bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gene Expression in CD8 and CD4 T‐Cell Populations Following Activation with the Calcium Ionophore A23187
Authors: NELSON P. J. , GELLER R. L. , BACH F. H.
Published: June 2006

We have hypothesized that functional maturation of T lymphocytes can be dissected into a series of discrete stages. For example, activation of T lymphocytes with the calcium ionophore A23187 drives CD8+ T cells to become dividing blasts, referred lo as ‘pre‐effector’ cells in that these blasts do not express cytolytic function but arc driven by IL‐2 lo do so. Here we characterize via Northern blots the functional maturation of CD8+ and CD4+ T‐lymphocyte populations which have been activated via A23187 followed by stimulation with lL‐2. Previously we have reported that no detectable IL‐2 was found in the supernatants of A23187‐activated pre‐effector blasts. However, these cells do express levels of IL‐2 mRNA very similar lo those of OKT3‐aclivalcd blasts, from which IL‐2 is easily detected in the supernatant. Translational control may account for these findings. A23187‐activated CD8+ pre‐effector blasts do not respond to stimulation with IFN‐γ nor do they express IFN‐γ mRNA following stimulation with IL‐2. These observations suggest that IL‐2 may be sufficient to stimulate maturation of these cells. Activation via A23187 results in lower expression of the proto‐oncogene c‐myb relative; to that found in 0KT3 activation. C‐myb mRNA levels are higher in CD8+ than in CD4+ A23187‐activated pre‐effector blasts and the C‐myb level in the CD8+ pre‐effector blasts falls in response to IL‐2. This decrease in c‐myb mRNA coincides with an increase in proliferation, and the expression of cytolytic activity.
The Priming of Cytotoxic T‐Cell Precursors is Strictly Helper T Cell‐Dependent
Authors: LANGMAN Y. LIN. R. , COHN M.
Published: June 2006

Allogeneic chimaeras that utilize C. B. 17 SCID mice (H‐2d) as recipients of MHC mismatched bone marrow from C57B1/6(H‐2nd) or SJL/J (H‐2d) mice have been used to provide experimental evidence demonstrating the necessity for a direct interaction between an effector T helper and the cytotoxic T‐cell precursor in order to generate cytotoxic effector T cells specific for the minor histocompatibility (H) antigens of DBA/2 (H) mice. No effect of helpers specific for antigen processed or not‐presented on antigen‐presenting cells could be observed. Allo‐chimaeras that contain T cells hearing H‐2d, and which are restricted to H‐2d, make a cytotoxic T‐cell response to minor H antigens which is H‐2d restricted if, and only cloned anti‐H‐2d effector T helpers are present during the vivo printing step. Cloned anti‐H‐2d effector helpers, which are without effect in the allo‐chimaeras, do provide a strong helper activity when tested in normal H‐2d mice. These findings cannot reconciled with a strict single recognitive model of restrictive antigen recognition, but they are consistent with a dual recognitive model, which incorporates many of the features of the single recognitive model.
Positive pre‐transplant flow‐panel reactive antibody detected after accelerated acute rejection with negative pre‐transplant flow crossmatch
Authors: Miura Masayoshi , Kubota Kanako C , Itoh Tomoo , Ono Takenori , Morita Ken , Watarai Yoshihiko , Harada Hiroshi , Hirano Tetsuo , Nonomura Katsuya
Published: June 2006

Abstract:  A 30‐yr‐old woman underwent kidney transplantation from a flow cytometric lymphocyte crossmatch‐negative donor. Immunosuppression consisted of tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, basiliximab and three days of steroid. On day 5 post‐transplant, she developed acute rejection and underwent anti‐rejection therapy consisting of steroid pulse and deoxyspurgualin. Retrospective analyses of anti‐human leukocyte antigen antibody revealed high flow panel reactive antibody (PRA) in the pre‐transplant serum without donor specific antibody (DSA) and positive DSA at the time of rejection. Anti‐rejection therapy was successful in treating cellular rejection but her graft function further deteriorated after three months post‐transplant and graft biopsy revealed chronic allograft nephropathy with positive staining for C4d in peritubular capillary, suggesting the presence of chronic antibody‐mediated rejection. Pre‐transplant positive flow PRA without DSA may also be a risk for acute and chronic rejection.
Pathology of renal xenograft rejection in pig to non‐human primate transplantation
Authors: Shimizu Akira , Yamada Kazuhiko
Published: June 2006

Abstract: Xenotransplantation has the potential to alleviate the critical shortage of organs for transplantation in humans. Miniature swine are a promising donor species for xenotransplantation. However, when swine organs are transplanted into primates, hyperacute rejection (HAR), acute humoral xenograft rejection (AHXR), acute cellular xenograft rejection (ACXR), and chronic xenograft rejection prevent successful engraftment. Developing a suitable regimen for preventing xenograft rejection requires the ability to accurately diagnosis the severity and type of rejection in the graft. For this purpose, histopathology remains the most definitive and reliable tool. We discuss here the characteristic features of xenograft rejection in a preclinical pig‐to‐non‐human primate transplantation model. In miniature swine to baboon xenotransplantation, marked interstitial hemorrhage develops in HAR, and renal microvascular injury develops with multiple platelet‐fibrin microthrombi in both HAR and AHXR. T‐cell‐mediated cellular immunity plays an important role in ACXR. Chronic humoral and cellular rejection may induce chronic xenograft rejection, and will be a major cause of graft loss in discordant xenotransplantation.
Symposium: evaluating the reproducibility of pathological diagnosis using the 1997 Banff classification update
Authors: Joh Kensuke , Morozumi Kunio , Kitamura Hiroshi
Published: June 2006

