bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Smartphone automated motor and speech analysis for early detection of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease: Validation of TapTalk across 20 different devices
Authors: Li Renjie , Huang Guan , Wang Xinyi , Lawler Katherine , Goldberg Lynette R. , Roccati Eddy , St George Rebecca J. , Aiyede Mimieveshiofuo , King Anna E. , Bindoff Aidan D. , Vickers James C. , Bai Quan , Alty Jane
Published: October 2024

INTRODUCTION

Smartphones are proving useful in assessing movement and speech function in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative conditions. Valid outcomes across different smartphones are needed before population‐level tests are deployed. This study introduces the TapTalk protocol, a novel app designed to capture hand and speech function and validate it in smartphones against gold‐standard measures.

METHODS

Twenty different smartphones collected video data from motor tests and audio data from speech tests. Features were extracted using Google Mediapipe (movement) and Python audio analysis packages (speech). Electromagnetic sensors (60 Hz) and a microphone acquired simultaneous movement and voice data, respectively.

RESULTS

TapTalk video and audio outcomes were comparable to gold‐standard data: 90.3% of video, and 98.3% of audio, data recorded tapping/speech frequencies within ± 1 Hz of the gold‐standard measures.

DISCUSSION

Validation of TapTalk across a range of devices is an important step in the development of smartphone‐based telemedicine and was achieved in this study.

Highlights

TapTalk evaluates hand motor and speech functions across a wide range of smartphones.

Data showed 90.3% motor and 98.3% speech accuracy within +/–1 Hz of gold standards.

Validation advances smartphone‐based telemedicine for neurodegenerative diseases.
ATN blood biomarkers are related to digital cognitive assessment in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Fonseca Luciana Mascarenhas , Beeri Michal Schnaider , Hawks Zoë W. , Jung Lanee , Cleveland Michael , Delgado Nikki , Bulger Jane , Grinspoon Elizabeth , Janess Kamille , Sliwinski Martin J. , Weinstock Ruth S. , Chhatwal Jasmeer P. , Kivisäkk Pia , Germine Laura Thi , Chaytor Naomi S.
Published: October 2024

INTRODUCTION

Associations between amyloid‐tau‐neurodegeneration (ATN) plasma biomarkers and cognition have not been characterized in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D).

METHODS

Using data from participants in the Glycemic Variability and Fluctuations in Cognitive Status in Adults with T1D (GluCog) study (N = 114), we evaluated associations between phosphorylated tau (pTau)181, pTau217, β‐amyloid 42/40 ratio, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neurofilament light (NfL) and self‐administered digital cognitive tests, adjusting for age, sex, education, comorbidities (e.g., kidney disease), and glycemic indices.

RESULTS

Higher concentrations of pTau181 and GFAP were associated with slower responses on working memory tasks (pTau181: β = 0.261; p = 0.007; GFAP: β = 0.175, p = 0.036), and higher β‐amyloid 42/40 ratio was associated with better vocabulary (β = 0.260, p = 0.009).

Discussion

Digital cognitive performance was associated with several ATN plasma biomarkers in T1D adults. Prospective studies are needed to understand the utility of these biomarkers in T1D.

Highlights

There is an increase in life expectancy for individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D).

Few studies investigate the relationship between T1D and neurodegeneration.

We characterize the relation between ATN plasma biomarkers and cognitive function.

Digital cognitive performance was associated with plasma biomarkers in T1D adults.
Comparison of GARP and MaxEnt in Modeling Current and Future Geographic Distribution of Ceracris nigricornis Walker (Acrididae, Orthoptera) in China
Authors: Fu Chun , Wen Xuanye , Huang Tingting , Wang Yanli , Liu Xiu , Jiang Na , Wang Rulin , Zhao Jinpeng
Published: October 2024

Ceracris nigricornis Walker is an insect of the Acrididae, which can harm bamboo, rice, corn, sorghum and other crops, and can cause serious economic losses. In this study, based on 234 occurrence sites of C. nigricornis obtained from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and literature, and data of three future climate scenarios presented by CMIP6, two niche models (GARP, MaxEnt) were used to predict the suitable area of C. nigricornis in China. The result shows that the main environmental factors affecting the distribution of C. nigricornis are min temperature of coldest month (bio6), mean temperature of coldest quarter (bio11), precipitation of driest month (bio14) and precipitation of wettest quarter (bio16). From the result of MaxEnt model, it can be seen that the suitable area of C. nigricornis in China is 128.91 × 104 km2 under current scenario. It will decrease by 3.19% in the 2050s and then increase by 12.04% in the 2090s under the SSP1‐2.6 scenario, increase by 5.79% in the 2050s and then decrease by 7.53% in the 2090s under the SSP2‐4.5 scenario, and increase by 33.03% in 2050s and then decrease by 23.31% in the 2090s under SSP5‐8.5 scenario. From the result of GARP model, it can be seen that the suitable area of C. nigricornis in China is 166.09 × 104 km2 under current scenario. It will increase by 8.41% in 2050s and then continue to increase by 6.11% in 2090s under SSP1‐2.6 scenario, increase by 23.84% in the 2050s and then decrease by 0.88% in the 2090s under the SSP2‐4.5 scenario, and increase by 34.37% in 2050s and then decrease by 1.75% in 2090s under SSP5‐8.5 scenario. The boundaries of suitable areas will expand to the north and southwest of China under future climate change scenarios, specially in Sichuan, Chongqing and Yunnan. Local forestry authorities should strengthen the monitoring of bamboo forests to prevent the damage caused by the introduction of C. nigricornis.
Comparative Analyses of Lycodon rufozonatus and Lycodon rosozonatus Gut Microbiota in Different Regions
Authors: Zhu Fei , Sun Ke , Zhang He , Lu Jing , Guo Peng , Zhang Jiaqi , Xu Yu , Lyu Bing
Published: October 2024

