bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in college students from central Mexico (641.14)
Authors: Aguilar‐Galarza Adiana , Galindo Marín Carlos , Moreno‐Celis Ulisses , Sánchez‐Ugalde Diana , García‐Gasca Teresa , Anaya‐Loyola Miriam
Published: June 2021

Many epidemiologic studies have been focused on the estimation of metabolic syndrome (MS) in adults. Some of them have included the quantification of insulin resistance (IR) through the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA‐IR). The objective of this cross‐sectional study was to evaluate the prevalence of MS in 776 students from Querétaro (central Mexico), aged 17‐29 years. Conventional methods were used to measure body weight, height and, waist circumference and blood pressure. After 12‐hour fasting period, a blood sample was taken to analyze glucose (Glc), total cholesterol, HDL‐cholesterol, triglycerides (TG) and insulin concentrations. LDL‐cholesterol and HOMA‐IR were estimated. Obesity and overweight were presented in 25% of the participants. Average waist circumference was higher in men tan in women (73.4±0.5 vs. 80.2±0.6 cm). Glc, TG and blood pressure were significant higher in men (P<0.0001). The prevalence of MS using the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III) criteria was 12% and 72% of the students had at least one component of MS. TG and HDL‐cholesterol were the biochemical markers mainly associated with MS. TG concentrations were three times higher in students with 3 risk factors of MS compared to those students without any risk factor. IR was present in 43% of students, with mean HOMA‐IR of 3.6 ± 2.6. IR was observed even in students with normal glucose. IR has to be used together with the detection of MS in young students, to prevent further health problems.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by PIFI‐FCN 2012
Distinct gender differences in the anthropometric profile of South African HIV‐positive individuals on highly active anti‐retroviral treatment (641.16)
Authors: Nell Theo , Beukes Dillan , Essop M. Faadiel
Published: June 2021

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has extended life expectancy and enhanced the well‐being of HIV+ individuals. Since there are concerns regarding HAART‐mediated onset of cardio‐metabolic diseases in the long‐term, we evaluated the anthropometric profile of HIV‐infected individuals in the Drakenstein District (Western Cape, South Africa). HIV+ patients (n=44 males, n=102 females; 20‐40 yrs) were recruited for 3 groups: 1) control (HIV+, HAART not initiated yet), 2) HIV+ (HAART 蠄 3 years), and 3) HIV+ (HAART 蠅 3 years). Participants underwent a) anthropometric (triceps skin fold [TSF], and b) bioelectrical impedance measurements (body cell mass [BCM], fat free mass [FFM], protein, mineral, total body potassium and calcium, glycogen, and fat mass [FM]). Our data reveal that HIV+ males on HAART 蠄 3 years displayed a trend for lower BCM, FFM, FM, TSF and protein content (vs. control group). Females exhibited reduced BCM (p=0.001) and lower protein (p=0.003), muscle (p=0.001), glycogen (p=0.001), FM (p=0.0005) and FFM (p=0.002) content. However, with longer‐term treatment (HAART 蠅 3 years), females displayed higher BCM (p=0.0001), protein (p=0.01), muscle (p=0.0003), glycogen (p=0.0001), FM (p=0.00003) and FFM (p=0.0002) vs. the short‐term treatment group (HAART 蠄 3 years). Their waist‐to‐hip ratio also increased vs. the control female group (p=0.02). By contrast, males on HAART 蠅 3 years did not show any significant increases compared to the HAART 蠄 3 years group. This study found striking gender‐based anthropometric differences in South African HIV+ individuals on HAART. While both genders initially exhibit muscle wasting, HIV+ females show a strong improvement with longer‐term treatment compared to males. However, higher abdominal fat accumulation in females with longer‐term treatment potentially increases their risk for the future onset of cardio‐metabolic complications.

Grant Funding Source: Harry Crossley Foundation, Stellenbosch University
Breakfast skipping is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome (641.2)
Authors: Meksawan Kulwara , Pongthananikorn Suyanee , Tongyonk Linna
Published: June 2021

Individuals with metabolic syndrome are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Dietary intake behavior influences metabolic risk factors. This study aimed to investigate the association between breakfast consumption and metabolic syndrome in working age population. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed based on NCEP ATP III guideline. The information on dietary intake behavior was obtained from questionnaires. Blood biochemical parameters, blood pressure, waist circumference were collected. There were 163 males and 210 females participating in this study. The results showed that the people who skipped breakfast had more risks of large waist circumference, high blood glucose level, high blood triglyceride level, than those who ate breakfast daily. However, the level of blood high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol in breakfast skippers was lower, compared to that of breakfast eaters. In conclusion, this study showed that breakfast consumption was an important factor influencing the development of metabolic syndrome in working age population. Therefore, breakfast consumption should be encouraged to reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome.
Gender determines parameters of metabolic syndrome and inflammation (641.20)
Authors: Ebron Kolin , Missimer Amanda , Freindenreich Daniel , Volek Jeff , Fernandez Maria Luz
Published: June 2021

We recruited 8 men and 21 women (40‐75 y) with Metabolic syndrome (MetS) to evaluate whether gender was associated with specific parameters of MetS as well as low grade inflammation by measuring C reactive protein (CRP). Large waist Circumference (> 90 cm) was present in all women but not in all men. Similarly CRP values >3 mg/L were present in 50% of the women but not in all men. Women with the highest waist circumference (WC) (ranging from 103‐146 cm) also had the highest concentrations of CRP. More women presented the dyslipidemias associated with high triglycerides and low HDL while most of the men had elevated fasting plasma glucose and systolic blood pressure. For this population plasma HDL cholesterol (HDL‐C) was negatively correlated with weight (r= ‐0.485, P < 0.025), WC (r = ‐0.380, P < 0.05) and plasma triglycerides (r= 0.581, P < 0.0025). These results indicate that central adiposity in women is a major contributor to low grade inflammation and dyslipidemia while in men high blood pressure and fasting plasma glucose are major contributors to MetS and do not appear to be associated with visceral fat accumulation.
Distinct ethnic differences in cholesterol metabolism following high fructose feeding (642.1)
Authors: Harding Scott , Goff Louise
Published: June 2021

