bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating post-processing approaches for monthly and seasonal streamflow forecasts
Authors: Woldemeskel Fitsum , McInerney David , Lerat Julien , Thyer Mark , Kavetski Dmitri , Shin Daehyok , Tuteja Narendra , Kuczera George
Published: December 2018

Abstract. Streamflow forecasting is prone to substantial uncertainty due to
errors in meteorological forecasts, hydrological model structure, and
parameterization, as well as in the observed rainfall and streamflow data
used to calibrate the models. Statistical streamflow post-processing is an
important technique available to improve the probabilistic properties of the
forecasts. This study evaluates post-processing approaches based on three
transformations – logarithmic (Log), log-sinh (Log-Sinh), and Box–Cox with
λ=0.2 (BC0.2) – and identifies the best-performing scheme for
post-processing monthly and seasonal (3-months-ahead) streamflow forecasts,
such as those produced by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Using the
Bureau's operational dynamic streamflow forecasting system, we carry out
comprehensive analysis of the three post-processing schemes across 300
Australian catchments with a wide range of hydro-climatic conditions.
Forecast verification is assessed using reliability and sharpness metrics, as
well as the Continuous Ranked Probability Skill Score (CRPSS). Results show
that the uncorrected forecasts (i.e. without post-processing) are unreliable
at half of the catchments. Post-processing of forecasts substantially
improves reliability, with more than 90 % of forecasts classified as
reliable. In terms of sharpness, the BC0.2 scheme substantially outperforms
the Log and Log-Sinh schemes. Overall, the BC0.2 scheme achieves reliable and
sharper-than-climatology forecasts at a larger number of catchments than the
Log and Log-Sinh schemes. The improvements in forecast reliability and
sharpness achieved using the BC0.2 post-processing scheme will help water
managers and users of the forecasting service make better-informed decisions
in planning and management of water resources. Highlights. Uncorrected and
post-processed streamflow forecasts (using three transformations, namely Log,
Log-Sinh, and BC0.2) are evaluated over 300 diverse Australian catchments.
Post-processing enhances streamflow forecast reliability, increasing the
percentage of catchments with reliable predictions from 50 % to over
90 %. The BC0.2 transformation achieves substantially better forecast
sharpness than the Log-Sinh and Log transformations, particularly in dry
catchments.
Managed aquifer recharge with reverse-osmosis desalinated seawater: modeling the spreading in groundwater using stable water isotopes
Authors: Ganot Yonatan , Holtzman Ran , Weisbrod Noam , Bernstein Anat , Siebner Hagar , Katz Yoram , Kurtzman Daniel
Published: December 2018

Abstract. The spreading of reverse-osmosis desalinated seawater (DSW) in the Israeli
coastal aquifer was studied using groundwater modeling and stable water
isotopes as tracers. The DSW produced at the Hadera seawater reverse-osmosis
(SWRO) desalination plant is recharged into the aquifer through an infiltration pond at the managed
aquifer recharge (MAR) site of Menashe, Israel. The distinct difference in isotope composition between DSW
(δ18O = 1.41 ‰;
δ2H = 11.34 ‰) and the natural groundwater
(δ18O = −4.48 ‰ to −5.43 ‰;
δ2H = −18.41 ‰ to −22.68 ‰) makes
the water isotopes preferable for use as a tracer compared to widely used
chemical tracers, such as chloride. Moreover, this distinct difference can be
used to simplify the system to a binary mixture of two end-members:
desalinated seawater and groundwater. This approach is validated through a
sensitivity analysis, and it is especially robust when spatial data of stable
water isotopes in the aquifer are scarce. A calibrated groundwater flow and
transport model was used to predict the DSW plume distribution in the aquifer
after 50 years of MAR with DSW. The results suggest that after 50 years,
94 % of the recharged DSW was recovered by the production wells at the
Menashe MAR site. The presented methodology is useful for predicting the
distribution of reverse-osmosis desalinated seawater in various downstream
groundwater systems.
Empirical and analytical methods to characterize the efficiency of floods to move sediment in a small semi-arid basin
Authors: Megnounif Abdesselam , Ouillon Sylvain
Published: December 2018

Abstract. Over a long multi-year period, flood events can be classified according to
their effectiveness in moving sediments. Efficiency depends both on the
magnitude and frequency with which events occur. The effective (or dominant)
discharge is the water discharge which corresponds to the maximum sediment
supply. If its calculation is well documented in temperate or humid climates
and large basins, it is much more difficult in small and semi-arid basins
in which short floods with high sediment supplies occur. Using the example of
31 years of measurements in the Wadi Sebdou (north-west Algeria), this paper
compares the two main statistical approaches to calculate the effective
discharge (the empirical method based on histograms of sediment supply by
discharge classes and an analytical calculation based on a hydrological
probability distribution and on a sediment rating curve) to a very simple
proxy: the half-load discharge, i.e. the flow rate corresponding to 50 % of
the cumulative sediment yield. Three types of discharge subdivisions were
tested. In the empirical approach, two subdivisions provided effective
discharge close to the half-load discharge. Analytical solutions based on
log-normal and log-Gumbel probability distributions were assessed but they
highly underestimated the effective discharge, whatever the subdivision used
to adjust the flow frequency distribution. Furthermore, annual series of
maximum discharge and half-load discharge enabled the return period
of hydrological years with discharge higher than the effective discharge
(around 2 years) to be inferred and showed that more than half of the yearly sediment
supply is carried by flows higher than the effective discharge only every
7 hydrological years. This study was the first to adapt the analytical
approach in a semi-arid basin and to show the potentiality and limits of each
method in a such climate.
Dependency of tropical cyclone risk on track in South Korea
Authors: Nam Chaehyeon C. , Park Doo-Sun R. , Ho Chang-Hoi , Chen Deliang
Published: December 2018

