bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of an Influence of Real Values of V-Block Method Parameters on the Method Accuracy of V-Block Waviness Measurement of Rotary Machine Parts
Authors: Adamczak Stanislaw , Zmarzły Paweł , Stępień Krzysztof
Published: August 2015

The article deals with an application of the V-block method to waviness measurements of rotary mechanical parts. The most popular methods used to measure waviness profile are radial ones. These methods are characterized by a high measurement accuracy and they are usually used to measure waviness profile of small parts under laboratory conditions. Furthermore radial waviness measurements are time-consuming due to centering of measured object on measuring table. Since, large size cylinders are used in many branches of industry, it is necessary to develop another method that allows to determine waviness deviations under industrial conditions. For this purpose the V-block method can be applied.
This article presents a design and a principle of operation of a measuring device based on the V-block method. The device was used in the experimental part of the research work to measure waviness profiles. Paper describes also the procedure of identification of real values of V-block method parameters (angles α and β) used in measuring device. For the nominal and real values of angles α and β an experimental V-block method accuracy was calculated. The research result presented in this article indicate that the identification of real values of V-block method parameters increases the method accuracy.
Inspecting the Quality of Fly Ash and the Identification of Areas of their Economic Utilisation
Authors: Molenda Jarosław
Published: August 2015

The content of unburned carbon in the fly ash is one of the indicators that allow the assessment of the correctness of the process of the combustion of pulverized coal in conventional power plants, as well as the identification of emerging economic usefulness of ash by-products, which are used, among others, as additives for cements [1]. This forces constant quality checks of generated fly ash. Routinely such tests are carried out periodically with use of laboratory equipment. However, technological progress allows the measurements in semi-real-time on the samples of ash taken directly from a stream of air-ash aerosol. Often used methods in commercial analytical equipment are the microwave methods [2]. Other solutions, currently used in conventional power measurement systems, are devices using x-ray and dielectric methods. X-rays and the measurement of the dielectric parameters of the carbon in the ash are used in, for example, SYSKON 201. The method employed in this solution allows the detection of carbon in the ash in the concentration range from 0 to 16%. However, in this technique, the use of radiation sources requires maintenance of certain operating procedures that may pose a barrier to install this type of equipment in some power plants. It is also possible to use photo-acoustic techniques or laser light scattering [3-5]. A photo-acoustic signal is generated by the absorption of radiation by the sample placed in a sealed chamber filled with gas (nitrogen, helium). Radiation absorbed by the sample causes it to heat up and expand the surrounding gas. The heat wave penetrates the surrounding gas, generates heat at a frequency fluctuation in accordance with the frequency modulation of radiation, and causes changes in gas pressure and, consequently, the formation of the acoustic wave recorded by a highly sensitive microphone [6]. Important limitations of the industrial application of this method is the problem of placing the sample in the measuring chamber filled with an inert gas and the high sensitivity of the measuring equipment to external vibration. The presented characteristics of current methods of monitoring the quality of fly ash directly in technological conditions shows that every solution has some limitations that hinder the application in technological lines. Therefore, development work is carried out to develop other simple and effective methods for monitoring the carbon content of fly ash [7, 8].
Methodology of Comparative Studies on Air-Handling Units with Heat Recuperation
Authors: Kozioł Stanisław , Zacharski Szymon
Published: August 2015

The increasing prices of energy and the drive to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere observed in the recent years have contributed to the intensive development of research on how to reduce the energy consumption of buildings. The confirmations of the current trends are the formal and legal regulations of the European Union that require the buildings to be passive and “zero-energy” in the near future. The introduction of new elements helping one to save energy in the structure of a building requires their formal verification and the confirmation of their safety, effectiveness, and parameters crucial from the point of their application in residential buildings and offices. The authors present an original prototype of an innovative device and a methodology of conducting studies on air-handling units with heat recuperation used in passive and energy-saving buildings. They also discuss the structure and the modus operandi of the system that reconstructs the actual operating conditions of a tested object. The system was used for tests on the tightness of several air-handling units, which also aimed at the verification of their thermal efficiency and the effectiveness of the recuperation of humidity. Air-handling unit tests came from different manufacturers, and they all had the function of heat recuperation. The authors present the results of their investigations that enabled the assessment of the safety of the objects tested, and they also facilitated the comparison of their performance parameters deciding on the energy effect. The tests also formed the foundation for the verification of the developed research system.
A Method and Device for Testing Impact Resistance of Glassware
Authors: Zacharski Szymon , Jóźwik Wojciech
Published: August 2015

