bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anti-Irradiation and Wear Resistance of Polyimide Composites
Authors: Song Jing Fu , Zhao Gai , Ding Qing Jun , Qiu Jin Hao
Published: October 2017

Space exploitation and development need high-performance polymer based tribo-materials in order to reduce the weight and improve the reliability of mechanical moving components. However, the wear resistance of polymer composites will decrease after space irradiation. In order to improve the anti-irradiation and wear resistance, the high performance polyimide (PI) composites reinforced with aramid fibers (AF), filled with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and Al2O3were designed and prepared using hot press sintering. The effect of the individual atomic oxygen or proton irradiation as well as both on the tribological properties of the PI composites were systematically investigated against Si3N4 ball on a ball-on-disk test rig under simulating space environment system, and coefficient of friction and wear rate were considered as responses. The worn surfaces of the composites were observed by scanning electrical microscopy to reveal wear mechanisms of the materials’ damage. Experimental results indicated that the wear rate of the PTFE/AF/PI greatly increased after atomic oxygen and proton irradiation due to oxidation degradation effect on the polymer matrix. However, filling Al2O3 nano-particles into polyimide matrix can improve the wear resistance because of oxidation layer, gradually formulated during the process of atomic oxygen irradiation, which can protect the polymer composites and avoid further oxidation. This study will expect to provide the helpful guidance for designing high performance polymer based frictional materials in the application of space science.
Two Component Silyl-Terminated Polyether/Epoxy Resin Systems Mechanical and Rheological Properties
Authors: Berzins Ritvars , Merijs Meri Remo , Zicans Janis
Published: October 2017

Two component model systems from Silyl-terminated polyether (SAX 520) and epoxy resin (D.E.R. 331) can produce higher mechanical properties than each system individually. This work is dedicated to explore two components (SAX 520/D.E.R. 331) systems and represent their benefits comparing to neat SAX 520 based system. Work shows that compositions with epoxy resin not only improves material mechanical properties, but also its stability after aging, workability time and adhesion on various substrates.
Application of Smart Materials in Structural Elements of Pneumatic Vibroexciters
Authors: Pauliukaitis Darius , Kibirkštis Edmundas
Published: October 2017

Pneumatic vibroexciters which consist of smart materials’ structural elements and are operating under autovibration regime were designed. The chamber of vibroexciter actuator with changeable capacity for flowing pressured air made of shape memory alloy (SMA) were presented. Mechanical characteristics of such type vibroactuator were estimated: maximum deformation of structural element with SMA, possible force of martensitic transformation. The result of the research allows to design functional adaptive pneumatic vibroexciters with are suitable for the different purposes of technological processes.
New Tanning Agent with Montmorillonite for Leather Manufacturing
Authors: Marukhlenko Mariia , Mokrousova Olena , Okhmat Olena
Published: October 2017

The article is devoted to the investigation of the efficiency of chromium-modified montmorillonite dispersions to stabilize the collagen structure of the dermis. The interaction of modified dispersions of montmorillonite with collagen of the dermis was studied with the use of IR spectroscopic studies method. The high level of absorption of chromium compounds and their reduction by 30 % in the exhaust fluid was found. The use of montmorillonite dispersions provides qualitative formation of the structure of the dermis and physical and mechanical properties, with a reduction of tanning agents’ costs/waste by 16 %.
Comparative Study of a Neat Epoxy and Unidirectional Carbon/Epoxy Composites under Tensile and Impact Loading
Authors: Naresh Kakur , Shankar Krishnapillai , Ramachandran Velmurugan
Published: October 2017

In the present work, the neat epoxy and different orientations [0°, 45°, 90°, (45°/-45°/45°) s, (±45°/0°/90°) s] of unidirectional carbon/epoxy composites are experimentally studied under tensile and impact loading. The notched impact tests are performed using the Izod impact machine to obtain the energy absorption of neat epoxy and different CFRP composites which is required for effective design of bullet proof jackets and military vehicles. The micro mechanical analysis is employed to determine the shear properties of a matrix using the tensile properties. Using classical laminate theory [CLT], the theoretical tensile properties are determined. The SEM fractography analysis is used to observe the damage mechanisms of neat epoxy and different orientations of CFRP composites subjected to tension and impact loading.
Influence of Silver on Photocatalytic Activity of Nanosized ZnO Doped with Iron Group Metals
Authors: Grabis Jānis , Letlena Anita , Krūmiņa Aija
Published: October 2017

Zinc oxide nanoparticles doped with 0.2–1.5 mol% of Fe, Ni or Co and co-doped with 1 mol% of Ag were prepared by co-precipitation method and their photocatalytic activity in degradation of MB (methylene blue) water solution under ultraviolet irradiation was determined. X-ray diffraction analysis of the samples containing up to 0.5 mol% of iron group metals showed only ZnO and Ag phases. Crystallite size of doped ZnO nanoparticles was in the range of 27–31.6 nm depending on the sample composition and additional calcination at 400 °C. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO doped with iron group metals depended on the content of metals. The highest activity was observed for ZnO doped with 0.2 mol% of nickel. The co-doped with silver samples showed enhanced photocatalytic activity and higher reaction rate constant.
Investigation on Polymer-Mineral Tanned Leather Properties
Authors: Andreyeva Olga , Nikonova Anna , Maistrenko Lesia
Published: October 2017

