bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Timetable of Psychological and Behavioural Autonomy Expectations among Parents from Israel and the Former Soviet Union
Authors: Roer‐Strier Dorit , Rivlis Mara
Published: July 2002

The impact of culture on parental expectations for child development has been the focus of extensive investigation since the early 1980s. The present study examined the relationship between culture and parental timetables among a sample of 73 Israeli‐born parents and 74 immigrant parents from the former Soviet Union. The participants responded to 57 questions related to behavioural and psychological aspects of autonomy. The results portray the conflicting expectations faced by immigrant children at home and in the host culture. Moreover, the paper provides new insights into aspects of behavioural and psychological autonomy and offers methods for their operationalization.
Neighbourhood Governance: Leadership, Trust and Social Capital
Authors: Purdue Derrick
Published: July 2002

Social capital consisting of trust relationships between a community and its leaders can contribute to the effectiveness of neighbourhood regeneration partnerships. Engagement with partnerships can also generate vital new resources of social capital for the community. This depends on community leaders, as social entrepreneurs or community representatives. Social entrepreneurs resemble 'transformational leaders', combining entrepreneurial skills with a vision for the neighbourhood. Community representatives resemble 'transactional leaders' who interact with their followers. Ambivalence over trust between individuals and organisations in both partnerships and community reveals difficulties in accumulating social capital. The degree of social capital accumulated in a neighbourhood affects the path leadership succession takes as partnerships develop.
Can Deprived Housing Areas Be Revitalised? Efforts against Segregation and Neighbourhood Decay in Denmark and Europe
Authors: Andersen Hans Skifter
Published: July 2002

Research literature on area-based initiatives in deprived urban areas in Europe shows that there is no general agreement on the purpose of such revitalisation programmes. Evaluations of the programmes come to very different conclusions on the effects of the efforts, but the majority are negative in the sense that they find that conditions have not improved in the supported areas. An important reason for this is our uncertain understanding of the nature of deprived areas. In Denmark, an extensive effort in 500 deprived social housing estates during 1995-98 had as one of its main purposes the combatting of processes leading to increased deprivation. These estates had increasingly lost competitiveness in the housing market, due to the perception that they had become 'excluded places'. The main instruments have been rent decreases, physical improvements and support for organisational and social changes. An extensive research evaluation of the programme has shown that this strategy has stopped the negative trends in the estates, but also that further and longer-term efforts will be needed to create new and positive development.
Local Government Structure and Urban Residential Location
Authors: Crampton Graham
Published: July 2002

The large research literature on the Tiebout model has developed with little attention paid to the urban economic structure in which local government functions. This paper attempts to examine the theoretical consequences of local jurisdictions functioning within a conventional monocentric urban model. It also discusses a mathematical formulation of a two-jurisdiction linear city in which the local service level and local property tax rate might be used as strategic variables in a game theory sense. It is concluded that for this to happen, the local service level has to have more than one element, which is intuitively appealing. Some references are developed to current British local government and possible changes.
Urban Regeneration and Sustainable Markets
Authors: Jones Colin , Watkins Craig
Published: July 2002

The paper assesses the criteria for the success of British urban policy initiatives and concludes that they are too short term. In the search for a long-term measure of success, the paper examines the process of development of new property markets. The concept of sustainable markets is proposed as the ultimate goal of urban policy. To explore the creation of sustainable markets, the paper charts the development of a city-centre housing market in Glasgow created by the Merchant City policy initiative instigated at the beginning of the 1980s. The establishment of new local markets is shown to be a long-term process requiring a period of sustained resale/reletting market activity. The conclusion drawn is that the government has underestimated both the funds required for and the time-dimension to sustainable urban regeneration.
Social Segregation, Housing Tenure and Social Change in Dutch Cities in the Late 1980s
Authors: Murie Alan , Musterd Sako
Published: July 2002

Contemporary debates about social polarisation and divided cities emphasise common influences on social and economic change in cities. The development of a global economy and of global influences on both market systems and on public policy regimes encourages an expectation that there is a convergence in processes and policies affecting cities and a convergence in outcomes—in terms of increasingly similar patterns of polarisation and division. This paper considers data from Britain and the Netherlands relating to changes in the housing sector and to social segregation and indicates that emerging patterns are very different. Socio-tenurial polarisation and social segregation are not as marked in the Netherlands as in Britain and are not changing as fast. The discussion arising from these data suggests that concern with globalisation and common influences on change should be balanced with a recognition of the importance of other factors in determining the pattern and pace of change in cities. Within this it is important to recognise not just differences in housing finance and policy but the degree of social and income inequality and the wider functioning of the welfare state.
The Meaning of Home Ownership in the Transition from Socialism: The Example of Slovenia
Authors: Mandic Srna , Clapham David
Published: July 2002

