bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genome-wide analysis validates aberrant methylation in fragile X syndrome is specific to the FMR1locus
Authors: Alisch Reid S , Wang Tao , Chopra Pankaj , Visootsak Jeannie , Conneely Karen N , Warren Stephen T
Published: January 2013

Background

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a common form of inherited intellectual disability caused by an expansion of CGG repeats located in the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of the FMR1 gene, which leads to hypermethylation and silencing of this locus. Although a dramatic increase in DNA methylation of the FMR1 full mutation allele is well documented, the extent to which these changes affect DNA methylation throughout the rest of the genome has gone unexplored.

Methods

Here we examined genome-wide methylation in both peripheral blood (N = 62) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs; N = 10) from FXS individuals and controls.

Results

We not only found the expected significant DNA methylation differences in the FMR1 promoter and 5′ UTR, we also saw that these changes inverse in the FMR1 gene body. Importantly, we found no other differentially methylated loci throughout the remainder of the genome, indicating the aberrant methylation of FMR1 in FXS is locus-specific.

Conclusions

This study provides a comprehensive methylation profile of FXS and helps refine our understanding of the mechanisms behind FMR1 silencing.
Radiosensitizing effect of intratumoral interleukin-12 gene electrotransfer in murine sarcoma
Authors: Sedlar Ales , Kranjc Simona , Dolinsek Tanja , Cemazar Maja , Coer Andrej , Sersa Gregor
Published: January 2013

Background

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) based radiosensitization is an effective way of tumor treatment. Local cytokine production, without systemic shedding, might provide clinical benefit in radiation treatment of sarcomas. Therefore, the aim was to stimulate intratumoral IL-12 production by gene electrotransfer of plasmid coding for mouse IL-12 (mIL-12) into the tumors, in order to explore its radiosensitizing effect after single or multiple intratumoral gene electrotransfer.

Methods

Solid SA-1 fibrosarcoma tumors, on the back of A/J mice, were treated intratumorally by mIL-12 gene electrotransfer and 24 h later irradiated with a single dose. Treatment effectiveness was measured by tumor growth delay and local tumor control assay (TCD50 assay). With respect to therapeutic index, skin reaction in the radiation field was scored. The tumor and serum concentrations of cytokines mIL-12 and mouse interferon γ (mIFNγ) were measured. Besides single, also multiple intratumoral mIL-12 gene electrotransfer before and after tumor irradiation was evaluated.

Results

Single intratumoral mIL-12 gene electrotransfer resulted in increased intratumoral but not serum mIL-12 and mIFNγ concentrations, and had good antitumor (7.1% tumor cures) and radiosensitizing effect (21.4% tumor cures). Combined treatment resulted in the radiation dose-modifying factor of 2.16. Multiple mIL-12 gene electrotransfer had an even more pronounced antitumor (50% tumor cures) and radiosensitizing (86.7% tumor cures) effect.

Conclusions

Single or multiple intratumoral mIL-12 gene electrotransfer resulted in increased intratumoral mIL-12 and mIFNγ cytokine level, and may provide an efficient treatment modality for soft tissue sarcoma as single or adjuvant therapy to tumor irradiation.
Physiologic and metabolic characterization of a new marine isolate (BM39) of Pantoea sp. producing high levels of exopolysaccharide
Authors: Silvi Silvia , Barghini Paolo , Aquilanti Arianna , Juarez-Jimenez Belen , Fenice Massimiliano
Published: January 2013

Background

Marine environments are the widest fonts of biodiversity representing a resource of both unexploited or unknown microorganisms and new substances having potential applications. Among microbial products, exopolysaccharides (EPS) have many physiological functions and practical applications. Since EPS production by many bacteria is too scarce for practical use and only few species are known for their high levels of production, the search of new high EPS producers is of paramount importance. Many marine bacteria, that produce EPS to cope with strong environmental stress, could be potentially exploited at the industrial level.

Results

A novel bacterium, strain BM39, previously isolated from sediments collected in the Tyrrhenian Sea, was selected for its production of very high levels of EPS. BM39 was affiliated to Pantoea sp. (Enterobacteriaceae) by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and biochemical tests. According to the phylogenetic tree, this strain, being quite far from the closest known Pantoea species (96% identity with P. agglomerans and P. ananatis) could belong to a new species. EPS production was fast (maximum of ca. 21 g/L in 24 h on glucose medium) and mainly obtained during the exponential growth. Preliminary characterization, carried out by thin layer and gel filtration chromatography, showed that the EPS, being a glucose homopolymer with MW of ca. 830 kDa, appeared to be different from those of other bacteria of same genus. The bacterium showed a typical slightly halophilic behavior growing optimally at NaCl 40 ‰ (growing range 0-100 ‰). Flow cytometry studies indicated that good cell survival was maintained for 24 h at 120 ‰. Survival decreased dramatically with the increase of salinity being only 1 h at 280 ‰. The biochemical characterization, carried out with the Biolog system, showed that MB39 had a rather limited metabolic capacity. Its ability, rather lower than that of P. agglomerans, was almost only confined to the metabolization of simple sugars and their derivatives. Few alcohols, organic acids and nitrogen compounds were partially used too.

