bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High Latitude Communications Satellite
Authors: AGRAWAL BRIJ N.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents preliminary design of a high latitude communications satellite. The satellite provides a continuous UHF communications for areas located north of the region covered by geosynchronous communications satellites. The satellite orbit is elliptic with 63.4° inclination with perigee at 1204 km altitude in the southern hemisphere and apogee at 14930 km altitude. The orbit period is 4.8 hours. The system consists of three satellites equally spaced in mean anomaly. It is launched by Delta II launch vehicle in three satellite staked configuration. The spacecraft uses three‐axis‐stabilization consisting of three reaction wheel system. Solar array surface is always normal to sun rays by spacecraft rotation about yaw axis and solar array drive rotation. The propulsion subsystem is a catalytic monopropellant hydrazine subsystem, consisting of four 38‐Newton and twelve 2‐Newton thrusters. Electric power is provided by GaAs solar cell and nickel hydrogen batteries.
Information Technology Insertion: Key System Engineering Element for Affordable, Mission Flexible Ships
Authors: WARD RAYMOND E.
Published: March 2009

Uncertainty dominates the thinking regarding the threat to be faced by the surface combatant for the 21st Century. However, there is great certainty that affordability, how ever the term is defined, will be a major factor in decisions regarding how many surface combatants, amphibious ships and support ships will be built. What combat and support system mix they will take to sea will also be affordability constrained. Affordable modernization and reduced life cycle costs will be major ship selection criteria.

The Vertical Launch System (VLS) innovation represents a major step in a concept that allows for changes in weapon load mix and weapon evolution essential to meeting new threats and execution of varying missions. Currently no parallel breakthrough has been identified for sensors or combat and C4I systems.

This paper presents the argument that system architecture and integration engineering for information technology insertion represent the key to a VLS like breakthrough for these other mission critical systems.

The paper also argues that system engineering for this technology insertion also provides major potential for more affordable ships. These benefits obtain in both initial construction costs and in system modernization costs over the life of the ship. An included benefit is the potential to off‐load non mission critical personnel through automation of support functions and responsive shore based, on line support through the introduction of relevant information technology.
Ships Service Electric Power: Enhanced Survivability Via Early Detection of Incipient Cable Faults
Authors: WILLIAMS STEPHEN E. , RUSSELL B. DON
Published: March 2009

Researchers at Texas A&M University have studied the effects of battle damage on ship power distribution cables, with particular interest in damaged cables which did not fail immediately. The electrical signatures of partially damaged cables are significant and are detectable with advanced protection methods used on terrestrial power systems. Findings show that the damaged cable signatures are similar to those of arcing faults on terrestrial power distribution systems, which can be reliably detected using an on‐line expert system [1,2,3]. The implications of these findings are significant. Since the ability of a damaged ship to fight through an encounter is entirely dependent on keeping operational its various systems which rely on electric power, the ability to automatically detect and re‐route power around damaged regions is imperative. By identifying the characteristics of failing power cables before catastrophic failure occurs, the protection process can be integrated into the ship automatic control system. The overall result is a more survivable ship.
An Approach to Turn–Key Communications Suites for New Construction Ships
Authors: BIONDI ROY J. , KELLER BARBARA A. , RISTY DONALD
Published: March 2009

“Turn‐Key” is an innovative approach for the design, acquisition, integration, and installation of Radio Communications Systems for new construction ships. It has been developed by the Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command (SpaWar) to cope with the growing problem of ships being delivered to the fleet with outdated or obsolete communications technology. The Turn‐Key approach provides both performance and affordability benefits.

Under the traditional ship design process, the baseline configuration of the communications suite is effectively frozen 5–7 years before delivery of the ship. In the current fixed price shipbuilding environment, the costs of engineering change proposals (ECPs) to implement communications suite design changes have become prohibitive. The design inflexibility created by these schedule and cost constraints affects the Navy's ability to implement communications technology advancements in new construction ships. At the point of delivery, most new construction ships already have an inherent “bow‐wave” of required communications subsystem/equipment upgrades which must be accomplished under the Fleet Modernization Program.

Under the turn‐key approach, the Navy assumes full responsibility for design, acquisition, land‐based system integration, and (in some cases) shipboard installation and test of the communications suite. The shipbuilder provides necessary electrical power, ventilation, and cooling services, based on established allocations. This approach greatly reduces the Navy's GFI requirements and ECP costs to the shipbuilder and thereby gains the design flexibility necessary for incorporation of up‐to‐date communications technology prior to ship delivery. Since the shipbuilding ECP cost penalties associated with implementing communications technology upgrades are reduced, the turn‐key approach enables performance improvements while providing affordability benefits.