The nature of home ownership is contested within housing studies, with disagreement over whether it is a 'natural desire' or an unimportant feature of the housing situation. This paper sheds some light on this debate by examining the meaning of home ownership in Slovenia both before and after democratic changes in the early 1990s. In the late 1970s and the 1980s there was an acute housing shortage and households opted for the tenure which provided them with a better chance of being housed and employers provided home loans rather than building new rented housing to make scarce funds stretch further. The attributes within each of the tenures at this time varied widely and were more important in influencing housing quality and the rights and obligations of tenants than tenure. The early 1990s have brought a strong ideological drive towards home ownership as a symbol of a market economy. In addition, the sale of rented housing derives income for industrial enterprises which can be invested in their mainstream activities. The move to overwhelming support for home ownership cannot be explained solely by reference to household preferences.
Negotiating for Public Benefits: The Bargaining Calculus of Public-Private Development
Authors: Sagalyn Lynne B.
Published: July 2002

US cities capture public benefits from private developers under several bargaining frameworks: exactions, incentive zoning and public-private developments. These frameworks exist along a continuum of policy-intervention strategies, from passive regulation to active development, from a quid pro quo to incentive to investment policy posture. Each strategy defines a public position, structure and process for negotiation and parameters for the bargaining process. Though the means differ, the common element is that each strategy calls upon private development to support the costs of the public-benefit package. During the 1980s, American cities succeeded in tapping this wellspring of private development in an unparallelled way through active public development. To secure these benefits, the policy strategy demanded that cities take on significantly greater risk to achieve their planning objectives. With a strong real estate market in their favour, both San Francisco and Los Angeles negotiated aggressive business deals to fund their public-amenities agendas. A key difference in the approaches can be explained by their respective attitudes towards risk-taking and control, attitudes which reflected differences in political culture. Whether to build the public amenities directly (San Francisco) or require their provision by developers (Los Angeles) remains a matter of judgement, its relative desirability conditional on the priorities, politics and risk tolerance of individual cities and their develop ment agencies. Experience varies and expertise matters.
A Stealth Urban Policy in the US? Federal Spending in Five Large Metropolitan Regions, 1984-93
Authors: Parker R. Andrew
Published: July 2002

New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, New Orleans and San Francisco are examined using the US Bureau of the Census, Consolidated Federal Funds Reports. These data are examined in terms of the age-adjusted, per capita receipt of funds and show that spending in central cities increased at a faster rate than in their suburbs. In major categories of spending, such as procurement and grants, as well as for the majority of agencies and grants examined, the central cities experienced a marked relative improvement. Correlation of federal receipts with a composite urban hardship index at the beginning and end of the decade confirms this general equity improvement. Concerns remain with trends in direct payments to individuals that are not needs-based, and with direct loans and insurance programmes that strongly favour the suburbs.
Plans, Policies and Inter-governmental Relations: Assessing the Role of National Planning Guidance in England and Wales
Authors: Tewdwr-Jones Mark
Published: July 2002

The provision of national planning guidance from central government to local authorities and property developers to shape urban land-use policy and practice has been a feature of the planning system in Britain since the 1940s. This guidance, however, has not been released in any consistent form and has occasionally been subject to criticism by commentators. While the original role of national planning advice was to provide strategic direction, central government has modified its planning remit and has recently utilised its land-use obligation to set parameters on detailed planning control and policy matters at the local level. The nature of central government intervention in local land-use matters has therefore changed over time. The current form of national advice in England and Wales is contained within the series of Planning Policy Guidance Notes (PPGs). This research paper considers the role and significance of PPGs in planning practice at the local district authority level of policy-making and determination, particularly in relation to the introduction of recent planning legislation. It will show that the government's use of PPGs to provide strategic national direction in planning has been widely accepted by professional officers throughout the country. But there still remains uncertainty over the government's reliance on PPGs to intervene in detailed local planning issues.
Urban Unemployment in the EU, Tertiary-sector Employment Growth and Urban Size
Authors: Crampton Graham R.
Published: July 2002

The paper uses REGIO data to study recent change in unemployment in major urban areas of Europe. Previous results suggested a significant role for tertiarisation in employment, and a systematic association with urban size. This work is carried forward using more recent data on urban areas at NUTS 3 level. Patterns in variation of unemployment across countries and city sizes are discussed. Econometric estimates going beyond OLS are discussed using LIMDEP software.
The Slum Upgrading Myth
Authors: Werlin Herbert
Published: July 2002

The World Bank's slum upgrading approach, used for the first generation of its urban development projects during the 1970s and 1980s, was considerably influenced by the writing of John F. C. Turner. Turner minimised the role of government, limiting it to providing essential environmental improvements and public services, thereby allowing squatters and/or slum-dwellers to improve gradually their living conditions. While early evaluations of slum upgrading projects in Calcutta, Jakarta and Manila indicated the success of this approach, later evaluations raise doubts about it. The 'minimal state' advocated by Turner is clearly unable to deal with the problems typically emerging from slum upgrading efforts. For these efforts to be sustainable and replicable, more attention must be paid to providing land tenure, requiring a combination of authoritarian and humanistic administration.
Playing Games with Sydney: Marketing Sydney for the 2000 Olympics
Authors: Waitt Gordon
Published: July 2002

