bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bestimmung von Umweltqualitätsnormen für potenziell gewässerrelevante Stoffe
Authors: Jahnel Jutta , Neamtu Mariana , Schudoma Dieter , Frimmel Fritz H.
Published: August 2006

With the Water Framework Directive (WFD) the European Commission (EC) is requested to define environmental quality standards for pollutants to protect aquatic life in surface waters. Quality standards have to be derived by a scientific risk assessment and should not be exceeded. The recommended quality standards are mainly based on long term toxicological tests with algae, crustaceans and fish. The lowest effect concentration is divided by an assessment factor between 10 and 1000, which considers the data quality and quantity. In this work funded by the German Länder Working Party on Water (Länderarbeitsgemeinschaft Wasser – LAWA) environmental quality standards for 40 considered relevant substances were derived for aquatic ecosystems. The data sheets cover the identification of the compounds, their behaviour in the environment (physical‐chemical properties, biotic and abiotic degradation, sorption, bioaccumulation), information about mode of action, uses, analytical determination and available quality criteria. Ecotoxicological effect concentrations for bacteria, algae, protozoa, aquatic plants, crustaceans, fish, amphibians, insects and molluscs are listed. For 17 of the 40 hazardous substances investigated, quality objectives above 1 μg/L were derived. For 12 substances the values were between 0.1 μg/L and 1 μg/L and for 5 substances lower than 0.1 μg/L. Incomplete ecotoxicological data sets of the remaining compounds do not allow the derivation of quality standards. Especially for drugs further ecotoxicological test results are needed.
NordWestZentrum Frankfurt am Main – Teil 1: Umbaumaßnahmen und Ertüchtigungen
Authors: Ernst Günter , Müller Harald
Published: August 2006

Das NordWestZentrum ist eines der größten Einkaufs‐ und Erlebniszentren in Deutschland. Es wird von sechs Buslinien und einer U‐Bahnlinie angefahren und verfügt zusätzlich über 3500 Parkplätze. Erstmals eröffnet im Jahre 1968, wurde das Zentrum in den Jahren 1986 bis 1988 komplett revitalisiert und zu einer modernen Erlebniswelt umgebaut.

Mit einer weiteren Großbaumaßnahme in den Jahren 2002 bis 2004 erweiterte sich die Verkaufsfläche nochmals beträchtlich. Im Zusammenhang mit der Maßnahme zwischen 2002 und 2004 mußte auch ein Teil des Bestandes umgebaut und instandgesetzt werden, dies unter laufendem Betrieb. Der Umgang mit der vorhandenen Bausubstanz und der Integration von neuen, leistungsfähigen Tragkonstruktionen in den Bestand stellte für die Tragwerksplanung eine besondere Herausforderung dar.
Capacity to consent to research in schizophrenia: the expanding evidence base
Authors: Dunn Laura B.
Published: August 2006

