bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The lasting effects of childhood trauma on developing psychiatric symptoms: A population-based, large-scale comparison study
Authors: Jin Yu , Xu Shicun , Shao Zhixian , Luo Xianyu , Wilson Amanda , Li Jiaqi , Wang Yuanyuan
Published: October 2024

Background

Childhood trauma (CT) increases rates of psychiatric disorders and symptoms, however, the lasting effect of CT into adulthood has little exploration using large-scale samples.

Objectives

This study estimated the prevalence of CT in a large sample of Chinese young adults, examining the risk factors of current psychological symptoms among those with CT experiences.

Methods

117,769 college students were divided into CT and non-CT groups. The propensity score matching method balanced the confounding sociodemographic factors between the two groups, compared to 16 self-reported psychiatric disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety, eating disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, autism, social anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder), and seven current psychiatric symptoms. Hierarchical regression employed the significant risk factors of the seven current psychiatric symptoms.

Results

The prevalence of CT among young adults was 28.76% (95% CI: 28.47–29.04%). Youths with CT experiences reported higher psychiatric disorder rates and current symptom scores (P < 0.001). Sociodemographic factors (females, family disharmony, low socioeconomic status, poor relationship with parents, lower father’s education level) and lifestyle factors (smoking status, alcohol consumption, lack of exercise) were significantly associated with current psychiatric symptoms.

Results

Public health departments and colleges should develop strategies to promote mental health among those who have experienced CT.
Mental health vulnerability in multicultural families: Risk factors among homogenous country
Authors: Kim Eunah , Park Myung-Bae
Published: October 2024

We investigate the mental health of multicultural families (CFs) in South Korea, identify risk factors, and propose interventions to improve mental health. Adults over 19 years of age were analyzed using the Community Health Survey 2019 in South Korea, consisting of 228,952 individuals including 3,524 from multi-CFs. We employed chi-squared tests and multiple logistic regression to compare mental health between multi- and mono-CFs, exploring the influence of various factors. Multi-CFs had significantly higher levels of stress recognition (P-value = 0.010) and experiences of extreme sadness or despair (P-value = 0.002) than mono-CFs. In multi-CFs, younger group, households with lower income and people with unhealthy behaviors regarding walking or sleeping were at risk of mental health. Socially isolated families, relative to the families participating in active social gatherings, had about a 1.36 times higher risk of stress, 2 times higher experiences of extreme sadness or despair and 5.32 times higher depressive symptoms. Multi-CFs are vulnerable to mental health problems, and even within multi-CFs, groups with relatively low socioeconomic status should be prioritized since problems are more significant among them. Activated social networks can help multi-CFs integrate into society and promote mental health.
Feasibility and acceptability of FOotpaths foR adolescent MAternal mental HeAlth (FOR MAMA): A co-designed intervention for pregnant adolescents in Malawi
Authors: Mhango Wezi , Michelson Daniel , Gaysina Darya
Published: October 2024

This study aimed to assess feasibility, acceptability and potential for impact of FOotpaths foR Adolescent MAternal Mental HeAlth (FOR MAMA), a co-designed intervention for pregnant adolescents in Malawi. We used a mixed-methods interventional pre-post cohort design. We recruited pregnant adolescents from a rural health centre in Zomba district, Malawi, all of whom were offered a five-session psychosocial intervention delivered by community healthcare workers. Quantitative feasibility indicators related to participant enrolment, session attendance and intervention completion. Feasibility of intervention delivery was explored using in-depth semi-structured interviews with healthcare workers. Acceptability was investigated through in-depth semi-structured interviews with intervention participants and a service user satisfaction questionnaire. Intervention outcomes were assessed using standardised measures of common mental disorders, financial distress and poor mental health and perceived social support. 19 adolescents aged 15–19 years (mean=17.21, SD=1.18) started the intervention, with 18 (94.7%) completing the programme. Significant improvements (p<0.05) were reported across all outcome measures, with moderate to high pre-post effect sizes. Intervention participants reported high levels of service satisfaction, although healthcare workers (n = 6) reported that some feasibility challenges emerged during recruitment and delivery. The FOR MAMA intervention proved to be an acceptable and feasible psychosocial intervention for pregnant adolescents in Malawi.
Impact of social support on PTSD : Chain mediating effects of insomnia and anxiety
Authors: Mao Xiaofei , Hou Tianya , Zhang Yulin , Zhang Jianguo , Zhang Fan , Liu Weizhi
Published: October 2024

Objective

To reveal the chain mediating roles of insomnia and anxiety between social support and PTSD in nursing staff under the stage of COVID-19 regular pandemic prevention and control in China.

Methods

A total of 784 nurses were recruited using the convenience sampling method in Jiangsu Province, China. Demographic questionnaire, Perceived Social Support Scale, Impact of Event Scale-Revised, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and Insomnia Severity Index were applied to collect data.

Results

Social support, PTSD, insomnia and anxiety were significantly correlated with each other. Insomnia and anxiety acted as chain mediators between social support and PTSD.

