bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dry matter intake observed and predicted by the nutritional systems NRC and BR-Corte for feedlot nelore heifers fed with human feed products
Authors: Silva Simone Pedro da , Faria Carina Ubirajara de , Cunha Ana Caroline Rodrigues da , Ferreira Aline Maria Soares , Paula Jean Marcos Castro , Felipe Ester Ferreira
Published: October 2019

We aimed to evaluate the effects of using a concentrated ration containing industrialised human food on the productive parameters of Nellore heifers in confinement, in addition to comparing the dry matter intake (DMI) observed with that predicted by the nutritional systems BR-Corte and NRC, in order to determine which system makes the most accurate predictions for heifers of the breed Nelore in feedlots. Twenty-four Nelore heifers, with an average age of 24 months and average body weight (BW) of 350 kg, were used over the 70 days of the experiment. They were randomly assigned to two treatments and housed in partially covered stalls equipped with an automatic Growsafe® Systems feeding system. Animals in the control group (CONT) received a concentrated ration containing ground corn, soybean meal, urea, and mineral nucleus. In the residual treatment (RES) group, heifers received concentrated feed containing products from the human diet. The difference between the treatments was the concentrated ration; in the control treatment, the energy source used was maize, whereas in the residue treatment, the energy sources were corn chips, coconut candies, and ground coffee. Corn silage was included as forage for both treatments. The forage:concentrate (F:C) ratio was 84:16. The predicted intake was estimated according to the nutritional systems NRC (2000, 2016) and BR-Corte (VALADARES FILHO et al., 2010, 2016). The average DMI observed of the heifers was 7.46 kg day-1. Heifers fed with human feed residue had a higher dry matter intake (DMI) and higher ether extract intake (EEI) than animals fed with the control feed. In addition, heifers that received human feed products showed a lower average daily weight gain (DWG) of 1.08 kg day-1 than animals fed the control treatment with an average DWG of 1.24 kg day-1. The predicted dry matter intake by NRC 2000 was an overestimate by 9.78 % and by BR-Corte 2010 was an overestimate by 5.5 %. The NRC 2016 and BR-Corte 2016 underestimated the intake of heifers by 18.9 % and 7.1 %, respectively. It was concluded that growing Nelore heifers fed with human feed products, with a F:C ratio of 84:16, present a higher DMI and lower growth performance and feed efficiency than heifers fed the control diet. The DMI predicting models for Nellore heifers proposed by BR-Corte are more adequate than the NRC models.
Effect of the organic minerals zinc, manganese, and copper on growth performance and the locomotor system of finishing pigs
Authors: Silva Gefferson Almeida , Fernandez Fenanda Griebeller , Backes Ana Paula , Donin Daiane Güllich , Fernandes Sergio Rodrigo , Fireman Alba Kyonara , Kramer Ton , Alberton Geraldo Camilo
Published: October 2019

Supplementation with complexed minerals influences the growth performance and the integrity of the locomotor system of animals. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a complex supplementation of organic minerals (metal-amino acids) consisting of Zn (50 ppm), Mn (20 ppm), and Cu (10 ppm) (Availa® Sow FF Zinpro Corp.) on the growth performance and integrity of the locomotor system in pigs. One hundred and eighty 61-day-old animals, comprised of females (n=90) and castrated males (n=90), were used in a randomised block factorial design with ten replicates per treatment and sex. The experimental design consisted of two treatments: control (T1) animals without supplementation and treatment (T2) animals that were supplemented with organic minerals (0.75 g kg-1). At 112 days of housing (D112), the pigs were subjected to a hoof evaluation, at D115 they were weighed, and at D117, they were slaughtered (178 days of age). After boning, a blind analysis was performed on the medial and lateral condyles of the distal humerus. The supplemented animals (T2) had higher scores for the performance parameters of final weight (P=0.03), weight gain (WG) (P=0.02), and average daily weight gain (DWG) (P=0.021). For WG, T2 showed 3.10 kg more gain than the control; the increase in females was on average 4.07 kg and in males 2.45 kg. The prevalence of hoof lesions was 100% in both groups. The supplementation reduced the incidence of damage to the dew claws (P=0.02) and heel-sole cracks (P=0.02). The incidence of osteochondrosis was 19.13%, with no influence of supplementation. Supplementing pigs with the organic minerals Zn, Mn, and Cu during the finishing phase improved the WG, DWG, final weight, and hoof integrity.
Field corn yield in response to humic acids application in the absence or presence of liming and mineral fertilization
Authors: Baldotto Marihus Altoé , Melo Raphael Oliveira de , Baldotto Lilían Borges
Published: October 2019

Corn cultivation continually demands new technologies, since average yields can still be increased. This study aimed to evaluate the response of high-yield corn to humic acids, isolated from organic manure compost, with or without the application of lime and fertilizer. The experiment was conducted at Milhão® (http://www.omilhao.com.br) in Florestal, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Three treatments were used: (a) control, without liming, fertilization, or humic acids; (b) conventional farm cultivation, with liming and fertilization; (c) liming, fertilization, and humic acids applied to seeds. The experiment design was a randomized block with five replicates (fifteen experimental units). Lime was applied at 1.6 Mg ha-1, incorporated into total area. Fertilization treatments included 300 kg ha-1 NPK 08-28-16 at sowing, and 500 kg ha-1 NPK 20-00-20 in coverage. The concentration of humic acids used in both seed treatment was 10 mmol L-1 of C. Biometrics and biomass productivity were evaluated at harvest time. Humic acids, whether applied as a seed coating, increased yield by ~15% higher than conventional farm cultivation, and this difference was statistically significant. Therefore, the use of humic acids based plant regulators is positive and complementary to the inputs generally used for corn yield.
Necrotizing leukoencephalitis in a Yorkshire dog from Brazil
Authors: Amude Alexandre Mendes , Arias Mônica Vicky Bahr , Headley Selwyn Arlington , Bracarense Ana Paula Frederico Rodrigues Loureiro , Silva Natalino Francisco , Alfieri Amauri Alcindo
Published: October 2019

