bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transport of water against its concentration gradient: fact or fiction?
Authors: Zeuthen Thomas , MacAulay Nanna
Published: May 2012

Water transport across cell membranes is central to most physiological functions. About 200 L of water move across epithelial cells each day in humans in order to maintain whole‐body homeostasis; water transport in and out of organs such as the brain and eye are of major clinical importance. It is well established that the water transport is driven by ion transport, but how? Osmosis is not always the answer: water can be transported against considerable osmotic gradients, apparently without any external osmotic or hydrostatic driving forces.

It is generally accepted that cotransporters of the symport type play a key role for the coupling between ion and water fluxes. Models of coupling are either molecular or based on unstirred layer effects, and can be distinguished by their response time: for molecular models, water transport follows changes of substrate transport instantaneously; in unstirred layer models there is a delay while the osmolarity changes in the solutions surrounding the cotransport protein. For cotransporters expressed heterologously in Xenopus oocytes, influx of water can be detected about 1 second after initiation of cotransport of ions and other substrates. This is 20 times faster than expected (and observed) for unstirred layer effects. Water transport in cotransporters is best explained by a molecular model in which ion and water fluxes are coupled by a mechanism within the protein. This would also clarify how cotransporters exploit the free energy in the ion fluxes for the uphill transport of water. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2012, 1:373–381. doi: 10.1002/wmts.54

For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of a Carbonate‐Bridged Dinuclear Rhodium(III) Complex via Fixation of Atmospheric CO2
Authors: Du Liyong , Zhang Songlin , Ding Yuqiang
Published: May 2012

A carbonate‐bridged rhodium(III) dimeric complex of formula μ‐CO3‐[(ppy)2Rh]2, (ppy = 2‐phenylpyridine) was synthesized and characterized by IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy as well as X‐ray diffraction. The bridging carbonate ion presumably originates from the capture of CO2 in air deduced on a series of control experiments, which may have valuable implications for the study of fixation of CO2. The luminescent and thermal properties of this complex were also investigated.
Cationic η6‐Coordinated BINAP Rhodium Complexes with Benzene and Toluene
Authors: Fischer Christian , Selle Carmen , Drexler Hans‐Joachim , Heller Detlef
Published: May 2012

Two novel BINAP rhodium complexes containing η6‐coordinated arenes have been disclosed. Both have been characterized by X‐ray analysis and NMR spectroscopy.
Paradox of marine protected areas: suppression of fishing may cause species loss
Authors: Takashina Nao , Mougi Akihiko , Iwasa Yoh
Published: May 2012

A number of fish and invertebrate stocks have been depleted by overexploitation in recent years. To address this, marine protected areas (MPAs) are often established to protect biodiversity and recover stocks. We analyzed the potential impact of establishing MPAs on marine ecosystems using mathematical models. We demonstrate that establishment of an MPA can sometimes result in a considerable decline, or even extinction, of a species. We focus on a prey–predator system in two patches, one exposed to fishing activity and the other protected (MPA). Our analyses reveal that the establishment of the MPA can cause a reduction in prey abundance, and even extinction of the prey. Such unintended consequences are more likely to occur if the predator species is a generalist and if the MPA is intended to protect only the predatory species. Further, a mobile predator that migrates adaptively rather than randomly is associated with a greater reduction in prey abundance.
The Intelligent Egg, and How It Got That Way: from Genes to Genius in a Few Easy Lessons
Authors: Weiss Kenneth M.
Published: May 2012

A seed has no flowers or leaves, and an egg no fingers or lungs. Yet plants and animals not only have these things but they resemble their parents in detail throughout their bodies. Something is inherited, but what is it? Life is based on the activities of cells. An organism has large numbers of them—a human has trillions! Cells live as separate units, which enables them each to do its own thing within its particular organ, but to be an organism they must work together. A cell can only detect its immediate local environment, but that includes various kinds of signals or information from nearby or far away within the body—or even from the external environment. It is by being local but responding globally in this way that an egg becomes an organism, an organism manages its way through life, and organisms make up species and ecosystems that interact with each other. The evolution of these abilities has produced the glorious array of living forms that populate the world. In these ways, an egg may have no thoughts but is a highly intelligent being.
Preserved Lignin Structures in Early Eocene Surat Lignites, Cambay Basin, Western India
Authors: Dutta Suryendu , Bhattacharya Sanket , Mallick Monalisa , Shukla Ashish Chandra , Mann Ulrich
Published: May 2012

