bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of earthquake-triggered landslide susceptibility in El Salvador based on an Artificial Neural Network model
Authors: García-Rodríguez M. J. , Malpica J. A.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. This paper presents an approach for assessing earthquake-triggered landslide susceptibility using artificial neural networks (ANNs). The computational method used for the training process is a back-propagation learning algorithm. It is applied to El Salvador, one of the most seismically active regions in Central America, where the last severe destructive earthquakes occurred on 13 January 2001 (Mw 7.7) and 13 February 2001 (Mw 6.6). The first one triggered more than 600 landslides (including the most tragic, Las Colinas landslide) and killed at least 844 people. The ANN is designed and programmed to develop landslide susceptibility analysis techniques at a regional scale. This approach uses an inventory of landslides and different parameters of slope instability: slope gradient, elevation, aspect, mean annual precipitation, lithology, land use, and terrain roughness. The information obtained from ANN is then used by a Geographic Information System (GIS) to map the landslide susceptibility. In a previous work, a Logistic Regression (LR) was analysed with the same parameters considered in the ANN as independent variables and the occurrence or non-occurrence of landslides as dependent variables. As a result, the logistic approach determined the importance of terrain roughness and soil type as key factors within the model. The results of the landslide susceptibility analysis with ANN are checked using landslide location data. These results show a high concordance between the landslide inventory and the high susceptibility estimated zone. Finally, a comparative analysis of the ANN and LR models are made. The advantages and disadvantages of both approaches are discussed using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves.
Patent Portfolios Protecting 10 Top-Selling Prescription Drugs
Authors: Horrow Caroline , Gabriele Sarah M.E. , Tu S. Sean , Sarpatwari Ameet , Kesselheim Aaron S.
Published: May 2024

Importance

Brand-name drugs are sold at high prices in the US during market exclusivity periods protected by patents. Multiple overlapping patents protecting a drug are known as patent thickets and can effectively delay the emergence of price-lowering generic competition for many years.

Objective

To evaluate the composition of patent thickets of 10 top-selling prescription drugs in the US and compare the characteristics of drug patents filed during development with those filed on these products after US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval.

Design and Setting

This cross-sectional study examined US patent thickets of the 10 prescription drugs with the highest US net sales revenue in 2021 using information on issued patents and patent applications as of June 30, 2022, obtained from a public database by the Initiative for Medicines, Access, and Knowledge. Data were analyzed from September 2022 to June 2023.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Prevalence of patents filed before and after FDA approval; types of claims present in issued patents (ie, chemical composition, method of use, process or synthesis, formulation, and delivery device); and patent thicket density (number of active patents at a given time).

Results

The 10 top-selling prescription drugs in the US for 2021 included 4 small-molecule drugs and 6 biologics. These 10 drugs were linked to 1429 patents and patent applications: 742 (52%) issued patents, 218 (15%) pending applications, and 469 (33%) abandoned applications. Almost three-quarters of patent applications (1028 [72%]) were filed after FDA approval. The postapproval proportion was higher for biologics (80%) than for small-molecule drugs (58%). Postapproval filing of patent applications peaked in the first 5 years after FDA approval for small-molecule drugs and 12 years after FDA approval for biologics. Of 465 patents issued for applications filed after FDA approval, 189 (41%) had method of use claims, 127 (27%) had formulation claims, and 103 (22%) had process or synthesis claims, while 86 (19%) had chemical composition claims and 46 (10%) had device claims. Patent thicket density peaked 13 years after FDA approval, at which time these 10 drugs were protected by a median (IQR) of 42 (18-83) active patents, 66% of which were filed after FDA approval.

Conclusions and Relevance

This study found that among the 10 top-selling prescription drugs in the US in 2021, patents filed after FDA approval and containing claims covering aspects other than the active ingredient of the drug contributed to patent thickets. Scrutiny of patent applications and of patents filed after FDA approval is needed to facilitate timely generic or biosimilar competition.
Primary Care’s Role in Prescribing Mail-Order Mifepristone
Authors: Godfrey Emily M. , Zhang Ying , Stulberg Debra B.
Published: May 2024

This Viewpoint discusses the controversy over mail-order mifepristone prescribed by primary care clinicians for first-trimester abortion as it relates to the history of initial approval, the Supreme Court case Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine v US Food and Drug Administration, and available clinical research.
Expanding Clinical Spectrum of Anti-GQ1b Antibody Syndrome
Authors: Lee Sun-Uk , Kim Hyo-Jung , Choi Jeong-Yoon , Choi Kwang-Dong , Kim Ji-Soo
Published: May 2024

Importance

The discovery of the anti-GQ1b antibody has expanded the nosology of classic Miller Fisher syndrome to include Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome with ophthalmoplegia, and acute ophthalmoplegia without ataxia, which have been brought under the umbrella term anti-GQ1b antibody syndrome. It seems timely to define the phenotypes of anti-GQ1b antibody syndrome for the proper diagnosis of this syndrome with diverse clinical presentations. This review summarizes these syndromes and introduces recently identified subtypes.

Observations

Although ophthalmoplegia is a hallmark of anti-GQ1b antibody syndrome, recent studies have identified this antibody in patients with acute vestibular syndrome, optic neuropathy with disc swelling, and acute sensory ataxic neuropathy of atypical presentation. Ophthalmoplegia associated with anti-GQ1b antibody positivity is complete in more than half of the patients but may be monocular or comitant. The prognosis is mostly favorable; however, approximately 14% of patients experience relapse.