Necrotizing leukoencephalitis (NLE) is an uncommon inflammatory condition of brain of dogs, and was described in dogs from North America, Europe, and Asia. Cases of NLE from South America were not located when major data bases were examined. Consequently, this report describes the findings associated with NLE in a Brazilian 3.5-year-old female Yorkshire dog with neurological findings related to the myelencephalon; the dog died, besides medical treatment, and was submitted for autopsy exam and histopathological evaluation. Lesions were restricted to the encephalon and characterized as leukoencephalomalacia with severe non-suppurative inflammation with extensive perivascular cuffing; the non-suppurative inflammation was characterized by influx of lymphocytes and histiocytes, and occasionally plasma cells, and gitter cells. Infectious disease agents were not identified by molecular techniques or visualized with histochemical stains. This report represents the first definitive diagnose of NLE in Brazil, suggesting that this disease may be present in South America dogs suffering from neurological conditions. This knowledge may be useful for veterinarians in Brazil, taking into account that this disease should be considered as a differential diagnosis when infectious causes are excluded.
A pilot geomagnetic and magnetotelluric survey in Mogod area of the Eastern Hangai, Mongolia
Authors: E Batmagnai , B Tsegmed , T Nasan-Ochir , S Gantsogt , B Eldew-Ochir
Published: October 2019

The paper are the preliminary results of the study of the hydrothermal system of Khulj, which is located in Mogod soum of Bulgan aimag, carried out using magnetotelluric and magnetic methods. Khulj’s hydrothermal system is an interesting geodynamic structure located in the area of a young volcanic mountain in the eastern part of the Khangai Mountains. The study was carried out using two geophysical methods. The first is the magnetotelluric measurement, which registered variations of 3 components of magnetic field (Bx, By, Bz), and 2 components of electric field (Ex, Ey). In addition, we have provided a total of 8 magnetic field profiles for an area of ​​4 x 8 km. The sample rate of the total magnetic field was 3 seconds, which corresponds to about 3 meters. The programme’s codes are written in C ++ and Matlab and the result of this code is a programme called INV2DMAG. This programme is based on the inversion method of the Levenberq-Marquardt algorithm. Magnetotelluric results show that one-dimensional models clearly display the depth, the thickness of precipitation, as well as the thickness of the Moho boundaries. A preliminary two-dimensional magnetic structure, determined from small-length profiles, provides very useful insight into understanding the shallow deep structure of the sedimentary soil of the region in and around Mogod. In the Mogod’s hydrothermal system, we expect that the hot fluid heats up from granites, which have a deep source.For a detailed research, repeat field measurement is required to determine not only the structure of this geothermal system but also to determine the depth of the sedimentary soil.
Recommendations as a result of decision evaluations based on reference examples
Authors: Kwiatkowski Włodzimierz
Published: October 2019

The problem of evaluation of decisions is considered, which evaluation consists in selecting from the set of possible decisions those that meet the decision-maker's preferences. The added value of solving this problem lies in the reduction of the number of decisions one can choose. Evaluation of decisions is based on their complete characteristics, rather than on a pre-defined quality indicator. The basis for the quality assessment are given pattern examples of decisions made. These are decisions that the decision maker has found to be exemplary or acceptable. They are used as defining his preferences. The methods proposed in this article concern the ordering and clustering of decisions based on their characteristics. The set of decisions selected by an algorithm is interpreted as recommended for the decision maker. Presented solu-tions can find a variety of applications, for example in investment planning, routing, diagnostics or searching through multimedia databases.
Opodatkowanie dochodów z niezrealizowanych zysków kapitałowych a kwestie zakresu jurysdykcji podatkowej i swobody przedsiębiorczości
Authors: Kiszka Joanna
Published: October 2019

Podatek od dochodów z niezrealizowanych zysków jest instytucją ugruntowaną w międzynarodowym prawie podatkowym, uzasadnioną dążeniem do zwalczania uchylania się od opodatkowania. Wprawdzie jego regulacja uzupełniająca od 1 stycznia 2019 r. ustawę z dnia 26 lipca 1991 r. o podatku dochodowym od osób fizycznych, wprowadza rozwiązania łagodniejsze niż te, które dotyczą podatników podatku dochodowego od osób prawnych, niemniej nie jest wolna od wad. Wiele z jej rozwiązań opartych jest na nieostrych przesłankach i oznacza pozostawienie organom zdecydowanie zbyt dużego luzu decyzyjnego.
Uma Abordagem V2X para Disseminação de Dados em Redes Veiculares
Authors: Silva Luiz Henrique Da Costa , Mini Raquel , Domingos da Cunha Felipe
Published: October 2019

