bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Cautionary Note Against Selective Applications of the Bayes Factor
Authors: Schreiner Marcel Raphael , Kunde Wilfried
Published: February 2024

Bayes-factor analysis becomes increasingly popular, among other reasons, because it allows to provide evidence for the null hypothesis which is not easily possible with the traditional frequentist approach. A conceivable strategy that apparently takes favorable aspects of both approaches on board, is to use traditional frequentist analyses first, and to support theoretically interesting nil effects by Bayesian analyses thereafter. Here we asked whether such a selective application of Bayesian analyses to only non-significant effects of foregoing frequentist analyses creates bias. In two simulation studies we observed that such selective application of Bayesian analyses in fact severely overestimates evidence in favor of the null hypotheses, when a true population effect exists. While this bias can be attenuated by using more informative priors in the Bayesian analyses, we recommend to not apply such selective combination of analytical approaches, but instead to use either frequentist or Bayesian analyses consistently.
Individual Variation in Encoding Strategy Optimization in Visual Working Memory: Evidence From a Change Detection Task
Authors: Lin Yin-ting , Leber Andrew B.
Published: February 2024

Extensive research has shown that differences in cognitive ability predict working memory (WM) performance. However, strategy use may also explain individual differences in WM. Here we explored individual variation in encoding strategy optimization in visual WM. Participants searched for a target that changed between two alternating displays that cycled until response. Critically, participants could freely choose between one red and one blue target, and the ratio of red to blue items varied randomly across trials. Therefore, the optimal strategy was to selectively encode items in the smaller colour subset. Results showed a general tendency to choose the optimal (small subset) target, but there were large individual differences in strategy choice, with many participants using sub-optimal strategies. While Experiment 1 found no relationship between ability and strategy, a larger-sample replication in Experiment 5 found a small, positive correlation between WM ability and strategy optimization. Experiment 2 showed that strategy use was not stable over time. Many participants spontaneously shifted to highly-optimal target choices, suggesting a sudden discovery of the optimal strategy. Experiment 3 confirmed the importance of explicit knowledge in strategy choice. Informing participants about the optimal strategy induced a large strategy improvement. Moreover, optimally-performing participants demonstrated explicit awareness of the optimal strategy. Experiment 4 showed that, even under greater task demands, when participants viewed the displays only once, strategy use was still sub-optimal. Our findings highlight strategy choice as an important source of individual variation, and therefore should be considered alongside ability to fully understand differences in WM.
Biased choice and incentive salience: Implications for addiction
Authors: Le Pelley Mike , Watson Poppy , Wiers Reinout
Published: February 2024

Before we can make any choice, we must gather information from the environment about what our options are. This information-gathering process is critically mediated by attention, and our attention is, in turn, shaped by our previous experiences with—and learning about—stimuli and their consequences. In this review we highlight studies demonstrating a rapid and automatic influence of reward learning on attentional capture, and argue that these findings provide a human analogue of sign-tracking behaviour observed in non-human animals – wherein signals of reward gain incentive salience and become attractive targets for attention (and overt behaviour) in their own right. We then consider the implications of this idea for understanding the drivers of cue-controlled behaviour, with focus on addiction as a case in which choices with regard to reward-related stimuli can become injurious to health. We argue that motivated behaviour in general—and addiction in particular—can be understood within a ‘biased competition’ framework: different options and outcomes compete for attentional priority as a function of top-down goals, bottom-up salience, and prior experience, and the winner of this competition becomes the target for subsequent outcome-directed and flexible behaviour. Finally, we outline the implications of the biased-competition framework for cognitive, behavioural, and socioeconomic interventions for addiction.
Assessing Penmanship of Chinese Handwriting: A Deep Learning-based Approach
Authors: Xu Zebo , Mittal Prerit S , Ahmed Mohd. Mohsin , Adak Chandranath , Cai Zhenguang Garry
Published: February 2024

The rise of the digital era has led to a decline in handwriting as the primary mode of communication, resulting in negative effects on handwriting literacy, particularly in complex writing systems such as Chinese. The marginalization of handwriting has contributed to the deterioration of penmanship, defined as the ability to write aesthetically and legibly. Despite penmanship being widely acknowledged as a crucial factor in predicting language literacy, research on its evaluation remains limited and in the early stages, with existing assessments primarily dependent on expert subjective ratings. Recent initiatives have started to explore the application of convolutional neural networks (CNN) for automated penmanship assessment. In this study, we adopt a similar approach, developing a CNN-based automatic assessment system for penmanship in traditional Chinese handwriting. Utilizing an existing database of 39,207 accurately handwritten characters (penscripts) from 40 handwriters, we had three human raters evaluate each penscript’s penmanship on a 10-point scale and calculate an average penmanship score. We trained a CNN on 90% of the penscripts and their corresponding penmanship scores. Upon testing the CNN model on the remaining 10% of penscripts, it achieved a remarkable performance (overall 9.82% normalized Mean Absolute Percentage Error) in predicting human penmanship scores, illustrating its potential for assessing handwriters' penmanship. To enhance accessibility, we developed a mobile application based on the CNN model, allowing users to conveniently evaluate their penmanship.
Konzeption ökonomischer Kompetenz, ihre curriculare Verankerung und die Analyse bestehender Assessments. Einleitung
Authors:   ECON-2022-Projektteam
Published: February 2024

