bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship of Remuneration Policy to the Performance of Specialist Doctors in the Kramat Jati Regional General Hospital in 2022
Authors: Suranta Roy Michael , Gani Ascobat , Bachtiar Adang
Published: February 2024

The number and types of hospitals in Jakarta are constantly increasing, causing competition for customers or patients. Hospitals owned by the DKI Jakarta provincial government face challenges in providing specialist doctor services with the best performance for the community, this is closely related to the rewards offered to specialist doctors. One of the regional government's efforts to improve the performance of specialist doctors is by issuing regulations on remuneration for hospitals. This research aims to determine the relationship between remuneration policy and the performance of specialist doctors at Kramat Jati Regional Hospital. The research was conducted using a case study method with a qualitative approach. The research was conducted on 11 specialist doctors using questionnaires and in-depth interviews with informants. The results of the study found that the implementation of the remuneration policy at Kramat Jati Regional Hospital increased the average income of specialist doctors by 42.9% of the income of specialist doctors before the implementation of remuneration. This study also found that the implementation of remuneration policies at Kramat Jati Regional Hospital was related to the quantity performance of specialist doctors.
Doping effects of Kagome superconductor AV3Sb5 (A = K, Rb, Cs)
Authors: Li Yong-Kai , Liu Jin-Jin , Zhang Xin , Zhu Peng , Yang Liu , Zhang Yu-Qi , Wu Huang-Yu , Wang Zhi-Wei ,   Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement, School of Physics,  Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China,   Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314019, China,   Beijing Key Lab of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China,   Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, China
Published: February 2024

Material with Kagome lattice provides an excellent platform for studying electronic correlation effects, topological states of matter, unconventional superconductivity, and geometric frustration. The recently discovered Kagome superconductors AV3Sb5 (A = K, Rb, Cs) have attracted widespread attention in the field of condensed matter physics, and many efforts have been made to elucidate their novel physical properties, such as charge density wave, unconventional superconductivity, and band topology. Meanwhile, many groups have effectively tuned these novel properties through chemical doping, offering a good opportunity for further understanding the materials of this system. In this paper, we comprehensively review the latest research progress of the doping effect of this rapidly developed AV3Sb5 system, with the objective of further promoting the in-depth research into Kagome superconductor. Specifically, we review the chemical doping in CsV3Sb5 with elements such as Nb, Ta, Ti, and Sn, and the surface doping with elements Cs or O as well, and describe their influences on the novel quantum properties, especially superconductivity, charge density wave, and electronic band structure of the material. Furthermore, the intricate physical mechanism of doping manipulation is discussed, in order to provide a basic knowledge for further understanding and studying the rich quantum effects of the system, such as charge density waves, time reversal symmetry breaking, and superconductivity.
Radial sandwich radial-bending composite transducer designed based on acoustic black hole theory
Authors: Liu Yang , Chen Cheng , Lin Shu-Yu ,   Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ultrasonics, School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
Published: February 2024

A novel radial sandwich radial bending composite transducer is proposed based on the increasing amplitude of bending waves in the structure of an acoustic black hole (ABH). The transducer consists of a radial sandwich circular ring transducer and an outer acoustic black hole structure. The existence of the ABH structure realizes the conversion between radial vibration and bending vibration of the transducer, and improves the acoustic radiation performance of the transducer. Based on the one-dimensional acoustic black hole bending vibration theory, the bending vibration equation of the circular ABH structure is given. An analytical model of the ABH structure bending vibration is established by using the method of geometrical-acoustics, and the eigen frequency of its bending vibration is given. The relationship between the electromechanical conversion performance and the size of the transducer is discussed by using the finite element method, and the results show that when the eigen frequency of the bending vibration of the ABH structure is close to the resonant frequency of the transducer, the electromechanical coupling coefficient of the transducer reaches a maximum value. The radiation sound pressure field, radiation sound intensity, and radiation directionality of the transducer in the air are also analyzed by the finite element method. The results indicate that the presence of the ABH structure can improve the electromechanical conversion performance of the bending vibration of the transducer, enhance the acoustic radiation performance of the transducer, make the transducer exhibit radiation directionality and the lower order of the bending vibration mode of the ABH structure, the stronger radiation directionality of the transducer towards the left side and the right side. Finally, in order to verify the accuracy of the simulation and theory, we made a prototype transducer and carried out the experimental test of transducer electrical impedance and vibration mode. The measured results are in good agreement with the simulation results. The displacement distribution of the radiation surface of the transducer at resonance frequency is measured, which verifies the bending vibration mode of the ABH structure. This type of transducer is expected to be used as acoustic projector in the air or water.
Tools and methods for high-throughput single-cell imaging with the mother machine
Authors: Thiermann Ryan , Sandler Michael , Ahir Gursharan , Sauls John T. , Schroeder Jeremy W. , Brown Steven D. , Le Treut Guillaume , Si Fangwei , Li Dongyang , Wang Jue D. , Jun Suckjoon
Published: February 2024

