bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anti‐platelets in diabetes management
Authors: Grantham N. M. , Magliano D. J. , Tai G. , Cohen N. , Shaw J. E.
Published: June 2010

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anti‐platelet use, and the extent to which contraindications to anti‐platelet therapy prevent its use, in 726 diabetic patients attending a private clinic. Among those who reported a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD), 87.1% were on anti‐platelet therapy. Of those without prior CVD but with at least one CVD risk factor, 59.8% were not on anti‐platelet therapy, but only 7.1% of these had a contraindication to anti‐platelet therapy. This study showed that high usage of anti‐platelet therapy in diabetic patients with prior CVD is achievable, and that contraindications did not explain low use in those without prior CVD.
Objective radiological disease control with Sandostatin monotherapy in metastatic neuroendocrine tumours
Authors: Khasraw M. , Townsend A. , Price T. , Hart J. , Bell D. , Pavlakis N.
Published: June 2010

Conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy is not usually effective in neuroendocrine tumours (NET). Somatostatin analogues (SSA) such as octreotide (Sandostatin; octreotide LAR and lanreotide) are typically used to treat symptoms caused by NET, but not as the primary treatment aiming for an objective response. Recently, results from the PROMID (Placebo‐controlled prospective Randomized study on the antiproliferative efficacy of Octreotide LAR in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine MIDgut tumours) trial were published showing that octreotide LAR significantly lengthens the time to tumour progression compared with a placebo in patients with functionally active and inactive metastatic midgut NET. We report a retrospective descriptive analysis of six patients, treated at two Australian institutions, who obtained an objective radiological tumour response on long acting SSA. In this retrospective series of NET, radiological responses were observed using single agent SSA, which was administered mainly for symptom management. This could be due to an antiproliferative and/or antiangiogenic activity of this agent in NET. A response can occur beyond 12 months, which might explain why the response rate is under reported in NET trials. Further investigation in prospective trials is warranted and the possibility for late responses might have implications for trial design.
Comparative analysis between protist communities from the deep‐sea pelagic ecosystem and specific deep hydrothermal habitats
Authors: Sauvadet Anne‐Laure , Gobet Angélique , Guillou Laure
Published: June 2010

Protist communities associated with deep seawater and bivalves from six hydrothermal sites in the Pacific Ocean were characterized by microscopy and molecular rRNA gene surveys (18S rRNA) and compared with planktonic communities from Pacific deep‐pelagic seawater (from 500 to 3000 m in depth). Genetic libraries from larger size fractions (> 3 µm) of deep‐pelagic water were mainly dominated by Dinophyceae, whereas small size fractions (< 3 µm) mainly revealed radiolarians and Syndiniales. In contrast, more specific opportunistic detritivores and grazers, mostly belonging to Stramenopiles and Cercozoa, were detected from water surrounding vent chimneys. Protist communities were different in the pallial cavity of the giant hydrothermal bivalves Bathymodiolus thermophilus and Calyptogena magnifica, dominated by Ciliophora (primarily belonging to Phyllopharyngea, Oligohymenophorea and Oligotrichea) and Cercozoa. Interestingly, protist communities retrieved from the pallial cavity liquid of hydrothermal bivalves were remarkably homogeneous along the Southern East Pacific Rise, in contrast to bivalves collected on the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vents and cold seeps from the Gulf of Mexico. Hence, complex protist communities seem to occur inside hydrothermal bivalves, and these metazoa may constitute a stable micro‐niche for micro‐eukaryotes, including grazers, detritivores, symbionts and potential parasites. From these communities, new lineages within the ciliates may emerge.
Leucine‐to‐carbon empirical conversion factor experiments: does bacterial community structure have an influence?
Authors: Alonso‐Sáez Laura , Pinhassi Jarone , Pernthaler Jakob , Gasol Josep M.
Published: June 2010

The suitability of applying empirical conversion factors (eCFs) to determine bacterial biomass production remains unclear because seawater cultures are usually overtaken by phylotypes that are not abundant in situ. While eCFs vary across environments, it has not been tested whether differences in eCFs are driven by changes in bacterial community composition or by in situ environmental conditions. We carried out seawater cultures throughout a year to analyse the correlation between eCFs and bacterial community structure, analysed by catalysed reporter deposition fluorescence in situ hybridization. Gammaproteobacteria usually dominated seawater cultures, but their abundance exhibited a wide range (25–73% of cell counts) and significantly increased with inorganic nutrient enrichment. Flavobacteria were less abundant but increased up to 40% of cells counts in winter seawater cultures, when in situ chlorophyll a was high. The correlations between eCFs and the abundance of the main broad phylogenetic groups (Gamma‐, Alphaproteobacteria and Flavobacteria) were significant, albeit weak, while more specific groups (Alteromonadaceae and Rhodobacteraceae) were not significantly correlated. Our results show that the frequent development of the fast‐growing group Alteromonadaceae in seawater cultures does not strongly drive the observed variations in eCFs. Rather, the results imply that environmental conditions and the growth of specific phylotypes interact to determine eCFs.
WELL‐INFORMED INTERMEDIARIES IN STRATEGIC COMMUNICATION
Authors: LI WEI
Published: June 2010

