bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatio-temporal distribution & seasonality of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 & H5N8 outbreaks in India, 2006-2021
Authors: Pawar Shailesh D. , Kode Sadhana S. , Keng Sachin S. , Tare Deeksha S. , Pande Satish A.
Published: September 2023

Background & objectives:

The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 and H5N8 viruses have been one of the leading causes of avian diseases worldwide, resulting in severe economic losses and posing potential zoonotic risk. There are no reports on the correlation of the seasonality of H5N1 and H5N8 viruses with the migratory bird season in India, along with the species affected. The present report describes the distribution and seasonality of HPAI outbreaks in India from 2006 to 2021.

Methods:

The data on the occurrence and locations of outbreaks in India and affected bird species were collated from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations database and grouped by month and year. The distribution and seasonality of HPAI H5N1 and H5N8 viruses were analyzed.

Results:

A total of 284 H5N1 outbreaks were reported since 2006, with a surge in 2021. The initial outbreaks of H5N1 were predominantly in poultry. Since 2016, 57 outbreaks of H5N8 were also reported, predominantly in wild birds. Most of the outbreaks of HPAI were reported from post monsoon onwards till pre-summer season (i.e. between October and March) with their peak in winter, in January. Apart from poultry, the bird species such as owl, Indian peafowl, lesser adjutant, crows and wild migratory birds such as demoiselle crane, northern pintail and bar-headed goose were positive for HPAI.

Interpretation & conclusions:

Such studies on the seasonality of HPAI outbreaks would help in the development of prevention and control strategies. The recent human infections of H5N1 and H9N2 viruses highlight the need to strengthen surveillance in wild, resident, migratory birds and in poultry along with One Health studies in India.
Utility of Chest X-ray in Health Checkup Program in Detecting Pleuroparenchymal Lesion in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Kattoju Ajai Ramcharan , Akeel Arshad , Anandan Monisha , Ramakrishnan Balasubramaniam , Kattoju Sudhakar , Babu Suresh
Published: September 2023

Introduction:

Asymptomatic individuals may have unnoticed pulmonary lesions (PL) in the form of infective, noninfective, and neoplastic etiology. Earlier studies detected pulmonary pathology in chest radiographs of health checkup patients and this helped in characterizing the PL and changing the course of the disease pattern and prognosis.

Aims and Objectives:

The aim is to detect the incidence of PL in asymptomatic individuals presenting to preventive health checkup. The objective is to study each chest PA view chest radiographs for any PL.

Materials and Methods:

Chest PA radiographs of 51,612 individuals are taken as per international standard protocol for health check individuals after prior informed consent. The radiographs are evaluated for PL by senior radiologists.

Discussion and Results:

The high prevalence of tuberculosis, chronic lung diseases, and occupational PL was noted in the Indian population by various studies. In the present study for PL, a total of 51612 asymptomatic individuals had undergone routine medical health checkup. Out of those screened, 27,508 (53.3%) were males and 24,104 (46.7%) were females, maximum patients were in the 36–55 years age group (46.3%) and minimum being >65 years (4.5%), smokers were 6050 (11.7%), and PL: 1577 (3.1%) which includes parenchymal opacities and pleural based. In addition, cardiomegaly was noted in 1774 (3.4%) of the patients. The maximum PL was seen in 46–55 years age group (59.4%) and a similar trend was observed in cardiomegaly (34.4%) also.

Conclusion:

The role of routine chest radiographs in health checkup was found to be extremely useful for early detection of the PL and further patients are recommended for higher imaging investigations, biopsy, and bronchoscopy.
A Metachronous Malignancy
Authors: Muthulakshmi S , Murthy K Anupama
Published: September 2023

Guillian-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute immune-mediated polyradiculoneuropathy that is often related to a previous infectious exposure. GBS emerged as a potentially serious complication of covid 19 infection. Here we present a case of 64 years old female who presented to us with worsening respiratory failure and progressive flaccid symmetrical sensorimotor neuropathy following covid infection. She was diagnosed to have GBS as post covid complication. Hence started on Intravenous Immunoglobulin infusion following which she had improvement in respiratory failure and prevented from intubation and mechanical ventilation.
A Review Article on Biochemical Predictors of COVID-19 Infection
Authors: Lawrence Ria , Johnson Amal , Narasimhan Raghupathi
Published: September 2023

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a scientific, medical, and social challenge. The complexity of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is centered on the unpredictable clinical course of the disease that can rapidly develop causing severe and deadly complications. The identification of effective laboratory biomarkers and being able to classify patients based on their risk is imperative in guaranteeing appropriate treatment. The analysis of recently published studies highlights the role of systemic vasculitis and cytokine-mediated coagulation disorders as the principal actors of multi-organ failure in patients with severe COVID-19 complications. In this review article, we will be discussing the role of biomarkers in the management of COVID-19 infection.
Radiological Imaging and its Utility in Lung Transplantation
Authors: Chinnasamy Selvi , Sunder Thirugnana Sambandan , Thangaraj Paul Ramesh , Kuppuswamy Madhan Kumar , Narasimhan R
Published: September 2023

