bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of core stabilization exercises on functional disability in patients with chronic low back pain
Authors: Kapetanovic Amila , Jerkovic Sabina , Avdic Dijana
Published: May 2016

Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess core stabilization exercise effects in reducing functional disability in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP).Methods: This study included total of 90 patients aged 40 to 60 years. After a ten-day rehabilitation program the patients from an examination group (n = 30) performed home exercise program five times a week, patients from a first control group (n = 30) three times a week, while patients from a second control group (n = 30) did not perform the exercises at all. The patients performed core stabilization exercises of moderate intensity once a day in 30 minutes sessions. The patient's functional disability was estimated using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI).Results: After two months of rehabilitation there was a statistically significant increase in functional ability in patients who performed the core stabilization exercises five times a week(p = 0.0001) and in patients who performed the core stabilization exercises three times per week (p = 0.0001). A statistically significant difference in functional ability was not recorded in patients who did not perform the exercises. The analysis of the average values of the ODI differences at the beginning and after two months of rehabilitation showed a statistically significant difference between the group who did not perform the exercises and the group who performed the core stabilization exercises three times a week (p = 0.0001), and between the group who did not perform the exercises and the group who performed the core stabilization exercises five times a week (p = 0.0001).Conclusions: The implementation of the core stabilization exercises leads to a reduction of functional disability in patients with CLBP.
THE ETHNOLINGUISTIC SITUATION IN INDRA MUNICIPALITY IN THE RURAL PART OF KRĀSLAVA REGION
Authors: Kļavinska Antra
Published: May 2016

The research is based on the processed questionnaire data gathered during the ethnolinguistic expedition to Indra municipality in the rural part of the region of Kraslava in June, 2007 (120 respondents). The paper analyzes the answers of the respondents regarding the ethnic self-identification of the people, their knowledge of languages, the dominance of languages,, and their functions in the micro and macro environments of Indra municipality. The most important conclusions are: There is a noticeable difference between the official statistical data and the notions of ethnic belonging of the respondents: the official statistics state that the dominant ethnic group in Indra municipality are Belorussians; however, the major part of respondents consider themselves to be Russians. The Russian language dominates in verbal and written communication in both the micro and the macro environment. Many respondents admit that they speak „their own” language in the municipality - Russian with lexical, morphological and phonetical elements of Belorussian and Polish. The role of the Latgalian language in the rural municipality is not important; the respondents do not see any perspectives for its use in the future. The Latvian language as the official language is respected in the administration of the municipality; however, there is a wish to recognize both Latvian and Russian as official languages. The roles of the school (for the acquisition of the Latvian language) and of the Church (the language of praying is Polish, but masses are held in Russian and Latgalian) are important for the formation of the linguistic scenery of Indra municipality. In the polyethnic and multilingual environment of Indra municipality, there is a predominantly tolerant attitude towards different languages and ethnic groups.
TAVERNS IN INDRA IN THE 1930s FROM A HISTORICAL POINT OF VIEW
Authors: Krēgere Olga
Published: May 2016

Based on the sources and literature available to the author, as well as on data obtained during field study, the paper describes the origins and functions of a tavern in Daugavpils region (now Kraslava region) in the rural Indra municipality in the 1930s. The chronology of the paper is determined by the founding of the establishment in 1929 and its operation until 1940 when Latvia was occupied by the USSR army. The paper is organized into three topical parts: first, the origins of the tavern are described, then the environment and its development over time, and finally the fulfillment of the tavern’s objectives in the economic and cultural life. The paper is based on the following: 1) documents of the Latvian State Historical Archives (hereinafter LSHA): The 1935 census materials of the State Statistics committee; Orders to the authorities issued by the head of the administration of Daugavpils County; Notices of the Indra rural municipality (until 1937 Piedruja rural municipality) to the head of the administration of Daugavpils Region; Lists of taxpayers (1929–1940); Population statistics (1941– 1943), 2) Audiotape-recorded narrations of the tavern building heir Anna Šiško obtained during Rezekne University College’s (2007), as well as factual material obtained during the interview (2008). Judging by Jānis Šiško’s family’s purposeful construction of the tavern and its role in Indra’s economic and social culture in the 30’s of the 20th century, it can be considered that its main function was customer service. The operation and the use of the tavern was adjusted to the particular needs of the social life according to the conditions during that period. The location of the tavern within reach of the railway station and the market square provided advantageous lodging and recreation facilities. These were used by the buyers of agricultural goods and corners, called „uzkupči”, arriving on a regular weekly basis from far away, mainly from Riga, by the producers of these goods from the wide neighbourhood, as well as by local farmers in the periods of supply and sale of sugar-beet, flax, and live stock. Therefore, the operation of the tavern contributed greatly to the economic activity of the municipality. Organized recreation – dances and open-air parties in the tavern yard on the playground and in the specially arranged spacious premises of a shed with the border guards brass band, and regular theatre performances and celebrations at the occasion of public holidays – introduced the tavern to the social life of Indra and made it a popular entertainment place in the finest sense of the word and thereby contributed to the enrichment of the county’s cultural life.
„f“ AND „h“ LETTERS' PROBLEM IN LATGALIAN LANGUAGE
Authors: Bierzeņš Aņss Ataols
Published: May 2016

In the article is told about the problem of letters’ (and sounds’) f and h in Latgalian language. These sounds have never been in any Latgalian dialect, in foreign words speakers always have been replaced them with other sounds. At the same time letters f and h have been used in written Latgalian at all times: from the first known book „Evangelia toto anno“ to the present day. What to do in this situation: to keep the way of the still alive traditional spoken language, or to yield to the pressure of other languages?

