bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abnormal ocular pigment deposition and glaucoma in the dog
Authors: Van De Sandt Roswitha R.O.M. , Boevé Michael H. , Stades Frans C. , Kik Maria J.L.
Published: December 2003

The combined occurrence of ocular pigment deposition and glaucoma has been described in Cairn Terriers. Recently, this condition was also observed in two other breeds: the Boxer (two cases) and the Labrador Retriever (one case). Six dogs were referred to the Ophthalmology section of the Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals and to a private referral clinic because of glaucoma or blindness in one or both eyes. In five cases ophthalmic examination showed pigment depositions in the sclera around the entire circumference of the perilimbal zone. Eight enucleated eyes (four eyes of two Cairn Terriers, three eyes of two Boxers and one eye of a Labrador Retriever) were examined microscopically. All eyes showed the same findings: an extensive infiltration of large melanin‐containing cells with an eccentric nucleus, located in the iris, ciliary body, retina, choroids and sclera. Transmission electron microscopy of two of the examined eyes revealed that the morphology of most of these cells was consistent with melanophages. While reports in the veterinary literature concerning this condition are limited the cells concerned have been described to be melanocytes. Further research is needed to conclusively identify the cell type. As described in the present report, the histologic and transmission electron microscopic findings suggest a different etiology of the ocular pigment deposition and glaucoma compared with the pigment dispersal syndrome in humans.
Normal ocular features, conjunctival microflora and intraocular pressure in the Canadian beaver (Castor canadensis)
Authors: Cullen C. L.
Published: December 2003

Objective The aim of the study was to assess the ocular features, normal conjunctival bacterial and fungal flora, and intraocular pressure (IOP) in the Canadian beaver (Castor canadensis).

Sample population Sixteen, apparently healthy beavers with no evidence of ocular disease, and live‐trapped in regions throughout Prince Edward Island.

Procedures The beavers were sedated with intramuscular ketamine (12–15 mg/kg). Two culture specimens were obtained from the ventral conjunctival sac of both eyes of 10/16 beavers for aerobic and anaerobic bacterial and fungal identifications. The anterior ocular structures of all beavers were evaluated using a transilluminator and slit lamp biomicroscope. Palpebral fissure length (11/16 beavers), and horizontal and vertical corneal diameters (10/16 beavers) were measured. IOPs were measured in both eyes of 11/16 beavers using applanation tonometry. Both eyes of 3/16 beavers and one eye of 1/16 beavers were dilated using topical tropicamide prior to sedation to effect timely maximal dilation. Culture specimens and IOPs were not evaluated in these four animals. Indirect ophthalmoscopy was performed on 7/8 eyes of these four beavers.

Results Conjunctival specimens from all eyes cultured positively for one or more isolates of aerobic bacteria. The most common isolate wasMicrococcusspp. (five beavers; 9/20 eyes). Other isolates included a Gram‐positive coccobacilli‐like organism (four beavers; 7/20 eyes), Aeromonas hydrophila(three beavers; 4/20 eyes),Staphylococcusspp. (three beavers; 4/20 eyes), Gram positive bacilli (one beaver; 2/20 eyes),Enterobacterspp. (two beavers; 2/20 eyes),Streptococcusspp. (two beavers; 2/20 eyes), aerobic diphtheroids (one beaver; 1/20 eyes), andPseudomonasspp. (one beaver; 1/20 eyes).Clostridium sordellii(one beaver; 1/20 eyes) andPeptostreptococcusspp. (one beaver; 1/20 eyes) were the sole anaerobic bacteria isolated. All conjunctival specimens were negative for growth of fungi. Ophthalmic examinations revealed the normal beaver eye and ocular adnexa included dorsal and ventral puncta, a vestigial third eyelid, and a circular pupil. Average palpebral fissure length was 9.36 mm (SD = 1.00) for both eyes. Mean horizontal and vertical corneal diameters of both eyes were 9.05 mm (SD = 0.64) and 8.45 mm (SD = 0.69), respectively. Mean IOP for the right and left eyes were 17.11 mmHg (SD = 6.39) and 18.79 mmHg (SD = 5.63), respectively. Indirect ophthalmoscopic examinations revealed normal anangiotic retinas.

Conclusions Gram‐positive aerobes were most commonly cultured from the conjunctival sac of normal beavers, withMicrococcusspp. predominating. The overall mean IOP in ketamine‐sedated beavers was 17.95 mmHg. The beaver, an amphibious rodent, has an anangiotic retina.
Effects of topical administration of 1% brinzolamide on normal cat eyes
Authors: Gray H. E. , Willis A. M. , Morgan R. V.
Published: December 2003

Objective To evaluate the effect of short‐term daily topical administration of 1% brinzolamide on the intraocular pressure (IOP) of healthy domestic cats with normotensive eyes and to assess the potential for negative side effects of drug administration.

Animals Twelve privately owned adult domestic cats without physical or ocular abnormalities.

Procedure Normal variation in IOP was determined on day 1. Cats were then treated on days 2–8 with a topical placebo (artificial tear solution) OU q 12 h. On days 9–15 the cats were treated q 12 h with 1% brinzolamide in one randomly selected eye and the placebo in the contralateral eye. All medications (drug and placebo) were administered twice daily at 7 a.m. and 7 p.m. On days 16–22 the cats received no topical medications. IOP, horizontal pupil size in mm and assessment of conjunctival hyperemia were noted OU on days 1, 8, 15 and 22 at 5 time points (9 a.m., 11 a.m., 1 p.m., 3 p.m. and 5 p.m.). Mixed linear regression models were used to compare the IOP of each eye at all time periods for each cat, controlling for age and weight.

