bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Digitalization of the criminal process: is simplification always for the better?
Authors: Halagan Oleksandr , Krytska Iryna , Tumanyants Anush , Dubivka Iryna
Published: May 2023

Based on monitoring of current foreign criminal procedural legislation and its application, as well as scientists’ points of view, an analysis of the process of digitalization of criminal justice in some leading countries, in particular Ukraine, was carried out. The positive aspects of the systematic transfer of proceedings to digital mode were highlighted – optimization of pre-trial investigation and trial procedures, saving budget funds, reducing the number of authorized entities involved in certain procedural actions, applying effective methods of electronic communication, and so on. Risks include a lack of proper technological support and the threat of cyberattacks, intensification of abuse and falsification of evidence. Prospects for the development of digitalization have been determined in terms of interaction with electronic registers, the simplification of application transfer, petitions and complaints directly through the system of electronic cases and so on. Arguments are given on the expediency of applying an integrated approach to the implementation of the concept of electronic judicial proceedings, in particular the use of electronic document management and access to court cases in electronic form, the use of modern digital technologies in the implementation of procedural actions, and ensuring the proper recording of the trial by videoconference. It is emphasized that the basis of such digital innovations in the field of criminal justice should be the principle of humanism, that is, with human rights and legitimate interests as a priority.
Why a dynamic multicomponential model of decision making: some milestones and a preliminary tool
Authors: Balconi Michela
Published: May 2023

Why is it necessary today to propose a new tool to evaluate decision-making skills? The neuroscientific approach proposed in this paper constitutes a new frontier for grasping the multi-component nature of the decision-maker’s thought and action skills, using an innovative tool, through a modular methodology (5 domains that characterize the decision-making process: style, strategy, efficacy, awareness and metacognition), a multimethodological approach (through tasks, tests and self-report measures, in addition to the neurophysiological level) and a digitized format, thus restoring a 360-degree perspective on the potential of making decisions in real-life contexts. DassDec - Decisional Assessment for Decision-making- sets out to do all of this.
Interaction between Fluoxetine and Risperidone and Its Association with Clinical Outcomes in Schizophrenic Patients
Authors:   Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Andalas, West Sumatera, Indonesia, Rachmaini Fitri , Juwita Dian Ayu ,   Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Andalas, West Sumatera, Indonesia, Abdillah Rahmad ,   Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Andalas, West Sumatera, Indonesia, Afrianti Rezy Dwi ,   Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Andalas, West Sumatera, Indonesia, Wahyuni Fatma Sri ,   Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Andalas, West Sumatera, Indonesia
Published: May 2023

The concurrent use of fluoxetine and risperidone to treat schizophrenia may result in drug interactions. This study aims to analyse the clinical outcomes of fluoxetine-risperidone therapy and the possibility of their interaction in schizophrenic patients. The clinical outcomes are patient status at the time of hospital discharge, the length of hospitalisation and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale- Excitement Component (PANSS-EC). This study was conducted prospectively in psychiatric ward of HB Saanin Mental Hospital from May to October 2021 and study subjects were selected using consecutive sampling technique with inclusion criteria. Forty-three patients were eligible for this study. Research data were collected from direct observation and notes from medical records. To provide an overview of the frequency distribution and percentage of the variables evaluated, the data were analysed through descriptive statistics and a chi-square test using SPSS v.22. Symptoms due to risperidone-fluoxetine interaction were found in four patients (10%). The symptoms experienced are categorised as extrapyramidal syndrome (EPS). The results of the clinical outcomes showed that 38 patients (88%) having recovered and five patients (12%) were in remission. The PANSS-EC in male patient (6.24±1.12) was higher than female (5.88±1.12). The length of hospitalization was higher in patient with age 36-45 years (23.72). This study showed no significant relationship between fluoxetine-risperidone interaction on the outcome of therapy (p>0.05). It can be concluded that EPS was found in 10% of schizophrenic patients. However, there was no significant association between EPS due to fluoxetine-risperidone interaction with clinical outcomes.
Solid Dispersion Technology for Improving the Solubility of Antiviral Drugs
Authors:   Department of Pharmacy, Dirgahayu School of Health Sciences, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor, West Java, Indonesia, Butar-Butar Maria Elvina Tresia , Wathoni Nasrul ,   Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor, West Java, Indonesia, Ratih Hestiary ,   Pharmaceutics group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani, Cimahi, West Java, Indonesia, Windhu Wardhana Yoga ,   Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor, West Java, Indonesia
Published: May 2023

Most drugs, including antiviral drugs, show low solubility in water, which affects dissolution, bioavailability, and therapeutic effectiveness. Therefore, many antiviral drugs are given in very large doses. One of the efforts to overcome these problems is the application of solid dispersions in which polymers and surfactants can trap drug molecules that are in the amorphous phase. Drugs in a hydrophilic carrier will increase wettability, water absorption capacity, and porosity of particles, so that the drug is released better. This review article will discuss the development of technology in solid-state, how solid dispersion overcomes the lack of solubility and the rate of dissolution of antiviral drugs, and solid dispersion preparation techniques. We also discuss some examples of successful applications of solid dispersion methods to antiviral drugs that have been circulating on the market. Overall, this review article offers information of innovation in the development of antiviral drugs to provide more solid dispersion antiviral drug products.
Shared enhancer gene regulatory networks between wound and oncogenic programs
Authors: Floc'hlay Swann , Balaji Ramya , Stanković Dimitrije , Christiaens Valerie M , Bravo González-Blas Carmen , De Winter Seppe , Hulselmans Gert J , De Waegeneer Maxime , Quan Xiaojiang , Koldere Duygu , Atkins Mardelle , Halder Georg , Uhlirova Mirka , Classen Anne-Kathrin , Aerts Stein
Published: May 2023

