bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A general method to determine twinning elements
Authors: Zhang Yudong , Li Zongbin , Esling Claude , Muller Jacques , Zhao Xiang , Zuo Liang
Published: November 2010

The fundamental theory of crystal twinning has been long established, leading to a significant advance in understanding the nature of this physical phenomenon. However, there remains a substantial gap between the elaborate theory and the practical determination of twinning elements. This paper proposes a direct and simple method – valid for any crystal structure and based on the minimum shear criterion – to calculate various twinning elements from the experimentally determined twinning plane for Type I twins or the twinning direction for Type II twins. Without additional efforts, it is generally applicable to identify and predict possible twinning modes occurring in a variety of crystalline solids. Therefore, the present method is a promising tool to characterize twinning elements, especially for those materials with complex crystal structure.
High diffraction efficiency at hard X-ray energy in a silicon crystal bent by indentation
Authors: Barrière Nicolas , Guidi Vincenzo , Bellucci Valerio , Camattari Riccardo , Buslaps Thomas , Rousselle Julien , Roudil Gilles , Arnaud Franois-Xavier , Bastie Pierre , Natalucci Lorenzo
Published: November 2010

The diffraction properties of a crystalline silicon plate of which one face was mechanically indented have been studied. This treatment induced a permanent curvature in the sample, which allowed a diffraction efficiency of 88% for 150 keV photons,i.e.a reflectivity of 64% including the absorption. This efficiency is constant over 14 arcseconds and is very close to the theoretical expectation, meaning that the curvature is highly homogeneous. The technique enables the fabrication, in a very reproducible fashion, of crystals for the realization of an astronomical hard X-ray concentrator (Laue lens).
Combinedin situsmall- and wide-angle X-ray scattering studies of TiO2nanoparticle annealing to 1023 K
Authors: Kehres Jan , Andreasen Jens Wenzel , Krebs Frederik Christian , Molenbroek Alfons M. , Chorkendorff Ib , Vegge Tejs
Published: November 2010

Combinedin situsmall- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) studies were performed in a recently developed laboratory setup to investigate the dynamical properties of dry oleic acid-capped titanium dioxide nanorods during annealing in an inert gas stream in a temperature interval of 298–1023 K. Aggregates formed by the titanium dioxide particles exhibit a continuous growth as a function of temperature. The particle size determined with SAXS and the crystallite size refined from WAXS show a correlated growth at temperatures above 673 K, where the decomposition of the surfactant is expected. At temperatures above 823 K, the particle and crystallite sizes increase rapidly. An increasing discrepancy between particle and crystallite size indicates growth of a shell structure on the single-crystalline core of the particles. This was confirmed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy studies of the sample. Transmission electron microscopy shows a transformation from a rod to a spherical particle shape; the WAXS data indicate that the shape change occurs in a temperature interval of 773–923 K. The highly crystalline titanium dioxide particles remain in the metastable anatase phase during the entire annealing process. The transition to the thermodynamically stable rutile phase was not observed at any temperature, in agreement with existing experimental observations.
Review article: enzyme supplementation in cystic fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic and periampullary cancer
Authors: Imrie C. W. , Connett G. , Hall R. I. , Charnley R. M.
Published: November 2010

Background  Over 11 000 UK patients each year develop pancreatic exocrine insufficiency – the major causes are not rare: cystic fibrosis (>300 new cases/year), pancreatic cancer (>7000 new cases/year) and chronic pancreatitis (>4000 new cases/year). Affected patients present in diverse ways, and for chronic pancreatitis, diagnosis is frequently made rather late in the course of the disease.

Aim  To raise awareness of key clinical issues specific to patients with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency through experience from UK clinicians, and to offer advice regarding appropriate treatment with pancreatic enzymes.

Methods  Three case studies describe clinical issues relating to pancreatic enzyme supplementation that may lead to underuse in patients with cystic fibrosis, pancreatic and periampullary cancer or chronic pancreatitis.

Results  The efficacy of the treatment of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency is dependent on adequate meal‐time enzyme replacement therapy. Improvements in patients’ weight and nutritional status are what is aimed for – an important reason for all doctors, nurses and dieticians to give this therapy close attention.

Conclusions  Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency may result in malnutrition, but enzyme supplementation can greatly improve quality of life in these patients.

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 32 (Suppl. 1), 1–25
Oral therapeutic administration of a probiotic mixture suppresses established Th2 responses and systemic anaphylaxis in a murine model of food allergy
Authors: Schiavi E. , Barletta B. , Butteroni C. , Corinti S. , Boirivant M. , Di Felice G.
Published: November 2010

To cite this article: Schiavi E, Barletta B, Butteroni C, Corinti S, Boirivant M, Di Felice G. Oral therapeutic administration of a probiotic mixture suppresses established Th2 responses and systemic anaphylaxis in a murine model of food allergy. Allergy 2011; 66: 499–508.

Background:  No effective treatment is available for food allergy and its primary management still consists of avoiding relevant allergens. Probiotics are claimed to beneficially affect the immune system. We sought to investigate the therapeutic potential of VSL#3 probiotic mixture on specific immune responses and anaphylactic reaction induced in mice by the major food allergen shrimp tropomyosin (ST).