Conclusion

Insufficient social support may trigger PTSD through the chain mediating effects of insomnia and anxiety in nursing staff under the stage of COVID-19 regular pandemic prevention and control. Measures focusing on social support, insomnia and anxiety should be taken to reduce or even prevent PTSD in nursing staff in Chinese hospitals in similar crises in the future.
Transition to elasto-capillary thinning dynamics in viscoelastic jets
Authors: Zinelis Konstantinos , Abadie Thomas , McKinley Gareth H. , Matar Omar K.
Published: October 2024

We perform simulations of an impulsively started, axisymmetric viscoelastic jet exiting a nozzle and entering a stagnant gas phase using the open-source code Basilisk. This code allows for efficient computations through an adaptively refined volume-of-fluid technique that can accurately capture the deformation of the liquid–gas interface. We use the FENE-P constitutive equation to describe the viscoelasticity of the liquid, and employ the log-conformation transformation, which provides stable solutions for the evolution of the conformation tensor as the jet thins down under the action of interfacial tension. For the first time, the entire jetting and breakup process of a viscoelastic fluid is simulated, including the pre-shearing flow through the nozzle, which results in an inhomogeneous initial radial stress distribution in the fluid thread that affects the subsequent breakup dynamics. The evolution of the velocity field and the elastic stresses in the nozzle are validated against analytical solutions where possible, and the early-stage dynamics of the jet evolution are compared favourably to the predictions of linear stability theory. We study the effect of the flow inside the nozzle on the thinning dynamics of the viscoelastic jet (which develops distinctive ‘beads-on-a-string’ structures) and on the spatio-temporal evolution of the polymeric stresses in order to systematically explore the dependence of the filament thinning and breakup characteristics on the initial axial momentum of the jet and the extensibility of the dissolved polymer chains.
Total secondary emission effect on the complex plasma sheath with superextensive electrons
Authors: Eljabiri Z. , El Ghani O. , Driouch I. , Chatei H.
Published: October 2024

This study investigates the dynamics of various particles within the plasma sheath, focusing on the influence of secondary emissions from charged dust particles. The research concentrates on backscattered electron emission (BEE), inelastic reflection emission (IRE) and true-secondary electron emission (TEE) as key contributors to the behaviour of dust particles within the plasma sheath. Employing the semi-empirical model of Furman and Pivi (F-P model), the study defines the total emission of secondary electrons (EES), comprising these three types. The analysis aims to enhance our understanding of the complex interplay between secondary emission phenomena and the dynamics of charged particles within the plasma sheath, contributing valuable insights to the field. Furthermore, a comparative study has been conducted between the results obtained from the emission of secondary electrons according to the Sternglass theory and the emission of secondary electrons obtained using the F-P model. It is observed that the secondary electron emission (SEE) from the dust, based on the F-P model, demonstrates more pronounced effects on the sheath characteristics, particularly when considering lower values of the superextensive electron parameter ‘

$q$

’.
Referential transparency of verbs in child-directed input by Japanese and American caregivers
Authors: Fitch Allison , Lieberman Amy M. , Frank Michael C. , Brough Jessica , Valleau Matthew , Arunachalam Sudha
Published: October 2024

Children acquiring Japanese differ from those acquiring English with regard to the rate at which verbs are learned (Fernald & Morikawa, 1993). One possible explanation is that Japanese caregivers use verbs in referentially transparent contexts, which facilitate the form-meaning link. We examined this hypothesis by assessing differences in verb usage by Japanese and American caregivers during dyadic play with their infants (5-22 months). We annotated verb-containing utterances for elements associated with referential transparency and compared across groups. Contrary to our hypotheses, we found that Japanese caregivers used verbs in fewer referentially transparent contexts than American caregivers, or did not significantly differ from American caregivers, depending on the measure. These findings cast doubt on cross-cultural differences in referential transparency between Japanese and American child-directed input.
How big is too big? A qualitative study of discretionary food portion size norms among Australian consumers
Authors: Liu Qingzhou , Wang Leanne , Allman-Farinelli Margaret , Rangan Anna
Published: October 2024

Objective:

The high availability of energy-dense nutrient-poor discretionary foods in large serving and package sizes may have shifted portion size norms (described as a typical perception of how much people choose to eat from a given food at a single eating occasion) towards larger sizes. Few public health recommendations exist around appropriate discretionary food portion sizes. This qualitative study aimed to explore the underlying rationale of portion size norms of discretionary foods among Australian adults 18–65 years.

Design:

Four focus group sessions were conducted. Collected data were analysed using inductive thematic analysis.

Setting:

Focus groups were held online via Zoom between September and October 2023.

Participants:

Thirty-four participants were recruited in the study (mean age 38 years, 19 females).

Results:

The key themes raised from inductive analysis were personal factors, eating context factors and food environment factors relevant to the portion size norms. A framework was established to illustrate the interaction across these themes during the conceptualisation of the norms. For serving size availability, consumers found that there were limited serving size choices when making portion size selections and lacked the knowledge and skills in portion control.

