bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing flock health plans
Authors: Lovatt Fiona
Published: October 2010

WHILE strategic whole‐flock advice and the implementation of appropriate preventative measures are not new concepts for veterinary surgeons working with sheep, flock health plans are becoming increasingly important in the sheep industry and will, in the future, play a vital role in the management of sheep. Establishing a health plan on a farm can help the farmer, shepherd and veterinary surgeon to plan ahead and develop procedures to ensure the long‐term health and welfare of a particular flock. This must be balanced with the economics and specific practical issues associated with the individual farm. This article discusses some practical health issues concerning sheep and highlights the benefits of flock health plans and proactive preventative medicine.
Differential diagnosis of junctionopathies in small animals
Authors: Jeffery Nick
Published: October 2010

THE term ‘junctionopathy’ is used to describe a disease process that disrupts the normal function of the neuromuscular junction (ie, between a motor axon and skeletal muscle). Junctionopathies are not common conditions in general practice, although veterinary surgeons may be familiar with myasthenia gravis. Unfortunately, the clinical signs associated with junctionopathies are rather varied because different disease processes affect different stages of the efficient translation of electrical‐to‐chemical‐to‐electrical signals inherent in junction function. Therefore, it is often necessary to determine whether the observed clinical signs or symptoms described by an owner could be consistent with a junctionopathy. This article discusses the differential diagnosis of myasthenia gravis and other diseases, and briefly reviews treatment options. For further information on the aetiology of junctionopathies, see Penderis (2003).
Decision making in the management of the colicky horse
Authors: Archer Debra
Published: October 2010

COLIC is one of the most commonly encountered emergency conditions of the horse seen in practice. Many owners are aware of the potentially life‐threatening consequences of colic and such cases can be stressful to deal with, particularly for inexperienced practitioners or those who deal infrequently with horses. Decisions about which diagnostic tests to perform and the most suitable treatment options are important in ensuring that appropriate action is taken. Although many cases of colic seen in first opinion practice are mild and recover spontaneously or following medical treatment, it is vital to identify those animals that may require surgery, if this is an option for the owner. For such patients, early referral is essential as this will maximise the chance of a successful outcome. This article discusses the factors which should be considered in this decision‐making process.
Visiting lectureship: providing lessons in the art of veterinary practice
Authors: Leyland Alan
Published: October 2010

AS the veterinary curriculum gets increasingly crowded, opportunities for general practitioners to show students something of the art of the profession are becoming fewer and need to be grasped. For Alan Leyland, an invitation to talk to third‐year veterinary students about practical aspects of antibiotic use proved a good way for him to share his knowledge and give something back to his profession. There were other benefits, too. The experience provided an interesting diversion from practice life ‐ and a chance to learn something himself.
Making sense of electrophysiological testing of the nervous system
Authors: Targett Mike
Published: October 2010

ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL testing involves the use of electrical recording to investigate physiological function or dysfunction within the body. While the use of electrocardiography to assess cardiac function is commonplace, there is a range of techniques that can be used to evaluate the nervous system that is less well known. These electrophysiological tests are not widely available in general veterinary practice; indeed, their performance and interpretation is often considered as one of the 'black magic' arts of veterinary neurology, itself a topic much feared by many within the profession. However, if used correctly, electrophysiology can prove invaluable in the investigation of the nervous system to help localise lesions and establish a diagnosis. This article describes the four most common electrophysiological tests of the nervous system ‐ electromyography, nerve conduction studies, brainstem auditory evoked response testing and electroretinography. It discusses how these techniques may be used to answer specific questions relating to the function of the nervous system and outlines the indications and limitations of each.
Role of diet in managing enteric disease in pigs
Authors: Hampson David , Pluske John
Published: October 2010

GASTROINTESTINAL diseases in pigs can have a large number of different causes and, depending on their severity and distribution in a herd, may result in significant economic losses due to mortalities and/or poor and uneven growth rates. Specific enteric bacterial pathogens are responsible for a large proportion of this disease burden and the control of such infections can be difficult. Effective vaccines are available for only a few of these diseases and thus control often requires the implementation of a combination of different management strategies, usually involving considerable routine prophylactic antimicrobial usage. Unfortunately, the associated bacterial pathogens are increasingly found to have reduced susceptibilities to antibiotics, and this coincides with mounting societal and regulatory pressures to reduce routine antimicrobial therapy for all animal species. Veterinary surgeons and producers therefore need alternative means of controlling such infections. This article outlines how the management of some enteric diseases in pigs might be improved by dietary modification.
Trading structures for veterinary practices
Authors: Moore Andy
Published: October 2010

