bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of methods for determining the refining efficiency of crude oils
Authors: Linteris L. , Handschumaker E.
Published: May 2007

Conclusions

Various methods for estimating the neutral oil content, or conversely the loss constituents of crude cottonseed oil and soybean oil, have been explored. Of those techniques studied the International Chemical Union chromatographic procedure seemed most appropriate because it was found to be reasonably accurate and most reproducible, was easy and rapid to carry out, and required no special, elaborate, or expensive equipment. The chromatographic method has been successfully applied to a variety of crude cottonseed and soybean oils and to a few vegetable oil residues containing high percentages of loss constituents. The results obtained with this technique would appear to be eminently suitable for evaluating the efficiency of plant refining processes.

Indications are that the method might ultimately prove useful for establishing the value of the various lots of crude cottonseed oil and soybean oil which normally change hands in commercial channels. The last‐mentioned application will probably have to wait for the development of a suitable companion, semimicro, or chromatographic bleach test and the adoption of an adequate acceptable standard spectrophotometric method for measuring oil color.
Soap‐based detergent formulations: IX. α‐sulfo fatty alkanolamides as lime soap dispersing agents
Authors: Smith F. D. , Weil J. K. , Linfield W. M.
Published: May 2007

α‐Sulfo fatty alkanolamides were prepared by sodium methylate catalyzed reactions of methyl α‐sulfo fatty esters with alkanolamines, such as ethanolamine, N‐methyl‐2‐hydroxyethylamine, diethanolamine, 3‐hydroxypropylamine, 2‐hydroxypropylamine, and diglycolamine. Pure compounds, such as α‐sulfo palmitamides and stearamides, as well as the α‐sulfo tallow amides, were prepared and evaluated as surface‐active agents. The α‐sulfo fatty alkanolamides were found to have excellent stability to alkali. Their stability to acid ranged from excellent in the case of α‐sulfo diglycolamides to poor in the case of α‐sulfo diethanolamides. Poor stability to acid was related to ease of conversion to ester‐amines. Washing tests on standard soil cloths showed that the compounds were good detergents by themselves and were also effective in combination with soap and silicates. Their lime soap dispersant requirements ranged from 7–10.
Iron and phosphorus contents of soybean oil from normal and damaged beans
Authors: Evans C. D. , List G. R. , Beal R. E. , Black L. T.
Published: May 2007

Analyses of commercial crude soybean oils showed a highly significant correlation of 0.74 between free fatty acid and iron content. Poor flavor characteristics exhibited by finished oils extracted from damaged beans may be caused in part by a higher free fatty acid and related higher iron content in crude oils. Source of the increased iron appears to be both damaged beams and steel processing equipment. Crude oil from damaged beans is 2–10 times higher in iron than crude oil extracted from sound beans. Iron appears loosely bound in soybeans, since autoclaving, spontaneous heating in storage, or treating with alcohol increased the level of iron in laboratory extracted crude oil from 0.2 to more than 1 ppm. Present data do not indicate that iron and phosphorus contents are associated statistically in extracted oils.
Determination of therminol 66 heat transfer fluid in palm and coconut oils
Authors: Marcus Jack G.
Published: May 2007

A semiquantitative method for determination of low levels of Therminol 66 heat transfer fluid in plam and coconut oils is described. After separation of the unsaponifiable matter in the triglyceride oil, IR analysis is used to determine the fluid level utilizing representative peaks at 700 and 760 cm−1.
Purification of sucrose esters by ultrafiltration
Authors: Zeringue H. J. , Feuge R. O.
Published: May 2007

A sucrose ester product containing glycerides and free fatty acids has been separated into a sucrose ester rich fraction and a glyceride‐fatty acid rich fraction by ultrafiltration using a benzene or carbon tetrachloride solution and a polysulfone membrane which normally separates solutes above and below a molecular weight of 10,000.
Effect of 2‐oleodipalmitin and 2‐elaidodipalmitin on polymorphic behavior of cocoa butter
Authors: Gray M. S. , Lovegren N. V. , Feuge R. O.
Published: May 2007

The polymorphic behavior of cocoa butter mixed with 2‐oleodipalmitin (POP) or 2‐elaidodipalmitin (PEP) was investigated with a differential scanning calorimeter. Six mixtures of cocoa butter containing 10, 25, and 50% POP and 10, 25, and 50% PEP were used. Each of the three cocoa butter‐POP mixtures exhibited at least four polymorphic forms. The lowmelting form was obtained by quick chilling; the intermediate, by tempering for several hours just below the melting range; and the high‐melting, by raising the temperature slowly to 25 C then holding there overnight or longer. In the cocoa butter‐POP mixtures, only the low‐melting form appeared to be more stable than the corresponding form for pure POP or cocoa butter. In addition to increased stability of the unstable low form, the rate of conversion from the intermediate to the high form, normally quite slow, increased in the cocoa butter‐POP mixtures. Typical melting point lowering occurred when POP was added. POP was quite compatible with cocoa butter, the tempered mixture melting as a single compound; and the melting curves were fairly sharp. The three cocoa butter‐PEP mixtures appeared to be incompatible. The cocoa butter and PEP behaved like a mixture of two fats, each of which melted independently.
Rapid method for the quantitative determination of individual tocopherols in oils and fats
Authors: Müller‐Mulot Wolfgang
Published: May 2007

