bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reverse Logistics: Overview and Challenges for Supply Chain Management
Authors: Rubio Sergio , Jiménez-Parra Beatriz
Published: July 2014

This paper is aimed at introducing the concept of reverse logistics (RL) and its implications for supply chain management (SCM). RL is a research area focused on the management of the recovery of products once they are no longer desired (end-of-use products, EoU) or can no longer be used (end-of-life products) by the consumers, in order to obtain an economic value from the recovered products. This way, RL has become a matter of strategic importance, an element that companies are considering in their decision-making processes related to the design and development of their supply chains. In addition, a description of the implications of RL for SCM will be discussed and, finally, an analysis of some of the opportunities and challenges that RL implies for SCM will be presented.
Fabrication of Microfibre-Nanowire Junction Arrays of ZnO/SnO2 Composite by the Carbothermal Evaporation Method
Authors: Imani Roghayeh , Pazoki Meysam , Boschloo Gerrit , Iglič Aleš
Published: July 2014

A cotton-like ZnO/SnO2 nanocomposite was grown by the carbothermal evaporation of a mixture of ZnO and SnO2 powders at 1100°C by the vapour-liquid-solid process, in which the Sn particles produced by the reduction of SnO2 act as the catalyst. Field-emission scanning electron microscope images suggest that the composites are made of microfibre-nanowire junction arrays. The structure is formed due to the fast growth of the ZnO microfibre and the subsequent epitaxial radial growth of the ZnO nanowires with Sn particles at the tips. The photovoltaic performance of the ZnO/SnO2 nanocomposite sensitized with a D35-cpdt dye was investigated. A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) with a ZnO/SnO2 nanocomposite photoanode based on a cobalt electrolyte achieved a solar-to-electricity conversion efficiency of ~0.34% with a short circuit current (JSC) of 0.66 mA/cm2, an open circuit voltage (VOC) of 870 mV, and a fill factor (FF) of 59. The results show the potential of this one dimensional structure in cobalt electrolyte-based DSSCs; the further optimization which is needed to achieve higher efficiencies is also discussed.
Creation of Consistent Burn Wounds: A Rat Model
Authors: Cai Elijah Zhengyang , Ang Chuan Han , Raju Ashvin , Tan Kong Bing , Hing Eileen Chor Hoong , Loo Yihua , Wong Yong Chiat , Lee Hanjing , Lim Jane , Moochhala Shabbir M , Hauser Charlotte AE , Lim Thiam Chye
Published: July 2014

Background Burn infliction techniques are poorly described in rat models. An accurate study can only be achieved with wounds that are uniform in size and depth. We describe a simple reproducible method for creating consistent burn wounds in rats.

Methods Ten male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and dorsum shaved. A 100 g cylindrical stainless-steel rod (1 cm diameter) was heated to 100℃ in boiling water. Temperature was monitored using a thermocouple. We performed two consecutive toe-pinch tests on different limbs to assess the depth of sedation. Burn infliction was limited to the loin. The skin was pulled upwards, away from the underlying viscera, creating a flat surface. The rod rested on its own weight for 5, 10, and 20 seconds at three different sites on each rat. Wounds were evaluated for size, morphology and depth.

Results Average wound size was 0.9957 cm2 (standard deviation [SD] 0.1845) (n=30). Wounds created with duration of 5 seconds were pale, with an indistinct margin of erythema. Wounds of 10 and 20 seconds were well-defined, uniformly brown with a rim of erythema. Average depths of tissue damage were 1.30 mm (SD 0.424), 2.35 mm (SD 0.071), and 2.60 mm (SD 0.283) for duration of 5, 10, 20 seconds respectively. Burn duration of 5 seconds resulted in full-thickness damage. Burn duration of 10 seconds and 20 seconds resulted in full-thickness damage, involving subjacent skeletal muscle.

Conclusions This is a simple reproducible method for creating burn wounds consistent in size and depth in a rat burn model.
Management of Defects on Lower Extremities with the Use of Matriderm and Skin Graft
Authors: Choi Jun-Young , Kim Seong-Hun , Oh Gwang-Jin , Roh Si-Gyun , Lee Nae-Ho , Yang Kyung-Moo
Published: July 2014

Background The reconstruction of large skin and soft tissue defects on the lower extremities is challenging. The skin graft is a simple and frequently used method for covering a skin defect. However, poor skin quality and architecture are well-known problems that lead to scar contracture. The collagen-elastin matrix, Matriderm, has been used to improve the quality of skin grafts; however, no statistical and objective review of the results has been reported.

Methods Thirty-four patients (23 male and 11 female) who previously received a skin graft and simultaneous application of Matriderm between January 2010 and June 2012 were included in this study. The quality of the skin graft was evaluated using Cutometer, occasionally accompanied by pathologic findings.

Results All 34 patients showed good skin quality compared to a traditional skin graft and were satisfied with their results. The statistical data for the measurement of the mechanical properties of the skin were similar to those for normal skin. In addition, there was no change in the engraftment rate.

