bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chinese Continental Blocks in Global Paleocontinental Reconstruction during Paleozoic and Mesozoic
Authors: WAN Tianfeng , ZHU Hong
Published: June 2011

The Cambrian to Cretaceous paleomagnetic data from Chinese continental and adjacent blocks were collected using principles to obtain reliable and high‐precision paleomagnetic data and to pay attention to the similarity of paleobiogeography and the coordination of tectonic evolution. The Chinese continental blocks were laid up on the reconstruction of proposed global paleocontinents with almost the same scale. Thus, it can be clearly recognized that the global continents, including Chinese continental blocks, range along latitudes on the southern side of the equator during the Early Paleozoic. In the Paleozoic, Chinese continental blocks were still located among the Laurentia, Siberia and Gondwana plates, following the fast moving of the Siberia Plate northwards, the amalgamation in a north‐south direction at the western parts of the Laurentia and Gondwana plates, and the Iapetus and Rheic Oceans were subducted, eventually to form a uniform Pangea in the Late Paleozoic. The Australian and Indian plates of Eastern Gondwana moved and dispersed gradually southwards, continued to extend the Paleo‐Tethys Ocean. The Chinese continental and adjacent blocks were still located in the Paleo‐Tethys Ocean, preserved the status of dispersion, gradually moving northwards, showing characteristics of ranging along a north–south orientation until the Permian. In addition, a series of local collisions happened during the Triassic, and consequently most of the Chinese continental blocks were amalgamated into the Pangea, except for the Gangdise and Himalayan blocks. There was a counter‐clockwise rotation of the Eastern Asian continent in the Jurassic and northwards migration of the Chinese continent in varying degrees during the Cretaceous, but the Himalayan and Indian plates did not collide into the Chinese continent during this period.
Petrogenesis of Indosinian Granitoids in Middle‐Segment of South Qinling Tectonic Belt: Constraints from Sr‐Nd Isotopic Systematics
Authors: LIU Shuwen , LI Qiugen , TIAN Wei , WANG Zongqi , YANG Pengtao , WANG Wei , BAI Xiang , GUO Rongrong
Published: June 2011

South Qinling Tectonic Belt (SQTB) is located between the Shangzhou‐Danfeng and Mianxian‐Lueyang sutures. There are a lot of early Mesozoic granitoid plutons in its middle segment, comprising the Dongjiangkou‐Zhashui granitoid plutons at the northeast, Huayang‐Wulong‐Laocheng granitoid plutons at the central part, Xiba granitoid pluton at the northwest and Guangtoushan‐Liuba granitoid plutons at the southwest. These Indonisian granitoids contain a mass of various scale mafic enclaves, which show sometimes clear boundaries and sometimes transitional boundaries with their host granitoids. These granitoids also exhibit metaluminous to peraluminous series, commonly higher Mg# and a wide range of petrochemistry from low‐K tholeiite series, through mid‐K and high‐K calc‐alkaline series to shoshonite series and predominated samples are attributed to mid‐K and high‐K calc‐alkaline series. Detailed analyses in Sr‐Nd isotopic systematics and petrochemistry reveal that there may be regionally initial granitoid magma of the Indonisian granitoid plutons, comprising Dongjiangkou‐Zhashui, Huayang‐Wulong‐Laocheng, Xiba, and Guangtoushan‐Liuba granitoid plutons, which were produced by hybrids of magmas in various degrees, and the initial magmas were derived from both the mantle and the lower continental crust (LCC) sources in the SQTB. The initial granitoid magma further did the magma hybrid with the magmas from the LCC, crystallization fractionation, and assimilation with upper crustal materials during their emplacement to produce these granitoid plutons in the SQTB. These magmatism processes are most likely to occur under continent marginal arc and syn‐collision to post‐collision tectonic backgrounds.
Iron Isotope Compositions of Natural River and Lake Samples in the Karst Area, Guizhou Province, Southwest China
Authors: SONG Liuting , LIU Congqiang , WANG Zhongliang , ZHU Xiangkun , TENG Yanguo , WANG Jinsheng , TANG Suohan , LI Jin , LIANG Lili
Published: June 2011

To better understand the Fe isotope characteristics of natural samples in the Karst area, the Fe isotope compositions of riverine suspended particulates, lake suspended particulates, lake sediments, porewaters, phytoplanktons, and aerosols in the watersheds of Lake Aha (a mineralized water system) and Lake Hongfeng (a mesotrophic water system), which are located in the Karst area, southwest China, were investigated. The studied samples displayed a variable range between δ56Fe=–2.03‰ and 0.36‰. Aerosols and phytoplanktons have similar or slightly heavier Fe isotope compositions relative to the average of igneous rocks. Fe isotope compositions of riverine Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) were mainly affected by the types of tributaries. Suspended particulates collected from tributaries seriously contaminated with coal mine drainages displayed negative δ56Fe values (–0.89‰ to –0.31‰) during summer, and there were significant increases of δ56Fe values in winter, except AR2, which was polluted with both coal mine drainage and sewage effluent. Characteristics of lakes have important influences on Fe isotope compositions of suspended particulates, lake sediments, and porewaters. The epilimnetic particulate Fe of Lake Hongfeng had δ56Fe=–0.04‰ to 0.13‰, while lighter Fe isotope compositions were measured for particulate Fe from Lake Aha, ranging from –0.42‰ to –0.09‰. Sediments collected from Hou Wu (HW) station of Lake Hongfeng have an average δ56Fe value of 0.09‰ and their corresponding porewaters have lighter Fe isotope compositions, ranging from –0.57‰ to –0.31‰; no significant variations have been observed. For the Liang Jiang Kou (LJK) station of Lake Aha, the content of reactive Fe and the concentration of sulfate were all high. Due to the reactive Fe recycling, including dissimilatory Fe reduction, adsorption, and Fe–sulfide formation, porewaters sampled near the sediment surface have been found to have a δ56Fe value as low as –2.03‰ and an increase up to 0.12‰, with a burial depth of 10 cm. In contrast, an opposite variation trend was found for LJK sediments. Sediments sampled at 1‐cm depth had a value of δ56Fe=–0.59‰ and decrease as low as –1.75‰ with burial depth. This investigation demonstrated that significant Fe isotope fractionations occur in surface environments. Fe isotope compositions of particulate Fe were seriously affected by Fe sources, and Fe biogeochemical recycling has an important influence on Fe isotope fractionations in lake sediments, especially when there are significant amounts of reactive Fe and sulfate.
Smoking, family history and urinary tract infection are associated with primary biliary cirrhosis: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Liang Yan , Yang Zaixing , Zhong Renqian
Published: June 2011