Lignite samples from Vastan and Tadkeshwar lignite mines, Cambay Basin have been analysed to elucidate lignin precursor using thermochemolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The thermochemolysis products of lignites are characterized by monomethoxy-, dimethoxy-, and trimethoxybenzene derivatives originated from p-hydroxyphenyl, guaiacyl, and syringyl units of lignin polymer, respectively. The other compounds obtained in thermochemolysates of studied lignites are some resin derived C15 sesquiterpenoids, with a series of fatty acid methyl esters and n-alkanes/alkenes. The methylated guaiacyl and syringyl derivatives originate from the cleavage of β – O – 4 linkages and subsequent methylation of acidic hydroxyl groups of preserved lignin. Gymnosperm lignin is characterized mainly by guaiacyl derivatives whereas angiosperm lignin yields some syringyl–type compounds in addition to guaiacyl– type compounds. By analogy with the lignin structure of modern trees, the abundant occurrences of syringyl derivatives in the thermochemolysis products of Surat lignites clearly demonstrate that the palaeofloral community was dominated by angiosperms during the deposition of these lignites.
Internal Geometry of Reactivated and Non-reactivated Sandblow Craters Related to 2001 Bhuj Earthquake, India: A Modern Analogue for Interpreting Paleosandblow Craters
Authors: Thakkar M. G. , Goyal Bhanu , Maurya D. M. , Chamyal L. S.
Published: May 2012

The liquefaction attributes and crater geometry related to 2001 Bhuj earthquake has been reconstructed by trenching along large known craters formed near Umedpar in Kachchh. The study characterises the liquefied sediments in a large reactivated crater and distinguishes it from a non-reactivated crater located nearby. These characteristics can help in the interpretation of large paleocraters formed as a result of earthquake induced liquefaction.
Near Hydrothermal Alteration of Obsidian Glass: Implications for Long Term Performance Assessments
Authors: Rani Nishi , Shrivastava J. P. , Bajpai R. K.
Published: May 2012

Obsidian glass alteration experiments under near hydrothermal conditions were performed to study mechanism and conditions of formation of altered minerals. X-ray diffraction patterns and cell dimensions of the specimens treated at 150, 200 and 3000C (pH = 8.03) revealed appearance of three main minerals - illite (9.5-10 Å), chlorite (7.04 Å) and halloysite (10.25Å). Further increase in the pH favours matrix dissolution with the formation of secondary altered layers. SEM-EDS study show that the alteration causes smoothing of the grain surfaces. These surfaces exhibits etch pits and series of depressions, formed by the process of dissolution. SEM - Back Scattered Electron images of obsidian specimens show thin laminae of smectite, with foliated bulky rims and cellular honeycomb texture, formed by precipitation from the solution as well as by direct transformation of glass during alteration. This mechanism is resulting from the alteration of alkalis by ionic inter-diffusion with H3O+ and H+ and inward diffusion of H2 O, leading to free diffusion of silica into solution and then to a local rearrangement of the glass framework. Thus, a direct transformation of glass into clay minerals is the major reaction mechanism as evidenced by the mechanism of glass dissolution and subsequent mineral precipitation.
Clinical Impact of Multidetector Row Computed Tomography before Bronchial Artery Embolization in Patients with Hemoptysis: A Prospective Study
Authors: Gupta Mudit , Srivastava Deep Narayan , Seith Ashu , Sharma Sanjay , Thulkar Sanjay , Gupta Rashmi
Published: May 2012

Purpose

To evaluate prospectively the role and impact of multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT) before bronchial artery embolization (BAE) in patients with hemoptysis.

Methods

MDCT of the thorax was performed in 27 patients (21 men, 6 women; age range, 22-70 years; mean, 39 years) with hemoptysis who were referred for BAE. Transverse, multiplanar reconstruction, and 3-dimensional reconstruction (maximum intensity projection and volume rendered) images were analysed to identify the abnormal hypertrophied bronchial and nonbronchial systemic arteries causing hemoptysis, their origin and course were noted. Digital subtraction angiography was performed with the knowledge of findings of MDCT. Selective arteriogram of abnormal bronchial as well as nonbronchial arteries was performed. Embolization was attempted in 25 of these patients (92.6%) by using polyvinyl alcohol particles (350-500 μm), Gelfoam or Embospheres (400-700 μm). Follow-up was done for a mean period of 20.5 months.

Results

Based on MDCT, 2 of 27 patients were found unsuitable for BAE. On computed tomography, 38 arteries (27 bronchial and 11 nonbronchial systemic arteries) were identified as abnormal hypertrophied vessels. On angiography, 34 of these arteries (25 bronchial and 9 nonbronchial systemic arteries) were found to be responsible for hemoptysis. Three of these arteries could not be evaluated during angiography, and 1 artery that was identified as abnormal on computed tomography was found normal on angiography. All 25 bronchial and 9 nonbronchial systemic arteries that cause hemoptysis were detected at MDCT. Embolization was successful in 23 of 25 patients.

Conclusion

MDCT enables detection and depiction of all bronchial and nonbronchial systemic arteries causing hemoptysis.
Radiologic Manifestations of Colloid Cysts: A Pictorial Essay
Authors: Algin Oktay , Ozmen Evrim , Arslan Halil
Published: May 2012

