bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maduramicin induces cardiac muscle cell death by the ROS‐dependent PTEN/Akt–Erk1/2 signaling pathway
Authors: Chen Xin , Li Yue , Feng Meng , Hu Xiaoyu , Zhang Hai , Zhang Ruijie , Dong Xiaoqing , Liu Chunxiao , Zhang Zhao , Jiang Shanxiang , Huang Shile , Chen Long
Published: December 2018

Maduramicin (Mad), a polyether ionophore antibiotic, has been reported to be toxic to animals and humans because of being used at high doses or for long time, resulting in heart failure. However, the toxic mechanism of Mad in cardiac muscle cells is not well understood. Here, we show that Mad induced cell viability reduction and apoptosis in cardiac‐derived H9c2, HL‐1 cells, primary cardiomyocytes, and murine cardiac muscles, which was because of the inhibition of extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2). Expression of constitutively active mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MKK1) attenuated Mad‐induced cell death in H9c2 cells, whereas silencing Erk1/2 or ectopic expression of dominant negative MKK1 strengthened Mad‐induced cell death. Moreover, we found that both phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome 10 (PTEN) and protein kinase B (Akt) were implicated in the regulation of Erk1/2 inactivation and apoptosis in the cells and tissues exposed to Mad. Overexpression of dominant negative PTEN and/or constitutively active Akt, or constitutively active Akt and/or constitutively active MKK1 rescued the cells from Mad‐induced dephosphorylated‐Erk1/2 and cell death. Furthermore, Mad‐induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) activated PTEN and inactivated Akt–Erk1/2 contributing to cell death, as N‐acetyl‐
L‐cysteine ameliorated the event. Taken together, the results disclose that Mad inhibits Erk1/2 via ROS‐dependent activation of PTEN and inactivation of Akt, leading to cell death in cardiac muscle cells. Our findings suggest that manipulation of the ROS–PTEN–Akt–Erk1/2 pathway may be a potential approach to prevent Mad‐induced cardiotoxicity.
Role of trees in climate change and their authentication through scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Arshad Sohaib , Ahmad Mushtaq , Saboor Abdul , Ibrahim Faridah Hanum , Mustafa Muhammad Raza Ul , Zafar Muhammad , Ashfaq Shomaila
Published: December 2018

Climate change is the most realistic theory of this era. Sudden and drastic changes are happening on the earth and the survival of mankind is becoming questionable in the future. The plants play the key role in controlling the climate change. The study emphasizes on role of trees in the cop up or damaging the climate of this earth, whether they are medicinal trees or economically important trees. Due to the overgrazing and intense deforestation the climate is being affected hazardously. The global warming phenomenon is occurring due to the less availability of trees and more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. In total 20 plants were collected from across the Pakistan on the basis of their abundance and their key roles. Out of which seeds of eight plants were scanned through scanning electron microscope for correct authentication and importance of these medicinally important trees in mitigating the climate change.

Research Highlights

The role of forest sector in the climate's change mitigation.

Medicinally and economically important tree species across Pakistan.

By using SEM, Ultra seed sculpturing features as an authentication tool.

To formulate some policies to stop or control deforestation.
Edge clique cover of claw‐free graphs
Authors: Javadi Ramin , Hajebi Sepehr
Published: December 2018

The smallest number of cliques, covering all edges of a graph , is called the (edge) clique cover number of and is denoted by . It is an easy observation that if is a line graph on vertices, then . G. Chen et al. [Discrete Math. 219 (2000), no. 1–3, 17–26; MR1761707] extended this observation to all quasi‐line graphs and questioned if the same assertion holds for all claw‐free graphs. In this paper, using the celebrated structure theorem of claw‐free graphs due to Chudnovsky and Seymour, we give an affirmative answer to this question for all claw‐free graphs with independence number at least three. In particular, we prove that if is a connected claw‐free graph on vertices with three pairwise nonadjacent vertices, then and the equality holds if and only if is either the graph of icosahedron, or the complement of a graph on vertices called “twister” or the power of the cycle , for some positive integer .
The Ultrastructure of Circulating Hemolymph Cells of the Marine Snail Cerithidea californica (Gastropoda: Prosobranchiata)
Authors: Yoshino Timothy P.
Published: December 2018

Two morphologically distinct blood cell‐types, the granulocyte and hyalinocyte, are found in the hemolymph circulation of the marine prosobranch Cerithidea californica. Granulocytes, measuring 12.7 µ (9.0–15.0 µ) in diameter, possess well‐defined ectoplasmic and endoplasmic regions of the cytoplasm, granules of moderate to heavy electron density, tubular rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), short vesicles of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), and a large cytoplasm to nucleus ratio. Two morphological variants of this cell‐type are distinguished depending upon the presence or absence of dense granules or RER. Hyalinocytes, measuring 5.3 µ (4.0–8.0 µ) in diameter, are distinguished from gran ulocytes by possessing a smaller cytoplasm to nucleus ratio and a general lack of dense cytoplasmic granules and SER.
The Topography of the Superficial Roots and Ganglia of the Anterior Lateral Line Nerve of the Smooth Dogfish,Mustelus canis
Authors: McCready Paul J. , Boord Robert L.
Published: December 2018

The topographic relationships of the superficial roots and ganglia of the anterior lateral line nerve (NLLa) to each other and to cranial nerves V, VII and VIII were studied, in the smooth dogfishMustelus canis, by dissection of Sudan Black Bstained specimens. NLLa consists of four branches: namely, superficial ophthalmic, buccal, otic and external mandibular. Each branch carries lateral line neurons exclusively and forms a dorsal root and a ventral root which enter the anterior lateral line lobe and posterior lateral line lobe of the medulla respectively.