Conclusions and Relevance

Anti-GQ1b antibody syndrome may present diverse neurological manifestations, including ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, areflexia, central or peripheral vestibulopathy, and optic neuropathy. Understanding the wide clinical spectrum may aid in the differentiation and management of immune-mediated neuropathies with multiple presentations.
Polysaccharide utilization loci encoded DUF1735 likely functions as membrane‐bound spacer for carbohydrate active enzymes
Authors: Hameleers Lisanne , Gaenssle Lucie A. , Bertran‐Llorens Salvador , Pijning Tjaard , Jurak Edita
Published: May 2024

Proteins featuring the Domain of Unknown Function 1735 are frequently found in Polysaccharide Utilization Loci, yet their role remains unknown. The domain and vicinity analyzer programs we developed mine the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and UniProt to enhance the functional prediction of DUF1735. Our datasets confirmed the exclusive presence of DUF1735 in Bacteroidota genomes, with Bacteroidetes thetaiotaomicron harboring 46 copies. Notably, 97.8% of DUF1735 are encoded in PULs, and 89% are N‐termini of multimodular proteins featuring C‐termini like Laminin_G_3, F5/8‐typeC, and GH18 domains. Predominantly possessing a predicted lipoprotein signal peptide and sharing an immunoglobulin‐like β‐sandwich fold with the BACON domain and the N‐termini of SusE/F, DUF1735 likely functions as N‐terminal, membrane‐bound spacer for diverse C‐termini involved in PUL‐mediated carbohydrate utilization.
Enhancing Osteogenic Potential in Bone Tissue Engineering: Optimizing Pore Size in Alginate–Gelatin Composite Hydrogels
Authors: Ferjaoui Zied , López‐Muñoz Roberto , Akbari Soheil , Issa Hawraa , Semlali Abdelhabib , Chandad Fatiha , Rouabhia Mahmoud , Mantovani Diego , Fanganiello Roberto
Published: May 2024

Bone tissue engineering relies on crucial scaffolds for tissue formation and stem cell differentiation. A composite scaffold of alginate‐gelatin effectively supports these processes. This study aims to design a porous alginate‐gelatin hydrogel and assess pore size effects on cell behavior, focusing on morphology, adhesion, and proliferation in distinct osteogenic environments. Hydrogels are prepared using various alginate‐gelatin concentrations: 4% alginate and 6% gelatin (4A6G) or 3% alginate and 5% gelatin (3A5G), cross‐linked with 2% CaCl2. Pore size optimization employs simple freezing and thawing cycles. Scanning electron microscopy reveals varying pore sizes: 340 µm ± 30 µm for 4A6G and 635 µm ± 25 µm for 3A5G. Stiffness measurements indicate significant differences: ≈26.3 kPa ± 0.6 KPa for 4A6G and 21.6 kPa ± 0.2 KPa for 3A5G. Cell interaction studies demonstrate higher adhesion and proliferation rates in larger‐pored hydrogels. Evaluation of bone tissue formation, including RT‐PCR, ALP activity, and ARS staining, reveal superior osteogenic potential in the 3A5G hydrogel compared to 4A6G. In conclusion, the 3A5G hydrogel (3% alginate and 5% gelatin) holds promise for bone tissue regeneration due to its biodegradability and favorable bone‐forming properties.
Boosting Bidirectional Photoresponse with Wavelength Selectivity through Ambipolar Transport Modulation
Authors: Xue Di , Gong Weijie , Yan Chi , Zhang Yingying , Lu Jie , Yin Yao , Zhang Jidong , Wang Zi , Huang Lizhen , Chi Lifeng
Published: May 2024

Negative photoconductive phototransistors, referring to transistors that exhibit a decrease in photocurrent under illumination, have the potential to revolutionize optoelectronic applications involving light, such as optoelectronic logic circuits and visual neural simulation. Currently, achieving negative photoconductivity (NPC) requires complex material design or interface structure construction. However, achieving precise control over NPC behaviors poses a significant challenge. Herein, a simple yet effective strategy is demonstrated for realizing controllable NPC responses in organic phototransistors through ambipolar transport modulation. Due to the controversy between the preferred exciton dissociation/charge separation direction and the gate electric field driven charge drift direction, the main semiconductor channel (n‐ or p‐channel) exhibits NPC behavior under illumination. The validity of this mechanism has been confirmed through intensive studies by varying the component and combination of the p‐n heterostructure. Moreover, devices utilizing ambipolar transport exhibit a wavelength‐selectivity NPC response due to the absorption characteristics of the combined semiconductor materials. Most encouragingly, by incorporating both negative and positve photoconductivity along with wavelength‐selective responses, high‐contrast image sensing, information encryption and decryption, as well as optoelectronic logic circuit design is successfully achieved. This work promotes the design and development of bidirectional optoelectronic devices and offers a new route for developing attractive multifunctional optoelectronic devices.
Polarization‐Enhanced Narrow‐Band GeS2 2‐D SWIR Spectral Phototransistor
Authors: Liu Xiang , Guo Qihua , Xu Hui , Xue Xu , Wang Hualai , Xv Baohui , Tao Zhi , Chang Jianhua , Hu Hai
Published: May 2024

