bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Burnout syndrome among university workers at the brazilian free frontier
Authors: Castelo Fernanda Matos Fernandes , Côrrea Carlos Augusto Sampaio , Dutok Carlos Manuel Sanchez , Neto Tancredo Castelo Branco
Published: July 2020

Objetivo: estimar a prevalência da Síndrome de Burnout entre trabalhadores de uma universidade na fronteira franco brasileira e verificar os fatores associados. Método: estudo transversal e descritivo realizado com 53 trabalhadores de uma universidade localizada na fronteira franco brasileira, através de formulários eletrônicos (google docs). Resultados: Predomínio do sexo masculino (56,6%), faixa etária de 30 a 39 anos (64,2%), solteiros (47,2%), se declaram pardos (49,1%), especialistas (34%) e sem filhos (75,5%). Destes, 26,4% indivíduos tem a possibilidade de desenvolver a síndrome, 37,8% estão em fase inicial da síndrome, 22,6% a síndrome começa a se instalar e 13,2% estar em uma fase considerável da síndrome, tendo como preditor a variável sexo (p=0,01). Conclusão: nenhum dos entrevistados pontuou na categoria (nenhum indício de Burnout), o que torna preocupante as condições de trabalhos que estão submetidos, sendo imperativo medidas preventivas que retardem ou impossibilitem o adoecimento mental dentre a população investigada.
Analysis of cancer trace cancer of the uteruscolumn of a municipality of the south of brazil
Authors: Ceolin Rejane , Nasi Cíntia , Coelho Débora Fernandes , Paz Adriana Aparecida , Lacchini Annie Jeanninne Bisso
Published: July 2020

Objetivo: analisar o rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero de um município do Sul do Brasil. Método: realizou-se um estudo quantitativo descritivo retrospectivo pela análise dos laudos dos exames citopatológicos registrados no Sistema de Informação do Câncer. Resultados: identificou-se que a maioria dos exames foram realizados em mulheres alvo do programa, apesar da baixa cobertura do rastreamento. O reduzido número de amostras insatisfatórias representa um aspecto positivo. Em contrapartida, um número considerável das amostras não obteve representatividade da junção escamo-colunar, este constitui um ponto crítico a ser melhorado na eficácia do exame, uma vez que, verificou-se associação significativa entre a representação dos epitélios e alterações anormais. Conclusão: os achados deste estudo reforçam a importância da avaliação e do monitoramento constante da qualidade dos exames coletados, para que sejam efetivos no rastreamento das lesões que são precursoras do câncer do colo do útero.
Suicide attempts notified in a teaching hospital in the state of rio grande do sul, 2014-2016
Authors: Grigoletto Ana Paula , Souto Valquiria Toledo , Terra Marlene Gomes , Tisott Zaira Leticia , Ferreira Clarissa Nicoli
Published: July 2020

Objetivo: caracterizar as tentativas de suicídio notificadas em um hospital de ensino no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Método: pesquisa quantitativa e retrospectiva, que foi realizada no Núcleo de Vigilância Epidemiológica de um hospital de ensino, a partir da análise de notificações de tentativa de suicídio registradas entre os anos de 2014 e 2016. Os dados foram analisados segundo estatística descritiva. Resultados: registraram-se 344 notificações de tentativa de suicídio, com uma tendência decrescente no período. As características foram predominantes para o sexo feminino (65,1%), faixa etária de 25 a 59 anos (67,7%), e meio de autoagressão por intoxicação exógena (61,6%). Para 93% das pessoas que tentaram suicídio registrou-se alguma deficiência ou transtorno associado. Conclusão: a tendência decrescente de notificações precisa ser esclarecida, uma vez que os números de suicídios ascendem em nível estadual e nacional. Dar visibilidade a esse panorama possibilita a instrumentalização da gestão.
Prevalence of contrast-induced nephropathy in cardiac patients in a hemodynamic sector
Authors: Stochero Gabriela , Sachetti Amanda , Zanettini Angélica , Biasuz Sandra , Reinheimer Isabel Cristina , Carretta Marisa Basegio
Published: July 2020

Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência da nefropatia induzida por contraste em pacientes cardiopatas submetidos a procedimentos angiográficos de diagnóstico e/ou tratamento. Método: Estudo prospectivo, quantitativo, realizado no setor de hemodinâmica de um hospital de grande porte, situado na região norte do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A amostra foi constituída por 79 participantes através do cálculo de tamanho amostral. Resultados: A amostra foi formada por 52 (65,8%) homens e 27 (34,2%) mulheres. A idade média foi de 65,9 ± 9,52 anos. A incidência de nefropatia induzida por contraste foi de 30,38%, totalizando 24 pacientes. Conclusão: Foi evidenciada uma alta prevalência de nefropatia por contraste, apesar dos pacientes apresentarem poucos fatores de risco, o que ressalta a necessidade de medidas preventivas e redução do volume de contraste.
Care techniques for pain relief in birthing
Authors: Marins Rafaela Berneira , Cecagno Susana , Gonçalves Kamila Dias , Braga Luiza Rocha , Ribeiro Juliane Portella , Soares Marilu Correa
Published: July 2020

