bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LEGISLATION FOR EFFECTIVE POST‐DISASTER RECONSTRUCTION
Authors: Rotimi James Olabode , Wilkinson Suzanne , Zuo Kelvin , Myburgh Dean
Published: June 2009

New Zealand is vulnerable to natural disasters. When disasters occur, the effects can be devastating on the built environment. As one aspect of a major programme of research in New Zealand, the authors address the recovery issue in terms of how legislation either facilitates or hinders reconstruction. The results of a survey to building control officers and other disaster practitioners in New Zealand on the application of the Building Act 2004 post‐disaster are presented in this paper. There are indications that the New Zealand Building Act 2004 will not be supportive or enabling in post‐disaster reconstruction environments, particularly in large‐scale disaster events. Key problems found were procedural constraints as a result of high consenting standards and logistic considerations. The desire is to create the best possible conditions that will encourage rapid rebuilding of lives and communities after large‐scale disasters in New Zealand and that can only be done within a supportive legislative environment.

Santruka

Infrastruktūros tinklai Naujojoje Zelandijoje platūs, miestai išbarstyti, tačiau tankiai apgyvendinti, tad stichines nelaimes gali pridaryti žalos. Tokios nelaimes gali nusiaubti gamtine ir užstatyta aplinka. Bendruomene tam turetu pasiruošti iš anksto, o ne pasikliauti operatyviu atkūrimo procesu po ivykio. Kaip viena iš Naujojoje Zelandijoje vykstančios stambios tyrimu programos aspektu autoriai pasirinko atkūrimo klausima ir ji nagrineja analizuodami, kaip istatymai padeda arba trukdo atstatymo projektams ir programoms. Iprastoms statyboms taikomi istatymai numato saugu infrastruktūros, kapitalo investiciju ir žemetvarkos pletojima, užtikrindami aplinkosauga, tačiau dažnai jie netinka atstatymo po stichiniu nelaimiu projektams. Šiame darbe pristatomi rezultatai, gauti apklausus Naujosios Zelandijos statybu kontroles pareigūnus ir kitus stichiniu nelaimiu specialistus del Statybu istatymo (2004) taikymo po stichiniu nelaimiu. Yra ženklu, kad Naujosios Zelandijos statybu istatymas (2004) nebus palankus arba sudarantis galimybes nuo stichiniu nelaimiu nukentejusioms teritorijoms atstatyti, ypač kai stichines nelaimes yra stambaus masto. Apklausos rezultatai rodo, kad tebekyla iššūkiai, kaip pagal ši istatyma atstatymo uždavinius ivykdyti veiksmingai. Daugiausia demesio tarp iškeltu klausimu skirta procedūriniams suvaržymams, susijusiems su aukštais kvalifikaciniais standartais ir kitomis logistikos aplinkybemis. Būtinas nemenkas demesys, norint taikyti Statybu istatyma reagavimo i nelaimes ir aplinkos atkūrimo srityje. Siekiama sukurti geriausias imanomas salygas, kurios skatins spartu gyvenamosios aplinkos ir bendruomenes infrastruktūros atstatyma po stambiu stichiniu nelaimiu Naujojoje Zelandijoje ir kurios imanomos tik palankioje teisineje aplinkoje.
CAPACITY BUILDING FOR POST‐DISASTER INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT
Authors: Haigh Richard , Amaratunga Dilanthi
Published: June 2009

„Capacity building for post‐disaster infrastructure development and management" International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 13(2), p. 83-86
RISK MANAGEMENT IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION: THE CASE OF SRI LANKA
Authors: Perera B.A.K.S
Published: June 2009

Risk is an unavoidable phenomenon in construction projects. Proper risk allocation in construction contracts has therefore come to assume prominence because risk identification and risk allocation have a clear bearing on risk handling decisions. The proper management of risks requires that they be identified and allocated in a well‐defined manner. This can only be achieved if contracting parties comprehend their risk responsibilities, risk event conditions, and risk handling capabilities. This research aims at identifying the risk responsibilities of contractual parties in order to improve their risk handling strategies with regard to Sri Lankan road projects. Semi‐structured interviews were used for the primary data collection. This was complemented with documentary evidence. The results show that road construction projects in Sri Lanka are exposed to many risk sources while most risks are borne by parties who were assigned with risks via contract clauses. However, parties not allocated with risks too happened to bear the consequences of such risks. Therefore, it is concluded that there is no one best way to respond to a risk and that different risk handling strategies should be adopted in order to deal effectively with risks.

Santruka

Rizika ‐ neišvengiamas statybu projektu reiškinys. Todel svarbus tapo tinkamas rizikos paskirstymas statybu rangos sutartyse, nes rizikos nustatymas ir rizikos paskirstymas daro akivaizdžia itaka rizikos valdymo sprendimams. Norint gerai valdyti rizika, reikia ja nustatyti ir tinkamai paskirstyti. Tai imanoma tik tuomet, jei sutarties šalys supranta savo atsakomybe už rizika, rizikos atveju salygas ir rizikos valdymo galimybes. Šiame tyrime, siekiant pagerinti sutarties šaliu rizikos valdymo strategijas, meginama nustatyti, kokia atsakomybe už rizika prisiima sutarties šalys pagal Šri Lankos keliu tiesimo projektus. Pirminiai duomenys surinkti iš pusiau struktūriniu interviu. Jie papildyti dokumentiniais irodymais. Iš rezultatu aiškeja, kad keliu tiesimo projektai Šri Lankoje imlūs daugybei rizikos šaltiniu, o daugeli rizikos rūšiu prisiima šalys, kurioms rizika priskiria sutarties nuostatos. Tačiau šalys, kurioms rizika nera priskirta, kartais irgi patiria tokios rizikos pasekmiu. Todel daroma išvada, kad nera vieno geriausio būdo reaguoti i rizika ir kad reikia taikyti ivairias rizikos valdymo strategijas, siekiant efektyviai spresti rizikos situacijas.
Traumatic Pelvic Injuries: The Open-Book Pelvis
Authors: Mahajan Namit , Lomasney Laurie M. , Demos Terrence C. , Summers Hobie , Stover Michael
Published: June 2009

