bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
As representações da violência nos episódios estudantis de 1968
Authors: Valle Maria Ribeiro do
Published: April 2014

O presente artigo trata dos principais acontecimentos que envolvem o Movimento Estudantil durante o ano de 1968 no Brasil, criando uma rede que reúne seus interlocutores – o governo, a imprensa, a população – em um “diálogo” conturbado. Ele se divide em quatro momentos fundamentais: a morte de Edson Luís (28/03/68) como o marco para a passagem do movimento estudantil ao enfrentamento; a sexta-feira sangrenta (em 21/06/68) e a passeata dos cem mil (em 26/06/68); a guerra da Maria Antônia (em 02/10/68); e o 30º Congresso da UNE, que tem início em 11/10/68. O fio condutor para a análise destes episódios são as diversas representações da violência que aí emergem.
Apresentação: algumas considerações sobre a cultura da avaliação
Authors: Ramírez-Gálvez Martha
Published: April 2014

Este número de Mediações traz o dossiê C&T: análises sobre a cultura da avaliação na produção acadêmica. Nosso(a)s leitore(a)s serão introduzido(a)s ao tema por meio de uma apresentação exclusiva para o dossiê escrita por Martha Ramírez-Gálvez, que tece algumas considerações sobre este fenômeno. Ao problematizar uma questão que está na ordem do dia da política acadêmica brasileira, o(a)s leitore(a)s são aos poucos conduzido(a)s aos artigos que compõem o dossiê com análises feitas por autore(a)s das mais variadas perspectivas teóricas dentro e fora das universidades brasileiras e, importante destacar, não somente da área de Ciências Humanas.
A sua revista tem qualis?
Authors: Silva Antonio Ozaí da
Published: April 2014

Neste artigo o autor examina criticamente o sistema de avaliação Qualis. O que está em jogo? Será mesmo possível avaliar a qualidade do que é publicado no campo acadêmico? Ou trata-se apenas de um meio de controle? Observa que pressionados pela exigência de mais e mais produtividade, os docentes perdem o senso crítico, reproduzem o servilismo e mutilam-se para atender às normas e regras burocráticas decididas por um grupo seleto de indivíduos.
Sinfonia a muitas mãos: esboço etnográfico de um projeto científico e as vicissitudes das políticas de avaliação
Authors: Albernaz Lady Selma Ferreira
Published: April 2014

Este artigo descreve o processo de elaboração de um projeto para submissão ao Programa Nacional de Cooperação Acadêmica (PROCAD) da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes). Sua finalidade é discutir se os resultados das políticas interinstitucionais fortalecem ou não as instituições periféricas, conforme preconizado nos seus objetivos. Tal discussão passa pela análise das atuais políticas de avaliação tanto dos Programas de Pós-Graduação como do corpo docente a estes vinculados, cujo efeito parece ser a substituição do princípio da cooperação acadêmica pelo da competição entre pares. O texto originou-se da participação no Seminário Interinstitucional Ciência e Saberes na Amazônia (UFPE, 2005), na mesa redonda Políticas Interinstitucionais de Pesquisa e Formação.
As análises de gênero e a formação do campo de estudos sobre a(s) masculinidade(s)
Authors: Souza Márcio Ferreira de
Published: April 2014

O presente artigo aborda a construção do campo de estudos sobre a(s)masculinidade(s), entendendo-o como tributo da contribuição feminista. Faz-se um breve balanço dos estudos pioneiros, ressaltando particularmente o questionamento da masculinidade hegemônica (CONNELL, 1995) e, em seguida, discute-se sua penetração no Brasil a partir do debate sobre a crise do masculino e a noção de “novo homem”, bem como a importância da perspectiva históricosocial para a compreensão das novas identidades masculinas.
Maria Augusta Tibiriçá Miranda e Helga Hoffmann: presença feminina nos cadernos do povo brasileiro nos anos 1960
Authors: Lovatto Angélica
Published: April 2014

Este artigo aborda a presença feminina na Coleção Cadernos do povo brasileiro, publicada de 1962 a 1964, através de duas autoras: Maria Augusta Tibiriçá Miranda e Helga Hoffmann. A primeira confrontou o forte domínio estrangeiro na indústria farmacêutica no Brasil, propondo sua nacionalização; a segunda escreveu sobre o planejamento que o Brasil deveria buscar para superar o subdesenvolvimento. Essa Coleção da área das Ciências Sociais foi promovida pelo ISEB – Instituto Superior de Estudos Brasileiros (1955-64) e editada pela Civilização Brasileira, no Rio de Janeiro.
(Re)politizando o conceito de gênero: a participação política das mulheres no MST
Authors: Gonçalves Renata
Published: April 2014

Neste artigo procuramos examinar a complexa e contraditória construção do Setor de Gênero como parte da estrutura organizativa do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST). O pano de fundo são as tensões em torno da participação política das mulheres na luta pela terra, em que a ênfase inicial dada à categoria mulher vai sendo substituída pela de gênero. Mais do que simples alterações na nomenclatura, trata-se do desafio de compreender teoricamente e construir, na prática política, novas relações de gênero. Na contramão de um uso cada vez mais academicista, este processo acena para a (re)politização do conceito de gênero.
Neoliberalismo e Lutas Sociais:a emergência dos movimentos piqueteros e altermundialistas no contexto neoliberal
Authors: Amorim Elaine Regina Aguiar , Arias Santiane
Published: April 2014

