of the 54 adolescents and 46 YAs expressed interest in a peer mentoring program. Having supportive friends and living in a large household positively predicted adolescent interest in having a peer mentor. Approximately one-third of all participants experienced social barriers to diabetes management. For adolescents, barriers included inflexible schedules, unfamiliar foods, and the embarrassment of checking blood glucose in front of others. Young adults reported barriers in tracking food consumption and remembering to check blood glucose. Various diabetes management skills were in high demand by adolescents, who especially desired to learn about managing T1D on their own and in college. Participants were open to multiple communication modes, including in-person meetings, phone, text messaging, and social media.

Conclusions

Many adolescents and young adults with T1D are interested in peer mentoring as a way to facilitate learning and sharing essential diabetes management skills and experiences.
Toward hip-hop pedagogies for music education
Authors: Kruse Adam J.
Published: November 2014

Music education scholarship in the areas of popular, vernacular, and participatory musicianship has grown in the past decades; however, music education research concerned specifically with hip-hop has been relatively scarce. Because hip-hop music can differ tremendously from the traditional western genres with which many music educators are most familiar, a great need for research in this area exists. In this article, I summarize general education scholarship related to hip-hop and offer implications toward hip-hop pedagogies for music education. I employ Hill’s (2009) classifications of hip-hop pedagogy ( Pedagogies with hip-hop, Pedagogies about hip-hop, and Pedagogies of hip-hop) as a structure to better understand previous literature and to provide a descriptive framework for potential applications of hip-hop pedagogies to music education settings. I describe Hill’s categories using the labels of Hip-hop as a bridge, Hip-hop as a lens, and Hip-hop as practice.
The effects of aquatic therapy on mobility of individuals with neurological diseases: a systematic review
Authors: Marinho-Buzelli Andresa R , Bonnyman Alison M , Verrier Mary C
Published: November 2014

Objective:

To summarize evidence on the effects of aquatic therapy on mobility in individuals with neurological diseases.

Data sources:

MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycInfo, CENTRAL, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, PEDro, PsycBITE and OT Seeker were searched from inception to 15 September 2014. Hand-searching of reference lists was performed in the selected studies.

Review methods:

The search included randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies that investigated the use of aquatic therapy and its effect on mobility of adults with neurological diseases. One reviewer screened titles and abstracts of retrieved studies from the search strategy. Two reviewers independently examined the full texts and conducted the study selection, data extraction and quality assessment. A narrative synthesis of data was applied to summarize information from included studies. The Downs and Black Scale was used to assess methodological quality.

Results:

A total of 116 articles were obtained for full text eligibility. Twenty studies met the specified inclusion criteria: four Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs), four non-randomized studies and 12 before-and-after tests. Two RCTs (30 patients with stroke in the aquatic therapy groups), three non-randomized studies and three before-and-after studies showed “fair” evidence that aquatic therapy increases dynamic balance in participants with some neurological disorders. One RCT (seven patients with stroke in the aquatic therapy group) and two before-and-after tests (20 patients with multiple sclerosis) demonstrated “fair” evidence on improvement of gait speed after aquatic therapy.

Conclusion:

Our synthesis showed “fair” evidence supporting the use of aquatic therapy to improve dynamic balance and gait speed in adults with certain neurological conditions.
Promoting palliative care in the community: Production of the primary palliative care toolkit by the European Association of Palliative Care Taskforce in primary palliative care
Authors: Murray Scott A , Firth Adam , Schneider Nils , Van den Eynden Bart , Gomez-Batiste Xavier , Brogaard Trine , Villanueva Tiago , Abela Jurgen , Eychmuller Steffen , Mitchell Geoffrey , Downing Julia , Sallnow Libby , van Rijswijk Erik , Barnard Alan , Lynch Marie , Fogen Frederic , Moine Sébastien
Published: November 2014

Background:

A multidisciplinary European Association of Palliative Care Taskforce was established to scope the extent of and learn what facilitates and hinders the development of palliative care in the community across Europe.