IN the July/August issue of In Practice, Andy Moore discussed the various options for structuring the veterinary business. Here, in a second article, he provides a more in‐depth look at the potential financial benefits of incorporation. He discusses what is involved in becoming a limited company, and addresses some common concerns such as how to handle the admission of new individuals to the practice, the retirement of senior partners from the practice, or indeed the sale of the whole practice.
Digital x‐ray ‐ toy or tool?
Authors: Baxter Colin
Published: October 2010

DIGITAL imaging has been around for many years now and, as the cost of cameras and other digital applications has dropped, its use has increased ‐ which, in turn, has allowed for further decreases in cost. This puts digital imaging in all its forms within the reach of the general practitioner. Or does it? This article by Colin Baxter describes the digital x‐ray systems that are currently available and looks at some specifics to examine whether digital imaging is a valuable tool in modern practice or still just a toy.
Making the most of practice facilities
Authors: Bower John
Published: October 2010

A FRESH look at the practice's facilities ‐ that is, its premises, vehicles, equipment and staff time ‐ may well identify aspects that are underused. As John Bower explains, it makes sense to consider whether these facilities could be put to fuller use, or possibly a new use altogether.
Disease risks for the travelling pet: Ehrlichiosis
Authors: Murphy Kate , Shaw Susan
Published: October 2010

EHRLICHIOSIS is a bacterial infection caused by a group of haemotropic intracellular bacteria. These organisms are transmitted by ticks and primarily cause disease in dogs and, occasionally, cats. Serious and sometimes fatal disease can occur in susceptible animals; in those with partial immunity, disease may remain subclinical unless they are immunocompromised. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of ehrlichial disease in dogs and cats.
Break with tradition? Changing perspectives on a professional life
Authors: O'Kane Joe
Published: October 2010

THE traditional career path for veterinary surgeons tended to involve an initial period in (usually) mixed practice before they concentrated on a specific area of veterinary work. Inevitably, most people found their niche practice and settled, eventually becoming a partner. In more recent years, there has been a shift in expectations as the attitudes of new graduates towards this traditional view of practice have changed. In this article, Joe O'Kane explores these changing attitudes and suggests some possible reasons for them.
Are subscription schemes the way forward for farm animal work?
Authors: Reed David
Published: October 2010

VETERINARY practices face the prospect of losing income from medicines sales as a result of recommendations from the Competition Commission and other inquiries, and changes in legislation. This is likely to hit farm and mixed practices particularly hard, as they are already suffering the consequences of the decline in agriculture in the UK. To counteract this, David Reed's practice in Falkirk decided to set up a new scheme for its farmer clients which offers certain discounts and preferential services, in exchange for an annual fee. A year down the line, he describes how the practice and those clients that have elected to join the scheme have benefited, and provides advice to practices contemplating going down a similar route.
A question of sales
Authors: Tiffin Ross
Published: October 2010

AT a time when many practices are taking stock and trying to anticipate the effect of the Department of Trade and Industry/Competition Commission recommendations, serious consideration needs to be given to what exactly the profession, and its customers, will want out of veterinary practice over the next decade or two. With a potential decrease in income from medicines sales, alternative sources of income will need to be found. Here, Ross Tiffin gets the ball rolling by posing a series of questions to encourage practitioners to consider the relative importance and value to the practice of their existing ‘leveraged sales’. A follow‐up article discussing the subject in more depth will appear in next month's In Practice.
Anaesthetic monitoring equipment for small animals
Authors: Flaherty Derek , Musk Gabby
Published: October 2010

A WIDE variety of monitoring equipment is now available for use in anaesthetised small animal patients. However, the information produced is only of value if it can be correctly interpreted and acted upon, underlining the importance of the continued presence of a suitably trained person throughout the anaesthetic period. This article discusses the types of monitoring systems available, and gives guidance on how they may be employed effectively and how the resulting information can best be used to manage patients safely.
What's it worth? Understanding the value of a veterinary business
Authors: Sheridan John
Published: October 2010

FOR many veterinary surgeons, the practice is their most valuable asset. Having a clear understanding of the value of a veterinary business is an essential first step when planning any type of transition, including admitting a colleague into partnership, retirement of an existing partner, selling the practice, or merging with another one. It is equally important for veterinarians contemplating the purchase of a practice or partnership, the establishment of a new practice, or entering into a franchise or joint venture. Here, John Sheridan describes the basis on which practices are valued, current trends in the marketplace and other factors that influence the value of businesses.
Heartworm and lungworm in dogs and cats in the UK
Authors: Ridyard Alison
Published: October 2010