Das folgende Kapitel gibt einen Einblick in die theoretische Verortung der ECON-Assessmentumgebung im Forschungsfeld der ökonomischen Bildung. Hierfür soll zunächst die ökonomische Domäne fachdidaktisch und fachwissenschaftlich analysiert werden, um normative Ziele, zentrale inhaltliche Konzepte sowie das Verständnis vom Lehren und Lernen in der Domäne zu identifizieren und in einem Domänenmodell zu organisieren. Das Domänenmodell dient als Blaupause zur inhalts- und kognitionsbezogenen Entwicklung des Testinstruments zur Messung ökonomischer Kompetenz (TBA-EL)1. Im Anschluss soll geprüft werden, inwieweit die im Domänenmodell manifestierten Vorstellungen in den Lehrplänen mit wirtschaftlichem Bezug verankert sind. Hierfür werden die Lehrpläne hinsichtlich ihrer curricular intendierten inhaltlichen Schwerpunkte sowie der kognitiven Niveaus untersucht. Die Ergebnisse geben detaillierten Aufschluss über den curricular avisierten inhaltlichen und kognitionsbezogenen Kompetenzstand zum Ende der Sekundarstufe I. Weiterhin werden die in den letzten drei Jahrzehnten auf Deutsch und Englisch publizierten Testinstrumente zur ökonomischen Bildung anhand des in den Lehrplanuntersuchungen verwendeten Kategoriensystems analysiert. Dies soll Aufschluss darüber geben, wie sich Assessments in den letzten Jahren verändert haben und ob sich Trends für die Assessmentkonstruktion ableiten lassen. Dabei konnte ein Desiderat bezüglich authentischer Testumgebungen in der ökonomischen Bildung ausgemacht werden. Die Umsetzung der ECON-Assessmentumgebung knüpft an dieser Stelle an.
Critical Political Economy of Culture and Communication: An Interview with Graham Murdock
Authors: Murdock Graham
Published: February 2024

This paper presents an interview with Graham Murdock. It was conducted by Thomas Allmer and Christian Fuchs for tripleC. In it, Graham Murdock reflects on the field of Critical Political Economy of Culture and Communication, his contributions to and work in this field of studies, the role of Karl Marx in this field, Stuart Hall, Critical Political Economy and Cultural Studies, Raymond Williams, the climate crisis and the environmental movement, Materialism, New Materialisms, Postmodernism, Pierre Bourdieu, the future of society, culture, and the media. The topics the interview covers are structured into three parts: 1. Critical Political Economy, 2. Critical Political Economy and Cultural Studies, 3. Questions of Materialism.
Construction and Validation of Zoomorphic Naming Ability Test in Zoology
Authors: Shanmugasundaram R. , Manickavasagan T.
Published: February 2024

Zoology is the branch of biology concerned with the study animals and animal kingdom.  It is also known as animal biology.  The study zoology includes the interaction of animal kingdom in their ecosystems such as classification, habits, structure, embryology, distribution, evolution, and extinct species. Zoology is the division of biology that deals with the animals kingdom.  It is the scientific study related to construct and validate the tool to measure the higher secondary science stream students in Zoomorphic naming ability it means that the science of naming, describing and classify organism and includes all animals and microorganism of the world. Therefore, this work is an attempt to construct and validate a tool for assessing the zoomorphic naming ability of higher secondary students who are studying in science stream. For this purpose, a collection of 50 zoomorphic naming ability questions from the content of zoology book materials prescribed for higher secondary students. These gathered 50 questions were undergone pilot study with 100 higher secondary science stream students in Cuddalore District, Tamilnadu State in India and on the basis of index of difficulty and index of discrimination values 40 questions have been chosen. The reliability and validity have also been found for this test tool. Hence, a complete and fully fledged Zoomorphic Naming Ability Test has been constructed and validated through this study and it will be an enough tool to measure the Zoomorphic Naming Ability of the higher secondary science stream students.
Incorporation of Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis with Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Diode-Array Detector for Authentication of Skin Gelatine Sources
Authors: Abdullah Sani Muhamad Shirwan , Mohd Ismail Azilawati , Azid Azman , Samsudin Mohd Saiful , Yuswan Mohd Hafis
Published: February 2024