Capacity to consent to research, fundamental to informed consent and thus vital to the ethical conduct of research, may be impaired among a variety of research populations. Until recently, relatively little empirical evidence has been available to inform discussion and policy‐making regardingwhosecapacity should be assessed,whatshould be measured, andhowit should be measured. Capacity to consent to research has emerged as a central topic in the field of “empirical ethics,” an important area of biomedical research devoted to bringing evidence‐based methods to the study of ethically salient issues in biomedical and biopsychosocial research. In this paper, empirical studies of capacity to consent to research are reviewed, with a particular focus on studies involving people with schizophrenia. These studies provide intriguing data regarding the nature, correlates, and modifiability of decisional abilities among potentially vulnerable research populations, including individuals with serious neuropsychiatric illnesses. Areas in need of further empirical ethics research are highlighted. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Observation of Triatomic Species with Conflicting Aromaticity: AlSi‐2 and AlGe‐2.
Authors: Zubarev Dmitry Yu. , Boldyrev Alexander I. , Li Xi , Wang Lai‐Sheng
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
(3,4)‐Connected Zincophosphites as Structural Analogues of Zinc Hydrogen Phosphate.
Authors: Chen Lan , Bu Xianhui
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structure and Properties of GdAuSn and the GdAuSn/MnAuSn System.
Authors: Casper Frederick , Ksenofontov Vadim , Kandpal Hem Chandra , Reiman Sergey , Shishido Toetsu , Takahashi Masashi , Takeda Masuo , Felser Claudia
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
In situ Surface Oxidation Study of a Planar Co/SiO2/Si(100) Model Catalyst with Nanosized Cobalt Crystallites under Model Fischer—Tropsch Synthesis Conditions.
Authors: Saib A. M. , Borgna A. , van de Loosdrecht J. , van Berge P. J. , Niemantsverdriet J. W.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hydrothermal Reactivity of Na‐n‐Micas (n = 2, 3, 4).
Authors: Alba Maria D. , Castro Miguel A. , Naranjo Moises , Pavon Esperanza
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Enantioselective Conjugate Reduction of β,β‐Disubstituted α,β‐Unsaturated Nitriles.
Authors: Lee Daehyung , Kim Daesung , Yun Jaesook
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Flexible Approach to Different Families of Bidentate P,P Ligands as Highly Efficient Ligands for Asymmetric Catalysis.
Authors: Berens Ulrich , Englert Ulli , Geyser Stefan , Runsink Jan , Salzer Albrecht
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Organocatalytic and Direct Asymmetric Vinylogous Michael Addition of α,α‐Dicyanoolefins to α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes.
Authors: Xie Jian‐Wu , Yue Lei , Xue Dong , Ma Xiao‐Li , Chen Ying‐Chun , Wu Yong , Zhu Jin , Deng Jin‐Gen
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Epoxidation Using Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide as Oxidant: Bio‐Inspired Construction of Pentacoordinated Mn—Salen Complexes and Their Catalysis.
Authors: Shitama Hiroaki , Katsuki Tsutomu
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Efficient and Practical Phosphoramidite—Copper Catalysts for Amination of Aryl Iodides and Heteroaryl Bromides with Alkylamines and N(H)‐Heterocycles.
Authors: Zhang Zhanjin , Mao Jincheng , Zhu Di , Wu Fan , Chen Huilin , Wan Boshun
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mixed Mg/Li Amides of the Type R2NMgCl×LiCl as Highly Efficient Bases for the Regioselective Generation of Functionalized Aryl and Heteroaryl Magnesium Compounds.
Authors: Krasovskiy Arkady , Krasovskaya Valeria , Knochel Paul
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Pentalenes via Intermolecular Pauson—Khand Reaction.
Authors: Becheanu Armand , Baro Angelika , Laschat Sabine , Frey Wolfgang
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cobalt(I)‐Catalyzed [6 + 2] Cycloadditions of Cyclooctatetra(tri)ene with Alkynes.
Authors: Achard Mathieu , Mosrin Marc , Tenaglia Alphonse , Buono Gerard
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Perfluoroalkyl‐Containing Tri‐ and Tetradentate β‐Amino Enones.
Authors: Mkrtchyan E. G. , Yachevskii D. S. , Chizhov D. L. , Charushin V. N.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Regio‐ and Stereospecific Ring Opening of 1,1‐Dialkyl‐2‐(aryloxymethyl)aziridinium Salts by Bromide.
Authors: D'hooghe Matthias , Van Speybroeck Veronique , Waroquier Michel , De Kimpe Norbert
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Open‐Air Oxidative Heck Reactions at Room Temperature.
Authors: Enquist Per‐Anders , Lindh Jonas , Nilsson Peter , Larhed Mats
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rapid Microwave‐Promoted Catalyst‐ and Base‐Free Suzuki‐Type Coupling Reaction in Water.
Authors: Yan Jie , Zhu Min , Zhou Zhongshi
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient and Convenient Method for the Synthesis of N‐Arylhydrazones Using a Palladium‐Catalyzed Bond‐Forming Reaction.
Authors: Mauger Christelle , Mignani Gerard
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation, Crystallographic Characterization and Theoretical Study of Two Isomers of C70(CF3)12.
Authors: Ignat'eva Daria V. , Goryunkov Alexey A. , Tamm Nadezhda B. , Ioffe Ilya N. , Avdoshenko Stanislav M. , Sidorov Lev N. , Dimitrov Anton , Kemnitz Erhard , Troyanov Sergey I.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Effective and Recyclable Dendritic Ligands for the Enantioselective Epoxidation of Enones.
Authors: Liu Xinyuan , Li Yawen , Wang Guangyin , Chai Zhuo , Wu Yongyong , Zhao Gang
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylative Cyclization of Baylis—Hillman Adducts. An Efficient Approach for the Stereoselective Synthesis of 3‐Alkenyl Phthalides.
Authors: Coelho Fernando , Veronese Demetrius , Pavam Cesar H. , de Paula Vanderlei I. , Buffon Regina
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Synthesis of trans‐2,5‐Disubstituted Pyrrolidines from Enantiopure Homoallylic Amines. Synthesis of Pyrrolidine (‐)‐197B.
Authors: Davis Franklin A. , Song Minsoo , Augustine Alexander
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Convergent and Stereoselective Synthesis of 2,5‐Disubstituted N‐Acylpyrrolidines.
Authors: Banfi Luca , Basso Andrea , Guanti Giuseppe , Riva Renata
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Design and Synthesis of New Spiroheterocycles: Selective Role of Potassium Fluoride in DMF.
Authors: Chande Madhukar S. , Bhat Udayashankar S.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Fused Imidazo‐Pyridine and ‐Azepine Derivatives by Sequential van Leusen/Heck Reactions.
Authors: Beebe Xenia , Gracias Vijaya , Djuric Stevan W.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Isoxazolidines: Using a Catalytic Copper Acetate and Molecular Oxygen as the Cooxidant.
Authors: Dongol Krishna Gopal , Tay Boon Ying , Xiang Kai , Thiemann Thies
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of 4‐Thiazolidinones, Thiosemicarbazides Derived from Diflunisal Hydrazide.
Authors: Kuecuekguezel Gueniz , Kocatepe Ayla , De Clercq Erik , Sahin Fikrettin , Guelluece Medine
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 1‐[3‐(4‐Benzotriazol‐1/2‐yl‐3‐fluorophenyl) ‐2‐oxo‐oxazolidin‐5‐ylmethyl]‐3‐substituted‐thiourea Derivatives as Antituberculosis Agents.
Authors: Dixit Prasad P. , Patil Vijaykumar J. , Nair Prathap S. , Jain Sanjay , Sinha Neelima , Arora Sudershan K.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Sulfated Zirconia, a Mild Alternative to Mineral Acids in the Synthesis of Hydroxycoumarins.
Authors: Rodriguez‐Dominguez Juan Carlos , Kirsch Gilbert
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cyclization of 1‐Benzyl‐1,2‐dihydro‐2‐(substituted methylene)quinolines to Pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinoline Derivatives.
Authors: Fujita Reiko , Hoshino Masato , Tomisawa Hiroshi
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Modified Acridines: The Effect of N‐ and O‐Substituent in the Nitrogenated Ring on Antitumor Activity.
Authors: Sanchez Isabel , Reches Rosa , Caignard Daniel Henry , Renard Pierre , Pujol Maria Dolors
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Some Substituted 2‐Oxo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyrimidines (3,4‐Dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones) and 2‐Thioxo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyrimidines, Catalyzed by Tin(II) Chloride Dihydrate and Tin(II) Iodide under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Roy Dipak K. , Bordoloi Manobjyoti
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and anti‐HIV‐1 and anti‐HCMV Activity of 1‐Substituted 3‐(3,5‐Dimethylbenzyl)uracil Derivatives.
Authors: Maruyama Tokumi , Kozai Shigetada , Demizu Yosuke , Witvrouw Myriam , Pannecouque Christophe , Balzarini Jan , Snoecks Robert , Andrei Graciella , De Clercq Erik
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chemistry of Aminophenols. Part 6. One‐Pot Regioselective Annulation Toward 3,4‐Dihydro‐3‐oxo‐2H‐1,4‐benzoxazine Scaffolds under Controlled Microwave Heating.
Authors: Feng Gaofeng , Wu Jinlong , Dai Wei‐Min
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hydrogenation/Regioselective C‐Acylation Reaction of Diethyl Coumarin‐3‐phosphonate with NaBH4/Acid Anhydrides: A New One‐Pot Tandem Reaction.
Authors: Petkova Nevena I. , Nikolova Rositca D. , Bojilova Anka G. , Rodios Nestor A. , Raptopoulou C. P.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hirsutenols D, E and F, New Sesquiterpenes from the Culture Broth of Stereum hirsutum
Authors: Yoo Nam‐Hee , Kim Jong‐Pyung , Yun Bong‐Sik , Ryoo In‐Ja , Lee In‐Kyoung , Yoon Eui‐Soo , Koshino Hiroyuki , Yoo Ick‐Dong
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
First Synthesis of a Steroid Containing an Unstable 19‐Nor‐androsta‐1,5‐dien‐3‐one System.
Authors: Cadot Christine , Poirier Donald , Philip Anie
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Expeditious Approach to α‐Amino Phosphonates via Three‐Component Solvent‐Free Reactions Catalyzed by NBS or CBr4.
Authors: Wu Jie , Sun Wei , Sun Xiaoyu , Xia Hong‐Guang
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Neolignans and Lignans from Vietnamese Medicinal Plant Machilus odoratissima Nees.
Authors: Phan Minh Giang , Son Phan Tong , Matsunami Katsuyoshi , Otsuka Hideaki
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Enhanced Intercalation Properties of Nanostructured Vanadium Oxides
Authors: Wang Ying , Cao Guozhong
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stannides and Intermetallic Tin Compounds — Fundamentals and Applications
Authors: Poettgen Rainer
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
σ‐Silane Ruthenium Complexes: The Crucial Role of Secondary Interactions
Authors: Lachaize Sebastien , Sabo‐Etienne Sylviane
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mid‐ to High‐Valent Imido and Nitrido Complexes of Iron
Authors: Mehn Mark P. , Peters Jonas C.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalytic Asymmetric Approaches Towards Enantiomerically Enriched Diarylmethanols and Diarylmethylamines
Authors: Schmidt Frank , Stemmler Rene T. , Rudolph Jens , Bolm Carsten
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Purines: Potent and Versatile Small Molecule Inhibitors and Modulators of Key Biological Targets
Authors: Legraverend Michel , Grierson David S.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structure and Function of Xanthine Oxidoreductase
Authors: Hille Russ
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ligand‐Template Directed Assembly: An Efficient Approach for the Supramolecular Encapsulation of Transition‐Metal Catalysts.
Authors: Kleij Arjan W. , Reek Joost N. H.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ring Closing Metathesis in the Synthesis of Biologically Interesting Peptidomimetics, Sugars and Alkaloids
Authors: Martin William H. C. , Blechert Siegfried
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Indole Chemistry in the Synthesis of Heterocycles
Authors: Gribble Gordon W. , Saulnier Mark G. , Pelkey Erin T. , Kishbaugh Tara L. S. , Liu Yanbing , Jiang Jun , Trujillo Hernando A. , Keavy Daniel J. , Davis Deborah A. , Conway Sam C. , et al. et al.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Aquaporin Water and Solute Channels from Malaria Parasites and Other Pathogenic Protozoa
Authors: Beitz Eric
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Understanding Enzyme Action at Solid Surfaces
Authors: Halling P. J.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Silica‐Based Mesoporous Organic—Inorganic Hybrid Materials
Authors: Hoffmann Frank , Cornelius Maximilian , Morell Juergen , Froeba Michael
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Confined Nucleation and Growth of Organic Nanocrystals in Sol—Gel Matrices
Authors: Monnier Virginie , Sanz Nathalie , Botzung‐Appert Estelle , Bacia Maria , Ibanez Alain
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Overexpression of neurotrophin 4 in skin enhances myelinated sensory endings but does not influence sensory neuron number
Authors: Krimm Robin F. , Davis Brian M. , Noel Teresa , Albers Kathryn M.
Published: August 2006

