bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Action of Electrolytes on Bacteria. Part I. The Action of Monovalent and Divalent Salts on the Conductivity of Bacterial Emulsions
Authors: Shearer C.
Published: May 2009

The action of univalent and bivalent salts on bacteria in affeting the conductivity of thick emulsions of the meningococcus andB. colidemonstrates the important fact, that they alter the conductivity of these germs in the living condition, in a very definite manner. In this alteration, the predominant part is played by the cat-ion.

All monovalent cat-ions, with the exception of the H-ion, such as those of Na, K, Li, Rb, produce a rapid increase in conductivity or a fall in resistance. In its early stages this increase in conductivity is readily reversible in these solutions. If allowed to follow its due course, however, it leads finally to death in about two hours, when the bacterial cells no longer offer any resistance to the passage of the ions. The conductivity of the emulsion then becomes that of the fluid in which the emulsion has been suspended.

Bivalent cat-ions and the H-ion, on the other hand, at first produce a slight fall in conductivity or an increase in resistance, followed, swecondly, by an irreversible increase in conductivity which is slow and gradual resulting finally in death after 48 or more hours. This is shown by the car-ions of Ca, Sr, Ba, and Cd.

In a balanced solution such as sea-water, blood plasma, Ringer's solution, van't Hoff's solution, where a certain quantity of CaCl2antagonises a larger amount of NaCl and KCl, the conductivity of bacterial emulsions undergoes no change, but remains constant.

Dead in distinction to living bacteria offer little resistance to the passage of ions of a solution. It would seem the relativity high resistance of the bacterial cell is due to some condition present in the living and absent in the dead state.

It has been shown by experiments on animals that the condition of increased conductivity of the cell is coupled with a loss of virulence in the case of some pathogenic bacteria. It is not clear from these experiments if this is due to the actual death of the germs in a monovalent salt solution, or to a detoxicating action of these solutions on the germs. It would seem there is some evidence for believing that the latter takes place, as the lost lethal power returns in the presence of a small trace of Ca. In bivalent salt solutions no loss of toxicity takes place. It has been pointed out that the action of monovalent and bivalent salts on bacteria offers a new explanation of certain experiments with gas gangrene organisms, where it is at present considered that the action of the salts are on the tissues of the animal and not on the bacteria.
A Note on “Defence Rupture” and the Action of Electrolytes
Authors: Cramer W. , Gye W. E.
Published: May 2009

The etiology of tetanus and gas gangrene presents a biological problem of an unusual nature. When the organisms which cause these diseases are deprived of toxin, by washing in tap-water saline or by washing and then heating, they are non-pathogenic to laboratory animals. In a recent investigation of the problem we have shown that soluble ionisable calcium salts enable detoxicated B. tetani, B. Welchii, B. oedematiens and vibrion septique to exert their pathogenic powers. We concluded that calcium owes this property to its local action on the tissues.
Tetanus. Analysis of 1458 Cases, which occurred in Home Military Hospitals during the years 1914—1918
Authors: Bruce David
Published: May 2009

The purpose of this paper is to place on record the available figures relating to cases of tetanus which occurred in Home Military Hospitals during the Great War of 1914–1918. It may be considered that some of the tables give no very useful or practical information, but they are nevertheless recorded in order that medical officers at the outbreak of some future war may have the opportunity of learning what was done for the prevention and treatment of tetanus during this war. For example nothing can be gained from a study of the figures given in this analysis with regard to the curative or therapeutic value of antitetanic serum, but it may be of some antiquarian interest half a century hence to know the amount given and the mode of administration in the years 1914–1918.
On Defense Rupture and the Antagonistic Action of Salts
Authors: Shearer C.
Published: May 2009

In a recent number of this Journal1, I have pointed out that the well-known antagonistic action of Ca to Na, was probably at the bottom of the peculiar “defense rupture” action of Ca, as described by Bullock and Cramer2, in relation to infection with the organisms of gas gangrene.
Some factors in Thermal Sanitation in the Tropics
Authors: Grabham George Walter
Published: May 2009

In torrid regions, thermal environment is of very great importance as regards comfort and certainly influences the health and efficiency of white men. The human race may have arisen under the influence of climates similar to those now prevailing in the Tropics where indigenous peoples sojourn in an almost natural state with little protection against either heat or cold. The European brings with him his native conventions as regards houses and clothing, developed, in the case of Britons, in quite northern regions, where the human race requires protection against cold. These may be more or less unsuitable for tropical heat but, being conventions, they cannot be lightly thrown aside. European clothes afford protection against disease-carrying insects, poisonous stings and bites, and the question arises as to the best way to modify them to suit the hot climate. In any case, the northern European in the Tropics is in an abnormal climatic environment and, though he may survive a long time, there can be little doubt that he rarely enjoys his natural robustness of health with the result that even trivial ailments assume serious aspects. It appears that there is a much narrower margin of health stability, and proportionately greater care is required if the system is to be kept within the limits. Mr Elsworth Huntingdon1 has adduced evidence suggesting that white races, even if they are able to survive within the torrid zone, undergo deterioration.
The Wassermann Test in Patients affected with Malaria in the Tropics
Authors: Hehewerth F. H. , Kop W. A.
Published: May 2009

