bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
American Journal of Agricultural Economics Volume 100: A Century of Publishing the Frontiers of the Profession
Authors: Lybbert Travis J. , Beatty Timothy K.M. , Hurley Terrance M. , Richards Timothy J.
Published: September 2018

The American Journal of Agricultural Economics reached its 100th volume this year. We take this landmark volume as an opportunity to reflect on the evolution of this leading field journal—and one of the original research journals in economics. We document changes in the editorial structure of the journal—from a sole editor‐in‐chief to the present system of four rotating co‐editors—and in the management of the publication process overseen by these editors. Using bibliometric analysis, we then track various trends in the journal over the past century. We assess changes in the structure of articles, including increased article length, reliance on mathematical modeling and empirical analysis, and the dramatic rise in collaborative publication in the form of expanding co‐author teams. We also explore changes in the degree of topical specialization and the geographic coverage of research published in AJAE. We use co‐authoring relationships to construct collaboration networks specific to the journal and document the striking increase in the density of these networks. We conclude with some perspectives on the implications of this century‐long evolution of the journal for the coming decades of pushing and publishing the frontiers of the profession.
Associations of Prenatal Exposure to Cadmium With Child Growth, Obesity, and Cardiometabolic Traits
Authors: Chatzi Leda , Ierodiakonou Despo , Margetaki Katerina , Vafeiadi Marina , Chalkiadaki Georgia , Roumeliotaki Theano , Fthenou Eleni , Pentheroudaki Eirini , McConnell Rob , Kogevinas Manolis , Kippler Maria
Published: September 2018

Prenatal cadmium exposure has been associated with impaired fetal growth; much less is known about the impact during later childhood on growth and cardiometabolic traits. To elucidate the associations of prenatal cadmium exposure with child growth, adiposity, and cardiometabolic traits in 515 mother-child pairs in the Rhea Mother-Child Study cohort (Heraklion, Greece, 2007–2012), we measured urinary cadmium concentrations during early pregnancy and assessed their associations with repeated weight and height measurements (taken from birth through childhood), waist circumference, skinfold thickness, blood pressure, and serum lipid, leptin, and C-reactive protein levels at age 4 years. Adjusted linear, Poisson, and mixed-effects regression models were used, with interaction terms for child sex and maternal smoking added. Elevated prenatal cadmium levels (third tertile of urinary cadmium concentration (0.571–2.658 μg/L) vs. first (0.058–0.314 μg/L) and second (0.315–0.570 μg/L) tertiles combined) were significantly associated with a slower weight trajectory (per standard deviation score) in all children (β = −0.17, 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.32, −0.02) and a slower height trajectory in girls (β = −0.30, 95% CI: −0.52,−0.09; P for interaction = 0.025) and in children born to mothers who smoked during pregnancy (β = −0.48, 95% CI: −0.83, −1.13; P for interaction = 0.027). We concluded that prenatal cadmium exposure was associated with delayed growth in early childhood. Further research is needed to understand cadmium-related sex differences and the role of coexposure to maternal smoking during early pregnancy.
1. Formation, classification, and registration of companies
Authors: Hannigan Brenda
Published: September 2018

This chapter considers the mechanics of formation and registration and the various types of companies which may be formed. It also looks briefly at alternative vehicles for business. Companies are registered under the Companies Act 2006 and its predecessors. Once the formalities are completed, the registrar issues a certificate of incorporation. The remainder of the chapter covers types of registered companies, companies limited by guarantee, private and public companies, re-registration of companies, and groups of companies.
2. The framework of company law
Authors: Hannigan Brenda
Published: September 2018

This chapter begins with a discussion of the statutory framework of company law. Registered companies in the UK are governed by the Companies Act 2006 (CA 2006) and its predecessors. Commencement of the legislation took place piecemeal between 6 April 2007 and 1 October 2009, and is now fully in force (with a few minor exceptions). Despite its length, many Parts of the Act rely on secondary legislation to supplement the statutory framework. The remainder of the chapter covers the European framework of company law.
5. The company constitution
Authors: Hannigan Brenda
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on the company constitution. Every company is required to have articles of association. Model forms of articles are provided for public and private companies limited by shares, and any company may adopt all or any of the provisions of the relevant model articles for that type of company. The remainder of the chapter covers the content of the articles, amending the articles, interpreting the articles, enforcing the articles, and shareholders' agreements.
8. A statutory statement of directors’ duties
Authors: Hannigan Brenda
Published: September 2018

One of the most important changes implemented by the Companies Act 2006 (CA 2006) is the inclusion for the first time of a statutory statement of directors' general duties in Pt 10, Ch 2. This chapter discusses the duties set out by this statutory statement, which are the duty to act within their powers (s. 171); duty to promote the success of the company (s. 172); duty to exercise independent judgement (s. 173); duty to exercise reasonable care, skill, and diligence (s. 174); duty to avoid conflicts of interest (s. 175); duty not to accept benefits from third parties (s. 176); and duty to declare interest in proposed transactions with the company (s. 177).
13. Specific conflicts—CA 2006, Part 10, Ch 4, and Ch 4A
Authors: Hannigan Brenda
Published: September 2018