The turn‐key approach already has been used successfully for installation of the communications suites on a number of auxiliary and special mission ship classes, and the results have been praised by InSurv. Now proposed for application to surface combatants and amphibious ships, the turn‐key approach is also the subject of an ongoing NavSea Total Quality Leadership (TQL) Process Action Team addressing improvements to the ship design, acquisition, and construction process. By attaining design flexibility and affordable performance benefits, the turn‐key approach serves as a prototype process improvement for integration of the entire range of command, control, communications, computers, and intelligence (C4I) systems.
Nuclear vs. Non‐Nuclear Attack Submarine Powerplants
Authors: RAINS DEAN A. , MITCHELL KENNETH A.
Published: March 2009

The budget cuts of the 1990s have placed the Navy in a difficult position when trying to maintain fleet levels capable of meeting a more dispersed and less defined threat. The cancellation of Seawolf initiated a large effort to define a submarine that is capable and affordable with today's shrinking budget. Many European countries have turned to air independent (AIP), non‐nuclear propulsion systems as a way of increasing the effectiveness of their fleets when compared to their current diesel/electric boats. By evaluating and comparing two AIP and one hybrid propulsion systems to current nuclear capabilities, we can help define options for the next generation submarine. This paper attempts to provide design and cost information which can be used in conjunction with mission profiles to determine the best system for the desired job. Tomorrow's submarine will perform a variety of missions. Most all can be handled well by nuclear submarines, but at what cost? These performance/cost tradeoffs are the subject of this paper.
Automated Logistics for HM&E Systems
Authors: CIERI ANTHONY M.
Published: March 2009

Shipboard and shoreside maintenance managers throughout the Navy are searching for innovative ways to improve the processes used to maintain shipboard equipment. The current fiscal environment and events in the world make it evident that the Navy of the twenty‐first century will have to do more with less.

The author believes that the application of existing technology can automate and integrate diagnostics (what is wrong and a recommended corrective action) with the logistic requirements (how to document and effect the corrective action). The author will discuss and demonstrate a real‐time application of automated diagnostics with CALS compliant logistics for an HM&E system for use by both shipboard and shoreside maintenance managers.

The primary functions will center around data collection and work brokerage. The paper will focus on features and capabilities that will automate logistics including: SNAP/CSMP Interface (automated 2‐kilos), Tech Manuals/EOSS/PMS, Ships Force Training, Embedded Training, Tools/Parts Information, Maintenance Scheduling, Drawings/Blue Prints, and MachAlt/ShipAlt Management.
CITIS Holds Promise for both DoD and Commercial Contractors
Authors: Adler Leonard S.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  MIL‐STD‐CITIS specifies that the Department of Defense (DoD) have access to an executive information system buffer database that will access a contractor's information systems. To accomplish this, contractors will construct comprehensive distributed databases integrating all of the different financial, administrative, scientific and engineering information systems associated with a program. Using these databases, the DoD will be able to rapidly access any data required to ensure that development programs produce functional weapons systems on schedule. These systems will capitalize on contractor information system investments so that the DoD can avoid the expense of duplicating contractors' information systems. Several major weapons systems are already being administered in this mode. The process has been a success. MIL‐STD‐CITIS sets forth data types, information functions and security requirements.
Computer‐Aided Engineering Technology for the Design of Electronic Systems
Authors: Argiro Vincent J. , Nicklaw Christopher , Walsh Michael
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The integration of system and architecture of the design process is key to reducing design cycle time and cost in developing complex hardware and software systems. In this paper, we present an Integrated Engineering Environment. It is a design, analysis, verification, and management environment for the system and architectural levels of complex systems, a system synthesis framework. Discussion is included about Computer‐Aided Engineering software simulation tools which offer the opportunity to gain confidence in the performance of sophisticated digital, analog, and hybrid electronic system designs before making a commitment to hardware. This approach should be considered in today's environment, where it is important to find innovative ways to control development and operational costs. With the concern for the loss of our defense industrial base, and when the original design team may no longer be available, using this technique makes it possible to re‐engineer existing designs, converting them to current technology.
Advanced Avionics Architecture: The NAVAIR Study
Authors: Katz Rodney S. , Jahnke Larry , Jewett Charles. E.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  To establish a planning basis for future avionics systems, the Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) conducted an avionics architecture investigation during 1992–1993, culminating in a final report published in August 1993. In the course of the study, U.S. Industry provided significant information to a NAVAIR avionics database for both technologies and systems integration methods. From the study emerged an implementation strategy to allow NAVAIR to develop effective avionics systems in the future that use commercial products and standards where applicable but also allow the ready use of new and emerging technologies. Recommended strategies concentrate on the development process, especially the use of sound systems engineering techniques and the maximum practical use of commercial standards and products. This paper reviews the methodology employed during the NAVAIR investigation, and presents the key findings and resulting implementation strategies. The paper concludes with a brief summary of current implementation plans at NAVAIR.
Corrosion of Aircraft Landing Gear Steels
Authors: Lee Eun U. , Waldman Jeffrey
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Carrier‐based aircraft landing gear demands a tough, corrosion‐resistant material. Because of its high tensile strength, 300M steel was accepted as the standard material for aircraft landing gear. However, its corrosion resistance and fracture toughness are low, and is ill‐suited for advanced aircraft landing gear.