The case:

A 25-year-old man presented with hypotension and tachycardia after a motorcycle accident. He had no large external wounds.
Thiuram Allergy—A Potential Dermal Allergy among Health Care Workers
Authors: Green-McKenzie Judith , Pak Victoria M. , Crawford Glen H.
Published: June 2009

Occupational health nurses should be cognizant of the myriad exposures that can result in dermal reactions among health care workers.
Preventing Employee Injury
Authors: Springer Pamela J. , Lind Bonnie K. , Kratt Johanna , Baker Ed , Clavelle Joanne T.
Published: June 2009

A lift team was implemented at an urban medical center in the Pacific Northwest to reduce employee injuries. The lift team consisted of a lift technician and a nursing assistant both trained in lifting techniques. The trial lasted 1 year. Data on employee injuries and day versus night injuries before and during lift team implementation are presented. Results do not show the same reduction in employee injuries described by previous authors. Possible explanations are related to the use of the lift team and policy development.
Sequential Cooperation of CD2 and CD48 in the Buildup of the Early TCR Signalosome
Authors: Muhammad Arshad , Schiller Herbert B. , Forster Florian , Eckerstorfer Paul , Geyeregger Rene , Leksa Vladimir , Zlabinger Gerhard J. , Sibilia Maria , Sonnleitner Alois , Paster Wolfgang , Stockinger Hannes
Published: June 2009

The buildup of TCR signaling microclusters containing adaptor proteins and kinases is prerequisite for T cell activation. One hallmark in this process is association of the TCR with lipid raft microdomains enriched in GPI-proteins that have potential to act as accessory molecules for TCR signaling. In this study, we show that GPI-anchored CD48 but not CD59 was recruited to the immobilized TCR/CD3 complex upon activation of T cells. CD48 reorganization was vital for T cell IL-2 production by mediating lateral association of the early signaling component linker for activated T cells (LAT) to the TCR/CD3 complex. Furthermore, we identified CD2 as an adaptor linking the Src protein tyrosine kinase Lck and the CD48/LAT complex to TCR/CD3: CD2 associated with TCR/CD3 upon T cell activation irrespective of CD48 expression, while association of CD48 and LAT with the TCR/CD3 complex depended on CD2. Consequently, our data indicate that CD2 and CD48 cooperate hierarchically in the buildup of the early TCR signalosome; CD2 functions as the master switch recruiting CD48 and Lck. CD48 in turn shuttles the transmembrane adapter molecule LAT.
Exclusion of Natural Autoantibody-Producing B Cells from IgG Memory B Cell Compartment during T Cell-Dependent Immune Responses
Authors: Matejuk Agata , Beardall Michael , Xu Yang , Tian Qi , Phillips Daniel , Alabyev Boris , Mannoor Kaiissar , Chen Ching
Published: June 2009

In healthy individuals, a substantial proportion of circulating Abs exhibit polyreactivity and self-reactivity. These Abs are referred to as natural autoantibodies (NAAs). As part of the innate immunity, NAAs play an important role in eliminating pathogens. However, inherent to their poly/autoreactivity is the potential for NAAs to differentiate to high-affinity autoantibodies during an immune response. We recently generated site-directed transgenic mice that express a prototypic NAA, ppc1-5, which binds a variety of self- and non-self-Ags including DNA and phosphocholine. We have shown previously that B cells expressing the ppc1-5 NAA are positively selected during their primary development. In this study, we demonstrate that following immunization with the T-dependent Ag, phosphocholine conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin, ppc1-5 NAA B cells mounted a quick IgM Ab response and entered germinal centers, but they failed to differentiate to IgG-producing cells during late primary and memory responses. Hybridomas and cDNA clones derived from the immunized mice included many IgM NAA-producing cells, but IgG NAA clones were extremely rare. Instead, many of the IgG B cells replaced their IgH transgene with an endogenous VH gene and produced non-autoreactive Abs. These results indicate that although NAA B cells are positively selected in the preimmune repertoire and can participate in early IgM Ab response, they are subjected to regulatory mechanisms that prevent them from developing to high-affinity IgG autoantibody production. This would explain, at least in part, why NAAs do not cause autoimmunity in most individuals.
Thrombin-Induced Connective Tissue Growth Factor Expression in Human Lung Fibroblasts Requires the ASK1/JNK/AP-1 Pathway
Authors: Yu Chung-Chi , Hsu Ming-Jen , Kuo Min-Liang , Chen Robert Fu-Chean , Chen Mei-Chieh , Bai Kua-Jen , Yu Ming-Chih , Chen Bing-Chang , Lin Chien-Huang
Published: June 2009