IN domestic carnivores, almost all parasitic diseases of the heart and lungs are caused by nematodes belonging to the Metastrongyloidea superfamily, which includes Angiostrongylus vasorum, Oslerus osleri, Filaroides species, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus and Crenosoma vulpis. The only exception is heartworm, which is caused by the filarial nematode Dirofilaria immitis. Metastrongyle infections are encountered throughout the UK, although certain geographical hot spots have been reported. While the incidence of disease associated with these parasites in dogs and cats is relatively low, largely due to the widespread use of prophylactic anthelmintics, there is anecdotal evidence that angiostrongylosis and Crenosoma infection, in particular, are on the increase. This may reflect the increasing urbanisation of the fox, which has the potential to act as a reservoir of infection. D immitis is not currently endemic in the UK and has been discussed in detail in a separate article on imported infectious diseases. This article reviews the metastrongyle infections of prime concern in this country and, for each parasite, discusses the diagnosis and management options.
Pay as you go, or go as you're paid? Life on the locum circuit
Authors: Hillam Richard
Published: October 2010

‘LOCUM – a person who stands in temporarily for another member of the same profession, especially for a physician, chemist or clergyman’ (Collins English Dictionary).

After two or three years in private practice, or on completion of a university residency, some veterinary surgeons decide that they would like a period of more flexible working conditions. As Richard Hillam explains, life as a locum can provide valuable experience in a variety of clinical environments, while offering the freedom to travel, study or pursue other interests. However, it is important to be aware that this freedom comes at a price.
How good is your hand hygiene?
Authors: Gregory Sue
Published: October 2010

BEYOND surgical scrubbing, hand hygiene has traditionally received only cursory attention in undergraduate veterinary teaching and veterinary nursing education, and experience suggests that it is an often neglected priority in day‐to‐day veterinary practice. This article highlights the importance of good hand hygiene in the veterinary environment and discusses why, how and when it should be practised. Strategies to help improve compliance among staff are also discussed.
The dog's too fat – and so is the client: how to handle delicate consultations
Authors: Jackson Cathy
Published: October 2010

ALL veterinary practitioners will undoubtedly, from time to time, be faced with having to discuss a diagnosis with a client that may potentially cause embarrassment or offence. Some pet owners may be upset by the very idea that their pet could be suffering from, say, fleas, mange, maggots or obesity, with possible connotations of dirtiness or laxness on their part. Here, Cathy Jackson, a GP and lecturer in consultation skills, offers advice on maintaining a professional manner in tricky consultations, without upsetting or alienating clients. In the box on page 220, Carol Gray, a veterinary surgeon and lecturer in communication skills, describes some other situations that may arise in practice that need handling in a sensitive and non‐judgemental way.
Management of noise fears and phobias in pets
Authors: Mills Daniel
Published: October 2010

THE American Veterinary Medical Association has suggested that 15 per cent of clients are lost to a practice due to unresolved behavioural problems in their animals. It is therefore important that the general practitioner appreciates the basics of animal behaviour and its effective management. Noise fears and phobias are among the most common behavioural problems, but are frequently left untreated or ineffectively managed. In both humans and dogs, it seems that the treatment of fears and phobias is often left until they have developed into multiple problems. This further compromises an animal's welfare and also limits the prognosis. Early identification and intervention is essential and screening for these and other common behavioural problems should form part of an annual health check. Expertise in behaviour is not a prerequisite for this — simply asking an owner whether their animal has developed any fears or problem behaviours in the past year, and having appropriate procedures in place to deal with a positive response to this question, would be a useful routine in general practice. This article reviews current understanding about noise fears in pets, and provides guidance for the practitioner on how short‐term alleviation and, where possible, longer‐term resolution may be achieved.
Dealing with the roadside casualty badger
Authors: Cousquer Glen
Published: October 2010

THE European badger (Meles meles) is the largest carnivorous British mammal and is common throughout much of the UK. It is found in most rural areas below an altitude of 500 m, but is especially common in south‐west England and southern Wales. Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are one of the main reasons veterinary attention is sought for badgers. Indeed, RTAs account for at least half of all badger deaths in monitored populations. It must not, however, be assumed that a badger found by the roadside has been hit by a car – some of these animals may have been poisoned, may have territorial fight wounds or may be debilitated in some other way that has subsequently put them within view of a passing motorist or pedestrian. This article provides guidelines on how to deal safely and competently with a badger found by the roadside. It discusses associated legal and safety issues, and describes how badgers may be captured, handled and anaesthetised to enable a clinical examination. It also outlines the approach to first aid and highlights situations where euthanasia may be the best course of action.
Vets on track: working as a greyhound vet
Authors: Molyneux Jacqui
Published: October 2010