Wound response programs are often activated during neoplastic growth in tumors. In both wound repair and tumor growth, cells respond to acute stress and balance the activation of multiple programs, including apoptosis, proliferation, and cell migration. Central to those responses are the activation of the JNK/MAPK and JAK/STAT signaling pathways. Yet, to what extent these signaling cascades interact at the cis-regulatory level and how they orchestrate different regulatory and phenotypic responses is still unclear. Here, we aim to characterize the regulatory states that emerge and cooperate in the wound response, using the Drosophila melanogaster wing disc as a model system, and compare these with cancer cell states induced by rasV12scrib-/- in the eye disc. We used single-cell multiome profiling to derive enhancer gene regulatory networks (eGRNs) by integrating chromatin accessibility and gene expression signals. We identify a ‘proliferative’ eGRN, active in the majority of wounded cells and controlled by AP-1 and STAT. In a smaller, but distinct population of wound cells, a ‘senescent’ eGRN is activated and driven by C/EBP-like transcription factors (Irbp18, Xrp1, Slow border, and Vrille) and Scalloped. These two eGRN signatures are found to be active in tumor cells at both gene expression and chromatin accessibility levels. Our single-cell multiome and eGRNs resource offers an in-depth characterization of the senescence markers, together with a new perspective on the shared gene regulatory programs acting during wound response and oncogenesis.
The mutational signatures of poor treatment outcomes on the drug-susceptible Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome
Authors: Chen Yiwang , Jiang Qi , Peierdun Mijiti , Takiff Howard E , Gao Qian
Published: May 2023

Drug resistance is a known risk factor for poor tuberculosis (TB) treatment outcomes, but the contribution of other bacterial factors to poor outcomes in drug-susceptible TB is less well understood. Here, we generate a population-based dataset of drug-susceptible Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates from China to identify factors associated with poor treatment outcomes. We analyzed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data of MTB strains from 3196 patients, including 3105 patients with good and 91 patients with poor treatment outcomes, and linked genomes to patient epidemiological data. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed to identify bacterial genomic variants associated with poor outcomes. Risk factors identified by logistic regression analysis were used in clinical models to predict treatment outcomes. GWAS identified fourteen MTB fixed mutations associated with poor treatment outcomes, but only 24.2% (22/91) of strains from patients with poor outcomes carried at least one of these mutations. Isolates from patients with poor outcomes showed a higher ratio of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-associated mutations compared to isolates from patients with good outcomes (26.3% vs 22.9%, t-test, p=0.027). Patient age, sex, and duration of diagnostic delay were also independently associated with poor outcomes. Bacterial factors alone had poor power to predict poor outcomes with an AUC of 0.58. The AUC with host factors alone was 0.70, but increased significantly to 0.74 (DeLong’s test, p=0.01) when bacterial factors were also included. In conclusion, although we identified MTB genomic mutations that are significantly associated with poor treatment outcomes in drug-susceptible TB cases, their effects appear to be limited.
Identification of CD133+ intercellsomes in intercellular communication to offset intracellular signal deficit
Authors: Kaneko Kota , Liang Yan , Liu Qing , Zhang Shuo , Scheiter Alexander , Song Dan , Feng Gen-Sheng
Published: May 2023

CD133 (prominin 1) is widely viewed as a cancer stem cell marker in association with drug resistance and cancer recurrence. Herein, we report that with impaired RTK-Shp2-Ras-Erk signaling, heterogenous hepatocytes form clusters that manage to divide during mouse liver regeneration. These hepatocytes are characterized by upregulated CD133 while negative for other progenitor cell markers. Pharmaceutical inhibition of proliferative signaling also induced CD133 expression in various cancer cell types from multiple animal species, suggesting an inherent and common mechanism of stress response. Super-resolution and electron microscopy localize CD133 on intracellular vesicles that apparently migrate between cells, which we name ‘intercellsome.’ Isolated CD133+ intercellsomes are enriched with mRNAs rather than miRNAs. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals lower intracellular diversity (entropy) of mitogenic mRNAs in Shp2-deficient cells, which may be remedied by intercellular mRNA exchanges between CD133+ cells. CD133-deficient cells are more sensitive to proliferative signal inhibition in livers and intestinal organoids. These data suggest a mechanism of intercellular communication to compensate for intracellular signal deficit in various cell types.
CTLA-4 antibody-drug conjugate reveals autologous destruction of B-lymphocytes associated with regulatory T cell impairment
Authors: Muthana Musleh M. , Du Xuexiang , Liu Mingyue , Wang Xu , Wu Wei , Ai Chunxia , Su Lishan , Zheng Pan , Liu Yang
Published: May 2023