In natural leather production polymeric compounds are generally used during leather finishing coating. However, given that liquid processing is crucial for derma structure and properties development, we have identified the rationale for applying polymers based on maleic and acrylic acids during chrome and titanium tanning of garment leather by analysing specimens of polymer-mineral tanning. We have applied analysis techniques traditional for leather industry (strength of surface, strength and percentage extension, shrinkage temperature, moisture content, mineral substances content etc.), as well as mathematical statistics techniques, in order to do it. It has been established that structure and custom properties development of polymer-mineral tanning leather products has been improved as compared with pickle-chrome tanning ones.
Citation Analysis of Library and Information Science research output for collection development
Authors: Weerasinghe Sureni
Published: October 2017

The purpose of this paper was to provide useful indicators for library LIS collection development in order to better serve its user community. Core journals utilized by LIS academic researchers in Sri Lanka were identified via the application of Bradford’s law of scattering to the Journal of the University Librarians Association (JULA) of Sri Lanka. This study analyzes 46 articles containing 803 citations, published in the open access Journal of the University Librarians Association (JULA) during 2010-2015. The most cited format was determined, and a ranked list of core journals was prepared employing the Bradford’s law. Journals were revealed to be the most frequently cited format, which accounted for 51.31% of all citations. Data sets were fit with the Leimkuhler model of the Bradford’s law. Thirteen journals were identified as belonging to the most productive nucleus of journals cited by articles in the Journal of the University Librarians Association (JULA). In the ranked list of core journals, “The Journal of Academic Librarianship” was ranked as first. The chronological distribution of cited material revealed that LIS researchers had mostly used materials published within 2001-2010 time period. Further, the categorization of articles into subject domains within LIS showed that most studies were conducted within the field of “information seeking”. This paper provides useful insights for librarians in LIS collection development of libraries in Sri Lanka.
Calculating web impact factor for university library websites in Sri Lanka
Authors: Ramanayake Kokila H. , Xianqiao Chen , Bing Shi
Published: October 2017

This paper aims to explore a Revised Web Impact Factor (RWIF) for university library websites in Sri Lanka and the correlations between RWIF with external backlink and page count. The RWIFs were calculated by dividing external backlink counts by the number of pages found in Yahoo, and Google search engines and SEO CHAT application tool for each university library website at a given point in time. Collectively, 6,850 average web pages and 630 average external backlinks were found from studied university library websites. University of Moratuwa library website received the highest RWIF of 0.4415, which indicates that the number of externally linked pages to www.lib.mrt.ac.lk is much higher than that of other universities. It was found that external backlink count and RWIF were correlated and associated and it shown that there was very less difference between the external backlink count and RWIF. Research results found that there was no much association or closeness between page count and RWIF. The main factors that can raised RWIF of a university library website were linking of websites to their affiliate universities, university libraries, international websites, internet guides and search engines and making appropriate information resources, such as getting access to the university's electronic journals, library resources, the news, information from conferences available and easily accessible, and usable for its users audiences and as a result the website will receive more external backlinks. The findings of the study will guide to the librarians to evaluate the strength of their online presence of their library websites and plan to improve their status on the web.
Bioclimatic approach to assessing factors influencing shifts in geographic distribution and relative abundance of two flea beetle species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in North America
Authors: Olfert O. , Weiss R.M. , Soroka J.J. , Elliott R.H.
Published: October 2017

Crucifer flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) and striped flea beetle, Phyllotreta striolata (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) are the most chronic and economically important flea beetle pests of cruciferous (Brassicaceae) crops in western Canada. There have been reports that populations of P. striolata are increasing in numbers and expanding their geographic range. Climate is the fundamental factor regulating the distribution and abundance of most insect species. Bioclimate simulation models of the two flea beetle species were developed to assess climatic factors influencing shifts in their geographic distribution and density. The results fostered a better understanding of how the two species responded to selected climate variables. Growing seasons with above average precipitation were predicted to favour the geographic distribution of P. striolata more than P. cruciferae. Both P. cruciferae and P. striolata were sensitive to temperature changes in the range of −2 °C to +2 °C. The ecoclimatic index (suitability index) for P. cruciferae increased with increasing temperatures, whereas the index for P. striolata declined with increasing temperatures. This study highlights the regions of the Prairies and Boreal Plains Ecozones that are most sensitive to shifts of the two populations and which may require changes in insecticidal seed treatments for effective control.
Naringenin Ameliorates Acute Inflammation by Regulating Intracellular Cytokine Degradation
Authors: Jin Lingtao , Zeng Wenfeng , Zhang Fayun , Zhang Chunling , Liang Wei
Published: October 2017