Aim:  This meta‐analysis was conducted to provide more precise evidence for association between primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and smoking and some other factors.

Methods:  We searched the databases PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and China National Knowledge Infrastructure up to 31 December 2010. Data were extracted by two persons independently. Homogeneity of effects across studies was assessed using the χ2‐test statistic and quantified by I2. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated based on fixed‐ or random‐effects models. The publication bias was analyzed by Egger and Begg tests.

Results:  A total of five studies were selected according to inclusion criteria. With the fixed‐effects model, the pooled OR for PBC and smoking and family history of PBC were 1.67 (95% CI = 1.41–1.92) and 7.56 (95% CI = 1.90–13.22). With the random‐effects model, the pooled OR for thyroid disease and urinary tract infection (UTI) were 3.08 (95% CI = 0.84–5.32) and 2.02 (95% CI = 1.40–2.65), respectively. No evidence of publication bias was observed by means of Begg and Egger tests for the factors.

Conclusion:  This meta‐analysis suggested that smoking, family history of PBC and UTI were strongly associated with PBC in a white population by systematic review of five existing studies, and the association remains to be validated in other populations.
The effects of slow infusion of a low dosage of endotoxin in healthy horses
Authors: CLARK E. SUSAN , MOORE J. N.
Published: June 2011

The effects of slow intravenous (iv) infusion of a very low dosage of endotoxin (a cumulative dosage of 0.03 μg/kg bodyweight [bwt] infused over 60 mins) were evaluated in six conscious healthy horses. Duodenal, right ventral colon, and caecal contractions were detected with strain gauge force transducers. Lateral caecal arterial blood flow was measured using transit time ultrasonic blood flow probes. Duodenal contractile activity was not significantly altered by infusion of endotoxin. In contrast, the contractile activity of the right ventral colon 90 and 270 mins after infusion of endotoxin was less than after infusion of saline solution (control). The contractile activity of the caecal body 30, 60, 90, 120 and 240 mins after infusion of endotoxin was significantly less than control. The contractile activity of the caecal apex 60, 90, 120, 240 and 270 mins after termination of endotoxin infusion was significantly less than control. Lateral caecal arterial blood flow was significantly less than control at the end of endotoxin infusion and at 30, 45, 60, 90, 105 and 120 mins afterwards. Average carotid arterial pressure was significantly greater than control at 210, 225, 240, 255 and 270 mins after endotoxin infusion. Infusion of endotoxin increased heart rate, respiratory rate and body temperature significantly. The decrease in caecal contractile activity occurred before the increase in body temperature. All horses became depressed and developed injected mucous membranes. Signs of abdominal pain (including stretching, pawing, kicking at abdomen) were seen in four of the six horses.
Antagonism of endotoxin‐induced disruption of equine bowel motility by flunixin and phenylbutazone
Authors: KING J. N. , GERRING E. L.
Published: June 2011

Post operative ileus is a serious complication of abdominal surgery in horses and there is evidence that endotoxin plays a significant role in its pathogenesis. Pre‐treatment with intravenous (iv) flunixin (1.1 mg/kg bodyweight [bwt]) or phenylbutazone (4.4 mg/kg bwt) significantly antagonised the acute disruption of gastric, small intestinal and large intestinal motility induced by 0.1 μg/kg bwt iv endotoxin in ponies implanted with gastrointestinal strain gauges. Phenylbutazone was more effective than flunixin and this was significant (P<0.01) for the stomach and left dorsal colon. Both drugs reduced the acute systemic side‐effects of the endotoxin and flunixin was slightly more effective than phenylbutazone in antagonising the cardiovascular effects. These results suggest that the acute effects of endotoxin on bowel motility are mediated at least in part by a cyclooxygenase dependant pathway. Flunixin and phenylbutazone showed a relative selectivity for the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal effects of endotoxin, respectively. Phenylbutazone may be of use clinically in acute colic cases, antagonising the disruptive effects of endotoxin on bowel motility, without entirely blocking the cardiovascular effects which can indicate that the patient has a condition requiring surgery.
Bismuth-ethanedithiol incorporated in a liposome-loaded tobramycin formulation modulates the alginate levels in mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Alipour Misagh , Dorval Crystal , Suntres Zacharias E , Omri Abdelwahab
Published: June 2011

Objectives

This study examined the antibacterial activity, alginate modulation, and deposition of a tobramycin bismuth-ethanedithiol (Tob-Bi) conventional (free) or vesicle-entrapped (lipo) formulation against two mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates.