Redes Veiculares são um tipo promissor de rede ad-hoc que permite a comunicação entre veículos, com o objetivo de promover um trafego seguro e mais eficiente. Durante suas viagens, os veículos podem se comunicar uns com os outros e com outras redes, por meio das interações entre eles e a rede celular. Desta forma, para efetuar a disseminação de dados para um grupo de veículos é interessante conhecer melhor o comportamento global do cenário. Assim, neste trabalho é proposto um protocolo ciente de contexto para disseminar os dados, que seleciona veículos para retransmitir a informação de acordo com suas posições em relação ao destino da mensagem. Resultados de simulação avaliados em cenários de diferentes densidades mostraram que é possível reduzir o número de mensagens transmitidas mantendo uma boa taxa de entrega.
Speed: Uma solução inter-veicular para detectar e controlar vias congestionadas no TMS
Authors: Pereira Geraldo , Meneguette Rodolfo Ipolito , Pessin Gustavo , Ueyama Jó , Villas Leandro
Published: October 2019

Um dos principais desafios que as grandes metrópoles vem enfrentando está relacionado com o congestionamento de veículos. Apesar de existir um esforço crescente para maximizar o fluxo de veículos nas grandes metrópoles, prover uma maior precisão para estimar o nível de congestionamento da via, maximizando o fluxo de veículos na infraestrutura de transporte, é uma questão de pesquisa ainda em aberto. Com isso em mente, este artigo propõe uma solução com comunicação inter-veicular para estimar e maximizar o congestionamento no TMS, nomeado Speed. Para isso, o Speed é modelado com base em um comitê de classificadores que tem como objetivo aumentar a confiabilidade no momento da classificação do tráfego de veículos. Com base em um mecanismo de comunicação, tal classificação é utilizada para realizar a disseminação da informação. Ao comparar o Speed com outros trabalhos da literatura, a nossa solução mostrou avançar o estado da arte por possuir um aumento nos acertos dos níveis de congestionamento ao mesmo tempo que reduz: (i) a emissão de CO2 em 3,37%; (ii) o consumo de combustível em 3%; e (iii) o tempo de viagem em 1.02 vezes.
A Framework for Scalable Data Analysis and Model Aggregation for Public Bus Systems
Authors: Morais Mayuri A. , Camargo Raphael Y.
Published: October 2019

Urban mobility through quality public transportation is one of the major challenges for the consolidation of smart cities. Researchers developed different approaches for improving bus system reliability and information quality, including travel time prediction algorithms, network state evaluations, and bus bunching prevention strategies. The information provided by these approaches are complementary and could be aggregated for better predictions. In this work, we propose the architecture and present a prototype implementation of a framework that enables the integration of several approaches, which we call models, into scalable and efficient composite models. For instance, travel time prediction models can use estimators of bus position, network state, and bus headways to deliver more accurate and reliable predictions. We evaluate the scalability of the framework, the CPU usage of the framework components, and the predictions of the travel time models. We show that real-time predictions using this framework can be feasible in large metropolitan areas, such as Sao Paulo city.
Busca de Serviços Baseada em Perfis Sociais dos Objetos em uma Rede SIoT Urbana
Authors: Sales de Araujo Iury Rogerio , Pedrosa Mikaelly Felicio , Gomes dos Anjos Eudisley , Matos Fernando Menezes
Published: October 2019

The service interaction provided by objects in IoT networks enables the creation of advanced services to answer application requests. However, the growing number of objects into the IoT network, besides its ad hoc structure, are disturbing some functionalities, such as service discovery. Therefore, when searching for services, the navigability is impaired because the system needs to sweep a great quantity of objects without a previous organization. Social Internet of Things (SIoT) emerged as an alternative to solve several problems faced by IoT through the concept of social networks. In SIoT each object has its own social profile, which contains its characteristics and information, and are organize by relationships. Thus, this research propose a solution for service discovery in a SIoT network. This solution uses the relationships between objects to improve the discovery scalability and considers their social profiles to meet more satisfactorily the requisitions. Simulated results demonstrates the solution performance to answer service requisitions in an urban SIoT network.
Energesis: Fog Smart Meter para Hospedagem Compartilhada
Authors: Pereira Rafael S. , Peixoto Maycon M. L. , Jesus José Souza , Barbosa Matheus Thiago Marques , Chagas Barros Eric Bernardes
Published: October 2019

Alguns proprietários de imóveis hospedam viajantes em suas próprias residências, compartilhando apenas parte do imóvel por um curto período. Junto com essa prática, existe a necessidade de um recurso que permita mensurar o consumo de energia quando o imóvel está sendo compartilhado. Dessa forma, o hóspede pagará apenas a energia consumida por ele. A dificuldade de entregar esse relatório de consumo é porque as casas possuem apenas um sistema geral de medição. Dessa forma, este artigo mostra o desenvolvimento de um sistema para monitoramento do consumo de energia elétrica para a hospedagem compartilhada. O sistema foi desenvolvido sob a arquitetura IoT (Internet of Things) utilizando a Fog e Cloud Computing. O Sistema é composto por um Smart Meter, e uma aplicação Web. Além da construção da arquitetura de medição inteligente, foi realizada a avaliação de desempenho com o objetivo de mostrar a capacidade do sistema de medir consumo de energia elétrica e ser usado como um recurso para proprietários em hospedagem compartilhada.
Proteção em Redes Ópticas Elásticas com Multiplexação Espacial
Authors: Oliveira Helder M. N. da S. , Fonseca Nelson
Published: October 2019