This chapter considers provisions of the Companies Act 2006 (CA 2006), Pt 10, Ch 4, and Ch 4A. These regulate transactions with directors where the conflict of interest between the director's personal interests and his duty to the company is thought to be particularly acute such that it is appropriate to seek shareholder approval for the following transactions: directors' service contracts (CA 2006, ss. 188–189); payments for loss of office (CA 2006, ss. 215–221); quoted companies—remuneration payment and payments for loss of office (Ch 4A); substantial property transactions (CA 2006, ss 190–196); and loans and similar financial transactions (CA 2006, ss 197–214).
15. Directors’ liabilities and vulnerable transactions on insolvency
Authors: Hannigan Brenda
Published: September 2018

This chapter considers directors' liabilities for company insolvency. Redress for breach of duty by directors is available through summary action for misfeasance (IA 1986, s. 212) while particular types of trading are targeted for civil recoveries, namely fraudulent trading (ss. 213, 246ZA) and wrongful trading (ss. 214, 246ZB). A liquidator or administrator may also seek to challenge certain transactions which took place in the run-up to liquidation or administration; for example, on the basis that they were transactions at an undervalue (s. 238) or intended to prefer a particular creditor (s. 239). More broadly, the overall conduct of the directors is reviewed in order to determine whether disqualification is an appropriate response.
17. Decision-making and company meetings
Authors: Hannigan Brenda
Published: September 2018

Shareholders typically exercise what powers they possess during the general meeting of the company, in the form of resolutions passed at such meetings. This chapter considers the mechanisms for meetings. The chapter also discusses voting entitlement, resolutions, meeting procedures, and the Duomatic principle.
18. Informed shareholders and stakeholders—disclosure and the limited company
Authors: Hannigan Brenda
Published: September 2018

The purposes of disclosure include to assist creditors in risk assessment, to assist shareholders and others make appropriate resource allocations and hold management to account, and to facilitate the operation of capital markets. Most disclosure comes in the form of accounts and reports focusing on the financial position and the activities of the company, but mandated disclosure can extend in all directions to include health and safety issues, political donations, environmental concerns, and general corporate social responsibility. The chapter discusses: the statutory provisions governing company accounts; accounting requirements by class of entity; narrative reporting requirements; the regulatory framework for audit; the auditors' report; and auditors' liability and limitation of liability.
21. Share capital—capital raising and payment
Authors: Hannigan Brenda
Published: September 2018

This chapter considers the statutory rules governing share capital requirements, especially those relating to the allotment of, and payment for, shares. The share capital measures frequently reflect long-established common law rules. This chapter discusses: the rules in share capital requirements; issuing shares at par, premium, or a discount; alteration of share capital; allotment of shares; payment for shares; and capital raising.
23. Loan capital—secured creditors and company charges
Authors: Hannigan Brenda
Published: September 2018

The majority of companies on the register of companies are private companies with very limited amounts of share capital. Thus, if those companies are carrying on business to any significant level, it must be on the basis of other forms of funding, typically in the form of straightforward commercial borrowing from high street banks and financial institutions. When lending to a limited liability company, the lender is conscious of the need for security to cover the amount lent. This chapter discusses: company charges; fixed and floating charges; the approach to categorisation; registration of charges; and enforcement of a floating charge.
24. Liquidation and dissolution—winding up the insolvent company
Authors: Hannigan Brenda
Published: September 2018

Winding up or liquidation is the process by which the assets of the company are collected in and realised, its liabilities discharged, and the net surplus, if there is one, distributed to the persons entitled to it. This chapter concentrates on the winding up of insolvent companies. The discussions cover: voluntary winding up; compulsory winding up; consequences of the winding-up order; the role and powers of a liquidator; the anti-deprivation rule, proof of debts, and set-off; the order of distribution; and dissolution of the company.
2. The dissolution of adult relationships
Authors: Gilmore Stephen , Glennon Lisa
Published: September 2018

This chapter deals with the termination of adult relationships, in particular divorce. It also considers the dissolution of civil partnerships, and the termination of cohabitation. Beginning with a discussion of the history of law on divorce and recent divorce statistics, it goes on to cover the law of divorce under the Matrimonial Causes Act (MCA) 1973, criticisms of the current law and recent reform initiatives. It then considers other decrees under MCA 1973, dissolution of a civil partnership, and termination of unmarried relationships.
6. Financial support for children
Authors: Gilmore Stephen , Glennon Lisa
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the law governing child support. Child support is regulated by one or more of several statutes depending on the circumstances: the Child Support Act 1991 (CSA 1991), as amended; Schedule 1 to the Children Act 1989; the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973; and the Civil Partnership Act 2004. The applicability of the CSA 1991 in a particular case can limit to some extent the use of the other statutes mentioned.
8. Children’s rights
Authors: Gilmore Stephen , Glennon Lisa
Published: September 2018

