bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Morphologic Effects of Vincristine Sulfate on Canine Bone Marrow Cells
Authors: Alleman A.R. , Harvey J.W.
Published: February 2009

This study documents the morphologic changes observed in the bone marrow aspirate biopsies from dogs 6 and 24 hours after receiving a single therapeutic dose (0.025 mg/kg) of vincristine sulfate (Oncovin: Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Ind.) intravenously. The most striking cytologic changes were observed in the erythroid cell line. Abnormalities included increased numbers of mitotic figures, abnormal nuclear configurations, and fragmented nuclei. Erythroid cells in metaphase were prominent in marrow samples collected 6 hours post‐vincristine, accounting for a mean of 27% of all erythroid precursors. Fragmented nuclei and atypical nuclear configurations were seen in low numbers (mean = 7%) of erythroid cells from these animals. In contrast, marrow collected from dogs 24 hours post‐vincristine exhibited low numbers (mean = 1%) of erythroid cells in metaphase, but erythroid cells with atypical nuclear configurations and fragmented nuclei accounted for a mean of 41 % of the erythroid cells present.

Less dramatic increases in the number of mitotic non‐erythroid cells were seen 6 hours post‐vincristine (mean = 5% of non‐erythroid cells) and 24 hours post‐vincristine (mean = 1% of non‐erythroid cells). Only rare nuclear fragmentation was observed in these cell lines. Significant alterations in megakaryocytes and myeloid to erythroid (M:E) ratios were not observed in samples taken 6 hours post‐vincristine; however, M:E ratios were considerably higher in three of the four samples taken from dogs 24 hours post‐vincristine. Similar time‐related changes were observed in four clinical cases in which bone marrow aspirates were performed after vincristine administration.
Bronchoalveolar Lavage In Ponies With Heaves During Disease Remission
Authors: Thomas Jennifer S. , Tobey Jean C. , Gray Peter R.
Published: February 2009

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was collected from control ponies and from affected ponies with heaves which were in clinical remission. Significant differences were not detected between the two groups in total nucleated cell count or relative percentages (relative cell counts) of small lymphocytes, large mononuclear cells, eosinophils, or mast cells. The mean relative neutrophil count of BAL fluid from the affected group was statistically greater than that of controls; however, the difference between the two groups was not sufficient to be of diagnostic significance.
Factor X Deficiency in a Jack Russell Terrier
Authors: Cook Audrey K. , Werner Linda L. , O'Neill Sharron L. , Brooks Marjory , Feldman Bernard F.
Published: February 2009

Deficiency in factor X (Stuart‐Prower factor) was identified in a 7‐month‐old spayed female Jack Russell Terrier following recurrent bleeding episodes. Various relatives were screened for factor X deficiency and low and subnormal levels were identified in the father and paternal grandmother, respectively. Factor X deficiency has been previously documented in a family of American Cocker Spaniels, in which the inheritance pattern appeared to be an autosomal dominant trait with variable expression. This is the first report describing this coagulopathy in the Jack Russell Terrier.
Hematologic Responses in Llamas With Experimentally‐Induced Iron Deficiency Anemia
Authors: Morin Dawn E. , Garry Franklyn B. , Weiser M. Glade
Published: February 2009

Hematologic abnormalities consistent with iron deficiency anemia were experimentally induced in two healthy ***Ilamas by repeated phlebotomy. Hematologic abnormalities included erythrocyte microcytosis and hypochromia, decreased hemoglobin concentration, hypoferremia, and decreased transferrin saturation. Erythrocyte volume distribution histograms were more sensitive than mean corpuscular volume values for detection of microcytosis. Hypochrormia, which was often eccentric, was morphologically observed on Wright‐Giemsa‐stained blood films. Frequent folded erythrocytes and dacryocytes were also noted on the blood films. Hematologic abnormalities resolved rapidly after cessation of blood removal, without parenteral iron supplementation.
Aplastic Anemia Associated With Prolonged High‐Dose Trimethoprim‐Sulfadiazine Administration in Two Dogs
Authors: Fox Leslie E. , Ford Susan , Alleman Arthur R. , Harvey John W. , Homer Bruce L.
Published: February 2009

Trimethoprim‐sulfadiazine (TMP‐SDZ) (Tribressin tablets 120‐100 mg sulfadiazine, 20‐mg trimethoprim [Coopers Animal Health, Inc., A Pitman‐Moore Company, Mundelein, III.]) is a broad spectrum antibiotic combination effective in the treatment of bacterial pneumonia, urinary tract infections, pyoderma, meningitis, and prostatitis.1In clinical trials in puppies and adult dogs, TMP‐SDZ was considered safe at both the manufacturer's recommended dose (15 mg/kg, b.i.d., or 30 mg/kg, u.i.d., per os for < 14 days2) and at 10 times that dose for 20 days.3Many infections, however, require prolonged high‐dose therapy for resolution. The following study describes two cases of aplastic anemia and sepsis associated with intermittent, chronic (17–25 days), high‐dose (25–30 mg/kg, b.i.d., per os) TMP‐SDZ therapy recommended for the treatment of pyoderma.4–7
Quantitative Evaluation of Irregularly Spiculated Red Blood Cells in the Dog
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , Kristensen Annemarie , Papenfuss Nancy
Published: February 2009

