bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of the relative values of alternatives on preference for free‐choice in humans
Authors: Rost Kristen A. , Hemmes Nancy S. , Alvero Alicia M.
Published: August 2014

Organisms often prefer conditions that allow selection among alternatives (free‐choice) to conditions that do not (forced‐choice), particularly when response alternatives in free‐choice produce equal or greater reinforcer magnitudes than those available under forced‐choice. We present data on free‐choice preference for human participants who gained or lost points by selecting images of cards on a computer screen under a concurrent‐chains schedule. Responding during the initial link gained access to a terminal link offering a single‐card set (forced‐choice) or a three‐card set (free‐choice). The alternatives in free‐choice produced reinforcer magnitudes (points) that were: (a) equal to forced‐choice; (b) equal to and greater than forced‐choice; and (c) equal to and less than forced‐choice. Participants showed reliable preference for free‐choice under some conditions; however, preference decreased as reinforcer magnitude for some alternatives in free‐choice was reduced. This occurred even though it was possible to obtain the same number of points across free‐ and forced‐choice. Although preference for free‐choice was clearly demonstrated, the effect of points available in the terminal link suggests that this phenomenon is subject to modulation by other processes, such as reinforcement or punishment by obtained outcomes in the terminal link. Context (reinforcer‐gain or ‐loss) was not a reliable predictor of preference.
Characterization of rubella virus genotypes among pregnant women in northern Vietnam, 2011–2013
Authors: Van Le Son , Le Duc Hoang , Hoang Huong Thi , Hoang Ha , Nguyen Nam Trung , Chu Ha Hoang
Published: August 2014

Rubella virus (RV) infection is an unresolved clinical complication that affects children in developing countries including Vietnam. RV infection during the first trimester of pregnancy causes severe birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome. This study reports on the genomic characterization of RV strains circulating in northern Vietnam during 2011–2013. RV‐IgM positive amniotic fluid specimens were collected from 38 women from northern Vietnam who presented with clinical rubella at the National Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Hanoi, Vietnam. The RV genes were determined by nested PCR with primers amplifying the 739‐nucleotide coding region of the E1 gene. The sequences from the amplified DNA fragments were phylogenetically analyzed and compared to reference RV strains. Seventeen out of 38 samples are positive for RV detecting. All new RV isolates are clustered to genotype 2B. Eighteen amino acid mutations were found in the T and B cell epitopes. These results suggest that genotype 2B RV strains frequently circulate in northern Vietnam. These data describe the RV genotype in Vietnam with the aim of improving maternal and child health in this country. J. Med. Virol. 87:338–343, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Confocal Raman spectroscopy to monitor intracellular penetration of TiO2 nanoparticles
Authors: Salehi Hamideh , Calas‐Bennasar Isabelle , Durand Jean‐Cédric , Middendorp Elodie , Valcarcel Jean , Larroque Christian , Nagy Katalin , Turzó K Kinga , Dekany Imre , Cuisinier Frédéric J. G.
Published: August 2014

Confocal Raman microscopy, a noninvasive, label‐free, and high‐spatial resolution imaging technique, in combination with K‐mean cluster analysis and a correlation coefficient map, was employed to trace titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles in living MCF‐7 and TERT cells. The penetration of TiO2 nanoparticles into cells revealed a gradual time‐dependent diffusion of nanoparticles over the entire cell. Cell apoptosis was monitored by tracing cytochrome c diffusion into the cytoplasm. A comparison with the mitochondrial clustering indicated that cytochrome c was inside the mitochondria for TiO2 concentration of 2 µg ml−1. This result demonstrates that the presence of TiO2 particles within a cell does not induce apoptosis. We demonstrated that confocal Raman microscopy allow to follow penetration of TiO2 particles in cell and to monitor the apoptotic status of the penetrated cells. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SERS studies of isolated and agglomerated gold nanoparticles functionalized with a dicarboxybipyridine‐trimercaptotriazine‐ruthenium dye
Authors: Grasseschi Daniel , Parussulo Andre L. A. , Zamarion Vitor M. , Guimarães Robson R. , Araki Koiti , Toma Henrique E.
Published: August 2014

A dicarboxybipyridine‐trimercaptotriazine ruthenium complex, primarily designed for dye solar cells, has been successfully employed for generating electrostatically stabilized gold colloids, because of its high negative charge and capability of binding to gold nanoparticles via the sulfur groups. Surprisingly, a strong surface‐enhanced Raman scattering enhancement has been observed for the isolated nanoparticles, exceeding those recorded after inducing agglomeration. Such unusual response has been ascribed to the predominant contribution of the charge‐transfer and resonance Raman mechanisms, more than compensating for the lack of the local hot spots, in relation to the agglomerated systems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Instantaneous shifted‐excitation Raman difference spectroscopy (iSERDS)
Authors: Kiefer Johannes
Published: August 2014

Shifted‐excitation Raman difference spectroscopy (SERDS) is an experimental method to recover spontaneous Raman spectra despite the presence of strong fluorescence interference. The common scheme requires a tunable laser source and recording two spectra after each other. In this paper, an approach for instantaneous SERDS (iSERDS) is presented utilizing a broadband light source. The broadband radiation is spatially dispersed in the focal plane inside the object of investigation. The generated scattering signal is imaged onto the slit of an imaging spectrograph. The individual pixel lines on the detector represent Raman spectra with slightly shifted excitation wavelength and hence allow SERDS spectra to be derived. The proposed iSERDS technique is a suitable approach for obtaining Raman spectra from fluorescing samples provided they are homogenous on the length scale of the measurement volume. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genomic medicine for cancer prognosis
Authors: Mathur Aarti , Zeiger Martha A.
Published: August 2014