With regard to the influence of malarial infection on the Wassermann test some controversy prevails:

Wassermann and Lange (1913) refer to Meyer and Bonfiglio who, working in Italy, obtained a positive reaction in 80 per cent. of the cases where the blood contained parasites; in some of their cases positive reactions were obtainable for several months after the disappearance of fever and parasites. For this reason Wassermann and Lange advise to put every case, coming from a malaria-infected country and showing a positive reaction, under quinine treatment and to repeat the test after a lapse of six weeks.
Clinical investigation of Xerophthalmia and Dystrophy in Infants and Young Children (Xerophthalmia et Dystrophia Alipogenetica)
Authors: Bloch C. E.
Published: May 2009

1. There are fats which are indispensable for children because they contain specific bodies, essential for normal growth.

2. If these lipoid bodies, termed “fat soluble A bodies” by McCollum, are absent from the food for a long time, an inhibition of growth will occur and the conditions which I have termed Dystrophia alipogenetica will finally appear. This condition involves a great susceptibility and lowered resistance to all infections and often leads to xerosis of the conjunctivae and corneae associated with night blindness. The xerosis has a great tendency to result in keratomalacia. In its first stage xerophthalmia resembles a slight conjunctivitis; the children develop photophobia, their eyes are red and there is a slight secretion.

3. Xerophthalmia generally occurs in spring, the time when growth is at its maximum.

4. The disease is most frequent amongst the children of the poorest country folk and is always due to an unsuitable artificial diet, generally the replacing of whole milk partly or completely by centrifuged milk, butter milk or concoctions of flour. It may appear in children who have received whole milk and cream, but in that case the milk and cream have been boiled for too long a time or have been subjected to other kinds of drastic treatment which have destroyed the specific lipoid bodies.

5. Xerophthalmia is easily when recognised in time. The best treatment is cod liver oil, but whole milk and probably cream, butter, eggs and other fats containing the specific lipoid bodies are also curative. It is important to remember that these foods should only be subjected to the ordinary short boiling.

6. The disease is fairly common in Denmark, apparently more so than in other countries. It is, for instance, practically unknown in Sweden and Norway. According to Mori's statistics it used to be rare in Germany. The reason for its being so frequent in Denmark is probably partly due to the fact that this country exports most of its dairy produce, especially butter.

7. Many of the cases of blindness and leucoma attributed to eye complaints during infancy, are perhaps due to xerophthalmia. Of late it has been said that blindness amongst children in Denmark is increasing while gonorrhoeal ophthalmia in new born infants at the maternity hospital is decreasing. Ophthalmo-blenorrhoea has been the cause of blindness in very few of the recent admissions to the blind institute, all of which supports my contention that xerophthalmia is the actual cause of the large number of blind children in Denmark.
Malaria in England: with Special Reference to the Role of Temperature and Humidity
Authors: Gill C. A.
Published: May 2009

(1) The study of the meteorological circumstances prevailing in the United Kingdom confirms the conclusions reached in India that the combined influence of temperature and humidity plays an important part in determining the conditions necessary for the transmission of malaria.

(2) The part assigned to temperature and humidity points to the conclusion that the period of active infection in England is ordinarily limited to the months of July and August.

(3) The part attributed to temperature accounts for the geographical distribution of the endemic area of malaria in the British Isles and explains its limitation to certain parts of England.

(4) The combined influence of temperature and humidity appears to afford an explanation of the precise location of the endemic centres of malaria within the above area.

(5) The part assigned to temperature and humidity elucidates certain points in connexion with the endemiology of malaria in England, and it offers an explanation of the conditions known as “Malaria sine Paludism” and “Paludism sine Malaria.”

(6) The part played by the meteorological factors throws light on the past history of malaria in England and it helps to explain its gradual decline.
On Rope (and Sourness) in Bread. Together with a Method of estimating Heat-resistant Spores in Flour
Authors: Lloyd D. Jordan , Clark A. B. , McCrea E. D.
Published: May 2009

The skins of grains, all flours and all bread contain bacteria belonging to the group B. mesentericus. The cultural characters of six types of B. mesenteriucus isolated from grains and flour are given. Five of these were also obtained from ropy (or sour) bread. None of these five types can be identified as corresponding to the organisms isolated by earlier workers on rope. Rope, or sourness, does not result from the presence of these bacteria unless conditions are such as to allow of great development. The factors determining development of rope in bread are (1) degree of infection, (2) moisture, (3) temperature, ? (4) reaction, and (5) composition of the flour. A method of estimating the degree of infection of flours is given.
Duration of Passive Immunity. Part III
Authors: Glenny A. T. , Hopkins Barbara E.
Published: May 2009

1. The course of disappearance of passive immunity in rabbits injected with diphtheria antitoxin obtained from goats, men, guinea-pigs and cows, consists of the same three phases that follow the injection of horse serum.