Objetivo: Este estudo objetivou conhecer as tecnologias de cuidado no alívio da dor no processo de parturição em um hospital de ensino. Método: Pesquisa qualitativa e descritiva, em que participaram 10 puérperas internadas em uma unidade materno-infantil, no período de maio a junho de 2017. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevistas individuais, e analisados conforme a Proposta Operativa de Minayo. Resultados: As puérperas que usaram as tecnologias de alívio da dor no processo de parturição julgaram como excelente e de grande valia os métodos para o alívio da dor. Conclusão: Conclui-se que essas tecnologias são importantes para a autonomia e protagonismo da mulher e a vivência positiva do seu processo de parturição, sendo importantes investimentos em outros métodos de alívio da dor, de modo a qualificar e tornar o parto mais prazeroso e menos traumatizante.
Retracted: The F‐box protein FBXO11 restrains hepatocellular carcinoma stemness via promotion of ubiquitin‐mediated degradation of Snail
Authors: Shao Lijiang , Zhang Xuehui , Yao Qi
Published: July 2020

Expression of the F‐box protein FBXO11 has been shown to be down‐regulated in various tumors, but its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression remains unclear. Here, we examined the role of FBXO11 in HCC cell stemness. We report that FBXO11 expression is significantly decreased in HCC cells, and overexpression of FBXO11 decreased the expression of HCC stemness markers, ALDH1 activity and sphere‐forming ability. In addition, overexpression of FBXO11 reduced the migration ability and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition of HCC cells. Mechanistically, overexpression of FBXO11 decreased the protein level, but not mRNA level, of Snail by directly interacting with Snail and promoting Snail degradation through the ubiquitin‐proteasome system. Overexpression of Snail rescued the inhibitory effect of FBXO11 overexpression on HCC cell stemness. This study reveals the existence of a novel FBXO11/Snail regulatory axis that is necessary for HCC cell stemness.
Coercion
Authors: Lamond Grant
Published: July 2020

Coercion is thought to be morally and politically important for a number of reasons. The first is that to be coerced into doing something can form the basis for a claim that one is not responsible for that action. The second is that coercing others means forcing or making them do something against their wills, and thus interferes with their freedom or liberty or autonomy. Finally, the ability to coerce others is an important form of social power. To better understand coercion it is useful to note four significant distinctions: (1) between being directly coerced by another person as opposed to being subjected to “coercive” pressures; (2) between being coerced by physical force and being coerced by being confronted with a “forced choice”; (3) between “coercion” as a means of making another act, and being subjected to “duress”; and (4) between offers and threats, and when and why the latter are morally problematic on the grounds of coercion.
Murdoch, Iris
Authors: Cokelet Bradford
Published: July 2020

This entry provides a broad overview of Dame Iris Murdoch's work in moral philosophy. Although Murdoch is best known as a novelist, the focus here will be on her philosophic work. Throughout her life, Murdoch (1919–99) characterized herself as a Platonic realist and attacked other approaches to moral philosophy for obscuring our understanding of what she calls “the moral life” – roughly, our attempts to understand, evaluate, and improve ourselves and our lives together. While most philosophers are skeptical about her positive views, many also believe we can enrich our moral theories by engaging with her work and attending to the aspects of ordinary moral life it highlights.
Character
Authors: Cokelet Bradford
Published: July 2020

This entry focuses on the nature and value of personal character, which people display when they embody authentic individuality or their deep, characteristic values or cares. While discussing some different conceptions of personal character and character's possible prudential and moral value, it provides pointers to relevant historical texts.
Constitutivism, Moral
Authors: Ferrero Luca
Published: July 2020

Moral constitutivism purports to explain moral normativity by appeal to the nature of either agency or rational powers. Ambitious constitutivism aspires to ground the categorical authority of morality and to derive the content of the basic moral norms while avoiding the problems of moral realism. As a general strategy, moral constitutivism faces three serious challenges. First, the shmagency challenge. The worry is that the authority of the norms derived from the nature of agency is only conditional on having a reason to be an agent rather than some other kind of subject, a shmagent or an alienated agent. Constitutivists usually reply by appealing to the inescapability of agency. Second, there is a worry that agency is too thin a basis for the derivation of the substantive content of moral norms. Finally, there is the worry that constitutivism might be unable to make room for bad actions. The entry considers possible responses by moral constitutivism to these concerns and whether, if these responses are unsatisfactory, moral constitutivism might still have some explanatory power but of a less ambitious sort.
Maritain, Jacques
Authors: Sweet William
Published: July 2020

This entry presents the background and core principles of the ethics of Jacques Maritain (1882–1973), as well as his contribution to twentieth‐century human rights theory. Maritain was one of the leading Catholic philosophers of the twentieth century, and an influential figure in the development and propagation of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948. While Maritain's views were inspired by the writings of St. Thomas Aquinas, he extended Aquinas’ views in sometimes controversial ways. He provides a robust version of natural law theory, seeking to explain both the source of knowledge of natural law, and the variation in moral knowledge across cultures. This theory, together with his distinction between the person and the individual, allows Maritain to provide an account that avoids conflicts between human rights and social duties. Despite its controversial character, Maritain's defense of social rights and workers’ rights as part of human rights had a significant impact in his time, and continues to be employed by scholars today.
Media Ethics
Authors: Plaisance Patrick Lee
Published: July 2020