A newly developed nickel‐cobalt alloy steel, named “AerMet 100,” has an outstanding combination of high fracture toughness and high tensile strength. Since its mechanical properties surpass those of the 300M steel, it has great potential for application to aircraft landing gear and other fracture critical components. However, its corrosion behavior was not fully understood. This study was initiated to characterize the corrosion behavior. The characterization effort included clarification of stress corrosion cracking, immersion corrosion, salt spray corrosion, and humidity corrosion of AerMet 100 steel. For comparison, an identical study was concurrently performed for 300M steel. The results indicate that AerMet 100 steel is superior to 300M steel with respect to corrosion resistance as well as mechanical properties.
Evaluation of the F/A‐18E/F Aircraft Flowfield Effect on the HARM Missile
Authors: Cenko Alexis , Moyer Seth
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Over the past few years, many techniques for analyzing the aircraft flowfield effects on stores have been presented. Generally these methods have been employed in order to better define the flowfield interactions with the store of interest and to help define possible areas of the envelope where separation may be unsafe. Quite often, however, these techniques are applied too late in the integration process to have a positive impact on the eventual integration of the weapon on the aircraft. Additionally, most of these techniques have been applied to vertically separating stores.

The present study concerns the integration of the HARM missile onto the F/A‐18E/F aircraft. This study was undertaken in the earliest stages of the program tasked with integrating the missile on the aircraft. An existing analytical model of the F/A‐18E/F was used to derive the flowfield of the F/A‐18E/F. This model was then used to make a number of assessments concerning the difficulty of integrating stores onto the F/A‐18E/F aircraft.
Hybrid Hydrofoil Technology Applications
Authors: MEYER JOHN R.
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of hybrid hydrofoil vehicle technology and feasibility designs, both military and commercial, that have been explored during the last several decades.

A hybrid hydrofoil consists of a conventional monohull form with the addition of a long, slender, single strut and lower body added to its keel. The lower body buoyant lift is augmented by the dynamic lift from a fully‐submerged foil system. Foil dynamic lift comes into play at speeds of about 12 to 15 knots and above, at which time the upper hull is lifted from the water surface leaving only the small waterplane of the single strut at the interface. The foil automatic control system maintains predetermined flying height and provides a stable platform in waves. The foil surfaces are sufficiently powerful to counter roll, pitch and heave motions that would be imparted to a conventional monohull in waves. Propulsion of a hybrid hydrofoil is provided by one or more prime movers in the upper hull, either driving through a mechanical Z‐drive, or an electric transmission system, to one or more propellers on the stern of the lower hull. An alternate arrangement is to place the entire propulsion system in the lower hull, thereby eliminating a Z‐drive requirement.

The hybrid hydrofoil designs to be described will include USCG patrol craft, U.S. Navy long‐range missile patrol craft, multi‐mission deploy able vehicle, multi‐mission support vehicle, and small combatant, along with several commercial versions of the hybrid hydrofoil concept.
Performance Assessment of the DDG‐51 Collective Protection System
Authors: HORNING HARRISON K.
Published: March 2009

DDG‐51 is the first naval combatant constructed with a Collective Protection System (CPS) included in the base design. This paper presents a critical assessment of the performance of the CPS on this ship to date, based on the shipbuilder's involvement in design, construction and operation. Design and operational issues are discussed as they pertain to the three main aspects of the CPS: filtration, pressurization and controlled access. Recommendations are made for improving the operational viability of the CPS on all DDG‐51 class ships.
The Design of the FF‐21 Multi‐Mission Frigate
Authors: AFANASIEFF LEONID , MABRY JOHN P.
Published: March 2009

The FF‐21 concept has been developed by Newport News Shipbuilding, with team partners John J. McMullen Associates as design agent and Hughes Aircraft Company as combat system integrator. This paper discusses the mission of this small combatant ship, its design philosophy, and the overall technical approach used in development of the concept. Principal characteristics, combat system components, capabilities, and HM&E features of the concept design are described. Finally, this paper discusses FF‐21 configuration and arrangement considerations during concept development.
Ship Self‐Defense Performance Assessment Methodology
Authors: POLK JAMES , MCCANTS THOMAS , GRABAREK ROBERT
Published: March 2009

Robust ship AAW defense capability is a priority requirement that enables Naval Forces to conduct joint expeditionary force operations in littoral environments. As an aid to achieving this capability for all ship classes, the Navy has reorganized its management of ship defense. A major focus of these efforts is the development of a fully automatic, integrated combat system for non‐Aegis ships which is based on coordinated detection, control, and hard kill/electronic warfare (HK/EW) engagement functions. A phased approach to attaining this fully integrated capability has been established which includes major element upgrade introduction when technology and budget permit.