The growth factors neurotrophin 4 (NT4) and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are expressed in the developing skin, activate the trkB tyrosine kinase receptor, and influence the development and survival of specific types of sensory afferents. Whether each factor is capable of regulating the same or overlapping populations of cutaneous afferents during development is unknown. A previous study of mice overexpressing BDNF in the developing skin (BDNF‐OE mice) revealed that these animals exhibited increased hair follicle innervation, Meissner corpuscle size, and Merkel cell number in glabrous skin, although no change in the total number of sensory neurons was observed. To determine if NT4 affects cutaneous innervation in a manner similar to BDNF, transgenic mice overexpressing NT4 in skin, under the control of the keratin 14 gene promoter, were examined. Similar to BDNF‐OE mice, NT4‐OE mice had increased innervation to the skin but no increase in sensory neuron number in either the dorsal root ganglion or trigeminal ganglion. NT4 overexpression also enhanced hair follicle innervation and the size and density of innervation to Meissner corpuscles. Unlike BDNF overexpression, NT4 overexpression did not alter the number of Merkel cells in the glabrous skin, but it did enhance the number of myelinated axons in nerves projecting to skin. Thus, the same pattern of BDNF and NT4 overexpression within the skin produces phenotypes that are both similar and distinctive. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:455–465, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Choosing among alternative pasts
Authors: Biberstein Marina , Farchi Eitan , Ur Shmuel
Published: August 2006