Methods

The inhibitory, bactericidal and biofilm eradication concentrations (in presence or absence of alginate lyase) were determined. The modulation of alginate was assessed by the carbazole assay and fluorescent-labelling of live alginate-producing biofilms by confocal microscopy. The deposition of the formulations was assessed using the immunogold-labelling technique, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).

Key findings

The inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations for lipo Tob-Bi compared with free Tob-Bi were reduced in all strains by 2- to 8-fold, and 2- to 32-fold, respectively. The biofilm eradication concentrations for lipo Tob-Bi compared with free Tob-Bi were reduced by 4- to 32-fold in the mucoid strains. The addition of alginate lyase transiently enhanced eradication for one mucoid strain only. The alginate levels were attenuated by more than half, and free Tob-Bi fared better than lipo Tob-Bi determined by the carbazole assay. Under confocal microscopy, alginate lyase reduced alginate levels and detached mucoid biofilms. Free and lipo Tob-Bi did not detach the bacteria from the surface, but attenuated alginate levels. Tobramycin was detected by immunogold-labelling inside the bacterium, but EDS did not detect bismuth deposits.

Conclusions

These findings substantiate a role in which tobramycin, bismuth, and alginate lyase play in eradicating mucoid P. aeruginosa growth and modulate alginate levels.
Mental representations of familiar faces
Authors: Burton A. Mike , Jenkins Rob , Schweinberger Stefan R.
Published: June 2011

The Bruce and Young (1986) framework makes a number of important distinctions between the types of representation needed to recognize a familiar face. Here, we return to these, focussing particularly on face recognition units. We argue that such representations need to incorporate idiosyncratic within‐person variability, asking questions such as ‘What counts as a picture of Harrison Ford?’. We describe a mechanism for achieving this, and discuss the relation between image variability and episodic face memories, in the context of behavioural and neurophysiological data.
Where will the triangle look for it? Attributing false beliefs to a geometric shape at 17 months
Authors: Surian Luca , Geraci Alessandra
Published: June 2011

Prior research on implicit mind‐reading skills has focussed on how infants anticipate other persons’ actions. This study investigated whether 11‐ and 17‐month‐olds spontaneously attribute false beliefs (FB) even to a simple animated geometric shape. Infants were shown a triangle chasing a disk through a tunnel. Using an eye‐tracker, we found that 17‐month‐olds in a change‐of‐location true belief (TB) task anticipated that the triangle would search for the disk in the correct place while in a FB test they anticipated that it would search for it in the wrong, belief congruent place. These results suggest that 17‐month‐olds’ psychological‐reasoning system is applied to the actions of unfamiliar agents and it is employed to anticipate agents’ actions even in the absence of any morphological features that are typical of natural agents. These findings provide support for theoretical accounts that emphasize continuity in the development of theory of mind core concepts and belief reasoning skills.
Thermodynamic Effect on Subsynchronous Rotating Cavitation and Surge Mode Oscillation in a Space Inducer
Authors: Yoshida Yoshiki , Nanri Hideaki , Kikuta Kengo , Kazami Yusuke , Iga Yuka , Ikohagi Toshiaki
Published: June 2011

The relationship between the thermodynamic effect and subsynchronous rotating cavitation was investigated with a focus on cavity fluctuations. Experiments on a three-bladed inducer were conducted with liquid nitrogen at different temperatures (74, 78, and 83 K) to confirm the dependence of the thermodynamic effects. Subsynchronous rotating cavitation appeared at lower cavitation numbers in liquid nitrogen at 74 K, the same as in cold water. In contrast, in liquid nitrogen at 83 K the occurrence of subsynchronous rotating cavitation was suppressed because of the increase of the thermodynamic effect due to the rising temperature. Furthermore, unevenness of cavity length under synchronous rotating cavitation at 83 K was also decreased by the thermodynamic effect. However, surge mode oscillation occurred simultaneously under this weakened synchronous rotating cavitation. Cavity lengths on the blades oscillated with the same phase and maintained the uneven cavity pattern. It was inferred that the thermodynamic effect weakened peripheral cavitation instability, i.e., synchronous rotating cavitation, and thus axial cavitation instability, i.e., surge mode oscillation, was easily induced due to the synchronization of the cavity fluctuation with an acoustic resonance in the present experimental inlet-pipe system.
Numerical Investigation of Guide-Plate Induced Pressure Fluctuations on Guide Vanes of Three Gorges Turbines
Authors: Chen Ting , Li S. C.
Published: June 2011

A new type of cavitation triggered by boundary-layer turbulence-production has been identified from the turbines of the Three Gorges Power Station. Our previous studies point out that the addition of the ‘guide-plate’ is responsible for the increase of the turbulence level (in particular the low-frequency mode) in the free-stream which in turn promotes the boundary-layer transition through receptivity mechanism. A new vortex structure identified from our numerical studies is revealed in this paper. It explains well how the free-stream turbulence is influenced by this new vortex structure which is created by the addition of this ‘guide-plate’. These results support one of the claims in the hypothesis proposed in our previous studies. The other claims in the hypothesis about the triggering mechanism of this type of cavitation in the boundary-layer are being verified through our on-going (numerical and experimental) studies. The numerical studies reported here are performed by using CFD simulations of the entire flow passage of the prototype turbine.
Analytic Solution for the Magnetohydrodynamic Rotating Flow of Jeffrey Fluid in a Channel
Authors: Hayat T. , Awais M. , Asghar S. , Hendi Awatif A.
Published: June 2011