There is a heavy research emphasis on prognostic and predictive approaches based on genomic data, which has in turn challenged standard paradigms for the management of patients with malignant disease. This review will highlight the recent advances made in genomic medicine, specifically with regard to prognosis associated with thyroid cancer, cutaneous melanoma, and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Although none of the markers reviewed have been incorporated into routine clinical practice, this review covers the most promising ones. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:31–37. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanistic Aspects of Ligand Substitution on the Hydroxopentaaquarhodium(III) Ion in Aqueous Solution by Sulfur‐Containing Bioactive Ligands
Authors: MONDAL SUBALA , RAY SUMON , CHATTOPADHYAY ANIMESH , NANDI DEBABRATA , SARKAR (SAIN) ROSHNI , GHOSH ALAK KUMAR
Published: August 2014

The kinetics of the interactions between three sulfur‐containing ligands, thioglycolic acid, 2‐thiouracil, glutathione, and the title complex, have been studied spectrophotometrically in aqueous medium as a function of the concentrations of the ligands, temperature, and pH at constant ionic strength. The reactions follow a two‐step process in which the first step is ligand‐dependent and the second step is ligand‐independent chelation. Rate constants (k1 ∼10−3 s−1 and k2 ∼10−5 s−1) and activation parameters (for thioglycolic acid: ΔH1≠ = 22.4 ± 3.0 kJ mol−1, ΔS1≠ = −220 ± 11 J K−1 mol−1, ΔH2≠ = 38.5 ± 1.3 kJ mol−1, ΔS2≠ = −204 ± 4 J K−1 mol−1; for 2‐thiouracil: ΔH1≠ = 42.2 ± 2.0 kJ mol−1, ΔS1≠ = −169 ± 6 J K−1 mol−1, ΔH2≠ = 66.1 ± 0.5 kJ mol−1, ΔS2≠ = −124 ± 2 J K−1 mol−1; for glutathione: ΔH1≠ = 47.2 ± 1.7 kJ mol−1, ΔS1≠ = −155 ± 5 J K−1mol−1, ΔH2≠ = 73.5 ± 1.1 kJ mol−1, ΔS2≠ = −105 ± 3 J K−1 mol−1) were calculated. Based on the kinetic and activation parameters, an associative interchange mechanism is proposed for the interaction processes. The products of the reactions have been characterized from IR and ESI mass spectroscopic analysis. A rate law involving the outer sphere association complex formation has been established as urn:x-wiley:05388066:media:kin20873:kin20873-math-0002
Rethinking nasal tip support: A finite element analysis
Authors: Shamouelian David , Leary Ryan P. , Manuel Cyrus T. , Harb Rani , Protsenko Dmitriy E. , Wong Brian J. F.
Published: August 2014

Objective

We employ a nasal tip finite element model (FEM) to evaluate contributions of two of the three major tip support mechanisms: attachments between the upper and lower lateral cartilages and attachment of the medial crura to the caudal septum.

Study Design

The nasal tip FEM computed stress distribution and strain energy density (SED) during nasal tip compression. We examined the impact of attachments between the upper and lower lateral cartilages and the attachment of the medial crura to the caudal septum on nasal tip support.

Methods

The FEM consisted of three tissue components: bone, cartilage, and skin. Four models were created: A) control model with attachments present at the scroll and caudal septum; B) simulated disruption of scroll; C) simulated disruption of medial crura attachments to caudal septum; and D) simulated disruption of scroll and medial crura attachments to caudal septum. Spatial distribution of stress and SED were calculated.

Results

The keystone, intermediate crura, caudal septum, and nasal spine demonstrated high concentration of stress distribution. Across all models, there was no difference in stress distribution. Disruption of the scroll resulted in 1% decrease in SED. Disruption of the medial crura attachments to the caudal septum resulted in 4.2% reduction in SED. Disruption of both scroll and medial crural attachments resulted in 9.1% reduction in SED.

Conclusion

The nasal tip FEM is an evolving tool to study structural nasal tip dynamics and demonstrates the loss of nasal tip support with disruption of attachments at the scroll and nasal base.

Level of Evidence

N/A Laryngoscope, 125:326–330, 2015
An animal model for laryngotracheal injuries: An experimental study
Authors: Kumar Saravanam P. , Ravikumar Arunchalam , Thanka J.
Published: August 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

To establish an animal model for post‐intubation laryngotracheal injuries resulting in significant laryngotracheal insult without compromising the survival of the animal for a minimum period of 12 weeks post‐extubation. To study the extent of injury based on morphometric and histopathological change seen at 12 weeks post‐extubation.

Study Design

Randomized block, single‐blinded, experimental study.

Methods

Twelve New Zealand white rabbits were used in this study. The rabbits were randomly divided into three groups depending on the duration of intubation (6 hours, 4 hours, and 2 hours, respectively). The technique of intubation was standardized. Post‐extubation, these rabbits were humanely sacrificed after observation for 12 weeks or when they developed severe respiratory distress. The larynx and trachea were subjected to gross and histopathological examination.