The interactions between hosts and the gut microbiota are intricate and can significantly affect the ecology and evolution of both parties. Various host traits, including taxonomy, diet, social behaviour, and external factors such as prey availability and the local environment, all play an important role in shaping composition and diversity of the gut microbiogta. In this study, we explored the impact of intestinal microorganisms on the host in adapting to their respective ecological niches in two species of snakes. We collected feces from Lycodon rufozonatus and Lycodon rosozonatus from different geographical locations and used 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology to sequence the v3‐v4 region. The results revealed that there was no significant difference in the alpha diversity of intestinal microorganisms between L. rufozonatus and L. rosozonatus. The gut microbiota of all individuals comprised four main phyla: Pseudomonadota, Bacteroidota, Bacillota, and Actinomycetota. At the genus level, the genus Salmonella dominated the enterobacterial microbiota in the samples from Hainan, while there was no obvious dominant genus in the enterobacterial microbiota of the samples from the other four localities. Comparative analysis of enzyme families annotated to the gut microbiota between L. rufozonatus and L. rosozonatus from the four sampling regions by CAZy carbohydrate annotation revealed that nine enzyme families differed significantly in terms of glycoside hydrolases (GHs). In addition, we compared the composition of gut microbial communities between L. rufozonatus and L. rosozonatus and investigated the impact of the differences on their functions. Our results will provide insights into the coevolution of host and gut microbes.
Climate and management changes over 40 years drove more stress‐tolerant and less ruderal weed communities in vineyards
Authors: Bopp Marie‐Charlotte , Kazakou Elena , Metay Aurélie , Maillet Jacques , Quidoz Marie‐Claude , Genty Léa , Fried Guillaume
Published: October 2024

Spontaneous plant communities have undergone considerable constraints due to human‐mediated changes. Understanding how plant communities are shifting in response to land management and climate changes is necessary to predict future ecosystem functioning and improve the resilience of managed ecosystems, such as agroecosystems. Using Mediterranean weed communities as models of managed plant communities in a climate change hotspot, we quantified the extent to which they have shifted from the 1980s to the 2020s in response to climate and management changes in vineyards. The weed communities of the same 40 vineyards in the Montpellier region were surveyed using the same protocol in spring, summer, and autumn, for two years, with a 40‐year interval (1978–1979 vs. 2020–2021). In four decades, the annual range of temperatures (i.e., the difference between the warmest month's and the coldest month's mean temperatures) increased by 1.2°C and the summer temperatures by 2°C. Weed management diversified over time with the adoption of mowing that replaced the chemical weeding of interrows. Chemical weeding is now mostly limited to the area under the row. Current weed communities were 41% more abundant, 24% more diverse, and with a less even distribution of abundance across species than the 1980s communities at the vineyard level. Modern communities were composed of more annual species (57% of annual species in the 1980s vs. 80% in the 2020s) with lower community‐weighted seed mass and were composed of fewer C4 species. They had higher community‐weighted specific leaf area, higher leaf dry matter content, and lower leaf area than the 1980s weed communities. At the community level, the onset of flowering was earlier and the duration of flowering was longer in the 2020s. Climate change induced more stress‐tolerant communities in the 2020s while the diversification of weed management practices favored less ruderal communities. This study shows that plant communities are shifting in response to climate change and that land management is a strong lever for action to model more diverse and eventually more desirable weed communities in the future.
Urine chloride trajectory and relationship with diuretic response in acute heart failure
Authors: Guzik Mateusz , Zymliński Robert , Ponikowski Piotr , Biegus Jan
Published: October 2024

Aims

Sodium excretion is a well‐defined marker used to assess diuretic response in acute heart failure (AHF). Despite a strong pathophysiological background, the role of urine chloride excretion has not been described and established yet. We aimed to evaluate chloride trajectory during intensive diuretic treatment in AHF patients and examine its potential role in predicting poor diuretic response.

Methods

The study was conducted on 50 AHF patients. Participants were included within the first 36 h of hospitalization. They received furosemide dose adjusted for body weight (half in bolus, half in 2 h infusion). Post‐diuretic hourly urine collection with biochemical analysis was performed.