In this work, the homotopy analysis method is applied to enable discussion of the three-dimensional shrinking flow of Jeffrey fluid in a rotating system. The fluid is electrically conducting in the presence of a uniform applied magnetic field, and the induced magnetic field is neglected. The similarity transformations reduce the nonlinear partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations. The convergence of the obtained solutions is checked. Graphs are plotted and discussed for various parameters of interest.
Inhibition of Transplantation Tolerance by Immune Senescence Is Reversed by Endocrine Modulation
Authors: Zhao Gaoping , Moore Daniel J. , Kim James I. , Lee Kang Mi , O’Connor Matthew R. , Duff Patrick E. , Yang Maozhu , Lei Ji , Markmann James F. , Deng Shaoping
Published: June 2011

Immune senescence causes resistance to transplantation tolerance that can be functionally restored by targeting sex steroid production.
Deep Sequencing of Patient Genomes for Disease Diagnosis: When Will It Become Routine?
Authors: Kingsmore Stephen F. , Saunders Carol J.
Published: June 2011

Deep sequencing of an individual patient's genome may become a common practice for precise clinical diagnosis.
Inheriting Disease Severity
Authors: Niewold Timothy B.
Published: June 2011

Genome-wide association study identified genetic loci linked to increased disease severity in cystic fibrosis.
Leave No Stone Unturned
Authors: Tridandapani Srini
Published: June 2011

Noninvasive imaging and characterization of kidney stones using computed tomography might lead to improved treatment.
Novel intracranial brain cooling catheter to mitigate brain injuries
Authors: Moomiaie Remo M , Gould Graham , Solomon Daniel , Simmons John , Kim Jung , Botta Donald , Elefteriades John A
Published: June 2011

Background

The neuroprotective effects of cooling the spinal cord in a sheep model by a self-contained intrathecal catheter was reported recently by the authors. The present study was designed to determine if cooling catheters in the lateral ventricles of the brain can effectively cool the CSF and thereby reduce brain temperature while maintaining systemic normothermia.

Methods

The cooling catheter is a self-contained system that circulates a cold fluid and cools the CSF that circulates in the brain. The CSF in turn cools the surrounding brain by conduction. Burr holes were made in the skull and the catheter was placed into the lateral ventricles using the standard method for placement of ventriculostomy catheters. To monitor the cooling effect, four temperature probes were placed in the brain (left and right hemispheres of the brain in anterior and posterior locations to the ventricles).

Results

Five experiments were successfully completed. The mean brain temperature for all sheep decreased to 34.5°C (mean) during the 3 h cooling period (9.7% reduction from baseline brain temperature of 38.2°C). Cooling fluid was circulated through the catheter at a rate of 50 ml/min. The lowest achieved brain temperature during cooling was 26.7°C. When cooling was stopped, the brain temperature readings equilibrated with the core temperature promptly. Post mortem examination of the brains showed no morphologic changes under gross or histologic examinations.

Conclusion

Localized cooling of the brain to moderate hypothermic levels while maintaining relative systemic normothermia was demonstrated in an animal model with intraventricular cooling catheters.
Prevalence of asymptomatic syringomyelia in Cavalier King Charles spaniels
Authors: Parker J. E. , Knowler S. P. , Rusbridge C. , Noorman E. , Jeffery N. D.
Published: June 2011

The prevalence of syringomyelia was investigated in a sample population of 555 Cavalier King Charles spaniels. All dogs, which were declared by their owners to be showing no clinical signs of syringomyelia, underwent MRI to determine the presence or absence of the condition. Data were analysed by logistic regression to determine the effects of sex and age on the prevalence of syringomyelia. Only increased age was found to have a significant effect. The prevalence of syringomyelia was 25 per cent in dogs aged 12 months, increasing to a peak of 70 per cent in dogs aged 72 months or more.
REGULARITY OF BOUND STATES
Authors: FAUPIN JEREMY , MØLLER JACOB SCHACH , SKIBSTED ERIK
Published: June 2011

We study regularity of bound states pertaining to embedded eigenvalues of a self-adjoint operator H, with respect to an auxiliary operator A that is conjugate to H in the sense of Mourre. We work within the framework of singular Mourre theory which enables us to deal with confined massless Pauli–Fierz models, our primary example, and many-body AC-Stark Hamiltonians. In the simpler context of regular Mourre theory, our results boil down to an improvement of results obtained recently in [8, 9].
DYNAMICAL BACKREACTION IN ROBERTSON–WALKER SPACETIME
Authors: ELTZNER BENJAMIN , GOTTSCHALK HANNO
Published: June 2011