Abstract:  The purpose of this symposium was to evaluate the reproducibility of a histological diagnosis in renal allograft nephropathy according to the Banff classification. Seven transplant nephrologists and pathologists independently diagnosed the same glass slide specimens from 10 cases (five cases of acute rejection and five cases of chronic allograft nephropathy). Their diagnoses were collated and analyzed for the reproducibility of histological diagnosis. Consequently, several issues that hinder diagnostic reproducibility were identified.
Prevention of primary cytomegalovirus disease in organ transplant recipients with oral ganciclovir or oral acyclovir prophylaxis
Authors: Rubin R.H. , Kemmerly S.A. , Conti D. , Doran M. , Murray B.M. , Neylan J.F. , Pappas C. , Pitts D. , Avery R. , Pavlakis M. , Del Busto R. , DeNofrio D. , Blumberg E.A. , Schoenfeld D.A. , Donohue T. , Fisher S.A. , Fishman J.A.
Published: June 2006

Background: Optimal prophylaxis against cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease for organ transplant patients at risk for primary infection (donor seropositive, recipient seronegative, D+R−) remains to be determined. We hypothesized that prolonged oral ganciclovir therapy following intravenous therapy would provide increased protection.

Methods: A total of 155 evaluable D+R− organ transplant recipients from 13 transplant centers were entered into the study: all received intravenous ganciclovir (5 mg/kg/day) for 5–10 days and then either oral acyclovir (400 mg tid) or oral ganciclovir (1 g tid) for an additional 12 weeks. Patients were assigned to their treatment groups at a central randomization site, with a separate randomization scheme for each of the organs transplanted (kidney, heart, or liver). In the case of kidney transplants, the patients were stratified according to source of the kidney (living related vs. cadaveric donor). The primary endpoint was the incidence of CMV disease in the first six months post‐transplant.

Results: Treatment with oral ganciclovir was associated with a significant decrease in the incidence of symptomatic disease or viremia when compared with the oral acyclovir group (32% vs. 50%, P<0.05). This difference was most marked in terms of tissue invasive disease: only 3 of 15 symptomatic patients in the ganciclovir group vs. 10 of 21 in the acyclovir group developed tissue‐invasive infection (P<0.05). There was a significant difference in the time to CMV disease or viremia in the two groups: mean time 212±17 days post‐transplant for the acyclovir group vs. 291±13 days for the ganciclovir group (P<0.001). The incidence of allograft rejection was 34% in the ganciclovir group and 46% in the acyclovir group (P=NS). Leukopenia was more common in the ganciclovir group (P<0.05), but in no case did it require drug discontinuation. Ganciclovir resistance did not develop in this study.

Conclusion: Prophylaxis with oral ganciclovir following a brief course of intravenous ganciclovir provides useful protection against primary CMV disease.
Airway management in two of newborns with Pierre Robin Sequence: the use of disposable vs multiple use LMA for fiberoptic intubation
Authors: CAIN JUDI M. , MASON LINDA J. , MARTIN ROBERT D.
Published: June 2006

In this article, we discuss the use of LMAs as a conduit to intubate the trachea of two Pierre Robin Sequence infants. Multiple use LMAs will admit larger diameter tracheal tubes (TT) than their disposable counterparts. Increased friction with the surface of the TT makes passing even small diameter tubes through the lumen of the disposable LMA difficult.
Rapid population declines of Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) and red‐headed vulture (Sarcogyps calvus) in India
Authors: Cuthbert R. , Green R. E. , Ranade S. , Saravanan S. , Pain D. J. , Prakash V. , Cunningham A. A.
Published: June 2006

Since the early 1990s, large and rapid population declines of three species of vulture (Gyps spp.) endemic to south Asia have occurred on the Indian subcontinent and have led to these species being listed by IUCN as critically endangered. Evidence of rates of population decline, cause of death and toxicity is consistent with these declines being caused by poisoning of vultures through the ingestion of tissues from livestock treated with the anti‐inflammatory drug diclofenac. In this paper, analysis of repeated surveys in and near protected areas widely spread across India shows that populations of two other vulture species, Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus and red‐headed vulture Sarcogyps calvus, have also declined markedly and rapidly, but probably with a later onset than Gyps vultures in the same region. The declines continued at least up to 2003. It is recommended that these two species are considered for inclusion in the IUCN Red List and for urgent remedial conservation measures. Research is needed to determine whether or not the principal cause of these declines is diclofenac poisoning and to establish population trends in other scavenging birds in the Indian subcontinent.
Health Risk Behavior of Rural Low‐Income Expectant Fathers
Authors: Everett Kevin D. , Bullock Linda , Gage Jeffrey D. , Longo Daniel R. , Geden Elizabeth , Madsen Richard
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT
Objectives: To assess expectant fathers' health risk behaviors and attitudes about pregnancy‐related health issues. Pregnancy may be viewed as a teachable moment: a time when women are receptive to health advice and take action to improve their health and the health of their babies. Pregnancy may also be a teachable moment for expectant fathers, although men's behaviors are rarely considered as part of prenatal care or in associated research.