The author analyzes a variety of sources: tells about reconstructions of source languages and opinions of their researchers about presence/absence of these sounds in them, deals with f in contemporary Eurasian languages (Eastern Slavic: Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian; Finnic: Finnish, Estonian, Vyru; Turkic: Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Chuvash, Yakut; Persian: Pashto; Baltic: Lithuanian, Samogitian) and h in contemporary Eurasian languages (French, Kazakh, Lithuanian, Samogitian). Latgalian and Latvian dialects’ recordings, folk songs, ancient texts (from XVI–XVIII centuries), as well as Latgalian contemporary literature are analyzed. The author also evaluates inclusion of letters f and h in alphabet of the official Latgalian terms of spelling in year 2007.

Author establishes that there are five possible paths:

1) to use the f and h in all the words where they are in Latvian, Russian or other languages;

2) to keep p, k, g and c in traditionally used words, but to put f and h in newly borrowed ones;

3) do not use the f and h at all;

4) to use both variants parallely in the same words;

5) to write f and h, but to pronounce them as p and k.

Author concludes that the actualy usable are only two of them: the second one – the way of a compromise, and the third one – as the most appropriate to Latgalian phonological system.
ON THE LEXICAL-SEMANTIC SPACE OF THE CONCEPT ‘STUŅDINĪKS’
Authors: Belasova Inga
Published: May 2016

System of knowledge about the world taking shape in the human mind from birth is under constant development. Time and its measurement machines, varying over the centuries, embodies and reflects history, social life, ethnography and culture of certain nation. Folklore genres such as riddles and mutual chaffing songs have a vivid imagery, as well as strict regularities of forms, which appropriately also affects conservation of ancient aspects for understanding of certain perception.

Aim of the paper – to describe understanding of the concept ‘stuņdinīks’ (Latgalian for timepiece, clock) and its functionality in the Latgalian folklore. Lexically semantic field reveals the functional and axiological sectors for use of the concept ‘stuņdinīks’, as well as figurative pictures that were used for its representation and recognition in puzzles and mutual chaffing songs.

Meaning of the concept ‘stuņdinīks’ highlights three essential elements – the philosophical, which updates uniqueness of the time count and associative perception in Latgale, the axiological, showing material and spiritual values of ‘stuņdinīks’, and the lexical, where a single semantic field combines semantic variations of ‘stuņdinīks’. At a cognitive level ‘stuņdinīks’ is understood as a device for measuring time. While the emotional attitude to this reality is demonstrated by folklore, where conceptual content of ‘stuņdinīks’ appears in a variety of meaning transfers.

Lexically semantic field of the ‘stuņdinīks’ concept is composed of synonyms for ‘stuņdinīks’ (pulkstiņs, laikruods, zegars), its direct and figurative sense, word combinations with lexeme ‘stuņdinīks’ revealing functional and axiological sphere of the ‘stuņdinīks’ use, as well as figurative pictures that were used in folklore for representation and recognition of ‘stuņdinīks’. Semantic field in the context of analysis of the concept ‘stuņdinīks’ has to be perceived as an independent entity related to certain areas of human experience and in the psychological reality is shown and perceived in the folklore texts. ‘Stuņdinīks’ reflect the popularly-rooted perception of the object, by conferring to it real or imagined features and expressing ambiguously interpretable attitude towards it.

Lexically semantic elements contained within the field of ‘stuņdinīks’ concept represents significant concepts of Latgalians on the everyday realities. Their figurative interpretation reveals the emotional attitude existing in nation towards ‘stuņdinīks’ as a spiritual, as well as material value. Meaning transferences reflects the importance of ‘stuņdinīks’ singularity at the everyday and social level, while the cognitive level permits to discover features for setting it up in riddles and mutual chaffing songs.
NUMERALS’ USAGE PROBLEMS IN LATGALIAN LANGUAGE
Authors: Bierzeņš Aņss Ataols
Published: May 2016

In the article is told about some actual problems with numerals which came up in Latgalian language after intensification of its’ usage in 90ties:

1) to use or not to use a dot after ordinal numbers;

2) to use an ordinal indicator „№“ or „Nr.“;

3) how to decline the noun „gods“ ‘year’;

4) how to write calendar dates.

The author analyses a variety of sources: old Latgalian written texts – newspapers and calendars, spontanous dialectal speech, as well as solutions of these problems in other languages – mostly neighbor.

The conclusions are:

1) writing of ordinal numbers without a dot fits more to the Latgalian written tradition;

2) traditionally the ordinal indicator „№“ was used and there are no serious reasons to move to an other designation;

3) declination of the noun „gods“ should be discussed in a wider discuccion and in the context of nouns „ols“ i „mads“;

4) looks that the usage of genitive of the name of the month and adding of noun „dīna“ ‘day’ at the end is more traditional form of representation of calendar date.
ANALOGY OF EXHIBITS OF KĖDAINIAI REGIONAL MUSEUM WITH OBJECTS IN LATVIA AND BELARUS : COMPARISON OF WOODEN PLATES
Authors: Banys Vaidas
Published: May 2016

Plates in household of wealthy Europeans appeared only in the Early Modern Era, and among mostly people plates became a necessary tool only from the second half of the 19th century. New culture of eating using personal dishes was taken even earlier by manors and cities, meanwhile peasants considered it as unnecessary costs, that cannot supplant a personal dipper and slice of bread by a common table. In some European regions peasants used wooden dishes, that later were substituted by ceramic ones.
MICROTOPONYMY OF BELARUSIAN–LITHUANIAN–POLISH BORDERLANDS
Authors: Komara Veronika
Published: May 2016

In the present report we will focus on the analysis of microtoponyms of Bobrovniki (Babrowniki) village and its surroundings. The village is in Ostrovets (Astravets) district (Republic of Belarus, Grodno (Hrodna) region), north-western part of which borders on the Republic of Lithuania. This area is dominated by flat terrain, which, of course, influenced the system of names of geographical objects.