Conclusions:

These findings highlight the need to make positive changes to the current food environment and develop relevant public health guidelines around appropriate portion sizes to promote healthier portion size norms and enable better portion control.
Tackling inequalities in preconception health and care: barriers, facilitators and recommendations for action from the 2023 UK preconception EMCR network conference
Authors: Schoenaker Danielle , Hall Jennifer , Stewart Catherine , Hanley Stephanie J. , Cassinelli Emma H. , Benton Madeleine , Wynn-Jones Alexandra Azzari , Chawla Mehar , Currie Sinéad ,   2023 UK Preconception EMCR Network conference workshop participants
Published: October 2024

Reducing inequalities in preconception health and care is critical to improving the health and life chances of current and future generations. A hybrid workshop was held at the 2023 UK Preconception Early and Mid-Career Researchers (EMCR) Network conference to co-develop recommendations on ways to address inequalities in preconception health and care. The workshop engaged multi-disciplinary professionals across diverse career stages and people with lived experience (total n = 69). Interactive discussions explored barriers to achieving optimal preconception health, driving influences of inequalities and recommendations. The Socio-Ecological Model framed the identified themes, with recommendations structured at interpersonal (e.g. community engagement), institutional (e.g. integration of preconception care within existing services) and environmental/societal levels (e.g. education in schools). The co-developed recommendations provide a framework for addressing inequalities in preconception health, emphasising the importance of a whole-systems approach. Further research and evidence-based interventions are now needed to advance the advocacy and implementation of our recommendations.
Implications of planting date on Benghal dayflower (Commelina benghalensis L.) and sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia L.) management in peanut
Authors: Daramola Olumide S. , MacDonald Gregory E. , Kanissery Ramdas G. , Tillman Barry L. , Singh Hardeep , Ajani Oluseyi Ayodeji , Devkota Pratap
Published: October 2024

Benghal dayflower and sicklepod are weeds of economic importance in peanut in the southeastern United States due to their extended emergence pattern and limited effective herbicides for control. Field studies were conducted near Jay, Florida, in 2022 and 2023, to evaluate the effect of planting date and herbicide combinations on Benghal dayflower and sicklepod control in peanut crops. Peanut planted in June was exposed to a higher Benghal dayflower density than peanut planted in May. Sicklepod density was similar between May and June planting dates at 28 d after preemergence and early postemergence herbicide applications, but density was greater in peanut that was planted in June, 28 d after the mid-postemergence application. A preemeergence herbicide application followed by (fb) an early postemergence application of S-metolachlor or diclosulam + S-metolachlor controlled Benghal dayflower 84% to 93% 28 d after early postemergence in peanut that was planted in May, but control was reduced to 58% to 78% in the crop that had been planted in June. Regardless of planting date, a preemeergence application fb S-metolachlor or diclosulam + S-metolachlor applied early postemergence provided <80% sicklepod control 28 d after early postemergence. Imazapic + dimethenamid-P + 2,4-DB applied postemergence improved Benghal dayflower control to at least 94% 28 d after mid-postemergence, but sicklepod control was not >85%. Regardless of the planting date, paraquat + bentazon + S-metolachlor applied early postemergence was required to achieve ≥95% sicklepod control. However, herbicide combinations that included paraquat + bentazon + S-metolachlor reduced peanut yield when planting was delayed to June. In fields that are infested with Benghal dayflower and sicklepod, it is recommended that peanut be planted in early May to minimize the potential impact of these weeds and to increase peanut yield. Late-planted peanut required more intensive herbicide applications to obtain the same peanut yield as the May-planted peanut.
The General Maintenance Orientation Scale
Authors: Ecker Yael , Lange Jens , Imhoff Roland
Published: October 2024

Abstract: We present a new measure of individual differences in maintenance motivation. The General Maintenance Orientation (GMO) scale includes two constructs – Appreciation for the current state, and Belief in the necessity of maintenance. Both constructs showed high to moderate (retest-)reliability, convergent and discriminant validity to various other motivation scales, and were influenced by a manipulation instructing participants to respond as if they were highly motivated to maintain. Additionally, both constructs predicted domain-specific maintenance motivation, overt goal-directed maintenance behavior, and reports of actual maintenance striving across two months. Importantly, the GMO was able to disentangle maintenance from approach and avoidance in three central life domains. As such, we argue that the GMO is a useful tool for researching and theorizing about maintenance.
Does the Importance of Sex to Marital Satisfaction Decrease or Increase With Time?
Authors: Ganzach Yoav , Pazy Asya
Published: October 2024

Abstract: Based on a representative sample derived from the MIDUS study (1,472 females and 1,415 males), we investigate temporal patterns of the relationship between sexual satisfaction and marital satisfaction and find that this relationship increases (rather than decreases) with time, and that it is primarily due to age (rather than marital duration). Theoretical and methodological implications of this finding are discussed, and in particular the importance of relying on large samples when examining moderation effects, of examining alternative explanations for observed interactions, and of conducting replications in samples drawn from different populations.
Aerosol Vertical Turbulent Mass Flux Retrievals Through Novel Remote Sensing Algorithm
Authors: Rasheeda Satheesh Ajmal , Petters Markus D. , Meskhidze Nicholas
Published: October 2024

