bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enantioselective Synthesis of Both Enantio­mers of Chiral Allenes Using Chiral N‐Methylcamphanyl Piperazine Templates
Authors: Periasamy Mariappan , Reddy Polimera Obula , Sanjeevakumar Nalluri
Published: May 2013

The reaction of unsubstitued camphanyl‐piperazine 4 with ZnCl2, phenylacetylene, and benzaldehyde in toluene gave the corresponding dipropargylamine (i.e., 15) with opposite configurations at the newly formed stereogenic centres, which, upon reaction with ZnI2 resulted in the formation of a racemic mixture of 1,3‐diphenyl allene in 45 % yield. N‐Methylcamphanyl‐piperazine regioisomer 5, prepared by selective N‐methylation of the NH moiety attached to the stereogenic centre with (S)‐configuration, upon reaction with ZnCl2, phenylacetylene, and benzaldehyde in toluene, gave the corresponding propargylamine in 90 % yield, with an (S)‐configuration at the newly formed stereogenic centre, and upon subsequent reaction with ZnI2, this intermediate gave (R)‐1,3‐diphenyl allene in 52 % yield and with 96 % ee. Reaction of N‐methylcamphanyl‐piperazine isomer 5 with several 1‐alkynes and aldehydes in the presence of ZnBr2 gave the corresponding (R)‐allenes in 40–75 % yield and 79–99 % ee. In contrast, regioisomeric N‐methylcamphanyl‐piperazine 6 reacted with ZnBr2 to give the corresponding (S)‐allenes in 38–71 % yield and with 79–99 % ee. The opposite chiral discriminating abilities of the two NH moieties in camphanyl‐piperazines was confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis of the propargylamines formed. The results are discussed considering mechanisms involving the in situ formation of alkynylzinc halides, followed by diastereoselective addition to chiral iminium ion derivatives to give the corresponding propargylamines, and subsequent conversion to chiral allenes by an intramolecular 1,5‐hydrogen shift.
Perylene‐Based Bis‐, Tetrakis‐, and Hexakis(terpyridine) Ligands and Their Ruthenium(II)–Bis(terpyridine) Complexes: Synthesis and Photophysical Properties
Authors: El‐Batal Hany , Guo Kai , Li Xiaopeng , Wesdemiotis Chrys , Moorefield Charles N. , Newkome George R.
Published: May 2013

A series of metallodendrimers 9–11, as well as their corresponding ligands, were designed and synthesized. These materials integrate perylene as a functional core with  termini; both chromophores are known for their photovoltaic properties. The products were fully characterized by a combination of 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy, COSY, and MS. Their photophysical properties revealed a broad absorption spectrum with enhanced molar absorption coefficients corresponding to the increase in the number of  units, which is indicative of their potential as candidates for light harvesting.
Leaving Group and Regioselectivity Switches in the Aminoalkylation Reaction of Indoles and Related Heterocycles with α‐Amido Sulfones
Authors: Blay Gonzalo , Girón Rosa M. , Montesinos‐Magraner Marc , Pedro José R.
Published: May 2013

The regioselective aminoalkylation of indoles and related heterocycles with α‐amido sulfones under basic conditions has been studied. The reaction that employed the MeMgBr/MgBr2system provided high yields of 3‐(1‐carbamoylalkyl)indoles. On the other hand, the reaction that used Cs2CO3afforded 1‐(1‐carbamoylalkyl)indoles exclusively in high yields. The first reaction constitutes a switch of the leaving group of the α‐amido sulfone in comparison to previously reported reactions between indoles and α‐amido sulfones, which provided 3‐(1‐arylsulfonylalkyl)indoles. The second reaction constitutes a switch in the regioselectivity. The extensions of theseC‐ andN‐aminoalkylations starting from pyrroles and 7‐azaindole have also been studied. Structurally diverse aminoalkylated indoles, pyrroles, and 7‐azaindoles were obtained with excellent yield in most of the cases.
Pathway‐Based Approaches for Sequencing‐Based Genome‐Wide Association Studies
Authors: Wu Guodong , Zhi Degui
Published: May 2013

For analyzing complex trait association with sequencing data, most current studies test aggregated effects of variants in a gene or genomic region. Although gene‐based tests have insufficient power even for moderately sized samples, pathway‐based analyses combine information across multiple genes in biological pathways and may offer additional insight. However, most existing pathway association methods are originally designed for genome‐wide association studies, and are not comprehensively evaluated for sequencing data. Moreover, region‐based rare variant association methods, although potentially applicable to pathway‐based analysis by extending their region definition to gene sets, have never been rigorously tested. In the context of exome‐based studies, we use simulated and real datasets to evaluate pathway‐based association tests. Our simulation strategy adopts a genome‐wide genetic model that distributes total genetic effects hierarchically into pathways, genes, and individual variants, allowing the evaluation of pathway‐based methods with realistic quantifiable assumptions on the underlying genetic architectures. The results show that, although no single pathway‐based association method offers superior performance in all simulated scenarios, a modification of Gene Set Enrichment Analysis approach using statistics from single‐marker tests without gene‐level collapsing (weighted Kolmogrov‐Smirnov [WKS]‐Variant method) is consistently powerful. Interestingly, directly applying rare variant association tests (e.g., sequence kernel association test) to pathway analysis offers a similar power, but its results are sensitive to assumptions of genetic architecture. We applied pathway association analysis to an exome‐sequencing data of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and found that the WKS‐Variant method confirms associated genes previously published.
Hybrid photoacoustic and ultrasound section imaging with optical ultrasound detection
Authors: Nuster Robert , Schmitner Nicole , Wurzinger Gerhild , Gratt Sibylle , Salvenmoser Willi , Meyer Dirk , Paltauf Guenther
Published: May 2013