Conclusions The biggest problem of a traditional skin graft is scar contracture. However, the dermal matrix presents an improvement in skin quality with elastin and collagen. Therefore, a skin graft along with a simultaneous application of Matriderm is safe and effective and leads to a significantly better outcome from the perspective of skin elasticity.
Comparison of Absorbable Mesh Plate versus Titanium-Dynamic Mesh Plate in Reconstruction of Blow-Out Fracture: An Analysis of Long-Term Outcomes
Authors: Baek Woon Il , Kim Han Koo , Kim Woo Seob , Bae Tae Hui
Published: July 2014

Background A blow-out fracture is one of the most common facial injuries in midface trauma. Orbital wall reconstruction is extremely important because it can cause various functional and aesthetic sequelae. Although many materials are available, there are no uniformly accepted guidelines regarding material selection for orbital wall reconstruction.

Methods From January 2007 to August 2012, a total of 78 patients with blow-out fractures were analyzed. 36 patients received absorbable mesh plates, and 42 patients received titanium-dynamic mesh plates. Both groups were retrospectively evaluated for therapeutic efficacy and safety according to the incidence of three different complications: enophthalmos, extraocular movement impairment, and diplopia.

Results For all groups (inferior wall fracture group, medial wall fractrue group, and combined inferomedial wall fracture group), there were improvements in the incidence of each complication regardless of implant types. Moreover, a significant improvement of enophthalmos occurred for both types of implants in group 1 (inferior wall fracture group). However, we found no statistically significant differences of efficacy or complication rate in every groups between both implant types.

Conclusions Both types of implants showed good results without significant differences in long-term follow up, even though we expected the higher recurrent enophthalmos rate in patients with absorbable plate. In conclusion, both types seem to be equally effective and safe for orbital wall reconstruction. In particular, both implant types significantly improve the incidence of enophthalmos in cases of inferior orbital wall fractures.
Tarsodermal Suture Fixation Preceding Redundant Skin Excision: A Modified Non-Incisional Upper Blepharoplasty Method for Elderly Patients
Authors: Yoon Hong Sang , Park Bo Young , Oh Kap Sung
Published: July 2014

Background Non-incisional blepharoplasty is a simple, less invasive method for creating a more natural-appearing double eyelid than classical incisional blepharoplasty. However, in aging patients, non-incisional blepharoplasty is not effective due to more severe blepharochalasis. Traditionally, incisional blepharoplasty is a common surgical method used for older patients, but blepharoplasty in elderly patients typically results in prolonged recovery times, and final blepharoplasty lines may be located in unintended or asymmetrical positions. Here, we introduce a new modified combination technique for geriatric blepharoplasty.

Methods A total of ten patients were treated from July 2010 through July 2012 using the combination method. First, we performed non-incisional blepharoplasty using tarsodermal fixation. Then, incisional blepharoplasty with additional elliptical excision of the upper eyelid skin was performed. We removed pretarsal tissue, fat, the orbicularis oculi muscle, and orbital fat. Telephone surveys were administered to all patients for follow-up. The questionnaire was composed of eight questions that addressed recurrence and satisfaction with aesthetics and the procedure.

Results A total of nine patients (90%) responded to the telephone survey. All cases of moderate to severe blepharochalasia were corrected and there were no major complications. Patients who underwent blepharoplasty had higher satisfaction scores. All patients were satisfied with the postoperative shapes of their eyelids.

Conclusions The advantages of the proposed technique include: ease of obtaining a natural-looking fold with symmetry at the desired point; reproducible methods that require short operation times; fast postoperative recovery that results in a natural-appearing double-eyelid line; and high patient satisfaction.
The Story of Serratia Marcescens: Pathologic Risk Factors in Breast Implant Surgery
Authors: Yao Caroline A , Wang Diana , Kulber David A
Published: July 2014

Serratia marcescens (S. marcescens) emerged as an opportunist in the setting of immunodeficiency in the 1970s, when serious infections occurred in San Francisco hospitals after USA. Navy experiments had aerosolized the bacteria to study biologic warfare. We investigate the risks of S. marcescens in San Franciscans who undergo mastectomy with implant reconstruction. From 2007 to 2011, the senior author took breast capsule cultures for all patients at the time of tissue expander exchange/explant. Of the 142 women who had reconstruction, 23 had positive cultures. Only the two patients who were positive for S. marcescens developed clinical infections that required explantation. Both had postoperative chemotherapy with transient neutropenia, and both had close ties to San Francisco. Clinical signs of infection emerged for both patients months after initial surgery, despite having previously well healed incisions. Other patients were culture positive for Pseudomonas, Proteus, Enterococcus and MRSA and did not develop require explant. While the link between San Francisco and S. marcescens is controversial, a patient's geography is a simple screening tool when considering postoperative risks, especially in the immunocompromised. Closer monitoring for neutropenia during chemotherapy, and a lower threshold to administer S. marcescens targeted antibiotics may be warranted in these patients.
Psychomotor Skills in Medical Ultrasound Imaging
Authors: Nicholls Delwyn , Sweet Linda , Hyett Jon
Published: July 2014

Sonographers use psychomotor skills to perform medical ultrasound examinations. Psychomotor skills describe voluntary movements of the limb, joints, and muscles in response to sensory stimuli and are regulated by the motor neural cortex in the brain. We define a psychomotor skill in relation to medical ultrasound imaging as “the unique mental and motor activities required to execute a manual task safely and efficiently for each clinical situation.” Skills in clinical ultrasound practice may be open or closed; most skills used in medical ultrasound imaging are open. Open skills are both complex and multidimensional. Visuomotor and visuospatial psychomotor skills are central components of medical ultrasound imaging. Both types of skills rely on learners having a visual exemplar or standard of performance with which to reference their skill performance and evaluate anatomic structures. These are imperative instructional design principles when teaching psychomotor skills.
Color Doppler Imaging Analysis of Retrobulbar Blood Flow Velocities in Diabetic Patients Without or With Retinopathy
Authors: Meng Nana , Liu Jing , Zhang Yue , Ma Jinlan , Li Hao , Qu Yi
Published: July 2014

Objectives

To analyze hemodynamic changes in retrobulbar blood vessels using color Doppler imaging in diabetic patients without or with retinopathy.