Methods:  The cytokine production by spleen cell from ST‐sensitized mice upon allergen re‐stimulation in the presence of VSL#3 was analysed. Next, the effects of oral administration of VSL#3 on allergen‐induced anaphylaxis and Th2 response in the murine model of food allergy to ST was investigated by evaluating symptom score and histamine content in the faeces after allergen challenge, antibody response in serum and faeces, and cytokine and transcription factor expression in the jejunum.

Results:  The in vitro studies on mouse spleen cells indicates that the VSL#3 preparation has the capacity to shift a polarized Th2 response to a Th1/T regulatory‐type profile. Oral therapeutic administration of VSL#3 to ST‐sensitized mice significantly reduces symptom score and histamine release in the faeces following allergen challenge, as well as specific IgE response. In the jejunum, IL‐4, IL‐5 and IL‐13 tissue content was significantly reduced, whereas FOXP3 and IL‐27 mRNA expression, IL‐10, TGF‐β and IFN‐γ tissue content were up‐regulated.

Conclusions:  Oral therapeutic treatment with the probiotic mixture VSL#3 is effective in redirecting allergen‐specific Th2‐polarized immune responses towards Th1‐T regulatory responses and in the protection against anaphylactic reactions induced by the allergen in a murine model of food allergy.
Plant Viruses in German Rivers and Lakes
Authors: Koenig Renate , Lesemann D.‐E.
Published: November 2010

Water samples from several German rivers and lakes were ultracentrifuged and the resuspended sediments were rubbed on test plants. With almost all of these samples one or a few local lesions were produced on Chenopodium quinoa. The lesions were isolated and used as a source of inoculum for other test plants. Those viruses which were identified so far belonged to the tombus‐, potex‐ and tobamovirus groups. In one occasion carnation mottle virus was identified. For some viruses the group membership is so far unknown. Some of the isolated viruses have been known as plant pathogens for a long time, e.g. the BS3 strain of tomato bushy stunt virus, tobacco mosaic virus and carnation mottle virus. Other isolates, however, show only distant serological relationships to the known members of their respective groups. In this paper we describe the host range as well as some cytopathological and serological properties of a so far unrecorded tombusvirus (tombusvirus Neckar) and a so far unrecorded potexvirus (potexvirus Sieg). The possible origin of plant viruses in rivers and lakes and epidemiological implications are discussed.

Wasserproben aus verschiedenen Flüssen und stehenden Gewässern in Deutschland wurden ultrazentrifugiert, und die resuspendierten Sedimente wurden auf Testpflanzen abgerieben. Bei fast allen Wasserproben wurde auf Chenopodium quinoa zumindest eine Lokalläsion—oft auch mehrere—gebildet. Die Lokalläsionen wurden ausgestanzt, zermörsert und auf weitere Testpflanzen abgerieben. Die bisher identifizierten Viren gehörten der Tombus‐, Potex‐ und Tobamovirusgruppe an. In einem Fall wurde auch carnation mottle virus festgestellt. Bei einigen weiteren Isolaten konnte die Gruppenzugehörigkeit bisher nicht geklärt werden. Bei einem Teil der isolierten Viren, z. B. dem BS3‐Stamm des tomato bushy stunt virus, dem carnation mottle virus und dem Tabakmosaikvirus handelt es sich um lange bekannte Krankheitserreger. Andere zeigen dagegen nur entfernte serologische Verwandtschaften mit den bekannten Vertretern der entsprechenden Gruppen, und ihre natürlichen Wirte sind bisher nicht bekannt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden der Wirtspflanzenkreis sowie die serologischen und cytopathologischen Eigenschaften eines bisher unbekannten Tombusvirus (Tombusvirus Neckar) und eines bisher unbekannten Potexvirus (Potexvirus Sieg) näher beschrieben. Verschiedene Möglichkeiten, wie Pflanzenviren in Gewässer gelangen können, und epidemiologische Fragen werden diskutiert.
Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl in Senegal
Authors: D'Hondt M. Defrancq , Russo M.
Published: November 2010

The distribution, incidence and seasonal variation of tomato yellow leaf curl in Senegal is reported, together with observations on the population density of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci Genn. and its fluctuation throughout the year. Preliminary results indicate that the disease can be transmitted from tomato to tomato by B. tabaci and that natural infections take place in seed beds as well as in the field. The heaviest incidence of yellow leaf curl was recorded concomitantly with the highest population density of B. tabaci.

Ultrastructural observations have shown that nuclear modifications of phloem cells similar to those typically induced by geminivirus were present in infected tomato tissues. Senegal is therefore the third country, in addition to Israel and Tunisia, where a non mechanically transmissible geminivirus is found associated with the yellow leaf curl disease of tomato.

Es wurde von der Verbreitung, dem Vorkommen und der saisonalen Variation von tomato yellow leaf curl im Senegal berichtet, zusammen mit Beobachtungen der Populationsdichte von Bemisia tabaci und ihrer Fluktuation während des Jahres. Vorläufige Ergebnisse zeigen an, daβ die Krankheit von Tomate zu Tomate durch B. tabaci übertragen werden kann und daβ natürliche Infektionen sowohl in Zuchtgärten als auch im Feld erfolgen können. Das stärkste Vorkommen von yellow leaf curl wurde gleichzeitig mit der stärksten Populationsdichte von B. tabaci beobachtet.