Design: Cross‐sectional prevalence study.

Sample: Rural low‐income expectant fathers (N=138) whose pregnant partners had enrolled in a Medicaid managed care health plan.

Measurement: A telephone survey measuring five health risk behaviors, sociodemographic variables, and pregnancy‐ and behavior change‐related attitudes.

Results: Analyses found the following: 49.3% smoked cigarettes; 30.4% engaged in hazardous drinking in the past month; 27.5% had very low physical activity levels; 94.9% had at‐risk fruit/vegetable intake; and 42% had weight‐related health risk (25.4% met body mass index [BMI] criteria for obesity). Further, 47.9% of the men engaged in three or more of five assessed health risk behaviors.

Conclusions: This sample of expectant fathers engages in high rates of health risk behaviors. Failure to address the health risk behavior of men during prenatal care represents a missed opportunity to improve paternal, maternal, and family health.
Adherence to Latent Tuberculosis Infection Therapy Among Latino Immigrants
Authors: Ailinger Rita L. , Moore Jean B. , Nguyen Nga , Lasus Howard
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT
Background: One third of the world population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the United States, a key component for eliminating tuberculosis (TB) is treating latent TB infection (LTBI) in high‐risk persons such as immigrants.

Objective: Examine the prevalence of adherence to LTBI therapy and the influence of basic conditioning factors on adherence among Latino immigrants, guided by Orem's Self‐Care Deficit Theory. Adherence was treated as a health deviation self‐care requisite; the self‐care practice of taking daily medication for 9 months is essential to LTBI adherence. Conditioning factors include gender, age, sociocultural factors, environment, and health state.

Design: Exploratory, cross‐sectional.

Sample: Nonprobability sample (n=53) of Latino immigrants attending an urban public health clinic in the Washington, DC metropolitan area.

Methods: Participants completed a brief questionnaire documenting selected conditioning factors, and 9‐month adherence to LTBI therapy was determined from their medical records.

Results: Adherence dropped from 98% in month 2 to 72% at 9 months. The mean number of months adherent was 7.4. Adherence was not significantly associated with gender, country of origin, languages spoken, age, education, or years in the United States. Adherence was slightly lower (t=2.059, p=.059) in persons who knew someone with TB.

Conclusions: Nurses should emphasize the importance of adherence for the full 9 months to this population.
Using Participatory Action Research to Provide Health Promotion for Disadvantaged Elders in Shaanxi Province, China
Authors: Liu Ming , Gao Rui , Pusari Nirmala
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT
Objectives: The objectives of the study were to (a) determine health promotion issues concerning disadvantaged elders, (b) identify social, economic, environmental, and personal factors that adversely influence disadvantaged elders' health, and (c) enable various stakeholders working within a coordinated framework to promote health among elders.

Design: A participatory action research (PAR) model was used over a 2‐year period in a remote disadvantaged rural village in Shaanxi province, China.

Sample: Participants were 20 elders and 5 local administrators including government officers and village leaders.

Results: Three themes were identified, including (a) health is the absence of illness and the ability to sustain self‐sufficiency; (b) diseases are inevitable among elders; and (c) cost is the key barrier to accessing health services. Action plans were developed and plans were implemented by the participants and project team.

Conclusions: The project demonstrated that PAR is an optimum research method, which allows researchers to facilitate collaboration with all participants through research and supports democratic dialogue and deliberation through the participation process. Interpersonal relationship skills of researchers are crucially important in building cooperation among all stakeholders. Local government mobilization is essential for successful implementation and sustainability of the project.
Correlates of Public Health Workforce Acceptance of Smallpox Immunization in Virginia
Authors: Bryant‐Genevier Marthe , Sommer Sandra , McMahon Ann , Ball Robert , Braun M. Miles
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT
Objective: By October 24, 2003, 38,577 of 500,000 targeted civilians received smallpox vaccine in the Pre‐Event Smallpox Vaccination Campaign, Phase I. We investigated reasons for the low vaccination uptake.

Design: Cross‐sectional survey, conducted in May 2004.

Sample: We surveyed 225 health care personnel, potential members of smallpox response teams in Virginia, who were offered vaccination. We assessed respondents' acceptance of vaccination and its association with factors potentially influencing vaccination: perceptions of vaccine safety, contraindications, concerns about bioterrorism, and workplace influences.