Germline CTLA-4 deficiency causes severe autoimmune diseases characterized by dysregulation of Foxp3
+
Tregs, hyper-activation of effector memory T cells, and variable forms autoimmune cytopenia including gradual loss of B cells. Cancer patients with severe immune-related adverse events (irAE) after receiving anti-CTLA-4/PD-1 combination immunotherapy also have markedly reduced peripheral B cells. The immunological basis for B cell loss remains unexplained. Here we probe the decline of B cells in human CTLA-4 knock-in mice by using anti-human CTLA-4 antibody Ipilimumab conjugated to a drug payload emtansine (Anti-CTLA-4 ADC). The anti-CTLA-4 ADC-treated mice have T cell hyper-proliferation and their differentiation into effector cells which results in B cell depletion. B cell depletion is mediated by both CD4 and CD8 T cells and at least partially rescued by anti-TNF-alpha antibody. These data revealed an unexpected antagonism between T and B cells and the importance of regulatory T cells in preserving B cells.
Review of Ultrasonic Pulse Methods for Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Different Percentages of Non-sintered Hwangto at High Temperature
Authors: Kim Taehyung , Kim Wonchang , Jeong Keesin , Kim Gyuyong , Lee Taegyu
Published: May 2023

In this study, the effect of non-sintered hwangto on the high-temperature residual mechanical properties of concrete is analyzed. The specimens are classified as NC and HT, which are mixed with 15% and 30% non-sintered hwangto, respectively, and the W/B is set 0.33. The unit weight, compressive strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity of the specimens heated at room temperature and at 100 °C, 200 °C, 300 °C, 500 °C, and 700 °C are analyzed, and the correlation between ultrasonic pulse velocity and residual compressive strength is analyzed. The analysis result shows that the higher the mixing ratio of non-sintered hwangto, the lower is the mass loss rate at high temperature and the higher is the residual compressive strength of HT compared with those of NC. Meanwhile, the ultrasonic pulse velocity of HT is similar to or slightly higher than those of NC in areas with high temperatures of 300 °C or beyond. Results of correlation analysis shows a difference of approximately 10.0% between the NC and the HT specimens.
Selection of Factors for Performance Evaluation of Fire-fighting Drones based on Delphi Techniques
Authors: Woo Hyun-Jung , Seo Dong-Min
Published: May 2023

This study aimed to identify the factors that can be used to evaluate the performance standards of fire-fighting drones employed in various fire-fighting missions. For this purpose, several common and uncommon performance factors were obtained by analyzing prior data from domestic and foreign research, analyses, and evaluations and three rounds of Delphi surveys were conducted. Through the consensus of a panel of experts, a total of 32 fire drone performance evaluations were classified into four evaluation categories: airframe (basic performance), battery, Ground Control System and controller, and mission equipment. This study identifies metrics for assessing the performance of fire-fighting drones and provides recommendations for their evaluation. The outcome of this study is expected to significantly contribute in future to the development of drone performance evaluation manuals with established criteria and methods for each item.
User Recognition Factors for Preference Evaluation of Fire Extinguishers in Residential Spaces
Authors: Yoon Ga-Yeong , Park Kye-Won , Choi Jung-Min , Shin Yi-Chul , Lee Gil-Yong
Published: May 2023

Fire extinguishers are considered essential safety items to be installed in residential spaces to improve the fire safety in buildings. However, they are usually placed in inconspicuous locations owing to design and practical constraints, making their immediate use difficult in a fire scenario. This study identifies problems regarding the application of existing fire extinguishers in residential spaces, and investigates factors influencing user preferences in recognizing fire extinguishers. A draft fire extinguisher design that aims to address the problems associated with existing fire extinguishers in terms of design and practicality was derived. Using this draft, a survey was conducted to analyze the factors influencing user preference while considering the improvement of practical problems with existing fire extinguishers. A life-friendly product design is proposed to ensure its use at all times in daily life; an indoor air quality measurement sensor and fire detection/alarm system are installed. Results of the survey confirmed that aesthetic factors and novelty had the most influence on overall likeability towards preferring a fire extinguisher. This study is expected to contribute to the future development of fire extinguishers by verifying the preference factors for users to be willing to keep fire extinguishers indoors.
TRANSICIONES EN SOBREVIVIENTES DE CÁNCER DE MAMA FRENTE AL REINTEGRO LABORAL: REVISIÓN INTEGRATIVA
Authors:   Universidad Libre Cali. Cali, Colombia, Quiñones Geraldine , Varela Franco Vanessa ,   Universidad Libre Cali. Cali, Colombia, Mueses Inga Angélica Andrea ,   Universidad Libre Cali. Cali, Colombia, Parra González Lina Marcela ,   Universidad Libre Cali. Cali, Colombia, Henao-Castaño Angela María ,   Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogota, Colombia
Published: May 2023