Ungoverned activation of innate and adaptive immunity results in acute inflammatory disease, such as bacteria-induced endotoxemia and fulminant hepatitis by virus infection. Thus, therapeutic control of inflammation is crucial for clinical management of many human diseases. In murine models of LPS- and Con A–induced liver injury, we found that naringenin, a natural predominant flavanone, is capable of protecting against lethality induced by LPS and preventing inflammation-induced organ injury. The protective effect of naringenin is mediated by reducing the levels of several inflammatory cytokines. Unexpectedly, naringenin inhibits TNF-α and IL-6 secretion in macrophages and T cells without interfering with the TLR signaling cascade, cytokine mRNA stability, or protein translation. These results indicate the existence of a posttranslational control mechanism. Further studies show that naringenin enhances intracellular cytokine degradation through lysosome- and TFEB-dependent mechanisms. This study provides evidence that naringenin has the capacity to dampen cytokine production by regulating lysosome function. Thus, naringenin may represent a potential therapeutic agent for controlling inflammation-related diseases.
Mechanisms of the Innate Defense Regulator Peptide-1002 Anti-Inflammatory Activity in a Sterile Inflammation Mouse Model
Authors: Wu Bing Catherine , Lee Amy Huei-Yi , Hancock Robert E. W.
Published: October 2017

Innate defense regulator (IDR) peptide-1002 is a synthetic host defense peptide derivative with strong anti-inflammatory properties. Extending previous data, IDR-1002 suppressed in vitro inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 murine monocyte/macrophage cells challenged with the TLR4 agonist LPS and TLR2 agonists lipoteichoic acid and zymosan. To investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of IDR-1002 in vivo, the PMA-induced mouse ear inflammation model was used. Topical IDR-1002 treatment successfully dampened PMA-induced ear edema, proinflammatory cytokine production, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species release, and neutrophil recruitment in the ears of CD1 mice. Advanced RNA transcriptomic analysis on the mouse ear transcriptome revealed that IDR-1002 reduced sterile inflammation by suppressing the expression of transmembrane G protein–coupled receptors (class A/1 rhodopsin-like), including receptors for chemokines, PGs, histamine, platelet activating factor, and anaphylatoxin. IDR-1002 also dampened the IFN-γ response and repressed the IFN regulatory factor 8–regulated network that controls central inflammatory pathways. This study demonstrates that IDR-1002 exhibits strong in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities, informs the underlying anti-inflammatory mechanisms, and reveals its potential as a novel therapeutic for inflammatory diseases.
The Role of Interleukin-6 in the Early Diagnosis of Sepsis in Premature Infants
Authors: Mirzarahimi Mehrdad , Barak Manouchehr , Eslami Abdolkarim , Enteshari-Moghaddam Afsaneh
Published: October 2017

Septicemia is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity in newborns. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the early diagnosis of Sepsis in premature newborns. This cross-sectional study was conducted on preterm infants admitted to NICU of Hospital Buali in Ardabil city, Iran. C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6 and complete blood count tests have been done in baseline, third and seventh day. Collected data analyzed by one-sample t-test, repeated measures and ANOVA in SPSS.21. The mean of IL-6 in the first and third day after hospitalization was significantly more than normal value. The mean of CRP in the third and seventh day after hospitalization significantly more than normal value. We found that increasing in IL-6 level can occur earlier than CRP and it can be used as a good index in early sepsis diagnosis compare than CRP.
Involvement of Crawling and Attached Ciliates in the Aggregation of Particles in Wastewater Treatment Plants
Authors: Arregui Lucía , Linares María , Pέrez-Uz Blanca , Guinea Almudena , Serrano Susana
Published: October 2017

The biological community in activated sludge wastewater plants is organized within this ecosystem as bioaggregates or flocs, in which the biotic component is embedded in a complex matrix comprised of extracellular polymeric substances mainly of microbial origin. The aim of this work is to study the role of different floc-associated ciliates commonly reported in wastewater treatment plants-crawling Euplotes and sessile Vorticella- in the formation of aggregates. Flocs, in experiments with ciliates and latex beads, showed more compactation and cohesion among particles than those in the absence of ciliates. Ciliates have been shown to contribute to floc formation through different mechanisms such as the active secretion of polymeric substances (extrusomes), their biological activities (movement and feeding strategies), or the cysts formation capacity of some species. Staining with lectins coupled to fluorescein showed that carbohydrate of the matrix contained glucose, manose, N-acetyl-glucosamine and galactose. Protein fraction revealed over the latex beads surfaces could probably be of bacterial origin, but nucleic acids represented an important fraction of the extracellular polymeric substances of ciliate origin.
Tissue Engineering Options for Ligament Healing
Authors: Freeman Joseph W.
Published: October 2017

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of five ligaments in the knee that are important for stability and kinematics. It is also the most commonly injured ligament of the knee and due to its poor healing potential, severe damage warrants surgical intervention including complete replacement. Ligaments are longitudinally arranged, complex tissues; the mechanical properties of ligaments are a direct result of their components and the arrangement of these components in the tissue. It is these mechanics that have made ligaments so difficult to replace. Past ACL replacements have had many limitations that prevented their extensive use. These limitations range from mechanical fatigue over time to fraying of the device after implantation. In light of these problems, investigators have begun to pursue a host of new techniques to create a range of viable options for the repair, replacement, and/or regeneration of the ACL. These options include tissue engineered scaffolds with novel designs and specially treated transplanted tissues. In this article, the composition, arrangement, and mechanics of the ACL will be discussed in order to elucidate important aspects of ACL repair; past replacements will also be discussed. Afterwards, novel replacement options that look to solve problems faced by older replacement options will be presented. These devices use a wide variety of materials and designs to replicate ligament mechanics and allow for new tissue regeneration.
The Role of sFas in the Immune Escape Mechanism and Progression of Cancer Larynx
Authors: Badry Amr A El , Elmofty Ismail , Helmy Amira
Published: October 2017