Despite much progress, image processing remains a significant bottleneck for high-throughput analysis of microscopy data. One popular platform for single-cell time-lapse imaging is the mother machine, which enables long-term tracking of microbial cells under precisely controlled growth conditions. While several mother machine image analysis pipelines have been developed in the past several years, adoption by a non-expert audience remains a challenge. To fill this gap, we implemented our own software, MM3, as a plugin for the multidimensional image viewer napari. napari-MM3 is a complete and modular image analysis pipeline for mother machine data, which takes advantage of the high-level interactivity of napari. Here, we give an overview of napari-MM3 and test it against several well-designed and widely-used image analysis pipelines, including BACMMAN and DeLTA. Researchers often analyze mother machine data with custom scripts using varied image analysis methods, but a quantitative comparison of the output of different pipelines has been lacking. To this end, we show that key single-cell physiological parameter correlations and distributions are robust to the choice of analysis method. However, we also find that small changes in thresholding parameters can systematically alter parameters extracted from single-cell imaging experiments. Moreover, we explicitly show that in deep learning based segmentation, “what you put is what you get” (WYPIWYG) - i.e., pixel-level variation in training data for cell segmentation can propagate to the model output and bias spatial and temporal measurements. Finally, while the primary purpose of this work is to introduce the image analysis software that we have developed over the last decade in our lab, we also provide information for those who want to implement mother-machine-based high-throughput imaging and analysis methods in their research.
Climate Change and Women Health Vulnerabilities: Towards Mitigation and Response
Authors: Sahoo Sasmita
Published: February 2024

Climate change affects all genders in myriad ways and causes catastrophic health hazards. While no one is safe from this unfolding risks, women are already disadvantaged and become most affected by climate change. Poor air quality, contaminated water, food insecurity, spread of vector borne diseases, disruption of sanitation and rising temperature etc. have overwhelming negative health impacts on women, especially on the reproductive health.  Furthermore, climate policies in India lack gender sensitivity because of low awareness making women health more vulnerable. With this backdrop, the current paper has identified key areas of vulnerability among females due to their biology and the existing socio-cultural factors. In addition to the existing issues women are less likely to have accessibility of the resources to enjoy their fundamental health rights. There fore the current paper discuses better strategies for mitigation and response to climate change with the active participation of women, families and the whole community.  After looking at various findings the paper concludes the need of the gender sensitive approach in the process of mitigation and response.
A Validated HPLC Method using C18 Analytical Column (Agilent) for the Estimation of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride by Quality by Design Approach in Bulk and Its Tablet Dosage Form
Authors: Pokharkar Deepak D. , Sharma Raghavdeep , Desai Shreelekha N. , Dhake Lekha
Published: February 2024

Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride is used to treat muscle spasms brought on by acute, uncomfortable musculoskeletal diseases. The primary objective of this work is to develop accurate, quick and precise HPLC method for Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride. The method used is a Central Composite Design to get exact data for the procedure. Various parameters were used to validate and to develop method. The optimized model for the analysis of  Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride was found to have an area 8.3239. This optimization was done on the  C18 analytical column(Agilent) with mobile phase as methanol: 0.01 % Orthophosphoric acid (61:39 v/v) and a flow rate maintain was 0.9 ml/min with a detection wavelength of 224 nm. With the use of a correlation coefficient (r2=0.999), the linearity of Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride in the 5–25 ug/ml range was determined. The accuracy values were discovered to fall between 99.86 and 100.71%. While the robustness was shown to be less than 0.06 for flow rate and for wavelength was 0.09 % RSD, also the intraday and interday precision were determined to be under 0.28 and 0.29 % RSD. The most effective approach for analysing Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride is the one that has been presented. The development and validation of the HPLC technique for Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride were assessed.
Effect of Substrates on Germination, Growth and Flowering of Different Winter Annuals
Authors: Malik Arvind , Dahiya D. S. , Godara A. K. , Sharma Vikas Kumar , Sehrawat S. K. , Raveena
Published: February 2024

This study was conducted at Centre for Quality Plant Material, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during 2015-16 to 2017-18 to determine the effect of different substrates and their combinations on vegetative growth and flowering of winter annuals (Larkspur, Antirrhinum, California Poppy and Dahlia). Six types of substrates (cocopeat, perlite, vermiculite, vermicompost, Farm Yard Manure and send) were mixed by volume to create seven different treatments. The seeds were sown in the month of October in different treatments to record vegetative and floral parameters. The results showed that using substrate, that mixture of cocopeat with vermiculite and perlite following rate 3:1:1, gave higher and early germination and longer seedling length, seedling root length duration of flowering and earliest flowering and is found suitable for winter annuals nursery raising, vegetative growth and flowering.
Soil-site Suitability Assessment for Major Fruit Crops in Chikkumbi-3 Micro-watershed (4D7C5O2f), Karnataka Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques
Authors: Vyas R. Devi Veda , Patil P. L. , Hebbara M. , Rajkumara S.
Published: February 2024