Currently, nearly 1.5 M tons of different types of glassware are produced in Poland, and the majority of it is used as packaging in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. The article presents a method for testing impact resistance of glassware, which was developed at the ITeE-PIB. The authors also present a prototype of a device for glassware tests, discuss a test procedure applied in such tests, and show the results of verification tests for which a high-speed digital camera was used to record the impact strength and the propagation of cracks in glassware. The device in question has been successfully implemented in an industrial research laboratory.
Initial Research of Impact Strength in Adhesive Joints
Authors: Komorek Andrzej , Przybyłek Paweł
Published: August 2015

The article presents a description of the impact block shear test method of adhesive joints. Based on ISO 9653 and literature a pendulum machine was upgraded to make impact strength tests of adhesive joints and validation studies were conducted to determine the parameters of instrumentation and block samples. As a result of the experiments a range of the usable length of the adhesive joint and methods of adhesive joints preparation was selected, and it was determined the adopted method of attachment of the sample in the holder and the pendulum durability. A series of tests on adhesive joints were conducted using samples bonded of adhesive composition Epidian 57 with Z1 hardener for one bondline thickness. Preliminary findings from the research will be used in subsequent, relevant research.
Event Driven Networked Control System for Impact Load Monitoring
Authors: Majcher Andrzej
Published: August 2015

The article describes the application of the event-driven networked control system (NCS) for impact load monitoring. The main problem in this type of application is measurement synchronization, which should provide full information about the impact in terms of stochastic delays introduced by the network and stochastic characteristics of the actuator. Using the simulation model of the NCS system, the method of solving this particular problem was developed. The results of verification tests for the real object and a synchronized dynamic measurement of signals from resistance strain gauges are presented. The described system can find use in monitoring and fault detection, in tasks connected with dynamics of liquids and gases, acoustics, and the analysis of resistance properties of materials and technical objects.
Key words: Networked control system (NCS), event maintenance, event synchronization, impact monitoring, measurement trigger, strain gauge.
Analysis of a Machine Safety System for a Modular PVD Test Stand
Authors: Przybylski Jan
Published: August 2015

Functionality, the quality of work and safety are crucial aspects of the design and implementation process for every new mechanical device, including PVD devices. In the case of the latter, these aspects are closely related to the issue of the batch load. The article presents the analysis and implementation of a machine safety system designed for a modular PVD test stand conducted in accordance with the 2006/42/WE Directive on Machinery. The author presents methods for assessing safety levels of implemented functions and indicates the safety level for which the goals set are met. The analysis the authors conducted can be used for any mechanical device that presents safety concerns due to the presence of moving parts.
The Analysis of Prototype Cast Constructions and the Assessment of their Technological and Exploitation Properties
Authors: Pysz Stanisław , Żuczek Robert
Published: August 2015

The article describes the application of various methods of rapid prototyping for manufacturing of prototype castings. This technology assumes that the properties of such a casting are similar to properties of a casting obtained in serial production involving die-casting technologies or high pressure die casting. However, other conditions of metal preparation, pouring, and the solidification process, related to the specificity of manufacturing of a single casting with the application of rapid prototyping, as compared to serial production generate different final properties. Numerical simulations of exploitation conditions, with the use of Ansys and Abaqus software, were conducted for selected constructions taking into account the final properties of a casting. MAGMASoft software was used for the analysis of the technological process for manufacturing of prototype castings, as well as in serial production. The article describes the consecutive stages for manufacturing of selected prototype castings - from the moment of designing to manufacturing of a ready-made element. The selected elements were produced with the use of rapid prototyping with a 3D Z-Corp printer and a FDM Titan machine, and then model sets were prepared for casting with the application of the lost wax casting technique.The conducted analysis was aimed at defining methodology for manufacturing prototype castings with the use of numerical simulation tools, especially the implementation of boundary conditions achieved as a result of solidification analysis and techniques of rapid prototyping. It was stated that final properties of a prototype casting and a serial casting may be different, which may impact the assessment of the construction under development. The use of numerical calculations for the assessment of a prototype and serial construction with exploitation parameters broadens the expertise with final properties of the analysed construction.
Device for Low-Cost Assembly of Chips in RFID Inlays
Authors: Samborski Tomasz , Wiejak Jan , Matras Eugeniusz
Published: August 2015

Security systems employ the RFID method to protect objects and data and to ensure public safety and the safety of commercial activity, e.g. through the control over technological processes. The research activity aimed at improving the level of safety of electronic and technical protection needs to be verified through the manufacture of prototype IDs with RFID inlays.The authors presents an original experimental device enabling the implementation of individual chips in RFID inlays, which were made on a flexible base to which an RFID antenna is attached. The collection of the chip from the dispenser and an unambiguous orientation of the soldered tips in relation to the antenna are provided by a four-axis vacuum manipulator cooperating with a vision system identifying the location of the chip on the manipulator and its final application area. A computer control system enables the operation in two modes, i.e. a semi-automatic mode in which it is possible to manually control the order and the way in which individual tasks are performed, and an automatic mode conducted according to the designed algorithm. The developed device is intended for research on the ways to improve the manufacturing techniques and electronic document protection by means of RFID technologies.
Test System for Electromechanical Drives Used in Changeable Ambient Conditions
Authors: Samborski Tomasz
Published: August 2015