Aim:

To document the barriers and facilitators for palliative care in the community and to produce a resource toolkit that palliative care specialists, primary care health professionals or policymakers, service developers, educationalists and national groups more generally could use to facilitate the development of palliative care in their own country.

Design:

(1) A survey instrument was sent to general practitioners with knowledge of palliative care services in the community in a diverse sample of European countries. We also conducted an international systematic review of tools used to identify people for palliative care in the community. (2) A draft toolkit was then constructed suggesting how individual countries might best address these issues, and an online survey was then set up for general practitioners and specialists to make comments. Iterations of the toolkit were then presented at international palliative care and primary care conferences.

Results:

Being unable to identify appropriate patients for palliative care in the community was a major barrier internationally. The systematic review identified tools that might be used to help address this. Various facilitators such as national strategies were identified. A primary palliative care toolkit has been produced and refined, together with associated guidance.

Conclusion:

Many barriers and facilitators were identified. The primary palliative care toolkit can help community-based palliative care services to be established nationally.
Linking Jamaica’s Public Service Motivations and Ethical Climate
Authors: Moloney Kim , Chu Hyo-Youn
Published: November 2014

Using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), we create a valid 15-item public service motivation (PSM) construct for Jamaica. We find high PSM among surveyed Jamaican civil servants and students. While our article supports the potentially universal nature of PSM, Jamaica is a less developed and less transparent country than the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) studies that dominate PSM scholarship. Survey respondents perceive corrupt and unethical behaviors among Jamaica’s civil servants, politicians, and with selected state services. We use historical-institutionalism to explain the coexistence of high PSM in an unfavorable ethical climate. Institutional and cultural histories explain why substantive PSM values are not instrumentally implemented. Respondents feared job loss or lost promotions if they tell on colleagues who act inappropriately. The presence of monitoring institutions has not guaranteed effectiveness. An “informer culture” and societal distrust limit prosocial behaviors. The intertwining of institutional weaknesses and an informer culture limit PSM value enactment in Jamaica.
Bayesian filtering for keyframe-based visual SLAM
Authors: Kim Jungho , Yoon Kuk-Jin , Kweon In So
Published: November 2014

Keyframe-based camera tracking methods can reduce error accumulation in that they reduce the number of camera poses to be estimated by selecting a set of keyframes from an image sequence. In this paper, we propose a novel Bayesian filtering framework for keyframe-based camera tracking and 3D mapping. Our Bayesian filtering enables an effective estimation of keyframe poses using all measurements obtained at non-keyframe locations, which improves the accuracy of the estimated path. In addition, we discuss the independence problem between the process noise and the measurement noise when employing vision-based motion estimation approaches for the process model, and we present a method of ensuring independence by dividing the measurements obtained from a single sensor into two sets which are exclusively used for the process and measurement models. We demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach in terms of the consistency of the global map and the accuracy of the estimated path.
What the MAYSI-2 Can Tell Us About Anger–Irritability and Trauma
Authors: McCoy Henrika , Leverso John , Bowen Elizabeth A.
Published: November 2014

The rate of experiencing trauma can be quite high for juvenile offenders and those experiences can lead to feelings of anger and irritability. This study uses Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument–Version 2 (MAYSI-2) data to examine the relationship between the Traumatic Experiences (TE) and Angry–Irritable (AI) scales for juvenile offenders ( N = 1,348) from a Midwest detention center. Chi-square analyses revealed statistically significant relationships between the AI scale and gender, race, and the TE scale. In addition, ordinal logistic regression results showed that as the number of traumatic experiences increased, so did the odds of scoring Caution or Warning on the AI scale. Recommendations are that juvenile justice systems utilize a trauma-informed process throughout the adjudicatory process and there be improved efforts to coordinate services across multiple systems, such as child welfare and special education, where juvenile offenders are often engaged.
The Influence of Culture-Specific Personality Traits on the Development of Delinquency in At-Risk Youth
Authors: Tong Tat Seng , Ku Lisbeth , Zaroff Charles Mark
Published: November 2014