Results

Histopathological examination and statistical analysis showed significant subglottic injury in all group B rabbits (intubated for 4 hours), and all of them survived for 12 weeks.

Conclusion

In this study, an animal model for inducing and studying laryngotracheal injuries due to endotracheal intubation has been established. This study has the potential applications in research on etiopathogenesis and management of post‐intubation laryngotracheal injuries.

Level of Evidence

N/A. Laryngoscope, 125:E23–E27, 2015
Supraglottitis due to group Bstreptococcus in an adult with IgG4 and C2 deficiency: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Nagaraja Vinayak , Stewart Thomas E. , Mackay Stuart G. , Glenn Derek W. , Wakefield Denis , Boutlis Craig S.
Published: August 2014

Acute supraglottitis is a medical emergency as it can rapidly lead to airway compromise. With routine pediatric immunization for Hemophilus influenzae serotype b, supraglottitis is now more prevalent in adults, with a shift in the causative organisms and a change in the natural history of this disease. Here, we present a case of supraglottitis due to group B streptococcus that occurred in an adult with previously undetected immunoglobulin 4 (IgG4) and complement protein C2 deficiency. Laryngoscope, 125:852–855, 2015
Laryngoscopic characteristics in vocal leukoplakia: Inter‐rater reliability and correlation with histology grading
Authors: Young Chi‐Kuang , Lin Wan‐Ni , Lee Li‐Yu , Lee Li‐Ang , Hsin Li‐Jen , Liao Chun‐Ta , Li Huesh‐Yu , Chen I‐How , Fang Tuan‐Jen
Published: August 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

Vocal cord leukoplakia is a clinical diagnosis that comprises a spectrum of benignities, premalignancies, and malignancies. Accurate recordings of the visual characteristics of the affected area are important for communication between physicians and are helpful in further management. The objective of this study was to determine the laryngoscopic characteristics among patients with vocal cord leukoplakia and the reliability of examinations between different raters.

Study Design

Retrospective chart review conducted in a tertiary referral center in Taiwan.

Methods

From January 2010 to April 2013, 107 consecutive patients with vocal leukoplakia who had accepted excisional biopsy were recruited and classified into two groups according to histologic findings. The patients without clear preoperative flexible laryngoscope images stored in the picture archiving and communication system were excluded. There were 68 patients who met the inclusion criteria, and the preoperative laryngoscope images were reviewed by two laryngologists. The inter‐rater reliabilities of the recordings were assessed. Correlation between the variables and histologic classification was also performed.

Results

The inter‐rater reliability of the assessment was significant in the recordings of color, texture, size, hyperemia, thickness, and symmetry (κ = 0.267 to 0.573, P < .05) but not in vocal cord edema. The laryngoscopic findings including color, texture, size, and hyperemia were associated with the grade of dysplasia (P < .05).

Conclusions

The specific proposed laryngoscopic characteristics are consistent in the recordings between raters and can be potentially used for stratifying patients' risk.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 125:E62–E66, 2015
Venous thromboembolism after Diaphragm Pacing in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Rezania Kourosh , Gottlieb Ori , Guralnick Amy , Prachand Vivek , Sweitzer Bobbie J. , Vigneswaran Wickii , White Steven R. , Roos Raymond P.
Published: August 2014

Introduction: Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are prone to venous thromboembolism (VTE) and secondary complications. Because there is an increased incidence of VTE after surgical procedures, placement of a Diaphragm Pacing System (DPS) in ALS patients as treatment for respiratory muscle weakness could potentially increase the incidence of VTE, especially in patients with limited mobility. Methods: We implanted a DPS in 10 ALS patients who met the criteria for this procedure. They underwent a preoperative evaluation as recommended by the guidelines. Results: We report 2 patients with no symptoms of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) before the surgical procedure who then developed perioperative VTE. Conclusions: These patients highlight the need to consider preoperative screening for DVT and postoperative thromboprophylaxis in high‐risk ALS patients who undergo DPS placement. Muscle Nerve 50: 863–865, 2014
Impact of long‐term erythrocytapheresis on growth and peak height velocity of children with sickle cell disease
Authors: Bavle Abhishek , Raj Ashok , Kong Maiying , Bertolone Salvatore
Published: August 2014

Background

Children with sickle cell disease (SCD) lag in weight and height and have a delayed growth spurt compared to normal children. We studied the effect of long‐term erythrocytapheresis (LTE) on the growth of children with SCD and the age at which they attained peak height velocity.

Procedure

A retrospective chart review was performed recording weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) measurements of 36 patients with SCD who received LTE every 3–5 weeks for an average duration of 5 years. The z‐scores for weight, height, and BMI of these patients were compared with that of patients with SCD from the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease (CSSCD) and a sub‐set of 64 controls matched for age, sex, and initial growth parameter z‐scores at the start of LTE.

Results

The z‐scores for all parameters improved significantly for our patients on LTE compared to match controls from CSSCD and the entire pediatric CSSCD cohort (P‐value: <0.01). Peak height velocity was achieved 2 months earlier for females (P‐value: 0.94) and 11 months earlier for males (P‐value: 0.02), who started LTE before 14 years of age, compared to matched CSSCD controls. The study subjects who had not been on regular simple transfusions prior to starting LTE had a mean serum ferritin of 681 ng/ml after LTE for an average duration of 63 months.