Conclusions

Strain BM39, probably belonging to a new species, due to its remarkable EPS production, comparable to those of known industrial bacterial producers, could be suggested as a new microorganism for industrial applications.
Cardioembolic stroke related to limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 1B
Authors: Chen Chih-Hao , Tang Sung-Chun , Su Yi-Ning , Yang Chih-Chao , Jeng Jiann-Shing
Published: January 2013

Background

Cardioembolic stroke is an under-recognized complication in patients with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 1B. Here we present a young stroke patient who had a novel lamin A/C gene (LMNA) mutation.

Case presentation

This is a 39-year-old man who had slowly progressive proximal muscle weakness and cardiac arrhythmia since adolescent and a family history of similar manifestation. He sustained acute ischemic stroke in the left middle cerebral artery territory. Intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator therapy was given with significant neurological improvement. Additionally, genetic sequencing of the LMNA gene of the patient identified a mutation in c.513+1 G>A that resulted in a splicing aberration.

Conclusion

We suggested that LMNA gene related myopathies should be considered in young stroke patients with long-standing myopathic features.
Abnormal hematopoietic phenotypes in Pim kinase triple knockout mice
Authors: An Ningfei , Kraft Andrew S , Kang Yubin
Published: January 2013

Background

Pim (p roviral i nsertion in m urine lymphoma) kinases are a small family of constitutively active, highly conservative serine/threonine oncogenic kinases and have 3 members: Pim1, Pim2, and Pim3. Pim kinases are also implicated in the regulation of B- and T- cell responses to cytokines and hematopoietic growth factors. The roles of Pim kinases in the regulation of primitive hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are largely unknown.

Methods

In the current study, Pim1−/−2−/−3−/− triple knockout (TKO) mice were used to determine the role of Pim kinases in hematopoiesis. Peripheral blood hematological parameters were measured in Pim TKO mice and age-matched wild-type (WT) controls. Primary, secondary, and competitive transplantations were performed to assay the long-term repopulating HSCs in Pim TKO mice. In vivo BrdU incorporation assay and ex vivo Ki67 staining and caspase 3 labeling were performed to evaluate the proliferation and apoptosis of HSCs in Pim TKO mice.

Results

Compared to age-matched WT controls, Pim TKO mice had lower peripheral blood platelet count and exhibited erythrocyte hypochromic microcytosis. The bone marrow cells from Pim TKO mice demonstrated decreased hematopoietic progenitor colony-forming ability. Importantly, Pim TKO bone marrow cells had significantly impaired capacity in rescuing lethally irradiated mice and reconstituting hematopoiesis in primary, secondary and competitive transplant models. In vivo BrdU incorporation in long-term HSCs was reduced in Pim TKO mice. Finally, cultured HSCs from Pim TKO mice showed reduced proliferation evaluated by Ki67 staining and higher rate of apoptosis via caspase 3 activation.

Conclusions

Pim kinases are not only essential in the hematopoietic lineage cell development, but also important in HSC expansion, self-renewal, and long-term repopulation.
Interictal EEG changes in patients with seizure disorder: experience in Bangladesh
Authors: Chowdhury Rajib Nayan , Hasan ATM Hasibul , Rahman Kazi Mohibur , Mondol Badrul Alam , Deb Sudip Ranjan , Mohammad Quazi Deen
Published: January 2013

The objective of this study was to determine the changes and sensitivity of electro encephalogram during interictal period and to evaluate the finding in the clinically suspected seizure events in a tertiary care hospital of Bangladesh. This cross sectional study was carried out in the Electrophysiology Laboratory of Dhaka Medical College Hospital from July 2010 to July 2011, which included 767 patients. EEG was obtained through scalp electrodes following international 10/20 system. Patient and their attendants were interviewed using a semi structured questionnaire. The EEG findings and clinical seizure events were then compared. Among the 767 epilepsy patients most were children (39.9% less than 10 years old) and young adult (33.2% in 11–20 years age group). Female patients predominantly had seizure than male (57% and 43% respectively). The overall sensitivity of EEG in yielding abnormal interictal epileptiform discharges was 62.7%. About 48.5% of them were diagnosed as localization related epilepsy and 11.7% were generalized epilepsy. Morphology showed spike and wave in 74% and sharp and wave in 11% tracings. Only 2% had slow waves. The presence of an interictal spike/sharp wave helps to confirm a clinical diagnosis of epilepsy, aids in defining the epilepsy syndrome, provides information that assists in planning drug management.
Inferring the kinetics of stochastic gene expression from single-cell RNA-sequencing data
Authors: Kim Jong Kyoung , Marioni John C
Published: January 2013

Background

Genetically identical populations of cells grown in the same environmental condition show substantial variability in gene expression profiles. Although single-cell RNA-seq provides an opportunity to explore this phenomenon, statistical methods need to be developed to interpret the variability of gene expression counts.

Results

We develop a statistical framework for studying the kinetics of stochastic gene expression from single-cell RNA-seq data. By applying our model to a single-cell RNA-seq dataset generated by profiling mouse embryonic stem cells, we find that the inferred kinetic parameters are consistent with RNA polymerase II binding and chromatin modifications. Our results suggest that histone modifications affect transcriptional bursting by modulating both burst size and frequency. Furthermore, we show that our model can be used to identify genes with slow promoter kinetics, which are important for probabilistic differentiation of embryonic stem cells.

