bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solving the Integrated Airline Recovery Problem Using Column-and-Row Generation
Authors: Maher Stephen J.
Published: March 2015

Airline recovery presents very large and difficult problems requiring high-quality solutions within short time limits. To improve computational performance, various solution approaches have been employed, including decomposition methods and approximation techniques. There has been increasing interest in the development of efficient and accurate solution techniques to solve an integrated airline recovery problem. In this paper, an integrated airline recovery problem is developed, integrating the schedule, crew, and aircraft recovery stages, and it is solved using column-and-row generation. A general framework for column-and-row generation is presented as an extension of current generic methods. This extension considers multiple secondary variables and linking constraints and is proposed as an alternative solution approach to Benders' decomposition. The application of column-and-row generation to the integrated recovery problem demonstrates the improvement in the solution run times and quality compared to a standard column generation approach. Column-and-row generation improves solution run times by reducing the problem size and thereby achieving faster execution of each linear programming solve. As a result of this evaluation, a number of general enhancement techniques are identified to further reduce the run times of column-and-row generation. This paper also details the integration of the row generation procedure with branch and price, which is used to identify integer optimal solutions.
Self-neglect: a case study and implications for clinical practice
Authors: Day Mary Rose , Mulcahy Helen , Leahy-Warren Patricia , Downey Johanna
Published: March 2015

Self-neglect is a worldwide and serious public health issue that can have serious adverse outcomes and is more common in older people. Cases can vary in presentation, but typically present as poor self-care, poor care of the environment and service refusal. Community nurses frequently encounter self-neglect cases and health and social care professionals play a key role in the identification, management and prevention of self-neglect. Self-neglect cases can give rise to ethical, personal and professional challenges. The aim of this article is to create a greater understanding of the concept of self-neglect among community nurses.
Compression therapy and the management of lower-limb lymphoedema: the male perspective
Authors: Cooper Garry
Published: March 2015

Lymphoedema and chronic oedema are managed through multiple interventions forming the two key stages of lymphoedema management. In the field of lymphoedema and chronic oedema research, the male perspective has received limited attention when compared with the female equivalent. Further research is needed within the UK and globally to address the present gap. Despite this limited focus, management options available to male patients do not differ significantly from female patients, with compression therapy being the main management option. The success of compression therapy and other interventions such as skin care and exercise depend on the patient's acceptance of the condition and the management options made available. This requires the development of an appropriate partnership between the health professional and the patient.
Mobile working: positively engaging community nurses
Authors: Turner Christopher
Published: March 2015

Mobile working refers to a practitioner's ability to access information systems and applications while ‘on the move’. This relatively new concept has yielded a number of benefits, including the ability to access patients' electronic records in real time and a reduction in travelling time for clinicians, thereby improving efficiency within community nursing practice. For a change in practice to be successful, it is necessary to ensure that the proposals are discussed with the staff group implementing them and that appropriate help and support are provided during the period of transition. Maintaining engagement with community nursing teams may be challenging due to increasing workloads and limited resources, potentially affecting health professionals' ability to attend workshops and associated events. Considering the specific needs of the workforce requires consideration and planning, including provision of additional support for members of staff who may lack confidence in working with mobile devices.
Accountability in district nursing practice: key concepts
Authors: Griffith Richard
Published: March 2015

Public trust and confidence in district nurses is essential to the nurse–patient relationship that underpins effective care and treatment. That trust and confidence has even greater focus for district nurses who care for patients in their own homes. Those patients need to be able to count on the professionalism and probity of their district nurses. The professionalism and probity of district nurses is based on their accountability, which protects the public by imposing standards on district nurses and holds them answerable for their acts and omissions. This is the first of a series of articles on accountability in district nursing practice to mark the introduction of the revised Nursing and Midwifery Code on the 31 March 2015. This month's article considers the key concepts of accountability.
Ten years on from the National Service Framework for Long-Term Conditions: how far have we come?
Authors: Mendes Aysha
Published: March 2015

Aysha Mendes investigates whether the Department of Health's blueprint for improving care of long-term conditions in the UK has been successful amid the large-scale changes occurring in the NHS over recent years
School buildings: Improving learning environments
Authors: Gilliford Kate
Published: March 2015

Finding the money to repair and maintain your school buildings is an important issue for school leaders. Kate Gilliford looks at some possible funding streams.
Working with charities: Developing partnerships
Authors: Craven Sophie
Published: March 2015

Through a case study, Sophie Craven describes how school fundraisers can work effectively in partnership with charities in order to generate additional funds.
Diagnosing food allergy in children
Authors: Kochhar Suneeta
Published: March 2015

Nurses should take a careful history and follow this with diagnostic testing, explains Suneeta Kochhar
Helping men with learning disabilities to live healthier lives
Authors: Barber Chris
Published: March 2015

The challenges of meeting the health needs of men with learning disabilities are highlighted by Chris Barber
Andrea Mann: Driving up quality
Authors: Mann Andrea
Published: March 2015

Andrea Mann is lead primary care nurse for Leeds South and East Clinical Commissioning Group and a managing partner at a GP surgery
Tackling homophobia in school
Authors: Newton Alex
Published: March 2015

The 10th annual LGBT History Month has just come to an end. Alex Newton, from charity Stonewall, offers secondary schools some best practice advice for tackling homophobia and celebrating difference
Using thermal time models to predict germination of five provenances of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) in southern England
Authors: Midmore Edwyn , McCartan Shelagh , Jinks Richard , Cahalan Christine
Published: March 2015