The durability and reliability of electromechanical drives is inseparably linked to the broadly defined environmental conditions under which they operate. The design of new solutions characterised by a high level of safety requires the execution of laboratory tests in accordance with the applicable legal regulations, and with a particular focus on the user requirements, that would simulate the actual environment of application.
The aim of the research was to develop a test system for electromechanical drives that can be used in particularly demanding systems, e.g. fire protection or process control systems. The hardware and software solutions applied allow one to determine the characteristics (force, displacement, current, and supply voltage as a function of time) in changeable climatic conditions. As part of the verification of the system, the author studied the prototypes of electromechanical ball-screw actuators developed at the Institute for Sustainable Technologies – National Research Institute (ITeE-PIB) and dedicated for the rail traffic control system.
Lubricant Purification Device and a Method for Lubricant Recycling
Authors: Rogoś Elżbieta
Published: August 2015

The pro-ecological production processes in enterprises require minimising the amount of generated waste products, for example, by processing them and recycling. Often, spent plastic lubricants do not meet performance requirements in only some of their properties, and after physiochemical treatment, they can be used in places with lower performance requirements. This article presents a multi-stage method, a device for the purification of used lubricants, and ways to modify the purified products in plastic cold forming. The tests were conducted on a mixture of lubricants after slotted filtration treatment and chemical composition adjustment. The efficiency of lubricant purification was evaluated. Physicochemical and functional properties related to the performance of final products were determined. It was found that, as a result of the applied purification processes and chemical composition modification, the obtained products were characterized by high durability, meeting the requirements of lubricants for cold forming.
Innovative Method for the Combustion of Glycerol Fraction in Solid Fuel Grate Boiler
Authors: Swat Marek
Published: August 2015

The possibility of the economic utilisation of the glycerine phase and soaps will decide on the profitability of biofuel production technologies. A concept of using waste glycerol fraction, which is a by-product of esterification, as an energy source in a typical solid fuel grate boiler is investigated. Based on studies of the combustion of glycerol fraction in an adapted commercial boiler, it was found that the combustion process of glycerol fraction is very different from the combustion of solid fuels. Established technology for fuel delivery (injection into the combustion chamber) determines the dynamics of the combustion process and the intensity of oxidation, and its effects can be controlled by the characteristics of the injection of glycerol phase. It is possible to use glycerol fraction as an alternative fuel that is neutral for the environment (CO2 emission factor = 0) in a typical solid fuel grate boiler.
Unique Optomechatronic Systems for Fatigue Monitoring
Authors: Giesko Tomasz , Boroński Dariusz
Published: August 2015

The authors present examples of the developed unique optomechatronic systems for the monitoring of fatigue of materials. The systems employ different solutions from the area of optomechatronic technologies like machine vision methods with single-camera and dual-camera vision systems. Additionally, the article discusses the most important functional features and application possibilities of the developed apparatus.
Simulation Model of Surface Heterogeneity, Using Gielis' Superformula for Adaptive Methods of Image Analysis
Authors: Wójcicki Tomasz
Published: August 2015

The article presents a developed orginal model designed to increase the efficiency of the processes of the design of adaptive image analysis methods used for detection of surface defects in materials. The model was created as part of activities related to the Strategic Program – Specialized knowledge bases and expert systems for the simulation of complex processes. The methods presented in this paper make it possible to accelerate design process, including testing of algorithms developed for a wide range of surface defects, such as: cracks, discoloration, loss of materials, geometric distortion, or even the presence of defect agglomerations caused by corrosion, without the need for the acquisition of the physical image of the actual objects. This in many cases can be a significant problem for engineers who design automatic optical inspection systems, because the acquisition of test objects with specified defects which are characterized by a fixed range of values of selected parameters is not always possible. This paper presents a formal model designed to generate material defects on the surface of three-dimensional virtual objects, which is equivalent to the acquisition of actual data from vision systems. The model takes into account various surface characteristics such as their texture or roughness by using mapping by the Blinn method. The results of the use of the system developed for the classification of products represented in digital images for which image analysis algorithms have been based on so-called artificial intelligence in the form of dedicated neural networks are presented. As described in this paper, artificial neural networks are an example of adaptive models, and provide the ability to solve problems for which there are no deterministic models. The models, however, require the use of learning processes (training) with the use of extensive data sets, which in this case were generated with the use of the developed solution model.
The Use of Texture Analysis in Optical Inspection of Manufacturing Processes
Authors: Marciniak Tomasz , Maszewski Mirosław , Marciniak Beata , Lutowski Zbigniew
Published: August 2015