Abstract. Several previous studies on tropical cyclone (TC) risk assessment have
attempted to quantify the relationship between TC damage and its elements
(i.e. exposure, vulnerability, and hazard). For hazard parameters, TC
intensity (e.g. central minimum pressure, maximum wind speed) and size
information (e.g. 30 knot radius of the TC) have been widely utilized. Our
risk analysis of 85 TCs that made landfall in South Korea from 1979 to 2010,
however, suggests that a small deviation of the TC track in the west–east
direction (≤250 km, smaller than the average radius of TC) has a more
dominant effect on the extent and distribution of TC damage than TC intensity
or size. This significant track dependency of TC damage exists because the TC
track is responsible for the realization of hazard change from potential to
active. More specifically, although two TCs may have the same intensity and
size, locally experienced rainfall and wind speed can vary according to their
tracks due to topography. These results suggest that track information should
be considered more carefully in assessments of future TC risk.
Multi-decadal variability in seasonal mean sea level along the North Sea coast
Authors: Frederikse Thomas , Gerkema Theo
Published: December 2018

Abstract. Seasonal deviations from annual-mean sea level in the North Sea
region show a large low-frequency component with substantial variability at
decadal and multi-decadal timescales. In this study, we quantify
low-frequency variability in seasonal deviations from annual-mean sea level
and look for drivers of this variability. The amplitude, as well as the
temporal evolution of this multi-decadal variability shows substantial
variations over the North Sea region, and this spatial pattern is similar to
the well-known pattern of the influence of winds and pressure changes on sea
level at higher frequencies. The largest low-frequency signals are found in
the German Bight and along the Norwegian coast. We find that the variability
is much stronger in winter and autumn than in other seasons and that this
winter and autumn variability is predominantly driven by wind and sea-level
pressure anomalies which are related to large-scale atmospheric patterns. For
the spring and summer seasons, this atmospheric forcing explains a smaller
fraction of the observed variability. Large-scale atmospheric patterns have been derived from a principal component
analysis of sea-level pressure. The first principal component of sea-level
pressure over the North Atlantic Ocean, which is linked to the North Atlantic
Oscillation (NAO), explains the largest fraction of winter-mean variability
for most stations, while for some stations, the variability consists of a
combination of multiple principal components. The low-frequency variability in season-mean sea level can manifest itself as
trends in short records of seasonal sea level. For multiple stations around
the North Sea, running-mean 40-year trends for autumn and winter sea level
often exceed the long-term trends in annual mean sea level, while for spring
and summer, the seasonal trends have a similar order of magnitude as the
annual-mean trends. Removing the variability explained by atmospheric
variability vastly reduces the seasonal trends, especially in winter and
autumn.
Regional Grid Refinement in an Earth System Model: Impacts on
the Simulated Greenland Surface Mass Balance
Authors: van Kampenhout Leonardus , Rhoades Alan M. , Herrington Adam R. , Zarzycki Colin M. , Lenaerts Jan T. M. , Sacks William J. , van den Broeke Michiel R.
Published: December 2018

Abstract. In this study, the resolution dependence of the simulated Greenland Ice Sheet surface mass balance in the variable-resolution Community Earth System Model (VR-CESM) is investigated. Coupled atmosphere-land simulations are performed on three regionally refined grids over Greenland at 1° (~111 km), 0.5°(~55 km), and 0.25° (~28 km), maintaining a quasi-uniform resolution of 1° (~111 km) over the rest of the globe. The SMB in the accumulation zone is significantly improved compared to airborne radar and in-situ observations, with a general wetting at the margins and a drying in the interior GrIS. Total precipitation decreases with resolution, which is in line with best-available regional climate model results. In the ablation zone, VR-CESM starts developing a positive SMB bias in some locations. Potential driving mechanisms are proposed, amongst which are diversions in large scale circulation, changes in cloud cover, and changes in summer snowfall. Overall, our results demonstrate that VR-CESM is a viable new tool in the cryospheric sciences and can be used to dynamically downscale future scenarios and/or be interactively coupled to dynamical ice sheet models.
2018 Special Issue: Student Engagement and Retention in Higher Education
Authors: Kahu Ella R , Lodge Jason
Published: December 2018

