bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polarization-Stabilized Pulse Correlation Measurement for Remote Fiber Sensing Using Polarization Scrambled Pulses
Authors: Lu Mifang , Kobayashi Hirokazu , Nonaka Koji
Published: November 2013

In order to reduce polarization impact in remote fiber sensing, we propose a polarization-stabilized pulse correlation measurement technique using polarization scrambled pulse train (PSP), in which the polarization state of each pulse is randomized. We illustrate the principle of the stabilization technique and verify experimental generation of PSP. Moreover, we perform fiber strain measurement using PSP-based pulse correlation tele-monitoring under various polarization states on a multi-region fiber sensing system. Our results show good stability against polarization fluctuation, indicating that the technique has great potential for use in harsh environment tele-monitoring.
Experimental Optimization of Quartz-Crystal-Resonator-Based Methanol Sensor Connected in Series with Interdigital Capacitor
Authors: Ishii Shunpei , Emura Keito , Abe Takashi
Published: November 2013

In this paper, we report the development of a monolithic methanol concentration sensor. An interdigital capacitor and a resonator are fabricated on a single-crystal substrate. The methanol concentration can be measured by measuring the frequency shift of the resonator because the shift corresponds to a change in the relative permittivity of the capacitor connected in series to the resonator. The quality factor (Q) of the sensor is more than 20,000 since the methanol solution is not in contact with the resonator but with the capacitor. The smallest resonator diameter and sensor size for achieving a resolution of 0.3 wt % were 1.5 mm and 2.6×10.9×0.1 mm3, respectively. Because the structure and manufacturing process are simple, the proposed sensor can be expected to be used for various kinds of liquid sensing applications.
Object Characterization Based on Multispectral Acoustic Imaging
Authors: Guo Xinhua , Mizuno Yosuke , Nakamura Kentaro
Published: November 2013

In previous studies, acoustic imaging was conducted using a single frequency or a limited number of frequencies that were not sufficient to clearly describe and explain the object characteristics. In this study, multispectral acoustic imaging (MSAI) is proposed to reveal rich information of object characteristics. An experimental study on object surfaces is conducted to verify the validity of the technique. Acoustic imaging of object surfaces is performed on the basis of a significant number of spectra over a wide frequency range. Using the frequency-swept irradiation from 1 to 20 kHz at 30 Hz intervals, we demonstrate the visualization of the following three different object surfaces: a rigid surface with small holes with and without a piece of thin paper covering the surface, and a boundary between wood and rubber plates. The distributions of sound pressure reconstructed at each frequency by a near-field acoustic holography (NAH) technique are shown. In multispectral acoustic imaging, frequency dependence provides us rich information about the surface shape and material properties of the objects; thus, the characteristics of the surfaces are successfully visualized.
First Small-Signal Data of GaN-Based p-Channel Heterostructure Field Effect Transistors
Authors: Hahn Herwig , Reuters Benjamin , Pooth Alexander , Noculak Achim , Kalisch Holger , Vescan Andrei
Published: November 2013

p-Channel heterostructure field effect transistors (HFETs) have recently attracted increasing interest. They open up the possibility of fabricating nitride-based low-power complementary logic for operation in environments not accessible to other semiconductors. To date, several publications have dealt with DC data of p-channel GaN-based HFETs. However, small-signal data, which is important in terms of accessible operation frequencies, is missing. In this brief note, we report for the first time the small-signal characteristics and cut-off frequencies of a p-channel device.
Complex Refractive Index, Specific Heat Capacity, and Thermal Conductivity for Crystalline Sb–Te Alloys and ZnS–SiO2with Various Compositions at High Temperatures
Authors: Kuwahara Masashi , Suzuki Osamu , Yagi Takashi , Taketoshi Naoyuki
Published: November 2013

We have measured the temperature dependence of the complex refractive index, specific heat capacity, and thermal conductivity of crystalline Sb–Te alloys and ZnS–SiO2with various compositions by using a spectroscopic ellipsometer, differential scanning calorimeter, and nanosecond pulsed light heating thermoreflectance system. The temperature range was set from room temperature to several hundred degrees Celsius. The values of these properties are useful for calculating realistic temperatures in memory devices and for designing device structures.
Measurement of Residual Stresses in Ferroelectric Pb(Zr0.3Ti0.7)O3Thin Films by X-ray Diffraction
Authors: Zhu Hui , Chu Daping
Published: November 2013

The residual stresses in Pb(Zr0.3Ti0.7)O3thin films were measured by the sin2Ψ method using the normal X-ray incidence. The spacing of different planes (hkl) parallel to the film surface were converted to the spacing of a set of inclined planes (100). The angles between (100) and (hkl) were equivalent to the tilting angles of (100) from the normal of film surface. The residual stresses were extracted from the linear slope of the strain difference between the equivalent inclined direction and normal direction with respect to the sin2Ψ. The results were in consistency with that derived from the conventional sin2Ψ method.
Annealing Transformation of Diamond-Like Carbon Using Ni Catalyst
Authors: Sone Junji , Shigeta Naoto , Yamada Katsumi , Uchida Takayuki , Yoshida Shinya , Hayasaka Takeshi , Tanaka Shuji
Published: November 2013

We have considered diamond-like carbon (DLC) graphitization by low-temperature annealing with a Ni catalyst, for MEMS usage with thick DLC films. For DLC films, annealing at 350–450 °C was effective for improving the I(D)/I(G) ratio of their Raman spectra, and their surface roughness was unaffected by the annealing temperature.
Versicherungsrecht: Altklauseln zur Verletzung von Mitwirkungspflichten bei Berufsunfähigkeitsversicherungen
Authors: Neuhaus Kai-Jochen
Published: November 2013