FOR the past eight years, Jacqui Molyneux has worked as a ‘vet in attendance’ for a greyhound racing track. Here, she provides an insight into what this demanding, yet rewarding, area of practice activity entails.
Strangles in the horse: management and complications
Authors: Brazil Tim
Published: October 2010

‘STRANGLES’ – or Streptococcus equi infection – has probably been endemic in much of the world's equid population since antiquity. Most veterinary surgeons dealing with any number of horses will recognise individual cases or herd outbreaks on a regular basis. In spite of a great improvement in the knowledge of strangles epizootiology and the techniques for the identification and treatment of its complications, disease control on a national basis remains less than ideal. The main problem is to ensure identification and effective bacteriological cure of subclinical chronic carriers of the bacteria, which form an important reservoir of infection for this condition. As well as acute clinical disease, significant sequelae can become apparent days, weeks or even months after the initial acute signs have resolved. This article reviews the clinical aspects of strangles and its sequelae, provides guidelines for managing and resolving individual cases and outbreaks, and highlights some strategies for disease prevention.
Surgical diseases of the colon and rectum in small animals
Authors: Pratschke Kathryn
Published: October 2010

COLORECTAL disease is a common problem in dogs and cats. As an umbrella term, it covers a wide range of conditions from congenital abnormalities, such as rectovaginal fistula, through acquired disease, such as megacolon, to neoplastic disease. This article reviews the relevant surgical anatomy and general principles of colorectal surgery before focusing on the clinical features and surgical approach to the more common and clinically relevant conditions involving the colon and rectum seen in small animals. Although some of these may be considered ‘routine’ cases, their surgical treatment and postoperative care can be challenging.
A practitioner's guide to common dermatoses in birds
Authors: Zsivanovits Petra , Monks Deborah
Published: October 2010

CONDITIONS affecting the avian integument are frequently seen in practice: just under 25 per cent of the authors' avian caseload involve a dermatological complaint. These cases are often multifactorial and can be frustrating to diagnose and treat. The aim of this article is to provide a practical reference for the busy clinician on the diagnosis and management of common inflammatory and non‐inflammatory dermatoses in birds.
Mentoring inexperienced surgeons in practice
Authors: Whiting Colin
Published: October 2010

VETERINARY graduates are not, typically, competent surgeons at qualification but develop these skills during their first job. Support and instruction from experienced colleagues is vital to their development. This article provides advice for those acting as mentors to junior colleagues in practice. Many of the skills and techniques described will also apply to the supervision of students seeing practice.
An inspector calls — checking up on health and safety
Authors: Irwin Morag
Published: October 2010

LAST year, health and safety (H&S) inspector Morag Irwin launched the UK's first proactive H&S inspections of veterinary practices in her local area. Here, she describes how the project arose and was put into action, while, on page 379, Martin Stelfox, a vet on the receiving end of an inspection, recounts how an initially daunting prospect turned into a positive experience.
Solo vets: the challenges of going it alone
Authors: Shield Christine
Published: October 2010

WHAT does the future hold for single‐handed practice? Society today is imposing pressures that could make life more difficult for the solo vet in many ways, and some have wondered whether this business format is sustainable. Veterinary surgeons, however, do not lack initiative, and, as Christine Shield suggests, it seems likely that solutions will be found that will ensure the survival of this branch of practice.
Study and spice ‐ undertaking a veterinary degree abroad
Authors: Cook Michelle
Published: October 2010

IN 2001, after spending six years as a press officer for the BVA, Michelle Cook won a scholarship to study veterinary medicine at St George&s University School of Veterinary Medicine on the Caribbean island of Grenada. Now back in the UK, and having recently passed the RCVS Membership examination, she describes her experiences of living and studying over 4000 miles from home
Antiviral therapy in cats: current rationale and recommendations
Authors: Caney Sarah
Published: October 2010

OVER recent years there has been much interest in the use of antiviral agents for the treatment of feline infectious diseases. Unfortunately, much of this interest has stemmed from anecdotal reports rather than controlled clinical trials or in vitro studies. While it is clear that more research needs to be done in this area of feline medicine, there is evidence to support the use of antiviral agents in some patients. This article reviews that evidence with a view to assisting practitioners with rational decision making.
Postmortem examination of cattle and sheep
Authors: Griffiths Ian
Published: October 2010