Oils and fats are frozen two times from acetone solution at ‐80 C under protection by ascorbyl palmitate. Tocopherols (T) and tocotrienols (T3) present in the filtered extract are separated into their homologues by one‐dimensional thin layer chromatography on precoated silica gel plates in the n‐hexane/ethyl acetate system 92.5:7.5. Complete separation of the positional isomers β‐T and γ‐T is accomplished as well, whereas β‐T3 and γ‐T are assumed to form identical bands. Suitable spray‐ and detection systems including new found coloring ones are described for the qualitative estimation of the chromatograms. The content of individual tocopherols (T and T3) of 24 commercial vegetable oils is quantitatively determined using the Emmerie‐Engel procedure.
Decarbonylation dehydration of fatty acids to alkenes in the presence of transition metal complexes
Authors: Foglia T. A. , Barr P. A.
Published: May 2007

The catalytic decarbonylation of stearic acid into a mixture of heptadecenes has been accomplished by use of a catalyst system comprised of rhodium trichloride (RhCl3) and triphenylphosphine. The isomeric composition of the heptadecenes formed was found, by spectroscopic and chemical methods, to be dependent upon the type of rhodium catalyst employed. Anhydrous RhCl3produced about the same amount of 2‐heptadecene, twice the amount of 3‐heptadecene, and about half the amount of 1‐heptadecene as hydrated RhCl3. The active catalytic species formed in situ has been identified as the rhodium I complex [(C6H5)3P]2Rh(CO)Cl. A mechanistic pathway to account for the observed decarbonylation products employing the above catalyst is presented.
A simple and rapid method for assessing rancidity of oils based on the formation of hydroperoxides
Authors: Eskin N. A. M. , Frenkel C.
Published: May 2007

A new colorimetric method is reported for determining rancidity of oil based on the complex formation between titanium and lipid hydroperoxides present in the oil. This method was highly correlative with peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) methods as well as with odor intensity value (OIV).
Peanut proteins as food supplements: A compositional study of selected Virginia and Spanish peanuts
Authors: Conkerton Edith J. , Ory Robert L.
Published: May 2007

Three peanut cultivars (Virginia, red‐skinned, and white‐skinned Spanish) were analyzed and compared as potential protein supplements for food uses. The seeds were solvent‐extracted in the laboratory to yield defatted flours with 9–10% nitrogen contents. Protein isolates were prepared from the flours by subsequent extraction with dilute salt solutions buffered at pH 7.0. Various parameters were compared, such as total protein contents, soluble proteins, amino acid compositions of flours and protein isolates, free amino acids and free sugars of defatted flours, and certain trace minerals in flours and soluble proteins. The application of these results to the selection of certain types of peanuts for potential uses as protein supplements in food products is discussed.
Nutrient data bank: Computer‐based management of nutrient values in foods
Authors: Butrum Ritva R. , Gebhardt Susan E.
Published: May 2007

A computerized Nutrient Data Bank has been designed for storage, summary, and retrieval of food composition data. The system is a repository for data from domestic and international sources, including research institutions, industry, and independent laboratories. Source data are carefully screened with regard to identification of the food and conditions which may affect its nutritive value. Variables such as treatment and processing of the food and method of nutrient analysis can be considered in the analysis and retrieval of the data. All primary data will go into Data Base I. After statistical analysis of primary data, unique criteria will be developed for each food for use in summarizing the nutrient data into composite values. Data Bases II and III will be derived from the information in Data Base I by averaging, weighting, and selection. The summarized data will include averages for each nutrient, the number of samples, range values, and standard error. The data can be used for compiling a new nutrition handbook and for rapid retrieval of information for scientists.
Infrared spectroscopy of lipids
Authors: Chapman D.
Published: May 2007

During the last ten years, considerable advances have been made in the application of infrared spectroscopy to the study of lipids. This work reviews this contribution.

Starting with a brief discussion of the basis of the technique, applications of a qualitative and quantitative kind are described. The lipids discussed include the simple fatty acids, alcohol esters, then the more complicated glycerides, cholesterol esters, soaps, phospholipids, lipoproteins, and finally some recent studies of the myelin sheath.
Lipid analysis by quantitative thin‐layer chromatography
Authors: Privett O. S. , Blank M. L. , Codding D. W. , Nickell E. C.
Published: May 2007

Techniques for the quantitative analysis of lipids using thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) are reviewed. The general procedures are divided into two groups on the basis of whether or not the methods involve the recovery of substances from chromatoplates.

Recovery methods are elaborated under detection of spots, recovery of substances and quantification. Methods are described for the recovery of labile compounds from chromatoplates and for the determination of the structures of triglycerides and lecithins.

Methods for the direct quantitative analysis of spots on chromatoplates are reviewed. These include measurements of spot size, reflectance, absorbance of transmitted light, and fluorescence. Details of the photodensitometric method, particularly, spot visualization and instrumentation are described. The analysis of lipid classes using a combination of DEAE cellulose chromatography and TLC by the densitomery of charred spots is illustrated.
Lipid class composition of normal human brain and variations in metachromatic leucodystrophy, Tay‐Sachs, Niemann‐Pick, chronic gaucher舗s and Alzheimer舗s diseases
Authors: Rouser George , Galli Claudio , Kritchevsky Gene
Published: May 2007

Procedures suitable for obtaining representative samples of whole brain and of total grey and white matter of brain are presented and discussed. A procedure is described for the quantitative determination of lipid class distribution of human brain specimens utilizing in sequence : a cellulose column to separate gangliosides and nonlipid material from the remaining lipids, diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose column chromatography to separate the lipid classes into manageable groups, and finally quantitation of the lipid classes by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC). TLC is made quantitative by correlating the amt of charring of spots on chromatograms with the amt of lipid present by means of transmission densitometry. The use of two‐dimensional TLC for the analysis of brain lipids and its application to the study of pathological brain specimens is also described.