A research project was conducted to assess the viability of three soil series (CLK, CKB, and HNL) in the Chikkumbi-3 micro-watershed of Dharwad district, located in the Northern dry zone (Zone-3) of Karnataka. Using criteria such as texture, depth, slope, erosion, graveliness, and stoniness, ArcGIS V 10.8 was employed to classify the soils into five mapping units. The suitability of these mapping units was then evaluated for cultivating major fruit crops, including mango, lime, guava, grape, pomegranate, and sapota. The analysis revealed that the soil series Chulki (CLK), Chikkumbi (CKB) and Hanchinal (HNL) are presently not suitable for growing mango and lime due to significant limitations in physical conditions, rooting, and moisture. However, the region is deemed moderately to marginally suitable for the cultivation of guava, grape, pomegranate, and sapota. These findings serve as foundational data for identifying specific soil constraints, aiding in the development of sustainable strategies for crop production in the study area.
Plasma Exchanges: Observational Study at the Mohammed V Rabat Military Training Hospital Blood Transfusion Center from January 2016 to December 2019
Authors: Lamyaa Enneffah , Mohamed Tarbi , Naoufal Cherkaoui , Imane El Ouadoudi , Abdelkader Belmekki
Published: February 2024

Since their initial indications as the ultimate treatment for certain serious pathologies, plasma exchanges (PE) have been utilized as frontline therapies up to lifesaving interventions. In this observational study conducted at the Mohammed V Military Training Hospital Blood Transfusion Center from January 2016 to December 2019, we aimed to elucidate the practical modalities and therapeutic indications of plasma exchanges. Our findings revealed that among the patients treated, the majority suffered from neurological pathologies (37%), followed by autoimmune pathologies such as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and thrombotic microangiopathy (25%), and finally haematological and nephrological pathologies, each representing 19%. These results align with existing literature, emphasizing the prevalence of neurological indications for plasma exchanges.

Moreover, the study showcased the effectiveness of plasma exchanges in various neurological conditions, with notable sessions for myasthenia, multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis, polyradiculoneuritis, and meningoencephalitis. For nephrological pathologies, the sessions were primarily conducted for patients with ANCA+ intra-alveolar haemorrhage and Wegener's disease. Additionally, plasma exchanges demonstrated significant clinical improvements in patients with haematological pathologies, such as Waldenstrom's disease and hemolytic anaemia, and autoimmune diseases like thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and thrombotic microangiopathy.

Ultimately, this study underscores the importance of collaboration between the transfusion centre and clinical and biological services for optimal patient management. The insights gained contribute to the broader understanding of plasma exchange applications in various pathologies, emphasizing its role as a crucial therapeutic intervention.
Commercial Vegetable Growers’ Socio-economic Status on Usage of Social Media in Odisha, India
Authors: Jena Ankit Kumar , Jena Anshuman , Sahoo Sweta , Mohanty Smaranika , Sahoo Gayatri
Published: February 2024

Social media can be a fantastic agricultural intervention tool, providing dependable information and knowledge to farmers who are not yet addressed at the appropriate time. Extension must be implemented using the newest technology in a world where knowledge drives change in order to persuade and assist farmers. Social media is like a revolution in todays’ time in every aspect and sector resulting in why the study was made. The socioeconomic characteristics of the commercial vegetable growers of Khordha and Puri districts of Odisha was scheduled in order to determine the level of access, information towards their utility of social media for agricultural purpose. For this survey, 90 respondents in total were chosen at random. Pre-structured interview schedules were used to gather the data, and relevant statistical analysis was carried out to determine the respondents' socio-economic profile. The majority of vegetable growers, or 56.67% of the population, were found to be middle-aged; 60% of farmers had families of fewer than five people; 51.11 percent of farmers belonged to the general caste; and 36.67% had completed middle school. It was also discovered that majority (55.56%) of the respondents were marginal farmers with less than 2.5 acres of land, the majority (40.00%) had yearly incomes ranging from (50,000 to 100,000) thousand and 32.22 percent were members of only two organisations. In terms of extension contacts, the data revealed that agricultural input merchants were the most prevalent among vegetable growers, with majority of them (63.33%) having a medium level of extension contacts. 90% of farmers were classified as having a medium level of social media access.
Physical and Chemical Scrutiny of Obizi River in Awka South Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria for Domestic Consumption
Authors: Nwanna E. C. , Orakwe L. C. , Chukwuma E. C. , Nwachukwu C. P. , Okpala C. D. , Maduegbuna J. I. , Oyeoka H. C.
Published: February 2024