Irregularly spiculated red blood cells (IS‐RBC) were quantified on fresh blood fixed in glutaraldehyde and were compared to RBC shape changes observed on Wright's‐stained blood smears, RBC histograms, and RBC distribution widths (RDW). IS‐RBC were infrequently found in healthy control dogs. Twenty dogs with increased IS‐RBC were evaluated. The most common clinical diagnoses were lymphosarcoma (seven cases), glomerulonephritis (two cases), hemangiosarcoma (two cases), and chronic liver disease (two cases). Five cases had evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. In 12 of the 20 cases, keratocytes, schizocytes, and/or acanthocytes were detected in the monolayer area of blood smears. In the other seven cases, keratocytes, schizocytes, and/or acanthocytes were found only in thick areas of the smears. Acanthocytes were the most frequent cell type seen, while schizocytes were absent or present only in low numbers. RBC histograms had a shoulder on the left side of the tracing in six of the 20 cases, suggesting the presence of RBC fragments; however, cases with evidence of platelet aggregation had similar shoulders in RBC histograms. Red cell distribution widths were increased in 12 of the 20 cases with IS‐RBC; however, the increase in RDW did not correlate with the presence of schizocytes and was most likely the result of reticulocytosis. This study suggests that quantitative evaluation of RBC shape is a more sensitive method for detection of mild RBC fragmentation when compared to blood smear evaluation, RBC histograms, or RDW. Additionally, acanthocyte‐type cells were the most frequent shape change seen in dogs with evidence of RBC fragmentation.
Large Granular Lymphocyte Leukemia in a Horse
Authors: Kramer John , Tornquist Susan , Erfle John , Sloeojan Gerald
Published: February 2009

Large granular lymphocytes (LGL) occur as a leukemic or aleukemic neoplasia in humans,1 rats,2 cats,3,4 dogs,5 and horses.6 The single case of equine LGL previously reported was aleukemic.5 In contrast to this previous report of aleukemic equine LGL neoplasia, the leukemia in the case presented here established the antemortem diagnosis of LGL.
Stability of Sorbitol Dehydrogenase Activity in Bovine and Equine Sera
Authors: Horney Barbara S. , Honor David J. , MacKenzie Allan , Burton Shelley
Published: February 2009

Serum sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) activities in 10 cows and nine horses were measured using an automated clinical analyzer. The serum samples were divided into aliquots that were stored at room temperature (21°C), refrigerated (0–5°C), or frozen (‐30°C). The stability of the SDH activity was monitored at various intervals. SDH activity in bovine sera remained stable for at least 5 hours at room temperature, 24 hours refrigerated, and 72 hours frozen without any significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences from the initial serum values. In equine sera, SDH activity remained stable for at least 5 hours at room temperature and 48 hours frozen. The activity of the refrigerated equine sera was stable for at least 5 hours but less than 24 hours. An evaluation of fresh bovine serum and heparinized plasma samples indicated that there was no significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between the two sampling methods and that either may be employed for automated measurement of SDH activity following the established protocol. Sample type comparison indicated that there was a small but statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) difference between the results obtained comparing fresh serum and heparinized plasma samples for the horse. A reference range for Holstein cows was established using sera from 71 clinically healthy cattle (mean ± 2 SD = 32 ± 26 U/L).
The Effect of Dose and Concentration on D‐Xylose Absorption in Healthy, Immature Dogs
Authors: Nix Beverlee E. , Leib Michael S. , Zajac Anne , Zarakas Karen
Published: February 2009

Nine combinations of dosages and concentrations of D‐xylose were given orally to eight clinically normal, immature dogs. The concentrations and dosages of D‐xylose consisted of 5%, 10%, and 20% at 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 750 mg/kg. Serum samples were collected at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes. Serum xylose was quantitated using the phloroglucinol microassay technique. A peak in serum xylose concentration was seen for each treatment combination at 60 or 90 minutes after dosing. The dosage effect was important in influencing serum xylose values (P < 0.0001). As the test solution dosages increased from 250 mg/kg to 500 mg/kg and 750 mg/kg, serum xylose values (when dosage was analyzed over the length of the entire test) rose linearly (R2= 0.98). The treatment combinations of 5% and 20% xylose solutions dosed at 750 mg/kg produced the highest serum xylose values at the 60‐and 90‐minute peak intervals. The independent effect of concentration was significant (p < 0.001) but was overridden by the stronger dosage effect. Serum xylose concentrations varied little statistically (p > 0.05) when the 5%, 10%, and 20% solutions were compared at a specific dosage.
Quantification of Bone Alkaline Phosphatase in Canine Serum
Authors: Sanecki Robin K. , Hoffmann Walter E. , Hansen Richard , Schaeffer David J.
Published: February 2009

An assay was developed and proven accurate and precise for the quantification of canine serum alkaline phosphatase of bone origin (BAP). The assay uses wheat germ lectin (WGL) which selectively precipitates BAP but not liver alkaline phosphatase (LAP) in serum preincubated for 1 hour at 37°C before conducting the assay. Although a large percentage of corticosteroid‐induced alkaline phosphatase (CAP) is also precipitated by WGL, the activity of this isoenzyme can be determined by utilizing the automated levamisole inhibition assay and BAP determined by subtraction except in those cases in which CAP is very markedly increased. Use of these two assay techniques in combination allows the quantification of LAP, BAP, and CAP activity in canine serum.

