bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bacterial Pollution in River Waters and Gastrointestinal Diseases
Authors: Rodríguez-Tapia Lilia , Morales-Novelo Jorge
Published: May 2017

Currently, one of Mexico’s most severe environmental problems is the high levels of pollution of many of its rivers. The present article focuses on the relationship between total coliform bacteria levels and the increase of human digestive tract diseases in the highly polluted Atoyac River in the central Mexican states of Puebla and Tlaxcala. Pollution has become a potential health hazard for people living in nearby river communities. Based on data collected from six of the most contaminated riverside municipalities, two environmental models were developed taking into consideration the health of the entire population, not simply that of its individual members. Such models estimate a health-disease function that confirm the link between Atoyac River pollution and the incidence of gastrointestinal diseases. The causal relation between pollution and gastrointestinal disease incentivizes the creation of epidemiological and public health programs aimed at reducing the environmental health impact of the pollution associated with the Atoyac River. The results presented here are the first of their kind of this river and will serve as basis for future research exploring other similarly contaminated riparian communities. As the causes of pollution are directly related to the economic development and population growth of the region, further research should be conducted for prevention of diseases, educational programs, water remediation and conservation programs that will have a positive impact on the quality of life of the population presently at risk.
Decrease of miR-195 Promotes Chondrocytes Proliferation and Maintenance of Chondrogenic Phenotype via Targeting FGF-18 Pathway
Authors: Wang Yong , Yang Tao , Liu Yadong , Zhao Wei , Zhang Zhen , Lu Ming , Zhang Weiguo
Published: May 2017

Slow growth and rapid loss of chondrogenic phenotypes are the major problems affecting chronic cartilage lesions. The role of microRNA-195 (miR-195) and its detailed working mechanism in the fore-mentioned process remains unknown. Fibroblastic growth factor 18 (FGF-18) plays a key role in cartilage homeostasis; whether miR-195 could regulate FGF-18 and its downstream signal pathway in chondrocyte proliferation and maintenance of chondrogenic phenotypes still remains unclear. The present research shows elevated miR-195 but depressed FGF-18 expressed in joint fluid specimens of 20 patients with chronic cartilage lesions and in CH1M and CH3M chondrocytes when compared with that in joint fluid specimens without cartilage lesions and in CH1W and CH2W chondrocytes, respectively. The following loss of function test revealed that downregulation of miR-195 by transfection of miR-195 inhibitors promoted chondrocyte proliferation and expression of a type II collagen α I chain (Col2a1)/aggrecan. Through the online informatics analysis we theoretically predicted that miR-195 could bind to a FGF-18 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR), also, we verified that a miR-195 could regulate the FGF-18 and its downstream pathway. The constructed dual luciferase assay further confirmed that FGF-18 was a direct target of miR-195. The executed anti-sense experiment displayed that miR-195 could regulate chondrocyte proliferation and Col2a1/aggrecan expression via the FGF-18 pathway. Finally, through an in vivo anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) model, downregulation of miR-195 presented a significantly protective effect on chronic cartilage lesions. Evaluating all of the outcomes of the current research revealed that a decrease of miR-195 protected chronic cartilage lesions by promoting chondrocyte proliferation and maintenance of chondrogenic phenotypes via the targeting of the FGF-18 pathway and that the miR-195/FGF-18 axis could be a potential target in the treatment of cartilage lesions.
Analysis of the Damping Characteristics of Cylindrical Resonators Influenced by Piezoelectric Electrodes
Authors: Sun Jiangkun , Wu Yulie , Xi Xiang , Zhang Yongmeng , Wu Xuezhong
Published: May 2017

The cylindrical resonator gyroscope (CRG) is a typical Coriolis vibratory gyroscope whose performance is mostly influenced by the damping characteristic of the cylindrical resonator. However, the tremendous damping influences caused by pasting piezoelectric electrodes on the gyroscope, which degrades the performance to a large extent, have rarely been studied. In this paper, the dynamical model is established to analyze various forms of energy consumption. In addition, a FE COMSOL model is also created to discuss the damping influences of several significant parameters of the adhesive layer and piezoelectric electrodes, respectively, and then explicit influence laws are obtained. Simulation results demonstrate that the adhesive layer has some impact on the damping characteristic, but it not significant. The Q factor decreases about 30.31% in total as a result of pasting piezoelectric electrodes. What is more, it is discovered that piezoelectric electrodes with short length, locations away from the outside edges, proper width and well-chosen thickness are able to reduce the damping influences to a large extent. Afterwards, experiments of testing the Q factor are set up to validate the simulation values.
Design and Development of a Nearable Wireless System to Control Indoor Air Quality and Indoor Lighting Quality
Authors: Salamone Francesco , Belussi Lorenzo , Danza Ludovico , Galanos Theodore , Ghellere Matteo , Meroni Italo
Published: May 2017