The Obizi River in the Awka South Local Government Area of Anambra State was examined physically and chemically to evaluate its contamination level and suitability for home use. It is important for recreational, fishing, cooking, drinking, and other applications. Its typical applications for drinking, cooking, fishing, recreational activities and other uses are limited since it flows through a canal that might be contaminated by industrial, agricultural, and other human activities. Nitrate mg/l, nitrite mg/l, magnesium mg/l, zinc mg/l, total dissolved solid (TDS) mg/l, hardness mg/l, sulphate mg/l, phosphate mg/l, alkalinity mg/l, acidity mg/l, sodium mg/l, biological oxygen demand (BOD) mg/l, chemical oxygen demand (COD) mg/l, total suspended solid (TSS) mg/l, TS mg/l, oxygen demand (OD) mg/l, and potassium mg/l are among the parameters that were evaluated. Total dissolved solids (TSS) were calculated as the difference between total solids and total dissolved solids. The zinc and nitrate elements within the samples were measured using the ultraviolet (UV) VIS spectrophotometric method. Sulphate was determined turbidimetrically by the absorption spectrophotometry. Magnesium content, total hardness, and alkalinity were measured through titration. TDS (mg/L) was measured with a Multi-Meter (HI 991300, Hanna Equipments, Romania), potassium and sodium ions were assessed by flame photometric technique, chemical oxygen demand (COD) was identified photometrically using the SpectroQuant Nova 60 COD cell test (Merck) in the range of 10 – 150 mg/L. Biological oxygen demand (BOD) was determined using the OxiDirect BOD system and total suspended solids (TSS) was calculated as the difference between total solids and total dissolved solids. Phosphates were measured using the ascorbic acid method, total solids were estimated gravimetrically, and oxygen demand (OD) was measured on-site using a dissolved oxygen meter JENWAY-3405 (Manufacturer: Barloworld Scientific Ltd., England). To find out if the results were significant or not, the parameters were subjected to an ANOVA single factor analysis. The analysis's conclusion was that the data were statistically not significant. Since nitrate and OD were above the World Health Organization's (WHO) limit while most other physicochemical parameters were below it, the ANOVA result showed that there was no significant difference between the physicochemical characteristics of the water samples. With the exception of nitrite and OD, which are above the WHO limit for domestic drinking water and other purposes, it was discovered that the majority of the physicochemical parameters fell within the organization's water quality standards for these purposes. As a result, the water quality is not good and should not be drunk unless treated.
Isolation, Identification, and Antibiogram of Colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii from Rivers in and around Kathmandu Valley
Authors: Lakhey Pooja , Pant Shyam Prasad , Parajuli Pramila
Published: February 2024

Background: Acinetobacter baumannii, an opportunistic Gram-negative pathogen, poses an escalating threat in clinical settings due to the rise of multidrug-resistant infections. Despite its clinical significance, there exists a considerable gap in understanding its environmental dissemination.

Aims and Objectives: The primary objective is to examine the distribution of A. baumannii and its antibiotic resistance in river ecosystems. Specifically, we aim to identify strains resistant to Colistin, a last-resort antibiotic, and elucidate the susceptibility patterns to other antibiotics.

Materials and Methods: Water samples from 10 rivers were collected and subjected to analysis using Leeds Acinetobacter Agar Base and a series of biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing, focusing on Colistin resistance, was performed using standard procedures.

Results: Out of the 284 isolated strains, 14 (4.9%) exhibited resistance to Colistin, while demonstrating varying susceptibility patterns to other antibiotics. Notably, Gentamycin showed effectiveness against resistant strains (14.28%), while Ceftazidime resistance was complete. Colistin-sensitive strains displayed high susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin (84.44%) and lower susceptibility to Chloramphenicol (53.33%). Carbapenem susceptibility was observed across all isolates.

Conclusion: The study underscores a concerning environmental presence of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii in rivers around Kathmandu Valley, with Sundarijal being the exception. The findings emphasize the necessity of scrutinizing environmental reservoirs for pathogen spread, advocating for heightened awareness of potential health implications beyond clinical settings. Urgent attention is needed to comprehend and counteract the emergence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance, necessitating comprehensive strategies and continued surveillance
Enhancing Marketing Transparency and Trust through Blockchain Technology
Authors: Maseke Bernardus Franco
Published: February 2024

This research delved into the intersection of blockchain technology and marketing, aiming to investigate its transformative potential in enhancing transparency, trust, and reducing ad fraud. Employing a mixed-methods research design, both quantitative and qualitative approaches were employed to comprehensively address the research objectives. In the quantitative phase, a stratified random sampling technique was utilized to select participants from diverse demographic segments, including both consumers and marketing professionals. Surveys and digital analytics tools were employed to collect data on trust levels, perceptions, and customer engagement in traditional and blockchain-based marketing initiatives. Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests and ANOVA, were conducted to determine the significance of blockchain's impact. The qualitative phase involved purposive sampling of key informants for in-depth interviews, providing nuanced insights into experiences and perceptions regarding blockchain technology in marketing. Content analysis and thematic analysis were applied to marketing materials and qualitative data, respectively. The integration of findings from both phases allowed for a comprehensive understanding of blockchain's impact on marketing, emphasizing its transformative potential. Limitations, such as the challenge of capturing the rapidly evolving nature of blockchain technology, were acknowledged.
Does it pay to plan?: Strategic planning and financial performance
Authors: Baker Gregory A. , Leidecker Joel K.
Published: October 2004