A introdução das políticas neoliberais teve impactos sobre os movimentos sociais, atingindo sua capacidade organizativa e de resistência. Porém, a partir de meados da década de 1990 difundiram-se várias mobilizações de oposição ao neoliberalismo, entre as quais, destaca-se a emergência de dois movimentos sociais – os piqueteros e os altermundialistas. Com base nas pesquisas que estamos desenvolvendo, este artigo discute o surgimento e a composição social de cada um deles, além dos elementos que os particularizam enquanto movimentos que se constituíram como resultado e reação ao neoliberalismo.
Sérgio Costa: o (des)encontro dos atlânticos
Authors: Redon Silvano
Published: April 2014

Resenha: COSTA, Sérgio Entre dois atlânticos: teoria social, anti-racismo, cosmopolitismo Belo Horizonte: Editora da UFMG, 2006.
O gênero do público: críticas feministas ao liberalismo e seus desdobramentos
Authors: Silva André Luiz da , Ventura Raissa Wihby , Kritsch Raquel
Published: April 2014

O artigo aborda a distinção, oriunda do pensamento liberal clássico, entre público e privado. Para tanto, expõe-se brevemente alguns dos aspectos principais da teoria feminista, para, em seguida, mostrar a formulação pela teoria política liberal da diferenciação entre público (político) e privado (social) e, mais tarde, entre “público” e pessoal. Tal percurso permite compreender as bases sobre as quais se apóia a teoria feminista para acusar o liberalismo de tratar a justiça como parte exclusiva do domínio público (masculino) e dele excluir a especificidade social das relações de gênero na esfera doméstica. Por fim, discute-se alguns aspectos principais do feminismo de Susan Okin e, em especial, seu debate com o liberalismo igualitário de John Rawls, no qual vê possíveis contribuições para a coexistência entre justiça e gênero.
Uma relação incômoda: o caso do feminismo e da antropologia
Authors: Strathern Marilyn
Published: April 2014

Esse artigo explora alguns dos problemas – e as reações – que se colocam no diálogo entre práticas disciplinares e a teoria feminista. Foca-se na relação do(a) investigador(a) com o seu tema ou objeto, uma fonte de dissonância particularmente difícil entre a prática feminista e a prática da antropologia social. Certamente, a antropologia tem interesses paralelos aos dos estudos feministas, mas a proximidade faz com que a resistência dos antropólogos seja mais aguda. Pode-se afirmar que esta dissonância é na verdade produto da proximidade intelectual de feministas e antropólogos(as) – como vizinhos em conflito. Os (as) praticantes de ambas imaginam que podem derrubar paradigmas existentes, e poder-se-ia, por sua vez, esperar que a antropologia “radical” extraia sua contrapartida feminista, o que não parece ter acontecido. A resistência entre eles irá iluminar a diferença entre “feminismo” e “antropologia” como tais.
Evaluation of Early and Late Harvested Potatoes for Yield, Quality and Storability
Authors: Das Bimal , Sarkar K. K. , Priya Bhanu , Dudhane A. S. , Pradhan A. M. , Das Aparajita
Published: April 2014

Potato is an important food crop which is also valued in processing industries. Present experiment was undertaken to evaluate yield performance and storagability on 22 genotypes of potato along with quality parameters related to processing as well as cuisine purpose. The experiment was conducted in the field and laboratory of Dept. of Plant breeding, BCKV in 2011-12. In the study some of characters were measured such as dry matter, tuber shape and depth of eyes, chips color and quality, cooking type, texture firmness, flavor, starch and total sugar content. Genotypes G-4, Kufri Khyati, K. Chipsona-3 and PH-3 were found to be promising for their yield. Kufri Chipsona-3 and K-22 was found to be superior for processing purposes as these were associated with a number of desirable quality parameters like high dry matter content and starch content, low total sugar content and less blackening effect on cooked potato after cooling with persistence of good chip colour for a long period. For cuisine purposes K. Sadabahar and K. Jyoti was found to be most promising as they had tubers of good shape and shallow depth eyes, acceptable flesh colour and highly acceptable cooked potatoes. The varieties like K. Khyati, K. Pukhraj, K. Ashoka, PH-4 can be considered to increase flavor of cooked potatoes.
Genetic Variability for Zinc Use Efficiency in Chickpea as Influenced by Zinc Fertilization
Authors: Singh Shivay Yashbir , Prasad Rajendra , Pal Madan
Published: April 2014

Zinc deficiency is the major problem in chickpea production when grown on highly permeable light textured soils, low in organic matter content and continuously cropped with rice. A field experiment was conducted for two crop years (2011-12 & 2012-13) at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to study the effect of variety and zinc (Zn) application on the grain yield, Zn uptake and Zn use efficiency in chickpea. In general, Pusa 372 out-performed Pusa 2024 and Pusa 5028 in growth characters, grain yield, Zn uptake and physiological efficiency of Zn applied. Chickpea variety Pusa 372 recorded 2.13 t ha-1 grain yield which was 0.71 and 7.04% higher compared to Pusa 2024 and Pusa 5028 (based on mean of 2 years). Similar results were also observed with straw yield of chickpea. From the viewpoint of Zn concentration in grain and its biofortification, Pusa 5028 appears promising especially at the highest level of Zn (7.5 kg Zn ha-1); in the second year of study it recorded the highest Zn concentration of 50.1 mg Zn kg-1 grain. Each successive increase in the application of Zn from 2.5 to 7.5 kg ha-1 also increased the grain as well as straw yields of chickpea; however the significantly highest grain yield (2.24 t ha-1, mean of 2 years) was recorded with application of 7.5 kg Zn ha-1 which was 18.52, 10.89 and 4.19% higher compared to 0, 2.5 and 5.0 kg Zn ha-1 respectively.
Migrating Literature: Reading Geling Yan’s The Banquet Bug and its Chinese Translations
Authors: Ying Yan
Published: April 2014