Colloid cysts are among rare benign tumours of the third ventricle. Although the most frequent symptoms are headache and syncope, arrest hydrocephalus or sudden death could appear with colloid cysts. The aim of this pictorial essay was to increase awareness of the clinical presentation, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging spectrum, and treatment options of the colloid cysts. The data of 11 patients with histopathologically and/or clinically proven colloid cyst were analysed, retrospectively; and the neuroradiologic appearances of the cysts were evaluated. The CT and MR appearance of colloid cysts may change, depending on the viscosity or the cholesterol content of the cysts. However, the cystic content is the most important factor that could affect the success of treatment. Cysts that are especially rich in protein and cholesterol tend to be hyperdense on CT, hypointense on T2-weighted sequences and hyperintense on T1-weighted sequences. These cysts are viscous, and the success of aspiration is significantly low. In the diagnosis and evaluation of small-sized cysts that have an ingredient similar to cerebrospinal fluid, 3-dimensional sequences might be useful. The radiologic appearances of colloid cysts could play an important role in directing these patients to alternative surgical modalities, including resection.
ESR1 gene status correlates with estrogen receptor protein levels measured by ligand binding assay and immunohistochemistry
Authors: Laenkholm Anne-Vibeke , Knoop Ann , Ejlertsen Bent , Rudbeck Tine , Jensen Maj-Britt , Müller Sven , Lykkesfeldt Anne Elisabeth , Rasmussen Birgitte Bruun , Nielsen Kirsten Vang
Published: May 2012

The Estrogen Receptor (ER) is an established predictive marker for the selection of adjuvant endocrine treatment in early breast cancer. During the 1990s Immunohistochemistry (IHC) replaced cytosol based assays for determination of ER status. This study examined the association between ER protein level determined by two different methods and ESR1 gene copy number. From 289 primary high‐risk breast cancer patients, randomized in the Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group (DBCG) 77C trial, results from cytosolic ER levels were available from ligand binding assays. Archival tumor tissue was retrieved from 257 patients. ESR1/CEN‐6 ratio was analyzed successfully by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) in 220 (86%) patients. ESR1 amplification (ESR1/CEN‐6 ≥ 2.00) was observed in 23% of the patients and ESR1 deletion (ESR1/CEN‐6 < 0.80) was observed in 32%. Further, we identified ESR1 gain (ratio ESR1/CEN‐6 from 1.30 to 1.99) in 19% of the patients. A positive correlation of ESR1 FISH with both ER‐cytosol and ER IHC was found (p < 0.0001). Amplification and gain of the ESR1 gene are associated with higher ER protein content measured by ligand binding assay and a more intense nuclear staining by IHC compared to tumors with normal ESR1 gene status. Major variations in ER measured by ligand binding assay and IHC are observed within all ESR1 copy number subgroups and other mechanisms than gene copy number seem to contribute to the ER protein content in the tumors.
A k–ε turbulence model based on the scales of vertical shear and stem wakes valid for emergent and submerged vegetated flows
Authors: King A. T. , Tinoco R. O. , Cowen E. A.
Published: May 2012

Flow and transport through aquatic vegetation is characterized by a wide range of length scales: water depth ($H$), plant height ($h$), stem diameter ($d$), the inverse of the plant frontal area per unit volume (${a}^{\ensuremath{-} 1} $) and the scale(s) over which $a$ varies. Turbulence is generated both at the scale(s) of the mean vertical shear, set in part by $a$, and at the scale(s) of the stem wakes, set by $d$. While turbulence from each of these sources is dissipated through the energy cascade, some shear-scale turbulence bypasses the lower wavenumbers as shear-scale eddies do work against the form drag of the plant stems, converting shear-scale turbulence into wake-scale turbulence. We have developed a $k$–$\varepsilon $ model that accounts for all of these energy pathways. The model is calibrated against laboratory data from beds of rigid cylinders under emergent and submerged conditions and validated against an independent data set from submerged rigid cylinders and a laboratory data set from a canopy of live vegetation. The new model outperforms existing $k$–$\varepsilon $ models, none of which include the $d$ scale, both in the emergent rigid cylinder case, where existing $k$–$\varepsilon $ models break down entirely, and in the submerged rigid cylinder and live plant cases, where existing $k$–$\varepsilon $ models fail to predict the strong dependence of turbulent kinetic energy on $d$. The new model is limited to canopies dense enough that dispersive fluxes are negligible.
Cavity formation by the impact of Leidenfrost spheres
Authors: Marston J. O. , Vakarelski I. U. , Thoroddsen S. T.
Published: May 2012

We report observations of cavity formation and subsequent collapse when a heated sphere impacts onto a liquid pool. When the sphere temperature is much greater than the boiling point of the liquid, we observe an inverted Leidenfrost effect where the sphere is encompassed by a vapour layer that prevents physical contact with the liquid. This creates the ultimate non-wetting scenario during sphere penetration through a free surface, producing very smooth cavity walls. In some cases during initial entry, however, the liquid contacts the sphere at the equator, leading to the formation of a dual cavity structure. For cold sphere impacts, where a contact line is observed, we reveal details of the contact line pinning, which initially forms a sawtooth pattern. We also observe surface waves on the cavity interface for cold spheres. We compare our experimental results to previous studies of cavity dynamics and, in particular, the influence of hydrophobicity on the entry of the sphere.
Another Realism: The Politics of Gandhian Nonviolence
Authors: MANTENA KARUNA
Published: May 2012