Results

In general, the concentrations of urine chloride (uCl−) and sodium (uNa+) at the baseline samples exhibited a comparable level (71 ± 39 vs. 70 ± 44 mmol/L, respectively; P = 0.99), but across all post‐furosemide study timepoints, uCl− remained significantly higher than uNa+ since 1 to 6 h of the study. In this course, both ions (uCl− and uNa+) reached peak values in 2 h (114 ± 28 vs. 97 ± 34 mmol/L, respectively; P < 0.01). The pattern of uCl− dominance over uNa+ concentration was also observed in separate analyses of patients naïve to furosemide and those chronically exposed to furosemide. Regardless of these patterns, naïve to furosemide individuals excreted more ions (both uCl− and uNa+) than chronically exposed patients at all timepoints. Additionally, a strong, linear correlation between uCl− and uNa+ was observed in each post‐furosemide timepoint (the strongest in 1 h r = 0.87; P < 0.001). Both interdependent ions concentration was almost parallel when analysed in chronic furosemide users and those naïve to furosemide separately [uCl− = 0.85 * uNa+ + 28.82, P < 0.001, R2 = 0.83 for chronic furosemide users, and uCl− = 0.72 * uNa+ + 41.55, P < 0.001, R2 = 0.65 for naïves to furosemide (linear regression model)]. Moreover, uCl− (with cutoff point: 72 mmol/L) was a satisfactory predictive factor for poor diuretic response (<100 mL/h in 6 h since the beginning of furosemide infusion) [odds ratio (OR) 95% confidence interval (CI): 39.0 (3.8–405.00)]. It presented those properties also after adjusting for urine creatinine [cutoff point: 0.296 mmol/mg—OR (95% CI): 81.0 (8.0–816.0)].

Conclusions

Urine chloride and sodium are highly interrelated during decongestion of AHF patients. The uCl− (cutoff 72 mmol/L) exhibits better prognostic abilities to identify poor diuretic response than uNa+.
The global, regional, and national burden of myocarditis in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2021: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Authors: Li Le , Ding Ligang , Wu Lingmin , Hu Zhicheng , Liu Limin , Zhao Minghao , Zhang Tao , Zheng Lihui , Yao Yan
Published: October 2024

Aims

To estimate the global burden of myocarditis in the general population from 1990 to 2021.

Methods and results

Data on myocarditis were retrieved from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Incidence, deaths, and disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs), along with their age‐standardized rates (ASRs) per 100 000 population, were used to measure the burden of myocarditis. Global, regional, and national analyses were performed for the period between 1990 and 2021. Further sub‐analyses were conducted based on age group, sex, and sociodemographic index (SDI). In 2021, there were 1.3 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 1.1 to 1.6) incident cases, 31.7 thousand (95% UI: 25.5 to 37.1) deaths, and 96.3 thousand (95% UI: 79.6 to 114.8) DALY cases globally. The ASRs of incidence, death, and DALYs significantly decreased from 1990 to 2021, with percentage changes of −3.9% (95% UI: −4.7% to −2.9%), −28.2% (95% UI: −42.2% to −12.5%), and −37.8% (95% UI: −50.5% to −24.3%), respectively. The global burden of myocarditis was higher in males, children, and the elderly. Additionally, the burden of myocarditis varied widely across different SDI regions, with high SDI regions having the highest ASR of incidence, and high‐middle SDI regions having the highest ASRs of deaths and DALYs.

Conclusion

Although the ASRs of incidence, deaths, and DALYs significantly decreased from 1990 to 2021, the global number of incidences, deaths, and DALYs increased substantially. Certain populations, including males, children, the elderly, and regions with advanced sociodemographic levels, experienced a heavier burden of myocarditis.
Understanding the benefits and pitfalls of artificial intelligence
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: October 2024

About half of people who use artificial intelligence (AI) don’t want anyone else to know. That's because they’re worried about seeming replaceable in their jobs, especially if they work in academia. Or they’re concerned that AI use might not be permitted or that it qualifies as some form of cheating, according to Beth Ziesenis, owner of yournerdybestfriend.com.
Lattice Distortion Creates Enhancements in Photocatalytic and Electrocapacitive Performance of Sol–Gel‐Derived Cu‐Doped NiTiO3
Authors: Chaudhary Sakshi , Parmar Kanak Pal Singh , Brajpuriya Ranjeet , Rawat Bhupendra Singh , Vij Ankush
Published: October 2024

A remarkable 35% enhancement in the photocatalytic and electrocatalytic abilities of an ilmenite nickel titanate (NiTiO3) material is reported. This boost in catalytic performance is achieved by simply creating a static distortion in the rhombohedral unit cell by replacing a small proportion of a small‐size nondegenerate Ni (69 pm) with a large‐size degenerate Cu (73 pm). The materials are synthesized by using a simple sol–gel method. The appropriate doping amount of Cu facilitates the better separation of intrinsic charge carrier pairs by inhibiting their recombination. The photocatalytic and electrochemical activities of durable materials in aqueous MB dye (10 ppm) and KOH (1 molar) electrolyte solutions are found to be directly associated with this improvement in inherent charge carrier transfer characteristics. The enhanced photodissociation of MB dye (42–56%) and specific capacitance (381–450 F g−1) in a KOH (1 molar) electrolyte are in full accord with the investigations carried out using crystallographic and optoelectronic analysis, charging–discharging measurements, and electrochemical impedance (EIS) spectroscopy investigations. Same material with high textural surface areas or controllable particle morphologies might show a far better photo/electrocatalytic performance in a variety of practical applications.
A review of recent developments in the design of electrolytes and solid electrolyte interphase for lithium metal batteries
Authors: Kang Hyeonmuk , Kang Heechan , Lyu Mikyeong , Cho EunAe
Published: October 2024

Lithium metal batteries offer a promising solution for high density energy storage due to their high theoretical capacity and negative electrochemical potential. However, implementing of these batteries faces challenges related to electrolyte instability and the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the lithium (Li) metal anode. The decomposition of liquid electrolytes leading to the creation of the SEI emphasizes the significance of the type of Li salt, solvent, and additives designed and used, as well as their interactions during the formation of the SEI. For practical applications, ensuring both the reversibility of the Li metal anode and electrolyte stability at high voltages is crucial. In this review, we explore recent advancements in addressing these challenges through new designs of electrolytes and SEI engineering practices. Specifically, we investigate the effects of electrolyte systems, including carbonate‐based and ether‐based solutions, along with modifications to these electrolyte systems aimed at achieving a more stable interface with the Li metal anode. Additionally, we discuss various artificial SEI structures based on organic and inorganic components. By critically examining recent research in these areas, this review provides valuable insights into current state‐of‐the‐art strategies for enhancing the performance and safety of Li metal batteries.