Previous research on the effects of strategic planning on firm performance has yielded inconsistent and inconclusive findings. In this study, we use a recently validated measurement model of strategic planning to examine the planning‐performance relationship in the California processing tomato industry. Results indicate a strong correlation between the degree of emphasis firms place on strategic planning and financial performance. Moreover, several specific strategic planning tools, specifically, the use of a mission statement, long‐term goals, and ongoing evaluation, were also more heavily emphasized by high‐performing firms. These results suggest that strategic planning does pay off in terms of improved financial performance and that some planning tools may have a significant impact. [Econ‐Lit citations: L100, L660] © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A note on measuring returns to nonprice export promotion
Authors: Kinnucan Henry W. , Myrland Øystein
Published: October 2004

For nonprice promotion to benefit producers, it must raise the farm price. This principle seems not to be widely appreciated. In particular, a formula commonly used to measure returns to export promotion does not reflect price enhancement and therefore is problematic. An additional problem is that marginal returns, the usual measure provided in the literature, are often confused with average returns. This article discusses these issues in some detail using as an example salmon promotion in France and Germany. Study results suggest that promotion elasticity‐based measures of returns can be misleading, especially in instances where producers or consumers are sensitive to price. [JEL Classifications: L660, Q130, Q170]. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Home treatment of deep venous thrombosis with low molecular weight heparin: Long‐term incidence of recurrent venous thromboembolism
Authors: Grau Enric , Tenias Jose M. , Real Esperanza , Medrano Jose , Ferrer Rosario , Pastor Emilio , Selfa Salvador
Published: October 2004

Outpatient treatment of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) seems as safe and effective as inpatient treatment with unfractionated heparin (UFH). However, most of the randomized trials comparing a LMWH with UFH described clinical outcomes within 3–6 months. The long‐term incidence of recurrent VTE after treatment of DVT with LMWH remains to be established. The primary objective of this retrospective study was to document the long‐term incidence of recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with DVT treated with a LMWH, nadroparin in an outpatient basis. The patients were evaluated 46 months after inclusion in two cohorts comparing home treatment with nadroparin (n = 130) with in‐hospital treatment with intravenous UFH (n = 149). More than 60% of the patients in the nadroparin group could be treated at home, either entirely or after a short stay in hospital. The age‐adjusted thrombosis‐free survival was not statistically significant between nadroparin and UFH‐treated patients (P = 0.084). There was a nonsignificant trend favoring nadroparin as compared with UFH. The hazard ratio (HR) for recurrent VTE in the nadroparin group with respect to the UFH group was 0.44 (95% confidence interval, 0.17–1.12). No significant differences were observed in overall mortality or major hemorrhage between the two treatment groups. Our study suggests that home treatment of DVT with LMWH is at least as effective and safe as in‐hospital UFH after a long‐term follow‐up period. Am. J. Hematol. 67:10–14, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ascertainment of pesticide exposures of migrant and seasonal farmworker children: Findings from focus groups
Authors: Cooper Sharon P. , Darragh Amy R. , Vernon Sally W. , Stallones Lorann , MacNaughton Nancy , Robison Tracy , Hanis Craig , Zahm Shelia Hoar
Published: October 2004

Background

To design questionnaires for epidemiologic research among children of migrant farmworkers, researchers need to consider ways to best solicit information about pesticide exposures.

Methods

Bilingual facilitators conducted five focus groups with either migrant farmworker mothers or their children (age range 8–16 years) in southern Texas and northeastern Colorado. Guided questions were used to assess activities of migrant farmworker children and the ways to best elicit information about exposure to pesticides.

Results

Participants reported a large number of activities that may potentially expose children to pesticides through both direct and indirect routes. Prompting, indirect questions about chemical use, and use of local and trusted facilitators increased information elicited from focus group participants.

Conclusions

These focus groups helped to provide information for developing questionnaire items related to pesticide exposure among migrant farmworker children, and highlighted the importance of using bilingual community interviewers and including children as respondents. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:531–537, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
National Farmworker Database: Establishing a farmworker cohort for epidemiologic research
Authors: Mull Lynda Diane , Engel Lawrence S. , Outterson Beth , Zahm Shelia Hoar
Published: October 2004

Background

There is little research into the long‐term health effects of pesticides and other agricultural exposures among seasonal and migrant farmworkers in the United States. We present results of a feasibility study that established a cohort of farmworkers for use in epidemiologic research.