Results: Among nonvaccinees (n=44), 70% had a contraindication to the vaccine compared with 8% among vaccinees (n=132). The desire to prepare America for potential bioterrorist attack was associated with acceptance of smallpox vaccination (odds ratio [OR]: 17.7, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.6–85.9). Among respondents with contraindications, vaccinees reported more often than nonvaccinees having been asked by their supervisors to be vaccinated (OR: 5; 95% CI: 1.1–22.1) and to have been concerned that their vaccination choice would affect positively their job evaluation (OR: 11; 95% CI: 1.6–81.1).

Conclusion: Concerns about bioterrorism and willingness to help in the preparedness effort were motivations for vaccination. Continued vigilance to avoid vaccination of those with contraindications is needed.
Differences Between Parish Nurses and Parish Nurse Associates: Results of a Statewide Survey of an Ecumenical Network
Authors: Mosack Victoria , Medvene Louis J. , Wescott JoVeta
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT
Objectives: To gather data that would help a parish nurse network to better understand its participants and to explore differences between parish nurses who had completed the basic preparation class versus those who had not in terms of engagement in activities.

Design, Sample, and Measurements: A mail survey, including items related to communal orientation, was developed and sent to members of a state‐wide parish nurse network (n=265), with 165 surveys returned for a 62% response rate for this descriptive study.

Results: Approximately half of the parish nurses indicated that they entered this specialty through church contacts (27.0%) or through the encouragement of family/friends (22.7%). Nurses not completing parish nursing education/training (47%) were significantly more likely to (a) be younger (55 vs. 59 years of age), (b) work fewer hours (8 vs. 16), and (c) provide fewer activities/services for their congregations (4.8 vs. 6.2). Overall, the nurses described themselves as being “communally oriented,” that is, desiring to give and receive benefits in response to others' needs.

Conclusions: The findings support previous speculations that some self‐identified parish nurses function in an “associate” role. Such associates lack the basic preparation class in parish nursing and work fewer hours each month.
Policy and Practice for Preventing Skin Cancer in Children
Authors: Masso Malcolm
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT
This paper identifies what is known and what is not known about the link between sun exposure and skin cancer and what can be done to reduce sun exposure in children. There is evidence for the use of sun protective clothing and of the effectiveness of sunscreens for some, but not all, forms of skin cancer. While there is some evidence to support interventions in schools, there is insufficient evidence to support other interventions aimed at children or their caregivers. There is no clear means of assessing the “trade‐off” between the benefits and harms of sunlight exposure, and the impact of sun protection strategies on other health promotion messages aimed at children is unknown. Reliance on educational interventions in schools may benefit from a broader approach that includes more emphasis on protective clothing and structural changes in the school day. Sun protection messages should be linked with other health promotion messages targeting children.
Evaluating Content Validity and Test–Retest Reliability of the Children's Health Risk Behavior Scale
Authors: Riesch Susan K. , Anderson Lori S. , Angresano Nicole , Canty‐Mitchell Janie , Johnson Deborah L. , Krainuwat Kerada
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT
Objectives: Describe the instrument development process and report the validity and reliability of the Children's Health Risk Behavior Scale (CHRBS), a scale designed to screen for health risk behaviors among youth aged 10–13 Years.

Methods: Domain identification and item generation using the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and testing relevance and test–retest reliability among a target audience sample of 77 fifth graders in their classrooms in two separate public school districts.

Results: Youth performed their tasks as expert item reviewers effectively. Twenty‐one items comprise the CHRBS with a reading level determined to be at the third grade.

Conclusions: We have developed a reliable and valid measure to assess late elementary youth's participation in health risk behavior.
Public Health Nursing in Latin America
Authors: O'Hara Hazel
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT
This reprint of excerpts from an article printed in Public Health Nursing in February 1950 by Hazel O'Hara, a staff writer for the Institute of Inter‐American Affairs, describes the state of public health nursing in clinics operated under the cooperative health programs of the Institute of Inter‐American Affairs, in conjunction with governmental entities in Latin American countries and the United States federal government in the mid‐20th century. The Institute of Inter‐American Affairs was an important element of Franklin D. Roosevelt's “Good Neighbor” policy toward Latin America. Conceived by Nelson Rockefeller, Assistant Secretary of State in the Roosevelt administration, the program was delayed by the outbreak of World War II (NLM, 2005, June 22). O'Hara's colorful descriptions of jungle residents and poor residents of urban slums have been omitted because they reflect a past time and sensibility. The remaining information, however, is significant in understanding the development of public health nursing in countries where it had not previously existed, the expansion of the nursing workforce, and the creation of health centers that served communities to improve social conditions as well as health status.
Development of a Gerodontology course in Athens: a pilot study
Authors: Kossioni A. E. , Karkazis H. C.
Published: June 2006

Aim:  To describe the development of an undergraduate Gerodontology course in Athens Dental School.

Background:  Because of demographic changes, undergraduate dental curricula should place appropriate emphasis on the oral care of the elderly. Therefore, the Athens Dental School Curriculum Committee authorised the development of a new Gerodontology course.