It is estimated that slightly more than 50% of the fibers of the superficial opthalmic, approximately 60% of the fibers of the buccal, at least 35% of the fibers of the otic and about 20% of the fibers of the external mandibular constitute the dorsal root. The ventral root is comprised of less than 50% of the fibers of the superficial ophthalmic, 40% of the fibers of the buccal, at least 50% of the fibers of the otic, and 80% of the fibers of the external mandibular.

These results are correlated with the peripheral distribution and central termination of NLLa and it is concluded that the dorsal root carries axons from ampullary receptors and the ventral root carries fibers that innervate ordinary lateral line sense organs.
Increased mean R2* in the deep gray matter of multiple sclerosis patients: Have we been measuring atrophy?
Authors: Hernández‐Torres Enedino , Wiggermann Vanessa , Machan Lindsay , Sadovnick A. Dessa , Li David K.B. , Traboulsee Anthony , Hametner Simon , Rauscher Alexander
Published: December 2018

Background

Magnetic resonance relaxometry studies in multiple sclerosis (MS) have suggested that iron accumulates within deep gray matter (DGM) structures early in the disease course. However, the commonly utilized mean R2* and magnetic susceptibility measures reflect regional iron concentration but not a structure's total iron content. Thus, tissue atrophy could impact mean R2* and magnetic susceptibility estimates.

Purpose

To demonstrate that both average iron concentration and total iron content need to be reported in order to distinguish between atrophy‐related and definite magnetic susceptibility changes.

Study Type

Observational.

Population

The study was performed on 30 healthy controls (HCs) and 39 people with definite MS.

Field Strength/Sequence

3T Philips Achieva using an 8‐channel SENSE head coil. R2* data were acquired using a multiecho gradient echo sequence and diffusion tensor imaging data were acquired using an echo‐planar sequence.

Assessment

Total iron content in DGM structures was assessed by calculating the sum of all R2* values within a region (denoted as ) and compared to the mean R2* as a measure of iron concentration.

Statistical Test

Significant group differences were investigated in a linear regression model. All DGM structures were assessed individually and the significance threshold was adjusted using the Bonferroni‐Holm correction for multiple comparisons.

Results

There was an increased mean DGM R2* in MS patients compared to HCs (significant in the pallidus, P = 0.0051). In contrast, in patients was found to be lower in the thalamus and the caudate (P = 0.0011) compared to HCs, and similar between the two cohorts in the other DGM regions.

Data Conclusion

An increase in mean R2* may not necessarily reflect increased iron accumulation. We propose as an additional metric to account for the effects of tissue atrophy when assessing tissue content changes, such as iron deposition or loss.

Level of Evidence: 1

Technical Efficacy: Stage 1

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:201–208.
The effect of covering material on the yield, quality and chemical composition of greenhouse‐grown tomato fruit
Authors: Petropoulos Spyridon A , Fernandes Ângela , Katsoulas Nikolaos , Barros Lillian , Ferreira Isabel CFR
Published: December 2018

BACKGROUND

During the last few decades, greenhouse technology for horticultural crops has focused on retaining optimum conditions within the greenhouse environment that could allow for a compromise between maximum yields and minimum production costs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of three greenhouse covering materials and five harvesting dates on the yield and quality parameters of hydroponically produced tomato fruit, as well as on energy consumption.

RESULTS

Plants had a higher growth rate at early stages for S‐PE cover material, while differences were minimized at later stages. Tocopherol content was the highest for ID‐PE material and harvesting later than 170 days after transplanting (DAT), while sugar content (fructose and glucose) was the highest for S‐PE material and 157 DAT. Organic acid content was the highest at early harvestings, especially for 7‐PE and S‐PE cover materials, while it exhibited decreasing trends at later harvesting dates. Antioxidant properties showed a varied response to cover materials and harvesting dates, while β‐carotene, carotenoids and chlorophylls were the highest for 7‐PE material.

CONCLUSIONS

The results showed that both cover materials and harvesting date may affect significantly tomato fruit quality, especially sugar and organic acid contents which are associated with fruit taste, as well as tocopherols which contribute to antioxidant properties and pigments that are associated with fruit ripening and earliness of marketable maturity. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Plant constituents affecting food selection by sika deer
Authors: Agetsuma Naoki , Agetsuma‐Yanagihara Yoshimi , Takafumi Hino , Nakaji Tatsuro
Published: December 2018