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Numerical investigation of dual‐source gas explosion dynamics in h‐type tunnels under varied enclosed situations
Authors: Wang Weijian , Ye Qing , Jia Zhenzhen
Published: October 2024

To further investigate the propagation characteristics of shock waves and flame waves in H‐type tunnel gas explosions, numerical simulation studies were conducted on a dual‐source gas explosion model using Fluent software. Three distinct operational conditions were designed and modeled, leading to the following outcomes. The shock wave flow field parameters from dual sources (with equal source energy) are symmetrically distributed in the H‐type tunnel, with high pressure and low flow velocity in the connecting roadway between the two shock waves. Under different conditions, the pressure is generally higher in closed tunnels (fully closed greater than semi‐closed) and lower in open tunnels. The largest overpressure in non‐explosion areas occurs at the closed ends and in the connecting roadway, while the areas bearing the greatest impulse are the shock wave reflection zones and pressure coupling regions. In closed conditions, the flame wave first moves forward and then propagates backward after the explosion, influenced by reflected waves and pressure differences between the ends and the tunnel. In open conditions, the pressure in the flame zone is lower than at both ends, inhibiting the forward propagation of the flame wave.
Design and Analysis of Sierpinski Fractal Antennas for Millimeter‐Wave 5G and Ground‐Based Radio Navigation Applications
Authors: Raj Arun , Mandal Durbadal
Published: October 2024

The paper describes compact fractal antennae combined with ground defected structures (DGS) and substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) techniques for enhancing resonate and multiband behavior concerning bandwidth, gain, and radiation in the desired mm‐wave region. Based on the proposed antennae, multiple good notches over wide bands depict a good radiation pattern. The antennae's ultra wide bandwidths (UWB) are 16, 16, and 11.4 GHz concerning resonant frequencies 26.34, 30.35, 34.5, 36.65 GHz; 25.8, 32.2, 35.3 GHz; 30.22, 37.68 GHz, of concerning antennae ant 1 (FA1), 4 (FA2), and 6 (FA3), respectively. The proposed antenna (FA3) with the SIW technique has a peak gain of 5.9 dBi and a peak front‐to‐back ratio of 20 dB, respectively. The proposed antennas are targeted to cover the practical contribution aspect, including advanced 5G bands support (24–40 GHz), broadband spectrum, frequency agility, low 3 dB beamwidth, interference reduction, and medical application suitability, respectively. The proposed antennae also cover the desired mm wave 5G region with different resonating notches over ultra‐wide bandwidth, such as n257, n258, n259, n260, and n261, and ground‐based radio navigation applications. Results are validated with vector network analyzer, spectrum analyzer, and power sensor in the presence of absorber, respectively.
Synergistic amelioration of obesity in high‐fat diet–fed mice by Bifidobacterium longum and green banana powder through targeting multiple pathways
Authors: Lu Yi‐Yao , Jia Zhi , Zhang Meng‐Yue , Cheng Juan , Yu Ze‐Xu , Li Ye , Zhang Yi‐Xuan , Wu Xin
Published: October 2024

Long‐term consumption of high‐fat diet (HFD) is a major significant risk factor for various diseases, including hyperlipidemia, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers. Recently, there has been a focus on effective dietary methods to improve lipid absorption and accumulation in the body. Simultaneously, exploring non‐pharmacological interventions to counteract the adverse consequences of obesity is crucial. Probiotics and prebiotics emerge as promising alternatives in this context, with their combined utilization yielding substantial effects surpassing those achieved by individual application alone. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effects of Bifidobacterium longum (BL) SYP‐B4138 and green banana powder (GBP) on HFD‐induced obesity while exploring their underlying mechanisms. The findings demonstrated that the combined intervention exhibited significantly greater efficacy than BL or GBP alone, including in mitigating weight gain and organ weight among obese mice, while also improving lipid profile, glucose tolerance, and inflammation levels. Furthermore, it effectively reduced liver fat accumulation. The mechanism study revealed that the combined intervention increased the expression of gene‐related lipid metabolism, such as Pparα, Cpt1a, Fxr, Cyp7a1, and Bsep, while decreasing expression of the regulatory genes involved in fat synthesis, Acc1, Srebpf1, and Pparγ. The correlation analysis of gut microbes and metabolites suggests that the combined effect of BL and GBP can reverse the intestinal microecological imbalance, leading to changes in bile acids, glycerophospholipids, and other related metabolites. Overall, this study demonstrates that BL combined with GBP can effectively alleviate dietary obesity, highlighting its potential as a non‐pharmacological intervention for weight reduction.
Addressing abdominal trauma from conflict and warfare in under‐resourced regions: A critical narrative review
Authors: Awuah Wireko Andrew , Tan Joecelyn Kirani , Shah Muhammad Hamza , Ahluwalia Arjun , Roy Sakshi , Ali Syed Hasham , Ferreira Tomas , Bharadwaj Hareesha Rishab , Adebusoye Favour Tope , Aderinto Nicholas , Mazzoleni Adele , Abdul‐Rahman Toufik , Ovechkin Denys
Published: October 2024

Introduction

The prevalence of abdominal injuries in war and conflict zones, particularly in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs), presents a significant healthcare challenge. These injuries, often resulting from explosive devices, firearms, and shrapnel, lead to high morbidity and mortality rates due to delayed diagnoses, inadequate medical infrastructure, and limited access to specialised care. This review aims to summarise the literature on conflict‐related abdominal injuries in LMICs, highlighting the impact of such trauma on healthcare systems and patient outcomes, and suggesting strategies for improvement.