The primary difficulty with testing concurrent programs is their non‐determinism, where two executions with the same input can yield different results due to a changed thread schedule (also known as interleaving). This problem is aggravated by the fact that most thread schedulers are almost deterministic, and generate the same interleavings over and over for a given testing environment. The traditional approach to testing concurrent programs is to identify and examine the race conditions. A different solution involves noise‐making, which generates different interleavings at runtime, for example, using embedded sleep statements. This paper proposes a totally different technique for generating a rich set of interleavings. In this approach, operations on shared variables are tracked. Every time a shared variable is read, the value to be read is selected from the set of values that were held by this variable during the program execution. The algorithm identifies those values that the variable could hold in some interleaving consistent with the past observed events. Within this subset, the value choice can be random, biased‐random, based on coverage, etc. The problem of identifying read values that are consistent with the past observations is far from simple, since past decisions on value selection affect future ones. Our solution is computationally intensive and, therefore, impractical as is. However, insights gained from this solution lead to new heuristics for noise‐making. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Aryl Benzyl Sulfoxides by Vanadium‐Catalysed Oxidation: A Combination of Enantioselective Sulfide Oxidation and Kinetic Resolution in Sulfoxide Oxidation
Authors: Kelly Pádraig , Lawrence Simon E. , Maguire Anita R.
Published: August 2006