Methods

Pertinent publications were retrieved from 3 databases. Changes in peak systolic velocity (PSV), end‐diastolic velocity (EDV), and resistive index (RI) of the ophthalmic artery, central retinal artery, and short posterior ciliary artery of diabetic eyes without or with retinopathy and healthy controls were evaluated by color Doppler imaging. Comparisons were conducted in 3 groups: group 1, no retinopathy versus control; group 2, retinopathy versus control; and group 3, no retinopathy versus retinopathy.

Results

In group 1, eyes without retinopathy had a significant increase in ophthalmic artery PSV (P = .002), with no heterogeneity (Pheterogeneity = 0.09; inconsistency index [I2] = 46%); however, significant reductions in central renal artery PSV and EDV were shown (P = .002; P = .007, respectively), with significant heterogeneity (Pheterogeneity < .00001; I2 = 85%; Pheterogeneity = .008, I2 = 68%). A significant increase in ophthalmic artery RI (P = .02) was found in eyes without retinopathy, with heterogeneity (Pheterogeneity = .0009; I2 = 74%). In group 2, central retinal artery PSV and EDV in eyes with retinopathy decreased significantly (P < 0.00001). Similar results were found for ophthalmic and short posterior ciliary artery EDVs (P= .0003; P< .00001). Ophthalmic artery RI was significantly higher in eyes with retinopathy than controls (P = .0008), with heterogeneity (Pheterogeneity < .00001; I2 = 84%). In group 3, ophthalmic artery PSV was lower in eyes with retinopathy (P= .04) than eyes without, and central retinal artery PSV and EDV decreased significantly (P = .004; P < .00001) in eyes with retinopathy compared to eyes without. Differences in ophthalmic and central retinal artery RIs were also found in eyes with retinopathy (P = .05; P < .00001).

Conclusions

Significant changes in retrobulbar blood flow were found in eyes without and with diabetic retinopathy, especially those with retinopathy.
Increased Epicardial Adipose Tissue Thickness on Transthoracic Echocardiography in Patients With Behçet Disease
Authors: Taşolar Hakan , Taşolar Sevgi , Kurtuluş Duygu , Altun Burak , Bayramoğlu Adil , Otlu Yılmaz Ömür , Ballı Mehmet , Çetin Mustafa , Altunışık Nihal , Kapıcıoğlu Yelda , Pekdemir Hasan
Published: July 2014

Objectives

Owing to the fact that the potential frequency of endothelial dysfunction and early atherosclerosis might be higher in Behçet disease, characterized by acute and chronic inflammatory attacks, it may lead to impairment in flow‐mediated dilatation and an increase in epicardial adipose tissue thickness. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate whether epicardial adipose tissue thickness and brachial artery flow‐mediated dilatation as markers of early atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction were associated with Behçet disease.

Methods

Thirty‐five patients with Behçet disease and 35 healthy volunteers were included in this study. Epicardial adipose tissue was identified as an anechoic space between epicardial layers on 2‐dimensional images, and its thickness was measured on the free wall of the right ventricle. Right brachial artery flow‐mediated dilatation was assessed according to recent guidelines.

Results

Serum γ‐glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels and epicardial adipose tissue thickness were significantly higher (P = .001; P < .001 respectively), whereas flow‐mediated, endothelium‐dependent dilatation was significantly lower in the Behçet disease group than controls (P < .001). There was a significant negative association between epicardial adipose tissue thickness and flow‐mediated dilatation (P < .001). Epicardial adipose tissue thickness was also positively correlated with Behçet disease activity (P< .001), Behçet disease duration (P< .001), and waist circumference (P< .001). Flow‐mediated dilatation was negatively correlated with GGT (P< .001), Behçet disease activity (P< .001), and age (P< .001). There was also a significant association between GGT and Behçet disease activity (P < .001).

Conclusions

We found that epicardial adipose tissue thickness was significantly higher and flow‐mediated dilatation was significantly lower in patients with Behçet disease than in controls. We suggest that identification of increased epicardial adipose tissue might aid in the diagnosis and treatment of possible coronary artery disease in patients with Behçet disease.
Cardiac Sonography by the Neonatologist
Authors: Sehgal Arvind , Mehta Shailender , Evans Nick , McNamara Patrick J.
Published: July 2014

Objectives

Clinicians are increasingly using cardiac sonography in clinical practice. The objectives of this study were to assess the current state of clinician‐performed cardiac sonography practice in the Australia–New Zealand region, with particular reference to the scope of clinical practice and type of training offered.