Methods

A comprehensive narrative review was conducted, focusing on studies from contemporary and historical conflict‐ridden nations. Databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, the Cochrane Library, and Scopus were searched using specific keywords. Inclusion criteria encompassed various study designs and both paediatric and adult populations, with studies providing raw data prioritised. Exclusions included non‐English articles, non‐peer‐reviewed studies, and those not reporting outcomes or involving high‐income countries.

Results

The review identified significant challenges in managing war‐related abdominal trauma in LMICs, including a shortage of healthcare personnel and infrastructure, socio‐political barriers, and research gaps. Clinical implications of such injuries include elevated mortality rates, with surgical and nonsurgical management outcomes varying significantly. Positive advancements in diagnostics and surgical techniques have improved survival rates, yet the need for further infrastructural and workforce enhancements remains critical.

Conclusion

Abdominal trauma in conflict‐affected LMICs necessitates focused efforts to improve healthcare delivery, including targeted funding for infrastructure and equipment, development of training programs for trauma specialists, and increased humanitarian aid. Bridging research gaps and fostering collaborative efforts are essential for advancing the management of abdominal trauma and enhancing patient outcomes in these challenging environments.
Ultrasound‐ Versus Landmark‐Guided Corticosteroid Injections in Patients With Shoulder Pain: A Meta‐Analysis and Systematic Review
Authors: Zhang Yifan , Hu Mingwei , Wei Jitong , Su Chunyang , Guo Cuicui , Xiang Shuai , Xu Hao
Published: October 2024

This meta‐analysis evaluated the effects of ultrasound‐guided (USG) and landmark‐guided (LMG) injections of corticosteroids into the shoulder joint cavity of patients with shoulder pain. The PubMed database was searched for articles (January 1, 2004–December 31, 2023) comparing USG and LMG injections of corticosteroids for the treatment of adult shoulder pain. Two authors independently performed data extraction and appraisal. The outcome measures collected were visual analogue scale (VAS) score and VAS score change at 1 and 6 weeks postinjection and range of motion (ROM) at 6 weeks postinjection. Thirteen studies including 656 patients were reviewed (USG and LMG groups, 328 patients each). The VAS score at 1 week postinjection and the ROM in abduction at 6 weeks postinjection were statistically different, but there were no statistically significant differences in other outcomes. This meta‐analysis indicated that USG corticosteroid injection may have a better effect than LMG corticosteroid injection for early‐stage shoulder pain and abduction in the mid‐ to long‐term, but does not affect later shoulder pain or other ROMs.
Avoidance of hot air blast in Rattus norvegicus
Authors: Condurú Melo Elisama Almeida , Fonseca‐Júnior Amilcar Rodrigues , de Carvalho‐Neto Marcus Bentes
Published: October 2024

The hegemonic use of electric shock as an aversive stimulus limits what is known about the generality of avoidance behavior and related phenomena. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of using the hot air blast (HAB) instead of electric shock as an aversive stimulus in avoidance conditioning. Four male Wistar rats were exposed to a discrete‐trial procedure. In the first phase, the emission of a lever‐press response during a trial was positively reinforced. In the second phase, the same contingency was employed, but an escapable HAB was presented at the end of a trial when no response was emitted. In the third phase, positive reinforcement was suspended and a discrete‐trial avoidance procedure was employed. In the fourth phase, HAB presentation was completely suspended. As a result, all subjects learned the avoidance response and showed a marked reduction in its frequency during HAB suspension. These results offer evidence indicating that avoidance behavior is controlled by the HAB, thereby advancing the understanding of the generality of this stimulus as being aversive.
Functional Morphology of the Tongue and Laryngeal Entrance and Scanning Electron Microscopic Pattern of the Filter Feeding Apparatus of Anas crecca
Authors: Alruhaimi Reem S. , Abumandour Mohamed M. A. , Kassab Mohammed , Elnegiry Ahmed , Farrag Foad , Massoud Diaa , Mahmoud Ayman M. , AL‐Osaimi Bandar H. , Hamoda Hazem
Published: October 2024