Methods:  The new course was introduced in the 10th (final) semester of undergraduate studies. Teaching responsibilities were shared amongst staff from various Dental School departments and the National Health System. The course was elective and mainly didactic, consisting of seminars within the Dental School, educational visits to hospitals and geriatric day centres and elective clinical work in the comprehensive care clinic. The students evaluated the course at the end of the semester and indicated its strengths and weaknesses from their perspective.

Conclusion:  The new course was generally satisfying. Based on the experience and evaluation of the first pilot year and taking into consideration the existing barriers, we plan to improve and expand educational activities, mainly including improved methods of teaching and assessment, and more clinical assignments.
Curriculum structure and the European Credit Transfer System for European dental schools: Part I
Authors: Plasschaert A. J. M. , Lindh C. , McLoughlin J. , Manogue M. , Murtomaa H. , Nattestad A. , Sanz M.
Published: June 2006

Abstract  This paper presents a proposed curriculum structure and system of European Credit Transfer (ECTS) for undergraduate dental schools throughout Europe. It is the result of the work of a Taskforce (‘Taskforce II’), appointed by DentEd, a thematic network of European dental schools and the Association for Dental Education in Europe (ADEE). There has been pan‐European discussion of the document in draft stages (it was distributed to 200 dental schools) and following amendment, it was agreed formally at the National Assembly of ADEE in Athens, Greece, in September 2005. The main elements of the paper relate to: (i) a description of the framework proposed with relevance to the Bologna recommendations and common directive on recognition for professional qualifications as they apply to Dentistry; (ii) the structure of an undergraduate dental curriculum; (iii) student exchange and ECTS. In addition, the paper presents a series of requirements, guidelines and recommendations for action. ADEE expects that the ‘requirements’ proposed will be followed by dental schools in Europe, whilst the ‘guidelines’ and ‘recommendations’ also provided are open to local interpretation. The paper is also published on the ADEE website.
Teaching forensic odontology: an opinion on its content and format*
Authors: Acharya A. B.
Published: June 2006

Abstract  Forensic odontology involves dentists’ participation in assisting legal and criminal issues. Formal teaching in forensic odontology has existed for over a 100 years. Over the last century, forensic odontology has evolved and, today, it is an integral part of undergraduate dental training in many countries. Dentists have been trained in the specialty, and dedicated departments established in institutes and universities around the world. A survey undertaken at five universities revealed that these centres have developed detailed curricula in forensic odontology, and a general standard exists in teaching forensic odontology, however, coverage of recent advances in forensic science may be lacking. While recognising that these programmes are not representative of teaching in forensic odontology worldwide, suggestions are made for an alternative approach to teaching the subject. Moreover, it is stressed that teaching be undertaken by qualified forensic odontologists.
Reducing subjectivity in the evaluation of pre‐clinical dental preparations for fixed prosthodontics using the Kavo PrepAssistant®
Authors: Cardoso J. A. , Barbosa C. , Fernandes S. , Silva C. L. , Pinho A.
Published: June 2006

Abstract  The evaluation of pre‐clinical technical achievement in fixed prosthodontics cannot be objective when using visual examination of dental preparations. This is, however, still the main method used in dental schools. The present study introduces a new method, based on a mathematical formula, to reduce the problem. The idea emerged when using the Kavo PrepAssistant® system (software version 1.05). This system is a 3D‐scanner with software that can quantify geometrical differences between an instructor and student dental preparation in model teeth. Therefore, a mathematical formula was created, integrating selected clinically relevant geometric characteristics of dental preparations measured by the system. In this new formula, 70% of the evaluation parameters were computer analysed, whilst 30% were visually evaluated. This new method was compared with the traditional visual evaluation system during a pre‐clinical practical examination, with the participation of 25 students. Using both methods to evaluate the 25 preparations, results showed similar grading for both methods (K–S test = 0.16; P < 0.05). Although this method does not provide overall clinical evaluation of student performance these results suggest that it can be helpful accessing technical achievement. In this method, the student has the guarantee that 70% of his/her grade results from an objective computer evaluation, with the possibility to visualise the mistakes with the software. It also reduces problems related to the calibration between different examiners. The Kavo PrepAssistant® is a powerful tool in pre‐clinical teaching, but has some drawbacks. It has to be developed towards the actual needs of pre‐clinical departments, in order to achieve its full potential, as described in this study.
E‐learning and the future of dental education: opinions of administrators and information technology specialists*
Authors: Hillenburg K. L. , Cederberg R. A. , Gray S. A. , Hurst C. L. , Johnson G. K. , Potter B. J.
Published: June 2006

Abstract  The digital revolution and growth of the Internet have led to many innovations in the area of electronic learning (e‐learning). To survive and prosper, educators must be prepared to respond creatively to these changes. Administrators and information technology specialists at six dental schools and their parent institutions were interviewed regarding their opinions of the impact that e‐learning will have on the future of dental education. Interview questions encompassed vision, rate of change, challenges, role of faculty, resources, enrolment, collaboration, responsibility for course design and content, mission and fate of the institution. The objective of this qualitative study was to sample the opinions of educational administrators and information technology specialists from selected US universities regarding the impact of e‐learning on dental education to detect trends in their attitudes. Responses to the survey indicated disagreement between administrators and informational technology specialists regarding the rate of change, generation of resources, impact on enrolment, responsibility for course design and content, mission and fate of the university. General agreement was noted with regard to vision, challenges, role of faculty and need for collaboration.
Attitudes of dental and medical students in their first and final years of undergraduate study to oral health behaviour
Authors: Rong W. S. , Wang W. J. , Yip H. K.
Published: June 2006

Objective:  To compare differences in attitude to oral health behaviour amongst medical and dental students when they were in years 1 and 5 of University study respectively.

