bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nanomedicina: O Uso De Nanotecnologia No Desenvolvimento De Tratamentos De Alta Precisão
Authors: Lima Odaíze Do Socorro Ferreira Cavalcante , Chiacchio Simon Skarabone Rodrigues , Ribeiro Elidiane De Carvalho , Maurício Alex Aryel Ribas , Lima Agnaldo Braga
Published: November 2024

A nanomedicina é uma área da ciência médica que explora a nanotecnologia para desenvolver diagnósticos, terapias e sistemas de entrega de medicamentos de alta precisão. Esse campo envolve a manipulação de materiais em escalas nanométricas (um bilionésimo de metro), permitindo a criação de dispositivos e sistemas que podem interagir com o corpo humano em nível molecular e celular. A aplicação da nanotecnologia na medicina tem potencial para revolucionar o tratamento de doenças complexas, como câncer, doenças cardiovasculares e neurodegenerativas, oferecendo soluções mais eficazes, com menos efeitos colaterais e maior precisão terapêutica. Uma das principais áreas de impacto da nanomedicina é o desenvolvimento de sistemas de entrega de medicamentos. Nanopartículas projetadas para transportar fármacos podem ser direcionadas especificamente para células ou tecidos doentes, reduzindo o impacto nas células saudáveis e, consequentemente, diminuindo os efeitos adversos. Essa técnica, conhecida como liberação controlada de medicamentos, é
Fundos De Investimento Imobiliário No Brasil: Uma Perspectiva Estatística Sobre Risco
Authors: Fidelis Emilly Cristina Dos Santos , Nascimento Leonardo Keller Magalhães Do , Aranha José Aparecido Moura , Neves Leonardo De Lima
Published: November 2024

Este estudo realiza uma análise estatística sobre os Fundos de Investimento Imobiliário (FIIs) no Brasil, com o objetivo de identificar carteiras de investimento eficientes baseadas na relação risco-retorno, utilizando a Teoria de Portfólios de Markowitz. Os FIIs são uma classe crescente de ativos de renda variável, com atratividade para investidores que buscam diversificação e rendimentos recorrentes. A pesquisa focou em construir portfólios teóricos que minimizem o risco, a partir de dados de fundos negociados na B3 em 2023. Foram analisados indicadores como o desvio padrão, correlação e variância dos ativos. O estudo conclui que, através da diversificação e seleção de fundos com correlações positivas e negativas, é possível estruturar uma carteira de FIIs eficiente, capaz de oferecer melhor performance ajustada ao risco. A pesquisa contribui para a compreensão do comportamento dos FIIs no Brasil e fornece um modelo para futuras análises de portfólios no setor imobiliário.
Livelihood & Socio-Economic Study On Sundarban Area: A Brief Research Review
Authors: Majumder Dr. Subrata
Published: November 2024

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the interplay between local livelihoods and socio-economic issues faced by over 4.5 million inhabitants in the Sundarbans, a UNESCO World Heritage Mangrove Ecosystem. It highlights traditional livelihoods reliant on natural resources, such as agriculture, fishing, forestry and tourism, while delineating the socio-economic challenges including high poverty rates, limited access to healthcare and education along with recurrent natural disasters like cyclones. These factors exacerbate the vulnerabilities of local communities, particularly as climate change introduces rising sea levels and increased salinity that threaten agricultural productivity and freshwater availability. The paper also emphasizes the urgent need for sustainable solutions by exploring the socio-economic landscape, understanding the interconnections among various livelihood patterns and outlining potential pathways toward resilience. It underscores the importance of integrated support systems that address both environmental challenges and socio-economic disparities. Through recent research findings, the review suggests that innovative adaptive strategies, community-based approaches and stronger policy interventions are vital for fostering sustainable livelihoods. Emphasis is placed on empowering marginalized groups, particularly women and ensuring active community participation in disaster preparedness and sustainable agricultural practices. Finally, it advocates for collaborative partnerships among local communities, government bodies and NGOs to implement culturally appropriate interventions that enhance resilience and improve the quality of life for residents. This integrated approach is crucial for sustainable development in the Sundarbans, addressing both ecological vulnerabilities and the socio-economic realities faced by its communities
Comprehensive review of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol as an indoor air pollutant
Authors: Wakayama Takanari , Ito Yuki , Sakai Kiyoshi , Miyake Mio , Shibata Eiji , Ohno Hiroyuki , Kamijima Michihiro
Published: January 2019

Objectives

2-Ethyl-1-hexanol (2EH), a fragrance ingredient and a raw material for the production of plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, is responsible for sick building syndrome (SBS). This review aims to clarify the 2EH characteristics as an indoor air pollutant such as indoor air concentration, emission mechanism, toxicity, and clinical effects.

Methods

Scientific publications in English that has been made available on PubMed as of June 2018 and ad hoc publications in regional languages were reviewed.

Results

Inhalation exposure to 2EH caused mucous membrane irritation in the eyes, nose, and throat in experimental animals. Studies in human volunteers revealed an increase in olfactory irritation and eye discomfort. There has been increasing evidence of 2EH being present in indoor air in buildings. The primary sources of 2EH emissions are not building materials themselves, but instead the hydrolysis of plasticizers and flooring adhesives. In particular, compounds like di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate present in polyvinyl chloride flooring materials are hydrolyzed upon contact with alkaline moisture-containing concrete floors. That being said, it may be observed that indoor concentrations of 2EH increased every year during summer.