The application of these procedures to the study of metachromatic leucodystrophy, Tay‐Sachs, Niemann‐Pick, and Alzheimer舗s diseases and senile cerebral cortical atrophy is described and data are presented. In two cases of Alzheimer舗s disease, a large reduction in fresh weight and total lipid of brain were found; the lipid class distribution of whole brain in one case and of total grey and total white matter in another were essentially normal. The lipid class distributions of the brain in metachromatic leucodystrophy, Tay‐Sachs disease, and Niemann‐Pick disease were shown to be similar to that of normal infant brain except that one sphingolipid was greatly increased in each disease (sulfatide in metachromatic leucodystrophy, one ganglioside in Tay‐Sachs disease, and sphingomyelin in Niemann‐Pick disease).
Characterization of some dicarbonyls from autoxidized methyl linoleate
Authors: Cobb W. Y. , Day E. A.
Published: May 2007

The 2, 4‐dinitrophenylosazones of dicarbonyl compounds isolated from oxidized methyl linoleate were resolved by means of adsorption and partition chromatography. Individual components were characterized by means of ultraviolet absorption, thin layer chromatographic techniques for class determination and for separation of homologous series, column co‐chromatography of authentics and the unknowns, IR spectroscopy and melting point analysis. Evidence was obtained for the presence of glyoxal, methyl glyoxal, but‐2‐en‐1, 4‐dial, ॅ‐keto hexanal, ॅ‐keto heptanal, ॅ‐keto octanal, and ॅ‐keto nonanal.
A natural soil and mechanism of removal
Authors: Tomiyama S. , Iimori M.
Published: May 2007

Nitrogen compounds in natural soils are studied in relation to their effect on the soil removal mechanism in detergency.

Nitrogen compounds in various forms and in fairly large amts are found in natural soils, and more than 24% of these nitrogen compounds are presumed to be high mol wt nitrogen compounds or proteins. These high mol wt nitrogen compounds which cannot be removed by water can be removed by the detergent action of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (DBS). When the detergency of DBS was compared with nonyl phenol‐polyoxyethylene adduct, the detergency for artificial soil cloths did not coincide with results obtained with naturally soiled cloths.

These data suggest that some interaction between DBS and nitrogen compounds might have contributed to the detergent action. If proteins were added to the present artificial soil formulation, better correlation might be expected between artificial and natural soil detergency results in DBS evaluation.
Free radical additions to esters of unsaturated fatty acids. Preparation of dicarboxylic acids and other polyfunctional products
Authors: Roe Edward , Konen Dolores A. , Swern Daniel
Published: May 2007

Peroxide initiated free radical addition of acetic acid, acetic anhydride and ethyl cyanoacetate to methyl undecylenate and methyl oleate gives interesting and important derivatives in fair to excellent yields. Of these, the most important are the dicarboxylic acids, brassylic and carboxymethylstearic acids.

Acetic acid and acetic anhydride both give the same ultimate products but because of the greater amount of by‐product in the methyl undecylenate reaction with acetic acid and the need for pressure in the reaction of acetic acid with methyl oleate, acetic anhydride is the preferred addendum for preparing the dicarboxylic acids. There is very little by‐product formed in addition of acetic anhydride to methyl undecylenate and methyl oleate.

Ethyl cyanoacetate adds readily to both methyl undecylenate and methyl oleate; however, ethyl cyanoacetate is difficult to remove completely from the reaction products. Hydrolysis to destroy it also causes some hydrolysis of the addition products. On the other hand, it is very difficult to hydrolyze completely and subsequently decarboxylate the ethyl cyanoacetate addition products of methyl undecylenate and methyl oleate to obtain dicarboxylic acids.
Centrifugal evaporation of organic solvents from a series of solutions
Authors: Ontko J. A. , Jones R. F.
Published: May 2007

A centrifugal vacuum evaporator designed for the evaporation of organic solvents from a series of solutions has been fabricated and tested. The rotor is driven by a spinning magnetic field resulting from rotating magnets mounted on a wheel connected to the drive shaft of an electric motor beneath the vacuum chamber. The spinning magnetic field produces eddy currents in an aluminum dise in the vacuum chamber, thus rotating the disc and the attached rotor. A variety of organic solvents were readily evaporated in this device. Auxiliary heating was used to increase the evaporation rate of certain solvents. In this evaporator organic solvents are removed from a series of solutions simultaneously, at low temp, and in a partial vacuum, thus minimizing or preventing solute degradation by heat and oxygen.
Dimer acid structures. The thermal dimer of normal linoleate, methyl 9‐cis, 12‐cis octadecadienoate
Authors: Wheeler D. H. , White J.
Published: May 2007

The thermal dimer (290C) of normal methyl linoleate and its hydrogenated form have been examined by mass spectrometry. Parent mass peaks of the hydrogenated dimer show the presence of monocyclic, bicyclic, and tricyclic structures.