This chapter introduces some theoretical discussions concerning children’s rights and examines some ‘core’ legal provisions. It also looks at the case law related to which the issue of the legal protection of children’s interests has been explored. The focus is on the child’s right to make his or her own decisions as a possible limitation on parental responsibility.
11. Adoption and special guardianship
Authors: Gilmore Stephen , Glennon Lisa
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the legal mechanisms by which children can be provided with long-term alternative secure family placements: the law on adoption and special guardianship. Topics discussed include: decision making in relation to adoption; adoption agencies’ role in assessing suitable adoptions; rules relating to parental consent in adoption cases; placement for adoption; applications to adopt; and special guardianship.
Finite element approximation of a strain-limiting elastic model
Authors: Bonito Andrea , Girault Vivette , Süli Endre
Published: September 2018

We construct a finite element approximation of a strain-limiting elastic model on a bounded open domain in $\mathbb{R}^d$, $d \in \{2,3\}$. The sequence of finite element approximations is shown to exhibit strong convergence to the unique weak solution of the model. A rate of convergence for the sequence of finite element approximations is shown provided that the material parameters featuring in the model are Lipschitz continuous and that the exact solution possesses additional regularity. A rate of convergence for the sequence of finite element approximations is shown provided that the material parameters featuring in the model are Lipschitz continuous and that the exact solution possesses additional regularity. An iterative algorithm is constructed for the solution of the system of nonlinear algebraic equations that arises from the finite element approximation. An appealing feature of the iterative algorithm is that it decouples the monotone and linear elastic parts of the nonlinearity in the model. In particular, our choice of piecewise constant approximation for the stress tensor (and continuous piecewise linear approximation for the displacement) allows us to compute the monotone part of the nonlinearity by solving an algebraic system with $d(d+1)/2$ unknowns independently on each element in the subdivision of the computational domain. The theoretical results are illustrated by numerical experiments.
Impacts of a web-based educational program for veterans who read their mental health notes online
Authors: Denneson Lauren M , Pisciotta Maura , Hooker Elizabeth R , Trevino Amira , Dobscha Steven K
Published: September 2018

Objective

This study evaluates whether a web-based educational program for patients who read their mental health notes online improves patient-clinician communication and increases patient activation.

Methods

The web-based educational program, developed with end-user input, was designed to educate patients on the content of mental health notes, provide guidance on communicating with clinicians about notes, and facilitate patients’ safe and purposeful use of their health information. Eligible patients were engaged in mental health treatment (≥1 visit in the prior 6 months) and had logged into the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) patient portal at least twice. Participants completed measures of patient activation, perceived efficacy in healthcare interactions, patient trust in their clinicians, and patient assessment of the therapeutic relationship before and after participating in the program. A total of 247 participants had complete data and engaged with the program for 5 minutes or more, comprising the analytic sample. Multivariate analysis using mixed effects models were used to examine pre-post changes in outcomes.

Results

In bivariate analyses, patient activation, perceived efficacy in healthcare interactions, and trust in clinicians increased significantly between pre- and post-training assessments. In fully adjusted models, changes in patient activation [b = 2.71 (1.41, 4.00), P < 0.01] and perceived efficacy in healthcare interactions [b = 1.27 (0.54, 2.01), P < 0.01)] remained significant.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that this educational program may help empower mental health patients who read their notes online to be active participants in their care, while also providing information and tools that may facilitate better relationships with their clinicians.
Secondary use of routine data in hospitals: description of a scalable analytical platform based on a business intelligence system
Authors: Roth Jan A , Goebel Nicole , Sakoparnig Thomas , Neubauer Simon , Kuenzel-Pawlik Eleonore , Gerber Martin , Widmer Andreas F , Abshagen Christian , Padiyath Rakesh , Hug Balthasar L ,   the PATREC Study Group, Abshagen Christian , Fucile Geoffrey , Gerber Martin , Goebel Nicole , Hug Balthasar L , Jaegle Bernd , Kuenzel-Pawlik Eleonore , Neubauer Simon , Padiyath Rakesh , Roth Jan A , Sakoparnig Thomas , Sengstag Thierry , Spyra Damian , Widmer Andreas F
Published: September 2018

We describe a scalable platform for research-oriented analyses of routine data in hospitals, which evolved from a state-of-the-art business intelligence architecture for enterprise resource planning. This platform involves an in-memory database management system for data modeling and analytics and a high-performance cluster for more computing-intensive analytical tasks. Setting up platforms for research-oriented analyses is a highly dynamic, time-consuming, and costly process. In some health care institutions, effective research platforms may be derived from existing business intelligence systems.
Core Sessions Behavioral Principles
Authors: Bearss Karen , Johnson Cynthia R. , Handen Benjamin L. , Butter Eric , Lecavalier Luc , Smith Tristram , Scahill Lawrence
Published: September 2018