A setup is proposed that provides perfectly co‐registered photoacoustic (PA) and ultrasound (US) section images. Photoacoustic and ultrasound backscatter signals are generated by laser pulses coming from the same laser system, the latter by absorption of some of the laser energy on an optically absorbing target near the imaged object. By measuring both signals with the same optical detector, which is focused into the selected section by use of a cylindrical acoustic mirror, the information for both images is acquired simultaneously. Co‐registered PA and US images are obtained after applying the inverse Radon transform to the data, which are gathered while rotating the object relative to the detector. Phantom experiments demonstrate a resolution of 1.1 mm between the sections of both imaging modalities and a in‐plane resolution of about 60 µm and 120 µm for the US and PA modes, respectively. The complementary contrast mechanisms of the two modalities are shown by images of a zebrafish. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fundamental investigations in orientation control process for anisotropic laser ceramics
Authors: Sato Yoichi , Akiyama Jun , Taira Takunori
Published: May 2013

We present theoretical studies on the orientation control of micro‐domains in anisotropic laser ceramics. The direction of the crystal axis that is parallel to easy magnetization in each micro‐domain can be aligned along the direction of the applied magnetic field via two steps of fabrication processes. In the first step the alignment is performed during the slip‐casting under the magnetic field, where directions of primary particles are forced to align along the direction of easy magnetization. However, even though rare‐earth trivalent ions doped into primary particles as luminous ions enhance their magnetic moment, the perfect alignment control is not always possible due to Brownian fluctuations by slurry solvent at this stage. The further orientation control can be processed by the preferential grain growth, where an adequate orientation distribution of primary articles in the casted green body is required for the nearly perfect alignment in sintered ceramics. Therefore, it is important for further improvements of anisotropic laser ceramics to find the orientation distribution of primary particles in the slurry, which is determined by the ratio between the anisotropic magnetic potential and the thermal fluctuations. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fluorination of Al2O3 blocking layer for improving the performance of metal‐oxide‐nitride‐oxide‐silicon flash memory
Authors: Tao Qingbo , Lai P. T.
Published: May 2013

The characteristics of Al2O3 film grown by atomic‐layer deposition as blocking layer with and without fluorine plasma treatment were investigated based on a capacitor structure of Al/Al2O3/TaON/SiO2/Si. The physical structure was studied by transmission electron microscopy, and the chemical composition of the blocking layer was analyzed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectroscopy. Moreover, the surface roughness of the blocking layer was investigated by atomic force microscopy. Compared with a capacitor with Al2O3 blocking layer, the one with fluorinated Al2O3 displayed higher programming/erasing speeds, better endurance property and better charge retention characteristic because the fluorination could reduce excess oxygen and traps in the blocking layer, thus forming a larger barrier height at the interface between the charge‐trapping layer and the blocking layer. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Graphene/Polyaniline/Poly(4‐styrenesulfonate) Hybrid Film with Uniform Surface Resistance and Its Flexible Dipole Tag Antenna Application
Authors: Shin Keun‐Young , Cho Sunghun , Jang Jyongsik
Published: May 2013

A graphene/polyaniline/poly(4‐styrenesulfonate) (G/PANI/PSS)‐based conducting paste is successfully fabricated by introducing a PANI/PSS nanofiller into a multilayer graphene matrix by mechanical blending. As a compatibilizer, the PSS binder increases the dispersibility, interfacial interactions, and mechanical interlocking between the multilayer graphene matrix and PANI, thereby allowing surface resistance with narrow distribution. High concentrations of this PSS binder, obtained using ex situ polymerization, further improve the adhesion of the hybrid film to a flexible substrate. The minimum surface resistance of the screen‐printed G/PANI/PSS hybrid film is approximately 10 Ω sq−1 for a 70 μm uniform thickness. When bent to angles of −30°, the flexible hybrid film exhibits an approximately 6% decrease in surface resistance. The surface resistance after 500 bending cycles increases by only 10 Ω sq−1, which is 14 times that of smaller, graphene‐based thin films. The micropatterned, screen‐printed G/PANI/PSS hybrid film is evaluated as a practical dipole tag antenna. High‐resolution patterns are formed in the hybrid film by the inherently high surface tension and the properties of grains within the domain‐based structure. The G/PANI/PSS‐based dipole tag antenna has a bandwidth of 28.7 MHz, a high transmitted power efficiency of 98.5%, and a recognition distance of 0.42 m at a mean frequency of 910 MHz. These characteristics indicate that the G/PANI/PSS‐based dipole tag antenna could be used as a signal‐receiving apparatus, much like a radio‐frequency identification tag, for detecting nearby objects.
Acid Active Receptor‐Specific Peptide Ligand for In Vivo Tumor‐Targeted Delivery
Authors: Han Liang , Guo Yubo , Ma Haojun , He Xi , Kuang Yuyang , Zhang Ning , Lim Ed , Zhou Wenjiang , Jiang Chen
Published: May 2013