2. The rabbits examined were more responsive to goat, human and guinea-pig serum than to horse and cow serum.

3. The course of disappearance of passive immunity in rabbits, horses and guinea-pigs injected with homologous antitoxin, consists of Phases A and B only, and Phase B is far slower than when heterologous serum is injected into rabbits.

4. Sheep and goats eliminate antitoxin obtained from a horse at a very slow rate, and Phase C is hardly detectable.

5. Natural immunity of horses to diphtheria toxin is gradually acquired by a number of increasing responses to external stimuli.
Institutional Hookworm Disease in a Non-Endemic Region
Authors: Sawyer W. A. , Sweet W. C. , Shaw A. Eland
Published: May 2009

Conditions in institutions for children or defectives may become peculiarly favourable to the propagation of hookworm disease. The subject of the present study is a long-standing infection with Ancylostoma duodenale in the Hospital for the Insane at Goodna, Queensland, the largest of the three hospitals for the insane maintained by the State Government. The investigation was of special interest because the institution is in a region in which the general population is free from hookworm disease, owing to low rainfall, and because the infection was with A. duodenale, while the predominating hookworm infection of Queensland is with Necator americanus.
The Atmosphere of the Underground Electric Railways of London: A Study of its Bacterial Content in 1920
Authors: Forbes J. Graham
Published: May 2009

1. The bacterial content of the air of the Underground Railways, when the average of all results of the bacteriological investigations is taken, does not numerically compare unfavourably with the outside air of London.

2. The ratio of the number of organisms growing at room temperature appears to be about 14 for railway air to 10 outside air. For those growing at body temperature the ratio is considerably higher, namely 2 to 1 respectively. The mean per litre, for room temperature organisms, is about 9 in railway air, 6·3 in the outside air; for body temperature organisms 4·6 for railway air, 2·2 for outside air.

3. The bacterial content of platform air, except on the City and South London Railway, would appear to be higher than that of carriage air; the total mean for platform air being 52 and for carriage air 42·8 organisms per 5 litres, or a ratio of 16·4 and 13·5 respectively to 10 of the open air. The higher proportion in platform air is generally speaking to be accounted for by the greater amount of draught and dust disturbance.

4. The ratios of the total bacterial content of railway carriage air and carriage and platform air on the six lines to open air are estimated in the following proportions:
Spontaneous Agglutination of the Cholera Vibrio in Relation to Variability
Authors: Shousha A. T.
Published: May 2009

Spontaneous agglutination is a not uncommon occurrence, especially in the case of organisms of the enteric and diphtheria group, where it causes some difficulty in serological diagnosis. Many investigations have been made to clear up the principles of this phenomenon. Recently Arkwright (1921) has thrown much light on this problem. He was able to isolate from old pure cultures of dysentery, typhoid, paratyphoid and enteritidis (Gaertner) bacilli, two variants which he named the “R” (rough) and “S” (smooth). The “R” variant agglutinates spontaneously in physiological saline and in broth, while the “S” variant forms good emulsions in both. Specific immune sera prepared for these two variants show only slight cross-agglutination. Arkwright regards the two forms as potentially inherent in most of the individuals in the young culture, which may become segregated in different individuals in old cultures. “Rough” varieties have been observed also by Zoeller (1922) in B. dysenteriae Shiga and by Schütze (1921) in B. paratyphosus B.
The Excretion of B. enteritidis (aertrycke) in the Faeces of Mice after Administration by Mouth
Authors: Topley W. W. C. , Ayrton Joyce
Published: May 2009

In the preceding report (Topley and Ayrton, 1923 a) we have described a technique by which measurements may be obtained of the excretion of B. enteritidis (aertrycke)1 in the faeces of mice.
Acute Infection of the Urinary Tract Due to a Special Group of Haemolytic Bacilli
Authors: Dudgeon Leonard S.
Published: May 2009

In a paper on Bacillus coli infections of the urinary tract, Dudgeon, Wordley and Bawtree (1922) refer to two cases of acute pyelo-cystitis, one of which terminated fatally, due to slow lactose fermenting bacilli which were strongly haemolytic. The diagnosis of paratyphoid fever was considered probable on clinical evidence, chiefly because of the severity of the illness and the prolonged pyrexia which was infinitely longer than occurs in typical cases of acute coli fever. An organism was isolated from each case with identical cultural, serological, and haemolytic properties. On cultural evidence both strains were distinct from true colon bacilli, as they formed blue colonies on litmus-lactose-agar which were similar in appearance to typhoid-paratyphoid colonies, and slowly fermented lactose-broth.
The Capillary Endothelium in Relation to Antibodies
Authors: Eastwood Arthur
Published: May 2009

Pathologists and physiologists are agreed that the capillary endothelium is of high importance in the animal economy, though it is admitted that its functions are involved in much obscurity. With the immunologist, the primary difficulty is lack of physiological data which would enable him to start with the normal functions and to interpret abnormalities in the light of these. And it is obviously far from easy to plan experiments providing the sort of information the immunologist wants about the functions of endothelium as part of a living mechanism, in which parenchymatous cells, body fluids, and endothelial channels jointly participate.
A “New” Salmonella from a Case of Enteric Fever
Authors: Duncan J. T.
Published: May 2009