INTRODUCCIÓN: El cáncer de mama es una de las enfermedades más comunes entre las mujeres en todo el mundo. El tratamiento del cáncer de mama a menudo implica cirugía, radioterapia, quimioterapia y/o terapia hormonal, tratamientos que a largo plazo pueden generar efectos en las mujeres. Estas mujeres que han sido tratadas por cáncer de mama pueden enfrentar situaciones diversas al decidir retornar a su trabajo, debido entre otros a que pueden ser percibidas como menos productivas. OBJETIVO: Describir las transiciones que experimentan las sobrevivientes de cáncer de mama frente al reintegro laboral a través de una revisión integrativa. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: revisión integrativa de alcance descriptivo, a través de la identificación del problema, búsqueda de literatura, evaluación de datos, análisis de datos y presentación de resultados. Los términos de búsqueda utilizados fueron: “breast neoplasms” "breast cancer” “breast cancer survivor and, or y not "return to work”. Las bases de datos utilizadas fueron Scielo, Pubmed, Scopus, según criterios de inclusión implementados en la búsqueda de literatura se encontraron 22 artículos que cumplieron con ello. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron temáticas que van en relación con las sobrevivientes de cáncer de mama que planean reincorporarse laboralmente, por lo general no se identifica un momento ni tiempo específico para que la sobreviviente tome la decisión de volver al trabajo después de pasar la enfermedad. CONCLUSIÓN: Es importante generar estudios donde el abordaje de los factores asociados al retorno laboral pueda ocasionar un impacto sobre la calidad de vida de la mujer sobreviviente y su relación con el retorno al trabajo
TRATO DIGNO EN LA ATENCIÓN DE SALUD A LA COMUNIDAD LGBTIQA+
Authors:   Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile, Landman Navarro Cecilia , Benavente Grebe Javiera ,   Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile, Bustamante Barra Francisca ,   Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile, Bustos Soto Caroline ,   Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile, Meza Morales Daniela ,   Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile, Olivares González Jeremy ,   Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile, Serra Estrada Gema ,   Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile, Magnani Romo Valeria Fernanda ,   Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile, Veloso Muñoz Franco ,   Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile
Published: May 2023

El trato digno, igualitario e inclusivo se ha constituido en un fenómeno de estudio en el contexto de la atención sanitaria, pero su abordaje es aún limitado frente al desconocimiento respecto al tema por parte del equipo de salud hacia las personas de la comunidad de la diversidad sexual, hoy conocida con la sigla que les representa como LGBTIQA+, quienes están inmersos fundamentalmente, en una sociedad heteronormada, donde la formación profesional con enfoque de género y diversidad sexual es aún limitada. El objetivo de la argumentación del escrito es presentar algunas referencias conceptuales, derechos legales, consecuencias para la salud que fundamentan una propuesta para el cambio de las instituciones de salud y de las enfermeras y enfermeros que iluminen el derecho de las personas de esta comunidad a recibir un trato digno.
Percepção dos professores da área contábil em relação a relevância do soft skill para o sucesso profissional
Authors: Miranda Claudio de Souza , De Oliveira Neto Jose Dutra
Published: May 2023

O desenvolvimento dos soft skills (SS) é uma demanda do mercado de trabalho para os profissionais da área contábil. Os professores das IES deveriam discutir um conjunto de SS, a serem exploradas no ensino de graduação para atender as necessidades do mercado.  O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar e comparar as percepções dos professores de contabilidade do ensino superior em relação à importância, prioridade e o desenvolvimento de um conjunto de SS identificado pelo mercado de trabalho, na formação dos futuros profissionais de contabilidade. Uma amostra de 421 professores, atuantes em cursos de Ciências Contábeis, analisou um conjunto de SS percebidas como importantes pelo mercado e pela própria academia, e indicaram o aprendizado contínuo, resolução de problemas, ética, comunicação e pensamento crítico como as principais SS que os futuros profissionais deveriam desenvolver. Identificou-se um grande gap, entre importância das SS e a avaliação de seu desenvolvimento entre os estudantes. A pesquisa demonstra ainda que os docentes entendem que o desenvolvimento das SS se dá dentro e fora das salas de aula nas IES, e que o mercado teria uma leve preferência para o desenvolvimento de SS em relação as hard skills entre os estudantes. Este estudo dá suporte ao desenvolvimento de novas estratégias para que as IES juntamente com o mercado, possam preparar melhor os futuros profissionais contábeis para um ambiente competitivo e exigente.
Política ambiental no México com o componente adicional de responsabilidade compartilhada
Authors: Santiago Mijael Altamirano
Published: May 2023

Objetivo: Dar conta da situação da política ambiental no México e do significado do Responsabilidade Extendida do Produtor (REP) como um dos espaços de oportunidade na geração de novas referências em assuntos ambientais nacionais. Metodologia: Para entender o significado da política ambiental no México, a análise das políticas públicas é adotada como um preceito de estudo. Discussão: Uma análise descritiva da política ambiental no México e da REP torna-se relevante. Resultado: Embora a política ambiental e a REP sejam concomitantes à boa governança, no México esta REP está em vigor na legislação federal (2003) sob o conceito de "responsabilidade compartilhada", o que a torna menos rigorosa para ser configurada como uma política pública institucional.
Distribution of Genotypes of Hepatitis C Virus Studied in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Uttarakhand, India: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Nautiyal Sulekha , Rana Geetika , Gupta Prachi
Published: May 2023