Media ethics is considered a field of applied ethics that encompasses ethical issues and controversies in journalism, public relations, media marketing, and entertainment. This entry provides a survey of the common types of ethical questions raised in each of these media sectors. They include issues relating to transparency, harm minimization, conflict of interest, privacy, use of graphic content, and questions related to media technology. Media ethics scholarship addresses both questions of effects on audiences as well as moral decision‐making and influences that shape the behavior of journalists and other media professionals. Scholarship in the area includes vigorous debates over the value and function of deontological, virtue, and consequentialist frameworks, and also has focused attention on how to best articulate a global ethic useful for media systems in a range of cultures and political environments.
Narrative Ethics
Authors: Montello Martha
Published: July 2020

Narrative ethics is an approach to moral inquiry that assumes the central importance of stories in understanding ethical dilemmas and in recognizing and assessing possible responses. Unlike the focus of moral philosophy on seeking and examining abstract theories to address problems in ethics, narrative ethics acknowledges the central question as one articulated by Aristotle: “How should one live?” Stories are seen as foundational for understanding crucial elements of character, relationship, and situation at the center of how people comprehend their obligations to each other and make ethical decisions that shape their lives. Although the term “narrative ethics” is used in various ways, two main ideas of the role of narrative in ethics have emerged since the late twentieth century. One is that narratives serve primarily to form moral understanding; the other is that narratives can serve as instruments in ethical decision‐making. Overall, narrative approaches to ethics address what matters in the individual lives of those confronting difficult moral decisions and inform our understanding of how best to respond.
Targeted Killing
Authors: Lang Gerald
Published: July 2020

Targeted killing is a subspecies of assassination, deployed against irregular combatants such as terrorists. The justification for targeted killing bypasses the usual “war paradigm” and “criminal enforcement paradigm,” and is thus unusual. There are various ways of securing such a justification, but also a number of dangers attending these arguments.
Multibranched Octupolar Module Embedded Covalent Organic Frameworks Enable Efficient Two‐Photon Fluorescence
Authors: Yang Meijia , Mo Chunshao , Fang Long , Li Jing , Yuan Zhongke , Chen Zhiyong , Jiang Qiongchao , Chen Xudong , Yu Dingshan
Published: July 2020

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as potential light emitting polymers for optoelectronic and optical devices, but their nonlinear optical properties, particularly two‐photon absorption and fluorescence (TPA/TPF), have seldom been explored. Herein, to construct octupolar three‐branched modules (e.g., acceptor 3‐(donor‐core), triphenylbenzene core) within a 2D cyano‐sp2c‐conjugated framework is proposed that results in two‐photon luminescent COFs, combining a large TPA cross section and high quantum yield (QY). Such octupolar module‐embedded sp2c‐conjugated COFs emit not only intense one‐photon fluorescence with QY of 27.2% in the solid state and 38.1% in tetrahydrofuran—superior to almost all reported COFs, but also efficient two‐photon fluorescence with large TPA cross section of 1225 GM—remarkably surpassing the corresponding cyano‐sp2c‐linked model compounds (104 GM). The finding highlights the synergy between sp2c‐conjugated framework and octupolar modules that leads to markedly improved TPA response owing to extended conjugated length, enhanced planarity and multidimensional intramolecular interaction. In view of the versatility of the branched chromophore, the proposed design idea is expected to be used to exploit more two‐photon active COF materials for a range of applications. Multiple uses of the COF in information encryption and warm white light‐emitting diodes are also exemplified.
Recent Progress in Flexible and Stretchable Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Qin Jianqiang , Lan Linkai , Chen Shanshan , Huang Feinan , Shi Huanrong , Chen Wenjie , Xia Haibo , Sun Kuan , Yang Changduk
Published: July 2020

Flexible and stretchable organic solar cells (OSCs) have attracted enormous attention due to their potential applications in wearable and portable devices. To achieve flexibility and stretchability, many efforts have been made with regard to mechanically robust electrodes, interface layers, and photoactive semiconductors. This has greatly improved the performance of the devices. State‐of‐the‐art flexible and stretchable OSCs have achieved a power conversion efficiency of 15.21% (16.55% for tandem flexible devices) and 13%, respectively. Here, the recent progress of flexible and stretchable OSCs in terms of their components and processing methods are summarized and discussed. The future challenges and perspectives for flexible and stretchable OSCs are also presented.
Collective Dipole‐Dominated Doping of Monolayer MoS2: Orientation and Magnitude Control via the Supramolecular Approach
Authors: Wang Ye , Gali Sai Manoj , Slassi Amine , Beljonne David , Samorì Paolo
Published: July 2020

Molecular doping is a powerful, tuneable, and versatile method to modify the electronic properties of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs). While electron transfer is an isotropic process, dipole‐induced doping is a collective phenomenon in which the orientation of the molecular dipoles interfaced to the 2D material is key to modulate and boost this electronic effect, despite it is not yet demonstrated. A novel method toward the molecular functionalization of monolayer MoS2 relying on the molecular self‐assembly of metal phthalocyanine and the orientation‐controlled coordination chemistry of axial ligands is reported here. It is demonstrated that the subtle variation of position and type of functional groups exposed on the pyridinic ligand, yields a molecular dipole with programed magnitude and orientation which is capable to strongly influence the opto‐electronic properties of monolayer MoS2. In particular, experimental results revealed that both p‐ and n‐type doping can be achieved by modulating the charge carrier density up to 4.8 1012 cm−2. Density functional theory calculations showed that the doping mechanism is primarily resulting from the effect of dipole‐induced doping rather than charge transfer. The strategy to dope TMDCs is a highly modulable and robust, and it enables to enrich the functionality of 2D materials‐based devices for high‐performance applications in optoelectronics.
Xenes as an Emerging 2D Monoelemental Family: Fundamental Electrochemistry and Energy Applications
Authors: Wang Tingting , Wang Huide , Kou Zongkui , Liang Weiyuan , Luo Xiaoling , Verpoort Francis , Zeng Yu‐Jia , Zhang Han
Published: July 2020