Using Geling Yan’s The Banquet Bug and its Chinese translations as a case study, this article attempts to explore what I term “migrating literature” in a transnational and translational framework. Translation is reconceptualised at three levels: contextual, paratextual and textual. This article will first of all examine the very translational nature of immigrant writing from a contextualized reading. It will then look at how paratextual matters re-frame immigrant writing and sometimes impose meaning by analyzing two key paratextual elements, title and front cover. At the end, the gain and loss of meanings will be discussed at the textual level, with an emphasis on the ideological and cultural implications. It also points out the possibility of incorporating readings from translations in other languages and cultures, or translations in other media forms, into the framework of migrating literature.
Emotional Intelligence and Translation Studies: A New Bridge
Authors: Hubscher-Davidson Séverine
Published: April 2014

This paper presents a case for the study of non-cognitive psychological processes in Translation Studies (TS). More specifically, it aims to highlight the value of studying the emotional intelligence (EI) of translators and interpreters. Firstly, the concept of EI is defined and a review of trait EI profiling is undertaken, with a focus on two recent studies that have relevance for TS. Secondly, recent research within TS and related disciplines that provides evidence of the value of studying the affective and emotional traits of translators and interpreters is discussed. The final section of this paper provides some recommendations for the study of EI in TS research to benefit the translation and interpreting community. It will be argued that investigating emotional intelligence is both necessary and desirable to gain a deeper understanding of translation and interpreting processes.
Multilingual Chat through Machine Translation: A Case of English-Russian
Authors: Şahin Mehmet , Duman Derya
Published: April 2014

Recent developments in machine translation give hope for the possibility of communication without language barriers, as real-time interlingual conversations facilitated through automatic translation are already possible using free applications. This study aimed at measuring the level of intelligibility and accuracy of real-time chat messages translated instantly by translation bots embedded in GoogleTalk. The data consisted of chat scripts of a total of 12 sessions conducted between three pairs formed each of a native English- and Russian-speaker. The participants also answered a questionnaire about their chat experiences. The results suggest that even without any knowledge of the language of the other party, participants were able to conduct conversations on various topics without encountering any serious communication breakdown. About three fourth of the translated propositions were intelligible as well as accurate based on the human evaluation. Participants also reported positive comments on the effectiveness of this kind of interlingual communication, especially for informal chat.
Le vocabulaire économique et social : entre termes, formules discursives et noms propres
Authors: Dancette Jeanne
Published: April 2014

Le présent article rend compte d’une réflexion sur les modes de terminologisation dans le domaine de la mondialisation économique et sociale. Le corpus sur lequel est basée cette analyse est la nomenclature duDictionnaire analytique de la mondialisation et du travail/Analytical Dictionary of Globalization and Labour / Diccionario analítico de la globalización y del trabajo. Les questions soulevées sont celles de la caractérisation du vocabulaire économique et social : Les expressions terminologisées répondent-elles aux critères classiques d’un terme ? Quelles sont leurs propriétés discursives ? Par extrapolation, le discours économique et social relève-t-il plus de la langue de spécialité ou de la langue générale ? Selon notre étude, la réponse se situe dans un continuum entre langue de spécialité et langue générale, selon la nature des textes et leur fonction. L’article est une invitation à s’interroger sur le rôle des formules discursives et des noms propres dans les terminologies des sciences sociales, particulièrement médiatisées à l’ère de la mondialisation. Il conclut sur l’importance pour le rédacteur ou le traducteur d’en saisir les marques idéologiques et de connaître l’instance, voire l’auteur, à l’origine d’un terme, d’un syntagme terminologique ou d’un nom propre terminologisé, car dans ces domaines le vocabulaire n’est jamais neutre. De plus, la problématique de leur fonction discursive est critique dans les sciences sociales, même si ces vocables ne présentent généralement pas de grosses difficultés d’équivalence linguistique.
Silicon‐On‐Insulator Devices
Authors: Balestra F.
Published: April 2014

Silicon On Insulator‐based devices seem to be the best candidates for the ultimate integration of Integrated Circuits on silicon. An overview of the mainSOImaterials and advantages ofSOIfor the Nanoelectronics of the next decades is presented. NanoscaleCMOS, emerging and beyond‐CMOSnanodevices, based on innovative concepts, technologies and device architectures, are addressed. The flexibility of theSOIstructure and the possibility to realize new architectures allow to obtain optimum electrical properties for both low power and high performance circuits. These transistors are also very interesting for high frequency and memory applications. The performance and physical mechanisms are investigated in single‐ and multi‐gate/multi‐channel inversion‐ or accumulation‐mode thin filmMOSFETs, realized on various semiconductors (Si, Ge,III‐V,CNT), down to sub‐10 nm gate length. The impact of strains in the channel and of high k materials is discussed. The interest of advanced emerging and beyond‐CMOSnanodevices onSOIfor long term applications, based on nanowires or small slope switch structures is also highlighted. The influence of key device parameters on electrical and thermal floating body effects, short channel and quantum effects, noise, variability, as well as on hot carrier effects, versus temperature, is shown for various device architectures.
Data processing procedure using distribution of slopes of phase differences for broadband VHF interferometer
Authors: Akita Manabu , Stock Michael , Kawasaki Zen , Krehbiel Paul , Rison William , Stanley Mark
Published: April 2014