Methods

Subjects consisted of migrant and seasonal farmworkers who joined the cohort while seeking social services through members of the Association of Farmworker Opportunity Programs (AFOP) and were entered in the National Farmworker Database (NFD) between the end of 1997 and March 1999. We designed an add‐on interview with information that enhanced the utility of the database for epidemiologic research.

Results

We recruited and obtained basic demographic and employment information on 5,597 farmworkers at very modest cost and effort. Subjects were mostly seasonal (61.5%), female (56.7%), and Hispanic (67.4%), with a median age of 27. Most (62.6%) had not completed high school; almost all (99.1%) reported being U.S. citizens or permanent residents, an eligibility requirement for some of the services provided by AFOP. The majority (62.5%) had engaged in farmwork for less than 10 years, but had performed a wide variety of tasks on different crops, including row crops and tree fruits. Picking was the most common task reported. Most subjects had performed farmwork in Florida, North Carolina, Texas, Michigan, or Georgia. For usual source of health care, 63.7% reported use of U.S. hospitals or emergency rooms/clinics, 42.0% U.S. private physicians, and 29.7% migrant health clinics. Among subjects reporting a prior diagnosis of cancer, primary sources of health care for treatment of that cancer included U.S. private physicians (61.9%), U.S. hospitals or emergency rooms/clinics (23.8%), and migrant health clinics (10.5%).

Conclusions

Results suggest that by adding a brief interview to the existing NFD data collection process, which was designed for other purposes, it is feasible to create an efficient tool for conducting longitudinal epidemiologic research among farmworkers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:612–618, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Risk of hand‐arm vibration syndrome according to occupation and sources of exposure to hand‐transmitted vibration: A national survey
Authors: Palmer Keith T. , Griffin Michael J. , Syddall Holly , Pannett Brian , Cooper Cyrus , Coggon David
Published: October 2004

Background

Although some occupational sources of hand‐transmitted vibration (HTV) have been extensively investigated, the risks associated with others are poorly characterized.

Methods

A questionnaire was mailed to a community sample of 12,240 men aged 16– 64 years and 906 men from the armed forces. Questions covered current occupation, sources of HTV, numbness or tingling in the fingers in the past week, and finger blanching. In the 5,364 respondents who had been at work in the past week, associations between symptoms and exposures were examined by logistic regression, with odds ratios converted into prevalence ratios (PRs).

Results

Altogether, 513 men (10%) reported cold‐induced finger blanching and 769 (14%) sensory symptoms in the fingers. The risk of blanching was increased in builders (PR 2.4, 95% CI 1.0–5.2), carpenters and joiners (PR 1.9, 95% CI 1.0–3.4), motor mechanics (PR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1–4.6), and laborers (PR 2.8, 95% CI 1.3–6.0); while the risk of sensory symptoms was elevated in laborers (PR 4.0, 95% CI 2.3–6.6) and plant operatives (PR 3.5, 95% CI 1.9–5.9). Use of hand‐guided mowers, concrete breakers, chain saws, and jig saws was significantly associated with symptoms.

Conclusions

Little attention has been paid to the risks of vibration injury in construction workers, woodworkers, motor mechanics, and laborers, or to the risks from mowers, jig saws and several other common vibratory tools. These should be a focus for further investigation and preventive measures. Am. J. Ind. Med. 39:389–396, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measuring psychosocial job strain with the job content questionnaire using experienced job evaluators
Authors: Ostry A.S. , Marion S.A. , Demers P.A. , Hershler R. , Kelly S. , Teschke K. , Hertzman C.
Published: October 2004

Background

A union/management system of job evaluation has been in place in the British Columbia (BC) sawmill industry since the late 1960s. This system uses an instrument, very similar to the job content questionnaire (JCQ) to evaluate psychosocial work conditions for sawmill jobs.

Methods

Four experienced evaluators, one from the union and three from industry, independently estimated psychosocial work conditions for 54 current job titles in a “typical” coastal sawmill using a shortened, 18‐question version of the JCQ questionnaire.

Results

Inter‐rater reliability was acceptable for control but not for co‐worker social support, physical demand, or psychological demand. Reliability was least for psychological demand.

Conclusions

Experienced job evaluators in the sawmill industry were able to reliably estimate only the control dimension of the JCQ. The observed lowest reliability for psychological job demand may be due to the imprecise construct definition in the domain of the JCQ instrument. Am. J. Ind. Med. 39:397–401, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Respiratory symptoms, lung function and cell surface markers in a group of hemp fiber processors*
Authors: Fishwick D. , Allan L.J. , Wright A. , Barber C.M. , Curran A.D.
Published: October 2004

Background

Hemp dust exposure is associated with byssinosis and accelerated lung loss in longitudinal studies. The immunological changes associated with hemp dust exposure are less well understood.

Methods

We studied a small group of current male hemp processors with a mean age of 43 years. Questionnaire data, lung function, serial FEV1 and blood were collected from all workers.