The article describes the results of the project “open source smart lamp” aimed at designing and developing a smart object able to manage and control the indoor environmental quality (IEQ) of the built environment. A first version of this smart object, built following a do-it-yourself (DIY) approach using a microcontroller, an integrated temperature and relative humidity sensor, and techniques of additive manufacturing, allows the adjustment of the indoor thermal comfort quality (ICQ), by interacting directly with the air conditioner. As is well known, the IEQ is a holistic concept including indoor air quality (IAQ), indoor lighting quality (ILQ) and acoustic comfort, besides thermal comfort. The upgrade of the smart lamp bridges the gap of the first version of the device providing the possibility of interaction with the air exchange unit and lighting system in order to get an overview of the potential of a nearable device in the management of the IEQ. The upgraded version was tested in a real office equipped with mechanical ventilation and an air conditioning system. This office was occupied by four workers. The experiment is compared with a baseline scenario and the results show how the application of the nearable device effectively optimizes both IAQ and ILQ.
Secrecy Performance Analysis of Cognitive Sensor Radio Networks with an EH-Based Eavesdropper
Authors: Sun Aiwei , Liang Tao , Li Bolun
Published: May 2017

Security and privacy are crucial for cognitive sensor radio networks (CSRNs) due to the possible eavesdropping between secondary sensors and the secondary fusion center. Motivated by this observation, we investigate the physical layer security performance of CSRNs with an external energy harvesting (EH)-based eavesdropper. Considering the underlay working paradigm of CSRNs, the transmit power of the secondary sensor node must be adjusted to guarantee the quality-of-service ( Q o S ) of the primary user. Hence, two different interference power constraint scenarios are studied in this paper. To give an intuitive insight into the secrecy performance of the considered wiretap scenarios, we have derived the closed-form analytical expressions of secrecy outage probability for both of the considered cases. Monte Carlo simulation results are also performed to verify the theoretical analysis derived, and show the effect of various parameters on the system performance.
Adaptive Energy-Efficient Target Detection Based on Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Zou Tengyue , Li Zhenjia , Li Shuyuan , Lin Shouying
Published: May 2017

Target detection is a widely used application for area surveillance, elder care, and fire alarms; its purpose is to find a particular object or event in a region of interest. Usually, fixed observing stations or static sensor nodes are arranged uniformly in the field. However, each part of the field has a different probability of being intruded upon; if an object suddenly enters an area with few guardian devices, a loss of detection will occur, and the stations in the safe areas will waste their energy for a long time without any discovery. Thus, mobile wireless sensor networks may benefit from adaptation and pertinence in detection. Sensor nodes equipped with wheels are able to move towards the risk area via an adaptive learning procedure based on Bayesian networks. Furthermore, a clustering algorithm based on k-means++ and an energy control mechanism is used to reduce the energy consumption of nodes. The extended Kalman filter and a voting data fusion method are employed to raise the localization accuracy of the target. The simulation and experimental results indicate that this new system with adaptive energy-efficient methods is able to achieve better performance than the traditional ones.
Noise Attenuation Performance of a Helmholtz Resonator Array Consist of Several Periodic Parts
Authors: Wu Dizi , Zhang Nan , Mak Cheuk , Cai Chenzhi
Published: May 2017

The acoustic performance of the ducted Helmholtz resonator (HR) system is analyzed theoretically and numerically. The periodic HR array could provide a wider noise attenuation band due to the coupling of the Bragg reflection and the HR’s resonance. However, the transmission loss achieved by a periodic HR array is mainly dependent on the number of HRs, which restricted by the available space in the longitudinal direction of the duct. The full distance along the longitudinal direction of the duct for HR’s installation is sometimes unavailable in practical applications. Only several pieces of the duct may be available for the installation. It is therefore that this paper concentrates on the acoustic performance of a HR array consisting of several periodic parts. The transfer matrix method and the Bragg theory are used to investigate wave propagation in the duct. The theoretical prediction results show good agreement with the Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation results. The present study provides a practical way in noise control application of ventilation ductwork system by utilizing the advantage of periodicity with the limitation of available completed installation length for HRs.
Channel and Timeslot Co-Scheduling with Minimal Channel Switching for Data Aggregation in MWSNs
Authors: Yeoum Sanggil , Kang Byungseok , Lee Jinkyu , Choo Hyunseung
Published: May 2017

Collision-free transmission and efficient data transfer between nodes can be achieved through a set of channels in multichannel wireless sensor networks (MWSNs). While using multiple channels, we have to carefully consider channel interference, channel and time slot (resources) optimization, channel switching delay, and energy consumption. Since sensor nodes operate on low battery power, the energy consumed in channel switching becomes an important challenge. In this paper, we propose channel and time slot scheduling for minimal channel switching in MWSNs, while achieving efficient and collision-free transmission between nodes. The proposed scheme constructs a duty-cycled tree while reducing the amount of channel switching. As a next step, collision-free time slots are assigned to every node based on the minimal data collection delay. The experimental results demonstrate that the validity of our scheme reduces the amount of channel switching by 17.5%, reduces energy consumption for channel switching by 28%, and reduces the schedule length by 46%, as compared to the existing schemes.
A practical and efficient approach to imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-fused isoquinolines through the post-GBB transformation strategy
Authors: Shao Taofeng , Gong Zhiming , Su Tianyi , Hao Wei , Che Chao
Published: May 2017

Diversity-oriented synthesis of the biologically intriguing imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-fused isoquinoline systems from readily available starting materials was achieved through the Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé reaction followed by a gold-catalyzed cyclization strategy. The synthetic approach is characterized by mild reaction conditions and a broad substrate scope, allowing for the rapid construction of structurally complex and diverse heterocycles in moderate to good yields.
A Physical Model-based Correction for Charge Traps in the Hubble Space Telescope’s Wide Field Camera 3 Near-IR Detector and Its Applications to Transiting Exoplanets and Brown Dwarfs
Authors: Zhou Yifan , Apai Dániel , Lew Ben W. P. , Schneider Glenn
Published: May 2017

The Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) near-IR channel is extensively used in time-resolved observations, especially for transiting exoplanet spectroscopy as well as brown dwarf and directly imaged exoplanet rotational phase mapping. The ramp effect is the dominant source of systematics in the WFC3 for time-resolved observations, which limits its photometric precision. Current mitigation strategies are based on empirical fits and require additional orbits to help the telescope reach a thermal equilibrium. We show that the ramp-effect profiles can be explained and corrected with high fidelity using charge trapping theories. We also present a model for this process that can be used to predict and to correct charge trap systematics. Our model is based on a very small number of parameters that are intrinsic to the detector. We find that these parameters are very stable between the different data sets, and we provide best-fit values. Our model is tested with more than 120 orbits (∼40 visits) of WFC3 observations and is proved to be able to provide near photon noise limited corrections for observations made with both staring and scanning modes of transiting exoplanets as well as for starting-mode observations of brown dwarfs. After our model correction, the light curve of the first orbit in each visit has the same photometric precision as subsequent orbits, so data from the first orbit no longer need to be discarded. Near-IR arrays with the same physical characteristics (e.g., JWST/NIRCam) may also benefit from the extension of this model if similar systematic profiles are observed.
A Close-up View of the Young Circumbinary Disk HD 142527
Authors: Boehler Y. , Weaver E. , Isella A. , Ricci L. , Grady C. , Carpenter J. , Perez L.
Published: May 2017

We present ALMA observations of the 0.88 millimeter dust continuum and the 13CO and C18O J = 3-2 line emission of the circumbinary disk HD 142527 at a spatial resolution of ∼0.″25. This system is characterized by a large central cavity of roughly 120 au in radius, and asymmetric dust and gas emission. By comparing the observations with theoretical models, we find that the azimuthal variations in gas and dust density reach a contrast of 54 for dust grains and 3.75 for CO molecules, with an extreme gas-to-dust ratio of 1.7 on the dust crescent. We point out that caution is required in interpreting continuum-subtracted maps of the line emission, as this process might result in removing a large fraction of the line emission. Radially, we find that both the gas and dust surface densities can be described by Gaussians, centered at the same disk radius, and with gas profiles wider than those for dust. These results strongly support a scenario in which millimeter dust grains are radially and azimuthally trapped toward the center of a gas pressure bump. Finally, our observations reveal a compact source of continuum and CO emission inside the dust-depleted cavity ∼50 au from the primary star. The kinematics of the CO emission from this region is different from that expected from material in Keplerian rotation around the binary system, and might instead trace a compact disk around a third companion. Higher angular resolution observations are required to investigate the nature of this source.
Supernova Driving. IV. The Star-formation Rate of Molecular Clouds
Authors: Padoan Paolo , Haugbølle Troels , Nordlund Åke , Frimann Søren
Published: May 2017

We compute the star-formation rate (SFR) in molecular clouds (MCs) that originate ab initio in a new, higher-resolution simulation of supernova-driven turbulence. Because of the large number of well-resolved clouds with self-consistent boundary and initial conditions, we obtain a large range of cloud physical parameters with realistic statistical distributions, which is an unprecedented sample of star-forming regions to test SFR models and to interpret observational surveys. We confirm the dependence of the SFR per free-fall time, SFRff, on the virial parameter, α
vir, found in previous simulations, and compare a revised version of our turbulent fragmentation model with the numerical results. The dependences on Mach number,

, gas to magnetic pressure ratio, β, and compressive to solenoidal power ratio, χ at fixed α
vir are not well constrained, because of random scatter due to time and cloud-to-cloud variations in SFRff. We find that SFRff in MCs can take any value in the range of 0 ≤ SFRff ≲ 0.2, and its probability distribution peaks at a value of SFRff ≈ 0.025, consistent with observations. The values of SFRff and the scatter in the SFRff–α
vir relation are consistent with recent measurements in nearby MCs and in clouds near the Galactic center. Although not explicitly modeled by the theory, the scatter is consistent with the physical assumptions of our revised model and may also result in part from a lack of statistical equilibrium of the turbulence, due to the transient nature of MCs.
Evolution of Compact and Fossil Groups of Galaxies from Semi-analytical Models of Galaxy Formation
Authors: Farhang Amin , Khosroshahi Habib G. , Mamon Gary A. , Dariush Ali. A. , Raouf Mojtaba
Published: May 2017

We compare the mean mass assembly histories of compact and fossil galaxy groups in the Millennium Dark Matter Simulation and an associated semi-analytic galaxy formation model. Tracing the halo mass of compact groups (CGs) from z = 0 to z = 1 shows that, on average, 55% of the halo mass in CGs is assembled since