Methods

A prospective cross‐sectional survey was conducted, and an electronic Web‐based questionnaire was e‐mailed to neonatologists and advanced trainees in the region. Information was collected on respondents (demographics, clinician‐performed cardiac sonography experience, and opinions), equipment use, and training frameworks. Main outcome measures ascertained were clinical use and educational perspectives.

Results

The overall survey response rate was 64% (113 of 176). Eighty‐five percent of respondents reported that clinician‐performed cardiac sonography was performed in their units, most commonly to use the physiologic information obtained in conjunction with clinical information to refine decision making. The most common clinical indication was evaluation of a hemodynamically relevant ductus arteriosus. A dedicated echocardiographic machine was available to 80% of respondents. Most respondents reported “self‐directed” learning as the most common method of training. More than 85% of respondents reported having access to either on‐site or off‐site pediatric cardiology services.

Conclusions

Widespread availability and use of clinician‐performed cardiac sonography in units across the Australia–New Zealand region was noted. The need for a structured training program was identified.
Focal Fatty Sparing Usually Does Not Arise in Preexisting Nonalcoholic Diffuse Homogeneous Fatty Liver
Authors: Wu Size , Tu Rong , Liu Guangqing , Huang Li , Guan Ying , Zheng Enhai
Published: July 2014

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether focal fatty sparing can arise in preexisting nonalcoholic diffuse homogeneous fatty liver and its clinical implications.

Methods

This prospective study consisted of 2 parts. In the first part, 8598 people (5202 men and 3396 women; mean age ± SD, 43.4 ± 28.3 years; range, 18–82 years) were consecutively evaluated with sonography for abnormal liver findings; in the second part, participants with diffuse homogeneous fatty liver were followed over approximately 3 years. Sonographic findings of the participants in the first year and findings of the participants with diffuse homogeneous fatty liver in the first and third years were analyzed.

Results

In the first part, 778 of 8598 participants (9.05%) were found to have fatty liver, including 752 cases of nonalcoholic diffuse fatty liver (8.75%) and 26 cases of alcoholic fatty liver (0.30%). Of the 752 cases of nonalcoholic diffuse fatty liver, 301 participants had nonalcoholic diffuse homogeneous fatty liver, and 68 (9.04%) had focal fatty sparing. In the second part, the 301 participants with nonalcoholic diffuse homogeneous fatty liver (205 men and 96 women; mean age, 39.6 ± 10.4 years; range, 18–60 years) were followed. In the third year, 2 cases of fatty liver (0.67%) had resolved, 2 cases (0.67%) had inflammatory pseudotumors, and no focal fatty sparing was found (P < .001).

Conclusions

The findings of this study suggest that focal fatty sparing usually does not arise in preexisting nonalcoholic diffuse homogeneous fatty liver, and a newly emerging abnormality is more likely a true lesion.
Use of Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Elastography to Diagnose Acute Pancreatitis at Hospital Admission
Authors: Göya Cemil , Hamidi Cihad , Hattapoğlu Salih , Çetinçakmak Mehmet Güli , Teke Memik , Degirmenci Mehmet Serdar , Kaya Muhsin , Bilici Aslan
Published: July 2014

Objectives

To compare the diagnostic success rate of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography with those of sonography and computed tomography (CT) for acute pancreatitis at hospital admission.

Methods

B‐mode sonography and ARFI elastography were performed on 88 patients with symptoms of acute pancreatitis and 50 healthy control participants who were admitted to our hospital between February 2013 and July 2013. Acute pancreatitis was verified in the 88 patients based on clinical and laboratory findings. Computed tomography was performed on 41 patients, and the CT results from these patients were compared with those of ARFI elastography. The appearances of the pancreases of the patients were classified into 6 groups using visual color encodings obtained with ARFI elastography. The elasticity values of pancreatic head, body, and tail regions were evaluated with Virtual Touch imaging and Virtual Touch tissue quantification (Siemens Medical Solutions, Mountain View, CA). The success rates of sonography, CT, and ARFI elastography for diagnosing acute pancreatitis at hospital admission were compared.

Results

Forty‐six of the 88 patients had a diagnosis of pancreatitis by B‐mode sonography; pancreatitis was diagnosed in all patients by ARFI elastography; and 10 of 41 patients could not be diagnosed by CT. The sensitivity and specificity of Virtual Touch tissue quantification were 100% and 98%, respectively, when a cutoff value of 1.63 m/s was used. The control group had color scores of 1 or 2, whereas all patients with pancreatitis had color scores of 3 to 6 on color scale evaluation with Virtual Touch imaging.

Conclusions

Acoustic radiation force impulse elastography is a rapid, radiation‐free, and noninvasive tool for diagnosis of acute pancreatitis at initial hospital admission, with a higher success rate for diagnosis of acute pancreatitis than the grayscale sonography and CT.
Sonographically Guided Distal Biceps Tendon Injections
Authors: Sellon Jacob L. , Wempe Michael K. , Smith Jay
Published: July 2014

Objectives

The primary purpose of this investigation was to describe and validate sonographically guided techniques for distal biceps peritendinous/intratendinous injections using a cadaveric model.

