bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Tytanit Foliar Application and Different Nitrogen on Fibre Fraction Content and the Feed Value of Festulolium braunii
Authors: Malinowska Elżbieta , Jankowski Kazimierz
Published: August 2021

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of Tytanit foliar application, also comparing it with that of nitrogen, on the content of Festulolium braunii fibre fractions, its nutritional value and feed intake. The experiment showed that forage of better quality could be obtained by reducing the amounts of traditional nitrogen fertilisers, or excluding them and using a product containing titanium instead. The experiment commenced in the spring of 2014 in the field of the University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce. The plant used in the experiment was the Felopa variety of Festulolium braunii. The effects of Tytanit foliar application at a concentration of 0.2% and 1% and of mineral nitrogen at a dose of 80 and 160 kg ha−1 were studied. Festulolium braunii was harvested three times a year in the period 2015–2017. The amounts of NFD, ADF, and ADL in the plant material were determined by near-infrared reflection spectroscopy (NIRS) using the NIRFex N-500. Relative feed value (RFV) and dry matter intake (DMI) were calculated. The higher dose of Tytanit supplied to Festulolium braunii contributed to an increase in NDF and ADF fraction content and a reduction in RFV and ADL fraction and DMI.
Diversity of Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Cattle from Central and Southern Chile
Authors: Díaz Leonela , Gutierrez Sebastian , Moreno-Switt Andrea I , Hervé Luis Pablo , Hamilton-West Christopher , Padola Nora Lía , Navarrete Paola , Reyes-Jara Angélica , Meng Jianghong , González-Escalona Narjol , Toro Magaly
Published: August 2021

Cattle are the main reservoir of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), one of the world’s most important foodborne pathogens. The pathogen causes severe human diseases and outbreaks. This study aimed to identify and characterize non-O157 STEC isolated from cattle feces from central and southern Chile. We analyzed 446 cattle fecal samples and isolated non-O157 STEC from 12.6% (56/446); a total of 93 different isolates were recovered. Most isolates displayed β-glucuronidase activity (96.8%; 90/93) and fermented sorbitol (86.0%; 80/93), whereas only 39.8% (37/93) were resistant to tellurite. A subgroup of 30 representative non-O157 STEC isolates was selected for whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. In silico analysis showed that they grouped into 16 different sequence types and 17 serotypes; the serotypes most frequently identified were O116:H21 and O168:H8 (13% each). A single isolate of serotype O26:H11 was recovered. One isolate was resistant to tetracycline and carried resistance genes tet(A) and tet(R); no other isolate displayed antimicrobial resistance or carried antimicrobial resistance genes. The intimin gene (eae) was identified in 13.3% (4/30) of the genomes and 90% (27/30) carried the stx2 gene. A phylogenetic reconstruction demonstrated that the isolates clustered based on serotypes, independent of geographical origin. These results indicate that cattle in Chile carry a wide diversity of STEC potentially pathogenic for humans based on the presence of critical virulence genes.
MiRNA-34c Regulates Bovine Sertoli Cell Proliferation, Gene Expression, and Apoptosis by Targeting the AXL Gene
Authors: Sun Hao , Yu Haibin , Xia Lixin , Jiang Ping , Bai Zitong , Gao Ming , Zhao Zhihui , Yang Runjun , Fang Xibi
Published: August 2021

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play significant roles in mammalian spermatogenesis. Sertoli cells can provide a stable microenvironment and nutritional factors for germ cells, thus playing a vital role in spermatogenesis. However, few studies elucidate the regulation of bovine testicular Sertoli cells by miRNAs. Here, we have reported that miRNA-34c (miR-34c) regulates proliferation, apoptosis, and relative transcripts abundance gene in bovine Sertoli cells. In bovine Sertoli cells, overexpression of miR-34c inhibited proliferation and relative abundance of gene transcripts while promoting apoptosis of Sertoli cells, and the effects were the opposite when miR-34c was knocked down. Receptor tyrosine kinase (AXL) was identified as a direct target gene of miR-34c in Sertoli cells, validated by analysis of the relative abundance of AXL transcript and dual-luciferase reporter assay. The relative abundance of the transcript of genes related to male reproduction in Sertoli cells was changed after the AXL gene was overexpressed, as demonstrated by the RT2 Profiler PCR Array results. In summary, miR-34c specifically regulated the AXL gene by targeting a sequence in the 3′-UTR, which could influence proliferation, apoptosis, and relative abundance of the transcript of male reproduction-related genes. Therefore, miR-34c could be considered an essential regulator in the process of bull spermatogenesis.
Phenotypic and Molecular Patterns of Resistance among Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni Isolates, from Pig Farms
Authors: Papadopoulos Dimitrios , Petridou Evanthia , Papageorgiou Konstantinos , Giantsis Ioannis A. , Delis Georgios , Economou Vangelis , Frydas Ilias , Papadopoulos Georgios , Hatzistylianou Maria , Kritas Spyridon K.
Published: August 2021