In sera from adult dogs of various ages, BAP activity represents a mean of 21.27 ± 11.4 U/L; however, there was a statistical decrease in BAP activity with age. This allowed the determination of 95% confidence interval for a reference range dependent on age of the dog. Bone AP activity in puppies drops dramatically within the first 3 months, reaching a magnitude of activity consistent with that of the adult dog by approximately 15 months. BAP was increased over adult reference range in five of five dogs tested with osteosarcoma. This assay will now allow conducting a clinical study of the diagnostic significance of bone AP activity in neoplastic and metabolic diseases of bone.
Effects of Cadmium on Erythrocytic Parameters
Authors: Waner Trevor , Gur Ephraim
Published: February 2009

Cadmium was administered via the drinking water to rats at doses of 20 and 200 ppm for 5 weeks in order to elucidate cadmium's primary effect on the erythrocytic parameters. From the results, it appeared that the microcytic hypochromic anemia resulted from a direct effect on erythrocytic hemoglobin due to cadmium administration. It was proposed that the adverse effects on hemoglobin absorption and metabolism play a role in the development of the anemia observed.
Chylous Effusions Revisited
Authors: Meadows Richard L. , MacWilliams P.S.
Published: February 2009

Varying terms and criteria have been used in the veterinary literature to characterize milky opaque pleural effusions through the years. This article addresses ideas widely repeated in the veterinary and human literature upon which time, experience, diagnostic techniques, experimental data, and improved understanding of pathogenesis have cast doubt. Topics discussed include terminology, pathogenesis of chylous and pseudochylous effusions, criteria for differentiation of chylous from pseudochylous effusions, and clinicopathologic changes associated with drainage of chylous effusions.
Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictive Values of Reagent Test Strip Estimations of Blood Urea Nitrogen
Authors: Hill Donna , Correa María T. , Stevens Jerry B.
Published: February 2009

Azostix‐reagent‐test® strips (Ames, Miles, Inc., Diagnostic Division, Elkhart, IN) were used to measure blood urea nitrogen values in blood samples from 125 dogs and cats at the North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine. Results of the tests were compared with standard serum urea nitrogen results. Sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive values were high (86.4, 90.3, and 96.5%, respectively). Positive predictive value was low; 65.5% of the dogs and cats with elevated blood urea nitrogen values were correctly classified as abnormal. The test performs well when the prevalence of abnormal values is near 50%.
The Influence of Fasting on Blood Glucose, Triglycerides, Cholesterol, and Alkaline Phosphatase in Rats
Authors: Waner Trevor , Nyska Abraham
Published: February 2009

Serum concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and serum alkaline phosphatase activity were measured over different periods of time of food deprivation in male rats. Thirty percent of non‐fasted rat's sera was found to be lipemic. At 16 hours of fasting, glucose levels dropped by 30% compared to the level of the non‐fasting control group, and remained at a relatively constant level for up to 48 hours of fasting. Triglyceride concentrations decreased at 16 hours after fasting. Serum cholesterol levels were not changed at any of the fasting periods compared to the non‐fasted control group. Alkaline phosphatase activity was decreased at 8 hours of fasting, with further declines in activity of the serum enzyme seen at 16, 24, and 48 hours of fasting. It was concluded that at 16 to 18 hours fasting, a non‐absorptive state had been reached in male rats.
An in vitro Evaluation of Storage Media for the Preservation of Canine Packed Red Blood Cells
Authors: Wardrop K.J. , Young J. , Wilson E.
Published: February 2009

The effect of four different red blood cell storage media on in vitro parameters of stored canine red blood cells was studied. The storage media included citrate‐phosphate‐dextrose‐adenine (CPDA‐1), two additive solutions, and an additive solution modified by the addition of plasma. Biochemical and hematologic parameters, including red cell adenosine triphosphate (ATP); 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate (2,3‐DPG); pH; percent hemolysis; and supernatant sodium, potassium, and glucose were assessed immediately following preparation of the red cell concentrate and after 35 and 42 days of storage at 4d̀C. All parameters changed significantly (p < 0.05) during storage. Significant differences due to effect of the storage media were also seen at each time period. After 35 days and 42 days of storage, CPDA‐1 maintained the highest pH, potassium, and sodium values, and had the lowest 2,3‐DPG, ATP (p = 0.052), and glucose values. No differences were seen in hemolysis after 35 days of storage. No additional benefit was noted from the addition of plasma to the additive solution. The additive solutions compared favorably with CPDA‐1.
Cytology of Canine Malignant Histiocytosis
Authors: Brown Diane E. , Thrall Mary Anna , Getzy David M. , Weiser M. Glade , Ogilvie Gregory K.
Published: February 2009

Cytologic features of bone marrow, tissue, and abdominal fluid in seven cases of malignant histiocytosis in dogs are described, and histopathology, hematology, and serum biochemistry of the cases are reviewed. Diagnosis of malignant histiocytosis was confirmed by tissue morphology and immunohistochemistry; neoplastic cells in all cases had positive immunoreactivity to lysozyme. This stain can be used to definitively establish the diagnosis of malignant histiocytosis on cytology specimens as well as tissue sections. Cytologic findings included numerous pleomorphic, large, discrete mononuclear cells with abundant, lightly basophilic, vacuolated, granular cytoplasm. Nuclei were round to oval to reniform with marked anisocytosis and anisokaryosis; nucleoli were prominent. Mitotic figures, often bizarre, were occasionally seen. Multinucleated giant cells and phagocytosis of erythrocytes and leukocytes were prominent features in cytologic preparations in four cases. Four dogs were anemic, five dogs were thrombocytopenic, and three dogs were hypercalcemic. Breeds affected included Doberman Pinscher (1), Golden Retriever (2), Flat Coated Retriever (3), and mixed‐breed dog (1).
Red Cell Morphologic Alterations in Cats With Hepatic Disease
Authors: Christopher Mary M. , Lee Shannon E.
Published: February 2009