A privately informed sender may influence the decision maker through an intermediary who is better informed than him. I assume that the objective sender and intermediary pass on their best information, while the biased ones prefer a particular action but also have reputational concerns. I show that the biased intermediary selectively incorporates the sender's information to push his agenda, and his truth‐telling incentives always decrease in those of the biased sender. Hence, measures making it more costly for the sender to lie worsen the biased intermediary's distortion, and may make the decision maker strictly worse off. (JEL C70, D82, M31)
Autonomy and Control in Australian Agencies: Data and Preliminary Findings from a Cross‐National Empirical Study
Authors: Aulich Chris , Batainah Heba , Wettenhall Roger
Published: June 2010

This article is developed from data gathered through the analysis of a survey of ‘agencies’ at Commonwealth and Australian Capital Territory (ACT) levels of government, undertaken as the Australian component of a cross‐national empirical study of autonomy and control in non‐departmental public sector organisations. It presents preliminary findings from one part of what is potentially a very important enterprise in comparative research, along with discussion of methodological issues which need to be confronted in many such comparative exercises. The data reveal that Australia agencies have been granted more autonomy than agencies in other countries contributing to this survey, though that autonomy varies markedly across functions such as personnel management and financial management. While the article represents just a snapshot in time in agency autonomy, we believe it provides a robust baseline for future changes in the way agencies are managed in the Australian public sector.
From Rhetoric to Blueprint: The Moran Review as a Concerted, Comprehensive and Emergent Strategy for Public Service Reform
Authors: Lindquist Evert
Published: June 2010

On 3 September 2009, Prime Minister Rudd announced a six‐month Review of Australian Government Administration. He appointed an Advisory Group chaired by Terry Moran, Secretary of the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, to prepare a discussion paper, oversee a benchmarking study and consultations, and craft a blueprint to reform the Australian Public Service (APS) in order to deal with future governance challenges. The vision is to develop a forward‐looking, innovative, collaborative, citizen‐focused, agile, informed and highly‐skilled APS to advise and deliver policy and services for government. Ahead of the Game, a comprehensive Blueprint for action, was released on 29 March 2010. This article provides a high‐level review of motivations and process for the Moran Review, an overview of the Blueprint, an assessment of the strategy and process, and suggestions for moving forward on selected issues.
The limits of corporate responsibility standards
Authors: Rasche Andreas
Published: June 2010

I explore the limits of corporate responsibility standards – for example Social Accountability 8000 (SA 8000), the Global Reporting Initiative, the Fair Labor Association workplace code – by looking at these initiatives through Derrida's aporias of justice as set out in ‘Force of Law: The “Mystical Foundation of Authority”’. Based on a discussion of SA 8000, I uncover the unavoidable aporias that are associated with the use of this standard. I contribute to the literature on corporate responsibility standards in general and SA 8000 in particular by showing (a) that attempts to standardise corporate responsibility can only be successful insofar as we recognise that compliance with SA 8000's rules requires a ‘fresh judgement’ every time they are applied, (b) that SA 8000 should not be pushed down the supply chain as such coercion does not require a truly responsible decision by suppliers and eventually leads to moral mediocrity and (c) that the necessarily time‐consuming reflections about the singular contexts within which SA 8000 is applied challenge the urgent need for implementing this standard. I discuss the implications of my analysis of SA 8000 for corporate responsibility standards in general.
Disease protection and interleukin‐10 induction by endogenous interferon‐β in multiple sclerosis?
Authors: Hesse D. , Krakauer M. , Lund H. , Søndergaard H. B. , Limborg S. J. W. , Soelberg Sørensen P. , Sellebjerg F.
Published: June 2010

Objective:  An immune activation response resembling virus or type I interferon responses has been observed in untreated multiple sclerosis (MS), but its pathogenic significance is uncertain. We studied the relationship between a type I interferon‐like response in untreated patients with MS and disease activity.

Methods:  Gene expression was analyzed by real‐time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in whole blood samples and by microarray analysis of mononuclear cells from untreated patients with MS, patients with MS treated with IFN‐β, and patients with MS with anti‐IFN‐β neutralizing antibodies (NAb). Disease activity was assessed by gadolinium‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.