Este artigo resume as contribuições da Tese de doutorado intitulada “Proteção em Redes Ópticas Elásticas com Multiplexação Espacial”. Na tese, propõem-se soluções de proteção para redes ópticas elásticas com multiplexação espacial, visando a redução do bloqueio de requisições para estabelecimento de conexões, bem como a redução da utilização dos recursos. Considerou-se a utilização de diferentes esquemas para proteção de caminhos, modulação adaptativa, agregação de tráfego, sobreposição de espectro em caminhos de proteção, roteamento com interferência mínima e roteamento por multicaminhos. Os algoritmos propostos permitirão a provisão de proteção em redes que transportarão um volume de tráfego muito maior do que os das redes ópticas atuais.
Mobility Support in Vehicular Named-Data Networking
Authors: Duarte Joao M. , Braun Torsten , Villas Leandro A.
Published: October 2019

In this thesis, Vehicular Named-Data Networking (VNDN) refers to the use of the Named-Data Networking communication model over Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks. With the aim of addressing the problems caused by mobility to efficiently support VNDN communications in highly mobile traffic scenarios, various contributions were proposed in the scope of this thesis. These contributions include a routing protocol, able to address VNDN problems such as broadcast storms and message redundancy, as well as solutions to enable content advertisements and for addressing the problems caused by reverse path partitioning, network partitioning, and source mobility. Finally, all the proposed solutions are integrated into a single framework called MobiVNDN. The evaluation results show that the proposed solutions are efficient and scalable, providing high VNDN application performance even in complex traffic scenarios
Provendo uma Infraestrutura de Software Fatiada, Isolada e Segura de Funções Virtuais através da Tecnologia de Corrente de Blocos
Authors: Rebello Gabriel Antonio  F. , Camilo Gustavo , Silva Leonardo , Guimarães Lucas , Souza Lucas Airam  C. de , Alvarenga Igor , Muniz Bandeira Duarte Otto Carlos
Published: October 2019

As tecnologias de fatiamento da rede (Network Slicing), virtualização de funções de rede (Network Function Virtualization - NFV) e redes definidas por software (Software-Defined Networking - SDN) proveem serviços fim-a-fim ágeis e sob demanda. A identificação de uma função virtual defeituosa torna-se obrigatória, pois serviços alocam recursos em um ambiente distribuído e sem confiança entre os pares composto por múltiplos inquilinos e provedores de serviço concorrentes. Este artigo propõe e desenvolve uma arquitetura baseada em correntes de blocos para prover auditabilidade às operações de orquestração de fatias de rede. Um protótipo de um caso de uso foi desenvolvido e implementado utilizando a plataforma Hyperledger Fabric na qual cada fatia de rede opera sobre um canal isolado. Os resultados mostram que é possível prover segurança à criação de fatias de rede, mas que a obtenção de consenso e o número de transações requeridas pelas fatias de rede são um grande desafio.
Avaliação do Problema de Reordenamento de Pacotes e das Políticas de Escalonamento em Protocolos Multicaminhos
Authors: Lenz Paulo  Jr. , Matos da Silva Matheus  Donizete , Nogueira Michele , dos Santos Aldri  Luiz
Published: October 2019

A Qualidade de Serviço (QoS) e Qualidade da Experiência (QoE) são fundamentais para muitos aplicativos da Internet, como serviços de streaming, jogos online e realidade virtual.No entanto, os protocolos tradicionais da camada de transporte são insatisfatórios nessas questões devido às limitações impostas em sua concepção.Os protocolos MPQUIC (MultiPath QUIC) e MPTCP (Multipath TCP) aumentam o desempenho da transmissão devido ao uso de múltiplas interfaces de rede disponíveis nos dispositivos, permitindo empregar múltiplos caminhos e diversidade na transmissão fim-a-fim simultaneamente ou de forma redundante.No entanto, devido à heterogeneidade da rede, a comunicação multicaminhos fim-a-fim resulta em desafios, como a entrega de pacotes fora de ordem, que reduz seus benefícios.Por essa razão, avaliamos o desempenho do MPQUIC e MPTCP em cenários heterogêneos através de diversas simulações. Os resultados demonstram que o MPQUIC lida melhor com retransmissões de pacotes e perdas aleatórias, no entanto, não está imune ao problema de entrega fora de ordem. Este trabalho contribui para uma melhor compreensão desse problema em protocolos multicaminhos, promovendo avanços futuros.
Uma Abordagem Não Supervisionada para Inferir Qualidade de Experiência em Redes Sem Fio de Grande Escala
Authors: Mattos Diogo  Menezes Ferrazani , Medeiros Dianne  Scherly Varela de , Fernandes Natalia , Magalhaes Luiz
Published: October 2019

Inferir a qualidade da experiência de usuários de redes sem fio é desafiador, pois o monitoramento da rede não captura a qualidade para cada usuário individualmente. Este artigo propõe uma abordagem não supervisionada, baseada em aprendizado de máquina, para inferir a qualidade de experiência de diferentes perfis de uso de uma rede sem fio de grande escala. A abordagem proposta usa a correlação entre dados de uso de pontos de acesso e estatísticas de fluxos de dados na rede. A ideia central da proposta é coletar dados de utilização de diversos pontos de acesso, correlacioná-los com as estatísticas dos fluxos das conexões que passam pelos pontos de acesso, reportados pelo NetFlow, e, a partir da aplicação do algoritmo de agrupamento k-means, inferir diferentes perfis de uso da rede. A abordagem proposta foi avaliada na rede sem fio real de grande escala e os resultados mostram que a separação dos fluxos em cinco agrupamentos permite identificar perfis característicos de estados degradados da rede e situações de sobrecarga em pontos de acesso, considerando apenas as estatísticas de fluxos reportadas.
Monitoramento e Disseminação Cooperativa de Eventos Emergenciais Apoiado por Agrupamentos de Veículos
Authors: Andrade Jose Everaldo , Veloso Kevin , Silva Nathália  de Vasconcelos , dos Santos Aldri  Luiz , Matos Fernando  Menezes
Published: October 2019