Thrombin plays an important role in lung inflammatory diseases. Thrombin can induce connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression in lung fibroblasts. However, little is known about the signaling pathway in thrombin-induced CTGF expression. In this study, we investigated the role of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) in thrombin-induced CTGF expression in human lung fibroblasts. Thrombin caused a concentration- and time-dependent increase in CTGF expression in WI-38 cells and primary lung fibroblasts. Thrombin-induced CTGF expression and CTGF-luciferase activity were inhibited by a protease-activated receptor 1 antagonist (SCH79797), the dominant-negative mutants (DNs) of ASK1 and JNK1/2, and an AP-1 inhibitor (curcumin). Thrombin caused ASK1 Ser967 dephosphorylation, the dissociation of ASK1 and 14-3-3, and a subsequent increase in ASK1 activity. Thrombin induced increases in JNK phosphorylation and kinase activity, which were attenuated by ASK1DN. Furthermore, SCH79797 diminished the thrombin-induced ASK1 and JNK activities. Thrombin-induced CTGF-luciferase activity was predominately controlled by the sequence −747 to −184 bp upstream of the transcription start site of the human CTGF promoter and was attenuated by transfection with the deleted AP-1 binding site construct. Thrombin caused increases in c-Jun phosphorylation, the formation of an AP-1-specific DNA-protein complex, and the recruitment of c-Jun to the CTGF promoter. Furthermore, thrombin-mediated AP-1 activation was inhibited by ASK1DN, JNK1/2DN, and SP600125. These results suggest for the first time that thrombin, acting through protease-activated receptor 1, activates the ASK1/JNK signaling pathway, which in turn initiates c-Jun/AP-1 activation and recruitment of c-Jun to the CTGF promoter and ultimately induces CTGF expression in human lung fibroblasts.
Dok-4 Is a Novel Negative Regulator of T Cell Activation
Authors: Gérard Audrey , Ghiotto Marguerite , Fos Camille , Guittard Geoffrey , Compagno Daniel , Galy Anne , Lemay Serge , Olive Daniel , Nunès Jacques A.
Published: June 2009

Dok-4 (downstream of tyrosine kinase-4) is a recently identified member of the Dok family of adaptor proteins, which are characterized by an amino-terminal pleckstrin homology domain, a phosphotyrosine-binding domain, and a carboxyl-terminal region containing several tyrosines and poly-proline-rich motifs. Two members of the Dok family, Dok-1 and Dok-2, have already been described as negative regulators in T cells. However, the function of Dok-4, which is also expressed in T cells, remains unknown. In this study, we report that Dok-4 is phosphorylated after TCR engagement and shuttled within the cytoplasm of T cells before being recruited to the polarized microtubule organizing center after the formation of the immunological synapse. Loss-of-function experiments using RNA interference constructs show that Dok-4 is a negative regulator of ERK phosphorylation, IL-2 promoter activity, and T cell proliferation. Exogenous expression of wild-type Dok-4 induces a significant activation of Rap1, which is involved in the regulation of ERK. The pleckstrin homology domain of Dok-4 is required both for its cytoplasmic shuttling and relocalization as well as for its inhibitory properties on T cell activation. Thus, Dok-4 represents a novel negative regulator of T cells.
Pyrin Critical to Macrophage IL-1β Response to Francisella Challenge
Authors: Gavrilin Mikhail A. , Mitra Srabani , Seshadri Sudarshan , Nateri Jyotsna , Berhe Freweine , Hall Mark W. , Wewers Mark D.
Published: June 2009

Relative to monocytes, human macrophages are deficient in their ability to process and release IL-1β. In an effort to explain this difference, we used a model of IL-1β processing and release that is dependent upon bacterial escape into the cytosol. Fresh human blood monocytes were compared with monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) for their IL-1β release in response to challenge with Francisella novicida. Although both cell types produced similar levels of IL-1β mRNA and intracellular pro-IL-1β, only monocytes readily released processed mature IL-1β. Baseline mRNA expression profiling of candidate genes revealed a remarkable deficiency in the pyrin gene, MEFV, expression in MDM compared with monocytes. Immunoblots confirmed a corresponding deficit in MDM pyrin protein. To determine whether pyrin levels were responsible for the monocyte/MDM difference in mature IL-1β release, pyrin expression was knocked down by nucleofecting small interfering RNA against pyrin into monocytes or stably transducing small interfering RNA against pyrin into the monocyte cell line, THP-1. Pyrin knockdown was associated with a significant drop in IL-1β release in both cell types. Importantly, M-CSF treatment of MDM restored pyrin levels and IL-1β release. Similarly, the stable expression of pyrin in PMA-stimulated THP-1-derived macrophages induces caspase-1 activation, associated with increased IL-1β release after infection with F. novicida. In summary, intracellular pyrin levels positively regulate MDM IL-1β responsiveness to Francisella challenge.
Keratinocyte Growth Factor Improves Allogeneic Bone Marrow Engraftment through a CD4+Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cell-Dependent Mechanism
Authors: Bruinsma Marieke , van Soest Peter L. , Leenen Pieter J. M. , Löwenberg Bob , Cornelissen Jan J. , Braakman Eric
Published: June 2009

Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) protects mice from acute graft-vs-host disease and graft rejection by cytoprotective and yet incompletely understood immunological mechanisms. Recently, we showed that administration of KGF induces selective peripheral expansion of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg). In this study, we set out to assess whether the peripheral expansion of Treg accounts for the immunomodulatory effects of KGF after bone marrow (BM) transplantation. To exclude potentially confounding cytoprotective and thymopoietic effects of KGF, we applied KGF to congenic wild-type mice that served as T cell provider mice for T and B cell-deficient RAG-1−/− mice that were subsequently transplanted with allogeneic BM. Treatment of congenic T cell provider mice with KGF significantly improved engraftment and reduced graft rejection in BMT recipients. CD4+Foxp3+ Treg remained increased for 4 wk, while expansion of congenic CD3+ T cells was inhibited. To assess a causal relationship between expansion of Treg and improved BM engraftment, congenic Scurfy mice, which lack Foxp3+ Treg, served as T cell provider mice and were treated with KGF. KGF-treatment of Scurfy mice did not affect engraftment nor did it inhibit the expansion of congenic T cells. These data demonstrate that administration of KGF to the T cell provider mice improves engraftment of allogeneic BM through a CD4+Foxp3+ Treg-dependent mechanism.
Defective Regulatory T Cells In Patients with Severe Drug Eruptions: Timing of the Dysfunction Is Associated with the Pathological Phenotype and Outcome
Authors: Takahashi Ryo , Kano Yoko , Yamazaki Yoshimi , Kimishima Momoko , Mizukawa Yoshiko , Shiohara Tetsuo
Published: June 2009