Ultrastrukturelle Beobachtungen zeigten auf, daβ nukleare Modifikationen der Phloemzellen, ähnlich jenen, die typischerweise durch Geminiviren induziert werden, in infizierten Tomatengeweben vorhanden waren. Deshalb ist der Senegal das dritte Land, auβer Israel und Tunesien, in dem ein nicht mechanisch übertragbarer Geminivirus in Beziehung mit der yellow leaf curl‐Krankheit der Tomate gefunden wurde.
Deoxynivalenol and Fusarium Head Blight Resistance in Spring Cereals
Authors: Miller J. D. , Young J. C. , Sampson D. R.
Published: November 2010

A single isolate of Fusarium graminearum (DAOM 178148) was used to infect experimentally 9 spring wheat, 5 rye and 6 triticale cultivars and the resulting amounts of fungal biomass (determined as ergosterol), deoxynivalenol and other mycotoxins at the same stage of development were compared. Resistant cultivars of wheat, rye and triticale contained low concentrations of deoxynivalenol (mean 0.6 ppm) in the kernels, whereas susceptible cultivars of wheat and triticale contained much higher concentrations (mean 10.2 ppm). The corresponding chaffs contained ca. 8 fold higher concentrations. Higher ergosterol concentrations in the susceptible cultivars showed that these cultivars had lower resistance to hyphal invasion. Ergosterol to deoxynivalenol ratios in the susceptible cultivars averaged ca. 2.4 and were much higher in the resistant, averaging ca. 12 and ca. 240 for the wheat and rye, respectively. The data suggest that resistant cultivars have factors that prevent synthesis and/or promote degradation of deoxynivalenol. Zearalenone was not detected in any sample and 15‐acetyldeoxynivalenol was noted only in the chaff of the most susceptible wheat cultivar.

Ein einzelnes Isolat von Fusarium graminearum (DAOM 178148) wurde eingesetzt, um experimentell 9 Sommerweizen‐, 5 Roggen‐ und 6 Triticale Kultivare zu infizieren und die sich ergebenden Mengen pilzlicher Biomasse (bestimmt als Ergosterol), Deoxynivalenol und andere Mycotoxine zum gleichen Entwicklungsstand zu vergleichen. Resistente Kultivare von Weizen, Roggen und Triticale enthielten geringe Konzentrationen von Deoxynivalenol (Durchschnitt 0,6 ppm) in den Körnern, während anfällige Kultivare von Weizen und Triticale wesentlich höhere Konzentrationen (Durchschnitt 10,2 ppm) enthielten. Das entsprechende Stroh enthielt ca. 8mal höhere Konzentrationen. Höhere Konzentration von Ergosterol in den anfälligen Kultivaren zeigten, daβ diese Kultivare eine geringere Resistenz gegenüber der Hypheninvasion hatten. Das Verhältnis Ergosterol zu Deoxynivalenol in den anfälligen Kultivaren betrug im Durchschnitt ca. 2,4 und war in den Resistenten viel höher, die im Mittel ca. 12 und 240 für Weizen bzw. Roggen aufzeigten. Die Ergebnisse lieβen vermuten, daβ die resistenten Kultivare Faktoren enthalten, die die Synthese verhindern und/oder den Abbau von Deoxynivalenol unterstützen. Zearalenon konnte in keiner Probe gefunden und 15‐Acetyldeoxynivalenol konnte nur im Stroh der meisten anfälligen Weizenkultivare festgestellt werden.
On Whose Side Is the State? The German Labor Ministry and Industrial Relations, 1918–1933
Authors: LIU TIEN‐LUNG
Published: November 2010

This paper uses the shifting industrial relations policies of the German Labor Ministry to evaluate the competing theories of the state. The analysis shows (1) that pluralism, social democracy, corporatism, and statism can only account for policy changes in specific segments of the interwar years and (2) that in comparison, structuralist neo‐Marxism explains the policy shifts from 1918 to 1933. However, I argue that because of their predilection for a fixed set of actors, these explanations are weak in predicting the ascendance of various forces during the interwar period and then sketch a contingency approach to the study of state agencies.
Official Documentary Systems and Colonial Government: From Imperial Sovereignty to Colonial Autonomy in the Canadas, 1841–18671
Authors: CURTIS BRUCE
Published: November 2010

Some dimensions of the official documentary system through which England ruled its colonies in the nineteenth century are examined. A shift in the centre of gravity of documentary production from imperium to colony resulting from the development of colonial state administrative capacity is described. Keywords: State.
Locating Footbinding: Variations across Class and Space in Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century China*
Authors: TURNER CHRISTENA L.
Published: November 2010

In this article I look at footbinding as a social and cultural practice embedded in the daily life conditions of women and their families. I sketch a picture of variations based primarily on regional and class differences in nineteenth and early twentieth century practices of footbinding and in efforts to eradicate them. The period in question is one of interest precisely because it is a time of transition. I look simultaneously at footbinding as a practice and as a target of criticism, defense, and transformation. This allows me to consider the ways in which it was practiced by women to represent, shape, and constrain their own, their daughters,' and their families' cultural, social, economic, and political lives. Relying largely on missionary journals, personal histories, diaries, and travel writing, I examine the practice and the demise of footbinding in various social and spatial locations. Although sources which permit a close look at embedded social practices of footbinding are scarce, it seems clear that both the practice of various forms of footbinding and the process of its eventual demise involved strategies, conflicts, and habits which differed along gender, class, and geographic lines of distinction. I suggest that the variety of forms the practice of footbinding took in lived experience of women's social lives is not incidental to its conceptualization and meaning, but rather central to it.
Generation of nonvernal‐obligate, faster‐cycling Noccaea caerulescens lines through fast neutron mutagenesis
Authors: Ó Lochlainn Seosamh , Fray Rupert G. , Hammond John P. , King Graham J. , White Philip J. , Young Scott D. , Broadley Martin R.
Published: November 2010

See also the Commentary by Frerot
Evaluation of Sexual Functions in Turkish Alcohol-Dependent Males
Authors: Dişsiz Melike , Oskay Ümran Yeşiltepe
Published: November 2010

Introduction

It was reported that long-term and high amount of alcohol consumption cause sexual dysfunction in men. There is a lack of descriptive studies focusing on the sexual dysfunction of alcohol dependent men in Turkey.

