bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BEPU Analyses for the Postulated Loss-of-cooling Accident Scenario in the Spent Fuel Pool at the Fukushima Daiichi Unit 4
Authors: Petrova Petya , Groudev Pavlin , Vryashkova Petya
Published: July 2022

The aim of the paper is to present the results obtained from the study devoted on the Best Estimate plus Uncertainty (BEPU) Methods application. To this end, the simulation of the Loss of cooling accident (LOCA) scenario in the Fukushima Daiichi spent fuel pool was carried out. Special attention was paid on the uncertainty analysis with the domain fission products release. The work presented herein was carried out by using the ASTECv2.2b/SUNSET in the coupling mode. A brief description of the ASTECv2.2b/SUNSET coupling is provided and a short discussion concerning the BEPU methodology is also presented.
Establishment and Biochemical Characterization of a Multidrug-resistant Promyelocytic Leukemia Cell Line HL-60/CDDP
Authors: Mihaylova Rositsa , Zhelezova Ivelina , Simeonova Rumiana , Momekov Georgi
Published: July 2022

The present study reports on the establishment, validation and biochemical characterization of a novel chemoresistant variant of the HL-60 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell line developed at the Laboratory of Experimental Chemotherapy at the Faculty of Pharmacy of MU-Sofia. Selection of the chemoresistant strain (HL-60/CDDP) has been carried out by prolonged serial exposures of the parent chemosensitive HL-60 cell line to gradually increasing concentrations of the metal complex. In its final variant, the resultant HL-60/CDDP test system showed significantly altered chemosensitivity profiles to the Pt(II)-based drugs cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin and was maintained in an RPMI-1640 medium containing 25 μM cisplatin. The promyelocytic cells also showed diminished susceptibility to differentiation therapy with arsenic trioxide As2O3. The emergence of the multiresistant phenotype is suggested to be most likely due to common biochemical properties of the screened compounds, including their strong affinity and high reactivity with sulfhydryl SH-groups. The presented study is focused on elucidating the multidrug resistance patterns in the newly established leukemic model that can be used as a potential test system for exploring the drug-resistance reversal capacity of various drugs and experimental compounds.
Sex-dependent Differences of Emotional Status in a Rat Model of Prenatal Stress
Authors: Ivanova Natasha , Nenchovska Zlatina , Atanasova Milena , Mitreva Rumyana , Stoynova Tzveta , Kortenska Lidia , Tchekalarova Jana
Published: July 2022

Untoward events during pregnancy negatively affect offspring mental development. We investigated sex-dependent differences of emotional problems in offspring with a history of prenatal stress (PNS). Female rats demonstrated decreased anxiety-like behaviour in comparison to male controls, shown in the light-dark test. Male and female offspring of prenatally stressed mothers were characterized by higher anxiety levels, compared to unstressed controls. PNS induced depression-like behaviour in both sexes without differences among them, indicated with decreased intake of sweet solution in the sucrose consumption tests and increased immobility time spent in the forced swim test. Control females showed higher plasma corticosteroid (CORT) concentrantions after acute stress and decreased recovery (120 min after the stressor) than control males. Both male and female PNS-offspring were with elevated levels of CORT in the plasma, which remained high 120 min after application of the stressogenic procedure. This study evidenced that the unfavourable effect of PNS on emotional state correlated with impaired feedback mechanism of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function both in male and female offspring.
Microsomal P450-related Electron Transfer Components, Glutathione and Glutathione S-transferase Contribution in Stress Response of Herbicide-treated Wheat to Drought and Waterlogging
Authors: Brankova Liliana , Dimitrova Ljudmila , Shopova Elena , Katerova Zornitsa , Sergiev Iskren , Todorova Dessislava
Published: July 2022

The activities of some plant microsomal P450-related electron transfer components (NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, CPR and NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase, B5R), glutathione S-transferase (GST) together with the content of reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione were determined in wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Sadovo 1) treated with herbicide Serrate® prior to drought or waterlogging. Both stresses, especially drought, increased the content of glutathione and the activities of CPR and B5R during the stress, while GST activity was rather decreased. Herbicide application alone increased substantially most of the parameters, especially at the beginning of the experimental period. Serrate®+drought/waterlogging (S+D/W), amplified the observed alterations (except for GST), which were more significant after drought. The decrease in ratio GSH to GSSG after 4 days of recovery for all treatment groups except Serrate® signifies disrupted buffer capacity in cells. After 4 days of recovery the activities of CPR and B5R dropped below the control, while the glutathione pool and GST activity remained increased in drought and S+D treated plants. Contrariwise, the levels of glutathione, CPR and B5R remained closer to control in waterlogged plants, while S+W kept higher levels of P450-related enzymes. The herbicide application prior to drought or waterlogging did not affect negatively detoxification and oxidative status of wheat plants compared to those subjected to water stress alone.
Algae from Aiptasia egesta are robust representations of Symbiodiniaceae in the free-living state
Authors: Maruyama Shumpei , Unsworth Julia R. , Sawiccy Valeri ,   Students of Oregon State University’s Z362 Spring 2021, Weis Virginia M.
Published: July 2022