Integrated measurements of aerosol, radiation, cloud, and turbulent transport in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) are essential for understanding and modeling climate and air quality. Here, we developed a new technique for the identification of convective turbulent regions and deriving the vertical distribution of aerosol turbulent mass fluxes within PBL. The algorithm uses retrievals from coherent Doppler lidars and a high spectral resolution lidar. The technique was applied to study particle mass fluxes over 2 months (November–December 2020) during the campaign conducted at the DOE Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains (SGP) site in Lamont, Oklahoma. The algorithm developed here is capable of continuously deriving vertically resolved (curtains) aerosol mass fluxes. Our data analysis shows that at the site, the 30‐min averaged fluxes at 135 m above the surface were mainly positive (upward) at ∼1 μg m−2 s−1, suggesting that the surface is the primary source of the particle mass supplied to the boundary layer at the SGP site. Analyses of the individual case studies have revealed that not all the derived fluxes can be linked to surface emissions. Both positive and negative values in a range of ±5 μg m−2 s−1 can be caused by convective thermals interacting between the residual layer and the mixed layer and by rotation of the horizontal wind with the height. Large erroneous negative fluxes can also be caused by drizzling/precipitating clouds. We anticipate that the application of the current technique will lead to a more realistic representation of aerosol mass budgets and bidirectional mixing rates.
Implementation of WRF‐Urban Asymmetric Convective Model (UACM) for Simulating Urban Fog Over Delhi, India
Authors: Bhautmage Utkarsh Prakash , Ghude Sachin D. , Parde Avinash N. , Kamath Harsh G. , Gokul Dhangar Narendra , Pleim Jonathan , Mau Fung Wong Michael , Wagh Sandeep , Kumar Rakesh , Niyogi Dev , Rajeevan M.
Published: October 2024

Accurate fog prediction in densely urbanized cities poses a challenge due to the complex influence of urban morphology on meteorological conditions in the urban roughness sublayer. This study implemented a coupled WRF‐Urban Asymmetric Convective Model (WRF‐UACM) for Delhi, India, integrating explicit urban physics with Sentinel‐updated USGS land‐use and urban morphological parameters derived from the UT‐GLOBUS dataset. When evaluated against the baseline Asymmetric Convective Model (WRF‐BACM) using Winter Fog Experiment (WiFEX) data, WRF‐UACM significantly improved urban meteorological variables such as diurnal variations in 10‐m wind speed, 2‐m air temperature (T2), and 2‐m relative humidity (RH2) during a fog event. UACM also demonstrates improved accuracy in simulating temperature and significantly reducing biases for wind speed and daytime RH2 under clear sky conditions. UACM reproduced the nighttime urban heat island effect within the city, showing realistic diurnal heating and cooling patterns that are important for accurate fog onset and duration. UACM effectively predicts the onset, evolution, and dissipation of fog, aligning well with observed data and satellite imagery. Compared to WRF‐BACM, WRF‐UACM reduces the cold bias soon after sunset, thus improving the fog onset error by ∼3 hr. This study highlights the UACM's potential to improve fog prediction and its application in operational settings. With further investigation into different fog types, the UACM can provide crucial insights for preventive measures and reducing disruptions in urban areas.
Aeolus Winds Improve Arctic Weather Prediction
Authors: Chou C.‐C. , Kushner P. J. , Mariani Z.
Published: October 2024

It has been proven that assimilating winds from the Aeolus global Doppler Wind Lidar (DWL) would enhance the predictive skill of weather forecast models. In this study, we use a series of observing system experiments to examine how currently assimilated “operational” wind products and Aeolus winds impact environment and climate change Canada's global forecast system over the data‐sparse Arctic region. Aeolus winds improve the tropospheric wind and temperature forecasts by about 0.7%–0.9% of error reduction (a 15%–20% effect compared to the impact of operational wind products) while having little impact on specific humidity. In particular, Aeolus winds have an impact on forecasts of strong wind days on the wind and temperature fields that is double the impact for weaker wind days. On the other hand, the operational wind products do not show as large a discrepancy in impact between forecasts of disturbed and normal days. These findings suggest significant potential for global DWL observations to enhance severe weather prediction in polar regions.
Hydrothermal Fluid Activity on Mars Recorded in Phosphates of the Gabbroic Shergottite Northwest Africa 13581
Authors: Wu Y. , Xiao Z. , Wu Y. , Pan L. , Yan P. , Liao S. , Pan Q. , Li S. , Li Y. , Hsu W.
Published: October 2024

Apatites record crucial information on the origin, composition, and chemical evolution of volatiles on terrestrial planets. As a martian intrusive rock, the gabbroic shergottite Northwest Africa (NWA) 13581 provides key information on the volatile evolution related to magmatic processes in the interior, shedding light on the intricate volatile circulation on Mars. The textural and chemical characteristics of the phosphates in NWA 13581 indicate a complex formation history involving fractional crystallization, degassing, and fluid interaction. Degassing of the NWA 13581 parent melt is capable of exsolving chlorine‐rich fluids, resulting in the formation of notably fluorine‐rich apatite with a high x‐site occupancy of fluorine up to 90%. The degassed/exsolved volatile‐rich fluids could subsequently continue to migrate and interact with surrounding magmatic suites, leading to highly heterogeneous compositions of active fluids. The crystallization of apatite is initiated by the interaction of fluids with merrillite at the late stage of the magmatic process, leading to the formation of phosphate intergrowths. Influenced by the composition and chemical evolution of volatiles in fluids and melts, apatite exhibits notable variability in chlorine compositions both within individual grains and among different grains. Moreover, the presence of magnetite associated with phosphate intergrowth highlights the transportation of metallic components in addition to volatiles from deep layers to shallower depths or to the surface of Mars. This process, which is observed in young shergottites, indicates the persistent presence of hydrothermal systems until recent geological periods, contributing to the generation and circulation of volatiles within the martian interior and on the surface.
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia to predict neurodevelopmental impairment in infants born extremely preterm
Authors: Baud Olivier , Lehert Philippe ,   On behalf of the PREMILOC study group
Published: October 2024