Conclusion

LTE improves the growth of children with SCD without the risk of iron overload. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:2024–2030. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ovarian insufficiency and pubertal development after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in childhood
Authors: Bresters Dorine , Emons Joyce A.M. , Nuri Nardin , Ball Lynne M. , Kollen Wouter J.W. , Hannema Sabine E. , Bakker‐Steeneveld Johanna D.J. , van der Bom Johanna G. , Oostdijk Wilma
Published: August 2014

Background

Ovarian insufficiency (OI) and infertility are common and devastating late effects of cancer treatment and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In children, gonadal insufficiency may subsequently lead to abnormal pubertal development. The aim of this study was to assess the cumulative incidence of OI and the need for hormonal induction of pubertal development after HSCT in childhood. We additionally assessed HSCT‐related risk factors for OI.

Procedures

A single center cohort study was undertaken of female patients transplanted during childhood, surviving at least 2 years post‐HSCT and who were at least 10 years old at initiation of the study. Of 141 eligible patients, 109 were included and hormone levels and clinical data of these patients during follow‐up were collected. Risk factors for OI were analyzed by multivariate Cox regression analysis.

Results

Cumulative incidence of OI was 56% at a median follow‐up of 7.2 years. Eight patients, initially diagnosed with OI, showed recovery of ovarian function over time. Hormonal induction of puberty was necessary in 44% of females who were pre‐pubertal or pubertal at HSCT. In multivariate analysis, more advanced pubertal stage at HSCT was associated with OI. We found a trend for an association of busulfan with OI in patients conditioned with chemotherapy only.

Conclusions

The incidence of OI after HSCT was high and associated with more advanced pubertal stage at HSCT. Almost half of the females who were pre‐pubertal or pubertal at HSCT required hormonal induction of pubertal development. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:2048–2053. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The use of valproic acid and multiple sclerosis
Authors: Nielsen Nete Munk , Svanström Henrik , Stenager Egon , Magyari Melinda , Koch‐Henriksen Nils , Pasternak Björn , Hviid Anders
Published: August 2014

Background

Animal studies have suggested that drugs inhibiting the enzyme histone deacetylase might have a beneficial effect on multiple sclerosis (MS). Valproic acid (VPA), an anti‐epileptic drug, is the only widely used human drug with a histone deacetylase inhibitory effect.

Objective

The objective of this paper is to examine if VPA use is associated with a reduced risk of MS.

Methods

We conducted a propensity score‐matched cohort study in the period 1997–2011 linking nationwide register data on filled VPA prescriptions, MS cases, and several covariates. The VPA users were matched on propensity scores in a 1:4 ratio with non‐users of VPA. Incidence rates of MS were compared among VPA users and non‐users of VPA using Cox regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs).

Results

Among 16 028 ever‐users of VPA and 54 172 non‐users, 18 and 26 cases of MS were identified, respectively. Neither current VPA users nor recent users of VPA, who had ceased VPA treatment within the last year, were at a reduced risk of MS compared with non‐users of VPA (HR = 1.30 (95% confidence interval, 0.44–3.80), n = 4, and HR = 1.22 (0.28–5.32), n = 2, respectively). Similarly, in an intention‐to‐treat analysis, ever‐users of VPA were not at reduced risk of MS (HR = 2.41 (1.32–4.43), n = 18).

Conclusion

In the first human study addressing a possible beneficial effect of VPA use on the risk of MS, we found no support for a protective effect. However, given the wide confidence intervals, only large effects can be ruled out with sufficient certainty. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Selfish Side of Self–Control
Authors: Uziel Liad , Hefetz Uri
Published: August 2014

Self–control is a powerful tool that promotes goal pursuit by helping individuals curb personal desires, follow norms, and adopt rational thinking. In interdependent social contexts, the socially acceptable (i.e. normative) and rational approach to secure long–term goals is prosocial behaviour. Consistent with that, much research associates self–control with prosociality. The present research demonstrates that when norm salience is reduced (i.e. social relations are no longer interdependent), high self–control leads to more selfish behaviour when it is economically rational. In three studies, participants were asked to allocate an endowment between themselves and another person (one–round, zero–sum version of the dictator game), facing a conflict between a socially normative and an economically rational approach. Across the studies, norm salience was manipulated [through manipulation of social context (private/public; Studies 1 and 2), measurement of social desirability (Studies 1 and 3), and measurement (Study 2) and manipulation (Study 3) of social power] such that some participants experienced low normative pressure. Findings showed that among individuals in a low normative pressure context, self–control led to economically rational, yet selfish, behaviour. The findings highlight the role of self–control in regulating behaviour so as to maximize situational adaptation. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology
Importance of unpaired electrons in organic electronics
Authors: Yuen Jonathan D. , Wang Mingfeng , Fan Jian , Sheberla Dennis , Kemei Moureen , Banerji Natalie , Scarongella Mariateresa , Valouch Sebastian , Pho Toan , Kumar Rajeev , Chesnut Eneida C. , Bendikov Michael , Wudl Fred
Published: August 2014