Results:  Eight of 36 untreated patients with MS had spontaneously increased expression of the type I IFN‐induced gene MX1. Microarray gene expression analysis demonstrated that patients with increased spontaneous MX1 expression also had increased expression of other genes induced by regular IFN‐β treatment of MS. MX1 expression correlated with FOXP3 and IL10 expression, and IL10 expression correlated negatively with disease activity on magnetic resonance imaging. Further, in vivo IL10 expression was lower in NAb‐positive patients than in untreated patients with MS and healthy controls. Finally, ex vivo treatment of mononuclear blood cells with IFN‐β induced the expression of IL10, and this was blocked by the addition of serum from NAb‐positive patients with MS.

Conclusion:  Our findings suggest that endogenous IFN‐β may induce the expression of immunoregulatory IL10 in MS and that this might be associated with dampening of inflammatory disease activity.
The effects of selective breeding on the architectural properties of the pelvic limb in broiler chickens: a comparative study across modern and ancestral populations
Authors: Paxton Heather , Anthony Nicolas B. , Corr Sandra A. , Hutchinson John R.
Published: June 2010

Intensive artificial selection has led to the production of the modern broiler chicken, which over the last few decades has undergone a dramatic increase in growth rate and noticeable changes in body conformation. Unfortunately, this has been associated with musculoskeletal abnormalities which have altered the walking ability of these birds, raising obvious welfare concerns, as well as causing economic losses. Here we present a comparative study of ancestral and derived muscle anatomy in chickens to begin to tease apart how evolutionary alterations of muscle form in chickens have influenced their locomotor function and perhaps contributed to lameness. We measured the muscle architectural properties of the right pelvic limb in 50 birds, including the Giant Junglefowl, a commercial strain broiler and four pureline commercial broiler breeder lines (from which the broiler populations are derived) to identify which features of the broiler’s architectural design have diverged the most from the ancestral condition. We report a decline in pelvic limb muscle mass in the commercial line birds that may compromise their locomotor abilities because they carry a larger body mass. This greater demand on the pelvic limb muscles has mostly led to changes in support at the hip joint, revealing significantly larger abductors and additionally much larger medial rotators in the broiler population. Differences were seen within the commercial line bird populations, which are likely attributed to different selection pressures and may reflect differences in the walking ability of these birds. In addition, Junglefowl seem to have both greater force‐generating capabilities and longer, presumably faster contracting muscles, indicative of superior musculoskeletal/locomotor function. We have provided baseline data for generating hypotheses to investigate in greater depth the specific biomechanical constraints that compromise the modern broiler’s walking ability and propose that these factors should be considered in the selection for musculoskeletal health in the chickens of the future. Our new anatomical data for a wide range of domestic and wild‐type chickens is useful in a comparative context and for deeper functional analysis including computer modelling/simulation of limb mechanics.
Tibial length growth curves for ambulatory children and adolescents with cerebral palsy
Authors: OEFFINGER DONNA , CONAWAY MARK , STEVENSON RICHARD , HALL JOHN , SHAPIRO ROBERT , TYLKOWSKI CHESTER
Published: June 2010

Aim  The aim of this study was to generate growth curves for ambulatory children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP) using tibial lengths and to determine if they differed according to sex or Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level.

Method  Growth data were studied from a cohort of 750 participants (442 males, 308 females [1199 visits]; mean age 10y 9mo, SD 3y 4mo, range 4–21y) with CP (hemiplegia, n=163; diplegia, n=573; triplegia, n=11; quadriplegia n=2; GMFCS levels I–III), and 165 typically developing children (96 males, 115 females; [211 visits]) mean age 10y 9mo, SD 4y 2mo, range 4–19y). Tibial length measurements calculated from data collected during routine gait analyses were validated using anthropometric tibial length measurements and were used to generate growth curves for males and females classified as GMFCS level I, II, or III. Growth was compared in participants of different sexes and GMFCS levels using the median curves.

Results  Growth curves for males and females (GMFCS levels I–III) with estimate lines for 3rd, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 97th centiles were generated. Mean tibial length was greater in males than in females in all GMFCS levels. Tibial lengths were shorter in participants classified as GMFCS level III than in those classified as GMFCS level I or II.

Interpretation  To our knowledge this is the first large‐scale investigation of bone growth in ambulatory children and adolescents with CP. The large sample made it possible to generate growth curves and to provide insight into growth trends. The study findings serve as a basis for analysis of the relationships between growth, function, and treatment outcomes.
Botulinum toxin versus submandibular duct relocation for severe drooling
Authors: SCHEFFER ARTHUR RT , ERASMUS CORRIE , VAN HULST KAREN , VAN LIMBEEK JACQUES , ROTTEVEEL JAN J , JONGERIUS PETER H , VAN DEN HOOGEN FRANK JA
Published: June 2010

Aim  Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT‐A) has been described as an effective intervention for drooling and is being increasingly adopted. However, its effectiveness compared with established treatments is still unknown. We undertook a within‐participants observational study to examine this.