This research seeks to (1) authenticate sources of skin gelatine by combining putative 17 aminoacids (AAs) analysis with chemometrics by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid ChromatographyDiode-Array Detector (UHPLC-DAD) and (2) create AA profiles in skin gelatines. Theclassification capability of partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models wasassessed to determine the most effective discriminant model. Principal component analysis(PCA) with quartimax rotation was utilised to accurately organise gelatine clusters and assign thesignificantly contributing AAs to each cluster. The PLS-DA model with 13 AAs (PLS-DAVIPAA)outperformed the PLS-DA model with 17 AAs (PLS-DAAA) because its R2Y (0.938), R2X (0.881),and Q2 (0.929) values were greater. With 13 significant AAs, the PLS-DAVIPAA model obtainedcluster classification accuracy of 100% on training and cross-validation datasets and 93.3% ontesting and verification datasets. The chemical structure of gelatines may shed light on theinteractions between AAs. Following six quartimax rotations, the gelatines were groupedcorrectly. The PCA showed the dominant presence of these AAs: L-Valine, L-Phenylalanine andL-Tyrosine in porcine gelatine; Glycine, L-Threonine, L-Arginine, L-Methionine, L-Histidine andL-Serine in fish gelatine; and L-Hydroxyproline, L-Leucine and L-Proline in bovine gelatine. Theauthority could use this technique to set a standard for authenticating skin gelatine samples.
Clean Extraction of Pectin from Dragon Fruit Peels, Pomelo Peels, Okra, and Pineapple Peels Using Deep Eutectic Solvents and Ionic Liquids
Authors: Haniman Adilan , Amal A.M. Elgharbawy  , Wae-Hayee Makatar , Mohd Noor Nurul Auni , Jawahar Bassam Mohamed , Hussain Mahmud , Dewi Ika Atsari
Published: February 2024

Pectin is the main constituent of fruit peels that contributes to the fruit's solid and firm shape. Having wide applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries, its extraction from bioresources would mark a sustainable advancement in biotechnology. The biomaterials for pectin extraction targeted in the study were dragon fruit peels (Hylocereus costaricensis), Pomelo peels (Citrus grandis), okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), and pineapple peels (Ananas comosus). Aqueous extractions of pectin from fruit peels were performed in a sono-reactor using deep eutectic solvents (DESs). Ionic liquids such as (Choline acetate ≥ 95%) [Ch][Ac] and (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ≥ 97%) [EMIM][Ac] were also employed as extraction solvents. Morphological screening with the electron microscope (SEM) and FTIR showed that the extracted pectin had a similar surface as commercial pectin. The extracted pectin can completely dissolve in water to form a homogenous suspension. The pectin yield from dragon fruit peels was 60±2.00 wt% with a degree of esterification at about 66-72%. This study introduces a clean extraction that can potentially substitute solvents in the pectin industry.
ANALYSIS OF THE METHODS AND SPECIFIC OF THE FIELD TRIAL DATA DIGITALIZATION AS THE BASIS OF FARMING MANAGEMENT
Authors:   National Technical University of Ukraine «Ihor Sikorskyi Kyiv Polytechnic Institute», Voloha M. , Yablonskyi P. , Lazarchuk M. , Lazarchuk-Vorobiova Y. , Vorobyov O. , Grubych M. ,   National Technical University of Ukraine «Ihor Sikorskyi Kyiv Polytechnic Institute»
Published: February 2024

The purpose of the study. The topic of crop management, which is largely determined by modern digitalization processes, is relevant and is in the center of attention of both specialists and experts in the field of agriculture and in the field of computer technology, because the production of products of the agricultural sector plays a vital role in the world economy. Considering that traditional field data processing methods are unable to meet the ever-growing needs of agricultural producers at the new stage of agricultural development and are a serious obstacle to obtaining the necessary information, the purpose of the article is to conduct a critical review and analysis of publications on the digitization of field research databases in order to develop and adopt effective management decisions in crop production. Research methods. Research was conducted using generally accepted scientific methods: abstract-logical; analysis and synthesis; induction and deduction; expert evaluations. Research results. The conducted analysis made it possible to determine that the level of development of agricultural enterprises currently largely depends on modern digital technologies, the implementation of which involves a change in the general paradigm of production process management and allows commodity producers to act accordingly to increase production volumes. It has been proven that along with updating the material and technical component, the priority of production is the intellectualization of production and management activities based on digitization. Conclusion. In order to benefit from the ever-increasing amount of data that comes from numerous sources of digital transformation, despite the fact that the vast majority of farmers and agricultural producers are not experts in this field and are unable to fully understand the basic laws of the algorithms being created, the scientific and methodological approach to increase the effectiveness of machine learning for automatic recognition of agricultural crops, detection of diseases and weeds, forecasting of yield and quality of the crop, management of water resources and soil can be useful for agricultural enterprises of many countries of the world. Key words: machine learning, precision farming, productivity, soil conditions, water resources.
Artificial intelligence and possibilities of its application in modern agriculture
Authors:   Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture of NAAS, Lykhovyd P. , Vozhehova R. , Hranovska L. , Ushkarenko V. ,   Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture of NAAS
Published: February 2024