This paper describes the ship self‐defense performance assessment methodology which has been adopted to support the review and decision process for future planning and budgeting. This process is a continuation and refinement of that used to provide data for the Office of the Secretary of Defense Fall 1991 Conventional Systems Committee Ship Self‐Defense Review.

The performance assessment methodology starts with definition of survivability requirements by ship class, combat system configurations, Anti‐Ship Missile threat, and operational scenario. Viable self‐defense system element options are then identified. The capability of these options are then characterized for input into ship level perfomance prediction models. Three partitions of performance prediction modeling are made: hard kill elements only, electronic warfare element only, and integrated HK/EW.

The most significant accomplishment of this effort, beyond providing data to support programmatic decision, has been the creation of a truly integrated HK/EW surface ship combat system model that interleaves HK and EW timelines and allows parametric variation to evaluate options.

Because of classification, only generic examples of numerical result will be presented. However, the procedures for establishing the modeling process, prioritization of effort and description of model will be presented as well as plans for the future.
Live Fire Test and Evaluation for Ships
Authors: BLOOM JOEL B. , REESE RONALD M. , HOPKINS THOMAS M.
Published: March 2009

Live Fire Test and Evaluation (LFT&E) is a relatively recent addition to the requirements for ship acquisition programs. Ship LFT&E requires a combination of testing and analysis in order to evaluate the vulnerability of a new acquisition ship class to the threat weapons it is likely to encounter in combat. LFT&E supports the ship acquisition process by identifying vulnerability weaknesses early in a development program and enabling timely, well informed decisions regarding ship vulnerability reduction features. This paper discusses the various aspects of ship LFT&E and how they relate to make a positive impact on a ship acquisition program in a timely fashion. It describes a four‐element approach to ship LFT&E consisting of (1) component, system, and full‐scale ship tests, (2) surrogate tests, (3) damage scenario‐based engineering analyses, and (4) a Total Ship Survivability Trial demonstrating the ability of the full‐up ship to combat damage and “fight hurt.”
Hybrid Expert Maintenance Advisory System for Naval Systems Applications
Authors: Graham James H. , Brockman Gregory , Shea John
Published: March 2009

This paper presents an approach for diagnosis and maintenance of complex naval systems that incorporates both rule‐based and probability‐based reasoning. This type of diagnosis is useful in situations where experiential knowledge and procedures coexist with statistical reliability data about the system. Effectively using the two types of knowledge is typically difficult, but in this study a blackboard‐like control architecture is used to successfully interface these two knowledge components into an integrated diagnostic model.

A case study of diagnostic maintenance of a shipboard weapon system is presented.
Vibration Alert Levels in Shipboard Machinery Condition Monitoring and Diagnostics
Authors: Shin Y.S. , Liu C.S.
Published: March 2009

The vibration alert level plays a vital role in machinery condition monitoring and diagnostics for providing an early warning of fault development in the machinery. Approaches for setting an appropriate vibration alert level are presented for either the time or frequency domains, using the vibration signals generated by shipboard fire pumps. For the time domain, Cross Peak Analysis (CPA) is proposed to extract the dominant peak amplitude between the zero crossings. Statistical analysis of the measured data shows that the peak envelope distribution follows a lognormal distribution when using a linear velocity scale. However, it follows a Gaussian distribution when using a velocity dB(VdB) scale. The mean plus two standard deviations in VdB is calculated and suggested as a broadband vibration alert level with a 97.7% acceptance level. In the frequency domain approach, 1/1 full Octave Band Analysis (OBA) is proposed, which divides the frequency spectrum into constant percentage bands. The change in VdB level in a particular frequency band using OBA is more sensitive damage indicator than the change in broadband level.
Design, Analysis, Fabrication and Testing of a Composite Control Surface
Authors: Phelan Reid
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  This paper presents the design, analysis, fabrication and testing of a composite control surface for a small submersible. The constituents of the composite control surface are a structural syntactic foam core, stainless steel spar, skin of E‐glass/epoxy and a molded polyurethane leading edge.