We directly observed the feeding behaviors of Yaku sika deer (Cervus nippon yakushimae), the smallest subspecies of Japanese sika deer, by following 6 wild, habituated, and individually identifiable animals in a natural warm‐temperate forest on the island of Yakushima, southern Japan, 2005–2006. Deer fed on various plant species and parts but predominantly on the fallen leaves, fruits, seeds, and flowers of woody plants (∼82% of food items) at 59 natural feeding plots. We analyzed 8 key plant constituents of eaten and uneaten items at the feeding plots, and examined the effects of each constituent on food selection by multivariate and univariate generalized linear mixed models. The multivariate analysis, which evaluated the effect of each plant constituent on food selection by controlling influences of the other constituents in the food items, showed that deer selected food items with higher contents of crude fat, crude protein, and total phenolics but with lower contents of lignin and condensed tannin from the available items at the feeding plots. Neither soluble nor structural carbohydrate, nor ash content affected selection of food items. It may be advantageous for these small ungulates with shorter gastrointestinal tracts to select foods that are relatively rich in fat because of the higher energy content of fat compared with carbohydrates. Furthermore, it appears that non‐tannin phenolics may have beneficial functions in this species. The univariate analyses showed different effects of crude protein and structural carbohydrate on food selection compared to those derived from the multivariate analysis. We demonstrate that accounting for influences of other plant constituents by using multivariate analyses is important to ensure that any effects of individual plant constituents are not overlooked or overstated. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Predicting laryngeal exposure in microlaryngoscopy: External validation of the laryngoscore
Authors: Tirelli Giancarlo , Gatto Annalisa , Fortunati Alfonso , Marzolino Riccardo , Giudici Fabiola , Boscolo Nata Francesca
Published: December 2018

Objectives

Optimal laryngeal exposure during transoral laryngeal surgery is fundamental. We aimed to evaluate the reliability of a recently proposed score (Laryngoscore) in predicting difficult laryngeal exposure (DLE) in an independent cohort of patients undergoing elective microlaryngoscopy. We also verified the relation between DLE, surgeon's expertise, and difficult intubation, and investigated possible areas for score improvement.

Study Design

Prospective validation study.

Methods

A total of 136 patients were preoperatively evaluated using the Laryngoscore. Patients were divided into three classes according to patient position, type of laryngoscope, and need for external counterpressure to expose the anterior commissure. Based on their mean scores, two groups were identified: good laryngeal exposure (GLE) and DLE. A receiver operating characteristic curve with the Youden index was used to calculate the optimal cutoff value. The χ2 and Fisher exact test were used to correlate GLE and DLE to the surgeon's expertise and difficult intubation. The intraoperative anatomical parameters underlying DLE were also recorded.

Results

The optimal cutoff value for differentiating GLE and DLE was 4, which identified 80.6% of DLE cases. No statistically significant difference in GLE and DLE distribution was found between surgeons (P = 0.43). The correlation between difficult intubation and DLE was statistically significant (P = 0.03). The intraoperative parameters determining DLE were epiglottis characteristics (floppy, tight, or short), bulky abdomen and chest, bulky tongue base, mobile teeth, and a narrow laryngeal aditus.

Conclusion

The Laryngoscore is reliable for detecting DLE preoperatively. The inclusion of additional parameters may allow a more complete assessment and maximize its diagnostic accuracy.

Level of Evidence

2b

Laryngoscope, 129:1438–1443, 2019
Soil salinization of cultivated land in Shandong Province, China—Dynamics during the past 40 years
Authors: Xiao Yang , Zhao Gengxing , Li Tao , Zhou Xue , Li Jianmin
Published: December 2018

An objective requirement of the sustainable utilization of soil resources and agricultural production management is the determination of the status of soil salinization and an understanding of its dynamics. This study selected the coastal plain, the Yellow River flood plain, and key inland areas with salinization in Shandong Province. Sampling and analysis of soil salinization in cultivated lands were conducted in 2015–2016, and 3,551 valid samples were obtained. Statistical and spatial analyses were performed and compared with the data from the Second Soil Survey (1979–1985). The degree, area, distribution, and dynamic characteristics of soil salinization in Shandong Province were analyzed. The results showed that the total salt content of the study area was mainly slight to moderate, and the salinization was dominated by chloride salts. At present, the land area of salinized cultivated land was 384.00 thousand ha, accounting for 11.30% of the total cultivated land area. Soil salinization showed a concentrated distribution along the coastal plain that was scattered in the Yellow River flood plain and inland areas, and the salinity decreased from the coast to the inland area. Compared with the Second Soil Survey period, the salinized cultivated land area had decreased by 431.59 thousand ha, a decrease of 52.9%. The degree of salinization, especially in coastal area, was substantial, and the gravity center moved northeastward. In this study, the characteristics and dynamics of the present state of soil salinization in Shandong Province were examined, providing a scientific basis for the utilization and management of cultivated land resources in saline areas.
Emerging options in immune‐mediated hearing loss
Authors: Sakano Hitomi , Harris Jeffrey P.
Published: December 2018

Objective

AIED (autoimmune inner ear disease) is an autoimmune process that leads to the dysfunction of the inner ear, resulting in fluctuating, audiovestibular symptoms. Although the pathogenesis is likely heterogeneous, immune processes within the inner ear ultimately lead to histopathologic changes and sensorineural hearing loss. This review will discuss the latest evidence on treatment options.

Methods

A literature search on articles pertaining to the treatment of autoimmune inner ear disease was performed on PubMed.