This work assess serum levels of soluble Fas form (sFas) in patients with different stages of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma(LSCC) to investigate its prognostic significance. We correlate its levels with the morphological changes of peripheral blood cells via buffy coat examinatin. The study population included 70 patients clinically diagnosed and pathohistologically confirmed LSCC in addition to 20 healthy controls. According to TNM classification 33(47.1%) patients were in stage I (group I) and 24(34.3%) in stage II (group II), 13(18.5%) in stage III (group III). The results revealed that the mean serum level of sFas (pg/ml) in the control group was 51.2, in group I was 66.33, in group II was 81.33 and in group III was 112.45. Statistical analysis of the mean of sFas by ELISA test in the patients' groups in comparison to the control revealed a significant increase of both group II and III in comparison to the control group (P < 0.01) but there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between group I in comparison to either the control or group II. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between group I in comparison to group III. LM examination revealed massive extent of the apoptotic cells in group III when compared to both group I and group II. EM examination of the buffy coat revealed apoptotic changes, mainly in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs), represented by surface membrane ruffles and blebs with clumped nuclear chromatin and vacuolated cytoplasm. In conclusion, this study may help us to better understand one of the escape mechanisms in cancer larynx. This mechanism is represented by the significant increase in both the serum level of sFas and the morphological apoptotic changes that detected in PBMNCs. Soluble Fas may contribute to the progression of laryngeal cancer. It can be used as an attractive target for anticancer therapy and may be considered as a marker of disease progression and poor prognosis in laryngeal cancer.
Determining the Cause of Death: Mortality Surveillance Using Verbal Autopsy in Indonesia
Authors: Wahab Abdul , Choiriyyah Ifta , Wilopo Siswanto Agus
Published: October 2017

In the absence of a vital registration and health information systems, Indonesia does not have complete, accurate, and continuous data to summarize the mortality statistics of the population, nor determine the exact cause of death. Verbal autopsies performed in a community-based mortality surveillance have been used to provide information on the cause of deaths in such context. However, physician review of verbal autopsy can be expensive, time-consuming, and give inconsistent results, raising concern about its reliability. We used the Purworejo Health and Demographic Surveillance System’s (HDSS) mortality data collected between 2000 and 2002 and assigned causes of death for all age groups using Interpreting Verbal Autopsy-4, analytic software that applies a probabilistic model. A total of 1,999 deaths were identified among 55,581 individuals surveyed in 14,409 households; 830 deaths were able to be recorded using the standardized World Health Organization (WHO) verbal autopsy questionnaire. We calculated the proportion of different causes of death and its incidence rate (IR) ratios with 95% confidence interval (CI) to compare the IR per person-years-observation (PYO). The IR of stroke was 126.7 per 100,000 PYO (95% CI: 109.7, 143.7); acute respiratory infection including pneumonia was 70.8 per 100,000 PYO (95% CI: 58.1, 83.5); and the IR of other and unspecified cardiac diseases was 57.7 per 100,000 PYO (95% CI: 46.2, 69.2). Stroke was indicated as the leading cause of death among elderly people aged 50 years and above. Meanwhile, pneumonia as a communicable disease was found to be the most common cause of death among both 0–14-year-old children and elderly people.
Molecular and Phenotypic Characterization of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Bacteremic Children
Authors: Riveros Maribel , García Wilfredo , García Coralith , Durand David , Mercado Erik , Ruiz Joaquim , Ochoa Theresa J.
Published: October 2017

Escherichia coli is an important cause of Gram-negative bacteremia. The aim of this study was to characterize at the molecular and phenotypic levels E. coli strains belonging to different diarrheagenic pathotypes [diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC)] isolated from bacteremia in children younger than 5 years of age. Seventy bacteremia E. coli strains were collected in a prospective study in 12 hospitals in Lima, Peru. The presence of virulence genes associated with DEC [enterotoxigenic (lt and st), enteropathogenic (eaeA), shiga toxin-producing (stx1and stx2), enteroinvasive (ipaH), enteroaggregative (aggR), and diffusely adherent (daaD)] was determined by multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Those positive E. coli strains were further analyzed for 18 additional virulence factors encoding genes and others phenotypic features. Virulence genes associated with DEC were identified in seven bacteremic children (10%), including: one aggR-positive [enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)], one eaeA-positive [enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)], one st-positive [enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)], one daaD-positive [diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC)], and three strain positive for aggR and daaD (EAEC/DAEC) at the same time. All strains, except EPEC, had the Ag43 adhesin, and all, except ETEC had the siderophore gene fyuA. The phylogenetic profile of these strains was variable, two (B2), two (D), two (A), and one (B1) strain. These isolates were susceptible to all tested antibacterial agents except to ampicillin and gentamicin. The three EAEC/DAEC strains showed biofilm formation and aggregative adhesion and had the same repetitive extragenic palindromic–PCR patterns. These findings suggest that some DEC strains, especially agg-R and daa-D positive, might cause bacteremia in children.
Performance of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for the Identification of Submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum Infection in Uganda
Authors: Katrak Shereen , Murphy Maxwell , Nayebare Patience , Rek John , Smith Mary , Arinaitwe Emmanuel , Nankabirwa Joaniter I. , Kamya Moses , Dorsey Grant , Rosenthal Philip J. , Greenhouse Bryan
Published: October 2017