Using the example of Sydney's 2000 Olympic bid, this paper examines the relationship between hallmark events and three characteristics of the post-modern city: government policies informed by entrepreneurial rather than welfare goals; the transformation of the city into a product to generate 'cultural capital'; and, the importance of marketing places. Two themes are discussed in the analysis of the Sydney Olympic Bid Limited's invitation material. First, within the theoretical framework of Harvey's time-space compression, the bid is examined as a manifestation of the specific needs of the communicators and a product of the broader socio-political system. Secondly, the ideological and rhetorical meanings of selected city images are examined within the theoretical contests of Lefebvre-Shield's process of 'social spatialisation'. The selection, promotion and presentation of Sydney images are inextricably bound up with de Coubertine's visions of peace and harmony between peoples. Utilising the themes of multiculturalism and environment, the paper illustrates how an Olympic spectacle can defuse, convert and contradict the 'realities' of post-colonial racism and environmental degradation.
Discourses of Partnership and Empowerment in Contemporary British Urban Regeneration
Authors: Atkinson Rob
Published: July 2002

Drawing upon the work of Bourdieu, Foucault and Fairclough, this paper focuses on the discursive construction of partnership and empowerment in the official discourse of contemporary British urban regeneration. The paper argues that partnership and empowerment are not neutral terms but are discursive constructs, the meaning assigned to these terms is thus the result of the exercise of power, which in turn has a crucial role in structuring the discursive context within which urban regeneration partnerships operate. The paper's emphasis on official discourse constructs a top-down view of the regeneration process and the community's role in that process. These issues are investigated through a narrative which focuses on a key official document, Involving Communities in Urban and Rural Regeneration, providing guidance on community participation in urban regeneration partnerships. The paper concludes that the operation of these discursive constructs in urban regeneration reinforces existing social relations.
The Ukrainian History Textbook: Introducing Children to the “Ukrainian Nation”
Authors: Popson Nancy
Published: July 2002

As Ukraine approaches its tenth year of independence, it seems an appropriate moment to ask what type of nation it has become. The process by which Ukrainians determine the boundaries and characteristics of their national identity is dynamic, and has been the source of debate at many levels of Ukrainian society. The education system can illustrate several aspects of this process of identity formation: what the dominant elite choose to teach to the next generation about nation and citizenship, whether that material is accepted or transformed in its presentation to pupils, and to what extent the pupils internalize what they have been taught. This article begins to analyze the historical narrative and underlying values that together help to define a collective understanding of “nation” through a discussion of the education system in Ukraine. In particular, it focuses on the textbook used for the introductory Ukrainian history course as an example of the values and narrative fostered by the Ministry of Education. Although the analysis focuses on a single textbook, the article also attempts to place the arguments in a broader perspective by paying attention to the context within which the textbook curriculum is created and implemented and by discussing several factors that may affect its presentation to and reception by pupils.
Relationship Change at the Transition to Parenthood and Security of Infant-Mother Attachment
Authors: Gloger-Tippelt Gabriele Sabine , Huerkamp Matthias
Published: July 2002

Attachment research has so far favoured maternal and child characteristics as determinants of secure or insecure attachment relationships between infant and mother. Several recent findings now suggest that the broader context of the family and the couple’s relationship should receive more attention as possible determinants.

The quality of parental relationships was assessed in a prospective longitudinal study using 28 women and 23 of their partners. A Partnership Questionnaire was administered at four points of measurement from the beginning of pregnancy to one year after the birth of the first child. At 13 months of age the infants and their mothers were observed in the Strange Situation Procedure. Statistical analysis revealed two systematic results. (1) Both wives and husbands from families with a secure infant-mother attachment judged the quality of their partnership as more satisfying than parents with insecurely attached infants: lower decrease in “tenderness”, relative absence of “quarrelling” as perceived by the wives, and husbands’ “general happiness” across the transition to parenthood were related to secure mother-child relationships. (2) After becoming parents, both parents perceived a decline in the quality of their marital relationship. The results also suggest that parental partnership and mother-child relationship are systematically interdependent and support the idea that early parenthood is a critical time for establishing different attachment qualities.
The Use of Quantitative Histological and Molecular Data for Risk Assessment and Biologically Based Model Development
Authors: Andersen Melvin E.
Published: July 2002