Results

Corticosteroid treatment continues to remain as first line therapy for AIED but long‐term responsiveness is poor. Cytotoxic chemotherapies can be effective alternatives for steroid nonresponsive patients, but significant side effects may limit their use. Intratympanic steroid injections are beneficial and although there is not enough evidence currently to supplant oral steroid trial they may be a useful adjunct if steroid toxicity is an issue. The efficacy of biologic agents has been variable. Compared to placebo, etanercept does not improve the hearing improvement already attained by steroids alone. However, open pilot studies of other biologic agents show hearing improvements, improvements in tinnitus/aural fullness/vertigo, ability to wean steroid dependency, or benefits in steroid‐resistant AIED.

Conclusion

There is currently not enough evidence that alternative treatments supersede the use of initial steroid treatment. Biologic agents and intratympanic steroid injections are relatively well tolerated and should be considered as adjunctive therapy. More studies on the efficacy of various biologics and more studies on the treatment of steroid resistant disease especially after initial benefit are still needed. For those who eventually lose their hearing, cochlear implantation remains as a viable option.

Level of Evidence

expert opinion.
Discovery of a novel potexvirus in the seagrass Thalassia testudinum from Tampa Bay, Florida
Authors: Van Bogaert Noémi , Rosario Karyna , Furman Bradley T. , Hall Margaret O. , Greco Anthony M. , Breitbart Mya
Published: December 2018

Seagrass meadows are important coastal ecosystems that are declining worldwide. Given the profound impact of the microbiome on plant health, exploration of the seagrass microbiome is critical for proper ecosystem management and conservation. Although prior studies have investigated seagrass‐associated bacteria, fungi, and protists, virtually nothing is known about viruses infecting these flowering marine plants. Here, we report genomic and microscopic evidence of a new positive‐sense, single‐stranded ribonucleic acid virus infecting apparently healthy Thalassia testudinum in Florida. The virus, named turtlegrass virus X (TVX), shares 66% genome‐wide pairwise identity with foxtail mosaic virus, a potexvirus that infects terrestrial grasses. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed TVX presence in 10% to 80% of T. testudinum leaves from two Tampa Bay sampling locations in February and August 2017, with an average viral load of 4.65 × 108 copies per mg leaf tissue. The discovery of TVX advances seagrass microbiome research, prompting further studies to assess its ecological impact.
Phosphonate utilization by eukaryotic phytoplankton
Authors: Whitney LeAnn P. , Lomas Michael W.
Published: December 2018

Phytoplankton readily assimilate dissolved inorganic phosphorus (phosphate; Pi) into essential biomolecules, making it their preferred form of phosphorus (P). In low Pi marine environments, phytoplankton also utilize dissolved organic P (DOP) compounds to sustain primary productivity. Phosphonates comprise up to 10% of the DOP pool and have been shown to be an important source of P in the nutrition of marine prokaryotic phytoplankton. To date, the ability of eukaryotic phytoplankton to supplement growth with natural phosphonates remains unknown. Here, we show that the growth rates of two eukaryotic phytoplankton species grown on phosphonate(s) as the sole source of P were significantly greater than growth rates under Pi‐deficient conditions. Phosphonate did not support growth of a third species, indicating utilization is not universal among eukaryotic phytoplankton. Taken together, these results indicate that direct uptake and utilization of extracellular phosphonates may no longer be restricted to the realm of prokaryotes.
Quantifying Guest–Host Dynamics in Supramolecular Assemblies to Analyze Their Robustness
Authors: Bastings Maartje M. C. , Hermans Thomas M. , Spiering A. J. H. , Kemps Erwin W. L. , Albertazzi Lorenzo , Kurisinkal Eva E. , Dankers Patricia Y. W.
Published: December 2018

The most basic function of synthetic microenvironments for tissue engineering is to act as a physical substrate for cell attachment, migration, and proliferation, similar to the natural cell environment. Functionalization of supramolecular materials with guest compounds that display the same recognition moieties is a common strategy to introduce biofunctionality. However, besides a robust interaction with the material, a certain level of dynamics needs to be conserved for an adaptive interface toward the living environment. A balance between robust material functionalization and dynamic cell interaction needs to be met. The detailed analysis hereof using a ureido‐pyrimidinone (UPy) poly(ethylene glycol) system in dilute and transient network regime is demonstrated. Monovalent and bivalent UPy‐functionalized guest molecules are designed and their interaction with UPy‐host fibers is evaluated. Analysis of guest interaction in the dilute state by microfluidics, and in the gel state, by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and fluorescence resonance energy transfer is proven to be suitable to quantify the local and ensemble guest mobility. The results demonstrate that the interaction of bioactive moieties through supramolecular host–guest chemistry yields a dynamic system, which is stronger for divalent guests but risks unintended leakage in the case of functional monomeric units.
Is the LICOX® PtO2 system reliable for monitoring of free flaps? Comparison between two cohorts of patients
Authors: Arnež Zoran Marij , Ramella Vittorio , Papa Giovanni , Novati Federico Cesare , Manca Elisa , Leuzzi Sara , Stocco Chiara
Published: December 2018

Background

Licox® PtO2 is a minimally invasive monitoring system for continuous measurement of tissue oxygen tension in all types of free tissue transfers. Our study compares two consecutive series of patients undergoing microsurgical reconstruction monitored with standard clinical bedside surveillance and with the Licox® PtO2 system regarding flap loss and flap salvage, the sensitivity, specificity, and cost‐effectiveness.