Many cnidarians rely on their dinoflagellate partners from the family Symbiodiniaceae for their ecological success. Symbiotic species of Symbiodiniaceae have two distinct life stages: inside the host, in hospite, and outside the host, ex hospite. Several aspects of cnidarian-algal symbiosis can be understood by comparing these two life stages. Most commonly, algae in culture are used in comparative studies to represent the ex hospite life stage, however, nutrition becomes a confounding variable for this comparison because algal culture media is nutrient rich, while algae in hospite are sampled from hosts maintained in oligotrophic seawater. In contrast to cultured algae, expelled algae may be a more robust representation of the ex hospite state, as the host and expelled algae are in the same seawater environment, removing differences in culture media as a confounding variable. Here, we studied the physiology of algae released from the sea anemone Exaiptasia diaphana (commonly called Aiptasia), a model system for the study of coral-algal symbiosis. In Aiptasia, algae are released in distinct pellets, referred to as egesta, and we explored its potential as an experimental system to represent Symbiodiniaceae in the ex hospite state. Observation under confocal and differential interference contrast microscopy revealed that egesta contained discharged nematocysts, host tissue, and were populated by a diversity of microbes, including protists and cyanobacteria. Further experiments revealed that egesta were released at night. In addition, algae in egesta had a higher mitotic index than algae in hospite, were photosynthetically viable for at least 48 hrs after expulsion, and could competently establish symbiosis with aposymbiotic Aiptasia. We then studied the gene expression of nutrient-related genes and studied their expression using qPCR. From the genes tested, we found that algae from egesta closely mirrored gene expression profiles of algae in hospite and were dissimilar to those of cultured algae, suggesting that algae from egesta are in a nutritional environment that is similar to their in hospite counterparts. Altogether, evidence is provided that algae from Aiptasia egesta are a robust representation of Symbiodiniaceae in the ex hospite state and their use in experiments can improve our understanding of cnidarian-algal symbiosis.
Evaluation of the compressive strength of a reinforced concrete structure using different SonReb estimation methods
Authors:   Departamento de Diagnóstico y Levantamiento. Empresa Restaura - CUBA, A. Oroza , R. Cuetara ,   Departamento de Diagnóstico y Levantamiento. Empresa Restaura - CUBA, R. Gonzalez ,   Departamento de Diagnóstico y Levantamiento. Empresa Restaura - CUBA
Published: July 2022

This document discusses the results obtained in the estimation of compression strength through the readings of the rebound hammer and ultrasonic pulse velocity on 9 columns of reinforced concrete. The estimation was performed by applying different SonReb models. The objective of the study is to evaluate which of the applied models is more consistent with the compression resistance value of 27.0 MPa obtained by press-breaking assay, for concretes manufactured with Ordinary Portland Cements P-35 (Type I) of domestic production and aggregates from Cuban quarries. The results obtained showed that the models proposed by RILEM and Tanigawa et al. were closest to the reference value with percentage difference below 4%. This research will allow the performance of non-destructive tests with more accurate results, in the restoration processes of the Historic Center of Havana, Cuba.
Evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties of a paving block with added ash from artisanal brick kilns
Authors:   Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Puno. PERU, J. Pacori , Turpo V. ,   Universidad Peruana Unión, Lipa L. ,   Universidad Peruana Unión, Juliaca, Puno. PERU
Published: July 2022

This article evaluates the physical and mechanical properties of a paving block with added ash from artisanal brick kilns in the city of Juliaca to reduce the environmental pollution generated by the ash. For this purpose, data and test results were collected at the GEOCONTROL laboratory in Juliaca. It was designed for a compressive strength of f’c=340 kg/cm2 for type II pavements, adding ash from artisanal brick kilns of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% as a partial replacement of cement. Aggregates from the Cabanillas quarry, Portland cement type I and ash from artisanal brick kilns were used as raw materials for the mixture design. From the results obtained, it is concluded that the addition of 5% ash from artisanal brick kilns improves the compressive strength at 28 days of curing. It is important to mention that if the percentage of added ash from artisanal brick kilns increases above 10%, the resistance decreases. Finally, the dimensional tolerance and absorption of conventional paving blocks and additions of 5% ash from artisanal brick kilns meet the established criteria of NTP 339.611.
Estudio exploratorio de las vivencias de jóvenes egresadas de una residencia de cuidado alternativo en Santiago de Chile
Authors:   Facultad de Filosofía, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro (México), Contreras Castellanos Karen Denise , Galeano Díaz Andrea del Pilar ,   Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (Colombia)
Published: July 2022

El presente artículo, corresponde a un estudio de corte descriptivo cualitativo, realizado con 11 jóvenes egresadas de una residencia de cuidado alternativo en Santiago de Chile, con el objetivo de vislumbrar los elementos que fueron relevantes durante su estancia, lo que llevó a responder la siguiente pregunta ¿Cómo fue para las jóvenes su paso por la residencia de cuidado alternativo? Para la recolección de dicha información se aplicaron entrevistas en profundidad. Los relatos orientaron los resultados que muestran las concepciones que tienen referente al sistema residencial, los vínculos dentro y fuera del hogar, el cuidado y la vida independiente. Así como evidencian las oportunidades de mejora que tiene el sistema de cuidado en Chile.
Significance of Glomerular C1q deposits in IgA Nephropathy
Authors: Radhakrishnan Divya , Supriya NK , Sreelatha M , Aravindan KP
Published: July 2022