In den Bedingungen der Berufsunfähigkeits(zusatz)versicherung finden sich Regelungen zu Mitwirkungsobliegenheiten (z.B. die Verpflichtung des Versicherungsnehmers, sich auf Verlangen des Versicherers ärztlich untersuchen zu lassen oder Unterlagen über seinen Beruf vorzulegen). Üblicherweise sind dort auch Sanktionen für den Fall geregelt, dass die Mitwirkung unterbleibt. Mit der VVG-Reform 2008 ist das „Alles-oder-nichts-Prinzip“ durch das „Quotelungsprinzip“ ersetzt worden und den Versicherern Gelegenheit zur Anpassung ihrer Versicherungsbedingungen gegeben worden. Zahlreiche Versicherer haben von diesem Anpassungsrecht nicht Gebrauch gemacht. Der BGH (Urt. v. 12.10.2011 - IV ZR 199/10, MDR 2012, 27) hat im Hinblick auf Sachversicherungen für Altverträge die vertraglich vereinbarte Rechtsfolge für Obliegenheitsverletzungen bei fehlender Anpassung für sanktionslos erklärt. Seitdem besteht in der Praxis erhebliche Unsicherheit, ob die „Rechtsfolgenlosigkeit“ aus dieser Entscheidung auch für Personenversicherungen gilt. Der folgende Beitrag geht dieser Frage nach.
REISERECHT: Haftung für wetterbedingte Einschränkungen im Skiurlaub
Authors: Rodegra Kay P.
Published: November 2013

Millionen von Ski- und Snowboardfahrern aus Deutschland zieht es in der kommenden Wintersportsaison wieder in die Berge. Immer mehr Wintersportreisen werden als Pauschalurlaub gebucht, sei es als Komplettpaket oder nur durch Anmietung einer Wohnung oder Skihütte über einen Reiseveranstalter. Die letzten Jahre haben jedoch gezeigt, dass auf das Wetter nicht immer Verlass ist und Skiorte oft entweder über mangelnde Schneeverhältnisse oder über Schneemassen mit großen Lawinengefahren klagen. Der Beitrag informiert über die Rechtslage bei wetterbedingten Streitigkeiten zwischen Urlaubern und Reiseveranstaltern.
Seeking the “best CLCs practice” in China: A case study based on a conceptual framework of education entrepreneurship
Authors: Zeng Xiaodong , Ji Bingsi , Li Xingzhou
Published: July 2024

Rural adult schools, implemented by Community Learning Centers (CLCs) as part of the Capacity Building Project, face inadequate and irregular funding in China. Moreover, these schools lack technical guidelines for project implementation, posing additional challenges. This study employed the “entrepreneurship‐impact” matrix conceptual framework to conduct a case study and identify best practices related to CLC operation. Revealed through the study is an educational entrepreneurship model for implementing CLC projects. Resources, regulations, and outsider technical support shape educational entrepreneurship, with all factors influencing project implementation through the mediation of entrepreneurship. However, this influence is conditioned by loosened regulation. This study concludes that best practices emerge only when external conditions favor entrepreneurship and suggests that greater attention should be directed toward fostering circumstances conducive to educational entrepreneurship.
Engineering of Erythrocytes as Drug Carriers for Therapeutic Applications
Authors: Jia Baoshuo , Shi Yujie , Yan Yuling , Shi Hui , Zheng Jing , Liu Jianbo
Published: July 2024

Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells (RBCs), have garnered considerable attention as potential carriers for drug delivery, owing to their inherent properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and prolonged circulation half‐life. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the role of erythrocytes in drug delivery, elucidating recent advancements in delivering a diverse array of therapeutic agents, including small molecules, nucleic acids, antibodies, protein enzymes, and nanoparticles. Two primary strategies for encapsulating drugs within erythrocytes are systematically discussed: internal loading and surface loading. Each strategy offers distinct advantages in terms of drug stability and release kinetics. Notably, the utilization of erythrocyte membrane camouflaged nanocarriers holds promise for enhancing the biocompatibility of conventional nanoparticles and facilitating targeted drug delivery. Furthermore, the broad spectrum of biomedical applications of erythrocyte‐based drug delivery systems are examined, ranging from cancer treatment to diabetes management, thrombosis prevention, and immunotherapy. This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of current technologies in erythrocyte‐loaded drug delivery, highlighting the strengths, weaknesses, and future directions for advancing therapeutic interventions in various disease contexts.
Sub‐10 nm Lanthanide‐Doped Lu6O5F8 Nanoscintillators for Real‐Time High‐Resolution Dynamic 3D X‐Ray Imaging
Authors: Zou Huirong , Zhu Wenjuan , Zhao Jingtao , Zhou Su , Xu Shiqing , Lei Lei
Published: July 2024