Method  An historic cohort was formed of 19 children and young adults (10 males, nine females) with severe drooling who underwent BoNT‐A injections followed by surgical re‐routing of the submandibular duct at least 6 months later. Mean age at time of admission was 11 years 5 months (range 5–17y) and mean age at the time of surgery was 14 years (range 6–23y). Fifteen children were diagnosed with bilateral cerebral palsy (CP), three with unilateral CP, and one with non‐progressive developmental delay. Gross Motor Function Classification System levels were the following: level I, n=1; level II, n=2; level III, n=7; level IV, n=6; and level V, n=3). The primary outcome was the drooling quotient, which was assessed before each intervention and 8 and 32 weeks thereafter. A multivariate analysis of variance of repeated measures was performed, with the measurement points as the within‐participant variables.

Results  The drooling quotient was reduced to a greater extent after surgery than after BoNT‐A administration (p=0.001). Compared with a baseline value of 28, the mean drooling quotient 8 weeks after surgery was 10, and 32 weeks after surgery was 4 (p<0.001). Among the group treated with BoNT‐A, the drooling quotient showed a significant reduction from a baseline value of 30 to 18 after 8 weeks (p=0.02), and a continued but diminished effect after 32 weeks (drooling quotient 22; p=0.05).

Interpretation  Both interventions are effective, but surgery provides a larger and longer‐lasting effect.
Altered neurotransmission in the mesolimbic reward system ofGirk−/−mice
Authors: Arora Devinder , Haluk Desirae M. , Kourrich Saïd , Pravetoni Marco , Fernández‐Alacid Laura , Nicolau Joel C. , Luján Rafael , Wickman Kevin
Published: June 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)114, 1487–1497.

Mice lacking theGirk2subunit of G protein‐gated inwardly rectifying K+(Girk) channels exhibit dopamine‐dependent hyperactivity and elevated responses to drugs that stimulate dopamine neurotransmission. The dopamine‐dependent phenotypes seen inGirk2−/−mice could reflect increased intrinsic excitability of or diminished inhibitory feedback to midbrain dopamine neurons, or secondary adaptations triggered byGirk2ablation. We addressed these possibilities by evaluatingGirk−/−mice in behavioral, electrophysiological, and cell biological assays centered on the mesolimbic dopamine system. Despite differences in the contribution of Girk1 and Girk2 subunits to Girk signaling in midbrain dopamine neurons,Girk1−/−andGirk2−/−mice exhibited comparable baseline hyperactivities and enhanced responses to cocaine.Girkablation also correlated with altered afferent input to dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area. Dopamine neurons fromGirk1−/−andGirk2−/−mice exhibited elevated glutamatergic neurotransmission, paralleled by increased synaptic levels of α‐amino‐3‐hydroxyl‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole‐propionate glutamate receptors. In addition, synapse density, α‐amino‐3‐hydroxyl‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole‐propionate receptor levels, and glutamatergic neurotransmission were elevated in medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens fromGirk1−/−andGirk2−/−mice. We conclude that dopamine‐dependent phenotypes inGirk2−/−mice are not solely attributable to a loss of Girk signaling in dopamine neurons, and likely involve secondary adaptations facilitating glutamatergic signaling in the mesolimbic reward system.
The environmental impacts of biomass crops: use by birds of miscanthus in summer and winter in southwestern England
Authors: SAGE RUFUS , CUNNINGHAM MARK , HAUGHTON ALISON J. , MALLOTT MARK D. , BOHAN DAVID A. , RICHE ANDREW , KARP ANGELA
Published: June 2010

We compared birds in a group of established and well‐managed miscanthus (Miscanthus x giganteus) fields in Somerset and East Devon, southwestern England, with plots of short rotation coppice (SRC) willow, arable crops and grassland in two winters and one summer. Following early spring cutting, 19 miscanthus fields grew taller, initially produced greater cover and were less weedy than SRC. As stubble in May, the miscanthus contained broadly similar species at similar densities to arable and grassland comparison plots. By July, at 2‐m‐tall, miscanthus held higher densities of birds but of fewer species, most of them characteristic of woodland and scrub. SRC, previously identified as being a beneficial crop for many birds, always contained more species and individuals than miscanthus. Throughout each of two winters, 15 miscanthus plots remained unharvested and contained more wood/scrub species such as Blackbirds Turdus merula, tits, Reed Buntings Emberiza schoeniclus and Woodcock Scolopax rusticola than the comparison plots, which held more corvids and Skylarks Alauda arvensis amongst others. Similar overall mean densities of birds in the miscanthus and the comparison plots masked relatively low density variance in miscanthus and very high variance in the comparison plots. Unharvested miscanthus crops grown in place of habitat types supporting flocks of wintering birds would displace these flocks. Miscanthus plantations with open patches attracted more finches and waders in winter. The two previous studies of birds in miscanthus in the UK found more species and more individuals than we did in summer and winter. Both these studies documented high levels of weediness and patchy crop growth. In the context of this previous work our data suggest that bird use of miscanthus in summer and winter is likely to be variable, affected by region, weediness, crop structure and patchiness. While large‐scale cropping of SRC in England is likely to have a positive overall impact on a suite of common farmland and woodland birds, our data suggest that miscanthus in the southwest of England may have an approximately neutral effect. However, some open farmland specialist species may be lost when planting either crop.
Population changes in Czech passerines are predicted by their life‐history and ecological traits
Authors: REIF JIŘÍ , VERMOUZEK ZDENĚK , VOŘÍŠEK PETR , ŠŤASTNÝ KAREL , BEJČEK VLADIMÍR , FLOUSEK JIŘÍ
Published: June 2010