Conclusions

We conclude that the proposed statistical model provides a flexible and efficient way to investigate the kinetics of transcription.
Prognostic Nomogram for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma After Partial Hepatectomy
Authors: Wang Yizhou , Li Jun , Xia Yong , Gong Renyan , Wang Kui , Yan Zhenlin , Wan Xuying , Liu Guanghua , Wu Dong , Shi Lehua , Lau Wanyee , Wu Mengchao , Shen Feng
Published: January 2013

Purpose

This study aimed to establish an effective prognostic nomogram for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) after partial hepatectomy.

Patients and Methods

The nomogram was based on a retrospectively study on 367 patients who underwent partial hepatectomy for ICC at the Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital from 2002 to 2007. The predictive accuracy and discriminative ability of the nomogram were determined by concordance index (C-index) and calibration curve and compared with five currently used staging systems on ICC. The results were validated using bootstrap resampling and a prospective study on 82 patients operated on from 2007 to 2008 at the same institution.

Results

On multivariate analysis of the primary cohort, independent factors for survival were serum carcinoembryonic antigen, CA 19-9, tumor diameter and number, vascular invasion, lymph node metastasis, direct invasion, and local extrahepatic metastasis, which were all selected into the nomogram. The calibration curve for probability of survival showed good agreement between prediction by nomogram and actual observation. The C-index of the nomogram for predicting survival was 0.74 (95% CI, 0.71 to 0.77), which was statistically higher than the C-index values of the following systems: American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) seventh edition (0.65), AJCC sixth edition (0.65), Nathan (0.64), Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan (0.64), and Okabayashi (0.67; P < .001 for all). It was also higher (0.74) in predicting survival for the mass-forming type of ICC (P < .001). In the validation cohort, the nomogram discrimination was superior to the five other staging systems (C-index: 0.75 v 0.60 to 0.63; P < .001 for all).

Conclusion

The proposed nomogram resulted in more-accurate prognostic prediction for patients with ICC after partial hepatectomy.
Postinduction Dexamethasone and Individualized Dosing of Escherichia Coli L-Asparaginase Each Improve Outcome of Children and Adolescents With Newly Diagnosed Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Results From a Randomized Study—Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ALL Consortium Protocol 00-01
Authors: Vrooman Lynda M. , Stevenson Kristen E. , Supko Jeffrey G. , O'Brien Jane , Dahlberg Suzanne E. , Asselin Barbara L. , Athale Uma H. , Clavell Luis A. , Kelly Kara M. , Kutok Jeffery L. , Laverdière Caroline , Lipshultz Steven E. , Michon Bruno , Schorin Marshall , Relling Mary V. , Cohen Harvey J. , Neuberg Donna S. , Sallan Stephen E. , Silverman Lewis B.
Published: January 2013

Purpose

We assessed the toxicity and efficacy of dexamethasone and a novel dosing method of Escherichia coli L-asparaginase (EC-Asnase) in children and adolescents with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

Patients and Methods

Patients achieving complete remission (CR) on Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ALL Consortium Protocol 00-01 were eligible for random assignment to 1) dexamethasone or prednisone, administered as 5-day pulses, every 3 weeks, and 2) weekly EC-Asnase, administered as a 25,000 IU/m2 fixed dose (FD) or individualized dose (ID) starting at 12,500-IU/m2, adjusted every 3 weeks based on nadir serum asparaginase activity (NSAA) determinations.

Results

Between 2000 and 2004, 492 evaluable patients (ages 1 to 18 years) enrolled; 473 patients (96%) achieved CR. Four hundred eight patients (86%) participated in the corticosteroid randomization and 384 patients (81%) in the EC-Asnase randomization. With 4.9 years of median follow-up, dexamethasone was associated with superior 5-year event-free survival (EFS; 90% v 81% for prednisone; P = .01) but higher rates of infection (P = .03) and, in older children, higher cumulative incidence of osteonecrosis (P = .02) and fracture (P = .06). ID EC-Asnase had superior 5-year EFS (90% v 82% for FD; P = .04), but did not reduce the frequency of asparaginase-related toxicity. Multivariable analysis identified both dexamethasone and ID EC-Asnase as independent predictors of favorable EFS.

Conclusion

There was no overall difference in skeletal toxicity by corticosteroid type; dexamethasone was associated with more infections and, in older children, increased incidence of osteonecrosis and fracture. There was no difference in asparaginase-related toxicity by EC-Asnase dosing method. Dexamethasone and ID EC-Asnase were each associated with superior EFS. Monitoring NSAA during treatment with EC-Asnase may be an effective strategy to improve outcome in pediatric ALL.
Exemestane Versus Anastrozole in Postmenopausal Women With Early Breast Cancer: NCIC CTG MA.27—A Randomized Controlled Phase III Trial
Authors: Goss Paul E. , Ingle James N. , Pritchard Kathleen I. , Ellis Matthew J. , Sledge George W. , Budd G. Thomas , Rabaglio Manuela , Ansari Rafat H. , Johnson David B. , Tozer Richard , D'Souza David P. , Chalchal Haji , Spadafora Silvana , Stearns Vered , Perez Edith A. , Liedke Pedro E.R. , Lang Istvan , Elliott Catherine , Gelmon Karen A. , Chapman Judy-Anne W. , Shepherd Lois E.
Published: January 2013

Purpose

In patients with hormone-dependent postmenopausal breast cancer, standard adjuvant therapy involves 5 years of the nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors anastrozole and letrozole. The steroidal inhibitor exemestane is partially non–cross-resistant with nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors and is a mild androgen and could prove superior to anastrozole regarding efficacy and toxicity, specifically with less bone loss.