Climate predictions indicate that growing conditions may become unfavourable for certain tree species in parts of Britain. Guidelines suggest some planting of seed sources from regions between 2Â° andÂ 5Â° south of those currently used as part of a climate change adaptation strategy. However, there has been little research on the benefits and risks associated with the use of planting stock from more southerly seed sources. Seeds of five provenances of the ârelativelyâ dormant were germinated over a range of temperatures both with and without a pre-chill. Subsequently, a thermal time model was used to predict the impact of migrating these provenances to southern England. Results identified geographical differences in germination response; those from higher latitude were more sensitive to pre-chill.Betula pendula
Prevalence and associated comorbidities of body mass index ranges
Authors: Kaur Jaspinder , Singh Sargun , Kaur Kawaljit
Published: March 2015

Obesity is a global preventable epidemic inundating health care resources by increasing mortality and morbidity. The present study aimed to determine prevalence, risk factors, and co-morbidities associated with body mass index (BMI) ranges. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess physical activity, dietary habits, alcohol, family history, sleep, stress, gender, age, education, employment and socioeconomic status as determinants of BMI. Total prevalence of overweight and obesity was reported among 33.34% and 18.24% of subjects, respectively; which increases with age (76.55%) and declines thereafter (21.87%). Female gender, primary and secondary education, middle social class, unemployment, positive family history, physical inactivity (p<0.001), non-vegetarian diet (p<0.05), adequate sleep, and significant stress was found associated with overweight and obesity. The prevalence of hypertension (p<0.05), hyperglycaemia (p<0.05), and hyperlipidemia was found directly proportional to increase in BMI. A rapidly rising obesity and its associated co-morbidities show that almost all the factors were potentially modifiable and preventable through lifestyle modification, which includes Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension, daily 30minutes moderate-intensity physical activity and stress management.
The Preschooler’s Verb-Usage through Semantic Categories in the Spontaneous Speech according to Gender
Authors: Kim Soo Jin , Oh Gyung Ah ,   Korean Society of Augmentative and Alternative Communication
Published: March 2015

Objectives: The effect of gender on the word-usage is controversial. Accordingly, this study looks at the difference of verbs-usage through semantic categories in the spontaneous speech of children. Method: Speech data were collected from 64 children, age 2 to 5, without speech and language delays. And data were selected as 300 representative utterances for analysis. The verbs were divided into semantic categories based on Halliday(2004); categorized as material, mental, relational, existential, behavioral or verbal verbs(processes). We examined the number of different verb types and the frequency of their usage according to gender. Results: The results of the study are as follows: Girls showed a significant difference in frequency of use, but not verb types. Girls used more relational and behavioral verb types than boys. Conclusion: Speech language pathologists or special teacher can consult the verb type and frequency when they prioritize verbs to teach children according to gender.
Goodness-of-fit of Augmentative and Alternative Communication Evaluation Preliminary Inventory
Authors: Jeong So Young , Kim Sam Sup ,   Korean Society of Augmentative and Alternative Communication
Published: March 2015

Background & Objectives: This research is a fundamental study to develop an evaluation inventory that can be used in preliminary evaluations of students using AAC. The study was undertaken to develop a preliminary evaluation inventory and examine its soundness through expert reviews on AAC evaluation factors and inventories extracted from previous studies. Method: AAC factors and inventories from 37 domestic and international studies were extracted and their validity was reviewed to create an AAC assessment preliminary inventory. With the inventory, a preliminary survey on 300 students attending special-needs schools with physical or developmental disabilities was conducted. Result: 7 factors including ‘communication participation’, ‘literacy abilities’, ‘non-verbal communication abilities’, ‘body functions’, ‘human resources’, ‘awareness’, ‘policy’, as well as 37 inventory items were developed as part of the Augmentative and alternative communication evaluation preliminary inventory, and the preliminary inventory appeared to be relatively satisfactory. Conclusion: Regarding the AAC preliminary evaluation inventory developed in this study, further research to confirm the factors used and verify their goodness-of-fit through a validation process is necessary.
Dangerous Double Dosing: How Naive Beliefs Can Contribute to Unintentional Overdose with Over-the-Counter Drugs
Authors: Catlin Jesse R. , Pechmann Cornelia (Connie) , Brass Eric P.
Published: March 2015

In a series of studies, consumers reviewed over-the-counter (OTC) drug packages and evaluated these drugs for concurrent use. The authors investigate whether the consumers utilized the active ingredients listed on the package and recognized the risks of double dosing when using two drugs with the same active ingredient. Both novice and expert consumers used the active ingredients to assess drug similarity, indicating that the information was accessible. However, only medically trained experts used this information to assess the risks of taking two drugs concurrently, indicating that they understood its diagnosticity or relevancy. Novices' failure to view double dosing as risky suggests that they might hold a naive belief that OTC drugs are relatively risk free; thus, the authors test interventions to increase active ingredient diagnosticity versus accessibility. One intervention considered by OTC drug manufacturers makes active ingredients more accessible on packages using icons. However, the authors found this approach alone to be ineffective, whereas interventions enhancing the diagnosticity of ingredients through public service messages or package warnings yielded promising results. Thus, interventions may benefit by going beyond accessibility to also highlight active ingredient diagnosticity.
Bionic approach for the prevention of exit-site infections of percutaneous devices
Authors: Großhauser Johannes , Reiter Katja , Große-Siestrup Christian , Kikhney Judith , Kertzscher Ulrich , Affeld Klaus
Published: March 2015

Exit-site infections remain one of the main complications for percutaneous devices, such as catheters for peritoneal dialysis or drivelines for ventricular assist devices. Many efforts have been made to create a biological seal, yet without long-term success. This study investigates a new kind of percutaneous device which is coated with an extricable polymeric membrane. The bionic approach applies the naturally outwards directed growth of skin structures to technology: by pulling the protective membrane it slowly grows out of the body and a developing sulcus is exposed to dry air and an infection is avoided. In a feasibility study this kind of device was shown to reduce the rate of infection. To further investigate these devices, they were implanted in the skin of goats and observed for a period of more than 500 days. The membranes were pulled with a force of up to 2 N and the resulting movement was recorded. When being pulled, the membranes moved 0.4–0.9 mm per week, showing that the application of a continuously acting, defined force on the protective membrane causes the desired slow movement.
Fascin is a circulating tumor marker for head and neck cancer as determined by a proteomic analysis of interstitial fluid from the tumor microenvironment
Authors: Lee Li-Yu , Chen Yin-Ju , Lu Ya-Ching , Liao Chun-Ta , Chen I-How , Chang Joseph Tung-Chieh , Huang Yu-Chen , Chen Wen-Ho , Huang Chi-Che , Tsai Chi-Ying , Cheng Ann-Joy
Published: March 2015

Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a prevalent cancer worldwide; however, clinically useful tumor markers for HNC have not been identified. Here, we aimed to identify secretory proteins from the tumor microenvironment as candidate circulating tumor markers.