Eventos urbanos emergenciais ocorrem de forma aleatória e precisam ser tratados por entidades competentes para manter o bom funcionamento das cidades. Os principais desafios para um tratamento eficiente recaem justamente na aleatoriedade no tempo ou no espaço, e na rapidez e acurácia da comunicação da ocorrência do evento à uma entidade responsável, sendo este último desafio agravado pelo fato desta comunicação depender de intervenção humana. A onipresença de veículos em ambientes urbanos, sua capacidade de comunicação e monitoramento, possibilitam o uso de VANETs como meio de auxílio para disseminação e tratamento destes eventos. Assim, este artigo propõe MINUET, um sistema de monitoramento e disseminação de eventos urbanos, que atua em uma rede veicular não estruturada. Ele é baseado em uma estratégia cooperativa, onde veículos coordenam dinamicamente o monitoramento e a disseminação de múltiplos eventos em tempo real através de agrupamentos. Resultados no NS3 mostram o desempenho do MINUET na detecção, monitoramento e disseminação em tempo real de eventos em zonas urbanas.
HonIoT: Arquitetura de Honeynet com Controle de Propagação de Malwares para Dispositivos de IoT
Authors: Alves Barea Emerson Rogério , Freire de Souza Jaime , Marcondes Cesar  A. , Godoy Douglas  Baptista de
Published: October 2019

É indicada a utilização de honeypots e honeynets para o estudo aprofundado do comportamento dos malwares para dispositivos de IoT, porém, alguns cuidados devem ser tomados garantindo que esses ambientes sejam capazes de detalhar corretamente todo ciclo de infecção dos malwares e não se tornem um ponto de origem de ataques às outras redes. Nessa linha, este trabalho apresenta o HonIoT, uma honeynet que suporta a inclusão de honeypots reais, emuladas ou virtualizadas, criando uma internet emulada que corresponde à parte atacada da rede, possibilitando o monitoramento completo de todo ciclo de infecção e propagação do malware. Testes preliminares apontaram boa capacidade deescalabilidade do ambiente e correta execução do fluxo de ações da honeynet.
Slices como serviço sobre um centro de dados itinerante aplicado ao cenário amazônico
Authors: Ribeiro Josiane  B. , Borges Lucas , Sena Paulo , Pinheiro Billy  Anderson , Abelém Antônio  Jorge Gomes
Published: October 2019

A virtualização e o fatiamento de recursos vêm se tornando abordagens chaves para automatizar, tornar mais eficiente e econômico o processo de configuração de nuvens, habilitando a oferta de serviços ágeis e dinâmicos. Este artigo apresenta o Centro de Dados Itinerante (Itinerant Data Center IDC), com o objetivo de levar serviços essenciais para regiões sem ou com pouca infraestrutura, utilizando a plataforma NECOS, para fornecer uma solução sustentável, de baixo custo e com pouco consumo de energia, que utiliza computação em nuvem, virtualização e fatiamento como serviço.
Política Customizada de Balanceamento de Réplicas para o HDFS Balancer do Apache Hadoop
Authors: Fazul Rhauani  W. , Pitthan Barcelos Patricia
Published: October 2019

Data replication is a fundamental mechanism of the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS). However, the way data is spread across the cluster directly affects the replication balancing. The HDFS Balancer is a Hadoop integrated tool which can balance the storage load on each machine by moving data between nodes, although its operation does not address the specific needs of applications while performing block rearrangement. This paper proposes a customized balancing policy for HDFS Balancer based on a system of priorities, which can be adapted and configured according to usage demands. The priorities define whether HDFS parameters, or whether cluster topology should be considered during the operation, thus making the balancing more flexible.
Ferrocenes as One-Electron Donors in Unimolecular Rectifiers
Authors: Melville Metzger Robert
Published: October 2019

Ferrocene is a good electron donor, and as such has been used to test asymmetric conduction (rectification) in molecules that contain ferrocene. Of the five ferrocene-containing molecules that rectify (structures 11, 15, 19, 20, and 22), the last (22) exhibits a record rectification ratio, which should be a dramatic incentive for searching for more high-efficiency rectifiers.
Marginal Bone Changes around Dental Implants after LIPUS Application: CBCT Study
Authors: Akram Abdulhameed Elaf , Omar Marzuki , Samsudin A.R.
Published: October 2019