Conclusions

Unlike other volatile organic compounds that cause SBS, 2EH can be retained in indoor air for long durations, increasing the likelihood of causing undesirable health effects in building occupants exposed to it. As a precautionary measure, it is important to use flooring materials that do not emit 2EH by hydrolysis, or to dry concrete before covering with flooring materials.
Influence of the type of occupation on osteoarthritis of the knee in men: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010-2012
Authors: Kwon Sara , Kim Won , Yang Seoyon , Choi Kyoung Hyo
Published: January 2019

Objectives

We investigated the influence of different types of lifetime occupation on knee osteoarthritis (OA) and pain based on a nationwide survey in Korea.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study using Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2010 to 2012. Men ≥50 years old were divided into four occupational groups: white-collar (WC) workers, pink-collar (PC) workers, blue-collar (BC) workers, and agribusiness and low-level (AL) workers. The risks for knee OA and pain development according to occupation were compared to the risks in WC workers, using multiple logistic regression analyses.

Results

Different occupations were associated with different levels of risk for knee OA and knee pain. The risk for knee OA was higher in BC workers and in AL workers than in WC workers, in order of higher risk. The risk for severe knee OA was likewise higher in AL workers and in BC workers, in order of higher risk. The risk for chronic knee pain was higher in AL workers, BC workers, and PC workers, in order of higher risk. The risk for moderate to severe chronic knee pain was higher in AL workers and BC workers, in order of higher risk.

Conclusions

The results suggest that occupation might affect the development of knee OA and presence of chronic knee pain in men ≥50 years old. WC workers are least affected by knee OA and chronic knee pain, and AL and BC workers are at clearly higher risk for knee OA and chronic knee pain.
Update of occupational lung disease
Authors:   Japan Society for Occupational Health Occupational Lung Disease Study Group, Suganuma Narufumi , Natori Yuji , Kurosawa Hajime , Nakano Makiko , Kasai Takahiko , Morimoto Yasuo
Published: January 2019

Objective

Occupational Lung Disease is an oldest but still a biggest problem in occupational health.

Methods

Steering Committee members of the Japan Society for Occupational Health (JSOH) Occupational Lung Disease Study Group selected and summarized current topics on occupational lung diseases based on expert opinion, as informed by governmental regulation, public health concerns, and frequently discussed in related academic conferences.

Results

The topics included in this review are professional education in medical screening skills, 2014 update of Helsinki Criteria, respiratory diseases found in the earthquake and tsunami affected regions, newly recognized occupational lung diseases, and potential respiratory health hazards.

Discussions

Although occupational lung diseases seem to stay as one of the major concerns in occupational health, screening tools and control measures are standardized for the better prevention of the diseases. As this health problem usually occurs in where the most actively economically developing area is, the patients tend to increase in emerging economic powers with huge population.
A long-term perspective on cardiovascular job stress research
Authors: Theorell Tores
Published: January 2019

This review provides perspectives on cardiovascular occupational stress research since the 1960s until now. The author argues for closer links between basic science and clinical follow-up examinations of patients. In an excellent way urinary excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline during wake hours mirrors day to day or week to week variations in sympathomedullary activity which could be related to variations in the patient’s and cardiovascular and psychosocial situation. Modern methods for following variations over time in heart contractility should also be related to the patients’ psychosocial situation. In addition the author argues for more extensive use of the increasing knowledge regarding regeneration and vagal activity in relation to variations in job conditions and development or prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Diving patterns and decompression sickness among South Korean fishery divers
Authors: Cha Su Gang , Byun Young Seok , Jeon Man Joong , Sakong Joon
Published: January 2019

Objectives

We aimed to report the characteristics of diving practice and the incidence of decompression sickness (DCS) among South Korean fishery divers.

Methods

We sent out questionnaires to 215 registered boat owners, and 196 of the fishery divers responded. The questionnaire was comprised of demographical characteristics, diving-related characteristics, and experiences with DCS. DCS was classified into types I and II based on the symptoms.

Results

Their average length of career in fishery diving was 18.1 ± 8.5 years. They were working for 10.8 ± 1.9 months per year. The average bottom time was 74.7 ± 23.3 minutes, the average depth was 23.6 ± 6.8 m, and the average surface interval time was 20.7 ± 12.5 minutes. The incidence of DCS symptoms among the total participants was 84.7%. The incidence increased as working days per month and dives per day increased (P < 0.05). An increased average working depth and a short surface interval time tended to reflect an elevated incidence in the DCS symptoms (P < 0.01). Logistic regression analysis revealed working days per month, dives per day, average bottom time, and rapid ascent as risk factors (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

South Korean fishery divers were shown to be susceptible to DCS because of their repetitive dives for financial reasons. However, they are often beyond the scope of the law. The results of this study suggested that it is necessary to establish the registries of fishery divers.
Randomized controlled trial of Web-based weight-loss intervention with human support for male workers under 40
Authors: Ozaki Itsuko , Watai Izumi , Nishijima Mariko , Saito Nozomu
Published: January 2019

Objectives

Human support can boost weight reduction in Internet-based weight-loss intervention. However, the most effective way to combine human support and the Internet for weight loss is unclear. This study aimed to examine the effects of two weight-loss programs for male workers aged 18-39 that combined different intensities of human support with website support compared to a delayed-intervention group (control group; CG), in a randomized controlled trial.