Lung transplantation (LT) can be considered a definite treatment for end-stage pulmonary disease in appropriate patients. Depending upon various clinical factors, LT can be performed either as a single LT, bilateral LT, or heart LT. Although LT is a well-established procedure now, it is not without its own complications. In post-LT patients, several complications can have overlapping clinical and imaging features; therefore, early and accurate diagnosis can be challenging. Due to this difficulty, an interdisciplinary approach is imperative. Bronchoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage, and transbronchial biopsy may be required in this approach, in addition to the routine investigations. The treating team should be aware of the possible complications after LT and the associated imaging features that may occur at varying time points following transplantation to provide prompt management. This article describes our experience and reviews the utility of radiological imaging in LT in relation to complications that may occur following LT.
Pleuropulmonary Aspergillosis in an Immunocompetent Patient Presenting as Pleural-Based Peripheral Lung Mass
Authors: Johnson P Amal , Narasimhan R , Narasimhan Ajay
Published: September 2023

The importance of knowledge about pulmonary aspergillosis has increased immensely in the era of COVID-19 as a significant number of post-COVID patients develop lung infection with aspergillosis, an entity called COVID-associated pulmonary aspergillosis producing increasing morbidity and mortality. In this case report, we describe an immunocompetent elderly man presenting with a peripheral lung mass, suspected to have lung malignancy which turned out later to be pleuropulmonary aspergillosis.
A Rare Case of Antenatal Volvulus and its Management
Authors: Aihole Jayalaxmi Shripati
Published: September 2023

Fetal intestinal volvulus is rare surgical condition associated with high rates of intrauterine, perinatal, and postnatal mortality. The exact incidence of this rare condition has not yet been described in the literature. This emergency surgical condition is associated with high morbidity and mortality if left unattended or unsuspected. One such rare case and its management has been discussed here.
Rectal Sclerotherapy in Children: An Author’s Experience with a Sclerosant
Authors: Aihole Jayalaxmi Shripati
Published: September 2023

Background:

Rectal prolapse in children is mainly managed by conservative treatment, especially in those aged <3 years; however, intervention is indicated in cases with persistent and recurrent prolapse that is resistant to conservative treatment.

Objective:

To determine the efficacy of sclerotherapy using sodium tetradecyl sulphate as a sclerosant in treating rectal prolapse in children.

Design:

A retrospective chart review.

Settings:

The study was conducted in a tertiary care pediatric center in Bengaluru, Karnataka.

Patients (Material) and Methods:

Children aged ≥1 year with persistent rectal prolapse were included in this study, which was conducted from January 2013 to December 2021. The median follow-up period was 1 year.

Main Outcome Measure:

Resolution of the rectal prolapse.

Sample Size:

Three hundred and eighty-seven patients.

Results:

The success rate was 93.5% (43/46) after sclerotherapy treatment. Recurrence was noted in 6.5% of the patients who required a second dose of sclerotherapy or surgery. The median follow-up period was 8 months. There were no remarkable complications or mortality.

Conclusion:

Rectal sclerotherapy injection is a safe, low-cost procedure with low recurrence rate in children.

Limitations:

Ours was a retrospective, single-center study, and no control group was utilized.

Conflict of Interest:

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
Cecal Perforation in a Child with Cooley’s Anemia
Authors: Aihole Jayalaxmi Shripati
Published: September 2023

Appendicitis, is a common emergency condition in children, which mostly requires surgical intervention. Appendicitis occurring in hemolytic disorders such as Cooley’s anemia is more challenging to manage as a result of their underlying medial comorbidities. Early surgical intervention may reduce the risk of perforation, and subsequent, morbidity and mortality. Severe acute appendicitis associated with cecal perforation at its base is challenging to manage and has rarely been described in the literature to date.
Bagazo producido en la industria cervecera: Alternativas de valorización y reutilización
Authors: Raimilla Matías , Fernández-Ortúzar Juan Esteban , González-Esparza Alexandra , Ravanal María Cristina
Published: September 2023

Los residuos lignocelulósicos se generan en muchos sectores de la industria agroalimentaria y, si se procesan adecuadamente, pueden utilizarse en la industria para producir una variedad de otros productos de alto valor agregado. Un residuo ampliamente disponible es el bagazo de cerveza (grano gastado de cervecería), que es el producto resultante de la maceración del grano de malta, quedando como el principal residuo, abarcando alrededor del 85% de los residuos generados, produciéndose en gran cantidad, ya que la producción mundial de cerveza en 2021 fue de 1.860 millones de hectolitros. El bagazo tiene un alto contenido de humedad y está compuesto por biomasa lignocelulósica, con un contenido importante de proteínas, fibras, lípidos, cenizas, vitaminas, aminoácidos y compuestos fenólicos. El bagazo de cerveza se puede utilizar como alimento para ganado, ya que es rico en proteínas y no causa problemas digestivos. Puede ser utilizado como ingrediente funcional en la industria alimentaria y farmacéutica, aportando fibra y proteína a los productos. También puede servir como sustrato para la producción de biogás, enzimas y compuestos en la industria alimentaria, o como alimento para insectos, que a su vez generan compuestos para otros productos. Otro uso es como fuente potencial de proteína para alimentos acuícolas, pero requiere un procesamiento previo. También puede utilizarse para hacer harina y enriquecer productos alimenticios, generando beneficios nutricionales y económicos. Existen múltiples formas de valorizar estos residuos y aún quedan desafíos por abordar. Es importante que todos los eslabones de producción y uso trabajen articulados para lograr una economía circular.
Perlindungan Hukum dan Kepemilikan Hak Atas Kekayaan Intelektual Konten di Platform Media Sosial Indonesia
Authors: Natanael Lie
Published: September 2023