Although Gandhi is often taken to be an exemplary moral idealist in politics, this article seeks to demonstrate that Gandhian nonviolence is premised on a form of political realism, specifically a contextual, consequentialist, and moral-psychological analysis of a political world understood to be marked by inherent tendencies toward conflict, domination, and violence. By treating nonviolence as the essential analog and correlative response to a realist theory of politics, one can better register the novelty ofsatyagraha(nonviolent action) as a practical orientation in politics as opposed to a moral proposition, ethical stance, or standard of judgment. The singularity ofsatyagrahalays in itsself-limitingcharacter as a form of political action that seeks to constrain the negative consequences of politics while working toward progressive social and political reform. Gandhian nonviolence thereby points toward a transformational realism that need not begin and end in conservatism, moral equivocation, or pure instrumentalism.
Magnesium and calcium deficiencies additively increase zinc concentrations and metallothionein expression in the rat liver
Authors: Kotani Megumi , Kim Ki Hyun , Ishizaki Natsumi , Funaba Masayuki , Matsui Tohru
Published: May 2012

Mg deficiency increases the concentration of Zn in the liver. We investigated the effect of Mg deficiency on the expression of Zn-regulating factors such as Zn transporters and metallothionein (MT) in the rat liver. Because Ca deficiency alleviates some of the effects of Mg deficiency, we also investigated the interactions associated with Ca and Mg deficiencies. Growing male rats were given a control diet, a Mg-deficient diet, a Ca-deficient diet and a Mg- and Ca-deficient diet for 3 weeks. Mg and Ca deficiencies additively increased the mRNA levels of MT-1 and MT-2, the MT protein concentration and the concentration of Zn in the liver. The hepatic mRNA level of Zip14 increased with Mg deficiency but not with Ca deficiency. The dietary treatments did not affect the mRNA levels of other Zn transporters such as Zip1, Zip5, ZnT1, ZnT5 and ZnT6 in the liver. Ca deficiency was found to decrease the amount of femoral Zn and increase serum Zn concentration. This did not occur in the case of Mg deficiency. These results suggest that Mg deficiency enhances hepatic Zn uptake by the up-regulation of Zip14 expression and increases hepatic Zn concentration, leading to the enhancement of MT expression. Ca deficiency causes a transfer of Zn from the bone to the liver, which increases hepatic Zn concentration and, in turn, up-regulates the expression of MT. Because Mg and Ca deficiencies increase hepatic Zn concentration and increase MT expression by different mechanisms, their effects are additive.
The power of social influence over food intake: examining the effects of attentional bias and impulsivity
Authors: Hermans Roel C. J. , Larsen Junilla K. , Lochbuehler Kirsten , Nederkoorn Chantal , Herman C. Peter , Engels Rutger C. M. E.
Published: May 2012

Numerous studies have shown that people adjust their intake directly to that of their eating companions. A potential explanation for this modelling effect is that the eating behaviour of others operates as an external eating cue that stimulates food intake. The present study explored whether this cue-reactive mechanism can account for modelling effects on intake. It was investigated whether attentional bias towards dynamic eating cues and impulsivity would influence the degree of modelling. Participants completed one individual session and one session in which an experimental confederate accompanied them. In the first session, eye movements were recorded as an index of attentional bias to dynamic eating cues. In addition, self-reported impulsivity and response inhibition were assessed. The second session employed a between-participants design with three experimental conditions in which participants were exposed to a same-sex confederate instructed to eat nothing, a low or a large amount of M&Ms. A total of eighty-five young women participated. The participants' self-reported impulsivity determined the occurrence of modelling; only low-impulsive women adjusted their intake to that of their eating companion. Attention towards eating cues and response inhibition, however, did not moderate modelling of food intake. The present study suggests that cue-reactive mechanisms may not underlie modelling of food intake. Instead, the results emphasise the importance of social norms in explaining modelling effects, whereas it is suggested that the degree of impulsivity may play a role in whether or not women adhere to the intake norms set by their eating companion.
Vegetable and fruit intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study
Authors: Kurotani Kayo , Nanri Akiko , Goto Atsushi , Mizoue Tetsuya , Noda Mitsuhiko , Kato Masayuki , Inoue Manami , Tsugane Shoichiro ,   for the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study Group
Published: May 2012

Vegetable and fruit intake has been associated with a reduced risk of cancer and CVD, but its relationship to the risk of type 2 diabetes remains unclear. We prospectively examined the association between vegetable and fruit intake and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Subjects were 21 269 men and 27 168 women aged 45–75 years who participated in the second survey of the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study and had no history of type 2 diabetes or other serious diseases. Intake of vegetables and fruit was estimated using a validated 147-item FFQ. The OR of self-reported, physician-diagnosed type 2 diabetes over 5 years was estimated using multiple logistic regression. A total of 896 newly diagnosed cases of type 2 diabetes were self-reported. Intake of vegetables and fruit combined or fruit only was not associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes. However, there was an approximately 20 %, albeit not statistically significant, risk reduction associated with vegetables (men only), green leafy vegetables (men and women) and cruciferous vegetables (men only). Such risk reduction was somewhat greater among obese or smoking men than non-obese or non-smoking men. In conclusion, although a small beneficial effect of vegetables, especially green leafy and cruciferous vegetables, cannot be excluded, vegetable and fruit intake may not be appreciably associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes for Japanese adults.
Favoring Nature: Herman Melville's “On the Photograph of a Corps Commander”
Authors: MILLER ANDREW
Published: May 2012