Methods

Seventy-one participants with overweight or obesity were allocated to one of three 12-week treatment programs. The Standard Support Group (SSG) was provided support via website and two face-to-face group guidance sessions, at the beginning and at the end of the program along with monthly general emails throughout the program. The Enhanced Support Group (ESG) received four remote support sessions based on Supportive Accountability (SA) in addition to the SSG. The CG was provided the same program as SSG after the other two groups had completed the program. The primary outcome was body weight reduction.

Results

ESG participants reduced their weight significantly more than SSG and CG participants (P = 0.038, P < 0.001, respectively), and SSG participants reduced their weight significantly more than CG participants (P = 0.033).

Conclusions

The additional remote human support provided to the participants in the ESG was beneficial for weight loss in male workers. The low-intensity program provided to the SSG was also effective. Further studies with more participants in diverse settings and with participants who are less interested in their health and weight management are needed.
A six‐microRNA signature to predict outcomes of patients with gastric cancer
Authors: Chen Jian , Hu Bing , Wang Wei , Qian Xiao‐jun , Shan Ben‐jie , He Yi‐fu
Published: January 2019

Gastric cancer (GC) is a common gastrointestinal tumor with poor prognosis. However, conventional prognostic factors cannot accurately predict the outcomes of GC patients. Therefore, there remains a need to identify novel predictive markers to improve prognosis. In this study, we obtained microRNA expression profiles of 385 GC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas. We performed Cox regression analysis to identify overall survival‐related microRNA and then constructed a microRNA signature‐based prognostic model. The accuracy of the model was evaluated and validated through Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and time‐dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The independent prognostic value of the model was assessed by multivariate Cox regression analysis. Enrichment analysis was performed to explore potential functions of the prognostic microRNA. Finally, a prognostic model based on a six‐microRNA (miRNA‐100, miRNA‐374a, miRNA‐509‐3, miRNA‐668, miRNA‐549, and miRNA‐653) signature was developed. Further analysis in the training, test, and complete The Cancer Genome Atlas set showed the model can distinguish between high‐risk and low‐risk patients and predict 3‐year and 5‐year survival. The six‐microRNA signature was also an independent prognostic marker, and enrichment analysis suggested that the microRNA may be involved in cell cycle and mitosis. These results demonstrated that the model based on the six‐microRNA signature can be used to accurately predict the prognosis of GC patients.
Molecular structure of a 5,10‐methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase from the silkworm Bombyx mori
Authors: Haque Mohammad R. , Higashiura Akifumi , Nakagawa Atsushi , Hirowatari Aiko , Furuya Shigeki , Yamamoto Kohji
Published: January 2019

The enzyme 5,10‐methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (MTHFD) is essential for the production of certain amino acids (glycine, serine, and methionine) and nucleic acids (thymidylate and purine). Here, we identified a cDNA encoding this enzyme from the silkworm Bombyx mori. The recombinant B. mori MTHFD (bmMTHFD) expressed in Escherichia coli recognized 5,10‐methylenetetrahydrofolate and 5,10‐methenyltetrahydrofolate as substrate in the presence of NADP+ as well as NAD+. The bmMTHFD structure was determined at a resolution of 1.75 Å by X‐ray crystallography. Site‐directed mutagenesis indicated that the amino acid residue Tyr49 contributed to its catalytic activity. Our findings provide insight into the mechanism underlying the activity of MTHFD from B. mori and potentially other insects and may therefore facilitate the development of inhibitors specific to MTHFD as insecticides.
AATOD paper confronts methadone controversies
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: January 2019

A policy paper released this month by the American Association for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence (AATOD) focuses on some of the challenges facing opioid treatment programs (OTPs) today. For example, it cites an article published in the New England Journal of Medicine (July 5, 2018) by Michael Botticelli that promotes the idea of methadone being available in primary practice settings for the treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD) (see ADAW, July 16, 2018). “AATOD recommends that this proposal should only be considered after careful, conservative, and thoughtful evaluation,” according to the policy paper. “As history and our policies have shown, we do not reject the public health model for increasing access to care for OUD, nor are we ignoring what has been learned about clinical standards of care to treat this illness. It is important to understand, however, the complexity of inducting a new patient into methadone maintenance treatment when developing policies for increasing access to medication assisted treatment.”
Shape‐Preserved Transformation of Biological Cells into Synthetic Hydrogel Microparticles
Authors: Meyer Kristin C. , Labriola Nicholas R. , Darling Eric M. , Kaehr Bryan
Published: January 2019