A THOROUGH postmortem examination in which all organ systems are assessed is an underrated diagnostic procedure. When allied to good descriptive skills, it allows a concise interim pathology report to be produced. This report should describe lesions, outline preliminary conclusions and, if possible, include a morphological diagnosis (eg, lobar pneumonia). Microbiology, parasitology, biochemistry or histopathology may be needed to assist in establishing a diagnosis. Although pathologists may disagree on the conclusions in a report, there should be no disagreement concerning its descriptive content if more than one pathologist is involved in the same necropsy. Various methods may be used to perform necropsies and, as long as all organ systems are examined thoroughly, each technique has its merits. Ideally, necropsies should be conducted in a postmortem room, but if this is not possible, they may be carried out in a knacker's yard. It should be remembered that on‐farm examinations may be limited and may only involve sample collection. This article describes how to perform a postmortem examination at a knacker's yard, where much of the equipment commonly found in the postmortem room is not available. A well designed form should be used to accurately record the necropsy findings. It may also be necessary to review the necropsy findings when other laboratory or histopathology results become available, before firm conclusions are reached.
Assessing the needs of sheep for trace elements
Authors: Suttle Neville
Published: October 2010

NO progress can be made in assessing the trace element needs of sheep without first addressing the question of ‘status’. This term means different things to different people but, for the purposes of this discussion, implies the ranking of an individual or flock, with respect to the adequacy of trace element supply in relation to need, across a spectrum ranging from gross deprivation to poisoning. Various indices of status exist for each element, but none are completely reliable. This article outlines their general shortcomings, draws attention to specific failings and provides honest guides to interpretation that should improve the precision of diagnosing trace element disorders and assessing the status of sheep.
Diagnosis and management of canine oesophageal disease and regurgitation
Authors: Elwood Clive
Published: October 2010

DISORDERS associated with regurgitation and failure of oesophageal function can be difficult to define and frustrating to treat. Aspiration pneumonia is a common and potentially life‐threatening sequela and, for this and other reasons, every effort must be made to define the disorder and institute appropriate management as early as possible. Often, various treatments may need to be tried and tested to determine which is most suitable for an individual patient. This article provides guidance on diagnostic approaches and treatment options for the clinician presented with a dog with suspected oesophageal disease.
Practical contrast radiography 5. Other techniques
Authors: Diaz Francisco Llabres
Published: October 2010

THIS final article in the series on contrast radiography describes how to conduct vascular and articular studies, dacryocystorhinography, sinography and lymphangiography. In each case, only those techniques routinely performed in practice are discussed. Procedures that are difficult to perform and interpret, require specialist equipment, or have largely been superseded by advanced imaging techniques such as ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging ‐ all of which are now quite widely available ‐ will not be considered.
Taking the lead: veterinary intervention in disaster relief
Authors: Sprayson Tess
Published: October 2010

A SERIES of disaster relief appeals and campaigns over the past few years has thrown up questions about what sort of aid ‐ cash donations, practical help, outside investment and so on ‐ has the best long‐term effects on communities facing crisis. Here, Tess Sprayson discusses how, by educating aid agencies about the way animals and people depend on each other, veterinary relief efforts may promote not just the welfare of animals, but also that of human beings caught up in disasters.
Everyday Ethics
Authors: Mullan Siobhan
Published: October 2010

A NEW series in In Practice gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to the discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario will be presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved. In addition, a possible way forward will be suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐and‐dried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. Readers who wish to contribute to the discussion of this month's dilemma ‐on the celebrity downer cow’ are invited to do so and should send their comments as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. The series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol, who holds the RCVS diploma in animal welfare science, ethics and law. It is hoped that it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas.
Common dermatoses of ornamental fish and amphibian
Authors: Maclean Bruce
Published: October 2010

WHILE fish and amphibians are rarely seen in most general practices, it is helpful to have some knowledge for the occasional pet goldfish or frog. Many of these cases will involve skin problems. The most likely fish species to be presented are pond fish, mainly cyprinids (carp and goldfish), and tropical tank fish. A wider range of amphibians may be presented and these will usually be frogs and toads (order Anura) or newts and salamanders (order Caudata/Urodela); the third order of amphibians ‐ the limbless caecilians ‐ are extremely rare in captivity in the UK. Amphibians may be largely or totally aquatic, or mainly terrestrial. Aquatic species or life stages are subject to many fish parasites and similar health problems to fish. This article describes the common skin pathogens and presentations that the practitioner may encounter and provides diagnostic and treatment guidelines for these occasional patients.
Overcoming barriers: working with disabled clients in veterinary practice
Authors: McCain Helen
Published: October 2010

