bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quality characteristics of fried lamb nuggets from low-value meat cuts: Effect of formulation and freezing storage
Authors: Medina Milagros , Antequera Teresa , Ruiz Jorge , Jiménez-Martín Estefanía , Pérez-Palacios Trinidad
Published: September 2014

This study revealed the possibility of manufacturing prefried lamb nuggets from low-value cuts (flank) and evaluated the effect of formulation (50:50 vs. 20:80 of leg/flank cuts) and freezing (−20 ℃ for two months) on different quality parameters. Frying process produced a decrease of water content, an increase in lipid oxidation indicators, and an intense browning of nuggets surface. The use of flank up to a 75% of the total meat in the formula led to higher fat contents and higher polyunsaturated fatty acid proportions in fried nuggets. This made them more prone to get oxidized during the freezing storage and subsequent final frying. Nuggets with a higher proportion of flank also showed lower shear force values. However, nuggets with both formulations showed similar sensory acceptance. Freezing storage of lamb meat nuggets for two months increased the levels of lipid oxidation indicators, but again not to a level high enough to influence the sensory perception by consumers. So that, frozen nuggets from both formulations showed similar consumer acceptance to freshly produced ones with quite good scores (3.46–3.86 out of 5). Thus, low-value lamb cuts are suitable for being processed into highly acceptable prefried frozen lamb nuggets, which constitutes an opportunity for adding value to the whole lamb value chain.
Party system closure and openness
Authors: Casal Bértoa Fernando , Enyedi Zsolt
Published: September 2014

The degree of closure of the governmental arena is a central aspect of the stabilization of party systems, and yet little systematic effort has been devoted to its operationalization. The article proposes a new index, examines its reliability and validity, and reports the ranking of 60 party systems. By redefining the units of measurement we suggest new indicators that are uniform and transparent in their logic of construction, can be applied both to specific government-changes and to time periods, and are sensitive to the degree of change. The article finds a hierarchy among the components of party system closure, dominated by coalition formula. While new and established democracies can both produced closed patterns, the analysis of inter-war European party systems shows that closed systems are less prone to authoritarian takeover. The article demonstrates the power of inertia: the completely closed configurations stand out as the most durable ones.
Party system nationalization
Authors: Golosov Grigorii V
Published: September 2014

The existing measures of party system nationalization and territorial heterogeneity of electoral support, including the Gini-based system-level nationalization score and its complements, can be inappropriate in those research contexts where, as it is in the study of federations, the territorial structure of the state is a substantively important factor of political development rather than one of the possible levels of electoral data aggregation. This problem can be solved by using a normalized version of the Gini coefficient. Alternatively, it is possible to use a new measure, the index of party system nationalization proposed in this study. While both the normalized Gini-based index and the new measure fully satisfy all theory-inspired requirements and yield similar results, the new measure may be preferable because of its relative computational simplicity and intuitively easy understanding.
Effects of a computerized decision support system in improving pharmacological management in high-risk cardiovascular patients: A cluster-randomized open-label controlled trial
Authors: Mazzaglia Giampiero , Piccinni Carlo , Filippi Alessandro , Sini Giovanna , Lapi Francesco , Sessa Emiliano , Cricelli Iacopo , Cutroneo Paola , Trifirò Gianluca , Cricelli Claudio , Caputi Achille Patrizio
Published: September 2014

This study was aimed to investigate the effects of computerized decision support system in improving the prescription of drugs for cardiovascular prevention. A total of 197 Italian general practitioners were randomly allocated to receive either the alerting computerized decision support system integrated into standard software (intervention arm) or the standard software alone (control arm). Data on 21230 patients with diabetes, 3956 with acute myocardial infarction, and 2158 with stroke were analysed. The proportion of patients prescribed with cardiovascular drugs and days of drug–drug interaction exposure were evaluated. Computerized decision support system significantly increased the proportion of patients with diabetes prescribed with antiplatelet drugs (intervention: +2.7% vs. control: +0.15%; p < 0.001) or lipidlowering drugs (+4.2% vs. +2.8%; p = 0.001). A statistically significant decrease in days of potential interactions has been observed only among patients with stroke (−1.2 vs. −0.5 days/person-year; p = 0.001). In conclusion, computerized decision support system significantly increased the use of recommended cardiovascular drugs in diabetic patients, but it did not influence the exposure to potential interactions
Periodontal Health Condition in Patients With Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Martande Santosh S. , Pradeep A. R. , Singh Sonender Pal , Kumari Minal , Suke Deepak Kumar , Raju Arjun P. , Naik Savitha B. , Singh Priyanka , Guruprasad C. N. , Chatterji Anirban
Published: September 2014

Objective:

To compare periodontal health status in individuals with and without Alzheimer’s disease (AD).

Methods:

A total of 58 individuals with AD and 60 cognitively normal (ND) adult individuals, ranging in age from 50 to 80 years, were assessed for periodontal health status. Individuals with AD were further divided as mild, moderate, and severe, based on degree of cognitive impairment as evaluated using Mini-Mental State Examination. Gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and percentage of bleeding sites (%BOP) were evaluated.