There is insufficient information about the migratory Eurasian teal, Anas crecca. The study provides the first anatomical description of lingual adaptations and their relationship with the species‐specific feeding behavior of A. crecca collected near Egyptian Lake Nasser. Our investigation was applied with the help of gross, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and morphometric analysis. The study focused on the feeding filtering apparatus that depends on eight lingual papillae. The spatula‐shaped nail is adapted for food particle pecking, while the lingual combs, rostral border of the prominence, unique papillary crest, median groove, and papillary system aid in intra‐oral transportation. The feeding apparatus is formed by the lateral and dorsal papillary systems. The lateral papillary system had conical papillae with numerous long filiform and hair‐like filiform papillae to constitute the food filtration apparatus, while the dorsal papillary system had ridged‐like and rod‐like papillae in addition to the small papillae of the papillary crest and spinated border of the root to help in moving the food particles with water to the lateral sides of the prominence. The laryngeal region exhibited papillary (pre‐glottic) and non‐papillary (glottic) areas. The papillary area had two lateral papillary portions and a median smooth portion, while the non‐papillary area had an ovoid laryngeal mound with a median glottic opening that was bordered by a papillary border. The papillary portion had three slightly oblique longitudinal papillary rows.
Investigating the Mechanisms Impacting Soil Ca, Mg, and Na in Wastewater Land Application Systems Using Machine Learning Models
Authors: Duan Runbin , Gao Jiangqi , Sun Yao , Zhu Bingzi
Published: October 2024

Wastewater land application is a widely accepted solution for addressing global water crisis, particularly in arid and semiarid regions, but it may cause soil Ca, Mg, and Na accumulation and result in soil degradation. The objective of this study was to investigate the underlying mechanisms impacting soil Ca, Mg, and Na in wastewater land application systems using tree‐based machine learning models. Using data collected from previous field studies, decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), and extreme gradient boosting decision trees (XGBoost) models were developed to predict soil Ca, Mg, and Na in wastewater land application systems. XGBoost models showed the best performance, with R2 and RMSE values of 0.999 and 18.9 mg/kg, 0.999 and 3.2 mg/kg, and 0.912 and 104 mg/kg on the training data and 0.989 and 345 mg/kg, 0.925 and 56.1 mg/kg, and 0.908 and 112 mg/kg on the test data for soil Ca, Mg, and Na prediction, respectively. Permutation importance analysis reveals that initial soil Ca and electrical conductivity (EC) and total irrigation amount, initial soil Mg, total precipitation and initial soil EC, and initial soil Na, total irrigation amount and wastewater Na were the top three predictive variables for soil Ca, Mg, and Na, respectively. Partial dependence analysis demonstrates how soil Ca, Mg, and Na changed with the predictive variables, and indicates that wastewater irrigation caused soil Ca, Mg, and Na accumulation. This study highlights the need for sustainable wastewater land application management to control soil sodium adsorption ratio and mitigate the risks of land degradation.
High‐speed escape jumps in haptophytes: Mechanism and triggering fluid signal
Authors: Miano Federica , Asadzadeh Seyed Saeed , Ryderheim Fredrik , Andersen Anders , Kiørboe Thomas
Published: October 2024

Some planktonic organisms can remotely sense and evade predators by powerful escape jumps. Remote perception typically happens through the fluid disturbance generated by the approaching predator or its feeding current. In copepods and ciliates with mechanosensors, the perception and jump mechanisms are well understood. But how some flagellates perceive the fluid disturbance and achieve similar relative speeds with only two flagella is less explored. Here, we examined the ability of three haptophytes, Chrysochromulina simplex, Prymnesium polylepis, and Prymnesium parvum, to sense and evade the fluid disturbance generated by the feeding current of a copepod nauplius. Chrysochromulina simplex has a long haptonema (14 cell diameters), while the haptonema of the two other species are shorter (1 and 0.5 cell diameters). Only C. simplex responded to the fluid disturbance by fleeing at high speeds. The jump mechanism consists of two phases: the rapid coiling of the haptonema that pulls the cell about two cell diameters in the direction of the haptonema, followed by flagellar reversal and high‐speed swimming (70 cell lengths per second) in the opposite direction. We rationalize cell displacements and escape speeds from haptonema and flagellar kinematics and fluid dynamics. Using a microfluidic channel, we demonstrate that the component of the fluid signal that triggers the jumps is the maximum deformation rate rather than the magnitude of deformation. High‐speed escape jumps may be an avoidance mechanism evolved by haptophytes with long and coiling haptonema, while species with shorter haptonema may use other defense mechanisms, such as stealth and toxicity.
Apparent nitrous acid dissociation across environmentally relevant temperatures in freshwater and seawater
Authors: Borer Benedict , Bi Eric , Woosley Ryan J. , Babbin Andrew R.
Published: October 2024

Nitrite is a ubiquitous compound found across aquatic systems and an intermediate in both the oxidative and reductive metabolisms transforming fixed nitrogen in the environment. Yet, the abiotic cycling of nitrite is often overlooked in favor of biologically mediated reactions. Here we quantify the apparent acid dissociation constant (pKa) between nitrous acid and its conjugate base nitrite in both freshwater and seawater systems across a range of environmentally relevant temperatures (5–35°C) using potentiometric‐based titration. In freshwater, we measured a pKa,NBS of 3.14 at 25°C and a pKa,T of 2.87 for seawater at the same temperature. We quantify substantial effects of both salinity and temperature on the pKa, with colder and fresher water manifesting higher values and thus a greater proportion of protonated nitrite at any given pH. Because nitrous acid is unstable and decomposes to nitric oxide, the implications for the nitrous acid dissociation constant on ecosystem function are broad.
MrFeed Pro50 FF supplementation improves growth of Largemouth Bass fed a diet containing 160-g/kg fish meal
Authors: Wang Li , Chen Zimo , Yu Anlan , Wang Yan , Barrows Frederick T.
Published: October 2024

Objective

This study aimed at evaluating the role of a novel commercial product, MrFeed Pro50 FF (MP50), as a functional ingredient with which to formulate low-fish-meal diets for Largemouth Bass Micropterus nigricans.