Targeting therapy of tumors in their early stages is crucial to increase the survival rate of cancer patients. Currently most drug‐delivery systems target the neoplasia through the tumor‐associated receptors overexpressed on the cancer cell membrane. However, the expression of these receptors on normal cells and tissues is inevitable, which leads to unwanted accumulation and side effects. Characteristics of the tumor microenvironment, such as acidosis, are pervasive in almost all solid tumors and can be easily accessed. It is shown that the different extracellular pH value can be used to activate/inactivate the receptor‐mediated endocytosis on tumor/normal cells. This idea is implemented by conjugating a shielding molecule at the terminus of a receptor‐specific ligand via a pH‐sensitive hydrazone bond. The acid‐activated detachment of the shielding molecule and enhanced tumor/background accumulation ratio are demonstrated. These results suggest that acid active receptor‐specific peptide ligand‐modified tumor‐targeting delivery systems have potential use in the treatment of tumors.
High Density Unaggregated Au Nanoparticles on ZnO Nanorod Arrays Function as Efficient and Recyclable Photocatalysts for Environmental Purification
Authors: Yang Tung‐Han , Huang Li‐De , Harn Yeu‐Wei , Lin Chun‐Cheng , Chang Jan‐Kai , Wu Chih‐I. , Wu Jenn‐Ming
Published: May 2013

Photodegradation of organic pollutants in aqueous solution is a promising method for environmental purification. Photocatalysts capable of promoting this reaction are often composed of noble metal nanoparticles deposited on a semiconductor. Unfortunately, the separation of these semiconductor‐metal nanopowders from the treated water is very difficult and energy consumptive, so their usefulness in practical applications is limited. Here, a precisely controlled synthesis of a large‐scale and highly efficient photocatalyst composed of monolayered Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) chemically bound to vertically aligned ZnO nanorod arrays (ZNA) through a bifunctional surface molecular linker is demonstrated. Thioctic acid with sufficient steric stabilization is used as a molecular linker. High density unaggregated AuNPs bonding on entire surfaces of ZNA are successfully prepared on a conductive film/substrate, allowing easy recovery and reuse of the photocatalysts. Surprisingly, the ZNA‐AuNPs heterostructures exhibit a photodegradation rate 8.1 times higher than that recorded for the bare ZNA under UV irradiation. High density AuNPs, dispersed perfectly on the ZNA surfaces, significantly improve the separation of the photogenerated electron‐hole pairs, enlarge the reaction space, and consequently enhance the photocatalytic property for degradation of chemical pollutants. Photoelectron, photoluminescence and photoconductive measurements confirm the discussion on the charge carrier separation and photocatalytic experimental data. The demonstrated higher photodegradation rates demonstrated indicate that the ZNA‐AuNPs heterostructures are candidates for the next‐generation photocatalysts, replacing the conventional slurry photocatalysts.
Comparison of Statistical Experiments
Authors: Torgersen Erik
Published: May 2013

There are a number of important questions associated with statistical experiments: when does one given experiment yield more information than another; how can we measure the difference in information; how fast does information accumulate by repeating the experiment? The means of answering such questions has emerged from the work of Wald, Blackwell, LeCam and others and is based on the ideas of risk and deficiency. The present work which is devoted to the various methods of comparing statistical experiments, is essentially self-contained, requiring only some background in measure theory and functional analysis. Chapters introducing statistical experiments and the necessary convex analysis begin the book and are followed by others on game theory, decision theory and vector lattices. The notion of deficiency, which measures the difference in information between two experiments, is then introduced. The relation between it and other concepts, such as sufficiency, randomisation, distance, ordering, equivalence, completeness and convergence are explored. This is a comprehensive treatment of the subject and will be an essential reference for mathematical statisticians.
Voyage of John Huyghen van Linschoten to the East Indies
Authors: Linschoten John Huyghen van
Published: May 2013