The treatment of a quantized field in a curved spacetime requires the study of backreaction of the field on the spacetime via the semiclassical Einstein equation. We consider a free scalar field in spatially flat Robertson–Walker spacetime. We require the state of the field to allow for a renormalized semiclassical stress tensor. We calculate the singularities of the stress tensor restricted to equal times in agreement with the usual renormalization prescription for Hadamard states to perform an explicit renormalization. The dynamical system for the Robertson–Walker scale parameter a(t) coupled to the scalar field is finally derived for the case of conformal and also general coupling.
RECURRENCE QUANTIFICATION ANALYSIS IN WATERSHED ECOSYSTEM RESEARCH
Authors: LANGE HOLGER
Published: June 2011

In ecosystem research, data-driven approaches to modeling are of major importance. Models are more often than not shaped by the spatiotemporal structure of the observations: an inverse modeling approach prevails. Here, I investigate the insights obtained from Recurrence Quantification Analysis of observed ecosystem time series. As a typical example of available long-term monitoring data, I choose time series from hydrology and hydrochemistry. Besides providing insights into the nonstationary and nonlinear dynamics of these variables, RQA also enables a detailed and temporally local model-data comparison.
ANALYSIS OF INTRINSICALLY DISORDERED REGIONS IN PROTEINS USING RECURRENCE QUANTIFICATION ANALYSIS
Authors: KULKARNI ABHIJIT , KARNIK SHREYAS , ANGADI SAVITA
Published: June 2011

Identification of disordered regions in protein sequence(s) is a very important problem and a long standing puzzle to biologists. In many proteins, these structural disorders (an outcome of improper protein folding) inside an otherwise ordered structure exhibit many important biological functions. Classical approaches to identify these regions in a sequence rely mainly on the pattern recognition algorithms where amino acid residues are classified as ordered or disordered. In this work, we employ recurrence quantification analysis based approach to understand the complex dynamics underlying these regions. We hypothesize and demonstrate that proteins with disordered regions show a strong evidence of the order-chaos-order transition pattern by using windowed recurrence quantification analysis on a database of 476 proteins available from .
GENERATION OF GENUINE FIVE-QUBIT ENTANGLED STATES IN ION TRAP AND CAVITY QED
Authors: LIN XIU , SU WAN-JUN
Published: June 2011

Recently, a genuine five-qubit entangled state [Formula: see text] has been proposed by Man et al. In this paper, we present a simple scheme for generating such a state in ion trap and cavity QED, respectively. This study offers a new approach to faithful controlled teleportation of an arbitrary two-qubit state in these two systems.
ENERGY DISSIPATION IN A HOUTAPPEL–ISING QUANTUM INFORMATION PROCESSOR WITH HIERARCHICAL NOISE
Authors: ÁVILA M. , MARTÍNEZ M. , MONROY F. , BARRAGÁN A.
Published: June 2011

By assuming a hierarchical interaction with the environments within the Houtappel approximation, decoherence effects on a Quantum Information System (QIS) are studied. In order to avoid a harmful "always on" effect it is assumed that such interaction happens in a single one step. As a result the decoherence times are quantized and inversely proportional to the strength of the couplings of the QIS with the environment. The decoherence is manifested as a liberated heat by the QIS. By Landauer's principle this effect erases the information. Our theoretical results are applied to three different Nuclear Magnetic Resonance systems. Bounds to the probability of erasing the information are imposed for these systems.
ANALYSIS OF THIN-WALLED BEAMS VIA A ONE-DIMENSIONAL UNIFIED FORMULATION THROUGH A NAVIER-TYPE SOLUTION
Authors: GIUNTA G. , BISCANI F. , BELOUETTAR S. , CARRERA E.
Published: June 2011

A unifying approach to formulate several axiomatic theories for beam structures is addressed in this paper. A N-order polynomials approximation is assumed on the beam cross-section for the displacement unknown variables, N being a free parameter of the formulation. Classical beam theories, such as Euler–Bernoulli's and Timoshenko's, are obtained as particular cases. According to the proposed unified formulation, the governing differential equations and the boundary conditions are derived in terms of a fundamental nucleo that does not depend upon the approximation order. The linear static analysis of thin-walled beams is carried out through a closed form, Navier-type solution. Simply supported beams are, therefore, presented. Box, C- and I-shaped cross-sections are accounted for. Slender and deep beams are investigated. Bending and torsional loadings are considered. Results are assessed toward three-dimensional finite element solutions. The numerical investigation has shown that the proposed unified formulation yields the complete three-dimensional displacement and stress fields for each cross-section as long as the appropriate approximation order is considered. The accuracy of the solution depends upon the geometrical parameters of the beam and the loading conditions.
DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF ACTIVE MAGNETIC BEARINGS IN PRESENCE OF ANGULAR MISALIGNMENT DEFECT
Authors: MESSAOUD N. B. , BOUAZIZ S. , FAKHFAKH T. , MAATAR M. , HADDAR M.
Published: June 2011

Active magnetic bearings (AMBs) is a device using controlled electromagnetic forces to support a shaft without mechanical contact. One of the primary techniques of condition monitoring of rotors is that of vibration control. Rotating machinery is facing some problems caused by shaft misalignment. This defect leads to a premature failure of the shaft, the coupling and the bearing because of the important vibrations and overloads generated. In this paper, the nonlinear dynamic behavior of a shaft supported by two identical AMBs with eight-pole legs is investigated in the presence of an angular misalignment defect. Thus, the electromagnetic forces, acting on the bearing in horizontal and vertical directions are computed. They are modeled by stiffness and damping matrices. The effects of air gap distance between the stator and the shaft, as well as rotor speed level on the electromagnetic forces are presented. To survey the vibratory response of a misaligned rotor, a numerical simulation of a theoretical model with an angular misalignment defect is studied. All results are presented and discussed in this work.
Petrology and geochemistry of the Andaman ophiolite: melt–rock interaction in a suprasubduction-zone setting
Authors: Pal Tapan
Published: June 2011