An overview of the design and analysis of a control surface is presented. The overview includes the choice of construction materials and why they were used, design requirements and the method of analysis with results. The fabrication processes involved with the various materials are detailed in a step‐by‐step format. A test program for the FRP laminate and full scale prototype is presented in detail. The methods and reasoning for the laminate coupon testing are explained along with detailed test results. A full scale prototype test program was conducted and included static, fatigue and leading edge impact tests. The procedures and the results of the full scale tests are discussed.
Shipboard Low Observable Antenna Concepts
Authors: Bird William R. , Harader Wayne R. , Metzler Thomas A. , McMillan Or. Stan B.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Two new concepts for low radar cross section (RCS) shipboard‐mounted antenna systems are presented in this paper. The first concept for integration of low (RCS) antenna apertures into Low Observable (LO) ship super structures has been developed and evaluated in laboratory experiments. The concept consists of using conformal antenna apertures that have low monos‐tatic radar returns and placing them into a sloped deckhouse or mast structure. Critical to the concept is the ability to place multiple apertures close to one another in a small space. A Multiple Aperture Panel (MAP) concept containing antennas for Identification Friend or Foe (IFF), UHF Line of Sight, LAMPS data link, and Navigation Radar functions was developed. Detailed designs for the IFF and UHF antennas were completed and 1/2 scale versions of these antennas were built and tested. Measurements on the 1/2 scale antennas have demonstrated that the proposed antennas will perform well as transmitters/receivers and provide significantly reduced RCS. Conceptual designs and performance estimates for retrofit of the low RCS IFF antenna on a modern combatant and integration of the IFF antenna into a composite deckhouse structure have been completed. An alternate low RCS UHF antenna for the MAP concept, using a horizontally mounted annular slot aperture was designed, built and tested. The second low RCS antenna system concept is for a compact, self‐contained, low RCS antenna suite containing radar. GPS, IFF UHF communication, and UHF SATCOM antennas has been developed, built, and demonstrated in full scale tests.
The Patrol Coastal Cyclone Class: A Description of the Newest Addition to the U.S. Navy
Authors: McCartney Frank N. , Mayer Joseph C. , Ooyle Dennis J.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The U.S. Navy is procuring a new class of ships to serve Coastal Patrol and Interdiction and Naval Special Warfare roles. The new ship, the Patrol Coastal (PC‐1 class), was procured using a non‐developmental item (NDI) acquisition strategy and is currently under construction at Bollinger Machine Shop and Shipyard, Inc. of Lockport, Louisiana. Thirteen PC's will be delivered to replace the aging 65 ft. MK III Patrol Boats. The 170 ft., 331 ton PC is based upon the Vosper Thornycroft designed and built 52 meter Ramadan class missile attack craft and will provide enhanced endurance, seakeeping and speed relative to the boats they are replacing. The authors describe the design, arrangements and unique features of the Cyclone Class Patrol Coastal ships. Topics that are discussed include the ships general characteristics, general arrangements, hull structure, propulsion system, electrical systems, command and control systems, auxiliary systems, outfit and furnishings and weapon systems. Special features of the Cyclone Class will also be highlighted to include a discussion on the as‐delivered configuration as well as future upgrades. The Cyclone Class is a forerunner of the Secretary of Defense's new initiative on the use of commercial specifications and standards.
Finite Element Analysis of the Quarter Scale Advanced Double Hull Design
Authors: Kee Anthony , Matic Peter , Darby Iris , Rodd James L.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The design of advanced unidirectionally stiffened double hull surface ships is motivated by economic, military, civilian and environmental concerns. Major concerns include economical producibility. reduced signature, enhanced survivability and damage resistance to grounding. Verification of structural analysis capabilities, identification of collapse mechanisms and evaluation of structural integrity are issues that need to be addressed.

Congress established the Advanced Double Hull Technology Project following the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, and provided FY 92 and FY 93 funding to investigate double hull technology for naval surface ships and commercial application of ecologically sound bulk fuel carriers. As part of this project the Office of Naval Research (ONR) tasked the Carderock Division of the Naval Surface Warfare Center (CD/NSWC) to evaluate the crash‐worthiness of the double hull concept in stranding incidents. This work included a series of quarter‐scale stranding experiments conducted at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Finite element analysis was performed to demonstrate the accuracy of non‐linear, large deflection numerical modeling by comparison with the experimental results.

The Advanced Double Hull (ADH) design features longitudinal web stiffe‐ners with an inner‐outer hull spacing of 79 inches. In this investigation, a quarter scale model of a representative section of the hull with an inner‐outer hull spacing of 18.5 inches was used to analyze stranding. The structural performance and load transfer mechanisms of the ADH quarter scale model during a simulated stranding event were the primary objectives of the analysis. In the stranding event, an object on the bottom of a harbor or shallow waterway was simulated by a spherically tipped conical penetrator. The penetrator initially contacted the outer hull. A 30 inch displacement of the penetrator was applied beyond the initial point of contact.