The upgraded VHF digital interferometer (VHF DITF) system is introduced which can continuously sample the radiation associated with lightning. A new processing technique was implemented which uses the distribution of slopes of the phase difference versus frequency to locate the radiation source. By using this technique, frequency components which are not due to lightning can be excluded and low as well as high amplitude sources are located. As a result, both positive breakdown and negative breakdown are located, and negative recoil leaders (recoil leaders) are visualized in great detail. The recoil leaders which continue into the positive charge region are seen to slow their propagation and dim their radiation as they cross the flash initiation region. Analysis of the relative received power of the different breakdown types, negative leaders, recoil leaders, and positive leaders, also can be made. In both the intracloud and cloud‐to‐ground flash, the modes of the distributions of received power for negative leaders, recoil leaders, and positive leaders were approximately the same. The brightest emissions seen from the positive leader were substantially lower than the brightest emission seen from the negative leader. The results also indicate that positive leaders as well as lower elevation negative leader emit more low frequency radiation than recoil leaders and high‐elevation negative leaders. By continuously sampling the VHF waveform, the upgraded VHF DITF locates many weak sources which the previous system was not capable of locating.
A study on the influence of corona on currents and electromagnetic fields predicted by a nonlinear lightning return‐stroke model
Authors: De Conti Alberto , Silveira Fernando H. , Visacro Silvério
Published: April 2014

This paper investigates the influence of corona on currents and electromagnetic fields predicted by a return‐stroke model that represents the lightning channel as a nonuniform transmission line with time‐varying (nonlinear) resistance. The corona model used in this paper allows the calculation of corona currents as a function of the radial electric field in the vicinity of the channel. A parametric study is presented to investigate the influence of corona parameters, such as the breakdown electric field and the critical electric field for the stable propagation of streamers, on predicted currents and electromagnetic fields. The results show that, regardless of the assumed corona parameters, the incorporation of corona into the nonuniform and nonlinear transmission line model under investigation modifies the model predictions so that they consistently reproduce most of the typical features of experimentally observed lightning electromagnetic fields and return‐stroke speed profiles. In particular, it is shown that the proposed model leads to close vertical electric fields presenting waveforms, amplitudes, and decay with distance in good agreement with dart leader electric field changes measured in triggered lightning experiments. A comparison with popular engineering return‐stroke models further confirms the model's ability to predict consistent electric field waveforms in the close vicinity of the channel. Some differences observed in the field amplitudes calculated with the different models can be related to the fact that current distortion, while present in the proposed model, is ultimately neglected in the considered engineering return‐stroke models.
Biochemical evidence for minimal vegetation change in peatlands of the West Siberian Lowland during the Medieval Climate Anomaly and Little Ice Age
Authors: Philben Michael , Kaiser Karl , Benner Ronald
Published: April 2014

Peatland vegetation is controlled primarily by the depth of the water table, making peat paleovegetation a useful climate archive. We applied a biochemical approach to quantitatively estimate the plant sources of peat carbon based on (1) neutral sugar compositions of Sphagnum, vascular plants, and lichens and (2) lignin phenol compositions of vascular plants. We used these biochemical indices to characterize vegetation change over the last 2000 years in four peat cores from the West Siberian Lowland (Russia) to investigate climate change during the Medieval Climate Anomaly and Little Ice Age. The vegetation was dominated by Sphagnum in all four cores, but was punctuated by several rapid but transient transitions to vascular plant dominance in the two cores from the southern West Siberian Lowland (<60°N latitude). Lichen contributions were evident at the end of the Medieval Climate Anomaly and during the Little Ice Age in the two cores from northern West Siberian Lowland (>60°N), possibly indicating permafrost development. However, there was no evidence for sustained vegetation change in response to either climatic event in cores from southern West Siberian Lowland. This suggests that these climatic events were relatively mild in the southern West Siberian Lowland, although the sensitivity of bog plant communities to climate change remains poorly understood.
A Common Miscitation of William Gilbert
Authors: van der Sluijs Marinus Anthony
Published: April 2014

Dozens of scientific textbooks [e.g., Spaldin, 2011, p. v; Krijgsman and Langereis, 2009, p. 252; Prölls, 2004, p. 211; Merrill et al., 1996, p. 7; Livingston, 1996, p. 27; Blakely, 1996, pp. xiv, 154; Gillmor, 1990, p. 9] attribute the famous dictum magnus magnes ipse est globus terrestris (“the terrestrial globe is itself a big magnet”) to the English physician and scientist William Gilbert (1544–1603). It is repeatedly claimed that these words were contained in the title of Gilbert's book or one of his chapters [e.g., Carlowicz and Lopez, 2002, n.p.; Courtillot, 2002, pp. 26, 49; Lang and Whitney, 1991, p. 120]. Certainly, they convey the thrust of Gilbert's De Magnete, in which it was argued for the first time that the Earth sustains its own magnetic dipole field, on the basis of experimentation on magnets.
AGU Congressional Science Fellows Chosen
Authors: Landau Elizabeth
Published: April 2014