The Andaman ophiolite occurs as thrust slices in the outer arc of the Andaman–Java subduction zone. This ophiolite preserves the mantle sequence, layered ultramafic–mafic rocks, intrusive and extrusive rocks. The mantle sequence is represented by serpentinized lherzolite and harzburgite, hosting dunite and chromitite pods. The low Cr-number (0.2–0.4), Cr-number–TiO
2
relation of the chromites, oxygen fugacity (
f
O
2
) values (
Δ
log
f
O
2
(FMQ) = −1.90) and trace elements of mantle peridotites indicate a mid-ocean ridge basalt–suprasubduction-zone (MORB–SSZ) setting. The MORB mantle underwent a low degree of melting (
c
. 10–15%) and interacted with the subduction-zone melts. Melt–rock interaction of the peridotites in a suprasubduction zone is demonstrated by the replacement of pyroxene grains by olivine grains (Fo
90
), composition of chromites and oxygen fugacity (
Δ
log
f
O
2
(FMQ) = –1.90 to +2.16, where FMQ is the fayalite–magnetite–quartz buffer). The chromite composition of chromitite pods (Cr-number 0.72–0.75),
f
O
2
levels and trace elements for layered peridotites, and occurrence of the extrusive rocks as low-Ca boninite and island arc tholeiitic (IAT) basalt indicate interplay of both boninite and IAT melts for the Andaman ophiolite. The MORB mantle of the subducting Indian plate accreted into the mantle wedge and then melting of the accreted mantle produced boninite melt at the first stage and tholeiitic melts at the second stage.

Supplementary material:

Sample co-ordinates from the Andaman ophiolite, mineral analysis data for all the samples, modal compositions of the units of the Andaman ophiolite and details of the laboratory analyses including details of the standard are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18459
.
The lithospheric mantle and lower crust–mantle relationships under Scotland: a xenolithic perspective
Authors: Upton B.G.J. , Downes H. , Kirstein L.A. , Bonadiman C. , Hill P.G. , Ntaflos T.
Published: June 2011

In the British Isles the majority of volcanic rocks containing upper mantle and lower crustal xenoliths occur in Scotland. Most of the occurrences are of Carboniferous–Permian age. This paper presents new data on the mineral chemistry of spinel lherzolite xenoliths from the five principal Scottish tectonic terranes. Compositional variations among the minerals emphasize the broad lateral heterogeneity of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle across the region. The remarkable range of Al
2
O
3
v. CaO exhibited by the clinopyroxenes compared with data from other ‘xenolith provinces' emphasizes the extremely complex tectonomagmatic history of the Scottish lithosphere. The generalized age increase from southern and central Scotland to the Northern Highland and Hebridean terranes of the north and NW, with concomitant complexity of geological history, is reflected also by trace element and isotopic studies. Reaction relationships in lherzolites from the Hebridean Terrane, owing to pervasive metasomatism, involve secondary growth of sodic feldspar. This, and light REE enrichment of clinopyroxenes, points to involvement of a natro-carbonatitic melt. Most pyroxenitic xenoliths are inferred to form a basal crustal layer with a generally sharp discontinuity above the underlying (dominantly lherzolitic) mantle. A second discontinuity is inferred to separate these ultramafic cumulates from overlying, broadly cognate metagabbroic cumulates.
A high-precision U–Pb age constraint on the Rhynie Chert Konservat-Lagerstätte: time scale and other implications
Authors: Parry S.F. , Noble S.R. , Crowley Q.G. , Wellman C.H.
Published: June 2011

An isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry U–Pb zircon age of 411.5 ± 1.3 Ma obtained from an andesitic lava occurring within the Lower Devonian Rhynie Outlier (Aberdeenshire, NE Scotland) effectively dates the Rhynie Chert Konservat-Lagerstätte. Biostratigraphical constraints on the Rhynie Chert-bearing succession indicate that this age lies within the interval early (but not earliest) Pragian–(?)earliest Emsian. Accordingly, the Pragian–Emsian boundary must post-date or closely approximate to 411.5 ± 1.3 Ma, while the Lochkovian–Pragian boundary must predate 411.5 ± 1.3 Ma. Integration of this new high-precision age with an improved temporal framework for late Caledonian intrusive activity in NE Scotland suggests that the Rhynie hot-spring system (the ‘parental' hydrothermal system to the Rhynie cherts) was unrelated to any ‘Newer Granite' intrusion. Rhynie was instead powered by a basaltic andesite magma whose generation and ascent were directly linked to the transcurrent fault movements responsible for the formation of the Rhynie basin.