This session provides an overview of the basic principles of the behavioral approach, the ABC model, and the importance of assessment in deciding upon strategies to address challenging behavior.
Prevention Strategies
Authors: Bearss Karen , Johnson Cynthia R. , Handen Benjamin L. , Butter Eric , Lecavalier Luc , Smith Tristram , Scahill Lawrence
Published: September 2018

This session provides information on antecedent management of behavior. The ABC data collected during the previous week and the ideas generated in the review of prevention strategies are used to develop approaches to preventing behavior problems.
Daily Schedules
Authors: Bearss Karen , Johnson Cynthia R. , Handen Benjamin L. , Butter Eric , Lecavalier Luc , Smith Tristram , Scahill Lawrence
Published: September 2018

This session focuses on obtaining a daily schedule for the child and helping the parent identify ways to adapt the schedule to prevent behavior problems from occurring. This session also introduces the use of visual schedules. The clinician can focus on schedule changes, visual schedules, or both. Doing both is recommended.
Reinforcement 1
Authors: Bearss Karen , Johnson Cynthia R. , Handen Benjamin L. , Butter Eric , Lecavalier Luc , Smith Tristram , Scahill Lawrence
Published: September 2018

This session has parents focus on the child’s appropriate behaviors, rather than behaviors they want to decrease or eliminate. Emphasis should be placed on daily living skills that are within the child’s capabilities but are not consistently performed independently. Parents will identify reinforcers for their child and learn to use them to increase target behaviors.
Reinforcement 2
Authors: Bearss Karen , Johnson Cynthia R. , Handen Benjamin L. , Butter Eric , Lecavalier Luc , Smith Tristram , Scahill Lawrence
Published: September 2018

In this session, the parent will learn to increase the use of social reinforcement for appropriate behaviors during interactions with the child. This can involve “catching the child being good” throughout the day or during a more formal play time.
Planned Ignoring
Authors: Bearss Karen , Johnson Cynthia R. , Handen Benjamin L. , Butter Eric , Lecavalier Luc , Smith Tristram , Scahill Lawrence
Published: September 2018

This module is about a particular type of consequence: planned ignoring. It includes the proper use of planned ignoring, possible challenges to its use, and the development of a planned ignoring program at home.
Compliance Training
Authors: Bearss Karen , Johnson Cynthia R. , Handen Benjamin L. , Butter Eric , Lecavalier Luc , Smith Tristram , Scahill Lawrence
Published: September 2018

This module provides instruction on the Four-Step Compliance Procedure, including how to reinforce compliance and how to manage episodes of noncompliance.
Functional Communication Training
Authors: Bearss Karen , Johnson Cynthia R. , Handen Benjamin L. , Butter Eric , Lecavalier Luc , Smith Tristram , Scahill Lawrence
Published: September 2018

As challenging behaviors typically serve a function for the child, this session introduces the idea of teaching an alternative and more appropriate functional communication behavior to replace the inappropriate or undesirable behavior.
Teaching Skills 2
Authors: Bearss Karen , Johnson Cynthia R. , Handen Benjamin L. , Butter Eric , Lecavalier Luc , Smith Tristram , Scahill Lawrence
Published: September 2018

This session continues with teaching skills by reviewing a variety of prompts that can be used to enhance a child’s skill acquisition.
Introduction to the RUBI Parent Workbook
Authors: Bearss Karen , Johnson Cynthia R. , Handen Benjamin L. , Butter Eric , Lecavalier Luc , Smith Tristram , Scahill Lawrence
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides an introduction to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and parent training in ASD. This is followed by an introduction to the development of the RUBI Parent Training program, including its theoretical foundation and empirical evidence supporting its use as a treatment for disruptive behaviors in youth with ASD. Appropriate clinical populations and therapist training procedures are also addressed.
Prevention Strategies
Authors: Bearss Karen , Johnson Cynthia R. , Handen Benjamin L. , Butter Eric , Lecavalier Luc , Smith Tristram , Scahill Lawrence
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides the in-session activity sheets, homework data sheet, and parent handout for the Prevention Strategies Session. This session provides information on antecedent management of behavior. The ABC data collected during the previous week and the ideas generated in the review of prevention strategies are used to develop approaches to preventing behavior problems.
Reinforcement 2
Authors: Bearss Karen , Johnson Cynthia R. , Handen Benjamin L. , Butter Eric , Lecavalier Luc , Smith Tristram , Scahill Lawrence
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides the in-session activity sheets, homework data sheet, and parent handout for the Reinforcement 2 Session. In this session, the parent will learn to increase the use of social reinforcement for appropriate behaviors during interactions with the child. This can involve “catching the child being good” throughout the day or during a more formal play time.
Teaching Skills 2
Authors: Bearss Karen , Johnson Cynthia R. , Handen Benjamin L. , Butter Eric , Lecavalier Luc , Smith Tristram , Scahill Lawrence
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides the in-session activity sheets, homework data sheet, and parent handout for the Teaching Skills 2 Session. This session continues with teaching skills by reviewing a variety of prompts that can be used to enhance a child’s skill acquisition.
Vitamins and trace elements
Authors: Powell-Tuck J. , Eastwood M.
Published: September 2018