Results:

All the evaluated periodontal parameters were higher in individuals with AD than that in ND individuals, and the periodontal status deteriorated with the progression of AD. There were significant differences in mean GI, PI, PD, CAL, and %BOP between all the groups.

Conclusion:

The periodontal health status ofindividuals with AD deteriorates with disease progression and was closely related to their cognitive function.
Tibetan Medicine for Cancer
Authors: Bauer-Wu Susan , Lhundup Tenzin , Tidwell Tawni , Lhadon Tenzin , Ozawa-de Silva Chikako , Dolma Jamyang , Dorjee Pema , Neshar Dorjee Rapten , Sangmo Rigzin , Yeshi Tenzin
Published: September 2014

Introduction: Tibetan medicine (TM) is a whole systems medical approach that has had growing interest in the West. However, minimal research, particularly with cancer, has been conducted. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of TM and describe a clinical case review study to obtain preliminary evidence of TM’s safety and effect on patients treated for cancer or hematologic disorders. Methods: A retrospective case review was conducted in India and cases met the following inclusion criteria: ( a) confirmed diagnosis of cancer or hematologic disorder by standard Western biomedical diagnostic tests, ( b) either treated exclusively with TM or received insufficient Western treatment followed by TM and ( c) were in remission or had stable disease at least 2 years after start of TM. Results: Three cases were identified, 1 solid tumor and 2 hematologic diseases: Case 1—poorly to moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the stomach, positive lymph nodes and mucosal infiltration, with clear scans and excellent quality of life 29 months later ; Case 2—chronic myelogenous leukemia with normalization of hematologic labs within 3 months of starting TM and stable 4 years later; and Case 3—red cell aplasia improved significantly and reversed dependence on blood transfusions with TM. None of the cases experienced demonstrable adverse effects from TM. Conclusions: This limited case review found TM to be safe and have positive effects on quality of life and disease regression and remission in patients with cancer and blood disorders. Further exploration and investigation using rigorous methods is warranted.
The in vivo characterization of electrospun heparin-bonded polycaprolactone in small-diameter vascular reconstruction
Authors: Duan Hong-Yong , Ye Lin , Wu Xin , Guan Qiang , Yang Xiao-Fei , Han Feng , Liang Ning , Wang Zhen-Feng , Wang Zhong-Gao
Published: September 2014

Objective

To evaluate the possibility of using heparin-bonded polycaprolactone grafts to replace small-diameter arteries.

Methods

Polycaprolactone was bonded with heparin. The activated partial thromboplastin time of heparin-bonded polycaprolactone grafts was determined in vitro. Small-diameter grafts were electrospun with heparin-bonded polycaprolactone and polycaprolactone and were implanted in dogs to substitute part of the femoral artery. Angiography was used to investigate the patency and aneurysm of the grafts after transplantation. After angiography, the patent grafts were explanted for histology analysis. The degradation of the grafts and the collagen content of the grafts were measured.

Results

Activated partial thromboplastin time tests in vitro showed that heparin-bonded polycaprolactone grafts exhibit obvious anticoagulation. Arteriography showed that two heparin-bonded polycaprolactone and three polycaprolactone grafts were obstructed. Other grafts were patent, without aneurysm formation. Histological analysis showed that the tested grafts degraded evidently over the implantation time and that the luminal surface of the tested grafts had become covered by endothelial cells. Collagen deposition in heparin-bonded polycaprolactone increased with time. There were no calcifications in the grafts. Gel permeation chromatography showed the heparin-bonded polycaprolactone explants at 12 weeks lose about 32% for Mw and 24% for Mn. The collagen content on the heparin-bonded polycaprolactone grafts increased over time.

Conclusion

This preliminary study demonstrates that heparin-bonded polycaprolactone is a suitable graft for small artery reconstruction. However, heparin-bonded polycaprolactone degrades more rapidly than polycaprolactone in vivo.
Searching for Mandela: The insights of biographical research
Authors: Ciulla Joanne B
Published: September 2014

This paper examines the challenges and rewards of doing autobiographical, biographical, and archival, research on a leader. Using examples from extensive research on Nelson Mandela, it illustrates how historiography and careful comparison and interpretation of texts can alleviate some of these problems and yield new insights into leaders and leadership. It discusses why, when you have a more complex and nuanced picture of a leader like Mandela, he does not fit the mold of an authentic leader. The paper concludes with a hypothesis about why iconic leaders may be a different from other leaders.
Comment: Five Uses of Philosophy in Scientific Theories of Emotion
Authors: Zachar Peter
Published: September 2014