Microtoponyms are divided into 2 groups:

1) names of onomastic origin, which amounted to 53 % of the total number of microtoponymic units;

2) names of apellative origin, which amounted to 47 % of the total number of microtoponymic units collected by us.

In the first group of names we have distinguished the units, formed from the stems of official personal proper names, their spoken varieties and place names. Microtoponyms motivated by personal names are especially well represented.

In the second group of names we have found the names, formed from common nouns. The study of the structural organization of the names of small geographical objects of the village Bobrovniki and its environment showed, that names simple in their structure are more common than composite ones.

Origin of microtoponyms is characterized by heterogeneity. Of course, most of the names come from the ancestral Belarusian stems and roots – lexemes used in the Belarusian language from the times of Proto-Slavic, East Slavic period, id-est Belarusian own words. But there are detected microtoponymic units, formed by borrowed names as well. Among these microtoponyms the names of the Polish and Lithuanian descent have been recorded.

Microtoponymic units in the structure of which the suffixes that are typical of the Lithuanian language have been found:-uny- (-un-), rising to the Lithuanian -ūnai;- ishki- dating back to the Lithuanian -iški, -iškė, -iškis, -iška;-oyti (from Lithuanian -aičiai and -aitis).

In the study of this area there were also recorded microtoponymic units in the structure of which an element of Lithuanian stems has been detected.

Our material collected 24 % of the total number of names of units, that were formed under the influence of Polish and Lithuanian languages. Thus, it is safe to continue to study MICROTOPONYMY of Ostrovets area, and in particular Bobrovniki village and its surroundings. In this area, common names of small geographical objects that appeared in the Belarusian dialects under the influence of neighbouring languages are wide spread.
Evolving risk based monitoring scenario and change management associated with it
Authors: Sharma Neha
Published: May 2016

Clinical research and drug development is evolving continuously resulting in pharma companies looking for newer ways of getting drugs faster to the market. Managing clinical costs and coping with major regulatory hurdles poses challenges of finding ways to do more with a small budget. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance for industry on “risk based approach to monitoring”, TransCelerate Biopharma INCs “risk based monitoring methodology position paper” provides guidance, recommendations and methodologies for conducting risk based monitoring (RBM). However, limited experience in the implementation of these methodologies poses questions on practical challenges that pharmaceutical companies are either already facing or will face during the implementation of these recommendations. This paper describes the evolution of RBM strategies and discusses the complexities that clinical research organizations (CROs) and service providers could face while implementing RBM. This paper also suggests how pharma companies may have to adapt their organization to this new model by highlighting changes in roles and responsibilities of relevant stakeholders including site investigators, site monitors and lead data managers. A few suggestions for ensuring smooth change management have also been proposed for each stakeholder.
Kodiak brown bears surf the salmon red wave: direct evidence from GPS collared individuals
Authors: Deacy William , Leacock William , Armstrong Jonathan B. , Stanford Jack A.
Published: May 2016

A key constraint faced by consumers is achieving a positive energy balance in the face of temporal variation in foraging opportunities. Recent work has shown that spatial heterogeneity in resource phenology can buffer mobile consumers from this constraint by allowing them to track changes in resource availability across space. For example, salmon populations spawn asynchronously across watersheds, causing high‐quality foraging opportunities to propagate across the landscape, prolonging the availability of salmon at the regional scale. However, we know little about how individual consumers integrate across phenological variation or the benefits they receive by doing so. Here, we present direct evidence that individual brown bears track spatial variation in salmon phenology. Data from 40 GPS collared brown bears show that bears visited multiple spawning sites in synchrony with the order of spawning phenology. The number of sites used was correlated with the number of days a bear exploited salmon, suggesting the phenological variation in the study area influenced bear access to salmon, a resource which strongly influences bear fitness. Fisheries managers attempting to maximize harvest while maintaining ecosystem function should strive to protect the population diversity that underlies the phenological variation used by wildlife consumers.
Terrestrial‐aquatic linkage in stream food webs along a forest chronosequence: multi‐isotopic evidence
Authors: Ishikawa Naoto F. , Togashi Hiroyuki , Kato Yoshikazu , Yoshimura Mayumi , Kohmatsu Yukihiro , Yoshimizu Chikage , Ogawa Nanako O. , Ohte Nobuhito , Tokuchi Naoko , Ohkouchi Naohiko , Tayasu Ichiro
Published: May 2016