Methods:  Medical and dental students of Peking University in Beijing, China were invited to take part in this study. The original version of the Hiroshima University‐Dental Behavioural Inventory (HU‐DBI) was written in Japanese. After testing the validity of both English and Chinese versions, the revised Chinese version of the HU‐DBI was administered to new medical and dental students. In their final year of University study, the same questionnaire was again administered.

Results:  Significant differences were found for 13 of 21 items, reflecting an improvement in oral health attitudes and behaviour in final year dental students when compared with the time they were entrants. This difference was not found to be significant in the sample of medical students.

Conclusions:  There were significant differences in oral health attitudes and behaviours in dental students between entrance to University and the final year of their study. The same was not found to be true for medical students.
Electron microscopy of normal auman gingival epithelium
Authors: Schroeder Hubert E. , Theiiade Jørgen
Published: June 2006

Biopsies of the labial part of normal gingival epithelium were obtained from 18 females (average age of 25 years) who had performed strict oral hygiene for two weeks or more. Standardized areas of the specimens were investigated electron microscopically. All specimens exhibited parakeratosis and were free from inflammatory cells. The optical basement membrane corresponded. to the basement lamina and an intermediate layer about 0.5 to 1 micron wide, containin various fibrils at random orientation. Cell junctions in each of the epithelial layers were typical desmosomes and maculae or zonulae occludentes. The intercellular space was interpreted to be closed from outside at the epithelial surface, subdivided into numerous compartments within all epithelial strata and open against the basement lamina. Glycogen was occasionally found in cells of the upper stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum only. The transition of cells into the stratum corneum was either abrupt or more gradual. Superficial to the stratum corneum, single or several cells of considerably less density were frequently observed. Melanocytes and Langerhans cells occurred interspersed between basal and spinous cells. The ultrastructural details are discussed with reference to the existing knowledge of other squamous epithelia.
Influence of oral bacterial endotoxin on cell migration and phagocytic activity
Authors: Jensen S. Börglum , Theilade Else , Jensen J. Smidt
Published: June 2006

The capacity of endotoxin from oral bacteria to induce inflammation was studied in human subjects by the “skin, window” technique. The inner surface of the forearm was excoriated with a scalpel and sterile cover slips applied to the wounds. Migrating inflammatory cells were found to adhere to the cover slips and regular replacement of the cover slips permitted longitudinal examination of the cytology of the exudates. Topical application of lipopolysaccharide endotoxin from oral Veillonella to the abraded skin areas caused a distinct alteration in the local inflammatory response. An immediate and persistent migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes occurred, while the appearance of mononuclear cells in the exudates was delayed from 4 to 10 hours depending on the dose of endotoxin. Continued application every second hour of as little as 0.19 μg endotoxin to the lesion extended the phase of polymorphonuclear migration throughout the 14 hour experimental period. Phagocytosis of inert carbon particles was significantly enhanced in lesions treated with endotoxin and followed a characteristic pattern. After a single application of endotoxin an initial peak of phagocytic activity by polymorphonuclear leukocytes was observed 4 to 6 hours later. A second peak at 12 hours was caused by the phagocytic action of mononuclear cells. The role of oral bacterial endotoxin in gingival inflammation is discussed in the light of these results.
Papain induced changes in rabbit oral tissues
Authors: Ciancio Sebastian G.
Published: June 2006

The experiment described in this paper suggests that intravenous injections of papain produce a drooping of rabbit ears. Papain appears to deplete not only ear cartilage but also rabbit gingival tissue of acid mucopolysaccharides. Although acid mucopolysaccharides are depleted by papain, no water loss was found in the gingival tissues.
A roentgenographic study of clinically healthy and inflamed periodontal tissues in children
Authors: Hollender Lars , Lindhe Jan , Koch Göran
Published: June 2006

In an investigation of the effect of prolonged daily supervision of toothbrushing on Swedish schoolchildren (Koch and Lindhe, 1965; Lindhe and Koch, 1966) the incidence and severity of gingivitis in the experimental group were found to be substantially less than in the control group. It was therefore thought of interest to ascertain if there were roentgenographically detectable differences between the groups.

The present investigation was carried out on 64 Swedish scoolchildren, randomly picked from the larger material taking part in the above mentioned investigation. Of these, 33 belonged to the supervised group and 31 to the group serving as a control.