The synthesis of materials that can mimic the mechanical, and ultimately functional, properties of biological cells can broadly impact the development of biomimetic materials, as well as engineered tissues and therapeutics. Yet, it is challenging to synthesize, for example, microparticles that share both the anisotropic shapes and the elastic properties of living cells. Here, a cell‐directed route to replicate cellular structures into synthetic hydrogels such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) is described. First, the internal and external surfaces of chemically fixed cells are replicated in a conformal layer of silica using a sol–gel process. The template is subsequently removed to render shape‐preserved, mesoporous silica replicas. Infiltration and cross‐linking of PEG precursors and dissolution of the silica result in a soft hydrogel replica of the cellular template as demonstrated using erythrocytes, HeLa, and neuronal cultured cells. The elastic modulus can be tuned over an order of magnitude (≈10–100 kPa) though with a high degree of variability. Furthermore, synthesis without removing the biotemplate results in stimuli‐responsive particles that swell/deswell in response to environmental cues. Overall, this work provides a foundation to develop soft particles with nearly limitless architectural complexity derived from dynamic biological templates.
Toward the Optimized Spintronic Response of Sn‐Doped IrO2 Thin Films
Authors: Arias‐Egido Eduardo , Laguna‐Marco María Angeles , Piquer Cristina , Boada Roberto , Díaz‐Moreno Sofía
Published: January 2019

Amorphous and polycrystalline Sn‐doped IrO2 thin films, Ir1‐xSnxO2, are grown for the first time. Their electrical response and strength of the spin–orbit coupling are studied in order to better understand and tailor its performance as spin current detector material. These experiments prove that the resistivity of IrO2 can be tuned over several orders of magnitude by controlling the doping content in both the amorphous and the polycrystalline state. In addition, growing amorphous samples increase the resistivity, thus improving the spin current to charge current conversion. As far as the spin–orbit coupling is concerned, the system not only remains in a strong spin–orbit coupling regime but it seems to undergo a slight enhancement in the amorphous state as well as in the Sn‐doped samples.
Atomic Ni Anchored Covalent Triazine Framework as High Efficient Electrocatalyst for Carbon Dioxide Conversion
Authors: Lu Chenbao , Yang Jian , Wei Shice , Bi Shuai , Xia Ying , Chen Mingxi , Hou Yang , Qiu Ming , Yuan Chris , Su Yuezeng , Zhang Fan , Liang Haiwei , Zhuang Xiaodong
Published: January 2019

Electrochemically driven carbon dioxide (CO2) conversion is an emerging research field due to the global warming and energy crisis. Carbon monoxide (CO) is one key product during electroreduction of CO2; however, this reduction process suffers from tardy kinetics due to low local concentration of CO2 on a catalyst's surface and low density of active sites. Herein, presented is a combination of experimental and theoretical validation of a Ni porphyrin‐based covalent triazine framework (NiPor‐CTF) with atomically dispersed NiN4 centers as an efficient electrocatalyst for CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). The high density and atomically distributed NiN4 centers are confirmed by aberration‐corrected high‐angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy and extended X‐ray absorption fine structure. As a result, NiPor‐CTF exhibits high selectivity toward CO2RR with a Faradaic efficiency of >90% over the range from −0.6 to −0.9 V for CO conversion and achieves a maximum Faradaic efficiency of 97% at −0.9 V with a high current density of 52.9 mA cm−2, as well as good long‐term stability. Further calculation by the density functional theory method reveals that the kinetic energy barriers decreasing for *CO2 transition to *COOH on NiN4 active sites boosts the performance.
Hydrated Layered Vanadium Oxide as a Highly Reversible Cathode for Rechargeable Aqueous Zinc Batteries
Authors: Zhang Ning , Jia Ming , Dong Yang , Wang Yuanyuan , Xu Jianzhong , Liu Yongchang , Jiao Lifang , Cheng Fangyi
Published: January 2019

Rechargeable aqueous zinc batteries have gained considerable attention for large‐scale energy storage systems because of their low cost and high safety, but they suffer from limitations in cycling stability and energy density with advanced cathode materials. Here, a high‐performance V5O12·6H2O (VOH) nanobelt cathode uniformly located on a stainless‐steel substrate via a facile electrodeposition technique is reported. We show that the hydrated layered VOH cathode enables highly reversible and ultrafast Zn2+ cation (de)intercalation processes, as confirmed by various electrochemical, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analyses. It is demonstrated that the binder‐free VOH cathode can deliver a discharge capacity of 354.8 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 with a high initial Coulombic efficiency of 99.5%, a high energy density of 194 Wh kg−1 at 2100 W kg−1, and a long cycle life with a capacity retention of 94% over 1000 cycles. In addition, a flexible quasi‐solid‐state Zn–VOH battery is constructed, achieving a reversible capacity of ≈300 mAh g−1 with a capacity retention of 96% after 50 cycles and displaying excellent electrochemical behaviors under different bending states. This work sheds light on the development of rechargeable aqueous zinc batteries for stationary grid storage applications or flexible energy storage devices.
An Indolocarbazole‐Based Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Host for Solution‐Processed Phosphorescent Tandem Organic Light‐Emitting Devices Exhibiting Extremely Small Efficiency Roll‐Off
Authors: Ohisa Satoru , Takahashi Tatsuya , Igarashi Masahiro , Fukuda Hitoshi , Hikichi Tatsuya , Komatsu Ryutaro , Ueki Emi , Pu Yong‐Jin , Chiba Takayuki , Kido Junji
Published: January 2019