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS) represent two ends of a spectrum of severe drug eruptions: DIHS is unique in that severe epidermal damage seen in TEN is absent, sequential reactivations of herpesviruses occur, and autoimmunity often ensues. To investigate whether changes in regulatory T (Treg) cell function would contribute to variability in the clinical manifestations, we examined the frequency, phenotype, and function of Treg cells both during the acute stage and again long after clinical resolution of both diseases. Dramatic expansions of functional Treg cells were found in the acute stage of DIHS. In contrast, Treg function was profoundly impaired in TEN, although present in normal frequency. Skin homing addressins were more preferentially expressed on Treg cells in DIHS than in TEN. Indeed, Treg cells were more abundantly present in the skin lesions of DIHS. Surprisingly, Treg cells contracted upon resolution of DIHS became functionally deficient, whereas their functional defects in TEN were restored upon recovery. These findings indicate that a transitory impairment in their function during the acute stage of TEN may be related to severe epidermal damage, while a gradual loss of their function after resolution of DIHS may increase the risk of subsequently developing autoimmune disease.
Regulation of Th17 Differentiation by Epidermal Fatty Acid-Binding Protein
Authors: Li Bing , Reynolds Joseph M. , Stout Robert D. , Bernlohr David A. , Suttles Jill
Published: June 2009

Epidermal fatty acid-binding protein, E-FABP, a lipid chaperone, has been shown to regulate the inflammatory function of macrophages and dendritic cells. Herein, we demonstrate that T cell expression of E-FABP promotes Th17 differentiation, while counterregulating development of FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). In response to immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide (MOG35–55), E-FABP-deficient mice generated reduced levels of Th17 cells and elevated levels of Tregs, as compared with wild-type mice. Likewise, naive CD4+ T cells isolated from E-FABP-deficient mice showed reduced expression of IL-17 and enhanced expression of FoxP3, in vitro, when subjected to Th17 or Treg polarizing conditions, respectively. It has been demonstrated previously that IL-21, induced by IL-6, stimulates the expression of the nuclear receptors retinoic acid-related orphan receptor (ROR)γt and RORα, which in turn induce expression of IL-17. We found that the impaired Th17 differentiation by E-FABP-deficient CD4+ T cells was associated with lower levels of IL-21 expression in response to IL-6, as well as reduced expression of RORγt and RORα. However, E-FABP-deficient CD4+ T cells expressed significantly higher levels of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activating receptor (PPAR)γ than did wild-type CD4+ T cells, and treatment with the PPARγ antagonist GW9662 restored expression of IL-21, RORγt, RORα, and IL-17 by E-FABP-deficient T cells to wild-type levels. The negative influence of E-FABP deficiency on IL-17 expression was attributed to PPARγ-mediated suppression of IL-6-induced STAT3 activity. Thus, taken together, our data indicate that expression of E-FABP by CD4+ T cells contributes to the control of IL-6 stimulation of the IL-21/ROR/IL-17 pathway and to the Th17/Treg counterbalance.
Hypoxia Prolongs Monocyte/Macrophage Survival and Enhanced Glycolysis Is Associated with Their Maturation under Aerobic Conditions
Authors: Roiniotis John , Dinh Hang , Masendycz Paul , Turner Amanda , Elsegood Caryn L. , Scholz Glen M. , Hamilton John A.
Published: June 2009

In chronic inflammatory lesions macrophages are abundant and adapt to the low oxygen concentrations often present there. In low oxygen some cell types die by apoptosis, as reported for macrophage cell lines, while others survive better as they shift their metabolism to anaerobic glycolysis. It was found here that hypoxia prolongs the survival of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages, either in the absence or presence of low CSF-1 (M-CSF) concentrations. Although Akt activity increased in bone marrow-derived macrophages in the low oxygen conditions, the levels of both anti- and proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members decreased. Glycolysis was enhanced as judged by increased glucose uptake, glucose transporter expression, lactate dehydrogenase mRNA expression, and lactate secretion. Human monocytes responded similarly to low oxygen, and a number of genes associated with glycolysis were shown by microarray analysis and quantitative PCR to be up-regulated. Interestingly, human monocyte-derived macrophages showed evidence of enhanced glycolysis even under aerobic conditions. It is proposed that certain monocyte/macrophage populations survive better under conditions of low oxygen, thereby contributing to their increased numbers at sites of chronic inflammation and tumors; it is also proposed that as macrophages differentiate from monocytes they begin to adopt a glycolytic metabolism allowing them to adapt readily when exposed to low oxygen conditions.
IL-10 Deficiency Unleashes an Influenza-Specific Th17 Response and Enhances Survival against High-Dose Challenge
Authors: McKinstry K. Kai , Strutt Tara M. , Buck Amanda , Curtis Jonathan D. , Dibble John P. , Huston Gail , Tighe Michael , Hamada Hiromasa , Sell Stewart , Dutton Richard W. , Swain Susan L.
Published: June 2009