The paper presents a method of optical inspection of manufacturing processes in the visible band. The presented model of the test bench was based on a monochrome CCD camera that allows one to conduct research in the field of digital image analysis. The wavelet transform was proposed for the detection of objects. This wavelet transform allows examining pictures with use of textures. The article presents an analysis of the results of experiments for selected objects using the proposed method, allowing the evaluation of the correctness of classification. In the article, the advantages of using the proposed method in a sample manufacturing process to recognizing surface defects (e.g. cracks or scratches) is discussed.
Development of a Tele-ICU Postorientation Support Program for Bedside Nurses
Authors: Brindise Theresa , Baker Manisa Phophairat , Juarez Pat
Published: August 2015

The end of the formal unit orientation program is a stressful time of adjustment for nurses hired into critical care without previous critical care experience. Although most units offer reassurance that experienced colleagues will provide the needed guidance, consistent support may not be available for many reasons. Development of a structured postorientation program designed to provide support and ongoing feedback to bedside nurses who have completed orientation is one strategy to assist nurses through this period of adjustment. The experience and expertise of the tele–intensive care unit nurse are excellent resources that can be called on to provide the needed support.
Early Mobilization: Changing the Mindset
Authors: Castro Emily , Turcinovic Michael , Platz John , Law Isabel
Published: August 2015

BACKGROUND

Staff in the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) had several concerns about mobilizing patients receiving mechanical ventilation.

OBJECTIVE

To assess and improve the mindset of SICU staff toward early mobilization of patients receiving mechanical ventilation before, 6 months after, and 1 year after implementation of early mobilization.

METHODS

The Plan-Do-Study-Act model was used to guide the planning, implementation, evaluation, and interventions to change the mindset and practice of SICU staff in mobilizing patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Interventions to overcome barriers to early mobilization included interdisciplinary collaboration, multimodal education, and operational changes. The mindset of the SICU staff toward early mobilization of patients receiving mechanical ventilation was assessed by using a survey questionnaire distributed 2 weeks before, 6 months after, and 1 year after implementation of early mobilization.

RESULTS

The median score on 6 of 7 survey questions changed significantly from before, to 6 months after, to 1 year after implementation, indicating a change in the mindset of SICU staff toward early mobilization of patients receiving mechanical ventilation. The SICU staff agreed that most patients receiving mechanical ventilation are able to get out of bed safely with coordination among personnel and that early mobilization of intubated patients decreases length of stay and decreases occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia, deep vein thrombosis, and skin breakdown.

CONCLUSIONS

SICU interdisciplinary team collaboration, multimodal education, and operational support contribute to removing staff bias against mobilizing patients receiving mechanical ventilation.
Stop the Noise: A Quality Improvement Project to Decrease Electrocardiographic Nuisance Alarms
Authors: Sendelbach Sue , Wahl Sharon , Anthony Anita , Shotts Pam
Published: August 2015

BACKGROUND

As many as 99% of alarm signals may not need any intervention and can result in patients’ deaths. Alarm management is now a Joint Commission National Patient Safety Goal.

OBJECTIVES

To reduce the number of nuisance electrocardiographic alarm signals in adult patients on the medical cardiovascular care unit.

METHODS

A quality improvement process was used that included eliminating duplicative alarms, customizing alarms, changing electrocardiography electrodes daily, standardizing skin preparation, and using disposable electrocardiography leads.

RESULTS

In the cardiovascular care unit, the mean number of electrocardiographic alarm signals per day decreased from 28.5 (baseline) to 3.29, an 88.5% reduction.

CONCLUSION

Use of a bundled approach to managing alarm signals decreased the mean number of alarm signals in a cardiovascular care unit. (Critical Care Nurse. 2015;35[4]:15–23)
Cardif (MAVS) Regulates the Maturation of NK Cells
Authors: Haynes LaTeira D. , Verma Shilpi , McDonald Bryan , Wu Runpei , Tacke Robert , Nowyhed Heba N. , Ekstein Jennifer , Feuvrier Ariana , Benedict Chris A. , Hedrick Catherine C.
Published: August 2015