As an emerging subclass of 2D materials, Xenes (e.g., borophene, silicene, germanene, stanene, phosphorene, arsenene, antimonene, and bismuthene) consist of one single element and have opened the door for various important applications. Benefiting from their impressive characteristics, including ultrathin folded structure, ultrahigh surface–volume ratio, excellent mechanical strength and flexibility, Xenes are considered as promising electrode materials in the field of electrochemical energy with large capacity, high rate, and high safety. This review provides a comprehensive summary of selected properties, synthetic challenges, and the latest theoretical and experimental advances in the energy‐related applications of Xenes, including Li/Na ion batteries, Li–S batteries, electrocatalysis, and supercapacitors. Finally, the challenges and outlook of this emerging field are discussed.
1D/2D Nanomaterials Synergistic, Compressible, and Response Rapidly 3D Graphene Aerogel for Piezoresistive Sensor
Authors: Cao Xueyuan , Zhang Juan , Chen Siwei , Varley Russell John , Pan Kai
Published: July 2020

Graphene‐based aerogels have been widely studied for their high porosity, good compressibility, and electrical conductivity as piezoresistive sensors. However, the fabrication of graphene aerogel sensors with good mechanical properties and excellent sensing properties simultaneously remains a challenge. Therefore, in this study, a novel nanofiber reinforced graphene aerogel (aPANF/GA) which has a 3D interconnected hierarchical microstructure with surface‐treated PAN nanofiber as a support scaffold throughout the entire graphene network is designed. This 3D interconnected microporous aPANF/GA aerogel combines an excellent compressive stress of 43.50 kPa and a high piezoresistive sensitivity of 28.62 kPa−1 as well as a wide range (0–14 kPa) linear sensitivity. When aPANF/GA is used as a piezoresistive sensor, the compression resilience is excellent, the response time is fast at about 37 ms at 3 Pa, and the structural stability and sensing durability are good after 2600 cycles. Indeed, the current signal value is 91.57% of the initial signal value at 20% compressive strain. Furthermore, the assembled sensors can monitor the real time movement of throat, wrist pulse, fingers, wrist, and knee joints of the human body at good sensitivity. These excellent features enable potential applications in health detection.
Multiscale Construction of Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Long‐Lifespan Rechargeable Zinc–Air Batteries
Authors: Zhao Chang‐Xin , Liu Jia‐Ning , Li Bo‐Quan , Ren Ding , Chen Xiao , Yu Jia , Zhang Qiang
Published: July 2020

Zinc–air batteries deliver great potential as emerging energy storage systems but suffer from sluggish kinetics of the cathode oxygen redox reactions that render unsatisfactory cycling lifespan. The exploration on bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction and evolution constitutes a key solution, where rational design strategies to integrate various active sites into a high‐performance air cathode remain insufficient. Herein, a multiscale construction strategy is proposed to rationally direct the fabrication of bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts for long‐lifespan rechargeable zinc–air batteries. NiFe layered double hydroxides and cobalt coordinated framework porphyrin are selected as the active sites considering their high intrinsic activity at the molecular level, and the active sites are successively integrated on three‐dimensional conductive scaffolds at mesoscale to strengthen ion transportation. Consequently, the multiscale constructed electrocatalyst exhibits excellent bifunctional performance (ΔE = 0.68 V), which is even better than that of the noble metal based benchmarks. The corresponding air cathodes endow zinc–air batteries with a reduced voltage gap of 0.74 V, a high power density of 185.0 mW cm−2, and an ultralong lifespan of more than 2400 cycles at 5.0 mA cm−2. This work demonstrates a feasible strategy to rationally integrate various active sites to construct multifunctional electrocatalysts for energy‐related processes.
In Situ Construction of a LiF‐Enriched Interface for Stable All‐Solid‐State Batteries and its Origin Revealed by Cryo‐TEM
Authors: Sheng Ouwei , Zheng Jianhui , Ju Zhijin , Jin Chengbin , Wang Yao , Chen Mei , Nai Jianwei , Liu Tiefeng , Zhang Wenkui , Liu Yujing , Tao Xinyong
Published: July 2020