Samples derived from seven pairs of tumor interstitial fluid (TIF) and normal interstitial fluid (NIF) samples from patients with HNC were analyzed. The proteomes were determined by gel-based-mass-spectrometry proteomic methods. The most up-regulated protein, fascin was confirmed in the cancer tissues and cell culture supernatant by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry assays. Serum fascin was determined in 40 HNC and 40 normal individuals by ELISA.

After proteomics analysis, 189 peptides were identified, corresponding to 75 proteins. Of the 21 proteins which were identified more than twice, five up-regulated proteins identified most frequently including fascin. The most elevated fascin was over-expressed in cancer tissues and cell culture supernatant. Serum fascin was significantly up-regulated in the cancer patients (p<0.001) and correlated with pathological lymph node metastasis (p=0.022). To assess the diagnostic efficacy, serum levels of fascin and another potential biomarker SCCA were determined. Fascin showed a high predictable value with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.808 (95% CI 0.723–0.901) in the receiver operator curve (ROC), compared to 0.501 (95% CI 0.378–0.634) for SCCA.

We have identified 75 potential circulating tumor markers associated with HNC, including fascin. Serum fascin could discriminate cancer patients from healthy individuals; thus, it may serve as a circulating biomarker for HNC.
The possible role of factor H in complement activation-related pseudoallergy (CARPA): a failed attempt to correlate blood levels of FH with liposome-induced hypersensitivity reactions in patients with autoimmune disease
Authors: Fülöp Tamas Gyula , Józsi Mihály , Metselaar Josbert , Storm Gert , Rosivall Laszló , Szebeni Janos
Published: March 2015

Factor H (FH) is a natural inhibitor of the alternative pathway (AP) of complement (C) activation, an abundant protein in blood whose reduced level has been associated with proneness for increased C activation. There are also 5 FH-related proteins (FHR), which have different impacts on C function. After brief outlines of the C system and its activation via the AP, this review focuses on FH and FHR, collecting data from the literature that suggest that reduced levels or function of FH is associated with C activation-related hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs), called C activation related pseudoallergy (CARPA). Based on such observations we initiated the measurement of FH in the blood of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and examined the correlation between FH levels and HSRs following i.v. administration of PEGylated liposomal prednisolone phosphate (PLPP). ELISA assay of FH was conducted on plasma samples before treatment, immediately after treatment and at follow-up visits up to 7 weeks, and an attempt was made to correlate the FH levels obtained with the presence or absence of HSR that occurred in five of twenty patients. However, the initial data presented here on three reactive and three non-reactive patients showed FH levels >600 μg/mL, while the normal range of FH is 2–300 μg/mL. This unexpected outcome of the test led us to realize that the ELISA we used was based on antibodies raised against the short consensus repeats (SCR) in FH, which are also present in FHR. Thus the kit cannot distinguish these proteins and we most likely measured the combined levels of FH and FHR. These initial data highlighted an unforeseen technical problem in assessing FH function when using a FH ELISA that cross reacts with FHR, information that helps in further studies exploring the role of FH in CARPA.
Towards nano-diagnostics for bacterial infections
Authors: Salieb-Beugelaar Georgette B. , Hunziker Patrick R.
Published: March 2015

Sensitive, specific and rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases is essential for effective and economic medical care. Focused medical treatment of the patient enabled by pathogen-specific diagnosis may benefit the patient, may reduce cost, and may minimize the risk of drug resistance development. The rapid progress in micro and nanotechnologies contributes to the development of novel diagnostic methods. This critical review assesses emerging nanotechnologies for diagnosis of bacterial infection in developed and developing countries on the background of the current state of the art and includes particular challenges and pitfalls posed by a number of specific pathogens.
Functional properties of LptA and LptD in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120
Authors: Hsueh Yi-Ching , Brouwer Eva-M. , Marzi Julian , Mirus Oliver , Schleiff Enrico
Published: March 2015

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are central components of the outer membrane and consist of Lipid A, the core polysaccharide, and the O-antigen. The synthesis of LPS is initiated at the cytosolic face of the cytoplasmic membrane. The subsequent transport to and across the outer membrane involves multiple lipopolysaccharide transport (Lpt) proteins. Among those proteins, the periplasmic-localized LptA and the outer membrane-embedded LptD participate in the last steps of transfer and insertion of LPS into the outer membrane. While the process is described for proteobacterial model systems, not much is known about the machinery in cyanobacteria. We demonstrate thatanaLptD (alr1278) ofAnabaenasp. PCC 7120 is important for cell wall function and its pore domain shows a Lipid A sensitive cation-selective gating behavior. The N-terminal domain ofanaLptD recognizesanaLptA (alr4067), but notecLptA. Furthermore,anaLptA specifically interacts with the Lipid A fromAnabaenasp. PCC 7120 only, whileanaLptD binds to Lipid A isolated fromEscherichia colias well. Based on the comparative analysis of proteins fromE. coliandAnabaenasp. we discuss the properties of the cyanobacterial Lpt system.
On the priority of salience-based interpretations: The case of sarcastic irony
Authors: Fein Ofer , Yeari Menahem , Giora Rachel
Published: March 2015