Patients and Methods

We designed an open-label, randomized, phase III trial of 5 years of exemestane versus anastrozole with a two-sided test of superiority to detect a 2.4% improvement with exemestane in 5-year event-free survival (EFS). Secondary objectives included assessment of overall survival, distant disease–free survival, incidence of contralateral new primary breast cancer, and safety.

Results

In the study, 7,576 women (median age, 64.1 years) were enrolled. At median follow-up of 4.1 years, 4-year EFS was 91% for exemestane and 91.2% for anastrozole (stratified hazard ratio, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.87 to 1.18; P = .85). Overall, distant disease–free survival and disease-specific survival were also similar. In all, 31.6% of patients discontinued treatment as a result of adverse effects, concomitant disease, or study refusal. Osteoporosis/osteopenia, hypertriglyceridemia, vaginal bleeding, and hypercholesterolemia were less frequent on exemestane, whereas mild liver function abnormalities and rare episodes of atrial fibrillation were less frequent on anastrozole. Vasomotor and musculoskeletal symptoms were similar between arms.

Conclusion

This first comparison of steroidal and nonsteroidal classes of aromatase inhibitors showed neither to be superior in terms of breast cancer outcomes as 5-year initial adjuvant therapy for postmenopausal breast cancer by two-way test. Less toxicity on bone is compatible with one hypothesis behind MA.27 but requires confirmation. Exemestane should be considered another option as up-front adjuvant therapy for postmenopausal hormone receptor–positive breast cancer.
What Is the Optimal Endocrine Therapy for Postmenopausal Women With Hormone Receptor–Positive Early Breast Cancer?
Authors: Tung Nadine
Published: January 2013

A 56-year-old postmenopausal woman with a recent diagnosis of breast cancer was referred to discuss adjuvant therapy. Annual screening mammogram demonstrated a suspicious mass in the left breast. Ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy revealed an infiltrating ductal carcinoma that was estrogen receptor (ER) positive and progesterone receptor (PR) negative and lacked amplification of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2; ie, HER2 negative). She underwent excision and sentinel node evaluation. Pathology demonstrated a 1.9-cm grade 2 invasive cancer without lymphatic vascular invasion; clean margins were obtained, and both sentinel nodes were free of cancer. The 21-gene recurrence score was 16. She has a body mass index (BMI) of 28.5 but is otherwise healthy; levothyroxine is the only prescription medication she takes. She experienced vaginal spotting 2 years earlier because of an endometrial polyp, which was resected. She exercises regularly and takes a calcium supplement with vitamin D. Bone density study performed 6 months earlier was normal other than mild osteopenia in the femoral neck (T score, −1.3). Radiation therapy is planned
Contactin 4, -5 and -6 differentially regulate neuritogenesis while they display identical PTPRG binding sites
Authors: Mercati Oriane , Danckaert Anne , André-Leroux Gwénaëlle , Bellinzoni Marco , Gouder Laura , Watanabe Kazutada , Shimoda Yasushi , Grailhe Régis , De Chaumont Fabrice , Bourgeron Thomas , Cloëz-Tayarani Isabelle
Published: January 2013

The neural cell-adhesion molecules contactin 4, contactin 5 and contactin 6 are involved in brain development, and disruptions in contactin genes may confer increased risk for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). We describe a co-culture of rat cortical neurons and HEK293 cells overexpressing and delivering the secreted forms of rat contactin 4–6. We quantified their effects on the length and branching of neurites. Contactin 4–6 effects were different depending on the contactin member and duration of co-culture. At 4 days in culture, contactin 4 and -6 increased the length of neurites, while contactin 5 increased the number of roots. Up to 8 days in culture, contactin 6 progressively increased the length of neurites while contactin 5 was more efficient on neurite branching. We studied the molecular sites of interaction between human contactin 4, -5 or -6 and the human Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Gamma (PTPRG), a contactin partner, by modeling their 3D structures. As compared to contactin 4, we observed differences in the Ig2 and Ig3 domains of contactin 5 and -6 with the appearance of an omega loop that could adopt three distinct conformations. However, interactive residues between human contactin 4–6 and PTPRG were strictly conserved. We did not observe any differences in PTPRG binding on contactin 5 and -6 either. Our data suggest that the differential contactin effects on neurite outgrowth do not result from distinct interactions with PTPRG. A better understanding of the contactin cellular properties should help elucidate their roles in ASD.
On Implications of Demand Censoring in the Newsvendor Problem
Authors: Besbes Omar , Muharremoglu Alp
Published: January 2013

We consider a repeated newsvendor problem in which the decision maker (DM) does not have access to the underlying demand distribution. The goal of this paper is to characterize the implications of demand censoring on performance. To that end, we compare the benchmark setting in which the DM has access to demand observations to a setting in which the DM may only rely on sales data. We measure performance in terms of regret: the difference between the cumulative costs of a policy and the optimal cumulative costs with knowledge of the demand distribution. Through upper and lower bounds, we characterize the optimal magnitude of the worst-case regret for the two settings, enabling one to isolate the implications of demand censoring. In particular, the results imply that the exploration–exploitation trade-off introduced by demand censoring is fundamentally different in the continuous and discrete demand cases, and that active exploration plays a much stronger role in the latter case. We further establish that in the discrete demand case, the need for active exploration almost disappears as soon as a lost sales indicator (that records whether demand was censored or not) becomes available, in addition to the censored demand samples.