The application of solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) is still inherently limited by the unstable lithium (Li)/electrolyte interface, despite the advantages of security, flexibility, and workability of SPEs. Herein, the Li/electrolyte interface is modified by introducing Li2S additive to harvest stable all‐solid‐state lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Cryo‐transmission electron microscopy (cryo‐TEM) results demonstrate a mosaic interface between poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) electrolytes and Li metal anodes, in which abundant crystalline grains of Li, Li2O, LiOH, and Li2CO3 are randomly distributed. Besides, cryo‐TEM visualization, combined with molecular dynamics simulations, reveals that the introduction of Li2S accelerates the decomposition of N(CF3SO2)2− and consequently promotes the formation of abundant LiF nanocrystals in the Li/PEO interface. The generated LiF is further verified to inhibit the breakage of CO bonds in the polymer chains and prevents the continuous interface reaction between Li and PEO. Therefore, the all‐solid‐state LMBs with the LiF‐enriched interface exhibit improved cycling capability and stability in a cell configuration with an ultralong lifespan over 1800 h. This work is believed to open up a new avenue for rational design of high‐performance all‐solid‐state LMBs.
Excess‐Li Localization Triggers Chemical Irreversibility in Li‐ and Mn‐Rich Layered Oxides
Authors: Hwang Jaeseong , Myeong Seungjun , Jin Wooyoung , Jang Haeseong , Nam Gyutae , Yoon Moonsu , Kim Su Hwan , Joo Se Hun , Kwak Sang Kyu , Kim Min Gyu , Cho Jaephil
Published: July 2020

Li‐ and Mn‐rich layered oxides (LMRs) have emerged as practically feasible cathode materials for high‐energy‐density Li‐ion batteries due to their extra anionic redox behavior and market competitiveness. However, sluggish kinetics regions (<3.5 V vs Li/Li+) associated with anionic redox chemistry engender LMRs with chemical irreversibility (first‐cycle irreversibility, poor rate properties, voltage fading), which limits their practical use. Herein, the structural origin of this chemical irreversibility is revealed through a comparative study involving Li1.15Mn0.51Co0.17Ni0.17O2 with relatively localized and delocalized excess‐Li in its lattice system. Operando fine‐interval X‐ray absorption spectroscopy is used to simultaneously observe the interplay between transition‐metal–oxygen (TM‐O) redox chemistry and TM migration behavior in real time. Density functional theory calculations show that excess‐Li localization in the LMR structure attenuates TM‐O covalency and stability, leading to overall chemical irreversibility. Hence, the delocalized excess‐Li system is proposed as an alternative design for practically feasible LMR cathodes with restrained TM migration and sustainable O‐redox chemistry.
Reactivity, Selectivity, and Stability of Zeolite‐Based Catalysts for Methane Dehydroaromatization
Authors: Kosinov Nikolay , Hensen Emiel J. M.
Published: July 2020

Non‐oxidative dehydroaromatization is arguably the most promising process for the direct upgrading of cheap and abundant methane to liquid hydrocarbons. This reaction has not been commercialized yet because of the suboptimal activity and swift deactivation of benchmark Mo‐zeolite catalysts. This progress report represents an elaboration on the recent developments in understanding of zeolite‐based catalytic materials for high‐temperature non‐oxidative dehydroaromatization of methane. It is specifically focused on recent studies, relevant to the materials chemistry and elucidating i) the structure of active species in working catalysts; ii) the complex molecular pathways underlying the mechanism of selective conversion of methane to benzene; iii) structure, evolution and role of coke species; and iv) process intensification strategies to improve the deactivation resistance and overall performance of the catalysts. Finally, unsolved challenges in this field of research are outlined and an outlook is provided on promising directions toward improving the activity, stability, and selectivity of methane dehydroaromatization catalysts.
Single‐Atom Catalysts Supported by Crystalline Porous Materials: Views from the Inside
Authors: Zhang Tianjun , Chen Ziyi , Walsh Andrew G. , Li Yi , Zhang Peng
Published: July 2020

Single‐atom catalysts (SACs) have recently emerged as an exciting system in heterogeneous catalysis showing outstanding performance in many catalytic reactions. Single‐atom catalytic sites alone are not stable and thus require stabilization from substrates. Crystalline porous materials such as zeolites and metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are excellent substrates for SACs, offering high stability with the potential to further enhance their performance due to synergistic effects. This review features recent work on the structure, electronic, and catalytic properties of zeolite and MOF‐protected SACs, offering atomic‐scale views from the “inside” thanks to the subatomic resolution of synchrotron X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The extended X‐ray absorption fine structure and associated methods will be shown to be powerful tools in identifying the single‐atom site and can provide details into the coordination environment and bonding disorder of SACs. The X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure will be demonstrated as a valuable method in probing the electronic properties of SACs by analyzing the white line intensity, absorption edge shift, and pre‐/postedge features. Emphasis is also placed on in situ/operando XAS using state‐of‐the‐art equipment, which can unveil the changes in structure and properties of SACs during the dynamic catalytic processes in a highly sensitive and time‐resolved manner.
Broadband Ultrafast Dynamics of Refractory Metals: TiN and ZrN
Authors: Diroll Benjamin T. , Saha Soham , Shalaev Vladimir M. , Boltasseva Alexandra , Schaller Richard D.
Published: July 2020