We are delighted to present the 2018 Special Issue – Student Engagement and Retention in Higher Education.  Practitioners, researchers and scholars know that student retention arises from a complex combination of student, institutional and external factors that manifest differently for individual students.  Simple performance metrics focused on student characteristics, cohorts or institutional initiatives delivered as ranking or rating systems, are unlikely to deliver improvements in performance, unless the complex contextual factors underlying the reasons students stay or leave are more widely considered.
Exploring factors affecting first-year students’ learning experiences: A case study of a private university in Taiwan
Authors: Chalapati Supaporn , Leung Rosanna , Chalapati Nakarin
Published: December 2018

Taiwan’s low birth rate and declining demand for higher education among the country’s high school graduates has led to vigorous competition between Taiwanese universities to attract and retain students. Increasing international student enrolment can help alleviate these existing pressures. However, the transition from high school to university life and the need to study in a degree program with English as the primary medium of instruction, can present challenges for first-year students. We aimed to investigate First Year (FY) Taiwanese and non-Taiwanese students’ learning experiences and the barriers they face at a private university. The key research findings are based on factors affecting FY students’ learning experiences such as interactive teaching techniques, peer support, program attributes, social integration, and the international learning environment. We argue that for higher education institutions (HEIs) to stand out in a highly competitive environment, university management should optimise their resources and services to meet local and international students’ needs.
Community gets you through: Success factors contributing to the retention of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Higher Degree by Research (HDR) students
Authors: Barney Katelyn
Published: December 2018

This paper explores success factors contributing to the retention of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Higher Degree by Research (HDR) students identified through a National Teaching Fellowship. Interviews with Indigenous HDR graduates are analysed to explore inhibiting and success factors to completing an HDR. While the fellowship focused mostly on building successful pathways from undergraduate study into HDRs, interviewees also discussed success factors for completing an HDR. In order to address Indigenous student retention and success in higher education, finding out what contributes to successful HDR completions for Indigenous students across diverse disciplines is critical.
Percepción del riesgo y consumo de alcohol en adolescentes de preparatoria
Authors: Méndez-Ruíz Martha Dalila , Ortiz-Moreno Gerardo Abdiel , Eligio-Tejada Ivett Adriana , Yáñez-Castillo Brenda Guadalupe , Villegas-Pantoja Miguel Ángel
Published: December 2018

Objetivos: determinar la relación entre la percepción del riesgo frente a las bebidas alcohólicas y el consumo de alcohol en adolescentes mexicanos e identificar la prevalencia de consumo de alcohol, el nivel de percepción de riesgo y los patrones de consumo de alcohol según el sexo. Materiales y métodos: estudio cuantitativo de corte transversal y diseño correlacional, con una muestra probabilística de 251 adolescentes de Nuevo Laredo, México, en 2017. Se utilizó una cédula de datos personales, el Cuestionario de Percepción de Riesgo hacia el Consumo de Alcohol y el Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) o Prueba de Identificación de Trastornos Relacionados con el Consumo de Alcohol. Resultados: un mayor nivel de percepción del riesgo frente al alcohol se relacionó con un menor consumo de dicha sustancia (rs = –.235, p <.001). La mayoría de los adolescentes consumieron alcohol alguna vez en la vida (59,0 %) y en el último año (51,8 %). La percepción del riesgo y los patrones de consumo de alcohol no fueron significativamente diferentes según el sexo. Conclusiones: los hallazgos indican vulnerabilidad frente a la adicción al alcohol en la población de estudio. Se invita a profundizar, mediante redes de trabajo multidisciplinario, en los niveles de percepción sobre los riesgos del uso de drogas, con miras a contribuir a la producción de conocimientos que guíen acciones preventivas dirigidas a hombres y mujeres adolescentes.
Vídeos como objetos de aprendizagem potencialmente significativos
Authors: Edo Neuenfeldt Adriano , Schuck Rogério José , Kalkmann Goulart Lara
Published: December 2018

Este artigo versa sobre a produção de vídeos como objetos de aprendizagem potencialmente significativos (Oaps). Os vídeos foram postados num canal do YouTube gerenciado pelos próprios estudantes. Com o trabalho desenvolvido, buscaram-se analisar e apontar alternativas metodológicas, para incluir os estudantes nos processos de ensino e de aprendizagem. Foi desenvolvido um estudo de caso que envolveu estudantes matriculados na disciplina de cálculo de uma instituição do ensino superior. Ressalta-se que a proposta permanece em desenvolvimento e, até o momento, foi possível perceber que os estudantes se comportam, principalmente, como consumidores de informação e, em menor escala, como produtores de conhecimento, tendo o professor como mediador do processo.
Disclosure Quality and Dividend Payout in Saudi Firms
Authors: Rahman Rashidah Abdul , Fadel Eman Saleh , Rahman NajlaAbdul , Awad Amal
Published: December 2018