Methods

Seven test diets were examined. A reference diet (RD) contained 400-g/kg fish meal, and a control diet (C) was formulated by replacing 60% of the fish meal in RD with poultry by-product meal. The other five diets were formulated by adding MP50 to C at 5.0 (D50), 7.5 (D75), 10.0 (D100), 12.5 (D125), or 15.0 (D150) g/kg. Fish (initial body weight = 9.2 ± 0.1 g) were fed the test diets for 8 weeks.

Result

The MP50 supplementation level significantly affected weight gain, final body weight, carbon retention efficiency, energy retention efficiency (ERE), hepatosomatic index (HSI), viscerosomatic index (VSI), the ratio of fish meal consumption to fish production (RCP), and carbon waste. The weight gain of fish fed D50, D75, and D100 was greater than that of fish fed C and D150. The ERE was greater in fish fed D50 and D100 than in fish fed C and D75. The HSI and VSI were greater and nitrogen and carbon wastes were lower for fish fed D50 and D100 than in fish fed C. Fish fed D50, D75, and D100 exhibited greater weight gain and lower RCP values compared with fish fed RD. The weight gain of fish fed RD did not significantly differ from the weight gain of fish fed C, D125, and D150, confirming that the minimum fish meal level could be reduced to 160 g/kg.

Conclusion

This study indicates that MP50 at 5.0–10.0 g/kg can be used as a functional ingredient in low-fish-meal diets for Largemouth Bass.
Automated detection of motion artifacts in brain MR images using deep learning
Authors: Manso Jimeno Marina , Ravi Keerthi Sravan , Fung Maggie , Oyekunle Dotun , Ogbole Godwin , Vaughan John Thomas , Geethanath Sairam
Published: October 2024

Quality assessment, including inspecting the images for artifacts, is a critical step during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data acquisition to ensure data quality and downstream analysis or interpretation success. This study demonstrates a deep learning (DL) model to detect rigid motion in T1‐weighted brain images. We leveraged a 2D convolutional neural network (CNN) trained on motion‐synthesized data for three‐class classification and tested it on publicly available retrospective and prospective datasets. Grad‐CAM heatmaps enabled the identification of failure modes and provided an interpretation of the model's results. The model achieved average precision and recall metrics of 85% and 80% on six motion‐simulated retrospective datasets. Additionally, the model's classifications on the prospective dataset showed 93% agreement with the labeling of a radiologist a strong inverse correlation (−0.84) compared to average edge strength, an image quality metric indicative of motion. This model is aimed at inline automatic detection of motion artifacts, accelerating part of the time‐consuming quality assessment (QA) process and augmenting expertise on‐site, particularly relevant in low‐resource settings where local MR knowledge is scarce.
Structural Variety in Transition Metal Complexes of Tripodal Ligands Containing Mixed Quinolyl and Pyridyl Donors
Authors: Carr Bronte , Christopher Timothy D. , Söhnel Tilo , Gahan Lawrence R. , Fleming Cassandra L. , Blackman Allan G.
Published: October 2024

The syntheses of the tripodal tetraamine ligands 2‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐N,N‐bis(quinolin‐2‐ylmethyl)ethan‐1‐amine (DQPEA), N‐(pyridin‐2‐ylmethyl)‐2‐(quinolin‐2‐yl)‐N‐(2‐(quinolin‐2‐yl)ethyl)ethan‐1‐amine (DQEPMA), 2‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐N,N‐bis(2‐(quinolin‐2‐yl)ethyl)ethan‐1‐amine (DQEPEA), N,N‐bis(pyridin‐2‐ylmethyl)‐2‐(quinolin‐2‐yl)ethan‐1‐amine (QEDPMA), and 2‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐N‐(2‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)ethyl)‐N‐(2‐(quinolin‐2‐yl)ethyl)ethan‐1‐amine (QEDPEA) containing mixed quinolyl and pyridyl moieties are reported, with 2‐vinylquinoline being used to attach quinolylethyl arms to the aliphatic N atom. X‐ray crystal structures of [(Mn(DQPEA))2O2](ClO4)2 ⋅ (CH3CN)2, [Cu(DQPEA)NCCH3](ClO4)2, [Zn(DQPEA)NCCH3](ClO4)2, [Pd(DQEPEA)Cl]Cl ⋅ 11H2O are detailed, with four, five, and six‐coordination observed. In addition, the dimeric complex [(DPEA)Co(μ‐OH)3Co(DPEA)](ClO4)3 ⋅ 0.5H2O ⋅ MeCN containing the tridentate DPEA ligand formed by N‐dealkylation of QEDPEA is reported. Calculations suggest that the very short Co…Co distance of 2.5946(6) Å in this complex is unlikely to be due to a Co−Co bond.
Influence of carbon nanotubes on the absorption performance and mechanical behavior of basalt fiber composite materials
Authors: Wu Jiangxing , Gao Yantao , Hu Wenfeng , Lu Zan
Published: October 2024

Basalt fibers (BF) are widely used in shipbuilding due to their excellent corrosion resistance. However, basalt fibers do not possess good electromagnetic wave absorption properties, failing to meet the stealth performance requirements of ships. Therefore, this study focuses on basalt fiber composite materials, modifying the matrix by adding different amounts of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Carbon nanotube‐basalt fiber‐epoxy resin absorptive composite materials are prepared using Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM) technique to investigate the influence of CNT content on the materials. Samples with added CNTs can effectively absorb electromagnetic waves in the low‐frequency range, reducing surface reflectivity. In the high‐frequency range, the impedance matching value of the samples initially increases slowly. When the CNT content reaches 1.5 wt%, at a thickness of 2.5 mm and a frequency of 9.6 GHz, the minimum reflection loss of the sample is −14.40 dB, with an effective absorption bandwidth of 0.7 GHz. Also, CNTs can enhance the mechanical properties of composite materials. With increasing CNT content, both the bending strength and tensile strength of the composite materials are improved. When the CNT content reaches 1.5 wt%, the average tensile fracture strength of the material increases by 21%, and the bending strength increases by 9%.