Accurately identifying and targeting the human reservoir of malaria parasitemia is critical for malaria control, and requires a reliable and sensitive diagnostic method. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is increasingly used to diagnose submicroscopic parasitemia. Although most published studies report the sensitivity of LAMP compared with nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as ≥ 80%, they have failed to use a consistent, sensitive diagnostic as a comparator. We used cross-sectional samples from children and adults in Tororo, Uganda, a region with high but declining transmission due to indoor residual spraying, to characterize the sensitivity and specificity of pan-Plasmodium LAMP for detecting submicroscopic infections. We compared LAMP results targeting a mitochondrial DNA sequence conserved in all Plasmodium species, performed on DNA extracted from dried blood spots, to those of a gold standard quantitative PCR assay targeting the var gene acidic terminal sequence of Plasmodium falciparum (varATS qPCR), performed on DNA extracted from 200 µL of whole blood. Using LAMP and varATS qPCR increased the detection of parasitemia 2- to 5-fold, compared with microscopy. Among microscopy-negative samples, the sensitivity of LAMP was 81.5% for detecting infection ≥ 1 parasites/µL. However, low density infections were common, and LAMP failed to identify more than half of all infections diagnosed by varATS qPCR, performing with an overall sensitivity of 44.7% for detecting submicroscopic infections ≥ 0.01 parasites/µL. Thus, although the LAMP assay is more sensitive than microscopy, it missed a significant portion of the submicroscopic reservoir. These findings have important implications for malaria control, particularly in settings where low-density infections predominate.
Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology of Salmonella Paratyphi A Isolated from Patients with Bacteremia in Nepal
Authors: Sherchan Jatan Bahadur , Morita Masatomo , Matono Takashi , Izumiya Hidemasa , Ohnishi Makoto , Sherchand Jeevan B. , Tandukar Sarmila , Laghu Ujjwal , Nagamatsu Maki , Kato Yasuyuki , Ohmagari Norio , Hayakawa Kayoko
Published: October 2017

Little is known about the epidemiology of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Nepal. We aimed to elucidate the molecular and clinical epidemiology of Salmonella Paratyphi A in Nepal. Isolates were collected from 23 cases of bacteremia due to S. Paratyphi A between December 2014 and October 2015. Thirteen patients (57%) were male, and the median age was 21 years. None of the patients had an underlying chronic disease. All S. Paratyphi A isolates were sensitive to ampicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ceftriaxone, and chloramphenicol. All isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid and were categorized as intermediately susceptible to levofloxacin. Phylogenetic analysis revealed close relatedness among the isolates, including several clonal groups, suggesting local spread. Patients with bacteremia due to S. Paratyphi A in Kathmandu, Nepal, were relatively young and nondebilitated. Improving control of S. Paratyphi infections should focus on effective infection control measures and selection of empirical therapy based on current resistance patterns.
Honda Diagnostic Serial Data Link Protocol - ABS/VSA System
Authors:   Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
Published: October 2017

This Technical Information Report defines the proprietary diagnostic communication protocol for ABS or VSA ECU (Electronic Control Unit) implemented on some Honda vehicles. This protocol does not apply to all Honda vehicles.

This document should be used in conjunction with SAE J2534-2 in order to fully implement the communication protocol in an enhanced SAE J2534 interface.

The purpose of this document is to specify the requirements necessary to implement the communication protocol in an enhanced SAE J2534 interface.
Uso de substratos orgânico-minerais na produção de mudas de Erythrina velutina
Authors: Oliveira Mychelle Karla Teixeira de , Dombroski Jeferson Luiz Dallabona , Medeiros Rita De Cássia Araújo de , Farias Raul Martins de , Tomczak Valmor Elias
Published: October 2017

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar substratos orgânico-minerais na produção de mudas de Erythrina velutina Willd. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com 10 repetições. Utilizaram-se cinco substratos (S), sendo S1 = solo; S2 = solo + esterco bovino curtido (20%); S3 = solo + superfosfato simples (300 g m-3); S4 = solo + superfosfato simples + micronutrientes (300 g m-3, 50 g m-3); S5 = solo + superfosfato simples + micronutrientes (300 g m-3, 50 g m-3) + esterco bovino curtido. O substrato foi composto de solo e esterco bovino curtido na proporção 4: 1, de acordo com cada tratamento. As coletas de mudas foram realizadas em intervalos de 14, 28, 42, 56 e 70 dias após semeadura. As variáveis analisadas foram: comprimento da parte aérea, número de folhas, diâmetro de coleto, área foliar, massa seca de caule, de folhas, da parte aérea, das raízes, total e relação massa seca da parte aérea e das raízes. Houve efeito significativo dos substratos orgânicos-minerais para as variáveis analisadas. O substrato composto por solo com adição de superfosfato simples (300 gm -3 ), micronutrientes (50 gm -3 ) e 20% de esterco bovino curtido e indicado para produção de mudas de Erythrina velutina .
First record of Sphacelodes vulneraria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) damaging Hovenia dulcis in Brazil
Authors: Prado Ribeiro Leandro , Corrêa Camila , Vargas Castilhos Rodolfo
Published: October 2017