Methods

A single experienced operator completed 18 sonographically guided distal biceps peritendinous injections and 15 sonographically guided distal biceps intratendinous injections in 18 unembalmed cadaveric elbow specimens (11 male and 7 female; age, 53–100 years; body mass index, 19.4–42.2 kg/m2). Four different peritendinous approaches were used to inject 3 mL of diluted yellow latex: (1) anterior/superficial, (2) posterior/superficial, (3) posterior/deep/short‐axis (to the distal biceps tendon), and (4) posterior/deep/long‐axis (to the distal biceps tendon). Three different intratendinous approaches were used to inject 1 mL of diluted blue latex: (1) anterior, (2) anterior/pronator window, and (3) posterior. The feasibility of all 7 injections was assessed by the operator in all specimens, and execution difficulty was recorded after each injection. Specimens were subsequently dissected to assess injectate placement.

Results

All 18 peritendinous distal biceps tendon injections accurately placed latex around the tendon without injecting into the tendon proper. All posterior/superficial peritendinous injections delivered injectate to the ulnar side of the tendon. All posterior/deep peritendinous injections delivered injectate to the radial side of the tendon, with the long‐axis approach being technically easier than the short‐axis approach. Anterior/superficial peritendinous injections delivered injectate predominantly to the anterior side of the tendon and resulted in 1 brachial artery injury. All but 1 of 15 distal biceps intratendinous injections (93%) accurately placed injectate into the tendon proper, with 1 of 5 anterior injections delivering injectate primarily deep to the paratenon. The posterior intratendinous approach was technically the easiest. No intratendinous injection resulted in neurovascular injury.

Conclusions

Sonographically guided distal biceps peritendinous/intratendinous injections are feasible and therefore may play a role in the management of patients presenting with distal biceps tendinopathy/bursopathy.
Clinical Application of a Modern High‐Definition Head‐Mounted Display in Sonography
Authors: Takeshita Hideki , Kihara Kazunori , Yoshida Soichiro , Higuchi Saori , Ito Masaya , Nakanishi Yasukazu , Kijima Toshiki , Ishioka Junichiro , Matsuoka Yoh , Numao Noboru , Saito Kazutaka , Fujii Yasuhisa
Published: July 2014

Because of the remarkably improved image quality and wearability of modern head‐mounted displays, a monitoring system using a head‐mounted display rather than a fixed‐site monitor for sonographic scanning has the potential to improve the diagnostic performance and lessen the examiner's physical burden during a sonographic examination. In a preclinical setting, 2 head‐mounted displays, the HMZ‐T2 (Sony Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) and the Wrap1200 (Vuzix Corporation, Rochester, NY), were found to be applicable to sonography. In a clinical setting, the feasibility of the HMZ‐T2 was shown by its good image quality and acceptable wearability. This modern device is appropriate for clinical use in sonography.
Clinical and Radiologic Features of Neuroendocrine Breast Carcinomas
Authors: Jeon Chang Ho , Kim Sun Mi , Jang Mijung , Yun Bo La , Ahn Hye Shin , Kim Sung-Won , Kang Eunyoung , Park So Yeon
Published: July 2014

Neuroendocrine breast carcinoma is a rare and distinct type of breast carcinoma, with morphologic features similar to those of pulmonary and gastrointestinal tract neuroendocrine tumors. More than 50% of cells express neuroendocrine markers. We documented the clinical and radiologic features of 11 patients with histologically confirmed neuroendocrine breast carcinomas. Clinical manifestations included nipple discharge (6 patients) and palpable masses (5 patients). Lesions were mainly oval or irregular on mammography (n = 8), sonography (n = 11), and magnetic resonance imaging (n = 9). Understanding the clinical and radiologic features of neuroendocrine breast carcinoma will facilitate the differential diagnosis.
Investigation of the current collected by a positively biased satellite with application to electrodynamic tethers
Authors: Janeski John A. , Scales Wayne A. , Hall Christopher D.
Published: July 2014

The interaction between a positively biased body traveling through an ionospheric space plasma has direct application to electrodynamic tether (EDT) systems. A 2‐D3v particle‐in‐cell model has been developed to study the plasma dynamics near a positively charged EDT system end‐body and their impact on the current collected. The results show that the azimuthal current structures observed during the reflight of the tethered satellite system (TSS‐1R) mission develop in the simulations and are found to enhance the current collected by the satellite by 67% when the magnetic field is ∼15° off of perpendicular to the orbital velocity. As the component of the magnetic field in the simulation's plane increases, the electrons are not able to easily cross the field lines causing plasma lobes to form in the +y and −y regions around the satellite. The lobes limit the current arriving at the satellite and also cause an enhanced wake to develop. A high satellite bias causes a stable bow shock structure to form in the ram region of the satellite, which limits the number of electrons entering the sheath region and thus limits the current collected. Electron‐neutral collisions are found to destabilize the bow shock structure, and its current limiting effects were negated. Analytical curve fits based on the simulations are presented in order to characterize the dependence of the current collected on the magnetic field's orientation, space plasma magnetization, and satellite potential. The variations in the collected current induced by space plasma environmental changes may introduce new instabilities in an EDT system's dynamics.
A test for whether or not Voyager 1 has crossed the heliopause
Authors: Gloeckler G. , Fisk L. A.
Published: July 2014