The publications of the Hakluyt Society (founded in 1846) made available edited (and sometimes translated) early accounts of exploration. The first series, which ran from 1847 to 1899, consists of 100 books containing published or previously unpublished works by authors from Christopher Columbus to Sir Francis Drake, and covering voyages to the New World, to China and Japan, to Russia and to Africa and India. This account of the East Indian travels of John Huyghen van Linschoten, originally published in the Netherlands in 1596 and translated into English in 1598, was published by the society in 1885 using an edited version of the early translation, supplemented with explanatory notes. It provides a rich source of information about Portuguese trade with the East Indies, as well as descriptions of the fauna, flora and indigenous peoples of the regions he visited, from the Azores and St Helena to Java and Sumatra.
The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk
Published: May 2013

The publication in 1890 of the two-volume Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell, edited by W. D. Niven, was one of the two objects of a committee formed 'for the purpose of securing a fitting memorial of him' (the other object being the commissioning of a marble bust for the Cavendish Laboratory). Before his death in 1879 at the age of 48, Clerk Maxwell had made major contributions to many areas of theoretical physics and mathematics, not least his discoveries in the fields of electromagnetism and of the kinetic theory of gases, which have been regarded as laying the foundations of all modern physics. He is generally considered the third most important physicist of all time, after Newton and Einstein. These collected shorter works, beginning with a paper written at the age of 15, show the wide range of Clerk Maxwell's interests across mathematics, physics and chemistry.
Plant Life Through the Ages
Authors: Seward A. C.
Published: May 2013

Published in 1931 to complement Seward's magisterial four-volume textbook Fossil Plants, this book is a digest of his earlier detailed study, written for a non-specialist audience as an introduction to the field of palaeobotany. Seward begins by describing the basics of geology and palaeobotany in order to explain how the interpretation of fossilised plant remains found in rocks can shed light on the natural world of prehistoric times. He then covers geological periods in chronological sequence, from the Pre-Cambrian to the Quaternary. Throughout, he emphasises the fragmentary nature of the evidence and the difficulties in extrapolating from the surviving fossil record, but he also explains the great discoveries made in the field and how they came about. The accompanying drawings give an impression of the likely combinations of plants found in each period, allowing the reader to visualise the different landscapes evoked in Seward's engaging prose.
Number Theory in the Spirit of Liouville
Authors: Williams Kenneth S.
Published: May 2013

Joseph Liouville is recognised as one of the great mathematicians of the nineteenth century, and one of his greatest achievements was the introduction of a powerful new method into elementary number theory. This book provides a gentle introduction to this method, explaining it in a clear and straightforward manner. The many applications provided include applications to sums of squares, sums of triangular numbers, recurrence relations for divisor functions, convolution sums involving the divisor functions, and many others. All of the topics discussed have a rich history dating back to Euler, Jacobi, Dirichlet, Ramanujan and others, and they continue to be the subject of current mathematical research. Williams places the results in their historical and contemporary contexts, making the connection between Liouville's ideas and modern theory. This is the only book in English entirely devoted to the subject and is thus an extremely valuable resource for both students and researchers alike.
Relational Mathematics
Authors: Schmidt Gunther
Published: May 2013

Relational mathematics is to operations research and informatics what numerical mathematics is to engineering: it is intended to help modelling, reasoning, and computing. Its applications are therefore diverse, ranging from psychology, linguistics, decision aid, and ranking to machine learning and spatial reasoning. Although many developments have been made in recent years, they have rarely been shared amongst this broad community of researchers. This comprehensive 2010 overview begins with an easy introduction to the topic, assuming a minimum of prerequisites; but it is nevertheless theoretically sound and up to date. It is suitable for applied scientists, explaining all the necessary mathematics from scratch using a multitude of visualised examples, via matrices and graphs. It ends with tangible results on the research level. The author illustrates the theory and demonstrates practical tasks in operations research, social sciences and the humanities.
Menander in Antiquity
Authors: Nervegna Sebastiana
Published: May 2013

The comic playwright Menander was one of the most popular writers throughout antiquity. This book reconstructs his life and the legacy of his work until the end of antiquity employing a broad range of sources such as portraits, illustrations of his plays, papyri preserving their texts and inscriptions recording their public performances. These are placed within the context of the three social and cultural institutions which appropriated his comedy, thereby ensuring its survival: public theatres, dinner parties and schools. Dr Nervegna carefully reconstructs how each context approached Menander's drama and how it contributed to its popularity over the centuries. The resultant, highly illustrated, book will be essential for all scholars and students not just of Menander's comedy but, more broadly, of the history and iconography of the ancient theatre, ancient social history and reception studies.
Anthropology, History, and Education
Authors: Kant Immanuel
Published: May 2013

Anthropology, History, and Education, first published in 2007, contains all of Kant's major writings on human nature. Some of these works, which were published over a thirty-nine year period between 1764 and 1803, had never before been translated into English. Kant's question 'What is the human being?' is approached indirectly in his famous works on metaphysics, epistemology, moral and legal philosophy, aesthetics and the philosophy of religion, but it is approached directly in his extensive but less well-known writings on physical and cultural anthropology, the philosophy of history, and education which are gathered in the present volume. Kant repeatedly claimed that the question 'What is the human being?' should be philosophy's most fundamental concern, and Anthropology, History, and Education can be seen as effectively presenting his philosophy as a whole in a popular guise.
The Toilers of the Field
Authors: Jefferies Richard
Published: May 2013