Medical records from 39 cats with hepatic disease, examined at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of Florida, between 1987 and 1992 were retrospectively evaluated for alterations in red blood cell (RBC) morphology. Diagnoses included: hepatic lipidosis, neoplasia, cholangiohepatitis, hepatitis/hepatopathy, systemic histoplasmosis, and portocaval shunt. A total of 56 laboratory data sets were studied which included complete blood counts and serum chemistry results. Stained blood smears were evaluated from 51 of the data sets. Twenty‐two cats (56%) were determined to have poikilocytosis on the basis of blood smear evaluation. Eleven (28%) cats had moderate to marked poikilocytosis (2 + to 4 +). Acanthocytes accounted for 62.6 ± 22.1% of morphologically abnormal RBC and were observed in blood smears from 100% of cats with poikilocytosis. Elliptocytes (ovalocytes) comprised 19.5 ± 15.8% of poikilocytes and were found in smears from 82% of cats with poikilocytosis. Keratocytes (7.0 ± 6.8%), schistocytes (3.6 ± 4.4%), and blister cells (2.6 ± 6.4%) were present in lower numbers and in fewer cats. Serum total cholesterol values were significantly greater (p > 0.05) in cats with moderate to marked alterations in RBC morphology. Cats with hepatic lipidosis were significantly (p > 0.04) more likely to have poikilocytosis than cats with other types of hepatic disease.
Hematologic, Blood Gas, Blood Chemistry, and Serum Mineral Values for a Sample of Clinically Healthy Adult Goats
Authors: Stevens J.B. , Anderson K.L. , Correa M.T. , Stewart T. , Braselton W.E.
Published: February 2009

Fifty‐five hematologic, blood gas, blood chemistry, and serum mineral values were determined from a random sample of 29 clinically healthy goats from an equal number of randomly selected herds in the piedmont of North Carolina. Descriptive statistics and equations for calculated values are presented. The internal and external validity of the data is discussed.
Specific Biological Effects of an Anti‐Rat PMN Antiserum Intraperitoneally Injected into F344/N Rats
Authors: Snipes M.B. , Barnett A.L. , Harkema J.R. , Hotchkiss J.A. , Rebar A.H. , Reddick L.J.
Published: February 2009

Neutropenia can be produced with antimitotic chemicals, but this method lacks specificity. An alternative is to use antibody‐dependent cytotoxicity to produce neutropenia; however, this method has not been completely evaluated with respect to efficacy, specificity, and potential collateral damage, especially to constituents of bone marrow. This study used in vitro and in vivo methods to evaluate specific biological effects of a commercially available rabbit anti‐rat neutrophil (PMN) antiserum in F344/N rats. The viability of rat pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs), PMNs, and lymphocytes in vitro was quantified using a trypan blue dye exclusion test. Amounts of antiserum in vitro that rendered PMNs 100% nonviable did not decrease the viability or phagocytic ability of the PAMs and did not decrease the viability of the lymphocytes. Intraperitoneal (IP) injection of the antiserum into rats resulted in complete depletion of the PMNs and about a 50% depletion of the lymphocytes in circulating blood within 24 hours. The numbers of both cell types remained lowered for 5 days, but returned to control values by Day 6 after the IP injection. The antiserum had no effect on the numbers of PAMs or lymphocytes in the pulmonary alveolar airspaces, as determined by quantifying the numbers of these cell types in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The numbers of PMNs in BALF, however, decreased on Days 3 and 4 after IP injection of antiserum, but were not different from control values by Day 5. The viability of the PAMs in BALF of treated rats was not different from control values at any time point. There were no morphological indications that the injected antiserum damaged lung tissue or stem cells in bone marrow. Results demonstrate that the anti‐rat PMN antiserum administered IP to F344/N rats depletes circulating PMNs and partially depletes lymphocytes for a period of about 6 days without adversely affecting the precursors of red or white blood cells in bone marrow. We concluded that the antiserum is a relatively specific way to temporarily render rats neutropenic without damaging precursor cells in bone marrow.
Comparison of Three Different Methods of Total Carbon Dioxide Measurement
Authors: Kilborn Susan H. , Bonnett Brenda N. , Pook Harold A.
Published: February 2009

The objective of this study was to compare total carbon dioxide (TCO2) levels measured by three different methods. Two hundred jugular venous blood samples from dogs admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ontario Veterinary College with various clinical disorders were analyzed by the Radiometer blood gas analyzer (BGA) and the Coulter DACOS analyzer. In 70 of these samples, TCO2was also measured by the Kodak Ektachem DTE chemistry analyzer. Comparison of the agreement between methods revealed intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) of 0.63, 0.79, and 0.82 for the DACOS‐Ektachem, DACOS‐BGA, and Ektachem‐BGA comparisons, respectively. Evaluation of the effect of storage time on TCO2content of stored serum samples measured on the DACOS analyzer revealed a decrease of almost 2 mmol/L and a decrease in the intraclass correlation coefficient values between the DACOS analyzer and other methods after 7 hours storage time. The results of this observational study revealed lower agreement between the three methods in this study than previously reported between other methods of TCO2measurement. Possible reasons for the lower than expected agreement in this study included changes in DACOS values because of storage and differences in methodologies between the methods.
Evaluation of Six Cytometric Methods for Reticulocyte Enumeration and Differentiationin the Cat
Authors: Perkins Paula C. , Grindem Carol B.
Published: February 2009