The purpose of our study was to assess ethnic‐specific impacts of fructose on cholesterol metabolism of black West‐African (BWA) and white‐European (WE) men. 15 men (7 BWA/8 WE) undertook 24‐hrs controlled feeding (20% calories from fructose). Plasma cholesterol (TC), HDL, non‐HDL, triglycerides (TG), red blood cell cholesterol (Chol), lathosterol (LS), campesterol (CS) and β‐sitosterol (BS) concentrations were measured at baseline and 24hrs and changes assessed in each ethnicity by student and paired t‐tests. Baseline TC (5.13±0.68 vs. 4.33±0.58, p=0.03) and non‐HDL (3.75±0.61 vs. 3.07±0.51, p=0.03) were higher in BWA but there were no differences in HDL or TG. There were no significant lipid changes (TC +0.21 mmol/L; non‐HDL +0.18 mmol/L; HDL +0.03 mmol/L; TG +0.05 mmol/L) following fructose feeding in WE while BWA TC (+0.38 mmol/L, p=0.002), non‐HDL (+0.30 mmol/L, p=0.004) and HDL (+0.08 mmol/L, p=0.02) increased. Baseline RBC Chol, LS, CS and BS were higher in BWA compared to WE. Change in RBC Chol following fructose was not different between ethnicities but did remain higher in BWA (0.17 vs. 0.05 µmol/g RBC, p=0.003). The LS/Chol (mmol/mol chol) (5.6 vs. 4.2, p=0.06) tended to be higher in BWA suggesting a higher cholesterol synthesis. Finally, CS (0.54 vs. 0.08 nmol/g RBC, p=0.02) and BS (0.34 vs. 0.06 nmol/g RBC, p=0.008) concentrations were higher and the BS/Chol (1.9 vs. 1.2, p=0.11) tended to be higher at 24hrs in BWA, indicating higher cholesterol absorption. These data illustrate both ethnic specific differences in markers of cholesterol metabolism and a differential effect of fructose on these outcomes.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by King's College London
Cocoa polyphenolics inhibit lipid accumulation and, along with leucine, increase leptin production in 3T3‐L1 pre‐adipocytes (642.10)
Authors: Campbell Caroline , Foegeding E. Allen , Harris G. Keith
Published: June 2021

Certain bioactive food components have been reported to increase satiety and fat metabolism. Whey protein intake has been reported to decrease total body fat while increasing satiety. Cocoa phenolics have been reported to prevent lipid accumulation, improve insulin signaling, and slow digestion. Little research exists on the effects of cocoa upon satiety, however. This study aimed to determine the effects of cocoa and leucine, a major whey amino acid, upon differentiation, lipid accumulation, and leptin production in murine 3T3‐L1 pre‐adipocytes. 3T3‐L1 cells were treated with 0.5‐100 ug/ml cocoa phenolic extract (CPE) and/or 1‐16 mM leucine during and after differentiation. Extent of differentiation and lipid accumulation were quantified by Oil‐Red‐O staining and leptin production was measured by leptin ELISA. Results showed that 10, 50, and 100 ug/ml CPE treatments inhibited pre‐adipocyte lipid accumulation by 17, 35, and 50%, respectively. CPE treatments of 0.5 ug/ml increased leptin production by 66%. Leucine treatment had no effect upon lipid accumulation but increased leptin production by 26‐37%. In combination, CPE and 15 mM leucine inhibited lipid accumulation by 10‐40% and increased leptin production by 14%. This study indicates that the consumption of cocoa and dairy products, individually and in combination, may increase lipid metabolism and satiety.
Effect of omega‐3 fatty acids on lipoprotein profile and particle size in Hispanic women (642.2)
Authors: Deemer Sarah , Ben‐Ezra Vic , King George , Hickey Matthew , Melby Christopher
Published: June 2021

The effect of increased Ω3 fatty acids on lipoprotein sub‐fractions has not been well studied in Hispanic women, a group with a high prevalence of dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome. The purpose of this randomized, placebo‐controlled trial was to examine the effect of a 90‐day (90D) combined EPA+DHA supplementation on lipoprotein profiles of Hispanic women. Twenty‐seven non‐diabetic women were randomly assigned to the Ω3 group (n=17, 1.9 g/day EPA+DHA) or the placebo group (n=10, 2 g/day oleic acid). At baseline (0D) and 90D a fasting blood sample was drawn for determination of lipoprotein profile and lipoprotein particle sub‐fractions. For the Ω3 group, total cholesterol increased 6.5%, triglycerides were reduced 14.8%, LDL concentration increased 5.6%, and total LDL particle size concentration increased 8.2% (P < 0.05). Large LDL particle size concentration increased 16% from 0D to 90D, this change was not significant (P = 0.051). At 90D, total cholesterol, LDLs, and LDL particle concentration were higher in the Ω3 group compared to placebo (P < 0.05). Omega‐3 supplementation resulted in reduced plasma TGs and an increase in large LDL particle size concentration, yet had no effect on HDL particle size or concentration. Further research is necessary to examine the effects of increased Ω3 fatty acid intake in Hispanic women on dyslipidemia and related co‐morbidities.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station
Tissue specific induction of ChREBP isoforms in carbohydrate refed mice and their impact on lipogenesis (642.8)
Authors: Paton Chad , Stamatikos Alexis , Rogowski Michael
Published: June 2021

Background: Carbohydrate response element binding protein alpha (ChREBPα) is a transcription factor involved in carbohydrate (CHO) induced de novo lipogenesis. Recently, a novel isoform (ChREBPβ) has been discovered and the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 1) obesity, and 2) different CHO on ChREBPβ induction and transcriptional activity.