The criteria used for the diagnosis of periodontal disease in the roentgenograms were:

marginal tickening of the periodontal membrane.

defects of the margin of the alveolar crest.

increased distance between the cemento‐enamel junction and the peak of the alveolar crest.

Roentgenographs of the upper and lower front teeth were obtained using a modified parallel technique. The roentgenographic interpretation was carried out as a blind test. No statistically significent differences between the two groups were found.

Because of these findings, roentgenograms of the 14 cases who showed no signs of gingival inflammation and of the 10 cases who had the highest gingival scores were selected. These roentgenograms were re‐examined simultaneously by two of the authors. As before, no statistically significant differences were found between the two groups.
Effects of local cartilage applications on gingival wound healing in rats
Authors: Stahl S. Sigmund
Published: June 2006

Twenty‐five young adult Sprague‐Dawley rats were injured at the gingiva mesial to the maxillary left and right first molars. The injury at the left first molar received daily applications of cartilage microparticles for five days following wounding. The right wound site served as the untreated control. Animals were sacrificed at varying time intervals over a twenty‐eight days experimental period and the maxillae were prepared for histologic study. Cartilage treated wounds showed an initial increase in cellular activity and a subsequent delay in connective tissue maturation. Crestal oste‐ogenesis appeared to be delayed in the cartilage treated areas. The presence of cartilage micro‐particles did not affect the apical migration of the epithelial attachment which followed gingival injury.
Presence of histologically demonstrable bound lipid in gingival connective tissue and loss during collagenolysis
Authors: Melcher A. H.
Published: June 2006

Cold microtome sections of healthy connective tissue and connective tissue being resorbed pathologically in chronic inflammation and physiologically in the path of erupting teeth from adolescent and mature Macaca irus monkeys were examined for the presence of Sudanophilic bound lipid. Healthy connective tissue of mature gingiva, like a number of other connective tissues, was found to contain a spectrum of varyingly bound extracellular Sudanophilic lipids stainable by Sudan black/acetone, but not by Sudan black/70% alcohol, without prior extraction, or after extraction in acetone or acidified chloroform: methanol. These bound lipids were soluble in lipid solvents. The intense Sudanophilia of the lipid stainable after extraction in acidified chloroform: methanol was absent from areas where collagenolysis had occurred, suggesting that the lipid had been released. There was no difference in lipid staining between connective tissues being resorbed physiologically and pathologically. Deposits of extracellular lipid stained by Sudan black/acetone were present in healthy mature connective tissue and in areas adjacent to collagen destruction. Lipid stained in the former situation is thought to be involved in remodelling of the connective tissue; that in the latter, possibly to comprise both lipid unmasked in collagenolysis and lipid being incorporated into connective tissue during reactive fibro‐genesis.
Periodontal health in various ethnic groups in Israel
Authors: Rosenzweig Kurt A. , Smith Patricia
Published: June 2006

The periodontal status of approximately 5,000 subjects belonging to nine ethnic groups of Oriental origin, aged four years and above and living in villages in Israel, was investigated. The severity of periodontal involvement of a group was found to be similar whether expressed as gingivitis in childhood or as destructive periodontal disease in adolescence and adult life. Gingivitis reached its peak at the age of 10 to 11 years and then tended to level off or even decline. The periodontal index (PI) and gingival recession rate (GRR) both formed straight line graphs between the ages of 17 and 55+. The incidence and prevalence of periodontal disease were almost uniformly higher in males than in females. In the populations investigated in the present study, it appears unwarranted to attribute this difference to differences in attitude to oral health and hygiene between the sexes. The possibility that habitual chewing of the leaves of Catha edulis is a causative factor in the exceptionally high rates of periodontal disease in Yemenite males is discussed. The periodontal health of the best groups was inferior to that of white Americans, and of the same order as that of American Negroes and the inhabitants of Lebanon and Chile. The most severe degree of involvement was comparable to findings in South‐East Asia, and occurred in people who had immigrated from India.
The effect of supervised oral hygiene on the gingiva of children
Authors: Lindhe J. , Koch G.
Published: June 2006

The effect of prolonged supervision of tooth brushing on gingival health and oral hygiene in a group of school children 12–13 years of age was investigated. The subjects were divided into one experimental group and one control group, each of 32 children.

A specially trained dental nurse supervised the daily tooth brushing of the members of the experimental group. The control group members were not subjected to any form of supervised or controlled oral hygiene procedure. The gingival state and the oral hygiene were recorded according to index systems proposed by Löe & Silness (1963) and Silness & Löe (1964).

The data obtained from an examination in 1965 were compared with those from a re‐examination in 1966, i.e. after two years and three years of supervised tooth brushing.

The two examinations revealed that:

Mean GI values of 0.22 and 0.24 in the experimental group and 0.78 and 0.95 in the control group were obtained at the first and second examination. The difference between the two groups at each examination was found to be statistically significant at the 0.1 per cent level.

An increase in gingivitis occurred during the year that elapsed between the two examinations. The increase was noted in both groups, but was small and statistically insignificant in the experimental group, whereas in the control group the difference was greater and statistically significant at the 5 per cent level.