The purpose of this research was to characterize the antibiotic resistance patterns of Campylobacter spp. isolated from commercial farrow to finish farms in Greece, and analyze the relevant molecular resistance mechanisms among the resistant Campylobacter isolates. Susceptibility testing to five different classes of antibiotics was performed in 100 C. coli and 100 C. jejuni, previously isolated and identified. All isolates were found susceptible to meropenem. Very high rates of resistance were recorded for tetracyclines (84.5%), medium rates of resistance were recorded regarding quinolones (23%), and low and very low rates of resistance were identified for macrolides such as erythromycin and aminoglycosides (12% and 4%, respectively). Only 12.5% of the Campylobacter isolates displayed MDR. Regarding the molecular mechanisms of resistance, all ciprofloxacin resistant isolates hosted the mutant type Thr-86-Ile region of the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of the gyrA gene. In all erythromycin resistant isolates, the transitional mutations A2075G and A2074C in the 23S rRNA gene were only amplified. Molecular screening of tetracycline resistance genes indicated that the vast majority of Campylobacter isolates (92.3%) were positive for the tet(O) gene. In summary, these findings and especially the very high and medium rates of resistance for tetracyclines and fluroquinolones, respectively recommend that a continuous monitoring of Campylobacter isolates susceptibility in combination with the proper use of antimicrobials in livestock production is of great importance for public health.
A Repeated State of Acidification Enhances the Anticariogenic Biofilm Activity of Glass Ionomer Cement Containing Fluoro-Zinc-Silicate Fillers
Authors: Naksagoon Traithawit , Takenaka Shoji , Nagata Ryoko , Sotozono Maki , Ohsumi Tatsuya , Ida Takako , Edanami Naoki , Maeda Takeyasu , Noiri Yuichiro
Published: August 2021

This study aimed to evaluate the anticariogenic biofilm activity of a novel zinc-containing glass ionomer cement, Caredyne Restore (CR), using a flow-cell system that reproduces Stephan responses. Streptococcus mutans biofilms were cultured on either CR or hydroxyapatite (HA) discs mounted on a modified Robbins device. The media were allowed to flow at a speed of 2 mL/min for 24 h while exposed to an acidic buffer twice for 30 min to mimic dietary uptake. Acid exposure enhanced biofilm inhibition in the CR group, which showed 2.6 log CFU/mm2 in viable cells and a 2 log copies/mL reduction in total cells compared to the untreated group after 24 h of incubation, suggesting enhanced anticariogenic activity due to the release of fluoride and zinc ions. However, there was no difference in the number of viable and total cells between the two experimental groups after 24 h of incubation in the absence of an acidic environment. The anticariogenic biofilm activity of CR occurs in acidic oral environments, for example in the transient pH drop following dietary uptake. CR restorations are recommended in patients at high risk of caries due to hyposalivation, difficulty brushing, and frequent sugar intake.
Oxidative Stress and Male Fertility: Role of Antioxidants and Inositols
Authors: De Luca Maria Nunzia , Colone Marisa , Gambioli Riccardo , Stringaro Annarita , Unfer Vittorio
Published: August 2021

Infertility is defined as a couple’s inability to conceive after at least one year of regular unprotected intercourse. This condition has become a global health problem affecting approximately 187 million couples worldwide and about half of the cases are attributable to male factors. Oxidative stress is a common reason for several conditions associated with male infertility. High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) impair sperm quality by decreasing motility and increasing the oxidation of DNA, of protein and of lipids. Multi-antioxidant supplementation is considered effective for male fertility parameters due to the synergistic effects of antioxidants. Most of them act by decreasing ROS concentration, thus improving sperm quality. In addition, other natural molecules, myo-inositol (MI) and d-chiro–inositol (DCI), ameliorate sperm quality. In sperm cells, MI is involved in many transduction mechanisms that regulate cytoplasmic calcium levels, capacitation and mitochondrial function. On the other hand, DCI is involved in the downregulation of steroidogenic enzyme aromatase, which produces testosterone. In this review, we analyze the processes involving oxidative stress in male fertility and the mechanisms of action of different molecules.
Perspective Discrepancy between Designers and Constructors on the Sustainability of Steel Structures: Are They Synthesizable?
Authors: Liu Rui , Hu Xin , Ye Kunhui , Cao Ke , Zhu Wenhui , Zuo Jian
Published: August 2021

City growth and its resulted environmental issues are promoting a citywide application of sustainable steel structures. However, designers and constructors often hold conflicting perspectives on the sustainable construction of steel structures, which has been identified as a barrier to achieve sustainability in this area. Given that the existing sustainability indicator systems of steel structures are either design-oriented or construction-driven, this study aims to develop a new one by synthesizing both designers’ and contractors’ opinions in the development of such indicators. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to identify potential indicators. A questionnaire survey was then used to collect the viewpoints of designers and constructors on the identified indicators. Finally, a fuzzy set algorithm and hierarchical clustering were employed to detect the indicators’ relationships. The results present a three-dimensional indicator system composed of social-technical sustainability, greenness, and economic sustainability. Furthermore, it is found that designers and constructors have discrepant opinions on social-technical sustainability and greenness, while their views on economic sustainability are similar. The research findings provide managerial hints to the attainment of sustainable steel structures and enhance stakeholders’ understanding of design-and-construction integration in steel structure projects.
Outlier Recognition via Linguistic Aggregation of Graph Databases
Authors: Niewiadomski Adam , Duraj Agnieszka , Bartczak Monika
Published: August 2021