This paper involves a close reading of Herman Melville's poem “On the Photograph of a Corps Commander,” published in Melville's 1866 collectionBattle-Pieces. Realizing that Melville's poem is one of the first descriptions (ekphrases) of a photograph in verse, the paper explores how Melville's poem uses physiognomy to describe the subject of the photograph: an American Civil War general, who is only identified as “the Corps Commander.” In this way, Melville's poem reflects the nineteenth-century philosophical and popular notions of photography. These notions came to regard photography as a Neoplatonic medium capable of recording and revealing the inner character of its subjects. Relying on these conceptions of photography, Melville's poem describes the photograph of the Corps Commander as having the power to reveal the Platonic absolute of American masculinity, and thus it comes to hail the photograph as a semi-sacred image that has the power to draw Anglo-Saxon American men into a common brotherhood.
Who Speaks for Harlem? Kenneth B. Clark, Albert Murray and the Controversies of Black Urban Life
Authors: MATLIN DANIEL
Published: May 2012

This article seeks to rebalance historical assessment of the debate between “pathologists” and “anti-pathologists” which dominated discussions of black urban life in the United States during the 1960s, and which continues to shape ideas about race and the urban environment today. The heated disagreement between the social psychologist Kenneth B. Clark (1914–2005) and the critic and novelist Albert Murray (1916–) presents an opportunity to consider not only the pitfalls and unintended consequences of pathologist representations of black urban life, which have received much attention from scholars in recent years, but also the problematic aspects of anti-pathologist discourse, which have largely been overlooked. The dispute between Clark and Murray also illuminates the intense competition among some African American intellectuals to claim the personal authenticity and disciplinary authority to define and represent black urban life – and to adjudicate the authenticity and authority of others.
Radioactive Rain and the American Umbrella
Authors: Shun'ya Yoshimi , Loh Shi-Lin
Published: May 2012

With the earthquake of March 11, 2011, and the expanding nuclear disaster that followed, our “affluent postwar” has finally reached a decisive end. Indeed, this closure had been clearly augured since the 1990s. The collapse of the bubble economy, the close of an era of single-party rule by the Liberal Democratic Party, and the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and Aum Shinrikyō sarin gas attacks that came in rapid succession in 1995—these events forced upon us the reality that the “affluent postwar” was over.
Japanese Seismicity and the Limits of Prediction
Authors: Clancey Gregory
Published: May 2012

Almost every destructive earthquake opens social and political fault lines as well as natural ones, and those of the Great East Japan Earthquake of March 2011 are notable only for their local depth and global circulation. Seismicity is a geographically selective concern, but because radiation is involved in the present instance, the stake-holders in debates surrounding the earthquake are much more numerous and spread over a far wider map. In fact seismicity, as opposed to radiation, has receded in most contemporary discussions of the earthquake's aftermath, just as “Sanriku,” the area most damaged by the tsunami, has been displaced by “Fukushima” as shorthand for the event as a whole.
Power, Civil Society, and an Inchoate Politics of the Daily in Burma/Myanmar
Authors: Prasse-Freeman Elliott
Published: May 2012

Burma/Myanmar's postcolonial elites have established a military-state with hybrid-imperial structures, characterized by high despotic but low infrastructural modes of power, and fueled by rent-extraction. Given the resulting evisceration of opposition political groups, citizens understand explicit politics as dangerous. That said, cleavages between state and the polity afford vast space for “civil society” groups (CS) to form and operate. CS stabilize the political economy by managing citizen needs; conversely, CS stand as a wedge between state and masses, (potentially) constructing spaces to coordinate and magnify potential demands. Yet CS currently err toward managing needs. Opposition must politicize Burmese masses and CS through idioms that interface with CS's material tasks—a “politics of the daily”—encouraging them to make, collectively, a multiplicity of non-adversarial demands. This may compel the state to pivot and seek new bargains, at which point elite advocacy-oriented CS can provide progressive policy reforms. The paper will examine recent inchoate social-political movements in Burma for models of this politics.
Moral Imperatives: South Korean Studenthood and April 19th
Authors: Kim Charles R.
Published: May 2012

An oft-overlooked part of the Global Sixties, the seminal event of April 19th(1960) set the foundation for South Korea's combative, youth-driven democratization struggles between the years 1960 and 1987. This article turns to the eve of the eight-week protest movement in order to examine the production of students as a nationwide social organization of youths well-versed in nationalist discourse and conversant in patriotic practices. Throughout the heady weeks of February, March, and April 1960, youthful protestors drew on elements of this ideological training in an unlikely fashion to employ them in protests against the state. Taking full advantage of the privileged position of students in nationalist discourse, the protestors of April 19thcemented the importance of the upright student demonstration in South Korea's emerging postcolonial, Cold War political landscape.
What Is This “Chinese” in Overseas Chinese? Sojourn Work and the Place of China's Minority Nationalities in Extraterritorial Chinese-ness
Authors: Vasantkumar Chris
Published: May 2012