Introduction: Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy is the most common form of glomerulonephritis in young men, often presenting as gross or microscopic haematuria and accounts for approximately 10% of the patients with End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). The contribution of the complement system to amplify tissue injury in IgA nephropathy has been suggested but the precise pathways of complement activation especially the involvement of classical pathway remain largely unknown. Aim: To determine the prevalence of glomerular C1q deposition in IgA nephropathy to delineate the relationship of glomerular C1q positivity and different histological variables indicating disease activity and disease progression and also to determine the relationship of glomerular C1q positivity and the Oxford scoring system in IgA nephropathy. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study conducted over a period of three years {January 2014- December 2016} in the Department of Pathology with the cooperation of the Department of Nephrology at Government Medical College, Kozhikode , Kerala, India. A total of 44 cases which were both biopsy and immunofluorescence proven as IgA nephropathy were included in the study. For light microscopy, the tissue received in buffered formalin was processed into paraffin blocks, stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and histopathological changes analysed. For immunofluorescence, tissue received in normal saline was frozen in cryostat and 3 μm sections were stained using the Dako polyclonal Fluorescein Isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated antibodies IgG, IgM, IgA, C3, C1q and studied for pattern of glomerular staining. Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Results: The prevalence of C1q deposits was 27.3%. Among histopathological variables, only fibrous crescent was found to have significant relationship with C1q positivity (p= 0.0472). On follow-up, 50% C1q positive patients and 11.76% C1q negative patients who were having normal renal functions at the start of the study went into renal insufficiency. Conclusion: The study revealed that there was a fairly high prevalence of C1q deposits in IgA nephropathy patients. Also, significant association was found between C1q deposits and fibrous crescent. Most significantly the study concluded that there is an increased tendency for the C1q positive patients to go into renal failure.
Pulmonary Cavity: An Additional Entity to the Spectrum of COVID-19 Complications
Authors: Kulkarni Keertivardhan D , Pranavi V , Ravi Apoorva , Lathadevi HT , Biradar SM
Published: July 2022

The latest pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is known to manifest in various forms, ranging from a mild illness to a life-threatening condition. Though lung cavitation has not been commonly reported as a post Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection complication, there has been a rise in the number of patients presenting with lung cavitation post the viral infection. In this case series, authors have reported four cases of lung cavitation developed post COVID19 infection. Three out of four patients were newly diagnosed cases of diabetes, all received steroids as a part of treatment for COVID-19 infection. Three patients showed a temporary improvement in their condition after COVID-19 treatment, in the form of decreasing trends of inflammatory markers and decreased total count, but subsequently developed signs of super added infection during the course of their illness. Two patients had associated sino-orbital mucormycosis. Two patients required the support of non invasive ventilation and did not show clinical improvement, while one amongst the two succumbed to the infection. The cause for the development of lung cavities post COVID-19 infection is difficult to speculate it appears to be multifactorial with factors including isolated bacterial, fungal infections or bacterial and fungal co-infection, SARS-CoV-2 specific inflammatory pathways, and the immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids.
Effect of Composite Flours of Finger Millet, Bambara Groundnut and ‘Khain’ (Lecaniodiscus Cupanioides) on Blood Glucose Response, Lipids, and Liver Enzymes of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: G. Ibrahim Doris , S. Asogwa Ifeyinwa , U. Onwurafor Eucheria , C. Ani Jane
Published: July 2022

Aims: This study is aimed at determining the effect of composite flours of Finger millet (Fm), Bambara groundnut (BGN) and ‘Khain’ (Kh) (Lecaniodiscus cupanioides) on the blood glucose response, lipids and liver enzymes levels of alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Study Design: The experiment was designed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Food Science and Technology and Department of Home Science Nutrition and Dietetics,University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Enugu State. May 2019 and July 2019

Methodology: Sixty rats were grouped into ten groups (six rats per group), housed individually in metabolic cages and were fed commercial rat chow for two weeks. After inducement with alloxan, eight groups of diabetic rats were fed with the composite flours [FK1 (95% Fm/5% Kh), FK2 (90% Fm/10% Kh), FB1K1 (95% [90% Fm/10% BGN]/5% Kh), FB1K2 (90% [90% Fm/10% BGN]/10% Kh), FB2K1 (95% [80% Fm/20%bBGN]/5% Kh), FB2K2 (90% [80% Fm/20% BGN]/10% Kh), FB3K1 (95% [70% Fm/30% BGN]/5% Kh), FB3K2 (90% [70% Fm/30% BGN]/10% Kh)] for four weeks while the two control (positive and negative) groups continued on commercial rat chow for four weeks also. The blood glucose response, blood lipids, total serum protein, albumin, urea, creatinine content, and liver enzymes were determined in the rats. The flours of Finger millet, Bambara groundnut and ‘Khain’ were analyzed for dietary fibre (DF) and phytochemical content.

Results: The total DF was higher (12.615 %) in finger millet and lower (5.375 %) in BGN. Khain had a value of 10.31 % total DF. Phenol content of samples ranged from 37.99 mg/100g for khain seed flour to 36.09 mg/100g in finger millet and tannin content of the samples ranged from 2.22 - 2.28 mg/100g. The diabetic rats groups fed with composite flours had significant (p<0.05) reduced blood glucose levels (60-86 %) compared to the positive control group (35 %), significantly reduced liver enzymes levels were observed in blood of diabetic rats groups fed with composite flours when compared to positive control group, diabetic rats groups fed with composite flours also showed weight loss, Total Cholesterol values of 149.62 – 235.3mg/dl, Triglycerides (97.96 – 153.72mg/dl), High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (46.91 – 72.53mg/dl) and Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (73.45 – 153.38mg/dl) values. Urea and creatinine values of the diabetic rats groups fed with composite flours were within acceptable range.