Results Mean IOP was not significantly altered in any eye at any time point during the treatment period compared with pretreatment, baseline, or follow‐up evaluations. Conjunctival hyperemia and miosis were not detected in either eye at any time point.

Conclusions and clinical relevance Short‐term q 12 h administration of 1% brinzolamide did not significantly reduce IOP in this small sample population of normotensive cats under these study conditions. No clinically relevant side effects were noted with brinzolamide administration.
Superficial, nonhealing corneal ulcers in horses: 23 cases (1989–2003)
Authors: Michau T. M. , Schwabenton B. , Davidson M. G. , Gilger B. C.
Published: December 2003

Objective  To characterize superficial, nonhealing corneal ulcers in the horse and to assess the affect of age, breed, sex, inciting cause of the ulcer, and treatment on healing time of these ulcers.

Design  Retrospective study.

Animals  Twenty‐three horses with superficial, nonhealing corneal ulcerations.

Procedure  Medical records from 1989 to 2003 of horses diagnosed with superficial, nonhealing corneal ulcers were reviewed. Signalment, duration of clinical signs, ophthalmic abnormalities, treatment and response to treatment were recorded. Horses were treated, in addition to medical therapy, using debridement, debridement and grid keratotomy, superficial keratectomy, and superficial keratectomy with conjunctival graft placement.

Results  Mean age ± SD of horses was 13.7 ± 5.8 years. The mean time of presence of the corneal ulceration was 38.9 ± 21.3 days. Mean time to complete re‐epithelialization of the corneal ulcers after treatment was 20 ± 14.7 days. Horses treated with debridement alone, grid keratotomy and superficial keratectomy healed in a mean time of 15.3 ± 14.6 days, 16 ± 12.6 days, and 22.8 ± 6.7 days, respectively.

Conclusions and clinical relevance  Horses treated with a single debridement at initial evaluation healed in a significantly shorter time period than horses treated with grid keratotomy or superficial keratectomy. The latter two procedures may be beneficial in the treatment of nonhealing ulceration in horses, but the results of this study suggest that these procedures should only be performed following failure of the ulcer to heal after epithelial debridement.
Bartonella vinsoniisubspeciesberkhoffias a possible cause of anterior uveitis and choroiditis in a dog
Authors: Michau T. M. , Breitschwerdt E. B. , Gilger B. C. , Davidson M. G.
Published: December 2003

A 2‐year old, neutered, female spaniel mixed breed was referred to the North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for evaluation of bilateral anterior uveitis. The dog was febrile and, in addition to anterior uveitis, multifocal hyporeflective lesions were present in the tapetal fundus of both eyes. The antibody titer forBartonella vinsoniisubspeciesberkhoffiwas positive (1 : 512). Aqueous paracentesis was performed for PCR in an attempt to detectB. vinsoniiin the eye but was unsuccessful. The ocular manifestations ofBartonellainfection in humans are currently expanding as more sensitive serologic and PCR techniques are being developed to identifyBartonellaspp. In addition to optic neuritis and neuroretinitis, retinochoroidal lesions are one of the most common manifestations ofB. henselaeinfection, and are frequently accompanied by vitreous or anterior segment inflammation. Diagnosis of aBartonellainfection in humans can be made on serology alone, in conjunction with ocular examination findings. The ultimate proof ofB. vinsonii (berkhoffi)as a direct cause of ocular disease would be detection of the infectious agent in the eye. However, it is unknown at this time whetherBartonellacauses ocular disease primarily, secondarily via an autoimmune reaction, or both. Due to the difficulties associated with culture ofBartonellaspp. and the limitations of PCR, serology is currently the most useful tool for screening dogs for possibleBartonellaspp. infection. In the case presented here, even though the PCR was negative, the clinical signs of anterior uveitis and choroiditis might reasonably be associated withB. vinsonii (berkhoffi)seroreactivity, which was repeatable on three separate occasions. Clinical improvement was also accompanied by a post‐treatment decrease inB. vinsonii (berkhoffi)seroreactivity, potentially supporting resolution ofBartonellainfection in this dog. This is the first reported case of a possible association between uveitis, choroiditis andBartonellainfection in the dog, without clinical manifestations of other organ or tissue involvement. Future studies based on PCR analysis of intraocular fluids may clarify the involvement ofB. vinsonii (berkhoffi)in dogs with intraocular inflammatory disease. Furthermore, performing fluorescein angiography in dogs with elevatedBartonellatiters may also prove useful in the identification and characterization of lesions.
Tonometry in adult yellow‐footed tortoises (Geochelone denticulata)
Authors: Selmi A. L. , Mendes G. M. , MacManus C.
Published: December 2003

Objective To determine intraocular pressure (IOP) in adult yellow‐footed tortoises using applanation tonometry.

Animals Fifteen healthy adult captive yellow‐footed tortoises (eight males and seven females).