Results from 2 experiments support the view that, regardless of strength of contextual expectation for utterance nonsalient (ironic) interpretation, (a) salience-based interpretations will not be blocked. Instead, they will be facilitated initially. And, (b) if conducive to the interpretation process, they will not be suppressed, albeit incompatible (Giora 2003; Giora and Fein 1999a; Giora and Fein 1999b; Giora et al. 2007). In Experiment 1, expectancy for an ironic utterance was manipulated by introducing an ironic speaker, whose ironic utterances were prefaced by overt ironic cues, making explicit the speaker's ironic intent. In Experiment 2, expectancy strongly biased via repeated exposure to ironic utterances, was further strengthened by informing participants that the experiment was testing sarcasm interpretation. Long processing times were allowed so as to tap later (suppression) processes. Results from reading times and lexical decisions support the temporal priority of salience-based interpretations, while arguing against both, the contextualist views (Gibbs 2002; Katz 2009) and the Gricean suppression hypothesis (Grice 1975).
A nilpotent
group without local functional equations for pro-isomorphic
subgroups
Authors: Berman Mark N. , Klopsch Benjamin
Published: March 2015

The pro-isomorphic zeta function ζΓ
∧(s) of a
torsion-free finitely generated nilpotent group Γ enumerates
finite index subgroups Δ ≤ Γ such that Δ and
Γ have isomorphic profinite completions. It admits an Euler
product decomposition
ζΓ
∧(s) = ∏
p

ζΓ,p

∧(s)

We manufacture the first example of a torsion-free finitely
generated nilpotent group Γ such that the local Euler factors
ζΓ,p

∧(s) do not satisfy functional equations on
inverting p. The group Γ has nilpotency class 4 and
Hirsch length 25. It is obtained, via the Malcev correspondence,
from a ℤ-Lie lattice Λ with a suitable algebraic
automorphism group 𝐀𝐮𝐭(Λ).
The geometry of the conjugacy problem in wreath products and free solvable groups
Authors: Sale Andrew W.
Published: March 2015

In this paper, we describe an effective version of the conjugacy problem and study it for wreath products and free solvable groups. The problem involves estimating the length of short conjugators between two elements of the group, a notion which leads to the definition of the conjugacy length function. We show that for free solvable groups the conjugacy length function is at most cubic. For wreath products the behaviour depends on the conjugacy length function of the two groups involved, as well as subgroup distortion within the quotient group.
On nilpotent and solvable quotients of primitive groups
Authors: Keller Thomas Michael , Yang Yong
Published: March 2015

Extending work of Aschbacher and Guralnick on abelian quotients of finite groups, in this paper we show that if G is a primitive permutation group on a set of size n, then
any nilpotent quotient of G has order at most n
β and any solvable quotient of G has order at most n
α+1, where β = log 32/log 9 and
α = (3 log(48) + log(24))/(3 · log(9)).
A function space from a compact metrizable space to a dendrite with the hypo-graph topology
Authors: Yang Hanbiao , Sakai Katsuro , Koshino Katsuhisa
Published: March 2015

Let X be an infinite compact metrizable space having only a finite number of isolated points and Y be a non-degenerate dendrite with a distinguished end point v. For each continuous map ƒ : X → Y , we define the hypo-graph ↓vƒ = ∪ x∈X {x} × [v, ƒ (x)], where [v, ƒ (x)] is the unique arc from v to ƒ (x) in Y . Then we can regard ↓v C(X, Y ) = {↓vƒ | ƒ : X → Y is continuous} as the subspace of the hyperspace Cld(X × Y ) of nonempty closed sets in X × Y endowed with the Vietoris topology. Let

be the closure of ↓v C(X, Y ) in Cld(X ×Y ). In this paper, we shall prove that the pair

, ↓v C(X, Y )) is homeomorphic to (Q, c0), where Q = Iℕ is the Hilbert cube and c0 = {(xi )i∈ℕ ∈ Q | limi→∞xi = 0}.
Poly(lactic acid)/polypropylene and compatibilized poly(lactic acid)/polypropylene blends prepared by a vane extruder: analysis of the mechanical properties, morphology and thermal behavior
Authors: Chen Rong-yuan , Zou Wei , Zhang Hai-chen , Zhang Gui-zhen , Yang Zhi-tao , Qu Jin-ping
Published: March 2015

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/polypropylene (PP) blends with different weight fractions were prepared by a novel vane extruder. The mechanical properties, morphology, crystallization behavior and thermal stability of the blends were investigated. The tensile strength, flexural strength and elongation at break decreased nonlinearly when the PP content was not more than 50 wt% and then increased with an increase in the PP content. The flexural modulus decreased with increasing PP weight fraction. The PLA/PP 90:10 blend exhibited the optimum impact strength. Scanning electron microscopy measurements revealed that the PLA/PP blends were immiscible. Phase separation occurred significantly at a blend ratio of 50:50. Regarding the PLA/PP 90:10 blend, the mean diameter of the disperse-phase PP particles was the smallest at 1.11 μm. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements showed that low content of PP enhanced the crystallization of PLA. The PLA component in the blends impeded the crystallization of PP when PP was used as the matrix. The thermogravimetric analysis measurement involved a two-step decomposition process of the blends. The thermal resistance of the blends was improved by compounding with PP. As compatibilizers, both the maleic anhydride-grafted PP and the ethylene/n-butyl acrylate/glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer helped improve the mechanical properties, crystallization property and thermal resistance of the PLA/PP blends.
Investigation of Thrust Augmentation and Acoustic Performance by Ejectors on PDE
Authors: Xu Gui-yang , Weng Chun-sheng , Li Ning , Huang Xiao-long
Published: March 2015

Thrust augmentation and acoustic performance of a Pulse Detonation Engine (PDE) with ejector system is experimentally investigated. For these tests the
Sekundärelektronen und -photonen der μ-Mesonen in festen Materialien
Authors: Ott K. , Preuss H.
Published: March 2015

Die integralen Energiespektren der die μ-Mesonenkomponente auf Seehöhe in fester Materie begleitenden Elektronen und Photonen wurden für C-, Fe- und Pb-Shichten mit Dicken von 0 bis 50 g/cm2 und Energien zwischen 0 und 100 MeV berechnet.