Highlights

Enhanced low‐frequency electromagnetic wave absorption from CNTs and reduced polarization.

Improved impedance matching and attenuation at high frequencies with CNTs.

Significant enhancement in flexural and tensile strength due to CNTs and basalt fibers.
Dielectric, low‐frequency noise and mechanical properties of hybrid carbon nanotubes/graphene nanoplatelets epoxy composites
Authors: Mireckas F. , Pralgauskaitė S. , Korzhenevskaya M. , Matukas J. , Plyushch A. , Banys J. , Selskis A. , Macutkevič J. , Bleija M. , Platnieks O. , Gaidukovs S.
Published: October 2024

This study analyzes the electrical, microwave (26–37 GHz), low‐frequency (20 Hz–10 kHz) noise, and mechanical properties of epoxy hybrid composites filled with multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNP). The system's percolation threshold was around 0.25 vol.% MWCNT, while the electromagnetic properties were almost independent of GNP concentration. The composites are shown to be suitable for electromagnetic shielding in the 26–37 GHz range, with microwave absorption increasing as the total nanocarbon concentration rises. The electrical transport in these composites is governed by one‐dimensional Mott hopping at low temperatures (below 245 K) and redistribution effects above room temperature. The low‐frequency voltage noise spectra of the composites are predominant of the 1/f component, with noise spectral density proportional to Ub, where the exponent b is close to 2, indicating noise caused by resistance fluctuations. The optimal electromagnetic properties are near 0.5 vol.% MWCNT and 0.25 vol.% GNP concentrations. The tensile elastic modulus and yield strength showed the highest increases at 0.25/0.25 loading, with gains of 40.43% and 16.77%, respectively, compared to neat epoxy. Fracture toughness and energy release rate increased with adding 0.25 vol.% GNP, while Charpy impact strength improved with higher MWCNT loading.

Highlights

Percolation threshold in hybrid MWCNT/GNP composites is close to 0.25 vol.% MWCNT

Low‐frequency voltage noise spectra of the composites are 1/f type
Quasi static and dynamic energy absorption characteristics of silicon carbide reinforced resin based on triply periodic minimal surface structures
Authors: Xu Sanqiang , Xu Wang , Tang Danna
Published: October 2024

Silicon carbide (SiC)‐resin composites with porous structures exhibit excellent energy absorption characteristics. In this study, three types of triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures (Schwarz primitive, Schwarz diamond, and Schwarz I‐graph‐wrapped (IWP)) were fabricated using the digital light processing (DLP) technique. Under static compression, the TPMS structures mainly fracture at the four ends of the X crossband. The SiC‐reinforced resin exhibited superior specific energy absorption in quasistatic compression performance compared with the same structure constructed of metal at the same density. Moreover, the transient impacts under dynamic strain rates did not cause significant irregular or asymmetric shear damage to the structure. The dynamic energy absorption of SiC‐reinforced resin with a primitive structure was relatively superior to that of the IWP and diamond structures. Therefore, the TPMS structure of the 5 wt.% SiC‐resin composite possesses significant energy absorption characteristics and can be extended for applications in aerospace.

Highlights

SiC reinforced resin exhibits superior specific absorption energy in quasi‐static compression performance.

The yield strength of the static compression of the primitive structure is averaging nearly 17 MPa.

The dynamic energy absorption of SiC reinforced resin with primitive structure is relatively superior between 65.68 and 71.63 J/g.

The TPMS structure of 5 wt.% SiC/resin possesses significant energy absorption characteristics.
Mindfulness affected post‐traumatic stress symptoms and post‐traumatic growth: Adaptive and maladaptive sides through trauma‐related shame and guilt
Authors: Chen Dongzheng , Wang Peizhong , Liu Luming , Wu Xinchun , Wang Wenchao
Published: October 2024

Mindfulness plays an important role in reducing post‐traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and promoting posttraumatic growth (PTG) among traumatized populations. However, the mechanism at the emotional level has not been fully examined. Thus, we aimed to investigate the possible mediating roles of trauma‐related shame and guilt. A total of 814 college students (Mage = 19.55, SD = 1.89) with traumatic experiences in China were recruited. Traumatic experiences, mindfulness, trauma‐related shame, and trauma‐related guilt were assessed in the first survey. Six months later, PTSS and PTG were assessed in the second survey. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis indicated that mindfulness was associated with less PTSS through shame and guilt. However, though directly associated with more PTG, mindfulness could also negatively predict PTG by evoking less guilt. Mindfulness can be a way to cope with traumatic experiences and related psychological consequences. However, although mindfulness can reduce PTSS by suppressing negative trauma‐related shame and guilt, it can also limit the realization of PTG by inhibiting the adaptive sides of these emotions.