Procedures Intraocular pressures were estimated for tortoises by using an applanation tonometer after topical anesthesia. Body length, measured from nuchal to anal scutes, ranged from 27.5 to 57.2 cm. Five measurements from each eye were obtained by a single observer in an ambient temperature of approximately 30 °C.

Results Mean ± SEM IOP of 30 eyes of 15 yellow‐footed tortoises was 14.2 ± 1.2 mmHg. Range of IOP was 6–30 mmHg for tortoises. Significant differences were detected neither between right and left eyes (P = 0.357) of individual tortoises, nor between males and females (P = 0.524). Observer's readability was good (intraclass coefficient = 0.65), and IOP did not change over the ordered five measurements.

Conclusions There was no significant difference in IOP between males and females in this specie. Tonometry values for normal eyes may represent a useful diagnostic methodology for recognition and treatment of ocular diseases in reptiles.
Changes in antibiotic resistance in equine bacterial ulcerative keratitis (1991–2000): 65 horses
Authors: Sauer P. , Andrew S. E. , Lassaline M. , Gelatt K. N. , Denis H. M.
Published: December 2003

Objective To document changes in antibiotic resistance of organisms in cases of equine bacterial ulcerative keratitis over a 10‐year time period.

Design A retrospective study.

Participants Medical records of equine patients with bacterial ulcerative keratitis seen at the University of Florida's VMTH for the years 1991–2000 were reviewed.

Materials and methods All cases of equine bacterial ulcerative keratitis for the above mentioned years were examined. Bacterial isolates were identified and subjected to Kirby‐Bauer disc diffusion method sensitivity tests. Antibiotics used in the sensitivity tests included bacitracin, ampicillin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, polymyxin B, trimethoprim‐sulfa, neomycin, kanamycin, carbenicillin, tobramycin and enrofloxacin.

Results A total of 65 bacterial isolates were subjected to sensitivity testing. Of these isolates,Pseudomonas aeruginosaaccounted for 14 of the bacterial isolates (22%),Streptococcus equisubspecieszooepidemicusaccounted for 13 of the bacterial isolates (20%), andStaphylococcus aureusaccounted for four of the isolates (6%). A statistically significant increase in resistance ofPseudomonas aeruginosaisolates to the antibiotics gentamicin and tobramycin was found between the isolates from 1992 to 1998 and those from 1999 to 2000. An increase in resistance ofStreptococcus equisubspecieszooepidemicusto gentamicin was found between the isolates from 1993 to 1997 and those from 1998 to 2000.

Conclusions Streptococcus equisubspecieszooepidemicusandPseudomonas aeruginosawere the most common organisms isolated from cases of equine bacterial keratitis referred to the University of Florida's VMTH for the years 1991–2000. There appears to be an increase in resistance ofStreptococcus equisubspecieszooepidemicusto gentamicin over the past 10 years. In addition, there is a significant increase in resistance ofPseudomonas aeruginosato both gentamicin and tobramycin over the same time period.
Effect of topical tropicamide on tear production as measured by Schirmer's tear test in normal dogs and cats
Authors: Margadant D. L. , Kirkby K. , Andrew S. E. , Gelatt K. N.
Published: December 2003

Objective To evaluate the effect of a single dose of topical 1% tropicamide on tear production as measured by the Schirmer tear test (STT) in the normal dog and cat.

Material and methods Twenty‐eight dogs and 32 cats received 50 µl : l of 1% tropicamide in one eye and the opposite eye served as the control. STTs were performed immediately before instillation of tropicamide and then at 1, 4, 8 and 24 h post drug instillation. STT results were compared between the control and treated eyes at the different times.

Results Aqueous tear production in dogs, measured by STT, was not significantly reduced. The mean ± SEM STTs for the baseline time for control and tropicamide‐treated eyes were 19.9 ± 0.8 and 20.3 ± 0.8 mm wetting/min, respectively. For the control eyes, the subsequent mean ± SEM STT levels were 20.3 ± 0.9 (1 h), 21.1 ± 0.8 (4 h), 20.1 ± 0.9 (8 h), and 18.7 ± 0.7 (24 h). For the tropicamide‐treated eyes, the subsequent mean ± SEM STT levels were 19.4 ± 0.9 (1 h), 19.3 ± 0.9 (4 h), 20.0 ± 0.9 (8 h), and 18.4 ± 0.8 (24 h). Aqueous tear production of both eyes was significantly reduced in cats at 1 h but returned to baseline by 4 h post tropicamide instillation. The mean ± SEM STT levels for the baseline time in cats for control and tropicamide‐treated eyes were 14.9 ± 0.8 and 14.7 ± 0.8 mm wetting/min, respectively. Subsequent mean ± SEM STT levels for the control eyes were 6.4 ± 1.1 (1 h), 11.9 ± 1.0 (4 h), 13.9 ± 0.8 (8 h), and 16.4 ± 1.0 (24 h). For the tropicamide‐treated eyes, the subsequent mean ± SEM STT levels were 5.3 ± 0.8 (1 h), 10.2 ± 0.8 (4 h), 14.7 ± 1.0 (8 h), and 16.6 ± 1.0 (24 h).