The list of bacteria recorded as causative agents in enteric fever and “food-poisoning” increases steadily, and the proved pathogens already number eleven types, of which three have been found in both continued fever and food-poisoning, three in continued fever alone, and five in food-poisoning alone. This list will undoubtedly be added to when cultural methods for the diagnosis of these conditions are more widely employed, especially in the tropics.
Typhoid Carriers in Aberdeenshire
Authors: Watt James P.
Published: May 2009

In the course of investigations into outbreaks of typhoid in the county for which I act as Medical Officer, I have discovered a number of typhoid carriers whose histories seem worth placing on record as showing the extent to which the endemicity of the disease in rural areas is maintained by carriers. Of twenty-two found, four were identified in 1908, two in 1910, three in 1911, one in 1916, one in 1917, five in 1918, and six in 1919. Five were men and seventeen were women, giving a proportion of 77·3 per cent. of female carriers. Of the chronic typhoid carriers found by the German stations up to the close of 1907, 82 per cent. were women. All of my carriers were intestinal, one being a urinary carrier as well. As in every case attention was directed to the carriers owing to a case or cases of actual typhoid fever occurring; this experience indicates that, as is generally believed, faecal carriers are altogether in excess of urinary carriers, or that urinary carriers may not have the special malignancy commonly attributed to them.
The Respective Influences of Temperature and Moisture upon the Survival of the Rat Flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) away from its host
Authors: Bacot A. W. , Martin C. J.
Published: May 2009

The rapid fall in the number of plague cases with the onset of hot weather is a characteristic feature of plague epidemics in the northern half of India. In these regions the rise in temperature is accompanied by an increased drying capacity of the atmosphere so that it is impossible to assess to what extent the higher temperature and increased drying power are respectively responsible for the effect.
The Bacteriological Examinations of the Faeces in Four Cases of Typhoid Fever, made at frequent intervals for a period of one month
Authors: Lockhart Leonard P.
Published: May 2009

1. The appearance and disappearance of typhoid bacilli in the faeces in these four cases bore no relation to changes in the diet nor to the physical state of the stools, but the later they appeared the shorter was the duration of their appearance.

On the disappearance of typhoid bacilli from the stools the intestinal flora tended to become more simple.

2. B. coli was the only organism invariably present at every examination.

3. Streptococci were very much more abundant in the earlier stages of the disease, when milk formed the greater part of the diet, than in the later stages.

4. In two cases where boils occurred on the body the causative organism had previously been isolated in large numbers from the faeces.

5. With stools slightly alkaline to litmus the flora in these cases was relatively simple and fermentative in type. There is no apparent advantage, therefore, in giving a high carbohydrate diet except in cases of marked alkalinity and putrefaction.
A Report on Plague Investigations in Egypt
Authors: Petrie G. F. , Todd Ronald E. , Skander Riad , Hilmy Fouad
Published: May 2009

The two generally recognized divisions of the country are the Delta (Lower Egypt), extending from the Mediterranean littoral to Cairo; and Upper Egypt, the narrow strip of alluvial soil in the Nile Valley from Cairo to Wadi Halfa. The valley of the Nile is a rift valley formed by the subsidence of a narrow belt in the neighbourhood of a line of fracture on the earth's surface; from Cairo to Aswân town its length is 880 kilometres (547 miles), and its width varies from 3 to 21 kilometres (2 to 13 miles). The province of the Faiyûm is a depression which is irrigated from the Nile by the Bahr Yûsef Canal, one of the old natural drainage channels of the valley.
The Spread of Bacterial Infection: Further Studies on an Experimental Epidemic of Mouse-Typhoid
Authors: Topley W. W. C. , Ayrton J. , Lewis E. R.
Published: May 2009

In previous reports (Topley and Ayrton, 1924a,bandc) we have recorded the results obtained by feeding mice on cultures ofB. aertrycke, and studying the subsequent excretion of that organism in the faeces. The present report deals with the application of the same technique to the study of an experimental epidemic of mouse-typhoid.
The Significance of Haemic Plasma Cells in Various Infective Conditions.
Authors: Hickling R. A.
Published: May 2009

The blood picture in rubella is characterised by the presence of numerous plasma and Türk cells and by the absence of toxic changes in the neutrophilic leucocytes.

Plasma cells occur also in scarlatina and in measles but with less regularity and, as a rule, in smaller numbers, but these diseases are always associated with “toxic” changes in the neutrophilic cells.

Such haematological features must be considered in relation with the clinical findings because plasma cells and toxic changes in the neutrophiles may occur in entirely different conditions, e.g. in association with the lympho cytosis following almost any acute infective malady.

The haematological method would probably find its greatest application in those cases in which the characters of the rash are not sufficiently well developed to enable a diagnosis to be made in the usual way.