Enantioselective vanadium‐catalysed oxidation of aryl benzyl sulfides using Bolm’s procedure is accompanied by kinetic resolution in the oxidation of the resulting sulfoxides which enhances the enantiopurities of the sulfoxides recovered (typically >90 % ee), albeit with an associated reduction in yield. The effects of ligand, solvent and reaction conditions are discussed in detail.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Highly Selective and Robust Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbon–Carbon Coupling between Allyl Alcohols and Aldehydes via Transient Allylboronic Acids
Authors: Selander Nicklas , Sebelius Sara , Estay Cesar , Szabó Kálmán J.
Published: August 2006

The highly regio‐ and stereoselective coupling of allyl alcohols with aldehydes could be achieved with 5 mol‐% of SeCSe pincer complex catalyst and p‐toluenesulfonic acid in the presence of diboronic acid. The transformations have a broad synthetic scope, and the high yields were obtained without the use of an inert atmosphere and carefully dried solvents.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Essential oils and a novel polyacetylene from Eryngium yuccifolium Michaux. (Apiaceae)
Authors: Ayoub Nahla , Al‐Azizi Mohamed , König Wilfried , Kubeczka Karl‐Heinz
Published: August 2006

The essential oils of Eryngium yuccifolium Michaux. (Apiaceae) were isolated from the leaves, stalks and roots by hydrodistillation. Analysis of the oils by GC and GC–MS revealed that the leaves oil contained 49 compounds, of which germacrene D (18.3%), terpinolene (17.8%), bicyclogermacrene (8.8%), α‐pinene (7.6%), ß‐caryophyllene (6.2%) and falcarinol (9.6%) were found to be the major constituents. In addition, 40 compounds were identified from the stalk oil, among which, germacrene D (38.4%), γ‐amorphene (12.2%), bicyclogermacrene (10.1%), bicyclosesquiphellandrene (3.4%) and falcarinol (3.2%) were the major components. The roots oil was found to contain 25 compounds, of which, terpinolene (25.8%), trans‐β‐bergamotene (18.6%) and the benzaldehyde 2,3,6‐trimethylbenzaldehyde (13.9%), were the major constituents. Yuccifolol (nonadeca‐1,11‐diene‐4,6,8‐triyne‐3,10‐diol), a novel polyacetylene, was isolated and identified from the hexane:ether extract of the aerial parts, together with the known polyacetylenes, falcarinone [heptadeca‐1,9‐(Z)‐dien‐4,6‐diyn‐3‐one], falcarinol (heptadeca‐1,9‐dien‐4,6‐diyn‐3‐ol) and heptadeca‐1,8‐diene‐4,6‐diyne‐3,9‐diol. The chemical structures of these constituents were established by NMR (DEPT, COSY, HMQC and HMBC) as well as HRESI–MS analysis. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel bioresorbabale composite fiber structures loaded with proteins for tissue regeneration applications: Microstructure and protein release
Authors: Levy Yair , Zilberman Meital
Published: August 2006

Novel bioresorbable core/shell composite fiber structures loaded with proteins were developed and studied. These unique polymeric structures are designed to combine good mechanical properties with a desired controlled protein‐release profile, to serve as scaffolds for tissue regeneration applications. Core/shell fiber structures were formed by “coating” poly(L‐lactic acid) fibers with protein‐containing poly(DL‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) porous structures. Shell preparation (coating) was performed by the freeze‐drying of water in oil emulsions. The present study focused on the effect of the emulsion's formulation on the porous shell structure and on the resulting cumulative protein release from the composite fibers for 90 days. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used as the protein source. The release profiles usually exhibited an initial burst effect, accompanied by a decrease in release rate with time, as is typical for diffusion‐controlled systems. The HRP content and the emulsion's organic:aqueous phase ratio exhibited significant effects on both the shell microstructure and the HRP release profile from the composite fibers, whereas the polymer content of the emulsion's organic phase only affected these fiber characteristics in certain cases. Proper selection of the emulsion's parameters can yield core/shell fiber structures with the desired protein release behavior and other useful physical properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Glow discharge plasma treatment of polyethylene tubing with tetraglyme results in ultralow fibrinogen adsorption and greatly reduced platelet adhesion
Authors: Cao Lan , Sukavaneshvar Sivaprasad , Ratner Buddy D. , Horbett Thomas A.
Published: August 2006