Penggunaan media sosial di Indonesia kini semakin meluas, yang mengangkat isu-isu hak kekayaan intelektual, seperti pelanggaran hak cipta, plagiasi, dan penggunaan informasi rahasia. Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta Indonesia menjadi dasar hukum relevan. Namun, terdapat permasalahan dalam perlindungan hak properti intelektual di platform media sosial, dan tantangan dalam menyeimbangkan kepentingan content creator, platform, dan masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis perlindungan hukum dan kepemilikan hak atas kekayaan intelektual konten di media sosial Indonesia berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014, serta mengidentifikasi isu hukum dan tren perlindungan properti intelektual. Metode penelitian hukum normatif digunakan dengan menganalisis hukum perdata, kebijakan pemerintah, dan kerangka kebijakan. Hasil studi ini mengidentifikasi isu perlindungan hak kekayaan intelektual di media sosial serta tren terkait. Kesimpulannya, perlindungan hukum hak kekayaan intelektual di media sosial Indonesia memerlukan pendekatan kontekstual dan keseimbangan antara perlindungan dan kepentingan content creator, platform, dan masyarakat. Penguatan efektivitas hukum dan kerangka kebijakan diperlukan untuk memajukan isu hak kekayaan intelektual di media sosial.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Thai and Myanmar Rice: Concentrations, Distribution and Health Concerns
Authors: Choochuay C. , Deelaman W. , Pongpiachan S.
Published: September 2023

In the present study, we studied the concentrations and proportions. We identified the potential sources and health risks of 12 probably carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rice grain from 31 sites in Thailand and Myanmar. The findings showed that PAH concentrations in rice grain samples from Thailand and Myanmar were in the range of 0.09 to 37.15 ng.g-1 with an average value of 18.22 ± 11.76 ng.g-1 and 0.07 to 150.73 ng.g-1 with an average value of 34.70 ± 40.57 ng.g-1, respectively. The majority group of PAHs in the rice grain samples from Thailand were the five-ring PAHs (78%), followed by four-rings (12%) and three-ring PAHs (9.5%), respectively, while for Myanmar was the five-ring PAHs were the majority (64.02%), followed by six-rings (15.22%) and four-ring PAHs (13.58%), respectively. The diagnostic ratio analysis suggested that pyrogenic origin is a major source of PAHs, and principal component analysis (PCA) identifies the incomplete combustion of fuel as likely the primary source of emissions source of PAHs contamination in rice grain samples. The total values of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of PAH content of rice grain for children and adults were 1.95 × 10-8 and 1.44 × 10-8, respectively, for Thailand and 1.83×10-7 and 1.35×10-7 for Myanmar, which showed that the incremental lifetime cancer risk from rice grain was lower than the baseline set is considered to be safe levels.
Petroleum-Based Plastics Versus Bio-Based Plastics: A Review
Authors: Kumari Shikha , Rao Alka , Kaur Manjeet , Dhania Geeta
Published: September 2023

Plastic needs have expanded along with population growth, industrialization, and urbanization. Plastic is unrivaled due to its useful properties and is used to prepare numerous important goods daily. This paper encloses the different kinds and applications of petroleum-based plastic and the drawbacks related to their use, i.e., its nonbiodegradability which leads to their stay in the environment for a very long time. Additionally, there are not enough effective disposal techniques for the large volume of plastic waste produced; thus, plastic garbage builds up in the environment and endangers it. Limiting the usage of plastic is necessary to protect the environment. This can be done with the help of bioplastic, which is an excellent substitute for plastic. The different kinds of bioplastic and their biodegradability in different mediums, viz., soil compost and aquatic systems, are addressed in this paper. Along this, the different areas of application of bioplastic have been explored. The present study also addresses the underlying mechanism of plastic polymerization and biodegradation and the current status of bioplastics in the global market.
Spatial Model of Post-Earthquake Spring Performance in the Watershed Areas
Authors: Akhbar Akhbar , Naharuddin Naharuddin , Malik Adam , Akhbar Rahmat Kurniadi , Massiri Sudirman Daeng
Published: September 2023