This paper was accepted by Gérard P. Cachon, stochastic models and simulation.
Multicultural Education Before and After the Federal Multiculturalism Policy: A Case Study of the Board of Education of the City of Toronto
Authors: Jean-Pierre Johanne , Nunes Fernando
Published: January 2013

There exist different models of multicultural education that school boards can adopt such as the enrichment model, the enlightenment model, the empowerment model and the intercultural education model. This paper is a case study examining how, between 1960 and 1975, the Board of Education for the City of Toronto, experienced a paradigm shift in their approach towards immigrant students, from a focus on integration to an empowerment model of multicultural education. While in the sixties, the board promoted integration through their New Canadian classes, ESL classes and the promotion of heritage languages, after the adoption of the federal policy of Multiculturalism, the board demonstrated a change in the semantics related to diversity, an increase in its partnerships with community-based organizations and a new enthusiasm for bilingual/bicultural pilot projects.

Les commissions scolaires peuvent adopter différents modèles d’éducation multiculturelle tels que le modèle d’enrichissement, le modèle des lumières, le modèle d’émancipation ou le modèle d’éducation interculturelle. Ce travail est une étude de cas examinant comment, de 1960 à 1975, le Board of Education for the City of Toronto a connu un changement de paradigme dans l’approche adoptée vis-à-vis des étudiants immigrants, en passant d’un modèle visant l’intégration à un modèle d’émancipation de l’éducation multiculturelle. Alors que dans les années soixante, la commission scolaire faisait la promotion de l’intégration avec des cours offerts aux nouveaux arrivants, des cours d’anglais langue seconde et la promotion des langues des communautés culturelles, suite à l’adoption de la politique fédérale du multiculturalisme, la commission scolaire a changé sa sémantique liée à la diversité, a accru ses partenariats avec les organisations communautaires et a connu un nouvel enthousiasme pour les projets pilotes bilingues / biculturels.
La Diplomation au secondaire des jeunes Québécois de la communauté sud-asiatique
Authors: Bakhshaei Mahsa , McAndrew Marie
Published: January 2013

Since the mid 2000’s, the ministère de l’Éducation, du Loisir et du Sport du Québec has conducted several research studies on the academic, ethno-cultural, socio-demographic, linguistic, and socio-economic characteristics of students of various ethnic groups, as another stride towards the goal of providing the necessary support and assistance for the educational success of each vulnerable subgroup.

This article presents part of a wider research project titled “The Academic Success of Immigrant Origin Students in High School,” carried out as part of the efforts described above, which aimed at evaluating the status of the school pathways and academic performance of immigrant origin students from diverse backgrounds in French and English language Quebec high schools. This article specifically focuses on students originating from South Asia in Quebec French language schools. The latter indeed show a very low profile of graduation as well as high dropout rates when compared with other immigrant origin students.
From Liberal Multiculturalism to Civic Republicanism: An Historical Perspective on Multiculturalism Policy in Manitoba and Saskatchewan
Authors: McGrane David
Published: January 2013

Most research on multiculturalism policy in Canada has focused on the federal government’s multiculturalism policy or Quebec’s interculturalism policy. However, the multicultural policies that have been active in English Canadian provinces over the last forty years have largely escaped scholarly attention. This article begins to fill this gap in knowledge on Canadian multiculturalism by examining the multiculturalism policies of the Saskatchewan and Manitoba provincial governments from the beginning of the 1970s to present. It argues that the ethos of multiculturalism policy in these two provinces has incrementally evolved from Anglo-conformity to liberal multiculturalism to civic republicanism. While the evolution toward civic republicanism is quite advanced in Manitoba, the Saskatchewan government has displayed less coherence in its multiculturalism policies. Generally speaking, the article finds that these uneven shifts in Saskatchewan and Manitoba multiculturalism have taken place in response to demographic change and the electoral calculations of the governing party. The lesson is that political considerations, as much as broader structural changes in society, are an important part of understanding multiculturalism policy in Canada.