The first observation that PBBTPD, a low bandgap, ambipolar conjugated donor‐acceptor (DA) polymer based on benzobisthiadiazole (BBT), possesses an open‐shell singlet ground state as well as a thermally accessible triplet state is described. Similarly, interesting electronic behavior in semiconducting organic DA oligomers based on BBT is also observed. Theoretical predictions have suggested that such behavior is due to the biradicaloid character of BBT and we provide experimental evidence indicating that these predictions are correct. Furthermore, the open shell character strengthens as the conjugation length increases, as observed in the BBT‐based polymer, PBBTPD. We show that this biradicaloid structure is observed in each BBT moiety along the chain and that therefore PBBTPD is in fact a polyradicaloid. This observation will most likely aid in the development of better n‐type polymeric acceptors for organic semiconductor applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 287–293
Cancer family caregiver depression: are religion‐related variables important?
Authors: Williams Anna‐leila , Dixon Jane , Feinn Richard , McCorkle Ruth
Published: August 2014

Objective

Prevalence estimates for clinical depression among cancer family caregivers (CFC) range upwards to 39%. Research inconsistently reports risk for CFC depressive symptoms when evaluating age, gender, ethnicity, or length of time as caregiver. The discrepant findings, coupled with emerging literature indicating religiosity may mitigate depression in some populations, led us to investigate religion‐related variables to help predict CFC depressive symptoms.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional study of 150 CFC. Explanatory variables included age, gender, spousal status, length of time as caregiver, attendance at religious services, and prayer. The outcome variable was the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale score.

Results

Compared with large national and state datasets, our sample has lower representation of individuals with no religious affiliation (10.7% vs. 16.1% national, p = 0.07 and 23.0% state, p = 0.001), higher rate of attendance at religious services (81.3% vs. 67.2% national, p < 0.001 and 30.0% state, p < 0.001), and higher rate of prayer (65.3% vs. 42.9% national, p < 0.001; no state data available). In unadjusted and adjusted models, prayer is not significantly associated with caregiver depressive symptoms or clinically significant depressive symptomology. Attendance at religious services is associated with depressive symptoms (p = 0.004) with an inversely linear trend (p = 0.002).

Conclusion

The significant inverse association between attendance at religious services and depressive symptoms, despite no association between prayer and depressive symptoms, indicates that social or other factors may accompany attendance at religious services and contribute to the association. Clinicians can consider supporting a CFC's attendance at religious services as a potential preventive measure for depressive symptoms. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polyurea Dendrimer‐Perylene Self‐Imprinted Nanoshells for Trace Explosive Detection
Authors: Bragança Ana M. , Araújo Marco , Bonifácio Vasco D. B.
Published: August 2014

Polyurea dendrimer‐perylene nanoshells are found to accurately discriminate structurally closely related nitroaromatics. Both studied systems, PUREG1‐PER6 and PUREG4‐PER48, present high sensitivity (detection limits between 5 × 10−6 and 20 × 10−6m) and selectivity for 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) collected from a powdered military grenade and picric acid. The selectivity is highly dependent on the dendrimer generation. A conformationally restricted 3D arrangement in PUREG4‐PER48, which is favored by shell π‐π stacking and core urea‐assisted hydrogen bonding, supports the formation of self‐imprinted channels with molecular recognition for picric acid and TNT in complex mixtures of nitroaromatics.
Modeling and Simulation of Laser‐Induced Ignition of RDX Using Detailed Chemical Kinetics
Authors: Tian Zhandong , Zhang Zhenyu , Lu Fangyun , Chen Rong
Published: August 2014

A laser‐induced ignition model of RDX is developed, in which a detailed chemical kinetics scheme, containing 45 species and 231 reactions, is employed to describe the reaction in the gas phase. The model is spatially one‐dimensional and includes the transient development of two regions: the condensed phase and the gas phase. The condensed phase is composed of solid RDX, liquid RDX, and some decomposition products. The main physicochemical processes include melting, decomposation, vaporization, and radiation absorption. The gas phase is composed of RDX vapor and reaction products and the main processes include convection, diffusion, heat conduction, chemical reaction, and radiation absorption. With interfacial boundary conditions, the governing parameters for the condensed phase are conservation equations of energy and species concentration, whereas those for the gas phase are the conservation equations of mass, momentum, energy, and species concentration. A finite difference program using FORTRAN is compiled and numerical simulation is carried out. The ignition process of RDX is discussed from the distribution and evolution of temperature and species concentration. The model can provide a reasonable prediction of the phenomenon that the flame moves towards the surface immediately after ignition, and then departed from the surface.
The structure of cyclolinopeptide A in chloroform refined by RDC measurements
Authors: Huben Krzysztof , Jewgiński Michał , Pabis Anna , Paluch Piotr , Luy Burkhard , Jankowski Stefan
Published: August 2014

Three‐dimensional structures of molecules traditionally assigned from nuclear Overhauser effects and vicinal coupling constants are recently complemented by measurements of residual dipolar couplings. Residual dipolar couplings measured in a stretched poly(dimethylsiloxane) gel were used to determine the structure of cyclolinopeptide A in chloroform solution at −50 °C. After structure refinement, conformational details of main cluster were discussed in relation to crystal and nuclear Overhauser effect derived structures. Copyright © 2014 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical properties of carbon nanotubes coated with orthogonal dipole switches
Authors: Setaro Antonio , Kreft Stefanie K. , Petersen Michael Åxman , Nielsen Mogens Brøndsted , Reich Stephanie
Published: August 2014

To disentangle the process of direct optical excitation of carbon nanotubes coated with photochromic switches from the isomerization of the latters, we functionalized single walled carbon nanotubes with the orthogonal dipole switching moiety dihydroazulene/vinylheptafulvene (DHA/VHF). The orthogonality of the switch decouples the kinetics of the dipole change from the optical excitation of the nanotubes, allowing the independent investigations of the excitation of tubes and switch.