, compared to 40% of the halo mass in fossil groups (FGs) on the same time interval, indicating that compared to FGs, CGs are relatively younger galaxy systems. At z = 0, for a given halo mass, FGs tend to have a larger concentration than CGs. Investigating the evolution of CG’s parameters reveals that they become more compact with time. CGs at z = 0.5 see their magnitude gaps increase exponentially, but it takes ∼10 Gyr for them to reach a magnitude gap of 2 mag. The slow growth of the magnitude gap leads to only a minority (∼41%) of CGs selected at z = 0.5 turning into a FG by z = 0. Also, while three-quarters of FGs go through a compact phase, most fail to meet the CG isolation criterion, leaving only ∼30% of FGs fully satisfying the CG selection criteria. Therefore, there is no strong link of CGs turning into FGs or FGs originating from CGs. The relation between CGs and FGs is thus more complex, and in most cases, FGs and CGs follow different evolutionary tracks.
Far-ultraviolet to Near-infrared Spectroscopy of a Nearby Hydrogen-poor Superluminous Supernova Gaia16apd
Authors: Yan Lin , Quimby R. , Gal-Yam A. , Brown P. , Blagorodnova N. , Ofek E. O. , Lunnan R. , Cooke J. , Cenko S. B. , Jencson J. , Kasliwal M.
Published: May 2017

We report the first maximum-light far-ultraviolet (FUV) to near-infrared (NIR) spectra (1000 Å − 1.62 μm, rest) of a hydrogen-poor superluminous supernova, Gaia16apd. At z = 0.1018, it is the second closest and the UV brightest SLSN-I, with 17.4 mag in Swift UVW2 band at −11 days pre-maximum. The coordinated observations with HST, Palomar, and Keck were taken at −2 to +25 days. Assuming an exponential (or t
2) form, we derived the rise time of 33 days and the peak bolometric luminosity of 3 × 1044 erg s−1. At the maximum, the photospheric temperature and velocity are 17,000 K and 14,000 km s−1, respectively. The inferred radiative and kinetic energy are roughly 1 × 1051 and 2 × 1052 erg. Gaia16apd is extremely UV luminous, and emits 50% of its total luminosity at 1000–2500 Å. Compared to the UV spectra (normalized at 3100 Å) of well studied SN1992A (Ia), SN2011fe (Ia), SN1999em (IIP), and SN1993J (IIb), it has orders of magnitude more FUV emission. This excess is interpreted primarily as a result of weaker metal-line blanketing due to a much lower abundance of iron group elements in the outer ejecta. Because these elements originate either from the natal metallicity of the star, or have been newly produced, our observation provides direct evidence that little of these freshly synthesized material, including 56Ni, were mixed into the outer ejecta, and the progenitor metallicity is likely sub-solar. This disfavors Pair-instability Supernova models with helium core masses

, where substantial 56Ni material is produced. A higher photospheric temperature definitely contributes to the FUV excess from Gaia16apd. Compared with Gaia16apd, we find PS1-11bam is also UV luminous.
Angular Momentum Transfer and Fractional Moment of Inertia in Pulsar Glitches
Authors: Eya I. O. , Urama J. O. , Chukwude A. E.
Published: May 2017

We use the Jodrell Bank Observatory glitch database containing 472 glitches from 165 pulsars to investigate the angular momentum transfer during rotational glitches in pulsars. Our emphasis is on pulsars with at least five glitches, of which there are 26 that exhibit 261 glitches in total. This paper identifies four pulsars in which the angular momentum transfer, after many glitches, is almost linear with time. The Lilliefore test on the cumulative distribution of glitch spin-up sizes in these glitching pulsars shows that glitch sizes in 12 pulsars are normally distributed, suggesting that their glitches originate from the same momentum reservoir. In addition, the distribution of the fractional moment of inertia (i.e., the ratio of the moment of inertia of neutron star components that are involved in the glitch process) have a single mode, unlike the distribution of fractional glitch size (Δν/ν), which is usually bimodal. The mean fractional moment of inertia in the glitching pulsars we sampled has a very weak correlation with the pulsar spin properties, thereby supporting a neutron star interior mechanism for the glitch phenomenon.
Plasma Heating in Solar Microflares: Statistics and Analysis
Authors: Kirichenko A. S. , Bogachev S. A.
Published: May 2017

In this paper we present the results of an analysis of 481 weak solar flares, from A0.01 class flares to the B GOES class, that were observed during the period of extremely low solar activity from 2009 April to July. For all flares we measured the temperature of the plasma in the isothermal and two-temperature approximations and tried to fit its relationship with the X-ray class using exponential and power-law functions. We found that the whole temperature distribution in the range from A0.01 to X-class cannot be fit by one exponential function. The fitting for weak flares below A1.0 is significantly steeper than that for medium and large flares. The power-law approximation seems to be more reliable: the corresponding functions were found to be in good agreement with experimental data both for microflares and for normal flares. Our study predicts that evidence of plasma heating can be found in flares starting from the A0.0002 X-ray class. Weaker events presumably cannot heat the surrounding plasma. We also estimated emission measures for all flares studied and the thermal energy for 113 events.
A Complex Solar Coronal Jet with Two Phases
Authors: Chen Jie , Su Jiangtao , Deng Yuanyong , Priest E. R.
Published: May 2017