We examined the expression and influence of IL-10 during influenza infection. We found that IL-10 does not impact sublethal infection, heterosubtypic immunity, or the maintenance of long-lived influenza Ag depots. However, IL-10-deficient mice display dramatically increased survival compared with wild-type mice when challenged with lethal doses of virus, correlating with increased expression of several Th17-associated cytokines in the lungs of IL-10-deficient mice during the peak of infection, but not with unchecked inflammation or with increased cellular responses. Foxp3− CD4 T cell effectors at the site of infection represent the most abundant source of IL-10 in wild-type mice during high-dose influenza infection, and the majority of these cells coproduce IFN-γ. Finally, compared with predominant Th1 responses in wild-type mice, virus-specific T cell responses in the absence of IL-10 display a strong Th17 component in addition to a strong Th1 response and we show that Th17-polarized CD4 T cell effectors can protect naive mice against an otherwise lethal influenza challenge and utilize unique mechanisms to do so. Our results show that IL-10 expression inhibits development of Th17 responses during influenza infection and that this is correlated with compromised protection during high-dose primary, but not secondary, challenge.
Santé et médias : modélisation du processus décisionnel
Authors: Maisonneuve Danielle , Renaud Lise , Leray Christian , Chartier Lise , Royer Mandoline
Published: June 2009

Résumé La communication touchant la santé publique peut être envisagée dans les entreprises de presse selon un processus décisionnel où s’établit une dynamique d’interinfluence menant à la définition des contenus d’information. En tentant de comprendre comment s’effectue le cheminement décisionnel vers l’élaboration du traitement médiatique des thématiques liées à la santé, la recherche présentée dans cet article met à jour certains jeux de négociation en fonction des motivations qui animent les professionnels des médias qui ont à prendre la décision de traiter ou de rejeter certains sujets liés à la santé. Les résultats de cette recherche contribuent à documenter les points nodaux dans la structure médiatique où s’effectuent les prises de décision, selon un modèle de structure matricielle multipaliers prenant en compte la charge socio-politique du sujet à traiter et l’identité de la source. Ainsi, dans les médias québécois, les professionnels des médias développent des relations de travail qui illustrent une certaine porosité entre pouvoir de recommandation et pouvoir de décision finale.
Des codes pour rire
Authors: Béru Laurent
Published: June 2009

Résumé Type d’humour originaire des États-Unis, le stand-up , qui s’apparente à de « l’improvisation préparée », s’est invité sur une chaîne audiovisuelle française (Canal Plus), au cours des étés 2006 et 2007, sous la forme d’un programme satirique : le Jamel Comedy Club . Présentée et produite par l’acteur comique Jamel Debbouze, cette émission hebdomadaire diffusée en prime time a permis l’exposition médiatique d’une toute nouvelle génération d’humoristes français, dont la majorité provient des quartiers populaires et/ou appartient aux minorités ethnoraciales. Derrière le divertissement apparent, une certaine critique de la société française apparaît. L’un des objectifs des auteurs de ce programme était en effet le suivant : faire rire les téléspectateurs autour de problèmes sociaux difficiles qui touchent certains lieux et certaines populations en France, notamment la discrimination ethnoraciale et la ségrégation sociospatiale.
Discours journalistique et parole ordinaire : analyse d’un rendez-vous manqué
Authors: Croissant Valérie , Touboul Annelise
Published: June 2009

Résumé Participative, critique ou productive, la qualification de la parole des usagers dans l’espace médiatique varie d’autant plus que ces phénomènes semblent prendre de l’ampleur ces dernières années. Cet article se propose d’analyser deux types d’espaces médiatiques dans lesquels la parole des usagers est diffusée : les forums des sites Internet de presse et les chroniques du médiateur de Radio France. Il s’agit ici d’interroger les modalités de mise en scène de la parole ordinaire dans les médias. Dans leur manière de rendre compte de cette parole d’usagers, ces espaces participent en fait de la délimitation du champs journalistique, et donc de l’accès à la sphère publique par une différenciation des discours. Le cadre événementiel de cette analyse est le référendum français sur la constitution européenne de 2005.
Vaches et blés sur le papier
Authors: Joly Nathalie
Published: June 2009

Résumé En agriculture comme ailleurs, l’activité des professionnels apparaît de plus en plus équipée par toute sorte d’instruments destinés à noter, à enregistrer ou à mesurer. Pour cerner les enjeux et la nature exacte des changements signalés par ce constat, l’article propose de s’intéresser aux pratiques ordinaires de l’écrit dans le métier d’agriculteur et de les resituer dans une perspective historique. En décrivant plus particulièrement une pratique extrêmement répandue dans le monde agricole, la tenue d’agendas qui recueillent une chronique quotidienne des occupations sur la ferme, il éclaire par ce biais la diversité des modelages dont les écrits du travail ont pu faire l’objet de la part des institutions d’enseignement et de vulgarisation tout au long des xix e  et xx e  siècles et dont le sens général est celui d’une adaptation à un ordre économique et technique et d’une rationalisation des méthodes de gestion. Il met également en évidence les ressources cognitives associées à cette mise en mémoire du travail agricole, les réglages de l’activité qu’elle autorise, les formes de jugement et de réflexivité qu’elle soutient. C’est donc à une réflexion sur les modes d’appropriation des pratiques de l’écrit à laquelle l’auteur invite, nourrie d’exemples de détournements et de reformulations que les agriculteurs ont régulièrement opérés face aux cadrages normatifs qui leur étaient proposés. Une telle perspective s’avère particulièrement utile à la saisie des transformations en cours concernant les écrits du travail. Confrontés depuis quelques années à des exigences croissantes de traçabilité de leurs pratiques, les agriculteurs sont davantage sommés que par le passé de recourir à des canevas d’écriture standardisés. Se pose alors une série de questions sur les modalités de l’articulation entre des écrits confectionnés « pour soi » et des écrits destinés à « faire preuve » que l’auteur esquisse en conclusion, pour préciser des orientations de recherche à venir.
De quelques processus communicationnels du mouvement Ni Putes Ni Soumises
Authors: Thiéblemont-Dollet Sylvie
Published: June 2009