The article is devoted to the study of the possibilities of using artificial intelligence for agricultural production from the point of view of scientific theory and solving practical problems. The purpose of the study was to investigate the possibility of using a modern artificial intelligence system «Agri1», developed specifically for the needs of agriculture, to solve theoretical and practical problems related to agro-industrial production, namely, in three such fields as soil science, agrotechnology, and land reclamation. Methods. Questions of a scientific-theoretical and practical nature from the specified branches of agriculture were submitted to the «Agri1» artificial intelligence system according to the developed methodological plan, which provided 10 questions for each group of tasks, namely: 10 scientific-theoretical questions and 10 practical questions on soil science, agrotechnology, and land reclamation. Thus, a total of 60 questions were put into the system. The quality of the answers was evaluated by the percentage of correct and complete answers, considering the need to ask additional clarifying questions. Results. As a result of the investigation of the capacity of artificial intelligence system «Agri1» it was established that the percentage of correct answers averaged 81.67, 83.33, and 88.33% for the questions from soil science, cultivation technologies, and agricultural melioration, respectively. Higher accuracy and quality of answers were obtained for practical questions, while the «Agri1» system gave less correct and qualitative answers to theoretical requests (86.67% vs. 82.22% for practical and theoretical requests respectively). Besides, a significantly larger number of additional requests were made to the «Agri1» system for solving the tasks, which are atypical for international agronomic science and practice. The gross output of correct answers was 84.44%, which is sufficient for the recommendation of «Agri1» application in scientific and practical purposes. Setting an unlimited number of additional requests and internal self-learning of the system allows to suggest that under certain circumstances it is possible to achieve 95% or even higher accuracy and correctness of the answers. Conclusions. The «Agri1» artificial intelligence system is a reliable and high-quality tool to obtain scientific and theoretical information and practical advice on soil science, agrotechnology and land reclamation, which can be used as an additional source of information for the research and production purposes. The disadvantages of the system are the English interface, a limited number of questions in the free version, and low information about the non-typical for the EU countries and the USA technological issues. Key words: agrotechnology, soil science, information technology, land reclamation, artificial intelligence.
Outlining a ‘Semantic Anthropology of Data Science’
Authors: Occa Edoardo
Published: February 2024

This work intends to describe the humanitarian response to the cholera epidemic carried out by the international health non-governmental organisation Doctors with Africa CUAMM in the provinces of Zambezia, Sofala and Tete in Mozambique. The knowledge and practices of applied medical anthropology have proved to be fundamental in the management of prevention and monitoring activities in homes where cases of cholera have been identified and confirmed. The collection and management of data relating to the epidemiological curve has represented a challenge in the field and pose considerable theoretical problems with respect to the representation, public discourse and policies of local government and large international donors in response to health emergencies caused by the ecological crisis-climate, especially in Africa and Mozambique.
A Lexical Analysis of Jargons in the Book Untold Tales of Pakistan Air Force by Kamal Ahmad
Authors: Haq Ijaz ul , Bhutti Zafar Iqbal , Alamgir Muhammad
Published: February 2024

This study made an effort to achieve the goals of the study, which were to define the word formation and meanings of the military jargon used in the book Untold Tales of the Pakistan Air Force. The researcher has examined the lexical study of particular military jargon. By using the theoretical viewpoints of Gurage Yule (2010), this research intends to explain word formation and meanings via the lexical analysis of jargons and to discover the literal and associative meaning of chosen jargons used in Kamal Ahmad's book Untold Tales of the Pakistan Air Force. The study was conducted using a qualitative research approach. To accomplish the study goals, a variety of jargons were chosen through careful reading of the chosen book and thereafter analyzed in accordance with the models chosen. The research's conclusions reveal the uses and meanings of many distinct military jargons. It is important to note that several military jargon phrases have various interpretations; the military utilizes associative meanings, whilst the public interprets terms literally.
Biodiesel from Avocado Seed Oil with CaO and CaO Super Basa Catalyst from Egg Shell Waste
Authors: Choerunnas Paqih , Nurhayati Lany , Devy Susanty  , Wardhani Gladys Ayu Paramita Kusumah
Published: February 2024