Transition metal nitrides have recently gained attention in the fields of plasmonics, plasmon‐enhanced photocatalysis, photothermal applications, and nonlinear optics because of their suitable optical properties, refractory nature, and large laser damage thresholds. This work reports comparative studies of the transient response of films of titanium nitride (TiN), zirconium nitride (ZrN), and gold (Au) under femtosecond excitation. Broadband transient optical characterization helps to adjudicate earlier, somewhat inconsistent reports regarding hot electron lifetimes based upon single wavelength measurements. These pump–probe experiments show sub‐picosecond transient dynamics only within the epsilon‐near‐zero window of the refractory metals. The dynamics are dominated by photoinduced interband transitions resulting from ultrafast electron energy redistribution. The enhanced reflection modulation in the epsilon‐near‐zero window makes it possible to observe the ultrafast optical response of these films at low pump fluences. These results indicate that electron–phonon coupling in TiN and ZrN is 25–100 times greater than in Au. Strong electron–phonon coupling drives the sub‐picosecond optical response and facilitates greater lattice heating compared to Au, making TiN and ZrN promising for photothermal applications. The spectral response and dynamics of TiN and ZrN are only weakly sensitive to pump fluence and pump excitation energy. However, the magnitude of the response is much greater at higher pump photon energies and higher fluences, reaching peak observed values of 15% in TiN and 50% in ZrN in the epsilon‐near‐zero window.
Machine Learning Based Distinguishing between Ferroelectric and Non‐Ferroelectric Polarization–Electric Field Hysteresis Loops
Authors: Huang Qicheng , Fan Zhen , Hong Lanqing , Cheng Shengliang , Tan Zhengwei , Tian Guo , Chen Deyang , Hou Zhipeng , Qin Minghui , Zeng Min , Lu Xubing , Zhou Guofu , Gao Xingsen , Liu Jun‐Ming
Published: July 2020

The polarization–electric field (P–E) hysteresis loop is one of the most important criteria for identifying ferroelectricity. However, a P–E loop with apparent hysteresis window can be generated from non‐ferroelectric sources such as leakage current. So far distinguishing between ferroelectric and non‐ferroelectric loops is still performed in a manual way, which can be error prone and time consuming, particularly when the loops are not easily distinguishable and the number of loops to be identified is large. Here, two machine learning (ML) approaches are developed, one using the polarization values along the P–E loops as the input dataset (termed as “value‐based” approach) and the other using the loop images as the input dataset (termed as “image‐based” approach), to identify the P–E loops as ferroelectric or non‐ferroelectric. The value‐ and image‐based ML approaches achieve identification accuracies as high as 93.08% and 87.42%, respectively. In addition, it is tested that both approaches complete an identification of about 160 loops in very short time (≈1.0 s). The high accuracy and efficiency therefore demonstrate that the ML approaches significantly outperform the manual way for distinguishing ferroelectric from non‐ferroelectric P–E loops, which may greatly facilitate the research on ferroelectrics.
Whole blood viscosity and red blood cell adhesion: Potential biomarkers for targeted and curative therapies in sickle cell disease
Authors: Kucukal Erdem , Man Yuncheng , Hill Ailis , Liu Shichen , Bode Allison , An Ran , Kadambi Jaikrishnan , Little Jane A. , Gurkan Umut A.
Published: July 2020

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a recessive genetic blood disorder exhibiting abnormal blood rheology. Polymerization of sickle hemoglobin, due to a point mutation in the β‐globin gene of hemoglobin, results in aberrantly adhesive and stiff red blood cells (RBCs). Hemolysis, abnormal RBC adhesion, and abnormal blood rheology together impair endothelial health in people with SCD, which leads to cumulative systemic complications. Here, we describe a microfluidic assay combined with a micro particle image velocimetry technique for the integrated in vitro assessment of whole blood viscosity (WBV) and RBC adhesion. We examined WBV and RBC adhesion to laminin (LN) in microscale flow in whole blood samples from 53 individuals with no hemoglobinopathies (HbAA, N = 10), hemoglobin SC disease (HbSC, N = 14), or homozygous SCD (HbSS, N = 29) with mean WBV of 4.50 cP, 4.08 cP, and 3.73 cP, respectively. We found that WBV correlated with RBC count and hematocrit in subjects with HbSC or HbSS. There was a significant inverse association between WBV and RBC adhesion under both normoxic and physiologically hypoxic (SpO2 of 83%) tests, in which lower WBV associated with higher RBC adhesion to LN in subjects with HbSS. Low WBV has been found by others to associate with endothelial activation. Altered WBV and abnormal RBC adhesion may synergistically contribute to the endothelial damage and cumulative pathophysiology of SCD. These findings suggest that WBV and RBC adhesion may serve as clinically relevant biomarkers and endpoints in assessing emerging targeted and curative therapies in SCD.
Short stature and growth hormone deficiency in a subset of patients with Potocki–Lupski syndrome: Expanding the phenotype of PTLS
Authors: Franciskovich Rachel , Soler‐Alfonso Claudia , Neira‐Fresneda Juanita , Lupski James R. , McCann‐Crosby Bonnie , Potocki Lorraine
Published: July 2020