The study reports the development of a solution‐processed phosphorescent tandem organic light‐emitting device (OLED) exhibiting extremely small efficiency roll‐off. The OLED comprises two light‐emitting units (LEUs) connected by an interconnecting unit and employs a thermally activated delayed fluorescence host material. One of the most difficult tasks in the fabrication of OLEDs is to form a multilayer structure without dissolving the underlayer during the coating of the upper layer. The developed host materials exhibit high tolerance to methanol. The upper‐layer adjacent to the light‐emitting layer consists of ZnO nanoparticles, which could be dispersed in methanol by improving the preparation method. This results in the successful fabrication of a solution‐processed phosphorescent tandem OLED comprising two LEUs. The maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the tandem device is 22.8%, and the EQE is 21.9% even at a high luminance of 10 000 cd m−2. The suppression of efficiency roll‐off is among the best of those previously reported. Moreover, the operational stability of the tandem device is much higher compared with single‐LEU devices.
Rational Design of Nanoarray Architectures for Electrocatalytic Water Splitting
Authors: Hou Jungang , Wu Yunzhen , Zhang Bo , Cao Shuyan , Li Zhuwei , Sun Licheng
Published: January 2019

Electrochemical water splitting is recognized as a practical strategy for impelling the transformation of sustainable energy sources such as solar energy from electricity to clean hydrogen fuel. To actualize the large‐scale hydrogen production, it is paramount to develop low‐cost, earth‐abundant, efficient, and stable electrocatalysts. Among those electrocatalysts, alternative architectural arrays grown on conductive substrates have been proven to be highly efficient toward water splitting due to large surface area, abundant active sites, and synergistic effects between the electrocatalysts and the substrates. Herein, the advancement of nanoarray architectures in electrocatalytic applications is reviewed. The categories of different nanoarrays and the reliable and versatile synthetic approaches of electrocatalysts are summarized. A unique emphasis is highlighted on the promising strategies to enhance the electrocatalytic activities and stability of architectural arrays by component manipulation, heterostructure regulation, and vacancy engineering. The intrinsic mechanism analysis of electronic structure optimization, intermediates' adsorption facilitation, and coordination environments' amelioration is also discussed with regard to theoretical simulation and in situ identification. Finally, the challenges and opportunities on the valuable directions and promising pathways of architectural arrays toward outstanding electrocatalytic performance are provided in the energy conversion field, facilitating the development of promising water splitting systems.
Exploiting Exosomes in Cancer Liquid Biopsies and Drug Delivery
Authors: Fitts Coy Austin , Ji Nan , Li Yusheng , Tan Chalet
Published: January 2019

Exosomes are cell‐derived nanovesicles that transfer molecular cargo from donor to recipient cells and mediate intercellular communication. Advancement in elucidating the biological capabilities and functionalities of exosomes has revealed the striking roles of exosomes as conveyors of bioactive molecules across the biological barriers. Tumor‐derived exosomes hold great promise to serve as a liquid biopsy tool for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, as large quantities of exosomes are excreted by tumor cells continuously into the circulation, carrying the molecular cargo (DNA, RNA, proteins) reflective of the genetic and signaling alterations in tumor cells. Two inherent characteristics of exosomes offer important opportunities for drug delivery: their superb transcellular permeability and biocompatibility. Exosomes are uniquely capable of encapsulating a variety of payloads and deliver them to the target tissues. This review discusses the potential of tumor‐derived exosomes in cancer liquid biopsies as well as the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, the recent progress of developing exosomes as highly versatile and efficient drug carriers is also summarized.
Nanoparticle‐Enhanced Radiotherapy to Trigger Robust Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Chen Qian , Chen Jiawen , Yang Zhijuan , Xu Jun , Xu Ligeng , Liang Chao , Han Xiao , Liu Zhuang
Published: January 2019

External radiotherapy is extensively used in clinic to destruct tumors by locally applied ionizing‐radiation beams. However, the efficacy of radiotherapy is usually limited by tumor hypoxia‐associated radiation resistance. Moreover, as a local treatment technique, radiotherapy can hardly control tumor metastases, the major cause of cancer death. Herein, core–shell nanoparticles based poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic) acid (PLGA) are fabricate, by encapsulating water‐soluble catalase (Cat), an enzyme that can decompose H2O2 to generate O2, inside the inner core, and loading hydrophobic imiquimod (R837), a Toll‐like‐receptor‐7 agonist, within the PLGA shell. The formed PLGA‐R837@Cat nanoparticles can greatly enhance radiotherapy efficacy by relieving the tumor hypoxia and modulating the immune‐suppressive tumor microenvironment. The tumor‐associated antigens generated postradiotherapy‐induced immunogenic cell death in the presence of such R837‐loaded adjuvant nanoparticles will induce strong antitumor immune responses, which together with cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA‐4) checkpoint blockade will be able to effectively inhibit tumor metastases by a strong abscopal effect. Moreover, a long term immunological memory effect to protect mice from tumor rechallenging is observed post such treatment. This work thus presents a unique nanomedicine approach as a next‐generation radiotherapy strategy to enable synergistic whole‐body therapeutic responses after local treatment, greatly promising for clinical translation.
Reliable Measurement of Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Yanbo , Liu Xiao , Zhou Zhongmin , Ru Pengbin , Chen Han , Yang Xudong , Han Liyuan
Published: January 2019