Long‐term monitoring of ecosystem succession provides baseline data for conservation and management, as well as for understanding the dynamics of underlying biogeochemical processes. We examined the effects of deforestation and subsequent afforestation of a riparian forest of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) on stable isotope ratios of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) and natural abundances of radiocarbon (Δ14C) in stream biota in the Mt. Gomadan Experimental Forest and the Wakayama Forest Research Station, Kyoto University, central Japan. Macroinvertebrates, periphytic algae attached to rock surfaces (periphyton), and leaf litter of terrestrial plants were collected from six headwater streams with similar climate, topography, and bedrock geology, except for the stand ages of riparian forests (from 3 to 49 yr old in five stands and >90 yr old in one reference stand). Light intensity and δ13C values of both periphyton and macroinvertebrates decreased synchronously with forest age in winter. A Bayesian mixing model indicates that periphyton contributions to the stream food webs are maximized in 23‐yr‐old forests. Except for grazers, most macroinvertebrates showed Δ14C values similar to those of terrestrial leaf litter, reflecting the influence of modern atmospheric CO2 Δ14C values. On the other hand, the Δ14C values of both periphyton and grazers (i.e., aquatic primary consumers) were significantly lower than that of modern atmospheric CO2, and were lowest in 23‐yr ‐old forest stands. Previous studies show that root biomass of C. japonica peaks at 15–30 yr after planting. These evidences suggest that soil CO2 released by root respiration and dispersed by groundwater weathers carbonate substrata, and that dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) with low Δ14C is incorporated into stream periphyton and some macroinvertebrates. The ecological response in the studied streams to clear‐cutting and replanting of Japanese cedar is much slower (~20 yr) than the chemical response (<5 yr). More than 50 yr is required for the food web structure to completely recover from clear‐cutting. The ecological delay is attributed to several biogeochemical factors, the understanding of which is critical to integrated management of forest–stream continuum and the prediction of ecosystem resilience in response to environmental change.
Small‐scale heterogeneity of microbial N uptake in streams and its implications at the ecosystem level
Authors: Peipoch Marc , Gacia Esperança , Bastias Elliot , Serra Alexandra , Proia Lorenzo , Ribot Miquel , Merbt Stephanie N. , Martí Eugènia
Published: May 2016

Large‐scale factors associated with the environmental context of streams can explain a notable amount of variability in patterns of stream N cycling at the reach scale. However, when environmental factors fail to accurately predict stream responses at the reach level, focusing on emergent properties from small‐scale heterogeneity in N cycling rates may help understand observed patterns in stream N cycling. To address how small‐scale heterogeneity may contribute to shape patterns in whole‐reach N uptake, we examined the drivers and variation in microbial N uptake at small spatial scales in two stream reaches with different environmental constraints (i.e., riparian canopy). Our experimental design was based on two 15N additions combined with a hierarchical sampling design from reach to microhabitat scales. Regardless of the degree of canopy cover, small‐scale heterogeneity of microbial N uptake ranged by three orders of magnitude, and was characterized by a low abundance of highly active microhabitats (i.e., hot spots). The presence of those hot spots of N uptake resulted in a nonlinear spatial distribution of microbial N uptake rates within the streambed, especially in the case of epilithon assemblages. Small‐scale heterogeneity in N uptake and turnover rates at the microhabitat scale was primarily driven by power relationships between N cycling rates and stream water velocity. Overall, fine benthic organic matter (FBOM) assemblages responded clearly to changes in the degree of canopy cover, overwhelming small‐scale heterogeneity in its N uptake rates, and suggesting that FBOM contribution to whole‐reach N uptake was principally imposed by environmental constraints from larger scales. In contrast, N uptake rates by epilithon showed no significant response to different environmental influences, but identical local drivers and spatial variation in each study reach. Therefore, contribution of epilithon assemblages to whole‐reach N uptake was mainly associated with emerging properties from small‐scale heterogeneity at lower spatial scales.
Cascading effects of early‐season herbivory on late‐season herbivores and their parasitoids
Authors: Hernandez‐Cumplido Johnattan , Glauser Gaetan , Benrey Betty
Published: May 2016

There is an increasing awareness that herbivory by one insect species induces changes in a plant that affect the performance of other herbivore species that feed on the same plant. However, previous studies of interspecies interactions mediated by plant defense responses have rarely taken into account different insect guilds or the third trophic level. Using a combination of field and laboratory experiments, we examined how early‐season herbivory in lima bean plants (Phaseolus lunatus) by the leaf‐chewing herbivore Cerotoma ruficornis and the bean pod weevil Apion godmani affects the abundance and performance of the seed beetle Zabrotes subfasciatus and that of its parasitoid Stenocorse bruchivora, which occurs on the plants at the end of the growing season. In addition, we determined the consequences of early‐season herbivore‐induced defenses on plant performance. We hypothesized that early‐season induction would affect plant reproduction and, hence, would alter the suitability of seeds for late‐season seed‐eating beetles, and that this would in turn alter the vulnerability of these seed beetles to parasitoids. We found strong support for these hypotheses. In the field, early‐season herbivory negatively affected plant reproduction and seeds of these plants suffered lower levels of infestation by seed‐eating beetles, which in turn suffered less parasitism. Laboratory assays with field‐collected seeds confirmed that the performance of beetles and parasitoids was lower on seeds from plants that had been subjected to early‐season herbivory. Further analyses revealed that seeds produced by control plants were larger, heavier, and had a higher concentration of cyanogenic glycosides and total protein content than seeds from plants subjected to herbivory. Our results provide insight into how direct and indirect interactions between and within different trophic levels affect the dynamics and structure of complex communities.
Resource‐dependent antagonistic coevolution leads to a new paradox of enrichment
Authors: Zhang Quan‐Guo , Buckling Angus
Published: May 2016