DHA to VHF conversion triggered by exposures to UV photons. The back isomerization is thermally activated and cannot be driven optically.
Transactions based secure routing in wireless networks: a cognitive science approach
Authors: Kumar R. , Kousalya G.
Published: August 2014

Secure routing is the process of selecting safe and unthreatened paths in a network along which to send network traffic. There is a strong need for routing security in wireless networks, because there is a dramatic increase in routing attacks in recent years and directly affects the performance of the network. In this paper we present a Transactions Based Secure Routing (TBSR) protocol for data transmission. Here Cognitive Agents (CAs) with Behaviors‐Beliefs (BB) model are placed on routers to generate beliefs over the routers functionalities w.r.t. genuinity and various transactions are classified based on the Transaction Subtlety Levels (TSL). These two factors are used in determining secure paths for data transmission of varied security levels and there by enhancing the network performance. The results are presented to demonstrate the routing delay, latency, Quality of Service(QoS), and throughput. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sequence‐based masquerade detection for different user groups
Authors: Sen S.
Published: August 2014

Insider threats are one of the biggest threats that organizations are confronted with today. A masquerader who impersonates another user for his malicious activities has been studied extensively in the literature. The approaches proposed on masquerade detection mainly assume that masquerader behavior will deviate from the typical behavior of the victim. This research presents a rigorous evaluation of sequence‐based approaches based on this assumption. The main idea underlying sequence‐based approaches is that users type similar commands, in a similar order, every time to do a specific job and, these similarities could distinguish users from others. Sequence‐based approaches in the literature only consider commands typed in a specific order, at all times. In this research, we also take into account typing similar commands in a command sequence, but in an unordered way, in the newly proposed method, Matching of Unordered Command Sequences. We compare this new technique with another sequence‐based approach called Matching of Ordered Command Sequences, and a command‐based approach called Matching of Commands. These techniques are evaluated with varying parameters in order to explore how the order of commands, the variations in a command sequence, and the variety of commands affect masquerade detection. Furthermore, the performance of these methods on different types of users and masqueraders is analyzed. We explore what kind of users are easily distinguishable from others, and what kind of masqueraders are difficult to detect. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The pREset Stent Retriever for Endovascular Treatment of Stroke Caused by MCA Occlusion: Safety and Clinical Outcome
Authors: Schwaiger B. J. , Kober F. , Gersing A. S. , Kleine J. F. , Wunderlich S. , Zimmer C. , Poppert H. , Prothmann S.
Published: August 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to analyze the safety and efficacy of the pREset device, a stent retriever system, for endovascular mechanical thrombectomy (MT) in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) after middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion.

Methods

Retrospectively, 48 consecutive patients (mean age ± standard deviation, 71.0 ± 11.9 years; 24 women) treated for acute MCA occlusion using pREset solely or in combination with other MT devices were identified. Recanalization success was evaluated using the modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction score (TICI), and complications were detected by 24-h follow-up computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. MCA anatomy was assessed in angiograms. Clinical outcome was evaluated with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score at admission and discharge, and modified Rankin scale (mRS) score at discharge and follow-up.

Results

Successful recanalization (TICI 2b/3) was achieved in 39 patients (81.3 %). Rate of procedure-related complications was 8.3 %. In four patients, a subarachnoid hemorrhage occurred (8.3 %), and parenchymal hematoma was detected in four patients (8.3 %). None of those events was associated with clinical deterioration. MCA curvature significantly influenced recanalization success (P < 0.005).

Successful recanalization correlated significantly with lower NIHSS scores and favorable clinical outcome (mRS score 0–2) at discharge (P < 0.05). Mortality within 90 days was significantly lower in patients with TICI 2b/3 (P < 0.005).

Conclusions

High recanalization rates, low complication rates, and a significantly improved outcome after successful recanalization strongly suggest that MT with pREset is an adequate therapy for AIS after MCA occlusion. Vessel curvature is a significant determining factor for recanalization success.
Look carefully to the heels! A potentially treatable cause of spastic paraplegia
Authors: Saute Jonas Alex , Giugliani Roberto , Merkens Louise S. , Chiang John (Pei‐Wen) , DeBarber Andrea E. , de Souza Carolina Fischinger Moura
Published: August 2014

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Chemistry of Color Fixation in Crude, Physically Refined and Chemically Refined Rice Bran Oils upon Heating
Authors: Rekha Basavalingappa , Lokesh Belur Rangaswamy , Gopala Krishna Ambale Gundappa
Published: August 2014