Methods: For the effect of obesity, mice were fed a high‐fat diet for 12 weeks after which liver mRNA and protein expression of ChREBPα and –β were assessed. To determine the effect of dietary CHO on ChREBPα and –β, mice were fasted for 24 hours and refed a high glucose, sucrose, or fructose diet for 12 hours. Tissues were collected to assess changes in lipogenic induction as well as ChREBPα and ChREBPβ. HEK293 cells were transfected with either ChREBPα or ‐β and treated with either 25mM glucose or fructose for 24 hours and differences in lipogenic activity.

Results: ChREBPα mRNA was not affected by obesity, however ChREBPβ mRNA was 3.8±0.6 fold higher than chow‐fed mice. Unexpectedly, ChREBPα decreased after all three CHO diets whereas ChREBPβ increased in all tissues assessed except muscle. In liver, sucrose refeeding caused the largest increase in ChREBPβ expression followed by fructose, then glucose (24.4±11.1, 17.8±9.5, and 10.1±3.2). In HEK cells, ChREBPβ expression was also associated with glucose‐induced lipogenic gene expression and not ChREBPα.

Conclusions: ChREBPα and ChREBPb can be detected separately and their induction is detectible in the liver and other peripheral tissues of carbohydrate re‐fed mice. ChREBPβ expression appears to be responsible for carbohydrate‐induced lipogenic gene induction whereas ChREBPα is likely responsible for inducing ChREBPβ.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by Aniara Research Grant
Sulforaphane alters the expression of long intragenic non‐coding RNAs that are dysregulated in prostate cancer cells (644.10)
Authors: Beaver Laura , Buchanan Alex , Sokolowski Elizabeth , Glasser Sarah , Wong Carmen , Chang Jeff , Williams David , Dashwood Roderick , Ho Emily
Published: June 2021

The dysregulation of long intergenic non‐coding RNA’s (lincRNAs) has become an emerging factor in cancer development. Dietary chemopreventive compounds, such as sulforaphane (SFN) from cruciferous vegetables, can alter epigenetic targets for cancer prevention but the impact of diet on lincRNA expression is unknown. Normal prostate epithelial cells and prostate cancer cells were treated with 15 μM SFN to test the hypothesis that SFN alters the expression of lincRNAs. RNA‐sequencing revealed that hundreds of lincRNAs were differentially expressed in prostate cancer cells relative to normal prostate epithelial cells. SFN treatment significantly altered the expression of ~70 lincRNAs in each cell type. The SFN‐induced response differed depending on cell line and was dynamic over time. In prostate cancer cells, SFN treatment reversed the aberrant expression of some lincRNAs. Preliminary guilt by association work showed that lincRNA's altered by SFN treatment correlate with genes that regulate angiogenesis, cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, apoptosis, and the glutathione metabolic process. Studies evaluating the functional role of these lincRNAs in prostate cancer development are ongoing. Ultimately, this data revealed a novel mechanism by which SFN impacts prostate cancer that may be leveraged to develop future successful prostate cancer prevention strategies. Funding: P01CA090890

Grant Funding Source: Supported by P01CA090890
The anti‐cancer dietary compound capsaicin shows higher bioavailability in the lung than other organs (644.2)
Authors: Rollyson William , Stover Cody , Brown Kathleen , Perry Haley , Stevenson Cathryn , Crabtree Clayton , Dom Aaron , Lau Jamie , Witte Theodore , Hardman W , Dasgupta Piyali
Published: June 2021

Capsaicin, spicy ingredient of chili peppers, is used to topically treat pain and inflammation associated with a variety of diseases. Data from our laboratory shows that capsaicin displays apoptotic activity in human small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The anti‐neoplastic effect of capsaicin is dependent on it attaining a suitable concentration at the target organ site. Although, the anti‐tumor activity of capsaicin has been demonstrated in multiple mice models, the bioavailability of capsaicin or its concentration in the relevant tissues is yet to be determined in nude mice. Here we show that capsaicin can be readily detected in the liver, lungs, kidney and serum of mice within 15 minutes of oral administration. The concentration capsaicin in these organs was found to be maximal at 60 minutes post‐administration. Most interestingly, the greatest amount of capsaicin was found in the lungs. The rate of degradation of capsaicin in the lungs was slower than the other organs. The administration of capsaicin in AIN76A diet suppressed the growth rate of SCLC tumors xenotransplanted in nude mice. HPLC analysis demonstrated the presence of capsaicin in the SCLC tumors these nude mice. We believe that the high bioavailability of capsaicin in the lungs reinforces its potential as a therapeutic agent for SCLC.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by an NIH R15‐Area Grant, and a FAMRI YCSA Grant
Plum polyphenolics cholorogenic acid suppressed AOM‐induced colorectal aberrant crypt foci: potential role of miR‐143/mTOR pathway (644.4)
Authors: Banerjee Nivedita , Kim Hyemee , Turner Nancy , Mertens‐Talcott Susanne
Published: June 2021