Vitamins are diverse, unrelated organic compounds that some higher animals, humans included, cannot synthesize and which play key roles in metabolism, underpinning the most crucial of biological reactions. They are required in small amounts and have diverse functions, e.g. as:

◆ activated carriers of biochemical groups—coenzymes (B vitamin derivatives)...
Intracranial tumours
Authors: Rees Jeremy
Published: September 2018

Intracranial tumours represent about 2% of all cancers. There are no known risk factors apart from prior irradiation to the skull and brain and a few rare neurogenetic syndromes, e.g. neurofibromatosis, von Hippel–Lindau syndrome, Li–Fraumeni syndrome. They may be intrinsic or extrinsic, which determines potential resectability. Neuroepithelial tumours (predominantly gliomas) account for 50 to 60% of all primary tumours. Recent discovery of ...
Rapidly evolving episodic outflow in IRAS 18113−2503: clues to the ejection mechanism of the fastest water fountain
Authors: Orosz G , Gómez J F , Imai H , Tafoya D , Torrelles J M , Burns R A , Frau P , Guerrero M A , Miranda L F , Perez-Torres M A , Ramos-Larios G , Rizzo J R , Suárez O , Uscanga L
Published: September 2018

Water fountains are evolved stars showing early stages of collimated mass-loss during transition from the asymptotic giant branch, providing valuable insight into the formation of asymmetric planetary nebulae. We report the results of multi-epoch VLBI observations, which determine the spatial and three-dimensional kinematic structure of H2O masers associated with the water fountain IRAS 18113−2503. The masers trace three pairs of high-velocity (∼150–300 km s−1) bipolar bow shocks on a scale of 0${^{\prime\prime}_{.}}$18 (∼2000 au). The expansion velocities of the bow shocks exhibit an exponential decrease as a function of distance from the central star, which can be explained by an episodic, jet-driven outflow decelerating due to drag forces in a circumstellar envelope. Using our model, we estimate an initial ejection velocity ∼840 km s−1, a period for the ejections ∼10 yr, with the youngest being ∼12 yr old, and an average envelope density within the H2O maser region $n_{\text{H}_2}{\approx }10^{6}$ cm−3. We hypothesize that IRAS 18113−2503 hosts a binary central star with a separation of ∼10 au, revealing novel clues about the launching mechanisms of high-velocity collimated outflows in water fountains.
Consuming Identities
Authors: Lippert Amy DeFalco
Published: September 2018

Along with the rapid expansion of the market economy and industrial production methods, innovations including photography, lithography, and steam printing created a pictorial revolution in the nineteenth century. Consuming Identities: Visual Culture in Nineteenth-Century San Francisco explores the significance of that revolution in one of its vanguard cities: San Francisco, the revolving door of the gold rush and the hub of Pacific migration and trade. The proliferation of visual prints, ephemera, spectacles, and technologies transformed public values and perceptions, and its legacy was as significant as the print revolution that preceded it. In their correspondence, diaries, portraits, and reminiscences, thousands of migrants to the city by the Bay demonstrated that visual media constituted a central means by which to navigate the bewildering host of changes taking hold around them in the second half of the nineteenth century. Images themselves were inextricably associated with these world-changing forces; they were commodities, but they also possessed special cultural qualities that gave them new meaning and significance. Visual media transcended traditional boundaries of language and culture that had divided groups within the same urban space. From the 1848 conquest of California and the gold discovery to the disastrous earthquake and fire of 1906, San Francisco anticipated broader national transformations in the commodification, implementation, and popularity of images. For the city’s inhabitants and visitors, an array of imagery came to mediate, intersect with, and even constitute social interaction in a world where virtual reality was becoming normative.
“Base Falsehoods” and the Genuine Article: The Visual Economy of San Francisco
Authors: Lippert Amy K. DeFalco
Published: September 2018

In the burgeoning urban centers of the United States in the nineteenth century, anonymous denizens interpreted one another and presented themselves through the visual medium. Publicly displayed and circulated imagery was broadly accessible to San Francisco’s diverse array of immigrants. Photographs and other illustrations provided newcomers with a universal language—a way to view and explore each other and a means of conceptualizing San Francisco. As the city developed and tents gave way to buildings, the modes of production, circulation, and display of visual ephemera grew apace, revealing their adaptability to the burgeoning market economy and their preeminence in San Francisco’s urban culture. A competitive commercial culture among San Franciscan photographers catered to and often exploited public anxieties over the divide between appearance and reality.
From the Cradle to the Grave: Visualizing the Life Cycle
Authors: Lippert Amy K. DeFalco
Published: September 2018