Background

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in extremely low gestational age neonates (ELGANs) was associated with neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI). However, the best endpoint of BPD assessment to predict subsequent NDI remains unclear.

Methods

We re-analyzed the PREMILOC trial, previously designed to test the effect of prophylactic hydrocortisone on survival without BPD at 36 weeks of postmenstrual age (BPDW36) in ELGANs, to compare predictive models of NDI considering baseline characteristics, respiratory course up to and BPD status at 36 or 40 weeks of postmenstrual age (BPDW36/BPDW40).

Results

Among 404/519 (77.8%) infants enrolled in the trial alive at 2 years of age, all neurocognitive scores were available for 302 (74.8%) patients. Gestational diabetes and sex were identified as the only statistically significant baseline predictors of NDI. Adding BPDW40 to this baseline model was found to be superior to predict NDI compared to BPDW36, leading to a mean difference of the developmental quotient of −6.7 points (95% confidence interval: −10.0 to −3.50, P < 0.001). The prophylactic hydrocortisone treatment effect on survival without BPDW40 was found to be highly significant (OR = 2.08 [95% confidence interval: 1.36 to 3.17], P < 0.001).

Conclusions

These data suggest a better accuracy of BPDW40 to predict NDI in ELGANs, an important finding for future clinical trials and research in drug development.

Registration numbers

EudraCT number 2007-002041-20, ClinicalTrial.gov number, NCT00623740.

Impact

The best endpoint to assess BPD as a surrogate to predict neurocognitive impairment in infants born extremely preterm remains unclear.

This study strongly suggests a better discriminative value of BPD as assessed at 40 weeks of postmenstrual age (instead of 36 weeks) to predict neurocognitive impairments at 2 years of age in children born extremely preterm.

This study supports the switch up to 40 weeks of the primary outcome chosen in future clinical trials designed to prevent BPD.

Our data also provide evidence of the beneficial effect of HC on preventing BPD at full-term equivalent age.
Genomic structural equation modeling reveals latent phenotypes in the human cortex with distinct genetic architecture
Authors: Morey Rajendra A. , Zheng Yuanchao , Bayly Henry , Sun Delin , Garrett Melanie E. , Gasperi Marianna , Maihofer Adam X. , Baird C. Lexi , Grasby Katrina L. , Huggins Ashley A. , Haswell Courtney C. , Thompson Paul M. , Medland Sarah , Gustavson Daniel E. , Panizzon Matthew S. , Kremen William S. , Nievergelt Caroline M. , Ashley-Koch Allison E. , Logue Mark W.
Published: October 2024

Genetic contributions to human cortical structure manifest pervasive pleiotropy. This pleiotropy may be harnessed to identify unique genetically-informed parcellations of the cortex that are neurobiologically distinct from functional, cytoarchitectural, or other cortical parcellation schemes. We investigated genetic pleiotropy by applying genomic structural equation modeling (SEM) to map the genetic architecture of cortical surface area (SA) and cortical thickness (CT) for 34 brain regions recently reported in the ENIGMA cortical GWAS. Genomic SEM uses the empirical genetic covariance estimated from GWAS summary statistics with LD score regression (LDSC) to discover factors underlying genetic covariance, which we are denoting genetically informed brain networks (GIBNs). Genomic SEM can fit a multivariate GWAS from summary statistics for each of the GIBNs, which can subsequently be used for LD score regression (LDSC). We found the best-fitting model of cortical SA identified 6 GIBNs and CT identified 4 GIBNs, although sensitivity analyses indicated that other structures were plausible. The multivariate GWASs of the GIBNs identified 74 genome-wide significant (GWS) loci (p < 5 × 10−8), including many previously implicated in neuroimaging phenotypes, behavioral traits, and psychiatric conditions. LDSC of GIBN GWASs found that SA-derived GIBNs had a positive genetic correlation with bipolar disorder (BPD), and cannabis use disorder, indicating genetic predisposition to a larger SA in the specific GIBN is associated with greater genetic risk of these disorders. A negative genetic correlation was observed between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). CT GIBNs displayed a negative genetic correlation with alcohol dependence. Even though we observed model instability in our application of genomic SEM to high-dimensional data, jointly modeling the genetic architecture of complex traits and investigating multivariate genetic links across neuroimaging phenotypes offers new insights into the genetics of cortical structure and relationships to psychopathology.
Deciphering the nexus between long non-coding RNAs and endoplasmic reticulum stress in hepatocellular carcinoma: biomarker discovery and therapeutic horizons
Authors: Goyal Himanshi , Parwani Sachin , Kaur Jyotdeep
Published: October 2024