Conclusion Single dose 1% tropicamide does not significantly lower tear production rates, as measured by the STT, in normal dogs. However, in normal cats single doses of 1% tropicamide in one eye cause significant reductions in tear production of both eyes at 1 h that recovered to baseline levels by 4 h.
Detection of anti‐lens crystallin antibody in dogs with and without cataracts
Authors: Denis Heidi M. , Brooks Dennis E. , Alleman Arthur R. , Andrew Stacy E. , Plummer Caryn
Published: December 2003

Objective To determine if antilens crystallin (ALC) serum and aqueous humor antibodies were present in normal dogs and dogs with cataracts, whether antibody incidence varied with stage of cataract, and whether antibody titer had a relationship to the presence of lens‐induced uveitis.

Methods Serum and aqueous humor samples were obtained from normal dogs and dogs with cataracts. Lens crystallin was separated by SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE), and antilens crystallin antibodies were detected by Western immunoblot analysis. An indirect ELISA using crystallin protein as antigen was also used to detect antilens crystallin antibodies in serum and aqueous humor. Test groups included normal, incipient, immature, mature, hypermature and diabetic cataract.

Results SDS‐PAGE identified bands with molecular weights of lens crystallin subunits. Western immunoblotting demonstrated reaction between canine serum and these protein bands. The five canine serum samples that reacted with crystallin subunits on Western blots had corresponding reactivity on the ELISA. All aqueous humor samples (30) were negative. Serum ALC antibodies were detected in 59.3% (16/27) of controls, 66.7% (16/24) of incipients, 50.0% (10/20) of immatures, 37.9% (11/29) of matures, 28.6% (6/21) of hypermatures, and 26.7% (4/15) of diabetics. Serum ALC antibodies were detected in 43.1% (47/109) of all cataract samples. There was a statistically significant negative association between the presence (P = 0.004) and maturity (P = 0.004) of cataract and presence of ALC serum antibodies. In the immature and hypermature cataract groups, there was a statistically significant negative association between ALC serum antibody titer and severity of uveitis (95% confidence interval).

Conclusions There is a negative association between the presence (P = 0.004) and maturity (P = 0.004) of cataract and presence of ALC serum antibodies.
The effect of topical administration of atropine sulfate on the normal equine pupil: influence of age, breed and gender
Authors: Davis J. L. , Stewart T. , Brazik E. , Gilger B. C.
Published: December 2003

Objectives  The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of age, breed and gender on vertical pupil diameter (VPD) following a single dose of 1% atropine sulfate ophthalmic solution in the normal equine eye.

Animals studied  Thirty‐two horses of various ages, breeds and genders were included. The horses had no history or clinical signs of ophthalmic disease. All horses studied had darkly pigmented irides.

Procedures  Two milligrams of 1% atropine sulfate ophthalmic solution was topically administered as a single dose in the right eye of each horse on Day 0. The VPD (mm) was measured in both eyes using digital calipers prior to treatment and every 24 h after administration for 2 weeks (Days 1–14). Duration of effect on VPD was then calculated for treated and untreated eyes. Data were also analyzed for effect of age, breed and gender on mean VPD, maximum VPD and time to maximum VPD.

Results The VPD in the treated eye was significantly elevated compared to baseline measurements and compared to the untreated eye at all time points. Arabians had a greater mean VPD at Day 0 and on several days following treatment. Females had greater mean VPD compared to males on 5 out of 15 days.

Conclusions  Duration of mydriasis after administration of 1% atropine sulfate ophthalmic solution in the normal equine eye is greater than 14 days. Horses of the Arabian breed and female horses may be more sensitive to effects of cholinergic blockade in the eye.
An in vitro evaluation of various Rosa damascena flower extracts as a natural antisolar agent
Authors: Tabrizi H. , Mortazavi S. A. , Kamalinejad M.
Published: December 2003

Synopsis

The aim of this work was to evaluate ultraviolet (UV) absorption ability of various extracts of Rosa damascena flowers as an antisolar agent. Extracts were prepared using the following solvent mixtures: water:ethanol (50 : 50), ethyl acetate:ethanol (80 : 20) and ether. The hydroalcoholic and ethyl acetate:ethanol extracts were prepared by maceration, and ether extract was prepared by soxhletion. Preliminary studies on the extracts prepared confirmed the presence of flavonoids as the major components of all extracts. Next, the UV absorption spectra (in the range of 200–400 nm) of all extracts were obtained. Results show that all three extracts can effectively absorb UV radiation in the range of 200–400 nm. However, the range giving maximum absorption for the hydroalcoholic, ethyl acetate:ethanol and ether extracts were 200–320, 250–360 and 230–370 nm, respectively. In the next stage, extracts prepared were incorporated into an oil in water cream base (prepared based on preliminary studies), at two concentrations of 5 and 8%. The sun protection factor (SPF) of these creams were determined. Based on the findings, the hydroalcoholic extract seems to give the highest SPF among the three extracts evaluated, when incorporated to the cream base. On the other hand, by performing a few physicochemical tests on the prepared creams, cream containing 5% ether extract showed the most desirable appearance and stability among the creams investigated. The UV absorption ability of these extracts is suggested to be because of the presence of flavonoid compounds within the extracts. However, it should be noted that in order to obtain an effective suncare product with high SPF values, these extracts could be used along with other synthetic antisolar agents.
Effect of residence time on the efficacy of antidandruff shampoos
Authors: Piérard‐Franchimont C. , Uhoda E. , Loussouarn G. , Saint‐Léger D. , Piérard G. E.
Published: December 2003