Images were so bound up with the concept of mortality, and such potent reminders of the unceasing and irreversible onslaught of time, that they soon came to play a critical role as markers along the key junctures of both individual and family lifespans in nineteenth-century America. They commemorated births, deaths, and everything in between. The residents of a far-flung city like San Francisco were all the more reliant on two-dimensional substitutes for their absent kin. Painted portraits and miniatures had previously served similar functions as documentation of significant events or achievements, but only as mediated by an artist’s hand, with a limited replication and distribution capacity, and primarily for a small upper echelon of the population. It was fitting that photography, the most democratic of all media, should preserve memories of loved ones after their demise—death being among the most democratic of life experiences.
Context, Social Science, and the Birth of Precision Journalism
Authors: Anderson C.W.
Published: September 2018

This chapter and the next tell the story of the major “hinge moment” in the development of data journalism in America—the birth of “precision journalism” and the work of Phil Meyer. The chapter argues that shifting ideas of the purpose of journalism school, the growth of the availability of public datasets, increased journalistic professionalism, and the hard work of Meyer himself all contributed to the mainstreaming of the use of data in journalistic work.
Precision Becomes Data
Authors: Anderson C.W.
Published: September 2018

This chapter looks at the larger mechanisms by which precision journalism was institutionalized after the 1970s, becoming “data journalism” in the process. The chapter argues that newsrooms played less of a role in its institutionalization than did cross-organization journalism groups like the National Institute For Computer Assisted Reporting (NICAR). One consequence of the manner by which data journalism institutionalized was that it increasingly became an elite practice—in the subjects of its coverage, its techniques, and its practitioners.
Ideology and Identity
Authors: Chhibber Pradeep K. , Verma Rahul
Published: September 2018

This book challenges the view that party politics and elections in India are far removed from ideas. It claims that a dominant intellectual paradigm of what constitutes an ideology is not entirely applicable to many multiethnic countries in the twentieth century. In these more diverse states, the most important ideological debates center on statism—the extent to which the state should dominate society, regulate social norms, and redistribute private property, and on recognition—whether and how the state should accommodate the needs of various marginalized groups and protect minority rights from assertive majoritarian tendencies. Using survey data from the Indian National Election Studies (NES) and survey experiments from smaller but more focused studies, and evidence drawn from the Constituent Assembly debates, it shows that Indian electoral politics, as represented by political parties, their members, and their voters, is in fact marked by deep ideological cleavages, with parties, party members, and voters taking distinct positions on statism and recognition. This ideological divide can account for the replacement of the one-party-dominant system by a party system in which regional parties have become far more important and a right-wing Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) had spectacular success in the 2014 national elections. The focus on ideology also explains why leadership is so important in contemporary Indian politics as well as the limited influence of patronage politics. The book shows how education, the media, and religious practice transmit the competing ideas that lie at the heart of the ideological debates in India.
Beyond the Poisoned Wells
Authors: Lamptey Jerusha Tanner
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the way hegemonic othering, patriarchy, and androcentrism impact Islamic feminist approaches to the Islamic tradition and to interreligious feminist engagement. To provide a concrete illustration, it surveys prominent positions adopted in the debate over the validity and referent of “Islamic feminism” and connects this to the main interpretative strategies Muslim women scholars in the United States use to negotiate and assert authority. Building on more recent critiques of the, the chapter then argues for the necessity of a new model of interreligious feminist engagement that goes beyond the story of “poisoned wells,” a new model that can address obstacles in interreligious feminist engagement; grapple with hegemony, patriarchy, and androcentrism; and respond to Islamic feminist calls for new approaches. The chapter concludes with an overview of the remaining parts of the book.
Claiming Texts
Authors: Lamptey Jerusha Tanner
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on dominant trends in Islamic feminist engagement with ahadith, including the primary issues presented by the hadith corpus, central interpretative approaches, and critical calls for more extensive and systematic engagement. Extending the analogical starting point of the Qur’an and Jesus Christ, it engages Christian feminist biblical exegetical approaches articulated by Elizabeth Schüssler Fiorenza, Musa Dube, and Phyllis Trible. These exegetes raise similar questions about androcentrism and misogyny, authority and communal function of the texts, and interpretative strategies. The chapter concludes by proposing ways in which Muslima theology can extend beyond both classical Islamic methods of hadith assessment (usul al-hadith) and a basic hermeneutic of suspicion to reclaim hadith literature through additional hermeneutic strategies, revisiting the relegation of extra-Islamic or non-Islamic materials, and collective reading.
Bearers of the Words
Authors: Lamptey Jerusha Tanner
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines extant theological views of Prophet Muhammad as an exemplar, noting tensions between humanization and idealization, and introducing Islamic feminist interventions related to exemplariness, prophethood, and emulation. It then engages Christian feminist perspectives on Mary and Mariology from Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza, Elina Vuola, and Marcella Althaus-Reid. These theologians explore the way gender, ideal representations, and power are present in Mariology and Marian dogmas and practices. The chapter returns to Muslima theology and outlines ways to re-envision the “beautiful example” of Prophet Muhammad in light of discussions of gender, power, and a hierarchical status quo.
Epilogue
Authors: Lamptey Jerusha Tanner
Published: September 2018