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a significant global health challenge with few effective treatment options. The dysregulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses has emerged as a pivotal factor in HCC progression and therapy resistance. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a crucial role as key epigenetic modifiers in this process. Recent research has explored how lncRNAs influence ER stress which in turn affects lncRNAs activity in HCC. We systematically analyze the current literature to highlight the regulatory roles of lncRNAs in modulating ER stress and vice versa in HCC. Our scrutinization highlights how dysregulated lncRNAs contribute to various facets of HCC, including apoptosis resistance, enhanced proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, all driven by ER stress. Moreover, we delve into the emerging paradigm of the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA axis, elucidating it as the promising avenue for developing novel biomarkers and paving the way for more personalized treatment options in HCC. Nevertheless, we acknowledge the challenges and future directions in translating these insights into clinical practice. In conclusion, our review provides insights into the complex regulatory mechanisms governing ER stress modulation by lncRNAs in HCC.
Age-associated imbalance in immune cell regeneration varies across individuals and arises from a distinct subset of stem cells
Authors: Nogalska Anna , Eerdeng Jiya , Akre Samir , Vergel-Rodriguez Mary , Lee Yeachan , Bramlett Charles , Chowdhury Adnan Y. , Wang Bowen , Cess Colin G. , Finley Stacey D. , Lu Rong
Published: October 2024

The age-associated decline in immunity manifests as imbalanced adaptive and innate immune cells, which originate from the aging of the stem cells that sustain their regeneration. Aging variation across individuals is well recognized, but its mechanism remains unclear. Here, we used high-throughput single-cell technologies to compare mice of the same chronological age that exhibited early or delayed immune aging phenotypes. We found that some hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in early aging mice upregulated genes related to aging, myeloid differentiation, and stem cell proliferation. Delayed aging was instead associated with genes involved in stem cell regulation and the response to external signals. These molecular changes align with shifts in HSC function. We found that the lineage biases of 30% to 40% of the HSC clones shifted with age. Moreover, their lineage biases shifted in opposite directions in mice exhibiting an early or delayed aging phenotype. In early aging mice, the HSC lineage bias shifted toward the myeloid lineage, driving the aging phenotype. In delayed aging mice, HSC lineage bias shifted toward the lymphoid lineage, effectively counteracting aging progression. Furthermore, the anti-aging HSC clones did not increase lymphoid production but instead decreased myeloid production. Additionally, we systematically quantified the frequency of various changes in HSC differentiation and their roles in driving the immune aging phenotype. Taken together, our findings suggest that temporal variation in the aging of immune cell regeneration among individuals primarily arises from differences in the myelopoiesis of a distinct subset of HSCs. Therefore, interventions to delay aging may be possible by targeting a subset of stem cells.
Anomalous frozen evanescent phonons
Authors: Chen Yi , Schneider Jonathan L. G. , Wang Ke , Scott Philip , Kalt Sebastian , Kadic Muamer , Wegener Martin
Published: October 2024

Evanescent Bloch waves are eigensolutions of spatially periodic problems for complex-valued wavenumbers at finite frequencies, corresponding to solutions that oscillate in time and space and that exponentially decay in space. Such evanescent waves are ubiquitous in optics, plasmonics, elasticity, and acoustics. In the limit of zero frequency, the wave “freezes” in time. We introduce frozen evanescent waves as the eigensolutions of the Bloch periodic problem at zero eigenfrequency. Elastic waves, i.e., phonons, in metamaterials serve as an example. We show that, in the complex plane, the Cauchy-Riemann equations for analytical functions connect the minima of the phonon band structure to frozen evanescent phonons. Their exponential decay length becomes unusually large if a minimum in the band structure tends to zero and thereby approaches a soft mode. This connection between unusual static and dynamic behaviors allows to engineer large characteristic decay lengths in static elasticity. For finite-size samples, the static solutions for given boundary conditions are linear combinations of frozen evanescent phonons, leading to interference effects. Theory and experiment are in excellent agreement. Anomalous behavior includes the violation of Saint Venant’s principle, which means that large decay-length frozen evanescent phonons can potentially be applied in terms of remote mechanical sensing.
Aboveground and belowground sizes are aligned in the unified spectrum of plant form and function
Authors: Beccari Eleonora , Carmona Carlos P.
Published: October 2024

Understanding the global variation of plant strategies is essential for unravelling eco-evolutionary processes and ecosystem functions. Variation in ten fundamental aboveground and fine-root traits is summarised in four dimensions, the first of which relates to aboveground plant size. However, there is no consensus about how root size fits within this scheme. Here, we add rooting depth and lateral spread, compiling a set of twelve key traits that define the fundamental investments of plants in growth, reproduction, and survival. We examine whether the inclusion of root size alters the dimensionality and structure of trait correlations defining plant functional strategies. Our results show that including root size traits does not alter the fundamental structure and dimensionality of the plant functional space, regardless of trait completeness and phylogenetic relatedness. Plant size defines a single continuum of allometric investments at the global scale, independent from leaf and root economic strategies.
PCLAF-DREAM drives alveolar cell plasticity for lung regeneration
Authors: Kim Bongjun , Huang Yuanjian , Ko Kyung-Pil , Zhang Shengzhe , Zou Gengyi , Zhang Jie , Kim Moon Jong , Little Danielle , Ellis Lisandra Vila , Paschini Margherita , Jun Sohee , Park Kwon-Sik , Chen Jichao , Kim Carla , Park Jae-Il
Published: October 2024