One waste that can be used as raw material for biodiesel is avocado seeds. Generally, biodiesel from avocado seed oil is synthesized using a homogeneous base catalyst, NaOH or KOH. However, the yield of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) is still low, so it is necessary to make biodiesel using heterogeneous base catalysts such as calcium oxide (CaO) and super base CaO from eggshell waste. Avocado seed oil biodiesel was synthesized using the method of transesterification with a ratio of 1:6, and a super base CaO/CaO catalyst of 1.5% (w/w) of the weight of avocado seed oil was added. The use of the CaO catalyst produced a Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) of 98.21% with a biodiesel yield of 73.77%, while the use of a super base CaO catalyst produced a FAME of 98.47% with a biodiesel yield of 74.50%. Characterization of biodiesel using FTIR shows the presence of methyl, ether, alcohol, carbonyl, and ester functional groups (C=O and C-O bonds), which are characteristics of the resulting biodiesel trans-esterification. Based on the yield and physical and chemical properties, the avocado seed oil biodiesel produced is better using the super base CaO catalyst than the CaO catalyst.
The Evaluation of the Relationship Between Spiritual Well-Being and Anxiety in Paramedical Students of Tabriz University
Authors: Velaei Kobra , Ghasemi Shayan Ramin , Khezerloo Davood , Ghaziani Mona Fazel , Sajjadian Fakhrosadat
Published: February 2024

Considering the importance of the relationship between spiritual Well-being and anxiety, a descriptive-correlational study was carried out on 184 paramedical students. Data collecting was done utilizing Paloutzian-Ellison spiritual health and Beck anxiety questionnaire. Afterward, data evaluation was conducted utilizing descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, multiple regression, Z-Fisher tests, and SPSS software. Many of the students had either mild anxiety or no anxiety. There was a substantial connection between spiritual health and students' anxiety. A significant correlation was determined between existential Well-being and students' anxiety but not between spiritual health and the level of anxiety. Z Fisher's results indicated a substantial association between gender and moderate spiritual well-being in female students more than in males. Various regression evaluations showed that spiritual health and existential Well-being could expect the rate of anxiety. Finally, results revealed a rise in spiritual health and exceedingly existential health that can reduce students' anxiety at the beginning of hospital training.
Long-term changes of surface water in water bodies near Mala Planina as an Ecosystem Service
Authors: Grigorov B , Assenov A
Published: February 2024

The main aim is to investigate long-term changes of surface water bodies, located in aclose proximity to Mala Planina as an ecosystem service. The studied basins are Aldomirovtsi Marshand Bistritsa Dam. Long-term changes in surface water are crucial for the functioning of ecosystemsand their healthy state. The basis is a global study, dealing with mapping of global surface waterand its long-term changes, applied to a local scale. Changes in global surface water at 30-metreresolution for the past 32 years are quantified and the indicators taken into account are: wateroccurrence, water occurrence change intensity, water seasonality, annual water recurrence, watertransitions and maximum water extent. The habitat ecosystem service, provided by AldomirovtsiMarsh, is at present, although a decrease of the surface waters is observed. Bistritsa Dam’s surfacewaters are more permanent, providing fish and development as a place of tourist and recreationcharacter.
Arid landscapes of the Central Asian region
Authors: Akpambetova K. , Rakhmetova А. , Beisenova R. , Dzhamgyrchiev D.
Published: February 2024

The large absolute heights, the complex geological and orographic structure ofKyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan, their geographical position in the depths of the Eurasian continent,surrounded by vast deserts and the related continental and arid climate, create a great diversity oflandscapes, a variety of natural conditions. By the totality of natural factors, taking into accounttheir spatial differences, the structure of the altitudinal zonality of landscapes, the territoryof the two countries is a complex system of geocomplexes of different ranks. Geocomplexes ofCentral Kazakhstan belong to the arid system and are developing under the conditions ofmanifestation of natural and technogenic processes. According to the peculiarities of geologicaland geomorphological differentiation of the territory, depending on local physiographic conditionsand processes, landscapes are distinguished relative to the lowered accumulative plains, elevateddenudation plains, small hills and island lowlands.
Изучение физико-химических закономерностей и комплексная очистка сточных вод на установке рециклинга
Authors: Мейрамкулова К.С. , Джакупова Ж.Е. , Усербаев М.Т. , Абдыкарим А.К.
Published: February 2024

В данной работе рассмотрены оценка эффективности очистки с установлением основных физико-химических параметров на экспериментальной лабораторной уставновке для рециклинга сточных вод птицефабрики. Анализ сточной воды из разных линий убойного производства по физико-химическим показателям выявил, что лабораторная установка, включающая в себе различные методы очистки, эффективно очищает воду и может быть рекомендована как технология для повторного использования на производстве. На лабораторной установке путем последовательных процессов - электрокоагуляционного воздействия и ультрафиолетового обеззараживания -была достигнута высокая степень очистки. Электролиз осуществлялся при постоянном электрическом токе в пределах 0,6-1,5 А с напряжением до 6 В в течение 10 и 5 мин, в качестве электродов использовались алюминиевые и титановые пластины. Полученные результаты демонстрировали, что содержания соединений азота составили от 0,119-36,2 мг/дм3 до очистки и 0,019-5,3 мг/дм3 после очистки, показатели фосфора в пределах от 5,79 мг/дм3 до 0,11 мг/дм3 , также хлора, соответственно,от 0,45 мг/дм3 до 0,01 мг/дм3.
A Comparative View on the Degree of Realization of Urban Resilience based on Facts and Perceptions in Three Old, Middle and New Contexts of Qazvin City
Authors:   Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran., Anjerani Nasser , Bigdeli Rad Vahid ,   Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran., Pakzad Shadi ,   Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran.
Published: February 2024