Introduction: With more than one million cases of Hepatitis C viral infection reported annually, it has become a major global problem. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is classified into 7 genotypes and 67 subtypes. Various genotypes show a wide geographical distribution worldwide. Genotypes 1 and 3 are the most common genotypes reported from India. There is minimal data available on the distribution and frequency of HCV genotypes in Uttarakhand. Aim: This three years retrospective study was undertaken to find out the distribution pattern of HCV genotypes among HCV- infected patients attending a tertiary care hospital in this Sub- Himalayan state of Uttarakhand. Materials and Methods: A total of 306 samples were tested for HCV genotyping in 3 years duration i.e., January 2018 to December 2020 at the Molecular Laboratory of Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health sciences and associated Shri Mahant Indiresh Hospital, Dehradun. Genotyping was performed using HCV genotype specific Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) assay on Rotor-Gene Q using TRUPCR HCV Genotyping Kit (3B BlackBio Biotech India Ltd.,) as per manufacturer’s instructions. This test kit detects HCV genotypes 1, 1a, 2 (2a/ 2b), 3, 4, 5a, and 6. Results: Genotype 3 (72.7%) was the commonest genotype detected, followed by genotype 1 (13%), genotype 1a (6.25%) and genotype 4 (2.8%). Genotype 3 was the most dominant genotype in all the 3 years of the study. Two cases of genotype 5a (1.13%) and three cases of genotype 6 (1.7%) were also detected in our study. We also detected a case of mixed infection by genotype 1 and genotype 6. Conclusion: The most common genotype detected was three during the study period. Detection of genotype 5a and 6 ascertained the impact of interstate migration of people.
BAHYA PRAYOGA IN KUSHTA CHIKITSA: A REVIEW
Authors: Mirajkar Megha , D’souza Zenica
Published: May 2023

Skin is the body's largest organ, which acts as a protective barrier and is also responsible for temperature regulation and sensation. Skin disease is a common disorder which affects all ages, from infants to the elderly and causes harm in different ways. Kushta is the broad term used for skin disorders in Ayurvedic literature. Many types of bahya prayoga (external applications and procedures) have been mentioned in Ayurveda to treat various skin disorders. It can be used as a sole or adjuvant therapy for many disorders. Bahya prayoga in multiple forms like pradeha, pralepa, prakshalana, and parisheka can be used. In this study, different bahya prayoga explained in Kushta chikitsa are reviewed.
Production and Physicochemical Analysis of Glycerol Produced from the Transesterification Reaction of Locally Processed Fatty Acids
Authors: Faruk Mohammed Umar , Olayemi Ojemuyide Susan , Zanna Mohammed Ali
Published: May 2023

The study uses the transesterification reaction method to extract glycerol from three locally processed fatty acids namely; palm oil, palm kernel and shea butter. The glycerols extracted from the three fatty acids were subjected to physicochemical tests to determine if their properties are in conformity with the reported standard values.  Results of the physical properties of the substances tested show that the values were in close agreement with the results of the standard values and the results reported impervious literatures.  As such, the investigation concluded that the three fatty acids contain appreciable quantities of crude glycerol and can thus serve as a source for natural glycerol whose properties can be compared with standard glycerin products.
How Primary Care Physicians Can Recognize and Treat Long COVID
Authors: Landhuis Esther Wei-Yun
Published: May 2023

This Medical News article discusses challenges to treatment of post–COVID-19 condition in primary care.
Evaluation of Waning of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine–Induced Immunity
Authors: Menegale Francesco , Manica Mattia , Zardini Agnese , Guzzetta Giorgio , Marziano Valentina , d'Andrea Valeria , Trentini Filippo , Ajelli Marco , Poletti Piero , Merler Stefano
Published: May 2023

Importance

Estimates of the rate of waning of vaccine effectiveness (VE) against COVID-19 are key to assess population levels of protection and future needs for booster doses to face the resurgence of epidemic waves.

Objective

To quantify the progressive waning of VE associated with the Delta and Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 by number of received doses.

Data Sources

PubMed and Web of Science were searched from the databases’ inception to October 19, 2022, as well as reference lists of eligible articles. Preprints were included.

Study Selection

Selected studies for this systematic review and meta-analysis were original articles reporting estimates of VE over time against laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and symptomatic disease.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

Estimates of VE at different time points from vaccination were retrieved from original studies. A secondary data analysis was performed to project VE at any time from last dose administration, improving the comparability across different studies and between the 2 considered variants. Pooled estimates were obtained from random-effects meta-analysis.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Outcomes were VE against laboratory-confirmed Omicron or Delta infection and symptomatic disease and half-life and waning rate associated with vaccine-induced protection.

Results

A total of 799 original articles and 149 reviews published in peer-reviewed journals and 35 preprints were identified. Of these, 40 studies were included in the analysis. Pooled estimates of VE of a primary vaccination cycle against laboratory-confirmed Omicron infection and symptomatic disease were both lower than 20% at 6 months from last dose administration. Booster doses restored VE to levels comparable to those acquired soon after the administration of the primary cycle. However, 9 months after booster administration, VE against Omicron was lower than 30% against laboratory-confirmed infection and symptomatic disease. The half-life of VE against symptomatic infection was estimated to be 87 days (95% CI, 67-129 days) for Omicron compared with 316 days (95% CI, 240-470 days) for Delta. Similar waning rates of VE were found for different age segments of the population.