In organs with diverse cell populations, it is not uncommon for one type of cell to respond while others are spared. Even in an organ with common cell types, such as hepatocytes within the liver, the population of cells may respond with different sensitivities for injury or for biochemical responses to toxicants. In the liver, many tumor promoters induce cytochrome P450 enzymes and other proteins in centrilobular cells at much lower doses than required to cause induction in periportal cells. In addition, these induction responses appear to occur at the level of individual cells—a 50% response of the liver for induction does not represent 50% induction in all cells. Instead, half of the cells are fully induced and half are unaffected. Cells “switch” from one phenotypic state to another. Over the past 10 years, several attempts have been made to model these cellular switches and to understand their relevance for hepatic tumor promotion and risk assessment. The data used for analyzing these switches include responses of the entire liver (total induction), responses of individual cells in the liver (regional induction), and cellular responses such as proliferation and apoptosis. This brief overview describes the development of biologically based, dose-response (BBDR) models for protein induction and tumor promotion in liver by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo - p-dioxin (TCDD) with emphasis on the role of specific types of histological and molecular data in providing insights about mechanisms for cellular switches and their implications for tumor promotion. As the biological basis of these switches become unraveled and incorporated into the models, these BBDR models should eventually serve to improve risk assessments with a variety of liver tumor promoters with receptor-based modes of action.
Safety Assessment and Public Concern for Genetically Modified Food Products: The European View
Authors: Moseley Bevan E.B.
Published: July 2002

The safety assessment for marketing purposes of genetically modified (GM) foods in the 15 Member States of the European Union (EU) is based on the Novel Foods and Novel Food Ingredients Regulation adopted in May 1997. Before a GM food can be approved under the Regulation, it must satisfy three criteria: Gm food must be safe, it must not mislead the consumer and it must be nutritionally adequate. The EU Scientific Committee on Food has published a set of guidelines describing the type of information expected from a company in support of an application for approval of a GM food or food ingredient. Despite this rigorous procedure and there being no evidence of harm resulting from the consumption of GM foods worldwide, there is essentially no market in the EU for such products at present. Possible reasons for this are discussed and the view put forward that the market for GM foods will change only when there are more clearly perceived consumer benefits.
The Tg rasH2 Mouse in Cancer Hazard Identification
Authors: Morton Daniel , Alden Carl L. , Roth Arthur J. , Usui Toshimi
Published: July 2002

The Tg rasH2 transgenic mouse has been developed as an alternative to the lifetime mouse bioassay to predict the carcinogenic potential of chemicals. Unlike the p53+/- mouse, the Tg rasH2 mouse is sensitive to both genotoxic and nongenotoxic carcinogens. The Tg rasH2 mouse, officially designated CB6F1-TgN (RasH2), contains multiple copies of the human c-Ha- ras oncogene and promoter within its genome. These mice develop spontaneous and chemically induced neoplasms earlier in life and in greater numbers than wild-type mice, reflecting their enhanced sensitivity to neoplasia. The most common spontaneous neoplasms in control Tg rasH2 mice 8 to 9 months of age are lung adenomas and carcinomas (7.4% incidence), splenic hemangiomas and hemangiosarcoma s (5.4%), forestomach squamous cellpapillomas and carcinomas (2.4%), and skin neoplasms (1.2%). Simulations have demonstrated that 20 to 25 mice/sex/treatment group are required to provide the assay with adequate statistical power. Four of 6 known or suspected human carcinogens tested in Tg rasH2 mice were positive in this assay. For 19 nonmutagenic agents testing positive in conventional rodent bioassays, 7 chemicals were positive, 10 chemicals were negative, and 2 were equivocal. None of the 10 nonmutagenic rodent carcinogens that were negative in the Tg rasH2 mouse model are considered to be human carcinogens. All nonmutagenic chemicals that were negative in the conventional rodent bioassays were also negative in the Tg rasH2 model. Results for 15 of 18 mutagenic chemicals tested in Tg rasH2 mice agreed with the results of conventional rodent bioassays, and 3 results were equivocal. The Tg rasH2 mouse model appears to predict known or suspected human carcinogens as well as the traditional mouse bioassay, but with fewer positive results for nongenotoxic compounds that are not considered human carcinogens. The Tg rasH2 mouse model is the most thoroughly tested in vivo alternative to the lifetime mouse bioassay for nongenotoxic compounds administered by oral or parenteral routes. The U.S. FDA Carcinogenicity Assessment Committee has determined that the Tg rasH2 model has been adequately evaluated for consideration for carcinogenicity testing of pharmaceutical candidates and its use could contribute to the weight of evidence for carcinogenicity assessment. The FDA will consider proposals to replace lifetime mouse carcinogenicity studies with 6-month Tg rasH2 mouse studies to support pharmaceutical registration on a case-by-case basis.
Global discourses and national reconstruction: the impact of globalization on curriculum policy
Authors: Priestley Mark
Published: July 2002

Globalization has been widely discussed and much contested. It has been claimed that the process of globalization has impacted greatly on the capacity of the nation‐state to formulate policy (e.g. Reich, 1992). Moreover, globalization has been accompanied by, or at least runs parallel to, a seemingly endless process of change within education. This process has assumed a worldwide character, as policies have migrated around the world; thus there have existed many similarities in terms of, for instance, curriculum provision, or school governance, between New Zealand, Australia, the United Kingdom and the USA. This article examines the nature and extent of education change in general terms, and the concept of globalization, before analysing the links between globalization and the process of change in one area of education, that is, the development of national frameworks for curriculum and assessment within anglophone nations.
An evaluation of community methadone services in Victoria, Australia: results of a client survey
Authors: EZARD NADINE , LINTZERIS NICK , ODGERS PETA , KOUTROULIS GLENDA , MUHLEISEN PETER , STOWE AARON , LANAGAN AMANDA
Published: July 2002