Richard Jefferies (1848–87) remains one of the most thoughtful and most lyrical writers on the English countryside. He had aspirations to make a living as a novelist, but it was his short, factually based articles for The Live Stock Journal and other magazines, drawn from a wealth of knowledge of the rural community into which he had been born, which, when brought together in book form, brought him recognition (though not wealth) and which continued to be read and admired after his early death. This volume, first published posthumously in 1892, contains a collection of essays concerning rural farmers and labourers previously published before Jefferies had achieved public recognition. Jefferies vividly describes the daily life and circumstances of Victorian English farmers, labourers and their wives without sentimentality, illustrating hardships in addition to idyllic pastimes, providing a realistic and valuable description of a now vanished way of life.
Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa
Authors: Park Mungo
Published: May 2013

Mungo Park (1771–1806) was a Scottish surgeon and explorer. Encouraged by Sir Joseph Banks, he was sent by the African Association, in 1795, to explore the interior of Africa, forbidden to western traders. He is believed to have been the first European to reach the River Niger. His return was delayed by imprisonment and illness, and he did not arrive back in Scotland until December 1797, having been thought dead. He later went on a second expedition to Africa, and died there in 1806. This account of his earlier travels, published in 1799, was an immediate best-seller, with three editions in the first year. Park presents a straightforward account of his journey, together with observations about daily life in West Africa, with none of the arrogant superiority so often expressed by European travellers. The book includes a vocabulary of Mandinka words, plates and maps, and a geographical appendix.
Arid and Semi-Arid Geomorphology
Authors: Goudie Andrew S.
Published: May 2013

Based on four decades of research by Professor Andrew Goudie, this volume provides a state-of-the-art synthesis of our understanding of desert geomorphology. It presents a truly international perspective, with examples from all over the world. Extensively referenced and illustrated, it covers such topics as the importance of past climatic changes, the variability of different desert environments, rock breakdown, wind erosion and dust storm generation, sand dunes, fluvial and slope forms and processes, the role of the applied geomorphologist in desert development and conservation, and the Earth as an analogue for other planetary bodies. This book is destined to become the classic volume on arid and semi-arid geomorphology for advanced students and researchers in physical geography, geomorphology, Earth science, sedimentology, environmental science and archaeology.
Electronic Music
Authors: Collins Nick , Schedel Margaret , Wilson Scott
Published: May 2013

This accessible Introduction explores both mainstream and experimental manifestations of electronic music. From early recording equipment to the most recent multimedia performances, the history of electronic music is full of interesting characters, fascinating and unusual music, and radical technology. Covering many different eras, genres and media, analyses of works appear alongside critical discussion of central ideas and themes, making this an essential guide for anyone approaching the subject for the first time. Chapters include key topics from synth pop to sound art, from electronic dance music to electrical instruments, and from the expression of pure sound to audiovisuals. Highly illustrated and with a wide selection of examples, the book provides many suggestions for further reading and listening to encourage students to begin their own experiments in this exciting field.
The Politics of Opera in Handel's Britain
Authors: McGeary Thomas
Published: May 2013

The Politics of Opera in Handel's Britain examines the involvement of Italian opera in British partisan politics in the first half of the eighteenth century, which saw Sir Robert Walpole's rise to power and George Frideric Handel's greatest period of opera production. McGeary argues that the conventional way of applying Italian opera to contemporary political events and persons by means of allegory and allusion in individual operas is mistaken; nor did partisan politics intrude into the management of the Royal Academy of Music and the Opera of the Nobility. This book shows instead how Senesino, Faustina, Cuzzoni and events at the Haymarket Theatre were used in political allegories in satirical essays directed against the Walpole ministry. Since most operas were based on ancient historical events, the librettos - like traditional histories - could be sources of examples of vice, virtue, and political precepts and wisdom that could be applied to contemporary politics.
Gravity and Magnetic Exploration
Authors: Hinze William J. , von Frese Ralph R. B. , Saad Afif H.
Published: May 2013

This combination of textbook and reference manual provides a comprehensive account of gravity and magnetic methods for exploring the subsurface using surface, marine, airborne and satellite measurements. It describes key current topics and techniques, physical properties of rocks and other earth materials, and digital data analysis methods used to process and interpret anomalies for subsurface information. Each chapter starts with an overview and concludes by listing key concepts to consolidate new learning. An accompanying website presents problem sets and interactive computer-based exercises, providing hands-on experience of processing, modeling and interpreting data. A comprehensive online suite of full-color case histories illustrates the practical utility of modern gravity and magnetic surveys. This is an ideal text for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses and reference text for research academics and professional geophysicists. It is a valuable resource for all those interested in petroleum, engineering, mineral, environmental, geological and archeological exploration of the lithosphere.
The Cambridge Introduction to Travel Writing
Authors: Youngs Tim
Published: May 2013