Methods

We performed a longitudinal observational prospective study of all patients undergoing microsurgical reconstructions between 2016 and 2017. Group 1 included 43 patients that underwent standard clinical bedside postoperative flap monitoring whereas group 2 included 44 consecutive patients also monitored with Licox® PtO2 system. Flap complications such as return to theater for vascular compromise, partial and total flap loss and flap salvage rate were analyzed.

Results

We recorded no significant difference between the two groups regarding the rate of vascular complications (P = .31), return to the theater (P = .31), flap salvage (P = .9), partial and total flap loss (P = .36 and P = .49, respectively). When analyzing the Licox® PtO2 system monitoring group, we documented six false‐positive results (13.6%) and 0 false negatives with an accuracy of 0.86, a sensibility of 1.00, and a specificity of 0.85.

Conclusions

This is the first study that provides statistical data about the comparison of postoperative free flap monitoring by standard clinical bedside method and Licox® PtO2 system. For the monitoring of buried flaps, the Licox® PtO2 monitoring can be used only as a supplement to other systems. Its use, compared to near‐infrared spectroscopy or clinical bedside monitoring, was not found cost‐efficient.
Upper semicontinuity of global attractors for a viscoelastic equations with nonlinear density and memory effects
Authors: Leuyacc Yony Raúl Santaria , Parejas Jorge Luis Crisostomo
Published: December 2018

This paper is devoted to showing the upper semicontinuity of global attractors associated with the family of nonlinear viscoelastic equations

urn:x-wiley:mma:media:mma5389:mma5389-math-0001
in a three‐dimensional space, for f growing up to the critical exponent and dependent on ρ ∈ [0,4), as ρ→0+. This equation models extensional vibrations of thin rods with nonlinear material density ϱ(∂tu) = |∂tu|ρ and presence of memory effects. This type of problems has been extensively studied by several authors; the existence of a global attractor with optimal regularity for each ρ ∈ [0,4) were established only recently. The proof involves the optimal regularity of the attractors combined with Hausdorff's measure.
Reciprocity formulae for generalized Dedekind‐Vasyunin‐cotangent sums
Authors: Bayad Abdelmejid , Goubi Mouloud
Published: December 2018

Recently, several works are done on the generalized Dedekind‐Vasyunin sum

urn:x-wiley:mma:media:mma5414:mma5414-math-0001
where
and q are positive coprime integers, and ζ(a,x) denotes the Hurwitz zeta function. We prove explicit formula for the symmetric sum

urn:x-wiley:mma:media:mma5414:mma5414-math-0003
which is a new reciprocity law for the sum
. Our result is a complement to recent results dealing with the sum

urn:x-wiley:mma:media:mma5414:mma5414-math-0005
studied by Bettin‐Conrey and then by Auli‐Bayad‐Beck. Accidentally, when a  =  0, our reciprocity formula improves the known result in a previous study.
Stability analysis of higher order nonlinear differential equations in β–normed spaces
Authors: Zada Akbar , Shaleena Shaleena , Li Tongxing
Published: December 2018

In this paper, we interrogate different Ulam type stabilities, ie, β–Ulam–Hyers stability, generalized β–Ulam–Hyers stability, β–Ulam–Hyers–Rassias stability, and generalized β–Ulam–Hyers–Rassias stability, for nth order nonlinear differential equations with integrable impulses of fractional type. The existence and uniqueness of solutions are investigated by using the Banach contraction principle. In the end, we give an example to support our main result.
Cerebrosides from Sea Cucumber Improved Aβ1–42‐Induced Cognitive Deficiency in a Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Li Qian , Che Hong‐Xia , Wang Cheng‐Cheng , Zhang Ling‐Yu , Ding Lin , Xue Chang‐Hu , Zhang Tian‐Tian , Wang Yu‐Ming
Published: December 2018

Scope

Cerebrosides are a class of neutral glycosphingolipids, which are widely found to be present in brain tissue. In this study, the protective effect of sea cucumber cerebrosides (Cer) against β‐amyloid (Aβ)‐induced cognitive impairment is investigated.

Methods and results

Male SD rats receive a ventricle injection Aβ1–42 peptide to establish an Alzheimer's disease model. Then, the protective effects of Cer against Aβ1–42‐induced cognitive impairment by gavage and feed addition are evaluated. The Morris water maze test results show that oral administration of Cer can significantly ameliorate Aβ1–42‐induced cognitive deficiency at both high dose (200 mg per kg·per day) and low dose (40 mg per kg·per day) for 27 days. Dietary supplement of Cer by feed addition also exhibits the amelioration on the impaired cognitive function. Further findings indicate that Cer ameliorates Aβ1–42‐induced neuronal damage and suppresses the induced apoptosis by decreasing the level of Bax/Bcl‐2. Additionally, Cer enhances the expressions of PSD‐95 and synaptophysin by activating BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling pathway, thereby ameliorating Aβ1–42‐induced synaptic dysfunction. Furthermore, Cer attenuates Aβ1–42‐induced tau hyperphosphorylation by activating the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway.