Lanthanide‐doped fluoride nanoscintillators (NSs) have emerged as promising candidates for X‐ray imaging. However, strong afterglow, long lifetime, and poor irradiation stability pose key challenges for real‐time dynamic X‐ray imaging. In this study, the sub‐10 nm Lu6O5F8:Tb NSs with tunable morphologies are prepared via incorporating Li+/Na+ ions. The X‐ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL) intensity of the Lu6O5F8:15Tb/10Li NSs is stronger than that of NaLuF4:15 Tb NSs with a similar particle size while its afterglow is only ≈2.7% compared to that of NaLuF4:15 Tb NSs. Utilizing the Lu6O5F8:15 Tb/10Li NSs‐integrated film as a scintillator screen, a high resolution of ≈21.6 lp/mm is achieved. Even at a low dose of 0.23 µGy, the fringe detail in the electron device is clearly observed in the X‐ray image. The afterglow intensity of the Lu6O5F8:10Eu/10Li NSs decays to 0.7% at 40 µs, which is better than that of CsI:Tl (3.6%@40 µs). Moreover, the Lu6O5F8:10Eu/10Li NSs with a lifetime of 1.65 µs are verified for use in dynamic 3D X‐ray imaging. These findings represent a significant advancement in the development of new NSs for high‐performance dynamic X‐ray imaging.
Zipper‐Like Interlocked Heterostructure of NiFe Layered Double Hydroxide‐WN for Super‐Stable Oxygen Evolution over 4500 h
Authors: Xing Minghui , Qiao Zelong , Zhu Shaoke , Xu Guoqing , Yun Jimmy , Cao Dapeng
Published: July 2024

The nickel‐iron based materials are widely studied as excellent oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts. However, its relatively poor OER stability limits its practical applications. Herein, a zipper‐like interlocked heterostructure of NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH)‐WN is constructed. The NiFe LDH‐WN exhibits not only ultrahigh OER activity of 228 mV overpotential at a current density of 50 mA cm−2, but also extremely long‐term stability over 4500 h at 50 mA cm−2 and over 550 h at an industrial current density ≈350 mA cm−2, which is ascribed to its special zipper‐like interlocked structure. Moreover, in situ Raman confirms that the presence of WN can efficiently achieve NiFe LDH reconstruction to slower the metal dissolution during OER, and therefore boosts its stability. DFT calculations reveal that WN not only can increase the *O adsorption capability and conductivity of NiFe LDH layer, but also can anchor the metal atoms of NiFe LDH layer to improve the dissolution energy barrier. In short, this work presents a new method of constructing the interlocked heterostructure to improve the OER stability of Ni‐Fe‐based catalysts, which would accelerate its practical application.
Amorphization‐Driven RhRu Bimetallene Enhances Water Dissociation Kinetics
Authors: Wu Jiandong , Liu Manman , Fan Jinchang , Qiu Yu , Lu Wenting , Fan Xiaofeng , Zhang Wei , Zhang Lei , Cui Xiaoqiang
Published: July 2024

Phase engineering holds great promise in enhancing the functionalities of nanomaterials by enabling precise control over their phase and morphology. However, achieving this level of control in synthesis remains a significant challenge. In this study, the synthesis of a highly amorphous RhRu (a‐RhRu) bimetallene using a one‐pot wet‐chemical approach is presented. The introduction of a highly amorphous structure allows for the optimization of electron configurations overall structure of a‐RhRu. This catalyst demonstrates exceptional activity in the alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction, with a low overpotential of 32 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a high turnover frequency (TOF) of 3.06 H2 s−1 at an overpotential of 50 mV, surpassing the performance of most reported Rh‐based electrocatalysts. The findings underscore the potential of phase engineering strategies in electrocatalysis.
Fabrication of a Porous Copper/Graphite/Zirconium Oxide Hybrid Anode via Screen Printing for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Kim Tae Yang , Im Chae Yoon , Choi Jeong Ho , Gu Dongeun , Yoon Sukeun , Kim Un‐Hyuck , Kim Suk Jun
Published: July 2024

Redesigning anode structures in Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) has been a focus of research aimed at surpassing the energy density of conventional LIBs. Although anode‐free LIBs present a promising architecture, their low Coulombic efficiency is a major drawback. This paper introduces a novel hybrid anode that integrates the current collector (CC) and active materials into a single, cohesive porous structure, which supports both de/intercalation and de/plating reactions. The hybrid anode consists of a porous Cu matrix with embedded ZrO2 powders and graphite; the quantity of graphite is only a third of that present in a traditional graphite anode. The porous structure and additives enhance the electrochemical performance of the hybrid anode by minimizing the Li–electrolyte interactions, forming a stable solid–electrolyte interface and Li4Zr3O8 passivation layer, and reducing the nucleation overpotential. Especially, the unique surface morphology, characterized by a negative curvature between sintered Cu particles, lowers the diffusion potential, which further reduces the nucleation overpotential. Additionally, the periodic mesh‐imprinted top surface, created via screen printing, promotes uniform Li plating. The results demonstrate that the cycling performance and energy density offered by the fabricated hybrid anode are superior to those of conventional graphite anodes.
Hydrogen Sulfide Delivery System Based on Salting‐Out Effect for Enhancing Synergistic Photothermal and Photodynamic Cancer Therapies
Authors: Zhang Aimei , Wei Qingyun , Zheng Yuhan , Ma Mengyuan , Cao Tao , Zhan Qichen , Cao Peng
Published: July 2024