The Voyager 1 spacecraft is currently in the vicinity of the heliopause, which separates the heliosphere from the local interstellar medium. There has been a precipitous decrease in particles accelerated in the heliosphere and a substantial increase in galactic cosmic rays (GCRs). The evidence is unclear, however, as to whether Voyager 1 has crossed the heliopause into the local interstellar medium or remains within the heliosheath. In this Letter we propose a test that will determine whether Voyager 1 has crossed the heliopause: If Voyager 1 remains in the heliosheath, the high densities observed must be due to compressed solar wind, with the consequence that Voyager 1 will encounter another current sheet, where the polarity of the magnetic field reverses. Voyager 1 observations can be used to predict that the next current sheet crossing is likely to occur during 2015.
Geomagnetic lunar and solar daily variations during the last 100 years
Authors: Yamazaki Y. , Kosch M. J.
Published: July 2014

This paper describes long‐term changes in the geomagnetic lunar (L) and solar (S) daily variations. We analyze the eastward component of the geomagnetic field observed at eight midlatitude stations during 1903–2012. The amplitude and phase for the semidiurnal component of the L and S variations are examined. Both L and S amplitudes correlate with the solar activity index F10.7, revealing a prominent 11 year solar cycle. In both cases, the correlation is slightly better with than F10.7. The sensitivity of the L variation to solar activity is comparable with that of the S variation. The solar cycle effect is also found in the phase of the S variation but not apparent in the phase of the L variation. The ratio in the amplitude of the L to S variation shows a long‐term decrease (approximately 10% per century), which may be due to a reduction in lunar tidal waves from the lower atmosphere to the upper atmosphere in association with climate change.
Local‐ and field‐scale stochastic‐advective vertical solute transport in horizontally heterogeneous unsaturated soils
Authors: Ojha Richa , Prakash A. , Govindaraju Rao S.
Published: July 2014

Description of field‐scale solute transport in unsaturated soils is essential for assessing the degree of contamination, estimating fluxes past a control plane and for designing remedial measures. The flow field is usually described by numerical solution of the Richards equation followed by numerical solution of the advection‐dispersion equation to describe contaminant movement. These numerical solutions are highly complex, and do not provide the insights that are possible from simpler analytical representations. In this study, analytical solutions at the local scale are developed to describe purely advective vertical transport of a conservative solute along the principle characteristic of the flow field. Local‐scale model development is simplified by using a sharp‐front approximation for water movement. These local solutions are then upscaled to field‐scale solute transport by adopting a lognormally distributed horizontal hydraulic conductivity field to represent the natural heterogeneity observed in field soils. Analytical expressions are developed for the mean behavior of solute transport at the field scale. Comparisons with experimental observations find that trends of field‐scale solute behavior are reasonably reproduced by the model. The accuracy of the proposed solution improves with increasing spatial variability in the hydraulic conductivity as revealed by further comparisons with numerical results of the Richards equation‐based field‐scale solute movement. In some cases, the sharp‐front approximation may lead to anomalous field‐scale behavior depending on the role of pre and postponded conditions in the field, and this limitation is discussed. The proposed method shows promise for describing field‐scale solute movement in loamy sand and sandy loam soils.
Modeling of Pressure‐Induced Melt Removal Melting in Vane Extruder for Polymer Processing
Authors: Liu Huanyu , Luo Yue , Zhang Guizhen , Chen Jiajia , Yang Zhitao , Qu Jinping
Published: July 2014

The assembled vane extruder with seven groups of vane plasticizing and conveying units (VPCUs) was designed to study the melting phenomenon and mechanisms in vane extruder. There were two melting stages during the melting process, including the solid‐rich melting stage and the melt‐rich melting stage, and there were no obvious boundaries between the solids and melts. The pressure‐induced melt removal melting was the dominant melting mechanism in the solid‐rich stage. The theoretical model of the pressure‐induced melt removal mechanism was established. The melting percentage was defined to evaluate the boundaries between the solid‐rich melting stage and melt‐rich melting stage. The melting percentage is proportional to a three‐quarters power of the temperature at stator's inner surface, a quarter power of solids’ pressure, as well as inversely proportional to the rotating speed of rotor. By comparing theoretical calculations with experimental measurements of the melting percentage of material low‐density polyethylene extruded by the first VPCU, it was indicated that the theoretical model and experimental measurements were consistent with the same tendency.
Kinematics and spatiotemporal parameters of infant‐carrying in olive baboons
Authors: Anvari Zohreh , Berillon Gilles , Asgari Khaneghah Asghar , Grimaud‐Herve Dominique , Moulin Valérie , Nicolas Guillaume
Published: July 2014

In the field of biomechanics of quadrupedal locomotion in primates, infant‐carrying has received little attention. This study presents the first biomechanical study of infant‐carrying in captive female olive baboons (Papio anubis). We test whether females carrying infants conform 1) to the Support Polygon Model (Rollinson and Martin: Symp Zool Soc Lond 48 (1981) 377–427) of gait selection, according to which diagonality should decrease when the infant is carried cranially and increase when the infant is carried dorsally and caudally; 2) to Biewener's (Biewener: Science 245 () 45–48) theory of limb postures, according to which females should extend their hind limbs more due to infant load, especially in the later stages when the infant is not fully autonomous but relatively heavy. This study focuses on the sagittal kinematics of quadrupedal gaits (joint angles and spatiotemporal parameters) of four females with and without infant loads at the CNRS Primatology Station (France). High‐speed video recordings were made using the technical platform “Motion Analysis of Primates” available in the animals' place of life. Regarding diagonality, our results do not fully conform to those predicted by the Support Polygon Model of gait selection; however, the model cannot be rejected at this stage in experiment. With regard to limb posture, our results do not support Biewener's (Biewener: Science 245 () 45–48) theory: loaded females do not extend their hind limbs more as predicted; on the contrary, the hind limbs tend to be more flexed when the infant they carry is relatively heavy. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:392–404, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Will Zeolite‐Based Catalysis be as Relevant in Future Biorefineries as in Crude Oil Refineries?
Authors: Jacobs Pierre A. , Dusselier Michiel , Sels Bert F.
Published: July 2014