Conclusion

Sea cucumber cerebrosides possess neuroprotective effects against Aβ1–42‐triggered cognitive deficits, which may be a potential nutritional preventive strategy for neurodegenerative diseases.
Excess Dietary Zinc Intake in Neonatal Mice Causes Oxidative Stress and Alters Intestinal Host–Microbe Interactions
Authors: Podany Abigail , Rauchut Jessica , Wu Tong , Kawasawa Yuka Imamura , Wright Justin , Lamendella Regina , Soybel David I. , Kelleher Shannon L.
Published: December 2018

Scope

Greater than 68% of young infants are exposed to dietary zinc (Zn) levels that are higher than the Tolerable Upper Intake Limit. However, the consequences of excess dietary Zn during early life on intestinal function and host–microbe interactions are unknown.

Methods and Results

Neonatal mice are gavaged with 100 Zn µg d–1 from postnatal day (PN) 2 through PN10 and indices of intestinal function and host–microbe interactions are compared to unsupplemented mice. Excess dietary Zn causes oxidative stress, increases goblet cell number and mucus production, and are associated with increased intestinal permeability and systemic inflammation. Over 900 genes are differentially expressed; 413 genes display a fold‐change >1.60. The Gene Ontology Biological processes most significantly affected include biological adhesion, the immune system, metabolic processes, and response to stimulus. Key genes most highly and significantly upregulated include ALDH2, MT1, TMEM6, CDK20, and COX62b, while CALU, ST3GAL4, CRTC2, SLC28A2, and COMMA1 are downregulated. These changes are associated with a microbiome enriched in pathogenic taxa including Pseudomonadales and Campylobacter, and greater expression of bacterial stress response genes.

Conclusion

Excess dietary Zn may have unforeseen influences on epithelial signaling pathways, barrier function, and luminal ecology in the intestine that may have long‐term consequences on intestinal health.
Improved finite element–based limit equilibrium method for slope stability analysis by considering nonlinear strength criteria and its application in assessing the anchoring effect
Authors: Shi Lu , Wang Haibin , Bai Bing , Li Xiaochun
Published: December 2018

The shear strength envelope of most geotechnical materials is nonlinear. In this study, the finite element–based limit equilibrium method (FELE) is improved to assess the stability of a prescribed slip surface that obeys a nonlinear failure criterion. Two nonlinear failure criteria, namely, the Barton criterion and the generalized Hoek‐Brown (GHB) criterion, are implemented. A power curve model that can perfectly fit the envelope of the GHB criterion is proposed to explicitly express the shear strength from the normal stress. The algorithm of the improved FELE, which includes a nonlinear criterion, is explained in detail, and the fast convergence of the method is checked by evaluating examples. The numerical examples show that, for a smooth slip surface, FELE can calculate a greater factor of safety (FOS) than that calculated using the Morgenstern‐Price (MP) method when the strength criterion of slip surface is nonlinear. In addition, FELE can determine the bell‐shaped distribution of the increase in normal stress caused by anchoring measures, which cannot be considered in the MP method.
Pediatric Home Parenteral Nutrition: Indications and Short‐Term Outcomes in a Large National Sample of Commercially Insured Children and Adolescents
Authors: Afolabi Titilola M. , Fairman Kathleen A.
Published: December 2018

Background

To support families managing the complex requirements of home parenteral nutrition (HPN) in pediatric patients, health professionals need information about HPN indications and complications. Nationally representative information is limited.

Methods

A retrospective cohort analysis of the Truven Health MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database was performed and identified 683 patients aged ≤18 years receiving HPN during dates of service from January 2013 through September 2015. Baseline diagnoses were measured in the 30 days before the first observed HPN claim (preindex). Indications for older (aged 13–18 years) and younger (aged ≤12 years) children were compared. Hospital and emergency department (ED) utilization rates were measured for 30 postindex days.

Results

Gastrointestinal diagnoses and/or symptoms affected more than three‐quarters of patients. Short bowel syndrome was more common in younger than in older patients (24% vs 7%, respectively), and colitis was less common (13% vs 33%; both P < .01). Cancer was common in both age groups (22%–23%). Additional diagnoses indicating complex medical conditions were observed in a minority of patients: sepsis (9%), convulsions/epilepsy (7%), encephalopathy (3%), and immune deficiency (3%). From the preindex to postindex periods, rates of inpatient hospitalization declined from 78% to 41%, but hospital ED visits increased from 10% to 14%. In both periods, >95% of hospital and ED use was disease related.

Conclusion

In a nationally representative sample of commercially insured pediatric patients treated with HPN, complex medical conditions were common. Findings highlight the importance of American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition recommendations for team‐based care.
Comparison of Microbial Growth Between Commercial Formula and Blenderized Food for Tube Feeding
Authors: Johnson Teresa W. , Milton D. L. , Johnson Kelly , Carter Holly , Hurt Ryan T. , Mundi Manpreet S. , Epp Lisa , Spurlock Amy L.
Published: December 2018

Background

Many healthcare facilities and providers prohibit blenderized tube feeding (BTF) for patients who request it due to concerns of high microbial load. The current project compared microbial loads of a standard ready‐to‐feed polymeric commercial formula (CF), a BTF made using baby food (BTF‐BF), and a BTF prepared from blending whole food (BTF‐WF), following food safety standards expected of U.S. hospitals.

Methods

Three tube‐feeding formulas (CF, BTF‐BF, BTF‐WF) were prepared in a U.S. hospital and delivered in vitro to an unoccupied patient room. Samples were collected at zero hour, 2 hours, and 4 hours and compared for growth of aerobic microorganisms, Staphylococus aureus, coliforms, and Escherichia coli. The experiment was conducted in triplicate, 1 week apart.