Die Ergebnisse werden in Form von Kurven angegeben.
Ein Phosphormodell auf quantenmechanischer Grundlage
Authors: Stumpf Harald
Published: March 2015

Das optische und elektrische Verhalten eines Phosphors, bei makroskopisch vorgegebenen Zustandsgrößen, wird durch sein Grundgitter und durch die Art und Anzahl der in ihm vorhandenen Störstellen bestimmt (§ 10). An jeder Störstelle gehen kombinierte Elektron—Gitter-Prozesse vor sich, die quantenmechanisch durch Übergangsmatrizen beschrieben werden. Die Prozesse verlaufen entweder thermisch, d. h. unter Erhaltung der Gesamtenergie des Kristalls, oder elektromagnetisch, d. h. unter Emission oder Absorption von Photonen. An einem Löschzentrum überwiegen thermische Prozesse und führen zur strahlungslosen Rekombination angeregter Elektronen und Löcher. Hier werden die thermischen Übergangsmatrizen eines solchen Zentrums, z. B. einer S--Lücke in ZnS, für den Elektronen-Einfang und die Ionisation aus dem Grundzustand des Zentrums in das Leitungs- und Valenzband berechnet. Die nichtadiabatischen Wechselwirkungsglieder des Kristalls bestimmen die Übergangsmatrizen. Zu ihrer Berechnung werden die Auswahlregeln für FRANCK—CONDON-Integrale bei beliebiger Nullpunktsverschiebung der Oszillatoren angegeben (§ 11), unter der Annahme verschwindender Dispersion im longitudinalen optischen Zweig der Gitterschwingungen geeignete Eigenschwingungen abgeleitet (§ 12), der Grundzustand der Störstellenwellenfunktion des Elektrons (§ 13) und danach die Störstellenelektron — Gitter-Kopplung (§ 14) eingeführt. Daraus lassen sich die Nullpunktsverschiebungen der Gitter-Oszillatoren ableiten (§ 15). Die berechneten Matrizen folgen in § 16. Die optischen Übergangsmatrizen verschwinden in dieser Näherung vollständig. Diese Eigenschaften hängen wesentlich vom s-Funktionscharakter des Grundzustandes ab. Jedoch darf dies nicht als hinreichendes Kriterium für das Funktionieren eines Zentrums als Löschzentrum betrachtet werden, da noch weitere Größen, wie die energetische Höhe des Grundniveaus, Rekombinationen über angeregte Zustände, die Konzentration der Leitungsbandelektronen usw. das Gesamtverhalten bestimmen. Am Schluß werden in einer vergleichenden Tabelle die Annahmen anderer Autoren sowie bereits berechnete Fälle von Übergangsmatrizen einander gegenübergestellt.
Uredelgase im Meteoriten Breitscheid
Authors: Hintenberger H. , König H. , Wanke H.
Published: March 2015

Primordial rare gases have been found in the chondrite Breitscheid, which shows like Pantar light and dark regions. The primordial rare gases are only to be found in the dark portions; they amount to 179·10-6 cm3 STP/g helium and 221·10-8 cm3 STP/g neon. The isotopic compositions of these primordial rare gases have been determined by subtraction of the amounts of the radiogenic and cosmic ray produced rare gases measured in the light portions. Possible alterations of the isotopic abundances of the primordial rare gases in the time interval between the end of the nucleosynthesis and their capture in the meteoritic matter are discussed. The radiogenic helium age has now been determined to be 1.63·109 years.
Experimentelle Untersuchung des Einflusses der Chemisorption auf die Thermokraft metallischer Aufdampfschichten
Authors: Blänsdorf Klaus , Lautz Günter
Published: March 2015

Bei der Chemisorption von Gasen an Festkörperoberflächen findet ein Elektronenaustausch statt, der zu einer Erhöhung oder Verminderung der Ladungsträgerdichte im Festkörper führen kann. In hinreichend dünnen Metallschichten ist dieser Effekt durch Messungen des elektrischen Widerstandes erfaßbar. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird am Beispiel der Chemisorption von Sauerstoff an Kupferaufdampfschichten gezeigt, daß außerdem eine Beeinflussung der differentiellen Thermospannung auftritt. Je nach Schichtdicke ergeben sich Abnahmen um 17 bis 57% des Ausgangswertes. Relativ zur Widerstandsänderung ist die Thermokraftänderung bei der ersten Chemisorption um den Faktor 2,5 bis 3 größer. Die Meßresultate stimmen mit Abschätzungen überein, die aus einer Theorie von BROSS und HACKER über die Thermokraft des kompakten Materials unter der Voraussetzung eines von der Chemisorption unbeeinflußten Streumechanismus zu erhalten sind. Die quantitativen Zusammenhänge zwischen Sauerstoffpartialdruck, Widerstands- und Thermokraftvariation bei den verschiedensten Versuchsbedingungen werden diskutiert. Im Prinzip ist durch den beschriebenen Effekt in Kombination mit Widerstandsmessungen die Möglichkeit gegeben, den Einfluß der Chemisorption auf die Trägerdichte und den Streumechanismus getrennt zu erfassen.
Mittlere kinetische Energie der bei der Kathodenzerstäubung von Metallen ausgesandten Partikel
Authors: Kopitzki Konrad , Stier Hans-Erhart
Published: March 2015