Integrated computational spectrometers with gate‐tunable nano heterostructures and reconstruction algorithms are attractive for on‐chip gas‐sensing spectrometers and have enabled versatile spectrum detectors. However, they require the selective and optical filtering capabilities of wavelengths, restricting their efficient implementation in narrow‐band photodetection. In this study, a printable spectral phototransistor is developed with high dynamic detectivity (1012 Jones and 105 Hz at −3 db bandwidth) modulated by a GeS2 nanosheet heterostructure at short‐wave infrared (SWIR) regime. Using the transport mode switching of carriers in a heterostructure and the polarization‐sensitivity of the GeS2 two‐dimension (2‐D) nanosheet, this SWIR spectral phototransistor demonstrates an accurate narrow‐band selective (96.7% accuracy) spectrum detector and performed a deep‐learning analysis of an artificial neural network (ANN). Furthermore, this GeS2 2‐D based spectral phototransistor, characterized by its high in‐plane anisotropy and electrically reconfigurable properties, extends the applicability of narrow‐band photodetection with 15 nm Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) to the recognition of trace‐gases at the parts per billion (ppb) level.
Chemomechanics Engineering Promotes the Catalytic Activity of Spinel Oxides for Sulfur Redox Reaction
Authors: Wang Lei , Li Hongtai , Yan Tianran , Yuan Cheng , Liu Genlin , Zhao Gang , Zeng Pan , Zhang Liang
Published: May 2024

Cooperative catalysis is a promising approach to enhance the sluggish redox kinetics of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) for practical lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. However, the elusory synergistic effect among multiple active sites makes it challenging to accurately customize the electronic structure of catalysts. Herein, a strategy of precisely tailoring eg orbitals of spinel oxides through chemomechanics engineering is porposed to regulate LiPSs retention and catalysis. By manipulating the regulable cations in MnxCo3‐xO4, it is theoretically and experimentally revealed that the lattice strain induced by the Jahn–Teller active and high‐spin Mn3+ at octahedral (Oh) sites can increase the eg occupancy of low‐spin Co3+Oh, which effectively regulates the chemical affinity toward LiPSs and establishes an unblocked channel for intrinsic charge transfer. This leads to a volcano‐type correlation between the eg occupancy at Oh sites and sulfur redox activity. Benefitting from the cooperative catalysis of dual‐active sites, MnCo2O4 with an average eg occupancy of 0.45 affords the most appropriate adsorption strength and rapid redox kinetics toward LiPSs, leading to remarkable rate performance and capacity retention for the assembled Li–S batteries. This work demonstrates the promise of chemomechanics engineering for optimizing the eg occupancy to achieve efficient sulfur redox catalysts.
Modulating Adjuvant Release Kinetics From Scaffold Vaccines to Tune Adaptive Immune Responses
Authors: Sobral Miguel C. , Cabizzosu Laura , Kang Shawn J. , Feng Zhaoqianqi , Ijaz Hamza , Mooney David J.
Published: May 2024

Increasing the potency, quality, and durability of vaccines represents a major public health challenge. A critical parameter that shapes vaccine immunity is the spatiotemporal context in which immune cells interact with antigen and adjuvant. While various material‐based strategies demonstrate that extended antigen release enhances both cellular and humoral immunity, the effect of adjuvant kinetics on vaccine‐mediated immunity remains incompletely understood. Here, a previously characterized mesoporous silica rod (MPS) biomaterial vaccine is used to develop a facile, electrostatics‐driven approach to tune in vivo kinetics of the TLR9 agonist cytosine phosphoguanosine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG). It is demonstrated that rapid release of CpG from MPS vaccines, mediated by alterations in MPS chemistry that tune surface charge, generates potent cytotoxic T cell responses and robust, T helper type 1 (Th1)‐skewed IgG2a/c antibody titers. Immunophenotyping of lymphoid organs after MPS vaccination with slow or fast CpG release kinetics suggests that differential engagement of migratory dendritic cells and natural killer cells may contribute to the more potent responses observed with rapid adjuvant release. Taken together, these findings suggest that vaccine approaches that pair sustained release of antigen with rapid release of adjuvants with similar characteristics to CpG may drive particularly potent Th1 responses.
Anti‐Stress and Anti‐ROS Effects of MnOx‐Functionalized Thermosensitive Nanohydrogel Protect BMSCs for Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Repair
Authors: Wang Xiaoxiong , Yu Liyang , Duan Jiazhi , Chang Mingzheng , Hao Min , Xiang Ziqian , Qiu Cheng , Sun Junyuan , Di Derun , Xia He , Li Dezheng , Yuan Suomao , Tian Yonghao , Qiu Jichuan , Liu Hong , Liu Xinyu , Sang Yuanhua , Wang Lianlei
Published: May 2024

Stem cell transplantation is proven to be a promising strategy for intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) repair. However, replicative senescence of bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), shear damage during direct injection, mechanical stress, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐rich microenvironment in degenerative intervertebral discs (IVDs) cause significant cellular damage and limit the therapeutic efficacy. Here, an injectable manganese oxide (MnOx)‐functionalized thermosensitive nanohydrogel is proposed for BMSC transplantation for IDD therapy. The MnOx‐functionalized thermosensitive nanohydrogel not only successfully protects BMSCs from shear force and mechanical stress before and after injection, but also repairs the harsh high‐ROS environment in degenerative IVDs, thus effectively increasing the viability of BMSCs and resident nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs). The MnOx‐functionalized thermosensitive nanohydrogel provides mechanical protection for stem cells and helps to remove endogenous ROS, providing a promising stem cell delivery platform for the treatment of IDD.
Highly Effective Pyroelectric Catalysis for Simultaneous Tumor‐Targeted Dynamic Therapy and Gentle Photothermal Therapy by Oxygen‐Vacancy‐Rich CeO2–BaTiO3 Nanorods
Authors: Chen Ying , Wang Yushu , Shi Jingyi , Guo Chunmei , Qi Lina , Zhao Jianhang , Luo Sihan , Zhou Hui , Lu Xiaomei , Fan Quli
Published: May 2024