Results

In total, seven workers (64%) complained of at least one respiratory symptom (one with byssinosis). The mean percentage predicted FEV1 was 91.5, FVC 97.7, PEF 92.1, and FEF25–75 79.5. Serial FEV1 measurements in the two workers with work‐related respiratory symptoms revealed a mean change in FEV1 on the first working day of −12.9%. This contrasted with +6.25% on the last working day. Respective values for the two workers without work‐related symptoms were −1.4 and +3.2%.

Conclusions

Lung function changes and abnormalities in a profile of cell surface activation markers and antibodies were noted to relate to the presence of work‐related respiratory symptoms, not seen in the control group. Am. J. Ind. Med. 39:419–425, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Re: Mortality among workers in the geothermal power plants at Larderello, Italy. Am. J. Ind. Med. 35:536–539, 2000*
Authors: Pira Enrico , La Vecchia Carlo , Maroni Marco
Published: October 2004

In a cohort mortality study, a few basic rules must be respected for risk estimation including:

(1) the definition of the criteria of entry in the cohort;

(2) the time period of observation;

(3) the outcome, which must be the same for observed and expected events [Breslow and Day, 1987; MacMahon and Trichopoulos, 1996].

In their letter to the Editor referring to our article "Mortality Among Workers in the Geothermal Power Plants at Larderello, Italy" [Pira et al., 1999], Merler et al. appear to ignore these basic principles, since they extend the observation period from 1990 to 1998 for observed but not for expected events and do not distinguish between incidence and mortality. Consequently, their relative risk estimates are simply not interpretable. Anyway, an update of the follow‐up to the end of 2000 has already been planned.
A pilot evaluation of tibia lead concentrations in Taiwan
Authors: Todd Andrew C. , Ginde Neeta R. , Ho Chi‐Kung , Luo Jiin Chyuan John , Tolman Jill , Tsai Jin‐Lian , Wu Trong‐Neng , Liou Saou‐Hsing
Published: October 2004

Background

The aims of this study were to examine some of the factors that influence tibia lead concentrations, tibia lead x‐ray fluorescence measurement uncertainty and blood lead concentrations, and to compare tibia lead concentrations in Taiwanese lead workers to those observed in lead workers from other countries.

Methods

A pilot evaluation of 43 adult lead workers who underwent measurements of tibia lead and blood lead concentrations.

Results

Mean and maximum tibia lead concentrations were 54 μg of Pb per g of bone mineral(μg/g) and 193 μg/g, respectively. Mean and maximum blood lead concentrations were 44 μg/dl and 92 μg/dl, respectively.

Conclusion

Past occupational control of lead exposure in Taiwan, ROC, did not prevent these workers from accumulating tibia lead concentrations greater than those in similar workers elsewhere in the world. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:127–132, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intervention for prevention of low back pain in Japanese forklift workers
Authors: Shinozaki Toshiaki , Yano Eiji , Murata Katsuyuki
Published: October 2004

Background

The effectiveness of two different approaches for the prevention of low back pain (LBP) was compared in forklift workers. The first approach (personal) consisted of providing lumbar support, arctic jacket and physical exercise, and the second (facility approach) included the improvement of forklift seats and tires.

Methods

The self‐reported prevalence of LBP was surveyed three times before and after the two forms of interventions, in 260 male blue‐collar workers including 27 forklift workers, and 55 male white‐collar workers of a copper smelter.

Results

The initial prevalence of LBP was 63% in the forklift workers, which was significantly higher than that found in the other blue‐collar workers (32%) and in the white‐collar workers (22%). One year after the first intervention (personal approach) to the forklift workers, the prevalence of LBP fell to 56%. The second intervention (facility approach), which was mainly comprised of a reduction in whole body vibration, was subsequently added, and 9 months later the prevalence of LBP in the forklift workers further decreased to 33%. The reduction of the prevalence from the initial survey was significant (P = 0.008), and that from the second survey was nearly significant (P = 0.070).

Conclusions

These findings suggest that the facility approach is more effective for a reduction of LBP than the personal approach. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:141–144, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of educational interventions in the Pennsylvania Central Region Farm Safety Pilot Project†
Authors: Landsittel Douglas P. , Murphy Dennis J. , Kiernan Nancy Ellen , Hard David L. , Kassab Cathy
Published: October 2004

Background

Evaluation of agricultural safety interventions has frequently been identified as an area requiring further research. This study prospectively evaluates the effectiveness of three specific educational safety interventions in reducing farm hazards.

Methods

Farm characteristics and hazard conditions at 216 farms in Pennsylvania were assessed through a questionnaire and objective audit, respectively, at both pre‐ and post‐intervention time points. Counties were assigned to one of the following interventions: youth education, community coalition, self‐audit, pre/post control, or post‐only control group. Changes in hazard were analyzed through linear regression.

Results

Self‐audit was the most effective intervention, leading to a 20% reduction in hazard scores. The community coalition and pre/post control group also showed reductions.