Conclusion: The reduced blood glucose and liver enzymes levels in blood of diabetic rats fed with composite flours showed that composite flours of Finger millet, Bambara groundnut and ‘Khain’ have the potentials to be used as dietetics for the prevention and management of hyperglycemia.
Constraints in Cultivation of Medicinal Plants in Nagaur District of Rajasthan
Authors: Meghwal Shankar Lal
Published: July 2022

The practice of growing herbs is a very ancient trend, and several studies have been conducted and are still being conducted in this field. It is terrible that we do not seem embarrassed to admit this, even when we are just beginning this practise. It is true that there has never been a complete standardisation of this agricultural certification. Herbs are a good option during this transitional time. It is imperative that you proceed with extreme caution if you plan to engage in agriculture. The present study deals with the problems and prospects in cultivation of Medicinal Plants. The study was conducted in Nagaur district of Rajasthan. A sample study of 11 villages out of ten tehsils of Nagaur district has been done. By selecting 11 sample villages from different tehsils of Nagaur district as primary sources, an attempt has been made to collect data and information and analyse various aspects of problems related to the cultivation of medicinal plants in the area.  In the past years, the surprising changes in the general cropping pattern and the facts related to it have been studied and various dimensions of cultivation of medicinal plants have been studied considering tehsil wise level as the regional base unit. The problem of saline water, lack of surface water resources and problems in propagation of medicinal plants are the major problems faced by the farmers in the study area.
The Effect of Motivation and Work Effectiveness on Teacher Performance with Online Learning as Intervening Variables at SMA Negeri 7 City of Bekasi
Authors: Ratnawatii Yuyun , Bayudhirgantara Emanuel Michael
Published: July 2022

This study aims to determine how much influence motivation, effectiveness, online learning have on teacher performance at SMA Negeri 7 Kota Bekasi. This study uses a quantitative descriptive method. The population in this study was SMA Negeri 7 Kota Bekasi with 56 teachers using non-probability sampling technique. The data analysis technique in this research SEM PLS with the help of SmartPLS 3.0 software.The results showed that the influence of motivation, effectiveness on teacher performance at SMA Negeri 7 Kota Bekasi positive and significant by directly or by intervening with online learning methods.
Vulva Schistosomiasis Presenting as Chronic Malignant Ulcer in an HIV Patient: A Case Report and a Review of the Literature
Authors: Derkyi-Kwarteng Leonard , Ola Ellen , Adjei Stephanie K. Annan , K. Korsah Nathaniel
Published: July 2022

Schistosomiasis is a freshwater parasitic disease caused by infection with the trematode of the genus Schistosoma. The common species of Schistosoma that affect humans are the Schistosoma haematobium, S. japonicum, and S. mansoni. The clinical manifestations of Schistosoma are determined by causal factors, which include the type of Schistosoma, period of infection, host-specific factors that influence the activity to the worm eggs, and access to treatment. A 51-year-old woman who is a known HIV type 1 positive patient for the past 18years and is on antiretroviral therapy presents to the clinic with a year history of vulva itching. On examination of the vulva is a clean base ulcer that measures 5x3cm with raised edges. Investigation shows normal Full blood count and blood urea nitrogen. Her viral load has decreased from 45,460 in 2018 to 201 viral copies in 2020. The pathologist received a skin wedge biopsy measuring 3.5x2x1.5 cm of greyish white with dark brown areas. Sections of the tissue showed an ulcerated skin with a heavily mixed inflammatory infiltrate mainly of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils. A diagnosis of Vulva Schistosomiasis was made. The patient was treated with Praziquantel and the ulcer is healing. It is therefore recommended that there should be adequate distribution of praziquantel in Schistosoma endemic areas to help reduce and prevents schistosomiasis. Again, there should be regular provision of praziquantel living with HIV ( preventive chemotherapy) who stays in Schistosoma endemic areas.
AN ALTERNATIVE STUDY OF ADAPTIVE PARTITION DESIGN FROM COW DUNG
Authors: Julita Ing , Damayant Rully , Kwanda Timoticin
Published: July 2022

The use of cow dung as a local and organic building material in Indonesia has been carried out in various forms because it has similar characteristic of cement. The choice of using cow dungs is based on recent sustainable issues and the effects on the built environment such as farming sector and natural resources. One of the solutions to the sustainable issues that occur is the adaptive building concept, where this concept will focus on the user life cycle, building materials, and construction such as wall or partition panels. The cow dung material will act as an adaptive medium and it will be constructed as partition wall. This paper presents the design of an adaptable construction with modular partition wall from cow dung mix. The result is a sustainable cow dung partition wall that applied in an apartment layout unit which can adapt to different user life cycle and demands.
APPLICABILITY OF DIRECT EVAPORATIVE COOLING FOR LOW-RISE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING IN SURABAYA
Authors: Antaryama I Gusti Ngurah
Published: July 2022

Direct evaporative cooling has been widely known as the passive design strategy for ameliorating the thermal conditions of building in hot-dry climates. In the recent past, the strategy has been extended to warm-humid climates. The scope varies from exploring the system to applying the method to buildings. Few studies have been conducted regarding its application on a multi-story residential building. In response to this gap, the present study will explore the strategy's applicability on the typical low-rise housing in Surabaya and analyze its environmental consequences. Simulation is used as the primary method for the analyses. Results of the study show that direct evaporative cooling is applicable in warm-humid tropics, but with some notes regarding the increase of air humidity. Dimensional properties of the cooling pad can be arranged to minimize the increased humidity.
A Review on Integral Transforms of Fractional Integral and Derivative
Authors: Hussein Mohammed Abdulshareef
Published: July 2022