The epilogue restates the central themes of the book and the objectives of this particular comparative feminist theological project. Dominant systems of privilege are invested in upholding boundaries, whether based on gender, race, or religious identity. Experience is authoritative. Embodiment matters. Ritual is a manifestation and site of change. Communities must reclaim agency and embrace the challenge of responsiveness. Denial is a form of invisibilization and injustice. Conscientization is essential. The prophetic example and transformative taqwa call us to do more than imitate. Interreligious spaces and engagements are opportunities that enrich both in their similarities and distinctions. It also reiterates the provocative and transformative nature of the Word of God in the world.
National Identities in Turkey
Authors: Hintz Lisel
Published: September 2018

This chapter presents the empirical data collected and analyzed through intertextual analysis to extract competing proposals for Turkish national identity among the country’s population. The analysis includes examination of social and news media sources, interviews, surveys, and archives. The empirical data are also collected from popular culture sources such as novels, television shows, and films to capture vernacular discourse otherwise inaccessible to the researcher. The chapter employs a framework of identity content to parse out the constitutive norms, social purposes, relational meanings, and cognitive worldviews of citizens of Turkey. The four composite proposals that emerge are Republican Nationalism, Pan-Turkic Nationalism, Ottoman Islamism, and Western Liberalism. This process of identity extraction through intertextual analysis lays the groundwork for examining the red lines, or points of intolerability, across competing proposals for Turkey’s national identity.
Forging a Nation from Within
Authors: Hintz Lisel
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines how the contours of identity politics take shape, exploring the tools and practices by which supporters of an identity proposal strive to achieve hegemony. The chapter also lays the empirical foundation for an analysis of identity contestation in Turkey, inside and out. It traces how Republican Nationalism formed as a proposal for a new national identity in the wake of the Ottoman collapse, highlighting how the constitutive experience of imperial loss shaped this understanding. The chapter provides extensive evidence of how Republican Nationalists infuse this Western, secular, nonethnic identity proposal into domestic institutions to combat contestation from those supporting Ottoman Islamist, Pan-Turkic Nationalist, as well as Kurdish Nationalist proposals.
Stuck Inside
Authors: Hintz Lisel
Published: September 2018

This chapter analyzes the powerful function in practice of the institutions whose origin and nature are explored in the previous chapter. It conceptualizes institutions that are founded to protect principles related to identity, such as secularism, as institutional obstacles to challenges from supporters of competing identity proposals. The chapter examines the attempts of the explicitly Islamist Welfare Party (RP) to spread Ottoman Islamism in Turkey’s public sphere and to shift the country’s foreign policy toward the Middle East. The chapter then demonstrates how military, judicial, and educational institutions infused with Republican Nationalism functioned to crush the RP’s efforts. It focuses on the experiences of the RP, which was pushed out of power by Turkey’s National Security Council and closed by the Constitutional Court during the February 28 process. These served as lessons from whcih the AKP, whose roots lie in the RP, would learn to circumvent such domestic obstacles and contest Republican Nationalism abroad.
Ottoman Islamism Inside Out
Authors: Hintz Lisel
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores how the AKP, a party from the same Islamist tradition as the RP, used EU foreign policy as a way to circumvent, and ultimately weaken, domestic obstacles to Ottoman Islamism. This case study traces strong policy commitments to EU membership in the AKP’s first term, with major reforms undertaken particularly in the civil-military and judicial areas. The chapter demonstrates that these reforms were both selective and short-lived, slowing significantly before either the financial crisis or the EU’s freezing of talks, confounding alternative explanations of why Turkey “turned away” from the EU. The chapter demonstrates how, by weakening and reconfiguring the military and the Constitutional Court—the two institutions that removed and then barred the RP from politics—the AKP became free to enact policies prescribed by Ottoman Islamism in the domestic and foreign policy spheres.
Taking the Theory “Outside”
Authors: Hintz Lisel
Published: September 2018

This chapter shows how identity contestation theory extends to state and non-state actors outside of Turkey, aiding understanding of how identity struggles spill over into foreign policy. It focuses on (1) the Israeli Likud Party’s efforts to shore up hardline, anti-Iran support in the US Congress; (2) India’s foreign policy shifts under the Hindu nationalist BJP; (3) Iranian moderates’ use of the nuclear deal as Western engagement to advance their position back home; and (4) anti-apartheid activists’ normative suasion tactics to force the United States to discontinue support of South Africa’s apartheid regime. The chapter demonstrates how these groups can also use foreign policy as an arena via institutions, diaspora groups, and transnational civil society to circumvent identity-based obstacles back home. These cases include the ongoing diplomacy of Turkey’s Kurdish movement with EU institutions and the Gülen movement’s efforts to spread Turkish Calvinism through its vast institutional network abroad.
Why People Radicalize
Authors: Van Den Bos Kees
Published: September 2018