Results

No S. aureus or coliform/E. coli were detected at any time point following preparation, and total bacterial count was well below acceptable limits. All 3 feeding formulas at zero hour, 2 hours, and 4 hours for each of the 3 sampling dates were acceptable for human consumption.

Conclusion

Judicious BTF recipe selection and adherence to safe food handling provide a safe feeding substrate equivalent to CF in the hospital setting. Due to increased use and interest in BTF by patients and their caregivers, healthcare facilities may need to reexamine their policies prohibiting BTF use.
Robust residual‐ and recovery‐based a posteriori error estimators for a multipoint flux mixed finite element discretization of interface problems
Authors: Du Shaohong , Xie Xiaoping , Cheng Pan
Published: December 2018

We consider a posteriori error estimation for a multipoint flux mixed finite element method for two‐dimensional elliptic interface problems. Within the class of modified quasi‐monotonically distributed coefficients, we derive a residual‐type a posteriori error estimator of the weighted sum of the scalar and flux errors which is robust with respect to the jumps of the coefficients. Moreover, we develop robust implicit and explicit recovery‐type estimators through gradient recovery in an H(curl)‐conforming finite element space. In particular, we apply a modified L2 projection in the implicit recovery procedure so as to reduce the computational cost of the recovered gradient. Numerical experiments confirm the theoretical results.
Interferon‐γ directly induces gastric epithelial cell death and is required for progression to metaplasia
Authors: Osaki Luciana H , Bockerstett Kevin A , Wong Chun F , Ford Eric L , Madison Blair B , DiPaolo Richard J , Mills Jason C
Published: December 2018

Chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa, often caused by autoimmune gastritis and/or infection with Helicobacter pylori, can lead to atrophy of acid‐secreting parietal cells with metaplasia of remaining cells. The histological pattern marks a critical step in the progression from chronic gastritis to gastric cancer, yet underlying mechanism(s) of inflammation‐induced cell death of gastric epithelial cells are poorly understood. We investigated direct effects of a type 1 cytokine associated with autoimmunity and infection, interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), on gastric epithelial cells. IFN‐γ was applied to three‐dimensional organoid cultures of gastric epithelial cells derived from gastric corpus gland (gastroids) of control and IFN‐γ receptor‐deficient mice. Gastroids were also treated with supernatants from activated immune cells isolated from a mouse model of autoimmune‐mediated atrophic gastritis (TxA23) with and without IFN‐γ expression. Finally, histopathological analysis of atrophy and metaplasia severity was performed in TxA23 mice and compared to TxA23 × Ifng−/− mice. Gastric epithelial cells in gastroid cultures expressed IFN‐γ receptor in the basolateral membrane, and gastroids died when treated with IFN‐γ in an IFN‐γ receptor‐dependent manner. Supernatants from immune cells containing high levels of IFN‐γ were highly toxic to gastroids, and toxicity was tempered when IFN‐γ was either neutralized using a monoclonal antibody or when supernatants from Ifng−/− mouse immune cells were used. Finally, TxA23 × Ifng−/− mice showed near‐complete abrogation of pre‐cancerous histopathological atrophy and metaplasia versus IFN‐γ‐sufficient controls. We identify IFN‐γ as a critical promoter of parietal cell atrophy with metaplasia during the progression of gastritis to gastric atrophy and metaplasia. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tribological performance evaluation of polytetrafluoroethylene composites under dry sliding and aqueous environments using taguchi approach and grey relational analysis: Effect of material, test environment and load
Authors: Jebran M. , Wani M. F. , Gupta Rajat
Published: December 2018

This study examined the friction and wear behavior of polytetrafluoroethylene composites filled with 25 wt% glass fiber, 25 wt% graphite and 60 wt% bronze under dry sliding conditions and under distilled water and sea water environments. Taguchi methodology was employed to plan experiments. The friction and wear experiments were conducted using a pin on disc tribometer at room temperature. Optimization of the chosen process variables (viz., material [M], test environment [E], and load [L]) for friction and wear was carried out using Taguchi approach and grey relational analysis. Further, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique was used to check the influence of various process parameters on average coefficient of friction (COF) and wear rate. It was revealed that test environment (E) is the most significant factor affecting the average COF and material (M) is the most significant factor affecting the wear rate. ANOVA of the grey relational grade of average COF and wear rate revealed that test environment (E) is the most significant factor that affects the average COF and wear rate. In order to understand the wear mechanisms, the worn surfaces were analyzed using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:2863–2875, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Chemical fingerprint and bioactivity evaluation of Globularia orientalis L. and Globularia trichosantha Fisch. & C. A. Mey. using non‐targeted HPLC‐ESI‐QTOF‐MS approach
Authors: Rodríguez‐Pérez Celia , Zengin Gokhan , Segura‐Carretero Antonio , Lobine Devina , Mahomoodally Mohamad Fawzi
Published: December 2018

Introduction

In the quest for new sources of biologically‐active compounds, the chemical, and biological profiles of two Globularia species (G. trichosantha Fisch. & C. A. Mey and G. orientalis L.) were investigated.