Transition from petroleum‐ to biomass‐based fuel economy will require new conversion strategies. In a petroleum refinery, particular hydrocarbon fractions from crude oil are catalytically converted into high‐grade fuels. Certain zeolite catalysts are performing exceptionally well. Unlike petroleum fractions, biomass‐derived compounds have a high oxygen content requiring low‐temperature catalytic aqueous phase processes for selective conversion and stability of zeolite catalysts in hot liquid water. It will be shown that recent developments in zeolite synthesis and modification allow adapting zeolite properties to achieve selective conversion of biomass compounds/fractions as well.
A Bioorthogonal Small‐Molecule‐Switch System for Controlling Protein Function in Live Cells
Authors: Liu Peng , Calderon Abram , Konstantinidis Georgios , Hou Jian , Voss Stephanie , Chen Xi , Li Fu , Banerjee Soumya , Hoffmann Jan‐Erik , Theiss Christiane , Dehmelt Leif , Wu Yao‐Wen
Published: July 2014

Chemically induced dimerization (CID) has proven to be a powerful tool for modulating protein interactions. However, the traditional dimerizer rapamycin has limitations in certain in vivo applications because of its slow reversibility and its affinity for endogenous proteins. Described herein is a bioorthogonal system for rapidly reversible CID. A novel dimerizer with synthetic ligand of FKBP′ (SLF′) linked to trimethoprim (TMP). The SLF′ moiety binds to the F36V mutant of FK506‐binding protein (FKBP) and the TMP moiety binds to E. coli dihydrofolate reductase (eDHFR). SLF′‐TMP‐induced heterodimerization of FKBP(F36V) and eDHFR with a dissociation constant of 0.12 μM. Addition of TMP alone was sufficient to rapidly disrupt this heterodimerization. Two examples are presented to demonstrate that this system is an invaluable tool, which can be widely used to rapidly and reversibly control protein function in vivo.
Mixing enhancement of a passive microfluidic mixer containing triangle baffles
Authors: Wang Lei , Ma Shenghua , Wang Xuejing , Bi Hongmei , Han Xiaojun
Published: July 2014

Micromixing plays a significant role in microfluidics. Here a passive mixer with triangle baffles embedded in the main channel was designed, fabricated and characterized. Systematic simulations and experiments have been done with the increase of Reynolds number (Re), ranging from 0.1 to 500. All results confirmed the improvement of mixing within a short distance (<6.4 mm). At common flow rate of microfluidics (Re = 1.0), ‘the percentage of mixing’ (ϕ) can be 85.5% by the distance of 6.4 mm, which is 2.48‐fold better than that of common Y‐mixer. ϕ values of the design containing triangle baffles are 4.75‐time at Re of 100 and 8.32‐time at Re of 500 better than those of the common Y‐mixer at the distance of 6.4 mm, respectively. The mixing effect caused by different apical angle and the number of triangles was also investigated using simulations. The mixing effect was improved with the growth of the apical angle of the triangles from 30 to 150°. Similarly, more triangle baffles lead to better mixing effect. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DOES THE VOLATILE HYDROCARBON PROFILE DIFFER BETWEEN THE SEXES: A CASE STUDY ON FIVE APHIDOPHAGOUS LADYBIRDS
Authors: Pattanayak Rojalin , Mishra Geetanjali , Omkar  , Chanotiya Chandan Singh , Rout Prasant Kumar , Mohanty Chandra Sekhar
Published: July 2014

Insect hydrocarbons (HCs) primarily serve as a waterproofing cuticular layer and function extensively in chemical communication by facilitating species, sex, and colony recognition. In this study, headspace solid‐phase microextraction is employed for investigating the sex‐specific volatile HC profile of five ladybirds collected from Lucknow, India namely, Coccinella septempunctata (L.), Coccinella transversalis (Fabr.), Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fabr.), Propylea dissecta (Mulsant), and Anegleis cardoni (Weise) for the first time. Major compounds reported in C. septempunctata, C. transversalis, and A. cardoni are methyl‐branched saturated HCs, whereas in M. sexmaculatus, and P. dissecta, they are unsaturated HCs. Other than A. cardoni, both the sexes of the other four ladybirds had similar compounds at highest peak but with statistically significant differences. However, in A. cardoni, which is a beetle with a narrow niche, the major compound in both male and female was different. The difference in volatile HC profile of the sexes of the five ladybirds indicates that gender‐specific differences primarily exist due to quantitative differences in chemicals with only very few chemicals being unique to a gender. This variation in semiochemicals might have a role in behavioral or ecological aspects of the studied ladybirds.
Formation Tracking for Nonlinear Multi‐Agent Systems with Delays and Noise Disturbance
Authors: Lai Jingang , Chen Shihua , Lu Xiaoqing , Zhou Hong
Published: July 2014