Compared to other vegetable oils, rice bran oil (RBO) has a characteristic dark color which further deepens upon heating or frying of foods in the oil. Darkening of the oil during heating has been studied. The dark color‐causing material in crude, chemically refined and physically refined rice bran oils was separated using a silica gel column for a hexane‐eluted oil fraction and a methanol eluted fraction. The methanol eluted fraction for all the above three types of RBO produced a dark color upon heating, hence the physically refined RBO methanol fraction was investigated further and contained monoglycerides (23.4 %) and diglycerides (67.4 %) of linoleic + linolenic acids in its methanol fraction as analyzed by column chromatography and HPLC which decreased in concentration after heating. The linoleic acid level of 37.7 % in the methanol fraction was reduced significantly to 18 % after heating (52.3 % reduction). The IR and NMR spectra were similar to those of a monoglyceride/diglyceride with NMR spectra indicating a lower amount of olefinic protons for the heated sample. These results showed that the darkening of RBO was due to the oxidation and polymerization of monoglycerides/diglycerides containing linoleic acid/linolenic acid.
Progress of the technique of coal microwave desulfurization
Authors: Tao Xiuxiang , Xu Ning , Xie Maohua , Tang Longfei
Published: August 2014

With the advantages of its fast speed, effective and moderate controllable conditions, desulfurization of coal by microwave has become research focus in the field of clean coal technology. Coal is a homogeneous mixture which consists of various components with different dielectric properties, so their abilities to absorb microwaves are different, and the sulfur-containing components are better absorbers of microwave, which makes them can be selectively heated and reacted under microwave irradiation. There still remain controversies on the principle of microwave desulfurization at present, thermal effects or non-thermal effects. The point of thermal effects of microwave is mainly base on its characters of rapidly and selectly heating. While, in view of non-thermal effect, direct interactions between the microwave electromagnetic field and sulfur containing components are proposed. It is a fundamental problem to determine the dielectric properties of coal and the sulfur-containing components to reveal the interaction of microwave and sulfur-containing compounds. However, the test of dielectric property of coal is affected by many factors, which makes it difficult to measure dielectric properties accurately. In order to achieve better desulfurization effect, the researchers employ methods of adding chemical additives such as acid, alkali, oxidant, reductant, or changing the reaction atmosphere, or combining with other methods such as magnetic separation, ultrasonic and microorganism. Researchers in this field have also put forward several processes, and have obtained a number of patents. Obscurity of microwave desulfurization mechanism, uncertainties in qualitative and quantitative analysis of sulfur-containing functional groups in coal, and the lack of special microwave equipment have limited further development of microwave desulfurization technology.
IUGR disrupts the PPARγ‐Setd8‐H4K20me1 and Wnt signaling pathways in the juvenile rat hippocampus
Authors: Ke Xingrao , Xing Bohan , Yu Baifeng , Yu Xing , Majnik Amber , Cohen Susan , Lane Robert , Joss‐Moore Lisa
Published: August 2014

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) programs neurodevelopmental impairment and long‐term neurological morbidities. Neurological morbidities in IUGR infants are correlated with changes hippocampal volume. We previously demonstrated that IUGR alters hippocampal cellular composition in both neonatal and juvenile rat pups in association with altered hippocampal gene expression and epigenetic determinants. PPARγ signaling is important for neurodevelopment as well as epigenetic integrity in the brain via the PPARγ‐Setd8‐H4K20me1 axis and Wnt signaling. We hypothesized that IUGR would decrease expression of PPARγ, Setd8, and H4K20me1 in juvenile rat hippocampus. We further hypothesized that reduced PPARγ‐Setd8‐H4K20me1 would be associated with reduced Wnt signaling genes Wnt3a and β‐catenin, and wnt target gene Axin2. To test our hypothesis we used a rat model of uteroplacental insufficiency‐induced IUGR. We demonstrated that PPARγ localizes to oligodendrocytes, neurons and astrocytes within the juvenile rat hippocampus. We also demonstrated that IUGR reduces levels of PPARγ, Setd8 and H4K20me1 in male and female juvenile rat hippocampus in conjunction with reduced Wnt signaling components in only male rats. We speculate that reduced PPARγ and Wnt signaling may contribute to altered hippocampal cellular composition which, in turn, may contribute to impaired neurodevelopment and subsequent neurocognitive impairment in IUGR offspring.
Developmental and degenerative modulation of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor transcript variants in the mouse hippocampus
Authors: Kim Jinwook , Yang Miyoung , Kim Juhwan , Song Lina , Lee Sueun , Son Yeonghoon , Kang Sohi , Bae Chun‐Sik , Kim Jong‐Choon , Kim Sung‐Ho , Shin Taekyun , Wang Hongbing , Moon Changjong
Published: August 2014

Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is regarded as an important factor for neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and neuronal network organization in brain circuits. However, little is known about the regulation of BDNF transcript variants in the hippocampus during postnatal development and following chemically induced neurotoxicity. In the present study, we examined the expression of individual BDNF transcript variants in the mouse hippocampus on postnatal day (PD) 3, 7, 14, 21, and 56, as well as in the adult hippocampus 1, 2, 4, and 8 days after trimethyltin (TMT) treatment. During postnatal development, the expression levels of common BDNF‐coding transcripts and BDNF transcript variants increased gradually in the hippocampus, but the temporal patterns of each exon transcript showed significant differences. In the TMT‐treated hippocampus, the levels of common BDNF‐coding transcripts and exon I, IIC, III, VII, VIII, and IXA transcripts were significantly increased 1 day post‐treatment. These observations suggest that the differential regulation of BDNF exon transcripts may be associated with neuronal and synaptic maturation during postnatal development, and neuronal survival and synaptic plasticity in chemically induced neurodegeneration.
Combined use of NGF/BDNF/bFGF promotes proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells in vitro
Authors: Chen Shuang‐Qing , Cai Qing , Shen Yu‐Ying , Cai Xiu‐Ying , Lei Hai‐Ying
Published: August 2014