Explicit finite element methods were utilized to determine the structural response and collapse mechanisms produced by the stranding event. Large strain elastic‐plastic constitutive response and geometric non‐linearity were accounted for in the finite element analysis. The progressive penetration leads to outer hull rupture, longitudinal web deformation, contact between the outer hull and the webs, contact between the outer and inner hull and deformation of the inner hull. The inner hull deformed 11.5 inches inward during the finite element analysis and was deflected without fracture to a predicted maximum load of 1.060,040 lbs. The levels of deformation, fracture and plastic energy dissipation of the analysis model compared favorably with the experimental results. Detailed examination of the finite element results provided an understanding of the structural elastic‐plastic performance associated with stranding and a validated methodology for further use by designers and analysts.
Determination of Extreme Seas Encountered by Operational Ships
Authors: Zahn Peter B. , Grim Michael
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  In March of 1993, components of a CVN Battle Group deploying to the Mediterranean encountered heavy seas in the area between Norfolk and Bermuda. This was the storm referred to in the press as The Blizzard of '93. The ships involved reported damage as a result of wave action, but continued their transit without incident and with full mission capability intact. In order to investigate the damage, it was necessary to determine what the encountered wave conditions were. Because the probable time of damage was at night, with no visual observations available, as well as because of the large variations in reported conditions, it was decided that other methods would be investigated to determine the actual conditions encountered. Four data sources were used in an attempt to determine the encountered wave conditions. This paper describes the data sources, the comparison of the data, and the conclusion that, while severe, the conditions are not likely to represent the lifetime maximum for design.
A Surface Combatant for the 21st Century: DDG 51 Flight HA
Authors: Ewing Donald L. , II Richard W. Holmes , Rochon Brian G. , Daley Joseph B. , Hellman Todd T.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  In a major upgrade to the DDG 51 Class, the ship design is being modified to reflect the Navy's increased emphasis on littoral operations while retaining significant open ocean capabilities. This upgrade is known as the Flight IIA and the Navy recently awarded the construction contract for the first of these ships, DDG 79. This paper reviews the origins of the Flight IIA design and provides an overview of the major design changes. In addition, a detailed discussion of unique management aspects of the Flight IIA design is presented. The initial plan is compared to what is actually taking place with explanations of all changes in approach. Finally, the emphasis on affordability in all phases of the Flight IIA design is discussed and examples are given of the many efforts to reduce the cost of the Flight IIA ships.
PLANNED GIVING
Authors: New Margaret
Published: March 2009

Giving gifts makes us feel good. Providing for our family makes us feel noble. Promoting the good works of a charitable organization while caring for the financial needs of the family makes us feel divine. —anonymous
Tje Harold E. Sounders Award
Authors: Bergeson Lloyd
Published: March 2009

for his significant contribution to naval engineering as set forth in the following

The Harold E. Sounders Award presented annually since 1977, honors an individual whose reputation in naval engineering spans a long career of notable achievement and influence. Captain Saunders' contributions to the arts and sciences of naval engineering spanned nearly fifty years, culminating in the publication of his monumental work, Hydrodynamics in Ship Design. Naval architect, engineer, constructor, scientist, writer, scholar, administrator, diplomat—Captain Saunders was all of these. He set a standard of professionalism and dedication for all naval engineers.
Autonomic Ship Concept
Authors: Ditizio Francis B. , Hoyle Scott B. , Pruitt H. Lowe
Published: March 2009

The Autonomic Ship concept as developed by the Carderock Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center's Innovation Center addresses leveraging advanced computer technology to achieve total systems integration, automation and manning reduction in future ships. The concept integrates distributed architecture, information technologies, and modular systems that utilize the four Autonomic principles; fault tolerant systems, software objects, ubiquitous computing and task and functional analysis. Simply, the vision of the Autonomic Ship can be described as a ship where the people decide what to do and the ship makes it happen.
Test and Analysis of Missile Exhaust Effects on the Collective Protection System
Authors: Miller Richard E. , Lamontagne Robert A.
Published: March 2009

The Collective Protection System (CPS) is a continuous‐use system designed to provide protection to personnel and work spaces within the ship from chemical, biological and radiological agents of hostile action. The CPS filter system consists of a High‐Efficiency Particulate (HEPA) followed by an adsorbent impregnated charcoal. The CPS filter components are subjected to normal underway and exercise conditions (gases and vapors) that exist in the atmosphere surrounding the ship. The CPS can be subjected to missile exhaust, for which it was not specifically designed.

CPS is a designed‐in feature for new design ships. The USS Arleigh Burke was the first ship of a new class with a fully integrated CPS. Other new ship classes such as USS Wasp, USS Supply and USS Gunston Hall have CPS in living and selected working spaces.

One purpose of this work was to determine if CPS filters removed or reduced missile toxicity levels in the ventilation supply to acceptable levels. A second purpose was to determine if the products of weapons exhaust damage or degrade the filters. An objective specific to the DDG 51 Class was to determine if the traditional Toxic Gas Damper systems could be eliminated.

A series of land‐based tests with live missiles, missile firings at‐sea, and laboratory experiments were completed. The at‐sea measurements were somewhat of a disappointment because favorable wind conditions were rarely available. The early work focused on the adsorbent charcoal.