The association between culture-specific personality variables and family factors, and juvenile delinquency, was assessed in a sample of 402 adolescents of Chinese ethnicity between 12 and 17 years of age ( Mage = 15.13, SD = 1.41; 135 girls), a subgroup of whom were considered at risk for juvenile delinquency owing to addictive behavior tendencies. Culture-specific personality variables were assessed using the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory–Adolescent version Interpersonal Relatedness factor. The General Function subscale of the Chinese version of the Family Assessment Device was utilized to assess the influence of perceived levels of family functioning. Both culture-specific personality variables and non-culture-specific familial factors were significantly and negatively associated with self-reported juvenile delinquency ( p < .001). However, in a sample of at-risk adolescents, only a culture-specific variable measuring orientation toward the family was able to predict self-reported juvenile delinquency ( p < .001). Implications of the current results are discussed.
Les représentations du multiculturalisme en France: Décalage singulier entre l’individuel et le collectif
Authors: Guimond Serge , Streith Michel , Roebroeck Elodie
Published: November 2014

Studies on the perception of multiculturalism, in France and elsewhere, usually look only at personal attitudes without asking what individuals perceive as the norm in their community. This article presents the findings of a survey based on a representative sample of the French population ( N = 1001) which aims to fill this gap. In accordance with the concept of ‘pluralist ignorance’, the results reveal a significant difference between personal attitudes toward multiculturalism and assimilation (i.e. the French are personally in favor of multiculturalism) and the perceived social norm (they think that the majority of French people are opposed to multiculturalism). Furthermore, as expected, the perceptions of the norm are broadly shared, regardless of sex, age or political orientation, unlike personal attitudes. Thus, whereas both the far right and the far left agree on the perception of the norm, only sympathizers of the far right declare themselves personally in favor of assimilation. Finally, the results make an important contribution to understanding the influence of education (number of years of schooling), on individuals’ attitudes, showing that within the most educated categories there are significant differences according to field of study.
Recent advancements and vision toward stretchable bio-inspired networks for intelligent structures
Authors: Salowitz Nathan , Guo Zhiqiang , Roy Surajit , Nardari Raphael , Li Yu-Hung , Kim Sang-Jong , Kopsaftopoulos Fotis , Chang Fu-Kuo
Published: November 2014

Significant progress has recently been achieved in structural health monitoring, maturing the technology through quantification, validation, and verification to promote implementation and fielding of SHM. In addition, there is ongoing work seeking to detect damage precursors and to deploy structural health monitoring systems over large areas, moving the technology beyond hot-spot monitoring to global state sensing for full structural coverage. A large number of small sensors of multiple types are necessary in order to accomplish the goals of structural health monitoring, enabling increased sensing capabilities while reducing parasitic effects on host structures. Conventional sensors are large and heavy, adding to the weight of a structure and requiring physical accommodation without adding to and potentially degrading the strength of the overall structure. Increased numbers of sensors must also be deployed to span large areas while maintaining or increasing sensing resolution and capabilities. Traditionally, these sensors are assembled, wired, and installed individually, by hand, making mass deployment prohibitively time consuming and expensive. In order to overcome these limitations, the Structures and Composites Lab at Stanford University has worked to develop bio-inspired microfabricated stretchable sensor networks. Adopting the techniques of complementary metal-oxide semiconductor and microelectromechanical system fabrication, new methods are being developed to create integrated networks of large numbers of various micro-scale sensors, processors, switches, and all wiring in a single fabrication process. Then the networks are stretched to span areas orders of magnitude larger than the original fabrication area and deployed onto host structures. The small-scale components enable interlaminar installation in laminar composites or adhesive layers of built-up structures while simultaneously minimizing parasitic effects on the host structure. Additionally, data processing and interpretation capabilities could be embedded into the network before material integration to make the material truly multifunctional and intelligent once fully deployed. This article reviews the current accomplishments and future vision for these systems in the pursuit of state sensing and intelligent materials for self-diagnostics and health monitoring.
On the search for optimal damage precursors
Authors: Weiss Volker , Ghoshal Anindya
Published: November 2014