Neurotrophic factors can promote the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs). Here we report that the possibility of using bFGF in combination with BDNF and NGF to promote proliferation and differentiation of NSCs in vitro. C57BL/6 mouse NSCs were cultured, passaged and stained by immunofluorescence for nestin and GFP. According to different neurotrophic factors added to NSCs, seven experiment groups (NGF, BDNF, bFGF, bFGF + NGF, bFGF + BDNF, NGF + BDNF and NGF + BDNF + bFGF) and a blank control group were established. One week after induction and differentiation, results showed that there was significant difference in the percentage of NSCs differentiating into neurons among the experiment groups. The percentage in the multi‐factor groups was significantly higher than that in the single‐factor groups (p < 0.05), among which the percentage was the highest in NGF + BDNF + bFGF group. In the two‐factor groups, the percentage in bFGF + NGF and bFGF + BDNF groups was significantly higher than that in NGF + BDNF group (p < 0.05). The NSCs growth curves showed that cells proliferated continuously with the time of culture prolonging, but there was significant difference between the group containing bFGF and that without bFGF. Our results demonstrate that combined use of NGF/BDNF/bFGF significantly improved the ability of NSCs proliferation and differentiation.
Center foliation: absolute continuity, disintegration and rigidity
Authors: VARÃO RÉGIS
Published: August 2014

In this paper we address the issues of absolute continuity for the center foliation, as well as the disintegration on the non-absolute continuous case and rigidity of volume-preserving partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms isotopic to a linear Anosov automorphism on $\mathbb{T}^{3}$. It is shown that the disintegration of volume on center leaves for these diffeomorphisms may be neither atomic nor Lebesgue, in contrast to the dichotomy (Lebesgue or atomic) obtained by Avila, Viana and Wilkinson [Absolute continuity, Lyapunov exponents and rigidity I: Geodesic flows. Preprint, 2012, arXiv:1110.2365v2] for perturbations of time-one of geodesic flow. In the case of atomic disintegration of volume on the center leaves of an Anosov diffeomorphism on $\mathbb{T}^{3}$, we show that it has to be one atom per leaf. Moreover, we show that not even a $C^{1}$ center foliation implies a rigidity result. However, for a volume-preserving partially hyperbolic diffeomorphism isotopic to a linear Anosov automorphism, assuming the center foliation is $C^{1}$ and transversely absolutely continuous with bounded Jacobians, we obtain smooth conjugacy to its linearization.
SUTTON PLACE RE-EXAMINED
Authors: Cooper Nicholas
Published: August 2014

Sutton Place, in the county of Surrey, has for many years been misunderstood following an account of the history of the house published in the late nineteenth century. Long believed to be a precocious and little altered building of the early English Renaissance, the house has a very much more complex history than previously supposed. It is shown here that it has been radically altered at least twice, and that its existing symmetrical facade is probably the result of remodelling in the early eighteenth century, incorporating terracotta detail of c 1525–30. Few documents relating to the history of the house survive from before the mid-nineteenth century, and the account given here derives from an examination of the fabric undertaken during repairs and alterations in 1993.
Estimation of sodium and potassium intakes assessed by two 24 h urine collections in healthy Japanese adults: a nationwide study
Authors: Asakura Keiko , Uechi Ken , Sasaki Yuki , Masayasu Shizuko , Sasaki Satoshi
Published: August 2014

Excess Na intake and insufficient K intake are well-known risk factors for CVD. International comparative studies have reported that Japan has the highest intake of Na and the lowest intake of K in the world. However, no recent study has precisely assessed Na and K intakes in Japanese adults. In the present study, Na and K intakes were estimated from two 24 h urine collections implemented in twenty-three out of forty-seven prefectures in Japan. Apparently healthy men (n 384) and women (n 376), aged 20 to 69 years, who had been working in welfare facilities were recruited, with data collection conducted in February and March 2013. The mean Na excretion was 206·0 mmol/d in men and 173·9 mmol/d in women. The respective values of K excretion were 51·6 and 47·2 mmol/d. The excretion of both Na and K varied considerably among the prefectures, and was higher in subjects with a higher BMI. In contrast, only K excretion was associated with age. After estimating the usual intakes of Na and K, it was found that none of the male subjects met the recommended Na intake values of the WHO, and that only 3·2 % met those of the Japanese government. The respective values for females were 0·1 and 5·0 %. For K intake, 7·5 % of the total subjects met the recommended values of the WHO and 21·7 % met those of the Japanese government. These findings suggest that there is an urgent need for the development of an effective intervention programme to reduce Na intake and promote K intake in the Japanese population.
Recovering Delisting Returns of Hedge Funds
Authors: Hodder James E. , Jackwerth Jens Carsten , Kolokolova Olga
Published: August 2014

Numerous hedge funds stop reporting each year to commercial databases, wreaking havoc with analyzing investment strategies that incur the unobserved delisting return. We use estimated portfolio holdings for funds-of-funds to back out estimated hedge-fund delisting returns. For all exiting funds, the estimated mean delisting return is insignificantly different from the average monthly return for live hedge funds. However, funds with poor prior performance and no clearly stated delisting reason had a significantly negative estimated mean delisting return of -5.97%, suggesting that a shock to their returns “tips them over the edge” and leads to delisting.