The simultaneous application of photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) offers substantial advantages in cancer treatment. However, their synergistic anticancer efficacy is often limited by tumor hypoxia, and thermotolerance induced by high expression of heat shock proteins (HSP). Fortunately, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), known for its direct cytotoxic effect on tumor cells, has been recognized for its ability to enhance PTT and PDT. The effectiveness of H2S in these therapies is challenged by its low loading efficiency, poor stability, and short diffusion distance. To address these issues, a nanoscale emulsion drop template created through the salting‐out effect is employed to construct a robust H2S delivery system. Polydopamine (PDA), chosen for its interfacial polymerization tendency and excellent photothermal conversion rate, is utilized as a carrier for the H2S donor (ADT) and Zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) to fabricate a novel nanomedicine termed APZ NPs. The temperature‐responsive APZ NPs are designed to release H2S during the PTT process. Elevated H2S levels promoted vasodilation, thereby enhancing the enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR) of APZ NPs within solid tumors. This strategy effectively alleviated tumor hypoxia by disrupting the mitochondrial respiratory chain and mitigated tumor cell heat tolerance by inhibiting HSP expression.
Extracellular Matrix‐Surrogate Advanced Functional Composite Biomaterials for Tissue Repair and Regeneration
Authors: Vahidi Milad , Rizkalla Amin S. , Mequanint Kibret
Published: July 2024

Native tissues, comprising multiple cell types and extracellular matrix components, are inherently composites. Mimicking the intricate structure, functionality, and dynamic properties of native composite tissues represents a significant frontier in biomaterials science and tissue engineering research. Biomimetic composite biomaterials combine the benefits of different components, such as polymers, ceramics, metals, and biomolecules, to create tissue‐template materials that closely simulate the structure and functionality of native tissues. While the design of composite biomaterials and their in vitro testing are frequently reviewed, there is a considerable gap in whole animal studies that provides insight into the progress toward clinical translation. Herein, we provide an insightful critical review of advanced composite biomaterials applicable in several tissues. The incorporation of bioactive cues and signaling molecules into composite biomaterials to mimic the native microenvironment is discussed. Strategies for the spatiotemporal release of growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix proteins are elucidated, highlighting their role in guiding cellular behavior, promoting tissue regeneration, and modulating immune responses. Advanced composite biomaterials design challenges, such as achieving optimal mechanical properties, improving long‐term stability, and integrating multifunctionality into composite biomaterials and future directions, are discussed. We believe that this manuscript provides the reader with a timely perspective on composite biomaterials.
Dual‐Layer Nanoengineered Urinary Catheters for Enhanced Antimicrobial Efficacy and Reduced Cytotoxicity
Authors: Won Dong‐Sung , Lee Hyun , Park Yubeen , Chae Minjung , Kim Yu‐Chan , Lim Bumjin , Kang Min‐Ho , Ok Myoung‐Ryul , Jung Hyun‐Do , Park Jung‐Hoon
Published: July 2024

Catheter‐associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is the most common healthcare‐associated infection; however, current therapeutic strategies remain insufficient for standard clinical application. A novel urinary catheter featuring a dual‐layer nanoengineering approach using zinc (Zn) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is successfully fabricated. This design targets microbial resistance, minimizes cytotoxicity, and maintains long‐term efficacy. The inner AgNPs layer provides immediate antibacterial effects against the UTI pathogens, while the outer porous Zn layer controls zero‐order Ag release and generates reactive oxygen species, thus enhancing long‐term bactericidal performance. Enhanced antibacterial properties of Zn/AgNPs‐coated catheters are observed, resulting in 99.9% of E. coli and 99.7% of S. aureus reduction, respectively. The Zn/AgNPs‐coated catheter significantly suppresses biofilm with sludge formation compared to AgNP‐coated and uncoated catheters (all, p < 0.05). The Zn/AgNP‐coated catheter in a rabbit model demonstrated a durable, effective barrier against bacterial colonization, maintaining antimicrobial properties during the catheter indwelling period with significantly reduced inflammation and epithelial disruption compared with AgNP and uncoated groups. This innovation has the potential to revolutionize the design of antimicrobial medical devices, particularly for applications requiring long‐term implantation. Although further preclinical studies are required to verify its efficacy and safety, this strategy seems to be a promising approach to preventing CAUTI‐related complications.
Colloidal Quantum Dot‐Based Near and Shortwave Infrared Light Emitters: Recent Developments and Application Prospects
Authors: Kumar Sarjeet , Pradhan Santanu
Published: July 2024

Solution‐processed quantum dot‐based near and short‐wave infrared light emitters have witnessed substantial developments in recent years. A variety of colloidal quantum dots (CQDs)‐based light emitters, including light‐emitting diodes, optical down‐converters, and emitters showing amplified spontaneous emission, lasing in the near and short‐wave infrared region, are demonstrated over the years. The progress in chemical synthesis of CQDs, development of novel CQDs, better understanding of the surface properties, chemical treatments to improve the optoelectronic properties, and suitable device engineering led to tremendous advances in the light emission performance in the near and short‐wave infrared region. A broad investigation is done into various CQD materials to achieve efficient near‐infrared light emitters. This review gives a detailed account of the advancement of the CQD‐based near and short‐wave infrared light emitters, strategies to improve the optoelectronic performance, controlling optical properties, demonstrated applications, the challenges that need to be tackled for further development, and future research direction.
Chiral Emission from Optical Metasurfaces and Metacavities
Authors: Han Jungho , Jang Heejoo , Lim Yeonsoo , Kim Seongheon , Lee Jeheon , Jun Young Chul
Published: July 2024