Synopsis

Dandruff is known to be controlled by fungistatic shampoos active against Malassezia spp. These products also remove the loosely attached scales. This study was performed to assess the effect of a 5‐min residence time on the efficacy of antidandruff shampoos. Two commercially available shampoos were used in two groups of 21 panelists with severe dandruff. They contained either 1% ketoconazole or 1% piroctone olamine. In each group, intraindividual comparisons were made by a split‐scalp design between the effect of a 5‐min residence time versus no residence time. Both shampoos induced significant reductions in scaliness and yeast colonization. The beneficial effects were obvious immediately after one single shampooing and 3 days later as well. The improvement was greater with a 5‐min residence time. The piroctone olamine treatment benefited more than the ketoconazole treatment from the extension of shampoo‐exposure time. In conclusion, the benefit of a residence time in treating dandruff is documented. The level of improvement in efficacy may vary according to the nature of the shampoo.
Odor and color of cosmetic products: correlations between subjective judgement and autonomous nervous system response
Authors: Barkat S. , Thomas‐Danguin T. , Bensafi M. , Rouby C. , Sicard G.
Published: December 2003

Synopsis

The color and odor of cosmetics have been shown to be crucial for affective states and able to influence autonomic responses. We report an original procedure to measure the effect on subjects of the color and odor of cosmetic products, and to quantify the correlation between objective (psychophysiological recording) and subjective (psychophysics) responses. Several cosmetic products (lipsticks and nail varnishes) of different colors (white, brown, red, orange, and pink) and odors (two per product) were presented. In a first step, autonomous parameters (skin conductance (SC) and heart rate (HR)) were recorded, and in the second step, subjects rated their sensations on subjective scales (overall appreciation, pleasantness, and emotional arousal). Results indicated that certain color and odor additives in cosmetics act on relaxation, excitation, perceived pleasantness, and emotional arousal. It was also found that certain colors, perceived as pleasant, decreased HR, and that the perception of an ‘arousing’ perfume significantly increased SC.
Moisture retention in a (in vitro) porcine skin substrate
Authors: Adamy S. T.
Published: December 2003

Synopsis

Model porcine skin samples were evaluated for moisture retention when subjected to various cosmetic treatments. Moisture retention was evaluated by two methods – via the Nova™ Dermal Phase Meter (DPM), and via weight loss measurements during moisture evaporation. In both measurements, skin samples were placed in dry‐air environments. Although it is rare that skin in vivo would be subjected to such dry conditions, the evaluation proved useful in differentiating: (1) factors affecting the two types of measurements, and (2) the types of treatments. In initial experiments of the DPM method, it was found that the DPM level, usually attributed to the moisture level of the skin, was highly susceptible to the ionic strength of the skin treatment. Skin samples treated with solutions having higher salt concentrations exhibited higher DPM levels. It was also found that the duration of the DPM signal, during evaporative moisture loss from the skin sample, was relatively constant with changes in ionic strength. The duration could thus be used as a gauge of how well the skin retained moisture in the dry environment. A number of measurements of DPM duration were performed for skin samples treated with simple mixtures and more complex formulated products. The durations were correlated with water loss rates determined from gravimetric experiments.
The hair eclipse phenomenon: sharpening the focus on the hair cycle chronobiology
Authors: Piérard‐Franchimont C. , Petit L. , Loussouarn G. , Saint‐Léger D. , Piérard G. E.
Published: December 2003

Synopsis

Chronobiology governing the hair cycle is a fascinating and complex process. Both the hair growth cycle and the hair shaft growth are coordinated and depend on the interplay of different biological signals and various exogenous stimuli. A latency period may occur between hair shedding (teloptosis, exogen phase) and the early emergence of the next anagen VI stage. This lag time referred to on the hair eclipse phenomenon likely depends on the influence of a series of distinct synchronizers, and does not represent per se a peculiar hair cycle phase. It is the result of some dysregulations of the hair cycling, involving early teloptosis, delayed anagen I initiation or stunted hair growth at any stage between the anagen I and anagen V phases. As such, the hair eclipse phenomenon may be an erratic process occurring in physiopathological conditions affecting hair follicles singly or in focal to generalized patterns. It may be more frequent when it follows synchronized teloptosis occurring in telogen effluvium (newborn alopecia, post‐partum alopecia, seasonal alopecia and alopecia areata). It may also be prominent when microinflammation is abutted on the permanent portion of the hair follicle as in dandruff, seborrhoeic dermatitis, androgenic alopecia and photoageing baldness. Local synchronizers such as growth factors and other mediators may eventually be lacking or involved in the hair eclipse phenomenon. Their identification and characterization might drive new corrective or preventive applications.
Scooping, raking, beckoning luck: luck, agency and the interdependence of people and things in Japan
Authors: Daniels Inge Maria
Published: November 2003

This article focuses on the circulation and consumption of Japanese commodities invested with an informal, domestic form of spirituality, translated as ‘luck’. Tambiah has argued that the dissemination of spiritual power objectified in Thai Buddhist amulets reflects the ‘differential power distribution’ and ‘social control’ vested in an hierarchically ordered lay society. My Japanese case study suggests that commodification of religious forms enables a more democratic diffusion of spirituality. Good luck charms are neither sacred nor secular; they challenge the supposed divide between the aesthetic value and utility of objects. They are part of extended networks of human and non‐human agents, but through their various trajectories they also retain an independent agency rooted in their material properties.
Animal bells as symbols: sound and hearing in a Greek island village
Authors: Panopoulos Panayotis
Published: November 2003