In this paper, we present a review of the integral transformations of fractional calculus, namely the Riemann-Liouville integral, the Riemann-Liouville derivative, and the Caputo derivative.
Structure of microcin C51, a new antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity
Authors: Metlitskaya A.Z. , Katrukha G.S. , Shashkov A.S. , Zaitsev D.A. , Egorov Ts.A. , Khmel I.A.
Published: July 2002

The structure of microcin C51, a new antibiotic produced by E. coli, has been determined. This antibiotic was shown to be a 1.18 kDa nucleotide peptide. It consists of a heptapeptide with formylmethionine as the N‐terminus and a C‐terminal asparagine linked with nebularin‐5′‐monophosphate through the three‐methylene bridge. The OH‐group of threonine is substituted. The peptide chain of microcin C51 synthesized on ribosomes is the longest among the known biologically active nucleotide peptides.
Multimodal treatment for the locally advanced stage IB, IIA, IIB patients of cervical cancer
Authors: Kim S.J.
Published: July 2002

By employing neoadjuvent chemotherapy (NCT) before radical hysterectomy (RS) and pelvic radiotherapy (RT) in bulky locally advanced cervical cancer (IB, IIA, IIB), the study was focused to update the results of the author's therapeutic experience with multimodal treatment by observing tumor free survivals along with related prognostic factors in different treatment modalities with NCT. The chemotherapy regimen for induction is composed of Vinblastin, Bleomycin and cis‐Platin regimen (VBP). The effect of neoadjuvent chemotherapy was evaluated by the WHO definition of clinical response (CR, PR, ST, PG). As a result of NCT study in the stage IA, IIA, and IIB cervical cancer patients recurrence occurred in 50 out of 138 patients (35.5%) treated with radical hysterectomy only (RS) compared with 17 out of 92 patients (18.5%) treated with NCT followed by radical surgery. In conjunction with the NCT study in the cervical cancer, another two groups of patients who were treated by neoadjuvent chemotherapy followed by radical hysterectomy (NCST) and adjuvent radiation (NCSRT) were evaluated in the high‐risk patients of cervical cancer with stage IB, IIA, and IIB. Primary responses in the NCST group (n = 61) were CR (68.9%), PR (22.9%), ST (4.9%) and PG (3.3%) respectively, while the chemoresponse of the NCSRT group (n = 101) were CR (65.3%), PR (18.9%), ST (4.9%) and PG (10.9%), respectively. The survival rates of the NCSRT group (n = 101) were 100% in all 1–5 years in CR group, while the rate of the NCST group was 100% at 1 year and 98.5% at 5 years in the CR group of patients. In contrast to CR, the patients who showed PR patients showed 40.1% of 5‐year survival rate in NCST group, and 12.6% in NCRST group. Tumor size, lymphnode metastasis and primary chemoresponse pattern were correlated to each other, but 5‐year survival rate of the CR group was much higher in the same stages IB, IIA and IIB of cervical cancer. In the multivariate analysis of known risk factors, the response pattern to primary chemotherapy, the responsiveness revealed the highest value (R.R. = 3.26) as a survival predictor in the patient treated with a multimodal approach.
Letter from the Editor Vol 2 No 2
Authors: Mandell Lewis
Published: July 2002

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Performance and Risk Exposure of International Mutual Funds
Authors: Lang Larry R. , Niendorf Robert M.
Published: July 2002

This study examined whether internationally diversified mutualfinds increase a U.S. investor’s risk-adjusted return above that on a domestic benchmarkmutualfund. Average returns on about one-half of the international funds exceeded the domestic benchmark fund’s return. The risk-adjusted returns on the international mutual funds were not significantly dtrerentji-om that on the domestic benchmark fund. These results dtrerfiom earlier studies which generally found superior returns on international mutual funds. The benefits for the U.S. investor of holding an internationally diversijied mutualfund appear to be limited for the period studied.
Amino acid residues 268–276 of the erythropoietin receptor contain an endocytosis motif and are required for erythropoietin‐mediated proliferation
Authors: Flint-Ashtamker Galit , Eisen-Lev Ronit , Cohen Jacob , Jun-shen Huang Lily , Neumann Drorit
Published: July 2002

Erythropoietin (EPO) promotes viability, proliferation and differentiation of mammalian erythroid progenitor cells via its specific cell surface receptor (EPO‐R). We have previously shown that truncated EPO‐Rs containing 267 amino acids or less were defective in internalization of 125I‐EPO, whereas internalization via a receptor derivative containing 276 amino acids was unaffected, thus directing focus to the nine amino acid residues FEGLFTTHK at positions 268–276 [Levin, Cohen, Supino, Yoshimura, Watowich, Neumann, FEBS Lett. 427 (1998) 164–170]. Here, a panel of EPO‐R mutants was generated to determine the role of these residues in EPO endocytosis, down regulation of cell surface receptors and EPO‐mediated signaling. While linking amino acid residues 268–276 to a truncated EPO‐R (Δ+9 EPO‐R) conferred both ligand uptake and ligand‐independent down regulation of the respective receptor from the cell surface, Phe 272 was crucial for EPO endocytosis but not for ligand‐independent down regulation. Additional receptor motifs probably play a role in EPO endocytosis and receptor down‐regulation, as these processes were not adversely impaired in Δ268–276 EPO‐R. A central role of residues 268–276, in particular Phe, was demonstrated by the inability of Δ268–276 and F268,272A EPO‐Rs to support EPO‐mediated signal transduction.
Stable Genetic Transformation of EschscholziaCalifornica Expressing Synthetic Green Fluorescent Proteins
Authors: Lee Jintae , Pedersen Henrik
Published: July 2002