To assess the effect of LIPUS on marginal bone regeneration during insertion and following loading using CBCT scan imaging, a trial of RCT of 22 subjects needing dental implant was conducted. The participants were randomly allocated into 2 groups; both groups underwent similar two-stage implant surgery of one maxillary dental implant. The control group (n = 11) of the implant site was allowed to heal in a conventional way, while the intervention group (n = 11) was subjected to LIPUS therapy at the implant site (twice a week, 20-minute duration, from week 2 after stage I implant surgery and continued for 10 weeks). Similar ultrasound protocol was repeated 2 weeks after crown installation and again continued for another 10 weeks. The assessment of marginal bone loss around dental implants was carried out at three different views (coronal, sagittal, and axial) of the implant site immediately after surgery, 3 and 6 months later. Statistical analysis of ANOVA within and between two-group analysis that was applied followed by pairwise comparison with confidence interval adjustment showed that there is a significant difference among the groups (p < 0.05). The CBCT imaging (coronal view) values suggested that bucccal bone regeneration around the dental implant has significantly increased during the early osseointegration period in the LIPUS-treated subjects than in the control group. LIPUS enhances bone formation in particular buccal bone plate around the dental implant as confirmed by the coronal view.
Alternative Immune-Mediated-Based Methods in the Aplastic Anemia Treatment
Authors: Gonzaga Vivian , Policiquio Bruna , Wenceslau Cristiane , Kerkis Irina
Published: October 2019

Acquired aplastic anemia (AA) is characterized by partial or total bone marrow (BM) destruction resulting in pancytopenia. Most of the acquired AA is the result of autoimmune condition the imbalance between T-regulatory cells (Treg), abnormal cytokines production and cytotoxic T cells activation, leading to the hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) death. The first-line treatment is given by HSC transplant, but some patients did not respond to the treatment. Therefore, new technologies need to treat AA nonresponder patients. Studies are in progress to test the efficacy of stem cell-based therapeutic as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which confer low immunogenicity and are reliable allogeneic transplants in refractory severe AA cases. Furthermore, MSCs comprise the BM stromal niche and have an important role in supporting hematopoiesis by secreting regulatory cytokines, providing stimulus to natural BM microenvironment. In addition, MSCs have immunomodulatory property and are candidates for efficient supporting AA therapy.
On Application of Hyperfree Energy for the Description of Thermodynamics of Mobile Components in Nonstoichiometric Partially Open Ceramic Systems
Authors: Šesták Jaroslav
Published: October 2019

Nonstoichiometric oxides form a new chapter in tailored materials. Founding and construction of thermodynamic functions related to solid (geologic, metallurgic) materials is traced showing interactions between Czech Professor F. Wald and Russians R.S. Kurnakov and D.S. Korzhinskiĭ and further developed by Czech P. Holba in the initial phase definition and related characterization of partially open systems. A gradual increase in thermodynamic concepts related to solid-state description is investigated in more detail. For the associated thermodynamic definition of the mobile component, the previously formulated hyperfree energy function, which was recently applied to several systems, was used. As a measure of the material disposition for the absorption of the free component, an innovative term of plutability is proposed, which allows the introduction of various forecaster variables such as temperature, pressure, and activity. Examples of practical application are examples of high-temperature superconducting materials, where the Czech school of thermodynamics is emphasized.
A study on the Lombard Effect in telepresence robotics
Authors: Davat Ambre , Feng Gang , Aubergé Véronique
Published: October 2019

In this study, we present a new experiment in order to study the Lombard effect in telepresence robotics. In this experiment, one person talks with a robot controled remotely by someone in a different room. The remote pilot (R) is immersed in both environments, while the local interlocutor (L) interacts directly with the robot. In this context, the position of the noise source, in the remote or in the local room, may modify the subjects’ voice adaptations. In order to study in details this phenomenon, we propose four particular conditions: no added noise, noise in room R heard only by R, virtual noise in room L heard only by R, and noise in room L heard by both R and L. We measured the variations of maximum intensity in order to quantify the Lombard effect. Our results show that there is indeed a modification of voice intensity in all noisy conditions. However, the amplitude of this modification varies depending on the condition.
Urban public bicycle dispatching optimization method
Authors: Lin Fei , Yang Yang , Wang Shihua , Xu Yudi , Ma Hong , Yu Ritai
Published: October 2019

Unreasonable public bicycle dispatching area division seriously affects the operational efficiency of the public bicycle system. To solve this problem, this paper innovatively proposes an improved community discovery algorithm based on multi-objective optimization (CDoMO). The data set is preprocessed into a lease/return relationship, thereby it calculated a similarity matrix, and the community discovery algorithm Fast Unfolding is executed on the matrix to obtain a scheduling scheme. For the results obtained by the algorithm, the workload indicators (scheduled distance, number of sites, and number of scheduling bicycles) should be adjusted to maximize the overall benefits, and the entire process is continuously optimized by a multi-objective optimization algorithm NSGA2. The experimental results show that compared with the clustering algorithm and the community discovery algorithm, the method can shorten the estimated scheduling distance by 20%–50%, and can effectively balance the scheduling workload of each area. The method can provide theoretical support for the public bicycle dispatching department, and improve the efficiency of public bicycle dispatching system.
Oomycete metabarcoding reveals the presence of Lagenidium spp. in phytotelmata
Authors: Leoro-Garzon Paula , Gonedes Andrew J. , Olivera Isabel E. , Tartar Aurélien
Published: October 2019