Six protocols utilizing three fluorescent nucleic acid dyes (thiazole orange, auramine O, and acridine orange) were evaluated by flow cytometry for clinical utility in the analysis of feline reticulocytes. The dyes showed good to poor correlations with each other and with manual counts. Thiazole orange was the preferred stain. Thiazole orange dye showed distinct peaks corresponding to aggregate and punctate reticulocytes from specimens with marked reticulocytosis. The other dyes detected increases in reticulocyte numbers but subpopulations could not be distinguished. Standardized instrument and gate settings, applied to specimens stained with thiazole orange dye, enumerated aggregate and punctate reticulocytes in low cellularity specimens that lacked distinct peaks. Percentages of these cells correlated well with manual counts, offering a simplified technique for routine laboratory use.
Determination of Serum Ionized Calcium Concentration in Dairy Cattle After Frozen Anaerobic Storage
Authors: Roeder Beverly L. , Clark F. Dustan
Published: February 2009

The stability of serum ionized calcium concentration (ICa) from dairy cows was studied after anaerobic collection and frozen storage. Paired blood samples were obtained from five groups of cows: nonlactating, first third of lactation, midlactation, last third of lactation, and 2‐year‐old nonlactating heifers. Vacutainer multiple sample needles and serum separator tubes (SST) were used for venipuncture. Aspiration of serum was within 1.5 hours after collection: one sample for immediate determination (within 2 hours of collection); the other sample stored at ‐4d̀C in evacuated plastic vacutainer tubes filled with serum to provide dead space of less than 75% of volume, and analyzed after 14 to 30 days in storage (half, 15, of the samples from each lactation group were analyzed after frozen anaerobic storage at 14 or 30 days, respectively).

Processing samples in this manner significantly altered the values obtained for ICa, normalized calcium concentration (NCa), and pH. Analysis after frozen storage in evacuated tubes caused ICa and NCa concentrations to decrease and pH to increase (P > 0.05); total calcium levels were not significantly different from initial values. There were no significant differences among lactation groups. The difference between values obtained from these paired samples was either due to loss of CO2during transfer from the SST to the evacuated tube or during frozen storage. Changes in samples assayed after freezing and storage could be adjusted to original values by using the mean difference between the fresh and frozen levels as correction factors: ICa (+0.4379), NCa (+0.2797), and pH (‐0.0926).

It was concluded that immediate determination of serum ICa in dairy cattle is the ideal but using this methodology and performing analyses later may be acceptable if correction factors are determined.
Pathophysiology of Calcium Metabolism
Authors: Rosol Thomas J. , Chew Dennis J. , Nagode Larry A. , Capen Charles C.
Published: February 2009

Calcium (Ca) is a mineral that plays a central role in maintaining the homeostasis of vertebrate animals, including muscle contraction, blood coagulation, enzyme activity, neural excitability, hormone secretion, and cell adhesion. It is also involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases which disrupt the normal regulation of Ca balance and may result in hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia. The purpose of this manuscript is to review current concepts of the function of Ca, its regulation, and the role of Ca in specific disease processes.
Characterization of Portal Lymphocytic Infiltrates in Feline Liver
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , Gagne J. M. , Armstrong P. Jane
Published: February 2009

To better understand the relationship of portal lymphocytic infiltrates to feline inflammatory liver disease, liver sections were semiquantitatively evaluated from healthy cat and liver sections randomly selected at necropsy from clinical cases. Healthy specific pathogen‐free kittens and healthy young adult cats had up to 10 lymphocytes and plasma cells per portal area. Neutrophils were infrequently seen in portal areas. Approximately one‐third of sections obtained from clinical cases younger than 10 years had increased numbers of lymphocytes and plasma cells in portal areas. Seventy percent of these had a concurrent increase in neutrophils. Eighty‐two percent of liver sections obtained from clinical cases older than 10 years had increased numbers of portal lymphocytes and plasma cells. Almost all of these sections had concurrent fibrosis and bile duct proliferation. These data indicate that a progressive lymphocytic portal hepatitis is a common finding in cats older than 10 years.
Immunophenotyping Lymphomas in Dogs: A Comparison of Results From Fine Needle Aspirate and Needle Biopsy Samples
Authors: Fisher D.J. , Naydan D. , Werner L.L. , Moore P.F.
Published: February 2009

The reliability of utilizing cytologic samples for immunophenotyping canine lymphomas was evaluated by a systematic comparison of results from fine needle aspirate (FNA) to needle biopsy specimens stained by immunochemical methods. The specific reactivity of a selected panel of 12 antibodies to cell surface markers and intermediate filaments was assessed in 11 dogs by comparing cytologic to histologic samples. There was excellent correlation of results between immunostained cytologic and histologic samples. FNA sampling is a simple, noninvasive method for determining the lymphoid phenotype in canine lymphoma. In addition, this technique may be useful as a cytodiagnostic aid in differentiating lymphoid from non‐lymphoid tumors and in assessing neoplastic vs. reactive or hyperplastic processes.
Effects of Storage Time and Freezing Temperature on Clinical Chemical Parameters From Canine Serum and Heparinized Plasma
Authors: Thoresen S.I. , Tverdal A. , Havre G. , Morberg H.
Published: February 2009