Supplementary material:

Details of analytical techniques (ID-TIMS U–Pb geochronology) and photomicrographs of zircon and titanite grains recovered from the Milton of Noth Andesite are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18463
.
Thermochronology, erosion surfaces and missing section in West Greenland
Authors: Green Paul F. , Japsen Peter , Chalmers James A. , Bonow Johan M.
Published: June 2011

In central West Greenland, Palaeogene volcanic sequences deposited during post-rift subsidence are exposed in mountains reaching 2 km above sea level (a.s.l.), with Palaeocene marine deposits within this section at elevations up to 1.2 km a.s.l. This clearly shows that present-day elevated topography of the West Greenland margin is not a remnant of the rifting process but developed later. Integrating such geological constraints with landscape analysis and thermochronological data shows that mountain summits in central West Greenland represent an Oligocene–Miocene peneplain, which is the counterpart of a correlative unconformity offshore separating Eocene from Middle Miocene sedimentary units. Onshore the peneplain has been exhumed, uplifted to its present altitude and progressively dissected since the Late Miocene. Redfield (
Journal of the Geological Society, London
,
167
, 261–271, 2010) questioned numerous aspects of this interpretation, suggesting that ‘the AFT model-based hypothesis that [the elevated topography of West Greenland] was constructed in purely Neogene time remains an unproven speculation'. But as we illustrate here, evidence for Neogene uplift is provided by landscape analysis and geological evidence, as well as thermochronology, and integration of these independent lines of investigation provides a consistent synthesis that we regard as highly reliable. The resulting history of episodic burial and exhumation cannot be simply dismissed, and poses a major challenge to accepted tectonic and geomorphological models for the development of rifted continental margins: how do mountains form along passive continental margins millions of years after rifting and breakup?
Unpredictable elbow joint perturbation during reaching results in multijoint motor equivalence
Authors: Mattos D. J. S. , Latash M. L. , Park E. , Kuhl J. , Scholz J. P.
Published: June 2011

Motor equivalence expresses the idea that movement components reorganize in the face of perturbations to preserve the value of important performance variables, such as the hand's position in reaching. A formal method is introduced to evaluate this concept quantitatively: changes in joint configuration due to unpredictable elbow perturbation lead to a smaller change in performance variables than expected given the magnitude of joint configuration change. This study investigated whether motor equivalence was present during the entire movement trajectory and how magnitude of motor equivalence was affected by constraints imposed by two different target types. Subjects pointed to spherical and cylindrical targets both with and without an elbow joint perturbation produced by a low- or high-stiffness elastic band. Subjects' view of their arm was blocked in the initial position, and the perturbation condition was randomized to avoid prediction of the perturbation or its magnitude. A modification of the uncontrolled manifold method variance analysis was used to investigate how changes in joint configuration on perturbed vs. nonperturbed trials (joint deviation vector) affected the hand's position or orientation. Evidence for motor equivalence induced by the perturbation was present from the reach onset and increased with the strength of the perturbation after 40% of the reach, becoming more prominent as the reach progressed. Hand orientation was stabilized more strongly by motor equivalent changes in joint configuration than was three-dimensional position regardless of the target condition. Results are consistent with a recent model of neural control that allows for flexible patterns of joint coordination while resisting joint configuration deviations in directions that affect salient performance variables. The observations also fit a general scheme of synergic control with referent configurations defined across different levels of the motor hierarchy.
Cytotoxic Activity of Crude Extracts as well as of Pure Components from Jatropha Species, Plants Used Extensively in African Traditional Medicine
Authors: Aiyelaagbe Olapeju O. , Hamid Amao A. , Fattorusso Ernesto , Taglialatela-Scafati Orazio , Schröder Heinz C. , Müller Werner E. G.
Published: June 2011

Extracts from Jatropha curcas, a plant used in African traditional medicine for various diseases, were tested for cytotoxic activity. The root extracts strongly reduced cell growth of tumor cells in vitro, a result consistent with the knowledge of the application of these plant extracts in traditional medicine, especially to cure/ameliorate cancer. A selection of pure diterpenoids existing in extracts from Jatropha species and isolated from J. curcas, for example, curcusone C, curcusone D, multidione, 15‐epi‐4Z‐jatrogrossidentadion, 4Z‐jatrogrossidentadion, 4E‐jatrogrossidentadion, 2‐hydroxyisojatrogrossidion, and 2‐epi‐hydroxyisojatrogrossidion, were likewise tested, and they also showed strong cytotoxic activity. It turned out that these extracts are highly active against L5178y mouse lymphoma cells and HeLa human cervix carcinoma cells, while they cause none or only very low activity against neuronal cell, for example, PC12. These data underscore that extracts from J. curcas or pure secondary metabolites from the plant are promising candidates to be anticancer drug, combined with low neuroactive effects.
Characteristic Features of Precipitation Extremes over India in the Warming Scenarios
Authors: Revadekar J. V. , Patwardhan S. K. , Rupa Kumar K.
Published: June 2011

The detection of possible changes in extreme climate events, in terms of the frequency, intensity as well as duration assumes profound importance on the local, regional, and national scales, due to the associated critical socioeconomic consequences. Therefore, an attempt is made in this paper to evaluate various aspects of future projections of precipitation extremes over India, as projected by a state-of-art regional climate modeling system, known as PRECIS (Providing REgional Climates for Impacts Studies) towards the end of the 21st century (that is, 2071–2100) using standardized indices. Study reveals that PRECIS simulations under scenarios of increasing greenhouse gas concentration and sulphate aerosols indicate marked increase in precipitation towards the end of the 21st century and is expected to increase throughout the year. However the changes in daily precipitation and the precipitation extremes during summer monsoon (June through September) season are prominent than during the rest of year. PRECIS simulations under both A2 and B2 scenarios indicate increase in frequency of heavy precipitation events and also enhancement in their intensity towards the end of the 21st century. Both A2 and B2 scenarios show similar patterns of projected changes in the precipitation extremes towards the end of the 21st century. However, the magnitudes of changes in B2 scenario are on the lower side.
Development of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Nonobese Diabetic Mice Follows Changes in Thymocyte and Peripheral T Lymphocyte Transcriptional Activity
Authors: Fornari Thais A. , Donate Paula B. , Macedo Claudia , Sakamoto-Hojo Elza T. , Donadi Eduardo A. , Passos Geraldo A.
Published: June 2011