The 7.4 Mw of tectonic earthquake caused liquefaction in Pasigala on September 28, 2018, happened due to the fault movement of Palu-Koro. It affected the water availability every spring. The research aim is to determine the spatial model of water production every spring after the natural tectonic disaster, especially in Palu and Poboya watersheds-a model built based on the integration between the spatial data overlaying and the statistical regression correlation. The sites are purposively selected at six springs spots and divided into four clusters (Poboya, Uemanje, Ranjuri Beka, Mantikole). The model assessment was generated based on the springs’ performance from x variables (catchment area, land cover, aquifer, free-ground water depth, fault, number of springs users) and the y variable (water discharge). The result shows that Poboya’s performance is bad-disturbed, while Uemanje, Ranjuri, Beka, and the performance of Mantikole are disturbed. The bad performance of springs requires conserving watershed areas through forest and land conservation, tree enrichment planting, wise land management, and good water use.
Landslide Potential Analysis Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in South Leato Village, Gorontalo City, Indonesia
Authors: Eraku S. S. , Permana A. P. , Baruadi M. N.
Published: September 2023

Spatial data technology using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is one of the aerial imaging technologies used to produce detailed data. However, its utilization for mapping, especially disaster mapping needs an in-depth study. The research site is located within 00-”00’29°51’31°00” N and 12327’5°-123”00’3°” E that covers an area of 2,531 Ha, which consists of 1,745 Ha land and 786 Ha water areas. Administratively, the research site is in South Leato Village of Dumbo Raya sub-district of Gorontalo city with a total area of 41,9 Ha. This study is aimed at assessing the landslide by creating a landslide zonation map and finding out the landslide potential area by using the UAV. This research employs field surveys by using drones and Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis. It is found that the parameters that influence landslides are lithology, rainfall, slope inclination, lineament density, and land use. The landslide vulnerability analysis reveals three levels of vulnerability in this site; low, medium, and high vulnerability, in which, 19 Ha is classified as low vulnerability area, 9.5 Ha is classified as medium vulnerable, and 13.5 Ha is classified as highly vulnerable area.
Occurrence of Heavy Metals in Soil and Selected Edible Plants in the Vicinity of Major Lead-Zinc Mining Sites in Ebonyi State, Nigeria
Authors: Ogbuene E.B. , Aloh O.G. , Eze C.T. , Eze O.O. , Ugochukwu T.E. , Oroke A.M. , Izueke-Okolo C.E. , Ozorme A.V. , Ibekwe C.J. , Eze C.A.
Published: September 2023

The occurrence of heavy metals in soil and selected edible plants (Manihot esculenta, Dioscorea rotundata, Ipomoea batatas, Telfairia occidentalis, and Chromolaena odorata) in the vicinity of major Lead-Zinc mining sites in Ebonyi State, Nigeria was investigated. The concentrations of the detected heavy metals in soil from the study sites ranged from 0.38-77830.99 (mg.kg-1). The limit values for all detected metals in soil from the mining sites were exceeded in most instances. The results showed that the plant species accumulated heavy metals near the mining sites to varying levels in their shoots and roots. The limit values for all detected heavy metals in the edible plants were not exceeded except in a few instances. The plant species demonstrated varying effectiveness for phytoextraction, indicating their appropriateness in the phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil. Therefore, examining the environmental consequences of uncontrolled mining activity in the vicinity of the mining sites with a scientific approach has helped to increase our knowledge of the pollution problem in the mining sites, reveal the ferocity of the situation, and contribute to the techniques presently in use for monitoring chemical pollution in a mining-impacted ecosystem.
Role of Eco-Enzymes in Sustainable Development
Authors: Varshini B. , Gayathri V.
Published: September 2023

Globally organic wastes are generated from fruits, vegetables, and their peels. It is mostly decomposed in landfills or by composting methods. Food processing industries, vegetable markets, and restaurants produce a huge amount of organic waste daily, generally disposed of in the environment or composted. Producing an eco-enzyme from organic kitchen waste was an innovative solution for domestic waste pollution. It is an enzyme solution obtained from an organic waste substance that contains organic acids, enzymes, and mineral salts. It is produced by performing a simple batch fermentation that involves a mixture of brown sugar, fruit or vegetable waste, and water in the ratio of 1:3:10. Two types of the eco-enzyme were produced by a fermentation process using vegetable and fruit peels for about 90 days involving Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The ultimate liquid or enzyme obtained was brown. Eco-enzyme 1 from (Cucurbita maxima) contained hydrolytic enzymes like amylase and lipase. The microbial diversity was observed, and bacteria like Yersinia sp., Bacillus sp., and fungi like Trichoderma sp. and Penicillium sp. No enzymes and microorganisms were observed in Eco-enzyme 2 (Citron). Eco-enzyme 1 with 50% dilution effectively reduced various parameters like BOD, COD, TDS, Nitrate, Nitrite, and Ammonium in the effluent. Also, it promoted plant growth within 10 days compared to the control. Therefore, the present study outlines how the eco-enzyme could be used to treat industrial effluent cost-effectively and environmentally friendly.
Preparation and Characterization of Slow-Release Zinc and Iron Fertilizer Encapsulated by Palm Stearin
Authors: Mohd Nasir Maizatiey Farizza , Uddin Md. Kamal , Kamarudin Mohd Salleh , Syukri Ismail Muhammad Fadhil , Abdul Sukor Arina Shairah Bt , Abubakar A.
Published: September 2023