Aims

This study was conducted to evaluate sexual functions of alcohol dependent men.

Methods

This descriptive study was performed at the Alcohol and Substance Research Treatment and Education Center (ASRTEC). The data was collected between 26 December 2007 and 26 December 2008.

Main Outcome Measures

As research instruments, an interview form of 30 questions that questioned personal characteristics and was developed by researchers, and IIEF (International Index of Erectile Dysfunction) with 15 items that evaluated sexual dysfunction were used.

Results

Mean age of men was 41.22 ± 8.19; 36.5% of participants were graduated from primary school, and 57.5% were unemployed. Average daily alcohol consumption was 16.41 ± 4.90 standard alcohol. We found that 47% of alcohol-dependent men had their first sexual experience before they were 18 years old, 64.4% had multiple partners, 1.7% experienced a sexually transmitted disease, 7.7% had a chronic disease, and 18.3% had pain during intercourse. Mean total IIEF scores of alcohol-dependent men was 57 ± 9.23 (mean ED scores 23.41 ± 3.91). Therefore, 70.3% of participants had a mild (17–25), and 4.4% had a moderate (11–16) erectile dysfunction. With a multivariate analysis, predictors of erectile dysfunction in chronic alcohol dependent male were determined as age of subject, age of onset for alcohol, duration of alcoholism, and cigarette use.

Conclusion

Chronic alcoholism affects sexual functions in men. Sexual dysfunction in alcohol addicted males is related with education level and unemployment and starting alcohol consumption at an early age and long-term cigarette smoking.
Issues Surrounding the Distribution and Utilization of Nurse Nonphysician Providers in Rural America*
Authors: Comvay‐Welch Colleen
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT: The cost and quality of health care is an ever‐increasing concern. Responsible people are looking for logical solutions. One solution is the increased involvement of nurse practitioners and certified nurse midwives in the delivery of health care services to patients. This paper reviews the supply, education, and responsibilities of nurse practitioners and certified nurse midwives, government studies of the need for nonphysician providers, the cost‐effectiveness of health care delivered by nurse practitioners and certified nurse midwives, and impediments to practice.
Hypertension, Dyslipidemia, and Insulin Resistance in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus or the Cardiometabolic Syndrome: Benefits of Vasodilating β‐Blockers
Authors: Deedwania Prakash
Published: November 2010

Hypertension frequently coexists with diabetes and the cardiometabolic syndrome. β‐Blockers have been a mainstay for controlling blood pressure for nearly 4 decades. However, β‐blockers are perceived to cause glucose and lipid metabolism dysregulation, including hypoglycemia masking, reduced glycemic control, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. It should be noted, however, that β‐blockers are diverse in their effects on glucose and lipid metabolism. Potential mechanisms that contribute to these metabolic effects include hemodynamic differences, anti‐inflammatory and anti‐oxidative pathways, and/or weight changes. Traditional β‐blockers decrease cardiac output while peripheral vascular resistance increases or remains unchanged, which may result in glucose and lipid abnormalities. In contrast, vasodilating β‐blockers reduce peripheral vascular resistance but have little effect on cardiac output. Vasodilating β‐blockers may therefore result in less impact on insulin sensitivity and glycemic control, a reduced new‐onset diabetes risk, and improved dyslipidemia compared with traditional β‐blockers. Because of these effects, vasodilating β‐blockers may represent a favorable option in the treatment of high‐risk patients with hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011;13:52–59. ©2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long‐Term Effects of Aerobic Plus Resistance Training on the Metabolic Syndrome and Adiponectinemia in Obese Adolescents
Authors: de Mello Marco Túlio , de Piano Aline , Carnier June , Sanches Priscila de Lima , Corrêa Fabíola Alvise , Tock Lian , Ernandes Regina M. Y. , Tufik Sérgio , Dâmaso Ana R.
Published: November 2010

The metabolic syndrome is an emerging clinical problem and different kinds of interventions have emphasized that healthy eating and exercise are crucial to its control. The aim of this study was to identify whether aerobic training plus resistance training (AT+RT) is more effective than AT on improving features of the metabolic syndrome and adiponectinemia in obese adolescents. A total of 30 adolescents (aged 15–19 years, body mass index ≥95 percentile) were enrolled in the program. All patients were diagnosed with the metabolic syndrome and submitted to 1 year of interdisciplinary intervention. They were divided into two groups: AT (n=15) and AT+RT (n=15). Blood samples were collected to analyze glycemia and lipid profiles. Adiponectin was measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and insulin resistance was measured by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index. After short‐ and long‐term intervention, both groups presented a significant reduction in body mass, body mass index, fat mass, and visceral fat. Indeed, the AT+RT group had significantly higher changes throughout the intervention in body composition, total cholesterol, waist circumference, glucose, and adiponectin. Although important clinical parameters were ameliorated with AT, the AT+RT group showed more effective improvements in metabolic profiles and adiponectinemia. These findings suggest a clinical role of AT+RT in the control of metabolic syndrome in pediatric populations. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011;13:343–350. ©2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long‐term effects of endurance training on total tract apparent digestibility, total mean retention time and faecal microbial ecosystem in competing Arabian horses
Authors: GOACHET A.‐G. , VARLOUD M. , PHILIPPEAU C. , JULLIAND V.
Published: November 2010

Reasons for performing study: In endurance horses, commonly fed 80% forage, energy is provided mainly by VFA produced in the hindgut during cell wall degradation, but cell wall digestibility has been reported to be impaired by exercise.