The classical, ecological, paradox of enrichment describes a phenomenon that resource enrichment destabilizes predator–prey systems by exacerbating population oscillations. Here we suggest a new, evolutionary, paradox of enrichment. Resource enrichment can lead to more asymmetrical predator–prey coevolution (i.e., extremely high levels of prey defenses against predators) that decreases predator abundances and increases predator extinction risk. A major reason for this is that high resource availability can reduce fitness costs associated with prey defenses. In our experiments with a bacterium and its lytic phage, nutrient‐balanced resource enrichment led to patterns in population demography and coevolutionary dynamics consistent with this coevolution‐based paradox of enrichment; in particular, phage population extinction events were observed under nutrient‐rich, not nutrient‐poor, conditions. Consistent with ecological studies, carbon‐biased resource enrichment (with carbon availability disproportionately increased relative to other nutrients) did not destabilize dynamics, and the asymmetry of coevolution was not altered in this context. Our work highlights the importance of integrating ecological and evolutionary thinking for studies of the consequences of nutrient pollution and other types of environmental changes.
Rates of formation and dissipation of clumping reveal lagged responses in tropical tree populations
Authors: Detto Matteo , Muller‐Landau Helene C.
Published: May 2016

The dynamics of spatial patterns of plant populations can provide important information about underlying processes, yet they have received relatively little attention to date. Here we investigate the rates of formation and dissipation of clusters and the relationship of these rates to the degree of aggregation (clumping) in models and in empirical data for tropical trees. In univariate models, exact solutions and simulations show that the rate of change of spatial patterns has a specific, linear relationship to the degree of aggregation at all scales. Shorter dispersal and/or weaker negative density dependence (NDD) result in both denser and longer‐lasting clusters. In multivariate host‐parasite models in contrast, the rate of change of spatial pattern is faster relative to the level of aggregation. We then analyzed the dynamics of spatial patterns of stems ≥1 cm diameter in 221 tropical tree species from seven censuses spanning 28 yr. We found that for most species, the rates of change in spatial patterns were faster than predicted from univariate models given their aggregation. This indicates that more complex dynamics involving multivariate interactions induce time lags in responses to aggregation in these species. Such lags could arise, for example, if it takes time for natural enemies to locate aggregations of their hosts. This combination of theoretical and empirical results thus shows that complex multilevel models are needed to capture spatiotemporal dynamics of tropical forests and provides new insights into the processes structuring tropical plant communities.
Old‐growth Neotropical forests are shifting in species and trait composition
Authors: van der Sande Masha T. , Arets Eric J. M. M. , Peña‐Claros Marielos , de Avila Angela Luciana , Roopsind Anand , Mazzei Lucas , Ascarrunz Nataly , Finegan Bryan , Alarcón Alfredo , Cáceres‐Siani Yasmani , Licona Juan Carlos , Ruschel Ademir , Toledo Marisol , Poorter Lourens
Published: May 2016

Tropical forests have long been thought to be in stable state, but recent insights indicate that global change is leading to shifts in forest dynamics and species composition. These shifts may be driven by environmental changes such as increased resource availability, increased drought stress, and/or recovery from past disturbances. The relative importance of these drivers can be inferred from analyzing changes in trait values of tree communities. Here, we evaluate a decade of change in species and trait composition across five old‐growth Neotropical forests in Bolivia, Brazil, Guyana, and Costa Rica that cover large gradients in rainfall and soil fertility. To identify the drivers of compositional change, we used data from 29 permanent sample plots and measurements of 15 leaf, stem, and whole‐plant traits that are important for plant performance and should respond to global change drivers. We found that forests differ strongly in their community‐mean trait values, resulting from differences in soil fertility and annual rainfall seasonality. The abundance of deciduous species with high specific leaf area increases from wet to dry forests. The community‐mean wood density is high in the driest forests to protect xylem vessels against drought cavitation, and is high in nutrient‐poor forests to increase wood longevity and enhance nutrient residence time in the plant. Interestingly, the species composition changed over time in three of the forests, and the community‐mean wood density increased and the specific leaf area decreased in all forests, indicating that these forests are changing toward later successional stages dominated by slow‐growing, shade‐tolerant species. We did not see changes in other traits that could reflect responses to increased drought stress, such as increased drought deciduousness or decreased maximum adult size, or that could reflect increased resource availability (CO2, rainfall, or nitrogen). Changes in species and trait composition in these forests are therefore most likely caused by recovery from past disturbances. These compositional changes may also lead to shifts in ecosystem processes, such as a lower carbon sequestration and “slower” forest dynamics.
Prostate cancer resistance to second generation hormonal agents
Authors: Claps Mélanie , Foroni Chiara , Berruti Alfredo
Published: May 2016

No abstract available
Use of first-line trabectedin in advanced leiomyosarcoma: a review of clinical data and future perspectives
Authors: Hindi Nadia , Duffaud Florence , Baldi Giacomo Giulio , Pautier Patricia
Published: May 2016

Leiomyosarcomas (LMS) represent a large subgroup of soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) generally considered moderately sensitive to conventional chemotherapy. Single-agent doxorubicin is the standard first-line therapy for advanced non-selected STS, although combination with ifosfamide appears to be superior in terms of objective response. Gemcitabine-based regimes, dacarbazine, trabectedin and pazopanib seem to be especially active in patients with advanced LMS, while the activity of ifosfamide in this histotype is low. Data derived from clinical trials and retrospective series show that trabectedin is especially active in L-sarcomas including non-gynecological and uterine LMS as well as liposarcomas, in particular myxoid liposarcomas. Trabectedin has also been tested in the first-line setting, alone or in combination with doxorubicin, for the treatment of LMS of uterine and non-uterine origin in a trial by the French Sarcoma Group (phase II study LMS-02) with encouraging results in terms of median progression-free survival and objective response. The toxicity profile of trabectedin appears to be comparable to, or even more manageable than, that of other chemotherapy combinations in the first-line setting. Designing new clinical trials based on specific histologic subtypes is feasible, and the results of such studies would help to optimize the management of patients with STS.
Letter to the Editor
Authors: D’Ambrosio Lorenzo , Pignochino Ymera , Grignani Giovanni
Published: May 2016