Cell plasticity, changes in cell fate, is crucial for tissue regeneration. In the lung, failure of regeneration leads to diseases, including fibrosis. However, the mechanisms governing alveolar cell plasticity during lung repair remain elusive. We previously showed that PCLAF remodels the DREAM complex, shifting the balance from cell quiescence towards cell proliferation. Here, we find that PCLAF expression is specific to proliferating lung progenitor cells, along with the DREAM target genes transactivated by lung injury. Genetic ablation of Pclaf impairs AT1 cell repopulation from AT2 cells, leading to lung fibrosis. Mechanistically, the PCLAF-DREAM complex transactivates CLIC4, triggering TGF-β signaling activation, which promotes AT1 cell generation from AT2 cells. Furthermore, phenelzine that mimics the PCLAF-DREAM transcriptional signature increases AT2 cell plasticity, preventing lung fibrosis in organoids and mice. Our study reveals the unexpected role of the PCLAF-DREAM axis in promoting alveolar cell plasticity, beyond cell proliferation control, proposing a potential therapeutic avenue for lung fibrosis prevention.
Rapid fabrication of gold microsphere arrays with stable deep-pressing anisotropic conductivity for advanced packaging
Authors: Cao An , Gong Yi , Liu Dilong , Yang Fan , Fan Yulong , Guo Yinghui , Tian Xingyou , Li Yue
Published: October 2024

Smooth metal microspheres with uniform sizes are ideal for constructing particle-arrayed anisotropic conductive films (ACF), but synthesis is hindered by challenges in controlling anisotropic metal growth. Here, we present a positioned transient-emulsion self-assembly and laser-irradiation strategy to fabricate pure gold microsphere arrays with smooth surfaces and uniform sizes. The fabrication involves assembling gold nanoparticles into uniform colloidosomes within a pre-designed microhole array, followed by rapid transformation into well-defined microspheres through laser heating. The gold nanoparticles melt and merge in a layer-by-layer manner due to the finite skin depth of the laser, leading to a localized photothermal effect. This strategy circumvents anisotropic growth, enables tunable control of microsphere size and positioning, and is compatible with conventional lithography. Importantly, these pure gold microspheres exhibit stable conductivity under deep compression, offering promising applications in soldering micro-sized chips onto integrated circuits.
Multiscale modeling of metal-hydride interphases—quantification of decoupled chemo-mechanical energies
Authors: Alvares Ebert , Sellschopp Kai , Wang Bo , Kang ShinYoung , Klassen Thomas , Wood Brandon C. , Heo Tae Wook , Jerabek Paul , Pistidda Claudio
Published: October 2024

The quantification of interphase properties between metals and their corresponding hydrides is crucial for modeling the thermodynamics and kinetics of the hydrogenation processes in solid-state hydrogen storage materials. In particular, interphase boundary energies assume a pivotal role in determining the kinetics of nucleation, growth, and coarsening of hydrides, alongside accompanying morphological evolution during hydrogenation. The total interphase energy arises from both chemical bonding and mechanical strains in these solid-state systems. Since these contributions are usually coupled, it is challenging to distinguish via conventional computational approaches. Here, a comprehensive atomistic modeling methodology is developed to decouple chemical and mechanical energy contributions using first-principles calculations, of which feasibility is demonstrated by quantifying chemical and elastic strain energies of key interfaces within the FeTi metal-hydride system. Derived materials parameters are then employed for mesoscopic micromechanical analysis, predicting crystallographic orientations in line with experimental observations. The multiscale approach outlined verifies the importance of the chemo-mechanical interplay in the morphological evolution of growing hydride phases, and can be generalized to investigate other systems. In addition, it can streamline the design of atomistic models for the quantitative evaluation of interphase properties between dissimilar phases and allow for efficient predictions of their preferred phase boundary orientations.
Integrating an antimicrobial nanocomposite to bioactive electrospun fibers for improved wound dressing materials
Authors: Reyes-Guzmán Victoria Leonor , Villarreal-Gómez Luis Jesús , Vázquez-Mora Rubi , Méndez-Ramírez Yesica Itzel , Paz-González Juan Antonio , Zizumbo-López Arturo , Borbón Hugo , Lizarraga-Medina Eder Germán , Cornejo-Bravo José Manuel , Pérez-González Graciela Lizeth , Ontiveros-Zepeda Arturo Sinue , Pérez-Sánchez Armando , Chavira-Martínez Elizabeth , Huirache-Acuña Rafael , Estévez-Martínez Yoxkin
Published: October 2024