Objectives: To assess the influence of a long‐term endurance conditioning on cell wall digestion in horses.

Methods: The total tract apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and fibrous constituents, solid and liquid total mean retention time and the faecal microbial ecosystem of purebred Arabian horses were measured for 2 years in 2 longitudinal experiments.

Measurements: Performed at the beginning of each year for control level and after conditioning periods corresponding to incremental endurance racing levels: 60, 90 (year 1) and 120 (year 2) km. During the 5 measurement periods, feed intake and diet composition were similar.

Results: In year 1, digestibility of DM, OM and NDF was higher after 10 weeks of training (P = 0.008, P = 0.010 and P = 0.031, respectively), corresponding to the 90 km level, compared to the pretraining level. In year 2, NDFd and (NDF–ADF)d tended to be higher (P = 0.06 and P = 0.07, respectively) after the 17 weeks conditioning necessary to reach 120 km level, than before training. These variations were not systematically associated to a longer total MRT, neither to an increase in the microbial fibrolytic activity.

Conclusions: Digestibility of DM, OM and NDF appeared to be higher after endurance conditioning. Such an increase could be beneficial for endurance horses as it would provide more energy from forage degradation. Additional experiments are needed to elucidate the mechanisms, understand some contradictory results and investigate methodological aspects.
Variation in frontal plane joint angles in horses
Authors: UNT V. E. , EVANS J. , REED S. R. , PFAU T. , WELLER R.
Published: November 2010

Reasons for performing study:Conformation in horses is often considered an indicator of athletic ability, performance and resistance to orthopaedic disease. Evaluation is performed in the standing horse and repeatability influenced by stance. Ground reaction forces increase in the moving horse as speed increases.

Objectives:To determine the effect of locomotion on equine carpus, tarsus, metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints in the frontal plane.

Hypothesis:Valgus/varus angulation will change when moving.

Materials and methods:Kinematic data were collected standing, walking and trotting for 2 groups of horses. The change in angle for carpus, tarsus, MCP and MTP joints was calculated standing and midstance for each stride. Comparison of joint angles between left and right limbs, standing, walking and trotting were made. Inter‐ and intrahorse variations were investigated.

Results:Significant differences were observed between groups of horses and left and right forelimbs. Between walk and trot, the MCP joint changed from valgus to varus, and the tarsus and MTP joints increased in valgus deformity. Between standing and walk the carpus increased in valgus deformity. Interhorse variation was significantly different, intrahorse variation was not. Variation in measurements between gaits was minimal.

Conclusions:This study validates the measurement of joint angles from the front in the walking and trotting horse using kinematic data, interhorse variation in joint angle measurements exceeding intrahorse variation. The increases in joint angles between standing and walking, and walking and trotting warrant further investigation.
Saddle and leg forces during lateral movements in dressage
Authors: De COCQ P. , MOOREN M. , DORTMANS A. , Van WEEREN P. R. , TIMMERMAN M. , MULLER M. , Van LEEUWEN J. L.
Published: November 2010

Reasons for performing study: In the equestrian world it is assumed that riders use changes in weight distribution and leg forces as important instruments to give horses directions about speed and direction of movement. However, the changes of these forces have never been quantified.

Objectives: To investigate the distribution of normal forces (perpendicular to surface) underneath the saddle and of normal forces exerted by the rider's legs during lateral movements.

Materials and methods: Eleven riders performed 3 different exercises: riding straight ahead, shoulder‐in and travers at trot. Three saddle force systems were used simultaneously. The magnitudes of the forces were summed for the total area, the inside and the outside half of the saddle and inside and outside leg. Mean and maximum summed forces were analysed statistically.

Results: The saddle forces showed a rhythmic pattern but leg forces were more irregular. Mean total saddle force was lower (P = 0.006) when riding straight ahead (671 ± 143 N) than when riding shoulder‐in (707 ± 150 N) or travers (726 ± 165 N). Mean inside saddle force was higher (P = 0.003) when riding travers (468 ± 151 N) than when riding straight on (425 ± 121 N) or shoulder‐in (413 ± 136 N). Maximum outside leg force was higher (P = 0.013) when riding travers (47.2 ± 33.9 N) than when riding straight on (31.6 ± 24.1 N) or shoulder‐in (34.2 ± 27.3 N).

Conclusion: The study helps to give a biomechanical background to well established but intuitive horse riding techniques.
Relationships between myonuclear domain size and fibre properties in the muscles of Thoroughbred horses
Authors: KAWAI M. , KUWANO A. , HIRAGA A. , MIYATA H.
Published: November 2010

Reasons for performing study: The myonuclear domain (MND) is the region of cytoplasm governed by a single myonucleus. Myonuclear domain size is an important factor for muscle fibre plasticity because each myonucleus has limitations in the capacity of protein synthesis. Previous studies have demonstrated that differences in MND size exist in different fibre types in several species, including horses.