This essay argues that to adequately answer the question its title poses, anthropological approaches to national and transnational China(s) must be grounded in the history of Qing imperial expansion. To this end, it compares and explores the connections between three examples of the “sojourn work” that has gone into making mobile, multiethnic populations abroad into Overseas Chinese. The first example deals with recent official attempts to project the People's Republic of China's multiethnic vision of Chinese-ness beyond its national borders. The second highlights the importance of the early Chinese nation-state in the making of Overseas Chinese community in Southeast Asia in the first decades of the twentieth century. The final case foregrounds the late imperial routes of nascent Chinese nationalism to argue that, in contrast to much of the current rhetoric on the Chinese “diaspora,” national and transnational modes of Chinese community emerged together from the ruins of the Qing empire. Together the three examples point to the need to question the usual ways scholars have conceptualized (Overseas) Chinese-ness.
Purification and partial biochemical–genetic characterization of trehalose 6-phosphate synthase from muscles of adult femaleAscaris suum
Authors: Dmitryjuk M. , Dopieralska M. , Łopieńska-Biernat E. , Frączek R.J.
Published: May 2012

Trehalose 6-phosphate (T6P) synthase (TPS;EC2.4.1.15) was isolated from muscles ofAscaris suumby ammonium sulphate fractionation, ion-exchange DEAE SEPHACELTManion exchanger column chromatography and Sepharose 6B gel filtration. On sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE), 265-fold purified TPS exhibited a molecular weight of 66 kDa. The optimum pH and temperature of the purified enzyme were 3.8–4.2 and 35°C, respectively. The isoelectric point (pI) of TPS was pH 5.4. The studied TPS was not absolutely substrate specific. Besides glucose 6-phosphate, the enzyme was able to use fructose 6-phosphate as an acceptor of glucose. TPS was activated by 10 mMMgCl2, 10 mMCaCl2and 10 mMNaCl. In addition, it was inhibited by ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA), KCl, FeCl3and ZnCl2. Two genes encoding TPS were isolated and sequenced from muscles of the parasite. Complete coding sequences fortps1(JF412033.2) andtps2(JF412034.2) were 3917 bp and 3976 bp, respectively. Translation products (AEX60788.1 and AEX60787.1) showed expression to the glucosyltransferase-GTB-type superfamily.
Cognitive control of attention is differentially affected in trauma-exposed individuals with and without post-traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Blair K. S. , Vythilingam M. , Crowe S. L. , McCaffrey D. E. , Ng P. , Wu C. C. , Scaramozza M. , Mondillo K. , Pine D. S. , Charney D. S. , Blair R. J. R.
Published: May 2012

Background

This study aimed to determine whether patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) show difficulty in recruitment of the regions of the frontal and parietal cortex implicated in top-down attentional control in the presence and absence of emotional distracters.

Method

Unmedicated individuals with PTSD (n = 14), and age-, IQ- and gender-matched individuals exposed to trauma (n = 15) and healthy controls (n = 19) were tested on the affective number Stroop task. In addition, blood oxygen level-dependent responses, as measured via functional magnetic resonance imaging, were recorded.

Results

Patients with PTSD showed disrupted recruitment of lateral regions of the superior and inferior frontal cortex as well as the parietal cortex in the presence of negative distracters. Trauma-comparison individuals showed indications of a heightened ability to recruit fronto-parietal regions implicated in top-down attentional control across distracter conditions.

Conclusions

These results are consistent with suggestions that emotional responsiveness can interfere with the recruitment of regions implicated in top-down attentional control; the heightened emotional responding of patients with PTSD may lead to the heightened interference in the recruitment of these regions.
Heterogeneity of amygdala response in major depressive disorder: the impact of lifetime subthreshold mania
Authors: Fournier J. C. , Keener M. T. , Mullin B. C. , Hafeman D. M. , LaBarbara E. J. , Stiffler R. S. , Almeida J. , Kronhaus D. M. , Frank E. , Phillips M. L.
Published: May 2012

Background

Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) present with highly heterogeneous symptom profiles. We aimed to examine whether individual differences in amygdala activity to emotionally salient stimuli were related to heterogeneity in lifetime levels of depressive and subthreshold manic symptoms among adults with MDD.

Method

We compared age- and gender-matched adults with MDD (n = 26) with healthy controls (HC, n = 28). While undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging, participants performed an implicit emotional faces task: they labeled a color flash superimposed upon initially neutral faces that dynamically morphed into one of four emotions (angry, fearful, sad, happy). Region of interest analyses examined group differences in amygdala activity. For conditions in which adults with MDD displayed abnormal amygdala activity versus HC, within-group analyses examined amygdala activity as a function of scores on a continuous measure of lifetime depression-related and mania-related pathology.

Results

Adults with MDD showed significantly greater right-sided amygdala activity to angry and happy conditions than HC (p < 0.05, corrected). Multiple regression analyses revealed that greater right-amygdala activity to the happy condition in adults with MDD was associated with higher levels of subthreshold manic symptoms experienced across the lifespan (p = 0.002).