Hovenia dulcis Thunb. (Rhamnaceae), conhecida popularmente como uva-do-japão, é comumente utilizada para sombreamento de aviários e chiqueiros no Sul do Brasil. É relatada pela primeira vez no Brasil a ocorrência de Sphacelodes vulneraria (Hübner, 1823) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae) danificando árvores de H. dulcis, e o seu potencial como nova praga desta espécie florestal.
Proposta metodológica para análise da adequação dos espaços europeus protegidos: aplicação para Castilla y León, Espanha
Authors: Velázquez Javier , Rincón Víctor , Gutiérrez Javier , Mayenco Eva , Hernando Ana , Bedoya Ángela
Published: October 2017

A União Europeia (UE), através da sua iniciativa Natura 2000, estabeleceu a classificação e seleção de áreas protegidas na Europa, a fim de assegurar a conservação da biodiversidade. No entanto, não há parâmetros claros e uniformes para permitir que os países membros tomem as melhores decisões de zoneamento para a conservação da biodiversidade. Por esta razão, uma metodologia baseada na avaliação de critérios de importância para a conservação da biodiversidade é apresentada nesta tese. A metodologia introduzida visa estabelecer critérios relevantes que podem ser analisados através do método estatístico de análise multicritério e interpolação de dados com o método geoestatístico de krigagem. O objetivo é verificar a adequação das áreas designadas para a rede Natura 2000 em Castilla y León, Espanha, e desenvolver uma proposta de zoneamento baseada em valores de importância da biodiversidade quando considerando o uso da terra. A metodologia proposta foi realizada com critérios básicos de conservação da biodiversidade que podem ser adaptados e aplicados em diferentes países membros da UE, contribuindo para uma seleção ótima de áreas protegidas com parâmetros claros e uniformes para o zoneamento.
The Spanish National Forest Inventory: history, development, challenges and perspectives
Authors: Alberdi Iciar , Cañellas Isabel , Vallejo Bombín Roberto
Published: October 2017

É importante ter uma base de dados florestal estatisticamente robusta, que possa ser atualizada e possa fornecer informações em longo prazo. Os inventários florestais nacionais (IFN) fornecem uma das melhores fontes de informação de larga escala e, portanto, são a base para políticas florestais. O escopo dos IFNs, que são a principal fonte de dados para avaliações nacionais e de grandes áreas, foi ampliado para incluir novas variáveis, visando atender a crescentes requisitos de informação. Este artigo descreve a história, metodologia e as orientações do IFN espanhol e os requisitos internacionais. Os objetivos atuais são determinados através da análise das perspectivas futuras e possível orientação de avaliações futuras. Estes objetivos incluem a harmonização do IFN, fonte aberta de dados e ampliação do número de variáveis de campo monitoradas (inventário multiobjetivo), a fim de efetivamente cumprir aos requisitos de informação.
Where are the trees outside forest in Brazil?
Authors: De Foresta Hubert
Published: October 2017