Objectives: To understand the basic mechanism of muscle plasticity, the relationships between MND size, muscle fibre type population and metabolic properties of skeletal muscles throughout the whole body in Thoroughbred horses were examined.

Methods: Post mortem samples were taken from 20 muscles in 3 Thoroughbred horses aged 3–5 years of age. Fibre type population was determined on serial cross sections of each muscle sample, stained for monoclonal antibodies to each myosin heavy chain isoform. Oxidative (succinic dehydrogenase; SDH) and glycolytic (phosphofructokinase; PFK) enzyme activities were determined spectrophotometrically in each muscle sample. Furthermore, 30 single fibres were isolated from each muscle under stereomicroscopy and then fibre volume and myonuclear number for a given length analysed under confocal microscopy. The MND size of each single fibre was measured after normalisation of sarcomere length to 2.8 µm by staining with membrane‐specific dye.

Results: Immunohistochemical staining indicated that soleus, vastus lateralis and gluteus medius muscles had the highest percentage of type I, IIa and IIx muscle fibre, respectively. Biochemical analysis indicated highest activities of SDH and PFK in diaphragm and longissimus lumborum muscles, respectively. MNDs were largest in the splenius muscle and smallest in the soleus and masseter muscles. Myonuclear domain size is significantly related to type I muscle fibre population, but not to SDH activities of the muscles.

Conclusion: The MND size of muscle fibre depends on fibre type population rather than mitochondrial enzyme activities.
Plasma aldosterone concentration and cardiovascular response to low sodium intake in horses in training
Authors: JANSSON A. , JOHANNISSON A. , KVART C.
Published: November 2010

Reason for performing the study:Horses in training lose large amounts of sodium but little is known about the cardiovascular response to low sodium intake.

Objectives:To investigate the effect of low sodium intake on plasma aldosterone (pAldo) concentrations and the cardiovascular system of athletic horses, and to identify markers of low sodium intake.

Methods:Seven Standardbred geldings in training (trained twice a week) were randomly offered a standardised diet supplemented (NaS, 58 mg Na/kg bwt) and not supplemented (NaN, 3 mg Na/kg bwt) with NaCl for 5 weeks in a changeover design. Blood samples were taken once a week and in Week 5, before and following an exercise test until 22.30 h and analysed for blood sodium (bNa), total plasma protein (TPP), pAldo, troponin I and packed cell volume (PCV). Blood pressure (BP) was measured and pulse wave recorded at rest with high definition oscillometric‐technique (HDO). ECG and echocardiography were recorded. Water intake was measured before and on the day of exercise and voluntary saline intake was measured for 2 days after each period. Faecal samples were taken weekly and analysed for sodium and potassium content.

Results:The pAldo and the PCV was higher in NaN compared to NaS. There were no differences between diets in BP, ECG, plasma troponin I and echocardiogram but HDO pulse amplitude tended to be smaller on diet NaN. Water intake was lower on diet NaN and saline intake higher. The response to exercise in bNa, pAldo, PCV and TPP was different on the 2 diets. Faecal potassium/sodium ratio was higher on NaN than on NaS.

Conclusion:This study shows that 5 weeks of low sodium intake increased plasma aldosterone concentration and PCV but no alterations in heart function was observed. Faecal potassium/sodium ratio could be used to assess sodium status in horses.
Factors contributing to plasma TCO2and acid‐base state in Ontario Standardbred racehorses
Authors: WALLER A. P. , PEARSON W. , LINDINGER M. I.
Published: November 2010

Reasons for performing study:Standardbred and Thoroughbred racehorses around the world are tested for performance enhancing substances. Among these are blood alkalising substances that raise plasma pH and total carbon dioxide (TCO2) concentration. However, many horses have an elevated TCO2due to dietary, environmental and health concerns without having been administered an alkalising substance.

Objectives:The purposes of this study were to determine the acid‐base profile of a cross section of Standardbred horses in racing/race training in Ontario and the main independent variables that contributed to acid‐base state.

Materials and methods:On nonracing days, blood from 211 horses at rest, from 9 training facilities, was analysed within 30 min for plasma pH (7.406 ± 0.039; mean ± s.e.), PCO2(50.0 ± 3.4 mmHg), from which [HCO3‐] (31.2 ± 2.8 mmol/l) and [TCO2] (33.1 ± 2.9 mmol/l; range 25.66–42.9) were calculated. From these, a subset of 161 horses had full data sets for plasma protein and strong ion concentrations. These data were further analysed by facility and level of TCO2. Data on nutrition, training, racing and medications were also collected.

Results:There were significant differences amongst facilities with respect to plasma pH, TCO2, strong ion difference ([SID]), PCO2and total weak acid concentration ([Atot]). Horses having the highest TCO2(37.0–42.9 mmol/l, n = 16) had significantly higher [SID] (52.9 ± 0.8 mEq/l) and PCO2(52.5 ± 0.7 mmHg) and relatively low [Atot] (14.9 ± 0.7 mEq/l) compared to average TCO2(32.1.0–34.9 mmol/l) horses (n = 75). In horses with the lowest TCO2(n = 11) the greatest contributor was elevated [Atot] (21.0 ± 0.7 mEq/l) and unmeasured (acetate, citrate, proprionate, butyrate) weak acids (7.0 ± 0.2 mEq/l) while [SID] (49.6 ± 0.8 mEq/l) and PCO2(47.8 ± 1.0 mmHg) were similar to average TCO2horses. Thirty‐two horses had a TCO2ranging from 35.0–36.9 mmol/l).