Jets often occur repeatedly from almost the same location. In this paper, a complex solar jet was observed with two phases to the west of NOAA AR 11513 on 2012 July 2. If it had been observed at only moderate resolution, the two phases and their points of origin would have been regarded as identical. However, at high resolution we find that the two phases merge into one another and the accompanying footpoint brightenings occur at different locations. The phases originate from different magnetic patches rather than being one phase originating from the same patch. Photospheric line of sight (LOS) magnetograms show that the bases of the two phases lie in two different patches of magnetic flux that decrease in size during the occurrence of the two phases. Based on these observations, we suggest that the driving mechanism of the two successive phases is magnetic cancellation of two separate magnetic fragments with an opposite-polarity fragment between them.
The Fermi Galactic Center GeV Excess and Implications for Dark Matter
Authors: Ackermann M. , Ajello M. , Albert A. , Atwood W. B. , Baldini L. , Ballet J. , Barbiellini G. , Bastieri D. , Bellazzini R. , Bissaldi E. , Blandford R. D. , Bloom E. D. , Bonino R. , Bottacini E. , Brandt T. J. , Bregeon J. , Bruel P. , Buehler R. , Burnett T. H. , Cameron R. A. , Caputo R. , Caragiulo M. , Caraveo P. A. , Cavazzuti E. , Cecchi C. , Charles E. , Chekhtman A. , Chiang J. , Chiappo A. , Chiaro G. , Ciprini S. , Conrad J. , Costanza F. , Cuoco A. , Cutini S. , D’Ammando F. , Palma F. de , Desiante R. , Digel S. W. , Lalla N. Di , Mauro M. Di , Venere L. Di , Drell P. S. , Favuzzi C. , Fegan S. J. , Ferrara E. C. , Focke W. B. , Franckowiak A. , Fukazawa Y. , Funk S. , Fusco P. , Gargano F. , Gasparrini D. , Giglietto N. , Giordano F. , Giroletti M. , Glanzman T. , Gomez-Vargas G. A. , Green D. , Grenier I. A. , Grove J. E. , Guillemot L. , Guiriec S. , Gustafsson M. , Harding A. K. , Hays E. , Hewitt J. W. , Horan D. , Jogler T. , Johnson A. S. , Kamae T. , Kocevski D. , Kuss M. , Mura G. La , Larsson S. , Latronico L. , Li J. , Longo F. , Loparco F. , Lovellette M. N. , Lubrano P. , Magill J. D. , Maldera S. , Malyshev D. , Manfreda A. , Martin P. , Mazziotta M. N. , Michelson P. F. , Mirabal N. , Mitthumsiri W. , Mizuno T. , Moiseev A. A. , Monzani M. E. , Morselli A. , Negro M. , Nuss E. , Ohsugi T. , Orienti M. , Orlando E. , Ormes J. F. , Paneque D. , Perkins J. S. , Persic M. , Pesce-Rollins M. , Piron F. , Principe G. , Rainò S. , Rando R. , Razzano M. , Razzaque S. , Reimer A. , Reimer O. , Sánchez-Conde M. , Sgrò C. , Simone D. , Siskind E. J. , Spada F. , Spandre G. , Spinelli P. , Suson D. J. , Tajima H. , Tanaka K. , Thayer J. B. , Tibaldo L. , Torres D. F. , Troja E. , Uchiyama Y. , Vianello G. , Wood K. S. , Wood M. , Zaharijas G. , Zimmer S. ,   (The Fermi LAT Collaboration)
Published: May 2017

The region around the Galactic Center (GC) is now well established to be brighter at energies of a few GeV than what is expected from conventional models of diffuse gamma-ray emission and catalogs of known gamma-ray sources. We study the GeV excess using 6.5 yr of data from the Fermi Large Area Telescope. We characterize the uncertainty of the GC excess spectrum and morphology due to uncertainties in cosmic-ray source distributions and propagation, uncertainties in the distribution of interstellar gas in the Milky Way, and uncertainties due to a potential contribution from the Fermi bubbles. We also evaluate uncertainties in the excess properties due to resolved point sources of gamma rays. The GC is of particular interest, as it would be expected to have the brightest signal from annihilation of weakly interacting massive dark matter (DM) particles. However, control regions along the Galactic plane, where a DM signal is not expected, show excesses of similar amplitude relative to the local background. Based on the magnitude of the systematic uncertainties, we conservatively report upper limits for the annihilation cross-section as a function of particle mass and annihilation channel.
Shock Acceleration Model for the Toothbrush Radio Relic
Authors: Kang Hyesung , Ryu Dongsu , Jones T. W.
Published: May 2017

Although many of the observed properties of giant radio relics detected in the outskirts of galaxy clusters can be explained by relativistic electrons accelerated at merger-driven shocks, significant puzzles remain. In the case of the so-called Toothbrush relic, the shock Mach number estimated from X-ray observations (

) is substantially weaker than that inferred from the radio spectral index (

). Toward understanding such a discrepancy, we here consider the following diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) models: (1) weak-shock models with

and a preexisting population of cosmic-ray electrons (CRe) with a flat energy spectrum, and (2) strong-shock models with

and either shock-generated suprathermal electrons or preexisting fossil CRe. We calculate the synchrotron emission from the accelerated CRe, following the time evolution of the electron DSA, and the subsequent radiative cooling and postshock turbulent acceleration (TA). We find that both models could reproduce reasonably well the observed integrated radio spectrum of the Toothbrush relic, but the observed broad transverse profile requires the stochastic acceleration by downstream turbulence, which we label “turbulent acceleration” or TA to distinguish it from DSA. Moreover, to account for the almost uniform radio spectral index profile along the length of the relic, the weak-shock models require a preshock region over 400 kpc with a uniform population of preexisting CRe with a high cutoff energy (