Acknowledgments. My investigations were carried out at the Institute of Pathology of Charing Cross Hospital Medical School, and I am much indebted to the Director, Dr Piney, for assistance and advice, and to Dr Whittaker of the Metropolitan Asylums Board for access to clinical material. Moreover, financial assistance has been afforded by The Virol Research Scholarship which I hold.
The Use of the Fermentation-Reductase Test for the Grading of Milk.
Authors: Hiscox E. R. , Starling Ursula
Published: May 2009

Enquiries have frequently been received at the National Institute for Research in Dairying concerning the efficiency of the Fermentation-Reductase Test as a method for the grading of milk, and the suggestion has been made that this test, which is now in use in some European countries, might with advantage be substituted for the standard methods of counting bacteria and demonstrating the presence or absence of B. coli, which at present form the basis for the grading of milk in England. A study of this question was therefore undertaken, and since similar enquiries are still being received, it is thought advisable to publish a résumé of the results that have already been obtained.
Non-Specific Stimulation of a Natural Antibody.
Authors: Mackie T. J.
Published: May 2009

The question of non-specific formation of antibodies is of considerable theoretical and practical importance, and is closely related to the problem of “non-specific immunisation” which has attracted attention in therapeutics during recent years.
A Note on Immunology and Malignant Disease.
Authors: Eastwood Arthur
Published: May 2009

The “chronic irritation” theory still retains its interest, though it has not yet provided a thoroughly satisfactory explanation of the origin of that stimulus to growth which causes normal tissue to become malignant. If employed with caution, ideas borrowed from bacteriological work on “transmissible autolysis” may be contributory in the search for the explanation which is desired.

It is important to maintain a careful distinction between the initiation and the continued propagation of the malignant variant.

It seems hazardous to assume that one can apply as immediately valid for cancer those ideas about the natural and acquired resistance of the host which are current in bacteriological literature. On the other hand, it is not suggested that such ideas should be discarded but rather that they should be regarded as suggesting alternative possibilities, none of which can be definitely excluded.

Analogies with immunological reactions to foreign protein (bacterial or animal) certainly suggest the possibility that the cure of cancer may be found in discovery of “the right antibody for the right antigen”; but it is not clear how far such analogies can be accepted as being entirely appropriate; still, owing to the likelihood that new kinds of antigens and antibodies will be discovered, continued search for these factors in cancer is of high importance.

In the present article, which is a sequel to a former discussion on stimulants to bacterial variation, I have considered whether the idea of a stimulus to the production of non-viable variants may be regarded as of immunological interest in relation to the therapeutic problem of cancer.

I have endeavoured to show that this idea is worth consideration, provided that its importance is not exaggerated and that it is correlated with better established data about the principles of immunity.
Has the Mortality from Cancer changed in Copenhagen?
Authors: Heiberg Poul
Published: May 2009

The German social statistician Sombart rightly asserts that in many cases we obtain a sharper and better impression by limiting our investigations to the conditions prevailing in a single year-class than by taking several ageclasses together, which are always in some respects heterogeneous.
Appendix: To the Paper by M. Greenwood, E. M. Newbold, W. W. C. Topley and J. Wilson “On the Mechanisms by which Protection against Infectious Disease is acquired in ‘Natural’ Epidemics.” (Journ. of Hygiene, xxv. no. 3, Aug. 1926, pp. 336–353.)
Authors: Newbold E. M.
Published: May 2009

An experiment recently described in this Journal (Greenwood, Newbold, Topley and Wilson, 1926) dealt with the after–life of mice that had been previously exposed to epidemic pasteurellosis, and led to the following deductions:

“We think we have proved—

(1) That the survivors of herd-exposure to epidemic pasteurellosis are more resistant to subsequent exposure than healthy animals not previously exposed to risk.

(2) That this superiority is significantly correlated both with length of previous exposure independently of its severity, and with severity of previous exposure apart from its duration.

We think it is probable that—

(3) The severity of the prior exposure as measured by the average deathrate during the period of exposure, is less important than the length of exposure.

(4) The advantage of exposure at first increases with its duration and then decreases, so that mice who have been exposed for a moderate time are more resistant to subsequent exposure than mice who have been exposed for a very short or a very long time.”

The results of an independent experiment, similar in kind, with the difference that the after-life and previous exposure took place in a single cage, and covering 1867 mice, support(1), (3) and (4) of the above deductions, also (2) so far as it relates to length of previous exposure, but the severity of previous exposure apart from its duration shows a negative but insignificant association with improved expectation of after-life. These results are in agreement with the suggestion inspired by the experiment previously described. “That these facts are difficult to interpret in terms of pure selection and more easily reconciled with a process of active immunization during the primary exposure, but that the nature of this process will remain obscure until we have more experimental data at our disposal.”
The Method of Division of the Rough and Smooth Type of Colonies among Bacilli of the Salmonella Group
Authors: Nutt Muriel M.
Published: May 2009

In 1921 Arkwright described two distinct types of colonies which appeared when cultures of Bacillus dysenteriae Shiga were plated on agar. One which he called the “rough” type had a coarsely granular surface rather like morocco leather, and an irregular margin. The other which he called the “smooth” type had a regular edge and a smooth surface. He found the same differentiation into rough and smooth colonies occurred among other member of the group, in B. typhosus, in B. paratyphosus B, and in B. enteritidis Gaertner. Since then these two types of colonies have been described in many other organisms; in streptococci by Cowan, in pneumococci by Griffith and by Reimann, in pasteurella by de Kruif, in meningococcu and gonococcus by Atkin, in the cholera vibrio by Shousha.
Diet and Tuberculosis
Authors: Schütze Harry , Zilva S. S.
Published: May 2009

Guinea-pigs living on a diet restricted in quantity but not deficient in vitamin C survived inoculation with T.B. but half as long as others which had received a similar diet in abundance.