AGU announces its two newest Congressional Science Fellows—Laura Sherman and Charles Podolak—who will work on science issues in a congressional office from September 2014 until August 2015. The program is run by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and trains scientists in the inner workings of congressional offices before helping them find a position. AGU has sponsored fellows in the program for 37 years, during which AGU fellows have worked on climate change, energy, water, security, and many more critical issues that rely on scientific understanding and affect the lives of the general public every day.
Chinese atmospheric pollution measured from space
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: April 2014

In recent decades, China's struggles with air pollution have become a public health issue. Beijing is one of the most polluted places in the world, and air pollution levels were particularly bad in January 2013: Visibility was down to 100 meters, and rates of respiratory illness soared. In the region, air pollution is often worse in the winter.
Paleomagnetic recording fidelity of nonideal magnetic systems
Authors: Muxworthy Adrian R. , Krása David , Williams Wyn , Almeida Trevor P.
Published: April 2014

A suite of near‐identical magnetite nanodot samples produced by electron‐beam lithography have been used to test the thermomagnetic recording fidelity of particles in the 74–333 nm size range; the grain size range most commonly found in rocks. In addition to controlled grain size, the samples had identical particle spacings, meaning that intergrain magnetostatic interactions could be controlled. Their magnetic hysteresis parameters were indicative of particles thought not to be ideal magnetic recorders; however, the samples were found to be excellent thermomagnetic recorders of the magnetic field direction. They were also found to be relatively good recorders of the field intensity in a standard paleointensity experiment. The samples' intensities were all within ∼15% of the expected answer and the mean of the samples within 3% of the actual field. These nonideal magnetic systems have been shown to be reliable records of the geomagnetic field in terms of both direction and intensity even though their magnetic hysteresis characteristics indicate less than ideal magnetic grains.
Effect of environmental shear, sea‐surface temperature, and ambient moisture on the formation and predictability of tropical cyclones: An ensemble‐mean perspective
Authors: Tao Dandan , Zhang Fuqing
Published: April 2014

The formation and predictability of sheared tropical cyclones (TCs) are explored through a series of convection‐permitting ensemble simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with different environmental vertical wind shear, sea‐surface temperature (SST), and ambient moisture conditions. Small‐amplitude random moisture perturbations are introduced in the lower troposphere as the initial‐condition uncertainties to generate the ensembles under different environmental conditions; the composites of each ensemble are analyzed in this study to examine the mean dynamics of sheared TCs. It is found that the environmental shear can significantly affect the timing of tropical cyclone formation by influencing the spatial distribution of convection and subsequently changing the positive feedback between diabatic heating and the TC vortex primary circulation. Except for the initial spin‐up periods, the larger the vertical wind shear, the farther and weaker the convection from the TC center, which leads to a weakening TC vortex circulation and more time is needed to start the onset of rapid intensification (RI). The simulated tropical cyclones cannot start rapid intensification during a 9 day simulation if the shear exceeds 7.5 m/s for a constant SST of 27°C. Increasing SST to 29°C reduces the tilt magnitude and thus shortens the RI onset time because of the increased diabatic heating closer to the TC center. Reduction in the environmental moisture content will eventually lead to weakened convection and delayed or failed precession in the latter stages if the TC forms at all. In summary, the development of tropical cyclones is largely depending on the magnitude of vertical wind shear and diabatic heating, which can be further altered by other environmental conditions, such as the sea‐surface temperature and ambient moisture content.
The Cooperation of Regenerative Braking and Friction Braking in Fuel Cell, Hybrid, and Electric Vehicles
Authors: Yu Zhuoping , Xiong Lu
Published: April 2014

The cooperative regenerative braking system is more and more widely used in the whole world. First, the history of the regenerative braking system is introduced in this chapter. Then the cooperative working of regenerative and friction braking systems is discussed. There are three ways to cooperate the two sub‐braking systems, and the structures of the cooperative system in battery electric vehicle, hybrid electric vehicle, and fuel cell vehicle are different. Moreover, three parts of cooperative regenerative braking system are introduced in detail. Signal part collects signals related to the driver's braking intention. Control part monitors the rotational speed of the wheels and decides the intervention of the friction brake if the motor is incapable of handling the force necessary for stopping the car. Actuator part in friction braking system is the hydraulic braking system, whereas for the regenerative braking system, it is electric motor. At last, some related research fields and cases in this regard are mentioned.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Prevalence in Sweden in 2010: What Do National Registers Say?
Authors: Simard Julia F. , Sjöwall Christopher , Rönnblom Lars , Jönsen Andreas , Svenungsson Elisabet
Published: April 2014

Objective

Worldwide prevalence estimates of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) range from 3 to 207 per 100,000, depending on region and population, SLE definition, case sources, and other methodologic considerations. We aimed to determine the prevalence of SLE in Sweden on January 1, 2010, using population‐based registers.

Methods

Linking multiple national registers, we identified all possible inpatient and outpatient visits with SLE‐specific discharge diagnoses and relevant prescription dispensations among living individuals registered in Sweden on January 1, 2010. SLE was defined from a lenient classification (requiring only a single visit) to stricter definitions that required multiple visits with a history of relevant specialist care and a dispensation for common SLE medications. Prevalence was calculated overall and by sex, age (0–14 years, 15–49 years, and ≥50 years, as well as in 5‐year age groups), and county of residence.