A species’ susceptibility to environmental change might be predicted by its ecological and life‐history traits. However, the effects of such traits on long‐term bird population trends have not yet been assessed using a comprehensive set of explanatory variables. Moreover, the extent to which phylogeny affects patterns in the interspecific variability of population changes is unclear. Our study focuses on the interspecific variability in long‐term population trends and annual population fluctuations of 68 passerine species in the Czech Republic, assessing the effects of eight life‐history and five ecological traits. Ordination of life‐history traits of 68 species revealed a life‐history gradient, from ‘r‐selected’ (e.g. small body mass, short lifespan, high fecundity, large clutch size) to ‘K‐selected’ species. r‐selected species had more negative population trends than K‐selected species, and seed‐eaters declined compared with insectivores. We suggest that the r‐selected species probably suffer from widespread environmental changes, and the seed‐eaters from current changes in agriculture and land use. Populations of residents fluctuated more than populations of short‐distance migrants, probably due to the effect of winter climatic variability. Variance partitioning at three taxonomic levels showed that whereas population trends, population fluctuations and habitat specialization expressed the highest variability at the species level, most life‐history traits were more variable at higher taxonomic levels. These results explain the loss of statistical power in the relationship between life histories and population trends after controlling for phylogeny. However, we argue that a lack of significance after controlling for phylogeny should not reduce the value of such results for conservation purposes.
TRADING‐VOLUME SHOCKS AND STOCK RETURNS: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Huang Zhaodan , Heian James B.
Published: June 2010

We examine high‐volume premiums based on weekly risk‐adjusted returns. Significant average weekly abnormal high‐volume premiums up to 0.50% per week are documented for 1962–2005. Most premiums are generated in the first two weeks and monotonically decline as holding periods are extended. Evidence of reversal is found as the holding periods are extended. Premiums depend on realized turnover in the holding period. The last finding supports the theories of Miller and Merton. Finally, we test whether premiums are compensation for taking additional risk. Negative skewness, idiosyncratic risk, and liquidity risk do not explain the high‐volume premiums.
Listening for Creative Voices amid the Cacophony of Fiscal Complaint about Art and Design Education
Authors: Clarke Angela , Budge Kylie
Published: June 2010

The current tertiary education climate in Australia and other Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) countries is one where class numbers are increasing and contact hours between students and teachers are reducing to keep them financially viable. In this context increasing pressure is being placed on teachers to essentially ‘do more with less’ and to perform well, despite the changing conditions. Students, too, are challenged to learn in an environment where they have less time with their teachers. What seems surprising is that all of this is occurring whilst the rhetoric of tertiary institutions is being more closely aligned with contemporary constructivist theories of learning with a focus on producing creative graduates.

This pressure is now being keenly felt in creative disciplines where studio models of teaching, which require small classes and substantial contact hours, are seriously under threat. If tertiary institutions genuinely want to produce creative graduates there needs to be more widespread understanding of how creative processes are nurtured and creative minds are fostered. Many experienced teachers in creative disciplines have developed such understanding. Their voices need to be encouraged and supported so that the artistry of their creative pedagogies may be articulated and heard above the cacophony of fiscal complaint.

We do not naively suggest that financial issues should be disregarded. We do, however, call for a middle way where sophisticated conversations, about both the quality and viability of creative educational practice, amongst all stakeholders can allow for an authentically creative future to emerge.
Enhancing Children's Artistic and Creative Thinking and Drawing Performance through Appreciating Picture Books
Authors: Hsiao Ching‐Yuan
Published: June 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate methods of enhancing kindergarteners' artistic creative thinking and expressive drawing through an activity that involved appreciation of picture books. The study was conducted in a public kindergarten in southern Taiwan, with 27 children aged between 4 and 5. The researcher conducted the study in 16 weeks; data were collected via digital recordings of participants' appreciation and art‐making activities, artwork assessment checklists and questionnaires. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used to process and analyse data. On the expression of and changes in children's artistic and creative thinking ability, findings suggest that ability is expressed through discussions that involve art vocabulary, including descriptive, analytical, interpretative and judgemental words. On‐site practice indicated significant use of descriptive and analytical art vocabularies. The results also showed that the collage series of picture books had more impact on children than did other picture books in terms of teaching efficacy by picture book appreciation. With regard to differences in children's reading and drawing behaviours between the beginning and the end of the study, findings indicate a significant and positive change in children's reading and drawing behaviours at home. The study also indicated that children's drawing behaviours could be cultivated by a series of art instruction activities. These findings should impact kindergarten educators’ instructional methods in visual art education in Taiwan, and may influence Taiwanese curriculum reform in early childhood art education.
The Limits of Professional Architectural Education
Authors: Coleman Nathaniel
Published: June 2010