Context and purpose: The discussion of urban resilience is considered the most important discussion in the organization of cities today. A resilient city is a city that evaluates, plans and takes action to prepare and respond to all kinds of natural and human hazards, sudden and slow, expected and unexpected. Now, this issue becomes more important when there is a variety of textures in a city, because according to the characteristics of each texture, special measures must be taken into account in terms of resilience. Also, paying attention to the opinion of the residents who are the main owners of the cities should be taken into account in making the cities resilient. The most important goal of the present research is to examine the differences in the new, middle and old contexts in Qazvin city and the existence of a relationship To determine the significance between facts (objective indicators) and perceptions (subjective indicators) in the field of urban resilience in Qazvin city. Method: The case study in this research is the city of Qazvin. This research is of applied type and its method is descriptive-analytical, and in order to examine the difference between new, middle and old contexts, Kruskal-Wallis test was used, and in order to measure the relationship between facts and perceptions, Pearson's correlation coefficient was used. Findings: The findings of this research indicate that in terms of institutional, physical, social and economic dimensions, except for some indicators, the new context is in a much better condition than other contexts, and other contexts need to be addressed in the field of urban resilience. are It was also studied that there is a significant relationship between people's opinions and objective facts in the field of resilience in Qazvin city. Conclusion: The chi-square results in the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that there is a significant difference in the field of urban resilience in the new, middle and old contexts of Qazvin city. Also, the positive and significant coefficients of the Spearman coefficient indicated that there is a significant relationship between objective and subjective indicators of urban resilience. The results of this research can be used in Qazvin Municipality and other institutions related to crisis management.
Comparing the Effectiveness of Parent-mediated Intervention With Social Media-based and Face-to-face Rehabilitation Approaches on Autism Children’s Social Interaction and Challenging Behaviors: A None-randomized Quasi-experimental Study
Authors:   Department of Rehabilitation Management, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Gholabi Ghazaleh , Kamali Mohammad ,   Department of Rehabilitation Management, Rehabilitation Research Center, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Mobaraki Hossein ,   Department of Rehabilitation Management, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Salehi Reza ,   Department of Rehabilitation Management, Rehabilitation Research Center, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Published: February 2024

Background and Objectives: Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) often require various specialized services and access to various specialists in the fields of medicine, rehabilitation, and education due to the multifaceted problems caused by these disorders. Also, parents of children with ASDs face many challenges which expose them to high levels of stress, anxiety, and depression, as well as the quality of life (QoL) of these parents is often affected. As a result, it is necessary for children with ASDs and their parents, especially their mothers to access various services. The present study was conducted to investigate and compare the effectiveness of the parent-mediated intervention method with social media-based and face-to-face rehabilitation approaches for mothers of children with ASDs. Methods: The research sample included 30 mothers of 3-6-year-old children with ASDs who were randomly assigned to two groups of social media-based education and face-to-face education. Both groups received two training sessions every week for four weeks. The intervention for the first group was based on social media and using video calls, video, and educational texts, and for the second group, it was face-to-face. Results: The results showed that training was effective in improving social interaction and challenging behaviors in children and led to the improvement in depression symptoms, QoL, and sense of well-being in mothers; however the difference in the scores obtained from the two groups of social media-based education and face-to-face education is not significantly different from each other (P>0.05 Conclusion: According to the results of the research, it seems that the effect of the group interaction was significant in the time. Treatment as well as accessibility, choose one of the above two methods that are more economical for the individual according to the conditions, which requires further studies.
The Effect of Occupation-based Self-determination Intervention on Communication and Interaction Skills of Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors:   Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Naghavi Kheslat Mohammad , Alizadeh Zarei Mahdi ,   Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Hojati Abed Elahe ,   Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Published: February 2024