The oomycete genus Lagenidium, which includes the mosquito biocontrol agent L. giganteum, is composed of animal pathogens, yet is phylogenetically closely related to the well characterized plant pathogens Phytophthora and Pythium spp. These phylogenetic affinities were further supported by the identification of canonical oomycete effectors in the L. giganteum transcriptome. In this study, culture-independent, metabarcoding analyses aimed at detecting L. giganteum in bromeliad phytotelmata (a proven mosquito breeding ground) microbiomes were performed. Two independent and complementary microbial detection strategies based on the amplification of cox1 DNA barcodes were used and produced globally concordant outcomes revealing that two distinct Lagenidium phylotypes are present in phytotelmata. A total of 23,869 high quality reads were generated from four phytotelmata, with 52%, and 11.5% of these reads taxonomically associated to oomycetes, and Lagenidium spp., respectively. Newly designed Lagenidium-specific cox1 primers combined with cloning/Sanger sequencing produced only Lagenidium spp. sequences, with a majority of variants clustering with L. giganteum. High throughput sequencing based on a Single Molecule Real Time (SMRT) approach combined with broad range cox1 oomycete primers confirmed the presence of L. giganteum in phytotelmata, but indicated that a potentially novel Lagenidium phylotype (closely related to L. humanum) may represent one of the most prevalent oomycetes in these environments (along with Pythium spp.). Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that all detected Lagenidium phylotype cox1 sequences clustered in a strongly supported, monophyletic clade that included both L. giganteum and L. humanum. Therefore, Lagenidium spp. are present in phytotelmata microbiomes. This observation provides a basis to investigate potential relationships between Lagenidium spp. and phytotelma-forming plants, and reveals phytotelmata as sources for the identification of novel Lagenidium isolates with potential as biocontrol agents against vector mosquitoes.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Complex
Authors: Rowlinson Marie‐Claire , Musser Kimberlee A. , Khare Reeti
Published: December 2024

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a group of closely related slowly growing mycobacteria, collectively named the
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
complex (MTBC). Members of the MTBC have undergone several taxonomic reclassifications, which has resulted in confusing nomenclature. Mycobacterial culture is currently considered the reference standard for MTBC detection. Until the early 1990s, typing of MTBC strains was limited to mycobacterial phage typing and drug resistance patterns, methods which have low discriminatory power that have been replaced by molecular genotypic methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing is a critical element of the MTBC laboratory workup. While cell‐based immunodiagnostics, such as tuberculin skin testing or interferon‐gamma release assays, can be used as part of establishing a diagnosis of active TB disease, they are mainly used as tests for latent TB infection and to determine exposure to TB.
Vibrio
and Related Organisms
Authors: Glover William A. , Boucher Yann F. , Lee Christine C. , Tarr Cheryl L.
Published: December 2024

Phylogenetic investigations indicate that multiple monophyletic clades (separate or distinct groups in a phylogenetic sense) exist within
Vibrio
, which has led to the reclassification of some species into different genera. The genera covered in this chapter are ubiquitous in aquatic environments, primarily marine waters. Pertinent clinical histories (when known) should accompany specimens to alert the laboratory to include appropriate isolation media for the
Vibrionaceae
in their stool workup; this is especially important in areas where the isolation of
Vibrio
is infrequent. Direct microscopic detection of vibrios in stool is not routinely recommended, since it may not be possible to distinguish pathogenic vibrios from other members of the enteric microbiota. Reagents for the serodiagnosis of cholera are available only in specialized reference laboratories, but titration of acute‐ and convalescent‐phase sera in agglutination, vibriocidal, or antitoxin tests is considered reliable.
Campylobacter
and
Arcobacter
Authors: Nachamkin Irving
Published: December 2024

Two closely related genera,
Campylobacter
and
Sulfurospirillum
, are currently included in the family
Campylobacteraceae
.
Arcobacter
, previously included in the family Campylobacteraceae, is now classified as the sole species in its own family,
Arcobacteraceae
.
C. jejuni
and
C. coli
have been recognized since the early 1970s as agents of gastrointestinal infection. Numerous commercially available fecal antigen detection systems for Campylobacter in stool samples are cleared by the Food and Drug Administration in the United States. Nucleic acid amplification tests are now commonly being used to directly detect
Campylobacter
and other enteric pathogens in stool samples. Typing systems for Campylobacter epidemiologic studies vary in complexity and in their ability to discriminate between strains. Serologic testing appears to be useful for epidemiologic investigations but is not recommended for routine diagnosis of campylobacter infection.
Coxiella
Authors: Kersh Gilbert J. , Bleeker‐Rovers Chantal P.
Published: December 2024

Coxiella burnetii is a small, Gram‐negative rod that grows within a parasitophorous vacuole located in the cytoplasm of a host eukaryotic cell. It is a member of the
Gammaproteobacteria
. Transmission of C. burnetii to humans typically occurs by inhalation of the bacterium after it has been shed by animals. For chronic Q fever, where there is an identified nidus of infection, immunohistochemistry is an excellent method for the detection of C. burnetii antigens in tissue samples, particularly cardiac valve tissues that are colonized during chronic Q fever. Isolation of C. burnetii from human blood or tissue must be performed in a biosafety level 3 containment facility due to the low infectious dose of the agent and the potential for generating aerosols. Typing systems based on genetic differences between isolates are not standardized and are still undergoing development.
Mechanisms of Resistance to Antibacterial Agents
Authors: Bradford Patricia A. , Castanheira Mariana
Published: December 2024