Datasets frequently contain uncertain data that, if not interpreted with care, may affect information analysis negatively. Such rare, strange, or imperfect data, here called “outliers” or “exceptions” can be ignored in further processing or, on the other hand, handled by dedicated algorithms to decide if they contain valuable, though very rare, information. There are different definitions and methods for handling outliers, and here, we are interested, in particular, in those based on linguistic quantification and fuzzy logic. In this paper, for the first time, we apply definitions of outliers and methods for recognizing them based on fuzzy sets and linguistically quantified statements to find outliers in non-relational, here graph-oriented, databases. These methods are proposed and exemplified to identify objects being outliers (e.g., to exclude them from processing). The novelty of this paper are the definitions and recognition algorithms for outliers using fuzzy logic and linguistic quantification, if traditional quantitative and/or measurable information is inaccessible, that frequently takes place in the graph nature of considered datasets.
Production of Bio-Based Chemicals, Acetic Acid and Furfural, through Low-Acid Hydrothermal Fractionation of Pine Wood (Pinus densiflora) and Combustion Characteristics of the Residual Solid Fuel
Authors: Jung Hyun Jin , Oh Kyeong Keun
Published: August 2021

Low-acid hydrothermal (LAH) fractionation conditions were optimized for the effective degradation of hemicellulose from pine wood (Pinus densiflora). The hemicellulosic sugar yield was maximized at 82.5% when the pine wood was fractionated at 190 °C, with 0.5 wt.% of sulfuric acid, and for 10 min. Consecutively, acidified heat treatment with zinc chloride and solvent extraction with ethyl acetate were carried out for the recovery of bio-based platform chemicals, such as furfural and acetic acid, from liquid hydrolysate through liquid–liquid extraction (LLE). Overall, 61.5% of xylose was decomposed into furfural, and the yield of acetic acid was 62.3% and furfural 66.1%. After LAH fractionation, 64.8% of the solid remained and was pelletized. The pellets showed excellent fuel characteristics, i.e., significant ash rejection (74.5%) and high calorific values (4770 kcal/kg), and the precursors of NOx and SOx also decreased by up to 60.0% and 71.4%, respectively.
Effect of Harsh Environmental Conditions on the Impact Response of Carbon Composites with Filled Matrix by Cork Powder
Authors: Silva Marco P. , Santos Paulo , Parente João , Valvez Sara , Reis Paulo N. B.
Published: August 2021

Composites are used in a wide range of engineering applications, as a result, exposure to hostile environments is rather common and its mechanical properties degradation is unavoidable. It is necessary to have a complete understanding of the impact of hostile environments on mechanical performance, namely critical solicitations as low velocity impacts. Therefore, this work intends to analyse the low velocity impact response of a carbon fibre/epoxy composite, and a similar architecture with an epoxy matrix filled with cork, after immersion into different solutions: diesel, H2SO4, HCl, NaOH, distilled water, seawater, and seawater at 60 °C. These solutions significantly affected the impact properties. In this context, the maximum load, maximum displacement, and restored energy behaviour were studied to understand the influence of exposure time. It was possible to conclude that such impact parameters were significantly affected by the solutions, where the exposure time proved to be determinant. The benefits of cork on the perforation threshold were investigated, and this parameter increased when the epoxy matrix was filled with cork. Finally, cork filled epoxy laminates also show less variation in maximum load and recovered energy than carbon/epoxy laminates.
The Remediation Characteristics of Heavy Metals (Copper and Lead) on Applying Recycled Food Waste Ash and Electrokinetic Remediation Techniques
Authors: Lee Sounghyun , Yun Jung-Mann , Lee Jong-Young , Hong Gigwon , Kim Ji-Sun , Kim Dongchan , Han Jung-Geun
Published: August 2021

Most food waste is incinerated and reclaimed in Korea. Due to the development of industry, soil and groundwater pollution are serious. The purpose of this study was to study recycled materials and eco-friendly remediation methods to prevent secondary pollution after remediation. In this study, recycled food waste ash was filled in a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) and used as a heavy metal adsorption material. In situ remediation electrokinetic techniques (EK) and acetic acid were used. Electrokinetic remediation is a technology that can remove various polluted soils and pollutants, and is an economical and highly useful remediation technique. Thereafter, the current density increased constantly over time, and it was confirmed that it increased after electrode exchange and then decreased. Based on this result, the acetic acid was constantly injected and it was reconfirmed through the water content after the end of the experiment. In the case of both heavy metals, the removal efficiency was good after 10 days of operation and 8 days after electrode exchange, but, in the case of lead, it was confirmed that experiments are needed by increasing the operation date before electrode exchange. It was confirmed that the copper removal rate was about 74% to 87%, and the lead removal rate was about 11% to 43%. After the end of the experiment, a low pH was confirmed at x/L = 0.9, and it was also confirmed that there was no precipitation of heavy metals and there was a smooth movement by the enhancer and electrolysis after electrode exchange.
A Real-Time Automated System for Dual-Aperture Common-Path Interferometer Phase-Shifting
Authors: Barcelata-Pinzón Antonio , Álvarez-Tamayo Ricardo Iván , Prieto-Cortés Patricia
Published: August 2021