The antitumorigenic and cytotoxic activities of chlorogenic acid and neo‐chlorogenic acid in plum juice (PL) have been previously studied, and our preliminary results from PL exhibited cytotoxicity which decreased VCAM‐1 expression, and the activation of PI3K/AKT and increased miR‐143 in AOM‐treated rats. The objective of this study was to investigate the underlying cytotoxicity mechanisms involving miR‐143/PI3K/AKT/mTOR in PL‐mediated anti‐carcinogenic effects. Sprague Dawley rats (n=10/group) received PL juice (1345.68ppm GAE) or a polyphenol‐free control beverage ad libitum for 10 weeks and were injected with azoxymethane (AOM) subcutaneously (15 mg/kg) at weeks 2 and 3. Consumption of PL juice suppressed the number of high multiplicity aberrant crypts foci (HMACF>4 ACF) by 47.98% (P<0.05) and significantly lowered proliferation of mucosa cells. The results were accompanied by a down‐regulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), vascular adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1), along with mRNA and protein. PL also inhibited phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT, and mTOR/HIF‐1α pathways, and increased the expression of miR‐143. In summary, PL suppressed the number of HMACF formation, where miR‐143/PI3K/AKT/mTOR at least in part significantly contributed in the underlying cytotoxicity mechanisms.
Effects of lecithin in salad dressing on the plasma appearance of fat‐soluble micronutrients consumed in salads: contributions of chylomicrons and large VLDL (645.16)
Authors: Zhang Yinghui , Zhou Yang , Flendrig Leonard , Gribnau Michiel , White Wendy
Published: June 2021

The objectives were to investigate the effects of the lecithin/oil ratio in salad dressing on the absorption of: 1) carotenoids, phylloquinone, and tocopherols from salad vegetables; 2) retinyl palmitate formed in the intestine from the provitamin A carotenoids. An additional objective was to investigate the roles of plasma chylomicrons and large very‐low‐density lipoproteins (VLDLA) in the transport of the newly‐absorbed fat‐soluble micronutrients. Healthy women (n = 12) each consumed 3 identical salads with 3 different salad dressings, which each contained 4 g of phylloquinone‐ and tocopherol‐stripped soybean oil. The soybean oil contained (by wt) 0%, 1% or 4% added hydroxylated soy lecithin. The order in which the salads were consumed was randomly assigned; salads were separated by 蠅 2 weeks. Blood was collected at baseline and 2, 3.5, 5, 7, and 9.5 h postprandially. Chylomicrons and VLDLA were analyzed by HPLC with coulometric array electrochemical detection. The hydroxylated soy lecithin in the amounts added to the oil in the salad dressing did not enhance the absorption of carotenoids, retinyl palmitate, phylloquinone, or tocopherols. The majority of the absorbed carotenoids, retinyl palmitate, and phylloquinone were contained within large VLDL (P < 0.01). Thus lipoproteins and/or their remnants in this subfraction have a major role in the transport of newly‐absorbed carotenoids and fat‐soluble vitamins.
Effects of different oil systems on lutein absorption in healthy adults (645.22)
Authors: Williams Jennifer , Choe Yong , DeMichele Stephen , Katz Gary , Vurma Mustafa , Maki Kevin , Marriage Barbara
Published: June 2021

This study was designed to measure the effect of different oil systems on lutein absorption in healthy adult subjects.

Twenty‐four healthy adults, age 19‐45 years and 50% male, were enrolled into this prospective, randomized, dual‐treatment, crossover study. Subjects were to consume a low‐carotenoid diet for 14 days prior to study start and for the duration of the study. Subjects received either 6 mg lutein in high‐oleic safflower oil capsules or 6 mg lutein in mono‐diglyceride oil capsules at study visits. After baseline plasma samples were drawn, posptrandial draws were conducted at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 336 hours.

The primary variable, adjusted AUC for plasma lutein from 0 to 336 hours, for MDG was significantly greater than SAF (p=0.0002, Median: SAF = 108, MDG =1080, 900% increase from SAF to MDG). For the secondary variable, adjusted peak value, MDG was significantly greater than SAF (p=0.0024, Median: SAF = 3.08, MDG = 5.52, 79% increase from SAF to MDG).

The technology demonstrated by the MDG + lutein capsules used in the current study is novel, showing increases in both the absorption and retention of this carotenoid in the body. This technology may also make the lutein more bioavailable when consumed as a supplement.

Grant Funding Source: Abbott Nutrition
Tomato carotenoids protect against UV‐induced cutaneous damage and tumor development in Skh‐1 hairless mice (645.7)
Authors: Cooperstone Jessica , Tober Kathleen , Riedl Ken , Riggenbach Judith , Francis David , Schwartz Steven , Oberyszyn Tatiana
Published: June 2021

Sun exposure is a major risk factor in skin cancer development. Previous work suggests tomato consumption for >10 weeks can mitigate ultraviolet (UV) light induced sunburn. Dietary carotenoids (CAR) distributed to the skin may act as photoprotectants, free radical quenchers and antioxidants to protect skin against UV‐induced damage. In addition to lycopene, tomatoes have higher levels of UV‐absorbing CAR (phytoene/phytofluene) compared to other fruits and vegetables. We hypothesize that by decreasing the UV‐induced skin inflammatory response tomato consumption would ultimately protect against skin cancer. Male and female Skh‐1 hairless and immunocompetent mice (n=180) were fed AIN‐93G or AIN‐93G + 10% tangerine or red tomato powder for 35 weeks. From weeks 11‐20, mice (n=120) were exposed to 2240 J/m2 UVB light, 3x/week and resulting tumors were tracked weekly. Control mice were fed the diets but not exposed to UV. Mice consuming tomato diets developed significantly fewer tumors compared to mice on control diets (P<0.001). The effects of tomato supplementation and UV exposure on: carotenoids in plasma/skin, measures of chronic inflammatory markers, alteration in UV mediated DNA damage and tumor statistics/grade were determined. These findings provide impetus for continued investigation of tomato CAR on human skin outcomes.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by NCI R21CA158625
Beta‐cryptoxanthin biofortified maize enhances beta‐cryptoxanthin concentrations in chicken eggs while maintaining deep yellow color (646.2)
Authors: Heying Emily , Tanumihardjo Jacob , Vasic Vedran , Grahn Michael , Palacios‐Rojas Natalia , Tanumihardjo Sherry
Published: June 2021