Conclusions

Among depressed adults with MDD, lifetime features of subthreshold mania were associated with abnormally elevated amygdala activity to emerging happy faces. These findings are a first step toward identifying biomarkers that reflect individual differences in neural mechanisms in MDD, and challenge conventional mood disorder diagnostic boundaries by suggesting that some adults with MDD are characterized by pathophysiological processes that overlap with bipolar disorder.
Show devant! English fetishization in Ironman France
Authors: WEBB ERIC RUSSELL
Published: May 2012

This paper examines the use of English-origin forms by Ironman France participants, with focus given to those having a widely used French equivalent (e.g.la finishandle bike). Investigation centres on print media, online discussion forums, and participant interviews. Innovative borrowings are argued to derive from a fetishization of English along the lines of Kelly Holmes (1997, 2000), whereby connotation is equally or more important than reference. It is further suggested that participants employ these innovative forms to distinguish themselves and solidify group identity, constituting a sort of sociolinguistic niche.
Code-crossing and multilingualism among adolescents in Lille
Authors: POOLEY TIM , MOSTEFAI-HAMPSHIRE ZOUBIDA
Published: May 2012

In this study we investigate code-crossing and multilingualism among 13–14 year olds in three schools (five classes) in the northern French city of Lille, based on data elicited during one-to-one interviews as part of a broader study of adolescent language in the city. With regard to code-crossing the study focuses on the indicative evidence of acquisition of (dialectal) Arabic by adolescents of European or Metropolitan French family background, gleaned from a series of language tests. The results suggest that for subjects of Metropolitan French background, interethnic friendships, bolstered by playful use of the language of the Other, are the single most important factor in non-institutional acquisition of Dialectal Arabic. These findings receive a degree of confirmation from the professed familiarity with a variety of Rom in one class group. Cross-ethnic language acquisition does not, however, appear to correlate in any significant way with factors that may be said to frame the socio-cultural space (such as tastes in music and style of dress) in which these teenage informants were moving at the time of the fieldwork. With regard to multilingualism subjects were found to have had exposure to a variety of European and one West-African language (Wolof). On the evidence of the language tests, the largest ethnically defined minority group, the Maghrebians manifested a range of competence in Arabic, with apparently significant differences between subjects of Algerian and Moroccan extraction.
A Horse of a Different Color: How Formulation Influences Medication Effects
Authors: Grady Meghan M. , Stahl Stephen M.
Published: May 2012

A medication's pharmacokinetic properties can be as important as its efficacy in determining how successful a treatment is. Formulation plays a critical role in absorption, distribution, and elimination of a drug, which in turn can influence the clinical profile of a medication, including onset and duration of action, consistency of plasma levels, ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, and other factors. Advances in drug delivery technology mean that formulation is now an integral component in the development of a drug. Likewise, formulation is one of the factors that may influence selection of a medication to suit the needs of a particular patient. This article briefly reviews the technologies commonly applied in the development of psychotropic medications, with emphasis on the various oral modified-release formulations, and discusses how formulation can be used to optimize the efficacy and tolerability of psychotropic drugs.
POVERTY TRAPS AND INFERIOR GOODS IN A DYNAMIC HECKSCHER–OHLIN MODEL
Authors: Bond Eric W. , Iwasa Kazumichi , Nishimura Kazuo
Published: May 2012

We extend the dynamic Heckscher–Ohlin model in Bond et al. [Economic Theory(48, 171–204, 2011)] and show that if the labor-intensive good is inferior, then there may exist multiple steady states in autarky and poverty traps can arise. Poverty traps for the world economy, in the form of Pareto-dominated steady states, are also shown to exist. We show that the opening of trade can have the effect of pulling the initially poorer country out of a poverty trap, with both countries having steady state capital stocks exceeding the autarky level. However, trade can also pull an initially richer country into a poverty trap. These possibilities are a sharp contrast with dynamic Heckscher–Ohlin models with normality in consumption, where the country with the larger (smaller) capital stock than the other will reach a steady state where the level of welfare is higher (lower) than in the autarkic steady state.
Spatial Resolution Optimization of Backscattered Electron Images Using Monte Carlo Simulation
Authors: Probst Camille , Demers Hendrix , Gauvin Raynald
Published: May 2012

The relation between probe size and spatial resolution of backscattered electron (BSE) images was studied. In addition, the effect of the accelerating voltage, the current intensity and the sample geometry and composition were analyzed. An image synthesis method was developed to generate the images from backscattered electron coefficients obtained from Monte Carlo simulations. Spatial resolutions of simulated images were determined with the SMART-J method, which is based on the Fourier transform of the image. The resolution can be improved by either increasing the signal or decreasing the noise of the backscattered electron image. The analyses demonstrate that using a probe size smaller than the size of the observed object (sample features) does not improve the spatial resolution. For a probe size larger than the feature size, the spatial resolution is proportional to the probe size.
Microstructural and Chemical Characterization of Nanostructured TiAlSiN Coatings with Nanoscale Resolution
Authors: Godinho Vanda , Rojas Teresa C. , Trasobares Susana , Ferrer Francisco J. , Delplancke-Ogletree Marie-Paule , Fernández Asuncion
Published: May 2012