One hundred and ninety‐five metropolitan clients enrolled in the community‐based methadone programme in Victoria, Australia were surveyed in order to evaluate client perspectives of methadone treatment delivered from primary health care settings. Results indicated that the average daily methadone dose was 41 mg, ranging from 7mg to 140 mg. The majority of clients were satisfied with the programme and the services delivered by dispensing pharmacies and prescribing doctors. Most clients were found to have reduced their heroin use and criminal activity since commencing methadone. A number of concerns about the programme were identified, however, including the high proportion of weekly income spent on methadone‐related activities and a high use of tranquillizers by clients on higher methadone doses. In general the community‐based methadone programme was found to be an acceptable methadone of service delivery to metropolitan clients in Victoria, Australia. [Ezard N, Lintzeris N, Odgers P, Koutroulis G, Muhleisen P, Stowe A, Lanagan A. An evaluation of community methadone services in Victoria, Australia: results of a client survey. Drug Alcohol Rev 1999;18:417–423]
Interest in Smoking Cessation Among Injection Drug Users
Authors: Clarke Jennifer G. , Stein Michael D. , McGarry Kelly A. , Gogineni Aruna
Published: July 2002

We describe the degree of nicotine addiction and readiness to quit smoking among people with a history of injection drug use, comparing those in a methadone maintenance treatment program (MMTP) with active illicit drug injectors in a needle exchange program (NEP). Interview data were collected from 452 persons in Providence, RI, from July 1997 to March 1998. Ninety‐one percent (91%) of the population currently smoked cigarettes. Smokers were more likely to be female and from an NEP. Higher nicotine dependence by the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence was found in Caucasians, those with a Methadone dose greater than 80 mg per day, those with less than high school education, and those with active alcohol abuse. Those more likely to be contemplating smoking cessation in the next six months were those from MMTP, older than 35, and without alcohol abuse. Although smoking cessation counseling should be offered to all smokers, interventions directed towards older individuals enrolled in MMTP may target the group most interested in smoking cessation.
Immunochemical and Biochemical Evidence for Expression of Phenobarbital-and 3-Methylcholanthrene-Inducible Isoenzymes of Cytochrome P450 in Rat Brain
Authors: Parmar Devendra , Dhawan Alok , Dayal Monika , Seth Prahlad K.
Published: July 2002

Expression of P450 1A1l 1A2 and 2 B1l 2B2 isoenzymes in rat brain was studied by Western blotting, using polyclonal antibodies raised against hepatic P450 1A1l 1A2 and 2B1l 2B2 isoenzymes. In addition, biochemical characterizations of the catalytic activities, pen toxyresorufin O-dealkylation (PROD) and ethoxyre-sorufin O-deethylation (EROD), selective for P450 2B1l 2B2 (PROD) and P450 1A1l 1A2 (EROD), were performed with rat brain microsomes. Control rat brain microsomes did not crossreact with either of the antibodies, whereas microsomes obtained from 3-methylcholanthrene (MC)-pretreated rats revealed significant immunoreactivity with anti-P450 1A1l 1A2. Similar results were observed with phenobarbital (PB)-pretreated rats, with the brain microsomes exhibiting significant immunoreactivity with anti-P450 2B1l 2B2. The induction in the P450 isoenzymes after PB or MC pretreatment was much less in the brain in comparison to the liver. Enzymatic studies indicated that the activities of PROD and EROD were induced in brain 3—4 fold by PB and MC pretreatment, respectively, and were almost completely inhibited on in vitro addition of anti-P450 2B1l 2B2 and 1A1l 1A2. These data demonstrate the expression of P4501A1l 1A2 and 2B1l 2B2 isoenzymes in the brain and indicate that, as in liver, these isoenzymes catalyze EROD and PROD, respectively, in the rat brain.
Acute Toxicity and Genotoxicity Studies of a Microbial Transglutaminase
Authors: Bernard B. K. , Tsubuku S. , Shioya S.
Published: July 2002

Transglutaminase is a naturally occurring and ubiquitous enzyme which is responsible for the transfer of acyl groups (and resulting crosslinking) between glutamine and lysine residues. Commercial use has been precluded due to the lack of availability and several undesirable characteristics of the mammalian derived enzyme. The recent availability of microbially derived transglutaminase ensures the increased likelihood of human exposure to this substance. In this first of a series of articles evaluating the safety of microbial-deriv ed transglutaminase, the enzyme was tested for acute oral toxicity in the rat and for its mutagenic potential. The acute toxic potential appears to be relatively low given the lack of mortality, morbidity, or signs of toxicity at doses of le; 2,000 mg / kg body weight (bw). Similarly, the enzyme appears to have little if any potential for mutagenesis having been tested in four strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537), one tryptophan-dependent Escherichia coli strain (WP2uvrA), with and without activation, the Chinese hamster lung cell line (CHL), with and without activation, and for chromosomal abnormalities in the Slc:ddY male mouse (micronucleus); in all cases found to be without obvious effects. These findings are not surprising given the fact that enzymes are generally considered to be of low toxic potential.
Safety Evaluation of Medical Devices: US Food and Drug Administration and International Standards Organization Guidelines
Authors: Northup Sharon J.
Published: July 2002