La plus grande partie de la recherche sur les politiques de multiculturalisme au Canada ont mis l’emphase soit sur celle du gouvernement fédéral, ou sur celle d’interculturalisme du Québec. Cependant, les politiques multiculturelles menées dans les provinces du Canada anglais depuis les quarante dernières années ont largement échappé à l’attention des chercheurs. Cet article commence à combler les lacunes dans les connaissances sur le multiculturalisme canadien portant sur les politiques des gouvernements provinciaux de la Saskatchewan et du Manitoba dans ce domaine depuis le début des années soixante-dix jusqu’à aujourd’hui. Nous y soutenons que l’ethos de ces politiques dans ces deux provinces a progressivement évolué de la conformité anglophone au multiculturalisme libéral et au républicanisme civique. Alors que l’évolution vers ce dernier est plutôt avancée au Manitoba, le gouvernement de la Saskatchewan a affiché moins de cohérence dans son évolution. De façon générale, nous constatons ici que les mutations dissemblables du multiculturalisme saskatchewanais et manitobain ont eu lieu en réponse aux changements démographiques et aux calculs électoraux du parti en place au gouvernement. La leçon à en tirer est que les considérations politiques jouent tout autant que des modifications structurelles plus générales au sein de la société un rôle important pour comprendre le multiculturalisme au Canada.
The Secondariness of Virgilian Epic and Its Unprecedented Originality
Authors: Franke William
Published: January 2013

Virgil’s epic obsessively laments its inferiority with respect to its Homeric model, and yet the creation of reflexive, self-lacerating interiority is itself a radical new departure. It turns into an original invention of prophetic revelation through reflection on history projected as a future destiny to be embraced and realized on the strength of an inner conviction and conversion issuing in self-sacrificial action. Obliterated as a man by his mission, Aeneas is no Odysseus, but the emptying of all meaning from his present existence opens a register of historical meaning generated by the interacting absences of past and future. History is thereby made into typology, yet its very hollowness as a supposedly triumphal procession exposes a deeper dimension of committed realization of visionary truth. Prophecy emerges not as magical forecasting of the future but as impassioned interpretation of the shape of events as a whole anticipated through enactment of history’s imagined goals.
Cheaters, Saints, and Simultaneous Narrative: Early and Postmodern Lessons from Thomas More’s The History of Richard III
Authors: Hoffmann Christine
Published: January 2013

Thomas More’s biographers emphasize the dexterity of his legal mind in the months leading up to his trial, but More’s efforts to display, rather than fully explain, the difficulty of his position can be viewed not just as legal maneuvers but as experiments in an illustrative technique—simultaneous narrative. This technique, rhetorical rather than mimetic, is one More had already utilized in his History of Richard III , a work less concerned with Richard’s villainy than in the flinching complicity that sanctions his rise to power. Rather than a continuous historical narrative, More’s History provides a series of didactic notations alluding to rhetorical and moral positions. More paints a bleak portrait of a perverted social consciousness, but he nevertheless offers both early modern and postmodern audiences the opportunity to re-familiarize themselves with what consciousness is, with the awkward, disordered, often guilty and always interactive process by which it is constructed.
Arbitrariness and Knowing in Malory’s Morte Darthur , Book 4.18–21
Authors: Wade James
Published: January 2013

This study focuses on a chance meeting between Gawain, Ywain, Marhalt, and three damsels in book 4 of Sir Thomas Malory’s Morte Darthur . The aim here is to consider the relationship between arbitrariness and literary knowledge in Malory’s romance. In this examination I trace the close connection between etiology and style in the passage under discussion, looking to Malory’s French source, the Suite du Merlin , to show how he produces arbitrariness through precise semantic and stylistic choices. Ultimately I attempt to demonstrate how arbitrary moments in the Morte Darthur show Malory at his most original and stylistically sophisticated. Arbitrariness, as an effect of particular narrative strategies, leads to the production of new knowledge, of the kind only accessible in the experience of reading literature.
Posthuman visions: Creating the technologized body
Authors: Lunceford Brett
Published: January 2013

As medical technology continues to progress, we are able to correct deficiencies in the body through means such as cochlear implants and prosthetic limbs. This has led some scholars to argue that we are creating technologized, cyborg bodies.However,these technologies have also enabled
us to correct perceived cultural flaws in the body. This article explores the nature of the body through the lens of posthumanism, examining ways that individuals attempt to reshape their bodies through cosmetic surgery and other forms of body modification. Specifically, this article examines
the practice of hymen restoration,Genesis Breyer P-Orridge’s artistic endeavours in cosmetic surgery and Stelarc’s cybernetic experimentations. These cases yield three potential visions of the body: the body must be restored; bodies must be unified; and the body must evolve. Such
visions have consequences; the ways in which the body is rhetorically constructed influence how people choose to alter their own bodies. By considering the body itself as medium and as an interface with other technologies, we can better theorize what it truly means to be human.
Review Film
Authors: Scatena-Hubbard Debora
Published: January 2013

A Not So Minor Film: Spies (Spione, 1928) by Fritz Lang Spies (1928) Germany Director Fritz Lang Runtime 178 minutes
‘And Israel watcheth over each’: The Jewish reception of Jew Suss (1934) in Inter-war Britain
Authors: Toffell Gil
Published: January 2013

Following Adolf Hitler’s rise to power in early 1933 the Gaumont-British Picture Corporation produced a film version of Lion Feuchtwanger’s 1925 novel Jew Suss. Whilst British censors would not allow any film to openly criticize the Nazi policy of persecution of Jews, it
was clear to both the British Jewish and mainstream British press that the historic events depicted in the narrative had a wholly modern resonance. The task of this article is to trace this press discourse in order to understand the contours of the Jewish reception of Jew Suss’ British
release. With particular attention devoted to commentary supplied by the Jewish press, the article examines a distinctly Jewish concern with the film as an article of propaganda. Not only was alarm expressed that the film might disseminate anti-Semitic prejudice, its potential to be read as
a tendentious promotion of particularist interests was also a catalyst for anxiety. The unease associated with this latter factor should, it is argued, be understood in the context of the widely articulated contemporary trope of the cinema as a Jewish monopoly.
Cape Fear: Remaking a film score
Authors: Godsall Jonathan
Published: January 2013