This study examines how disclosure quality influences the dividend payouts of firms, and provides further evidence concerning the outcome hypothesis and substitution hypothesis. Using a sample of non-financial Saudi Arabian listed firms during 2012-2014, our results provide support for the substitution hypothesis in which outsiders demand higher dividends in a low-quality disclosure environment as a “substitute” for opacity. Further analysis shows that managers pay a higher dividend in an opaque environment not only to establish a reputation among outside capital suppliers but also because they have to disgorge excess cash to circumvent free cash flow problems.
PARAMETRIC BLIND IMAGE DEBLURRING WITH GRADIENT BASED SPECTRAL KURTOSIS MAXIMIZATION
Authors: Khan Aftab , Yin Hujun
Published: December 2018

Blind image deconvolution/deblurring (BID) is a challenging task due to lack of prior information about the blurring process and image. Noise and ringing artefacts resulted during the restoration process further deter fine restoration of the pristine image. These artefacts mainly arise from using a poorly estimated point spread function (PSF) combined with an ineffective restoration filter. This paper presents a BID scheme based on the steepest descent in kurtosis maximization. Assuming uniform blur, the PSF can be modelled by a parametric form. The scheme tries to estimate the blur parameters by maximizing kurtosis of the deblurred image. The scheme is devised to handle any type of blur that can be framed into a parametric form such as Gaussian, motion and out-of-focus. Gradients for the blur parameters are computed and optimized in the direction of increasing kurtosis value using a steepest descent scheme. The algorithms for several common blurs are derived and the effectiveness has been corroborated through a set of experiments. Validation has also been carried out on various real examples. It is shown that the scheme optimizes on the parameters in a close vicinity of the true parameters. Results of both benchmark and real images are presented. Both full-reference and non-reference image quality measures have been used in quantifying the deblurring performance. The results show that the proposed method offers marked improvements over the existing methods.
Polski film animowany – gdzie jest i dokąd zmierza?
Authors: Gordziejuk Ewelina
Published: December 2018

The article aims to define Polish animated film and its place within contemporary Polish cinematography as well as to predict its future. Based on the literature review, the author's own reflections and the opinions of critics, film experts and filmmakers, the author provides her own definition of an animated film, presents facts related to the history of the genre and speculates on the future of Polish animated film.
Animacja społecznie zaangażowana. Realizm krytyczny w twórczości Balbiny Bruszewskiej
Authors: Dróżdż Dawid
Published: December 2018

The article focuses on films by Balbina Bruszewska – Polish director who creates socially engaged films. In the paper the author is trying to qualify her movies in the aesthetics of critical realism, which stands in opposition to the capitalist realism prevailing in the mass media. The author proves that the realism in Bruszewska's films consist of presenting social tendencies in reality and focuses on criticizing the prevailing system.
Media i geopolityki późnej nowoczesności. Naturalizacja i nostalgia jako horyzont wspólnot wyobrażonych.
Authors: Banaszkiewicz Karina
Published: December 2018

Contemporary media organize exchange by means of Internet, bridges, convergences, double addressing… The result is overproduction of hybrids with mixed weak ontology and inclusion of digital augments into living space. Implementation of technology makes people face a change and requires domestication of innovations and subsequent products of the language of mathematics. Adaptation is slower than the technological change. What counts is an actual range of transformations and cultural content. It is about proxemic schemes characteristic of numerical media and schemes according to which media space is perceived, presented, understood and created. Experiencing a place and recording human reactions to a digital place lead to geopoetics. Virtual geographies and patterns of home and route… repeated by media result in questions about imagined communities and content which is able to integrate them nowadays. Two strategies of being-in-the-world dominate in late modernity: naturalization and nostalgia. In the context of them people still live in the horizon of home and of encountering the others, and a global culture still remains a question of time.
Recenzja "Gdzie czai się zło?"
Authors: Czerwiec Jagoda
Published: December 2018

The book we are reviewing is focused on the side of the Internet we would rather not think about. Internet Złych Rzeczy (pl The Internet of Bad Things) is not only the so-called darknet. First and foremost it shows how much evil lurks in the world wide web.
TOTAL POROSITY AND MATRIX PARAMETERS OF CARBONATE ROCKS BASED ON THE ELASTIC WAVE VELOCITY AND DENSITY MEASUREMENTS
Authors: JARZYNA Jadwiga , PUSKARCZYK Edyta , OGÓREK Ewa , MOTYKA Jacek
Published: December 2018

The purpose of the research was to find relationship between elastic waves velocities obtained from lab measurements and parameters from hydrogeological research. Measurements were conducted on 73 rock samples originating mostly from Jurassic limestone of the Olkusz area. Additional information about the rock samples was obtained when the elastic wave velocities were compared with reservoir parameters such as porosity, permeability and density. Plots of elastic waves velocities vs. porosity and bulk density vs. porosity gave information about the range of P wave velocities from the boundary velocity to the values when porosity is equal to zero. Matrix velocity and density values were introduced into the formulas used to calculate porosity. Anisotropy analysis was made on the basis of elastic wave velocities measured on cores cut in two perpendicular directions. This allowed for identification of fractures in rocks. Results showed that by comparing various petrophysical parameters it was possible to get better information about reservoir properties of aquifers.
SOIL CONTAMINATION INDUCED BY HISTORICAL ZINC-LEAD ORE MINING AND IRON AND ZINC
SMELTING IN THE CENTRAL PART OF THE UPPER SILESIAN INDUSTRIAL REGION (SOUTHERN POLAND)
Authors: PASIECZNA Anna
Published: December 2018