Conclusions:There is a wide range of acid‐base state and factors contributing to acid‐base state amongst Standardbred race horses in Ontario. Dietary, environmental and handling practices and health concerns, that elevate plasma [SID], lower [Atot] and lower the concentration of unmeasured weak acids are the primary contributors to alkalosis and elevated TCO2.
Goniometry: is it a reliable tool to monitor passive joint range of motion in horses?
Authors: LILJEBRINK Y. , BERGH A.
Published: November 2010

Reasons for performing study: Simple objective assessment tools are essential to monitor the clinical efficacy of therapeutic interventions used in equine orthopaedics and rehabilitation. In human medicine, goniometry is a validated tool to quantify restrictions in joint range of motion (ROM); however, the technique is not validated in horses.

Objectives: To validate 2 different goniometry techniques for the measurement of passive flexion of the fetlock, carpus and hock by examining; 1) the intra‐ and inter‐tester reliability; 2) the differences between 2 goniometry techniques and 3) differences between standing and anaesthetised horses.

Methods: The study is composed of three parts: 1) the intra‐ and inter‐tester reliability was examined on 10 horses, where each horse was assessed by 5 pairs of testers measuring ROM with a universal goniometer; 2) the differences between 2 goniometry techniques were examined on 14 horses, each assessed by 2 investigators (either working in pairs with one investigator holding the limb and the other measuring the joint angle, or working individually at the same time holding and measuring); 3) on 6 horses, the differences between standing and anaesthetised horses were assessed by 2 investigators with the same techniques as described above. Nonparametric tests (Mann‐Whitney, Wilcoxon sign‐rank) and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) were used for statistical analysis (P<0.05).

Results: 1) The intra‐tester reliability was high to excellent (ICC 0.8–1) and the inter‐tester reliability low to average (ICC 0.1–0.5); 2) significant differences in joint ROM were registered in carpus and hock when measuring in pairs compared to singly and 3) significant differences in joint ROM were registered measuring anaesthetised compared to standing horses.

Conclusions: As shown in human studies, goniometry is a promising tool in documenting passive flexion of fetlock, carpus and hock, if used by the same investigator. However, additional studies are needed for further validation.
Age related decreases in thermoregulation and cardiovascular function in horses
Authors: McKEEVER K. H. , EATON T. L. , GEISER S. , KEARNS C. F. , LEHNHARD R. A.
Published: November 2010

Reason for performing study:Older horses have an increased risk of hyperthermia due to impaired cardiovascular function. While many studies have investigated thermoregulation in horses during exercise, none have investigated the effects of ageing.

Objective:To test the hypothesis that there is a difference in thermoregulation during exercise and plasma volume (PV) in young and old horses.

Methods:Study 1: 6 young (Y, 7.7 ± 0.5 years) and 5 old (O, 26.0 ± 0.8 years) unfit Standardbred mares (507 ± 11 kg, mean ± s.e.) ran on a treadmill (6% grade, velocity calculated to generate a work rate of 1625 watts) until core temperature reached 40°C. Core (CT), skin (ST), rectal temperature (RT) and heart rate (HR) were measured every min until 10 min post exertion. Packed cell volume (HCT), lactate (LA) and plasma protein (TP) were measured in blood samples collected before, at 40°C and every 5 min until 10 min post exercise. Sweat loss was estimated using bodyweight.Study 2: Plasma volume was measured in 26 young (8.2 ± 0.7 years) and 8 old (26.6 ± 0.7 years) Standardbred mares (515 ± 12 kg) using Evans Blue dye. Pre‐exercise blood (rBV) and red cell (rRCV) volumes were calculated using PV and HCT. Data analysis utilised repeated measures ANOVA andttests and data are expressed as mean ± s.e.

Results:Old horses reached 40°C faster (998 ± 113 vs. 1925 ± 259 s; P<0.05) with a greater HR at 40°C (184 ± 6 vs. 140 ± 5 beats/min; P<0.05) and greater sweat losses (P<0.05). Heart rate did not differ (P>0.05) post exercise. Age did not alter (P>0.05) CT, ST, RT, LA, HCT or TP. Plasma volume was greater in Y vs. O horses (P<0.05, 28.5 ± 1.4 vs. 24.1 ± 1.6 l) as was rBV (41.3 ± 2.0 vs. 35.3 ± 2.3 l) and rRCV (13.3 ± 0.6 vs. 11.1 ± 0.8 l).

Conclusion:Ageing compromises the ability to handle the combined demand of exercise and thermoregulation in part due to decreased absolute pre‐exercise PV.
Electromyography activity of the equine splenius muscle and neck kinematics during walk and trot on the treadmill
Authors: ZSOLDOS R. R. , KOTSCHWAR A. B. , KOTSCHWAR A. , GROESEL M. , LICKA T. , PEHAM C.
Published: November 2010

Reasons for performing study:Skeletal muscle activity can be concentric or eccentric, anisometric or isometric and correlation of the equine splenius muscle activity with the movement of its effector joints at walk and trot has not yet been fully characterised.