Results

Overall prevalence ranged from 46 per 100,000 for the strictest definition to 85 per 100,000 for the least strict definition. As expected, SLE was more common among females (range 79–144 per 100,000) than males (range 12–25 per 100,000) and varied by age. The up to 4‐fold variation by county was unexpected. Prevalence generally increased with age (2, 52, and 95 per 100,000 by increasing age group, 0–14 years, 15–49 years, and ≥50 years, respectively, using a moderately strict definition) and also varied by county.

Conclusion

Variations of prevalence by age and sex were consistent with previous studies and overall ranged from 46 to 85 per 100,000. We observed a surprising geographic variation in the prevalence of SLE in Sweden on January 1, 2010, according to multiple definitions.
Linking Physical Function Outcomes in Rheumatology: Performance of a Crosswalk for Converting Health Assessment Questionnaire Scores to Short Form 36 Physical Functioning Scale Scores
Authors: Oude Voshaar Martijn A. H. , ten Klooster Peter M. , Taal Erik , Wolfe Frederick , Vonkeman Harald , Glas Cees A. W. , van de Laar Mart A. F. J.
Published: April 2014

Objective

To evaluate the reliability of a crosswalk, developed in The Netherlands, between the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) disability index (DI) and the Short Form 36 physical functioning scale (PF‐10) in a sample of patients with various rheumatic diseases in the US.

Methods

Baseline data from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA; n = 29,020), fibromyalgia (FM; n = 3,776), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE; n = 1,609) participating in the National Data Bank for Rheumatic Diseases were analyzed. Reliability of the crosswalk was evaluated by calculating intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), and agreement between observed and predicted scores was evaluated using the Bland‐Altman approach.

Results

The crosswalk produced reliable conversions for both the HAQ DI (ICC range 0.70–0.77) and PF‐10 (ICC range 0.73–0.78) in all 3 disease groups. The mean difference between observed and expected scores was close to zero in US patients with RA. For all 3 disease groups, the limits of agreement were fairly wide and conversion at the level of individual patients is not recommended.

Conclusion

The crosswalk produced reliable conversions at the group level in a crosscultural setting and can be used to convert HAQ DI to PF‐10 scores and vice versa in US patients with RA, FM, or SLE.
Effect of Aging on Microstructure and Mechanical Strength of Reactive Air Brazed BSCF/AISI 314‐Joints
Authors: Kaletsch Anke , Pfaff Ewald M. , Broeckmann Christoph
Published: April 2014

The perovskite Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ (BSCF) is a mixed ionic electronic conductive ceramic and can be used as oxygen transport membrane (OTM) material for oxygen supply in high‐temperature applications. For BSCF, reactive brazing in air atmosphere (RAB) is the only technical applicable solution for a heat resistant and gas tight sealing to metals. As a consequence of brazing BSCF to the heat resistant austenitic steel AISI 314 a change in microstructure in the BSCF appears at the interface due to reactions with the copper oxide (CuO) from the AgCu braze alloy. After aging for 500 h at 850 °C in air atmosphere, a further change in the microstructure appears, which is characterized by an additional increase of porosity in the interface area between ceramic and braze. Also, a needle shaped phase at the grain boundaries in the ceramic can be observed. This kind of structure is known as product phase of a transformation of cubic BSCF into hexagonal perovskite. Mechanical tests with the BSCF/AISI 314‐joints show a decrease of the room temperature strength after aging.
A Bi‐Lineage Conducive Scaffold for Osteochondral Defect Regeneration
Authors: Wu Yan , Zhu Shouan , Wu Chengtie , Lu Ping , Hu Changchang , Xiong Si , Chang Jiang , Heng Boon Chin , Xiao Yin , Ouyang Hong Wei
Published: April 2014

Because cartilage and bone tissues have different lineage‐specific biological properties, it is challenging to fabricate a single type of scaffold that can biologically fulfill the requirements for regeneration of these two lineages simultaneously within osteochondral defects. To overcome this challenge, a lithium‐containing mesoporous bioglass (Li‐MBG) scaffold is developed. The efficacy and mechanism of Li‐MBG for regeneration of osteochondral defects are systematically investigated. Histological and micro‐CT results show that Li‐MBG scaffolds significantly enhance the regeneration of subchondral bone and hyaline cartilage‐like tissues as compared to pure MBG scaffolds, upon implantation in rabbit osteochondral defects for 8 and 16 weeks. Further investigation demonstrates that the released Li+ ions from the Li‐MBG scaffolds may play a key role in stimulating the regeneration of osteochondral defects. The corresponding mechanistic pathways involve Li+ ions enhancing the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) through activation of the Wnt signalling pathway, as well as Li+ ions protecting chondrocytes and cartilage tissues from the inflammatory osteoarthritis (OA) environment through activation of autophagy. These findings suggest that the incorporation of Li+ ions into bioactive MBG scaffolds is a viable strategy for fabricating bi‐lineage conducive scaffolds that enhance regeneration of osteochondral defects.
Chemically Controlled Reversible and Irreversible Extraction Barriers Via Stable Interface Modification of Zinc Oxide Electron Collection Layer in Polycarbazole‐based Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Cowan Sarah R. , Schulz Philip , Giordano Anthony J. , Garcia Andres , MacLeod Bradley A. , Marder Seth R. , Kahn Antoine , Ginley David S. , Ratcliff Erin L. , Olson Dana C.
Published: April 2014