An efficient protocol is described for the stable genetic transformation of Eschscholzia californica (California poppy) using Agrobacterium tumefaciens as a vector. We have employed the disarmed A. tumefaciensLBA4404 encoding a synthetic green fluorescent protein reporter gene that is further controlled by an enhanced cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Stably transformed E. californica cells appear 3 weeks after initial cocultivation of A. tumefacienswith poppy leaves, stems, or roots. Transformed poppy calli were visualized by exposure to long‐wave UV or blue light and analyzed in detail by fluorescent microscopy and laser‐scanning microscopy. Moreover, green fluorescent calli have been maintained through continual subculture and grow well either on Gamborg's B5 agarose or liquid medium.
Treatment of High Strength Distillery Wastewater (Cherry Stillage) by Integrated Aerobic Biological Oxidation and Ozonation
Authors: Beltrán Fernando J. , Álvarez Pedro M. , Rodríguez Eva M. , García‐Araya Juan F. , Rivas Javier
Published: July 2002

The performance of integrated aerobic digestion and ozonation for the treatment of high strength distillery wastewater (i.e., cherry stillage) is reported. Experiments were conducted in laboratory batch systems operating in draw and fill mode. For the biological step, activated sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment facility was used as inoculum, showing a high degree of activity to distillery wastewater. Thus, BOD and COD overall conversions of 95% and 82% were achieved, respectively. However, polyphenol content and absorbance at 254 nm (A254) could not be reduced more than 35% and 15%, respectively, by means of single biological oxidation. By considering COD as substrate, the aerobic digestion process followed a Contois' model kinetics, from which the maximum specific growth rate of microorganisms (μmax) and the inhibition factor, β, were then evaluated at different conditions of temperature and pH. In the combined process, the effect of a post‐ozonation stage was studied. The main goals achieved by the ozonation step were the removal of polyphenols and A254. Therefore, ozonation was shown to be an appropriate technology to aid aerobic biological oxidation in the treatment of cherry stillage.
Enhanced Mixing and Mass Transfer in a Recirculation Loop Results in High Cell Densities in a Roller Bottle Reactor
Authors: Berson R. Eric , Pieczynski William J. , Svihla C. Kurt , Hanley Thomas R.
Published: July 2002

A recirculation loop added to a large‐scale roller bottle reactor resulted in high cell densities as compared to standard roller bottles. Four different mammalian cell lines reached an average maximum density equal to 5.4 × 106 cells /mL (σ = 0.263), which was between 2.13 and 2.95 times greater than the densities in roller bottles without recirculation using the same cell lines. The high densities were maintained over long durations (>25 days) while the reactor operated with continuous perfusion. The increased densities are attributed to enhanced liquid mixing and oxygen transfer that occur as a result of the recirculation loop. Models were developed that describe axial liquid flow and oxygen transfer in both the sample loop and the reactor growth chamber. Axial dispersion and oxygen transfer coefficients are presented for a variety of operating conditions. The increased oxygen transfer characteristics of the reactor allow for easy scale‐up of roller bottle cultures by operating at larger volumes with greater liquid depths than conventional roller bottles permit. The surface‐area‐to‐volume ratio in the tests performed was 0.206 versus 1.16 cm−1 in a standard roller bottle.
Carbopeptides: carbohydrates as potential templates for de novo design of protein models
Authors: Jensen K.J. , Barany G.
Published: July 2002

Abstract: De novo design of proteins has evolved into a powerful approach for studying the factors governing protein folding and stability. Among the families of structures frequently studied is the ‘four‐helix bundle’ in which four α‐helical peptide strands, linked by loops, form a hydrophobic core. Assembly of protein models on a template has been suggested as a way to reduce the entropy of folding. Here we describe the potential use of a carbohydrate as such a template. The monosaccharide d‐galactose was per‐O‐acylated with (Nβ‐Fmoc‐βAla)2O to give a penta‐substituted derivative, which was converted to the corresponding glycosyl bromide and used for the glycosylation of 4‐hydroxymethylbenzoic acid pentafluorophenyl ester (HMBA‐OPfp). The β‐glycosidic carbohydrate template (Nβ‐Fmoc‐βAla)4‐β‐d‐Galp‐(1‐O)‐MBA‐OPfp thus obtained was coupled to a PAL‐PEG‐PS resin and simultaneously extended at the four arms to yield, after cleavage from the solid support, a carbopeptide with four identical peptide strands. Extension of this concept to, for example, synthesis of novel multiple antigenic peptides (MAPs) and synthesis of carbohydrate clusters can be easily envisioned. The ability to efficiently synthesize such structures sets the stage for further studies to test whether the carbohydrate templates do indeed nucleate folding.
Ligand‐presenting assembly: a method for C‐ and N‐terminal antigen presentation
Authors: Holm A. , Jørgensen R.M. , Østergaard S. , Theisen M.
Published: July 2002