Pyroelectric nanostructures can effectively generate temperature‐mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the pyroelectric effect, providing promise for treating hypoxic tumors; and therefore, the synergistic application of photothermal therapy (PTT) and pyroelectric dynamic therapy (PEDT) presents an intriguing approach for cancer therapy. However, this method still faces challenges in improving pyroelectric catalysis and achieving precise tumor localization. In this study, a nano‐heterojunction based on CeO2–BaTiO3 nanorods (IR1061@PCBNR) is reported, which exhibits highly effective pyroelectric catalysis for simultaneous tumor‐targeted dynamic therapy and gentle photothermal therapy through the utilization of the rich oxygen vacancies. The oxygen vacancies create active sites that facilitate the migration of pyroelectrically‐induced charge carriers, improving charge separation and ROS generation. IR1061@PCBNR also demonstrates high tumor penetration; while, minimizing damage to normal cells. This precise nanomedicine strategy holds great potential for advancing dynamic cancer therapies by overcoming the limitations of conventional approaches.
Emerging 2D Ferroelectric Devices for In‐Sensor and In‐Memory Computing
Authors: Chen Chunsheng , Zhou Yaoqiang , Tong Lei , Pang Yue , Xu Jianbin
Published: May 2024

The quantity of sensor nodes within current computing systems is rapidly increasing in tandem with the sensing data. The presence of a bottleneck in data transmission between the sensors, computing, and memory units obstructs the system's efficiency and speed. To minimize the latency of data transmission between units, novel in‐memory and in‐sensor computing architectures are proposed as alternatives to the conventional von Neumann architecture, aiming for data‐intensive sensing and computing applications. The integration of 2D materials and 2D ferroelectric materials has been expected to build these novel sensing and computing architectures due to the dangling‐bond‐free surface, ultra‐fast polarization flipping, and ultra‐low power consumption of the 2D ferroelectrics. Here, the recent progress of 2D ferroelectric devices for in‐sensing and in‐memory neuromorphic computing is reviewed. Experimental and theoretical progresses on 2D ferroelectric devices, including passive ferroelectrics‐integrated 2D devices and active ferroelectrics‐integrated 2D devices, are reviewed followed by the integration of perception, memory, and computing application. Notably, 2D ferroelectric devices have been used to simulate synaptic weights, neuronal model functions, and neural networks for image processing. As an emerging device configuration, 2D ferroelectric devices have the potential to expand into the sensor‐memory and computing integration application field, leading to new possibilities for modern electronics.
Carbon Dots‐Inked Paper with Single/Two‐Photon Excited Dual‐Mode Thermochromic Afterglow for Advanced Dynamic Information Encryption
Authors: Liu Yupeng , Cheng Dengke , Wang Bingzhe , Yang Junxiang , Hao Yiming , Tan Jing , Li Qijun , Qu Songnan
Published: May 2024

Achieving thermochromic afterglow (TCAG) in a single material for advanced information encryption remains a significant challenge. Herein, TCAG in carbon dots (CDs)‐inked paper (CDs@Paper) is achieved by tuning the temperature‐dependent dual‐mode afterglow of room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). The CDs are synthesized through thermal treatment of levofloxacin in melting boric acid with postpurification via dialysis. CDs@Paper exhibit both TCAG and excitation‐dependent afterglow color properties. The TCAG of CDs@Paper exhibits dynamic color changes from blue at high temperatures to yellow at low temperatures by adjusting the proportion of the temperature‐dependent TADF and phosphorescence. Notably, two‐photon afterglow in CDs‐based afterglow materials and time‐dependent two‐photon afterglow colors are achieved for the first time. Moreover, leveraging the opposite emission responses of phosphorescence and TADF to temperature, CDs@Paper demonstrate TCAG with temperature‐sensing capabilities across a wide temperature range. Furthermore, a CDs@Paper‐based 3D code containing color and temperature information is successfully developed for advanced dynamic information encryption.
Edible Long‐Afterglow Photoluminescent Materials for Bioimaging
Authors: Shen Shen , Xie Qishan , Sahoo Smruti Ranjan , Jin Jian , Baryshnikov Glib V. , Sun Hao , Wu Hongwei , Ågren Hans , Liu Qingsong , Zhu Liangliang
Published: May 2024

Confining luminophores into modified hydrophilic matrices or polymers is a straightforward and widely used approach for afterglow bioimaging. However, the afterglow quantum yield and lifetime of the related material remain unsatisfactory, severely limiting the using effect especially for deep‐tissue time‐resolved imaging. This fact largely stems from the dilemma between material biocompatibility and the quenching effect of water environment. Herein an in situ metathesis promoted doping strategy is presented, namely, mixing ≈10−3 weight ratio of organic‐emitter multicarboxylates with inorganic salt reactants, followed by metathesis reactions to prepare a series of hydrophilic but water‐insoluble organic–inorganic doping afterglow materials. This strategy leads to the formation of edible long‐afterglow photoluminescent materials with superior biocompatibility and excellent bioimaging effect. The phosphorescence quantum yield of the materials can reach dozens of percent (the highest case: 66.24%), together with the photoluminescent lifetime lasting for coupes of seconds. Specifically, a long‐afterglow barium meal formed by coronene salt emitter and BaSO4 matrix is applied into animal experiments by gavage, and bright stomach afterglow imaging is observed by instruments or mobile phone after ceasing the photoexcitation with deep tissue penetration. This strategy allows a flexible dosage of the materials during bioimaging, facilitating the development of real‐time probing and theranostic technology.
Shape‐Versatile Fixed Cellular Materials for Multiple Target Immunomodulation
Authors: Sousa Ana Rita , Cunha Ana F. , Santos‐Coquillat Ana , Estrada Beatriz Hernaez , Spiller Kara L. , Barão Marta , Rodrigues Artur Filipe , Simões Susana , Vilaça Andreia , Ferreira Lino , Oliveira Mariana B. , Mano João F.
Published: May 2024