Previous studies from our lab have shown that fibrinogen adsorption (ΓFg) must be reduced below 10 ng/cm2 to significantly reduce platelet adhesion, and that radio frequency glow discharge (RFGD) treatment of polymeric films in the presence of tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (tetraglyme) can reduce ΓFg to the desired ultralow value. In this report, the effects of RFGD coatings of tetraglyme on the lumenal surface of PE tubing on ΓFg and on blood interactions both in vitro and ex vivo are described. ΓFg on the tetraglyme‐coated PE tubing was reduced to the desired ultralow level (<10 ng/cm2), and we also observed a significant decrease in adsorption of von Willebrand's factor. In vitro platelet adhesion from washed platelet suspensions, platelet rich plasma, or whole blood to tetraglyme‐coated PE tubing was decreased compared to PE, polyurethane, or silicone rubber tubes. In addition, thrombin generation by platelets adherent to tetraglyme‐coated PE was also much less than by platelets adherent to PE. When inserted in an ex vivo carotid artery‐carotid artery shunt in sheep, the RFGD tetraglyme‐coated PE exhibited a very low number of adherent platelets compared to heparin‐coated, chromic acid‐etched, or plain PE. The RFGD tetraglyme‐coated PE tubes exhibited high protein and platelet resistance in vitro, and high platelet resistance ex vivo. The improved hemocompatibility is attributed to the unique chemical structure of RFGD tetraglyme that makes it highly protein resistant. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
There exist Steiner triple systems of order 15 that do not occur in a perfect binary one‐error‐correcting code
Authors: Östergård Patric R. J. , Pottonen Olli
Published: August 2006

The codewords at distance three from a particular codeword of a perfect binary one‐error‐correcting code (of length 2m−1) form a Steiner triple system. It is a longstanding open problem whether every Steiner triple system of order 2m−1 occurs in a perfect code. It turns out that this is not the case; relying on a classification of the Steiner quadruple systems of order 16 it is shown that the unique anti‐Pasch Steiner triple system of order 15 provides a counterexample. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 15: 465–468, 2007
Polyamines, PI(4,5)P2, and actin polymerization
Authors: Coburn Ronald F. , LaBelle Edward F. , Baron Carl B.
Published: August 2006

Spermine (SPM) and spermidine (SPD) activate isolated phosphatidylinositol‐4‐phosphate 5‐kinases (PI(4)P5K), enzymes that convert phosphatidylinositol‐4‐phosphate to phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2). PI(4,5)P2 formation is known to be involved in cellular actin reorganization and motility, functions that are also influenced by polyamines. It has not been proven that endogenous polyamines can control inositol phospholipid metabolism. We evoked large decreases in SPD and putrescine (PUT) contents in HL60 cells, using the ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, alpha‐difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), which resulted in decreases in PI(4,5)P2 content per cell and inositol phosphate formation to 76.9 ± 3.5% and 81.5 ± 4.0% of control, respectively. Accurately reversing DFMO‐evoked decreases in SPD content by incubating cells with exogenous SPD for 20 min rescued these decreases. DFMO treatment and SPD rescues also changed the ratio of total cellular PI(4,5)P2 to PIP suggesting involvement of a SPD‐sensitive PI(4)P5K. PUT and SPM were not involved in DFMO‐evoked changes in cellular PI(4,5)P2 contents. In DFMO‐treated HL60 cells, the percent of total actin content that was filamentous was decreased to 59.1 ± 5.8% of that measured in paired control HL60 cells, a finding that was rescued following reversal of DFMO‐evoked decreases in SPD and PI(4,5)P2 contents. In slowly proliferating DMSO‐differentiated HL60 cells, inositol phospholipid metabolism was uncoupled from SPD control. We conclude: in rapidly proliferating HL60 cells, but not in slowly proliferating differentiated HL60 cells, there are endogenous SPD‐sensitive PI(4,5)P2 pools, probably formed via SPD‐sensitive PI(4)P5K, that likely control actin polymerization. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 405–412, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biglycan binds to α‐ and γ‐sarcoglycan and regulates their expression during development
Authors: Rafii Michael S. , Hagiwara Hiroki , Mercado Mary Lynn , Seo Neung S. , Xu Tianshun , Dugan Tracey , Owens Rick T. , Hook Magnus , McQuillan David J. , Young Marian F. , Fallon Justin R.
Published: August 2006