The monocyclic structure is formed via the conjugation‐Diels‐Alder mechanism.

The bicyclic structure is best explained by an extension of the hydrogen transfer free radical coupling mechanism. The noncyclic dehydrodimer resulting from free radical coupling undergoes a relatively rapid intramolecular cyclization to a bicyclic structure, probably by an interval Diels‐Alder reaction. A model noncyclic dehydro‐linoleate dimer was shown to give a bicyclic dimer as the predominant structure under thermal dimerization conditions.

The tricyclic dimer may result from intramolecular alkylation of the bicyclic structures.
Binary systems from palmitic‐stearic triglycerides
Authors: Lutton E. S.
Published: May 2007

Melting‐point and limited diffraction data are presented for the 13 hitherto unreported binary systems of the 15 obtainable from the six palmitic‐stearic triglycerides. Data are presented for metastable ॅ and stabilized states. These and earlier data on the other two systems show continuous solid solution formation and nearly linear melting‐point variation for ॅ states. Stabilized state behavior depends on many factors, such as molecular weight, molecular symmetry, phase tendency. In general, ॆ tending components produce ॆ phase systems and ॆ′ tending components produce ॆ′ systems; ॆ predominates in systems of mixed ॆ and ॆ′ tending components.
Micro‐emulsion process for the preparation of sucrose esters
Authors: Osipow Lloyd I. , Rosenblatt William
Published: May 2007

A new process, based on micro‐emulsion technology, has been developed for the production of sucrose esters of fatty acids. Sucrose dissolved in propylene glycol, methyl stearate, sodium stearate, and catalyst (K2CO3) are combined to form a transparent emulsion and interacted. The system remains transparent throughout the distillation of the propylene glycol, indicating the formation of a micro dispersion of sucrose. Upon completion of the distillation all of the methyl stearate is converted to sucrose stearate. Starting with a 1.5:1.0:0.9 molar ratio of sucrose, methyl stearate, and sodium stearate, the reaction product, after purification, is 85% sucrose monostearate, 15% sucrose distearate.
An aqueous ethanol extraction process for cottonseed oil
Authors: Hron R. J. , Koltun S. P.
Published: May 2007

A bench‐top process for the extraction of cottonseed flakes with aqueous ethanol has been developed. The process consists of cottonseed meat flaking, drying and extraction with boiling, aqueous ethanol (95% by volume) at atmospheric pressure. The resulting miscella is chilled, producing free oil, emulsified oil and mucilaginous gum. The heterogeneous solution is processed through a phase separator where free and emulsified oil and gum are separated from oil‐lean miscella. The oil and gum phases are treated with caustic soda and centrifuged to produce semirefined oil containing about 4% volatiles. The miscella phase, containing about 3.3% lipid‐like material and 1% petroleum ether insolubles, is reheated and recycled to the extractor. After the marc is pressed foots are added, and it is desolventized to produce a meal having a residual oil content less than 1%. Although not yet otpimized, the process shows potential for scaleup to pilot plant processing and adaptability to current oil mill solvent operations.
Autoxidation of linoleic acid and behavior of its hydroperoxides with and without tocopherols
Authors: Koskas J. P. , Cillard J. , Cillard P.
Published: May 2007

The autoxidation of linoleic acid dispersed in an aqueous media and the effect of α‐, γ‐ and δ‐tocopherols were studied. The quantitative analysis of the hydroperoxide isomers (13‐cis,trans; 13‐trans,trans; 9‐trans,cis; 9‐trans,trans) by direct high‐performance liquid chromatography exhibited a prooxidant activity of α‐tocopherol at high concentration (3.8% by weight of linoleic acid). On the other hand, α‐tocopherol at lower concentrations (0.38 and 0.038%) and γ‐ and δ‐tocopherols at high concentration (3.8%) were antioxidant. Furthermore, the addition of tocopherols modified the distribution of the geometrical isomers. The formation of thetrans,trans hydroperoxide isomers was completely inhibited by the highest concentration of the three tocopherols independently of their antioxidant or prooxidant activity and only delayed by the lower concentrations of α‐tocopherol. The addition of tocopherols to hydroperoxide isomers reduced the decomposition rate of these isomers in the order α‐tocopherol < γ‐tocopherol < δ‐tocopherol for thecis,trans hydroperoxide isomer and α‐tocopherol ≪ γ‐tocopherol ⋍ δ‐tocopherol for thetrans,trans hydroperoxide isomer. With these hydroperoxides, as during linoleic acid autoxidation, α‐tocopherol was completely oxidized whatever its initial concentration, while γ‐tocopherol underwent partial oxidation and δ‐tocopherol was practically unchanged.
Radiotagged soils. Removal from several substrates and adsorption site character
Authors: Harris Jay C. , Satanek Joseph
Published: May 2007

Substrates investigated were glass, quartz, porcelain, steel, stainless steel, aluminum, polyethylene, methylmethacrylate, Nylon, and Teflon. Radiotagged (C‐14) soils used were algal protein, stearic acid, and tristearin. Soil removal curves showed that Nylon, Teflon, methacrylate, and stainless steel had few soil‐adsorption sites and that the adsorption was of an ion‐exchange type. Algal protein and stearic acid soils appeared to adsorb through an ion‐exchange type mechanism, with most substrates, while tristearin showed a van der Waals' type of adsorption with glass, quartz, steel, and aluminum. Conclusions as to adsorption type were based upon the shape of the soil‐removal curves.