Conclusions

Intervention effectiveness significantly differed depending on initial hazards, indicating the need to target specific interventions for more or less hazardous farms. Findings of this prospective evaluation differed from the initial cross‐sectional results, thus underscoring the need for longitudinal investigations. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:145–152, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pesticide exposure beliefs among Latino farmworkers in North Carolina's Christmas tree industry*
Authors: Elmore Rebecca C. , Arcury Thomas A.
Published: October 2004

Background

Pesticide exposure is a major preventable occupational hazard for farmworkers. This study examined the beliefs of Latino farmworkers in North Carolina's Christmas tree industry regarding pesticide exposure.

Methods

In‐depth interviews were conducted with 20 Mexican male seasonal farmworkers. Participants discussed beliefs about agricultural chemicals, routes of exposure, and health effects of these chemicals. They also discussed their knowledge and use of pesticide safety practices and safety training received.

Results

Most farmworkers knew that pesticides could be harmful, though workers varied in their levels of knowledge regarding routes of exposure, specific health effects of pesticides, and ways to avoid and reduce exposure. Workers varied considerably in the amount of safety training received and use of safety practices. Perceived lack of control and health beliefs were salient factors that decreased workers' use of safety practices.

Conclusions

This study adds to the growing body of research which documents the health beliefs of Latino farmworkers in the U.S. relative to pesticides and pesticide safety. This literature is beginning to show convergence on several points (e.g., farmworker knowledge of acute vs. long‐term illness resulting from pesticide exposure), as well as regional variation in pesticide safety beliefs. This study substantiates the need for pesticide safety education to address issues of control as well as beliefs. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:153–160, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of neuropsychiatric and mucous membrane irritation complaints among Palestinian shoe factory workers exposed to organic solvents and plastic compounds
Authors: Nijem Khaldoun , Kristensen Petter , Al‐Khatib Awni , Takrori Fahed , Bjertness Espen
Published: October 2004

Background

Long‐term exposure to organic solvents is associated with neuropsychiatric and mucus membrane irritation. In developing countries, efforts to secure a good working environment are inadequate and protection against chemical exposures is often neglected.

Methods

In a cross‐sectional survey, the prevalence of self‐reported health complaints and the association with long‐term exposure to solvents and plastic materials in the work environment was studied among 167 shoe‐factory workers. Prevalences and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR)were calculated in Cox regression. 95% confidence intervals were estimated for PRs of adverse health effects.

Results

Overall, the workers reported high prevalences of neuropsychiatric and mucus membrane complaints: headache (65%), mental irritabilit (53%), tingling of limbs (46%), and sore eyes (43%). Cleaning work was associated with tingling of limbs (PR = 1.8, 1.0–3.2), sore eyes (PR = 1.9, 1.1–3.3), and breathing difficulty (PR = 2.0, 1.0–3.9); plastic work was associated with tingling of limbs (PR = 1.8, 1.2–2.9)and sore eyes (PR = 1.7, 1.1–2.7); and varnishing was associated with breathing difficulty (PR = 1.9, 1.1–3.5).

Conclusions

The high prevalence of self‐reported health complaints and the exposure‐outcome association could be due to volatile organic solvents (dichloromethane, n‐hexane)and plastic compounds (isocyanates and polyvinyl chloride). Absence of a satisfactory work environment is likely to contribute to high exposure levels. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:192–198, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Medical aspects of global warming
Authors: Yoganathan Dushana , Rom William N.
Published: October 2004

Background

Global warming is caused by increased carbon dioxide (CO2)resulting in a greenhouse effect with enhanced warming of the earth. Measurements of CO2 show a steady increase over the past 30 years caused by the burning of fossil fuels and from the loss of natural CO2 sinks. A 100‐year increase in global temperature by 0.3 to 0.6°C is reflected in atmospheric warming, glacier shrinkage, and rising sea levels.

Objectives

Planetary ecosystem dynamics are being altered, challenging public health. It is predicted that morbidity and mortality will increase as a result of heat stress, as seen in recent heat waves in the U.S. Weather disaster effects will increase in number and magnitude, and both noninfectious and infectious diseases may flourish. A significant challenge will be the changes in life cycles of microbial species due to the warmer environs. Specific increases in incidence have been noted for vector‐borne diseases, in addition to pulmonary findings, cardiovascular morbidity, neurological diseases, and occupational diseases.

Conclusions

Warming can be demonstrated by the observed changes that have already occurred in the environment, particularly the thinning of polar ice caps. The United States Global Research Program has been established to coordinate research activities, which responds to issues deemed important by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Research issues pertain to the scientific uncertainties in the greenhouse effect, temperature measurements at various atmospheric levels and latitudes, and impact on biota redistribution. The Kyoto Protocol has mandated specific solutions, e.g., a 7% reduction in CO2 levels within 10 years. Future recommendations involve supporting new technologies that are available to decrease emissions as well as understanding the role that occupational and environmental specialists have in global warming recognition. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:199–210, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.