Objective:Investigating activity of the splenius muscle together with kinematics of head and cranial neck at walk and trot.

Materials and methods:Kinematics and surface electromyography were measured in 6 horses (8–20‐years‐old, 450–700 kg) without signs of neck pain. Markers were placed on left and rightcrista facialis, and on left and right cervical vertebrae 1 and 3. Head and neck angle was calculated in sagittal and horizontal planes. Electrodes were placed over both splenius muscles at the level of C2. Left and right muscle activity was compared using Studentttest for paired samples and correlations calculated using Pearson correlation coefficient. Significance was set at P<0.05.

Results:In all horses, maximum surface electromyography (sEMG) values at the trot were higher than at the walk. The intraindividual differences between maximum and minimum values of the EMG ranged from 45–127 mV in walk and from 154–524 mV in trot. Flexion‐extension C1 angle changed by 43° in walk and 27° in trot. For each motion cycle, 2 EMG maxima were found in both gaits, occurring just prior to maximum extension of the C1 angle. Lateral bending at C1 angle changed by 16° in walk and 17° in trot and EMG reached maximum values bilaterally during maximum lateral bending at walk.

Conclusions:The splenius muscle reaches maximum activity at the beginning of the forelimb stance phases in trot, indicating functional stabilisation against flexion of the head and neck. Unilateral activity of the splenius muscle representing stabilisation against lateral movement was not found.
Effects of competitive and noncompetitive showjumping on total and free iodothyronines, β‐endorphin, ACTH and cortisol levels of horses
Authors: CRAVANA C. , MEDICA P. , PRESTOPINO M. , FAZIO E. , FERLAZZO A.
Published: November 2010

Reasons for performing study:Limited knowledge exists about the differentiated effects of competitive and noncompetitive showjumping on thyroid function and relationships with hypothalamic‐hypophysis‐corticoadrenal hormones.

Objectives:To obtain preliminary data about differentiated effects of competitive and noncompetitive showjumping on total and free iodothyronines, β‐endorphin, ACTH and cortisol of horses.

Material and methods:Five trained healthy jumper horses were studied during competitive and noncompetitive showjumping, performed in the same circuit design over 10 fences of 1.10 m. Hormone levels before, 5 and 30 min post exercise were recorded. Serum iodothyronines and cortisol concentrations were measured in duplicate utilising EIA kits. Serum ACTH and plasma β‐endorphin concentrations were analysed in duplicate utilising RIA kits. Two‐way RM ANOVA was applied to test for effects of interaction between different type of session and time. Significant differences between post exercise and basal values were established using Bonferroni's multiple comparison test. A linear correlation analysis (Pearson's method) was performed to analyse the relationships between total and free iodothyronines and between iodothyronines and β‐endorphin, ACTH and cortisol.

Results:In sampling times adopted no statistical different effects of type of session were recorded on hormone variables. Sampling time affected ACTH (F = 4.25; P<0.02) and T4(F = 4.43; P<0.02) post exercise changes. During the noncompetitive session, significant correlations existed between T4and β‐endorphin (r =−0.56), ACTH (r =−0.65), between β‐endorphin and ACTH (r = 0.52) and between T3and fT3(r = 0.72); during competition between β‐endorphin and T3(r =−0.67), fT3(r =−0.59).

Conclusions:These preliminary results could demonstrate correlations between thyroid hormones and β‐endorphin response to showjumping, although no definitive conclusion can be produced concerning the relationships between HPA and thyroid function during exercise.
Oral supplementation with superoxide dismutase in Standardbred trotters in training: a double‐blind placebo‐controlled study
Authors: NOTIN C. , VALLON L. , DESBORDES F. , LELEU C.
Published: November 2010

Reasons for performing study: Intense physical exercise produces an excess of reactive oxygen species which can disturb the antioxidant/oxidant balance of the horse in training. Several classes of antioxidant dietary compounds have been suggested to provide health benefits and there is evidence that consumption of these products leads to a reduction in the expression of various pro‐inflammatory and/or oxidative stress biomarkers. The recent development of a new galenic system allows the oral delivery of the antioxidant enzyme: superoxide dismutase (SOD). This has been developed from a specific melon variety with a particularly high SOD activity.

Objectives: To study the influence of an oral supplementation with an encapsulated melon rich in SOD on muscular and antioxidant balance variables in a population of Standardbreds in training.

Methods: Twenty‐four Standardbreds in training were paired by age, sex and training level. They were randomly split into 2 groups: SOD group (520 iu/day) and placebo group. At the beginning of the study (T0) and after 30 days (T30) and 60 days (T60) of supplementation, physiological response during a standardised exercise test, plasma muscular enzymes at rest and post exercise (creatine kinase), oxidative stress markers (erythrocyte SOD) and blood resistance to haemolysis (KRL test) were assessed. Analysis of variance of time, treatment and interaction time x treatment was calculated.

Results: Between T0 and T60, in contrast with placebo group, a significant increase in the plasma resistance to haemolysis in the SOD group was observed and it was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the SOD group than in the placebo group on T60. Between T0 and T60, resting CK remained constant in SOD group whereas a significant increase in plasma CK in the placebo group was observed. On T60, the CK level was significantly lower (P<0.05) in SOD group than in the placebo group.

Conclusions: These results suggest that oral SOD supplementation might increase blood resistance to haemolysis and reduce the increase in muscular membrane permeability induced by training.