Adsorption studies showed that both anionic and nonionic surfactants were adsorbed by glass, procelain, steel, and aluminum surfaces, apparently by an ion‐exchange type of adsorption. The character of the surfactant adsorbed affected the degree of removal of subsequently applied soil; the more hydrophilie surfactants permitted easier soil‐removal. Tripolyphosphate, orthophosphate, and ethylenediamine tetraacetate anions and tetraethylammonium cations were adsorbed by these same substrates and influenced the ease of removal of subsequently applied soil. Pretreatment of substrate by alkali generally increased the ion or surfactant adsorption more than acid‐pretreated surfaces, and rather marked similarities between the adsorption sites of glass and quartz were apparent from acid pretreatment.

Stearic acid soiled substrates were cleaned by a preferential displacement mechanism; the soil was rolled up into globules. Tristearin‐soiled surfaces were cleaned by a similar mechanism.
Improved extraction efficiency by double‐soak, filtration‐extraction process
Authors: D'Aquin E. L. , Graci A. V. , Vix H. L. E. , Gastrock E. A.
Published: May 2007

A simple and inexpensive modification of the filtration extraction process has been described which permits improved extraction efficieney and reduced solvent requirements over that presently obtained. It comprises an additional soaking step, which can be readily incorporated.

Bench‐scale data are presented on three different oil‐bearing materials which demonstrate that, at equivalent solvent‐meats ratios, the percentage of residual lipids in the extracted meal products can be reduced about 50% or more by use of the double‐soak over the single‐soak procedure or that, for equivalent percentages of residual oil in extracted meals, the solventmeants ratio can be reduced significantly.

A laboratory method is described whihc is recommended for use in the design of commercial‐scale installations employing the double‐soak, filtration‐extraction process.
The measurement of fatty solids by differential scanning calorimetry
Authors: Miller W. J. , Koester W. H. , Freeberg F. E.
Published: May 2007

A method has been developed for the measurement of the solids content of vegetable and animal fats by differential scanning calorimetry. Although precision is about half that of existing dilatometric methods, this is a rapid procedure, designed for hydrogenation control. Elapsed analysis time for the determination of solids at two temperatures is about 40 min, compared with 3 to 4 hr by dilatometry. Procedures are outlined employing either of two commercially available instruments.
A comparison of nuclear magnetic resonance and dilatometry for estimating solids content of fats and shortenings
Authors: Pohle W. D. , Taylor J. R. , Gregory R. L.
Published: May 2007

The percent solids values of fats and shortenings using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and solid fat index (SFI) have been compared. The samples used were: blends of hard fat and safflower oil, safflower oil hydrogenated to varying degrees, and different types of shortenings.

This investigation demonstrated the empirical nature of the SFI technique and shows the nature of the deviations from the solids content determined by the NMR method. The magnitude of the deviation of SFI from the NMR solids content increased with the level of the solids. The SFI values and the NMR solids content were similar at the lower levels (SFI values of 10) but at the upper limit for the SFI method (SFI values of 50) the solids content by the NMR method can be 80% or more, a difference of 30 units.

Although the determination of solids content by NMR is reliable, the relationship between SFI values and NMR values for different types of samples is so variable that the calculation of the SFI value from percent solids by NMR, or percent solids from SFI values from prediction equations is not very reliable.

Since NMR measures the solids content more accurately than SFI and is applicable over the entire range of solids, 0 to 100%, it will be very useful in fat and oil research and control.
Dietary fatty acids: Their metabolic fate and influence on fatty acid biosynthesis
Authors: Bottino Nestor R. , Anderson Robert E. , Reiser Raymond
Published: May 2007

Adult rats fed a low‐fat diet or diets containing 15% of either tripalmitin, triolein or trilinolein were injected intraperitoneally with H3‐labeled acetate. Those which received fat were also given by mouth, simultaneously with acetate, the 1‐C14‐labeled sodium salt of the respective dietary fatty acid. The fate of the tagged material was followed by time‐spaced biopsies of subcutaneous adipose tissue and by collection of the expired C14O2.

After 72 hr, 51, 64, and 52% of the dietary palmitate, oleate, and linoleate, respectively, were catabolized, as indicated by the corresponding percentages of the label having been excreted as C14O2. Dietary linoleate was relatively less incorporated into body triglycerides than palmitate and oleate. Animals ingesting diets of 15% triolein had only about one‐half the amount of phospholipids in their tissues as had the other groups.

The distribution of both the C14 and H3 labels in the tissue triglycerides showed that all diets containing fats decreased fatty acid synthesis but did not inhibit conversion of palmitate to oleate. Conversions of oleate or linoleate appeared to be through acetate. As a result of these factors, the fatty acid composition of the tissue triglycerides after 3 months舗 ingestion of tripalmitin was essentially the same as that of the low‐fat group, whereas the ingestion of triolein produced triglycerides with a very high content of oleic acid. Trilinolein ingestion produced effects similar to triolein but to a less pronounced degree.