In the control group, the condition of the gingivae worsened during the study in all four regions examined. Of all tooth areas, 75 per cent showed an increase in gingivitis.

In the experimental group, a significant decrease in gingivitis was noted in the anterior region of both the upper and the lower jaw, whereas the state of the gingivae found the molars had worsened. Of all areas examined, 56 per cent showed improved gingival health.

The individual mean plaque index for all teeth in the experimental group was 0.70 compared with 1.62 in the control group

The mean GI‐differences between the examinations in 1965 and 1966 showed that, in spite of the great difference in GI found already at the first examination (GI in the experimental group only 1/4th of that in the control group), the gingival condition in the experimental group had improved compared with that in the control group during the test year.
The effect of supervised oral hygiene on the gingiva of children
Authors: Lindhe J. , Koch G. , Månsson U.
Published: June 2006

In the present investigation was studied the relative effect on the gingiva in children of two different kinds of prophylactic measures namely: 1. A single information on the importance of prophylaxis plus mouth rinsings every second week added with distribution of dentifrice every month (rinsing group). 2. A single information on the importance of prophylaxis plus daily supervision of a tooth brushing procedure added with distribution of dentifrice every month (brushing group). A control group received neither information on oral hygiene methods nor participated in any form of supervised or controlled oral hygiene procedures.

When the examination of the gingival conditions was performed the experiments had been running for three years. 343 children participated in this investigation and they were at the time for the examination 12‐14 years of age.

The gingival state and the oral hygiene were recorded according to index systems proposed by Löe and Silness (1963) and Silness and Löe (1964). The examination revealed:

A mean GI value of 0.30 and 0.94 in the brushing and control group. The difference between the groups is statistically significant (p < 0.001).

A mean GI value of 0.61 in the rinsing group. Also this score is significantly smaller than that of the control group (p < 0.001).

The girls had a lower mean GI than the boys in each of the test groups. The difference was found to be significant in the rinsing group at the 1 per cent level and in the brushing group at the 0.1 per cent level.

The prophylactic measures were most effective in the upper front tooth region and least effective in the lower molar region.
Permeability of the dento‐gingival blood vessels
Authors: Egelberg Jan
Published: June 2006

As a rule, fluid could not be recovered on paper strips placed in the orifice of the gingival crevice in cases of clinically healthy gingivae. This is taken to indicate that abnormal permeability of the dento‐gingival blood vessels does not occur in healthy gingivae. An indication that a minor variation in permeability might occur, however, was observed in the specimens. Using the vascular labelling method, punctate deposits of carbon were seen in the wider vessels, pointing to a minor increase of permeability of these vessels when compared to the other vessels of the crevicular plexus. Likewise, the phenomenon of adhesion of “carbon leucocytes” to the walls of venules was observed, which was interpreted as being a response to a low grade irritant.
Permeability of the dento‐gingival blood vessels
Authors: Egelberg Jan
Published: June 2006

In resting, chronically inflamed gingivae as a rule fluid could not be collected on paper strips placed in the orifice of the gingival crevice. This indicates that the dento‐gingival blood vessels in chronically inflamed gingivae do not usually exhibit abnormal permeability. Using the vascular labelling method, however, it was observed that the vascular loops in the marginal half of the crevicular region regularly showed punctate deposits of carbon, bearing evidence of a slight increase of the permeability of these vessels. This increase was not great enough to cause formation of registrable amounts of gingival fluid.
Permeability of the dento‐gingival blood vessels
Authors: Egelberg Jan
Published: June 2006

After the systemic administration of histamine it was found that whilst almost no reaction occurred in the dento‐gingival blood vessels of healthy gingivae, the same dose of histamine caused abnormal permeability in chronically inflamed gingivae. This was observed as the formation of gingival fluid and, using the vascular labelling method, by labelling of the vessels with heavy deposits of carbon. This indicates that the blood vessels of chronically inflamed gingiva are more liable to show an increase of permeability than the vessels of clinically healthy gingiva.
Alterations in crevicular fluid flow during healing following gingival surgery
Authors: Arnold Robert , Lunstad Gary , Bissada Nabil , Stallard Richard
Published: June 2006

The relationship between gingival crevicular fluid flow and healing after gingival surgery, as assessed by biopsy, cytologic and microbial smears, was evaluated. Eighty‐five periodontal pockets from the maxillary anterior and premolar teeth were studied in nine patients. Gingival fluid flow measurements, cytologic and microbial smears were taken weekly from each periodontal pocket for five weeks. The gingivectomy was performed at the first week and the tissue biopsied. Additional biopsies were also taken of selected areas on the fifth week. The results were analyzed to ascertain any correlation between gingival crevicular fluid flow and gingival inflammation during healing. The following conclusions can be drawn:

 Quantity of gingival crevicular fluid, sulcular cytologic and microbial smears can be of value in assessing gingival status.

 A direct relationship exists between the rate of crevicular fluid flow and healing following gingival surgery.

 A healthy crevicular epithelium lining the gingival sulcus appears to function as a barrier, thereby retaining the gingival tissue fluid.