The dystrophin‐associated protein complex (DAPC), which links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix, is essential for muscle cell survival, and is defective in a wide range of muscular dystrophies. The DAPC contains two transmembrane subcomplexes—the dystroglycans and the sarcoglycans. Although several extracellular binding partners have been identified for the dystroglycans, none have been described for the sarcoglycan subcomplex. Here we show that the small leucine‐rich repeat (LRR) proteoglycan biglycan binds to α‐ and γ‐sarcoglycan as judged by ligand blot overlay and co‐immunoprecipitation assays. Our studies with biglycan‐decorin chimeras show that α‐ and γ‐sarcoglycan bind to distinct sites on the polypeptide core of biglycan. Both biglycan proteoglycan as well as biglycan polypeptide lacking glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains are components of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex isolated from adult skeletal muscle membranes. Finally, our immunohistochemical and biochemical studies with biglycan null mice show that the expression of α‐ and γ‐sarcoglycan is selectively reduced in muscle from young (P14‐P21) animals, while levels in adult muscle (≥P35) are unchanged. We conclude that biglycan is a ligand for two members of the sarcoglycan complex and regulates their expression at discrete developmental ages. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 439–447, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 transcriptionally represses p45Skp2 expression via the Sp1 sites in human prostate cancer cells
Authors: Huang Yu‐Chun , Hung Wen‐Chun
Published: August 2006

Upregulation of p27Kip1 protein in 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3‐treated cancer cells is mediated via enhancement of gene transcription and reduction of protein degradation. 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits the expression of p45Skp2, the F‐box protein which is implicated in p27Kip1 degradation, to reduce turnover of p27Kip1 protein. In this study, we elucidate the underlying mechanism by which 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits p45Skp2 in human LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Western blot and RT‐PCR analysis suggest that 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses p45Skp2 via transcriptional repression. Promoter activity assays indicate that 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 directly inhibits p45Skp2 promoter activity. Deletion analysis shows that 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 response element is localized at −447/−291 bp region from the translational start site of the p45Skp2 promoter. Mutation analysis suggests that two Sp1 sites localized at −386/−380 and −309/−294 bp region are required for transcriptional repression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (CHIP) assay demonstrates that VDR indirectly binds to these Sp1 sites in vivo and this binding is increased after 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 treatment. Re‐CHIP assay suggests that VDR and Sp1 form a complex to bind to the Sp1 sites. DNA affinity precipitation assay (DAPA) shows that histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) is recruited to the Sp1 sites after 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulation. Re‐CHIP assay verifies that binding of Sp1 and HDAC1 to p45Skp2 promoter is enhanced after 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 treatment. HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) reverses the inhibition of p45Skp2 promoter activity by 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3. Collectively, our results suggest that 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces the formation of VDR/Sp1 complex and acts via a Sp1‐ and HDAC1‐depedent pathway to inhibit p45Skp2 transcription. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 363–369, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activated hepatic stellate cells induce tumor progression of neoplastic hepatocytes in a TGF‐β dependent fashion
Authors: Mikula M. , Proell V. , Fischer A.N.M. , Mikulits W.
Published: August 2006

The development of hepatocellular carcinomas from malignant hepatocytes is frequently associated with intra‐ and peritumoral accumulation of connective tissue arising from activated hepatic stellate cells. For both tumorigenesis and hepatic fibrogenesis, transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β signaling executes key roles and therefore is considered as a hallmark of these pathological events. By employing cellular transplantation we show that the interaction of neoplastic MIM‐R hepatocytes with the tumor microenvironment, containing either activated hepatic stellate cells (M1‐4HSCs) or myofibroblasts derived thereof (M‐HTs), induces progression in malignancy. Cotransplantation of MIM‐R hepatocytes with M‐HTs yielded strongest MIM‐R generated tumor formation accompanied by nuclear localization of Smad2/3 as well as of β‐catenin. Genetic interference with TGF‐β signaling by gain of antagonistic Smad7 in MIM‐R hepatocytes diminished epithelial dedifferentiation and tumor progression upon interaction with M1‐4HSCs or M‐HTs. Further analysis showed that tumors harboring disrupted Smad signaling are devoid of nuclear β‐catenin accumulation, indicating a crosstalk between TGF‐β and β‐catenin signaling. Together, these data demonstrate that activated HSCs and myofibroblasts directly govern hepatocarcinogenesis in a TGF‐β dependent fashion by inducing autocrine TGF‐β signaling and nuclear β‐catenin accumulation in neoplastic hepatocytes. These results indicate that intervention with TGF‐β signaling is highly promising in liver cancer therapy. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 560–567, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential role of presenilin‐1 and ‐2 on mitochondrial membrane potential and oxygen consumption in mouse embryonic fibroblasts
Authors: Behbahani Homira , Shabalina Irina G. , Wiehager Birgitta , Concha Hérnan , Hultenby Kjell , Petrovic Natasa , Nedergaard Jan , Winblad Bengt , Cowburn Richard F. , Ankarcrona Maria
Published: August 2006