During the last 20 years, safety evaluation of medical devices has evolved from screening assays to the “pharmaceutical model” of preclinical testing. Biocompatibility testing guidelines for medical devices are published in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) document 10993–1: Biological evaluation of medical devices—Part 1: Evaluation and testing. These guidelines are recognized by most national regulatory bodies and supplement, but do not supersede, the guidelines published by the individual nations or the testing requirements for a specific medical device. The ISO 10993 series includes screening tests for nonspecific mechanisms of toxicity (cytotoxicity, acute systemic toxicity, subchronic toxicity, local toxicity, and chronic toxicity) and specific mechanisms (blood compatibility, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, pyrogenicity, and reproductive and developmental toxicity). Other ISO 10993 standards cover chemical characterization of materials, degradation products, toxicokinetics, sample preparation, permissible limits of sterilization and process residues, and clinical studies. This review examines the scope of these standards and identifies exceptions between these guidelines and selected national and vertical standards for medical devices.
Effect of captopril on voluntary consumption of ethanol, water and solid food by UChA and UChB rats
Authors: TAMPIER LUTSKE , GUIVERNAU MAURICIO , MARDONES JORGE
Published: July 2002

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) have been reported to reduce ethanol consumption in rats, but it is unclear whether this effect is specific for ethanol or secondary to effects on appetite or satiation for calories or water. In the present study we assessed the effect of captopril, an ACEI, on the voluntary consumption of 10% ethanol solution, water and solid food in our strain of rats genetically selected for their voluntary consumption of ethanol, namely UChA (low consumer) and UChB (high consumer). Captopril (30 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally for 3 consecutive days to UChA and UChB rats and ethanol, water and food intake were measured before, during and after captopril treatment; these results were compared with those produced by a control saline solution. Results showed that captopril produced a significant reduction of alcohol voluntary consumption in UChB but not in UChA rats. However, this effect was not specific for ethanol since captopril also induced a significant decrease in food intake leading to a loss of weight in both rat strains, suggesting that it seems to be secondary to changes in appetite for calories.
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours: An Update
Authors: Somerhausen Nicolas De Saint Aubain , Fletcher Christopher D. M.
Published: July 2002

Purpose. To study the evolution of concepts concerning gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) over 30 years.

Discussion. GISTs have been, for more than 30 years, the subject of considerable controversy regarding their line of differentiation as well as the prediction of their behaviour. Furthermore, once they spread within the peritoneal cavity, they are extremely hard to control. The recent findings of c-Kit mutations and the immunohistochemical detection of the product of this gene, KIT or CD117, in the mainly non‐myogenic subset of this family of tumours, has led to a reappraisal of this group of lesions, which, with some exceptions, is now thought to be derived from the interstitial cells of Cajal, and this has facilitated a clearer definition of their pathological spectrum. In this article, we review chronologically the evolution of the concept of GIST with the gradual application of electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, DNA ploidy analysis. We discuss the impact of these techniques on the pathological assessment and clinical management of GISTs.
Barriers To Collaboration: An Analysis Of Systemic Barriers To Collaboration Between Teachers And Speech And Language Therapists
Authors: Mccartney Elspeth
Published: July 2002

A systems approach is used to examine the barriers to collaboration found in the working practices of speech and language therapists and teachers. Functional, structural and systems‐environment barriers are found, but few process barriers, which may explain why good collaborative practice can be found in the field. The differences that serve as barriers are listed and discussed, with a view to fostering mutual understanding between teachers and speech and language therapists.
Biochemical Characterization of Dichlorvos‐Induced Delayed Neurotoxicity in Rat
Authors: Sarin Sanjay , Gill Kiran Dip
Published: July 2002

In vitro and in vivo studies were carried out to assess the delayed neurotoxicity potential of dichlorvos. In vitro, dichlorvos caused a concentration and time‐dependent decrease in the activity of neuropathy target esterase (NTE). The Ki of dichlorvos for NTE was calculated to be 1.28 × 103 M‐1 min‐1. In vitro reactivation and ageing studies revealed that dichlorvos‐inhibited NTE became refractory to activation by potassium fluoride after 5 min in the ageing medium, thus indicating the formation of an aged complex between dichlorvos and NTE. In vivo also, dichlorvos (200 mg/kg body wt) given as a single subcutaneous dose inhibited NTE in brain at various intervals after exposure (24 h, 10 days, and 21 days). The delayed neurotoxicity potential of dichlorvos was finally confirmed by the rota rod test, which revealed severe motor deficit in all the exposed animals.
Gamete Interactions in Xenopus laevis: Identification of Sperm Binding Glycoproteins in the Egg Vitelline Envelope
Authors: Tian Jingdong , Gong Hui , Thomsen Gerald H. , Lennarz William J.
Published: July 2002