Vitamin A deficiency is a health problem in many countries and is traditionally treated with doses of preformed vitamin A. Recent studies have determined the efficacy of biofortified staple crops to improve vitamin A status. Chickens possess the unique ability to deposit substantial amounts of xanthophyll carotenoids, but not carotenes, into their eggs. A prior study demonstrated that beta‐cryptoxanthin is more easily deposited into eggs from biofortified maize than beta‐carotene. In this study, chickens (n = 8/group) were fed biofortified high beta‐cryptoxanthin maize, white maize with tangerine powder, yellow maize with lutein fortificant, or white maize only. The high beta‐cryptoxanthin maize and white maize with tangerine powder diets were equalized for beta‐cryptoxanthin concentration. Chickens were fed 10 d on white maize, followed by 40 d on their respective diets. Eggs were collected from chickens every other day and colorimetry was performed on yolks using the L*, a*, b* scale. Biofortified and yellow‐fortified maize groups had similar color properties. Chickens were killed on d 50. Blood, liver, gizzard, and skin were collected. Eggs were analyzed for carotenoids and vitamin A using UPLC methods. Beta‐cryptoxanthin concentration (10.4 + 0.6 nmol/g yolk) peaked in the biofortified maize group at 22 d and was significantly higher than all other treatments. Biofortified maize could replace lutein‐fortified maize in chicken feed because deep yellow color was maintained while significantly increasing beta‐cryptoxanthin concentrations.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by USDA Hatch WIS01528, Modernizacion Sustentable de la Agricultura‐Mexico, and CIMMYT
The effects of Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) on the immune response in preschool children (647.11)
Authors: Costa Neuza , Tostes Maria das Gracas , Viana Mirelle , Pedrosa Rogerio
Published: June 2021

Background: Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) contains high amount of fructooligosaccharide (FOS), which may improve the immune response. Objective: To evaluate the effect of Yacon on immune response in preschool children. Methods: Children of 2 to 5 years of age from two schools of Alegre, ES, Brazil, were recruited. One school received the Yacon (Y, n=25) and the other was the Control (C, n=25). The group Y received 0.14 g/kg/day of FOS for 18 weeks. Before and after intervention IL4, IL10, IL6 and TNFα (Luminex™) and fecal sIgA (ELISA) were analyzed. The data were compared by pared t‐test (p<0.05). Results: The group Y increased the levels of IL4 from 1.17±0.37 to 1.53±0.38 pg/mL after intervention, but no changes were observed in the cytokines IL10, IL6 and TNFα (pg/mL) by comparing the baseline (3.73±0.53; 1.08±0.24; 12.51±0.95) and the end of the study (4.14±0.45; 2.07±0.52; 13.19±0.84), respectively. The group C showed reduced levels of TNFα from 24.16±2.26 to 13.13±1.03 at the end of the study, but no change was observed in the cytokines IL10, IL4 and IL6. After the intervention, there was an increase in fecal sIgA (μ/mL) in group Y (before: 1125.64 ± 403.99; after: 2406.49 ± 686.40), but not in group C (before: 3379.74 ± 616.09; after: 2357.87 ± 500.45). Conclusion: Yacon improved the immune response by increasing the anti‐inflammatory IL4 and fecal sIgA in preschool children, and it is a promising source of prebiotic.
Antioxidant and protective effects of black Punica granatum extract on AGEs and UV‐A‐induced damaged human fibroblast (647.28)
Authors: Lee Hwa , Nam Mi‐Hyun , Kang Jeong Han , Yang Jae‐Eon , Hong Chung‐Oui , Oh Jun‐Gu , Koo Yun‐Chang , Kim Young‐Bu , Lee Kwang‐Won
Published: June 2021

One of causes of skin wrinkles may be the nonenzymatic glycation followed formation of browning products called advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), an irreversible cross‐linked protein. The accumulation of glycated collagen cross‐linked in skin inhibits the formation and function of skin tightening agents such as collagen. Also, the UV effects on AGEs generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the extracellular matrix which could lead to additional deleterious effects on skin. Antioxidant, glycation inhibitory activities and anti‐skin aging of Punica granatum were have been founded and it is known that ellagic acid (EA), major compound of Punica granatum, has antioxidant effect. This study analyzed the functional components, antioxidant activities and anti‐skin aging of black Punica granatum extracts (BPE). Previous study reported that significant correlations were found between the red intensity, antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content. And we confirmed that BPE had more antioxidant activity, total polyphenol, total flavonoid and ellagic acid content than Punica granatum. Moreover, we studied photoprotective effect of BPE that attenuated the AGEs and UV‐A‐induced toxicity of human fibroblast. Also, this study examined potent activities of BPE on type 1 collagen synthesis and elastase inhibitory activity. In conclusion, we demonstrated the beneficial effects of black Punica granatum on anti‐wrinkle and the improving effect on damaged skin induced by AGEs and UV‐A.
Evaluation of pranthocyanidin enriched cranberry extract for carbohydrate hydrolysis enzyme inhibition (647.38)
Authors: Singh Kirtan , Kang Bouhee , Tanzer Elyse , Racicot Kenneth , Kwon Young‐In , Apostolidis Emmanouil
Published: June 2021

Proanthocyanidins (PACs), found in cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon), are hypothesized to be natural, oral hypoglycemic agents. This study investigates the inhibition potential of cranberry powder in carbohydrate hydrolysis enzymes. The whole extract (WE) was achieved by dissolving one gram of cranberry powder in 100 mL acetone solution (acetone: water: hydrochloric acid, 70:29.9:0.01) at room temperature. The sample was differentiated into two fractions: low molecular weight phenolic enriched fraction (LMWF) and PAC enriched fraction (PACF) using LH‐20. PAC contents were evaluated by 4‐Dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMAC)assay and yielded 1.35, 0.03 and 0.59 mg/mL for WE, LMWF and PACF respectively. The total phenolic contents of were determined to be 4.68, 0.60, and 2.51 mg/mL for WE, LMWF and PACF respectively. Rat α glucosidase assays showed PACF has 3 times lower inhibitory activity and LMWF has almost 2 times higher inhibitory activity, compared to WE. Sucrase inhibition assays showed PACF has lower inhibitory activity and that LMWF has almost 2 times higher inhibitory activity, compared to WE. Lastly, maltase inhibition assays showed both PACF and LMWF have lower inhibitory activity compared to WE. The results suggest cranberry has an inhibitory effect against the action of alpha‐glucosidases, which is mainly due to sucrase inhibition, and is low molecular weight phenolic dependent.