). Due to the short cooling time, it is challenging to explain the origin of such energetic electrons. Therefore, we suggest the strong-shock models with low-energy seed CRe (

) are preferred for the radio observations of this relic.
The Post-pericenter Evolution of the Galactic Center Source G2
Authors: Plewa P. M. , Gillessen S. , Pfuhl O. , Eisenhauer F. , Genzel R. , Burkert A. , Dexter J. , Habibi M. , George E. , Ott T. , Waisberg I. , Fellenberg S. von
Published: May 2017

In early 2014, the fast-moving near-infrared source G2 reached its closest approach to the supermassive black hole Sgr A* in the Galactic center. We report on the evolution of the ionized gaseous component and the dusty component of G2 immediately after this event, revealed by new observations obtained in 2015 and 2016 with the SINFONI integral field spectrograph and the NACO imager at the ESO VLT. The spatially resolved dynamics of the Brγ line emission can be accounted for by the ballistic motion and tidal shearing of a test-particle cloud that has followed a highly eccentric Keplerian orbit around the black hole for the last 12 years. The non-detection of a drag force or any strong hydrodynamic interaction with the hot gas in the inner accretion zone limits the ambient density to less than a few

at the distance of closest approach (

), assuming G2 is a spherical cloud moving through a stationary and homogeneous atmosphere. The dust continuum emission is unresolved in L′-band, but stays consistent with the location of the Brγ emission. The total luminosity of the Brγ and L′ emission has remained constant to within the measurement uncertainty. The nature and origin of G2 are likely related to that of the precursor source G1, since their orbital evolution is similar, though not identical. Both objects are also likely related to a trailing tail structure, which is continuously connected to G2 over a large range in position and radial velocity.
Extreme CO Isotopic Abundances in the ULIRG IRAS 13120-5453: An Extremely Young Starburst or Top-heavy Initial Mass Function
Authors: Sliwa Kazimierz , Wilson Christine D. , Aalto Susanne , Privon George C.
Published: May 2017

We present ALMA 12CO (J = 1-0, 3-2 and 6-5), 13CO (J = 1-0), and C18O (J = 1-0) observations of the local ultraluminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG) IRAS 13120-5453. The morphologies of the three isotopic species differ, as 13CO shows a hole in emission toward the center. We measure integrated brightness temperature line ratios of 12CO/13CO ≥ 60 (exceeding 200) and 13CO/C18O ≤ 1 in the central region. Assuming optical thin emission, C18O is more abundant than 13CO in several regions. The abundances within the central 500 pc are consistent with the enrichment of the interstellar medium via a young starburst (<7 Myr), a top-heavy initial mass function, or a combination of both.
Mobilités sociales et capitalisme : une approche comparée entre Rouen et Paris (1600-1825)
Authors: Flamein Richard
Published: May 2017

L’étude systémique des mobilités sociales, croisées aux formes d’accumulation du capital, montre combien faits sociaux et mutations économiques sont liés. Si cela ne constitue guère une surprise, en revanche, l’historiographie ignore encore dans une large mesure la façon dont interagissent les deux phénomènes. Entre 1600 et 1824, les mobilités normandes et parisiennes, à l’intérieur d’une dynastie bien connue, celle des Le Couteulx, servent d’instrument de mesure et d’approche comparative entre les deux villes et montrent combien les dynamiques sociales semblent se différencier, à la fois dans le temps et l’espace, sur le substrat d’usages progressivement diversifiés du capital. La prise en compte de la spécificité locale des mobilités d’Ancien Régime ne plaide guère pour un relativisme des identités et des parcours, mais au contraire pour leur ferme inscription, quasi organique, dans la cohérence des tissus sociaux, économiques, culturels, puis politiques locaux. Loin d’offrir une analyse mécaniste, les processus comparés de mobilité se construisent entre métissage et différenciation des parcours, dans un dosage évolutif du collectif et de l’individuel sur le temps long. Cette première approche propose l’ébauche d’une lecture renouvelée de l’architecture des dynamiques sociales du xvii e au xix e  siècle.
La psychanalyse, la culture, et le Mal qui vient
Authors: Castel Pierre-Henri
Published: May 2017

Il y a peu de chances que les concepts que déploie Freud dans sa psychologie collective pour nouer ensemble psychanalyse et culture aient aujourd’hui assez de précision pour être scientifiquement utiles. Plus finement, la critique psychanalytique de la culture s’est probablement incorporée à notre « culture critique », en sorte qu’elle y figure désormais davantage comme quelque chose à y expliquer, que comme quelque chose qui l’explique. Pour sortir de ce cercle vicieux, on doit se confier au potentiel spéculatif de la pulsion de mort. Non seulement le « travail de la culture » ( Kulturarbeit ) permet d’éclairer autrement les chances des individus face aux effets mortifères de la vie sociale, mais une certaine torsion infligée à la notion même de pulsion de mort ouvre la perspective de penser à nouveaux frais le Mal qui vient, et le sens présent de la psychanalyse dans une culture en devenir.
Le surmoi perverti
Authors: Richard François
Published: May 2017