Therapeutic cells are usually administered as living agents, despite the risks of undesired cell migration and acquisition of unpredictable phenotypes. Additionally, most cell‐based therapies rely on the administration of single cells, often associated with rapid in vivo clearance. 3D cellular materials may be useful to prolong the effect of cellular therapies and offer the possibility of creating structural volumetric constructs. Here, the manufacturing of shape‐versatile fixed cell‐based materials with immunomodulatory properties is reported. Living cell aggregates with different shapes (spheres and centimeter‐long fibers) are fixed using a method compatible with maintenance of structural integrity, robustness, and flexibility of 3D constructs. The biological properties of living cells can be modulated before fixation, rendering an in vitro anti‐inflammatory effect toward human macrophages, in line with a decreased activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) pathway that preponderantly correlated with the surface area of the materials. These findings are further corroborated in vivo in mouse skin wounds. Contact with fixed materials also reduces the proliferation of activated primary T lymphocytes, while promoting regulatory populations. The fixation of cellular constructs is proposed as a versatile phenotypic stabilization method that can be easily implemented to prepare immunomodulatory materials with therapeutic potential.
Diagnosis of Serous Effusion with Intelligent Imaging Flow Cytometry
Authors: Long Mengping , Weng Yueyun , Mei Liye , Yang Dingchao , Wei Shubin , Meng Guanxiong , Zhao Wanyue , Liu Sheng , Wang Du , Liu Yiqiang , Shen Hui , Hou Jianxuan , Xu Yu , Tao Liang , Zhou Fuling , Chen Hongwei , Hu Taobo , Lei Cheng
Published: May 2024

A serous effusion is a buildup of extra fluid in the serous cavities including pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial cavities. It is important to distinguish benign reactive effusions from effusions caused by malignant proliferation in cytopathology since different diagnoses can lead to completely different disease staging and therapeutic choices. The conventional cytopathology procedure has the disadvantages of low throughput and low objectivity. To enhance the efficiency and accuracy of malignant serous effusion diagnosis, in this paper, an imaging flow cytometry, called optofluidic time‐stretch microscopy is first employed, to image the cells in the serous effusion at an event rate of 100 000 events per second and with a spatial resolution better than 1 µm. The acquired cellular images are then analyzed using a convolutional neural network, by which the malignant cells are accurately detected. The performance of the method is validated with 18 clinical samples, including 14 malignant and 4 benign ones. The results show that the method can detect malignant cells at an accuracy of 90.53%. The high throughput, high accuracy, and high convenience of the method make it a potential solution for malignant serous effusion diagnosis in various scenarios.
Tuning the Electronic Characteristics of Monolayer MoS2‐Based Transistors by Ion Irradiation: The Role of the Substrate
Authors: Fekri Zahra , Chava Phanish , Hlawacek Gregor , Ghorbani‐Asl Mahdi , Kretschmer Silvan , Awan Wajid , Mootheri Vivek , Venanzi Tommaso , Sycheva Natalia , George Antony , Turchanin Andrey , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Helm Manfred , Krasheninnikov Arkady V. , Erbe Artur
Published: May 2024

This study explores defect engineering in 2D materials using ion beam irradiation to modify the electrical and optical properties with potential in advancing quantum electronics and photonics. Helium and neon ions ranging from 5 to 7.5 keV are employed to manipulate charge transport in monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). In situ electrical characterization occurs without vacuum breakage post‐irradiation. Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy quantify ion irradiation's impact on MoS2. Small doses of helium ion irradiation enhance monolayer MoS2 conductivity in field‐effect transistor geometry by inducing doping and substrate charging. Findings reveal a strong correlation between the electrical properties of MoS2 and the primary ion used, as well as the substrate on which the irradiation occurred. Using hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) as a buffer layer between MoS2 flake and SiO2 substrate yields distinct alterations in electrical behavior subsequent to ion irradiation compared to the MoS2 layer directly interfacing with SiO2. Molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory provide insight into experimental results, emphasizing substrate influence on measured electrical properties post‐ion irradiation.
Multilayer Metamaterials with Ferromagnetic Domains Separated by Antiferromagnetic Domain Walls
Authors: Salikhov Ruslan , Samad Fabian , Schneider Sebastian , Pohl Darius , Rellinghaus Bernd , Böhm Benny , Ehrler Rico , Lindner Jürgen , Kiselev Nikolai S. , Hellwig Olav
Published: May 2024

Magnetic nano‐objects possess great potential for more efficient data processing, storage, and neuromorphic‐type applications. Using high perpendicular magnetic anisotropy synthetic antiferromagnets in the form of multilayer‐based metamaterials, the antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange energy is purposefully reduced below the out‐of‐plane demagnetization energy, which controls magnetic domain formation. In this unusual magnetic energy regime, as demonstrated via macroscopic magnetometry and microscopic Lorentz transmission electron microscopy, it becomes possible to stabilize nanometer‐scale stripe and bubble textures consisting of ferromagnetic out‐of‐plane domain cores separated by antiferromagnetic in‐plane Bloch‐type domain walls. This unique coexistence of mixed ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic order on the nanometer scale opens so far unexplored perspectives in the architecture of magnetic domain landscapes as well as the design and functionality of individual magnetic textures, such as bubble domains with depth‐wise alternating chirality.
“We are mothers, sisters, and lovers too”: Examining young Black women's experiences navigating sex and sexual health
Authors: Darko Natasha A. , Wilson Ciann L. , Oliver Vanessa
Published: May 2024