Both the respiratory C14O2 and the C14‐ and H3‐labeled fatty acids in subcutaneous adipose tissue exhibited a second rise in specific activity 12 to 24 hours after the administration of the label.
The metabolic fate of fatty acids derived from dietary triglycerides
Authors: Bollinger James N. , Reiser Raymond
Published: May 2007

The metabolic fates of dietary tricaprylin, trimyristin, tripalmitin, triolein, and trilinolein at the 15% level were followed with tracer doses of the corresponding C14‐labeled acids. Distribution of the label in respiratory C14O2 and in fatty acids of adipose tissue and liver lipids as well as the fatty acid composition of these unfractionated tissue lipids led to the following conclusions:

Tissue fatty acid compositional homeostasis is limited mainly by the degrees to which dietary fatty acids can be converted to endogenous fatty acids. Other factors, such as their effects on lipogenesis and the relative degrees to which they are catabolized and stored, also play roles.
Studies on the flavor of autoxidized soybean oil
Authors: Hill F. D. , Hammond E. G.
Published: May 2007

The flavor components of soybean oil in the early stages of autoxidation were isolated by distillation in a molecular still. The distillate consisted of an aqueous layer and an oily film. The oily film did not reproduce the autoxidized flavor when added to freshly deodorized oil. Gas chromatographic and organoleptic analysis indicated that the oily film contained hexanal, vinylamyl ketone, andtrans,cis‐2,6‐nonadienal. The aqueous layer reproduced the autoxidized flavor when added to freshly deodorized oil, and the flavor had a retention time on butandiol succinate columns between those of pentanal and hexanal. Mixtures of vinylethyl ketone and pentanal gave a flavor to freshly deodorized oil similar to the flavor of oil in the early stages of autoxidation. Vinylethyl ketone was identified in the distillate from autoxidized soybean oil as the 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazone.
A survey of institutions which offer training in fat and oil technology in the United States
Authors: Kummerow F. A.
Published: May 2007

A survey of 39 colleges and universities in the United States indicated that five universities offered formal course work or seminars and research training in fat and oil technology. These five institutions were Ohio State University, Purdue University, the University of Illinois, the University of Minnesota, and the University of Wisconsin.
Modification of vegetable oils. XIV. Properties of aceto‐oleins
Authors: Feuge R. O. , Gros Audrey T. , Vicknair E. J.
Published: May 2007

Pure 1,2‐diaceto‐3‐olein was prepared by acetylating mono‐olein. A mixture of aceto‐oleins was prepared by acetylating a mixture of mono‐, di‐, and trioleins derived from commercial oleic acid. Several natural oils were acetylated either by ester‐ester interchange with triacetin or by glycerolysis followed by acetylation. The various products were examined for cloud and solid points, point of complete melting, and consistency.

The 1,2‐diaceto‐3‐olein, which contains 19.5% of acetyl group on a weight basis, has a melting point of −18.3°C. while the mixture of aceto‐oleins, which contained 14.3% of acetyl on a weight basis, melted at −24°C.

Acetylation of the natural oils raises in most instances their cloud and solid points and point of complete melting, but it also greatly increases their plasticity at lower temperatures.

Aceto‐compounds were used to plasticize highly hydrogenated cottonseed oil. These mixtures were prepared so that they possessed the consistency of margarine oil at room temperature. These mixtures, when compared with partially hydrogenated oil, butterfat, or a mixture of cottonseed oil and hydrogenated cottonseed oil, were softer below room temperature and firmer above room temperature.

A margarine‐like product containing 79% of aceto‐olein and 18.5% of highly hydrogenated cottonseed oil had a practically constant consistency over the temperature range of −15° to 49°C. (5° to 120°F.).
Determination of moisture in peanut butter
Authors: Pepper M. B. , Freeman A. F.
Published: May 2007

Summary and Conclusion

The moisture and volatile content of whole peanuts has been determined by A.O.C.S. Official Method Ab 2‐49 and has been compared with the moisture content of the sliced peanuts determined by a toluene distillation procedure described by Tryon (5). For practical purposes the results obtained by these methods are in agreement.

Moisture of peanut butter has been determined by an over loss‐in‐weight technique corresponding to the conditions of A.O.C.S. Official Method Ab 3‐49 for “second” moisture, and by the toluene distillation method. The results indicate that less dehydration was attained by A.O.C.S. Official Method Ab 3‐49 than by the toluene distillation procedure.

Losses in weight of peanut butter samples have been determined in vacuum and forced‐draft ovens at 130° C. No differences were observed which would indicate that the conditions of A.O.C.S. Official Method Ab 3‐49 produce low results because of oxidation.

It can be concluded that the toluene distillation procedure, using apparatus described by Tryon (5), is suitable for determining the relatively small amounts of moisture present in peanut butter. The unique features of this apparatus seem to make the method particularly adaptable to peanut butter. This information is presented to provide the peanut butter industry with an additional method for use in problems involving determination of small amounts of moisture and for comparison with other prevailing methods.
Hydrolysis during deodorization of fatty oils. Catalytic action of fatty acids
Authors: Sarkadi D. Szabo
Published: May 2007

The hydrolysis of peanut oil at subatmospheric pressures and 180°C. has been studied, using both a static and a dynamic method. The conditions applied to the latter method are identical with those used in the current steam deodorization process.

It has been found that, as a result of catalytic action, the rate of hydrolysis is a function of the free fatty acid content and moreover increases in direct proportion with the absolute pressure.

From data of the degree of association it has been shown that only the monomeric acid has catalytic action. It is clear therefore that acid catalysis by H+ ions must also be involved.