To assess changes in 24 blood constituents in frozen serum and heparinized plasma, blood samples were drawn from 10 clinically normal German Shepherd army dogs. The storage characteristics of nine enzymes (ALP, ALT, amylase, AST, CK, GGT, GLDH, LDH, lipase), and 15 metabolites and minerals (albumin, bile acids, bilirubin, calcium, cholesterol, creatinine, fructosamine, glucose, magnesium, phosphate, potassium, protein, sodium, triglycerides, urea) were studied. Parallel samples of serum and heparinized plasma were stored for 90 and 240 days at two different storage temperatures, ‐20d̀C and ‐70d̀C. Sixteen of the 24 analytes (ALP, ALT, amylase, AST, CK, GGT, GLDH, LDH, bile acids, calcium, cholesterol, creatinine, fructosamine, magnesium, phosphate, urea) showed statistically significant (p > 0.05) changes during the storage period related to storage time, storage temperature, and sample type. Seven of the analytes (amylase, GGT, GLDH, LDH, bile acids, fructosamine, magnesium) showed changes of possible clinical importance with mean differences from baseline larger than 20% for the enzymes and 10% for the metabolites and minerals during the storage periods.
Automated Differential Leukocyte Count in Horses, Cattle, and Cats Using the Technicon H‐1E Hematology System
Authors: Tvedten Harold , Korcal David
Published: February 2009

The differential leukocyte counts performed by an automated hematology analyzer, the Technicon H‐1E Hematology System, and traditional microscopic method (M‐Diff) from blood samples of 129 horses, 40 cattle, and 140 cats were compared. The comparison was repeated after selected subsets of data were created by deleting samples with certain patterns suggesting error with the automated differential cell count (A‐Diff). The two methods had good comparison of results for neutrophils and lymphocytes in all three species. Results for equine monocytes correlated moderately well between the two methods and the correlation improved in the selected data set. Monocyte results did not compare well for the bovine and feline samples. The A‐Diff for feline eosinophils was inaccurate. The A‐Diff may be accurate for bovine and equine eosinophils but too few examples of eosinophilia were present in the sample set to prove this. Basophils were too rarely seen in cattle and horses to validate A‐Diff accuracy, but basophilia identified by the M‐Diff in a cat was not identified by the A‐Diff.
Effects of Storage on Serum Ionized Calcium and pH From Horses With Normal and Abnormal Ionized Calcium Concentrations
Authors: Schenck Patricia A. , Chew Dennis J. , Brooks Charles L.
Published: February 2009

It has been previously shown that Ca1concentration is stable in serum collected from healthy horses for 10 days if stored at 4°C. This may not be true for horses with abnormal Ca1concentrations. Thus the stability of ionized calcium (Ca1) concentration and pH measurement in serum from horses with both normal and abnormal Ca1concentrations stored for various times at 4°C and ‐10°C was evaluated. Our results indicated that serum Ca1concentration was stable throughout 7 days of cold or frozen storage, after being received by the Clinical Chemistry Laboratory. Serum Ca1concentration showed a significant decrease by 14 days of frozen storage (‐10°C). Serum pH showed a statistically significant increase by 7 days of cold storage, and within 3 days of frozen storage. If equine serum is collected, handled and stored anaerobically, and kept cold or frozen, Ca1concentration can be accurately measured for approximately 7 days after collection, regardless of the health status of the animal. An accurate measurement of pH may be made within 3 days of cold or 1 day of frozen storage.
Evaluation of Thyroid Function in Dogs by Hormone Analysis: Effects of Data on Biological Variation
Authors: Jensen Asger Lundorff , Høier René
Published: February 2009

The purpose of the present study was to investigate commercially available ELISA methods designed for the determination of total and unbound thyroxine (TT 4 and FT 4) and total triiodothyronine (TT 3) in human serum for their usefulness in evaluating thyroid function in dogs when data describing the biological variation were included in the characterization of the assays. The TT 3 analysis was evaluated with intraassay coefficients of variation (CV%) ranging between 12% and 20%, and interassay CV% ranging between 5 and 17% at naturally occurring TT 3 concentrations. At concentrations around the limit of detection (0.27 nmol/l) CV% was considerably higher (99%). The analysis exhibited a satisfying accuracy since the recovery of added TT 3 was not different from unity and since parallelism between the dose‐response curve and plasma dilutions could be verified. Determination of TT 4′ TT 3′ and FT 4 in eight normal dogs during 4 weeks resulted in a significant variation between dogs and between weeks in the individual animals (p > 0.01 in all cases). From the inter‐ and intraindividual CV% quality goals for the maximally allowed analytical variation could be computed to be 8.4, 10.0, and 10.1% for individual testing of animals, and 12.0, 12.9, and 15.8% for screening for diseased animals in healthy populations for TT 4′ TT 3′ and FT 4′ respectively. A comparison between quality goals derived from the inter‐ and intraindividual CV% and the measured analytical CV% (4.0, 17.3, and 6.7%, respectively) evidenced that TT 4 and FT 4 analyses fulfilled the requirements for analytical precision, whereas the TT3 analysis could not be accepted as an effective tool for the evaluation of thyroid function in dogs due to too high analytical variation.
Variation in Protein Concentrations in Acute and Chronic Ascites in Dirofilaria immitis‐Infected Dogs
Authors: Atwell R.B. , Buoro I.B.J. , Boreham P.F.L.
Published: February 2009

Microfilaremia dogs, developing ascites acutely following a reaction to diethylcarbamazine therapy, had similar protein concentrations in their ascitic fluid and plasma. In contrast, in dogs chronically infected with Dirofilaria immitis, the protein concentrations of ascitic fluid were found to be significantly lower than plasma protein concentrations. The acute development of ascites in such dogs is associated with high ascitic protein levels.
Predicted Mean Corpuscular Volume as an Indicator of Bone Marrow Iron in Anemic Dogs
Authors: Duval Derek , Mahaffey Edward
Published: February 2009