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have undergone an incredibly fast development and attracted intense attention worldwide owing to their high efficiency and low‐cost fabrication. However, it is challenging to make a reliable measurement of PSCs, which creates great difficulty for researchers to compare and reproduce published results. Herein, the major measurement methods and key factors affecting evaluation of PSCs are summarized, such as hysteresis in current–voltage measurement, calibration of solar simulators for less mismatch in spectra and light intensity, and the area for the calculation of current density and power conversion efficiency. PSCs are also compared with n–i–p or p–i–n structures that exhibit different feedback under the same measurement methods. Finally, a measurement proposal is provided to help researchers obtain reliable measurement results close to those certified by public test centers.
Nonvolatile Memories Based on Graphene and Related 2D Materials
Authors: Bertolazzi Simone , Bondavalli Paolo , Roche Stephan , San Tamer , Choi Sung‐Yool , Colombo Luigi , Bonaccorso Francesco , Samorì Paolo
Published: January 2019

The pervasiveness of information technologies is generating an impressive amount of data, which need to be accessed very quickly. Nonvolatile memories (NVMs) are making inroads into high‐capacity storage to replace hard disk drives, fuelling the expansion of the global storage memory market. As silicon‐based flash memories are approaching their fundamental limit, vertical stacking of multiple memory cell layers, innovative device concepts, and novel materials are being investigated. In this context, emerging 2D materials, such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, and black phosphorous, offer a host of physical and chemical properties, which could both improve existing memory technologies and enable the next generation of low‐cost, flexible, and wearable storage devices. Herein, an overview of graphene and related 2D materials (GRMs) in different types of NVM cells is provided, including resistive random‐access, flash, magnetic and phase‐change memories. The physical and chemical mechanisms underlying the switching of GRM‐based memory devices studied in the last decade are discussed. Although at this stage most of the proof‐of‐concept devices investigated do not compete with state‐of‐the‐art devices, a number of promising technological advancements have emerged. Here, the most relevant material properties and device structures are analyzed, emphasizing opportunities and challenges toward the realization of practical NVM devices.
3D Bioprinted In Vitro Metastatic Models via Reconstruction of Tumor Microenvironments
Authors: Meng Fanben , Meyer Carolyn M. , Joung Daeha , Vallera Daniel A. , McAlpine Michael C. , Panoskaltsis‐Mortari Angela
Published: January 2019

The development of 3D in vitro models capable of recapitulating native tumor microenvironments could improve the translatability of potential anticancer drugs and treatments. Here, 3D bioprinting techniques are used to build tumor constructs via precise placement of living cells, functional biomaterials, and programmable release capsules. This enables the spatiotemporal control of signaling molecular gradients, thereby dynamically modulating cellular behaviors at a local level. Vascularized tumor models are created to mimic key steps of cancer dissemination (invasion, intravasation, and angiogenesis), based on guided migration of tumor cells and endothelial cells in the context of stromal cells and growth factors. The utility of the metastatic models for drug screening is demonstrated by evaluating the anticancer efficacy of immunotoxins. These 3D vascularized tumor tissues provide a proof‐of‐concept platform to i) fundamentally explore the molecular mechanisms of tumor progression and metastasis, and ii) preclinically identify therapeutic agents and screen anticancer drugs.
Addressable Peptide Self‐Assembly on the Cancer Cell Membrane for Sensitizing Chemotherapy of Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Wang Ziqi , An Hong‐Wei , Hou Dayong , Wang Mandi , Zeng Xiangzhong , Zheng Rui , Wang Lu , Wang Keliang , Wang Hao , Xu Wanhai
Published: January 2019

Chemotherapy has been validated unavailable for treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in clinic due to its intrinsic drug resistance. Sensitization of chemo‐drug response plays a crucial role in RCC treatment and increase of patient survival. Herein, a recognition‐reaction‐aggregation (RRA) cascaded strategy is utilized to in situ construct peptide‐based superstructures on the renal cancer cell membrane, enabling specifically perturbing the permeability of cell membranes and enhancing chemo‐drug sensitivity in vitro and in vivo. First, P1‐DBCO can specifically recognize renal cancer cells by targeting carbonic anhydrase IX. Subsequently, P2‐N3 is introduced and efficiently reacts with P1‐DBCO to form a peptide P3, which exhibits enhanced hydrophobicity and simultaneously aggregates into a superstructure. Interestingly, the superstructure retains on the cell membrane and perturbs its integrity/permeability, allowing more doxorubicin (DOX) uptaken by renal cancer cells. Owing to this increased influx, the IC50 is significantly reduced by nearly 3.5‐fold compared with that treated with free DOX. Finally, RRA strategy significantly inhibits the tumor growth of xenografted mice with a 3.2‐fold enhanced inhibition rate compared with that treated with free DOX. In summary, this newly developed RRA strategy will open a new avenue for chemically engineering cell membranes with diverse biomedical applications.
Lithium–Graphite Paste: An Interface Compatible Anode for Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Duan Jian , Wu Wangyan , Nolan Adelaide M. , Wang Tengrui , Wen Jiayun , Hu Chenchen , Mo Yifei , Luo Wei , Huang Yunhui
Published: January 2019