Sodium chaulmoograte did not inhibit the development of the omental tumour that appears in rats after intraperitoneal inoculation with tubercle bacilli.

On the other hand, there was some evidence for assuming that a large excess of fat-soluble vitamins in the diet, as supplied by cod-liver oil, inhibits the formation in rats of these tuberculous tumours, but such evidence was by no means conclusive.

Similar inhibition of omental infection was obtained on exposing rats to ultra-violet light.

Ultra-violet irradiation or the inclusion oflargeamounts of cod-liver oil in the diet of the rats produced a slight but constant leucocytosis.

No evidence was obtained that lack of fat soluble vitamins in their diet renders tubercle infected rats susceptible to tuberculin shock.
The Effects produced by the Inhalation of Haematite and Iron Dusts in Guinea-Pigs
Authors: Carleton H. M.
Published: May 2009

THE production of a fibrosis due to inhalation of haematite in man has already been disucssed by Goadby (1925). The following experiments were made to see what effects were produced by exposing guinea-pigs to the dusts of (a) haematite (Fe2O3) and (b) levigated iron.

Finacial assistance towards these experiments was very kindly rendered by the Mines Department, to the Inspectors of which I am also indebted for the haematite powder from Cumberland.
Milk-borne Sonne Dysentery
Authors: Fyfe G. Matthew
Published: May 2009

1. There is recorded for the first time an outbreak of milk-borne bacillary dysentery which has been proved to be due toB. dysenteriaeSonne.

2. In this milk-borne outbreak of Sonne dysentery there were over 150 cases and no deaths, the absence of mortality being in marked contrast to the high mortality rate which accompanies milk-borne outbreaks of Flexner dysentery.

3. Several milk-borne outbreaks of enteritis simulating dysenteric infections have been recorded in which the evidence has pointed to a living bacillus of unrecognised type as the causal agent. It is obvious that in futureB. dysenteriaeSonne will require to be excluded from the group of the unrecognised viruses.
An Investigation into the Effect of Pasteurisation on the Bovine Tubercle Bacillus in Naturally Infected Tuberculous Milk
Authors: Meanwell L. J.
Published: May 2009

The following investigation into the effect of pasteurisation on the tubercle bacillus was commenced in 1923, in order to ascertain whether the temperatures used in commercial pasteurisation are at all times sufficient to destroy the virulence of the tubercle bacillus in naturally infected tuberculous milk, i.e. milk as secreted by a cow suffering from tuberculosis of the udder.
A Serological Study of Undulant Fever in Southern Rhodesia
Authors: Ross G. R.
Published: May 2009

1. Examination of nine type strains of Brucella, collected from various sources, by agglutination and the absorption of agglutinin test revealed distinct serological difference between Br. abortus and Br. melitensis. Differentiation could only be made by the agglutinin-absorption test, both organisms agglutinating equally with abortus or melitensis immune sera.

2. By agglutination alone differentiation could be made between a group consisting of Br. melitensis and Br. abortus strains on the one hand and a group which included one strain labelled Br. melitensis, one labelled Br. abortus, and Br. paramelitensis.

3. The agglutinin-absorption test showed that this Br. paramelitensis group comprised two strains of closely allied paramelitensis strains, and that the Br. abortus strain could be regarded as a Br. para-abortus strain.

4. Serological investigation of eight strains of Brucella isolated from patients suffering from undulant fever in Southern Rhodesia showed that six were serologically identical with type Br. abortus and two identical with what is regarded as a Br. para-abortus strain.

5. It is suggested that the melitensis-abortus group represent the “S” normal types, whereas the paramelitensis-para-abortus group represent the “R” mutant types of organisms.
Some Epidemiological Observations on Foot-and-Mouth Disease, with Special Reference to the Recent Experience of Holland
Authors: Greenwood M.
Published: May 2009

In his classical treatise on Contagions, Hieronymus Fracastorious of Verona has the following passage: “I recollect a singular contagion of the year 1514 which affected only oxen; it first showed itself in the district of Frioli, then gradually extended to northern Italy and thence reached our country. At first the ox went off its feed without any obvious cause, but if the herdsmen looked into the mouth a certain roughness and small pustules were noted on the palate and the whole oral cavity. It was necessary at once to isolate the infected beast from the rest of the herd, otherwise all became affected. Gradually the disease descended to the shoulders and thence to the feet, and almost all the beasts in which this happened recovered, but when it did not, they usually died” (Fracastorii, pp. 63–4). Probably, as in the parallel case of influenza, a careful search of earlier literature might show that foot-and-mouth disease had played its part before 1514. It is sufficient for my present purpose to establish that it has been recognised, very much in its actual clinical form for more than 400 years.
The Stability of Schick Toxin
Authors: Joe Alexander , McEntee J. C. J.
Published: May 2009