Résumé Ce texte se propose d’expliquer quelques processus communicationnels que des femmes immigrées ou issues de l’immigration ont développés en terre d’accueil via le mouvement Ni Putes Ni Soumises depuis 2000. Les militantes de ce mouvement expriment un sentiment d’exclusion et associent leur statut social (chômage, profession sous-qualifiée), ethnique (origine maghrébine ou africaine) et spatial (cité, banlieue, quartier dit difficile), à un même stigmate les reléguant à un univers discriminatoire. Dégager les spécificités de leurs paroles selon les espaces et les temporalités où elles ont été délivrées, saisir leurs manières de s’organiser et leurs possibilités de mobilisation, sont donc les axes de la présente réflexion.
P1 (Adenosine) Purinoceptor Assays
Authors: Mustafa S. Jamal , Ansari Habib R. , Abebe Worku
Published: June 2009

P1 purinoceptors, or adenosine (ADO) receptors, mediate the biological effects of the endogenous nucleoside, ADO and its analogs. ADO works through four receptor subtypes: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Isolated tissue assays used for the pharmacological characterization of ADO receptors based on functional responses are described in this unit. The guinea pig atrium, pig coronary artery, guinea pig aorta ,and mouse aorta have been used for the characterization of ADO receptor subtypes. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 45:4.7.1‐4.7.13. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Models of Anxiety: Stress‐Induced Hyperthermia (SIH) in Singly Housed Mice
Authors: Groenink Lucianne , Vinkers Christiaan , van Oorschot Ruud , Olivier Berend
Published: June 2009

Described in this unit is the stress‐induced hyperthermia (SIH) test in mice in a single‐housed format. This protocol has proven reliable in detecting the anxiolytic properties of test compounds. In this test, SIH is quantified in singly housed mice using a rectal temperature measurement as the stressor. Rectal temperature is measured twice at a 10‐min interval. Due to the stress experienced during the first temperature measurement, the temperature of the second measurement (T2) is ∼0.8° to 1.5°C higher than that of the first (T1). This difference in temperature (ΔT = T2 − T1) is defined as the SIH response. The SIH response is reduced by different classes of anxiolytics. The SIH test is simple and robust, it does not require training of animals, and test compound effects on motor behavior, feeding, and nociception do not affect test outcome. Furthermore, it is one of few anxiety tests that focuses on the physiological component of anxiety. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 45:5.16.1‐5.16.12. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Acute Seizure Tests in Epilepsy Research: Electroshock‐ and Chemical‐Induced Convulsions in the Mouse
Authors: Giardina William J. , Gasior Maciej
Published: June 2009

Epilepsy is a common (50 million patients worldwide) neurological disorder characterized by seizures that are caused by episodic abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Animal models play an essential role in epilepsy research including the discovery and development of new antiepileptic drugs. Described in this unit are protocols for traditional acute tests in which seizures are induced by either an electrical stimulation or a convulsant agent in non‐epileptic mice. Specifically, protocols for the following acute seizure tests are provided: the maximal electroshock induced test (MES), the maximal electroshock seizure threshold (MEST) test, the 6‐Hz seizure test, the subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol (s.c. PTZ) seizure test, and the intravenous pentylenetetrazol (i.v. PTZ) seizure test. These tests can be used to characterize anticonvulsant and/or proconvulsant properties of compounds in mice. The MES, s.c. PTZ, and 6‐Hz seizure tests represent the three most widely used animal tests in drug‐screening programs. Although the parameters of these tests are optimized for mice, the same tests (except for the 6‐Hz seizure test), with some modifications, can be used with rats.Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 45:5.22.1‐5.22.37. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Models of Aspects of Schizophrenia: Behavioral Sensitization Induced by Subchronic Phencyclidine Administration
Authors: Kalinichev Mikhail , Bate Simon T. , Jones Declan N.C.
Published: June 2009

Presented in this unit is a protocol using subchronically administered phencyclidine (PCP) for establishing a behavioral sensitization model of aspects of schizophrenia. This model is validated using haloperidol and risperidone. The end‐point of the assay is locomotor hyperactivity, which is induced by PCP challenge following subchronic treatment with this NMDA receptor antagonist. The antipsychotics haloperidol, risperidone, and quetiapine all reduce hyperactivity in a dose‐dependent and selective manner. While the effects of other antipsychotics such as clozapine, olanzapine, and ziprasidone are similar to haloperidol, the interpretation of responses to them is often confounded by nonspecific effects during habituation.Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 45:5.54.1‐5.54.13. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Unnatural Nucleosides with Unusual Base Pairing Properties
Authors: Bergstrom Donald E.
Published: June 2009

Synthetic modified nucleosides designed to pair in unusual ways with natural nucleobases have many potential applications in biology and biotechnology. This overview lays the foundation for future protocol units on synthesis and application of unnatural bases, with particular emphasis on unnatural base analogs that mimic natural bases in size, shape, and biochemical processing. Topics covered include base pairs with alternative H‐bonding schemes, dimensionally expanded base pairs, hydrophobic base pairs, metal‐ligated bases, degenerate bases, universal nucleosides, and triplex constituents. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 37:1.4.1‐1.4.32. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
UV Melting of G‐Quadruplexes
Authors: Mergny Jean‐Louis , Lacroix Laurent
Published: June 2009