In Canada, there is a lack of research that addresses the sexual health and well‐being of African, Caribbean, and Black young women. This paper aims to gather perspectives of young Black women to address the social contexts of how young Black women navigate issues related to sex and sexual health. Young Black women experience unique dynamics in navigating their sexualities and sexual healthcare. The nuanced experiences stem from social contexts with historical underpinnings, such as the perception of Black women's bodies, Black identity, gender roles, and sexual double standards. This Community‐Based Participatory Research study (N = 24) utilized focus groups to examine young Black women's experiences navigating sexual health. Employing a thematic analysis, participants identified four themes representing their narratives of navigating sexual health. The themes included the perceptions and hypersexuality of Black women's bodies, navigating sexual double standards and gender roles as Black women, diverse Blackness, and migration experiences concerning sexual health and surveillance of Black women's bodies. This paper is intended to add to scholarly discourse and will include practical strategies for use by researchers and community practitioners in sexual health within the Black community.
A pilot study to identify factors associated with frailty within the World Trade Center general responder cohort
Authors: Thompson Hannah M. , Thanik Erin , Sabra Ahmad , Ko Fred , Hung William W. , Colicino Elena , Lucchini Roberto G. , Bello Ghalib , Crane Michael , Teitelbaum Susan L. , Ornstein Katherine A.
Published: May 2024

Background

Given the significant exposures experienced by the World Trade Center (WTC) general responders, there is increasing interest in understanding the effect of these exposures on aging in this population. We aim to identify factors that may be associated with frailty, a clinical syndrome characterized by a decrease in one's reserve that has been linked to poor health outcomes.

Methods

WTC general responders enrolled in the WTC Health Program aged 50 and older provided informed consent. Validated frailty assessments, the Frailty Phenotype (with the Johns Hopkins Frailty Assessment Calculator) along with the FRAIL scale, categorized nonfrail from prefrail/frail. Fall risk, functional status, and cognition were also assessed. WTC variables, including an identified WTC‐certified condition, were utilized. The risk of frailty was estimated using log binomial regression analysis. A 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to estimate the prevalence ratio (PR).

Results

One hundred and six participants were included; 38 (35.8%) were classified as pre‐frail or frail. More of the pre‐frail/frail group were obese (57.9% vs. 25%; p = 0.004) and had a WTC‐certified condition (78.9% vs. 58.8%; p = 0.036). Obesity (PR = 2.43, 95% CI = 1.31, 4.53), a WTC‐certified condition (PR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.09, 2.89), and risk of falling (PR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.01, 3.84) were independently associated with frailty.

Conclusions

Obesity and having a WTC‐certified condition were found to be risk factors for frailty in our pilot study. Future work may focus on further identifying risk factors for frailty in the larger WTC general responder population.
Filippi syndrome: Three new families suggest that urinary system abnormalities may belong to clinical spectrum of the disease
Authors: Bas Hasan , Durmaz Ceren Damla , Tombak Merve Celenkoglu , Cetin Gokhan Ozan , Karaer Kadri
Published: May 2024

Filippi syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by growth and neurodevelopmental delays, dysmorphism, and selective limb abnormalities. Although the syndrome was described approximately four decades ago, only a few families with molecularly confirmed diagnoses have been reported. In this article, we present three new patients of Filippi syndrome with unusual clinical and genetic aspects. These patients exhibited novel clinical features that have not previously been associated with Filippi syndrome, including renal hypoplasia/aplasia, renal cysts, renal cortical thinning, hypomelanotic, and hypermelanotic macules. All three patients had homozygous frameshift variants of the CKAP2L gene, specifically NM_152515.3: c.554_555del, c.981_982del, and c.1463_1467del, with the second being a novel variant. Given the limited number of reported Filippi syndrome patients to date and the ongoing discovery of new clinical aspects of the disease, exploring its potential connection with kidney and skin pigmentation abnormalities could be valuable for future research.
Surgical management of headache and facial pain/pressure in chronic rhinosinusitis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Heiland Luke D. , Marrero‐Gonzalez Alejandro R. , Nguyen Shaun A. , Farmer Hannah G. , Rathi Vinay K. , Soler Zachary M. , Schlosser Rodney J.
Published: May 2024

Background

Headache and facial pain are common symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). However, given the numerous etiologies that can cause these symptoms, the impact of sinus surgery is not well characterized.

Methods

A systematic review was performed by searching the literature from inception through June 6, 2023. English‐language articles reporting outcomes for facial pain/pressure or headache following endoscopic sinus surgery were selected for inclusion. Meta‐analyses were performed using random and fixed effect models on continuous measures (mean), mean difference (Δ), and proportions (%).

Results

A total of 26 articles reporting on 2839 patients were selected for inclusion. The mean patient age was 44.0 ± 3.9 (range 16.0–84.0), with an average symptom duration of 5.3 ± 2.8 years. Among these patients, 56.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 52.3–60.6) were male and 77.0% (95% CI: 56.6–92.3) had nasal polyposis (NP). Patients with and without NP reported substantial reductions in both 22‐item sino‐nasal outcome test facial pain/pressure (with NP: −1.4 [95% CI: −1.6 to −1.2; relative reduction 59.1%]; without NP: −1.5 [95% CI: −1.9 to −1.1; relative reduction 60.9%]) and visual analogue scale (VAS) headache (with NP: −2.5 [95% CI: −2.8 to −2.1; relative reduction 67.2%]; without NP: −2.8 [95% CI: −4.7 to −1.0; relative reduction 42.7%]). Symptom reductions were greater in the without NP versus with NP group; VAS facial pain/pressure: Δ0.4 (95% CI: 0.2–0.6; p = 0.0006) and VAS headache: Δ0.4 (95% CI: 0.1–0.7; p = 0.02).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that CRS patients, regardless of polyp status, benefit from significant reductions in facial pain/pressure and headache following surgical therapy.
Reverse Separation of Carbon Dioxide and Acetylene in Two Isostructural Copper Pyridine‐Carboxylate Frameworks
Authors: Li Jing‐Hong , Gan You‐Wei , Chen Jun‐Xian , Lin Rui‐Biao , Yang Yisi , Wu Hui , Zhou Wei , Chen Banglin , Chen Xiao‐Ming
Published: May 2024