The stability of the biological reagents used in routine immunological procedures is a matter of practical interest to the public health worker, and an attempt has been made in the following research to estimate the period during which the diluted toxin used in the Schick test for the estimation of susceptibility to diphtheria remains potent. In the early days of Schick testing, although Leete (1920) reported that a diluted toxin retained its potency for as long as 5 weeks, it has hitherto been considered inadvisable to use a toxin at a longer interval than 48 hours after it had been diluted to its proper strength. Glenny, Waddington and Pope (1928) and O'Brien, Okell and Parish (1928) have introduced a new diluent consisting of a solution of a combination of crystal borax 57, boric acid 84 and sodium chloride 99 parts. A 1·5 per cent, solution of this mixture is now used as a diluent and has the effect of sustaining the potency of the diluted toxin over a greater period of time. In our work over 400 persons have been tested with toxins made up according to this formula, a comparison being made in each individual between the reactions elicited by an aged toxin, stored for varying periods at room temperature or in the cold room, with those produced by a fresh toxin. Enough toxin was made up at the beginning of the experiment to last over a considerable period of time, samples being sent to us by post periodically together with batches of freshly diluted toxin. The testing of reagents was carried out immediately on receipt, the lower age groups being selected in any series of individuals as being likely to give the largest number of reactors. The actual testing was performed practically throughout by one of us (J. C. J. McEntee) so as to maintain uniformity of technique. Each pair of toxins was controlled by a single injection of inactivated toxin and the results were scrutinised at the 4th and 10th days, a record of the comparative intensities of the positives being made at the same time. The results are recorded in Table I.
Skin Tests for Susceptibility to Measles
Authors: Smith J. , Fraser A. M.
Published: May 2009

Skin tests made with the toxin obtained from Tunnicliff's strain of green producing streptococcus on normal individuals, and on cases prior to and after an attack of measles did not give any definite positive evidence of the etiological relationship of this organism to measles. Further, an attack of measles did not produce any apparent increase in the antitoxic content of a patient's serum for this toxin.
Statistical Study of Scarlet Fever and Diphtheria. With special reference to (1) Changes in the Age Distribution of Mortality; (2) Effect of Isolation on the Prevalence and Mortality from Scarlet Fever
Authors: Woods Hilda M.
Published: May 2009

In the early records of mortality there was much confusion between scarlet fever and diphtheria. According to Hirsch, after scarlet fever had been clearly differentiated from measles about the middle of the eighteenth century a new error was introduced into the doctrine of scarlet fever. Emphasis was placed on the inflammatory process in the throat which frequently occurs in scarlet fever, and this led to its being confused with diphtheria.
Tuberculosis in Captive Wild Animals
Authors: Griffith A. Stanley
Published: May 2009

The results of this investigation show that tuberculosis in captive wild mammals may be caused by any one of the three types of tubercle bacilli—human, bovine or avian.

In the Primates, which under experimental conditions are susceptible in an equal degree to bovine and human tubercle bacilli, natural tuberculosis may result from infection with either type. The human tubercle bacillus is however found more frequently than the bovine bacillus. Taking the condition of the regionary lymphatic glands of the body as an indication of the probable portal of entry of the infecting bacilli, e.g. greater enlargement and more advanced caseation of the thoracic than of the abdominal lymphatic glands as denoting respiratory infection, it would appear that the monkey may become infected with bovine tubercle bacilli, as well as with human tubercle bacilli, not only through the alimentary tract but also by inhalation.

Cultures of acid-fast bacilli were obtained from four caymans, one frog and one snake, which died in the Zoological Society's Gardens.

The strains from the four caymans were identical and indistinguishable from Aronson's Mycobacterium marinum.

The snake strain closely resembled the fish tubercle bacillus of Bataillon, Dubard and Terre.

The frog strain could not be identified with any of the cold-blooded strains of tubercle bacilli mentioned above.
Discontinuous Variation in the Virulence of Bact. aertrycke Mutton
Authors: Wilson G. S.
Published: May 2009

A given strain of Bact. aertrycke Mutton has been tested repeatedly for its virulence to mice, and on some of these occasions the virulence of 10 single colony cultures taken from this strain has likewise been tested. Between these single colony cultures such marked differences in virulence have been found as to constitute definite discontinuous variations. Side by side in the same culture there have been found virulent and avirulent organisms. Daily subculture in broth under certain atmospheric conditions resulted in the fall in virulence of the whole culture; this was accompanied by a replacement of the virulent organisms by organisms that were either completely avirulent or were only weakly virulent. The evidence suggests that the fall in virulence of the whole culture is not due to a simultaneous fall in the virulence of each of its constituent organisms, but to a replacement of the highly virulent organisms by organisms of a lower degree of virulence. During the process of replacement two or three different variants, showing discontinuous variations in virulence, may be demonstrated together in the same culture. The conclusions to be drawn from these findings, and their bearing on the interpretation of the results of experimental epidemiology, are discussed.
Green-producing Cocci in Measles
Authors: Smith J.
Published: May 2009