Background and Objectives: The prevalence of autism has increased worldwide in recent decades. The diagnosis of autism requires deficits in communication and social interaction skills, such as holding a back-to-back conversation and using non-verbal communication behaviors. It seems that the social skills of students with autism may significantly affect their self-determination state because the problem of social interaction causes limitations in autonomous functioning. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effect of occupation-based self-determination intervention on the communication and interaction skills of adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods: This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 40 adolescents with ASD. A total of 21 adolescents (intervention group) were randomly selected to participate in the occupation-based self-determination intervention, while the other 19 adolescents (control group) had only routine occupational therapy sessions. All these adolescents were assessed before, after, and 45 days after the 16-session intervention program using an assessment of communication and interaction skills. Data were analyzed using non-parametric chi-square test and parametric tests (repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and student’s t-test). Results: A significant change was observed in the assessment results of the communication and interaction skills between pre and post-test of the intervention group. After analyzing the results with multivariate test, repeated measures, and student’s t-test, it was revealed that while the mean scores for communication and interaction skills in the control group did not show significant changes during assessment times (P>0.05), the comparison between groups over time for communication and interaction skills indicated a statistically significant increase in the intervention group (P<0.001). Conclusion: Using occupations to instruct self-determination skills to adolescents with ASD is an effective method to enhance their performance skills, including communication and interaction skills.
Spectrum of manifestations of IgG4-related disease: a literature review
Authors: Moreira Danilo José Silva , Oliveira Vinicius Faustino Lima de , Fonseca Juliana Brito da , Rossi Karoline , Vasconcelos Suzana dos Santos , Fecury Amanda Alves , Dendasck Carla Viana , Dias Claudio Alberto Gellis de Mattos , Oliveira Euzébio de , Araújo Maria Helena Mendonça de
Published: February 2024

IgG4-Related Disease is a plasma cell lymphoproliferative condition, associated with increased levels of IgG4 and infiltration of IgG4-positive cells in affected structures. Due to its broad spectrum of manifestations, there are still difficulties in its diagnosis. This study aims to highlight the main clinical manifestations that comprise its spectrum. It is an integrative, descriptive literature review with a qualitative approach, conducted in the databases Embase, PubMed, SCIELO, and Web of Science. Thirty-eight articles were included in this review. It is observed that IgG4-Related Disease has a variable clinical presentation, with reports in the literature of involvement in all organs and systems of the body. The most affected organs are the pancreas, ocular orbits, salivary, and lacrimal glands. It is noteworthy that this variety of manifestations results in different clinical repercussions, which can lead to complicated conditions due to the possibility of affecting vital organs.
ORGANIZATIONAL BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION IN THE ENTERPRISE
Authors:   Lutsk National Technical University, Lipych Liubov , Volynets Iryna ,   Lesya Ukrainka Volyn National University
Published: February 2024

The article aims to explore the role and essence of organizational barriers that arise in the process of communication within enterprises. It is established that organizational communication is the process of exchanging information and ideas within an organization with the goal of achieving common objectives. Among the five dimensions of organizational structure, organizational centralization and formalization are identified as crucial for enhancing communication efficiency. It is demonstrated that the main organizational barriers in the communication process, stemming from incorrectly defined centralization scales, include the presence of excessive information resources at the top management level, lack of complete information at the operational level, underutilization of human capital at middle and lower management levels, a significant volume of incomplete information, the need to address operational tasks at the top management level, and low levels of organizational independence for lower-level units. Communication barriers associated with excessive formalization encompass the inability to provide unofficial explanations for discrepancies, limitations on the use of knowledge, obstacles to changes and innovations, barriers to integrating employees and organizational units into the communication process, and restrictions on communication with the external environment. Survey results confirm that an excessive level of centralization leads to a spiral of dependency, increasing pressure on lower management structures and further centralization of management. Decentralization ensures the accuracy of decision-making, bringing decision-making closer to the point of problem occurrence, and allows top management to focus on resolving strategic issues. Formalization has a positive impact on the communication process of organizations in the early stages of development and growth. It organizes the flow of information and contributes to its standardization, facilitating the coordination of communication among network participants. The occurrence of barriers to excessive formalization in the communication process depends on the size, maturity, and diversification of the activities of individual organizations.
ІСТОРИЧНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ПРОГРАМИ ЗАХИСТУ СВІДКІВ В США
Authors: Ковмир Сергій Володимирович
Published: February 2024