We report a novel fully real-time automatized optomechatronic dual-aperture common-path interferometer system for obtaining the phase difference between two interferograms by using the technique of phase-shifting interferometry. A motorized system is used to shift an additional phase transversally to the optical axis by ruling translation. For each high-resolution ruling displacement step of 0.793 μm, an interferogram is recorded by a CCD camera. The phase difference between the two successive recorded interferograms is then automatically calculated by computational self-calibrated algorithms. The proposed device provides more accurate measuring than typically used manual processes. Real-time phase differences are obtained from a robust low-cost optomechatronic system. Analytical calculation of the phase is performed automatically without the requirement of additional or external tools and processes, reducing the significant rework delay. A set of 47 interferograms were captured in real time then recorded and analyzed, obtaining an average phase shifting of 2.483 rad. Analytic explanation and experimental results are presented.
A Dynamic Model for the Study and Simulation of the Pantograph–Rigid Catenary Interaction with an Overlapping Span
Authors: Benet Jesús , Cuartero Fernando , Rojo Tomás , Tendero Pedro , Arias Enrique
Published: August 2021

In this paper, the authors present a mathematical and engineering model to optimally calculate the dynamic equation on the pantograph–catenary interaction when considering a rigid catenary with an overlapping span. The model starts from well-known methods adapted to the special features of rigid catenary. As a result, an algorithm for the integration of a dynamic equation based on explicit methods is provided. Moreover, from this algorithm, a reliable, efficient, and user-friendly software tool called RICATI is developed in order to approach the model to railway-based companies. The results show the usefulness of an application. such as RICATI, to check the behavior of the configuration initially established for a catenary, allowing solutions to be obtained for the problems encountered when simulating the passage of the pantograph (or pantographs), not only for the overlapping span but also for the entire catenary. That encourages us to continue future works.
Chitosan and Lemon Extract Applied during Giuncata Cheese Production to Improve the Microbiological Stability
Authors: Gammariello Daniela , Attanasio Massimiliano , Nobile Matteo Alessandro Del , Conte Amalia
Published: August 2021

In this study, lemon extract and chitosan were used as antimicrobial agents during Giuncata cheese production in order to assess whether the natural compounds would improve the cheese’s microbial quality. In particular, the viable cell concentration of the main spoilage microbial growth (Pseudomonas spp. and total coliforms) was monitored during refrigerated storage at 4 °C. A central composite design (CCD) was adopted to highlight a possible synergic effect of the two selected compounds. The results showed that a decrease in the cell growth rate of the monitored spoilage microorganisms was observed for all cheese samples added with active agents, when compared with the control cheese. Despite the recorded antimicrobial activity, an antagonist effect was detected when the two compounds were combined at the highest concentrations. In fact, the best performance was obtained when the lemon and the chitosan were used individually at concentrations of 500 and 60 ppm, respectively.
Properties of Car-Embedded Vibrating Type Piezoelectric Harvesting System
Authors: Koo Bo-Gun , Shin Dong-Jin , Lim Dong-Hwan , Kim Min-Soo , Kim In-Sung , Jeong Soon-Jong
Published: August 2021

We investigated the harvesting performance of a double piezoelectric generator, which was embedded into the engine block of a small passenger car. The resonance frequency is approximately between 37 and 52 Hz, where the cantilever showed maximum displacement. In reality, the cantilever has a vibrating characteristic, which dramatically reduces displacement, even when the operating frequency deviates slightly from the resonance frequency. To acquire a large mechanical energy-to-electrical energy conversion, a multiple-piezoelectric generator was employed to absorb the energy even when the vibration switched from a resonance to a non-resonance frequency. In this study, a variable mass box was designed and installed in the engine block of a car. The variable mass box consisted of the serial connection of two masses with different weights. The operating frequency deviated from a resonance to a non-resonance frequency within a few hertz (3~4 Hz); the reduction in vibration was lower, leading to a significant acquisition of the resulting power. This is due to the variable matching of the generator, realized by the action of dual mass. This type of generator was installed in the engine block and produced up to 0.038 and 0.357 mW when the engine was operating at 2200 and 3200 rpm, respectively.
The Montreal Experience: A Retrospective Study Part I—Basic Principles and Treatment Algorithm
Authors: Michaud Langis , Simard Patrick , Marcotte-Collard Remy , Ouzzani Mhamed , Sinnott Loraine
Published: August 2021