This article deals with the cultural construction of sound and hearing in a mountain village in the Greek island of Naxos, in the Cyclades. The analysis is based on the ethnographic presentation and discussion of the cultural meanings and symbolism of animal bells. I further explore the relation of bells and their sound to the issues of social reproduction and the cultural constitution of social order. By focusing on the indigenous conceptualizations of sound and noise and the metaphoric language concerning the sense of hearing, I also consider some wider aspects of sound, sound symbolism, and hearing in this community.
Houses and the ritual construction of gendered homes in South Africa
Authors: Waldman Linda
Published: November 2003

This article examines Griqua women's association with houses in historic, economic, and ritual contexts during the twentieth century. Using archival data, I argue that the connection between women and houses in South Africa stems from a complex interaction between their pre‐colonial Khoi origins, Christian missionary activity, and apartheid government housing policy. Ethnographic research demonstrates how, during the second half of the twentieth century, women ritually stressed their association with houses, but were unable to sustain this dominance in everyday life. An examination of ritual, gender, and housing, in relation to material objects and space, provides insights into how a series of rituals performed in Griquatown facilitates both the expression of an unambiguous Griqua identity and daily multi‐ethnic interactions.
Form, attention and a southern New Ireland life cycle*
Authors: Kingston Sean
Published: November 2003

From a phenomenological perspective, form is intrinsically linked to attention. This article explores that relationship with a view to highlighting the potential importance of the experience of form to anthropology. It is suggested that in Melanesia the management of attention as a mechanism for the control of form and vice versa are key vehicles for the social definition and transformation of persons. It takes as a case study the life‐cycle rituals of Lak in southern New Ireland, where the articulation and disarticulation of the form of persons and tubuan spirits are linked together and also, through a discourse of remembering and forgetting, with social attention.
Becoming a Christian in Fiji: an ethnographic study of ontogeny
Authors: Toren Christina
Published: November 2003

By means of an ethnographic and developmental analysis, this article shows how everyday ritual practice is fundamental to people's constitution over time of ideas that, in this case, inform a specifically Fijian Christianity. Focusing on the developmental process that is the fixation of belief, and on the significance of ritual for this process, it explores transformations in ideas about God, Sunday school, and death ceremonies held by Sawaieke girls and boys between 7 years, 10 months and 13 years old. The broader objective is to demonstrate, first, how data obtained systematically from children can illuminate our understanding of ritual and its significance, and, secondly, how an analysis of the developmental process necessarily entails a concomitant analysis of the social relations that inform it.
‘Ayyappan saranam’:1masculinity and the Sabarimala pilgrimage in Kerala
Authors: Osella Filippo , Osella Caroline
Published: November 2003

Sabarimala – a South Indian all‐male pilgrimage to Ayyappan, a hyper‐male deity born from two male gods – plays a role in constructing male identities, at both external (social‐structural) and internal (psychological) levels. The pilgrimage draws creatively on relationships between two South Asian male figures: renouncer and householder, breaking down the opposition between transcendence and immanence to bring into everyday life a sense of transcendence specific to men. This also has masculine and heroic overtones, characterized by ascetic self‐denial and pain and by the identification of pilgrims with the deity and his perilous mountain‐forest journey. Pilgrimage bestows power as blessings from Ayyappan and as specifically masculine forms of spiritual, moral, and bodily strength, while acting as signifier of masculine superior purity and strength and of male responsibilities towards family welfare. Sabarimala merges individual men both with the hyper‐masculine deity and with a wider community of men: other male pilgrims, senior male gurus (teachers). This merger is both social and personal. A normal and universal sense of masculine ambivalence and self‐doubt has a specific local‐cultural resolution, when boys and men experience strengthening of the gendered ego through renunciatory self‐immersion in a ‘greater masculine’. The ostensibly egalitarian devotional community is actually hierarchical: pilgrims surrender themselves to deity and guru, while equality and friendship between men can be celebrated and performed precisely because it is predicated upon a deeper sense of difference and hierarchy – gender – with woman as the absent and inferiorized other. Such segregated celebrations of masculinity work both towards masculinity's reproduction – through processes of ‘remasculinization’– and in the limiting of masculinity to males.
‘Widening the radius of trust’: ethnographic explorations of trust and Indian business
Authors: Harriss John
Published: November 2003

Trust has latterly become an important focus of enquiry across the social sciences, and this article reflects critically upon the current literature on the basis of ethnographic research into the transactions of small companies in several sectors of Indian industry, and the reorganization that is taking place in Indian family business groups in the context of economic globalization. It is concluded that much of the argument about the increasing importance of trust in the context of globalization is misplaced, and that it serves an ideological function. The problem of business management in India is that of bringing about change in the institutional framework and in business behaviour in a context in which these changes confront a culture of ‘selective trust’ amongst groups of people in specific social networks.
Face to face: meaning, feeling and perception in Amazonian welcoming ceremonies
Authors: Surrallés Alexandre
Published: November 2003