Abstract: Achiral dicarboxylic acids were coupled with 2 eq. of the free α‐amino groups of two fully side‐chain protected peptide chains while these were still attached to a synthesis resin. Cleavage from the resin with simultaneous side‐chain deprotection afforded two assembled peptide chains with free C‐terminals. Suitable functionalization of the achiral dicarboxylic acid alternatively permited continued peptide synthesis in a C to N orientation leading to a final peptide assembly which, after cleavage from the resin, may have multiple N to C and C to N presentation of one or more epitopes.
IgA Fc receptor (FcαR) cross-linking recruits tyrosine kinases, phosphoinositide kinases and serine/threonine kinases to glycolipid rafts
Authors: LANG Mark L. , CHEN Yih-Wen , SHEN Li , GAO Hong , LANG Gillian A. , WADE Terri K. , WADE William F.
Published: July 2002

The human IgA Fc receptor (FcαR, CD89) triggers several important physiological functions, including phagocytosis, NADPH oxidase activation and antigen presentation. Efforts are underway to delineate FcαR signal-transduction pathways that control these functions. In a previous study, we demonstrated that cross-linking of FcαR increased its partitioning into membrane glycolipid rafts and was accompanied by γ-chain-dependent recruitment and phosphorylation of the tyrosine kinases Lck/Yes-related novel protein tyrosine kinase (Lyn) and Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk). Here we have performed a more extensive characterization of signalling effectors recruited to rafts on FcαR cross-linking. We demonstrate that in addition to tyrosine kinases Lyn and Btk, FcαR cross-linking also recruits B-lymphocyte kinase (Blk) and spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) to rafts. We show recruitment of phosphoinositide kinases, including 3-phosphoinositide 3-kinase and phospholipase Cγ2, and serine/threonine kinases such as protein kinase C (PKC) α, PKC∊, and protein kinase B (PKB) α. This suggests that lipid rafts serve as sites for FcαR-triggered recruitment of multiple classes of signalling effectors. We further demonstrate that tyrosine kinases and PKCα have a sustained association with rafts, whereas phosphoinositide 3-kinase and its downstream effectors have a transient association with rafts. This is consistent with temporally regulated divergence of FcαR signalling pathways in rafts. Furthermore, we suggest the spatial separation of signalling effectors by transport of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1, PKBα and PKC∊ to endocytic compartments containing internalized FcαR.
An open reading frame in intron seven of the sea urchin DNA-methyltransferase gene codes for a functional AP1 endonuclease
Authors: CIOFFI Anna Valentina , FERRARA Diana , CUBELLIS Maria Vittoria , ANIELLO Francesco , CORRADO Marcella , LIGUORI Francesca , AMOROSO Alessandro , FUCCI Laura , BRANNO Margherita
Published: July 2002

Analysis of the genome structure of the Paracentrotus lividus (sea urchin) DNA methyltransferase (DNA MTase) gene showed the presence of an open reading frame, named METEX, in intron 7 of the gene. METEX expression is developmentally regulated, showing no correlation with DNA MTase expression. In fact, DNA MTase transcripts are present at high concentrations in the early developmental stages, while METEX is expressed at late stages of development. Two METEX cDNA clones (Met1 and Met2) that are different in the 3′ end have been isolated in a cDNA library screening. The putative translated protein from Met2 cDNA clone showed similarity with Escherichia coli endonuclease III on the basis of sequence and predictive three-dimensional structure. The protein, overexpressed in E. coli and purified, had functional properties similar to the endonuclease specific for apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites on the basis of the lyase activity. Therefore the open reading frame, present in intron 7 of the P. lividus DNA MTase gene, codes for a functional AP endonuclease designated SuAP1.
Interferon as therapy for multiple myeloma: an individual patient data overview of 24 randomized trials and 4012 patients
Authors:   The Myeloma Trialists' Collaborative Group
Published: July 2002

Many randomized trials have evaluated α‐interferon as myeloma therapy, some suggesting a benefit and others not. Most were too small to give reliable answers, so a systematic overview has been performed to provide a more reliable estimate of the effect of interferon. The main end‐points were response rates (induction trials), progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Individual patient data were supplied for 24 trials involving 4012 patients, 12 induction trials (2469 patients) and 12 maintenance trials (1543 patients). In induction, response rates were slightly better with interferon (57·5% versus 53·1%, P = 0·01). PFS was better with interferon (33% versus 24% at 3 years, P < 0·00001), an effect seen in both induction (P = 0·0003) and maintenance (P < 0·00001) trials. Median time to progression was increased by about 6 months in both settings. OS was somewhat better with interferon (53% versus 49% at 3 years, P = 0·01) with median survival increased by about 4 months. This benefit was restricted to the smaller trials. The effect of interferon was not significantly related to the dose or duration of interferon or to patients' characteristics. PFS was improved with interferon, but the survival benefit, if any, was small and needs balancing against cost and toxicity.
The effects of polyvinyl chloride and polyolefin blood bags on red blood cells stored in a new additive solution
Authors: Hill H. R. , Oliver C. K. , Lippert L. E. , Greenwalt T. J. , Hess J. R.
Published: July 2002

Background and Objectives

Red blood cells (RBCs) must be stored in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bags plasticized with di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate or a similar plasticizer to achieve their full storage life with conventional storage solutions. Improved storage solutions might remove this requirement and allow blood storage in other plastics. Experimental Additive Solution‐61 (EAS‐61), which maintains RBCs for 9 weeks with reduced haemolysis and satisfactory 51Cr 24‐h recovery, is an appropriate candidate improved RBC storage solution.