Cardif, also known as IPS-1, VISA, and MAVS, is an intracellular adaptor protein that functions downstream of the retinoic acid–inducible gene I family of pattern recognition receptors. Cardif is required for the production of type I IFNs and other inflammatory cytokines after retinoic acid–inducible gene I–like receptors recognize intracellular antigenic RNA. Studies have recently shown that Cardif may have other roles in the immune system in addition to its role in viral immunity. In this study, we find that the absence of Cardif alters normal NK cell development and maturation. Cardif−/− mice have a 35% loss of mature CD27−CD11b+ NK cells in the periphery. In addition, Cardif−/− NK cells have altered surface marker expression, lower cytotoxicity, decreased intracellular STAT1 levels, increased apoptosis, and decreased proliferation compared with wild-type NK cells. Mixed chimeric mice revealed that the defective maturation and increased apoptotic rate of peripheral Cardif−/− NK cells is cell intrinsic. However, Cardif−/− mice showed enhanced control of mouse CMV (a DNA β-herpesvirus) by NK cells, commensurate with increased activation and IFN-γ production by these immature NK cell subsets. These results indicate that the skewed differentiation and altered STAT expression of Cardif−/− NK cells can result in their hyperresponsiveness in some settings and support recent findings that Cardif-dependent signaling can regulate aspects of immune cell development and/or function distinct from its well-characterized role in mediating cell-intrinsic defense to RNA viruses.
Exclusive Transduction of Human CD4+ T Cells upon Systemic Delivery of CD4-Targeted Lentiviral Vectors
Authors: Zhou Qi , Uhlig Katharina M. , Muth Anke , Kimpel Janine , Lévy Camille , Münch Robert C. , Seifried Janna , Pfeiffer Anett , Trkola Alexandra , Coulibaly Cheick , von Laer Dorothee , Wels Winfried S. , Hartwig Udo F. , Verhoeyen Els , Buchholz Christian J.
Published: August 2015

Playing a central role in both innate and adaptive immunity, CD4+ T cells are a key target for genetic modifications in basic research and immunotherapy. In this article, we describe novel lentiviral vectors (CD4-LV) that have been rendered selective for human or simian CD4+ cells by surface engineering. When applied to PBMCs, CD4-LV transduced CD4+ but not CD4− cells. Notably, also unstimulated T cells were stably genetically modified. Upon systemic or intrasplenic administration into mice reconstituted with human PBMCs or hematopoietic stem cells, reporter gene expression was predominantly detected in lymphoid organs. Evaluation of GFP expression in organ-derived cells and blood by flow cytometry demonstrated exclusive gene transfer into CD4+ human lymphocytes. In bone marrow and spleen, memory T cells were preferentially hit. Toward therapeutic applications, we also show that CD4-LV can be used for HIV gene therapy, as well as for tumor therapy, by delivering chimeric Ag receptors. The potential for in vivo delivery of the FOXP3 gene was also demonstrated, making CD4-LV a powerful tool for inducible regulatory T cell generation. In summary, our work demonstrates the exclusive gene transfer into a T cell subset upon systemic vector administration opening an avenue toward novel strategies in immunotherapy.
‘Committed, motivated and joyful?’ Job satisfaction and organisational commitment of managers at a South African public utility
Authors: Mayer Claude-Hélène , Louw Lynette , Baxter Jeremy
Published: August 2015

Objective: This study focuses on an assessment of managerial job satisfaction and commitment in the context of a vibrant and rapidly changing public utility from a positive organisational behaviour (POB) perspective. It aims at contributing towards an in-depth understanding of positive micro-organisational behaviour.Problem investigated: The aim of this study was to gain deeper insights into the relationship between job satisfaction (JS) and organisational commitment (OC) in terms of the ‘how and why’ at a selected public utility in the Eastern Cape Province.Design: This single case study uses a mixed-method approach within the pragmatism research paradigm.Findings: Findings show that managers across cultures share a positive organisational psychology approach on JS and OC. The JS of managers is mainly influenced by their satisfaction with working with colleagues and supervisors, and with strategies of motivation, as well as their dissatisfaction with the use of power, pay and promotion. OC was mainly influenced by positive collegial relationships, the organisation’s positive influence on the environment and on others, the enabling work environment and the location of the organisation.Originality/value: The article introduces new ideas in positive organisational behaviour research and reconstructs the image of South African organisational behaviour based on qualitative and quantitative data.Conclusion: This article shows that post-modern African organisations are opening new frontiers to building positive-oriented organisational cultures whilst creating constructive and future-orientated mindsets, which may spill over into society.
Seroconversion to Japanese Encephalitis Virus Among U.S. Infantry Forces in Korea
Authors: Eick-Cost Angelia A. , Hu Zheng , Klein Terry A. , Putnak Robert J. , Jarman Richard G.
Published: August 2015

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is endemic in the Republic of Korea (ROK), posing a medical threat to more than 29,000 U.S. Forces military personnel currently deployed in the ROK. The objective of this study was to provide data on the risk of JEV exposure among U.S. Forces in the ROK. One thousand U.S. Army Soldiers were randomly selected for the study from the cohort of infantry Soldiers deployed in the ROK for a period of at least 330 days from 2008 to 2011. Pre- and post-deployment serum specimens were tested for the presence of JEV antibodies by plaque reduction neutralization test. A total of 2/1,000 (0.2%) U.S. Army Soldiers post-deployment specimens tested positive for JEV antibody. Results from the pre-deployment specimens indicated one true seroconversion and one with titers suggestive of a JEV infection. These results indicate a low, but nonzero risk of JEV exposure among U.S. Army Soldiers in the ROK.
Anecdotal Shakespeare
Authors: Menzer Paul
Published: August 2015