This book focuses on the issue of why people radicalize. This issue includes the question of why sometimes Muslims or those who identify with right-wing or left-wing politics engage in violent extremism and are sympathetic to terrorist acts. The book argues that part of the answer to these important yet complex and multifaceted topics lies in people perceiving certain things in their world as profoundly unfair. For example, they feel that their group is being treated in blatantly unfair manners, or they judge crucial moral principles to be violated. The book makes the case that these unfairness judgments threaten people’s sense of who they are and jeopardize their beliefs about how the world should look. Furthermore, these judgments are not merely perceptions, but instead feel real and genuine to those who constructed them. As a result, these unfairness judgments can fuel people’s radical beliefs, extremist behaviors, and support for terrorist acts. This book explains how this fueling process takes place. In doing so, the book provides in-depth insight into Muslim, right-wing, and left-wing radicalization. The book draws novel conceptual conclusions and suggests usable practical implications. The book was written based on the author’s expertise as fairness researcher and his experiences of giving advice on radicalization (and associated issues of extremism and terrorism) to the Dutch government. Based on this expertise and experiences, the book conveys an engaging line of reasoning to a broad audience of scientists, practitioners, and others who are interested in radicalization, extremism, terrorism, and unfairness.
Self-Interest and Insufficient Corrections
Authors: Van Den Bos Kees
Published: September 2018

Chapter 6 argues that perceived unfairness and feelings of uncertainty are likely to lead to radicalization when combined with people’s tendencies to correct for their self-centered impulses in insufficient ways. The chapter reviews various instances in which people can find it difficult to correct for their egocentric impulses. In this way, the chapter examines how self-interest may influence people’s initial reactions and how insufficient correction processes may play a role in egocentric human behavior, including behavior of radicals, extremists, and even terrorists. Chapter 6 argues that insufficient self-correction plays a role in various processes of human radicalization. Figure 6.5 illustrates this process. The chapter also considers how and when people can do something against insufficient self-correction. This latter insight may be conducive to the possible prevention of radicalization and the initiation of successful deradicalization.
Practical Implications
Authors: Van Den Bos Kees
Published: September 2018

Chapter 11 focuses on what we can do to prevent radicalization and how we can combat radicalization after it has occurred. The chapter notes that prevention and fighting of radicalization may be possible when lessons learned from the psychology of fairness judgments are taken into consideration and are combined with the classic ideal of Scientific Enlightenment that focuses on the application of critical rationalism to problems of civilization. Furthermore, prevention may be best achieved by trying to nourish agreement with democratic values. This may be realized by adherence to fair and just treatment in mature interactions in which both respect and acceptance of responsibilities are important. In this way, the chapter grounds the proposition that perceptions that things are unfair may fuel growing radicalization, whereas perceptions that things are fair may prevent or decrease radicalization.
Diminishing Support for the Death Penalty
Authors: Hritz Amelia Courtney , Royer Caisa Elizabeth , Hans Valerie P.
Published: September 2018

This chapter presents and analyzes the current state of law and research on the capital jury. First, it presents the legal framework for capital jury selection and research on the “death-qualified” jury, whose members are eligible to serve in a capital case. It also discusses research showing that the death-qualification process skews the composition of the capital jury so that it fails to represent the community and is more conviction-prone. Next, the chapter considers the contemporary death penalty in the United States, noting the challenge that comes from declining support for capital punishment and the need to select representative capital juries. The chapter concludes by discussing the implications of the current trends in support for the death penalty and research on capital juries.
How Does Jury Service Affect 21st-Century Jurors?
Authors: Trescher Sarah A. , Miller Monica K. , Bornstein Brian H.
Published: September 2018

The 21st century adds unique challenges to the juror experience. Jurors are now exposed to, and often expect, certain technologies during jury duty. This chapter addresses how advances in technology can exacerbate juror stress or increase juror satisfaction. A juror’s role has not changed drastically over time, but jurors are now exposed to more complex trials and evidence, have easy access to the Internet, and are exposed to crime television in popular culture; all of these can affect the juror experience. Often, technology can exacerbate stress. For instance, some jurors are exposed to advanced methods of presenting gruesome evidence. Alternatively, technology can enhance well-being. For instance, online information and check-in can reduce the uncertainty and inconvenience of serving. Empirical research on how 21st-century technology influences jurors’ stress and well-being is lacking. Therefore, this chapter issues a call to action for researchers to further investigate the juror experience.
The Thermidorians’ Terror
Authors: Brown Howard G.
Published: September 2018

Following the parliamentary coup d’état of 9 Thermidor Year II, Thermidorian politicians and publicists developed an understanding of the “reign of terror” as a bloody and pervasive tyranny almost unprecedented in history. The Terror was given shape by a massive outpouring of printed descriptions and images of violence and personal suffering. This massive infusion of pathos into politics helped to magnify the psychological impact of the violence of 1793–94. The organizing strategies, images, and tropes used to represent violence during the Thermidorian period suggest that the suffering of individuals was successfully communicated—and systematically exploited—to create a wider collective trauma experienced by many more French men and women than actually suffered serious persecution in 1793–94. powerfully revived the sentimentalist idiom that had been so strangely distorted in 1793–94. Only the general amnesty of November 1795 finally blunted the power of pathos to determine political action.