Materials and Methods

Twenty‐four units of packed RBCs were pooled in groups of four units, each pool was realiquoted into four units and stored, six pooled units per arm, in one of the following: 100 ml of EAS‐61 in PVC; 200 ml of EAS‐61 in PVC; 100 ml of EAS‐61 in polyolefin (PO); and 200 ml of EAS‐61 in PO. Haemolysis, RBC morphology indices, RBC ATP concentrations, and other measures of RBC metabolism and function were measured weekly.

Results

RBC haemolysis exceeded 1% by 7 weeks in PO bags containing 100 ml or 200 ml of EAS‐61. In PVC bags, haemolysis was less than 1% at 11 weeks. RBC ATP concentrations were 1 mol/g of haemoglobin (Hb) higher at 2 weeks in the PVC‐stored units.

Conclusions

RBCs stored in PVC had markedly less haemolysis and higher RBC ATP concentrations than those stored in PO. Haemolysis would limit RBC storage in PO bags to a duration of 6 weeks, even with EAS‐61.
Elastic scattering centers in resonant tunneling diodes
Authors: Wolak E. , Lear K. L. , Pitner P. M. , Hellman E. S. , Park B. G. , Weil T. , Harris J. S. , Thomas D.
Published: July 2002

The effect of impurities placed in the wells of double-barrier resonant tunneling diodes on the current-voltage characteristics was experimentally determined. Four different double-barrier structures were grown by molecular beam epitaxy with n-type, p-type, undoped, and highly compensated doping in the center of the well. Resonant tunneling devices of various sizes were fabricated, and measured at 77 K. Systematic shifts in the peak position and peak to valley ratios were observed for the different dopant profiles. The shifts in peak position are correctly predicted by a ballistic model which includes the effects of band bending due to ionized impurities in the well. The doped devices showed a systematic decrease in the peak to valley ratio which is not predicted by the ballistic model. By scaling our results, it is apparent that in most cases unintentional background impurities are not sufficient to significantly degrade the current-voltage characteristics of resonant tunneling diodes.
Correlation of photoluminescence measurements with the composition and electronic properties of chemically etched CdTe surfaces
Authors: Sobiesierski Z. , Dharmadasa I. M. , Williams R. H.
Published: July 2002

We have performed photoluminescence (PL) measurements on chemically etched single-crystal p-CdTe. In addition, x-ray photoemission measurements have been used as a guide to surface stoichiometry for each chemical treatment. The relative intensities of the 0.875±0.005 eV and 1.125±0.005 eV PL bands are seen to be linked to the preferential depletion of either Cd or Te from the CdTe surface. Furthermore, the energies of these deep level transitions measured at T=4 K show remarkable agreement with the two values of Schottky barrier, Φb=0.72±0.02 eV and Φb=0.93±0.02 eV, normally obtained at room temperature for Au and Sb contacts to n-CdTe.
Cathodoluminescence of oval defects in GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs epilayers using an optical fiber light collection system
Authors: Hoenk Michael E. , Vahala Kerry J.
Published: July 2002

A cathodoluminescence system using a novel optical fiber light collection system is employed to study oval defects in GaAs/Alx Ga1−x As epilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Spatially and spectrally resolved data on the luminescence of oval defects are presented. Oval defects are found to contain an enhanced concentration of gallium, which is consistent with current theories regarding the origin of these defects.
Schottky barrier formation on (NH4)2S-treated n- and p-type (100)GaAs
Authors: Carpenter M. S. , Melloch M. R. , Dungan T. E.
Published: July 2002

Because of a large surface state density, which effectively pins the Fermi level at the surface, metals with vastly different work functions and chemistry produce very similar Schottky barriers when deposited on GaAs. We have investigated the effects of an (NH4)2S surface treatment on the formation of Schottky barriers on n- and p-type GaAs. Samples which have undergone the (NH4)2S treatment show a reduced pinning of the Fermi level at the surface and hence Schottky barriers which are more sensitive to the metal work function.
High-power discharge-pumped F2 molecular laser
Authors: Yamada Kawakatsu , Miyazaki Kenzo , Hasama Toshifumi , Sato Takuzo
Published: July 2002

Output energy of a discharge-pumped F2 molecular laser has been greatly increased by an extremely intense excitation in a sufficiently high-pressure laser gas mixture. The maximum vacuum ultraviolet output energy was 112 mJ for an 8 atm laser gas mixture, which is almost an order of magnitude larger than that obtained so far with discharge devices. The peak power deposition into the discharge plasma was estimated to be 23 MW/cm3 for the maximum output energy. Use of a short electrode spacing was found to be effective to increase the output energy.
Iron-doped semi-insulating InP grown by chemical beam epitaxy
Authors: Tsang W. T. , Sudbo A. S. , Yang L. , Camarda R. , Leibenguth R. E.
Published: July 2002

We have prepared Fe-doped InP epilayers by chemical beam epitaxy using a thermal atomic Fe beam. Epilayers having high resistivities (≳107 Ω cm) were obtained over a wide range of Fe concentrations. Resistivities as high as 1.3×108 Ω cm have been obtained. Such resistivity is almost equal to the theoretical value of 1.37×108 Ω cm that we estimate for intrinsic InP. The current-voltage characteristics exhibit both an ohmic and a space-charge-limited regime, and are consistent with the theory of single-carrier injection into a trap-free insulator. Pinning of the Fermi level near midgap by Fe-related deep levels is the mechanism by which the epilayer is made highly resistive. At room temperature, these traps are apparently deep enough that the carrier emission rate is negligible.