A new approach to predict the service life of critical components via study of damage precursors is emerging and is the topic of this article. To date, most service life predictions are based on measurements of damage indicators and their growth toward criticality or failure, for example, fatigue crack length and material loss due to corrosion or wear. This makes lifetime estimates based on measurements of damage, for example, around half-life, or even at 80% life, difficult and inaccurate. To improve the accuracy and reliability of lifetime prediction, efforts are now underway to determine the state awareness of a critical component during service, based on property characterizations, in addition to the measurements of the direct damage indicators, such as crack length, acoustic emission, ultrasound signals, and eddy current measurements. These characterizations will include indirect damage indicators, that is, precursors and allied or affiliated damage indicators. For affiliated damage indicators, residual stress relaxation or development, phase changes, electrical property (resistivity, dielectric constant, permeability), and microstructural characterization must be considered. The selection of the optimal combination of direct and indirect damage indicators will be application specific. It is proposed to assess the efficacy of damage indicators on the basis of their Di/Df versus Ni/Nf, that is, damage ratio versus life fraction curves (referred to as damage indicator ratio curves), searching for indicators with damage indicator ratio curves that best meet the needs of the application.
Real-time monitoring system for improving corona electrostatic separation in the process of recovering waste printed circuit boards
Authors: Li Jia , Zhou Quan , Xu Zhenming
Published: November 2014

Although corona electrostatic separation is successfully used in recycling waste printed circuit boards in industrial applications, there are problems that cannot be resolved completely, such as nonmetal particle aggregation and spark discharge. Both of these problems damage the process of separation and are not easy to identify during the process of separation in industrial applications. This paper provides a systematic study on a real-time monitoring system. Weight monitoring systems were established to continuously monitor the separation process. A Virtual Instrumentation program written by LabVIEW was utilized to sample and analyse the mass increment of the middling product. It includes four modules: historical data storage, steady-state analysis, data computing and alarm. Three kinds of operating conditions were used to verify the applicability of the monitoring system. It was found that the system achieved the goal of monitoring during the separation process and realized the function of real-time analysis of the received data. The system also gave comprehensible feedback on the accidents of material blockages in the feed inlet and high-voltage spark discharge. With the warning function of the alarm system, the whole monitoring system could save the human cost and help the new technology to be more easily applied in industry.
Typical Phases of Transformative Learning
Authors: Nohl Arnd-Michael
Published: November 2014

Empirical models of transformative learning offer important insights into the core characteristics of this concept. Whereas previous analyses were limited to specific social groups or topical terrains, this article empirically typifies the phases of transformative learning on the basis of a comparative analysis of various social groups and topical terrains. In contrast to the models proposed by Mezirow and others, the typology of five phases used in the present article underpins the incidental character of the beginning of transformative learning and accords a different meaning to crises and dilemmas—and to reflection. These empirical results point to the practical basis of transformative learning and necessitate revisions of its theory.
Police Officer Schema of Sexual Assault Reports
Authors: Venema Rachel M.
Published: November 2014

While extensive research has studied sexual assault reporting behaviors and described negative experiences with the criminal justice system among victim-survivors, fewer studies have explored police officer attitudes, knowledge, and thought processes that may affect victims’ perceptions of negative interactions and unsatisfactory outcomes within reported sexual assault cases. This study explores police officer understanding of the definition of sexual assault and characteristics that influence their perceptions and response. Ten police officers were interviewed within one police department in a midsized city in the Great Lakes region. The study uses a modified grounded theory approach. Findings suggest that officers employ distinct schema of reported sexual assaults. Case characteristics, perceived credibility of the victim, and types of evidence formed categorizations of false reports, ambiguous cases, and legitimate sexual assaults. Police officers describe the ways in which perceptions of the case may or may not influence the response and point to areas for improvement within police procedure. The study findings provide insight into recommendations for improved police interviewing and response to reported sexual assaults.