All‐solid‐state batteries (ASSBs) with ceramic‐based solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) enable high safety that is inaccessible with conventional lithium‐ion batteries. Lithium metal, the ultimate anode with the highest specific capacity, also becomes available with nonflammable SSEs in ASSBs, which offers promising energy density. The rapid development of ASSBs, however, is significantly hampered by the large interfacial resistance as a matched lithium/ceramic interface that is not easy to pursue. Here, a lithium–graphite (Li–C) composite anode is fabricated, which shows a dramatic modification in wettability with garnet SSE. An intimate Li–C/garnet interface is obtained by casting Li–C composite onto garnet‐type SSE, delivering an interfacial resistance as low as 11 Ω cm2. As a comparison, pure Li/garnet interface gives a large resistance of 381 Ω cm2. Such improvement can be ascribed to the experiment‐measured increased viscosity of Li–C composite and simulation‐verified limited interfacial reaction. The Li–C/garnet/Li–C symmetric cell exhibits stable plating/striping performance with small voltage hysteresis and endures a critical current density up to 1.0 mA cm−2. The full cell paired with LiFePO4 shows stable cycle performance, comparable to the cell with liquid electrolyte. The present work demonstrates a promising strategy to develop ceramic‐compatible lithium metal‐based anodes and hence low‐impedance ASSBs.
Multiscale Graphene‐Based Materials for Applications in Sodium Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Yan , Xia Xinhui , Liu Bo , Deng Shengjue , Xie Dong , Liu Qi , Wang Yadong , Wu Jianbo , Wang Xiuli , Tu Jiangping
Published: January 2019

Scrupulous design and smart hybridization of bespoke electrode materials are of great importance for the advancement of sodium ion batteries (SIBs). Graphene‐based nanocomposites are regarded as one of the most promising electrode materials for SIBs due to the outstanding physicochemical properties of graphene and positive synergetic effects between graphene and the introduced active phase. In this review, the recent progress in graphene‐based electrode materials for SIBs with an emphasis on the electrode design principle, different preparation methods, and mechanism, characterization, synergistic effects, and their detailed electrochemical performance is summarized. General design rules for fabrication of advanced SIB materials are also proposed. Additionally, the merits and drawbacks of different fabrication methods for graphene‐based materials are briefly discussed and summarized. Furthermore, multiscale forms of graphene are evaluated to optimize electrochemical performance of SIBs, ranging from 0D graphene quantum dots, 2D vertical graphene and reduced graphene oxide sheets, to 3D graphene aerogel and graphene foam networks. To conclude, the challenges and future perspectives on the development of graphene‐based materials for SIBs are also presented.
Current status of the “enhanced recovery after surgery” program in gastric cancer surgery
Authors: Yamagata Yukinori , Yoshikawa Takaki , Yura Masahiro , Otsuki Sho , Morita Shinji , Katai Hitoshi , Nishida Toshiro
Published: January 2019

Since the late 1990s, perioperative care through the enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS, European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism [ESPEN]) program has spread. ERAS protocols aim to reduce surgical complications, improving postoperative outcomes and thereby saving resources by addressing various clinical elements through a multidisciplinary approach or based on evidence. In the field of gastric cancer, the philosophy of ERAS has gradually become accepted and, in 2014, consensus guidelines for enhanced recovery after gastrectomy were published. These guidelines consist of “procedure‐specific” guidelines and “general (not procedure‐specific) enhanced recovery items.” In this review, we focused on the procedure‐specific guidelines and tried to update the contents of every element of the procedure‐specific guidelines. The procedure‐specific guidelines consist of the following eight elements: “Preoperative nutrition,” “Preoperative oral pharmaconutrition,” “Access (of gastrectomy),” “Wound catheters and transversus abdominis plane block,” “Nasogastric/Nasojejunal decompression,” “Perianastomotic drains,” “Early postoperative diet and artificial nutrition,” and “Audit.” On reviewing papers supporting these elements, it was reconfirmed that the recommendations of the guidelines are pertinent and valid. Four meta‐analyses concerning the evaluation of ERAS protocols for gastric cancer were included in this review. Every study showed that the ERAS protocol reduced the cost and duration of hospital stay without increasing surgical complication rates, suggesting that ERAS is effective for gastric cancer surgery. However, it cannot be said that ERAS has achieved full penetration in Japan because most evidence is established in Western countries. Future studies must focus on developing a new ERAS protocols appropriate to Japanese conditions of gastric cancer.
Association of a positive direct antiglobulin test with chronic immune thrombocytopenia and use of second line therapies in children: A multi‐institutional review
Authors: Kim Taylor Olmsted , Grimes Amanda B. , Kirk Susan , Arulselvan Abinaya , Lambert Michele P. , Grace Rachael F. , Despotovic Jenny M.
Published: January 2019

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is the most common autoimmune cytopenia in children. Approximately, 25% of patients develop chronic disease, which may be unpredictable and challenging to treat. It is not currently possible to predict at the time of presentation which patients will have chronic disease or will experience symptoms requiring second‐line therapy defined as treatment beyond corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, or Rh immune globulin. A multi‐institutional retrospective review of 311 pediatric patients with ITP was performed with the goal of identifying clinical characteristics associated with disease course. In a cohort of 216 patients tested and for whom disease status was known, a positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT) was associated with chronic ITP vs spontaneous resolution of disease (29.2% vs 8.1%, P < 0.001) as well as the need for treatment with second line agents (38.5% vs 11.4%, P < 0.001) in 241 patients. Controlling for the effect of Evans syndrome, defined as having two immune cytopenias, a positive DAT was independently associated with chronic ITP (OR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.0‐7.2, P = 0.041) and use of second‐line agents (OR: 3.6, 95% CI: 1.7‐7.7, P = 0.001) by multivariate logistic regression model. These findings demonstrate an association with positive DAT and chronic disease, as well as refractory disease requiring second‐line agents.
Early demise of twins in a cohort of stillbirths and second trimester miscarriages
Authors: Korlesky Colin , McPherson Elizabeth
Published: January 2019