Separating acetylene from carbon dioxide is important but highly challenging due to their similar molecular shapes and physical properties. Adsorptive separation of carbon dioxide from acetylene can directly produce pure acetylene but is hardly realized because of relatively polarizable acetylene binds more strongly. Here, we reverse the CO2 and C2H2 separation by adjusting the pore structures in two isoreticular ultramicroporous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Under ambient conditions, copper isonicotinate (Cu(ina)2), with relatively large pore channels shows C2H2‐selective adsorption with a C2H2/CO2 selectivity of 3.4, whereas its smaller‐pore analogue, copper quinoline‐5‐carboxylate (Cu(Qc)2) shows an inverse CO2/C2H2 selectivity of 5.6. Cu(Qc)2 shows compact pore space that well matches the optimal orientation of CO2 but is not compatible for C2H2. Neutron powder diffraction experiments confirmed that CO2 molecules adopt preferential orientation along the pore channels during adsorption binding, whereas C2H2 molecules bind in an opposite fashion with distorted configurations due to their opposite quadrupole moments. Dynamic breakthrough experiments have validated the separation performance of Cu(Qc)2 for CO2/C2H2 separation.
A General Iron‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Oxygenation of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Denkler Luca Mareen , Aladahalli Shekar Meghana , Ngan Tak Shing Jason , Wylie Luke , Abdullin Dinar , Engeser Marianne , Schnakenburg Gregor , Hett Tobias , Pilz Frank Hendrik , Kirchner Barbara , Schiemann Olav , Kielb Patrycja , Bunescu Ala
Published: May 2024

We report an iron‐catalyzed decarboxylative C(sp3)−O bond‐forming reaction under mild, base‐free conditions with visible light irradiation. The transformation uses readily available and structurally diverse carboxylic acids, iron photocatalyst, and 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine 1‐oxyl (TEMPO) derivatives as oxygenation reagents. The process exhibits a broad scope in acids possessing a wide range of stereoelectronic properties and functional groups. The developed reaction was applied to late‐stage oxygenation of a series of bio‐active molecules. The reaction leverages the ability of iron complexes to generate carbon‐centered radicals directly from carboxylic acids by photoinduced carboxylate‐to‐iron charge transfer. Kinetic, electrochemical, EPR, UV/Vis, HRMS, and DFT studies revealed that TEMPO has a triple role in the reaction: as an oxygenation reagent, an oxidant to turn over the Fe‐catalyst, and an internal base for the carboxylic acid deprotonation. The obtained TEMPO adducts represent versatile synthetic intermediates that were further engaged in C−C and C‐heteroatom bond‐forming reactions using commercial organo‐photocatalysts and nucleophilic reagents.
Eine Alkin‐verbrückte kovalent organische Gerüstverbindung mit interaktiven Bindungstaschen für das Einfangen von Brom
Authors: De Ankita , Haldar Sattwick , Schmidt Johannes , Amirjalayer Saeed , Reichmayr Fanny , Lopatik Nikolaj , Shupletsov Leonid , Brunner Eike , Weidinger Inez M. , Schneemann Andreas
Published: May 2024

Die hohe Korrosivität und Reaktivität von Brom, welches aus verschiedenen Quellen freigesetzt wird, stellt eine ernsthafte Gefahr für die Umwelt dar. Darüber hinaus erfordert seine Koexistenz mit Iod und die daraus resultierende Gleichgewichtsverbindung Iodmonobromid (IBr) die selektive Abtrennung von Brom aus Halogengemischen. Die Elektrophilie von Halogenen gegenüber π‐elektronenreichen Strukturen ermöglichte uns die strategische Entwicklung einer kovalent organischen Gerüstverbindung für die Halogenaufnahme, die eine definierte Porenumgebung mit lokalisierten Sorptionsstellen aufweist. Die um ~41 % höhere Aufnahmekapazität von Brom (4,6 g g−1) gegenüber Iod zeigt das Potenzial für die selektive Aufnahme. Die spektroskopischen Ergebnisse, welche die bevorzugten Wechselwirkungsstellen aufzeigen, werden durch theoretische Untersuchungen gestützt. Die Alkin‐Brücke ist eine Kernfunktionalität, die die Selektivität bei der Aufnahme durch synergistische Physisorption fördert, was durch die höhere Orbitalüberlappung von Brom aufgrund seiner geringeren atomaren Größe, sowie durch reversible chemische Wechselwirkungen begründet ist. Das sogenannte „slip stacking“ in der Struktur hat dieses Phänomen weiter gefördert, indem Cluster molekularer Interaktionsstellen mit zwischen den Schichten eingelagertem Brom geschaffen wurden. Die Einführung ungesättigter Einheiten, d. h. Dreifachbindungen, und die komplementäre Porengeometrie bieten eine vielversprechende Designstrategie für die Konstruktion poröser Materialien für die Halogenaufnahme.
Dynamic Near‐Infrared Circularly Polarized Luminescence Encoded by Transient Supramolecular Chiral Assemblies
Authors: Wang Qian , Xu Hanren , Qi Zhen , Mei Ju , Tian He , Qu Da‐Hui
Published: May 2024

Circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) is promising for applications in many fields. However, most systems involving CPL are within the visible range; near‐infrared (NIR) CPL‐active materials, especially those that exhibit high glum values and can be controlled spatially and temporally, are rare. Herein, dynamic NIR‐CPL with a glum value of 2.5×10−2 was achieved through supramolecular coassembly and energy‐transfer strategies. The chiral assemblies formed by the coassembly between adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and a pyrene derivative exhibited a red CPL signal (glum of 10−3). The further introduction of sulfo‐cyanine5 resulted in a energy‐transfer process, which not only led to the NIR CPL but also increased the glum value to 10−2. Temporal control of these chiral assemblies was realized by introducing alkaline phosphatase to fabricate a biomimetic enzyme‐catalyzed network, allowing the dynamic NIR CPL signal to be turned on. Based on these enzyme‐regulated temporally controllable dynamic CPL‐active chiral assemblies, a multilevel information encryption system was further developed. This study provides a pioneering example for the construction of dynamic NIR CPL materials with the ability to perform temporal control via the supramolecular assembly strategy, which is expected to aid in the design of supramolecular complex systems that more closely resemble natural biological systems.
Designing Dual‐Site Catalysts for Selectively Converting CO2 into Methanol
Authors: Cui Wenjie , Wang Fei , Wang Xiao , Li Yuou , Wang Xiaomei , Shi Yi , Song Shuyan , Zhang Hongjie
Published: May 2024

The variability of CO2 hydrogenation reaction demands new potential strategies to regulate the fine structure of the catalysts for optimizing the reaction pathways. Herein, we report a dual‐site strategy to boost the catalytic efficiency of CO2‐to‐methanol conversion. A new descriptor, τ, was initially established for screening the promising candidates with low‐temperature activation capability of CO2, and sequentially a high‐performance catalyst was fabricated centred with oxophilic Mo single atoms, who was further decorated with Pt nanoparticles. In CO2 hydrogenation, the obtained dual‐site catalysts possess a remarkably‐improved methanol generation rate (0.27 mmol gcat.−1 h−1). For comparison, the singe‐site Mo and Pt‐based catalysts can only produce ethanol and formate acid at a relatively low reaction rate (0.11 mmol gcat.−1 h−1 for ethanol and 0.034 mmol gcat.−1 h−1 for formate acid), respectively. Mechanism studies indicate that the introduction of Pt species could create an active hydrogen‐rich environment, leading to the alterations of the adsorption configuration and conversion pathways of the *OCH2 intermediates on Mo sites. As a result, the catalytic selectivity was successfully switched.
Unveiling Dynamic Structure and Bond Evolutions in BiOIO3 Photocatalysts during CO2 Reduction
Authors: Lan Yujie , Zhang Yajun , Huang Xiaojuan , Bi Yingpu
Published: May 2024

We have established a correlation between photocatalytic activity and dynamic structure/bond evolutions of BiOIO3‐based photocatalysts during CO2 reduction by combining operando X‐ray diffraction with photoelectron spectroscopy. More specifically, the selective photo‐deposition of PtOx species on BiOIO3 (010) facets could effectively promote the electron enrichment on Bi active sites of (100) facets for facilitating the adsorption/activation of CO2 molecules, leading to the formation of Bi sites with high oxidation state and the shrink of crystalline structures. With introducing light irradiation to drive CO2 reduction, the Bi active sites with high oxidation states transformed into normal Bi3+ state, accompanying with the expansion of crystalline structures. Owing to the dynamic structure, bond, and chemical‐state evolutions, a significant improvement of photocatalytic activity for CO evolution has been achieved on PtOx‐BiOIO3 (195.0 μmol g−1 ⋅ h−1), much higher than the pristine (61.9 μmol g−1 ⋅ h−1) as well as metal‐Pt decorated BiOIO3 (70.3 μmol g−1 ⋅ h−1) samples. This work provides new insights to correlate the intrinsically dynamic structure/bond evolutions with CO2 reduction activity, which may help to guide future photocatalyst design.
Polyvinyl alcohol/polyethyleneimine grafted carbon oxynitride composite nanofiber membranes with the synergistical enhanced photocatalytic degradation and bactericidal performance
Authors: Bai Xuemei , Luan Jingmin , Song Tingting , Sun Haifeng , Yan Baolin , Dai Yuhua , Yu Jianxiang
Published: May 2024

Graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) has received much attention as a metal‐free photocatalyst for dye degradation and sterilization. However, the low photocatalytic bactericidal activity and the difficulty in recycling have limited its applications. Here, oxidatively modified g‐C3N4 grafted with polyethyleneimine (PEI) nanofiber membranes (PVA/PEI‐OCN) was reported to enhance the photocatalytic activity. The modification by PEI grafting could reduce the recombination rate of photogenerated carriers and lead to more electrons for the photocatalytic reaction. In addition, electron spin resonance (ESR) results showed that the generation of reactive oxygen species (˙OH, ˙O2− and 1O2) were significantly enhanced in photocatalysis, leading to the significant enhancement of photocatalytic bactericidal activity and dye degradation. Furthermore, the PVA/PEI‐OCN nanofiber membranes prepared by electrospinning had smooth surfaces and uniform fiber formation, with an average diameter of 380 ± 60 nm. The tensile strength was about 73.5% higher than that of PVA nanofiber membranes. The inhibition diameter of PVA/PEI‐OCN‐4 against Escherichisa coli (E. coil) could reach 20 ± 0.2 mm, and the maximum degradation efficiency of methylene blue solution (10 mg/L) could reach 92.8% within 120 min. This work provided an effective paradigm for the rational design of metal‐free photocatalytic materials for elimination of bacterial and dye contamination.