It was further established that when the calculation of vaporization efficiency is based upon the reduction in free fatty acid content, hydrolysis may give rise to serious errors.
Solubility and fractionation of lipides in sulfur dioxide
Authors: Schlenk Hermann , Ener Marita A.
Published: May 2007

The solubilities of several fatty acids and their methyl esters in SO2 have been determined as a function of temperature. SO2 dissolves much smaller amounts of acid than the organic solvents commonly used with lipides. In this respect it resembles solvents of high polarity, such as nitromethane, acetonitrile, or furfural. Methyl esters are more than a hundred times more soluble in SO2 than are the acids. Acids, methyl esters, and glycerides can be fractionated efficiently in this solvent.
A new approach to continuous soap making‐constant composition control
Authors: Palmqvist Fredrik T. E. , Sullivan Frank E.
Published: May 2007

A new continuous process for the manufacture of soap is described, detailing the three main operations in soapmaking, that is, saponification, washing, and fitting.

In the new process all operations involved in the production of soap are carried out in a hermetically closed system. The amounts of lye necessary for the saponification as well as of brine for the washing and fitting operations are regulated by the automatic constant‐composition control system, which eliminates the older method of control of the soapmaking process by cumbersome chemical analyses.

The process is based on the use of the Hermetic separator, a centrifuge of special design which allows the regulation of the separation efficiency during operation and which prevents any admixture or contact of the soap with air and consequently any oxidation of the product during processing.

All type of soap, high grade toilet soap as well as laundry soap and industrial soaps, can be produced by this process, which is characterized by high flexibility, low operation‐costs, and a high quality of the finished product.
Factors affecting resistance of low density lipoproteins to oxidation
Authors: Ziouzenkova O. , Gieseg S. P. , Ramos P. , Esterbauer H.
Published: May 2007

Oxidation resistance (OR) of low density lipoproteins (LDL) is frequently determined by the conjugated diene (CD) assay, in which isolated LDL is exposed to Cu2+ as prooxidant in the range of 1–10 μM. A brief review on major findings obtained with this assay will be given. A consistent observation is that vitamin E supplements or oleic acid‐rich diets increase OR. Oxidation indices measured by the CD assay and effects of antioxidants very significantly depend on the Cu2+ concentration used for LDL oxidation. For medium and high Cu2+ concentrations, the relationship between lag time and propagation rate can be described by a simple hyperbolic saturation function, which has the same mathematical form as the Michaelis‐Menten equation. At medium and high Cu2+ concentrations (0.5 to 5 μM), vitamin E increases lag time in a dose‐dependent manner. The increase is higher for 0.5 μM Cu2+ as compared to 5 μM. At low Cu2+ concentrations (0.5 μM or less), the mechanism of LDL oxidation changes. Significant oxidation occurs in a preoxidation phase, which commences shortly after addition of Cu2+. Preoxidation is not inhibited by vitamin E. It is concluded that much additional work is needed to validate the importance of oxidation indices derived from CD and similar assays.
The effect of modest vitamin E supplementation on lipid peroxidation products and other cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic patients
Authors: Jain Sushil K. , McVie Robert , Jaramillo John J , Palmer Melissa , Smith Tiney , Meachum Z. D. , Little Rufus L.
Published: May 2007

Among many factors, elevated lipids and lipid peroxide levels in blood are major risk factors in the development of cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients. This study has examined whether oral supplementation of vitamin E, an antioxidant, has any effect on blood lipid peroxidation products (LP) and lipid profile of diabetic patients. Thirty‐five diabetics(D) were supplemented withdl‐α‐tocopherol (E) capsule (orally, 100 IU/d) or placebo (P) for three months in double‐blind clinical trials. Plasma E was analyzed by HPLC and LP by the thiobarbituric acid‐reactivity; serum lipids by auto‐analyzer. Data were analyzed using pairedt‐test and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Vitamin E supplementation significantly lowered LP and lipid levels in diabetic patients; there were no differences in these parameters after P supplementation. There were no differences in the duration of diabetes and ages of D between P‐and E‐supplemented groups. This study suggests that vitamin E supplementation significantly lowers blood LP and lipid levels in diabetic patients.
Modulation of antioxidant enzymes and programmed cell death by n‐3 fatty acids
Authors: Fernandes Gabriel , Chandrasekar Bysani , Luan Xianghong , Troyer Dean A.
Published: May 2007

Studies from our laboratory indicate that n‐3 (fish oil, FO) lipids at 10% (w/w) in a nutritionally adequate, semipurified diet, and supplemented with equal levels of antioxidants, extended the life span of lupus‐prone (NZB/NZW)F1 (B/W) female mice as compared to n‐6 (corn oil, CO) lipids. The early rise of autoimmune disease in CO‐fed mice was closely linked to the loss of T‐cell function. Both IL‐2 production and IL‐2 receptor expression were reduced due to the loss of naive T‐Cells and a rise in memory T‐cells. Proliferative response to both mitogens and superatigens (staphylococcal enterotoxins A and B) was higher in FO‐fed 6.5‐mon‐old mice. These changes paralleled decreased PGE2 production by splenic cells from FO‐fed mice.