For his 1991 remake of J. Lee Thompson’s 1962 film Cape Fear, Martin Scorsese had the Bernard Herrmann score of the original adapted by Elmer Bernstein. This article first examines that Herrmann score, before showing how it was effectively ‘re-composed’for the later
film, with Bernstein taking its basic components and redeploying them in often entirely new musical and filmic contexts, while also combining them with his own newly composed music and further pre-existing material from Herrmann’s rejected score for Torn Curtain (Hitchcock, 1966). The
motivations for the reuse of Herrmann’s music, and issues of interpretation arising from the 1991 score’s compilation status will be considered. The article aims to be relevant not only for scholars of music in moving-image media, but also for those interested in remakes and media
intertextuality more generally.
‘Moon River and Me’: The film-song as leitmotiv in Breakfast at Tiffany’s
Authors: Payri Blas
Published: January 2013

This article analyses the effectiveness of the leitmotiv derived from the song ‘Moon River’ in Breakfast at Tiffany’s. This leitmotiv is a musical element with the narrative functions of denotation (signifying a character or idea like Holly’s yearning) and connotation
(emotion, mood, anticipation). The frequent diegetic use of ‘Moon River’ increases recognition, meaning and pleasure, and binds the theme to the character’s representation because the song is mood congruent and well integrated into the text. The productive collaboration between
Blake Edwards and Henry Mancini enables the narrative use of music in this way because the editing and dialogue leave sufficient space for the music while from the beginning, the leitmotiv is used sparingly to denote Holly’s yearning, and the score employs contrasting themes with a clear
musical logic. Mancini’s score renders theleitmotiv wholly congruent with the film, thus increasing the narrative power of the music and the pleasure it induces.
On lip-sync: Three audio-visual vignettes from the 1970s
Authors: Gopinath Gabrielle
Published: January 2013

Why make a video that focuses exclusively on a speaker’s lip-syncing mouth? In the early 1970s, multiple artists made short films and videos that answer this description. This article considers three such works and offers an explanation of their significance. The videos and film
shorts in question were made between 1969 and 1974 by Steina Vasulka, Bruce Nauman, and the collaborative team of Richard Serra and Nancy Holt. Each of these works presents a close-up view of the artist’s mouth. In two cases, these mouths fill nearly the entirety of the screen for the
work’s duration. The mouths in question speak or sing; in each case, the audio track of the resultant sounds is imperfectly synced to the visible movements of the speaker’s mouth. As a result, lip-sync becomes not just an element of these works but their primary locus of interest.
This article examines how each of these artists uses the recorded voice and the represented body to grapple with questions about the nature and meaning of existence in a mediated world. The alienation of sound from image that lip-sync failure makes visible is a metonym for a more generalized
condition of alienation. In the 1970s critics hypothesized that this alienation could be ascribed to the emergence of audio/visual recording and the proliferation of the mediated experiences these technologies made possible. In response to such concerns, the artists I consider produced works
that posed a challenging question: can mediated, virtual forms of experience possess positive values that accord with traditional humanist ideals, or are they characterized exclusively by alienation and absence? Using lip-sync to figure these concerns, these video artists come to different
conclusions. Their lip-sync failures function variously to document, to criticize and to celebrate the postmodern debasement of auditory presence at the level of the subject’s body.
Palimpsest, porosity and subception: The heard and the unheard in Paul Winkler’s Bondi and Sydney Harbour Bridge
Authors: Campbell Steven
Published: January 2013

Two 1970s films by the German-Australian experimental film-maker Paul Winkler visually capture a duo of significant Sydney icons, Sydney Harbour Bridge and Bondi Beach, the visuals in each film supported asynchronously with minimal soundtracks. In this article Michel Chion’s (2009)
notions of palimpsest (the idea of sound film as silent film overwritten with sound) and porosity (the connections between different structural layers of a film), are examined and used as the basis of an analysis of the deployment of sound in these two films. Dominique Nasta’s focus
on psychologically imagined sound (subception) is then explored, with various possible imagined sounds subjectively derived from the Winkler visuals presented. Finally, existing and imagined sounds are discussed in relation to what Alex Gerbaz refers to as Winkler’s ‘fragmented
aesthetic’.
Music, lust and modernity: Jazz in the films of Ingmar Bergman
Authors: Hedling Erik
Published: January 2013