IN her work for Dogs for the Disabled, Helen McCain has often witnessed the awkward reactions of others when dealing with people with disabilities. Wheelchairs, mobility aids and difficulties in communication can all create barriers to effective interaction and, often, a simple lack of confidence and understanding in dealing with disabled people can result in a fear of saying or doing the wrong thing. However, helping disabled clients to access veterinary care for their animals is not just about installing ramps, hearing loops and parking facilities. As discussed in this article, it is as much about the practice and its staff adopting a flexible approach and being open and creative.
Can ethics and commerce coexist in veterinary practice?
Authors: Howes Edward
Published: October 2010

WHAT might a veterinary surgeon from the 1950s make of today's veterinary market? Would they be shocked at the ownership composition of practices, new legislation, and how practices are directing their resources, reaching out to their clients and promoting their services? They might well be, but according to Edward Howes they ain't seen nothing yet! As one of a new generation of non‐clinical partners in veterinary practice, he argues that increasing commercialism is not a bad thing in itself. But can ethics and commerce coexist in practice ‐ and what happens when they are at odds?
If tomorrow never comes
Authors: James Daniel
Published: October 2010

NO‐ONE enjoys confronting their own mortality, but making a will is one of the most important things anyone can consider. If you die without making one, your assets may not be distributed according to your wishes, but rather according to law. This article explains who inherits, and who does not, when a person dies intestate.
Everyday ethics
Authors: Swan Pippa
Published: October 2010

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to the discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved. In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐anddried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. Readers who wish to contribute to the discussion of this month's dilemma ‐ on the coughing Cavalier ‐ should send their comments as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Some responses to the ‘celebrity downer cow’ dilemma, which was published last month, appear on page 105. This series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol. It is hoped that it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas. This month's dilemma is discussed by Pippa Swan.
Routine neutering of rabbits and rodents
Authors: Richardson Claire , Flecknell Paul
Published: October 2010

CONSIDERATION should be given to neutering rabbits, guinea pigs and rats to prevent unwanted litters, limit undesirable behaviours that accompany sexual maturity, prevent disease and treat reproductive disease. Numerous surgical approaches, using a variety of safe and effective anaesthetic and analgesic agents, have been described for the routine neutering of rabbits and rodents, but these may be less familiar to veterinary surgeons in practice than the techniques used for dogs and cats. This article illustrates how to conduct an ovariohysterectomy and castration in rabbits, guinea pigs and rats, reviewing the surgical techniques that the authors have found to be particularly successful in these species.
Getting results in clinical pathology 1. Pros and cons of in‐clinic biochemical testing
Authors: Pinches Mark
Published: October 2010

VETERINARY practices are increasingly making use of laboratory data to assist them in their small animal clinical work and, in recent years, many have invested in in‐clinic testing equipment. But how meaningful are the results produced and what are the limitations of these analysers? Also, what other factors might influence the results that are obtained and could these alter the interpretation? The aim of this series of short articles is to explore various pros and cons of in‐clinic biochemical and haematology testing, and then highlight some of the factors that can influence laboratory parameters, notably, an animal's age, and medications, with a view to helping clinicians interpret data with greater confidence. This article reviews three of the most popular types of analyser in use in the UK and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of testing in general.
Practical guide to imaging abdominal masses
Authors: Hayward Nicolette
Published: October 2010

IDENTIFYING the origin of abdominal masses can be challenging in veterinary medicine. Factors assisting in this process include the relative position of the mass within the abdomen and its relationship to other organs, how fixed or mobile it is, and whether it is associated with an effusion. This article describes how the complementary techniques of radiography and ultrasonography can help to determine the source of abdominal masses, highlighting key features that can aid in lesion localisation.
Advantages and disadvantages of batch farrowing
Authors: Bown Peter
Published: October 2010

BATCH farrowing has been hailed as the saviour of pig health, but is not a new concept, having been widely practised in the UK until the 1950s. At that time, moves to early weaning systems drove producers back to weekly farrowing (arguably, a form of batch farrowing). The emergence of new diseases in the 1990s, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) and postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome/porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PMWS/PDNS), forced pig farmers to reassess their production systems once more. It was found that strict all‐in/all‐out policies coupled with efficient cleansing and disinfection between batches of rearing, growing and finishing pigs not only reduced losses associated with disease, but also improved the physical performance of pigs by around 100 to 150 g per day. Therefore, to facilitate the production of large enough batches of weaners to achieve all‐in/all‐out strategies, farmers reverted back to batch farrowing. Many weaner producers converted to batch farrowing at the same time in order to produce sufficient numbers of pigs of similar age and immune status for third party rearers/finishers to fill buildings in one hit. This article discusses some of the advantages and disadvantages that need to be considered by any unit contemplating converting to batch farrowing.
Diagnostic imaging of ear disease in the dog and cat
Authors: Benigni Livia , Lamb Chris
Published: October 2010