Árvores fora das florestas (AFF/Trees outside Forests - ToF) é um conceito frequentemente mal compreendido. Esse é o caso no Brasil, como demonstra a falta de dados do país sobre AFF, até o momento. Neste artigo, AFF é entendida conforme a definição de floresta da FAO, porque é a mesma utilizada pelo Brasil, no contexto do Inventário Florestal Nacional. Este artigo propõe uma definição de AFF e detalha seus principais agrupamentos, determinados a partir dessa definição; propõe também concentrar-se em um agrupamento de AFFs como um primeiro passo - eficiente e realista - para a avaliação de AFFs em todo o país. Além disso, é ilustrada a diversidade dos sistemas que envolvem AFF no Brasil, desde árvores relativamente isoladas em sistemas agroflorestais a densas formações de árvores heterogêneas que não podem ser distinguidas das florestas nas imagens de satélite. Uma publicação recente colocou o Brasil como líder mundial em termos de carbono total de biomassa armazenado por um conjunto de AFFs em áreas agrícolas. Esse resultado poderia estimular o país a reportar não apenas as árvores em áreas agrícolas, mas também as árvores em áreas urbanas, os dois principais agrupamentos de árvores fora da floresta. Espera-se que o presente artigo contribua com aqueles que empreenderão essa tarefa desafiadora e excitante.
Modeling of the chemistry in oxidation flow reactors with high initial NO
Authors: Peng Zhe , Jimenez Jose L.
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Oxidation flow reactors (OFRs) are increasingly employed in atmospheric chemistry research because of their high efficiency of OH radical production from low-pressure Hg lamp emissions at both 185 and 254 nm (OFR185) or 254 nm only (OFR254). OFRs have been thought to be limited to studying low-NO chemistry (in which peroxy radicals (RO2) react preferentially with HO2) because NO is very rapidly oxidized by the high concentrations of O3, HO2, and OH in OFRs. However, many groups are performing experiments by aging combustion exhaust with high NO levels or adding NO in the hopes of simulating high-NO chemistry (in which RO2 + NO dominates). This work systematically explores the chemistry in OFRs with high initial NO. Using box modeling, we investigate the interconversion of N-containing species and the uncertainties due to kinetic parameters. Simple initial injection of NO in OFR185 can result in more RO2 reacted with NO than with HO2 and minor non-tropospheric photolysis, but only under a very narrow set of conditions (high water mixing ratio, low UV intensity, low external OH reactivity (OHRext), and initial NO concentration (NOin) of tens to hundreds of ppb) that account for a very small fraction of the input parameter space. These conditions are generally far away from experimental conditions of published OFR studies with high initial NO. In particular, studies of aerosol formation from vehicle emissions in OFRs often used OHRext and NOin several orders of magnitude higher. Due to extremely high OHRext and NOin, some studies may have resulted in substantial non-tropospheric photolysis, strong delay to RO2 chemistry due to peroxynitrate formation, VOC reactions with NO3 dominating over those with OH, and faster reactions of OH–aromatic adducts with NO2 than those with O2, all of which are irrelevant to ambient VOC photooxidation chemistry. Some of the negative effects are the worst for alkene and aromatic precursors. To avoid undesired chemistry, vehicle emissions generally need to be diluted by a factor of > 100 before being injected into an OFR. However, sufficiently diluted vehicle emissions generally do not lead to high-NO chemistry in OFRs but are rather dominated by the low-NO RO2 + HO2 pathway. To ensure high-NO conditions without substantial atmospherically irrelevant chemistry in a more controlled fashion, new techniques are needed.
Using snowflake surface-area-to-volume ratio to model and interpret snowfall triple-frequency radar signatures
Authors: Gergely Mathias , Cooper Steven J. , Garrett Timothy J.
Published: October 2017

Abstract. The snowflake microstructure determines the microwave scattering properties of individual snowflakes and has a strong impact on snowfall radar signatures. In this study, individual snowflakes are represented by collections of randomly distributed ice spheres where the size and number of the constituent ice spheres are specified by the snowflake mass and surface-area-to-volume ratio (SAV) and the bounding volume of each ice sphere collection is given by the snowflake maximum dimension. Radar backscatter cross sections for the ice sphere collections are calculated at X-, Ku-, Ka-, and W-band frequencies and then used to model triple-frequency radar signatures for exponential snowflake size distributions (SSDs). Additionally, snowflake complexity values obtained from high-resolution multi-view snowflake images are used as an indicator of snowflake SAV to derive snowfall triple-frequency radar signatures. The modeled snowfall triple-frequency radar signatures cover a wide range of triple-frequency signatures that were previously determined from radar reflectivity measurements and illustrate characteristic differences related to snow type, quantified through snowflake SAV, and snowflake size. The results show high sensitivity to snowflake SAV and SSD maximum size but are generally less affected by uncertainties in the parameterization of snowflake mass, indicating the importance of snowflake SAV for the interpretation of snowfall triple-frequency radar signatures.
Long-term observations of cloud condensation nuclei in the Amazon rain forest – Part 2: Variability and characteristic differences under near-pristine, biomass burning, and long-range transport conditions
Authors: Pöhlker Mira L. , Ditas Florian , Saturno Jorge , Klimach Thomas , Hrabě de Angelis Isabella , Araùjo Alessandro , Brito Joel , Carbone Samara , Cheng Yafang , Chi Xuguang , Ditz Reiner , Gunthe Sachin S. , Kandler Konrad , Kesselmeier Jürgen , Könemann Tobias , Lavrič Jošt V. , Martin Scot T. , Mikhailov Eugene , Moran-Zuloaga Daniel , Rizzo Luciana V. , Rose Diana , Su Hang , Thalman Ryan , Walter David , Wang Jian , Wolff Stefan , Barbosa Henrique M. J. , Artaxo Paulo , Andreae Meinrat O. , Pöschl Ulrich , Pöhlker Christopher
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Size-resolved measurements of atmospheric aerosol and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations and hygroscopicity were conducted at the remote Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) in the central Amazon Basin over a full seasonal cycle (Mar 2014–Feb 2015). In a companion part 1 paper, we presented an in-depth CCN characterization based on annually as well as seasonally averaged time intervals and discuss different parametrization strategies to represent the Amazonian CCN cycling in modelling studies (M. Pöhlker et al., 2016b). The present part 2 study analyzes the aerosol and CCN variability in original time resolution and, thus, resolves aerosol advection and transformation for the following case studies, which represent the most characteristic states of the Amazonian atmosphere: 1. Near-pristine (NP) conditions, defined as the absence of detectable black carbon ( 90 %), and correspondingly low hygroscopicity levels (κAit = 0.14, κacc = 0.17). The BB CCN efficiency spectrum shows that the CCN population is highly sensitive to changes in S in the low S regime. 4. Mixed pollution conditions show the superposition of African (i.e., volcanic) and Amazonian (i.e., biomass burning) aerosol emissions during the dry season. The African aerosols showed a broad monomodal distribution (D = 130 nm, N = ~ 1300 cm−3), with very high sulfate fractions (20 %), and correspondingly high hygroscopicity (κAit = 0.14, κacc = 0.22). This was superimposed by fresh smoke from nearby fires with one strong mode (D = 113 nm, Nacc = ~ 2800 cm−3), an organic-dominated aerosol, and sharply decreased hygroscopicity (κAit = 0.10, κacc = 0.20). These conditions underline the rapidly changing pollution regimes with clear impacts on the aerosol and CCN properties. Overall, this study provides detailed insights into the CCN cycling in relation to aerosol-cloud interaction in the vulnerable and climate-relevant Amazon region. The detailed analysis of aerosol and CCN key properties and particularly the extracted CCN efficiency spectra with the associated fit parameters provide a basis for an in-depth analysis of aerosol-cloud interaction in the Amazon and beyond.
Regional uncertainty of GOSAT XCO2 retrievals in China: Quantification and attribution
Authors: Bie Nian , Lei Liping , Zeng Zhaocheng , Cai Bofeng , Yang Shaoyuan , He Zhonghua , Wu Changjiang , Nassar Ray
Published: October 2017