Shakespeare’s four-hundred-year performance history is full of anecdotes – ribald, trivial, frequently funny, sometimes disturbing, and always but loosely allegiant to fact. Such anecdotes are nevertheless a vital index to the ways that Shakespeare’s plays have generated meaning across varied times and in varied places. Furthermore, particular plays have produced particular anecdotes – stories of a real skull in Hamlet, superstitions about the nameMacbeth, toga troubles in Julius Caesar – and therefore express something embedded in the plays they attend. Anecdotes constitute then not just a vital component of a play’s performance history but a form of vernacular criticism by the personnel most intimately involved in their production: actors. These anecdotes are therefore every bit as responsive to and expressive of a play’s meanings across time as the equally rich history of Shakespearean criticism or indeed the very performances these anecdotes treat. Anecdotal Shakespeare provides a history of post-Renaissance Shakespeare and performance, one not based in fact but no less full of truth.
Gas adsorption and desorption effects on cylinders and their importance for long-term gas records
Authors: Leuenberger M. C. , Schibig M. F. , Nyfeler P.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. It is well known that gases adsorb on many surfaces, in particular metal surfaces. There are two main forms responsible for these effects (i) physisorption and (ii) chemisorption. Physisorption is associated with lower binding energies in the order of 1–10 kJ mol−1 compared to chemisorption ranging from 100 to 1000 kJ mol−1. Furthermore, chemisorption forms only monolayers, contrasting physisorption that can form multilayer adsorption. The reverse process is called desorption and follows similar mathematical laws, however, it can be influenced by hysteresis effects. In the present experiment we investigated the adsorption/desorption phenomena on three steel and three aluminium cylinders containing compressed air in our laboratory and under controlled conditions in a climate chamber, respectively. We proved the pressure effect on physisorption for CO2, CH4 and H2O by decanting one steel and two aluminium cylinders completely. The CO2 results for both cylinders are in excellent agreement with the pressure dependence of a monolayer adsorption model. However, adsorption on aluminium (< 0.05 and 0 ppm for CO2 and H2O) was about 10 times less than on steel (< 0.41 ppm and about < 2.5 ppm, respectively). The CO2 amounts adsorbed (5.8 × 1019 CO2 molecules) corresponds to about the five-fold monolayer adsorption indicating that the effective surface exposed for adsorption is significantly larger than the geometric surface area. Adsorption/desorption effects were minimal for CH4 and for CO. However, the latter dependence requires further attention since it was only studied on one aluminium cylinder with a very low mole fraction. In the climate chamber the cylinders were exposed to temperatures between −10 and +50 °C to determine the corresponding temperature coefficients of adsorption. Again, we found distinctly different values for CO2 ranging from 0.0014 to 0.0184 ppm °C−1 for steel cylinders and −0.0002 to −0.0003 ppm °C−1 for aluminium cylinders. The reversed temperature dependence for aluminium cylinders point to significantly lower desorption energies than for steel cylinders and might at least partly be due to temperature and gas consumption induced pressure changes. Temperature coefficients for CH4, CO and H2O adsorption were, within their error bands, insignificant. These results do indicate the need for careful selection and usage of gas cylinders for high precision calibration purposes such as requested in trace gas applications.
Groundwater seepage landscapes from distant and local sources in experiments and on Mars
Authors: Marra W. A. , McLelland S. J. , Parsons D. R. , Murphy B. J. , Hauber E. , Kleinhans M. G.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Valleys with theater-shaped heads can form due to the seepage of groundwater and as a result of knickpoint (waterfall) erosion generated by overland flow. This ambiguity in the mechanism of formation hampers the interpretation of such valleys on Mars, particularly since there is limited knowledge of material properties. Moreover, the hydrological implications of a groundwater or surface water origin are important for our understanding of the evolution of surface features on Mars, and a quantification of valley morphologies at the landscape scale may provide diagnostic insights on the formative hydrological conditions. However, flow patterns and the resulting landscapes produced by different sources of groundwater are poorly understood. We aim to improve the understanding of the formation of entire valley landscapes through seepage processes from different groundwater sources that will provide a framework of landscape metrics for the interpretation of such systems. We study groundwater seepage from a distant source of groundwater and from infiltration of local precipitation in a series of sandbox experiments and combine our results with previous experiments and observations of the Martian surface. Key results are that groundwater flow piracy acts on valleys fed by a distant groundwater source and results in a sparsely dissected landscape of many small and a few large valleys. In contrast, valleys fed by a local groundwater source, i.e., nearby infiltration, result in a densely dissected landscape. In addition, valleys fed by a distant groundwater source grow towards that source, while valleys with a local source grow in a broad range of directions and have a strong tendency to bifurcate, particularly on flatter surfaces. We consider these results with respect to two Martian cases: Louros Valles shows properties of seepage by a local source of groundwater and Nirgal Vallis shows evidence of a distant source, which we interpret as groundwater flow from Tharsis.