Some welcoming ceremonies practised by indigenous peoples of the Amazon have been considered events that enable the establishment of a social link between potential enemies. The studies do not, however, indicate how the shift from latent hostility to a social relationship occurs. They only refer to the ‘magical act’ produced through the significant exchange during the dialogues that take place at the key moment of the ceremony. Examining the perceptual interaction of the Candoshi welcoming ceremony and not merely the text of the dialogue, this article attempts to incorporate into the analysis the intensity of the affective dimension which governs these rituals, which can help to explain how such rituals provide the participants with the confidence to initiate a social relationship.
ALTERNATIVE OPTIMAL TRADE POLICIES IN THE PRESENCE OF FOREIGN INPUT MONOPOLY
Authors: Hwang Hong , Lin Yan‐shu , Mai Chao‐cheng
Published: December 2003

Abstract.  This paper develops a generalized three‐country model with downstream and upstream industries to analyze optimal import and export trade policies in the presence of monopoly distortion in a foreign intermediate input market. It shows that the import tariff and export tax are linearly dependent. Thus, the optimal choice of the tariff gives rise to the same results as the optimal choice of the export tax, which implies that the domestic government, to avoid tariff retaliation, can use export tax as a substitute for the import tariff.
APEC: INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND OUTPUT
Authors: Kurihara Yutaka
Published: December 2003

Abstract.  This paper estimates the effect that the APEC ‘currency union’, loosely defined, has on trade and, via trade, on output per capita. A gravity model is used to measure the impact of exchange‐rate variability on trade flows within APEC. The gain in trade flows from eliminating nominal exchange‐rate variability through the formation of a currency union is less than 1%. Furthermore, every 1% increase in trade (relative to GDP) raises income per capita by roughly 0.3% for twenty years. Adopting the dollar currency union is much more profitable than adopting a yen currency union for each country in APEC.
THE DIVISION OF LABOR AND ROUNDABOUT PRODUCTION: ALLYN YOUNG REVISITED
Authors: Sun Guang‐Zhen , Lio Monchi
Published: December 2003

Abstract.  This paper investigates Allyn Young's two important doctrines concerning the division of labor and roundabout production. First, apart from advancing the state of knowledge, the progressive division of labor that can occur within a given population encourages the adoption of more specialized, differentiated intermediate goods in the production process. Second, the level of division of labor and the extent of the market depend on each other. Using a general equilibrium model with increasing returns to specialization, economies of complementarity between intermediate goods, and transaction costs, we demonstrate that the level of division of labor and the number of intermediate goods increase concurrently as transaction conditions are improved.
TOURISM, TRADE AND DOMESTIC WELFARE
Authors: Nowak Jean‐Jacques , Sahli Mondher , Sgro Pasquale M.
Published: December 2003

Abstract.  Tourism has been regarded as a major source of economic growth and a source of foreign exchange. It has also been viewed as an activity that imposes costs on the host country. Such costs include increased pollution, congestion and despoliation of fragile environments, and intra‐generational inequity aggravation. One aspect that has been ignored is the general equilibrium effects of tourism on other sectors in the economy. This paper presents a model that captures the interdependence between tourism and the rest of the economy, in particular agriculture and manufacturing. An important result obtained is that the tourist boom may ‘immiserize’ the residents.
ILLEGAL MIGRANTS, TOURISM AND WELFARE: A TRADE THEORETIC APPROACH
Authors: Chesney Marc , Hazari Bharat R.
Published: December 2003

Abstract.  Many countries receive illegal migrants but are reluctant to accept them due to possible negative externalities. We provide a rationale for not policing illegal migration by linking it to the tourism industry. By paying illegal migrants less than local workers, the relative price of the non‐traded goods is shown to be lower than it would be in the absence of such workers. An expansion in tourist trade, under certain intensity conditions, necessarily raises resident welfare and employment. This tourist boom necessarily lowers the welfare of the illegal migrants. It is established that an increase in tourism increases the supply of illegal migrants.
TOURISM AND REGIONAL IMMISERIZATION
Authors: Hazari Bharat R. , Nowak J. J. , Sahli M. , Zdravevski D.
Published: December 2003

Abstract.  This paper analyzes the consequences of tourism in rural and urban areas on regional incomes, welfare and urban unemployment using a generalized Harris Todaro model. In this model two urban and two rural goods are produced. A distinguishing characteristic of this model is that the urban non‐traded good is not consumed in the rural region and, similarly, the rural non‐traded good is not consumed in the urban region. The most important result we obtain is that a tourist boom in the urban region may immiserize the rural area. Hence the welfare interests of rural and urban consumers may be in conflict as a result of tourist expansion in the urban region.
TOURISM, TAXES AND IMMISERIZATION: A TRADE THEORETIC ANALYSIS
Authors: Hazari Bharat R. , Nowak J. J.
Published: December 2003

Abstract.   Many countries promote tourism as a device for earning foreign exchange and promoting domestic welfare and growth. In all these countries the non‐traded goods (internationally not traded) are consumed by both domestic residents and tourists. It is well known that the relative price of non‐traded goods and services is determined in the local market – hence the tourist demand results in monopoly power in trade for the host country. We use a very simple two‐country model to demonstrate the specific nature of the offer curve and the trade equilibrium and the difficulties of taxation.
AN ECONOMETRIC ESTIMATION OF THE DEMAND FOR TOURISM: THE CASE OF SWITZERLAND
Authors: Ferro Luzzi Giovanni , Flückiger Yves
Published: December 2003