As early as one month of age, nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice feature pancreatic infiltration of autoreactive T lymphocytes, which destruct insulin-producing beta cells, producing autoimmune diabetes mellitus (T1D) within eight months. Thus, we hypothesized that during the development of T1D, the transcriptional modulation of immune reactivity genes may occur as thymocytes mature into peripheral T lymphocytes. The transcriptome of thymocytes and peripheral CD3+T lymphocytes from prediabetic or diabetic mice analyzed through microarray hybridizations identified 2,771 differentially expressed genes. Hierarchical clustering grouped mice according to age/T1D onset and genes according to their transcription profiling. The transcriptional activity of thymocytes developing into peripheral T lymphocytes revealed sequential participation of genes involved with CD4+/CD8+T-cell differentiation (Themis), tolerance induction by Tregs (Foxp3), and apoptosis (Fasl) soon after T-cell activation (IL4), while the emergence of T1D coincided with the expression of cytotoxicity (Crtam) and inflammatory response genes (Tlr) by peripheral T lymphocytes.
A Regimen of Taxol, Ifosfamide, and Platinum for Recurrent Advanced Squamous Cell Cancer of the Anal Canal
Authors: Golub Diana V. , Civelek A. Cahid , Sharma Vivek R.
Published: June 2011

The typically recommended chemotherapy options in metastatic anal cancer generally yield partial remissions with limited benefit for the majority of patients. TIP is a regimen containing paclitaxel (Taxol), ifosfamide, and cisplatin that is known to have significant activity in patients with squamous cell cancers of the head and neck as well as in cervical cancer, both of which are malignancies strongly associated with oncogenic strains of human papilloma virus (HPV). Interestingly, squamous cell cancer of the anal canal shares an almost identical pathophysiology including causal association with HPV. Due to this, we chose to use the TIP regimen to treat patients with advanced anal cancer at our institution and report our findings on three such consecutive patients. All the patients tolerated the regimen well with manageable side effects and had excellent responses with complete resolution of PET activity after treatment. Our observations suggest that TIP is highly active for squamous cell cancer of the anal canal and warrants further study in the treatment of this disease.
Modified Predictor‐Corrector WAF Method for the Shallow Water Equations with Source Terms
Authors: Maleewong Montri
Published: June 2011

A modified
predictor‐corrector scheme combining with the
depth gradient method
(DGM) and the weighted average flux (WAF) method has been
presented to solve the one‐dimensional shallow water equations
with source terms. Approximate solutions in the predictor step are
obtained by the DGM with piecewise‐linear reconstructions in each
cell volume. The source terms can then be calculated directly by
these predicted values at the corresponding half‐time step. In the
corrector step, the TVD version of the WAF method is applied to
calculate the numerical fluxes at the same half‐time step for each
cell face. The accuracy of numerical solutions is shown by
applying the method to solve various test cases in both steady and
unsteady problems with and without source terms. It
shows that the numerical results are in good agreement with the
existing analytical solutions as well as experimental data in some
test cases.
Insulin Receptor Substrate 2 Expression and Involvement in Neuronal Insulin Resistance in Diabetic Neuropathy
Authors: Grote C. W. , Morris J. K. , Ryals J. M. , Geiger P. C. , Wright D. E.
Published: June 2011

Insulin signaling depends on tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates (IRSs) to mediate downstream effects; however, elevated serine phosphorylation of IRS impairs insulin signaling. Here, we investigated IRS protein expression patterns in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of mice and whether their signaling was affected by diabetes. Both IRS1 and IRS2 are expressed in DRG; however, IRS2 appears to be the prevalent isoform and is expressed by many DRG neuronal subtypes. Phosphorylation of Ser(731)IRS2 was significantly elevated in DRG neurons from type 1 and type 2 diabetic mice. Additionally, Akt activation and neurite outgrowth in response to insulin were significantly decreased in DRG cultures from diabeticob/obmice. These results suggest that DRG neurons express IRS proteins that are altered by diabetes similar to other peripheral tissues, and insulin signaling downstream of the insulin receptor may be impaired in sensory neurons and contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy.
Treatment Pulse Application for Magnetic Stimulation
Authors: Choi Sun-Seob , Kim Whi-Young
Published: June 2011

Treatment and diagnosis can be made in difficult areas simply by changing the output pulse form of the magnetic stimulation device. However, there is a limitation in the range of treatments and diagnoses of a conventional sinusoidal stimulation treatment pulse because the intensity, width, and form of the pulse must be changed according to the lesion type. This paper reports a multidischarge method, where the stimulation coils were driven in sequence via multiple switching control. The limitation of the existing simple sinusoidal pulse form could be overcome by changing the intensity, width, and form of the pulse. In this study, a new sequential discharge method was proposed to freely alter the pulse width. The output characteristics of the stimulation treatment pulse were examined according to the trigger signal delay applied to the switch at each stage by applying a range of superposition pulses to the magnetic simulation device, which is widely used in industry and medicine.