Abstract. The regional uncertainty of XCO2 (column-averaged dry air mole fraction of CO2) retrieved using different algorithms from the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) and its attribution are still not well understood. This paper investigates the regional performance of XCO2 within a band of 37° N–42° N segmented into 8 cells in a grid of 5° from west to east (80° E–120° E) in China, where there are typical land surface types and geographic conditions. The former include the various land covers of desert, grassland and built-up areas mixed with cropland, and the latter include anthropogenic emissions that tend to be small to large from west to east, including those from the megacity of Beijing. For these specific cells, we evaluate the regional uncertainty of GOSAT XCO2 retrievals by quantifying and attributing the consistency of XCO2 retrievals from five algorithms (ACOS, NIES, EMMA, OCFP, and SRFP) by intercomparison and particularly by comparing these with simulated XCO2 from the Goddard Earth Observing System 3-D chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem), the nested model in East Asia. We introduce the anthropogenic CO2 emissions data generated from the investigation of surface emitting point sources that was conducted by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China to GEOS-Chem simulations of XCO2 over the Chinese mainland. The results indicate that (1) regionally, the five algorithms demonstrate smaller absolute biases between 0.9–1.5 ppm in eastern cells, which are covered by built-up areas mixed with cropland with intensive anthropogenic emissions, than those in the western desert cells with a high-brightness surface, 1.2–2.2 ppm from the pairwise comparison results of XCO2 retrievals. The inconsistency of XCO2 from the five algorithms tends to be high in the Taklimakan Desert in western cells, which is likely induced by high surface albedo in addition to dust aerosols in this region. (2) Compared with XCO2 simulated by GEOS-Chem (GEOS-XCO2), the XCO2 values of ACOS and SRFP better agree with GEOS-XCO2, while OCFP is the least consistent with GEOS-XCO2. (3) Viewing attributions of XCO2 in the spatio-temporal pattern, ACOS, SRFP and EMMA demonstrate similar patterns, while OCFP is largely different from the others. In conclusion, the discrepancy in the five algorithms is the smallest in eastern cells in the investigated band where the megacity of Beijing is located and where there are strong anthropogenic CO2 emissions, which implies that XCO2 from satellite observations could be reliably applied in the assessment of atmospheric CO2 enhancements induced by anthropogenic CO2 emissions. The large inconsistency among the five algorithms presented in western deserts with a high albedo and dust aerosols, moreover, demonstrates that further improvement is still necessary in such regions, even though many algorithms have endeavored to minimize the effects of aerosols and albedo.
Derivation of horizontal and vertical wavelengths using a scanning OH(3-1) airglow spectrometer
Authors: Wüst Sabine , Offenwanger Thomas , Schmidt Carsten , Bittner Michael , Jacobi Christoph , Stober Gunter , Yee Jeng-Hwa , Mlynczak Martin G. , Russell III James M.
Published: October 2017

Abstract. For the first time, we present an approach to derive zonal, meridional and vertical wavelengths as well as periods of gravity waves based on only one OH* spectrometer addressing one vibrational-rotational transition. Knowledge of these parameters is a precondition for the calculation of further information such as the wave group velocity vector. OH(3-1) spectrometer measurements allow the analysis of gravity wave periods, but spatial information cannot necessarily be deduced. We use a scanning spectrometer and the harmonic analysis to derive horizontal wavelengths at the mesopause above Oberpfaffenhofen (48.09 °N, 11.28 °E), Germany for 22 nights in 2015. Based on the approximation of the dispersion relation for gravity waves of low and medium frequency and additional horizontal wind information, we calculate vertical wavelengths afterwards. The mesopause wind measurements nearest to Oberpfaffenhofen are conducted at Collm (51.30 °N, 13.02 °E), Germany, ca. 380 km northeast of Oberfpaffenhofen by a meteor radar. In order to check our results, vertical temperature profiles of TIMED-SABER (Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics Dynamics, Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry) overpasses are analysed with respect to the dominating vertical wavelength.