The results showed that the two‐stage CPS filters adequately removed toxic levels of hydrogen chloride. There is evidence that the HEPA filter element alone may not adequately remove hydrogen chloride. It was concluded that elements of the CPS including filters, mixing/dilution, and ship geometry collectively prevent missile exhaust products from entering the ship. The degradation of the filters from missile firings is minimal and less than that of the natural marine atmosphere. The toxic gas dampers are not required when the two‐stage filters are used.
Design Decision Support System for the Engineering/ Re‐engineering of Complex Naval Systems
Authors: Graham J. H. , Ragade R. K. , Shea J.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Hybrid simulation includes both functional computer software models and actual hardware subsystems operating as an integrated whole. A “hot test bed” or a “hybrid simulatoremulator” enables design engineers to evaluate conceptual models in a more realistic real‐time context, but places increased cognitive demands on the designer. This paper describes an architecture, and results from a prototype implementation, for a design decision support system to allow a designer to make more productive and cost effective use of a test bed system.
Superconducting Magnetic Gradiometers For Underwater Target Detection
Authors: Clem T. R.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Passive magnetic sensors provide one means to conduct mobile area surveys and search operations for the detection of magnetic anomaly targets. Sensors incorporating Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) provide the greatest sensitivity for magnetic anomaly detection available with current technology. A superconducting magneticfield gradiometer developed in the 1980's has been demonstrated in fusion with acoustic sensors to enhance shallow water sea mine detection and classification, especially for buried mine detection and the reduction of acoustic false alarm rates. This sensor incorporated niobium bulk and wire superconducting components cooled by liquid helium to a temperature of 4 degrees Kelvin (K). An advanced superconducting gradiometer prototype is being developed to increase sensitivity and detection range. This sensor features all thin film niobium superconducting components (replacing the bulk superconducting components used in the preceding generation) and a new liquid helium cooling concept. In the late 1980's, a new class of “high Tc” superconductors was discovered with critical temperatures above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen (77K). The use of liquid nitrogen refrigeration offers new opportunities for this sensor technology, providing significant reduction in the size of sensor packages and in the requirements for cryogenic support and logistics. As a result of this breakthrough, a high Tc sensor concept using liquid nitrogen refrigeration has been developed and a test article of that concept is being fabricated and evaluated. In this paper, these recent advances in sensor development will be reviewed and a current perspective on the role of magnetic sensors for underwater target detection, classification and localization will be addressed.
Effects of Launching Parameters on the Performance of a Free‐Fall Lifeboat
Authors: Khondoker M. Reaz H.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The use of free‐fall lifeboats as a lifesaving aid is increasing rapidly in the ocean environment. However, knowledge and information regarding the performance of these lifeboats during water entry and surfacing are yet very much limited. A study has been carried out to investigate the motion and attitude of the lifeboat after water entry and surfacing with respect to various launching parameters. The motion has been categorized on the basis of the advance speed and headway at the first phase of surfacing of the lifeboat. Numerical study has also been carried out to evaluate the effects of launching parameters on the motion characteristics and horizontal velocity at surfacing. Moreover, a suitable falling angle range has been established for the lifeboat model based on zero horizontal velocity at surfacing corresponding to different skid lengths and falling heights. Finally, safe water travel conditions based on launching parameters have been evaluated considering the motion characteristics and the effects of accelerations on the occupants of free‐fall lifeboats.
Fleet Mix Mission Effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Rains Dean A.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  With increasing awareness of the importance of taking a Total Ship Systems approach to the evaluation, development, and design of Navy ships, Mission Effectiveness Analysis is becoming a driving force in naval ship design. Shrinking defense budgets demand that our navy carefully structure its future fleet to achieve the highest possible combat capability within available funding. As part of the DOD 5000.2 acquisition process, any new shipbuilding program requires an Analysis of Alternatives (AoA) of all design options before proceeding with preliminary design. Measures of Effectiveness (MOEs) must be developed for the AoA to accurately rank several ship concepts across a broad range of missions. This paper describes a general MOE analysis method, as well as a new model which uses nine MOEs to compare a mix of existing ships and new ship concepts acting together as a task force. Results from a sample analysis of two new designs will be presented.
Dynamics of Naval Ship Design: A Systems Approach
Authors: Laverghetta T. , Brown A.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  In today's cost‐constrained environment, acquisition reform is a critical component in the design, production, and support of modern warships. This reform includes policies that require system acquisition programs to pursue commercial management and systems engineering practices. The application of Integrated Product and Process Development (IPPD), concurrent engineering, open systems architecture, Total Quality Management (TQM), and Integrated Design Environments (IDE) have produced noteworthy commercial successes. Many defense acquisition programs have followed suite, implementing similar process improvements. However, as many commercial industries are finding, there are limits to the success of these improvements.

Using the methods of System Dynamics, this paper examines the mechanisms which have lead to program instabilities in cost, schedule, and effectiveness.

Modeling of these mechanisms provides a means to study past programs, and assess the potential savings that can be generated with the introduction of process improvements.