Abstract.  An understanding of the nature of demand is critical for the formulation of a tourism development program. It is also important for developed countries where tourism is an important source of export. Thus, the aim of this paper is two‐fold. First, it attempts to estimate an equation of the demand for tourism in order to analyse the different variables that influence the number of nights spent in a given destination. Second, by breaking up the total number of nights according to country of origin, it studies the reaction of tourists to given economic variables according to their origin.
Scale Dependency of Rarity, Extinction Risk, and Conservation Priority
Authors: HARTLEY STEPHEN , KUNIN WILLIAM E.
Published: December 2003

Abstract:  In developing red data books of threatened species, the World Conservation Union uses measures of rarity, rates of decline, and population fragmentation to categorize species according to their risk of extinction. However, most quantitative measures of these three concepts are sensitive to the scale at which they are made. In particular, definitions of rarity based on an area‐of‐occupancy threshold can nearly always be met if area of occupancy is calculated from a sufficiently fine‐scale (high‐resolution) grid. Recommendations for dealing with scale dependency include (1) choosing a standard scale of measurement, (2) using multiple scales of measurement, and (3) developing indices that combine information from multiple scales. As an example of the second and third approach, the construction of a species' scale‐area curve represents a unifying method for quantifying all three indicators of extinction risk—rarity, rate of decline, and population fragmentation—as functions of area of occupancy and measurement scale. A multiscale analysis is also of practical importance because measurements made at different scales are relevant to different extinction processes. Coarse‐scale measures of rarity are most appropriate when threat is assessed on the basis of spatially autocorrelated events of a large extent, such as global climate change, whereas fine‐scale measures may best predict extinction risk due to local processes such as demographic stochasticity. We illustrate our arguments with a case study of the British distributions of two related plant species that show a 200‐fold reversal in their relative rarity when measured at different scales.
Demographic Viability of a Relict Population of the Critically Endangered Plant Borderea chouardii
Authors: GARCÍA MARÍA B.
Published: December 2003

Abstract:  In addition to human‐caused changes in the environment, natural stochasticity may threaten species persistence, and its impact must be taken into account when priorities are established and management plans are designed. Borderea chouardii is a Tertiary relict at risk of extinction that occurs in only one location in the world, where the probability of human disturbance is low. Its persistence, therefore, is mainly linked to its response to natural threats such as stochasticity. Over 8 years I monitored up to 25% of this rupicolous small geophyte. The population had an unbalanced size structure and 90% failure in seed arrival at appropriate microhabitats, which suggests a problem with recruitment. I used matrix models to describe its population dynamics, conducted hand sowings, and performed stochastic simulations to investigate the effect of environmental stochasticity on population trend and viability. I modeled several scenarios to represent a variety of ecological situations, such as population reduction, episodic or persistent disease, and enhancement or decrease of recruitment. Population growth rate (λ) was never significantly different from unity over the study period. The risk of extinction was null over the next five centuries under current conditions. Increase of mortality and decrease of recruitment reduced stochastic population growth rate, but no factor except a persistent increase of 10% mortality resulted in extinction. These results are the consequence of the plant's extremely long life span (over 300 years) and low temporal variability of key vital rates. Even though hand sowing significantly increased the stochastic population growth rate, other approaches may be more important for the persistence of this species. The extremely slow capacity for recovery following disturbances renders habitat preservation essential. In addition, the founding of new populations would reduce the risk associated with habitat destruction.
Effects of Tour Boats on the Behavior of Bottlenose Dolphins: Using Markov Chains to Model Anthropogenic Impacts
Authors: LUSSEAU DAVID
Published: December 2003

Abstract: Nature‐based tourism activities have been developing over the last decade, but it is still difficult to manage these activities sustainably. This sector is increasingly focusing on whales and dolphins in coastal communities, but the exact effects of these tourism activities are unclear. Markov chain modeling may help researchers assess the effects of tourism activities on the behavioral budget of small cetaceans. Matrix models have been used widely in population ecology to provide successful management guidelines. From June 2000 to August 2001, I collected information on the behavioral state of bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiopsspp.) schools from a population residing in Doubtful Sound, Fiordland, New Zealand. In addition, I recorded the occurrence of boat and dolphin interactions. I then calculated the transition probabilities of passing from one behavior to another by using a first‐order, time‐discrete Markov chain model. Behavioral transitions during which a boat‐dolphin interaction occurred were compiled in an “impact” chain. All other transitions were tallied in a control chain. I then quantified the effect of boat‐dolphin interactions during behavioral transitions by comparing the behavioral transition probabilities of both chains. Socializing and resting behaviors were disrupted by interactions with boats to a level that raises concern. Both the duration of bouts and the total amount of time spent in both these behavioral states were substantially decreased. Dolphins were significantly more likely to be traveling after an interaction with a boat. However, the overall behavioral budget of the population was not significantly affected. Therefore, the bottlenose dolphin population seems to be able to sustain the present level of boat interactions because of its low intensity. More effort is needed to develop prognosis analyses in order to understand how the effect of boat interactions on dolphins changes with variations in intensity.