Commentary on four articles in a special issue on “theories of emotion,” comparing the theories with respect to five conceptual contrasts. The first four contrasts are essentialism versus nonessentialism, discriminative versus integrative theories, individual versus social focus, and instrumentalism versus scientific realism. Although scientific psychologists appear to have reached consensus in favor of nonessentialism and they freely use both realist and instrumentalist interpretations, there is no consensus on the other two contrasts. The final contrast explored addresses attitudes toward the use of philosophy in scientific theorizing, and whether philosophy is best kept in the background or brought into the foreground.
Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose
Authors: Elgart Jorge F. , González Lorena , Rucci Enzo , Gagliardino Juan J.
Published: September 2014

Background:

Although test strips for self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) represent around 50% of diabetes treatment cost in Argentina, little is known about their current use and relationship with different types of treatment. We therefore aimed to estimate the current use of test strips and identify the major use drivers and the percentage they represent of total prescription costs in 2 entities of the social security system (SSS) of Argentina.

Methods:

Observational retrospective study measuring test strip prescriptions delivered by pharmacies from the province of Buenos Aires (8115 records collected during 3 months provided by the Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aires) of affiliates with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) from 2 large entities of the SSS system.

Results:

The average monthly test strips/patient used for SMBG was 97.5 ± 70.1. This number varied according to treatment: monotherapy with oral antidiabetic drugs (OAD) < combined OAD therapy < insulin treatment. Test strips represented a higher percentage of the total prescription cost in people under OAD monotherapy (84.6%) and lower in those with insulin analogs (46.9%).

Conclusions:

In our population, the type of hyperglycemia treatment was the main driver of test strip use for SMBG and its impact on the total prescription cost depends on the kind of such treatment. Since it has been shown that patients’ education and prescription audit can optimize test strip use and treatment outcomes, implementation of such strategies could appropriately support, optimize, and reduce ineffective test strip use in people with T2DM.
Exploring Social Dynamics in School Science Context
Authors: Ayar Mehmet C. , Bauchspies Wenda K. , Yalvac Bugrahan
Published: September 2014

The purpose of this study was to explore the socio-cultural practices and interactions of learning science in a science classroom within the concept of communities of practice. Our qualitative data were collected through observing, taking field notes, and conducting interviews in a public science classroom during an entire school year. The study occurred in a seventh-grade classroom with a veteran physical science teacher, with more than 10 years teaching experience, and 22 students. For this article, we presented two classroom vignettes that reflect a sample of the participation, practice, and community that was observed in the science classroom on a daily basis. The first vignette illustrated a typical formula of Initiation–Response–Feedback (I-R-F) that transfers knowledge to students through a teacher-led discussion with the entire class. The second vignette described a laboratory activity designed to allow students to apply or discover knowledge through practical experience, while taking responsibility for their learning through small-group work. The normative practices and routine behaviors of the science classroom are highlighted through the description of material resources, and different modes of participation accompanied by assigned roles and responsibilities. What we observed was that laboratory activities reproduced the epistemic authority of the I-R-F rather than creating collective cognitive responsibility where students have the independence to explore and create authentic science experiences.
Beyond Mentoring
Authors: Bell-Robertson Catherine G.
Published: September 2014

Support for music teachers new to the profession is important and necessary. Some school districts use traditional mentor–mentee pairings as their primary support for novice music teachers; however, many factors in the professional lives of music teachers, such as traveling among multiple schools or a lack of subject-specific colleagues often makes this type of mentoring problematic. This review of literature synthesizes the research on music teacher mentoring and suggests that avenues such as face-to-face professional learning communities of music teachers and virtual communities of practice be further researched and explored as an augmentation of the mentoring framework in the support of novice music teachers.
Formation of nanostructured silicon surfaces by stain etching
Authors: Ayat Maha , Belhousse Samia , Boarino Luca , Gabouze Noureddine , Boukherroub Rabah , Kechouane Mohamed
Published: September 2014

In this work, we report the fabrication of ordered silicon structures by chemical etching of silicon in vanadium oxide (V2O5)/hydrofluoric acid (HF) solution. The effects of the different etching parameters including the solution concentration, temperature, and the presence of metal catalyst film deposition (Pd) on the morphologies and reflective properties of the etched Si surfaces were studied. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was carried out to explore the morphologies of the etched surfaces with and without the presence of catalyst. In this case, the attack on the surfaces with a palladium deposit begins by creating uniform circular pores on silicon in which we distinguish the formation of pyramidal structures of silicon. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) demonstrates that the surfaces are H-terminated. A UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer was used to study the reflectance of the structures obtained. A reflectance of 2.21% from the etched Si surfaces in the wavelength range of 400 to 1,000 nm was obtained after 120 min of etching while it is of 4.33% from the Pd/Si surfaces etched for 15 min.
Comparison of SHF and SSF of wet exploded corn stover and loblolly pine using in-house enzymes produced from T. reesei RUT C30 and A. saccharolyticus
Authors: Rana Vandana , Eckard Anahita D , Ahring Birgitte K
Published: September 2014