This paper investigates the formation tracking problem of nonlinear multi‐agent systems with communication delays and noise disturbance under directed interconnection topologies. By using a novel stochastic analysis approach and matrix theory, one establishes three formation tracking protocols containing nonlinear coupling function and delays such that the desired formations can be achieved in the sense of mean square under a special “multiple leaders” framework. Some new sufficient conditions of time‐delay dependence for the formation tracking in mean square are also developed. A simple example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed theoretical results.
Stability and Stabilization of Two‐Dimensional LTI Switched Systems with Potentially Unstable Focus
Authors: Zhu Liying
Published: July 2014

This paper investigates stability and stabilization of two‐dimensional switched linear time‐invariant (LTI) systems with potentially unstable focus. For the case that the origin is a single common focus of all subsystems, we first give continuous positive definite functions related only to the elements of subsystems' state matrices. Then, based on the continuous positive definite functions obtained, this paper proposes several sufficient conditions of stability/asymptotic stability/instability of the kind of switched LTI systems. By means of the stability results proposed, global asymptotic stabilizing controls (GASC), global asymptotic stabilizing switching paths (GASSP) and corresponding algorithms are designed for two‐dimensional switched LTI systems with focus. Finally, two illustrative examples and numerical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the new stability and stabilization results obtained in this paper.
Anatomical eponyms, Part 2: The other side of the coin
Authors: Olry Regis
Published: July 2014

Over a century after they were removed, at least officially, from anatomical terminology, eponyms remain an obviously controversial topic. In the first part of this paper we acted as their defense counsel, aiming to demonstrate that the 1895 first edition of the Nomina Anatomica and subsequently the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT) probably put the cart before the horse. However, their authors advanced arguments supporting their decision, and it is now time to develop these arguments. Let us now become the public prosecutor of eponyms. Clin. Anat. 27:1145–1148, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anatomical significance in aortoiliac occlusive disease
Authors: Wooten Candace , Hayat Munawar , du Plessis Maira , Cesmebasi Alper , Koesterer Michael , Daly Kevin P. , Matusz Petru , Tubbs R. Shane , Loukas Marios
Published: July 2014

Aortoiliac occlusive disease is a subset of peripheral arterial disease involving an atheromatous occlusion of the infrarenal aorta, common iliac arteries, or both. The disease, as it is known today, was described by the French surgeon René Leriche as a thrombotic occlusion of the end of the aorta. Leriche successfully linked the anatomic location of the occlusion with a unique triad of symptoms, including claudication, impotence, and decreased peripheral pulses. The anatomical location of the atheromatous lesions also has a direct influence on classification of the disease, as well as choice of treatment modality. Considering its impact on diagnosis and treatment, we aimed to provide a detailed understanding of the anatomical structures involved in aortoiliac occlusive disease. Familiarity with these structures will aid the physician in interpretation of radiologic images and surgical planning. Clin. Anat. 27:1264–1274, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A 58‐year‐old lady presented as an emergency with right upper quadrant pain and loss of 5 stones in weight. What does the X‐ray show?
Authors: Pannu Arslan Y. , Mallick Ismail H. , Peter Mark B.
Published: July 2014

Key Clinical Message

Renal cell cancers are among the great mimics in surgery as they present with myriad symptoms unrelated to the renal cancer. This patient also interestingly had an incidental finding of porcelain gall bladder.
Pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma and sorafenib
Authors: Gollard Russell , Garcia Diana , Natale Ron
Published: July 2014

Key Clinical Message

Pulmonary squamous cell carcinomas are not often thought to sensitive to targeted agents, like their cousin the adenocarcinoma of the lung. With appropriate testing of molecular markers, squamous cell carcinomas, like adenocarcinomas of the lung, melanomas, and renal cell carcinomas, may be found to be sensitive to newer, targeted agents.
Interaction between Palladium Nanoparticles and Surface‐Modified Carbon Nanotubes: Role of Surface Functionalities
Authors: Zhang Bingsen , Shao Lidong , Zhang Wei , Sun Xiaoyan , Pan Xiaoli , Su Dang Sheng
Published: July 2014

It is crucial to accurately describe the interaction between the surface functionality and the supported metal catalyst because it directly determines the activity and selectivity of a catalytic reaction. It is, however, challenging with a metal–carbon catalytic system owing to the ultrafine feature, instability, and subtle response of the components upon application of an external field. Herein, we use in situ TEM, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques to record the interaction in palladium on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) from room temperature to 600 °C. We focus on probing the effects of oxygen and nitrogen‐containing functional groups on supported palladium nanoparticles (NPs) in the model catalytic system. The stability of palladium NPs supported on CNTs depends strongly on the surface properties of CNTs. Moreover, the oxygen‐containing functional groups on the CNT surfaces, such as carboxylic acids and anhydrides, have an even stronger interaction with palladium NPs than the nitrogen‐containing counterparts. Our work contributes to elucidation of the complex metal–carbon interaction and unlocks potential in activity and selectivity control of these catalytic systems.