Twins, particularly monochorionic (MC) pairs, are at increased risk for fetal death. Whereas previous work has sought to understand the mechanisms for this increased mortality, most studies analyze viable twin pregnancies or liveborn twin cohorts. In the Wisconsin Stillbirth Service Program cohort of 3,137 stillbirths and second trimester miscarriages, we identified 175 twin pregnancies for a twinning rate of 56/1,000, which is approximately double the general population. The excess of twins among miscarriages and stillbirths was attributable to MC pairs as the incidence of dizygotic (DZ) twinning was not increased compared to livebirth data. The leading causes of fetal demise among twins were twin–twin transfusion, acardia, and twin–twin disruption. Maternal causes of death, primarily premature rupture of membranes, were moderately increased in both MC and DZ twins relative to singletons. Although deceased twins were smaller than expected for viable twins at comparable gestational ages, placenta weights of deceased MC pairs were large compared to combined fetal weight, which indicates placental inefficiency likely due to vascular shunting. Co‐twin survival was much lower for MC than for DZ pairs. Therefore, earlier diagnosis and treatment of MC twinning complications may decrease prenatal mortality.
Crypt fenestration enamel defects and early life stress: Contextual explorations of growth and mortality in Colonial Peru
Authors: Thomas Jaclyn A. , Temple Daniel H. , Klaus Haagen D.
Published: January 2019

Objectives

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of crypt fenestration enamel defects (CFEDs) from the Eten and Mórrope communities, Colonial period (A.D. 1,530–1,750), Lambayeque Valley, Peru. The goal is to help clarify the role of these lesions as reflections of early life environments as well as relationships growth and survival at future ages.

Materials and methods

CFED absence/presence was recorded in the mandibular canines of 105 individuals and 202 teeth. Defect prevalence was compared between the Eten and Mórrope sites using a proportions test. Femoral growth residuals were compared between CFED present and absent samples. Mortality risk was evaluated using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis.

Results

CFED frequencies at Eten and Mórrope were similar to previous studies. Greater frequencies of CFEDs were found at Eten compared to Mórrope. There was no association between skeletal growth and CFEDs. No differences in mortality were found between CFED present and absent individuals within each site. General survivorship at Eten was significantly greater than Mórrope. However, individuals without CFEDs at Eten had greater survivorship than those with and without CFEDs at Mórrope. Individuals with CFEDs at Eten had greater survivorship than those with CFEDs at Mórrope. These differences begin around 1.7 years.

Conclusions

CFEDs may be associated with stress experience, but associations with growth and survivorship at later ages is context dependent. CFED prevalence is an ambiguous indicator of stress when used in the absence of mortality data, and even under those circumstances, appears limited by differences in local demography.
Is it septic or cardiogenic shock? Papillary muscle rupture masquerading as sepsis
Authors: Mukherjee Ashes , Ravindranath Syamnadh
Published: January 2019

Introduction

Rupture of a papillary muscle is an extremely rare but catastrophic complication of an acute myocardial infarction. Survival is time dependent on the expedition of the patient from the area of presentation to the operating theatre for surgery. Diagnosis in the ED is possible within minutes of presentation if an echo is performed by an emergency physician skilled in echocardiography, as we demonstrate.

Case presentation

We present a case of a 59 years male self‐presenting to the emergency department with undifferentiated shock. An EP performed echo directed us towards the rare but correct diagnosis. He was then transferred for percutaneous coronary intervention and surgical management.

Conclusion

Often in the past a diagnosis made on coronary care units or post‐mortem, we believe this diagnosis in the future will be made more frequently at the bedside in emergency departments across the world as emergency physicians continue to incorporate echocardiography as a skill in their diagnostic armoury.
Keine Scheu vor perfluorierten Peroxiden: Synthese und Strukturen von überraschend inerten Perfluoralkylperoxiden
Authors: Nissen Jan H. , Stüker Tony , Drews Thomas , Steinhauer Simon , Beckers Helmut , Riedel Sebastian
Published: January 2019

Wir berichten über die Festkörperstrukturen von Bis(nonafluor‐tert‐butyl)peroxid [(F3C)3CO]2und Bis(undecafluor‐2‐methyl‐2‐butyl)peroxid [(C2F5)(F3C)2CO]2. Diese Peroxide wurden über die Reaktion des jeweiligen Hypofluorits mit fluorierter Silberwolle dargestellt. Ihre nach In‐situ‐Kristallisation erhaltenen Strukturen weisen aufgrund der sterisch anspruchsvollen Perfluoralkylgruppen ungewöhnliche COOC‐Diederwinkel von 180°, sowie verlängerte O‐O‐Abstände auf. Die perfluorierten Alkylperoxide sind weder schock‐ (>40 J) noch reibungsempfindlich (>360 N). Darüber hinaus reagieren sie nicht mit Halogensäuren (HX, X=F, Cl, Br, I) oder elementaren Halogenen (X2). Ferrocen wird von [(F3C)3CO]2zu [FeIIICp2] [OC(CF3)3] oxidiert.