A spin‐cast method is presented for the formation of phosphonic acid functionalized small molecule layers on solution‐processed ZnO substrates for use as electron collecting interlayers in organic photovoltaics. Phosphonic acid interlayers modify the ZnO work function and the charge carrier injection barrier at its interface, resulting in systematic control of V OC in inverted bulk heterojunction solar cells. Surface modification is shown to moderate the need for UV light‐soaking of the ZnO contact layers. Lifetime studies (30 days) indicate stable and improved OPV performance over the unmodified ZnO contact, which show significant increases in charge extraction barriers and series resistance. Results suggest that enhanced stability using small molecule modifiers is due to partial passivation of the oxide surface to molecular oxygen adsorption. Surface passivation while maintaining work function control of a selective interlayer can be employed to improve net efficiency and lifetime of organic photovoltaic devices. The modified cathode work function modulates V
OC via static energetic barriers and modulates contact conductivity by creating reversible and irreversible S‐shape current‐voltage characteristics as a result of kinetic barriers to charge transport.
Chemical Sharpening, Shortening, and Unzipping of Boron Nitride Nanotubes
Authors: Liao Yunlong , Chen Zhongfang , Connell John W. , Fay Catharine C. , Park Cheol , Kim Jae‐Woo , Lin Yi
Published: April 2014

Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs), the one‐dimensional member of the boron nitride nanostructure family, are generally accepted to be highly inert to oxidative treatments and can only be covalently modified by highly reactive species. Conversely, it is discovered that the BNNTs can be chemically dispersed and their morphology modified by a relatively mild method: simply sonicating the nanotubes in aqueous ammonia solution. The dispersed nanotubes are significantly corroded, with end‐caps removed, tips sharpened, and walls thinned. The sonication treatment in aqueous ammonia solution also removes amorphous BN impurities and shortened BNNTs, resembling various oxidative treatments of carbon nanotubes. Importantly, the majority of BNNTs are at least partially longitudinally cut, or “unzipped”. Entangled and freestanding BN nanoribbons (BNNRs), resulting from the unzipping, are found to be ∼5–20 nm in width and up to a few hundred nanometers in length. This is the first chemical method to obtain BNNRs from BNNT unzipping. This method is not derived from known carbon nanotube unzipping strategies, but is unique to BNNTs because the use of aqueous ammonia solutions specifically targets the B‐N bond network. This study may pave the way for convenient processing of BNNTs, previously thought to be highly inert, toward controlling their dispersion, purity, lengths, and electronic properties.
Hybrid Enzyme‐Polymeric Capsules/Mesoporous Silica Nanodevice for In Situ Cytotoxic Agent Generation
Authors: Baeza Alejandro , Guisasola Eduardo , Torres‐Pardo Almudena , González‐Calbet José M. , Melen Gustavo J. , Ramirez Manuel , Vallet‐Regí Maria
Published: April 2014

A novel nanocarrier based on functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles able to transport a non‐toxic pro‐drug and the enzyme responsible for its activation is presented. This nanodevice is able to generate in situ cytotoxic species once accumulated in the tumoral cell. Enzymes are sensitive macromolecules which can suffer denaturalization in biological media due to the presence of proteases or other aggressive agents. Moreover, the direct attachment of enzymes to the silica surface can reduce their activity by conformational changes or active site blockage. For these reasons, in order to create a robust system able to work in living organisms, the enzymes are previously coated with a protective polymeric shell which allows the attachment on the silica surface preserving their activity. The efficacy of this hybrid nanodevice for antitumoral purposes is tested against several human tumoral cells as neuroblastoma and leukemia showing significant efficacy. It converts this device in a promising candidate for further in vivo studies for oncology therapy.
A Three‐Dimensionally Interconnected Carbon Nanotube–Conducting Polymer Hydrogel Network for High‐Performance Flexible Battery Electrodes
Authors: Chen Zheng , To John W. F. , Wang Chao , Lu Zhenda , Liu Nan , Chortos Alex , Pan Lijia , Wei Fei , Cui Yi , Bao Zhenan
Published: April 2014

High‐performance flexible energy‐storage devices have great potential as power sources for wearable electronics. One major limitation to the realization of these applications is the lack of flexible electrodes with excellent mechanical and electrochemical properties. Currently employed batteries and supercapacitors are mainly based on electrodes that are not flexible enough for these purposes. Here, a three‐dimensionally interconnected hybrid hydrogel system based on carbon nanotube (CNT)‐conductive polymer network architecture is reported for high‐performance flexible lithium ion battery electrodes. Unlike previously reported conducting polymers (e.g., polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene), which are mechanically fragile and incompatible with aqueous solution processing, this interpenetrating network of the CNT‐conducting polymer hydrogel exibits good mechanical properties, high conductivity, and facile ion transport, leading to facile electrode kinetics and high strain tolerance during electrode volume change. A high‐rate capability for TiO2 and high cycling stability for SiNP electrodes are reported. Typically, the flexible TiO2 electrodes achieved a capacity of 76 mAh g–1 in 40 s of charge/discharge and a high areal capacity of 2.2 mAh cm–2 can be obtained for flexible SiNP‐based electrodes at 0.1C rate. This simple yet efficient solution process is promising for the fabrication of a variety of high performance flexible electrodes.
Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Adjacent Acyclic Quaternary‐Tertiary Motifs: Application to a Concise Total Synthesis of (−)‐Filiformin
Authors: Blair Daniel J. , Fletcher Catherine J. , Wheelhouse Katherine M. P. , Aggarwal Varinder K.
Published: April 2014