Bacterial pathogens have developed resistance to antibacterial agents via multiple routes. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance phenotypes is directly linked to the use of any given anti microbial agent. Resistance to aminoglycosides occurs by several different mechanisms that can coexist in the same bacterial cell. β‐Lactam antibiotics act by inhibiting penicillin‐binding proteins, which are transpeptidases and transglycosylases that synthesize the peptidogly can that composes the bacterial cell wall. The main bacterial resistance mechanism against fluoroquinolonesis is the alteration of their target in the deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis process. Tetracyclines are bacteriostatic antibiotics that inhibit bacterial growth by binding to the ribosome, thereby preventing protein synthesis. Nitrofurantoin is a synthetic antibacterial agent that is only used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Rifampin is particularly active against Gram‐positive bacteria and mycobacteria. Daptomycin is a cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic with activity exclusively against Gram‐positive bacteria.
A Practical Guide to the Taxonomy, Classification, and Characterization of Clinically Important Viruses
Authors: Drews Steven D.
Published: December 2024

This chapter focuses on the characterization, classification, and taxonomy of viruses that infect humans, both pathogens that infect humans alone and those that infect humans but may also infect other mammalian or nonmammalian genera and species. While other forms of life encode genetic information within double‐stranded DNA (dsDNA), viruses encode their genetic information within genomes that may be composed of single‐stranded RNA, double‐stranded RNA, single‐stranded DNA, and dsDNA. The Baltimore classification, a nonhierarchical approach, categorizes viruses into seven groups and is based on the genome present in virions and type of replication. Classification of viruses below the level of species is not standardized across all species by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, but in some cases, subspecies standardization does occur. Between 2016 and 2021, a series of changes have occurred in the taxonomy of viruses that infect humans.
Human Immunodeficiency Viruses
Authors: Johnson Jeffrey , Masciotra Silvina , Owen S. Michele
Published: December 2024

Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs) are enveloped plus‐stranded RNA viruses. HIV viruses are classified based on phylogenetic relatedness of nucleotide sequences. Serum and plasma are the most common specimen types used for routine HIV antibody and antigen determinations in the laboratory. Because HIV can be isolated from the blood of the majority of HIV‐infected individuals, HIV culture was frequently utilized in the early years of the epidemic as a diagnostic or prognostic marker or for assessing the efficacy of antiviral therapy. Nucleic acid tests are needed for infant diagnosis because serologic tests are not useful for the detection of HIV infection in infants; maternal antibodies can persist in uninfected, HIV‐exposed infants until 18 months of age. Genotyping and variant calling information can identify nonsynonymous nucleotide mutations, termed drug resistance mutations, that code amino acid changes which can reduce the susceptibility of HIV to antiretroviral drugs.
Hantaviruses
Authors: Klena John D. , Chiang Cheng‐Feng , Whitmer Shannon M. , Wang Yun F. , Shieh Wun‐Ju
Published: December 2024

This chapter provides taxonomy, description of the agents, epidemiology and transmission, clinical significance, collection, transport, and storage of species, direct examination, and identification of Hantaviruses. Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) are rodent‐borne zoonoses caused by several members of the virus family
Hantaviridae
, genus
Orthohantavirus
. Diagnosis early in the course of disease is critical to the successful management of HFRS and HPS. The clinical and pathological features of severe HFRS and HPS are associated with acute thrombocytopenia and a reversible increase in microvascular (capillary) permeability. Immunohistochemistry has been used to detect hantaviral antigens in tissues from fatal HFRS cases, biopsy materials from nephropathia epidemica cases, and tissues from fatal HPS cases. There are a number of reference diagnostic laboratories in United States that offer laboratory testing, such as serologic testing. Isolation of hantavirus from natural hosts is difficult yet necessary for analyzing biological properties of these viruses.
Candida
,
Cryptococcus
, and Other Yeasts of Medical Importance
Authors: Borman Andrew M. , Johnson Elizabeth M.
Published: December 2024

Unicellular fungi which typically divide by budding have traditionally been referred to as yeasts. The rapidly expanding use of molecular identification strategies has permitted detailed phylogenetic analyses, allowing more accurate delineation of taxonomic boundaries and the reclassification of many yeast species and genera. Molecular identification approaches have also further added to the taxonomic complexity via the delineation of a number of cryptic species and species complexes in many traditional
Candida
species that can be separated only based on DNA sequencing analysis. The heterogeneous genus
Candida
belongs to the order Saccharomycetales within the ascomycetes.
Rhodotorula
spp. and species in the allied genus
Cystobasidium
share many similar physiologic and morphologic properties with
Cryptococcus
spp., as they are round to oval‐shaped, multilateral budding yeasts with capsules, although capsules, when present, are typically small. Carbohydrate antigens have provided useful targets for several commercial kits for the detection of disseminated candidiasis.
Curvularia, Exophiala, Scedosporium, Sporothrix,
and Other Melanized Fungi
Authors: Guarro Josep , Madrid Hugo , de Hoog Sybren
Published: December 2024

This chapter covers most of the agents of phaeohyphomycosis, chromoblastomycosis, and sporotrichosis, as well as a number of agents of superficial and cutaneous disease. Pleoanamorphism is particularly striking in members of the black yeasts and in the genera
Scedosporium
and
Triadelphia
. Members of the genus
Curvularia
usually produce elongated conidia that are inconspicuously distoseptate and often possess an intermediate, asymmetrically swollen cell that gives the conidia a typically curved appearance.
Exophiala
is the main genus of clinically relevant black yeasts.
Sporothrix brasiliensis
is highly virulent and has caused large epidemics in Brazil; transmission occurs particularly through stray cats. Dematiaceous fungi are able to cause superficial infections, such as those of the skin and nails. Some melanized phialidic fungi were segregated from
Phialophora
on molecular and morphological grounds; these fungi now constitute small islands of clinical significance in the order Calosphaeriales, which otherwise contains plant‐associated moulds.