Die mittlere kinetische Energie E der Teilchen, die beim Beschuß von Metallen mit Xe- und Kr-Ionen einer Energie von 35 keV ausgesandt werden, wurde in Abhängigkeit von der Ordnungszahl der Kathodensubstanz gemessen. Es zeigt sich eine regelmäßige Änderung dieser Energie in den einzelnen Perioden des periodischen Systems der Elemente, und zwar treten bei den Elementen der zweiten Nebengruppe Minima der Energie E auf. Ein Vergleich mit den Zerstäubungsraten der entsprechenden Metalle zeigt, daß die mittlere kinetische Energie der ausgesandten Teilchen um so größer ist, je kleiner die Zerstäubungsrate des betreffenden Metalls ist. Für die Elemente Au und Ta wurde E in Abhängigkeit von der Ionenenergie im Energiebereich von 20—60 keV beim Beschuß mit Ne-, A-, Kr- und Xe-Ionen bestimmt. Außerdem wurde bei konstant gehaltener Ionenenergie der Einfluß des Auftreffwinkels der Ionen auf die Energie E untersucht. Für ein bestimmtes Metall ist E um so größer, je tiefer die auftreffenden Teilchen in das Metallgitter eindringen.

Die Diskussion der Meßergebnisse zeigt die Bedeutung von fokussierenden Stoßfolgen für die Vorgänge bei der Kathodenzerstäubung. Es ergibt sich, daß die Energie der austretenden Teilchen in engem Zusammenhang steht mit der Maximalenergie, bei der fokussierende Stöße auftreten können.
Untersuchungen über fluoreszierende Stoffe der Hoden von Drosophila
Authors: Graf G. E. , Hadorn E.
Published: March 2015

The pattern of fluorescent substances in Drosophila testes was qualitatively and quantitatively investigated through paper chromatography and fluorescence measurements. The pteridine inventary which is similar to that found in eyes, is quantitatively altered by a number of mutants of Drosophila melanogaster. Different species of Drosophila are characterized by specific patterns. The red pigments found in the testes of some species of Drosophila are chromatographically identical with the drosopterines of the eyes.
Das Molekulargewicht der Peptideinheit im Protein des Tabakmosaikvirus
Authors: Anderer F. Alfred
Published: March 2015

The protein of tobacco mosaic virus was extracted by phenol. After precipitation with methanol the sedimentation and diffusion constants were measured in alkaline solution. At pH 13,0 S20=2.0 and D20=9.6 was found. From these data a molecular weight of 18 800 ± 10% can be calculated, which corresponds to the size of the peptide subunit found by the endgroup determination.
Die Bedeutung und Berechnung der primären Ionisationen in der Treffertheorie
Authors: Sommermeyer K. , Philipp K.
Published: March 2015

In praktischer Übereinstimmung mit der älteren. Literatur wird von POLLARD und Mitarbb. für den mittleren Energieaufwand pro primäre Ionisation in der biologischen Substanz 110 eV angenommen. Nach experimentellen Untersuchungen über die primäre Ionisation in wasserstoffhaltigen Dämpfen muß angenommen werden, daß in der biologischen Substanz der mittlere Energieaufwand pro primäre Ionisation um mindestens 30% kleiner ist als 110 eV. Sehr wahrscheinlich besitzen jedoch die energiearmen primären Ionisationen (einzeln in den biologischen Strukturen erzeugt) nur eine verschwindende Wirkungs-Wahrscheinlichkeit.
ʟ(-)Sorbose als Inhibitor der intestinalen Vitamin B12-Resorption
Authors: Heinrich H. C. , Skibbe R. , Staak M.
Published: March 2015

1. 10 g ʟ (-) Sorbose hemmen bei etwa einem Drittel der daraufhin mit Hilfe des Radio-B12-Urincxkretions-Testes untersuchten Menschen mit normaler Vitamin B12-Resorption die intestinale Resorption einer physiologischen Radio-Vitamin B12-Testdosis von 0,5 μg beträchtlich, während bei den verbleibenden zwei Dritteln entweder keine Beeinflussung der Vitamin B12-Resorption oder aber ein zwischen 20 und 50% liegender Anstieg der Radio-B12-Harnexkretion beobachtet wurde. Eine weitere Heraufsetzung der Sorbosedosis (bis auf 50 g) ist dann fast stets von einer Hemmung der Vitamin B12-Resorption begleitet.

2. Heterologer Intrinsic Factor ist zumindestens teilweise in der Lage, den Inhibitoreffekt der Sorbose auf die intestinale Vitamin B12-Resorption beim Menschen zu kompensieren.

3. Bei Patienten mit gestörter Vitamin B12-Resorption (perniciöse Anämie bzw. einheimische Sprue) hatten ʟ (-) Sorbose und ᴅ (-) Sorbit in Mengen von 0,1 - 1 g bzw. 10 g eine zwar sehr geringe aber dennoch deutlich fördernde Wirkung auf die Radio-B12-Resorption, die jedoch im Vergleich mit dem wesentlich stärkeren Effekt von 12 mg Intrinsic Factor-Konzentrat unbedeutend und für eine praktische Perniciosa-Therapie uninteressant ist.

4. Auch bei normalen Schweinen und Meerschweinchen wird die intestinale Resorption physiologischer Radio-B12-Testdosen von 0,5 μg bzw. 30 ng durch 20 g bzw. 100 mg ʟ (-) Sorbose stark gehemmt, wie mit dem Faeces- und Urinexkretions-Test bzw. mit dem Leberinkorporations-Test durchgeführte Untersuchungen ergaben.