Автор проаналізував передумови, процес створення та еволюцію американської програми захисту свідків WITSEC. У дослідженні акцентовано увагу на адміністративно-правових та тактичних аспектах американської програми захисту. Ґрунтовно проаналізовано проблеми міжвідомчої взаємодії правоохоронних органів в Сполучених Штатах Америки під час реалізації національної стратегії боротьби з італійською мафією в 70-х роках минулого століття. Автор дослідив особливості застосування «ударних» груп із протидії мафіозним угрупованням LCN, акцентуючи увагу на елементах соціальної підтримки свідків та процедурах переселення в нове місце проживання. У статті акцентовано увагу на «споживчий» підхід федеральних прокурорів під час використання показань ключових свідків проти мафії на початкових етапах застосування програм захисту. Підкреслено необхідність урахування психологічних та інших ризиків під час визначення безпекової стратегії стосовно свідка або його близьких. Автор звернув увагу на схожість проблем в американській та сучасній українській системах захисту учасників кримінального судочинства через відсутність чіткої диференціації між програмами захисту випадкових свідків та злочинців, які прийняли рішення надати свідчення проти своїх колишніх спільників. Автор підкреслив схожість підходів Служби маршалів у 80-х роках минулого століття та представників спеціальних підрозділів правоохоронних органів України для забезпечення безпеки свідків і потерпілих через застосування фізичного захисту. Окремий акцент зроблено на ролі політичного керівництва країни та представників Сенату США в координації зусиль із протидії організованій злочинності за часів каденцій президентів США Джона Кеннеді та Ліндона Джонсона. Проаналізовано такі елементи захисту, як заміна ідентифікаційних документів та залучення великого бізнесу США для сприяння в подальшому працевлаштуванню свідків. Автор звернув увагу на відсутність стратегічного планування під час становлення американської програми захисту свідків, обмеженість необхідного для якісного захисту кваліфікованого персоналу та суттєве перенавантаження підрозділу захисту. Проаналізовано результати розслідування комісій Сенату Кефовера та Маккелана з питань удосконалення системи захисту свідків в Сполучених Штатах та визначено проблеми й позитивні тенденції, які кардинально змінили безпековий ландшафт у цій сфері. Автор дослідив етапи становлення та розвитку програм захисту свідків в Службі маршалів США, зробивши акцент на аналізі управлінських аспектів, штатної структури, організаційних процедур та фінансування підрозділу захисту. Завдяки ґрунтовному дослідженню еволюції програми захисту свідків у США автор здійснив порівняльний аналіз національної системи захисту учасників кримінального судочинства, що може сприяти науковому переосмисленню та подальшому «перезавантаженню» правових та адміністративних механізмів забезпечення безпеки свідків і потерпілих у нашій країні.
ДОКАЗИ В ЕЛЕКТРОННІЙ ФОРМІ У КРИМІНАЛЬНОМУ ПРОВАДЖЕННІ
Authors: Фігурський Володимир Михайлович
Published: February 2024

Стаття присвячена висвітленню суті доказів в електронній формі та з’ясуванню, до якого з видів процесуальних джерел доказів у кримінальному провадженні вони належать. Зазначено, що поняття «цифрові докази» та «електронні докази» у спеціальній літературі та офіційних документах переважно вживають як синоніми. Утім технічно коректним є використання категорії «цифрові докази». Водночас, цифровим є електронний доказ, згенерований у числовому форматі, або перетворений у нього. Аргументовано, що у правовій доктрині та у правовому регулюванні сформовано декілька підходів до тлумачення суті електронних доказів. Більшість учених під електронними доказами розуміють дані або інформацію, яка з’явилася внаслідок використання цифрової техніки і відповідного програмного забезпечення, та може бути використана в судовому процесі. Інші дослідники визначають електронні докази як об’єкти цифрового (електронного) виміру, що можуть мати значення для кримінального провадження. Третій підхід до трактування електронних доказів – будь-які докази, отримані з даних, що містяться в будь-якому пристрої або вироблені ним, функціонування якого залежить від програмного забезпечення або даних, що зберігаються або передаються через комп’ютерну систему чи мережу. Обґрунтовано, що докази, про які йдеться, коректніше називати «доказами в електронній формі», оскільки ця назва відображає середовище створення, використання, зберігання, демонстрації, виявлення, фіксації, вилучення та дослідження інформації, яка має значення для кримінального провадження. Електронна форма інформації становить нематеріальну версію інших форм інформації (письмової, графічної, аудіовізуальної та їх поєднанні). Вона може відтворювати абсолютно всі елементи інформації в матеріальній формі. Понад те, електронна форма має перевагу, адже містить параметри, недоступні іншим формам (наприклад, метадані). Сформульовано авторське визначення доказів в електронній формі – це інформація, створена, оброблена, збережена або передана за допомогою аналогових чи цифрових сигналів, що має значення для кримінального провадження. Констатовано, що КПК України поки не виокремлює докази в електронній формі. Розглядаючи їх у контексті документів, законодавець поширив на докази в електронній формі загальні правила використання доказів у кримінальному провадженні. Підкреслено, що через особливості доказів в електронній формі точаться дискусії щодо їх приналежності до процесуальних джерел доказів. Зроблено висновок, що докази в електронній формі є новим соціально-правовим явищем в інформаційну епоху. У порівнянні з доказами у поза електронній формі, вони мають власну природу, яка зумовлює їх особливості, потребують іншого механізму доказування, що свідчить про самостійне місце у системі процесуальних джерел доказів.