Cet article propose des hypothèses dans le prolongement de l’ouvrage L’Actuel Malaise dans la culture : le clivage entre courant civilisé et agressivité contre la culture nourrit un désaveu de la destructivité à l’œuvre dans la psychologie collective et même dans la pensée critique – de sorte que le jugement reste en suspens. Le surmoi est affaibli, puis perverti et clivé. Les individus l’opposent à la légitimité de l’autorité et des lois. Une destructivité sadique et paranoïaque peut prendre le dessus comme dans le terrorisme djihadiste qui est à la fois intérieur et extérieur à notre malaise dans la culture. L’islamisme radical constitue une forme typique du surmoi perverti bien plus qu’il ne résulte de fragilités identitaires narcissiques. Pour conclure, est discutée la façon dont la méthode clinique de la psychanalyse est susceptible de proposer quelques pistes pour penser l’exacerbation du malaise dans la culture.
Penser les conjonctures et les contextes ; inventer des dispositifs
Authors: Pagès Claire
Published: May 2017

Cet article propose d’examiner les déplacements qu’induit la prise en compte par la théorie psychanalytique de la triple inscription géographique, historique et sociale des sujets, ou du fait que ceux-ci vivent dans un certain contexte . Quand ces sujets s’inscrivent en outre dans une conjoncture déstructurante, voire de décivilisation, on peut penser que des processus psychiques et des mécanismes de défense spécifiques entrent en jeu. L’économie psychique deviendrait perméable à certaines configurations et à certaines expériences sociales. Comment ces modifications sont-elles thématisées et quels aménagements du cadre ont pu être envisagés pour accueillir les souffrances de ces sujets ? Quels dispositifs ont alors été inventés pour la clinique de ces situations extrêmes ?
La conquista de Sevilla por Fernando III (646 h/1248). Nuevas propuestas a través de la relectura de las fuentes árabes
Authors: García Sanjuán Alejandro
Published: May 2017

La conquista de Sevilla por Fernando III en 646 h/1248 constituye uno de los hechos decisivos del proceso de expansión política y territorial desarrollado por la Corona de Castilla durante el siglo XIII. En este artículo se plantea, por vez primera, un análisis global de la información que las fuentes árabes aportan sobre este episodio, la cual no ha sido, hasta el momento, objeto de un tratamiento pormenorizado. Esta información resulta ampliamente compatible con la de las fuentes cristianas y posee un particular interés en relación con tres aspectos específicos: la cronología de la conquista y la secuencia del traspaso del control de la ciudad de manos musulmanas a cristianas, la visión de los vencidos y el destino de la población musulmana.
Mediaciones de paz: el recurso a los arbitradores en el reino de Valencia (siglos XIV-XV)
Authors: Garcia-Oliver Ferran
Published: May 2017

El arbitraje, como vía de conciliación, gozó de una extraordinaria difusión en el Occidente medieval. Tenía la ventaja de una mayor rapidez y, por lo general, de un menor coste que las causas ventiladas ante la justicia ordinaria. Además, trataba de armonizar los intereses de las partes enfrentadas. Este artículo analiza los usos y los protagonistas del arbitraje en el reino de Valencia durante la Edad Media, tomando como ámbito particular de observación la pequeña comunidad campesina de Vilafranca.
Intolerancia religiosa en las Cortes de Cádiz
Authors: Domínguez Juan Pablo
Published: May 2017

En los últimos años se han escrito muchas páginas sobre la intolerancia religiosa en las Cortes de Cádiz, pero bastantes de ellas están lastradas por dos deficiencias. La primera es centrar el asunto en el artículo 12 de la Constitución, sin prestar suficiente atención a otros debates parlamentarios donde se expuso más claramente la política intolerante de las Cortes. La segunda, asumir que los diputados expresaron libremente sus ideas, sin tener en cuenta las circunstancias que entonces hacían aconsejables los disimulos, los silencios tácticos y las medias verdades. Partiendo de un análisis detallado de los diarios de las Cortes, el presente artículo pretende subsanar estas dos deficiencias y demostrar que, si bien pudo haber diputados que ocultasen su inclinación por la libertad de conciencia, los decretos y discursos de las Cortes fueron, en su tenor literal, aún más intolerantes de lo que habitualmente se ha dicho. No sólo ordenaron castigar a todo el que se apartase de las doctrinas de la Iglesia, sino que decretaron la pena de muerte para quien sugiriese introducir en España la tolerancia religiosa.
Quand la forêt devient un équipement de la ville : un parc animalier à l’échelle de l’agglomération rouennaise
Authors: Lepillé Romain , Evrard Barbara , Bussi Michel , Femenias Damien
Published: May 2017