Chiral emission exhibiting a large degree of circular polarization (DCP) is important in diverse applications ranging from displays and optical storage to optical communication, bioimaging, and medical diagnostics. Although chiral luminescent materials can generate chiral emissions directly, they frequently suffer from either low DCP or low quantum efficiencies. Achieving high DCP and quantum efficiencies simultaneously remains extremely challenging. This review introduces an alternative approach to chiral emission. Chiral emission with large DCP can be readily achieved by combining conventional achiral emitters with chiral metasurfaces. Particularly, this article focuses on recent experimental and theoretical studies on perovskite metasurfaces and metacavities that employ achiral perovskite materials. First, chiral photoluminescence from extrinsic and intrinsic perovskite metasurfaces is explained together with theoretical discussions on metasurface design based on reciprocity and critical coupling. Chiral photoluminescence from other achiral materials is also explained. Subsequently, chiral electroluminescence from perovskite metacavities and other achiral materials is discussed. Finally, it is concluded with future perspectives. This review provides physical insights into how ideal chiral emission can be realized by optimizing the design of metasurfaces and metacavities. Compact chiral light sources with both near‐unity DCP and strong emission intensities can have far‐reaching consequences in a wide range of future applications.
Injectable Boron Nitride‐Hyaluronic Acid Hybrid Hydrogels to Facilitate Joint Motion: Mechanical and Tribological Characterization
Authors: Goncu Yapıncak , Ay Gokçe Mehmet , Kucukbas Aykut , Kar Fatih , Ozbayer Cansu , Kar Ezgi , Senturk Hakan
Published: July 2024

Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is used as an additive in engineering applications such as polymers, ceramics, and coatings because of its anti‐wear and lubrication performance. It has a high potential as a biomaterial, but it has not been evaluated to facilitate joint motion with its lubricating properties until now. In this study, the hypothesis that boron nitride nanoparticles (BNPs) and nanosheets (BNNSs) can facilitate movement in the joint region is evaluated for the first time. Hyaluronic acid‐based hybrid hydrogels are designed to transport BN particles to the target area and pin‐on‐disc tests on cartilage pins paired with glass disks are conducted to determine the validity of the proposed hypothesis. The injectability, mechanical properties, and friction coefficients of hydrogels with the addition of increasing proportions of different hBN morphologies are monitored. As a result, hyaluronic acid has been found to be a suitable carrier for the injectability of boron nitride in biomedical applications. The amount and morphology of boron nitride are observed as two important parameters. A significant decrease in the friction coefficient (18.9%) is observed in the BNNS‐doped hybrid hydrogel compared to the virgin hydrogel. hBN can be considered as a new therapeutic agent with the potential to facilitate joint mobility.
Metal‐Free Modification Overcomes the Photocatalytic Limitations of Graphitic Carbon Nitride: Efficient Production and In Situ Application of Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Deng Si , Xiong Wei‐Ping , Zhang Gao‐Xia , Wang Guang‐Fu , Chen Yong‐Xi , Xiao Wen‐Jun , Shi Qing‐Kai , Chen Ao , Kang Hua‐Yue , Cheng Min , Liu Yang , Wang Jun
Published: July 2024

Graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) assisted photocatalytic production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 has already attracted the interest of many researchers due to its environmental sustainability. Nevertheless, the inherent drawbacks of g‐C3N4 limit its progress. Metal‐free modification strategies, including nanostructure design, defect introduction, doping, and heterojunction construction, have been developed to improve the efficiency of g‐C3N4 photocatalytic H2O2 production. Compared to metal modification, metal‐free strategies avoid the use of precious metals and the leaching of heavy metal ions, which have the advantages of good stability and environmental friendliness. However, a comprehensive review of H2O2 production from g‐C3N4 modified by metal‐free strategies is still lacking. This review first recaps the mechanism of photocatalytic H2O2 production by g‐C3N4, including photoexcitation, carrier separation and redox reactions. Then, the perspective advances in metal‐free modified g‐C3N4 photocatalysts are presented, with the special focus on the kernel connection between different strategies and mechanism based on the pivotal stages of H2O2 production. Subsequently, recent applications of g‐C3N4‐based photocatalysts for in situ generated H2O2, mainly including water purification and organic synthesis, are briefly discussed. Finally, the prospects of g‐C3N4‐based photocatalysts are envisioned with the hope that it will have “something to do” in the field of H2O2 production.
Recent Advances in Oxygen Redox Activity of Lithium‐Rich Manganese‐Based Layered Oxides Cathode Materials: Mechanism, Challenges and Strategies
Authors: Jin Yanling , Zhao Zirui , Ren Peng‐Gang , Zhang Baofeng , Chen Zhengyan , Guo Zhengzheng , Ren Fang , Sun Zhenfeng , Liu Shanhui , Song Ping , Yang Huijuan , Xu Kaihua , Li Xifei
Published: July 2024

Lithium‐rich manganese‐based layered oxides (LRMOs) have been regarded as a promising category of cathode materials due to their high specific capacity on basis of joint anionic(oxygen) /cationic redox chemistry at a high voltage, thus high energy density. The anionic redox play the key and restive roles in LRMOs, contributing the extra capacity, meanwhile being associated with several unfavorable structural and electrochemical issues. This work systematically enumerates the oxygen redox mechanisms, and challenges associated with oxygen‐anion redox in LRMOs, including irreversible transition metal migration, phase transition, and the capacity/voltage decay, etc. The recent progress made in modification of LRMOs with particular emphasis to promoting the reversible oxygen redox reaction and inhibiting the irreversible oxygen release are summarized, followed by an outlook on the future rational design and development of LRMOs. This comprehensive review and perspective are expected to provide insights for the greater utilization of oxygen redox in LRMOs and other related materials.
Innovations report: A grading committee for a required fourth‐year emergency medicine clerkship
Authors: Thompson Meredith , Rivera Megan , Katz Jeffrey , Maldonado Nicholas , Srihari Caroline , Marchick Michael , Fernandez Rosemarie
Published: July 2024