No abstract available
EXPERIÊNCIAS DE COMUNIDADE EM UM TERRÍTÓRIO NEGRO - Uma análise a partir do caso de Retiro, Santa Leopoldina/ES
Authors: Oliveira Osvaldo Martins de
Published: May 2016

O presente artigo é uma análise das experiências e noções de comunidade segundo o ponto de vista dos integrantes de um agrupamento que se define como uma comunidade composta de parentes pertencentes a uma mesma família, herdeiros e negros. Por isso, Retiro se define e é reconhecido pelo poder público como uma comunidade remanescente dos quilombos. Neste sentido, o artigo trabalhará com alguns conceitos, entre eles, território negro, quilombo e comunidade.Palavras-chave: Comunidade, território negro, quilombos, parentes e herdeiros.
RENOVANDO A LEITURA DA BÍBLIA NA SOCIEDADE PÓS-MODERNA
Authors: Tavares Zabatiero Júlio Paulo
Published: May 2016

Neste artigo descrevo três modelos de leitura da Bíblia presentes no Cristianismo na Modernidade e na transição desta para o mundo dito, inadequadamente, “pós-moderno”. O primeiro modelo é o que chamo de agônico, construído na Modernidade a partir da oposição radical entre razão e fé como duas vias excludentes de acesso à verdade. O segundo é chamado de egônico, construído na atualidade, a partir da adesão a um modelo de cristianismo chamado – também inadequadamente – de neo-pentecostalismo. A leitura egônica é uma leitura egocêntrica, consumista da Escritura. O terceiro modelo é chamado de dialógico, e tem sido construído em ambientes cristãos evangélicos, católicos populares e ecumênicos. Sua proposta é ler a Bíblia em função do amor a Deus e do amor ao próximo, como expressão da vida comunitária em Cristo.
O EXÍLIO DO SAGRADO: ENSAIOS DE ÉTICA SOCIAL E BÍBLICA
Authors: Neves Jr. Nerlito Rui G. S.
Published: May 2016

O presente artigo tem por finalidade expor algumas reflexões acerca da ética na sociedade, sob o ponto de vista filosófico-teológico, dando enfoque à sua importância, poder e manifestação no ambiente social, político, bem como nas Sagradas Escrituras. Para encampar a temática a ser abordada no presente artigo se buscará trazer à baila algumas considerações acerca do comportamento do ser humano no ambiente grupal, sob o ponto de vista dos valores morais, em meio às transformações sociais do mundo atual.  Desta forma, o pano de fundo terá como aspecto principal a visão ética social, política e bíblica do homem dentro do recinto em que vive. Para maior reflexão e provocação da discussão, o aspecto principal a ser abordado será a de se tentar responder à indagação de o ser humano, hoje, viver ou não em um ambiente ético e, partindo do Evangelho de Marcos, qual a contribuição que a Sagrada Escritura poderá dar nesse contexto.Palavras-chave: Ética Biblica. Social. Política.
UMA BREVE ABORDAGEM SÓCIO-CULTURAL, ANTROPOLÓGICA E RELIGIOSA NA MODERNIDADE
Authors: Farias de Azevedo Marcos Antônio
Published: May 2016

Olhando nosso tempo, chamado de (pós) moderno, constatamos que uma de suas grandes marcas é a centralidade da razão em detrimento da emoção e, porque não dizer, da própria fé. O homem é o sujeito absoluto da história, desprovido agora de qualquer interferência que lhe seja externa, principalmente se for divina. O Iluminismo como um dos grandes marcos da era moderna, ainda que ela tenha seus antecedentes, provocou um tremendo secularismo no mundo ocidental. Como dissemos em outro artigo, quando falávamos sobre o fenômeno da pós-modernidade, neste mundo dessacralizado, de onde Deus foi banido e no qual a última e única palavra é a do homem e no qual pesam as aparências de vitalidade espiritual, projetadas pelas lideranças institucionais, observa-se as marcas de uma tirania e de um farisaísmo espirituais, vincados pelo legalismo, pelo conservadorismo carnal e pela paranóia, esta sustentada por aqueles que usurpam a autoridade da Palavra e do Evangelho da graça, do dom gratuito – e esta autoridade só a estes pertence. Nesse novo mundo moderno, Deus tem sérios problemas de habitação, pois o homem, por ter alcançado sua maioridade, já não mais precisa de Deus e O lança cada vez mais para a margem da existência, com sérias conseqüências éticas para o próprio homem, envolvido, agora, pelas religiões de consumo. Assim, o autor aborda neste artigo, dentro do modelo da modernidade, uma tentativa de definição do paradigma da modernidade e, em seguida, procura apresentar quatro dimensões fundamentais como paradigmas desse novo tempo, que são as dimensões sócio-cultural, econômica, antropológica e religiosa. Caminha na direção do papel do religioso nesse novo ambiente cultural e qual a influência da Fé Cristã sobre o emergente paradigma, bem como de que forma a Fé Cristã está sob o impacto da modernidade.Palavras-chave: Modernidade. Cristianismo. Antropologia. Cultura; Religião. Sociedade.
A APOCALÍPTICA E A NOMIA CRISTÃ
Authors: Pera Juan Pablo Sena
Published: May 2016