A quantitative assay was developed to study the interaction of Xenopus laevis sperm and eggs. Using this assay it was found that sperm bound in approximately equal numbers to the surface of both hemispheres of the unfertilized egg, but not to the surface of the fertilized egg. To understand the molecular basis of sperm binding to the egg vitelline envelope (VE), a competition assay was used and it was found that solubilized total VE proteins inhibited sperm-egg binding in a concentration-dependent manner. Individual VE proteins were then isolated and tested for their ability to inhibit sperm binding. Of the seven proteins in the VE, two related glycoproteins, gp69 and gp64, inhibited sperm-egg binding. Polyclonal antibody was prepared that specifically recognized gp69 and gp64. This gp69/64 specific antibody bound to the VE surface and blocked sperm binding, as well as fertilization. Moreover, agarose beads coated with gp69/64 showed high sperm binding activity, while beads coated with other VE proteins bound few sperm. Treatment of unfertilized eggs with crude collagenase resulted in proteolytic modification of only the gp69/64 components of the VE, and this modification abolished sperm-egg binding. Small glycopeptides generated by Pronase digestion of gp69/64 also inhibited sperm-egg binding and this inhibition was abolished by treatment of the glycopeptides with periodate. Based on these observations, we conclude that the gp69/64 glycoproteins in the egg vitelline envelope mediate sperm-egg binding, an initial step in Xenopus fertilization, and that the oligosaccharide chains of these glycoproteins may play a critical role in this process.
Regulation of Cell Motility by Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase
Authors: Klemke Richard L. , Cai Shuang , Giannini Ana L. , Gallagher Patricia J. , Lanerolle Primal de , Cheresh David A.
Published: July 2002

Cell interaction with adhesive proteins or growth factors in the extracellular matrix initiates Ras/ mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling. Evidence is provided that MAP kinase (ERK1 and ERK2) influences the cells' motility machinery by phosphorylating and, thereby, enhancing myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) activity leading to phosphorylation of myosin light chains (MLC). Inhibition of MAP kinase activity causes decreased MLCK function, MLC phosphorylation, and cell migration on extracellular matrix proteins. In contrast, expression of mutationally active MAP kinase kinase causes activation of MAP kinase leading to phosphorylation of MLCK and MLC and enhanced cell migration. In vitro results support these findings since ERK-phosphorylated MLCK has an increased capacity to phosphorylate MLC and shows increased sensitivity to calmodulin. Thus, we define a signaling pathway directly downstream of MAP kinase, influencing cell migration on the extracellular matrix.
Dictyostelium IQGAP-related Protein Specifically Involved in the Completion of Cytokinesis
Authors: Adachi Hiroyuki , Takahashi Yasuhiro , Hasebe Takeshi , Shirouzu Mikako , Yokoyama Shigeyuki , Sutoh Kazuo
Published: July 2002

The gapA gene encoding a novel RasGTPase-activating protein (RasGAP)–related protein was found to be disrupted in a cytokinesis mutant of Dictyostelium that grows as giant and multinucleate cells in a dish culture. The predicted sequence of the GAPA protein showed considerable homology to those of Gap1/Sar1 from fission yeast and the COOH-terminal half of mammalian IQGAPs, the similarity extending beyond the RasGAP-related domain. In suspension culture, gapA− cells showed normal growth in terms of the increase in cell mass, but cytokinesis inefficiently occurred to produce spherical giant cells. Time-lapse recording of the dynamics of cell division in a dish culture revealed that, in the case of gapA− cells, cytokinesis was very frequently reversed at the step in which the midbody connecting the daughter cells should be severed. Earlier steps of cytokinesis in the gapA− cells seemed to be normal, since myosin II was accumulated at the cleavage furrow. Upon starvation, gapA− cells developed and formed fruiting bodies with viable spores, like the wild-type cells. These results indicate that the GAPA protein is specifically involved in the completion of cytokinesis. Recently, it was reported that IQGAPs are putative effectors for Rac and CDC42, members of the Rho family of GTPases, and participate in reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Thus, it is possible that Dictyostelium GAPA participates in the severing of the midbody by regulating the actin cytoskeleton through an interaction with a member of small GTPases.
Laminin α1 Chain Synthesis in the Mouse Developing Lung: Requirement for Epithelial–Mesenchymal Contact and Possible Role in Bronchial Smooth muscle Development
Authors: Schuger Lucia , Skubitz Amy P.N. , Zhang Jun , Sorokin Lydia , He Li
Published: July 2002