Influence of grid aspect ratio on planetary boundary layer turbulence in large-eddy simulations
Authors: Nishizawa S. , Yashiro H. , Sato Y. , Miyamoto Y. , Tomita H.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. We examine the influence of the grid aspect ratio of horizontal to vertical grid spacing on turbulence in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) in a large-eddy simulation (LES). In order to distinguish them as much as possible from other artificial effects caused by numerical schemes, we used a fully compressible meteorological LES model with a fully explicit scheme of temporal integration. The influences are investigated with a series of sensitivity tests with parameter sweeps of spatial resolution and grid aspect ratio. We confirmed that the mixing length of the eddy viscosity and diffusion due to sub-grid scale turbulence plays an essential role in reproducing the theoretical −5/3 slope of the energy spectrum. If we define the filter length in LES modeling based on consideration of the numerical scheme, and introduce a corrective factor for the grid aspect ratio into the mixing length, the theoretical slope of the energy spectrum can be obtained; otherwise, spurious energy piling appears at high wavenumbers. We also found that the grid aspect ratio has influence on the turbulent statistics, especially the skewness of the vertical velocity near the top of the PBL, which becomes spuriously large with large aspect ratio, even if a reasonable spectrum is obtained.
High resolution satellite turbidity and sea surface temperature observations of river plume interactions during a significant flood event
Authors: Brando V. E. , Braga F. , Zaggia L. , Giardino C. , Bresciani M. , Bellafiore D. , Ferrarin C. , Maicu F. , Benetazzo A. , Bonaldo D. , Falcieri F. M. , Coluccelli A. , Russo A. , Carniel S.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Sea surface temperature (SST) and turbidity (T) derived from Landsat-8 (L8) imagery were used to characterize river plumes in the Northern Adriatic Sea (NAS) during a significant flood event in November 2014. Sea surface salinity (SSS) from an operational coupled ocean-wave model supported the interpretation of the plumes interaction with the receiving waters and among them. There was a good agreement of the SSS, T, and SST fields at the sub-mesoscale and mesoscale delineation of the major river plumes. L8 30 m resolution enabled also the description of smaller plume structures. Sharp fronts in T and SST delimited each single river plume. The isotherms and turbidity isolines coupling varied among the plumes due to differences in particle loads and surface temperatures in the discharged waters. The different plumes reflectance spectra were related to the lithological fingerprint of the sediments in the river catchments.
Numerical simulations and observations of the role of katabatic winds in the creation and maintenance of Scharffenbergbotnen blue ice area, Antarctica
Authors: Zwinger T. , Malm T. , Schäfer M. , Stenberg R. , Moore J. C.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. We model the role of katabatic winds in the formation and maintenance of a blue ice area in Scharffenbergbotnen valley, Antarctica, using the finite element code Elmer. The high-horizontal-resolution (50–200 m) numerical simulations of the local wind flow from katabatic wind fronts show high spatial variability in wind-impact patterns and good congruence between places with high near-surface wind speeds and the blue ice area. In addition we perform wind simulations on an altered glacier geometry that resembles the thicker ice cover at the Late Glacial Maximum (LGM). These simulations indicate that the pronounced spatial wind-impact patterns depend on present-day geometry and did not occur during the LGM. This leads to the conclusion that the formation of the inner blue ice area of the Scharffenbergbotnen valley started only after the lowering of the ice surface, i.e. after the LGM. Experiments with smoothed surface topography suggest that detailed positions of the high wind regions, and hence individual blue ice fields, may have varied as the ice sheet lowered. The simulation results obtained with the present-day geometry were fortuitously confirmed by the destruction of a field camp located in a high-wind-speed area and its subsequent redistribution to low-velocity areas. The experiments and the field observations are consistent with localized violent katabatic events rather than synoptic-scale storms, playing the dominant role in the formation and maintenance of this and perhaps many blue ice areas.
El sector cooperativo oleícola y el uso de las TIC: un estudio comparativo respecto a otras formas jurídicas
Authors: Fernandez Uclés Domingo , Bernal Jurado Enrique , Mozas Moral Adoración , Medina Viruel Miguel Jesús , Moral Pajares Encarnación
Published: August 2015