De acordo com o afamado especialista em Novo Testamento Rudolf Bultmann, as primeiras pregações missionárias dos cristãos eram essencialmente escatológicas, com motivos provenientes dos escritos apocalípticos. Dessa forma, é importante que se elucide a importância que as esperanças escatológicas possuíam no imaginário judaico-cristão, para que se possa compreender como a pessoa de Jesus de Nazaré se insere nessa tradição escatológica, e como os primeiros cristãos gentílicos se utilizaram da esperanças escatológicas inscritas na literatura apocalíptica, para fundamentar o entendimento do cristianismo paulino, futuro esteio da Igreja que se constituía, a respeito dos dois pilares fundamentais do cristianismo gentílico, a saber: a justificação pela fé em Cristo e a dispensa aos cristãos gentios da prática da Lei de Moisés. Neste artigo não abordaremos diretamente estas duas últimas questões. Tão somente analisaremos a importância histórica da apocalíptica no judaísmo do Segundo Templo, e no cristianismo nascente, a fim de possibilitar reflexões ulteriores por parte dos leitores.Palavras-chave: Nomia. Aanomia. Apocalíptica. Escatologia. Cristianismo.
MEMÓRIA E ESQUECIMENTO: IMPLICAÇÕES PARA AS RELAÇÕES DE CUIDADO
Authors: Rocha Abdruschin Schaeffer
Published: May 2016

O texto em questão pretende discutir a relação memória-esquecimento, e as implicações desse binômio para as relações de cuidado. Parte do pressuposto de que o momento presente, aqui denominado contemporaneidade, manifesta-se paradoxalmente, e, conquanto esse caráter possa ser corroborado a partir de várias relações, tais como as relações identidade-alteridade, racional-estético, encantamento-desencantamento, e etc., pretende-se focar um desses muitos paradoxos, a saber: a relação entre a tradição e a emergência, vista dialeticamente. Para tanto, investigará tal paradoxo, por um lado, à luz da crítica nietzschiana da tradição e, por outro, à luz da importância e do sentido de temporalidade, bem como sugerirá possibilidades de um cuidado que se efetive tanto por meio da memória quanto por meio do esquecimento.Palavras-chave: Memória. Esquecimento. Cuidado. Tradição. Paradoxo.
CRIAÇÃO: A LUTA CONTRA O CAOS
Authors: Rückert Paulo Roberto
Published: May 2016

A atividade criadora de Deus é a luta contra o caos. Para se referir ao caos, o Antigo Testamento emprega uma terminologia própria de sua época e de seu contexto, que é o Antigo Oriente, mencionando o mar, o dragão, Leviatan, Behemoth, Rahab. Deus criou, continua criando e conduz a sua criação ao telos (objetivo final). A criação é contínua, pois o caos pode retornar, principalmente na forma de catástrofes da natureza. Como imagem de Deus, o ser humano é chamado a administrar a criação, que lhe é confiada. A criação é o início da redenção. E a redenção é a plenitude da criação. Derrotando as forças do caos, Deus quer estabelecer o seu reino. Jesus combateu o caos, quando ameaçou ao vento e ordenou ao mar que se calasse. Ele curou doentes, devolveu a vida aos mortos e caminhou sobre o mar. Enquanto o caos pode retornar, Deus nos concede forças para lutar contra as forças desintegradoras da vida.
DR. DONALD E. CAPPS: UMA BREVE INTRODUÇÃO À SUA TEOLOGIA PASTORAL PARTE 1 de 2
Authors: Linhares Bruno J.
Published: May 2016

Este artigo, dividido em duas partes, explora, brevemente, cinco livros de Donald E. Capps, professor-emérito de Teologia Pastoral no Princeton Theological Seminary, Nova Jersey, EUA. Apresenta os fundamentos teológicos e filosóficos para a compreensão de seu trabalho, centrado na sua perspectiva hermenêutica para interpretação bíblica inspirada nas ideias de Paul Ricœur, como fonte para a interpretação de “textos” humanos. Assim fundamentados, elementos reveladores de aspectos da vida pessoal e congregacional são explicitados através de histórias que, por sua vez, são re-enquadrados na prática da Poimênica, sob uma perspectiva de esperança.Palavras-chave: Teologia Pastoral. Teologia Prática. Hermenêutica. Aconselhamento Pastoral. Poimênica. Clínica Teológica.
Editorial
Authors: Farias de Azevedo Marcos Antônio
Published: May 2016

Editorial Reflexus 5.
EVANGELHOS E BIOGRAFIAS EM DIÁLOGO: AS INFLUÊNCIAS DOS GÊNEROS LITERÁRIOS DA ANTIGUIDADE TARDIA NOS EVANGELHOS CANÔNICOS
Authors: Kibuuka Brian Gordon L.
Published: May 2016

Resumo: O artigo consiste na análise das relações entre os evangelhos cristãos canônicos e alguns dos gêneros biográficos da Antiguidade tardia cujos modelos de alguma forma manifestam paralelos importantes com os textos cristãos sobre Jesus.Palavras-chave: Evangelhos. Biografia helenística. Encômio. Gênero literário.
A DIACONIA NA FALA E NA AUDIÇÃO DE JESUS
Authors: Santos Francisco de Assis Souza
Published: May 2016

O presente artigo aborda a importância de uma audição holística no decorrer de um aconselhamento pastoral. Tem como exemplo a narrativa encontrada no evangelho de Lucas, em que Jesus, quando caminhava com os discípulos no percurso que os levaria até Emaús, mostra-nos como a diaconia auditiva fez parte de seu ministério. Nos tempos chamados modernos, apesar de toda tecnologia desenvolvida para a comunicação de massa, o ser humano ainda necessita de alguém que esteja ao seu lado, para ouvi-lo, acolhe-lo e orientá-lo. O ouvir de Jesus é dinâmico e sua fala criadora. Assim, aquele que está engajado na diaconia do aconselhamento poderá perceber que a arte de ouvir e aconselhar está para além de métodos frios e impessoais.Palavras-chave: Jesus. Diaconia. Aconselhamento.
FILOSOFIA E RELIGIÃO NO SÉCULO XVI – APOLOGIA DE RAYMOND SEBOND (ENSAIOS II, 12), DE MICHEL DE MONTAIGNE
Authors: Filho José Adriano
Published: May 2016