Critics have long struggled to find a suitable category for travelogues. From its ancient origins to the present day, the travel narrative has borrowed elements from various genres - from epic poetry to literary reportage - in order to evoke distant cultures and exotic locales, and sometimes those closer to hand. Tim Youngs argues in this lucid and detailed Introduction that travel writing redefines the myriad genres it comprises and is best understood on its own terms. To this end, Youngs surveys some of the most celebrated travel literature from the medieval period until the present, exploring themes such as the quest motif, the traveler's inner journey, postcolonial travel and issues of gender and sexuality. The text culminates in a chapter on twenty-first-century travel writing and offers predictions about future trends in the genre, making this Introduction an ideal guide for today's students, teachers and travel writing enthusiasts.
Tyranny
Authors: Newell Waller R.
Published: May 2013

This is the first comprehensive exploration of ancient and modern tyranny in the history of political thought. Waller R. Newell argues that modern tyranny and statecraft differ fundamentally from the classical understanding. Newell demonstrates a historical shift in emphasis from the classical thinkers' stress on the virtuous character of rulers and the need for civic education to the modern emphasis on impersonal institutions and cold-blooded political method. By diagnosing the varieties of tyranny from erotic voluptuaries like Nero, the steely determination of reforming conquerors like Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar and modernizing despots such as Napoleon and Ataturk to the collectivist revolutions of the Jacobins, Bolsheviks, Nazis and Khmer Rouge, Newell shows how tyranny is every bit as dangerous to free democratic societies today as it was in the past.
The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe
Authors: Kim Hyun Jin
Published: May 2013

The Huns have often been treated as primitive barbarians with no advanced political organisation. Their place of origin was the so-called 'backward steppe'. It has been argued that whatever political organisation they achieved they owed to the 'civilizing influence' of the Germanic peoples they encountered as they moved west. This book argues that the steppes of Inner Asia were far from 'backward' and that the image of the primitive Huns is vastly misleading. They already possessed a highly sophisticated political culture while still in Inner Asia and, far from being passive recipients of advanced culture from the West, they passed on important elements of Central Eurasian culture to early medieval Europe, which they helped create. Their expansion also marked the beginning of a millennium of virtual monopoly of world power by empires originating in the steppes of Inner Asia. The rise of the Hunnic Empire was truly a geopolitical revolution.
The Sounds of Paris in Verdi's La traviata
Authors: Sala Emilio
Published: May 2013

How did Paris and its musical landscape influence Verdi's La traviata? In this book, Emilio Sala re-examines La traviata in the cultural context of the French capital in the mid-nineteenth century. Verdi arrived in Paris in 1847 and stayed for almost two years: there, he began his relationship with Giuseppina Strepponi and assiduously attended performances at the popular theatres, whose plays made frequent use of incidental music to intensify emotion and render certain dramatic moments memorable to the audience. It is in one of these popular theatres that Verdi probably witnessed one of the first performances of Dumas fils' La Dame aux camélias, which became hugely successful in 1852. Making use of primary source material, including unpublished musical works, journal articles and rare documents and images, Sala's close examination of the incidental music of La Dame aux camélias - and its musical context - offers an invaluable interpretation of La traviata's modernity.
Studying Gender in Classical Antiquity
Authors: Foxhall Lin
Published: May 2013

This book investigates how varying practices of gender shaped people's lives and experiences across the societies of ancient Greece and Rome. Exploring how gender was linked with other socio-political characteristics such as wealth, status, age and life-stage, as well as with individual choices, in the very different world of classical antiquity is fascinating in its own right. But later perceptions of ancient literature and art have profoundly influenced the development of gendered ideologies and hierarchies in the West, and influenced the study of gender itself. Questioning how best to untangle and interpret difficult sources is a key aim. This book exploits a wide range of archaeological, material cultural, visual, spatial, demographic, epigraphical and literary evidence to consider households, families, life-cycles and the engendering of time, legal and political institutions, beliefs about bodies, sex and sexuality, gender and space, the economic implications of engendered practices, and gender in religion and magic.
Lectures on Metaphysics
Authors: Kant Immanuel
Published: May 2013

The purpose of the Cambridge Edition is to offer translations of the best modern German edition of Kant's work in a uniform format suitable for Kant scholars. When complete (fourteen volumes are currently envisaged) the edition will include all of Kant's published writings and a generous selection from the unpublished writings such as the Opus postumum, handschriftliche Nachlass, lectures, and correspondence. This volume contains the first translation into English of notes from Kant's lectures on metaphysics. These lectures, dating from the 1760s to the 1790s, touch on all the major topics and phases of Kant's philosophy. Most of these notes have appeared only recently in the German Academy Edition; this translation offers many corrections of that edition. As is standard with the volumes in the Cambridge Edition there is an extensive editorial apparatus, including extensive linguistic and explanatory notes, a detailed subject index, and glossaries of key terms.
Lectures on Ethics
Authors: Kant Immanuel
Published: May 2013