This study investigates the fabrication and characterization of electrospun poly (ε-caprolactone)/poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PCL/PVP) fibers integrated with a nanocomposite of chitosan, silver nanocrystals, and graphene oxide (ChAgG), aimed at developing advanced wound dressing materials. The ChAgG nanocomposite, recognized for its antimicrobial and biocompatible properties, was incorporated into PCL/PVP fibers through electrospinning techniques. We assessed the resultant fibers’ morphological, physicochemical, and mechanical properties, which exhibited significant enhancements in mechanical strength and demonstrated effective antimicrobial activity against common bacterial pathogens. The findings suggest that the PCL/PVP-ChAgG fibers maintain biocompatibility and facilitate controlled therapeutic delivery, positioning them as a promising solution for managing chronic and burn-related wounds. This study underscores the potential of these advanced materials to improve healing outcomes cost-effectively, particularly in settings plagued by high incidences of burn injuries. Further clinical investigations are recommended to explore these innovative fibers’ full potential and real-world applicability.
Large-scale analysis reveals racial disparities in the prevalence of ADHD and conduct disorders
Authors: Shalaby Noha , Sengupta Sourav , Williams Jamal B.
Published: October 2024

The primary purpose of this study is to highlight trends in the prevalence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) and conduct disorders (CD) between non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black populations and identify potential diagnostic disparities between these groups. De-identified electronic health record data on the TriNetX platform of patients diagnosed with ADHD, CD, or both between January 2013 and May 2023 from 50 healthcare organizations in the US were used to investigate racial and sex disparities in the prevalence of ADHD and CD diagnoses. With a cohort of 849,281 ADHD patients and 157,597 CD patients, non-Hispanic White individuals were ~ 26% more likely to receive ADHD diagnosis and ~ 61% less likely to be diagnosed with CD than non-Hispanic Black individuals. The mean age of diagnosis of ADHD was over 8 years older for White patients than for Black patients, with a disproportionately higher number of White patients diagnosed in adulthood, compared to a comparatively negligible number of Black patients diagnosed with ADHD in the same age group. Additionally, Black females were the cohort least likely to be diagnosed with ADHD, while White females were the cohort least likely to be diagnosed with CD. Race disparities exist between Black and White populations, and sex disparities exist within each population. More information is needed to determine contributors to these differences, although implicit biases and systemic racism may be key contributing factors. Presenting evidence and increasing awareness of culturally relevant diagnoses can reduce unconscious bias and move toward more informed and objective psychiatric evaluations.
Comparison between carrier transport property and crystal quality of TlBr semiconductors
Authors: Watanabe Kenichi , Sugai Yusuke , Hasegawa Sota , Tanaka Seishiro , Hitomi Keitaro , Nogami Mitsuhiro , Shinohara Takenao , Su Yuhua , Parker Joseph Don , Kockelmann Winfried
Published: October 2024

Thallium bromide (TlBr) semiconductor detectors are being developed as promising candidates for high-detection-efficiency, high-energy-resolution, and room-temperature gamma-ray spectrometers. This study presents methods for evaluating TlBr crystal quality and carrier transport characteristics using neutron Bragg-dip imaging and the time-of-flight method for pulsed-laser-induced carriers, respectively. Neutron Bragg-dip imaging effectively determines the crystal orientation distribution, revealing crystal imperfections and grain boundaries. Time-of-flight measurements provide a spatial distribution of carrier mobility. In this study, two samples obtained from both the upstream and downstream region in the crystal ingot were evaluated. Although both samples show similar crystal quality, the upstream sample showed high carrier mobility across all areas, whereas the downstream sample exhibits low mobility in some areas. These findings suggest that, at least within the range of carrier mobility currently obtained, the effect of crystal integrity on carrier mobility is less significant than that of impurities. In conclusion, combining neutron Bragg-dip imaging with carrier mobility measurements offers a comprehensive approach to evaluating and improving TlBr detectors.
Prevalence and predictors of detrusor underactivity and bladder outlet obstruction in women with lower urinary tract symptoms
Authors: Wu Chin-Jui , Hsiao Sheng-Mou , Wu Pei-Chi , Chang Ting-Cheng , Chen Chi-Hau , Sheu Bor-Ching , Lin Ho-Hsiung
Published: October 2024

This study aims to present age-stratified prevalence of women with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) but without cystocele and predict detrusor underactivity (DU) or bladder outlet obstruction (BOO). Between 2005 and 2020, we reviewed women who visited the medical center with LUTS but without cystocele. Positive voiding dysfunction (VD) symptoms were defined as any one or more of the positive descriptions of weak urinary stream, intermittency, strain to urination, and sensation of not emptying. A total of 1,886 women were included in this study. 189 (10.0%) women were diagnosed with DU, and 77 (4.1%) women had BOO. Multivariate logistic regression analysis found that voided volume and VD symptoms were independent predictors for BOO. ROC curve analyses could predict BOO by voided volume ≤ 220 mL derived from uroflowmetry and the presence of VD symptoms with an area under a curve of 0.83. Age and voided volume could predict DU with an area under a curve of 0.82. We found a higher percentage of BOO in women with positive VD symptoms. A non-invasive uroflowmetry with voided volume (≤ 220 mL) and the presence of VD symptoms can predict BOO. DU could be predicted by age and voided volume.