5. Der mögliche Wirkungsmechanismus des Sorbose-Hemmeffektes auf die intestinale Vitamin B12-Resorption beim Menschen, Schwein und Meerschweinchen wird auf Grund der schon unter in vitro-Bedingungen papierchromatographisch nachgewiesenen Bildung eines Sorbose-Vitamin B12- bzw. Sorbit-Vitamin B12-Komplexes diskutiert.
Über die Wirkung von Dunkelheit auf den Proteingehalt kernhaltiger und kernloser Zellteile von Acetabularia mediterranea
Authors: Werz Günther
Published: March 2015

In darkened nucleate and enucleate cell parts of the uninuclear marine green alga Acetabularia mediterranea the protein content decreases. This holds for the total protein as well as for chloroplast protein. It seems, that also a decrease of cytoplasmic protein occurs, but that it is masked by protein released from the chlloroplast fraction.

No difference could be found between the decrease of the protein in nucleate and enucleate cell parts. Beside the total protein decrease a transport of stalk protein into the rhizoids occurs in the nucleate parts.

The results are compared with those found at starving nucleate and enucleate halves of Amoeba.
Direct biochemical method for enzyme-assays in living cell cultures
Authors: Kovács Ernest , Stürtz Victoria , Wagner Gerda
Published: March 2015

Es wurden chemisch definierte einfache Nährmedien für Zellkulturen entwickelt, die das Substrat für das jeweils zu untersuchende Enzym-System enthalten. Der Ablauf der Reaktion wird im Gewebekultur-Überstand bestimmt. Es wurde keine Linearität zwischen dem Proteingehalt der Nährflüssigkeit und dem Abbau des Substrats gefunden, wenn kein erheblicher Zerfall der Zellen vorhanden war. Dies spricht dafür, daß vor allem intrazelluläre Enzyme für den Substratabbau verantwortlich sind, zumal in diesen verbesserten Versuchsmedien keine nennenswerten Hydrolase-Aktivitäten gefunden wurden. Die morphologische und funktionelle Integrität der Zellen während der Experimente wurde durch Vitalfärbung optisch kontrolliert. Es wurden die relativen, bzw. spezifischen Aktivitäten von saurer und alkalischer Phosphatase, 5-Nukleotidase, ATP-ase und RN-ase intakter Gewebekulturen gemessen. Ferner wurde der Einfluß von Salzen bzw. anderen Substanzen und bekannten „kompletten“ Nährböden auf das Überleben und die Enzymaktivitäten von 4 verschiedenen Zellarten untersucht und mit den „analytischen“ Nährlösungen verglichen. Die praktische Bedeutung dieser Methodik für Enzym- und andere biochemische Bestimmungen in Zellkulturen wurde experimentell bewiesen, wie auch ihre Anwendbarkeit für das Studium verschiedener Probleme der Zellphysiologie bzw. Zellpathologie.
Ein Pockenvirus-Modell aus Äquipotentialflächen
Authors: Lang Dimitrij , Kleinschmidt Albrecht K.
Published: March 2015

A physical model of the mature pox virus particle is given by calculated surfaces of constant potential as found in some electrostatic or other fields and is compared with electron micrographs of thin sections of mature canary pox virus. It is built up by selected surfaces of constant potential V=1/r1+1/r2+1/r3 +1/r4 = constant where r1, r2, r3 and r4 stand for the distances between a point in a surface and four potential generating centers arranged in the corners of a square or a rectangle. The possible biophysical reasons for the high similarity with the morphological features are discussed.
Über die Charge-transfer-Komplexe des Vanadinoxychlorids mit Aromaten
Authors: Krauss Hans-Ludwig , Deffner Ulrich
Published: March 2015

VOCl3 bildet mit organischen Donatoren tief-gefärbte Charge-Transfer-Komplexe, die, soweit nicht gleichzeitig Dipolkräfte wirken, nur in Lösung beständig sind. Für die Verbindungen mit Aromaten als Donator-Teil konnte optisch sowie durch Messungen der Dielektrizitätskonstante und der Dichte die Zusammensetzung 1 : 1 bewiesen werden. Die Dissoziationskonstanten liegen in der Größenordnung 10-2. - EPR-Messungen bei -196° zeigten für alle untersuchten Verbindungen ein magnetisches Moment, entsprechend einer Spin-Konzentration von ca. 0,1% der Komplexkonzentration; der Paramagnetismus steigt dabei mit sinkender Ionisationsenergie des Donators logarithmisch an. Die (festen) Komplexe von n-Donatoren zeigen ähnliches magnetisches Verhalten.
Untersuchungen über die reduktionsbeschleunigende Wirkung des Ultraschalls
Authors: Siegel Günter
Published: March 2015

Die reduktionsbeschleunigende Wirkung des Ultraschalls auf das Cystein-Tellurit-System wurde im Reagenzglas und an der Haut des Schweineohres untersucht. Es zeigte sich, daß in beiden Fällen die Reduktionswirkung des Cysteins unter US-Einwirkung beschleunigt werden kann. Im Gewebe ist die thermische Wirkung des Ultraschalls und im in vitro-Versuch die zusätzliche Schwefelwasserstoff-Freisetzung aus Cystein für diese Vorgänge verantwortlich.
Kristallisierbare Untereinheiten des 01-Phagen des Paratyphusstammes B 309
Authors: Pawlitschek Walter
Published: March 2015

Bei der Herstellung hochkonzentrierter Bakteriophagen-Lösungen kam es zu charakteristischen, lichtmikroskopisch beobachtbaren Kristallbildungen. Die Kristallbausteine sind sphärische Teilchen mit einem Radius von 7 - 8 mμ und bestehen höchstwahrscheinlich nur aus DNS.
Untersuchungen über das Wachstum von Tumorzellen in Diffusionskammern
Authors: Teichmann B. , Wittig G.
Published: March 2015