Grant Funding Source: This research was supported by US Army Natick Soldier Research Engineering Center
Why food matrices are more potent against cancer as compared to their isolated bioactives (647.39)
Authors: Whelan Jay , Zhao Yi , Collier J.
Published: June 2021

Our preliminary data shows that bioactive compounds delivered within a food matrix are involved in molecular multitasking (affecting multiple genomic targets) and deliver their biological punch through biochemical convergence (multiple pathways affecting a common outcome). We had determined that individual bioactive compounds in isolation failed to exhibit similar effects. This research tested whether these effects are the consequence of coordinated interaction of “companion” bioactives resulting in multiple synergies. To investigate this hypothesis, several diverse cell lines (CWR22Rv1 and HEK293) were treated with a variety of herbal extracts or isolated phytonutrients where cell proliferation and NF‐κB expression were used as endpoints. Synergy was determined by the Chou‐Talalay method when the cells were exposed to turmeric, Chinese goldthread and their bioactives (curcumin and ar‐turmerone, berberine and coptisine, respectively) in isolation or in combination. Berberine and curcumin (in isolation) were not as potent as their extracts of origin. Combinations of herbal extracts and/or their isolated bioactives lowered effective concentrations from a non‐physiological level to concentrations more similar to human plasma values. These data suggest that foods/plant extracts are more likely to be beneficial against cancer when compared with isolated components due to their multiple synergies.

Grant Funding Source: This research was supported, in part, by the Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, University o
Physicochemical properties of soybean milk fermented by Lactobacillus fermentum strain isolated from yak yogurt (647.4)
Authors: Li Guijie
Published: June 2021

The present study is to investigate the fermentation properties of soybean milk fermented by Lactobacillus fermentum strain isolated from yak yogurt (LYY), Lactobacillus helveticus (LH) and mixture starter of LYY and LH (LYY+LH), respectively. Some physicochemical experiments including pH, total acidity, count of Lactobacillus, amounts of amino type nitrogen and isoflavones, and sensory evaluation were used for the assessment. LYY showed the lowest pH and highest total acidity than were found in LH and LYY+LH. After 12 hour fermentation, the counts of live cells in LYY+LH (2.5×108 cfu) were more than LYY (1.7×108 cfu) and LH (1.2×108 cfu). LYY were similar with LYY+LH in the levels of amino type nitrogen (>2000 mg %) and the amounts of isoflavones (Daidzein > 25 μg/mL; Genistein > 17 μg/mL), more than those in LH. The sensory qualities of LYY+LH were better than LH and LYY. From these results, LYY+LH showed better fermentation properties than LB and LYY respectively.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by the China Scholarship Council (No. [2012]5030) for fellowship
Vitamin C contents in different parts of soybean sprout (647.42)
Authors: Lee Kyongae , Kim Yongho
Published: June 2021

Vitamin C contents in different parts of soybean sprout Kyongae Lee1, Yongho Kim2. 1Department of Food Science and Nutrition, 2Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, KOREA,

This study investigated vitamin C content analysis in soybean sprouts by the parts (cotyledon and hypocotyls) and cooking. Soybean sprouts cultivated with five soybean cultivars of Nokchaekong, Dawonkong, Seonamkong, Oriatae and Pungsannamulkong in a lab and then used for analyses. Vitamin C was found more, in the hypocotyls and than in the cotyledon of fresh soybean sprout, regardless of the soybean cultivars. In case of fresh soybean sprout, vitamin C contents in cotyledon of Nokchaekong, Dawonkong, Seonamkong, Oriatae and Pungsannamulkong were 17.29, 20.43, 18.74, 23.2 and 24.68 mg% , respectively, whereas those in hypocotyls were 45.59, 38.41, 40.18, 28.12 and 33.68 mg%, respectively. Each soybean sprout showed a considerable decrease in vitamin C contents in both the cotyledon and hypocotyl after cooking. The vitamin C contents in the cotyledon and hypocotyls of boiled soybean sprout reduced to 1.09~2.25 and 3.30~7.39 mg%, respectively. The vitamin C was contained more in the hypocotyl than in the cotyledon of cooked soybean sprout, indicating the vitamin C in the hypocotyls was more stable. These results suggested that the cotyledon of the soybean sprout could be a good dietary source with its high vitamin C content.
Kombucha tea antioxidant activity (647.47)
Authors: Rush Kelli , Gustafson Callie , Seehusen Katherine , Mann Francis , Wilson Ted
Published: June 2021