As a case study, the paper examines the structures and resultant trends that impacted the design and acquisition of DDG 51. General process structures are studied including design interactions, schedule, resources, and allocation. Specific dynamic relationships between cost thresholds, design effort and schedule are studied to show the ability of modeling to capture dynamic trends and predict results. Finally, a “what‐if?” scenario that looks at the application of IPPD is examined.
Thermoacoustic Cooling for Surface Combatants
Authors: Johnson R. A. , Garrett S. L. , Keolian R. M.
Published: March 2009

Thermoacoustic cooling technology uses high amplitude acoustic standing waves in inert gasses to pump heat It requires no toxic, ozone‐depleting, or global warming gasses and has few or no moving parts, no sliding seals and requires no lubrication for robust and very low maintenance operation. Thermoacoustic cooling units have been demonstrated aboard the Space Shuttle in 1992 and aboard the USS Deyo (DD 989) in 1995 to cool radar electronics. Currently, a 3‐ton electrically driven unit is being built for shipboard application. This 3‐ton unit will enable the ship designer to provide greater combat system sur‐vivability through distributed system architecture and reduced manning by unit simplicity and resulting high reliability. Additionally, waste heat cooling is an emerging thermoacoustic technology that could utilize stack gas heat from main gas turbine engines or from gas turbines generators to create shipboard cooling. The benefits of this waste heat cooling is lower infrared (IR) signature and reduced fuel consumption.
Modulation of elastin exon 26A mRNA and protein expression in human skin in vivo
Authors: Chen Zhou , Shin Mi Hee , Moon Young Ji , Lee Se Rah , Kim Yeon Kyung , Seo Jo‐Eun , Kim Ji Eun , Kim Kyu Han , Chung Jin Ho
Published: March 2009

Abstract:  Photoaged skin contains elastotic materials in the upper reticular dermis, a result of a commonly known as solar elastosis. It is known that the primary transcript of elastin undergoes extensive alternative splicing and that this results in the translation of multiple heterogeneous protein isoforms. In this study, we found that UV irradiation and heat treatment increased the levels of elastin transcript containing exon 26A and its encoded elastin isoform in the epidermis of human skin in vivo and in cultured human keratinocytes in vitro. We also found that the elastin transcript containing exon 26A was upregulated in photoaged forearm skin compared with intrinsically aged buttock skin in the same elderly individuals. We observed that topical retinoic acid treatment to human skin did not increase the expression of exon 26A mRNA, but that tropoelastin mRNA expression was increased by this treatment. These findings suggest that the production of the elastin isoform containing exon 26A peptide is increased by UV exposure and heat treatment in human skin in vivo and that it may play an important role in the development of solar elastosis in photoaged human skin.
Low metallicity and ultra-luminous X-ray sources in the Cartwheel galaxy
Authors: Mapelli M. , Colpi M. , Zampieri L.
Published: March 2009

Low-metallicity (Z≲ 0.05 Z⊙) massive (≳40 M⊙) stars might end their life by directly collapsing into massive black holes (BHs, 30 ≲mBH/M⊙≲ 80). More than ∼105 massive BHs might have been generated via this mechanism in the metal-poor ring galaxy Cartwheel, during the last ∼107 yr. We show that such BHs might power most of the ultra-luminous X-ray sources (ULXs) observed in the Cartwheel. We also consider a sample of ULX-rich galaxies and we find a possible anticorrelation between the number of ULXs per galaxy and the metallicity in these galaxies. However, the data are not sufficient to draw any robust conclusions about this anticorrelation, and further studies are required.
Merleau‐Ponty and Sartre in Response to Cognitive Studies of Facial Imitation
Authors: Stawarska Beata
Published: March 2009

I examine the phenomenological philosophies of Merleau‐Ponty and Sartre as possible responses to contemporary studies of interpersonal relatedness in cognitive science, especially the experimental studies of infant's imitating simple facial gestures of adults. I discuss the implications and the challenges raised by the experimental studies to the dominant phenomenological accounts of intersubjectivity, but also envision how phenomenology may help to interpret the findings about infantile imitation in ways that favor the embodied perceptual connectedness between the self and the other, without recourse to the inner private mind postulate endorsed by the theory of mind and shared by the experimental researchers of imitation.
Factors determining the use of sweet potatoes in school foodservice in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Walker Emily Hardaway , Gerald Bonnie L. , Hunt Alice , Pope Janet F.
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and reasons for sweet potato use in child nutrition programs in the Southeastern United States. A survey of school foodservice directors collected data including frequency and type of potato menu items, purchasing issues and factors that might influence use of potatoes. Respondents (n = 117) indicated significantly more white‐potato menu items were offered and generated significantly less waste than sweet potato menu items (P < 0.05). Full‐time equivalent enrollment influenced willingness to purchase either frozen or dried sweet potatoes. Directors in schools with higher enrollments appeared more willing to purchase these forms of sweet potatoes. Having more recipes acceptable to children, controlling cost and meeting nutrition guidelines were the most frequently cited reasons for willingness to use more white and sweet potatoes. Modification of existing recipes and developing new recipes from international cuisines are two means of incorporating more sweet potatoes into children's diets.