MOST dogs and cats with common aural conditions, such as otitis externa or aural haematoma, may be treated satisfactorily without the need for diagnostic imaging. However, animals with recurrent or severe otitis, and those with more marked signs, such as para‐aural swelling, pain on opening the mouth, vestibular syndrome or facial paralysis, may benefit from a more thorough work‐up to examine the middle ear and adjacent structures. In such cases, the anatomical complexity and relative inaccessibility of these structures is best addressed by diagnostic imaging ‐ involving, as appropriate, radiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging or ultrasonography. This article reviews the use of these imaging techniques in dogs and cats with clinical signs of ear disease and illustrates some of the more typical findings.
Use of topical ear cleaners in small animals
Authors: Harvey Richard
Published: October 2010

SOME degree of cerumen (ear wax) production is normal. However, increased production orcompromised clearance of cerumen can necessitate its removal. While this is mainly a problemin dogs, some cats may also require ear cleaning. This article describes the technique for cleaningears in small animals. It also discusses the principal components of topical ear cleaners that maybe used to clean the external ear canal and highlights those that are safe to use within a long‐termotic care programme (ie, for home treatment over an extended period).
Welcome to the practice! Inductions for new employees
Authors: Gripper Peter
Published: October 2010

HOW does your practice greet new employees? Are they given a helping hand, or left to ‘sink or swim’ on their own? Induction programmes offer huge benefits to employers and employees alike. A formal induction can help the newcomer fit into the team and approach their work with confidence from day 1, while employers can be sure the correct training has been given. Peter Gripper provides some ideas on how to design and develop an induction programme.
What to do with an endowment mortgage shortfall
Authors: Smitheman Roy
Published: October 2010

MANY UK householders planned to pay off their mortgages with endowment policies, but since the stock market falls in the 1990s, the future of some policies looks far from certain. Roy Smitheman explains what the options are if your endowment policy is suffering from a shortfall.
Rhinoscopy in the dog 1. Anatomy and techniques
Authors: Harcourt‐Brown Nigel
Published: October 2010

DOGS with chronic unilateral or bilateral nasal discharge are seen regularly by clinicians. While imaging techniques such as radiography, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used with success in these patients, the changes seen in early cases make radiographic diagnosis difficult, and CT and MRI scans are expensive. Also, these techniques tend to delineate the extent of the changes, whereas diagnosis usually requires tissues for culture, cytology and histology. Rhinoscopy is a useful technique in these patients: it allows the clinician to examine the nasal cavity directly and obtain diagnostic samples of tissue, and it can also be used to assess the progress of treatment. This is the first of two articles on rhinoscopy in the dog. It begins with a refresher on the anatomy of the nose, goes on to describe how to perform rhinoscopy and collect biopsy samples, and illustrates the normal endoscopic appearance of the nasal passages of the dog. An article in the next issue will review, and illustrate the typical endoscopic appearance of, common conditions associated with chronic nasal discharge in dogs.
Getting results in clinical pathology 3. Influence of age on haematological and biochemical parameters
Authors: Pinches Mark
Published: October 2010

WHEN haematological and biochemical results are received by the practitioner they are accompanied by the laboratory's own reference intervals. These reference ranges are derived from analysis of groups of healthy adult animals. Normal physiological changes that occur during growth and senescence can alter some laboratory parameters beyond those of the ‘normal’ adult. These changes have been well characterised in the young, but are vague in the aged animal. This article describes the more common haematological and biochemical findings in immature and aged animals, with reference to the underlying physiology and, in the geriatric, offers some guidance on interpretation when unexpected results are encountered.
Common neurological and musculoskeletal problems in rabbits
Authors: Keeble Emma
Published: October 2010

NEUROLOGICAL and musculoskeletal disease is often encountered in pet rabbits, with head tilt and hindlimb paresis/paralysis being the most common clinical presentations. Arthritis is also a frequent finding in older animals. The principal causes of neurological disease in rabbits include bacterial infections, such as pasteurellosis, encephalitozoonosis, trauma and toxaemia. Accurate case assessment and diagnosis of neurological and musculoskeletal problems in this species can be a challenge for the veterinary surgeon in practice. However, with the increased availability of advanced diagnostic imaging techniques, such as computed tomography, obtaining a final diagnosis is a realistic goal. This article discusses the diagnostic procedures that can be used to investigate neurological and musculoskeletal problems in rabbits, and outlines the causes and management options for the most common conditions seen.
Lights, camera … action!
Authors: Williamson Philip
Published: October 2010