El actual entorno globalizado y el aumento generalizado de la difusión y de la utilización de las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC) por parte de las empresas y de los consumidores, hace que el uso de estas tecnologías sea fundamental para que el sector cooperativo oleícola afronte la creciente competencia en el mercado. Centrado en dicho sector, en este trabajo analizamos el grado de utilización del comercio electrónico, tanto a través de los sitios Web como mediante los mercados electrónicos y la utilización que estas empresas realizan de las redes sociales como herramientas facilitadoras de la actividad comercial. Para esto, realizamos un análisis comparativo entre las cooperativas oleícolas andaluzas y el resto de formas jurídicas presentes en el sector.
Abstraction, indirection, and Sevareid's Law: Towards benign computing
Authors: Raghavan Barath
Published: August 2015

Computing is one of the primary means by which we solve problems in society today. In this short paper we examine the implications of the primary techniques used in computer systems work — abstraction and indirection — and of Sevareid’s Law, an epigram that suggests that our problem-solving instinct may be leading us astray. We explore the context of this dilemma and discuss instances in which this has arisen in the recent past. We then consider a few design options and changes to the normal mode of computer science practice that might enable us to sidestep the implications of Sevareid’s Law.
Deviant and guilt-ridden: Computing within psychological limits
Authors: Knowles Bran , Eriksson Elina
Published: August 2015

In this position paper we discuss a set of problems particular to computing within limits that draws on psychological and sociological barriers. The enormity of the predicaments we are facing, global climate change and resource scarcity, together with the social, cultural and national settings in which we are facing these predicaments, are seriously hampering our possibility to address them. We argue that without confronting the underlying psychology that perpetuates our current state of un-sustainability, there is little computing can hope to achieve. Furthermore, we also argue that these psychological limits to computing do not only concern the users of our systems, often portrayed as the people in need of behavioral change, but also ourselves, as researchers within computing. In this paper we start exploring what these psychological limits could be, what ideas computing for sustainability has tried but should now retire, and start discussing a way forward.
Information systems for the age of consequences
Authors: Silberman M. Six
Published: August 2015

This paper discusses what kinds of computer information systems might be of broad social value in the context of the increasingly severe ecological and social consequences of economic growth, and how they might be built and maintained. The paper has two parts. The first offers a particular understanding of the ecological and social “limits” to economic growth. The second considers how this understanding can inform computer information systems design and operation and characterizes good “limits-aware” computing research.
Haitian resiliency: A case study in intermittent infrastructure
Authors: Patterson Donald J.
Published: August 2015

In 2010 Haiti experienced a catastrophic earthquake that destroyed a substantial amount of infrastructure in the capital of Port-au-Prince. Limited national resources and widespread poverty have made the rebuilding slow and piecemeal. Five years later that infrastructure is still unevenly repaired and maintained. Nevertheless, the Haitian people have, by necessity, continued to adapt in order to take care of day-to-day activities. Based on a field visit, this paper describes some of the ways that infrastructure has re-emerged, gives examples of how people deal with the alternate infrastructures, how the infrastructures structure their lives and discusses what these lessons entail for how the developed world frames infrastructure in the face of similar challenges caused by global energy shortages.
Preliminary thoughts on a taxonomy of value for sustainable computing
Authors: Toyama Kentaro
Published: August 2015

In anticipation of the various and imminent limits to global consumption-based growth, some quarters of the technology industry have begun to consider the novel use of computing to prevent, postpone, alleviate, or recover from a crisis in what could be called “sustainable computing.” There is, however, a great danger that certain inclinations of the technology sector will undermine the very goals of sustainability and resilience that such efforts claim to seek.This paper outlines a preliminary taxonomy of value for sustainable computing projects. The taxonomy suggests a three-dimensional classification of projects in terms of their impact on, intention toward, and effort required for sustainability. By making explicit an evaluative framework by which computing might and might not contribute to sustainability goals, the hope is that future work will tend toward projects that are genuinely helpful.
TCP-AP Enhanced Behaviour With rt-Winf And Node Count: boosted-TCP-AP
Authors: Barreto Luis
Published: August 2015

Congestion control in wireless networks is strongly dependent on the dynamics and instability of wireless links. Therefore, it is very difficult to accurately evaluate the characteristics of the wireless links. It is known that TCP experiences serious performance degradation problems in wireless networks. New congestion control mechanisms, such as TCP-AP, do not evaluate accurately the capacity and available link bandwidth in wireless networks. In this paper we propose new congestion control protocol for wireless networks, based in TCP-AP. We name the protocol boosted-TCP-AP. It relies on the MAC layer information gathered by a new method to accurately estimate the available bandwidth and the path capacity over a wireless network path (rt-Winf), and also takes into consideration the node path count. The new congestion control mechanism is evaluated in different scenarios in wireless mesh and ad-hoc networks, and compared against several new approaches for wireless congestion control. It is shown that boosted-TCP-AP outperforms the base TCP-AP, showing its stable behavior and better channel utilization.