Tumorgewebe enthaltende Diffusionskammern, die mit Membranfiltern unterschiedlicher Porengröße verschlossen waren, wurden Inzuchtratten der Stämme Rehbrücke, Sprague-Dawley und Wistar intraperitoneal implantiert. Der Kammerinhalt bestand aus Transplantationstumor-Geweben, Walker - Karzinom (182 Tiere), Jensen- Sarkom (54 Tiere) oder Yoshida- Sarkom (63 Tiere). Die Kammern wurden den Tieren nach verschiedenen Zeitabständen entnommen und das Wachstum der Zellen histologisch und biologisch durch isologe Weitertransplantation der Kammerinhalte auf nicht vorbehandelte Ratten kontrolliert. Diese Wachstums- und Virulenzprüfungen nach verschiedenen Implantationszeiten ergaben bei Walker - Ca. in 74/81, Jensen- Sa. in 19/23 und Yoshida - Sa. in 26/27 Fällen identische Tumoren bei den Kontrolltieren. Das Zellwachstum in den Kammern war bei Zusatz von Heparin zu den implantierten Tumorgeweben deutlich gehemmt.
Ultrazentrifugen-Untersuchungen zum Sedimentations-Verhalten isolierter γ-Globuline Gesunder und Krebskranker
Authors: Wetter O. , Hertenstein Ch. , Jahnke K. , Merten R.
Published: March 2015

1. Ultracentrifugal studies on six γ-globulin preparations isolated with DEAE-cellulose from single and pooled sera taken from normal individuals and cancer patients showed significant differences between the two groups. Whereas the slopes of the concentration regression lines in the normal group were about 0.9, they were about 0.6 in the cancer group with the exception of one case. The s20· 1013 values in the two groups are similar when extrapolated to infinite dilution (intrinsic sedimentation coefficient). The results can be interpreted by the presence of a γ-globulin in the cancer group which differs from the γ-globulins of sound individuals in its sedimentation behaviour.

2. The mean value of the intrinsic sedimentation coefficient of γ-globulin fractionated exclusively by DEAE chromatography corresponds to the value which is found for electrophoretically isolated γ-globulin.
Two Modifications of Di[tetra(methylthio)tetrathiafulvalenium] Hexachlorodicuprate(II), [(TTM-TTF)+]2[Cu2Cl6]2-
Authors: Endres Helmut
Published: March 2015

Two crystalline phases of (TTM-TTF)2Cu2Cl6, TTM-TTF = tetra(methylthio)tetrathia- fulvalene, C10H12S8, have been obtained by interdiffusion of solutions of TTM-TTF and CuCl2. Both phases crystallize in the triclinic space group P 1̄ withZ = 1, Mr = 1117.28. Phase I: a = 8.591(3), b = 11.314(6), c = 11.868(6) Å, α = 63.44(3), β = 88.13(3), γ = 74.28(3)°, V = 988.0 Å3, dc = 1.88 g cm-3, final Rw= 0.033 for 4244 reflections and 211 variables. Phase II: a = 8.871(3), b = 10.632(3), c = 12.505(3) Å, α = 109.70(2), β = 106.10(3), γ = 102.63(3)°, V = 1003.2 Å3, dc = 1.85 gem-3, final Rw = 0.036 for 3101 reflections and 211 variables. The two phases differ in the arrangement of the (TTM-TTF)+ radical cations and in details of the geometry of the [Cu2Cl6]2- anions.
Cyclodi-und -trisilazane — Synthese, Reaktionen und Ringkopplungen / Cyclodi-and -trisilazanes — Synthesis, Reactions and Ring Coupling
Authors: Egert Ernst , Kliebisch Ursula , Klingebiel Uwe , Schmidt Dieter
Published: March 2015

Contrary to our expectations, a cyclotrisilazane is obtained instead of a cyclodisilazane by the reaction of the lithiated di-rerf-butyldiamino-silane with Hal2SiMe2 . Mono-and disubstitution takes place in reactions of lithiated tetra-isopropyl cyclodisilazane with halogeno-silanes and -boranes. A disubstituted ring reacts with LiOC4H9 -formed from LiC4H9 and THF - to give an unsymmetrically substituted four-membered ring as proved by a crystal structure determination. Coupling of four-and six-membered rings occurs in the reaction of SiF-substituted and lithiated rings.
Solution Structures of Pyrophthalones, I Structure and Conformation of 1,3-Indandionato-2(2-pyridinium)-betaïn — a 1H/13C NMR Approach
Authors: Haupt Erhard T. K. , Dieck Heindirk tom , Bontchev Panayot R.
Published: March 2015

The complete analysis of the 1H/13 C NMR spectra of α-Pyrophthalone and related compounds demonstrates that the earlier static planar description of the molecules is invalid for polar sol-vents, and here the stability of any intramolecular hydrogen bond is small.
Konkurrierende Koordination von Kronenethern, Perchloratanionen und Lösungsmittelmolekülen am Co(II)-Ion — Eine Leitfähigkeits-und NMR-Studie in Nitromethan / Competitive Coordination of Crown Ethers, Perchlorate Anions and Solvent Molecules at Co(II)-Ions — A Conductivity and NMR Study on Nitromethane
Authors: Dickert Franz L. , Vonend Michael W.
Published: March 2015

The 1:1 complexes between Co(II) and the crown ethers dibenzo[24]crown-8, dibenzo[18]-crown-6 and [18]crown-6 show a molar conductivity in nitromethane which indicates coordination of even perchlorate anions. The substitution of this anion by solvent molecules can be monitored by conductometric titrations. This procedure reveals that dibenzo[24]crown-8 and [18]crown-6 is a potent five dentate ligand whereas dibenzo[18]crown-6 strongly coordinates only via three donor atoms. The mixed complexes with crown ether and methanol show strong outer-sphere associa-tion with the Perchlorate anions, which can be confirmed by investigations with [15]crown-5 complexes.