A predicted mean corpuscular volume (pMCV) was calculated from the reticulocyte percentage and compared to the actual mean corpuscular volume for the purpose of determining bone marrow iron depletion in the dog. A difference of greater than 10 fi between the pMCV and the actual measured MCV accurately predicted the absence of stainable iron in bone marrow aspirates (sensitivity 86%, specificity 93%). The difference (Diff) between the predicted and actual measured MCV may also be a valuable method for following response to iron therapy in dogs with iron deficiency anemia without the necessity for repeated bone marrow examination. The predicted MCV may be useful in determining which patients are not at risk for canine iron deficiency.
Validation of an Adenosine Deaminase Assay and Its Use in the Evaluation of Body Fluids in Dogs
Authors: Hirschberger Johannes , Koch Susanne
Published: February 2009

Adenosine deaminase activity (ADA) (EC 3.5.4.4) was determined according to the method of Slaats and associates in the autoanalyzer Hitachi 705.1 The analytical quality was controlled. Accuracy was tested by supplementing a sample with an ADA solution. The measured difference of ADA was close to the calculated one. The within‐run and between‐run precision of the method was sufficient. The detection limit was 1 U/l. ADA measurements were set in relation to a canine plasma pool and expressed as a percent to achieve reproducibility due to the lack of a commercial ADA standard. Body cavity effusions of 156 dogs were examined. The ADA of neoplastic effusions and the ADA of cardiac congestive effusions differed highly significantly (p > 0.001) in pleural and in peritoneal effusions. A discrimination value of 60% for pleural and a discrimination value of 100% ADA for peritoneal effusions separated neoplastic from cardiac congestive effusions. ADA determination in the serum of dogs did not contribute to the etiological differentiation of effusions. The elevation of ADA seemed to originate from the effusion, because the ratio of ADA (effusion/serum) was relatively high in cases of canine neoplasia. In this analysis the ADA in body cavity effusions of dogs was determined for the first time.
Effects of Delayed Serum Separation and Long‐Term Storage on the Measurement of Thyroid Hormones in Equine Blood Samples
Authors: Allen Andrew L. , Scott W. Michael , Cook Susan J. , Fretz Peter B. , Doige Cecil E.
Published: February 2009

Studies were conducted to determine the effects of delaying the separation of serum from the clot and of long‐term storage of serum samples on the measurement of thyroid hormones in blood from horses using a fluorescence polarization immunoassay. The measured concentrations of T3and T4were not affected by leaving serum on the clot for as long as 24 hours at room temperatures. Storage of serum for 19 to 22 months at ‐20°C resulted in significant increases of measured T4, but not T3. These studies support previous work demonstrating that thyroid hormones are resistant to degradation, immunologically stable, and reasonably insensitive to potential problems of routine specimen handling when measured with an immunoassay.
Malignant Histiocytosis in a Domestic Cat: Cytomorphologic and Immunohistochemical Features
Authors: Walton R.M. , Brown D.E. , Burkhard M.J. , Donnelly K.B. , Frank A.A. , Obert L.A. , Withrow S.J. , Thrall M.A.
Published: February 2009

Malignant histiocytosis (MH) was diagnosed in a 13‐year‐old neutered male Domestic Shorthair cat on the basis of light microscopic and immunohistochemical findings. Thoracic fluid analysis showed a modified transudate which contained a very few atypical discrete cells. Cytologic and histologic evaluation of mediastinal and splenic masses revealed a pleomorphic population of large, discrete, round cells 10 to 30 βm in diameter with marked cellular atypia. Nuclei were oval to reniform, often with prominent, bizarre nucleoli. Multinucleated cells and mitotic figures were commonly seen. Erythro‐and leucocytophagia were noted. Immunohistochemistry indicated a scattered positive staining pattern with the histiocytic antigenic marker Mac387 and a minor population of cells showing positive reactivity for lysozyme. This report describes the characterization of MH in a cat and emphasizes that MH should be considered as a differential diagnosis in proliferative disorders of discrete cells in this species.
Application of Rapid CD3 Immunophenotype Analysis and Argyrophilic Nucleolar Organizer Region (AgNOR) Frequency to Fine Needle Aspirate Specimens From Dogs With Lymphoma
Authors: Vail David M. , Kravis Laura D. , Kisseberth William C. , Ogilvie Gregory K. , Volk Lynn M.
Published: February 2009

Determinations of CD3 immunoreactivity (CD3‐IR) and argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) frequency from fine needle aspirate (FNA) samples were compared with those from formalinfixed, paraffin‐embedded surgical biopsy samples in 51 dogs with lymphoma. Both CD3‐IR (using a rapid EPOSRpolymer system) and AgNOR techniques were readily applied to FNA samples. CD3‐IR from FNA samples matched those of histologic samples with 100% concordance. A linear relationship (r = 0.981; P < 0.001>) was found between AgNOR frequency obtained from FNA samples and those obtained from surgical biopsy samples. Application of the techniques presented here should allow clinically relevant information to be procured rapidly and inexpensively. As CD3‐IR and AgNOR frequency have been shown to be predictive of response to combination chemotherapy in dogs with lymphoma, such information could be used to better educate clients as to the likelihood of achieving meaningful responses, as well as allowing prospective tailoring of individual treatments in future trials prior to initiating therapy.
Disseminated Mycobacterium avium Complex Infection in a Cat: Presumptive Diagnosis by Blood Smear Examination
Authors: Latimer Kenneth S. , Crowell Wayne A. , Duncan J. Robert , Currin K. Pamela , Jameson Perry H.
Published: February 2009