Laminins, the main components of basement membranes, are heterotrimers consisting of α, β, and γ polypeptide chains linked together by disulfide bonds. Laminins-1 and -2 are both composed of β1 and γ1 chains and differ from each other on their α chain, which is α1 and α2 for laminin-1 and -2, respectively. The present study shows that whereas laminins-1 and -2 are synthesized in the mouse developing lung and in epithelial–mesenchymal cocultures derived from it, epithelial and mesenchymal monocultures lose their ability to synthesize the laminin α1 chain. Synthesis of laminin α1 chain however returns upon re-establishment of epithelial–mesenchymal contact. Cell–cell contact is critical, since laminin α1 chain is not detected in monocultures exposed to coculture-conditioned medium or in epithelial–mesenchymal cocultures in which heterotypic cell–cell contact is prevented by an interposing filter. Immunohistochemical studies on cocultures treated with brefeldin A, an inhibitor of protein secretion, indicated both epithelial and mesenchymal cells synthesize laminin α1 chain upon heterotypic cell– cell contact. In a set of functional studies, embryonic lung explants were cultured in the presence of monoclonal antibodies to laminin α1, α2, and β/γ chains. Lung explants exposed to monoclonal antibodies to laminin α1 chain exhibited alterations in peribronchial cell shape and decreased smooth muscle development, as indicated by low levels of smooth muscle α actin and desmin. Taken together, our studies suggest that laminin α1 chain synthesis is regulated by epithelial–mesenchymal interaction and may play a role in airway smooth muscle development.
GLUT4 and Transferrin Receptor Are Differentially Sorted Along the Endocytic Pathway in CHO Cells
Authors: Wei Maria L. , Bonzelius Frank , Scully Rebecca M. , Kelly Regis B. , Herman Gary A.
Published: July 2002

The trafficking of GLUT4, a facilitative glucose transporter, is examined in transfected CHO cells. In previous work, we expressed GLUT4 in neuroendocrine cells and fibroblasts and found that it was targeted to a population of small vesicles slightly larger than synaptic vesicles (Herman, G.A, F. Bonzelius, A.M. Cieutat, and R.B. Kelly. 1994. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91: 12750–12754.). In this study, we demonstrate that at 37°C, GLUT4-containing small vesicles (GSVs) are detected after cell surface radiolabeling of GLUT4 whereas uptake of radioiodinated human transferrin does not show appreciable accumulation within these small vesicles. Immunofluorescence microscopy experiments show that at 37°C, cell surface–labeled GLUT4 as well as transferrin is internalized into peripheral and perinuclear structures. At 15°C, endocytosis of GLUT4 continues to occur at a slowed rate, but whereas fluorescently labeled GLUT4 is seen to accumulate within large peripheral endosomes, no perinuclear structures are labeled, and no radiolabeled GSVs are detectable. Shifting cells to 37°C after accumulating labeled GLUT4 at 15°C results in the reappearance of GLUT4 in perinuclear structures and GSV reformation. Cytosol acidification or treatment with hypertonic media containing sucrose prevents the exit of GLUT4 from peripheral endosomes as well as GSV formation, suggesting that coat proteins may be involved in the endocytic trafficking of GLUT4. In contrast, at 15°C, transferrin continues to traffic to perinuclear structures and overall labels structures similar in distribution to those observed at 37°C. Furthermore, treatment with hypertonic media has no apparent effect on transferrin trafficking from peripheral endosomes. Double-labeling experiments after the internalization of both transferrin and surface-labeled GLUT4 show that GLUT4 accumulates within peripheral compartments that exclude the transferrin receptor (TfR) at both 15° and 37°C. Thus, GLUT4 is sorted differently from the transferrin receptor as evidenced by the targeting of each protein to distinct early endosomal compartments and by the formation of GSVs. These results suggest that the sorting of GLUT4 from TfR may occur primarily at the level of the plasma membrane into distinct endosomes and that the organization of the endocytic system in CHO cells more closely resembles that of neuroendocrine cells than previously appreciated.
Cell Cycle–Regulated Attachment of the Ubiquitin-Related Protein Sumo to the Yeast Septins
Authors: Johnson Erica S. , Blobel Günter
Published: July 2002

SUMO is a ubiquitin-related protein that functions as a posttranslational modification on other proteins. SUMO conjugation is essential for viability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and is required for entry into mitosis. We have found that SUMO is attached to the septins Cdc3, Cdc11, and Shs1/Sep7 specifically during mitosis, with conjugates appearing shortly before anaphase onset and disappearing abruptly at cytokinesis. Septins are components of a belt of 10-nm filaments encircling the yeast bud neck. Intriguingly, only septins on the mother cell side of the bud neck are sumoylated. We have identified four major SUMO attachment-site lysine residues in Cdc3, one in Cdc11, and two in Shs1, all within the consensus sequence (IVL)KX(ED). Mutating these sites eliminated the vast majority of bud neck-associated SUMO, as well as the bulk of total SUMO conjugates in G2/M-arrested cells, indicating that sumoylated septins are the most abundant SUMO conjugates at this point in the cell cycle. This mutant has a striking defect in disassembly of septin rings, resulting in accumulation of septin rings marking previous division sites. Thus, SUMO conjugation plays a role in regulating septin ring dynamics during the cell cycle.