The aim of the present study was to compare bioethanol production from wet exploded corn stover (WECS) and loblolly pine (WELP) hydrolyzed with in-house and commercial enzymes and fermented separately (SHF) and simultaneously (SSF). In-house enzymes produced fromTrichoderma reesei, RUT-C30 and a novel fungal strain,Aspergillus saccharolyticuswere loaded as 5 and 15 FPU/g glucan and supplemented with 10 and 30 CBU/g glucan, respectively. For hydrolysis and fermentation, slurries of WECS and WELP at 5 and 10% (w/w) solids loading (SL) were utilized.Saccharomyces cerevisaewas used for ethanol fermentation at 33°C. Maximally, 15.6 g/L and 13.4 g/L (corresponding to theoretical ethanol yield of 76% and 67%, respectively) were achieved in SSF process from WECS and WELP, respectively at 5% SL and 15 FPU/g glucan loading of in-house enzymes. Ethanol concentrations in all cases were higher for SSF compared to SHF under same conditions. A cross comparison of SSF with commercial enzymes (Celluclast 1.5 L + Novozym 188) showed highest ethanol concentration of 17.3 g/L and 15.4 g/L (corresponding to theoretical ethanol yield of 84% and 77%, respectively) from WECS and WELP, respectively at 5% SL and 15 FPU/g glucan. These findings demonstrated that in-house enzymes were comparable to commercial enzymes as these fungi produced other lignocellulolytic enzymes beyond cellulase and hence enhanced the overall enzyme activity.
Robust Bayesian estimation for context-based speech enhancement
Authors: Rao Naidu Devireddy Hanumantha , Srinivasan Sriram
Published: September 2014

Model-based speech enhancement algorithms that employ trained models, such as codebooks, hidden Markov models, Gaussian mixture models, etc., containing representations of speech such as linear predictive coefficients, mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients, etc., have been found to be successful in enhancing noisy speech corrupted by nonstationary noise. However, these models are typically trained on speech data from multiple speakers under controlled acoustic conditions. In this paper, we introduce the notion of context-dependent models that are trained on speech data with one or more aspects of context, such as speaker, acoustic environment, speaking style, etc. In scenarios where the modeled and observed contexts match, context-dependent models can be expected to result in better performance, whereas context-independent models are preferred otherwise. In this paper, we present a Bayesian framework that automatically provides the benefits of both models under varying contexts. As several aspects of the context remain constant over an extended period during usage, a memory-based approach that exploits information from past data is employed. We use a codebook-based speech enhancement technique that employs trained models of speech and noise linear predictive coefficients as an example model-based approach. Using speaker, acoustic environment, and speaking style as aspects of context, we demonstrate the robustness of the proposed framework for different context scenarios, input signal-to-noise ratios, and number of contexts modeled.
Making materials science and engineering data more valuable research products
Authors: Ward Charles H , Warren James A , Hanisch Robert J
Published: September 2014

Both the global research community and federal governments are embracing a move toward more open sharing of the products of research. Historically, the primary product of research has been peer-reviewed journal articles and published technical reports. However, advances in information technology, new 'open access' business models, and government policies are working to make publications and supporting materials much more accessible to the general public. These same drivers are blurring the distinction between the data generated through the course of research and the associated publications. These developments have the potential to significantly enhance the value of both publications and supporting digital research data, turning them into valuable assets that can be shared and reused by other researchers. The confluence of these shifts in the research landscape leads one to the conclusion that technical publications and their supporting research data must be bound together in a rational fashion. However, bringing these two research products together will require the establishment of new policies and a supporting data infrastructure that have essentially no precedent in the materials community, and indeed, are stressing many other fields of research. This document raises the key issues that must be addressed in developing these policies and infrastructure and suggests a path forward in creating the solutions.
Perinatal programming - myths, fact, and future of research
Authors: Dötsch Jörg
Published: September 2014

Background and Findings

Perinatal programming, i.e., the (epigenetic) modification of (genetic) functions throughout lifetime, suffers from the notion of premature theories and difficult and extensive research strategies.

Conclusions

This mini review aims at depicting 9 current developments and discusses possible future research strategies.
An Org-1–Tup transcriptional cascade reveals different types of alary muscles connecting internal organs in Drosophila
Authors: Boukhatmi Hadi , Schaub Christoph , Bataillé Laetitia , Reim Ingolf , Frendo Jean-Louis , Frasch Manfred , Vincent Alain
Published: September 2014