This volume contains four versions of the lecture notes taken by Kant's students of his university courses in ethics given regularly over a period of some thirty years. The notes are very complete and expound not only Kant's views on ethics but many of his opinions on life and human nature. Much of this material has never before been translated into English. As with other volumes in the series, there are copious linguistic and explanatory notes and a glossary of key terms.
Classical and Quantum Orthogonal Polynomials in One Variable
Authors: Ismail Mourad E. H.
Published: May 2013

The first modern treatment of orthogonal polynomials from the viewpoint of special functions is now available in paperback. Its encyclopedic coverage includes classical topics such as Jacobi, Hermite, Laguerre, Hahn, Charlier and Meixner polynomials as well as those discovered over the last 50 years, e.g. Askey–Wilson and Al-Salam–Chihara polynomial systems. Multiple orthogonal polynomials are discussed here for the first time in book form. Many modern applications of the subject are dealt with, including birth and death processes, integrable systems, combinatorics, and physical models. A chapter on open research problems and conjectures is designed to stimulate further research on the subject. Thoroughly updated and corrected since its original printing, this book continues to be valued as an authoritative reference not only by mathematicians, but also a wide range of scientists and engineers. Exercises ranging in difficulty are included to help both the graduate student and the newcomer.
Nonuniform Hyperbolicity
Authors: Barreira Luis , Pesin Yakov
Published: May 2013

Designed to work as a reference and as a supplement to an advanced course on dynamical systems, this book presents a self-contained and comprehensive account of modern smooth ergodic theory. Among other things, this provides a rigorous mathematical foundation for the phenomenon known as deterministic chaos - the appearance of 'chaotic' motions in pure deterministic dynamical systems. A sufficiently complete description of topological and ergodic properties of systems exhibiting deterministic chaos can be deduced from relatively weak requirements on their local behavior known as nonuniform hyperbolicity conditions. Nonuniform hyperbolicity theory is an important part of the general theory of dynamical systems. Its core is the study of dynamical systems with nonzero Lyapunov exponents both conservative and dissipative, in addition to cocycles and group actions. The results of this theory are widely used in geometry (e.g., geodesic flows and Teichmüller flows), in rigidity theory, in the study of some partial differential equations (e.g., the Schrödinger equation), in the theory of billiards, as well as in applications to physics, biology, engineering, and other fields.
Elliptic Functions and Elliptic Curves
Authors: Du Val Patrick
Published: May 2013

A comprehensive treatment of elliptic functions is linked by these notes to a study of their application to elliptic curves. This approach provides geometers with the opportunity to acquaint themselves with aspects of their subject virtually ignored by other texts. The exposition is clear and logically carries themes from earlier through to later topics. This enthusiastic work of scholarship is made complete with the inclusion of some interesting historical details and a very comprehensive bibliography.
Econophysics of Income and Wealth Distributions
Authors: Chakrabarti Bikas K. , Chakraborti Anirban , Chakravarty Satya R. , Chatterjee Arnab
Published: May 2013

The distribution of wealth and income is never uniform, and philosophers and economists have tried for years to understand the reasons and formulate remedies for such inequalities. This book introduces the elegant and intriguing kinetic exchange models that physicists have developed to tackle these issues. This is the first monograph in econophysics focussed on the analyses and modelling of these distributions, and is ideal for physicists and economists. It is written in simple, lucid language, with plenty of illustrations and in-depth analyses, making it suitable for researchers new to this field as well as specialized readers. It explores the origin of economic inequality and examines the scientific steps that can be taken to reduce this inequality in the future.
Manifold Mirrors
Authors: Cucker Felipe
Published: May 2013

Most works of art, whether illustrative, musical or literary, are created subject to a set of constraints. In many (but not all) cases, these constraints have a mathematical nature, for example, the geometric transformations governing the canons of J. S. Bach, the various projection systems used in classical painting, the catalog of symmetries found in Islamic art, or the rules concerning poetic structure. This fascinating book describes geometric frameworks underlying this constraint-based creation. The author provides both a development in geometry and a description of how these frameworks fit the creative process within several art practices. He furthermore discusses the perceptual effects derived from the presence of particular geometric characteristics. The book began life as a liberal arts course and it is certainly suitable as a textbook. However, anyone interested in the power and ubiquity of mathematics will enjoy this revealing insight into the relationship between mathematics and the arts.
On Dissent
Authors: Collins Ronald K. L. , Skover David M.
Published: May 2013