Potocki–Lupski Syndrome (PTLS, MIM 610883), or duplication of chromosome 17p11.2, is a clinically recognizable condition characterized by infantile hypotonia, failure to thrive, developmental delay, intellectual disability, and congenital anomalies. Short stature, classified as greater than two standard deviations below the mean, has not previously been considered a major feature of PTLS. Retrospective chart review on a cohort of 37 individuals with PTLS was performed to investigate the etiology of short stature. Relevant data included anthropometric measurements, insulin growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1), insulin‐like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP‐3), growth hormone (GH) stimulation testing, blood glucose levels, brain MRI, and bone age. Approximately 25% (9/37) of individuals with PTLS had short stature. Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) was definitively identified in two individuals. These two PTLS patients with growth hormone deficiency, as well as three others with short stature and no documented GHD, received growth hormone and obtained improvement in linear growth. One individual was identified to have pituitary abnormalities on MRI and had complications of hypoglycemia due to unrecognized GHD. Individuals with PTLS can benefit from undergoing evaluation for GHD should they present with short stature or hypoglycemia. Early identification of GHD could facilitate potential therapeutic benefit for individuals with PTLS, including linear growth, musculoskeletal, and in cases of hypoglycemia, potentially cognitive development as well.
49,XXXXYsyndrome: A study of neurological function in this uncommon X and Y chromosomal disorder
Authors: Samango‐Sprouse Carole , Lasutschinkow Patricia C. , Mitchell Francie , Porter Grace F. , Hendrie Patricia , Powell Sherida , Sadeghin Teresa , Gropman Andrea
Published: July 2020

49,XXXXY is a rare chromosomal variation characterized by deficits in motor, language, and cognitive domains. This study reports on the neurological function and dysmorphic features in the largest cohort to date. Seventy‐two boys with 49,XXXXY were evaluated on a variety of domains including a neurological examination and neuromotor assessments including the Beery Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual‐Motor Integration, Sixth Edition, the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (BSID‐III), and the Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition. Results supported previous literature by describing high occurrences of truncal and extremity hypotonia, which significantly impacts on motor milestones and ambulation in this population. The boys presented with dysmorphic features including epicanthal folds, frontal bossing, and synophrys. Visual perception skills were mildly impaired and cranial nerves were typically intact, however capabilities in motor coordination and fine motor precision were greatly delayed, supporting deficits in refined and controlled hand movements versus widespread visual deficits. Preschool boys treated with testosterone replacement had significantly increased scores when compared to the untreated group on the BSID‐III Psychomotor Development Index, further supporting previous research indicating that testosterone replacement may have a positive impact on neurodevelopmental outcomes in males with additional X chromosomes. Boys with 49,XXXXY may benefit from hormonal treatment in conjunction with early intervention services to address their significant motor deficits.
Comparison of bacterial maxillary sinus cultures between odontogenic sinusitis and chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Yassin‐Kassab Abdulkader , Bhargava Pallavi , Tibbetts Robert J. , Griggs Zachary H. , Peterson Edward I. , Craig John R.
Published: July 2020

Background

Bacterial odontogenic sinusitis (ODS) is distinct from other forms of rhinosinusitis. Diagnosing ODS can be challenging because of nonspecific clinical presentations and underrepresentation in the literature. The purpose of this study was to compare maxillary sinus bacterial cultures between patients with ODS and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), to determine whether certain bacteria are associated with ODS.

Methods

This was a retrospective case‐control study of 276 consecutive patients from August 2015 to August 2019 who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for bacterial ODS, CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), or CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). When present, pus was sterilely cultured from maxillary sinuses after maxillary antrostomy, and aerobic and anaerobic cultures were immediately sent for processing. Demographics and culture results were compared between ODS and CRS patients, and then separately between ODS and CRSsNP, and ODS and CRSwNP. ODS culture results were also compared between different dental pathologies (endodontic vs oroantral fistula).

Results

The following bacteria were significantly more likely in ODS compared to CRS: mixed anaerobes, Fusobacterium spp., Eikenella corrodens, Streptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus anginosus, and Streptococcus constellatus. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were inversely related to ODS. There were no significant differences in cultures between the different dental pathologies.

Conclusion

Certain bacteria were more likely to be associated with ODS compared to CRS when purulence was cultured from the maxillary sinus. Physicians should evaluate for an odontogenic source of sinusitis when these ODS‐associated bacteria are identified in maxillary sinus cultures.
Online composition analysis of phase separation solvent for carbon dioxide capture using ATR‐FT‐IR
Authors: Sato Miho , Tran Khuyen Viet Bao , Yamaguchi Tsuyoshi , Machida Hiroshi , Norinaga Koyo
Published: July 2020

An amine solvent that undergoes phase change after absorption of CO2 has been studied to reduce the energy consumed during the CO2 capture process. Depending on the components of the solvent, the CO2‐rich phase can be separated for the regeneration step or the component in CO2‐lean phase accelerates the regeneration step in the solvent that undergoes liquid‐liquid phase change. Since the homogeneous solvent separates into two liquid phases after CO2 absorption, an analysis method to track the change in chemical species during the absorption process, especially at the phase separation time, is necessary to illuminate the phenomenon. To establish an online method to analyze the components of the solvent, a Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectrometer equipped with an attenuated total reflection (ATR) probe was used during the CO2 absorption of phase separation solvent composed of amine, ether, and water. The calibration samples of amines, ethers, and CO2‐loaded solutions were used to develop the partial least square regression model. The consumption of reactants, as well as the formation of products, can be monitored quantitatively using the FT‐IR spectra. Utilizing this information, the changes in the chemical species shed light on the phase separation mechanism of this solvent: ether was pushed out of the solvent to form a CO2‐lean phase due to its hydrophobicity, while CO2 and its products along with amine and water remain in the CO2‐rich phase. Without sampling, this rapid and high‐accuracy method is suitable for closed processes, especially for a high‐pressure process.
Achieving strictly linear polyethylenes by the NNN‐Fe precatalysts finely tuned with different sizes of ortho‐cycloalkyl substituents
Authors: Suo Hongyi , Li Zilong , Oleynik Irina V. , Wang Zheng , Oleynik Ivan I. , Ma Yanping , Liu Qingbin , Sun Wen‐Hua
Published: July 2020