À travers l’étude d’un conflit autour de la fermeture d’un parc animalier puis des concertations qui ont suivi, cette contribution propose d’interroger les médiations territoriales originales qui se créent et transforment la forêt en équipement de la ville. Pour répondre à cette interrogation, nous mobilisons un corpus qui croise observations de terrain et participantes, des documents produits dans le cadre de chartes, des repères quantifiés et des enquêtes qualitatives et des articles de presse qui retracent l’histoire du conflit. Nous étudions d’abord le parc dans son contexte spatial à savoir sa situation dans un des estuaires les plus anthropisés d’Europe et dans une métropole qui souffre d’une image négative liée notamment au poids de son industrie. Nous décrivons ensuite l’histoire du parc animalier pour comprendre les fondements du conflit. Face à la menace de fermeture, un comité d’usagers se crée et réussit à mobiliser, fédérer, rendre visible au travers des médias et finalement à placer le parc sur l’agenda politique. Finalement, les élus locaux se saisissent de cette opportunité pour mener une politique forestière à l’échelle de la métropole. La forêt devient alors un équipement de la ville.
High SYK Expression Drives Constitutive Activation of CD21low B Cells
Authors: Keller Baerbel , Stumpf Ina , Strohmeier Valentina , Usadel Susanne , Verhoeyen Els , Eibel Hermann , Warnatz Klaus
Published: May 2017

Human CD21low B cells present with an activated phenotype and accumulate in distinct disorders connected with chronic immune stimulation. Signaling studies had revealed an increased basal phosphorylation of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) and phospholipase Cγ2. Additional BCR stimulation of these constitutively active cells, however, led to reduced activation of these signaling molecules and subsequently NF-κB and Ca2+ activation. In this article, we demonstrate that high SYK expression is a common feature of CD21low B cells independent of the underlying disorder, and that this high expression is sufficient to drive constitutive phosphorylation of SYK and its immediate targets Bruton’s tyrosine kinase and phospholipase Cγ2. Inhibition of SYK activity eliminated features of the constitutive activation in these cells and partly restored BCR signaling. High SYK expression is especially induced by CpG or CD40L in combination with IL-21, but not BCR stimulation, suggesting the importance of the immune-stimulatory context for the induction of this B cell phenotype. In summary, high SYK expression is a common feature of human CD21low B cells and presumably results from chronic activation in inflammatory environments present in a subgroup of patients with heterogeneous disorders like chronic infection, autoimmunity, and immunodeficiency. High SYK expression by itself drives the constitutive activation observed in these B cells, which in turn may contribute to the hyporesponsiveness upon BCR stimulation. Given the high prevalence of autoreactive clones among CD21low B cells in autoimmune disorders, the dominant role of SYK in CD21low B cells may provide a new option for therapeutic interventions in patients with expanded CD21low B cells and humoral autoimmunity.
Education Policy Think Tank Models and Mission
Authors: McLean Callie , Robin Lily
Published: May 2017

This paper explores how two advocacy think tanks—the Heritage Foundation (Heritage) and Center for American Progress (CAP)—engage in research on K-12 education and attempt to influence education policymaking. Through our research, we discovered both expected and surprising differences and similarities between the think tanks. Differences included topic choice, particularly around school choice and disadvantaged students, the use of data analyses to underpin positions, and the volume of publication. Similarities included the mix of output type. Our most notable finding was that the model and mission of each think tank drove topic choices and how each conducted research and interacted with the policy world and media.
All-Payer Rate Setting: A Framework for a More Efficient Health Care System
Authors: Flanagan Eric
Published: May 2017

The United States is unique among countries with health care systems that rely primarily on private insurance companies because there are generally no regulations that mandate a standard fee schedule for health care services. The prevalence of multiple private and public insurers is known as a multi-payer system. Other countries that have multiple payers set prices unilaterally, as is the case in Japan, or through negotiations between payers and providers, as is the case in Germany. The outcome is a uniform set of prices that applies to all payers within a single hospital. This framework is known as all-payer rate setting. This paper explains how all-payer rate setting regulation can mitigate several problems plaguing the US health care system. Examples include cost shifting, price discrimination, and provider market leverage. The paper then analyzes how these problems negatively affect the US health care system. Finally, the benefits of all-payer rate setting are explained, followed by the downsides (or tradeoffs) of such a system.
The biocompatibility of bone cements: progress in methodological approach
Authors: Dall'Oca Carlo , Maluta Tommaso , Micheloni Gian Mario , Cengarle Matteo , Morbioli Giampaolo , Bernardi Paolo , Sbarbati Andrea , Degl'Innocenti Daniele , Lavini Franco , Magnan Bruno
Published: May 2017

The ideal bone graft substitute should have certain properties and there are many studies dealing with mixture of polymethylmetacrilate (PMMA) and Î²-tricalciumphospate (Î²-TCP) presenting the best characteristics of both. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), for ultra-structural data, resulted a very reliable in vivo model to better understand the bioactivity of a cement and to properly evaluate its suitability for a particular purpose. The present study aims to further improve the knowledge on osteointegration development, using both parameters obtained with the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM) and focused histological examination. Two hybrid bone graft substitute were designed among ceramic and polymer-based bone graft substitutes. Based on Î²-TCP granules sizes, they were created with theoretical different osteoconductive properties. An acrylic standard cement was chosen as control. Cements were implanted in twelve New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits, which were sacrificed at 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after cement implantation. Histological samples were prepared with an infiltration process of LR white resin and then specimens were studied by X-rays, histology and Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM). Comparing the resulting data, it was possible to follow osteointegrationâ€™s various developments resulting from different sizes of Î²-TCP granules. In this paper, we show that this evaluation process, together with ESEM, provides further important information that allows to follow any osteointegration at every stage of develop.
Curpressaceae
Authors: Rourke J. P.
Published: May 2017

Tetraclinis articulata, a hitherto unrecorded naturalized alien conifer in South Africa