Analysis of mRNA expression in different organs revealed differential effects of dietary lipids. In FO‐fed, mice, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF β1) expression was decreased in kidneys, but splenic tissues had higher expression of TGF β mRNA. As TGF β promotes programmed cell death (PCD), we studied the effects of CO and FO on PCD rates in lymphocytes. Both propidium iodide staining and DNA fragmentation were elevated in lymphocytes of FO‐fed mice when compared to CO‐fed mice of similar age. Also, increased PCD correlated closely with increased Fas gene expression. Thus, in addition to various other antiinflammatory effects, dietary FO appears to increase PCD and prevent accumulation of self‐reactive immune cells in lymphoid organs. Further studies are required to dissect the proand antiinflammatory mechanisms associated with dietary n‐3 and n‐6 lipids in modulating autoimmune disorders or malignancy during aging.
Docosahexaenoic acid therapy in docosahexaenoic acid‐deficient patients with disorders of peroxisomal biogenesis
Authors: Martinez Manuela
Published: May 2007

A patient with classic Zellweger syndrome was treated with docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester (DHA‐EE) for three months. Five other patients with Zellweger variants (four of them less than one‐year‐old and a five‐year‐old) were treated with DHA‐EE until normalization of the DHA levels in erythrocytes. When arachidonic acid (AA) concentration decreased, AA was added to the diet. Thereafter, a combined treatment with DHA plus AA followed, in a variable proportion that allowed the high levels of DHA in erythrocytes to be maintained. In the patient with Zellweger syndrome, DHA therapy produced an increase in plasmalogen and a decrease in 26:0 and 26:1. No clear clinical improvement could be detected in this patient during the short period of treatment with DHA‐EE. The most consistent clinical effect produced by DHA therapy in the other patients with disorders of peroxisomal biogenesis was visual improvement, even in those patients that were virtually blind before the treatment. In general, the developmental curve began to accelerate. The infants became more alert, acquired better visual and social contact and muscular tone improved, with the beginning of good head control. The liver tests tended to normalize and some patients showed a reduction of hepatomegaly. All these favorable changes occurred when the patients were taking the DHA‐EE alone. In some of the patients, muscular tone seemed to improve further after introducing AA supplements. From the biochemical point of view, the plasmalogen levels increased in most cases in erythrocytes, and the two ratios 26:0/22:0 and 26:1/22:0 decreased in plasma. In some patients, there was a tendency for 26:1 to increase in plasma and for 18:0 plasmalogen to decrease in erythrocytes when AA was introduced in the diet. The significance of these findings remains to be elucidated, but they stress the importance of strict monitoring and control of the polyunsaturated fatty acid status during DHA therapy.
Nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of hydrocarbon chain packing in bilayers of polyunsaturated phospholipids
Authors: Holte L. L. , Separovic F. , Gawrisch K.
Published: May 2007

2H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) on chaindeuterated phospholipids has been used to study the influence of the degree of unsaturation on lipid chain packing and on area per molecule at the lipid water interface. Order and motions of deuterated stearic acid in position sn‐1 of phosphatidylcholines (PC) containing 18∶0, 18∶1n‐9, 18∶2n‐6, 18∶3n‐3, 20∶4n‐6, 20∶5n‐3, or 22∶6n‐3 in position sn‐2 were investigated in pure PC and in mixtures of PC in a phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) matrix. Results reveal that lipid packing in bilayers is mainly controlled by packing requirements at the lipid water interface. Increasing degrees of unsaturation lower chain order and increase area per PC molecule, whereas inclusion of PE in model membranes has the opposite effect. Chain order and motions in highly unsaturated lipid membranes are less sensitive to changes in temperature. Temperature sensitivity decreases further upon incorporation of PC into a PE matrix. Unsaturation induces chain disordering, which may be interpreted as an increase in area per molecule of lipids toward the center of the bilayer. This may result in a lower packing density of unsaturated lipids at the lipid water interface. We hypothesize that these differences in lipid packing and dynamics may influence activity of membrane proteins.
Membrane docosahexaenoic acid vs. eicosapentaenoic acid and the beating function of the cardiomyocyte and its regulation through the adrenergic receptors
Authors: Grynberg Alain , Fournier Aline , Sergiel Jean‐Pierre , Athias Pierre
Published: May 2007

The β‐adrenergic system in cardiac muscle cells is influenced by the n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content in cell membranes. This study deals with the specific effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as compared to other n‐3 PUFA, without modification of the arachidonic acid content. Increasing the DHA content in the phospholipids of isolated cardiomyoxytes did not provoke electrical or contraction modifications, except for a slightly lower plateau phase (−2 mV). Conversely, the β‐adrenergic function was affected at several levels: (i) the receptor affinity for dihydroalprenolol tended to decrease (Kd) without alteration of the number of β‐binding sites (βmax); (ii) the isoproterenol‐induced (10−7 M and 10−6M) cAMP production was significantly decreased (−20%); and (iii) the positive chronotropic response to β‐adrenergic stimulation (isoproterenol, 10−7 M) was significantly enhanced (+80%). In order to further investigate the relationship between the decreased cAMP and the increased chronotropic response, the cells were treated with dibutyryl‐cAMP, a perment analogue of cAMP, which elicited a significantly higher chronotropic response in DHA‐enriched cells than in EPA‐enriched cells (+50%). The increase in DHA content in cardiac cell membranes phospholipids may thus affect the β‐adrenergic system through an increase of cAMP efficiency. Although the membrane phosphatidylinositols were largely involved in the PUFA alterations, none of the parameters related to α‐adrenergic system (chronotropic response, receptor density, affinity for prasozin, and inositide phosphate production) were influenced by the membrane DHA content.