The T-box transcription factor Tbx1 and the LIM-homeodomain transcription factor Islet1 are key components in regulatory circuits that generate myogenic and cardiogenic lineage diversity in chordates. We show here that Org-1 and Tup, the Drosophila orthologs of Tbx1 and Islet1, are co-expressed and required for formation of the heart-associated alary muscles (AMs) in the abdomen. The same holds true for lineage-related muscles in the thorax that have not been described previously, which we name thoracic alary-related muscles (TARMs). Lineage analyses identified the progenitor cell for each AM and TARM. Three-dimensional high-resolution analyses indicate that AMs and TARMs connect the exoskeleton to the aorta/heart and to different regions of the midgut, respectively, and surround-specific tracheal branches, pointing to an architectural role in the internal anatomy of the larva. Org-1 controls tup expression in the AM/TARM lineage by direct binding to two regulatory sites within an AM/TARM-specific cis-regulatory module, tupAME. The contributions of Org-1 and Tup to the specification of Drosophila AMs and TARMs provide new insights into the transcriptional control of Drosophila larval muscle diversification and highlight new parallels with gene regulatory networks involved in the specification of cardiopharyngeal mesodermal derivatives in chordates.
Facile Fabrication and Photovoltaic Application of [60]Fullerene Assembly Films Formed by Reaction between Fullerene and Amines
Authors: Banya Shoto , Akiyama Tsuyoshi , Matsumoto Taisuke , Fujita Katsuhiko , Oku Takeo
Published: September 2014

[60]Fullerene assembly films consisting of C60 and 1,2-diaminoethane (ethylenediamine) were easily fabricated on an amino-group-modified substrate by an alternate immersion process. The C60-assembly film was characterized after confirming the film formation using transmission absorption spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. An inverted-type organic solar cell was fabricated by using the C60-assembly film as the acceptor layer in the photoactive layer of the solar cell. The resultant photoelectric conversion performances of the solar cells were evaluated using the photocurrent and photovoltage via the photoexcitation of polythiophene. The results suggested that the fabricated C60-assembly film works as an n-type semiconductor for polythiophene.
Adsorptive Removal of Pb(II) Ions from Aqueous Solution by (NH4)2S2O8 Oxidized Activated Carbons
Authors: Machida Motoi , Chensun Shimeng , Amano Yoshimasa , Imazeki Fumio
Published: September 2014

A commercially available activated carbon (AC) was oxidized using 1 M H2SO4 solution containing 2 M (NH4)2S2O8 oxidant with the solution to carbon ratio of 50 cm3 g−1 by changing oxidation period ranging 1 to 10 days at ambient temperatures of 20 or 30 °C to introduce carboxy groups onto the carbon surface to capture Pb(II) ions. Adsorptive removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution was also examined with the oxidized ACs. The Pb(II) ion adsorption progressed via ion exchange with protons of carboxy groups bound to graphite and 2.2 mmol g−1 of Pb(II) could be accommodated at equilibrium pH above 4.0 for ACs oxidized for at least 10 days at 20 °C and 4 days at 30 °C. Decrease in specific surface area and yield and increase in oxygen and hydrogen content in ACs also observed during the (NH4)2S2O8 treatment implied that the oxidation could convert graphite sheets to smaller size by hydrolysis while many carboxy groups would be introduced to the peripherals of the graphite sheets to scavenge Pb(II) ions.
Two-Step, Practical, and Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of Multisubstituted Benzofurans from Phenols through Pummerer Annulation Followed by Cross-coupling
Authors: Murakami Kei , Yorimitsu Hideki , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: September 2014

Practical and diversity-oriented synthesis of multisubstituted benzofurans has been accomplished from simple phenols through a Pummerer annulation/cross-coupling sequence. Operationally simple and rapid reactions of phenols with ketene dithioacetal monoxides (KDMs) with the aid of trifluoroacetic anhydride provide the corresponding 2-methylsulfanylbenzo[b]furans. The scope of the reaction encompasses phenols and KDMs having a broad range of substituents. The remaining methylsulfanyl group in the annulation products is converted to various aryl groups through cross-coupling reactions that we improved specially to this end. This two-step approach to multisubstituted benzofurans is powerful enough to synthesize highly fluorescent benzofuran derivatives as well as the naturally occurring Eupomatenoid family.
Gold Nanoparticles Coated with Manganese–Porphyrin That Effectively Shorten the Longitudinal Relaxation Time of Water Molecules Depending on the Particle Size
Authors: Hitomi Yutaka , Aoki Kazuki , Miyachi Ryosuke , Ohyama Junya , Kodera Masahito , Tanaka Tsunehiro , Sugihara Fuminori
Published: September 2014

In order to develop gold nanoparticles that effectively accelerate the longitudinal relaxation of water protons, we have prepared gold nanoparticles coated with a monolayer of manganese(III)–porphyrin that can form four Au–S bonds on the gold surface. The particle size can be easily controlled via the initial S/Au ratio before reduction. The longitudinal relaxivity per Mn clearly increased with the particle size due to the rigid anchoring of manganese(III)–porphyrin via four Au–S bonds.
WikiPathways App for Cytoscape: Making biological pathways amenable to network analysis and visualization
Authors: Kutmon Martina , Lotia Samad , Evelo Chris T , Pico Alexander R
Published: September 2014