CONTEXT: Authors have refined myopia control strategies (MCS) from their experience treating more than 800 children who were followed at the Montreal School of Optometry Clinic (CUV). They developed a treatment algorithm known as the Montreal Experience (ME). Contrary to many other MCS, treatment modalities are selected after careful evaluation of a patient’s parameters (rate of progression, age of myopia onset, corneal parameters, pupil area), the risk factors for ocular pathology (growth charts), and taking into account the patient’s lifestyle and potential compliance. This represents a customized approach for each patient. PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of MCS used following ME algorithm; the primary outcome relates to axial length progression over 24 months. METHODS: This is a retrospective study, conducted after approval of University IRB. Data were extracted from the file of each patient who: (1) consulted CUV between January 2017 and December 2018 and (2) were kept under the same MCS (same design/concentration). Clinical population is composed of 298 patients (35% Caucasian; 45% Asian; 20% others), with a median age of 11 (range 5–18). The treatment options were orthokeratology (OK-4 designs; N = 140), multifocal soft contact lenses (SMCL; 5 designs; N = 128), and low-dose atropine (LDA 0.01% to 0.25%; N = 42). RESULTS: Results are analyzed through sophisticated statistical models, designed for this purpose. At the end of a stepwise selection process that sequentially removed model terms that were not statistically significant, nine model terms remained: month, modality, the interaction of month and modality, refraction (SEQ), the interaction of SEQ and modality, gender, age, the interaction of age and month, and the interaction of age and modality. A total of 298 files were kept for analysis. Participant age varied from 9.7 to 12.5 years old. Baseline AL varied from 24.9 to 25.3 mm and SE refraction was −3.7 + 1.7 D on average. This study population was divided between Caucasian (34%), Asian (44%), and other ethnic origins (22%). Overall results indicate that results vary according to modality and months only. There is no statistical difference based on age, gender, and SEQ. All methods used were effective to slow the natural AL growth. Evolution was the lowest when using smaller treatment zones OK lenses (0.249 mm) and the highest (0.376 mm) for those treated with LDA. This OK advantage was statistically significant versus other modalities at 1 and 2 years. CONCLUSION: The Montreal Experience reveals that personalized MCS may be effective to manage myopia efficiently. It shows AL evolution comparable to the documented natural evolution of emmetropes, especially when using customized or smaller treatment zone OK lens design. Future work on other populations will confirm this tendency.
Estimating Thermal Material Properties Using Step-Heating Thermography Methods in a Solar Loading Thermography Setup
Authors: Klein Samuel , Heib Tobias , Herrmann Hans-Georg
Published: August 2021

This work investigates solar loading thermography applications using active thermography algorithms. It is shown that active thermography methods, such as step-heating thermography, present good correlation with a solar loading setup. Solar loading thermography is an approach that has recently gained scientific attention and is advantageous because it is particularly easy to set up and can measure large-scale objects, as the sun is the primary heat source. This work also introduces the concept of using a pyranometer as a reference for the evaluation algorithms by providing a direct solar irradiance measurement. Furthermore, a recently introduced method of estimating thermal effusivity is evaluated on ambient-derived thermograms.
SARS-CoV-2 Treatment: Current Therapeutic Options and the Pursuit of Tailored Therapy
Authors: Marcianò Gianmarco , Roberti Roberta , Palleria Caterina , Mirra Davida , Rania Vincenzo , Casarella Alessandro , De Sarro Giovambattista , Gallelli Luca
Published: August 2021

One year on from the worldwide outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), medicine has made several steps towards increasing the therapeutic options against its treatment. Despite the lack of specific therapies, international societies have introduced new guidelines and launched several trials to test the efficacy of new protocols and drugs. Drug repurposing has been a fundamental strategy to find quick ways to fight the pathogen, even if it is new compounds that are drawing the attention of the scientific community. Tailored therapy should be considered to be a milestone in treatment in order to increase drug efficacy and to reduce drug toxicity. Therefore, both drug characteristics (i.e., pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and safety) and the patient characteristics (i.e., stage of disease, comorbidity, concomitant treatments and the mutation of single nucleotides) could represent the key to achieving this objective. In the present study we performed a narrative review of the pharmacological treatment used to date in the management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Non-Destructive pXRF on Prehistoric Obsidian Artifacts from the Central Mediterranean
Authors: Tykot Robert H.
Published: August 2021

Volcanic obsidian was widely used in ancient times for stone tools, with its highly glassy nature making it sharper than other lithics for cutting purposes. In Europe and the Mediterranean, there are just several island sources, and a few in one inland region, all having been used since the beginning of the Neolithic period, ca. 6000 BCE. Maritime transport was necessary for access to the Italian and Greek island sources, with the distribution of artifacts over distances up to 1000 km. While elemental analyses were used for identifying specific sources starting in the 1960s, the development of non-destructive and especially portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometers has revolutionized the number of artifacts tested since 2010, allowing statistically significant numbers for potential comparisons based on variables including time period, open-water distance, visual and physical properties, and cultural contexts. One overall accomplishment is the documentation of long-distance travel routes in the Tyrrhenian and Adriatic Seas of the central Mediterranean, based on the distribution proportions and quantity of obsidian artifacts from different geological sources, apparently following a down-the-line prehistoric exchange system. The spread of Palmarola obsidian is much greater than previously thought, while in Malta, Pantelleria obsidian was specifically selected for burial accompaniments on Gozo.
Lean-ing Method in an Emergency Department of the Italian Epicenter of the COVID-19 Outbreak: When the Algorithm Makes Difference
Authors: Desai Antonio , Goretti Giulia , Giordano Mauro , Voza Antonio
Published: August 2021