The purpose of the work was to determine the degree of accumulation of heavy metals, arsenic and sulphur in the soils of the central part of the Upper Silesian Industrial Region. Heavy industry, mining of metal ores and hard coal, iron and non-ferrous metallurgy as well as the discharge of industrial and municipal sewage caused a strong degradation of the natural environment of this area. The content of twenty one elements (Ag, Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sr, Ti, V i Zn) have been assayed in the soils of central part Upper Silesian Industrial Region. The contamination of the soils was assessed on the basis of contamination factors, enrichment factors and geoaccumulation indexes. The tests revealed elevated content of metals, arsenic and sulphur exceeding the levels of the regional geochemical background. Factor analysis made it possible to combine chemical elements into groups, probably derived from the same lithological or/and anthropogenic sources.
MODELLING OF A GLASS GATHERER ROBOT'S ARM
WITH A FRICTIONAL DAMPER
Authors: STEMBALSKI Marek , PRES Pawel , SKOCZYNSKI Waclaw , TUREK Paweł
Published: December 2018

A numerical model of a friction damper used for damping vibration in glass gatherer robots was described.
The damper with a lance was modelled using finite elements. Primary natural frequency of the system was determined. Numerical calculations were performed to determine the best operating parameters of the damper for excitations using a impulse of a force. Results of the damping decrement calculations for the friction damper model with a constant coefficient of friction and for the model, in which the coefficient of friction varied depending on the sliding velocity and the normal pressure occurring at the contact surfaces of the damper’s friction rings, were presented. Based on numerical simulations, the values of relative displacements between
the damper’s friction rings were also determined.
Avaliação do potencial eólico em uma região do sul do Brasil
Authors: Nascimento Alisson , Maldaner Silvana , Maran Vinicius , Degrazia Gervásio Annes , Roberti Débora Regina , Moreira Virnei Silva , Diaz Marcelo Bortoluzzi , Stefanello Michel Baptistella , Rizza Umberto
Published: December 2018

Knowledge of wind behavior plays a key role in the production of wind energy, in ambient ventilation and in air quality. In this study the wind speed behavior in Cachoeira do Sul (RS) is analyzed. Wind speed data was measured by a sonic anemometer and it was used to estimate the potential for power generation in the period from 2010 to 2014. One of the methodologies used for the study of wind was the statistical analysis using functions of probability density. There are several models of probability distribution in the literature for time series of data. For wind data, the most commonly used distribution is the Weibull function.This distribution is considered to be the most adequate for wind characterization and is also applied in the analysis of rainfall data,clarity index, water level prediction, among other applications. Thus, the objective of the present study is to obtain preliminary estimates of the wind potential of Cachoeira do Sul (RS) using the Weibull probability distribution to estimate the wind power. The results show that wind power is below 500W=m2 (in 50 m) which indicates low wind potential.
PEDAGOGIA DO TEATRO: UMA EXPERIÊNCIA DE ENSINO-APRENDIZAGEM NA SALA DE AULA
Authors: Alcântara Leide Rosane
Published: December 2018

O presente trabalho traz uma análise reflexiva a respeito do ensino de teatro na escola, defendendo essa prática pela tríplice abordagem que engloba os fazeres do corpo, as tecnologias e o corpo teórico metodológico do teatro. Dessa forma, isto proporciona uma troca de experiência entre professor e estudante; oferece uma experiência artística em aula de teatro mais completa; estimula os estudantes a desenvolverem seu potencial individual e permite que o processo seja enriquecido por meio da contribuição direta de cada indivíduo envolvido na experiência em sala de aula. Trata-se de atuar com uma visão crítica do que é positivo para o processo, pois mesmo com as inúmeras dificuldades encontradas para se efetivar o ensino de teatro na escola, defendo que o ensino das artes cênicas, como uma habilitação necessária pela sua importância e relevância como proposta pedagógica, possibilita ao estudante a reflexão crítica e o pensar com o corpo e com a voz. Além disso, considero as inúmeras possibilidades, oportunizadas pelo teatro na escola, de ler a realidade do mundo por meio deste, enriquecendo assim o processo ensino-aprendizagem atual e contribuindo para a formação das novas gerações.
English-Taught Bachelor’s Programs in Europe
Authors: Sandstrom Ann-Malin
Published: December 2018

In less than a decade, Europe has witnessed a 50-fold increase in the number of English-taught bachelor’s programs (ETBs). ETBs refer to programs that are taught in English and result in a first-cycle postsecondary education diploma. This development has sparked debates about their value and purposefulness. Yet, research conducted by the European Association for International Education (EAIE) and Study Portals, English-taught bachelor’s programs—Internationalising European higher education (2017), has shown that the overall effect of ETBs on higher education institutions and the higher education sector in general has been positive.
Knowledge Production for All
Authors: Maldonado-Maldonado Alma , Lee Jenny J.
Published: December 2018