Six examples of newly synthesized α,α’‐bis (aryl)‐2,3:5,6‐bis (pentame thylene)pyridyliron complexes [2,3:5,6‐{C4H8C(NAr)}2C5HN]FeCl2 (Ar = 2‐(c‐C5H9)‐6‐MeC6H3 Fe1, 2‐(c‐C6H11)‐6‐MeC6H3 Fe2, 2‐(c‐C8H15)‐6‐MeC6H3 Fe3, 2‐(c‐C5H9)‐4,6‐Me2C6H2 Fe4, 2‐(c‐C6H11)‐4,6‐Me2C6H2 Fe5, 2‐(c‐C8H15)‐4,6‐Me2C6H2 Fe6; c refers as cyclic), on activation with methylalumoxane (MAO) or modified MAO (MMAO), exhibit high activities towards ethylene polymerization, producing strictly linear polyethylenes with terminal vinyl groups. The catalytic performances are systematically investigated along with various polymerization parameters as well as the microstructures of resultant polyethylenes. The steric hindrances of ortho‐cycloalkyl substituents of Nimino‐aryl groups significantly affect the activities of the corresponding iron precatalysts as well as the microstructures of resultant polyethylenes: higher steric hindrance the ortho‐cycloalkyl substituents, higher activity the iron precatalyst, lower molecular weight the resultant polyethylenes. Experimental observations are additionally supported by the computational study. The resultant polyethylenes exhibited excellent hydrophobicity.
Environmental Oxygen is a Key Modulator of Development and Evolution: From Molecules to Ecology
Authors: Cordeiro Ingrid Rosenburg , Tanaka Mikiko
Published: July 2020

Oxygen is a key regulator of both development and homeostasis and a promising candidate to bridge the influence of the environment and the evolution of new traits. To clarify the various ways in which oxygen may modulate embryogenesis, its effects are reviewed at distinct organizational levels. First, the role of pathways that sense dioxygen levels and reactive oxygen species are reviewed. Then, the effects of microenvironmental oxygen on metabolism, stemness, and differentiation throughout embryogenesis are discussed. Last, the interplay between ecology and development are reexamined with a focus on the evolution of tetrapods, including during the emergence of a novel mechanism that shapes amniote limbs—interdigital cell death. Both genetic and environmental components work together during the formation of organisms, highlighting the importance of a multidisciplinary approach for understanding the evolution of new traits.
Optimization of extraction and quantification technique for phenolics content of garlic (Allium sativum): An application for comparative phytochemical evaluation based on cultivar origin
Authors: Ahmad Rizwan , Ahmad Niyaz , Riaz Muhammad , Al‐tarouti Maria , Aloufi Fatimah , AlDarwish Alaa , Alalaq Bayan , Alhanfoush Badriah , Khan Zahid
Published: July 2020

A range of conventional, i.e. maceration, percolation, ultrasonic assisted, Soxhlet and Soxtec extraction (STE), to advanced extraction techniques of accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) was utilized for the first time in order to optimize the extract yield and recovery of phenolics—gallic acid (GA), rutin (RT) and quercetin (QT)—quantified via ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (UHPLC–DAD). The effect of solvents (n‐hexane, dichloromethane and methanol) and temperature (60, 80 and 100°C) upon extraction yield, phenolic content and antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS and DPPH) was studied, and the method was validated in commercial food samples from Saudi Arabia, China and India. A high extract yield with percentage recovery was observed for STE (1221.10 mg/5 g; 24.42%) and ASE techniques (91.50 mg/1 g; 9.15%) in methanol at 100°C. UHPLC–DAD showed retention times (min) of 0.67, 1.93 and 1.90 for GA, RT and QT, respectively in the shortest runtime of 3 min. The yield for phenolics was higher for STE/ASE (ppm): 15.27/15.29 (GA), 85.24/37.56 (RT) and 52.20/33.40 (QT), respectively. In terms of antioxidant activities, low IC50 values (μg/ml) of 1.09/1.18 (DPPH), 2.11/5.32 (ABTS) and 4.35/7.88 (phenazine methosulfate–nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) were observed for STE and ASE, respectively. Multivariate analysis for STE showed a significant (P = 0.000) correlation for extraction type vs. extract yield and phenolics content; however, there was no significance for antioxidant activities vs. extraction type. ASE showed a positive correlation for solvent vs. extraction yield, phenolics and antioxidant activity; however, there was no correlation for extraction yield and DPPH activity. Principal component analysis for STE showed a major variability (52.02%) for extraction yield and phenolics in PC1 followed by PC2 (38.30%) for antioxidant activities. For ASE, PC1 (48.68%) showed a positive correlation for solvent vs. extraction yield and phenolics while PC2 (33.12%) showed a positive correlation for temperature and antioxidant activities. STE and ASE were the optimized extraction techniques for the garlic food sample while a significant effect of solvent and temperature was observed upon extraction yield, phenolics and antioxidant activity.