The Lean method entails a set of standardized processes intending to optimize resources, reduce waste, and improve results. Lean has been proposed as an operative model for the COVID-19 outbreak. Herein, we summarized data resulted from the Lean model adoption in an Emergency Department of the Lombardy region, the Italian epicenter of the pandemic, to critically appraise its effectiveness and feasibility. The Lean algorithm was applied in the Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, Milan, north of Italy. At admission, patients underwent outdoor pre-triage for fever, respiratory, and gastrointestinal symptoms, with a focus on SpO2. Based on these data, they were directed to the most appropriate area for the COVID-19 first-level screening. High-risk patients were assisted by trained staff for second-level screening and planning of treatment. Out of 7.778 patients, 21.9% were suspected of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mortality was 21.9% and the infection rate in health workers was 4.8%. The lean model has proved to be effective in optimizing the overall management of COVID-19 patients in an emergency setting. It allowed for screening of a large volume of patients, while also limiting the health workers’ infection rate. Further studies are necessary to validate the suggested approach.
Fine Aerosol Acidity and Water during Summer in the Eastern North Atlantic
Authors: Nah Theodora , Yang Junwei , Wang Jian , Sullivan Amy P. , Weber Rodney J.
Published: August 2021

Aerosol pH governs many important atmospheric processes that occur in the marine boundary layer, including regulating halogen and sulfur chemistries, and nutrient fertilization of surface ocean waters. In this study, we investigated the acidity of PM1 over the eastern North Atlantic during the Aerosol and Cloud Experiments in Eastern North Atlantic (ACE-ENA) aircraft campaign. The ISORROPIA-II thermodynamic model was used to predict PM1 pH and water. We first investigated the sensitivities of PM1 pH and water predictions to gas-phase NH3 and HNO3 concentrations. Our sensitivity analysis indicated that even though NH3 and HNO3 were present at very low concentrations in the eastern North Atlantic during the campaign, PM1 pH calculations can still be sensitive to NH3 concentrations. Specifically, NH3 was needed to constrain the pH of populations of PM1 that had low mass concentrations of NH4+ and non-volatile cations (NVCs). We next assumed that gas-phase NH3 and HNO3 concentrations during the campaign were 0.15 and 0.09 µg m−3, respectively, based on previous measurements conducted in the eastern North Atlantic. Using the assumption that PM1 were internally mixed (i.e., bulk PM1), we determined that PM1 pH ranged from 0.3–8.6, with a mean pH of 5.0 ± 2.3. The pH depended on both Hair+ and Wi. Hair+ was controlled primarily by the NVCs/SO42− molar ratio, while Wi was controlled by the SO42− mass concentration and RH. Changes in pH with altitude were driven primarily by changes in SO42−. Since aerosols in marine atmospheres are rarely internally mixed, the scenario where non-sea salt species and sea-salt species were present in two separate aerosol modes in the PM1 (i.e., completely externally mixed) was also considered. Smaller pH values were predicted for the aerosol mode comprised only of non-sea salt species compared to the bulk PM1 (difference of around 1 unit on average). This was due to the exclusion of sea-salt species (especially hygroscopic alkaline NVCs) in this aerosol mode, which led to increases in Hair+ values and decreases in Wi values. This result demonstrated that assumptions of aerosol mixing states can impact aerosol pH predictions substantially, which will have important implications for evaluating the nature and magnitude of pH-dependent atmospheric processes that occur in the marine boundary layer.
Implementation of a Radon Monitoring Network in a Seismic Area
Authors: Toader Victorin-Emilian , Mihai Andrei , Moldovan Iren-Adelina , Ionescu Constantin , Marmureanu Alexandru , Lingvay Iosif
Published: August 2021

Large-scale radon monitoring is carried out due to the fact that it is directly responsible for public health. European Directive 2013/59/EURATOM has been transposed into the legislation of several countries and provides for the need for long-term monitoring of radon in homes and workplaces by setting the average annual reference level at 300 Bq/m3. At the same time, radon is a precursor factor, its emission being correlated with seismic and volcanic activity. In this case, the protection of the population is ensured by a forecast similar to a meteorological one. The NIEP (National Institute for Earth Physics) is developing a multidisciplinary real-time monitoring network in the most dangerous seismic area in Romania, Vrancea. This is located at the bend of the Carpathian Mountains and is characterized by deep earthquakes (over 80 km), with destructive effects over large distances. Implementing a multidisciplinary monitoring network that includes radon, involves finding the locations and equipment that will give the best results. There is no generic solution for achieving this, because the geological structure depends on the monitoring area, and in most cases the equipment does not offer the ability to transmit data in real time. The positioning of the monitoring stations was based on fault maps of the Vrancea area. Depending on the results, some of the locations were changed in pursuit of a correlation with zonal seismicity. Through repeated tests, we established the optimal sampling rate for minimizing errors, maintaining measurement accuracy, and ensuring the detection of anomalies in real time. The radon 222Rn was determined by the number of counts and ROI1 (region of interest) values, depending on the particularities of the equipment. Finally, we managed to establish a real-time radon monitoring network which transmits data to geophysical platforms and makes correlations with the seismicity in the Vrancea area. The equipment, designed to store data for long periods of time then manually download it with manufacturers’ applications, now works in real time, after we implemented software designed specifically for this purpose.
Data Management System for a Semiautonomous Shuttle Car for Underground Room and Pillar Coal Mines
Authors: Androulakis Vasilis , Schafrik Steven , Sottile Joseph , Agioutantis Zach
Published: August 2021