In the current knowledge society, all students and scholars, particularly in nonresearch universities, should learn how to be active contributors, rather than mere consumers, of knowledge. Global knowledge production would be severely weakened and higher education systems would be further stratified if this role was limited to research universities.
Rapport fra prøvegraving: ID67875 Njalbmeguoika Karasjok kommune Finnmark, 2013
Authors: Skandfer Marianne
Published: December 2018

Excavation report (in Norwegian). A small-scale excavation in a house-pit. A 1 x 0,25 test-trench was opened from floor area through the front wall, later extended by 0,75 square meter in the floor area. Burnt wooden beams atop of each other, the lower of pine and the upper of pine and birch. These migth be remnants of a burnt timber-frame and roof, respectively. No other finds. Radiocarbon dates between 1120 BC and AD 320 suggest reuse. Related publication:Blankholm, H. P. and Skandfer, M. (in press) House Pits in the Northern Interior. In: Skandfer, M., Blankholm, H. P. and Hood, B. (eds) Archaeological Perspectives on Hunter-Gatherer Landscapes and Resource Management in Interior North Norway. Equinox Publishing, Sheffield. Related reports:http://doi.org/10.7557/7.4333http://doi.org/10.7557/7.4331http://doi.org/10.7557/7.4324http://doi.org/10.7557/7.4330http://doi.org/10.7557/7.4336
The Role of Anxiety in Learning and Performing English in the Cadet College Classes: Bangladesh Perspective
Authors: Sultana Zakeya
Published: December 2018

Feeling of anxiety is exceedingly experienced by the English language learners throughout the world. Though the impact of anxiety on learning and performing in English has been widely studied in United States, Canada, Japan, Taiwan and many other countries; this present study, in contrast, tries to find out the reasons of anxiety in learning and performing English in the classes among the Bangladeshi cadet college students. Data has been collected through questionnaire from 30 participants from different cadet colleges in Bangladesh. Finally 10 students (one third of the total participants) were interviewed to get supportive data on their responses. An analysis of their responses indicate that preoccupied fear, peers’ parents’ and teachers’ reactions (sometimes)hold the participants back to flourish and express themselves properly. The responses of the participants quite clearly show that peers’, parents’ as well as preceptors’ amiable attitude towards the learners can pave the way for anxiety free learning and performance. So the findings can clearly facilitate both the students and the teachers in this respect.
An Investigation on Second Language Learners’ Production of Conventional Expressions in L2 Pragmatics
Authors: Wujiabudula Aihemaituoheti
Published: December 2018

This study is designed to elicit second language learners’ production of conventional expressions in L2 pragmatics. A questionnaire was conducted to students who were required to write the oral responses towards 19 scenarios instead of answering the scenarios orally. In prepared scenario questionnaire, a production task was consisted of 19 scenarios, which demonstrate various speech acts. Such as, expressions of gratitude, apologies, warning, leave-taking, requests, condolences, declining offers, acceptance of offers, acceptance of request, acceptance of invitation, declining an invitation, an agreement, deflecting thanks… etc. Twenty four second grade students from Translation and interpretation department in an private university completed the questionnaires voluntarily, with no class credit and compensation available for participating in this research. No level differences were taken into consideration, and it is assumed that all participants are non-native upper-intermediate and advanced English users. Content analysis was applied to measure the frequency and rate in production of conventional expressions.
Authentic Materials – A Natural Resource for Developing Academic English
Authors: Bére-ová Jana
Published: December 2018

The approach to language learning as a way of coming to understand target culture and its impact on target language is reflected in the concept of teaching and learning languages through the integration of intercultural capabilities. The concept will be supported by a number of examples taken from authentic materials language learners have encountered in target language contexts, predominantly gaining experience through reading authentic materials. The paper presents the ideas of university students who carried out their own projects within and after research run by Trnava University, the representatives of which actively participated in a three-year project, supported by the VEGA funding scheme under number 1/0106/15. Twenty-two students who participated in our experiment were asked to analyze formal English in its written mode, searching for characteristic features of formal writing, used in contemporary English. After the completion of the first task related to the selection of appropriate samples, the students were expected to compare the quality of authentic materials received through technologies and that achieved from reading contemporary literary prose, newspapers and academic texts. The idea behind this task was to help university students to be able to critically assess other people’s ideas and arguments, to apply critical thinking when reading, to evaluate authentic materials and to achieve the ability to construct effective arguments in formal writing.
Integrating Cultural Activities in the Algerian Language Classroom: On The Move Textbook
Authors: Nadera Boukhatem
Published: December 2018

Language and culture are two inseparable entities.Therefore, learning a language is at once learning the culture of the people using it.One’s mastery of the linguistic elements of a language does not guarantee a person can communicate through it. Cultural understanding is obligatory. This paper discusses the various finding and ideas on the integration of culture into a foreign language teaching.Its focus is to highlight the importance, existence, impact, and the techniques of integrating cultural elements into the teaching of English as a foreign language.
What Can the Prophet Muhammad’s Metaphors Do?
Authors: El-Sharif Ahmad
Published: December 2018