Lithiation/borylation methodology has been developed for the synthesis of acyclic quaternary‐tertiary motifs with full control of relative and absolute stereochemistry, thus leading to all four possible isomers of a stereodiad. A novel intramolecular Zweifel‐type olefination enabled acyclic stereocontrol to be transformed into cyclic stereocontrol. These key steps have been applied to the shortest enantioselective synthesis of (−)‐filiformin to date (9 steps) with full stereocontrol.
Ni@Pd core–shell nanoparticles immobilized on yolk–shell Fe3O4@polyaniline composites as a highly efficient, magnetically separable and atom‐economical catalyst for reduction of nitrobenzenes
Authors: Nabid Mohammad Reza , Bide Yasamin , Ghalavand Nastaran , Niknezhad Mahvash
Published: April 2014

The preparation of Ni@Pd core–shell nanoparticles immobilized on yolk–shell Fe3O4@polyaniline composites is reported. Fe3O4 nanoclusters were first synthesized through the solvothermal method and then the SiO2 shell was coated on the Fe3O4 surface via a sol–gel process. To prepare Fe3O4@SiO2@polyaniline composites, polyvinylpyrrolidone was first grafted on to the surface of Fe3O4@SiO2 composites and subsequently polymerization of aniline was carried out via an ultrasound‐assisted in situ surface polymerization method. Selective etching of the middle SiO2 layer was then accomplished to obtain the yolk–shell Fe3O4@polyaniline composites. The approach uses polyaniline (PANI) conductive polymer as a template for the synthesis of Ni@Pd core–shell nanoparticles. The catalytic activity of the synthesized yolk–shell Fe3O4@PANI/Ni@Pd composite was investigated in the reduction of o‐nitroaniline to benzenediamine by NaBH4, which exhibited conversion of 99% in 3 min with a very low content of the catalyst. Transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, TGA, X‐ray diffraction, UV–visible, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray energy dispersion spectroscopy and FT‐IR were employed to characterize the synthesized nanocatalyst. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atmospheric reactivity of ethylene catalyzed by β‐diketiminato Ni(II)/methylaluminoxane system
Authors: Li Yongfei , Lei Yaping , Gao Meili , Chen Weixing , Li Gaohong
Published: April 2014

Atmospheric ethylene reactions were studied with backbone fluorinated β‐diketiminato Ni(II) complexes CH{C(CF3)NAr}2NiBr (1, Ar = 2,6‐Me2C6H3, and 2 2,6‐iPr2C6H3) activated by methylaluminoxane (MAO). The catalytic systems exhibit the characteristics of catalyzing simultaneously polymerization and oligomerization of ethylene, indicating different active species involved in the reaction system. In an effort to investigate the alkylation species involved in the β‐diketiminato nickel (II)/MAO system, the reaction of 1 with methylaluminoxane were studied. With 19F{1H NMR} spectra, two sets of new signals different from 1 were presented. Two alkylation products were proposed precursors of active species for producing oligomer and polymer of ethylene in the β‐diketiminato Ni(II)/MAO system. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Production, purification, characterization, immobilization, and application of β‐galactosidase: a review
Authors: Nath Arijit , Mondal Subhoshmita , Chakraborty Sudip , Bhattacharjee Chiranjib , Chowdhury Ranjana
Published: April 2014

Biopharmaceuticals are new categorizing biomolecules, which are the results of incredible proliferation in the field of biotechnology. One of the challenging biomolecule β‐galactosidase (β‐galactosidase galacto hydrolysase, trivially lactase) catalyzes hydrolysis of lactose to produce glucose and galactose, and in some cases, it takes part in transgalactosylation reaction that produces functional food galato‐oligosaccharide. A wide variety of strategies had been already attempted for production of β‐galactosidase through fermentative route. Beside the upstream process, downstream technology towards purification and immobilization of target enzyme also create great attentions. Subsequently, its wide applications in the field of food, biopharmaceuticals, dairy, diagnosis, and waste treatment boost up biotechnological economy as well as zero‐effluent discharge. In dairy industry, β‐galactosidase has been used to degrade lactose, prevent crystallization of lactose, improve sweetness, and increase the solubility of milk product, otherwise which would be an environmental pollutant. In food and pharmaceutical industries, β‐galactosidase has been used to prepare low lactose‐containing food products for low lactose‐tolerant people. Therefore, it is obvious to elucidate different technological aspects of β‐galactosidase, which may provide a great knowledge in educational and industrial field. Taking the enzyme into account, a ready review has been made about its production, purification, characterization, and immobilization technology. The review also addresses wide applications of β‐galactosidase in different fields. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrospinning of hydroxyapatite–chitosan nanofibers for tissue engineering applications
Authors: Liverani Liliana , Abbruzzese Franca , Mozetic Pamela , Basoli Francesco , Rainer Alberto , Trombetta Marcella
Published: April 2014

An organic/inorganic composite scaffold was synthesized by the introduction of hydroxyapatite (HA) nanopowder within electrospun chitosan fibers. The effects of HA dispersion on the cross‐linking process have been investigated. The obtained chitosan–HA electrospun samples were characterized in terms of morphology, chemical structure, mechanical properties, and bioactivity. Positive results were obtained in terms of homogeneous nanofibrous sample morphology, preservation of HA structure in the electrospun membranes, and improvement of sample bioactivity. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.