In recent years, autonomous solutions in the multidisciplinary field of mining engineering have been an extremely popular applied research topic. This is a result of the increasing demands of society on mineral resources along with the accelerating exploitation of the currently economically viable resources, which lead the mining sector to turn to deeper, more-difficult-to-mine orebodies. An appropriate data management system comprises a crucial aspect of the designing and the engineering of a system that involves autonomous or semiautonomous vehicles. The vast volume of data collected from onboard sensors, as well as from a potential IoT network dispersed around a smart mine, necessitates the development of a reliable data management strategy. Ideally, this strategy will allow for fast and asynchronous access to the data for real-time processing and decision-making purposes as well as for visualization through a corresponding human–machine interface. The proposed system has been developed for autonomous navigation of a coalmine shuttle car and has been implemented on a 1/6th scale shuttle car in a mock mine. It comprises three separate nodes, namely, a data collection node, a data management node, and a data processing and visualization node. This approach was dictated by the large amount of collected data and the need to ensure uninterrupted and fast data management and flow. The implementation of an SQL database server allows for asynchronous, real-time, and reliable data management, including data storage and retrieval. On the other hand, this approach introduces latencies between the data management node and the other two nodes. In general, these latencies include sensor latencies, network latencies, and processing latencies. However, the data processing and visualization module is able to retrieve and process the latest data and make a decision about the next optimal movement of the shuttle car prototype in less than 900 ms. This allows the prototype to navigate efficiently around the pillars without interruptions.
Sex-Biased Expression of Pharmacogenes across Human Tissues
Authors: Idda Maria Laura , Campesi Ilaria , Fiorito Giovanni , Vecchietti Andrea , Urru Silvana Anna Maria , Solinas Maria Giuliana , Franconi Flavia , Floris Matteo
Published: August 2021

Individual response to drugs is highly variable and largely influenced by genetic variants and gene-expression profiles. In addition, it has been shown that response to drugs is strongly sex-dependent, both in terms of efficacy and toxicity. To expand current knowledge on sex differences in the expression of genes relevant for drug response, we generated a catalogue of differentially expressed human transcripts encoded by 289 genes in 41 human tissues from 838 adult individuals of the Genotype-Tissue Expression project (GTEx, v8 release) and focused our analysis on relevant transcripts implicated in drug response. We detected significant sex-differentiated expression of 99 transcripts encoded by 59 genes in the tissues most relevant for human pharmacology (liver, lung, kidney, small intestine terminal ileum, skin not sun-exposed, and whole blood). Among them, as expected, we confirmed significant differences in the expression of transcripts encoded by the cytochromes in the liver, CYP2B6, CYP3A7, CYP3A5, and CYP1A1. Our systematic investigation on differences between male and female in the expression of drug response-related genes, reinforce the need to overcome the sex bias of clinical trials.
Validation of Cell-Free RNA and Circulating Tumor Cells for Molecular Marker Analysis in Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Authors: Ladurner Michael , Wieser Manuel , Eigentler Andrea , Seewald Martin , Dobler Gabriele , Neuwirt Hannes , Kafka Mona , Heidegger Isabel , Horninger Wolfgang , Bektic Jasmin , Klocker Helmut , Obrist Peter , Eder Iris E.
Published: August 2021

Since tissue material is often lacking in metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa), there is increasing interest in using liquid biopsies for treatment decision and monitoring therapy responses. The purpose of this study was to validate the usefulness of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and plasma-derived cell-free (cf) RNA as starting material for gene expression analysis through qPCR. CTCs were identified upon prostate-specific membrane antigen and/or cytokeratin positivity after enrichment with ScreenCell (Westford, Massachusetts, USA) filters or the microfluidic ParsortixTM (Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom) system. Overall, 50% (28/56) of the patients had ≥5 CTCs/7.5 mL of blood. However, CTC count did not correlate with Gleason score, serum PSA, or gene expression. Notably, we observed high expression of CD45 in CTC samples after enrichment, which could be successfully eliminated through picking of single cells. Gene expression in picked CTCs was, however, rather low. In cfRNA from plasma, on the other hand, gene expression levels were higher compared to those found in CTCs. Moreover, we found that PSA was significantly increased in plasma-derived cfRNA of mPCa patients compared to healthy controls. High PSA expression was also associated with poor overall survival, indicating that using cfRNA from plasma could be used as a valuable tool for molecular expression analysis.
Engagement of Language and Domain General Networks during Word Monitoring in a Native and Unknown Language
Authors: Cotosck Kelly , Meltzer Jed , Nucci Mariana , Lukasova Katerina , Mansur Letícia , Amaro Edson
Published: August 2021

Functional neuroimaging studies have highlighted the roles of three networks in processing language, all of which are typically left-lateralized: a ventral stream involved in semantics, a dorsal stream involved in phonology and speech production, and a more dorsal “multiple demand” network involved in many effortful tasks. As lateralization in all networks may be affected by life factors such as age, literacy, education, and brain pathology, we sought to develop a task paradigm with which to investigate the engagement of these networks, including manipulations to selectively emphasize semantic and phonological processing within a single task performable by almost anyone regardless of literacy status. In young healthy participants, we administered an auditory word monitoring task, in which participants had to note the occurrence of a target word within a continuous story presented in either their native language, Portuguese, or the unknown language, Japanese. Native language task performance activated ventral stream language networks, left lateralized but bilateral in the anterior temporal lobe. Unfamiliar language performance, being more difficult, activated left hemisphere dorsal stream structures and the multiple demand network bilaterally, but predominantly in the right hemisphere. These findings suggest that increased demands on phonological processing to accomplish word monitoring in the absence of semantic support may result in the bilateral recruitment of networks involved in speech perception under more challenging conditions.
Investigating the Interplay between Myeloma Cells and Bone Marrow Stromal Cells in the Development of Drug Resistance: Dissecting the Role of Epigenetic Modifications
Authors: Schütt Jacqueline , Nägler Theresa , Schenk Tino , Brioli Annamaria
Published: August 2021

Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of plasma cells infiltrating the bone marrow (BM). Many studies have demonstrated the crucial involvement of bone marrow stromal cells in MM progression and drug resistance. Together with the BM microenvironment (BMME), epigenetics also plays a crucial role in MM development. A variety of epigenetic regulators, including histone acetyltransferases (HATs), histone methyltransferases (HMTs) and lysine demethylases (KDMs), are altered in MM, contributing to the disease progression and prognosis. In addition to histone modifications, DNA methylation also plays a crucial role. Among others, aberrant epigenetics involves processes associated with the BMME, like bone homeostasis, ECM remodeling or the development of treatment resistance. In this review, we will highlight the importance of the interplay of MM cells with the BMME in the development of treatment resistance. Additionally, we will focus on the epigenetic aberrations in MM and their role in disease evolution, interaction with the BMME, disease progression and development of drug resistance. We will also briefly touch on the epigenetic treatments currently available or currently under investigation to overcome BMME-driven treatment resistance.
Loss of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Favors K-RasG12D-Driven Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Nacarino-Palma Ana , Rejano-Gordillo Claudia M. , González-Rico Francisco J. , Ordiales-Talavero Ana , Román Ángel C. , Cuadrado Myriam , Bustelo Xosé R. , Merino Jaime M. , Fernández-Salguero Pedro M.
Published: August 2021

Non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma (NSCLC) bearing K-RasG12D mutations is one of the most prevalent types of lung cancer worldwide. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) expression varies in human lung tumors and has been associated with either increased or reduced lung metastasis. In the mouse, Ahr also adjusts lung regeneration upon injury by limiting the expansion of resident stem cells. Here, we show that the loss of Ahr enhances K-RasG12D-driven NSCLC in mice through the amplification of stem cell subpopulations. Consistent with this, we show that K-RasG12D;Ahr−/− lungs contain larger numbers of cells expressing markers for both progenitor Clara (SCGB1A1 and CC10) and alveolar type-II (SFTPC) cells when compared to K-RasG12D;Ahr+/+-driven tumors. They also have elevated numbers of cells positive for pluripotent stem cells markers such as SOX2, ALDH1, EPCAM, LGR5 and PORCN. Typical pluripotency genes Nanog, Sox2 and c-Myc were also upregulated in K-RasG12D;Ahr−/− lung tumors as found by RNAseq analysis. In line with this, purified K-RasG12D/+;Ahr−/− lung cells generate larger numbers of organoids in culture that can subsequently differentiate into bronchioalveolar structures enriched in both pluripotency and stemness genes. Collectively, these data indicate that Ahr antagonizes K-RasG12D-driven NSCLC by restricting the number of cancer-initiating stem cells. They also suggest that Ahr expression might represent a good prognostic marker to determine the progression of K-RasG12D-positive NSCLC patients.
Urinary PGE-M in Men with Prostate Cancer
Authors: Kiely Maeve , Milne Ginger L. , Minas Tsion Z. , Dorsey Tiffany H. , Tang Wei , Smith Cheryl J. , Baker Francine , Loffredo Christopher A. , Yates Clayton , Cook Michael B. , Ambs Stefan
Published: August 2021

Urinary PGE-M is a stable metabolite of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). PGE2 is a product of the inflammatory COX signaling pathway and has been associated with cancer incidence and metastasis. Its synthesis can be inhibited by aspirin. We investigated the association of PGE-M with lethal prostate cancer in a case–control study of African American (AA) and European American men. We measured urinary PGE-M using mass-spectrometry. Samples were obtained from 977 cases and 1022 controls at the time of recruitment. We applied multivariable logistic and Cox regression modeling to examine associations of PGE-M with prostate cancer and participant survival. Median survival follow-up was 8.4 years, with 246 deaths among cases. Self-reported aspirin use over the past 5 years was assessed with a questionnaire. Race/ethnicity was self-reported. Urinary PGE-M levels did not differ between men with prostate cancer and population-based controls. We observed no association between PGE-M and aggressive disease nor prostate-cancer-specific survival. However, we observed a statistically significant association between higher (>median) PGE-M and all-cause mortality in AA cases who did not regularly use aspirin (HR = 2.04, 95% CI 1.23–3.37). Among cases who reported using aspirin, there was no association. Our study does not support a meaningful association between urinary PGE-M and prostate cancer. Moreover, PGE-M levels were not associated with aggressive prostate cancer. However, the observed association between elevated PGE-M and all-cause mortality in AA non-aspirin users reinforces the potential benefit of aspirin to reduce mortality among AA men with prostate cancer.