Using granular form application in the pisciponic system, this study investigates the effects of supplementation in the pisciponic system on plant growth performance. This study was conducted at the Aquaculture Experimental Station in Puchong, Selangor. The experiment was set up in a greenhouse with a plastic liner at the bottom. The coated fertilizers were immersed in 500 mL of distilled water in the beakers. The immersion times were analyzed for each 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60, 66, and 72 hours. Insoluble solids and water were then filtered using filter paper and dried in the oven, followed by the drying process to obtain a constant weight before being put in the desiccators. During the release test, the distilled water was taken at every 48-hour interval, and the concentration of nutrients was determined from the atomic absorption spectrometer. The findings indicate that the weights of release fertilizers, specifically Zn and Fe, significantly decreased over time. At the lowest concentration, the coated zinc and iron weights decreased as time increased. Referring to the curve results, the Zn fertilizer started drastically decreasing its weight at hour 24, which decreased approximately to 0.002 for every subsequent hour. Meanwhile, Fe fertilizer decreased drastically at hour 66, where the weight dropped from 0.10467 to 0.039. However, the final weights for both fertilizers at hour 72 were about the same.
Evaluation of Lipase from an Indigenous Isolated Bacillus Strain for Biodiesel Production
Authors: . Neha , Sethi Nisha , Yadav Sangita , Chander Subhash , Kumari Sweta , . Ankur , Gupta Asha
Published: September 2023

Lipases are utilized in biodiesel production utilizing various types of substrates. The use of lipase in bioenergy production aims to reduce energy crises and environmental pollution. Lipase-producing indigenous bacteria Bacillus licheniformis (Accession no. OP56979) and Bacillus rugosus (Accession no. OP56980) were isolated from various oil-contaminated sites. The isolated potential lipolytic bacteria were screened for maximum lipase production. Then, the bacteria showing the highest lipolytic activity were subjected to identification using the 16s rRNA technique while other isolated were identified biochemically. Lipase [LipBL-WII(c)] from Bacillus licheniformis having the highest lipolytic activity expressed various characteristics. Characterization of crude LipBL-WII(c) expressed that it showed stability in a wide range of pH (4 to 10) with optimum lipolytic activity observed at pH 8. It was then found to be active at a temperature range from 20°C to 80°C with optimal at 50°C. Lipase activity was also stimulated in metal ions such as Ca+1, Mg2+, and Zn2+ the most. Furthermore, LipBL-WII(c) retained lipolytic activity in the presence of various organic solvents and surfactants. The kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax) for LipBL-WII(c) were ascertained using Lineweaver- Burk plot. LipBL-WII(c) showed a potential for biodiesel production using olive oil as a source. Lipase gave 84% yield of biodiesel production from olive oil. Thus, it could be employed as a potential candidate for green biodiesel production using oil sources.
New Frontiers in the Bio-inspired Green Synthesis of NiO NPs and Their Applications: An Overview
Authors: Ahmad Waseem , Rawat Ankita
Published: September 2023

Nanoparticles are an important tool for new updations and advancements in diverse sectors. The inorganic metal and metal oxide nanoparticles have enormous research interest because of their great relevance in medicine, wastewater treatment, catalysis, biotechnology, and in the formation of energy storage devices. The NiO NPs can be synthesized using different physical and chemical methods and exploring all their possible applications. Green synthesis is the easy, safe, and effective nanoparticle synthesis route. Green metal and metal oxide nanoparticle syntheses provide the most affordable, convenient, and biocompatible approach for fabricating NiO NPs. This way is a good alternative to the conventional methods of synthesis. Green synthesis, being more constructive, is widely used in research and gives promising outcomes. This review highlighted the unique feature of the NiO nanoparticles. This paper brings forth the usage of green synthesis for synthesizing NiO nanoparticles. It also provides readers with a collective review of the recent development in the green synthesis of NiO NPs and their potential application in different fields.
The Principles of International Environmental Protection and Global Obligations: An Analysis Based on the Legal Context
Authors: Babu Kudrat-E-Khuda , Jahid Akanda Muhammad , Ananna Nazia Afroz , Chakraborty Arghyadeep , Akter Mou Moriom
Published: September 2023

There is now a worldwide collective obligation, a reality, to acknowledge environmental challenges. The paper discusses and analyses the principles of international environmental laws and how those are applied in international conventions and treaties, and the effectiveness and weaknesses of those laws. This discussion mainly focuses on the principles’ backdrop, what they mean, and how they have been adopted in international environmental law. Furthermore, the paper focuses on the outcomes of formulating the principles and enforcement of the legal framework. It analyses their prospect to strengthen the legal framework to achieve the objective of these principles. Besides, some recommendations have been made to strengthen these legal frameworks. It shows why it is essential to form efficient environmental platforms in present climate issues and how all nations can be brought under a common platform where they can take decisions regarding the safeguard amid the evolving environmental situations.
Variance-Based Fusion of VCI and TCI for Efficient Classification of Agriculture Drought Using Landsat Data in the High Atlas (Morocco, North Africa)
Authors: Ezzahra Fathallah Fatima , Ahmed Algouti , Abdellah Algouti
Published: September 2023