Methodology

Chemical profiles were evaluated by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation and quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (HPLC‐ESI‐QTOF‐MS), as well as by their total phenolic, flavonoids, and phenolic acids contents. The antioxidant abilities of the investigated extracts were done using different assays including free radical scavenging [1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl‐hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid (ABTS)], reducing power (cupric reducing antioxidant capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power), phosphomolybdenum, and metal chelating. Inhibitory potential against key enzymes involved in neurodegenerative diseases (cholinesterases; AChE, and BChE), diabetes (α‐glucosidase and α‐amylase), hyperpigmentation (tyrosinase) and obesity (pancreatic lipase) were evaluated.

Results

Globularia trichosantha and G. orientalis extracts showed remarkable antioxidant properties, with the water extracts being a better source of antioxidant compounds. Both species showed remarkable inhibitory effects against the target enzymes. However, for both species, only the acetyl acetate and methanolic extracts were potent against cholinesterases and lipase.

Conclusion

HPLC‐ESI‐QTOF‐MS analysis revealed the presence of 107 compounds from G. trichosantha and G. orientalis, among which, 43 compounds have been preliminarily characterised for the first time from the Globulariaceae family. To date, this study can be considered as the most comprehensive research focused on the characterisation of G. trichosantha and G. orientalis. Results amassed from this study tend to show that these plants represent a rich source of biologically active compounds which can be further explored and validated for their therapeutic potential.
Public Values in the Age of Big Data: A Public Information Perspective
Authors: Ingrams Alex
Published: December 2018

Public administration scholars have so far largely viewed big data as a kind of technocratic transformation. However, through citizens’ digital records, use of service apps, social media, digital sensors, and other digital footprints, big data also gives policymakers insights into citizen choices and is therefore potentially supportive of public values such as participation and openness. Focusing on two underexplored countries, Germany and the Netherlands, this article develops a public values framework for big data that considers citizen values alongside technocratic ones. It takes the particular case of public information agencies such as ombudsmen and courts of audit, examining the functions they play and whether they have the capacity to address tensions arising between technocratic and citizen values. The study finds that, while capacity does exist, it is heavily tilted toward technocratic values, with no capacity to address participative values. Finally, five propositions are advanced, which describe where the tensions lie and therefore where the attention of public information agencies should best be focused.
Recover your smile: Effects of a beauty care intervention on depressive symptoms, quality of life, and self‐esteem in patients with early breast cancer
Authors: Richard Anna , Harbeck Nadia , Wuerstlein Rachel , Wilhelm Frank H.
Published: December 2018

Objective

Medical cancer treatment is often accompanied by appearance‐related side effects such as hair loss, skin irritation, and paleness, which can subsequently lead to psychosocial distress. Initial evidence suggests that beauty care interventions may reduce distress and improve quality of life (QoL), body image, and self‐esteem immediately.

Methods

We investigated the effects of a brief beauty care intervention on self‐reported symptoms of depression, quality of life, body image, and self‐esteem in 39 female primary breast cancer patients with appearance‐related treatment side effects. Patients were randomly assigned either to an immediate intervention group (IG) or to a wait‐list control (WL). The intervention consisted of a single‐session group makeup workshop, a photo shooting, and of receiving professionally edited portrait and upper‐body photos.

Results

While groups did not differ regarding any measure at the pretreatment baseline assessment, IG patients reported less symptoms of depression, higher QoL, and higher self‐esteem compared with baseline and compared with WL. Follow‐up at 8 weeks indicated moderate stability of these improvements.

Conclusions

In contrast to previous research, results indicate beneficial short‐term and midterm effects of beauty care on psychological outcomes in patients with early breast cancer. These results emphasize the utility of this type of brief, low‐cost intervention in women undergoing medical cancer treatment in order to improve their well‐being.
Pharmacological profile of the neuropeptide S receptor: Dynamic mass redistribution studies
Authors: Ruzza Chiara , Ferrari Federica , Guerrini Remo , Marzola Erika , Preti Delia , Reinscheid Rainer K. , Calo Girolamo
Published: December 2018

Neuropeptide S (NPS) is the endogenous ligand of the neuropeptide S receptor (NPSR). NPS modulates several biological functions including anxiety, wakefulness, pain, and drug abuse. The aim of this study was the investigation of the pharmacological profile of NPSR using the dynamic mass redistribution (DMR) assay. DMR is a label‐free assay that offers a holistic view of cellular responses after receptor activation. HEK293 cells stably transfected with the murine NPSR (HEK293mNPSR) have been used. To investigate the nature of the NPS‐evoked DMR signaling, FR900359 (Gq inhibitor), pertussis toxin (Gi inhibitor), and rolipram (phosphodiesterase inhibitor) were used. To determine the pharmacology of NPSR, several selective ligands (agonists, partial agonists, antagonists) have been tested. NPS, through selective NPSR activation, evoked a robust DMR signal with potency in the nanomolar range. This signal was predominantly, but not completely, blocked by FR900359, suggesting the involvement of the Gq‐dependent signaling cascade. NPSR ligands (agonists and antagonists) displayed potency values in DMR experiments similar, but not identical, to those reported in the literature. Furthermore, partial agonists produced a higher efficacy in DMR than in calcium experiments. DMR can be successfully used to study the pharmacology and signaling properties of novel NPSR ligands. This innovative approach will likely increase the translational value of in vitro pharmacological studies.