Absorbance versus temperature curves can provide information on the thermal stability of DNA or RNA quadruplexes. Quadruplex denaturation or renaturation can be followed by recording absorbance at 295 nm rather than 260 nm, the wavelength used to monitor duplex denaturation. This unit describes the use of absorbance versus temperature curves to determine melting temperatures (Tm values) and model‐dependent thermodynamic parameters. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 37:17.1.1‐17.1.15. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Retracted: Determination of dextra–methylprednisolone conjugate with glycine linker in rat plasma and liver by high‐performance liquid chromatography and its application in pharmacokinetics
Authors: Zhang Shuang‐Qing , Mehvar Reza
Published: June 2009

The following article from Biomedical Chromatography, Determination of dextra‐methylprednisolone conjugate with glycine linker in rat plasma and liver by high‐performance liquid chromatography and its application in pharmacokinetics by Shuang‐Qing Zhang and Reza Mehvar, published online on June 1st 2009 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com), has been retracted by agreement between the journal Editor in Chief, Dr Chang Kee Lim and John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. The retraction has been agreed as the research article was submitted without Dr. Mehvar's knowledge or consent.
A rapid and simple HPLC method for the determination of curcumin in rat plasma: assay development, validation and application to a pharmacokinetic study of curcumin liposome
Authors: Li Ji , Jiang Yunyun , Wen Jun , Fan Guorong , Wu Yutian , Zhang Chuan
Published: June 2009

This paper describes a sensitive, specific and rapid high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of curcumin in rat plasma. After a simple step of protein precipitation in 96‐well format using acetonitrile containing the internal standard (IS), emodin, plasma samples were analyzed by reverse‐phase HPLC. Curcumin and the IS emodin were separated on a Diamonsil C18analytical column (4.6 × 100 mm, 5 µm) using acetonitrile–5% acetic acid (75:25, v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The method was sensitive with a lower limit of quantitation of 1 ng/mL, with good linearity (r2 ≥ 0.999) over the linear range 1–500 ng/mL. All the validation data, such as accuracy and precision, were within the required limits. A run time of 3.0 min for each sample made high‐throughput bioanalysis possible. The assay method was successfully applied to the study of the pharmacokinetics of curcumin liposome in rats. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Purification of the 90 kDa heat shock protein (hsp90) and simultaneous purification of hsp70/hsc70, hsp90 and hsp96 from mammalian tissues and cells using thiophilic interaction chromatography
Authors: Skarga Yuri , Vrublevskaya Veronika , Evdokimovskaya Yulia , Morenkov Oleg
Published: June 2009

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) hsp70/hsc70, hsp90 and hsp96 were separated from mammalian cells and tissues on a gel obtained by the reaction of β‐mercaptoethanol with divinyl sulfone‐activated Sepharose CL‐6B (thiophilic gel or T‐gel). Hsp90 revealed a much higher affinity towards the T‐gel than the other HSPs. One‐step thiophilic interaction chromatography of proteins resulted in a more than 80% purity and 85% yield of hsp90. Based on this observation, a simple and efficient method for the purification of hsp90 and a procedure for the simultaneous purification of several HSPs (hsp70/hsc70, hsp90 and hsp96) using thiophilic interaction chromatography was developed. All the HSPs were recovered with a high yield and purity (90–99%). The results indicated that the thiophilic gel is a highly efficient affinity matrix for the purification of hsp90 and can be used in the protocols of purification of different HSPs from cells and tissues of various animal species. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ion chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for simultaneous confirmation and determination of indandione rodenticides in serum
Authors: Chen Xiao‐hong , Cai Mei‐qiang , OuYang Xiao‐kun , Jin Mi‐cong
Published: June 2009

This paper describes a simple method for the simultaneous determination and confirmation of the indandione rodenticides in serum. After samples were extracted with 10% (v/v) methanol in acetonitrile and cleaned by solid‐phase extraction, chromatographic separation was performed on an IonPac® AS11 analytical column (250 × 4.0 mm) using gradient KOH eluent with 10% (v/v) methanol as organic modifier. Confirmation was depended on the extensive fragmentation of the indandione molecule under MS/MS conditions which provides sufficient structural information. Quantification was performed by negative electrospray ionization in multiple reaction monitoring mode. All the method parameters were validated. It was confirmed that this method could be used in clinical diagnosis and forensic toxicology. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantification of chlordesmethyldiazepam by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry: application to a cloxazolam bioequivalence study
Authors: Oliveira‐Silva Diogo , Oliveira Celso H. , Mendes Gustavo D. , Galvinas Paulo Alexandre R. , Barrientos‐Astigarraga Rafael E. , De Nucci Gilberto
Published: June 2009

A rapid, sensitive and specific LC‐MS/MS method was developed and validated for quantifying chlordesmethyldiazepam (CDDZ or delorazepam), the active metabolite of cloxazolam, in human plasma. In the analytical assay, bromazepam (internal standard) and CDDZ were extracted using a liquid‐liquid extraction (diethyl‐ether/hexane, 80/20, v/v) procedure. The LC‐MS/MS method on a RP‐C18 column had an overall run time of 5.0 min and was linear (1/x weighted) over the range 0.5–50 ng/mL (R > 0.999). The between‐run precision was 8.0% (1.5 ng/mL), 7.6% (9 ng/mL), 7.4% (40 ng/mL), and 10.9% at the low limit of quantification—LLOQ (0.500 ng/mL). The between‐run accuracies were 0.1, –1.5, –2.7 and 8.7% for the above mentioned concentrations, respectively. All current bioanalytical method validation requirements (FDA and ANVISA) were achieved and it was applied to the bioequivalence study (Cloxazolam—test, Eurofarma Lab. Ltda and Olcadil®— reference, Novartis Biociências S/A). The relative bioavailability between both formulations was assessed by calculating individual test/reference ratios for Cmax, AUClast and AUC0‐inf. The pharmacokinetic profiles indicated bioequivalence since all ratios were as proposed by FDA and ANVISA. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The external quality assurance of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) analysis in human serum
Authors: Card David J. , Shearer Martin J. , Schurgers Leon J. , Harrington Dominic J.
Published: June 2009