Professional architectural education is overwhelmingly predicated on skills development. Consequently, the humanities are given short shrift. Students overburdened with an abundance of practical tasks cannot be expected to do much beyond completing studio project work with any degree of depth. Such splitting has a negative outcome: at the end of their education, many graduates still have difficulty constructing a convincing argument about their own work. And when professional qualification is achieved, many architects are arguably missing the humanities half of their education. Such a narrowly focused training surely contributes to the general low quality of the built environment that we inhabit.

The apparent causes and effects of the current situation are analysed here, especially the degree to which the rise of an academic culture in architecture has paradoxically exacerbated a split between the humanities and design. By widening the divide between speculative, theoretical and historical research and the professional education delivery systems that architectural researchers teach into, the ascendancy of (humanities‐based) research in architecture schools has intensified the separation of theory and history from design. Ultimately, only if the production model that so often organises architecture education is rethought, will it be possible to recuperate a strong humanities stream in design education.
A New Paradigm for Design Studio Education
Authors: Wang Tsungjuang
Published: June 2010

There is a feeling among many design educators today that the discipline has reached a crisis in its development, and that change is needed immediately in the way that design educators articulate their epistemology and their methodology. The architectural studio can be seen as the model for design education, and its culture is exemplary. Donald Schön has often argued that the professional education of architectural students – and other design students – should be aimed at making them into ‘reflective practitioners’. At the core of his argument is the idea that design education must sacrifice intellectual rigour in order to achieve social relevance, yet critics have argued that this trade‐off has caused design education to be marginalised in relation to the university model of education. Design is focused on subjective creativity, but the positivist university paradigm is focused on objective rationality. In order for design education to become more rigorous – and more academically respectable – it must either become more rational or it must embrace a new paradigm that values creative experience. This article argues that the emerging paradigm of complexity offers design education the rigour it has been lacking, for this paradigm constructs studio projects not as problems with rational solutions but as systems that need to be explored in order to discover their relational meanings and values – precisely what creativity, balanced with rationality, can accomplish in both Western nations and rapidly developing East Asian nations such as China.
Cultural Capital: A Thesaurus for Teaching Design
Authors: Strickfaden Megan , Heylighen Ann
Published: June 2010

This article seeks to unravel what is hypothesised as being at the root of design education: the cultural capital of design educators. The premise is that capital is developed within the design learning environment: that is, designers‐to‐be and educators‐to‐be are encultured into design while studying, the same way that parents enculture children into families, or families and friends enculture young people into society. This article begins by introducing the concept of cultural capital, a body of knowledge that acts as an asset in particular situations; our study focuses on knowledge that is useful to being a designer and design educator. We continue by exploring what kinds of capital designers have and what role this capital plays in the educational setting. Four key themes are identified across the cultural capital of 19 design educators from different geographical locations in the Western world. These themes result from analysing educators' intimate narratives, which reveal some of the values, beliefs and actions inherent to design.

Furthermore, the themes illustrate a sampling of the design educators’ thesaurus: that is, what design educators draw upon for teaching and designing.
Strategic Teaching: Student Learning through Working the Process
Authors: Spanbroek Nancy
Published: June 2010

The designers of our future built environment must possess intellectual tools which will allow them to be disciplined, flexible and analytical thinkers, able to address and resolve new and complex problems. In response, an experimental and collaborative design studio was designed to inspire and build on students' knowledge and their creative thinking abilities through a series of explorative exercises and modelling. The learning experience of students undertaking this studio was enabled and guided by a collaboration of teachers experienced in both teaching and creative practice. A series of guest creative practitioners joined the studio's intensive 10‐week hands‐on workshop sessions within which students undertook set exercises. These creative research workshops then served to inform subsequent design development of the students' work through planning and documentation over a period of 4 weeks.

Strategic teaching is central to the creative development process. The driving educational belief, as idea and practice, is that by bringing ideas to life in design, by working with full‐scale three‐dimensionality, students are able to cement their commitment to ‘working the process’, towards becoming excellent designers. This ambitious strategy enables students to work on the many different aspects of the design problem towards meeting their design outcome at the highest level of resolution and intent. Through a combination of pragmatic tasks – writing and developing design briefs – and visual tasks – evidence gathering and analysis of design through photographic, modelling and diagramming exercises – students were encouraged to think outside and beyond the ‘normal’ realm of design practice.
Dose–response relationship of sertindole and haloperidol using the pharmacopsychometric triangle
Authors: Bech P. , Tanghøj P. , Andreasson K. , Overø K. F.
Published: June 2010

Bech P, Tanghøj P, Andreasson K, Overø KF. Dose–response relationship of sertindole and haloperidol using the pharmacopsychometric triangle.