Conclusions and Relevance

These findings suggest that the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against laboratory-confirmed Omicron or Delta infection and symptomatic disease rapidly wanes over time after the primary vaccination cycle and booster dose. These results can inform the design of appropriate targets and timing for future vaccination programs.
Giant Spin‐Valve Effect in Planar Spin Devices Using an Artificially Implemented Nanolength Mott‐Insulator Region
Authors: Endo Tatsuro , Tsuruoka Shun , Tadano Yuriko , Kaneta‐Takada Shingo , Seki Yuichi , Kobayashi Masaki , Anh Le Duc , Seki Munetoshi , Tabata Hitoshi , Tanaka Masaaki , Ohya Shinobu
Published: May 2023

Developing technology to realize oxide‐based nanoscale planar integrated circuits is in high demand for next‐generation multifunctional electronics. Oxide circuits can have a variety of unique functions, including ferromagnetism, ferroelectricity, multiferroicity, superconductivity, and mechanical flexibility. In particular, for spin‐transistor applications, the wide tunability of the physical properties due to the presence of multiple oxide phases is valuable for precise conductivity matching between the channel and ferromagnetic electrodes. This feature is essential for realistic spin‐transistor operations. Here, a substantially large magnetoresistance (MR) ratio of up to ≈140% is demonstrated for planar‐type (La,Sr)MnO3 (LSMO)‐based spin‐valve devices. This MR ratio is 10–100 times larger than the best values obtained for semiconductor‐based planar devices, which have been studied over the past three decades. This structure is prepared by implementing an artificial nanolength Mott‐insulator barrier region using the phase transition of metallic LSMO. The barrier height of the Mott‐insulator region is only 55 meV, which enables the large MR ratio. Furthermore, a successful current modulation, which is a fundamental functionality for spin transistors, is shown. These results open up a new avenue for realizing oxide planar circuits with unique functionalities that conventional semiconductors cannot achieve.
Nanopore/Nanosphere‐Induced Optical Enhancement of Monolayer MoS2
Authors: Li Yueqi , Chen Zhexue , Zhou Xuanping , Wu Xianxin , Zhou Zhican , Li Zhangqiang , Xiao Liuyang , Liu Qian , Liu Xinfeng , Zhang Yong
Published: May 2023

Heterostructured transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have received much attention due to their tunable optical and electronic properties. Here, a strategy for facile fabrication of porous anodic alumina (PAA) membrane‐supported monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is described. PAA is either empty or filled with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Such nanopore/nanosphere‐supported MoS2 (i.e., PAA‐MoS2 and PAA‐Au‐MoS2) exhibits greatly enhanced optical performances compared with those of silicon wafer‐supported MoS2 (i.e., Si/SiO2‐MoS2). Notably, 11‐fold Raman enhancement, 13‐fold photoluminescence enhancement, and 419‐fold second‐harmonic generation enhancement are achieved in PAA‐Au‐MoS2. Moreover, the optical enhancement mechanism of this unique structure is proposed. This work provides a platform for the construction of curved/heterostructured TMDs and exploration of their strong light‐matter interactions.
From Microscopic Droplets to Macroscopic Crowds: Crossing the Scales in Models of Short‐Range Respiratory Disease Transmission, with Application to COVID‐19
Authors: Mendez Simon , Garcia Willy , Nicolas Alexandre
Published: May 2023

Short‐range exposure to airborne virus‐laden respiratory droplets is an effective transmission route of respiratory diseases, as exemplified by Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19). In order to assess the risks associated with this pathway in daily‐life settings involving tens to hundreds of individuals, the chasm needs to be bridged between fluid dynamical simulations and population‐scale epidemiological models. This is achieved by simulating droplet trajectories at the microscale in numerous ambient flows, coarse‐graining their results into spatio‐temporal maps of viral concentration around the emitter, and coupling these maps to field‐data about pedestrian crowds in different scenarios (streets, train stations, markets, queues, and street cafés). At the individual scale, the results highlight the paramount importance of the velocity of the ambient air flow relative to the emitter's motion. This aerodynamic effect, which disperses infectious aerosols, prevails over all other environmental variables. At the crowd's scale, the method yields a ranking of the scenarios by the risks of new infections, dominated by the street cafés and then the outdoor market. While the effect of light winds on the qualitative ranking is fairly marginal, even the most modest air flows dramatically lower the quantitative rates of new infections.
Substrate Effect on Band Bending of MoSe2 Monolayer Near Mirror‐Twin Domain Boundaries
Authors: Yuan Mengfei , Zhang Junqiu , Yue Xingyu , Xia Yipu , Jin Yuanjun , Ho Wingkin , Xie Maohai
Published: May 2023

Band bending near mirror twin domain boundaries (MTBs) in a MoSe2 monolayer grown on different substrates, i.e., highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), graphene‐on‐SiC, and crystalline Au(110), is investigated by low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy. Upshift bending of the valence band edge near MTB is observed on both graphene and HOPG substrates, whereas a downshift bending is found on Au(110). For the former, the magnitudes of bending are different. This is explained based on the static charge model, where an accumulative charge exists at MTBs due to both the electrical dipole discontinuity across the MTB as well as charge transfer between the substrate and MoSe2 epilayer. The relevance of the static electric model is further affirmed by noting a geometric effect on the band bending, where it is asymmetric across the vertex of an MTB loop.
Reniform nematode impact on cotton growth and management strategies: A review
Authors: Singh Bhupinder , Chastain Daryl , Kaur Gurpreet , Snider John L. , Stetina Salliana R. , Bazzer Sumandeep K.
Published: May 2023

Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and Oliveira (reniform nematode) infestation has been a concerning issue in the Cotton Belt region of the United States for the past decade. Reniform nematode damage is more evident on cotton compared to other row crops in US Mid‐South because they share common edaphic conditions to sustain and develop. Annual cotton (Gossypium spp.) yield loss over the United States due to reniform nematode ranged from 1.14% to 2.37% in the past decade but exceeded 8% in the US Mid‐South States such as Mississippi. Yield losses due to nematode damage are mainly due to inconsistent control by cultural and chemical practices. In addition, there are location‐specific responses due to agronomic practices that result in its wide adaption. This review summarizes factors that influence reniform nematode infestations and the process of a plant infection, as well as management practices to mitigate nematode cotton production losses in the United States. The recent development of resistant cotton germplasm is a promising tool for reniform nematode management, although limited research has been conducted on the physiological mechanisms of resistance. In addition, understanding the role of host plant resistance and the interaction with other soilborne pathogens or abiotic stresses to control the nematode also is lacking. Future research must investigate best suited production practices specific to a region that could exploit the full potential of host plant resistance to minimize the risk of reniform nematode damage in cotton while protecting the environment.
Portal cavernoma in type 1 neurofibromatosis: A fortuitous or causal association?
Authors: Ashworth Joanna , Sousa Abreu Vasco , Couto Guerra Isabel , Almeida Susana , Cunha Catarina , Moreira Silva Helena , Santos Silva Ermelinda
Published: May 2023

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF‐1) is a multisystem genetic disorder affecting the NF1 tumor suppressor gene. Patients typically develop superficial (cutaneous) and internal (plexiform) neurofibromas. The latter may rarely involve the liver locating in the hilum and encasing the portal vessels, leading to portal hypertension. Vascular abnormalities (NF‐I vasculopathy) are a well‐recognized manifestation of NF‐1. Although the pathogenesis is not well‐known, NF‐1 vasculopathy involves arteries of both peripheral and cerebral territories, with venous thrombosis being exceptionally reported. Portal venous thrombosis (PVT) is the leading cause of portal hypertension in childhood and has been associated with several risk factors. Nevertheless, predisposing conditions remain unknown in more than 50% of the cases. The treatment options are limited, and its management is nonconsensual in the pediatric age. We report the case of a 9‐year‐old boy with clinically and genetically confirmed NF‐1, diagnosed with portal venous cavernoma after an episode of gastrointestinal bleeding. There were no identifiable risk factors for PVT and intrahepatic peri‐hilar plexiform neurofibroma was excluded by MRI imaging. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of PVT in NF‐1. We speculate that NF‐1 vasculopathy may have been a pathogenic factor, or instead, it was a fortuitous association.
1,3‐Imidazole‐Based Mesoionic Carbenes and Anionic Dicarbenes: Pushing the Limit of Classical N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes
Authors: Ghadwal Rajendra S.
Published: May 2023

Classical N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) featuring the carbene center at the C2‐position of 1,3‐imidazole framework (i.e. C2‐carbenes) are well acknowledged as very versatile neutral ligands in molecular as well as in materials sciences. The efficiency and success of NHCs in diverse areas is essentially attributed to their persuasive stereoelectronics, in particular the potent σ‐donor property. The NHCs with the carbene center at the unusual C4 (or C5) position, the so‐called abnormal NHCs (aNHCs) or mesoionic carbenes (iMICs), are however superior σ‐donors than C2‐carbenes. Hence, iMICs have substantial potential in sustainable synthesis and catalysis. The main obstacle in this direction is rather demanding synthetic accessibility of iMICs. The aim of this review article is to highlight recent advances, particularly by the author's research group, in accessing stable iMICs, quantifying their properties, and exploring their applications in synthesis and catalysis. In addition, the synthetic viability and use of vicinal C4,C5‐anionic dicarbenes (ADCs), also based on an 1,3‐imidazole framework, are presented. As will be apparent on following pages, iMICs and ADCs hold potentials in pushing the limit of classical NHCs by enabling access to conceptually new main‐group heterocycles, radicals, molecular catalysts, ligands sets, and more.
Differences in JAK Isoform Selectivity Among Different Types of JAK Inhibitors Evaluated for Rheumatic Diseases Through In Vitro Profiling
Authors: Virtanen Anniina , Palmroth Maaria , Liukkonen Sanna , Kurttila Antti , Haikarainen Teemu , Isomäki Pia , Silvennoinen Olli
Published: May 2023

Objective

The selectivity of JAK inhibitors (Jakinibs) forms the basis for understanding their clinical characteristics; however, evaluation of selectivity is hampered by the lack of comprehensive head‐to‐head studies. Our objective was to profile in parallel Jakinibs indicated or evaluated for rheumatic diseases for their JAK and cytokine selectivity in vitro.

Methods

We analyzed 10 Jakinibs for JAK isoform selectivity by assaying their inhibition of JAK kinase activity, binding to kinase and pseudokinase domains, and inhibition of cytokine signaling using blood samples from healthy volunteers and using isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and from healthy donors.