Background

Assessment of medical students in the clinical learning environment is fraught with challenges. Seemingly small variations in clinical clerkship evaluation can significantly impact a student's future. As such, the integrity of the grade selection process must be heavily scrutinized. Group decision making in the form of a clerkship grading committee may be part of a solution to address this complex problem.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective observational study to describe grading committee decisions for a required fourth‐year EM clerkship from August 2021 to April 2022. Literature on best practices for group decision making and assessment were reviewed. This informed the development and implementation of the committee process. Each committee meeting was video recorded and coded for discussion time per student, times the committee grade differed from historical‐grade cutoffs with reasoning, and the frequency a committee member voiced a first‐hand account of student performance.

Results

Data from nine meetings was reviewed (86 students). The mean discussion time per student was 2 min 13 s (range 11 s to 9 min 22 s). The final committee decision differed from historical‐grade cutoffs for nine students (10%), six were adjusted above and three below. In 64% (55/86) of student reviews a committee member voiced a first‐hand experience of working with the student. Positive grade adjustments were made due to outlier evaluations and negative adjustments were made for professionalism concerns.

Conclusions

Grading committees are a means to conduct a comprehensive review of student performance and offer shared ownership of the grade decision among committee members. More study is needed to directly determine their potential benefit and role in clerkship grading.
Disease burden, management strategies, and unmet needs in α‐thalassemia due to hemoglobin H disease
Authors: Lal Ashutosh , Viprakasit Vip , Vichinsky Elliott , Lai Yongrong , Lu Meng‐Yao , Kattamis Antonis
Published: July 2024

Alpha‐thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder caused by impaired α‐globin chain production, leading to anemia and other complications. Hemoglobin H (HbH) disease is caused by a combination of mutations generally affecting the expression of three of four α‐globin alleles; disease severity is highly heterogeneous, largely driven by genotype. Notably, non‐deletional mutations cause a greater degree of ineffective erythropoiesis and hemolysis, higher transfusion burden, and increased complication risks versus deletional mutations. There are limited treatment options for HbH disease, and effective therapies are needed. This review discusses the pathophysiology of HbH disease, current management strategies, unmet needs, and emerging treatment options.
Synthesis of 1‐Azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes via Formal Single Electron Reduction of Azabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes under Photochemical Conditions
Authors: Zanini Margherita , Noble Adam , Aggarwal Varinder K.
Published: July 2024

C(sp3)‐rich heterocycles are privileged building blocks for pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Therefore, synthetic methods that provide access to novel saturated nitrogen‐containing heterocycles are in high demand. Herein, we report a general synthesis of 1‐azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes (1‐aza‐BCH) via a formal cycloaddition of azabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (ABB) with styrenes under photochemical conditions. To overcome the challenging direct single electron reduction of ABBs, we designed a polar‐radical‐polar relay strategy that leverages a fast acid‐mediated ring‐opening of ABBs to form bromoazetidines, which undergo efficient debrominative radical formation to initiate the cycloaddition reaction. The reaction is applicable to a broad range of ABB‐ketones and we demonstrate the 1‐aza‐BCH products can be further functionalized to access larger saturated, conformationally rigid heterocycles.
A pilot study for the evaluation of 3D anatomy application ‘Complete Anatomy’ as an additional non‐mandatory study tool for the functional anatomy classes of first year physical therapy students
Authors: Stouthandel Michael E. J. , Van Beek Lena , Van de Velde Joris , Vangestel Carl , Van Hoof Tom
Published: July 2024

For this pilot study, the use of the digital 3D anatomy application Complete Anatomy was evaluated as a non‐mandatory additional study tool throughout the semester. The aim of the study was to investigate if the Complete Anatomy usage time had an effect on final exam grades and how the app was used post‐Covid19. This cross‐sectional study asked first year bachelor/freshman university students of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences to fill out a questionnaire to gauge Complete Anatomy usage time, the student's exam results, and how the app was used, for example, in relation to other study tools. A positive correlation was found between the proportion of students that passed the final exam and the number of hours of Complete Anatomy usage (rs (4) = 0.94, p = 0.016). Compared to students who didn't use Complete Anatomy, these positive effects were observed when students used Complete Anatomy for at least 10 h (p = 0.04). The app was well‐used with almost half of the respondents reporting >10 h of usage time. The results from this study provide a good overview of how and how often Complete Anatomy is used. Although a positive correlation between the hours of use and the number of passing grades was found in this pilot study, a future study to prove the causality between these two factors is warranted to further investigate the effect of Complete Anatomy as an additional non‐mandatory study tool.
Zn, Cd and Cu Coordination Polymers for Metronidazole Sensing and for Ullmann and Chan‐Lam Coupling Reactions
Authors: Manna Krishna , Boruah Rishika , Natarajan Srinivasan
Published: July 2024