Drought assessment using drought indices has been widely carried out for drought monitoring. Remote sensing-based indices use remotely sensed data to map drought conditions in a particular area or region. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to make a study on drought risk based on the calculation of an indicator from biophysical parameters extracted from NOAA/AVHRR satellite data, namely TCI and VCI, to obtain a better understanding of the differentiation between each index, and their application for drought monitoring in the High Atlas of Marrakech on the Chchaoua Morocco watershed during 1980-2020. Landsat oli7 and8 data were used to construct the indices. The result showed that each index proved to be a useful, fast, sufficient, and inexpensive tool for drought monitoring. However, each index has its differences. The TCI was found to be drought sensitive during the dry season or in months when high temperatures occurred. While VCI detected drought more sensitively in the rainy season as well (December-January-February to May) than TCI and VCI. Meanwhile, VCI, including the improved TCI, combined two indicators to better understand drought occurrence. These indices were calculated using GIS, QGis, ArcGis satellite imagery scenes, and Landsat. After a comparative study of these years, from 1984 to 2020, the evolution of the VCI and TCI was highlighted.
Identification of Surface and Groundwater Interaction by Isotopic Hydrological Study - A Critical Review for Kelambakkam Region, Chennai, India
Authors: Natarajan Surendar
Published: September 2023

Due to the increase in population and urbanization, the availability of freshwater with standard quality to the human population is of great challenge. Recently there has been a demand for fresh water in surface and groundwater, so it is necessary to go for advanced isotopic techniques for identifying surface and groundwater resources. Isotopes are atoms of elements having the same atomic and different mass numbers. The isotopes found their wider application in water resources-related problems. The isotopes in water resources proved to be an effective tool in solving many critical hydrologic problems where conventional methods cannot be used due to their limitations. This research article discusses isotope application in water resources and focuses on different types of stable and unstable isotopes and their applications at Global and National levels. The methodology and research steps are proposed based on research gaps identified through various literature studies. The study will be conducted in the Kelambakkam zone, south of Chennai sub-urban. This research paper will discuss the sequential steps in identifying recharge and discharge mechanisms in study zones through stable isotopic techniques. The hydro-chemical analysis will also be done by measuring water quality in the Kelambakkam zone. The electrical resistivity survey for aquifer mapping will also be developed to identify the groundwater recharge zones. The proposed study will give complete information about recharge and discharge in the study area and recommend suitable groundwater harvesting structures.
A Master Plan Realization for an Integrated and Sustainable Management System for Household and Similar Wastes in Morocco’s Landfills by Sizing a Methanation and Composting Unit
Authors: Farhat Akram , Aziz Ayoub , Lagliti Kaoutar , Fekhaoui Mohammed
Published: September 2023

This work is a decision support contribution in Morocco’s household and similar waste management. This management based on total waste landfilling leads to several environmental impacts, such as the use of large land areas, also the gaseous pollutants released, such as methane. Our first action was to collect reference data on the composition of this waste through a physicochemical characterization in the landfill in the city of Mohammadia. We sorted the waste generated by four types of populations with different living standards. A quantity of 500 to 2315 kg was treated, which allowed us to classify the household waste studied into nine main components. The sorting results are (organic matter 54.94%, plastic 15,18%, paper and cardboard 9,72%, textiles 7,46%, sanitary textiles 5,82%, metals 2,20%, glass 1, 89%, Wood 1,82% and Other 1,28%). Thus, these results revealed organic matter dominance and an increase in the plastic rate, which did not exceed 8% in the past. Added to this, the physicochemical parameters results are (volatile matter 60,26%, Humidity rate 59,05%, a total organic carbon (TOC) 33,47%, and a lower heating value (LHV) 1840,3 kcal.kg-1). From these data, we can easily deduce that installing a sorting platform with a methanation and composting unit is the most suitable choice for recovering our waste. Therefore, we have chosen the methanation technology that meets the results obtained (dry batch and mesophilic) and sized this unit to assess its electricity production capacity that can be produced in our landfills. We carried out a scenario with a load factor of 0,9 and an electrical efficiency of 39%. The study results are 9 digesters to be built, 6.700 MW.y-1 of electrical energy produced, 14.523 tons.y-1 of refined compost, and 2.128.680 m3.y-1 of biomethane produced. By offering our own integrated and sustainable management system for household and similar waste, we have connected the landfill bins and the digesters to the same motor to avoid biogas leaks from the bins to the atmosphere and increase electrical efficiency by controlling the gas flow.
Artificial Neural Network Modeling for Adsorption Efficiency of Cr(VI) Ion from Aqueous Solution Using Waste Tire Activated Carbon
Authors: Meena Gaurav , Rawal Nekram
Published: September 2023

In this study, waste tires were used to develop activated carbon for the adsorption of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions, and an artificial neural network (ANN) model was applied to predict the adsorption efficiency of waste-tire activated carbon (WTAC). SEM and FTIR were used to characterize the developed WTAC. A three-layer ANN with different training algorithms and hidden layers with different numbers of neurons was developed using 79 data sets gathered from batch adsorption experiments with different initial Cr(VI) ion concentrations, contact periods, temperatures, and doses. Conjugate gradient backpropagation of Powell-Beale restarts (traincgb) was found to be the best training algorithm among all the training algorithms, with an RMSE of 5.894 and an R2 of 0.985. The ANN topology had 4, 8, and 4 neurons in the input, hidden, and output layers. The correlation coefficient of the ANN models of Cr(VI) ion adsorption efficiency is 0.977.
Effectiveness of the River Chief System in China: A Study Based on Grassroots River Chief’s Behavior
Authors: Yao Wenjie , Cheng Ming
Published: September 2023