The vitamin K external quality assurance scheme (KEQAS) aims to assist in the harmonization of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) analysis in order to improve the comparability of clinical and nutritional studies. Serum samples were despatched to 17 groups from eight countries during 2000–2006. Using pilot data (1996–1999), an analytical performance target of 20% absolute difference from the all‐laboratory trimmed mean (ALTM) was assigned and formed the basis for interlaboratory comparison. Assay specificity, analytical bias and assay performance were evaluated. From 21 batches of samples distributed, 414 results were reported of which 2.7% were outliers. The mean interlaboratory absolute difference from the ALTM was 21.7% with 47% of groups consistently meeting the performance target. The mean interlaboratory coefficient of variation was 29.6%. The false positive rate for phylloquinone depleted samples was high at 35%. Bias was found to be independent of HPLC‐detector type (fluorescence vs electrochemical). Assay characteristics for the measurement of phylloquinone in human serum compare favourably with methods for analytes at equivalent concentrations. The high proportion of false positive results suggest that poor assay specificity at low phylloquinone concentrations is a common problem, which in the clinical setting could lead to underreporting of vitamin K deficiency. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous determination of ofloxacin and ornidazole in pharmaceutical preparations by capillary zone electrophoresis
Authors: See Khoo Lay , Elbashir Abdalla A. , Saad Bahruddin , Ali Abdussalam Salhin Mohamed , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y.
Published: June 2009

A simple, rapid and validated capillary electrophoretic method has been developed for the separation and determination of ofloxacin and ornidazole in pharmaceutical formulations with detection at 230 nm. Optimal conditions for the quantitative separations were investigated. Analysis times shorter than 4 min were obtained using a background electrolyte solution consisting of 25 mmol/L phosphoric acid adjusted with 1 m Tris buffer to pH 8.5, with hydrodynamic injection of 5 s and 20 kV separation voltage. The validation criteria for accuracy, precision, linearity and limits of detection and quantitation were examined and discussed. An excellent linearity was obtained in concentration range 25–250 µg/mL. The detection limits for ofloxacin and ornidazole were 1.03 ± 0.11 and 1.80 ± 0.06 µg/mL, respectively. The proposed method has been applied for the analysis of ofloxacin and ornidazole both individually and in a combined dosage tablet formulation. The proposed validated method showed recoveries between 96.16 and 105.23% of the nominal contents. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatographic enantioresolution of six β‐blockers using dinitrophenyl‐l‐Pro‐N‐hydroxysuccinimide ester, N‐succinimidyl‐(S)‐2‐(6‐methoxynaphth‐2‐yl) propionate and twelve variants of Sanger's reagent as chiral derivatizing reagents
Authors: Bhushan Ravi , Tanwar Shivani
Published: June 2009

Twelve chiral derivatizing reagents (CDRs) were synthesized by substituting one of the fluorine atoms in 1,5‐difluoro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene (DFDNB) with three optically pure amines [(R)‐(−)‐1‐cyclohexylethylamine, (+)‐dehydroabietylamine and (S)‐(−)‐α,4‐dimethylbenzylamine], six amino acid amides [l‐Ala‐NH2, l‐Phe‐NH2, l‐Val‐NH2, l‐Leu‐NH2, l‐Met‐NH2 and d‐Phg‐NH2] and three amino acids [l‐Ala, l‐Val and l‐Leu]. In addition, dinitrophenyl‐l‐Pro‐N‐hydroxysuccinimide ester and N‐succinimidyl‐(S)‐2‐(6‐methoxynaphth‐2‐yl) propionate were also synthesized and used as CDR. Keeping in view the presence of an amino group, diastereomers of six β‐blockers (atenolol, propranolol, bisoprolol, metoprolol, salbutamol, and carvedilol) were synthesized by reaction with these 14 CDRs. The diastereomers were separated by RP‐HPLC. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, limit of detection and limit of quantification. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of pterostilbene in rat plasma by a simple HPLC‐UV method and its application in pre‐clinical pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Lin Hai‐Shu , Yue Bing‐De , Ho Paul C.
Published: June 2009

A simple HPLC‐UV method was developed and validated for the quantification of pterostilbene (3,5‐dimethoxy‐4'‐hydroxy‐trans‐stilbene), a pharmacologically active phytoalexin in rat plasma. The assay was carried out by measuring the UV absorbance at 320 nm. Pterostilbene and the internal standard, 3,5,4'‐trimethoxy‐trans‐stilbene eluted at 5.7 and 9.2 min, respectively. The calibration curve (20–2000 ng/mL) was linear (R2 > 0.997). The lower limits of detection and of quantification were 6.7 and 20 ng/mL, respectively. The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions in terms of RSD were all lower than 6%. The analytical recovery ranged from 95.5 ± 3.7 to 103.2 ± 0.7% while the absolute recovery ranged from 101.9 ± 1.1 to 104.9 ± 4.4%. This simple HPLC method was subsequently applied in a pharmacokinetic study carried out in Sprague–Dawley rats. The terminal elimination half‐life and clearance of pterostilbene were 96.6 ± 23.7 min and 37.0 ± 2.5 mL/min/kg, respectively, while its absolute oral bioavailability was 12.5 ± 4.7%. Pterostilbene appeared to have better pharmacokinetic characteristics than its natural occurring analog, resveratrol. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.