America values dissent. It tolerates, encourages and protects it. But what is this thing we value? That is a question never asked. 'Dissent' is treated as a known fact. For all that has been said about it - in books, articles, judicial opinions, and popular culture - it is remarkable that no one has devoted much, if any, ink to explaining what dissent is. No one has attempted to sketch its philosophical, linguistic, legal or cultural meanings or usages. There is a need to develop some clarity about this phenomenon, for not every difference of opinion, symbolic gesture, public activity in opposition to government policy, incitement to direct action, revolutionary effort or political assassination need be tagged dissent. In essence, we have no conceptual yardstick. It is just that measure of meaning that On Dissent offers.
Numerical Solution of Elliptic and Parabolic Partial Differential Equations
Authors: Trangenstein John A.
Published: May 2013

For mathematicians and engineers interested in applying numerical methods to physical problems this book is ideal. Numerical ideas are connected to accompanying software, which is also available online. By seeing the complete description of the methods in both theory and implementation, students will more easily gain the knowledge needed to write their own application programs or develop new theory. The book contains careful development of the mathematical tools needed for analysis of the numerical methods, including elliptic regularity theory and approximation theory. Variational crimes, due to quadrature, coordinate mappings, domain approximation and boundary conditions, are analyzed. The claims are stated with full statement of the assumptions and conclusions, and use subscripted constants which can be traced back to the origination (particularly in the electronic version, which can be found on the accompanying CD-ROM).
Varieties of English
Authors: Siemund Peter
Published: May 2013

English is a highly diversified language that appears in a multitude of different varieties across the globe. These varieties may differ extensively in their structural properties. This coursebook is an introduction to the fascinating range of regional and social varieties encountered around the world. Comparing grammatical phenomena, the book analyses the varieties in depth, identifying patterns and limits of variation, and providing clear explanations. Using comparisons with other languages, the book identifies universal as well as language-specific aspects of variation in English. This book is specially designed to meet the needs of students, each chapter contains useful exercises targeted at three different ability levels and succinct summaries and practical lists of key words help students to review and identify important facts.
Rhythms of Labour
Authors: Korczynski Marek , Pickering Michael , Robertson Emma
Published: May 2013

Whether for weavers at the handloom, labourers at the plough or factory workers on the assembly line, music has often been a key texture in people's working lives. This book is the first to explore the rich history of music at work in Britain and charts the journey from the singing cultures of pre-industrial occupations, to the impact and uses of the factory radio, via the silencing effect of industrialisation. The first part of the book discusses how widespread cultures of singing at work were in pre-industrial manual occupations. The second and third parts of the book show how musical silence reigned with industrialisation, until the carefully controlled introduction of Music while You Work in the 1940s. Continuing the analysis to the present day, Rhythms of Labour explains how workers have clung to and reclaimed popular music on the radio in desperate and creative ways.
Travels into North America
Authors: Kalm Peter
Published: May 2013

Peter Kalm (1716–79) was a Finnish-Swedish botanist who travelled extensively to observe the natural world in Sweden, Finland, Russia and Ukraine and became a professor of 'oeconomie', - the economic application of subjects such as mineralogy, botany, zoology and chemistry - at the university of Turku. Between 1747 and 1751 he set out on a journey through eastern North America to gather specimens, especially from regions with a similar climate to Sweden. Because Kalm travelled though the area when much of it was still unknown to Europeans, this work has some of the first recorded accounts of places such as Niagara Falls. Kalm played an important part in forging scientific links between Sweden, England and North America. This three-volume work details his travels, and was first published in English in 1770–1. Volume 3 focuses on Kalm's observations of plants and animals in Canada, especially around the French-speaking settlements.
A Diary in America
Authors: Marryat Frederick
Published: May 2013

Captain Frederick Marryat (1792–1848) was a distinguished naval officer, today best remembered as a novelist (particularly of stories for children), often drawing on his own experiences. He also edited a radical journal, and wrote non-fiction, including an attack on press-gangs, which damaged his career. He spent 1837 and 1838 travelling in North America, publishing his impressions in this unstructured six-volume 'diary' in 1839. He states that the number of contradictory and often trivial accounts of American life being published made him want to see the New World for himself. He found it impossible to make generalisations, given the size of the country and the different origins of new arrivals, and did not believe America would become a nation for many years. Volume 1 includes an introductory essay, a description of the Atlantic crossing, and travel on the eastern seaboard.
Histoire de la Révolution Française
Authors: Blanc Louis
Published: May 2013

Louis Blanc (1811–82) was a French historian and politician whose writings had a considerable influence on the development of French socialism. In his famous Organisation du travail (1839) he called for social reform by action of the State, an unusual position at the time. As a member of the provisional government established after the 1848 Revolution, he campaigned for workers' rights, advocating the creation of cooperative workshops. His twelve-volume Histoire de la Révolution Française (1847–62), most of which he wrote while in exile in England, combines years of thorough research with Blanc's characteristic socialist and republican enthusiasm. Volume 6, first published in 1864, deals with the elections of 1791 and the ensuing period of constitutional crisis. It describes the months leading up to the war with Austria, and culminates with the invasion of the Tuileries Palace by the people on 20 June 1892.