This article explores the recurrent use of jazz music in some of the early films of the Swedish film director Ingmar Bergman: Kris/Crisis (1946), Till glädje/ To Joy (1949), Sommaren med Monika/Summer with Monika (1953), En lektion i kärlek/A Lesson in Love (1954), Kvinnodröm/Dreams
(1955) and Tystnaden/The Silence (1963). In these films jazz is presented as derived from the corporeal body, as powerfully erotic and as culturally alien; it is also directly connected to a potentially destructive form of ‘modern’ female sexuality that is socially damaging. In
each of the films this leads to social embarrassment, personal failure or even tragedy for the characters involved. The article considers the relationship between Bergman’s use of jazz to express distaste for modernity in relation to the cultural and social transformation of Sweden during
the post-war period, and argues that the director’s attitude to the genre reflected a broader, often racist, approach to American popular culture generally and to African American music specifically within Swedish intellectual life.
Exposure to Alcohol Advertisements and Teenage Alcohol-Related Problems
Authors: Grenard Jerry L. , Dent Clyde W. , Stacy Alan W.
Published: January 2013

OBJECTIVE:

This study used prospective data to test the hypothesis that exposure to alcohol advertising contributes to an increase in underage drinking and that an increase in underage drinking then leads to problems associated with drinking alcohol.

METHODS:

A total of 3890 students were surveyed once per year across 4 years from the 7th through the 10th grades. Assessments included several measures of exposure to alcohol advertising, alcohol use, problems related to alcohol use, and a range of covariates, such as age, drinking by peers, drinking by close adults, playing sports, general TV watching, acculturation, parents’ jobs, and parents’ education.

RESULTS:

Structural equation modeling of alcohol consumption showed that exposure to alcohol ads and/or liking of those ads in seventh grade were predictive of the latent growth factors for alcohol use (past 30 days and past 6 months) after controlling for covariates. In addition, there was a significant total effect for boys and a significant mediated effect for girls of exposure to alcohol ads and liking of those ads in 7th grade through latent growth factors for alcohol use on alcohol-related problems in 10th grade.

CONCLUSIONS:

Younger adolescents appear to be susceptible to the persuasive messages contained in alcohol commercials broadcast on TV, which sometimes results in a positive affective reaction to the ads. Alcohol ad exposure and the affective reaction to those ads influence some youth to drink more and experience drinking-related problems later in adolescence.
Nine-Year Follow-up of a Home-Visitation Program: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Fergusson David M. , Boden Joseph M. , Horwood L. John
Published: January 2013

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the extent to which a home-visitation program (Early Start) had benefits for child abuse, child behavior, and parental- and family-level benefits to the 9-year follow-up.

METHODS:

A randomized controlled trial in which 220 families receiving Early Start were contrasted with a control series of 223 families not receiving the program. Families were enrolled in the program for up to 5 years. Outcomes were assessed at 6 months, annually from 1 year to 6 years, and at 9 years after trial entry.

RESULTS:

Comparisons between the Early Start and control series showed that families in the Early Start program showed significant (P < .05) benefits in reduced risk of hospital attendance for unintentional injury, lower risk of parent-reported harsh punishment, lower levels of physical punishment, higher parenting competence scores, and more positive child behavioral adjustment scores. Effect sizes (Cohen’s “d”) ranged from 0.13 to 0.29 (median = 0.25). There were no significant differences (all P values > .05) between the Early Start and control series on a range of measures of parental behavior and family outcomes, including maternal depression, parental substance use, intimate partner violence, adverse economic outcomes, and life stress.

CONCLUSIONS:

The Early Start program was associated with small to moderate benefits in a range of areas relating to child abuse, physical punishment, child behavior, and parenting competence. There was little evidence to suggest that the Early Start program had benefits that extended to the level of parents or family overall.
Guidance on Management of Asymptomatic Neonates Born to Women With Active Genital Herpes Lesions
Authors: Kimberlin David W. , Baley Jill ,   COMMITTEE ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES,   COMMITTEE ON FETUS AND NEWBORN, Brady Michael T. , Byington Carrie L. , Davies H. Dele , Edwards Kathryn M. , Glode Mary P. , Jackson Mary Anne , Keyserling Harry L. , Maldonado Yvonne A. , Murray Dennis L. , Orenstein Walter A. , Schutze Gordon E. , Willoughby Rodney E. , Zaoutis Theoklis E. , Papile Lu-Ann , Bhutani Vinod K. , Carlo Waldemar A. , Cummings James , Kumar Praveen , Polin Richard A. , Tan Rosemarie C. , Wang Kasper S. , Watterberg Kristi L.
Published: January 2013

This Clinical Report was retired March 2022.

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection of the neonate is uncommon, but genital herpes infections in adults are very common. Thus, although treating an infant with neonatal herpes is a relatively rare occurrence, managing infants potentially exposed to HSV at the time of delivery occurs more frequently. The risk of transmitting HSV to an infant during delivery is determined in part by the mother’s previous immunity to HSV. Women with primary genital HSV infections who are shedding HSV at delivery are 10 to 30 times more likely to transmit the virus to their newborn infants than are women with recurrent HSV infection who are shedding virus at delivery. With the availability of commercial serological tests that reliably can distinguish type-specific HSV antibodies, it is now possible to determine the type of maternal infection and, thus, further refine management of infants delivered to women who have active genital HSV lesions. The management algorithm presented herein uses both serological and virological studies to determine the risk of HSV transmission to the neonate who is delivered to a mother with active herpetic genital lesions and tailors management accordingly. The algorithm does not address the approach to asymptomatic neonates delivered to women with a history of genital herpes but no active lesions at delivery.