Kombucha is a black tea product that is produced by fermentation using a symbiotic colony of bacteria and yeast. Kombucha originated in China and in recent years has gained popularity because of its proposed health benefits that could include antioxidant protection. Antioxidant activity of Raw kombucha (RK), pH 7.0 kombucha (RK7), acetonitrile extract (AK) and ethyl acetate extract (EK) was evaluated at A234 (37 oC) in the presence of 10 uM Cu++ at dilutions of 1:100, 1:1,000,1:10,000 and expressed as percent of control. LDL oxidized by Cu++ in the absence of kombucha (control) had a lag‐time of 73.5 ± 7.9 min. No oxidation was observed for RK, RK7 or AK, although EK had a 222 ± 25% increase in lag time vs Cu++ control (P < 0.05 vs Cu++ ). RK, RK7, AK and EK significantly increased oxidative lag‐time at 1:1000, with values of 134 ± 19, 121 ± 6, 126 ± 21, and 113 ± 11% respectively. Phenolic content (mg gallic acid equivalents/L) of RK, RK7, AK and EK was examined to help explain differences in antioxidant capacity. At a 1:10,000 no significant increases in oxidative lag‐time verses Cu++ control were observed. Kombucha tea appears to be a rich source of phenolic dietary antioxidants ex vitro, and future in vivo studies may wish to examine its antioxidant benefits after human consumption.
The effect of mushroom intake on modulating post‐prandial glycemic response (647.48)
Authors: Marsales Harry , Williams B.T. , LaMacchia Z.M. , Rideout T.C. , Horvath P.J.
Published: June 2021

The consumption of mushrooms has been shown to lead to a number of health benefits. To determine the effect of Portabella mushroom intake on the glycemic responses of a young, healthy population following an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT), 8 men and 8 women (19 to 29 yo, avg = 24;Body Fat % 18.4±7.2; Fasting Glucose 89.2±4.0) completed 3 modified OGTTs over a 2 week period. The OGTTs were evaluated in response to a 75g Glucose Drink (G), a 75g Glucose Drink with 9.5g Portabella powder (MG), or 9.5 g Portabella powder with Stevia/flavored water (M). Fasting and 30 min blood samples were collected for 2 h. Glucose levels were only elevated with G and MG with MG being higher in men at 30 min (P<0.02) and women at 60 (P<0.005) and 120 min (P<0.01). Insulin was higher in G and MG and showed a more gradual decline with MG in women. In women, hunger (Likert Scale) increased by 120 min (P<0.05) during G which was eliminated my addition of mushroom powder. Mushroom powder reduced postprandial hypoglycemia, rapid insulin decrease and elevated hunger in women compared to glucose alone. Mushrooms may moderate postprandial glucose related responses.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by Mushroom Council
Gastric ulcer preventive activities of soybean milk fermented by Lactobacillus isolated from yak yogurt (647.9)
Authors: Li Guijie , Zhao Xin , Song Jia‐Le , Wang Rui , Qian Yu , Wang Qiang
Published: June 2021

One Lactobacillus strain, which showed high viability in simulated gastric fluid and strong cholate resistant ability, was isolated from natural fermented Yak yogurt (LY) in western Sichuan of Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau. LY fermented soybean milk was compare with the commercial Streptococcus thermophilus (ST) strain fermentate in the physicochemical properties and gastric ulcer preventive activities. The pH value, total acidity, amino type nitrogen, and total amounts of isoflavone in LY and ST fermented soybean milk were checked. Fermented soybean milk with LY (LYFSM) showed higher pH and lower total acidity compared to the Fermented soybean milk with ST (STFSM). After 12 hour fermentation, the contents of amino type nitrogen and activity of isoflavones in LYFSM were also more than STFSM. By reserpine‐induced gastric ulcer mice model, the levels of IL‐6, IL‐12, TNF‐α and IFN‐γ cytokine in LYFSM group mice were lower than those in STFSM group mice. The levels of Somatostatin and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide in LYFSM mice serum were higher than those in STFSM mice. And the Motilin and Substance P levels in LYFSM mice were lower than in STFSM mice. The gastric ulcer area of LYFSM mice was also smaller than STFSM mice. These result suggested that LYFSM showed a better physicochemical quality than that in STFSM. LYFSM also showed strong gastric ulcer preventive activity in experimental gastric injury model.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by Grant Funding No. KJ131501, Chongqing, China
Differential effects of small and big Ca2+‐sensitive K+ channel agonists and antagonists during cardiac ischemia and reperfusion injury (648.10)
Authors: Stowe David , Yang Meiying , Schwabe David , Heisner James , Camara Amadou
Published: June 2021

Small and big conductance Ca2+‐sensitive K+ channel (SKCa, BKCa) agonists have been shown to provide preconditioning protection against cardiac ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury. We tested if activation or block of SKCa vs. BKCa channels, initiated before ischemia through initial reperfusion, differently reduce or worsen cardiac global IR injury in isolated rodent hearts, and if these drugs are effective if given IV in vivo before and during regional (LAD) coronary artery occlusion. We found that activating SKCa or BKCa channels by DCEB or NS1619 reduced infarct size (IS) after 35 min of ischemia by 26 and 39% in vivo, and by 56 and 62% in vitro vs. IR alone respectively; BKCa and SKCa blockers paxilline+NS8593, respectively, increased IS by 17% in vivo and by 30% in vitro vs. IR alone. In vitro the two agonists also increased LVP by 90 and 88% and the blockers reduced it by 45% vs. IR alone. Activation of SKCa and BKCa channels improved the respiratory control index (state3/4), increased Ca2+ retention capacity, and restored membrane repolarization in mitochondria isolated after IR. Our results show similar effects of these drugs when given in vivo or in vitro indicating their bioavailability in the heart when given IV. Since each of SKCa ‐ BKCa agonists/antagonists exert effects on isolated cardiac mitochondria, our data also suggest that activation of KCa channels endogenously protects against cardiac injury in part by improving mitochondrial function.