The current article approaches the issue of the persuasiveness of metaphors in The Prophet Muhammad’s Tradition. The main concern of the article is to show that the Prophetic metaphors are discursively practiced by the Prophet for the function of persuading his audience to accept Islamic laws, and introduce rites and rituals, and to prohibit the unlawful. Through a survey of instances of metaphoric scenarios and images, and in reference to the contemporary cognitive theory of metaphor (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980), the article demonstrates that the persuasiveness of the prophetic metaphors is primarily evoked by disambiguation, arousing the emotions, and implicit threat.
Popular Science Discourse Development in the Cyberspace
Authors: Egorova Liudmila A
Published: December 2018

Popular science sphere of communication is acquiring new features of virtuality, globality, mosaic structure and social orientation, which are essential in fulfilling its functions in modern society. Based on the examination of 92 podcasts, the study deals with podcasting research identifying typical characteristics of the podcast and factors contributing to the spread of podcasting in the popular scientific hypermedia communication. The survey showed that increasing popularity of the podcast in the popular scientific sphere is explained by several factors. First, informing the user becomes more accessible, quicker and easier. Secondly, the listener takes part in interpersonal communication not with a virtual author, but with a real person, gets the opportunity to make his own conclusions based on sounding speech, which is more expressive, emotional, and has a strong impact on the addressee. Thirdly, most podcasts are interviews and discussions, which facilitates the perception and processing of new information making it more structured by means of questions, paraphrasing, exemplification, clarifications, etc. Analysis of the Nature publication podcast helped single out structural features that allow a podcast to function in a hypermedia environment as an independent multimodal node. The conclusions about the emergence of new virtual environment for intercultural interaction and cooperation were made.
Conservation of Waterlogged Materials
Authors: Williams Emily
Published: December 2018

Waterlogged organic remains offer archaeologists a unique opportunity to learn about the past; however, the scale of the finds and the condition of the artifacts often pose challenges for their conservation and long‐term preservation. Treatment techniques vary according to the type of the material and its condition. Increasingly, reburial and preservation in situ are being considered long‐term solutions, in addition to stabilization.
Countermapping
Authors: Byrne Denis
Published: December 2018

The practice of countermapping, first developed by environmental anthropologists working with forest‐dwelling peoples in Southeast Asia, has emerged since the 1990s and been adopted by archaeologists collaborating with indigenous groups to find better ways of depicting the material past and its cultural meaning. The story of countermapping is laced with achievements, limitations, and negatives, and its story is folded into that of rapidly changing cartographic technologies and the changing field of cultural politics.
Cross‐Sectional Geometry
Authors: Polk John D.
Published: December 2018

Bone cross‐sectional properties (CSP) describe the geometric distribution of bone in a two‐dimensional section through a bone structure. Beam theory is commonly used to make functional and biomechanical inferences from specific CSP including cortical area, second and polar moments of area, and section moduli. The strength of these inferences is based on several assumptions that are not well supported by experimental evidence, and caution must be exercised in the functional interpretations that are drawn from CSP.
Deep‐Sea Fisheries
Authors: Locker Alison
Published: December 2018

Historical fisheries exploited “deep‐sea” species during seasonal migrations, when such species could be fished closer inshore, sometimes by undertaking risky voyages to distant fishing grounds. This entry focuses on cod and herring, the two major commercial species in historical fisheries in northern Europe.
Deterioration of Metals
Authors: Golfomitsou Stavroula
Published: December 2018

Corrosion of metals is a natural process and is the result of the interaction of a metal with its environment. Corrosion results in irreversible changes to the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of a metal. The effects of these changes can take a wide variety of forms, from the partial obscuring of the metal surface with corrosion products, to the complete alteration of entire objects. The same object exposed to different environments will corrode in different ways, which represent the individual conditions to which it was exposed.
Deterioration of Mosaics
Authors: Chlouveraki Stefania
Published: December 2018

Deterioration of mosaics refers to all the weathering forms and processes that affect the mosaic as a whole or any of its constituent materials. Historic conservation interventions indicate that deterioration processes were already underway during the initial use of the mosaics. Natural disasters have forced mechanical as well as thermal stresses, which have resulted in severe deterioration and large‐scale losses. Abandonment has caused gradual degradation and collapse of the architecture which has induced mechanical damage to mosaic pavements or the compete destruction of wall mosaics. Under burial the mosaics suffer damage due to mechanical, biological, and chemical agents, however, they gradually reach equilibrium with the burial environment and may remain in a stable condition for a long period of time. Upon excavation a series of deterioration processes are activated, which are attributed to a combination of events and the synergistic interaction of various deterioration agents—the most significant being the human action.
Paleoethnobotany and Stable Isotopes
Authors: Lodwick Lisa , Stroud Elizabeth
Published: December 2018

The investigation of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in archaeological plant remains is a growing area of research in paleoethnobotany. Drawing on isotopic principles established in plant sciences, δ
15
N and δ
13
C are now measured in plant remains in order to investigate crop cultivation practices, paleoenvironment, paleodiet, paleoclimate, and food exchange. Methodological development has established protocols to negate the issues of intraplant and intrafield variation, taphonomy, and contamination. Large‐scale archaeological applications have informed upon agricultural practices, especially manuring and irrigation, on household, settlement, and regional scales. This entry reviews the theoretical basis, methodological practice, archaeological applications, and future challenges of stable isotope applications to paleoethnobotany.
Peat Deposits
Authors: Richer Suzi
Published: December 2018