Five compounds, [Zn2(bpe)(BPTA)2(H2O)2] ⋅ 2H2O (1); [Zn(bpe)(BPTA)] (2); [Cd(bpe)(BPTA)H2O] (3); [Cd(BPTA) (bpmh)] ⋅ 2H2O (4); and Cu2(BPTA)2(bpmh)3(H2O)2] ⋅ 2H2O (5) were prepared employing 2,5‐bis(prop‐2‐yn‐1‐yloxy)terephthalic acid (2, 5 BPTA) as the primary ligand and 1,2‐di(pyridin‐4‐yl)ethane (4, 4′ bpe) (1–3) and 1,2‐bis(pyridin‐3‐ylmethylene)hydrazine (bpmh) (4–5) as the secondary ligands. Single crystal studies indicated that the compounds 1, 3 and 5 have two‐dimensional layer structures and compounds 2 and 4 three‐dimensional structures. The luminescence behaviour of the compounds 2 and 3 were explored for the sensing of metronidazole in aqueous medium. The studies indicated that the compounds can detect metronidazole in ppm level both in solution as well as simple paper strips. The Cu compound 5 was found to lose the coordinated water molecule at 100 °C without any structural change. The coordinatively unsaturated Cu‐centre were examined towards the Lewis acidic character by carrying out the Ullmann type C−C homocoupling reaction of the aromatic halide compounds. The compounds, 4 and 5, also have the Lewis basic functionality arising out the =N−N=, aza groups. The bifunctional nature of the coordination polymers (CP) was explored towards the Chan‐Lam coupling reaction between phenyl boronic acid and aniline derivatives in the ethanol medium. In both the catalytic reactions, good yields and recyclability were observed. The present studies illustrated the rich diversity that the transition metal containing compounds exhibit in extended framework structures.
Formation of a Covalent Adduct in Retaining β‐Kdo Glycosyl‐Transferase WbbB via Substrate‐Mediated Proton Relay
Authors: Sagiroglugil Mert , Liao Qinghua , Planas Antoni , Rovira Carme
Published: July 2024

The GT99 domain of the membrane‐anchored WbbB glycosyltransferase (WbbBGT99) catalyzes the transfer of 3‐deoxy‐D‐manno‐oct‐2‐acid (β‐Kdo) to an O‐antigen saccharide acceptor with retention of stereochemistry. It has been proposed that the enzyme follows an unprecedented double‐displacement mechanism involving the formation of covalent adduct between the Kdo sugar and an active site residue (Asp232) that is properly oriented for nucleophilic attack. Here we use QM/MM metadynamics simulations on recently reported crystal structures to provide theoretical evidence for the formation of such adduct and unveil the atomic details of the chemical reaction. Our results support the interpretation made on the basis of X‐ray and mass spectrometry analyses. Moreover, we show that the formation of the β‐Kdo‐Asp232 adduct is assisted by the sugar Kdo‐carboxylate group, which mediates the transfer of a proton from Asp232 towards the phosphate leaving group, alleviating electrostatic repulsion between the two negatively charged carboxylate groups. The computed mechanism also explains why His265, previously proposed to act as a general acid, does not impair catalysis. This mechanism can be extended to other related enzymes, expanding the repertoire of GT mechanisms in Nature.
Advancing Optoglycomics: Two Orthogonal Azobenzene Glycoside Antennas in One Glycocluster–Synthesis, Switching Cycles, Kinetics and Molecular Dynamics
Authors: Friedrich Leon M. , Hartke Bernd , Lindhorst Thisbe K.
Published: July 2024

Carbohydrate recognition is essential for numerous biological processes and is governed by various factors within the supramolecular environment of the cell. Photoswitchable glycoconjugates have proven as valuable tools for the investigation and modulation of carbohydrate recognition as they allow to control the relative orientation of sugar ligands by light. In order to advance the possibilities of such an “optoglycomics” approach for the glycosciences, we have synthesized a biantennary glycocluster in which two glycoazobenzene antennas are conjugated to the 3‐ and 6‐position of a scaffold glycoside. Orthogonal isomerization of the photoswitchable units was made possible by the different conjugation of the azobenzene moieties via an oxygen and a sulfur atom, respectively, and the ortho‐fluorination of one of the azobenzene units. This design enabled a switching cycle comprising the EE, EZ and the ZZ isomer. This is the first example of an orthogonally photoswitchable glycocluster. The full analysis of its photochromic properties included the investigation of the isolated glycoazobenzene antennas allowing the comparison of the intra‐ versus the intermolecular orthogonal photoswitching. The kinetics of the thermal relaxation were analyzed in detail. A molecular dynamics study shows that indeed, the relative orientation of the glycoantennas and the distances between the terminal sugar ligands significantly vary depending on the isomeric state, as intended.
Recent Toolboxes for Chemoselective Dual Modifications of Proteins
Authors: Zhao Yiping , Zhang Tianmeng , Zhu Yujie , Yin Juan , Omer Rida , Hemu Xinya , Li Wenyi , Bi Xiaobao
Published: July 2024

Site‐selective chemical modifications of proteins have emerged as a potent technology in chemical biology, materials science, and medicine, facilitating precise manipulation of proteins with tailored functionalities for basic biology research and developing innovative therapeutics. Compared to traditional recombinant expression methods, one of the prominent advantages of chemical protein modification lies in its capacity to decorate proteins with a wide range of functional moieties, including non‐genetically encoded ones, enabling the generation of novel protein conjugates with enhanced or previously unexplored properties. Among these, approaches for dual or multiple modifications of proteins are increasingly garnering attention, as it has been found that single modification of proteins is inadequate to meet current demands. Therefore, in light of the rapid developments in this field, this review provides a timely and comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in chemical and biological approaches for dual functionalization of proteins. It further discusses their advantages, limitations, and potential future directions in this relatively nascent area.
Switchable Deep Eutectic Solvents for Sustainable Sulfonamide Synthesis
Authors: Simone Maristella , Pulpito Mara , Perna Filippo Maria , Capriati Vito , Vitale Paola
Published: July 2024