In this paper we present the open-source WikiPathways app for Cytoscape (http://apps.cytoscape.org/apps/wikipathways) that can be used to import biological pathways for data visualization and network analysis. WikiPathways is an open, collaborative biological pathway database that provides fully annotated pathway diagrams for manual download or through web services. The WikiPathways app allows users to load pathways in two different views: as an annotated pathway ideal for data visualization and as a simple network to perform computational analysis. An example pathway and dataset are used to demonstrate the functionality of the WikiPathways app and how they can be combined and used together with other apps. More than 3000 downloads in the first 12 months following its release in August 2013 highlight the importance and adoption of the app in the network biology field.
Soil-transmitted helminths are a serious but understudied health concern in South Africa, requiring immediate attention from the scientific community.
Authors: Ajoge Hannah O , Olonitola Stephen O , Smith David R
Published: September 2014

Parasitic roundworms and flatworms, defined broadly as helminths, are estimated to infect over 1 billion people worldwide, and are particularly prevalent in developing, resource-strained communities. The consequences of these infections are immense and wide reaching, resulting in massive reductions in local and global economic productivity and contributing to millions of deaths per year. Helminth diseases can also reduce vaccine efficacy and heighten morbidity rates of other serious illnesses, including tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS. Here, we argue that South Africa, which has one the highest rates of both HIV/AIDS and helminth infections on earth, needs to allocate more energy and resources into studying soil-transmitted helminths. Using PubMed and GenBank statistics, we show that the current South African research output on soil-transmitted helminths pales in comparison to that on HIV and tuberculosis. Basic research on helminth biology as well as on the social and environmental effects associated with infections could greatly reduce the burden of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and other major illnesses in South Africa and beyond. The onus is on scientists, funding agencies, and governing bodies to channel efforts into studies on soil-transmitted helminths.
Monitoring drug promiscuity over time
Authors: Hu Ye , Bajorath Jürgen
Published: September 2014

Drug promiscuity and polypharmacology are much discussed topics in pharmaceutical research. Experimentally, promiscuity can be studied by profiling of compounds on arrays of targets. Computationally, promiscuity rates can be estimated by mining of compound activity data. In this study, we have assessed drug promiscuity over time by systematically collecting activity records for approved drugs. For 518 diverse drugs, promiscuity rates were determined over different time intervals. Significant differences between the number of reported drug targets and the promiscuity rates derived from activity records were frequently observed. On the basis of high-confidence activity data, an increase in average promiscuity rates from 1.5 to 3.2 targets per drug was detected between 2000 and 2014. These promiscuity rates are lower than often assumed. When the stringency of data selection criteria was reduced in subsequent steps, non-realistic increases in promiscuity rates from ~6 targets per drug in 2000 to more than 28 targets were obtained. Hence, estimates of drug promiscuity significantly differ depending on the stringency with which target annotations and activity data are considered.
Autotourism itinerary development methodology
Authors: Ермаков Александр , Ermakov Aleksandr
Published: September 2014

Autotourism development in Russia presupposes provision of its comprehensive support, including autotourism itinerary development. The article presents an algorithm for itinerary selection as factored by a number of evaluation criteria. Itinerary selection is a multistage process and encompasses activities from collecting data on attractions to making a preference-informed decision. Therefore, the author regards it as important that the data available on the characteristics of the tourist resources of a targeted region be supplemented by information on autotourism services on route and on site. The optimal itinerary selection process is based on a few criteria: mileage, road time as determined by the trafficability of the route, service supply index, en-route additional attractions, safety infex, etc. for the purposes of a multi-cretiria-based itinerary selection, the author suggests that Harrington’s desirability function and the desirability scale be used. The complex/summarized integrated index serves to indicate the optimal itinerary. The methodology proposed by the author can be applied by professional participants of the tourist industry, and HE faculty engaged in research in autotourism itinerary development.
Tourist-industry personnel training: an analysis of non-russian training models
Authors: Сахарчук Елена , Sakharchuk Elena
Published: September 2014

The article is a part of a summary of the author’s comprehensive research into tourism-specific education in Russia and abroad. The article summarizes the methodological analysis and a comparison of different personnel training models. The author substantiates the conceptual approaches to the analysis in general and to systemically independent heuristic model development in particular. Systemically independent heuristic models serve the purposes of comparative studies of pedagogical systems on the basis of a compositional integral structure with invariant content components. The author defines the concept of «decomposition» of the system of education (hierarchical dependence in the system of education), introduces the concept of «a subsystem of industry regulation» in the sphere of tourist-industry-specific education, identifies the role and significance of supersystem and system restraints and regulators, and develops a methodology for analyzing the structure and content of the models employed for tourist-industry personnel training. The methodology proposed by the author allows to consistently analyze the level of institutional maturity of a system of industry-specific education, the system internal links of a model of education, the content, the structure, the resources, the goals and objectives of personnel training systems. The methodology also provides opportunities for a comparison of national systems of personnel training, identify common development factors, pedagogical conditions for quality education. The article is of value to researchers in pedagogical systems, educators, HE learning and teaching department personnel, and non-specialist audiences interested in the issued of professional education development.
Video-excursion expert evaluation methodology in guide training
Authors: Афанасьев Олег , Afanasev Oleg , Троценко Александра , Trotsenko Aleksandra
Published: September 2014