Increasing evidence indicates that mitochondrial alterations contribute to the neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Presenilin 1 (PS1) and Presenilin 2 (PS2) mutations have been shown to sensitize cells to apoptosis by mechanisms suggested to involve impaired mitochondrial function. We have previously detected active γ‐secretase complexes in mitochondria. We investigated the impact of PS/γ‐secretase on mitochondrial function using mouse embryonal fibroblasts derived from wild‐type, PS1−/−, PS2−/− and PS double knock‐out (PSKO) embryos. Measurements of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) showed a higher percentage of fully functional mitochondria in PS1−/− and PSwt as compared to PS2−/− and PSKO cells. This result was evident both in whole cell preparations and in isolated mitochondria. Interestingly, pre‐treatment of isolated mitochondria with the γ‐secretase inhibitor L‐685,458 resulted in a decreased population of mitochondria with high ΔΨm in PSwt and PS1−/− cells, indicating that PS2/γ‐secretase activity can modify ΔΨm. PS2−/− cells showed a significantly lower basal respiratory rate as compared to other cell lines. However, all cell lines demonstrated competent bioenergetic function. These data point toward a specific role of PS2/γ‐secretase activity for proper mitochondrial function and indicate interplay between PS1 and PS2 in mitochondrial functionality. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tribochemistry of n‐hexadecane in different material systems
Authors: Kajdas Czeslaw , Makowska Monika , Gradkowski Marian
Published: August 2006

Hexadecane is widely used as the model base oil to investigate both tribological effectiveness and tribochemical reaction mechanisms of various antiwear and extreme pressure additives. On the other hand, it is well known from existing references that hexadecane, similarly to hydrocarbon oils, oxidizes during the lubrication process of tribological systems. It has frequently been pointed out that carboxylic acids are formed which — reacting with rubbing surfaces — generate soaps. Most recent studies, however, demonstrate that the oxidation process under friction conditions is very complex and the major oxidation compounds from hexadecane under boundary friction conditions relate to other oxygenates than carboxylic acids.

This paper aims to examine what types of surface compound are generated from the hexadecane lubricant in the friction contact zone. Tribological tests were performed on a ball‐on‐disc tribometer. The discs used were made from several materials (steel, aluminium, brass, bronze). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectrophotometry and techniques involving a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy‐dispersive spectrometer were used to analyse tribochemical reaction products formed on different substrates. Analytical results obtained clearly demonstrate a similar tribochemical reaction process operating on all the metals tested. The FTIR results obtained allowed new absorption bands to be discovered and accounted for. These absorption bands have been assigned to specific complex compounds. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Miscibility with Asymmetrical Interactions in Blends of Two Carbonyl‐Containing Polymers: Poly(vinyl acetate) with Aliphatic Polyesters
Authors: Chang Chao‐Shun , Woo Eamor M. , Lin Jia‐Hsien
Published: August 2006

Summary: Phase behavior, miscibility, or immiscibility in blends of two polymers with carbonyl groups, PVAc and homologous polyesters of different CH2/CO ratios, were examined using DSC, OM and SEM. Polyesters used in this study included PES, PEA, PPA, and PBA. PVAc/polyester blends were found to be immiscible with distinctly a two‐phase morphology when the polyesters' structural CH2/CO ratios are lower than 3 or higher than 4; whereas miscibility is seen in three blend systems: PVAc/PEA (CH2/CO = 3.0), PVAc/PPA (CH2/CO = 3.5), and PVAc/PBA (CH2/CO = 4.0). Asymmetry in the Tg‐composition relationships is seen in all three miscible blend systems. Such non‐specific, weak and asymmetrical interactions, though sufficient to maintain borderline miscibility in the blends, may be partially responsible for leading to the noted asymmetry in the Tg‐composition relation of the blends. Mechanism and origin of this phenomenon of asymmetry in Tg‐composition relationships in some blends may be still puzzling. Strictly speaking, the non‐equilibrium phenomenon of glass transition may not be ideal for evaluating the strength of intermolecular interactions in blends. Future perfection on more suitable approaches may yet be needed.

Tg vs. composition for the miscible PVAc/PPA blend.

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Tg vs. composition for the miscible PVAc/PPA blend.