Nanoscale resolution electron microscopy analysis combined with ion beam assisted techniques are presented here, to give answers to full characterization of morphology, growth mode, phase formation, and compositional distribution in nanocomposite TiAlSiN coatings deposited under different energetic conditions. Samples were prepared by magnetron sputtering, and the effects of substrate temperature and bias were investigated. The nanocomposite microstructure was demonstrated by the formation of a face-centered cubic (Ti,Al)N phase, obtained by substitution of Al in the cubic titanium nitride (c-TiN) phase, and an amorphous matrix at the column boundary regions mainly composed of Si, N (and O for the samples with higher oxygen contents). Oxygen impurities, predicted as the principal responsible for the degradation of properties, were identified, particularly in nonbiased samples and confirmed to occupy preferentially nitrogen positions at the column boundaries, being mainly associated to silicon forming oxynitride phases. It has been found that the columnar growth mode is not the most adequate to improve mechanical properties. Only the combination of moderate bias and additional substrate heating was able to reduce the oxygen content and eliminate the columnar microstructure leading to the nanocomposite structure with higher hardness (>30 GPa).
Defective Histone H3K27 Trimethylation Modification in Embryos Derived from Heated Mouse Sperm
Authors: Chao Shi-Bin , Chen Lei , Li Jian-Chun , Ou Xiang-Hong , Huang Xiao-Jin , Wen Shu , Sun Qing-Yuan , Gao Guo-Lan
Published: May 2012

The mouse sperm genome is resistant toin vitroheat treatment, and embryos derived from heated sperm can support full-term embryonic development, but the blastocyst rate and implantation rate are lower compared to embryos derived from fresh sperm. In the present study, the patterns of DNA methylation, histone H4K12 (ACH4K12) acetylation, H3K9 trimethylation (H3K9-TriM), and H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27-TriM) in preimplantation embryos derived from 65°C-heated sperm were investigated. Although no evident changes in global DNA methyaltion, histone H4K12 (ACH4K12) acetylation, and H3K9 trimethylation (H3K9-TriM) were found, significantly lower levels of H3K27-TriM, which was thought to be one of the reasons for low efficiency of mouse cloning, were found in the inner cell mass of heated-sperm derived blastocysts. Thus, defective modification of H3K27-TriM might contribute to compromised development of embryos derived from heated sperm.
Sind leistungsspezifische Wahrnehmungseffekte leistungsspezifisch?
Authors: Cañal-Bruland Rouwen , van der Kamp John
Published: May 2012

Zusammenfassung: Je häufiger Golfspieler erfolgreich einlochen, desto größer sehen sie das Loch und je erfolgreicher Baseballspieler den Ball treffen, desto größer nehmen sie diesen war. Dieser spannende Zusammenhang von Wahrnehmung und Leistung wird als „leistungsspezifischer Wahrnehmungseffekt“ bezeichnet und ist in verschiedenen Sportarten empirisch nachgewiesen. Verschiedene theoretische Erklärungsansätze für dieses Phänomen werden vor dem Hintergrund der „embodied cognition“-Forschung gegenwärtig diskutiert und empirisch getestet. Ausgehend von einer kritischen theoretischen Analyse des gegenwärtig undifferenzierten Umgangs mit der „embodied cognition“-Theorie stellen wir in diesem Positionspapier die Frage, ob leistungsspezifische Wahrnehmungseffekte tatsächlich als „leistungsspezifisch“ und somit als „embodied“ bezeichnet werden können. Unser Standpunkt zielt darauf ab, den „embodied cognition“-Ansatz innerhalb der Sportwissenschaften durch eine kritische Standortbestimmung zu stärken. Dabei erweist sich das Hinterfragen der Zuordnung leistungsspezifischer Wahrnehmungseffekte zu „embodied cognition“ als geeignetes Beispiel, um eine neue Denk- und methodische Herangehensweise zur Untersuchung und Erklärung der beschriebenen Wahrnehmungseffekte und kognitiver Prozesse im Sport im Allgemeinen anzuregen.
Statistical ring current of Saturn
Authors: Carbary J. F. , Achilleos N. , Arridge C. S.
Published: May 2012

The statistical ring current of Saturn has been determined from the curl of the median magnetic field derived from over 5 years of observations of the Cassini magnetometer. The main issue addressed here is the calculation of the statistical ring current of Saturn by directly computing, for the first time, the symmetrical part of the ring current J from the Maxwell equation ∇ × B = μ0J from assembling the perturbation magnetic field B from 2004 through 2010. This study validates previous studies, based on fewer data and not using ∇ × B, and shows that the ring current flows eastward (in the +ϕ or corotation direction) and extends from ∼3 RS to at least ∼20 RS (1 RS = 60,268 km), which is the vicinity of the dayside magnetopause; that the ring current has a peak strength of ∼75 pA/m2 at ∼9.5 RS; and that the ring current has a half‐width of ∼1.5 RS. Two outcomes of this study are that the ring current bends northward, as suggested by the “bowl” model of Saturn's plasma sheet, and that the total ring current is 9.2 ± 1.0 MA. In the context of future endeavors, the statistical ring current presented here can be used for calculations of the magnetic field of Saturn for particle drifts, field line mapping, and J × B force.