The article focuses on the specifics of video-excursions as a variety of the case-study method. The authors identify the major methodological problems of currently implemented tour-guide HE instructional courses, and reveal the key detriments to the students’ knowledge and skill development in the sphere of organization and realization of excursions. The authors describe the video-excursion case study method as a way of distance familiarization and content/quality/structure/technology evaluation of real-life museum excursions. The method presupposes problem-solving: the students are required to analyse the video recordings of excursions held at museums of different types, specializations and ranges of activity. The authors have developed an expert evaluation form which the students fill in while analyzing the video recording. The form consists of nine sections for an evaluation of the methodology and mastery of the tour guide, the content of the excursion, the specifics of interaction with a given group of tourists, the exhibition, functional and emotional impact. The article provides teacher recommendations and outlines the competences (content, activity, communicative, personal) that the video-excursion method serves to develop. The authors also emphasize that the method promotes the students’ expert skills (criteria setting, practical evaluation), which is conducive of learner autonomy.
«Dreamland» Artek: traditions, achievements and prospects of the international children´s center
Authors: Абдулхаиров Абжемиль , Abdulkhairov Abzhemil
Published: September 2014

In the article the basic stages of 90-years-old history of international children’s center «Artek», located in the town of Gurzuf on the South Coast of the Crimea, are considered. The author characterizes diff erent conceptions of Artek’s activity in the retrospective and perspective context, and also its public meaningful functions and applicable pedagogical technologies of development of children’s personality.
Topical issues of the development of professional standards in the food industry, hospitality and entertainment and their independent professional public examination
Authors: Зайцева Н. , Zaytseva N.
Published: September 2014

This article discusses the development of professional standards for the food industry, hospitality and entertainment, as well as the establishment of an independent professional public examination of projects of professional standards. It’s proposed to be discussed by the professional community the main approaches

to the identifi cation of possible position names, formulations of generalized responsibilities, education requirements for the head of hotel companies and other accommodation facilities at diff erent qualifi cation levels.
Nieprawidłowość w życiu małżeńskim mieszkańców ekonomii samborskiej w pierwszej połowie XVII wieku (na podstawie wpisów do księgi zamkowej z lat 1614-1632)
Authors: Harasymczuk Maria
Published: September 2014

Incorrectness of married life of residents of Sambir economy in the first half of the XVII century (on the strength of registrations in the castle book 1614-1632)

Registrations in the castle book of Sambir economy 1614-1632 contain items of information about some aspects of home and private life of its citizens. The analysis of these notes gives us the opportunity to speak about the place of family status in the minds of representatives of country folk in that time. Marriage was treated both as one of the key conditions of honesty of a person, ensuring his/her proper social status and as confirmation of readiness to live his/her own adult life. Troubles in family life were reflected in the notations in the castle book on the whole. Showing the breaches of standards of married life, such cases represent the samples of matrimonial relations. Conclusion of bilateral agreements before marriage preceded the formation of married couples. Failure to comply with these agreements led to conflicts. There were several ways of creating the new married couple: due to young people’s free will, under parents’ compulsion, by stealing the chosen person without permission or under the influence of public blame. The personal life of the members of the rural community was put under control this way. Life together without marriage was taken as breaking the rules of the system of moral ethical values in that period. The absence of family harmony and mutual understanding caused arguments between the married couples. Determination of such arguments fell within the jurisdiction of both the church and secular judicial institutions. Dissatisfaction with the relationships between matrimonial partners became the reasons of adultery, unwarranted leaving the families and even murders. Women’s faults often became the motives to be marriages on the verge of break-up or caused the official divorces. Adulterate relations proved due to practising inquisition and rumours about existence of these relations influenced the reputation of the residents of economy. That’s why saving one’s good name actively gave the beginning for judicial proceedings.
Praktyka spadkobrania testamentowego a rodzina szlachecka w świetle aktów ostatniej woli z ksiąg grodzkich lwowskich i przemyskich pierwszej połowy XVIII wieku
Authors: Winnyczenko Oksana
Published: September 2014