Objective:  Renewed insight into dose‐related effects of sertindole and haloperidol was sought by re‐analysing published data for antipsychotic effect, extrapyramidal effect, and patient wellbeing – i.e., the important pharmacopsychometric triangle domains.

Method:  Selected Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) subscales and the Simpson–Angus scale were tested for validity. Standardized effect sizes [last observation carried forward (LOCF)] at endpoint were calculated.

Results:  The scales were found to be valid instruments. The PANSS11 psychotic subscale showed clinically significant effect sizes for all doses of sertindole (12, 20, and 24 mg) and haloperidol (4, 8, and 16 mg). Extrapyramidal effects were evident for all doses of haloperidol, but absent for the lower doses of sertindole. The PANSS6 depression subscale, a proxy measure of quality of life, showed a clinically significant effect for sertindole 20 mg and no effect for haloperidol.

Conclusion:  This re‐analysis confirmed the antipsychotic effect and absence of extrapyramidal effects for sertindole and, in addition, showed a clinically significant antidepressant effect. A profile for bipolar states emerged.
Methods for HPV detection in exfoliated cell and tissue specimens
Authors: SNIJDERS PETER J.F. , HEIDEMAN DANIËLLE A.M. , MEIJER CHRIS J.L.M.
Published: June 2010

Snijders PJF, Heideman DAM, Meijer CJLM. Methods for HPV detection in exfoliated cell and tissue specimens. APMIS 2010; 118: 520–528.

Given the causal involvement of high‐risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) in cervical cancer and a subset of squamous cell carcinomas of other anogenital regions as well as the oropharynx, much attention has been focused on the development and application of HPV detection assays. HPV detection assays are almost exclusively based on the detection of viral nucleic acids, mostly viral DNA. The HPV detection methods that are nowadays in use can broadly be subdivided into target amplification methods and signal amplification methods. In this review, several principles of various methodologies are explained and examples of some commonly used HPV detection assays are given. In addition, attention is paid to the use of HPV assays for detecting clinically meaningful HPV infections, i.e. infections related to (pre)cancerous lesions, e.g. cervical cancer screening purposes. For the latter, it is important that HPV tests are clinically validated according to validation strategies as outlined in guidelines.
The natural history of human papillomavirus infections of the mucosal epithelia
Authors: CHOW LOUISE T. , BROKER THOMAS R. , STEINBERG BETTIE M.
Published: June 2010

Chow LT, Broker TR, Steinberg BM. The natural history of human papillomavirus infections of the mucosal epithelia. APMIS 2010; 118: 422–449.

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs), members of a very large family of small DNA viruses, cause both benign papillomas and malignant tumors. While most research on these viruses over the past 30 years has focused on their oncogenic properties in the genital tract, they also play an important role in diseases of the upper aerodigestive tract. Rapidly accelerating advances in knowledge have increased our understanding of the biology of these viruses and this knowledge, in turn, is being applied to new approaches to prevent, diagnose, and treat HPV‐induced diseases. In this introductory article, we provide an overview of the structure and life cycle of the mucosal HPVs and their interactions with their target tissues and cells. Finally, we provide our thoughts about treatments for HPV‐induced diseases, present and future.
Evaluation of an individually tailored oral health educational programme on periodontal health
Authors: Jönsson Birgitta , Öhrn Kerstin , Lindberg Per , Oscarson Nils
Published: June 2010

Jönsson B, Öhrn K, Lindberg P, Oscarson N. Evaluation of an individually tailored oral health educational programme on periodontal health. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: 912–919. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2010.01590.x

Aim: To evaluate an individually tailored oral health educational programme (ITOHEP) on periodontal health compared with a standard oral health educational programme. A further aim was to evaluate whether both interventions had a clinically significant effect on non‐surgical periodontal treatment at 12‐month follow‐up.

Material and Method: A randomized, evaluator‐blinded, controlled trial with 113 subjects (60 females and 53 males) randomly allocated into two different active treatments was used. ITOHEP was based on cognitive behavioural principles and motivational interviewing. The control condition was standard oral hygiene education (ST). The effect on bleeding on probing (BoP), periodontal pocket depth, “pocket closure” i.e. percentage of periodontal pocket >4 mm before treatment that were <5 mm after treatment, oral hygiene [plaque indices (PlI)], and participants' global rating of oral health was evaluated. Preset criteria for PlI, BoP, and “pocket closure” were used to describe clinically significant non‐surgical periodontal treatment success.