A sustainable and scalable protocol for synthesizing variously functionalized sulfonamides, from amines and sulfonyl chlorides, has been developed using environmentally responsible and reusable choline chloride (ChCl)‐based deep eutectic solvents (DESs). In ChCl/glycerol (1 : 2 mol mol−1) and ChCl/urea (1 : 2 mol mol−1), these reactions yield up to 97 % under aerobic conditions at ambient temperature within 2–12 h. The practicality of the method is exemplified by the sustainable synthesis of an FFA4 agonist and a key building block en route to anti‐Alzheimer drug BMS‐299897. A subtle interplay of electronic effects and the solubility characteristics of the starting materials in the aforementioned DESs seem to be responsible for driving the reaction successfully over the hydrolysis of sulfonyl chlorides. The procedure's eco‐friendliness is validated by quantitative metrics like the E‐factor and the EcoScale, with products isolated by extraction or filtration after decantation.
Tandem Mass Spectrometry Approaches for Differentiation and Quantification Pidotimod and Its Three Isomers in the Gas Phase
Authors: Zhang Caiyu , Liu Yang , He Lan , Li Wei
Published: July 2024

Pidotimod is a chiral drug that possesses two chiral centers, resulting in three isomeric impurities (analytes, A). This study employs electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) through collision‐induced dissociation (CID) to investigate the chiral recognition of pidotimod and its three isomers to eliminate chromatographic separation. Three approaches were explored: (1) Protonated molecules in CID exhibited discriminative potential for diastereomers, with the ability to distinguish between S,S and R,R configurations, albeit with an Rchiral value of ~1.8. However, differentiation between R,S and S,R configurations was not achievable. (2) Alkali adductions (lithium and sodium) only discerned diastereomers. The Rchiral values of the diastereomers obtained from alkali adduct ions were significantly lower than those obtained from protonated ions. (3) Therefore, a third approach was used to address the challenge of distinguishing between R,S and S,R configurations, including the introduction of chiral references (ref) and transition metals (MII) to form metal‐bound complexes [MII(A)(ref)‐H]+. Additionally, we synthesized a novel ligand, 4‐(N‐tert‐butoxycarbonyl [Boc]‐L‐prolinamido)phenol (denoted as ligand A), by modifying N‐t‐Boc‐L‐Pro with 2‐aminophenol, which, in combination with CuII and NiII, enabled simultaneous differentiation of all four isomers. CuII complexes exhibited significant chiral selectivity between R,S and S,R configurations. Density functional theory calculations were performed to further elucidate the stereodynamic behavior and stoichiometry of these ions in the gas phase. These calculations revealed the interaction energy and coordination sites of the precursor ions in the gas phase, correlating well with MS/MS experiment results. Additionally, the logarithm of the CuII complexes' characteristic fragment ion abundance ratio demonstrated a strong linear relationship with enantiomeric excess (ee). This study presents a novel strategy for chiral drug quality control that eliminates chromatographic separation.
Dual‐Regulation of Supramolecular Chirality in Achiral Side‐Chain Azobenzene Liquid‐Crystalline Polymers
Authors: Yuan Chenrong , Shi Ge , Zhang Junle , Zhang Zhenqian , He Yanjie , Zhang Wenjie , Qiao Xiaoguang , Liu Minying , Pang Xinchang
Published: July 2024

Azobenzene (Azo) liquid‐crystalline polymers are intriguing due to their unique photo‐induced isomerization and supramolecular chirality. However, clarification on multicomponent chiral induction towards Azo polymers remains ambiguous and challenging. Herein, chiral solvents and amines were employed to control the chiroptical activity of achiral Azo polymers. Methyl L‐/D‐lactate was added as the poor solvent and chiral inducer to achieve the first chiral induction in Azo aggregates. Chiral amines were utilized for the second chiral induction based on the acid–base interactions between the carboxyl groups of polymers and amines. The chiral enhancement and inversion of Azo units could be observed through the synergistic or antagonistic effect between solvents and amines. The impacts of solvent, chemical structures, feed ratio, enantiomeric excess, and temperature on supramolecular chirality were systematically studied. Furthermore, this system displayed the chiroptical switching property and chiral recovery under reversible irradiation.
Attending to the Big Picture: Balancing strategic visioning with daily tasks
Authors: Schwebel David C.
Published: July 2024

As university administrators, we face a seemingly endless stream of daily tasks. We approve budgets and timesheets. We attend and lead meetings. We read and respond to emails, texts, and phone calls. We supervise, encourage, congratulate, and mentor, and we make decisions on how to allocate funds, assign duties, and interpret policies.
Hampton University launches School of Religion
Authors: Elfman Lois
Published: July 2024

Hampton University, a renowned historically Black university in Virginia, recently announced the establishment of a School of Religion. The university has hosted the Hampton University Ministers’ Conference (HUMC, a professional development conference) for more than a century and took this year's conference as the time to announce the new school.
Mentoring better in the research environment
Authors: Hancock Leah
Published: July 2024

For early‐career faculty and researchers, a committed mentor can play a pivotal role in shaping their trajectories and contributing to overall success and job satisfaction. But the benefits of mentorship are not one‐sided. While mentees enjoy the thoughtful advice of experienced colleagues, mentors derive a sense of fulfillment in supporting the next generation's development.