Peat—decomposing organic matter within waterlogged anerobic conditions—exists around the world, but predominantly in the northern hemisphere. As well as providing natural carbon sinks, peat deposits contain organic and nonorganic archaeological remains alongside a wealth of microscopic information about past environments, climate, and human activity. A variety of analyses and dating techniques can be applied to peat deposits. Due to contemporary pressures for fuel and agriculture, peatlands (and the archaeology and environmental archives that they contain) are increasingly under threat.
Perfumes and Cosmetics
Authors: de Ágredos Pascual M. Luisa Vázquez , Gamberini Maria Cristina , Walter Philippe
Published: December 2018

This entry focuses on the physicochemical analysis and cultural study of cosmetics and fragrances that were prepared and used in ancient cultures of the Old World and New World. The characterization of these products is the key to obtaining the global recipe to understand the connection between body color, aromatics, magic/religious beliefs, and sometimes the medicinal knowledge of these ancient societies. In Mesoamerica, for example, the few physicochemical results collected to date suggest that the choice of the aromatic excipient in body lotions that comprised both fragrance and color was conditioned by two factors: its excellent additive properties and its high symbolic meaning associated with each culture's own cosmovision. Finally, prior comparative studies indicate the importance of cross‐cultural approaches by setting the interpretation of the results in a wide and representative framework, namely that of antiquity.
Pigments and Binders
Authors: Colombini Maria Perla , Degano Ilaria
Published: December 2018

Pigments and binders include several natural and synthetic materials which have been used since pre‐history to produce a variety of colored artworks and textiles. Binders are used in paintings to disperse pigments. They include inorganic materials (e.g., infrescoes, water is the pigment vehicle; however, plaster is the ultimate binder) and organic materials (natural ones, such as proteins, siccative oils; or synthetic ones, such as acrylic, vinylic, alkydic). Characterizing the binding medium is fundamental in assessing the painting technique and addressing conservation issues, in order to devise the optimal restoration and/or display strategy. In addition, knowledge of an artist's palette facilitates a complete understanding of their work. These materials are usually characterized starting with an array of noninvasive imaging techniques, followed by the application of micro‐invasive (both destructive and not) protocols based on chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques.
PIXEand Material Analysis
Authors: Ruvalcaba‐Sil Jose Luis
Published: December 2018

Particle induced X‐ray emission spectroscopy (PIXE) used with other complementary ion beam techniques is a well‐established method to measure the elemental composition of the surface of archaeological and historical materials. PIXE measurements are non‐destructive and require just a few minutes. The detection limits of PIXE may reach some μg/g. It is possible to analyze objects and samples directly using external beam devices in order to identify materials and to infer provenance of raw materials, and techniques of manufacture. Also, microbeam systems provide elemental maps of major and trace elements. PIXE can be successfully applied to practically all kinds of inorganic materials and objects from the archaeological record: pottery, stone objects (obsidian, flints, jade), gems, metallic artifacts, glaze, glass, bone and teeth, manuscripts, and paintings. Samples and objects need to be transported to an accelerator laboratory; this is the main limitation for the application of this technique.
Planning and Tourism
Authors: du Cros Hilary
Published: December 2018

Planning for tourism at archaeological sites needs to take into account conservation, the host community, and tourist needs in order to create a balanced approach that is sustainable. As tourism involves the consumption of experiences, marketing, site interpretation, and management are increasingly important. However, tourism should never be imposed upon but rather integrated within existing planning processes to be truly sustainable.
Potatoes
Authors: Morales‐Garzon J. Francisco
Published: December 2018

Potato remains were present at “Monte Verde,” southern Chile, one of the earliest archaeological sites known in the Americas. However, the potato (Solanum tuberosum) grown in most temperate regions of the world is not the same cultigen originally domesticated in the Central Andes of Peru, thousands of years ago. Moreover,S. tuberosumhas a large secondary gene pool consisting of over 100 wild, tuber‐bearing species originally found throughout most of the pre‐Columbian Americas. This entry discusses the implications of the large genetic diversity found in wild and cultivated potatoes in relation to the application of macro‐ and microbotanical techniques, and plant molecular systematics in archaeological studies.
Quantum Analysis
Authors: Petruso Karl M.
Published: December 2018

Quantum analysis as it applies to archaeological research refers to explicitly mathematical approaches to identifying units of measurement used in antiquity. A brief description of the nature of the evidence and traditional intuitive approaches to understanding the archaeological material on the basis of goodness‐of‐fit is presented, followed by a summary of key developments over the last half‐century of research. A popular and useful statistical function for isolating past metrical standards is described. It is observed that the history of measurement in general, and quantal approaches to ancient metrology specifically, have much to contribute to our understanding of early numeration, economy, and trade.