THE variety of veterinary life is often quoted as one of its pluses. When Philip Williamson received a call from an old friend, he never imagined he would end up with responsibility for a llama in a naval college, or a cow in a luxury home; here, he discusses his work as a veterinary supervisor for television commercials. On page 223, Hugh and Linda Salmon describe their experiences in front of the camera, when their picturesque Devon veterinary practice became the subject of a fly‐on‐the‐wall documentary on veterinary life, and their subsequent work behind the scenes as veterinary advisers for the BBC.
Emergency fire procedures
Authors: Hyde Phil
Published: October 2010

VETERINARY practices are used to dealing with clinical emergencies ‐ however, a fire breaking out is an altogether different kind of emergency and one that every practice needs to prepare for. This requires the formulation of a detailed risk assessment, specific to the individual practice. Phil Hyde discusses some of the issues that need to be considered, focusing on what can be done to prevent fire, and what should and should not be done if a fire occurs.
Everyday ethics
Authors: Pritchard Joy
Published: October 2010

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to the discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved. In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐and‐dried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma ‐ on the ‘trotter struggling to walk’ ‐ is discussed by Joy Pritchard. Readers with comments to contribute should send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. This series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol. It is hoped that it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas. On page 229, she comments on the ‘in the owner's interests?’ dilemma, which was published last month.
Rhinoscopy in the dog 2. Conditions associated with chronic nasal discharge
Authors: Harcourt‐Brown Nigel
Published: October 2010

RHINOSCOPY is a useful technique in the investigation of dogs with chronic unilateral or bilateral discharge. It allows the clinician to examine the nasal cavity directly and obtain diagnostic samples of tissue in a selective manner, and it can also be used to assess the progress of treatment. An article in the last issue reviewed the anatomy of the dog's nose, described how to perform rhinoscopy and illustrated the normal endoscopic appearance of the nasal passages (In Practice, April 2006, pp 170–175). This article discusses a number of conditions commonly associated with nasal discharge in dogs. Some of the typical endoscopic features of each are illustrated to assist the practitioner in the diagnosis of these, often challenging, cases.
Clinically significant developmental radiological changes in the skeletally immature dog: 2. Joints
Authors: Baines Elizabeth
Published: October 2010

THIS is the second of two articles discussing the radiographic diagnosis of diseases that manifest during the growing period in dogs. Part 1 described diseases affecting the long bones of the appendicular skeleton (In Practice, April 2006, pp 188–199). This article focuses on specific developmental diseases that affect the joints of skeletally immature dogs
Management of umbilical disorders in the foal
Authors: Smith Meredith
Published: October 2010

UMBILICAL disorders in the foal arise in the immediate postpartum period as a direct consequence of either bacterial infection or incomplete contracture of the musculature of the body wall. The three most common disorders are umbilical hernia, persistent or acquired patent urachus, and umbilical abscessation. This article aims to assist the veterinarian in making a prompt diagnosis of these conditions and discusses how they may be managed. Simple umbilical hernias are readily corrected with an excellent outcome. Surgery to remove umbilical remnants is technically more difficult but, if uncomplicated, generally carries a good prognosis. Complications such as concurrent septic arthritis or advanced infection within the umbilical vein extending to the liver parenchyma carry a poor prognosis.
Dealing with the informed client
Authors: Chitty John
Published: October 2010

KNOWLEDGEABLE clients can give as much as they take from veterinary practice, but sometimes they arrive in disguise. If your heart sinks at the sight of an eager face, beaming above a sheaf of website print‐outs, read on ‐ you could be missing out on an opportunity. John Chitty explains how such visitors, correctly handled, can become ideal practice clients and valuable sources of information in themselves.
Too young to work, too old to work? 1. New laws on age discrimination
Authors: Clayton Matthew
Published: October 2010

THIS October will see new laws come into force to prevent discrimination at work against anyone on the grounds that they are ‘too old’ or ‘too young’. In the first of two articles, Matthew Clayton explores why the new laws are being introduced, who will benefit from them, and what defences might be brought against claims of age discrimination. The second article, to appear in the next issue, will look in more detail at how the laws will affect day‐to‐day business and what practical preparations veterinary practices can make.
On the road: the travelling specialist
Authors: Chesney Christopher
Published: October 2010

TRAVELLING specialists can bring extra levels of skill in veterinary medicine and surgery closer to your clients. Christopher Chesney outlines the rise of the visiting expert, how he or she can fit in and work with an established practice team, and his hopes for how such experts may contribute to the future of the veterinary profession.