Nobility’s family and inheritance by testament practice in the light of the acts of last will in Lviv and Przemyśl castles books of the first half of the 18th centuryTestaments belong to that documentary sources that allow one to research thoroughly the ownership and general property status of nobility’s family. The origin of the property (inherited, acquired, mortgage, etc.), the conditions of its acquisition and sometimes the history of ownership of this property by the testator and his ancestors are often referred in the acts of last will. The subject of the testament of the first half of the 18th century represents the information which can be found in the disposition of nobility’s testaments that were inscribed to Lviv and Przemyśl castles books. Nobility disposed mostly of sums of money and real estate (villages, parts of villages, lands, seldom houses). Things were mentioned only in some testaments and, only in rare cases, each thing were counted in them (mainly weapons, jewellery, rarely plates and dishes). Some testators (those, who were not wealthy and whose property consisted of personal use items, weapons, clothing, etc.) bequeathed all property which they owned, while the majority of testators not numbered all movable and immovable property. The subject of last will correlates depending on whether testator had descendants or distant relatives had a claim on inheritance. The discretional part of testament contains lots of materials for the research of patrimony and property relations in nobility’s society. It also allows us to trace the family conflicts that unfolded around heritage. Thus, the testaments illustrate how important was inheritance for the nobility’s status in the society of that period of time. The authors of testaments who had no offsprings or whose children had died till that time, appointed their descendants, instead, those testatory who had descendants only divide property among them, trying to make an even division. One followed crown hereditary laws in appointing future inheritance: 3/4 of property was divided among once sons, 1/4 – between daughters, regardless of the number of the latter. The researched testament confirm the use of such proportions in practice but sometimes cases of complete or partial elimination of inheritance were known.
Galicja – twórcza inspiracja Józefa Rotha
Authors: Sznajder Andrzej
Published: September 2014

Galicia – Joseph Roth’s Creative Inspiration

In his article „Galicia – Joseph Roth’s Creative Inspiration” the author stresses the influence of his childhood and young age on his work. It is multicultural Galicia which was the inspiration, particularly the Jewish culture and multinationality of the Habsburg Monarchy. The author distinguishes three periods in Roth’s life – love of Galicia, escape from it and coming back to his love. The role of family Brody is especially stressed – this place carries throughout his masterpieces. The author exposes Polish elements in Roth’s work and his friendships and contacts with other Polish writers like Józef Wittlin, Bruno Schultz and Julian Tuwim. The author discovers the everlasting truth – to find oneself an realize one’s life’s goals both the feeling of alienation and sense of one’s fatherland is important.
Stanowisko kobiety w rodzinie i społeczeństwie według „Gazety Kołomyjskiej”
Authors: Pudłocki Tomasz
Published: September 2014

Standpoint on Woman’s Role in the Family and Society According to „Kolomyja Newspaper”, introd. and edited by Tomasz Pudłocki

Anonimous article, edited by Tomasz Pudlocki, is about the role of the Polish woman in the family as well as among the members of the society, seen through the reader’s eyes. It was published in 1892 in local weekly „Kolomyja Newspapers”, one of the most important in the East Galician province of the epoch. It is a good example of mental thinking on women’s question by the inhabitants of Austro-Hungary Empire far away from Vienna. The text is introduced by the Preface, explaining the role of Kolomyja in the 2nd half of 19th century as well as the history of the weekly and local women’s movement.
influencia de los modelos de enseñanza en el dominio del léxico fundamental de ELE: método intensivo frente a método extensivo
Authors: López González Antonio María
Published: September 2014

THE IMPACT OP THE EDUCATIONAL MODELS ON THE LEXICAL MASTERY IN SPANISH LANGUAGE STUDENTS: THE EXTENSIVE VERSUS THE INTENSIVE METHOD OF EDUCATION

Within the Program of Spanish Bilingual Sections of the Ministry of Education of Spain, the first stage develops and provides the basic Spanish language skills needed to undertake the study of subjects in the Bilingual High School Curriculum, at least on level B1 of the CEFR.In Poland, there are two forms of this first stage, with the same curriculum: An intensive, in a year, Lyceum Year Zero, and another extensive in three years of secondary education. This study examines, quantitatively and qualitatively, the lexical mastery of two samples of 120 students each from seven bilingual secondary schools, representative of both modalities. The technique used has been the test of lexical availability, covering 16 topics.
Aportaciones de la Programación Neurolingüística a la enseñanza de lenguas extranjeras
Authors: Pawlak Aneta
Published: September 2014

NEURO-LINGUISTIC PROGRAMMING AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING

In the first place, the article presents an inquiry conducted among students of foreign languages to get to know how define the teacher who inspires confidence. In second place, it describes what is the Neuro-Linguistic Programming, what are its origins and what are its theories and methodological resources most beneficial to optimize the teaching and learning of foreign languages and to approach the profile of a perfect decent.
Portafolio Europeo de las Lenguas como herramienta de autoevaluación
Authors: Rychel Izabela
Published: September 2014

THE EUROPEAN LANGUAGE PORTFOLIO AS A SELF-ASSESSMENT TOOL Evaluation is such a wide concept that it includes a lot of theories and definitions. Since its appearance in the fifteenth century it has been studied by many humanists and psychologists. Its connection with education cannot be underestimated. The development of evaluation over the years has brought its new form, self-assessment whose purpose was to make students more reflective and aware of their learning. The usage of The European Language Portfolio as the integral part of the foreign languages learning process promotes student’s independence and responsibility. Nowadays, students make decisions themselves about their learning process and teachers become helpers, who guide them. Moreover, responsible and reflective students are more aware of the necessity and importance of learning and self-development.