No ensaio “Apologia de Raymond Sebond” (Ensaios II, 12), Michel de Montaigne defende Raymond Sebond, teólogo espanhol fiel à Igreja, que escreveu o Livro das Criaturas (Theologia naturalis sive liber creaturarum magistri Raymondi de Sabonde). A “Apologia de Raymond Sebond” indica o interesse de Montaigne pelo ceticismo antigo, pois ele percebeu sua relevância para as discussões religiosas da sua época. Entretanto, o desenvolvimento do ceticismo nos séculos XV e XVI não tem as conotações anti-religiosas que alcançou mais tarde, pois gira em torno da questão de se o homem pode ou não alcançar um conhecimento confiável através do meios naturais, sendo raramente utilizado para desacreditar a religião.Palavras-chave: Ceticismo. Religião. Século XVI.
COMO SOBREVIVER AO SILÊNCIO DE DEUS? ALGUMAS ESTRATÉGIAS DO LIVRO DE DANIEL
Authors: Kilpp Nelson
Published: May 2016

O livro de Daniel mostra a preocupação de seus autores em reanimar a fé e a esperança em tempos de aflição, perseguição, ameaça de morte e perda de identidade. Recorre a profecias do passado e narrativas de cunho sapiencial que circulavam no meio do povo e as reelabora de modo a servirem a seus propósitos. O livro procura convencer os fiéis de que Deus está no comando da história mundial. O momento presente não é sinal da ausência de Deus nem de sua impotência, muito menos de sua injustiça. As pessoas que, na aflição, perseverarem em sua fé jamais serão abandonadas.Palavras-chave: Literatura Apocalíptica. Daniel. Perseguição. Perda de identidade.
PENTECOSTALIDADE DA MISSÃO LATINO-AMERICANA: UMA NOVA REFORMA NA IGREJA?
Authors: Oliveira David Mesquiati de
Published: May 2016

O artigo versa sobre a influência do pentecostalismo na igreja protestante latino-americana. Parte do conceito de pentecostalidade para fundamentar uma tendência e princípio ordenador. O evento do Pentecostes está sendo revivido e reinterpretado. O Espírito é um só, o que promove comunhão e criatividade, através de sua obra criadora. Ele caracteriza a teologia pentecostal clássica e aponta elementos de uma missiologia pentecostal. Conclui identificando-se com estudiosos  que apontam o pentecostalismo como uma nova reforma na igreja. Essa reforma tem produzido diferentes formas de culto, pregação, liderança e de missão. O conceito de missão é apresentado como elemento existencial e identitário do pentecostalismo brasileiro.
OS ANOS REBELDES DO PROTESTANTISMO BRASILEIRO
Authors: Schmidt Daniel A.
Published: May 2016

Num período bastante curto na história brasileira o discurso político evangélico foi marcado por uma preocupação com a realidade nacional. Este discurso iniciou-se em meados dos anos cinquenta e terminou de forma trágica nos períodos mais duros do Regime Militar. A atividade política de Guaracy Silveira e de Heleny Guariba indica que a relação dos protestantes com a política havia mudado de tom nos anos sessenta, uma mudança que veio permeada de todas as características de seu contexto histórico.Palavras-chave: Protestantismo. Política. Sociedade Brasileira.
A RECONCILIAÇÃO CÓSMICA E O DIÁLOGO INTER-RELIGIOSO REFLEXÕES A PARTIR DE COLOSSENSES 1,15-20
Authors: Zabatiero Julio Paulo T.
Published: May 2016

Reconciliação é uma das metáforas neotestamentárias que descrevem a obra redentora de Deus em Cristo. Num mundo plural, esta metáfora merece receber especial atenção devido ao seu potencial para a restauração da amizade e harmonia entre pessoas, religiões e povos. O diálogo inter-religioso se faz a partir da vocação do povo de Deus para a reconciliação, em Cristo, de todas as coisas com Deus, e de todas as pessoas umas com as outras e com toda a criação divina. A origem, a origem, a finalidade e o caminho do diálogo inter-religioso são um e o mesmo: a reconciliação de toda a criação com Deus, em Cristo.Palavras-chave: Reconciliação. Diálogo Inter-Religioso. Paz.
A INCIDÊNCIA DA TEOLOGIA SOBRE A ECLESIOLOGIA: UM MODELO DE APROXIMAÇÃO UMA LEITURA A PARTIR DA LITERATURA NEO-TESTAMENTÁRIA
Authors: Rocha Alessandro Rodrigues da
Published: May 2016

O artigo discute a incidência da teologia sobre a eclesiologia na extensão da literatura neo-testamentária, sobretudo a literatura paulina e pastoral. Busca-se abordar as perspectivas teológicas e as formas eclesiais de tal literatura numa tentativa de aproximação ao testemunho e à vivência comunitária da fé no cristianismo nascente. A proposta fundamental é evidenciar a passagem de uma teologia e eclesiologia desenvolvida em perspectiva plural para uma teologia e eclesiologia em perspectiva unívoca.Palavras-chave: Teologia. Eclesiologia. Pluralidade. Univocidade.