In 1917 and 1918 Tunnicliff announced that she was able to obtain cocci from the blood of cases of measles in the pre-eruptive and eruptive stages of the disease. It was claimed that anaerobic methods were necessary for their isolation, but after the initial growth appeared these organisms could be sub-cultured aerobically. Later, this worker (Tunnicliff, 1919) found a similar organism to be the predominating species in cultures obtained from the sputum of acutely ill cases. Caronia (1923) reported that he was able to isolate with great regularity a small diplococcus from the blood of measles cases by using the Tarozzi-Noguchi medium.
Bacteriological Studies of Milking Machines
Authors: Johns C. K. , Lochhead A. G.
Published: May 2009

Under warm weather conditions, contamination from milking machine rubber parts can be effectively controlled by simple, practicable methods. Milk drawn by machines so treated is equal in sanitary quality to that produced by careful hand milking.

The chloramine-brine treatment proved to be quite as effective as the hot water treatment in controlling bacterial contamination, while superior from the standpoint of economy and simplicity.
Chemico-physical Stability and Cancer
Authors: Eastwood Arthur
Published: May 2009

The prominence recently given to the Rous sarcoma has increased the confusion of hypotheses about malignancy. With a view to clarification, one may say that there are three simple hypotheses of outstanding importance, viz.: (1) the living virus hypothesis, which regards living viruses as the actual and effective cause of both the avian and the mammalian disease; (2) the autogenous enzyme hypothesis, which ascribes both diseases to the development within living cells of an ens malignitatis resembling an enzyme rather than a virus; and (3) the “chronic irritation” hypothesis, which explains mammalian malignancy on this principle and considers fowl sarcoma to be of a different nature.
Typhoid Fever in Palestine
Authors: Kligler I. J.
Published: May 2009

In the December issue of this Journal Peller (1928) presented a critical analysis of my paper (1927). His criticism is both general and specific. The general criticism requires no comment on my part. Polemics have no place in English scientific literature. Any contribution which contains an idea and stimulates thought and investigation is, in my opinion, of sufficient interest to warrant publication, provided the data presented are accurate.

Some comment, however brief, is required because the specific remarks create an impression that not only are the deductions wrong, but that the data on which they are based are inaccurate.
The Influence of the Age of the Mother and Associated Factors on the Mortality Rates in Childbearing
Authors: McKinlay Peter L.
Published: May 2009

In the present paper an attempt has been made to devise a method of determining mortality rates at ages from causes of death associated with childbearing. The sources of possible fallacy in this procedure have been discussed, and it is probable that the results found will represent fairly accurately the true course of mortality in this country.

From all causes of death in childbearing, mortality follows this course: beginning with a high value in the age group 15–20, the rate drops to a minimum in the second quinquennium of reproductive life and thereafter gradually increases with age.

The main components of the death rate exhibit a similar age distribution, but other less important causes of death show an uninterrupted increase with age from the commencement of the reproductive period.

Eclampsia is much more common in young women, but this may be entirely due to the greater proportion of primiparae at these young ages. Estimated in terms of first births the death rate increases rapidly and steadily with age, subject to a small exception in the first quinquennium which may possibly be a consequence of unfavourable marital selection at that age.

The high puerperal mortality of young mothers cannot wholly be accounted for by the excessive dangers of primiparity. Evidence has, however, been submitted that these young women are, on the average, a less healthy sample of the total female population at that age and that, apart from primiparity and adverse selection, the death rate from childbed causes probably follows the same law of mortality as of women in general from all other causes of death.

There has been within recent years a decline of nearly 50 per cent, in the puerperal mortality in young mothers of 15–20 and a smaller decrease in the second quinquennium of reproductive life; but there is no evidence of any improvement at later ages. These phenomena have been brought into relation with the change which has taken place in the death rate from all other causes in married women at these ages. The youngest group of married women, relative to unmarried of the same age, were in the more recent period studied in a much more favourable position with regard to their mortality from causes other than those connected with childbearing than they had been formerly. No corresponding improvement has taken place in the relative mortalities from all other causes in older women within the childbearing ages.

These results suggest that the general health of the mother is a factor of great importance in determining the height of the mortality rate in pregnancy.
Laboratory Notes on Plague in Kenya
Authors: De Smidt F. P. G.
Published: May 2009

This paper presents a summary of the work on Plague carried out in the Bacteriological Section of the Kenya Medical Research Laboratory, during the period August, 1926, to December, 1928, in connection with the preparation of prophylactic plague vaccine. It is divisible under the following sections:

A. Preparation of a vaccine of Haffkine type at Nairobi.

B. Tests on rats of the immunising potency of the vaccine.

C. Notes on the application of plague vaccine for human prophylaxis:

I. Experience in Kenya.

II. Discussion of the relative values of agar-grown and Haffkine's plague vaccines.

D. Notes on bacteriology and serology of Bacillus pestis:

I. Growth in fluid cultures under various conditions, etc.

II. Agglutinating sera and absorption tests.