Results

Pan‐Jakinibs effectively suppressed kinase activity of 2 to 3 JAK family members, whereas isoform‐targeted Jakinibs possessed varying degrees of selectivity for 1 or 2 JAK family members. In human leukocytes, Jakinibs predominantly inhibited the JAK1‐dependent cytokines interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), IL‐6, and interferons (IFNs). In PBMCs from patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared with healthy controls, inhibition of these cytokines was more pronounced, and some cell‐type and STAT isoform differences were observed. Novel Jakinibs demonstrated high selectivity: the covalent Jakinib ritlecitinib showed 900‐ to 2,500‐fold selectivity for JAK3 over other JAKs and specific suppression of IL‐2‐signaling, whereas the allosteric TYK2 inhibitor deucravacitinib inhibited IFNα signaling with high specificity. Interestingly, deucravacitinib targeted the regulatory pseudokinase domain and did not affect JAK in vitro kinase activity.

Conclusion

Inhibition of JAK kinase activity did not directly translate into cellular inhibition of JAK/STAT signaling. Despite differences in JAK selectivity, the cytokine inhibition profiles of currently approved Jakinibs were highly similar, with preference for JAK1‐mediated cytokines. Novel types of Jakinibs showed narrow cytokine inhibition profile specific for JAK3‐ or TYK2‐mediated signaling.

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The excessive generalization of fear affected by perceptual bias in experimental pain individuals: Evidence from an event‐related potential study
Authors: Huang Xiaomin , Chen Jiali , Wang Xianglong , Zhang Xuefei , Ma Junqin , Liu Sishi , Liu Xinli , Ou Qiling , Tan Wenwei , Wu Wen
Published: May 2023

Introduction

Excessiv generalization of fear contributes to the development and maintenance of pain. Prior research has demonstrated the importance of perception in fear generalization and found that individuals in painful conditions exhibited perceptual bias. However, the extent to which perceptual bias in pain affects the generalization of pain‐related fear and its underlying neural activity remains unclear.

Methods

Here, we tested whether perceptual bias in experimental pain individuals led to the overgeneralization of pain‐related fear by recording behavioral and neural responses. To this end, we established an experimental pain model by spraying capsaicin on the surface of the seventh cervical vertebra of the participant. A total of 23 experimental pain participants and 23 matched nonpain controls learned fear conditioning and then completed the fear generalization paradigm combined with the perceptual categorization task.

Results

We found that the novel and safety cues were more likely to be identified as threat cues in the experimental group, resulting in higher US expectancy ratings compared to the control group. The event‐related potential results showed that the experimental group exhibited earlier N1 latency and smaller P1 and late positive potential amplitudes than those in the control group.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that the experimental pain individuals exhibited an excessive generalization of fear affected by perceptual bias and reduced their attentional allocation to pain‐related fear stimuli.
Genetically predicted 486 blood metabolites in relation to risk of colorectal cancer: A Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Yun Zhangjun , Guo Ziwei , Li Xiao , Shen Yang , Nan Mengdie , Dong Qing , Hou Li
Published: May 2023

Background

Metabolic disorders are a hallmark feature of cancer. However, the evidence for the causality of circulating metabolites to promote or prevent colorectal cancer (CRC) is still lacking. We performed a two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to assess the causality from genetically proxied 486 blood metabolites to CRC.

Methods

Genome‐wide association study (GWAS) data for exposures were extracted from 7824 Europeans GWAS on metabolite levels. GWAS data for CRC from the GWAS catalog database GCST012879 were used for the preliminary analysis. The random inverse variance weighted (IVW) is the primary analysis for causality analysis while MR‐Egger and weighted median as complementary analyses. Cochran Q test, MR‐Egger intercept test, MR‐PRESSO, Radial MR, and leave‐one‐out analysis were used for sensitivity analyses. For significant associations, additional independent CRC GWAS data GCST012880 were used for replication analysis and meta‐analysis. For the final identification of metabolites, Steiger test, linkage disequilibrium score regression, and colocalization analysis were performed for further evaluation. Multivariable MR was performed to assess the direct effect of metabolites on CRC.

Results

The results of this study indicated significant associations between six metabolites pyruvate (odds ratio [OR]: 0.49, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.32–0.77, p = 0.002), 1,6‐anhydroglucose (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.11–1.59, p = 0.002), nonadecanoate (19:0) (OR: 0.40, 95% C I:0.4–0.68, p = 0.0008), 1‐linoleoylglycerophosphoethanolamine (OR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.30–0.75, p = 0.001), 2‐hydroxystearate (OR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.23–0.67, p = 0.0007), gamma‐glutamylthreonine (OR: 2.14, 95% CI: 1.02–4.50, p = 0.040) and CRC. MVMR analysis revealed that genetically predicted pyruvate, 1‐linoleoylglycerophosphoethanolamine and gamma‐glutamylthreonine can directly influence CRC independently of other metabolites.

Conclusion

The current work provides evidence to support the causality of the six circulating metabolites on CRC and a new perspective on the exploration of the biological mechanisms of CRC by combining genomics and metabolomics. These findings contribute to the screening, prevention and treatment of CRC.