The River Chief System is an administrative model of water environment governance currently adopted in China. Under this system, the chief CPC and government leaders at various levels serve as “river chiefs” and are responsible for organizing and directing the management and protection of the rivers and lakes within their remit. This paper tries to reveal the actual effectiveness of the River Chief System based on the behaviors of grassroots river chiefs (GRCs). First-hand data about GRCs is obtained through a questionnaire survey. Whether the water environment governance target is achieved and the water quality change of the river sections in the charge of GRCs is quantitatively assessed It has been found that, except for implementing “one policy for one river” and making river patrols, the behaviors of GRCs have no positive effect on river pollution prevention and control, implying the ineffectiveness of the River Chief System. The framework design of the River Chief System should be optimized, and a system with professionals to support GRCs in performing their duties should be established. Moreover, the tendency to use environmental regulation as a mandatory policy tool should be weakened. These measures are of great practical significance to the implementation of the green development concept and the furthering of the River Chief System overall.
Design of a service project that provides a model for interprofessional collaboration and layered learning within the refugee and asylum seeker community
Authors: Emerllahu Donika , Veseli Lirika , Blaakman Ashley , Birnie Christine R
Published: September 2023

Background: Development of an interprofessional service outreach within the refugee and asylum-seeker population gives pharmacy trainees the opportunity to develop healthcare skills and gain cultural awareness.
Programme description: The interprofessional team prepared for the medical service trip through meetings, gathering supplies, and engaging in fundraising events. The team partnered with Siguiendo los Pasos de Jesús (SPJ) and Annunciation House while observing and partaking in service. A retrospective review of medical records was completed to develop the research project.
Evaluation: A team of nine participated in a service project providing medical care and support for asylum-seekers. Layered learning and the importance of interdisciplinary communication were demonstrated within the team. The most common medical ailments for patients were respiratory, gastrointestinal diagnoses and headache/pain.
Future plans: Service outreach offers the experience of caring for underserved populations and increases awareness of cross-cultural development, which is transferable in any clinical setting.
Primary School Teachers’ Perceptions and Needs towards the Implementation of Standard Based Curriculum in Kpandai District, Ghana
Authors: Sulo Bingan George , Asoma Collins , Setor Amenu Ernest , Appiah-Kubi Eric , Appiah-Kubi Eric , Afriyie Kofi
Published: September 2023

This study investigated about the primary school teachers’ perceptions and needs towards the implementation of standard based curriculum in Kpandai District of Ghana. The study utilized the descriptive survey design. The target population was 439 public primary school teachers in the Kpandai District. The researchers used the simple random sampling to determine the sample of 150 teachers to participate in the study using a questionnaire. Data was analyzed through descriptive statistics. The study established that teachers have a positive perception towards the standard based curriculum which they felt is good and can help develop learners to think independently and grow into productive adults. The implementation of the standard based curriculum poses several challenges, which need to be addressed. Some of recommendations are that teachers need to develop a positive perception towards the standard based curriculum. Furthermore, information on the standard based curriculum should be readily available for teachers to understand and appreciate the curriculum.
Factors Constraining the Role of Personal Secretaries in Selected Public Organizations in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: P. Athuman Amaniel , Mubarack Kirumirah
Published: September 2023

This study dealt with factors constraining the role of personal secretaries in selected public organizations in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The study used the qualitative approach through case study design. A sample of 30 participants was adopted including 10 from the College of Business Education, six from Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology, six from Medical Store Department and eight from Tanzania Buildings Agency. The researchers used in-depth interviews and documentary reviews as sources of data. The interview lasted between 15 and 30 minutes to capture opinions, beliefs and attitudes about constraints that personal secretaries faced in executing their daily operations. The analysis involved the content analysis approach. The study concludes that personal secretaries faced numerous challenges, which constrain their job. Such challenges include communication constraints, records and documentation, customer related constraints and guidance and counselling constraints face personal and administrative secretaries. These constraints hindered them to perform their duties better, hence leading to negative image of their organizations. Based on the conclusions, employers need to set a portion of budget in their offices for secretaries to attend both on-the-job and off-the-job training to refresh their soft skills on both communication and emerging technologies. Administrators need to motivate and respect the work of personal and administrative secretaries by providing good office spaces and modern equipment. They also need to refresh their guidance and counselling capacities by conducting regular seminars and workshops, which will sharpen their performance and bring glory to respective institutions.
Assessment of Higher Education Information Security Risk Management Practices in Tanzania
Authors: Said Kombo Fatma , Godwin Mwakalinga Peter , Inon Kumbo Lazaro , Mihayo Edward Leticia , Phillip Bhalalusesa Neema
Published: September 2023