Grant Funding Source: R01 HL 089514
Melatonin membrane MT2 receptor expression in left ventricular cardiac myocytes of female rats with chronic hypoestrogenism and heart failure (648.2)
Authors: Liskova Yuliya , Stadnikov Alexander , Salikova Svetlana , Klimushkin Alexey
Published: June 2021

This study was done in order to establish an expression pattern of the melatonin MT2 receptors (MT2R) in LV cardiac myocytes (CM) of female rats with hypoestrogenism and heart failure. Hypoestrogenism (hypo‐E) was induced by bilateral ovariectomy and heart failure (HF) was caused by s.c. injection of a 1% mezaton solution (0.1ml) followed by an intensive swimming regimen for 14 days. Thirty adult outbred female rats were used: 10 rats with a combination of hypo‐E and HF (hypo‐E/HF); 10 rats with HF only; 5 rats with hypo‐E only; and 5 intact rats served as a control. At the end of experiment, the MT2R immunoreactivity (MT2R‐IR) was detected by immunohistochemistry with an anti‐MTNR1B antibody. The localization and intensity of MT2R‐IR were assessed in a double‐blind manner on a semiquantitative rating scale using the following criteria: (‐) no MT2R‐IR; (+) slight MT2R‐IR, a few immunopositive CM; (++) moderate MT2R‐IR, more than 5 immunopositive CM on each section; (+++) high MT2R‐IR, almost all CM are immunopositive. We found that in control rats the CM showed a slight to moderate level of MT2R‐IR (+/++), while in HF the CM revealed the highest level of MT2R‐IR (+++). The reduced MT2R‐IR was observed in rats with hypo‐E only (+), whereas the animals from the hypo‐E/HF group showed the lowest level of MT2R‐IR (‐/+). Our findings demonstrate that chronic hypoestrogenism inhibits a cardioprotective increase in MT2R induced by HF.
Cardiac function in iron deficient hypertrophic hearts transitions from adaptation to pathology (648.5)
Authors: Chew Herbert , Zadra Jacqueline , Weigel Ashley
Published: June 2021

Iron deficiency (ID) causes cardiac hypertrophy (CH); however, cardiac function (CF) as CH progresses is unknown. We hypothesized that CF with ID CH will transition from an adaptive state (increased output) to a pathological state (decreased output) over time. 38 rats were divided into ID and control (CN) groups for 4, 6, and 9 wks. CF was determined using pressure‐volume (PV) loops (PowerLab 8SP, Millar MPVS Ultra), by inserting a PV catheter (SPR‐869) into the left ventricle. Baseline data collection was followed by IVC occlusion for contractility. Parallel conductance was determined by hypertonic saline infusion. 1 mM dopamine was infused to assess sympathetic nervous system sensitivity. Rats were heparinized, decapitated, and blood was collected for cuvette calibration and hematocrit. Plasma and hearts were frozen for catecholamine analysis by HPLC. 4 wk ID rats had greater (p<0.05) cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), contractility, and ejection fraction (EF), but not heart rate, compared with CN. 6 wk ID rats had lower CO, SV, and EF than 4 wk ID rats. At abstract submission, 9 wk experiments were underway. We conclude that ID CH begins as adaptive, but transitions to pathology.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by Wyoming INBRE (NIH Grant #8 P20 GM103432‐13)
Structural and functional assessment of an experimental model of takotsubo cardiomyopathy (648.8)
Authors: Sachdeva Jaspreet , Dai Wangde , Kloner Robert
Published: June 2021

Objective: The purpose of our study was to assess the characteristics and time course of functional and histological abnormalities in an experimental model of Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy (TC).

Methods: Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were injected subcutaneously with either a single or two doses (at 24hrs interval) of isoproterenol (ISO; 25‐300 mg/kg). Echocardiographic and morphological changes were assessed either 24hrs or 7days after the last ISO dose.

Results: On day 2‐3 rats demonstrated apical akinesis蠅10% of the LV circumference (n=13), apical akinesis<10% (n=17) or no‐akinesis (n=10); the basal function was preserved. The apical fractional shortening (FS) on day 2‐3 was reduced at 16±3% (p<0.05) in the Akinesis蠅10% subgroup compared to sham‐controls at 47±4%. Apical wall motion abnormality completely resolved on day 8. Histology on day 2‐3 revealed sub‐endocardial necrosis, monocyte infiltration, interstitial edema, vacuoles and lipid droplets. Semiquantitative scoring showed a significant increase in necrotic lesions to 2.8±0.3 in the akinesis蠅10%, 2.1±0.2 in the akinesis<10% and 2±0 in the no‐akinesis subgroups vs 0.4±0.1 in the sham‐controls (p<0.05) on day 2‐3. On day 8, extensive fibrosis along with necrotic lesions was present. Ultrastructural analysis on day 2‐3 showed disrupted myofibrils, abundant lipid droplets, interstitial edema and mitochondria with dissolved cristae, calcium phosphate deposits and dense bodies.

Conclusion: TC can be mimicked in a rat model of ISO exposure that demonstrates apical ballooning on days 2‐3 with full recovery of systolic regional wall motion abnormality despite the presence of persistent foci of necrosis and fibrosis on day 8.
Exploring the non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease pathogenesis mechanisms in high fat and high fructose diet fed rat (649.3)
Authors: Hou Chia Hua , Hung Li‐Man , Huang Jiung‐Pang
Published: June 2021

The prevalence of fatty liver in western country is 30%. Western diet (high fat and/or high fructose) induce chronic and low grade inflammation in adipose tissue that initiate the first step of many complications such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and fatty liver disease. However, high fat diet trigger obesity and high fructose diet perform a normal body weight, but all result in NAFLD. Therefore, it is important to elucidate the different mechanism of fatty liver pathogenesis in high fat and high fructose diet fed animal model(s).

The SD rats were fed with high fat diet (HF, 45 calorie from fat) and high fructose diet (HR, 60 calorie from fructose) for 12 weeks. We found that both two western diets led to hepatic steatosis, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. Triglyceride and cholesterol were accumulated in liver tissue, accompanied with plasma ALT/AST elevation. Interestingly, HR induced higher hepatic ROS level, which implies the different hepatic stress, and the key NAFLD progression regulator compared with HF fed rats. In the conclusion, we suggested ROS, the distinct NAFLD mediator in HR, not a like with HF rats, many additionally promote the severe NAFLD progression.