Disseminated mycobacteriosis was diagnosed in a 4‐year‐old, castrated male Domestic Shorthair cat following the observation of one to three retractile, non‐staining bacilli in neutrophils and monocytes on a Wright‐Leishman‐stained blood smear. Organisms were bright red following acid‐fast staining by Kinyoun's technique. The cat had a history of progressive weight loss, anemia, fever, and sporadic vomiting after eating. In addition to blood smears, mycobacteria also were observed in bone marrow aspirates. During necropsy, multiple small white nodules were observed in the spleen and liver. An enlarged sternal lymph node and ascites also were present. In histologic sections, mycobacteria were observed in granulomas within the lungs, liver, spleen, colon, mesenteric and sternal lymph nodes, omentum, and kidney. Mycobacterium avium complex was isolated from cultures of liver, spleen, lung, and kidney. Occult feline leukemia virus infection, detected by immunofluorescent testing of bone marrow aspirates, may have predisposed this cat to bacterial infection. The serum ELISA test for group‐specific feline leukemia virus antigen was negative.
Diurnal Variation of Canine Blood Leukocyte Counts
Authors: Lilliehöök I.
Published: February 2009

A diurnal variation was detected in the numbers of total leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosinophils in the blood of 19 dogs (10 beagles and nine German shepherds). Blood samples were collected every fourth hour for 24 hours and once a day for 7 days. The neutrophil count increased during the day and reached its maximum in the late afternoon. The lymphocyte count had its maximum values in the late evening and its minimum values in the early morning. The eosinophil numbers were low around noon, increased during the afternoon and reached their maximum numbers in the late evening. Leukocyte numbers had statistically significant diurnal variation, so in designing research protocols with repeated blood sampling and closely controlled factors it may be important to take blood samples at the same time every day. The mild normal leukocyte changes during the day are not likely to confuse interpretation of clinical cases where patient results are compared with wide reference ranges.
Hematologic Study of Red Pacu (Colossoma brachypomum)
Authors: Tocidlowski M.E. , Lewbart G.A. , Stoskopf M.K.
Published: February 2009

A study of a laboratory population (N = 60) of immature red pacu (Colossoma brachypomum) was conducted for the purpose of characterizing hematological parameters. Median (2.5th ‐ 97.5th percentile) values obtained by hemocytometer counts, spun packed cell volume, refractometer, and differential counts were as follows: packed cell volume 25.8 (22.0 ‐ 32.0) %, total plasma solids 4.0 (3.4 ‐ 4.7) gm/dl, red blood cell concentration 1.68 (1.15 ‐ 2.94) × 106/μl, white blood cell concentration 33.5 (13.6 ‐ 52.3) × 103/μl, heterophils 3.2 (0.3 ‐ 16.8) × 103/μl, non‐staining granulocytes 0.4 (0.05 ‐ 1.9) × 103/μl, eosinophils 0.2 (0.1 ‐ 0.3) × 103/μl, lymphocytes 21.0 (8.2 ‐ 35.6) × 103/μl, granular lymphocytes 1.4 (0.4 ‐ 5.6) × 103/μl, and monocytes 1.2 (0.4 ‐ 4.4) × 103/μl. Blood cell measurements were taken and descriptions given of the blood cells encountered on the stained smear. A modified leukocyte slide estimate formula [(avg. # leukocytes/10 HPF × 2,000) + 6,300] (/μl) had better agreement with Neubauer hemocytometer white cell counts than the method used for avian species.
Effects of Hemolysis on Serum Chemistry Analytes in Ratites
Authors: Andreasen Claire B. , Andreasen James R. , Thomas Jennifer S.
Published: February 2009

Since hemolysis has been a common problem in submitted ratite serum samples, a study was performed to determine interference by hemolysates. Nine chemistry analytes including glucose, total protein, albumin, creatine kinase (CK), gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), calcium (Ca), phosphorus, and uric acid were evaluated on a wet reagent analyzer (Ciba Corning Express 550) and on a dry slide reagent analyzer (VetTest 8008). In emus, increasing hemoglobin concentrations increased total protein, albumin, and CK for both analyzers. With increasing hemoglobin concentrations, the Ciba Corning 550 analyte values were increased for AST, Ca, and uric acid and decreased for glucose and phosphorus; the opposite effect was seen in values from the VetTest 8008. GGT levels were variable or sometimes undetectable. Changes in ostrich analytes with hemolysis were similar to emus using the same analyzer. The effects of serum hemolysis often differed in magnitude and direction between the two chemistry analyzers. Interferographs were constructed to aid in rapid assessment of the effects of hemolysis on submitted serum samples.
Cutaneous T‐Cell Lymphoma With Sézary Syndrome in a Dog
Authors: Foster Aiden P. , Evans Ellen , Kerlin Roy L. , Vail David M.
Published: February 2009

An 8‐year‐old female spayed Cocker Spaniel mix breed dog was presented with generalized erythroderma, scaling and alopecia. Radiographs of the thorax demonstrated a discrete lung mass which was aspirated using ultrasound guidance and cytological analysis revealed large abnormal lymphocytes. Similar cells were observed in the peripheral blood and in skin biopsies. The cells in the skin biopsies were epidermotropic, indicative of an uncommon cutaneous lymphoma termed cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL), sometimes also called mycosis fungoides. Immunohistochemical staining of a skin biopsy was positive for the CD3 antigen demonstrating that the lymphocyte infiltrate was of a T‐cell lineage. The presence of neoplastic lymphocytes in the epidermis and peripheral blood indicate that this is a rare variant of Cutaneous Epidermotropic Lymphoma (CEL) called Sézary syndrome based on nomenclature used in the human literature. An unusual feature of this dog, not seen in previous cases, was the presence of a discrete neoplastic lung mass.