This study assessed the information security risk management practices in in Tanzanian Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). It employed the sequential explanatory research design. Out of 51 HLIs in Tanzania, the study selected 10 HEIs from Dar es Salaam. The researchers computed the sample estimation through the Cochran’s formula for large population with a precision level of ±10 percentage and confidence level of 95%. The actual sample size was 96 ICT professionals in terms of ICT directors, network administrators, system administrators, ICT support staff and lecturers of ICT. The study used a closed-ended questionnaire, which had Yes/No questions and a structured interview, which collect qualitative data. Quantitative data analysis from the questionnaire was done through descriptive statistics using the SPSS whereas qualitative data from interviews was analyzed using the thematic analysis approach. The study uncovered a notable absence of risk management frameworks and inadequate integration of procedures within institutional strategies. While some HEIs demonstrated effective safeguarding of sensitive information, others required enhancements. The study recommend that HEIs should establish formal risk management frameworks and integrate them strategically into institutional plans. To bridge the implementation gap, HEIs should prioritize comprehensive training, require management support and tailor practices according to their specific contexts.
STUDY OF RAKTASARA PURUSH WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LIVER
FUNCTION TEST
Authors: Kumar Gupta Shivjee , Kumar Thakur Basant
Published: September 2023

In Ayurvedic texts, the concept of Dhatu Sarta is related to the qualitative state of Dhatu of an individual. Sara, under tenfold examination, is another very important tool for the assessment of the biological strength of the in-dividual. Sara may be considered as an optimum degree of genetic code of an individual's D.N.A. with respect to particular Dhatu. In our body, every individual's D.N.A. has different genetic codes. So, it may be said that the quality of Dhatu an individual will depend upon a specific genetic code. If the genetic code of the individu-al’s D.N.A. with respect to Dhatu is optimum, the formation of thare particular Dhatu in the body will be of very good quality. Sarva Sara Purusa has the optimum degree of the genetic code with respect to all Dhatus. Rakta Sara Purusha Lakshanas indicates the sign of richness and the best essence of the blood tissue of a person. Acharya Charaka has advocated the examination of Sara in Dashavidha Pariksha to assess the bala (physical and psychological strength) of Rogi and to know the state of Dhatu and its functioning capacity. Sometimes in clinical practice, the physician may misinterpret the appearance of the body. The person with Sthula Sharir can be considered a strong person, and the person with Krisha Sharir can be considered a weak person. But factual-ly, it is observed that some persons who possess krisha sharir are strong enough to resist the adverse situation and vice versa. Hence, Sara's examination is very important prior to physical training, choice of job, intake of diet, and many more of the drugs in daily life to the individuals in clinical practice. Liver function tests, also known as liver chemistries, help to assess the liver's health by testing protein liver enzyme and bilirubin levels in the blood. Tests that are widely used to test liver irregularities include A.L.T., A.S.T., A.L.P., Albumin, Biliru-bin, etc. Sara's examination is very important prior to physical training, choice of job, intake of diet, and many more drugs in daily life to the individuals in clinical practice.
CLINICAL STUDY ON VASADI KWATHA SHARKARA IN THE MANAGEMENT OF
TAMAKA SHWASA (BRONCHIAL ASTHMA) IN CHILDREN
Authors: Kumar Gujral Vikash , Kumar Rai Dinesh , Prakash Vyas Prem , Boyal Sonam
Published: September 2023

Bronchial asthma is a disease characterized by an increased responsiveness of the airways to various stimuli. It manifests by widespread narrowing of the airways causing paroxysmal dyspnoea, wheezing or coughing. Most of the clinical features of Tamaka Shwasa can be correlated to the clinical features of Bronchial asthma. Shwasa Roga is the aggravated Vayu along with vitiated Kapha obstructs the channels of Prana, Udaka and Annavaha and spreads throughout the body and produces Shwasa. Acharya Charaka has mentioned two-allied stages of Tamaka Shwasa known as two sub-types i.e., Pratamaka and Santamaka. Sushruta and Vagbhata have only mentioned the name as Pratamaka, which includes clinical manifestation of Santamaka. Patients suffering from Tamaka Shwasa when get afflicted with fever and fainting, the condition is called as Pratamaka Shwasa. It is suggestive of involvement of Pitta dosha in Pratamaka Shwasa. When the patients of Pratamaka Shwasa feel submerged in darkness, the condition is called as Santamaka Shwasa. Tamaka Shwasa is having Kapha, Vata predominance. For its management Acharya’s have explained that those diet & drugs which are having Kapha Vataghna, Ushna & Vatanulomana properties are useful. In Yogaratnakara, Vasadi Kwatha is mentioned in the management of the Shwasa Roga. Therefore, in this present study it has been considered as a trial drug. To en-hance its palatability and taste in children, Vasadi Kwatha will be prepared in the form of Sharkara. Vasadi Kwatha is a Herbo-mineral preparation. Contents of Vasadi Kwatha are Vasa, Haridra, Dhanyak, Amrita, Bha-rangi, Pippali, Nagara, Kantakari, Marich Most of the drugs are Ushna and Vata Kaphashamaka in property.