Results: The ITOHEP group had lower BoP scores 12‐month post‐treatment (95% confidence interval: 5–15, p<0.001) than the ST group. No difference between the two groups was observed for “pocket closure” and reduction of periodontal pocket depth. More individuals in the ITOHEP group reached a level of treatment success. Lower PlI scores at baseline and ITOHEP intervention gave higher odds of treatment success.

Conclusions: ITOHEP intervention in combination with scaling is preferable to the ST programme in non‐surgical periodontal treatment.
Influence of different metal flask systems on tooth displacement in complete upper dentures
Authors: dos Santos Mateus Bertolini Fernandes , Consani Rafael Leonardo Xediek , Mesquita Marcelo Ferraz
Published: June 2010

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2010.00392.x

Influence of different metal flask systems on tooth displacement in complete upper dentures

Objective:  To verify the occurrence of tooth displacement in dentures processed by moist hot‐polymerisation using traditional and experimental metal flask systems.

Materials and methods:  Waxed complete dentures were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 10), including traditional (TF) and experimental flasks (DF and HHF). Metal pins were placed at the incisal edge of maxillary central incisors (I), buccal cusp of first premolars (P) and mesiobuccal cusp of second molars (M). Transversal (I–I, P–P and M–M) and anteroposterior (LI–LM and RI–RM) distances were measured before and after denture processing using an optical microscope. The dentures were processed by hot water curing cycle (9 h/74°C). Collected data were analysed by anova, Paired Student’s t‐test and Holm–Sidak method (p < 0.05).

Results:  All measured distances demonstrated contraction after polymerisation, except for LI–LM in TF and RI–RM in DF and HHF. Statistically significant differences were found between the distances P–P for DF and HHF, and M–M for all groups. Comparison among flask systems revealed statistically significant difference in the P–P distance for the TF and HHF.

Conclusion:  Different flask systems did not cause variation in tooth displacement during denture processing, with the exception of P–P distances for the TF and HHF. There is no evidence that different metal flask systems would promote tooth displacement of clinical significance.
Self-regulated black hole growth via momentum deposition in galaxy merger simulations
Authors: DeBuhr Jackson , Quataert Eliot , Ma Chung-Pei , Hopkins Philip
Published: June 2010

We perform hydrodynamical simulations of major galaxy mergers using new methods for calculating the growth of massive black holes (BH) in galactic nuclei and their impact on the surrounding galaxy. We model BH growth by including a subgrid model for accretion produced by angular momentum transport on unresolved scales. The impact of the BH's radiation on surrounding gas is approximated by depositing momentum into the ambient gas, which produces an outward force away from the BH. We argue that these phenomenological models for BH growth and feedback better approximate the interaction between the BH and dense gas in galaxies than previous models. We show that this physics leads to self-regulated BH growth: during the peak of activity, the accretion rate on to the BH is largely determined by the physics of BH feedback, not the subgrid accretion model. The BH significantly modifies the gas dynamics in the galactic nucleus (≲300 pc), but does not generate large-scale galactic outflows. Integrated over an entire galaxy merger, BH feedback has little effect on the total number of stars formed, but is crucial for setting the BH’s mass.
Emotional Intelligence: New Insights and Further Clarifications
Authors: Cherniss Cary
Published: June 2010

The commentaries on my target article expand on it in many useful and enlightening ways, and some provide a glimpse at important new research. The commentaries also point to a few issues raised in the original article that require clarification or elaboration. In this response, I begin by recalling the “big idea” that initially led to interest in emotional intelligence (EI) as a concept, which is that success in life and work depends on more than just the basic cognitive abilities measured by IQ tests. I then clarify what I mean by emotional and social competence (ESC): It is not a single, unitary psychological construct but rather a very broad label for a large set of constructs. After considering whether we really need the ESC concept, I discuss whether the single, comprehensive definition of EI that I proposed in the target article is the best one in light of alternatives suggested in some of the commentaries. Next, I return to the issue of measurement and note new ideas and suggestions that emerge in the commentaries. I conclude by considering the question of how much EI or ESC adds conceptually or predictively to IQ or personality.
Not Seeing Clearly With Cleary: What Test Bias Analyses Do and Do Not Tell Us
Authors: Meade Adam W. , Tonidandel Scott
Published: June 2010

In recent decades, the Cleary (1968) approach for testing for differences in regression lines among demographic groups has been codified as a central approach to evaluate a test for bias. However, this approach is fraught with numerous shortcomings, a preponderance of implicit assumptions, and outcomes that are not sufficient to conclude that there is a problem with a test. We believe these shortcomings are poorly understood by many industrial–organizational (I–O) psychologists, that this method for evaluating test bias is overrelied on by our profession, and that it is interpreted improperly by those wishing to evaluate tests for bias in applied settings. Moreover, eliminating differential prediction may be impossible in some cases, undesirable in others, and places an undue burden on organizational researchers.